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THE 


CENTURY  DICTIONARY 


AND 


CYCLOPEDIA 


A  WORK  OF  UNIVERSAL  REFERENCE 
IN  ALL  DEPARTMENTS  OF  KNOWLEDGE 
WITH  A  NEW  ATLAS  OF  THE  WORLD 


IN  TEN  VOLUMES 
VOLUME  L 


PUBLISHED   BY 

"Clje  Centurj)  Co. 

NEW  YORK 


Copyright,  1889,  1895,  1896,  1897 
By  The  Century  Co. 


Alt  Rights  Reserved. 


PUBLISHERS'   NOTE   ON   THE   COMPLETED   WORK 

With  the  publication  of  the  Atbs  which  is  incorporated  in  the  present  edition  The  Century  Diction- 
ary and  Cyclopedia  has  been  brought  to  completion.  As  the  Cyclopedia  of  Names  grew  out  of  the  Dic- 
tionary and  supplemented  it  on  its  encyclopedic  side,  so  the  Atlas  has  grown  out  of  the  Cyclopedia,  and 
Serves  as  an  extension  of  its  geographical  material.  Each  of  these  works  deals  with  a  different  part  of  the 
great  field  of  words, —  common  words  and  names, —  while  the  three,  in  their  unity,  constitute  a  work  of 
reference  which  practically  covers  the  whole  of  that  field.  The  total  number  of  words  and  names  defined 
Or  otherwise  described  in  the  completed  work  is  about  4SO,ooo. 

The  special  features  of  each  of  these  several  parts  of  the  book  are  described  in  the  Prefaces  which  will 
be  found  in  the  first,  ninth,  and  tenth  volumes.  It  need  only  be  said  that  the  definitions  of  the  common 
Words  of  the  language  are  for  the  most  part  stated  encyclopedically,  with  a  vast  amount  of  technical, 
historical,  and  practical  information  in  addition  to  an  unrivaled  wealth  of  purely  philological  material; 
that  the  same  encyclopedic  method  is  applied  to  proper  names  —  names  of  persons,  places,  characters  in 
fiction,  books  —  in  short,  of  everything  to  which  a  name  is  given;  and  that  in  the  Atlas  geogiaphical 
names,  and  much  besides,  are  exhibited  with  a  completeness  and  serviceableness  seldom  etjualed.  Of 
The  Century  Dictionary  and  Cyclopedia  as  a  whole,  therefore,  it  may  be  said  that  it  is  in  its  own  field 
the  most  complete  presentation  of  human  knowledge — scientific,  historical,  and  practical  —  that  exists. 

Moreover,  the  method  of  distributing  this  encyclopedic  material  under  a  large  number  of  headings, 
which  has  been  followed  throughout,  makes  each  item  of  this  great  store  of  information  far  more  acces- 
sible than  in  works  in  which  a  different  system  is  adopted. 

The  whole  represents  fifteen  years  of  labor.  The  first  edition  of  The  Century  Dictionary  was  com- 
pleted in  1891,  and  that  of  the  Century  Cyclopedia  of  Names  in  1804.  During  the  years  that  have  elapsed 
since  those  dates  each  of  these  works  has  been  subjected  to  repeated  careful  revisions,  in  order  to  include 
the  latest  information,  and  the  results  of  this  scrutiny  are  comprised  in  this  edition. 

November,  1897. 


THE 

CENTURY  DICTIONARY 

AN  ENCYCLOPEDIC  LEXICON 
OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE 


PREPARED  UNDER  THE  SUPERINTENDENCE  OF 

WILLIAM  DWIGHT  WHITNEY,  Ph.D.,  LL.D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  AND  SANSKRIT 
IN  YALE  UNIVERSITY 


PUBLISHED  BY 

C1)e  €tntnx}y  Co, 

NEW  YORK 


Copyright,  1889,  189s,  1897,  by  The  Century  Co. 
All  Rights  Reserved. 


By  permission  of  IVlessrs.  Blackie  &  Son,  publishers  of  The  Imperial  Dictionary  by  Dr.  Ogilvie  and 
Dr.  Annandale,  material  from  that  English  copyright  work  has  been  freely  used  in  the  preparation  of 
The  Century  Dictionary,  and  certain  owners  of  American  copyrights  having  claimed  that  undue  use  of 
matter  so  protected  has  been  made  in  the  compilation  of  The  Imperial  Dictionary,  notice  is  hereby 
given  that  arrangement  has  also  been  made  with  the  proprietors  of  such  copyright  matter  for  its  use 
in  the  preparation  of  The  Century  Dictionary. 


THE    DE  VINNE    PRESS. 


LIST    OF    COLLABORATORS 


editor-in-chip:f, 

WILLIAM  U.  WHITNEY,  Pn.  D.,  LL.  D. 


MANAGING   EDITOR, 

BENJAMIN  E.  SMITH,  A.  M. 


EDITORIAL   ASSISTANTS, 
FRANKLIN  H.   HOOPER,  A.  B.  JOHN    W.   PALMER,  M.  D. 

ROBERT  LILLEY,  M.  R.  A.  S.  CHARLES  P.  G.  SCOTT,  Ph.  D. 

THOMAS  W.   LUDLOW,  A.  M."  FRANCIS  A.  TEALL,  A.  M.* 

KATHARINE  B.  WOOD. 


AUSTIN  ABBOTT,  LL.  D.* 

Law;  Legal  and  Political  Instititliotis. 

LYMAN  ABBOTT,  D.  D. 

Theology;     Liturgies;     Ecclesiastical 
History. 

CHARLES  BARNARD, 

Tools  and  Machines. 


ALBERT  S.  BOLLES,  Ph.  D. 

Professor  of  Mercantile  Law  and  Practice 
in  the  Wharton  School  of  Finance  and 
Economy,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Commerce;  Finance. 


ELLIOTT  COUES,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D. 

Late  Professor  of  -Anatomy  in  the  National 
Medical  College. 

General  Zoology;  Biology;    Compar- 
ative Anatomy. 


EDWARD  S.   DANA,  Ph.  D. 

Assistant    Professor  of  Natural    Philosophy 
in  Yale  University. 

Physics;  Mineralogy. 


ISAAC  W.  DRUMMOND,  E.  M. 
Pigments;  Dyes;  Dyeing,  etc. 


Ph.D. 


THEODORE  N.  GILL,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D. 
Professor  of  Zoology  in  the  Columbian  Uni- 
versity. 

Ichthyology ;  Conchology. 

FRANCIS  M.  GREEN,  COM'R  U.  S.  N. 
Naval  and  Nautical  Terms. 


JAMES  A.   HARRISON,  LiTT.  D.,  LL.  D. 
Professor  of  English  and  Modern  Languages 
in  Washington  and  Lee  University. 

Contributions  to  the  Etymologies  (in 
the  last  (2uarter  of  the  Alphabet). 

J.  FRANKLIN    JAMESON,  Ph.  D. 
Professor  of  History  in  Brown  University. 
History  of  the  United  States. 


EDITORIAL  CONTRIBUTORS, 

EDWARD  H.  JENKINS,  Ph.  D. 

Vice-Director  of  the  Connecticut  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station. 

Chemistry. 

FRANK    H.   KNOWLTON,  S.  M. 

Professor  of  Botany  in  the  Columbian  Uni- 
versity and  Assistant  Curator  of  Botany. 
U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Cryptogamic  Botany,  H-Z. 

GEORGE  F.   KUNZ, 

Gems;  Lapidary  Work. 

THOMAS  R.   LOUNSBURY,  A.  M. 

Professor  of  English  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific 
School,  Yale  University. 

Middle  English  (Chaucer). 

THOMAS  W.   LUDLOW,  A.  M.* 

Architecture;  Sculpture;  Greek  and 
Roman  Archceology. 

DAVID  A.   LYLE,  Capt.  U.  S.  A. 
Military  Terms. 

THOMAS  C.  MENDENHALL, 

Ph.  D.,LL.  D. 
President  of  Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute. 
Electricity. 

CHARLES  S.  PEIRCE,  S.  B.,  A.  M. 

Late  Lecturer  on  Logic  at  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins University,  and  of  the  U.  S.  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey. 

Logic;  Metaphysics;  Mathematics; 
Mechanics;  Astronomy;  Weights 
and  Measures. 

CHARLES  C.  PERKINS,  A.  B.» 
Painting;  Engraving;  Etching. 

WALDO  S.   PRATT,  A.  M. 

Professor  of  Worship,  Hymnology,  and 
Sacred  Music  in  the  Hartford  Theo- 
logical Seminary. 

Music. 

CHARLES  P.   G.   SCOTT,  Ph.  D. 
Etymologies. 

ARTHUR  B.   SEYMOUR,  S.  M. 

Assistant   in   the    Cryptogamic    Herbarium, 
Harvard  University. 

Cryptogamic  Botany,  A-G. 


RUSSELL  STURGIS,  A.  M. 

Late  Professor  of  Architecture  and  the  Arts 
of  Design  in  the  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York. 

Decorative  Art;  Ceramics;  Medie- 
val Archceology;  Heraldry;  Cos- 
tumes. 


JAMES  K.  THACHER,  M.  D.* 

Professor  of  Physiology  and  Clinical  Medi- 
cine in  Yale  University. 

Physiology;      Medicine;      Surgery; 
Human  Anatomy;  Histology. 


ROBERT    H.  THURSTON, 

A.  M.,  Doc.  Eng. 
Director  of   Sibley    College,    Cornell    Uni- 
versity. 

General  Technology. 


LESTER   F.  WARD,  A.  M.,  LL.  B. 

Geologist,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey;  Honor- 
ary Curator  of  Botany  and  Fossil  Plants, 
U.  S.   National   Museum. 


Botany,  H-Z. 


SERENO  WATSON,  Ph.  D.' 

Curator  of   the    Herb.irium.    Harvard   Uni- 
versity. 

Botany,  A-G. 

HENRY  M.  WHITNEY,  A.  M. 

Professor  of    English    Literature    in    Beloit 
College. 

Synonyms. 

JOSIAH  D.  WHITNEY,  LL.  D.» 

Professor  of  Geology,  Harvard  University. 
Geology;  Lithology;  Mining;  Metals 
and  .Metallurgy ;  Physical  Geogra- 
phy; P'ossil  Botany. 


WILLIAM   D.  WHITNEY.  Ph.  D  ,LL.D.* 
Professor  of  Comparative  Philology  and  San- 
skrit in  Yale  University. 
Spelling;      Pronunciation ;      Gram- 
mar;      Comparative      Philology; 
Ethnology;  Anthropology. 


*  Deceased. 


DEPARTMENT   OF    ILLUSTRATIONS, 
WILLIAM  LEWIS  FRASER. 


PREFACE. 


HE  plan  of  The  Centdky  Dictionaby  includes  three  things :  the  construction  of  a 
general  dictionary  of  the  English  language  which  shall  be  serviceable  for  eveiy  literary 
and  practical  use ;  a  more  complete  collection  of  the  technical  terms  of  the  various 
sciences,  arts,  trades,  and  professions  than  has  yet  been  attempted ;  and  the  addition  to 
the  definitions  proper  of  such  related  encyclopedic  matter,  with  pictorial  illustrations, 
as  shall  constitute  a  convenient  book  of  general  reference.  The  attempt  to  accomplish  these  ends,  and 
at  the  same  time  to  produce  a  harmonious  whole,  has  determined  both  the  general  character  of  the 
work  and  its  details.  This  design  originated  early  in  188t2  in  a  proposal  to  adapt  The  Imperial 
Dictionary  to  American  needs,  made  by  Mr.  Roswell  Smith,  President  of  The  Century  Co.,  who  has 
supported  with  unfailing  faith  and  the  largest  liberality  the  plans  of  the  editors  as  they  have  gradually 
extended  far  beyond  the  original  limits. 


The  most  obvious  result  of  this   plan   is   a  very  large  addition   to   the  vocabulary   of    preceding 
dictionaries,  about  two  hundred  thousand  words  being  here  defined.     The  first  duty  of  a  comprehensive 
dictionary  is  collection,   not  selection.     When  a  fixll   account  of  the  language  is   sought,  every  omis- 
sion of  a  genuine  English  form,  even  when  practically  necessary,  is  so  far  a  defect ;  and 
it  is  therefore  better  to  err  on  the  side  of  broad  iuclusiveness  than  of  narrow  exclusive- 
ness.    This  is  the  attitude  of  The  Century  Dictionary.      It  is  designed  to  be  a  practically  complete 
record  of  the   main  body  of  English  speech,  from  the  time   of  the   mingling  of  the  Old  French   and 
Anglo-Saxon  to  the  present  day,  with  such  of  its  oft'shoots  as  possess  historical,  etymological,  literary, 
scientifi,c,  or  practical  value.     The  execution  of  this  design  demands  that  more  space  be  given  to  obso- 
lete words  and  forms  than  has  hitherto  been  the  rule  in  dictionaries.     This  is  especially 
true  of  Middle   English   words   (and  particularly  of  the  vocabulary  of  Chaucer),  which 
represent  a  stage  of  the  language  that  is  not  only  of  high  interest  in  itself,  but  is  also  intimately  con- 
nected, etymologically  and  otherwise,  with  living  speech.     Only  a  few  of  these  woi'ds  are  contained  in 
existing  dictionai-ies.      This   is   the  case   also,   to   a    great  degree,    with   the    language  of    much    later 
times.     The  literature   of   the   sixteenth   and   seventeenth   centuries,   the   formative   period  of   modern 
English,  abounds  in  words  and  idioms  hitherto  unrecorded  by  lexicographers.    Not  to  include  all  of  these 
terms  which  from  their  etymological  connections,  intrinsic  literary  value,  or  availability 
for  modern   use,   are  worthy  of  i-ecord,   is  to  make,   not  a  dictionary  of  English,   but      Dialectal  and  pro- 

■'  '  '  J  &  >  rincial  words. 

merely  a  dictionary  of  modern  and  selected  English.  A  similar  reason  has  led  to  the 
admission  of  an  unusually  large  number  of  dialectal  and  provincial  words.  Until  about  the  time  of 
the  Reformation  the  language  existed  chiefly  in  the  form  of  dialects  ;  and  while  the  common  literary 
tongue  was  establishing  itself,  and  after  it  became  established,  its  relations  with  dialectal  and  provincial 
forms  were  most  intimate.  Many  "  literary "  words  sank  to  the  position  of  provincialisms,  and  on  the 
other  hand  provincialisms  i-ose  to  literary  rank  —  a  process  which  has  been  continuous  to  the  present 
day.    Thus  both  historically  and  with  regard  to  present  usage  it  is  impossible  to  draw  a  hard  and  fast 


vi  PREFACE, 

line  between  these  two  sides  of  the  language,  either  with  respect  to  words  or  to  their  individual  senses. 
This  dictionary,  therefore,  includes  words  of  dialectal  form  or  provincial  use  which  a])pear  to  be  an 
important  part  of  the  history  of  the  language.  Within  the  sphere  of  mere  colloquialism,  slang,  and 
cant,  a  much  narrower  rule  of  inclusion  has,  of  course,  been  followed;  but  colloquialism  and  even 
slang  must  be  noticed  by  the  lexicographer  who  desires  to  portray  the  language  in  its 
Colloquialism  and  natural  aiid  full  outlines,  and  these  phases  of  English  have  therefore  been  treated  with 
slang;  Amencan-  liberality.  Americaiiisms,  especially,  have  received  the  recognition  naturally  to  be 
expected  from  an  American  dictionary,  many  being  recorded  for  the  first  time ;  on  the 
other  hand,  many  words  and  uses  heretofore  regarded  as  peculiar  to  this  country  have  been  found  to 
be  survivals  of  older  or  provincial  English,  or  to  have  gained  a  foothold  in  broader  English  use. 
Another  notable  increase  in  the  vocabulary  is  that  due  to  the  admission  of  the  many  terms  which  have 
come  into  existence  during  the  present  centm-y  —  especially  during  the  last  twenty  years — in  connection 
■with  the  advance  in  all  departments  of  knowledge  and  labor,  scientific,  artistic,  professional,  mechanical, 
and  practical.  This  increase  is  nowhere  more  conspicuous  than  in  the  language  of  the 
Scientiflc  and  tech-  physical  scieuces,  and  of  those  departments  of  study,  such  as  archaeology,  which  are  con- 
cerned with  the  life  and  customs  of  the  past.  Not  only  have  English  words  been  coined  in 
astonishing  numbers,  but  many  words  of  foreign  origin  or  form,  especially  New  Latin  and  French,  have 
been  imported  for  real  or  imaginary  needs.  To  consign  these  terms  to  special  glossaries  is  unduly  to 
restrict  the  dictionary  at  the  point  at  which  it  comes  into  the  closest  contact  with  what  is  \'ital  and 
interesting  in  contemporary  thought  and  life ;  it  is  also  practically  impossible,  for  this  technical  language 
is,  in  numberless  instances,  too  closely  interwoven  with  common  speech  to  be  dissevered  from  it.  A 
similar  increase  is  noticeable  in  the  language  of  the  mechanical  arts  and  trades.  The  progress  of  inven- 
tion has  brought  nearly  as  great  a  flood  of  new  words  and  senses  as  has  the  progi-ess  of  science.  To 
exclude  this  language  of  the  shop  and  the  market  from  a  general  English  dictionary  is  as  undesirable 
as  to  exclude  that  of  science,  and  for  similar  reasons.  Both  these  lines  of  development  have  therefore 
been  recorded  with  great  fullness.  There  is  also  a  considerable  number  of  foreign  words  —  Latin, 
French,  and  other  —  not  in  technical  use,  which  have  been  admitted  because  they  either  have  become 
established  in  English  literature  or  stand  for  noteworthy  things  that  have  no  English  names.  Lastly, 
the  individual  words  have  been  supplemented  by  the  insertion  of  idiomatical  phrases  that  are  not  fully 
explained  by  the  definitions  of  their  component  parts  alone,  and  have  in  use  the  force  of  single  words ; 
and  of  the  numerous  pkrase-names  used  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  The  number  of  these  phrases  here 
defined  is  very  large. 

No  English  dictionary,  however,  can  well  include  every  word  or  every  form  of  a  word  that  has 
been  used  by  any  English  writer  or  speaker.  There  is  a  very  large  number  of  words  and  forms  dis- 
coverable in  the  literature  of  all  periods  of  the  language,  in  the  various  dialects,  and  in  colloquial 
use,  which  have  no  practical  claim  upon  the  notice  of  the  lexieogi'apher.  A  large 
be^exciud^d™""'  gi"Oup  uot  meriting  inclusion  consists  of  words  used  only  for  the  nonce  by  writers  of 
all  periods  and  of  all  degi'ees  of  authority,  and  especially  by  recent  writers  in  news- 
papers and  other  ephemeral  publications ;  of  words  intended  by  their  inventors  for  wider  use  in  popular 
or  technical  speech,  but  which  have  not  been  accepted;  and  of  many  special  names  of  things,  as  of 
many  chemical  compounds,  of  many  inventions,  of  patented  commercial  articles,  and  the  like.  Yet 
another  group  is  composed  of  many  substantive  uses  of  adjectives,  adjective  uses  of  substantives 
(as  of  nouns  of  material),  participial  adjectives,  verbal  nouns  ending  in  -biff,  abstract  nouns  ending 
in  -ness,  adverbs  ending  in  -ly  from  adjectives,  adjectives  ending  in  -ish,  regular  compounds,  etc., 
which  can  be  used  at  will  in  accordance  with  the  established  principles  of  the  language,  but  which 
are  too  obvious,  both  in  meaning  and  formation,  and  often  too  occasional  in  use,  to  need  separate 
definition.  So  also  dialectal,  provincial,  or  colloquial  words  must  be  excluded,  so  far  as  they  stand 
out  of  vital  relation  to  the  main  body  of  the  language  which  it  is  the  object  of  a  general  dic- 
tionary to  explain.  The  special  limitations  of  the  technical  and  scientific  vocabulary  will  be  men- 
tioned later. 


PREFACE.  vii 

None  of  these  considerations  is  of  the  nature  of  a  definite  rule  that  can  be  used  with  precision 
in  all  cases.  On  the  contrary,  the  question  whether  a  word  shull  Ijc  included,  even  in  a  dictionary 
so  comprehensive  as  this,  must  often  be  decided  by  the  special  circumstances  of  the  case. 


The  sources  of  the  English  vocabulary  thus  presented  are  extremely  various.  No  other  tongue, 
ancient  or  modern,  has  appeared  in  so  many  and  so  different  phases;  and  no  other  people  of  high 
civilization  has  so  completely  disregarded  the  barriers  of  rape  and  circumstance  and  adopted  into  its 
speech    so    great    a    number    of    uunative    words    and    notions.      The    making    of    the 

Etymologies. 

English  language  began,  it-  may  be  said,  with  the  introduction  of  Roman  rule  and 
Roman  speech  among  the  barbarous  Celts  of  Bi-itain.  The  Latin  language,  as  the  vehicle  of  civil- 
ization, affected  strongly  the  Celtic,  and  also  the  speech  of  the  Teutonic  peoples,  Saxons,  Angles, 
and  Jutes,  who  in  the  fifth  century  obtained  a  footing  on  the  island.  This  Teutonic  tongue,  while 
assimilating  something  both  of  the  native  Celtic  idiom,  and  of  Latin  in  a  Celtic  guise,  in  time 
became  the  dominant  language.  The  speech  thus  formed  (called  Anfjlo-Saxon  or,  as  some  now 
prefer,  Old  EnffUsh)  was  raised  almost  to  classic  rank  by  the  labors  of  Alfred  and  of  the  numerous 
priests  and  scholars  who  sought  to  convey  to  their  countrymen  in  their  native  language  the  treasures 
of  Latin  learning  and  the  precepts  of  the  Latin  Church.  Though  uniting  in  the  ninth  century  with  an 
influx  of  Scandinavian  speech,  and  in  the  eleventh  century,  through  the  Norman  conquest,  with  the 
stream  which  flowed  through  France  from  Rome,  it  remained  the  chief  fountain  of  English.  From  these 
two  elements,  the  Teutonic  and  the  Latin  (the  latter  both  in  its  original  form  and  as  modified  in  the 
Romance  tongues),  our  language  has  been  constructed;  though  materials  more  or  less  important  have 
been  borrowed  from  almost  every  known  speech. 

The  details  of  this  history  are  exhibited  in  the  etymologies.  They  have  been  written  anew,  on  a 
uniform  plan,  and  in  accordance  with  the  established  principles  of  comparative  philology.  The  best 
works  in  English  etymology,  as  weU  as  in  etymology  and  philology  in  general,  have  been  regularly 
consulted,  the  most  helpful  being  those  of  Prof.  Skeat  and  Eduard  Miiller,  and  the  "New  Enghsh 
Dictionary  on  Historical  Principles,"  edited  by  Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray  (which,  however,  could  be  con- 
sulted in  revising  the  pi'oofs  of  A  and  of  part  of  B  only) ;  but  the  conclusions  reached  are  independent. 
It  lias  been  possible,  by  means  of  the  fresh  material  at  the  disposal  of  the  etymologist,  to  clear  up 
ill  many  cases  doubts  or  difficulties  hitherto  resting  upon  the  history  of  particular  words,  to  decide 
definitely  in  favor  of  one  of  several  suggested  etymologies,  to  discard  numerous  current  errors,  and 
to  give  for  the  first  time  the  history  of  many  words  of  which  the  etymologies  were  previously 
unknown  or  erroneously  stated.  Noteworthy  featiu-es  of  the  etymologies  will  be  found 
to  be  the  method  followed  in  stating  the  ascertained  facts  of  the  history  of  each  fJ|tTltatem™t" 
word,  and  the  extensive  collation  of  cognate  or  allied  words.  Beginning  with  the 
current  ai-cepted  form  or  spelling,  each  important  word  has  been  traced  back  through  earlier  forms 
to  its  remotest  known  origin.  Middle  English  forms  are  given,  in  important  cases  in  numerous 
variants  for  the  four  centuries  included  in  that  period,  and  are  traced  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  (in  which 
are  given  the  tyj^ical  forms,  with  the  important  variants  and  the  oldest  glosses)  or,  as  the  c^se  may 
be,  to  the  Old  French,  including  in  special  instances  the  Old  French  as  developed  in  England,  or 
Anglo-French.  The  derivation  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  or  French  form  is  then  given.  When  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  or  other  Teutonic  form  is  mentioned,  the  cognate  forms  are  given  from  the  Old  Saxon,  the 
Old  Friesic,  the  Dutch,  Low  German,  High  German,  and  Icelandic  in  their  several  periods,  the  Swedish 
(and  often  the  Norwegian),  the  Danish,  and  the  Gothic.  The  same  form  of  statement  is  used  with 
the  Romance  and  other  groups  of  forms  — the  Old  French  and  modern  French,  the  Provencal,  the 
Spanish,  the  Portuguese,  the  Italian,  and  sometimes  in  special  instances  the  WaUachian  and  other 
Romance  forms,  being  given  in  a  regular  order,  and  derived  together  from  their  Latin  or  other  som'ce. 
With  the  Latin  are  mentioned  the  Greek  cognates,  if  any  such  existed,  the  Slavic  forms,  if  concerned, 
and  the  Sanskrit,  Persian,  etc.    If  the  Arabic  or  Hebrew  is  reached,  other  Semitic  forms  are  sometimes 


viii  PREFACE. 

stated.  The  rule  has  been  to  deduce  from  a  comparison  of  all  the  principal  forms  the  primitive  sense 
or  form,  and  also  to  make  the  process  of  inference  clear  to  the  consulter  of  the  dictionary.  Of  course, 
in  a  search  through  so  vast  a  field,  in  which  the  paths  of  words  have  been  in  many  instances  effectu- 
ally obliterated  or  confused,  many  points  of  uncertainty  remain;  but  from  the  evidence  at  hand 
various  degrees  of  approximation  to  certainty  can  be  established,  and  these  it  has  been  sought  clearly 
to  indicate  by  terms  of  qualification.  The  various  prefixes  and  suffixes  used  in  the  formation  of  English 
words  are  treated  very  fully  in  separate  articles. 

There  are  thus  two  distinct  groups  of  forms  in  the  etymologies:  those  in  the  line  of  derivation  or 
direct  descent,  and  those  in  the  lines  of  cognation  or  collateral  descent.  A  Greek  word,  for  example, 
may  occur  not  only  in  Anglo-Saxon  (and  English),  but  also  in  other  Teutonic  and  in  Romance  and 
other  tongues,  and  the  full  account  of  the  English  form  requires  the  mention  of  the 
le  sym  )o  s  Hse  .  ^^Qg^  important  of  these  other  forms  as  "parallel  with"  or  "equal  to"  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  English.  To  separate  these  groups  more  plainly  to  thought  and  to  the  eye,  and  to 
save  the  space  which  would  be  taken  up  by  the  frequent  repetition  of  the  words  "from,"  "parallel 
with,"  and  "  whence,"  distinctive  symbols  are  used.  For  "  from "  is  used  the  sign  < ,  denoting  that  the 
form  without  the  angle  is  derived  from  the  form  within  it ;  for  "  whence,"  the  sign  > ,  with  a  similar 
significance;  for  "parallel  with"  or  "equal  to"  or  "cognate  with,"  the  familiar  sign  of  equality,  =;  for 
the  word  "root,"  the  ordinary  algebraic  symbol  -y/-  ^n  asterisk  *  is  prefixed  uniformly  to  all  forms 
which  are  cited  either  as  probable  or  as  theoretical,  or  as  merely  alleged ;  it  indicates  in  all  cases  that 
the  form  so  marked  has  not  been  found  by  the  etymologist  in  the  records  of  the  language  concerned, 
or  in  its  dictionaries.  But  in  some  cases  words  are  marked  with  the  asterisk  which  are  foi;nd  in  certain 
dictionaries,  but  have  not  been  verified  in  the  actual  literature.  Special  care  has  been  taken  with  the 
Anglo-Saxon  words,  ixnverified  forms  of  which  exist  in  the  current  dictionaries,  some  of  them  probably 
genuine,  though  not  found  in  any  of  the  accessible  texts,  and  others  due  to  early  errors  of  editors  and 
dictionary-makers. 

Words  of  various  origin  and  meaning,  but  of  the  same  spelling  (homonyms),  have  been  distinguished 
by  small  superior  figures  C;  ^,  ^,  etc.).  Such  words  abound  in  English.  They  are  mostly  common 
monosyllables,  and  much  confusion  exists  not  only  in  the  explanation  of  them  but  also  in  their  use, 
words  of  diverse  origin  having  been,  in  many  cases,  regarded  as  one,  with  consequent 
entanglement  or  complete  merging  of  meanings.  In  numbering  these  homonyms,  the 
rule  has  been  to  give  precedence  to  the  oldest  or  the  most  familiar,  or  to  that  one  which  is  most  nearly 
English  in  origin.  The  superior  numbers  apply  not  so  much  to  the  individual  word  as  to  the  gi'oup  or 
root  to  which  it  belongs ;  hence  the  different  grammatical  uses  of  the  same  homonym  are  numbered  alike 
when  they  are  separately  entered  in  the  dictionary.  Thus  verbs  and  nouns  of  the  same  origin  and  the 
same  present  spelling  receive  the  same  superior  number.  But  when  two  words  of  the  same  form,  and  of 
the  same  radical  origin,  now  differ  considerably  in  meaning,  so  as  to  be  used  as  different  words,  they  are 
separately  numbered. 

The  etymologies  have  been  written  by  Dr.  Charles  P.  G.  Scott,  with  the  assistance,  in  the  later 
parts  of  the  work,  of  contributions  from  Prof.  James  A.  Harrison,  Prof.  William  M.  Basker\nll, 
Prof.  Friincis  A.  March,  Jr.,  and  others.  In  ascertaining  the  particular  facts  with  regard  to  the 
origin  of  technical  terms,  much  aid  has  been  given  by  the  specialists  in  chai'ge  of  the  various 
departments. 


Of  the  great  body  of  words  constituting  the  familiar  language  the  spelling  is  detei-mined  by  well- 
established  usage,  and,  however  accidental  and  unacceptable,  in  many  cases,  it  may  be,  and  however 
much  of  sympathy  and  well-wiUing  may  be  due  to  the  efforts  now  making  to  introduce  a  reform,  it  is 
not  the  office  of  a  dictionary  like  this  to  propose  improvements,  or  to  adopt  those  which  have  been 
proposed,  and  have  not  yet  won  some  degree  of  acceptance  and  use.  But  there  are  also  considerable 
classes  as  to  which  usage   is  wavering,  more  than  one  form  being  sanctioned  by  excellent  authorities, 


PREFACE.  ix 

either  in  this  country  or  in  Great  Britain,  or  in  V)oth.  Familiar  examples  are  words  ending  in  -or 
or  -our  (as  labor,  lalmur),  in  -cr  or  -re  (as  center,  centre),  in  -ize  or  -ise  (as  civilize,  civilise) ;  those 
having  a  single  or  double  consonant  after  an  unaccented  vowel  (as  traveler,  traveller;  ivorshiped,  wor- 
shipped), or  spelt  with  e  or  with  (b  or  ee  (as  hemorrhaf/e,  diarrhea;  hcemprrhufje,  diar- 
rhoea) ;  and  so  on.  In  such  cases,  both  forms  are  given,  with  an  expressed  preference  for 
the  briefer  one,  or  the  one  more  accordant  with  native  analogies.  The  language  is  struggling  toward 
a  more  consistent  and  phonetic  spelling,  and  it  is  proper,  in  disputed  and  doubtful  cases,  to  cast  the 
influence  of  the  dictionary  in  favor  of  this  movement,  both  by  its  own  usage  in  the  body  of  the  text, 
and  at  the  head  of  articles  by  the  order  of  forms,  or  the  selection  of  the  form  under  which  the  word 
shall  be  treated.  Technical  words  not  in  general  use,  and  words  introduced  from  other  languages, 
have  also  their  varieties  of  orthographic  form :  the  former,  in  part,  because  of  the  ignorance  or  care- 
lessness of  those  who  have  made  adaptations  from  Latin  or  Greek ;  the  latter,  because  of  the  different 
styles  of  transliteration  or  imitation  adopted.  In  such  eases,  slight  variants  are  here  sometimes  dis- 
regai'ded,  the  more  correct  form  being  given  alone,  or  with  mere  mention  of  others ;  in  other  cases,  the 
different  forms  are  given,  with  cross  references  to  the  preferred  one,  under  which  the  word  is  treated. 
Finally,  the  obsolete  words  which  have  no  accepted  spelling,  but  occur  only  in  the  variety  of  forms 
characteristic  of  the  periods  from  which  they  come,  are  treated  regularly  under  that  form  which  is 
nearest  to,  or  most  analogous  with,  present  English,  and  the  quotations,  of  whatever  form,  are  as  a 
rule  presented  there;  side-forms  are  entered  as  liberally  as  seemed  in  any  measure  desirable,  -with 
references  to  the  one  preferred.  All  citations,  however,  are  given  in  the  orthography  (though  not 
always  with  the  punctuation)  of  the  texts  from  which  they  are  taken. 


Still  greater  than  the  variation  in  the  orthogi-aphy,  even  the  accepted  orthography,  of  English 
words,  is  the  variation  in  the  pronunciation.  And  here  the  same  general  principles  must  govern  the 
usage  of  the  dictionary.  No  attempt  is  made  to  record  all  the  varieties  of  popular,  or  even  of  educated, 
utterance,  or  to  report  the  determinations  made  by  different  recognized  authorities. 
It  has  been  necessary,  rather,  to  make  a  selection  of  words  to  which  alternative  pro- 
nunciations should  be  accorded,  and  to  give  preference  among  these  according  to  the  circumstances 
of  each  particular  case,  in  view  of  the  general  analogies  and  tendencies  of  English  utterance.  A 
large  number  of  scientific  names  and  terms — woi'ds  that  are  written  rather  than  uttered,  even  by 
those  who  use  them  most — are  here  entered  and  have  a  pronunciation  noted  for  the  fu'st  time. 
For  such  words  no  prescriptive  usage  can  be  claimed  to  exist ;  the  pronunciation  must  be  deter- 
mined by  the  analogies  of  words  more  properly  English,  or  by  those  governing  kindred  and  more 
common  words  from  the  same  sources.  With  respect  to  many  foreign  words,  more  or  less  used  as 
English,  it  is  often  questionable  how  far  usage  has  given  them  an  English  pronunciation,  or  has 
modified  in  the  direction  of  English  the  sound  belonging  to  them  where  they  are  vernacular.  In 
not  a  few  instances  a  twofold  pronunciation  is  indicated  for  them,  one  Anglicized  and  the  other 
original.  Words  of  present  provincial  use  are  for  the  most  part  pronounced  according  to  literary 
analogies,  without  regard  to  the  varieties  of  their  local  utterance.  The  principal  exceptions  are 
Scotch  words  having  a  certain  literary  standing  (owing  to  their  use  especially  by  Scott  and  Burns) ; 
these  are  more  carefully  marked  for  their  provincial  pronunciation.  Wholly  obsolete  words  are  left 
unmarked. 

There  are  certain  difficult  points  in  varying  English  utterance,  the  treatment  of  which  bj'  the 
dictionary  calls  for  special  explanation.  One  is  the  so-called  "long  »"  (as  in  use,  muse,  cure),  repre- 
sented here,  as  almost  everywhere,  by  u.  In  its  full  pronunciation,  this  is  as  precisely  yoo  (yd)  as  if 
written  with  the  two  characters.  But  there  has  long  existed  a  tendency  to  lessen  or  remove  the 
^/-element  of  the  combination  in  certain  situations  unfavorable  to  its  production.  After  an  r,  this 
tendency  has  worked  itself  fully  out ;  the  pronunciation  oo  (o)  has  taken  the  place  of  il  in  that  situa- 
tion so  generally  as  to  be  alone  accepted  by  all    recent  authorities  (although  some   speakers  stiU  show 


X  PREFACE. 

plain  ti-ace.s  of  the  older  utterance).  The  same  has  happened,  in  a  less  degi'ee,  after  I,  and  some  of  the 
latest  authorities  (even  in  England)  prescribe  always  loo  (Id)  instead  of  lU;  so  radical  a  change  has 
not   been   ventured   upon  in    this  work,  in  which    o   is   written  only  after   an    I   that   is   preceded   by 

another  consonant :  cultivated  pronunciation  is  much  less  uniform  here  than  in  the 
General  variations  of  preceding  case.  But  furtliei',  after  the  other  so-called  dental  consonants  t,  d,  ii,  s,  z, 
ofTertiiL"v'oweis.°°    cxccpt    iu    Syllables    immediately  following   an    accent,   the    usage    of    the    majority  of 

good  speakers  tends  to  reduce  the  ^-element  to  a  lighter  and  less  noticeable  form, 
while  many  omit  it  altogether,  pronouncing  oo  (o).  Of  this  class  of  discordances  no  account  is 
taken  in  the  re-spellings  for  pronunciation ;  usage  is  in  too  fluid  and  vacillating  a  condition  to 
be  successfully  represented.  After  the  sounds  ch,  j,  sh,  zh,  however,  only  o  is  acknowledged.  Another 
ease  is  that  of  the  r.  Besides  local  differences  in  regard  to  the  point  of  production  in  the  mouth, 
and  to  the  presence,  or  degree,  of  trilling  in  its  iitterance,  a  very  large  number,  including  some 
of  the  sections  of  most  authoritative  usage,  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  do  not  really  utter  the 
r-sound  at  all  unless  it  be  immediately  followed  by  a  vowel  (in  the  same  or  a  succeeding  word),  1)ut 
either  silence  it  altogether  or  convert  it  into  a  neutral-vowel  sound  (that  of  hut  or  hurt).  The  muti- 
lation thus  described  is  not  acknowledged  in  this  dictionary,  but  r  is  everywhere  written  where  it 
has  till  recently  been  pronounced  by  all;  and  it  is  left  for  the  future  to  determine  which  party  of  the 
speakers  of  the  language  shall  win  the  upper  hand.  The  distinction  of  the  two  shades  of  neutral- 
vowel  sound  in  hut  and  hurt,  which  many  authorities,  especially  in  England,  ignore  or  neglect,  is,  as 
a  matter  of  coui"se,  made  in  this  work.  The  latter,  or  hurt-sonnd,  is  found  in  English  words  only 
before  r  in  the  same  syllable;  but  it  is  also  a  better  correspondent  to  the  French  eti  and  "mute  e" 
sounds  than  is  the  former,  or  hut-soimd.  In  like  manner,  the  rtir-sound  is  distinguished  (as  (i)  from  the 
ordinary  e-  or  «-sounds.  Further,  the  two  sounds  written  with  o  iu  sot  and  song  are  held  apart  through- 
out, the  latter  (marked  with  6)  being  admitted  not  only  before  r  (as  in  nor),  but  in  many  other  situations, 
where  common  good  usage  puts  it.  But  as  there  is  a  growing  tendency  in  the  language  to  turn  o  into 
0,  the  line  between  the  two  sounds  is  a  variable  one,  and  the  6  (on  this  account  distinguished  from  «, 
with  which  from  a  phonetic  point  of  view  it  is  practically  identical)  must  be  taken  as  marking  an 
o-sound  which  iu  a  part  of  good  usage  is  simple  o.  A  similar  character  belongs  to  the  so-called  "  inter- 
mediate a "  of  ask,  can't,  command,  and  their  like,  which  with  many  good  speakers  has  the  full  «-sound 
(of  far,  etc.),  and  also  by  many  is  flattened  quite  to  the  "  short  a "  of  fat,  etc.  This  is  signified  by  a, 
which,  as  applied  to  English  words,  should  be  regarded  rather  as  pointing  out  the  varying  utterance 
here  described  than  as  imperatively  prescribing  any  shade  of  it. 

On  the  side  of  consonant  utterance,  there  is  a  very  large  class  of  cases  whei-e  it  can  be  made  a 
question  whether  a  pure  t  or  d  or  s  or  z  is  pronounced  with  an  i-  or  y-sound  after  it  before  another  vowel, 
or  whether  the  consonant  is  fused  together  with  the  i  or  y  into  the  sounds  ch,  j,  sh,  or  zh  respectively  — 

for  example,  whether  we  say  nature  or  nachur,  gradual  or  grajoal,  sure  or  shor,  vizual 
The  pronunciattou      or  vizhoal.     There  are   many   such   words   in    which    accepted    usage  has  fully  ranged 

of  certain  conso-  •         mi  y  •  t  n        i  f 

nants.  itsclt    ou    the    Side    of    the    fused  pronunciation :    for  example,    rizhon,    not   viziou,   for 

vision;  azhur,  not  azure,  for  azure;  but  with  regard  to  the  great  majoi'ity  usage  is  less 
decided,  or  else  the  one  pronunciation  is  given  in  ordinary  easy  utterance  and  the  other  when  speaking 
with  deliberation  or  labored  plainness,  or  else  the  fused  pronunciation  is  used  without  the  fact  being 
acknowledged.  For  such  cases  is  introduced  here  a  special  mark  under  the  consonant — thus,  f,d,  s,  z  — 
which  is  intended  to  signify  that  in  elaborate  or  strained  utterance  the  consonant  has  its  own  proper 
value,  but  in  ordinary  styles  of  speaking  combines  ^vith  the  following  /-element  into  the  fused  sound. 
The  mark  is  not  used  unless  the  fused  sound  is  admissible  in  good  common  speech. 

This  same  device,  of  a  mark  added  beneath  to  indicate  a  familiar  utterance  different  from  an 
elaborate  or  forced  one,  is  introduced  by  this  dictionary  on  a  very  large  scale  in  marking  the  sounds  of 
the  vowels.  One  of  the  most  peculiar  characteristics  of  English  pronunciation  is  the  way  iu  which  it 
slights  the  vowels  of  most  unaccented  syllables,  not  merely  lightening  them  in  point  of  quantity  and 
stress,  but  changing  their  quality  of  sound.     To  wi'ite  (as  systems  of  re-spelling  for  pronunciation,  and 


PREFACE.  si 

even  systems  of  phonetic  spelling,  generally  do)  the  vowels  of  unaccented  syllables  as  if  they  were 
accented,  is  a  distortion,  and  to  pronoimee  them  as  so  written  woxxld  be  a  caricature  of  Enf:;lish  speech. 
There  are  two  degrees  of  this  transformation.     In  the  first,  the  general  vowel  quality  of  a  long  vowel 
remains,    but    is    modified    toward    or    to    the    corresponding    (natural)    short:    thus,    a 
and  0  lose  their  usual  vanish  (of  e  and  o  respectively),  and  become,  the  one  e  (even,  in        vow<43  in  unac- 

.       ■  ^  "^  "  '  '  cented  syUablea. 

some  final  syllables,  the  yet  thinner  ^),  the  other  the  true  short  o  (which,  in  accented 
syllables,  occurs  only  proviucially,  as  in  the  New  England  pronunciation  of  home,  ivliole,  etc.) ;  e  and  6 
(of  food)  become  i  and  U  (of  (jood) ;  d  or  d  become  (more  rarely)  o.  This  first  degree  of  change  is 
marked  by  a  single  dot  under  the  vowel:  thus,  «,  f,  o,  «,  p,  6.  In  the  second  degree,  the  vowel  loses 
its  specific  quaUty  altogether,  and  is  reduced  to  a  neutral  sound,  the  slightly  uttered  ti  (of  hut)  or  e 
(of  hurt).  This  change  occurs  mainly  in  short  vowels  (especially  «,  o,  less  often  e,  but  i  chiefly  in  the 
ending  -ity) ;  but  also  sometimes  in  long  vowels  (especially  u  a7id  «).  This  second  degree  of  alteration 
is  marked  by  a  double  dot  under  the  vowel:  thus,  a,  e,  p,  i,  a,  u.  Accordingly,  the  dots  show  that 
while  in  very  elaborate  utterance  the  vowel  is  sounded  as  mai'ked  without  them,  in  the  various  degrees 
of  inferior  elaborateness  it  ranges  down  to  the  shortened  or  to  the  neutralized  vowel  respectively,  and 
it  is  intended  that  the  dots  shall  mark,  not  a  careless  and  slovenly,  but  only  an  ordinary  and  idiomatic 
utterance  —  not  that  of  hasty  conversation,  but  that  of  plain  speaking,  or  of  reading  aloud  with  dis- 
tinctness. In  careless  talk  there  is  a  yet  wider  reduction  to  the  neutral  sound.  It  must  be  clearly 
iinderstood  and  borne  in  mind  that  these  changes  are  the  accompaniment  and  effect  of  a  lightening 
and  slighting  of  utterance ;  to  pronounce  with  any  stress  the  syllables  thus  marked  would  be  just  as 
great  a  caricature  as  to  pronounce  them  with  stress  as  marked  above  the  letter. 


In  the  preparation  of  the  definitions  of  common  words  there  has  been  at  hand,  besides  the  material 
generally  accessible  to  students  of  the  language,  a  special  coUeetion  of  quotations  selected  for  this  work 
from  English  books  of  all  kinds  and  of  all  periods  of  the  language,  which  is  probably  much  larger 
than   any   that   has  hitherto  been  made  for  the  use  of  an  English   dictionary,  except 
that   accumulated   for   the   Philological   Society   of  London.     From   this   source   much     Definitions  of  com- 

"^  mon  words. 

fresh  lexicogi'aphical  matter  has  been  obtained,  which  appears  not  only  in  hitherto 
unrecorded  words  and  senses,  but  also,  it  is  believed,  in  the  greater  conformity  of  the  definitions 
as  a  whole  to  the  facts  of  the  language.  In  general,  the  attempt  has  been  made  to  portray  the  language 
as  it  actually  is,  separating  more  or  less  sharply  those  senses  of  each  word  which  are  really  distinct, 
but  avoiding  that  ovei'-refiuement  of  analysis  which  tends  rather  to  confusion  than  to  clearness.  Special 
scientific  and  technical  uses  of  words  have,  however,  often  been  separately  numbered,  for  practical 
reasons,  even  when  they  do  not  constitute  logically  distinct  definitions.  The  various  senses  of  words 
have  also  been  classified  with  reference  to  the  limitations  of  their  use,  those  not  found  in  current 
literary  English  being  described  as  obsolete,  local,  provincial,  colloquial,  or  technical  (legal,  botanical, 
etc.).  The  arrangement  of  the  definitions  historically,  in  the  order  in  which  the  senses  defined  have 
entered  the  language,  is  the  most  desirable  one,  and  it  has  been  adopted  whenever,  from  the  etymo- 
logical and  other  data  accessible,  the  historical  order  could  be  inferred  with  a  considerable  degree  of 
certainty;  it  has  not,  however,  been  possible  to  employ  it  in  every  case.  The  general  definitions  have 
also  been  supplemented  by  discussions  of  synonyms  treating  of  about  7000  words,  contributed  by 
Prof.  Henry  M.  Whitney,  which  will  be  found  convenient  as  bringing  together  statements  made  in 
the  definitions  in  various  parts  of  the  dictionary,  and  also  as  touching  in  a  free  way  upon  many  literary 
aspects  of  words. 

Many  of  the  extracts  mentioned  above,  together  with  some  contained  in  the  Imperial  Dictionary 
and  in  other  earlier  or  special  works,  have  been  employed  to  illustrate  the  meanings  of  woi'ds, 
or  merely  to  establish  the  fact  of  use.  They  form  a  large  collection  (about  200,000)  representing  all 
periods  and  branches  of  English  literature.  In  many  cases  they  -Rail  be  found  ixseful  from  a  his- 
torical  point  of    view,   though,   as  was   intimated   above,   they  do    not   furnish    a   complete   historical 


xii  PREFACE. 

record.  All  have  been  verified  from  the  works  from  which  they  have  been  taken,  and  are  fm-nished 
with  exact  references,  except  a  few  obtained  from  the  Lupcridl  Dictionurif,  which  could  not  readily 
be  traced  to  their  sources,  but  were  of  sufficient  value  to  justify  their  insertion  on  the  authority  of 
that  work.  Their  dates  can  be  ascertained  approximately  from  the  list  of  authors 
The  quotations.  ^^^  works  (and  cditions)  cited,  which  will  be  published  with  the  concluding  part  of 
the  dictionarJ^  These  quotations  have  been  used  freely  wherever  they  have  seemed  to  be  helpful ;  Ijut 
it  has  not  been  possible  thus  to  illustrate  every  word  or  every  meaning  of  each  word  without  an 
undue  increase  in  the  bulk  of  the  book.     The  omissions  affect  chiefly  technical  and  ob%-ious  senses. 

In  defining  this  common  English  vocabulary,  important  aid  has  been  received  from  Mr.  Benjamin  E. 
Smith,  who  has  also  had,  under  the  editor-in-chief,  the  special  direction  and  I'evision  of  the  work  on  all 
parts  of  the  dictionary,  with  the  charge  of  putting  the  book  through  the  press;  from  Mr.  Francis  A. 
Teall,  who  has  also  aided  in  criticizing  the  proofs ;  from  Mr.  Robert  Lilley,  in  the  preliminary  working- 
up  of  the  literary  material  as  well  as  in  the  final  revision  of  it;  from  Dr.  Charles  P.  G.  Scott,  who 
has  also  had  special  charge  of  the  older  English,  and  of  provincial  English ;  from  Prof.  Thomas  R. 
Lounsbury,  who  has  contributed  to  the  dictionary  the  results  of  a  systematic  reading  of  Chaucer;  from 
Dr.  John  W.  Palmer,  who  has  aided  in  revising  the  manuscript  prepared  for  the  press,  and  has  also 
contributed  much  special  literary  matter;  from  Prof.  Henry  M.  Whitney,  who  has  given  assistance  in 
preparing  the  definitions  of  common  words  in  certain  later  divisions  of  the  work  and  has  also  examined 
the  proofs;  from  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Ludlow;  from  Mr.  Franklin  H.  Hooper;  from  Mr.  Leighton  Hoskins, 
who  has  also  contributed  material  for  the  definitions  of  most  of  the  terms  in  prosody ;  from  Miss 
Katharine  B.  Wood,  who  has  superintended  the  collecting  of  new  words  and  the  selection  and  verifi- 
cation of  the  quotations ;  from  Miss  Mary  L.  Avery ;  and  from  many  others  who  have  helped  at  special 
points,  or  by  criticisms  and  suggestions,  particulai'ly  Prof.  Charles  S.  Peirce  and  Prof.  Josiah  D.  Whitney. 


Much  space  has  been  devoted  to  the   special  terms  of  the  various  sciences,  fine  arts,  mechanical 

arts,  professions,  and  trades,   and   much  care  has  been  bestowed  upon   their  treatment.      They  have 

been  collected  by  an  extended  search  through  all  branches  of  technical  literature,  with  the  design  of 

providing  a  very  complete   and  many-sided  technical   dictionary.      Many   thousands   of 

Deflnitions  of  tech-     "vvrQj.^  havc    tlius   bccu   gathered  which  have    never    before    been    recorded    in    a    gen- 

nical  terms.  ^ 

eral  dictionary,  or  even  in  special  glossaries.  Their  definitions  are  intended  to  be  so 
precise  as  to  be  of  service  to  the  specialist,  and,  also,  to  be  simple  and  "  popular "  enough  to  be 
intelligible  to  the  layman.  It  is  obvious,  however,  that  the  attempt  to  reconcile  these  aims  must 
impose  certain  limitations  upon  each.  On  the  one  hand,  strictly  technical  forms  of  statement  must 
in  many  cases  be  simplified  to  suit  the  capacity  and  requirements  of  those  who  are  not  technically 
trained;  and,  on  the  other,  whenever  (as  often,  for  example,  in  mathematics,  biology,  and  anatomy) 
a  true  definition  is  possible  only  in  technical  language,  or  the  definition  concerned  is  of  interest  only 
to  a  specialist,  the  question  of  immediate  intelligibility  to  a  layman  cannot  be  regarded  as  of  prime 
importance.  In  general,  however,  whenever  purely  technical  interests  and  the  demands  of  populai- 
use  obviously  clash,  preference  has  been  given  to  the  latter  so  far  as  has  been  possible  without  sacrifice 
of  accuracy.  In  many  instances,  to  a  technical  definition  has  been  added  a  popular  explanation  or 
amplification.  It  is  also  clear  that  the  completeness  with  which  the  lexicographic  material  of  interest  to 
the  specialist  can  be  given  must  vary  greatly  with  the  different  subjects.  Those  (as  metaphysics, 
theology,  law,  the  fine  arts,  etc.)  the  vocabulary  of  which  consists  mainly  of  abstract  terms  which  are 
distinctly  English  in  form,  of  common  English  words  used  in  special  senses,  or  of  fidly  natm'alized 
foreign  words,  may  be  presented  much  more  fully  than  those  (as  zoology,  botany,  chemistry, 
mineralogy,  etc.)  which  employ  great  numbers  of  artificial  names,  many  of  them  Latin. 

The  technical  material  has  been  contributed  by  the  gentlemen  whose  names  are  given  in  the  list  of 
collaborators,  with  the  assistance  at  special  points  of  many  others ;  and  all  their  work,  after  editorial 
revision,  has  been  submitted  to  them  in  one  or  more  proofs  for  correction.    This  method  of  obtaining 


PREFACE.  xiii 

both  accuracy  and  homogeneity  has,  perhaps,  never  before  been  so  fully  adopted  and  faithfully  applied 
iu  a  dictionary.  A  few  special  explanations  are  necessary  with  regard  to  the  work  in  several  of  the 
technical  departments. 

To  tlie  biological  sciences  a  degi-ee  of  prominence  has  been  given  corresponding  to  the  remarkable 
recent  increase  in  their  vocabulary.     Dming  the  last  quarter  of  a  centuiy  there  has  been  an  extensive 
reorganization  and  variation  of  the  former  systems  of  classification,  from  which  have  come  thousands 
of  new  names  of  genera,  families,  etc.;   and  also  a  profound  modification   of  biological 
conceptions,  which  has  led  both  to  new  definitions  of  old  words  and  to  the  coinage  of  many  '^^'^  biological 

sciences. 

new  words.  All  these  terms  that  are  English  iu  form,  and  for  any  reason  worthy  of  record, 
have  been  included,  and  also  as  many  of  the  New  Latin  names  of  classificatory  groups  as  are  essential 
to  a  serviceable  presentation  of  zoology  and  botany.  The  selection  of  the  New  Latin  names  in  zoology 
lias  been  liberal  as  regards  the  higher  groups,  as  families,  orders,  etc.,  whether  now  ciuTent  or  merely 
forming  a  part  of  the  history  of  the  science ;  but  of  generic  names  only  a  relatively  small  number  have 
been  entered.  Probably  about  100,000  names  of  zoological  genera  exist,  60,000  at  least  having  a  definite 
scientific  standing ;  but  the  whole  of  them  cannot,  of  course,  be  admitted  into  any  dictionary.  The 
general  rule  adopted  for  the  inclusion  of  such  names  is  to  admit  those  on  which  are  founded  the  names 
of  higher  gi'oups,  especially  of  families,  or  which  are  important  for  some  other  special  reason,  as  popular 
use,  an  established  position  iu  works  of  reference,  the  existence  of  species  which  have  popular  English 
names,  etc.  A  similar  rule  has  been  adopted  with  regard  to  botanical  names.  The  common  or  ver- 
nacular names  of  animals  and  plants  have  been  freely  admitted;  many  naturalized  and  uunatui'alized 
foreign  names,  also,  which  have  no  English  equivalents  and  are  noteworthy  for  special  literary,  com- 
mercial, or  other  reasons,  have  been  included.  The  definitions  that  have  a  purely  scientific  interest 
have  been  written  from  a  technical  point  of  view,  the  more  popular  information  being  given  under 
those  technical  names  that  are  in  familiar  use  or  under  common  names.  In  the  zoological  department 
is  properly  included  anatomy  in  its  widest  sense  (embracing  embryology  and  morphology),  as  the  science 
of  animal  structure,  external  and  internal,  normal  and  abnormal.  Its  vocabulary  necessarily  includes 
many  Latin,  or  New  Latin,  words  and  phrases  which  have  no  English  technical  equivalents. 

The  definitions  of  that  part  of  general  biological  science  which  in  any  way  relates  to  animal  life 
or  structm'e,  including  systematic  zoology,  have  been  written  by  Dr.  Elliott  Cones,  who  has  been  assisted 
in  ichthyology  and  conchology  by  Prof.  Theodore  N.  Gill,  in  entomology  by  Mr.  Leland  0.  Howard 
and  Mr.  Herbert  L.  Smith,  and  in  human  anatomy  by  Prof.  James  K.  Thacher.  Special  aid  has  also 
been  received  from  other  natm-alists,  particularly  from  Prof.  Charles  V.  RUey,  who  has  furnished  a 
number  of  definitions  accompanying  a  valuable  series  of  entomological  cuts  obtained  from  him.  Prof. 
Thacher  has  also  defined  all  terms  relating  to  medicine  and  surgery.  The  botanical  work  was  under- 
taken by  Dr.  Sereno  Watson,  with  assistance,  in  cryptogamic  botany,  from  Mr.  Ai'thur  B.  Seymour,  and 
has  been  conducted  by  him  through  the  letter  G ;  at  that  point,  on  account  of  practical  considerations 
connected  with  his  official  duties,  he  transferred  it  to  Dr.  Lester  F.  Ward.  Mr.  Seymour  also  withdrew, 
his  work  passing,  under  Dr.  Ward's  editorship,  to  Prof.  Frank  H.  Knowlton.  All  the  definitions  of  the 
terms  of  fossil  botany  have  been  wi'itten  by  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney. 

In  the  treatment  of  the  physical  and  mathematical  sciences  an  equally  broad  method  has  been  adopted. 
While  their  gi-owth  has,  perhaps,  not  been  so  great,  from  a  lexicogi-aphical  point  of  view,  as  has  that  of 
biology,  it  is  certainly  almost  as  remarkable.      The  remodeling  and  readjustment  of  former  ideas,  and 
the  consequent  modification  of  the  senses  of  old  terms  and  the  coinage  of  new,  have 
been  hardly  less  marked  ;  whUe  one  department,  at  least  —  that  of  chemistry  —  has  kept        The  physical  »nd 

'.  .  /  1  •      ^  T    \        •   ^  1  jii  rr  mathematical 

pace  in  the  invention  of  names  (of  chemical  compounds)  with  zoology  and  botany,     lo  sciences, 

this  must  be  added  the  almost  numberless  practical  applications  of  the  principles  and 
results  of  physical  science.     The   department  of  electrotechnics  is  a  marked  example  of  the  formation 
within  a  comparatively  few  years  of  a  large  technical  vocabulary,  both  scientific  and  mechanical.     The 
adequate  definition  of  all  the  lexicogi-aphical  matter  thus  furnished  involves  a  very  complete  presenta- 
tion of  the  present  status  of  human  knowledge  of  these  sciences.     The  definitions  in  physics  have  been 


xiv  PREFACE. 

writteu  by  Prof.  Edward  S.  Dan.a,  with  the  collaboration,  in  electrotechnics,  of  Prof.  Thomas  C. 
Mendenhall,  and  in  many  special  points,  particuku-ly  those  touching  upon  mathematical  theory,  of 
Prof.  Charles  S.  Peirce.  Professor  Dana  has  also  contributed  the  definitions  of  mineralogical  terms, 
including  the  names  of  all  distinct  species  and  also  of  all  important  varieties.  He  has  been  assisted  in 
defining  the  names  of  gems  and  the  special  terms  employed  in  lapidary  work  by  Mr.  George  F.  Kuuz. 
The  lithological  definitions,  as  also  all  those  relating  to  geology,  mining,  metallurgy,  and  physical  geog- 
raphy, have  been  contributed  by  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney.  Professor  Peirce  has  wiitten  the  definitions  of 
terms  in  mechanics,  mathematics,  astronomy,  and  astrology,  of  weights  and  measures,  and  of  the  various 
names  of  colors.  In  the  mathematical  work  the  aim  has  been  to  define  all  the  older  English  terms,  and 
all  the  modern  ones  that  can  be  considered  to  be  in  general  use,  or  are  really  used  by  a  number  of 
EngUsh  mathematical  writers,  but  not  all  the  numerous  terms  that  may  be  found  only  in  special 
memoirs.  All  English  names  of  weights  and  measures,  as  well  as  many  foreign  names,  have  been 
entered,  but,  as  a  rule,  those  of  the  latter  that  are  at  once  obsolete  and  not  of  considerable  importance 
have  been  omitted.  As  regards  chemistiy,  it  has  of  com'se  been  impossible  to  include  names  of  com- 
pounds other  than  those  that  have  a  special  technical  and  practical  importance.  The  chemical  definitions 
have  been  wi-itteu  by  Dr.  Edward  H.  Jenkins,  with  assistance  from  Dr.  Isaac  W.  Drummond  in  defining 
the  coal-tar  colors,  the  various  pigments,  dyes,  etc.,  and  the  mechanical  processes  of  painting  and  dyeing. 
The  definitions  comprehended  under  the  head  of  general  technology  (including  all  branches  of  the 
mechanical  arts)  have  been  contributed  by  Prof.  Eobert  H.  Thiu'ston,  with  the  collaboration,  in  defining 
the  names  of  many  tools  and  machines,  of  Mi*.  Charles  Barnard,  and,  in  various  mechanical  matters  which 
are  closely  related  to  the  special  sciences,  of  the  gentlemen  who  have  been  named 
The  mechanical         abovc  —  as  of   Prof.   Mendcuhall  in  describing    electrical    machines    and   appliances,    of 

arts  ana  trades.  ^  x  j.  7 

Prof.  Dana  and  Prof.  Peirce  in  describing  physical  and  mathematical  apparatus,  of 
Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney  in  describing  mining-tools  and  processes,  etc.  The  terms  used  in  printing  and 
proof-reading  have  been  explained  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Teall,  with  the  aid  of  valuable  contributions  of  material 
from  Ml-.  Theodore  L.  De  Vinne.  Special  assistance  in  collecting  technological  material  has  been  received 
from  Mr.  F.  T.  Thm-stou,  and,  at  particular  points,  from  many  others. 

The  terms  of  the  philosophical  sciences  have  been  esliibited  very  completely,  with  special  reference 
to  their  history  from  the  time  of  Plato  and  Aristotle,  through  the  period  of  scholasticism,  to  the  present 
day,  though  it  has  not  been   possible   to  state  aU  the  conflicting  definitions   of  different   philosophers 

and  schools.  The  philosophical  wealth  of  the  English  language  has,  it  is  believed,  never 
Senc^"'"^'^'^       been  so  fully  presented  in  any  dictionary.     Both  the  oldest  philosophical  uses  of  English 

words  and  the  most  recent  additions  to  the  vocabrdary  of  i^sychology,  psycho-physics, 
sociology,  etc.,  have  been  given.  The  definitions  of  many  common  words,  also,  have  been  prepared 
with  a  distinct  reference  to  thek  possible  philosophical  or  theological  applications.  The  logical  and 
metaphysical,  and  many  psychological  definitions  have  been  written  by  Prof.  Peu-ce.  The  same  method 
of  treatment  has  also  been  applied  to  ethical  terms,  and  to  those  peculiar  to  the  various  sociological 
sciences.  In  political  economy  special  assistance  has  been  received  from  Prof.  Albert  S.  Bolles,  Mr. 
Austin  Abbott,  and  others.  Prof.  Bolles  has  also  contributed  material  relating  to  financial  and  com- 
mercial matters. 

In  the  department  of  doctrinal  theology  considerable  difficulty  has  natiu-ally  been  experienced  in 
giving  definitions  of  the  opinions  held  by  the  various  denominations  which  shall  be  free  from  partisan- 
ship.    The  aim  of  the  dictionary  has  been  to  present  all  the  special  doctrines  of  the  different  divisions 

of  the  Church  in  such  a  manner  as  to  convey  to  the  reader  the  actual  intent  of  those 
Jie^'Sfte.^s.*'"'    ^^0   ^«^P^  them.      To  tliis  end  the   Rev.   Dr.   Lyman   Abbott,   to  whom   this  branch 

of  the  work  has  been  intrusted,  has  consulted  at  critical  points  learned  divines  of 
the  vai-ious  churches;  though,  of  course,  the  ultimate  responsibility  for  the  statements  made  in 
the  dictionary  on  these  and  other  theological  matters  rests  with  Mm  and  with  the  editor-in-chief. 
Aid  has  been  obtained  in  this  maimer  from  the  Right  Rev.  Thomas  S.  Preston,  the  Rev.  Dr. 
William   R.   Huntington,   the  Rev.   Dr.   Daniel  Curry,  Prof.   V.  L.  Conrad,   and  others.     Besides  the 


PREFACE.  XV 

purely  theological  definitions,  others,  very  numerous  and  elaborate,  have  been  given  of  terms  desig- 
nating vestments,  ornaments,  rites,  and  ceremonies,  of  words  relating  to  church  architecture,  church 
music,  etc.,  etc.  Systems  of  religion  other  than  the  Christian,  as  Mohammedanism,  Confucianism, 
etc.,  are  treated  with  considerable  detail,  as  are  also  the  more  simple  and  barbarous  forms  of  religious 
thought,  and  the  many  related  topics  of  anthropology.  Church  history  is  given  under  the  names 
of  the  various  sects,  etc.  Assistance  in  matters  relating  to  liturgies,  and  particularly  to  the  ritual  of 
the  Greek  Church,  has  been  received  from  Mr.  Leighton  Hoskius. 

In  defining  legal  terms,  the  design  has  been  to  offer  all  the  information  that  is  needed  by  the 
general  reader,  and  also  to  aid  the  professional  reader  by  giving,  in  a  concise  form,  all  the  important 
technical  words  and  meanings.  Professional  terms  now  in  commoir  use  have  been  defined  in  their 
general  and  accepted  sense  as  used  to-day  in  the  highest  courts  and  legislative  bodies,  not  excluding, 
however,  the  different  senses  or  modes  of  use  prevalent  at  an  earlier  day.  Particular  attention  has 
also  been  given  to  the  definitions  of  common  words  which  are  not  technically  used  in  law,  but  upon 
the  definition  of  which  as  given  in  the  dictionaries  matters  of  practical  importance  often  depend. 
Statutory  definitions,  as  for  example  of  crimes,  are  not  as  a  rule  given,  since  they  vary  greatly  in 
detail  in  the  statutes  of  the  different  States,  and  are  full  of  inconsistencies.  Definitions  are  also  given 
of  all  established  technical  phrases  which  cannot  be  completely  understood  from  the  definitions  of 
their  separate  words,  and  of  words  and  phrases  from  the  Latin  and  from  modern  foreign  languages 
(especially  of  Mexican  and  French-Canadian  law)  which  have  become  established  as  parts  of  our 
technical  speech,  or  are  frequently  used  without  explanation  in  English  books.  The  definitions  have 
been  written  Ity  Mr.  Austin  Abbott. 

The  definitions  of  the  principal  terms  of  painting,  etching,  and  engraving,  and  of  various  other 
art-processes,  were  prepared  by  Mr.  Charles  C.  Perkins  some  time  before  his  death.  They  have 
been  supplemented  by  the  work  of  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Ludlow,  who  has  also  had  special  charge  of 
architecture,  sculpture,  and  Greek  and  Roman  archaeology ;  and  of  Mr.  Russell  Sturgis, 
who  has  furnished  the  material  relating  to  decorative  art  in  general,  ceramics,  medieval 
archaeology,  heraldry,  armor,  costumes,  furniture,  etc.,  etc.  Special  aid  has  also  been  received  from 
many  architects,  artists,  and  others.  The  musical  terms  have  been  defined  by  Prof.  Waldo  S.  Pratt, 
who  has  had  the  use  of  a  large  collection  of  such  definitions  made  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Ferriss.  Many 
definitions  of  names  of  coins  have  been  contributed  by  Mr.  Warwick  Wroth,  F.  S.  A.,  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Coins  of  the  British  Museum. 

A  very  full  list  of  nautical  terms  and  definitions  has  been  contributed  by  Commander  Francis  M. 
Green,  and  of  military  terms  by  Captain  David  A.  Lyle. 


The  inchision   of  so  extensive  and  varied   a  vocabulary,  the  introduction  of  special  phrases,  and 
the  full  description  of  things  often  found  essential  to  an  intelligible  definition  of  their  names,  would 
alone  have  given  to  this  dictionary  a  distinctly  encyclopedic  character.     It  has,  however,  been  deemed 
desirable  to  go  somewhat  further  in  this  direction   than  these  conditions  render  strictly 
necessary.    Accordingly,  not  only  have  many  technical  matters  been  treated  with  unusual  Encyclopedic 

fullness,  but  much  practical  information  of  a  kind  which  dictionaries  have  hitherto 
excluded  has  been  added.  The  result  is  that  The  Century  Dictionary  covers  to  a  gi-eat  extent  the 
field  of  the  ordinary  encyclopedia,  with  this  principal  difference  —  that  the  information  given  is  for 
the  most  part  distributed  under  the  individual  words  and  phrases  with  which  it  is  connected,  instead 
of  being  collected  under  a  few  general  topics.  Proper  names,  both  biographical  and  geographical,  ai-e 
of  course  omitted  except  as  they  appear  in  derivative  adjectives,  as  Danv'mian  from  Danrin,  or  Indian 
from  India.  The  alphabetical  distribution  of  the  encyclopedic  matter  under  a  large  number  of  words 
will,  it  is  believed,  be  found  to  be  particularly  helpful  in  the  search  for  those  details  which  are 
generally  looked  for  in  works  of  reference;  while  the  inevitable  discontinuity  of  treatment  which  such 
a  method  entails  has  been  reduced  to  a  minimum  by  a  somewhat  extended  explanation  nf  central  words 


xvi  PREFACE. 

(as,  for  example,  elcctrirUy),  and  by  cross  refereuces.  Such  :iii  encyclopedic  method,  though  unusual 
in  dictiouaries,  needs  no  defense  in  a  work  which  has  been  constructed  throughout  from  the  point  of 
view  of  ])ractical  utility.  In  the  compilation  of  th(?  historical  matter  given,  assistance  has  been  received 
from  the  gentlemen  mentioned  above  wlienever  their  special  departments  have  been  concerned,  from 
Prof.  J.  Franiilin  Janjeson  in  the  history  of  the  United  btates,  from  Mr.  F.  A.  Teall,  and  from  others. 
Special  aid  in  verifying  dates  and  other  historical  matters  has  been  rendered  by  Mr.  Edmund  K.  Aldeu. 


The  pictorial   illustrations  have  been  so  selected  and  executed  as  to  be  subordinate  to  the  text, 
-while  possessing  a  considerable  degree  of  independent  suggestiveness  and  artistic  value.     Cuts  of  a  dis- 
tinctly explanatory  kind   have  been  freely   given   as   valuable   aids   to   the   definitions,   often   of  large 
groups  of  words,  and  have  been  made  available  for  this  use  by  cross  references;  manv 

niustrations.  i.        -i-  i  i  i  •  i  ' 

familiar  objects,  also,  and  many  unfamiliar  and  rare  ones,  have  been  pictm'ed.  To 
secure  technical  accuracy,  the  illustrations  have,  as  a  rule,  been  selected  by  the  specialists  in  charge 
of  the  various  departments,  and  have  in  all  cases  been  examined  by  them  in  proofs.  The  work 
presented  is  very  largely  original,  cuts  having  been  obtained  by  purchase  only  when  no  better  ones 
could  be  made  at  first  hand.  The  general  direction  of  this  artistic  work  has  been  intrusted  to  Mr. 
W.  Lewis  Fraser,  manager  of  the  Art  Department  of  The  Century  Co.  Special  help  in  procuring 
necessary  material  has  been  given  by  Mr.  Gaston  L.  Feuardeut,  by  Prof.  William  R.  Ware,  by  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  by  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  New  York,  and  by  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  in  Philadelphia. 


In  the  choice  of  the  typographical  style  the  desire  has  been  to  provide  a  page  in  which  the  matter 
should  be  at  once  condensed  and  legible,  and  it  is  believed  that  this  aim  has  been  attained  in  an 
unusual  degree.  In  the  proof-reading  nearly  all  persons  engaged  upon  the  dictionary  have  assisted, 
particularly  those  in  charge  of  technical  matters  (to  nearly  all  of  whom  the  entire  proof  has  been 
sent);  most  ef&cient  help  has  also  been  given  by  special  proof-readers,  both  by  those  who  have  worked 
in  the  office  of  The  Century  Co.,  and  by  those  connected  with  The  De  Vinne  Press. 

Finally,  acknowledgment  is  due  to  the  many  friends  of  the  dictionary  in  this  and  other  lands 
who  liave  contributed  material,  often  most  valuable,  for  the  use  of  its  editoi-s.  The  list  of  authorities 
used,  and  other  acknowledgments  and  exiilanations  that  may  be  needed,  will  be  given  on  the  comple- 
tion of  the  work.  It  should  ])e  stated  here,  however,  that  by  arrangement  with  its  publishers,  considerable 
use  has  also  been  made  of  Knight's  Aiiierican  Mechanical  Dicfiot/ari/. 

WILLIAM  DWIGHT  WHITNEY. 
New  Havkn,  May  1st,  1889. 


ABBREVIATIONS 
USED  IN  THE  ETYMOLOGIES  AND  DEFINITIONS. 


a.  adj adjective. 

abbr abbreviation. 

Bbl ablative. 

ace accusative. 

accom accommodated,  accom- 
modation. 

act active. 

adv adverb. 

AV Anglo-French. 

ngri agriculture. 

AL Anglo-Latin. 

alg algebra. 

Amer. American. 

anat anatomy. 

anc ancient. 

antiq antiquity. 

aor aorist. 

appar. apparently. 

Ar Arabic. 

aroh architecture. 

archajol archieology. 

arith arithmetic. 

art article. 

AS Anglo-Saxon. 

astrol astrology. 

aatron astronomy. 

attrib attributive. 

aug augmentative. 

Bav Bavarian. 

Beug Bengali. 

biol biology. 

Boheni Bohemian. 

bot botany. 

Braz Brazilian. 

Bret Breton. 

bryol bryology. 

Bulg.  Bulgarian. 

carp carpentry. 

Cat Catalan. 

Cath Catholic. 

cans causatiTc. 

ceram ceramics. 

cf. L.  con/er,  compare. 

ch. church. 

Chal Chaldee. 

chem chemical,  chemistry. 

Chin Chinese. 

chron chronology. 

colloq colloquial,  colloquially. 

com commerce,  commer- 
cial. 

comp composition,  com- 
pound. 

compar comparative. 

conch conchology. 

conj conjunction. 

contr contracted,  contrac- 
tion. 

Corn Cornish. 

craniol craniology. 

crauiom craniometry. 

cr)*8tal crystallography. 

D Dutch. 

Da!i Danish. 

dat dative. 

def definite,  definition. 

deriv derivative,  derivation. 

dial dialect,  dialectal. 

diff different. 

dim diminutive. 

distrib distributive. 

dram diumatic. 

dynam dynamics. 

E East. 

E.  'Enghahiufuallf/mean' 

ing  modern  English). 

cccl.,  eccles ecclesiastical. 

ccon economy. 

eg L.  exempli  gratia^  for 

example. 

Egypt Egyptian. 

E.  Ind East  Indian. 

«Iect electricity. 

embryol embryology. 

Eng English. 


engin engineering. 

cntom entomology. 

Epis Episcopal. 

equlv equivalent. 

esp especially. 

Eth Ethiopic. 

ethnog. ethnography. 

ethnol ethnology. 

etym etymology. 

Eur European. 

exclam exclamation. 

f.,  fern feminine. 

F French  {usually  mean- 
ing modem  French). 

Flem Flemish. 

fort. fortification. 

freq frequentative. 

Fries Friesic. 

fut. future. 

G Gevra?M{u8uallymean- 

ing  New  High  Ger- 
man). 

Gael Gaelic. 

galv. galvanism. 

gen genitive. 

geog. geography. 

geol geologj'. 

geom geometry. 

Goth Gothic  (Mcesogothic). 

Gr Greek. 

gram grammar. 

gun gunnery. 

Heb Hebrew. 

her heraldry. 

herpet herpetology. 

Hind Hindustani. 

hist history. 

horol horology. 

hort horticulture. 

Hung Hungarian. 

hydraul hydraulics. 

hydros hydrostatics. 

Icel Icelandic  (itsually 

meaning  Old  Ice- 
landic, oMent'w^ca;;- 
fd  Old  Norse). 

ichth ichthyology. 

i.  e L.  id  est,  that  is. 

impers impersonal 

impf imperfect. 

impv. imperative. 

improp improperly. 

Ind Indian. 

ind indicative. 

Indo-Eur. Indo-European. 

indef. indefinite. 

inf infinitive. 

instr instrumental. 

interj interjection. 

intr.,  iutrans intransitive. 

Ir Irisli. 

irreg irregulai-,  irregularly. 

It Italian. 

Jap Japanese. 

L. Latin  (usually  ■mean- 
ing classical  Latin). 

Lett Lettish. 

LG Low  German. 

licheuol lichenology. 

lit literal,  literally. 

lit literature. 

Lith Lithuanian. 

lithog lithography. 

lithol lithology. 

LL Late  Latin. 

m.,  masc masculine. 

M Middle.     * 

mach machinery. 

mammal mammalogy. 

manuf. manufacturing. 

math mathematics. 

MD Middle  Dutch. 

ME iliddle  English  (other- 

icise  called  Old  Eng- 
lish). 


mech mechanics,  mechani- 
cal. 

med medicine. 

mensur mensuration. 

metal metallurgy. 

metaph metaphysics. 

meteor. meteorology. 

Mex. Mexican. 

MGr. Middle  Greek,  medie 

val  Greek. 

MHG Middle  High  German. 

milit military. 

mineral.  mineralogy. 

ML Middle  Latin,  medie- 
val Latin. 

MLG Middle  Low  Gennan. 

mod modern. 

mycol mycology. 

myth mythology. 

n noun. 

n.,  neut. neuter. 

N. New. 

N North. 

N.  Amer North  America. 

nat natural. 

naut nautical. 

nav navigation. 

NGr. New    Greek,    modern 

Greek. 

N'^G New     High     German 

{usually  simply  G., 
German). 

NL. New    Latin,    modern 

Latin. 

nom. .    .  nominative. 

Norm .     .  Norman. 

nortli.      ,  northern. 

Norw Norwegian. 

numis numismatics. 

O Old. 

obs obsolete. 

obstet. obstetrics. 

OBulg Old  Bulgarian  (other- 

unse  called  Church 
Slavonic,  Old  Slavic, 
Old  Slavonic). 

OCat.  Old  Catalan. 

OD Old  Dutch. 

ODan Old  Danish. 

odontog odontography. 

odontoL odontology. 

OF. Old  French. 

OFlem Old  Flemish. 

OGael Old  Gaelic. 

OHG Old  High  German. 

Olr.  Old  Irish. 

Olt. Old  Italian. 

OL. Old  Latin. 

OLG Old  Low  German. 

ONorth Old  Northumbrian. 

OPruss Old  Prussian. 

orig . .  original,  originally. 

omith ornithology. 

OS Old  Saxon. 

OSp Old  Spanish. 

osteol osteology. 

OSw Old  Swedish. 

OTeut Old  Teutonic. 

p.  a. participial  adjective. 

paleon paleontology. 

part. participle. 

pass. passive. 

pathol pathology. 

perf. perfect. 

Pers Persian. 

pers person. 

persp perspective. 

PeruT. Peruvian. 

petrog. petrography. 

Pg Portuguese. 

phar pharmacy.       4 

Phen Phenician. 

philoL philology. 

philoa. philosophy. 

phonog phonography. 


photog photography. 

phren phrenology. 

phys physical. 

physiol physiology. 

pK.plur plural. 

poet. poetical 

polit,  political. 

Pol Polish. 

poss possessive. 

pp past  participle. 

ppr present  participle. 

Pr Provencal        (usually 

meaning    Old    Pro- 
vencal). 

pref prefix. 

prep preposition. 

pres jiresent. 

pret. preterit. 

priv privative. 

prob — probably,  probable. 

pron iironoun. 

pron pronounced,    pronun- 
ciation. 

prop properly. 

pros prosody. 

Prot lYotestant. 

prov provincial. 

psychoL psychology. 

q.  V r,.  quod  (or  pi.   qu<g) 

tyide,  which  see. 

refi reflexive. 

reg regular,  regularly. 

repr representing, 

rhet rhetoric. 

Rora Roman. 

Rom.  Komanic,  Romance 

(languages). 

Russ Russian. 

S South. 

S.  Amer South  American. 

8C L.  scilicetf  understand. 

supply. 

Sc. Scotch. 

Scand Scandinavian. 

Scrip Scripture. 

sculp sculpture. 

Serv Servian. 

sing singular. 

Skt .  Sanskrit. 

Slav Slavic,  Slavonic. 

Sp Spanish. 

8ubj subjunctive. 

superl superlative. 

Bui^ surgery. 

aurv surveying. 

Sw Swedish. 

eyn synonymy. 

Syr. SjTiac. 

technol technology. 

teleg telegi-aphy. 

teratol teratologj'. 

term termination. 

Tent Teutonic. 

theat. theatrical 

theol theology. 

therap therapeutics. 

toxicol toxicology. 

tr.,  trans transitive. 

trigon. trigonometry. 

Turk Turkish. 

typog typography. 

ult ultimate,  ultimately 

V, verb. 

var. variant. 

vet veterinar>*. 

V.  i intransitive  verb.  ' 

V.  t. transitive  verb. 

W. Welsh. 

Wall Walloon. 

Wallach Wallachian. 

W.  Ind West  Indian. 

zotigeog zoogeography. 

zoOL zoology. 

zoQt, zootomy. 


KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION. 


a  as  iu  fat.  man,  pang. 

11  lis  in  fate,  mniie,  ilalu. 

H  as  in  far,  father,  guard, 

a  as  in  fall,  talk,  nauglit. 

a  as  in  ask,  fast.  ant. 

a  as  in  fare,  hair,  bear. 

e  as  in  met,  pen,  bless, 

e  as  in  mete,  meet,  meat. 

(■  as  in  her,  fern,  heard. 

i  as  iu  pin,  it,  biscuit, 

i  as  in  pine,  fight,  file. 

o  as  in  not,  on,  frog. 

6  as  in  note,  poke,  floor. 

o  as  iu  move,  spoon,  room, 

o  as  in  nor,  song.  off. 

u  as  in  tub,  son,  blood, 

ii  as  in  mute,  acute,  few  (also  new, 
tube,  duty :  see  Preface,  pp.  ix,  x). 

u  as  in  pull,  book,  could. 

U  German  ii,  French  u. 


oi  as  in  oil,  joint,  V)Oj-. 

on  as  in  pound,  proud,  now. 

A  single  dot  under  a  vowel  in  an  unaccented 
syllable  indicates  its  abbreviation  and  lighten- 
ing, without  absolute  loss  of  its  distinctive  qual- 
ity.    See  Preface,  p.  xi.     Thus  : 

a  as  in  prelate,  courage,  captain, 

e  as  in  ablegate,  episcopal, 

o  as  in  abrogate,  eulogy,  democrat, 

u  as  in  singular,  education. 

A  double  dot  under  a  vowel  iu  an  unaccented 
syllable  indicates  that,  even  in  the  mouths  of 
the  best  speakers,  its  sound  is  variable  to,  and 
in  ordinary  utterance  actually  becomes,  the 
short  ((-sound  (of  but,  pun,  etc.).  See  Pi'eface, 
p.  xi.     Thus: 

a  as  in  errant,  republican, 

e  as  in  prudent,  difference. 

}  as  in  charity,  deusity. 

o  as  in  valor,  actor,  idiot. 


il    as  in  Persia,  peninsula. 

e    as  iu  the  book. 

u    as  in  nature,  feature. 

A  mark  (—)  under  the  consonants  /,  <l,  s,  :  in- 
dicates that  they  in  like  manner  are  variable  to 
ch,  j,  sli,  c/i.     Thus: 

t  as  in  nature,  adventure, 

d  as  in  arduous,  education. 

§  as  in  pressure, 

z  as  in  seizure. 

th   as  in  thin. 

TH  as  in  then. 

eh  as  in  German  ach,  Scotch  loch. 

n    French  nasalizing  n,  as  in  ton,  en. 

ly   (iu  French  words)  French  liquid  (mouill6)  1. 

'  denotes  a  primary,  '  a  secondary  accent.     (A 

secondary  accent  is  not  marked  if  at  its  regular 

interval  of  two  syllables  from  the  primary,  or 

from  another  secondary.) 


SIGNS. 


<  read  from  ;  i.  e.,  derived  from. 

>  read  whence  :  i.  e.,  from  which  is  derived. 

+  read  and ;  i.  e.,  compounded  with,  or  with  sufiBx. 

=  read  cognate  with;  i.  e.,  etymologically  parallel  with. 


■/  read  root. 
*   read  theoretical  or  alleged;  i.  e.,  theoretically  assumed, 

or  asserted  but  unverified,  form. 
t   read  obsolete. 


SPECIAL  EXPLANATIONS. 


A  superior  figure  placed  after  a  title-word  in- 
dicates that  the  word  so  marked  is  distinct 
etymologically  from  other  words,  following  or 
preceding  it,  spelled  in  the  same  manner  and 
marked  with  different  numbers.     Thus  : 

back^  (bak).  «.     The  posterior  part,  etc. 
back'  (bak),  a.     Lying  or  being  behind,  etc. 
back'  (bak),  c.     To  furnish  with  a  back,  etc. 
back'  (bak),  a<h:     Behind,  etc. 
back-'t  (bak),  «.     The  earlier  form  of  bat-. 
back^  (bak),  n.    A  large  tlat-bottomed  boat, 
etc. 

Various  abbreviations  have  been  used  in  the 
credits  to  the  quotations,  as  "  No."  for  number, 
"st."  for  ,«frt«.-a,  "p."  for  page,  "1."  for  liiic, 
*[  for  paragraph,  "  fol."  lor  folio.  The  method 
used  in  indicating  the  subdivisions  of  books 
will  be  understood  by  reference  to  the  follow- 
ing plan : 

Section  only ^  g. 

Chapter  only xiv. 

Canto  only xiv. 

Book  only    iii. 


Book  and  chapter 

Part  and  chapter 

Book  and  line 

Book  and  page .  .  V  iii.  10. 

Act  and  scene 

Chapter  and  verse 

No.  and  page 

Volume  aud  page II.  34. 

Volume  aud  chapter IV.  iv. 

Part,  book,  aud  chapter II.  iv.  V2. 

Part,  canto,  and  stanza II.  iv.  I'J. 

Chapter  and  section  or  H vii.  »  ov  H  3. 

Volume,  part,  and  section  or  IT    .1.  i.  ^  or  T  ti. 
Book,  chapter,  and  section  or  ? . .  I.  i.  *  or  H  6. 

Different  grammatical  phases  of  the  same 
word  are  grouped  under  one  head,  and  distin- 
guished by  the  Roman  numerals  I..  II..  III., 
etc.  This  applies  to  transitive  and  intransi- 
tive uses  of  the  same  vei-b,  to  adjectives  used 
also  as  nouns,  to  nouns  used  also  as  adjectives, 
to  adverbs  used  also  as  prepositions  or  con- 
junctions, etc. 

The  capitalizing  and  italicizing  of  certain  or 
all  of  the  words  in  a  synonym-list  indicates 
that  the  words  so  distinguished  are  discrimi- 


nated iu  the  text  immediately  following,  or 
under  the  title  referred  to. 

The  figures  by  which  the  synonym-lists  are 
sometimes  divided  indicate  the  senses  or  defi- 
nitions with  which  they  are  connected. 

The  title-words  begin  with  a  small  (lower- 
case) letter,  or  with  a  capital,  according  to 
usage.  When  usage  differs,  in  this  matter, 
with  the  different  senses  of  a  word,  the  abbre- 
viations Icaj).'}  for  ''capital"  and  [?.  <■.]  for 
"lower-case"  are  used  to  indicate  this  varia- 
tion. 

The  difference  observed  iu  regard  to  the 
capitalizing  of  the  second  element  iu  zoologi- 
cal aud  botanical  terms  is  in  accordance  with 
the  existing  usage  in  the  two  sciences.  Thus, 
in  zoologj',  in  a  scientific  name  consisting  of 
two  words  the  second  of  which  is  derived  from 
a  proper  name,  only  the  first  would  be  capi- 
talized. But  a  name  of  similar  derivation  in 
botauy  would  have  the  second  element  also 
capitalized. 

The  names  of  zoological  and  botanical  classes, 
orilers.  families,  genera,  etc.,  have  been  uni- 
formly italicized,  in  accordance  with  the  pres- 
ent usage  of  scientific  winters. 


1.  The  first  letter  in  the 
English  alphabet,  as  also 
generally  in  the  other  al- 
lihabets  which,  like  the 
English,  come  ultimately 
from  the  Phenician.  Our 
letters  are  the  same  as 
those  used  by  the  Ro- 
mans; the  Roman  or  Latin 
alphabet  is  one  of  several 
Italian  alphabets  derived  from  the  Greek;  and 
the  Greek  alphabet  is,  with  a  few  adaptations 
and  additions,  formed  from  the  Phenician. 
As  to  the  origin  of  the  Phenician  alphabet, 
opinions  are  by  no  means  agi-eed;  but  the 
view  now  most  widely  current  is  that  put 
forth  and  supported  a  few  years  ago  by  the 
French  scholar  De  RougiS :  namely,  that  the 
Phenician  characters  are  derived  from  early 
Egyptian  hieratic  characters,  or  abbreviated 
forms  of  written  hieroglyphs.  Under  each 
letter  will  be  given  in  this  work  the  Phe- 
nician character  from  which  it  comes,  along 
with  an  early  form  or  two  of  the  Greek  and 
Latin  derived  characters  (especially  intended 
to  show  the  change  of  direction  of  the  let- 
ter consequent  upon  the  change  of  direction 
of  writing,  since  the  Phenician  was  always 
written  from  right  to  left);  and  to  these  will 
be  added  the  hieratic  and  hieroglyphic  char- 
acters from  which  the  Phenician  is  held  to 
originate,  according  to  De  Rough's  theory.  It 
is  to  be  noticed  that  our  ordinary  capitals  are 
the  original  forms  of  our  letters ;  the  lower- 
case, Italic,  and  written  letters  are  all  derived 
from  tlie  capitals.  Our  A  corresponds  to  the 
Phenician  letter  called  alcjth  ;  and  this  name, 
signifying  "  ox,"  is  also  the  original  of  the 
Greek  name  of  the  same  letter,  alpha.  The 
comparative  scheme  for  A  is  as  follows : 


2^      ^      ^  A 


E^ryptian. 
Hieroglyphic.  Hieratic. 


Pheni- 
cian. 


E.irly 
Greek  .mil  Latin. 


The  Phenician  alc2)h  was  not  a  proper  vowel- 
sign,  but  rather  a  quasi-consonantal  one,  to 
which  an  initial  vowel-sound,  of  whatever 
kind,  attached  itself;  since  the  fundamental 
plan  of  that  alphabet  assumetl  that  every  syl- 
lable should  begin  with  a  consonant.  But  the 
Greeks,  in  adapting  the  borrowed  alphabet  to 
their  own  use,  made  the  sign  represent  a  single 
vowel-sound :  that,  namely,  which  we  usually 
call  the  "  Italian  "  or  "  Continental "  a  (il),  as 
heard  in  far,  father.  This  was  its  value 
in  the  Latin  also,  and  in  the  various  alphabets 
founded  on  the  Latin,  including  that  of  our 
own  ancestors,  the  speakers  and  writers  of 
earliest  Englisli  or  Anglo-Saxon;  and  it  is 
mainly  retained  to  the  present  time  in  the 
languages  of  continental  Europe.  In  conse- 
quence, however,  of  the  gradual  and  per- 
vading change  of  utterance  of  Englisli  words, 
without  corresponding  change  in  the  mode 
of  writing  them,  it  has  come  to  liavo  in  our 
use  a  variety  of  values.  Tlie  souml  of  a  in 
far  is  the  purest  and  most  fundamental  of 
vowel-sounds,  being  that  which  is  naturally 
Bent  forth  by  the  human  organs  of  utterance 
when  the  mouth  and  throat  are  widely  opened, 
and  the  tone  from  the  larynx  suffered  to  come 
1 


out  with  least  modifying  interference  by  the 
parts  of  the  mouth.  On  the  other  hand,  in 
the  production  of  the  j-sound  of  machine  or 
pique  and  the  «-sound  of  rule  (or  double  o  of 
pool),  the  organs  are  brought  quite  nearly 
together:  iu  the  case  of  i,  the  Hat  of  the  tongue 
and  the  roof  of  the  mouth;  in  the  case  of 
u,  the  rounded  lips.  Hence  these  vowels  ap- 
proach a  consonantal  character,  and  pass  witli 
little  or  no  alteration  into  y  and  lo  respec- 
tively. Then  c  and  o  (as  in  thcij  and  note)  are 
intermediate  respectively  between  a  (ii)  and  i 
and  a  (ii)  and  »;  and  the  sounds  in/«(  and  fall 
are  still  less  removed  in  either  direction  from  a 
(ii).  The  pure  or  original  sound  of  a  (fur)  is 
more  prevalent  in  earlier  stages  of  language, 
and  is  constantly  being  weakened  or  closened 
into  the  other  vowel-sounds,  which  are  to  a  great 
extent  derived  from  it ;  and  this  process  has 
gone  on  in  English  on  a  larger  scale  than  in 
almost  any  other  known  language.  Hence  the 
«-sound  (as  in  far)  is  very  rare  with  us  (less 
than  half  of  one  per  cent,  of  our  whole  utter- 
ance, or  not  a  tenth  part  as  frequent  as  the 
soimd  of  i  in  jnt  or  as  that  of  u  in  bul) ; 
its  short  sound  has  been  so  generally  flattened 
into  that  in  fat,  and  its  long  soujid  into  that 
in  fate,  that  we  now  call  these  sounds  respec- 
tively "  short  a"  and  "  long  a";  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  it  has  in  many  words  been  broad- 
ened or  rounded  into  the  sound  heard  in  oil 
and  fall.  Thus  the  most  usual  sounds  of  Eng- 
lish "written  a  are  now,  in  the  order  of  their 
frequency,  those  in  fat,  fate,  fall, far;  there  are 
also  a  fewcases  like  the  a  in  u-hat  and  H-as(after 
a  !c-sound,  nearly  a  corresponding  short  to  the 
a  of  all),  many  (a  "short  e"),  and  others  yet 
more  sporadic.  In  syllables  of  least  stress 
and  distinctness,  too,  "as  in  the  first  and  third 
syllables  of  abundant  and  abundance,  it  is  uni- 
versally uttered  with  the  ''short  «"  sound  of 
but.  The  "  long  a  "  of  fate  is  not  strictly  one 
sound,  but  ends  with  a  vanishing  sound  of 
"longc":  i.  e.,  it  is  a  slitie  from  the  c-sound 
of  they  down  to  the  «"-sound  of  pique.  From 
this  vanish  the  a  of  fare  and  bare  and  their 
like  is  free,  while  it  has  also  an  opener 
sound,  and  is  even,  in  the  mouths  of  many 
speakers,  indistinguishable  in  quality  from  the 
"  short  a"  of  fat;  hence  the  n-sound  of /ore  is 
in  the  respellings  of  this  work  written  with  a, 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  sound  in/«(r.  There 
is  also  a  class  of  words,  like  auk,  /«.<f,  ant,  in 
which  some  pronounce  the  vowel  simply  as 
"short  a,"  while  some  give  it  tlie  full  open 
sound  of  a  in  far,  and  yet  others  make  it 
something  intermediate  between  the  two:  such 
an  a  is  represented  in  this  work  by  a.  A  occurs 
as  final  only  in  a  very  few  proper  English 
words ;  and  it  is  never  doubled  in  such  words. — 
2.  As  a  si/mbol,  a  denotes  the  first  of  an  actual 
or  possible  series.  Specifically — (a)  In  music, 
the  name  of  the  sixth  note  of  the  natm-al 
diatonic  scale  of  C,  or  the  first  note  of  the 
relative  minor  scale  ;  the  la  of  Italian,  French, 
and  Spanish  musicians.  It  i.s  the  note  soumlf.l  liy 
tlio  open  second  striiii;  of  the  violin,  anil  to  it  as  uiven  h.v 
a  fl.ved-toneil  instrument  (:i3  the  oboe  or  orsan)  all  tlie 
instrnnients  of  an  orchestra  arc  timed,  (ft)  In  the 
mnemonic  words  of  logic,  the  iiniversal  affirma- 
tive proposition,  as,  all  men  are  mortal,  simi- 
larly, r  stands  for  the  particular  affirmative,  as,  some 
men  "are  mortal ;  E  for  the  universal  negative,  as,  no  men 
are    mortal ;   O  for  the  particular   negative,   as,  some 


men  are  not  moital.  The  use  of  these  symbols  dates 
from  the  thirteenth  century;  they  appear  to  be  arbitrary 
applications  of  the  vowels  a,  e,  i,  o,  but  are  usually 
supposcil  to  have  been  taken  from  the  Latin  AJIIrmu, 
I  artimi,  and  v  EfjO,  I  deny.  But  some  authorities  main- 
tain that  their  use  in  Greek  is  nmch  older,  (f)  In 
math.:  In  algebra,  a,  b,  c,  etc.,  the  first  letters 
of  the  alphabet,  stand  for  kno'mi  quantities, 
while  r,  y,  r,  the  last  letters,  stanil  for  un- 
known quantities;  in  geometry,  ./,  Ii,  (',  etc., 
are  used  to  name  points,  lines,  ami  figui-es. 
(rf)  In  abstract  reasoning,  supijositiuns,  etc., 
A,  J),  C,  etc.,  denote  each  a  particular  person 
or  tlung  in  relation  to  the  others  of  a  series  or 
group,  (f )  In  icriting  a.nd printing,  a,  b,  c,  etc., 
are  used  instead  of  or  in  addition  to  the  Ai-abie 
figures  in  marking  paragraphs  or  other  divi- 
sions, or  iu  making  references.  (/)  In  naut. 
long.,  Al,  A'i,  etc.,  are  symbols  used  in  the 
Record  of  American  and  Foreign  Shipping, 
and  in  Lloyd's  Register  of  British  and  Foreign 
Shipping,  to  denote  the  relative  rating  of  mer- 
chant vessels.  In  the  formel',  the  character  assiKiicd  to 
vessels  by  the  surveyors  is  expressed  by  the  numbers 
from  1  to  3,  Al  standing  for  the  highest  and  A3  for  the 
lowest  grade.  The  numbers  Ii,  1}.  2,  2J  express  interme- 
diate degrees  of  seaworthiness.  Vessels  classed  as  Al  or 
AH  are  regarded  as  fit  for  the  carriage  of  all  kinds  of 
cargoes  on  all  kinds  of  voyages  for  a  specified  term  of 
years ;  those  classed  as  Al}  or  A2,  for  all  cargoes  on 
Atlantic  voyages,  and  ill  exceptional  cases  on  long  voy- 
ages, and  for  such  cargoes  as  oil,  sugar,  mola-sses,  etc., 
on  any  voyage  ;  those  classed  as  A2^  or  A;i,  for  coasting 
voyages  only,  with  wood  or  coal.  In  Lloyd's  Kcgi-^tcr.  the 
letters  A,  A  (in  red),  JE,  and  E  are  used  to  denote  various 
degrees  of  excellence  in  the  hulls  of  ships,  the  figure  1 
being  added  to  express  excellence  of  equipnicnt,  such  as 
masts  and  rigging  in  sailing-ships,  or  boilers  and  engines 
in  steamers.  The  broad  A  in  the  Eritisli  Lloyd's  inilicatcs 
a  ship  built  of  iron.  In  the  American  Kegister,  the  an- 
nexed figm-es  do  not  refer  to  the  eiinipment.— llence,  in 
commerce,  .11  is  used  to  denote  the  highest  mercantile 
credit;  and  colloquially  Al,  or  in  the  United  States  A 
Xo.  1,  is  an  adjective  of  couimeudatiou,  like  jirstclaes, 
jlrst-rati' :  as,  an  .11  speaker. 

"He  must  be  a  flrst-rater,"  said  Sam.     ".1 1,"  replied 
Sir.  Koker.  Dickeiig,  Pickwick  P.apers. 

An  A  number  oiw  cook,  and  no  mistake. 

Mrs.  Stoicf,  Dred. 

3.  As  an  abbreviation,  a  stands,  according  to 
context,  for  acre,  acting,  adjective,  an.swer,  are 
(in  the  metric  system),  argent  (in  her.),  anal 
(anal  fin,  iu  icii'th.),  anecliinoplacid  (in  echi- 
nodcrms),  etc.;  in  com.,  for  approved,  for  ac- 
cepted, and  for  Latin  ad  (commonly  written  ^a> ), 
"at "  or  "  to " :  as,  500  shares  L.  I.  preferred  ® 
67i;  25®  30  cents  per  yard.— 4.  Atlrib.,  hav- 
ing the  form  of  the  capital  A,  as  a  tent. 

The  common  or  A  tent,  for  the  use  of  enlisted  nun. 

Hi«i.(m,  Mil.  Diet. 

a,-  (a  or  a),  indef.  art.  [<ME.  a  (before  con- 
sonants), earlier  an,  orig.  with  long  vowel. 
<  AS.  an,  one,  an:  see  ««!.]  The  form  of  oh 
used  before  consonants  and  words  beginning 
with  a  consonant-soiuid:  as,  a  man,  a  woman, 
a  year,  «  union,  a  eulogy,  a  oneness,  «  hope. 
An,  however,  -n-as  formerly  often  used  before 
the  sounds  of  h  and  initial  long  u  and  mi 
even  in  accented  syllables  (as,  an  hospital,  «« 
union),  and  is  stiU  retained  by  some  before 
those  sounds  in  unaccented  syllables  (as,  an 
historian,  an  united  whole,  an  euphonious 
sound).  The  fonnn  flrst  appeared  about  the  beginning 
of  the  thirteenth  century.  It  is  placed  bc!-..rc  nouns  ol  the 
singular  number,  anil  also  before  plural  n.nins  wlicn./j-icor 
nr,-at  maim  is  interposed.  (/■'.■«'  was  originally  sillgularas 
well  as  plural,  and  the  article  was  singular  (.ML.  <i)  or 
plural  (ME.  an.')  to  agree  with  it.  In  the  phrase  a  nrral 
mami.  the  article  agrees  with  manij,  which  is  properly  a 
nouii(AS.  inenii/u:  see  marii/1,  n.);  the  toUowing  plural 


noun,  M  In  the  phrase  a  great  many  hookt,  is  really  a 
partitive  (tcnllive.) 
a*  (a  or  u),  prep.  [<  ME.  and  late  AS.  a,  re- 
duood  form  of  an,  on,  on,  in  :  soo  o«.  ]  A  redufed 
form  of  the  preposition  on,  formerly  common 
iu  all  the  uses  ot  on,  but  now  restricted  to  cer- 
tain constructions  iu  which  the  preposition  is 
more  or  less  dis|t;uised,  boinj;  usually  written  as 
one  word  withthet'oUowinj,' noun.  (<i)  Of  place: 
On,  in,  uiion,  unto,  into;  tlic  preposition  and 
the  foUowinfrnouu  being  usually  written  as  one 
word,  sometimes  with,  but  commonly  witliout, 
a  liyphen,  and  regarded  as  an  adverb  or  a  predi- 
cate adjective,  but  best  treated  as  a  preposi- 
tional phrase.  In  such  phrases  n  denotes  — (1)  Posi- 
tion: as,  to  lie  «?«■(/;  to  ho  a^foot ;  to  ride  «  lioi-seback  ;  to 
8tamin(  !>((«•.  (2)  Motion:  as,  to  (io  (inAorf ;  "liow  jocund 
did  they  drive  their  team  a-field,"  Gray.  (.!)  Direction  : 
as,  to  go  ahead;  to  turn  aride;  to  draw  aliack  (modern, 
to  draw  ii(i<*).  (4)  I'nrtition  :  as,  to  take  apart ;  to  liuret 
asunder.  Similarly — (li)  Of  state:  On,  in,  etc.: 
as,  to  be  olirc  ' [AS.  on  /(7<] ;  to  be  asleep 
[AS.  on  sliipe'] ;  to  set  aftre;  to  be  (ifloat;  to 
set  adrift,  in  tliis  use  now  applicaV)lc  to  any  verb  (but 
chiefly  to'nionnsyllables  and  dissyllables)  taken  as  a  noun  : 
as,  to  be  aijlow  with  excitement ;  to  be  a-swlin  ;  to  be  all 
a-tremUe.  (c)  Of  time :  On,  in,  at,  by,  etc.,  re- 
maining iu  some  colloquial  expressions:  as,  to 
stay  out  a  nights  (often  written  o' nighk);  to 
go  "fishing  a  Smiday ;  now  a  days  (generally 
written  nowadays).  Conunon  with  adverbs  of  repe- 
tition :  as,  twice  rt  day  K  ME.  twksadai,  <AS.  timva 
on  rfrt*^),  once  a  week  [<  ME.  ane^-  a  wike,  <  AS.  cene  on 
wucan],  three  times  a  year  [cf.  JttE.  thre  sithes  a  yer, 
<  AS.  thrim  glthum  on  gedre],  etc. :  a  day  being  a  reduced 
form  of  on  day  (cf.  to-day),  equivalent  to  F.  par  jour,  L. 
per  diem  ;  a  year,  of  on  year,  eiiuivaleut  to  F.  par  an,  L. 
jter  annum,  etc.  But  in  this  construction  the  preposition 
a  is  now  usually  regarded  as  the  indefinite  article  (vary- 
ing to  an  before  a  vowel),  "four  miles  an  hour,"  "ten 
cents  a  yard,"  etc.,  being  explained  as  elliiitieal  for  "four 
miles  in  an  hour,"  "  ten  cents /or  a  yard,"  etc.     (t?)  Of 

process :  In  course  of,  with  a  verbal  noun  iu  -ing, 
taken  passively:  as,  the  house  is  a  building; 
"  while  the  ark  was  fl  preparing  "(1  Pet.  iii.  20); 
while  these  things  were  a  doing.  Tlie  prepo- 
sitional use  is*  clearly  seen  in  the  alterna- 
tive construction  with  in:  as,  "Forty  and  six 
years  was  this  temple  in  building,"  John  ii.  20. 
In  modern  use  the  preposition  is  omitted,  and  the  verbal 
noun  is  treated  as  a  present  participle  taken  passively  : 
as,  the  house  w  buildiny.  But  none  of  these  forms  of 
expression  has  become  thoroughly  popular,  the  popular 
instinct  being  shown  in  the  recent  development  of  the 
desired  "progressive  passive  participle";  as,  the  house  i*' 
bein{j  built,  the  work  is  being  done,  etc.  This  construction, 
though  condemned  by  logicians  and  piuists,  is  well  estab- 
lished in  popular  speech,  and  will  probably  pass  into 
correct  literary  usage,  (g)  Of  action  :  In,  to,  into  ; 
with  a  verbal  noun  in  -ing,  taken  actively. 
(1)  With  be  :  as,  to  be  a  coming  ;  to  be  a  doing  ;  to  be  a 
fighting.  Now  only  colloquial  or  provincial,  literary 
usage  omitting  the  preposition,  and  treating  the  verbal 
noun  as  a  present  participle  :  as,  to  be  coming ;  to  be 
doing.  (2)  With  verbs  of  motion  :  as,  to  go  a  fishing ;  to 
go  a  wooing ;  to  go  a  begging ;  to  fall  a  crying ;  to  set 
a  going.  The  preposition  is  often  joined  to  the  noun 
by  a  hyphen,  as,  to  go  a-flshing,  or  sometimes  omitted, 
as,  to  go  fishing,  to  set  going,  etc.  For  other  examples  of 
the  uses  of  a'^,  prep.,  see  the  prepositional  phrases  abed, 
aboard,  ahead,  etc.,  or  the  simple  nouns. 
a*.  [Another  spelling  of  o,  now  written  o',  a  re- 
duced form  of  of,  the  /  being  dropped  before  a 
consonant,  and  the  vowel  obscured.  Of.  a1, 
a-3,  o-*.]  A  reduced  form  of  of,  now  generally 
written  o',  as  in  man-o'-war,  six  o'clock,  etc. 
The  name  of  John  a  Gaunt.  Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 

It's  sixe  a  clockc. 

B.  Junnon,  Every  Man  in  his  Humor,  i.  4. 

a^  (a)>  pron.  [E.  dial.,  corruption  of  I,  being 
the  first  element,  obscured,  of  the  diphthong 
ai.]  A  modem  provincial  corruption  of  the 
pronoun  /. 

a°  (a).  i>''0».  [E.  dial.,  <ME.  dial,  a,  corruptly 
for  he,  he,  heo,  she,  he,  it,  lieo,  hi,  they.]  An 
old  (and  modern  provincial)  corruption  of  all 
genders  and  both  nimibers  of  the  third  per- 
sonal pronoun,  ho,  she,  it,  they.  So  quotha, 
that  is,  fjuoth  he. 
A  balibled  of  green  fields.  .S/i«*-.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  3. 

iP  (a),  t'.  [E.  dial.,  <  WE.  a,  ha,  reduced  form 
of  nave,  the  r  being  dropped  as  in  o*  or  o'  for 
of  (ov).]  An  old  (and  modern  provincial) 
corruption  of  have  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  im- 
accented,  and  formerly  also  as  a  principal 
verb. 
I  had  not  thought  my  body  could  a  yielded.    Beau,  ami  Fl. 

a8  (&).  [Sc,  usually  written  a',  =  E.  all,  like 
Sc.  ca'  =  B.  call,  fa' =  fall,  ha' =  hall,  etc.] 
All. 

For  a'  that,  an'  a'  that. 

His  riband,  star,  an'  a'  that. 
The  man  o"  independent  mind. 

He  looks  an'  laughs  at  a'  that. 

Bums,  For  A'  That. 


a"  (a  or  a),  interj.  [See  ah  and  0.]  The  early 
form  of  ah,  preserved,  archaically,  before  a 
leader's  or  chieftain's  name,  as  a  war-cry  (but 
now  treated  and  jjronounced  as  the  indeliuite 
article). 

The  Border  slogan  rent  the  sky, 
A  Home  I  a  Gordon  !  was  the  cry. 

Scott,  Marmion. 

a"".  [L.  n,  the  usual  form  of  ah,  from,  of,  before 
consonants :  see  ah-.]  A  Latin  prei)Osition, 
meaning  of,  off,  away  from,  etc.  It  occurs  in  eer- 
t.ain  phrases:  as,  a  priori,  a  iiosteriorl,  a  mentta  et  thoro,  etc.; 
also  in  certain  personal  names  of  medieval  or  modern 
origin :  as,  Thomas  d  Kempis,  that  is,  Thonnis  of  Kempen, 
the  sehool-name  given  to  Thomas  Hammerkcn,  born  at 
Kempen  near  Diisseldorf ;  Abraham  a  Sancta  Clara,  that 
is,  Abraham  of  .St.  Clare,  the  name  assumed  by  Ulrieh 
Megerle.  The  true  name  of  Thomas  a  Bccket  (written 
also  A'  Becket,  and,  in  un-English  fashion,  A  Beeket,  A 
Becket)w.is  simply  Thomas  Becket  or  Beket;  the  a  appears 
to  be  a  later  insertion,  though  supported  by  such  late 
Middle  English  names  as  Wydo  del  Beck't,  John  de  Beckote, 
William  atte  Beck,  etc.,  that  is,  of  or  at  the  brook  [*becket, 
not  found  as  a  common  noun,  being  appar.  a  dim.  of  beck, 
a  brook,  or  perhaps^  OF.  becfinet,  bequet,  a  pike  (fish),  dim. 
of  bee,  beak]. 

a-.  A  prefix  or  an  initial  and  generally  insepara- 
ble particle.  It  is  a  relic  of  various  Teutonic 
and  classical  particles,  as  follows  : 

a-l.  [<ME.  n-,<AS.  a-(=OS.fl-  =  OHG.  ar-,  ir-, 
ur-,  MHG.  ir-,  er-,  G.  er-  =  Goth,  tis-,  before  a 
vowel !/'-,  before  r  ur-),  a  common  unaccented 
prefix  of  verbs,  meaning  '  away,  out,  up,  on,'  of- 
ten merely  intensive,  in  mod.  E.  usually  without 
assignable  force.  It  appears  as  an  independent 
prep,  in  OHG.  ur,  Goth,  ns,  out,  and  as  an  ac- 
cented prefix  of  norms  and  adjectives  in  OHG. 
MHG.  Gr.  iir-,  D.  oor-,  AS.  or-,  E.  or-  in  ordeal 
and  ort,  q.  v.  In  nouns  from  verbs  in  AS.  a-  the 
accent  fell  upon  the  preiLx,  which  then  re- 
tained its  length,  and  has  in  one  word,  namely, 
E.  oakum,  <  AS.  d-eumha,  entered  mod.  E.  with 
the  reg.  change  of  AS.  a-  under  accent,  losing 
all  semblance  of  a  prefrx.]  An  unaccented 
inseparable  prefix  of  verbs,  and  of  nouns  and 
adjectives  thence  derived,  originally  impl\ing 
motion  away,  but  in  earlier  English  merely 
intensive,  or,  as  in  modem  English,  without 
assignable  force,  as  in  abide,  ahode,  arise, 
awake,  ago  =  agone,  etc.  The  difference  between 
abide,  ari^e,  awake,  etc.,  and  the  simple  verbs  bide,  riae, 
wake,  etc.,  is  chiefly  syllabic  or  rhytlunic.  In  a  few  verbs 
this  prefix  has  taken  in  spelling  a  Latin  semblance,  as  in 
accurse,  affright,  allay,  for  a-cnrse,  a-J'right,  a-lay. 

a-2.  [<  ME.  a-,  usually  and  prop,  ■written  sepa- 
rately, a,  <  late  AS.  a,  a  reduced  form  of  5IE. 
and  AS.  an,  on :  see  a^,  x>rep.,  and  on.']  An 
apparent  prefix,  properly  a  preposition,  the 
same  as  a*,  prep.  When  used  before  a  substantive  it 
forms  what  is  really  a  prepositional  phrase,  which  is  now 
generally  written  .as  one  word,  with  or  without  a  hyphen, 
and  regarded  as  an  adverb  or  as  a  predicate  adjective : 
as,  to  lie  abed,  to  be  adeep,  to  be  all  a-tremble,  etc.  With 
verbal  nouns  in  -imj  it  tonus  what  is  regarded  as  a  present 
participle,  either  active,  as,  they  are  a-coming  (eoUoq.),  or 
passive,  as,  the  house  was  a-buiiding.  In  the  latter  uses 
the  a  is  usually,  and  in  all  it  would  be  properly,  written 
separately,  as  a  preposition.  See  a'-i,  prep.,  where  the  uses 
are  explained. 

a-3.  [<  ME.  a-,  or  separately,  a,  <  AS.  a  (only  in 
ddiin,  ddfine,  a  reduced  form  of  of  dune),  a  re- 
duced form  of  of,  E.  of,  of:  see  of,  off,  and 
cf.  a-*.]  A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  of 
Anglo-Saxon  of,  prep.,  English  off',  fi'om,  as 
in  adown  (which  see),  or  of  later  English  of,  as 
in  anew,  afresh,  akin,  etc.  (which  see). 

a-*.  [<  ME.  a-,  a  reduced  form  of  of-,  <  AS.  of-, 
an  intensive  prefix,  orig.  the  same  as  of,  prep.: 
see  a-3  and  of.]  A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  foi'm 
of  Anglo-.Saxon  of-,  an  intensive  prefix,  as  in 
athirst,  ahungered  (which  see). 

a-5.  [<  ME.  a-,  a  reduced  form  of  and-,  q.  v.] 
A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  of  and-  (which 
see),  as  in  along^  (which  see). 

a-8.  [<  ME.  a-,  var.  of  (-,  </-,  e-,  reduced  forms 
of  jc,  AS.  ge-:  see  i-.]  A  prefix,  being  one  of 
the  reduced  forms  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  prefix 
ge-  (see  i-),  as  in  along"  [<  AS.  yelang],  au-are 
[<  AS.  ge-wa^-],  aford,  now  spelled  a  ford,  sim- 
idating  the  Latin  prefix  af-  [<  AS.  ge-forthian], 
among  [<AS.  ge-mang,  mixed  with  o'n-ge-mang 
and  on-mang],  etc.  The  same  prefix  is  other- 
wise spelled  in  enough,  iwis,  yclept,  etc. 

3,-1.  [<  ME.  «-,  reduced  form  of  at-,  <  AS.  wt- 
in  (ct-foran,  mixed  in  later  E.  -with  on-foran, 
afore :  see  afore.]  A  prefijc,  being  a  reduced 
foi-m  of  at-,  mixed  -with  o-  for  on-,  in  afore 
(which  see). 

a-8.  [<  ME.  «-,  a  reduced  form  of  at  in  north. 
E.,  after  Icel.  at,  to,  as  a  sign  of  the  infin.,  like 
E.  to:  see  at.]  A  prefix,  in  ado,  originally 
at  do,  northern  English  infinitive,  equivalent  to 
English  to  do.     See  ado. 


a-9.  [A  mere  syllable.]  A  quasi-prefix,  a  mere 
opening  syllable,  in  the  interjections  aha,  ahoy. 
In  aha,  and  as  well  in  ahoy,  it  may  be  con- 
sidered as  all. 

a-'".  [A  reduced  form  of  D.  houd.  Cf.  n-9.]  A 
quasi-prelix,  a  mere  opening  syllable,  in  avast, 
where  a-,  however,  represents  historically 
Dutch  houd  in  the  original  Dutch  expression 
houd  vast  =  English  hold  fast. 

a-ll.  [<  ME.  a-,  OF.  a-,  <  L.  ad-,  or  assimi- 
lated ah-,  0C-,  af-,  etc. :  see  ad-.]  A  prefix, 
being  a  reduced  form  of  the  Latin  prefix  ad-. 
In  Did  French  and  Middle  English  regularly  a-,  and  so 
properly  in  modern  French  and  English,  as  in  acouch 
[ult.  <L.  adrocare],  amount  (nit.  <  I.,  ad  montem],  ava- 
lanctie  [ult.  <L,  ad  i^Uem\,  abet,  ameliorate,  etc.:  hut  in 
later  Old  French  and  Middle  English  a-  took  in  spell- 
ing a  Latin  semblance,  ad-,  ae-,  a/-,  etc.,  and  so  in  mod- 
ern English,  as  in  address,  aeeount,  affect,  aggrieve,  etc., 
where  the  doubled  consonant  is  unetymological.    See  ad-. 

a-l-.  [^  L.  a-,  a  later  and  parallel  form  of  ad- 
before  sc-,  sp-,  st-,  and  </«-.]  A  prefix,  being 
a  reduced  form  (in  Latin,  and  so  in  English, 
etc.)  of  the  Latin  prefix  ad-  before  sc-,  «/>-,  st-, 
and  gn-,  as  in  ascend,  asjiire,  asitect,  astringent, 
af/nate,  etc. 

a-is.  [<  ME.  a-,  <  OF.  a-,  <  L.  ab- :  see  ab-.] 
A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  (in  Middle 
English,  etc.)  of  Latin  ah-,  as  in  abate  (which 
see).  In  a  few  verbs  this  a-  has  taken  a  Latin 
semblance,  as  in  ahs-tain  (treated  as  abstain), 
a.i-soil.     See  these  words. 

a-l'*.  [<  L.  a-  for  ab-  before  v :  see  aft-.]  A 
prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  (in  Latin,  and  so 
in  English,  etc.)  of  the  Latin  prefix  ab-,  from, 
as  in  avert  (which  see). 

a-15.  [<  ME.  «-,  <  OF.  fl-  for  reg.  OF.  e-,  es-, 
<  L.  ex-,  out :  see  c-  and  ex-.]  A  prefix,  being 
an  altered  form  of  e-.  reduced  form  of  Latin 
ex-,  as  in  amend,  abash,  etc.,  aforce,  afray  (now 
a  force,  affray),  etc.  (which  see). 

a-16.  [<  ME.  «-,  reduced  foi-m  of  an-  for  e «-,<  OF. 
en- :  see  en-^.]  A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form 
of  fl«-  for  en-,  in  some  words  now  obsolete  or 
spelled  in  semblance  of  the  Latin,  or  restored, 
as  in  achy,  acumber,  apair,  etc.,  later  accloy, 
accumber,  modei'n  encumber,  impair,  etc. 

3,-^1.  [Ult.  <  L.  «/(,  interj.]  A  quasi-prefix,  rep- 
resenting original  Latin  ah,  interj.,  in  alas 
(which  see). 

a-l®.  [^  Gr.  a-,  before  a  vowel  ar-,  inseparable 
negative  prefix,  known  as  alpha  privative  (Gr. 
a-  (sTcpjjTiKov),  =L.  iH-  =  Goth.  AS.  E.,  etc.,  »«-: 
see  KH-l.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  called  al- 
pha privative,  the  same  as  English  un-,  mean- 
ing not,  without,  -less,  used  not  onl}-  in  words 
taken  directly  or  through  Latin  from  the 
Greek,  as  abyss,  adamant,  acatulectic,  etc.,  but 
also  as  a  naturalized  English  prefix  in  new 
formations,  as  achromatic,  asexual,  etc.,  espe- 
cially in  scientific  terms,  English  or  New  Latin, 
as  Apteryx,  Asiphonata,  etc. 

a-l^.  [^  Gr.  d-  copulative  (a-  aSpoicrtKiv),  com- 
monly ■svithout,  but  sometimes  and  prop,  with, 
the  aspirate,  d-,  orig.  *oa-  =  Skt.  ,so-,  .s-om-.  Oi. 
Gr.  a^a,  together,  =  E.  satne,  q.  v.]  A  prefix  of 
Greek  origin,  occuiTiug  unf elt in  EngUsh  acolyte, 
adelphous,  etc. 

a--0.  [<  Gr.  u-  intensive  (d-  i-iTariKov),  prob.  orig. 
the  same  as  d-  copulative  :  see  «-l9.]  A  prefix 
of  Greek  origin,  occmTing  imfelt  in  atlas, 
amaurosis,  etc. 

a-21.  [Ult.  <  Ar.  al,  the.]  A  prefix  of  Arabic 
origin,  occiuring  unf  elt  in  apricot,  a::imuth, 
hazard  (for  "azard),  etc.,  commonly  in  the  full 
form  al-.     See  n?-2. 

-al.  [L.  -a  (pi.  -«'),  It.  -a  (pi.  -e),  Sp.  Pg.  -a 
(pi.  -««),  Gr.  -a,  -;/  (pi.  -ai,  L.  spelling  -«■),=  AS. 
-n,  -e,  or  lost ;  in  E.  lost,  or  represented  unfelt 
by  silent  final  e.]  A  suftix  characteristic  of 
feminine  nouns  and  adjectives  of  Greek  or 
Latin  origin  or  semblance,  many  of  which 
have  been  adopted  in  English  without  change. 
Examples  are:  (a)  Greek  (fii-st  declension  —  in  Latin 
spelling),  idea,  coma,  basilica,  mania,  etc. ;  (b)  Latin  (first 
declension),  area,  arctm,. formula,  copula,  nebtda.  ivrtebra, 
etc.,  whence  (c),  iu  Italian,  opera,  piazza,  stanza,  etc.; 
((/)  Spanish,  armada,  Jlotilta.  mantilla,  etc.  ;  (f)  Portu- 
guese, madeira;  (.f)  New  Latin,  chiefly  in  scientific  terms, 
alumina,  soda,  silieu,  etc.  ;  dahlia,  /uclisia,  camellia, 
wistaria,  etc.,  ama-ba,  Branta,  etc. ;  cmumon  in  geo- 
graphical names  derived  from  or  formed  according  to 
Latin  or  Greek,  as  Asia,  A.frica,  .\meriea,  Polynesia, 
Arabia,  Florida,  etc.  In  English  this  sufB.\  marks  sex 
only  in  pel'sonal  names,  as  in  Cornelia,  Julia,  Maria, 
.inna,  etc.  (some  having  a  e<)rrespnnding  masculine,  as 
Coru'lius,  .hilius.  etc.).  ami  in  a  few  feminine  tenns  from 
the  Italian.  Spanish,  etc.,  having  a  eone.spi.niling  m.aseu- 
line,  as  donna,  dolia,  duenna,  signora,  sei\ora,  s-ultana, 
inamorata,  etc.,  corresponding  to  masculine  don,  signer, 
scflor,  .tultan,  inamorato,  etc. 

-a",  [h,  -a,  pi.  to  -«»(,  =  Gr.  -a,  pi.  to  -ov,  2d 
declension ;  L.  -a,  -i-a,  pi.  to  -urn,  -e,  =  Gr.  -a, 


-a 

neut.  pi.,  3d  declension ;  lost  in  AS.  and  E.,  as 
in  head,  deer,  sheep,  oto.,  pi.,  without  suffix.] 
A  suili.\,  tho  nomiiiiitivo  iioutor  iilural  cniliiif^  nl' 
nouns  and  adjectives  of  tho  soeoiul  and  third 
declensions  in  Greek  or  Ijatin,  soino  of  which 
have  been  adopted  in  Knglisli  without  change 
of  ending.  Examples  arc  :  (a)  in  (ireuk,  pkcnnnu'ttn, 
plural  of  phenmncnon,  mutumata,  plural  of  mUiitma(l-). 
etc. ;  ib)  ill  Latiu,  strata,  plural  uf  stratum,  data,  plural 
of  datum,  genera,  plural  uf  i/tmujt,  etc.  Sunie  of  these 
words  have  also  an  English  pluj'al,  as  automatons,  cri- 
teriotls,  dofjinas,  viemoramlunis,  mediums,  besides  the 
Greek  or  Latin  plurals,  automata,  criteria,  dof/mnta, 
inemurajula,  media,  etc.  This  suffix  is  eoniinon  in  New 
Latin  names  of  classes  of  animals,  as  in  Mamumiia,  Am- 
phihiaj  CniJttacea,  Protozoa,  etc.,  these  heint;  properly 
adjectives,  agreeing  with  animatia  understood. 
-a".  [Sometimes  wi'itten,  and  treated  in  dic- 
tionaries, as  a  separate  syllable,  but,  prop, 
written  as  a  suffix,  being  prob.  a  relic  of  the 
ME.  iuflexive  -e,  which  'in  poetry  was  pro- 
nounced (p.  (/.,  ME.  ,'<til-e,  mil-e:  see  quot.) 
whenever  the  meter  required  it,  long  after  it 
had  ceased  to  be  prouomiced  in  prose.]  An 
unmeaning  syllable,  used  in  old  ballads  and 
songs  to  fill  out  a  line. 

Jog  on,  jog  <ui,  the  footjiath  wuy, 
And  merrily  hent  the  stile-H  ; 

A  merry  heart  goes  all  the  <lay, 
Vour  sad  tires  in  a  mile-n. 

Quoted  1)11  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  2. 

aam  (am),  n.  [<  D.  aam,  a  liqiud  measure, 
=  G.  iihm,  also  ohm  (see  oh)H),  =  leel.  dma, 
<ML.  ania,  a  tub,  tierce,  <  L.  haiiia,  «mo,<  Gr. 
a/tii,  a  water-bucket,  pail.]  A  measure  of 
liqiuds  used,  especially  for  wine  and  oil, 
in  Holland,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Livonia, 
Esthonia,  Denmark,  and  Sweden ;  a  fierce. 
Its  value  differs  in  different  localities  :  thus,  in  Amsterdam 
an  aam  of  \vine  =  41  gallons,  and  an  aam  of  oil  =  373  gal- 
lons; while  in  Brunswick  an  aam  of  oil  =  394  gallons. 
Also  written  auin,  aume,  awui,  ateme. 


''WftU 


Aardvark  t,Orycterofins  capensis). 

aardvark  (ard'viirk),  n.  [D.,  <  aarde,  =  E. 
earth,  +  vnrk,  used  only  in  dim.  form  varkeii, 
a  pig,  =  E. /nci-oH'l  and  E.  jiwcJ',  q.  v.]  The 
ground-hog  or  eartb-pig  of  South  Africa.  See 
Orycteropiis. 


Aaronitic  (ar-on-it'ik),  a.  l<AaroHilc  +  -!c] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aaronites. 

The  assumption  that  the  representations  in  regard  to 
tile  origin  of  the  Aaronitic  priesthood  are  essentially  false 
cannot  well  he  sustained,  unless  it  can  he  proved  that 
Hebrew  literature  did  not  arise  until  about  the  eighth  cen- 
tury II.  c.,  as  the  critics  claim. 

Schaff-Hcrzuf/,  Eneye.,  p.  192.'!. 

Aaron 's-beard  (ar'onz-  or  a'ronz-berd),  «. 
[See  Ps.  cxxxiii.  2.]  1.  A  dwarf  evergreen 
shrub,  Ilijpcrieum  caUjeinum,  with  large  flowers 
(the  largest  of  tho  genus)  and  uuinerous 
stamens,  a  native  of  southeastern  Euro)ie, 
and  sometimes  found  in  cultivation ;  St.-.John's- 
wort:  so  called  from  the  conspicuous  hair-like 
stamens. —  2.  Tho  smoke-tree,  .B/i««  Voliiti(.s. — 
3.  A  species  of  saxifrage  (Sajcifraya  sarmcii- 
tosa)  found  in  cultivation;  Chinese  saxifrage. 

Aaron's-rod  (ar'onz-  or  a'ronz-rod),  «.  [See 
Ex.  vii.  Id;  Num.'xvii.  8.]  1.' In  orc/i.,  an  orna- 
ment consisting  of  a  straight  rod  from  which 
pointed  leaves  sprout  on  either  side.  The  term 
IS  also  applied  to  an  ornament  consisting  of  a  rod  with 
one  serpent  entwined  about  it,  as  distinguished  from  a 
eaduceus,  which  has  two  serpents. 
3.  A  popular  name  of  several  plants  with  tall 
flowering  stems,  as  the  goldenrod,  the  hag-ta- 
per, etc. 

Ab  (ab),  J).  [Heb.  Cf.  Heb.  cfi,  verdtire.]  The 
eleventh  mouth  of  the  Jewish  civil  year,  and 
the  fifth  of  the  ecclesiastical  year,  answering 
to  a  part  of  July  and  a  part  of  August.  In  the 
Syriac  calendar  Ab  is  tho  last  summer  month. 

ab-.  [E.  <ih-,  prep,  ah,  older  form  ap  =  Etrur. 
ae  =  Gr.  li-u  =  Skt.  apa  =  Goth.  «/=  OHG.  aba, 
MHG.  G.  oi  =  AS.  0/ (rarely,  as  a  prefix,  «-/-), 
E.  ()/,  off:  see  of,  off',  apo,  and  0-13,  «-l-t.]"  A 
prefix  of  Latin  origin,  denoting  disjimctiou, 
separation,  or  departure,  off,  from,  away,  etc., 
as  in  abduct,  abjure,  etc.  Before  c  and  (,  ab  becomes 
(in  Latin,  and  so  in  English,  etc.)  abs,  as  in  absco)ut,  ab- 
stain, etc.;  before  v  and  m,  it  becomes  a,  as  in  arert. 
amrntia,  etc. -^  In  abbaeinate  and  abbremnte,  the  prefix 
(ri-duced  to  a-  in  abri/lfjc,  which  see)  is  rather  an  assimi- 
lation of  ad: 

A.  B.  1.  -An  abbreviation  of  the  Middle  and 
New  Latin  Artinm  Bacealaurcits,  Bachelor  of 
Arts.  In  England  it  is  more  commonly  written 
ZJ.  A.  See  bachelor. —  2.  An  abbreviation  of 
able-bodied,  placed  after  the  name  of  a  seaman 
on  a  ship's  papers. 

abal  (ab'ii),  H.  [<Ar.'o6M.]  1.  A  coarse  woolen 
stuff,  woven  of  goats'  or  camels'  or  other  hair  or 
wool  in  Syria,  Arabia,  and  neighboring  coun- 
tries. It  is  generally  striped,  sometimes  in  plain  bars  of 
black  and  white  or  blue  and  white,  sometimes  in  more 
elaborate  patterns. 

2.  (a)  An  outer  gannent  made  of  the  above, 
very  simple  in  form,  worn  by  the  Arabs  of  the 
desert.  The  illustration  shows  such  an  aba,  niiide  of 
two  breadths  of  stuff  sewed  together  to  make  an  oblong 
about  four  by  nine  feet.  This  is  then  folded  at  the  lines 
a  b,  a  b,  the  top  edges  are  sewed  together  at  a  c,  a  c,  and 
armholes  are  cut  at  a  f,  a  f.   .\  little  simple  embroidery  in 


Aardwolf  {,Prot€t€S  latandi). 

aardwolf  (iird'wulf\  n.  [D.,  <  aarde,  =  E. 
earth,  +  h'o(/"=E.  u-olf.]  The  earth-wolf  of 
South  Africa.     See  Prnteles. 

aaron  (ar'on  or  a'ron),  ».  [A  corrupt  spelling 
c<t  aron  (Gr.  opoi'),  a  form  of  Arum,  in  simula- 
tion of  Aaron,  a  proper  name.]  The  plant 
Arum  maculatuni.     See  Arum. 

Aaronic(a-ron'ik),  a.  [<  LL.  Aaron,  <Gr.  '.\ap6v, 
<  Heb.  '.!/(«»•()«, perhaps, says Gcseruus,thesame 
Tivith  lidron,  a  mountaineer,  <  haram,  be  high.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  Aaron,  the  brother  of  Moses, 
or  to  the  Jewish  jiriestly  order,  of  whicb  he 
was  the  first  high  jiriest:  as,  the  .-JnTOii/f  priest- 
hood ;  .-IrtTOHfc  vestments. —  2.  Li  the  Mormon 
hierarchy,  of  or  pertainin"  to  the  second  or 
lesser  order  of  priests,  bee  priesthood  and 
Mormon. 

Aaronical  (a-ron'i-kal),  a.  [<  Aaronic  +  -al.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Aaronic 
priesthond. 

Aaronite  (ar'on-it  or  a'ron-itl,  «.  [<.  Aaron  + 
■ite-.l  A  descendant  of  Aaron,  the  brother  of 
Moses.  The  Aaronites  were  hereditary  priests  in  the 
Jewish  church,  and  next  to  the  high  priest  in  dignity. 


^-- 


Q.i^t.'t  ff 


colored  wool  on  the  two  sides  of  the  breast  completes  the 
garment,  d  e  is  tlie  seam  between  the  two  breadths  of 
stuff,  and  this  is  covered  by  a  piece  of  colored  ni.aterial. 
{b)  A  garment  of  similar  shape  worn  in  the 
towns,  made  of  finer  material. 

Over  the  Kamis  is  thrown  a  long-skirted  and  short- 
sleeved  cloak  of  camel's  hair,  called  an  Aba.     It  is  made 
in  many  patterns,  and  of  all  materials,  from  pure  silk  to 
coarse  sheeps  wool.         H.  F.  Burton.  El-Sledinah,  p.  150. 
Also  spelled  abha. 

aba-  (ab'ii),  H.  [From  the  name  of  the  in- 
ventor.] An  altazimuth  instrument,  designed 
by -Ajitoine  d'Abbadie,  for  determining  latitude 
on  land  without  tho  use  of  an  artificial  hori- 
zon.    N.  E.  I  J. 

abaca  (ali'a-kii),  n.  The  native  Philippine  name 
of  the  plant  Sfusa  textdis,  which  yields  manila 
hemp.     Also  spelled  abaka. 

abacay  (ab'a-ka'),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  kind 
of  white  parrot ;  a  calangay. 


abacus 
abacinate,  abacination.    See  abbaeinate,  ab- 

baciniition. 

abaciscus  (ab-a-sis'kus),  «. ;  pi.  abacisci  (-i). 
[ML.,  <  Gr.  I'lfianicrnor,  a  small  stone  for  inlay- 
ing, dim.  of  ii;inf :  see  ubacu.s.']  In  arch.,  a  di- 
minutive of  uhacus  in  its  various  senses.  Also 
called  ahaculus. 

abacist  (ab':i-sist),  n.  [=It.  abachista,  an  arith- 
metician, <  SIL.  abacista,  <  L.  abacus:  see  aba- 
cus, 2.]  One  who  uses  an  abacus  in  casting 
accounts ;  a  calculator. 

abacfcl  (a-bak'),  adr.  [<ME.  abak-,a  bak,  on  bak, 
<  A.S.  o)i  Ihvc,  on  or  to  the  back,  backward,  = 
Icel.  rt  baki,  aback  :  see  »S  and  baclA.}  1.  To- 
ward the  back  or  rear  ;  backward ;  rearward ; 
regressively. 

They  drewe  abarkr,  as  halfe  with  shame  confound. 

Speiuier,  Shep.  Cal.  (.lune). 

2.  On  or  at  tho  back  ;  behind  ;  from  behind. 
His  gallie  .  .  .  being  set  upon  both  before  and  abacke. 

h'nolles,  Hist,  of  Turks,  fol.  879  A.  • 

3.  Away;  aloof.     [Scotch.] 

Oh,  would  they  stay  abaek  frae  courts. 
And  please  themscl's  wi'  country  sports. 

Uurns,  The  Twa  Dogs. 

4.  Ago  :  as,  "eight  days  o6ncJ-,"yfo.s.s.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —  5.  Naut.,  in  or  into  the  condition  of  re- 
cei\Tng  the  wind  from  ahead;  with  the  wind 
acting  on  the  forward  side  :  said  of  a  ship  or  of 
her  sails — Laid  aback  (.naut.),  said  of  sails  (or  of 
vessels)  when  they  are  jilaced  in  the  same  jiosition  as  when 
taken  aljack,  in  order  to  eJfect  an  immediate  retreat,  or 
to  give  the  ship  sterinvay,  so  as  to  avoid  some  danger  dis- 
covered before  her.— Taken  aback,  (a)  iVuuf.,  said  of  a 
vessel's  sails  when  caught  by  the  wind  in  such  a  way  as 
to  press  them  aft  against  the  mast.  Hence  — (^)  Figura- 
tively, suddenly  or  unexpectedly  checked,  eonfounded,  or 
disappointed ;  as,  he  was  (luite  taktn  aback  when  he  was 
refused  admittance.  —  To  brace  aback  (naut.),  to  swing 
(the  yards)  round  liy  means  of  the  braces,  so  that  the 
sails  may  be  aback,  in  <trder  to  check  a  ship's  progress  or 
give  her  sternw<ay. 

aback^t  (ab'ak),  H.  [<L.  abacus:  see  abacus.'] 
An  abacus,  or  something  resembling  one,  as  a 
flat,  square  stone,  or  a  squar^compartment. 

abacot  (ab'a-kot),  n.  Like  abocock,  etc.,  an  erro- 
neous book-form  of  bijcockct  (which  see). 

abactinal  (ab-ak'ti-nal),  a.  [<  L.  ab,  from,  +  E. 
actinal.'i  In  cool.,  remote  from  the  aetinal  or 
oral  area;  hence,  devoid  of  rays;  aboral.  The 
atjactinal  surface  may  be  either  th-'  upperor  lower  surface, 
according  to  the  position  of  the  mouth. 

abactinally  (ab-ak'ti-nal-i),  adv.  In  an  abac- 
tinal direction  or  position. 

The  ambulacral  plates  have  the  pores  directly  super- 
posed abactinally.        P.  M.  Duncan,  Geol.  Mag.,  II.  492. 

abactio  (ab-ak'shi-6),  «.  [NL.,<L.  abigere, 
drive  away :  see  abactor.]  In  med.,  an  abor- 
tion produced  by  art. 

abaction  (ab-ak'shon),  ».  [<NL.  o6ac«o(n-): 
see  abactio.]  In  laiv,  the  stealing  of  a  number 
of  cattle  at  one  time. 

abactor  (ab-ak'tor),  n.  [L.,<  abactns.  pp.  of  abi- 
gere, drive  off,  <  ab,  off,  -f-  agere,  drive.]  In  law, 
one  who  feloniously  drives  away  or  steals  a 
herd  or  numbers  of  cattle  at  once,  in  distinction 
from  one  who  steals  a  single  beast  or  a  few. 

abaculus(ab-ak'u-lus),  H.;  pi.  «/)(«■«?(' (-li).  [L., 
dim.  of  abacus.]  Literally,  a  small  abacus. 
Specifically,  tine  of  the  little  cubes  or  slabs  of  colored 
glass,  enamel,  stone,  or  other  material  employed  in  mo- 
saic work  or  in  martiuetry.     .Also  called  atiuci^eus. 

abacus  (ab'a-kus),  n.  ;  pi.  abaci  (-si).  [L.,  a 
sideboard,  counting-table,  etc.,  <L.  abax,  <  Gr. 
ai^ai,  a  reckoning-board,  sideboard,  etc. ;  said 
to  be  from  Pheii.  abak,  sand  strewn  on  a  sur- 
face for  writing,  because  the  ancients  used 
tables  covered  with  sand  on  which  to  make 
figures  and  diagrams.]  1.  A  tray  strewn  with 
dust  or  sand,  used 
in  ancient  times  for 
calculating.  —  2.  A 
contrivance  for  cal- 
culating, consisting 
of  beads  or  balls 
strung  on  wires  or 
rods  set  in  a  frame. 
The  abacus  was  used,  with 
some  vaiiations  in  form. 


Chinese  Abacus,  for  calculatillff. 


by  the  Greeks  and  Homans,  and  is  still  in  everyday  use  in 
many  eastern  countries,  from  Russia  to  J.ipan.  for  even 
the  most  complex  calculations.  The  sand-strewn  tray  is 
supposed  to  have  been  intrridueed  from  Babylon  into 
Greece  by  Pythagoras,  who  taught  both  arithmetic  and 
geometry  tipon  it :  hence  this  fonu  is  sometimes  called 
abacus  Piithationcus.  In  the  form  with  movable  balls, 
these  are'  U-sed  simply  .as  counters  to  record  the  suc- 
cessive stages  of  a  mental  operation.  The  sum  shown 
in  the  annexed  engraving  of  a  Chinese  abacus  (called 
sivanpan,  or  "reckoning-board")  is  5,196,301. 
3.  In  arch.:  (a)  The  slab  or  plinth  which 
forms  the  upper  member  of  the  capital  of  a 
column  or  pillar,   and  upon  which  rests,  in 


,ll  n(  tllL-  I'.irlliciioii. 
A,  abacus. 


abacus 

classic  styles,  the  lower  surface  of  the  archi- 
trave. Ill  tlie  (Irook  Dmlc  it  is  tliick  nnil  sqiinrc,  with- 
out sculpturci!  ileciinitiiin ;  In  tlie  Ionic  order  it  is  tliiniKT, 
and  ornamented  with  niold- 
inffs  on  the  sides:  in  the 
Corinthiiui  also  it  is  orna- 
mented, and  lias  eoncave 
sides  and  truncated  cor- 
nel's. In  medieval  archi- 
tecture the  cntaldaturc  was 
uliandoned  and  the  arch 
jilaced  directly  on  the  col- 
nnin  or  pillar  ;  the  abacus, 
however,  was  retained  until 
the  decline  o(  the  style.  In 
llyzantine  woik  it  is  often 
a  deep  hloiU  allUiatod  with 
classic  examples.  In  western  styles  eveiy  variety  ot  size, 
shape,  and  ornamentation  occurs,  'the  general  use  of 
a  polygonal  or  round  abacus,  as  more  consonant  with 
neiKhlHM'iuk'  forms  than  the  sciuaie  sha|>c,  is  one  of  the 
distinctive  features  of  jierfccted  Pointed  architecture. 
(i)  Any  rectangular  slab  or  piece;  especitiUy, 
a  stone  or  raarblo  tablet  serving  as  a  side- 
board, shelf,  or  eredem-o.  — 4.  In  Som.  aiitiq., 
a  board  divided  into  compartments,  for  use  in  a 
game  of  the  nature  of  draughts,  etc. —  5.  The 
mystic  staff  carried  by  the  graud  master  of  the 

Templars Abacus  harmonious,   (n)  In  «"<-.  iiuuie, 

a  diagram  of  the  notes  with  their  names,  (fi)  The  struc- 
ture and  arrani^ement  of  tlie  keys  or  pedals  of  a  musical 
instrument.  -Abacus  major,  a  troufch  in  which  gold  is 
wa.shed,  K.  J).  -Abacus  Pytliagoricus.  .See  2,  above. 
Abaddon  la-bad'on),  ".  [L.  Abaddon,  <  6r. 
'Aiiaddiit;  <  Heb.  dbaddon,  destruction,  <  dbad, 
be  lost  or  destroyed.]  1.  The  destroyer  or 
angel  of  the  bottomless  pit;  Apollyon  (which 
see).  Kev.  ix.  11. —  2.  The  place  of  destruc- 
tion ;  the  depth  of  hell. 

In  all  her  gates  Abaddon  rues 
Thy  hold  attempt.  Milton,  P.  K.,  iv.  624. 

abadevine,  n.     Same  as  aberdevine. 

abadir  (ab'a-der),  n.  Among  the  Phenicialis, 
a  meteoric  stone  worshiped  as  divine.  See 
h(Ct:ilus. 

abaft  (a-baff),  adi:  and  prep.  [<  ME.  *abaft, 
ohnft,  oh  baft :  seen3and6o/(l.]  J^'««^,  behind; 
aft ;  in  or  at  the  back  or  hind  part  of  a  ship, 
or  the  parts  which  lie  toward  the  stern :  op- 
posed to  forward ;  relatively,  further  aft,  or 
toward  the  stern:  as,  abaft  the  mainmast 
(astern). 

The  crew  stood  abaft  the  windlass  and  hauled  the  jib 
down.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  32. 

Abaft  the  beam  {naut.),  bellind  a  line  drawn  through 
the  middle  of  a  ship  at  right  angles  to  the  keel. 

abaisancet  (a-ba'sans),  n.  [<0F.  abaissance, 
sibasi'inent,  liumility  (see  abase) ;  in  E.  use  con- 
fused with  obeisance.~\  Same  as  obeisance  :  as, 
"to  make  a  low  abaissance,"  Skinner,  Etymol. 
Ling.  Ang. 

abaiser  (a-ba'ser), «.  [Origin  not  ascertained.] 
Ivory-black  or  animal  charcoal.  Weale ;  Sim- 
monds. 

abaiss6  (a-ba-sa'),p.  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  abaisser,  de- 
press, lower:  see  aftosc]  In  her.,  depressed. 
Applied  to  the  fesse  or  any  other  bearing  having  a  definite 
place  in  the  shield  when  it  is  depressed,  or  situated  below 
its  usual  place ;  also  applied  to  the  wings  of  an  eagle 
when  represented  as  open,  but  lower  than  when  dis- 
jtlay'il  (whicix  see).  Also  altased. 

abaissed  (a-basf),  p.  a.     Same  as  abai.s.s^. 

abaistt,  j>p.  [ME. ;  one  of  numerous  forms  of  the 
]i\t.  o(  ahassen :  see  abash.'\  Abashed.   Chaucer. 

abaka,  ".    See  abaca. 

abalienate  (ab-a'lyen-at),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
abalicnated,  ppr.  abulienatint/.  [<L.  abaliena- 
tiis,  pp.  ot  abalienare,  separate,  transfer  the 
ownership  of,  estrange,  <  ab,  fi-oni,  -1-  aliennre, 
separate,  alienate:  see  alienate.}  1.  In  civil 
law,  to  transfer  the  title  ot  from  one  to  another ; 
make  over  to  another,  as  goods. —  2\.  To  es- 
trange or  wholly  withdraw. 
So  to  bewitch  them,  so  abalienate  their  minds. 

Abp.  Sandys,  Sermons,  fol.  132b. 

abalienated  (ab-a'lyen-a-ted),  j).  n.  l<  aba- 
lienate.~\  1.  Estranged;  transferred,  as  prop- 
erty.—  2.  In  mcd.:  (a)  So  decayed  or  injured 
as  to  require  extirpation,  as  a  part  of  the  body. 
(h)  Deranged,  as  the  mind,  (c)  Corrupted ; 
niortifieii. 

abalienation  (ab-a-Iyen-a'slion),  «.  [<  L.  ab- 
«(ieHo(io(H-),  transfer  of  jiroperty:  see  abalien- 
flte.]  1.  The  act  of  transferring  or  making 
over  the  title  to  property  to  another;  the  state 
ot  being  abalienated  ;  transfer ;  estrangement. 
—  2.  In  ?HP(/.,  derangement ;  corruiition. 

abalone  (ab-a-lo'ne),  H.  [A  Sp.  form,  of  un- 
known origin.  Cf.  Sp.  abalorios,  bugles,  glass 
beads.]  A  general  name  on  the  Pacific  coast 
of  the  United  States  for  marine  shells  of  the 
family  Haliotidie  (which  see),  having  an  oval 
form  with  a  very  wide  aperture,  a  narrow,  flat- 


tened ledge  or  columella,  and  a  subspiral  row 
of  perforations  extending  from  the  apex  to  the 


.  65. 


Abalonc,  or  Ear-shell. 

distal  margin  of  the  shell.  They  are  used  for  or- 
namental pui-poses,  such  as  inlaying,  and  for  the  manu- 
facture of  buttons  and  other  articles.  Also  called  ear- 
ftfh-ll.  and  by  the  -lapanese  aicabi  (which  see).  —  Abalone- 
meat,  the  dried  animal  of  the  abalone.  It  is  exported 
from  Califiirnia  in  large  quantities. 

abamurus  (ab-a-mii'rus),«.  [ML.,  <  aba-  (OF. 
a  has,  down,  below)  -t-  L.  munis,  wall.]  A  but- 
tress, or  a  second  wall  added  to  strengthen  an- 
other.    JVeale. 

abant  (a-ban'),  r.  t.  [<a-l  +  ban^,  v.,  after 
ME.  abannc{n),  <  AS.  dbannan,  summon  by 
proclamation.]  To  ban;  anathematize.  See 
6(Jh1,  v. 

How  durst  the  Bishops  in  this  present  council  of  Trident 
so  solemnly  to  abanne  and  accurse  all  them  that  dared  to 
find  fault  with  the  same?  Bp.  .r/u-ell.  Works,  II.  697. 

abandt  (a-band'),  f.   t.     [Short  for  abandon.l 

1.  To  abandon  (which  see). 

And  Vortiger  enforst  the  kingdome  to  abaml. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II, 

2.  To  exile  ;  expel. 

'Tis  better  far  the  enemies  to  aband 

Quite  from  thy  borders.       Mir.  .for  Mags.,  p.  119. 

abandon  (a-ban'dgn),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  abandonen, 
abandounen,  <  OF.  abanduncr,  abandoner  (F. 
abandonner  =  lt.  abandonnare),  abandon,  eqtdv. 
to  niettre  a  bandon,  put  under  any  one's  jai-is- 
dietion,  leave  to  any  one's  discretion  or  mercy, 
etc.,  <  a  bandon,  in  ME.  as  an  adv.  abandon, 
abandoun,  imder  one's  .im-isdiction,  in  one's  dis- 
cretion or  power:  a  (<  L.  ad),  at,  to;  bandon, 
a  proclamation,  decree,  order,  jtu'isdiction,  = 
Pr.  bandon,  <  ML.  *bando(n-),  extended  form  of 
bandnnt,  more  correctly  bannum,  a  proclama- 
tion, decree,  ban:  see  6oh1,  «.]  1.  To  detach 
or  withdraw  one's  self  from;  leave,  (n)  To  de- 
sert :  forsake  utterly ;  as,  to  abandon  one's  home ;  to  aban- 
don duty. 

Abandon  fear ;  to  strength  and  counsel  join'd 
Think  nothing  hard,  much  less  to  be  despair'd. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  -n.  494. 
(b)  To  give  up;  cease  to  occupy  one's  self  with;  cease  to 
use,  follow,  etc.:  as,  to  abandon  an  entei-prise;  tliis  cus- 
tom was  long  ago  abandojied.  (c)  To  resign,  forego,  or  re- 
nounce ;  relinquish  all  concern  in :  as,  to  abajidon  the 
cares  of  empire. 

To  understand  him,  and  to  be  charitable  to  him,  we 
should  remember  that  he  abandons  the  vantage-ground 
of  authorship,  and  allows  his  readers  to  see  him  without 
any  decorous  disguise  or  show  of  dignity. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  167. 
(d)  To  relinquish  the  control  of ;   yield  up  without  re- 
straint :  as,  he  abandoned  the  city  to  the  ctrnqueror. 
2t.  To  outlaw ;  banish ;  drive  out  or  away. 
Being  all  tlus  time  abandon\l  from  your  bed. 

Shak.,  T.  ottheS.,  Ind.,2. 
3t.  To  reject  or  renounce. 

Blessed  shall  ye  be  when  men  shall  hate  you  and  aban- 
don your  name  as  evil.  Rheim.f  N.  T.,  Luke  vi.  22. 

4.  In  com.,  to  relinquish  to  the  underwriters 
all  claim  to,  as  to  ships  or  goods  insm-ed,  as 
a  preliminary  toward  recovering  for  a  total 
loss.  See  abandonment.  — To  abandon  one's 
self,  to  yield  one's  self  up  without  attempt  at  control  or 
self-restraint ;  as,  to  abandon  one's  sel.f  to  gi'ief.  —  Syn.  1. 
Forsake,  Desert,  Abandon,  etc.  (see  .forsake),  forego,  sur- 
render, leave,  evacuate  (a  place),  desist  from,  forswear, 
divest  one's  self  of,  throw  away.   (See  list  under  a?*rfiVa/f'.) 

abandont  (a-ban'don),  «.l  [<rtftnn(?0H,  t'.]  The 
act  of  giving  up  or  relinquishing;  abandon- 
ment. 

These  heavy  exactions  have  occasioned  an  abandon  of 
all  mines  but  what  are  of  the  richer  S(U-t.        Lord  Eames. 

abandon  (a-boii-don'),  n-^  [F.,  <  abandonner, 
give  up:  see  abandon,  c]  Abandonment  to 
naturalness  of  action  or  maimer ;  freedom  from 
constraint  or  conventionality;  dash. 

I  love  abandon  only  when  natures  are  capable  of  the 
extreme  reverse. 

.^farl|.  Fuller,  Woman  in  I'.itli  Cent.,  p.  22S. 

abandoned  (a-ban'dond),  ;>.  a.  [Pp.  of  aban- 
don, V.  ;  iu  imitation  of  F.  abandonne  in  same 
senses, pp.ofafcaHtionner.]  1.  Deserted;  utterly 


abannltion 

forsaken;  left  to  destruction:  hh,  a.n  abandoned 
ship. 

If  .  .  .  we  Iiad  no  hopes  of  a  better  state  after  this, 
...  we  riiristians  should  be  the  must  abandoned  and 
wretched  creatures.  Atterbury,  On  1  for.  xv.  19. 

2.  Given  up,  as  to  vice,  especially  to  the  indul- 
gence of  vicious  appetites  or  passions ;  shame- 
lessly and  recklessly  wicked  ;  profligate. 

Where  our  abandoned  youth  she  sees. 

Shipwrecked  in  luxury  and  lost  in  ease.  Prifnr,  Ode. 
^SjTl.    1.    Forsaken,  deserted,  given  up,  relin<iuis!ied, 

disral'b-d.  rejected,  destitute,  forlorn.  —  2.  Projliqate, 
Ahniidniird,  /i'jinifiate,  depraved,  eon'Upt,  vicious, 
wicked,  unprinrjplcil,  liardeiied,  dead  t^>  honor,  incor- 
rigible, irreclaimable.  Frojiigate,  abandoned,  rejirobate 
express  extreme  wickedness  that  ha.s  cast  off  moral  re- 
straint. ProjU'tate  is  .applied  to  one  who  throws  away 
means  and  chanieter  in  the  pursuit  of  vice,  and  es|)ecially 
denotes  depravity  exhibited  outwardly  and  conspicuously 
in  conduct ;  hence  it  may  be  used  t'l  ciiaiacterizc  political 
conduct;  as,  a  proftiintte  administration.  Abandoned  is 
ai)plie<i  to  one  who  lias  given  liiniself  wholly  up  to  the 
gratification  of  vicious  prt>[>ensitics ;  it  is  stronger  than 
projii<iate  and  weaker  tlian  reprobate.  Reprobate  is  applied 
to  "one  who  has  become  insensible  to  reproof  and  is  past 
hope ;  from  its  use  in  the  Bible  it  has  become  the  theo- 
logical teim  for  hopeless  alienation  from  virtue  or  piety. 
(For  comparison  with  depraved,  etc.,  see  criminal,  a.) 
Next  age  will  see 
A  race  more  profligate  than  we.        Roscommon. 

To  be  negligent  of  what  any  one  thinks  of  you,  does  not 
only  show  you  arrogant  but  abandoned.  J.  Uwjims. 

In  works  they  deny  him,  being  abominable,  and  disobe- 
dient, and  unto  every  good  work  reprobate.  Tit.  i.  16. 

abandonedly  (a-ban'dond-li),  adv.  In  an 
aViandoned  manner ;  without  moral  restraint, 
abandonee  (.a-ban-do-ne'),  n.  [(.abandon,  v., 
+  -ffl,  as  if  <F.  abandonne :  see  abandoned.} 
In  law,  one  to  whom  anything  is  abandoned, 
abandoner  (a-ban'don-er),  H.  l<.  abandon,  v., 
+  -c/'l.]     One  who  abandons. 

AbaTidoner  of  revells,  mute,  contemplatiue. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Two  Xoble  Kinsmen. 

abandonment  (a-ban'don-ment),  71.  [<P. 
aba>id(iiiticiiient,iabandonner,  give  up  (see  aban- 
don, v.),  +  -nient.}  1.  The  act  of  abandoning, 
or  the  state  of  being  abandoned  ;  absolute  re- 
linquishment ;  total  desertion. 

The  ablest  men  in  the  Christian  community  vied  with 
one  another  in  inculcating  as  the  highest  form  of  duty  the 
abandonment  of  social  ties  and  the  mortification  of  domes- 
tic affections.  Leeky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  140. 

2.  Abandon  ;  enthusiasm ;  freedom  from  con- 
straint. 

There  can  be  no  greatness  without  aba7idonment. 

Einerson,  Works  and  Days. 

In  eloquence  the  great  triumphs  of  the  art  are,  when 

the  orator  is  lifted  above  himself.   .    .    .   Hence  the  term 

abandonment,  to  describe  the  self-siu-render  of  the  orator. 

Emerson,  Art. 

3.  In  law :  (a)  The  relinquishment  of  a  pos- 
session, privilege,  or  claim,  (b)  The  vohmtary 
leaving  of  a  person  to  whom  one  is  bound  by 
a  relationship  of  obligation,  as  a  wife,  husband, 
or  child;  desertion. — 4.  In  maritime  law, the 
surrender  of  a  ship  and  freight  by  the  owner 
to  one  who  has  become  his  creditor  through 
contracts  made  by  the  latter  ■with  the  master 
of  the  ship.  In  effect  such  an  abandonment 
may  release  the  owner  fi-om  further  responsi- 
bility!—  5.  In  marine  insurance,  the  relinquish- 
ing to  underwriters  of  all  the  property  saved 
from  loss  by  shipwreck,  capture,  or  other  peril 
pro\'ided  against  in  the  policy,  iu  order  that  the 
insured  may  be  entitled  to  indemnification  for 
a  total  loss. — 6.  In  the  (■iwfom.s,  the  giving  up  of 
an  article  by  the  importer  to  avoid  payment  of 

the  duty — Abandonment  for  ■wrongs,  in  cici';  law, 
the  relinquishment  of  a  slave  or  an  animal  that  had  com- 
mitted a  tresjKiss  t<i  the  person  injured,  in  (lischarge  of 
the  owner's  liability  for  the  trespass. — Abandonment  of 
railways,  in  Fno.  tair.  the  title  of  a  statute  under  which- 
any  scheme  for  making  a  railway  may  be  abandoned  and 
the  company  dissi.dved  by  warrant  of  the  Board  of  Trade 
antl  consent  of  three  fifths  of  the  stock. —  Abandomnent 
of  an  action,  in  .Scots  la  w,  the  act  by  which  the  pursuer 
abandons  the  cause.  "NVhen  this  is  done,  the  pursuermust 
paj-  costs,  I'ut  may  bring  a  new  action.  Abandonment  of 
the  action  is  equivalent  to  the  English  di.-^continuance, 
neinsuit,  or  nolle  pro-iequi. —  Abandonment  to  the  sec- 
ular arm,  in  old  cedes,  law,  the  lianding  over  of  an 
offender  by  the  church  to  the  civil  authorities  for  punish- 
ment such  as  could  not  be  administered  by  the  ecclesi- 
astical tribimals. 

abandumt  (a-ban'dum),  n.  [ML.,  also  aban- 
donnm  and  abandonnium,  formed  in  imitation 
of  F.  abandon  :  see  abandon.}  In  old  law,  any- 
thing forfeited  or  confiscated. 

abanet  (ab'a-net),  )i.     See  abnet. 

abanga  (a-bang'gii),  «.  [Native  name.]  The 
fruit  of  a  species  of  palm  found  in  the  island 
of  St.  Tliomas.West  Indies,  which  is  said  to  be 
useful  ill  ipuhuoiiary  diseases. 

abannitiont,  abannationt  (ab-a-nish'on,  -na'- 

shonl,  n.  [OIL.  <ibannitio(n-),  abannatio(n-),  < 
^abannirc,  -arc,  after E.  aban(ne)  OTban,F.  ban- 


abannition 

nir,  banish:  see  ahan.']    In  olil  hiw,  banishmeut 
for  a  year,  as  a  piMialty  for  manslaugliter. 
abaptiston (a-ba])-tis'ton ),  «.;  pi. nhaptista  (-tii). 
[ML.,  <  (ir.  iiiiaTTTwriir,  ncut.  of  ajiuiTTiaTor,  tliat 
will  not.  .siuk,  <  (J- i>riv.  + /iaTrnCm',  dip,  sink: 
SCO  bapti;t:  ]   In  sun/.,  an  old  form  of  trepan,  the 
crown  of  wliieli  was  made  conical,  or  provided 
with  a  riiiff,  collar,  or  other  contrivance,  to  pre- 
vent it  from  penetratinR  the  cranium  too  far. 
abarthrosis  (ali-ar-thro'sis),  )i.     [NL.,  <  L.  ab, 
away,  from,  +  NL.  uiiliiusis,  q.  v.]     Same  as 
tliiirtliros/s. 
abarticulation  (ab-ilr-tik-ii-la'shon),  n.     [<L. 
(ih,  frotM,+  iirlicuhilio(ii-),  a.iointlns;.]  In  aunt., 
a  term  sometimes  iised  for  diarthrosis,  and  also 
for  synartlirosis.     Also  called  ikarticulution. 
abas,  «.     See  abbas,  1. 

k  bas  (ii  bii').  [F.,  down  :  a  (<L.  ad),  to  ;  /j((.s-, 
low:  see  ba.'.el.  ]  A  French  phrase,  down !  down 
with!  as,  n  feff.s"  hs  <irist<icnilcs.'  down  with  tlie 
aristocrats:  opposed  to  iv'cc,  live,  in  rirtlcroi ! 
long  live  the  king,  and  similar  phrases. 
abase  (.a-bas'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aha.'icd,  ppr. 
abasinij.  [<ME.  abe.'ise  (Gower),  <  OF.  abai.f- 
sier,  etc.  (F.  a6o(.s.s(>r),<ML.  abas-^arc,  <  Li.  ad 
+  ML.  ba.s,iare,  lower,  <  LL.  bassKs,  low:  see 
fc»,v<  1  and  6((.m1.  The  JIE.  <ibaseii,  abamn,  with 
its  many  variants,  appears  always  to  have  the 
sense  of  abnsh,  (j,  v.]  1.  To  lower  or  depress, 
as  a  thing;  bringdown.     [Kare.] 

Wlicn  suiltleinly  that  Warriour  gan  ahace 

His  tlireatlieil  speal'i;.         Sijeiuiei;  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  28. 

And  win  slie  yet  abase  her  eves  on  nje? 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  1.  2. 
2.  To  reduce  or  lower,  as  in  rank,  estimation, 
office,  and  the  like  ;  depress ;  humble ;  degrade. 
=  Syn.  2.  Abu.if,  Ik'lmsr,  l)riimili\  Iluinlliate,  lliimbi,, 
Dijf;lf(tci?.  depress,  brinir  low,  dislinnnr,  cast  down.  Abojie, 
to  lirin-^  down  in  feelini^^s  or  eondition  ;  it  is  less  often 
used  than  fiuuuiUif''  or  tumib/,-.  Dtba^e,  to  lower  morally 
or  in  quality :  as,  a  dfbasfif  natiu-c  ;  debased  coinage.  De- 
grade,  literally,  to  bring  down  a  step,  to  lower  in  ranli, 
often  used  as  an  otticial  or  military  tei-m,  but  fignratively 
used  of  lowering  morally:  as,  intemiterancc  fle^rmdes  its 
victims  :  a (^, '//■(('/('(,'/ eiiii)Ioyment.  IIii nntint''.  toreduce 
IntheestimatiMnofone's^elf  or  of  others;  it  iniindt'S  abase- 
ment of  feeliTig  or  loss  of  sclf-ri'sin-rt.  lliniil'fe.  to  abase, 
generally  withnnt  i^'iioiuioy ;  iiuhii'>  humility  in;  retlex- 
ively,  to  become  linmbic,  r.-str;iin  one's  pride,  aet  luimldy. 
DU-'jiuee,  literally,  to  put  out  of  favor,  but  always  with 
ignominy  ;  bring  sliame  ujion. 
Those  that  walk  in  pride  he  is  able  to  abase.  Dan.  iv.  37. 
It  is  a  kind  of  taking  of  God's  name  in  vain  to  debase 
religion  with  such  frivolous  disputes.  Hooker. 

Every  one  is  defiraihd.  wludher  awaie  of  it  or  not,  when 
other  people,  witlioul  ■( insultiiiL;  liini,  fake  upon  them- 
selves milimited  power  to  regulate  liis  destiny. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Kep.  Govt.,  viii. 
Me  they  seized  and  me  they  tortured,  me  they  lash'd  and 
humiliated.  Tennyson,  Boadicea. 

He  that  All )H6;e//i  liimself  shall  be  exalted.   Luke  xiv.  11. 
Do  not  diJifjraee  the  tin-one  of  thy  glory.        Jer.  xiv.  21. 
abased   (a-basf),  jj.  a.    In  Iter.,  the  same  as 
abai.^.ti'. 
abasement  (a-bas'ment),  H.     [<«?y«.ST  +  -meiit, 
after  F.  abdi.^scment,  lowering,  depression,  hu- 
miliation.]   The  act  of  abasing,  humbling,  or 
bringing  low ;  a  state  of  depression,  degrada- 
tion, or  humiliation. 
abash  (a-bash' ),  r.  [<  ME.  abaslun.  abassen, aba- 
sen,  abai.'ien,  etc.,  <  AF.  abni-ss-,  OF.  ebu(li)iss-, 
extended   stem  of  ab(i{li)ir,   eba{Ii)ir,   earlier 
c.ibahir  (>F.  s'cbahir),  he  astonished  (=  Wal- 
loon esbaivi  =  It.  slxiire,  be  astonished),  <  f.«- 
(<L.  ex,  out:  see  <=.'•-)  -t-  Ixiliir,  ba'ir,  express 
astonishment,  prob.  <  txih,  inter,icction  express- 
ing astonishment.    The  D.  verba:en,  astonish, 
may  be  a  derivative  of  OF.  wia/fic]    I.  trans. 
To  confuse  or  confound,  as  by  suddenly  ex- 
citing a  consciousness  of  guilt,  error,  inferi- 
ority,  etc. ;    destroy  the    self-possession  of ; 
make  ashamed   or  dispirited ;  put   to  confu- 
sion. =  Syn.  .ibfi.s/i,  Con,fu.se,  Confound,  discompose,  dis- 
concert, put  out  of  countenance,  daunt,  overawe.     (See 
list  uniier  eiin/use.)   Abasti  is  a  stronger  word  than  co»- 
.fu^e,  but  n<it  so  strong  as  confound.    We  are  abasfted  in 
the  presence  of  superiors  or  when  detected  in  vice  or 
misetmduet.    When  we  are  confuned  we  lose  in  some 
degree  the  control  of  our  faculties,  the  speech  faltei-s, 
and  the  tlioughts  lose  their  coherence.     When  we  are 
confounded   the   reason    is   overpowered —a    condition 
produced  by  the  force  of  argument,  testimony,  or  detec- 
tion, or  by  disastrous  or  awe-inspiring  events. 
Ahaahed  the  devil  stood. 
And  felt  how  awful  goodness  is.      Milton.  P.  L.,  iv.  S16. 
Sudden  he  view"d,  in  sitite  of  all  her  art, 
An  earthly  lover  lurking  at  her  heart. 
Amazed,  confused,  he  found  his  power  expired. 

Pope,  R.  of  L.,  iii,  145. 
Confoumled,  that  her  ^taker's  eyes 
Should  look  so  near  upon  her  foul  defonnities. 

Miltvn,  Nativity,  ii,  43. 

H.t  reflex,  and  intrans.  To  stand  or  be  con- 
founded ;  lose  self-possession. 


Aliastxe  you  not  for  thys  derkenes. 

Caxton,  I'aris  and  Viennc,  p.  02. 
For  she  . .  .  never  abashed. 

llolinslied,  C'liron.,  III.  loils. 
abashment  (a-bash'ment),  n.  [<ME.  abuslic- 
niint,  after  OF.  ulxiissenwHt :  see  abasli.'] 
The  act  of  abashing,  or  the  state  of  being 
abashed  ;  confusion  from  shame ;  consterna- 
tion ;  fear. 

Which  manner  of  abashment  became  her  not  ill. 

Sketton,  Poems. 
And  all  her  senses  with  abashment  quite  were  quayhl. 

Spenser,  F.  (J.,  III.  viii.  34. 

abasset,  '••  »".   Obsolete  form  of  abash.   Cliaiieer. 
abassi,  abassis  (a-bas'i,  -is),  n.     See  abbasi. 
abastardizet  i  a-bas'tiir-dJz),  v.  t.     [<  OF.  abns- 
tiirdir    (>  F.   ahdtiirdi'r).  <  a-  «  L.   ad,   to)    -I- 
bastard:  see  iMistard  anA  haslanlize.^    To  bas- 
tardize ;  render  illegitimate  or  base. 
Being  ourselves 
Corrupted  and  abastardized  tlms. 

Daniel,  Queen's  Arcadia. 

Abastor  (a-bas'tor),  v.  [NL.  (Gray,  1849).]  A 
North  American  genus  of  ordinary  harmless 
serpents  of  the  family  Colubrida:  a.  cnitliro- 
firanunus  is  the  hoop-snake,  an  abundant  species  in'damp 
marsliy  places  in  the  southern  I'nited  Stales. 

abatable  (a-ba't.a-bl),  rt.  [_<  abate  + -able.']  Ca- 
palile  of  being  abated:  as,  an  abatable  writ  or 
nuisance. 

abatamentumt  (ab"a-ta-meu'tum),  n.  [ML., 
after  abatement,  q.  v.]  In  old  Eiuj.  law,  the 
ouster  or  disseizin  of  an  heir,  effected  by  the 
■wrongful  entry  of  a  stranger  after  the  ances- 
tor's death  and  before  the  heir  had  taken  pos- 
session. 

abate  (a-baf),  r.;  pret.  and  pp.  abated,  ppr. 
abatinij.  [<  ME.  abaten,  <  OF.  abatre  (F.  abat- 
tre),  <  ML.  abbatere,  <  L.  ab  +  batere,  popular 
form  of  batuere,  beat.  In  the  legal  sense,  abate 
had  orig.  a  diflf.  prefix,  en-,  OF.  enbatre,  thrust 
(one's  self)  into,  <  en.  in,  -f  batre,  beat.  See 
hatter"^,  v.,  and  bate'^.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  beat 
down  ;  pull  or  batter  clown. 

The  king  of  Scots  .  .  .  sore  abated  the  walls  [of  the 
castle  of  Norhani].         Hall,  Clironicles,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  S. 

2.  To  deduct ;  subtract ;  withdraw  from  con- 
sideration. 

Nine  tliousand  parishes,  abatino  the  odd  hundreds. 

Fuller. 

3.  To  lessen ;  diminish ;  moderate :  as,  to 
abate  a  demand  or  a  tax. 

Tnlly  was  the  first  who  observed  that  friendship  im- 
proves happiness  and  abates  misery,  by  the  doubling  of 
our  joy  and  dividing  of  our  grief. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  68. 
4t.  To  deject ;  depress. 

For  miserie  doth  bravest  mindes  abate. 

.Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  I.  256. 

5.  To  deprive  ;  curtail. 
She  hath  abated  me  of  half  my  train.     Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

6t.  To  deprive  of ;  take  away  from. 
I  would  abate  her  nothing.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  5. 

7.  In  law:  (a)  To  cause  to  fail;  extinguish: 
as,  a  cause  of  action  for  damages  for  a  per- 
sonal tort  is  abated  by  the  death  of  either 
party,  (b)  To  suspend  or  stop  the  progress 
of:  as,  where  the  cause  of  action  survives  the 
death  of  a  party,  the  action  may  be  (dialed  until 
an  executor  or  administrator  can  be  appointed 
and  substituted.  (<•)  To  reduce  :  as,  a  legacy  is 
abated  if  the  assets,  after  satisfWng  tlie  <lebts, 
are  not  sufficient  to  pay  it  in  full,  (d)  To  de- 
stroy or  remove ;  put  an  end  to  (a  nuisance). 
A  nuisance  may  be  abated  either  by  a  public  officer  pm'su- 
ant  to  the  judgment  of  a  court,  or  by  an  aggrieved  person 
exercising  his  common-law  right. 

8.  In  metal.,  to  reduce  to  a  lower  temper. — 

9.  To   steep  in  an  alkaline  solution :  usually 

shortened   to   bate.     See   bate^ Abated  arms, 

weapons  wlu)Sc  edge  or  point  is  blunteil  for  the  tourna- 
ment.—Abating  process,  a  process  by  which  skins 
are  remiered  soft  ami  porous  by  putting  them  into  a  weak 
solution  of  annntuiiacal  salt. 

II.  intnins.  1.  To  decrease  or  become  less 
in  strength  or  violence:  as,  pain  aJa^^s;  the 
storm  has  abated. 

The  very  mind  winch  admits  your  evidence  to  be  unan- 
swerable will  swing  back  to  its  old  position  the  instant 
that  the  pressure  of  evidence  abates. 

G.  11.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  6. 

2.  In  law :  (a)  To  fail ;  come  to  a  premature 
end  ;  stop  progress  or  diminish :  as,  an  ac- 
tion or  cause  of  action  may  abate  by  the  death 
ormarriage  of  a  party.  (/))  To  enter  into  a  free- 
hold after  the  death  of  the  last  possessor,  and 
before  the  heir  or  devisee  takes  possession. 
lilaehvtmie.  —  3.  In  the  mf7H«/(>,  to  perform  well 
a  downward  motion.  A  horse  is  said  to  aliale.  or 
take  downi  his  curvets,  when,  working  upon  curvets,  he 


abatis 

puts  both  his  hind  feet  to  the  ground  at  once,  and  observes 

the  same  exactness  of  tiuie  in  all  the  UKitions. 

4t.  In  falconry,  to  flutter;  beat  with  the  wings. 

See  bateK  =Syn.  1.  To  Abate,  Subside,  Intermit,  do- 
crciise,  decline,  diminish,  lessen,  wane,  elib,  fall  away,  mod- 
crate,  calm.  Almie,  to  diunnisli  iji  force  or  intensity:  as,  the 
stonn  abated:  "my  wonder  ubalrd,"  Addison.  Subside, 
to  cease  from  agitation  or  connuotion  ;  become  less  in 
quantity  or  amount :  as,  the  waves  subside ;  tlie  excite- 
ment of  the  people  subsided.  Abate  is  not  so  complete 
in  its  effect  as  subside.  Intermit,  to  abate,  subside,  or 
cease  for  a  time. 

Nor  will  the  raging  fever's  fire  abate 
With  golden  canopies  and  beds  of  state. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  ii.  38. 

A  slight  temporary  fermentation  allowed  to  subside,  we 

should  see  crystallizations  more  pure  and  of  more  various 

lieauty.  Mar<j.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  37. 

A  spring  which  intermits  as  often  as  every  three  min- 
utes. Nichols,  Fireside  Science,  p.  11. 

abatet  (a-baf),  OT.    [^<nbate,v.]  Abatement  or 
decrease. 
The  abate  of  scruples  or  dragnies.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

abate  (ii-ba'te),  n.    See  abbate. 

abated  (a-ba'ted),  7).  a.  [<  abate,  f.]  In 
deeoratire" art,  lov\-ere<l,  beaten  down,  or  cut 
away,  as  the  background  of  an  ornamental  pat- 
tern in  relief .  Used  spcciWcally  of  stone-cutting;  also 
of  metal  when  the  pattern  or  inscription  is  to  show  bright 
on  dark,  and  the  giound  is  therefore  worked  out  with  the 
graving-tool  and  left  rough  orhatehcil  in  lines. 

abatement  (a-bat'ment),  H.     [<  OF.  abatement, 

<  abatre,  beat  down':  see  abate,  c]  1.  The 
act  of  abating,  or  the  state  of  Ijeing  abated; 
diminution,  decrease,  reduction,  or  mitigation: 
as,  abatement  of  grief  or  pain. 

Tile    spirit  of   accumulation  .  .  .  requires   abatement 
rather  than  increase.       J.  S.  .Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  xiii.  §  2. 
Such  sad  abatement  in  the  goal  attained. 

Lowell,  Voyage  to  Vinland. 

2.  The  amount,  quantity,  or  sum  by  which  any- 
thing is  abated  or  reduced;  deduction;  de- 
crease. Specifically,  a  discount  allowed  for  the  prompt 
payment  of  a  debt,  for  damage,  for  overcliarge,  or  for  any 
similar  reason ;  rebate. 

Would  the  Council  of  Regency  consent  to  an  abate- 
ment of  three  thousand  pounds'? 

Maeaulatf,  Hist.  Eng.,  xjdi 

3.  In  her.,  a  mark  annexed  to  coat-armor,  in 
order  to  denote  some  dishonorable  act  of  the 
person  bearing  the  coat  of  arms,  or  his  illegiti- 
mate descent.  Nine  marks  for  the  former  purpose 
are  mentioned  by  heralds,  but  no  instance  of  their  actual 
use  is  on  record.  Thebendletorbat(til  sinister  (wliich  see), 
a  mark  of  illegitimacy,  is  of  the  nature  of  an  abatement ; 
but  the  paternal  shield,  although  chargeil  with  the  batim 
sinister,  would  generally  be  the  most  honorable  bearing 
witiun  reach  of  the  illegitimate  son.  Abatements  gener- 
ally must  be  regarded  as  false  heralrlry,  and  are  vei-y 
modem  in  their  origin.  The  word  is  also  used  to  denote 
the  turning  upside  down  of  the  whole  shield,  which  was 
common  in  the  degrading  of  a  knight.  Also  called  rebate- 
ment. 

Throwing  down  the  stars  [the  nobles  and  senatorsl  to 
the  ground  ;  j»utting  dishonourable  abatenu-nts  into  the 
faii-est  coats  of  arms.  J.  Speiwer,  Righteous  Ruler. 

4.  In  law :  (a)  Removal  or  destruction,  as  of 
a  nuisance.  (6)  Failure;  premature  end;  sus- 
pension or  diminution,  as  of  an  action  or  of  a 
legacy.  See  abate,  (c)  The  act  of  intruding 
on  a  freehold  vacated  by  the  death  of  its  for- 
mer owner,  and  not  yet  entered  on  by  the  heir 
or  devisee,  (d)  In  rereuue  lair :  (1)  A  deduction 
from  or  refunding  of  duties  on  goods  damaged 
during  importation  or  in  store.  (2)  A  deduc- 
tion from  the  amount  of  a  tax.  The  mode  of 
abatement  is  prescribed  by  statute. —  5f.  In 
carp.,  the  waste  of  a  piece  of  stuJI  caused  by 
working  it  into  shape.- piea  in  abatement,  in 
law,  a  defense  on  some  ground  that  serves  to  suspend 
or  defeat  the  particular  action,  ami  thus  distinguished 
from  a  plea  in  bar,  which  goes  to  the  merits  of  the 
claim.  Thus,  a  plea  that  the  defemlant  is  now  insane 
would  be  only  uptea  in  abatement,  because,  if  sustained, 
it  would  at  most  only  suspend  the  action  while  his 
insanity  continued  :  but  a  plea  that  he  was  insane  at  the 
time  of  the  transactions  alleged  would  be  a  plea  in  bar, 
as  showing  that  he  never  incurred  any  liability  what- 
ever. =SyiL  1.  Decrease,  decline,  diminution,  subsidence, 
intermission,  waning,  ebb. —  2.  Rebate,  allowance,  deduc- 
tion, discount,  nntigation. 

abater  (a-ba'ter),  n.  [See  abator.']  One  who 
or  that  which  abates.    See  abator. 

abatislf  (ab'ii-tis),  n.  [ML. ;  lit.,  of  the  mea- 
sures :  L.  a,  ab,  from,  of ;  LL.  batiis,  <  Gr.  (iaTor, 

<  Heb.  hath,  a  liquid  measure:  see  bath-.]  In 
the  middle  ages,  an  officer  of  the  stables  who 
had  the  care  of  measuring  out  the  provender; 
an  avenor. 

abatis-,  abattis  (a-ba-te'  or  ab'a-tis1,  n.  [<F. 
idnitis,  demolition,  felling,  <  OF.  abatcis,  <ML. 
*abbaticins,  <  abbatere,  beat  down,  fell :  see 
abate,  r.]  1.  In  fort.,  a  barricade  made  of 
felled  trees  denuded  of  their  smaller  branches, 
with  the  butt-enda  of  the  trunks  embedded 


abatis 

in  tbo  carlh  or  seciiii'il  liy  pickets,  and  the 
shiirpoucil  onils  of  tlio  liraurlies  dircetcd  up- 
ward aud  outward  toward  au  advaucing  pii- 


emy,  for  the  purpose  of  obstructing  his  pro- 

fcress.     Ill  l\elil-ti)rtiHcntions  the  iiliHtis  is  usually  coii- 

structi'J  iu  truiit  of  tin;  iliti-h.    See  /ortijiratiun. 

2.  In  codl-miniiifl,  walls  of  cord-wood  piled  up 

crosswise  to  keep  the  underground  roads  open 

so  as  to  secure  ventilation.     [Leicestershire, 

Ent;.] 

abatised,  abattised  (ab'a-tist),  p.  a.  Provided 
witli  an  abatis. 

abat-jour  (a-ba'zhiir),  H.  [F. ,  any  contrivance 
or  apparatus  to  admit  light,  or  to  throw  it  in  a 
desired  direction,  as  a  lamp-shade;  <ab(ittrc, 
throw  down  (see  abate),  +,ioui;  day,  daylight: 
see >'«(•"((/.]  1.  A  skylight,  or  any  beveled  ap- 
erture made  in  the  wall  of  an  apartment  or  in 
a  roof,  for  the  better  admission  of  light  from 
above. —  2.  A  sloping,  box-like  structure,  flar- 
ing upward  and  open  at  the  top,  attached  to  a 
window  on  the  outside,  to  prevent  those  within 
from  seeing  objects  below,  or  for  the  purpose 
of  directing  light  downward  into  the  window. 

abator  (a-ba'tor),  H.  [Also  abater;  <  abate  + 
-(■(•l,  -o)-2.]  One  who  or  that  which  abates. 
Specifleally,  in  tair:  («)  A  person  who  without  right 
enters  into  a  freehoM,  on  the  deatli  of  the  last  possessor, 
before  the  heir  or  devisee.  (6)  An  agent  or  cause  by  which 
an  abatement  is  procured,  (o)  One  who  removes  a  nui- 
sance.    See  ahatt:,  abatemr-nt. 

abattis,  «.    See  abatis'^. 

abattoir  (a-bat-wor'),  H.  [F.,  < flftflH-)f, knock 
down,  slaughter,  +  -oir  (<  L.  -orium),  indicating 
place.]  A  public  slaughter-house.  In  Europe 
and  in  the  United  .States  abattoirs  of  great  size  have  been 
erected  and  provided  ^vith  elaborate  machinery  for  the 
humane  and  rapid  slaughter  of 
large  numbers  of  animals,  and 
for  the  proper  commercial  and 
sanitary  disposal  of  the  waste 
material. 

a  battuta  (ii  bat-ts'tii). 
[It.:  see  to?fl,  battcA.2 
With  the  beat,  in  music,  a 
direction  to  resume  strict  time 
after  the  free  declamation  of  a 
singer:  chiefly  used  in  recita- 
tives. It  is  equivalent  to  a 
tempo.  Grove. 
abature  (ab'a-tur),  n.  [< 
OF.  abatture,  a  throwing 
down,  pi.  ahattiires,  un- 
derbrush trampled  do%vn, 
<  abatre,  beat  down:  see 
abate,  v."]  The  mark  or 
track  of  a  beast  of  the 
chase  on  the  grass;  foil- 
ing. 
abat-vent  (a-ba'von),  n. 
[F.,  <  n6«*<re,  throw  down  (see  abate),  +  rent, 
wind:  see  i'en(.]  1.  A  vertical  series  of  slop- 
ing roofs  or  broad  slats,  inclined  outward  and 
downward,  forming 
the  filling  of  a  belfry- 
light,  and  designed  to 
admit  ventilation  to 
the  timber  frame 
while  protecting  the 
interior  from  rain 
and  wind,  and  to  di- 
rect downward  the 
sound  of  the  bells. — 

2.  A  sloping  roof,  as 
that  of  a  penthouse  : 
80  named  because  the 
slope  neutralizes  the 
force  of  the  wind. — 

3.  Any  contrivance 
designed  to  act  as  a 
shelter  or  protection 
from  the  wind.  Specifi- 
cally, a  revolving  metal- 
lic cap  carrying  a  vane, 
attached  to  the  top  of  a 
chimney  to  keep  the  wincl 
from  blowing  directly 
down  its  throat. 

abat-voix(a-ba'vwo), 
n.    [F.,  <  abattrc  (see 
ai)ate,r. )  -I-  tiaii,  voice : 
see  voice.']     A  sounding-board  over  a  pulpit 
or  rostrum,  designed  to  reflect  the  speaker's 


Abat-vent,  X3th  century. 


Abat-voix,  pulpit  of  Trinity  Church, 
New  York. 


6 

voice  downward  toward  the  audience,  or  in 
nnv  desired  direction. 

abawet,  '■.  '•  L<  MK-  abaven,  nbauen,  <  OF.  atmu- 
bir,  astonish,  <  a-  +  baiibir,  baiibicr,  stammer, 
<  L.  balbutire,  stammer,  <  lialbiis  (OF.  baiibe), 
stammering:  see  iim''// and  balbuties.  The  ME. 
form  and  sense  seem  to  have  been  aiTectcd  by 
OF.  abaliir,  ebahir,  e.sbaliir,  be  astonished,  for 
which  see  oto.v/f.]  Toabash;  dazzle;  astonish. 
1  was  abawal  Itiv  marveile.  Jtom.  of  Jtose,  1.  3(M(i. 

abaxial  (ab-ak'si-al),  a.    Same  as  abaxile. 

abaxile  (ab-ak'silj,  a.  [<]j.  ab,  away  from, 
+  ajci.'! :  see  axih:']  Not  in  the  axis,  specifically, 
in  hot.,  apidied  to  an  embryo  placed  out  of  the  axis  of 
the  seed.    Another  form  is  almxiul. 

abb  (ab),  «.  [<  ME.  abbe,<  AS.  db,  short  for  dweb, 
woof,  <  uwefan  (=  OHG.  ariveban,  O.  erwelieii), 
weave,  <  (7- +  iiwfan,  weave:  see  «-l  and  weave, 
web.  From  another  form  of  dweb,  namely, 
6web,dwef,  comes  E.  ivoof,  q.  v.]  1.  Yarn  for 
the  warp  in  weaving. —  2.  In  wool-sorting,  one 
of  two  qualities  of  wool  known  as  coarse  abb 
and  Jinc  abb  resjiectively. 

abbal  (ab'il),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aj3l3a,  <  Syriac  abba 
and  abbO  =  Chal.  abba  =  Heb.  ab,  father.  See 
abbot. 1  Father.  It  is  used  in  the  New  Testament 
three  times  (Mark  xiv.  36,  Rom.  viii.  16,  Gal.  iv.  6),  in  each 
instance  accompanied  by  its  translation,  "Abba,  Father," 
as  an  invocation  of  the  Deity,  e.xpressing  close  filial  rela- 
tion. Either  through  its  liturgical  use  in  the  Judeo- 
Christian  church  or  through  its  employment  by  the  Syriac 
monks,  it  has  passed  into  general  ecclesiastical  language 
in  the  modified  form  of  abbat  or  abbot  (wliich  see). 

abba^,  «.     See  aba'^. 

abbacinate  (a-bas'i-nat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
abbacinutcil,  ppr.  abbaciruitimj.  [<ML.  «toc(- 
natits,  pp.  of  abacinare  (It.  abbacinare  =  OY . 
abaciner),  <  a-  for  or?-,  to,  -t-  baciniis,  basin: 
see  basin.]  To  deprive  of  sight  by  placing  a 
red-hot  copper  basin  close  to  the  eyes :  a 
mode  of  punishment  employed  in  the  middle 
ages.    Also  spelled  ahacinate. 

abbacination  (a-bas-i-na'sbon),  n.  l<.abbaci- 
nate.]  Tlie  act  or  process  of  blinding  a  per- 
son l)y  placing  a  red-hot  copper  basin  close  to 
the  eyes.     Also  spelled  abacination. 

abbacy  (ab'a-si),  ii. ;  pi.  abbacies  (-siz).  [Earlier 
abbatic,  <  LL.  abbatia:  see  abbey'^.]  1.  The 
office  of  au  abbot ;  an  abbot's  dignity,  rights, 
privileges,  aud  jurisdiction. 

According  to  Felinus,  an  abbacy  is  the  dignity  itself, 
since  abbot  is  a  term  or  word  of  dignity,  and  not  of  office. 

Ai/lifc,  Parergon. 

Owing  to  the  vast  wealth  of  the  church,  the  chief  ofiices 

in  it,  and  especially  the  bishoprics  and  the  great  abbacies. 

had  become  positions  of  great  worldly  power  and  dignity. 

StilU,  stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  28ti. 

2.  An  abbatial  establishment;  an  abbey  with 

all  that  pertains  to  it. 

The  abbot  was  elected  by  the  monks  of  the  monastery, 
at  least  in  the  greater  part  of  abbacies. 

Adam  Smitli,  Wealth  of  Nations,  v.  1. 

Also  called  abbotcij. 

abbandonatamente  ( ab-ban-do-na-ta-men'te), 
adv.  lit.,  <.  abbandiiiiata,  fem.  pp.  of  abban- 
donare {see  abandon),  +  adv.  suflix  -mente,  orig. 
L.  mente,  abl.  of  jMf>«.s',  mind:  see  mental.]  In 
music,  with  abandonment;  so  as  to  make  the 
time  subordinate  to  the  expression. 

abbast,  «.  [Pers.]  1.  An  Eastern  weight  for 
pearls,  said  to  be  21  grains  troy.  Also  spelled 
abas. —  2.  Same  as  abbasi,  1. 

abbasi  (a-bas'i),  11.  [Said  to  be  named  from  the 
Persian  ruler  Shah  Abbas  U.]  1.  The  name 
of  a  silver  coin  formerly  current  in  Persia. 
It  is  not  certain  to  what  particular  coin  the  term  was  ap- 
plied ;  according  to  Marsden,  various  pieces  coined  in 
1684,  1700,  and  1701,  and  weighing  al^out  4  dwt.  17  gr.,  are 
abbasis,  and  are  worth  about  29  cents. 
2.  The  20-copeck  silver  piece  circulating  in 
Russia,  weighing  about  61  grains,  .500  fine, 
and  worth  about  Si  cents. 
Also  wntten  abassi,  abassis. 

abbatt  (ab'at),  «.     Same  as  abbot. 

abbate  (ab-ija'te),  «. ;  x>\.  abbati(-ti).  [It.,  also 
abate, ill.  abbdtem,  aec.  of  abbas:  see  abbot.] 
A  title  of  honor,  now  given  to  ecclesiastics 
in  Italy  not  otherwise  designated,  but  formerly 
applied  to  all  iu  any  way  connected  with  cler- 
ical affairs,  tribunals,  etc.,  and  wearing  the  ec- 
clesiastical dress.  Also  spelled  abate. 
An  old  Abate  meek  and  mild. 
My  friend  and  teacher  when  a  child. 

Longfellow,  Wayside  Inn,  3J  Inter. 

abbatesset,  n.    See  abbotess. 

abbatial  (a-ba'shial),  a.  [<  ML.  ahbatialis,  < 
LL.  abbatia :  see  abbaci/.]  Pertaining  to  an 
abbot  or  abbey:  as,  an  abbatial  benediction; 
abbatial  lands. 

abbaticalt  (a-bat'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  abbatial. 


abbey 

abbayt,  abbayet,  »■    Middle  English  forms  of 

abbey^. 

They  carried  him  into  the  next  abbay. 

Ctiaucer,  Prior's  Tale. 

Tliey  would  rend  this  abbayc's  massy  nave. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  JI.,  ii.  14. 

abb6  (a-ba'),  V.  [F.,<  L.  abbatcm,  ace.  of  abbas: 
aec  abbot.]  In  France,  an  abbot,  (a)  More  gen- 
erally, and  esi,ecially  before  the  French  revolution  :  (1) 
Any  secular  person,  wlulher  ecclesia.stic  or  lajinan,  hold- 
ing an  abiiey  in  cotutton'tnni,  that  i^.  enjoying  a  portion, 
generally  about  one  thii-d,  of  its  revenues,  with  certain  hon- 
oi-s.  but,  except  by  privilege  from  the  jM-pe.  having  no  ju- 
risdiction over  the  monks,  and  not  bound  to  residence. 
Such  persons  were  styled  abbeg  cfimiii- mtutaircx.  and  were 
required  to  be  in  lirders,  tboii^'h  a  disjiensation  from  this 
requirement  was  not  uncomnn-nly  obtained.  ('2)  A  title 
assumed,  either  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  an  abbey  orfor 
the  sake  of  distinction,  by  a  numerous  class  of  men  who 
had  studied  tlieology.  practised  celibacy,  and  adopted  a 
peculiar  dress,  but  wlii>  had  only  a  fonnal  connection  with 
the  church,  and  were  for  the  most  part  employed  as  tu- 
tors in  the  families  of  the  nobility,  or  engaged  in  literary 
pursuits,  {b)  In  recent  usage,  a  title  assumed,  like  the 
Italian  title  abbate  (which  see),  by  a  class  of  unbeneficed 
secular  clerks. 

abbess  (ab'es),  n.  [<ME.  abbes.se,  abbes,  <0F. 
abbe.i.ic,  abcvsc  =  Vv.  abades.^a,  <  L.  abbatissa, 
ieiQ.  oi  abbas :  see  abbot,  and  ct.  abbotess.]  1.  A 
female  superior  of  a  convent  of  nuns,  regularly 
in  the  same  religious  orders  in  which  the  monks 
are  governed  by  an  abbot ;  also,  a  superior  of 
canonesses.  An  abbess  is,  in  general,  elected  by  the 
nuns,  and  is  subject  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  by  whom 
she  is  invested  according  to  a  special  rite  called  the  bene- 
diction of  an  abbeag.  She  must  be  at  least  forty  years  of 
age,  and  must  have  been  for  eight  years  a  nun  in  the 
same  monastery.  She  has  the  government  of  the  convent, 
with  the  administration  of  the  goods  of  the  community, 
but  cannot,  on  account  of  her  sex,  exercise  any  of  the 
spiritual  functions  pertaining  to  the  priesthood.  Some- 
times civil  or  feudal  rights  have  been  attached  to  the 
otlice  of  abbess,  as  also  jurisdiction  over  other  subordinate 
convents. 

2.  A  title  retained  in  Hanover,  Wlirtemberg, 
Brunswick,  and  Schleswig-Holstein  by  the 
lady  superiors  of  the  Protestant  seminaries  and 
sisterhoods  to  which  the  property  of  certain 
convents  was  transferred  at  the  Reformation. 

abbeyl  (ab'e),  n.  [<  ME.  abbeye,  ubbaye,  etc., 
<  OF.  abeie,  abaie,  <  LL.  abbatia,  au  abbey,  <  L. 
abbas,  an  abbot:  see  abbot.]     1.  A  monastery 

or  convent  of 
persons  of  either 
sex  devoted  to 
religion  and  cel- 
ibacy, and  gov- 
erned by  an 
abbot  or  abbess 
(which        see). 

Royal  and  imperial 
abbeys  were  depen- 
dent on  the  supreme 
civil  authority  in 
their  temporal  ad- 
ministration; others 
were  episcopal,  etc. 
In  exempt  abbeys, 
tlie  abbot  or  abbess 
is  subject  not  to  the 
bishop  of  the  dio- 
cese, but  directly  to 
the  pope. 

2.  The  build- 
Plan  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Germain-des-Pr&i,  ings  of  a  mon- 
Paris,  in  the  I3th  century.  astcry  Or  COn- 
A.  church:  B,  cloister ;  C.  city  gate  ;  D.  ,^_„i  .  cr^mo 
counto'  ^ate,  or  Porte  Papale  ;  E,  chapter-  VeUt  ,  SOme- 
house,  with  dormitories  above;  F.  Chapel  tinip«  in  Tiflrtlp- 
of  the  Virgin ;  G,  refectory  ;  B.  cellare  and  "nies,  m  panic 
presses;  I.  abbot's  lodging;  K.  ditches;!-.  ulaT,  the  hOUSe 
gardens ;  M,  various  dependencies.  set  apart  f  Or  the 

residence  of  the  abbot  or  abbess.  After  the  sup- 
pression of  the  English  monasteries  by  Henry  VIII.  msuiy 
of  the  abbatial  buildings  were  converted  into  private 
dwellings,  to  which  the  name  abbey  is  still  applied,  as,  for 
example,  Newstead  Abbey,  the  residence  of  Lord  Byron. 

3.  A  church  now  or  formerly  attached  to  a 
monastery  or  convent:  as,  Westminster  Abbey. 
—  4.  Iu  Scotland,  the  sanctuary  formerly  af- 
for<led  by  the  abbey  of  HohTood  Palace,  as 
having  been  a  royal  residence. 

abbey"  (ab'c1,  «.  [Prob.  a  modification  of 
abele,  q.  v.,  in  simulation  of  abbey^.]  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  white  jioplar,  Pojiulus 
alba.     [Eng.] 


obverse.  Reverse. 

Abbey-counter,  in  the  British  Museum. 


al)be7-counter 

abbey-counter  (al>'o-koun"tor),  n.  [<.ahhci/l 
+  counter^. i  A  kind  of  mcilal,  stainpotl  with 
sacred  embieins,  tlio  arms  of  an  abbey,  or 
other  device,  given  to  a  piit^rim  as  a  token  of 
his  having  visited  the  shrine ;  a  kind  of  pil- 
grim's sign  (which  see,  under  ;i//;/W;h)- 

abbey-laird  (al)'e-lard),  u.  liahhci/'^  (in  rcf. 
to  tlie  al)bey  of  Holyrood)  +  hiird,  |)roprietor.  ] 
In  Scothmd,  a  name  humorously  applied  to  an 
insolvent  debtor  w^ho  escaped  his  creditors  by 
taking  refuge  within  the  legal  sanctuary  for- 
merly constituted  by  the  precincts  of  Holy- 
rood  Abbey. 

abbey-land  (ab'o-land),  n.  [<  abbei/^  +  land.l 
An  estate  in  laud  annexed  to  an  abbey. 

abbey-lubber  (ali'e-lub'er),  n.  liahbcii'^  + 
lubber. 1  An  old  term  of  contempt  for  an  able- 
bodied  idler  who  grow  sleek  and  fat  upon  the 
charity  of  religious  houses:  also  sometimes 
applied  to  monks. 

This  is  no  huge,  overgrown  ithhnj-lnhhfr, 

Drifdt'u,  Spixnish  l-'iiar,  iii.  3. 

abbot  (ab'ot),  H.  [<ME.  abbof,  rtjftorf,  <  AS. 
abbot,  usually  abbot},  ahbiul,  <  L.  abbdtcm,  ace. 
of  abbas,  an  abbot,  <  L.  abba,  father:  see 
o66al.]  1.  Literally,  father :  a  title  originally 
given  to  any  monk,  but  afterward  limited  to 
the  head  or  superior  of  a  monastery,  it  was 
formerly  especially  ust-d  in  tlie  order  of  St.  lieneitict, 
rector  being  employed  hy  the  .lesuits,  fiuardianwi  hy  the 
Franciscans,  prior  by  tlie  IJoniinicans,  and  archimandrite 
or  hfijianiu'iios  by  the  Greek  and  Oriental  churches,  to 
designate  the  same  office.  Originally  the  abbots,  like  the 
monks,  were  usually  laymen  ;  later  they  were  required  to 
be  in  holy  orders.  They  were  at  first  subject  to  the  bisliop 
of  the  diucese :  but  in  the  contentions  between  the  bishops 
and  abbots  the  latter  in  many  cases  gradually  acquired 
exemption  from  jurisdiction  of  the  bishops  and  became 
subject  to  the  pope  directly,  or  to  an  ahbot-fjcmral,  or 
archabbot,  who  exercised  a  supervision  over  several  asso- 
ciated abbeys.  As  the  influence  of  the  religious  orders 
Increased,  tlie  power,  dignity,  and  wealth  of  the  abbots 
increased  proportionally  ;  many  of  them  liehi  rank  as  tem- 
poral lords,  and,  as  iiiiteiL-il  aliln.ts,  exercised  certain  epis- 
copal functions  in  the  territory  stirruundiTii;  their  monas- 
teries. In  the  reign  of  Henry  \'in.  twenty-six  abbots  sat 
In  the  House  of  Lords.  Until  the  sixth  century  abbots 
were  chosen  from  the  monks  by  the  bishop  ;  since  that 
time  they  have  been  generally  elected  by  the  nmnks  them- 
selves, ordinarily  for  life.  In  some  instances,  where  the 
administration  of  the  revenues  of  an  abliey  fell  under  the 
civil  authority,  the  conferring  of  tlie  iieiie'tice,  and  there- 
fore the  nomiiiatioii  of  the  abhut,  lame  into  the  hands  of 
the  teilliioral  so\ereign,  a  practice  variously  regulated  by 
concordats  witli  the  different  countries.  The  right  of 
confirmatiim  varies:  the  solemn  benediction  of  an  abbot 
ordinarily  belniiiis  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  occasion- 
ally to  the  head  abbot,  or  to  a  special  bishop  chosen  by 
the  abbot  elect.  In  some  instances  of  exempt  abbeys  it 
has  been  conferred  hy  the  pope  in  person. 

2.  In  later  usage,  loosely  applied  to  the  holder 
of  one  of  certain  non-monastic  offices.  (n)The 
principal  of  a  body  of  parochial  clergy,  as  an  Episcopal 
rector,  {b)  A  cathedral  othcer  at  Toledo,  Spain,  (c)  In 
the  middle  ages,  the  head  of  various  guilds,  associations, 
and  popular  assemblages :  as,  abbot  of  bell-ringei"s ;  the 
abbot  of  misrule. 

3.  A  title  retained  in  Hanover,  Wtlrtemberg, 
Brunswick,  and  Schleswig-Holstein  by  the 
heads  of  certain  Protestant  institutions  to 
■which  the  property  of  various  abbeys  was 
transferred  at  tlio  Reformation.  See  abbess, 
2.— -Abbot  of  abbots,  a  title  formerlv  conferred  upon 
the  abbot  of  the  ori-iiial  I'.eunlietine  lii.>iiastiry  of  Jlonte 

Cassino.— Abbot  of  misrule  tin  Kiiulaiid).  abbot  of  un- 
reason (in  .Scotland),  the  ]ier»oiraL;e  win.  took  the  principal 
part  in  the  Christmas  revels  of  tlie  impulaee  before  the  Ref- 
ormation.—Abbot  Of  the  people  (abbas  populi).  (a) 
From  1270  to  1389,  the  nominal  chief  inauistrate  of  the 
republic  of  Genoa,  (h)  Tbc  chief  maLzi^fiafe  of  the  Geno- 
ese in  Galata.— Abbot  of  yellow-beaks,  oi  freshmen, 
a  mock  title  at  the  I'niversity  of  Paris.  -  Cardinal  ab- 
\tOt,  a  title  borne  by  the  abliots  of  Cliiny  and  \'endoine, 
who  were  cjojffcio  cardinals.  — Mitered  abbot,  an  abbot 
who  has  the  privilege  of  using  tile  insignia  and  exercising 
certain  of  the  functions  of  a  bishop.— Regular  abbot, 
an  abbot  duly  elected  and  contliiiied,  and  exercising 
the  functions  of  the  othce.  —  Secular  abbot,  a  person 
who  is  not  a  monk,  but  holds  an  abbacy  as  an  ecclesi- 
astical benefice  with  the  title  and  some  of  the  revenues 
and  honors  of  the  office.  See  def.  ;{,  abtive. — Titular  ab- 
bot, a  person  possessing  the  title  but  not  exercising  the 
fimctions  of  an  abbot,  as  when  an  abbey  had  iieen  con- 
fiscated or  given  in  commcndam.  See  afoi'c'.  —  Triennial 
abbot,  an  abbot  appointeil  for  three  years  instead  of,  as 
ordinarily,  for  iTfe.  =Syn.  Abbot,  Prior.     See  prior. 

abbotcy  (ab'ot-si),  H.  [<  a66o<  + -c^.]  Same  as 
abbaci/,     [Rare.] 

abbotesst,  «•  [<ME.  abbatesse,  -isse,<  AS.  ab- 
bodesse,  -isse,  abbiidisse,  abbudisse,  <  ML.  abba- 
dissa,  prop,  ahbutissa  (>ult.  abbess,  q.  v.), 
<  abbas  (abbot-)  +  fern,  -issa.'i  An  abbess.  Also 
written  abbatesse. 

Abbots,  Abbotcsties,  Presbyters,  and  Deacons.       Setden. 
And  at  length  became  abbatesse  there. 

llotinslied,  Chron. 

abbot-general  (ab'ot-.ien 'e-ral),  H.  The  head 
of  a  congregation  of  monasteries. 

abbotsbip  (ab'ot-ship),  n.  l<  abbot  +  shijj.'] 
The  state  or  office  of  an  abbot. 


abbozzo  (ab-bot's6),  n.  [It.,  also  abbmzato, 
sketch,  outline,  <  abbozsare,  to  sketch,  deline- 
ate, also  bozzare,  <  bozzu,  blotch,  rough  draff, 
=:Pr.  bossa  (>F.  basse),  swelling,  <  OlKi.  bozo, 
a  bundle :  see  boss^  and  beat.']  The  dead  or 
first  coloring  laid  on  a  picture  after  the  sketcli 
lias  been  blocked  in.  Mrs.  Mcrriftelil,  Ancient 
Practice  of  Painting  (1K49),  I.  ccc. 

abbr.  A  comruou  abbreviation  of  abbreviated 
and  <ililiri  riation. 

abbreuvoir,  «.    See  abreuvoir. 

abbreviate  (a-bro'vi-at),  f.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  ab- 
hreritiled,  p[ir.  alibrei'iatinii.  [<  LL.  obbreriafiis, 
pp.  of  ahbreriare,  shorten,  <  ad-,  to,  -t-  briris, 
short.  The  same  li.  verli,  through  the  F.,  lias 
become   E.   aliridije :   see    ahrid(je   and   brief.  ] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  make  briefer;  abridge;  make 
shorter liy  contraction  or  omission  of  a  part: 
as,  to  abbreriato  a  writing  or  a  word. — 2.  In 
math.,  to  reduce  to  the  lowest  terms,  as  frac- 
tious. =  Syn.  1.  To  shorten,  curtail,  abridge,  epitomize, 
reduce,  compress,  condense,  cut  down. 

II.   intrans.   To  practise  or  use  abbreviation. 

It  is  one  thing  to  abbreviate  by  contracting.'another  by 
cutting  off.  Bacon,  Essays,  xxvi. 

abbreviate  ( a-bre'vi-at  ),a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  abbre- 
eiatKs  :  see  abbreriate,  r.']    I.  a.  Abbreviated. 
II.  11.  An  abridgment ;  an  abstract. 
The  Speaker,  taking  the  Bill  in  his  hand,  reads  the  Ab- 
breviate or  Alistract  of  the  said  liill. 

Chambertai/m,  State  of  Great  Britain. 

abbreviately   (a-bre'vi-at-li),   adv.     Briefly. 

[Kare.] 

The  sweete  smacke  that  Yarmouth  Andes  in  it  .  .  . 
abbreviattj/  and  raeetely  according  to  my  old  Sarum  plaine- 
song  I  have  harpt  upon. 

A'ashe,  Lenten  Stuffe  (Hail.  Xlisc,  VI.  lG-.i). 

abbreviation  (a-bre-vi-a'shon),  n.  [=  F.  abre- 
eialioii,  <  LL.  aljbreviatio(n-),<.abbreriarc :  see 
abbreviate,  r.]  1.  The  act  of  abbreviating, 
shortening,  or  contracting  ;  the  state  of  being 
abbreviated ;  abridgment. 

This  book,  as  graver  authors  say,  was  called  Liber 
Donius  Dei,  and,  by  abbreviation,  Domesday  Book. 

Sir  W.  Temple,  Introd.  to  Hist,  of  Eng. 

2.  A  shortened  or  contracted  form ;  a  part 
used  for  the  whole.  Specifically,  a  part  of  a  word, 
phrase,  or  title  so  used  :  a  syllable,  generally  the  hiitial 
syllable,  used  for  the  whole  word ;  a  letter,  or  a  series  of 
letters,  standing  for  a  word  or  words  :  as,  Esq.  for  esquire ; 
A.  D.  for  Anno  Domini  ;  F.  R.  S.  tov  Fellow  of  ttie  Royal 
Society. 

3.  In  math.,  a  reduction  of  fractions  to  the  low- 
est terms. — 4.  In  music,  a  method  of  notation 
by  means  of  which  certain  repeated  notes, 
chords,  or  passages  are  indicated  without  be- 
ing written  out  in  full.  There  are  various  forms 
of  abbreviation,  the  most  common  of  which  are  here 
shown : 


Written. 


^1 


»Eja;35g3ri53:3Sf 


=  SyTl.  2.  Abbreviation,  Contraction.    Xi\  abbreviation  o(i\ 
word  is  strictly  a  part  of  it,  generally  the  first  letter  or 


abdest 

syllabic,  taken  for  the  whole,  with  no  Indication  of  the  re- 
maining portion:  as,  A.I),  for  Anno  Domini;  Gen.  for 
tirn,.ii.i  ;  niiilli.  for-  iiuith,  , unties  ;  Alex,  tor  Alexander.     A 

ciiiilnirticii.  orj  tl tber  hanil,  is  made  by  the  elision  of 

certain  letters  or  syllables  fr<im  the  body  of  the  word, 
but  in  sueb  a  inaiiiier  as  to  indicate  the  whole  word:  as, 
reeil.  pa;it.  or  ne'd  jiay't  for  received  ^layment ;  contd.  for 
eontraeled  or  continued:  ]Vm.  h»r  William.  In  common 
usage,  hiiwevcr,  tliis  dislinction  is  not  always  observed. 

abbrevlatio  placitorum  (a-lire-vi-a'shi-o  plas- 
i-to'rum).  [ML.]  Literiilly,  an  abridgment 
of  the  pleas  ;  a  brief  report  "of  law-cases  ;  spe- 
cifically, notes  of  cases  decided  in  the  reign  of 
King. John,  which  constitute  the  earliest  Eng- 
lish law-reports,  and  embody  tlie  germs  and 
early  developments  of  the  common  law. 

abbreviator  (a-bre'vi-a-tor),  «.  [<  ML.  ab- 
.breriolor, <.hlj.    abbreviare  :  see  alibreriate,  v.] 

1.  One  who  abbreviates,  abridges,  or  reduces 
to  a  smaller  compass ;  specifically,  one  who 
abridges  what  has  been  written  by  another. 

Neither  the  archbishop  nor  his  abltreviator. 

.Sir  If.  Hamilton,  Logic. 

2.  One  of  a  number  of  secretaries  in  the  chan- 
cery of  the  pope  who  abbreviate  petitions  ac- 
cording to  certain  established  and  technical 
rules,  and  draw  up  the  minutes  of  the  apostolic 
letters.  They  formerly  numbered  72,  of  whom  the  12  prin- 
cipal were  styleil  de  majori  ]>arco  (literally,  of  the  greater 
parquet,  from  the  parquet  in  the  chancery  where  they 
wrote)  and  22  others  de  minori  parco(o(  the  lesser  par- 
quet), the  remainder  being  of  lower  rank.  The  number  is 
now  reduced  to  11,  all  de  majori  parco.  They  sign  the 
apostolic  bulls  in  the  name  of  the  cardinal  vice-chancellor. 
The  abbreviator  of  the  curia  is  a  prelate  not  lielonging  to 
the  above  college,  but  attached  to  the  office  of  the  apos- 
tolic datary  (see(/n/rtr//2);  he  expedites  bulls  relating  to 
pontifical  laws  and  constitutions,  as  for  the  canonization 
of  saints,  and  the  like. 

abbreviatory  (a-bre'\'i-a-t9-ri),  a.  [<  abbre- 
viate +  -ort/.']  Abbreviating  or  tending  to 
abbreviate  ;  shortening  ;  contracting. 

abbreviaturet  (a-bre'vi-a-tur),  «.  [<  abbreviate 
+ -ure.'i  1.  A  letter  or  character  used  as  an 
abbreviation. 

The  hand  of  Providence  writes  often  by  abbreviatures, 
hieroglyphics,  or  short  characters. 

Sir  r.  Browne,  Christ,  llor.,  §  25. 

2.  -An  abridgment ;  a  compendium. 

This  is  an  excellent  abbreviature  of  the  whole  duty  of  a 
Christian.  Jer.  Taylor,  Guide  to  Devotion. 

abbrochmentt  (a-broch'ment),  H.  [<  ML.  abro- 
caiuentum,  appar.  formed  from  stem  of  E.  brok- 
age,  brok-er,  etc.  ]  The  act  of  forestalling  the 
market  or  monopolizing  goods.  EiToneously 
spelled  abroaehment. 

abb-wool  (ab'wul),  n.  1.  Wool  for  the  abb  or 
warp  of  a  web.  —  2.  A  variety  of  wool  of  a 
certain  fineness.     See  abb. 

a-b-C  (a-be-ce).  [ME.  <(fcc;  as  a  word,  spelled 
variously  abece,  apece,  ajieeij,  apsie,  apcie,  absee, 
absie,  abseij,  abeesee,  etc.,  especial!}'  for  a  primer 
or  spelling-book ;  in  comp.,  absey-bool;  etc.  Cf. 
abecedarian  and  alphabet.']  1.  The  first  three 
letters  of  the  alphabet ;  hence,  the  alphabet. 
—  2.  An  a-b-e  book;  a  primer.  — A-b-c  book,  a 
primer  for  teaching  the  alphabet. 

Abd  (abd).  [At.  'abd,  a  slave,  servant.]  A 
common  element  in  Arabic  names  of  persons, 
meaning  servant :  as,  Abdallah,  servant  of 
God  ;  Abd-el-Kader,  servant  of  the  Mighty  One; 
Abd-ul-Latif  (commonly  written  Jbdullutif  or 
Abdallatif),  servant  of  the  (iracious  One. 

abdalavi,  abdelavl  (ab-da-,  ab-de-la've\  n. 
[Ar.]  The  native  name  of  the  hairy  melon  of 
Egypt,  a  varietv  of  the  muskmelon,  Cucumis 
Melo. 

Abderian  (ab-de'ri-an\  a.  [<L.  Abdera,  <Gr. 
"Ai3d!/pa,  a  town  in  Thrace,  birthplace  of  De- 
mocritus,  called  the  laughing  philosopher.] 
Pertaining  to  the  towTi  of  Abdera  or  its  inhabi- 
tants ;  resembling  or  recalling  in  some  way 
the  philosopher  Democritus  of  Abdera  (see 
Abderite);  hence,  given  to  incessant  or  con- 
tinued laughter. 

Abderite  (ab'de-rit),  n.  [<  L.  Abderita,  also 
Abderites,  <  Gr.  WflitjpiTJi^,  <  "Afiir/pa,  L.  Ab- 
dera.] 1.  An  inhabitant  of  Abdera,  an  ancient 
maritime  town  in  Thrace.— 2.  A  stupid  per- 
son, the  inhabitants  of  Abdera  having  bgen 
proverbial  for  their  stupidity —  The  Abderite, 
Democritus  of  .Abdera.  born  almut  4r.n  ii.  c.  ami  the  most 
learned  of  the  Greek  j.bilosi. pliers  prior  to  .\ristotte.  He 
was.  with  Leucippus,  the  founder  of  the  atomic  oi- atomis- 
tic philosophy  (see  H^o/l(V),  theJirst  attempt  at  a  cnnplete 
mechanical  interpretation  of  physical  and  jisycbical  phe- 
nomena. The  tradition  that  Democritus  alwa.vs  laughed 
at  the  follies  of  mankind  gained  for  him  the  title  of  the 
laughing  philosopher.  Fragments  of  some  of  his  numer- 
ous works  have  been  preserved. 

abdest  (ab'dest),  n.  [Per.  dbdast,  <  db,  water, 
-t-  dast,  hand.]  Purification  or  ablution  before 
prayer :  a  Mohammedan  rite. 


Abdevenham 

Abdevenham  (nii-iliv'ii-iiaiii),  ».    In  asirol., 

the  lii'iul  of  the  twelfth  house  in  a  scheme  of 

the  lu'uvens. 
abdicable  (ab'di-ka-W),  a.     [<L.  as  if  'abdi- 

nihilix,  <.itlitlic<irc:"seo  abdicate.']    Capable  of 

iM'iiig  abdioiitod. 
abdicant    (abMi-kant),  n.   and  ii.     [<L.  abdi- 

C(iii\t-)s,  ppr.  <if  (ihdicarc  :  see  abdicate.']     I.  a. 

Abdicating;  leiiouucing.     [Rare.] 

Alonks  abdu-aiit  nf  tlit'ir  oniers. 

Whil/ock,  Jlaiiiif  rs  of  Eng.  People,  p.  93. 

II.  H.  One  who  abdicates. 
abdicate   (ab'di-kat),  I'.;   pret.  and  pp.  abdi- 

cdkil,  -[^pr.  abdicatiiii).  [<L.  nhdicatiix,  -p^p.  of 
abdican;  renounce,  lit.  i)roflaiin  as  not  belong- 
ing to  one,  <nft,  trom,  +  dicdre,  proclaim,  de- 
clare, akin  to  rfiVeiY,  say.]  I.  tratis.  1.  To  give 
up,  renounce,  abandon,  lay  down,  or  wit  hdraw 
from,  as  a  right  or  claim,  office,  duties,  dignity, 
authority,  and  the  like,  especially  in  a  volun- 
tary, public,  or  formal  manner. 

Tlie  cross-bearers  abtlicated  their  sernce. 

Oibbon,  D.  and  F.,  Ixvii. 

He  (Charles  II.]  w,as  utterly  without  ambition.  He  de- 
tested Imsincss,  and  would  sooner  have  abdicated  his 
crown  than  have  undergone  the  trouble  of  really  direct- 
ing the  administration.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2.  To  discard;  east  away;  take  leave  of:  as, 
to  ahdicate  one's  mental  faculties. — 3.  In  ciril 
law,  to  disclaim  and  expel  from  a  family,  as  a 
child  ;  disinherit  during  lifetime  :  with  a  per- 
sonal subject,  s.i  father, parent. 

The  father  will  disinherit  or  abdicate  his  child,  quite 
cashier  huu. 

Burton,  .4nat.  of  McI.  (To  the  Reader),  I.  86. 

4t.  To  put  away  or  expel ;  banish  ;  renounce 
the  authority  of  ;  dethrone  ;  degrade. 

Scaliger  would  needs  turn  down  Homer,  and  abdicate 
him  after  the  possession  of  three  thousand  years. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Third  Misc. 
=  Syn..  1.  To  resign,  renounce,  give  up,  quit,  vacate,  re- 
linquish, lay  dowu,  abandon,  desert.  (See  list  under  aban- 
don, V.) 

II.  intrans.  To  renounce  or  give  up  some- 
thing; abandon  some  claim;  relinquisli a  right, 
power,  or  trust. 

He  cannot  abdicate  for  his  children,  otherwise  than  by 
his  own  consent  in  form  to  a  bill  from  the  two  houses. 

Swift,  .Sent,  of  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man. 

Don  .Tohn  is  represented  ...  to  have  voluntarily  re- 
stored the  throne  to  his  father,  who  h.ad  once  abdicated  in 
his  favor.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  221. 

abdicated  (ab'di-ka-ted\  j?.  (t.  Self-deposed; 
in  the  state  of  one  who  has  renounced  or  given 
up  a  right,  etc.:  as,  "the  abdicated  Emperor 
of  Austria,"  Howcns,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

abdication  (,ab-di-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L.  abdica- 
tion!-), <.  abdicare  :  see  abdicate.]  The  act  of 
abdicating;  the  giving  up  of  an  office,  power  or 
authority,  right  or  trust,  etc. ;  renunciation ;  es- 
pecially, the  layingdo%Tn  of  a  sovereignty  hith- 
erto inherent  in  the  person  or  in  the  blood. 

The  consequences  drawn  from  these  facts  [were]  that 
they  amounted  to  an  abdication  of  the  government,  which 
abdication  did  not  only  affect  the  person  of  the  king  him- 
self, but  also  of  all  his  heirs,  and  rendered  the  throne 
absolutely  and  completely  vacant.  Blackstone,  Com.,  I.  iii. 
Each  new  mind  we  approach  seems  to  require  an  abdi- 
cation of  all  oiu-  present  and  past  possessions. 

Emcraon,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  311. 

abdicative  (ab'di-ka-tiv), a.  [<.abdicate  +  -ive; 
in  toriii  like  L.  abdicntirus,  negative,  <  abdi- 
care] Causing  or  implying  abdication.  [Rare.] 

abdicator  (ab'di-ka-tor),  «.  [<L.  abdicare: 
see  iitidicate.]    One  wiio  abdicates. 

abditive  (ab'di-tiv),  a.  [<L.  abditirus,  re- 
moved or  seiwratcd  from,  <  ahditiix,  pp.  of 
dbderc,  put  away,  <  ah,  from,  away,  +  -dare  (in 
comp.),  put.]  Having  the  power  or  quality  of 
hiding.     [Rare.] 

abditory  (ab'di-to-ri),  n.  [<ML.  abditoriim, 
<  L.  abdere:  see  abditive.]  A  concealed  reposi- 
tory; a  place  for  hiding  or  preserving  valu- 
aljlcs,  as  goods,  money,  relics,  etc.     [Rare.] 

abdomen  (ab-do'men  or  ab'do-men),»i.  [L., 
of  uncertain  origin ;  perhaps  irreg.  <  abdere, 
put  away,  hide,  conceal :  see  abditire.]  1.  The 
belly ;  that  part  of  the  body  of  a  mammal  which 
lies  between  the  thorax  and  the  pelvis ;  the 
perivisceral  cavity  containing  most  of  the  di- 
gestive and  some  of  the  urogenital  organs  and 
associated  structures,  it  is  bounded  above  by  the 
diaphragm,  which  separates  it  from  the  thoracic  cavity ; 
below  by  the  brim  of  the  jielvie  cavity,  with  which  it  is 
continuous ;  behind  ity  the  vertebral  colunm  and  the 
psoas  and  quadratus  Inmborum  nuiscles ;  in  front  and 
laterally  by  several  lower  ribs,  the  iliac  bones,  and  the 
abdominal  musi-les  proper.  The  walls  of  the  abdomen 
are  lined  with  the  serous  membrane  called  pcriton^'um, 
and  are  externally  invested  with  connnon  mtegument. 
Its  external  surface  is  arbitrarily  divided  into  certain 


Abdomen  of  an  Insect  {/si>- 
soma  horcUi). 


8 

ileflnite  rcRiona,  called  abdominal  rffjions  (ace  abdominal). 
The  prinfipai  L-mitenta  <if  the  abdomen,  in  man  and  other 
mammals,  arc  the  i-nd  of  i\w  esophatrus,  tile  atomaeh,  the 
small  and  most  of  tlie  larf,'o  intestine,  the  liver,  pancreas, 
and  spleen.  Iht-  kidneys,  snprarenal  capsules,  ureters, 
bladtier  (in  part),  ntern.s  (during  pre^rnancy  at  least),  and 
sometimes  the  tcsli<li-s.  with  the  associated  nervous,  vas- 
cular, and  serous  structures.  The  apertures  in  the  ab- 
dominal walls  are,  usually,  several  tlirough  the  diai)hrat,nn, 
for  the  passable  of  the  csophajrus,  nerves,  blnod-vessels, 
and  lymphatics  ;  in  the  eroin,  for  tlie  passage  of  tlie  fem- 
oral vessels  an<l  nerves  and  the  spermatic  cord,  or  the 
round  ligament  of  the  uterus ;  and  at  the  navel,  in  the 
fetus,  for  the  passage  of  the  umbilical  vessels.  _ 
2.  In  vertebrates  below  mammals,  in  which 
there  is  no  diaphragm,  and  the  abdomen  con- 
seciuoTitly  is  not  separated  from  the  thorax,  a 
rejrion  of  the  body  corresponding  to  but  not  co- 
incident with  the  human  abdomen,  and  varying 
in  extent  according  to 
the  configuration  of 
the  body.  Thus,  the  ab- 
domen of  a  serpent  is  coex- 
tensive with  the  under  side 
of  the  body  from  head  to 
tail ;  and  in  descriptive 
ornithology  "pectus  is  re- 
stricted to  the  swelling  an- 
terior part  of  the  gastrseum, 
which  we  call  belly  or  ab- 
domen as  soon  as  it  begins  to 
straighten  out  and  flatten." 
Coufs,  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  D6. 

3,  In  entom.,  the  hind 
body,  the  posterior  one 
of  the  three  parts  of  a 
perfect  insect,  united 
with  the  thorax  by 
a  slender  connecting 
portion,  and  containing  the  greater  part  of  the 
digestive  apparatus,  it  is  divided  into  a  number  of 
rings  or  segments,  typically  eleven  (or  ten,  as  in  Hpmen- 
optera  and  L'-/n,h,f,t>:r(i),  vn  the  sides  of  which  are  small 
respiratory  stigmata,  or  spiracles. 
4.  In  Arthnqiotla  other  than  insects,  the  cor- 
responding hinder  part  of  the  body,  however 
distinguished  from  the  thorax,  as  the  tail  of  a 
lobster  or  the  apron  of  a  crab. —  5.  In  ascid- 
iaus  (Ttinicata)j  a  special  posterior  portion 
of  the  l)ody,  situated  behind  the  great  pharyn- 
geal cavity,  and  containing  most  of  the  ali- 
mentary canal. 

In  .  .  .  niost  of  the  compound  Ascidians,  the  greater 
part  of  the  alimentary  canal  lies  altogether  beyond  the 
branchial  sac,  in  a  backward  prolongation  of  the  body 
which  has  been  termed  tlie  abdomen,  and  is  often  longer 
than  all  the  rest  of  the  body. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  517. 

abdominal  (ab-dom'i-nal),  a.  and  ??.    [<  NL.  ab- 
dominaliSj  ih.  abdomen:  see  abdomen. '\     I,  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to 
the  abdomen  or 
"belly ;  situated 
in  or  on  tiie 
abdomen :  as, 
abdominal  ven- 
tral fins. —  2.  In 
ichth.j  having 
ventral  fins  un- 
der the  abdomen 

Abdominal  Fish,  with  ventral  behind  pec-  and     about     the 

"''^^^''-  middle    of    the 

body :  as,  an  abdominal  fish.  See  Abdomiua!es. 
—  Abdominal  aorta,  in  man  and  other  mammals,  that 
portion  of  the  aorta  between  its  passage  through  the  dia- 
phragm and  its  bifurcation  into  the  iliac  arteries. —  Ab- 
dominal apertures,  see  «6- 
domen,  1.— Abdominal  fins,  in 
ichth.,  ventral  lins  when  situated 
behind  the  pectoral  fins.— Ab- 
dominal legs,  in  entom.,  false 
legs  ui- 1  trop-legs  of  the  abdomen  of 
in.st;cts.  In  hexapodous  insects 
they  are  soft,  fleshy,  inarticulate, 
and  deciduous.  There  may  be  as 
many  as  eight  pairs,  or  only  a  single 
pair,  or  none.  The  spinnerets  of 
spiders,  though  abdominal  in  posi- 
tion, are  regarded  as  homologous 
with  the  jointed  legs  of  higher 
insects.— Abdominal  line,  in 
human  anat.:  (a)  The  white  line 
Oineaalba)orleiiL;th\visc  mid-line 
of  union  of  the  abduniiiKiI  muscles 
along  the  front  of  the  belly,  and  Torso  Belvedere,  showing 
one  of  several  cross-hnes  mter-  "chccker.board"  appcar- 
seeting  the  course  of  the  rectus  ance. 
nmscle.  The  exaggeration  of  these 

lines  in  art  gives  the  "  checker-board  "  appearance  of  the 
abdomen  in  statuary,  (b)  pi.  Certain  imaginary  lines 
drawn  to  divide  the  surface  of  the  abdomen  into  regions, 
as  given  below.  — Abdominal  pore,  in  some  fishes,  an 
aperture  in  the  lielly  eoniu-itt-d  with  the  sexual  function. 

This  [the  ovariunil,  in  some  few  fishes,  sheds  its  ova,  as 
soon  as  they  are  ripened,  into  the  i>eritoncal  cavity, 
whence  they  escape  by  abdominal  jxtrey,  which  place  that 
cavity  in  direct  communication  with  the  exterior. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  95. 
Abdominal  reflex,  a  superficial  reflex  consisting  of  a 
contraction  in  the  andominal  nmscles  when  the  skin  over 
the  abdomen  iu  the  mammary  line  is  Btlmulatud, — Ab* 


a  a,  horizontal  line  through  the 
cartilage  of  the  ninth  rib;  *  *, 
horizontal  line  touching  the  high- 
est parts  of  the  iliac  crests ;  c  c, 
verticfal  lines  drawn  through  the 
middle  of  Poupart' s  ligament, 
on  either  side;  i.  epigastric  re- 
gion ;  2,  umbilical  region ;  3. 
hypogastric  region ;  4  A,  hypo- 
chondriac regions;  55,  lumbar 
regions ;  6  6,  iliac  regions. 


abdominous 

dominal  regrions,  in  Imman  anat..  certain  regions  Into 
which  the  abd<tmen  is  arbitrarily  <lividod  for  the  purpose 
of  mapping  its  sm-face  with 
reference  to  the  viscera 
which  lie  beneath  these  re- 
gions respectively.  Twoliori- 
zontal  parallel  lines  being 
drawn  around  tiie  body,  one 
(rt  a)  crossing  the  cartilage  of 
the  ninth  rib,  the  other  (6  6) 
crossing  the  highest  point  of 
the  iliac  bone,  the  abdominal 
surface  is  divided  into  three 
zones,  an  ui)i>er,  a  middle, 
and  a  lower,  re8j)ectively 
called  epiganiric,  vwbilical, 
and  hypof/astric.  Each  of 
these  issu^jdivided  intotliree 
parts  by  two  vertical  lines 
{c  c),  each  drawn  through  the 
middle  of  Pouiiart's  liga- 
ment. The  central  part  of 
the  epigastric  zone  (1)  re- 
tains the  name  of  epi(iastric  ; 
its  lateral  portions  (4  4)  are 
tlie  right  and  left  hypochon- 
driac regions;  the  middle 
part  of  the  umbilical  (2)  is 
called  the  umbilical  region, 
while  its  lateral  portions  (5  5) 
are  the  ri<jht  and  lej't  lumbar 
regions ;  the  middle  portion 
of  the  hypogastric  zone  (3)  is 
called  the  hyporjastric  region, 
but  sometimes  the  jnibic  re- 
gion, while  its  lateral  por- 
tions (66)  are  called  the  right 
and  left  iliac  (or  inguinal) 
regions.  The  adjoining  region  of  the  thigh,  below  the  fold 
of  the  groin,  is  properly  excluded.— Abdominal  respi- 
ration, that  tj-pe  of  respiration  in  which  the  action  of  the 
diaphragm,  and  consequently  the  movement  of  the  abdo- 
men, is  most  marked  :  contrasted  with  thoracic  or  costal 
respiration.—  AbdominaX  ribs,  in  hcrpet.,  a  series  of 
transverse  ossiiirati'iiis  in  the  wall  of  the  abdomen  of 
some  reptiles,  as  Liiimsaurs  and  crocodiles;  in  the  latter 
the  series  consists  of  seven  ou  each  side,  lying  superficial 
to  the  recti  muscles.  They  are  quite  distinct  from  true 
ribs,  and  considered  by  some  to  be  dermal  ossifications, 

Abthminal  dermal  Hbs  are  developed  in  some  species 
[of  Dinosauria],  if  not  in  all.  Huxley,  Anat.  Yert.,  p.  227. 
Abdominal  ring,  in  anat.  :  (a)  Internal,  an  oval  open- 
ing in  the  fascia  of  the  transversalis  abdominis  (trans- 
verse muscle  of  the  abdomen),  about  midway  between  the 
superior  iliac  spine  and  the  pubic  spine,  and  half  an  inch 
above  Pouparfs  ligament,  (b)  Externtil,  a  similar  oblong 
opening  in  the  fascia  of  the  obliquus  externus  abdominis 
(external  oblique  muscle  of  the  abdomen),  further  down 
and  nearer  the  mid-line  of  the  body.  These  rings  are 
respectively  the  inlet  and  outlet  of  the  inguinal  canal. 
Also  called  inguinal  rings. —  Abdominal  scutella,  in 
herpet.,  the  short,  wide,  imbricated  scales  whieli  lie  along 
the  belly  of  a  serpent  from  chin  to  anus.— Abdominal 
segments,  in  entom.,  etc.,  the  individual  somites  or  rings 
of  which  the  abdomen  of  an  insect,  a  cnistacean,  etc.,  is 
or  may  be  composed.— Abdominal  vertebrae,  in  ichth., 
all  the  vertebrce  behind  the  head  which  have  ribs  or  rib- 
like pri.ire^^ses  arching  over  the  visceral  eavity.— Abdom- 
inal viscera,  those  organs,  collectively  considered,  which 
are  situated  in  the  abdomen,  being  especially  those  of  the 
digestive  system.  See  abdomen,  1. 
II,  H.  One  of  the  Abdominales  (which  see). 
Abdominales  (ab-dom-i-na'lez\  H.  }d.  [NL., 
pi.  of  (didominalis:  see  abdominal,']  1.  A 
name  introduced  into  the  ichthyologieal  sys- 
tem of  Linnteus^  and  variously  applied :  («)  by 
Linnaeus,  as  an  ordmal  name  for  all  osseous  fishes  with 
abdominal  ventrals  ;  (/»)  Viy  Cuvier,  as  a  subordinal  name 
for  all  those  malacopterygian  osseous  fishes  which  have 
abdominal  ventrals;  (c)  by  J.  MiiJler,  as  a  subordinal 
name  foitliose  malacopterygian  fishes  which  liave  abdom- 
iii:il  ventrals  and  also  a  pneumatic  duct  between  the 
ail  bbulder  and  intestinal  canal.  The  name  has  also  been 
applied  to  other  groups  varyiiii:  more  or  less  from  the 
preceding.  Thesalmonidsaii'ltlie  diipeids  orherringfam- 
ily  are  typical  representati\  es  in  all  the  above  divisions. 
2.  A  section  of  the  coleopterous  family 
CarabidWj  proposed  by  Latreille  for  beetles 
with  the  abdomen  enlarged  in  proportion  to 
the  thorax. 
Abdominalia  (ab-dom-i-na'li-Ji\  n.  pi  [NL. 
(sc.  animalioy  animals),  neut.  pi.  of  abdomi- 
nalis :  see  abdominal']  An  order  of  cirriped 
crustaceans,  having  a  segmented  hody,  three 
pairs  of  abdominal  limbs,  no  thoracic  limbs,  a 
flask-shaped  carapace,  an  extensive  mouth, 
two  eyes,  and  the  sexes  distinct.  The  members 
of  the  order  all  burrow  in  shells.  Two  families  are  recog- 
nized, Cryj'fi-fhiaNdtT  aiiil  Alcifpidce. 

The  whnb-  family  of  the  Ahdominalia,  a  name  proposed 

by  Darwin,  if  I  am  not  mistaken,  have  the  sexes  separate. 

Beneden,  An.  Parasites.    (N.  E.  D.) 

abdominally  (ab-dom'i-nal-i),  adv.  On  or  in 
the  abdomen;  toward  the  abdomen, 
abdominoscopy  (ab-dom-i-nos'ko-pi),  «.  [<L. 
ab<hmcn  (-min-)  +  Gr.  -CKorria^KaKO-eiv,  look  at, 
view.]  In  tncd.y  examination  of  the  abdomen 
for  the  detection  of  disease. 
abdominous  (ab-dom'i-nus),  a.  l<  abdomen 
(-mill-)  +  -ons.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
abdomen;  abdominal. — 2.  HaWng  a  largo 
belly;  pot-bellied.     [Rare.] 

(Jorgonius  sits  abdominous  and  wan, 
like  a  fat  squab  upon  a  Chinese  fan. 

Couyer,  Prog,  of  Err. 


abduce 

abduce  (ab-dus'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abduced, 
ppr.  abducin<i.  [<  L.  abduccn;  <  nh,  away, 
+  diicerc,  lead:  soo  rfwc/i/c]  If.  To  draw  or 
lead  away  l)y  persuasion  or  arguinenl. — 2.  To 
lead  away  or  earry  off  by  improper  means; 
abduct.  [Rare.] — St.  To  draw  away  or  aside, 
as  by  tbe  action  of  an  abductor  muscle. 

If  we  ahtluo:  the  eye  unt<j  either  corner,  tlie  object  will 
not  (liiplicatc.  Sir  T.  Itrnwiu.,  Vulg,  Krr.,  iii.  to. 

abducens  (ab-dii'senz),  n. ;  pi.  abduccnhs 
(-sou'tez).  [L.  :  soo  abducent,  o.]  In  ancit., 
one  of  the  si.\th  pair  of  cranial  nerves:  so 
called  because  it  is  the  motor  nerve  of  the 
rectus  externus  (external  straight)  muscle  of 
the  eye,  which  turns  the  eyeball  outward. 

abducent  (ah-dii'sent),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  (ibdii- 
<•(■«('-)■''■,  IH"''  ^'^  abduccrc,  draw  away:  see  ab- 
(/«(¥.]  I.  rt.  Drawing  away;  pulling  aside.  In 
anat.,  speeillcully  applied  —  («)  to  those  muscles  which 
draw  certain  parts  of  the  body  away  from  the  a,xial  line 
of  the  trunk  or  of  a  limb,  in  contradistinction  to  the  ad- 
ducent mtuicifs  or  a<hhi,-t<n-s :  {!>)  to  motor  nerves  which 
effect  this  action.— Abducent  nerves,  the  sixth  pair  of 
cranial  nerves;  the  abducentes. 
U.  n.  That  which  abducts  ;  an  abducens. 

abduct  (ab-dukf),  r.  t.  [<L.  ahductus,  pp.  of 
aWKi'O'fi,  lead  away :  see  «i(?HCr.]  1.  To  lead 
away  or  carry  off  surreptitiously  or  by  force  ; 
kidnap. 

The  tliins  is  self-evident,  that  his  Majesty  has  been 
abdiu-tfd  or  spirited  away,  "enlev^y"  by  some  person  or 
persons  unknown.  Carhjh:,  French  Rev.,  II.  iv.  4. 

2.  In  plii/niol.,  to  move  or  draw  away  (a  limb) 
from  the  axis  of  the  body,  or  (a  digit)  from  the 
axis  of  the  limb  :  opposed  to  adduct. 

abduction  (ab-duk'shon),  n.  [<  L.  abductio(n-), 
< abduccrc:  see  abduce.']  1.  The  act  of  abdu- 
cing  or  abducting,  (a)  In  lau;  the  act  of  illegally 
leading  away  or  carrying  off  a  person ;  more  especially, 
the  taking  or  carrying  away  of  a  wife,  a  child,  a  ward,  or 
a  voter  by  fraud,  persuasion,  or  open  violence,  (t)  In 
pki/siol.,  the  action  of  the  muscles  in  drawing  a  limb  or 
other  part  of  the  body  away  from  the  a.xis  of  the  body  or 
of  the  limb,  as  when  the  arm  is  lifted  fn.im  the  side,  or  the 
thumb  is  bent  aw.ay  from  the  axis  of  the  arm  or  the 
middle  line  of  the  liand.  (c)  In  surg.,  the  receding  from 
each  other  of  the  extremities  of  a  fractured  bone. 
2.  [<  NL.  abdiictio,  a  word  used  by  Giulio  Paeio 
(1550-1G35),  in  translating  a-ayuy!)  in  the  25th 
chapter  of  the  second  book  of  Ai'istotle's  Prior 
Analytics,  in  place  of  deductio  and  reductio, 
previously  employed.]  In  logic,  a  syllogism  of 
which  the  major  premise  is  evident  or  kno^NTi, 
while  the  minor,  though  not  evident,  is  as  cred- 
ible as  or  more  credible  than  the  conclusion. 
The  term  is  hardly  used  except  in  translations  from  the 
passage  referred  to. 

After  ailverting  to  .another  variety  of  ratiocinative  pro- 
cedure, which  he  calls  Apagoge  or  Abduction  (where  the 
minor  is  hardly  more  evident  than  the  conclusion,  and 
might  sometimes  conveniently  become  a  conclusion  first 
to  be  proved),  Aristotle  goes  on  to  treat  of  objection 
generally.  Grotc,  Aristotle,  vi. 

abductor (ab-duk'tor),  n.  [NL.,  <L.  abduccrc: 
see  abduce]  One  who  or  that  which  abducts. 
Specifieally,  iu  anrtt.  [pi.  abduciorcs  (ab-duk-torez)l,  a 
muscle  which  moves  certain  parts  from  the  axis  of  the 
body  or  of  a  limb  :  as,  the  abductor  pollicis,  a  muscle  which 
pulls  the  thumb  outward  :  opposed  to  adductor.  The 
abductor  muscles  of  the  hmuan  body  are  the  abductor 
l)i>llicis  (abductor  of  the  thumb)  and  abductor  minimi 
digiti  (abductor  of  the  least  digit)  of  the  hand  and  foot 
respectively.  The  first  dorsal  interosseous  muscle  of  the 
human  band  is  sometimes  called  the  abductor  indieis 
(abductor  of  tile  forefinger).  The  abductor  tertii  inter- 
noiliisecundi  digiti  (abductor  of  the  third  internodeof  the 
second  digit)  is  a  jieculiar  nmscle  of  both  hand  and  foot 
of  the  gibbons  (  n>ilnlintis\  arising  from  the  second  meta- 
carpal or  nii*t;it;iisal  bone,  and  inserted  by  a  long  tendon 
int(»  the  preaxial  side  of  the  ungual  internode  of  the  second 
digit.  Tbe  abductor  metacarpi  quinti  (abductor  of  the  fifth 
nietacai-pal)  is  a  nmscle  of  the  hand  in  certain  lizards. 
For  the  abductors  in  human  anatomy,  see  cut  uiuler  uiuscde. 

abe  (a-be'),  V.  i.  [For  be;  prefix  unmeaning, 
or  as  in  «(?().]  Used  in  the  same  sense  as  be. 
Also  spelled  abee — To  let  abe,  to  let  be ;  let  alone. 
Hence,  trt.nbr  is  used  iu  the  sultstantive  sense  of  forbear- 
anix'  or  connivance,  as  in  the  phriise  Ict-abe  for  Ict-abe, 
one  act  of  forbearance  in  return  for  another,  mutual  for- 
bearance. 

I  am  for  tet-abc/or  let-abe.  Scott,  Pirate,  II.  xvii. 

Let  abe,  let  alone ;  not  to  mention ;  far  less :  as,  he 
eouldna  sit,  let  abe  stand.     [Scotch.] 

abeam  (a-bem'),  ^x-fp.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  flS, 
]>rcp.,  on,  +  beam.]  Xaut,,  in  or  into  a  direc- 
tion at  right  angles  to  the  keel  of  a  ship; 
directly  opposite  the  middle  part  of  a  ship's 
side,  and  in  line  with  its  main-beam :  as,  we 
bad  the  wind  abeam. 

The  wind  was  hauling  round  to  the  westward,  and  we 
could  not  take  the  sea  abea  m. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  2.'»7. 

The  sea  went  <lown  toward  night,  and  the  wind  liaulcd 
abeam.  K.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  347. 

abear  (a-bSr'),  i:  t.  [<  ME.  aberen,  <  AS,  dbcran, 
<a-  -t-  heran,  bear  :  see  a-1  and  bear^.]  If.  To 
bear;  behave. 


9 

So  did  tho  Faerie  Knight  hirasclfe  abearr. 

Speiuicr,  V.  Q.,  V.  xii.  ID. 

2.  To  suffer  or  tolerate.  [Provincial  or  vulgar.] 

Itut  if  I  man  doy  I  niun  (loy,  for  I  <;ouldn  abear  to  see  it. 

Tenut/mn,  Northern  Farmer. 

abearance!  (a-bar'aus),  n.  \^<. abear  + -ancc; 
substituted  ior  abcaring,  ME.  abering.]  Be- 
havior ;  demeanor. 

The  other  species  of  recognizances  with  sureties  is  for 
the  gootl  alicarance  or  good  behaviour. 

Btachttonc,  Com.,  IV.  xviii. 

abearingt  (a-biir'ing),  h.  [ME.  «ieri«;/,  verbal 
n.  of  (((«)■(■«,  abear.]     Behavior;  demeanor. 

abscedaria,  ».     Phrral  of  abcccdarium. 

abecedarian(a'be-s6-da'ri-an),«.aiul)i.  [Cf.  F. 
alit'ceddire ;  <  LL.  abcccdariua (p.salmi  abcccdarii, 
alphabetical  psalms),  ia  +  be  +  ce  +  de,  the 
first  four  letters  of  the  alphabet  (cf.  alphabet), 
+ -ariu.<s:  Hee-ariaii.]  I.  o.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
formed  by  the  letters  of  (lie  alphabet. —  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  learning  of  tho  alphabet,  or 
to  one  engaged  iu  learning  it ;  hence,  relat- 
ing to  tho  first  steps  in  learning. 

There  is  an  Abecedarian  ignorance  that  precedes  know- 
ledge, and  a  Doctoral  ignorance  that  comes  after  it. 

Cotton,  tr.  of  Montaigne,  I.  600. 

Another  form  is  abecedary. 

Abecedarian  psalms,  hymns,  etc.,  psalms,  hymns,  etc. 
(as  the  119th  psalm),  in  which  the  verses  of  successive 
distinct  portions  are  arranged  in  alphabetical  order. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  teaches  or  learns  the  let- 
ters of  the  alphabet. —  2.  [<"(y'.]  A  follower  of 
Nicolas  Storch,  an  Anabaptist  of"  Germany,  in 
the  sixteenth  century.  The  Abecedarians  are  sai.l 
to  have  been  so  called  because  Storch  taught  that  study 
or  even  a  knowledge  of  the  letters  was  unnecessary,  since 
the  lloly  Spirit  would  impart  directly  a  sufficient  under- 
standing of  the  Scriptures. 
abecedarium  (a"be-se-da'ri-um),  II. ;  pi.  abe- 
ccilitria  (-ii).  [Neut.  of  LL.  abecedarius :  see 
abecedarian.]    An  a-b-e  book. 

It  appears  therefore  that  all  the  Italic  alphabets  were 
developed  on  Italian  soil  out  of  a  single  primitive  type,  of 
which  the  abeeeilaria  exhibit  a  comparatively  late  sm-vival. 
Lmao  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  131. 
Logical  abecedarium,  a  table  of  all  possible  combina- 
tions of  any  finite  number  of  logical  terms.     Jevons. 

abecedary  (a-be-se'da-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<L.  abece- 
darius: see  abecedarian.]  I.  a.  Same  as  abe- 
cedarian. 

II.  »i.  1.  Ana-b-c  book;  aprimer.  Hence  — 
2.  A  first  principle  or  element ;  rudiment :  as, 
"  sucli  rudiments  or  abecedaries,"  Fuller,  Ch. 
Hist.,  VIII.  iii.  2. 

abechet,  v.  t.  [ME.,  <  OF.  abecher  (ML.  abbe- 
care),  <a,  to,  +  bee,  beak:  see  bcak'^-.]  To  feed, 
as  a  parent  bird  feeds  its  young. 

Yet  should  I  somdele  hen  abeched, 
And  for  the  time  well  refreshed. 

Gower,  Conf.  .\mant.,  v. 

abed  (.a-bed'),  adc.  [<ME.  a  bedde,<AS.  on 
bedde :  prep,  on,  and  dat.  of  bedd,  bed :  see  n^ 
and  bed.  ]    1 .  In  bed. 

Not  to  be  abed  after  midnight  is  to  be  up  betimes. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 
2.  To  bed. 

Her  mother  dream'd  before  she  was  deliver'd 
That  she  was  brought  abed  of  a  buzzard. 

Beau,  and  FL,  False  One,  iv.  3. 

abee   (a-be'),  n.     [A  native  term.]    A  woven 
fabric  of  cotton  and  wool,  made  in  Aleppo. 
Simmonds. 
abegget,  r.  t    An  old  form  of  fliyl. 

There  dorste  no  wight  bond  upon  him  legge, 
That  he  ne  swore  he  shuld  anon  abeof/e. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  I.  18. 

abeigh  (a-bech'),  adr.     [A  variant  of  ME.  abeij, 
abai,  etc. :  see  bay^,  n.]     Aloof;  at  a  shy  dis- 
tance.   [Scotch.]  —To  stand  abeigh,  to  keep  aloof. 
Maggie  coost  her  head  fu'  high, 
Look'd  asklent  an'  Uiico  skeigh, 
Gart  poor  Duncan  stand  abeigh  — 

Ua,  ha,  the  wooing  o't.     Burns,  Duncan  Gray. 

abele  (a-bel'),  n.  [Formerly  abeelc,  abeal,  etc., 
<  D.  abcel,  in  comp.  abecl-boom,  <  OF.  abet,  ear- 
lier aubel,  <  ML.  albellu.'i,  applied  to  the  wliite 
poplar,  prop.  dim.  of  L.  albus,  white.]  The 
white  poplar,  Populus  alba :  so  called  from  the 
white  color  of  its  twigs  and  leaves.  See  poplar. 
Also  called  abcl-tree,  and  sometimes  abbey. 
Six  atteled  I  the  kirkyard  grow,  on  the  north  side  in  a  row. 
Mrs.  Browning,  Duchess  .May. 

Abelianl  (ii-bel'i-an),  n.  [_<.  Abel  + -ian  ;  a,]so 
Abelile,  <  LL.  Abelita;,  pi.,  <  Abel:  see  -ifcl.] 
A  member  of  a  religious  sect  which  arose  in 
northern  iVfrica  in  tho  fourth  century.  The 
Abelians  married,  but  lived  in  continence,  after  the  man- 
ner, as  they  maintained,  of  Abel,  and  attempted  to  keep 
up  the  sect  l)y  adopting  the  children  of  others.  They  are 
known  only  from  the  report  of  St.  Augustine,  written  after 
they  had  become  extinct.  Also  callad  Abeiiie  and  Abetonian, 


aberrancy 

Abelian^  (a-bel'i-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
tlie   Norwegian  mathematician    >fiels  Henrik 

Abel  (1 802-1829). -Abellan  equation,  an  irreducible 
algebraic  equation,  one  of  whose  roots  is  expressible  as  a 
rational  function  of  a  second,  and  shown  by  Abel  In  be 
solvable  by  tbe  soluti(jn  of  a  sec(md  equation  of  a  lower 
degree.— Abellan  function,  in  vattli.,  a  hypcrelliptic 
function  ;  a  synnnetric  function  of  inverses  of  Abelian 
integrals.  The  name  has  been  used  in  slightly  <lifferent 
senses  by  different  authors,  but  it  is  best  applied  to  a  ratio 
of  double  theta  functions. — Abelian  integral,  one  of  a 
class  of  ultraclliptic  integrals  first  investigated  by  Abel ; 
any  integral  of  an  algebraic  function  not  reducible  to 
elliptic  functii.ns. 

Abelite,  Abelonian  (a'bel-it,  a-bel-6'ni-an),  n. 

Same  as  .Ihelian'^. 

Abelmoschus  (a-bel-mos'kus),  n.  [ML.,  <  Ar. 
((t»7-m(«A', -H/is/,',  father(source)  of  musk:  abu, 
father;  «/,the;  niosl;  mi  sh;  musk:  seeabba^ana 
musk.]  A  generic  name  formerly  applied  to 
some  species  of  plants  now  referred  to  Hibis- 
cus, including  A.  moschatus  or  II.  Abehno.ichus, 
tho  abelmosk  or  muskmallow  of  India  and 
Egypt,  ])roducing  the  musksecd  used  in  per- 
fumes, and  A.  or  M,  esculentus,  the  okra.  See 
Ililiiseus. 

abelmosk  (a'bel-mosk),  n.  [<  ML.  Abelmos- 
chus.] A  plant  of  the  former  genus  Abelmos- 
chus.    Also  spelled  abelmusl;. 

abel-tree  (a'bol-tre),  n.    Same  as  abelc. 

abel'Whacketst,  "■     See  abteichackets. 

a  bene  placito  (ii  ba'ne  pla'che-to).  [It. :  a, 
at;  bene  (<L.  bene),  well;  plaeito  ((.li,  placi- 
tum),  pleasure:  see  please  and  plea.]  In 
music,  at  pleasure;  in  the  way  the  performer 
likes  best. 

Abeona  (ab-f-o'na),  n.  [LL.  Abcona,  the  god- 
dess of  departing,  <  L.  abire,  go  away,  abeo,  I 
go  away,  <  ab,  away,  +  ire,  go,  eo,  I  go.]  1.  Iu 
Rom.  myth.,  the  goddess  who  presided  over 
departm'e,  as  of  travelers. —  2.  [NL.  (Chas. 
Girard,  1854).]  In  ichth.,  a  genus  of  viviparous 
embiotoeoid  fishes  of  the  family  Ilolconotidcc, 
rei^resented  by  such  sm-f -fishes  as  -■(.  trow- 
bridfji,  of  the  Californian  coast. —  3.  In  entam., 
a  genus  of  hemipterous  insects.     St&l,  1876. 

aber  (ab'er),  H.  [Gael.  «ftrtr  =  W.  ahcr,  a  con- 
fluence of  waters,  the  mouth  of  a  river.  Cf. 
Gael,  inbhir,  with  same  senses,  =  W.  ynfer,  in- 
flux :  see  inver-.]  A  Celtic  -word  used  as  a  pre- 
fix to  many  place-names  in  Great  Britain,  and 
signifying  a  confluence  of  waters,  either  of 
two  rivers  or  of  a  river  ■with  the  sea  :  as,  Aber- 
deen, Abcrdour,  Abergarenny,  Abcrystuith. 

aberda'7ine,  «.     See  aberdevine.     Latham. 

aberdeen  (ab'er-den),  n.  [Etym.  uncertain. 
Cf.  aberdevine.]  In  ornith.,  a  name  of  the  knot 
(which  see),  I'ringa  canutus. 

aberdevine  (ab'"er-de-vin'),  «.  [Etym.  un- 
known: see  below.]  The  siskin,  C'hrysomitris 
spinus,  a  well-known  European  bird  of  tbe 
finch  family  (Fringillida'),  nearly  related  to  the 
goldfinch,  and  somewhat  resembling  the  green 
variety  of  the  canary-ljird.  See  siskin.  Also 
spelled  aberdavine,  abadevine.    [Local,  Eng.] 

About  London,  the  siskin  is  called  the  aberdevine  by 
bird-catchers.    Jieiinie,  ed.  of  Montagu's  Diet.,  1831,  p.  2. 

[The  word  (aberdevim)  is  not  now  in  use,  if  it  ever  was. 
I  believe  it  was  first  published  by  Albin  (1737).  and  that 
it  was  a  bird-catchers'  or  bird-dealers'  name  about  Lon- 
don ;  but  I  suspect  it  may  have  originated  in  a  single 
bird-dealer,  wlio  coined  it  to  give  fictitious  value  to  a 
conmion  bird  for  which  he  wanted  to  get  a  good  price. 
Book-writers  have  gone  on  repeating  Albin's  statement 
without  adding  any  new  information,  ami  I  have  never 
met  with  any  one  who  called  the  siskin  or  any  other  bird 
by  this  name.  Xo  suggestion  as  to  its  etymology  seems 
possible.    Prof.  A.  Seu'ton,  letter.] 

aberr  (ab-<-r'),  r.  i.  [<L.  aberrare:  see  aber- 
rate.]   To  wander;  err.     [Rare.] 

Divers  were  out  in  their  account,  aberria^  several  ways 
from  the  true  and  just  compute,  and  calling  that  one  year, 
which  perhaps  might  be  another. 

Sir  T.  Bromie,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  12. 

aberrance  (ab-er'ans),  n.  Same  as  aberrancy. 
aberrancy  (ab-er'an-si),  n. ;  pi.  aberrancies 
(-siz).  [<L.  as  ii  *aberrantia,<aberran{t-)s: 
see  aberrant.]  A  wandering  or  deviating  from 
tho  right  way;  especially,  a  deviation  from 
truth  or  rectitude.  Another  foi-m  is  aberrance. 
[Rare.] 

They  do  not  only  swarm  with  errours,  but  vices  depend- 
ing thereon.    Thus  thcv  commonly  affect  no  man  any 
fartlKT  than  he  deserts  his  reason,  or 
ft  _        ctiliiplies  with  their  aberrancies. 

Sir  T.  nruiriie,  Vulg.  Err.,  i.  3. 

Aberrancy  Of  curvature,  in  tnath., 

the  angle  between  the  normal  to  a 
curve  At  any  point  and  the  line 
from  that  point  to  the  middle  point 
of  the  infinitesimal  chord  parallel 
to  the  tangent. 


r 


Aberrancy  of  Curvature, 
tbe  anf  le  a  A  c. 


aberrant 

aberrant  (ab-er'ant),  a.  [<  L.  abcrran(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  abcrraiT :  soe  aberrate.']  1.  Wander- 
ing ;  straying  from  the  right  or  usual  course. 

An  ubt^rrant  licl*g  iippt-ars  about  three  liiiiHireii  miles 
west-8oiith»est  <i(  Ii-elaiiil,  in  latitmlc  f.r,  longitude  18 
west.  Scirnct',  III,  :i4;l. 

2.  In  :<ml.  and  but.,  differing  in  some  of  its 
characters  from  the  group  in  which  it  is 
placed :  said  of  an  individual,  a  species,  a 
genus,  etc. 

In ccrtiiinal<ciT(iii/Rot.ilines the shellls commonly  .  .  . 
of  a  rieli  ci'imson  hue.        If.  II.  Carpniler,  Micros.,  §  469. 

The  more  abfrraut  any  form  is,  the  greater  must  have 
been  tile  numlier  of  connecting  forma  which  have  been 
exterminateii  or  utterly  lost. 

Varifin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  387. 

Aberrant  duct  of  the  testis,  in  auat.,  a  sUndcr  tube 
or  (livLTlii-ulum  ficni  the  l.iwcr  part  of  the  canal  of  the 
epiiliih mi.*,  or  (rum  the  bininning  of  the  excretory  duct 
of  the"  testis  (vas  deferens).  It  varies  from  2  to  14  inches 
in  len^'tli,  is  coiled  up  into  a  fusiform  mass  csteniling  up 
the  spermatic  cord  2  or  3  inches,  and  terminates  blindly. 
Two  or  more  su<'h  tubes  are  occasionally  found  together, 
but  they  are  sometimes  entirely  wanting.  See  testis.  Also 
called  vas  aberran.'i.  va.^cuttn/i  aWrrans. 
aberrate  (ab-er'at),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  aber- 
rated, ppr.  aberrating.  [<L.  aberratus,  pp.  of 
aberrare,  straj-  from,  <  ab,  from,  +  errare,  to 
stray:  see  en.]  To  vrander  or  de^aate  from 
the  right  way;  diverge.     [Rare.] 

The  product  of  their  defective  and  aberrating  vision. 

De  Quincey. 

aberration  (ab-e-ra'shon),  «.  [<L.  aberra- 
tio{n-),  <.  aberrare  :  see  aberrate.]  1.  The  act 
of  wandering  away ;  deviation ;  especially, 
in  a  figurative  sense,  the  act  of  wandering 
from  the  right  way  or  course  ;  hence,  deviation 
from  truth  or  moral  rectitude. 

So  then  we  draw  near  to  God,  when,  repenting  us  of  our 
former  aberrations  from  him,  we  renew  our  covenants 
with  him.  Bp.  Hall,  Sermon  on  James  iv.  8. 

The  neighbouring  churches,  both  by  petitions  and  mes- 
sengers, took  such  happy  pains  with  the  church  of  Saleni, 
as  presently  recovered  that  holy  flock  to  a  sense  of  his 
[Roger  Williams's]  aberrations. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  vii.  1. 

2.  In  pathol. :  (a)  A  wandering  of  the  intel- 
lect ;  mental  derangement,  (b)  Vicarious  hem- 
orrhage, (e)  Diapedesis  of  blood-corpuscles. 
(d)  Congenital  malformation. — 3.  In  zool.  and 
hot.,  deviation  from  the  type  ;  abnormal  struc- 
ture or  development. 

In  whichever  light,  therefore,  insect  aberration  is  viewed 
by  us,  .  .  .  we  affinn  that  it  does  .  .  .  exist. 

}yoltastoa,  Var.  of  Species,  p.  2. 

4.  In  optics,  a  deviation  in  the  rays  of  light 
when  unequally  refracted  by  a  len§  or  reflected 
by  a  mirror,  so  that  they  do  not  converge  and 
meet  in  a  point  or  focus,  but  separate,  form- 
ing an  indistinct  image  of  the  ob.iect,  or  an 
indistinct  image  with  prismatically  colored 
edges.  It  is  called  sptiericat  when,  as  in  the  former  case, 
the  imperfection  or  blurring  arises  from  the  form  of  curva- 
ture of  the  lens  or  reflector,  and  chromatic  when,  as  in  the 
latter  case,  there  is  a  prismatic  coloring  of  the  image  aris- 
ing from  the  ditferent  refrangibility  of  the  rays  compos- 
ing white  light,  and  the  consequent  fact  that  the  foci  for 
the  different  colors  do  not  coincide.  Thus,  in  fig.  1,  the 
rays  passing  through  the  lens  L  L  near  its  edge  have  a 
focus  at  A,  while  those  which  pass  near  the  axis  have  a 
focus  at  B;  hence,  an  image  formed  on  a  screen  placed 
at  m  in  would  appear  more  or  less  distorted  or  ijidistmct. 


I^iff.J. 


Fig.  I,  dia^am  iUustr,-tting  tlie  snhcricil  iibernition  of  a  lens.    Fig.  a, 
diagram  illusuating  tlic  chromatic  aberration. 

In  flg.  2  the  violet  rays  (u  p)  have  a  focus  at  l',  while  the 
less  refrangible  red  rays  (r  r)  come  to  a  focus  at  l{.  A 
spot  of  light  with  a  red  border  would  be  observed  on  a 
screen  placed  at  a  a,  and  one  with  a  blue  bolder  on  a 
screen  at  bb.  In  the  eye  the  iris  and  crystalline  lens  par- 
tially eliminate  these  aberrations.  Optical  instruments 
corrected  for  chromatic  aberration  are  called  achromatic. 

6.  In  astron.,  the  apparent  displacement  of  a 


10 

heavenly  body  duo  to  the  joint  effect  of  the 
motion  of  the  rays  of  light  proceeding  from 
it  and  tlie  motion  of  the  eartli.  Thus,  when  the 
light  from  a  star  that  is  not  directly  in  the  line  of  the 
cartli's  motion  is  made  to  fall  centrally  into  a  telescope, 
the  telescope  is  in  reality  inclined  slightly  away  from  the 
tnie  direction  of  the  star  toward  that  in  which  the 
earth  is  moving;  just  as  one  running  under  a  vertically 
falling  shower  of  rain,  and  holding  in  his  hand  a  long, 
necked  llask,  must  incline  its  mouth  forward  if  he  does 
not  wish  the  sides  of  the  neck  to  be  wetted.  This  phe- 
nomenon, discovered  and  explained  by  Bradley  (172«),  is 
termed  the  aberration  o/  li'ilit,  and  its  efl^ect  in  displacing 
a  star  is  called  the  aberration  o/  the  star.  The  annual 
aberration,  due  to  the  motion  of  the  earth  in  its  orbit, 
amounts  to  20".4  in  the  maximum  ;  the  diurnal  aberration, 
due  to  the  rotation  of  the  earth,  is  only  o".;{  at  most. 
Sec  planetary  alierratinn,  below.— Circle  of  aberration, 
the  circle  of  colored  light  observed  in  experiments  with 
convex  lenses  Iietween  the  point  where  the  violet  rays 
meet  and  that  where  the  red  rays  meet.— Constant  of 
aberration.  See  con*(anf.— Crown  of  aberration,  a 
luminous  circle  surrounding  the  disk  of  the  sun.  dciiciid- 
ing  on  the  aberration  of  Its  rays,  by  wliirli  its  apiiarent 
diameter  is  enlarged.— Planetary  aberration  (see  s, 
above),  better  called  the  cjnotion  of  li<iht,  an  apparent 
displacement  of  a  nioviii;^  body,  as  a  planet,  owing  to  its 
not  being  in  the  same  position  at  the  moment  the  light 
reaches  the  earth  that  it  was  when  the  light  left  it.  =  Syn. 
1.  Deviation,  divergence,  departure.—  2.  (a)  Derangement, 
hallucination,  illusion,  delusion,  eccentricity,  mania. 

aberrational  (ab-e-ra'shgn-al),  a.  Character- 
ized by  aberration ;  erratic. 

aberuncatet  (ab-f-rung'kat),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  aberuneated,  ppr.  abernncating.  [An  erro- 
neous form  of  averruneate,  as 
if  <  L.  *abcniHcare,  <  ab,  from, 
-I-  e  for  ex,-  out,  -t-  riiiicare, 
uproot,  weed ;  hence  the  un- 
authorized sense  given  by 
Bailey.  See  arerriincate.]  To 
pull  up  by  the  roots ;  extir- 
pate utterly.     Johnson. 

Aberuneated,    pulled    up   by    the 
roots,  weeded.  Bailey. 

abervmcationt  (ab-e-ruug-kii'- 

shon),  n.  [<  aberiincate.] 
Eradication ;  extirpation  ;  re- 
moval. 

aberuncator  (ab-e-rung'ka-  ^ 

tor),  ».  l<aberiinc'ate.  Cf.  L.  Aberuncators. 
runeator,  a  weeder.]  1.  An 
implement  for  extirpating  weeds  ;  a  weeder 
or  weeding-maehine. —  2.  An  instrument  for 
pruning  trees  when  their  branches  are  beyond 
easy  reaehiof  the  hand.  There  are  various  forms  of 
these  implements,  but  they  all  consist  of  two  blades,  similar 
to  those  of  stout  shears,  one  of  which  is  fixed  rigidly  to  a 
long  handle,  while  the  other  forms  one  arm  of  a  lever,  to 
which  a  cord  passing  over  a  pulley  is  attached.  Also  writ- 
ten, more  properly,  averruncator. 

abet  (a-bef),  ''■  '• ;  pret.  and  pp.  abetted,  ppr. 
abetting.  [<  ME.  abetten,  <  OF.  abetter,  abeter, 
instigate,  deceive,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad-),  to,  +  beter, 
bait,  as  a  bear,  <  Icel.  beita,  bait,  cause  to  bite  : 
see  bait,  r. ;  also  ic fl,  a  shortened  form  of 
abet.]  1.  To  encourage  by  aid  or  approval: 
used  with  a  personal  object,  and  chiefly  in  a 
bad  sense. 

They  abetted  both  parties  in  the  civil  war,  and  always 
furnished  supplies  to  the  weaker  side,  lest  there  should 
be  an  end  put  to  these  fatal  divisions. 

Addison,  Freeholder,  No.  2S. 

Note,  too,  how  for  having  abetted  those  who  wTonged  the 
native  Irish,  England  has  to  pay  a  penalty. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  487. 

St.  To  maintain  ;  support ;  uphold. 

"  Then  shall  I  soone,"  quoth  he,  "  so  God  me  grace, 
Abctt  that  virgins  cause  disconsolate." 

.S>-H.Mr,  r.  Q.,  I.  X.  04. 

3.  In  law,  to  encourage,  counsel,  incite,  or  as- 
sist in  a  criminal  act — implying,  in  the  case 
of  felony,  personal  presence.  Thus,  in  militarii 
law,  it  is  a  grave  crime  to  aid  or  abet  a  mutiny  or  sedi- 
tion, or  excite  resistance  against  lawful  orders.  In  Scots 
law,  a  person  is  said  to  be  abettinfj  though  he  may  only 
protect  a  criminal,  conceal  him  from  justice,  or  aid  him 
in  making  his  escape. 

Hence  —  4.  To  lead  to  or  encourage  the  com- 
mission of. 

Would  not  the  fool  abet  the  stealth 
Who  rashly  thus  exposed  his  wealth  ? 

Gay,  Fables,  ii.  12. 
=Syn.  To  support,  encourage,  second,  countenance,  aid. 
assist,  back,  connive  at,  stand  by,  further. 

abett  (a-bef),  n.  [<  ME.  abet,  instigation,  <  OF. 

abet,  itistigation, deceit  (ML.  abettiim),<  abeter  : 

see  abet,  r.]     The  act  of  aiding  or  encouraging, 

especially  in  a  crime.     Cliaiicer. 
abetment   (a-bet'ment),   «.     [<  abet  +  -meiit.] 

The  act  of  abetting';'  that  which  serves  to  abet 

or  encourage, 
abettal  (a-bet'al),  «.    [<abet  +  -al.]    The  act  of 

abetting;  aid.     liaileij.     [Bare.] 
abetter,  abettor  (a-'bet'tr,  -or,  or  -6r),   n. 

[Formerly  abetiour ;  <  abet  +  -crl,   -or'^,]     1. 


abhor 

One  who  abets  or  incites ;  one  who  aids  or  en- 
courages another  to  commit  a  crime  ;  a  sup- 
porter or  encouragcr  of  something  bad.  Abet- 
tor is  the  form  used  in  law. 

But  let  th'  abettor  of  the  Panther's  crime 
Learn  to  make  fairer  wars  another  time. 

Dryden,  Hind  an<i  Panther,  1.  1G47. 
Ill  Uuc,  an  abettor,  as  distinguished  from  an  acemstjfry,  ia 
more  especially  one  who,  being  present,  gives  aid  or  en- 
couragement. 

2.  One  who  aids,  supports,  or  encourages :  in 
a  good  sense. 

It  lias  been  the  occasion  of  making  me  friends  and  open 
abettors  of  several  gentlemen  of  known  sense  and  wit. 

Pope,  Letters,  June  IB,  1711. 
=  Syil.  1.  Abettor,  Accessory,  Accomplice.  See  accomplice. 

abevacuation  (ab-e-vak-u-a'shon),  «.  [<  NL. 
ahir<ieuiitio(n-):  see  ab-  and  eraeiiation.]  In 
med..  variously  used  to  signify  a  morbid  evacu- 
ation, whether  excessive  or  deficient. 

ab  extra  (ab  eks'tril).  [L.]  From  without: 
opposed  to  ab  intra  (which  see). 

Those  who  are  so  fortunate  as  to  occupy  the  philosophi- 
cal position  of  spectators  ab  extra  are  very  few  in  any 
generation.         Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  140. 

abeyance  (a-ba'ans),  ».  [<  OP.  abeiance,  abey- 
ance, <a-  (<fL.  ad-),  to,  at,  +  beance  {'beianee), 
expectation,  desire,  i  beant,  expecting,  think- 
ing, ppr.  01  beer,  baer  (F.  bayer),  gape,  gaze 
at,    expect    anxiously,  <  ML.   badare,  gape.] 

1.  In  lair,  a  state  of  expectation  or  contempla- 
tion. Thus,  the  fee  simple  or  inheritance  of  lands  and 
tenements  is  in  abeyance  when  there  is  no  person  in  being 
in  whom  it  can  vest,  so  that  it  is  in  a  state  of  expectancy 
or  waiting  until  a  proper  person  shall  appear.  So  also 
where  one  man  holds  land  for  life,  with  remainder  to  the 
heirs  of  another,  and  the  latter  is  yet  alive,  the  remainder 
is  in  abeyance,  since  no  man  can  have  an  heir  until  his 
death.  'Titles  of  honor  and  dignities  are  said  to  be  in 
abeyance  when  it  is  uncertain  who  shall  enjoy  them. 
Thus,  in  Eng.  law,  when  a  nobleman  holding  a  dignity 
descendible  to  his  heirs  general  dies  leaving  daughters, 
the  king  by  his  prerogative  may  grant  the  dignity  to  any 
(Uie  of  the  daugliters  lie  pleases,  or  to  the  male  issue  of 
one  of  such  daughters.  Wliile  the  title  to  the  dignity  is 
tlius  in  suspension  it  is  said  to  be  in  abeyance. 

2.  A  state  of  suspended  action  or  existence,  or 
temporary  inacti\-ity. 

Upon  awaking  from  slumber,  I  could  never  gain,  at 
once,  thorough  possession  of  my  senses  ;  .  .  .  the  mental 
faculties  in  general,  but  the  memory  in  especial,  being  in 
a  condition  of  absolute  abeyance.  Poe,  Tales,  I.  333. 

abeyancy  (a-ba'an-si),  n.  The  state  or  con- 
dition of  being  in  abeyance.     Mairtltorne. 

abeyant  (a-ba'ant),  a.  [Inferred  from  abei/- 
anee :  see  -ance  and  -ant^.]  In  law,  being  in 
abeyance. 

abgregatet  (ab'grf-gat),  r.  f.  [<L.  abijregatus, 
pp.  of  (ihgregare,  lead  away  from  the  flock, 
<  ab,  from,  +  grex  igreg-),  "flock.  Cf.  congre- 
gate, segregate.]  To  separate  from  a  flock. 
Coel'eram,  1G12. 

abgregationt  (ab-gre-ga'shon),  ».  [<ML.  ab- 
gregatio(n-),<.\j.  abgregarc:  see  abgregate.] 
The  act  of  separating  from  a  flock.     Bailey. 

abbal  (ab'hal),  n.  A  name  given  in  the  East 
Indies  to  the  berries  of  the  common  juniper, 
Juniperus  communis.  Also  spelled  abhel  and 
abbid. 

abhel,  «.     See  abhnl. 

abhominable  (ab-hom'i-ua-bl),  a.  An  old 
mode  of  spelling  abominable,  on  the  supposi- 
tion that  it  was  derived  from  ab  homine,  from 
or  repugnant  to  man,  ridiculed  as  pedantic  by 
Shakspere  in  the  character  of  the  pedant 
Holofernes. 

Tliis  is  abhominable  (which  he  would  call  abominable). 
Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  1. 
[Abhominable  occurs  in  the  Promptoriuin  Parvulorum 
(c.  1440),  and  in  Gower ;  abhominacyoun  is  in  Wyclif's 
New  'Testament,  abhominacioun  in  Chaucer,  and  abhomy- 
7taciolin  in  Mandeville.  Fuller  has  abhominal,  a  form 
made  to  suit  the  false  etymology.] 

abhor  (ab-h6r'),  i-.;  pret.  and  pp.  abhorred,  ppr. 
abhorring.  [<  L.  ahhorrere,  shrink  from,  <  ab, 
from,  -t-  horrere,  bristle  (with  fear) :  see  hor- 
rid.] I.  tran.<i.  1.  Literally,  to  shrink  back 
from  with  horror  or  dread ;  hence,  to  regard 
with  repugnance ;  hate  extremely  or  with  loath- 
ing; loathe,  detest,  or  abominate  :  as,  to  abhor 
e\'il ;  to  abhor  intrigtie. 

Tliou  didst  not  abhor  the  virgin's  womb.  Te  Detnn. 

Nature  abhors  the  old,  and  old  age  seems  the  only  dis- 
ease. Emersion,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  2S9. 

2t.  To  fill  with  horror  and  loathing;  horrify. 

He  (Alexander]  caused  the  women  that  were  captive  to 
sing  before  him  such  songes  as  abhorred  the  ears  of  the 
Macedons  not  accustomed  to  such  things. 

J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  vt 
How  abhorred  my  imagination  is ;  mv  gorge  rises  at  it. 
Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  L 

=  SyTl.  1.  Bate,  Abhor,  Detest,  etc.    See  Ao(«. 


abhor 

II.   intrans.  If.  To  shrink  back  with  disgust, 
or  with  fear  and  shudderings. 
To  ahhorn'  from  those  vices. 

rdatl,  Erasmus,  St.  .Tames,  iy. 

2.  To  bo  antagonistic ;  be  averse  or  of  oppo- 
site eliaraeter:  viilh  from. 

Which  is  utterly  abhorring  from  the  emi  of  all  law. 

Milton,  Divorce,  II.  vii.  7i>. 

abhorrence  (ab-hor'ens),  M.  \_<.  abhorrent :  see 
-<nif(.\  1.  The  act  of  abhorring;  a  feeling  of 
extreme  aversion  or  detestation ;  strong  hatred. 

One  man  thinks  justice  consists  in  paying  debts,  and  has 
no  measure  in  his  abhorrence  of  another  who  is  very  re- 
miss in  this  ituty.  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  286. 

2t.  An  expression  of  abhorrence.  Specifically, 
an  address  iircsL-ntL-d  in  ir.^o  to  diaries  II.  of  Eni^land, 
expressiii'.;  al'hniiclK'c  nf  the  Aildressers  (which  see). 

3.  That  wliich  excites  rcpugnauee  orloatliing: 
as.  servility  is  my  abhorrence.  =  Syn.  1.  Horror, 
hatred,  detestation,  repugnance,  disgust,  loathing,  shrink- 
ing, antipathy,  aversion. 

abhorrencyt  (ab-hor'en-si),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  abhorrent,  or  the  state  of  regarding  any- 
thing with  horror  or  loathing. 

The  llrst  tendency  to  any  injustice  .  .  .  must  be  sup- 
pressed with  a  show  of  wonder  and  abhorrency  in  the 
parents.  Locke,  Education,  1[  110. 

abhorrent  (ab-hor'ent),  a.  [<  L.  a!)horreii{t-)f:, 
ppr.  of  abliiirrerc :  see  abhor.'^  1.  Hating;  de- 
testing ;  struck  vnih  abhorrence. 

The  arts  of  plea.sure  in  despotic  courts 

I  spurn  abhorrent.  Glover,  Leouidas,  x. 

2.  Exciting  horror  or  abhorrence  ;  very  repul- 
sive ;  detestable:  as,  abhorrent  scenes;  an 
abhorrent  criminal  or  course  of  conduct. — 3. 
Contrary;  utterly  repugnant;  causing  aver- 
sion: formerly  with  from,  now  with  to. 

And  yet  it  is  so  abhorrent  from  the  vulgar. 

Glanville,  Seep.  Sci. 

Christianity  turns  from  these  scenes  of  strife,  as  abhor- 
rent to  her  highest  injunctions.        Sumner,  Aug.  27,  1S40. 

abhorrently  (ab-hor'ent-li),  adr.  With  abhor- 
rciHH' ;  in  an  aljhorrent  manner. 

abhorrer  (ab-h6r'er),  n.  One  who  abhors. 
S|Kriilcally  (with  or  without  a  capital  letter),  in  the  reign 
nt  I'liarles  II.  of  England,  a  member  of  the  court  party, 
altfi ward  called  Tories.  They  derived  their  name  from 
their  professed  abhoiTence  of  the  principles  of  the  Ad- 
dressers, who  endeavored  to  restrict  the  royal  prerogative. 
See  addresser. 

Scarce  a  day  passed  but  some  abhorrer  was  dragged 
before  them  [the  House  of  Commons]  and  committed  to 
the  custody  of  the  sergeant-at-anns,  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
house.  Roger  S^orth,  Examen,  p.  5(il. 

abhorrible  (ab-hor'i-bl),  a.  [<  abhor  +  -ible, 
after  horrible.']  Worthy  or  deserving  to  be  ab- 
horred.   [Rare.] 

abhorring  (ab-h6r'ing),  n.  1.  A  feeling  of  ab- 
horrence ;  loathing. 

I  Hud  no  abhorring  in  my  appetite.        Donne,  Devotion. 
2t.  An  object  of  abhorrence. 
They  shall  be  an  abhorring  unto  all  flesh.      Isa.  Ixvi.  24. 

abhul,  «.     See  abhal. 

Abia(a'bi-ii),  H.  AgenuaofHymenoptera.  Leach. 

Abib  (a'bib),  )i.  [Heb.  dbib,  an  ear  of  corn, 
<  ((/)((/),  produce  early  fruit,  <  db,  swelling.] 
The  time  of  newly  ripe  grain  ;  the  tirst  month 
of  the  Jewish  ecclesiastical  year,  beginning 
with  the  new  moon  of  March.  Abib  seems  to  have 
been  the  designation  of  a  season  rather  than  the  name  of 
a  month.  After  the  Babylonish  captivity  it  was  also 
lalled  .v;.«((H  (Neh.  ii.  1). 

abidance  (a-bi'daus),  n.  [<  abided  +  -a»ce.] 
The  act  of  abiding  or  continuing ;  abode  ;  stay. 
Fuller.     [Rare.] 

And  then,  moreover,  there  is  His  personal  abidance  in 
our  churches,  raising  earthly  service  into  a  foretaste  of 
heaven.  J.  II.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  475. 

abidel  (a-bid'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  abode,  ppr. 
abidinij.  [<  ME.  abiden  (pret.  sing,  abod,  \i\. 
abiden,  pp.  abiden),  <.  AS.  dbidan  (pret.  sing. 
dbad,  pi.  dbidan,  pp.  abiden)  (=  Goth,  nsbcidan, 
expect), <  d-  +  bldan,  bide:  see  bide.  The  ME. 
and  AS.  forms  are  trans,  and  intrans.]  I. 
trans.  1 .  To  wiiit  f  or ;  especially,  to  stand  one's 
ground  against. 

Abide  me  if  thou  dar"st.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ill.  2. 

Howbeit  we  abide  our  day  1        31.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

2.  To  await ;  be  in  store  for. 

Bonds  and  afflictions  abide  me.  Acts  .\.\.  23. 

3.  To  endure  or  sustain ;  remain  firm  under. 
Who  may  abide  the  day  of  his  coming?  Mai.  iii.  2. 
(ireatness  does  not  need  plenty,  and  can  very  well  abide 

its  loss.  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  232. 

4.  To  put  up  with ;  tolerate.  [In  this  collo- 
quial sense  approaching  abidc^.] 

I  cannot  abide  the  smell  of  hot  meat. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  3. 


11 

As  for  disappointing  them,  I  shouldn't  so  much  mind, 
but  I  can't  abide  to  disappoint  myself. 

Goldsmitli,  .She  Stoops  toOonquer,  i.  1. 

5t.     To    encounter;    undergo:    in   a   jocular 

sense.  [?] 

I  wil  give  liym  the  aldcr-beste 
(litte,  that  ever  he  abode  hys  lyve. 

Chaucer,  Dethe  (jf  ISlaunehc,  I.  247. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  have  one's  al)ode ;  dwell; 
reside. 

In  the  noiseless  air  and  light  that  flowed 
Round  your  fair  brows,  eternal  Peace  abode. 

Bryant,  To  the  Apennines. 

2.  To  remain  ;  continue  to  stay. 

Except  these  abide  in  the  ship,  ye  cannot  be  saved. 

Acts  xxvii.  31. 
Here  no  man  can  abide,  except  he  be  ready  with  all  his 
heart  to  humble  himself  for  the  love  of  God. 

Thomas  d  Kempis,  Im.  of  Christ,  i.  17. 

3.  To  continue  in  a  certain  condition  ;  remain 
steadfast  or  faithful. 

But  she  is  happier  if  she  so  abide  [in  widowhood). 

1  Cor.  vii.  40, 
4t.  To  wait ;  stop ;  delay. 

He  hasteth  wel  that  wysly  kan  abyde, 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  940. 
5.  To  inhere  ;  belong  as  an  attribute  or  qual- 
ity ;  have  its  seat. 
Though  far  more  cause,  yet  much  less  spirit  to  curse 
Abides  in  me.  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

To  abide  by.  («)  To  remain  at  rest  beside  :  as,  "abide 
by  thy  crib,'  Job  xxxLx.  9.  (6)  To  adhere  to  ;  maintain  ; 
tlefend  ;  stand  to :  as,  to  abide  by  a  friend.  Specifically, 
in  Scots  taw,  to  adhere  to  as  true  and  genuine  :  said  of 
the  party  who  relies  upon  a  deed  or  writing  which  the 
other  party  desires  to  have  reduced  or  declared  null  and 
void,  on  the  ground  of  forgery  or  falsehood,  (r)  To  await 
or  accept  the  consequences  of ;  rest  satisfied  with  :  as,  to 
abide  by  the  event  or  issue.  =  Syn.  1  and  2.  Abide, 
Sojourn,  Continue,  Dwelt,  Ii£side,  Live,  remain,  stay, 
stop,  lodge,  settle,  settle  down,  tarry,  linger.  Live  is  the 
most  general  word  :  to  pass  one's  life,  without  indicating 
place,  time,  or  manner.  Abide,  sojourn,  to  stay  for  a 
time  —  length  of  stay  being  associated  in  the  mind  with 
the  former,  and  briefness  or  shortness  of  stay  with  the 
latter.  Continue,  to  stay  on,  without  interval  of  absence. 
Divetl,  to  be  domiciled.  Heside,  to  have  one's  home ;  dwell. 
And  if  these  pleasures  may  thee  move. 
Then  live  with  me  and  be  my  love. 

Marlou'e,  Shepherd  to  his  Love. 

0  Thou  who  changest  not,  abide  with  me  !  Lyte. 
A  certain  man  of  Beth-lehem-judah  went  to  sojourn  in 

the  country  of  Moab,  he,  and  his  wife,  and  his  two  sons. 
.  .  .  And  they  came  into  the  country  of  iloab,  and  con- 
tinued \X\erQ.  Ruth  i.  1,  2. 

And  Moses  was  content  to  dwell  with  the  man. 

E.xod.  ii.  21. 

There,  at  the  moated  grange,  resides  this  dejected  Ma- 
riana. S/taJc.,  M.  for  JI.,  iii.  1. 

abide^  (a-bid'),  r.  t.  [This  word  in  the  sense 
of  '  suffer  for  '  does  not  occur  much  earlier  than 
Shakspere's  time.  It  is  a  corruption  of  ME. 
abijen,  pay  for,  due  to  confusion  with  abide"^, 
wait  for  (as  if  that  sense  were  equivalent  to 
'endure'):  see  further  under  aby^,  and  cf. 
abided,  v.  1.,  4.]  To  pay  the  price  or  penalty 
of ;  suffer  for. 

If  it  be  found  so,  some  will  dear  abide  it. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 
Ah  me  !  they  little  know 
How  dearly  I  abide  that  boast  so  vain. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  S6. 

abident.    Old  perfect  participle  of  abided. 
abider   (a-bi'der),  H.     [<fl6(del  -t- -eel.]     One 

who  dwells  or  continues ;    one  who  lives  or 

resides. 
abiding    (a-bi'ding),  p.  a.      [Ppr.  of  aWrfel.] 

Continuing ;    permanent ;    steadfast :    as,    an 

abiding  faith. 

Here  thou  hast  no  abiding  city. 

Tliomas  a  Kempis,  Im.  of  Christ,  ii.  I. 

1  do  not  think  that  Pope's  verse  anywhere  sings,  but  it 
should  seem  that  the  a6('(/i/(^7  presence  of  fancy  in  liis  best 
work  forbids  his  exclusion  from  the  rank  of  poet. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  432. 

abidingly  (a-bi'ding-li),  adi:  In  an  abiding 
manner ;  enduringly;  lastingly;  permanently. 
abiding-place  (a-bi'ding-plas),  H.  [<aliiduiit, 
verbal  n.  of  abided,  +  place.']  A  place  when- 
one  abides ;  a  permanent  dwelling-place ;  hence, 
a  place  of  rest ;  a  resting-place. 
A  very  charming  little  abiding-place. 

H.  Jameji,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  41. 
Many  of  these  plants    .    .    .    found  suitable  abiding- 
place^^-  at  the  South.  .Science,  III.  359. 

Abies  (ab'i-ez),  w.  [L.  abies  (abiet-),  the  silver 
fir;  origin  unknown.]  A  genus  of  trees,  the 
firs,  of  the  suborder  Abietinew,  natural  order 
Conifera;  some  of  which  are  valuable  for  their 
timber,  it  differs  from  Pinus  in  its  solitary  leaves  and 
in  the  thin  scales  of  its  cones,  which  ripen  the  first  year. 
From  the  allied  genera  Picea,  Tsuga,  etc.,  with  which 
it  has  sometimes  been  united,  it  is  distinguished  by  its 
closely  sessile  leaves,  by  the  bracts  of  the  female  amenta 
being  much  larger  than  the  scales,  and  by  having  erect 
cones  with  deciduous  scales.    It  includes  16  or  18  species, 


(i)  Staminate  and  (2)  pistil- 
late inflorescence  of  the  pine: 
(3)  a  pistillate  scale,  and  (4) 
the  same  showing  a  longjtudt* 
nal  section  of  the  ovules. 


ability 

confined  to  the  northern  henusphere,  and  equally  divided 
between  the  old  anil  new  worlds.  To  it  belong  the  sil- 
ver llr  of  central  Euroiie  {A.  pectinatn),  the  balsam-fir  of 
eastern  -North  America  {A.  batsam^a),  the  red  and  white 
firs  of  western  America  {A.  grandis,  concolor,  and  nobilis), 
the  sacred  llr  of  Mexico  (A.  religiosa),  etc.  See  fir. 

abietene  (ab'i-e-ten),  n.  [<  L.  abies  {abict-), 
the  fir,  -t-  -ene.^  A  hydrocarbon  obtained  by 
distillation  from  the  resin  of  the  nut-pine 
of  California,  Pinus  Sabiniana.  it  consists  almost 
wholly  of  normal  heptane,  C7H1,;,  and  is  a  nearly  color- 
less mobile  lifiuid,  having  a  strong  aromatic  smell,  highly 
inflammable,  and  burning  with  a  white,  smokeless  flame. 

abietic  (ab-i-et'ik),  a.  [<  L.  abie.^!  [almt-),  the 
fir,  -H  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  trees  of  the 
genus  Abici ;  derived  from  the  fir.-Abletlc 
acid,  CooH.3o'*2,  an  acid  obtained  from  the  resin  of  some 
species  of  pine,  larch,  and  fir.  These  resins  are  anhydritls 
of  abictit:  acid  or  mixtures  containing  it. 

abietin  (ab'i-e-tin),  n.  [<  L.  abies  (abiet-),  the 
fir,  -I-  -in".]  A  tasteless,  inodorous  resin,  de- 
rived from  tlie  turpentine  obtained  from  some 
species  of  the  genus  Abies. 

Abietinese  (ab'i-e-tin'e-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L. 
tdjics  (('/"'•'-),  the  fir,  -I-  -in-ea:.]  A  suborder  of 
the  natural  order  Conifera;  distinguished  by 
bearing  stroliiles  (cones)  with  two  inverted 
ovules  at  the  base  of  each  scale,  which  become 
winged  samaroid  seeds.  The  leaves  are  linear  or 
needle-shaped,  and  never  two- 
ranked.  It  includes  many  of 
the  most  valuable  kinds  of  tim- 
ber-trees, •  viz.,  pine  (Pinus), 
true  cedar  (Cedrus),  spruce  (Pi- 
cea), hemlock-spruce  (Tsuga), 
Douglas's  spruce(P.v(?i(rfo?x«f7rt), 
tlr(.l/.i.-,s),  and  larch  (iurii). 

abietinic  (ab'i-e-tiu'ik), 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rived from  abietin ;  as, 
abietinic  acid. 

abietite   (ab'i-e-tit),  «. 

[<  L.  abies  (abiet-),  the  fir, 

+  -itc'^.]  A  sugar, CgHgOs, 

obtained  fromtheneedles 

of  the  European  silver  fir, 

.Ibici  ppctinata. 
Abietites    (ab'i-e-ti'tez), 

n.    [NL.,  pi.  (se.  p?««to), 

<  L.  abies  (abiet-),  the  fir.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
plants,  natural  order  Coniferce,  occurring  in  the 
Wealden  and  Lower  Greensand  strata. 

Abigail  (ab'i-gal),  n.  [<  Abigail,  the  "waiting 
gentlewoman"  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
play  of  "The  Scornful  Lady" — so  named, 
perhaps,  in  allusion  to  the  expression  "thine 
handmaid,"  applied  to  herself  by  Abigail,  the 
wife  of  Nabal,  when  carrying  provisions  to 
David :  see  1  Sam.  xxv.  2-41.]  A  general  name 
for  a  waiting-woman  or  lady's-maid.  [Colloq.] 
Sometimes  written  as  a  common  noun,  with- 
out a  capital. 

The  Abigail,  by  immemorial  custom,  being  a  deodand, 
and  belonging  to  holy  Chui'eh. 

lieply  to  Ladies  and  Bachelors  Petition,  1694 

(Harl.  Misc.,  IV.  440). 
I  myself  have  seen  one  of  these  male  .ibigails  tripping 
about  the  room  with  a  looking-gl.ass  in  his  hand  and 
combing  his  lady's  hair  a  whole  morning  together- 

Spectator. 

abigeat  (ab-ij'e-at),  n.  [<  OF.  abigeat,  <  L. 
dbigcalus,  cattle-stealing,  <  abigeus,  a  cattle- 
stealer,  ( abigere,  drive  awaj' :  see  abactor. 
For  the  second  sense  (b),  cf.  L.  abiga,  a  plant 
which  has  the  power  of  producing  abortion, 

<  abigere,  as  above.]  In  law :  (a)  The  crime 
of  stealing  or  di'iving  off  cattle  in  droves.  (6) 
A  miscarriage  procured  by  art. 

abiliatet  (a-bil'i-at),  r.  t.  [For  abilitate;  or 
irreg.  formed  from  able,  L.  habilis,  ML.  (h)abi- 
lis.]     To  enalile.     Bacon.     [Rare.] 

abilimentt  (a-bil'i-ment),  n.  [Var.  of  habili- 
ment, q.  v.]  Ability:  as,  "  abiliment  to  steer  a 
kingdom,"  Ford,  Broken  Heart,  v.  2. 

abilimentst,  ».  ;(/.     Same  as  habiliments. 

abilitatet  (a-bil'i-tat).  r.  t.  [<ML.  habilitatus, 
pp.  of  habiiitare  (>  OF.  habileter,  habiliter),  ren- 
der able,  <  AflOi?w,  able  :  see  ablc^.]  To  assist. 
Nicholas  Ferrar. 

ability  (a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  ME.  abilite  (four  svl- 
lables),  ■<  of;'  habilite  (ME.  also  ablete,  <  OF. 
ablete),  <  L.  habilita(t-)s,  ML.  abilila(t-).'',  apt- 
ness, <  habilis,  apt,  able:  see  able^.]  1.  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  able ;  power  or 
capacity  to  do  or  act  in  any  relation ;  compe- 
tence in  any  occupation  or  field  of  action,  from 
the  possession  of  capacity,  skUl,  means,  or 
other  qualification. 

They  gave  after  their  ability  unto  the  treasure  of  the 
work.  Ezra  ii.  69. 

Alas !  what  poor 
Ability's  in  me  to  do  him  good  ? 

Shak.,  M.  for  SL,  i.  6. 


ability 

To  the  close  of  the  Ri  piililic,  tli.'  law  was  the  sole  flelil 
for  all  abilUj/  esiept  llu-  sptciiil  tiiUiit  u(  n  taiiatlly  for 
geueraUhiii.  Maim;  Village  Coininunilies,  p.  :!8i). 

We  must  rccaril  the  eolloUlal  c(im|ii)Unil8  of  which  or- 
gikilisins  are  Imilt  as  liaviii);,  hy  their  physicnl  nature,  the 
abilili/  to  separate  colloids  from  crystalloiils. 

//.  Spencer,  Priu.  of  liiol.,  §  7. 

2.  pi.  In  II  concrete  sense,  talents ;  mental 
gifts  or  endowments. 

Natural  abilities  are  like  natural  plants,  that  need  prun- 
ing by  study.  Bacon,  Studies,  Essay  Si). 
lie  had  good  akililies,  a  genial  temper,  ami  no  vices. 

Kincrson,  Soc.  and  Stil. 

3.  The  condition  of  being  able  to  pay  or  to 
meet  poeuniai-y  obligations;  possession  of 
means  :  ealled  "distinctively  financial  or  pecu- 
jiiary  abiUti/. 

Out  of  my  lean  and  low  ability 
I'll  lend  you  something.       Shak.,  T.  H.,  iii.  i. 
A  draft  upon  my  neighbour  wa-s  to  me  the  same  as 
money  ;  for  I  was  sulliciently  convinced  of  his  abililn. 

Ooltiamith,  Vicar,  xiv. 

4.  That  wliieh  is  within  one's  power  to  do; 
best  endeavor. 

lie  thou  !issur'd.  good  Cassio,  I  will  do 
All  my  abilitia  in  thy  behalf.  Sliak.,  0th.,  iii.  3. 
=  Syn.  1.  Abilitu,  Capacity,  power,  strength,  skill,  clex- 
tcrity;  faculty,  capability,  qualification,  efficiency.  Abilitii 
denotes  active  power  or  power  to  perform,  and  is  used 
with  regard  to  power  of  any  kind.  Capacity  conveys  the 
idea  of  rcceptiveness,  of  the  possession  of  resources  ;  it  is 
potential  rather  than  actual,  and  may  be  nif  more  than 
undeveloped  ability.  Ability  is  manifested  in  action,  while 
capacity]  does  not  imply  action,  as  when  we  speak  of  a  ca- 
pacity for  virtue.  Capacity  is  the  gift  of  nature  ;  ability 
is  partly  the  result  of  education  or  opportunity. 

What  is  a  power,  but  the  ability  or  faculty  of  doing  a 
tiling '(  What  is  the  ability  to  do  a  thing,  but  the  power 
of  employing  the  means  necessary  to  its  execution  ? 

.4.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  33- 

Capacitii  is  requisite  to  devise,  and  ability  to  execute,  a 
great  enterprise.  H.  Taylor. 

2.  Abilities,  Talents,  Parts,  etc.  (see  geniiis),  gifts,  fac- 
ulty, aptitude,  accomplishments. 

-ability.     See  -able,  -hiUty,  -ihility. 

abilliamentst  (a-bil'i-a-meuts),  n.  pi.  [<  OF. 
liahilUmiiit.  armor,  war  equipments  (mod.  F., 
clothing) ;  the  E.  spelling  -Hi-  imitates  the 
sound  of  F.  II,  as  in  billiards,  q.  v.  See  habili- 
vienl.^  Same  as  habiliments,  but  applied  more 
especially  to  armor  and  warlike  stores. 

And  now  the  temple  of  Janus  being  shut,  warlike  abillia- 
7/l<^/^^y  grew  rusty.  Arth.  Wilson,  Hist.  James  I. 

abimet,  abismet,  «.  [^  OF.  abime,  earlier  abisme  : 
see  abysm.^    An  abysm. 

Column  and  base  upbering  from  abime. 
Ballad  in  Comniendacioun  of  Oure  Ladie,  1.  129. 
Feel  such  a  care,  as  one  whom  some  Abisme 
In  the  deep  Ocean  kept  had  all  his  Time. 

Drmnmond  of  Hawthornden,  Works,  p.  59. 

ab  initio  (ab  i-nish'i-6).  [L. :  ab,  from;  initio, 
abl.  of  initium,  beginning:  sei6 initial.']  From 
the  beginning. 

abintestate  (ab-in-tes'tat),  «.  [<LL.  abintes- 
tulus,  <  L.  <ih,  from,+  intcstatus :  see  intestate] 
Inheriting  or  devolving  from  one  who  died  in- 
testate. 

ab  intra  (abiu'tra).  [L. :  see  «6- and  JHfra-.] 
From  witliin  :  opposed  to  ab  extra. 

abiogenesis  (ab  "i-o-jen'e-sis),  n.  [NL.  (Huxley, 
1870),  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  /iioc,  life,  +  yhent^,  gen- 
eration.] In  hiul.,  the  production  of  living 
things  otherwise  than  through  the  growth  and 
development  of  detached  portions  of  a  parent 
organism ;  spontaneous  generation.  Abiogenesis 
was  formerly  supposed  to  prevail  quite  widely  even  among 
comparatively  complex  fonns  of  life.  It  is  now  proved 
that  it  occurs,  if  at  all,  only  in  the  simplest  microscopic 
organisms,  and  the  weight  of  evidence  is  adverse  to  the 
claim  that  it  has  been  directly  demonstrated  there.  The 
tendency  of  recent  biological  discussion,  however,  is  to- 
ward the  assumption  of  a  process  of  natural  conversion 
of  non-living  into  living  matter  at  the  dawn  of  life  on 
this  earth.  Also  called  abioyeny.  See  biogenesis  and  het- 
croyenexis. 

At  the  present  moment  there  is  not  a  shadow  of  trust- 
worthy direct  evidence  that  abioyenesis  does  take  place, 
or  has  taken  place  within  the  period  during  wliich  the 
existence  of  life  on  the  globe  is  recorded. 

Huxley,  Auat.  Invert.,  p.  40. 

abiogenesist  (ab'i-o-jen'e-sist),  n.  [<  abiogene- 
sis +  -isl.  I     Same  as  abiogenist. 

abiogenetic  (ab''i-6-je-not'ik),  a.  [See  abio- 
genesis anil  genetic^  Of  or  pertaining  to  abio- 
genesis. 

abiogenetically  (ab''i-o-je-net'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  abiogenetic  manner;  by  spontaneous  gener- 
ation ;  as  regards  abiogenesis. 

abiogenist  (ab-i-oj'o-nist),  m.  \<.abiogeny  + 
-jsf.J  A  believer  in  the  doctrine  of  abiogenesis. 
Also  called  abiogenesist. 

abiogenous  (ab-i-oj'e-nas),  a.  Produced  by 
spontaneous  generation. 


12 

abiogeny  (ab-i-oj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  /3/or 
life,  +  -jc>")f,  -born  :  see  abiogenesis  and  -gen.] 
Same  as  abiogenesis. 

abiological(a'b''i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<Gr.  a-priv. 
-^■  E.  biiiliigical.]  Not  biological ;  not  pertain- 
ing to  biology. 

The  biological  sciences  are  sharply  markeil  olf  from  the 
abioloqical,  or  those  which  treat  of  the  phenomena  mani- 
fested'by  not-living  matter.     Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  1. 

abiologically  (ab'i-o-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  Not  bio- 
logically ;  in  an  abiological  manner. 

abirritant  (ab-ir'i-tant),  n.  [<  L.  ab,  from, 
-H  E.  irrilanl.]  In  ined.,  a  soothing  drug  or 
a])plication. 

abirritate  (ab-ir'i-tat),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  aii>- 
ritatfd, -pipr.  abirritating.  [<L.  aft,  from,  +  E. 
irritate.]  In  med.,  to  deaden  or  lessen  irrita- 
tion in  ;  soothe  by  removing  or  diminishing 
irritability. 

abirritation  (ab-ir-l-ta'shgn^,  ".  [<  L.  ab,  away, 
from,  -1-  E.  irritation.]  Inpatliol.,  the  removal 
or  diminution  of  irritation  or  irritability  in  the 
various  tissues. 

abirritative  (ab-ir'i-ta-tiv),  a.  Tending  to  ab- 
irritate ;  due  to  abirritation. 

abismet,  ".    See  abime. 

abitt.     Third  person  sing.  pres.  of  abidc'^. 

abitt,  n.     Obsolete  form  of  habit. 

abitaclet,  «.     Obsolete  form  of  habitacle. 

abitet,  r.  <■  [ME.  abitan,  <  AS.  dbitan,  bite,  eat, 
devour,  <  fZ- 4- ftitaH,  bite.]  To  bite;  eat;  de- 
vour. 

abitiont  (ab-ish'gn),  n.  [<  L.  abitio(n-),  <  abire, 
go  away,  <  ab,  away,  +  ire,  go.]  The  act  of 
departing ;  death. 

abject  (ab'jekt),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  abject,  <L. 
abjectiis,  downcast,  low,  mean,  pp.  of  abicere, 
also  spelled  abjicerc,  <  ab,  away,  +  Jacere,  throw, 
=  Gr.  mvTeiv,  throw:  see  iambic]  I.  a.  If.  Cast 
aside  ;  cast  away ;  abjeoted. 

So  tllick  bestrown. 
Abject  and  lost,  lay  these,  covering  the  flood. 
Under  amazement  of  their  llideous  change. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  312. 

2.  Low  in  condition  or  in  estimation  ;  utterly 
humiliating  or  disheartening ;  so  low  as  to  be 
hopeless :  as,  abject  poverty,  disgrace,  or  ser- 
vitude.—  3.  Low  in  kind  or  character ;  mean; 
despicable  ;  servile  ;  gi-oveling. 

Or  in  this  abject  posture  have  ye  sworn 
To  adore  the  conqueror?  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  322. 
=  Syil.  3.  Abject,  Low,  Mean,  Groveliny,  debased,  despi- 
cable, degraded,  degenerate,  wretched,  menial,  worthless, 
beggarly.  (See  list  under  low.)  Abject,  low,  and  mean  may 
have  essentially  the  same  meaning,  but  low  is  more  often 
used  with  respect  to  nature,  condition,  or  rank ;  mean, 
to  character  or  conduct ;  abject,  to  spirit.  Groveling  has 
the  vividness  of  figurative  use  ;  it  represents  natural  dis- 
position toward  wliat  is  low  and  base.  Low  is  generally 
stronger  tlian  mean,  conformably  to  the  original  senses  of 
the  two  words. 

Never  debase  yourself  by  treacherous  ways, 
Nor  by  such  abject  methods  seek  for  praise. 

Dnjdeti,  Art  of  Poetry,  iv.  97G. 
An  abject  man  he  [W^olsey]  was,  in  spite  of  his  pride ;  for 
being  overtaken  riding  out  of  that  place  towards  Esher  by 
one  of  the  King's  chamberlains,  who  brought  him  a  kind 
message  and  a  ring,  he  alighted  from  his  mule,  took  off 
his  cap,  and  kneeled  down  in  the  dirt. 

Dickens,  Child's  Hist.  Eng.,  xxvii. 
What  in  me  is  dark 
Illumine,  what  is  low  raise  and  support. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  23. 
There  is  hardly  a  spirit  upon  earth  so  mean  and  con- 
tracted as  to  centre  all  regards  on  its  own  interests. 

Bp.  Berkeley. 

This  \ice  of  intemperance  is  the  arch-abomination  of 

our  natures,  tending  ...  to  drag  down  the  soul  to  the 

slavery  oi  grovelling  lusts.  Everett,  Orations,  I.  374. 

II.+  n.  A  person  who  is  abjectly  base,  ser- 
■vile,  or  dependent ;  a  caitiff  or  menial. 

Yea,  the  abjects  gathered  themselves  together  against 
me,  and  I  knew  it  not.  Ps.  x.x.xv.  15. 

We  are  the  queen's  abjects,  and  must  obey. 

Shak.,  Rich.  HI.,  i.  2. 

abjectt  (ab-jekf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  aijectns,  pp.:  see 
the  adj.]     1.  To  throw  away;  cast  off  or  out. 

For  that  offence  only  Almighty  God  abjected  Saul,  that 
he  should  no  more  reign  over  Israel. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  i. 

2.  To  make  abject ;  humiliate  ;  degrade. 

It  objected  liis  spirit  to  that  degree  that  he  fell  danger- 
ously sick.  Strype,  Memorials,  i.  15. 

What  is  it  thiit  can  make  this  gallant  so  stoop  and  ab- 
ject himself  so  b.asely'.'  Fotlicrby,  Atheoniastix,  p.  48. 

abjectednesst  (ab-jek'ted-nes),  ».  The  state 
or  eontUtion  of  being  abject ;  abjeetness ;  hu- 
miliation. 

Our  Savinur  sunk  himself  to  the  bottom  of  abjectedness 
to  exalt  our  condition  to  the  contrary  extreme.         Boyle. 

abjection  (ab-jek'shon),  n.  [<.ME.abjcccioun, 
<  OF.  abjection,  <  L.  abjectio{n-),  act  of  casting 
away,  <  abicere,  abjicere :  see  abject,  a,]    If.  The 


abjurer 

act  of  casting  away  or  down  ;  the  act  of  hum- 
bling or  abasing ;  abasement. 

The  auihicite  and  bolde  spechc  of  Daniel  signilyeth  the 
abjection  of  the  kynge  and  his  realmc. 

Juye,  Exp.  of  Daniel,  ch.  v. 

2.  The  state  of  being  cast  down  or  away ; 
hence,  a  low  state  ;  meanness  of  spirit ;  base- 
ness ;  groveling  humility  ;  abjeetness. 

That  this  should  be  termed  baseness,  alijecliun  of  mind, 

or  servility,  is  it  credible';  Hooker,  Eccl,  Pol.,  v.  §  47. 

Contempt  for  his  abjection  at  the  foul  feet  of  the  Church. 

Swinburne,  .Shakespeare,  p.  80. 

3.  Kejection;  expulsion. 

Calvin  understands  by  Christ's  descending  into  hell, 
that  he  surterid  in  his  soul  ...  all  the  torments  of  hell, 
even  to  abjection  from  God's  presence. 

Heylin,  Hist,  of  Presbyterians,  p.  350. 

abjecti'ye    (ab-jek'tiv),    a.      [<  abject  +  -ire.] 
Tending  to  abase;  demoralizing:  as,  abjective 
influence.     Pall  Hall  Cazette. 
abjectly  (ab'jekt-li),  adv.     In  an  abject,  mean, 
or  servile  manner. 

See  the  statue  which  I  create.  It  is  abjectly  servile  to 
ray  will,  and  has  no  capacity  whatever  to  gainsay  it. 

//.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  40. 

abjeetness  (ab'jekt-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  aliject,  mean-spirited,  or  de- 
graded ;  abasement ;  servility. 

When  a  wild  animal  is  subdued  to  abjeetness,  all  its  in- 
terest is  gone.  Higginson,  Oldport  Days,  p.  37. 

abjudge  (ab-juj').  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abjudgcd, 
ppr.  abjuilging.  [<  ab-  -i- judge,  after  abjudicate, 
q.  v.]  To  take  away  by  judicial  decision;  rule 
out.     [Rare.] 

abjudicate!  (ab-je'di-kat),  r.  t.  [<  L.  abjitdi- 
cutus,  pp.  of  abjudicarc,  <  ab,  away,  +  judicare, 
judge:  see  judge.]  1.  To  take  away  by  judicial 
sentence.  Astt. —  2.  To  judge  to  be  illegal  or 
erroneous;  reject  as  ■rn-ong:  as,  to  abjudicate 
a  contract. 

abjudication  (ab-jo-di-ka'shon),  H.  [<  abjudi- 
cate.] Deprivation  by  judgment  of  a  court; 
a  divesting  by  judicial  decree.  Specifically,  a 
legal  decision  by  which  the  real  estate  of  a  debtor  is  ad- 
judged trj  his  creditor. 

abjugatet  (ab'jo-gat),  t:  1.  [<  L.  abjugatus, 
pp.  of  abjugare,  unyoke,  <  ab,  from,  +  jugtim 
=  E.  yoke.]     To  unyoke.     Bailey. 

abjuncti've  (ab-jungk'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  abjunctus, 
pp.  of  abjungcre,  unyoke,  separate,  <  ab,  from, 
-1-  jungere,  join.  Cf.  conjunctive  and  subjunctive.] 
Isolated ;  exceptional.     [Kare.] 

It  is  this  power  which  leads  on  .  .  .  from  the  accidental 
and  abjunetive  to  the  nnivei-sal.     Is.  Taylor,  Sat.  Eve.,  x.\i. 

abjuration  (ab-j6-ra'shgn),  n.  [<  L.  abjura- 
tio(n-),  <  abjurarc:  see  ed>jure.]  The  act  of 
abjuring ;  a  renunciation  upon  oath,  or  ■with 
great  solemnity  or  strong  asseveration  :  as,  to 
take  an  oath  of  abjuration  ;  an  abjuration  of 
heresy.  The  oath  of  abjuration  is  the  negative  part  of 
the  oath  of  allegiance.  In  the  United  States,  foreigners 
seeking  naturalization  must  on  oath  renounce  all  alle- 
giance to  every  foreign  sovereignty,  as  well  as  swear 
allegiance  to  the  constitution  and  government  of  the 
United  States.  Formerly,  in  England,  public  officers  were 
required  to  take  an  oath  of  abjuration,  in  which  they 
renounced  allegiance  to  the  house  of  Stuart  and  acknow- 
ledged the  title  of  the  house  of  Hanover. 

abjuratory  (ab-jo'ra-to-ri),  a.   Pertaining  to  or 

expressing  abjtiration Abjuratory  aDathema. 

See  anathema. 

abjure  (ab-jor'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  eibjured,  ppr. 
abjuring.  [<F.  abjurer,  (.J-i.  abjurare,  deny  on 
oath,  <  ab,  from,  +  jurarc,  swear,  <jus  (jur-), 
law, right.  Cf.  adjure,  conjure, perjure.]  I.  trans. 
1.  To  renounce  upon  oath;  forswear;  with- 
draw formally  from  :  as,  to  abjure  allegiance  to 
a  prince. —  2.  To  renounce  or  repudiate;  aban- 
don ;  retract ;  especially,  to  renounce  or  re- 
tract with  solemnity :  as,  to  abjure  one's  errors 
or  wrong  practices. 

I  put  myself  to  thy  direction,  and 
Unspeak  mine  own  detraction  ;  here  abjure 
The  taints  and  blames  I  laid  upon  myself. 

Shak.,  Slacbeth,  iv.  3. 
Not  a  few  impecunious    zealots    abjured    the  use  of 
money  (unless  earned  by  other  people),  professing  to  live 
on  the  internal  revenues  of  the  spirit. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  194. 

To  abjure  the  realm,  formerly,  in  England,  to  swear 
to  leave  the  country  and  never  return  :  an  oath  by  which 
felons  taking  refuge  in  a  church  might  in  some  cases 
save  their  lives.  =  Syn.  To  Henounce,  RecAnt,  Abjure,  etc. 
(see  renounce),  relinquish,  abandon,  disavow,  take  back, 
liisclaim,  repudiate,  unsay. 

H.  intrant.    To  take  an  oath  of  abjuration. 

One  Thomas  Uiirding,  .  .  .  whohadafyiircif  in  theye.ar 
1.0OC.  Bp.  Burnet,  Hist,  of  Ref.,  i.  100. 

abjurementt  (ab-jor'ment),  ».  The  act  of  ab- 
juring;   renunciation.    .T.Hall. 

abjurer  (ab-jd'rer),  n.  [<  abjure  +  -crl.]  One 
who  abjures  or  forswears. 


abJUTor 

abjiiror  Cab-jo'ror),  n.     See  ahjurer. 

ab&ar  (ab'kar),  «.  [Iliiul.  Tors,  dhkdr,  a  distil- 
ler, <  I  liiiil.  I'crs.  till,  SUt.  dp,  wiitcr,  +  kdr,  Skt. 
/(■(("/■(/,  luakLug,  <  Skt.  V  laii;  luaku  :  seo  abkari.] 
In  Iiulia,  one  who  makes  or  sells  spirituous 
liquors;  oiio  who  pays  abkari. 

abkari,  abkary  (aii-kil'ri),  «.    [<Hin(i.  Pers. 

dlil;dri,  (lie  liiiuor-busiuess,  a  distillery,  iubkar, 
a  distiller:  see  «Mv/c.]  Literally,  the  manu- 
facture and  saJo  of  spiritnoiis  li<iUors;  henee, 
spocitieally,  in  British  India,  the  government 
excise  upon  such  liquors;  the  licensing  of  deal- 
ers in  strong  driuk.  The  mcthoil  of  iil)tiiiiiinK  revenue 
from  this  souree,  calleil  tlir  ahknri  .^-f/stf/n,  is  by  farminti 
out  the  privilege  to  coiUi-;u-tors,  who  supply  the  retail 
dealers.     Also  spelled  ah/arrti\  fnihkimni,  etc. 

Abkhasian  (ab-ka'zian),  «.  and  «.     I.   a.   Of 
(jr  bi'lunging  to  a  Caucasian  tribe  occupying 
the  Kussian  territory  of  Abkhasia  on  the  north- 
east coast  of  the  Black  Sea. 
II,   n.   A  member  of  tliis  tribe. 
Also  written  Abkasian,  Abchasian,  Abasian. 

abl.     An  abbreviation  of  abliitive. 

ablactate  (ab-lak'tat),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
ubiiiftiitvd,  ppr.  ablacUlting.  [<  L.  ablactatiis, 
pp.  of  (iblactare,  wean,  <  ab,  from,  +  lactare, 
give  suck :  see  lactatioii.'\  To  wean  from  the 
breast.     [Rare.] 

ablactation  (ab-lak-til'shgn),  H.  [<  L.  ablacta- 
li<i(ii-},  weaning,  <  ablactarc,  wean:  see  ablac- 
tate.} 1.  The  weaning  of  a  child  from  the 
breast. —  2.  In  li<irl.,  same  as  inarching.  See 
inarch. 

ablaquet,  ablackt  (ab'lak),  n.    A  sort  of  stuff 

used  in  1  he  mid<Ue  ages,  supposed  to  have  been 
made  from  the  silk  of  a  moUusk,  the  pinna, 
and  probably  similar  to  that  still  made  on  the 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean  from  the  same 
material. 

ablaqueatet  (ab-lak'we-at),  r.  t.  [<  L.  abla- 
qiiciitiis,  pp.  of  ablaqucare,  turn  up  the  earth 
around  a  tree,  prop,  disentangle,  loosen,  <.ab, 
from,  -t-  taqucus,  a  noose:  see  lace.}  To  lay 
bare  in  cultivation,  as  the  roots  of  trees. 

ablaOLUeationf  (ab-lak-we-a'shon),  11.  [<  L.  ah- 
liiiliic(itiii(n-),iablaqucarc :  see  ahlaqueatc.}  A 
laying  bare  of  the  roots  of  trees  to  expose 
them  to  the  air  and  water.     Ecebjn. 

ablastemic  (a-blas-tem'ik),  a.  "[<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
-t-  E.  blcixltinic.~]  Not  blastemic;  non-germinal. 

ablastOUS  (a-blas'tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aSlaaro^,  not 
budding,  barren,  <  «- priv.  +  ii'Aacrd^,  a  bud, 
germ.]     Without  germ  or  bud. 

ablatet  (ab-laf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ablatus,  taken  away: 
scf  (ibliitire.}    To  take  away ;  remove.    Boorde. 

ablation  (ab-la'shon),  «.  '  [<  L.  ablatio{n-),  a 
taking  away, <  ablatn.i,  taken  away:  see  ablate 
a,nd  ablative,  a.}  X.  A  caiTying  or  taking  away ; 
removal ;  suppression. 

Prohibition  e.\tends  to  all  injustice,  whether  done  by 
f<irce  or  fraud  ;  whether  it  be  hy  ablation  or  prevention  or 
detaining  of  riijhts.  Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar,  §  37. 

Oi.nnplete  ablatinn  of  the  functions  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem in  death.  Juur.  of  Mnil.  .Sci'.,  XXII.  15. 

2.  In  mcd.,  the  taking  from  the  body  by  me- 
chanical means  of  anything  hurtful,  as  a 
diseased  limb,  a  tumor,  a  foreign  body,  pus, 
or  excrement. —  3.  In  chem.,  the  removal  of 
whatever  is  finished  or  no  longer  necessary. — 
4.  In  geol,,  the  wearing  away  or  waste  of  a 
glacier  by  melting  or  evaporation. 

ablatitious  (ab-la-tish'us),  a.  [<L.  ablatus, 
taken  away,  +  -iiius,  -icius,  E.  -itioiig,  as  in  ad- 
dititious,  a'dscititious,  etc.]  Having  the  quality 
or  character  of  ablation — Ablatitious  force,  in 
atttron.,  that  force  which  diminishes  the  [cavitation  of  a 
satellite  toward  its  planet,  and  especially  of  the  moon  to- 
ward the  earth.    A'.  iJ.  D. 

ablatival   (ab-la^ti'val),  a.     [<ablafire  + -al.} 
In  i/ram.,  pertaluing  or  similar  to  the  ablative 
case.     See  ablatirc. 
The  ablatival  uses  of  the  genitive. 

Traiut.  Amcr.  Philol.  Ass.,  XV.  5. 

ablative  (ab'la-tiv),'(.  and  «.  [<  L.  ablatirux,  the 
name  of  a  case,  orig.  denoting  that  from  which 
something  is  taken  away,  <  ablatiif,  pp.  asso- 
ciated with  aiiftrre,  take  "awaj-,  <  ab,  =  E.  off,  + 
/(T)r=E.  ftracl,  with  which  are  associated  the 
pt).  lalKs  and  supine  latum,  OL.  tlatu.i,  tlatiim, 
■/•"fl  =Gr.  7?i;vni,  bear,  akin  to  OL.  tidere,  L. 
totlerc,  lift,  and  E.  thfilc^,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  1 .  Taking 
or  tending  to  take  away  ;  tending  to  remove  ; 
pertaiidng  to  ablation. "  [Rare.] 

Where  the  heart  is  fnr.st.illi  .1  with  mis-opinion,  ablative 
directions  are  foiiiui  nccilfiiU  to  unteach  error,  ere  we  can 
learne  truth.  IS/,.  Hall,  Sermons,  Deceit  of  Appearance. 
2.  In  gram.,  noting  removal  or  separation: 
applied  to  a  case  which  forms  part  of  the  origi- 
nal declension  of  nouns  and  pronouns  in  the 


13 

lan^ages  of  the  Indo-European  family,  and 
has  been  retaiii(>d  by  some  of  them,  as  Latin, 
Sanskrit,  and  Zend,  while  in  some  it  is  lost,  or 
merged  in  another  case,  as  in  the  genitive  in 
Greek.  It  is  primarily  the/™m-case. — 3.  Per- 
taining to  or  of  tlie  nature  of  the  ablative  ease : 
as,  an  ablatirc  construction. 

II.  H.  In  gram.,  short  for  ablative  case.  See 
ablatirc,  a.  '2.  Often  abbreviated  to  abl Abla- 
tive absolute,  in  Latimjram.,  the  name  given  to  a  noun 
with  a  participle  or  some  <jther  attributive  or  ((Ualifying 
word,  either  expressed  or  understood,  in  the  ablative  case, 
which  is  not  dependent  ui»ui  any  other  word  in  the  sen- 
tence. 

ablaut  (ab'lout ;  G.  pron.  ap'lout),«.  [G.,<ab, 
off,  noting  substitution,  -f  laut,  n.,  sound,  <  laid, 
a., loud:  see /»;«/.]  In  p/nVy/., a  substitution  of 
one  vowel  for  another  in  the  body  of  the  root  of 
a  word,  accompanying  a  modification  of  use  or 
meaning :  as,  bind,  band,  bound,  bond,  German 
bund;  more  especially,  the  change  of  a  vowel  to 
indicate  tense-change  in  strong  verbs,  instead 
of  the  addition  of  a  syllable  (-<■(/),  as  in  weak 
verbs  :  as,  get,  gat,  got;  sink,  sank,  sunk. 

ablaze  (a-blaz'),  jirrp.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<o3, 
prep.,  oil,  -I-  Wrt-/l,  q.  v.]  1.  On  fire;  in  a 
blaze;  burning  briskly:  as,  the  bonfire  is  rtfc?ffcc. 
— 2.  Figuratively,  in  a  state  of  excitement  or 
eager  desire. 

The  young  Cambridge  democrats  were  all  ablaze  to  as- 
sist ToiTijos.  Carlyle. 

This  was  Emerson's  method,  ...  to  write  the  perfect 
line,  to  set  the  imagination  ablaze  with  a  single  verse. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  !W0. 

3.  Gleaming ;  brilliantly  lighted  up :  as,  ablate 
with  .jewelry. 
ablel  (li'bl),  a.  [<  ME.  able,  abcl,  etc.,  <  OP.  able, 
hablc  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  habd,  It.  abile,  <  L.  habili.t, 
ace.  habitcm,  apt,  expert,  <  liabfrc,  have,  hold: 
see  habit.}  1.  Having  power  or  means  suffi- 
cient;  qualified;  competent:  as,  a  man  «fc/e  to 
perform  military  service ;  a  child  is  not  able 
to  reason  on  abstract  subjects. 

Every  man  shall  give  as  he  is  able.  Dent.  xvi.  17. 

To  be  conscious  of  free-will  must  mean  to  be  conscious, 

before  I  have  decided,  that  I  am  able  to  decide  either 

way.  J.  .?.  Mill. 

The  memory  may  be  disciplined  to  such  a  point  as  to  be 
able  to  perform  very  extraordinary  feats. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

3.  Legally  entitled  or  authorized  ;  having  the 
requisite  legal  qualification:  as,  an  illegitimate 
son  is  not  able  to  take  by  inheritance. —  3.  In 
an  absolute  sense  :  (a)  Vigorous;  active. 

His  highness  comes  post  from  Slarseilles,  of  as  able  body 
as  when  he  numbered  thirty.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  5. 

(6)  Having  strong  or  unusual  powers  of  mind, 
or  intellectual  qualifications  :  as,  an  able  min- 
ister. 

Provide  out  of  all  the  people  able  men.        Ex.  xviii.  '21. 

With  the  assassination  of  Count  Rossi,  the  ableU  of  the 
Roman  jiatriots,  there  vanished  a  last  hope  of  any  other 
than  a  violent  solution  of  the  Papal  question. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  97. 

Able  for  is  now  regarded  as  a  Scotticism,  though  Shak- 

spcre  has 

*'  Be  able  for  thine  enemy  rather  in  power  than  use." 

Alls  WeU,  i.  1. 

His  soldiers,  worn  out  with  fatigue,  were  hardly  able /or 
s'lcli  :i  inarch.  Principal  Robertson. 

Able  seaman,  a  seaman  who  is  competent  to  perform 
any  work  which  may  be  required  of  him  on  board  ship, 
such  a-s  fitting  and  placing  rigging,  making  and  mending 
sails,  in  addition  to  the  ability  to  "  hand,  reef,  and  steer," 
=  Sjhl.  1  and  3.  Capable,  competent,  qualified,  fitted, 
adequate,  ertlcieiit ;  strong,  sturdy,  powerful,  vigorous ; 
talented,  accoiiiplislied,  clever. 

ablest  (a'bl),  r.  t.     [<  ME.  ablen,  abilcn.  ena- 
ble, <  ME.  able,  abil,  able.]     1.  To  enable. 
And  life  by  this  death  abled  shall  control! 
Death,  whom  thy  death  slew.    Donne,  Resurre(;tion. 

2.  To  warrant  or  answer  for. 

None  does  offend,  none,  I  say  none  ;  I'll  able  'em. 

Shale.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 

["  For  some  time  the  verb  able  was  not  uncommon. 
Bishop  Bale  uses  it  often  :  Bishop  Latimer,  Shakespeare, 
Dr.  Donne,  Chapman,  etc.,  have  it  too."     F.  Hall.] 

able- (a'bn,  H.    [F. :  see  ablet.}    Piame  as  ablet. 

-able,  -ible.  [(a)  ME.  -able,  <  OF.  -able,  mod. 
F.  -able  =  Sp.  -able  =  Pg.  -arel  =  It.  -abile,  <  L. 
-dbilis,  ace.  -abilem  ;  (b)  ME.  -ifcfc,  <OF.  -ible, 
-eble,  mod.  F.  -i7)fc  =  Sp.  -ift/<'  =  Pg.  -irel  =  lt. 
-ibile,<.'L.  -ibilis,  ace.  -ibilem;  (c)  rarely -<■&/<■, 
<L.  -chilis,  ace.  -ebilem,  etc.;  being  -blc,  L. 
-hilis,  suflixed  in  Latin  to  a  verb-stem  ending, 
or  made  to  end,  in  a  vowel,  a,  i,  c,  etc.:  see 
-ble.  Examples  are:  (a)  ami-able,  <  ME.  aimi- 
ablc,  <  OF.  aimable,  <  L.  amicdbilis,  friendly, 
<  amicd-re,  make  friendly ;  (b)  horr-ible,  <  ME. 
horrible,   orrible,  <  OF.  orrible,  <  L.  horribilis, 


ablet 

<horre-re,  shudder;  (c)  dcl-cble  (negative,  in- 
delible, conformed  to  preceding),  <  L.  dclebilis, 
<  dele-re,  destroy.  From  adjectives  in  -ble  are 
formed  nouns  in  -ncss  {-bU-nemt),  or,  from  or 
after  the  L.,  in  -bilitji,  wliicli  in  some  cases  is  a 
restored  form  of  ME.  and  OF.  -blete,  <  L.  -bili- 
tas,  ace.  -bili-tat-cm.  See  -blc,  -bility,  -ity,  -ty.] 
A  common  termination  of  English  adjectives, 
especially  of  those  based  on  verbs.  To  tlie  base  to 
which  it  is  attaclu'.l  it  ;.'i  niially  adils  the  notion  of  capable 
of,  worthy  of,  and  souictiines  full  of,  causing  :  as,  oljtain- 
able,  capable  of  being  obtained  ;  tolerable,  capable  of  being 
borne  ;  lawlalde,  worthy  of  praise  ;  cmlililr,  that  may  l>e 
believed,  or  worthy  of  belief  ;  /orcilile,  full  of  force  ;  hor- 
rible, terrible,  full  of  or  causing  horror,  terror.  Many  of 
these  adjectives,  such  as  lolenible,  credible,  leiiibh,  have 
been  borrowed  directly  from  the  Latin  or  the  French,  and 
are  in  a  somewhat  different  po.sitioil  from  those  formed  by 
.adding  the  termination  to  an  alreaily  e.visljiig  English 
word,  as  in  the  case  of  olAainable.  Adjectives  of  tliis 
kind,  witli  a  passive  signifli-atioii,  are  the  most  numerous, 
and  the  biu^e  may  be  Anglo-Saxon  or  Latin ;  eatalfle,  bear, 
able,  readable,  believable,  etc.,  are  of  the  former  kind.  Of 
those  in  -ablewith  an  active  sigiiill("iti<'n  we  may  mention 
deleetable,  Mtltable,  rajtable.  at  a  neuter  signitlcation  are 
durable,  equable,  conj'unnable.  All  these  are  from  verbal 
bases,  but  there  are  others  derived  from  nouns,  such  as 
actionable,  objectionable,  jyeaceable,  salable,  serviceable. 
As  to  when  -able  and  when  -ible  is  to  be  used,  Mr.  Fitzed- 
ward  Hall  remarks  :  "  Generally,  the  termination  is  -itjle, 
if  the  b:use  is  the  essentially  uncorrupted  stem  of  a  Latin 
infinitive  or  supine  of  any  conjugation  but  the  first.  .  .  . 
To  the  rule  given  above,  however,  there  are  many  excep- 
tions. ...  To  all  verbs,  then,  from  the  Anglo-Saxon,  to 
all  based  on  the  uncorrupted  infinitival  stems  of  Ijitin 
verbs  of  the  first  conjugation,  and  to  all  substantives, 
whencesoever  sprung,  we  annex  -able  only."  See  his  work 
"On  F.nglish  Adjectives  in  -Able,  with  .Special  Reference 
to  ]:,-iiabic."  pp.  ir>~i7. 

able-bodied  (a'bl-bod"id),  a.  [_<  able^  +  body 
+  -('/-.  ]  Having  a  sound,  strong  body ;  having 
strength  sufficient  for  physical  work :  as,  a 
dozen  able-bodied  men;  an  able-bodied  sailor. 
In  a  ship's  papers  abbreviated  to  A.  D. 
Feeding  high,  and  living  soft, 
Grew  plump  and  able-bodied. 

Tennymn,  The  Goose. 

ablegatet  (ab'le-gat),  r.  t.  [<L.  ablegatus,  pp. 
of  ablegare,  send  away,  <  ab,  off,  away,  +  legare, 
send  as  ambassador:  see  legate.}  To  send 
abroad. 

ablegate  (ab'le-gat),  n.  [<  L.  ablegatus,  pp. : 
see  ablegate,  r.}  A  papal  envoy  who  carries 
insignia  or  presents  of  honor  to  newly  ap- 
pointed cardinals  or  civil  dignitaries.  Apostolic 
ablegates  are  of  higher  rank  than  those  desig- 
nated ^jon^/^'co/. 

ablegation  (ab-le-ga'shon),  n.  [_<  Jj.  ablega- 
tio(n-),  <  ablegare:  see  ablegate,  v.}  The  act 
of  abiegating,  or  sending  abroad  or  away ;  the 
act  of  sending  out. 

An  arbitrarious  ableyation  of  the  spirits  into  this  or  that 
determinate  part  of  the  hotly. 

Dr.  II.  More,  .\ntid.  against  Atheism,  I.  ii.  7. 

ablen  (ab'len),  «.     A  dialectal  form  of  a6?ff. 
ablenesst  (a'bl-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  iibulnt.'ise,  <  abut, 
abet,  able,  +  -nesse,  -ness.]    Ability;  power. 
I  \vist  well  thine  ableness  my  service  to  further. 

Testament  o/  Litre. 

Ablephari  (a-blef'a-ri),  n.  pi.  A  group  of  rep- 
tiles taking  name  from  the  genus  Ablepharus. 

Ablepharus  (a-Iilef'a-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aji'Ai- 
ipapor,  without  eyelids,  <  li-  priv.,  without,  +  jS/'.c- 
(papm,  eyelid,  <  iiuireiv,  see.    C'f.  ablejtsia.']    A 


Ablepharus. 

genus  of  harmless  lizards,  family  Scincida; 
with  fire-toed  feet  and  only  rudimentary  eve- 
lids. 

ablepsia  <a-blep'si-a),  n.  [LL.,  <Gr.  o,3>.ei;/m, 
blindness,  <  a-  priv.,  not,  +  liAeTrroc,  <  j3?.i-etv, 
see.]   Want  of  .sight ;  blindness.    [Rare.] 

ablepsy  (a-blep'si),  H.     Same  as  ablepsia. 

ableptically  (a-blep'ti-kal-i),  adr.  l<  ablep.'.ia 
(iihlrpt-)  +  -ic  +  -al  +  -ii/2.}  Blindly;  uuob- 
servinglv;  inadvertent! v. 

ablet  (ab'let),  «.  [<  F;  ablette,  dim.  of  able,  < 
ML.  abula,  for  albula,  a  bleak,  dim.  of  L.  albus, 
white  :  see  alb.}  A  local  English  (Westmore- 
land) name  of  the  bleak.  See  bleak-,  n.  Also 
called  ablen  and  able. 


ablewhackets 

ablewhackets  (ii'lil-whak-etst,  ».  [<  able  (un- 
rertiiiii,  perliaps  uUudiiif,'  1<>  "'''«  seaman) 
+  irlidcl:.]  A  tjame  of  i-ards  played  by  sailors, 
in  wliic'h  the  loser  receives  a  whack  or  blow 
with  a  knotted  handkerchief  for  every  game 
he  loses.    Also  spelled  ahelwhnckets. 

abligatet  (ab'li-Kfit),  r.  t.  [<L.  ul>,  from,  + 
lii/iiiiis,  pp.  of  liiiarc,  tie:  see  licit  and  oMi- 
a'dlc]    To  tie  up  so  as  to  hinder.     Jiailetj. 

aoligationt  (ab-li-ga'shon),  n.  The  act  of  tying 
up  so  as  to  hinder.     Smart. 

abligurition  (ab-lig-u-rish'on),  «.  [<  L.  ab- 
li<liirili(i{>i-),  also  written  abUijurHtioin-),  a 
consuming  in  feasting,  <  abUgurrire,  consume 
in  feasting,  lit.  lick  away,  <  ah,  away,  +  lifjiir- 
rire,  liok,  be  dainty,  akin  to  liiiflerc,  lick,  and 
E.  lick,  q.  v.]  E.xeess ;  prodigal  expense  for 
food.     [Karo.] 

ablins,  '"'''.     See  aiblins. 

ablocate  (ab'lo-kat),  r.  1.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  ahlo- 
cated,  ppr.  ablhcatiiuj.  [<  L.  ablocatun,  pp.  of 
abloi-are,  let  out  on  hire,  <  ab,  from,  +  locarc, 
let  out.  place  :   ace  locate.']    To  let  out ;  lease. 

ablocation  (ab-lo-ka'shon),  H.  A  letting  for 
hire  ;  lease. 

abloom  (a-bl6ra'),  prep.  plir.  as  <i(lr.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
jirep.,  +  6/oOMil.]  In  a  blooming  state;  iu 
blossom. 

abludef  (ab-lod'),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abluded, 
ppr.  abludiiitj.  [\  L.  abliulere,  be  different  from, 
<  ab,  from,  +  Uidere,  play.  Cf.  Gr.  a-aSew,  sing 
out  of  tune,  dissent,  <  a-6  (=  L.  ah),  from, 
+  fdeiv,  sing.]  To  be  unlike  ;  differ ;  be  out 
of  harmony.     [Rare.] 

The  wise  advice  of  our  Seneca  not  much  ablitding  from 
the  counsel  of  that  blessed  apostle. 

Bp.  Hall,  Balm  of  Gilead,  vii.  1. 

abluent  (ab'lo-ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  abluen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  nfc/Here,"wash  off,  cleanse,  <  ab,  off,  + 
lucre  =  Gr.  loieiv,  wash.]  I,  a.  Washiiig; 
cleansing;  purifj-ing. 

II.  n.  In  med. :  (a)  That  which  purifies  the 
blood,  or  carries  off  impurities  from  the  system, 
especially  from  the  stomach  and  intestines  ;  a 
detergent.  (';)  That  which  removes  tilth  or 
viscid  matter  from  ulcers  or  from  the  skin. 

ablution  (ab-lo'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  ablution,  ab- 
lucioun,  <  OP.  ablution,  <  L.  ablutio(n-),  <  ab- 
iMere,  wash  off:  see  abluent,  «.]  1.  In  a  gen- 
eral sense,  the  act  of  washing;  a  cleansing 
or  purification  by  water. — 2.  Any  ceremonial 
washing.  («)  Among  the  Oriental  races,  a  washing  of  the 
person  or  of  parts  of  it.  as  the  hands  and  face,  and  among 
the  Hebrews  also  of  garments  and  vessels,  as  a  religious 
duty  on  certain  occasions,  or  in  preparation  for  some 
religious  act,  as  a  sign  of  moral  purification,  and  sometimes 
in  token  of  innocence  of,  or  absence  of  responsibility  for, 
some  particular  crime  or  charge  (whence  the  expression 
"to  wash  one's  hands  of  an>'thing").  The  Mohammedan 
law  requires  ablution  before  each  of  the  five  daily  prayers, 
and  permits  it  to  be  performed  with  sand  when  water  can- 
not be  procured,  as  in  the  desert. 

There  is  a  natural  analogy  between  the  ablution  of  the 
body  and  the  purification  of  the  soul. 

Jer.  Taijlor,  Worthy  Communicant. 
(6)  In  the  Rmn.  Catli.  Cli.:  (1)  The  washing  of  the  feet  of 
the  poor  (John  xjii.  14)  on  ilaundy  or  Holy  Thursday, 
called  iiuindatum.  {■!)  Tlie  washing  of  the  celebrant's 
bands  before  anil  after  communion,  (r)  Tn  the  Eastern 
Church,  the  purillt::ition  <if  the  newly  baptized  on  the 
eightti  day  after  bai)tism. 

3.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  wine  and  water 
which  after  communion  are  separately  poured 
into  the"  chalice  over  the  thumb  and  index- 
finger  of  the  officiating  priest,  who  drinks  this 
ablution  before  going  on  with  the  closing 
prayers.  —  4t.  In  chcm.,  the  purification  of 
bodies  by  the  affusion  of  a  proper  liquor,  as 
water  to  dissolve  salts. —  5.  In  med.,  the  wash- 
ing of  the  body  externally,  as  by  baths,  or 
internally,  by  diluent  fluids. —  6.  The  water 
used  in  cleansing. 

Wash'd  by  the  briny  wave,  the  pious  train 

Are  cleansed,  and  cast  the  abtutioiui  in  the  main. 

Pope,  Iliad,  i.  413. 

ablutionary  (ab-16'shon-a-ri),  a.  Pertaining 
to  ablution. 

ablu'Tion  (ab-lO'vi-on),  «.  [<  ML.  abliivio{n-), 
a  changed  form  of  L.  abluvium,  a  flood  or  del- 
uge, <  ablucre,  wash  off :  see  abluent,  a.]  If.  A 
flood. —  2.  That  which  is  washed  off  or  away. 
Dwif/ht.     [Rare.] 

ably  (ii'bli),  adv.  [<  ME.  abelichc,  <  abel,  able, 
-I-  -liche,  -\\'-.]  In  an  able  manner;  with 
abilitv. 

-ably."  [<  -able  +  -hfi,  ME.  abel-liche;  so  -bly, 
-ibly.'i  The  termination  of  adverbs  from  adjec- 
tives in  -able. 

abnegate  (ab'ne-gat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abne- 
gated, ppr.  abnegating.     [<  C  almegatus,  pp.  of 


14 

abncgare,  refuse,  deny,  <  ab,  off,  +  negare,  deny : 
see  negation.]  To  deny  (anything)  to  one's 
self;  renounce  ;  give  up  or  surrender. 

The  government  which  .  .  .  could  not,  without  abnf- 
qatiwj  its  own  very  nature,  take  the  lead  in  making  rebel- 
lion an  excuse  for  revolution. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  167. 

abnegation  (ab-nf-ga'shon),  n.    [<  L.  abnega- 

lio{ II-),  denial,  <  aiinegarc,  deny :  see  abnegate. ] 
The  act  of  abnegating  ;  a  renunciation. 

With  ahneijation  of  God.  of  his  honour,  and  of  religion, 
they  may  retain  the  friendship  of  the  court. 

Knox,  Letter  to  tjueen  Reg.  of  Scot. 
.Tudicious  connrmation.  judicious  ahtiefiation. 

CnrlijUi,  Tlie  Diamond  Necklace. 

abnegati've  (ab'ne-ga-tiv  or  ab-neg'a-tiv),  a. 
Denying;  negative.     Clarke.     [Rare.] 

abnegator  (ab'ne-ga-tor),  n.  [L.,  a  denier.] 
One  who  abnegates,  denies,  renounces,  or  op- 
poses.    Sir  E.  Sandys. 

abnerval  (ab-ner'val),  a.  [<  L.  nft,  from, -I- 
nerrus,  nerve.]  From  or  away  from  the  nerve. 
Applied  to  electrical  currents  passing  in  a  muscular  fiber 
from  the  point  of  application  of  a  nerve-fiber  toward  the 
extremities  of  the  muscular  fiber. 

abnet  (ab'net),  n.  [<  Heb.  abnct,  a  belt.]  1. 
In  Jewish  antiq.,  a  girdle  of  fine  linen  worn  by 
priests.     Also  called  abanet. 

A  long  array  of  priests,  in  their  plain  white  garments 

overwrapped  hyabnets  of  many  folds  and  gorgeous  colors. 

L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  530. 

2.  In  surg.,  a  bandage  resembling  a  Jewish 

priest's  girdle. 

abnodatef  (ab'no-dat),  r.  t.  [<  L.  abnodatus, pp. 
of  abnodarc,  cut  off  knots,  <  ab  (=  E.  off)  -h 
nodare,  fill  with  knots,  <  nodus  =  E.  knot :  see 
node  and  knot.]  To  cut  knots  from,  as  trees. 
Blount. 

abnodationt  (ab-no-da'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
cutting  away  the  knots  of  trees. 

abnormal  (ab-nor'mal),  a.  [<  L.  abnormis, 
deviating  from  a  fixed  rule,  irregular,  <  ab, 
from,  -I-  norma,  a  rule :  see  norm  and  normal. 
Earlier  anormal,  q.  v.]  Not  conformed  or 
conforming  to  riile  ;  deviating  from  a  type  or 
standard  ;  contrary  to  system  or  law  ;  irregu- 
lar ;  unnatural. 

An  argument  is,  that  the  above-specified  breeds,  though 
agreeing  generally  in  constitution,  habits,  voice,  colour- 
ing, and  in  most  parts  of  their  structure,  with  the  wild 
rock  pigeon,  yet  are  certainly  highly  abnormal  in  other 
parts  of  their  structure.  Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  1. 
Abnormal  dispersion.    See  dispersion. 

Abnormales  (ab-u6r-ma'lez),  «.  j)l.  [NL., 
pi.  of  abnormalis  :  see  abnormal.]  In  ornith., 
in  Garrod's  and  Forbes's  arrangement  of  Pas- 
seres,  a  division  of  the  Oscincs  or  Acromyodi 
established  for  the  Australian  genera  Menura 
and  Atrichia,  the  IjTe-bird  and  scrub-bird,  on 
account  of  the  abnormal  construction  of  the 
svrinx.     See  Atrichiida:  and  Menurido". 

abnormality  (ab-nor-mal'i-ti),  n.  l<  abnormal 
+  -ill/.]  1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  ab- 
normal ;  deviation  from  a  standard,  rule,  or 
type  ;  irregularity ;  abnormity. 

The  recognition  of  tlie  abnormality  of  his  state  was  in 
this  case,  at  any  rate,  assured.  Mind,  IX.  ll'J. 

2.  That  which  is  abnormal ;  that  which  is 
characterized  by  deviation  from  a  standard, 
rule,  or  type  ;  an  abnormal  feature. 

The  word  [\icel,  in  its  true  and  original  meaning,  signi- 
fies a  fault,  an  almormality.         Pop.  .Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  234. 

A  single  [human]  body  presented  the  extraordinarj' 
number  of  twenty-five  distinct  abnormalities. 

Darwin,  Descent  of  Man,  I.  105. 

abnormally  (ab-nor'mal-i),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
normal manner. 

Impressions  made  on  the  retina  abnormally  from  within, 
by  the  mind  or  imagination,  are  also  sometiiues  projected 
outward,  and  become  the  delusive  signs  of  external  ob- 
jects having  no  existence.  Le  Conte,  Sight,  p.  72. 

abnormity  (ab-nor'mj-ti'i,  n.  [<  abnormoiis 
+  -ity,  on  tj'pe  of  enormity,  <  enormous.]  Irreg- 
ularity ;  deformity ;  abnormality. 

Blonde  and  whitish  hair  being,  properly  speaking,  an 
abnormity.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  t>7. 

The  faradaic  current  which  cures  some  deep-seated  ab- 
normity of  luttrition.  J.  Finke,  Cos.  Phil.,  I.  302. 

abnormOUS  (ab-n6r'mus),  a.  [<  L.  abnormis, 
witli  suftix  -ous,  like  enormous,  <  L.  cnormis  : 
see  abnormal.]    Abnormal ;  misshapen. 

Tlie  general  structure  of  the  couplet  through  the  17lh 
century  may  be  called  abnormoun. 

Hatlam,  Lit.  Hist.,  IV.  251. 
aboard^  (a-bord'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  and  prep. 
[<  ME.  on  borde,  <  AS.  on  horde  (dat.),  on  hard 
(ace):  prep,  on,  on;  bord,  plank,  side  of  a  ship: 
see  board.  Cf.  F.  alter  a  bord,  go  aboard ; 
D.  aan  board  gaan,  go  aboard.     The  F.  a  bord 


aboU 

has  merged  in  the  E.  phrase.    Cf.  aboard^.] 

1.  adr.  1.  On  the  deck  or  in  the  hold  of  a  ship 
or  vessel  ;  into  or  upon  a  vessel.  [In  the  U.  S. 
used  also  of  railroad-cars  and  other  vehicles.] 

He  lowdly  cald  to  such  as  were  abord. 

Spemer,  F.  y.,  IL  vi.  4. 

2.  Alongside  ;  by  the  side ;  on  one  side. 

He  was  desirous  of  keeping  the  coast  of  .\merica  aboard. 

Cook,  Voyages. 
Aboard  main  tack!  (naut.),  an  order  to  haul  one  of 
the  lower  comers  of  the  mainsail  down  to  the  chess- 
tree.— All  aboard!  the  order  to  go  on  board  or  enter, 
upon  the  starling  of  a  vessel  or  (f.  S.)  railroad-train. — 
To  fall  aboard  of,  to  come  or  strike  against :  said  of  a 
ship  which  strikes  against  anotlicr  broadside  on  or  at  an 
obtuse  angle.  Such  a  collision  is  distinctively  called  an 
al'ordu'it'.— To  get  aboard,  to  get  foul  of.  as  a  ship.— 
To  go  aboard,  to  enter  a  ship:  embark.— To  haul 
aboard("«"'.).  to  haul  down  the  weather-dew  of  the  fore 
or  main  course  by  the  tack  tr,  tlie  bumkin  or  deck. — To 
keep  the  land  or  coast  aboard  (naut.),  to  keep  within 
sight  of  land  while  sailing  along  it. 

We  sailed  leisurely  down  the  coast  before  a  light  fair 
wind,  keeping  the  land  well  alfoard. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  124. 
To  lay  aboard  (naut.).  to  run  alongside  of,  as  an  enemy's 
sliip.  for  the  pui-pose  of  fighting. 

II,  prej).  1.  On  board ;  into. 

We  left  this  place,  and  were  again  conveyed  aboard  our 
ship.  Fielding,  Voyage  to  Lisbon^ 

2.  Upon;  across;  athwart.     [Rare.] 

Nor  iron  bands  aboard 
The  Pontic  sea  by  their  huge  navy  cast. 

Spender,  \"irgirs  Gnat,  L  46. 

aboard^t  (a-bord'),  «.  [<  F.  abord,  approach, 
<  aborder,  approach  the  shore,  land,  approach, 
accost  (cf.  a  bord,  on  board),  <  «  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
-1-  bord,  edge,  margin,  shore^  <  D.  board,  edge, 
brim,  bank,  board  (of  a  ship):  see  aboareP-.] 
Approach.     Also  spelled  abord. 

He  would,  ...  at  the  first  aboard  of  a  stranger,  .  .  . 
frame  a  right  apprehension  of  him. 

Sir  K.  Dlyby,  Xat.  of  Bodies,  p.  253. 

abocockt,  abocockedt,  "•    Corrupt  forms  of  hy- 

eiieki  t.     Compare  abaeot. 
abodancet  (a-bo'dans),  «.     [<  abode^  +  -ance.] 
An  omen. 

Verbum  valde  oininatum,  an  ill  abodance. 

T.  Jackson,  Works,  II.  635. 

abode!  (a-bod'),  n.  [<  ME.  abood,  abod,  ear- 
lier abad,  continuance,  stay,  delay,  <  ME.  abiden 
(pret.  abod,  earlier  abad),  abide:  see  abided.] 

1.  Stay;  continuance  in  a  place;  residence  for 
a  time. 

I  was  once  in  Italy  myself,  but  I  thank  God  my  abode 
there  was  only  nine  days. 

Aschani,  quoted  by  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  406. 

2.  A  place  of  continuance;  a  dwelling;  a  habi- 
tation. 

But  I  know  thy  abode,  and  thy  going  out,  and  thy  com- 
ing in.  2  Ki.  .\L\.  27. 

3t.    Delay:    as,  "fled   away  without   abode," 

Spenser.— lo  make  abode,  to  dwell  or  reside.  =  Syn. 
2.  Residence,  dw  cIUiil.',  habitation,  domicile,  home,  house, 
lodging,  qu.irtei's,  honicstead. 

abode^  (a-bod').     Preterit  of  rtftirffl. 

abode^t  va-bod'),  n.  [<  ME.  abode,  <  aheden  (pp. 
abodeii),  <  AS.  dbeodan  :  see  o-l  and  bode-.]  An 
omen ;  a  prognostication  ;  a  foreboding. 

Astrologicall  and  other  like  vaine  predict  ions  and  a  bodes. 

Lydgate. 

High-thund'ring  Juno's  husband  stirs  my  spirit  with  true 

abodes.  Chapman,  Iliad,  .xiii.  146. 

abode*t  (a-bod'),  r.    l<abodeS,n.]    I.  trans.  To 
foreshow;  prognosticate;  forebode. 
Tills  tempest. 
Dasliing  the  garment  of  this  peace,  aboded 
The  sudden  breach  out.         Shak.,  Hen.  ^'III.,  L  1. 

H.  intrans.  To  be  an  omen ;  forebode:  as, 

"this  abodes  sadly,"  Dr.  H.   More,  Decay  of 

Christian  Piety. 

abodementt    (a-bod'ment),  n.      [<  abode^   -I- 

-meut.]     Foreboding;  prognostication;  omen. 

Tush,  man  !  abodenients  must  not  now  affright  us. 

Shak.,  3  HenT  VI.,  iv.  7. 

abodingt  (a-bo'tUng^  ».     [Verbal  n.  of  abodc^. 

Cf.  liudinij.  ]     Presentiment :   prognostication ; 

foreboding:  as,  "strange  ominous nftorfiHjrs and 

fears,"  /.'/).  JSiill.  Works.  II.  489. 
abogado  (ii-bo-ga'do),  H.    [Sp.,  <  L.  (irfrof (J ?!(«.• 

see    adrocatc.]      An  advocate:    a   counselor: 

used  in  parts  of  the  United  States  settled  by 

Spaniards. 

aboideau,  aboiteau  (a-boi-do',  -to'),  n.  [Of 
imcertain  F.  origin.]  A  dam  to  prevent  the 
tide  from  overflowing  a  marsh.  [New  Bruns- 
wick.] 

aboil  (a-boil'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  aS, 
prep.,  -1-  boil-.]    In  or  into  a  boiling  state. 


abolete 

aboletet  (ab'o-let),  a.  [<  L.  'aboletiis,  pp.  of  abo- 
li'.iri'ir,  docay,  <  abolere,  destroy :  see  abolish.  ] 
Old  ;  (ibsoloto. 

abolish  (a-bol'ish),  V.  t.    [<  late  ME.  aholijssltvii , 

<  OF.  aboliss-,  extended  stem  of  abolir,  <  L. 
iibolerc,  destroy,  aljolisli,  <  <ib,  from,  +  *oUr(; 
iu  comp.,  grow.]  To  do  away  with;  put  an  end 
to  ;  destroy  ;  efface  or  obliterate  ;  annihilate  : 
as,  to  (iboli.sh  customs  or  institutions;  to  tibolixh 
slavery ;  to  (iliolinh  idols  (Isa.  ii.  18) ;  to  abolish 
death  "(2  Tim.  i.  10). 

Or  wilt  thou  thyself 
Abolish  thy  creutiun,  and  unmake, 
For  him,  what  for  thy  glory  tliou  hnat  made  ? 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  1(13, 
Congress  can,  by  edict,  .  .  .  abolish  slavery,  and  pay 
for  such  slaves  as  we  ought  to  pay  for. 

Kmerson,  Blisc,  p.  285, 
Ilia  quick,  instinctive  hand 
Caught  at  the  liilt,  as  to  abolish  him, 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

=Syil.  To  Abolish,  H''p€al,  Rescind,  liemll.  Revoke,  Abro- 
iiate,  AiiiHil,  Cancel,  fiul,  destroy,  do  away  with,  set  aside, 
nullify,  aiiiiiliihite,  quash,  vacate,  make  void,  extirpate, 
eradicate,  .snppn-ss,  uproot,  erase,  expunge.  Abolish  is  a 
strnni;  wnrd,  uiid  si;;nillfs  a  complete  removal,  generally 
hut  not  always  hy  a  .sunniiary  act.  It  is  the  word  specially 
used  in  c'lMni-liim  witti  tliilr.'s  that  haw  lieen  loni;  cstah- 
lished  or  del  plj'  routed,  as  an  institntmn  <ir  a  custom  :  as, 
to  (/'»('/(>// sla\iry  nr  [loly^'aniy.  lU'txnl  is  ^iencrally  used 
of  the  formal  rescinding'  <if  a  legislative  act.  Abrogate, 
to  aholish  sunnnarily,  nii>re  often  as  the  act  of  a  ruler,  but 
sonietiiues  of  a  representative  body.  Annul,  literally  to 
briu'.;  to  nothini:,  to  depri\e  of  all  force  or  obligation,  as  a 
law  or  coiitraLt.  lirsriml  (literally,  to  cut  short)  is  coex- 
tensive in  meaning'  witli  both  repeal  and  annul.  Recall, 
revoke  (see  renounce).  Cancel  is  not  used  of  laws,  but 
of  deeds,  boruls,  contracts,  etc.,  and  figuratively  of  what- 
ever may  be  thought  of  as  crossed  out.  [In  legal  parlance, 
resciml  is  never  applied  to  a  statute  ;  it  is  the  common  e.v- 
pression  inr  the  act  of  a  party  in  justly  repudiating  a  con- 
tract, licpciil  is  never  applied  to  a  contract ;  it  is  the 
connnon  expression  for  the  termination  of  the  existence 
of  a  statute  by  a  later  statute.  Annul  is  the  common  ex- 
pression for  tile  judicial  act  of  a  court  in  terminating  the 
existence  of  an>'  obligation  or  conveyance.  Cancel  is  used 
when  the  instrument  is  obliterated  actually  or  in  legal 
contemplation  ;  the  other  words  when  the  obligation  is 
aimihilated  irrespective  of  whether  the  instrument  is  left 
intact  or  not.] 

I  have  never  doubted  the  constitutional  authority  of 

Congress  to  abolish  slavery  in  this  District  [of  Columbia]. 

Lincoln,  in  Rajinond,  p.  184. 

Leaving  <uit  atnended  acts  and  enumerating  only  acts 
entirely  rcpculc'l,  the  result  is  that  in  the  last  three 
sessions  there  haxi^heon  repealed  .  .  .  650  acts  belonging 
to  the  present  reign.       11.  Spencer,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  6. 

The  king  also  rescinded  the  order  by  which  the  Bishop 
of  London  had  been  suspended  from  the  exercise  of  his 
functions.  Buckle. 

Whose  laws,  like  those  of  the  Medes  and  Persians,  they 
cannot  alter  or  abrogate.  Burke. 

Your  promises  are  sins  of  inconsideration  at  best ;  and 
you  arc  bouiul  to  repent  and  annul  them.  Swi.ft. 

I  here  forget  all  former  griefs, 
Cancel  all  grudge.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  v.  4. 

abolishable  (a-bol'ish-a-bl),  «.  [<.abolish  + 
-ttlilc.  Cf.  F.  abolissabk.2  Capable  of  being 
abolished  or  annulled,  as  a  law,  rite,  custom, 
etc. ;  that  may  be  set  aside  or  destroyed. 

And  yet  .  .  .  hope  is  but  deferred ;  not  abolished,  not 
abolishable.  Carhjle,  French  Rev.,  I.  ii.  S. 

abolisher  (a-bol'ish-er),  n.  [<  abolish  +  -c/l.] 
One  who  or  that  which  abolishes. 
abolishment  (a-bol'ish-ment),  h.  l<nbolish  + 
-mcnl.  CLF.  abofii^.seme)it.~\  The  act  of  abolish- 
ing or  of  putting  an  end  to  ;  abrogation  ;  de- 
struction ;  abolition.     [Now  rare.] 

He  should  think  the  abolishnteut  of  Episcopacy  among 
us  Would  prove  a  mighty  scandal. 

Swift,  Sent,  of  a  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man. 

abolition  (ab-6-lish'on),  n.     [<  F.   abolition, 

<  L.  (ibolitio(ii-),  <  abolere,  annul,  abolish:  see 
«/<"//,>■/(.]  1.  The  act  of  abolishing,  or  the  state 
of  being  abolished  ;  annulment ;  abrogation  ; 
utter  destruction :  as,  the  abolition  of  laws, 
decrees,  ordinances,  rites,  customs,  debts,  etc. ; 
the  abolition  of  slavery.  The  most  frequent  use  of 
the  word  in  recent  times  has  been  in  connection  with  the 
effort  to  put  an  end  to  the  system  of  slavery,  which  was 
finally  accomplished  in  the  United  States  in  1865  by  the 
thirteenth  ameiulment  to  the  Constitution. 

Fur  the  amalgamation  of  races,  and  for  the  abolition  of 
villenage.  she  |  liritain]  is  chiefly  indebted  to  the  influence 
which  the  priesthood  in  the  middle  ages  exercised  over 
the  laity.  Macdulay,^\st.  Eng.,  i. 

2t.  In  law :  (a)  Permission  to  desist  from 
further  prosecution,  (b)  Remission  of  pun- 
ishment ;  condonation,  [in  the  civil,  French,  and 
Herman  law,  abolition  is  used  nearly  synonymously  with 
pardon,  remission,  prace.  Grace  is  the  generic  term  ; 
pardon,  by  those  laws,  is  the  clemency  extended  by  the 
prmcc  to  a  participant  in  crime  who  is  not  a  principal  or 
accoijijilioe  ;  reniis.finn  is  granted  in  cases  of  involuntary 
homicide  and  self-defense.  Abolition  is  used  when  the 
crime  cannot  be  remitted.  The  prince  by  letters  of  aboli- 
tion may  remit  the  pimishment,  but  the  infamy  remains 
unless  letters  of  abolition  have  been  obtained  before  sen- 


16 

tence  has  been  rendered.      Bouvier.]  =  Syn.  Overthrow, 
ainnilment,  oliliteration,  extirpation,  suppression. 

abolitional  (ab-o-lish'on-al),  «.  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  abolition. 

abolitionary  (ab-o-lish'on-a-ri), a.  Destructive ; 
abiilitional. 

abolitionism  (ab-o-lish'on-izm),  «.  [<abolition 
+  -i.-<)ii.\  Bfliff  in  the  principle  of  aliolition, 
as  of  shivci'y ;  devotion  to  or  advocacy  of  the 
ojiiniiins  of  abolitionists. 

abolitionist  (ab-o-lish'on-ist),  n.  [<  abolition 
+  -ist ;  =  F.  abolitiotiniste.']  A  person  who 
favors  the  abolition  of  some  law,  institution, 
or  custom.  Specifically,  one  of  those  who  favored 
aiul  sought  to  etfect  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  United 
States.  Before  IS.'iO  these  persons  generally  advocated 
gradual  anil  vohmtary  emaiuiiiation.  After  that  lime 
many  began  to  insist  on  inniiediute  abolition,  without 
regard  to  the  wishes  of  the  sbneliolders.  A  portion  of 
the  abolitionists  formed  the  Liberty  party,  wliich  after- 
ward ai'ti-d  witli  the  Free-soil  and  Kcpubliian  parties,  and 
Iblally  bei  atne  merged  in  the  latter.     See  ul»ilition,  1. 

abolitionize  (ab-o-lish'gn-iz),  r.  t.;  pret.  and 
p[i.  iihiilitiiinized,  ppr.  aboUtionizing.  To  im- 
bue with  the  doctrines  or  principles  of  aboli- 
tionists. 

abolla  (a-bol'a),  H.  ;  pi.  aboUa;  (-e).  [L.,  <  Gr. 
afiiioXi/  contracted  form  of  avafio'A}/,  a  cloak, 
<  avaftaX'Miv,  throw  back,  <  ava,  back,  +  fia'A'Xciv, 
throw.  The  Gr.  form  aiiuXAa  was  in  turn  bor- 
rowed from  the  Latin.]  In  Rom.  anliq.,  a  loose 
woolen  cloak,  its  precise  form  is  not  known  ;  it  dif- 
fered from  the  toga,  and  was  worn  especially  by  soldiers  : 
perhaps  on  this  account,  it  was  adopted  by  Stoic  philoso- 
phers, who  affected  great  austerity  of  life,  whence  Juve- 
nal's expression /acinti*  majoris  abollce,  a  crime  of  a  deep 
philosopher. 

aboma(a-bo'ma),  H.  [<  Pg.  flftomn.]  The  name 
iu  Guiana  of  some  very  large  boa  or  anaconda  of 
the  family  Pythonidw  or  Boida;  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  America.  The  species  is  not  determined  and 
the  name  is  probably  of  general  applicability  to  the  huge 
tree-snakes  of  the  American  tropics.  As  a  book-name, 
atjonui  is  identified  with  the  Epicrates  cenchris,  usually 
misspelled  Eijtcratis  cenchria,  after  the  Penny  Cyc.,  1836. 
This  is  a  species  called  by  Sclater  the  thick-necked  tree- 
boa.  A  Venezuelan  species  is  known  as  the  brown  aboma, 
Epierates  viaurus.  Some  such  serpent  is  also  called  the 
ringed  boa,  Boa  aboma.  In  any  case,  the  aboma  is  a  near 
relative  of  the  anaconda,  Eunectes  murinu^,  and  of  the 
common  boa,  Boa  coTWfricior.     Compare  bi>«  •AUtXbont. 

The  taniacuilla  huilia  or  aboma  appears  to  be  the  ser- 
pent worshipped  by  the  ancient  Mexicans.  It  is  of  gigan- 
tic size.  5.  Q.  Goodrich,  Johnson's  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  400. 

abomasum  (ab-o-ma'sum),  n.\  pi.  abomasa 
(-sii).  [NL.,  <  IJ.  ab,  from,-)-  omasum.']  The 
fourth  or  true  stomach  of  ruminating  animals, 
lying  next  to  the  omasum  or  third  stomach, 
and  opening  through  the  pylorus  into  the  duo- 
denum.    See  cut  under  ruminant. 

abomasus  (ab-o-ma'sus),  n.;  pi.  ajomosj  (-si). 
.Same  as  ubomasum. 

abominable  (a-bom'i-na-bl),  a.  [<ME.  abomi- 
nable, ahhomi'iiable,  <  Oi".  abominable  =  Pr.  ab- 
hoinenable  =  Sp.  abominable  =  Pg.  abominavel 
=  It.  aboininabilc,  <  L.  abominabilis,  deserving 
abhorrence,  <  abominari,  abhor,  deprecate  as 
an  ill  omen;  see  abominate.  For  the  old  spell- 
ing abhominable,  see  that  form.]  Deserving  or 
liable  to  be  abominated;  detestable;  loath- 
some ;  odious  to  the  mind ;  offensive  to  the 
senses.  In  colloquial  language  especially,  abominable 
often  means  little  more  than  excessive,  extreme,  very  dis- 
agreeable :  .13,  his  self-conceit  is  alwminable. 
This  infernal  pit 
Abominable,  accursed,  the  house  of  woe. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  4G4. 
The  captain  was  convicted  of  the  murderof  a  cabin-boy, 
after  a  long  course  of  abominable  ill-treatment. 

H.  N.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  54. 
=  Syil,  Execrable,  Horrible,  etc.  (see  nefarious),  detest- 
able, loathsome,  hateful,  shocking,  horrid,  revolting,  in- 
tolerable.    See  list  under  detestable. 

abominableness  (a-bom'i-na-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  abominable,  detest- 
able, or  odious. 

abominably  (a-bom'1-na-bli),  adr.  In  an  abomi- 
nable manner  or  degree ;  execrably ;  detestably ; 
sinfully.  Sometimes  equivalent  in  colloquial  speech  to 
excessively  or  disagreeably  ;  as,  he  is  aboiniyictbly  vain. 

abominate  (a-bom'i-nat),  V.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp. 
aliominattd,  ppr.  abominating.  [<  L.  abomina- 
ttts,  pp.  of  abominari,  abhor,  deprecate  as  an 
ill  omen,  <  "'),  from,  +  omindri,  regard  as  an 
omen,  forebode,  <  omen  (omin-),  an  omen :  see 
omen.]  To  hate  extremely  ;  abhor  ;  detest. 
'Von  will  abotninate  the  use  of  all  unfair  arts. 

C.  Mather,  Essays  to  Do  Good. 
-Syn.  Atibor,  Detest,  etc.    See  hate. 

abominate  (a-bom'i-nat),  a.  [<  L.  abominatus, 
pp. :  see  above.]  Detested ;  held  in  abomi- 
nation. 

abomination  (a-bom-1-na'shon),  ».  (■<  ME. 
abominacion,    abhominacioun,    abhominacijon,  < 


aboriginal 

OF.  abominacion,  <  L.  abominatioin-),  <  abomi- 
nari, abhor:  see  abominate,  v.]  1.  The  act  of 
abominating  or  the  state  of  being  abominated ; 
the  highest  degree  of  aversion  ;  detestation. 

Who  have  nothing  in  so  great  aiiomimition  aa  those  they 
hold  for  heretics.  Swift. 

2.  That  which  is  abominated  or  abominable ; 
an  object  greatly  disliked  or  abhorred ;  hence, 
hateful  or  shameful  vice. 

Every  shepherd  is  an  abomination  unto  the  Egyptians. 

Gen.  xlvi.  34. 
Ashtoreth,  the  abomination  of  the  Zidouians. 

2  Ki.  xxiii.  13. 
The  adulterous  Antony,  most  large 
In  his  abominations.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ill.  6. 

3.  In  the  Bible,  often,  that  which  is  ceremo- 
nially impure;  ceremonial  impurity;  defile- 
ment ;  that  which  defiles.  =  Syn.  1.  Detestation, 
luatliing,  ilLsgust,  abhorrence,  repugnance,  horror,  aver- 
sion.—  2,  Filthiness,  foulness,  impurity,  grossness.' 

abominator   (ji-bom'i-na-tor),  ».     One  who 

aboiiiiiKiti'S  or  detests. 
abominet  (a-bom'in),  v.  t.     [<F.  abominer,  <  L. 

abominari :  see  abominate,  v.]      To  abominate  : 

as,  "I  abomine  'em,"  SiHft. 
aboon  (a-bOn'),  prep,  and  adr.    [Sc,  also  abune, 

<  ME.   abui'en  :    see   above.]     Above.    [North. 

English  and  Scotch.] 

And  thou  shall  bathe  thee  in  the  stream 
That  rolls  its  whitening  foam  aboon. 

J.  R.  Drake,  Culprit  Fay,  xxxii. 

aborad  (ab-o'rad),  adr.  [<  ab-  -I-  orad.  Cf.  ab- 
orat.]  In  anat.,  away  from  the  mouth  :  the  op- 
posite of  orad. 

Thacher  has  employed  orad  both  as  adjective  and  ad- 
verb, but  the  correlative  aborad,  which  nnght  have  been 
expected,  has  not  been  observed  by  us  in  his  papers. 

Wilder  and  Gage,  Anal.  Tecli.,  p.  23. 

aboral  (ab-o'ral),  a.  [<  L.  ab,  from,  -1-  os  (or-), 
mouth:  see  or«?.]  In  anat.,  pertaining  to  or 
situated  at  the  opposite  extremity  from  the 
mouth :  opposed  to  adoral. 

If  we  imagine  the  Astrophyton  with  its  mouth  turned 
upward  and  its  arms  brought  near  together,  and  the 
aboral  region  furnished  with  a  long,  jointed,  and  flexible 
stem,  we  shall  have  a  form  not  very  unlike  the  Pentacri- 
nus  caput-medusse  of  the  "West  Indies. 

Po2l.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  324. 

aborally  (ab-6'ral-i),  adv.  In  an  aboral  man- 
ner or  place  ;  at,  near,  or  in  the  direction  of 
the  aboral  end ;  aborad:  as,  situated  aiora//^/. 
abordlf  (a^bord'),  «.  [Same  as  aboard^,  q.  v. : 
see  also  border.]  1.  Arrival;  approach. — 2. 
Manner  of  accosting ;  address ;  salutation. 
Your  abord,  I  must  tell  you,  was  too  cold  and  uniform. 

Chesterjield. 

abordlf    (a-bdrd'),    I',    t.     [<  F.   aborder,   ap- 
proach :  see  aboard^.]     To  approach ;  accost, 
abord'-^t   (a-bord'),   adv.    At   a  loss.      [Rare.] 
Used  in  the"following  extract  probably  for  abroad,  in  the 
sense  of  adrift. 

That  how  t'  acquit  themselves  unto  the  Lord 
They  were  in  doubt,  and  flatly  set  abord. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  324. 

abordage  (a-bor'daj),  «.  [F.,  <  aborder,  board : 
see  «/mn/l.]  1.  The  act  of  boarding  a  vessel, 
as  in  a  sea-fight. —  2.  A  collision.  See  fall 
aboard  af,  under  aboard^. 

aborigen,  aborigin  (ab-or'i-jen,  -jin),  n.  [Sing., 
from  L.  pi.  aborigines.]  Same  as  aborigine. 
[Rare.] 

aboriginal  (ab-o-rij'i-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  pi. 
alxirii/ines,  the firstinhabitants;  specifically, the 
primeval  Romans  :  see  aborigines.  Cf.  original, 
and  L.  alwrigineus,  aboriginal.]  I.  a.  1.  E.xist- 
ing  from  the  origin  or  beginning  ;  hence,  first ; 
original ;  primitive :  as,  aboriginal  people  are 
the  first  inhabitants  of  a  country  known  to 
history. 

It  was  soon  made  manifest  .  .  .  that  a  people  inferior 
to  none  existing  in  the  world  had  been  formed  by  the 
mixture  of  three  branches  of  the  great  Teutonic  family 
with  each  other,  and  with  the  aboriginal  Britons. 

Macuulai/. 

2.  Pertaining  to  aborigines;  hence,  primitive ; 
simple ;  imsophisticated :  as,  aboriginal  cus- 
toms ;  aboriginal  apathy. 

There  are  doubtless  many  aboriginal  minds  by  which  no 
other  conclusion  is  conceivable. 

U.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol. 

3.  In  geol.  and  hot,  native ;  indigenous ;  au- 
tochthonous. =  Syn.  Indigenous,  etc.  See  original. 
See  also  prinutry. 

II.  n.  1.  An  original  inhabitant;  one  of  the 
people  living  in  a  country  at  the  period  of  the 
earliest  historical  knowledge  of  it ;  an  autoch- 
thon.—  2.  A  species  of  animals  or  plants  which 
originated  within  a  given  area. 

It  may  well  be  doubted  whether  this  frog  is  an  aborigi- 
lutl  of  these  islands.  Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  %yiL 


aboiiginality 


aboriginality  (al>-6-rij-i-n!il'i-ti),  n.  Thp 
quality  m-  stale  of  being  Hhorigiiial.    X.  E,  I). 

aboriginally  (ab-o-rij'i-niil-i),  </'/(•.  In  an  ab- 
original luauuer;  originally;  from  the  very 
first. 

Tluro  me  harJIy  any  domestic  racis  .  .  .  wliiuli  have 
not  liein  ranked  ...  as  tlle  deseeiidants  of  aborigiiialhj 
aistimt  species.  Darwin,  Oricin  of  Specie.s,  p.  1(1. 

aboriginary  (ab-d-rij'i-ua-ri),  «.  An  aborigi- 
nal inliiiliitant.     X  IC.  D. 

ab  origine  (ab  0-ri.j'i-ne).'  [L.:  n/<,  from;  ori- 
(jiiir,  iibl.  of  ohijo,  origin.]  From  the  origin, 
lii't.'iniiint,',  or  start. 

aborigine  vab-o-rij'i-ne),  «.  [Sing,  from  L.  pi. 
(i//(»(((/iH(\<,  as  if  the  latter  were  an  E.  word.] 
One  of  the  aborigines  (which  see) ;  an  aborigi- 
nal.    Also  called  aliorijivn,  tihorigiii. 

aborigines  (ab-o-rij'i-nez),  ».  pi.  [L.,  pi.,  the 
lirst  inhabitants,  applied  especially  to  the  ab- 
original inhabitants  of  Lntium,  the  ancestors 
of  the  Roman  people, <  ab,  from,-)-  origo  {ori- 
gin-), origin,  beginning.]  1.  The  primitive 
inliabitants  of  a  country;  the  people  U^^ng 
in  a  country  at  the  earliest  period  of  Vhich 
anything  is"  knovni.— 2.  The  original  fauna 
anil  llnra  of  a  given  geographical  area. 

aborsementt  (.i-bors'ment),  n.  [<  L.  ahorsus, 
bronglit  forth  prematiu"ely  (collateral  form  of 
abortus:  see  abort,  v.),  +  -ment.']  Abortion. 
tiji.  UiiU. 

aborsivet  (a-bor'siv),  a.  [<  L.  aborsus,  collat- 
eral form  (if  abortiiA-  (see  abort,  v.),  +  E.  -irc.J 
Abortive  ;  premature.     Fuller. 

abort  (a-bort'),  r.  i.  [<  L.  al>ortare,  miscarry, 
<  abortus,  pp.  of  ahoriri,  miscarr.v,  fail,  <  ab, 
from,  away,  +  oriri,  arise,  grow.]  1.  To  mis- 
carry in  giving  Inrth. —  2.  To  become  aborted 
or  abortive ;  appear  or  remain  in  a  rudimen- 
tary or  undeveloped  state  :  as,  organs  liable  to 
abort. 

lu  the  pelagic  Phyllirhbe,  the  foot  aborts,  as  well  as  the 
mautle,  and  the  body  has  the  form  of  an  elongated  sac. 

Huxlfij,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  43S. 

The  temperature  now  falls,  and  the  disease  [smallpox] 

in  some  cases  will  abort  at  this  stage  [at  the  end  of  forty- 

eiglit  hours].  Quain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  1442. 

abortt  (a-borf),  m.  [<  L.  abortus,  an  abor- 
tion, miscarriage,  <  abortus,  pp.  of  ahoriri: 
see  aliort,  i;.]     An  abortion.     Burton, 

aborted  (a-bor'ted),  ;).  a.  1.  Brought  forth 
before  its  time. —  2.  Imperfectly  developed; 
incapable  of  discharging  its  functions ;  not 
having  acquired  its  functions. 

Although  the  eyes  of  the  Cirripeds  are  more  or  less 
aborted  in  their  mature  state,  they  retain  sutiicient  sus- 
ceptiliility  of  light  to  e.tcite  retraction  of  the  cirri. 

Owen,  Comp.  Anat.,  xiii. 

aborticide  (a-bor'ti-sid),  n.  [<  L.  abortus  (see 
abort,  n.)  +  -cidium  (as  in  liomicidium,  homi- 
cidel),  <  ccedere,  kill.]  In  obstet.,  the  destruc- 
tion iif  a  fetus  in  the  uterus  ;  feticide. 

abortient  (a-bor'shient),  a.  [<  LL.  abortic)i{t-)s, 
Xjpr.  of  uhiirtire,  miscarry,  equiv.  to  abortarc : 
see  aliort,  r.]     In  bot.,  sterile ;  barren. 

abortifacient  (a-b6r-ti-fa'shient),  rt.  and  «. 
[<  L.  abortus  (see  abort,  n.)  -f  facien(t-)s,  jtpT. 
of  faccrc,  make.]  I.  rt.  Producing  abortion  : 
said  of  drugs  and  operative  procedures. 

II.  It.  In  lucd.,  whatever  is  or  may  be  used 
to  produce  abortion. 

Tile  almost  universal  keeping  of  abortifacicnts  by  drug- 
gists, despite  statutes  to  the  contrary. 

X.  Y.  Independent,  July  24,  1873. 

abortion  (a-bor'shon),  n.  [<  L.  abortio(it-), 
miscarriage,  <  aboriri,  miscarry :  see  abort, 
f.]  1.  Miscarriage  ;  the  expulsion  of  the  fetus 
before  it  is  viable — that  is,  in  women,  be- 
fore about  the  28th  week  of  gestation.  Expul- 
sion of  the  fetus  occurring  later  than  tliis,  Iiut  l>eforc  the 
normal  time,  is  called  (when  not  i»rocurcil  by  art,  lU?  l)y  .a 
surgical  operation)  premature  labor.  A  somewluil  use. 
less  distinction  has  been  sometimes  drawn  between  abor- 
tion anil  inisrarriatie,  by  which  the  f(U"mer  is  made  to 
refer  to  the  tlrst  fom-  months  of  i)regnancy  and  the  latter 
to  the  following  three  months.  Criminal  abortion  is  pre- 
meditated or  iiitentioiiiil  abortion  procured,  at  anyjieriod 
of  pregnancy,  by  artitlcial  means,  and  solely  for  the  pur- 
pose of  preventing  the  Iiirth  of  a  living  child ;  feticide. 
At  common  law  the  criminality  depended  on  the  abortion 
being  caused  after  quickening.  Some  modern  statutes 
provide  otherwise. 

In  the  penitential  discipline  of  the  Church,  abortion  was 
placed  in  the  same  category  as  infanticide,  and  the  stern 
sentences  to  which  the  guilty  person  was  subject  imprint- 
ed on  the  minds  of  Christians,  more  deeply  than  any  mere 
exhortations,  a  sense  of  the  enormity  of  the  erijne. 

Uekii,  Evnop.  .Morals,  II.  24. 

2.  The  product  of  untimely  birlh;  hence,  a 
misshapen  being;  a  monster. —  3.  Any  fruit 
or  jiroduct  that  does  not  come  to  maturity ; 
hence,  frequently,  in  a  figurative  sense,  aiiy- 


16 

thing  which  fails  in  its  progress  before  it  is 
matured  or  perfected,  as  a  design  or  project.— 
4.  In  liot.  and  :oi>l.,  the  arrested  development 
of  an  organ  at  a  more  or  less  early  stage. 

In  the  complete  aliorlion  of  the  rostellum  [of  Ccphalan- 
Ihera  granilijtoru]  we  have  evidence  of  degradation. 

Darwin,  I'erti!.  of  Orchids  liy  Insects,  p.  80, 

He  [Mr.  Bates]  claims  for  that  family  [the  Ilclictniidee] 
the  highest  position,  ehielly  because  of  the  imperfect 
structure  of  the  fore  legs,  which  Ls  there  carried  to  an  ex- 
treme degree  of  abortion. 

A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  .Selec.,  p.  133. 

abortional  (a-b6r'shgn-al),  a.   Of  the  nature  of 
an  abortion;  characterized  by  failure. 

The  treaty 
fulnlment. 


proved  abortional,  and  never  came  to 
Carlyle,  Frederick  the  Great,  VI.  xv.  22. 

abortionist  (a-b6r'shon-ist),  n.  [<  abortion  + 
-isl.'\  One  who  produces  or  aitns  to  produce 
a  criminal  abortion  ;  especially,  one  who  makes 
a  practice  of  so  doing. 

He  (Dr.  RobbJ  urged  the  necessity  of  physicians  using 
all  their  influence  to  discountenance  the  work  of  abor- 
tionists, ff.  v.  Med.  Jour.,  XL.  680. 

abortive  (a-b6r'tiv),  n.  and  «.  [<  L.  abortirus, 
born  preniaturely,  causing  abortion,  <  abortus, 
pp.  of  rtioWn,  miscarry  :  see  abort,  r.']  I.  a.  1. 
Brought  forth  in  an  imperfect  condition  ;  im- 
perfectly formed  or  inadequately  developed,  as 
an  animal  or  vegetable  production ;  rudimen- 
tary.—  2.  Suppressed;  kept  imperfect;  re- 
maining rudimentary,  or  not  advancing  to  per- 
fection in  form  or  function :  a  frequent  use  of 
the  term  in  zoology.     Compare  ecstigial. 

Tlie  toes  [of  seals]  are  completely  united  by  strong  webs, 
and  tile  straight  nails  are  sometimes  reduced  in  number, 
or  even  altogether  abortiee.     Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  359. 

The  power  of  voluntarily  uncovering  the  canine  [tooth] 
on  one  side  of  the  face  being  thus  often  wholly  lost,  indi- 
cates that  it  is  a  rarely  used  and  almost  abortiee  action. 
Darwin,  Express,  of  Emot.,  p.  253. 

Hence  —  3.  Not  brought  to  completion  or  to  a 
successful  issue  ;  failing  ;   miscarrying  ;  com- 
ing to  nought:  as,  a,n abortive  scheme. 
Abortiee  as  the  first-born  bloom  of  spring, 
Nipp'd  with  the  lagging  rear  of  winter's  frost. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  i:.'6. 

He  made  a  salutation,  or,  to  speak  nearer  the  truth,  an 
ill-detined,  abortive  attempt  at  courtesy. 

UawtJiorne,  Seven  Gables,  \ii. 

4.  In  bot.,  defective ;  barren.  A.  Gray. —  5.  Pro- 
ducing nothing ;  chaotic  ;  ineffectual. 
The  void  profound 
Of  unessential  Night  receives  him  next. 
Wide-gaping  ;  and  with  utter  loss  of  being 
Threatens  him,  plunged  in  that  abortive  gulf. 

Milton,  P.  L,  ii.  438. 

6.  In  mcd.,  producing  or  intended  to  produce 
abortion  ;  abortifacient :   as,  abortive  drugs. — 

7.  Deformed  ;  monstrous.     [Rare.] 

Thou  elvish-mark'd,  abortive,  rooting  hog ! 
Thou  that  wast  seal'd  in  thy  nati\ity 
The  slave  of  natiue  and  the  son  of  hell ! 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 
Abortive  vellum,  vellum  made  from  the  skin  of  a  still- 
lioru  calf. 

II.  «.  [<L.  rtftorfi'rHm,  an  abortion,  abortive 
medicine  ;  neut.  of  abortirus,  a. :  see  the  adj.] 

1.  That  which  is  produced  prematurely;   an 

abortion  ;  a  monstrous  birth. 

Abortives,  presages,  and  tongues  of  heaven. 

Sbak:,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 

2.  A  drug  causing  abortion;  an  abortifacient. 
abortivet  (a-bor'tiv),  r.    I.  trans.  To  cause  to 

fail  or  miscarry. 

He  wrought  to  abortive  the  bill  before  it  came  to  the 
birth.  Bp.  llacket,  Abp.  Williams,  i.  14S. 

II.  t'n^roMS.  To  fail ;  perish;  come  to  nought. 
Thus  one  of  your  bold  thunders  may  abortive. 
And  cause  that  birth  miscarry. 

Tomkit  (?),  Albumazar,  i.  3. 
"When  peace  came  so  near  to  the  birth,  how  it  abortived, 
and  t»y  whose  fault,  come  now  to  be  remembered. 

Bp.  Hacket,  .\bp.  Williams,  ii.  147. 

abortively  (a-bov'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  abortive 
or  untimely  manner  ;  prematurely;  imperfect- 
ly ;  ineffectually  ;  as  an  abortion. 

If  abortiveli/  poor  man  must  die, 
Nor  reach  what  reach  he  might,  why  die  in  dread  ? 

Younfj,  Night  Thoughts,  vii. 

The  enterprise  in  Ireland,  as  elsewhere,  tenninated  abor- 

tirehi.  FrouJe,  Hist.  Eng.,  IV.  94. 

abortiveness  (a-bOr'tiv-nes),  «.  The  quality 
or  state  of  being,  or  of  tending  to  become, 
abortive;  a  failure  to  reach  perfection  or  ma- 
turity :  want  of  success  or  aceoin])lishraent. 

abortmentt    (a-bort'ment),   «.     [<  aliort,  v.,  + 

-mint,  =  F.   arortcmrnt,  Sp.    ahortamitnto,  Pg. 

aborti'.nicnto.l    An  untimely  birth;  an  abortion. 

The  earth,  in  whose  womb  tllose  deserted  mineral  riches 

must  ever  lie  biu-ied  as  lost  abortmenti. 

Bacon,  Phys.  and  Med.  Remains. 


about 

abortus  (ar-bdr'tus),  «.;  pi.  abortu.'s.  [L.,  an 
abortion :  see  abort,  «.]  In  med.,  the  fruit  of 
an  abortion  ;  a  child  born  before  the  proper 
time ;  an  almrtion. 

Abothrophera  (a-both-rofe-ra),  n.  nl.  [NIj., 
[irop.  dliiitlirojihora,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  i^oHpoc^  a 
I)it,  +  -liiofior,  <  (pipetv  =  E.  focarl.]  A  group  of 
old-world  solenoglyph  venomous  serpents,  cor- 
responding to  the  family  I'ipcrida:  Sr,  called  be- 
cause of  the  absence  of  a  pit  between  the  eyes  and  nose, 
contrasting  in  this  respect  with  the  liothroptiera. 

aboughtt,  pret.  of  (tbij.  [See  «/»//.]  Endured; 
at  lined  for;  paid  dearly  for. 

The  vengeans  of  thiike  )Tc 
Tliat  Atheon  aboualite  trewely. 

Chancer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1445. 

aboulia,  aboulomania,  «.    Same  as  o^i(/ifl. 

abound  (a-bonnd'),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  abounden, 
atiuntlcn,  sometimes  s])elled  habunden,  <  OF. 
abonder,  hahondcr,  F.  alionder=iip.  Pg.  abini- 
dar  =  lt.  ahbondarr,  <.  L.  abundare,  overflow, 
<  ah,  from,  away,  -1-  undare,  rise  in  waves,  over- 
flow, <  undo,  a  wave:  see  undulate.  Cf.  redound, 
surround.'i  1.  To  be  in  great  plenty  ;  be  very 
prevalent. 

Wliere  sin  abounded,  grace  did  much  more  abound. 

Rom.  V.  20. 

In  every  political  party,  in  the  Cabinet  itself,  duplicity 
and  perfidy  abounded.      Maeaulay,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

2.  To  be  unstinted  in  possession  or  supjily  (of 
anything);  be  copiously  provided  or  furnished 
(with  anything),  (a)  To  be  rich  or  affluent  (in),  as 
that  which  is  a  special  property  or  characteristic,  or  con- 
stitutes an  individual  distinction :  as,  he  abounds  in 
wealth  or  in  charity. 

Nature  abounds  in  wits  of  every  kind. 
And  for  each  author  can  a  talent  find. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  i.  13. 
(6)  To  teem  or  be  replete  (with),  as  that  which  is  furnished 
or  supplied,  or  is  an  intrinsic  characteristic  :  as,  the  coun- 
try aboumis  with  wealth,  or  irith  tine  scenery. 
The  taithful  man  shall  abound  with  blessings. 

Prov.  xxviiL  20. 

To  abound  in  or  with  one's  own  senset,  to  be  at 
liberty  to  hold  or  follow  one's  own  opinion  or  judgment. 

I  meddle  not  with  Mr.  Ross,  but  leave  him  to  aborittd 
in  his  ou'ii  seiue.  Bramhall,  ii  632. 

Moreover,  as  every  one  is  said  to  abound  ipith  his  oipn 
sense,  and  that  among  the  race  of  man-kind.  Opinions 
and  Fancies  are  found  to  be  as  various  as  the  several! 
Faces  and  Voyces :  so  in  each  individual  man  there  is  a 
differing  facultie  of  Observation,  of  .Tudgement,  of  Appli- 
cation. Howell,  Forreine  Travel],  i. 

aboundancet  (a-boun'dans),  n.  An  old  form  of 
abinuhincc.    Time's  Storehouse,  ii. 

abounding  (a-boun'ding),  n.  f\^erbal  n.  of 
abound.^  Tlie  state  of  being  abimdant :  abun- 
dance; increase.    <S'o»/7i,  Sermons,  II.  220. 

abounding  (ii-boun'ding).  p.  a.  Overflowing; 
]ilentifnl  ;  at'nmdant:  as,  o6o»«rfjHr/ wealth. 

about  (a-bouf),  rtf?r.  and  j>rcp.  [<  ME.  about, 
aboute,  earMeT  abouten,  abute,  abutcn,<.AS.  abu- 
toK(=OFries.  dbuta),  about,  aroimd,  <  <(-  for 
on  (the  AS.  form  onbutan  also  occurs,  with 
an  equiv.  i/mbiitnn,  round  aboutj  <  i/nibe,  ipnb, 
around,  about,  =  G.  um  =  Gr.  audi :  see  am- 
phi-)  +  butan,  outside,  <  be,  by,  -f-  utan,  out- 
side, from  without,  <  «^  prep,  and  adv.,  out: 
see  on,  bii,be-'2,  ami  out.]  I.  adr.  1.  Around; 
in  circuit ;  circularly  ;  round  and  round  ;  on 
every  side  ;  in  every  direction  ;  all  around. 

Prithee,  do  not  turn  me  affout ;  my  stomach  is  not  con- 
stant. Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 
Algiers  .  .  .  measures  barely  one  league  about. 

J.  Morgan,  Hist.  Algiers. 

2.  Circuitously;  in  a  roundabout  course. 

God  led  the  people  a!<0H(  througli  the  way  of  the  wilder- 
ness. E"-  xiii.  18. 
To  wheel  three  or  foiu"  miles  about.        Shak.,  Cor.,  t  6. 

3.  Hither  and  thither ;  to  and  fro ;  up  and 
down  ;  here  and  there. 

He  that  goeth  about  as  a  tale-bearer.  Prov.  xx.  19. 

Wandering  about  from  house  to  house.        1  Tiin.  v.  13. 

We  followed  the  guide  aliout  among  the  tombs  for  a 

wlule.  C.  D.  }yarner,  Roundatiout  Journey,  .vii. 

4.  Near  in  time,  number,  quantity,  quality,  or 
degree  ;  nearly ;  approximately ;  almost. 

He  went  out  about  the  third  hour.  Jlat.  xx.  S. 

Light  travels  about  186,000  miles  a  second. 

J.  .V.  l.ockyer,  Elem.  .^stron. 
The  first  two  are  about  the  nicest  girls  in  all  I.ondon. 

Uawley  Smart,  ."locial  Sinners,  I.  IS'2. 
I  In  contracts  made  on  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange,  the 
term  about  means  "not  more  than  three  days"  when 
aijplicd  to  time,  and  "not  more  than  10  per  cent."  when 
used  with  reference  to  a  numlier  of  shares.] 

5.  In  readiness;  intending;  going:  after  the 
verb  to  be. 

The  house  which  1  am  about  to  build.        2  Chron.  ii.  9. 
As  the  shipmen  were  about  to  Hee  out  of  the  ship. 

Acts  \x\u.  SO. 


about 

6.  At  work ;  astir;  bogin  in  earnest :  used  with 
tho  lorco  of  an  imperative. 

Ah'iul,  my  Imiiii !  Sliak.,  Ilamk't,  ii.  '-'. 

To  be  about,  to  l»e  iwtir  ;  hi-  (ni  tliu  niuvc  ;  W  iitli'mliii-,' 
tciiMics  ii-Hiiiiltlutifs.— To  bring  about,  til  i!iiu»i:  or  iiiiti ; 
us,  1')  hrin'i  ahiitit  a  rt'coninliatniii.  -To  COme  about,  tii 
ciiiiiu  to  puss;  liappi-u.  — To  gO  about.  (")  l.itrrally,  to 
take  a  i:iri:uitous  route  ;  liencL-,  to  ilevisf  roiiiulalnmt  or 
Hi'i-ret  ini-tliods  of  accomplishing  anything  ;  contrive  ;  pre- 
pare :  seek  the  means. 

Why  go  ye  about  to  kill  me  ?  Jolm  vii.  ID. 

If  we  look  into  tlie  eyes  of  the  youngest  person,  we 
sotnetinies  discover  tliat  liere  is  one  wln)  knows  already 
what  you  would  tjo  about  with  much  pains  to  teach  him. 

Hmerson,  Old  Aj;c. 
(b)  Xftnt.,  to  take  a  different  direction,  as  a  ve.sscl  in  tack- 
in;;.— Much  about,  very  nearly  :  as,  his  health  is  much 
ainiiit  the  same  as  yesterday.— Put  about,  annoyed; 
disturlied  :  provoked  ;  as,  he  was  nnich  jnit  ahoiit  l>y  the 
news.— Ready  about !  About  ship!  onkre  to  a  crew 
to  prepare  for  tacking.— Right  about!  Left  about  I 
(j/o7i7.),  connnands  to  face  or  turn  round  half  a  einje,  liy 
the  riglit  or  left,  as  the  case  may  be,  so  as  t<i  fare  in  the 
opposite  direction.— Turn  about,  week  about,  etc.,  in 
rotatioTi  or  succession;  alternately  ;  on  eaeli  alternate  oc- 
casion, week,  etc. 

A  woman  or  two,  and  three  or  four  undertaker's  men, 
.  .  .  had  eliarge  of  the  remains,  which  they  watched  turn 
about.  Thackt'ray. 

II.  prip.    1.  On  the  outside  or  outer  surface 
of ;  surrouudiug ;  around  ;  all  around, 
liind  them  abutit  thy  neck.  Prov.  iii.  3. 

About  her  commeth  all  the  world  to  hegge. 

Sir  T.  Mure,  To  them  that  trust  in  Fortune. 
Like  one  who  wraps  the  drapery  of  his  couch 
About  him,  and  lies  down  to  pleasant  dreams. 

Bryant,  Tlianatopsis. 

2.  Near  to  in  place ;  close  to ;  at :  as,  about 
the  door.  See  the  adv.,  4.— 3.  Over  or  upon 
different  parts ;  here  and  there  ;  bacliward  and 
forward ;  in  various  directions. 

Where  lies  thy  pain?    All  about  the  breast? 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3. 

4.  Near  or  on  one's  person  ;  with  ;  at  hand. 

You  have  not  the  *'  Book  of  Riddles"  about  you,  have 
you?  Shak.,  51.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 

5.  In  relation  to;  respecting;  in  regard  to;  on 
account  of. 

He  is  very  com-ageous  mad  about  his  throwing  into  the 
water.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  1. 

The  question  is  not  about  what  is  there,  but  about  what 
I  see.  II'.  A'.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  250. 

It  is  not  enough  to  be  industrious ;  so  are  the  ants. 
What  are  you  industrious  about  ?    Thoreau,  Letters,  p.  101. 

6.  Concerned  in  ;  engaged  in  :  as,  what  is  he 
about f 

I  unist  be  about  my  Father's  business.  Luke  ii.  49. 

To  go  or  set  about,  to  become  occupied  with;  engage 
in;  undertake;  begin:  as.  fio  about  your  business ;  he  set 
ahtuit  the  performance  of  his  task. 

about-sledge  (a-bout'slej), «.  [<  about  (in  refer- 
ence to  its  being  swung  around)  +  «/cA/fl.] 
The  largest  hammer  used  by  blacksmiths.  It 
is  gi'aspod  at  tho  end  of  the  handle  with  both 
hands  and  swung  at  arm's  length. 

above  (n-bnv'),  adr.  and  prep.  [<  ME.  aborc, 
(ihoriii,  aburr,  (iburcn,  abiifeii  (>  E.  dial,  and  Sc. 
aboon,  abniir,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  dbiifan,  above,  <  d- 
for  on  +  buj'an  (full  form  beufan  =  OS.  biobhan 
=  D.  horcii),  above,  <  be-,  liy,  +  vfitn,  from 
above,  above,  =  OS.  obliana,  from  above,  obhan, 
above,  =  OFIU.  opana,  obana,  MUG.  G.  obcn, 
=  Icel.  ofaii ;  all  from  a  base  appearing  in 
Goth.  ('/,  prep.,  under,  OIIG.  opa,  aba,  MHG. 
obc,  oil,  adv.  and  prep.,  over,  Icel.  of,  prep., 
over,  for.  A  different  form  of  the  same  base 
appears  in  up,  q.  v.     See  also  over.']    I.  iidr. 

1.  In  or  to  a  higher  place ;  overhead ;  often, 
in  a  special  sense  :  (<()  In  or  to  the  celestial 
regions ;  in  heaven. 

Your  ju-aise  the  birds  shall  chant  in  every  grove, 
And  winds  shall  waft  it  to  the  powei"s  nboiv. 

Pope,  Summer,  1.  SO. 
(fc)  Upstairs. 

My  maid's  aunt  .  .  .  has  a  gown  above. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,iv.  1. 

2.  On  the  npper  side  (opposed  to  hcncnth); 
toward  the  top  (opposed  to  below):  as,  leaves 
green  oliore,  glaucous  beneath  ;  stems  smooth 
aborc,  hairy  below.  —  3.  Higher  in  rank  or 
power:  as,  the  courts  abore. — 4.  Before  in 
rank  or  onler,  especially  in  a  book  or  writing  : 
as,  from  what  has  been  said  abore. — 5.  Be- 
sides :  in  the  expression  orer  and  abore. 

Ajid  stand  indebted,  oner  and  above. 
In  love  and  service  to  you  evermore. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iv,  1. 
[Shakspere  has  more  abore  in  the  same  sense. 

This,  in  obedience,  hath  my  daughter  showed  me  ; 

And  more  abore,  hath  liis  solicitiugs   ,  .  . 

All  given  tu  miuu  ear.  Uamlet,  ii.  2.] 


17 

Above  Is  often  used  elliptically  as  a  noun,  meaning:  (1) 
Heaven:  as,  *' Every  good  gift  ...  is  from  abore,"  Jas. 
i.  17.  (2)  Preceding  statement,  remarks,  or  the  like:  as, 
from  the  aboiv  you  will  learn  my  ol)jei-t.  It  has  the  force 
of  ;in  adjective  in  such  phrases  jus  the  abore  particulars,  in 
which  rtted  <u-  owntioneit  is  understood. 

II.  prep.    1.  In  or  to  a  higher  place  than. 
And  fowl  that  may  fly  above  the  earth.  Gen.  i.  20. 

2.  Superior  to  in  any  respect :  often  in  the 
sense  of  too  high  for,  as  too  high  in  dignity  or 
fancied  importance  ;  too  elevated  in  charac- 
ter:  as,  tills  man  is  abore  his  business,  above 
mean  actions. 

Doubtless,  in  man  there  is  a  nature  found, 
lieside  the  senses,  and  above  them  far. 

Sir  J.  Davics,  Innnortal.  of  S<ml,  ii. 
Seneca  wrote  largely  on  natural  philo.sophy  .  .  .  solely 
because  it  tended  to  raise  the  nund  ubom  low  cares. 

Macaulay,  bird  liyron. 

3.  More  in  quantity  or  number  than  :  as,  the 
weight  is  abore  a  ton. 

Ue  was  seen  of  above  five  hundred  brethren  at  once. 

1  Cor.  XV.  6. 

4.  More  in  degree  than ;  in  a  greater  degree 
than  ;  beyond  ;  in  excess  of. 

Thou  [the  serpent]  art  cursed  above  all  cattle. 

Gen.  iii.  14. 

God  .  .  .  will  not  suffer  you  to  be  tempted  above  that 

ye  are  able.  1  Cor.  x.  13. 

Above  the  bounds  of  reason.        Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  7. 

1  heanl  a  knocking  for  above  an  hour. 

.Swift,  GulL  Trav.,  i.  1. 

Above  all,  aliove  or  before  everything  else ;  before  every 
other  consideiation  :  in  ju'eference  to  all  other  things. — 
Above  the  rest,  especially  ;  particularly :  as,  one  night 
ubnre  the  /r\f.— Above  the  world.  («)  Above  considering 
what  people  say.  (6)  Holding  a  secure  position  in  life ; 
having  one's  fortune  made. 

With  such  an  income  as  that  he  should  be  above  the 
ivortd,  as  the  saying  is.  A.  TroUupc. 

=  Syn.  Over,  .ibove.  See  over. 
aboveboard  (a-buv'bord),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or 
a.  [i  abitre  +  hoard.  "A  figurative  expression, 
borrowed  from  gamesters,  who,  when  they  put 
their  hands  under  the  table,  are  changing  their 
cards."  Johnson.]  Inopensight;  withouttricks 
or  disguise :  as,  an  honest  man  deals  above- 
board;  his  actions  are  open  and  aboveboard. 

Lovers  in  this  age  have  too  much  honoui-  to  do  anything 
underhand  ;  they  do  all  aboveboard. 

Vanbrufjh,  Relapse,  ii.  1. 

above-deck  (a-buv'dek),  prep.  phr.  as  or7i'.  or 
a.  1.  Upon  deck  :  as,  the  abore-deck  cargo. — 
2.  Figuratively,  without  artifice ;  aboveboard : 
as,  his  dealings  are  all  above-deck.     [Colloq.] 

above-ground  (a-buv'ground),  pre}),  phr.  as 
«(/(•.  or  a.    Alive ;  not  buried. 

I'll  have  'em,  an  they  be  above-ground. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  The  Chances. 

ab  OVO  (ab  o'vo).  [L.,  from  the  egg:  ab, 
from;  ovo,  abl.  of  ovum,  egg,  o'vum:  see  ovum.'] 
Literally,  from  the  egg;  hence,  from  the  very 
lieginuing,  generally  with  allusion  to  the  Roman 
custom  of  beginning  a  meal  with  eggs.  In  this 
ease  it  is  the  first  part  of  the  phrase  ab  oj'.i  o-^'/or  ad  iiki/'i, 
from  the  egg  to  the  apples,  that  is,  from  hegi lining  toeiKi : 
but  srmietimes  the  allusiim  is  to  the  piiet  who  beg.an  the 
history  of  the  Trojan  war  with  the  story  of  the  egg  from 
which  Helen  was  fabled  to  have  been  born. 

By  way  of  tracing  the  whole  theme  [the  Homeric  con- 
troversy] ab  t)V(i,  suppose  we  begin  by  stating  the  cln-ono- 
logieal  Ijearings  of  the  principal  objects  .  .  .  connected 
with  the  Iliad.  Vc  Quiiuxy,  Homer,  I. 


Bark  with  Yards  Abox. 

abOX  (a-boks'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  o3, 
jirej).,  +  box'^.]  A«M/.,  in  or  into  the  position 
of  the  yards  of  a  vessel  when  the  head-sails  are 
laid  aback:  applied  to  the  head-yards  only,  the 
other  sails  being  kept  full. 

abp.     A  contraction  of  arcltbishoj), 

abracadabra  (ab'ra-ka-dab'ra),  n.  [L. ;  occur- 
ring first  in  a  poeni  (Prwcepta  de  Meriicina)  by 
Q.  Serenus  Saramonicus,  in  the  second  cen- 
tury; mere  jargon.  Ct.  abracalam.]   1.  Acaba- 


Abraham-man 

listio  word  used  in  incantations.  When  writ- 
ten in  a  manner  similar  to  that  shown  in  the 
accompanying  diagram,  so  as  to  be  read  in  dif- 

A   l;   R   ACAD   A   r,   R   A 

ABRACADABR 

ABRACADAB 

ABRACADA 

A   B   R   A   C   A   D 

A   B   R   A   C   A 

A   B  R   A  C 

A   B  R  A 

ABB 

A   B 

A 

fereiit  directions,  and  worn  as  an  amulet,  it  was 
supposed  to  euro  certain  ailments. 

Mr.  Banester  saith  that  he  healed  '200  in  one  year  of  an 
ague  by  hanging  abracadabra  about  their  necks,  and 
would  standi  blood,  or  heal  the  toothake,  although  the 
partyes  were  10  mylc  of.  JLS".  in  Brit.  Muneum. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  word-charm  or  empty  jinglo 
of  words. 

abracalam  (a-brak'a-Iam),  n.  [Cf.  cdiruca- 
dalrra.]  A  cabalistic  word  used  as  a  charm 
among  tho  Jews. 

abrachia  (a-bra'ki-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 
-I-  \j.  brachium,  arm.]  In  zoeil.,  absence  of 
anterior  limbs. 

abrachius  (a-bra'ki-us),  n.;  pi.  abrachii  (,-i). 
[NL. :  SCO  abraehia.]  In  tcratoL,  a  monster 
in  which  the  anterior  limbs  are  absent,  while 
the  posterior  are  well  developed. 

abradant  (ab-ra'dant),  a.  and  «.  [<  OF.  (dtra- 
dant,  serving  to  scrape,  scraping,  <  L.  abra- 
rf(«(/-).«,ppr.  of  ofirorfere,  scrape  off:  secabradc.] 
I.  a.  Abrading;  having  the  property  or  quality 
of  scraping. 

II.  n,  A  material  used  for  grinding,  such  as 
emery,  sand,  powdered  glass,  etc. 

abrade  (ab-rad'),  r.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  abraded, 
p]>r.  abradinij.  [<  L.  alrraderc,  scrape  or  rub 
off,  <  (//;,  off,  -I-  raderc,  scrape  :  see  ra:c.]  To 
rub  or  wear  away  ;  rub  or  scrape  off  ;  detach 
particles  from  the  surface  of  by  friction :  as, 
glaciers  abrade  the  toe^m  over  which  they  pass ; 
to  abrade  the  prominences  of  a  surface. 

Dusty  red  walls  and  abraded  towers. 

Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  132. 

A  termination  is  the  abraded  relic  of  an  originally  ilis- 
tinet  qualifying  word.  J.  Finke,  Cos.  Phil.,  I.  CO. 

=  Syn.  Scratch,  Chafe,  etc.    .See  scrape,  v.  t. 

Abrahamic  (a-bra-ham'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Abraham, 
<Gr.  ■Aiipadpt,  repr.  Heb.  'Abrdhdm,  father  of  a 
multitude,  orig.  'Ahrdm,  lit.  father  of  height.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  patriarch  Abraham  :  as, 
tlie  Abrahamic  covenant. 

Abrahamidse  (a-bra-ham'i-de),  n.  ;)/.  [NL., 
(.Abraham  +  -idtc]  The  descendants  of  Abra- 
ham ;  the  Hebrews. 

This  (Biblical]  revelation  of  origins  .  .  .  was  a  whole 
system  of  religion,  pure  and  elevating,  .  .  .  placing  the 
Al>rahumida\  who  for  ages  seem  alone  to  have  held  tr»  it, 
on  a  plane  of  spiritual  vantage  immeasurably  above  that 
of  other  nations.  Datcson,  Orig.  of  World,  p.  71. 

Abrahamite    (a'bra-ham-it   or  a'bram-it),  n. 

l<Mh. Abrahamita;'i;>l.'-    as  Abraham    +   -He-.] 

1.  One  of  a  Christian  sect  named  from  its 
founder,  Abrahiim  of  Antioch  (ninth  century), 
and  charged  with  Paulician  (Gnostic)  errors. — 

2.  One  of  a  sect  of  Deists  in  Bohemia,  who 
came  into  prominence  about  1782,  and  were 
banished  to  Hungary  by  the  Emperor  Joseph  II. 
for  nonconformity.  They  seem  to  have  professed 
the  religion  of  Abrah.am  before  his  circumcision,  to  have 
believed  in  God,  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  a  future 
state  of  rewards  ami  punisliments.  but  to  have  rejected 
baptism  and  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  and  to  have  ac- 
kn..wh-ilge,l  no  scripture  but  the  decalogue  and  the  Lord's 
prayer. 

Abrahamitical  (a'brarham-it'i-kal  or  a-bram- 
it'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to  Abraham  or  to  the 
Abrahamites. 

Abraham-man  (a'bra-ham-  or  a'bram-man), 
n.  1.  Originally,  a  mendicant  lunatic  from 
Bethlehem  Hospital,  London.  The  wards  in  the 
ancient  Bedlam  (Bethlehem)  bore  distinctive  names,  as  of 
some  saint  or  patriarch.  That  named  after  Abraham 
was  devoted  to  a  class  of  lunatics  who  on  certain  dafs 
were  permitted  to  go  oitt  begging.  They  bore  a  badge, 
and  were  known  as  .ibraham-men.  Slany,  howevir,  as- 
sumed the  badge  without  right,  and  begged,  feigning 
lunacy.  Hence  the  more  received  meaning  came  to  be  — 
2.  An  impostor  who  wandered  about  the 
country  seeking  alms,  under  pretense  of  lu- 
nacy. Hence  the  phr.ase  to  sham  Abraham,  to  feign 
sickness. 

Matthew,  sceptic  and  scoffer,  had  failed  to  subscribe  a 
prompt  belief  in  that  pain  about  the  heart  ;  he  had  mut- 
tered some  words  in  which  the  phrase,  "  s/iamming  Abra- 
ham," had  been  very  distinctly  audible. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xx-xiii. 


Abraham's-balm 

Abraham's-balmt  ui'brn-hiimz-  or  a'bramz- 
biim),  11.  An  old  mime  of  an  Italian  willow 
supposed  to  l>e  a  charm  for  the  ))rcservat  ion  of 
eliaslity.     Sec  (iiliiiis  nistiif:,  unilcr  ai/iiiix. 

Abraham's-eyeHa'iii-a-liiimz-  or  u'bramz-i),  Ji. 
A  magical  cliarm  supposed  to  have  power  to 
deprive  of  eyesight  a  thief  who  refused  to  con- 
fess liis  Ruilt. 

abraidt  (a-bra.l'),  '••  [<  ME.  nhmidcn,  nhrei- 
d<  II,  start  up,  awake,  move,  repi-oaeh,  <  AS. 
(ihrnidiiii,  contr.  fihrciian  (a  strong  verb),  move 
quickly :  see  hruid^  and  upbraid.']  I,  trans.  To 
rouse  ;  awake  ;  upbraid. 

Uciw  now,  li;isc'  lirat !  what !  arc  tliy  wits  thine  own, 
That  tliuu  dar'st  thus  abraide  me  in  my  laml  ? 

Greene,  Alphonsus,  ii. 

TT,  intrans.  To  awake ;  start. 

And  if  that  lie  out  of  his  slccpc  abraide, 
lie  miglit  dou  us  bathe  a  vilanie. 

Chaucer,  Kccve's  Tale,  1.  270. 

Abramidina  (ab''rii-rai-di'nii),  ».  i)l.  [NL., 
<  Jliraiiii.s  (Abramid-)  +  -ino.]  In  Giinther's 
classification  of  fishes,  the  twelfth  subfamily 
of  Ciiprinidii;  having  the  anal  fin  elongate  and 
the  abdomen,  or  part  of  it,  compressed.  It  in- 
cludes the  genus  Abrtimis  and  similar  fresh- 
water fishes  related  to  the  bream. 

abramidine  (ab-ram'i-din),  n.  One  of  the  Abra- 
midiiKi. 

Abramis  (ab'ra-mis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ajipauiq 
{aipaiud-),  the  liame  of  a  fish  found  in  the  Nile 
and  the  Mediterranean,  perhaps  the  bream, 
but  not  etym.  related  to  bream.']  A  genus 
of  fishes  of  the  family  Cyprimda;  typified  by 
the  common  fresh-water  bream  of  Europe,  A. 
brama.  The  name  has  been  adopted  with  various  modi- 
fications l>y  different  iclithyologists,  being  restricted  by 
some  to  old-world  forms  closely  allied  to  the  bream,  and 
extended  by  others  to  include  certain  American  fishes 
less  nearly  related  to  it,  such  as  the  common  American 
sliiiifr,  etc.     G.  Ciieier,  1817.    See  bream^. 

AbrancMa  (a-braug'ki-ii),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  abranchius :  see  abranchious.]  A  name 
given  to  several  different  groups  of  animals 
which  have  no  gills  :  (a)  To  a  group  of  vertebrates, 
comprising  mammals,  birds,  and  reptiles  (or  Maminalia 
and  .^aurop^ida).  whose  young  never  possess  gills.  The 
group  is  thus  contrasted  with  Satrachia  and  Pi^cen  col- 
lectively. In  this  sense  the  term  has  no  exact  classifica- 
tory  signification,  (h)  To  a  gl'oup  of  gastropodous  niol- 
lusks,  variously  rated  by  naturalists  as  a  suborder,  an  or- 
der, or  a  subclass  ;  the  Apiuust^  or  Dermatopnoa  of  some, 
related  to  the  Xwiibraiichiata,  having  no  branchia;,  the  up- 
per surface  of  the  body  ciliated,  and  no  sliell  except  when  in 
the  larval  state.  This  group  iucludes  the  families  Lima- 
pontidw,  PkyUirhoidie.  and  Elpsiidie.  (r)  To  an  order  of 
Animlida,  the  OUpochteta,  wliich  are  without  branchire, 
and  respire  by  the'  surface  of  the  body.  There  are  several 
lamilies,  among  them  the  Lumbrkidce,  to  which  the  com- 
mon earthworm  t)elniiu"=:.  They  are  mostly  liermaplirodite, 
and  undergo  no  nietatiitriihosis.  They  have  no  feet,  but 
the  body  is  provided  with  bristles  (seta;).  The  mouth  is 
rudimentary,  not  suctorial,  as  in  the  related  order  Hint- 
dinea  (leeches).  The  species  are  mostly  land  or  fresh- 
water worms,  (rf)  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classification,  to 
the  third  family  of  the  order  .4  (ind/f/e.?,  containing  the 
eartliworms  (Abranchia  setifjera)  and  the  leeches ;  thus 
approximately  corresponding  to  tlie  two  modern  orders 
Olitjochoita  and  Hirudiiiea.  It  included,  however,  some 
heterogeneous  elements,  as  the  gordiaiis.  Sometimes 
called  Abranchiata  and  also  Abranehice.  [If  it  is  advisable 
to  apply  the  term  to  any  group  of  animals,  it  is  probably  to 
be  retained  in  the  second  of  the  senses  above  noted.] 

abrancbian  (a-brang'ki-an),  n.     One  of  the 

Ahramhid. 

Abranchiata  (a-brang-ki-a'ta),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.pl.  of  abranchiattis :  see  abrancliiatc]  A 
term  sometimes  used  as  synonymous  with 
Ahranchia. 

abranchiate  (a-brang'ki-at),  a.  [<  NL.  abran- 
cliiiituK:  sea  nbranchimis  ami -alc'i.]  Devoid  of 
gills  ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Abranchia. 

abrauchious  (a-brang'ki-us),  a.  [<  NL.  abran- 
chius, <  Gr.  li-  priv.  -1-  [ipayxia,  gills.]  Same  as 
abranchiate.     [Rare.] 

The  second  family  of  the  abranchioiis  Aunelides, — or,  the 
Abranchia  without  bristles. 

G.  Cuvier,  K6gnc  Anim.  (tr.  of  1S49),  p.  398. 

Abrasax  (ab'ra-saks),  n.  Same  as  Abraxas,  1, 2. 
abraset  (ab-riiz'),  v.  t.     [<  L.  abrastts,  pp.  of 

((/i(v(rf(rf,  rnboff :  nee  abrade]  Same  as  «6rnf(c. 
abraset  fab-raz'),  «.    [<  L.  abrasiis,  pp. :  see  the 

verb.]  Made  clean  or  clear  of  marks  by  rubbing. 
A  nymph  as  pure  and  simple  as  the  soule  or  as  an  ahrase 

table.  B.  Joiuion,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

abrasion  (ab-ra'zhon),  )(.  [<  L.  abrasio{n-), 
<.  idiradere  :  see  abrade.]  X.  The  act  of  abrad- 
ing ;  the  act  of  wearing  or  rubbing  off  or  away 
by  friction  or  attrition.  Coiiini.in  examples  of  abra- 
sinii  are  :  (a)  The  wearing  or  rul(l)iiig  away  of  rocks  by  iee- 
bergH  or  glaciers,  by  euri-eiits  of  water  laden  with  sand, 
shingle,  etc.,  by  blown  aand,  or  by  other  means,  (b)  The 
natural  wautlng,  or  wear  and  tear,  to  whicit  coins  are  sub- 
jected in  course  of  circulation,  as  opposed  to  Intentional 
or  accidental  defacement. 


18 

It  is  one  of  the  most  curious  phenomena  of  langnace. 
that  words  nr<'  as  subject  as  coin  to  defacement  and 
abrannn,  G.  P.  Mamh,  Lect.  on  Eng.  Ijnig.,  Int.,  p.  10. 

2.  The  result  of  rubbing  or  abrading;  an 
abraded  spot  or  place :  applied  cniefly  to  a 
fretting  or  excoriation  of  the  skiu  by  which  the 
underlying  tissues  are  exposed. — 3.  In  pathol., 
a  superficial  excoriation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  tlie  intestines,  accompanied  by  loss 
of  substance  in  the  form  of  small  shreds. — 4. 
The  substance  worn  away  by  abrading  or  at- 
trilion.  Berkeley. 
abrasi7e  (ab-ra'siv),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
"abrasivus,  <  abrasiis,  pp.  of  ahradcre :  see  ab- 
rade.] I.  a.  Tending  to  produce  abrasion ; 
having  the  property  of  abrading ;  abradant. 

Tlie  .  .  .  abrasive  materials  used  in  the  treatment  of 
metallic  surfaces. 

C.  P.  D.  Shelley,  Workshop  Appliances,  p.  IDS. 

II.  K.  Any  material  having  abrading  quali- 
ties ;  an  abradant. 

The  amateur  is  most  strenuously  counselled  to  polish 
the  tool  upon  the  oil-stone,  or  other  fine  abrasive  em- 
ployed for  setting  the  edge. 

0.  Bynie,  Artisan's  Handbook,  p.  17. 

abraiun  (ab'ram ;  G.  pron.  ap'roum),n.  [G.;lit., 
what  has  to  be  cleared  away  to  get  at  some- 
thing valuable  beneath ;  the  worthless  upper 
portion  of  a  vein  or  ore-deposit;  the  earth 
covering  the  rock  in  a  quarry ;  <  abrdiimen,  clear 
away,  take  from  the  room  or  place,  <  ab-  (=  E. 
of),  from,  -t-  raiim,  place,  =  E.  room,  q.  v.] 
Red  ocher,  used  by  cabinet-makers  to  give  a 

red  color  to  new  mahogany Al)raum  salts  [O. 

abraumsalze],  a  mixture  of  salts  of  potilsh,  soda,  magnesia, 
etc.,  overlying  the  rock-salt  deposit  at  Stassfurt,  Prussia, 
and  vicinity,  tlie  value  of  which  was  not  immediately  rec- 
ognized when  these  deposits  were  opened,  but  which  is 
now  the  chief  source  of  supply  of  potassic  salts  in  the  world. 

Abraxas    (ab- 


Abraxas,  collecti 


of  the  British  Museum. 


rak'sas),  h. 
[See  ■'  def.  2, 
and  cf.  (dira- 
cadabra.]  1. 
In  aiitiq.,  a 
Gnostic  amu- 
let consisting 
of  an  engraved 
gem,  often  bearing  a  mystical  figure  (which 
generally  combiues  human  and  brute  forms) 
and  an  unintelligible  legend,  but  sometimes 
inscribed  with  the  word  Abraxas,  either  alone 
or  accompanying  a  figure  or  a  word  connected 
with  Hebrew  or  Egyptian 
religion,  as  lao,  Sabaoth, 
Osiris. —  2.  A  mystical 
word  used  by  the  Gnostic 
followers  of  Basilides  to 
denote  the  Supreme  Being, 
or,  perhaps,  its  SG.^  emana- 
tions collectively,  or  the 
365  orders  of  spirits  oc- 
cupying the  3G5  heavens. 
Later  it  was  commonly  applied  to 
any  symbolical  representation  of 
Gnostic  ideas.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  coined  by  Basilides  in  the  Abraxas.  (Bothcxamplesare 
second  century,  fnmi  the  sum  of  of  tha  Basilidian  type.) 
the  Greek  numeral  lettei'S  ex- 
pressing the  number  305 ;  thus  :  a  =  l,  ^  =  2,p  —  100,  a  =1, 
I  =  60,  a  =  1,  5  =  '200 ;  total,  365. 

Also  wi-itten  Abra.sax. 
3.  A  genus  of  lepidopteror.s  insects,  of  the 
family  Geometrida;  containing  the  large  mag- 
pie-moth. Abraxas  rjrossulariata.  The  larva;  are 
very  destructive  to  gooseberry-  and  currant-bushes  in 
Europe,  consuming  their  leaves  as  soon  as  they  appear. 
abrayt  (a-bra'),  v.  i.  [A  false  pres.  form, 
made  from  ME.  pret.  abrayde,  abraide,  taken 
for  a  weak  verb,  with  pret.  ending  -de  (=  E. 
-cd),  whereas  the  verb  is  strong,  with  pret. 
abrayde,  abraide,  properly  abraid,  abreid  (<  AS. 
dbreegd),  similar  in  form  to  pres.  abrayde, 
abraide,  <  AS.  dbregde,  inf.  dbregdan:  see 
abraid.]     To  awake. 

But,  whenas  I  did  out  of  sleep  abray, 

1  found  her  not  where  I  left  her  whyleare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  \i.  36. 

abrazite  (ab'ra-zit),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.,  not,  4- 
jipiCciv,  boil,  ferment,  +  -i(c2.]  A  mineral 
found  at  Capo  di  Bove,  near  Rome,  probably 
the  same  as  that  named  zeagonite  and  later 
gismondine  (which  see). 

abrazitic  (ab-r.a-zit'ik),  a.  Not  effervescing,  as 
in  acids  or  when  heated  before  the  blowpipe: 
said  of  certain  minerals.     [Rare.] 

abread,  abreed  (a-bred'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv. 
[He,  <  ME.  abrede,  on  brode,  in  breadth:  a,  on. 


prop.  I  brciU;  <  AS.  bradii,  breadth,  <  brad, 
broad:  see  a^  and  breadth,  and  cf.  abroad.] 
Abroad.  Burns.  Also  spoiled  (((jruW.   [Scotch.] 


abridger 

abreast  (a-bresf),  prep.  jihr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  a3, 
}irep.,  ini,  + breast.]  1.  Side  by  side,  with  breasts 
in  a  line :  as,  "  the  riders  rode  abreast,"  Dryden. 

It  [the  wall  of  Chester)  has  everywhere,  however,  a 
nigged  outer  parapet  and  a  broati  hollow  llaggnig,  wide 
enough  for  two  strollei-s  abreant. 

II.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  9. 

2.  Xaut.:  (n)Lyingormovingside  byside,  with 
stems  equally  advanced.  CO  When  u.sed  to  indi- 
cate the  situation  of  a  vessel  in  regard  to  an- 
other object,  opposite;  over  against ;  lying  so 
that  the  object  is  on  a  line  with  the  beam :  in 
this  sense  with  of. 

The  Uellona  .  .  .  kept  too  close  to  the  starboard  shoal, 
anil  grimnded  abreast  o/ the  outer  ship  of  the  enemy. 

Simlhey,  Nelson,  II.  121. 

3.  Figuratively,  up  to  the  same  pitch  or  level : 
used  with  of  or  witli :  as,  to  keep  abreast  o/the 
times  in  science, etc. —  4t.  At  the  same  time; 
simultaneously. 

Abreast  therewitli  began  a  convocation.  Fuller. 

Line  abreast,  a  formation  of  a  squadron  in  which  the 

ships  are  abreast  of  one  another. 
abredet,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    A  Middle  English 

form  of  abread.    liom.  of  the  Hose. 
abregget,    »'.    t.      A  Middle   English  form  of 

iibriitije.     Chaueer. 
abrenouncet    (ab- re -nouns'),  V.  t.     [<  L.  ofi, 

from  (here  intensive),  +  E.  renounce,  after  LL. 

abrenuntidre,  <  L.  ai  -t-  rcnuntidre,  renounce: 

see  renounce.]     To  renounce  absolutely. 

Under  pain  of  the  pope's  cui"se  .  .  .  either  to  abreiutiince 
tlieir  wives  or  their  livings. 

F'lxe,  Book  of  iiartyrs,  Acts  and  Deeds,  fol.  159. 

abrenunciationi  (ab-re-nun-si-a'shon),  n, 
[<ML.  abrenuntiatio(n-),  <L.  abrenuntidre:  see 
abrenouncc.]     Renunciation  ;  absolute  denial. 

An  abrenunciation  of  that  truth  which  he  so  long  had 
professed.  Hurt  of  Sedition,  iii.  b. 

abreptiont  (ab-rep'shon),  )(.  [<  L.  as  if  *ab- 
rcptioin-),  iabripere,  pp.  abreptus,  snatch  away, 

<  ah,  away,  -1-  rapere,  seize :  see  rapt  and  rav- 
ish.] The  state  of  being  carried  away  or  forci- 
bly separated ;  separation. 

abrerrvoir  (a-brc-vwor'),  «.  [F-,  a  drinking- 
place,  horse-trough,  <  abreurer,  give  to  drink, 
earlier  abrever,  <  OF.  aberrer  =  Sp.  abrcvar  = 
It.  abbcvcrarc,  <  ML.  abererare,  orig.  *aelbibe- 
rare,  <  ad,  to,  -f-  'biberare,  <  L.  bibere,  drink : 
see  bilA  and  beverage.]  1.  A  watering-place 
for  animals  ;  a  horse-trough. — 2.  In  masonry, 
a  joint  or  interstice  between  stones,  to  be  filled 
up  with  mortar  or  cement.  Gtvilt. 
Also  spelled  ahbreuvoir. 

abricockt,  abricott,  ".    Same  as  apricot. 

abrid  (a'lirid),  n.  [Uncertain;  perhaps  due 
to  Sp.  "abrido,  for  irreg.  abierto,  pp.  of  alrrir, 
open,  unlock,  <  L.  aperire,  open.]  A  bushing- 
plate  around  a  hole  in  which  a  pintle  moves. 
E.  E.  Knight. 

abridge  (a-brij'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  abridged, 
ppr.  abriiiging.  [<  ME.  abregen,  abreggen,  abrig- 
ijen,  etc.,  <  OF.  abrigier,  abridgier,  abbregicr, 
eibrevicr =Vt.  abrcvjar,  <.1j.  abbreviare,  shorten, 

<  ad,  to,  -I-  hrcvis,  short :  see  abbreviate  and  brief] 
1.  To  make  shorter;  curtail:  as,  "abridged 
cloaks,"  Scott,  Ivanhoe,  xiv. —  2.  To  shorten 
by  condensation  or  omission,  or  both ;  rewrite 
or  reconstruct  on  a  smaller  scale  ;  put  the 
main  or  essential  parts  of  into  less  space :  used 
of  writings:  as,  Justin  abridged  the  history  of 
Trogus  Pompeius. 

The  antiquities  of  Eichborough  and  Keculver,  abridged 
from  the  Latin  of  Mr.  Archdeacon  Battely. 

N.  andQ.,  6th  ser.,  X.  143. 

3.  To  lessen ;  diminish :  as,  to  abridge  labor. 

Power  controlled  or  abridged  is  almost  always  the  rival 
and  enemy  of  that  power  by  which  it  is  controlled  or 
abridged.  A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  15. 

4.  To  deprive ;  cut  off :  followed  by  of,  and 
formerly  also  by  from :  as,  to  abridge  one  of 
rights  or  enjoyments. 

Nor  do  I  now  make  moan  to  be  abridrt'd 

From  such  a  noble  rate.         Shak.,  if.  of  v.,  i.  1. 

5.  In  alg.,  to  reduce,  as  a  compound  quantity 
or  equation,  to  a  more  simple  form.  =  Syn.  2. 
'To  cut  down,  prnne.  See  abbreviate. —  4,  To  dispossess, 
divest,  stri(),  despoil. 

abridgedly  (a-brij'ed-li),  adv.     In  a  concise  or 

shortened  form. 
abridger    (a-brij'er),    )i.      One    who   or   that 
which  abridges,  by  curtailing,  shortening,  or 
condensing. 

Criticks  have  been  represented  as  the  great  abrid.iers  of 
the  native  liberty  of  genius.  II.  Blair,  Lectures,  iii. 

Abridgiiri  »re  »  kind  of  literary  men  to  whiun  the  indo- 
lence of  modern  rcBdcrs  .  ,  ,  Klve|pi|  uniple  emiiloynient. 
/.  Vlmiell,  Curios,  of  Lit,,  U.  07. 


abridgment 

abridgment  (ii-brij'nioiil),  n.  [<  lato  ME. 
abri/ycmcnt,  (.OF.  abrii/ciiunt,  ahrciiciiiriif:  see 
abridge  and -niviit.^  1.  Tho  actof  abrififirfng,  or 
the  state  of  liciiif;  aliridfjcil;  (iiiaimition  ;  coii- 
tractioii;  roiliR'tioii ;  ciirlailiucnt ;  restriction: 
as,  an  abridgment  of  exi)onses;  '^abridgment 
of  liberty,"  Locke. 

I'epsons  employed  iii  tile  niechatiic  arts  are  those  whom 
the  abridtjtnent  of  coiumL-rce  woiihi  immediately  affect. 

.t.  Ildmillon,  Works,  II.  l.'i. 

It  wa.1  his  siu  and  folly  which  brtiiii^ht  him  under  that 
ahrid'juu-nt.  Sout/i. 

2.  A  condensation,  as  of  a  book ;  a  reduction 
within  a  smaller  space  ;  a  reproduction  of  any- 
thing in  reduced  or  condensed  form. 

A  genuine  abridgment  is  a  reiiroduetion  ttf  the  matter 

or  substance  of  a  lar;^er  work  in  a  condensed  form,  and  in 

language  which  is  not  a  mere  transcript  of  that  of  the 

orij;inal.  Drone,  t'opyrij^ht,  p.  15b. 

Here  lies  David  Oarrick,  deserilie  him  who  can, 

Au  abridtjiiient  of  all  that  was  pleasant  in  man. 

Hotdsinittt,  Retaliation. 

3.  That  which  abridges  or  cuts  short.    [Rare.] 
Look,  where  my  abrid;jmetits  come  [namely,  the  players 

who  cut  me  short  in  my  speech.  Compare,  however, 
meaning  4].  ,Sliak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

4.  That  which  shortens  anything,  as  time,  or 
makes  it  appear  short ;  heuce,  a  pastime. 
[Rare.] 

Say.  what  abndqment  have  you  for  this  evening  ? 
What  mask,  what  music?  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 

Also  spelled  abridgement. 

=  Syn.  2.  Abridginrnt,  Ctnni'cndmni,  Epitome,  Abxtract, 
Conxiiei'hi>i,  Siinnii^iy.  Sininnari/,  .'<if(iabrr,t,  Brief,  Dir/est. 
An  ahritlinnent  is  a  work  sliortt-md  hy  cnnilensatiou  of 
statement,  or  hy  omittin:^^  the  less  essential  jtarts.  A  com- 
pendium, or  t'omiicnd,  is  a  concise  hut  eompreliensive  view 
of  a  subject ;  in  ^'eneral  it  does  not  imply,  as  abrid'jirwnt 
does,  the  existence  of  a  lar;,'er  or  i)i-evious  work.  An 
epitome  contains  only  the  most  important  points  of  a  work 
orsiitiject,  expressed  in  the  siuallcst  compass.  An  abstract 
is  a  liare  statement  or  outline  of  facts,  heads,  or  leading 
features  in  a  book,  lecture,  sul)jcct.  etc.  CojuijiectiLs  and 
ilinopsi^  are,  literally,  condensed  views  — tliesubstance  of 
any  matter  so  arranged  as  to  be  taken  in  at  a  glance ; 
siinopsi-'!  implies  orderly  arrangement  mider  heads  and 
particulars.  A  summan/  is  a  brief  ^tatenn'iit  of  the  main 
points  in  a  work  or  treatise,  less  methoilieal  than  an  ab- 
vtraet  or  a  sj/nopsi^ ;  it  may  be  a  recapitulation.  A  sylta- 
i»iM  is  commonly  a  synopsis  printed  for  the  convenience 
of  those  heariniir  lectures ;  )iut  the  term  is  also  applied  to 
certain  papal  ilocnnient^.  (^cos/illfihtis.)  ifriV;^ is  generally 
eontiiuil  to  its  technical  leual  meanings.  (.See  6nV/.)  A 
diffi'^f  is  a  mL'tliodical  arraugeinent  of  the  materia!  of  a 
subject,  as  under  heads  or  titles ;  it  may  include  the 
whole  of  the  matter  concerned ;  as,  a  digest  of  laws. 
There  may  be  an  abridgment  of  a  dictionary,  a  compcnd 
or  compemlium  of  literature,  an  epitome  of  a  political 
situation,  an  abstract  of  a  sermon,  a  connpectus  or  sijnopsis 
of  a  book,  a  summarit  of  the  arguments  in  a  debate,  a 
di'ir^t  of  opinions  on  some  moot  point. 

abrigget,  t'-  t-  A  Middle  English  form  of 
aliridge.     Chaucer. 

abrin  (ii'brin),  n.  \<.Abrm  +  -in'^.']  A  name 
given  to  a  poisonous  principle  obtained  from 
Aliriis  precatorius. 

abroach  (a-br6oh'),j))-ej).pft>-.  as  adi].ox  a.  [< 
ME.  aliroclie,  in  the  phrase  scttc(n)  abrochc,  set 
abroach,  <  a^  for  on  +  broclir,  a  spit,  spigot, 
pin:  see  brooch  and  broacli.'\  Broached ;  letting 
out  or  yielding  liquor,  or  in  a  position  for  letting 
out:  as,  the  cask  is  aliroach. 

If  the  full  tnn  of  ven,geance  be  abroach. 
Fill  out  and  swill  until  you  burst  again. 

iVcMer  (?),  Weakest  Ooeth  to  the  Wall,  i.  2. 
To  set  abroacll.  (a)  To  set  running ;  cause  to  flow  or 
let  out  liquor,  as  a  cask  or  barrel. 

Barrels  of  ale  set  abroach  in  different  places  of  the  road 
had  kept  the  populace  in  perfect  love  ami  loyalty  towards 
the  Queen  and  her  favourite.  Scutt^  Kcuilworth,  II.  xi. 
(b)  Figuratively,  to  give  rise  to  ;  spread  abroad ;  dissemi- 
nate ;  propagate. 

What  mischiefs  he  might  set  abroach. 

Shaii.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv,  2. 

abroacht  (a-broch'),  r.  1.  [<  ME.  abrochen, 
broach,  tap,  <  OF.  brociicr,  brochicr,  broach, 
with  prefi.xo-,  due  to  adv.  ahroclic:  see  abroach, 
prep,  phr.,  and  tiroach.']  To  open,  as  a  cask,  for 
the  purpose  of  letting  out  liquor;  tap;  broach. 
Thilke  tonne  that  I  selial  abroehe. 

Ctiaucer,  Wife  of  Bath,  Prol.,  1.  177. 

abroad  («.-hvkii'),  .prep.  phr.  as  adr.  ova.     [< 
ME.  abroad,  abrod,  <a3,prcp.,  on,+  brood,  brod, 
broad:  Kee  broad.]      1.   Broadly;  widely;   ex- 
pansively; outward  on  all  or  on  both  sides. 
The  love  of  God  is  shed  abroad  in  our  hearts.     Rom.  v.  5. 
Her  winges  bothe  abrod  she  spradile.  Cfower. 

Look  now  abroad  —  another  race  h.as  filled 
These  populous  borders.     liniant,  The  .-Vges,  St.  32. 

2.  Out  of  or  beyond  certain  limits,  (n)  Beyond 
the  walls  of  a  house  or  the  bounds  of  any  inclosure  :  as, 
to  walk  abroad. 

Where  as  he  lay 
So  sick  alway, 

He  myght  not  come  abrode. 

Sir  T,  More,  A  Merry  Jest. 


19 

Wo  are  for  the  most  part  more  lonely  when  we  go 
abroad  among  men  than  when  we  stay  in  our  chambers. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  117. 
(/>)  Beyond  the  bounds  of  one's  own  country ;  in  foreign 
countries:  as,  he  lived  abroad  for  many  years,  [lu  the 
liiited  States  used  most  commonly  with  reference  to 
Europe.] 

At  home  the  siddicr  learned  how  to  value  his  rights, 
abroad  lujw  to  defend  them. 

Macaxday,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 
Others,  still,  are  introduced  from  abroad  by  fashion,  or 
are  borrowed  thence  for  their  usefulness. 

F.  Uall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  163. 

3.  Absent;  gone  away,  especially  to  a  consider- 
able distance :  as,  the  head  of  the  firm  is  abroad. 
— 4.  In  an  active  state  ;  astir ;  in  circulation  : 
as,  there  are  thieves  airoarf;  rumors  of  disaster 
are  abroad. 
There's  villainy  abroad ;  this  letter  will  tell  you  more. 
SAo*-.,L.  L.  L.,i.  1. 

To  be  all  abroad,  (a)  To  be  wide  of  the  mark,  in  a 
figurative  sense  ;  be  far  wrong  iu  one's  guess  or  estimate. 
{Ii)  'i'o  be  at  a  loss;  be  puzzled,  perplexed.  b<'\vildcred, 
nonplussed  ;  be  all  or  (piite  at  sea.— The  schoolmaster 
is  abroad,  educatitui  is  diffused  aimujg  the  people  :  often 
used  ironically  or  pnnningly.  implying  that  the  school- 
master is  absent.     See  nchootma>ster. 

Abrocoma  (ab-rok'o-mii),  n.  Same  as  Habro- 
eoma. 

abrocome  (ab'ro-kom),  n.    Same  as  habrocome. 

abrogable  (ab'i-o-ga-bl),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *ah- 
rogiiliilix,  <  abrogarc,  abrogate  :  see  abrogate,  v., 
and -/)/(■.]     Capable  of  being  abrogated. 

abrogate  (ab'ro-gat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
abrogated,  ppr.  abrogating.  [<  L.  abrogatus, 
pp.  of  alirogarc,  annul,  repeal,  <  ab,  from,  -I- 
rogarc,  ask,  propose  a  law:  see  rogation.]  1. 
To  abolish  summarily ;  annul  by  an  authorita- 
tive act;  repeal.  Applied  specifically  to  the  repeal 
of  laws,  customs,  etc.,  whether  expressly  or  by  estaldish- 
Ing  something  inconsistent  therewith.     See  abrogation. 

The  supremacy  of  mind  abrofjated  ceremonies. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II.  340. 
Since  I  revoke,  annul,  and  abrogate 
All  his  decrees  in  all  kinds :  they  are  void  ! 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  170. 
2t.  To  keep  clear  of ;  avoid. 

Perge,  good  master  Holofernes,  perge;  so  it  shall  please 
you  to  abrogate  scurrility.  Sha/c.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  2. 

=  Syn.  1.  Aboti^h,  Bepcal,  Rescind,  etc.(sce  aboti^h),  can- 
eel.  invalidate,  dissolve,  countermand. 

abrogate!  (ab'ro-gat),  a.  [<  L.  abrogatus,  an- 
nulled, pp.  of  abrogarc:  see  abrogate,  v.]  An- 
nulled; abolished. 

abrogation  (ab-ro-ga'shon),  n.  [<  L.  al>ro- 
gatio(n-),  a  repeal,  <  abrogarc,  repeal  :  see 
abrogate,  r.  ]  The  act  of  abrogating.  Specifi- 
cally, the  annulling  of  a  law  by  legislative  action  or  by 
usage.  Sec  derogation.  Abrogation  is  expressed  when 
pronounced  by  the  new  law  in  general  or  particular 
tenns ;  it  is  implied  when  the  new  law  contains  provisions 
positively  contrary  to  the  former  law. 

There  are  no  such  institutions  here ;  —  no  law  that  can 
abide  one  moment  when  popular  opinion  demands  its 
abrogation.  H'.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  47. 

abrogati've  (ab'ro-ga-tiv),  a.  Abrogating  or  an- 
nulling: as,  an  aftro^a  (ire  law. 

abrogator  (ab'ro-ga-tor),  n.  One  who  abro- 
gates or  repeals. 

Abronia  (a-bro'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  prop.  "Habro- 
nia,  <  (Jr.  ajipoc,  graceful,  elegant,  delicate:  see 
Abnis.]  A  genus  of  low  and  mostly  trailing 
herbs,  natural  order  Xyctaginacca',  of  the  west- 
ern United  States.  Theshowyandsometiraesfragrant 
flowers  are  borne  in  umbels,  much  resembling  the  garden 
verbena  in  appearance,  but  very  different  in  structure. 
Two  or  tliree  species  are  found  in  cultivation. 

abroodt  (a-brfld'),  2n-cp.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  ME. 

abrode,  <  »•*,  prep.,  on,  -1-  brode,  E.  brood.]     In 

or  as  if  in  the  act  of  brooding. 

The  Spirit  of  God  sat  abroad  upon  the  whole  rude  mass. 

Abp.  Sancroft,  Sermons,  p.  135. 

abrookt    (a-bruk'),  V.  t.     [<  a-1  (expletive)  + 
brool;".]    To  brook ;  endure.     See  brook^. 
Ill  can  thy  noble  mind  abrook 
The  abject  people,  gazing  in  thy  face. 

Slink.,  2  Hen.  VL,  ii.  4. 

Abrornis  (nb-ror'nis),  n.    Same  as  Hahrornis. 

abrotanoid  (ab-rot'a-noid),  n.  [<  Gr.  a3p6Tovav, 
an  aromatic  plant,  "prob.  southernwood  (ML. 
abrotanuni),+  ii<h(,  form:  see  itiol.]  A  species 
of  sclerodermatous  East  Indian  reef-coral,  Ma- 
drepora  abrotanoida. 

abrotanum  (ab-rot'.a-num),  J!.  [<ML.  abrota- 
nitm  and  aprotanuni,  prop.  L.  abrotonum  (also 
abrotonn.<:),  <  Gr.  iijipd-ovov  (also  d/Jprf-oi'Of),  an 
aromatic  plant,  prob.  southernwood  (Artcmi.tia 
Alirotanum),  =  Skt.  nirdtana,  a  jdant,  ('i/perii,'; 
rotundus;  less  prol).  (or  'dSp67ovov,  <  ii.J/)(5<;,  deli- 
cate, +  rdvor,  a  cord,  taken  in  the  sense  of  fila- 
ment or  fiber.  The  L.  form  gave  rise  to  AS. 
aprotaiic,  ambrotcn<i,  priitcnc,  and  other  corrupt 
forms,  and  to  It.  Sp.  Pg.  abrotano,  OF.  alironc, 


abscession 

averoinc,  V.  anrone.]  A  European  species  of 
Artemisia ,  .1.  Alirotanum,  frequent  in  cultivation 
under  the  name  of  southernwood. 

Abrothrix  (ab'ro-thriks),  n.     Same  as  Habro- 
th  vis. 

abrupt  (a-brupf),  a.  and  «.      [<  L.  abruptus, 
steep,  disconnected,  abrupt,  pp.  of  ubrumpcre, 
break  off,  <  ab,  off,  -i-  rum/wre,  break :  see  rup- 
ture.]    I.  a.  1.  Broken  or  appearing  as  if  bro- 
ken away  or  off  ;  marked  by  or  showing  a  sud- 
den breach  or  change  of  continuity ;  wanting 
continuation  or  completion :  as,  the  path  or  the 
discourse  came  to  au  atirupt  termination ;  an 
c/;ny.)(  turninaroad.    Hence  —  2.  Steep;  pre- 
cipitous: as,  anairw^^cliff;  an  abrupt  descent. 
The  attrupt  mountaiit  breaks, 
And  seems  with  its  accumulated  crags 
To  overhang  the  world.  Shelley,  Alastor. 

3.  Figuratively,  sudden ;  without  notice  to  pre- 
pare the  mind  for  the  event ;  unceremonious : 
as,  an  abrupt  entrance  or  address. 

Abrupt  death 
A  period  puts,  and  stops  his  intiiions  breath. 

Oldham,  Satires  on  Jesuits. 

4.  Lacking  in  continuity;  having  sudden  tran- 
sitions from  one  subject  to  another:  as,  an 
abrupt  style. —  5.  In  bot.,  terminating  sud- 
denly :  as,  au  abrupt  point :  sometimes  used  in 
the  sense  of  truncate :  as,  an  atirupt  leaf. — 
Abrupt-pinnate,  i^-^mrn^abruj'th/jnnnate.  See  abrupt- 
'y.  =  Syn.  2.  I'leiijiitons,  in  rpendicnlar,  sheer,  steep.— 3. 
Sudden,  nncxpcctc<l,  li.-isty.  bunicd,  rough,  rude,  brusk, 
blunt,  cuii.  precipitate,  short,  summary,  vehement. —  4. 
Broken,  tiisconnected. 

II.  n.  [<  L.  abruptum,  a  steep  ascent  or  de- 
scent, prop.  neut.  of  abruptus,  broken  off:  see 
the  adj.]  An  abrupt  place ;  a  precipice  or 
chasm.     [Rare  and  poetical.] 

Or  spread  his  aery  flight, 
Upborne  \vith  indefatigable  wings. 
Over  the  vast  abrupt.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  409. 

abruptt  (a-brupf),  V.  t.    To  break  off;  inter- 
rupt ;  disturb. 


Insecurity 


ahruptefk  our  tranquillities. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  5Ior. 


ii.  112. 
Broken  off  sud- 


abrupted  (a-brup'ted),  p.  a. 

deiily ;  interrupted. 
abruptedly  (a-brup'ted-li),  adv.    Abruptly, 
abruption  (ab-rup'shon),  «.    [<'L.aliru}>tio(ii'), 

a  breaking  off,  <  abrumperc :  see  abrupt,  a.]    A 

sudden  breaking  off  ;  a  sudden  termination ;  a 

violent  separation  of  bodies. 

By  this  abruption  posterity  lost  more  instruction  than 
delight.  Johnson,  Life  of  Cowley. 

abruptly  (a^brupt'li),  adv.  1.  Brokenly;  by 
breaking  or  being  broken  off  suddenly :  as,  the 
path  or  the  discourse  ended 
abruptly. —  2.  Precipitously, 
or  with  a  very  steep  slope: 
as,  the  rocks  rise  abruptly 
from  the  water's  edge. —  3. 
Suddenly,  without  giring  no- 
tice, or  without  the  usual 
Abruptly  Pinnate  Leaf,  forms:  as,  tho  minister  left 
France  abruptly.  —  4.  With 
an  abrupt  termination — Abruptly  pinnate,  ter- 
minating without  an  odd  leaflet  or  tendril :  said  of  a  pin- 
nate leaf, 
abruptness  ( a-bmpt'nes),  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  abrupt,  (n)  The  state  or  cpiality  of  being 
broken  otf,  steep,  or  craggy  ;  sudden  breach  of  continuity; 
precipitousuess.  (6)  Suddeimess  ;  unceremoniotls  haste  or 
vehemence,    (c)  Any  want  of  continuity  or  smoothness. 

Some  other  languages,  for  their  soft  and  melting  fluency, 
as  having  no  abruptness  of  consonants,  have  some  advan- 
tage of  the  English.  liouxll,  Forreine  Travell,  p.  l.'iS. 

Abrus  (a'brus),  n.  [NL.,  prop.  'Habrus,  <  Gr. 
aftpd^,  graceful,  elegant,  delicate.]  A  small 
genus  of  leguminous  plants.  A.  precatorius,  or 
Indian  licorice,  is  a  woody  t\uiicr,  indigenous  to  India, 
but  now  found  in  all  tropical  countries,  where  its  root  is 
often  used  as  a  substitute  for  licorice.  Its  pt)lished,  party- 
colored  seeds,  of  the  size  of  a  small  pea.  called  crabs'- 
eijes.  jumble-beads,  and  jequirity  or  John  Crow  beans,  are 
employed  for  rosaries,  necklaces,  etc.,  aiul  as  a  remedy  in 
diseases  of  the  conjnin-tiva.  They  have  given  their  native 
name  of  retti  [Hind,  rattl,  rati]  to  a  weight  (2.IS75  grains) 
used  by  Hindu  jewelers  and  druggists.     See  retti-ieeights. 

abs-.  A  prefix  of  Latin  origin :  a  form  of  afc-, 
used  (as  in  Latin)  before  c.  q,  t,  as  in  ahscon'S, 
abstain,  absterge,  abstract,  etc. 

abscess  (ab'ses),  n.  [<L.  nfeerasHS,  a  going  away, 
in  medical  language  an  abscess,  <  ahsccderc,  go 
away,  <  nfe,  lengthened  form  of  ab,  away,  -I- 
cedere,  go  :  see  cede.]  In  nied.,  a  collection  of 
pus  in  the  tissues  of  any  part  of  the  body. 

abscessed  (ab'sest),  p.  a.  Diseased  with  an 
abscess  or  with  abscesses. 

abscessiont  (ab-sesh'on),  n.  [<  L.  abscessio(n-), 
<  absccdcre,  go  away;  see  afrscess.]  1.  Der 
parture. 


abscession 

Neither  justly  cxcominuiiii-iitf*l  nut  of  that  particular 
churcli  to  which  lie  was  onleily  joyucd,  nor  exconiuiuui- 
catiuu-  himselt  liy  voUmlary  Scliisrne,  declarcil  almcemon, 
separation,  or  uiH«t4isie.  ,  ,     ^., 

Up.  UauJen,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  3(. 

2.  In  mcd.,  an  abscess, 
abscess-root  (ab'ses-rijt),  «.    A  popular  name 

111  I  lie  plant  I'ohmonUim  r< plans. 
abscina   iiil>-siiid'),  r.  i.     [<  ^J.  ah.scindtre,  cut 

off,  toar  off,  <  all,  off,  +  sciii<Un;  cut,  =  Ur. 

cx'ii:"',  cut,  separate  :  see  scission  and  scliisni.] 

To  cut  off.     [Kare.] 

Two  syllables  absciiuletl  from  the  rest. 

Jvhmon,  Kambler,  ^o.  90. 


abscise  (ab-siz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  abscised, 
ppr.  abscising.  [<  L.  ahscisus,  pp.  of  abscidcrc, 
cut  off,  <  ahs  for  ab,  off,  away,  +  cadcrc,  cut. 
Cf.  txrisc,  incise,  v.,  and  precise,  a.]  To  cut  off 
or  iiwav.  _ .,,  -- 

pp.  of  abscindcrc:  see  abscind.]     lu  malli.: 
(«)  lu  the  conic  sections,  that  part  of  a  trans- 


20 

2.  To  hide,  withdraw,  or  lie  concealed :  as, 
"the  marmot  absconds  in  winter,"  Jiay,  Works 
of  Creation. 

A  tisli  tliat  Hashes  his  freckled  side  in  the  sun  and  as 
suddenly  abmnuls  in  the  dark  and  dreamy  waters  aj;ain. 

LiiwM,  Study  Windows,  p.  377. 
=  Syn.  Escape,  retreat,  lice,  run  away,  malte  off. 

Il.t  trans.  To  conceal. 

Niitlunn  diseoveralde  in  the  lunar  surface  is  ever  cov- 
ered and  utiKmmhd  from  us  l)y  the  interposition  of  any 
clouds  or  mists  luit  such  !is  rise  from  our  own  globe. 

Bcntlcy,  Sermons,  viii, 

abscondedt  (ab-skon'ded),  p.  a.  Hidden ;  se- 
cret ;  recondite.  In  her.,  said  cjf  a  bearing  which  is 
completely  covered  by  a  superimposed  charKc.  Thus,  if  a 
shield  hiis  three  mullets  in  pale,  the  middle  one  of  the 
tlircc  would  lie  completely  hidden  oroiwcowJcdby  ashield 
of  pretense  or  ineseutclicon. 

I  am  now  obliged  to  go  far  in  the  pursuit  of  beauty 
which  lies  very  tibscotuled  and  deep. 

Shajtesbury,  Moralists,  p.  3. 

In  con- 


verse axis  whicli  lies  between  its  vertex  and 
a  perpendicular  ordinate  to  it  from  a  given 
point  of  the  conic.  Thus  (fig.  1),  in  the  par.abola  PAC, 
A.M,  tlie  part  of  tlic  axis  AB  cut  otf  by  tlie  ordinate 
V^l,  kWk  abscissa  i>/ the  point  V.    (i)  lu  the  system 


absinthe 

roundinps.  or  from  the  topic  wliich  demands  his  .ittontion ; 
he  m.-iy  lie  thinking  of  little  or  notlnng.  An  abstracted 
man  is  ke|)t  from  wliat  is  present  liy  thoughts  ami  feelings 
so  weighty  or  interesting  that  tliey  engioss  his  attention, 
lie  may  liave  been  mt  iti-cict'ifjnM  iiy  tlicm  as  to  l)e  unalde 
to  liegin  to  attend  to  other  things,  or  Ins  thoughts  may 
be  tticcrted  to  them  upon  8t»me  chance  suggestion.  In  all 
these  eases  he  is  or  becomes  iiuittentive.  Dintractcd  (lit- 
erally, dragged  apart)  is  sometimes  used  for  diverted,  but 
denotes  more  pro|ierly  a  state  of  perplexity  or  mental  un- 
easiness sometimes  approaching  frenzy. 

Il.t  n.  One  who  is  not  present ;  an  absentee. 

Let  ns  enjoy  the  right  of  Christian  abxenls,  to  pray  for 

one  anotllcr.  Dii.  Morlun,  To  Abp.  I'slier. 

absent  (ab-senf),  v.  t.  [<  F.  absenter  =  Sp.  Pg. 
ausentar  =  It.  a.s.srntare,  <  L.  absenUire,  cause 
to  be  away,  be  away,  <  absen(t-)s;  absent :  see 
absent, a.]  To  make  absent ;  take  or  keep  away: 
now  used  only  rcflexively,  but  fonnerly  some- 
times otherwise,  as  by  Milton:  as,  to  absent 
one's  self  from  home ;  he  absented  himself  from 
the  meeting. 

If  thou  didst  ever  bold  me  in  tliy  heart, 
Absent  thee  from  felicity  awhile. 

Sluik:,  Hamlet,  r.  2. 
What  change 
Absents  thee,  or  what  cliance  detains  ? 

Milton,  V.  L.,  X.  lOS. 

absentaneoust  (ab-sen-ta'nf-us),  rt.  [<  ML.  «6- 
.■^intii/uiis,  <  L.  absen(t-)s,  absent :  see  absent,  a.] 
Kelatiiif;  to  absence  ;  absent.     Bailci/. 

absentation  (ab-sen-ta'shou),  n.  [<  ML.  absen- 
tatio(n-),  <  L.  absentare,  make  absent:  see  ab- 
sent, r.]  The  act  of  absenting  one's  self,  or 
the  state  of  being  absent.     [Rare.] 

His  absentation  at  tliat  jmicture  becomes  significant. 

Sir  W.  Uamilton,  Discussions,  p.  229. 


abscondencet(ab-skon'dens),».  Concealment; 
seclusion. 

absconder  (ab-skou'd6r),  n.  One  who  ab- 
sconds. 

absconsio  (ab-skon'shi-o),  n. ;  pi.  absconsiones 
(ab-skon-shi-0'nez).  [NL.,  <  L.  abseonderc, 
hide:  see  abscond.}  In  anat.  a-nd  surg.,  a  cav- 
ity or  sinus. 

absence  (ab'sens),  n.  [<  ME.  absevce,  <  OF.  ab- 
since,  aiisencei  F.  absence  =  Sp.  Pg.  auseneia  = 
It.  assen::a,  <  L.  absentia,  absence,  <  absen(t-)s, 
absent:  see  absent,  o.]     1.  The  state  of  being  absentee   (ab-sen-te'),  «.     1.  One  who  is  ab- 


of  Cartesian  coordinates,  a  certain  line  used 
in  determining  the  position  of  a  point  in  a 
plane.  Thus  (fig.  2),  let  two  fixed  intersecting  lines  (axes) 
OY  and  OX  be  taken,  and  certain  directions  on  them  (as 
from  O  toward  X  and  from  O  toward  Y)  lie  assumed  as  posi- 
tive. From  any  point,  as  P,  let  a  line  be  drawn  parallel 
to  OY  and  cuttingO-X  in  .M.  Tlien  will  tlic  two  i|uantities 
OM  and  MP,  with  the  proper  algeliraic  sign,  determine 
the  position  of  the  point  P.  OM.  or  its  value,  is  called  the 
abscissa  of  t/ie  point,  and  the  fixed  line  X'X  is  called  the 
axis  of  abscissas,     fiee  coordin/tte,  n.,  2. 

abscissio  infiniti  (ab-sish'i-6  in-fi-ni'ti).  [L. ; 
lit.,  a  cutting  off  of  an  infinite  (number) :  see 
abscission  and  infinite.']  In  logic,  a  series  of 
arguments  which  exclude,  one  after  another, 
various  assertions  which  might  be  made  with 
regard  to  the  subject  under  discussion,  thus 
gradually  diminishing  the  number  of  possible 
assumptions. 

abscission  (ab-sizh'gn),  n.  [<  L.  abscissio(n-), 
<  ahscindere,  cut  off:  see  abscind.]  1.  The  act 
of  cutting  off ;  severance ;  removal. 

N'ot  to  be  cured  without  the  abscission  of  a  member. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

2t.  The  act  of  putting  an  end  to ;  the  act  of 
annulling  or  abolishing.  .Sir  T.  Browne. —  3. 
Ketrenchment.  [Hare.] — 4.  The  sudden  ter- 
mination of  a  disease  by  death.  Hooper, 
Med.  Diet. —  5.  In  rhet.,  a  figure  of  speech  con- 
sisting in  a  sudden  reticence,  as  if  the  words 
already  spoken  made  sufliciently  clear  what 
the  speaker  would  say  if  he  were  to  finish 
the  sentence:  as,  "He  is  a  man  of  so  much 
honor  and  candor,  and  such  generosity  —  but 
I  need  say  no  more." —  6.  In  astroh,  the  cutting 
off  or  preventing  of  anj-thing  shown  by  one 
aspect  by  means  of  another — Abscission  of  the 
cornea,  insurt].,  a  specific  cutting  operation  performed 
upon  the  eye  for  the  removal  of  a  staphyloma  of  the  cor- 
nea. 
absconce  (ab-skons'),  «•  [<ML.  ab.-iconsa,  a 
dark  lantern,  fem.  of  L.  absconstis,  for  abscondi- 
tiis,  pp.  of  abseonderc,  liido :  see  abscond  and 
sconce^.]  Eccles.,  a  dark  lantern  holding  a  wax- 
light,  used  in  the  choir  in  reading  the  absolu- 
tion and  benediction  at  matins,  and  the  chap- 
ters and  pr.'iyers  at  lauds. 

abscond  (ab-skond'),  r.  [<L.  abseonderc,  hide, 
]mt  away,  <  ahs,  away,  +  eonderc,  put,  lay  up, 
<  eon-,  for  cum,  togetlier,  +  -dere,  in  comp.,  a 
weakened  form  of  "dare,  put,  =  E.  do.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  retire  from  public  view,  or  from 
the  place  in  which  one  resjdes  or  is  ordinarily 
tp  be  found ;  depart  in  a  sudden  and  secret 
manner;  take  one's  self  off;  decamp;  espo- 
cially,  to  go  out  of  the  way  in  order  to  avoid  a 
legal  process. 

He  must,  for  reasons  which  nobody  could  divine,  have 
abscomled.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  150. 


absent ;  the  state  of  being  away  or  not  present 
as,  speak  no  ill  of  one  in  his  absence. 

Say,  is  not  absence  death  to  those  who  love  ? 

Pope,  Autuniii. 

We  see  on  the  lip  of  our  companion  the  presence  or 

absence  of  the  great  masters  of  thought  and  poetry  to  ills 

miud.  Emerson,  Domestic  Life. 


sent ;  more  narrowly,  one  who  withdraws  from 
his  country,  office,  estate,  post,  duty,  or  the  like. 
Specifically  "applieil,  generally  by  way  of  reproach,  to 
landlords  and  capitalists  who  derive  their  income  from 
one  country,  but  spend  it  in  another  in  whicli  they  reside. 
2.  In  law,  one  who  is  without  the  jm'isdiction 
of  a  particular  court  or  judge. 
2.  The  period  of  being  away  or  absent:  as,  an  absenteeism  (ab-sen-te'izm),  n.    The  practice 


or  habit  of  being  an  absentee ;  the  practice  of 
absenting  one's  self  from  one's  coimtry,  station, 
estate,  etc.  Absenteeism  in  France,  under  the  old  re- 
gime, wns  one  of  the  gi-entest  evils,  and  a  prominent  cause 
of  the  fli-st  revolution  ;  and  in  Ireland  it  has  been  a  cause 
of  much  popular  discontent. 

Partly  from  the  prevailing  absenteeism  among  tlie  land- 
lords, .  .  .  these  peasants  of  tlie  iim-th  [of  Russia]  are 
more  energetic,  more  intelligent,  more  independent,  aiid 
consequently  less  docile  and  plialde,  than  those  of  the 
fertile  central  provinces.      D.  il.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  109. 

absenteeship  (ab-sen-te'ship),  H.     Same  as  ab- 
senteeism. 

absenter  (ab-sen'tcr),  H.    One  who  absents  him- 
seU'. 
He 


absence  "of  several  weeks  or  years. — 3.  The 
state  of  being  w.anting;  non-existence  at  the 
place  and  time  spoken  of ;  want ;  lack :  as, 
the  absence  of  evidence. 

In  the  absent*;  of  conventional  law.  Chancellor  Kent. 
4.  Absent-mindedness ;  inattention  to  things 
present:  a  shortened  form  of  absence  of  mind. 

To  conquer  that  alistraction  wliieh  is  called  absence. 

Landor. 

For  two  or  three  days  I  continued  suljject  to  frequent 
involuntary  fits  of  absence,  wliicli  made  me  insensible,  for 
the  time,  to  ail  that  was  passing  around  me. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  147. 
Absence  of  mind,  habitual  or  temporary  forgetfuluess 
of,  or  inatteiitiuu  to,  one's  immediate  smToundings. — 
Decree  in  absence,  in  Scots  law,  a  decree  pronounced 
against  a  defendant  who  has  not  apiuared  and  jileaded  on 

tile  merits  of  tlie  cause.— Leave  Of  absence,  iHrniissicm  obsente  reo   (ab-sen'te  re'6). 

from  a  superior  to  lie  absent.     In  the  United  .states  army      _",„£„, ,t\„    „i,„..^t .   ^Z, 

an  officer  is  entitled  to  30  days'  leave  in  eacli  year  on  full 
pay.  He  may  permit  this  time  to  accumulate  for  a  period 
not  exceeding  four  years.  Wilhehn,  Mil.  Diet. 
absent  (ab'sent),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  absent,  < 
OF.  absent,  aiisent,  F.  absent  =  Sp.'Pf^.  ausente 
=  It.  assente,  <L.  abscn(t-)s,  being  away  (ppr. 
of  abesse,  be  away),  <  ab,  away,  -I-  'sen{t-)s, 
ppr.  (=  Gr.  Civ  (bvT-),  =  Skt.  sant,  being,  =  E. 
sooth,  true :  see  sooth),  <  inf.  esse,  be :  see  es- 
sence, am,  is,  and  cf.  j»-fsen(.]  I.  a.  1.  Not  in  a 
certain  place  at  a  given  time  ;  not  in  conscious- 
ness or  thought  at  a  certain  time ;  away :  op- 
posed to  presen  t. 

Witll  this  she  fell  distract, 
And,  her  attendants  absent,  swallow'd  fire. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 


[Judge  Foster]  has  fined  all  the  absenters  £20  apiece. 
Lord   Thurloic,  Sir  M.  Foster. 

[L. :  absente, 
abl.  of  abs€n(t-)s,  absent;  reo,  abl.  of  retis,  a 
defendant,  <  res,  an  action  :  see  res.]  The  de- 
fendant being  absent :  a  law  phrase. 

absently  (ab'seut-li),  adc.  In  an  absent  or  in- 
attentive manner ;  with  absence  of  mind. 

absentment  (ab-sent'ment),  n.  [<  absent,  v., 
+  -ment.]  The  act  of  absenting  one's  self,  or 
the  state  of  being  absent.     Barrow.     [Rare.] 

absent-minded  (ab'sent-min'''ded),  a.  Charac- 
terized by  absence  of  mind  (see  absence) ;  inat- 
tentive to  or  forgetful  of  one's  immediate  sur- 
roimdings. 

absent-mindedness  (ab'sent-min'ded-nes),  n. 
The  quality,  state,  or  habit  of  being  absent- 
minded. 


The  picture  or  visual  image  in  your  mind  wten  ihe  absentneSS    (ab'sent-nes),    ».     The   a^iaUty  of 


orange  is  present  to  the  senses  is  almost  exactly  repro- 
duced when  it  is  absent.         J.  Fiske,  Idea  of  God,  p.  140. 


being  absent,  inattentive,  or  absent-minded ; 
absent-raindetlness. 


2.  Not  existing ;  wanting ;  not  forming  a  part  absey-bookt   (ab'se-biik),    n.      [That  is,  a-b-c 


or  attribute  of:  as,  among  them  refinement 
is  absent ;  revenge  is  entirely  absent  from  his 
mind. —  3.  Absent-minded  (which  see). 

From  this  passage  we  may  gatlier  not  only  that  Chaucer 
w;\s  .  .  .  small  of  stature  and  slender,  but  that  he  was  ac- 
customed to  be  twitted  on  account  of  the  abstracted  or 
absent  look  which  so  often  tempts  children  of  the  world  to 
offer  its  wearer  a  penny  for  his  tbouglits. 

A.  W.  irar(^  Life  of  Chaucer,  iii. 
Absent  with  leave  (mint.),  said  of  officers  permitted  to 
absent  themselves  from  their  posts,  and  of  enlisted  men 

on  furlough.— Absent  -Hrlthout  leave  (mint.),  said  of  a>,,,fntb<>7-ii)'sinth-  F   nron.  ab-sant'),  ".    [F 
soldiers  (sometimes  of  deserters)  who  have  apsininc^  (ao^  smtu,  ±  .  pie  u.  ,iu  ..uii^       .    l 


boolc:  see  a-b-c]     A  primer,  which  sometimes 
included  a  catechism. 

And  then  comes  answer  like  an  Absey-book. 

SItak.,  K.  John,  L  1. 

absidiole  (ab-sid'i-61),  ».     Same  as  apsidiole. 

absinth  (ab'sinth),  n.  [<  F.  absinthe,  <  L.  absin- 
tliium  :  see  absinthium.]  1.  Womiwood.  Seo 
(ihsintbiuin.—  2.  Absinthe  (which  see). 

absinthate  (ab-sin'that),  ».  A  salt  formed  by 
a  combination  of  absiuthic  acid  with  a  base^ 


oflicei's  and  soldiers  (sometimes  of  deserters)  ' 
absented  themselves  from  their  jiosts  witliout  pennissicui ; 
they  are  so  reporteii  in  order  to  (tring  their  offense  under 
the  cognizance  of  a  court  martial.  In  the  l-nited  Stjites 
army,  an  officer  absent  without  leave  for  three  months 
may  Im  drojiped  from  the  rolls  !■(  tlio  army  by  the  Presi- 
dent, and  is  not  ellulbUt  to  reappointment.  Witlwliu,  .Mil, 
Diet.  =3  Syn.  3.  .•l'<.^('«^  inatleiitiiv,  Abstrncti'd,  Prfoci'u- 
pied,  Viivrled,  Vistrncted.  An  aljsent  man  Is  one  w-lioao 
mind  wanders  unconsciously  from   his    immediate  but- 


<  L.  (ib.tinthiiim  :  see  absinthium.]  The  com- 
mon name  of  a  highly  aromatic  liqueur  of  an 
opaline-green  color  aiid  bitter  taste ;  an  abbre- 
xnation  of  extrnit  tFabsinthe,  extract  of  absin- 
thium. Jt  is  prepared  by  steeping  in  alcohol  or  strong 
iuirit  liltter  herlis,  tliu  eliiut  of  which  are  Artemi.'<ia  Ab- 
sinthium. A.  mulelllna,  A.  splMta ;  besides  which  some 
recipes  mention  plant*  that  nru  nut  ot  this  gepus,  and 


Of  or  pertaining 
jV.  E.  D. 
Pertaining  to  or 


absinthe 

can  ho  intcndotl  only  fo  tiinilify  tli*-'  bitter  of  the  worm- 
woods; th(!  litiuor  so  Iliiviirnl  is  thirn  redistilled.  It  is 
considerud  toliie  .and  »tnni:nlii(r.  Its  excessive  use  pro. 
duces  a  niorldd  condition  dilterinK  soniewliat  from  ordi- 
nary uIcolKdisin.  W-rtifio  iiiitl  epileptiform  convulsions 
are  niiirked  synipt<uns,  and  hallucinations  occur  without 
other  symptoms  of  delirium  tremens.  The  use  of  it  pre- 
vaileil  at  one  time  uuiouk  the  French  soldiers  in  Algiers, 
but  it  is  now  forbidden"  thronj;h<uit  the  I-Yeneh  army. 
The  most  conunon  way  of  prei)ariim  it  for  driukiUK  is  by 
pourini^  it  into  water  dr<ip  by  drc»p  or  allowing  it  to  trickle 
tlirou^h  a  funnel  with  a  minute  opening;  so  prepared,  it 
is  called  la  himsartli-,  and  is  common  in  the  cafes  of  France, 
Italy,  and  .Switzerland. 

absinthial  (ab-siu'thi-al),  a. 
to  ucirimvood  ;  hence,  bitter, 
absinthian  (ab-sin'tlii-,an),  a. 
of  tlu'  luitiiro  of  wormwooil. 

Tempering  absinthian  l)itterness  with  sweets. 

Jtanitoljih,  I'oenis  (1062),  p.  60. 

absinthiate  (ab-sin'thi-at),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
tdisiiitliiiitcil,  ppr.  absinthiating.  [<  L.  absinthi- 
ittitu,  pp.  Jiilj.,  containing  wormwood,  <  absin- 
thium: see«ft.yiH</i(»«(.]  1.  To  impregnate  with 
wormwood. —  2.  To  saturate  with  absinthe. 

Latinised  English  and  absintkiatcd  barrack-room  mo. 
rality.  The  Siieclalar,  No.  3035,  p.  1154. 

absinthic  (ab-sin'thik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
aljsiiitliiuraorworrawood.  -Absinthic acid, an  acid 
derived  from  wormwood,  probably  identical  with  succinic 
aei.l. 

absinthin  (ab-sin'thin),  n.  The  crystalline  bit- 
ter principle  (C00H28O4)  of  wormwood,  Arte- 
misia Ahsinthinm. 

absinthine  (ab-sin'tliin),  a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  a)isinth  or  wormwood;  absintliie.     Carli/lc. 

absinthism  (ab-sin'thizm),  n.  The  cachectic 
state  produced  by  the  use  of  absinthe  (which 

Sl'l"). 

absinthium  (ab-sin'thi-um),  H.  [L.,  <6r.  ai/w- 
Oioi;  also  a\pivdoq  and  ailnvilia,  wonnwood,  of 
Pers.  origin.]  The  common 
wormwood,  Artemisia  Ab- 
sinthium, a  European  spe- 
cie.s,  much  cultivated  for  its 
bitter  (lualities.  It  contains  a 
vidutile  <'il  which  is  the  principal 
ingredient  in  the  French  liqueur 
absintlie. 

,,,  absinthol  (ab-sin'thol),  n. 
[•,  :.'.A  Tlie  chief  constituent  of  oil 
^^^   of  wormwood,  CjoHjgO. 

absis  (ab'sis),  n.     Same  as 

r//).s7'.s', 

absistt  (ab-sisf),  r.  j.    [<L. 
(ilisisltre,    'withdraw,   <  06, 
off,  +  sisterc,  stand,  a  re- 
duplicated form  of  stare,  to 
stand:  see  state,  stand.'\  To 
desist. 
absistencet  (ab-sis'tens),  n. 
A  sfaiKling  off;   a  refrain- 
ing or  holding  back. 
■  absit  (ab'sit),  n.    [L. ;  third 
pers.  pres.  subj.  of  nbesse, 
be  away.]    In  colleges,  a  leave  of  absence  from 
commons. 

absit  omen  (ab'sit  6'men).  [L. ;  lit.,  may  the 
omen  be  away  :  absit,  third  pers.  pres.  subi.  of 
abessc,  be  away ;  omen,  an  omen :  see  absent 
and  omen.']  May  it  not  Ije  omiuous  !  May  the 
omen  fail! 
absolute  (ab'sp-liit),  a.  and  «.  [<ME.  absolut, 
<OF.  absolut,  K  Ij.  atisolutus,  complete,  unre- 
stricted, absolute,  pp.  of  absolrere,  loosen  from: 
SBO  absolie.']  I.  a.  1.  Free  from  every  restric- 
tion: unconditional:  as,  the  only  absolute  ne- 
cessity is  logical  necessity;  absolute  skepticism; 
absolute  proof. —  2.  Perfect;  complete;  entire; 
possessed  as  a  quality  in  the  highest  degree, 
or  possessing  the  essential  characteristics  of  the 
attribute  named  in  the  highest  degree :  as,  ab- 
solute pin'ity ;  absolute  liberty. 

What  jihilosophical  imtuiry  aims  at  is,  to  discover  a 
proof,  by  subjective  analysis,  of  a  greater  certainty  iu  the 
law,  of  an  inviolable  uinformity  in  njiture,  of  what  may 
properly  be  called  an  affsiitulr  unifonnity,  if  imly  the  word 
almolHti'  is  used  as  opposed  to  iucoruplete  or  p.artial,  and 
not  as  opposed  to  relative  or  i)henomeual. 

S.  Ilodgmn,  Phil,  of  Itcllection,  II.  iv.  §  I. 

Hence — 3.  Perfect;  free  from  imperfection: 
sometimes  applied  to  persons. 

May  seem  as  shy,  as  j^ave,  as  just,  as  absolute. 

As  Angelo.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

So  abgnlute  she  seems. 
And  in  herself  complete.  Milton,  V,  L.,  viii.  547. 

4.  Fixed ;  determined ;  not  merely  provisional ; 
irrevocable. 

O,  pass  not,  r,ord,  an  abmlutc  decree. 
Nor  bind  thy  sentence  uneonditiiuial. 

Dryden,  Aimus  ^lirabilis. 

5.  Viewed   independently    of    other    similar 


Arte^nisia  Absinthim 
Leaf  and  flowerintj  brain 


21 

tilings ;  not  considered  with  reference  to  other 

similar  thinfjs  as  standards;  not  comparative 
merely:  opposed  to  relative:  as,  ahsolutv  posi- 
tion; absolute  velocity  (see  below).  (Curufui 
writera,  witliout  an  explnnation,  or  unless  the  cnntext 
makes  the  niciininK  clear,  do  not  use  tlie  word  in  this  sense  ; 
so  that,  tlioii^^li  it  has  always  belonged  to  the  word,  it  is 
considered  as  secondary.] 

Such  a  code  is  that  here  called  Absolute  Ethics  as  dis- 
tinguished from  Relative  Ethics  —  a  code  the  injunctions 
of  whicli  are  alone  to  he  considered  as  absolutely  right,  in 
contrast  with  those  that  are  relatively  right  or  least 
wrong;  and  which,  as  a  system  of  ideal  conduct,  is  to 
serve  as  a  standard  for  our  guidance  in  solving,  as  well  as 
we  can,  the  problems  of  real  conduct. 

//.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  104. 

6.  Unlimited  in  certain  essential  respects ; 
arbitrary;  despotic:  applied  especially  to  a 
system  of  government  in  which  the  will  of 
the  sovereign  is  comparatively  unhampered 
by  laws  or  usage:  as,  an  absolute  monarchy. 

As  I./)rd  Chainberhiin,  I  know,  you  are  ahmlnti'.  hy  your 
office,  in  all  that  belongs  to  the  decency  ami  good  man- 
ners of  the  stage,  Dryden,  Orig.  and  I'rog,  of  Satire. 

All  absolute  governments,  of  whatever  form,  concen- 
trate power  in  one  uncontrolled  anil  irresponsible  individ- 
ual or  iKuly,  whose  will  is  regardctl  as  the  sense  of  the 
community.  Calhoun,  Works,  I.  37. 

7.  Certain;  infallible. 

The  c<ilour  of  my  hair  —  he  cannot  tell, 

Or  answers  "dark,"  at  random, —  while,  be  sure, 

He's  absolute  on  the  figure,  five  or  ten, 

Of  my  last  subscription. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  iii. 

8.  Domineering;  peremptory;  exacting  strict 
obedience. 

Tapped  on  her  head 
With  absolute  forefinger.         Mrs.  Brouming. 

9.  Ultimate;  not  derived  from  anything  else: 
as,  an  absolute  principle. — 10,  Immeasurable; 
not  definable  by  measurement;  not  led  up  to 
by  insensible  gradations:  as,  the  distinction 
between  right  and  wrong  is  absolute. 

The  opposition  is  no  longer  of  the  rigid  or  absolute 
nature  which  it  was  before.  A.  Seth. 

11.  In  gram.y  standing  out  of  the  usual  syntac- 
tical relation  or  construction:  applied  to  the 
case  of  a  noun  and  an  adjunct  in  no  relation 
of  dependence  upon  the  rest  of  the  sentence, 
and  defining  the  time  or  cu'cumstanees  of  an 
action:  as,  the  genitive  absolute  in  Greek,  the 
ablative  absolute  inJjdXm,  the  locative  absolute  in 
Sanski'it.  and  the  itominafive  absolutcin  English. 
—Absolute  alcohol.  See  alaihni.— Absolute  atmo- 
sphere, an  absolute  unit  of  pressure,  e(iual  to  one  million 
grams  per  centiiUL'ter-second  square  ;  that  is,  one  million 
times  the  pressure  produced  on  a  square  centimeter  by  a 
force  t*t  one  grain  accelerated  every  second  Iiy  a  velocity 
of  one  centimeter  per  second. —  Absolute  egO,  in  met- 
aph.,  the  non-individual,  pui'e  ego,  neither  sulijcct  nor 
objfct,  wbiLh,  aiiunUiig  to  the  Uerinan  metaphysician 
J.  G.  Kiihte,  pnsits  tiR'  \v.>rid.—  Absolute  electrometer. 
See  elect ronut<r.  —  Absolute  equation,  in  aMron.,  the 
suTu  of  the  optic  and  eccentric  eiiuati-ms,  the  former 
being  the  apparent  inequality  of  a  planets  motion  iu  its 
orbit  due  to  its  unequal  distance  from  the  eartli  at  dif- 
ferent times,  an  effect  which  would  subsist  even  if  the 
planet's  real  motion  were  uniform,  and  the  latter  being 
the  inetpiality  due  to  a  real  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  plan- 
et's mntidii.  — Absolute  estate,  in  law,  an  umiualifled, 
uncoiidUiniKd  tstatc,  entitlin-j;  th<-'  owner  to  ininu-tliate 
and  unlimited  p'issLSsioii  and  dnmininn.— Absolute  form. 
See/t>n/(.— Absolute  identity,  t  Ik- MK'tapliyskald  I  M-t  line 
that  niinil  and  niattt-r  arc'  plicni'iiKiial  nindifiiati'Hi^  ' if  the 
same  substaiuc.— Absolute  instrument,  an  in.stiuinent 
designed  to  measure  electrical  or  other  physical  quantities 
in  terms  ot  absolute  units.  See  winV.— Absolute  in- 
variant, in  alg.,  an  invariant  entirely  unchanged  by  a 
linear  transformation. if  the quantic— Absolute  magni- 
tude, nuignitude  without  regard  to  sign,  a-s  }-liisor  miiiux: 

opposed  to  aigehnurai  »irt,(7n(Vu<;<'.— Absolute  measure, 
that  which  is  based  simply  on  the  fundamental  units  of 
time,  space,  and  mass,  and  does  not  involve  a  comparison 
wit  h  any  other  arbitrary  quantity,  especially  not  any  gravi- 
tation-unit, whose  value  varies  with  the  latitude  and  ele- 
vation al)ovo  the  sea.  Thus,  the  abs»dute  measure  of  a 
force  is  that  of  the  velocity  it  would  impart  to  the  unit- 
mass  in  a  unit  of  time.  The  units  so  derived  are  called  ab- 
solute units;  for  example,  the  poundal  or  dyne.  See  unit. 
—  Absolute  positiOl^  P'lsition  in  absolute  space. —  Ab- 
solute pressure,  (a)  That  measure  of  pressure  which 
incliidfi  atmospheric  pressure.  ('*)  Pressure  expressed 
in  ab.sobite  iiu-asure,  commonly  in  absolute  atmosi)here3 
(which  see).— Absolute  problem,  a  <iualitative  problem 
in  which  it  is  sought  to  discover  wlntlur  an  object  pos- 
sesses a  given  character,  but  not  to  comparu  dilfcreut 
objects.— Absolute  proposition,  iu  l'yn<\  a  categorical 
proposition.  -Absolute  reality,  in  j/;.^//'/i..  reality  n<it 
as  it  is  conceived,  but  as  it  exists  indepeuiiently  of  all 
thought  about  it.— Absolute  reclprocant.  See  recipm- 
c« /I ^— Absolute  space,  space  eonsideretl  as  the  recep- 
tacle ttf  things,  and  not  as  relative  to  the  objects  in  it: 
opposed  to  spatial  extejution.—  Absolute  temperature, 
temperatnre  measured  from  the  absolute  zero  of  tem- 
perature (see  below)  on  the  absolute  or  thermodynamic 
scale  of  temperatnre.  which  is  dellned  by  the  condition 
that  the  area  iTicluded  between  two  Uxeii  adiabatie  lines 
and  any  two  isothermal  lines  is  proportional  to  the  differ- 
ence of  temperatures  for  those  lines  ou  this  scale.  This 
absolute  scale  of  temperature  differs  by  very  small  ipian- 
tities,  usually  negligible,  from  that  of  an  air-thermometer, 
and  by  the  absolute  temperature  is  often  meant  the  tem- 
perature uu  the  latter  scale  above  the  absolute  zero. — 


absolutely 


Absolute  term.  («)  in  /".'/(>,  a  general  class-name,  aa 
vinii,  as  opposed  to  a  relativt;  or  corniotativu  tenn.  (b) 
In  al;/.,  that  term  of  an  equation  or  quantic  in  which  the 
unknown  quantity  d<ieH  not  appear,  or,  if  it  appears,  has 
the  exponent  0.  Thus,  in  the  eipiation  a;2 -f  i*ia;_24=0, 
which  nuiy  also  be  written  x'-  -f  lie— 24x0^0,  the  terra 
written  —24  in  the  fli-st  form  and  — 24a:'>  in  the  second 
form  is  called  the  absolute  term.  —  Absolute  time,  time 
regarded  as  a  quasi-substance  independent  of  the  events 
it  brings  into  relationship,  that  is,  which  occur  iu  it. 

Absolute,  true,  and  mathematical  time,  in  itself  and  its 
own  nature  out  of  relation  to  anything  out  of  itself,  flows 
equably,  and  is  otherwise  calle<l  duration :  relative,  ap- 
parent, and  vulgar  time  is  any  sensible  and  external 
measure  of  duration  by  motion  [whether  accurate  or  in- 
eqnablel  which  the  vulgar  use  in  place  of  true  time,  as  an 
hour,  a  day,  a  month,  a  year. 

Sir  I.  Newton,  l*rincipia  (trans.),  Def.  8,  Scholium. 

Absolute  velocity,  the  velocity  of  a  body  with  refer- 
ence not  to  other  moving  bodies,  but  to  something  im> 
movable. 

We  know  nothing  about  absolute  velocities  in  space,  for 
wo  have  no  standard  of  comparison. 

A.  Daniell,  Frin.  of  Physics,  p.  15. 

Absolute  zero  of  temperature,  the  lowest  possible 
temperature  whieli  the  nature  of  heat  admit-s;  the  tem- 
perature at  which  the  particles  wliose  motion  constitutes 
heat  « ould  be  at  rest ;  that  temperature  at  which,  if  it 
were  maintained  in  the  refrigerator  of  a  perfect  thermo- 
dynamic engine,  the  engine  would  convert  ail  the  heat 
it  should  receive  from  its  source  into  work.  This  tem- 
perature has  been  proved  to  be  27;i.7  degrees  below  tho 
zero  of  the  centigrade  scale.  See  absolute  temjierature, 
=  Syn.  1.  Unconditional,  independent.— 2.  Finished, 
perfect,  rounded,  consummate,  complete.  —  6.  Arbitrary, 
autocratic,  unrestricted,  irresponsible. — 7.  Positive,  de- 
cided, certain,  sure.— 8.  Peremptory,  imperative,  dicta- 
torial.—  9.  Immediate,  direct,  self-existent. 

II,  n.  1.  In  metaph.i  (a)  That  which  is  free 
from  any  restriction,  or  is  unconditioned; 
hence,  the  ultimate  ground  of  all  things  ;  God: 
as,  it  is  absurd  to  place  a  limit  to  the  power 
of  the  Absolute. 

Being  itself,  and  the  types  which  f-dlow,  as  well  as  those 
of  logic  in  general,  may  be  looked  upon  xs  definitions  of 
the  Absolute,  or  metaphysical  detlnitions  of  Ood:  at  least 
the  first  and  third  typical  form  in  every  triad  may. 

Hegel,  Logic,  tr.  by  Wallace,  §  85. 

The  contention  of  those  who  declare  the  Absolute  to 
be  unknowable  is,  that  beyond  the  sphere  of  knowablo 
phenomena  there  is  an  Existent,  which  partially  appears 
in  the  phenomena,  but  is  something  wholly  removed  from 
them,  and  in  no  way  cognizable  by  us. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Slind,  II.  430. 

{b)  That  which  is  perfect  or  complete :  as,  its 
beauty  approaches  the  fl&so/H^c.  {c)  That  which 
is  independent  of  some  or  all  relations ;  the 
non-relative. 

The  term  absolute  is  of  a  twofold  .  .  .  aml>iguity,  corre- 
sponding to  the  double  .  .  .  signification  of  the  word  in 
Latin.  Absolutum  means  what  is  freed  or  loosed;  in 
which  sense  the  absolute  will  be  what  is  aloof  from  rela- 
tion, comparison,  limitation,  condition,  dependence,  etc 
In  this  meaning,  the  absobUe  is  not  opposed  to  the  infi- 
nite. Abmlutum  means  finished,  perfected,  completed; 
in  which  sense  the  absolute  will  be  what  is  out  of  rela- 
tion, etc.,  as  finished,  perfect,  complete,  total.  ...  la 
this  acceptation  —  and  it  is  tliat  in  which  for  myself  I 
exclusively  use  it  — the  absolute  is  diametrically  opposed 
to,  is  contradictory  of,  the  infinite. 

Sir  If'.  Hamilton,  Discussions  (3d  ed.),  p.  13,  foot-note. 

"NMiatever  can  be  known  or  conceived  out  of  all  relation, 

that  is  to  say,  without  any  correlative  being  necessarily 

known  or  conceived  along  with  it,  is  the  known  Absolute. 

FerricT,  Institutes  of  iletaph.,  prop.  xx. 

2.  In  inath.j  a  locus  whoso  projective  relation 
to  any  two  elements  may  be  considered  as  con- 
stituting the  metrical  relation  of  these  elements 
to  one  another.  All  measurement  is.  made  by  sticces- 
sive  superpositions  of  a  unit  upon  parts  of  the  quantity  to 
be  measured.  Now,  in  all  shiftings  of  the  standard  of  mea- 
siu-ement,  if  this  l>e  supposed  to  be  rigidly  connected  with 
an  unlimited  continuum  superposeil  upon  that  in  which 
lies  the  measured  quantity,  there  will  be  a  certain  locus 
which  will  always  continue  unmoved,  and  to  which,  tliere- 
fore,  the  scale  of  measurement  can  never  be  applied.  This 
is  the  absolute.  In  order  to  establish  a  system  of  mea- 
surement along  a  line,  we  first  put  a  scale  of  numbers  on 
the  line  in  such  a  manner  that  to  every  point  of  the  lino 
corresponds  one  nimiber,  and  to  every  number  one  point. 
If  then  we  take  any  second  scale  of  numbers  related  in  this 
manner  to  tho  points  of  tho  line,  to  any  number,  z,  of  the 
fti-st  scale,  will  correspond  just  one  number,  ?/,  of  the  sec- 
ond. If  this  coiTespondeiice  extends  to  imaginary  points, 
X  and  7/  will  be  connected  by  an  equation  linear  in  x  ajiii 
linear  in  y,  which  may  be  written  thus:  xt/  +  ax+  by-k- 
c  =  0.  The  scale  will  thus  bo  shifted  from  a;  =  0toi/  =  0or 
x=  — c'a.  In  this  shifting,  two  point.s  of  the  sutle  re- 
main unmoved,  namely,  those  which  satisfy  the  e<|uatioii 
z- +(a-'rb)x  +  c=0.  This  pair  of  point.s,  which  nniy  bo 
really  distinct,  coincident,  or  imaginary,  constitute  tho 
absolute.  For  a  plane,  tho  absolute  is  a  curve  <if  the  Sec- 
ond  order  and  second  class.  For  three-dimensional  space 
it  is  a  quailric  surface.  For  the  ordinary  system  of  mea- 
surement iu  space,  prodncingthe  Euclidean  geometry,  the 
ai)SoIute  consists  of  two  coincident  planes  joined  along  an 
imaginary  circle,  which  circle  is  itself  usually  termed  tho 
absolute.  See  i/i!<tnnri'  and  aiihanuouie  ratio. —  Philoso- 
phies of  the  absolute,  *  ertain  systems  of  metaphysics 
f  >unded  on  Kant  s  i  litiqiie  of  Reason  — most  prominently 
those  of  Fiehte,  Schelling,  and  Hegel- which,  departing 
from  the  principles  of  Kant,  maintain  that  the  absolute 
is  cognizable. 
absolutely  (ab'so-liit-li),  adv.  Completely ; 
wholly ;    independently ;    without  restriction, 


absolutely 

limitation,  or  qualiluiiliou  ;  vinconditionally 


22 


positively ;  i)orcmplorily. 

C'oiniiiaiui  me  ahuolutety  not  to  go. 
Mtllon,  •' 


absolutory  (ab-sol'u-to-ri),  a.    [<  ML.  ahsohito- 
riK.i,  <  L.  iihsohitiis :'  see  ahsolKle.']     Giviug  ab- 
solution; eiipable   of   absolving:   as,  "an  ab- 
L.,  ix.  1158.     sohiloni  sciitcuee,"  ^ti/lifft;  Parergon. 


AbmluMn  wi'  ciinnot  aiscomnien.l,  >vc  cannot  absoluMi/  absolvable  (ab-sol'va-bl),  a.     Capable  of  being 


nupiove,  cither  willingness  to  live  or  fonviir.lncsa  to  die. 
UooVcT,  Eccl.  I'ol.,  V. 

As  a  matter  of  tact,  absolutely  pure  water  is  never  louml 
in  the  einiioniy  ot  nature.  Huxley,  I'liysiog.,  p.  lir>. 

absoluteness  (ab'sq-lut-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  absolute;  imlependeuee  ;  completeness  ; 
the  state  of  being  subject  to  no  extraneous 
restriction  or  control;  positiveness ;  perfection. 
If  you  liavc  livoil  aliout,  .as  the  phrase  is.  you  liavc  lost 
tliat  sense  4jf  tlie  absoluteiKi:^  anil  tlie  sanctity  of  tlu-  liab- 
its  of  your  fellow-patriots  which  once  made  you  so  happy 
iu  the  midst  of  them. 

II.  Jama,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  76. 

absolution  (ab-so-lu'shon),  «.  [<  ME.  ahsolu- 
ciitn,  -cioii,  -cioitn,  <L.  absoluti(){ii-),  iahsolverc, 
loosen  from:  see  ab.'soh'e.']  1.  The  act  of  ab- 
sohTiig,  or  the  state  of  being  absolved  ;  release 
from  consequences,  obligations,  or  penalties; 
specificallj',  release  from  the  penal  conse- 
quences of  sin. 

God's  absolution  of  men  is  his  releasing  of  them  from 
the  bauds  of  sin  with  which  they  were  tied  and  bound. 

Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  240. 
(a)  According  to  Rom.  Cath.  theol.,  a  remission  of  sin, 
whicli  the  priest,  on  the  ground  of  authority  received 
from  Clirlst,  makes  in  the  sacrament  of  penance  (which 
see).  "  It  is  not  a  mere  announcement  of  the  gospel,  or  a 
bare  declaration  that  God  will  pardon  the  sins  of  those 
who  repent,  but,  as  the  Council  of  Trent  defines  it,  is 
a  judicial  act  by  which  a  priest  as  judge  pjisses  a  sen- 
tence on  the  penitent."  Cath.  Diet.  (())  According  to  Prof. 
theol. ,  a  sacerdotal  declaration  assuring  the  penitent  of  di- 
vine forgiveness  on  tlie  ground  of  his  repentance  and  faith. 
In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the  priest  pronounces  the 
absolution  in  his  own  name;  "I  absolve  thee."  In  Prot- 
estant communions  that  use  a  form  of  aljsolution,  and  in  absolver  (ab-sol'ver),  w.  One  who  absolves; 
the  Greek  Church,  it  is  pronounced  in  the  name  of  God     ^,j^,  .^^.j^^  remits  sin,  or  pronounces  it  to  bo  re- 


al)siilvi-il;  lU'servingoforentitled  to  absolution. 

absolvatory  (ab-sol'va-to-ri),  a.  [Irreg.  <((*- 
soh-c  +  -atoni ;  prop,  dhsolutory,  <\.  v.]  Confer- 
ring absolution,  pardon,  or  release;  having 
power  to  absolve. 

aosolve  (ab-solv'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  absolved, 
ppr.  absohnng.  [<  L.  absolvcre,  loosen  from, 
<ah,  from,  +'soherc,  loosen:  see  solve,  and  cf. 
assail.']  1.  To  set  free  or  release,  as  from  some 
duty,  obligation,  or  responsibility. 

No  amount  of  erudition  or  technical  skill  or  critical 
power  can  absolve  the  mind  from  the  necessity  of  creating, 
if  it  would  grow.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  104. 

2.  To  free  from  the  consequences  or  penalties 
attaching  to  actions ;  acquit ;  specifically,  in 
ecrles.  language,  to  forgive  or  grant  remission 
of  sins ;  pronounce  forgiveness  of  sins  to. 
The  felon's  latest  breath 
Absolves  the  innocent  man  who  beai-s  his  crime. 

Bryant,  Hymn  to  Death. 

I  am  just  absolved, 
Purged  of  the  past,  the  foul  in  me,  washed  fair. 

Urouminrr,  Ring  and  Book,  II,  18. 

To  accomplish ;  finish. 

The  work  begun,  how  soon 
Absolved.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  94. 

To  solve ;  resolve ;  explain. 

We  shall  not  absolve  the  doubt. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vi.  10. 

=  Syil.  1.  To  free,  release,  excuse,  liberate,  exempt. —  2. 
To  acquit,  excuse,  clear,  pardon,  forgive,  justify.  See 
actiuit. 


3t. 


4t. 


and  as  a  prayer  :  "  God  [or  Christ]  absolve  thee.' 


mitted. 


By  <j6so(i((ioii  (in  the  Augsburg  Confession)  is  meant  the  .v-.i-^V.,-  /■„!,  „„i',^  ♦««^  «.  rr™^™  /T  „;, 
official  declaration  of  the  clergj-man  to  the  penitent  that  absomtor  (ab-sol  vi-tor),  n.  [Irreg.  <  L.  ah- 
his  sins  are  forgiven  him  upon  finding  or  believing  that  he     solvere:    see   absolve.]     In    law,    a    decree    of 

is  exercising  a  godly  sorrow,  and  is  trusting  in  the  blood     absolution Decree  Of  absolvitor,  in  Sco(s  laii;  a 

of  Christ.  Shedd,  Hist,  of  Clmst.  Doct.      decree  in  favor  of  the  defendant  in  an  action.     A  decree 

2t.  Abolition  ;  abolishment.  i"  fa^or  of  the  pursuer  or  plaintiff  is  called  a  decree  eon- 

But  grant  it  true  Itluit  the  Liturgy  ordered  too  many  a-hcniVitnT-iT  fib-snl'vi-to-ril    n       rSee  abiolva- 
ceremonies),   not  a  total  absolution,  l)ut  a  reformation  aDSOlVlIOry  taO-SOl  \1  19  ri;,  a.       LO^e  aosoiva 
thereof,  may  hence  be  inferred.  ii-KHer,  Ch.  Hist.,  XI.  x.  8.     tor;/.]     Absolutory;   absolvatory. 
8.  In  cin-Haw,  a  sentence  declaring  an  accused  absonant  (ab's6-nant)o.    l<h  ab  +  somn(t-)s: 
person  to  be  innocent  of  the  crime  laid  to  his    ^ee  sonant,  and  ct.  absonoiis.]    Wide  from  the 
charge-Absolution  from  censures  («*,0,  there-    purpose;    contrary;    tUscordant:    opposed  to 
raoval  of  penalties  imposed  by  the  church.— Absolution    consonant:  as,      absonant  to  nature,    Quarles, 
for  the  dead  (ceeles.),  a  short  form  of  prayer  for  the  re-     The  Mourner.     [Now  rare.] 
poseof  the  soul,  said  after  a  funeral  mass.- Absolutions  absonatet  (ab'so-nat),  V.  t.     [For  *absoniate,  < 
in  tlie  breviary  (fcrfe-s.),  certam  short  prayers  said  be-     Tifj     „;,„„„;„*,,„•„,    nf  nh<!nninrp    nvnid     lit    he 
lore  the  lessons  in  matins,  and  before  tlie  chapter  at  the     ^-^-  ausoniatus,  pp.  Ot  aosoyiiate,  av  OKI,   111.  De 
end  of  prime.  =  Syn.  1. /(emission,  etc.   See  pardon,  n.        discordant :  see  a6so«oiis.]     lo  avoid;  detest, 
absolutism (ab'so-lii-tizm),)(.  l<.  absolute -h-isin,     Asli. 
utter  F.  abtolutisine  =  Tc'g.  absolutismo.]    1.  The  absonoust  (ab'so-nus),  a.     [<  L.  absonus,  dis- 
state  of  being  absolute.    Specifically,  in  political  sci-     cordant.  <  ab,  tromj+soniis,  sound:  see  sound^.] 


ence,  that  practice  or  system  of  government  in  which  the 
power  of  the  sovereign  is  imrestricted ;  a  state  so  gov- 
erned ;  despotism. 


1.   Unmusical. — 2. 
opi^osed;  contrary 


Figuratively,   discordant ; 
as,  "absotwus  to  our  rea- 


,,,,..,.,.  ,  „       ..„„,    GlanvUle,  Seep,  feci.,  iv. 

The  provmce  of  absolutism  is  not  to  dispose  of  the  nhanrh  C-ib-^nrb"!  v  f      r<t.  nhmrhere   swallow 
nationallife,  but  to  maintain  it  without  those  checks  on  apsoro  ^ao-soro  ),i.z.     i^u.  aosoioeie,  swauow 

down  anything,  <no,  away,  +  sorbere,  suck  up, 

=  Gr.  po(ptip,  sup  up.]  1.  To  diink  in;  suck 
up  ;  imbibe,  as  a  sponge  ;  take  in  by  absorp- 
tion, as  the  lacteals  of  the  body ;  hence,  to  take 
up  or  receive  in,  as  by  chemical  or  molecular 
action,  as  when  charcoal  absorbs  gases. 

It  is  manifest,  too,  that  there  cannot  be  great  self- 
mobility  unless  the  absorbed  materials  are  efficiently  dis- 
tributed to  the  organs  which  transform  insensible  motion 
into  sensible  motion.      H.  Spencer,  Priu.  of  Psychol.,  §  2. 

Every  gas  and  every  vapor  absorbs  exactly  those  kinds 
of  rays  which  it  emits  when  in  the  glomng  condition, 
whilst  it  permits  all  other  kinds  of  rays  to  traverse  it  Avith 
undimiuislied  intensity.    Lommel,  Nature  of  Light,  p.  104. 

2t.  To  swallow  up;  engulf;  overwhelm:  as,  the 
sea  absorbed  the  wreck. 

And  dark  oblivion  soon  absorbs  them  all. 

Courier,  On  Names  in  Biog.  Brit. 

3.  To  swallow  up  the  identity  or  individuality 
of;  draw  in  as  a  constituent  part ;  incorporate: 
as,  the  empire  absorbed  all  the  small  states. 

A  clear  stream  flowing  with  a  muddy  one. 
Till  in  its  onward  current  it  absorbs  .  .  . 
The  vexed  eddies  of  its  wayward  brother. 

Tennyson,  Isabel. 

4 .  To  engross  or  engage  wlioUy. 

When  a  tremendotis  sound  or  an  astounding  spectacle 
absorbs  the  attention,  it  is  next  tt)  impossible  to  think  of 
anything  else.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  I'sycliol,,  §  98. 

The  confirmed  invalid  is  in  danger  of  becoming  ab- 
sorbed in  self.  Whately,  On  Bacon's  Ess.  of  Adversity. 

5t.  In  mcd.,  to  counteract  or  neutralize:  as, 
magnesia  absorbs  acidity  in  the  stomach Ab- 
sorbing-well, a  vertical  c\c:ivati(»n  or  sliaft  sunk  in  the 
earth  to  cTialile  the  surface-water  to  reach  a  permeable 
lied  which  is  nut  saturated  with  water,  and  can  therefore 
take  up  or  absorb  and  carry  olf  the  water  which  has  access 


the  exercise  of  power  which  exist  elsewhere. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  99. 
From  the  time  of  its  first  convei"sion  Germany  has  never, 
taken  kindly  to  the  claims  of  absolutism,  either  of  author- 
ity or  of  belief,  50  strongly  put  forward  by  the  Church. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  310. 

2.  The  principle  of  absolute  individual  power 
in  government ;  belief  in  the  unrestricted  right 
of  determination  or  disposal  in  a  sovereign. — 

3.  The  theological  doctrine  of  predestination 
or  absolute  decrees. — 4.  The  metaphysical 
doctrines  of  the  absolutists.  =  Syn.  1.  Tyranny, 
Autucraey,  Absolutism,  etc.    See  desi}Otifs>n. 

absolutist  (ab'so-lu-tist),  ».  and  a.  [(.absolute 
+ -ist,  after  F.  db.solutU-tc-]  I.  n.  1.  An  advo- 
cate of  despotism,  or  of  absolute  government. — 
2.  In  metapU.,  one  who  maintains  that  there  is 
an  absolute  or  non-relative  e.'dstence,  and  that 
it  is  possible  to  know  or  conceive  it. 

Hence  the  necessity  wliich  compelled  Schelling  and  the 
absolutists  to  place  tile  absolute  in  the  indifference  of  sub- 
ject and  object,  of  linowledge  and  e.xi8tenee. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

n.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  absolutism ;  des- 
potic ;  absolutistic. 

Socialism  would  introduce,  indeed,  the  most  vexatious 

and  all-eneompassiiig  absolutist  government  ever  invented. 

Itae,  Cont.  Socialism,  p.  300. 

All  these  tilings  were  odious  to  the  old  governing  classes 
of  Prance ;  their  spirit  was  absolutist,  ecclesiastical,  and 
military.  John  ilorley. 

absolutistic  (ab"sp-lu-tis'tik),  a.  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  characterized  by  absolutism ;  charac- 
teristic of  absolutists  or  absolutism. 

But  the  spirit  of  the  Roman  empire  was  too  absolutistic 
to  abandon  the  prerogative  of  a  supervision  of  public  wor- 
ship. Schaf,  Hist.  Christ.  Church,  III.  5  2. 


absorption 

to  it  from  above.  Sin-li  wells  are  sometimes  called  nega- 
tive wells,  waste-wells,  and  drain-wells ;  also,  in  the  south 

of  England,  </tv/(/  wells.    Thegcnlu^i.al  r lition.sfavuring 

their  use  are  rare;  but  they  have  oc»  a>i<'nally  been  found 
practicable  and  convenient  in  connect  inn  with  inanufactur- 
ing  establi.shlncnt.s.  -  Syn.  4.  To  Absorb,  Kn'jross,  Swal- 
low up,  Kti'jiilj,  cn;:a^'e,  arrest,  rivet,  lix.  {See  engross.) 
Absorb  and  tiuintss  denote  the  engagement  of  one's  whole 
attention  and  energies  by  some  object  or  occupation  ;  but 
absorb  commonly  has  connected  witli  it  the  idea  of  mental 
passivity,  engross  that  of  mental  activity.  Thus,  one  ia 
absorbed  in  a  novel,  but  engrossed  in  business.  The  words, 
however,  are  sometimes  used  interchangeably.  Swallow  up 
and  engulf  have  a  much  stronger  figurative  sense;  cnguXf 
generally  expresses  misfortune. 

absorbability  (ab-sor-ba-bU'i-ti),  »i.    The  state 

or  quality  of  being  absorbable. 

absorbable  (ab-sor'lja-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
;iljsorbed  or  imbibed. 

absorbed  (ab-s6rbd'),  J),  n.  1.  Drawn  in  or 
sucked  up.  Specifically  applied  to  the  coloring  iu  paint- 
ings when  the  oil  has  sunk  into  the  canvas,  leaving  the 
color  flat  and  the  touches  dead  or  indistinct :  nearly  sy- 
nonymous with  sunk  in. 
2.  Engrossed :  as,  an  absorbed  look. 

absorbedly  (ab-s6r'bed-li),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
sorbed manner. 

absorbedness  (ab-s6r'bed-nes),  «.  The  state 
of  being  absorbed,  or  of  having  the  attention 
fidly  occupied. 

absorbefacient  (ab-s6r-be-fa'shient),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  absorbere,  absorb,  +  facien{t-)s,  ppr.  of 
faccrc,  make.]     I.  a.  Causing  absorption. 

II.  n.  Any  substance  causing  absorption,  as 
of  a  swelling.     M.  C.  If'ood,  Therap. 

absorbency  (ab-s6r'ben-si),  n.  Absorptiveness. 

absorbent  (aij-s6r'bent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ab- 
sorbcn{t-)s,  ppr.  of  absorbere:  see  absorb.]  I.  a. 
Absorbing  or  capable  of  absorbing ;  imbibing ; 
swallowing;  performing  the  function  of  ab- 
sorption: as,  absorbent  vessels;  the  absorbent 
system. 

"Absorption-bands"  [in  the  spectrum]  .  .  .  indicate 
what  kind  of  light  has  been  stopped  and  extinguislied  by 
the  absorbent  object.     A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  450. 

Absorbent  cotton.    ■'<ee  cif/vui. —Absorbent  gland. 

See  (7taHi;.— Absorbent  grounds,  in  painting,  picture- 
grounds  prepared,  either  uii  board  or  on  camiis,  so  as  to 
have  the  power  of  alisorbiiig  the  redundant  oil  from  the 
colors,  for  the  sake  of  quickness  in  drying,  or  to  increase 
the  brilliancy  of  the  colors.— Absorbent-Strata  water- 
power,  a  hydraulic  device  for  utilizing  the  power  of  water 
I'assiie,-  through  an  absorbing-well.  See  absorbing-well, 
under  ab^ijrb. 

II.  n.  Anything  which  absorbs.  Specifically  — 
(a)  In  anat.  and  physiol.,  a  vessel  which  imbibes  or  takes 
nutritive  mattera  into  the  system;  specifically,  in  the 
vertebrates,  a  Ij-mpbatic  vessel  (which  see,  under  lym- 
phatic), (b)  In  thenij/eutics :  (1)  any  substance  used  to 
absorb  a  morbid  or  excessive  discharge ;  C3)  an  alkah  used 
to  neutralize  acids  in  the  stomach.  (<•)  In  ehem. :  (1)  any- 
thing tliat  takes  up  iuto  itself  a  gas  or  liquid,  as  a  sub- 
stance whicli  withdraws  moisture  from  the  air;  (2)  a  sub- 
stance, such  as  magnesia,  lime,  etc. ,  which  neutralizes  acids. 
absorber  (ab-s6r'ber),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  absorbs. 

Let  us  study  the  effect  of  using  sodium  vapour  as  the 
medium  —  not  as  a  source  of  light,  but  as  an  absorber. 

J.  X.  Lockyer,  Speet.  Anal.,  p.  39. 

ScMbsing  has  investigated  the  action  of  the  ocean-water 
as  an  absorber  and  regulator  of  the  carbonic  acid  gas  iu 
tlie  atmospliere.  Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  p.  2C6. 

absorbing  (ab-sor'bing),  p.  a.     1.  Soaking  up ; 

imbibing;  taking  up. 

If  either  light  or  radiant  heat  be  absorbed,  the  absorb- 
ing body  is  warmed.  Tyndall,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  76. 

2.  Engrossing;  enchanting:  as,  the  spectacle 
was  most  absorbing. 

The  total  aspect  of  the  place,  its  sepulchral  stillness, 
its  absorbing  perfume  of  evanescence  and  decay  and  mor- 
tality, confounds  the  distinctions  and  blurs  the  details. 
//.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  334. 

absorbingly  (ab-s6r'bing-li),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
sorbing manner ;  engrossingly. 

absorbitiont  (ab-s6r-bish'ou),  Ji.  [Irreg.  <  ab- 
snrb  -i-  -ition.]     Absoi-ption. 

absorptt  (ab-s6rpt'),  a.  [<  L.  ai.<;orptns,  pp.  of 
absorbere :  see  absorb.]    Absorbed. 

Circe  in  vain  invites  the  feast  to  shai'e, 
Aliseut  I  wander  and  absorpt  in  care. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  It. 

absorptiometer  (ab-sorp-slii-om'e-ttr),  M.  [<L. 

absorpiio,  absorption,  +  Gr.  fiiTpov,  a  measure  : 
see  nieter'^.]  An  instrument  invented  by  Pro- 
fessor Bunsen  to  determine  the  amount  of  gas 
absorbed  by  a  unit-volume  of  a  liquid,  it  is  a 
graduated  tube  in  which  a  certain  quantity  of  tlie  gas  and 
liquid  is  agitated  over  mercury.  The  amount  of  absnrp- 
tion  is  measured  on  the  scale  by  the  heiglit  to  which  the 
mercury  presses  up  the  liquid  in  the  tube. 
absorption (ab-s6rp'shon),  n.  [<  h.absorptioin-), 
a  drinking,  <f  absorbere  :  see  absorb.]  The  act 
or  process  of  absorbing,  or  the  state  of  being 
absorbed,  in  all  the  senses  of  the  verb:  as  — 
(a)  The  act  or  process  of  imbibing,  swallowing,  or  engulfing 
mechanically.     ((<)  The  condition  of  having  one's  atten- 


aT)sorption 


23 


abstinency 


tlon  cntiroly  occupipcl  with  snmetliinK.    (c)  In  ckem..  and  absqUO   hoC  (ilbz'kvve  liok).     [L.,  without  this  abstentionist  (ab-sten'shon-ist),  n.     One  who 
jjAi/k.,  a  liiki";!  i" '"' 'wi'l'"" ''y '""'>"'"''""  "I' "''"™'''"'  ■  ■  ..,,..„,.  .,,  .■  ■     •.     r  _  .•     >    i   _i.___    _ ._  ^.._ 

nction  :  as,  abhoriitUm  of  gasca,  light,  lieat.    See  behjw. 

Wo  know  the  reilness  of  tlie  sun  at  evening  arises,  not 
from  absorption  Ijy  the  ether,  but  from  absurptUiii  by  a 
groat  tliiekness  of  our  atiuospliere. 

J.  N.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  30. 


(or  tliiit ) :  (ilistiiit;  without,  <  (lbs,  off,  from,  with 
fjpiipraliziiif;  suffix -ywc  ;  hoc,  abl.  of  /(/<•,  this, 
that.]  Without  tliis  or  that:  specifically  used, 
in  lair,  in  traversing  what  has  been  alleged  and 
is  repeat  od. 


(rf)  In  phjisiiil.,  the  process  of  taking  up  into  the  vascular  absque  tali  CaUSa  (abz'kwo  ta'li  ka'zit).      [T. 


systt-ni  (vrtiMiis  i>r  lymphatic)  either  food  from  the  ali 
nientiuy  i!ii];il  or  intlammatory  products  and  otlier  suli- 
stances'froui  tlie  various  tissues.  I'lants  absorli  moisture 
and  nutritive  juioi-s  principally  by  their  roots,  but  some- 
times by  their  general  surfaces,  as  in  seaweeds,  and  car- 
liouie  acid  by  tlK'ir  leaves.  Absorption  of  organic  matter 
by  If:i\es  t;ikis  place  in  several  insectivorous  plants. — 
Absorption-bands,  in  spectrum  anati/sis,  dark  banila 
in  the  sjiectrnm  inoro  or  less  broad  and  in  general  not 
sharply  defined.  They  are  seen  when  the  IiL:bt  has  p;i-sscd 
tlirough  a  body  not  neces-sarily  incandescent,  and  which 
may  be  a  solid  (as  a  salt  of  didymium),  a  liiiuiil(iis  a  solu- 
tioii  of  blood),  or  a  vapor(as  the  rain-band  caused  liy  the 
aijueous  vapor  in  the  terrestrial  atmosphere).  See  absurp- 
tiiiiiliii'x  and  »/«i-(™m.— Absorption  of  color,  the  plie- 
n<inn'iion  observed  when  certain  colors  are  retained  or  pre- 
vented from  passing  through  certain  transparent  bodies. 
Tims,  pieces  of  colored  ghuss  are  almost  opaque  to  some 
parts  of  the  spectrum,  whdo  allowing  other  colors  to  pass 
through  freely.  This  is  merely  a  special  case  of  the  ab- 
sorption of  light.— Absorption  of  gases,  the  action  of 
some  solids  and  liipiids  iir  takin,'  up  or  absorliiiig  gases. 
Thus,  a  porous  body  like  cliarcoal  (lliat  is,  one  pnsenting 
a  large  surface)  has  the  ability  to  take  in,  or  ccjudeuse  on 
its  surface,  a  large  quantity  of  some  gases  through  the  mo- 
lecular attraction  e.\ertcd  bi'twcen  its  surface  and  themol- 
ecvdes  of  the  gas,  boxwood  charcoal,  for  e.vample,  being 
able  to  absorb  90  times  its  volume  of  ammonia-gas.  Oix 
account  of  this  property,  charcoal  is  used  as  a  disinfectant 
to  absorli  noxious  gases,  {^ae  occlusion.)  Liquids  also  have 
tlu'  power  to  absorb  or  dissolve  gases,  the  quantity  ab- 
sorbed varying  with  tlic  nature  of  the  liquid  and  the  gas  ; 
it  is  also  pioportinnal  to  the  pressure,  and  increases  as  the 
tciuperature  is  lowered.  For  example,  at  the  ordinary 
temperature  and  pressure  water  absorbs  its  own  volume 
of  cartton  dioxid  ;  at  a  ]>ressure  of  two  atmospheres,  two 
volumes  arc  absorlicd,  and  so  on.  If  this  additional  press- 
ure is  relieved,  the  excess  over  one  volume  is  liberated  with 
eilVrvcsccnci',  as  in  soda-vv.ater. — Absorption  of  heat,  the 
action  performed  in  varying  degrees  in  dilferent  liuilies  — 
solids,  litpiids,  ami  gases — of  stopidng  radiant  heat,  aa 
a  result  of  which  their  own  temperature  is  more  or  less 
raiseil.  For  example,  rock-salt  and  carbon  disulphid  ab- 
sorb but  little  radiant  heat,  that  is,  are  nearly  diatherma- 
nous.  On  the  other  hand,  alum  and  water  arrest  a  large 
portion  of  it,  that  is,  are  comparatively  athermanous. 

The  waves  of  ether  once  generated  may  so  strike  against 
the  nKilecides  of  a  body  exposed  to  their  action  as  to 
yiebl  uji  their  motion  to  the  latter ;  and  in  this  transfer 
of  the  motion  from  the  ether  to  the  molecules  consists 
the  ahscrptiuii  o/' radiant  heat.  Tyndall,  Radiation,  §  2. 
Absorption  of  light,  that  action  of  an  imperfectly  trans- 
parent or  opaqucTindy  by  which  some  portion  of  an  iu- 
cicKnt  prnid  .if  li!.;lit  is  stoiiped  within  the  body,  wlule 
the  rest  is  eitlicr  tLansniittcd  through  it  or  reflected  from 
it.  It  is  owing  to  this  action  that,  for  example,  a  certain 
thickness  of  pure  water  shows  a  greenish  color,  of  glass  a 
bluish-green  color,  etc.— Absorption-lines,  in  spectrum 
analysis^  dark  lines  produced  in  an  otherwise  continuous 


absiiiic,  williotit;  /((/(,  abl.  of  fo/i»-,  sucli ;  cavsii 
abl.  of  rdii.vi,  ctiuse.]     Without  such  cause:  a 
phraso  used  in  law. 
abS.  re.    lu  law,  an  abbreviation  of  Latin  ah- 


jiiactiscs  or  is  in  favor  of  abstention,  as  from 
the  act  of  voting,  from  eating  flesh,  etc. 

abstentious  (ab-ston'shus),  a.  [<  abstention  + 
-ous.  Of.  coutentiDUs,  etc.]  Characterized  by 
abstention.     Farrar. 

abstert  (ab-ster'),  r.  t.  [<L.  abstcrrerc,  frighten 
friim,  <  ub.<i,  from,  +  tcrrcrc,  frighten  :  see  terri- 
ble.']    To  frighten  off ;  deter ;  hinder. 

So  this  in  like  manner  should  ahster  and  fear  me  anil 
mine  from  doing  evil.  Becou,  Christmas  lianquet. 


scntc  rco  (which  see),  the  defendant  being  ab-  absterge  (ab-st6rj '),)•.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ab.slcrf/cii, 

sent.  .-.------       ry  ,       _i„^„..  .-  ;  a 

abstain  (ab-stan'),  !'.  [<ME.  aUtnincn,  ah- 
ulciiii n,  «/(,s7(«<«,  <  OP.  ahstenir,  iilMleiiir,  o.s-- 
tciiir,  l'\  (ibslcuir,  reil.,  <L.  abstinere,  abstain, 
<  nb.s,  otT,  +  tcncre,  hold  :  see  tenable.  Of.  con- 
tain, attain,  detain,  pertain,  retain,  sustain.'] 
I.  intran.'!.  To  forbear  or  refrain  voliuitai-ily, 
especially  from  what  gratifies  the  passions  or 


ppr.  abxterijinij.  [<  L.  abstenjerc,  wipe  off,  <  abs, 
off,  +  teri/ere,  wipe :  see  terse.]  1.  To  wipe, 
or  make  clean  by  wiping ;  wash  away. 

Baths  arc  used  to  af/sterfje,  belike,  that  fulsumeness  of 
sweat  to  which  they  are  there  subject. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  280. 

2.  Jnnird.:  (a)  To  cleanse  by  lotions,  asa  wound 
or  nicer,     (/j)  To  purge.     Sec  flelcrye. 


appetites":  used  with /roHj ;  as,  to  abstain  from  abstergent  (ab-ster' jent),  a.  and  ».  1<'L.  abster 


the  use  of  ardent  spirits  ;  to  abstain  from  lux- 
tu'ies. 

Abstain  from  meats  olTered  to  idols.  Acts  xv.  20. 

To  walk  well,  it  is  not  enough  that  a  man  abstains  from 
dancing.  De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

H.t   trans.     To    hinder;    obstruct;    debar; 
cause  to  keep  away  from:   as,  "abstain  men 
from  marrying,"  Milton. 
abstainer  (ab-sta'ner),  n.     One  who  abstains; 
specifically,  one  who  abstains  from  the  use  of 
intoxicating  liquors;  a  teetotaler. 
abstainment  (ab-stan'ment),  n.     The  act  of  ab- 
staining; abstention. 
abstemious  (ab-ste'mi-us),  o.     [<L.  abstemins, 
<  ab.i,  from,  +  a  supposed  'tcninni,  strong  drink, 
>  temetum,  strong  drink,  and  icmulentus,  druiik- 
en.]    1.  Sparing  in  diet;  moderate  in  the  use 
of  food  and  drink ;  temperate ;  abstinent. 
Under  his  special  eye 
Abstemious  I  grew  up,  and  thriv'd  amain. 

MUton,  S.  A.,  1.  037. 

Instances  of  longevity  are  chiefly  among  the  abstemious. 
Arbuthnot,  Nat.  and  Choice  of  Aliments. 

Abstemious,  refusing  luxuries,  not  sourly  and  reproach- 
fully, but  simply  as  unfit  for  Iris  habit. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  2G1. 

2.   Bestricted ;  very  moderate  and  plain ;  very 


iini{t-)s,i>\tT.ot  abstergere:  see  absterge.]    I.  a. 
ilaviug  cleansing  or  purgative  properties. 

II.  n.  1.  Anj'thing  that  aids  in  scouring  or 
cleansing,  as  soap  or  fuller's  earth. —  2.  In 
med.,  a  lotion  or  other  application  for  cleans- 
ing a  sore :  in  this  sense  nearly  superseded  by 
detergent. 
abstergifyt,  r.  t.  or  ».  [Improp.  <  L.  abstergere 
(see  absterge)  +  E.  -fy.]  To  cleanse ;  perform 
one's  ablutions. 

Specially  when  wee  would  abstergifie. 

Benvenuto,  1'as.sengers'  Dialogues. 

absterse  (ab-sters'),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ab- 
stersed,  ppr.  abstcrsing.  [<  L.  abstcrsus,  pp.  of 
abstergere :  see  absterge.]  To  absterge ;  cleanse ; 
piu-ify.    Sir  T.  Browne.     [Rare.] 

abstersion (ab-ster'shon),  n.  [< h.*abstersio(n-), 
< abstergere,  pp.  abstcrsus:  see  absterge.]  1. 
The  aet  of  wiping  clean:  as,  "ablution  and 
abstersion,"  tSeoit,  Waverley,  xx. —  2.  In  nieit., 
a  cleansing  by  substances  which  remove  foul- 
ness from  about  sores,  or  humors  or  obstruc- 
tions from  the  system. 

Abstersion  is  plainly  a  scouring  off  or  incision  of  the 
more  viscous  humours,  and  making  the  humoiu"3  more 
fluid  ;  and  cutting  between  them  and  the  part. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  42. 

F.  aft- 


sparing;  spare :  opposed  to  luxurious  ov  rich  :  abstersive  ( ab-ster' siv),  a.  and  n.      [=  F.  ab 
^        "•    ■      ■        -   .       -^  --^       .1.  ij    stersif,  <li.abstersirus,  <  abstergere,  yTp.  abster 


Part  of  Solar  Spectrum,  showing  Absorption-lines. 


Bpectrum  by  the  absorption  of  relatively  cool  vapors  ai{„j.p™in„cTiQ<j<5  ril)-ste'mi-us-nes1  n 
through  which  the  Ught  has  p.assed..  The  absorption  takes  abStemiOUSneSS  J^^b  .^te  J^^  US^MS), 
place  in  accordance  with  the  principle  that  a  body,  when 
exposed  to  radiation  from  a  source  hotter  than  itself,  ab- 
Borhs  the  same  rays  which  it  emits  when  incandescent. 
Thus,  the  radiation  from  a  lime  light  passed  through  an 
alcohol  Hanie  cidored  with  sodium  vapor  yields  a  continu- 
ous spectrum,  interrupted,  however,  by  a  dark  line  in  the 
place  of  the  bright  line  atlorded  by  the  sodium  vapor 
alone.  The  solar  spectrum  shows  a  multitude  of  diuk 
lines,  due  to  the  absoiiitioii  of  the  solar  atmosphere, and  in 
part  also  b  I  that  of  the  earlh— Absorptlon-spectrum,  a 
spectrum  with  absurpt  ion -lines  or -bands.  —  Cutaneous  or 
external  absorption,  in  //i-'/..  the  process  by  which  cer- 
tain snlistaiins,  wluii  plariil  in  contact  with  a  living  sur- 
face, iirodiuf  the  same  elicits  iipnn  the  system  as  when 
taken  into  the  stomach  or  injected  into  the  veins,  only  in 
a  less  degree.  Thus,  arsenic,  when  applied  to  an  external 
wound,  will  sometimes  alfect  the  system  as  rapidly  as  when 
intriiduccd  into  the  stomach;  and  mercury,  applied  ex- 
ternally, exiites  salivation.— Interstitial  absorption. 

See  intt-r.'^litial. 

absorptive  (ab-s6rp'tiv),  a.  [<  F.  ab.wrjHif, 
<  L.  as  if  "absorptivus,  (.absorbSre  :  see  absorb.] 
Having  power  to  absorb  or  imbibe ;  causing 
absorption;  absorbent. 

The  atfsorpttive  power  of  a  substance  may  not  be  so  ex- 
tensive as  to  enable  it  to  absorb  and  extinguish  light-rays 
or  heat-rays  of  all  kinds  ;  it  may  arrest  some  only. 

A.  Danielt,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  440. 

absorptiveness    (ab-s6rp'tiv-nes),     n.      The 

(|Uality  tif  being  absorptive  ;  absorptivity, 
absorptivity  (ab-sorp-tiv'i-ti),  n.     The  power 

or  cnpacity  of  absorption,     [liare.] 
The  nhstirplirit)/  inherent  in  organic  beings.    J.  D.  Dana. 

absquatulate  (ab-skwot'u-lat),  v. ». ;  pret.  and 
pp.  absquatulated,  ppr.  absquatulating.  [A 
feigned  word,  of  American  origin,  simulating 
a  L.  derivation.  Cf.  abscond,  ambulate.]  To 
iTuiaway;  abscond;  make  off.     [Slang.] 


as,  an  abstemimts  diet. —  3.  Devoted  to  or  spent 
in  abstemiousness  or  abstinence;  as,  an  ab- 
stemious life. 

Till  yonder  sun  descend,  0  let  me  pay 
To  grief  and  anguish  one  abstemious  day. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xix.  328. 

4.  Promoting  or  favoring  abstemiousness ;  as- 
sociated with  temperance.     [Bare.] 

Such  is  the  virtue  of  th'  abstemious  well. 

Dryden,  Fables. 

abstemiously    (ab-ste'mi-us-li),   adv.  In  an 

abstemious    manner ;     temperately ;  with    a 

sparing  use  of  meat  or  diink. 

.-_:__: ...-.■             .  rpjjg 

quality  or  habit  of  being  temperate,  especially 
in  tho  use  of  food  and  drink.  =  S3ni.  Abstemious- 
ness, A!>.\tiiieni-e,  Temperance,  Sobriety,  soberness,  modera- 
tion, tcmpcratcness.  (See  sobriety.)  'The  itahcized  winds 
denote  voluntary  .abstention  from  objects  of  desire,  most 
commonly  alistcntion  from  food  or  drink,  regarded  cither 
as  an  act  or  as  an  element  in  character.  Alish  iniini.ynes^, 
by  derivation  and  earlier  use,  suggests  abstinence  from 
w  ine  ;  lint  it  has  lost  this  special  sense,  and  now  generally 
sign  dies  habitual  iiinderation  in  the  gratification  of  the  ap. 
petites  and  desires;  (tttstinence  is  simply  the  refraining 
from  gratification,  and  m.ay  be  applied  to  a  single  aet. 
They  both  suggest  self-denial,  while  te7n2>erance  and  so- 
brietii  suggest" wisdom,  balance  of  mind,  and  propriety. 
Temperanee  suggests  self-control,  the  measure  of  absten- 
tion being  priiiiiirtionedto  the  individual's  idea  of  what  is 
best  in  that  rcsi>ect.  Hence,  ahstiywiwe  and  temperance 
often  stand  in  popular  use  for  total  abstinence  from  intoxi- 
cating drink. 

Knowing  the  abstemiousness  of  Italians  everywhere, 
and  seeing  the  hungry  fashion  in  which  the  islanders 
clutched  our  gifts  and  devoured  them,  it  was  our  doubt 
whether  any  of  them  had  ever  experienced  perfect  re- 
pletion. Uoieells,  Venetian  Life,  xii. 

If  twenty  came  and  sat  in  my  house,  there  was  nothing 
said  about  dimier,  .  .  .  but  we  naturally  practised  ab- 
stim'nce.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  Ia4. 

The  rule  of 


'  not  too  much,"  by  temperance  taught. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  531. 

abstention  (ab-sten'shon),  n.  [<  L.  abstcn- 
tio(n-),<.abstinere:  see  abstain.]  A  holding  off 
or  refraining;  abstinence  from  action;  neglect 
or  refusal  to  do  something. 

As  may  well  be  supposed,  this  abstention  of  our  light 
cavalry  was  observed  by  the  Kussians  with  surprise  and 
thankfulness.  Kinylakc. 

Thus  the  act  fof  nursing)  is  one  that  is  to  both  exclu- 
sively pleasurable,  while  abstention  entails  pain  on  both. 
U.  Spencer,  I>ata  of  Ethics,  §  102. 


sus :  see  absterge.]  I.  a.  Cleansing;  having  the 
quality  of  removing  foulness.     See  detersive. 

The  seats  with  purple  clothe  in  order  due, 
And  let  the  abstersive  sponge  the  board  renew. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  xx.  18D. 

A  tablet  stood  of  that  abstersiiv  tree 

Where  ^thiop's  swarthy  bird  did  build  her  nest. 

Sir  J.  Venham,  Chess. 

n.  n.  That  which  effects  abstersion ;  that 
which  purifies. 

.'ibsters-ives  are  fuller's  earth,  soap,  linseed-oil,  and  ox- 
gall. Petty,  in  Sprat's  Hist.  Eoyal  Soc,  p.  2!»5. 

abstersiveness  (ab-stfer'siv-nes),  n.  Tho  qual- 
ity of  being  abstersive  or  abstergent. 

A  caustiek  or  a  healing  faculty,  abstersiveness,  and  tho 
like.  Boyle,  Works,  II.  117. 

abstinence  (ab'sti-nens),  n.  [<ME.  ab.stincne-c, 
<  Ol''.  abstinence,  asiinence,  astcnance,  <  L.  ab- 
stincHtia,  <  abstinen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  abstincre  :  seo 
abstinent.]  1.  In  general,  the  act  or  practice 
of  voluntarily  refraining  from  the  use  of  some- 
thing or  from  some  action  ;  abnegation. 

Since  materials  are  destroyed  as  such  by  being  once 
used,  the  whole  of  the  labour  required  for  their  production, 
as  well  as  the  abstinence  of  the  persons  who  supplied  the 
means  for  carrying  it  on,  must  be  remunerated. 

J.  S.  MiU,  Pid.  F.con. 

More  specifically  —  3.    The   refi-aining  from 
indulgence  in  the  pleasures  of  the  table,  or 
from  customary  gratifications  of  the  senses  or 
the  intelleet,  either  partially  or  wholly. 
Against  diseases  here  the  strongest  fence 
Is  the  defensive  virtue  abstincrice.  Herrick. 

Men  flew  to  frivolous  amusements  and  to  criminal 
Ideasiires  with  the  greediness  which  long  and  enforced 
abstinciKO  natur.ally  produces.  Macaulay. 

3.  In  a  stiU  narrower  sense  —  (fl)  Forbearance 
from  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  as  a  beveragS: 
in  this  sense  usually  preceded  by  the  adjective 
total,  (b)  Fecks.,  the  refraining  from  certain 
kinds  of  food  or  drink  on  certain  days,  as  from 
tlesh  on  Fridays. —  Day  of  abstinence,  in  the  liom. 
Cnlh.  Ch.,  a  day  on  which  it  is  forbidden  to  eat  llesh-meat. 
A  jfastinij-dati  limits  to  one  fidl  meal,  and  commonly  in- 
cltnies  "abstinence,  =  Syn.  Ab-^temiousncss,  Abstinence, 
T'lnpenuiic.  etc.     See  af'^teniiousness. 

abstinency  (ab'sti-nen-si),  H.  The  habit  or 
practice  of  abstaining  or  refraining,  especially 
from  food.     [Rare.] 


abstinent 

abstinent  {ub'sti-nent),fl.  imd  n.  [<ME.  ahsH- 
m:ut,  <  OF.  abtftiiiint,  aathunt,  asdnantf  <  L. 
ab};titivii{t-)Sj  ppr.  of  absthtfrcj  abstiiin:  see  ab- 
stain.^ I,  a.  Kefrainin^  from  Tiuduo  indul- 
gence, especially  in  the  use  of  food  and  drink ; 
characterized  by  moderation  ;  abstemious. 

II.  n.  1,  One  who  abstains  or  is  abstinent; 
an  abstainer. 

Vfi-y  few  public  men,  for  instance,  care  to  order  a  bottle 
of  wine  sit  a  public  table.  It  is  not  because  they  are 
Uti&\  abftiiienta.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXV.  033. 

2.  [cap.']  One  of  a  sect  wliich  a]>peared  in 
France  and  Spain  in  the  third  century.  Ttie  Ab- 
stiiuTits  (ipposoff  niariiaKe,  condemned  theeatinKof  Hesh, 
and  i.liurd  Ilie  Uuly  Spirit  iu  the  class  of  created  l)eings. 
abstinently  (ab'sti-nent-li),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
stinent lunnner ;  with'  abstinence. 
abstortedt  (ab-stor'ted),  p.  a.  [<L.  ahs^  away, 
-\- tortusy  j)P.  of  torqmre^  twist:  see  tort  and 
torture.']  Forced  away.  PhllUpSy  1662. 
abstract  (ab-ii;trakt'),  2*.  [<li.  ahstr actus j  pp. 
of  abstraherCj  draw  away^  <  <ihs,  away,  +  tra- 
here,  draw:  see  trackj  tract.]  I,  trans.  1.  To 
draw  away;  take  away;  withdraw  or  remove, 
whether  to  hold  or  to  get  rid  of  the  object  with- 
drawn :  as,  to  abstract  one's  attention ;  to  ab- 
stract a  watch  from  a  person's  pocket,  or  money 
fi-om  a  bank.  [In  the  latter  use,  a  euphemism 
for  steal  or  j;wr/(>iw.] 

Thy  fm-niture  of  radiant  dye 
Abstracts  and  ravishes  the  curious  eye. 

Kitig,  Kuflnus,  L  257. 
Abstract  what  others  feel,  what  others  think, 
All  pleasures  sicken,  and  all  glories  sink. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  45. 

In  truth  the  object  and  the  sensation  are  the  same 

thing,  and  cannot  therefore  be  abstracted  fpom  each  other. 

Berkeley,  Prin.  of  Human  Knowl.  (1710),  i.  U  5. 

2.  To  consider  as  a  form  apart  from  matter ; 
attend  to  as  a  general  object,  to  the  neglect  of 
special  circumstances;  derive  as  a  general 
idea  from  the  contemplation  of  particular  in- 
stances ;  separate  and  hold  in  thought,  as  a  part 
of  a  complex  idea,  while  letting  the  rest  go. 
This  meaning  of  the  Latin  abstrahcre,  with  the  corre- 
sponding meaning  of  abstractio,  first  appeal's  toward  the 
end  of  the  great  dispute  between  the  nominalists  and 
realists  in  the  twelfth  century.  The  invention  of  these 
terms  may  be  said  to  embody  the  upshot  of  the  contro- 
versy. They  are  unquestionably  translations  of  the  Greek 
a<t>aipelf  and  ait>aipea-i^,  though  We  canuot  say  how  these 
Greek  terms  became  knoiivn  iu  the  West  so  early.  The 
earliest  passage  is  the  following :  "  We  say  those  thoughts 
{intellect lis)  are  by  abstraction  (jier  abstractionem),  which 
either  contemplate  the  nature  of  any  form  in  itself  with- 
out regard  to  the  subject  matter,  or  think  any  nature  in- 
differently {indifferenter),  apart,  that  is,  from  the  difference 
of  its  individuals.  ...  On  the  other  hand,  we  may  speak 
of  subtraction,  when  any  one  endeavors  to  contemplate  the 
nature  of  any  subject  essence  apart  from  all  form.  Either 
thought,  however,  the  abiatr acting  as  well  as  the  subtract- 
ing, seems  to  conceive  the  thing  otherwise  than  it  exists." 
De  IntdleciibuSy  in  Cousin's  Fragments  Philosophiques 
(2d  ed.),  p.  4S1.  This  old  literature  having  been  long  for- 
gotten, an  erroneous  idea  of  the  origin  of  the  term  arose. 
"  Abstraction  means  etymologically  the  active  withdrawal 
of  attention  from  one  thing  in  order  to  fix  it  on  another 
thing."  Sully.  (This  plausible  but  false  notion  gave  rise 
to  the  phrase  to  abstract  (intrans.)/r(iHt.  •  See  below.] 

3.  To  derive  or  obtain  the  idea  of. 

And  thus  from  divers  accidents  and  acts 
Which  do  within  her  observation  fall 

The  goddesses  and  powers  divine  abstracts, 
As  Natui-e,  Fortune,  and  the  Viitues  all. 

Sir  J.  Davies. 

4.  To  select  or  separate  the  substance  of,  as  a 
book  or  writing ;  epitomize  or  reduce  to  a  sum- 
mary. 

The  great  world  in  a  little  world  of  fancy 
Is  here  abstracted. 

Ford,  Fancies  Chaste  and  Noble,  ii.  2. 
I^t  us  abstract  them  into  brief  compends. 

Watts,  Imp.  of  3Iind. 

5t.  To  extract :  as,  to  abstract  spirit.  Boyle. 
=  Syn.  2.  To  disengage,  isolate,  detach.— 4.  See  abridge. 

H.  intrayis.  To  form  abstractions;  separate 
ideas;  distinguish  between  the  attribute  and 
the  subject  in  which  it  exists:  as,  "  brutes  ab- 
stract not,"  Locke. 

Thus  the  comm<m  consciousness  lives  in  abstraction, 
though  it  Itiis  m-wv  abstracted.  E.  Caird,  Hegel,  p.  159. 
To  abstract  from,  to  withdraw  the  attention  from,  ns 
part  uf  a  complex  idea,  in  order  to  concentrate  it  upon 
the  rest. 

I  noticed  the  improper  use  of  the  term  abstraction  by 
many  idiilosophers,  in  applying  it  to  that  on  which  t!ie 
attention  is  converged.  This  we  may  indeed  lie  said  to 
prescind,  but  not  to  abstract.  Thus,  let  A,  li,  C  be  three 
qualities  of  an  object.  We  prescind  A,  in  abstracting 
from  H  and  C,  but  we  cannot  withcmt  impropriety  say  that 
we  abstract  A.  Hamilton,  Lectures  on  Metaph.,  xxxv. 
(This  is  all  founded  on  a  false  notion  of  the  origin  of  the 
term.  See  above.] 
abstract  (ab'strakt),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  abstractiiSy 
pp.  of  ahsfraherc :  see  abstract^  r.  As  a  philo- 
sopliical  term,  it  is  a  translation  of  Gr.  r«  *f 
atjKupiaeu^.]    I,    a.    1.   Conceived  apart  from 


24 

matter  and  from  special  cases :  as,  an  abstract 
number,  a  number  as  conceived  in  arithmetic, 
not  a  number  of  tilings  of  any  kind,  originally 
applied  to  geometrical  forms  (tin-  metaphor  being  that 
uf  a  statue  hewn  from  a  stone),  an<i  down  to  the  twelfth 
century  restricted  exclusively  to  nnithematical  forms  and 
quantities.  (Isidorus,  about  A.  D.  600,  defines  abstract 
number.)  It  is  now  applieil  to  anythingof  a  general  nature 
wi;ich  is  consiflered  apart  from  special  circumstances : 
thus,  abstract  right  is  what  ought  to  be  done  imlepen- 
dently  of  instituted  law.  [The  phrase  in  the  abstract  is 
preferable  to  the  adjective  in  this  sense.] 

Abstract  natures  are  as  the  alphabet  or  simple  letters 
whereof  the  variety  of  things  consisteth  ;  or  as  the  colours 
mingled  in  the  painters  shell,  wherewith  he  is  able  to 
make  infinite  variety  of  faces  and  shapes. 

Bacon,  Valerius  Maximns,  xili. 

Abstract  calculations,  in  questions  nf  finance,  are  not 
to  be  relied  on.  A.  Hamilton,  Works,  I.  129. 

Consider  the  positive  science  of  Crystallography,  and 
presently  it  appears  that  the  mineralogist  is  studying  the 
abstract  Crystal,  its  geometrical  laws  and  its  physical 
properties. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  61. 

2.  In  gram,  (since  the  thirteenth  centui-y), 
applied  specially  to  that  class  of  nouns  which 
are  fonned  from  adjectives  and  denote  char- 
acter, as  goodness^  audacity,  and  more  gen- 
erally to  all  nouns  that  do  not  name  concrete 
things.  Abstract  in  this  sense  is  a  prominent  term  in 
the  logic  of  Occam  and  of  the  English  nominalists. 

Of  the  name  of  the  thing  itself,  by  a  little  change  or 
wresting,  we  make  a  name  for  that  accident  which  we 
consider;  and  for  "living  "put  into  the  account  "life";  for 
"moved,"  "motion";  for  "hot,"  "heat";  for  "long," 
"length";  and  the  like:  and  all  such  names  are  the 
names  of  the  accidents  and  properties  by  which  one  mat- 
ter and  body  is  distinguished  from  another.  These  are 
called  "  names  abstract,"  because  severed,  not  from  matter, 
but  from  the  account  of  matter.     Hobbcs,  Leviathan,  i.  4. 

A  mark  is  needed  to  shew  when  the  connotation  is 
dropped.  A  slight  mark  put  npon  the  connotative  term 
answers  the  pui-pose  ;  aud  shews  when  it  is  not  meant  that 
anything  should  be  connoted.  In  regard  to  the  word 
black,  for  example,  we  merely  annex  to  it  the  syllable 
ness ;  and  it  is  immediately  indicated  that  all  connotation 
is  dropped  :  so  in  sweetness,  hardness,  dryness,  lightness. 
The  new  words,  so  formed,  are  the  words  which  have  been 
denominated  abstract ;  as  the  connotative  terms  from 
which  they  are  formed  have  been  denominated  concrete ; 
and  as  these  terms  are  in  frequent  use,  it  is  necessary  that 
the  meaning  of  them  should  be  well  remembered.  It  is 
now  also  manifest  what  is  the  real  nature  of  abstract 
terms  ;  a  subject  which  has  in  general  presented  such  an 
appearance  of  mystery.  They  are  simply  the  concrete 
terms  with  the  connotation  dropped. 

James  Mill,  Analysis  of  the  Human  IVIind,  ix. 

WTiy  not  say  at  once  that  the  abstract  name  is  the  name 
of  the  attribute?  J.  S.  Mill. 

Sf.  Having  the  mind  di*awn  away  from  present 
objects,  as  in  ecstasy  and  trance  ;  abstracted  : 
as,  ^^  abstract  as  in  a  trance,"  Milton,  P.  L., 
viii.  462. —  4.  Produced  by  the  mental  process 
of  abstraction:  as,  an  abstract  idea.  Under  this 
Iiead  belong  two  mcuuinL:s  of  ahstract  wliich  can  hardly  be 
considered  as  Englisli,  though  they  are  sometimes  used  by 
writers  influenced  by  tUv  (lenuan  language.     They  are  — 

(a)  General;  having  rehitively  small  logical  comprehen- 
sion ;  wide ;  lofty ;  indeterminate.  This  is  the  usual 
meaning  of  abstract  in  German  ;  but  its  establishment  in 
English  would  greatly  confuse  our  historical  terminology. 

(b)  Resulting  from  analytical  thought ;  severed  from  its 
connections ;  falsified  by  the  neglect  of  important  con- 
siderations. This  is  the  Hegelian  meaning  of  the  word,  car- 
rying with  it  a  tacit  condemnation  of  the  method  of  ana- 
lytical mechanics  and  of  all  application  of  mathematics. 
5.  Demanding  a  high  degree  of  mental  abstrac- 
tion; difficult;  profound;  abstruse:  as,  highly 
abstract  conceptions ;  very  abstract  sjiecula- 
tions. —  6.  Applied  to  a  science  which  deals 
with  its  object  in  the  abstract :  as,  abstract 
logic  ;  abstract  mathematics :  opposed  to  ap- 
plicd  logic  and  mathematics. — 7.  Separated 
from  material  elements  ;  ethereal ;  ideal. 

Love's  not  so  pure  and  abstract  as  they  use 
To  say,  wliich  have  no  mistress  but  their  muse. 

Donne,  Poems,  p.  27. 
Abstract  arithmetic.    See  arithmetic,  2. 

II,  a.  1.  That  which  concentrates  in  itself 
the  essential  qualities  of  anj^thing  more  exten- 
sive or  more  general,  or  of  several  things  ;  the 
essence  ;  specifically,  a  summary  or  epitome 
containing  the  substance,  a  general  view,  or 
the  principal  heads  of  a  writing,  discom*se, 
series  of  events,  or  the  like. 

You  shall  find  there 
A  man  who  is  the  abstract  of  all  faults 
That  all  men  follow.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  4. 

This  is  but  a  faint  abstract  of  the  things  which  have 
happened  since.  D.  Webster,  Bunker  Hill  Jlunument. 

2.  That  portion  of  a  bill  of  quantities,  an  esti- 
mate, or  an  account  which  contains  the  sum- 
mary of  the  various  detailed  articles. —  3.  In 
]>har.,  a  dry  powder  prepared  from  a  drng  by 
digesting  it  ^Nith  suitable  solvents,  and  evap- 
orating tlie  solution  so  obtained  to  complete 
drjTiesa  at  a  low  temperature  {V22°  F.).  it  is 
twice  as  strong  as  the  drug  or  the  fluid  extract,  and 
about  ten  times  as  strong  as  the  tincture. 
4,  A  catalogue;  an  inventory.     [Rare.] 


abstraction 

He  hath  an  abstract  for  the  rcmemlirancc  of  bucIi  places, 
and  goes  to  them  by  his  note.     Slutk.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 

5.  In  gram. J  an  abstract  term  or  noun. 

The  concrete  "like"  lias  its  abi^tract  "likeness";  the 
concretes  "  father  "  and  "  son  "  have,  or  might  have,  the 
abstracts  "paternity"  and  "ftliety"  or  "filiation." 

J.  S.  Mill. 
Abstract  of  title,  in  lau\  an  epitome  or  a  short  state- 
ment of  the  siMcessive  titleHieeda  or  other'evidenccs  of 
ownership  of  an  estate,  and  of  the  encumbrances  there- 
on.—In  the  abstract  |L.  in  abstracto],  conceived  apart 
from  matter  or  .spt  rial  circumstances  ;  without  reference 
to  particular  applications;  in  its  general  principles  or 
meanings. 

Were  all  things  red,  the  conception  of  colour  in  the  ab- 
stract could  not  exist.       //.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  46. 

Be  the  system  of  abstdntc  religious  equality  good  or 
bad,  pious  or  profane,  in  the  abstract,  neither  churchmen 
nor  statesmen  can  atford  to  ignore  the  question,  How 
will  it  work?  //.  A'.  Oxcnham,  Short  Studies,  p.  401. 

—  Syn.  1.  Abridgment,  Compendium,  Epitome,  Abstract, 
etc.    See  abridgjnent. 

abstracted  (ab-strak'ted),  p.  a.    1.  Refined; 

exalted:  as,  "«?>6-^rrtc/«/spmtuallovc,"  Donne. 

—  2,  Difficult;  abstruse;  abstract.  Johnson. — 
3.  Absent  in  mind ;  absorbed ;  inattentive  to 
immediate  surroundings. 

And  now  no  more  the  abstracted  ear  attends 
The  water's  murmuring  lapse. 

T.  Warton,  ifelancholy,  v.  179. 
Thy  dark  vague  eyes,  and  soft  abstracted  air. 

M.  Arnold,  Scholai'- Gipsy. 
=  Syn.  3.  Absent,  Inattentive,  Abstracted,  etc.  f>ee  absent. 
abstractedly  (ab-strak'ted-li),  adv.  1.  In  an 
abstracted  or  absent  manner. —  2.  In  the  ab- 
stract ;  iu  a  separated  state,  or  in  contempla- 
tion only. 

It  may  indeed  be  difficult  for  those  who  have  but  little 
faith  in  tlie  invisible  ...  to  give  up  their  own  power  of 
judging  what  seems  best,  from  the  belief  that  tliat  only  is 
best  which  is  abstractedly  right. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  57. 

abstractedness  (ab-strak'ted-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  abstracted ;  abstractness :  as, 
"the  abstractedness  of  these  speculations," 
HumCj  Human  Understanding,  §  1. 

.\dvance  in  representativeness  of  thought  makes  pos- 
sible advance  in  abstractedness :  particular  properties  aiid 
particular  relations  become  thinkable  apart  from  the 
things  displaying  them. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  493. 

abstracter  (ab-strak'ter),  n.  1,  One  who  ab- 
stracts or  takes  away. —  2.  One  who  makes  an 
abstract  or  summary. 

The  London  Chemical  Society,  a  few  years  ago,  issued  to 
the  abstracters  for  its  journal  a  series  of  instructions  on 
cliemical  nomenclature  and  notation.        Science,  VI.  369. 

abstraction  (ab-strak'shon),  11.  [<LL.  abstrac- 
ti<>{n-)j  <.\j.  abstraherc :  see  abstract,  v.]  1. 
The  act  of  taking  away  or  separating  ;  the  act 
of  withdrawing,  or  the  state  of  being  with- 
drawn ;  witlicb'awal,  as  of  a  part  fi'om  a  whole, 
or  of  one  thing  from  another.  Rarely  applied  to 
the  physical  act  of  taking  or  removing  except  in  a  tleroga- 
tory  sense :  as,  the  abstraction  (dishonest  removal,  lai'ceuy) 
of  goods  from  a  warehouse. 

A  hermit  wishes  to  be  praised  for  his  abstraction  (that 
is,  his  withdrawal  from  society].  Pope,  Letters. 

The  sensation  of  cold  is  really  due  to  an  abstraction  ot 
heat  from  our  own  bodies. 

W.  L.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  N.iture,  p.  41. 

Wordsworth's  better  utterances  have  the  bare  sincerity, 
the  absolute  abstraction  from  time  and  place,  the  im- 
munity from  decay,  that  belong  to  the  grand  simplicities 
of  the  Bible.  Louell,  Among  my  Books,  -Jd  ser.,  p.  246. 
2.  The  act  of  abstracting  or  concentrating  the 
attention  on  a  part  of  a  complex  idea  and  neg- 
lecting the  rest  or  supposmgit  away ;  especially, 
that  variety  of  this  procedure  by  which  we  pass 
from  a  more  to  a  less  determinate  concept,  from 
the  particular  to  the  general ;  the  act  or  process 
of  refining  or  sublimating. 

The  mind  makes  the  p.irtiiular  ideas,  received  from  par- 
ticular objects,  to  btmiiK'  i-'ineml ;  which  is  done  by  con- 
sidering them  as  they  are  in  the  mind  such  appeai-ances, 
separate  from  all  otlur  existences,  and  the  circumstances 
of  real  existence,  as  time,  place,  or  any  other  concomitant 
ideas.  This  is  called  abstraction,  whereby  ideas,  taken 
from  particular  beings,  become  general  representatives  of 
all  of  the  same  kind. 

Locke,  Human  I'ndei-standing,  II.  xi.  §  9. 

To  be  plain,  I  own  myself  able  to  abstract  in  one  sense, 
as  when  I  consider  some  particular  parts  or  tpmlitics  sep- 
arated from  others,  with  which,  though  they  are  nniteil  in 
some  object,  yet  it  is  possible  they  may  really  exist  with- 
out them.  But  I  deny  that  I  can  abstract  one  from  an- 
other, or  conceive  separately,  those  qualities  which  it  is 
impossible  should  exist  so  separated ;  or  that  I  can  frame 
a  general  notion  by  abstracting  from  particulars  in  the 
nuiuner  aforesaid.  Which  two  last  are  the  proper  accep- 
tations of  abstiaction. 

Berkeley,  Prin.  of  Human  Knowl.,  Int..  *I  10. 

The  active  mental  pro'cess  by  which  concepts  are  f<inned 
is  commoidy  said  to  fall  into  three  sUiges,  comparison, 
abstraction,  and  generalization.  .  .  .  When  things  are 
widely  unlike  one  another,  as  for  example  tlilfcrenl  fruits, 
as  a  strawberry,  a  peach,  and  so  on.  wc  nmst,  in  order  to 
note  the  resemblance,  turn  the  mind  away  from  the  difier- 


abstraction 


25 


ences  of  form,  colour,  it.-.  I'liii  is  tho  difflcult  pnrt  of  tho 
opiiriitioii.  (Irciit  ilidi  Mvjuis  iiR-  :i|)l  to  iin|iri!S8  tlic  miiiil, 
iiriil  it  niiuiivs  iispuciiil  ulloi't  to  tiliu  iisiilu  from  tlieiu 
unci  to  lii'c'p  tiR-  iiiijLiI  liiivttuil  tu  tliu  iiiiilL-llyin« similarity. 
This  fll'ort  is  known  as  ahiimriinn. 

Siiili/,  (lutlines  of  Psychology,  i.v. 

This  was  an  age  of  vision  uml  niystury  ;  and  every  work 
was  Ijelieveil  to  contain  a  iloulile  or  secondary  meanini 
Notbiris; 
ahulra 


by  the  fanciful  visions  of  the  oi-cult  i 

/.  D'lsrui'li,  .\m.ii 


iphers. 
of  Lit., 


nor  unconnected  with  anything  else ;  in  or  by 
itself:  as,  mattor  nbatriiclhj  consiilcrod. 
abstractness  (!il)'strakt-iies),  «.  Tho  state  or 
(iUiilily  of  liciiij;  abstract;  a  state  of  heinf?  in 
contemplation  only,  or  not  conneeteil  witli  any 
object :  as,  "  tlie  iib.itractiwss  of  tlie  ideas  them- 
.  .^    ,      „  .       ,     selves," /y«(7,7>,  Unman  Understamling. 

L'  escaped  this  ccceutne  spn-it  ot  rellnement  and   -i,_+__v.„_<.     /..i, '■(,.„  l,o.,(N      /.        fi"  T        nhtlrn 
Uuii  T   ll'urtoK  Hist.  Eng,  Poetry,   abstrahent    (al)  stra-hent),    a.       [C  Li.     abstro- 

,     ,    .      ,  1     i    J?  1       licnU-)s,  ppr.  of  ab.ttralierc,  draw  away:   see 

3.  A  conceiit  winch  is  tlio  product  of  an  ab-  abstract,  r.)  Abstract,  as  concepts;  abstract- 
stractins  process;  a  metaphysical  concept;  juf;  from  unessential  elements, 
hence,  eften,  an  idea  which  cannot  lead  to  any  abstrlch  (ab'strik;  G.  pron.  ap'strich),  n.  [G., 
practical  result;  a  tlieoretical,  impracticalile  <  „fo7r(7(-/icH,  wipe  off :  see  »f  and  ,s7nt<'.]  Lit- 
uotion;  a  formality;  a  hction  of  metaphysics.  d-aily,  that  which  is  cleaned  or  scraped  off. 
Ariel,  delicate  JUS  an  a/w^rac/Zfoi  of  the  dawn  and  vesper  'i'echnically,  in  mflaL^  the  dark-hi-own  material  which 
sunlight,  Hies  around  tlie  sliipwreeked  men  to  console  appears  on  the  sui-face  of  lead  in  a  cupelin'.;-furiiare,  an<l 
tiiem.  A.IL  ir(7*-A,  Kng.  Lit.,  I.  383.      becomes  pure  litliarge  jus  the  process  goes  oil.     Ahzwj\AiX 

Tangents,  sines,  and  cosines  are  not  things  found  iso-      nejiiiy  ei|iiivaleiit  term  .-  ,    i 

lated  in  Njltnre,  Imt,  hecause  tliey  are  aMractions  from  abstriCtedt  (a))-strik  ted),  a.     [<  L.  as  it     ab- 

realities,  they  jire  jipplicahle  to  Nature.  stricliis,  itp.  of  '(ibstriiigcrc:  see  (ibstringe  and 

G.  7/.  Leim,  Prohs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  71.     ,,;,.;,./.]     Unbound;  loosened.     liailctj. 

Tho  arid  aljstmcliom  of  the  schoolimn  were  succeeded  abstriction  (ab-strik'shon),  n.     [<  L.  as  if  *ab- 

stri<'ti<i{ii-),  <  'abstrictus,  pp. :   see  abstnctnl.l 

1.  The  act  of  unbinding  or  loosening.  [Obso- 
lete and  rare.]  —  2.  In  but.,  a  method  of  cell- 
formation  in  some  of  the  lower  cryptogams, 
differing  from  ordinary  eell-dirision  in  tho  oc- 
currence of  a  decided  constriction  of  the  walls 
at  the  jilaco  of  division. 

abstringet  (ab-strinj'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  as  if  'ab- 
slriii;/!  ri',  <  abx,  from,  -I-  strint/crc,  bind :  see 
striiKjiiit.']     To  unbind. 

abstrude  (ab-strod'),  !•.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  uh- 
strmled,  ppr.  abstruitiiuj.  [<  L.  abstnulm;  thr«w 
away,  conceal,  <  abs,  away,  +  tntilcrc,  tliriist, 
push  (=E.  threaten,  q.  v.),  remotely  akin  to  E. 
thrust,  fj.  V. :  see  also  abstrusc.'\  To  thrust 
awjiy.    Bailcij :  Johnson. 

abstruse  (ab-stros'),  a.     [<  L.   abstrusus,  liid- 
deii,    concealed,    pp.    of    abstrndvrc,    conceal, 
thrust  away:   see  abstrude.']      If.  Withdrawn 
from  view ;  out  of  the  way  ;  concealed. 
Hidden  in  the  most  abstruse  dungeons  of  Ilarhary. 

Sluiton,  tr.  of  Don  Qui.vote,  L  iv.  15. 

2.  Remote  from  comprehension;  diflicult  to 
bo  apprehended  or  understood ;  profound ;  oc- 
cult ;  esoteric  :  opposed  to  obvious. 

It  must  he  still  confessed  that  there  are  some  mys- 
teries in  religion,  both  natural  and  revealed,  as  well  as 
some  atislruse  points  in  philosophy,  wherein  the  wise  as 
well  as  the  unwise  must  be  content  with  obscure  idejis. 

Watts,  Logic-,  iii.  4. 

The  higher  heathen  religions,  like  the  Egyptian  religi.m. 
Bj-Jibiuaiiisiii,  and  r.udilhism,  are  essentijilly  ril'stnisr,  and 
only  callable  of  lieiug  intelligently  apprehendeil  liy  spei-ii- 
liiti'\e  intellects.  Faiths  vf  tlic  World,  p.  :WJ. 

abstrusely  (ab-stros'li),  adv.  In  an  abstnise 
or  recondite  manner;  ui  a  manner  not  to  bo 
easily  understood. 

abstruseness  (ab-stros'nes),  n.  The  state  or 
qujility  (if  being  abstruse,  or  diflicult  to  bo  im- 
derstood;  difficulty  of  apprehension. 

abstrusion  (ab-stro'zhon),  n.  [<L.  abstrusio(n-), 
a  removing,  a  concealing,  <  abstrudere :  see  ab- 
striKle.]     The  act  of  thrusting  away.     [Rare.] 


II.  285. 

4.  Inattention  to  present  objects ;  the  state  of 
being  engrossed  with  any  matter  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  everything  else  ;  absence  of  mind :  as, 
a  fit  of  abstraction. 

Keep  your  hoods  about  the  face ; 
They  do  so  that  atfect  abstraction  here. 

Teamjsvn,  Princess,  ii. 

The  tank  wjis  neaily  live  fei-t  ileep,  and  on  several  occa- 
sions I  narrowl>  esi-aped  ;m  involuntary  bath  as  I  entered 
luy  room  in  inomeiits  of  ahfitractixin. 

O'Donovan,  Merv,  xi. 

5.  In  distilliition,  the  separation  of  volatile 
parts  fi'Oin  those  which  are  fixed,  it  is  chieily 
used  with  relation  to  a  Ihiid  thjit  is  repeatedly  poiued 
upon  any  substanee  in  ji  retort  and  distilled  off,  to  change 
its  state  or  tlie  nature  of  its  eoniposition.  — Abstraction 
firom  singulars  but  not  from  matter,  in  the  .s-,-..ri<f 

lu^ic,  the  (k-Lxree  of  abstl-aetion  reiiuired  to  foj-m  such 
a  concept  as  that  of  a  white  man,  where  we  cease  to 
think  of  the  individujil  man,  but  yet  continue  to  attend 
to  the  color,  which  is  a  material  passion.— Concrete 
abstraction.  S.ame  as  ;ki  rf mi  u (<«( /-aef <«».  —Divisive  ab- 
BtractioiL  Same  as  neijaliee  abstraclion.—YoTin^X  ab- 
straction, the  mental  Jiet  ot  jibstraction,  as  di^tiIlglli^l^■d 
from  tile  resulting  coueept,  -Intentional  abstraction, 
mental ;iiistr:Mtioii ;  si'paratioii  in  tlinugbt.  — Logical  ab- 
straction, that  process  of  abslrarlive  tlmiiglit  whieli  pro- 
duces a  general  coneeiit.  — Matliematical  abstraction, 
the  act  ot  thinking  away  color,  etr..  s,,  as  t"  gain  piii-e  ge- 
ometrieal  eoueeptious.— Metaphysical  abstraction,  a 
process  nf  :ilistr;e'li,,ii,-;tn-ied  fiirtiu  r  than  the  injitlielnati- 
cal.  — Minor  abstraotiott,  a  Uind  of  jnistiaetion  invnlved 
in  sensuous  pen  eiitioii,  arr,,r<Iiiig  to  tlie  riloinists.— Neg- 
ative abstraction,  sepjo-atiou  of  one  concept  from  an- 
other in  the  sense  of  d  ■iiyiiig  one  of  the  other.— Objec- 
tive abstraction,  the  t c.-pt  lu-odueed  by  the  act  of  ab- 
stracting.—Partial  abstraction,  the  inuigining  of  some 
sensible  thing  .li-privcil  of  some  extrusive  part,  as  a  man 
without  a  head.  -  Physical  abstraction,  abstraction 
from  singulars;  that  grade  of  jibstnirtion  required  in 
physics.— Preclsive  abstraction,  the  thinking  of  a  part 
of  a  eomplev  iileato  the  ncglert  of  the  rest,  but  without 
denying  in  thoiezht  tbosr  iirrdieates  n<it  thought  of. — 
Real  abstraction,  tli.-  n.il  s,  |,:irali.iii  of  ,.ne  thing  from 
niiNtber,  as  the  (supposed)  abstrjietion  of  the  soul  from  the 
body  ill  ecstasy. 

abstractlonal  (ab-strak'shon-al),  a.     Pertain- 
-  t(i  jilistnietion.     n.  lUislinell. 


abstractionist  (jtli-straU'shon-ist),  n.  One  who  abstrusity    (ab-stro'si-ti),    n.;    pi.  abstrusitl 
occupies  himself  with  abstractions.;  an  ideal-     (-tiz).     [<.abstrusc  +  -Itij.']    Abstmseuess ;  that 
ist ;  a  dreamer.  which  is  abstruse.     [Rare.] 

The  studious  class  are  their  own  victims:  .  .  .  they  are         -Matters  of  dilHculty  and  such  which  were  not  without 
abstractionists,  and  spend  their  days  and  nights  in  dream-     (,i,<^irH-iiifs  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vii.  13. 

ing  some  dream.  i',,.™,,  Montaigne.    ^^^^^^^  (ab-Siim'),  V.  t.     [<L.    absmievc,  take 

abstractitioust  (ab-strak-tish  us),  a.  [<  h.  as  ^w-ay,  diminish,  consume,  destroy,  <  ab,  away, 
if  "abstractitins :  see  abstract,  r.]  Abstracted  +  sumcre,  take :  see  assume.]  To  bring  to  an 
or  drawn  from  other  substances,  particularly  ^^j  ]^y  .^  jri.adual  waste ;  consume ;  destroy ; 
from  vegetables,  without  fermentation.  Baileij^     cause  to  disappear.     Boijlc. 

'     ' "  "  .  •-      .         "\j.  absump- 

.  ahsumjitus. 


ri-oni  vegetauR-s,  wiiuuuu  icrine-uiciiiou.  jjinn.,.     eause  to  disappear.     lioi/te. 
abstractive  (ab-strak'tiv),  a.     [=  F.  abstiractif,  absumptiont  (ab-sump'shon),  u.  [<  L. 
<  L.  as  if  *abstractirus,  <  abstractus,  pp. :   see     tio{n-),  a  consuming,  <  absumcrc,  pp.  ah 


abstract,  v.]  1.  Pertaining  to  abstraction; 
having  the  power  or  (piality  of  abstracting. — 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  of  tlie  nature  of  an  abstract, 
epitome,  or  summary. —  3t.  Abstractitious. 
— Abstractive  cognition,  cognition  of  an  object  not  as 
present. 

The  names  given  in  the  schools  to  the  immediate  and 
mediate  cognitions  were  intuitive  and  nbslrtu-tim,  meaning 
by  the  hitter  term,  not  merely  what  we  with  them  call 
abstract  knowledge,  but  also  the  representations  of  con- 
crete objects  in  the  iinagiinitiou  ami  memory. 

.S'i>  ir.  Haiiiillnii,  Lectures  on  Metaph.,  x.\iii. 

abstractively  (ab-strak'tiv-li),  adr.  In  an  ab- 
stractive iiKinner;  in  or  by  itself ;  abstractly. 
[Rai'e  or  obsolete.] 

That  life  which  alislractivelt/  is  Kood,  by  accidents  and 
adliereiices  may  become  tmfortunate. 

i'Attiaui,  Resolves,  ii.  186. 

abstractiveness   (tib-strak'tiv-nes),   n.     The 


consume:   see  absume.]     Decline;   disappear- 
ance; destruction. 
The  total  defect  or  absumption  of  religion. 

ISp.  Uamhn,  Eccl.  Ang.  Susp. 

absurd  (ab-serd'),  ".  and  n.  \_=¥ .  absurdc  = 
Sp.  Pg.  "absurdo  =  It.  assurdo,  <  L.  absurdus, 
harsh-sounding,  inhannonious,  absiu'd ;  a  word 
of  disputed  origin :  either  (1)  'out  of  tune,'  <  ab, 
away,  from,  +  *snrdus,  sounding,  from  a  root 
fouiid  in  Skt.  y/srar,  sound,  and  in  E.  (Cr.) 
siren,  q.  v. ;  or  (2)  <  ab-  (intensive)  +  surdus,  in- 
distinct, dull,  deaf,  >  E.  SHrrf,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  1. 
Being  or  acting  contrary  to  common  sense  or 
sound  judgment;  inconsistent  with  common 
sense;  ridiculous;  nonsensical:  si»,  an  absurd 
statement;  «?wHn;  conduct ;  an  altsurd  fellow. 
There  wa.s  created  ill  the  minds  of  nuiny  of  these  en- 
thusiasts a  pernieions  and  «(«»n(  association  between 
intellectual  power  and  moral  depravity. 

Macaulay,  Moore's  Byron. 


property    or    quality    of    being    abstractive, 
[Rare.]" 
abstractly  (ab'strjikt-li),  adr.    In  an  abstract     Speeifieally  — 2.  In  )o(iic  or  philos.,  meonsis- 
maiiuer  or  state  ;  absolutely ;  in  a  state  or  man-     tent  with  reason ;  logically  contradictory ;  im- 


abthanage 

possible:  as,  that  the  whole  is  less  than  tho 
siuu  of  its  parts  is  an  absurd  proposition;  an 
absurd  hypothesis. 

it  would  be  absurd  to  measure  with  a  variable  stan* 
dai-d.  //.  Sifencer,  .Social  .Statics,  p.  44, 

=  Syn.  Absurd,  Silty,  Footisfi,  Stupi^l,  IrratUmal,  tin- 
rcasoiuible.  Preposterous,  Injatuatrd,  ridicnloiig,  non- 
sensical, senseless,  incongruous,  unwise,  ill-jndgeii,  ill- 
advised,  (^tde/ootish.)  Fnotish,  absurd,  and  jirrj/osteroui 
imply  a  contradiction  of  common  sense,  rising  in  degree 
from  foatvik,  which  is  commonly  apjilied  where  the  con- 
tradiction is  small  or  trivial.  That  which  is  /oolixh  is 
characterized  by  weakness  of  mind,  and  provokes  our 
contempt.  That  which  is  sitly  is  still  weaker,  and  more 
contemptible  in  its  lack  of  sense ;  sittt/  is  the  extreme  hi 
that  direction.  Tliat  wliich  is  at/surd  does  not  directly 
suggest  weakness  of  mind,  but  it  is  glaringly  opposed  to 
common  sense  and  reason  :  as,  that  a  thing  should  be  un- 
equal to  itself  is  absurd.  That  which  is  jfreposterous  is 
the  height  of  absurdity,  an  absurdity  as  conspicuous  as 
getting  a  thing  wrong  side  before :  it  excites  amazement 
that  any  one  shouhl  be  capable  of  such  jui  extreme  o(  foolish- 
ness. That  which  is  irrational  is  contrary  to  reason,  but 
not  especially  to  common  sense.  Unreasonabte  is  more 
often  used  ot  the  relation  of  men  to  each  other ;  it  implies 
less  discredit  to  the  understanding,  but  more  to  the  will, 
indicating  an  unwillingness  to  conform  to  reiuson.  Irra- 
tional ideas,  conclusions  ;  u nn'osnnabtc tXunvAuAB,  assump- 
tions, people.  An  infntxatrd  iiersoii  is  S'l  pos.sessed  by  a 
mislejuling  idea  or  pjusshm  thjit  his  thoughts  ami  conduct 
are  eoutrolled  by  it  and  turned  into  folly.  lie  w-ho  is 
shijiid  jippejii-s  to  have  little  intelligence  ;  that  which  is 
stuj'id  is  tied  which  w-ould  be  naturjd  in  a  person  whose 
powers  of  reasoning  are  defective  tir  suspended. 
'Tis  a  fault  to  liejiven, 
A  fault  against  the  dead,  a  fault  to  nature, 
To  reason  most  absurd.  .'Slialc,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

From  most  Mir/  novels  we  can  at  least  extract  a  laugh  ; 
but  those  of  the  modern-antiipic  school  have  a  ponderous, 
a  leaden  kind  of  fatuity,  under  which  we  groan. 

Geor'je  Kliot,  Silly  Novels, 

How  wayward  is  this  fontisli  love !    Shak.,T.  0.  of  V.,  i.  2. 

A  man  who  cannot  write  with  wit  on  a  proper  subject 
is  dull  and  sttqnd.  .-Iddisou,  Spectator,  No.  •2'Jl. 

The  brave  man  is  not  he  who  feels  no  fear. 
For  that  were  stupid  and  irrational. 

•hianna  Bailtir,  Basil. 

She  entertained  many  unreasonattle  prejudices  against 
him,  before  she  was  aeciuainted  with  llis  personal  worth. 

Atldison. 

Though  the  error  be  easily  fallen  into,  it  is  manifestly 
jrrejmsteroii^.  ^s.  Taylor. 

The  people  are  so  infatuated  that,  if  a  cow  falls  sick,  it 

is  ten  to  one  hut  an  old  woman  is  clapt  up  in  prison  for  it. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

II.  n.  An  unreasonable  person  or  thing;  ono 
who  or  that  which  is  characterized  by  unrea- 
sonableness; an  absm-dity.     [Rare.] 

This  arch  absurd,  that  wit  and  fool  delights. 

Po/ir,  Dunciad,  i.  221. 

absurdity  (ab-scr'di-ti),". ;  pi.  absurdilies(-t\z). 
[=!■'.  absurdite=:iip.  absurdidad  =  rti-  absurdi- 
dade=  It.  assurdita,  <  L.  absur<lit(i{t-)s,  absur- 
dity, <  absurdtis:  see  absurd.}  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  absurd  or  inconsistent  with 
obvious  truth,  reason,  or  sound  judgment ;  want 
of  rationality  or  common  sense  :  as,  the  absur- 
dity of  superstition  ;  absurditij  of  conduct. 

Tlie  absurditi/  inv<dved  in  exacting  an  inexorable  con- 
cealment from  those  who  had  nothing  to  reveal. 

De  t^uincfit,  Essenes,  ii. 

2.  That  which  is  absurd ;  an  absurd  action, 
statement,  argument,  custom,  etc.:  as,  the 
absurdities  of  men;  your  explanation  involves 
a  gi'oss  absurdity. 

And  this  al>surdit>/  —  for  such  it  really  is  —  we  see  every 
day  — people  attending  to  the  dilticult  science  of  matters 
where  the  plain  practice  they  quite  let  slip. 

.If.  .4riioW,  Literature  and  Dogma,  xii. 
=  Syn.  1.  .4hsurdiies3,  silliness,  nnrca-sonableness,  self- 
eoutradiction,  preposterousness,  inccuisistelley.    See.W(i/. 

absurdly  (ab-scrd'li),  adv.  In  an  absurd  man- 
ner; in  a  inanner  inconsistent  with  reason  or 
obvious  propriety. 

absurdness  (ab-scrd'nes),  n.  Same  as  absurdity. 

abterminal  (ab-ter'mi-nal),  a.  [<  L.  ab,  from, 
+  lerminu.-i,  end.]  From  tht!  tenuiuus  or  end  : 
applied  to  electric  currents  which  pass  in  a 
muscular  fiber  from  its  extremities  toward  its 
center. 

abthain,  abthane  (ab'than),  «.  [Sc. ;  formerly 
also  spelled  abthcin,  nbthen,  alMau,  abbathain, 
etc. ;  <  ML.  abthania,  an  abbacy.  <  Gael,  ab- 
dhaiue,  an  abbacy.  The  origin  of  ML.  abthania 
not  being  kIl0^^^l,  it  came  to  be  regjirded  as 
the  office  or  dignity  of  an  imaginary  alithauus, 
a  word  invented  by  Fordun,  and  explained  as 
'  superior  thane,'  ;is  if  <  L.  abbas,  father  (see 
abl)ot),  +  ML.  thanus,  E.  thane.]  1.  An  abbacy 
(in  the  early  Scottish  church).— 2.  EiTone- 
ouslv,  a  superior  thane. 

abthalnry,  abthanrie  (;ii>'than-ri),  «.    [Sc., 

<  abthain,  abthiinr.  +  -ry.]    1.  The  territory  and 
jurisdiction  of  an  abbot;  an  alibaey.— 2.  Eito- 
neously,  the  jm-isdiction  of  tho  supposed  ab- 
thain.    See  abthain,  2. 
abthanage  (ab'tha-naj),  n.  Same  as  abthainry. 


abucco 

abncco  (.i-btik'ko),  «.  [A  native  tenn.]  A 
wi'if,'lit  nearly  equal  to  half  a  pound  avoirdu- 
pois, used  in  Burma. 

abulia  (a-bo'li-ii),  »,  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aBovAia,  ill- 
adviseduess,  thoughtlessness,  <  a/JouXor,  ill-ad- 
\-ised,  thoughtless,  <  li-  priv.  +  /ioi;/;;,  advice, 
counsel.]  A  form  of  mental  derangement  in 
•wliieh  volition  is  impaired  or  lost.  Also  written 
ahimliii. 

abulomania  (a-bii-lo-ma'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a.Uii'/or,  ill-advised,  I lioughtless,  + /lavia,  mad- 
ness.] Same  as  abulia.  Also  written  aboulo- 
mania. 

abumbral  (ab-ma'bral),  a.  Same  as  abum- 
lirdlar. 

abumbrellar  (ab-um-brerar),  a.  [<L.  06,  from, 
+  NL.  iimhrilUi,  the  dislt  of  acalephs.]  Tuinied 
away  from  the  luubrella  or  disk :  applied  to 
the  surface  of  the  velum  or  marginal  ridge  of 
medusa?  or  sea-blubbers,  and  opposed  to  adum- 
hr<  11(11-  (which  see). 

abuna  (a-bii'nil),  ».  [Ethiopic  and  Ar.  ahii-na, 
our  fatlier.  Cf.  tdibti.^  The  head  of  the  Chris- 
tian church  in  Abyssinia.     See  Ahijssinian. 

abundance  (ii-buu'dans),  n.  [<  ME.  abundance, 
haliiniihdinet',  aboimdaiicc  (see  aboundancc), 
<0F.  idxiiidancc,  <  L.  abmidantia,  abimdanee, 
Kabinidarc,  abound:  see  abound.']  1.  A  eoijious 
supply  or  quantity ;  ovei-Howing  plenteousness ; 
unrestricted  sufficiency :  strictly  applicable  to 
quantity  only,  but  sometimes  used  of  number : 
as,  an  abundance  of  corn,  or  of  people ;  to  have 
money  in  great  abundance. 

By  reason  of  the  aliinuhince  of  his  horses  their  dust 
Bhall  cover  thee.  Ezek.  x.xvi.  10. 

2.  Overflowiugfullness  or  affluence;  repletion; 
amplitude  of  means  or  resources. 

Out  of  the  abuTidance  of  the  heart  the  mouth  speaketh. 

Mat.  .\ii.  34. 

The  aUm^ame  [of  Chaucer]  is  a  continual  fuhiess  witliin 
the  fixetl  limits  of  good  taste  ;  that  of  Lan^dand  is  squan- 
dered in  overflow.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  260. 

=  Syn.  Exuberance,  Profusimi,  etc.  (see  plenty) ;  plen- 
teousness, plentifuluess,  plenitude,  sufficiency,  copious- 
ness, anipleness,  luxxuiance,  supply.  See  affluence. 
abundancyt  (a-bun'dan-si),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  abundant. 
abundant  (a-bun'daut),  a.  [<  ME.  abundant, 
liabundatit,  abaundant,  <  OF.  abandant,  liabon- 
dant,  <  L.  abundun{t-)s,  jjpr.  of  abundarc,  over- 
flow :  see  abound.]  1.  Plentiful ;  present  in 
gi'eat  quantity ;  fully  sufficient :  as,  an  abun- 
dant supply. 

Thy  abundant  goodness  shall  excuse 
This  deadly  blot  in  thy  digressing  son. 

Shali.,  Rich.  II.,  v.  3. 
The  history  of  our  species  is  a  history  of  the  evils  that 
have  flowed  from  a  source  as  tainted  as  it  is  abiindani. 

Bniii;;liatn. 

2.  Possessing  in  great  quantity ;  copiously  sup- 
plied ;   having  great  plenty ;   aboimding :  fol- 
lowed by  in. 
The  Lord,  .  .  .  abundant  in  goodness  and  truth. 

Ex.  xxxiv.  6. 
Abundant  definition.  See  dc/iju'd'on.— Abundant  num- 
ber, in  arith.,  a  number  the  sum  of  whose  ali(iuut  parts 
exceeds  the  numher  itself.  Thus,  12  is  an  abundant 
nuraljer,  fur  the  sum  of  its  aliquot  pails  (1  +  2  +  3  +  44-6) 
is  IG.  It  is  thus  distinguished  from  a  perfect  number, 
which  is  equal  to  tlie  sum  of  all  its  aliquot  parts,  as 
6  —  1  +  2  +  3;  and  from  a  dcftcu'nt  number,  which  is 
greater  than  the  sum  of  all  its  aliquot  parts,  as  14,  wliich 
is  greater  than  1  +  2  +  7.  =  Syn.  I'U-ntiful,  plenteous,  co- 
pious, ample,  exuberant,  lavish,  overtluwing,  ricli,  large, 
great,  biiuiitiful,  teeming.   See  ample. 

abundantly  (a-bun'dant-li),  adv.  In  a  plentiful 
or  sufficient  degree  ;  fully;  amply;  plentifidly. 

abune  (a-bon';  Scotch  pron.  a-biin'),  adr.  and 
prcj).  [Contr.  <  ME.  abuven,  uboven  (pron. 
a-bo'ven),  <  AS.  dbufan  :  see  above.]  Above  ; 
beyond ;  in  a  great- 
er or  higher  degree. 
Also  written  aboon. 
[Scotch.] 

ab  urbe  condita  (ab 

er'be  kon'di-tii). 
[L. ;  lit.,  from  the 
city  founded :  ab, 
from;  urbe,  abl.  of 
iirbs,  city ;  condita, 
fem.  pp.  of  conderc, 
put  together,  estab- 
lish.] From  the 
founding  of  the  city, 
that  is,  of  Rome,  n.  c. 
7.^3,  the  beginning  of 
the  Roman  era.  Usu- 
ally abbreviated  to  .numa  t^r,„,c,.i,„„. 
.1.  t'.C.  (which  see). 
Abunia  (a-bur'i-ji),  n.  [NL. ;  of  S.  Amer. 
origiu.]    A  genus'of  guans,  of  which  the  type 


26 

is  the  wattled  guan,  Penelope  aburri  or  Aburria 
carunculata,  of  South  America,  lieiehenbach, 
lK,j:i. 

aburton  (a-ber'ton),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  ii'J  +  liiirlon:  "see  burton.]  Js'aut.,  placed 
athwartships  iu  the  hold:  said  of  casks. 

abusable  (ii-bii'za-bl),  a.  [<  ubiiec  -t-  -able.] 
Capable  of  bring  abused. 

abusaget  (a-bu'zaj),  n.     Same  as  abuse. 

abuse  (a-baz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  abused,  ppr. 
abu.'<inr/.  [<  ME.  abuxcn,  <  OF.  abuser  (F.  a//i«- 
scr),  <'ML.  abusari,  freq.  of  L.  abiiti,  pp.  abimts, 
uso  up,  consiune,  misuse,  abuse,  <  ab,  from, 
■mis-,  +  uli,  use :  see  use,  v.]  1.  To  use  ill ;  mis- 
use ;  put  to  a  wrong  or  bad  use ;  divert  from 
the  proper  use;  misapply:  as,  to  a 6 mac  rights 
or  privileges ;  to  abuse  words. 
They  that  use  this  world  as  not  abusing  it.  1  Cor.  vii.  31. 
The  highest  proof  of  virtue  is  to  possess  boundless 
power  without  abu^ng  it.  Macaulay,  Aildison. 

2.  To  do  wrong  to  ;  act  injuriously  toward ;  in- 
jm-e  ;  disgrace  ;  dishonor. 

I  swear,  'tis  better  to  be  much  abus'd 

Than  but  to  knowt  a  little.         Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

Poor  soul,  thy  face  is  much  abused  with  tears. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  1. 

3,  To  violate;  ravish;  defile, —  4.  To  attack 
with  contumelious  language  ;  revile. —  5.  To 
deceive ;  impose  on ;  mislead. 

You  are  a  great  deal  abused  iu  too  bold  a  persuasion. 

Shak,,  Cyrabeline,  i.  5. 
Nor  be  with  all  these  tempting  words  abused. 

Pope,  tr.  of  Ovid,  Sappho  to  Phaon,  1.  67. 
It  concerns  all  who  think  it  worth  while  to  be  in  ear- 
nest with  tlicir  immortal  souls  not  to  abu^e  themselves 
with  a  false  confldence,  a  thing  so  easily  taken  up,  and 
so  hardly  laid  down.  South. 

=  83^1.  1.  To  Abuse,  Misuse,  misapply,  misemploy,  per- 
vert, profane.  Abttse  and  misuse  are  closely  synonymous 
terms,  but  misuse  conveys  more  particularly  the  idea  of 
using  inappropriately,  abuse  that  of  treating  injuriously. 
In  general,  abuse  is  the  stronger  word. 

So  a  fool  is  one  that  hath  lost  his  wisdom, .  .  .  not  one 
that  wants  reason,  but  abuses  his  reason. 

Chamock,  Attributes. 
From  out  the  purple  grape 
Crushed  the  sweet  poison  of  misused  wine. 

Miltffii,  Comus,  1.  47. 
2.  To  maltreat,  ill-use,  injure.—  4.  To  revile,  reproach, 
vilify,  rate,  berate,  vituperate,  rail  at. 
abuse   (a-bus'),   »•     [=  F.  abus  =  Sp.  Pg^  It. 
abuso,  <  L.  abusu.s,  a  using  up,  <  abuti,  pp.  abusus, 
use  up,  misuse:   see   abuse,  i:]      1.  Ill  use; 
improper  treatment  or  employment ;  applica- 
tion to  a  wrong  purpose ;    improper  use   or 
application :  as,  an  abuse  of  our  natural  powers ; 
an  (djuse  of  civil  rights,  or  of  religious  privi- 
leges ;  abuse  of  advantages  ;  abuse  of  words. 
Perverts  best  things 
To  worst  abuse,  or  to  their  meanest  use. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  204. 

And  thus  he  bore  without  abuse 
The  grand  old  name  of  gentleman. 

Tennyson,  In  Slemoriam,  ex. 

A  daring  abu^c  of  the  liberty  of  conscience. 

Irmnp,  Knickerbocker. 

2.  Ill  treatment  of  a  person ;  injiuy ;  insult ; 
dishonor ;  especially,  ill  treatment  in  words ; 
contumelious  language. 

I,  dark  in  light,  exposed 
To  daily  fraud,  contempt,  abuw,  and  wrong. 

Milton,  S,  A.,  1.  76. 

3.  A  corrupt  practice  or  custom  ;  an  oflfense  ; 
a  crime ;  a  fault :  as,  the  abuses  of  govern- 
ment. 

The  poor  abuses  of  the  time  want  countenance. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

If  abuses  be  not  remedied,  they  will  certainly  increase. 
Suift,  Adv.  of  Relig. 

4.  Violation  ;  defilement :  as,  seli-abuse. —  5t. 
Deception. 

This  is  a  strange  abuse. —  Let's  see  thy  face. 

Shak.,  M.  for  JI.,  v.  1. 
Is  it  some  abuse,  or  no  such  tiling?     Sliak.,  Ham.,  iv.  7. 

Abuse  Of  distress,  in  law,  use  of  an  animal  or  chattel 
(listrained,  wliicli  makes  the  di.straiiier  liatile  to  proseeu- 
tiiiu  as  fur  wrniit,'ful  ;qiiiri»priatii'n.— Abuse  of  process, 
ill  law.  (<()Intentiunal  irregularity  fortlie  purpose  of  gain- 
ing an  advantage  over  one's  opponent,  (b)  More  com- 
iminly,  the  use  of  legal  process  (it  may  be  iu  a  manner 
formally  regular)  for  an  illegal  purpose  ;  a  pervei-sion  of  the 
fonns  of  law,  as  making  a  criminal  ronq.laint  merely  to 
coiTie  iiayinelit  of  a  debt,  or  waiitunl\  selling  very  valua- 
ble property  on  execution  ill  order  to  collect  a  trifling  sum. 
-Syn.  1.  .Misuse,  perversion,  profanation,  prostitution.— 
3.  .Mnrye,  /urwridc,  maltreatment,  outrage ;  vituperation, 
coiituinely,  scolding,  reviling,  asiiersion,  slander,  oblotmy. 
I  See  i n rrel i ri'.)  "Ahu>fe  as  citiiiparcd  with  inrcetirc  is 
iiiiire  jiersiinal  and  coarse,  lu-in-j  roiiveyed  iu  harsh  and 
uiiseeiiily  tenns,  and  dietafeii  liy  angry  feeling  and  bitter 
temper.  Inwiivr  is  mure  (■oiniiionly  aimed  at  character 
or  conduct,  and  ma.v  la-  cmveyed  in  writing  and  in  re- 
flned  lauguagc,  and  dictated  by  indignation  against  what 
is  iu  itself  blameworthy.   It  often,  however,  means  public 


abut 

aliuBC  under  such  restraints  as  ore  imposed  by  position 
and  education."    C.  ./.  Smith. 

abuseful  (a-bus'ful),  a.  Using  or  practising 
abuse  ;  abusive.     [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Tlie  abuse/ul  names  of  hereticks  and  schismaticks. 

lip.  Harlow,  Kemains,  p.  397. 

abuser  (a-bii'z&r),  n.  1.  One  who  abuses,  in 
sjieeeh  or  behavior  ;  one  who  deceives. 

Next  tllou,  tir  abuser  of  thy  prince's  ear. 

Sir  J.  Denham,  Sophy. 
2.  A  ravisher. 

That  vile  almser  of  young  maidens. 

Fletcher,  Faitllful  Shep.,  V.  1. 

abusiont  (a-bii'zhon),  n.  [<ME.  abu.iion,  <  OF. 
(ibusiijn  =  Pr.  flii/-(o  =  Sp.  abusion  =  J'g.  abusao 
=  It.  abu-tione,  <  L.  abnsio(n-),  misuse,  in  rhet. 
cataehresis,  <  abuti,  pp.  abusu.%  misuse :  see 
abuse,  v.]  1.  Misuse;  evil  or  corrupt  usage; 
violation  of  right  or  propriety. 
Kedrcss  the  abusions  and  exactions. 

Act  of  Pari.  No.  xxjdii.  (23  Hen.  VIII.). 
Shame  light  on  him,  that  through  so  false  illusion, 
Doth  turne  the  name  of  Souldiers  to  afnision. 

Siienscr,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  220. 

2.  Reproachful  or  contumelious  language ;  in- 
sult.—  3.  Deceit;  illusion. 

They  speken  of  magic  and  abusion. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1. 116. 

abusi've  (a-bti'siv),  a.  [=  F.  a6«*(/=  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  abusini,  <  L.  abu.sirus,  misapplied,  improper, 
(.abitti,  pji.  al)ii.sus,  misuse:  see  abuse,  v.]  1. 
Practising  abuse;  using  harsh  words  or  ill 
treatment:  as,  an  ofeHi'/re  author;  an  (76h«i  re  fel- 
low.—  2.  Charact  erized  by  or  containing  abuse ; 
marked  by  eontimiely  or  ill  use;  harsh;  ill- 
natured;  injurious. 

An  abusive,  scurrilous  style  passes  for  satire,  and  a  dull 
scheme  of  party  notions  is  called  fine  wTiting. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  125. 
One  from  all  Grub-street  will  my  fame  defend, 
And,  more  abusive,  calls  himself  my  friend. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1. 112. 

3.  Marked  by  or  full  of  abuses;  corrupt:  as, 

an  abusive  exercise  of  x'ower. 

A  very  extensive  and  zealous  party  was  formed  [in 
France],  which  acquired  the  appellation  of  the  Patriotic 
party,  who,  sensible  of  the  abusive  government  under 
which  they  lived,  sighed  for  occasions  of  reforming  it. 

Jcjferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  56. 

4t.  Misleading,  or  tending  to  mislead ;  employed 
by  misuse  ;  improper. 

In  describing  these  battles,  I  am,  for  distinction  sake, 
necessitated  to  use  the  word  Pai-liament  improperly,  ac- 
cording to  the  abusive  acceptiou  thereof  for  these  latter 
years.  Fuller,  Worthies,  I.  xviii. 

-  SjTl.  1  and  2.    Insolent,  insulting,  offensive,  scurrilous, 
ribald,  reproachful,  opprobrious,  reviling. 
abusi'vely  (a-bu'siv-li),  adv.     1.  In  an  abusive 
manner;  rudely;  reproachfully. — 2t.  Improp- 
erly; by  mistise. 

^Yords  being  carelessly  and  abusively  .admitted,  and  as 
inconstantly  retained.      Glanvillc,  Van.  of  Dogmat.,  x\ii. 

abusi'Veness  (a-bii'siv-nes).  n.  The  quality  of 
being  abusive ;  rudeness  of  language,  or  vio- 
lence to  the  person ;  ill  usage. 

abut  (a-buf),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  abutted,  ppr. 
abutliiit;.  [<  ME.  abuttcn,  abouten,  <  OF.  ubon- 
ter,  abuter,  abut  (F.  aboulcr,  join  end  to  end),  < 
a,  to,  +  bout,  but,  end;  ef.  t)F.  boter,  F.  boutcr, 
thrust,  push,  butt :  seebutt^.  The  mod.  F.  ((?>oh- 
tir,  arrive  at,  tend  to,  end  in,  depends  iu  most 
of  its  senses  upon  bout,  an  end,  though  strictly 
it  represents  the  OF.  abouter,  in  the  sense  of 
'thrust  toward.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  touch  at 
the  end;  be  contiguous;  join  at  a  border  or 
boimdary;  terminate;  rest:  with  on,  upon,  or 
aejainst  before  the  object :  as,  his  land  abuts 
upon  mine;  the  building  rtiif^^' oji  the  highway; 
the  bridge  abuts  ayainst  the  solid  rock. 
Whose  high  npreared  and  abutting  fronts 
The  perilous,  narrow  ocean  parts  asunder. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  (cho.). 

Steam  is  constantly  issuing  in  jets  from  the  bottom  of  a 
small  ravine-like  hollow,  which  has  no  exit,  and  which 
abuts  ctgainst  a  range  of  ti-achytic  mouiitaius. 

Darunn,  Geol.  Observations,  i.  2. 

In  the  last  resort  all  these  questions  of  physical  specu- 
lation atnit  upon  a  metaphysical  question. 

W.  K.  Cliford,  Lectures,  I.  243. 

The  lustrous  splendor  of  the  walls  abutting  u)ion  the 
Grand  Canal.  D.  G.  Mitchell,  lioiiiid  Together,  ii. 

2.  In  ship-building,  same  as  bntf^,  3 — Abutting 
owner,  an  owner  of*  land  which  abuts  or  joins.  Thus, 
the  owner  of  land  bounded  by  a  highway  or  river,  or  by  a 
tract  of  land  belonging  to  another  person,  is  said  iu  refer- 
ence to  the  latter  to  be  an  abutting  ojcm'r.  The  term 
usually  implies  that  the  relative  parts  actually  adjoin, 
but  is  S(nnetiuies  loosely  used  without  implying  more 
than  close  proximity. —Abutting  power  (in  an  active 
sense),  the  ability  of  an  abulnieiit  to  risist  the  thrust  or 
strain  of  the  areb,  g;is.  lluiil,  ete..  iiressing  or  reacting 
against  it— Abutting  Joint.    See  abtUmeiU,  2  (6)  (2). 


abut 

II.    irans.    To  cause  to  tomiinato  against  or 
in  continuity  with ;   project,  or  cause  to  iin- 

Jlillf,'(l   UJIOIl. 

Siiiiu'limes  shortened  to  hut. 
Abutilon  (a-bu'ti-lon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Ar.  auhuWun, 
11  iiiiiuo  given  by  Avicenua  to  tliis  or  an  allied 
genus.]     A  genus  of  polypctalous   plants,  nat- 
ural order  Molvacciv,  including  over  70  si)eciei 


27 

But  nniiRlit  tliat  waiiteth  rest  can  long  ahl. 

SjH'iuicr,  V.  (J.,  III.  vii.  f!. 

Abyla  (ab'i-lii),  n.  [NL. ;  prob.  after  AliijUi 
(t  ir.  Wiir'Ar/),  a  ]>romontory  in  Africa  opposite  the 
Kock  of  Gibraltar.]  A  genus  of  oalycoiihoran 
oceanic  hydrozoans  of  the  family  IHjilii/iilo: 
(,>i(ni/  find  dnimard.  Also  called  Ahyks.  See 
cut  under  flijihiicnoid. 


distributed  thi'ough  the  wanner  regions  of  the  abymet,  ».     Waine  as  nfti/.sm. 

globe.     TliiT  are  often  very  ornamental,  anU  several  abysmt  (a-bizin'),  "._    [<  OP.  ahismcQatorabntie, 

specie.s  (.^1.  jitriafnm 


Abutment. 

^,   A,    arch-.ibiit- 

ments :   A.  H,  ciirrent- 

or  icc-abutiiieuts. 


,  venosum,  insigix^^  etc.)  are  frequent 
...  Karilens  anil  fcTeenliouses.  Sonic  Indian  species  fur- 
nisli  lllier  for  ropes,  and  in  lirazil  the  flowers  of  ^-1.  mm- 
Inttiini  arc  nsetl  as  a  vegetable. 
abutment (a-but'ment),M.  [<abi(t  +  -»iciit.']  1. 
The  state  or  condition  of  abutting. —  2.  That 
which  abuts  or  borders  on  some- 
thing else;  the  part  abutting  or 
abutted  upon  or  against,  spe- 
cilically  —  (a)  Any  Ixiily  or  surface  dc- 
signed  to  resist  the  thrust  or  reiiction 
of  any  nuiterial  structure,  vapor,  gas, 
or  liciiiid  that  may  press  upon  it;  par- 
tievilarly,  in  arch.,  the  portion  of  a  pier 
or  oilier  structure  that  receives  tho 
thrust  of  an  arch  or  vault ;.  in  engin., 
tlie  terminal  mass  of  abridge,  usually 
of  masonry,  which  receives  the  thrust 
of  an  arch  or  the  end-weight  of  a  truss: 
in  distinction  from  a  pier,  which  car- 
ries intermediate  points;  a  stationary  wedge,  block,  or 
Buiface  a^'iiinst  which  water,  gas,  or  steam  may  react,  as 
in  a  rotary  pump  or  engine ;  the  lower  part  of  a  dock  or 
bridgc-jiiir  designed  to  resist  ice  or  currents  in  a  stream, 
etc.  Sec  Irriilije  and  impost.  (/>)  In  carp.:  (1)  I'he  shmilder 
of  a  joiners  plane  between  which  and  the  plaue-bil  the 
wedge  is  driien.  E.  U.  Kniijht.  (2)  Two  pieces  of  wood 
jilaeed  together  with  the  grain  of  each  at  a  right  angle 
with  the  other.     Their  meeting  forms  an  ahuUing  joint. 

Sometimes  shortened  to  hutment. 
abutment -crane   (a-but'ment-kran),  ji.    [< 
abutment  +  crane,  2.']     A  hoisting-craue  or  der- 
rick   used    in 
building  ijiers, 
towers,   chim- 
neys,  etc.     It 
stands  at  the  edge 
of  a  platform  rest- 
ing on  the  top  of 
the     work,     and 
nnty  be  gradually 
raised  as  the  work 
liroccfds. 

abuttal       (a- 

but'|il),  n.  cii 
Tli;it  part  of  a 
piece  of  land 
which  abuts 
on  or  is  con- 
tiguous to  an- 
other;   a  boundary; 


Abutment-crane. 


a  line  of  contact:    used 


mostly  in  tlie  plural. 
abutter  (a-but'cr),    n.     One    whose    property 

abuts:  as,  the  abutters  on  the  street. 
abutua  (a-lni'tii-a),  n.      The  native  Brazilian  Abyssinet,  "•  and  " 

name  of   the   root  of   a  tall  woody  menisper-  """ 

maceous  tdimber,  Cliondrodendron  tnmcntuxum, 

knowni    in    commerce    under    the  Portuguese 

name  otjiareira  brava  (which  see).   Also  called 

hutna. 
abuyt  (a-bi'),  r.  t.    [A  more  consistent  spelling 

(if  »/»/!,  which  is  composed  of  a-l  and  buy.'] 

To  pay  the  penalty  of. 

When  a  holy  man  abuys  so  dearly  such  a  slight  frailty, 
of  a  crcthilous  mistaking,  what  shall  become  of  our  hei- 
nous and  presumptuous  sins  ? 

Ep.  Uall,  Seduced  Prophet  (Ord.  JIS.). 

abuzz,  abuz  (.a-buz'),  prep.  plir.  as  adv.  or  a. 
liu'i,  ]ire2>.,on,  +  bu",n.1  Buzzing;  tilled  with 
buzzing  sounds. 

The  eom-t  was  all  astir  and  abuzz. 

I>iclci:ns,  Tale  of  Two  Cities,  ix. 

abvacuationt  (ab-vak-u-a'shon),  H.     [<L.  ab, 

from,  +  racuatio{n-):  see abevaeuation.}    Same 

as  abcuaeuation. 
abvolation  (ab-vo-la'shon),  H.    [See  arolation.l 

The  act  of  flying  from  or  away.     [Rare.] 
aby't  (a-bi')",  r.   t.;  pret.  and  pp.  iibought  or 

abied,  ppr.  abying.    [<  ME.  abyen,  abien,  abyej- 

gen,  abuf/ijcn,  etc.  (pret.  aboughte),  <AS.  dbyc- 

gan,  pay  for,  buy  off,  <  u-  +  bycgan,  buy:  see 

a-1  and  buy.]     To  give  or  pay  an  equivalent 

for ;  pay  the  penalty  of  ;  atone  for  ;  suffer  for. 

Also  spelled  abyc  and  abuy. 

Ye  shul  it  decre  aheye.      Chancer,  Doctor's  Tale,  I.  100. 

My  l"i-d  has  most  justly  sent  me  to  ahye  the  ciiiise- 
tpiences  of  a  fault,  of  Nvhieii  he  is  as  innocent  .a.s  a  sleeping 
tuau's  dreams  can  lie  of  a  waking  man's  actions. 

Scott,  Kenilworth.  I.  rv. 

S'ljy-t  (a-bi'),  r.  i.  [A  comipt  form  of  abided, 
thriiugli  inllueueeof  »?)//!.  Cf.  «fcirf<-2,  suffer  for, 
a  corrupt  form  of  abyl,  through  influence  of 
abided,  continue.]     To  hold  out;  endure. 


¥'.   uhim'i)  =  Pr.   ahi.smc  =  Sp.   Pg.   abisnio,  < 
ML.  *rt/((.w(«(».s',  a  superl.  form  of  ML.  (diis- 
,s'«.s',  <  L.  al)yx.'<u.i,  an  abyss:    see  ahi/as.     The 
spelling  abyxm  (with  y  instead  of  i)  is  sophisti- 
cated, to  bring  it  nearer  tho  Greek.]    A  gulf  ; 
an  abvss:  as,  "the  abysm  of  hell,"  liliak:,  A. 
andc:,  iii.  11. 
abysmal  (a-biz'mal),  a.    [(.abysm  +  -«/,  =  Sp. 
Pg.  "6(.v)«((7.]     1.  Pertaining  to  an  abyss;  bot- 
tomless; profound;  fathomless;  immeasurable. 
Let  me  hear  thy  voice  through  this  deep  and  black 
Abysnud  night.  Whillirr,  lly  Smil  and  I. 

The  .  .  ,  Jews  were  struck  dumb  with  al>y.^mat  terror. 
3lerimk,  Hist.  Rom.,  V.  410. 

Specifically  —  2.  Pertaining  to  great  depths  in 
the  ocean:  thus,  species  of  plants  found  only 
at  great  depths  are  called  abysmal  species,  and 
also  abyssal  (which  see). 

abysmally  (a-biz'mal-i),  adv.  Unfathomably. 
(ieari/i.  Eliot. 

abyss  (a-bis'),  n.  [<L.  ahyssus,  ML.  abi.isus{> 
Pg.  It.  abisso),  a  bottomless  gulf,  <Gr.  ajivunor, 
■without  bottom,  <  u-  priv.  +  /ii'trcrdf ,  depth,  akin 
to  /iiiOof  and  /iriflof,  depth,  <  iia$ix,  deep:  seo 
bathos.]  1.  A  bottomless  gulf ;  any  deep,  im- 
measurable space ;  anything  prof oimd  and  un- 
fathomable, whether  "literally  or  figuratively ; 
specifically,  hell ;  the  bottomless  pit. 

Some  laboured  to  fathom  the  aliysxex  of  metaphysical 
theology.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

2.  In  her.,  the  center  of  an  escutcheon;  the 
fcsse-i>oint. 
abyss  (a-bis'),  v.  t.    [<  abyss,  n.]    To  engulf. 

The  drooping  sea-weed  hears,  m  night  (iftt/s,«fd, 
Far  and  more  far  the  wave's  receding  shocks. 

Lowell,  Sea-weed. 

abyssal  (a-bis'al),  a.  1.  Relating  to  or  like  an 
abyss;  abysmal. —  2.  Inhabiting  or  belonging 
to  the  depths  of  the  ocean:  as,  an  abyssal  mol- 
lusk. 

Both  classes  of  animals,  the  pelagic  and  the  abyssal, .  .  . 
possess  the  feature  of  phosphorescence. 

The  American,  V.  285. 
Abyssal  zone,  in  phys.  geon- ,  the  lowest  of  eight  biolog- 
ical zones  into  which  Professor  E.  Forbes  divided  the 
bottom  of  the  .i^gean  sea  when  describing  its  plants  ami 
animals ;  the  zone  furthest  from  the  shore,  and  more  than 
105  fathoms  deep. 

[A\s.o  Abissine,  Abasshie; 
as  a  noun,  usually  in  pi.  Abyssiues,  etc.,  =  F. 
Aby.ssins  =  Sp.  Abisinios  =  Pg.  Abej-ins;  <  ML. 
Abissini,  Abassini,  Abyssinians  (>  Abissinia, 
Ahassinia,  Abyssinia),  <  Abassia,  <  Ar.  Habasha, 
Abyssinia,  Babash,  an  Abyssinian,  said  to  have 
reference  to  the  mixed  composition  of  the  peo- 
ple, <  habash,  mixture.  The  natives  call  them- 
selves Itinpyaran,  their  country  Itiopia,  i.  e., 
Ethiopia.]     Same  as  Abyssinian. 

Abyssinian  (ab-i-sin'i-aii),  a.  and  n.  [<  Abys- 
sine  (Abij.'is-inia)  +  -ian.]  I.  a.  Belonging  to 
Abyssinia,  a  coimtry  of  eastern  Africa,  lying 
to  the  south  of  Nubia,  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Abys- 
sinia. Specifically  —  2.  Amember  of  the  Abys- 
sinian C'luU'ch.  This  church  was  organized  aliout  the 
middle  of  the  fourth  century  by  Frunii  ntins,  a  missiunary 
from  Alex.andria.  In  doctrine  it  is  Mi.nopliysite  (\>hieli 
see).  It  observes  the  Jewish  Sabbath  t.jgetlur  with  the 
Christian  Sunday,  forbids  eating  the  llesh  of  unclean 
beasts,  retains  as  an  object  of  worsliip  the  model  of  a  sa- 
cred ark  called  the  ark  of  Zion.  practises  a  fonn  of  cir- 
cumcision, and  celebrates  a  yearly  fe.ist  of  lustraliim,  at 
which  all  the  people  are  rebaptizcd.  The  Abyssinians 
honor  saints  and  pictures,  but  not  images ;  crosses,  but  iwt 
erucifl.\es.  Pontius  Pilate  is  accounted  by  them  a  saint 
because  he  washed  his  hands  of  innocent  blood.  The 
priests  may  be  married  men,  but  may  not  many  after  or- 
dination. The  abuna,  or  head  of  the  Abyssinian  Church, 
is  appointed  by  the  patriarch  of  Alexandria. 

abzug  (ab'ziig;  G.  pron.  iip'tsoch),  ».  [G.,  < 
ab:ichen,  di-aw  off,  <ab-,  =  E.  off,  +  lichen,  re- 
latcil  to  E.  tug  and  tou^^.]  In  metal.,  the  first 
scum  appearing  on  the  surface  of  lead  in  the 
cupel.  Nearly  equivalent  to  abstrieh  (which 
see) 


acacio 

dwelling  among  the  oaks;  Aclcy  or  Ackley, 
also  Oatdey  [<AS.  Acled],  literally,  oak-lea. 

ac-.  A  prefix,  assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  n 
and  </,  as  in  accede,  acquire,  etc.;  also  an  ac- 
commodated form  of  other  prefixes,  as  in  ac- 
cursc,  accloy,  accumbcr,  etc.    See  these  words. 

-ac.    [=  P.  -aque,  <L.  -ac-us,  Gr.  -nmir:  see  -ic.] 
An  adjective-suffi.K  of  Greelc  or  Latin  origin,  as 
in  cardiac,  maniac,  iliac,  etc.    It  is  always  pre-, 
ceded  by  -i-  and,  like  -ie,  may  take  the  addi- 
tional suflix  -al. 

A.  0.  An  abbreviation  of  (1)  Latin  ante  Chris- 
tum, before  Christ,  used  in  chronology  in  tho 
same  sense  as  B.  C. ;  (2)  army-corps. 

acacia  (a-ka'shiii),  n.  [=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  D.  acacia 
=  G.  aeacie,  (.Jj.  acacia,  <Gr.  itKania,  a  thorny 
Egy^jtian  tree,  tho  acacia,  appar.  reduplicated 
fi'om  'y/  OK,  seen  in  (i/c/f,  a  point,  thorn,  uhI/,  a 
point,  L.  acutus,  sharp,  acus,  needle,  etc. :  see 
acute]  1.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  shrubby  or  arbore- 
ous plants,  uatm'al  order  Lcguniinosa;  suborder 
Minu)se(c,  natives  of  the  warm  regions  of  both 
hemispheres,  especially  of  Australia  and  Africa. 
It  numbers  about  430  species,  and  is  the  largest  genus  of 
the  order,  excepting  Astrafiaius.  It  is  distinguished  by 
small  regular  flowers  in  globose  heads  or  cylindrical 
spikes,  and  very  numerous  free  stamens.  The  leaves  are 
bipinnate,  or  in  very  many  of  the  Australian  sjiecies  are 
reduced  to  phyllodia,  with  their  edges  always  vertical. 
Several- species  are  valuable   for  the  gum  which  they 


Acacia  Arabica. 

exude.  The  hark  and  pods  are  frequently  used  in  tan- 
ning, and  the  aqueous  extract  of  the  wood  of  some  Indian 
species  forms  the  catechu  of  commerce.  Many  species 
furnish  excellent  timber,  and  many  others  are  cultivated 
for  oniament— J.  Farncsiana  both  for  ornament  and  for 
tlie  perfume  of  its  flowers. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus -IfOwVi. — 3.  The  popu- 
lar name  of  several  plants  of  other  genera. 
The  yreen-barked  acMcia  of  Arizona  is  I'arkiimmia  Tor- 
miana.  False  and  ba.stard  acacia  are  names  sometimes 
applied  to  the  locust-tree,  Itohima  Pseudacacia.  The  rose 
or  hri.-^tly  acacin  is  Rohinia  hi^indtt.  Tlie  name  three- 
thonieil  acacia  issometimes  given  to  the  honey-locust,  Glc- 
dit.^chia  Iriacantha. 

4.  In  med.,  the  inspissated  jideo  of  several 
species  of  Acacia,  popularly  known  as  gum  ara- 
ble (which  seo,  under  gum^j. —  5.  A  name  given 
by  antiquaries  to  an  object  resembling  a  roll 
of  cloth,  seen  in  the  hands  of  consuls  and  em- 
perors of  the  Lower  Empire  as  represented  on 
medals.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  unfurled  by  them 
at  festivals  as  a  si^'iial  for  the  games  to  begin. 

Acacian  (a-kfi'shian),  n.  [The  proper  name 
Acacius,  Gr.  'A\«i.'oc,  is  eqmv.  to  Innocent,  <  Gr. 
aKOKoc,  innocent,  guileless :  see  acacy.]  In  cedes, 
hist.,  amember  of  a  sect  or  school  of  moderate 
Ai'ians  of  the  fourth  century,  named  Acacians 
from  their  leader,  Acacius,  bishop  of  Ca^sarea. 
Some  of  the  Acacians  maintained  that  the  Son,  tlioush 
similar  to  the  Father,  w.as  not  the  same  ;  others,  that  he 
was  both  distinct  and  dissimilar.  As  a  body  they  (Inally 
accepted  the  Nieene  doctrine. 

acacia-tree  (a-ka'shiii-tre),  H.  A  name  some- 
times aiiplii'd'to  the  false  acacia  or  locust-tree, 
Uobin iit  r.vudacacia. 


act,".  [Early  ME.  ac,<  AS.  ac,  oak:  see  oafc.]  The  acacin,  acacine  (ak'a-sin),  n.   [<  acacia  + -ufi, 
early  form  of  oat,  preserved  (through  the  short-    -ine~.]     Gum  arable.     Watts. 
cuing  of  the  vowel  before  two  consonants)  in  acaciO  (a-ka'sbio),    n.     [A  form  of  neajo}!,  ap- 
certain  place-names  (whence  surnames) :  as,     par.  a  simidation  of  acacia,  wnth  which  it  has 
Acton   [<  AS.  Actun],    literally,   oak-town,   or    no  connection.]     Same  as  acajou,  3. 


acacy 

acacTt  (ak'fi-si),  n.      [<  L.  as  if  "acacin,  <  Gr. 
(uiaKia,  t;uiU'lessilPss,<  aHiinor,  iiuiocpiit,  <  li-priv. 
+  KdKur,  biul.]     FrecJoui  I'vom  malice.    ISnilti/. 
Academe  (uk'a-dOm),  «.     [<L.  acadcmia:  see 
<;(•</</<  iiiij.']     1.  Tlio  fiiove  and  gj'miiasiiim  near 
Athens  whoro  Plato  taut;lit;  tho  Academy;  fig- 
uratively, any  place  of  similar  character. 
The  sotttr  Adams  of  your  Acminne. 
,  TenitittKrn,  rrincess,  ii. 

Hence — 2.  [/.  c]  An  academy;  a  place  forphil- 
osoi)hic  and  literary  intcreoiirso  or  insti-uctiou. 
Nor  Imth  fair  Europe  her  vast  bounds  throughout 
An  aradetnc  of  note  1  founil  not  out.  Ilottxll. 

academial  (ak-a-de'mi-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
acalcmy;  academical.     Johnson.     [Baic.] 

academiant  (ak-a-de'mi-an),  Ji.  Amember  of  an 
academy  ;  a  student  in  a.  univer.sily  or  college. 

That  new-discarded  acadeinian. 

Maniton,  Scourge  of  Vill.,  ii.  G. 

academic  (ak-a-dem'ik),  a.  and  «.  [=F.  aca- 
r(<'wi«/«e  =  Sp.  Pg.  academico  =  lt.  accademico, 
<L.  acadcniicus,  <Gr.  'XKaSriuciKoi,  pertaining  to 
the  '\Ka6iijitta:  see  acadimij.']  I.  a.  1.  [cap.l 
Pertaining  to  the  Academy  of  Athens,  or  to 
Plato  and  liis  followers,  fi-om  Ids  having  taught 
there:  as,  tho  Academic  groves;  the  Academic 
school  or  philosophy. — 2.  Pertaining  to  an  ad- 
vanced institution  of  learning,  as  a  college,  a 
university,  or  an  academy;  relating  to  or  con- 
nected with  higher  education:  in  this  and  tho 
following  senses  often,  and  in  the  third  gener- 
ally, wTitten  academical :  as,  academic  studies; 
an  academical  degree. 

These  products  of  dreaming  indolence  ...  no  more 
constituted  a  literature  tlian  a  succession  of  academic 
studies  from  the  pupils  of  a  royal  institution  can  consti- 
tute a  school  of  fine  arts.  De  Quincei/,  Style,  iiL 

3.  Pertaining  to  that  department  of  a  college 
or  university  which  is  eoucerned  with  classi- 
cal, mathematical,  and  general  literary  studies, 
as  distinguished  from  the  professional  and  sci- 
entific departments;  designed  for  general  as 
opposed  to  special  instruction.  [U.  S.] — 4.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  an  academy  or  association  of 
adepts ;  marked  bj'  or  belonging  to  the  char- 
acter or  methods  of  such  an  academy;  hence, 
conforming  to  set  ndes  and  traditions ;  specu- 
lative; formal;  conventional:  as,  academical 
proceedings;  an acof7e»H'ca? controversy;  an«c- 
ademic  figure  (iu  art). 

The  tone  of  Lord  Chesterfield  has  always  been  the  tone 
of  our  old  aristocracy ;  a  tone  of  elegance  and  propriety, 
above  all  things  free  from  the  stiffness  of  pedantry  or  aca- 
demic rigor.  De  Qidixcey,  Style,  i. 

For  the  question  is  no  longer  the  academic  one  :  "  Is  it 
wise  to  give  every  man  tlxe  ballot?"  but  rather  the  prac- 
tical one  :  "  Is  it  prudent  to  deprive  whole  classes  of  it 
any  longer?'"  Lowell,  Democracy. 

Figure  of  academic  proportions,  in  i>ainiing,  a  figure 
of  a  little  less  than  half  the  natural  size,  such  as  it  is  the 
custom  for  pupils  to  draw  from  the  antique  and  from  life  ; 
also,  a  figure  in  an  attitude  resembling  those  chosen  by 
instructors  in  studies  from  life,  for  the  purpose  of  display- 
ing muscular  action,  form,  and  color  to  the  best  advan- 
tage ;  heuce,  an  academic  figure,  compontion,  etc.,  is  one 
which  appears  conventiona'l  or  unspontaneous.  and  snu-ieks 
of  ])ractiee-work  or  adherence  to  formulas  and  traditions. 

II,  JI.  1.  [ca2>.'\  One  who  professed  to  atlhere 
to  tho  philosophy  of  Plato. —  2.  A  student  in  a 
college  or  university:  as,  "a  young  academic," 
Watts,  Imp.  of  Mind. 
academical  (ak-a-dem'i-kal),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Same  as  academic,  but  very  rare  in  sense  1. 

II.  «.  1.  A  member  of  an  academy. —  2.  pi. 
In  Great  Britain,  tho  cap  and  gown  worn  by 
the  officers  and  students  of  a  school  or  college. 

At  first  he  caught  up  his  cap  and  gown,  as  though  he 
were  going  out  ...  On  second  thoughts,  however,  he 
threw  his  academical  back  on  to  the  sofa. 

3'.  Uxighen,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  xix. 

academically  (ak-a-dcm'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
ucademieal  manner;  as  an  academic. 

academician  (a-kad-e-mish'an),  K.  [<  F.  acadc- 
viicicn,  <  NL.  "acadcmicianuii,<.h.  academicus : 
see  academic.']  A  member  of  an  academy  or  a 
society  for  promoting  arts  and  sciences.  Par- 
tienlarly  —  {a)  \  member  of  the  British  Royal  .\cadeniy  of 
Arts:  commonly  called  liogal  -Ic«(/e»rtiVirtH.  and  abbrevi- 
ated A.  .4.  (!<)  A  member  of  the  tYcnch  Academy,  (i)  A 
full  member  of  the  -National  Academy  of  Design  of  New 
York.  (■/)  A  member  of  the  Niitioiial  Academy  of  Sciences. 
H'.  S.l     See  annttciatc,  4,  and  academti,  3. 

academicism  (ak-a-dem'i-sizm),  n.  The  mode 
of  tiaclnngor  of  procedure  iu  an  academy;  an 
academical  mannerism,  as  of  painting. 

Academics  (ak-a-dem'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  academic.'} 
Tlic  Platonic  philosophy;  Platonism. 

Academism  (a-kad'e-mizm),  n.  The  doctrines 
of  tlic  Academic  philosophers;  Platonism. 

academist  (a-kad'e-mist),  n.  [<  acadcmij  +  -i.it ; 
=  V.  acudemisle,  academist,  =  It.  accademista  = 
Pg.  academista,  a  pupU  in  a  riding-school.]     1. 


28 

[cap.']  An  Academic  philosopher. —  2.  Amem- 
ber of  or  a  student  in  an  academy. 
academy  (a-kad'e-mi),  «. ;  pi.  academics  (-miz). 
[<F.  academic  ='iii^.  Pg.  academia  =  It.  acea- 
demin,  <  L.  academiii,  sometimes  academla,  <  Gr. 
L\K5<!i///fM,  less  properly  '.\Kaihifiin,  a  plot  of 
ground  in  tlio  suburbs  of  Athens,  <  'AKa6!//jor, 
L.  Jc«rft»(H.s-,  a  reputed  hero  (feof).]  1.  [cap.] 
Originally,  a  pubUc  pleasure-ground  of  Athens, 
consecrated  to  Athene  and  other  deities,  con- 
taining a  grove  and  g>^nnasium,  where  Plato 
and  his  foflowers  held  their  philosophical  con- 
ferences; hence,  Plato  and  his  followers  col- 
lectively; the  members  of  the  school  of  Plato. 
Tlie  Ai-adi'iioi,  which  lasted  from  Plato  to  Cicero,  consisted 
of  several  distinct  schools.  Their  number  is  variously 
given.  Cicero  recognized  only  two,  the  old  and  the  new 
Academies,  and  this  division  has  been  generally  .adopted; 
others,  however,  distinguish  as  many  as  five  Academies. 

Had  the  poor  vulgar  rout  only  been  abused  into  such 
idolatrous  superstitions,  as  to  adore  a  marble  or  a  golden 
deity,  it  might  not  so  much  be  wondered  at ;  but  for  the 
Academy  to  own  such  a  paradox, —  this  was  without  ex- 
cuse. South,  Sermons,  II.  245. 

2.  A  superior  school  or  institution  of  learning. 
Specifically — (a)  A  scho,d  for  instruction  in  a  particular 
art  or  science:  as,  a  military  or  naval  academy,  (h)  In 
the  Inited  States,  a  school  or  seminary  holding  a  rank 
between  a  university  or  college  and  an  elementary  sehoul. 

3.  An  association  of  adepts  for  the  promotion 
of  literature,  science,  or  art,  established  some- 
times by  government,  and  sometimes  by  the 
voluntary  imion  of  private  indiN-iduals.  The  mem- 
bers (academicians),  who  are  usually  divided  into  ordinary, 
honorary,  and  cun'esponding  members,  eitlier  select  their 
own  departments  or  follow  those  prescribed  by  the  consti- 
tuti(ui  of  the  society,  and  at  regular  meetings  c»  mnnunicate 
the  results  of  tlieir  labors  in  papers,  of  which  the  more  im- 
portant are  afterward  printed.  Among  the  most  noted  in- 
stitutions of  this  name  are  the  five  academies  composing 
the  National  Institute  of  France  (the  French  Academy,  the 
Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  lielles-Lettres,  the  Academy 
of  the  Fine  -\rts,  the  -Academy  of  Moral  and  Political  Sci- 
ences, and  the  Academy  of  Sciences),  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Arts  in  London,  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Berlin,  the  Im- 
perial Academy  of  Sciences  of  St.  Petersburg,  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences  in  Washington,  etc.  The  chief  object 
of  the  French  Academy,  as  also  of  the  celebrated  Italian 
Academy  delta  Crusca  and  of  the  Sp.anish  Academy,  is  to 
regulate  and  purify  the  vernacular  toneue. — Academy 
board,  a  paper  board,  the  surface  of  which  i^  jircpared 
for  drawing  or  painting. — Academy  figure,  academy 
study,  an  academic  study;  a  drawing  or  painting  of 
the  human  figure,  especially  of  the  nude,  made  for  prac- 
tice only.  See  figure  of  academic  proportions,  under  ctca- 
demir. 

acadialite  (a-ka'di-al-it),  n.  [<  Acadia  (see  Aca^ 
di(in)  +  -lite  for  -lith,  <  Gr.  liOoc,  stone.]  In  min- 
eral., a  variety  of  chabazite  (which  see),  usually 
of  a  reddish  color,  found  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Acadian  (a-ka'di-an),  a.  and  it.  [<  Acadia,  Lat- 
inized fonn  of  .icadic,  the  F.  name  of  Nova 
Scotia.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Acadia 
or  Nova  Scotia — Acadian  fauna,  in  zoogeog.,  the  as- 
semblage of  animals  ur  the  sum  of  the  animal  life  of  the 
co-ast- waters  of  North  .\merica  from  Labrador  to  Cape  Cod. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Acadia 
or  Nova  Scotia ;  specifically,  one  of  the  original 
French  settlers  of  Acadia,  or  of  the  descendants 
of  those  who  were  exjielled  in  a  body  by  the 
English  in  1755,  many  of  whom  formed  com- 
munities in  Louisiana,  then  a  French  colony, 
and  have  retained  the  name. 

acajou^  (ak'a-zho),  n.  [<  F.  acajou.  It.  acaijiu, 
Pg.  acajti,  Sp.  acai/niha,  also  caolxt,  caohaua,  ma- 
hogany; prob.  S.  Amer.]  A  kind  of  mahogany, 
the  wood  of  Cedrela  fi.isili.s :  also  applied  to  the 
true  mahogany  and  other  similar  woods.  See 
mahoiiainj. 

acajou-  (ak'a-zho),  «.  [Cf.  F.  noix  d'aeajou, 
the  cashew-nut,  acajou  a  pommes,  the  cashew- 
tree;  confused  with  acajou^,  but  a  different 
word,  E.  prop,  cashew:  see  cashew^.]  1.  The 
fruit  of  the  tree  Anacaidium  occidcntale.  See 
cashew-nut,  cashew-tree. —  2.  A  gum  or  resin  ex- 
tracted from  the  bark  of  Anaeurdium  occidcn- 
tale. 

acaleph  (ak'a-lef),  H.  One  of  the  Acalepha  or 
sea-nettles.     Also  spelled  acalcphc. 


Acaleplis. 

I  Khisoitoma  cuvieri. 


a.  Medusa  pfltucens. 


Acalepha  (ak-a-le'fii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  ncut.  pi.  of 
*(!C(itejihny,  adj.,  <  Gr.  hm'/.ijori,  a  nettle,  a  sea- 
nettle.  Cf.  Acalcph(c.]  In  Cu\-ier's  system  of 
classification,  the   third  class  of  Radio  ta,   a 


acanthaceous 

heterogeneous  group  now  broken  up  or  retained 
in  a  much  modified  and  restricted  sense.  See 
Acalephw.  The  leading  genera  of  Cuvierian  acalephs 
were  MeduMa,  Cyanea,  Wtizoxtmna,  Antoma,  lieroe,  and 
Centum,  composing  the  AcaUpha  xiuiplicia.  with  J'fiytialia, 
J'hyKophora,  and  Diphyeit,  constituting  the  Acalepha  hy- 
droxtatiea. 

Acalephse  (ak-.i-16'fe),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (sing,  aca- 
t<]ih(i),<(JT.  ana/.i/ipi/,  a  nettle,  also  a  mollusk 
( L'rtica  marina)  which  stings  like  a  nettle.] 
A  name  given  to  a  largo  number  of  marine 
animals  included  in  tho  subkingdom  Cwlentc- 
rata,  and  represented  chiefly  by  the  Medu-fidm 
and  their  allies,  in  popidar  language  known  as 
sea-nettles,  sea-blubbers,  jelly-lLsii,  etc.  other 
forms  once  included  under  it  are  the  IJixcoidiora  and  Luccr- 
iiarida  (both  in  class  IIydro:oa),  and  the  Vtennj.hora  (in 
cla-ss  Actinozoa).  The  most  typical  of  the  Acate^hte,  the 
MedUAidcp,  are  gelatinous,  free-sw  imming  animals.  c4Uisist- 
ingof  an  umbrella-shaped  disk  containing  canals  which  ra- 
diate from  the  center,  whence  hangs  the  digestive  cavity. 
All  have  thread-cells  r)r  urticating  organs  (.see  nemntitjihore) 
which  discharge  minute  barbed  structures,  irritating  the 
skin  like  the  sting  of  a  nettle ;  hence  the  name  of  the  group. 

acalephan  (ak-a-le'fan),  a.  and  n.     I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  AcaUpiue. 
II.  n.  An  acaleph. 

acalephe  (ak'a-lef),  n.     See  acaleph. 

acalephoid  (ak-a-le'foid),  a.  [<Gt.  aKa7iii^,2i 
sea-nettle,  +  fiiiof,  form.]  Like  an  acaleph  or 
a  medusa.    [Less  common  than  medwioid.] 

acalycal  (a-kal'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -f-  Ka>.v^, 
caly-\,  -1-  -o^]  In  bot.,  inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle without  adhesion  to  the  calyx :  said  of 
stamens. 

acalycine  (a-kal'i-sin),  a.  [< Gr.  a-priv. -t-  xd/if, 
L.  cali/j;  a  cup, -f-inel:  see  caV^x.]  In  bot., 
without  a  calyx. 

acalycinous  (ak-a-lis'i-nus),  a.  Same  as  acaly- 
cine 

acalyculate  (ak-a-lik'ii-lat),  a.  [<Gr.  o- priv. 
-I-  NL.  cabjculus  -f  -nie^.]  In  bot.,  ha%'ing  no 
calycuhis  or  accessory  call's.     N.  E.  D. 

Acalyptratae  (ak'a-Up-tra'te),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<Gr.  a-  priv.  +  NL.  Cali/ptratw,  q.  v.]  A  sec- 
tion of  dipterous  insects  or  flies,  of  the  family 
Muscidw,  which,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Anthomijida;  are  characterized  by  the  absence 
or  rudimentary  condition  of  the  tegulsB  or 
membranous  scales  above  the  halteres  or  pois- 
ing-wings,  whence  the  name  :  contrasted  with 
Cahqjtrata'. 

acampsia  (a-kamp'si-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKaprfiia, 
infiexibiLity,  <  aKnu-rog,  unbent,  rigid,  <  a-  priv. 
-I-  Ka/i77T6c,  bent.]  Inflexibility  of  a  joint.  See 
aiil:>/losis. 

acampsy  (a-kamp'si),  H.     Same  as  acampsia. 

acanaceOUS  (ak-a-na'shius),  «.     [<  L.  acan-o.i, 

<  Gr.  aKai-o(,  a  prickly  shrub  (<  a<c;/,  a  point; 
cf .  a/crf,  a  point,  prickle),  -t-  -accous.]  Li  bot., 
armed  with  prickles :  said  of  some  rigid  prickly 
plants,  as  the  pineapple. 

a  candelliere  (ii  kiin-del-li-a're).  [It.:  a,  to, 
with;  candelliere  =  'E.  chandelier.]  In  the  style 
of  a  candlestick:  said  of  arabesques  of  sym- 
metrical form,  ha'ving  an  upright  central  stem 
or  shaft. 

Acanonia(ak-a-n6'ni-a),  n.  [NL.;  afuUerform 
Acanalonia  occurs ;  formation  uncertain.]  The 
tj'pieal  genus  of  the  subfamily  Acanoniida. 

Acanoniida  (ak  a-no-ni'i-dii),  H.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Acanonin  +  -ida.]  In  entom..  one  of  the  thir- 
teen subfamilies  into  which  the  family  Fuhjori- 
d(c  (which  see)  has  been  dirided.  [The  regular 
fonn  of  the  word  as  a  subfamily-name  would 
be  Acanoniinw.] 

acantha  (a-kan'tha),  «.;  pi.  acantha:  (-the). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  uKm-Oa,  a  prickle,  thorn,  spine,  a 
prickly  plant,  a  thorny  tree,  the  spine  (of  fish, 
serpents,  men),  one  of  the  spinous  processes 
of  the  vertcbne,  <  oKij,  a  point.  Cf.  Acanthus.'] 
1.  In  bot.,  a  prickle. — 2.  In  zool.,  a  spine  or 
pricklyfin. — 3.  laanat.:  (n)  One  of  the  spinous 
processes  of  the  vertebra?,  (b)  The  vertebral 
column  as  a  whole. —  4.  [cap.]  In  entom.,  a 
genus  of  coleopterous  insects. 

acanthabole,    acanthabolus    (a-kan'tha-bol, 

ak-an-thab'o-lus),  «. ;  pi.  acanthaboles,  acdntha- 
liiili  (-bolz,  -li).     Same  as  acanthobolus. 

Acantbaceae  (ak-an-thii'se-e),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
<.  Acanthus  +  -flocir.]  A  large  natural  order 
of  gamopetalous  plants,  allied  to  the  Scrophu- 
lariacca'.  They  are  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  with  oppo- 
site leaves,  in-egular  tlowers,  and  two  or  four  stamens,  and 
are  of  little  economic  value.  Several  genera  (Juslicia, 
Apfirtamlra,  Thunhergia,  etc.)  are  veo'  ornamental  and 
are  frc<iuent  in  cultivation. 

acanthaceous  (ak-an-thil'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  <jo- 
(inthnccus :  see  acantha  and-aceous.]  1.  Anued 
with  prickles,  as  a  plant. — 2.  Belonging  to  the 
order  Acanthacea: ;  of  the  type  of  the  acanthus. 


acanthae 

acanthse,  "■     riuriU  o{  aranHia. 

Acantharia  (ak-uii-tha'ii-a),  u.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ahinila,  a  tliorii,  sj)ine.]  An  order  of  radiola- 
rians.     Scr  HiidiDltiria. 

acantharian  (ak-an-tha'ri-an),  rt.  and  «.    I.  <t. 
t)f  or  portaiiiiiiK  to  tho  AcdiitUiiria. 
II.  n.  Uuo  of  tho  Amiithiiriii. 

Acanthia  (a-kau'thi-ji),  ".  [NL.,  <  Gr.  annvOa,  a 
spiuc,  thoni.]  A  gciius  of  hctcroptorous  lio- 
mipterous  insects.  I'dhnciiis.  The  iinmc  is  used  by 
s<mie  as  synnriymous  with  Salila,  iiy  others  with  Cittwx. 

Acanthias  (a-kau'tlii-as),  n.  [NL.,<Or.  anav- 
Ihai;,  a  kind  of  sliark,  prob.  Squalus  aciuitlii/i.i, 
<  amvlta,  a  tliorn,  pricklo.]  A  genus  of  sharks, 
containing  such  as  tlie  dogfish,  A.  vulgaris,  typo 
of  the  family  Acmitliiiiiw. 

acanthichthyosis  (ak-an-tliik-thi-6'sis),  w. 

[Is'L.,  <  Gr.  uKiivlla,  thorn,  spine,  +  'ix^''Ct  a  lish, 
+  -<w/.'(.]  In  patlitil.,  spinous  fish-sMn  disease. 
See  ichtlii/dxis. 

Acanthlidael  (ak-an-thi'i-de),  n.  ph  [NL.,  < 
Araiitliin  +  -(>?«■.]  In  entom.,  a  family  of  het- 
eropterous  insects,  taking  name  from  the  genus 
Acanthia.     Also  written  Acanthidw. 

Acanthiidse^  (ak-an-thi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Acanthias  +  -iiUv.}  In  ichtli.,  a  family  of  .sela- 
chians, taking  name  from  the  genus  Acanthias. 
Also  written  .ic.nitliidtp,  Acantliiada'. 

acanthine  (a-kan'thin),  a.  and  «.  [<L.  acan- 
thiniis,  <  Ur.  uKavthvo;,  thorny,  made  of  aean- 
tha-wood,  <  aKUvdog,  brankursine,  <  anavOa,  a 
thorn:  s&o  acantha,  Acanthns.']  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  plants  of  tho  genus 
Acanthus. —  2.  In  arch.,  ornamented  with  aean- 
thus-leavos. 

II.  n.  In  arch.,  a  fillet  or  other  molding  orna- 
mented with  the  acanthus-leaf.  Buchanan, 
Diet.  Soi.     See  cut  under -JtY(H(7j«s. 

Acanthis  (a-kan'this),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anavBi^, 
the  goldfinch  or  the  linnet,  <  aKavda,  a  thorn,  a 
thistle.]  1.  A  genus  of  fringilline  bii'ds,  con- 
taining the  linnets  or  siskins,  tho  goldfinches, 
and  also  tho  redpolls.  Ilcehstcin,  1803.  [Now 
little  used.] — 2.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks. 
.Sirrcs,  ISIG. 

Acanthisittidas  (a-kan-thi-sit'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
(.Acanthisitta,  the  typical  genus  (<Gr.  aKavtii^, 
the  goldfinch  or  the  linnet,  +  airr?/,  the  nut- 
hatch, Silta  curopa'a),  +  -idw.']  Same  as  Xcni- 
ci(hf. 

acanthite  (a-kan'thit),  n.  [<Gr.GKavSa,athom, 
-1-  -(7t'2.]  A  mineral,  a  sulphid  of  silver  hav- 
ing the  same  composition  as  argentite,  but  dif- 
fering in  crystalline  form :  found  at  Freiberg, 
Saxony. 

acantho-.  The  combining  form  of  Greek  anavBa, 
thorn,  meaning  "thorn"  or  "thomy." 

acanthobolus  (ak-an-thob'o-lus),  n.;  pi.  ncan- 
thoboli  (-li).  [NL.,  less  correctly  acanthabolns, 
eontr.  acanthalus ;  also  in  E.  and  F.form  acan- 
thobole,  less  correetty  acanthaJjole ;  <Gr.  (wavBo- 
poAoQ,  a  surgical  instrument  for  extracting 
bones,  also  lit.,  as  adj.,  shooting  thorns,  prick- 
ing, <  aKavda,  a  thorn,  spine,  +  liaX/xLv,  throw.] 
An  instrument  used  for  extracting  splinters 
from  a  wound.     Fonnerly  called  volseUa. 

Acanthobranclliata(a-kan"th6-brang-ki-a'ta), 
n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oKavHn,  thorn,  spine,  +  jipd}x"'t 
L.  branchiw,  gills,  +  -ata.]  A  suborder  of  uu- 
dibranchiate  gas- 
tropods with  spi- 
cules in  tlie  bases 
of  the  branchial 
tentacles.  It  in- 
cludes the  fami- 
lies Dorididw 
and  Poli/ceridw 
(which  see).  M. 
iSars. 

acanthocarpous 

(a-kan-tlio-kiir'- 
yus),  o.  [<  Gr. 
aaaiva,  a  thorn,  + 
Kap776(,  fruit.]  In 
hot.,  having  the 
fruit  covered 
with  spines.  _^ 

ACantUOCepnala  Echinorhjrnchus  of  the  Flounder,  illustrat- 
(a  -  kan  -  t  hO-wef  '-  >ne  Acanthccfphala. 

n   lii^     >}     >i/     rMT  ^'  •liatrraiiiiiiatic  representation  of  the 

irMr/t  "'J"*  L-^^^-1  structure:  (T,  prolioscis:  /*,  its  stem  ;  c.  an- 
neut.  pi.  oi  acan-  tenor  enlarBcment  of  the  body:/,  necl:.  or 
ji  I     ,  constriction  between  the  foreffoiiii;  and  J, 

thncephalns:  see  the  rest  of  the  body:  r,  postSnor  foimel: 
acnnthoCCnha-  ?•  '""niscus:  a.  superior  oWiquc  tubular 
.  Til         bands;  *.  infenor  muscles  of  proboscis ;  /, 

(0»,s'.J  An  order  wt.  genitalia  ;  c.  penis  or  vulva,  if.  lower 
of  wnmi-like  ;,,.  extremityofstemof  the  proboscis:  (r,  yan- 
Ul  nOim-lUvO  in-  gii„„.  «.  vascular  space ;  c.  inner  wain  ./. 
ternal      parasites  oulercoat:  ^.tubularband.withthcnerve: 

orentozoa,  which  ^elSX^"'"  '"°'^'  '■  '"=p"'^"»"'  <" 


29 

have  neither  mouth  nor  alimentary  canal,  but 
have  recurved  hooks  on  a  retractile  proboscis 
at  the  anterior  end  of  the  body,  by  which  they 
attach  themselves  to  tho  tissues  of  animals. 
Tllese  euttJZoans  lielon^  to  tlie  eUlss  .W'miilitinintita.  The 
embryos  are  grei^arina-iike,  ami  Incorin;  etirysted  as  in  CV^- 
tiiila,  in  whieli  state  they  are  s\v:illuvved  by  various  ani- 
niiils,  in  the  bodies  of  whieli  tlley  are  developed.  A  spe- 
eies  occurs  in  the  liver  of  the  cat,  and  another  in  the  ali- 
mentary canal  of  the  hoj;.  There  arc  aliout  100  species, 
all  referable  to  the  family  Kdiinorhynchultx. 

The  Amnthocepkala  undoubtedly  present  certain  resem- 
blances to  the  Nematoidea,  ami  more  i)articularly  to  the 
(Joriliacea,  but  the  fumlamental  tlitlerences  in  the  struc- 
ture of  the  muscular  ami  nervous  systems,  and  in  that  of 
the  repi-oduetive  oryans,  arc  so  fo'eat  that  it  is  impossible 
to  reKiirii  them  as  Ncmatoitis  wliieh  have  undergone  a  re- 
trogressive metamorphosis. 

Iluxtei/,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  r».^>3. 

acanthocephalan  (a-kan-tho-sef 'a-lan),  n.  One 

of  tlii^  ,lcnntlK)r<phal(l. 

Acanthocephali  (a-kan-tho-sef 'a-li),  n.  pi. 
Same  as  .Icanthortphala. 

Acanthocephalina  (a-kan-tho-sef-a-li'nii),  n. 
pi.  [Kij. ,<  Aranthocei)halus  +  -ina.']  A  divi- 
sion of  hemipterous  insects,  of  the  superfamily 
Corcdidca. 

acanthOcephalOUS  (a-kan-tho-scf'a-lus),  a. 
[<  NL.  acanthoccjihatus,  <  Gr.  anavOa,  a  spine, + 
Ke(pa?.i/,  the  head.]  1.  Having  spines  on  the 
head. — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  Acanthoccphala. 

Acanthocephalus  (a-kan-tho-sef'a-lus),  n. 
[NL. :  see  acanthocephalous.]  In  cntom.,  the 
typical  genus  of  the  Acanthocephalina  (which 
see).  A.  dedivU  is  a  large  bug  of  the  extreme  southern 
United  States ;  A.  arcuata  is  another  example  of  this 
genus. 

acanthocladous  (ak-an-thok'la-dus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
anavOa,  a  spine,  +  a'Aaihi;,  a  shoot,  branch.]  In 
hot.,  Iiaving  spiny  branches. 

acanthoclinid  (ak-an-thok'li-nid),  n.  [<  Acan- 
thocliniilir.^    One  of  the  Acanthoclinidw. 

Acanthoclinidaa  (a-kan-tho-klin'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <.  .tcanthoclinus  +-14^.1  In  Giinthei-'s 
system  of  classification,  a  family  of  blenniiform 
acanthopterygian  fishes,  having  numerous  anal 
spines.  Only  one  genus,  Acanthodhiun,  is  known ;  it  is 
peculiar  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  the  typical  species,  A.  lit- 
ton'ii.^,  being  found  in  New  Zealand. 

AcanthoclinUS  (a-kan-tho-kli'nus),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  amvOa,  a  spine,  +  NL.  clinns,  a  blennioid 
fish :  see  Clinv.s.']  A  genus  of  fishes  rejiresent- 
ing  the  family  Acanthoclinidw  (which  see). 
Jenyns,  1842. 


Acantkoclinjts  litcoreus.    [  From  "  Zoology  of  the  Beagle." ) 

acanthodean  (ak-an-tho'de-an),  a.  Having  the 
character  of  or  pertaining  to  Acatithodcs:  as, 
the  acanthodean  family  of  fishes;  acanthodean 
scales.     Efjerton,  18G1. 

Acanthodei  (ak-an-tho'de-i),  H.;*7.  [NL. :  see 
Acantliodcs.']  The  name  originally  given  by 
Agassiz  to  the  famil.vJ<"a«W(y(//(/a' (which  see). 

Acanthodes  (ak-an-tho'dez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
QMii'0(jfV/f,  thoniy,  spinous,  <  iimvOa,  thorn, 
spine,  +  frdof,  fonn.]  1.  The  representative 
genus  of  the  family  Acanthodida:  Agassi::, 
1833. —  2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans. — 3.  A  genus 
of  coleopterous  insects. — 4.  A  genus  of  zoan- 
tharian  jioh-jis.     I)ijhowsl-i,  1873. 

Acanthodidse  (ak-an-thod'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<.  Acanthodes  + -idee.']  A  family  of  extinct 
fishes  of  the  order  Acanthodoidca,  typified  by 
the  genus  Acanthodes.  They  hail  a  compressed 
claviform  body,  posterior  dorsal  fins  nearly  opposite  to 
the  anus,  prolonged  upper  tail-lobe,  and  well-developed 
spines  in  front  of  the  fins.  The  only  species  known  are 
from  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  formations.  Also 
xised  by  Huxley  as  a  subordinal  name  for  the  Acantho- 

Acanthodini   (a-kan-tho-di'ni),  it.  pi.      [NL., 

(.Acantliinles  + -int.']  An  order  of  fossil  ganoids 
of  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  periods, 
connecting  the  ganoids  and  selachians,  having 
a  cartilaginous  skeleton,  heterocereal  tail,  small 
rhomboidal  scales,  and  a  fulcrum  before  each 
fin.  It  includes  such  genera  as  Acanthodes, 
Chiracaiithiis.  THidacanthns.  etc. 
Acanthodoidea  (a-kan-tho-doi'de-a),  V.  pi. 
[NL.,  <.  .Icanthodes  +  -oidea.l  An  ortjer  of  ex- 
tinct fishes  of  the  ganoid  series,  with  a  cartilagi- 
nous skeleton,  heterocereal  caudal  fin. shagreen- 
like  scales,  no  operctJar  bones,  and  tho  external 


acanthopliorons 

rays  of  tho  pectoral  and  ventral  fins  developed 
as  spines.     The  chief  family  is  Acanthodida;. 

Acanthoganoidei  (a-kan"th6-ga-uoi'de-i),  n. 
jft.  [NL..  <  (ir.  unavOa,  spiue,  +  ;«»")';,  luster, 
+  tidoc,  fonn:  see  fianoid.']  A  superorder  of 
extinct  paleozoic  fishes,  consisting  only  of  tho 
order  Acanthodoidca. 

Acanthoglossus  (a-kan-tho-glos'us),  «.  [NL., 
< Gr.  tii^ai'Oa,  a  thorn,  H-  '^'Aunaa,  a  tongue.]  A 
genus  of  aculeated  monotrematous  ant-eaters 
of  the  family  Tachj/t/lossida:  it  dilfers  from  Taehy- 
iflonxun  in  the  vertcliral  formula  (which  is  cervical  7,  dorsal 
17,  lumbar  4,  sacral  :i,  ciimlal  12),  in  having  ungual  pha- 
langes and  claws  c»nly  on  the  three  middle  iligits  of  each 
foot,  in  the  much-lciii-'tbcned  ami  deenrved  snout.  :ind  ia 
the  spatlilate  tnngur  with  tliree  rows  (»f  rt-ciirvcd  spines. 
The  type  and  only  species  is  A.  bruijni,  lately  iliscuveretl 
in  New  Cuinca.  The  generic  name  is  anteilateil  by  Za- 
<ftosviii,-  of  Hill.     (iirmi.i,  1S77. 

acanthoid  (a-kan'thoid),  a.    [<.acantha,  spine, 

+ -iiid.     ('(.  .icanthodes.']     Spiny;  spinous. 

Acanthoidea  (aU-an-thoi'de-ji),  n.  pi.  [NL. : 
see  acanthoid  and  Acanthodes.]  In  conch.,  regu- 
lar Chitonidtc,  with  insertion-plates  sharp  and 
gi-ooved  externally,  eaves  fun-owed  beneath, 
and  mucro  posteriorly  extended.    Dall. 

acanthological  (a-kan-tho-loj'i-kal),  a.  [< 
"acantlioloijij,  <  Gr.  mavtia,  thorn,  spine,  +  '/.nyia : 
see  -oloytj^  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  study  of 
spines. 

acantholysis  (ak-an-thol'i-sis),  n.    [NL..  <  Gr. 

aiiuvtla,  thorn,  spine,  +  '/.vatr,  dissolution,  <  J.ifiv, 
loose.]  In  jiathol.,  atrophy  of  the  stratum  spi- 
nosum  (prickle-cells)  of  the  epidermis. 

acanthoma  (a-kan-tho'mii),  «. ;  pi.  acanthoma- 
ta  (-ma-tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anavOa,  thorn,  spine,  + 
-oma.  Ci.  acanthosis.]  In  ^)aW(o/.,  a  neoplasm 
or  tumor  of  tho  stratum  spinosum  of  tho  epiiler- 
mis,  which  invades  the  corium ;  a  skin-cancer. 

Acantbometra  (a-kan-tho-mct'rii),  n.  [NL., 
fern,  of  ueanthotnetrus:  sco  acantJtometrous.] 
1.  The  tj'pical  genus  of  the  Acantliomctrida:. 
Mailer,  1855. — 2.  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects. 

AcantnometraB(a-kan-th6-met'r6),«.j)/.  [NL., 
jil.  ot  Acanthometra.]  A  suborder  of  acantha- 
rian radiolarians,  whose  skeleton  is  composed 
merely  of  radial  spicules,  and  does  not  form  a 
fenestrated  shell.     Uacckcl. 

Acanthometrida  (a-kan-tho-met'ri-da),  M.  pi. 
[NL.,  <.  .leanthomctra  + -ida.]  In  Mivart's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  division  of  radiolarians 
having  a  well-developed  radial  skeleton,  tho 
rays  meeting  in  the  center  of  the  capsule,  and 
no  test  or  shell-covering. 

Acantbometridse  (a-kan-tho-met'ri-de),  n.pl. 
lNh.,<  Acanthomctra  +  -ida:]  A  family  of 
acantharians  having  tho  skeleton  composed  of 
20  radial  spicules,  regularl.v  an'anged  accord- 
ing to  J.  Miiller's  law  in  5  zones,  each  contain- 
ing 4  spicules.  It  consists  of  a  group  of  genera 
of  deep-sea  foi-ms.     Haeekel. 

acanthometrous  (a-kan-tho-met'rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
acantliometrus,  <  Gr.  aiiavOa,  a  thorn,  spine,  +  iii- 
Tpov,  measure.]  Pertaining  to  the  Acan  thonietrw. 

Acanthomys  (a-kan'tho-mis),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr. 
anavOa,  spine,  + /iif  =  E.  jko»,s"c.]  A  genus  of 
African  mui-ine  rodents,  having  the  fui-  mixed 
with  spines.     It.  P.  Lesson. 

Acanthophis  (a-kan'tho-fis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
uKavUa,  a  thorn,  +  ojjif,  a  serpent :  see  ophidian.] 
A  genus  of  venomous  serpents,  of  the  family 
Klapidcc.  They  are  of  small  size,  live  on  do*  land,  and 
feed  upon  frogs,  lizards,  and  other  small  animals.     The 


Death-adder  of  Australia  t^Acanthopkit  antaretica). 

tail  is  furnished  with  a  horny  spur  at  the  emi.  whence 
the  generic  name.  .\.  antarctica,  the  death-adder  of  .\U3- 
tralia,  h:es  long  immovable  fangs,  and  is  considered  the 
most  veiiuiiiinis  reptile  of  that  country. 
acantbophorous  (ak-an-thof 'o-ms),  a.  [<  Gr. 
iimfUoi^upuc,  liearing  spines  or  priekies,  <  oKavOa, 
a  spiue  or  prickle,  +  -cS<>/>or,  <  tpipeiv  =  E.  bcar^.] 
Ha\ing  or  jiroducing  spines  or  prickles.  Also 
spelled  acanthophvrous. 


AcanthopIiractsB 

Acanthophractae  (:i-l<an-th6-frak't6),  «•  p'- 
[Nlj.,  <(ir.i'i».«i(to,  n  thorn, +  ^paK-ur,  included, 
verbiil  adj.  of  i^puactiv,  fence  in,  inclose.]  A 
guliiirdcr  <il'  iicanUiiii'iiin  laiUcdarians,  having  a 
skeleton  of  '10  lailial  spicules  re^rularly  p-ouped 
aecordiuK  to  .J.  Miillers  law,  and  a  fenestrated 
or  solid  shell  around  the  central  capsule  formed 
by  connected  transverse  processes. 

acanthopod  (a-kan'tho-pod),  n.  and  n.  [(.Acan- 
tliiniifitii.\     I.  (t.  Having  spiny  feet. 

II.  ».  An  animal  with  spiny  feet ;  one  of  the 
Afinilhoptnid. 

Acanthopoda  (ak-an-thop'o-da.),  n.j>l.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  anaMi,  a  spine,  +  ^ohg  (-01!-)  =  E./oo/.] 
In  Latreille's  system  of  classification,  a  group 
of  clavicom  booties,  the  first  tribe  of  the  second 
section  of  Cl(n-ie<ir>ws,  with  broad  flattened  feet 
beset  outside  with  spines,  short  4-,ioiuted  tarsi, 
depressed  body,  dilated  prosternutn,  and  curved 
11-jointed  antenna;  longer  than  the  head.  The 
pi'iiuii  cun-L-spinids  to  the  lieuus  llclcroct^rus  of  Bosc. 
Tlicsc  iiistits  tiurrow  in  tlio  ^rinintl  iifiir  water. 

acanthoptere  (ak-an-thop'ter),  H.  [See  Jcan- 
tlHqiUri.^     One  of  the  Acantliopteri. 

Acanthopteri  (ak-an-thop'te-ri),  )i.j)/.  [NL., 
l>l.  oiacaiiiliopttriis:  see  acaiiiho2)tcrous.'\  Same 
jjis  Ac(VitJiiij)l<  ri/iiii  (b). 

acanthopterous  (ak-an-thop'te-ms),  a.  [<XL. 
acaiitliopterus,  <  G-r.  dnavOa,  a  spine,  +  -re/jui',  a 
wing,  =  E. /coYZ/c-r.]  1.  Spiny-winged,  as  the 
cassowary. —  2.  Having  spiny  fins ;  of  the  nature 
of  the  Acantliopteri  or  Acantbopterijgii ;  aean- 
thoptervtrious. —  3.  Having  spines :  as,  an  acaji- 
tU(,},l,  riiiis  liu. 

acanthopterygian  (a-k,an"thop-te-rij'i-an),  a. 
and  n.  I.  «.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Acan- 
thopterygU ;  having  tuo  characters  of  the  Acan- 
Ihoptcrygii. 

II.   «.   One  of  the  Acanthopterygii ;  a  fish 
■prith  spiny  fins. 

Acanthopterygii  (a-kan"thop-te-rij'i-i),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  pi.  of  ucanthoptcrygiiis :  see  acanthopte- 
rygious.']  A  large  group  of  fishes  to  which  vari- 
ous limits  and  values  have  been  assigned.  The 
name  was  introduced  into  systematic  iclithyolojo'  hy  AVil- 
lugldjy  and  Ray,  adopted  by  Artedi,  and  largely  used  by 
Bubsequent  naturalists,  (a)  In  Cuvier's  system  of  chissifl- 
cation,  the  first  order  of  fishes,  characterized  by  hard  spiny 
rays  in  the  doi-sal  fins,  as  tlie  common  perch,  bass,  and 
mackerel:  the  spiny-finned  fishes.  (^)  In  Giiuther's  system 
of  classification,  an  order  of  teleosts  with  part  of  the  l-ays 
of  the  dorsal,  anul,  and  ventral  fins  spiny,  and  the  lower 
pharyngeals  separate.  The  last  character  eliminates  the 
labrids  and  several  other  families  retaineil  by  Cuvier,  but 
by  Gunther  referred  to  a  special  order  Phanjngognathi. 
(c)  In  Gill's  system  of  classification,  a  suborder  of  Teleo- 
cepbali  with  ventrals  thoracic  or  jugular  (sometimes  sup- 
pressed), spines  Renerally  in  the  anterior  portion  of  the 
dorsal  and  anal  fins  and  to  the  outer  edges  of  the  ventrals, 
normal  symmetrical  head,  and  phar>nige.al  bones  either 
separate  or  united.  The  pediculate,  heiuibranchiate,  and 
opisthomous  fishes  are  excluded  as  different  ordei-s,  and 
t\yi  Pcrcesoces,  Ittieiinopten,  Discocephali,  Tt^nwiumi,  and 
Xeiwpterygii  as  special  suborders.  Even  thus  limited,  it 
comprises  more  species  than  any  other  suborder  or  order 
of  fislies.  The  perch,  bass,  porgy,  mackerel,  ami  swordflsh 
are  examples. 

acanthopterygious  (a-kan"thop-te-rij'i-us),  a. 
[<  NL.  acanthopterygius,  <  Gr.  oKaviia,  a  thorn,  a 
spine,  +  ir-cp'vyiov,  the  fin  of  a  fish,  dim.  of  nrf/inf , 
a  wing,  a  fin,  <  -K-epov,  a  wing,  =  E.  featlter.\ 
Having  the  characters  of  the  Acanthopterygii  or 
spiny-finned  fishes;  belonging  to  the  Acantko- 
plerygii ;  aeanthopterj'gian. 

Acantliorhini  (a-kan-i;h6-ri'ni),  n.  pi.  [<  Gr. 
oKaviia,  a  spine,  +  pi'c,  p.'i',  nose.]  An  ordinal 
name  suggested  by  Bonaparte,  1831,  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  Uoloccphala  (which  see). 

Acanthorhynchus  (a-kan-thO-ring'kus),  n. 
[NL.,<Gr.  uKai'Oa,  a  thorn,  + /n7;fof,  snout.]  1. 
A  genus  of  Axistralian  birds,  of  the  family 
Mcliphagida;  and  subfamily  Myzomelinw:  so 
called  from  their  slender  acute  bill.  The  spe- 
cies are  A.  tenuirostris  and  ^.  supcrciliosiis.  J. 
Gould,  1837. — 2.  Agenusof  helminths,  hicsinn, 
1850. 

acanthosis  (ak-an-tho'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiiav- 
Oa,  spine,  +  -osis.']  A  name  applied  to  any  dis- 
ease affecting  primarily  the  stratum  spinosum 
(prickle-cells)  of  the  epidermis. 

Acanthoteuthis  (a-kan-tho-tu'this),  n.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  anai-Uu,  a  thorn,  +  rei'ft'f ,  a  squid.]  A  genus 
of  fossil  eephalopods,  of  the  family  ISclemnitidce, 
characterized  by  the  almost  rudimentary  con- 
dition of  the  rostrum  and  the  large  pen-like 
form  of  the  proiistracum.  It  occurs  in  the  Triassic 
rocks,  and  i.^  notable  as  the  oldest  known  cephalopod  of 
the  dibrancbiate  i>r  acetjibuliferous  order. 

Acanthotheca  (a-kan-tho-the'kji),  n.})!.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  uKdvlkt,  a  thorn,  +  OiKij,  a  case.]  Same  as 
I'cntastomidca.    Also  written  Acunthotlicci. 

acanthOUS  (a-kan'thus),  a.  [<Gr.  anavda,  a 
si)iue :  see  acantha  and  -ohs.]    Spinous. 


30 

acanthnrid  (ak-an-thu'rid),  v.    A  fish  of  the 

family  Acanthtiridir. 
Acanthuridse  (ak-an-thu'ri-de),  M.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Acaiitliurun  +  -((^^.]  A  family  of  aeantho- 
pterygian  fishes  typified  by  tjie 
genus  AcaiilliiirtiM,  to  which  va- 
rious limit  s  have  been  ascribed. 
See  Tciilliidiila'. 
Acanthurus  (ak-an-th5'nis), 
)(.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iiiMvtla,  spine, 
+  oipd,  tail.]  1.  The  repre- 
sentative genus  of  the  fami- 
ly Acanthiiridw,  characterized 
by  spines  on 
the  sides 
of  the  tail, 
whence  the 
name.      The 

Leaf  of  Aennlhits 
spirmsus. 


1  Romaa  Architecture. 


species  are  nu- 
merous iu  the 
tropical  seas, 
and  are  popularly  known  as  doc- 
tors, surgeons,  surgeon-fishes,  bar- 
bers, etc.  Synonymous  with  Teu- 
this. 

2.  A  genus  of  reptiles.  Daii- 
diii. —  3.  A  genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects.  Kirhy,  l&'Si. 
Acanthus  (a-kan'thus),  n. 
[L.  (>  Sp.  It.  acanto  =  Pg. 
acantho  =  F.  acantlie),  <  Gr.  <.'!>" 
QKavOoc,  branlcursine,  also  a  'J^. 
thorny  Egyptian  tree,  <  okov- 
Oa,  a  thorn:   see   acantha.'] 

1.  In  hot.,  a  genus  of   tall 
herbaceous  plants  of  south- 
ern Europe  and  Africa,  nat- 
ural order  AcanthaCCm.    They  Acanthus,  inflorescence, 
have  large  spinosely  toothed  leaves, 

and  are  sometimes  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  their  beauti- 
ful foliage. 

2.  [I.  <•.]  The  common  name  of  plants  of  this 
genus. — 3.  In-o67.,  agenusof  crustaceans. — 

4.  [I.e.]  Inarch., 
a  characteristic 
ornament  derived 
from  or  resem- 
bling the  conven- 
tionalized foliage 
or  leaves  of  the 
acanthus,  used  in 
capitals  of  the  Corinthian  and  Composite  or- 
ders, and  in  Roman,  Byzantine,  medieval,  and 
Kenaissanco  arehitectiu'e  generally,  as  upon 
friezes,  cornices,  modillions,  etc. 
Acanthyllis  (ak-an-thil'is),  n.  [<L.  acanthyl- 
lift,  <  Gr.  (iKavdvl'/dr,  the  pendulous  titmouse, 
dim.  of  oKavdig,  the  goldfinch  or  linnet,  <  anavOc, 
a  thorn:  see  acantha.]  A  genus  of  American, 
Indian,  and  Australian  birds  of  the  swift  family, 
CijpacUda ;  the  spine-tailed  swifts,  now  usually 
referred  to  the  genus  Chcetura.  Usually  written 
Acanthylis.  Boic,  1826. 
acanticone,  acanticon  (a-kan'ti-kon,  -kon),  n. 

[<  Gr.  Qdv;,  a  point,  +  avri,  against,  +  kuvoc,  a 
cone.]  Avariety  of  epidote;  arendalite  (which 
see). 

a  cappella,  alia  cappella  (aoral'Ui  ka-pel'la). 
[II:. :  a  (L.  ad),  to,  according  to;  alia  (=a  la), 
to  the ;  cappeUa,  chui'ch,  chapel,  church  musi- 
cians: see  chax)el.]  In  the  style  of  church  or 
chapel  music.  Applied  to  compositions  .sung  without 
instrumental  accompaniment,  or  with  an  accompaniment 
in  miison  with  the  vocal  part :  as,  a  mass  a  cappdla. 

acapsular  (a-kap'su-liir),  a.  [<Gr.  a-  priv. + 
capsule]     Without  a  capsule. 

acardia  (a-kiir'di-a),  K.  [XL.:  see  acardius.] 
In  tcratol.,  absence  of  a  heart. 

acardiac  (a-kar'di-ak),  a.  [<  NL.  acardiacns, 
adj.,<Gr.  <i-  priv.  +  Aapoiai,<ic,<  ko/xJ/o,  the  heart: 
see  0-I8  and  cardiac]    Without  a  heart. 

acardiacus  (ak-ar-di'a-kus),  )(.;  pi.  acardiaci 
(-si).  [NL. :  see  acardiac]  In  tcratol.,  that 
parasitic  part  of  a  double  monster  in  which  the 
heart  is  absent  or  mdimentary.  Acardiacus  amor- 
ii/ii(.s  isa.sh.apeles3  mass  covered  with  skin.  Acardiicus 
actinnvv  has  a  head, "while  the  thorax  and  abdomen  are  ru- 
dimentary. In  acarifiociw  acciilialus  the  Iiead  is  lacking, 
the  thorax  rudimentary,  and  the  pelvis  and  posterior  limbs 
well  developed.  Acardinrtts  anc/'p:^  has  a  weU-developcd 
trunk  and  rudimentary  head,  limbs,  and  heart. 

acardius    (a-kiir'di-us),   »).;    pi.    acardii    (-i). 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  imap/iwc,  without  a  heart,  <  a-  priv. 

+  KapSia=Yj.  heart.]     Same  as  acardiacu.<i. 
acarian  (a-ka'ri-an),o.   [<,icanK,  (1.  v.]    Of  or 

pertaining  to  the  order  Acarida  ;  belonging  to 

or  resembling  the  genus  Acarus. 

In  some  cases  of  acne,  an  acarian  parasite,  called  by 
Owen  the  Demodcx  fuUiculoruni,  is  present  in  the  alfecled 
follicle.  £.  If.  Kichardson,  I>revent.  Med.,  p.  281. 


acatalectic 

acariasis  (ak-a-ri'ii-sis),  n.  [NL.,  (  Acarus  + 
-iV(.s).s.  ]    A  skln-diseaso  caused  by  an  acarian 

parasite. 

acaricide  (a-kai''i-sid),  n.  [<  Acarus  +  L.  -cida, 
a  killer,  <  cwdcrc,  kill.  Cf.  homicide,  parricide, 
niatricidi .]     A  substance  that  destroys  mites. 

acarid  (ak'a-rid),  ?i.  [<  Acarida.]  Uue  of  the 
.Icarida ;  a  mite. 

Acarida  (a-kar'i-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acarus 
+  -idd.]  An  order  of  the  class  Arachnida,  in- 
cluding those  insects,  as  the  mites,  ticks,  itch- 
insects,  etc.,  which  are  without  a  definite  line 
of  demarkation  between  the  unsegmented  ab- 
domen and  the  cephalothorax,  the  head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  appearing  united  in  one.  Tlicy 
are  with  or  without  eyes ;  the  mouth  is  either  suctorial  or 
ma-sticatory  :  the  respiration  is  either  tracheal  or  dermal ; 
and  the  legs  are  8  in  numlier  in  the  adult  and  0  in  the 
young,  being  in  some  cases  terminated  by  suckers,  in 
others  by  setfe.  There  are  several  families  of  Acarida, 
with  numerous  genera  and  species,  mostly  oviparous  and 
generally  parasitic,  but  many  are  founti  in  excremeuti- 
tiousor  decaying  animal  matter,  or  on  plants,  while  same 
are  marine  and  others  live  in  fresh  water.  Tliose  which 
live  on  plants  are  often  very  injurious  to  vegetation,  and 
frequently  form  a  kind  of  gall,  sometimes  resembling  a 
fungus  or  a  bird's  nest,  as  the  "  witch-knot "  of  the  birch, 
caused  by  members  of  the  genus  Phytoptus.  The  garden- 
mites  (Tronthtdula:),  including  the  harvest-tick  {Lcptus 
a(^(n?/i/H/^.^).  the  spider-mites  (6-'rt»it/.?rM/«'),  and  the  wood- 
mites  i'iri'xtlidLe)  live  mostly  upon  vegetation.  The  true 
ticks  ( I j-odi Jar)  attach  themselves  to  the  bodies  of  variotis 
animals:  the  water-mites 
{UiidrarachaUlix)  are,  at 
least  ill  part,  pai-asitic  up- 
on animals,  such  as  aqua- 
tic  insects,  mollusks,  and 
even  mammals.  The 
cheese-mite,  Acarus  do- 
m'iHticas,  is  typical  of  the 
family  Acarida:  and  of  the 
whole  order.  The  mange- 
mite,  Demodcx  /ollicnlo- 
rum,  tj-pe  of  the  family 
Dciaodicidce,  is  found  in 
the  sebaceous  follicles  of 
man,  as  well  .is  in  the  dog. 
The  itch-mite,  which  bur- 
rows into  the  skin,  is  the 
Sarcoptf:^  scabi^d,  tjpe  of 
the  family  Sarcoptidce. 
The  mites  and  ticks  are 
also  called  collectively 
Acjridea.  acanda}is, 
Acarina,  and  Moiiomero- 
somata.  See  cuts  under 
fnvr.viite,  itch. mile,  and 
liarr.'i^.tici: 

Acaridse  (a-kar'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acarus 
+  -/(/((■.]  A  family  of  the  order  Acarida  (which 
see),  including  tlie  time  mites,  as  the  cheese- 
mite,  Acarus  domesticus.  See  Acarus  and 
checsv-mite. 

acaridan  (a-kar'i-dan),  o.  and  n.     I.  a.  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  Acarida  or  Acaridw. 
II.  H.  One  of  the  Acarida. 

Acaridea  (ak-a-rid'e-a),  11.  pi 
+  -id-ca.]     Same  as  Acarida. 

Acarina  (ak-a-ri'nii),  H.  x)l. 
-inn.]     Same  as  Acarida. 

acarinosis  (a-kar-i-no'sis),  )i. 
+  -o.s(«.]     A  disease,  as  scabies,  produced  by 
the  presence  of  a  parasite  belonging  to  the 
Acarida,  or  mites. 

acaroid  (ak'a-roid),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  Joari(«, 
q.  v.,  -t-  -<)/(/.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Acarida;  resembling  the  mites;  mite-like. — 
Acaroid  gum,  a  red  resin  that  exutles  from  the  trunks  of 
tile  -Australian  grass-tree,  Xaiifhorrha'a  Iia^tili.-^,  and  other 
species.  Also  called  Botany  Bay  resin.— Aoasoii  resin. 
Same  as  acaroid  gum. 
H.   n.   One  of  the  Acarida  ;  a  mite. 

acarpelous  (a-kar'pe-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  o-  priv. 
+  carpel  +  -ous.]  In  bot.,  ha\Tng  no  carpels. 
.S;/(?.  -Sue.  Lex. 

acarpous  (a-kar'pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  anapiroi,  with- 
out fruit,  <  a-  priv.  +  napTrdr,  fruit:  see  carpel.] 
In  hilt.,  not  producing  fruit ;  sterile;  barren. 

Acarus  (ak'a-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ampi,  a  kind 
of  mite  bred  in  wax,  <  oKapijc,  short,  small,  tiny; 
prop,  of  hair,  too  short  to  be  cut,  <  c-  priv. 
-I-  Kcipeiv,  cut,  orig.  "cKiipew^E.  shear,  q.  v.] 
1.  The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Acaridw,  or 
true  mites. —  2.  [/.  c]  A  tick  or  mite,  without 
regard  to  its  genus.  [In  this  sense  it  may 
have  a  plural  form,  acari  (ak'a-ri).] 

The  acarus  (Myobia  coarctata)  of  the  mouse. 

Hujcleu,  Anat.  Invert-,  p.  331. 

acastt  (a-kasf),  r.  f.  [<  ME.  acasten,  akasten, 
pp.  acast,  akast,  throw  away,  cast  down,  <  a-l 
+  castcn,  cast:  see  cast^.]  To  cast  down;  cast 
off;  cast  away. 

acatalectic  (a-kat-a-lek'tik),  o.  and  ii.  [<  L. 
aculalictieus,  also  acataicetus,  <6r.  aKara'/.t/Kro^, 
not  stopping,  <  a-  priv.  +  'KarMi/KTOc,  KaTokTjKTi- 
Kiif,  leaving  off.  stopping:  see  catalectic]  I.  a. 
In  pros.,  not  halting  short;  complete;  having 


A  Tick  {Ixodes  ricinjis,  female),  il- 
lustrating structure  of  .-Icarida. 
a,  mandibular  booklets;  c.  hook- 
lets  of  sternal  surface  of  proboscis; 
fi,  d,  e,  fourth,  third,  ,^nd  second  joints 
of  tile  pa!p:y.  base  of  the  suctorial 
proboscis ;  s.  stigma ;  h,  genital 
aperture ;  i,  anal  valves. 


[NL. ,  <  Acarus 

[NL.,  <  Acarus  + 

[NL.,  <  Acarina 


acatalcctic 

the  completo  numlx'r  of  syllables  in  tho  last 
foot:  as,  an  ncatalitiic  verso. 

II.  II.  A  vt'isi'  uhii-h  lias  tho  complete  num- 
ber of  syllables  in  tlic  last  foot. 

acatalepsy  (a-kat'a-lcp-si),  n.  {(.Gt.  aKaTahpjiia, 
iucomiireliensibility,  <  arard/i^^nrof,  inoorapro- 
hensiblo,  <  «-  i)riv.  +  KaTa'At/irTo^,  comprehensi- 
ble, comprolionded,  seized:  see  calaliqisii.']  1. 
Incom]>l"(^hcnKibility.  A  wdi-d  much  used  (in  its 
tJrui-Ii  finiii)  l>y  tilt*  latiT  Acaili-iuirs  firi'l  SliL-pties  ((.'urneii- 
(ic8,  Aroesiljius,  etc.),  wlto  Iielil  tliiit  human  knuwluilue 
never  aniuunts  tn  certainty,  l>ut  only  to  proliability,  ami 
who  advocated  a  suspension  of  jud^jnicnt  ujton  all  ques- 
tions, even  upoii  the  doctrine  of  acatalepsy  its'.df. 
2.  Ill  mcil.,  uncertainty  in  tho  diagnosis  or 
prognosis  nf  diseases. 

acataleptic  (a-kat-a-lep'tik),  «.  and  )(.  [<Gr. 
<:ha7n/!i-r<i<:,  inc(>nipi-ehensil>le:  seo  ai'dlahjisi/.'] 
l.a.  Incomprehensible;  not  to  bo  known  with 
certainty. 

II.  K.  Ono  who  believes  tliat  wo  can  know 
nothing  with  certainty.     Seo  acatalcpsij. 
All  skeptics  :uid  ['yrrhonians  were  called  Acatalviiticx. 

FIcinittff. 

acataphasia  (a-kat-a-fa'zi-il),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(i-  priv.  -I-  KOTaipdmij  say  yes,  <  nara,  here  in- 
tensive, -f-  (pii-mi  —  L.  J(i-ri,  say,  speak.]  In 
puthoL,  faultiness  of  syntax  resulting  from  dis- 
ease, as  contrasted  with  the  faulty  use  of  indi- 
vidual words.     See  ajihiisid. 

acataposis  (a-ka-tap'o-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  Ka-uTTonir,  a  gulping  down,  deglutition, 

<  KaraTrivEiv,  gulp  down,  <  Mini,  down,  -f-  -irem, 
drink,  nunn;,  a  drink.]  In  palhol.,  difficulty  of 
swallowing;  dysphagia. 

acatet  (a-kiit'),  n.  [<  ME.  ncatt,  acat,  achate, 
(icliiit,  <  OF.  iiciil,  assibilated  achat,  purchase, 
mod.  F.  acliat  (ML.  acaptum,  *accaptum),  <  OF. 
aeatcr,  achatcr,  mod.  F.  aclictcr,  buy,  pui-ehase, 

<  ML.  accaptarc,  buy,  acquire,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -t- 
cnptare,  take,  seize.  Cf.  accept,  of  the  same 
origin.  Later  shortened  to  eate,cates.']  1.  A 
buying,  purchasing,  or  purchase.  Chaucer. — 
2.  [Usually  in  pi.]  Things  purchased;  espe- 
cially, xiurehased  viands  or  pro\-isions,  as  op- 
posed to  those  of  home  ])roduction ;  hence, 
especially,  dainties,  delicacies.     Later,  cates. 

Tout  estat  est  vUimle  aujc  vers,  all  states  are  wornies 
acatcs.  Coti/rave  (under  Vcr). 

Setting  before  him  variety  of  acates,  and  those  excel- 
lently dressed.  Shetton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv.  23. 

acatert  (a-ka'ter),  n.  [<  ME.  acatour,  aehatom; 
-ur,  <  OF.  acatcor,  later  achatour,  mod.  F.  achc- 
Unir,  buyer,  <  ML.  accaptator,  hujer.i  accnjitare, 
buy:  seo  acatc.  Later  shortened  to  cater:  see 
cater,  «.]  A  purveyor;  a  caterer:  as,  "Robin 
Hood's  bailiff  or  acater,"  D.  Jonson,  Sad  Shep- 
herd (dram.  pers.).  Also  written  acator,  ac- 
eator,  achiitor,  achatour,  etc. 

A  manciple  there  was  of  the  temple 

Of  which  actiaturs  might  take  ensample.      CJiaucer. 

[The  keeperl  dressed  for  him  [a  prisoner  in  the  Tower 
of  London),  frcmr  time  to  time,  such  pigeons  as  his  occator 
the  cat  provided.  U.  Dixon,  Her  Majesty's  Tower. 

acateryt,  acatryt  (a-ka't6r-i,  -tri),  n.  [<  ME. 
"acatrtj,  aelnitnj ;  <  acater  +  -y ;  later,  eatery.'] 
1.  Acates  in  general ;  provisions  purchased. 
— 2.  The  room  or  place  allotted  to  the  keep- 
ing of  all  such  provision  as  the  purveyors  pur- 
chased for  tho  king. 

acatharsiat  (ak-a-thiir'si-il),  "•  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
auattapam,  unclcanness,  <  iiKadaprog,  uneleansed, 
unpurged,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  "KaOapro;,  cleansed.  Cf. 
Kcfti/jraccif,  lit  for  cleansing :  see  cathartic.']  In 
Jiicd. :  (o)  Tlie  filth  or  sordes  proceeding  from 
a  wound;  impurity  of  blood,  (i)  Pailuro  to 
use  a  purgative ;  lack  of  purging. 

acatharsyt (ak'a-thiir-si), n.  Same asacatharsia. 

acathistUS  (ak-^a-this'tus),  n.  [ML.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  -1-  KaOi^eiv,  sit  down,  <  Kara,  down,  -I-  Kctv 
=  E.  si7.]  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  an  office  in  honor  of 
the  Virgin,  consisting  in  a  long  canon  or  hymn 
sung  by  all  standing  (whence  the  name)  on  the 
Satm'day  of  tho  fifth  week  in  Lent,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  repulse  of  the  Avars  and 
other  barbarians  who  attacked  Constantinople 
under  Heraclius,  A.  D.  G25. 

acatort,  «.     See  acater. 

acaudal  (a-ka'dal),  a.  [<  Gr.  n-  priv.,  a-18,  -I- 
eaufhil.]     Tailless;  anui'ous.     Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

acaudate  (a-ka'dat),  a.  [<  Gr.  (i-  priv.,  a-18,  -I- 
eincldfi'.]     Tailless;  acaudal;  ecaudate. 

acaules  (a-ka'lez),  n.jil.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  o- priv. 
+  L.  cnulis,  a  stem:  see  cauli.'i.]  Plants  which 
have  either  a  very  indistinct  stalk  or  none  at 
all,  as  lichens,  ftmgi,  alga>,  etc. 

acaulescence  (ak-:\-les'ens),  H.  l<acaulesceuf.] 
In  hoi.,  an  arrested  growtli  of  the  main  axis, 
the  internodes  being  so  slightly  developed  that 


31 

tho  leaves  are  crowded  into  a  radial  tuft  or 
rosette,  as  in  tho  dandelion.  Also  called  acau- 
losia. 

acaulescent  (ak-a-lcs'ont),  «.  [<Gr.  n-priv., 
«-!>*,  +  eaulcsceiit.]  In  hot.,  stemless.  Applicil 
to  a  plant  in  which  the  .stem  is  apparently  absent,  other 
forms  ;irc  iti-nulitw,  ac(txttust\  and  aciiutints. 

acauline  (a-ka'lin),  a.  [<  NL.  acanUs  (see 
<ie(iHl(s)  +  -(;/(l.]     Sarao  as  acaulescent. 

acaulosia  (ak-a-16'zi-il),  )(.  [NL.,  <  acaatose : 
see  (leiiulou.'i.]     Same  as  acaule»ceuce. 

acaulous,  acaulose  (a-ka'Ius,  -16s),  a.  [<  NL. 
aeaulhi  (<  (ir.  uKav'/.or,  without  stalk,  <  t;-  priv. 
-I-  kiu'aui;  =  L.  caulis:  see  cauli,\;  and  cf. 
acaules)  +  -ou.s,  -ose.]     Same  as  ae.dulcucent. 

acc.  An  abbreviation  (a)  of  according  and  ac- 
ciirdiiifi  to ;  (b)  of  accusative. 

acca  (ak'ii),  H.  [Perhaps  from  Akka  (Acre)  in 
Syria,  as  the  seaport  whence  it  was  obtained.] 
A  rich  figured  silk  stuff,  decorated  with  gold, 
used  in  the  fourteenth  century. 

accablet  (a-ka'bl),  v.  t.  [<  F.  accablcr,  ovor- 
whelin,  crush;  earlier,  in  pass,  sense,  be 
crushed ;  <  OF.  «-,  ac-  (<  L.  ad),  to,  +  caahle, 
cadahic,  <  ML.  cadabula,  a  catapult,  <  Gr.  koto- 
fto7.!i,  a  throwing  down,  <  KaraiiaXUiv,  throw 
down,  <  nara,  down,  -t-  jld'AAeiv,  to  throw :  seo 
ealilish  iiud  catapult.]  To  overwhelm;  oppress; 
overburden. 

Honours  have  no  burden  but  thankfulness,  -which  doth 
rather  raise  men's  spirits  than  arraHe  them  or  press  them 
down.  Bacon,  vi.  27'i.,    {Latham.) 

Accad  (ak'ad),  n.  1.  A  member  of  one  of  tho 
primitive  races  of  Babylonia.  The  Accads  are  be- 
li^vcd  to  have  been  of  non-Semitic  ori;ii]i,  and  to  Inwe 
been  the  dominant  race  at  the  earliest  time  of  which  there 
iU-e  contemporaneous  records. 

Tlie  -Accadai,  or  Accads,  were  "the  Highlanders,"  who 
had  desceuileil  from  the  mountainous  rc^^ion  of  Elam  on 
the  cast,  and  it  was  to  them  tliat  tlie  Assyrians  ascribed 
the  origin  of  Chaldean  civilization  and  writins- 

A.  JI.  Sayce. 
2.  The  language  of  this  race ;  Accadian. 
Also  spelled  AJckad. 

Accadian  (a-ka'di-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Belong- 
ing to  tho  Accads,  the  pi'imitive  inhabitants  of 
BaM'lonia. 

II.  n.  1.  An  Accad. — 2.  Tho  language  of  the 
Accads,  a  non-Semitic  and  perhaps  Ural-Altaic 
language  spoken  in  ancient  Babylonia  previ- 
ously to  the  later  and  better-known  Semitic 
dialect  of  the  cuneifoi'm  inscriptions.  A  kindred 
dialect,  tlie  Sumerian,  seems  to  have  been  in  use  at  the 
same  time  in  Babylonia. 
Also  spelled  Akkadian. 

accapitum  (a-kap'i-tum),  J!.  [JIL.,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  +  caput,  head.]  In  feudal  hue,  money  paid 
by  a  vassal  upon  his  admission  to  a  feud ;  the 
relief  due  to  the  chief  lord. 

accatort,  "■     See  acater. 

accedas  ad  curiam  (ak-se'das  ad  ku'ri-am). 
[L.,  go  thou  to  the  court:  see  accede,  ad-, 
curia.]  In  law,  a  writ  directed  to  tho  sheriff 
for  the  purjjose  of  removing  a  cause  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  court. 

accede  (ak-sed'),  )•.  ;.;  pret.  and  pp.  acceded, 
ppr.  acceding.  [=  F.  acceder  =  Sp.  Pg.  accedcr 
=  It.  acccdcre,  <.1j.  accedere,  earlier  adcederc, 
move  toward,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  cedcrc,  go,  move  :  see 
cede.]  1.  To  come,  as  into  union  or  possession; 
become  adjoined  or  entitled ;  attain  by  approach 
or  succession :  now  used  chiefly  of  attainment 
to  a  possession,  office,  or  dignity :  as,  ho  acceded 
to  tho  estate  on  his  majority ;  tho  house  of 
Hanover  acceded  to  the  English  throne  in  1714. 
And  vain  were  courage,  learning ;  all. 
Till  power  accede.  Stieiuifone ,V^\im<^fX  Abbey. 

2.  To  come  by  assent  or  agreement ;  give  ad- 
hesion ;  j'ield ;  give  in :  as,  to  accede  to  one's 
terms  or  request. 

This  obvious  rellection  convinced  mo  of  the  absurdity 
of  the  treaty  of  Hanover,  in  17'2.'j,  between  i-'rauce  and 
England,  to  which  the  Dutch  afterwards  acceded. 

Chesterjicld,  Letters,  1(12. 
There  are  many  who  would  accede  without  the  faintest 
reluctance  to  a  barbarous  custom,  but  would  be  quite  in- 
capable of  an  equally  l»arbar,>us  act  which  custom  had  not 
consecrated.  Lect.-y,  Europ.  Morals,  L  o05. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  succeed,  come  (to),  attain. —  2.  To  agree, 
assent,  yield,  consent,  comiily. 

accedence  (ak-s6'dens),  ?(.  [<  F.  accedence, 
<  accedi  r :  see  accede  and  -encc]  The  act  or  ac- 
tion of  ai-'ceding  ;  tho  act  of  assenting  or  agree- 
ing.   [Karc.] 

accedencet,  «•  An  error  for  accidence'^.  Milton. 

acceder  (ak-Ee'der),  H.  One  who  accedes;  one 
who  attains  to  a  possession,  an  office,  or  a  dig- 
nity ;  one  who  yields  or  assents. 

accelerando  (;it-cha-le-riin'do),  adv.  [It.,  ppr. 
of  aecelerare,  <  L.  accelcrarc,  hasten :  see  accele- 
rate.]    With  gradual  increase  of  speed:  a  di- 


accelerator 

rection  in  music,  indicating  that  a  passage  is 
to  be  played  with  increasing  rapidity. 
accelerate  (ak-sel'o-rat),  v. ;  jiret.  and  pp.  ac- 
eiUratal,  ppr.  acceleratinii.  [<  L.  acccleratus, 
jip.  of  accelcrarc,  hasten,  make  haste,  <  ad,  to, 
+  celerarc,  hasten,  <  ccler,   quick.]      I.  trans. 

1.  To  make  quicker;  cause  to  move  or  advance 
faster ;  liasten  ;  add  to  the  velocity  of ;  give  a 
higher  rate  of  progress  to :  as,  to  accelerate 
motion  or  the  rate  of  motion ;  to  accelerate  the 
transmission  of  intelligenco ;  to  accelerate  the 
growth  of  a  plant,  or  tho  progress  of  know- 
ledge. 

Leave  to  the  diamond  its  ages  to  grow,  nor  expect  to 
accelerate  the  births  of  the  eternal. 

Emerson,  Es.says,  Istser. ,  p,  101. 

2.  To  bring  nearer  in  time;  bring  about,  or 
help  to  bring  about,  more  speedily  than  would 
otherwise  have  been  the  ease :  as,  to  accelerate 
tlie  I'uin  of  a  government;  to  accelerate  death. 
—Accelerated  motion,  in  mecli.,  that  motion  which  con- 
tinually rcccivcsfndi  accessions  of  velocity,  fice  aeeilera- 
(iioi.— Accelerating  force,  the  force  which  produces 
an  accelerated  nn)tion,  as  gravity.  —  Accelerating  £nm, 
a  cannon  having  supplementary  powd.r-cliambei^s,  de- 
signed to  be  tired  in  turn,  immediately  alter  the  main  ex- 
plosion, to  accelerate  the  speed  of  the  shot ;  an  accelerator. 
—  Svn.  Se(;  list  under  f/foVA-c/l,  3. 

II.  in  trans.  To  become  faster;  increase  in 
speed. 

acceleratedly  (ak-sel'e-rii-ted-li),  adv.  In  an 
accelerated  or  accelerating  manner;  with  ac- 
celeration or  gradual  increase  of  speed. 
acceleration  (ak-sel-e-ra'shon),  II.  [<  L.  accelc- 
ratio(n-),  a  hastening,  <  aecelerare,  hasten  :  seo 
accelerate.]  The  act  of  accelerating,  or  the  state 
of  being  accelerated:  as— (a)  A  gradual  increase 
of  velocity. 

At  the  present  time,  and  for  several  thousand  years  in 
the  future,  the  variation  in  the  moon's  motion  has  been 
and  will  be  an  acceleration. 

Thomson  arul  Tail,  Nat.  Phil.,  I.  ^  KO. 

(b)  In  inech. ,  the  rate  of  change  of  the  velocity  of  a  moving 
body  ;  that  is,  the  increment  of  velocity  (in  any  direction) 
in  the  unit  of  time  which  would  result  were  the  rate  of 
change  to  continue  unifonn  for  that  length  of  time.  The 
acceleration  is  said  to  be  xcnifotin  if  the  body  gains  the 
same  velocityin  any  constant  direction  in  e(!ual  successive 
portions  of  time,  no  matter  how  small  these  portions  may 
be  taken.  A  constant  force  produces  unifomi  acceleration 
in  all  cases;  but  it  is  sonietiines  convenient  to  substitute 
for  some  of  the  forces  flctitious  "constraint-s."  Thus, 
gi'avity  (wliicli  near  the  earth's  surface  is  sensibly  a  con- 
stant force)  gives  a  falling  body  nni^fonidy  accelerated 
motion  when  the  effect  of  the  atmospheric  resistance  13 
eliminated ;  in  this  case  the  increment  of  velocity  in  each 
second,  which  is  a  little  more  than  32  feet,  is  called  the 
acceleration  o/ uraviti/,  and  in  mechanical  formuhis  is  de- 
noted by  the  letter  //.  \\'heii  the  velocity  of  a  moving  body 
continually  diminishes,  the  acceleratimi  is  termed  viinas 
or  ncfralive,  and  the  motion  is  said  to  be  retarded;  this 
is  illustrated  by  tile  case  of  a  ball  thrown  upward,  the 
upward  component  of  the  velocity  of  which  diniinishes  at 
the  rate  of  32  feet  a  second.  .Similarly,  the  force  of  friction 
which  resists  the  motion  of  a  sliding  body  is  said  to  give 
it  minuji  or  ne;tative  acceleration, 

.<4(Te^Tfi'ioH,  like  position  and  velocity,  is  a  relative  term, 
and  cannot  be  interpreted  absolutely. 

Clcr/c  Maxwett,  flatter  and  Slotion,  art.  xxxv. 

(c)  The  shortening  of  the  time  between  the  present  and 
the  happening  of  any  future  event ;  specifically,  in  late, 
the  shortening  of  the  time  before  the  vesting  of  a  person 
with  the  possession  of  an  expected  interest.  ((/)  In  plit/siol. 
and  /^«^/((';.,  increased  activity  of  the  functions  of  the  body, 
particularlyof  the  circulation  of  the  fluids. —Acceleration 
Of  the  moon,  the  increase  of  the  moon's  mean  angular 
velocity  about  the  earth,  the  moon  now  moving  rather 
faster  than  in  ancient  times.  This  phenomenon  has  not 
been  fully  explained,  liut  it  is  known  to  be  partly  owing  to 
the  slow  liiniinutiou  of  the  eccentricity  itf  the  earth's  orbit, 
frtilil  which  there  results  a  slight  diminution  of  the  sun's 
inihlence  on  the  moon's  motions.— Acceleration  and 
retardation  of  the  tides,  certain  deviations  between  the 
time  of  the  actual  occurrence  of  high  water  at  any  place 
and  what  its  time  would  be  if  it  occnrred  after  the  lapse  of 
a  unifonn  mean  interval.  In  spring  and  neap  tides  the 
sun's  action  does  not  alter  the  time  of  high  water,  as  in 
the  former  case  the  solar  and  lunar  tides  are  synchronous, 
while  in  tile  latter  tlie  time  of  actual  or  lunar  low  water 
and  that  t>f  solar  high  water  arc  the  same.  15ut  in  the  first 
and  third  qu.arters  of  the  moon  there  is  acceleration  or  prim- 
ing of  high  water,  as  the  solar  wave  is  to  the  west  of  tho 
lunar ;  and  in  the  second  and  fourth  (piarters  there  is 
rcMrrfrt^'ou  or  lagging,  for  an  analogous  reason. — Diumal 
acceleration  of  the  fixed  stars,  the  excess  of  the  appa- 
rent diurnat  motion  of  the  stars  over  that  of  the  sun,  aris- 
ing from  the  fact  that  the  sun's  apjiarent  yearly  motion 
takes  place  in  a  liirection  contrary  to  that  of  its  apparent 
daily  motion.  The  stars  thus  seem  each  day  to  anticipate 
the  sun  by  nearly  3  minutes  and  .''iti  seconds  of  mean  time. 

accelerati've  (ak-sel'e-ra-tiv),  o.  [<  accelerdtc 
+  -ire.]  Tending  to  accelerate ;  adding  to  ve- 
locity; quickening  progression. 

accelerator  (ak-sel'e-ra-tor),  n.  [NL.,  etc., 
(.accelerate.]  One  who  or  that  which  accele- 
rates; a  hastener.  Hence— (n)  In  England,  a  post- 
olllce  van.  ('0  In  anat.,  a  muscle,  the  accelerator  uriii;e, 
which  expedites  the  dischai-ge  of  urine,  (c)  In  photorf. : 
(1)  Any  substance  or  device  which  shortens  the  time  of 
exposure  of  a  sensitized  jilate  or  paper  to  the  light.  :u 
cither  the  camera  or  the  printing-frame.  (2)  Any  chem- 
ical which  may  be  added  to  the  developing  solution  to 
shorten  the  time  necessary  for  development,  or,  by  iucreas- 


accelerator 

Ing  the  nnrmnl  pfllciiiiiy  of  tin-  developer,  to  lessen  the 
n-iiulsiti- tniu- of  exposure.  (*/)  An  rtccelemting  gnu.  Hue 
aiX't'-ratr. 

acceleratory  (nk-sel'e-rij-to-ri),  a.  Accelerate 
ini;  (ir  trmliiig  to  accelorate;  quiekoning  mo- 
tiiiii. 

accendt  (aU-send'),  •'•  t.  [<  L.  acccnderc,  set  on 
fire,  buru,  <  ad,  to,  +  *camlirc,  bum,  found  only 
in  couip.  (soo  incense,  v.),  allied  to  canderc, 
plow:  see  candid.']  To  set  on  fire;  kindle; 
mflaiuo. 

Dili-  devotion,  if  sutliciently  accendcd,  would  burn  up 
inniuuerable  books  of  tliis  sort. 

Dr.  It.  More,  Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

accendent  (ak-sen'dent),  «.  [<L.  accenden(t-)s, 
mn:  of  tucendire:  see  ucccndJ]  Same  as  ac- 
rtii.<iir. 

accendibility  (ak-sen-di-bil'i-ti),  H.  [<  aecendi- 
lili  :  an' ■liilitii.]  The  quality  of  being  aecendi- 
blc  ;  iiiUtimmability. 

accendible  (ak-sen'di-bl),  a.  [<  accend  +  -me. 
Cf.  L.  ((cccn.sibilis,  that  may  be  burned,  burning.] 
Capable  of  being  inflamed  or  kindled. 

accendite  (ak-seu'di-te),  n.  [L.  accendite,  2d 
pers.  pi.  impv.  of  accendere,  light,  kindle :  see 
acecnd.]  A  short  antiphon  formerly  chanted 
in  the  Koman  Catholic  Church  on  lighting  the 
tapers  for  any  special  service. 

accension  (ak-sen'shon),  n.  [=Pg.  accenmo 
=  lt.  ticcensione,  <  L.  as  if  *accensio{n-),  <  ac- 
censiLS,  pp.  ot  accendere :  see  accend.]  The  act 
of  kindling  or  setting  on  fire ;  the  state  of  being 
kindled;  inflammation;   heat.     [Rare.] 

Comets,  .  .  .  besides  the  light  that  they  may  have  from 
the  sun,  seem  to  shine  with  a  light  that  is  nothing  else 
but  an  accension,  which  they  receive  from  the  sun. 

iocitc.-Elem.  of  Nat.  Phil.,  ii. 

accensor  (ak-sen'sgr),  «.  [<  ML.  accensor,  a 
lamplighter,  <  L.  accendere,  pp.  accensus :  see  ac- 
cend.]   One  who  sets  on  fire  or  kindles.    [Rare.] 

accent  (ak'sent),  H.  |.<F.  accent  =:S-p.  acen- 
to  =  Vf;.  It.  accento,  <  L.  accentus,  accent,  tone, 
LL.  also  a  blast,  signal,  fig.  intensity,  <  acci- 
nere,  sing  to  (see  accentor),  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ca- 
nere,  sing:  see  cant~  and  chant.]  1.  A  spe- 
cial effort  of  utterance  by  which,  in  a  word 
of  two  or  more  syllables,  one  syllable  is  made 
more  prominent  than  the  rest.  This  prominence 
is  given  in  part  by  a  raised  pitch,  in  part  by  increased 
force  or  stress  of  voice,  and  in  part  (as  a  consequence  of 
these)  by  a  fuller  pronunciation  of  the  constituents  of 
the  syllable.  These  elements  are  variously  combined  in 
dilfurent  languages.  In  English,  elevation  of  pitch  is  con- 
spicuous when  a  word  is  spoken  or  read  by  itself  as  a 
word,  without  .iny  reference  to  a  sentence  of  which  it 
forms  or  should  form  a  part ;  but  in  connected  speech  the 
tone  and  modulation  of  the  sentence  dominate  those  of 
the  individual  words  composing  it,  and  the  change  of  pitch 
may  be  absent,  or  even  reversed,  the  other  elements  giving 
without  its  aid  the  required  prominence.  By  the  native 
grammarians  of  the  classical  langiniges  of  our  family 
(Greek,  Latin,  and  Sanskrit),  change  of  pitch  was  the  recog- 
nized constituent  of  accent.  They  called  a  syllable  acute 
if  its  tone  was  sharpened  or  raised,  ffrave  if  it  remained 
at  the  general  level  of  utterance,  and  eirciimjUx  if  it  be- 
gan at  acute  pitch  and  ended  at  grave.  A  word  of  three 
or  more  syllables  often  has  in  our  language,  besides  its 
principal  accent,  another  and  lighter  or  secondary  one,  or 
even  also  a  third  :  such  secondary  accents  are  denoted  in 
this  work  by  a  double  accent-mark  ;  thus,  val"e-tu-di- 
na'ri-an,  an"te-pe-nul'tl-mate.  The  vowels  of  wholly  un- 
accented syllaldes  in  English  are  much  modified,  being 
either  made  briefer  and  Hghter,  or  else  reduced  even  to 
the  sound  of  the  so-called  neutral  vowel,  the  "  short  u  " 
of  hut.  These  two  etfects  are  marked  in  this  work  by 
writing  respectively  a  single  or  a  double  dot  under  the 
vowel,  in  the  respelling  for  pronunciation.  Emphasis 
dilfers  from  accent  in  being  expended  upon  a  word  which 
is  to  be  made  prominent  in  the  sentence. 

2.  A  mark  or  character  used  in  writing  to 
direct  the  stress  of  the  voice  in  pronunciation, 
or  to  mark  a  particular  tone,  length  of  vowel- 
sound,  or  the  like.  There  is  commonly  only  one  such 
aign(')used  to  mark  the  stress  or  accent  in  English,  except 
in  works  on  elocution,  in  which  are  employed  the  three 
Greek  accents,  namely,  the  acute  ( ' ),  the  graveC  ),  and  the 
circumtle.x  ("  or  "  ).  In  elocution  the  first  shows  when  the 
voice  is  to  be  raised,  and  is  called  the  rising  inflection ; 
the  second,  when  it  is  to  be  depressed,  and  is  called  the 
falling  infiectiou  ;  and  the  third,  when  the  vowel  is  to  be 
uttered  with  an  undnUiting  sound,  and  is  called  the  com- 
pound or  waving  inflection.  An  accent  over  the  e  in  -ed 
is  sometimes  used  in  English  poetry  to  denote  that  it  is 
to  be  pronounced  as  a  distinct  syllable ;  as,  lov^d  or  taval. 

3.  In  prinlinij,  an  accented  or  marked  letter; 
a  tyi)e  >)earing  an  accentual  or  diacritical  mark. 
TIk-  iu-cents  mo.st  giMierally  nscil  in  F.Tiglish  type  (cdiiefly 
for  foreign  words),  and  regularly  furnished  in  a  full  font, 
are  the  vowels  bearing  the  acute  ('),  gi-ave  (' ),  and  cir- 
cnmllux  (')  accents,  and  the  dieresis  (").  and  also  the 
cedilla  or  French  c  (v)  ami  the  Spanish  h  (A).  Accents  for 
occasional  use  are  the  vowx-ls  marked  long  (*)  and  short 
("),  and  other  marked  letters  required  for  technical  works 
or  peculiar  to  certain  languages. 

4.  Manner  of  utterance ;  peculiarity  of  pronun- 
ciation, emphasis,  or  expression.  Specifically,  a  pe- 
culiar niodulati<  >ii  of  the  voice  or  manner  of  pronunciation, 
marked  by  subtle  ililferencea  of  elocution,  characteristic  of 
the  spoken  language  of  a  given  district  or  a  particular 
rank  in  society,  and  especially  of  each  distinct  nationality. 


32 

Your  aami  Is  something  finer  than  yon  conld  pnrchaso 
In  so  rcmove<l  a  dwelling.        .S/jnt.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  '.;. 
Mild  was  his  accent,  and  his  action  free. 
Drijdcn,  Tales  from  Chancer,  tiood  Parson,  1.  10. 

5.  Words,  or  tones  and  modulations  of  the 
voice,  expressive  of  some  emotion  or  passion  : 
as,  the  acccHte  of  prayer;  the  ncccHf  of  reproof. 

Short-winded  accenU  of  new  broils. 

Sliak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

The  tender  acc^mLt  of  a  woman's  cry.  Prior. 

6.  pi.  Words,  language,  or  expressions  in  gen- 
eral. 

"Winds !  on  your  wings  to  heaven  her  accents  bear, 
Such  words  as  heaven  alone  is  fit  to  hear. 

Dryden,  Virgil's  Eclogues,  iii. 
Deep  on  their  souls  the  mighty  acc^rnta  fall. 
Like  lead  that  pierces  through  the  walls  of  clay. 

Jones  Vcnf,  Poems,  p.  77. 

7.  In  cedes,  chanting,  one  of  the  seven  fonns 
of  modulation  nsed  in  parts  sung  by  the  officiat- 
ing priest  or  his  assistants,  viz.,  the  immutable, 
medium,  grave,  acute,  moderate,  interrogative, 
final. — 8.  In  music:  (a)  A  stress  or  emphasis 
given  to  certain  notes  or  parts  of  bars  in  a  com- 
position. It  is  divided  into  two  kinds,  tjrainmatical 
and  rhetorical  or  esthetic.  The  first  is  perfectly  regular  in 
its  occurrence,  always  falling  on  the  first  part  of  a  bar ; 
the  esthetic  accent  is  irregular,  and  depends  on  taste  and 
feeling.  (6)  A  mark  placed  after  the  letter  rep- 
resenting a  note  to  indicate  the  octave  in 
■which  it  is  found.  Thus,  if  C  is  in  the  great  octave 
(see  octave),  c  is  an  octave  above,  c'  an  octave  above  that, 
c"  in  the  next,  and  so  on. 

9.  In  math,  and  mech.:  (a)  In  all  literal  nota- 
tion, a  mark  like  an  acute  accent  placed  after  a 
letter  in  order  that  it  may,  without  confusion, 
be  used  to  represent  different  quantities.  In 
this  way  a  I)  c,  a'  b'  c',  a"  b"  c",  etc.,  may  stand  for  magni- 
tudes as  dilfereut  in  value  as  those  which,  but  for  tlie  use 
of  the  accents,  must  be  represented  by  different  letters. 
Letters  so  marked  are  read  thus:  a  prime  or  first  (n),  a 
second(a"),  athird(a"),  etc.  (i)  higcoin.  and  trigon., 
a  mark  at  the  right  hand  of  a  number  indicat- 
ing minutes  of  a  degree,  two  such  marks  indi- 
cating seconds:  as,  20°  10'  30"  =  20  degrees,  10 
minutes,  30  seconds,  (c)  In  mcnsur.  and  engin., 
a  mark  at  the  right  hand  of  a  numlier  used  to 
denote  feet,  inches,  and  lines ;  thus,  8'  G''  T" 
=  3  feet,  6  inches,  7  lines.  ((/)  In  plans  and 
drawings,  a  mark  similarly  used  after  repeated 
letters  or  figures,  to  indicate  related  or  coitc- 
sponding  parts,  and  read  as  in  algebra.  See 
above,  {a).  =  Syn.  See  cmphaMs  nud  injieetion. 
accent  (ak-senf),  r.  t.  [<  F.  accenter  =  lt.  ac- 
centure  ;  from  the  noun.  Ct.  accentuate.]  1.  To 
express  the  accent  of ;  pronounce  or  utter  with 
a  particular  stress  or  modulation  of  the  voice  : 
as,  to  accent  a  word  properly. — 2.  To  give  ex- 
pression to ;  utter. 

Congeal'd  witli  grief,  can  scarce  implore 
Strength  to  accent.  Here  my  Albertus  lies.       W.  Wotton. 

3.  To  mark  with  a  written  accent  or  accents : 
as,  to  accent  a  word  in  order  to  indicate  its  pro- 
nimciation. — 4.  To  emphasize;  dwell  upon; 
accentuate  (which  see) — Accented  letter,  in 
printing,  a  letter  marked  with  an  accent.  .See  accent,  ii., 
3. — Accented  parts  of  a  bar,  in  music,  those  parts  of 
the  bar  on  which  the  stress  falls,  as  the  first  and  third 
parts  of  the  bar  in  cnmmon  time. 
accentor  (ak-sen'tor),  n.  [LL.,  one  who  sings 
with  another,  <  accinerc,  sing  to  or  ■with,  <  L. 


Hedge-sparrow  l,Accentor  modttlarW). 

ad,  to,  -I-  canere,  sing.]  1.  In  nnmic,  one  who 
sings  the  leading  part. — 2.  [F.  accenteur.]  In 
ornilh.:  (a)  [_caji.]  A  genus  of  passerine  birds, 
family  Sylviidw,  subfamily  J  cecn  torina:  a.  mod- 
tdaris  is  the  Euroi>ean  hedge-sparrow,  hedge-warbler, 
shuflle-wing,  or  duimock.  llech.itcin,  1S02.  .See  hetlfie- 
sjjarrow.  ((>)  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  the 
golden-crowned  thrush  or  oven-bird,  Sinrus 
auricapillu.^,  a  wiU-knowu  passerine  bird  of 
the  United  States,  of  the  family  aylvicolida'. 
Coues. 


accept 

Accentorinae  (ak-sen-to-n'ne),  n.  pi.  [Nil., 
i  .Icetnlor  +  -iniv.]  A  .subfamily  of  birds,  of 
the  order  J'u.isercs  and  family  Si/lviid<r,  includ- 
ing the  genus  Accentor  (which  see).  G.  It. 
drill/,  1.S40. 

accentual  (ak-sen'tu-al),  a.  and  n.  [=  It.  accen- 
tuale,  <  L.  as  if  'accentualis,  <  accentus,  accent.] 

1.  a.  Pertaining  to  accent ;  rhythmical. 
Diderot's  choice  of  prose  was  dictated  and  justified  by 

the  accentual  poverty  of  his  mother-tongue. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  scr.,  p.  342. 

The  term  figurate  which  we  now  employ  to  distin- 
guish florid  from  simple  melody  was  used  to  denote  that 
which  was  simply  rhythmical  or  accentual. 

W.  Mason,  Essay  on  Church  Music,  p.  28. 
Accentual  feet,  meters,  etc ,  those  in  which  the  rhythmi- 
cal beat  or  ictus  roin<'idcswith  the  .syllabic  accent  or  stress, 
as  in  modern  i)oetry  :  opposed  toijuaiitifaticc/eet,  meters, 
etc..  in  which  the  ictus  falls  upon  syllables  litenilly  long 
or  prolonged  in  time,  as  in  ancientGreek  and  Latin  poetry. 
See  ijuantity. 

II.  n.    An  aecentr-mark. 

accentuality  (ak-sen-tu-ari-ti),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  accentual. 

accentually  (ak-sen'tu-al-i),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
centual manner;  -witli  regard  to  accent. 

accentuate  (ak-sen'tu-at),  r.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
accentuated,  ppr.  accentuating.  [<LL.  accen- 
tuatus,  pp.  of  accentuare  (>F.  accentuer  =  Sp. 
acentuar  =  Vg.  accentuar  =  It.  accentuare),  (.h. 
accentus,  accent :  see  accent,  n.]  1.  To  mark  or 
pronounce  -with  an  accent  or  with  accents ; 
place  an  accent  or  accents  on. — 2.  To  lay  stress 
upon;  emphasize;  give  prominence  to;  mark 
as  of  importance:  as,  he  accentuated  the  -views 
of  the  party  on  this  question. 

still  more  to  accentuate  this  effusive  welcome  to  a  Turk- 
ish official  in  Turkish  waters. 

Forlnicihtlii  Sec,  Oct.  13, 18S3,  p.  09. 

accentuated  (ak-sen'tu-a-ted),  j).  a.  Strongly 
marked;  strong;  prominent;  very  distinct: 
as,  accentuated  features;  an  accentuated  fault 
of  manner. 

The  diagnostic  value  of  an  accentuated  cardiac  second 
sound.  Edin.  Med.  Jour.,  June,  1S63. 

accentuation  (ak-sen-tu-a'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  ac- 
centu(itiiA,n-),  (.accentuare:  see  accentuate.]  1. 
The  act  of  accentuating  or  of  marking  accent 
or  stress  in  speech  or  writing ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing accented  or  accentuated. —  2.  The  mode  of 
indicating  accent;  accentual  notation. — 3.  The 
act  of  emphasizing  or  laying  stress ;  a  bring- 
ing into  prominence. 

A  perpetual  straining  after  the  abstract  idea  or  law  of 
change,  the  constant  accentuation,  as  it  is  called,  of  prin- 
ciple in  historical  writing,  inv.ariably  marks  a  narrow  view 
of  truth,  a  want  of  mastery  over  details,  and  a  bias  towards 
foregone  conclusions.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  III.  518. 

There  is  no  accentuation  of  the  distinctively  feminine 
charms  [of  Athena  in  the  Parthenon  fiieze] ;  nay,  from  one 
aspect  the  head  is  almost  boyish  in  character. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  179. 

accentus  (ak-sen'tus),  n.  [ML.:  see  accent.] 
In  ancient  church  music,  that  part  of  the  ser\"ice 
which  is  sung  or  recited  by  the  priest  and  his 
assistants  at  the  altar,  in  contradistinction  to 
concent u.'i,  the  part  sung  by  the  whole  choir. 

accept  (ak-sepf),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  accepten,  <0F. 
accepter,  aceptcr,  F.  accepter  =  'Pr.  acceptar  — 
Sp.  aceptar  =  Pg.  aceitar=:li.  accetlare,  <  L.  ac- 
ceptarc,  receive,  a  freq.  of  accipere,  pp.  ae- 
ceptus,  receive,  <  ad,  to,  +  capcre,  take :  see  ca/)- 
tion.]  1.  To  take  or  receive  (something  offered); 
receive  with  approbation  or  favor:  as,  he  made 
an  offer  which  was  accepted. 

Bless,  Lord,  his  substance,  and  accept  the  work  of  his 
hands.  Deut.  -\x.\iii.  11. 

If  you  accept  them,  then  their  worth  is  great. 

Shale.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  take  (what  presents  itself  or  wliat  befalls 
one);  accommodate  one's  self  to:  as,  to  accept 
the  situation. 

They  carry  it  off  well,  these  fair  moving  mountains,  and 
like  all  French  women  accept  frankly  their  natinal  for- 
tunes. Fiiuiers  Maij. 

3.  To  listen  favorably  to ;  grant. 

Sweet  prince,  accept  their  suit.      Sliak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

4.  To  receive  or  admit  and  agree  to :  accede  or 
assent  to:  as,  to  accept  a  treaty,  a  proposal,  an 
amendment,  an  excuse :  often  followed  by  of: 
as,  I  accept  of  the  tei-ms. 

He  (Wordsworth)  accepted  the  code  of  freedom  and 
brotherhood  .as  he  would  have  accepted  the  proclamation 
of  a  new  anil  noble  king  .  .  .  whose  reigu  was  to  bruig  in 
the  golden  age. 

Mrs.  Oliphant,  Lit.  Hist,  of  19th  Cent.,  I.  vi. 

5.  To  receive  in  a  particular  sense;  understand: 
as,  how  is  this  phrase  to  be  accepted  f — 6.  In 
com.,  to  acknowledge,  by  signature,  as  calling 
for  pajTneut,  and  thus  to  promise  to  pay:  as, 


accept 

to  accept  a  bill  of  exchanpo,  that  is,  to  acknow- 
lodgo  t tic  oblifiation  to  ])ny  it  wlion  due.  See  ao- 
irptani-c. — 7.  In  a  iliiihcrdlirc  hinly,  to  receive 
as  a  suffic-i<'iit  iierl'onnaiice  of  the  duty  with 
which  an  olUcer  or  a  committee  lias  been 
charged;  receive  for  further  action:  as,  the 
report  of  the  coramittoo  was  ucccptvd.  =  Syn.  1. 
7V(Av,  i-tc.  See  rtxcivc. 
acceptt  (ak-sepf),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  accept,  <  L.  ac- 
(■(jiliis,  |ip.  of  accipcrc,  accept:  see  accept,  j\] 
Acceiiteu. 

In  tynic  accept,  or  wel  plesynge,  I  haue  herd  thee. 

Wyclif,  2  Cor.  vi.  2. 
We  will  suiMenly 
I'jiss  oiir  accept  anil  pevemptury  answer. 

Shak.,  Uen.  V.,  v.  2. 
[In  the  latter  passage  the  word  has  been  taken  to  mean 
aeei'i»tance.  1 

acceptability  (ak-scp-t,T,-bil'i-ti),  «.  \<acccpt- 
ablv:  see -//(7//.I/.]  The  quality  of  beiug accept- 
able or  atcreeable ;  aceeptableness. 

acceptable  (ak-sep'ta-bl,  formerly  ak'sep-ta- 
bl),  «.  [<  ME.  acccplablc,  <  L.  ncccptabilis,  wor- 
thy of  aeceptance,  <  ncce/Jtarf,  receive:  see 
accept.']  Capable,  worthy,  or  sure  of  being 
accepted  or  received  with  ploasiu'e ;  hence, 
pleasiugtothe  receiver;  gratifying;  agreeable; 
welcome :  as,  an  acceptable  present. 

What  acceptable  audit  canst  thou  leave  ? 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  iv. 

This  woman,  whom  thou  mad'st  to  l)c  my  help,  .  .  . 
So  fit,  so  acceptable,  so  divine.         Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  139. 

aceeptableness  (ak-sep'ta-bl-nes),  n.    Same  as 

acajitiibiliti/. 
acceptably  (ak-sep'tiv-bli),  adv.     In  an  accept- 
able manner;  in  a  manner  to  please  or  give 
satisfaction. 

Let  us  liave  grace,  whereby  we  may  serve  God  accept- 
abbj.  Heb.  xii.  28. 

acceptance  (ak-sep't.ans),  ".  [<  OP.  acceptance : 
see  acc( pliiiit.]  1.  The  act  of  accepting,  or  the 
fact  of  being  accepted,  (a)  The  act  of  taking  or 
receivin;;  anytliing  offered;  a  receiving  with  approbation 
or  satisfaction ;  favorable  reception. 

They  shall  come  up  with  acceptance  on  mine  altar. 

Isa.  Ix.  7. 
Such  with  him  finds  no  accej^tance.    Milton,  P.  L. ,  v.  530. 

(b)  The  act  of  receiving  and  assenting  to  something  stated 
or  propounded,  as  a  theory,  etc.  (c)  The  act  of  agreeing 
to  terms  or  proposals,  and  thereby  becoming  bound.  Spe- 
cifically— (l)In/rtH',  an  agreeing  to  the  offer  or  contract  of 
another  by  some  act  which  binds  the  person  in  law.  Thus, 
if  a  i)ersnn  receiving  an  estate  in  remainder  takes  rent  on 
a  lease  made  by  his  predecessor,  tiiis  is  an  acceptance  of  the 
terms  of  the  lease,  and  binds  the  party  receiving  to  abide 
by  tile  terms  of  the  lease.  (2)  In  com. ,  an  engagement,  by  the 
person  on  whom  a  bill  of  exchange  is  drawn,  to  pay  the 
bill:  usually  made  by  the  person  writing  the  word  "Ac- 
cepted" across  the  bill  and  signing  his  name,  or  simply 
writing  his  name  across  or  at  the  end  of  the  bill.  Ac- 
ceptances are  of  three  principal  kinds  :  fjcneral  or  un- 
qua[iti''il,  when  no  limiting  or  ((Ualifying  words  are  added  ; 
special,  when  expressed  as  payable  at  some  p.artieular 
bank;  and  'lurilirieil.  when  expressed  to  be  for  a  less  sum 
than  that  fur  wliicb  the  bill  was  originally  drawn,  or  wlien 
.some  variatinii  in  the  time  or  mode  of  payment  is  intro- 
duced. Aeceptfiiu-e  ^apra  'peotest,  or  /or  honor,  is  accept- 
ance by  some  third  person,  after  protest  for  non-aceept- 
atire  by  the  drawee,  with  the  view  of  saving  the  honor  of 
the  drawer  or  of  some  particular  indorser. 
2.  A  bill  of  exchange  that  has  been  accepted, 
or  the  sum  contained  in  it. —  3t.  The  sense  in 
which  a  word  or  expression  is  understood ; 
sigrdtieation ;  meaning  ;  acceptation. 

An  assertion  .  .  .  under  the  common  acceptamx  of  it 
not  only  false  but  odious.  Sotdli. 

Acceptance  with  God,  in  th'-ol.,  forgiveness  of  sins  and 
rrciitioii  into  (in. Is  !;iv.tT'.  Syn.  Acceptatlce,  Accept- 
nueii,  .[ee,'pt<ition.     ^uu  aeerplattun. 

acceptancy  (ak-sep'tan-si),  n.  The  act  of  ac- 
cepting; acceptance;  willingness  to  receive  or 
accept. 

Here's  a  proof  of  gift. 
But  here's  no  proof,  sir,  of  acceptaiicy. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  ii.  1057. 
=  SyiL  Acceptaiicy,  Acceptance,  Acceptation,  ^ee  accep- 
tation. 
acceptant  (ak-sep't.ant),  ((.  and  n.  [<  F.  ac- 
cipliDit,  <.\j.  acecptan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  acceptare: 
see  acvept.']    I.  o.  Receptive.   N.  E.  D. 

II.  II.  1.  One  who  accepts;  an  aeoepter. 
Spccificall)- — 2.  [cap.]  One  of  the  French  bish- 
o]is  and  clergy  w}io  accepted  the  bull  Unigeni- 
tus,  issued  in  1713  by  Pope  Clement  XI.  against 
the  Jansenists. 

acceptation  (ak-sep-ta'shon),  «.  [  =  Sp.  acejj- 
/i(c((i«  =  Pg.  accitn^ao  =  \t.  accctta:io»e,  <.'L.  as 
if  '(iccriitafiii{ii-),  <  acceptare,  receive:  see  ac- 
cept.] If.  The  act  of  accepting  or  receiving; 
reception  ;  acceptance  :  as,  the  acceptation  of  a 
trust. 
All  are  rewarded  with  like  coldness  of  acceptation. 

n  Sir  P.  Sidney. 


33 

2.  The  state  of  being  accepted  or  accoptablo; 
favorable  regard ;  lienoe,  credence ;  belief. 

This  is  a  faithfid  saying,  and  worthy  of  all  acceptation, 
that  Christ  Jesus  came  into  the  worhi  to  save  sinners. 

1  Tim.  i.  16. 
Some  things  .  .  .  arc  notwithstanding  of  so  gi-eat  dig- 
nity  and  acceptation  with  tlod.       Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  ii. 
[Kiehard  Cromwell]  spake  also  with  general  aceeptatinn 
ami  applause  when  he  made  his  speech  before  the  Parlia- 
ment, even  far  beyond  the  Ixird  J-'yues. 

ijnoted  bif  Lowell,  Among  my  Kook.s,  1st  ser.,  p.  201. 

3.  The  meaning  or  sense  in  which  a  word  or 
statement  is  taken  or  understood:  as,  this  term 
is  to  bo  understood  in  its  usual  acceptation. 

Genius  is  a  word  whitrh,  in  common  ffccc;v£«(j'on,  extends 
much  further  than  to  the  objects  of  taste.  //.  Blair,  Lcct. 
=  Sjm.  Acceiitanee,  .ieeeptnncii.  Acceptation.  These 
w<irds  have  been  usi'd  interchangeably,  but  tliero  is  a 
niarked  tendency  to  use  aeee/>ta>icc  for  the  act  of  accept- 
ing, and  acceptation  for  the  state  of  being  accepted,  accept- 
ancy having  become  rare,  or  being  restricted  to  poetic  use. 

It  is  in  vain  to  stand  out  against  the  full  acceptance  of 
a  word  which  is  supported  by  so  much  and  so  respectable 
authority.  Wlutncy,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  41. 

To  reanimate  this  drooping  but  Divine  truth  of  Inmian 
regeneration,  by  lifting  it  out  of  its  almost  wholly  lapsed 
and  lifeless  —  because  nu-rely  ritual  —  private  acceptation, 
and  giving  it  a  grander  public  application. 

//.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  154. 

accepted  (ak-sep'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Acceptable; 
chosen;  appointed. 

Behold,  now  is  the  acci^pted  time ;  behold,  now  is  the 
day  of  salvation.  2  Cor.  vi.  2. 

2.  In  co?H.,  received  or  acknowledged  as  bind- 
ing: often  abbreviated  to  a.  or  A.  See  accept- 
ance, 1  (c)  (2). 
accepter  (ak-sep'ter),  H.  1.  A  person  who  ac- 
cepts. Specittc.ally,  in  com.,  the  person  who  accepts  a 
bill  of  exchange  so  as  to  bind  himself  to  pay  the  sum  speci- 
fied in  it.  [In  this  specilic  sense  most  frequently  written 
acceptor  (which  see).] 
2t.  One  who  favors  unduly;  a  respecter. 

God  is  no  accepter  of  persons ;  neither  riches  nor  poverty 
are  a  means  to  procure  his  favour. 

CItillingu'orth,  Sermons,  iii.  §33. 

acceptilate  (ak-sep'ti-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
acceplUatcd,  ppr.  acceptilating.  [<  acccptila- 
tion.]  To  discharge  (a  debt)  by  aceeptila- 
tion. 

acceptilation  (ak-sep-ti-la'shgn),  n.  [<  L.  ac- 
eejitUati<i{n-),  also  written  separately  acccpti 
latio{n-),  a  formal  discharging  from  a  debt,  lit. 
a  bearing  of  a  receipt:  accepti,  gen.  of  accep- 
tum,  a  receipt,  pp.  neut.  of  accipcrc,  receive 
(see  accept,  r.) ;  latio{n-),  a  bearing,  <  latu.9,  pp., 
associated  with  /en'f'  =  E.  bear'^:  see  abJatirc, 
and  cf.  legislation.]  1.  In  cieil  and  Scots  lau; 
the  verbal  extinction  of  a  verbal  contract, 
with  a  declaration  that  the  debt  has  been  paid 
when  it  has  not,  or  the  acceptance  of  some- 
thing merely  imaginary  in  satisfaction  of  a  ver- 
bal contract.  Wharton.  Hence  —  2t.  Inthcol., 
the  fi-ee  forgiveness  of  sins  by  God,  for  Christ's 
sake.  The  word  (acceptilatio)  was  used  by  Duns  Scotus, 
m  whose  writings  it  first  appears  as  a  theological  term,  to 
signify  the  doctrine  that  God  accepts  the  sufferings  of 
Christ  as  a  satisfaction  to  justice,  though  in  strictness 
they  arc  not  so,  as  opposed  to  the  notion  that  Clirist's 
sufferings  were  infinite,  and  therefore  a  full  and  actual 
satisfaction  for  the  sins  of  mankind. 

Our  justification  which  comes  by  Christ  is  by  imputa- 
tion and  itcc'ptilalion,  by  grace  and  favour. 

Jer.  Taylor,  .\ns.  to  Bp.  of  Rochester. 

acceptiont  (ak-sep'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  acccpcioun, 
<OP.  accejition  =  Sp.'  acepeion  =  Pg.  acccpqao, 
<  L.  acceptio(n-),  <  aeeipere,  receive :  see  accept.] 

1.  Acceptation. 

The  diverse  acceptions  of  words  wliich  the  schoolmen 
call  suppositions  elfect  no  homonymy. 

Burgersdicius,  trans,  by  a  Gentleman,  I.  xxvi.  12. 

That  this  hath  been  esteemed  the  due  and  proper  ac. 
ccjition  of  this  word,  I  shall  testify. 

Hammond,  Fundamentals. 

2.  The  act  of  favoring  unequally ;  preference. 

Yov  accepcionns  ot  persoones,  that  is,  to  putte  oon  bi- 
fore  another  withoute  desert,  is  not  anentis  God. 

Wyclif,  Kom.  ii.  11. 

acceptiiret  (ak-sep'tiv),  a.    Eeady  to  accept. 

The  people  generally  are  very  acceptive  and  apt  to  ap- 
plaud any  meri table  work. 

/>.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  ii.  7. 

acceptor  (.ak-sep'tor  or  -ter),  n.  [After  L.  ac- 
ceptor, one  who  receives,  (.accipcrc,  receive: 
see  accept,  r.]      Same   as    accepter,  but  more 

frequent  in  oommcrcial  and  legal  use Acceptor 

supra  protest,  a  person,  not  a  party  to  a  bill  of  exchange 
which  has  been  protested,  who  .accepts  it  for  the  hoiuir  of 
the  drawer  or  of  an  indorser,  thereby  agi'eciiig  to  pay  it  if 
tlie  drawee  docs  not. 

acceptress  (ak-sep'tres),  n.  A  female  acceptor. 
[Kare.l 

accerset  (ak-s6rs'),  v.  t.  [<L.  acccrserc,  com- 
monly arccssere  (prefix  ar-,  <  ad-,  to),  summon, 
cause  to  come,  <  acccdcre,  come :  see  accede.] 


accession 

To  call  out  or  forth ;   summon,  as  an   army. 
/fall.     [Rare.] 
access   (ak'ses,   fonnorly  ak-sos'),   n.     [<  ME. 
Mires',  aksis,  axes  (nearly  always  in  sense  .'5), 

<  OF.  acccs  (also  spelled  aces,  accx,  aches,  axccs), 
approach,  attack,  F.  ftccts  =  Sp.  acccso  =  PK. 
It.  acccsso,  <  L.  acccssus,  approach,  passage,  in- 
crease, <  acccrfcre,  go  to:  see  accA:de.]  1.  A 
coming  to ;  near  approach ;  admittance ;  admis- 
sion: as,  to  gain  access  to  a  prince. 

We  are  denied  access  unto  his  person. 

SItak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Means  of  approach  or  admission;  way  of 
entrance  or  passage  to  anything:  as,  the  access 
is  through  a  massive  door  or  a  long  conidor,  or 
by  a  neck  of  land. 

.'Ml  neeeas  was  throng'd.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  701. 

Tlien  closed  her  access  to  the  wealthier  farms. 

Tennyson,  Ayhner'a  Field. 

3.  Admission  to  sexual  intercourse. 

During  coverture  access  of  the  husband  shall  be  pre- 
sumed, unless  the  contrary  be  shown.  Blackstone. 

4.  Addition;  increase;  accession. 

I,  from  the  inrtucnce  of  thy  looks,  rcceivo 
Access  in  every  virtue.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  310. 

5.  The  attack  or  return  of  a  fit  or  paroxysm  of 
disease,  as  of  a  fever;  accession. 

Every  wight  gan  waxen  for  accesge 
A  leche  anon.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1578. 

The  fti-st  access  looked  like  an  apoplexy. 

lip.  Burnet,  Hist,  of  Own  Times. 

The  most  efficient  and  certain  means  for  stimulating  the 

cerebral  cortex,  in  order  to  provoke  an  epileptic  access, 

is  electrization.  Alien,  atul  S'eurol.,  VI.  8. 

6.  The  approach  of  the  priest  to  the  altar  for 
the  purpose  of  celebrating  the  eucharist. — 7. 
In  canon  law,  a  right  to  a  certain  benefice  at 
some  future  time,  now  in  abeyance  through 
lack  of  required  age  or  some  other  conditions : 
if  in  abeyance  through  actual  possession  of 
another,  it  is  equivalent  to  the  right  of  SKCcte- 
sion.  See  coadjutor,  /njicw  is  a  right,  in  \irtue  of 
some  previous  stipulation,  to  a  benefice  resigned  before 
entered  upon ;  regress,  to  a  benefice  actually  renounced. 
The  Council  of  Trent  and  succeeding  popes  abolished 
such  titles,  as  tending  to  make  benefices  hereditary  ;  since 
then  they  have  existed  in  Roman  Catholic  countries  only 
in  particular  instances  and  liy  a  special  pontifical  privilege. 
—Prayer  of  humble  access,  a  prayer  said  by  the  cele- 
brant in  his  o«'n  lielialf  and  in  that  of  the  people  before 
communicating.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  litur- 
gies it  is  used  shortly  before  the  communion  of  the  priest. 
In  the  present  Book  of  Common  Prayer  it  precedes  tire 
Consecration. 

accessarily,  accessariness,  etc.  See  accesso- 
rilij,  accessorincss,  etc. 

accessary  (ak-ses'a-ri  or  ak'ses-a-ri),  «.  [<  L. 
as  if  *accessarius,  (acccssus,  access:  see  access. 
Now  mixed  with  accessor;/,  a.  and  n.  Strictly 
the  noun  (a  person)  should  be  accessary,  the 
adj.  (and  noun,  a  thing)  accessor;/;  but  the  dis- 
tinction is  too  fine  to  be  maintained.  See  -ary, 
-ory.]     Same  as  accessor;/. 

accessibility  (ak-ses-i-bil'i-ti),  n.  [=F.  ac- 
ccssibilite  =  It.  acccssibilitit,  <  LL.  acccssibili- 
t(i{t-)s,  <  accessibilis,  accessible:  see  accessible] 
The  condition  or  quality  of  being  accessible,  or 
of  admitting  approach. 

accessible  (ak-ses'i-bl),  a.  [=F.  accessible  = 
Sp.  acccsible  =  Pg.   accessivel  =  It.   accessibilc, 

<  LL.  accessibilis,  accessible,  <  L.  acccssus,  pp.  of 
aceedere,  go  to,  approach :  see  accede.  ]  Capa- 
ble of  being  approached  or  reached;  easy  of 
access;  approachable;  attainable:  as,  an  ac- 
cessible town  or  mountain;  the  place  is  accessi- 
ble by  a  coTicealed  path. 

Most  frankly  flccemi/**,  most  affable,  .  .  .  most  sociable. 
Barroic,  Works,  I.  200. 
Proofs  accessible  to  all  the  world. 

Buckle,  Hist.  Civilization,  I.  i. 

accessibly  (ak-ses'i-bli),  adv.  In  an  accessi- 
ble mamier  ;  so  as  to  be  accessible. 

accession  (ak-sesh'on),  H.  [=  F.  accession,  <  OF. 
ucccssioun  =  Sp.  accesion  =Pg.  acce.^sao  =  It. 
accessione,  <  L.  acccssio{n-),  a  going  to,  an  ap- 
proach, attack,  increase,  <  acccssus,  pp.  of  ac- 
eedere, go  to:  see  accede.]  1.  A  coming,  as 
into  the  possession  of  a  right  or  station ;  attain- 
ment; entrance;  induction:  as,  the  accession 
of  the  people  to  political  power,  or  to  the  ballot ; 
accession  to  an  estate,  or  to  the  throne. 

The  king,  at  his  accession,  takes  an  oath  to  maintain  all 
the  rights,  liberties,  franchises,  and  customs,  written  or 
unwritten.  J.  .idanis.  Works,  IV.  376. 

2.  The  act  of  acceding,  as  by  assent  or  agree- 
ment; consent;  .iunetion;  adhesion:  as,  acces- 
sion to  a  demand  or  proposal ;  their  accession 
to  the  party  or  confederacy  was  a  great  gain. 

Declaring  their  acquiescence  in  and  accession  to  the 
determination  made  by  Congress. 

S.  Williams,  Hist.  Vermont,  p.  283.    (A^.  E.  D.) 


accession 

3.  Increase  by  somctliin^  iidiloil ;  that  which 
is  added;  augmeiitiition  ;  additiou:  as,  au  ac- 
cession of  wealth,  temtory,  or  uumbers. 

The  only  acc^jusiim  which  the  JlDinan  Empire  received 
Wiis  tile  jiroviiice  of  Itritniil.  Gibbon. 

'i'lic  yiile  lo^:  drew  an  unusimlly  large  accexsion  of  guests 
nrouitd  the  Christmas  hearth. 

ISarham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  17. 
The  ship  limiight  but  twenty  passengers,  and  quenched 
nil  hope  of  iiumediato  (uccsgionx. 

Jiancn/t,  Hist.  V.  R.,  I.  285. 

4.  In  law,  a  mode  of  ae<iuiririg  property,  by 
which  the  owner  of  a  corporeal  substance 
whiclx  receives  an  addition  by  growth  or  by  the 
apjdication  of  labor  has  a  right  to  the  thing 
added  or  to  the  iiuprovoment,  as  au  addition 
to  a  house  made  by  a  tenant  under  au  ordinary 
lease. — 5.  In  mcd.,  the  attack,  approach,  or 
eomnieneement  of  a  disease;  access. — 6.  In 
the  election  of  a  pope,  the  transference  of  votes 
from  one  candidate  to  another,  when  the  scru- 
tiny has  not  resulted  in  a  choice.  The  oppor- 
tunity of  doing  this  is  called  an  accessii  (which 
see).  — Deed  of  accession,  in  Scots  law,  a  deed  executed 
by  the  creditors  of  a  liankrupt,  l)y  wliieh  they  approve  of 
a  trust  given  by  tlieir  debtor  for  the  general  behoof,  and 
bind  themselves  to  concur  in  the  plans  proposed  for  extri- 
cating his  afTairs. -Syn.  2.  Consent,  compliance,  assent, 
acquiescence. —  3.  Increase,  addition,  increment,  exten- 
sion, auiriuentation. 

accessional  (ak-sesh'on-al),  a.  [=  Pg.  acces- 
fi'inal,  <  L.  as  if  "accessional is:  see  accession.'] 
Consisting  in  or  due  to  accession;  giving  in- 
crease or  enlargement ;  additional. 

The  specific  and  acK^Kimial  perfections  which  the  hu- 
man understanding  derives  from  it.  Coleridge. 

I  regard  that,  rather,  as  a  superinduced,  collateral,  ac- 
cessional fame,  a  necessity  of  greatness. 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  522. 

accessit  (ak-ses'it),  n.  [L.,  he  has  come  near, 
:jd  pers.  sing,  perf .  ind.  of  acceilere,  to  come  to  or 
near:  see  accerfe.]  1.  In  English  and  other  col- 
leges, a  certificate  or  prize  awarded  to  a  stu- 
dent of  second  (or  lower)  merit:  as,  second 
accessit,  third,  fourth,  etc.,  accessit. —  2.  In  the 
election  of  a  pope,  an  opportunity  given  the 
members  of  the  conclave,  after  each  Ijallot,  to 
rexise  their  votes. 

Every  morning  a  ballot  is  cast,  followed  in  the  evening 
by  an  "  accessit " ;  that  is,  if  the  morning  ballot  has  led  to 
no  result,  any  of  the  electors  is  allowed  to  transfer  liis 
vote  to  that  one  of  the  candidates  whom  he  can  expect 
thereby  to  get  elected.  Schaff-Herzog,  Encyc,  I.  521. 

accessivet  (ak-ses'iv),  a.  [<  ML.  accessivus 
(rare,  and  special  sense  uncertain,  but  lit.  '  ad- 
ditional'), <  L.  accesstis,  addition:  see  occrs.?.] 
Additional ;  contributory. 

God  "  opened  the  eyes  of  one  that  was  born  blind  "  and 
had  increased  this  caeeity  by  his  own  accessive  and  exces- 
sive wickedness.  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  37a. 

accessorial  (ak-se-s6'ri-al),  a.     Pertaining  to 
an  accessory :  as,  accessorial  agency, 
ilere  accessorial  guilt  was  not  enough  to  convict  him. 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  265. 

accessorily  (ak-ses'o-ri-li  or  ak'se-so-ri-li),  adv. 
In  the  manner  of  an  accessory ;  not  as  princi- 
pal, but  as  a  subordinate  agent.  Also  written 
accessariUj. 

accessoriness  (ak-ses'o-ri-nes  or  ak'se-s6-ri- 
nes),  «.  The  state  of  being  accessory,  or  of 
bi.'ing  or  acting  as  an  accessory.  Also  written 
ncrcsnariness. 

accessorius  (ak-se-sd'ri-us),  o.  andn. ;  pi.  acccs- 
sorii  (-i).  [ML. :  see  accessory.^  In  anat.,  ac- 
cessory, or  an  accessory.  Applied— (a)  To  several 
muscles :  as,  umsculus  accessorius  ad  sacro-lumbalem, 
the  accessory  muscle  of  the  sacro-lumbalis,  passing,  in 
man,  by  successive  slips,  from  the  six  lower  to  the  six 
upper  ribs  ;  acccssorii  orbicularis  superiores,  accessorii 
orbicularis  infcriores,  certain  superior  and  inferior  addi- 
tional or  accessory  muscular  fibers  of  the  orbicularis  oris 
muscle  of  man  ;  flexor  accessorius,  the  accessory  flexor  of 
the  sole  of  the  foot  of  m.an,  arising  by  two  heads  from  the 
08  calcis  or  heel-bone,  and  inserted  into  the  tendon  of 
the  long  flexor  of  the  toes  (flexor  longus  digitorum).  (6) 
To  the  eleventh  pair  of  cranial  nerves,  also  called  the 
spinal  accessory  nerves.  They  give  filaments  to  the  v:igua, 
and  innervate  the  sterno-mastoid  and  trapezius  muscles. 

accessory  (ak-ses'o-ri  or  ak'so-so-ri),  a.  and  n. 
[=!•'.  «c«-.v.s'oi»e  =  Sp.  acccsorio  =  Pg.  It.  acccs- 
sorio,  <  ML.  acccisorius,  <  L.  acccs.sMS,_pp.  of  ac- 
cedere:  see  accede,  andcf.  accessary.']  it  «.  1.  (Of 
persons.)  Acceding;  contributing;  aiiling  in 
producing  some  effect,  or  acting  in  subordina- 
tion to  the  principal  agent:  usually  in  a  bad 
sense  :  as,  accessory  to  a  felony.  Technically, 
in  law,  it  implies  aiding  without  being  present 
at  the  act.— 2.  (Of  things.)  (a)  Contributing  to 
a  general  effect ;  aiding  in  certain  acts  or  effects 
in  a  secondary  manner;  belonging  to  something 
else  as  principal ;  accompanying:  as,  accessor!/ 
sounds  in  music;  accessory  "muscles.  (6)  Ad- 
ditional, or  of  the  nature  of  an  appendage:  as, 


34 

aecr.isoni  buds  are  developed  by  the  side  of  or 
above  tlie  normal  a,\illary  bud.  -  Accesaory  action, 
in  Scotit  law,  an  action  in  .sonu-  tbgree  suliservient  or  an- 
cillary to  another  action.— Accessory  contract,  one 
made  for  the  purpose  of  iussuring  the  performance  of  a 
prior  contract,  either  by  tlie  same  parties  or  by  others, 
such  .a-s  a  suretyshii).  a  mortgage,  or  a  pledge.  Boavier.  — 
Accessory  disk,  the  thin,  slightly  dim,  and  ani.sotroiious 
disk  seen  near  tlie  intermediate  disk  in  certain  forms 
and  conditions  of  striated  muscle-fibers.- Accessory 
fruits,  those  fruits  a  considerable  porti<m  of  who.se  sub- 
stance is  distinct  from  the  seed-vessel  and  formed  of  the 
accrescent  and  succulent  calyx,  or  torus,  or  receptacle, 
bracts,  etc.— Accessory  muscles.  See  (icce^sorius.—  Ac- 
cessory obligation,  an  <ibligation  incidental  or  subor- 
dinate to  another  nbli;.'ation.  Thus,  an  obligation  for  the 
regular  payment  of  interest  is  accessunt  to  the  obligation 
to  pay  the  principal  ;  a  mortgage  to  secure  payment  of 
a  bond  is  acc('.?A'on/ to  the  bond. — Accessory  valves,  in 


y  Valves  (a  n). 


zool.,  small  additional  valves,  as  those  placed  near  the 
umbones  of  the  genus  Pholas  among  mollusks. —  Spinal 
accessory  nerves,  in  anat.,  the  eleventh  pair  of  cranial 
nerves.  See  accessoritt-s. 

II.  «. ;  ph  accessories  (-riz).  1.  In  law^  one 
who  is  guilty  of  a  felony,  not  by  committing 
the  offense  in  person  or  as  a  principal,  nor  bj' 
being  present  at  its  commission,  but  by  being 
in  some  other  way  concerned  therein,  as  by  ad- 
vising or  inciting  another  to  commit  tlio  crime, 
or  by  concealing  the  offender  or  in  any  way 
helping  him  to  escape  punishment.  An  accessory 
be/ore  the  /act  is  one  who  counsels  or  incites  another  to 
commit  a  felony,  and  who  is  not  present  when  the  act  is 
done :  after  the  fact,  one  who  receives  and  conceals,  or  in 
any  way  assists,  the  offender,  knowing  him  to  have  com- 
mitted a  felony.  In  high  treason  and  misdemeanor,  by 
English  law,  there  are  no  accessories,  all  implicated  being 
treated  as  principals.     See  abetter. 

An  accessory  is  one  who  participates  in  a  felony  too  re- 
motely to  be  deemed  a  principal.  Bishop. 

In  that  state  [Massachusetts],  too,  the  aider  and  abettor, 
who  at  common  law  would  have  been  but  a  mere  acces- 
sory, may  be  indicted  and  convicted  of  a  substantive 
felony,  without  any  regard  to  the  indictment  or  conviction 
of  the  principal.  Am.  Cyc,  I.  58. 

The  prevailing  rule  of  the  criminal  law,  that  there  may 
be  principals  and  accessories  to  a  crime,  has  no  applica- 
tion whatever  to  treason.  Am.  Cyc,  XV.  Sol. 

2.  That  which  accedes  or  belongs  to  some- 
thing else  as  its  principal ;  a  subordinate  part 
or  object ;  an  accompaniment. 

The  wealth  of  both  Indies  seems  in  great  part  but  an 

accejisary  to  the  command  of  the  sea.  Bacon,  Essays,  xxix. 

The  aspect  and  accessories  of  a  den  of  banditti.    Carlyle. 

3.  In  the ./iHe«r?,s,  an  object  represented  whieh 
is  not  a  main  motive  or  center  of  interest,  but 
is  introduced  to  balance  the  composition  or  in 
some  way  enhance  its  artistic  effectiveness. 
In  a  portrait,  for  example,  everything  but  the  figure  is  an 
accessory. 

In  painting  the  picture  of  an  Orient.al,  the  pipe  and  the 
coffee-cup  are  indispensable  accessories. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  ITS. 
[In  all  uses  interchangeable  with  accessary,  but 
accessory  is  more  common.]  =  Syn.  1.  Abetter,  ac- 
complice. See  the  definitions  of  these  words. 
acciaccatura  (iit-chiik-ka-to'ra),  )i.  [It.;  lit.,  the 
effect  of  crushing,  <  acciaccarc,  bruise,  crush, 
<  acciare,  mince,  hash,  <  accia,  an  ax,  <  L.  ascia, 
an  ax :  see  a.rl.]  In  music  :  (a)  A  gi'ace-note 
one  half  step  below  a  principal  note,  struck  at 
the  same  time  with  the  principal  note  and  im- 
mediately left,  while  the  latter  is  held.  Before  a 
single  note  it  is  indicated  in  the  same  manner  as  the  short 
appoggiatura  ;  before  a  note  of  a  chord  it  is  indicated  by 


Writtm. 


Played. 


i 


^ 


53: 


r^= 


a  stroke  drawn  through  the  chord  under  the  note  to 
which  it  belongs.  It  is  now  used  only  in  organ-music. 
{b)  More  frequently,  a  short  appoggiatura.  See 
apnoiiijiatiira. 
accidence'  (ak'si-dens),  n.  [A  missiielling  of 
(icridciil.'i,  pi.,  or  an  accom.  of  L.  accidentia, 
ueut.  pi.,  as  accidence^  of  L.  accidentia,  fern, 
sing.:  sec  accident,  G.'\  1.  That  part  of  gram- 
mar which  treats  of  the  accidents  or  inflection 
of  words ;  a  small  book  containing  the  rudi- 
ments of  grammar. 

I  .  .  .  never  yet  ilid  learn  mine  acci<tcnc£.  ■ 

John  Taylor  (the  AVater-Poet). 


accidental 

We  carried  an  accidence,  or  a  grammar,  for  form. 

Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 
Hence — 2.  The  rudiments  of  any  subject. 

The  poets  who  were  just  then  learning  the  accidence 
of  their  art.  Lowell,  Among  my  Hooks,  2d  ser.,  p.  1G2. 

accidence-t  (ak'si-dens),  n.  [<  ME.  accidence, 
<  OF.  accidence,  <  L.  accidentia,  a  chance,  a 
casual  event,  <  aceiden(t-)s,  ppr.  of  accidcre, 
hapjjen :  see  accident.']  A  fortuitous  cireum- 
st.'uu-c;  an  accident. 
accident  (ak'si-dent),  Ji.  [<ME.  accident,  <  OF. 
accident,  F.  accident  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  accidente,  < 
L.  accidcn(_t-)s,  an  accident,  chance,  misfor- 
tune, prop.  ppr.  of  accidcre,  fall  upon,  befjiU, 
happen,  chance,  <  ad,  to,  upon,  +  cadere,  fall: 
see  cadence,  ca.?e^,  and  cliance.]  1.  In  general, 
anything  that  happens  or  begins  to  be  without 
design,  or  as  an  unforeseen  effect ;  that  which 
falls  out  by  chance  ;  a  fortuitous  event  or  cir- 
cumstance. 

The  story  of  my  life. 
And  the  particular  accidents  gone  by. 
Since  I  came  to  this  isle.  Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 

Wlienever  words  tumble  out  under  the  blindest  acci. 
dents  of  the  moment,  those  are  the  words  retaineil. 

De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

2.  Specifically,  an  imdesirable  or  unfortunate 
happening ;  an  undesigned  harm  or  injury ;  a 
casualty  or  mishap.  In  legal  use,  an  accident  is:  (a) 
An  event  happening  without  the  concurrence  of  the  will 
of  the  person  by  whose  agency  it  was  caused.  It  differs 
from  mistake,  in  that  the  latter  always  supposes  the 
operation  of  the  will  of  the  agent  in  producing  the  event, 
although  that  will  is  caused  by  erroneous  impressions  on 
the  mind.  Edw.  Livingston.  See  mi-ttake.  (b)  Sometimes, 
in  a  loose  sense,  any  event  that  takes  place  without  one's 
foresight  or  expectation,  (c)  Specifically,  in  equity  prac- 
tice, an  event  which  is  not  the  result  of  personal  negli- 
gence or  misconduct. 

3.  The  operation  of  chance ;  an  undesigned 
contingency ;  a  happening  without  intentional 
causation ;  chance  ;  fortune :  as,  it  was  the  re- 
sult of  accident;  I  was  there  by  accident. 

Frizes  of  accident  as  oft  as  merit. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  3. 

,\ll  of  them,  in  his  opinion,  owe  their  being  to  fate,  acci 

dent,  or  the  blind  action  of  stupid  matter.  Dwight. 

4t.  That  which  exists  or  occurs  abnormally; 
something  unusual  or  phenomenal ;  an  uncom- 
mon occurrence  or  appearance. 

Noon  accident  for  noon  adversitee 
Was  seyn  in  her.        Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  I.  607. 
The  accident  was  loud,  and  here  before  thee 
With  rueful  cry.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1552. 

5.  Irregularity ;  unevenness  ;  abruptness,  (a) 
Any  chance,  unexpected,  or  imusual  quality  or  circum- 
stance. 

The  happy  accidents  of  old  English  houses. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  262. 
(b)  An  irregularity  of  sm-face  :  an  tmdulation  :  as,  the 
enemy  was  favored  by  the  accidents  of  the  ground. 

6.  A  non-essential.  In  logic  (translation  of  Gr.  avin- 
^e^TjKo^) :  (rt)  Any  predicate,  mark,  character,  or  whatever 
is  in  a  subject  or  inheres  in  a  substance :  in  this  sense 
opposed  to  substance.  (6)  A  character  which  may  be 
present  in  or  absent  from  a  member  of  a  natural  class  :  in 
this  sense  it  is  one  of  the  five  predicables,  viz.,  genus,  dif- 
ference, species,  property,  accident.  Accidents  are  divided 
into  separable  and  inseparable.  The  distinction  between 
au  inseparable  accidctit  and  a  property  is  not  clear. 

If  two  or  tliree  hundred  men  are  to  be  found  who  can- 
not live  out  of  Madeira,  that  inability  would  still  be  an 
accident  and  a  peculiarity  of  each  of  them. 

J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  83. 

7.  In  gram.,  a  variation  or  inflection  of  a  word, 
not  essential  to  its  primary  signification,  but 
marking  a  modification  of  its  relation,  as  gen- 
der, number,  and  case.     See  accidence^. 

[In  Malay]  the  noun  has  no  accidents. 

R.  y.  Cast,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  134. 

Chapter  of  accidents.  See  cAa;)(fr.— Conversion  by 
accident.  See  oMii'crrfoii.— Eflclent  cause  by  acci- 
dent. See  en iwc— Fallacy  of  accident.  See  fallacy. 
-Syn.  1.  Chance,  miscbaiR-e,  haj',  mishap,  fortune,  mis- 
fortune, luck,  bad  luck,  casualty,  calamity,  disaster.— 6. 
I'roperty.  Attribute,  etc.     See  quality. 

accidental  (ak-si-den'tal),  a.  and  n.  [=F. 
accidentel  =  Fr.  Sp.  Pg.  accidental  ^  It.  acci- 
dentale,  <  ML.  accidentalis,  <  L.  acciden(t-)s,  an 
accident,  chance:  see  accident.']  I.  a.  1.  Hap- 
pening by  chance  or  accident,  or  unexpectedly ; 
taking  place  not  according  to  the  usual  course 
of  things;  casual;  fortuitous;  unintentional: 
as,  an  accidental  meeting. —  2.  Non-essential; 
not  necessarily  belonging  to  the  subject ;  ad- 
ventitious: as,  songs  are  accidental  to  a  play. 
Of  your  philosophy  you  make  no  use, 
If  you  give  place  to  accidental  evils. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 
Accidental  being.  See  Wii;;.— Accidental  colors, 
in  oj^fh-s.  ].iisiiiatie  complementary  colors  seen  when  the 
eye  is  turned  suddenly  to  a  white  or  liglit-colured  surface, 
after  iL  has  been  fixed  fe>r  a  time  on  a  bright-colored  ob- 
ject. If  the  object  is  blue,  the  accidental  color  is  yellow; 
if  red,  green,  etc.  Thus,  if  we  look  iLxedly  at  a  red  wafer  on  a 
piece  of  white  paper,  and  tllen  turn  the  eye  to  another  part 
of  the  paper,  a  green  spot  is  seen.— Accidental  defini- 


accidental 

tlon,  1  descriptii>ri.-  Accidental  distinction,  in  Iniiir, 

nlir  which  dues  lii)t  i-niiiTfll  thi-  lii-llilitions  i)f  ihv  ottji-rts 

ilistiimiiislii.l.    Accidental  error.in  ;)/i,i/.m'«.   Sih' . m.r. 
-  Accidental  form.    Sl"  ji.nn.    Accidental  light,  in 

imiHliifl.  !i  scoMiilury  hKlit  whiili  is  nut  iUfdiintcii  U:t  liy 
till'  iiruviilciit  illiit,  such  as  the  rays  uf  the  sun  ihirtins; 
thriiu>;h  !i  chuul.  nr  between  the  leaves  of  a  thicket,  or 
the  elleets  uf  nio.inliulit,  eanillc-lisht,  nrliuniinu  iHiclies,  in 
a  scene  whidi  ilocs  nut  owe  its  cliief  li^ltt  to  such  a  source. 
-Accidental  point,  in  /wra;/.,  that  point  in  wliielia  rii;lit 
line  ilrawn  from  the  eye  iiarallel  to  another  given  rinht 
line  cuts  the  picture  or 
plane.  Thus,  suppose 
AB  to  be  the  line  Kiven 
in  per.specti\f,  VVV.  tin- 
perspective  plane,  1)  the 
eye,  1»'  the  line  p;irallel 
to  Al!;  then  is  ('the  ac- 
cidental point.  =  Syn. 
1.  Accidental,  Chance, 
Casual,  Fortiiiltms,  In- 


AccKlcnt.il  I'uiiit. 


cidenlal,  Cotitinifent.  The  first  four  are  the  words  most 
commonly  used  "to  express  occurrence  without  expectation 
or  design.  Accidental  is  the  most  eonnnon,  and  expresses 
that  which  happens  outside  of  the  regular  c<jurs(;  of  events. 
Chtncc  lias  about  the  same  force  us  accidental,  but  it  is  not 
used  pre{licatively.  There  is  a  tendency  to  desynonymize 
aceiilenlal  and  casual,  so  as  to  make  the  former  apply  to 
events  that  are  of  nu)re  conseiiuenee ;  as,  an  accidental 
fall;  a  ca.v»(i/ remark,  .-V.-^  to  actual  connection  with  the 
main  eoui"se  of  cvent.s,  enyiial  is  the  \\ord  nio.^t  opposed  to 
incidental :  the  connection » if  what  is  inei<tental  is  real  and 
necessary,  tint  secondary  ;  as,  an  incidi'utal  benefit  or  evil. 
An  incidental  remark  is  a  real  partof  a  discussion;  a  casual 
remark  is  not.  Fortuitous  is  rather  a  learned  word,  not 
applicable  in  many  cases  where  accidental  or  even  casual 
could  be  used ;  perhaps  through  its  resemblance  ta/ortu- 
tmte,  it  is  rarely  if  ever  used  when  speaking  of  that  which 
is  unfavorable  or  uiulesired  ;  thus,  it  would  not  be  proper 
Ui  speak  of  a, /'or? »(7o((^  shipwreck.  It  is  chiefiy  used  with 
the  nn>re  abstract  words:  as,  fortuitous  events:  a/ortui- 
tinis  resemblance.  That  which  is  continifent  is  dependent 
upon  sometliing  else  for  its  happening  :  as,  his  recovery  is 
contimjcnt  upon  the  continuance  of  mild  weather.  See 
occoi^ional. 

Thy  sin's  not  accidental,  but  a  trade. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

But  let  it  not  be  such  as  that 
You  set  before  cAancc-comers. 

Tennyson,  Will  Waterproof. 
No  casual  mistress,  but  a  wife. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam. 
Fortuitoits    coincidences    of  sound,  ...  in   words  of 
wholly  independent  derivation. 

Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  387. 
By  some  persons  religious  duties  appear  to  be  regarded 
as  an  incidental  business.  J.  Rogers. 

With  an  infinite  being  nothing  can  be  contingent. 

Paley. 

II.  n.  1.  Anything  happening,  occurring,  or 
appearing  accidentally,  or  a.s  if  accidentally; 
a  casualty.  Specifically  — («)  In  music,  a  siim  occurring 
in  the  course  of  a  piece  of  music  and  altering'  the  pitch  of 
the  notebefore  which  it  is  placed  fmni  the  jiitcb  indicated 
by  the  signature,  or  restoring  it  to  tlie  latter  after  it  has 
undergone  such  alteration.  There  are  five  such  signs :  the 
sharp  (5),  double  sharp  ( x ),  flat  (f),  double  flat  (bb),  and  nat- 
ural (C),  The  sharp  raises  the  pitch  a  half  step,  the  double 
sharp  a  whole  step ;  the  fiat  lowers  the  pitch  a  hjilf  step, 
the  double  fiat  a  whole  step  ;  the  natural  annuls  the  effect 
of  a  previous  sharp  or  flat  occurring  either  in  the  signature 
or  as  an  accidental.  The  effect  of  an  accidental  is  usually 
limited  to  the  bar  in  which  it  occurs,  (h)  In  med.,  tissue 
resulting  from  morbid  action;  chiefly  employed  in  this 
sense  by  BYench  writers,  but  adopted  by  some  English 
authors,  (c)  In  painting,  a  fortuitous  or  chance  eflfeet  re- 
sulting from  the  incidence  of  luminous  rays  or  accidental 
lights  upon  certain  objects,  whereby  the  latter  are  brought 
into  greater  emphasis  of  light  and  shadow. 
2.  An  unessential  property ;  a  mere  adjunct  or 
circumstance. 

He  conceived  it  just  that  accidentals  .  .  .  should  sink 
with  the  substance  of  the  accusation.  Fuller. 

Conceive  .as  nmeh  as  you  can  of  the  essentials  of  any 
subject,  before  you  consider  its  accidentals.  Il'o((*,  Logic. 

accidentalism  (ak-si-den'tal-izm),  n.  1.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  accidental ;  acci- 
dental character. —  2.  That  which  is  acciden- 
tal; accidental  effect;  specifically,  in  painting, 
the  effect  produced  by  accidental  rays  of  light. 
Rufkin.  See  accidental,  n.,  1  (<■),  and  acciden- 
tal lii/ht,  Milder  accidental,  a. — 3.  In  med.,  the 
hypothesis  by  which  disease  is  regarded  as  an 
accidental  nnidiiieatiou  of  health.  Si/d.  Soc.  Lex. 

accidentalist  (ak-si-den'tal-ist),  )i.  In  med.,  one 
wl)i;i  favors  accidentalism.     Si/d.  Soc.  Lex. 

accidentality  (ak"si-den-tal'i-ti),  «.  The  state 
orqualityof  being  accidental;  accidental  char- 
acter. 

1  wish  in  short  to  connect  by  a  moral  copula  natural 
history  with  itolitical  history,  or,  in  other  words,  to  nuike 
history  seientillc,  and  science  historical  —  to  take  from 
history  its  aeeidcntaliti/,  and  from  science  its  fatalism. 

Cokridgc,  Tablc-Talk. 

accidentally  (ak-si-den'tal-i),  adv.  In  an  acci- 
dental manner;  by  chance;  casually;  fortui- 
tously; not  essentially  or  intrinsically. 

I  conclude  chider  acciiicntally  bitter  and  acrimonious, 
but  not  in  itself.  Harvey,  Consumption. 

Despite  the  comparatively  lukewarm  piety  of  the  .age, 
the  Meccan  pilgrimage  is  religious  essentially,  accidetttally 
an  affair  uf  conmienre.   Ji.  F.  Ilurton,  F.l-Medilndi,  p.  W-. 


35 

accidentalness  (ak-si-den'tal-nes),  n.  The 
(jiiality  of  being  accidental  or  fortuitous. 

All  that  accidentaliyss  and  mixture  of  extravag,ance  and 
pi'iiury  which  is  the  natural  atmos^>here  of  sucit  reckless 
souls.  Mrs.  (tlijdinnt,  Sheridan,  p.  5. 

accidentaryt  (ak-si-den'ta-ri),  a.  [  =  Sp.  Pg. 
accidrnlario,  <  L.  as  if  'accidentarin.s,  (.acci- 
<leii(l-).'! :  nee  accident. 1  Accidental.  Holland. 
accidented  (ak'si-den-ted),  ;).  a.  Characterized 
by  accidents  or  irregularities  of  surface  ;  undu- 
lating. 

I  can  only  compare  our  progress  to  a  headlong  steeplc- 
ehiise  over  a  violently  accidented  ploughed  Held. 

W Donovan,  Merv,  i. 
The  Brazilian  plateau  consists  in  great  part  of  table- 
lands, which,  from  the  deep  excavation  of  the  innumer- 
able rivi-r-vaileys,  have  become  very  much  accidented,  so 
as  to  present  a  mountainous  aspect.  Sciciux,  V.  2~',i. 

accidentiaU  (ak-si-don'shal),  a.  [<  L.  acciden- 
tia (see  accidence")  +  -al.']    Accidental. 

The  substantial!  use  of  them  might  remain,  when  their 
acciitential  abuse  was  removed. 

Fuller,  Injiued  Innocence,  1.  CO. 

accidentiaryt  (ak-si-den'shi-a-ri),  a.  [<  L.  acci- 
dentia, the  accidence  (see  accidence'^),  + -anj.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  learning  the  accidence.  [Rare.] 
You  know  the  word  "  sacerdotes  "  to  signify  priests,  and 
not  the  lay-people,  which  every  accidentiary  boy  in  schools 
knoweth  as  well  as  you. 

Bp.  Morton,  Discharge  of  Imput.,  p.  18G. 

accidiet,  «•  [ME.,  =  0F.  occirfc  =  Sp.  Pg.  aci- 
dia  =  lt.  accidia,  <.  MJj.  accidia,  slotliftilness, 
indolence ;  also,  and  better,  spelled  acedia,  q. 
v.]    Sloth ;  negligence ;  indolence.    Chaucer. 

Accipenser,  etc.     See  Acipenser,  etc. 

accipiter  (ak-sip'i-t^r),  )!. ;  yl.  aecipitres  {-trez). 
[L.,  a  general  name  for  birds  of  prey,  espe- 
cially the  common  hawk  (Falco  palumbarius) 
and  the  sparrow-hawk  (/•'.  jii.sh.s),  an  appar. 
(irreg. )  deriv.  of  aecipere,  take  (hence  the  rare 
form  acceptor,  lit.  the  taker,  seizer),  but  prob. 
for  *dcipiter,<.*dci-,  "dcii-  (=Gr.  (J/ciV),  swift, 
-1-  *petrum  (=  Gr.  Trrcpdv  =  E.  feather),  wing.  Cf. 
Gr.  (JKWTrrEpof,  swift-winged,  applied  to  a  hawk 
(Homer,  II.,  xiii.  62).]  1.  In  ornith.:  (a)  A 
bird  of  the  order  Accipitres  or  liaptores ;  an  ac- 
cipitrine  or  raptorial  bird,  {b)  [_ciip.'\  A  genus 
of  birds  of  the  family  Falconida;  embracing 
short-winged,  long-tailed  hawks,  such  as  the 
sparrow-hawk  of  Europe,  Accipiter  nisus,  and 
the  shari5-shinned  hawk  of  North  America,  A. 
fuscus,  with  many  other  congeneric  species. 
Bri.sson,  1760.  See  Raptores. —  2.  In  surg.,  a 
bandage  applied  over  the  nose  :  so  called  from 
its  resemblance  to  the  claw  of  a  hawk. 

accipitral  (ak-sip'i-tral),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Accipitres  or  birds  of  prey;  ha\-ing  the 
character  of  a  bird  of  prey ;  hawk-like. 

Of  temper  most  accijntral,  hawkish,  a(|uiline,  not  to  say 
vulturish.  Carlyle,  Misc.,  IV.  245. 

That  they  [Hawthorne's  eyes)  were  sometimes  arci'jnfrai 
we  can  readily  believe.  Harper's  May.,  LXII.  '271. 

accipitraryt  (ak-sip'i-tra-ri),  «.  [<ML.  accipi- 
trarids,  a  falconer,  <  L.  accipiter :  see  accipiter.'] 
A  falconer.     Nathan  Drale. 

Accipitres  (ak-sip'i-trez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  ac- 
cipiter.'] Birds  of  prey;  the  accipitrine  or  rap- 
torial birds  regarded  as  an  order,  now  more  fre- 
quently named  Raptores  (which  see).  Linnceus, 
1735. 

Accipitrinae  (ak-sip-i-tri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ac- 
cipiter +  -ince :  see  accipiter.]  In  ornith. :  (a)  A 
subfamily  of  Falconida;  including  hawks  of 
such  genera  as  Accipiter  and  Astitr.  (6)  In 
Nitzsch's  classification  of  birds,  same  as  Accip- 
itres or  Raptores  of  authors  in  general.  Other 
forms  are  Aceipitrina,  Accipitrini. 

accipitrine  (ak-sip'i-trin),  a.  [<WL.  Aceipitri- 
na; <  L.  accipiter :  see  accipiter.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  (a)  the  Accipitres  or  raptorial  birds, 
or  {Ij)  tlie  hawks  proper,  of  the  subfamily  Aceip- 
itrina;- liawk-like ;  rapacious  :  as,  the  accipitrine 
oi'ilcr  of  birds. 

accismus  (ak-siz'mus),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKKia/i6^, 
affectation  of  indifference,  coyness,  <  iiKKii^ea6ai , 
affect  indifference,  <  (ixKii,  a  bugbear.]  In  rhet., 
a  feigned  refusal;  an  ironical  dissimulation. 
Smart. 

accitet  (ak-sif),  r.  t.  [<  L.  accitus,  pp.  of  acci- 
re,  summon,  <  ad,  to,  +  cire,  orig.  go  (=  Gr.  Kien; 
go),  but  mixed  witlx  its  causative  ciere,  cause 
to  go,  simimon :  &co  cite  sx.nA  excite.]  1.  To  call; 
cite ;  siunmon. 

He  by  the  senate  is  accited  home. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  1. 

2.  To  excite;  prompt;  move. 

What  accitcs  your  most  worshipful  thought  to  think  so '? 
Shak..  i  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 


accllmatement 

But  in  my  tlesko  what  was  there  to  accitc 
So  raven(ui3  and  v.-ist  an  appetite  'f 

It.  Juwioit,  On  Vulcan. 

acclaim  (a^klam'),  V.  [In  imitation  of  claim, 
<  L.  aectamare,  cry  out  at,  sliout  at,  either  in  a 
hostile  or  a  friendly  manner,  <  ad,  to,  +  cla- 
)Ha)'f,  shout:  sec  c/n(;H,  r.]  I.  trans.  l.Toap- 
jdaud;  treat  with  words  or  sounds  of  joy  or 
approval.     [Rare.] 

How  gladly  did  they  spend  their  breath  in  acclaiming 
thee  !  lip.  hall.  Contemplation,  iv.  26. 

2.  To  declare  or  salute  by  acclamation. 
While  the  shouting  crowd 
Acclainvt  thee  king  of  traitors.    Smollett,  Regicide,  v.  8. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  acclamation ;  shout  ap- 

jilause. 

acclaim  (a-klam'),  H.  [iacclaim,  r.]  A  shout 
of  joy ;  acclamation. 

The  heraUl  ends  :  the  vaulted  firmament 
With  loud  acclaims  and  va.st  applause  is  rent. 

Vryden,  I'al.  and  Arc,  1.  1801. 
And  the  roofs  were  starred  with  banners. 
And  the  steeples  rang  acclaim.       Whittier,  Sycamores. 

acclamatet  (ak'lii-mat),  r.  <.     {_<.h.acclamatus, 
pp.  of  acelamarc  :  see  acclaim,  v.]   To  applaud. 
Waterhou.se.     [Rare.] 
acclamation  (ak-la-ma'shon),  «.    [ih.acclama- 
tio(n-),  a  shouting,  either  in  approval  or  in  tlis- 
approval,< acc/«»«are.'  see«cc/«im.]   l.Ashout 
or  other  demonstration  of  applause,  indicating 
joy,  hearty  assent,  approbation,  or  good  will. 
Acclamations  are  expressed  by  hurrahs,  by  clapping  of 
hands,  and  often  by  repeatmg  such  cries  as  Long  lice  the 
queen  !    Vive  I'empereur  !  Fr  lebe  hoeh  !  etc. 
The  bands 
Of  a  great  multitude  are  upward  flung 
In  acclamation.  Bryant,  Hymn  of  the  Sea. 

2.  In  deliberative  assemblies,  the  spontaneous 
approval  or  adoption  of  a  resolution  or  mea- 
sure by  a  vmanimous  viva  voce  vote,  in  distinc- 
tion from  a  formal  division  or  ballot. 

When  they  [the  Anglo-Saxons]  consented  to  anything, 
it  was  rather  in  the  way  of  acclamation  than  by  the  exer- 
cise of  a  deliberate  voice.  Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  ii. 
In  the  Horn.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  method  of  papal  election,  said 
to  be  by  inspiration  (per  inspiratiomnn),  because  "all  the 
cardinals,  with  a  sudden  and  harmonious  consent,  as 
though  breathed  on  by  the  Divine  Spirit,  proclaim  some 
person  pontiff  with  one  voice,  without  any  previous  can- 
vassing or  negotiation  whence  fraud  or  insidious  sugges- 
tion could  be  surmised."     Vecchiotti. 

3.  Something  expressing  praise  or  joy.  Applied 
specifically— (rt)  To  forms  of  praise,  thanksgiving,  or  feli- 
citation at  the  close  of  ecclesiastical  gatherings.    (6)  To 

certain  short  inscriptions 
in  the  form  of  a  wish  or  in- 
junction, found  mostly  on 
tombs,  (c)  To  the  responses 
of  the  congregation  in  an- 
ti phonal  singing,  (d)  In 
Rom.  antiq.,  to  represen- 
tations in  works  of  art,  es- 
pecially on  coins  or  med- 
als, of  popular  assent  or 
approval,  as  of  several 
figures  (standing  for  the 
whole  people,  or  a  class,  or 
a  military  division,  etc.) 
greeting  an  official  or  ben- 
efactor. 

acclamatort  (ak'la- 
ma-tgr),  n.  [<  L.  as 
if  *acclamator,  <  ac- 
clamare :  see  acclaim.]  One  who  expresses  joy 
or  applause  by  acclamation.     [Rare.] 

Acclamatnrs  who  had  flU'd  ...  the  aire  with  "Vive 
le  Ki>y !  "  Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  7,  1G61. 

acclamatory  (a-klam'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  If 
'acclamaloriiis.]  Expressing  joy  or  applause  by 
acclamation. 

acclearmentt  (a-kler'ment),  «.  [Irreg.  <ac-  + 
clear  + -ment :  see  clear.']  A  clearing;  a  show- 
ing; a  plea  in  exculpation.     [Eare.] 

The  acclearmeni  is  fair,  and  the  proof  nothing. 

Up.  Ilacket,  Life  of  Ahp.  Williams,  i.  148. 

acclimatation  (a-kli-ma-ta'shon),  «.     [<  F.  ac-t 
elimaiation,  <  acelimatcr,  acclimate:  see  accli- 
mate.]    Acclimatization:  chiefly  used  in  tran- 
scription from  the  French  :    as,  the  Acclimata- 
tion Society  of  Nantes. 

acclimate  (a-kli'mat),  r.  t. ;  pi-et.  and  pp.  ac- 
climated, iipr.  acctimatim/.  [(F.  acclimater,a.c- 
climate,  <  ae-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  climat,  climate;  cf. 
Pg.  acclimar,  acclimate,  <  ac-  +  clima,  climate: 
see  climate.]  To  habituate  to  a  foreign  cli- 
mate ;  acclimatize :  more  especially  (of  per- 
sons), to  adapt  to  new  climates:  as,  to  accli- 
mate settlers;  to  acclimate  one's  self. 

The  native  inhabitants  ami  acclimated  Europeans. 

J.  Cratrfurd,  Commixture  of  Kaces. 

accllmatement  (a-kli'mat-ment),  «.  [<  F.  ac- 
ctiniatemcnt,  acclimation,  <  (liWi'mafer .'  see  ac- 
climatf.]     Acclimation.     [Rare.] 


Acclam.ition. 

Bronze  Coin  of  Hadrian,  British 

Museum.  (Sizcof  thcoriginal.) 


acclimation 

acclimation  (ak-li-ma'shon),  n.  [<  acclimate  + 
-mil.  L'f.  I'j^.  acciima^Si),  <  accliiiiar,  acclimate] 
The  process  of  aoolimating,  or  the  state  of  being 
accUmateil ;  acclimatization. 

acclimatisation,  acclimatise,  etc.    See  accH- 

miilica/iiiii,  etc. 

acclimatizable  (a-kli'ma-ti-za-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  beiiif,'  iiccliinatizod;  suitable  for  acclimatiz- 
ing': as,  (iiiliiiiiitUablc  animals.  iUso  spelled 
iiriiiiiKilisiihli . 

acclimatization  (a-kli'ma-ti-za'shon),  «.  The 
act  or  process  of  acclimatizing,  or  state  of  be- 
ing acclimatized;  the  modification  of  physical 
constitution  which  enables  a  race  or  an  in- 
dividual to  live  in  health  in  a  foreign  climate. 
Some  writers  use  this  word  witll  regard  to  finite  animals 
and  pIMitj  only,  using  acdimation  when  speaking  of  man. 
Also  spelled  acfUmalisation. 

AedimatUalion  is  tlie  process  of  adaptation  by  which 
auinials  and  plants  are  iirailually  rendered  capable  of  sur- 
viving ami  nourishing  in  countries  remote  from  their  ori- 
ginal habitats,  or  imder  meteorological  conditions  different 
from  those  which  they  have  usually  to  endure,  and  which 
are  at  tlrst  injurions  to  them. 

-•1.  Jt.  Wallace,  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  84. 

acclimatize  (a-kli'ma-tiz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
acelimati^cii, ppr.  accJimatizing.  [< ac-  (<  L.  ad, 
to)  +  climate  + -i:e ;  aSter  acclimate  from  F.] 
To  accustom  or  habituate  to  a  foreign  climate ; 
adapt  for  existence  in  a  foreign  climate : 
especially  used  of  adapting  a  race  or  stock  for 
permanent  existence  and  propagation :  as,  to 
acclimati;:e  plants  or  animals.  Also  spelled 
acclimatise. 

Yovmg  soldiers,  not  yet  acclimatized,  die  rapidly  here. 

London  Times. 

A  domesticated  animal  or  a  cultivated  plant  need  not 
necessarily  be  at:cliinati^ed ;  that  is,  it  need  not  be  capa- 
ble of  enduring  the  severity  of  the  seasons  without  pro- 
tection. The  canary-bird  is  domesticated  but  not  acdi- 
viaiiscd,  and  many  of  our  most  extensively  cultivated 
plants  ;ire  in  the  same  category. 

A.  R.  Wallace,  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  84. 

acclimatizer  (a-kli'ma-ti-zer),  w.  One  who  in- 
troduces and  acclimatizes  foreign  species.  Also 
spelled  acclimatiaer. 

.Some  of  these  [birds]  .  .  .  cannot  fail  to  become  per- 
manent settlers  equally  with  those  for  the  transportation 
of  which  the  would-be  acclimatizert!  might  find  themselves 
excused.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  736. 

acclimatnre  (a-kli'ma-tilr),  n.  The  act  of  ac- 
climating, or  the  state  of  being  acclimated. 
[Rare.] 

acclinal  (a-kli'nal),  a.  [<L.  acclinis,  leaning 
ou  or  against ;  cf.  accUndre,  lean  on  or  against, 

<  ad,  to,  upon,  +  *cUnare  =  E.  lean^ :  see  in- 
cline.'] In  geol.,  leaning  against,  as  one  stratum 
of  rock  against  another,  both  being  turned  up 
at  an  angle:  nearly  equivalent  to  overlyiny. 
[Kare.] 

acclinate  (ak'li-nat),  a.  [<  L.  acclinatm,  pp. 
of  acclinarc  (see  acclinal) :  on  the  model  of  de- 
clinate:  see  decline.']  In  ro67.,  bending  or 
sloping  upward  :  the  opposite  of  declinate. 

acclivet  (a-kliv'),  a.  L=Pg.  It.  acelire,  <L. 
accUiis,   also  less  frequently  acclivits,   steep, 

<  ad,  to,  +  clivus,  a  hill,  prop,  sloping,  from 
same  root  as  *clinare  =  E.  lean'^:  see  acclinal.] 
Rising;  steep.     [Rare.] 

The  way  easily  ascending,  hardly  so  acclive  as  a  desk. 
Aubrey,  Letters,  11.  231. 

acclivitous  (a-kliv'i-tus),  a.  Rising  with  a 
slope  ;  acclivovis.     Is.  Taylor. 

acclivity  (a-kliv'j-ti),  «.;  pi.  acclivities  (-tiz). 
[<  L.  accliiita(t-)s,  an  acclivity,  <  acclivis,  slop- 
ing: see  acelire.]  1.  An  upward  slope  or  in- 
clination of  the  earth,  as  the  side  of  a  Mil :  op- 
posed to  declivity,  or  a  slope  considered  as  de- 
scending. 

Far  up  the  green  acclivity  I  met  a  man  and  two  young 
women  making  their  way  slowly  down. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  420. 

2.  Specifically,  in  fort.,  the  talus. of  a  rampart, 
acclivous  (a-kli'vus),   a.     [<  L.   accliviis,  less 

frequent  form  of  acclivis,  sloping:  see  acclive.] 
Rising,  as  the  slope  of  a  hill :  the  opposite  of 
declivous. 
accloyt  (a-kloi'),  v.  t.  [<ME.  acloien,  acloijen, 
var.  of  cncloyen,  <  OF.  encloyer,  earlier  enclocr 
(F.  enclouer),  <  ML.  inclavare,  drive  in  a  nail, 

<  L.  in,  in,  +  clavare,  naU,  <  clarm,  a  naU  :  see 
cloy^  and  clon^.]  1.  To  prick  with  a  nail  in 
shoeing:  used  by  farriers.  Skeat. —  2.  To  in- 
jure; harm;  impair. 

And  whoso  doth,  ful  foule  hymself  acloyith. 

Cliauccr,  r.arlianient  of  Fowls,  1.  517. 

3.  To  cloy;  encumber;  embarrass  with  super- 
fluity ;  obstmct. 

(FilthJ  » ith  uncomely  wccdcs  the  gentle  wave  acclovea. 
Spenser,  F,  y.,  11.  vii.  16. 


36 

accoastt  (a-kosf),  v.  i.  [A  di£f.  spelling  of 
accost  in  its  orig.  sense  'come  alongside  of; 
OF.  acostcr,  touch,  graze :  see  accost  and  coast.  ] 
To  fly  near  the  earth.     [Rare.] 

Nc  is  there  haukc  which  niantleth  her  on  pearch. 
Whether  high  towring  or  accoaxliii'i  low. 

Spnuicr,  V.  Q.,  VI.  ii.  32. 

accoilf  (a-koil'),  r.  t.     [<  OF.  acoillir,  gather, 

assemble  (F.  acciicillir,  receive),  <  ML.  accolli- 

gcre,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  colligcrc,  gather :  see  ooi/l, 

cuW^,  and  collect.]    To  gather  together ;  crowd. 

About  the  caudron  many  Cookes  accoyld. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  bt.  30. 

accoil  (a-koil').  "•  [<  OF.  acoH,  F.  accueil  ; 
from  the  verb.]  Welcome;  reception.  Soutkey. 
(X  £.  D.) 

accolt  (a-kol'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  aeolen,  <  OF.  acoler 
(F.  accolcr),  embrace,  =  Sp.  acolar,  arrange 
two  coats  of  aims  under  the  same  crown, 
shield,  etc.,  =  It.  accollarc,  embrace,  mod. 
join,  yoke,  <  ML.  *accollarc,  embrace,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  +  collum  (>0F.  col,  F.  C0K  =  OSp.  collo,  Sp. 
cuello  =  It.  collo),  neck :  see  collar.]  To  em- 
brace round  the  neck.     Surreij. 

accolade  (ak-o-lad'  or  -lad'),  n.  [<  F.  accolade, 
an  embrace,  a  kiss  (after  It.  accollata,  prop, 
fem.  pp.  of  accollare,  embrace),  <  accolcr,  OF. 
acoler:  see  «fCo/.]  1.  A  ceremony  used  in  con- 
ferring knighthood,  anciently  consisting  in  an 
embrace,  afterward  in  giving  the  candidate  a 
blow  upon  the  shoulder  with  the  flat  of  a  sword, 
the  latter  being  the  present  method;  hence, 
the  blow  itself. 

"We  felt  our  shoulders  tingle  with  the  accolade,  and 
heard  the  clink  of  golden  spurs  at  our  heels. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  5S. 

2.  In  music,  a  brace  or  couplet  connecting 


Accolade,  early  i6th  century  (France). 

several  staves. — 3.  In  arch.,  an  ornament 
composed  of  two  ogee  curves  meeting  in  the 
middle,  each  concave  toward  its  outer  extrem- 
ity and  convex  toward  the  point  at  which  it 
meets  the  other.  Such  accolades  are  either  plain  or 
adorned  with  rich  moldings,  and  are  a  frequent  motive 
of  decoration  on  the  lintels  of  doors  and  windows  of  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries,  especially  in  secular 
architecture.     Viollet-le-Duc. 

4.  In  Roman  and  early  monastic  MSS.,  the 
curved  stroke  made  by  the  copyist  around  a 
final  word  written  below  the  line  to  which  it 
belonged,  in  order  to  avoid  carrj-ing  it  on  to 
the  ne.xt. 

accolated  (ak'o-la-ted),  j;.  a.  [<ML.  accol(l)atus, 
pp.  of  accol(l)are,  embrace  :  see  accol.]  In 
niimis.,  containing  two  or 
more  profile  heads  so  ar- 
ranged that  one  partially 
overlaps  the  next :  as,  an 
accolated  shilling. 
accollS  (ak-ol-a'),  J),  a. 
[<  AF.  accolle,  F.  aeeole, 
pp.  of  accoler  =  It.  accol- 
lare, >  accollata,  >  F.  and 
E.  accolade ;  see  accolade 

._  „ and  accol.]     In  her.:  {a) 

II. andMary."  fsize of   Gorgcd ;      collai'cd:     ap- 
origina .)  plied  to  animals  with  col- 

lars, etc.,  about  their  necks.  (6)  Touching  bv 
their  comers,  as  lozenges  or  fusils  on  a  shield, 
(o)  Placed  side  by  side,  as  two  shields.  (</) 
Surrounded  by  the  collar  of  an  order,  as  the 
shield  of  a  knight  of  that  order.  Also  spelled 
acoUc.—ietes  accollies,  or  accoU6  heads,  in  decora- 
tive art,  prolile  hca.ls  shown  in  relief,  one  behind  and 
partly  concealed  by  another,  as  often  in  cameos  and  on 
medallions  or  coins  where  a  sovereign  and  his  wife  are 
.shown  to^;i  lluT.  .See  cut  under  aenilated. 
accombination  (a-kom-bi-na'shon),  H.  The  act 

of  (•iiiiibiniii^'  together.     Quarterly  Her. 
accommodable   (a-kom'6-da-bl),   a.     [<F.  ac- 
commodabk  =  Sp.    acomodallc  =  Pg.    accommo- 
davel  =  It.  accomodahile,  <  L.  as  if  "accommo- 


Accolated  Shilling  of  Will- 


accommodation 

dahilis,  <.  accommodare,  accommodate:  see  ac- 
commodate, v.]    Capable  of  being  accommo- 
dated, or  made  suitable ;  adaptable.     [Rare.] 
Rules  accornmodaffle  to  all  this  variety. 

Watt),  Logic,  V.  §  C4. 

accommodableness(a-kom'o-da-bl-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  ((inditiou  of  being  accommodable. 
Todd.      [Kare.] 

accommodate  (a-kom'o-dat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
accommodated,  ppr.  accommodating.  [<  L.  ac- 
commodatus,  pp.  of  accommodare,  <  ad,  to,  + 
commodare,  fit,  <commodus,  fit :  see  commodious 
and  niorfcl.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  suitable, 
correspondent,  or  consistent ;  fit ;  adapt :  as,  to 
accommodate  ourselves  to  circumstances;  to 
accommodate  the  choice  of  subjects  to  the  oc- 
casion; to  accommodate  a  Latin  word,  in  form 
or  use,  to  English  analogies. 

'Twas  his  misfortune  to  light  upon  an  hypothesis  that 
could  not  be  accommodated  to  the  nature  of  things  and 
human  affairs.  Locke. 

Undoubtedly  the  highest  function  of  statesmanship  is 
by  degrees  to  accommodate  the  conduct  of  communities  to 
ethical  laws,  and  to  subordinate  the  conflicting  interests 
of  the  day  to  higher  and  more  permanent  concerns. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  1G5. 

2.  To  show  fitness  or  agreement  in ;  reconcile, 
as  things  which  are  at  variance  or  which  seem 
inconsistent ;  bring  into  harmony  or  concord : 
as,  to  accommodate  prophecy  to  events. 

Part  know  how  to  accommodate  St.  James  and  St.  Paul 
better  than  some  late  reconcilers.  y orris. 

3.  To  adjust;  settle:  as,  to  accommodate  dif- 
ferences. 

Sir  Lucius  shall  explain  himself — and  I  dare  say  mat- 
ters may  be  accommodated.      Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 

4.  To  supply  or  furnish ;  proWde  with  certain 
conveniences ;  give  accommodation  to :  as, 
my  house  can  accommodate  a  large  number  of 
guests :  followed  by  ivith  when  what  is  supplied 
is  expressly  mentioned  :  as,  to  accommodate  a 
man  tvith  apartments ;  to  accommodate  a  friend 
•with  mone}'. 

Better  accommodated!  —  it  is  good;  yea,  indeed,  is  it: 
good  phrases  are  surely,  and  ever  were,  very  commend- 
able. Accommodated!  it  comes  of  accommodo:  very 
good;  a  good  phrase.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iij.  2. 

5.  To  suit ;  ser\"e  ;  convenience  ;  oblige  ;  do  a 
kindness  or  favor  to :  as,  he  is  always  delighted 
to  accommodate  a  friend. 

The  Indians  were  much  given  to  long  talks,  and  the 
Dutch  to  lung  silence  — in  this  pai-ticular,  therefore,  they 
accommodated  each  other  completely. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  101. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  suit,  adapt,  fit,  conform,  adjust,  reconcile. — 
4.  To  furnish,  supply,  provide  for. — 5.  To  serve,  oblige, 
assist,  aid. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  conformable  ;  specifically, 
in  physiol.,  to  be  in  or  come  to  adjustment. 
See  accommodation,  4  (6). 

Their  motor  seem  regulated  by  their  retinal  functions, 
so  that,  according  to  Ludwig,  if  the  retinse  are  extirpated, 
the  eyes  often  cease  to  rotate,  then  to  accommodate,  then 
to  wink  together.  Mind,  IX.  94. 

accommodate  (a-kom'o-dat),  a.  [<L.  accom- 
modatus,  pp.,  adapted:  see  accommodate,  v.] 
Suitable ;  fit ;  adapted ;  accommodated. 

Means  accommodate  to  the  end.  Sir  R.  L'Estrange. 

Accommodate  distribution,  in  logic,  the  acceptation 
of  a  terra  to  include  everything  it  naturally  denotes  except 
the  subject  of  the  sentence  :  as,  Samson  was  stronger  than 
any  man  (that  is.  than  any  other  man). 

accommodated  (a-kom'o-da-ted),  p.  a.  Made 
fit ;  made  suitable  ;  adapted ;  modified. 

We  sometimes  use  the  term  [religion]  in  an  accommodated 
sense,  i".  e.,  to  express  the  spiritual  results  with  which  reli- 
gion is  fraught,  rather  than  the  mere  carnal  embodiment 
it  first  of  all  offers  to  such  results. 

H.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  5. 

accommodatelyt  (a-kom'6-dat-li),  adv.  Suit- 
ably; fitly. 

Of  all  these  [causes]  Moses  .  .  .  held  fit  to  give  an  ac- 
coimt  aecommodatelv  to  the  capacity  of  the  people. 

Dr.  II.  More,  Def.  of  Lit.  Cabbala,  p.  3. 

accommodatenesst  (a-kom'o-dat-nes),  «.  Fit- 
ness. 

Aptness  and  aceommodateness  to  the  great  purpose  of 
men's  salvation.  HaRyivell,  Saving  of  Souls,  p.  SO. 

accommodating  (a-kom'o-da-ting),  p.  a.  Oblig- 
ing ;  \-ielding  to  the  desires  of  others ;  disposed 
to  comply  and  to  oblige  another :  as,  an  accom- 
modating man:  an  accommodating  disposition. 

accommodatingly  (a-kom'o-da-ting-li),  adc. 
In  an  accoiumodating  manner;  obligingly. 

accommodation  (a-kom-o-da'shon),  n.  [<  L. 
accommodatio{n-),  <  accommodare,  adapt:  see 
accommodate,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  accommodating: 
as  — (d)  Atljnstment;  adaptation  ;  especially,  the  adapta- 
tion or  apjtlication  of  <ine  thing  to  another  by  analogy, 
as  the  words  of  a  prophecy  to  a  subse»iuent  event. 

The  law  of  adaptation  wiiich  we  thus  discern  and  trace 
alike  in  every  instance  of  organic  development  and  fiinc- 


accommodation 

ti<»n.  wo  (liscrm  :umI  Inirr  also  in  tlio  accommodation  of 
tho  indiviilimi  tn  his  smial  sun'tminliiiys  anti  in  the  c<hi- 
S(,'(Hlunt  mnilillciitii)ti  u(  liis  t^Iiunuttur. 

Matiitiitnj,  Hotly  jintl  Will,  p.  IMi, 

Many  "f  llusr  i|nolatiiHis  wiTc  prolialily  intfndfd  as 
nntliinl;  mon-  llian  iiifiiiinniiilalwiis.  I'liliti. 

(li)  Acljustrjiiiitof  .lillVriini's;  rfconciliatiun,  as  vi  paitiis 
in  disimtL'. 

Till'  conformity  and  analoKy  n(  wliicli  I  spoak  .  .  .  lias 

a 8tron[JC  tendency  to  facilitate  occow/Horfa^io/t,  and  to  pnj- 

tluue  a  generous  oblivion  of  the  rancour  of  tlicir  quarrels. 

Burke,  On  a  Keyici<le  Peace,  i. 

To  come  to  terms  of  accom/nodation.  Macaulay. 

(c)  Convenience  ;  tlic  supplyinj^  of  a  want ;  aid. 

St.  James's  Church  had  recently  been  opened  for  the 
accommvdation  of  tlie  iidiabitants  of  this  new  quarter. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

2.  The  state  of  being  accommodated ;  fitness ; 
state  of  adaptation :  followed  by  to,  sometimes 
by  with. 

The  organization  of  the  body  with  accommodation  to  its 
functions.  Sir  M,  Hale,  Orig.  of  Alanl^ind,  p.  ."iy. 

Snciims' main  design  .  .  .  was  to  bring  all  the  mysteries 
of  clu'istianity  to  a  full  accomuwdation  witit  the  general 
notions  of  man's  reason.  South,  Worlcs,  V.  iii. 

3.  Anything  ■which  supplies  a  want,  as  in  re- 
spect of  ease,  refreshment,  and  the  like;  any- 
thing furnished  for  use ;  a  convenience :  chiefly 
applied  to  lodgings :  as,  nci-nmrnodation  ior  man 
and  beast :  often  used  in  the  plui-al. 

They  ]»robably  thought  of  tiie  coach  with  some  contempt, 
as  an  accommodation  for  people  who  had  not  their  own 
gigs.  Geocijc  Eliot,  Feli.\  Holt,  iv. 

Outside  of  the  larger  cities  on  the  Continent  you  can 
get  as  wretched  accommodations  as  you  could  desire  for 
an  enemy.  T.  B.  Aldricli,  Ponkapog  to  Pcsth,  p.  (35. 

Specifically — 4.  («)  In  com.,  pecuniary  aid  in 
an  emergency ;  a  loan  of  money,  either  directly 
or  by  becoming  security  for  the  repayment  of  a 
sum  advanced  by  another,  as  by  a  banker,  (b) 
InphysioL,  the  automatic  adjustment  of  the  eye, 
or  its  power  of  adjusting  itself  to  distinct  vision 
at  different  distances,  or  of  the  ear  to  higher  or 
lower  tones.  In  the  eye  accommodation  is  effected  by 
an  alteration  of  the  convexity  of  the  crystalline  lens  (whicii 
see),  aiul  in  the  ear  by  an  increased  tension  of  tlie  t>nipanic 
membrane  for  liigher  tones. — Accommodation  bill  or 
note,  paper,  or  indorsement,  a  bill  of  exchange  or 
note,  etc.,  drawn,  accepted,  or  indorsed  by  one  or  more 
parties  to  enalde  another  or  others  to  obtain  credit  by 
or  raise  money  on  it,  and  not  given  like  business  paper  in 
jiaynient  oi'a  debt,  but  merely  intended  to  accommodate 
tlie  drawer:  iollu,|uially  called  in  Scotland  a  wind-bill, 
and  in  England  a  Aif,-.— Accommodation  cramp.  See 
rr«m/<.— Accommodation  ladder,  a  stairway  fixed  on 


Accommodation  Ladder. 

the  outside  of  a  ship  at  the  gangw.ay,  to  facilitate  ascending 
from  or  desceTiiliiii,'  to  boats. -Accommodation  lands 
or  land,  (a)  Lands  bougiit  liy  a  Imibler  or  speculattir.  who 
erects  bouses  upon  them  and  then  leases  portitms  of  them 
upon  an  improved  grouiul-rent.  IKng.)  (^)  Land  acquired 
for  the  purpose  of  being  added  to  other  land  for  ita  im- 
provement. Rapaljc  and  Lawrence. —  Accommodation 
road,  a  road  constructed  to  give  access  to  a  particular  piece 
of  laiul.  Itapalje and  Laurence.  [Eng.]— Accommodation 
train,  a  railway-train  which  stops  at  all  or  nearly  all  the 
stations  on  the  road  :  called  in  Ijreat  Britain  a  i>arliamen- 
tarii  train:  opposed  to  cr;<m«.«-frajn.— Accommodation 
works.  Works  whicli  an  English  railway  company  is  re- 
iiuire.l  by  s  and  9  Vict.  xx.  to  make  and  'maintain  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  owners  and  occupiers  of  land  ad- 
joining tlie  railway,  as  gates,  liridgi's,  culverts,  fences,  etc. 
accommodative  (a-kom'o-da-tiv),  a.  [<  ac- 
commintatc  +  -ivc  ;  =  It.  accomodatico.'\  Dis- 
posed or  tending  to  acconmiodate,  or  to  be 
accommodating ;  adaptive. 

The  strength  of  the  infective  qualities  of  these  organ- 
isms may  be  greatly  increased  by  an  aceommodatioe  cul- 
ture. 1\,,,.  Sci.  Mo.,  .\X.  425. 

accommodativeness   (a-kom'o-da-tiv-nes),  h. 
The  t^uality  of  being  accommodative. 


37 

accommodator  (a-kom'o-da-tor),  M.  [=Sp. 
(ii'diiKiihiiliir,  <  L,  as  if  *(ux(i»i»iot(al<>r  :  see  ac- 
coiiniKxIdlc,  !'.  ]  Ono  who  iirtlitit  >vhich  accom- 
modates or  adjusts. 

accommodet  ctk-o-mod'),  r.  t.     [<!'".  accoin- 

iiiii(l<  r  =  U.  (irci)niiiilttrr,  (.h.  acmmmodarr :  see 
acaimniixidli .]     To  accommodate.     [Rare.] 

accompanable!  (a-kuin'p,a-n,a-bl),  a.  [.\ls(>  (!<■- 
comptniioblc ;  <  I'\  accompaf/miblr,  "sociable, 
easie  to  be  conversed  with"  (C'otgravo),  <ri<- 
comjxiiinrr  +  -able:  see  accompany.]  Sociable. 
Sir  I'.  ,siiliwj/. 

accompanier  (a-kum'pa-ui-dr),  n.  One  who  or 
that  whicli  accompanies.     [Rare.] 

Dear,  cracked  spinnet  of  dearer  I-ouisa!  Without  men- 
tion of  mine,  be  dumb,  thou  thin  accompanier  of  her  thin- 
ner warble!  Lamb,'VA\a.. 

accompaniment  (a-kum'pa-ni-ment),  )?.  [<  ac- 
ciiiiipdiiii,  i[.  v.,  +  -tiicnt;  after!'.  aiTompaf/nc- 
minl,  Ul'\  acmiijiaiijiicmciit  =  t>[t.  acompaua- 
micnto  =  Pg.  ncnnipnnhamcnto  =  It.  accompa- 
gnamcnto.']  Something  that  attends  another 
as  a  circumstance ;  something  incidental  or 
added  to  the  principal  thing  as  a  concomitant, 
by  Wixy  of  ornament,  for  the  sake  of  symmetry, 
or  the  like. 

Elaboration  of  some  one  organ  may  be  a  necessary  ac- 
companiment of  Degeneration  in  all  the  others. 

E.  li.  Lankesler,  Degeneration,  p.  32. 
Specifically  — (n)  In  nnmc,  the  subordinate  part  or  parts 
added  to  a  solo  or  concerted  composition  to  enhance  the 
effect,  !ind  also,  if  it  be  a  vocal  composition,  to  sustain 
tile  voices  and  keep  them  true  to  the  pitch.  The  accom- 
paniment may  be  given  to  one  or  more  instruments,  or  to 
a  chorus  of  voices.  Instead  of  writing  accompaniments 
in  full,  as  is  now  done,  the  older  composers  were  accus- 
tomed merely  to  indicate  tlie  harmonies  to  be  employed 
by  means  of  a  figured  bass,  which  could  be  performed  in 
a  great  variety  of  ways,  more  or  less  elaborate,  according 
to  tlie  musical  knowledge,  taste,  and  skill  of  the  execu- 
tant. ('')  111  paiittiu'j,  an  object  accessory  to  the  principal 
object,  and  serving  for  its  ornament  or  illustration;  gen- 
erally termed  an  wwesAon/ (which  see),  (c)  In  tier.,  any- 
thing added  to  a  shield  by  way  of  ornament,  as,the  belt, 
niantiing,  supporters,  etc.— Accompaniment '  Of  the 
scale,  in  onisie,  the  harmony  assigned  to  the  series  of 
notes  forming  the  diatonic  scale,  ascending  and  descend- 
ing.—Additional  accompaniments,  parts  of  a  musical 
com]iositiou  not  written  l>y  tlie  original  composer,  but 
added  liy  another;  as,  Mozart's  additional  accompani- 
ments to  Handel's  "Messiah."  Such  additions  are  justified 
in  most  cases  on  the  ground  that  some  instruments  have 
become  obsolete,  others  have  been  invented,  and  the  con- 
stitution of  the  (u-cbestra  has  been  much  changed  since 
tlie  time  of  the  original  composer. 

accompanist  (a-kum'pa-nist),  n.  In  mmic,  one 
who  plays  an  accompaniment. 

accompany  (a-kum'pa-ni),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ae- 
companicd,  ppr.  accompanying.  [<0P.  acom- 
paigiiier,  acompaiijiier  (F.  accomyiagnn-  =  Sp. 
acom/)rt)7ac  =  Pg.  acompanliar  =z  It.  accnmpa- 
giinrc),  associate  with,  <  o-  (L.  act),  to,  with,  -I- 
coiiipaiynicr,  campaigner,  compagner,  associate, 
(.eompaignie,  cumpanic,  company :  see  company.'] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  be  or  exist  in  company  with; 
be  joined  in  association  or  combination ;  con- 
stitute an  adjunct  or  concomitant  to :  as,  thun- 
der aeeiimpanics  lightning;  an  insult  accom- 
panied by  or  with  a  blow;  the  President's  mes- 
sage and  accompanying  documents. 

The  still  night  .  .  .  with  black  air 
Accompanied,  with  damps  and  dreadful  gloom. 

Milton,  P.  L.,x.  848. 
Tliere  is  reason  to  believe  that  different  diseases  can  so 
accom/;a»i/ each  other  as  to  be  united  in  the  same  indi- 
vidual. Buckle,  Hist.  Civilization,  II.  669. 

2.  To  keej)  company  ■with;  be  associated  in 
intimacy  or  companionship;  act  as  companion 
to.     [Now  rare  or  obsolete.] 

Harry,  I  do  not  only  marvel  where  thou  spendest  thy 
time,  but  also  how  thou  art  accompanied. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
Although  alone. 
Best  with  thyself  accompanied. 

Milton,  T.L.,\ii\.  4'28. 

3.  To  go  along  or  in  company  with ;  attend  or 
join  in  movement  or  action :  as,  to  accompany 
a  friend  on  a  walk  or  jom-ney;  men-of-war 
formerly  ncco»(7;aHK(?  fleets  of  merchant  ships; 
he  was  everywhere  accompanied  by  (not  with) 
his  dog. 

They  accompanied  hira  unto  the  ship.  Acts  xx.  3S. 

4.  To  put  in  company  (with) ;  cause  to  be  or 
go  along  (with);  combine;  associate:  as,  to nc- 
company  a  rcnuirk  with  (not  by)  a  bow;  ho  ac- 
companied his  speech  with  rapid  gestiu'es. —  5. 
In  mtisic,  to  play  or  sing  an  accompaniment  to 
or  for:  as,  he  accompanied  her  on  the  piano. — 
6t.  To  cohabit  with. 

The  pliasma  .  .  .  accompanies  her,  at  least  as  she 
imagines.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  374. 

=  Syn.  To  attend,  escort,  wait  on,  go  with,  convoy,  be 
associated  with,  coexist. 


accomplish 

II.  intrant.  If.  To  lie  a  companion  or  asso- 
ciate :  as,  to  accompany  with  others. — 2.  To 
cohabit.     [Rare.] 

The  king  .  .  .  loved  her,  and  «cco«i;)(i7jic(f  withheronly, 
till  bo  married  Elfrida.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  v. 

3.  In  music,  to  perform  tho  accompaniment 
in  a  composition ;  especially,  f  o  perform  the  in- 
striunental  part  of  a  mi-\od  vocal  and  instni- 
montal  piece. 

accompanyist  (a-kum'pa-ni-ist),  h.  An  accom- 
panist.    [Rare.] 

From  which  post  lie  soon  advanced  to  that  of  accom- 
panyist at  the  same  theatre.         Grove,  Diet.  Music,  I.  'JA. 

accompasst  (a-kum'pas),  V.  t.  To  achieve; 
effect;  bring  about. 

Theremotion  of  two  sui'h  impediments  is  not  commonly 
accompass'd  by  one  bead-iiierc. 

Bp.  Ilackel,  Lite  of  Abp.  Williams,  i.  42. 

accompletive  (a-kom'ple-tiv),  a.     Disposed  or 

tending  to  accomplish  or  fulfil.  [Rare.]  . 
accomplice  (a-kom'plis),  n.  [An  extension 
(duo  porliaps  to  a  supposed  connection  with  ac- 
compli.tli  or  accompany),  Ijy  prefixing  ac-,  of  tho 
older  form  complice,  in  same  sense,  <  F.  coni- 
pilice,  an  associate,  particularly  in  crime,  <  L. 
complicem,  ace.  of  comjtlcr,  adj.,  confederate, 
participant,  (.comjilieare,  fold  together,  (.com-, 
together,  +  jtUcarc,  fold:  see  complex  and  com- 
jilicate.']  1.  A  partner  or  cooperator :  not  in 
a  bad  sense. 

Success  unto  our  valiant  general, 
And  happiness  to  his  aceompliees ! 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  2. 

One  fellow  standing  at  the  beginning  of  a  century,  and 

stretching  out  his  hand  a-s  an  accomplice  towards  another 

fellow  standing  at  the  end  of  it,  without  either  having 

known  of  the  other's  existence. 

Ijc  Qitincey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

More  commonly — 2.  An  associate  in  a  crime  ; 
a  partner  or  partaker  in  guilt.  Technically,  iii  lau\ 
any  participator  in  an  offense,  whether  lus  principal  or  as 
accessory ;  sometimes  used  of  accessories  only,  in  contra- 
distinction to  principals.  It  is  followed  by  of  or  ^vitlL  be- 
fore a  person,  and  in  or  of  before  the  crime :  as,  A  wa3 
an  accomplice  with  B  in  the  murder  of  C. 

Thou,  the  cursed  accomplice  of  his  treason. 

Johiuon,  Irene,  v.  1. 

He  is  .  .  .  an  acco77ij^;tc<^  if  he  is  intimately  bound  up  in 

the  project  ami  responsibility  of  the  schemes  as  a  prime 

mover.  C.  J.  Smith,  Synon}^us,  p.  7. 

Sometimes  used  with  to  before  a  thing. 

W^e  free-statesmen,  ss  accomplices  to  the  guilt  [of  slavery, 
are]  ever  in  the  power  of  the  grand  offender. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  243. 
=  Syn.  Abetter,  accessory  (see  the  definitions  of  these 
words),  coadjutor,  assistant,  ally,  confederate,  associate. 
accompliceship  (a-kom'plis-ship),  )i.     Aceom- 

plicity.     Sir  U.  Taylor.     [Rare.] 
accomplicity  (ak-om-plis'j-ti),  «.     [<  accomplice 
+  -ity,  after  complicity.']     The  state  of  being 
an  accomplice ;  criminal  assistance.    Quarterly 
Rev.     [Rare.] 

accomplish  (a-kom'plish),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  acom- 
2>lissen,  <  OP.  acompliss-,  stem  of  certain  parts 
of  acomplir,  P.  accompilir,  complete,  <  a-  (L. 
ad),  to,  +  complir,  <  L.  complere,  complete  :  sea 
complete,  !'.]  1.  To  complete;  finish;  reach 
the  end  of ;  bring  to  pass  ;  actually  do :  as,  ho 
works  hard,  but  accomplishes  nothing. 

And  while  she  [Nature]  does  accomplish  all  the  spring, 

Birds  to  her  secret  operations  sing.      Sir  W.  Davenant. 

To  accomplish  anything  excellent,  the  w-ill  must  work 
for  catholic  and  universal  ends.         Emerson,  Civilization. 

2.  To  bring  about  by  performance  or  realiza- 
tion ;  execute  ;  carry  out ;  fulfil :  as,  to  accom- 
plish a  vow,  promise,  piu'pose,  or  prophecy. 

Thus  will  I  accomplish  my  fury  upon  them.     Ezek.  vi.  1 2. 

This  that  is  written  must  yet  be  accomplished  in  me. 

Luke  xxii.  37. 

Hence  —  3t.  To  gain;  obtain  as  the  result  of 
exertion. 

To  accomplish  twenty  golden  crowns. 

Shak.,  a  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

4.  To  make  complete  by  furnishing  what  is 
wanting:  as  —  (at)  To  equip  or  provide  ■with 
material  things. 

The  armourers,  aecomptishiofi  the  knights. 

Sliak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  (cho.). 
It  [the  moon]  is  fully  accomplished  for  all  those  ends  13 
which  Providence  did  appoint  it. 

Bp.  Wilkim,  ilath.  Works,  L 

(6)  To  equip  or  furnish  mentally;  fit  by  educa- 
tion or  training. 

His  lady  is  open,  chatty,  fond  of  her  children,  and  anx- 
ious to  accomplish  them.     Mmc.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  vl.  '202. 

I  can  still  less  pause  .  .  .  even  to  enumerate  the  suc- 
cession of  influences  ,  .  .  which  had  .  .  .  accomplished 
them  for  their  great  work  there  ami  here. 

if.  Choatc,  Addresses,  p.  82. 
=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Execute.  Achiece,  etc.  (see  prr/orm),  com- 
plete, finish,  consummate,  succeed  in,  work  out,  fulfil, 
realize,  bring  to  pass,  end. 


accomplishable 

accomplishable  la-koui'jjlish-a-bl),  a.  Capable 

(if  Ix'iiit;  accoiuplisliril. 
accomplished   la-kom'plisht),  p.  n.     1.  Com- 

pli'tcif;  effpcteii:   as,  an  dccoinplislied  fact. — 

2.  Perfected ;  finished ;  consummate  :  used  iu 
either  ii  f,'ooil  or  a,  bud  sense:  Jis,  an  accom- 
plished scholar ;  au  (iccumjilixiwtl  villain. 

Know  y..u  nut  the  F.ioptian  Zaliiliis?^  the  mirror  of 
aecumiiUhril  kni(:litllooil— tile  |iillar  of  tlie  state  — the 
Aureliaii  of  the  Eiisf;  W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  Ci. 

3.  Possessing  accomplishments;  having  the 
attiiiumeuts  and  graces  of  cultivated  or  fashion- 
able society. 

An  accomplished  and  beautiful  young  lady. 

Thackeray^  Ncwcomes. 

accomplisher  (a-kom'plish-6r),  n.    One  who  ac- 

couiplisiies  or  fulfils. 
Tile  Fates,  jifter  all,  are  the  accomplixhm  of  our  hopes. 
Tfioreajt,  Letters,  p.  20. 

accomplishing  (a-kom'plish-ing),  n.  That 
which  is  accomplished  or  completed.  [Bare.] 
I  shall  simply  enumerate,  as  ends,  all  that  a  university 
should  accomplish,  although  these  accomplUihings  may, 
strictly  considered,  often  partake  more  of  the  character 
of  means.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

accomplishment  (a-kom'plish-ment),  «.    \iac- 
cuiiipliiili  +  -Hunt," after   F.   accoiiiplissement.'] 

1.  The  act  of  accomplishing  or  carrying  into 
effect ;  fulfilmont ;  achievement :  as,  the  ac- 
complishment of  a  prophecy;  the  accoiitplish- 
ment  of  oiu'  desires  or  ends. 

I  once  had  faith  and  force  enough  to  form  generous 
hopes  of  the  world's  destiny  .  .  .  and  to  do  what  in  me 
lay  for  their  accotnpli«hineiit. 

Hawthorns,  Blithedale  Romance,  ii. 

2.  An  acquirement ;  an  attainment,  especially 
such  as  belongs  to  cultivated  or  fashionable 
society :  generally  in  the  plural. 

I  was  then  young  enough,  and  silly  enough,  to  tliink 
gaming  was  one  of  their  accomplixhraentn. 

Chenterjield,  Letters. 

Yet  wanting  the  accomplishment  of  verse. 

irord*-M'or(A. 

=Syn.  1.  Completion,  fulfilment,  perfection,  perform- 
ance, execution,  achievement. — 2.  Acquirements,  Aajui- 
eitions,  Attainments,  etc.  (see  acquirement),  qualifications, 


skill,  graces. 

accomptt,  accomptablet,  accomptantt. 


See 


accdunt,  etc.  |The spellings  ikww;;*.  accumptable,  etc., 
are  artitlcial  funns  used,  not  prevailingly,  in  the  si.\teentli 
and  seventeenth  centuries.  Tliey  are  now  obsolete,  or 
nearly  so,  though  accompt  and  accomptant  may  still  be 
used  in  the  formal  or  legal  style.  The  pronunciation  has 
always  conformed  to  the  regular  spelling,  account,  account- 
a'Ae,  etc.1 
accoraget,  v.  t.  See  aceourage.  Spenser. 
accord  (a-kord'),  v.  [<ME.  a4;orden  (less  fre- 
quently accorden),  agree,  be  in  harmony,  trans, 
bring  into  agreement,  <  OF.  acorder,  agree  (F. 
accorder  =  Sp.  Pr.  Pg.  acordar  =:It.  accordarc), 
<  ML.  accordare,  agree,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -f-  cor  (cord-) 
=  E.  heart.  Cf.  concord  and  discord.~\  I,  iii- 
truns.  1.  To  agree;  be  in  correspondence  or 
harmony. 

My  heart  accordeth  with  my  tongue. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  ^^.,  iii.  \. 
That  mind  and  soul,  accordiwj  well, 
May  make  one  music  as  before. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam  (Int.). 
Their  minds  accorded  into  one  strain,  and  made  delight- 
ful music.  Hawthorne,  Snow  Image,  p.  58. 

2.  To  make  an  agreement ;  come  to  an  under- 
standing. 

We  accorded  before  dinner.        Scott,  Waverley,  II.  xix. 

n.  trans.  1.  To  make  to  agree  or  corre- 
spond ;  adapt,  as  one  thing  to  another.  [Rare.] 

Uer  hands  accorded  the  lute's  music  to  the  voice. 

•Sir  P.  Sidney,  .\rcadia,  ii. 

2.  To  bring  to  an  agreement  or  a  settlement ; 
settle,  adjust,  or  compose ;  reconcile :  as,  to 
accord  controversies. 

Hauing  much  a-doe  to  accord  differing  Writers,  and  to 
pick  truetli  out  of  partiality. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 
Is  there  no  way  left  open  to  accord  this  difference. 
But  you  must  make  one  with  your  swords  ? 

Longfellow,  Spanish  Student,  ii.  6. 

3.  To  grant ;  give ;  concede :  as,  to  accord  due 
praise  to  any  one. 

His  hands  were  thrust  into  his  iiockets ;  he  was  whistling 
thoughtfully,  and  walking  to  and  fro,  a  small  space  having 
been  arcordid  him  by  the  crowd,  in  deference  to  his  tem- 
porary inipurtanee,  Ireing,  Sketch-Book,  p.  23. 

accord  (a-k6rd'),  n.  [<  ME.  acord  (less  fre- 
quently accord),  <  OF.  acorde,  usually  acort, 
agreement  (F.  accord  =  ii-p.  acorde  =  Pg.  acor- 
do,  accordo),  verbal  n.  of  acorder,  agree:  see 
accord,  v.^  1.  Agreement ;  harmony  of  minds ; 
consent  or  concurrence  of  opinions  or  wills ; 
assent. 

These  all  continued  mth  one  accord  in  prayer  and  sup- 
plication. Acts  i.  1 1. 


38 

'i'ou  nm.st  buy  that  peace 
With  full  accord  to  all  our  just  demands. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

2.  A  union  of  different  sounds  which  is  agree- 
able to  the  ear;  concord;  liarmony. 

Those  sweet  accords  are  even  the  angels'  lay.s. 

Sir  J.  Daries,  Ininiortal.  of  Soul,  ii.  1. 

3.  Agreement;  just  correspondence  of  things; 
harmony  of  relation :  as,  the  accord  of  light  and 
shade  in  painting. 

lieauty  is  nothing  else  hut  a  just  accord  and  mutual 
hanuony  of  the  membei-s,  animated  by  a  healthful  consti- 
tution.    Dryden,  tr.  of  Dutresnoy's  Art  of  Painting,  Pref, 

4.  Will ;  voluntary  or  spontaneous  impvilse  or 
act;  unaided  action  or  operation  :  preceded  by 
oion. 

Being  more  forward,  of  his  oum  accord  he  went  unto 
you.  2  Cor.  viii.  17. 

Now  of  my  oum  accord  such  other  trial 
I  mean  to  show  you  of  ray  strength, 

Milton,  S.  A,,  1.  1643. 

5.  Adjustment  of  a  difference ;  reconciliation: 
as,  the  mediator  of  an  accord. 

If  both  are  satisfied  with  this  accord. 

Swear  by  the  laws  of  knighthood  on  my  sword. 

Dryden,  Fables. 

Specifically,  in  law,  an  agreement  which  is  made  between 
parties  for  the  settlement  of  a  liability  or  controversy,  and 
which,  when  executed,  that  is,  carried  into  effect,  is 
termed  an  accord  and  aatis/action,  .and  bars  or  terminates 
a  suit :  a  private  extra-judicial  agreement  or  arrangement. 

6.  In  music,  same  a,s  chord. — 7.  Milit.,  the  con- 
ditions under  which  a  fortress  or  command  of 

troops  is  surrendered To  be  at  accord,  to  be  in 

agreement.  Chaucer.— To  fall  Of  accordt,  to  come  into 
agreement.     Chaucer. 

accordablet  (a-kor'da-bl),  a.  [<  JfE.  acordaWe, 
<0F.  *acordable,  F.  accordable,  <0F.  acorder: 
see  accord.  Ct.Sij>.acordablemente,adv.'i  Capa- 
ble of  being  harmonized  or  reconciled ;  conso- 
nant; agreeable. 
accordance  (a-kor' dans),  n.  [<  ME.  ocorrfaHOf , 
acordaunce,  ^  OF.  acordance,  later  accordance 
(=Pr.  acordansa),  <  acordant,  etc.:  see  accor- 
dan  f.l  1 .  The  state  of  being  in  accord ;  agree- 
ment with  a  person ;  conformity  to  a  thing ; 
harmony. 

Their  voices  are  in  admirahle  accordance  with  the  tran- 
(juil  solitude  of  a  summer  afternoon. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse. 
There  is  a  remarkable  accordance  in  the  power  of  diges- 
tion between  the  gastric  juice  of  animals  with  its  pepsin 
and  hydrochloric  acid,  and  the  secretion  of  Drosera  with 
its  ferment  and  acid  belonging  to  the  acetic  series. 

Dannn,  Insectiv.  Plants,  \i. 

2.  The  act  of  according,  granting,  or  giving. 
=  Syn.  1.  Harmony,  unison,  coincidence. 
accordancy  (a-k6r'dan-si),  H.     Same  as  accor- 
dance, but  less  used. 

accordant  (a-kor'dant),  a.  [<ME.  acordant, 
acordaiinf,  <"0F.  acordant,  F.  accordant,  agree- 
ing with,  <  ML.  accordan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  accordare, 
agree :  see  accord,  f.]  Corresponding ;  con- 
formable ;  consonant ;  agreeable  ;  of  the  same 
mind ;  harmonious :  sometimes  followed  by  to, 
but  more  commonly  by  toith :  as,  this  was  not 
accordant  to  his  tastes,  or  with  his  principles. 
If  he  found  her  accordant.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  2. 

Music  and  meaning  lloated  together,  accordant  as  swan 
and  shadow.        Lowell,  .\mong  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  3'2t;. 
In  the  neighboring  hall  a  strain  of  music,  proceeding 
From  the  accordant  strings  of  Michael's  melodious  fiddle. 
Longfellow,  Evangeline,  ii.  3, 

accordantly  (a-k6r'dant-li),  adr.    In  an  accor- 
dant manner;  in  accordance  or  agreement. 
accorder  (a-kor'der),  M.     One  who  accords  or 
agrees;  one  who  grants  or  bestows.     [Rare.] 
according   (a-kor'diug),  p.   a.      1.  Agreeing; 
harmonious. 

Th'  according  music  of  a  well-mixed  state. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  2it4. 

2.  Suitable ;  agreeable ;  in  accordance ;  in  pro- 
portion :  followed  by  to. 

Our  zeal  should  be  according  to  knowledge.  Bp.  Sprat. 
according  (a-k6r'ding),  adv.  In  accordance 
vwith);  agreeably  (to):  used  with  to:  as,  he 
acted  according  to  his  judgment :  often  ap- 
plied to  persons,  but  refen-ing  eUiptically  to 
their  statements  or  opinions.  Often  abbrevi- 
ated to  ace. 
According  to  him,  every  person  was  to  be  bought. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng,,  i. 
For  no  delicious  morsel  pass'd  her  throat ; 
According  to  her  cloth  she  cut  her  coat. 

Dryden,  Cock  and  Fox,  \.  20. 

According  as,  agreeably,  conformably,  or  proportionately 
as. 

A  man  may,  with  prudence  and  a  good  conscience,  ap- 
prove of  the  professed  principles  of  one  party  more  than 
the  other,  according  as  he  thinks  they  best  promote  the 
good  of  church  and  state. 

Swijt,  Sentiments  of  a  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man,  i. 


account 

acCOrdingly(a-kr>r'ding-li),  adv.  1.  Agreeably; 
suitably;  in  Vi  manner  conformable  :  as,  those 
who  live  in  faith  and  good  works  will  be  re- 
warded aecordinylij. 

Whenever  you  are  to  ilo  a  thing,  though  it  can  never  lie 
known  but  to  yourself,  ask  yourself  how  you  would  act 
were  all  tile  world  looking  at  you,  and  act  accordingly. 

Jejjerson,  Correspondence,  I.  2S6. 

2.  In  assent  or  compliance ;  acquiescently. 

tpon  this  the  Sultan  was  ilirccted  to  place  himself  by  a 
huge  tub  of  water;  which  he  diii  accordingly. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  &4. 
=  Syn.  2.  There/ore,  Where/ore,  Accoraingly,  etc.  Sec 
there.fore. 

accordion  (a-k6r'di-on),  «.  [Also  spelled  ac- 
curdcon,  <  V.  accordion,  <  accorder,  be  in  har- 
mony, accord.]  A  small  keyed  wind-instru- 
ment, opening  and  shutting  like  a  bellows,  and 
ha'ving  its  tones  generated  by  the  play  of  wind 
thus  produced  upon  metallic  reeds.  It  is  con- 
structed on  the  same  principle  as  the  concertina  and  the 
hannonium,  but  is  much  inferior  to  them. 

accordionist  (a-kor'di-on-ist),  H.    A  player  on 

the  accordion. 

accorporatet  (a-kor'po-rat),  V.  t.  [<L.  accor- 
poratus,  pp.  of  accorporare,  <ad,  to,  +  corpo- 
rare,  form  into  a  body:  see  corpora^c.'i  To 
incorporate;  unite. 

Custom,  being  but  a  mere  face,  as  echo  is  a  mere  voice, 
rests  not  in  her  unaccomplishment,  until  by  secret  inclina- 
tion she  accorporate  herself  with  errour. 

Milton,  Pref,  to  Doet.  of  Divorce. 

accorporationt  (a-kor-po-ra'shon),  h.  Incor- 
poration. 
accost  (a-kosf),  V.  [<F.  acco.ster,  <OF.  acos- 
ter,  come  alongside  of,  approach,  touch,  =  Sp. 
Pg.  ac«star  =  It.  accostare,  <  ML.  accostare,  set 
one's  self  alongside  of,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  casta,  a 
rib,  a  side :  see  coast,  accoast,  and  costaLI  I. 
trans.  It.  To  come  side  by  side  or  face  to  face 
with ;  draw  near ;  approach ;  make  up  to. 

Accost  [her].  Sir  .tudrew,  accosf.— What's  that  ?— .ilccoirt 
is,  front  her,  board  her,  woo  her,  assail  her. 

Shak.,  T.  X.,  i.  3. 
2.  To  speak  to  ;  address. 

With  taunts  the  distant  giant  I  accost. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  x. 

Being  shown  into  the  common  room,  I  was  accosted  by 

a  very  well-dressed  gentleman.       Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xviii. 

3t.  To  border  on ;  adjoin. 

Lapland  hath  since  been  often  surrounded  (so  much  as 
aceo.'its  the  sea)  by  the  English. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Derbyshire. 

n.t  intrans.   To  adjoin  ;  be  adjacent. 
The  shores  which  to  the  sea  accoste. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  xi.  42. 

accost  (a-kosf),  «.  The  act  of  accosting;  ad- 
dress ;  salutation. 

He  revealeii  himself  in  his  accost. 

Arch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  101. 

accostable   (a-kos'ta-bl),   a.     [<F.   accostable, 

<  accostcr,  approacfi:  see  accost,  f.]  Capable 
of  being  accosted ;  easy  of  access ;  affable. 

The  French  are  a  free,  debonnair,  accostable  people. 

Hoivcll,  Letters,  ii.  12. 

accosted  (a-kos'ted), ;).  a.     In  her. :  (a)  Placed 
on  either  or  on  each  side  of  a  principal  charge : 
as,  a  bend    acco.^ted   by   two 
bendlets.     (&)  Placed  side  by 
side,  as  two  beasts,  whether 
facing  iu  the  same  direction 
or  not. 
accouche  (a-kosh'),  c.  i.     [<  F. 
accoucher,  tr.  deliver,  intr.  be 
delivered,    give  birth,  <  OF. 
acoucher,  lay  one's  self  down 
in  bed,  <  a-  (L.  ad),  to,  +  cou- 
eher,  earlier  colcher,  colder,  F. 
coucher,  lay  one's   self  down,  lie   down:    sec 
couch,  r.]  '  To  act  as  an  accoucheur  or  a  mid- 
wife.    -V.  /;.  1). 

accouchement  (a-kosh'mou),  n.     [F.,  <  accou- 
cher: see  accotichc.'\   Delivery  in  childbed ;  par- 
turition. 
accoucheur  (a-ko-sher'),  H.  [F.,  a  man-midwife, 
(.accoucher:  see  accouche.']     A  man-midwife; 
a  medical  practitioner  who  attends  women  in 
ciiildbirth.— Accoucheur-toad.    See  nurxe-frog. 
accoucheuse  (a-ko-shez'),  n.     [F.,  fem.  of  ac- 
coucheur.']    A  midwife. 
account  (a-kounf),    ''•     [<  ME-  acounten,  acun- 
ten,  <  01''.  acuntcr,  aconter  =  Pr.  OSp.  OPg. 
acontar  =  It.  accontare  (later  OF.  also  acomp- 
ter,  mod.  F.  aecompter,  late  ME.  aconqtten,  mod. 
E.  accompt,  q.  v.,  after  L.),  <  ML.  * accomputare, 

<  L.  ad,  to,  +  computare,  coimt,  compute :  see 
counf^  and  compute.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  count  or 
reckon  as;  deem;  consider;  think;  hold  to  be. 

The  opinion  of  more  worlds  than  one  has  iu  ancient 
times  been  accounted  a  heresy. 

B;).  Wilkim,  Math.  Works,  i 


\  Bend  Accosted  by 
Bendlets. 


account 

I  have  been  acamnled  a  (!<i"il  stick  in  a  coiintryilancc. 
Slwridnn,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 
He  fails  ulitaiii  what  he  aecount«  his  lisrtlt. 

liriiit'ninti,  RiriK  aiul  Hook,  I.  189. 

2t.  To  reckon  or  I'omputo;  count. 
Tliu  ruolioii  of  tlie  sun  whereliy  years  are  nreniintcil. 

Sir  T.  Ilrvirm;  \uli!.  Err. 

3.  To  aHsign  or  impnto;  Rive  tlio  credit  ot ; 
reckon  as  lielonging  or  attril)utabl(!.     [Kare.] 

Even  as  Abraham  believed  GotI,  aiul  it  was  accounted 
to  liini  for  righteousness.  Gal.  ii.  6. 

You  have  all  sorts  of  graees  accounted  to  you. 

Jerrolil,  Works,  IV.  4U8. 

4t.  To  give  an  account,  reason,  or  explanation 
of ;  explain. 

A  way  of  accoitnting  the  solidity  of  ice.  Qlanville. 

5t.  To  take  into  consideration.  Chaucer. —  6t. 
Torceovuit;  relate.     Chaucer. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  render  an  account  or  re- 
lation of  particulars ;  answer  in  a  responsible 
character :  followed  by  witti  or  to  before  a  per- 
son, and  l)y  for  before  a  thing :  as,  an  officer 
must  account  with  or  to  the  treasurer /or  money 
received. 

They  must  account  to  nie  /or  these  things,  which  I  miss 
so  greatly.  Lamb,  Old  Benchers. 

2.  To  furnish  or  assign  a  reason  or  reasons; 
give  an  explanation :  with /or;  as,  idleness  oc- 
counts  for  poverty. 

You'll  not  let  me  speak  — I  say  the  lady  can  account  Jor 
this  much  better  than  I  can.    Sheridan.  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 

3t.  To  reckon;  count. 
Calendar  months,  .  .  .  by  which  months  we  still  acco««^ 

Holder,  On  Time. 
To  account  oft,  to  make  account  of ;  esteem. 

It  [silver]  was  nothing  accounted  qf  in  the  days  of 
Solomon.  1  Ki.  x.  21. 

I  accDHnt  of  her  beauty.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  1. 

account  (a-kounf),  n.  [<  ME.  acount,  acunt, 
ucuiit,  <  ot'.  acuiit,  acoiit  (<  a-  +  cont,  <  L.  coiii- 
putuin,  a  calculation),  acuiitc,  acoiite  (later  OF. 
and  ME.  aeompt,  acompte:  see  accompt),  <  OF. 
acunter,  acontcr :  sea  account,  v ."]  1.  A  reckon- 
ing, an  enumeration,  or  a  computation ;  meth- 
od of  computing:  as,  the  Julian  occoxhJ of  time. 
That  .  .  . 

I  might  in  virtues,  beauties,  livings,  friends. 
Exceed  account.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  2. 

2.  A  reckoning  of  money  or  business ;  a  state- 
ment or  record  of  financial  or  pecuniary  trans- 
actions, with  their  debits  and  credits,  or  of 
money  received  and  paid  and  the  balance  on 
hand  or  due :  as,  to  keep  accounts  ;  to  make  out 
an  account. —  3.  A  course  of  business  dealings 
or  relations  requiring  the  keeping  of  records : 
as,  to  have  an  account  with  the  bank. — 4.  On 
the  stock  exchange,  that  part  of  the  transactions 
between  buyer  and  seller  to  be  settled  on  the 
fortnightly  or  monthly  settling-day:  as,  I  have 
sold  A.  B.  500  shares  forthe  account. —  5.  Nar- 
rative ;  relation ;  statement  of  facts ;  a  recital, 
verbal  or  written,  of  particular  transactions 
and  events:  as,  an  account  of  the  revolution  in 
France. 

The  account  which  Thucydides  has  given  of  the  retreat 
from  Syracuse  is  among  narratives  what  Vandyke's  Lord 
StrafTord  is  among  paintings.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

6.  A  statement  of  reasons,  causes,  grounds, 
etc.,  e.xplanatory  of  some  event:  as,  no  satis- 
factory account  has  yet  been  given  of  these 
phenomena. — 7.  Au  explanatory  statement  or 
'vindication  of  one's  conduct,  such  as  is  given 
to  a  superior. 

Give  an  account  of  thy  stewardship.  Luke  xvi.  2. 

8.  Reason  or  consideration;  ground:  used 
witho«;  a,s,  on  &\\  accounts ;  on  every  account  ; 
on  account  of. 

He  [Bacon]  valued  geometry  chiefly,  if  not  solely,  on 
account  of  those  uses,  which  to  Plato  appeared  so  base. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

9.  Estimation  ;  esteem ;  distinction ;  dignity ; 
consequence  or  importance. 

There  never  w;i3  a  time  when  men  wrote  so  much  and  so 
well,  and  that  without  being  of  any  great  account  them- 
selves. F.  Halt,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  -293. 

10.  Profit;  advantage  :  as,  to  find  one's  account 
in  a  pursuit ;  to  turn  anything  to  account. 

Why  deprive  us  of  a  malady  by  which  such  numbers 
find  their  account?  Ooldstnith,  The  Bee,  Xo.  5. 

11.  Regard;  behalf;  sake:  as,  all  this  trouble 
I  have  incurred  07i  youi'  account. 

Sometimes  spelled  accompt. 
Account  current,  open  account,  a  course  of  business 
dealings  still  continuing  between  t«  n  parties,  oran  account 
notstated.— Account  rendered,  a  statement  presented  by 
acreditorto  bi^  debtor,  sbowint:  the  charges  of  the  former 
against  the  latter.  -Account  sales  (an  abbreviation  of 
account  of  the  .va/cv).  a  separate  account  rendered  to  his 
principal  by  a  factor  or  broker,  showing  the  goods  sold,  the 


39 

prices  obtained,  and  the  net  rtrsult  after  deduction  of  ex- 
penses, etc.  Account  stated,  an  account  lU"  statement 
showing  the  result  of  a  course  <if  tritiisactions.  for  adjust- 
ment between  tlie  parties.  Sonietinu-s  called  :\ittat^^.  —  Ac- 
tion Of  account,  or  writ  of  account,  in  tiru\  an  action  or 
writ  which  the  plaintilf  brings,  demanding  that  the  defen- 
dant shall  render  his  just  account,  or  show  good  cause  tx> 
the  contrary.  — For  account  Of,  on  behalf  of :  as,  sold/or 
account  of  A.  B.,  that  is,  ilispo.scd  of  by  sale,  and  to  be 
accounted  for  to  A.  B.— For  the  accotmt,  fi>r  settlenuMit 
on  the  regular  settling-day,  and  not  for  cjvsh  or  reaily 
money  :  used  on  the  stock  exchange.  See  above,  -1.—  In 
account  with,  having  business  dealings  witli(some  one), 
re(|uiring  the  keeping  of  an  account.  — Money  Of  ac- 
count, a  denomination  of  money  used  in  reckoning,  but 
not  current  as  coins :  thus,  in  China,  the  tael  or  ounce- 
weight  of  silver  is  a  hiohcj/  of  account. —  On  or  to  ac- 
count, as  an  instalment  of  interim  payment. — On  one's 
own  account,  for  one's  self;  for  one's  own  interest  and 
at  one's  own  risk  ;  Jis,  he  has  gone  into  business  on  his  own 


accoutrement 


accountably   (a-koun'ta-bli),   adr.     In  an  ac- 
couiitaljlo  manner. 
accountancy   (a-koun'tan-si),   n.     The   art  or 

practice  of  an  accountant.  A'.  E.  J). 
accountant  (a-koun'tant),  n.  and  a.  [Al.so 
wi'ittcn  urconiptant,  <  F.  accomplanl  (OF.  acun- 
tant),  ppr.  of  iicconiptcr :  sec  rtc(7)H«( and  -OMfl.] 
I.  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in  or  who  keeps  ac- 
counts; one  who  makes  the  keeping  or  exami- 
nation of  accounts  his  profession ;  an  oflicer 
in  a  public  office  who  has  charge  of  the  ac- 
counts.   Also  spelled  accomptant. 

Il.t   a.    Giving  account;    accountable;   re- 
si)onsil>le. 

His  offence  is  so,  as  it  appears. 
Accountant  to  the  law  upon  that  pain. 
account.— To  go  on  the  accountt,  to  join  a  piratical  ex-  Shak.,  M,  for  M.,  ii.  4. 

pedition;  turn  pirate  :  probably  from  the  parties  sharing  aCCOUntant-general  (a-koun'tant-jen'e-ral),  n. 
venture.  rpj,^,  principal   or    responsible    accountant   in 


as  m  a  commcrcui 

I  hope  it  is  no  new  thing  for  gentlemen  of  fortnne  who 
are  goinij  on  the  account,  to  change  a  captain  now  and 
then.  Scott. 

To  make  accountt,  to  form  an  expectation;  judge; 
reckon. 

This  other  part  .  .  .  rnaken  account  to  find  no  slender 
arguments  for  this  asserti(>n  out  of  those  very  Scriptures 
which  are  commonly  urged  agiiinst  it.  Milton. 

They  made  no  account  but  that  the  navy  should  be  ab- 
solutely master  of  the  seas. 

llacon,  Consid.  of  War  with  .Spain. 

To  make  account  of,  to  hold  in  estimation  or  esteem ; 
value :  generally  with  an  adjective  of  quantity,  as  much, 
little,  no,  etc. :  as,  he  vutkcs  no  account  of  difUculties, 

\Vliat  is 
of  him ! 


or 
a  public  office  or  in  a  mercantile  or  banking 
house  or  company ;  in  England,  formerly  also 
an  officer  in  chancery  who  received  all  moneys 
lodged  in  court  and  deposited  the  same  in  the 
Bank  of  England. 
accountantship    (a-koun'tant-ship),    «.     The 

office  or  einplo)Tnent  of  an  accoimtaut. 
account-book  (a-kount'biik),  n.     A  book  con- 
taining accoimts,  especially  one  containing  a 
record  of  sales,  purchases,  and  pajTnents ;  a 
ruled  book  for  entering  details  of  receipts  and 
exjienditures. 
.  the  son  of  man,  that  thou  makext  account  aCCOUUt-day  (a-kount'da),  n.     A  day  set  apart 
Ps.  cxliv. :).     once  in  each  half  month  for  the  adjustment  of 
We  never  make  nmch  account  of  objections  [to  war]     differences  between   brokers    on    the    English 
which  merely  respect  the  actual  state  of  the  world  at  this     stock  exchange.     A    similar  practice  prevails 
moment,  but  which  admit  the  general  expediency  and      ■     ,,      f'ontinPTital  bourses 
permanent  excellence  of  the  project.  ™  "'<^  L-onuneniai  oourses.  ,        .   . 

^mcreon.  Misc.,  p.  189.  accouplst  (a-kup'l),  t).  «.     [_<F.  accouphr,  ]om, 
<  OF.  acoupler,  a\-so  acouhler  =  Sp.  acoplar  =  lt. 


To  open  an  account  ■with,  to  begin  a  course  of  dealings 
with,  requiring  the  keeping  of  an  account. — To  take  into 
account,  to  take  into  consideration ;  make  a  part  of  the 
reckoning  or  estimate.  =  Svn.  5.  Account,  Relation,  Narra- 
tion, Narrative,  Jlecital,  Description,  Story,  statement,  re- 
hearsal, chronicle,  history,  tale,  report.  These  words  .agree 
in  denoting  the  rehearsal  of  an  event  or  of  a  series  of  events. 


accoppiare,  <  ML.  accopulare,  <  L.  att,  to,  -I- 
copulare,  couple :  see  couple,  j;.]  To  join  or 
link  together ;  unite;  couple. 

The  Englishmen  accoufled  themselves  with  the  French- 
men. Halt,  Chronicles,  Hen.  VHI.,  an.  9. 


^Iccoiinfdirectsattentiontothelactsrelatedratherthanto  acCOUplsment   (a-kup'1-ment),  )l.      [<F.  acCOU- 

the  relater :  It  is  the  most  general  term.    ii<-(rr(io«  is  also  "'^J'""»'-'^"*J=""  ^         .^        ,■■       '„„.,„,„ -i      i 

general  in  its  meaning,  but  implies  more  directly  a  re-    pJement  =  It.  accoppiamcnto  :  see  accoupl^.;]     1. 


later ;  it  is  less  used  in  this  sense  than  the  corresponding 
verb  relate.  It  holds  a  middle  place  between  account  and 
narrative.  Narration  is  the  act  of  narrating;  the  mean- 
ing "  the  thing  narrated  "  has  by  desynonymization  been 
given  up  to  narrative.  A  narrative  sets  forth  a  series  of 
incidents  dependent  upon  each  other  for  meaning  and 
value,  and  generally  drawn  from  the  personal  knowledge 
of  the  narrator.  X  recital  is  a  narrative,  usually  of  events 
that  peculiarly  affect  the  interests  or  the  feelings  of  tlie 
reciter ;  hence  it  is  generally  more  detailed :  as,  the  re- 
cital of  one's  wrongs,  griefs,  troubles.  A  description  is  an 
account  addressed  to  the  imagination,  a  picture  in  words. 
A  story  is  by  derivation  a  short  history,  and  by  develop- 
ment a  narrative  designed  to  interest  and  please.  There 
may  be  an  account  of  a  battle  or  a  burglary ;  a  relation  of 
an  adventure ;  a  man  of  extraordinary  powers  of  /ia/TO(ion, 
so  that  his  narrative  is  exact  and  vivid;  a  recital  of  one's 
personal  sufferings;  a  description  of  a  scene  or  an  inci- 
dent :  a  story  of  a  life. 

accountt   (a-kounf),  PP-     [Reduced  from  ac- 
counted.']    Accounted;  reckoned. 

Was  with  long  use  account  no  sin. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.,  Gower. 

[In  older  editions  this  is  printed  account'd.] 
accountability    (a-koun-ta-bil'i-ti),    n 


The  act  of  accoupling  or  connecting  in  pairs ; 
union  in  couples;  marriage.    [Rare.] 

The  son  born  of  such  .an  aceouidement  shall  be  most 
untoward.  Trial  of  Men's  »'its,  p.  308. 


state  of  being  accountable  or  answerable;  re 
sponsibility  for  the  fulfilment  of  obligations ; 
liability  to  account  for  conduct,  meet  or  suffer 
consequences,  etc. :  as,  to  hold  a  trustee  to  his 
accountahilitij :  the  accountability  of  parents  to- 
ward their  children,  or  of  men  toward  God. 

The  awful  idea  of  accountability.  R.  Uall. 

accountable  (a-koun'ta-bl),  a.  [<  account  + 
-able.  Cf.  F.  comptablc,  accountable,  respon- 
sible.] 1.  Liable  to  be  called  to  account;  re- 
sponsible, as  for  a  trust  or  obligation ;  answer- 
able, as  for  conduct :  as,  eveiy  man  is  account- 
able to  God  for  his  conduct ;  a  sheriff  is  account- 
able as  bailiff  and  receiver  of  goods. 

Subjects  therefore  are  accountable  to  superiors. 

Dryde-n,  Post,  to  Hist,  of  League. 

2.  Of  which  an  account  can  be  given ;  that 
can  be  accounted  for :  in  this  use  opposed  to 
unaccountable.     [Rare.] 
We  can  never  frame  any  accountable  relation  to  it  (our 


2.  In  carp. :  (a)  A  tie  or  brace,  (b)  The  entire 
piece  of  work  formed  by  a  brace  and  the  tim- 
bers which  it  joins. 

accouraget  (a-kur'aj),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  accourager, 
earlier  acorager,  acoragier,  inspire  with  cour- 
age, <  a-  (L.  ad),  to,  +  corage,  coraige,  courage. 
Cf.  encourage.']     To  encom-age. 

But  he  endevored  with  speaches  milde 
Her  torecomfort,  and  accouragc  bold. 

SperuKr,  F.  Q.,  III.  viii.  34. 

accourtt  (a-kort'),  v.  t.  [<  ac-  +  court.  Cf .  OF. 
accort,  civil,  polite,  accortement,  accortisc,  po- 
liteness, courtesy,  as  if  fi-om  a  verb  "accorter.] 
To  entertain  with  courtesy. 

Accourting  each  her  friend  with  lavish  fest. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ii.  10. 

Tlie  accoutre,  accouter  (a-ko'ter),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  accoutred  or  accoutcrcd,  ppr.  accoutring  or 
accoutering.  [<  F.  accoutrcr,  earlier  accoustrer, 
acovstrer,  acoutrer,  clothe,  dress,  equip,  ar- 
range, =  Pr.  acotrar,  acoutrar ;  of  uncertain 
origin;  perhaps  <  OF.  a-  (L.  ad)  +  cousteur, 
coustre,  coutre,  the  sexton  of  a  church,  one  of 
whose  duties  was  to  take  care  of  the  sacred 
vestments,  both  of  the  priest  and  of  the  image 
of  the  Virgin ;  prob.  <  L.  "eustorem  for  custodem, 
nom.  custos,  a  guardian,  keeper:  see  custo- 
dian.] To  dress,  equip,  or  furnish;  specifi- 
cally, an-ay  in  a  military  dress ;  put  on  or 
furnish  with  accouti'ements. 


Upon  the  word. 
Accoutred  as  I  was,  I  plunged  in. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

He  ungirds  his  horse,  claps  the  whole  eipiipagc  on  his 

own  back,  and,  thus  accoutred,  marches  on  the  next  iun. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  2. 

Our  globe,  .  .  .  accoutred  with  so  noble  a  furniturj  of 
air.  light,  and  gravity.  Derham,  Pliysico-Theol.,  l.  5. 


country],  nor^consequently  assign  -yj^-al^o^jP-I^^^  aCCOUtrement.  acCOUtermeUt  (a-ko'ter-ment), 


affection  toward 
Accountable  receipt,  a  written  ackiiowlcdgment  of  the 
receipt  of  UHiucy  nr  uoods  to  be  accounted  l.ir  by  the 
receiver.  It  liidcrs  I'mni  an  ordin.ary  receipt  or  acquittance 
in  that  the  latter  imports  merely  that  money  has  been 
paid.  =  Syn.  1.  vVmenable,  answerable,  responsible. 

accountableness   (a-koun'ta-bl-ncs),    n.     The 
state  of  being  accountable  ;  accountaliility. 

Tied  to  no  creed  and  confessing  no  intellectual  account- 
ableness to  any  power  less  than  the  Eternal  Reason. 

Bellows,  Introd.  to  Martineau's  Materialism,  p.  7. 


1.  Personal  vestment  or  clothing;  equip- 
ment or  furnishing  in  general ;  array  ;  apparel. 
[Rare  in  the  singular.] 

And  not  alone  in  habit  and  device. 
Exterior  form,  outward  accoutrement. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

I  profess  requital  to  a  hair's  breadth ;  not  only,  .Mistress 
Kord,  in  the  simple  office  of  love,  bnt  in  all  the  accoutre- 
ment, complement,  and  ceremony  of  it. 

Shak.,  M.  \V.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 


accoutrement 

2.  pi.  Dress  in  rolation  to  its  oomponciit  parts  ; 
equipago;  trapninj^'s ;  spoeifieally,  the  equip- 
ments of  a  soldier  except  arms  and  clothing; 
eiiuipage  for  military  service.     See  {([uipttijc. 

Ill  rolii's  of  pi-jux',  afriiittrt'iiwntfi  of  rest, 

lie  Uiis  udvallc'ti  a  cimnst'llor. 

Ford,  l'jimi''s  Miinnriai. 

Aliinng  i>iK'il  anna  ami  rough  arcoulremenls. 

TfitfiJfuon,  The  Princess,  v. 

[<  ME.  (icoicii,  <  OF.  acoicr, 


accoyt(a-koi'),  i\/, 


40 

The  silent  accrescmce  of  lielitf  from  the  unwatclicd  de- 
positions of  a  general,  never  contradicted,  heiirsay. 

Voleriilije,  Statesman's  Manual  (183H),  App.  t),  ii.  290. 

2.  That  hy  which  anything  is  increased;  an 
increiiH'iit. 
accrescent  (a-kres'ent),  a.  [<  L.  arcnseen{t-)s, 
l)pr.  of  iiccrcscvrc,'  grow:  seo  accrcscc.']  In- 
creasing ;  growing.  .Speciflcally,  iu  but.,  applied  to 
parti!  connceted  with  the  tlower  which  increase  in  size 
after  iluwering, 
luere,  eti 


as  frequently  occurs  with  the  calyx,  invo- 


quiet,  <o-  (L.  ad),  to,  +  coi,  qiuet :  sceco^i.]  accrescimento(ak-kresh-i-men'to),  »i.   [It.:  see 


1.  To  render  quiet ;  soothe, 

And  with  kind  words  aceuml,  vowing  great  love  to  mee. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  viii.  SO. 

2.  To  dishearten ;  daunt ;  subdue. 

Then  is  your  carelesse  courage  accoyed. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.  (Feh.). 

accraset,  "•  '•    See  acraze. 

accreaset  (a-kres'),  r.  i.  [Pormerly  also  ac- 
creace,  acercss,  <  ME.  acresoi,  increase,  <  OF. 
acrei.stie,  later  accroixtrr,  mod.  F.  aeeroWrc = Sp. 
acrcccr  =  It.  accrcso'rc,  <  L.  accrcsccrc,  grow, 
l)ecome  larger  by  growth,  increase:  see  ac- 
cresce  (a  later  form,  after  the  L.),  increase,  de- 
crease, eta.,  and  der.  accrue.']     To  increase. 

Acerefeere,  to  increase,  to  accrease,  to  add  \iito,  ...  to 

accrew,  to  eeke.  Ftorio. 

Suoh  as  ask,  why  the  sea  doth  never  debord  nor  acereare 

a  wliit.  I*." /".raun.  Varieties,  1§  6,  24.    (.V.  if.  D.) 

accredit  (a-kred'it),  v.  f.  [<  F.  accreditcr,  ear- 
lier acrcditcr,  accredit,  <  ac-  (L.  ad),  to,  +  credit, 
n.,  credit  (see  credit,  i>.);  =Sp.  Pg.  acrcditar 
=  It.  accreditare,  accredit,  similarly  formed.] 

1.  To  give  credit  or  credence  to  ;  repose  confi- 
dence in ;  trust ;  esteem. 

Such  were  the  principal  temis  of  the  surrender  of  Gra- 
nada, as  authenticated  by  the  most  accredited  Costilian  and 
Arabic  authorities.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  15. 

His  party  will .  .  .  protect  and  accredit  him,  in  spite  of 
conduct  the  most  contradictory  to  their  own  principles. 

Scott. 

2.  To  confer  credit  or  authority  on ;  stamp  with 
authority. 

Witli  the  Ijest  writers  of  our  age,  accredit  is  "  invest  with 
credit  or  authority,"  to  which  may  be  added  its  diplo- 
matic sense,  "send  with  letters  credential." 

J'".  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  284. 

I  am  better  pleased  indeed  that  he  censures  some  things 
than  I  should  luive  been  with  unmixed  commendation ;  for 
)us  censure  will  .  .  .  accredit  his  praises. 

Cowper,  Letters,  xliii. 

Hence,    specifically  —  3.  To   send  with    cre- 
dentials, as  an  envoy. 

According  to  their  rank,  some  agents  of  foreign  govern- 
ments are  ilixectly  accredited  to  a  sovereign,  and  others 
to  his  minister  of  foreign  affairs. 

M'oolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  91. 

4.  To  believe ;  accept  as  true. 

He  accredited  and  repeated  stories  of  aiiparitions,  and 
witchcraft,  .and  possession,  so  silly,  as  well  as  monstrous, 
that  they  might  have  nauseated  the  coarsest  appetite  for 
wonder.  Southey,  Life  of  Wesley,  II.  19S. 

5.  To  ascribe  or  attribute  to ;  invest  with  the 
credit  of :  followed  by  with. 


accrescc.]  In  music,  the  increase  of  the  diu'a- 
tion  of  a  souiul  by  one  half,  indicated  by  a  dot 
after  the  note. 

accrete  (a-ki-ef),  '•;  pret.  and  pp.  accreted, 
ppr.  accreting.  [<  L.  accrctus,  pp.  of  accrcsccrc  : 
see  accrcsce.1  I.  intrans.  1.  To  gi-ow  by  ac- 
cretion ;  gather  additions  from  ^vithout.  [Rare.] 
We  see  everywhere  wasted  clitTs  and  denuded  shores, 
or  accreted  sliingle-banks  and  sand-hills. 

X  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  62. 

2.  To  be  added;  adhere;  become  attached  by  a 
process  of  accretion. 

Centres  about  which  thought  has  accreted,  instead  of 
crystallizing  into  its  own  free  forms. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p,  101. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  gi'ow  or  imite. 
accrete  (a-kref),  a.     [<L.  accrctits,  pp.  of  ac- 

crcscerc :  see  accrescc]  Grown  together ;  formed 

by  accretion ;  accreted. 
accretion   (a-kre'shon),   n.     [<L.   accrctio{n-), 

<  accrctus,  i)p.  of  accrescere,  gi-ow :  see  accresce 

and  accrete.]  1.  The  act  of  accreting  or  aeores- 


accumbent 

criiCfCrew:  see  cccuii,  and  cf.  recruit.]  If.  An 
accession;  addition;  reinforcement. 

The  towne  of  Calis  and  tlie  forts  thereabouts  were  not 
suiiplicd  with  anic  new  accreiers  of  soldiers. 

Il.dhuhed,  Chron.,  IIL  li:tt  1. 

.Should  be  able  .  .  .  tooppo.se  the  French  by  the  accni*' of 
Scotland,     il.  Oi'dwyn,  Annals  Eng.,  III.  283.    (A'.  £.  V.) 

2.  A  loop  or  stitcli  foi-ming  an  extra  mesh  in 

network. 

Tlierc  are  also  aecrucx,  false  meshes,  or  ciuarterings, 
which  are  loops  inserted  in  any  given  row,  by  which  the 
number  of  meshes  is  increased.     Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  359. 

accrue  (.a-kro'),  V.  I. ;  pret.  and  pp.  accrued,  ppr. 
uccruinej.  [Also  written  accrew  (now  obs.),  < 
ME.  acreu-e,  v.,  <  "acrewe,  n. :  see  accrue,  ».] 
If.  To  grow;  increase;  augment. 

And,  though  powre  faild,  her  courage  did  accrcjc. 
Spemer,  F.  Q,,  V.  ' 

2.  To  happen  or  result  as  a  natural  growth; 
come  or  fall  as  an  addition  or  increment,  as  of 
profit  or  loss,  advantage  or  damage ;  arise  in 
due  course :  as,  a  profit  accrues  to  government 
from  the  coinage  of  copper;  the  natural  in- 
crease accrues  to  the  common  benefit. 

To  no  one  ran  any  benefit  accrue  from  such  aerial 
siieculations  ...  as  crowd  almost  every  book  in  our  lan- 
guage that  we  turn  to.  F.  Hail,  Mod.  Eng.,  Pref. 

That  pleasure  wliich  accrues  from  good  actions. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Kelig.,  ii.  5. 

3.  In  law,  to  become  a  present  and  enforcible 
right  or  demand.  Thus  the  right  to  set  up  the  statute 
of  limitations  against  a  claim  accrues  by  lapse  of  time ;  a 
cause  of  action  ou  a  note  does  not  accrue  till  the  note 
becomes  payable. 

" In  7ier.,  full-grown:  an 


V.  V.  7. 


cing;    a  growing  to;  an  increase  by  natiu'al  accriied  (a-ki'od  ),  ji.  n. 
growth;  an  addition;  specifically,  an  increase     epithet  applied  to  trees. 


by  an  accession  of  parts  externally, 

The  phrase  "  living  language,"  used  with  reference  to 
facts,  must  import  perpetual  excretion  and  accretion  of 
substance,  invohing  or  producing  assimilation,  develop- 
ment, and  renewal.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  18. 
A  mineral  or  unorganized  body  can  undergo  no  change 
save  by  the  operation  of  mechanical  or  chemical  forces; 
and  any  increase  of  its  bulk  is  due  to  the  addition  of  like 
particles  to  its  exterior :  it  augments  not  by  growth  but 
by  accretion.  Owen,  Comp.  .^nat.,  i. 

2.  Iniiathot.,  the  growing  together  of  partsnor- 
maUy  separate,  as  the  fingers  or  toes. —  3.  The 
thing  added ;  an  extraneous  addition ;  an  ac- 
cession :  commonly  used  in  the  plui-al,  and  re- 
stricted to  accessions  made  slowly  and  gi'adu- 
ally  by  some  external  force. 
He  strove  to  pare  away  the  accretions  of  age. 

Mcrivale,  Hist.  Romans,  V.  150. 

4.  Inlaw:  («)  The  increase  or  growth  of  prop- 
erty by  external  accessions,  as  by  allu^^um 
naturally  added  to  land  situated  on  the  bank  of 
a  river,  or  on  the  seashore.  When  the  accretion 
takes  place  by  small  and  imperceptible  degrees  it  belongs 
to  the  owner  of  the  land  immediately  behind,  but  if  it 
is  sudden  and  considerable  it  may  belong  to  the 
state,  (ft)  In  Scots  law,  the  completion  of 
an  originally  defective  or  imperfect  right 
by  some  subsequent  act  on  the  part  of  the 


accruement  (a-kro 'ment),  n.  1.  Accrual. — 
2.  That  whioli  accmes;  an  addition;  incre- 
ment. 

accruer  (a-kro'er),  II.  [<  accrac  + -erS,  as  in 
■user,  trover,  wairer,  and  other  law  terms,  where 
-er  represents  the  F.  inf.  suffix.]  In  law,  the 
act  or  fact  of  accruing;  accrual — Clause  of  ac- 
cruer a  d.ause  in  a  deed  or  bequest  to  several  persons, 
directing  to  whom,  in  case  of  the  death  of  one  or  more, 
his  or  their  shares  shall  go  or  accrue. 

acct.  curt.  In  com.,  a  contraction  of  account 
current.  Originally  written  o/r,  a  symbol  now 
almost  exclusively  used  for  account. 

accubation  (ak-ii-ba'shon),  «.  [<L.  accuba- 
tio(n-),  <  accuharc,  lie  li'ear,  esp.  recline  at  ta- 
ble, <  ad,  to,  +  cubare,  lie  down.  See  incubate 
and  accumb.]  1.  The  act  of  lying  down  or  re- 
clining ;  specifically,  the  ancient  practice,  de- 
rived from  the  Orient,  of  eating  meals  in  a  re- 
cumbent posture.  Among  the  Greeks  at  the  time  of 
the  Homeric  poems  tliis  practice  had  not  yet  been  a<lopted  ; 
but  in  historical  times  it  obtained  in  general  among  both 
Greeks  and  Romans,  and  it  is  illustrated  in  early  vase-paint- 
ings.   It  was  customary  to  eat  reclining  diagonally  toward 


person  from  whom  the  right  was  derived. 
Mr.  llright  himself  was  accredited  with  having  said  that  accretive  (a-kre'tiv),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
!s  own  etiort  to  .arouse  -a  reformmsr  snint  .  .  .  was  like   "*'^**'»'*"^    v     _  /t  ^^    ,,. 


ing  to  accretion;  increasing  or  adding 
by  growth;   growing;    accrescent:    as, 
"the  accretive  motion  of  plants,"  Glan-      -^m 
rille,  Seep.  Sei.,  ix.  60. 
accrewt,  accrewet,  ".  and  ;■.     Obsolete 
spelluigs  of  accrue.    The  spelling  is  retained  in 
the  clipped  form  crcw^  (which  see). 


his  own  effort  to  arouse  a  reforming  spirit  . 

flogging  a  dead  horse.        McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  Times,  xL 

accreditatet  (a-kred'i-tat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
acereditated,  ppr.  accrcditating.  [As  accredit  + 
-ate-.]     Same  as  accredit. 

She  bowed,  kissing  the  Thracian's  hands,  who  would  not 
resist  it,  to  accreditate  the  beginnings  of  his  Love  to  be  of 
estimation. 
.Sir ,4.  Cokaine,  tr.  of  Loredano,  Dianea,  IV.§3.   (jV.  E.  It.)  accriminatet  (a-krim'i-nat),  V.  t.     [<  ac-  +  crim- 

accreditationt  (a-kred-i-ta'shon),  ».     The  act     inatc  (cf.  Sp.  acriHiHiar,  exaggerate  a  crime, 
of  accrediting,  or  the  state  of  being  accredited,     accuse)  :   see  crimin<ite.]     To  charge  with  a 

Having  received  ray  instructions  and  letters  of  accredi-     crime. 
/nri'oK  fnmi  the  Earl  of  Hillsborough  on  the  17th  day  of  accroacht    (a-kroch'),   r.  t.      [<  ME.    acroclien, 
April,  1780.      item,  of  It.  Cumberland,  I.  417.  (A'.  E.  D.)     <  OF.  accrochcr,  fix  on  a  hook,  hook  up,  <  a-  (L. 

accrementitial  (ak"re-men-tish'al),  «.   [<L.  as         '  ■ 

if  *acercmentum  (found  once,  but  a  false  read- 
ing), addition  {<. accrescere,  increase:  see  ac- 
cresce, and  cf.  excrement,  increment),  +  E.  -itial.] 


the  table,  resting  on  couches,  either  flat  on  the  breast 
or  supported  on  the  left  elbow  in  a  semi-sitting  position. 
Cushions  were  provided  to  relieve  the  strain  upon  the  el- 
bow .and  the  back.  The  table  w.as  usiiiiUy  a  little  lower 
than  the  couches,  for  convenience  in  reaching  the  food. 
See  triclinium. 

Which   gesture  . . .  cannot  be  avoided  in  the  laws  of 
accubation.  Sir  T.  Bromie,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  0. 


ad),  to,  +  croc,  a  hook,  a  crook:  see  crook  and 

crochet.    Ci.  encroach.]    1.  To  hook,  or  draw  to  accumbt  (a-kumb') 


2.  In  med.,  lying-in;  confinement 
ment.     Sijd.  Sac.  Lex 


accouche- 


one's  self  as  with  a  hook. — 2.  In  old  laws,  to 

usui'p :  as,  to  accroach  royal  power  to  one's  self. 

\nphysiol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  process  of  accroachmentt  (a-kroch'meut),  n.     The  act  of 


accrementition. 

accrementition  (ak're-men-tish'on),  n.  [<  L. 
as  if  "ueerementum,  on  analogy  of  accrementi- 
tial, q.  V.  The  regular  form  would  be  'eiccrc- 
mentation.]  Injihi/sioL,  the  production  or  de- 
velopment of  a  new  individual  by  the  separa- 
tion of  a  part  of  the  parent ;  gemmation. 

accrescet  ( a-ki'es'  ),r.  i.  [Later  form  of  accrease, 
q.  v.,  after  orig.  L.  accrescere,  increase,  <  ad, 
to,  +  creseere,  pow:  see  crescent,  and  cf.  ac- 
crue.] 1.  To  increase;  grow.  [Rare.]  —  2. 
To  accrue.     See  accrue,  v.,  2. 

accrescence  (a-krcs'ens),  «.  [<.  accrescent ;  = 
Sp.  acrcccncia  =  It.  accrescensa,  increase.]  1. 
The  act  of  increasing;  gradual  growth  or  in- 
crease ;  accretion. 


accroaching;  encroachment;  usurpation,  as  of 
sovereign  power. 

accrual  (a-kro'al),  n.     The  act  or  process  of  ac- 
cruing; accretion. 

accrue  (a-kro'),  n.     [Also  written  accrew  (now    ^ 

obs.),  <  late  IVIE.  'acrewe,  found  only  in  the  accumbeilt  (a-kum'bent).  rt.  and  n.  [<L.flfo;(m 


[<L.  accumbcrc,  lie 

near,  cspl  recline  at  table,  <  ad,  to,  +  'cumberc 
(in  comp.),  a  nasalized  foi-m  of  cnbare,  lie 
down.  SeeflOCK6«/iV)H.]  To  recline,  according 
to  the  ancient  fashion  at  table.  See  accuba- 
tion. Bailei/. 
accumbencyt  (a-kum'ben-si),  H.  [<  accumbeni : 
see  -<7/.]  The  state  of  being  accumbent  or  of 
reclining. 


clipped  form  crewcO^'  crew),  and  in  the  verb 
acrewe,  accrue  ;  <  OF.  acrewe,  acreue,  that  which 
grows  up,  to  the  profit  of  the  owner,  on  the 
earth  or  in  a  wood,  later  "  accreue,  a  gi-owtli,  in- 
crease, eeking,  augmentation  "  (C'otgra  ve),  orig. 
fem.  of  acrcu,  "accrcu,  growne,  increased" 
(Cotgrave),  (AF.  acru),  pp.  of  acrcistre  (AP. 
acrestrc),  later  accroistre,  mod.  F.  accrottre,  < 
L.  accrescere,  grow,  accrease,  accresce,  in- 
crease :  see  accrease,  accresce.    Hence  by  abbr. 


ben{t-)s,  ppr.  of  accumbere  :  see 
accumb.]  I,  a.  1.  Leaning  or 
reclining,  in  the  manner  of  the 
ancients  at  their  meals.  See 
accubation. 

Tlie  Roman  recumbent  (or  more 
properly  acetcmiefil)  posture  in  eating 
was  introduced  aft«r  the  first  Punic 
war.       Arbulhnot,  Anc.  Coins,  p.  134. 

2.  In  &<)/.,  lying  against:  applied  to  the  cotyle- 


Accumbent  Ovule 


accumbent 

dons  <if  an  rniliryo  wlicn  tlioir  edges  lie  against 
(II'  arc  opposed  to  tlui  radiclo. 

Il.t  "•  *'"i'  wlio  rci'linos,  as  at  raoals ;  ouo 
at  lalilo,  whether  ri^elining  or  sitting. 

A  pfiiani'i!  must  he  <liiiu'  liy  every  afi-innfjrnt  in  Hiltint^ 
out  the  passa^io  through  all  theso  dishi'S. 

Hli.  Hall,  Oicas.  Mcil.,  No.  81. 

accumbert  (a-kum'ber),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  acumhrcn, 
(inimhrcii,  for  earlier  cncumbrcii,  cncombrcn :  sec 
cucumber,  and  «-!''  and  f«-l.]  To  encumber; 
clog. 

And  lette  his  sheep  acomhrcd  in  the  mire. 

Chaucer,  I'rul.  Parson's  Tale, 
Aci'uiiitin'fl  with  carriage  of  women  and  children. 

CainiiUni,  Hist.  Ireland,  p.  "J.S. 

accumulate  (a-kti'miVlat),  v.;  prct.  and  pp. 
accuiuuUilcd,  ppr.  accunudatiiuj.  [<L.  accumu- 
lulus,  pp.  of  uccumularc,  heap  up,  <  nrf,  to,  + 
cutiiulare,  heap,  (.cumulus,  a  heap:  see  cumu- 
late and  cumulus.~]  I,  trans.  1.  To  heap  up; 
collect  or  bring  together;  mal<e  a  Jiile,  mass, 
or  aggregation  of:  as,  to  accumulate  earth  or 
stones;  to  accumulate  money  or  sorrows. 

Never  pray  more ;  ahandon  all  remorse ; 

On  horror's  head  liorrora  accuiiutlate. 

Shak..  Othello,  iii.  3. 

2.  To  fonu  by  heaping  U]>  or  collecting  the 
parts  or  elements  of;  obtain  by  gathering  in; 
amass:  as,  to  accuiuidate  wesilih.  [Kara  in  the 
jiliysical  sense,  as  in  the  first  extract.] 

Soon  the  younjr  captive  prince  shall  roll  in  flre, 
And  all  his  race  aceumutate  the  pyre. 

J.  Bartow,  Colurahiad,  iii.  302.    (xV.  E.  D.) 
In  the  seventeenth  century  a  statesman  who  was  at  the 
head  of  affairs  might  easily,  and  without  giving  scandal, 
mrumulatf'  in  no  long  time  an  estate  amply  sufficient  to 
support  a  dukedom.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

A  weak  mind  does  not  accuuiulate  force  enough  to  hurt 
itself.  O.  W.  llolntes.  Autocrat,  ii. 

II.  intraus.  1.  To  grow  in  size,  number,  or 
quantity ;  go  on  increasing  by  successive  addi- 
tions: as,  public  evils  accumulate. 

Ill  fares  the  land,  to  hastening  ills  a  prey, 
Where  wealth  accumulates,  aiu!  men  decay. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  62. 
We  are  the  heirs  to  an  inheritance  of  truth,  grandly  ac- 
cttmutatinff  from  generation  to  generation. 

Sumner,  Orations,  I.  51. 

2.  To  take  degi'ees  by  accimiulation,  as  in  some 
lOnglisli  universities.     See  accumulation. 
accumulatet  (.a-ku'mu-lat),j>.  a.    [<  L.  accumu- 
Idlus,  pji. :  see  accumulate,  t'.]     Collected  into 
a  mass  or  quantity ;  increased ;  intensified. 

A  more  accumulate  degree  of  felicity. 

South,  Sermons,  viii.  147. 
Ilaidy  made  sweeter  by  the  aceumutate  thrill. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 
accumulation  (a-kii-mii-la'shon),  «.  [<  L.  accu- 
mulali(i{u-),<.accumularc:  see  accumulate,  c]  1. 
Tlie  act  of  accumulating,  or  state  of  being  accu- 
mulated ;  an  amassing ;  a  collecting  together. 
It  is  essential  to  the  idea  of  wealth  to  be  susceptible  of 
aceu  lu  idation  ;  things  which  cannot,  after  being  produced, 
be  kept  for  some  time  before  being  used  are  never,  I  think, 
regariled  as  wealth.  J.  S.  Mitt. 

2.  Growth  by  continuous  additions,  as  the  ad- 
dition of  interest  to  principal.  Specifically,  in  law: 
(n)  '['be  addiTiL,'  of  the  interest  or  income  of  a  fund  to  the 
prineipal,  ]iursiiant  to  the  jirovisions  of  a  will  or  deed  pre- 
venting its  Iteing  expended.  The  law  imposes  restrictions 
on  tile  power  of  a  testator  or  creator  of  a  trust  to  prohibit 
thus  the  present  l)enelleial  enjoyment  of  a  fund  in  order  to 
increase  it  for  a  future  generation.  (^)  The  concurrence 
of  several  titles  to  the  same  thing,  or  of  several  circum- 
stances to  the  same  proof;  more  correctly,  cumulation. 

3.  That  which  is  accumidated ;  a  heap,  mass, 
or  aggregation :  as,  a  groat  accumulation  of  sand 
at  the  mouth  of  a  river. 

Our  days  lueome  consideral)le,  like  petty  sums  by  minute 
areiniii'l'rlii'ji.^.  .s'i'c  T.  Browne,  Urn-burial,  v. 

Accumulation  of  degrees,  in  some  of  the  English  uni- 
versities, tile  taking  of  a  liiglier  and  a  lower  degree  to- 
gether, or  at  shorter  intervals  tlian  is  usual  or  is  gener- 
tdly  allowed  by  tlie  rules.-  Accumulation  of  power, 
that  amount  of  force  ot  capacity  for  imition  which  some 
mai-hines  possess  at  tlie  end  of  intervals  of  time,  during 
which  the  velocity  of  the  moving  hotly  has  been  constantly 
aerelerated. 

accumulative  (a-ku'mii-la-tiv),  a.  [(accumu- 
late +  -ire ;  —  Sp.  acumulaiiro  (in  adv.  acumula- 
tiramcntc)  =Fg,  aceumulatiro.']  Tending  to  or 
arising  from  accumulation;  cumulative Accu- 
mulative judgment,  in  taw,  a  second  judgment  against 
a  person,  tlie  effect  of  which  is  to  begin  after  the  first  has 
cvpired. 

accumulatively  (a-ku'mu-la-tiv-U),  orfc  In  an 
accumulative  manner;  by  heaping;  in  heaps. 

accumulativeness  (a-kii'mu-la-tiv-nes),  n. 
Tlie  quality  of  being  accumidative ;  tendency 
to  aecumulate. 

accumulator  (a-ku'mij -la-tor),  H.  [<  L.  accumu- 
latiir,  <  (iccumulare,  accumulate.]  1.  One  -who 
orthatwhicli  gathers,  accumulates,  or  amasses. 
— 2,  One  who  takes  imiversity  degrees  by  ac- 


31 


Hydraulic  Accumulator. 

a,  cylinder;    d,  plunger;    c, 

eland  ;  d,  weight-case;  f,  cross- 

nead  ;  y,  bolt ;  £■,  framework ; 

A,  (',  pipes. 


41 

cumulation  (which  see). —  3,  Anythinf?  used 
for  folleetiiif::  and  storinfj  onorfty,  etc.     Siu-ciii- 

ciilly,  ill  >ni-rh.  :  (n)  An  imlia-ruliluT  siniiiKHiTviri;,'  fur  Uu; 
sU>r:iKi'  <if  (:ni'rt:y  In  lie  iitili/.trd  fnr  lifting  ;iini  dtlur  pur- 
jiuscs.  (;»)  An  clastic  section  of  :i  diTiii;c-lim',  so  plafi-ii 
as  tf>  prevent  !i  snchirii  liri.'alv- 
in^jC  stniin.  (<■)  An  apparntuM 
uscii  iiriiu-ijially  in  (.■onncc- 
tioii  with  h.ytlrauli*!  inacliineti 
as  an  i.iiualiztr  i>f  jiri'-saure,  or 
for  tliu  acrniiHilation  ><i  fiur- 
gy  to  be  expnulcii  ititi  rtiiit- 
teiitly,  as  in  liyilraulic  cranes, 
elevators,  riveters,  etc.  It 
consists  of  a  cylinder  fitted 
with  a  plunder,  having  at  its 
upper  end  a  cross-head  or 
cap,  to  which  are  secure<l  the 
WL'i^'hts  necessary  for  the  de- 
sired pressure.  The  water 
forced  into  the  cylinder  raises 
the  pluntjer,  whose  weight,  re- 
acting' upon  the  water,  trans- 
mit-s  tliis  pressure  to  the  op- 
erating machinery.  The  total 
force,  less  friction,  which  can 
be  expended  is  measured  hy 
the  product  of  the  weij^ht  ui 
the  plunger  and  its  load  into 
the  distance  traversed  by  it. 
TliC  joint  capacity  of  the 
force-pumps  which  siipidy  the 
cylinder  is  such  as  will,  by 
continuous  running,  accunui- 
late  in  the  cylinder  during 
periods  of  inaction  an  amnunt 
equal  to  that  expended  during 
a  maximum  effort.  In  an- 
other form,  called  the  hydro- 
pneumatic  accumulator,  the 
water  within  the  cylinder  compresses  air,  which  reacts 
upon  it,  thus  serving  as  a  substitute  for  the  weights. 

By  availing  nur.selves  nf  the  hydrostatic  pressure  of 
water  stored  at  lii^rh  elevations,  or  by  storing  it  under 
pressure  artilicially  pindueedby  meansof  nji  accumulator, 
we  can  utilise  sources  of  jtower  which  without  storage 
would  be  quite  insutheient  for  a  given  purpose. 

C.  P.  B.  Shelley,  Workshop  Appliances,  ]).  313. 

{(f)  In  elect.:  (1)  A  condenser  (which  see).  (2)  A  storage  I  lat- 
tery  (which  see,  undGr  battery). — Hydro -pneumatic  ac- 
cumulator, an  apparatus  intended  to  be  used  w  ith  hydro- 
static lifts  and  presses,  and  employing  compressed  air  as 
the  source  of  power,     hee  above,  3  (o). 

accuracy  (ak'u-ra-si),  n.  \_<.  accura(ic)  + -ey, 
as  it  <  L.  ^accuratia.  The  sense  is  that  of  tlio 
rare  L.  accuratlo.']  The  condition  or  quality 
of  being  accm'ate ;  extreme  precision  or  exact- 
ness; exact  conf oi-mity  to  truth,  or  to  a  rule  or 
model;  coiTectness:  as,  the  value  of  testimony 
depends  on  its  accuracy ;  copies  of  legal  instru- 
ments should  be  taken  with  accuracy. 

The  schoolmen  tried  to  reason  mathematically  about 
things  which  had  not  been,  and  perhaps  could  not  be,  de- 
fined with  mathematical  accuracy. 

Macaulay,  Utilitarian  Theory  of  Government. 
=  Syn.  Accurateness,  exactness,  exactitude,  precision, 
carefulness,  care,  niceness,  nicety. 

accurate  (ak'u-rat),  a.  [  =  Pg.  accia-ado  =  It. 
accuralo,  <  L.  accuratus,  jn-epared  with  care, 
exact,  pp.  of  accurarcj  prepare  with  care,  <  adj 
to,  +  curare,  take  cai*e,  <  cura^  care,  pains: 
see  cure.']  1.  Characterized  by  extreme  care  ; 
hence,  in  exact  conformity  to  truth,  or  to  a 
standard  or  rule,  or  to  a  model ;  free  from 
eiTor  or  defect;  exact:  as,  an  accurate  ac- 
count; accurate  meascire  ;  an  accurate  expres- 
sion ;  an  accurate  calculator  or  observer. 

Our  American  character  is  marked  by  a  more  than  aver- 
age delight  in  accurate  perception,  which  is  shown  by  the 
cun*ency  of  the  byword,  "No  mistake." 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  207. 

2t.  Determinate;  precisely  fixed. 

Those  conceive  the  celestial  bodies  have  more  accurate 
influences  upon  these  tilings  below.  Bacon. 

=  Syn.  1.  Accurate,  Correct,  Exact,  rnciac,  yice,  care- 
ful, partieuhir,  true,  faithful,  strict,  painstaking,  uuen-- 
ing.  t.)f  these  words  correct  is  the  feeblest;  it  is  barely 
more  than  not  faulty,  as  tested  liy  some  standard  or  rule. 
Accurate  implies  careful  and  successful  endeavor  to  be 
correct:  as,  an  accurate  accountant,  and,  by  extcTision  of 
the  meaning,  accurate,  accounts;  an  accurate  likeness. 
i/jdcC  is  stronger,  carrying  the  accuracy  down  to  niiiinte 
details  :  as,  an  exact  likeness.  It  is  more  eonnnonly  used 
of  things,  while  precise  is  used  of  persons:  as,  the  exact 
truth  ;  he  is  very  prcA-i.se  in  his  ways.  J*rcci,sc  may  repre- 
sent an  excess  of  nicety,  but  exact  and  accurate  rarely  do 
80 :  as,  she  is  prim  and  j/recise.  As  applied  more  specifi- 
cally to  the  processes  and  results  of  thought  and  investi- 
gation, t',rrtc(  means  absolutely  true;  accxtratc,  up  to  a 
limited  stamlard  of  truth;  precise,  as  cb)sely  true  as  the 
utmost  care  will  secure.  Thus,  the  exact  ratio  of  the  cir- 
cumference to  the  diameter  cannot  be  stated,  but  the 
value  3.14150205  is  accurate  to  eight  pbues  of  decimals, 
which  is  suthciently  precise  for  the  nmst  n  finetl  measure- 
ments. Nirc  emplnisizes  the  attention  paid  to  minute  and 
delicate  points,  often  in  a  disparaging  sense  :  as,  he  is 
more  nice  than  wise. 

What  is  told  in  the  fullest  and  most  accurate  annals 
bears  an  infinitely  small  proportion  to  that  which  is  sup- 
pressed. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

But  we  all  know  that  speech,  correct  speech,  is  not  thus 
easily  and  readily  acquired. 

R.  Q.  White,  Every-day  English,  p.  130. 


accusative 

It  [the  map]  presents  no  scene  to  the  imagination ;  but 
it  gives  us  exact  information  as  to  the  bearings  of  the 
various  points.  Macaulay,  Ilallanrs  Cuiuit.  Hist. 

A  winning  wave,  deserving  note, 
In  the  tempestuous  petticoat,— 
A  careless  shoe-string,  in  whose  tie 
I  sec  a  wild  eivility, - 
Do  more  bewitch  me,  than  when  art 
Is  imtve  precise  in  every  |>art.  Uerrick. 

He  is  fastidiously  nice  in  his  choice  of  language,  an<l  a 
fondness  for  dainty  and  delicate  ei)ithets  too  often  gives  to 
his  style  an  api)earance  of  prettincss. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Kev.,  I.  82. 

accurately  (ak'ii-rat-li),  adv.  In  an  accurate 
manner;  with  precision;  without  error  or  de- 
fect; exactly:  as,  a  Avriting  flccMraie/^  copied. 

Nature  lays  the  ground-plan  of  each  creature  accurately 
—  sternly  fit  fur  all  his  functions;  then  veils  it  scrupu- 
lously. Emerson,  Success. 
For  no  two  seconds  together  does  any  possible  ellipse 
accurately  represent  the  orbit  [of  a  planet]. 

IK.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  78. 

accurateness  (ak'u-rat-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
({uality  of  being  accurate;  accuracy;  exact- 
ness; nicety;  precision. 

accurse  (a-k6rs'),  r.  ?. ;  pret.  and  pp.  r/coMZ-sTf/, 
ppr.  accursing.  [A  -WTong  spelling,  in  imita- 
tion of  L.  words  with  prefix  rtr-,  of  acurse,  < 
ME.  acursioij  acorsieUjK  a-^  (<  AS.  «-)  +  cur.^ienf 
corsicUjK.  AS.  cursian,  CTirse :  see  curse,  ?•.]  To  im- 
precate misery  or  evil  upon;  call  down  curses 
on;  ciu'se.  [Now  hardly  used  except  in  the 
past  participle  as  an  adjective:  see  below.] 

Hildebrand  accursed  and  cast  down  from  his  throne 
Ilemy  IV.  Raleigh,  Essays. 

accursed,  accurst  (a-k^rsf  or  a-ker'sed,  a- 
kerst'),  p.  a.  [<  ME,  acurscd,  ahursed^  acorscd, 
pp.:  see  accurse.']  1.  Subject  to  a  cm*se; 
doomed  to  harm  or  misfortune ;  blasted ;  i-uined. 

The  city  shall  be  accursed.  Josh.  vi.  17. 

Thro"  you  my  life  will  be  accurst. 

Tennyson,  Tlie  Letters,  v. 

2.  "Worthy  of  curses  or  execrations;  detest- 
able; execrable;  cursed:  as,  "deeds  accursedj'* 

Collins,  Ode  to  Fear. 

Thus  cursed  steel,  and  mort;  accursed  gold. 

Gave  mischief  birth,  and  made  that  mischief  bold. 

Dryd'-n,  Ovids  Metamorith.,  i.  ITi). 

accursedly  (a-k6r'sed-li),  adv.  In  au  accursed 
manner. 

accursedness  (a-ker'sed-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  accursed. 

accusable  (a-kii'za-bl),  a.  [=Y.  accusahle  = 
Sp.  acusahle  =  Pg.  accusavel  =  It.  accusahilc 
(in  E.  sense),  <  L.  occusabiUs  (found  once 
in  Cicero),  blameworthy,  <  accusarcy  accuse, 
blame :  see  accuse.]  Liable  to  be  accused  or 
censured ;  chargeable ;  blamable :  as,  accusable 
of  a  crime. 

Nature's  improvision  were  justly  accusable,  if  animals, 
so  subject  unto  diseases  from  bilious  causes,  should  want 
a  proper  conveyance  for  eholer. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  '1. 

accusal  (a-kii'zal),  n.    Accusation.    N.  E.  I). 
accusantt  (a-ku'zant),  n.    [  =  Pg.  It.  accusante, 
an  accuser,  <L.  accusa)i(t-)s.  ppr.  of  accusare^ 
accuse  :  see  accuse]     One  who  accuses ;  au  ac- 
cuser. 
The  accusant  must  hold  him  to  the  proof  of  the  charge. 
Bp.  Ilall,  Remains,  Life,  p.  531. 

accusation  (ak-u-za'shon),  V.  [iWE,.  accusa- 
ciouj  -ciouUf  <0F.  acusatioUj  V.accuj^atioH  =Sp- 
acusacion  =  Pg.  accusa^ao  =  It.  accusazionCy  <  L. 
ac€usatio{yi-),  an  accusation,  <  accusare,  accuse : 
see  accuse.]  1 .  A  charge  of  wrong-doing ;  a  dec- 
laration of  the  conumssion  of  cilme  or  eiTor; 
imputation  of  guilt  or  blame. 

Wrote  they  unto  him  an  accu^sation  Against  the  inhabi- 
tauts  of  Judah  ;md  Jerusalem.  Ezra  iv,  0. 

llie  ijreath 
Of  aectisation  kills  an  innocent  name. 

Shelley,  The  i:enci,  iv.  4. 

2.  That  which  is  imputed  as  a  ci-ime  or  wrong ; 
the  specific  guilt  or  eiTOr  charged,  as  in  a  state- 
ment or  indictment:  as,  what  is  the  accusation 
against  me  ?  the  accusation  is  murder. 

And  set  up  over  his  head  his  accusation.  Mat.  xxvii.  37. 

3.  The  act  of  accusingor  charging;  crimination. 

Thus  they  in  nmtual  accusation  spent 

The  fruitless  hours.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  1187. 

=  Syn.    Charge,  impeachment,  arraignment,  indictment, 

erimination,  imputation. 

accusatival  (a-kii-za-ti'val),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  accusative  case.     Jour,  of  rhilology. 

accusative  (a-ku'za-tiv),  rt.  and  n.  [=F.  "^ 
eu.saiif=  Sp.  acusativo  =  Pg.  It.  accusativo,  all  in 
the  sense  of  accusative  case,  Pg.  also  in  sense 
of  QQ\x^\\vm^,<.'lj.  aecusath'us,  prop,  belonging 
to  an  accusation,  but  used  only  in  the  gram- 
matical sense  (with  or  without  casuSy  case), 


accusative 

l)emg  a  translation  of  Ur.  aiTiariiet/  (sc.  irruaic, 
casus),  repardi'd  as  '  flic  case  of  accusing,'  fern, 
of  aiTiaTiKur,  usually  tninslatcil  'of  or  for  aeeu- 
Bation,'  but  rather  '(the  caso)  of  the  oircftj'  or 
terminal  cause  of  tlic  action  of  the  verb,  <  aina- 
Tuv,  effect,  neut.  of  aWmror,  effected,  <  airia- 
aVm,  allege  as  the  cause,  charge,  accuse,  <  ahia, 
a  cause,  occasion,  charge.]  I.  o.  If.  Producing 
accusations ;  accusatory. 
This  hath  been  a  very  dwMA-ad'fw  age. 

Sir  E.  Dering,  Speeches,  p.  112. 

2.  In  gram.,  noting  especially  the  direct  object 
of  a  verb,  and  to  a  considerable  extent  (and 
probably  primarily)  destination  or  goal  of  mo- 
tion :  applied  to  a  case  forming  part  of  the 
original  Indo-European  declension  (as  of  the 
case-systems  of  other  languages),  and  retained 
as  a  distinct  fonn  by  the  older  languages  of  the 
family,  and  by  some  of  the  modem.  In  English 
jrriiniiuiir  it  is  usually  called  the  objective  case.  Its  abbre- 
viatii'ii  is  ace. 

II.  ".  Short  for  accii.vativc  case.     See  I.,  2. 

accusatively  (a-kii'za-tiv-li),  adv.  It.  In  an 
accusative  manner;  by  way  of  accusation. — 
2.  In  f/ram.,  in  the  position  or  relation  of  the 
accusative  ease. 

accusatorial  ( a-ku-za-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  aecKsa- 
Uiritix,  <  acciL^ator,  accuser:  see  accusatory.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  accuser  or  a  prosecutor: 
as,  accmatorial  functions.     [Rare.] 

accusatorially  (a-kii-za-to'ri-al-i),  ado.  In  an 
accusatorial  manner. 

accusatory  (a-M'za-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  aecusato- 
riiis,  <  acciisalor,  accuser,  <  acciisare :  see  ac- 
cuse] Accusing ;  containing  an  accusation : 
as,  an  accusatory  libel. 

I  would  say  a  word  now  on  two  portions  of  his  public 
life,  one  of  which  has  been  the  subject  of  accusatory,  the 
other  of  disparaging,  criticism. 

R.  Choaie,  Addresses,  p.  284. 

accuse  (a-kiiz'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  accused,  ppr. 
accusiny.  [<  ME.  accuscn,  acuscn,  <  OF.  acuser, 
F.  accuser  =  Pr.  acusar,  accusar  =  Sp.  acusar 
=  Pg.  accusar  =  It.  accusare,  <  L.  accusare,  call 
one  to  account,  <  ad,  to,  +  causa,  a  cause,  rea- 
son, aeeouBt,  suit  at  law:  see  cause.]  1.  To 
make  an  imputation  against,  as  of  a  crime, 
fault,  or  error ;  charge  with  guilt  or  blame ; 
affect  with  specific  censure  :  used  either  abso- 
lutely or  with  of  before  the  thing  charged,  and 
sometimes  with  for  before  the  subject  of  cen- 
sure :  as,  to  accuse  one  of  high  crimes,  or  as  an 
accomplice  in  crime ;  to  accuse  nature  for  our 
misfortunes. 

Accuse  not  nature  ;  she  hath  done  her  part. 

Millmi,  V.  L.,  viii.  501. 
The  accusing  spirit,  which  flew  up  to  heaven's  chancery 
with  the  oath,  blushed  as  he  gave  it  in. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vii.  7. 
The  professors  are  accused  of  the  ill  practices. 

Addison, 
The  Romanists  accuse  the  Pi-otestants./or  their  indiffer- 
ence. Soulhcy,  Quarterly  Rev.,  I.  193. 

2.  To  indicate ;  evince ;  show ;  manifest ;  show 
signs  of.     [A  Gallicism,  now  rare.] 

Amphialus  answered  .  .  .  with  such  excusing  himself 
that  more  and  more  accused  his  love  to  Philoclea. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  ii. 
=  SyiL  1.  Accuse,  Charge,  Indict,  Arraign,  Impeach,  In- 
criminate, criminate,  inculpate,  ta.\  with,  taunt  witli,  im- 
pute to.  Of  these  words  charge  is  the  most  general,  and 
may  be  the  wealiest,  being  used  of  any  sort  of  imputa- 
tion, large  or  small,  against  persons  or  things  formally  or 
informally,  puljlicly  or  privately.  Accuse  commonly, 
tliough  not  invariably,  expresses  something  more  formal 
and  giave  than  charge.  Indict  is  a  purely  legal  term,  re- 
stricted to  the  action  of  a  grand  jui-y  when  it  makes  a 
formal  complaint  against  a  supposed  offender,  in  order 
that  he  may  be  brought  to  trial.  Arraign  has  primarily 
the  same  meaning  witli  imlict,  but  is  freer  in  figurative 
use  :  ius,  to  arraign  a  p(jlitical  party  at  the  bar  of  public 
sentiment.  Impeach  is  to  bring  to  answer  before  some 
legislative  body  for  wrong.rtoing  in  a  public  ofBce,  and  has 
been  so  long  associated  witli  the  peculiar  dignity,  solem- 
nity, and  impressivenessof  such  trials  that  it  luisbeen  lifted 
into  corresponding  importance  in  its  figurative  uses.  In- 
criminate is  obsolescent  except  in  the  special  meaning  of 
involving  another  witli  one's  self  :  as,  in  his  confession  he 
tncriminntrd  several  perscms  hitherto  unsuspected.  To 
charge  with  a  f.ault;  to  accme  of  dishonesty;  to  indict  for 
felony  and  arraign  before  tile  court ;  to  impeach  a  magis- 
trate or  one's  motives  or  veracity ;  to  incriminate  others 
with  one's  self  in  a  confession  of  guilt. 

And  from  rebellion  shall  derive  his  name, 
Tliough  of  rebellion  others  he  accuse. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  37. 

Charging  the  Scripture  with  obscurity  and  impertec- 
"»»•  StUlimjjUct. 

It  is  held  that  the  power  of  impeachment  extends  only 
to  such  olfenders  as  may  afterward  be  imUclfd  and  pun- 
ished ai-ci>rding  to  law:  tliat  is,  tbiit  the  ln.use  can  only 
impeach,  the  senate  remove,  for  indictalile  <iffenses. 

Cyc.  J'ol.  Sci.,  II.  481. 

Day  by  day  the  men  who  guide  public  alfairs  are  ar- 
raigned before  the  judgmeut-seat  of  the  race. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  I.  6. 


42 

accuset  (i}-kuz'),».     [=It.r(CCH»a,  charge;  from 
the  verb.]     Accusation. 
York  .  .  . 
Ity  false  accuse  <l<»th  level  at  my  life. 

.Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 

accusementt  (a-kuz'ment),   n.     [<  ME.  acusc- 
mciit,  <  OF.  'acuscmoil,  accusaneni,  iacuser,  ac- 
cuse.]    Accusation. 
By  forged  accuscments  .  .  .  wore  conilenmed. 

Ilolinshed. 
accuser  (a-ku'z6r),  11.  [<  ME.  accuser,  ac- 
cusour,  <  AI''.  accusour,  OF.  acusor,  acu.scor,  F. 
accu.iateur,  <  L.  accusator,  accuser,  <  accusare: 
see  accuse,  v.]  One  who  accuses  or  blames ; 
specifically,  a  person  who  formally  accuses  an- 
other of  an  offense  before  a  magistrate  or  a 
tribunal  of  any  kind. 
accusingly  (a-ku'zing-li),  adv.  In  an  accusing 
manner. 
accustom  (a-kus'tom),  V.  [<  late  ME.  acus- 
lomc,  acusiumc,  <  OP.  acoustumer,  acostumer 
(F.  accoutumer  =  Sp.  acostumbrar  =  Pg.  acos- 
tumar=  It.  azcostumare),  <  a  (L.  ad),  to,  -I-  cou.'i- 
tume  (F.  coutumc),  custom :  see  custom.]  J. 
trans.  To  familiarize  by  custom  or  use ;  habitu- 
ate or  inure :  as,  to  accustom  one's  self  to  a 
spare  iliet;  time  may  accustom  one  to  almost 
anything ;  to  be  accustomed  to  hard  work. 

So  accustomed  to  his  freaks  and  follies,  that  she  viewed 
them  all  as  matters  of  course. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I.  170. 
We  are  not  accustomed  to  express  our  thoughts  or  emo- 
tions by  symbolical  actions.  Emerson,  Misc. ,  p.  24. 
=  Syil.  To  habituate,  familiarize,  inure,  harden,  train. 

Il.t  intraiis.  1.  To  be  wont  or  habituated  to 
do  anything. 

A  boat,  over-freighted,  sunk,  and  all  drowned,  saving  one 
woman,  in  her  first  popping  up  again,  which  most  living 
things  accustom,  got  hold  of  the  boat.  Carew. 

2.  To  consort  or  cohabit. 

Much  better  do  we  Britons  fulfil  the  work  of  nature  than 
you  Romans;  we,  with  the  best  men,  accustom  openly; 
you,  with  tlie  basest,  commit  private  adultery. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

accustomt  (a-kus'tom), ?i.  [(.accustom,  v.]  Cus- 
tom: as,  "individual  accustom  of  Vde,"  Milton, 
Tetraehordon  (ed.  1851),  p.  171. 

accustomablet  (a-kus'tom-a-bl),  a.  [<  accus- 
tom +  -able]  Of  long  eustomj  habitual;  cus- 
tomary: as,  "  accustomable  residence,"  Hir  M. 
Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  xx. 

accustomablyt  (a-kus'tom-a-bli),  adv.  Accord- 
ing to  custom  or  habit ;  habitually. 

Kings'  tines  accustomably  paid.  Bacon,  Alienations. 

accustomancet(a-kus'tom-ans),  n.  [<ME.  acus- 
tianaunce,  accustomancc,  <  CiF.  acoustumance  (F. 
accoutumance :  cf.  Pr.  it.  costuinanza),  <  acous- 
tumer, acostumer,  accustom:  see  accustom,  r. 
Cf .  custom.]  Custom ;  habitual  use  or  practice. 
Through  arcustomatice  and  negligence.  Boyl.-. 

accustomarilyt  (a-kus'tom-a-ri-li),  adv.  Ac- 
cording to  custom  or  common  practice;  custom- 
arily. 

accustomaryt  (a-kus'tom-a-ri),  rt.     [<  accustom 
+  -anj.     Cf.  customary.]     Usual ;  customary. 
r.sual  and  accitstamarii  swearing. 

Dr.  Feattey,  Dippers  Dipt,  p.  100. 

accustomatet  (a-kus'tom-at),  a.    [  =  0F.  aciis- 
tome  =z  It.  accostumato  =  Fg.  acostumado  =  Sp. 
acostumhrado  (in  adv.  acostumbradamente);  cc- 
custom  +  -ate^.     Cf.   accustomed.]    Customary. 
Card.  Bainbridge. 
accustomed  (a-kus'tomd),  p.  a.     [<  ME.  acus- 
tomed ;  pp.  of  accustom.]     1.  Often  practised 
or  used ;  customary ;  habitual ;  made  familiar 
through  use ;  usual ;  wonted :  as,  in  their  ac- 
customed manner. 
It  is  an  flicwAiomerf  action  with  her.     Shak.,  Macb.,  v.  1. 
My  old  accustomed  corner  here  is, 

The  table  still  is  in  the  nook  ; 
Ah !  vanished  many  a  busy  year  is 
This  well-known  chair  since  last  I  took. 

Thackeray,  Ballad  of  Bouillabaisse. 
2t.  Having  custom  or  patronage;  frequented. 
A  vicW-accustom'd  house,  a  handsome  barkeeper,  witli 
clean  obliging  drawers,  soon  get  the  master  an  estate. 

Mrs.  Centtivre,  Bold  Stroke,  i.  1. 

accustomedness  (a-kus'tomd-nes),  n.    Famil- 
iarity ;  wontedncss ;  the  quality  of  being  accus- 
tomed (to).     [Rare.] 
Accustomedness  to  sin  hardens  the  heart. 

Bp.  I'earce,  Sermons,  p.  230. 

Freedom  from  that   bad  accustomedncis  to  evil  and 

wrong.  The  American,  VII.  104. 

ace  (iis),  H,  [<  ME.  as,  aas,  <  OF.  as,  an  ace,  F. 
aA'=Sp.  «4'  =  Pg.  nr  =  It.  asso  =  G.  ass  =  B. 
aas  =  Icel.  iiss  =  Sw.  f«s  =  Dan.  es,  <  L.  as  (aec. 
asscm),  a  unit,  a  pound,  a  foot,  usually  but  prob. 
erroneously  derived  from  ar,  said  to  "be  the  Ta- 


Acephala 

rentine  form  of  Or.  tif  (ace.  iva),  one,  a  unit; 
akin  to  L.  .icm-rl  and  K.  .same:  see  .same.]  1. 
A  unit;  specifically,  a  single  ])ip  on  a  card  oi- 
die,  or  a  card  or  die  marked  witli  a  single  pip. 
—  2.  A  very  small  quantity;  a  particle;  an 
atom;  a  trifle:  as,  the  creditor  will  not  abate 
an  ace  of  his  demand. 
I'll  not  wag  an  acr  faitiicr.  Dryden,  .Spanish  Friar. 

-ace.  [<  F.  -ace,  <  It.  -a::(),  -accio,  m.,  -a:::a, 
-accia,  f.,  an  aug.  or  depreciative  suffix.]  A 
noun-suflix  occumng  in  poputace,  pinnace,  etc. 
(which  sec).  It  is  not  used  as  an  English  for- 
mative. In  menace,  grimace^  and  other  words, 
the  suffix  is  of  different  origin. 

-acea.  [I^.,  neut.  pi.  ot-accus:  see-aceous.]  A 
suffix  used  in  New  Latin  to  form  names  of 
classes  or  orders  of  animals,  as  Cetacea,  Crus- 
tacea, etc.,  these  names  being  properly  adjec- 
tives, agreeing  with  Latin  animalia  (animals) 
understood. 

-aceae.  [L.,  fem.  pi.  of-aceus:  see  -accous.]  A 
suffi.x  used  in  New  Latin  to  form  names  of  or- 
ders or  families  of  plants,  as  Liliacea;  Rosacea:, 
etc.,  these  names  being  properly  adjectives, 
agreeingwith Latin 7^;a)ifa'  (plants)  understood. 

-acean.  [<  L.  -ace-us  +  -an.]  A  suffix  of  adjec- 
tives, equivalent  to  -aceous  (which  see) ;  also  of 
nouns  to  supply  a  singular  to  collective  plurals 
in  -acea,  as  cetacean,  crustacean,  etc. 

acedia (a-se'di-a),H.  [NL.,<Gr.flK)?(!/a,  collateral 
form  of  oKi'/dcia,  indifference,  heedlessness,  in 
eecl.  use  'sloth,'  <  aKri&ijc,  indifferent,  heedless, 

<  a-  priv.  +  nf/^oq,  care,  distress,  Kt'/dEcdai,  be  trou- 
bleel  or  distressed ;  in  ML.  coiTupted  to  accidia, 
>  ME.  accidie,  q.  v.]  An  abnormal  mental  con- 
dition, characterized  by  carelessness,  listless- 
ness,  fatigue,  and  want  of  interest  in  affairs. 

A  melancholy  leading  to  desperation,  and  known  to 
theologians  under  the  name  of  acedia,  was  not  uncommon 
in  monasteries,  and  most  of  the  recorded  instances  of 
mediieval  suicides  in  Catholicism  were  by  monks. 

Lecky,  Em-op.  Morals,  II.  55. 

acedy  (as'f-di),  n.     Same  as  acedia. 

Aceldama  (a-sel'da-ma),  n.  [ME.  (WyeUf) 
Achildemah,  Aekeldemah ;  <  L.  Aceldama,  <  Gr. 
'AKe?.dafta,  representing  SjT.  okel  damo,  the  field 
of  blood.]  1.  A  field  said  to  have  been  situ- 
ated south  of  Jerusalem,  the  pottei''s  field,  pur- 
chased with  the  bribe  which  Judas  took  for 
betraying  his  Master,  and  therefore  called  the 
"field  of  blood."  It  was  appropriated  to  the  in- 
terment of  strangers.  Hence  —  2.  Figuratively, 
any  place  stained  by  slaughter. 

The  system  of  warfare  .  .  .  wliich  had  already  converted 
immense  tracts  into  one  universal  Aceldama.    'DeQuitwey. 

Acemetae,  Acemeti,  ».  jj'.   See  Acoemetw,  Acce- 

m<  ti. 
Acemetic  (as-e-met'ik),  a.    [<  Acemeti :  see  Acce- 
metce.]   Belonging  to  or  resembling  the  Aeeme- 
ta;  or  AecemetiB ;  hence,  sleepless. 

That  proposition  [that  one  of  the  Trinity  was  made 
flesh]  .  .  .  was  impugned  by  the  Acemetic  monks  alone. 
Mullock,  tr.  of  Liguori,  p.  173. 

acensuada  (Sp.  pron.  a-then-so-ii'dii),  n.  [Sp., 
Ijp.  of  acensuar,  to  lease  out  for  a  certain  rent, 

<  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  -f  censo,  rent :  see  ccn.so.]  In 
Mexican  law,  property  subject  to  the  lien  of  a 
censo  (which  see). 

acentric  (a-sen'trik)^  a.  [<  Gr.  anevrpoc,  not 
central,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  Ktu-pov,  center:  see  center.] 
Not  centric ;  having  no  center. 

-aceous.  [Accom.  of  L.  -dcc-us,  -a,  -um,  a  com- 
pound adj.  teiinination,  as  in  herb-dceus,  ros- 
dceus,  gallin-dceus,  cret-dceus,  tcst-deeus,  etc. : 
see  the  coiTesponding  E.  foi-ms.]  An  adjective- 
suffix,  as  in  herbaceous,  cretaceous,  etc.,  used 
especially  in  botany  and  zoology,  forming  Eng- 
lish adjectives  to  accord  -srith  New  Latin  nouns 
in  -aceec,  -acea  (which  see),  as  rosaceous,  lilia- 
ceous, cetaceous,  crustaccous,  etc. 

acephal  (as'e-fal),  H.     One  of  the  Acephala. 

Acephala  (a-sef 'a-la),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  nKf<^n?.a, 
neut.  pi.  of  aKe(lia/.o(,  headless:  see  accjihulus.] 
1 .  A  tenn  introduced  by  Cu^^er  into  systematic 
zoology,  and  applied  by  him  as  a  class  name  to 
a  combination  of  the  eonchiferous  lamellibran- 
chiato  moUusks  and  the  tuuicates.  Later  writers 
apply  it  to  the  lamellibrancliiate  mollusks  alone,  which 
constitute  a  natural  class,  distinguished  by  Lamarck  as 
the  Conchi/era.  All  tile  ordinary  bivalves  belong  to  this 
class.  The  Acephala  or  .ieephales  of  Cuvier  were  at  first 
(17S9)  the  third  order  of  .Mollu.im.  and  includeil  cirripeds, 
tunicates,  and  bracliiopods  witli  i  irtiinary  bivalve  mollusks, 
being  thus  equivalent  to  Cirrip'-din,  Tunicata,  and  Cvnchi- 
fera  of  Lamarck.  In  1SU4  Cuvier  excUuIed  tlie  cirripeds 
and  bracliiopods,  and  made  Acephala  a  class  of  Moilusca. 
In  the  "  Regne  Animal"  (1S17-1829)  Acephala  .are  Cuviers 
fourtli  class  ol M olUt.-ica ,  with  twoorilers,  Acephala  testacea, 
or  shelled  acepbals.  tile  ordinary  bivalve  mollusks,  and 
Acephala  nuda,  or  shell-less  acepbals,  the  tunicates. 


Acephala 

2.  Same  as  .irmtiia.—S.  In  1  ;;itreille's  system 
of  classification  (17!)!")),  one  of  seven  orders  of 
the  Ijinnean  Aplrra,  containinfj  the  spiders,  etc., 
correspondint;  to  the  Amchniilcf:  jialpistcs  of 
Lamarck,  and  syiionymons  witli  Arcichiiida. — 
4.  In  IIaeckcl's'(dassilicatioii,  a  {,'roup  of  ilol- 
lii.ica  composed  of  the  .spinihraiicliia,  or  lirachi- 
nixxlii,  and  the  I.dmcllibraiicliia. 
Acephalaea  (a-sef-a-16'il),  h.  1>1.  [NL.,  a  mod- 
iliialion  of  Acephala,  after  tir.  Ksifn'Aami;  (neut. 
jil.  KH^iu/'.aaOi  beloiif^inf;  to  the  head,  <  Kfi^ia/'.;), 
Iiead:  see  Acephala.']  A  modification  by  La- 
marck of  the  name  Aeephula,  f,'iven  at  fii'st  to 
that  group  as  an  ordinal  name,  and  later  to  the 
bivalve  shells  as  a  class  name,    in  Lamarck's  sys- 


43 


Acerinlnae 


tfMi  of  classiticalioii  "f  Isul  llii- .lo7//i(i(a'0!  were  the  sec- 

.,n<l  order  of  M„llii.^.;<.  tin-  .\,;',.h„l„  ,.f  Olivier,  1780,  in-  acephalorachia  (a-sef'a-lo-ra'ki-ii),  H.     [NL.,  < 

cln.li.m  cirripcds,  I uMi.atrs,  a„a  hrachiopoiU  wUh^or^li^     (^/,i^,-,^„>,„,^  \vithout  a  Iiead,  +  pai<f,  spine.]    In 


nary  bivalve  inoUusks.     In  Isoil  Lamar 
cirripcds,  and  in  X^Vl  lie  i\flnd<-d  tlie  tunicates,  makiiiK 
Acri'halirii  a  flass  of  Kv.  tt.'hi-uta,  witll  two  orders,  Mono- 
inimriil  a;id  Diiniiaria.     See  Cunrhifi-ra. 

acephalan  (a-sef'a-lan),  a.  and  n.     [<  Acepha- 
/«.]     I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Acephala  or 
to  an  aeephal. 
II.  H.  One  of  the  Acephala;  an  aeephal. 

Acephali  (a-sef 'a-li),  H.  1)1.  [LL.,  pi.  of  acepha- 
Ik.s:  see  accphahn:]  1.  Literally,  those  who 
have  no   head  or   chief.      In  eccles.  hut.:  (a)  Those 


tcratol..  absence  of  head  and  vertebral  column. 
acephalostomia  (a-sefa-lo-sto'mi-a), «.  [NL.: 
see  acephalostoimts.']   In  teraiol.,  the  absence  of 
the  head  with  the   presence  of  a  mouth-like 
opeiung. 
acephalostomus    (a-sef-a-los'tp-mus),   11. ;   pi. 
aecphalo.-<lumi  (-mi).    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKe<pa^o;,  with- 
out a   head,  +  ardfia,    mouth.]     In    tcratol.,   a 
monster  without  a  head,  but  having  in  its  su- 
,  „  ,  ,        ,      J  i  ^  „         pcrior  parts  an  aperture  resembling  a  mouth. 

members  of  the  Council  of  Lphcsus  wlio  refused  to  follow     '.n^.-int'hnrorik      (•>  opfn  lo  tho-r-Tsi-iil       « 

cither  SI.  Cvril  or  John  of  Antioch.     (i)  An  Egyptian  acepnalOttlOraCta,     (a-SBt  a-lo-tno  ra  si  a),     «. 

Mono,,l,vsitcsect..ftheflfthandsixthcentuiie3,cnmposed      "'' '     '  " /...;..-;.„-...  T    T^  *..„,..!     „>,..„„„ 

of  those  uiicj  refusL-d  to  follow  the  iialiiaivli  of  Alexandria 

in  snbseiihin^'  tlie  edict  of  union  issued  liy  tlu-  Emperor 

Zeno.  (c)Those  who  took  part  in  the  sessions  of  llie  ileiieral 

i'ouneil  of  Basle  that  were  iupt  presided  over  by  the  papal 

Icfiates.     (d)  A  name  ;;iveii  to  the  Flagellants,  because  of 

their  separation  from  the  authority  of  the  Roman  Church. 

(c)  liehu-e  the  Council  of  Trent,  a  class  of  priests  belonging 

'"""'"""■'''"■  the  laws  acephalous  (a-sef'a-lus),  a.     [<hl..  aeephalui^, 

<  Gr.  iiKii^aloQ,  without  a head,< a-  priv.  +  Ke(f>aAii, 


having  opposite  simple  leaves  iind  the  fruit  a 
double-wingeil  samara.  It  includes  about  50  species, 
of  iHtrtlu-rn  temperate  regions,  many  of  tiiem  valuable 
timbertrees  or  « idcly  eultivatcil  forshaile  and  ornament. 
Sugar  is  obtained  in  America  from  the  sap  of  A.  sacchari- 
iiiiin,  the  sugal-niai>le.     Sec  inapl''. 

Acera  (as'e-rii),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  sing,  or  neut. 
id.  of  Accius,  <Gr.  aKepoc,  without  uoms :  see 
Accriis  and  acerous^.]  1.  A  genus  of  moUusks, 
of  the  family  JlullUhv  or  TurnalclUda:,  belong- 
ing to  the  tectibranchiate  division 
of  opisthobranchiate  gastropods,  ./[-i  \\^ 
These  bubble-shells  have  a  thin  horny  A  '  :  V 
shell,  flattened  and  almost  inclosed,  with  a  t  „  kj 
slit  at  the  suture  as  in  the  olive-shells ;  the  fAvWH 
head  is  long  and  without  eyes.  The  genus 
w:i3  instituted  in  this  form  by  Lamarck,  'yg/'^V/i 
1S18.  .1.  (<«;(n«a  is  an  example.  Originally  ^U/.m, 
spoiled  Altera.    O.  F.  Mullcr,  177(1.  ^^s£y 

a.  Used  as  a  pi.  A  group  of  apter-  ^^^^  »„//„. 
ous  insects  without  antenna'.  In  'j?-,,"."'  "'  '*" 
this  sense,  the  word  is  now  a  mere 
sjTionyin  of  ArachnUla  (which  see). — 3.  [Used 
as  a  plural.]  A  group  of  gastropodous  mollusks 
without  tentacles.     [Disused.] 

Aceraceae  (as-e-ra'se-e),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Ace- 
riiiew. 

Acerae  (as'e-re),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.:  see 
Accra.]     Same  as  Accra,  2  and  3. 

aceran  (as'e-ran),  «.     One  of  the  Accra,  in  any 
of  the  meanings  of  that  word. 
phalothorus.-^'ln  tcratol.,  nhsenco  acerate(as  e-i;at),  n.   [<L.  aw,  maple,  + -afel.] 
,'     J.  A  salt  ot  acenc  acid. 

aceratophoroUS  (as"e-ra-tof 'o-ms),  a.     [<  Gr. 


Cuvier,  including  the  lamellibranehiates  and 
tunicates  together  vvilh  the  brachiopods.  In  He 
lllainvilles  system  of  classineation,  the  .ici-iihaloliliora 
were  the  third  class  of  Malamua,  divided  into  the  or- 
ders I*allii>hraih-ltintn.  lin'iUtn,  I.aiii<llil>r(turliiutit,  and 
lli-lcnilirnnrliin  ;  thus  roii-csponding  inexactly  to  Ciiviers 
A:n>l"'l<'.  anil  c-\actly  t.i  Lamarck's  .1  rcyi/oi/ri-n  of  IHO'.i,  ..r 
L;iiiiari-k  s  later  Ci'iirhi/'ra  and  Tunicala  together. 

acephalophoran  (a-sef-a-lof'o-ran),  H.     One  of 

the  Aci jihaliijihora. 
acephalopodia  (a-sef  a-lo-poMi-ii),  n.      [NL. : 

see   actplmldpiidiiis.]     In  tcratol.,   absence  of 

head  and  feet. 
acephalopodius    (a-sef"a-16-p6'di-us),  n. ;    pi. 

accphalopodii  (-i).    [NL.,"<  Gr.  aKi<priloc,  without 

a  head,  +  -oi(;  (not)-)  =E. /oo(.]     In  tcratol.,  a 

monster  without  head  or  feet. 


[NL.  :  see  a<: 
of  head  and 
acephalothorus  (a-sef"a-16-th6'nis),  n.;  pi.  ace 
phalothori  (-i).  [NL.,  sliort  for  " accphulothora- 
ciiis  (see  above),  <  Gr.  oKiijiaXoi:,  witliout  a  head, 
-I-  Oupni,  a  breast-plate,  the  chest:  see  thorax.] 
In  tcratol.,  a  monster  vrithout  head  or  chest 


2.  A  class  of  levelers,  mentioned  in 
of  Henry  I.  of  Kngland,  wlio  would  acknow- 
ledge no  head  or  superior. — 3.  A  fabulous  na- 
tion in  Africa,  reported  by  ancient  -nriters  to 
have  no  heads:  identified  by  some  with  the 
Blcmmyes,  a  historical  race. 

acephaiia  (as-e-fa'li-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  aKC(pa'/MC, 
headless:  see  accphalus.]  In  tcratol.,  the  ab- 
sence of  the  head. 

acephalistt  (a-sef'a-list),  )i.  [As  Acephali  + 
-i^t.]  One  wlio  acknowledges  no  head  or  su- 
perior; specifically,  in  cedes,  hist.,  one  of  the 
Acephali. 

These  acephalists,  who  will  endure  no  head  but  that 
upon  their  own  shoulders. 

Dii.  Gtiuden,  Tears  of  the  Church  (1659),  p.  464. 

Acephalite  (a-sef '.a-Ut),  n.     [As  Acephali  + 

-itc^.]   One  of  the  Acephali,  in  any  of  the  senses 

of  that  word. 
acephalobrachia  (a-sef  a-lo-bra'ki-ii),  ».  [NL. : 

see  acephaUAirachiiis.]     in  tcratol     "'  ~^' 

lioth  head  and  anus. 


a  head:  see  aAS  and  cephalic.']  1.  Without  a 
head;  headless:  applied— (a)  In  zool.,  particularly 
to  the  members  of  the  class  Acephala  (which  see) :  opposed 
to  eiicepkalouj!  and  cephalous.  (b)  In  bot. ,  to  an  ovary  the 
style  of  which  springs  from  its  base  instead  of  its  apex, 
(c)  In  terutol.,  to  a  fetus  having  no  head,  (d)  In  pros.,  to 
a  verse  whose  scale  differs  from  the  regular  scale  of  the 
s,ame  meter  by  lacking  the  first  syllable  of  the  latter. 

2.  Without  a  leader  or  chief. 
The  tendency  to  division  was  strengthened  by  the  aceph- 
alous condition  of  the  Courts.    .Sttibbs,  Const.  Hist.,  II.  ■2«7. 

3.  Wanting  a  distinct  beginning ;  indefinite  in 

sub.iect. 

A  false  or  ot'eiihalous  structure  of  sentence. 

De  Quijiccp,  Rhetoric. 

acephalus  (a-sef'a-lus),  n.;  pi.  acephali  (-U). 
[LL.  (see  Acephali  and  acephalous)  and  NL.] 
1.  An  obsolete  name  of  the  tsenia  or  tapeworm. 
—  2.  In  teratol.,a  monster  without  a  head. —  3. 
In /inw.,  a  verse  defective  at  the  beginning, 
absence  of  ace-point  (as'point),  n.  The  single  spot  on  a 
card  or  die ;  also,  the  side  of  a  die  that  has  but 


acephalobracbius  (a-sef  "a-16-bra'ki-us),H.;  pi.     one  spot. 
acephalobrachii  i-i).     [NL.,  <Gr.  oxfi^aAof,  with-  j^gg^yja^  (Sp_   pj-ou.    a-sa'ke-a),  n.     [Sp.]     A 


out  a  head,  +  jiimxiur,  L.  bracliiiim,  arm.]  In 
tcratol.,  a  monster  without  head  or  arms. 

acephalocardia  (a-sef  "a-lo-kiir'di-ji),  ".  [NL. : 
see  ttcc])haloeiirdiiis.]  In  tcratol.,  absence  of 
both  head  and  heart. 

acephalocardius  (a-sef"a-16-kar'di-us),  n. ;  pi. 
accpliahcnrdii  (-i).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  axf^aXof,  with- 
out a  head,  +  ra^irVa  =  E.  heart.]  In  teratol.,  a 
monster  without  head  and  heart. 

acephalocMria  (a-sef  "a-lo-ki'ri-ji),  n.  [NL. : 
see  ae(  pliahichiriis.]  In  tcratol.,  absence  of  both 
heaii  and  hands.     Also  spelled  acephalocheiria. 

acephalochirus  (a-sef"a-16-ki'rus),  «.;  pi. 
acephalochiri  (-ri).  [NL!,  <  Gr.  uKcipa'/MQ,  with- 
out a  head,  -t-  v^v,  hand.]  In  tcratol.,  a  mon- 
ster without  head  and  hands.  Also  spelled 
acrphalocltcinis. 

acephalocyst  (a-sef'a-16-sist),  H.  [<  NL.  ace- 
phalocijstis,  <  Gr.  aKi(;>a'Aoc,  headless  (see  acepha- 
lous),+  KixsTir,  a  bag :  see  Crist'^.]  A  hydatid  ;  a 
member  of  a  supposed  genus  Accphalocijstis,  in- 
stituted by  Hunter  for  the  hydatid  or  encysted 
stage  of  Ticnia  echinococctis.     See  Tccnia. 

acephalocystic  (a-sef  "a-16-sis'tik),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  aeephaloeysts;  having  the  character  of 
an  acephalocyst. 

acephalogaster  (a-sef'a-16-gas-t6r),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  aniifa'/.oi;,  -without  a  head,  +  yaaHip,  belly.] 
In  teratol.,  a  monster  destitute  of  head,  chest, 
and  superior  parts  of  the  belly. 

acephalogasteria  (a-sef'a-16-gas-te'ri-a),  n. 
[NL.,  <  arcphaloriaslcr.]  In  tcratol.,  absence 
of  the  heail  and  superior  parts  of  the  trunk. 

Acephalophora  (a-sef-a-lof  o-rii),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<Gr.  (i-priv.  -I-  Krda'Ai/,  head,  +  -<pi>por,  -bearing. 
<i^£/)E(i'  =  E.  bcarK]  A  name  proposed  by  Do 
Blainvillo,  1814,  for  the  acephalous  moUusks  of 


canal  for  irrigation. 

Irrigating  canals  or  acequias  conduct  the  water  of  the 
Gila  over  all  this  cultivated  district. 

Miiwry,  Arizona  and  Sonera,  p.  188. 

Acer  (a'str),  «.  [L..  a  maple-tree,  prob.  so 
called  from  its  pointed  leaves,  <  •/  *«<-,  be  sharp 
orpointed,  appearing  in  acerb,  acetic,  acid,  acute, 


SueM-Maple  l^crrsaccharjniim).  rt.  flowering  branch  ;  A.  sterile 
flower;  c,  stamen  ;  rf.  fruit  wUh  one  carpel  cut  open  to  show  the  seed. 
(From' Gray's  "Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  U.  S.") 

etc.]  A  genus  of  discifloral  polypetalous  trees 
and  shrubs,  commonly  known  as  maples,  of  the 
natural  order  Sapindacece,  suborder  Acerinea:, 


priv.  +  Kcpac (KepaT-),  horn,  +  -ijidpoi;<.<pepcivz 
E.  ftcarl.]  Not  bearing  horns  ;  hornless :  as, 
an  aceratophoroUS  ruminant.  [Little  used.] 
acerb  (a-serb'),  a.  [=F.  acerfte  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
accrbo,  <  L.  accrbus,  bitter,  sour,  <  aeer,  sharp, 
bitter:  see  acrid.]  Sour,  bitter,  and  harsh  to 
the  taste ;  sour,  -nnth  astringency  or  roughness ; 
hence,  figuratively,  sharp,  harsh,  etc. 

We  have  a  foible  for  Ritsoii  with  his  oddities  of  spelling, 
his  acerb  humor,  .  .  .  and  his  obstinate  disbelief  in  Doc- 
tor Percy's  folio  manuscript. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  369. 

The  dark,  acerb,  and  caustic  little  professor. 

Charlotte  Jironle,  Villette,  xix. 

acerbate  (a-ser'bat  or  as'fer-bat),  v.  t.;  pret. 
and  pp.  acerbated,  ppr.  acerbating.  [<L.  acer- 
batus,  pp.  of  accrbare,  make  bitter  or  sour,  < 
acerb  us,  bitter,  sour  :  see  acerb,  and  ef.  exacer- 
bate] To  make  som-,  bitter,  or  harsh  to  the 
taste;  hence,  to  embitter  orexasperate.  [Rare.] 

acerbate  (a-ser'bat  or  as'er-Vjat),  a.  [<  L.  accr- 
batus,  pp.:  see  the  verb.]  Embittered;  exas- 
perated ;  severe.    N.  E.  D. 

acerbic  (a-ser'bik),  a.  Of  a  harsh  character. 
-V.  E.  D. 

acerbitude  (a-ser'bi-tiid),  n.  [<  L.  acerbitudo 
(rare),  equiv.  Lu  sense  to HCt'rfcf/as;  see  acerbiti/.] 
Som-ness;  acerbity.     Bailey.     [Rare.] 

acerbity  (a-ser'bi-ti),  H.;  pi.  acerbities  (-tiz). 
[Earlier  acerbitie,  <  F.  acerbiti  =  Sp.  accrbidad 
=  It.  acerbita,  <  L.  acerbita(t-)s,  sharpness,  sour- 
ness, harshness,  <  accrbus,  sharp :  see  acerb.]  1. 
Sourness,  -with  roughness  or  astringency  of 
taste. — 2.  Poignancy  or  severity. 

It  is  ever  a  rule,  that  any  over-great  penalty,  besides 
the  acerbity  of  it,  deadens  the  execution  of  the  law. 

Bacon,  Works,  II.  54'2. 
We  may  imagine  what  acerbity  ot  p.ain  must  be  endured 
by  our  Lord.  Barrow,  Sermons,  xxvi. 

3.  Harshness  or  severity,  as  of  temper  or  ex- 
pression . 

The  lectures  of  Hazlitt  display  more  than  his  usual 
strength,  acuteness,  and  eloquence,  with  less  than  the 
usual  acerbities  of  his  temper. 

Whiiiple,  Kss.  and  Rev.,  II.  10. 

acerdese(as'er-des),  w.  [F.]  Gray  oxid  of  man- 
ganese :  a  name  given  by  Beudant  to  the  mineral 
nianganite. 

acere  (as'er),  «.  A  mollusk  of  the  gemis  Acera. 

aceric  (a-ser'ik),  a.  [<  L.  acer  (see  Acer)  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  the  maple;  obtained  fi'om  the 
maple.— Aceric  acid,  an  acid  found  in  the  juice  of  Acer 
ciniip:'slr,\  the  Oiiiunun  European  maple. 

Acerina  (as-e-ri'nii),  n.  [NL.,  as  Acerus,  q.  v., 
+  -ilia.]  1.  A  genus  of  crustaceans.  Eaji- 
nesqiie,  1814.— 2.  A  genus  of  percoid  fishes,  the 
popes.     Curier,  1817. 

Acerineae  (as-e-rin'e-e),  «.  pi.  [<  Acer  +  -in-  + 
-etc.]  A  suborder  of  the  Sapindaceo',  distin- 
guished from  the  rest  of  the  order  by  its  oppo- 
site leaves  and  exalbuminous  seeds.  It  includes 
the  m.aple  {Acer),  the  box-elder  {Xeirunilo).  and  a  third 
genus,  Dobinea,  of  a  single  species,  nativeof  the  Himalayas. 

Acerininae  (as  "e-ri-ni'ue),  n.  pi.  [<  Acerina,  2, 
+  -ina\]  A  nanie  proposed  as  a  subfamily  des- 
ignation for  the  genus  .iecrina,  including  the 
ruffe  and  related  percoid  fishes  having  a  cav- 
ernous head  and  a  single  dorsal  fiji. 


Accrose  Leaves  (Pine). 


acerose 

acerose  (as'e-ros),  a.  [<  L.  accrosus,  chaffy, 
<(ic'««  («cf »•-)'  =  Gr.  axi'iKiv,  chaff;  akin  to  E. 
aioi,  q.  v.,  and  also  to  L.  acer,  sUarji,  aud  a<'iis, 
a  needlu ;  from  a  root 
'at;  bo  sharp.  Tho 
socoud  sense  seems 
to  rest  uj)0ii  L.  aciis 
(acii-),  a  necdU^;  but 
the  form  can  bo  do- 
rived  only  from  acus 
{accr-),  chaff.]  In 
hot.:  (fl)  Chaffy;  re- 
sembling chaff.  [Verj' 
rare.]  (6)  Straight, 
slender,  rigid,  and 
sharp-pointed,  as  tho 
leaves  of  tho  pine; 
needle-shaped. 
acerotet,  a-  Probably  a  misprint  for  acerose. 
••Acirutc  bread,  browne  bread."  Cockeram 
(1612).  "Accrotc,  browne  bread,  not  ranged, 
chaffebread,  hungiie  bread."  Minsheu  (1625). 
acerousi  (as'e-rus),  a.  Same  as  acerose. 
acerous^  (as'e-rus),  a.  [<Gr.  oKcpoc,  collateral 
form  of  QKeparo^j  aakpij^j  without  horns,  <  a-  priv. 
-1-  Kipa^,  a  horn.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Accra,  2. —  2.  Having  minute  or  undeveloped 
antennfe,  as  an  insect. —  3.  Having  no  horns; 
aceratophorous. 
acerra  (a-ser'a),  n.  [L.]  In  Rom.  antiq. :  (n) 
A  box  or  casket  used  to  hold  the  incense  which 
was  thrown  upon  the  altar 
during  sacrifices.  (6)  A 
small  portable  altar  on 
which  incense  was  biu-ned, 
especially  at  funeral  cere- 
monies. 

acertaint,  f-  t-  An  occa- 
sional and  more  correct 
foi-m  of  ascertain  (which 
see). 

n,     [NL.,  <Gr.  mcpog,  with- 
1.  In  ornith.,  a  ge 


^5^ 


Ancient  Acena. 


Acerus   (as'e-rus) 
out  horns :  see  acerous-.'] 

nus  of  hombiUs,  family  Bucerotidce,  having  no 
casque.  -J.  nejyalensis  is  the  type  and  only  spe- 
cies. B.  H.  Hodgson,  1832.  Also  spelled  Aceros. 
— 2.  In  cntom.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous  insects. 
Dejean.  1833. 

acerval  (a-ser'val),  a.  [<  L.  acervalis,  <  acerrus, 
a  heap,  akin  to  accr,  shai-p,  pointed,  and  per- 
haps to  accr,  a  maple-tree.]  Pertaining  to  a 
heap.     [Rare.] 

acervate  (a-ser'vat),  r.  t.i  pret.  and  pp.  acer- 
rated,  ppr.  acervaiiny.  [<  L.  acervatus,  pp.  of 
acervare,  heap  up,  <  acerrus,  a  heap :  see  acer- 
ra?.]     To  heap  up.     [Rare.] 

acervate  (a-ser'vat),  a.  [<L.  acervatus,  pp.: 
see  the  verb.]  In  hot.,  heaped ;  gi'owing  in 
heaps,  or  in  closely  compacted  clusters. 

acervately  (a-ser'vat-li),  adv.  In  an  acervate 
manner ;  in  heaps.     [Rare.] 

acervation  (as-er-va'shou),  n.  [<L.  accrva- 
1io{}i-),  <  acervare,  heap  up:  see  acervate,  r.] 
The  act  of  heaping  together.    BuUokar,  1676. 

acervative  (a-ser'va-tiv),  a.  Heaped  up;  form- 
ing a  heap.     [Rare.] 

Piled  together  irregularly,  or  in  an  acervative  manner. 

W.  B.  Carpenter. 

acervoset  (a-ser'v6s),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *acervosus, 
<«tT)T».s,  a  heap.]     Full  of  heaps.     Bailey. 

Acervulina  (a-ser-^'^-li'nii),  n.  [KL.,  <  acervu- 
his,  q.  y.,  +  -hia.'i  'A  genus  of  foramimfers, 
of  the  family  J\'ummulinid(B. 

Acervulinae(a-ser-vu-li'ne),  H.  j>l.  [NL.,<  ncfr- 
ruliis,  q.  v.,  +  -!««;.]  A  group  of  foraminifer- 
ous  rhizopodous  protozoans,  in  which  the  spiral 
form  of  the  shell  is  so  obscured  or  effaced  by 
the  irregular  addition  of  new  chambers  that 
tho  whole  appears  as  if  heaped  together. 

acemiline  (a-ser'vii-lin),  a.  [<  NL.  acervulus, 
q.  v.,  +  -iHcl.]  1.  Having  the  form  or  appear- 
ance of  little  heaps ;  heaped  up.     [Rare.] 

ITic  latter  .  .  .  are  often  piled  up  in  an  in-egular  acer- 
vuline  manner.  )r.  ]J.  Carpenter,  llicros.,  §  483. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Acervulina:. 

acervulus  (a-ser'vu-lus),  «.;  pi.  acervuU  (-li). 
[NL.,  a  little  heap,' dim.  of  L.  acerrus,  a  heap: 
see  acerval.]  In  anat.,  a  mass  of  calcareous 
gritty  particles,  consisting  principally  of  earthy 
salts,  found  within  and  sometimes  on  the  out- 
side of  the  conaiium  or  pineal  body  of  the  brain ; 
brain-sand.  Commonly  called  acervulus  cerehri 
(acervulus  of  the  brain). 

acescence  (a-ses'ens),  n.  [<P.  accscence  =  lt. 
ace.iccnza,  <  L.  as  if  "acescentia,  <  actseen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  accsccrc,  become  sour:  see  acescent.] 


44 

The  act  orprocess  of  becoming  acescent  or  mod- 
erately sour. 
acescehcy  (a-scs'en-si),   «.      [See    accscence.'] 
The  .slate  or  quality  of  being  moderately  som-; 
mild  acidity. 

Nurses  should  never  give  suck  after  fasting ;  the  milk 

having  an  acescency  very  prejudicial  to  the  .  .  .  recipient. 

W.  Junes,  Life  of  Up.  Home,  p.  350. 

acescent  (a-ses'ent),  a.  [<  F.  acescent  =  Pg. 
(tccsccnte,  <  L.  dcescen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  acescere,  be- 
come sour,  <  «cere,  be  sour :  see  acid.]  Turning 
sour;  becoming  tart  or  acid  by  spontaneous 
decomposition,  as  vegetable  or  animal  juices 
or  infusions;  hence,  slightly  sour;  acidulous; 
subacid. 

Tlie  vinegar  wiiich  is  most  esteemed  for  culinary  pur- 
poses is  that  prepared  from  wine,  from  the  flctf*a'rt?  varie- 
ties of  which  it  is  extensively  manufactured  in  France. 

ir.  A.  Miller,  Elem,  of  Chem.,  §  1277. 

Aceste  (a-ses't§),  n.  [NL.,  <  (?)  Gr.  uKcari,  fem. 
of  ciKtarog,  curable,  easily  revived,  <  OKeiaOai, 
cure,  heal.]  A  notable  genus  of  spatangoid 
sea-urchins,  a.  hellidifera  is  a  species  ha\ing  most  of 
tlie  upper  surface  occupied  by  the  deeply  sunken,  odd,  an- 
terior ambiUacrum,  with  a  narrow  fasciole,  and  large  flat- 
tened spines  incurved  over  the  hollow,  iu  which  are  a 
number  of  great  discoidal  suckers. 

Aceste  may  be  regarded  as  a  permanent  fonn  of  the 
young  of  Schizaster.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  176. 

acetablet  (as'e-ta-bl),  n.  [<  OF.  acetahule,  <  L. 
acetabulum:  see  acetabulum.]  1.  An  acetabu- 
lum ;  a  measure  of  about  one  eighth  of  a  pint. 
Hnlland. —  2.  Innwa?.,  sameasflceto6H?HOT,  2(«), 

acetabula,  «.    Plural  of  acetabulum. 

acetabular  (as-e-tab'u-liir),  a.  Belonging  to 
the  acetabulum ;  of  the  nature  of  aja  acetabu- 
lum; cotyloid;  cup-like. 

Acetabullfera  (as-e-tab-u-Uf'e-ra),  n.  pi.  PSTL., 
neut.  pi.  of  acetabulifer:  see  a'cetabuliferous.] 
A  name  introduced  "by  D'Orbigny,  1834,  as  an 
ordinal  term  for  the  cephalopods  with  suckers 
on  the  inner  faces  of  the  arms,  that  is,  the  cuttle- 
fishes, squids,  and  all  other  li^dng  cephalopods 
except  the  Xautilida;.  Same  as  Cryptodibran- 
chiafa  and  Dibrancliiata  (which  see). 

acetabuliferous  (as-e-tab-u-Uf 'e-i-us),  a.  [<  NL. 
acetabulifer,  <  L.  acetabulum,  a  sucker,  -t-  ferre 
=  E.  ftcflcl.]  1.  Having  or  bearing  acetabula. 
—  2.  Pertaining  to  the  Acetabulifera  ;  ha%'ing 
rows  of  cup-Uke  suckers,  as  the  cuttlefish. 

acetabuliform  (as-e-tab'u-U-form),  fl.  [<  L.  ace- 
tabulum, a  cup-shaped  vessel, -t-  -formis,<  forma, 
shape.]  1 .  In  6o(. ,  having  the  form  of  a  shallow 
cup  or  bowl. —  2.  Ha\'ing  the  form  of  an  ace- 
tabulum ;  sucker-shaped ;  cup-Uke  ;  cotyloid. 

acetabulum  (as-e-tab'u-lum),  n. ;  pi.  acetabula 
(-1S).  [L.,  <acc<«/K, vinegar:  see«c€^«m.]  1.  In 
Bom.  antiq.:  (a)  A  vinegar-cup ;  a  small  wide- 
mouthed  vessel  of  earthenware 
or  metal,  sometimes  placed 
on  the  larger  food-dishes,  in 
which  vinegar  or  other  condi- 
ment was  served,  (b)  A  dry 
or  liquid  measure,  .0677  of  a 
liter.  Daremberff  et  Saglio.  (c)  A  similar  cup 
or  vessel  used  by  jugglers  in  theh'  feats. — 2.  In 
anat. :  (a)  The  ca%'ity  of  the  os  innominatum, 
or  hip-bone,  which  receives  the  head  of  the 
femur;  the  cotyle,  or  cotyloid  cavity,  formed  at 
the  junction  of  the  Uium,  ischium,"  and  pubis. 
See  cuts  under  sacrarium,  quarter,  innominate. 
(6)  A  cotyledon  or  lobe  of  the  placenta  of  ru- 
minating animals,  (c)  In  insects,  the  socket  of 
the  trunk  in  which  the  leg  is  inserted,  (d)  A 
cup-like  sucker,  such  as  those  with  which  the 
arms  of  the  cuttlefish  and  other  dibranchiate 
cephalopodous  moUusks  are  provided.  See 
cut  under  Sepia,  (e)  A  sessile  or  peduncidate 
sueker-like  organ  on  the  ventral  surface  of  cer- 
tain cntozoa. —  3.  In  hot.:  (a)  The  cup-  or  sau- 
cer-like fi-uctification  of  many  lichens.  (6)  The 
receptacle  of  certain  fungi. — 4.  In  music,  an 
ancient  instrument,  made  either  of  earthen- 
ware or  of  metal,  used  like  a  kettledrum  or 
struck  against  another  acetabulum  after  the 
manner  of  cymbals. 

acetal  (as'e-"tal),  n.  l<  acet-ic  +  al{cohol).]  A 
colorless  mobile  liquid,  C(;Hi40o,  with  an  ether- 
like odor,  produced  by  the  imperfect  oxidation 
of  alcohol,  under  the  influence  of  platinum 
black. 

acetamid,  acetamide  (a-set'a-mid  or  -mid,  or 
as'e-ta-mid  or  -mid),  n.  [<  "acet-ate  +  amid.] 
A  white  crystalline  solid,  CH3CO.NH0,  pro- 
duced by  distilling  ammonium  acetate," or  by 
heating  ethyl  acetate  %vith  strong  aqueous  am- 
monia. It  combines  with  both  acids  and  metals 
to  form  unstable  compounds. 


Acetabula  (the  two 
small  vessels  shown 
as  resting  on  the 
laigedish). 


aceto-gelatin 

acetart  (as'e-tar),  «.  [<  L.  acetciria :  see  acefa- 
rij.  \    A  dish  of  raw  herbs  with  vinegar ;  a  salad. 

acetarious  (as-e-ta'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  'acctarius, 
ailj.,  found  only  in  neut.  pi.  acctaria,  as  noun: 
see  acitary.]  1.  Containing acctary, ascertain 
fruits. — 2.  Used  in  salails,  as  lettuce,  mvistard, 
cress,  endive,  etc. 

acetary  (as'e-ta-ri),  n.  [<  L.  acetciria  (sc. 
Iiolera,  herbs),  herbs  prepared  with  \Tnegar  and 
oil,  salad,  neut.  pi.  of  *acetarius,  (.acetum,  vine- 
gar: see  acetum.  Cf.  It.  oatorio,  a  salad.]  An 
acid  pulpy  su>)stance  in  certain  fmits,  as  the 
pear,  inclosed  in  a  congeries  of  small  calculous 
bodies  toward  the  base  of  the  fruit.     Craig. 

acetate  (as'e-tat),  «.  [=F.  acetate  =  Sp.  Pg. 
acetato,  <  NL.  acetatum,<.  L.  acetum,  ^•inegar:  see 
acetum  and  -afel.]  In  chem.,  a  salt  foiTued  by 
the  union  of  acetic  acid  with  a  base. 

acetated  (as'e-ta-ted),  p.  a.  [As  if  pp.  of  *a4X- 
tutc,  v.]     Combined  with  acetic  acid. 

acetation  (as-e-ta'shon),  n.  [As if  <  'acetate,  v.] 
Same  as  acetijication. 

As  though  ...  it  had,  by  some  magical  process  of  aceta- 
tion, been  aU  at  once  tiu-ned  into  verjuice. 

U.  Royerg,  Life  of  J.  Howe,  1.  55.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

acetic  (a-set'ik  or  a-se'tik),  a.  [=  F.  acetique  = 
Sp.  Pg.  acetico,  <  NL.  aceticus,  <  L.  acetum,  \-ine- 
gar:  see  acetum.]  Havingthe  properties  of  vine- 
gar ;  sour — Acetic  acid,  CHrjCO.UH,  a  culoiless  liquid 
with  a  strongly  acid  and  pungent  smell  and  taste.  In  the 
arts  it  is  chiefly  prepared  by  the  o.Yidation  of  alcohol  (ace- 
tous fei-mentation)  and  by  the  dry  distillation  of  wood.  It 
is  present  in  vinegar  in  a  dilute  and  impure  form.  In  its 
pure  state,  at  temperatures  below  02'  F.,  it  is  a  crj'stalline 
solid,  and  is  kno\\Ti  as  ijlacial  or  crystalline  acetic  acid. — 
Acetic  anhydrid,  (CH3CO>20,  a  colorless  mobile  liquid 
with  an  odor  like  that  of  acetic  acid,  but  more  irritating. 
On  standing  in  contact  with  water  it  is  gradually  converted 
into  acetic  acid.  Also  called  acetic  oxid. — Acetic  ethers, 
compounds  consisting  of  acetates  of  alcohol  radicals. 
Common  acetic  ether  is  a  limpid  mobile  liquid  ha\ing  a 
penetrating,  refreshing  smell,  and  a  pleasant  burning  taste. 
It  is  used  in  medicine,  and  as  a  flavoring  ingredient  in  the 
poorer  classes  of  wines.  It  is  prepared  by  distilling  a  mi.\- 
ture  of  alcohol,  oil  of  vitriol,  and  sodium  acetate. — Acetic 
ferment,  a  microscopic  fungtis  {Mycoderma  aceti  of  Pas- 
teur) belonging  to  the  group  of  micro-bacteria,  which  is 
the  agent  in  the  production  of  vinegar  in  wine,  cider,  etc., 
by  the  oxid.ation  of  alcohol. 

acetidin  (a-set'i-din),  K.  [<  acet-ie  +  -id  +  -in.] 
Same  as  diacetin. 

acetification  (a-set'i-ii-ka'shon),  n.  [<  acetify  : 
see  -f  cation.]  The  act  or  process  of  acetifying 
or  becoming  acetous ;  conversion  into  vinegar. 
— Chemlc^  acetification,  the  convei-sion  of  wine,  beer, 
cider,  and  other  alcoholic  fluids  into  vinegar.  It  has  been 
shown  to  depend  upon  the  presence  of  a  minute  fungus 
(Mycoder/na  aceti  of  P;isteur),  which  derives  its  food  from 
the  albuminous  and  mineral  matter  present  in  the  liquor; 
it  is  very  rapidly  developed,  and,  absorbing  the  oxygen  of 
the  air,  transmits  it  to  the  alcohol,  which  by  oxidation  is 
transformed  into  vinegar.  See  fennentation. 

acetifier  (a-set'i-fi-er),  n.  An  apparatus  for 
hastening  the  acetification  of  fermented  liquors 
by  the  exposure  of  large  surfaces  to  the  air. 
The  liquor  enters  the  top  of  a  cask  or  vat  containing 
layers  of  sha\ings  or  brushwood,  by  which  it  is  divided 
and  distributed,  and,  as  it  trickles  domiward,  comes  into 
intimate  contact  with  air  which  is  admitted  through  per- 
forations in  the  sides  of  the  vat. 

acetify  (a-set'i-fi),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  acetified, 
ppr.  acetifying.  [<  L.  acetum,  vinegar,  +  E.  -fy, 
make.]  I.  trans.  To  convert  into  vinegar; 
make  acetous. 

II.  intrans.   To  become   acetous;    be   con- 
verted into  vinegar. 

Wlien  wines  are  new,  and  somewhat  saccharine  or  too 
alcuhohc,  they  acetify  reluctantly.     L're,  Diet.,  III.  1076. 

acetimeter,  acetometer  (as-e-tim'e-ter,  -tom'- 
e-ter),  h.  [=  F.  acetimetre  =  Pg.  acetometro,  < 
L.  acetum,  vinegar,  +  Gr.  /jh-povj  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  specific 
gi'avity  of  vinegar  or  acetic  acid. 

acetimetrical  (a-set-i-met'ri-kal),  a.    [<  *ace- 
timetric  {<  acetimeter)  -^■  -al.]     Ot  or  pertaining 
to  acetimetry. 
The  acetimetrical  method  employed  by  the  Excise. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  1(5. 

acetimetry  (as-e-tim'e-tri),  w.  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  ascertaining  the  specific  gravity  of 
vinegar  or  acetic  acid. 

acetin  (as'e-tin),  H.  [<  acet-ic  +  -in.]  A  com- 
pound obtained  by  the  union  of  one  molecule 
of  glycerin  with  one,  two,  or  three  molecules 
of  acetic  acid.  Tlie  acetins  may  also  l>e  regarded  as 
glycerin  in  which  one,  two,  or  tlu'ce  atoms  of  hydrogen 
are  replaced  by  acetyl.  They  include  monoacetin  (O5 
Hin04),  iliacetin  or  acetidin  (CTHinOs),  and  triacetin 
(l'',.Hu06)-     "'a"-'- 

aceto-.  A  prefix  to  names  of  chemical  com- 
pounds, signifying  the  presence  of  acetic  acid 
or  acetyl  radical. 

aceto-gelatin  (as'e-t6-jer*-tin),  a.  Containing 
acetic  acid  and  gelatin.— Aceto-gelatin  emulsion, 
an  emulsion  formed  of  pjToxyliii,  atetie  aeid.  ulct.thol,  and 
gelatin :  used  for  coating  certain  photographic  plates. 


acetometer 

acetometer,  ".    Seo  acctimctcr. 

acetone  (iis'<'-t6u),  n.  [<ac(t-ic+  -om.^  1. 
A  liiiijiiil  moliik-  liquid,  ((_'H:))2C0,  with  an 
iif,'rot':iljlc  odor  and  burning  taste,  produced  by 
the  destructive  distillation  of  acetates.  It  is 
pr<)(Miretl  on  a  larye  scale  from  the  a(iuouus  liquid  oh- 
taiiK'tl  in  tin;  dry  distillation  of  wood. 
2.  The  general  name  of  a  class  of  compounds 
whi(di  may  be  regarded  as  consisting  of  two 
alcoholic  radicals  united  by  the  group  (X),  or  as 
aldehydes  in  which  hydrogen  of  the  group  COII 
has  been  replaced  by  an  alcoholic  radical. 

acetonemia  (as"e-t6-ne'mi-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  E. 
uatDtic  +  Gr.  a'tjia,  blood.]  In  pathol.,  a  dis- 
eased condition  characterized  by  the  presence 
of  acetone  in  the  blood,  it  results  from  various 
raus.s,  and  may  be  a  symptom  of  various  diseases.  Also 
sinlK'd  acetona'mia. 

acetonic  (as-e-ton'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rivi'd  from  acetone. 

acetose  (as'e-tos),  a.    Same  as  acetous,  1. 

acetosityt  (as-e-tos'i-ti),  n.  [=F.  acHosite=z 
i^\K  MTld.-iiilml  =  lt.  «ccto677(7,  <  NL.  as  if  *acc- 
tosila(t-)><,<.  acetosus:  see  acetous  and-ity.']  The 
state  or  ((uality  of  being  acetous  or  sour ;  acid- 
ity ;   sourness ;  tartness. 

The  juice  or  pnlpc  of  Tamarinds  hath  a  great  acetontie. 
M'oodall,  Surgeon's  Mate,  p.  170. 

acetous  (as'e-tus  or  a-se'tus),  a.  [=F.  ac^- 
tiiix  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  acetoso,  <  NL/.  acetosus,  <  L. 
acc/Hm,  vinegar:  seeacctum.}  1.  Having  a  sour 
taste ;  vinegary.  Boyle,  Also  written  acetast. — 
2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  vinegar ;  causing  or  con- 
nected with  aeetification.— Acetous  acid,  a  term 
formerly  appli"  d  to  impure  and  dilute  acetic  acid,  under 
the  notion  that  it  »as  composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  in 
the  same  propm-tioiis  as  in  acetic  acid,  but  with  less  oxy- 
gen. It  is  now  known  that  no  such  acid  e.vists,  so  tliat  this 
term  has  fallen  into  disuse. — Acetous  fermentation, 
the  process  by  which  alcoholic  liquors,  as  beer  or  wine, 
yield  acetic  acid  by  oxidation.  See  fermentatifm. 
acetum  (a-se'tiun),  n.  [L.,  vinegar, inform  pp. 
neut.  (acetum,  sc.  vinum,  soured  wine)  of  accrc, 
be  soiu',  akin  to  acer,  sharp,  sour :  see  acid  and 
acrid.  Hence  (from  acetum,  not  from  neut.  adj. 
acidum)  Goth,  akeit  =  AS.  (ecef?,  eccfZ  =  OS.  ccid 
=  01).  edick,  etick,  D.  edik,  eek  =  LG.  ctik  = 
OHG.  cc-i/i,  MHG.  cr-('c/(,G.  e.s«(ir  =  Dau.  eddike 
(>Iccl.  edik)  =  Svf.  dttika,  vdnegar.]  Vinegar 
(which  see). 
acetyl  (as'e-til),  H.  l<.acet-ic  +  -yl,  <  Gr.  v'm/, 
matter,  substance.]  A  univalent  radical  sup- 
posed to  exist  in  acetic  acid  and  its  derivatives. 
Aldehyde  may  be  regarded  as  the  hydrid,  and  acetic  acid 
as  the  hydrate,  of  acetyl. 
acetylene  (a-set'i-len  or  as'e-ti-len),  n.  [< 
iii-etyl  +  -<■«('.]  A  colorless  endothemiic  gas, 
C^Il.j,  having  a  characteristic  disagreeable 
odor,  and  burning  with  a  luminous  smoky  flame. 
Illuminating  gas  contains  a  small  amount  of  it,  and  it  is 
prolialily  formed  from  other  gaseous  ctunpounds  during 
the  eumlMistioii  of  illuminating  gas.  It  is  also  fornietl 
from  its  elements,  carbon  and  hydrogen,  when  the  electric 
arc  is  passed  between  carbon-points  in  an  atmosphere  of 
hydi-ogen ;  and  also  by  the  imperfect  combustion  of  illu- 
minating gas  and  other  hydrocarbons.  It  is  pie])ared  on 
a  comiiieicial  scale  by  the  decomposition  of  water  with 
certain  metallic  carbides,  calcium  carbide  being  chiefly 
used  lof  the  pvirpose.  At  pressures  of  less  than  two  atnnj- 
spheres  it  is  not  explosive  except  by  the  action  of  fulmi- 
nates, li  Oder  greater  pressure  it  exphides  at  low  red  heat 
with  a  violence  nearly  equal  to  that  of  guncotton.  With 
certain  metals  anil  iiietallie  salts  it  forms  explosive  com- 
pounds. The  acftyleiie  scries  of  hydrocarbons  has  tliegeii- 
eral  formula  t\.lI._.ii-2;  it  includes  acetyl  or  cthine(O.jHo), 
pi..piiie  (I'.iHi),  biitine  (C^He),  and  pentine  (C'sHa). 
acetylic   (as-e-til'ik),   a.     Of  or  pertaining  to 

ticetyl. 
acetylization  (as"e-til-i-za'shgn),  n.  [^<.  acetyl  + 
-i.-(;  +  -dtioii.'i     In  chem.,  the  process  of  com- 
bining or  causing  to  combine  with  the  radical 
acetyl  or  vvith  acetic  acid, 
ach't,  «.     Same  as  ache^. 

ach-  {iieh),  n.     [Cf.  Hind,  dk,  gigantic  swallow- 
wort,  a  sprout  of  sugar-cane.]  -An  East  Indian 
name  of  several  species  of  plants  of  the  rubia- 
ceous  genus  Morinda. 
Achaean,  «.  and  «.    See  Achean. 
Achaemenian  (ak-e-me'ni-an),  a.     [<  L.  Acha:- 
menius,  a.,  Acha-meues,  n..  <  Gr.  iV.tQ'/'™??,   a 
Persian  king,  ancestor  of  the  Achcemenidoe,  Gr. 
!^V,Ya(//rr/(!a/.]      Pertaining  or   relating   to    the 
Aeliteincnidie,  an  ancient  royal  family  of  Per- 
sia, historically  beginning  with  Cyrus,  about 
558  B.  c,  and  ending  with  the  conquest  of  the 
Persian  empire  by  Alexander  the  Great,  330  B.C. 
achsenium,  ».     See  achcnium. 
achgenocarp  (a-ke'no-kiirp),  n.    [Irreg.  <  Gr.  «- 
(iriv.  +  \iiit'in\  gape,  -f-  Kap-ur,  fruit.]     \\\hot., 
imy  dry  iiideliisrciit  fruit. 
Achsenodon    (a-ke'no-don),    n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  n- 
priv.  -I-  voirt'd',  gape,  -I-  oiioi'r (o(5orr-)  =  E.  tooth.'\ 
A  genus  of   fossil  carnivorous  mammals    of 


45 

North  America,  liaving  a  suillino  typo  of  den- 
tition, considered  by  t'opo  as  referable  to  the 
fiimily  Arcliiryoiiiilie.  There  are  several  species ;  A. 
iii-tatrns,  the  type-species,  was  as  large  as  a  large  bear.  E. 
I>.  Colli-,  lH7:t. 

Achseta  (a-ke'tii),  h.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
aclintiis:  see  nrha'tou.i.]  An  ordinal  name  for 
gcphyretins  without  setR>,  with  a  terminal 
mouth,  dorsal  anus,  and  the  anterior  region  of 
the  body  retractile.  It  includes  the  families 
Si/iuuculidtv  an<l  rriapulida\ 

achaetous  (a-ko'tus),  a.  [<  NL.  aclMtus,  <  Gr. 
li-  i)riv.  +  ,v""''A  hair.]  Having  no  seta;;  not 
cha'tiferous ;  specifically,  pertaining  to  the 
Achatu  (which  see). 

achage  (a'kaj),  n.  [<  aclic'^  -f  -age.']  The  state 
or  condition  of  having  aches.     [Rare.] 

The  Pope  could  dispense  with  his  Cardinalate,  and  his 
achuf/e,  and  his  breakage,  if  that  were  all. 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  i.  1. 

Achaian  (a-ka'yan),  a.  and  n.  See  Achean. 
achane  (a-ka'ne),  n.  [<  Gr.  ax&vri.']  An  an- 
cient Persian  measure  for  gi'ain. 
Acharinina  (ak'a-ri-ni'nii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  for 
arharnina  (?),  <  Ackarnes,  a  genus  of  fishes,  < 
Gr.  i!,|Y;./jruc.  axapvot;,  axapva^,  a  sea-fish.]  In 
Giinther's  classification  of  fishes,  the  third 
subfamily  group  of  his  family  }\'andid(C,  hav- 
ing hidden  pseudobranchise  or  false  gills,  five 
ventral  rays,  and  teeth  on  the  palate,  it  is  con- 
stituted for  fresh-water  fishes  from  tropical  America 
which  properly  belong  to  the  genus  Cichla  of  the  fannly 
Cifhlidw. 
acliarnement(a-sharn'ment),  n.  [¥.,<acharner, 
give  a  taste  of  flesh  (to  dogs,  etc.),  refl.  s'achar- 
ner,  thirst  for  blood,  <  L.  as  if  "adearnarc,  <  ad, 
Xo,  +  caro  {cam-),  flesh:  see  carnal.']  Blood- 
thirstiness,  as  of  wald  beasts  or  of  inftiriated 
men  ;  ferocity ;  eagerness 
for  slaughter.  [Rare.] 
achateif  (ak'at),  n.  [<  L. 
achates:  see  agate.]  An 
agate. 

The    christall,  jacinth,  arhat>\ 
ruby  red.  John  Taylor. 

achate-t,  «■  [AssibUated 
form  of  acate,  q.  v.]  See 
acate. 
Achatina  (ak-a-ti'nii),  n. 
[NL.,  <  L.  achates,  agate  : 
see  agate.]  A  genus  of 
land-snails,  of  the  family 
Helicidce.  It  is  typified  by  the 
large  agate-shells  of  Africa,  and 
is  distinguished  by  an  intorted  and 
abruptly  truncate  columella.  The 
species  of  this  genus,  which  comprises  some  of  the  largest 
terrestrial  moUusks,  live  chiefly  near  water  about  trees ; 
they  are  mostly  African.  The  small  species  formerly 
referred  to  Achatina  are  little  related  to  the  genus.  La- 
man-k,  17!t9.  Also  Achathnn  {Link,  1807)  and  Affathi/ia 
(Drxliaiirs). 
Achatinella  (a-kat-i-nel'a),  «.  [NL.,  dim.  of 
Achatina.]  A  name  used  with  various  limits 
for  a  genus  of  Helicidce,  with  shells  of  moder- 
ately small  size,  resembling  those  of  Achatina. 
It  has  mnnerous  representatives  peculiar  to  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,  ir.  Swaimon,  1S2S.  The  genus  has  also 
been  named  Ilclirtcrcs. 
Achatininae  (a-kat-i-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Achatina  -I-  -ina:]  Asubfamilyof  land-snaUs,  of 
the  family  Jlelicida;  distinguished  fi'om  Meliei- 
ncc  proper  by  the  character  of  the  lingual  den- 
tition, the  usually  sharp  lip,  truncate  columella, 
swollen  body-whorl,  and  elongate  spire.  The 
group  includes  the  largest  known  pulmonates,  some  being 
10  inches  long.  Most  of  the  species  are  African ;  those  of 
the  genus  Achatina  are  known  as  affate-nhdlg.  See  cut 
under  Achatina. 
achatourt,  ».  [Assibilated  form  of  acatour,  aca- 

ter:  see  acatcr,  n.]  Same  as  acater. 
ache',  ake  (ak),  n.  [In  this  pronimciation  prop, 
spelled  ake,  <  ME.  ake  ;  but  formerly  two  pro- 
nunciations existed,  ak  and  ach  (iik  and  iich), 
the  latter,  prop,  indicated  by  the  spelling 
ache,  representing  ME.  ache,  also  spelled  eche, 
<  AS.  ccc.n.,  ache  (<  acan,  v. ) ;  the  former  repre- 
senting ME.  ake,  directly  <  akcn,  <  AS.  acan. 
ache,  a  strong  verb :  see  ache,  r.  Cf .  stark  and 
.5/orc/i,both<AS.  «fenrf.  The  anomalous  modern 
spelling  ache,  with  ch  pron.  k,  has  been  supposed 
to  rest  upon  the  notion  that  the  word  is  de- 
rived from  the  Gr.  axoc,  pain,  distress;  but 
there  is  no  connection  between  the  two  words, 
nor  is  there  any  with  the  interj.  ah  =  li.  ah=G. 
aeh  =  l'>an.  ah,  ak.]  Pain  of  some  dur.it  ion,  in 
opposition  to  sudden  twinges  or  spasmodic  pain ; 
acontinueil  dull  or  heavy  pain,  as  in  toothache 
or  earache. 

Myself  was  lost, 
Gone  from  me  like  an  ache. 

Lowelt,  Uuder  the  Willows. 


A|patc-shell 
{Achatina  variegata). 


achenlxun 

(The  old  pronunciation  of  the  noun  (ach,  formerly  itch) 
led  to  a  similar  proimnciation  of  the  verb.    In  the  fol- 
lowing CfuipletacAe,  v.,  is  made  to  rime  witli  7>a(cA  ; 
Or  Gellia  wore  a  velvet  mastic  patch 
Upon  her  temples  when  no  tooth  did  ache. 

Up.  Hall,  Satires,  vi,  1. 
Thus  pronounced,  the  plural  of  the  noun  and  the  third 
person  singular  of  the  verb  were  dissyllabic : 

A  e(jn)ing  shower  your  shooting  corns  presage, 
Old  ache^  throb,  your  hollow  tooth  will  rage. 

Swift,  City  Shower. 
This  pronunciation  has  been  used,  on  the  stage  at  least, 
even  in  the  present  century,  being  require'  by  the  meter 
in  such  passages  as  the  following : 

I'll  rack  thee  with  old  cramp„; 
Fill  all  thy  bones  with  ache^;  make  thee  roar. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2.) 
=  Syil.  .See  pain,  «.,  and  ayony. 
ache',  ake  (iik),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ached,  aked, 
ppr.  aehiufi,  aking.  [In  this  pronunciation 
prop,  spelled  ake,  the  spelling  ache  proji.  rep- 
resenting a  different  pronimciation  (ach,  for- 
merly iich)  in  imitation  of  the  noun:  see  ache, 
«.;  <  ME.  akcn,  eken  (never  "achcn),  <  AS.  acan 
(strong  verb,  pret.  6c,  pp.  acen  ;  like  scacan,  E. 
shake,  and  tucan,  E.  take),  ache,  prob.  cognate, 
notwithstanding  the  wide  divergence  of  mean- 
ing, with  Icel.  aka  (strong  verb,  pret.  Ok,  pp. 
ekinn),  di-ive,  move,  =  L.  agerc  =  Gr.  a; or,  drive : 
sec  act,  agent.]  To  suffer  pain;  have  or  be  in 
pain,  or  in  continued  pain ;  be  distressed  physi- 
cally :  as,  his  whole  body  ached. 
The  sense  aches  at  thee.  Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 

Those  inmost  and  soul-piercing  wounds,  which  are  ever 
achinfj  while  uncured.  Ilalciyh,  Ilist.  World,  Tref.,  p.  L 
ache^t  (iich),  n.  [<  ME.  ache,  <  OF.  uchc,  "the 
herb  smallage;  ache  desjardins,  parsley"  (Cot- 
grave),  F.  ache  =  Sp.  It.  ajno,  parsley,  <  L. 
upium,  parsley  (usually  referred  to  apis,  a  bee, 
bees  being  said  to  be  fond  of  it :  see  Api.^),  < 
Gr.  crniov,  a  species  of  Euphorbia,  jierhaps  the 
stm-spurge  (or  parsley  ?).  Cf.  .imallagc,  i.  e., 
small  ache.]  A  name  of  garden-parsley,  I'etro- 
sclinum  satifiim. 

Achean,  Achaean  (a-ke'an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Achivus,  <  Gr.  i\;i-a«5f,  'belonging  to  ^Axaia, 
Achaia,  L.  Aehcca.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Achs;a 
(Achaia)  in  the  Peloponnesus,  to  the  Acheans 
(Aehseans,  Achaji,  or  Achaioi),  or  to  the  con- 
federacy called  the  Achean  League The  Ache- 
an League,  originally,  a  confederation  for  rcli^'inus  oliscr- 
vances  formed  by  the  cities  of  Achiea  on  the  abolition  of 
monarchical  government  and  the  establishment  of  democ- 
racy. The  league  was  gradually  broken  tip  by  the  Mace- 
donians, but  w;ls  renewed  by  the  Acheans  on  a  purely 
jiolitical  basis  about  280  B.C.,  when  they  threw  otf  the 
Macedonian  yoke,  constituted  an  enlightened  and  purely 
federal  republic,  and  for  over  a  eentuiy  stood  as  an  ef- 
ficient bulwark  to  the  declining  liberties  of  Greece. 

II.  «.  -An  inhabitant  of  Acha?a  (Achaia),  or 
one  of  the  ancient  Greek  people  (Achaioi)  from 
whom  that  country  took  its  name.  The  name 
Achaioi  is  in  Homer  used  as  a  generic  tenn  for  all  the 
Greeks,  but  was  later  applied  to  the  most  important  tribes 
of  eastern  Peloponnesus,  and  was  finally  restricted,  after 
the  Dorian  conquest,  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  region  on 
the  gulf  of  Corinth  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

Also  spelled  Achainn,  in  closer  imitation  of 
the  Greek. 

achech,  «.    In  Egypt,  antiq.,  a  fabulous  animal, 
half  lion,  half  bird,  like  the  Grecian  griffin, 
acheckt,  I', 
in  passage  (_ 

see  c/icct,  1'.]     To  check;  stop;  hinder. 
When  they  metten  in  that  place. 
They  were  acheked  bothe  two. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  I.  2093. 

Acheenese  (aeh-e-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  n.   See 

Aehiiii  sr. 

acheilary,  etc.    See  achilary,  etc. 
acheiria,  etc.    See  achiria,  etc. 
acheket,  «'•  '■    See  achoke. 
acheless  (ak '  les),  a.     [<  ache^  +  -less.'] 
out  tiche  or  throb, 
achelort.     A  corrupt  spelling  of  ashler. 
achene  (a-ken'),  "•    English  form  of  achcnium. 
Also  spelled  akene. 
achenia,  n.    Plm-al  of  achcnium. 
achenial  (a-ke'ni-al),  a.    Pertaining  to  an  ache- 

niiini. 
achenium  (a-ke'ni-um),  n.  ;  pi.  achenia  (-ii). 
[NL.,  also  written  acha'nitim,  iiTeg.  (cf.  Gr.  ax<t- 
viic,  not  gaping)  <  a-  priv.  -I-  ,|-a(V£(r,  gape,  akin 
to  E.  yawn,  q,  v.]  1.  In  hot,,  a 
small,  dry  and  hard,  one-celled, 
one-seeded,  indehiscent  fi-uit; 
strictly,  a  single  and  free  car- 
pel of  "this  character,  as  in  the 
buttercup,  avens,  etc.,  but  ex- 
tended to  all  similar  fruits  re- 
sulting from  a  compound  ovary, 
even  when  invested  w-ith  an  adnate  calyx,  as 
in  the  order  Comjwsitcc.    Also  ■nrritten  achene, 


I,    Urtii     ./iiV.,    i^t^VJ     ,J±^^,     ^..1^^.....^    f,.i...... 

r.  t.    [ME.  acheken  (only  in  pp.  acheked, 
ge  quoted  below),  <  o-l  (or  «-o)  -I-  cheken: 


With- 


Achcnium. 
Lettuce  and  Ranun- 
culus. 


achenium 

achwniiitii,  alccnc,  and  akcniiim. —  2.  [cap.]  In 
rntnni.,  ;i  frenns  of  bi'otlps.      (('.  E.  Lciirli. 

achenodium  (iik-e-noMi-um),  ur;  pi.  uchmo- 
(tid  (-;i).  L^'-i'  ^  (icliiniiini  +  -odes,  (dr.  -ij'!'/<-, 
-o-f(d;;i':  see -o('?.]  In  io/.,  a  double  achenium, 
sueli  as  is  found  in  the  order  L'mhclU/cnc. 

Acheron  (ak'o-ron),  «.  [L.  Acheron  {-out-), 
also  Achcnins  {-tint-),  <  Gr.  'Ax'l'"^  (-<"'"-),  in 
earliest  use,  one  of  the  rivers  of  Hades  (popu- 
larly connected  with  (i^vf,  pain,  distress,  =  E. 
aire,  q.  v.),  later  the  name  of  several  rivers  of 
Greece  and  Italy,  which,  from  their  dismal  or 
savage  surroundings,  or  from  the  fact  that  a 
portion  of  their  course  is  beneath  the  ground, 
were  believed  to  be  entrances  to  the  infernal 
regions.]  1.  In  Gi:  and  Horn,  myth.,  the  name 
of  a  river  in  Hades,  over  which  the  souls  of  the 
dead  were  ferried  by  Charon  ;  hence,  a  general 
name  for  the  lower  world. 

Get  jou  gone, 
And  at  the  pit  of  Acheron 
Meet  me  i'  the  morning.      Shak.,  Macb.,  iii.  5. 

2.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  neuropterous  insects. 

Acherontia  (ak-e-ron'shi-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
^  I  f/)(iiT(or,  pertaining  to  Acheron:  seeAcheron.~\ 
A  genus  of  nocturnal  lepidopterous  insects,  of 
the  family  Sphingidw.  A.  atropos  is  the  death's- 
head  moth,  or  death's-head  hawk-moth.  See 
dcnth^s-hcad. 

Acherontic  (ak-e-ron'tik),  a.  [<  L.  Acherontious, 
< Acheron:  see  Achcron.'\  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Acheron  or  the  infernal  regions ;  dark ;  gloomy : 
as,  Acherontic  mists. 

achersett,  «.     An  error  for  a  cherset.     See  cher- 

!-Ct. 

achesount,  «.     Same  as  enchcson. 

Acheta  (ak'e-ta),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  acheta,  the  male 
cicada,  <  Doric  Gr.  axira,  axcrac,  Gr.  rixtrrjc,  the 
cicada,  prop,  adj.,  chirping,  <  Gr.  i/A'Eh',  soimd, 
chirp,  <  iixn,  a  sound,  akin  to  iix^,  a  sound,  an 
echo:  see  echo.']  The  typical  genus  of  the  fam- 
ily Achetida;:  equivalent  to  Gryllini  (which  see). 

Achetidse  (a-ket'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acheta  + 
-id(r.}  A  family  of  saltatorial  orthopterous  in- 
sects, embracing  the  crickets,  etc.,  named  from 
the  leading  genus,  Acheta.  The  name  is  now 
little  used,  the  family  being  generally  called 
Gn/llida:  (which  see). 

Achetina  (ak-e-ti'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acheta  + 
-ina.l  A  group  of  orthopterous  insects,  includ- 
ing the  crickets,  as  distinguished  from  the  gi'ass- 
hoppers,  etc. 

achevet,  v.  t.     Obsolete  form  of  achiere. 

acheweed  (ak'wed),  n.  [<  ache^  +  jcpcdl.]  An 
old  name  of  the  goutweed,  .^gopodium  poda- 
graria. 

acMa,  achiar  (ach'ia,  ach'iar),  n.  [<  Pg.  achia, 
the  coufected  Intlian  cane,  achar,  any  sort  of 
pickled  roots,  herbs,  or  fruits,  <  Hind,  achdr, 
pickles.]  An  East  Indian  name  for  the  pickled 
shoots  of  the  young  bamboo,  Bambusa  ariindi- 
nncea,  used  as  a  condiment. 

achievable  (a-che'va-bl),  a.  [<  achiere  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  achieved  or  performed. 

To  raise  a  dead  man  to  life  doth  nut  involve  contradic- 
tion, and  is  therefore,  at  least,  achievable  by  Omnipotence. 
Barrow,  Sennons,  xxi.x. 

achievancet  (a^che'vans),  n.  [<0F.  acherancc, 
< achever :  see achieveknii-ancc.']  Performance ; 
achievement:  as,  "his  noble  acts  and  achiev- 
avces,"  Sir  T.  Ehjot,  The  Governour,  Mi.  22. 

achieve  (a-chev'),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  achieved, 
j)pr.  achieving.  [Foi-merly  also  atchieve,  <  ME. 
achevcn,  <  OF.  achever,  achiever,  achevir,  achiver 
(F.  achever),  finish,  <  the  phrase  venir  a  chief 
(F.  venir  a  chef),  come  to  an  end ;  OF.  chief  (F. 
chef),  an  end,  a  head:  see  chitf.     Cf.  ch'ieve.;] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  perform  or  execute;  accom- 
plish, as  some  great  enterprise;  finish;  carry 
on  to  a  prosperous  close. 

And  now  great  deeds 

IJarl  been  achieved.        Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  723. 

Enabled  him  at  length  to  acliieee  his  great  enterprise, 

in  the  face  of  every  obstacle  which  man  and  nature  had 

opposed  to  it.  Pretcott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  IS. 

2.  To  gain  or  obtaui,  as  the  result  of  exertion ; 
bring  about,  as  by  effort. 

Show  all  the  .spoils  by  valiant  kings  achieixd.        Prior. 
He  will  achieve  his  greatness.  Tennyson,  Tiresias. 

It  is  not  self-indulgence  allowed,  but  victory  achimd 
that  can  make  a  nt  hapiiiniss  for  man. 

liuxhiitil,  .Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  214. 
=  S3m.  1.  Effect,  AecntnpUsh,  etc.  (see  perform),  bring 
about,  w,)rk  out.  _  2.  -l'.,  acciuirc,  win,  obtain,  get. 

n.  intran.i.  If.  To  come  to  an  end.  Chaucer. 
— 2.  To  accomplisli  some  enterprise;  bring 
about  a  result  intended. 

Fights  dragon-like,  and  does  achieve  as  soon 

As  draw  his  sword.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  7. 


46 

Still  achicvivfj,  still  pursuing, 
Learn  to  labor  and  to  wait. 

IjOWj/eltuW,  Psalm  rif  Life. 

achievement  (;i-chev'ment),  «.  [<  F.  acheve- 
minl,  comiik'tion,  <  achever  :  see  achieve  and 
-mcnt.'i  1.  The  act  of  achieving  or  performing; 
an  obtaining  by  exertion ;  accomplishment :  as, 
the  achievement  of  one's  object. 
Capable  of  high  acfiievement  as  a  writer  of  romance. 

Alhcncpinn,  No.  30<i7,  p.  17".^. 

2.  That  which  is  achieved  ;  a  great  or  lieroic 
deed  ;  something  accomplished  by  valor,  bold- 
ness, or  superior  ability. 

How  my  aehicvetiients  mock  me! 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  2. 
Illustrious  judges  have  declared  that  Galileo's  conception 
of  the  laws  of  Motion  is  his  gi-eatest  achievement. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  48. 

3.  In  her.,  an  escutcheon  or  armorial  shield. 
The  proper  expression  is  "achievement  of  arms,"  and  sig- 
nilles  a  complete  heraldic  composition,  whether  the  shield 
alone  or  the  shield  with  crest,  motto,  and  supporters,  if 
any.  The  term  aehievement  is  applied  especially  to  the 
escutcheon  of  a  deceased  person  displayed  at  his  obsequies, 
over  his  tomb,  etc.,  distinctively  called  A  funeral  achieve- 
ment, or  more  commonly  a  hatchment  (which  see).  =Syn. 
2.  T)eed,  Feat,  Exploit,  etc.     See /cad. 

achiever  (a-che'ver),  n.  One  who  achieves  or 
accomplishes. 

We  are  well  accustomed  to  the  sight  of  a  fresh  young 
girl,  a  close  student,  a  fine  achiever,  .  .  .  sinking .  .  .  into 
an  aching,  ailini:,  in.tping  creature. 

E.  S.  I'liclfs.  cjuoted  in  Sex  and  Education,  p.  133. 

achilary  (a-ki'lii-ri).  a.  [As  achil-ous  + -ary.] 
Without  a  lip ;  specifically,  in  hot.,  noting  the 
absence  of  the  labellum  or  lip  in  monstrous 
flowers  of  the  order  Orchidaccw.  Also  spelled 
acheilary. 

Achilida  (a-kil'i-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <.  Achilus  + 
-ida.'i  A  division  of  the  great  family  of  homop- 
terous  insects  called  Fulgorid(e,  one  of  13  so- 
called  subfamilies,  taking  name  from  the  genus 
Achilits. 

Achillea  (ak-i-le'a),  n.  [L.,  a  plant  supposed 
to  be  the  same  as  that  called  in  Latin  achilleos, 
milfoil  or  yarrow,  <  Gr.  'Axi^-^-noc,  of  Achilles, 
from  a  belief  that  Achilles  used  this  plant  in 
curing  Telephus.]  A  large  genus  of  perennial 
herbaceous  plants,  natural  order  Composita;  of 
the  northern  hemisphere  and  mostly  of  the  old 
world.  Two  species  are  common,  the  milfoil  or  yarrow, 
^4.  Millefolium,  indigenous  in  both  hemispheres  and  of 
repute  as  a  bitter  tonic,  and  the  sneezewort,  A.  Ptarmica. 

Achillean  (ak-i-le'an),  a.  [<  L.  Achilleus,  <  Gr. 
'Axt'/.?.eto;,  <  'Axi^^evc,  L-  Achilles.']  Of,  resem- 
bling, or  belonging  to  Achilles,  the  hero  in  the 
war  against  Troy,  noted  for  his  valor,  swift- 
ness of  foot,  etc.,  but  especially  for  unrelent- 
ing wrath ;  hence,  valiant,  swift,  imrelentiiig, 
etc. 

I  dined  with  Mr.  Landor.  ...  I  had  inferred  from  his 
books,  or  magnified  from  some  anecdotes,  an  impression 
of  Achillean  wrath  —  an  untamable  petulance. 

Emerson,  Prose  Works,  II.  161. 

achilleic  (ak-i-le'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rived from  Achillea  Millefolium Achilleic  acid, 

an  acid  found  in  the  leaves  and  flowers  of  milfoil  or  yar- 
row, Achillea  Millefolium :  probably  identical  with  aco- 
7iitic  acid. 

achillein  (ak-i-le'in),  k.  l<  Achillea  + -iri^.] 
An  amoi-plious,  brownish-red,  and  very  bitter 
substance,  CooHsgNgOis,  derived  from  the  mil- 
foil, Achillea  Millefolium.  When  used  in  medicine  it 
is  found  to  produce  marked  irregularity  of  the  pulse. 

Achillis  tendo  (a-kil'is  ten'do).  [L. :  AchilUs, 
gen.  of  Achilles;  tendo,  tendon.]  See  tendon 
of  Achilles,  under  tendon. 

achilous  (a-ki'lus),  a.  [Less  prop,  acheilous, 
<  NL.  achilus,  < Gr.  a-  priv.  +  ^ei/'.of,  lip.]  With- 
out lips. 

Achilus  (a-ld'lus),  ».  [NL.:  see  ac/aVoMs.]  A 
genus  of  homopterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Cixiidcc,  or  giraig  name  to  a  group  Achilida 
(which  see).     Kirby,  1818. 

Achimenes  (a-kim'e-nez),  «.  [Perhaps  from 
L.  ackamcnis,  <Gr.  axaifinn^,  an  amber-colored 
plant  in  India  used  in  magical  arts.  Cf.  Aeha:- 
nienian.']  A  genus  of  ornamental  herbs,  natu- 
ral order  Gesneracea;  belonging  to  tropical 
America.  They  are  frequent  in  greenhouses,  and  the 
number  of  varieties  has  been  largely  increased  by  cultiva- 
tion. 

Achinese  (ach-i-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and».  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Achin  (also  ^Titten  Acheen,  Atch- 
in,  and  Atclieen),  a  territory  in  the  northwest- 
ern part  of  the  island  of  Sumatra. 

II.  n.  .'.-ing.  and  pi.  1.  A  native  or  an  in- 
habitant of  Achin,  or  the  people  of  Achin. — 
2.  The  hingiuige  used  by  the  Achinese,  which 
belongs  to  the  Malayan  "family,  and  is  written 
with  Arabic  characters. 
Also  written  Acheenese  and  Atclmiese. 


achorion 

aching  (a'king), /).  rt.  [Ppr.  of  ad/ft.]  Endur- 
ing or  causing  pain  ;  painful. 

What  peaceful  hours  I  once  enjoy'd! 

How  sweet  their  memory  still  I 
But  they  have  left  an  acliintj  void 
The  world  can  never  fiU. 

Corwper,  Olney  Hymns, 
achingly  (a'king-li),  adv.     With  aching ;  pain- 
fully. 
achiote  (Sp.  jiron.  ii-che-6'ta),  n.     [Sp.,  also 
aehole,  Pg.  aehioti,  <  aehioil,  the  native  Ameri- 
can name  of  the  plant.]    The  vernacular  name 
in  Central  America  of  the  arnotto-tree,  Bixa 
Orellana.     See  arnotto. 
achira  (a-che'iii),  n.     [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
The  name  (ui  the  western  coast  of  South  .Amer- 
ica of  the  Canna  edulis,  whose  large  tuberous 
roots  are  used  for  food,   and    yield    tous-les- 
mois,  a  superior  large-grained  kind  of  arrow- 
root. 
achiria  (a-M'ri-a),  n.     [NL.,  less  prop,  acheiria, 

<  Gr.  rixtipia,  <  a,vf/pof  or  axctp,  without  bauds  : 
see  aehirous.]     In  teratol.,  absence  of  hands. 

achirite  (ak'i-rit),  «.  [<  Achir  Mahmed,  name 
of  a  Bokharian  merchant  who  furnished  the 
specimens  that  were  taken  in  1785  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, -I-  -ite~.]    Emerald  copper  or  dioptase. 

achirous  (a-ki'rus),  a.     [Less  prop,  aeheirous, 

<  NL.  achirus,  <  Gr.  axc'po(  or  axeip,  handless,  < 
a- priv.  +  x^'l't  hand.]  In  teratol.,  handless; 
without  hands. 

achirus  (a-ki'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  axeipor,  with- 
out hands:  see  achirous.'}  1.  hi  teratol.,  amon- 
ster  characterized  by  the  absence  of  hands. 
Also  spelled  acheirus. — 2.  [cap.']  In  ::ool.,  a 
genus  of  heterosomatous  fishes,  of  the  family 
Soleida;  ha^-ing  no  pectoral  tins,  whence  the 
name.  ,4.  Uneatu^  is  an  American  sole,  conmionly  call- 
ed hini-chokcr.     Lacepidc,  1802.    See  cut  under  .Suleidce. 

achlamydate  (a-klam'i-dat),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (((-18)  -1-  chlamydate,  q.  v.]  Not  chlamy- 
date ;  having  no  pallium  or  mantle :  said  of 
mollusks. 

In  the  aehlavuidatc  forms  [of  branchiogastropods)  true 
gills  are  usually  absent.        Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  437. 

Achlamydeae  (ak-la-mid'e-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
fein.  pi.  of  (((7)/(((H^(ffi(.s;  see  acldamydeous.]  In 
bot.,  a  teiTU  proposed  by  Lindley  for  a  group  of 
dicotyledonous  orders  in  which  both  calyx  and 
corolla  are  wanting,  at  least  in  the  pistillate 
flowers,  as  in  willows  and  birches. 

achlamydeous  (ak-la-mid'e-us),  a.  [<  NL. 
achlamydeus,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -1-  x^^M'S  (-i'<'-)i  a 
mantle:  see  a-l8  and  chlamydeous.]  In  bot., 
without  a  floral  envelop :  an  epithet  applied  to 
plants  which  have  neither  caly.x  nor  corolla, 
and  whose  flowers  are  consequently  naked,  or 
destitute  of  a  covering,  it  has  also  been  applied  to 
an  ovule  which  consists  of  the  nucleus  only,  without  prop- 
er seed-coats,  as  in  the  mistletoe. 

achlorophyllous  (a-klo-ro-fU'us  or  ak-16-rof'i- 
lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  X'^-^P^C,  gi'een,  -I-  ipi?.- 
Aoi',  leaf:  see  (7-1*,  ehlorophyl,  and  -o((«.]  In 
hot.,  destitute  of  ehlorophyl. 

achlys  (ak'Us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (i;tXiir,  a  mist.] 
Same  as  ealigo. 

achmite  (ak'mit),  n.  Incorrect  spelling  of  «<;- 
mill'. 

achoket,  v.  t.     [<ME.   aehoken,  achelen,  <AS. 

(jaoo((((,choke,<  «-  +  *ceocian:  see  chole^.]    To 

choke ;  suffocate.     Also  ^\Titten  achelce. 

Whan  that  Thesus  seeth 

The  beste  acheked.      Chaucer,  Good  Women.  1.  2(XI8. 

Oif  thou  will  aehoken  the  fultillyng  of  nature  with  su- 

perlluities.  Ctiaucer,  Boethius,  ii.  prose  5. 

acholia  (a-kol'i-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  axo/.ia,  <  axo- 
?-of,  without  bile :  see  acholous.]     In  x>athol., 
deficiency  or  want  of  bile, 
acholithitet  (a-kol'i-thit),  n.    [Corrupt  spelling 
of  acolouthite,  q.  v.]     Same  as  acolyte. 
To  see  a  lazy,  dumb  acholithife 
-\rmed  against  a  devout  fly's  despight. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  iv.  7. 

acholous  (ak'o-lus),  a.  [<Gr.  a,vo?LOc, -without 
bile,  <  a-  priv.  +  xo?.r/,  bile,  gall:  see  choler.] 
Wanting  or  deficient  in  bile. 

achor  (ak'or  or  a'kor),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  av-'p;  scurf, 
dandrufi'.]  1.  A  name  formerly  given  to  cer- 
tain scaly  or  cinisty  cutaneous  affections  of  the 
head  and  face  in  infants,  particularly  to  cer- 
tain forms  of  eczema. — 2.  An  individual  acumi- 
nate ]iustule. 

Achordata  (ak-or-da'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<Gr.  d- 
pi'iv.  +  X"l'^'/!  chord:  see  ((-18  and  Chordata.] 
A  collective  name  of  those  animals  which  have 
no  notoehord  :  opposed  to  f'hordota. 

achorion  (a-k(5'ri-on), )(.:  pi.  achoria  (-a ).  [NL.,< 
(((7((;)'.]  The  name  given  to  one  of  the  three  prin- 
cipal (lermatophytes,  or  epiphytes  of  the  skin. 


achorion 

It  Is  the  constituent  ot  the  crusts  of  favus  (achor),  nnd 
lielouk's  to  the  (.'rouji  of  fungoid  plants  denominaled 
(tutium.  It  consists  of  spores,  sporidia  or  tubes  filled 
wltli  spores,  and  empty  lirancned  tulies  or  mycelium. 
h'mMinus  M'iUun. 
Achras(iik'ras),  H.  [L.,<Gr.  ii,ir/)rif ,  a  kiiul  of  wild 
pcar-trci'.]  A  genus  of  plants  consisting  of  a 
single  species,  A.  Sapola,  of  the  natural  order 
SapotaccW.  It  is  an  evergreen  tree,  witli  thick  sliining 
leaves  and  milky  juice,  a  native  of  tropical  America,  and 
is  often  cultivateil  for  its  edible  fruit,  the  sapodilla  or 
sapod ilia  plum.  Its  bark  (Jamaica  hark)  is  astringent  and 
is  used  :is  a  febrifuge  ;  the  seeds  are  aperient  and  diuretic. 
2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Watcr- 
Iwiixc,  1879. 

achroiocythemia,  achroiocythaemia  (a-kroi"- 
6-si-tlie'mi-il),  «.  L"^''-)  ]H'|>1>-  iii'lira'ocijtliwmia, 
<  Gr.  axpoinr,  same  as  axfooc,  colorless  (see 
achroous),  +  mV«<;,  a  eavity  (<  k'veiv,  contain),  + 
aiim,  blood.]  In  putliol..  diminution  of  the  nor- 
mal amount  of  hemoglobin  in  the  red  blood- 
corpuscles.     Also  called  olipochromcmia. 

achroite  (ak'ro-it),  «.  [<Gr.  axpooc,  colorless, 
+  -/7(  -.]  A  colorless  variety  of  tourmalLu  found 
on  the  island  of  Elba. 

achroma  (a-kro'mii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
^/)(jH«,  color :  sec  aclnomatic.']  In  pnfftoi.,  lack 
of  T)igment  in  the  skin  ;  achromasia. 

achromasia  (ak-ro-ma'zi-a),  n.  [Nil.,  <  Gr. 
a,j'/)u/inraf,  without  color:  see  achromatic.']  In 
pathol.,  lack  of  pigment  in  the  skin. 

achromatic  (ak-ro-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  axpiif^aToc, 
without  color  (<a-  priv.,  without,  +  ,x'pu/;a(T-), 
color),  +  -ic :  see  chromatic.']  Destitute  of 
color;  free  from  coloration;  transmitting  light 
without  decomposing  it  into  its  constituent 
colors  :  as,  an  achromatic  lens  or  telescope. 

The  human  eye  is  not  achromatic.     It  suffers  from  chro- 
matic aberration  as  well  as  from  spherical  aberration. 

riiwlatl.  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  72. 

AcllTOmatlc  condenser,  an  achromatic  lens  placed  be- 
tween the  mirror  and  the  stage  of  a  microscope  to  con- 
centrate the  light  upon  the  object  when  the 
light  from  the  concave  mirror  is  not  sufficiently 
intense.— Achromatic  lens,  a  lens  sensibly 
free  from  chromatic  aberration.  It  is  usually 
composed  of  two  lenses  made  of  glass  having 
dilferent  refractive  and  dispersive  powers  (for 
example,  a  double  convex  lens  of  crown-glass 
la  a]  and  a  concavo-convex  lens  of  Hint-glass 
[b  b\),  the  forms  of  which  are  so  adjusted  that 
one  lens  very  nearly  corrects  the  dispersion  of 
the  other  without,  however,  destroying  its  re- 
fraction. —Achromatic  telescope  or  micro- 
scope, a  telescope  or  microscope  in  which  the 
chroniatic  aberration  i.s  prevented,  usually  by 
means  of  an  achromatic  object-glass. 

acliromatically  (ak-ro-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.   In  an 

aeln'oinatie  manner. 

achromaticity  (a-kro-ma-tis'i-ti),  n.  [<  achro- 
matic +  -itij.']  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
achromatic  ;  achromatism.    See  equation. 

achromatin  (a-kro'ma-tin),  n.  [<  Gr.  axp<^fiaToc, 
not  colored,  +  -in".]  In  hot.,  that  portion  of  the 
biisic  substance  of  the  nucleus  of  a  vegetable- 
cell  wliich,  under  the  action  of  staining  agents, 
becomes  less  highly  colored  than  the  rest. 

achromatisation,  achromatise,  etc.  See  achro- 

ludli-iition,  achroiiiati-f,  etc. 

achromatism  (a-kro'ma-tizm),  jj.  ![<  achromat- 
ic-i--ifim.  Of.  F.  achromati.'^mc.]  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  achromatic ;  absence  of  col- 
oration :  as,  to  secure  perfect  achromatism  in  a 
telescope. 

achromatization  (a-kro'ma-ti-za'shon),  11.  The 
art  otiii'lu'omatizing  or  depriving  of  color.  Also 
spoiled  achroiiialisaliDii. 

achromatize  (a-kro'm.a-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
achromali:c(l,  ppr.  achromati:ing.  [iachromat- 
ic,  as  if  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  ;fptj//aT/Cf'v',  to  color,  < 
XpiJiia(T-),  color.]  To  render  achromatic;  de- 
prive of  color,  or  of  tlie  power  of  transmitting 
colored  light.     Also  spelled  achromatise. 

i'or  two  kinds  of  light  a  lliut-ghiss  prism  may  be  achro- 
matized by  a  second  prism  of  crown-glass. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  480. 

achromatopsia  (a-kro-martop'si-a),  n.  [<Gr. 
'i-  priv.  -H  v/'<j/'a(i"-),  color,  -f-  oi/xi;,  sight,  <  oi/;, 
the  eye,  face:  see  optic]  Color-blindness,  or 
inaliiiity  to  sec  or  distinguish  colors.  Also 
calhnl  acritochromact/. 

achromatopsy  (a-kro'ma-top-si),  n.    Same  as 

(irhrinniitttp.^ia. 

achromatosis  (a-kro-ma-to'sis),  M.  [Nil.,  <Gr. 
li  t7)ij//(in" ,  without  color,  +  -osis.]  A  name 
applied  to  diseases  characterized  by  a  lack  of 
pigment  in  integumental  stnietiu'es,  as  albi- 
nism, vitiligo,  or  canities. 

achromatOUS  (a-kro'ma-tus),  n.  [<.Gt.  I'txpi^fa- 
"or,  without  color:  see  V«7(ro)«nf(c.]  Without 
color;  of  a  lighter  color  than  normal :  as,  achro- 
matous  spots. 


47 

achromophiloUS  (a-kro-mof'i-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
jiriv.  (((-!«)  -t-  chromop'hilou.s.]  In  cmhryol.,  not 
chromophiloiis  (wliich  see).     See  extract. 

The  substance  of  the  ovum  (of  Aifcarin]  is  also  remark- 
ably ditferentiated,—  that  of  the  "  jjolar  disk  "  alone  ex- 
hibiting a  vertical  striati(Ui,  and  dilfercntiating  into  two 
layei-s.  superficial  and  subjacent  (termed  rte/ir(/»in/7n7ow.« 
atid  chrornopliilous  respectively).      Eivyc.  Iirit.,X.X..  417. 

achromous  (a-kro'mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
Xpu/"',  color.]  Colorless ;  without  coloring 
matter. 

achronic,  achronical  (a-kron'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  An 
erroneous  spelling  of  acronych,  acroiiyclial, 

achroodextrine  (ak"ro-6-deks'trin),  H.  [<  Gr. 
iiXpoor,  colorless  (see  achroous),  +  E.  ilcxtriiic] 
Dextrine  wliich  is  not  colored  by  iodine:  con- 
traste(l  with  crythrodcxtrine. 

ach-root  (ach'rot),  n.  [<  ach'^  -t-  root.']  The 
root  of  Moriutia  tinctoria,  used  in  India  as  a 
dye.     See  tich'^. 

achroous  (ak'ro-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  axpoog,  also axpoioc, 
colorless,  <  a-  priv.  +  ;i;poo,  ;fpoM,  color.  Cf. 
achromatic]    Colorless;  achromatic. 

achylous(a-ki'lus),  fl.  [<Gr.  d;i't)J.of ,  <  a- priv. 
-I-  ,vt'/of,  chvle.]  Without  ehvle.  Sycl.  Hoc. 
/.e.r. 

Achyrodon  (a-ki'ro-don),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  axvpov, 
pi.  ii.V'pa,  chaff,  bran,  husks,  +  'ofioi%  (orfovr-)  = 
E.  tooth.]  A  genus  of  fossil  mammals  from  the 
Purbeck  beds  of  England,  having  teeth  of  the 
insectivorous  type,  and  more  than  eight  molars 
and  premolars.     Owen,  1877. 

acicle  (as'i-kl),  n.  Same  as  acicula,  2.  Dana, 
Crustacea,  1.  434. 

acicula  (a-sik'u-lS),  H. ;  pi.  acicula'  (-le).  [L., 
a  needle,  a  sinall  pin,  dim.  of  acus,  a  needle, 
from  same  root  as  acer,  sharp,  acies,  an  edge, 
acutus,  sharp,  etc.:  see  acid,  acute,  acerb.]  1. 
A  needle,  pin,  or  bodkin,  of  wood  or  bone, 
used  by  Roman  women  as  a  hair-pin.  It  was 
not  smaller  than  an  acus  (which  see),  but  of  in- 
ferior material. —  2.  A  spine  or  prickle  of  an 
animal  or  plant.  Also  called  acicle. —  3.  leap.] 
A  name  applied  to  several  genera  of  gastropods, 
and  retained  for  the  representative  genus  of  the 
family -If  icw/irffc,  inhabiting  Europe.  A.  fusca 
is  the  best-known  form. — 4.  leap.]  A  genus  of 
worms. 

acicula,  «.    Plural  of  aciculum. 

Aciculacea  (a-sik-u-la'se-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aci- 
cula -¥  -acea.]  A  synonjTn  of  Aciculidm  (which 
see). 

acicular  (a-sik'u-lar),  a.  [<  NL.  acicularis,  <  L. 
acicula,  a  needle:  see  acicida.]  Hav-ing  the 
shape  of  a  slender  needle  or  stout  bristle ;  hav- 


Acicular  Crystals,  Stibnite. 

ing  a  sharp  point  like  a  needle :  as,  an  acicular 
prism,  like  those  of  stibnite ;  an  acicular  bUl, 
as  that  of  a  humming-bird.  Other  forms  are 
aciculate,  aciculated,  aciculiform.  and  aeiculine. 
The  silver  salt  crystallizes  from  its  aqueous  solution  in 
small  acicitlar  prisms. 

E.  Frankland.  Exper.  in  Chem.,  p.  30. 

Acicular  bismuth.    See  aikinite. 

acicularly  (a-sik'u-lar-li),  adv.  In  an  acicu- 
lar manner ;  in  the  manner  of  needles  or 
prickles. 

aciculate,  aciculated  (a-sik'u-lat,  -la-ted),  p.  a. 
[<  NL.  aciculatus,  < 'L.  acicula:  see  acicula.] 
Needle-shaped;  acicular;  aciculiform. 

aciculi,  n.     Plural  of  acicidus. 

aciculid  (a-sik'u-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
faiiiilv  Aciculida;. 

Acicuiidae  (as-i-ku'li-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acicula, 
q.  V. ,  -I-  -id(r.]  A  family  of  operculate  pnlmonif- 
erous  moUusks,  represented  by  the  Em-opean 
genus  Acicula  (which  see)  and  the  West  Indian 
Gcomelania.  Tliey  have  very  small  turreted  shells  with 
few  whorls  and  a  lliin  opereulum,  the  outer  lip  plain  or 
jirodiiced  into  a  tongue,  and  the  eyes  on  the  back  of  the 
lead. 

aciculiform  (a-sik'u-li-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  acicula, 
needle,  -f-  -formis,  <  forma,  form.]  Same  as 
acicular. 

aeiculine  (a-sik'u-lin),  a.  [<  NL.  adculinus, 
<  L.  acicula :  see  acicula.]     Same  as  acicular. 

aciculum  (a-sik'ii-lum),  «.;  pi.  acicula  (-Iji). 
[NL.,  a  neut.  form  to  acicula,  q.  v.]  In  :o/>l., 
one  of  the  slender  sharp  stylets  which  are  em- 


acidify 

bedded  in  the  parapodia  of  some  annelids,  as 
the  I'olychieta.  The  notopodial  and  the  neuropodial 
divisions  of  the  parapodia  each  carry  one  of  these  acicula. 

aciculus(a-sik'ii-lus),  n. ;  pi.  oci'chK  (-11).  [NL., 
a  masc.  form  of  acicula,  q.  v.]  In  hot.,  a  strong 
bristle. 

acid  (as'id),  a.  and  n.  [=P.  actrfc  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  acido,  <  L.  acidus,  sour,  <  acerc,  bo  sour 
{>  acetum,  q.  v.),  akin  to  accr,  sharp,  acics, 
edge,  Gr.  an/jt^,  E.  acme,  edr/c,  etc.,  all  from  ■\/'ak, 
be  sharp,  pierce.]  I.  a.  Sour,  sharp,  or  biting 
to  the  taste  ;  tasting  like  vinegar :  as,  acid  fruits 
or  liquors.  -  Acid  rock.    See  aciilic. 

II.  n.  [<  NL.  acidum,  neut.  of  L.  acidus,  a.] 
Originally,  a  substance  possessing  a  sour  taste 
like  that  of  vinegar;  in  modern  chemical  use,  a 
name  given  to  a  largo  number  of  compounds 
which  do  not  necessarily  possess  this  property. 
It  does  mit  apjjcar  that  very  great  importance  was  at  any 
time  att.u'hed  to  .sourness  as  a  characteristic  of  acids  from 
a  clieniical  jmint  of  view.  The  following  properties  are 
common  to  most  acids;  Ist,  solubility  in  water;  2d,  a 
sour  taste  (in  some  acids,  on  account  of  their  eorrosive- 
ness,  this  property  can  be  perceived  only  after  dilution 
with  a  large  quantity  of  water);  ;id,  the  power  of  turning 
vegetable  blues  to  red :  4th,  the  power  of  decomposing 
most  carbonates,  and  disjdacing  the  carbonic  acid  with 
effervescence;  5th,  the  power  of  destroying  more  or  less 
completely  the  characteristic  properties  of  alkalis,  at  the 
same  time  losing  their  own  distinguishing  characters,  fonn- 
ing  salts.  In  modern  chemistry  an  acitl  m.ay  be  termed 
a  salt  of  hydrogen,  or  it  may  be  defined  as  a  compound 
containing  one  or  more  atoms  of  hydrogen  which  become 
displaced  by  a  metal,  or  by  a  radical  possessing  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  metallic  functions.  An  acid  containing  one 
such  atom  of  hydrogen  is  said  to  be  vwnobasic,  one  con- 
taining two  such  atoms  bibas'ic,  etc.  Acids  of  a  greater 
basicity  than  unity  are  frequently  termed  polyba^c  acids. 
Wlien  an  acid  contains  (jxygen,  its  name  is  generally 
formed  by  adding  the  terminal  -ic  either  to  the  name  of 
the  element  with  which  the  oxygen  is  united  or  to  an  ab- 
breviation of  that  name.  Thus,  sulphurformswith oxygen 
sulphuric  acid;  nitrogen,  nitric  acid;  and  phosphorus, 
phosphoric  acid.  But  it  frecpiently  happens  that  the  same 
element  forms  two  acids  with  oxygen ;  and  in  this  case 
the  acid  that  contains  the  larger  amount  of  oxygen  re- 
ceives the  terminal  syllable  -ic,  while  that  containing  less 
oxygen  is  made  to  end  in  -ou-s-.  Thus,  we  have  sulphurous, 
nitrous,  and  phosphorous  acid,  each  containing  a  smaller 
proportion  of  oxygen  than  that  necessary  to  form  respec- 
tively sulphuric,  nitric,  and  phosphoric  acid.  In  some 
instances,  however,  the  same  element  forms  more  than 
two  acids  with  oxygen,  in  which  case  the  two  Greek  words 
into  (hypo-),  under,  and  iirep  (hyper-),  over,  are  prefixed  to 
the  name  of  the  acid.  Thus,  an  acid  of  sulphur  contain- 
ing less  oxygen  than  sulphurous  acid  is  termed  hyposul- 
phurous  acid ;  and  another  acid  of  the  same  element  con- 
taining, in  proportion  to  sulphur,  more  oxygen  than  sul- 
phurous acid  and  less  than  sulphuric,  might  be  named 
either  hypersulphm-ous  or  hyjiosnlphuric  acid ;  but  the 
latter  term  has  been  adopted.  The  ].retl\  ;"■/■-  is  fr^l]uently 
substituted  for  Ayper-.— Acetic  acid,  fatty  acid,  nitric 
acid,  etc.  See  these  adjectives.— Nordhausen  acid, 
bro\vn  faming  sulphuric  acid,  a  solution  of  sulphur  trioxid 
in  sulphuric  acid,  used  as  a  solvent  of  indigo,  and  at  pres- 
ent in  the  manufacture  of  artificial  ali/arin.  It  is  named 
from  the  place  where  it  was  first  manufactured. 

acid-green  (as'id-gren'),  H.  A  coloring  mat- 
ter, a  sulphonie  acid  of  various  sorts  of  benzal- 
dehyde-greens.  It  is  one  of  the  coal-tar  colors.  It 
dyes  a  brighter  color  than  the  so-called  solid  green.  It  is 
also  called  Helvetia  green,  and  light  green  S.  Benedikt 
and  Knecht,  Chem.  of  Coal-tar  Colors,  p.  84. 

acidic  (a-sid'ik),  a.  1.  Acid:  in  cActh.,  applied 
to  the  acid  element,  as  silicon,  in  certain  salts: 
opposed  to  basic. — 2.  Containing  a  large  amoimt 
of  the  acid  element:  as,  the  acidic  feldspars, 
which  contain  60  per  cent,  or  more  of  silica. — 
Acidic  (or  acid)  rock,  a  crystalline  rock  which  contains  a 
relatively  large  amount  of  silica,  through  the  presence  ot 
an  acidic  feldspar,  and  sometimes  also  of  free  quartz,  as  a 
prominent  constituent.  For  example,  trachyte  is  .an  acid 
or  acidic  rock  ;  basalt,  a  basic  rock. 

acidiferous  (as-i-dif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  acidum, 
acid,  +  'L.ferre  =E.  bcar"^,  +  -ou.i.]  Bearing,  pro- 
ducing, or  containing  acids,  or  an  acid — Aci- 
diferous mineral,  a  mineral  which  cimsists  of  an  earth 
combined  with  an  acid,  as  calcium  carbonate,  aluminite, 

etc. 

acidiflable  (a-sid'i-fi-a-bl),  a.  [<.  acidify  + 
-able;  =  P.  acidifiablc.]  Capable  of  being  acidi- 
fied, or  of  being  converted  into  an  acid. 

acidlfic  (as-i-dif'ik),  a.  Producing  acidity  or 
an  acid;  acidifj-ing.  Said  of  the  element  (oxygen, 
sulphur,  etc.)  which  in  a  ternary  compound  is  considered 
a-s  uniting  the  basic  and  acidic  elements.  Thus,  in  cal- 
cium silicate,  calcium  is  called  the  basic,  silicon  the  acidic, 
and  oxygen  the  acidipc  element.     Dana. 

acidification  (a-sid  i-li-ka'shon),  ii.  [<  acidify; 
=  F.  acidiJicatiou  =  Bi).  acidi jicacion  =  'Pg.  aci- 
difica<;ao.i  The  act  or  process  of  acidifying,  or 
of  changing  into  an  acid. 

.icidlfieation  ...   is  intended  to  break  up,  corrode,  or 
carbonize  the  albuminiferous  matters. 

II'.  L.  Car/vntcr,  Soap,  etc.,  p.  264. 

acidifier  (a-sid'i-fi-cr),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  acidifies ;  specifically,  in  chem.,  that  which 
has  tlic  property  of  imparting  an  acid  quality. 

acidify  (a-sid'i-iS),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  acidified. 
py>T.  acidifyinfi.  \<acid  +  -fy;  =  V.  acidifier  = 
Pg.  acidificar.]    I.  trans.  To  make  acid ;  con- 


acidify 

vort  into  an  acid;  render  sour;  sotir,  literally  or 
ligui'atively. 

Such  uro  the  i)laints  of  Diuvet,  his  thin  existence  all 

aeitUjifd  witli  rjiKc  am\  preternatiiml  insi^'ht  of  suspicinii. 

Carlille,  frclicll  Kcv.,  III.  iii.  Ibl. 

II.  iiitrditK.  To  become  acid  or  sour. 
acidimeter  (as-i-dim'e-ter),  n.  [=Pb.  ocJrfimc- 
tro,  <N1j.  nckiuni,  acid,  +  Ur./HT/joi',  a  measure.] 
An  iiistrunicnt  I'or  determining  the  pui'ity  or 
strciit;th  of  acids.  See  acklimclri/. 
acidimetrical  (as"i-di-met'ri-kiil),  o.  Of  orjier- 
tainiiif;  to  acidimetr.v. 

Tin-  itridiiMlrii-al  iiroiess  i-s  in  every  way  similar  to 
that  iinutiseil  in  alkalimetry.  I're,  Diet.,  I.  19. 

acidimetry  (as-i-dim'e-tri),  ji.  [=  Pg.  acidimc- 
triii ;  as  dcidimctcr  +  -y.']  The  act  or  process 
of  measuring  tlie  strength  of  acids.  Specifically, 
the  process  of  estimating'  the  amount  of  acid  in  ali(iui(l  hy 
fluilinj;  exactly  how  mucli  of  a  stanilard  alkaline  solution 
is  reiiuireU  to  neutralize  a  measured  quantity  of  the  given 
solution. 

acidity  (a-sid'j-ti), ».  [=P.  acidit6=:  It.  ackUtct, 
<  L.  (iciiUla{t-)s,  soiu'ness,  <  acidus,  sour:  see 
ociV/.]  The  quality  of  being  acid  or  sour;  som-- 
ness ;  tartness  ;  sharpness  to  the  taste. 

acid-magenta  (as'id-ma-jen'ta),  n.  A  coal-tar 
color,  a  green  metallic-looking  powder  giving 
a  red  color  when  dissolved  in  water.  It  is  a  mix- 
tm'e  of  the  mono-  and  disulphonic  acids  of  rosanilin.  Also 
called  viaijcnta  S.  and  ritbiiie  S.  Used  for  dyeing  and  for 
coloring  wines.  Beiiedikt  and  Eiiccht,  Chem.  of  Coal-tar 
Colors,  p.  90. 

acidness  (as'id-nes),  Ji.     Sourness;  acidity. 

acidometer  (as-i-dom'e-ter),  n.  £Cf.  aeidimc- 
tcr.  ]  A  form  of  hydrometer  used  to  measure 
the  strength  of  an  acid. 

acid-pump  (as'id-pump),  11.  A  glass  pump  used 
for  drawing  corrosive  liquids  from  carboys  anil 
other  vessels,  it  has  valves  and  joints,  and  is  converti- 
ble into  a  siphon.  A  vacuum  is  created  in  it  by  means  of 
an  elastic  rubber  bulb,  which  controls  its  action  without 
comini;  into  contact  with  the  acid. 

acidulae  (a-sid'u-le),  n.  pi.  [L.,  fem.  pi.  (so. 
(iqiia;  waters)  of  acidulus :  see  acididous.'i  A 
name  formerly  given  to  springs  of  cold  mineral 
■waters,  from  their  sharp  and  pungent  taste. 
N.  E.  V. 

acidulate  (a-sid'u-lat),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 
acididnh'd,  jipr.  acidulating.  [<L.  as  if  *acidu- 
latus,  pp.  of  *acididare,  <  acididus,  somewhat 
sour:  see  acididoiis.'i  1.  To  tincture  with  an 
acid ;  render  somewhat  acid  or  sotirish. 

This  latter  flask  is  filled  partly  with  mercury,  and  partly 
with  water  acidulated  with  a  tenth  part  of  sulphuric  acid. 

Science,  III.  260. 
Z.  Figuratively,  to  sour,  as  the  mind ;  embit- 
ter ;  make  cross  or  captious. 

Persons  ,  .  .  were  especially  liable  to  diabolical  posses- 
sion when  their  faculties  were  impaired  by  disease  and  their 
tempers  acidulated  bystiffering.  Lech/,  Kationalism,  1. 106. 

acidulcist  (as-i-dul'sis),  a.     [Contr.  of  NIj.  "aci- 
dididcis,  <  L.  acidus,  soiu",  acid,  +  dtdcis,  sweet : 
see  duke.l     Both  som'  and  sweet. 
acidulent  (a-sid'iVlent),  a.   [<  F.  acidulant,  ppr. 
oiacidnlcr,  soiu- slightly,  iacidule,  slightly  sour, 
<L.  acidulus:  see  acidulous.']     Somewhat  acid 
or  sour;  tart;  hence,  peevish:   as,  "anxious 
acidnUnt  face,"  Carlylc,  French  Rev.,  I.  i.  4. 
acidulous  (a-sid'u-lus),  a.  [<  L.  acidulus,  slightly 
sour,  dim.  of  «CM?»s,  soiu- :  see  acid.]    1.  Slight- 
ly sour ;   subacid,  as  cream  of  tartar,  oranges, 
gooseberries,    etc. —  2.    Figuratively,    sour  in 
feeling  or  expression ;  sharj) ;  caustic ;  harsh. 
Acidulous  enough  to  produce  effervescence  with  alkalies. 
O.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  ix. 
It  is  beautiful,  therefore,  ...  to  find  a  woman,  George 
Eliot,  departing  utterly  out  of  that  mood  of  hate  or  even 
of  acidnlous  satire  in  which  Thackeray  so  often  worked. 
S.  Lanier,  The  Eng.  Novel,  p.  207. 

acid-yellow  (as'id-yel'6),  n.  A  coal-tar  color, 
consisting  of  the  sodium  salts  of  the  sulphonic 
acids  of  amido-azobenzene  or  aniline  yellow. 
It  is  a  yellow  powder,  easily  soluble  in  water,  ami  is  used 
for  dyeing  olive,  moss-green,  and  browns.  Also  some- 
times calleil  /axt  yellow.  Bcncdikt  ami  Knccht,  Chem.  of 
Coal-tar  Colors,  p.  182. 

acierage  (as'i-c-raj),  «.  [<  F.  adirage,  <  acier 
=  Pr.  «cKT  =  Sj>.  acero,  steel,  <ML.  aciare,  aci- 
arium,  steel,  <  L.  acics,  edge,  sword-edge.]  The 
process  of  depositing  a  layer  of  iron  on  another 
metal,  by  means  of  electrical  action,  stereo- 
type and  copper  plates  are  sometiTnes  treated  in  this  way, 
thus  increasing  their  durability  without  injury  to  their  ar- 
tistic character.  When  thus  coated  with  ii-ou  they  are 
said  to  lie  "steel -faced." 

acierate  (as'i-e-rat),  v.  t.    To  convert  into  steel. 

acieration  (as"i-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  F.  acier,  steel, 
+  -(iti<iH.]  (,'onver.sion'iiito  steel:  a  word  oc- 
casionally used  by  writers  on  the  metallurgy  of 
iron  and  steel. 

Withdrawing  trial  pieces  from  time  to  time  and  break- 
ing them  so  as  to  ascertain  to  what  depth  the  acieration 
has  proceeded.  L'nn/c.  Brit.,  XIII.  342. 


48 

aciform  (as'i-form),  a.  [<L.  ncus,  a  nopdlo,  -I- 
Jhnud,  Kiiaiie.]     Sliaped  like  a  needle. 

aciliate,  aciliated (a-.sU'i-at,  -a-ted),  a.  [<  Gr.  (i- 
j)riv.  ('(-'^)  -I-  cilialcd:  see  cilia.]  Not  ciliated; 
having  no  cilia. 

Acilius  (a-sil'i-us),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Acilius,  a  Ro- 
man name.]  A  genus  of  water-beetles  of  the 
family  Dyliscida;  containing  species  of  mod- 
erate size,  with  ciliateil  hind  tarsi  and  round 
tarsal  disks  in  the  male.  a.  ndcatux  is  a  European 
species.  A.  fraternun  is  a  common  New  England  insect, 
about  f;  of  an  inch  long,  having  the  black  portions  of  the 
elytra  closely  punctured  upon  a  yellow  surface. 

acinaceous  (as-i-na'shius),  a.  [<  L.  aciitus,  a 
berry,  esp.  a  grape,  a  grape-stone  or  kernel,  -I- 
-accous.]     Consisting  of  or  fuU  of  kernels. 

acinaces  (a-sin'a-sez),  «.  111.,  iOv.  uKivaKr/c,  a, 
short,  straight  sword,  <  Pers.  dhcnek  {*dlianak), 
a  short  sword,  <  dkcn,  dlian,  a  sword,  lit.  iron, 
-f-  dim.  terra,  -ck,  -aJ:,  now  applied  only  to  ra- 
tional objects  (-chc  to  irrational  objects).]  A 
short,  straight  dagger,  pecidiar  to  the  Medes 
and  Persians.  It  seems  to  have  been  worn  on  the  right 
side,  but  perhaps  only  when  a  longer  weapon  was  worn  on 
the  left.  Slodern  ivriters  have  recognized  the  acinaces  in 
a  dagger  shown  in  sculptures  at  Persepolis,  also  in  the 
dnu'u'iT  of  the  Mithra  sacrificial  gi-oups. 

acinacifolious  (a-sin"a-si-f6'li-us),  a.  [<L. 
aciiKiccx,  a  short  sword,  -t-  folium,  leaf.]  Having 
acinaeiform  leaves.     iV.  E.  D. 

acinaciform  (a-sin'a-si-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  acinaces, 
a  short,  straight  sword,  taken  to  mean  a 
simitar,-!-  -fonnis,  (.forma, 
shape.]  In  fto«., resembling 
a  simitar  in  shape :  as,  an 
acinaciform  leaf,  one  which 
has  one  edge  convex  and 
thin,  the  other  straighter  and  thick,  as  in  species 
of  Mescmbryanthemum ;  an  acinaciform  pod,  as 
of  some  beans. 

acinarious  (as-i-na'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  acinarius, 
pertaining  to  the  gi'ape,  <  acinus,  the  grape :  see 
acinus.]  In  6of.,  covered  with  little  spherical 
stalked  vesicles  resembling  grape-seeds,  as  in 
some  algfe. 

acinesia  (as-i-ne'sia),  n.    Same  as  akinesia. 

Acineta  (as-i-ne'ta),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  aKivrjToc, 
motionless,  <  (i- priv.  -I-  Kiveiv,  move.]  1.  A 
genus  of  noble  epiphj-tal  orchids,  from  Central 
-America,  much  prized  as  hothouse  plants. — 2. 
A  genus  of  suctorial  infusorial  protozoans.  See 
Acinetai  and  Acinetina.     Ehrcnhcrg. 

Acinetae(as-i-ne'te),  )!.j)^.  [NL. :  see  Acineta.] 
An  order  of  the  class  Infusoria  (the  Infusoria 
tcntaculifcra  or  suctoria),  the  adult  members  of 
which  have  no  cilia  and  no  proper  mouth,  and 
are  non-locomotive.  The  body,  which  is  fixed  and 
stalked,  is  provided  with  radiating  retractile  suctorial 


Acinaciform  Leaf. 


Acipenser 

Acinetina  (iis"i-ne-ti'na),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  .Ici- 
iiild  +  -iua.]  A  group  of  infusorians  with  a 
single  itperture,  and  elongate,  non-vibratile 
cilia,  originally  esttiblished  by  Ehrenberg  in 
1838  as  a  division  of  his  I'oUjgastrica  :  equiva- 
lent to  AcinctxE  (which  see). 

acini,  ".     Plural  of  acinus. 

aciniform  (as'i-ni-f6rm),  a.  [<  NL.  aciniformis, 
<L.  (iriuus,  grape  (see  acinus),  + -formis,  i  for- 
ma, shape.]  1.  Having  the  form  of  grapes,  or 
being  in  clusters  liko  gi'ap<'»;  acinose. — 2.  In 
anat.,  of  a  deep  purplish  tint;  resembling  a 
grape  in  color:  applied  to  one  of  the  pigmen- 
tary layers  of  the  iris,  technically  called  the 
tunica  aciniformis.     See  uvea. 

acinose  (as'i-nos),  a.  [<  L.  acinosus,  like  grapes, 
<  acinus,  a  grape.]  1.  Resembling  a  grape  or  a 
bunch  of  grapes ;  consisting  of  granular  con- 
cretions.— 2.  Specificall.v,  in «nn?.,  consistiiigof 
acini.  Applied  to  glands  in  which  the  duct  enlarges  at 
the  distinctly  glandubar  portion  into  a  little  spherical 
vesicle  (acinus),  or  into  a  little  saccule  (lobulus),  beset 
with  small,  round  epithelial  cysts  (acini),  or  in  which 
the  duct  branches  and  ends  in  more  or  less  numerous 
lobuli,  formed  of  acini.  Acinoite  glauds  are  distinguished 
from  tutrutar  glands. 

acinous  (as'i-nus),  a.     Same  as  ocino.tc. 

acinus  (as'i-nus),  n. ;  pi.  acini  (-ni).  [L.,  a 
berry,  esp.  a  grape,  also  a  grape-stone,  kernel.] 

1.  In  bot.:  (a)  One  of  the  small  dnipelets  or 
berries  of  an  aggregate  baccate  fruit,  as  the 
blackberry,  etc.,  or  the  contained  stone  or  seed. 
See   cut  under  Eubus.     (i)   A  grape-stone. — 

2.  In  anat.:  (a)  Formerly,  the  smallest  lobulo 
of  a  gland,  (h)  Now,  generall.r,  the  smallest  sac- 
cular subdi\'ision  of  an  acinose  gland,  several 
of  which  subdi\dsions  make  up  a  lobule.  Also 
called  alveolus,     (c)  A  lobule  of  the  liver. 

-acious.  [^  L.  -dci-  (nom.  -ax,  ace.  -deem,  >  It. 
-ace,  Sp.  Pg.  -a:,  F.  -ace),  a  suffix  added  to  verb- 
stems  to  form  adjectives  expressing  intensity 
of  physical  or  mental  action,  as  aud-ax,  dating, 
cap-ax,  holding  much,  fall-ax,  deceitfid,  loqu- 
ax,  talking  much,  pugn-ax,  inclined  to  fight, 
etc.,  -1-  E.  -ous.  Cf.  -acy,  3.]  A  compound  ad- 
jective termination  of  Latin  origin,  forming, 
from  Latin  verb-stems,  adjectives  expressing 
intensity  of  physical  or  mental  action,  as  in  au- 
dacious, daring,  very  bold,  capacious,  holding 
much,  fallacious,  deceitful,  loquacious,  talking 
mueh,  jmgnacions,  inclined  to  tight,  mendacious, 
ready  at  lying,  vivacious,  very  lively,  voraciotts, 
eating  much,  etc.  Such  adjectives  are  accom- 
panied by  notins  in  -aci-ty,  and  the  nouns  rarely 
by  verbs  in  -aci-t-atc :  as,  capacious,  caxiacily, 
capacitate,  etc. 

Acipenser  (as-i-pen'ser),  n.  [L.,  also  speUed 
aquipcnscr  and  acijicnsis  (>Gr.  anKmiiaioQ),  the 
sturgeon ;  perhaps  <  *aci-  (=  Gr.  u/nf ),  swift, 
-1-  a  form  otpenna  (Oh.  pesna),  a  wing,  same  as 
pinna,  a  wing,  a  tin.  Cf.  accipiter  and  the  ety- 
mology there  suggested.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Acipenserida;,  including  all  the 


processes,  or  tubular  tentacles,  having  at  their  extremi- 
ties a  knob  or  disk-like  sucker,  through  which  nutrient 
matter  is  imbibed. 

The  AcineteK  multiply  by  several  methods.  One  of 
these  .  .  .  consists  in  the  development  of  ciliated  embryos 
in  the  interior  of  the  body.  These  embryos  result  from 
a  separation  of  a  portion  of  the  endoplast,  and  its  con- 
version into  a  globular  or  oval  germ,  which  in  some 
species  is  wholly  covered  with  vibratile  cilia,  while  in 
others  the  cilia  are  confined  to  a  zone  around  the  middle 
of  the  embryo.  The  genn  makes  its  escape  by  bursting 
through  the  liody  wall  of  its  parent.  After  a  short  exist- 
ence (sometimes  limited  to  a  few  minutes)  in  the  condition 
of  a  frcc-swimming  animalcule,  provided  with  an  endo- 
plast and  a  contractile  vacuole,  but  devoid  of  a  mouth, 
the  characteristic  knobbed  radiating  processes  make  their 
.appearance,  the  cilia  vanish,  and  tlie  animal  passes  into 
the  Acini'ta  state.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  94. 

acinetan  (as-i-ne'tan), «.  One  of  the  Acinctec ; 
a  suctorial  tentaculiferous  infusorian. 

Acinetidae  (as-i-net'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acineta 
+  -ida.]  A  famil.y  constituting  the  order  Aci- 
nittc.     The  leading  genus  is  Acineta. 

acinetiform  (as-i-net'i-f6rm),  a.  and  n.  [<NL. 
Acineta  -h  L.  -forniis,  <  forma,  shape.]  I.  a. 
Ha%'ing  the  form  of  Acineta';  resemliling  an  aci- 
netan in  form. 

Italbiani  .  .  .  asserts  that  the  acinetiform  embryos  oh- 
serveil  not  only  in  Paraniojcium,  but  in  .  .  .  m.any  other 
ciliated  Infusoria,  are  not  embryos  at  all,  but  panudtic 
Acineta!.  Huxley,  Aluit.  Invert.,  p.  ICH). 

II.  K.  An  infusorian  animalcule  resembling 
an  acinetan,  whether  an  einbr.vonii^  stage  of 
some  ciliate  infusorian  or  a  n'lembcr  of  the 
order  Acineta:.    Also  written  acineta-form. 


Skull  of  Sturgeon  {.Acipenser),  top  and  side  views. 
Above,  the  cartilaginous  cranium,  shaded,  is  supposed  to  be  seen 
through  the  unshaded  cranial  bones. 
Upper  figure  :  a,  ridge  formed  by  spinous  processes  of  vertebni? ; 
b.  b.  lateral  wing-like  processes;  c,  rostrum:  -•/»'.  site  of  auditory 
organ;  A'.r,  of  nasal  sacs:  Or,  of  orbit.  The  membrane  bones  of  the 
upper  surface  are ;  A,  analogue  of  supraoccipital ;  B,  B,  of  the  epi- 
otics ;  E,  of  ethmoid ;  G.  G,  of  the  postfronlals :  //.  //.  of  the  pre- 
frontals ;  C.  C.  of  the  parietals :  D.  D  are  the  frontals,  and  F.  F  the 
squamosals;  A',  anterior  dermal  scute ;  /./, /.,Z,  dennal  ossifications 
connecting  the  pectoral  arch  with  the  skull.  Lower  figure  :  it,  ros- 
trum :  b,  nasal  chamber ;  c,  auditory  region  ;  d,  coalesced  anterior 
vertebra; ;  e,  ribs ;  /,  ^.  h,  suspensorium  ;  *,  palatomaxillary  appar.a- 
tils;  .!/«,  mandible  ;  (^r,  orbit 

ordinary  sturgeons  (and  with  the  shovel-noseii 
sturgeons,  Scaphirhynchops,  the  only  other  ge- 
nus, composing  the  family),  characterized  by 
the  flattened  tapering  snout,  a  spiracle  over 
each  eye,  ami  5  distinct  rows  of  bon.v  plates. 
The  common  sturgeon.  .1.  tilurin,  is  found  both  in  Europe 
.and  North  America;  it  sometimes  attains  a  length  of  IS 
feet.  The  green  sturgeon  tif  the  Pacific  coast  is  A.  medi- 
roslri.t.  The  European  sterlet  is  .-I.  rut/ienu:^.  The  largest 
known  species  is  the  Kussitm  sttirgeon,  the  bichiga.  husti, 
or  hausen,  A.  hum,  sometimes  attjliniug  a  length  of  25 
feet  and  a  weight  of  3000  pounds.  .-1.  indden.'ititdti  is  a 
fourth  example^  known  as  the  osseter.  Also  often  speUed 
Accipcnser, 


I 


Acipenseres 
Acipenseres  (as-i-pon'so-rez),  »•  /''•    [NL.,  pi. 

of  Acipi'iiKi'r.'i     All  onliniil  term  suggested  by 

Boiiapar(<>,  1837,  as  a  substitutt*  for  •Stufioncs  or 

ClioiKlroftfi  (which  see). 
acipenserid   (as-i-pon'sc-rid),   ».     One   of  the 

Aciinnsrridir ;  a  sturgeon. 
Acipenseridae  (as"i-pen-ser'i-do),  n.  pj.     [NL., 

<  Arijioiscr  +  -«/«•.]  The  sturgeons,  a  family  of 
chondrosteous  ganoid  fislios,  sometimes  includ- 
ing only  the  genus  Acipenscr,  sometimes  also 
the  gOMUS  Srtipltirhi/ncliop.s:  llie  liody  is  elongate 
suliiylmilrir.  with  'trows  of  b«»ny  bucklers  ;  the  snout  is 
]in>iliiri-il,  suhspiitulute  or  conical,  witli  the  inoutli  on  its 
iowcrsurface,  small,  transverse,  protractile,  and  toothless ; 
there  are  4  barbels  in  a  transverse  series  on  the  lower  side 
of  the  snout ;  the  ventral  tins  have  a  sinnle  series  of  fulcra 
in  front,  and  the  dorsal  and  anal  Ilns  apiwoxiniate  to  the 
Cauda!,  wliicb  is  lit'teioc<  r(  al.     Sit  Ari/tni.-<rr. 

Acipensermae(as-i-p('n-se-ri'ne),  n.pl.  [NIj.,< 
Acipciisii-  +  -iH(r.]  A  subfamily  of  Acipcnseri- 
(Uv,  typilied  by  the  genus  Acipenscr.  By  older 
ichtby<dii^.'ists  it  was  made  eoe(iual  with  the  family. 
Ljitely  it  has  been  restricted  to  Acipoim'ridie  with  spira- 
cles, subcoiiic  snout,  and  thick  tail,  and  thus  made  to  in- 
clude only  the  true  sturgeons. 

acipenserine  (as-i-pen'se-rin),  n.  One  of  the 
AriiiinscriiKV. 

acipenseroid  (as-i-pen'se-roid),  a.  and  «.  I.  a. 
Having  the  characters  oi  the  Acipcnscridw. 

II,  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Acipemeridce ;  an 
acipenserid. 

Acipenseroidae (as-i-pen-se-roi'de),  n.pl.  [NL.] 
8iiino  as  Acipcnseridw. 

Acipenseroidei  (as-i-pen-se-roi'de-i),  n.  pi. 
[<  Acipenser  +  -oid-ei.']  A  name  used  by  some 
ichthyologists  as  a  subordinal  name  in  place 
of  Cliniidrostei. 

aciurgyt  (as'i-er-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  omV,  a  point, + 
-ovir,ia  (<. -o-epyia),  in  comp. ,  working,  \ipycivz= 
'Et.worh:  see  demiurgya.ndsurgeri/.]  Operative 
surgery. 

acker^t,  «■  An  obsolete  form  of  acre  (Middle 
English  (ikcr,  etc.). 

acker-  (ak'er),  H.  [E.  dial.  (Se.  aiker  in  sense 
12).  <  ME.  akcr,  flood-tide,  a  bore,  an  eager; 
lirob.  a  var.  of  eager",  q.  v.]  If.  Flood-tide;  a 
bore ;  an  eager. 

Aki/r  (var.  aker]  of  the  see  tlowyiig,  imjietiis  77iari^. 

Prompt.  Farv. 

2.  A  ripple  or  farrow  on  the  surface  of  water. 

[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
acketont,  «•    See  acton. 
ackman  (ak'man),  n. ;   pi.  acl-men  (-men).     [< 

ael;-,   of   unknown  origin,  -f-  »»(«.]     A  sailors' 

name  for  a  fresh-water  thief,  or  one  who  steals 

on  navigable   rivers.     Also  called  ack-pirate. 

Sailors'  Word-hook. 
acknowf  (ak-no'),  V.  t.     [<ME.  aknowen,  know, 

acknowledge,  <  AS.  oncndican,  perceive,  know, 

<  on-  for  and-  (=  Gr.  uvri,  against,  back,  =  Goth. 
aiida-),  +  cndwaii,  know :  see  (7-5  and  knoiv.^  To 
recognize  ;  acknowledge ;  confess. 

You  will  not  be  orA-nown,  sir,  why,  'tis  wise  : 
Thus  do  all  gamesters  at  all  games  dissemble. 

B.  Jotisou,  Volpone,  v.  6. 

acknowledge  (ak-nol'ej),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ac- 
knowledged, ppr.  aeknouiedging.  [<  ME.  know- 
lechen,  knoideehen,  cnairlcchen,  acknowledge,  < 
knowteche,  knoideclie,  cnawlcclie,  knowledge:  see 
knowledge.  The  prefbi  ac-,  for  a-,  is  due  to  the 
frequent  ME.  verb  aknoieen  :  see  aeknow.'\  1. 
To  admit  or  profess  a  knowledge  of ;  avow  to 
bo  within  one's  knowledge  or  apprehension ; 
own  to  be  real  or  true ;  recognize  the  exist- 
ence, truth,  or  fact  of :  as,  to  acknowledge  God, 
orthe  e.xistence  of  or  belief  in  a  God;  to  acknow- 
ledge the  rights  of  a  claimant. 

He  that  acknouicdgcth  the  Son  hath  the  Father  also. 

1  John  ii.  23. 

The  Romans  that  erected  a  temple  to  Fortune,  ackiioiv- 
Udrjed  therein,  though  in  a  blinder  way,  somewhat  of  di- 
vinity. Sir  T.  ISrowM,  Keligio  .Medici,  i.  IS. 

The  influence  attributed  to  Cecrops  .  .  .  indicates  that 

Athens  was  aclcnowledged  as  the  head  of  this  confederacy. 

Thirtwatl,  Hist.  Greece,  .\i. 

2.  To  express  or  manifest  perception  or  appre- 
ciation of ;  give  evidence  of  recognizing  or 
realizing  :  as,  to  acknowledge  an  acquaintance 
by  bowing;  to  acknowledge  a  favor  or  one's 
faults. 


I  a^knowledijed  my  sin  unto  thee, 
confess  my  transgressions. 


I  said,  I  will 
Ps.  xxxii.  5. 


They  his  gifts  acknowledged  none. 

'.Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  612. 
_  These  were  written  with  such  submissions  and  profes- 
sions of  his  patronage,  as  I  had  never  seen  any  more  ac- 
rnowledffing.  Jivdyn,  Diary,  Aug.  18,  1673. 

With  what  queenly  dignity  .  .  .  did  the  great  Zenobia 
ttclmowUdge  the  greetings  of  her  people  ! 

ir.  irore,  Zenobia,  I.  87. 
4 


49 

So  great  a  soldier  as  the  old  French  .Marshal  .Moutluc 
acknowledge/f  that  he  has  often  trembled  with  fear,  atul 
recovered  courage  when  he  had  said  a  prayer  for  the  occa- 
sion. EnierKun,  Courage. 

3.  To  own  the  genuineness  of ;  own  as  binding 
or  of  legal  force :  jis,  to  acknowledge  a  deed. — 

4.  To  admit  or  certify  the  receipt  of ;  give  infor- 
mation of  the  arrival  of :  as,  to  acknowledge  a  let- 
ter or  a  remittance.— To  acknowledge  a  deeil  (or 
other  instrument),  in  law,  to  avi  >w  before  a  proper  olllcer  or 
court  that  one  has  executed  it.  for  the  purpose  of  having  a 
certificate  thereof  appended  which  will  nualify  the  instru- 
ment to  be  admitted  in  evidence  or  to  record,  or  both, 
without  further  proof  of  genuineness.  As  often  tlseil,  the 
word  implies  not  only  tiie  avowal  of  the  party,  but  also 
the  procuring  of  the  othcial  certificate.  Thus  a  deed  is  sairl 
to  have  been  acknowledged  when  it  actually  bears  the  crr- 
tillcate.  =  Syn.  Acknowledge,  Admit,  ConJexK,  Own,  Aioh\ 
grant,  concede,  allow,  assent  to,  profess,  take  cognizance 
of.  To  acknowledge  is  to  state  one's  knowledge  of  ;  it  may 
have  a  personal  object ;  as,  he  acknowledged  her  as  his 
wife ;  as  applied  to  acts,  it  often  implies  confession  under 
external  pressure.  Admit  has  a  similar  reference  to  so- 
licited or  forced  assent :  .as,  he  admitted  the  charge ;  he 
adniittefl  that  his  opjmneut  was  a  good  man.  Con,fes:i 
implies  the  admission  of  that  which  is  not  creditable,  as 
wrong  conduct,  and  belongs  rather  to  specified  things  or 
l»articular  transactions.  He  acknowledged  the  author- 
ship of  the  book:  he  admitted  the  truth  of  the  proposition  ; 
he  confessed  that  he  was  guilty  of  the  theft.  Con/ess  is 
the  strongest  of  these  words,  being  applied  to  actions  of 
more  moment  than  acknowledge,  admit,  or  own.  To  own 
is  a  less  formal  act ;  there  is  a  tendency,  on  account  of  its 
brevity,  to  apply  the  word  to  anything  that  a  man  takes 
home  to  himself.  To  avow  is  a  bolder  act,  gener.ally  per- 
formed in  spite  of  adverse  infiuences,  and  does  not  ne- 
cessarily imply  that  the  action  or  sentiment  avowed  is 
blameworthy.  To  acknowledge  an  error,  admit  a  fact,  con- 
fess a  fault,  oivn  one's  folly,  avow  a  belief 

■^'ou  must  not  only  ackuoivledge  to  Ood  that  you  are  a 

siimer,  but  must  particularly  enumerate  the  kinds  of  sin 

whereof  you  know  yourself  guilty.  Wake. 

I  admit,  however,  the  necessity  of  giving  a  bounty  to 

genius  anil  learning.  Macaulay,  Speech  on  Copyright. 

Quotation  confesses  inferiority. 

Emerson,  Letters  and  Social  Aims. 
Owning  her  weakness  and  evil  behaviour. 

Hood,  Bridge  of  Sighs. 

The  tempest  of  passion  with  which  he  [Othello]  commits 

his  crimes,  and  the  haughty  fearlessness  with  which  lie 

a  vows  them,  give  an  extraordinary  interest  to  his  character. 

Macaulay,  Machlavelli. 

acknO'Wledgement,  ".     See  acknowledgment. 

ackno'wledger  (ak-nol'e-jer),  n.     One  who  ac- 

knowli'dgi's. 
acknowledgment  (ak-nol'ej-ment),  J(.  1.  An 
admission  or  profession  of  knowledge  or  appre- 
hension ;  a  recognition  of  the  existence  or  truth 
of  anything:  as,  the  acknowledgment  of  a  sov- 
ereign power,  or  of  a  debt. 

Immediately  upon  the  acknowledgment  of  the  Christian 
faith,  the  eunuch  was  baptized  by  Philip.  Hooker. 

2.  An  expression  or  manifestation  of  percep- 
tion or  appreciation;  recogniticra,  avowal,  or 
confession:  as,  a,n  acknowledgment  at  kindness 
or  of  one's  WTong-doing. 

With  this  aeknoii'ledgment , 
That  God  fought  for  us.        Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  8. 

3.  Something  given  or  done  in  return  for  a 
favor.  Smollett. — 4.  In  ?a!c;  (a)  The  certificate 
of  a  public  officer  that  an  instrument  was 
acknowledged  before  him  by  the  person  who 
executed  it.  (b)  The  act  of  so  acknowledging 
execution. —  5.  In  com.,  a  receipt. 

Also  spelled  acknowledgement. 
Acknowledgment  money,  in  England,  money  paid  ac- 
cording to  the  customs  of  some  manors  by  ccipyhold  ten- 
ants on  the  death  of  the  lord  of  the  manor.  =Syn.  1.  Ad- 
mission, recognition,  acceptance,  indorsement,  thanks. 

ack-pirate  (ak'pi-rat),  n.  [<  ack-,  of  unknown 
origin,  +  piratc.'\     Same  as  ackman. 

aclastic  (a-klas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aKXacrog,  un- 
broken (<  a-  ]iriv.  +  K'/.a(jTv(,  verbal  adj.  of 
K?.BE(v,  break),  -(--(<•.]  In  Ha^;)/(l7os.,  not  refract- 
ing: applied  to  substances  which  do  not  refract 
the  rays  of  light  passing  through  them.  X.  E.  D. 

acleidian  (a-kll'di-an),  a.     See  aclidian. 

aclid  (ak'lid),  H.  A  gastropod  of  the  family 
A  clida\ 

Aclidae,  Aclididae  (ak'li-de,  ak-lid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,<./Ww  (Aclid-)  + -idw :  see  aclis,  2.]  A 
family  of  jjtenoglossate  pectinibranchiate  gas- 
tropo'ds  typified  by  the  genus  Acli.s,  with  a  much- 
curved  minute  odontophore,  densely  hu'sute, 
with  simple  uncinate  teeth  and  a  rimate  tur- 
retod  shell.  Two  genera,  Aclis  and  Uemiaclis, 
are  represented  by  four  species  in  Norway. 

aclide  (ak'lid),  «'.  [<  L.  aclis  (aclid-),  also 
spelled  aclys  :  see  aclis.']     Same  as  aclis,  1. 

aclides,  «.     Plural  of  aclis. 

aclidian  (a-kli'di-an),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -i-  K^.tlr: 
(,K'AeiS.),  a  key,  the'elavicle.]  In  coiit.,  deficient 
in  or  characterized  by  the  absence  of  clavicles. 
Also  spelled  acleidian. 

aclinic  (a-klin'ik),  a.  [<6r.  aK?.ivic,  not  bend- 
ing to  either  side,  <  n-  priv.  +  kXivciv,  incline, 
lean,  =  E.   lean^.]      Ha'viug  no  inclination. — 


Acochlides 

Aclinic  line,  the  name  given  by  Professor  August  to  an 
irregular  curve  located  upon  the  surface  of  tlie  earth  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  equator,  where  tile  magnetic  needle 
balances  itself  horizontally,  having  no  dip.  It  has  been 
also  termed  the  magnetic  equator. 

aclis  (ak'lis), »(.;  pi.  acM(fc«  (-li-dez).  [<L.adw, 
also  aclys,  a  small  javelin,  said  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  Gr.  aynv'/d^,  a  hook,  barb,  taken  in  the 
sense  of  ayni'lrj,  a  bend,  t\^^st,  thong  of  a  jave- 
lin, the  javelin  itself,  fem.  of  ayKv'/.or,  crooked, 
bent,  =  L.  angidus,  angle:  see  angle'^.']  1.  In 
Itom.  antiq.,a  heavy  missile  'weapon ;  an  aclide. 
— 2.  [crip.]  [NL.]  The  representative  genus 
of  the  family  Aclidie  (which  see).    Loven,  1846. 

aclys  (ak'lis),  n.    Same  as  aclis,  1. 

Acmaea  (ak-me'ii),  h.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKua'ior^,  at  the 
height  or  prime,  in  full  bloom,  vigorous,  <  aK/iij, 
a  point,  the  highest  point :  see  acme.']  A  genus 
of  limpets,  of  the  family  I'atellidw,  or  gi\'ing 
name  to  a  family  Acmwida:  a.  tc.itudinalis  is  the 
common  limpet  of  the  northern  coast  of  the  I'nited  .States, 
of  large  size  and  variegated  color,  being  usually  mottled 
with  brown,  green,  and  white.     Eschse.holtz,  18;J3. 

acmseid  (ak-me'id),  «.  A  limpet  of  the  family 
.Icmiridie :  a  false  limpet. 

Acmaeidae  (ak-me'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acmaa 
+  -idw.]  A  family  of  false  or  single-gilled 
limpets,  or  zygobranchiate  gastropods  having 
a  single  cervical  gill.  Leading  genera  are  Ac- 
mcen,  Loitia,  and  Scurria. 

Acmaeodera  (ak-me-od'e-rii),  H.  [NL.,<Gr. 
aK/iaioc,  at  the  height  or  jirime,  in  full  bloom, 
vigorous  {(.aKfii/,  a  point:  see  acme),  +  (?)  ieimr, 
skin;  allusion  not  clear.]  A  genus  of  buprestid 
beetles  related  to  Agrilns,  but  less  elongate 
and  with  an  intUstinct  scutellum.  a.  cuifn,  a  com- 
mon species  of  eastern  North  America,  is  \  of  an  inch  long, 
black,  with  yellow  spots  on  the  elytra. 

acme  (ak'me),  H.  [<  Gr.  oK/ji/,  edge,  point,  the 
highest  point,  the  prime,  crisis ;  akin  to  qk/;, 
point,  aKic,  point,  L.  acns,  needle,  accr,  sharp, 
etc.  :  see  acid.~\  1.  The  top  or  highest  point ; 
the  furthest  point  attained ;  the  utmost  reach. 

For  beauty's  acme  Iiath  a  term  as  brief 

As  the  wave's  poise  before  it  break  in  pearls. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

The  independence  of  the  individual,  the  power  to  stand 

alone  as  regards  men  and  the  gods,  is  the  acme  of  stoical 

attainment.      G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  17s. 

2.  The  maturity  or  perfection  of  an  animal. — 

3.  In  med. :  (a)  The  height  or  crisis  of  a  tUsease. 
(6)  Another,  and  probably  the  correct,  form 
of  acne. — 4.  [cap.]  In  :ool.,  a  genus  of  land- 
shells,     llartmann,  1821. 

acmite,  akmite  (ak'mit),  «.  [<  Gr.  aafiii,  a 
point,  +  -ite?.]  A  mineral  of  a  brownish-black 
or  reddish-brown  color,  isomorphous  with  au- 
gite,  consisting  of  bisilioate  of  iron,  sesquioxid 
of  iron,  soda,  and  alumina :  so  called  from  the 
form  of  its  crystals.  It  is  found  in  Norway,  and 
also  in  Transylvania.     Also  spelled  achmitc. 

acne  (ak'ne),  «.  [NL.,  prob.  orig.  a  misprint 
(being  a  book-wonl)  for  acme,  <  Gr.  aKuij,  a 
point:  see  acme.]  An  eruption  occm'ring  most 
frequently  on  the  face,  and  on  the  shoulders 
and  chest,  about  the  period  of  puberty,  it  is  a 
follicular  or  perifollicular  infianimation  of  the  sebaceous 
glands,  resulting  in  the  formation  of  comedo-bearing  pap- 
ules, which  often  pass  into  pustules.  The  so-called  a<:iii' 
rosacea  is  a  hyperemia  of  the  face  combined  with  more  or 
less  acne. 

acnestis  (ak-nes'tis),  »i. ;  pi.  acncstides  (-ti-dez). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aKvj]aric,  the  spine  or  backbone  of 
quadrupeds,  <  a-  priv.  -\-  Ki'r/uTor,  scratched,  < 
Kvaeiv,  scratch,  scrape.]  That  part  of  the  spine 
in  quadinipeds  which  extends  from  between  the 
shoulder-blades  to  the  loins,  and  which  the  ani- 
mal cannot  reach  to  scratch, 
acnodal  (ak-no'dal),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an 
acnode.     Sahnon. 

[Irreg.  <  L.  acii.s,  a  needle. 
In  math.,  a  double  point 
belonging  to  a  curve,  but 
separated  from  other  real 
points  of  the  curve. 
Acocephalus  (ak-o-sef'a- 
lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  acnk, 
needle, +Gr.  xf^a/.i?, head.] 
A  genus  of  homopterous 
hemipterous  insects,  of 
the  family  .Jassida'  or  Tet- 
tigonidw,  having  a  boat- 
shaped  form,  a  coarse  sur- 
face, shovel-shaped  vertex 
with  a  thick,  smooth  mar- 
gin, and  thick  wing-covers  with  strong  veins. 
A.  nervosum  is  a  pale-yellowish  species,  \  of  an  inch  long, 
freckled  with  brown,  and  with  angular  whitish  Imes,  in- 
habiting Europe  .and  North  America. 
AcOchUdes  (a-kok'li-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (F. 
acoctilidcs),  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  Kox^.ii  (xo^^-"'-),  dim. 


acnode  (ak'nod),  ». 
+  nodus,  a  node.] 


Acnodal  Cubic. 


Acochlides 

of  K6x?or,  a  shell-lisli  witli  a  spiral  shell,  the 
shell  itself;  akin  to  iii>ix'h  i  shell:  see  conch.'] 
Li  Ijiitreille's  system  of  classiiieation,  ISLT),  a 
family  of  aeetabulU'erous  eephalopods,  without 
a  sluil.     It  iueludeil  most  of  tlio  Oftopods. 

acock  (a-kok'),  pnp.  2>lir.  as  adr.  or  o.  [<n3, 
on,  +  rock-.']  In  a  cocked  manner:  as,  he  set 
his  hat  (Work. 

a-COCkbill  (a-kok'bil),  prep.  ]>hr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  it'-^,  on,  +  cock-  (condition  of  being  cocked  or 
turned  upward :  see  cock")  +  bilP,  point  or  end : 
see  bill",  5.]  Saut.,  with  the  ends  pointing  up- 
ward. vVpplied  (a)  to  jin  anchor  when  it  hangs  down  by 
ita  rhii;  from  tho  t-uthead,  and  (b)  to  tlie  yards  of  a  ship 
when  tiiey  are  tipped  up  at  an  angle  with  tlie  deck. 


50 

acoll6,  p.  (I.    See  accolU. 

acology  (a-kol'o-ji),  n.  [<Gr.  axof,  remedy,  + 
-'/.oyiu,  <  'Aiyeiv,  speak  :  see  -ologi/.}  The  doctrine 
of  remedies,  surgical  and  medical. 

Acoloithus  (ak-o-loi'thus),  «.  [NL.,  prop,  aco- 
liillnis,  <  Or.  uKi'/.ovOoc,  a  follower:  see  acolyth, 
acoli/tc.']  A  genus  of  moths  belonging  to  the 
family  Zycjamida;  founded  by  Clemens  in  1862. 


Man.of-war  with  Yards  a-cockbill. 

It  was  now  the  close  of  Lent,  and  on  Good  Friday  she 
had  all  her  yards  a-cockbill,  which  is  customary  araone: 
Catholic  vessels.    Ji.  11.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  147. 

acocotl  (ak'o-kot-1),  n.  [Mex.]  A  musical  in- 
strument used  by  the  aborigines  in  Mexico :  now 
usually  caUed  Ckirin.  it  consists  of  a  thin  tube  from 
8  to  10  feet  in  length,  made  of  the  dry  stalk  of  a  plant  of 
the  same  name.  The  performer  inhales  the  air  through  it. 
.S.  A'.  IlnndlHuik,  JIus.  Inst.,  p.  C9. 

Acoela  (a-se'la),  ».j)/.  [NL. :  see  «cas?o«s.]  An 
order  of  worms  destitute  of  an  alimentary 
canal.  The  group  consists  of  the  family  CunvolutidLV, 
which  is  usually  placed  in  the  order  Turbdlaria. 

AcCBlomata  (as-e-lom'a-ta),  «.  j;i.  [NIi.,<Gr. 
d-  priv.  -I-  Koi'/.ui/ia,  a  hollow:  see  cadoma.]  A 
division  of  Protocmlomata,  or  sponges,  contain- 
ing the  Ascones:  so  called  in  allusion  to  its 
pores  and  the  absence  of  eoelomata. 

accelomate  (a-se'lo-mat),  «.  Same  as  acoelom- 
atoKs. 

acoelomatous  (as-e-lom'a-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  Koi/.u/ia,  a  hollow:  see  0-18,  ccelomu,  and 
co'lomatoun.']  1.  In  sow?.,  having  no  body-cavity 
or  perivisceral  space ;  not  coelomatous. 

Although  these  aca:lomatvics  worms  have  no  body-cavity, 
no  blood,  no  vascular  system,  they  always  have  a  Iddney 
system.  Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  404. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Acoelomi ;  cestoid. 
Equivalent  forms  are  accelomate,  accelomoiis. 

Acoelomi  (as-e-16'mi),  «. pi.  [NL.,  < Gr.  ii-  priv. 
-t-  noi'Aufia,  a  cavity.]  Those  worms  wliich  have 
no  proper  body-cavity  and  no  intestinal  cavity, 
and  which  are  also  devoid  of  a  blood-vascular 
system ;  the  cestoids  or  flat-worms,  such  as  tape- 
worms. See  cuts  under  Ccstoidm  and  Ta:nia. 
The  name  is  nearly  synonymous  with  I'lnlluhninthes,  but 
comprehends  not  only  the  actual  or  existing  ]ilathelminths, 
in  a  zoological  sense,  but  also  the  hypothetical  primitive 
worms,  Archeltninthcs,  supposed  to  have  possessed  the 
same  or  a  similar  type  of  structure.  In  Haeckel's  classifi- 
cation the  Acoelomi  ftmn  one  of  the  classes  or  main  divi- 
sions of  the  animal  kingdom.     See  Ca'lomi. 

acoelomous  (a-se'lo-mus),  a.  Same  as  acoelom- 
atous. 

aC(Elous(a-se'lus),a.  [<NL.  aca!?Ms,<Gr.aKOi;iof, 
not  hollow,  <  li- priv.  +  ko'i/mc,  hoUow.]  In  so67., 
having  no  intestinal  cavity;  anenterous. 

Acoemeti,  Acoemetae  (a-sem'e-ti,  -te),  n.  pi. 

[LL.,  <  Gr.  anoifir/Toi,  masc,  aKoi/iTirai,  fern.,  pi. 
of  aiioifiriTor,  -ra,  sleepless,  <  a-  priv.  +  Koi/idv, 
bring  to  sleep:  see  cemetery.l  An  order  of 
monks  and  nuns  in  Constantinople  under  the 
Eastern  Empire,  so  named  because  they  divided 
their  communities  into  relays  for  keeping  up 
perpetual  worship,  in  the  sixth  century  the  monks 
embraced  Nestoriauiam  and  the  order  became  e,\tinct. 
The  order  of  nuns,  however,  existed  till  the  conquest  of 
Constantinople  by  the  Turks  in  the  fifteenth  century. 
Also  sjiL-lled  ,-l(r//((*(i,  Accwctd'. 

acoiet,  ^'.  t.  and/.  AMiddle Englishform of  accoi/. 

acoldt  (a-kold'),  a.  [<  ME.  ucoM,  acoled  (<  AS. 
dcolcd),  cold,  lit.  cooled,  pp.  of  acolen,  <  AS. 
dcolian,  become  cool  or  cold,  <  «-  -I-  colian,  bo- 
come  cool  or  cold,  <  cot,  cool,  cold  :  see  cool. 
The  ME.  form  acold,  acoled,  would  regularly  be- 
come E.  "acooled  (akold) ;  the  present  6  sound  is 
due  to  confusion  with  E.  co;(/,<  AS.  ccald,  which 
is  akin  to  col,  and  so,  remotely,  to  acold.]  Cold. 
I'oor  Tom's  a-cotd.  SItak.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 


a  b 

Acoloithus  nmericanns. 

a,  larva :  h,  pupa ;  c,  cocoon  :  d,  moth  :  e,  moth  with  outstretched 

wings. 

They  are  small  and  delicate  and  of  somber  colors.  The 
larv£e  are  somewhat  hairy  and  feed  gregariously,  undergo- 
ing transformation  in  some  crevice,  within  tough  oval  co- 
coons. They  have  a  habit  of  following  one  another  in 
"  Indian  tile."'  A.  americanus  (now  placed  in  Harrisiua) 
destii lys  griipc-leaves. 

acoloutllitet,  n.  [<  Gr.  aKd^ovdoc,  acolyth,  + 
-itc~:  see  acolyte.]     Havae  as  acolyte. 

acolyctin  (ak-a-lik'tin),  ».  [K'Nib.  Aco^nitum) 
lyc{oc)t{oimm),  the  plant  from  which  it  is  de- 
rived (see  Aconitum),  +  -in".]  An  alkaloid  de- 
rived from  Aconitum  lycoctonum,  and  identical 
Viiih  napellin. 

acol3rte  (ak'o-lit),  n.  [<  ME.  acolit,  acolyt,  <  OF. 
acolyte  =  Q\>.  acoUto  =  'Pg.  acolyto  =  It.  accolito, 
<ML.  acolytu.i,  acoUtus,  acolythus  (>E.  acolyth), 
acolutus,  prop,  acoluthus,  an  acolyte,  <  Gr.  aao- 
?.ovOoc,  a  follower,  an  attendant,  <  a-  copulative 
+  Kt2evHos,  a  wa.y,  a  joiuTiey,  from  the  same  root 
as  K^^eaOai,  set  in  motion,  urge  on,  and  kc'/.cviw, 
command.]  1.  One  who  waits  on  a  person; 
an  attendant ;  an  assistant. 

With  such  chiefs,  and  with  James  and  John  as  acolytes. 

Motley. 

2.  In  the  Horn.  Cath.  Ch.,  one  ordained  to  the 

foui'th  and  highest  of  the  minor  orders,  ranking 
immediately  below  the  subdeaeon.  See  orders. 
His  office  is  to  serve  those  of  the  superior  orders  in  the 
ministry  of  the  altar,  light  the  candles,  prepare  the  wine 
and  water,  etc.  The  name  is  now  commonly  extended  to 
the  boys  who  exercise  these  offices  without  ordination. 

3.  In  astron.,  an  attendant  or  accompanying 
star  or  other  heavenly  body ;  a  satellite. 

But  she  [the  moon]  is  the  earth's  nearest  neighbor,  and 
therefore  conspicuous  ;  her  constant  acoli/tc,  whose  obse- 
quious and  rapid  motions  demand  and  compel  attention. 
jYfUJ  Princeton  Rer.,  I.  47. 

Sometimes  written  acolyth,  and  formerly  also 
acholithite,  acolythc,  acoly'thigt,  acolothist. 

acoljrth,  acolythe  (ak'o-lith, -lith),  «.  [<ML. 
acoli/tliu.s,  for  acoluthus,  the  correct  form  of 
aciilytus:  nee  acolyte.]     'S>ee  acoli/te. 

acolythate  (a-kol'i-that),  Ji.  [<  acolyth  -I-  -ateS.] 
The  state,  office,  or  orders  of  an  aeoh-te. 

acolythical  (ak-o-lith'i-kal),  a.  [<  'acolythic  + 
-al.]    Belonging  or  pertaining  to  an  acolj-te. 

acoljrthistt  (a-kol'i-thist),  n.     Same  as  acolyte. 

acombert, ''.  1.    See  accumber. 

Acomys  (ak'o-mis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anii,  a  sharp 
point  (or  L.  acus,  a  needle),  +//i>f=E.  mouse.] 
A  genus  of  rodents,  of  the  ifamily  Muridw  and 
subfamily  Murinic,  having  sharp  flattened 
spines  in  the  fur.  The  skull  and  teeth  are  as 
in  the  genus  Mtis. 

acon(a'kon),  »i.  [<(?)Gr.  d/cur',  adart.]  Aboat 
used  for  traveling  over  mud-beds.  See  extract. 
Walton  also  invented  the  pousse-pied  or  aeon,  a  kind  of 
boat  whicli  is  still  in  use.  The  acoti  is  composed  of  a 
plunk  of  liard  wood,  wlilch  constitutes  the  bottom,  and  is 
called  the  sole.  This  plank  is  bent  in  the  fore  part  in  such 
a  maimer  as  to  form  a  sort  of  prow.  Three  light  planks, 
which  are  nailed  together  at  the  sides  and  back,  complete 
this  simple  boat.  E.  P.  Wriylit,  Anmi.  Life,  p.  558. 

acondylpus,  acondylose  (a-kon'di-lus,  -16s),  a. 
[<  Gr.  anuvdv/.ucj  -tt-itliout  knuckles  or  joints, 
<  a-  priv.  +  KOvdvAog,  a  knuckle,  a  joint :  see  a-lS^ 
condyle,  and  -ous,  -osc.]     In  bot.,  jointless. 

aconella  (ak-o-nel'a),  H.  [NL.,  <  acon{itum)  + 
dim.  -tlla.]  In  chc'in.,  an  organic  base  obtained 
from  the  root  of  Aconitum  Xaj}ellu.<t,  closely  re- 
sembling if  not  identical  ^vith  narcotin. 

aconellin  (ak-o-nel'in),  h.  [_<aconclla  +  -i)i-.] 
Sinue  as  (icon<flu. 

aconin,  aconine  (ak'o-nin),  n.  [<  acon(itum)  + 
-ill".]  An  orgiiiiic  base  derived  from  aconitin, 
and  probably  identical  with  napellin. 


acontium 

aconitate  (a-kon'i-tat),  «.  [<  aconite  +  -afel.] 
A  salt  fonned  by  the  union  of  aconitic  acid 
with  a  base. 
aconite  (ak'o-nit),  n.  [  =  F.  accmit  =  8p.  Vg. 
It.  aconito,  <  L.  aconitum  :  see  Aconitum.]  Tho 
plant  wolf's-bane  or  monk's-hood,  Aconitum  A'a- 
pellus.  It  is  tised  in  medicine,  especially  in  cases  of 
fever  and  neuralgia.  See  Aconitum.  Nepdt  aconite  con- 
sists of  the  roots  of  A .  ferox  and  probably  other  species  indi- 
genous in  the  Himalayas ;  it  is  also  called  bikh,  binli,  and  Wo*. 
Winter  aconite  is  aranunculaceous  plant,  Krautldx  hieina- 
lift,  a  native  of  Italy,  and  one  of  the  earliest  spring  flowers. 
aconitia  (ak-o-uish'ia),  n.    [NL.,<  L.  aconitum.] 

Same  as  aconitin. 
aconitic  (ak-o-nit'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
aconite — Aconitic  acid,  CgUoOn,  a  tribasic  acid  found 
combined  with  lime  in  some  species  of  the  genus  vlconi- 
tum,  and  in  a  few  other  plants.  It  is  also  obtained  by  the 
dry  distillation  of  citric  acid.  Also  called  equixetic  acid. 
See  achilt'ic  arid,  under  ac/iilleic. 
aconitin,  aconitine  (a-kon'i-tin),  n.  [<  aconite 
+  -in".]  A  highly  poisonous  narcotic  alkaloid, 
C30H47NO7,  obtained  from  the  roots  and  leaves 
of  several  species  of  Aconitum.  it  forms  white 
powdery  grains,  or  a  compact,  vitreous,  transparent  mass ; 
is  bitter,  acrid,  and  very  soluble  in  alcohol.  It  is  an  im- 
portant remedy  in  neuralgia,  especially  of  the  fifth  cranial 
nerve.  Also  called  aconitia  and  aconitina. 
Aconitum  (ak-o-ni'tum),  n.  [L.  aconitum,  a 
poisonous  plant,    monk's-hood,   wolfs-bane,  < 

Gr.  uKdvtTov,  also 
iiKdvnoQ,  a  poi- 
sonous plant,  of 
vmcertain  etym. ; 
said  by  Pliny  to 
be  so  called  be- 
cause it  grew  iv 
oKdmig,  on  sharp, 
steep  rocks  (Gr. 
oKuvrj,  a  whet- 
stone, <  ■/  'ak,  be 
sharp,  pierce). 
This  is  improba- 
ble. The  form  is 
the  same  as  the 
neut.  of  Gr.  iiKdvi- 
Tor,  without  dust, 
<  d-  priv.  -t-  Ktiwf, 
dust,  but  there 
seems  to  be  no 
connection  be- 
tween the  two 
words.]  A  ge- 
nus of  poisonous 
herbs,  nattu-al  or- 
der lianuncula- 
cecc,  including  20 
species,  natives  of  the  mountains  of  the  north- 
em  hemisphere.  They  have  very  irregular,  showy 
flowers,  and  are  often  found  in  cultivation,  as  the  common 
monk's-hood  i.A.  Napellii^)  and  wolf's-bane  {A.  hjcocto- 
man).  The  roots  and  leaves,  chiefly  of  A.  Napelluf:,  are 
used  medicinally.  See  aconitin.  The  bikh  of  Nept'il,  used 
in  poisoning  arrows  and  also  as  a  source  of  aconitin,  is 
derived  mainly  from  A.  ferox. 
acontia,  n.  Phu'al  of  acontium. 
Acontias  (a-kon'ti-as),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  d/coir/af,  a 
quick-darting  serpent,  a  meteor,  <  qkuv,  a  jave- 
lin, dart,  <  aaj,  a  point.]  The  leading  genus 
of  the  family  Acontiidw  (which  see). 
acontiid  (a-kon'ti-id),  n.  A  lizard  of  the  fanuly 
Acontiiila: 

Acontiidse,  Acontiadse  (ak-on-ti'i-de,  -a-de), «. 
pi.  Ixih.ji  Acontias +  -ida;  ov-ado'.]  Afamily 
of  sam'ian  or  lacertilian  reptiles  of  the  seincoid 
group,  related  to  the  Anguidw,  the  family  to 
which  the  well-known  slow-worm  of  Europe 
belongs.  They  are  weak,  timid,  and  perfectly  harmless 
lizards,  resembling  snakes  in  consequence  of  the  apparent 
absence  of  limbs.  Acontias  is  the  leading  genus,  giving 
name  to  tlw  family  ;  there  are  numerous  species,  inhabit- 
ing chiefly  the  wanuer  or  dryer  parts  of  the  old  world. 
Acontia.9  melcaiirifi  is  sometimes  called  the  dart-snake, 
from  its  manner  of  darting  upon  its  prey. 

acontium  (a-kon'shium),  n. ;  pi.  acontia  (-shia). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aKoiTioi;  a  small  dart,  liim.  of  qkuv 


Aconite  {A.  .Vafrlltis). 
a,  flower;  b,  same,  calyx  removed. 


Figure  with  Acontium.     (From  "  Revue  Arch^olotjiquc.") 

(d/coiT-),  a  javelin.]  1.  In  Gr.  antiq.:  (n)  A 
dart  or  javelin,  smaller  and  lighter  than  the 
long  spear,  and  thrown  by  means  of  a  thong  or 
amentum.  Hence — {b)  The  game  of  hm-ling 
the  javelin,  one  of  the  five  exercises  of  the  fa- 
mous pentathlon  (which  see)  at  the  Olympian, 


I 


acontium 

Isthmian,  and  other  games. — 2.   /)/.   In  zniiJ., 
convolute  J  eords  formed  in  tlie  Actinia  and 
furnished  witli  tliread-eells.     Pascoc. 
acopt  (i'-koii'),  jtrip.  pitr.  as  adv.     [<n3,  on,  + 
(■<)//!,  top.]     At  the  toj). 

she  wuarcs  ii  huuil,  but  it  stands  acop. 

B.  Jon^on,  Alchemist,  ii.  C. 

Acopa  (a-ko'pa,),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <Gr.  ri-  priv.  + 
/.ijr://,  a  handle,  the  handle  of  an  oar,  an  oar.] 

1.  A  prime  division  of  the  Tunicala  or  Ascidia, 
in  whiehthe  aseitlians  proper  are  distinKnished 
eoUeetively  from  the  Copclata  or  A/ijitiidiculd- 
ria.  See  e.xtract.  Compare  cuts  under  ./.>■(•«/(« 
and  Ajiiiciidiculuria. 

TIh'Sc  two  cliLs.ses  were  formerly  separated  according  to 
whethei"  they  liad  or  had  not  a  propelling  tail,  as  the 
nanio.^  of  the  elasses  showed.  I  have  retained  the  nomen- 
clature withcuit  giving  an  importance  to  this  character 
wliifh  does  not  licliing  to  it;  the  Jarvic  of  many  .4co;>a 
have  the  diii'rtive  organ.  A  much  greater  difference  be- 
tween the  two  di\isions  is  to  be  found  in  the  characters 
of  their  spiracles.  In  the  Cr)pe]ata  these  open  on  to  the 
exterior.  In  tlle  Acopa  they  open  into  a  (■;t\ity,  which  is 
formed  from  a  part  of  the  rudinu-iitary  spiracle  of  the 
Cupelata.  Gef/enbaur,  L'omp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  389. 

2.  [*''"i/.]  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects. 
acopic  (a-kop'ik),  a.     [<Gr.  am-or,   removing 

wearines.s,  <d-  priv.  +  kottoc,  weariness,  toil, 
orig.  a  striking,  <  Kdir-r-tiv,  strike.]  In  med., 
fitted  to  relieve  weariness ;  restorative.  Bu- 
chniinn.  Diet.  Sci. 

acor  (ii'kor),  «.  [L.,  a  sour  taste,  <  ocere,  be 
sour:  see  oc/rf.]     Acidity,  as  of  the  stomach. 

acorn  (a'korn,  often  a'kern),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
acorn,  akorn,  eykoni,  acron,  acquorn,  ukccorne, 
oakern,  okecorn,  okchornc,  etc.,<  late  ME.  acorn, 
akorn,  accornc,  acoriin,  ocorn,  occorn,  okccorne, 
aekerne,  akern,  hakcrtt,  assibilated  acliorne,  ach- 
arne,  atclierne,  etc.  The  reg.  mod.  form  would 
be  "akcrii,  in  IIE.  akcrn  (assibilated  a  fclierne,  im- 
prop.  aspirated  hakcrn),  the  other  forms  being 
due  to  the  erroneous  notion  that  the  word  is  a 
derivative  of  oak,  or  a  compotmd  of  oak  (ME. 
ook,  ok,  oc,  earlier  ac,  <  AS.  «c)  and  corn  (ME. 
and  AS.  corn),  or  horn  (ME.  and  AS.  horn).  A 
similar  eiTor  has  affected  the  spelling  of  the 
word  in  other  languages.  ME.  akcrn,  <  AS. 
<Ecern,  a-cirn,  an  acorn,  orig.  any  fruit  of  the 
field,  being  prop,  an  adj.  formed  (like  silvern 
from  silver)  <  cccer,  a  field,  acre  (see  acre),  + 
-n  (see  -en") ;  =  D.  aker,  an  aeom,  <  iikker,  a 
field  (bvit  now  usually  eikcl,  an  acorn,  <  cik,  an 
oak);  =  LGr.  ckkcr,  an  a-covn,  <.  akker,  a  field 
(also  ck,  an  acorn,  <  ckc,  an  oak) ;  =  G.  cckcr  (after 
LG.),  an  acorn,  <.  acker,  a  field  (also  cichel,  an 
aeom,  <  eiche,  an  oak) ;  =  leel.  akarn,  an  acorn, 
<  akr.  a  field  (not  from  cik,  an  oak) ;  =  Norw. 
aakorn  (also  aaktiiin,  aakodn,  and  akall),  <  aakcr, 
a  field  (not  from  cik,  an  oak) ;  cf.  Sw.  ckollon,  an 
aeoru.<(A',  oak,  +<>Uon,  an  acorn;  =r)an.  at/em, 
an  acorn,  <  aijcr,  a  field  (not  from  eij,  an  oak) ; 
=  Goth.  akraii,  fruit  in  general,  <.akrs,  a  field. 
Thus  acorn  has  nothing  to  do  with  either  onfc  or 
corn.]  1.  The  fruit  of  the  oak;  a  one-celled, 
one-seeded,  coriaceous,  rounded  or  elongated 
init,  the  base  of  which  is  siiiTounded  by  an  in- 
durated scaly  cup.  Acorns  have  been  used  for  food, 
and  are  still  eaten  in  various  countries.  The  sweet  acorn 
is  tile  fruit  of  the  Quercus  Ballota  of  northwestern  Africa, 
and  is  ipiite  palatable,  as  arc  also  several  American  species. 
All  are  excellent  food  for  swine. 

Thei  weren  wont  lyghtly  to  slaken  hir  hunger  at  euene 
with  (ff'u-;j('.s'  of  okes.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  ii.  meter  5. 

Besides  the  gall  which  is  his  proper  fruite,  hee  shootes 
out  vakirns,  i.  c,  ut  lunic  vocamus  acornes,  and  oakes  ap- 
ples aud  polypody  and  moss. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Works,  I.  203  (ed.  Bohn). 
2.  Xant.,  a  small  ornamental  piece  of  wood,  of 
a  conical  or  globular  shape,  sometimes  fixed 
on  the  point  of  the  spindle  above  the  vane,  on 
a  mastliead,  to  keep  the  vane  from  being 
blown  off. —  3.  Any  similar  ornamental  tip. — 
4.  Same  as  acorn-shell,  2. 


Acorn-moth  [ffolcocera glanduUlla,  Riley). 
a,  larv.-i  williin  acorn ;  *,  iicom  infested  with  the  larva ;  c.  head 
and  thor.^cic  bcpments  of  larv.-i ;  d,  one  of  the  abdominal  seprmentsof 
larv.^,  Literal  view  ;  f,  one  of  the  abdominal  segrraentsof  larva,  dorsal 
view;/,  moth  ^  the  cross  showt,  natural  size } ;  ^,  basal  Joint  of  antenna 
in  the  male  moth. 


51 

acorn-cup  (a'k6m-kup),  n.  The  hardened  in- 
volucre covering  tlie  base  of  an  acorn.  The 
acorn-cups  of  the  Qaercun  ^Kijitopti,  under  the  name  va- 
Innia,  have  become  an  important  article  of  commerce, 
lai-ge  quantities  being  usetl  in  tanning.     See  valoni<t. 

acorned  (a'komd),  a.     1.  Furnished  or  loaded 
with  acoms.     SpeeilU-ally,  in  krr.,  said  of  an  oak  repre- 
sented on  a  coat  of  arms  as  loaded  with  acorns. 
2.  Fed  with  acorns.     !<hak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  5. 

acorn-moth  (a'k(")rn-m6th),  «.  A  guest-moth, 
ilcscribed  as  Iloleocera  ejlandulcUa,  but  subse- 
(|iiiiilly  Inferred  to  the  genus  lilastohasis,  be- 
longing to  tile  Tineida:  Its  color  is  ash-gi-ay,  with 
(wo  distinct  spots  near  the  middle  of  the  fore  wings  and 
a  transverse  pale  Btrii)e  across  the  basal  third.  Its  larva  is 
gi-ayish-white,  with  a  light-brown  head  and  cervical  and 
caudal  shields,  and  is  commonly  met  with  in  mast,  feed- 
ing chieily  on  those  acorns  that  have  been  occupied  by 
the  acorn-weevil.    See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

acorn-oil  (a'kom-oil),  n.  A  volatile  oil,  of  but- 
tery consistence  and  pungent  odor,  obtained 
from  the  acoms  of  Qncrciis  rohnr. 

acorn-shell  (a'korn-shel),  «.  1.  The  shell  of 
the  acorn. —  2.  One  of  the  cimpeds  of  the 
genus  Jlatanus;  a  barnacle:  called  by  this  name 
from  a  supposed  resemblance  of  some  of  the 
species  to  acorns.    See  ISalanus  and  Cirripcdia. 

acorn-weevil  (a'k6ra-we"vl),  ».  The  popidar 
name  for  certain  species  of  the  eirrctdionid  ge- 
nus Balaninus,  as  B.  uniformis  (Le  Conte),  B. 
rectus  (Say),  aud  B.  quercus  (Horn),  which  live 
in  the  larval  state  within  acorns.  The  females 
possess  extremely  long  and  slender  beaks,  by  means  of 
which  they  pierce  the  rintl  of  the  acorn  and  push  an  egg 
into  the  interior.  The  larva  is  a  legless  grul>  of  elongate 
cm'ved  shape,  not  differing  essentially  from  other  curcu- 
lionitl  larvaj.  The  affected  acorn  drops  prematurely,  and 
the  full-grown  larva  eats  its  way  out  to  change  to  a  pupa 
in  the  ground.    See  cut  under  Ikdaninus. 

acorn-worm  (a'k6m-wei-m),  «.  A  name  given 
to  the  Balanoglossns,  the  tj'pe  and  sole  member 
of  the  order  Enteropneusta  :  so  called  from  the 
aeorn-like  shape  of  the  anterior  end  of  its  body. 
See  Balanoglossns,  Enteropneusta. 

AcorUS  (ak'o-rus),  n.  [NX/.,  <  Gr.  aKopog,  the 
sweet-flag.]  A  genus  of  aromatic  flag-like 
plants,  natural  order  Aracea-,  of  two  species. 
A.  Calamus,  the  Calauius  aroniaticu.^  of  druggists,  is  na- 
tive or  widely  naturalized  in  northern  temperate  regions, 
aiul  is  known  a-s  swcet-Jiafj  or  swcet-rii.-<h.     See  sweet°Jlag. 

acosmiat  (a-koz'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKoa/ila, 
disorder,  <  aKoafioi;,  without  order,  <  ri-  priv.  -f- 
Kon/w<:,  order:  see  cosmos.]  1.  IiTCgularity  in 
disease,  particularly  in  crises. —  2.  Ill  health, 
\vith  loss  of  color  in  the  face. 

acosmism  (a-koz'mizm),  «.  [<  Gr.  ri-  priv.  -I- 
Koafior,  \\'or\d,+  -ism.  Cf. acosmia.]  The  denial 
of  the  existence  of  an  external  world.  Deati 
^Sansel. 

acosmist  (a-koz'mist),  n.  [As  acosm-ism  +  -ist.] 
One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  acosmism. 

acosmistic  (ak-oz-mis'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  doctrine  of  acosmism. 

acotyledon  (a-kot-i-le'don),  n. ;  pi.  acotyledones. 
acotyledons  (-le'do-nez,  -donz).  [=F.  acotyle- 
donc,  <  Nil.  acoiyledo{n-)  (sc. 
planta),  a  plant  without  seed- 
lobes,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -t-  KorvTi^dav, 
any  cup-shaped  cavity :  see  co- 
tyledon.] A  plant  destitute  of 
a  cotyledonous  embryo.  The 
name  A  coti/tedoncs  was  pr<  ppt  ised  by  the 
yoiuiger  Jussieu  for  the  class  of  plants 
whicii  have  no  proper  seed  or  embryo, 
now  usually  and  more  proi>erly  desig- 
nated as  Cn/ptof/amia  or  cnfplo;iani8. 

acotyledonous  (a-kot-i-le'do- 
nus),  a.     Without  cotyledons, 
or  seed-lobes,  as  the   embryo     Germinating  spore 
otCuscuta;  more  usuallv,  with-  of  a„  Acotyiedont.us 

.  1/1  '  j_,        Flant(Moss:,inaiffer. 

out  embryo  (and  consequentlv  entstasjcs.  M.igniiied. 
^^^thout  cotyledons),  as  crypto-  £nl?B'Si,'it.'!')" 
gams. 

acou-.  For  acu-,  in  words  from  Greek  oKoieiv. 
hear :  an  iiTegidar  spelling  due  to  the  French 
spelling  of  acoustic,  the  first  of  these  words  in- 
troduced into  English.     See  acoustic. 

acouchi-resin  (a-k6'shi-rez"in),  H.  lAcotichi 
((dtinchi.  aluchi,  etc.),  native  name  (in  F.  spell- 
ing) in  Guiana.]  The  inspissated  juice  of  P7-o- 
tium  Aracouchini  {Idea  heterophylla),  of  Guiana, 
and  other  species  of  tropical  South  America. 
It  resembles  the  elenn-resin  of  the  old  world,  and  is  appli- 
cable to  the  same  purposes.  Alsocalletl  alouc/ti-,  ahtctii-, 
or  a nii'iMtctiiyii-resin . 

acouchy  (a-ko'shi),  n.     [<  F.  acouchi,  agouchi, 

said  to  be  from  the  native  Guiana  name.]  An 
animal  belonging  to  the  genus  Dasi/procta, 
family  Da.iijproetida',  of  the  hystrieine  series  of 
the  order  liodentia  ;  the  olive  agouti  or  Siu-inam 
rat,  Dasyprocta  acoiich)/,  inhabiting  Guiana  and 
some  of  the  West  India  islands.  It  is  related 
to  the  cavies,  or  guinea-pig  family.    See  agouti 


and   Dasyproctidw. 
acuchi. 


acquaint 

Also  spelled  acouchi  and 


Acouchy  {/^axyfrocta  acouehy). 

acoumeter  (a-ko'-  or  a^kou'me-ter),  n.  [Also 
acouometcr,  irreg.  <. Or! oKoiciv,  hear,'+ //erpov,  a 
measure.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
power  of  the  sense  of  hearing.  Also  called 
(trunsimeter. 

acoumetry  (a-ko'-  or  a-kou'me-tri),  n.  [Irreg.  < 
Gr.  UKoieiv,  hear,  +  -/lerpia,  <  iutimv,  a  measure.] 
The  measuring  of  the  power  of  hearing. 

acousimeter  (a-ko-  or  a-kou-sim'e-tor),  «.  [< 
Gr.  I'lKoivir,  a  hearing  (<  aKoieiv,  hear),  -I-  iicTpov, 
a  meastu'e.]     Same  as  acoumeter. 

acousmatic  (a-kos-or  a-kous-mat'ik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Gr.  oKovufiaTiKAr,  willing  to  hear  (oi  aKova/ia- 
TMoi,  the  probationers  of  Pythagoras),  <  amvc- 
fia(T-),  a  thing  heard,  <  ami'tiv,  hear:  see  acous- 
tic] I.  a.  Hearing;  listening:  as,  acousmatic 
disciples. 

II.  n.  A  name  given  to  such  of  the  disciples 
of  the  Greek  philosopher  Pythagoras  as  had 
not  completed  then'  years  of  probation;  hence, 
a  professed  hearer ;  a  probationer. 
An  equivalent  form  is  acoustic. 

acoustic  (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'tik),  a.  and  n. 
[Formerly  acoustick,  aeonstique,  <  F.  acoustiquc 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  acnstico,  <  NL.  acusticus,  <  Gr.  okov- 
n-iKu^,  relating  to  hearing,  <  OKoiwTtif,  heard,  au- 
dible, <  QKoieiv,  hear;  ct.  ciKoi;,  hearing,  noeiv, 
perceive;  root  prob. "aoi',  *kof,  *aiioF='L.carere, 
heed,  cautus,  heedftil  (see  caution),  =Goih.  us- 
skaujan,  take  heed,  =  AS.  scedirian,  look  at,  E. 
show,  q.  v.  The  regular  E.  form  would  be  *acus- 
tic:  seeacou-.]  I.  «.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  sense 
or  organs  of  hearing,  or  to  the  science  of  sound. 
— 2.  Same  as  acousmatic — Acoustic  color,  the  tim- 
bre or  (luality  of  a  musical  note.  See  timbre. — Acoustic 
duct,  in  anat.,  the  meatus  aiiditorius  externns,  or  external 
p.assage  of  the  ear.  See  audifori/,  and  cut  under  fori. — 
Acoustic  nerve,  the  auditory  nerve.— Acoustic  spot, 
macula  acustica.  See  macula. —  Acoustic  telegraph, 
an  electric  or  mechanical  apparatus  for  tlie  reiirodiu  tiini 
of  sounds  at  a  distance. — Acoustic  tubercle  (translation 
of  tuberculum  actitifica/n).  in  anat.,  a  rounded  elevation  on 
either  side  of  the  floor  of  the  fourtli  ventricle  of  the  brain, 
over  which  certain  w  bite  lines,  the  stria-  acustica'.  pass. — 
Acoustic  vessel,  acoustic  vase,  a  bell-shaped  vessel  of 
bronze  or  pottery,  of  whicli  a  iiunilier,  according  to  Vitru- 
Wus,  were  built  in  beneath  the  seats,  or  placed  in  chandlers 
prepared  especially  to  receive  them,  in  the  auditoriutu  of 
ancient  theaters,  to  give  sonorousness  to  the  voices  of  the 
players.  No  such  vessels  have  been  recognized  among  the 
ruins  of  eitherGreek  or  Roman  theaters;  but  it  is  said  that 
similar  vases  were  introduced  for  a  like  purpose  in  the 
vault  of  the  choir  of  the  medieval  church  of  the  Domini- 
cans at  Strasburg. 

II.    «.    It.  In  »werf.,  a  remedy  for  deafness  or 

imperfect  hearing. — 2.  Same  as  acousmatic. 

acoustical  (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'ti-kal),  a.     Of  or 

belonging  to  the  science  of  acoustics;  acoustic. 

Theacuteness  of  the  blind  in  drawing  conclusions  from 

slender  acintiifual  premises.  Science,  VI,  195. 

acoustically    (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'ti-kal-i),  adv. 

In  I'clation  to  acoustics  or  hearing. 
acoustician  (a-kos-  or  a-kous-tish'an),  n.     One 
skilled  in  the  science  of  sound;  a  student  of 
acoustics. 

The  transverse  vibrations  .  .  .  were  the  only  ones  no- 
ticed by  the  earlier  acou.*!tician^. 

Wfifwetl,  Hist.  Inductive  Sciences,  ^iii.  6. 

acoustics  (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'tiks),  n.  [PI.  of 
acoustic  (see  -ics) ;  =  F.  acoustiquc  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
acustica.]  The  science  of  sound ;  the  study  of . 
the  cause,  nature,  and  phenomena  of  the  vibra- 
tions of  elastic  bodies  which  affect  the  organ 
of  hearing.  The  maimer  in  which  sound  Is  produced, 
its  transmission  through  air  and  other  medi.a  (sonietimes 
called  diacou.^tics).  the  theorj-  of  reflected  sound,  or  echoes 
(sometimes  called  catacoiittlic^),  the  properties  and  effects 
of  ditfcrelit  sounds,  including  musical  sounds  or  notes,  and 
the  structure  aud  action  of  the  organ  of  hearing,  are  all 
inclndeil  ill  acoustics.     See  mumt. 

aCQUa  (iik'wa),  H.     [It.]    See  aqua. 

acquaint  (a-kwanf),  a.  [Se.  acquaint,  acquent, 
<  ME.  aqiiente.  aqueynte,  aqwynt,  aquointe,  < 
OF.  acoiiit,  \ateT  accoint,  " acquainted  or  famil- 


acquaint 

iar  with ;  also  neat,  compt,  fine,  spruce  in  ap- 
parel, or  otherwise"  (Cotgrave),  <  L.(iccognitu,-<, 
pp.  of  accognosccre,  know  or  recognize  perfect- 
ly, <  (jrf,  to,  +  cognoscerc,  know,  <  <•«-,  com-,  to- 
gether, +  "gnoscere,  no-scrrc  =  E.  know :  see 
Know,  anil  cognition,  cogni:c.  Cf.  quaint.  Ac- 
qiiiiint  is  now  regarcletl  as  a  clipjied  form  of  oc 


52 

Nor  was  liis  acquaintance  less  with  the  famous  poets  of 
his  age,  than  with  tlic  iiiililemcn  and  ladies.  Dn/den. 

Tile  honour  of  HhmiUii  a  familiaril;/  —  or  supposed/a- 
miiianlu  —  was  better  to  my  godfatlur  tlian  monf.v. 

Lamb,  ily  First  Play. 

The  inlimaaj  between  the  father  of  Eugenio  and  Agres- 
tis  producfd  a  tender  friendship  l)ctweea  his  sister  and 
.-\nu-li;i.  Ilaukcmvortlt,  Adventurer,  Xo.  ti4. 


«}h«ih((v/.  pp.]     Acquainted;  personally  or  mu-  acquaintanceship  (a-kwan'tans-ship),  m.     The 
tuallv  kno«ni :  as,  we  are  not  acgwajni.   [Scotch    state  of  liaving  aciiuaintance. 
and  north.  Eng.]  acquaintantt    (a-kwan'tant),    n.     [<  acquaint 

+  -<inli,  after  OF.  acoinlnnt,  ppr.  of  acointcr, 
acquaint;  prob.  developed  from  acquaintnnrr, 
with  which,  in  sense  3,  the  pi.  ocquiiintan/s 
would  nearly  coincide  in  pronunciation.]  A 
person  with  whom  one  is  acquainted.  See  ac- 
quaintance, 2. 


Wlien  we  were  first  acqtunt. 

Burns,  John  Anderson. 

acquaint(a-kwant'),r.  [<ME. aqucinten,aqucyn- 
tcn,  earlier  acointcn,  akointtn,  <  OF.  acointcr, 
acointicr,  acouinlcr,  acuinticr,  acocniirr,  aquin- 
tcr,  \ntei  accointcr,  ''to  make  acquainted;  .  .  . 
also  to  seek  or  affect  the  acquaintance  of; 
.  .  .  s'aecoinlcr  dc,  to  wa.x  acquainted,  grow 
familiar  with,  or  to  get  or  desire  the  acquain- 
tance of"  (Cotgrave),  <  ML.  adcognitare,  make 
known,  <  h.  accognitus,  pp.  of  accognosccre, 
know  or  recognize  perfectly:  see  acquaint,  o.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  have  acquaintance  or 
be  more  or  less  familiar;  make  conversant :  used 
with  u-itli:  as,  to  acquaint  one's  self,  or  make 
one's  self  acquainted,  icith  a  subject;  to  make 
persons  (to  be)  acquainted  trith  each  other. 

A  man  of  sorrows,  and ac7imi/i(«/?n7A  giief.     Isa.  Uii.  3. 

Misery  acquaints  a  man  with  strange  liedfellows. 

Shale,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

We  that  acquaint  ourselves  itrith  ever)-  zone. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Int.  to  Immortal,  of  .Soul. 

Persons  themselves  acquaint  us  ivith  the  impei-sonal. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  252. 


An  ac'iuaintant  and  a  friend  of  Ednmnd  Spenser. 

/.  Walton. 

He  and  his  readers  are  become  old  acquaintants. 

Su'ijt,  Tale  of  a  Tub. 

acquainted  (a-kwau'ted),  J),  a.  [<  acquaint  -I- 
-ccl-.  Cf.  acquaint,  «.]  1.  Having  acquain- 
tance ;  informed ;  having  personal  knowledge. 

Faulk.  What,  is  he  much  acquaintrd  in  the  family? 
Aht;.  O,  very  intimate.  .SAer((/a/i,  Tlie  Rivals,  ii.  1. 

2t.  Known ;  familiarly  known  ;  not  new. 

Tliiiiiis  acquainted  and  familiar  to  us. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  2. 

acquaintedness    (a-kwan'ted-nes),    n.      The 
state  of  being  acquainted.     [Rare.] 
acquereur  (a-ka-rer'),  n.     [F.,  an  acquirer,  <  ac- 

querir,  actiuire:   see  acquire.'\     In  French  and 
Canadian  law,  one  who  acquires  title,  particu- 


larly to  immovable  propertv,  by  pm'chase. 
8.  To  furnish  with  knowledge  or  mformation  acquest   (a-kwesf),  n.     [<  OF.   acquest,  F.  ac- 
(about) ;  make  conversant  by  notice  or  com-     q,i^t  =  It.  acquisto  (ML.  acquistum),  an  acquisi- 


munication :  with  with   before  the  subject  of 
information,  and  formerly  sometimes  with  of : 
as,  to  acquaint  a  friend  with  one's  proceedings. 
But.  for  some  other  reasons,  my  grave  sir, 
Wliich  'tis  not  fit  you  know,  I  not  acquaint 
My  father  o/  this  business.         Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 
Though  you  are  so  averse  tomyncguainHjij/LadyTeazle 
with  your  passion  for  Maria,  I'm  sure  she's  not  your  enemy 
in  the  affair.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  acquaint  (ivith),  make  known  (to),  familiar- 
ize (witli),  introduce  (to).— 2.  To  inform  (of),  communicate 
(to),  apprise  (of),  mention  (to),  signify  (to),  intimate  (to), 
disclose  (to),  reveal  (to),  tell  (to).  See  annouiue  and  in- 
/vrm. 

Il.t  intrans.    To  become  acquainted. 
The  manere 
How  they  aqueynteden  in  fere. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  250. 

acquaintablet  (a-kwan'ta-bl),  a.  [<  OF.  acoin- 
tatile,  kiter  accoi'ntable,  "  aequaintable,  easie  to 
be  acquainted  or  familiar  with"  (Cotgrave), 
<  acointcr,  make  known :  see  acquain  t,  r.]  Easy 
to  be  acquainted  with ;  affable.    Itoni.  of  Rose. 

acquaintance  (a-kwan'tans),  n.  [<  ME.  aquayn- 
tance,  uqucyntance,  intimacy,  personal  know- 
ledge, friendship  (not  used  in  the  concrete 
sense  of  a  person  known),  <  OF.  acointance, 
later  ac€ointance,  "acquaintance,  conversation 
or  commerce  with"  (Cotgrave),  <nco»iter,  make 
known:  &ee  acquaint,  v.']  1.  The  state  of  being 
acquainted,  or  of  being  more  or  less  intimately 
eonversant  (used  with  reference  to  both  per- 
soBS  and  things) ;  knowledge  of ;  experience 
in:  used  with  with,  and  formerly  sometimes 
with  of. 

Good  Master  Brook,  I  desire  more  acquaintance  of  you. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,ii.  2. 

That  general  aoiuaintance  with  the  mechanism  and 

working  of  tlie  living  system  wliich  all  persons,  even 

moderately  educated,  should  possess. 


tiou,  purchase,  <  L.  acqua'siium,  usually  acquisi 
turn,  a  thing  acquired,  neut.  pp.  of  acquirere, 
acquire:  see  acquire.  Cf.  conquest.']  1+.  The 
act  of  acquiring ;  acquirement:  as,  "countries 
of  new  acquest,"  Bacon. — 2t.  A  thing  gained; 
an  acquisition  ;  a  thing  acquired  by  force :  as, 
"  new  acquests  and  encroachments,"  Woodward, 
Nat.  Hist. —  3.  In  civil  law:  (a)  Property  ac- 
quired in  other  ways  than  by  succession,  (h) 
Property  acquired  during  a  marriage  under  the 
rule  of  commimity  of  property.  [In  this  sense 
usually  in  the  plural  and  spelled,  as  French,  ac- 
quets.']    See  conquH. 

acquetont,  «•     See  acton. 

acquiesce  (ak-wi-es'),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  acqui- 
esced, ppr.  acquiescing.  [<  F.  acquiesccr.  "  to 
yield  or  agree  unto,  come  to  agreement,  be  at 
quiet,  strive  or  stir  no  more  "  (Cotgrave),  =  It. 
acquiescere,  <  L.  acquiescere,  rest,  repose  in,  find 
rest  in,  <  ad,  to,  -h  quiescere,  rest,  <  quies,  rest : 
see  quiescc  and  quiet.']  If.  To  come  to  rest,  or 
remain  at  rest. 

Which  atoms  .ire  still  hovering  up  and  down,  and  never 
rest  till  they  meet  with  some  pores  proportionable  and 
cognate  to  their  figures,  where  they  acquiesce. 

Howell,  Letters,  iv.  50. 

2.  To  agi'ee ;  consent ;  tacitly  assent ;  quietly 
comply  or  submit :  as,  to  acquiesce  in  an  opin- 
ion, argimient,  or  arrangement. 

Neander  sent  his  man  with  a  letter  to  Theomachus, 
who  acquiesced  to  the  proposal. 

Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  123. 

Presuming  on  tlxe  unshaken  submission  of  Hippolita,  he 
flattered  himself  that  she  would  .  .  .  acquiesce  with  pa- 
tience to  a  divorce.  Walpole,  Castle  of  Otranto,  i. 

Take  the  place  and  attitude  which  belong  to  you,  and 
aU  men  acquiesce.  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  136. 

[In  modem  usage,  acquiesce  is  generally  followed  by  the 
preposition  in;  formerly  to,  with,  and.rro7Hjvere  in  use.' 


aiuM'oumaiij.-,  Physiol.,  §  368.   acquleSCement    (ak-wi-es'ment;   F.   pron.   a- 
i-9«ttiH(n)i«  here  in  New  Eng-     kyes'moii),    n.      [<  F.    "acquiescement,    quiet- 


I  have  a  very  general  ac^ 
land.  ■     f/aicMonie,  Old  Manse.l.     ness,  also  an  agreement"  (Cotgrave) :  see  oc- 

2.  A  person  known  to  one,  especially  a  person     quicsce  and  -ment.]     In  Fi-ench  and  Canadian 
with  whom  one  is  not  on  terms  of  great  inti-     law,  acquiescence;  free  consent. 

macy :  as,  he  is  not  a  fi-iend,  only  an  acquain-  acquiescence  (ak-wi-es'ens),  n.     [=  Sp.  aquies 
tancc.     [This  is  the  only  sense  which  admits  of  "  '^ 

a  plural  form.] 

We  see  he  is  ashamed  of  his  nearest  acquaintances. 

C.  Boyle,  Bentley  on  Phalaiis. 
Mere  acttuaintance  you  have  none ;  you  have  drawn 
them  all  into  a  nearer  Jine  ;  and  they  who  have  conversed 
with  you,  are  for  ever  after  inviolably  yours. 

Drtiden,  Orig.  and  Prog,  of  Satire. 

3.  The  whole  body  of  those  with  whom  one  is 
acquainted :  used  as  a  plural,  as  if  for  acquain- 
tances.    See  acquaintant. 


Mine  acquaintance  are  verily  estranged  from  me. 

Job  xix.  13. 

To  cultivate  one's  acctualntance,  to  endeavor  to  be- 
come intimate  with  one.  =SjTl.  1.  Arquuintance,  Famil- 
iarity, Intimacy,  .icquaintance.  knowledge  arising  from 
occasional  inteVcimrse  ;  /amiliarity.  knowledge  arising 
from  frequent  or  daily  intercourse  ;  intimacy,  unreserved 
intercourse,  intercourse  of  the  closest  possible  kind. 


ccnciii  =  It.  acquiesctnza,  i  L.  as  if  "acquiescentia, 
<acquiescen(t-)s,  acquiescent:  see  acquiescent.] 

1.  The  act  of  acquiescing  or  giving  tacit  as- 
sent ;  a  silent  submission,  or  submission  with 
apparent  consent,  it  is  distinguished  from  avowed 
consent  on  the  one  hand,  and  from  opposition  or  open  dis- 
content on  the  other:  as,  an  acquiesce7tce  in  the  decisions 
of  a  court,  or  iu  the  allotments  of  Providence. 

With  the  inevitable  acquiescence  of  all  public  servants, 
IheJ  resumes  his  composure  and  goes  on. 

Ilatrthurne,  Snow  Image. 

Tliere  is  a  certain  grave  acquiescence  in  ignorance,  a 
recognition  of  our  impotence  to  solve  momentous  and 
ui-gent  questions,  which  has  a  satisfaction  of  its  own. 

./.  //.  Sewman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  198. 

2.  In  law,  such  neglect  to  take  legal  proceed- 
ings in  opposition  to  a  matter  as  implies  con- 
sent thereto.  =  Syn.  Assent,  Consent,  Concurrence,  etc. 
(see  assent),  compliauee,  resignation. 


acquiry 

acquiescency  (ak-wi-es'en-si),  n.  [See  acqui- 
esce and  -cijT]  The  state  of  being  acquiescent; 
a  condition  of  silent  submission  or  a.sscnt. 

acquiescent  (ak-wi-es 'ent),  «.  [<  L.  acqui- 
/.•ic(ii(t-)s,  ppr.  of  acquiescere  :  see  ucquie.'ice.'] 
Disposed  to  acquiesce  or  yield;  submissive; 
easy;  unresisting. 

A  man  nearly  si.xty.  of  acquiescent  temper,  miscellane- 
ous opinions,  and  uncertain  vote. 

(Jeor(ie  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  11. 

acquiescently  (ak-wi-es 'ent-li),  adv.     In  an  ac- 

(|uiescent  manner. 
acquiescingly  (ak-wi-es'ing-li),  adv.     In  an  ac- 

iiuiescing  manner;  acquiescently, 
acquiett   (a-kwi'et),  v.   t.      [<  ML.   acquietare, 
quiet,   settle:   see  acquit.]     To  render  quiet; 
compose ;  set  at  rest. 
Acquiet  his  mind  from  stirring  you. 

Sir  A.  Shirley,  Travels. 

acquirability  (a-kwir-a-bil'i-ti),  71.    The  quality 

of  being  acquirable.     I'aley.     [Kare.] 
acquirable  (a-kwir'a-bl),  a.     [<  acquire  -f  -eihlc. 
Cf.  Sp.  adquiriblc,  fg.  adquivivel.]     Capable  of 
being  acquired. 

acquire  (a-kwir'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  acquired, 
ppr.  acquiring.  [<  ME.  aqivere  (rare),  <  (5F.  ac- 
querre,  later  aquerir,  F.  acquerir,  acquire,  get, 
z=:  Sp.  Pg.  adquirir,  <  L.  acquiercrc,  a  collateral 
form  of  acquirere,  acquire,  get,  obtain,  <  orf,  to,  + 
quierere,  seek :  see  query.  The  E.  word  is  now 
spelled  with  i  instead  of  e,  to  bring  it  nearer  to 
the  Latin.  Cf.  inquire,  require.]  To  get  or 
gain,  the  object  being  something  which  is  more 
or  less  permanent,  or  which  becomes  vested  or 
inherent  in  the  subject :  as,  to  acquire  a  title, 
estate,  learning,  habits,  skill,  dominion,  etc. ; 
to  acquire  a  stammer;  sugar  oeg«!/'es  a  brown 
color  by  being  burned.  A  mere  temporary  posses- 
sion is  not  expressed  by  acquire,  but  by  obtain,  procure 
etc. :  as,  to  obtain  (not  acquire)  a  book  on  loan. 

Descent  is  the  title  whereby  a  man,  on  the  death  of  his 
ancestor,  acquires  liis  estate  by  right  of  representation,  as 
his  heir  at  law.  Blackttone. 

Hanng  been  left  in  a  greater  degree  than  others  to  man- 
age their  own  affairs,  the  English  people  have  become 
self-helping,  and  have  acquired  great  practical  ability. 

II.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  429. 

Men  acquire  faculties  Ijy  practice. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures.  I.  94. 

The  yoimg  demand  thoughts  that  find  an  echo  in  their 
real  and  not  their  acquired  nature,  and  care  very  little 
about  the  dress  they  are  put  in. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  406. 
Acquired  logic.  See  logic.  =  SST1.  To  get,  obtain,  gain, 
attain,  procure,  win,  earn,  secure,  gather,  master,  learn. 
See  attain. 
acquirement  (a-kwir'ment),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
acquiring ;  especially,  the  gaining  of  knowledge 
or  mental  attributes. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  lay  down  rules  for  the  acquirement 
of  such  a  taste.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  409. 

2.  That  which  is  acquired;  attainment:   com- 
monly in  the  pliu'al. 

His  acquirements  by  industry  were  enriched  and  en- 
larged by  many  excellent  endowments  of  nature. 

Sir  J.  Hayward,  Raigue  of  Edward  VI. 
=  Syn.  1.  Gathering,  gaining.— 2.  Acquirements,  Aa/ui- 
sitions.  Attainments,  Accomplishments.  Endotnnents, 
Enduements :  ^aiu,  resources.  .^icyuionVioH*- is  the  most 
general  term,  but  it  is  gradually  beuig  restricted  to  ma- 
terial gains.  Attainments  denotes  exclusively  intellec- 
tual or  moral  acquisitions  :  as,  a  man  of  great  attainments ; 
his  spiritual  attainments  were  high.  Acquirements  has 
nearly  the  same  meaning  as  attainmettts,  though  it  is 
sometimes  loosely  used  as  equivalent  to  acquisitions;  it 
has  more  direct  reference  to  particidar  tilings  acquired : 
as,  skill  in  boxing  was  among  his  acquirements.  Accom- 
plishments are  attainments  or  acquirements,  particularly 
such  as  fit  the  possessor  for  society  :  as,  French,  dancing, 
and  music  were  the  sum  of  her  accomplishments.  En- 
doicments  are  the  gifts  of  nature,  .is  genius  or  aptitude. 
Enduements  are  endowments,  acquirements,  or  .attain- 
ments in  the  field  of  moral  and  spiritual  life,  Imt  they  are 
opposed  to  attainments  in  being  regarded  as  gifts  from 
heaven  rather  than  as  the  result  of  personal  endeavor. 
See  endtie2. 

When  you  are  disposed  to  be  vain  of  your  mental  ac- 
quirements, look  up  to  tliose  who  are  more  accomplished 
than  yourself.  Dr.  J.  ifoore. 

Interference  has  been  sanctioned.  .  .  .  either  in  the 
purely  domestic  concerns  of  a  nation,  or  with  respect  to 
its  foreign  relations  and  territorial  acquisitions. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  19'2. 

It  is  in  general  more  profitable  to  reckon  up  our  defects 
than  to  boast  of  our  attainments.  Carlyle,  Essa.vs. 

I  d.anced  the  polka  and  cellarius, 

Spun  glass,  stuffed  birds,  and  modeled  flowers  in  wai. 

Because  she  liked  accomidishments  in  girls. 

Mr.v.  Browninij,  Aurora  Leigh,  i.  1. 

He  ought  to  think  no  man  valuable  but  for  his  public 
spirit,  justice,  and  integrity :  and  all  other  endotcments 
to  be  esteemed  only  as  they  contribute  to  the  exerting 
those  rirtues.  Steele,  Spectator.  No.  340. 

acquirer  (a-kwir'^r),  «.     One  who  acquires, 
acquiryt  (a-kwir'i),  «.     [<  acquire  -f  -y,  after  in- 
quiry.]    Acquirement. 

No  art  requireth  more  hard  study  and  pain  toward  the 
acquiry  of  it  than  contentment.    Barrow,  Sermons.  III.  62. 


acquisible 

acquisible(a-l"viz'i-lil),  (/.  [<  ^J.  acqms-itus, pp. 
of  (icqiiirerr,  iu'(Hiiro  (seo  acquire),  +  E.  -iblc.'] 
Capable  of  beiii^  ac(juired.     [Kare.] 

acquisitet  (ak'wi-zit),  n.  [<  L.  ucqumtus, 
gained,  pp.  i>f  iicqiiinir,  gain  :  see  dcqiiirc.  Cf. 
cxqui)iiU;  requisite.^     Aonuii-ed  ;  gained. 

A  hiinionr  ia  a  li<|uid  or  fluent  imlt  of  tile  body,  com- 
pri'liuTiilLiI  in  it,  foi'  the  preseivation  of  it;  and  is  either 
iniiatL-  or  l)urn  with  us,  or  adventitious  and  ac</uinUe. 

lUirUm,  Auat.  of  .Mel.,  p.  95. 

acquisition  (ak  -  wi  -  /.ish '  on),  «.  [<  L.  acquisi- 
//«(»-),  aiMjiiisitiou,  <  acquircrc :   see   acquircl 

1.  Tlie  ac't  of  aiMiuii-ing  or  gaining  possession  : 
as,  the  (icqulsilioii  of  property. 

Any  European  state  may  be  restrained  from  pursuing 
plans' of  ac'iiimlian,  or  uiakin<jr  preparations  b)okiny  to- 
ward future  aequisitions,  which  are  jud.s;ed  to  be  hazard- 
ous to  the  independenee  ...  of  its  neiglibors. 

Wootsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  iX 

2.  That  which  is  acquired  or  gained;  especially, 
a  material  possession  obtained  by  any  means, 
but  somotlmes  used  in  the  plural  of  mental 
gains. 

'I'lie  Cromwellians  were  induced  to  relinquish  one  third 
of  their  acquUtitiuim.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  v. 

They  learn  so  fast  and  convey  the  result  so  fast  as  to 
outrun  the  logic  of  their  slow  brother  and  make  his  ac- 
qumtions  poor.  Emfraon,  Woman. 

^SyiL  2.  .■\c>iuirni\fntx,  Acquisitions,  etc.  See  ac(/uiV«- 
itti:iil. 

acquisitive  (a-kwiz'i-tiv),  a.  [<L.  as  if  *acqui- 
siticK.i,  <  ttcqiimtus,  pp. :  see  acqiiisitc.']  If. 
Acquired. 

He  died  not  in  his  acquisitive,  but  in  his  nati^'e  soil. 

Wotton,  Reli(iuitB,  p.  106. 

2.  Maldng  or  tending  to  make  acquisitions; 
having  a  jiropensity  to  acquire :  as,  an  acquis- 
itive disposition. 

The  first  condition  then  of  ment,il  development  is  that 
the  attitude  of  the  mind  should  be  creative  rather  than 
a(V/i(«ifiic.  ir.  A'.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  105. 

Acquisitive  faculty,  in  j^sychol.,  perception;  the  pre- 
sentative  faculty. 

acquisitively  (a-kwiz'i-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
quisitive tuanner;  by  way  of  acquisition. 

acquisitiveness  (a-kwiz'i-tiv-nes),  «.  1.  The 
(luulity  of  lii'ing  acquisitive;  a  propensity  to 
ac<iuiro  jiropert}'. —  2.  In  jjferfH.,  the  organ  to 
which  is  attributed  the  function  of  producing 
the  general  desire  to  acquire  and  possess,  apart 
from  the  uses  of  the  objects.  Sometimes  called 
a>vctiv(:nct:.i.     See  cut  under  phrenology. 

acquistf  (ik-kwisf),  ».  [A  form  of  acquest,  after 
It.  acqui.sto,  ML.  acquistnm,  L.  acquisitum.'\  Ac- 
quest; acquirement. 

New  acquist 
Of  true  experience.  Milton,  S.  A.,  I.  1755. 

acquit  (a-kwif),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  acquitted, 
ppr.  iicquittiiu/.  [<  ME.  aquitcn,  ucu•it^:n,  <  OF. 
aqiatcr,  acuiler,  later acquiter,  "to  quit,  acquit, 
free,  clear,  discliarge,  rid  of,  deliver  frotn " 
(Cotgrave),  F.  ucquitttr  =  Pr.  aquitur  =  It.  ac- 
quetare,  appease,  quiet,  <  ML.  *acqiiil(irc,  acquie- 
tare,  settle  a  claim,  appease,  quiet,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  quictare,  quiet,  <  quietus,  iliscbarged,  free,  at 
rest,  quiet:  see  acquiet,  quiet,  and  quit.']  1.  To 
release  or  tlischarge,  as  from  ati  obligation,  ac- 
cusation, guilt,  censure,  suspicion,  or  whatever 
is  laid  against  or  upon  a  person  as  a  charge  or 
duty;  specifically,  in  law,  to  pronounce  not 
guilty:  as,  we  acquits,  man  of  evil  intentions; 
the  jury  acquitted  the  prisoner.  It  is  followed  by  0/ 
before  tlie  thing  of  which  one  is  acijuitted  ;  to  acquit  from 
is  obsolete. 

His  poverty,  can  you  acquit  hiui  0/  that? 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  3. 
If  he  (Bacon]  was  convicted,  it  was  because  itwas  impos- 
sible to  acquit  hini  without  olferin;;  the  t;rossest  otitrage 
to  justice  and  connnon  sense.  Macmday,  Lord  Bacon. 

2.  To  atone  for.     [Rare.] 

l"iU  life  to  death  acquit  my  forced  offence. 

.Shak.,  Liu'rece,  1.  1071. 

3.  To  settle,  as  a  debt ;  requite ;  pay ;  discharge ; 
fulfil. 

Aquyte  hjln  wel  for  goddes  love,  qtlod  he. 

Chaucer,  Troilus.  ii.  1200. 
Midst  foes  (as  champion  of  the  fsiith)  he  ment 
That  palme  or  cypress  should  his  paincs  acquitc. 

Carcw,  Tasso. 
I  adndt  it  t*j  lie  not  so  much  the  duty  as  the  privilege  of 
an  American  citi/.en  to  acquit  this  obligation  to  the  mem- 
ory of  his  fathers  with  discretion  and  generosity. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  382. 

We  see  young  men  who  owe  us  a  new  world,  so  readily 

and  la\ishly  they  promise,  but  they  never  arywiV  the  debt. 

Kmer^on,  Experience. 

4.  With  a  reflexive  pronoun :  (a)  To  clear 
one's  self. 

Pray  Ood  lie  may  acquit  him  (himself)  of  suspicion  ! 

Shak.,  2Hen.  VL,  iii.  2. 

(6)  To  behave  ;  bear  or  conduct  one's  self :  as, 


53 

the  soldier  acquitted  hinisetfyreW  in  battle ;  the 
orator  acquitted  himself  indifferently. 

Tiu)ngh  this  w:us  one  of  the  first  mercantile  transac- 
tions of  my  life,  yet  I  had  no  doubt  about  acquitting  my- 
ticlf  \\'\W\  reputation.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xiv. 

5t.  To  release ;  set  free ;  rescue. 

Till  I  have  acquit  your  captive  Knight. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  62. 
=S3ni.    1.  To  exonerate,  exculpate,  discharge,  set  free. 
See  ahtioloe.—^,  (0)  To  beliave,  act,  bear,  conduct,  demean, 
deport,  or  quit  (one's  self). 
acquitt.     Past  participle  of  acquit. 
I  am  glad  I  am  so  acquit  of  this  tinder-box. 

Slialc,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  .•). 

acquitet  (a-kwif),  t'.  ^  Same  as  ocguii.  [Com- 
pare requite.] 

acquitment  (a-knit'ment),  n.  The  act  of  ac- 
quitting, or  tlie  state  of  being  acquitted;  ac- 
(|uittal.     [Rare.] 

acquittal  (a-kwit'al),  n.  [<  ME.  acquilallc, 
-aijlc  ;  i  acquit  +  -al.]  1.  The  act  of  acquitting, 
or  the  state  of  being  acquitted.    Specifically,  in 

law:  (a)  A  judicial  setting  free  or  deliverance  from  the 
charge  of  an  offense  by  pronouncing  a  verdict  of  not  guilty. 
(/>)  In  England,  freedom  from  entries  and  molestations  by 
a  superior  lord  for  services  issuing  out  of  laiuls.     Cowcll. 

2.  Performance,  as  of  a  duty;  discharge  of  an 
obligation  or  a  debt. 

I  have  been  long  in  arrears  to  you,  but  I  trust  you  will 
take  this  huge  letter  as  an  acquittal. 

Walpolc,  Letter  to  H.  Mann. 

acquittance  (a-kwit'ans),  n.  [<  ME.  aquitiince, 
-(tits,  ac(jHitan'cc,  -auiice,  <.0¥.  aquitance,  iaqui- 
ter,  discharge :  see  acquit  s.tiA -an cc]  1.  The 
act  of  acquitting  or  discharging  from  a  debt  or 
any  other  liability;  the  state  of  being  so  dis- 
charged. 

Now  must  your  conscience  my  acquittance  seal. 

Shale.,  Uamlet,  iv.  7. 

2.  A  writing  in  evidence  of  a  discharge  ;  a  re- 
ceipt in  full,  which  bars  a  further  demand. 
You  can  produce  acquittances 
For  such  a  sum.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1. 

St.  The  act  of  clearing  one's  self. 

Being  suspected  and  put  for  their  acquittance  to  take 
the  sacrament  of  the  altar.  Jer.  Taylor. 

acquittancet  (a-kvpit'ans),  i\  t.     To  acquit. 
Your  mere  enforcement  shall  acquittance  me 
From  all  the  impure  blots  and  stains  thereof. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

acquittance-roll  (a-kwit'ans-rol),  n.  In  the 
British  army,  the  pay-roll  of  a  company,  troop, 
or  battery. 

Acrsea  (a-kie'ii),  «.  [NL.,  <Gr.  a/tpaZof,  equiv. 
to  aKpo^,  at  the  top  or  extremity.]  A  genus  of 
nymphalid  butterflies,  tj-pical  of  the  subfamily 
Acro'ina:     A.  antias  is  an  example. 

Acraeinse  (ak-rf-i'ue),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <Acraa  + 
-ina.]  A  subfamily  of  butterflies  of  the  family 
Nijmphalida;  takifig  name  from  the  leading 
genus  Acrwa,  and  containing  mostly  African 
species  of  small  or  moderate  size,  with  semi- 
transparent  vpiiigs,  reddish-brown  marked  with 
black.     There  are  about  85  species. 

Acrampllibrya  (ak-ram-fib'ri-a),  n.2>l.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  iiKpoe,  at  the  end,  -(-  a/i<l>i,  on  both  sides, 
-hfipim;  a  flower,  blossom,  <  jipben;  swell,  be  fidl 
to  bursting.]  In  hot.,  a  term  used  by  Efidlicher 
as  a  class  name  for  exogenous  plants,  which  he 
described  as  plants  growing  both  at  the  apex 
and  at  the  sides. 

acrania  (a-krii'ni-ji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -t- 
npaviov,  L.  cranium,  the  skull.]  1.  [NL.,  fem. 
sing.]  In  tcratol.,  a  malformation  consisting 
in  an  entire  absence  of  the  bones  and  integu- 
ments forming  the  vault  of  the  skull.  Also 
written  rtcroH//.— 2.  leap.']  [NL.,  neut.  pi.]  A 
name  proposed  by  Haeckel  as  a  class  designa- 
tion for  Amphioxus  or  Brnucliiostoma ;  a  sjti- 
onym  of  Mijelo^on  or  Leptoccirdiit  (which  see). 
Also  called 'Jcej*/ia?a.  ^ee  Amphioxus  unABran- 
chiostoma. 

acranial  (a-kra'ni-al),  a.  [See  acrania.]  Hav- 
ing no  skull. 

acrany  (ak'ra-ni),  n.     Same  as  acrania,  1. 

acraset,  ^^  '.     See  acra:e. 

acrasiat,  "-     See  aero  si/. 

Acraspeda,  Acraspedota  (a-K-ras'pe-da,  a- 
kras-po-do'tii),  h.  7)/.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -I- 
Kpda-e6oi',  a  hetn  or  border.]  The  name  given 
by  Gegenbaur  to  the  acalephs  proper ;  that  is, 
to  those  jelly-fishes  and  sea-nettles  the  lobate 
border  of  whose  disk  is  not  provided  (with  few- 
exceptions,  as  in  Aiirelia)  with  a  contractile 
marginal  fold  or  velum :  nearly  synonymous 
with  Discophora  (which  see):  opposed  to  Cras- 
pedota.     See  cut  under  acaleph. 

acraspedote  (a-kras'pe-dot),  a.  [<Gr.  li-  priv. 
((j.iS)  +  cras})Cdot€,  or  as  Acraspeda  +  -ote.] 


acreage 

Having  no  velum,  as  a  discophore;  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Acraspeda. 

Tlie  Hydroidea  and  Siphonophora  are  craspedote;  the 
Discophora  are  supposed  to  be  destitute  of  a  veil,  and  arc 
therefore  ncrw^i^eilnfe.  Stand.  Sat.  Uist.,  I.  94. 

acrasyt,  acrasiat  (ak'ra-si,  a-kra'zi-ji),  n.  [< 
ML.  acra,iia,  which  appears  to  combine  the  no- 
tions of  (1)  Gr.  (iKpaaia,  later  fortn  of  oKpa-eia, 
intemperance,  want  of  self-control  (<  uKpa-^c, 
wanting  in  self-control,  intemperate,  unbridled, 
<  u-  priv.  +  Kpiiroc,  strength,  power,  akin  to  E. 
hard,  q.  v.);  and  (2)  Gr.  iinpaniii,  bad  mixture, 
ill  temperature,  ianparoc,  umnixed,  untempered, 
intemperate,  excessive,  <  a-  PJ-iv.  -I-  "Kpanif, 
mixed:  see  crrt tor  and  crn.s'i.s'.]  Excess;  surfeit; 
intemperance;  incontinence. 

Acrasies,  whether  of  the  body  or  mind,  occasion  great 
unca-siness.  Cornish,  Life  of  Firmin,  p.  84. 

acratia  (a-kra'shia),  n.  [<  Gr.  auparcia,  want 
of  power:  see  acrasy.]  In  pathoL,  failure  of 
strength;  weakness;  debility. 
acrazet,  acraset  (a-kraz'),  v.  t.  l<F.aeraser, 
"accrazer,  break,  burst,  craze,  bruise,  crush" 
(Cotgrave),  same  as  ecro.ser,  escraser,"  to  squash 
down,  beat  flat,"  etc.  (Cotgrave) :  see  a-H,  «-lB, 
and  craze.]  To  weaken,  impair,  or  enfeeble  in 
mind,  body,  or  estate. 
I  acrazed  was.  Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  138. 

My  substance  impaired,  my  credit  acrased. 

Gascoigne,  Letter  in  Hermit's  Tale,  p.  21. 
Cold  in  the  night  which  acras.fh  the  bodie. 

//o(iji.v/o./,  chronicles,  III.  1049. 

acre  (a'ker),  n.  [<  ME.  aker,  akir,  a  field,  an 
acre,  <  AS.  accr,  a  field,  later  also  an  acre,  = 
OS.  nMOT  =  OFries.  cUcr  =  D.  o W,  tr  =  OHG. 
ahhar,achar,accar,  MHG.  G.  acker=lee\.  akr  = 
Sw.  dkcr =V>an.  oyer  =  Goth,  akrs  =  L.  uger=z  Gr. 
aypdi;  =  Skt.  ajra,  all  in  the  sense  of  field,  orig. 
a  pasture  or  a  chase,  hunting-ground ;  <  y/  'ag, 
Skt.  ■\/  aj  =  Gr.  ayuv  =  L.  ayere  =  Icel.  aka, 
drive:  see  akc=:achcl,  and  (<L.  agere)  act, 
etc.  Hence  acorn,  q.  v.  The  spelling  acre  in- 
stead of  the  reg.  aker  (cf.  baker,  AS.  hceeere)  is 
due  to  its  legal  use  in  imitation  of  OF.  acre,  < 
ML.  (Law  L.)  acra,  acrum,  from  Teut.]  1. 
Originally,  an  open  plowed  or  sowed  field.  This 
signification  was  gradually  lost  after  the  acre  was  made  a 
definite  measure  of  surface.  .Still  used  in  the  plural  to 
denote  fields  or  land  in  general. 

My  bosky  acres,  and  my  unslirubb'd  down. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

Over  whose  acres  walked  those  blessed  feet. 

Shak.,  I  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

2.  A  superficial  measure  of  land,  usually 
stated  to  be  40  poles  in  length  by  4  in  breadth ; 
but  160  perches  (=4840  square  yards,  or  43,.56() 
square  feet)  make  an  acre,  however  shaped. 
An  acre,  as  a  specific  quantity  of  land,  was  reckoned  in 
England  as  much  as  a  yoke  of  oxen  could  plow  in  a  day 
till  the  establishment  of  a  definite  measure  by  laws  of  the 
thirteenth  century  and  later.  This  is  known  in  Oreat 
Britain  and  the  I'nited  States  as  the  statute  acre,  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  the  customary  acres  still  in  use  to  some 
extent  in  Scotland,  Irelaiul,  and  Wales.  The  Scotch  acre 
is  larger  than  the  statute  acre,  as  it  contains  6150.4  sijuare 
yards,  4S  Scotch  acres  being  equal  to  Gl  statute  acres.  The 
Irish  acre  is  7S40  square  yariis,  100  Irish  acres  lieing  nearly 
equivalent  to  162  statute  acres.  In  Wales  different  mea- 
sures, the  env,  the  stang,  the  paladr,  are  called  acres.  The 
true  erw  is  4320  square  yards ;  the  stang  is  3240.  There 
is  also  the  Cornish  .acre,  of  5760  square  yards.  Among 
the  customary  English  acres  are  found  measures  of  the 
following  numbers  of  perches  :  SO  (of  hops),  90  (of  hops), 
107,  110,  120  (shut  acre),  130,  132,  134,  141,  ISO  (forest 
acre),  200  (for  copyhold  land  in  Lincolnshire),  212,  256  (of 
wood).  The  Leicestershire  acre  has  2308}  square  yards, 
the  Westmoreland  acre  6760  square  yards,  the  Cheshire 
acre  10,240  square  yards.     Often  abbreviated  to  A.  or  a. 

The  acre  was  in  many  cases  a  small  field  simply,  i.  e., 
an  agcr ;  and  a  hundred  ami  twenty  small  fields  were 
called  a  hide.  A  standard  acre  was  hardly  established 
until  the  tliirteenth  century. 

V.  W.  Ross,  Gemian  Land-holding,  Notes,  p.  131. 

3t.  A  lineal  measure  equal  to  a  fiuTOw's  length, 
or  40  poles ;  more  frequently,  an  acre's  breadth, 
4  poles,  equal  to  22  or  25  yards — Burgh  acres. 

See  ^*(r'//(. —  God'S  aCre.     ^t^n  God's-acre. 

acreable  (a'ker-a-bl),  a.  [<  acre  +  -able.]  Ac- 
cording to  the  acre  ;  measured  or  estimated  in 
acres  or  by  the  acre. 

Tlie  acreable  produce  of  the  two  methods  was  nearly  the 
same.  Complete  Farmer,  Art.  Potatoe  (Ord.  MS."). 

acreage  (a'ker-aj),  n.  [<  acre  +  -age.]  The  num- 
ber of  acres  in  a  piece  or  tract  of  land  ;  acres 
taken  collectively ;  extent  in  acres :  as,  the 
acreage  of  farm-land  in  a  coimtry  ;  the  acreage 
of  wheat  sovm. 

No  coarse  and  blockish  God  of  acreage 
Stands  at  thy  gate  for  thee  to  grovel  to. 

Tennyson,  .\ylmer's  Field. 

The  interests  of  a  nation  of  our  acreage  and  population 
are  a  serious  load  to  be  conducted  safely. 

Jf.  A.  lUv.,  CXU.  211. 


acrecbolic 

acrecbolic  (ak-rck-lnirik),  (I.  [<  Or.  HK/ior,  at 
tlu'  top,  +  trliiilic,  <!•  V.J  Evcrsiblc  by  protru- 
sidii  ot'  the  apex ;  protnidpcl  by  a  forward  move- 
iiicnt  of  tho  tip:  applied  to  the  iiitrovt'rted  pro- 
boscis of  eertuiii  animals,  as  rliabdocci'lous  jila- 
iiariaus  ami  sundry  fjastropods:  the  opposite  of 
(irrciiiliiilii;  and  correlatetl  with  pUitremholie : 
as,  " itcrcchoUc  tubes  or  introverts,"  M,  Ji.  htni- 
htslrr.  Eneye.  Brit.,  XVI.  652. 

acrecencia  (Sp.  pron.  ii-kra-then'the-ii),  n. 
[Sp.,  =  E.  (iccresecnce,  q.  v.]  Increase ;  augmen- 
tation; gi'owth;  accretion.  Mon' siKHiHcally.  the 
fiiliuiu-einentof  tlu'iiniiitiiisdf.meorincrtM.f  st'veral  heirs, 
leLratees,  ete..  resultin;^  «  hen  t!ie  ntliers  lin  not  jiecept  or 
are  iiie.apalile  of  stiariTi;,'  the  hiheritatiee.  t'sed  in  the  law 
cif  parts  of  tile  liiited  States  originally  settled  by  Span- 
iar.ls. 

acrecimiento  (Sp.  pron.  a-kra-the-me-en'to),  «. 

[Sp.,  <rtcrtcer  =  E.   accresce,  q.  v.]     Same  as 

ticnccncia. 
acred  (a'kerd),  a.    Possessing  acres  or  landed 

property :    tised   chiefly  in   composition :    as, 

"  wauy-ncrcd  men,"  Sir  IV.  Jones,  Speech  on 

Kef.  of  Pari. 

lie  w;ls  not  nnfrequently  a  son  of  a  noble,  or  at  least  of 
an  acrid,  house.  The  Sation,  July  *2G,  1877,  p.  58. 

acre-dale  (ii'k6r-dal),  «.  [<  acre  +  dale^=  dcn/l, 
a  share.]  Land  in  a  common  field,  different 
parts  of  which  are  held  by  different  proprietors. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Acredula  (a-ki'ed'tVla),  «.  [L.,  an  luiknown 
bird,  variously  guessed  to  be  a  thrush,  owl, 
nightingale,  or  lark.]  Agenus  of  titmice,  fam- 
ily Pajvdrt',  founded  by  Koch  In  1816,  character- 
ized by  the  great  length  of  the  tail.  Acredula 
caudafa,  the  type  of  the  genus,  is  the  conunoii  long-tailed 
titmouse  or  Kuropean  bottle-tit  (which  see).  A.  rosea  is 
unotlier  species. 

acremant  (a'ker-man),  «.  [<  ME.  akerman,  < 
AS.  act  rintin  ;  <  acre,  a  field,  -I-  man.']  A  farmer ; 
one  who  cultivates  the  fields.     E.  D. 

acrembolic  (ak-rem-bol'ik),  a.  [<  6r.  axpof,  at 
the  top,  +  embolic,  q.  v.]  lutroversible  by  in- 
trusion of  the  apex ;  withdrawn  by  a  sinking  in 
of  the  tip :  applied  to  the  everted  proboscis  of 
certain  animals,  as  rhabdocoelous  planarians 
and  sundry  gastropods :  opposed  to  acrecbolic. 
The  acremboUc  proboscis  or  frontal  introvert  of  the 
Nemertine  worms  has  a  eouiplete  range. 

is'.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI,  052. 

acre-shott  (a'ker-shot),  n.  [<  acre,  a  field,  -t- 
.•<liot,  proportion,  reckoning :  see  scot  and  shot.'] 
A  local  land-tax  or  charge.     Vugclale. 

acre-stafft  (a'ker-staf),  n.  [<  acre,  a  field,  -I- 
staff.]  A  plow-staff,  used  to  clear  the  colter 
or  cutter  of  the  plow  when  clogged  with  earth. 
Also  spelled  ak-er-staff. 

Where  the  Husbandman's  Acre-sta^  and  the  Shepherd's 
hook  are,  as  in  this  County,  in  State,  there  they  engross 
all  to  themselves.  Fuller,  Worthies,  I.  561. 

acrid  (ak'rid),  a.  and  n.  [First  in  18th  century ; 
<  L.  acer,  rarely  acris,  acrus  (>  F.  (icre  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  acre),  sharp,  pungent ;  with  termination  due 
to  the  kindred  L.  acidus,  shai-p,  sour :  see  acid.] 

1.  a.  1.  Sharp  or  biting  to  the  tongue  or  in- 
teguments; bitterly  pungent;  iiTitating:  as, 
acrid  salts.  Aerid  substances  are  those  which  excite  in 
the  organs  of  taste  a  sensation  of  pungency  and  lieat,  and 
■when  applied  to  the  skin  irritate  and  inflame  it,  Aerid 
poisons,  including  those  also  called  corrosive  and  eseha- 
rotic,  are  those  which  irritate,  corrode,  or  burn  the  parts 
to  which  they  are  applied,  proiluein^'  an  intense  burning 
sensation,  and  acute  pain  in  the  alimentary  canal.  They 
include  concentrated  acids  and  alkalis,  compounds  of  mer- 
cury, arseinc,  copper,  etc. 

The  aerid  little  jets  of  smoke  which  escaped  from  the 
joints  of  his  stove  from  time  to  time  annoyed  him. 

Howells,  A  ilodern  Instance,  iii. 

2.  Figuratively,  severe;  -virulent;  violent; 
stinging:  as,  ''ocrfrf  temper,"  C'OK'jjer,  Charity. 

II.  n.  1.  An  acrid  poison :  as,  "a  powerful 
acrid,"  Pereira,  Mat.  Med.— 2.  One  of  a  elass 
of  morbific  substances  supposed  by  the  humor- 
ists to  exist  in  the  humors. 

acridia  (a-kiid'i-ii),  n.  j)l.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Acrid- 
iKin.]  Members  of  the  grasshopper  family,  or 
the  family  itself,  considered  without  special 
reference  to  its  rank  in  classification.  Also 
called  acridii.     See  Aerididw. 

acridian  (a-krid'i-an),  II.  and  n.     I.  a.  Belong- 
ing or  relating  to  the  Acrididiv. 
II.  n.  One  of  tho  acridia. 

Acrididse,  Acridiidae  (a-ki-id'i-de,  ak-ri-di'i- 
de),  n.  pi.  [yi\j.,<.  Acrid-ium,  Acridi-mn,  +  -idw.] 
A  family  of  saltatorial  orthopterons  insects, 
including  the  locusts  or  short-homed  grass- 
hoppers, having  the  hind  legs  fitted  by  enlarge- 
ment of  the  femora  for  leaping:  related  to  the 
crickets  (Gryllida)  and  to  the  long-horned 
grasshoppers  and  katydids  (LocustidaQ. 


54 

In  Gryllldio  nnd  locuBtldro  the  antcnnic  are  long  and 

setaceous,  ...  in  Acridiidte  they  are  short  and  stout, 

rarely  clavate.    The  ovipositor  in  the  two  fonner  families 

is  often  very  large  ;  in  Acridiidce  there  is  no  ovipositor. 

I'ancoe,  Zool.  Class.,  isso,  p.  115. 

acridii  (a-krid'i-i),  ?i.  J)/.  [NL.,ma8c.pl.]  Same 
as  acridia. 

acridity  (a-krid'i-ti),  H.  [<  acrid  +  -ity,  after 
acidity.]  The  (piality  of  being  aerid  ;  pungency 
conjoined  witli  bitterness  and  corrosive  irrita- 
tion ;  acridness. 

Acriaium  (a-krid'i-um),  n.  [NL.;  also  wrritten 
iniprop.  Acrijdium;  <  Gr.  anpi/iiov,  dim.  of  aK/J'C, 
a  locust :  see  A  cris.]  A  leading  genus  of  grass- 
hoppers, gi\ang  name  to  the  ia,rsn\y  Acridida\ 

acrialy  (ak'rid-li),  adv.  With  shaip  or  instat- 
ing bitterness. 

acridness  (ak'rid-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
acrid  or  pungent. 

acridophagus  (ak-i-i-dof'a-gus),  m.;  pi.  acridoph- 
«;/((-ji).  [NL.,<Gr.  (JKpitio^dj'Of,  <dKpiV(a/cpi(S-),  a 
locust  (see  Acris),  +  ipayeiv,  eat.]  A  locust-eater. 
They  are  still  acridophagi,  and  even  the  citizens  far  pre- 
fer a  dish  of  locusts  to  the  "fasikli,"  which  act  as  ancho- 
vies, sardines,  and  herrings  in  Egypt. 

/;.  F.  Burton,  El-JIcdinah,  p.  343. 

Acridotlieres(ak"ri-do-the'rez),  n.  [XL.(Vieil- 
lot,  181G),  <  Gr.  (k-p/f  (d/,p((i-),  a  locust,  +  dr/pcir, 
hunt  or  chase,  <  t)//pa,  a  hunting,  the  chase.]  A 
notable  genus  of  old-world  sturnoid  passerine 
liirds,  founded  by  VieiUot  in  1816 ;  the  minas 
or  mina-birds,  several  species  of  which  are 
among  the  commonest  and  most  characteristic 
birds  of  India  and  zoologically  related  coun- 
tries. They  resemble  and  are  .allied  to  starlings.  A.tristis 
is  a  leading  example.  The  species  have  often  been  re- 
ferred to  the  Cuvierian  genus  Gracuhis  (which  see).  Crido- 
therm  is  an  erroneous  form  of  Acridothcres,  apparently 
iiriginating  with  Ouvier. 

acrimonious  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us),  n.  [=F.  aori- 
monieux  =  Pg.  ucrimonioso,  <  JIL.  acrimoniosns, 
<  L.  acrimonia,  acrimony.]  1.  Abounding  in 
acrimony  or  acridness;  acrid;  corrosive.  [Now 
rare.] 

If  gail  cannot  he  rendered  acrimonious  and  bitter  of 
itself.  Harvey,  Consumption. 

2.  Figm-atively,  severe;  bitter;  virulent;  caus- 
tic; stinging:  applied  to  language,  temper, 
etc. 

The  factions  have  the  cunning  to  say,  that  the  bitter- 
ness of  their  spirit  is  owing  to  the  harsh  and  acrimonious 
treatment  they  receive.  Ames,  Works,  II.  113. 

If  we  knew  the  man,  we  should  see  that  to  return  an 
acrimonious  answer  would  be  the  most  ridiculous  of  all 
possible  modes  of  retort.      Whipple,  Ess.  and  Kev.,  I.  139. 

acrimoniously  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
acrimonious  manner;  sharply;  bitterly;  pun- 
gently. 

acrimbniousness  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us-nes),  H.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  acrimonious. 

acrimony  (ak'ri-mo-ni),  n.  [  =  F.  acrimonie  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  acrimonia,  <  L.  acrimonia,  sharpness, 
pungency,  austerity,  <  acer  (acr-),  shai-p,  pun- 
gent: see  acrid  &-aA  acid.]  1.  Acridity;  harsh- 
ness or  extreme  bitterness  of  taste ;  pimgency ; 
corrosiveness.     [Now  rare.] 

Those  milks  [in  certain  plants]  have  all  an  acrimony, 
though  one  would  think  they  should  be  lenitive. 

Bacon,  Kat.  Hist.,  §  C39. 

2.  Figui'atively,  shai-pness  or  severity  of  tem- 
per; bitterness  of  expression  proceeding  from 
anger,  ill  natm-e,  or  petulance  ;  virulence. 

Acrimony  of  voice  and  gesture. 

Bp.  Ilacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams. 

In  his  official  letters  he  expressed  with  great  acrimony 
Ills  contempt  for  the  king's  character  and  understanding^ 
Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng,,  xii. 
Acrimony  of  the  humors,  an  imaginary  acrid  change 
of  the  liluod,  lymph,  etc.,  which  by  the  humorists  was 
conceived  to  cause  many  diseases.  Dunylisou.  ~  5yu.  2. 
Acrimony,  Asperity,  Harshness,  Severity',  Tartness,  Sour- 
ness, Bitterness,  V^irulence,  Rancor,  acerbity,  crabbedness, 
irascibility,  (iiee  harshness.)  These  words  express  differ- 
ent tlegrees  of  severe  feeling,  language,  or  conduct,  their 
signification  being  determined  largely  by  their  derivation 
and  primai-y  use.  Tartness  is  the  mildest  term,  applying 
generally  to  language;  it  implies  some  wit  or  quickness  of 
mind,  and  peiiiap^  a  willingness  to  disi>lay  it.  As  tartness 
is  the  snl.iK  id  i|U:dily  of  mind,  so  aeriuiotiy  is  its  acidity; 
it  is  a  bitiiiLT  sharpness  ;  it  may  or  may  not  proceed  from 
a  nature  pernuinently  soured.  Sournessisthe  Anglo-Saxon 
foraen/xc,,,/,  with  more  suggestion  of  permanent  quality  — 
sourness  of  look  or  language  proceeding  from  a  sour  nature. 
Bitterness,  which  is  founded  upon  akindrcil  figure,  is  sour- 
ness with  a  touch  of  rancor;  it  is  more  positive  and  aggres- 
sive. Sourness  and  bitterness  contain  less  malignity  tlian 
acrimony.  Virulence  rises  to  a  high  degree  of  malignity. 
and  rancor  to  such  a  height, as  almost  to  break  ilown  seff- 
<ontrol;  the  whole  nature  is  en\cnomed,  rancid.  These 
worils  .are  aluKist  never  applied  to  conduct ;  asjieritii  and 
harshne.v.^,  being  founded  upoT]  a  dirlcrcnt  figure,  are  nat- 
urally and  often  so  applied  ;  thev  convey  the  idea  of  rough- 
ness to  the  touch.  Asperity  is  tile  lighter  ••!  the  two;  it  is 
4)ften  aroughncss  of  manner,  and  niav  be  the  result  of  anger ; 
it  has  a  sharper  edge  than  harshn'e.-s.  Harshness  is  the 
luost  applicable  to  conduct,  demands,  etc,,  of  all  the  list; 
it  may  proceed  from  inseusibllity  to  others'  feelings  or 


acro- 

rights.  Severity  has  a  wide  range  of  meaning,  expressing 
often  that  which  is  justified  or  necessary,  anil  often  that 
which  is  harsh  or  hard  ;  as  applied  to  language  or  conduct 
it  is  a  weighty  word,  Wc  may  speak  of  acrimony  in  de- 
Itate  oi'  of  feeling  ;  u.^perlty  of  manner ;  harshness  of  eon- 
duct,  language,  rcquucmcnts,  terms,  treatment;  severity 
of  ccnsuie.  i»uriishnieut,  niamicr;  tart ness  iA  I't^iAy ',  sour- 
ness of  aspect ;  bitterness  of  spirit,  feehng,  retort ;  viru- 
lence and  rancor  of  feeling  and  language. 

It  is  well  known  in  what  terms  of  acrimony  and  per- 
sonal hatred  Swift  attacked  Dryden. 

Godwin,  The  Enquirer,  p.  379. 
The  orators  of  the  opposition  declared  against  him 
with  great  animation  and  asperity. 

Macaulay,  Hist,  Eng.,  v. 
He  that  by  harshness  of  nature  and  arbitrariness  of 
commands  uses  his  children  like  servants  is  what  they 
mean  by  a  tyrant.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

Severity,  gradually  hardening  and  darkening  into  mis- 
anthropy, characterizes  the  works  of  Swift. 

Macaulay,  .\ddi8on. 
The  Dean  [Swift],  the  author  of  all  the  mirth,  preserves 
an  invincible  gravity  and  even  sourness  of  aspect. 

Macaulay,  Addison. 
To  express  themselves  with  smartness  against  the  errors 
of  men,  without  bitterness  against  their  persons, 

Steele.  Tatler,  No.  242. 
Xo  authors  draw  upon  themselves  more  displeasure 
than  those  who  deal  in  political  matters,  which  is  justly 
incuiTed,  considering  that  spirit  of  rancour  and  virulence 
with  which  works  of  this  nature  abound.  Addison. 

They  hate  to  mingle  in  the  filthy  fray. 
Where  the  soul  sours,  and  gradual  rancour  grows, 
Imbittered  more  from  peevish  day  to  day. 

Thomson,  Castle  of  Indoleuce,  i.  17. 
Acris  (ak'ris),  )t.  [NL.,<Gr.  oxp/f  (d»:p«i-),  a 
locust  (L.  gryllus).]  A  genus  of  tree-frogs  of 
the  family  Hylidce.  Acris  yryllus,  a  characteristic  ex- 
ample, is  common  in  the  United  States,  its  lou<l  rattling 
pipe  being  heard  everywhere  in  the  spring.  Duut^ril  and 
Ilibrvn. 
acrisia  (a-kris'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oKpiaia,  -want 
of  judgment,  tHe  imdecided  character  of  a 
disease,  <  anpiToi;,  undecided,  imdiscemible,  <  c- 
priv.  -1-  KpiTuQ,  Separated,  distinguished,  <  Kpivctv, 
separate,  distinguish,  judge :  see  cri.tis  and 
critic]  A  condition  of  disease  such  as  to  render 
prognosis  impossible  or  unfavorable ;  absence 
of  determinable  or  favorable  sjTnptoms. 
acrisy  (ak'ri-si),  ».  l<.  acrisia.]  1.  Same  as 
acri.'iia. —  2.  Injudieiousness.  [Rare.] 
Acrita  (ak'ri-tii),  ii.jil.  [NL.,<  Gr.  anpira,  neut. 
pi.  of  aKpiro^,  undiseemible,  indiscriminate :  see 
acrisia.]  A  name  originally  projiosed  for  that 
group  of  animals  in  which  no  distinct  nen'ous 
system  exists  or  is  discernible,  it  thus  included, 
hesiiles  all  of  the  Protozoa,  such  as  the  acalephs,  some 
of  the  Polypi/era,  certain  Entozoa,  the  Pohiyastrica.  etc. 
The  name  has  been  employed  by  different  writers  with 
varying  latitude  of  signification,  but  is  now  disused,  ex- 
cept as  a  (loose)  synonym  of  Protozoa  and  other  low  forms 
oi  the  Cuvierian  Radiata,  since  it  has  been  shown  to  apply 
to  no  natural  group  of  animals.  See  Cryptoneura.  Also 
incorrectly  written  Acrites,  after  the  French. 
acritan  (ak'ri-tan),  a.  [See  Acrita.]  Of  or  be- 
longing to  tho  Acritn. 
acrite  (ak'rit),  a.  Same  as  acritan. 
acritical  (a-krit'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  -I-  crit- 
ical ;  Pg.  acritico,  not  critical.  Cf .  Gr.  oKpiroc, 
under  acrisia.]  In  pa  thol. :  (n)  Having  no  crisis : 
as,  an  acritical  abscess,  (b)  Giving  no  indica- 
tions of  a  crisis :  as,  acritical  sjTnptoms. 
acritochromacy  (ak"ri-t6-kr6'ma-si),  H.  [< 
acritochromatic:  see  -acy.]  Inability  to  distin- 
guish between  colors ;  color-blindness;  achro- 
matopsia. 

From  imperfect  observation  and  the  difficulty  experi- 
enced in  communicating  intelligently  with  the  Eskimo,  I 
was  unable  to  determine  whether  acritochrontncy  existed 
among  them  to  any  great  extent. 

Arc.  Cruise  o/  the  Corwin,  ISSl,  p.  24. 

acritochromatic  (ak'ri-to-kro-mat'ik),  a. 
[<  Gr.  ukptroc,  not  distinguishing  (see  acrisia). 
+  xp"tia.(T-),  color.]  Characterized  by  or  af- 
fected with  acritochromacy;  unable  to  distin- 
guish between  colors. 

acritude  (ak'ri-tiid),  H.  [<  L.  acritndo,  sharp- 
ness, <  acer,  shai-p :  see  acrid.]  An  acrid  qual- 
ity; bitter  pungency ;  biting  heat.     [Rare.] 

acrityt  (ak'ri-ti),  n.  [After  F.  dcrcte,  <  L.  acri- 
ta{  t-)s,  <  acris,  shai'p  :  see  acrid.  ]  Shai-pness ; 
keen  severity;  strictness. 

The  acrity  of  prudence,  and  severity  of  judgment. 

A.  Gorges,  tr.  of  Bacon,  De  Sap.  \"et.,  x\iii. 

aero-.  [L..  etc.,  <Gr.  n\po-,  combining  fonu  of 
dhpof,  at  the  fm'thest  point  or  end.  terminal, 
extreme,  highest,  topmost,  outermost ;  neut. 
oKpov,  the  highest  or  furthest  point,  top,  peak, 
summit,  headland,  end,  extremity:  fern,  dspa, 
equiv.  to  dxpof.  Cf.  ani;,  a  point,  edge,  and  see 
acid,  etc.]  In  zool.  and  hot.,  an  element  of 
many  compounds  of  Greek  origin,  refening  to 
the  top,  tip,  point,  apex,  summit,  or  edge  of 
anything.  In  a  few  compounds  (icro-  (acr-) 
improperly  represents  Latin  acer,  acris,  sharp, 
pungent:  as,  acronarcotic,  acrolein. 


acroama 

acroama  (ak-ro-ii'mji),  ».;  pi.  neroamata  (-wca' - 
a-tii;.  [<  Ur.  ('ii<iiii<iiiii,  iuiytliiiiK  heard,  recita- 
tion, <  Imimaallat ,  lii'ar,  pnil).  akin  to  /cAiiEn', hear : 
soo  divnl.^  1.  Khetoriual  declamation,  as  op- 
poso<l  to  argument. 

Facciolati  expanded  the  argument  of  Pacius  .  .  .  into  a 
Bpcciul  AcrMiiiui ;  hut  his  eloquence  was  not  more  etfec- 
tive  than  the  reasoning  of  his  predecessors. 

.S*i>  W.  Hamilton,  Discussions,  p.  153.    (^V.  E.  D.) 

2.  Oral  in.struetion  designed  for  initiated  dis- 
ciples onlv ;  esoteric  doctrine.  See  acroamatic. 
acroamatic  (ak"ro-a-mat'ik),  a.  [<  L.  acronma- 
Ik'iis,  <  (ir.  iiKpoaiiaT iKoi;,  designed  for  hearing 
only,  <  uKi>uaiia{--),  anything  lieard:  soo  airo- 
»»/((.]  Abstruse;  ijertaining  to  deep  learning : 
opposed  to  exoteric.  Apiilicl  particularly  to  those 
writing's  of  Aristotle  (also  tiTnird  ^.s'l^r;*;)  which  possessed 
II  striitly  scientific  cunteiit  and  funn,  as  opposed  to  his 
cxutiTie  writings  or  dialnfiucs,  which  were  of  a  more 
pDpular  character.  The  former  were  ,addi-csscd  to  "hear- 
ers," that  is,  were  intended  to  he  read  to  his  disciidcs  i:>r 
were  notes  written  down  after  his  Iccliii-cs;  htiirc  the 
cj)ithet  acroamatic.  All  the  works  of  Aristntlc  which  we 
p.isscss,  except  a  few  fragments  of  his  diali't;ues,  helong  to 
this  class.  See  esoteric.  An  eiiuivalent  form  is  acroatic. 
We  read  no  acroamatic  lectures. 

IlateSy  Golden  Kemains. 
Acroamatic  proof  or  method,  a  scientific  and  strictly 

diiiiiinstrative  prnof  tiT  mctlioil. 

acroamatical  (ak"ro-a-mat'i-kal),  a.  Of  an  ac- 
roamatic or  abstruse  character;  acroamatic. 

Aristotle  w.as  wont  to  divide  his  Icctin-es  and  readings 
iiitn  (i(V(irtf/i((/(ortiandexotericaI.    Hates,  Golden  Remains. 

acroamatics  (ak'ro-a-mat'iks),  «.  pi.  [PI.  of 
ncriHitiKitic:  see  -ics.'\  Aristotle's  acroamatic 
wTitings.  See  acroamatic.  Also  called  acro- 
II  ties. 

acroasis  (ak-ro-a'sis),  ?(.  [L.,  <  Gr.  oKpoaaie,  a 
hearing  or  lecture,  <  iiKpoaatiai,  hear :  see  acro- 
nmit.'\     An  oral  discourse. 

acroatic  (ak-ro-at'ik),  (I.  [<  L.  acroaticus,  <  Gr. 
uKimariKui:,  of  or  for  hearing,  <  aKpoaTT/i;,  a  hearer, 
<<i/i/)od(70a(,  hear:  see  acroama.~i  Same  as  ocro- 
amutic. 

acroatics  (ak-ro-at'iks),  «.  jil.  Same  as  acroa- 
ma tir.'^. 

Acrobasis  (ak-rob'a-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  axpov, 
the  top  or  end,  -t-  /Jaoif ,  a  going.     Cf .  acrobat.'] 


Exemplifications  of  Acrobasis. 
a,  leaflets    attacked    by  larva  of  A.  jugtandis  (walnut  case- 
t)earcrl ;    *.  case  of  larva;    c,  winKS  of  A.  ntbulD ;  d,  wings  of  A. 
jiiglandis ;  e,  wings  of  A.  ttebulo  var. 

A  genus  of  moths  belonging  to  the  Phycidce, 
a  family  founded  by  Zeller  in  1839.  The  larvse 
skeletonize  leaves,  forming  for  themselves  silken  tuhes, 
either  straight  or  cnuupled.    A.  juglandis  (Le  Baron),  the 


Opossum-mouse  of  New  South  Wales 
{.Acrobalts  pygmaus). 


Apple-leaf  Crumplcr  {Acrobasis  indiginella). 

a.  case,  containing  caterpillar;    b,  cases  in  winter;  c,  head  and 

thoracic  Joints  of  larva,  enlarged ;  d,  moth  (the  cross  shows  natural 


55 

walnut  case-hearer,  feeds  upon  walnut  and  hickory,  fasten- 
ing the  leaves  together  and  skeletonizing  them  from  base 
to  tip.  .1.  iofUijiiieUa  (Zcllcr)  is  a  common  pest  on  apple- 
trees,  and  is  kimwn  as  the  apple-leaf  crumpler. 
acrobat  (ak'n^-bat),  n.  [<  F.  acrobatc  =  Sp. 
acr6bato=  Pg.  It.  uernhata  (ef.  NL.  Acrnhute.-<), 

<  Gr.  iiKit/jJaror,  walking  on  tiptoe,  also  going  to 
the  top,  <  iiKpov,  the  higiiest  point,  top,  summit, 
neut.  of  (iKpor,  highest,  topmost,  +  /Jaror,  verbal 
adj.  from  jiaivuv, 
go,  =  E.  come,  q. 
v.]  1.  A  rope- 
dancer;  also,  one 
who  practises 
high  vaulting, 
tumbling,  or  oth- 
erfeats  of  person- 
al agility. —  2.  A 
species  of  the  ge- 
nus Aerobate^i. 

Acrobates  (ak- 
rob  'a  -  tez),  n. 
[NL.;<  Gr.  as  if 
*aKpOiiaT7ir,  oquiv. 
to  tiKpo.^aTuty.  see 
acrobat.]  Agenus 
or  subgenus  of 
marsupial  quad- 
rupeds of  the  fam- 
ily Phalauijistifhv, 
peculiar  to  Aus- 
tralia. It  is  related 
to  Petaurvs.  and  in- 
(rhides  such  pygmy  petaurists  as  the  opossum-mouse,  ..-Irro. 
bates  pftfjiiiirtts,  one  of  the  most  diminutive  of  marsupials, 
being  hardly  larger  than  a  mouse.  Like  various  other  so- 
called  flying  (luadrnpeds,  the  opossum-mouse  is  provided 
with  a  parachute.  The  genus  was  founded  by  Desniarest 
ill  1820.     Also  written  Acrohata. 

acrobatic  (ak-ro-bat'ik),  a.     [=F.  acrobatique, 

<  Gr.  iiKpniiariKor,  fit  for  climbing,  <  aKp6j3aro( : 
see  acrobat.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  acrobat 
or  his  performances  :  as,  acrofcfiWc  feats;  acro- 
batic entertainments. 

Made  liis  impil's  lirain  manipulate  .  .  .  the  whole  ex- 
trattrdiriary  catalogue  of  an  American  young  lady's  school 
curriculum,  with  acrobatic  skill. 

E.  II.  Clarke,  Sex  in  Education,  p.  71. 

acrobatical  (ak-ro-bat'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  ac- 
nibatic.     [Kiire.] 

acrobatically  (ak-ro-bat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  an  acrobat ;  with  acrobatic  skill  or 
dexterity. 

acrobatism  (ak'ro-bat-izm),  n.  [<  acrobat  + 
-i.siii.]  The  performance  of  acrobatic  feats; 
the  profession  of  an  acrobat. 

Acrobrya  (ak-rob'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
aerobryus :  see  acrobrijous.  Cf .  Acramphibrya.] 
A  term  used  by  Endlicher  as  a  class  name  for 
plants  growing  at  the  apex  only;  the  higher 
cr^ijtogams  :  equivalent  to  acro(jcns. 

acrobryous  (ak-rob'ri-us),  a.    [<  NL.  aerobryus, 

<  Gr.  liK/ioi:,  at  the  end,  +  jipbov,  a  flower.  ]  In 
bot.,  growing  at  the  apex  only;  of  the  nature  of 
Acrobrya. 

Acrocarpi  (ak-ro-kiir'pi),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
aeroearpus:  see  acrocarpous.]  In  bot.,  a  di- 
%'ision  of  the  mosses,  containing  the  genera  in 
which  the  capsule  terminates  the  growth  of  a 
primary  axis. 

acrocarpous  (ak-ro-kiir'pus),  a.  [<  NL.  aeroear- 
pus, <  (xY.  uKpOKap-ot;,  fruiting  at  the  top,  <  aKpoc, 
at  tlie  end  or  top,  -t-  Kap-oc,  fntit.]  In  bot.,  hav- 
ing the  friut  at  the  end  or  top  of  tlie  primary 
axis :  appUed  to  mosses. 

The  Bower  of  Mosses  either  terminates  the  growth  of  a 
primary  axis  {.ieracarpous  Mosses),  or  the  .  .  .  llower  is 
Iilaicd  at  the  eiiii  of  an  a.xis  of  the  second  or  third  order 
(licurocarpiuis  .Mosses).        Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  319. 

acrocephalic  (ak'ro-se-fal'ik  or ak-ro-sef 'a-lik), 
o.  In  ctlinol.,  pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
aerocephaly;  high-skulled:  StS,  acroccphalievaiin 
or  trilii's. 

acrocephaline  (ak-ro-sefa-Un),  a.  [<  Acroce- 
phalus  +  -inc.]  In  ornitli.,  resembling  a  bird  of 
the  genus  Acroceplialus  in  the  character  of  the 
bill :  said  of  certain  warblers.     Ilenry  Secbohm. 

Acrocephalus  (ak-ro-sef 'a-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a/vjioc,  hero  used  in  the  mere  sense  of  point,  in 
ref.  to  the  bill  of  these  birds,  +  KtOtO.r/,  head.] 
In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  birds  founded  by  Nau- 
mann  in  IKll  to  embrace  old-world  warblers  of 
the  subfamily  .S'i//c/(«a';  the  reed-warblers.  It  is 
a  well-marked  i;niup  of  1-2  or  15  species,  distinguished  by 
acnmpariitivcly  larcc  lull,  ilepresscd  at  b;ise  ami  acute  at 
tip,  with  niiKlcratdy  dcvcluiicil  rictal  luistlcs,  a  very  small 
sjuuitiiis  lirst  priniary,  a  nuinded  tail,  and  more  or  less 
uniform  brownish  ijluitiage.  It  is  related  to  l^hfffln.-^eojius, 
Locustelta,  Hfij'iilais,  etc.  A  typical  species  is  the  aiputtic 
reed-warblcr,  .1.  wpiuticuji.  Most  of  the  species  of  tiiis 
genus  are  migratory,  and  their  molt  is  double.  See  Gala- 
modyta  and  recd-u'arbler. 


acrodactylum 

aerocephaly  (ak-ro-sef'a-li),  H.  [<  Gr.  uKpov, 
the  highest  point,  peak,  4-  kioii/J/,  head :  see 
cephalic]  A  form  of  the  human  skull  in  which 
the  vault  is  lofty  or  pyramidal. 

Acrocera  (ak-ros'e-rii),  II.  [NL.,  <Gr.  unpo^,  at 
the  top  or  end,  -(-  Ki'puc,  a,  horn.]  A  genus  of 
flies,  founded  by  Meigen,  having  the  antennu^ 
on  the  summit  of  the  forehead,  the  tyi>e  of  the 
family  Aeniciridic  (which  see). 

Acroceraunian  (ak"ro-se-ra'ni-an),  a.  [<  L. 
Acroccraunia,  <  Gr.  '.KKpoKcpaivta,  n.  j)l.,  <  oKpov, 
peak,  summit,  -(-  ncpavvtor,  thimder-smitten,  < 
Kepamior,  thunder  and  lightning.]  An  epithet 
applied  to  certain  moimtains  in  the  north  of 
Epirus  in  Greece,  projecting  into  the  strait  of 
Otranto. 

The  thunder-hills  of  fear, 
The  Acroceraunian  mountains  i»f  old  name.     Bi/ron. 

Acroceridae  (ak-ro-ser'i-de),  H.  ;;/.  [NL.,<  .-icro- 
i-ri-ii-  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  dipterous  insects, 
1  lelonging  to  the  section  or  suborder  liracliyccra, 
having  antemiaj  with  few  joints,  and  to  the 
Tctrachata;,  the  division  of  the  liracliyccra  in 
which  the  number  of  pieces  composing  the 
haustellum  is  four,  it  wiis  establisheil  by  I-each  in 
ISIO,  ami  is  typilled  by  the  genus  .-icriicera  (which  see). 

acrochirismus  (ak-ro-ki-ris'mus),  71.  [Gr. 
aKpoxcipia/j6(,  wrestling  with  the  hands,  <  aKpo- 
xeipiieiv,  wrestle  with  the  hands,  seize  with 
the  hands,  <  OKpdxtip,  later  form  for  oKpa  x"P> 
the  (terminal)  hand:  anpa,  fem.  of  oKpo^,  at  the 
end,  terminal,  extreme ;  x^'l>j  hand.]  In  Gr. 
antiq.,  a  kind  of  wrestling  in  which  the  an- 
tagomsts  held  each  other  by  the  wrists.  Also 
spelled  acroclieirisniiis. 

acrochord  (ak'ro-kord),  H.  [<  Acrochordus,  (j. 
v.]     A  snake  of  the  genus  Acrochordus. 

acrochordid  (ak-ro-k6r'did),  II.  A  snake  of  the 
tamilv  Aeroehordidw ;  a  wart-snake. 

Acrochordidae  (ak-ro-kor'di-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Acrochordus  +  -ida\]  A  family  of  viviparous 
ophidian  reptiles  of  the  aglyjjhodont  or  colu- 
brine  division,  which  contains  ordinary  in- 
nocuous serpents.  The  typical  genus  is  Acrochordus, 
containing^,  javani^us,  a  large,  stout-bodied,  and  very 
short-tailed  serpent  of  Java,  some  8  feet  long,  the  entire 
body  of  which  is  covered  with  small  granular  or  tubercular 
scales,  not  imbricated,  as  is  usu;il  in  the  order.  With  its 
sullen  eyes  and  swollen  jaw-s,  it  presents  a  very  savage 
appearance.  Tlie  family  contains  two  other  genera  of 
wart-snakes,  Chersyjdrus  and  Xenodermus. 

acrochordon  (ak-ro-kor'don),  Ji. ;  pi.  acrochor- 
doiies  (-do-nez).  [L.,  <  Gr.  uKpoxopi^'Jv,  a  wart 
with  a  tfiin  neck,  <  anpov,  top,  end,  +  ,T"f"'^'.  a 
string:  see  chord.]  A  small  filiform  fibroma- 
tons  outgrowth  of  tlie  skin,  often  becoming 
bulbous  at  the  end ;  a  hanging  wart. 

Acrochordus  (ak-ro-kor'dus),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
iiKpiiv,  top,  end,  -1- ,vo/j'''/,  a  string:  see  acrochor- 
don.] A  genus  of  wart-snakes  tj'jjifj'ing  the 
family  Aeroehordidw  (which  see).  Hornstedt. 
.Also  written  Acrocordus.     Shaic. 

Acrocinus  (ak-ro-si'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKpov, 
end,  extremity,  -t-  Ktvnv,  move.]  A  genus  of 
longicorn  beetles,  of  the  family  Ccrambycida; : 
so  called  by  niigcr  from  having  a  movable 
spine  on  each  side  of  the  thorax,  a.  lomjimamis, 
the  harletiuin-beetlc  of  South  America,  is  the  tj-pe.  It  is 
2i  inches  long,  with  antenna)  5  and  fore  legs  alone  4 
inches  in  length. 

Acroclinium  (ak-ro-klin'i-um),  ii.  [NL.  (with 
ref.  to  the  acutely  conical  receptacle),  <  Gr. 
aKpov,  top,  peak,  +  n'/.ivrj,  couch.]  A  generic 
name  retained  by  florists  for  a  composite  plant 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  more  properly 
classed  as  Meliptcrum  rosciim.  It  has  immor- 
telle-like flowers,  with  scarious  colored  bracts. 

Acrocomia  (ak-ro-ko'mi-il),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anpo- 
Ko/ior,  with  leaves  at  the  top,  tufted  with  leaves,< 
aKpoc,  at  the  top,  -f-  Ku/jj/,  a  tirft,  hau-:'  see  coma'^.] 
A  genus  of  tropical  American  palms,  allied  to 
the  cocoa-palm,  with  a  tall  prickly  trunk,  some- 
times swollen  in  the  middle,  beaiiiig  a  tuft  of 
very  large  pinnate  leaves,  j.  sclerocarjia  is  widely 
distributed  through  South  .\nieriea.  and  yields  a  small 
round  fruit  with  thin,  sweetish  pulp  and  an  edible  keniel. 
The  young  leaves  .arc  eaten  :ls  a  vegetable,  ami  a  sweet, 
fragrant  oil  is  extracted  from  the  nuts,  which  is  used  as 
an  emollient  and  in  the  manufacture  of  toilet-soaps.  See 
uiacair-tree.  • 

acrocyst  (ak'ro-sist),  II.  [<  Gr.  oKpoc,  at  the 
top,  -i-  Kiavtc,  bladder,  bag,  pouch  :  see  cyst.]  In 
:o(>l.,  an  external  sac  which  in  some  hydroids 
is  formed  upon  the  siunmit  of  the  gouangium, 
where  it  constitutes  a  receptacle  in  which  the 
ova  pass  through  some  of  the  earlier  stages  of 
their  development.     AUiimn. 

acrodactylum  (ak-ro-dak'ti-lum),  «. ;  pi.  acro- 
dactyla  (-lii).  [NL.,  <  (ir.  iiKpoc,  at  the  top,  -I- 
(SuKrr/'.of,  a  digit:  see  dactyl.]  In  ornith.,  the 
upper  surface  of  a  bird's  toe.     [Little  used.] 


acrodont 

acrodont  (ak'ro-dont ),  n.  anil  n.  [<  NTj.  acro- 
<luii(l-),  <  Gr.  lU'/jor,  at  tUo  I'lul  or  edge,  +  b6oi% 
(6Joi'7-)  =  E.  tooth.]  I.  H.  One  of  those  lizards 
which  have  the  teeth  attached  by  their  bases 
to  the  ed{;o  of  the  jaw,  without  bouy  alveoli  ou 
cither  the  iuiicr  or  the  outer  side. 

II.  n.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  an 
acrodont ;  haWng  that  aiTangement  of  the  teeth 
which  characterizes  an  acrodont :  as,  an  aero- 


^'     A  ^1 


Skull  of  a  Lizard  (  Vnramts')  with  Acrodont  Dentition. 
a,  nrticulnr  bone  of  mandible  ;  e,  coronoid  lione  of  do. :  rf.  denlary 
bone  of  do. ;/,  frontal;/,  prefronul; /■',  postfrontal;  /.  IacT>inai; 
m.  malar;  mx,  maxilla;  n,  nasal  ;i',  otic;/,  parietal;//.  pler>'goid  ; 
fft  columella  ;  pt",  transverse  bone ;  px,  premaxilla ;  q,  quadrate ; 
sq,  squamosal. 

rfojiZlizard;  flprof?OH«  dentition. —  2.  Having  the 
characters  of  the  Acrodonta,  or  heterodontoid 
fishes. 

Acrodonta  (ak-ro-don'tii),  H.  pi.  [NL.  :  see 
acrodmit.]  A  name  proposed  for  a  group  or 
suborder  iueludiiig  the  heterodontoid  and  re- 
lated sharks,  which  have  the  palato-quadrate 
apparatus  disarticulated  fi'om  the  cranium,  the 
dentigerous  portions  enlarged,  and  the  mouth 
inferior.  The  only  liviug  representatives  are  the  hete- 
rodontids  {Port  Jackson  shark,  etc.),  but  the  extinct  forms 
are  numerous. 

acrodynia  (ak-ro-din'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <6r.  o/c^of, 
at  the  extremity,  +  'o6'i  v//,  pain.]  An  epidemic 
disease  characterized  by  disturbances  in  the 
alimentary  canal  (vomiting,  colic,  dian-hea),  by 
nervous  symptoms  (especially  pain  in  the  ex- 
tremities), sometimes  by  cramp  or  anaesthesia, 
and  by  a  dermatitis  afiecting  the  hands  and  feet. 

acrogen  (ak'ro-jen),  H.  [<  Gr.  oKpoc,  at  the  top, 
+  -;cw/f,  -born,  produced:  see  -gen  and  genus.'] 
An  acrogenous  plant.  The  acrogens  form  a  dirision 
of  the  Cn/ptofjainia,  distinguished  from  the  thallogens  by 
their  habits  of  growth  and  mode  of  impregnation.  They 
have  true  stems  with  leafy  appendages  (excepting  the  ric- 
cias  and  marchantias),  and  the  embrj'onic  sac  is  impreg- 
nated by  the  spermatozoids.  They  are  divided  into  t\vo 
groups  :  (a)  those  composed  wholly  of  cellular  tissue,  the 
charas,  liverworts,  and  mosses ;  and  (b)  those  in  which 
vascular  tissue  is  present,  the  ferns,  horsetails,  pillworts, 
and  club-mosses.  — The  age  of  acrogens,  in  (feoL,  the 
Carboniferous  era,  when  acrogens  were  the  characteristic 
vegetable  forms. 

acrogenic  (ak-ro-jen'ii),  a.  Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  acrogens. 

TlKlt,  under  fit  conditions,  an  analogous  mode  of  growth 
will  occur  in  fronds  of  the  acrogenic  type,  ...  is  shown 
by  the  case  of  Jungermannia  furcata. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §194. 

acrogenous  (a-kroj'e-nus),  a.  [As  acrogen  + 
-owi.]  Increasing  by  growth  at  the  summit  or 
by  terminal  buds  only,  as  the  ferns  and  mosses ; 
of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining  to  acrogens. 

acrography  (a-krog'r.a-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aKpoc,  at  the 
top, -I- -)pa<5ia,  <  ;pdp£(i>,  write:  see  grajiliic.]  A 
process  for  producing  designs  in  relief  on  metal 
or  stone  through  a  ground  of  finely  powdered 
chalk,  solidified  by  hydraulic  pressm-e  into  a 
compact  mass.  .\  design  is  drawn  on  the  slightly  shin- 
ing white  surface  with  a  finely  pointed  brush  charged  with 
a  glutinous  ink,  which,  wherever  it  is  applied,  unites  the 
particles  of  chalk  so  firmly  that  they  remain  standing  in 
black  ridges  after  the  intermediate  while  spaces  have  been 
rubbed  away  witli  a  piece  of  velvet  or  a  light  brush.  If  the 
plate,  which  has  then  the  appearance  of  an  engraved  wood 
block,  is  dipped  in  a  solution  of  silica,  a  8tereot>i>e  cast 
or  an  electrotype  copy  can  be  taken  from  it  to  be  used  for 
printing  with  type. 

acroket,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  A  Middle  English 
form  ot  (icroitk. 

acrolein  (a-kro'le-in),  n.  [<  L.  acris,  sharp, 
liuiigcnt  (see  acrid),  +  olerc,  smell,  +  -in.]  A 
colorless  limpid  liquid,  CHot^HCOH,  having  a 
disagreeable  and  intensely  irritating  odor,  such 
as  that  noticeable  after  the  flame  of  a  candle 
has  been  extingiushed  and  wliile  the  wick  still 
glows.  It  is  the  ;ildehyilo  of  the  allyl  series,  and  is  ob. 
tained  by  dUtilling  glycerin  to  which  acid  potassium  sul. 
phate  or  strong  phosphoric  acid  has  been  added,  also  bv 
the  dry  distillation  of  fatty  bodies.  It  bums  with  a  clear, 
luminous  tlame. 

acrolith  (ak'ro-lith),  n.  [<  L.  acrolithu.i,<GT. 
aKpo'/.dhr,  witli  the  ends  made  of  stone,  <  dxpof, 
extreme,  at  the  end,  -f-  '/.iltor,  a  stone.]  In  Gr. 
antiq.,  a  sculptured  figure  of  which  only  the 
head  and  extremities  were  carved  in  stone,  the 


56 

rest  being  generally  of  wood,  and  covered  with 
either  textile  drapery  or  tliin  plates  of  metal. 

The  name  was  also  aii)ilie"d  to  figures  of  ordinary  stone  ot 
which  the  heads  and  extremities  were  formed  of  marble, 
as  in  SDini-  of  the  well. known  metopes  of  Selinus,  .Sicily. 

acrolithan  (a-krol'i-than),  a.    Same  as  acro- 

lilhic. 

acrolithic  (ak-ro-lith'ik),  a.  Of  the  nature  of 
an  acnilith;  formed  like  an  acrolith:  as,  an  «c- 
rolithic  statue. 

acrologic  (ak-ro-lo,j'ik),  a.  [<  aerology  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  aerology :  founded  on  or  using 
initials;  using  a  sign  primarily  representing  a 
word  to  denote  its  initial  letter  or  sound :  as, 
acrologic  notation ;  acrologic  names. 

The  twenty-two  names  (of  the  Semitic  letters]  are  ocro- 
logic ;  that  is,  the  name  of  each  letter  begins  with  that 
letter  Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  167. 

acrological  (ak-ro-loj'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  <iero- 

loifir. 

acrologically  (ak-ro-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
lulogic  manner;  by  means  of  aerology.  Isaac 
Tiii/lor. 

aerology  (a-krol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  aKpo^,  at  the 
end,  +  -/o)ia,  (./.iyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.]  The 
use  of  a  picture  of  some  object  to  represent 
alphabetically  the  first  part  (letter  or  sjUable) 
of  the  name  of  that  object.     See  acrojjhony. 

A  polysyllabic  language  did  not  lend  itself  so  readily  as 
the  Chinese  to  this  solution.  .According  to  Hali^vj',  the 
ditticulty  [of  effecting  the  transition  from  ideograms  to 
phonograms]  was  overcome  by  the  adoption  of  the  power- 
ful principle  of  Acrologii. 

Isaac  Tat/lor,  The  .Uphabet,  I.  43. 

aerometer  (a-krom'e-ter),  «.  [<  Gr.  aKpoc,  at 
the  top,  -I-  fdrpov,  a  measiu'e.]  An  instrument 
for  indicating  the  specific  gravity  of  oil.  See 
olcnmcier. 

acromia,  n.     Plm-al  of  acromion. 

acromial  (a-kro'mi-al),  a.  [<  acromion.]  In 
anat.,  relating  to  the  acromion — Acromial  pro- 
cess.  .See  ai'TO»iio;i.— Acromial  thoracic  artery.  See 

acrominthoracic, 

acromioclavicular  (a-kr6'''mi-6-kla-vik'u-lar). 
a.  [iyilj.  acromion  +  clavicula,  clay\c\e.]  Per- 
taining to  the  acromion  and  the  clavicle Acro- 
mioclavicular articulation,  the  ji>int  between  tlie  cob 
larboiic  and  the  shoulder-blade, — Acromioclavicular 

ligaments,  superior  and  inferior,  two  fibrous  bands  wiiich 
join  tile  acromion  and  the  cla\icle. 

acromiodeltoideus  (a-kro  ''mi-6-del-toi'de-us), 
H. ;  pi.  acromiodeltoidei  (-5).  [XL.,  <  acromion 
+  Gr.  (!£/.ro£«S.7f,  deltoid.]  A  muscle  of  some 
animals,  extending  from  the  acromion  to  the 
deltoid  ridge  of  the  humems,  corresponding  to 
an  acromial  part  of  the  liuman  deltoid  muscle. 

acromion  (a-kro'mi-on),  «.;  pi.  acromia  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  iiKpujiiov,  a  by-form  of  anpuuia,  the 
point  of  the  shoulder-blade,  <  ospof,  at  the  top 
or  enil,  -1-  liuof,  the  shoulder  with  the  upper 
arm,  akin  to  L.  Timcrus :  see  hnmerus,]  In  anat., 
the  distal  end  of  the  spine  of  the  scapula  or 
shoulder-blade,  in  man  it  is  an  enlarged  process, 
which,  originating  by  an  independent  center  of  ossifica- 
tion, articulates  with  the  distal  end  of  the  clavicle,  and 
gives  attachment  to  part  of  the  deltoid  and  trapezius 
muscles  :  commonly  called  the  acromial  procej<s,  or  acro- 
mion process.  Its  relations  are  the  same  in  other  mam- 
mals which  have  perfect  clavicles.  See  cut  under  gcap. 
ula. 

The  acrOTni'o7i  process  .  .  .  forms  the  summit  of  the 
shoulder.  Quain,  Anatomy,  I.  37. 

acromiothoracic  (a-kro'mi-o-tho-ras'ik),  «.  [< 
Gr.  aKjiijuun;  shoulder,  -I-  0upa^(OupaK-),  thorax.] 
Pertaining  to  the  shoulder  and  thorax.— Acro- 
miothoracic artery,  a  branch  of  the  axillary  arterj-, 
supplying  parts  about  the  shoulder  and  breast. 

acromiotrapezius  (a-kr6"mi-o-tra-pe'zi-us),  n. ; 
pi.  acromiotrape::ii  (-i).  [NL.,  <  acromion  +  tra- 
pezius.] An  intermediate  eerx-ical  portion  of 
the  trapezius  muscle,  in  special  relation  mth 
the  spine  of  the  scapula  and  the  acromion, 
forming  a  nearly  distinct  muscle  in  some  ani- 
mals. 

acromonogranunatic  (ak'ro-mon'o-gra-maf- 
ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  aKpoc,  at  the  end,  -I-  /ioro- 
-/ pd/i/joToc,  consisting  of  one  letter:  see  mono- 
grammatic.]  A  term  applied  to  a  poetical 
composition  in  which  every  x'erse  begins  with 
the  same  letter  as  that  with  which  the  preceding 
verse  end.-;. 

Acromyodi  (ak'ro-mi-6'di),  n.  pi.  |;NL.,  <Gr. 
iiKpoc,  at  the  end,  +  five,  muscle,  -I-  ut?/},  song.] 
A  suborder  or  superfamily  of  passerine  birds, 
embracing  the  Oscincs,  or  singing  birds  proper, 
and  characterized  by  having  the  several  intrin- 
sic s.vringeal  muscles  attached  to  the  ends  of 
the  upper  bronchial  half-rings :  opposed  to 
Mesomyodi.  The  great  majority  of  the  Passeres  are 
Acromyodi.  (The  word  is  also  used  as  an  adjective  in  the 
expression  Passeres  acromyodi,  equivalent  to  acromyo- 
dian  Passeres.] 


acropodium 

acromyodian  (ak  ro-mi-o'ili-an),  a.  and  «.  [< 
Acromyodi.]  I.  <;.  l)f  or  pertaining  to  the 
Acromyodi :  having  that  an-angemcnt  of  the 
muscles  of  the  syrinx  which  characterizes  the 
Acromyodi :  as,  an  acromyodian  bird. 
H.  n.  One  of  the  Acromyodi. 

acromyodic  (ak'ro-mi-od'ik),  a.  [<  Aeromy- 
iiili.]     Same  as  acromyodian. 

acromyodous  (ak-ro-mi'o-dus),  a.    Same  as 

iinoiityodiitii, 

acronarcotic  (ak  ■  ro-nar-kot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
iicri.s,  sharp,  pungent  (see  acrid),  -t-  narcotic.] 
I.  a.  Acting  as  an  irritant  and  a  narcotic. 

II.  H.  One  of  a  class  of  poisons,  chiefly  of 
vegetable  origin,  which  irritate  and  inflame  the 
parts  to  which  they  are  applied,  and  act  on  the 
brain  and  spinal  cord,  producing  stupor,  coma, 
paralysis,  and  convulsions.  -Also  called  nar- 
cotico-acrid  or  narcotico-irritant. 

acronic,  acronical,  «.    See  acronychal. 

acronotine  (ak-ro-no'tin),  a.  [<  Acronotus.]  In 
C'l"/.,  pertaining  to  the  suligenus  Acronotus. 

Acronotus  (ak-ro-no'tus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iiKpov, 
the  highest  point,  +  ruror,  back.]  1.  A  sub- 
genus of  ruminating  animals  found  in  Africa. 
Bamalis  (Acronotus)  bubahis  is  the  type.  Sam. 
Smith,  1827. —  2.  A  genus  of  beetles. 

Acronuridae  (ak-ro-uii'ri-de),  H.  j>l.  [<  ^cronif- 
rus  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  spiny-finned  fishes, 
referred  by  Giinther  to  his  Acanthopterygii  cotto- 
scombriformes,  ha^-ing  one  dorsal  with  several 
spongy  spines  anteriorh-,  one  or  more  bony 
spines  on  each  side  of  the  tail,  and  the  t«eth 
compressed,  titmeate  or  lobate,  and  closely  set 
in  a  single  series.  The  species  are  known  as  barber- 
fisti  and  surgeons.  The  family  is  also  called  Acanthuri- 
dte  and  Teuthididae.    See  these  words. 

Acronurus  (ak-ro-nii'rus),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  ir- 
reg.  <  Gr.  oKpoi;  extremity,  -I-  oipa,  tail.]  A  for- 
mer generic  name  of  small  fishes  now  known  to 
be  the  young  of  species  of  Acanthurus  (which 
see). 

acronych  (a-kron'ik),  a.  [Also  wiitten  acronyc, 
acronic,  and  aclironic,  by  confusion  with  adjec- 
tives in  -ic  and  -vnth  chronic  and  Gr.  XP^<K, 
tinie;  =  F.  acronyqiie  =  Sp.  acronicto,  acrdnico 
=  Pg.  acronico,  achronico  =  It.  acronico,  <  Gr. 
(iKpoi'i'xo^,  also  aKp6vvKTo^  and  aKpovvK-iog,  at 
nightfall,  <  d\pof,  at  the  end  or  edge,  +  vi-^ 
(i'i'(>T-)  =  E.  night.]     Same  as  acrotiychal. 

acronychal  (a-kion'i-kal),  a.  [Also  written 
acronycal,  acronical,  etc.,  asacronych  :  <  acronych 
+ -al.]  In  ffsfroH.,  occurring  at  sunset:  as,  the 
acronychal  rising  or  setting  of  a  star :  opposed 

to  cosmical. — Acronychal  place  or  observation,  the 

place  or  observation  of  a  planet  at  its  opposition :  so 
called  because  in  an  early  state  of  astronomy  the  opposi- 
tion of  a  planet  was  known  by  its  acronychal  rising. 

acronychally  (a-kron'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  acron- 
ychal manner;  at  sunset.  A  star  is  said  to  rise  and 
set  acronychatly  when  it  rises  or  sets  as  the  sun  sets. 

acronyctOUS  (ak-ro-nik'tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  anpuvvK- 
roc:  see  acronych.]     Sarae  as  acronychal. 

a.croo^ia-^iTi'k'),  pre}). phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<ME. 
acrolce,  <  aS,  jirep.,  on, -i- crol'e,  erook.]  Awry; 
crookedly.     [Now  rare.] 

Humbre  renneth  fyist  a  crook  out  of  the  south  side  of 
York.  Caxton,  Descr.  Britain,  p.  12. 

This  gear  goth  acrook.         UdaU,  Roister  Doister,  iv.  3. 

Libertie  ys  thing  that  women  loke. 
And  truly  els  the  mater  is  aeroke. 

Court  0/  Lore.  1.  37S. 

acropetal  (ak-rop'e-tal),  a.  [<  Gr.  aKpov,  the  top, 
+  Xi.  petere,  seek.  Ci.  centripetal.]  In  6of., de- 
veloping from  below  upward,  or  from  the  base 
toward  the  apex  ;  basifugal. 

acropetally  (ak-rop'e-tal-i),  adv.  In  an  acrope- 
tal manner. 

The  lateral  shoots  which  normally  arise  below  the  gn>w- 
ing  apex  of  a  mother-shoot  are  always  arranged  acrope- 
tally. like  the  leaves.  Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  \ht. 

acrophonetic  (ak'ro-pho-net'ik),  a.  [(.acroph- 
ony,  aftev  phonetic]  Pertaining  to  acrophony 
(which  see). 

acrophony  (a-kiof 'o-ni),  «.  [<  Gr.  QKpo^,  at 
the  end,  +  -purio,  <  buv//,  sotmd.]  In  the  de- 
velopment of  alphabetic  writing,  the  use  of  a 
sjTnbolie  picture  of  au  object  or  idea  to  repre- 
sent phonetically  the  initial  syllable,  or  the 
initial  sound,  of  the  name  of  that  object  or 
idea ;  as  ixi  giving  to  the  Egyptian  hieroglyph 
for  nefer,  good,  the  phonetic  value  of  ne,  its  first 
syllable,  or  of  n,  its  first  letter.     See  aerology. 

acropodium  (ak-ro-p6'di-um),  H. ;  pi.  acropodia 
(-a).  [<  Gr.  oKpoc,  at  the  top,  +  woSioi;  dim.  of 
-oix  (,~oS-)=zE.  foot.]  1.  In  zool.,  the  upper 
surface  of  the  whole  foot.  Brande. —  2.  In  or- 
nif/i.,  sometimes  used  as  sjTionvmous  with  ac- 


acropodium 

rndactijlu))! .  [Ijittlci  used  in  pither  of  these  two 
senses.]  —  3.  In  (irt,  an  elevated  i)edest!il  l>ear- 
iug  11  statue,  partieularly  it'  raised  from  tlie 
sulistrneture  on  supports  or  feet;  the  jilintli  of 
a  statue  (jr  otlu'r  work  of  art,  if  resting  on 
feet.  K(l.  Ciiilldiiiiu: 
acropolis  (a-krop'O-lis),  II.  [L.,  <  Gr.  oKp(iiro/l(r, 
tlie  ujiper  city,  <uKpot:,  highest,  npper,  +  TrdXir, 
a  eity:  see /;»//(•<■.]  The  eita<lel  of  a  Grecian 
city,  "usually  the  site  of  the  original  settlement, 
and  situated  on  an  eminence  fommanding  the 


Tlic  Acropolis  of  Athens,  from  the  southeast. 

surrounding  country.  wIumi  tlie  city  spread  beyond 
its  e:irlifr  limits,  the  acnipolis  wjus  generally  cleared  of  its 
inliiiliitaiits  ;iih1  lieM  s:ii-r.-il  to  the  divinities  of  the  state, 
wliiisc  tcniiiks  were  uiiuii  it.  The  acropolis  of  Alliens 
ii)iitaiiii.-.l  the  most  splendid  produetions  of  Greek  art,  the 
parthtM.in.  the  Erechthenni.  ami  the  Tropylsea. 

acrosarcum  (ak-ro-siir'kum),  H. ;  pi.  acrosarca 
(-kil).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKfior,  at  the  end,  +  oap^ 
(mifm-),  llesh.]  A  name  given  by  Desvaux  to  a 
berry  resulting  from  an  ovary  with  adnate  ealjrx, 
as  ill  the  ciu-rant  and  cranberry. 

acrosaurus  (ak-ro-sa'rus),  II.;  pi.  acrosaiiri 
(-ri).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anpor,  extreme,  +  aavpoi;,  a 
lizard:  see  Haurit.-i.']  An  extraordinary  fossil 
reptile,  with  30  or  40  teeth  and  a  broad  cheek- 
bone process,  oeeui-ring  in  the  Triassie  sand- 
stones of  southern  Africa. 

Acrosoma  (ak-ro-s6'mil),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  iiupov, 
top,  jieak,  extremity,  +  cupa,  body.]  A  genus 
of  orbitelarian  spiders  of  the  family  Epeiridw 
(or  Gastracantkidiv),  having  the  sides  of  the  ab- 
domen prolonged  into  immense  horns,  whence 
the  name.  It  is  a  tropical  genus  with  many 
species. 

acrospire  (ak'ro-spir),  ».  [Formerly  akcr-, 
fir-tccsyK/'c;  <  Gr.  anpoc,  at  the  top,  +  a-eipa,  a 
coil,  s]iire,  >  L.  spira,  >E.  spire,  q.  v.]  The  first 
loaf  which  rises  above  the  gi'ound  in  tlie  ger- 
mination of  grain ;  also  the  rudimentary  stem 
or  first  leaf  which  appears  in  malted  grain ;  the 
developed  plumule  of  the  seed. 

acrospire  (ak'ro-spir),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  jip.  acro- 
spirrd,  ppr.  acrospiriiKj.  [Formerly  oter-,  acker- 
sjiirr;  from  the  noim.]  To  throw  out  the  first 
leaf ;  sprout. 

acrospired  (ak'ro-spird),j).  fl.  Having  or  exhib- 
iting the  acrospu'e :  especially,  in  inalt-makinii, 
applied  to  the  grains  of  barley  which  have 
sprouted  so  far  as  to  exhibit  the  blade  or  plu- 
mule-end, together  with  the  root  or  radicle. 

acrospore  (ak'ro-spor),  ».  [<  Gr.  anpoQ,  at  the 
end,  +  anopi'i,  seed:  see  .s'/iorc]  Inftof.,  aform 
of  fruit  in  I'cronosponi,  a  genus  of  microscopic 
fimgi,  borne  at  the  ends  of  erect  simple  or 
brancliin"  filaments  of  the  mycelium.  The  term 
is  also  applied  generally  to  the  reproductive  organs  of 
fungi  wlien  they  are  developed  at  the  apex  of  the  mother 
cell  or  sporiiphore. 

acrosporous  (a-kros'po-rus),  a.  Having  spores 
nuked  ami  produced  at  the  tips  of  cells:  applietl 
to  line  of  the  two  modes  in  which  fruit  is  formed 
in  fungi.     l<''or  the  other  method  see  ascincrous. 

across  (a-kros'),  jircp.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep. 

[<  late  ME.  ucros  (also  in  cro.^s,  and  in  inunrr  of 

a  eros);  <o3 -)-(Toss.]     I.  adv.  1.  From  side  to 

side;  in  a  crossing  or  crossed  manner;  crosswise. 

Who  calls  me  villain?  breaks  my  pate  acnuix  i 

^hak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 
With  arms  wross. 
He  stood  reflecting  on  his  country's  loss.        IJrijden. 


67 

[In  the  exclnmntion,  "Good  faith,  across!"  Shak.,  All's 
Well,  ii.  1,  the  allusion  is  to  striking  an  adversary  cross- 
wise with  the  spear  in  tilting  instead  of  by  thrusting,  the 
former  being  considered  disgraceful.) 

2.  From  one  side  to  another;  transversely;  in 
a  transverse  lino:  as,  what  is  the  distance 
acroanf  I  came  across  in  a  steamer. 

At  a  descent  into  it  [cavern  of  Vanclnse)  of  thirty  or 
forty  feet  from  the  brink  where  we  stood  was  a  pool  of 
water,  perbaiis  thirty  feet  avromt. 

('.  I).  Wariirr,  Roundabout  Journey,  ii. 

3.  Adversely  ;    contrarily  :    as,    "  things  go 

across,"  Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  344 To  break  across, 

in  liUinnt  to  allow  one's  spear  by  awkwardness  to  be  broken 
across  the  body  of  one's  adversary,  instead  of  by  the  inish 
of  the  jioint. 

One  said  lie  brake  acroits.  Sir  P.  .Suliicy. 

II.  prep.  1 .  From  side  to  side  of ,  as  opposed 

to  (iloiui,  which  is  in  tho  dii-ection  of  the  length; 

athwart ;  quite  over  :  as,  a  bridge  is  laid  across 

a  river. 

I  The  boys[  will  go  down  on  one  side  of  the  yacht  .  .  .  and 
bob  nj)  on  the  other,  almost  before  you  have  time  to  run 
itcrosn  the  deck.  Ladij  lirajmey.Yoyagc of  Sunbeam,  I.  ii. 
2.  Transverse  to  the  length  of;  so  as  to  inter- 
sect at  any  angle :  as,  a  line  jjassing  across  an- 
other.— 3.  Beyond  ;  on  the  other  side  of. 
O  love,  we  two  sh-iU  go  no  longer 
To  lands  of  summer  across  the  sea. 

Tennyson,  Daisy. 
AcrosslotS,  by  tile  shortest  way  ;  byashortcut.  [CoUoq.] 
-  To  come  across,  to  meet  or  fall  in  with. 

If  I  come  across  a  real  thinker,  ...  I  enjoy  the  luxury 
of  sitting  still  for  a  while  as  much  as  another. 

O.  ir.  Holmes,  The  Professor,  i. 

acrostic^  (a-kros'tik),  M.andn.  [  =  F.  acrostichc 
=  yp.  Pg.  It.  acrostico,  <  Gr.  aKpoarixiov,  anpo- 
nrixi':,  an  acrostic,  <  iiKpor,  at  the  end,  +  crlxor, 
row,  order,  line,  <  uTtixciv  {y/  *aTix),  go,  walk, 
march,  go  in  lino  or  ortler,  =  AS.  stiyan,  E.  stij'^, 
go  up.  The  second  element  would  prop,  be 
-stich,  as  in  distich  ;  it  has  been  assimilated  to 
the  common  suffix -('f.]  I.  «.  1.  A  composition 
in  ver.se,  in  which  the  first,  or  the  iii'st  and  last, 
or  certain  other  letters  of  the  lines,  taken  in  or- 
der, form  a  name,  title,  motto,  tho  order  of  the 
alphabet,  etc. — 2.  A  Hebrew  poem  in  which  the 
initial  letters  of  the  lines  or  stanzas  were  made 
to  rim  over  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  in  their 
order.  Twelve  of  the  Psalms  are  of  this  charac- 
ter, of  which  Psalm  exix.  is  tho  best  example. 
II.  ".  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  con- 
taining an  acrostic :  as,  acrostic  verses. 
acrostic-t  (a-kros'tik),  a.  l<  across  {crossed, 
er(»«0>  eonfiisedwith«cro6';/cl.]  Crossed;  fold- 
ed across ;  crossing.     [Rare.] 

lint  what    melancholy  sir,  with    acrostic    arms,   now 

comes?  Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  iv.  4. 

acrostical(a-ki'os'ti-kal),  a.     Sameasocrosft't'l. 

[Rare  or  unused.] 
acrostically  (a-kros'ti-kal-i),  adv.     In  the  man- 
ner of  an  acrostic. 
acrosticism  (a-ki-os'ti-sizm),  K.     [<  acrostic'^  + 
-isiii.'i     Acrostic  aiTangement  or  character. 
acrostolium  (ak-ro-sto'li-um),  H. ;  pi.  acrostolia 
(-ii)'      [NL.,  <  Gr.  uKpoGTO/.iov,  defined  as  the 
same  as  at^'Aaarov,  L.  apliistre,  which,  however, 
referred  to  the  stern  of  a  ship  (see  nplustre) ; 
also  the  gunwale  of  a  ship,  prop,  the  extremity 
of  the  ship's  beak;  <  d/cpof,  at  the  end,  -1-  arti/oc, 

a  ship's  beak, 
anaiipendage, 
prop.  arma- 
ment, equip- 
ment, <  cri/.- 
Afiv,  arrange, 
equip.]  An 
oraament,  of- 
ten gracefully 
cur^'ed  and 
elaborately 
carved,  surmounting  the  bows  of  ancient  ships. 
These  ornaments  frci|iit  ntly  figured  among  trophies,  as  it 
was  customary  for  the  victor  in  a  naval  combat  to  take 
tlicm  from  the  raptured  ships. 
acrotarsial  (ak-ro-tiir'si-al),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  acrotarsium. 
acrotarsium  (ak-ro-tilr'si-um),  H. ;  pi.  acrotar- 
siii  (-ii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  QKpo^,  at  tho  top,  4-  rap<j6^, 
the  sole  of  the  foot:  see  tarsus.']  1.  In  :o<il., 
the  upper  surface  of  the  tarsus ;  the  instep  of 
the  foot. — 2.  In  ornith.,  the  front  of  the  tarso- 
metatarsus,  this  segment  of  the  limb  being 
called  tarsus  in  ordinary  descriptive  ornithol- 
ogy. [The  tenns  acropodiinn,  acrotarsium,  and  acrvdac- 
tiitunl  have  varying  senses  with  different  writers,  or  as  ap- 
plied to  dilferenl  animals ;  properly,  the  first  of  these  covers 
the  other  two,  as  a  whole  includes  the  parts  of  which  it  con- 
sists. They  are  little  used  in  any  sense.  See  tarsus.] 
acroteleutic  (ak'ro-te-lii'tik),  n.  [<  Gr.  mpo- 
-OcvTwv,  the  fag-end,  esp.  of  a  verse  or  poem, 
<  d/cpof,  extreme,  +  rt/Uirr^,  end.]     Ecclcs.,  any- 


act 

thing  added  to  the  end  of  a  psalm  or  hymn,  as 

a  doxology. 
acroter  (ak'ro-ter),  )(.     Same  as  acroterium. 
acroteral  (ak-ro-te'ral),  a.     Same  as  aa'oterial. 
acroteria,  n.     PluraX  oi  acroterium. 
acroterial   (ak-ro-te'ri-al),  a.     [<  acroleriitm.] 

Pertaining  to  an  acroterium:  as,  acroterial  or- 

uameuts.     An  equivalent  form  is  acroteral. 


Acroteria. 
Hypothetical  restoration  of  the  gate  of  the  Agora  of  Athena 

Archegetis  at  Athens. 

acroterium  (ak-ro-te'ri-um),  H.:  pi.  acroteria 
(-ii).  [L.,  <  Gr.  aiipuri/ptoi',  pi.  anpurijpta,  any 
topmost  or  pi'ominent  part,  the  end  or  extrem- 
ity, in  pi.  the  extremities  of  the  body,  the 
angles  of  a  pediment,  <  impor,  extreme.]  1. 
In  classic  arch.,  a  small  pedestal  placed  on  tho 
apex  or  angle  of  a  pediment  for  the  sujiport  of 
a  statue  or  other  ornament. —  2.  (n)  A  statue 
or  an  ornament  placed  on  such  a  pedestal,  (fc) 
Any  ornament  forming  the  ape.x  of  a  building 
or  other  sti'ucture,  or  of  a  monument,  such  as 


Acroterium.— Choragic  Monument  of  Lysicrates.  Athens. 

the  anthemia  of  Greek  tombstones  or  the  dee- 
orations  of  some  modern  architectural  balus- 
trades.    Compare  «»((;/( J.     Also  called  f/croter. 
acrothymion,  acrothymium  (ak-ro-thim'i-on, 

-um),  II.;  pi.  acrothj/iiiia  {-a).  [NL.,<  Gr.  aAy)oi;, 
at  the  top,  4-  fl/wor,  thjano:  see  thijme.']  In 
pathol.,  a  rugose  wart,  with  a  narrow  basis  and 
broad  top,  compared  by  Celsus  to  the  flower  of 
thyme.     Also  called  ihyiniis. 

acrotic  (a-krot'ik),  a.  [Invg.  <  Gr.  aupdrr/^,  an 
extremity,  <  dxpof,  extreme,  at  tho  top,  on  the 
surface.]  In  pathol.,  belonging  to  or  affecting 
external  surfaces :  as,  acrotic  diseases. 

acrotisni  (ak'ro-tizm),  H.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -l- 
KpOToc,  sound  of  beating,  4-  -;»'/«.]  In  pathnl., 
absence  or  wealaiess  of  the  pulse. 

acrotomous  (a-krot'o-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  oKporo- 
poi;,  cut  off,  sharp,  abrupt,  <  aspoc,  e.xtreme,  at 
the  top,  4-  -rouor,  <  rc/iveiv,  cut.]  In  mineral., 
having  a  cleavage  parallel  to  the  top  or  base. 

acryl  (ak'ril),  H.  [iacr^oleiii)  + -iil.'\  la  chrm., 
a  hypothetical  radical  (CH2:CH.C0)  of  which 
acrylic  acid  is  tho  hydrate. 

acrylic  (a-kril'ik),  a.  [<  acri/l  +  -ic.']  Of  or  per- 
taining to  acryl Acrylic  acid,  ('H._.  iCH.cooil,  a 

jiungent,  agreeably  smelling  litiuid,  produced  by  the  oxi- 
dation of  acrolein.  This  acid  Is  monobasic,  and  its  salts 
are  very  soluble  in  water. 

Acryllium  (a-kril'i-um),  H.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr. 
oKpov,  extremity  (with  ref.  to  the  pointed  tail), 
+  dim.  term.  -i/./.;oi'.]  A  notable  genus  of 
guinea-fowls,  family  2\'uiHididiT.  The  only  species 
is  A.  vultiiriiunn  of  Africa,  having  the  bead  ami  nppec 
part  of  the  neck  nearly  naked,  the  fore  p;u-t  of  the  body 
cbvered  with  elongated  lanceolate  feathers,  and  the  tail 
pointed  with  long  acute  central  rectrices.  The  genus  was 
founded  by  G.  K.  Gray  in  1S40. 

act  (akt),  n.  [<  ME.  act  =  F.  actc  =  Sp.  Pg. 
auto  and  acto  =  It.  atlo;  partly  (a)  <  L.  actum 
(pi.  acta),  a  thing  done,  esp.  a  public  transac- 
tion, prop.  neut.  of  actus,  pp.  of  agcre,  do;  and 
partly  (h)  <  L.  actus  (pi.  actus),  n.,  the  doing  of 
a  thing,  performance,  action,  division  of  a  play, 
<  agcre,  lead,  drive,  impel,  move,  cause,  make, 
perform,  do,  =  Gr.  ayav,  lead,  drive,  do,  =Ieel. 


act 

oivf,  drive,  =  Skt.  ■y/  aj,  drive.    Hence  (from  L. 

ugcrc),  <xnet,  redact,  transact,  cogent,  exigent, 
agile,  agitate,  cogitate,  etc. ;  see  also  ake  =  aclie^, 
acre,  acorn,  agrarian,  agriculture,  etc.]  1.  An 
exertion  of  energy  or  force,  physical  or  mental; 
anything  that  is  done  or  performed ;  a  doing  or 
deed  ;  an  operation  or  perfonuauee. 

Ilhistriuiis  a^-fii  Iiigh  raptures  ilo  infuse.       WalUr. 

Nor  deem  tliat  ads  lieruie  wait  ou  ehanee. 

Lowdl,  Three  Mem.  Poems. 

2.  A  state  of  real  existence,  as  opposed  to  a 
possibility,  power,  or  being  in  genn  merely; 
actuality;  actualization;  entcleeh\-.  [Transla- 
tion of  the  Greek  iviir,  eia  and  t iTt7.t;);£ia.]  Tlic  soul, 
according  to  tlie  Aristotelians,  is  the  act,  that  is,  is  the 
entelechy  or  perfeet  development  of  the  body.  .So  God  is 
said  to  bo  pure  act,  for  Aristotle  says,  "There  must  be  a 
principle  whose  essence  it  is  to  he  actual  (^c  17  ovaia  ei-e'p- 
yn-a.),"  and  this  is  by  many  writers  understood  to  mean 
"whose  essence  is  io  be  active."  In  the  phrase  in  act, 
therefore,  a<'t,  though  ]>roperly  meaning  actuality,  is  often 
used  to  mean  activity. 

The  seeds  of  plants  arc  not  at  first  in  act,  but  iu  possi- 
bility, what  they  aftcrw.ards  gl'ow  to  be.  Hooker. 

3.  A  part  or  division  of  a  play  performed  con- 
secutively or  without  a  fall  of  the  curtain,  in 
Tvhich  a  definite  and  coherent  portion  of  the 
plot  is  represented  :  generally  subdivided  into 
smaller  portions,  called  scenes. — 4.  The  result 
of  public  deliberation,  or  the  decision  of  a 
prince,  legislative  body,  coimcil,  court  of  jus- 
tice, or  magistrate ;  a  decree,  etlict,  law,  stat- 
ute, judgment,  resolve,  or  award  :  as,  an  act  of 
Parliament  or  of  Congress ;  also,  in  plural, 
proceedings ;  the  formal  record  of  legislative 
resolves  or  of  the  doings  of  individuals.  Acts 
are  (if  two  kinds;  (I)  iniui-al  vv  ]ntblk\  which  are  of  gen- 
eral application  ;  and  {•l)prii'atf;,  which  relate  to  particular 
pei^iins  or  concerns.  A  law  or  statute  proposed  in  a  legis- 
lative body,  then  called  a  bill,  becomes  an  act  after  having 
been  passed  by  both  branches  and  signed  by  the  chief  ex- 
ecutive ofticer ;  but  in  a  few  of  the  United  States  the 
governor's  signature  is  not  necessary.  British  acts  are 
usually  referred  to  by  mentioning  them  simply  by  the 
regnal  year  and  number  of  chapter :  as,  flc(  of  7  and  S  Vict. 
c.  32.  American  acts,  particularly  acts  of  Congi-ess,  are 
often  referred  to  simply  by  date :  as,  act  of  Slay  6, 1SS2. 
5.  In  universities,  apubliedisputation  or  lecture 
required  of  a  candidate  for  a  degi'ee  of  master. 
The  performer  is  said  to  "keep  the  act.  '  Hence,  at  Cam- 
bridge, the  thesis  and  examination  for  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor; at  0.vford,  the  occasion  of  the  conipleti'iti  of  degrees. 
So,  act  tiolidatt,  act  .feast.  The  camlidiite  wlm  keeps  the 
act  is  also  himself  called  the  act.  Iu  medieval,  and  some- 
times in  modern  scholastic  use,  any  pul)lic  defense  of  a 
thesis  by  way  of  disputation  is  called  an  act. 

Such  that  e.xpect  to  proceed  Masters  of  Arts  to  exhibit 
their  synopsis  of  acts  required  by  the  laws  of  the  College. 
Orders  of  Overseers  of  Harvard  CoUeffe,  1650. 
[Such  a  synopsis  (cedula),  stating  the  time  of  studies,  the 
acts  made,  and  the  degrees  taken  by  the  candidate,  and 
duly  sworn  to,  had  usually  been  required  in  universities 
since  the  middle  ages.} 

I  pass  therefore  to  the  statute  which  ordains  a  public 
act  to  be  kept  each  year.  This  is  now  in  a  manner  quite 
worn  out,  for  of  late  there  has  not  been  a  public  act  above 
once  in  ten  or  twelve  years  ;  .  .  .  the  last  one  we  h.-id  was 
upon  the  glorious  peace  of  1712. 

Aiithurst,  Terrie  Filius  (1721),  Xu.  xlvii. 
Q.. la  law,  an  instrument  or  deed  in  writing, 
serving  to  prove  the  truth  of  some  bargain  or 
transaction :  as,  I  deliver  this  as  my  off  and 
deed.  The  tenn  is  used  to  show  the  connection  between 
the  instrument  and  the  party  who  has  given  it  validity  by 
his  signature  or  by  his  legal  assent ;  when  thus  perfected, 
the  instrument  becomes  the  act  of  the  parties  who  have 
signed  it  or  assented  to  it  in  a  form  required  by  law.^  Edw. 
Liviiujston. 

Acts  having  a  legal  validity  are  everywhei-e  reduced  to 

certain  forms ;  a  certain  number  of  witnesses  is  required 

to  prove  them,  a  certain  magistrate  to  authenticate  them. 

Woolseii,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  75. 

7.  In  theoh,  sometliing  done  at  once  and  once 
for  all,  as  distinguished  from  a  work.  Thus,  justi- 
fication is  saiii  to  be  an  act  of  (iod's  free  grace,  but  sancti- 
fication  is  a  uurk  carried  on  through  life.—  In  the  act  in 
the  actual  performance  or  connnission ;  said  especially  of 
persons  who  are  caught  when  engaged  in  some  misdeed. 
This  woman  was  taken  in  adultery,  in  tlie  very  act. 

Jolin  viii.  4. 
In  act  to,  prepared  or  ready  to  ;  ou  the  very  point ; 
implying  a  certain  bodily  disposition  or  posture:  as,  in 
act  to  strike. 

Gathering  his  flowing  robe,  he  seemed  to  stand 
In  act  to  speak,  and  graceful  stretched  his  hand.   Pope. 
Shut  sidelong  glances  at  us,  a  tiger-cat 
III  act  III  spring.  Tennyson,  Pi-iuccss.  ii. 

Act  Of  bankruptcy.  See  imnkruptcn.—tLCi  of  faith 
auto  dc  fc-  (wlii.li  .sei).— Act  of  God,  in  law,  a  direct,  vio! 
lent,  sudden,  and  ovcrvvhelniing  action  of  natural  forces, 
such  !LS  could  not  by  luimau  ability  have  been  foreseen,  or,  if 
foreseen,  could  not  by  human  care  and  skill  have  been  re. 
8iste<l.  It  is  a  good  defense  to  an  action  for  nonperform.ancc 
of  a  contract ;  and,  in  general,  no  man  is  held  legally  respiui- 
sible  for  injuries  of  which  such  act  of  God  was  dirictly  the 
cause,  except  by  special  agreement.  — Act  Of  grace,  a'term 
sometimes  applied  to  a  general  pardon,  or  the  graiiting  or 
extension  of  Sftnic privilege,  at  the  beginidngof  anew  reign, 
the  c.ining  of  age  or  the  nianiiige  of  the  sovereign,  etc— 
Act  Of  honor,  an  instrument  drawn  by  a  notary  public 
after  protest  of  a  bill  of  exchange,  whereby  a  tliird  party 


58 

afrrees  to  pay  or  nccopt  the  hill  for  the  honor  of  any  party 
thort-to.— Act  of  indemnity.  See  indemnity.— A.ct  in 
pals,  11  jmiicial  act  i)i;rft»Min'il  nut  of  ci>urt  Jiiid  not  re- 
(■nrih'd.  See  ;'«iV.  — Act's  breakfast,  !iri  fiittTtainment 
which  from  early  times  has  liecii  KJveii  by  a  camliilate  for 
a  university  duKree  on  the  day  of  hisniakiiiK  liin  act.  Tlie 
act  for  master  or  doctor  of  thenltij^'y  fitMiuently  impfivtr- 
ished  the  candidate  for  life.— Acts  Of  the  Apostles,  the 
title  of  the  Ilfth  hook  of  the  New  Testament.     .Seeac(rt.~ 

Acts  of  faith,  hope,  charity,  and  contrition,  forms  of 
prayer  in  eonniion  vise  in  the  Kinnan  t'utholie  Chureli,  ex- 
pressive of  the  internal  exercise  of  the  virtues  n;mieil.  - 
Acts  of  the  Martyrs.  See  (/c/a.— Acts  of  Uniformity, 
three  acts  for  the  rryulatiun  of  pnhlie  worsliip  pas.M-d  m 
Enpland  in  1549,  l.'-iVJ,  and  1002,  obliging  all  chi-y,  in  the 
conduct  of  public  services,  to  use  only  the  llimk  of  Com- 
mon Prayer.  — Act  term,  the  last  term  of  tin-  univ.-rsity 
year.  — Balnes's  Act.  (a)  An  English  .statute  of  1848,  treat- 
ing acccssorii  s  bufoi-o  the  fact  in  felonies  like  principals, 
and  permitting'  separate  prosecution  of  accessories  after 
the  fact,  {b)  An  English  statute  of  ls4!».  nhitiiii;  to  ap- 
peals to  the  quarter  sessions. ^Bank  Charter  Act.  See 
Bank  Act,  under  hank. — Berkeley's  Act,  an  Kurdish  stat- 
ute of  1855  prohibiting  the  sale  of  beer,  wine,  and  liquor 
on  Sundays  and  liolidays  between  3  and  5  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  and  from  U  o'clock  at  night  to  4  o'clock  the 
next  morning.- Black  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1722 
(9  Geo.  I.  c.  22),  so  called  because  designed  originally  to 
suppress  associations  of  the  lawless  persons  calling  them- 
selves "blacks."  It  made  felonies  certain  crimes  against 
the  game  laws,  sending  anonymous  letters,  demanding 
money,  and  similar  offenses.— Black  acts,  the  acts  of 
the  Scottish  Parliament  during  the  reigns  of  tlie  first  five 
Jameses,  Jlary,  and  James  VI.,  down  to  15S0  or  1587. 
They  were  so  called  from  the  circumstance  of  their  being 
written  in  tlie  Old  English  character,  called  Hack  Utter. 

—  Bovill'S  Act.  (rt)  An  English  statute  of  1860  simpUfy- 
ing  proceedings  in  petitions  of  right.  Also  known  as 
Sir  William  Bovill's  Act,  and  as  the  Petitluns  of  liightH 
Act,  1860.  (b)  An  English  statute  of  1865,  also  knowii  as 
Chief  Justice  Bovill's  Act,  abolishing  the  rule  by  which 
creditors  could  hold  liable  as  a  partner  any  one  who  had 
participated  in  the  profits  of  a  business  as  profits,  in-e- 
spective  of  the  intent  of  the  parties. — Burke's  Act.  («) 
An  English  statute  of  17S2  abolishing  certain  offices  and 
otherwise  affecting  the  civil  establishment,  (b)  An  Eng- 
lish statute  of  1773,  known  also  as  one  of  the  corn  laws ;  it 
was  one  of  the  first  steps  toward  free  trade.— Burr  Act, 
a  statute  of  Ohio,  of  1806,  directed  against  the  treasonable 
acts  of  Aaron  Burr  on  the  Ohio  river.  It  was  in  force  for 
one  year  only,  and  authorized  the  arrest  andpuidshmentnf 
all  persons  tittinu'  "ut  or  armin;:  vessels,  or  enlisting  sol- 
diers, etc.,  witliin  the  State  of  Ohio  to  dislurl-  the  peace  .if 
the  United  States.— Chinese  Act,  or  Chinese  Restric- 
tion Act,  an  act  of  the  Inited  States  Cf^n-ir-s  t>i  i^-^-i, 
amended  in  18S4,  suspending  for  ten  year.s  tliL-  imnii^ratiun 
of  Chinese  into  the  United  States. —  Complete  act,  in 
iiiitapk.,  that  act  of  a.  thing  to  which  notlung  of  the  nature 
of  the  thing  is  wanting,  as  the  act  of  a  suijstance  in  re- 
spect to  possessing  its  attributes.  Aqut  nas.—Coventvy 
Act,  an  English  statute  of  1671  against  maiming :  so  called 
because  passed  on  the  occasion  of  an  assault  on  Sir  Jolin 
Coventry,  M.  P.— Dingley  Act,an  act  of  Congress  of  1884, 
to  foster  the  shipping  trade  of  the  United  States. — Ed- 
munds Act,  an  act  of  C(mgressof  March  22,1882,  punish- 
ing'pnly-amy.- Elicit  act,  an  at.t  of  the  will  itself,  as  dis- 
tini^iiisltcd  fnmi  an  im/ifrat''  act,  which  is  some  movement 
of  the  body  or  the  smuI  c-'iisequcntnpon  the  actof  the  will. 
Aquincui. — Essential  act,  in  inctaph..  that  act  which  is 
at  the  same  time  essence.  Scotus. —  First  act.  See  en- 
erm/.—UiJxde  Palmer's  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1869 
atmlisbinLC  t!ie  preference  which  the  common  law  gave  to 
the  payniLiit  of  specialty  debts  over  simple  contract  debts, 
in  settling  tiie  estates  of  deceased  persons. —  Hogarth's 
Act,  an  English  statute  of  1766  wluch  secured  the  prop- 
erty in  engravings,  prints,  etc.,  to  their  designers  or  in- 
ventors, and  to  the  widow  of  William  Hogarth  the  property 
in  his  works.— Immanent  act,  one  which  remains  within 
the  agent,  and  does  not  consist  In  an  effect  produced  on 
something  else.— Imperate  act.  See  elicit  act.—  Jn- 
formant  act,  in  nfttij-h.,  Ihepcrfectionof  passive  or  sub- 
jective pi;>ucr;  tliat  at  t  I'vuhich  matter  receives  a  ((Ual- 
ity  or  form  in  the  Arist..telian  sense.— Jekyll's  Act,  an 
English  statute  of  17;;i.;  directed  airainst  the  sale  of  sjiiritu- 
ous  liquoi-s.- Lands'  Clauses  Act,  an  English  statute  uf 
1845  (3  and  9  Vict.  c.  18J  regulating  the  taking  of  i)rivate 
property  for  public  use  by  corporations,  etc.— Last  act, 
second  energy  (which  see,  wmXev cue rgv).—  Leeman's  Act, 
an  English  statute  of  1867  (30  A'ict.  c.  2'.))  declaring  con- 
tracts for  sale  of  stocks  void,  unless  the  numbering  of  the 
shares  or  certificates,  or  the  name  of  a  registered  owner,  be 
specified  in  writing.— Lord  Aberdeen's  Act,  an  English 
statute  of  1845  carrying  into  elftct  a  Irtaty  with  Brazil 
for  the  regulation  and  final  abolition  of  tlie  slave-trade.— 
Lord  Campbell's  Act.  («)  An  English  statute  of  1846 
allowing  the  relatives  of  a  pei-son  whose  death  has  been 
caused  by  negligence  or  wrongful  act  to  recover  damages 
therefor.  The  principle  of  this  act  has  been  generally 
adopted  in  the  United  States  by  statutes  allowing  the 
executor  or  administrator  to  sue  and  recover  damages  in 
such  a  case  for  the  benefit  of  the  wife,  husband,  or  next 
of  kin.  ((.)  An  Enulisli  statute  of  1843  as  to  defama- 
tion. ((■)  An  En-Ii^.Ii  statute  of  1838  as  to  obscene  publi- 
cations.—Lord  Cranworth's  Act.  («)  An  English  stat- 
ute of  1S60  giving  to  mortgayees  antl  trustees  certain 
general  powers,  sucli  as  are  conniionly  provided  in  settle- 
ments, morttrages,  and  wills,  in  aid  of  their  rights  or  duties. 
('')  An  Eii-lish  statute  of  1860  as  to  endowed  schools.— 
Lord  Denman's  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1843  (0  and  7 
\  let.  c.  8.".)  abuli>hini::  comnion-Iaw  rules  that  excluded 
witnessis  fn.ni  tf.sljfvin'.;  liy  reason  of  interest  or  crime. 

—  Lord  Ellenborough's  Act,  an  English  statute  (43  Geo. 
III.  c.  :i?)  jtiinisbing  oltenses  :it;ainsl  tlie  person.  — Lord  . 
Lyndhurst'S  Act.  (a)  An  English  statute  of  1835  inval- 
idating marriages  within  the  prohibited  dr-rees.  {U)  An 
En-lisb  statute  of  1844  for  conservini;  tht-  jiroptity  of 
dissenting  eongiegations  to  the  uses  of  the  faitli  originally 
intended,  by  making  25  years'  usage  evidence  thereof  in 
the  alisence  of  a  controlling  declaration  in  the  deed  or 
instrument  of  trust.  This  act  is  known  also  ;ls  the />('.v. 
neuters'  Chapels  Act.  -Lord  St.  Leonard's  Acts,  English 
statutes  (22  and  23  Vjct.  c.  35,  and  23  and  24  Vict.  c.  '.iS) 
ameudiug  the  law  of  property,  relieving  trustees,  etc.— 


act 
Lord  Tenterden's  Act.    (a)  An  English  statute  of  1828 

by  wliirh  ni'W  promises  relied  on  to  revive  a  debt  which 
is  statute-barreil,  or  to  ratify  one  contracted  in  infancy, 
were  required  to  be  in  writing  and  signed,  (b)  An  Eng- 
lish statute  of  1833  shortening  the  time  prescribed  by 
the  statute  of  limitations  in  certain  cases.  — McCulloch 
Act,  a  statute  of  Virginia,  March  28,  1879,  designed  to  re- 
duce the  amount  of  interest  payable  by  the  State  r.f  Vir- 
ginia upon  its  public  debt,  by  obtaining  the  c<insent  of 
the  bondholilers  to  such  reduction.  —  Pure  act,  in  imtaph. , 
an  act  joined  with  no  objective  nor  subjective  power  ;  that 
act  whose  \eiy  essence  or  jiossibility  involvfi,  its  e\j>.tence 
in  all  its  attributes:  God.— Riddleberger  Act,  a  Virginia 
statute  of  ls.^2  attempting  to  reduce  the  bonded  iKbt  and 
interest  thereon  of  that  State,  on  the  ground  that  the 
State  tjf  West  Virginia,  which  had  been  carved  out  of  Vir- 
ginia, ought  to  pay  a  certain  propoi-tir.n  of  the  debt. —  Sec- 
ond act.  See  e/ieroi/.—S\T  Robert  Peel's  Act.  See 
Bank  Act,  luider  bayiJc.—  Sir  William  Bovill's  Act.  See 
B'lvill's  Act,  above.— Stilwell  Act,  a  Nt_w  V'.>rk  statute  of 
1831  abolishing  imprisonment  for  debt,  except  in  ciises  of 
fraud  or  tort,  and  giving  ijroeeedings  for  punishment  of 
fraudulent  debtors.— The  Lords'  Act,  an  English  statute 
of  1759  (32  Geo.  II.  c.  28)  to  relieve  insolvent  debtors  from 
imprisonment.— The  Six  Acts,  English  statutes  of  1819 
restricting  the  rights  of  public  assembly  anil  military 
organi2ation,  and  the  freedom  of  the  press.— Tlldcn 
Act,  a  New  York  statute  of  1875,  othenvise  known  as  the 
Peculation  Act.  giving  a  civil  remedy  to  the  State  for  mal- 
versation by  mnnii  ipal  or  county  officei-s  as  well  as  state 
officers.- Transient  act,  one  which  consists  in  the  pro- 
duction of  antiteet  upon  an  object  different  from  the  sub- 
ject.—Yazoo  Frauds  Act,  the  name  given  to  a  statute 
of  Georgia,  of  179.'),  for  the  sale  of  a  vast  tract  of  public 
lands,  comprising  the  present  State  of  Mississippi  and  one 
half  of  Alabama,  to  private  persons.  It  was  declared  by 
a  statute  of  the  next  year  to  be  null  and  void,  as  having 
been  fraudulently  enacted.  (For  noted  acts  on  particular 
subjects,  such  as  the  Army  Act,  Bankruptcy  Act,  etc.,  see 
the  qualifying  word  or  words.  See  also  article,  bill,  by- 
law, charter,  ■code,  decree,  edict,  late,  ordinance,  petition, 
]>rommo7i,  statute.)=Syn.  1.  Action,  Act,  Deed.  See  action. 
act  (akt),  V,  [<  L.  actus,  pp.  of  agere,  lead, 
drive,  impel,  cause,  make,  perform,  do  :  see  acfj 
".]  I.  tro}is,  1.  To  do,  peiform,  or  transact. 
Thou  wast  a  spirit  too  delicate 

To  act  her  earthy  and  abhorr'd  commands. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

Few  love  to  hear  the  sins  they  love  to  act. 

Shak.,  Perielfs.  i.  1. 

2.  To  represent  by  action;  perform  on  or  as  on 
the  stage;  play,  or  play  the  part  of;  hence, 
feigner  counterfeit:  as,  to  «c?  Macbeth;  to  act 
the  lover,  or  the  part  of  a  lover. 

With  acted  fear  the  villain  thus  pursued.  Dnjden. 

3.  To  perform  the  office  of;  assume  the  char- 
acter of :  as,  to  act  the  hero. —  4t.  To  put  in 
aetiou;  actuate. 

Self-love,  the  spiing  of  motion,  acts  the  soul. 

Pope,  Essay  on  ilan,  ii.  59. 
The  Ancient  Criticks  .  .  .  were  acted  by  a  Spirit  of 
Candour,  rather  than  that  of  Ca\illing. 

Addison,  Spectator,  Xo.  285. 

What  spirit  acted  the  party  that  raised  this  persecution, 

one  may  guess.  C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  Int.,  iii. 

II,  iiitroiis.   To  do  something;  exert  energy 

or  force  in  any  way:  used  of  anything  capable 

of  movement,  either  original  or  communicated, 

or  of  producing  effects.      Speeitieally  —  1.  To 

put  forth  effort  or  energy ;  exercise  movement 

or  agency ;  be  employed  or  operative :  as,  to  act 

vigorously  or  languidly;  he  is  acthif/  against 

his  own  interest ;  his  mind  acts  sluggishly. 

He  hangs  between  ;  in  doubt  to  act,  or  rest. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  7. 
Act,  act  in  the  living  Present ! 

LongfelUnv,  Psalm  of  Life. 
You  can  distinguish  between  individual  people  to  such 
an  extent  that  you  have  a  general  idea  of  how  a  given 
pereon  will  act  when  placed  in  given  circumstam-es. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures.  I.  76. 

2.  To  exert  influence  or  produce  effects;  per- 
form a  function  or  functions;  operate:  as, 
praise  acts  as  a  stimulant ;  mind  flc/.s  upon 
mind;  the  medicine  failed  to  act:  the  brake 
refused  to  act,  or  to  act  upon  the  wheels. 

How  body  acts  upon  the  impassive  mind. 

Garth,  Dispensary. 
Man  actinij  on  man  by  weight  of  opinion. 

h'merson,  Civilization. 

3.  To  be  employed  or  operate  in  a  particular 
way;  perfonn  specific  duties  or  functions:  as, 
a  deputy  rtcfe  for  or  iu  place  of  his  principal; 
he  refused  to  act  on  or  as  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee. Often  used  with  reference  to  the  performance 
of  duties  by  a  temporaiy  substitute  for  the  regular  incum- 
bent of  an  office:  as.thelieutenant-governorwillrtcMnlhe 
absence  of  the  governor.    See  actinj. 

4.  To  perfoi'm  as  an  actor;  represent  a  char- 
acter; hence,  to  feign  or  assiune  a  part:  as,  he 
rtofewell;  he  is  only  «('f/H|/.— To  act  on,  to  act  in 
accordance  with  :  regulate  one's  action  by :  as,  to  act  on 
the  principle  of  the  golden  rule  ;  to  act  on  a  false  iissump- 
tion.— To  act  up  to,  to  equal  in  action;  perfonn  an 
action  or  a  series  of  actiiuis  correspondent  to;  fulfil:  as, 
he  has  acted  up  to  his  engagement. 

He  is  a  man  of  sentiment,  and  acts  up  to  the  senti- 
ments he  professes.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  2. 
=  Syn.  Act,  Work,  Operate.  These  words  agree  in  ex- 
pressing the  sviccessful  exertion  of  power.  In  their  in- 
transitive use  they  are  sometimes  interchangeable:  as. 


act 

a  medicine  acts,  works,  or  uperates ;  a  plan  works  or  op- 
erates. Where  tliey  differ,  act  may  more  often  refer  to  a 
single  action  or  to  tlie  simpler  forms  of  action  :  as,  a  nia- 
elline  imrks  well  when  all  its  parts  act.  Act  may  also  lie 
the  most  Keuenil,  applyiuj;  to  persons  or  tliinioi,  the  oth- 
ers applyiiiK  Keiierally  to  things.  Operate  may  express 
tlu'  more  elalporate  lornis  of  action.  Work  may  cvpress 
the  iiiiire  powerful  kinds  of  action  :  as,  it  worked  upon  his 

acta  (ak'ta),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  actum:  see  act, 
«.]  1.  Acts.  Specifically  — 2.  Proceedings  in 
a  lofial  or  an  ecclesiastical  court,  or  minutes 
of  sucli  proceedintjs.  — Acta  (or  Actus)  Apostolo- 

rum  (.Vets  of  the   .U"'^tli»).    llie   title  in   the   \  ul-iite  of 

the  hfth  l>ook  ..f  the  .Sew  Testunii-iit.-- Acta  Martyrum 
(Acts  of  the  Martyrs),  contemporary  accounts  of  the  early 


69 


actinoid 


(if  eve-witnesses, 

notari.-; ;  spe.  itl(;ill,y,  the  critical  edition  of  such  acts  hy 
the  IWiiedirtiiir  Kuinart,  flrst  published  iu  1689,  and  the 
aiUtit  ii  iiial  «■'  .llert  i.  tiis  by  the  Orientalist  Stephen  Assemani, 
iu  174«.  Acta  Sanctorum  (Acts  of  the  Saints),  a  name 
applied  geiiei-ally  to  all  collections  of  accounts  of  saints 
and  niartyra,  ho'th  of  the  Roman  and  Greek  churches; 
specilliallv,  the  name  of  a  work  begun  hy  the  BoUandists, 
a  scKiety  of  .Jesuits,  in  1643,  and  not  completed  until  1870. 
It  now  consists  of  sixty-one  folio  volumes,  including  an  in- 
ilex  published  in  1876. 

actable  (ak'ta-lil),  (I.  [<ac<  +  -aJ/e.]  Praotieally 
possible;  performable ;  capable  of  being  acted. 

Is  naked  truth  actable  in  true  life  ? 

Teaiiiison,  llarold,  iii.  1. 

Mr.  Browning  set  himself  to  the  composition  of  another 
actable  play.  The  Century,  XXIII.  199. 

ActseaCak-te'ii),  n.    [L.,  herb-ehristopher,  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  leaves  to  those  of  the 

elder,  <  Gr.  iiHTaia, 
erroneous  form 
of  aK-ia,  coutr. 
oKT^,  the  eldei'- 
tree.]  A  genus  of 
herbs,  natui-al  or- 
'  der  Haituncida- 
cew,  with  some- 
what deleterious 
properties.  The 
old-world  species,  A. 
spicata,  the  bane- 
berry  or  herb-ehris- 
topher, has  black 
berries.  The  com- 
mon forms  of  North 
America  with  red 
berries  are  now  con- 
Try  [yicraa  rubra),  showing  sidered  Varieties  of 
flowcrinij  plant  and  fruiting  raceme.  the  same  species,  but 
the  white-berried  A. 
albii  is  kept  distinct.  In  the  Atlantic  States  these  are 
known  !is  red  and  white  cohosh  or  baneU'rry. 
Actaeon  (ak-te'on),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'AKTciav,  in 
myth.,  a  grandson  of  Cadmus,  who,  havingcome 
accidentally  upon  Diana  bathing,  was  changed 
by  her  iutoa  stag,  and  then  torn  to  pieces  b^ 
his  own  dogs.  Cf.  ciKTaloq,  on  the  coast,  <  (ihtii, 
a  coast,  headland,  edge.]  1.  The  representa- 
tive genus  of  the  molluscan  family  Actwoiiida: 
Origiually  written  Jc/fOH.  Moiitfort,  ISW.  Also 
TornatcUu. — 2.  A  genus  of  abranchiate  gastrop 


artificial  group,  composed  of  the  Lo2>hofrranchii  and  Cy-  ActinidSB  (ak-tin'i-<le),  >i.  jil.     Same  as  Actini- 

eluslomi  t>r  Marsijmbraiiehli.  ...  .x       ,  ''''('■       .1 .    T>.    T)a>m,   VMQ. 

Actian  (ak'shi-iiu),  «.  [<L.-flc<iK«  poet.),  also  actiniform(ak-tiu'i-f6nnorak'tin-i-f6rm),a.  [< 
Actiacu.;<,  ix.,<  Actiuni,  Gr.  "Akuov,  lit.  a  head-  (;,..,;^nV;(<k7a'-),rav,-l- L. -/(»■»«:«, </omo,form.] 
land,  <a/>T//,  a  headland.  Cf.  .-Ictoo/i.J  Kelating  Having  a  radiatcilform;  resembling  an  actinia, 
to  Actium,  a  town  and  promontory  of  Acarnama  Actmudse,  Actiniadae  (ak-ti-ni'i-de,  -a-de),  >i. 
Ill  Greece.- Actian  games,  games  held  from  r(!mote  .^(_  |-j,jl  <  Actinia  +  -i<la;  -ada:']  The  sea- 
a.it„,u,t.v  at  Actmu,  „i  honor  of  Apollo,  and  reorganised     ^^^^^^^^^  ^j,  animal-flowers  proper,  regarded 

as  a  family,  having  as  type  the  genus  Actinia, 
and  belonging  to  the  order  Hctianthnida  or 
Malacodermata,  of  the  class  Actinozoa.  It  con- 
tains numerous  genera  and  species.  See  Acti- 
no:oa.  Also  written  Actinido: 
actiniochrome  (ak-tin'i-o-krom),  H.  [<  Gr.  oK- 
Tir(aK7iv-),  ray  (see  actinium),  -f-  ,xp"/"'t  color.] 
A  red  pigment  obtained  by  Moseley  from  some 
specimens  of  Bunodes  crassus,  one  of  the  Ac- 
tinozint. 


and  developed  by  Augustus  to  celebrate  his  naval  victory 
over  Antony  near  that  town.  Sept.  2,  .'U  Ii.  C.  As  remod- 
eled Ipy  the  Uouians  they  were  celebrateil  every  four  years, 
and  became  the  llfthin  importance  of  the  great  Greek  fes- 
tivals. Hence,  Aetian  years,  yeare  reckoned  from  the 
era  of  the  new  Actian  games.  Games  also  called  Actian 
were  celebrated,  by  senatorial  decree,  every  four  years  at 
_     ..  -         -  .  Home, 

i'hristian  martyrdoms,  from  judicial  registers  or  reports  actinal  (ak'ti-nal),  a.   [<  Gr.  OKTff  (aKTiv-),  a  ray, 
as  drawn  up  by  the  ecclesiastical  '*~"""f^  V.,  ^^::r.",..\  r>._t_:„:„i  »«  *i,„  „;,i„  J 


+  -fl/.]  In  ro67.':  (a)  Pertaining  to  the  side  of 
a  ratliate  animal  which  contains  the  mouth: 
equivalent  to  vral,  since  the  pole,  surface,  or 


aspect  of  the  body  whence  parts  radiate  is  also  actinism  (ak'ti-nizm),  n.     [<  Gr.  axr/f  (n/v7iv-), 


that  in  which  the  mouth  is  situated:  the  oppo 
site  of  (iliiicVnud  or  ahiraJ.  'lln-  jutnial  side  orsiu'- 
facemay  In- the  upper  one,  in  the  Usual  attitude  of  the  ani- 
mal, as  in  the  ease  of  u  sea-aticinone,  which  is  fixed  by  its 
ahactiual  or  aljoral  pole,  and  grows  upward  ;  or  it  may  be 
tlie  lower  one,  as  in  the  case  of  a  starfish,  which  creejis  upon 
its  actinal  or  oral  sm'face.  In  a  sea-urchin  of  more  or  less 
globular  shape  nearly  the  whole  superficies  is  aelinal. 

The  so-called  mouth  is  always  placed  at  one  end  of  these 
poles,  and  from  it  radiate  the  most  prominent  organs,  in 
consequence  of  which  I  have  called  this  side  of  the  body 
the  oral  or  actinal  area,  and  the  opposite  side  the  aboral 
or  abactinal  area. 

L.  Atjaisi:,  Contrib.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  A.,  IV.  376. 

The  mouth  (of  sea-urchins)  is  always  situated  upon  the 
lower  or  actiiuil  aspect,  wliich  is  applied  in  progression 
to  the  surface  upon  which  the  animal  moves. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  161. 

(&)  In  general,  having  tentacles  or  rays. 

The  upper  extremity  [of  members  of  the  genus  Actinia\ 
is  called  the  actinal  end,  since  it  bears  the  tentacles  or 
rays.  Dana,  Corals,  p.  22. 

Actinellida  (ak-ti-nel'i-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aii-i(  (aKTiv-),  ray,  -t-  dim.  -ell-us  +  -ida.'\  A  fam- 
ily name  of  radiolarians :  synonymous  with  As- 
Irolopliidida'  (which  see). 

Actinellidae  (ak-ti-uel'i-de),  n.  2'1    [NL.,<  Acti- 


ray,  -t-  -(,vm.]  It.  The  radiation  of  heat  or  light, 
or  that  branch  of  natural  philosophy  wliich 
treats  of  the  radiation  of  heat  and  light. — 
2.  That  property  of  light  which,  as  may  be 
seen  in  pliotogrnphy,  produces  chemical  com- 
binations and  decompositions.  A  pencil  of  rays, 
when  decomposed  by  refraction  through  a  prism,  is  found 
to  possess  three  properties,  viz.,  the  heating,  the  lumi- 
nous, and  the  chemical  or  actinic.  It  was  formerly  sup- 
posed that  the  actinic  property  belonged  peculiarly  to 
the  more  refrangible  part  of  the  spectrum,  hegimiing  with 
the  violet  and  extending  far  beyond  the  visible  spectrum  : 
it  is  now  known,  however,  that  the  ditterciit  rays  differ 
essentially  only  in  their  wave-lengths,  and  ttiat  the  phe- 
nomena of  heat,  liglit,  or  chemical  action  observed  tlepend 
upon  the  surface  on  which  the  rays  respectively  fall.  The 
violet  end  of  the  spectrum  acts  especially  cm  the  sensitive 
silver  salts,  but  tfie  chemical  decomposition  of  the  carbon 
dioxid  (CO.i)  in  the  atmosphere  involved  in  the  growth 
of  vegetation  takes  place  most  actively  under  the  action 
of  the  yellow  rays  ;  and  under  proper  conditions  a  pho- 
tograph of  even  the  ultra-red  rays  at  the  opposite  end  of 
the  spectrum  may  be  obtained  on  a  gelatin  plate  sensitized 
with  silver  Itromid. 
actinium  (ak-tin'i-um),  «.  PJL.,  <  Gr.  oktIc  (ok- 
Tii'-),  ray.]  A  supposed  chemical  elemeutfound 
associated  with  zinc.     Its  chemical  and  physi- 


_.-— . —  — ,  ,.  .-.,-„„„„„,,„      eal  properties  have  not  been  fully  investigated. 

nclla  (not  used)  -I-  -ffte.]    A  family  of  aeantho-       ^^  /  r^L.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  iKrir  (iKrw-),  rav :  see 
Yv,Qtv,^„o  oooT.tborinn«  with   the  skeleton  com-  a^"""  •    u^'^'»  "-""^v  ^  ".  .<  \  ._       " 


metrous  acantharians  with  the  skeleton  com^ 
posed  of  a  varying  number  of  spicules,  which 
are  not  distributed  according  to  J.  Miiller's  law. 

actinenchyma  (ak-ti-neng'ki-ma),  n.  [<  Gr. 
uKTi^  {aKTti'-),  ia,y,  +  eyxvfia,  infusion,  <  t},v(c"', 
pour  in.]  In  bo't.,  a  name  that  has  been  given 
to  a  system  or  tissue  of  stellate  cells. 

acting  (ak'ting)  "■    " 

vice,  or  functions      _ 

functions  of  an  office  or  employment  tempo 
rarily:  as,  an  acting  governor  or  mayor;  an 
acting  colonel  or  superintendent.  In  the  United 
states  there  is  generally  some  officer  of  lower  gi-ade  legal- 
ly entitled  to  become  the  acting  incumbent  of  an  impor- 
tant executive  office  during  a  temporary  vacancy  from 
absence  or  disability  of  the  elected  incumbent.  Tempo- 
rary vacancies  in  military,  judicial,  and  minor  executive 
Ifices  are  usually  filled  by  assignment  or  appointment. 


odous  mol'lusk's.  of  the  family  ii.7(/.<;(irf(r  (which  Actinia  (ak-tin'i-a)j^(^^^[NK,JGr.^oKrif^(a^^^ 

see):  a  synonym  of  .tVj/.sia.     OA'e«,  1815.  "^    ''     "  '   ""    ^"  ""■"""• 

Actaeonella  (ak-te-6-nel'a),  n.     [NL.,  iActa-nn 

-f-  -fV/((.]     The  typical  genus  of  ActwoncUido', 

containing  numerous  species  with  thick  conoid 

or  convoluted  shell,  short  or  concealed  spire, 

long  narrow  aperture,  and  the  columella  with 

throo  regular  spiral  plaits  in  front.    Originally 

written  AclcnncUa.     D'Orhigni/,  1842. 
actseonellid  (ak-te-cj-nel'id),  H.     A  gastropod 

of  the  ffunily  Acta'onclUda!. 

Actaeonellidae  (ak-te-6-nel'i-de),  )i.  pi.    [Nil., 

<  ActauincUa  +  -idw.']     A  family  of  gastropods, 

taking  iiiime  from  the  genus  Actwonella  (which 

see). 
actseonid  (ak-te'on-id),  n.    A  gastropod  of  the 

family  Aclarinida'. 
Actaeonidae  (ak-tf-on'i-de),  «.  pi.     [NL.,<  Actcc- 

on  +  -ida:]     A  family  of  tectibranchiate  gas 


actinic.']   An  element  in  scientific  compounds 
of  Greek  origin,  meaning  ray.  In  chemical  com- 
pounds it  represents  specifically  actinism. 
Actinocheiri,  «.     See  Actinochiri. 
actino- chemistry  (ak"ti-n6-kem'is-tri),    n. 
[<  actin-ism  +  chemi.',tri/.'\     Chemistry  Ln  its  re- 
T->    i,        •       A   i  lation  to  actinism.     See  actinism. 

,  p.  a.     Performing  duty,  ser-  Actinochiri    (ak"ti-n6-ki'ri),    n.      [NL..  <  Gr. 
,s;  specifically  perfoiTning  the  "f^f^^^^Ji^'        +  ^,ip  hand.]    An  order  of 
.«„>P  nr  P.ir,lov,nent  temrio-     flg^es  having sLx-uiipairedf  and  one  pail- of  basUar 

bones  supporting  the  pectoral  fin,  and  all  ar- 
ticulating with  the  scapula.  Its  only  known  repre- 
sentatives form  the  extinct  family  Pe^m^iferiVfa',  of  the 
Upper  fretaceous  formation.  Cope,  1876.  Also  spelled 
Artinneheiri. 

Actinocrinid8e(ak"ti-no-krin'i-de),  n.})l.   [NL., 

<  Actinocrinus  +  -ida:]    A  family  of  encrinites, 

,,        ^        ,  _,  or  fossil  crinolds,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Jc- 

i-ay.]    1.  Agenus  of  zoophytes,  belongingtothe     tinocrinn.9. 

7i'rt</i<ita  of  Cm-ier,  regarded  as  the  tjiie  of  the  actinocrinite  (ak'ti-uo-kri'nit),  «.  [<  Aclino- 
ovdev Malacodermata, suhe\a,ss Zoantliaria,  class  crinn.'<  +  -itc-.}  An  encrinite,  orfossil  crinoid, 
JffiHO~o«,  subkingdom  ro*Hfera(«,  in  modern  of  the  genus  JcftHOcn'HH*.  [By  error  some- 
classification.    The  body  is  cylindrieal,  and  is  attatdied     times  spelled  actinocrite.'] 

by  one  extremity,  the  mouth  occupying  the  miiUlle  of  the  ^(jtinOCrinUS  (ak'''ti-no-kri'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
upper  or  free  extremity.  The  mouth  is  sumuinded  by  ^  .  (inriv-),  rav,  +  Kijivov,  lily:  see  crinoid.] 
concentric  circles  of  tentacles,  which  when  spread  le-     -y^^(^^  of  encrinites,   or' fossil  crinoids,   re- 


senible  the  petals  of  a  flower,  whence  the  popular  names 
animal-rlowers  and  sea-anenwnes  (which  see).  They  are 
not  perfectly  radial  in  symmetry,  the  common  polyp  of 
the  sea-shore,  A.  mesembryantheymnn,  having  tlie  oral 
apertmv  sli'^'liflv  elliptical,  the  long  axis  being  marked  by 
a  tubeiele  at  cither  end  ;  tile  animal  thus  presents  a  faint 
but  well-mark.-d  indication  of  bilateral  sjiiimefry.  They 
move  by  alternately  contracting  and  expanding  th.irbases, 
and  by  their  tentacles.  The  species  are  often  of  linlliant 
colors;  many  of  them  are  used  as  food.  Sec  .letiutfzoa. 
2.  [I.  c]  An  animal  of  the  genus  ^cHwtu  or 
family  Actiniida: 
Actiniadse,  "•  pi.     See  Actiniida: 


tropods,  variously  limited,  but  typified  by  the  Actiniaria'  (ak-tin-i-a'ri-ii),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Ac- 
tinia +  -aria.]    One  of  the  di\isions  of  the  class 


genus  Acta'on.  It  is  now  chiefly  restricted  to  animals 
retractile  in  their  shells  and  having  a  wide  frontal  lobe  ter- 
minating behind  in  broad  triangular  tentacles :  uncinate 
lingual  teeth,  which  are  niuuerous,  nearly  uniform,  and 
arranged  in  series  diverging  from  the  middle  ;  and  a  sub- 
cylindrical  spiral  shell  having  a  columellar  fold.  The  liv- 
ing species  are  of  small  size,  marine,  and  chiefly  tropical 
or  subtropical,  and  have  been  distributed  among  several 
genera.  Numerous  fossil  species  have  been  found.  The 
family  is  also  known  under  the  name  Tornatellidee  {vi\\ie\\ 

see). 

act-drop  (akt'di-op),  n.  In  a  theater,  a  curtain 
which  IS  lowered  between  acts. 

Actenobranchii  (ak-ten-6-brang'ki-i),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  li-  priv.  +  KTtii;  {KTtv-),  a  comb,  -1- 
fipdyxta,  gills.]  In  Macleay's  ichthyologtcal 
system,  one  of  five  primarj'  groups  of  fishes, 
characterized  solely  by  the  branchiaj  not  being 
pectinated  like  those  of  most  fishes.     It  is  a  very 


Actino:oa,  containing  the  sea-anemones 
nearly  eciuivalent  to  the  order  Malacodermata. 
actinic  (ak-tin'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  iKric  (hKTiv-),  a  ray, 
-(--«■.]     Pertaining  to  actinism;   haxing  the 
property  of  actinism. 

The  so"called  aclinic  rays,  which  were  discovered  by 
their  special  activity  in  connection  with  the  earlier  pho- 
tographic processes,  but  which  can  now  he  changed  into 
visible  rays  are  merely  vibrations  too  rapid  U)  att'ect  the 
eyes.  '  r"''.  Light,  §  3. 

Actinic  process,  a  generic  name  for  any  photographic 
process;  siieciHcallv,  any  photo-engraving  process. 

actinically  (ak-tin'i-kal-i),  adv.  As  regards  the 
chemical  action  of  the  svm's  rays. 

The  light  which  flnally  emerges,  however  much  cor- 
rected, becomes  more  and  more  actinically  weak. 

Silver  Sunbeam,  p.  3^. 


ferred  to  the  family  Uncrinidec,  or  made  t\-pe 

of  the  family  Actinocrinida:     L.  Agaviti:.  1834. 

actino-electiricity   (ak'ti-no-e-lek-tris'i-ti),  «. 

[<  actin-i.b-m  -t-  ilcctricit;!.]  Electricity  produced 
in  a  liody  {e.  g.,  rock-crystal)  by  direct  heat- 
radiation.  Ilanl-el. 
Actinogastra  (ak"ti-n6-gas'tra),  n.pl.  [NX.,  < 
Gr.  a/c7if  (uKTiv-),  ray,  +  yacTt/p,  belly.]  In 
Haeckel's  classification,  a  subclass  of  A.iterida, 
containing  those  starfishes  or  sea-stars  which 
have  the  gastric  cavity  radiated,  whence  the 
name.  .     . 

and  actinograph  (ak-tin'o-giaf),  n.  [<^Gr.  anTi^ 
(afv7(j'-),  ray.  +  ypdipetv,  write.  Cf.  Gr.  aKTtvo- 
ypaipia,  a  treatise  on  radiation,  of  same  forma- 
tion.] An  instrument  for  measm-ing  and  re- 
gistering the  variations  of  actinic  or  chemical 
influence  iu  the  solar  rays.  Tlie  intensity  of  this 
influence  bears  no  direct  relation  to  the  (juantity  of  light, 
but  varies  at  different  periods  of  the  day  and  of  the  year. 
There  are  several  forms  of  actinograph,  all  of  them  using 
the  same  test,  namely,  the  depth  of  the  blackening  effect 
of  chemical  rays  allowed  to  fall  on  a  sensitive  piece  of 
palter  for  a  given  time.  r.     ,  • 

actinoid  (ak'ti-noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  aKTivoeiSK,<  cktic 
(aK-(v-),  ray, +fi''or,  form:  see -Oirf.]  Ha\Tng 
the  form  of  rays ;  resembling  a  stai-fish :  con- 
spicuously radiate:  as,  the  actinoid  type  of 
echinoderms. 


Actinoida 

Actinoida  (ak-ti-uoi'dii).  «.  pi.  [NL. :  seo  acti- 
udiil.]     Sarao  as  ActinuMti. 

actinolite  (ak-tiu'6-lit),  w.  [<  6r.  d/fr/f  (oktiv-), 
ray,  +  /"./(/oi;,  stono.^  A  radiated  minora!,  callod 
by  Wcruer  strahlstcin  (ray-stono),  coiisi.iting  of 
silicates  of  calcium,  inaf^iicsium,  and  iron,  it  is 
a  viirit'ty  of  :uiipliibi>k'  ur  lioriiliU-iule,  ofa^rrueii  color,  and 
having  a  I'oliiiiiuur  to  lllirous  stnuture.  Also  called  «(7/- 
jw^-.— Actinolite  schist,  a  lUL-tamorphic  rock  consisting 
principally  of  actinolite,  with  an  admixture  of  mica,  quartz, 
or  feltispar  ;  its  texture  is  slaty  and  foliated. 

actinolitic  (ak'ti-no-lit'ik),  a.  Like,  pertaining 
to,  or  <-oiisisting  of  actinolite. 

actinology  (ak-ti-uol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  oKTif  (d/c- 
Tii'-),  ray,  +  -/o) in,  <  '/.iyiii',  speak :  see  -ologi/.'] 
That  branch  of  science  which  iuvestigates  the 
chemical  action  of  light. 

actinomere  cak-tin'o-mer),  H.  [<  Gr.  oktiV  (d/c- 
Tir-),  ray,  +  fiipor,  a  part,  <  /lelpeadai  (•/  'fi-ep),  di- 
vide.] One  of  tiie  radially  sj-mmetrical  parti- 
tions or  divisions  of  a  sea-anemone,  coral-polyp, 
or  other  actinozoau. 

actinomeric  (ak  ti-no-mer'ik),  a.  Relating  to 
an  actinomere;  having  actinomeres;  being  di- 
\"ided  into  radiated  parts. 

actinometer  (ak-ti-nom'e-ter),  n.  [<6r.  anrig 
{oKTir-),  ray,  +  (liTpov,  measiu'e.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  intensity  of  radia- 
tion. 

actinometric  (ak"ti-n6-met'rik),  a.  Of  or 
belontriny;  to  the  actinometer,  or  to  actinom- 
ctry.  ^ 

actinometrical  (ak'ti-no-met'ri-kal),  a.  Same 
as  actinoDiitiic. 

actinometry  (ak-ti-nom'e-tri),  n.  [As  actinome- 
ter +  ->/.]  The  measurement  of  the  intensity 
of  radiation. 

Actinomiua  (ak-ti-nom'ii),  n.  [NXi.,  <  Gr.  dKr/f 
(iiKTiv-),  ray,  +  ufipa,  eye.]  A  notable  genus  of 
radiolarians,  established  by  Haeckel  in  1860. 
See  extract. 

As  the  lateral  processes  [of  the  rays  of  some  radiolari- 
ans] .  .  .  become  more  largely  developed,  a  continuous  cir- 
cumferential skeleton  is  formed,  \vhich  encloses  the  whole 
organism,  as  in  Artinoiniita.  in  which  there  are  sometimes 
three  or  more  concentric  shells.        Stand.  yiU.  lli^t..  1.  9. 

Actinomonadidse  (ak"ti-n6-mo-nad'i-de),  n.2)l. 
[NL.,  <  Actinoinonas  (-ad-)  +  -kUe.~\  A  family 
of  oval  or  spheroidal  animalcules,  fixed  or 
freely  motile.  They  axe  entirely  naked,  possess  neither 
a  hardened  test  nor  a  central  capsule,  and  have  fine  ray- 
like  pseudopodia  projecting  from  all  points  of  the  surface, 
supplemented  at  one  point  by  a  long  vibratile  flagellum. 

Actinomonas  (ak"ti-n6-mon'as),  «.  [NL.,  <Gr. 
anTii;  {aura--),  ray,  -f  fiomt;,  a  unit:  see  momul.'] 
The  typical  genus  of  infusorians  of  the  family 
Actiiiomonadida:. 

actinomorphic  (ak"ti-n6-m6r'fik),  a.    Same  as 

(tctilKtHt'll'pho/iS. 

actinomorphous  (ak"ti-n6-m6r'fus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
a/cT-ff  {aKTiv-),  ray,  +  /iop<p!/,  form.]  Ray-shaped: 
in  hot.,  applied  to  flowers  which  may  be  divided 
verticallj'  into  simOar  halves  through  two  or 
more  planes :  synonymous  with  pojijsymmetri- 
cal.     Hacks. 

actinomyces  (ak"ti-no-mi'sez),  H.;  pi.  actinnmy- 
cetcs  (-mi-se'tez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d/irif  (auriv-), 
ray,  +  iiiiKiK  (pi.  hvktjt^),  a  mushroom,  an  ex- 
crescence.] The  ray-fungus:  so  called  from 
the  rosettes  of  club-shaped  structiu-es  in  which 
it  presents  itself.  The  disease  actinomycosis 
is  caused  by  the  presence  of  this  fungus. 

actinomycetic  (akti-no-mi-set'ilc),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  caused  by  actinomyeetes  :  as,  an 
actininnijeetic  tumor. 

actinomycosis  {ak"ti-no-mi-k6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
actiiwmiices_  -i-  -osis.']  A  progressive  inflamma- 
tory affection  caused  by  the  presence  of  acti- 
nomyeetes, occurring  in  cattle  and  swine,  and 
sometimes  in  man.  it  is  most  frequently  found  in 
the  jaws  of  cattle,  but  may  invade  other  parts.  It  is  com- 
municated by  contact  with  a  wound  or  an  abrasion.  Also 
called  lumjiii-jaa\ 

actinophone  (ak-tin'o-phon),  n.  [<  Gr.  dsr/f 
(aKTiv-),  ray,  +  (jxjvii,  sdimd.]  An  apparatus  for 
the  production  of  sound  by  actinic  rays.  A.  G. 
Bell.    Seo  radiop)ione. 

actinophonic  (ak-tiu-o-fon'ik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  tlic  artinoi)houe,  or  to  sounds  produced  by 
actinic  rays. 

actinophore  (ak-tin'o-for),  n.  [<  Gr.  aicTivapdpo^, 
ray-bearing:  see  actinophoroui<.'\  One  of  the 
peripheral  skeletal  elements  which  tUroetly  af- 
ford support  to  the  true  fin-rays  of  Lyrifcrii, 
that  is,  typical  fishes  and  selachians. 

The  actinophor^a  of  the  paired  tins  may  be  distinguished 
from  those  of  the  unpaired  fins  by  calling  the  latter  the 
median  actinophore^,  J.  A.  Ryder. 

actlnophorous  (ak-ti-nof'o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  dx- 
nvoipdpor,    ray-bearing,  <  dxrif  (oktiv-),  ray,  + 


60 

-<p6po(,  <  <l)lpeiv  =  E.  tcari.]  Having  ray-like 
spines. 

actinophryan  (ak-ti-nof'ri-an),  c.  [<  Actino- 
plirys.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  Actinophrys. 

The  amcebau,  like  the  actinophryan  type,  shows  itself  in 
the  testaceous  its  well  as  in  the  naked  form. 

\y.  li.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  407. 

Actinophryidae  (ak"ti-n6-fri'i-de),  n.pl.    [NL., 

<  AcliiK/jilirys  +  -idcc.l  A  family  of  oudoplastic 
rhizopods,  typified  by  the  genus  Actiiioplirys 
(which  see),  referred  to  the  order  HeliiKoa  or 
constituting  an  order  Plilaophoro  (Carus),  and 
containing  organisms  known  as  heliozoans  or 
sun-animalcides.  Other  genera  than  Actino- 
phrys placed  in  this  family  are  CiUophrys  and 
Aethmspliwriioii  (which  see). 

Actinophryina  (ak"ti-n6-fri-i'na),  n. pi.  [NL., 
<.  .IctiiKipliry.-i  +  -ilia.']  A  group  of  rhizopods, 
taking  name  from  the  genus  Actinophrys,  con- 
taining heliozoans  or  sun-animalcules.  See  Ac- 
tiiiophryidtr. 

Actinophrys  (ak-ti-nof'ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d/cr/f 
(uKTiv-),  ray,  4-  b^iphg  =  E.  brow.']  A  genus  of 
protozoans,  belonging  to  a  division  of  the  class 
RUisopoda  known  as  Heliozoa,  and  the  leading 
genus  of  a  family  Actinophryidee.  Actinophryx  sot, 
a  typical  species,  is  the  well-known  sun-animalciile  of 
microscopists. 

ilost  species  of  the  genus  Actinophrys,  or  "sun-animal- 
cule," which  is  common  in  ponds,  are  simply  free-swim- 
ming myxopods  with  stittish  pseudopodia,  which  radiate 
from  all  sides  of  the  globular  body. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  82. 

actinopteran  (ak-ti-nop'te-ran),  H.  One  of  the 
Actinopteri ;  an  actinopterous  fish. 

Actinopteri  (ak-ti-nop'te-ri),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
ot  actinopterus :  see  actinopterous.']  In  Cope's 
system  of  classification,  a  subclass  of  fishes 
embracing  all  the  teleosts,  most  of  the  osseous 
ganoids,  and  the  stui'geons.  The  technical  charac- 
ters of  the  group  are  opercular  bones  well  developed  on  a 
separate  and  complex  suspensoriimi,  a  double  ceratohyal, 
no  pehic  elements,  primary  radii  of  the  fore  limb  parallel 
with  basilar  elements  and  entering  into  the  articulation 
with  the  scapular  arch,  and  basilar  elements  reduced  to  a 
metapterygiuni  and  very  rarely  a  mesopterygium. 

actinopterous  (ak-ti-nop'te-ms),  a.  [<  NL.  ac- 
tinopterus, <  Gr.  oKT/f  {aKTiv-),  ray,  +  Trrepdv, 
wing.]  Ha\-ing  the  characters  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Actinopteri. 

actinosoma  (ak"ti-n6-s6'ma),  n.\  pi.  actinoso- 
mala  (-ma-ta).  [<  Gr.  aKrir  (okviv-),  ray,  4-  cCipa, 
body.]  The  entire  body  of  any  aetinozoan, 
whether  simple,  as  in  the  sea-anemones,  or  com- 
posed of  several  zociids,  as  in  most  corals. 

Actinosphseriiun  (ak"ti-no-sfe'ri-um), «.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  u^n'f  (ud-rn'-),  ray, -I- (Ti^nipa,  sphere.]  1.  A 
genus  of  rhizopods,  or  eudoplastic  protozoans, 


Sun-animalcule  l^Actinosfiharium  exchkorni),  magnified. 
1.  The  whole  animal,  with  c,  c,  contractile  vacuoles.    II.  Portion  of 
periphery  more  magnitied,  with  a,  four  stiff  pseudopodia,  and  rr, 
four  nuclei  or  endopTasts.    III.  A  young  actinospha.Tium. 

having  a  number  of  nuclei  or  endoplasts  in  the 
central  parts  of  the  protoplasm,  and  numerous 
stiii  radiating  pseudopodia. 

Neither  conjugation  nor  fission  has  been  observed 
among  ordinary  Kadiolaria,  but  both  these  processes  take 
place  in  Actinosjihcerium.       Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  85. 

2.  _  [?.  r.]  A  member  of  this  genus. 
actinost  (ak'ti-nost),  «.  [<  Gr.  d/cr/f  (aKriv-), 
ray,  +  bariov,  a  bone.]  In  ichth.,  one  of  the 
bones  which  in  true  fishes  immediately  support 
the  rays  of  the  pectoral  and  ventral  fins.  They 
are  generally,  in  the  pectorals,  four  in  number,  but  some- 
times, as  in  some  pediculates,  are  reduced  to  two,  and 
sometimes,  as  in  ganoids,  increasetl  to  more  than  four; 
they  arc  rarely  atropliied.    GUI. 


action 

actinostome  (ak-tin'o-stom),  n.  [<  Gr.  okd'c 
{(iKTiv-),  ray,  +  a-d/ia,  mouth.]  The  oral  orifice 
of  an  acthiozoan. 

The  ingrowth  of  the  rim  of  the  blastopore  in  Actinozoa 
to  form  an  actimmtomc  is  therefore  due  to  a  fiu»ion  be- 
tween the  fjriniitive  sttimodeum  and  the  blast4ipore. 

Hyatt,  Proc,  Host.  .Soc.  -Nat.  Hist.  (H>8S),  p.  107. 

actinote  (ak'ti-not),  n.  [<  Gr.  oKTivuric,  fur- 
nislicd  witli  rays,  <  d/ir/f  {oktiv-),  ray.J     Same  as 

(tliiudiltl  . 

actinotriclliuni(ak'ti-n6-trik'i-ura),  n.;  pi.  ac- 
tinotrichia  (-il).  [NL.  (J.  A.  Ryder,  1885),  <  Gr. 
ciKTif  {oKTiv-),  ray,  +  Bpi^  {Tpi^-),  a  hair.]  One 
of  tlie  homogeneous  haii'-like  fibers  which  rep- 
resent the  rays  in  the  fin-folds  of  the  embryos 
of  fishes,  and  which  subsequently  fuse  to  form 
the  membranous  basis  of  the  permanent  rays 
of  the  adult  fish. 

Actinotrocha  (ak-ti-not'ro-ka),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
liKTit;  {,':ktii'-),  ray,  -I-  'pn^r/,  a  wheel,  ring.]  An 
embryonic  form  of  a  gephj-rean  worm  of  the 
genus  PAoroHis  (which  see),  which  was  mistaken 
for  a  distinet  animal  and  na.aied  Actinotrocha 
hranchiata. 

Actinozoa  (ak  ti-no-zo'ii),  n.^)?.  [N'L.,<Gr.dKT/f 
{oKTiv-),  I'ay,  -f-  CCmv.  an  animal :  see  zoon.']  A 
class  of  ( 'alen tera ta ; 
radiated,  marine  zo- 
ophytes, embracing 
the  sea-anemones, 
corals,  sea-pens, 
etc.,  in  which  the 
mouth  is  fui'uished 
witli  hollow  retract- 
ile tentacles,  simple 
in  one  subclass  {Zo- 
antharia)  or  fringed 
in  the  other  (Alcyo- 

neiria).  The  tligestive  vertical  section  of  an  Ac.ino.oan 
cavity  IS  separated  from  (a  sea-anemone.  Actin:a  holsatical. 
the  body-wall  by  an  in-  showingtypeotstructureof^/c/iwojrt^i. 
terveniug  perivisceral  ^\  ""outh.  oral  aperture ;  b^  gastric 
snacp  whir-h  is  radinllv  cavity;<r.axialcavity.commonto*and 
^.P".'^?'  ™''-"  'S  radially  torf.animerraesemericchamljerinthe 
divided  into  several  com-  perivisceral  or  somatic  carity.  c  and  d 
partments  by  partitions  together  being  the  enteroccele  ;  e.  free 
called  mesenteries,  in  thickened  margin  of  a  mesentery.  /. 
which  the  rpniodiictive  ""'aming  nematocysts;  e.  reproduc- 
wiucn  me  rtpiouucuvi,  ,„^  organ;  h,  one  of  the  circlet  of 
organs  are  situated.  The  tentacles  around  Uie  mouth, 
great  majority  are  com- 
pound, living  in  a  polypidom;  some  adhere  to  rocks,  etc., 
and  some  are  free.  The  rayed  tentacles  about  the  mouth 
present  in  some  genera,  as  Actinia,  no  remote  resem- 
blance to  some  of  the  finest  composite  flowers.  Reproduc- 
tion is  effected  by  eggs  thrown  out  at  the  month,  by  gem- 
mules  or  buds  tleveloped  on  the  base  of  their  disk,  and  by 
division,  each  separated  part  becoming  a  complete  ani- 
mal. They  present  the  phenomenon  known  as  metagen- 
esis or  alternation  of  generation.  When  reproduced  by  or- 
dinary generation,  the  eggtlevelops  into  a  free  locomotive 
planula  with  vibratile  cilia.  The  sexes  are  either  united 
or  distinct.  The  Actinozoa  and  Hydrozoa  constitute  the 
subkingdom  Ca?ie«fcra(a.  Also  called  *lc?i"Hoirfa.  See  Hy- 
drozoa. 

actinozoal  (ak'ti-no-zo'al),  o.    Relating  to  the 

ActillO^^fKl. 

aetinozoan  (ak"ti-n6-z6'an),  n.  One  of  the  Ac- 
timi^ini :  any  member  of  that  class. 

actinozoon  (ak"ti-n6-z6'on),  H.  [NL.,  sing,  of 
Acliini:iia.]     An  aetinozoan. 

actinula  (ak-tin'u-lii),  «.;  pi.  actiniilw  (-le). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  Gr.  aKrig  (oktiv-),  ray.]  A  name 
given  by  Allman  to  the  larval  condition  of 
Hydrophora  (Hydro::oa),  appearing  when  the 
ciliated  locomotive  planula  or  embrj-o  has  be- 
come fi.\ed  by  its  aboral  end,  and  has  passed 
into  the  elongated  gastrula-stage  by  the  forma- 
tion of  the  mouth  with  its  circlet  of  tentacles. 
&ee  planula. 

In  most  Discophora,  the  embryo  becomes  a  fixed  actin- 
ula (the  so-called  Hydra  tuba,  or  Scyphistoma). 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  133. 

action  (ak'shon),  n.  [<ME.  accion,  -oun,  <  OF. 
action  =  Sp.  accion  =  Pg.  ac<;ao  =  It.  acione,  <  L. 
actio{n-),  <  agere,  do,  act :  see  act,  n.]  1.  The 
process  or  state  of  acting  or  of  being  active,  as 
opposed  to  rest:  change  of  which  the  cause  lies 
within  the  subject ;  activity  ;  active  exertion  ; 
energy  manifested  in  outward  acts,  as  con- 
trasted with  contemplation,  speciUation,  speak- 
ing, or  writing:  as,  a  man  of  action.  [In  this 
sense  not  used  in  the  plui'al.] 

Tile  basis  of  Action,  as  distinguished  from  motion,  or 
movement,  is  the  existence  of  liesire  residing  in  the  ani- 
mate organism.  L.  F.  Ward,  liynaiu.  Sociol.,  II.  90. 

2.  An  event  considered  as  predicated  of  its 
cause;  an  act,  usually  in  a  complex  or  an  in- 
elusive  sense ;  that  which  is  done  about  or  in 
relation  to  anything;  a  specific  performance, 
proceeding,  or  course  of  conduct :  as,  a  good 
or  a  bad  action ;  actions  speak  louder  than 
words  ;  the  action  of  a  deliberative  body. 

The  Lord  is  a  Uod  of  knowledge,  and  by  him  actiont 
are  weighed.  1  Sam.  li.  3. 


action 

What  dangerouB  actum,  Htood  it  next  to  death, 
Would  I  not  undergo  (or  oue  calm  look  ! 

Sliak.,  T.  G.  of  v.,  v.  4. 
An  actiun  is  the  perfection  and  publication  of  thought. 

Kmerson,  Nature. 

The  word  action  is  properly  applied  to  those  exertions 

which  are  consequent  on  volition,  whether  the  exertion 

be  nm<le  on  external  objects,  or  be  coiiflneil  to  our  mental 

operations.  D.  Stewart,  Works,  VI.  liil. 

3.  An  exertion  of  power  or  force ;  the  real  rela- 
tion of  a  cause  to  its  effect;  causality;  influ- 
ence; agency;  operation;  impulse:  as,  the  «c- 
tion  of  wind  upon  a  ship's  sails. 

The  action  which  given  electrical  masses  exert  on  the 
exterior  of  any  closed  surface  is  the  same  as  that  of  a  layer 
of  the  jwmie  mass  spread  on  this  surface  according  to  a 
certain  law.     Atkinson,  tr.  of  Mascart  and  Joubert,  I.  44. 

4.  Manner  of  mo\'inK;  kindof  motion  or  physi- 
cal pei*forinauce :  as,  this  horse  has  lino  action  ; 
the  action  of  a  machine. 

Imitate  the  action  of  the  tiger.       xS/iak:,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  1. 

5.  In  rhct.,  gesture  or  gesticulation ;  the  deport- 
ment of  the  speaker,  or  the  accommodation  of 
his  attitude,  voice,  gestures,  and  countenance 
to  the  subject,  or  to  the  thoughts  and  feelings 
expressed. 

Suit  the  action  to  the  word,  the  word  to  the  action. 

Shak.,  Uanilet,  iii.  2. 
Whilst  the  true  brood  of  actors,  that  alone 
Keep  iiat'ral,  unstruiu'd  Action  in  her  throne, 
Bebnld  tla-ir  luinlit-s  liarc.  Careir,  To  Davenant. 

6.  In  poctrij  and  the  drama^  the  connected 
series  of  events  on  which  the  interest  of  the 
piece  depends ;  the  main  subject  or  story,  as 
distinguished  from  an  incidental  action  or  epi- 
sode. Unity  of  action  is  one  of  the  dramatic 
unities. 

This  action  should  liave  three  qualitlcations :  first,  it 
should  be  one  action;  secondly,  it  should  be  an  entire  ac- 
tion; and  thirdly,  it  should  be  a  great  action. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  267. 

7.  In  7?/(  j/*io?. :  (a)  Any  one  of  the  active  pro- 
cesses going  on  in  an  organized  body ;  some 
manifestation  of  vital  aetiAaty ;  the  perform- 
ance of  a  function :  as,  the  action  of  the 
stomach  or  the  gastric  juice  on  the  food ;  a 
morbid  action  of  the  liver,  (b)  A  more  or  less 
complex  muscular  effort,  it  may  be  voluntary,  as 
the  ci'iitractioTis  of  the  voluntary  muscles  in  response  to 
the  will ;  involmitarn,  as  those  of  the  heart;  mixed,  as  those 
of  respiration,  deglutition,  etc.;  or  reflex,  as  most  involun- 
tary actions,  and  also  those  performed  by  voluntary  mus- 
cles under  ti»e  influence  of  stimuli  without  involving  con- 
scious volition. 

8.  In  law :  {a)  A  proceeding  instituted  in  coui't 
by  one  or  more  parties  against  another  or  others 
to  enforce  a  right,  or  punish  or  redress  a  wrong: 
distinguished  from  judicial  proceedings  which 
are  not  controversial  in  form,  as  the  probate  of  a 
will,  {b)  Such  a  proceedintc  under  the  forms  of 
the  common  law,  as  distiu^'uishod  from  a  chan- 
cery suit  and  a  criminal  prostcution.  But  since 
the  merger  of  law  and  equity,  the  remedy  formerly  liad 
by  suit  in  chancery  is  had  by  an  equitable  action.  In  the 
wider  sense  an  action  is  civil  or  criminal:  \t\s  criminal 
when  instituted  by  the  sovereign  for  the  punishment  of  a 
crime  (see  criminal);  cii'il  when  instituted  by  the  sover- 
eign power  iu  its  capacity  as  an  owner  or  contracting 
party,  ur  by  a  subject  or  citizen.  A  criminal  action  ia  fre- 
(juently  spoken  of  as  an  indictment,  which,  however,  is 
only  one  kind  of  formal  complaint  by  which  such  a  pro- 
ceeding may  be  commenced  or  presented  for  trial.  A 
common-law  action  is  real,  personal,  or  inixed :  real  when 
it  claims  title  to  real  estate;  personal  when  it  demands  a 
chattel,  a  debt,  damages  for  an  injury,  or  a  statutory  pen- 
alty ;  and  inixed  when  it  demands  both  real  estate  and 
damages  for  a  wrong.  Actions  are  in  persona  m  or  in  rem  : 
in  personam  when  the  party  defendant  is  a  natural  person 
or  a  corporation  ;  in  rem  when  it  is  a  thing  the  ownership 
of  wbich  it  is  sought  to  change  or  atfect,  as  when  it  is 
souglit  to  make  damages  for  a  collision  at  sea  a  lien  on 
the  guilty  ship,  or  to  confiscate  smuggled  property.  Ac- 
tions where,  the  defendant  being  out  of  the  reach  of  the 
court,  a  judgment  against  him  will  bind  only  his  property 
previously  attached,  and  actions  merely  to  determine  the 
status  of  the  parties,  as  for  divorce,  are  also  sometimes 
properly  called  actions  <»  rem  ;  for  the  property  attached 
ami  tbe  status,  respectively,  are  in  one  sense  the  subjects 
of  the  action,  and  it  is  their  presence  which  enables  the 
court  to  exercise  its  jurisdiction  as  against  persons  ab- 
sent. See  also  in  j)e-rsonam,  in  rem.  (c)  The  right 
of  bringing  an  action :  as,  the  law  gives  an 
action  for  every  claim,  [The  following  French  phrases 
are  connuou  in  Canadian  law :  Action  en  dt'claration 
d'hypothe(itte,  action,  by  a  creditor  having  a  hypothec, 
against  a  third  person  in  possession  of  the  real  property, 
to  have  it  declared  subject  to  the  hypothec.  Action  en 
interruption  {dc  prescription),  an  action  brought  to  inter- 
rupt the  running  of  the  time  fixed  in  a  statute  of  limita- 
tionsasabar  toanaction.  Action enrevendicattou,  action 
in  replevin ;  an  action  by  the  alleged  owner  of  property  to 
recover  possession.  Action  hypoth^caire ,  an  aetion  brought 
by  the  h>iJothecary  creditor  against  a  third  person  holding 
the  property  subject  to  the  hypothec,  the  object  being  to 
have  the  property  or  its  value  applied  to  pay  the  debt. 
Action  7u'<fatoire,  an  action  by  the  owner  of  real  property 
against  any  person  exercising  an  alleged  right  of  servitude 
or  easement  on  the  property,  praying  that  such  alleged 
right  be  declared  unfounded  and  that  sueh  person  be  per- 
petually barred  from  its  exercise.  Action  populairc,  a 
qui  tarn  action ;  an  action  iu  the  interest  of  the  public] 


61 

9.  In  the  fine  arts :  (a)  The  appearance  of  ani- 
mation, movement,  or  passion  given  to  figures 
by  their  attitude,  position,  or  expression,  either 
singly  or  concurrently,  {b)  The  event  or  epi- 
sode repi-esentod  or  illustrated  by  a  work  of  art. 
— 10,  A  military  tight ;  a  minor  engagement  be- 
tween anned  bodies  of  men,  whether  on  land 
or  water:  of  less  importance  than  a  battle,  See 
batth. 

How  many  gentlemen  have  you  lost  in  tliis  action  f 

Shuk.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

A  general  action  now  ensued,  which,  after  the  loss  of 
several  killed  and  wounded,  tenninated  in  the  retreat  of 
the  British  party  towards  the  centre  of  the  town. 

Everett,  Orati(Uis,  p.  90. 

1 1 .  In  7na€h. :  («)  The  mechanism  of  a  breech- 
loading  gun  by  which  it  is  opened  to  receive 
the  charge,  (b)  That  part  of  the  mechanism  of 
a  pianoforte,  an  organ,  or  otlier  similar  instru- 
ment by  which  the  action  of  the  lingers  upon 
the  keys  is  transmitted  to  the  strings,  reeds,  etc. 
In  a  harp  the  action  is  a  mechanism,  controlled  by  pedals, 
by  which  the  key  is  changed  by  a  half  or  whole  step. 

12,  [A  French  usage.]  A  share  in  the  capital 
stock  of  a  company ;  in  the  plural,  stocks,  or 
shares  of  .stock — Abandonment  of  an  action.  See 
a ba ndon men t.  —  Accessory  action.  S^-e  oc<:-ssi,r'i.  —  Ac- 
tion of  accoimt.    See  «c('OH/(r.— Action  of  adherence. 

See  adherence.— A.G%ion  Of  a  moving  system,  in  mech., 
twice  the  time-uitegral  of  the  kinetic  energy,  which  is 
equal  to  the  sum  of  the  average  moment  ums  for  the  spaces 
described  by  the  parts  of  the  system  from  any  era,  each 
multiplied  liy  thelength  of  its  path.  — Action  of  ejection 
and  intrusion.  See  fy>rfio/(. —Action  of  ejectment. 
See  t'jt'ctincnt  and  casual. — Action  Of  foreclosure.  Ste 
/tir.Wu^ur.'.— Action  of  mesne  profits,  s.r  )„,.,;;,■,_ 
Action  on  tlie  case.  See  caiTi.— Amicable  action. 
See  amu'((W''.— Angle  Of  action.  See  an;/^:*.— Back  ac- 
tion, (a)  In  marine  engines,  action  in  which  the  cylinder 
is  between  the  eross-head  or  cross-tail  an<l  the  crank. 
In  this  arrangement,  which  is  sometimes  used  where  a  sav- 
ing of  longitudinal  space  is  desireil,  parallil  side-bars  con- 
nect the  cross-head  of  the  piston-rod  witli  a  cr(.iss-tail,  and 
from  this  a  connecting-rod  extends  to  the  shaft  at  tlie  same 
end  of  the  cylinder  as  the  cross-head.  The  opposite  of 
direct  action  (see  below),  (b)  In  firearms,  when  the  locks 
are  bedded  into  the  stock  alone.  E.  II.  Kni'jht. — Cause 
of  action.  See  cause. —  Chemical  action,  action  within 
a  molecule,  or  between  molecules,  of  matter,  by  whieh 
atoms  are  added,  removed,  or  rearranged.  It  is  often 
attended  with  evolution  of  heat  and  light.     See  chemical. 

—  Chose  in  action.    See  c/to*e2.— Circuity  of  action. 

See  c( re (a7/^— Concourse  of  actions,     see   concourse. 

—  Concurrence  of  actions.  See  c««c»/v(';tc(',— Con- 
solidation of  actions.  See  co/iw./iV/a^if^n.— Currents 
of  action.  See  ci/rr./i/.  — Declaratory  action.  See 
dt'clarator.  —  Direct  action,  in  a  sttain-engine,  action  in 
wliich  the  piston-rod  or  cross-hi.ad  is  dirt-ctly  connected 
by  a  rod  with  the  crank.  — Double  action,  in  mach.,  ae- 
tion,  as  of  a  piston,  in  which  w(jrk  is  done  at  every  stroke 
IT  reciprocal  movement.— Droitural  action.  See  rfroi- 
/Hmf.— Equivocal  action,  one  in  which  the  effect  is  of 
a  different  species  from  the  agent,  as  the  action  of  a  blow 
upon  a  drum,  causing  it  to  sourul.— Form  Of  action. 
See  form.^  Gist  of  an  action.  See  vw"^-— Immanent 
action,  ''ue  whose  effect  is  within  the  agent  or  cause  ; 
transient  action,  one  whose  effect  is  an  object  other 
than  its  cause. 

In  the  action  immanent  the  agent  and  the  patient  ai-e 
the  same  ;  in  the  transient  different,  in  the  thing  itself. 

Btirffersdicins,  tr.  by  a  Gentleman,  i.  S. 
In  action,  in  a  condition  or  state  of  activity;  in  active 
operation.— Law  Of  action  and  reaction,  Newtons 
third  law  of  motion.  It  is  as  follows:  To  every  action 
tiiere  is  always  au  equal  and  contrary  reaction;  or  the 
nmtual  actions  of  two  bodies  are  always  equal  and  oppo- 
sitely directed.  By  action  here  is  to  be  understood  the 
force,  or  sometimes  (according  to  Newton)  the  product 
of  its  effective  component  into  the  velocity  of  its  point 
of  application.  While  the  first  two  laws  of  motion  de- 
termine how  forces  of  eveiy  conceivable  kind  affect  bod- 
ies, and  what  motions  they  produce,  the  third  is  more 
positive,  in  that  it  begins  the  description  of  the  forces 
that  are  actually  found  in  nature,  by  enunciating  the 
proposition  that  the  algebraic  sum  of  all  the  forces  that 
are  called  into  play  on  each  occasion  is  zero.  The  follow- 
ing passage  gives  Newton's  comments  on  this  law,  in  the 
language  of  Thomson  and  Tait,  except  that  the  original 
word  action  is  restored,  in  phice  of  the  word  acticity  which 
those  authors  substitute  for  it,  in  onlcr  to  jivoid  confusion 
with  the  action  of  a  moving  system,  na  defined  above  :  "  If 
one  body  ]»resses  or  draws  another,  it  is  pressed  or  drawn 
by  this  other  with  an  equal  force  in  tlie  opposite  direction. 
If  any  one  presses  a  stone  with  his  finger,  his  finger  is 
pressed  with  the  same  force  in  the  opposite  direction  by 
the  stone.  .A.  horse  towing  a  boat  on  a  canal  is  dragged 
backwards  by  a  force  equal  to  that  which  he  impresses  on 
the  towing-r()pe  forwards.  Hy  whatever  amount,  and  in 
whatever  direction,  one  body  has  its  motion  changed  by 
impact  upon  another,  this  other  body  has  its  motion 
changed  by  the  same  amount  in  the  opposite  direction; 
for  at  each  instant  during  the  impact  the  force  bctueen 
them  was  ciiual  and  opposite  on  the  two.  When  neitlier 
of  the  two  bodies  has  any  rotation,  whether  before  or 
after  the  impact,  the  changes  of  velocity  which  they  ex- 
perience are  proportional  to  their  masses.  When  one 
body  attracts  another  from  a  distance,  this  other  attracts 
it  with  an  ei|iuil  and  opposite  force.  If  the  action  of  an 
agent  be  measured  by  its  amount  and  velocity  conjointly, 
and  if,  similarly,  the  reaction  of  the  resistance  be  measured 
by  the  velocities  of  its  several  parts  and  their  several 
amounts  etuijointly.  whether  these  arise  from  friction,  co- 
hesion, weight,  or  acceleration,  action  and  reaction,  in 
all  combinations  of  machines,  will  be  equal  and  opposite." 

—  Local  action  (in  a  v^dtaic  cell).     See  amalrjamatf,  c. 

—  PerflClent  action,  that  action  which  changes  the 
thing   acted    upon    without    destroying   it ;    corrupting 


active 

action,  that  which  destroys  it.—  Principle  of  least 
action,  of  Maupertuia.  the  principle  that,  of  all  the  dif- 
ferent sets  of  paths  along  which  a  conservative  system 
may  be  guided  from  one  cc}nfigurati*ui  t4j  another,  with 
Us  total  energy  constant,  that  one  for  which  the  action 
is  the  least  is  such  that  the  system  will  require  only 
to  be  started  with  the  proper  velocities  Uy  move  along  it 
unguided.  -  Sl31gle  action,  in  mach.,  acti<.n,  as  of  a  pis- 
ton or  plunger,  in  which  work  is  perfonued  on  only  one  of 
two  or  more  strokes  :  ;is,  a  siiiyle -action  pump,  one  in 
whicli  the  water  is  raised  on  every  aUerriatc  stroke,  (»r  the 
upward  lift  of  the  pump-rod.— To  take  action,  to  take 
steps  in  regard  to  anything;  specificillv,  t..  institute  legal 
proceedings.— Unlvocal  action,  tlijit  lo  wliich  an  agent 
produces  an  effect  of  tlic  .s;tiii'-  species  ;ls  itself;  thus,' the 
action  of  heat  in  heating  ;i  bnd>  by  ctniductiim  is  univocal. 
—  Wave-action,  in  f/un.,  aluionually  high  pres.sure  in  a 
gun  from  \,  ry  l;irge charges.  =  Syn.A'rtion,  Act,  Deed.  In 
many  ruses  tln-se  words  are  synonymous,  Itut  action(in  the 
sin^'nl:ir)dcn'it('s  more  particularly  the  operation,  ac/  and 
dcd  the  accomplished  result.  Ou\y  action  maybe  used 
to  signify  tlie  doing  or  the  method  of  doing  ;  it  is  also  the 
word  for  ordinary  activity,  act  signifying  that  which  is 
nujre  notable  or  dignified.  An  action  may  include  many 
acts,  while  act  is  generally  individual.  An  exception  to 
this  is  in  the  use  of  the  word  act  to  indicate  a  section 
of  a  play,  which  is  a  survival  of  old  usage ;  yet  action  is  in 
this  connection  broader  than  act,  covering  the  movement 
of  the  plot  tlirough  all  the  acts  :  as,  in  Macbeth  the  action 
is  highly  triiudc.  A  course  of  action  ;  his  action  was  con- 
tinued ;  repeated  acts  of  humanity;  his  acts  were  incon- 
sistent. Di'i'tl  in  old  usage  had  a  very  general  application, 
but  in  modern  us;ige  it  is  applied  chiefly  to  acts  which  are 
for  any  reiuson  especially  noteworthy  ;  it  is  a  more  formal 
w<)rd  than  actioji  or  act.  The  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  the  ac- 
tion of  a  watch ;  the  acts  of  a  prince,  the  actiotis  of  chil- 
dren ;  an  act  of  mercy ;  a  deed  of  valor ;  a  base  deed  or  act. 
For  comparison  with/ca(,  etc.,  see  feat. 

Fundamentally  there  is  no  such  thing  as  private  action. 
All  actions  are  public  — in  themselves  or  their  conse- 
quences, Bovee,  Sunnnaries  of  Thought. 
Our  acts  our  angels  are,  or  good  or  ill. 
Our  fatal  shadows  that  walk  by  us  still. 

J.  Fletcher,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  L  37. 
Who  doth  right  dej'ds 
Is  twice-born,  and  who  doeth  ill  deeds  vile. 

Edunn  Arnold,  Light  of  Asia,  vi.  78. 

action  (ak'shon),  V.  t.  [KactioUf  ??.]  To  brii% 
a  legal  action  against.     [Rare.] 

actionable  (ak'sbon-a-bl),  a.  [<  ML.  actiona- 
bilis,  <  L.  actio{n-),  action:  see  action.']  Fur- 
nishing sufficient  ground  for  an  action  at  law  : 
as,  to  call  a  man  a  thief  is  actionable. 

Many  things  which  have  been  said  in  such  papers  .  .  . 
are  equally  actionable.  The  Anvrican,  VIII.  5. 

actionably  (ak'shon-a-bli),  adv.  In  an  action- 
able manner;  in  a  manner  that  may  subject  to 
legal  process. 

actional  (ak'shon-al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
action  or  actions.     Grote. 

actionary  (ak'shpn-a-ri),  n.  ;  pi.  acUonaries 
(-riz).  [=F.  actionnaire,<,'i>lL,  actionariuSj<.  L. 
actio{n-)j  action:  see  action.]  A  shareholder  in 
a  joint-stock  company;  one  who  owns  actions 
(see  action,  12)  or  shares  of  stock.  Also  called 
<ictioni.sf.     [ChieHy  used  of  French  subjects.] 

actioner  (ak'shpn-er),  n.  The  workman  who 
makes  or  adapts  the  action  of  an  instrument, 
as  of  a  piano,  etc. 

actionist  (ak'sbpn-ist),  n.  [<  action  +  -ist] 
Same  as  actionary. 

actionize  (ak'shpn-iz),  r. /.  l<.  action +  'ize.]  To 
bring  a  legal  action  against.     [Rare.]     A'.  E.  U. 

actionless  (ak'shon-les),  a.  l<  action  + -less.] 
Without  action  ;  inert. 

action-sermon  (ak'shon-ser*mpn),  n.  In  the 
Presbyterian  churches  of  Scotland,  the  sennon 
preached  before  the  celebration  of  the  com- 
munion. 

action-takingf (ak'shon-ta/''king), a.    Litigious; 
accustomed  to  seek  redress  by  law  instead  of 
by  the  sword  :  an  epithet  of  contempt. 
A  lily-liver'd,  action-takimj  .  .  .  rogue. 

Shitk.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 

actioust  (ak'shus),  a.     [<  action  +  -ou^    Cf.  fac- 
tious.]   Active ;  full  of  activity;  full  of  energy. 
He  knows  you  to  be  eager  men,  martial  men,  men  of 
good  stomachs,  very  hot  shots,  very  actions  for  valour. 

Dekker  and  Webster  (?),Sir  Thomas  Wyat,  p.  44. 

actitation  (ak-ti-ta'shpn),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *ac- 
titatio{n-),  iactitare,  act  or  plead  frequently, 
used  only  of  lawsuits  and  dramas ;  double  freq. 
of  agcrcj  act,  do.]  Frequent  action ;  specifi- 
cally, the  debating  of  lawsuits.     [Rare.] 

activatet  (ak'ti-vat),  v.  t.  [<  active  -f-  -ate^.] 
To  make  active  ;  intensify. 

Snow  and  ice.  especially  being  liolpen,  and  their  cold 
actieated  l>y  nitre  or  salt,  will  turn  water  to  ice,  and  that 
in  a  few  hours.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  $  83. 

active  (ak'tiv),  a.  [<  ME.  actif,  <  OF.  actif  F. 
actif,-ivc,<.h.  activi(s,<.ager€j  doj  3LCt :  see  act,  n."} 
1.  Havingthepowerorpropertyofacting;  tend- 
ing to  cause  change  or  communicate  action  or 
motion;  capable  of  exerting  influence:  opposed 
to  pa,'isivc  :  as,  attraction  is  an  active  power. 

When  the  mind  has  a  passive  sensibility,  but  no  active 
strength.  Hawthorne.  Twice-Told  Tales,  JI.  83. 


active 


62 


I  fliiii  I  can  excite  ideas  in  mv  mind  at  pleasure,  and  actively  (ak'tiv-li),  adv.     1.   In  an  active  man 


vary  and  shift  tlie  scene  as  ufteii  as  I  thiiilt  fit.  This 
niakiii)!  iiiui  uiinml<inK  of  ideas  Uotli  very  i>roiierly  de- 
noniitiate  tlie  mind  aclhye, 

licrkelei/,  Principles  of  Human  Knowledge,  i.  §  38. 

Power,  tlius  considered,  is  twofold  — viz.;  as  able  to 
make,  or  able  to  receive,  any  ehannc ;  the  one  may  be 
called  aclhy  and  the  other  passive  power.  Locke. 

ITIii.s distinction  is  taken  from  Aristotle.) 
Specifically  — 2.  In  mcd,  acting  quickly ;  pro- 
ducing iiuinediate  effects:  as,  active  remedies 
or  treatment. —  3.  Ha\-ing  the  power  of  quick 
motion,  or  disposition  to  move  with  speed; 
nimble;  lively;  brisk;  agile:  as,  an  oc^i'if  ani- 
mal.—4.  Busy;  constantly  engaged  in  action; 


acting  with -i-igor  and  assiduity:  ojiposedtof/H/^   --xj  +,  /„i,'tiv-] 


ner ;  by  action  or  movement ;  hence,  briskly  or 
energetically:  as,  to  engage  actively  in  busi- 
ness ;  to  work  actively. 

To  flaming  youth  let  virtue  bo  as  wax,  .  .  . 
Since  frost  itself  as  actively  doth  burn. 

Sliak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

2.  In  an  active  sense ;  by  active  application  or 
attention ;  in  a  way  involving  or  implying  ac- 
tion :  opposed  to paasivclii :  as,  to  employ  a  verb 
actively;  to  study  actively. 

The  student  is  to  read  history  acticely  and  not  passively  ; 
to  esteem  his  own  life  the  text,  and  books  the  commen- 
tary. Emeriton,  History. 


.    ,  ,  -,  ,.        ,,v^ „,,„  ,.  aci/iveuieuuT  ^ilK.  Liv-ment),  n.     [Irreg.  <  acWt'e 

sloxv,  or  indolent:  as,  an  «c(itc  officer;  also  to  ^^-m^^^     Business;  emplo^-ment.     Bp.  Key- 
sedentary :  a.%,  an  active  lite,  nolds  '        r    . 
Malaga  possessed  a  brave  and  numerous  Kamson,  and  agy^eneSS  (ak'tiv-nes),  n.     The  quaUty  of  be- 
'  Jrei'nri,  Granada,  p.  348.     ing  active  ;  the  faculty  of  acting  ;  uimbleness ; 


the  commou  people  were  active, 


5.  In  a  state  of  action  ;  marked  by  movement 
or  operation ;  in  actual  progress  or  motion ;  not 
quiescent,  dormant,  or  suspended :  as,  to  take 
active  proceedings  against  an  offender  ;  to  en- 
gage in  active  hostilities. 

The  world  hath  had  in  these  men  fresh  experience  how 
dangerous  such  active  erroi-s  are.  Hooker. 

Fanaticism,  or,  to  call  it  by  its  milder  name,  enthusi- 
asm, is  only  powerful  and  active  so  long  as  it  is  aggressive. 
Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  232. 

Hence  —  6.  In  com.,  marked  by  quickness  or 
frequency;  brisk;  lively;  coming  or  moving 
freely  or  "abundantly :  as,  an  active  trade  or  de- 
mand for  goods ;  active  freights  or  stocks. —  7. 
Requiidng  action  or  exertion;  practical;  opera- 
tive; producing  real  effects:  opposed  to  sjkch- 
lative:  as,  the  rtcWce  duties  of  life;  the  active 
powers  of  the  mind. 

The  division  of  the  faculties  of  the  human  mind  into 
ilhderstanding  and  will  is  very  ancient,  and  has  been 
generallv  adopted,  the  former  comprehending  all  our 
speculative,  the  latter  all  our  active,  powers.  Reid. 

[This  use  of  active  for  practical,  in  philosophy,  is  rightly 
condemned  by  Hamilton.] 

8.  Inrirain.,  signifying  the  performance  and  not 
the  endm'ance  of  an  action :  opposed  to  j^assive. 
Said  of  a  verb  or  verb-form,  and  used  especially  in  tlie  case 
of  languages  which,  like  Latin,  have  a  nearly  complete 
passive  conjugation  of  the  verb,  or  else,  like  (;reek  and  San- 
skrit, a  partial  one  ;  but  also,  lesspri'peil>',  of  tliose  which, 
like  English  and  French,  have  a  systenuif  verl  i -phrases  with 
passive  nit-aniriL',  made  \s'ith  an  auxiliary,  .^onie  gramma- 
rians (quitu  iiHpioii.iiy)  use  rtrfiC'  as  eci\iivaleiit  to  (rrtim- 
tirt.— Active  apperception,  tliat  appiTception  which 
chooses  one  among  a  number  of  ideas  tliat  lu-esent  them- 
selves.—Active  bonds,  bonds  which  l>ear  a  fixed  rate  of  in- 
terest payalde  in  full  from  the  date  of  issue,  as  distinguished 
from  iKU^ice  liond.^,  on  which  no  interest  is  paid,  but  whicll 
entitle  the  holder  to  some  future  benefit  or  claim.— Active 
capital  or  wealth,  money,  or  property  that  may  readily 
be  converted  into  money,  used  in  commerce  or  other  em- 


aetivity.     [Rare.] 

Wiiat  strange  agility  and  acfivcness  do  our  common 
tumblers  and  dancers  on  the  rope  attain  to ! 

Bp.  Wilkijis,  Math.  Magick. 

activity  (ak-tiv'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  activities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  uctirite,  <  ML.  activiia{t-).s,  <  L.  activns, 
active:  see  active.l  1.  The  state  of  action; 
doing. 

Orl.  He  is,  simply,  the  most  active  gentleman  of  France, 
Con.  Doing  is  actimty,  and  he  will  still  be  doing. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  7. 

2.  Activeness;  the  quality  of  acting  promptly 
and  energetically. 

If  thou  knowest  any  men  of  activity  among  them,  then 
make  them  rulers  over  my  cattle.  Gen.  xlvii.  6. 

3.  An  exercise  of  energj'  or  force;  an  active 
movement  or  operation ;  a  mode  or  course  of 
action. 

The  aetivities  of  sentient  beings  are  perpetually  directed 
to  averting  pain  and  attracting  pleasure. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  681. 

4.  In  pliys.,  a  term  introduced  by  Sir  William 
Thomson  as  an  equivalent  of  "rate  of  doing 
work,"  or  the  rate  per  unit  of  time  at  which  en- 
ergy is  given  out  by  a  working  system. 

The  activity,  or  work  per  second,  or  horse-power  of  a 
dynamo  can  be  measured  electrically. 

S.  P.  Thompson,  Dyuamo-Elect.  Mach.,  p.  99. 

5t.  A  physical  or  gymnastic  exercise ;  an  agile 
performance. 

I  was  admitted  into  the  dauncing  and  vaulting  Schole,  of 
which  late  activity  one  Stokes,  the  Master,  set  forth  a 
pretty  book.  Evelyn,  Diary,  1037. 

actless  (akt'les),  a.  [<  act  +  -less.]  Without 
action  or  spirit.     [Rare.] 

A  poor,  young,  actless,  indigested  thing. 

Southern,  Loyal  Brother,  i.  1. 


plojTOent.- Active  cause.    See  cause— Active  com-  acto  (ak'to),  «.   rSp.,alsoaHto,  <  L.  ncaiH^acS^MS.- 
merce.  thecommerceiuwhichanationcarnesitsownand      „ X.,*   „T      \.^   ..f.*-\.n  r,  .rxt.^^aaA\^fr      T      •    l"  -  , 

foreign  commodities  in  its  own  ships,  or  which  is  prose-  see  ae<,  «.]    An  act  or  a  proeeedmg      In  judicial 

cuted  by  its  own  citizens,  as  contradistinguished  from  pas-  matters  it  is  apphed  to  any  of  the  proceedings,  orders 

sive,  in  which  the  productions  of  one  country  are  trans-  decrees,  or  sentences  of  a  court   in  parts  of  the  Lnited 

ported  bv  tlie  people  of  another.-Active  debt,    iit-edeht.  States  settled  by  Spaniards.     //.  M  .  Hnlleck. 

— Active  "r  living  force,  in  jiAks.,  same  as  vis  ii'ra  (whicli  acton  (ak'ton),  n.     [<irE.  acton,  aktone,  aJceton, 

see).— Active  fund.     See  .ri»id.— Active  Instrument,  acniieton,  acketon,  -toiin,  etc.,  later  often  with 

one  which  upon  being  set  into  action  goes  on  of  itself,  as  ,^_  %acton,  liaketon,   haqueton,  etc.,  also  liocton, 


fire. — Active  list,  the  list  of  officers  in  the  army  or  navy 
liable  to  be  called  upon  for  active  service,  as  distinguished 
from  the  redred  ^wf.— Active  power.  See  quotation 
from  Locke  under  def.  1.  Reid  uses  the  term  to  denote 
the  will,  appetites,  affections,  etc.;  but  that  use  has  been 
generally  condemned. — Active  service  {milit.).  (a)  The 
performance  of  duty  against  an  enemy,  or  operations  car- 
ried on  in  his  presence. 

It  was  evident,  from  the  warlike  character  of  El  Zagal, 
that  there  would  be  abundance  of  active  service,  and  hard 
fighting.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  437. 

(b)  The  state  of  having  a  place  on  the  active  Kst,  under 
fiUl  pay  :  used  in  contradistinction  to  being  on  the  retired 
list,  un'tler  reduced  pay. — Active  symptoms,  in  pathoL, 
symptoniso^excitement.— Optically  active  substance, 
in  j'hus..  one  which  has  the  power  uf  rotating'  the  idane 
of  polarization  of  a  ray  of  light  transmitted  througli  it. 
=Syil.  Active,  Bustf,  O^fficious,  lively,  agile,  stirring,  vigor- 
ous, industrious,  indefatigable.  (See  busif.)  Active  regards 
either  mind  or  body ;  there  is  no  sinister  sense  of  the  word. 
The  activity  may  be  merely  for  its  own  sake.  Active  is  op- 
posed lo  lazy,  inert,  or  quiescent :  an  active  mind,  life,  per- 
son. Buny  is  active  about  something  that  is  supposed  to 
be  useful.  As  applied  to  disposition,  the  word  has  ac- 
quired a  bad  sense,  that  of  meddlesome :  a  inwi/body ;  lie 
is  too  bii.^if  about  others'  atfairs.  An  oj/icioxtn  penson  is  one 
who.sc  etforts  to  be  active  or  busy  for  others'  benefit  come, 
thituigh  his  lack  of  judgment,  to  be  regarded  as  annoying 
or  intrusive.     See  impertinent. 

Whose  very  languor  is  a  punishment 
Heavier  than  active  souls  can  feel  or  guess. 

Aubrey  de  Vere,  Song  of  Faith. 
Rest  is  not  quitting  the  busy  career. 

John  Dwigkt,  True  Rest. 

I  will  1)6  hang'd  if  some  eternal  villain. 

Some  busy  and  insinuating  rogue. 

Some  cogging,  cozening  slave,  to  get  some  office, 

Have  not  devis'd  this  slander.     Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 
You  are  too  ojficious 

In  lier  behalf  that  scorns  your  services. 

Shak.,  JI.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 


actualization 

actress  (ak'tres),  n.  [<  actor  +  -€88.  Cf.  F.  ac- 
triccy  an  actress,  <  L.  actrix,  ace.  actricem,  a 
female  plaintiff,  a  stewardess,  fern,  of  actor: 
see  actor,]    A  female  actor  or  performer. 

Virgil  has,  Indeed,  admitted  Fame  as  an  actress  in  the 
.^neid.  AddiJton. 

Specifically,  a  woman  who  represents  or  acts  a  part  in  a 
play.  Actresses  were  n<jt  introduced  in  England  till  after 
the  Restoration,  though  they  seem  to  have  been  em- 
ployed in  some  parts  of  Europe  much  earlier.  Tliomas 
Coryat,  the  traveler,  mentions  them  in  ills  "Crudities," 
published  in  1011 :  "  Here  [Venice]  .  .  .  I  saw  women  acte, 
a  thing  that  I  never  saw  before;  though  I  have  heard  that 
it  hath  been  used  in  London."  In  Sliakspere's  time  fe- 
male parts  were  pei-fonned  by  boys,  as  is  still  the  custom 
in  China  and  some  other  countries.  "The  king,  one  night, 
was  impatient  to  have  the  play  begin.  'Sire,'  said  Dave- 
nant,  'they  are  sha\ing  the  queen.'"  Memuirg  o/ Count 
de  Gramont.  In  the  epilogue  to  **As  you  Like  it"  Ro- 
salind says:  "If  I  were  a  woman,  I  would  kiss  as  many 
of  you  as  had  beards  tliat  pleased  me,"  etc.  In  10*j'2  the 
employment  of  actresses  was  sanctioned  by  Charles  II. 
"  Whereas  the  women's  parts  in  plays  have  hitherto  been 
acted  by  men,  in  the  habits  of  women,  at  which  some 
have  taken  great  offence,  we  do  pennit  and  give  leave, 
for  the  time  to  come,  that  all  women's  parts  be  acted  by 
women."  Extract  from  license  in  liH',i  to  a  London  theater. 
actual  (ak'tu-ai),  a.  [<  ME.  actual,  actuel,  ac- 
tive, <  OF.  aiid  F.  actuel,  <  LL.  actitaUSj  active, 
practical,  <  L.  actus  (actu-),  act,  action,  per- 
formance: see  actj  ??.]  If.  Active;  practical. 
Besides  her  walking  and  other  actual  performances,  what 
.  .  .  have  you  heard  her  say?  Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  1. 

Either  in  discourse  of  thought  or  actual  deed. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 

2.  In  full  existence ;  real;  denoting  that  which 
not  merely  can  be,  but  is :  opposed  to  potentialj 
apparentj  constructive,  and  imaginary, 

Hermogenes,  says  Horace,  was  a  singer  even  when  si- 
lent; how?  —  a  singer  notinartu  buti/i  po«jfe.  SoAlfenus 
was  a  cobbler,  even  when  not  at  work ;  that  is,  he  was  a 
cobbler  potential,  whereas,  when  busy  in  his  booth,  he  was 
a  cobbler  actual.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

The  smallest  actual  good  is  better  than  the  most  magnifi- 
cent promises  of  impossibilities.    Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

In  sundry  abnormal  states,  strong  feelings  of  cold  or 
heat  are  felt  throughout  the  body,  though  its  actual  tem- 
perature has  remained  unaltered. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  47. 

3.  Now  existing ;  present:  opposed  to  past  and 
future:  as,  in  the  actual  condition  of  affairs. — 
'Actual  being.     See  being.— ActnaX  cautery.     See 

cautery,  1.— Actual  cognition,  oppose.!  to  virtual  and  to 
habitual  cognition,  lasts  only  wliile  the  attention  is  en- 
gaged upon  the  object.  — Actual  difference.  See  difer- 
snc(?.— Actual  energy,  in  mech.,  energy  in  the  form 
of  motion  ;  riV  viva  :  opposed  to  potential  energy,  which  is 
energy  in  the  form  of  position.  See  eHcr^i/.— Actual 
entry.  See  tnfn/.— Actual  fraud.  See /rawt/.— Actual 
relation,  one  which  depends  upon  an  outward  fact,  and 
not  upon  a  mere  desire  vr  fancy.— Actual  sin,  in  theuL, 
the  sin  of  the  individual,  in  contrast  with  the  sin  of  the 
race,  or  original  sin.— Actual  whole,  in  logic:  (a)  Any 
whole  except  a  potential  whole. 

This  whole  is  called  potential,  whereas  the  rest  of  the 
species  are  called  actual. 

Burgersdicius,  tr.  by  a  Gentleman,  i.  14. 

(b)  An  individual  as  containing  in  it  species,  or  a  species 
as  containing  in  it  genera ;  a  metaphysical  or  formal 
whole.  So  actual  parts.— The  actual,  that  which  is  real 
and  existing,  as  opposed  to  what  is  ideal  or  merely  pos- 
sible ;  the  activities  and  cares  of  life. 

That  delicious  sense  of  disenthrallment  from  the  actual 
which  the  deepening  twilight  brings  with  it. 

Loivell,  Study  Windows,  p.  54. 

=  Syn.  Actual,  Positive,  etc.  (see  real),  veritable,  genuine, 
certain,  altsolute. 

"   ation. 


hocquetoHj  etc.,  <  OF.  acoton,  aqucton,  auque- 

touj  etc.,  later  hocqueton,  hoctou,  F.  hoqucton 

=  Pr.  alcoto,  cotton-wool,  padding,  a  padded 

and  qiiilted  jacket   <Sp.  a/^af/o>^  «/rr^/a»   cot-  actialisatio^^^^    actualise.     See    actnali. 

ton,  cotton-plant,  <  Ar.  al-qutun,  cotton,  <  al,  ^/(."TJ//-^ 

the, +  (7Hf»H,  cotton:  see  cotton.']    A  kind  of 

quilted  vest  or  tunic,  made  of  taffeta  or  leather, 

worn  under  the  habergeon  or  coat  of  mail  to 

save  the  body  fi-om  bruises,  and  sometimes  worn 

alone  like  a  "buffcoat ;  in  later  times,  a  corselet 

or  cuirass  of  plate-armor.     See  gamheson. 

His  aeton  it  was  all  of  black.  Percy's  Relitjues. 

Yet  was  his  helmet  hack'd  and  hew'd, 

His  acton  pierced  and  tore.        Scutt,  Eve  of  St.  John. 


actualism  (ak'tii-al-izm),  n.  l<  actual  +  -ism.] 
In  mctapk.,  the' doctrine  that  all  existence  is 
truly  active  or  spiritual,  and  not  dead  or  inert. 
There  is  notliing  so  clear  in  his  [Hiuton's]  earliest 
thought  as  the  doctrine,  embodied  in  the  word  Actualism, 
that  the  world  is  a  process.  Mind,  IX.  399. 

actualist  (ak'tu-al-ist),  n.  [<  actual  +  -ist.'] 
One  who  is  interested  in  or  deals  with  actuali- 
ties ;  a  realist :  opposed  to  itkalist.     Grotc. 


By  an  order  in  1297  for  the  London  City  Gate  guard  the  actualltv  (ak-tu-ari-ti),  n. ;  pi.  actualities  (-tiz). 
haketon  and  gambeson  are  to  be  both  worn,  or  in  default  r_  p  actualitc  <  ML.  actuaUia(t-)s  (Duns  Sco- 
the  A«A^c(o7i  and  corset  or  Aafreton  and  plates.  r      ^   Vt  *     'i-  +„„i  .  ^^^  ^\t,...i -\      i      n^\^^ 

Fairhoit,  II.  3.  tus),  <  L.  actualts,  actual:  see  actual.]  1.  ine 
state  of  being  actual,  as  opposed  to  potential- 
ity;  existence,  as  opposed  to  ideality. 

A  man  may  deny  rtcf»a^(7i/  .  .  .  to  the  Mahometan  idea 
of  God,  and  yet  be  no  atheist. 

Theodore  Parker,  Speculative  Atheism. 

George  Sand  says  neatly,  that  "Art  is  not  a  study  of 
positive  reality"  (actuality  were  the  fitter  word),  "but  a 
seekingafterideal truth."    Loivell,  Study  Windows,  p.  208. 

2.  That  in  which  anything  is  realized. 

Nature  an<l  religion  are  the  bands  ..f  friendship;  excel- 
lency and  usefulness  are  its  great  endearments;  society 
and  neighborhood,  that  is,  the  possiliilities  and  the  cir- 
cumstances of  converse,  are  the  determinations  and  actu- 
alities of  it.  Jer.  Taylor.  Friendship. 

actualization  (ak^tu-al-i-za'shon),  «.  A  making 
real  or  actual ;   the  reducing  of  an  idea  to  a 


actor  (ak'tor),  ?i.  [<  'ME.  actour,  agent,  pleader. 
<L.  actor,  doer,  plaintiff,  advocate,  agent,  play- 
er, <  agerc,  drive,  do,  act:  see  act,  n,]  1.  One 
who  acts  or  performs ;  the  doer  or  performer  of 
an  action ;  specifically,  one  who  represents  a 
character  or  acts  a  part  in  a  play ;  a  stage- 
player. 

He  [Pitt]  was  an  actor  in  the  Closet,  an  actor  at  Coun- 
cil, .  .  .  and  even  in  private  society  he  could  not  lay  aside 
his  theatrical  tones  and  attitudes. 

Macaulay,  William  Pitt. 

2.  In  latv:  (a)  An  advocate  or  a  proctor  in  ci\'il 
courts  or  causes,  (b)  A  plaintiff.  [In  this 
sense  properly  a  Latin  word.]  —  Character-actor, 
an  acti>r  who  portrays  characters  with  strongly  marked  i)e- 
culiarities. 


actualization 

state  of  actuality  or  existence ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing made  actual.    Also  spelled  actualisation. 

It  Itlu'  idea  of  peace]  is  expounded,  illustrated,  defined, 
with  dilfereut  de^vecs  of  clearness ;  and  its  actuaiization, 
or  tile  iiK-aaui-es  it  should  inspire,  predicted  according  to 
the  li^lit  of  each  seer.  Emerson,  War. 

actualize  (ak'tu-al-Iz),  r.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  ac- 
iKdliicd,  y\n:  (ii-iii(ili::'n\tj.  [<  actual  +  -he ;  =  1<\ 
aclKidiscr.]  To  make  actual.  Also  sjielled  ac- 
titaliife^ 

His  [Macaiilay'sJ  critical  severity  almost  actuatizcn  the 
iilra  of  iTitical  damnation.      Whipjdr,  Kss.  and  Ucv.,  I.  20. 

actually  (ak'tu-al-i),  adf.  1.  As  au  actual  or 
existing  fact";  really;  in  truth:  often  used  as 
au  expression  of  wonder  or  surprise:  as,  ho  ac- 
tuiiHi)  accomplished  what  lie  undertook. 

(In  one  occa.'^ion  .Sheridan  actuaibi  forced  liurkc  down 
upon  his  seat  in  order  to  prevent  ii  fiu'ious  explosion  of 
passion.  Lec/cit,  Eny:.  iit  18th  Cent.,  xv. 

The  refraetion  of  the  atmosphere  causes  the  sun  to  be 
seen  before  it  actualtij  rises,  and  after  it  actualhi  sets. 

Tijndall,  Lislit  and  Ele'ct.,  p.  43. 

2\.  By  action  or  active  manifestation ;  in  act 
or  deed ;  practically. 

of  all  your  sex,  yet  never  did  I  know 

Any  that  yet  so  actually  did  shew 

Such  rules  for  patience,  such  an  easy  way. 

Drayton,  Elegies. 

actualness  (ak'tu-al-nes),  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  actual;  actuality.     [Rare.] 

actuarial  (ak-tli-a'ri-al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  au  actuary  or  to  actuaries,  or  to  the  business 
of  au  actuary:  as,  actuarial  calculations;  auoc- 
Uiiiridl  soeiety. 

actuarially  (ak-tu-a'ri-al-i),  adv.  After  the 
manner  of  au  actuary ;  in'  an  actuarial  way. 

The  trade-unions  of  England  are,  aettian'attii  speakiiij;, 
bankrupt.  A'.  A.  liei:,  CXLIII.  2aa. 

actuary  (ak'tii-a-i-i),  H.;  \>\.  actuaries {-riz).  [<L. 
acUiarius,  a  shorthand-writer,  a  clerk,  <  actus 
{actu-),  action,  public  employment:  seeac?,  w.] 

1.  A  registrar  or  clerk:  a  term  of  the  civil  law, 
used  originally  in  courts  of  civil-law  jui'isdic- 
tion.  In  En^lanil  —  ((()  A  clerk  who  registers  the  acts  and 
constitutions  of  the  lower  house  of  Convocation.  ((/)  An 
officer  appointed  to  keep  a  savings-bank's  accounts. 

2.  A  person  skilled  in  the  application  of  the 
doctrine  of  chances  to  financial  affairs,  more 
especially  in  regard  to  the  insurance  of  lives. 
'J'hc  term  is  generally  applied  to  an  ofticer  of  a  life-insur- 
am-c  company  whose  main  duties  are  to  make  tlie  coni- 
piilatifins  necessary  to  determine  the  valuation  of  contin- 
gent liabilities,  computation  of  premiums,  compilation  of 
tallies,  etc. 

actuate  (ak'tfi-at),  v.  f.j  pret.  and  pp.  actu- 
atcil,  ppr.  actuating.  [<  ML.  actuatus,  pp.  of  ac- 
tuarc,  perform,  put  in  action,  <  L.  actus:  see 
act,  H.]  1.  To  put  into  action;  move  or  incite 
to  action:  as,  men  are  actuated  by  motives  or 
passions. 

Those  whom  their  superior  talents  had  deified,  were 
found  to  Ije  still  actuated  by  the  most  brutal  passions  of 
lunnan  nature.  OoUhtuith,  Origin  of  Toetry. 

I  succeeded  in  making  a  very  good  electro-magnet,  .  .  . 
wliich  ,  .  .  performed  the  work  of  actuating/  the  arma- 
ture with  perfect  success- 

E.  Gray,  in  G.  B.  Prescott's  Elect.  Invent.,  p.  1S5. 
2t.  To  make  actual  or  real;  carry  out;  exe- 
cute; perform. 

Only  to  be  thought  worthy  of  your  counsel, 
Or  actuate  what  you  command  to  me. 
Were  a  perpetual  happiness. 

Jlassinijer,  Roman  Actor,  iv.  2. 
=  Syil.  1.  Actuate,  Impel,  Induce,  Incite,  Prompt,  Insti- 
gate. (See  impel.)  To  actuate  is  merely  to  call  into  action, 
without  regard  to  the  nature  of  the  actuating  force ;  but 
it  is  very  commonly  used  of  motives :  as,  the  murderer  was 
actuated  liy  revenge.  Impel,  to  drive  toward,  is  exju'essive 
of  more  i»assion,  luiste,  urgency,  necessity;  hence  it  is  cou- 
pled with  words  of  corresponding  kind,  and  when  used 
with  ipnctcr  words  it  gives  them  force :  as,  youth  iutpclled 
him.  Jiulftee,  to  lead  toward,  is  gentler  by  as  nnich  as 
leading  is  gentler  than  driving;  it  implies  the  effort  to 
persuade  by  presenting  motives,  but  is  also  used  where  the 
persuasion  is  only  figurative;  as,  1  was  at  last  induced  to 
go :  he  wiis  induced  Ipy  my  example.  Incite,  prompt,  insti- 
gate are  used  onlj'  wbcn'nintivcs  irrespective  of  physical 
force  are  tile  actuating  pi.wcr.  Incite  is  weaker  than  impel 
and  stronger  than  prompt;  it  expresses  more  eagerness 
than  iinjtil :  it  implies  the  urging  of  men  towani  the  ob- 
jects uf  kindled  feelings  and  generally  of  strong  liesire. 
Priunpt  is  more  general  in  its  meaning,  depending  upon 
its  cnunccti"M  tor  force  and  limitation  ;  it  is  often  pri'ferred 
for  its  brevity  and  breadth  of  application.  Insti^nite,  to 
goad  on,  is  sometimes,  l)Ut  erroneously,  used  of  incitement 
to  good;  it  should  be  used  only  wlicre  the  urging  is  toward 
evil.  It  generally  implies  that  such  in-giiig  is  midcrhand, 
idtln>ugh  that  fact  is  sometimes  explicitly  stated  ;  lie  was 
(secretly)  in.'itigated  to  his  perfidy. 

It  is  observed  by  Cicero  that  men  of  the  greatest  and 
most  shining  parts  are  most  actuated  by  ambition. 

Addvion. 
Tlius  we  seo  that  human  nature  is  impelled  by  affections 
t«f  gratitude,  esteem,  veneration,  joy,  not  to  mention  vari- 
ous others.  Clmnnimj,  Perfect  Life,  p.  13. 
Desire  with  thee  still  longer  to  converse 
Induced  mo.  Sliltun,  P.  L.,  viii.  2.^3. 


63 

If  thou  dost  love,  ray  kindness  shall  incite  thee 
To  bind  our  loves  up  in  a  holy  band. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  1. 
More  apt 
To  slacken  Virtue,  and  abate  her  edge. 
Than  prompt  her  to  do  aught  may  merit  praise. 

Milton,  V.  R.,  ii.  450. 

With  the  education  she  had  received,  she  could  look  on 

this  strange  iiitciriiiitioii  oC  licr  pilgrimage  only  as  a  s])c- 

cial  a.ssault  upon  bir  faith,  in.tli;ialed  by  those  evil  spirits 

that  are  ever  setting  themselves  in  conflict  with  the  just. 

Mrft.  Stou'c,  .Agues  of  .Sorrento,  xxv. 

actuatet  (ak'tu-at),  a.  [<  ML.  actuatus,  pp.  of 
acluarc :  see  "the  verb.]  Put  into  action. 
Soitth.     [Rare.] 

actuation  (ak-tfi-a'shgn),  n.  A  putting  in  mo- 
tion or  operation;  communication  of  active  en- 
ergy or  force. 

I  have  presupposed  all  things  distinct  fnun  him  to  have 
been  produced  out  of  nothing  by  him,  and  consequently 
to  be  p(isteri(jr  not  only  to  the  motion,  iiut  the  actuation 
of  his  will.  Up.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  iv. 

actuator  (ak'tu-a-tor),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  actuates  or  puts  in  action.     [Rare.] 

actuoset  (ak'tu-6s),  a.  [<  L.  actuosus,  full  of 
acti\'it;y,  <  actus,  action :  see  act,  n.]  Having 
the  power  of  action  ;  having  strong  powers  of 
action  ;  abounding  in  action. 

actuosity  (ak-tu-os'i-ti),  )(.  [=Pg.  actuosidadc, 
<L.  as  if  *actuo.<iita(t-).s,  iactuosiis:  see  actuose.'] 
It.  Power  or  state  of  action.  [Rare.]  —  2.  In 
iiietapli.,  a  state  of  activity  which  is  complete 
in  itself,  -(vithout  leading  to  any  result  that 
must  be  regarded  as  its  completion. 

That  actuosity  in  which  the  action  and  its  completion 
coincide,  as  to  think,  to  see.  J.  Hutchinon  Stirliwi. 

acturet  (ak'tur),  n.  [<  act  +  -ure.']  Actual 
operation  or  performance.  Shale,,  Lover's  Com- 
plaint, 1.  185. 

acturience  (ak-tii'ri-ens),  n.  [<L.  as  if  "acturi- 
cii{t-).v,  ppr.  of  an  assumed  "acturirc,  desire  to 
act,  <  actus,  pp.  of  agerc,  do,  act,  +  -urire,  de- 
siderative  suffix.  Cf.  esurient,  parturient.']  A 
desire  for  action.     Grote.     [Rare.] 

actus  (ak'tus),  n. ;  pi.  actus.    [L.,  lit.  a  driving, 

<  agcrc,  drive :  see  act,  «.]  In  law,  a  road  for 
passengers  riding  or  di'iving;  a  puijlic  road  or 
highway.     [Rare.] 

acuatet  (ak'u-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  as  if  "acuatus,  pp. 
of  *acudre,  <  L.  acuere,  pp.  acutus,  sharpen : 
see  acute,  a.]  To  sharpen ;  make  ptmgent  or 
sharp,  literally  or  figuratively. 

Immoderate  feeding  upon  pickled  meats,  and  debauch- 
ing with  strong  wines,  do  infiame  and  acuate  the  blood. 
Harvey,  Consumption. 

acuate  (ak'u-at),  a.     [<  L.  as  if  *acudius,  pp. : 

see  the  verb.]     Sharjjened  ;  pointed. 

acuchi,  n.     See  acouchy. 

acuerdo  (Sp.  pron.  ii-ko-ar'do),  n.  [Sp.,  =E. 
accord,  )(.]  1.  A  resolution  of  a  deliberative 
body,  as  of  an  ayuntamiento  or  town  council. 
—  2.  A  decision  or  legal  opinion  of  a  court. — 
3.  Ratification.  [Used  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  settled  by  Spaniards.] 

acuitiont  (ak-ii-ish'on),  n.     [<  ML.  acuitio{H-), 

<  L.  acucre,  sharpen :  see  acute,  n.]  The  act  of 
rendering  shai-p,  literally  or  figiu-atively.  .Spe- 
cifically— (rt)  The  sharpening  of  medicines  to  increase  their 
effect,  as  by  the  addition  of  a  mineral  acid  to  a  vegetable 
acid.  (6)  The  highest  sound  (accent)  in  the  pronunciation 
of  a  word. 

acuity  (a-ku'i-ti),  n.  [<  TP.  acuite,  <  ML.  acui- 
ta{t-)s,  lii-eg.  <  L.  acuere,  sharpen:  see  acute, 
a.,  and -itt/.]     Shai-pness;  acuteness. 

[The]  acuity  or  bluntness  of  the  jtin  that  beai"3  the  card. 
Perfcins,  Magnetic  Needle,  Hist.  Royal  Soc,  IV.  IS. 
Many  of  them  [Eskimos]  .  .  .  being  endowed  with  the 
acuity  of  vision  peculiar  to  liomads  and  hunters. 

Arc.  Crui.ie  o.f  the  Corwin,  ISSl,  p.  24. 

Aculeata  (a-kti-le-a'tjl),  n.  pi.  [L.,  neut.  pi.  of 
uculcatus,  furnislied  'ivith  stings:  see  aculeate, 
«.]  1.  A  name  given  by  Latreille,  1802,  to  a 
gi'oup  of  hj-meuopterous  insects  in  which  the 
abdomen  of  t)ie  females  and  neuters  is  armed 
with  a  sting,  consisting  of  two  fine  spiciila  with 
reverted  barbs,  connected  with  a  poison-reser- 
VOU-.  The  group  includes  bees  and  wasps. — 
2t.  In  mammal.,  an  artificial  gi'oup  of  spiny 
rodents,  composed  of  the  genera  Hystrix  and 
Lonchercs.     Illigcr,  1811. 

aculeate  (a-ku'le-at),  a.  and  n.  [<L.  acuJcatus, 
f urnislu'd  viith. stings,  thorny,  jirickly,  < acuUus, 
a  sting,  prickle:  see  (/cMfcus.]  I.  a.  1.  In -oiV/.. 
fiuTiished  with  a  sting;  pertaining  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  the  Aculeata. —  2.  In  hot.,  furnished 
with  aculei  or  sharp  prickles;  aeuleous. — 3. 
Figurativel}',  jiointed ;  stinging. 

II,  H.  A  hymonopterous  insect,  one  of  the 
Aculeata. 

aculeate  (a-kti'le-at),  !•.  t.  l<lj.  aculeattts :  see 
aculeate,  a.']  To  make  pointed;  sharpen.  [Rare.] 


acupressure 

aculeated  (a-ktl'lc-a-ted),  p.  a.  [<  aculeate  + 
-cd'^i.]  1.  Armed  with  prickles.— 2.  Pointed; 
sharp ;  incisive. 

aculei,  ".     Phu-al  of  aculeu.'!. 

aculeiform  (a-kQ'le-i-form),  a.  [<  L.  aculem, 
pficklc,  -I-  -formi.i,  <  forma,  shape.]  Formed 
like  a  prickle. 

aculeolate  (a-kii')e-6-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  aculeola- 
lus,  <  L.  aculeolns,  dim.  of  aculeus,  a  sting, 
prickle :  see  aculeus.]  In  hot.,  having  small 
prickles  or  sharp  points.     A.  (rray. 

aeuleous  (a-kii'le-us),  a.  [<  aculeus  +  -ous.]  In 
hat.,  s;ime  as  aculeate. 

aculeus  (a-kii'le-us),  )i. ;  pi.  aculei  (-i).  [L.,  a 
sting,  piickle,  spiuo,  dim.  ofacus,  a  needle:  see 
acus.}  1.  The  poison-sting  of  the  aculeate  hy- 
menopterous  insects,  as  bees,  wasps,  etc.  See 
Aculeata. —  2.  In  bot.,  a  prickle;  a  slender,  rigid, 
and  pointed  outgrowth  from  the  bark  or  epi- 
dermis, as  in  the  rose  and  blackberry,  in  distinc- 
tion from  a  thorn,  which  grows  from  the  wood. 

acumen  (a-ku'men),  )?.  [L.,  a  point,  sting, 
fig.  acuteness,  <  acucre,  shai-pen:   see  acute.'] 

1.  Quickness  of  perception  ;  the  facidty  of  nice 
discrimination ;  mental  acuteness  or  penetra- 
tion ;  keenness  of  insight. 

His  learning,  above  all  kings  christened,  his  acumen, 
ills  juilbinent,  bis  memory. 

.Sir  E.  Coke,  K.  James's  Proc.  agt.  Garnet,  sig.  G,  p.  3b. 

Individual  insight  and  acumen  may  point  out  conse- 
quences of  an  action  which  bring  it  under  previously 
known  moral  i-ules.  If.  A'.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  135. 

2.  In  hot.,  a  tapering  point.  =Syn.  1.  Penetration, 
discernment,  acuteness,  sharpness,  perspicacity,  insight. 

acuminate  (a-ku'mi-nat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
acuminated,  ppr.  acuminating.  [<  L.  acumina- 
tus,  pp.  of  acuminare,  sharpen,  <  acumen,  a 
point:  see  acumen.]  I.  trans.  To  bring  to  a 
point;  render  sharp  or  keen:  as,  "to  acumi- 
nate despah-,"  Cowjxr,  Letters,  p.  172.  [Rare, 
except  in  the  past  participle.] 

This  is  not  acuminated  and  pointed,  as  in  the  rest,  but 
seemeth,  as  it  were,  cut  off.        Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

II.  intrans.  To  taper  or  rise  to  a  point. 
[Obsolete,  except  in  the  jjresent  participle.] 

They  [the  bisliops],  .  .  .  acuminating  still  higher  and 
higher  in  a  cone  of  prelaty,  instead  of  healing  up  the 
gashes  of  the  church,  .  .  .  fall  to  gore  one  another  with 
their  sharp  spires,  for  upper  places  and  precedence. 

Milton,  Church  Gov.,  i. 

acuminate  (a-kii'mi-nat),  a.  [<  L.  acuminatus, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  Pointed;  acute.  .Specifically 
—  (rt)  In  hot.,  having  a  long,  tapering 
termination :  applied  to  leaves  and  other 
organs.  When  the  narrowing  takes 
place  at  the  base  it  is  so  expressed,  for 
example,  acuminate  at  the  l>ase ;  when 
the  word  is  used  without  any  limitation 
it  always  refers  to  the  apex,  (b)  In  ornith., 
applied  in  a  similar  sense  to  the  feathers 
of  birds ;  tapering. 
acumination  (a-ku-mi-na'shon), 
n.  [<  L.  as  ii  *acuminati<>(n-), 
<  acuminare :  see  acuminate,  v.]  1. 
The  act  of  acuminating,  or  the 
state  of  being  acuminated ;  a 
sharpening ;  tei-mination  in  a 
sharp  point. —  2.  A  sharp  and 
tapei-ing  point ;  a  pointed  extremity. 

The  coron.ary  thorns  .  .  .  did  also  pierce  his  tender  and 
sacred  temples  to  a  multiplicity  of  pains,  by  their  numer- 
ous acuminations.  Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  (_'recd,  iv. 

3.  Acuteness  of  intellect;  acumen.     [Rare.] 

Wits,  wliich  erect  and  inscribe,  with  notable  zeal  and 
acumination,  their  memorials  in  evei-y  mind  they  meet 
with.  W'aterhouae,  Apol.  for  Learning  (1653),  p.  190. 

acuminose  (a-kti'mi-nos),  a.  [<  NL.  acumino- 
sus,<.'L.  acumen,  point:  see  acumen.]  In  hot., 
having  a  sliai'p  or  tapering  point.     [Rare.] 

acuminous  (a-kii'mi-nus),  a.  [<  acumen  {-niin-) 
+ -ous.  Cf.  acuminose.]  1.  Characterized  by 
acumen;  sharp;  penetrating. — 2.  Samoas«CM- 
minose. 

acuminulate  (ak-u-min'u-lat),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
'acuminulum,  dim.  of  acumen,  a  point,  +  -ale^; 
after  acuminate.]  Somewhat  or  slightly  acu- 
minate.    [Rare] 

acupress  (ak'u-pres),  V.  t.  [<  L.  acus,  a  needle, 
abl.  acu,  with  a  needle,  +  press.]  In  surg.,  to 
apply  acupressure  to,  as  a  bleeding  artery. 

acupfession  (ak-u-presh'on),  n.  [<  L.  acus,  a 
needle,  -f  j>rcssio{n-),  pressm'e.]  Same  as  acu- 
pn  ssurc. 

acupressure  (ak'u-presh-ui-),  n.  [<  L.  acus,  a 
needle, -1- pi'f6'»'i(ra,  pressure :  see  pressure.]  In 
surg.,  a  method  (Ih'st  published  by  Sir  J.  Y. 
Simpson  in  18.59)  of  stojiping  hemon-liago  in 
arteries  during  amputations,  etc.,  consisting  in 
pressing  the  artery  closely  by  means  of  a  pin 
or  needle  or  bit  of  inelastic  wire,  introduced 


Acuminate  Leaf. 


acupressure 

through  the  sides  or  llaps  of  the  wound,  instead 

of  t\-iiig  with  a  thread.  There  are  various  modes 

of  inscrtinK  thi>  jiiu. 
acupuncturation    (uk-u-punKk-tu-rii'slion),    n. 

A  iiri<-kint;  willi  or  as  if  with  a  needle;  the 

)iiactic('  of  acuinincture.     [Rare.] 
acupuncturator    (ak-u-punKk'tu-ra-tor),    H. 

Am  iiislnaueut  for  performing  the  operation  of 

acupiiiK'ture. 
acupuncture  (ak'u-pungk-tvir),  n.     [<  L.  ««(«,  a 

ncedk',  +  puuctura,  a  pricking  :  see  ptinclurc.} 

1.  A  surgical  operation  consisting  in  the  in- 
sertion of  delicate  needles  in  the  tissues.  This 
ii|>i'r:itkiii  lias  been  iinirlistil  fur  ajios  in  many  parts  of  tlie 
wiirUI.  .\part  from  tlif  (.■niiildynu'iit  of  needles  to  cvacu- 
liti'  a  morbiil  lliiid,  as  in  edema,  or  to  set  up  an  inflamma- 
tion, as  in  iijmniteil  fractures,  acupuncture  has  lieen  mostly 
used  for  myalgic,  nenralnie,  anil  other  nervous  aflcctions. 

2.  A  mode  of  infanticide  in  some  countries, 
consisting  in  forcing  a  needle  into  the  brain  of 
the  child. 

acupuncture  (ak'u-pungk-tiir),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  iirupunctured,  ppr.  acupuncturing.  In  surij., 
to  perform  the  operation  of  acupuncture  upon. 

acurset,  «'•  t.     See  accurse. 

acus  (a'kus),  n. ;  pi.  acus.  [L.  acm  (acu-),  a 
needle  or  pin,  as  being  pointed;  cf.  acucre, 
make  sharp  or  pointed:  see  acute,  a.]  1.  A 
needle,  especially  one  used  for  surgical  pur- 
poses.— 2.  In  archa'oL,  sometimes,  the  pin  of 
a  brooch  or  fibula. — 3.  [cap.]  (of)  A  genus  of 
fishes.     Johnston,   1G50.     (6)  A  genus  of  mol- 

lusks.     JIumphrri/s,  1797.     See  Terehra Acus 

cannulata,  a  troiar"  m-  n  tubular  needle  fur  diseliarging 
fluids.— Acus  interpimctoria,  a  couehins-needle,  used 
in  operations  for  cataract.— Acus  ophthalmica,  a  needle 
used  in  operations  for  ophthalmia  or  cataract. — Acus 
triquetra,  a  three-sided  needle ;  a  trocar. 

Acusidse  (a-ko'si-de),  n.pl.    [NL.,irreg.  <  Je«.s, 

3  (/)),  +  -'f?(r.]     Same  as  TerchrklcB. 
acustomt,  acustomaucet,  etc.     See  accustom, 

accnstomance,  etc, 

acutangular  (a-kut'ang"gu-lar),  a.  Same  as 
acutc-anf/iilar.     IVarbiirton. 

acutate  (a-l^ii'tat),  a.  [_<.  acute  +  -ate^.l  Slight- 
ly pointed. 

acute  (a-kuf),  a.  [<  L.  acutus.  sharp,  pp.  of 
oc««re,  sharpen,  <  \/  *ac,  be  sharp,  pierce :  see 
acid.'i  1.  Sharp  at  the  end; 
ending  in  a  sharp  point  or  an- 
gle :  opposed  to  blunt  or  ob- 
tuse, Speciflcally  applied,  (rt)  in  hot., 
to  a  leaf  or  other  organ  ending  in  a 
sharp  angle  ;  (6)  in  geoni.,  to  an  angle 
less  than  a  right  angle.  See  acute- 
angti-'d. 

2.  Sharp  or  penetrating  in  in- 
tellect ;  possessing  keenness  of 
insight  or  perception ;  exercis- 
ing nice  discernment  or  discrimination :  op- 
posed to  dull  or  stupid:  as,  '-the  acute  and 
ingenious  author,"  Locke. — 3.  Manifesting  in- 
tellectual keenness  or  penetration  ;  marked  or 
characterized  by  quickness  of  perception  or 
nice  discernment :  applied  to  mental  endow- 
ments and  operations:  as,  acute  faculties  or 
arguments. 

Leigh  Hunt,  whose  feminine  temperament  gave  liira 
acute  perceptions  at  the  expense  of  judgment. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  261. 

4.  Having  nice  or  cjuiek  sensibility ;  suscepti- 
ble of  slight  impressions;  having  power  to  feel 
or  perceive  small  or  distant  Objects  or  effects : 
as,  a  man  of  acute  eyesight,  hearing,  or  feeling. 

Were  our  senses  made  much  quicker  and  acuter,  the  ap- 
pearance and  outward  scheme  of  things  would  have  quite 
another  face  to  us.  Locke, 

The  acute  hearing  of  the  Veddahs  is  shown  by  their 
habit  of  finding  bees'  nests  by  the  hum. 

H,  Speiicer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  40. 

5.  Keen;  sharp;  intense;  poignant:  said  of 
pain,  pleasure,  etc. —  6.  High  in  pitch;  shrill: 
said  of  sound  :  opposed  to  graic.  See  acute  ac- 
cent, below. — 7.  In  pathol.,  attended  with  more 
or  less  violent  sjinptoms  and  coming  speedily 
to  a  crisis:  applied  to  a  disease:  as,  an  acute 
pleurisy:  distinguished  from  subacute  and 
cAro7»'C.— Acute  accent.  (a)  Utterance  of  a  single 
soand,  as  a  syllable  of  a  word,  at  a  higher  pitch  than 
others;  accentual  stress  of  voice,  (h)  A  mark  (')  used  to 
denote  aecentu.'il  stress,  and  also  for  other  purposes.  To 
denote  stress  in  English,  it  is  now  generally  placed  after 
the  accented  syllable,  as  in  this  dictionary,  but  sonietinies 
over  the  vowel  of  that  syllable.  The  latter  is  done  regu- 
larly in  such  Greek  words  as  take  this  accent,  and  in  all 
Spanish  words  the  accentuation  of  which  varies  from  the 
standard  rule.  In  some  languages  it  is  used  only  to  dc- 
tennine  the  quality  or  lengtii  of  vowel-sounds,  as  on  e  in 
French  (as  in  ^te),  and  on  all  tlie  vowels  in  Hungarian  ;  and 
in  Polish  and  other  Slavic  laiignav'c^  it  is  also  placed  over 
some  of  the  consonants  to  mark  vanat  inns  ( >f  their  souiuis. 
For  other  uses,  see  o^l■f/i^  n.  — Acute  angle.  'Aeeanqle'^, 
— Acute  ascending  paralysis.  .See  Laiidrii'i<  paral\in,'i, 
lUider  paralyiis.  ~  Acute  bisectrix.    See  bisectrix.  =  Syn. 


1.  Ketn,  etc.    See  sharp. 


64 

-2  and  3.  Aaite. 


Keni,  .Shrewd, 
) 


Acutenaculum,  or  Needle-holder, 


Acute  Leaves. 


penetrating,  piercing,  sliar]>-wittcd,  bright.  (See  subtle. 
An  acute  miml  jiierces  a  subject  like  a  needle ;  a  kern  mind 
has  a  flue,  incisive  edge,  like  a  knife.  Keen  may  be  the 
most  objective  of  these  words.  An  acute  answer  is  one  lliat 
shows  penetration  into  the  subject ;  a  keen  answer  unites 
with  acuteness  a  certain  aniountof  sarcasm,  or  antagonism 
to  the  person  addrcs.sed  ;  a  shrewd  answer  is  one  that  com- 
bines remarkable  acuteness  with  wisdom  as  to  what  it  is 
practically  best  to  say.  Shrewd  differs  from  actite  and 
keen  by  having  an  element  of  practical  sagacity  or  as- 
tuteness. Only  keen  has  the  idea  of  eagerness:  as,  he  was 
keen  in  pureuit.    See  astute  and  sliarp. 

Powers  of  acute  ami  subtile  disputation.   Sir  J.  Herschel. 

The  tongues  of  mocking  wenches  are  as  keen 

As  is  the  razor's  edge  invisible.         Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

Mother-wit  and  the  common  experiences  of  life  do  often 
furnish  people  with  a  sort  of  shrewd  and  sound  judgment 
that  carries  them  very  creditably  through  the  world. 

J.  Mi'rleii,  Popular  Culture,  p.  303. 

acute  (a-kuf),  I'-  t.  To  render  acute  in  tone. 
[Kare.j' 

He  acutes  his  rising  inflection  too  much.     Walker,  Diet. 

acute-angled  (a-kut'ang'gld),  a.  Havini;  sliai'p 
oraeutc  angles,  or  angles  less  than  riglit  angles. 
—Acute-angled  triangle,  a  triangle  that  Ikis  each  of  its 
angles  less  tlian  a  riglit  angle. 

actite-angular  (a-kut'ang'''gu-lar),  a.     1.  Hav- 
ing an  angle  less  than  a  right  angle  ;  acute- 
angled. —  2.  In  bot.,  having  stems  with  sharp 
corners  or  edges,  as  labiate  plants. 
Also  written  acutangidar. 

acutely  (a-kut'li),  adv.  In  an  acute  manner; 
sharply;  keenly;  with  nice  discrimination. 

acutenaculum  (ak"u-te-nak'u-lum),  M. ;  pi.  acu- 
tenacula  (-la).  [<L.'  acus,  needle,  +  tenaculum, 
holder,  <  tcnere, 
hold.]  In  surg., 
a  needle-holder 
us[>d  during  op- 
erations. 

acuteness      (a- 
kut'nes),  n.    The  tiuality  of  being  acute,  (o)  The 
quality  of  being  sharp  or  pointed. 

The  lauce-shaped  windows  form  at  their  vertex  angles 
of  varying  degrees  of  acuteness.  Oxford  Glossary. 

(6)  The  faculty  of  nice  discernment  or  perception  ;  quick- 
ness or  keenness  of  the  senses  or  understanding.  [By  an 
acuteness  of  the  senses  or  of  mental  feeling  we  perceive 
small  objects  or  sUght  impressions  ;  by  an  acuteness  of  in- 
tellect we  discern  nice  distinctions.] 

He  [Berkeley]  w!is  possessed  of  great  acutmeas  and  in- 
genuity, but  was  not  distinguished  for  good  sense  or 
shrewdness.  MeCosh,  Berkeley,  p.  53. 

There  may  be  much  of  acutenens  in  a  tiling  well  said,  but 
there  is  more  in  a  qtiick  reply. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Mock  Astrol. 
(c)  In  rhet.  or  muA-ic,  sharpness  or  elevation  of  sound, 
(rf)  In  pathol. ,  violence  of  a  disease,  which  brings  it  speedily 
tn  a  crisis. 

acutiatort  (a-ku'shi-a-tor),  n.  [ML.,  <  aaiti- 
arc,  sharpeu,  <  L.  acutus,  sharp:  see  acute,  a. 
Cf.  aiguise.']  In  the  middle  ages,  a  person  whose 
duty  it  was  to  sharpeu  weapons.  Before  the  in- 
vention of  firearms  such  persons  were  neces- 
sary attendants  of  armies. 

acutifoliate  (a-kii-ti-fo'li-at),  a.  [<Ij.  acutus, 
sharp,  +  foliatus,  leaved:  see  foliate.']  In  bot., 
baxing  sharp-pointed  leaves.     A.  Gray. 

Acutilingues  (a-kii-ti-ling'gwez),  «.  j)i.    [NL., 

<  L.  acutus,  sharp,  +  lingua  =  E.  tongue.']  A 
division  of  Andrcnidw,  containing  those  soli- 
tary bees  whose  labium  is  acute  at  the  end : 
distinguished  from  Obtusilingucs,  in  which  the 
labium  is  obtuse. 

acutilobate  (a-ku-ti-16'bat),  a.  [<  L.  acutus, 
sharji,  -I-  'Hl^.  lohatus,  lobatc :  see  lobatc.]  In 
but,,  liaving  acute  lobes :  said  of  certain  leaves. 
A,  (irai/. 

acuto-nodose  (a-ku-to-no'dos),  a.  [<  L.  acu- 
tus, sharp,  4-  nodosus,  knotted:  see  nudosc] 
Acutely  nodose.     Dana.    {X.  E.  D.) 

acuyari-'wood  (ii-k6-ya'ri--wud),  n.  The  aro- 
matic wood  of  the  tree  Burscra  {Icita)  altissima 
of  Guiana. 

-acy.  [(1)  Directly,  or  through  ME.  and  OF. 
-acie,  <  ML.  -acta,  <  LL.  -alia,  fonning  nouns  of 
quality,  state,  oreondition  from  nouns  in  -a{t-)s, 
as  in  abb-act/,  <LL.  abli-ut-iii,  <.  (tbb-a{t-)s,  abbot; 
prim-acy,  <  F. prim-«/(c,  <  LL.  prim-at-iu, <  prim- 
a{t-)s,  primate,  etc.  (2)  <  LL.  -atia,  forming 
nouns  of  state  from  noims  in  -atus,  as  in  ad- 
voc-acy,  <  LL.  advoc-at-ia,  <  L.  advoc-at-us,  advo- 
cate, etc.  (3)  <  L.  -acia,  forming  nouns  of  qual- 
ity from  adjectives  in  -ax  (-aci-),  as  in  fall-acy, 

<  L.  fnll-aci-a,  <  fall-ax  {-aci-),  deceptive,  etc. 
These  three  som'ces  of  -acy  were  more  or  less 
confused,  and  the  sufB.\  has  been  extended  to 
form  many  nouns  which  ha\'e  no  corresponding 
form  in  L.,  as  in  cur-acy,  accur-acy,  etc.  Analogj- 
has  extended  -acy,  <  L.  -atia,  to  some  words  of 
Gr. origin:  (4)  <  h.-atia,  <  Gr.  -a-eia,  as  in ^)ir- 
acy,  <  LL.  *pir-ati<t,  <  Gr.  Tretparda,  <  Trcipa-nK, 


A.  D. 

pirate ;  similarly  in  -cracy,  q.  v.  Hence  the 
short  form  -cy,  esp.  in  designations  of  oflSce,  as 
in  cajitain-cy,  cnsign-ry,  cornet-cy,  etc.]  A  suffix 
of  Latin  or  Greek  origin,  forming  nouns  of  <iual- 
ity,  state,  condition,  office,  etc.,  from  nouns  in 
-ate  (which  becomes  -«<•-,  the  suffix  being  -ate 
changed  to  -ac-,  +  -y),  as  in  primacy,  curacy,  ad- 
vocacy, piracy,  etc.,  or  from  adjectives  in  -a<,i- 
ous,  as  \n  fiilkicy. 

acyanoblepsy  (a-si'a-no-blep'si),  n.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  iii-(imr,  a  blue  substance,  Vjlue  (see  cya- 
nide), +  -)3/Ui/i/a,  <  (i'/J7Tciv,  see,  look  on.]  A  de- 
fect of  vision,  in  consequence  of  which  the  color 
blue  cannot  be  distinguished. 

acyclic  (a-sik'Iik),  a.  [<  Gr.  n-  priv.  -I-  kvk}ukuc, 
circular :  see  o-is  and  cyclic]  In  bot.,  not  cyclic ; 
not  arranged  in  whorls.  Applied  by  Braun  toflowers 
that  have  a  spiral  arrangement  of  parts,  when  the  spiral 
turns  made  by  each  class  of  organs  arc  not  all  complete, 
in  distinction  from  hemicyclic,  where  all  are  complete. 

Braun  has  termed  such  flowers  acyetie,  when  the  transi- 
tion  from  one  foliar  structure  to  another,  as  from  calyx  to 
corolla  or  from  corolla  to  stamens,  docs  not  coincide  with 
a  definite  number  of  turns  of  the  spiral  (as  Nymphteaceai 
and  Helleborus  odorus);  hemicyclic  when  it  does  so  coin- 
cide. Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  5*23. 

acyprinoid    (a-sip'ri-noid),    «.     [<  Gr.   a-  priv. 

(((-IS)  -f  cyprinoid.]  Imodgeog.,  characterized 
by  the  absence  of  c}'prinoid  fishes:  applied  to 
one  of  the  fresh-water  divisions  of  the  equa- 
torial zone,  embracing  the  tropical  American 
and  tropical  Pacific  regions.     (Hintlier. 

ad-.  [<  L.  ad-,  prefix,  ad,  prep.,  to,  unto,  toward, 
upon,  for,  etc.,  =  AS.  a-t,  E.  at,  q.  v.  In  later 
L.  ad-  before  b,  c,  f,  g,  1,  n,  p,  q,  r,  s,  t,  was 
assimilated,  as  ab-,  ac-,  af-,  ag-,  al-,  an-,  ap-, 
ac-,  ar-,  as-,  at-  (see  ab-breriate,  ac-cuse,  af-fect, 
ag-gravate,  al-lude,  an-nex,  ap-plaud,  ac-quiesce, 
ar-rogate,  assist,  at-tract).  Before  sc-,  s})-,  st-, 
it  was  reduced  to  a-  (see  a-scend,  a-sjiire,  a- 
stringent,  and  f(-l2).  Before  d,  li,  j,  m,  before 
vowels,  and  often  in  other  cases,  it  remained 
imchanged.  In  OF.  ad-  with  all  its  variants 
was  reduced  to  a-,  and  was  so  adopted  into  ME. 
But  in  the  1-lth  and  15th  centuries  a  fashion  of 
"restoring"  the  L.  spelling  {ad-,  ac-,  af-,  etc.) 
began  to  prevail,  and  soon  became  the  rule  in 
both  F.  and  E.,  though  F.  still  retains  many, 
and  E.  a  few,  of  the  old  forms  (see  ac-company, 
ad-dress,  af-front,  ag-gricve,  al-lay'^,  al-lou;  an- 
nounce, ap-penl,  ar-rcst,  at-tend,  etc.).  By  eon- 
fusion  of  the  ME.  a-,  for  ad-,  ac-,  of-,  etc.,  with 
ME.  ((-  of  other  origin  (<L.  ab-,  OF.  en-,  es-. 
AS.  a-,  ge-,  on-,  etc.),  the  latter  a-  has  been  in 
some  cases  erroneously  "restored"  to  ad-,  ac-, 
af-,  etc.,  as  in  ad-vance,  ac-cloy,  ae-curse,  ac- 
knowledge, afford,  af-fray,  al-lay^,  ad-niiral, 
etc.]  1.  A  prefix  of  Latin  origin,  with  primary 
sense  "to,"  and  hence  also  "  toward,  upon,  for," 
etc.,  expressing  in  Latin,  and  so  in  English, 
etc.,  motion  or  direction  to,  reduction  or  change 
into,  addition,  adherence,  intensification,  etc., 
in  English  often  \rithout  perceptible  force. 
According  to  the  following  consonant,  it  is 
variously  assimilated  ab-,  ac-,  af-,  etc.,  or  re- 
duced to  a-.  See  etymology. —  2.  A  prefix  of 
various  other  origin,  erroneously  put  for  other 
prefixes,  as  in  advance,  etc.     See  etymology. 

-adl.  [<  L.  -as  {-ad-),  <  Gr.  -ag  {-ad-),  fern,  suffix 
equiv.  to  -(f  (-((!-) :  see  -id".]  A  suffix  of  Greek 
origin  appended  to  nouns.  It  is  used  in  forming— 
(1)  collective  numerals,  as  uionad,  dyad,  triad,  tetrad,  etc., 
terms  used  in  classifying  chemical  elements  or  radicals 
according  to  the  number  of  their  combining  units;  (2) 
feminine  patronymics  i^= -id),  as  in  dryad,  Pleiades,  etc. 
(see  -ad(V,  -idee);  hence  used  in  lAoi?  (lAiaS-),  Iliad,  and 
in  the  titles  of  poems  named  in  imitation  of  it,  as  Duneiad, 
Columbiad :  compare  ^Eneid,  Thebaid  ;  (3)  by  Lindley, 
family  names  of  plants  akin  to  a  genus,  as  liliad,  trilliad, 
etc.,  on  words  ending  in  -a  or  after  a  vowel ;  otherwise  -id, 
as  in  orchid. 

-ad^.  [<F.  -ade:  see  -ade^.]  A  suffix  in  ballad 
and  salad  (formerly  balade  and  salade),  usually 
represented  by  -ade.     See  -adc^. 

-ad^.  [A  mod.  use  of  L.  ad,  to.]  In  anal.,  a 
suffix  denoting  relation,  situation,  or  direction, 
having  the  same  force  as  the  English  suffix 
-ward,  or  the  word  toward.  Thus,  (;orsr!</,  backward, 
toward  the  dorsum  or  back;  eetad,  outwai'd,  toward  the 
exterior;  entad,  inward,  toward  the  interior.  So,  also. 
ccphalad,  headward,  forward ;  dejttrad,  to  the  right,  on 
the  right  liand  of,  etc.  It  is  used  almost  at  will,  with 
either  Greek  or  Latin  words.  Its  use  is  advantageous  as 
restricting  the  idea  of  direction  to  the  body  of  the  animal 
itself,  without  considering  the  position  in  which  that 
body  may  be  with  relation  to  externals ;  since,  for  ex- 
ample, wiiat  is  backward  in  the  anatomy  of  man  when  in 
the  erect  posture  is  upward  in  that  of  a  quadruped  when 
in  the  correlatively  natural  horizontal  attitude,  while  in 
both  it  is  etpially  dorsad. 

ad.    -An  abbreviation  of  adverti,<!ement. 

A.  D.  An  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  phrase  anno 
Domini,  in  the  year  of  the  Lord:  as,  A.  Z>.  1887. 


-ada 

-ada,  [Sp.  Pg.  -ada  =  It.  -ata  =  P.  -^e.  <  L.  -dta, 
fom.  of  -uIkx:  soo  -aitc^,  -rtfel.]  A  suflix  of 
Latin  oriL'iii,  the  Spanish  feminino  fonu  of 
-adc^,-<tt<-^,a.smarmaila:  in  English  soiuolimcs, 
erroneously,  -ado,  as  in  bastinado,  Spanish  haa- 
tiiiada. 

Adacna  (a-dak'nii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
liciM'ivi',  bite.]  Tile  typical  geuus  of  the  family 
Aduniidiv  (which  see).     Jiichwald,  183H. 

adacnid  (a-<lak'uid),  n.  A  bivalve  moUusk,  of 
the  family  Adacnida: 

Adacnidse  (a-ilak'ni-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Adacna 
+  -ilia:]  A  family  of  dimyarian  bivalve  mol- 
lusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Adacna.  The  .inimals 
which  cuinpiise  thi3  family  have  eh»iiy:ated,  nearly  united 
siphdn^,  ami  a  compresseil  foot;  the  shell,  whieli  Kapes 
behirul,  lias  a  sinuated  pallial  line  and  a  nearly  toothless 
hinae,  or  the  teeth  merely  rudimentary.  The  species  are 
chielly  inhabitants  of  the  Aral,  Caspian,  and  Jilaek  seas 
and  ii'ei;;hl)orint;  waters. 

adactf  (a-dakf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  adaetiis,  pp.  otadi- 
firn;  drive  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  agcrc,  drive.]  To 
drive  ;  coerce.    Fotliirhij,  Atheomasti.x,  p.  15. 

adactyl,  adactyle  (a-iiak'til),  a.      Same   as 

mtilrtfihnis. 

adactylous  (a-dak'ti-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv., 
wit  hout,  +  (!ii(irti/',of,  digit :  see  dactyl.'^  In  :ool., 
without  fingers  or  toes. 

adadt  (a-dad'),  "'''■'>  [A  var.  of  fjrarf.]  An  ex- 
pletive of  asseveration  or  emphasis. 

-adse,  [NL.,  <  Gr.  -aim,  pi.  of  -a(5'/f,  after  -(-, 
oquiv.  to  -iSi/q  after  a  consonant  or  another 
vowel  •.  see  -«jcp.]  In  zoiil.,  a  suflix  equivalent 
to  -idw,  forming  names  of  families  of  animals. 
See  -ida: 

adsemonist  (a-de'mon-ist),  n.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
daiuijv,  a  demon  (see  rfcmoii),  +  -«?.]  One  who 
denies  the  existence  or  personality  of  the  devil. 

adag,  attac  (ad'ag,  at'ak),  n.  [<  Gael,  adag, 
a  haddock ;  perhaps  borrowed  from  E.  liud- 
dock:^  A  local  name  of  the  haddock,  used  about 
Moray  frith  in  Scotland.     Gordon. 

adaga  (a-da'gii),  n.  [Pg.  adaga,  a  dagger,  a 
short  sword.  Of.  adargue  (?).]  An  Asiatic 
weapon,  having  a  short,  broad  blade  at  right 
angles  with  a  staff  which  serves  as  a  handle. 
II.  F.  Burton,  Book  of  the  Sword. 

adage  (ad'aj),  n.  [<F.  adage,  <L.  adagium  (col- 
lateral form  adagio),  <  ad,  to,  -f  -agiiim,  <  aio 
(orig.  'agio),  I  say,  =  Gr.  imi,  I  say,  =  Skt.  ■/"'', 
say.]  A  pithy  saying  in  current  use;  a  lirief 
familiar  proverb;  an  expression  of  popular 
wisdom,  generally  figurative,  in  a  single  phi'ase 
or  sentence,  and  of  remote  origin. 

l^nless  the  adao'-  must  be  verified, 

That  bengal's,  mounted,  run  their  horse  to  death. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

-Syn.  Apliori.<ni,  Axiom,  Maxim,  etc.     .See  aiihoriitm. 

adagialt  (a-da'ji-al),  a.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
containing  an  adage:  as,  "that  adagial  verse," 
Harrow,  Works,  I.  93. 

adagietto  (a-da-jiet'to),  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  adagio, 
q.  v.]  la  music:  (o)  A  short  adagio,  (b)  An 
indication  of  time,  signifying  somewhat  faster 
than  adagio. 

adagio  (a-dii'jio),  adv.,  a.,  and  n.  [It.,  slowly, 
lit.  at  leisure,  <  atl,  to,  -I-  agio,  leisure,  ease  :  see 
case]  In  music:  I.  adc.  Slow;  slowly,  leisure- 
ly, and  with  grace.  When  repeated,  adagio, 
adagio,  it  directs  the  performance  to  bo  very 
slow. 

II,  a.  Slow:  as,  an  «rfar/io  movement. 

III.  n.  A  slow  movement;  also,  a  ]iiece  of 
music  or  part  of  a  composition  characterized  by 
slow  movement. 

adagyt  (ad'a-.ii),  «.     Same  as  adage. 

Adalia  (a-da'U-a),  n.  [NL.  (Midsant,  1851),  an 
invented  name.^  A  genus  of  beetles,  of  the 
family  CoccincUidw.  The  commonest  species  i»  A. 
bipunctata,  the  two-spotted  lady-bird,  having  a  black  head 
with  two  yellow  spots  on  each  side,  the  prothora-\  black 
and  marked  with  yellow,  the  scutellum  black,  and  the 
elytra  yellowish  with  a  central  round  black  spot  on  each- 
The  insect  is  useful  in  destroying  plant-lice. 

Adam  (ad'am),  H.  [<  L.  Adam  (and  Adamus), 
<  Gr.  'A(Sii,u  (and  "Viia/jof),  <  Heb.  dddm,  a  hu- 
man being,  male  or  female  ;  perhaps,  according 
to  Gescnius,  <  «(fa)H,  be  red.]  1.  The  name  of 
the  first  man,  the  progenitor  of  the  human 
race,  according  to  the  account  of  creation  in 
Genesis. —  2.  The  o\-il  inherent  in  human  na- 
ture, regarded  as  inherited  from  Adam  in  conse- 
quence of  the  fall. 

Consideration  like  an  angel  came. 

And  whipp'd  the  offending  Adam  out  of  him. 

Sliak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  I. 

3t.  A  Serjeant  or  bailiff.  This  sense  rests  chiefly  on 
the  following  (juotation,  and  is  explained  by  the  commen- 
tators as  a  reference  to  the  fact  that  the  buff  worn  by  the 
bailill  resembled  the  native  "buif"  of  our  first  parent. 


65 

Not  that  Adam  that  kept  the  paradise,  hut  that  Adam 
that  keeps  the  prison.  Shak.,  C  of  E.,  iv.  y. 

Adam  and  Eve,  the  popular  name  in  the  United  States 
for  a  ctrtaiii  terrestrial  orchid,  Aplectrum  hieitiait'.— 
Adam's  ale,  Adam's  wine,  water,  as  being  the  only  bev- 
erage in  Adams  time  ;  sometimes  called  Adant.    [Colloq.] 

A  Jtcchabite  poor  Will  must  live, 

And  drink  of  Adam':i  ale. 

Prior,  Wandering  Pilgrhn. 
Sirrah,  ...  go  bring 
A  cup  of  cold  Adam  from  the  next  purling  spring. 

jfoj/t  liroifH,  Works,  IV.  11. 
Adam's  apple,  (a)  Pomum  Adami,  the  prominence  on 
the  fore  part  of  the  throat  formed  by  the  anterior  part  of 
the  thyrnid  cartilage  of  the  larynx  :  so  called  tunn  the 
notion  that  a  piece  of  the  forbidden  fruit  stuck  in  Adam's 
throat.  The  protuberance  is  spetially  noticeable  in  the 
male  sex  after  puljerty,  as  the  larynx  enlarges  in  boys  at 
the  time  when  the  cdiange  in  the  voice  occurs.  ('')  A  va- 
riety of  the  lime,  Citrujt  tnedira.  with  a  depression  whit  h 
is  fancifully  regarded  in  Italy  as  the  mark  of  Adam's  teeth. 
See  Citriut.  (c)  A  name  sometinn-s  given  to  tlie  idantairi. 
the  fruit  of  Mima  ;yara(fwi'a«-fT.— Adam's  flannel,  the 
common  mullen,  VerJximum.  T/iop>fui.  —  iillaia'S  needle 
and  thread,  a  common  name  of  Yuf.ra  Jilo  inrjilosa. 
adamant  (ad'a-mant),  m.  [<ME.  adamant,  ada- 
maiiitt,  ademaunt,  adamaund,  also  atliaminit, 
atthamant,  etc.  (after  AS.  athamans),  and  ad- 
mont,  <  OP.  adamaunt,  ademaunt,  in  popular 
form  aimantz=  Pr.  adiman,  a:iman,  ayman  =  ii\^. 
Pg.  iman,  <  ML.  *adimas  {"adimant-),  L.  adamas 
(adamant-),  <  Gr.  adaiia^  (aSa/iavT-),  lit.  uncon- 
querable (<<!-  priv.  -1-  6a/idv,  conquer,  =  L.  f/o- 
Hiflre  =  E.  tame,  q.  v.),  first  used  (by  Homer)  as 
a  personal  epithet ;  later  (in  Hesiod  and  subse- 
quent writers)  as  the  name  of  a  very  hard  metal 
such  as  was  used  in  armor — prob.  steel,  but 
endowed  by  imaginative  writers  with  super- 
natural powers  of  resistance ;  in  Plato,  also  of 
a  metal  resembling  gold;  in  Theophrastus,  of 
a  gem,  prob.  a  diamond;  in  Pliny,  of  the  dia- 
mond, under  which  he  includes  also,  perhaps, 
corundum;  in  Ovid,  of  the  magnet;  in  later 
writers  regarded  as  an  anti-magnet.  The  name 
has  thus  always  been  of  indefinite  and  fluctu- 
ating sense.  From  the  same  source,  through 
the  perverted  ML.  forms  diamans,  diamentum, 
comes  E.  rfjomn;;/,  (fiomofirf,  q.  v.]  1.  A  name 
applied  with  more  or  less  indeflniteness  to 
various  real  or  imaginary  metals  or  minerals 
characterized  by  extreme  hardness:  as  (1)  the 
diamond,  (2)  the  natural  opposite  of  the  dia- 
mond, (3)  a  lodestone  or  magnet,  and  (4)  an 
anti-magnet. 

The  garnet  and  diamond,  or  adamant. 

.Sullivan,  Views  of  Nature,  I.  438.    (>.  E.  D.) 

The  adamant  cannot  draw  yron,  if  the  diamond  lye 

hy  it.  Lyli/,  Euphues,  sig.  K,  p.  10.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

The  grace  of  God's  spirit,  like  the  true  loadstoue  or 
adamant,  draws  up  the  iron  heart  of  man  to  it. 

Bp.  Hall,  Occas.  Med-,  p-  6'2. 
The  adamant  ...  is  such  an  enemy  to  the  magnet. 

Leonardug,  Slirr.  Stones,  p.  03.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

2.  In  general,  any  substance  of  impenetrable 
or  surpassing  hardness ;  that  which  is  impreg- 
nable to  any  force.  [It  is  chiefly  a  rhetorical 
or  poetical  word.] 

As  an  adamant  harder  than  flint  have  I  made  thy  fore- 
head. Ezek.  iii.  9. 
But  who  would  force  the  soul,  tilts  with  a  straw 
Against  a  champion  Ciised  in  adamant. 

Word.^-worth,  Persecution  of  Covenanters,  iii.  7. 

adamanteant  (ad''''a-man-te'an),  a.  [<  L.  ada- 
manteus,  <  adamas,  adamant:  see  adamant.'] 
Hard  as  adamant.     [Bare.] 

Chalybean  temper'd  steel,  and  frock  of  mail 
Adamantean  proof.  Milton,  S.  A.,  I.  134. 

adamantine  (ad-a-man'tin),  a.  [<  L.  adaman- 
tinus,  <  Gr.  adafiaiTivof;,  <  aSa/ia^:   see  adamant.] 

1.  Made  of  adamant;  having  the  qualities  of 
adamant ;  impenetrable. 

In  adamantine  chains  shall  death  be  bound. 

Pope,  Messiah,  1.  47. 
Each  gim 
From  its  adamantine  lips 
Flung  a  death-cloud  round  the  ships. 

Campbell,  Battle  of  Baltic. 

2.  Resembling  the  diamond  in  hardness  or  in 

luster Adamantine  hards,  in  U.  S.  pol.  hint.    Sec 

hard,  n.  — Adamantine  spar,  (n)  A  very  hard,  hair- 
brown  variety  of  coruntium,  often  of  adamantine  or  dia- 
mond-like luster.  It  yields  a  very  hard  powder  used  in 
polishing  diamonds  and  other  gems,  (b)  Corundum,  from 
its  hanlness  or  peculiar  occasional  luster.    See  cuniiidnm. 

adamantoid  (ad-a-man'toid),  n.  [<  Gr.  <i(i"//ac 
(adaiuivT-),  adamant,  diamond,  +  ni^or,  foi-m :  see 
-Old.]  A  crystal  characterized  by  being  bound- 
edby4Seiiualtrianglos;  ahexoctahedron.  See 
cut  under  licxoctalicdron. 

adambulacral(ad-am-bii-la'ln'al),  a.  [<L.  ad, 
to,  -I-  ambulacrum,  q.  v.]  Adjacent  to  the  am- 
bulacra. Applied  in  zo**^,  byway  of  distinction  from 
amlmlacral,  to  a  series  of  ossicles  iu  echiuoderms  which 


Adapls 

lie  at  the  sides  of  the  ambulacral  grooves,  and  agaiiiBt 
which  the  ambulacral  ossicles  abut-    See  cut  under  Ante- 

rii,l,r. 

Adamhood  (ad'am-hiid),  n.    Adamic  or  human 

nature;  manhood.     Emerson.     [Kare.] 
Adamic  (a-dam'ik),  a.    1.  Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  Adam  or  to  his  descendants:    as,  the 
Adamic  world  ;  Adamic  descent. 

Prof.  Wirichell,  of  course,  takes  the  ground  that  the  older 
or  black  race  is  of  an  inferior  type  to  the  subsequent  or, 
as  he  calls  them,  the  Adamic  races. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  600. 

I  have  stated  these  supposed  conditions  of  the  Adamic 

creation  brielly.  iJau'f.ou,  Origin  of  World,  p.  2;i9. 

2.  Resembling  Adam  before  the  fall;  naked; 
unclothed.  Adamic  earth,  common  red  clay,  so  called 
from  a  notion  tliat  Adam  means  red  earth. 

Adamical  (a-dam'i-kal),  o.  Relating  or  re- 
late<l  to  Adam;  Adamic. 

Adamically  (a-dam'i-kal-i),  adi\  After  the 
manner  of  Adam  ;  nakedly. 

llalbcrt  standing  on  the  plunging  stage  Adamieallij, 
without  a  rag  upon  him.     H.  Kiivjuli'ij,  Geoff.  Ham.,  xlvl. 

adamine  (ad'a-min),  n.     Same  as  Adamite,  4. 

Adamite  (ad'a-mit),  m.  [i  Adam  +  -ite-.]  1. 
One  of  mankind ;  ono  of  the  human  race  con- 
sidered as  descended  from  Adam. —  2.  One  of 
that  section  of  mankind  more  particularly  re- 
garded as  the  offspring  of  Adam,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  a  supposed  older  race,  called  Pre- 
adamitcs. 

I'rof.  Winchell's  pamphlet  on  Adamiteg  and  Preadam- 
ites.  PolJ.  Sc-i.  Mo.,  XIII.  .'lOO. 

3.  [LL.  Adamitce,  pi.]  One  of  a  sect  which 
originated  in  the  north  of  Africa  in  the  second 
century,  and  pretended  to  have  attained  to  the 
primitive  innocence  of  Adam,  its  members  accord- 
uigly  rejected  marriage  as  an  effect  and  clothing  as  a  sign 
of  sin,  and  appeared  in  their  assemblies,  called  paradises, 
naked.  This  heresy  reappeared  in  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, in  Savoy,  and  again  in  the  fifteenth  century  among 
the  Brethren  and  Sisters  of  the  Free  Spirit,  in  Gennany, 
Bohemia,  and  Moravia.  It  was  suppressed  in  1421  on 
account  of  the  crimes  and  immoralitiesof  its  votaries.  (See 
Picard  and  Pirardiiit.)  When  toleration  was  proclaimed 
by  Joseph  II.,  in  1781,  the  sect  revived,  but  was  promptly 
proscribed.  Its  latest  appearance  was  during  the  insur- 
rection of  1848-9. 

The  truth  is,  Teufelsdrockh,  though  a  Sans-culottist,  is 
no  Adamite,  and,  much  perhaps  as  he  might  wish  to  go 
forth  before  this  degenerate  age  "  as  a  sign,"  would  no- 
wise wish  to  do  it,  as  those  old  Adamites  did,  in  a  state 
of  nakedness.  Carhjle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  40. 

4.  [I.  c.]  [After  the  French  mineralogist  M. 
Adam  +  -ite'^.]  A  mineral  occurring  in  small 
yellow  or  green  crystals  and  in  mammillary 
groups ;  a  hydrous  arseniate  of  zinc,  isomor- 
plious  with  olivenite  :  found  in  Chili,  and  also 
at  Laurium  iu  Greece.     .AJso  called  adamine. 

Adamitic  (ad-a-mit'ik),  a.     [<  Adamite  +  -ic] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  descendants  of  Adam ; 
pertaining  to  mankind ;  human. 

He  [Mr.  Webster]  was  there  in  his  Adamitic  capacity, 
as  if  he  alone  of  all  men  did  not  disappoint  the  eye  and 
the  ear,  but  was  a  fit  figure  in  the  landscape. 

Emernon,  Fugitive  Slave  Law. 

2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  the  sect  of 
the  Adamites. 

Nor  is  it  other  than  rustic  or  Adamitic  impudence  to 
confine  nature  to  itself. 

Jrr.  Tat/lor  (';),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  164. 

Adamitical  (ad-a-mit'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  Adam- 
ilic. 

Adamitism  (ad'a-mit-izm),  n.  {<.  Adaiifite  + 
-i.sm.]  1.  The  doctrines  of  the  Adamites. —  2. 
The  practice  of  dispensing  ■with  clothing,  as  did 
the  Adamites,  or  the  state  of  being  unclothed. 
See  Adamite,  3. 

adamsite  (ad'amz-it),  «.  A  name  given  to  a 
greenish-black  mica  found  in  Derby,  Vermont ; 
a  variety  of  muscovite  or  common  mica. 

adance  (a-dans' ),  prej>.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
on,  +  dance.]    Dancing. 

(You  cannot]  prevent  Btranger  from  setting  all  puUes 
adance  in  the  least  rhythmic  and  imaginative  of  modem 
tongues.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  238. 

Adansonia  (ad-an-so'ni-S),  n.  [NL. ;  named  in 
honor  of  Michel  Adanso'ti  (died  180C),  a  French 
natiu-alist  who  traveled  in  Senegal  in  1749- 
53.]  A  genus  of  trees,  natuial  order  Malva- 
cca;  suborder  Bombacece.  a.  digitata  is  the  Afri- 
can calabash-tree,  or  baobab-tree  of  Senegal.  See  tiaobait. 
A .  Orewrii,  the  only  other  species,  is  the  cream-of-tartar 
tree  of  northern  Australia.  See  creamo/tarlar  tree,  under 
creatn. 

Adapidse  (a-dap'i-do),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Adapis 
+  -ida.]  A  family  of  extinct  loinuroid  mam- 
mals, of  which  the  genus  Adapts  is  the  tj-pe. 

Adapis  (ad'a-pis),  n.  [NL. ;  a  name  applied 
by  Gesncr,  about  1550,  to  the  common  rabbit. 
EtjTU.  unknown ;  referred  doubtfully  to  (ir.  a- 
intensive  +  Sana;,  a  rug,  carpet.]  A  genus  of 
extinct  mammals  of  the  Eocene  or  Lower  Ter- 
tiary age,  described  from  portions  of  three 


Adapis 

Bkulla  found  hy  Ctivicr  in  tho  (»yp3uin-quame8 
of  Montraiirtrc",  Paris,  and  by  liiin  referred  to 
his  order  I'aclii/iltimata,  and  considered  as  re- 
lated in  some  respects  to  Anoplothcrium.  The 
niiiniiil  wiis  uf  about  the  size  of  a  rahliit.  Suliseciuent  ii>- 
vostipitions,  iBisud  upon  aililitional  material,  have  shown 
Adapis  to  he  the  type  of  a  family  Adapidce,  representing 
a  (jeueralized  form  of  the  leniurine  s<iv'Ki(Pachyiemurina, 
Kilhol)  of  the  order  Primaics. 
adapt  (a-dapf),  V.  t.     [<  ¥.  adapter  =  \i.  adal- 


66 

lone;  scries  of  Renorations,  while  transmission  [i.  «.,  liered- 

itvj  can  he  rcfofc'nisccl  in  every  generation. 

(Jc'jciihiKir,  Couip.  Anat.  (trans,),  p.  ii. 

adaptational  (ad-ap-tii'shon-al),  a.  Kelating 
or  pertaining  to  adaptation,  or  the  adjustment 
of  one  tiling  to  anotlier;  adaptive:  in  OioL, 
applied  to  physiological  or  functional  modili- 
cations  of  parts  or  organs,  as  distinguished 
fioui  morphological  or  structural  changes. 


t::ryi::,7a/,arc,  Ct^o,  <  a,l  to,  +  «/./«-■.,  adaptatiye  (a-dap  ta-ttv),  a.  [<  L.  ""f'", 
make  fit,  <  aptn.s,  fit:  see  apQ  1.  To  make  PP-  of  adapU,rc,  adapt  (sec  adapt,  v.),  +  -,nj 
suitable  make  to  correspond;  fit  or  suit;  pro-  Of  or  pertaming  to  adaptation;  adaptive. 
Dortion  [Rare.] 

Agood'p„etwm„rfa;,Mheverysounds,aswellaswords,   adaptativenesS  (a-dap't.a-tiv-nes),  «.    Adapta- 
to  the  tilings  he  treat3  of.  i>opc,  Letters.      ''"".y-  ^      ,      ,^    ,  .  _,         ,    ,        , 

The  form  .ind  struetare  of  nests,  that  vary  so  mueh.and  adaptednCSS  (a-dap  ted-nes),  «.     Tho  state  of 
are  so  wonderfully  adapted  to  the  wants  and  habits  of     being  adapted;  suitableness;  litness. 
•    Ji.  M-alUur,  N.at.  Selec.,  p.  21C.         ^^^^  adapted,iess  of  the  Christian  faith  to  a 


each  species.  A 

Two  errors  are  in  common  vo;;ue  in  re^xard  to  instinct 
first,  that  it  never  errs ;  secondly,  that  it  never  adapts 
itself  to  changed  circumstances. 

Jllaudiili-<l,  Body  and  Will,  §  .■;. 
2.  To  fit  by  alteration;  modify  or  remodel  for  adapter ^^d^ter)^ 
a  thlf erent  purpose :  as,  to  adapt  a  story  or  a 
foreign  play  for  the  stage ;  to  ada2)t  an  old  ma- 
chine to  a  new  manufacture. — 3.  To  make  by 
altering  or  fitting  something  else ;  produce  by 
change  of  fonn  or  character:  as,  to  bring  out 
a  play  adapted  from  the  French ;  a  word  of  an 
adapted  form.  =  Syn.  1.  To  adjust,  accommodate,  con- 
fnrni.  —  2.  To  arrange. 
adaptt  (a-dapf),  (>■  [Short  for  adapted,  prob. 
suggested  by  apt.]    Adapted ;  fit ;  suitable. 

If  we  take  this  definition  of  happiness,  and  examine  it 
witll  reference  to  the  senses,  it  will  he  acknowled;;ed 
wonderfully  adapt.  Su-i/l,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ix. 

[Providence]  crave  him  able  arms  and  back 
To  wield  a  flail  and  carry  sack. 
And  in  all  stations  active  be. 
Adapt  to  prudent  husbandry. 

D'Cr/ey,  Colin's  Walk,  i. 

adaptability  (a-dap-ta-bil'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  adapta- 
bilities (-X\z).  [(.adaptable:' see -bilitij.']  1.  The 
quality  of  being  adaptable ;  a  quality  that  ren- 
ders adaptable. 

No  wonder  that  with  such  ready  adaptabilities  they 
[Norwegians]  made  the  best  of  emigrants. 

Froudc,  Sketches,  p.  77. 


all  such  [tlie 

poor  and  oppressed],  which  was  made  a  reproach  against 
it  by  supercilious  antagonists,  constitutes  one  of  its  chief 
glories.  G.  P.  Fislier,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  040. 

n.  1.  One  who  adapts,  or 
makes  aii  adaptation;  specifically,  one  who 
translates,  remodels,  or  rearranges  a  composi- 
tion or  work,  rendering  it  fit  to  be  represented 
on  the  stage,  as  a  play  from  a  foreign  tongue 
or  from  a  novel. 

And,  if  these  imaginary  adapters  of  ETomer  modernized 
his  whole  diction,  bow  could  they  preserve  his  metrical 
etfects?  De  Qiditccy,  Homer,  ilL 


2.  Specifically,  in  biol.,  variability  in  respect 
to,  or  under  the  iniluenoc  of,  external  condi- 
tions;  susceptibility  of  an  organism  to  that 


2.  That  which  adapts;  anything  that  serves 
the  purpose  of  adapting  or  adjusting  one  thing 
to  another.  Specifically  —  3.  In  cliem.,  a  re- 
ceiver with  two  necks  diametrically  opposite, 
one  of  which  admits  the  neck  of  a  retort,  while 
the  other  is  joined  to  a  second  receiver,  it  is 
used  in  distillations  to  give  more  space  to  elastic  vapors, 
or  to  increase  the  length  of  the  neck  of  a  retort. 

4.  In  optics:  (a)  A  metal  ring  uniting  two 
Isngths  of  a  telescope.  (6)  An  attachment  to 
a  microscope  for  centering  the  illuminating  ap- 
paratus or  throwing  it  out  of  center.  £.  H. 
Knight,  (c)  A  means  for  enabling  object- 
glasses  made  by  different  makers,  and  haNdng 
different  screws,  to  bo  fitted  to  a  body  not  spe- 
cially adajjted  to  receive  them.  E.  H.  Kniftht. 
—  5.  A  glass  or  rubber  tube,  with  ends  differ- 
ing in  size,  used  to  connect  two  other  tubes 
or  two  pieces  of  apparatus. 


variation  whereby  it  becomes  suited  to  or  adantion  (a-dap'shon),  n.  [<  adapt  +  -ion.  Cf. 
fitted  for  its  conditions  of  environment;  the  adoption,  ^  adnpt.'\  Adaptation;  the  act  of  fit- 
capacity  of  an  organism  to  be  modified  by  eir-    ting.     [Rare.] 

eumstances.  Wise  contrivances  and  prudent  adaptions.  Cheijne. 

adaptable  (a-dap'ta-bl^^^        {<  adapt  ^-aNe.-}  adaptional  (a-dap 'shon-al),  a.     Relatin-  or 

Capable  of  bemg  adapted ;  susceptible  of  adap-    ^^,4^^^^^^  to  adaptation,  or'the  action  of  adapt- 

tation.  ,,.,,,       .  ,.,       iu^:  in  hiol,  applied  to  tlio  process  by  -which 

\et,  after  all,  thiii,  speculative  Jonathan  is  more  like     „„  nro-anwrn  i^Tfittpf)  or  ndnnfpil  to  itq  f-nviron- 

the  Englishman  of  two  centuries  ifgo  tlian  John  Bull  him-     ^^  Organism  IS  Uttea  or  aaaptea  to  US  environ- 

self  is.     He  has  lust  somewhat  in  solidity,  has  become     ment :  as,  aaapiional  swellings. 

fluent  and  adaptable,  but  mure  of  the  original  gi'ound-  adaptitude  (a-dap'ti-tud),  n.     [i  adapt  + -itudej 

work  of  character  remains      ,  ^    ^.  ,      ^  ^  ^  after  aptitude]      Adaptcdness ;    special   apti- 

Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser.      .     i        ^i,  ■  ■*  )      ±'  f 

-    ^  ^  tilde.     Brou'imig. 


adaptableness  (a-dap'ta-bl-ues),  «.  Adapta- 
bility. 

adaptation  (ad-ap-ta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  adapta- 
tion, <  ML.  adaptatio{n-j,  <  L.  adaptare :  see 
adapt,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  adapting  or  adjust- 
ing ;  the  state  of  being  adapted  or  fitted ;  ad- 
justment to  circumstances  or  relations. 

Government,  ...  in  a  just  sense,  is,  if  one  may  say  so, 
the  science  of  adaptatiomt ~vana.h\ti  in  its  elements,  de- 
pendent upon  circumstances,  and  incapable  of  a  rigid 
mathematical  demonstration. 

Story,  Jlisc.  Writings,  p.  616. 
Must  we  not  expect  that,  with  a  government  also,  spe- 
cial adaptatiun to uinnMd  implies non-arfa/>f(i((o;i  toother 
ends?  H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  303. 

2.  That  which  is  adapted ;  the  result  of  alter- 
ing for  a  different  use.  specifically,  a  play  trans- 
lated or  constructed  from  a  foreign  language  or  a  novel, 
and  rendered  suitable  for  representation:  as,  this  com- 
edy is  a  free  adajttatwn  from  u  French  author. 

3.  In  biol.y  advantageous  variation  in  animals 


adaptive  (a-dap'tiv),  a.  [<  adajjt  +  -ive.  Cf. 
adaptative.'i  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characterized 
by  adaptation ;  making  or  made  fit  or  suitable ; 
susceptible  of  or  undergoing  accordant  change. 
Jluch  used  in  biology  with  reference  to  functional  or 
physiological  changes  occasioned  by  variations  of  exter- 
i:al  conditions  or  environment,  as  opposed  to  homological. 
See  adaptation,  3. 

The  adaptive  power,  that  is,  the  faculty  of  adapting 
means  to  proximate  ends. 

Coleridge,  Aids  to  Reflec,  p.  178. 

The  function  of  selective  discrimination  with  the  com- 
plementary power  of  adaptive  response  is  regarded  as  the 
root-principle  of  mind.  Science,  IV.  17. 

In  the  greater  number  of  Mammals,  the  bones  assume 
a  very  modified  and  adaptive  position. 

W.  H.  Flower,  Osteology,  p.  242. 

These  resemblances,  though  so  intimately  connecteil 
with  the  whole  life  of  the  being,  are  ranked  as  merely 
"  adaptive  or  analogical  characters." 

Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  374. 


or  plants  under  changed  conditions;  the  result  adaptlvelv  (a^dap'tiv-li),  adr.     In  an  adap- 


of  adaptability  to,  and  variability  under,  e.xter 
nal  conditions;  the  operation  of  external  influ- 
ences upon  a  variable  organism,  or  a  character 
acquired  by  the  organism  as  the  result  of  such 
operation,  it  is  regarded  as  one  of  two  principal  fac- 
tors in  tile  evolution  of  or;_'anic  forms,  inducing  those 
changes  whicli  it  is  the  tendency  of  tlic  oppcisite  factor, 
heredity,  to  counteract,  the  result  in  any  given  C-ise  licing 
the  balance  lietwccn  adiiittation  and  hcrctlit.v,  m-  tin-  diag- 
onal of  the  p;ira]lrli, grain  of  forces  whicli  adaptation  and 
heredity  may  l)e  respectively  considereii  to  represent. 


five  maimer  ;  with  adaptation  ;  in  an  ad,justed 
or  fitting  manner;  v.ith  fitness:  as,  " adap- 
tivehj  modified  structures,"  Oivcn,  Class,  of 
Mammalia. 

adaptiveness  (a-dap'tiv-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  beiug  adaptive  ;  capability  of  making  or  be- 
coming lit  or  suitable. 

adaptlyt  (a-dapt'li),  adv.  In  a  suitable  or  con- 
venient manner ;  aptly  ;  fitly. 


For  active  horsemanship  ndapttti  fit. 

J'rtoi-  Colin's  Mist., 


Adaptation  is  commenced  hy  a  change  in  the  functions  y,,.,-„    (,„ii„.g  jjj^f    ^^^  3 
of  organs,  so  that  the  physiological  relations  of  organs                                                                                              ' 

play  the  most  important  part  in  it.     .Since  adaptation  is  adaptnCSSt  (a-dapt'nes),  «.      The  state  of  Tje- 

mcrely  the  material  expression  of  this  change  of  function,  jng  fitted;  adaptation;   aptness:  as,    "adapt- 

the  moditlcation  «>f  the  function  as  much  as  its  expression  ^       c  *-\  1   *      *i                    jj  r»        >r      . 

Is  to  he  regar,led  .•«  a  gradual  process.     As  a  ruli.  there-  "«*"•■  ot  the  sound  to  the  sense,"  Bp.  ^CWton, 

lore,  adaptation  can  be  perceived  by  its  results  only  in  a  Milton. 


ad  capt. 

adaptorial  (ail-ap-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  adapt  +  -ory 
+  -o/.J  Tending  to  adapt  or  fit ;  adaptive, 
[liare.] 

Adar  (a'diir),  JI.  [Heb.  addr ;  etvTn.  uncer- 
tain.] A  llebi'cvv  month,  being  the  si.xth  of  the 
civil  and  the  twelfth  of  the  ecclesiastical  year, 
corresponding  to  tho  latter  part  of  February 
and  tho  first  part  of  March. 

adarce  (a-diir'se),  n.  [L.,  also  adarca,  <  Gr. 
aiVipufj  or  «Ju/jKv^r,  also  aJa/Mof,  a  word  of  for- 
eign origin.]  A  saltish  concretion  on  reeds  and 
gi-ass  in  marshy  grounds,  noted  especially  in 
ancient  Galatia,  Asia  Minor.    It  is  soft  and  pi>rous, 

and  has  been  used  to  cleanse  the  skin  i.i  leprosy,  tetters, 
and  ottu-r  iliseases. 

adarguet,  n.  [OSp.,ofAr.  origin.]  An  Arabic 
weaiiou  like  a  broad  dagger. 

adarkon  (a-dar'kon),  n.  [Heb.;  deriv.  uncer- 
tain ;  by  some  writers  connected  with  the  name 
Darius :  see  daric.J  A  gold  coin  (also  called 
darhemon)  mentioned  in  the  original  text  of  the 
book  of  Ezra,  etc.,  as  in  use  among  the  Jews, 
and  translated  dram  in  the  authorized  version. 
It  was  a  foreign  coin,  probably  tho  Persian 
daric  (which  see),  and  is  so  rendered  in  the  re- 
vised version. 

adarme  (ii-dar'ma),  n.  [Sp.  adarme,  a  dram  ; 
a-  perhaps  represents  the  Ar.  art.  al,  the,  and 
-darme  the  L.  drachma :  see  drachma  and 
dram.]  A  Spanish  weight,  a  drachm,  the  Ifith 
part  of  an  ounce,  or  the  256th  part  of  a  pound, 
equal  (in  C'astUe)  to  1-^  avoirdupois  drachms. 
Another  form  is  adureme.  In  their  origin,  avoirdu- 
pois weight  and  the  Spanish  system  were  identicaL 

adarticulation  (ad-iir-tik-u-la'shon),  n.  [iad- 
+  articulation.']     Same  as  arthrodia. 

adatit  (ad'a-ti),  n.  [Also  written  adaty,  pi.  ad- 
atis,  adaties,  etc.;  of  K.  Ind.  oiigin.  Cf.  Beng. 
ddat  (cerebral  d)  or  drat,  a  warehouse,  a  gen- 
eral store.]  A  kind  of  piece-goods  exported 
friim  Bengal. 

adauntt  (a-danf),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  adaiinten,  <  OF. 
adanter,  adonter,  later  addomter,  <a-  +  danter, 
donter,  daunt:  see  a-H  and  daunt.]  To  sub- 
duo. 

Adaunted  the  rage  of  a  lyou  savage. 

Skelton,  Hercules. 

adaw^t  (a-da'),  V.  [<  ME.  adawen,  <n-  +  daicen, 
E.  dial,  rfaw;  see  a-l  and doifi.]  I,  intrans.  To 
wake  up ;  awake ;  come  to. 

But  sire,  a  man  that  wakitli  out  of  hisslep, 
He  may  not  sodeynly  well  taken  keep 
Upon  a  thing,  ne  seen  it  parfytly, 
Til  that  he  he  adairrd  verrayly. 

Ctiaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  1150. 

II.  trans.  To  awaken;  arouse  from  sleep  or 
swoon.  Chaucer. 
adaw-t  (a-da'),  v.  [First  used  in  16th  century; 
perhaps  <  ME.  adawc,  of  dawe,  of  dage,  or  in 
f tiller  phrase  of  hjfc  dawe,  usually  ■nith  verb 
bringen  or  don,  lit.  bring  or  do  (put)  "out  of 
(life)  day,'  i.  e.,  kill,  hence  the  sense  quell, 
subdue,  assisted  prob.  by  an  erroneous  etsTU. 
iad-  +  awe,  and  prob.  also  by  association  with 
adaiint.  The  fonn  date,  daimt,  is  later:  see 
d«it*.]     I,   trans.   1.  To  daunt ;  quell ;  cow. 

The  sight  whereof  did  greatly  him  adaw. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  13. 

2.  To  moderate  ;  abate. 

Gins  to  abate  the  brightnesse  of  his  heme, 
And  fervour  of  his  llames  somewhat  adaic. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  ix.  35. 

II.     intrans.    To  become  moderated  or  less 
vehement. 

Therewith  her  wrathful!  courage  gan  appall, 
And  iiaughtie  spirits  meekely  to  adatf. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  v1.  26. 

ada'Wiet  (a-da'let),  n.  [Also  vrritten  adawliit, 
<  Hind,  'uddhit,  <  Ai".  'addla(t),  a  court  of  jus- 
tice, <  Hind,  and  Ai'.  'adl,  justice.]  In  the  East 
Indies,  a  court  of  justice,  ciril  or  criminal. 

ada'Wn  {a,-d.an'),  prep.  j>hr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3 
+  daun'.]     Da\\'ning;  at  the  point  of  dawn. 

adayt  (a.-<i-a.').prcp.  phr.  as  adr.     [<  ME.  aday, 
adai;  <'  a3  -i-  day''-.]     1.  By  day. — 2.  On  each 
day;  daily. 
Now  written  a  day,  sometimes  a-day.    See  a^. 

adays  (a-daz'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME. 
adaycs,  a  dayes,  a  dates :  <  a^  +  days,  adverbial 
gen.  sing,  (now  regarded  as  aee.  pi.)  of  rfa^.] 
It.  By  day;  in  the  daj-time. 

I  have  miserable  nights:  ...  hut  I  shift  pretty  weli 
adays.  JotuisuH  to  Mi-s.  Tlirale,  Mch.  10,  177". 

2.  On  or  in  the  day  or  time  :  only  in  the  com- 
liound  phrase  noicadays  (which  see). 

adazet  (a-daz'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  adascn,  <  a-  + 
da.fcn,  d&ze:  see  da:e.]    To  dazzle.    SirT.3Iore. 

ad  capt.    An  abbreviation  of  ad  captandum. 


ad  captandnin 

ad  captandum  (ail  kap-taii'Jum).  [L. :  nrl,  to, 
for;  fdiiUiiiilum,  geniud  oi'captarc,  catrli,  seize, 
<  i-iiiicn;  tako :  sec  ciqitivcj  For  the  purpose 
of  cateliint;,  as  in  the  jilirase  ad  niiildiKtiim  vid- 
(7«.«,  to  eatcli  tlio  rabble:  often  applied  adjee- 
tively  to  claptrap  or  meretrieioiis  attempts  to 
cateli  po]iMlar  favor  or  applause:  as, «(/  caplan- 
diim  oratory. 
adcorporatet  (ail-k6r'po-rat),  r.  t.  [Seo  accfir- 
porali .]  To  unite,  as  ouo  body  with  another; 
aecorporate. 
add  (ad),  V.  [<  ME.  addcn,  <  L.  addcrc,  <  ad, 
to,  +  -dcrc  for  'dare,  put,  place :  seo  do.']  I. 
iratis.  1.  To  join  or  unite  into  one  sum  or  ag- 
gregate. Spi-cilUriilly,  in  muth.,  to  llnil  the  measure  of 
tile  sum  of  two  or  more  i|uantities,  or  a  eoiiiljinutiui)  of 
them  into  wliieh  eaell  enters  with  its  full  etfect  and  inde- 
peuilently  of  the  otliel-s,  so  thiit  an  inerease  of  any  one  of 
tile  added  ijuantities  prodnees  an  equal  increase  of  the 
sum:  used  with  t(';t''llii'r  or  v/t:  as,  to  add  numbers  to- 
tff'thi'r ;  to  Olid  or  add  ttp  a  colnnni  of  ll^;ui'es. 
2.  To  Hiiilo,  join,  attach,  annex,  or  subjoin  as 
an  augnieutatiou  or  accretion;  bring  inio  cor- 
porate union  or  relation;  with  to  before  the 
subject  of  addilion,  and  sometimes  without  an 
expressed  object  when  this  is  implied  by  the 
subject:  as,  aild  another  stone,  or  another 
stone  to  the  ]>ilo;  he  continually  added  [goods 
or  possessions]  to  his  store ;  to  add  to  one's 
grief. 

Ye  shall  nota(/(^  [anytlling]  unlo  the  wordwhieh  I  com- 
mand you.  Deut.  iv.  2. 
Ami,  to  add  greater  honours  to  his  ajre 
Than  man  could  give  liim,  he  died  fearing  God. 

Shak.,  Uen.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 
[I]  add  thy  name, 
0  sun,  to  tell  thee  how  I  hate  thy  heams. 

Miltun,  r.  L.,  iv.  36. 
They  added  riilge  1o  valley,  brook  to  pond, 
And  sighed  fiu-all  that  bounded  their  tlomain. 

Euwi-mn,  Uamatreya. 

St.  To   put   into   the  possession  of;  give   or 
grant  additionally,  as  to  a  person. 
The  Lord  shall  add  to  me  another  son.        Gen.  xxx.  24. 

For  lengtll  of  days,  and  long  life,  and  peace,  shall  they 
add  to  thee.  I'rov.  iii.  2. 

Added  money,  in  sportinrt,  money  added  by  a  jockey 
clulp  to  s\vee[)stakes.  — Added  sixth,  in  music.  See 
sixth.  Add  In,  to  include.— Add  up,  to  find  the  sum 
of. -Syn.  .1'/'/,  Attacit,  AJJix,  Aiiiwx,  adduce,  adjoin. 
The  tirst  four  words  agree  in  denoting  the  increasing  of  a 
thing  by  something  additional.  Add  is  the  most  general 
term,  but  it  may  denote  an  intimate  union  of  the  things 
combined,  the  formation  of  a  whole  in  which  the  parts 
lose  their  individuality :  as,  to  add  water  to  a  decoc- 
tion ;  to  add  one  sum  to  another.  This  idea  is  not  ex- 
pressed by  any  of  the  others.  Attacli  (;is  also  apx  and 
annex)  denotes  a  more  external  ci^mljiuation;  it  im- 
plies  tile  ptissiliilityof  detaching  that  which  is  attached  : 
as,  to  attach  a  locomotive  to  a  train.  Hence  we  do  not  at. 
tach,  but  rt(f(f.  one  fluid  to  another.  It  generally  retains  its 
original  notion  of  a  strong  connection,  physical,  moral,  or 
other;  as,  to  atta,^lt  a  condition  to  a  gift,  a  t:tg  to  a  lace, 
oroiie  person  to  another.  .iffixiwAy  W  used  either  of  that 
which  is  essential  to  tlie  value  or  c<iinpleteness  of  the 
whole,  or  of  something  that  is  wholly  extrinsic  or  unre- 
lated :  as,  to  ajhx  a  signature  or  seal  to  an  instrument ; 
to  a//i.r  a  notice  to  a  post.  To  annex  sometimes  blings 
the  parts  into  vital  relation  :  as,  to  annex  territory,  a  codi- 
cil to  a  will,  or  a  penalty  to  a  prohibition. 

Care  to  our  cotlin  adds  a  nail,  no  doubt. 

hr.  John  Wolcot,  Kximst.  Odes,  xv. 

Their  names  cling  to  those  of  the  greater  pei-sons  to 
wliiuii  some  chance  association  attached  them. 

Mis.  OUiihant,  Lit.  Hist,  of  19th  Cent.,  III.  150. 

In  ajtlxinej  his  name,  an  attesting  witness  is  regarded  as 
certifying  the  capacity  of  the  testator.    Am.Ciic.,  XIV.  24. 

Since  the  French  nation  has  been  foi-nied,  men  have 
proposed  to  annex  this  or  that  land  on  the  ground  that  its 
people  spoke  the  French  tongue. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Race  aud  Language,  p.  111. 

II.  intran.'i.  1.  To  be  or  serve  as  an  addition; 
be  addeii :  with  to :  as,  tho  consciousness  of 
folly  often  nddx  to  one's  regret.  [Really  tran- 
sitive in  this  use,  with  the  object  implied  or 
understood.  See  I.,  2.]  —  2.  To  perform  the 
arithmetical  operation  of  addition. 

adda^  (ad'iL),  h.  [Egypt.]  A  small  syiecies  of 
Egyptian  lizard,  ficincu^  officinalis ;  the  skink. 
It  is  called  "  otlieinal  "  on  account  of  the  repute  in  which 
it  has  been  held  by  Eastern  physicians  for  its  alleged  etli- 
cacy  in  the  cure  of  elephantiasis,  leprosy,  and  certain 
otluT  diseases  common  in  the  East,  See  skink  and  .S'ci»io«. 

adda-  (ad'ji),  n.  [Telugu  adda  (cerebral  d).] 
A  measure  used  in  India,  equal  to  8J  pints. 
MfElrnlh,  Com.  Diet. 

addability  (ad-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  addahlc :  see 
-I'ililit.]  The  quality  of  being  addable.  Also 
■nTitten  addiliiliti/. 

addable  (ad'a-bl),  o.  [<  aild  + -aide]  Capable 
of  being  added.     Also  written  addilde. 

addax  (ad'aks),  «.  [L.,  in  ace.  ru/(/r/cfw.  occur- 
ring in  Pliny,  who  treats  of  the  animal  under 
the  name  of  .s-Zrc/w/ccnw,  i,  e.,  tho  twisted-horn; 
a  north  African  name,  still  used,  it  is  said,  in 
the  forms   adiius,  and  akas,   akcsli.]     1.   The 


67 

native  name  of  a  species  of  African  antelope, 
a  ruminant,  hoofed,  ai'tiodactyl  (piadrupod,  of 
the  subfamily  ,l«(i7«/)(«n',  family  Jioridw ;  the 
Aiitilopc  addax  of  Liiditenstein,  (h-i/x  adilax  of 
some,  tJrtjx  nasoiiiiiciiltilti.f  of  others,  now  Addax 
nasnniaciilatiis:  the  word  addax  thus  becoming 
technically  a  geiiei'ic  name,  after  having  been 
a  technical  specilic  tenn,  as  well  as  originally 
a  vernacular  appellation.  The  addax  is  about  o 
feet  long,  and  about  ;J  feet  high  at  the  shoulder ;  stout  in 
the  body,  like  the  ass ;  and  with  horns  '.i  or  4  feet  long, 
slender,  riugcd,  spirally  twisted  into  two  or  three  turns, 


Addax  of  Eastern  Africa  (../.  rtasomaculatus). 

and  present  in  both  sexes.  The  cars  and  tail  are  long,  the 
latter  terniinated  by  a  switch  of  hair;  there  are  tufts  of 
hair  upon  tlie  throat,  forehead,  and  tear-bag;  the  hoofs 
are  large  and  semicircular,  adapted  for  treading  upon  the 
shifting  sands  of  the  desert.  The  general  color  of  the  ani- 
mal is  whitish,  with  a  reddish-brown  head  and  neck,  black 
hoofs,  and  a  white  blaze  on  the  face,  whence  the  name 
na-mmaeutatu^.  The  addax  is  related  to  the  oryx,  but  is 
generic-ally  as  well  as  spL'cifieally  distinct.  The  identity 
of  this  animal  with  that  mentioned  by  Pliny  (see  etymol- 
ogy),  tliongli  known  to  Gesner,  was  overlooked  by  subse- 
(jucnt  naturalists  until  rediscovered  by  tile  travelers  lliip- 
pi  11,  Meniprich,  and  Ehrenberg,  who  found  the  animal 
kuuwii  to  the  natives  under  a  name  like  that  ascribed  to 
the  strepsiceros  liy  Pliny. 

2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  antelopes  of  the  subfam- 
ily Oriiqinw,  of  which  the  addax,  A.  nasomacu- 
latiis,  is  tho  only  species. 

addebtedt,  c  [Sc. ;  at  first  addettit,  addcttcd, 
for  earlier  citdcttcd:  see  indebted.]     Indebted. 

addecimatet  (a-des'i-mat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  addcci- 
matus,  pp.  of  addecimare,<.ad,  to,  -t-  dccimare, 
take  the  tenth  :  see  decimate.]  To  take  or  as- 
certain the  tithe  or  tenth  part  of;  tithe;  deci- 
mate.   Coekeram. 

addeemt  (a-dem'),  r.  ?.  [<.ad-  +  deern.  Ct.  ad- 
doom.]     1.  To  award;  adjudge;  sentence. 

Unto  him  they  did  addeeme  the  prise. 

Speiucr,  F.  Q.,  \'.  iii.  l.'j. 

2.  To  deem  ;  judge  ;  esteem ;  account. 

She  scorns  to  be  addecmed  so  worthless-base. 

Daniel,  Civil  W.-ll-s. 

addendum  (a-deu'dum),  n. ;  pi.  addenda  (-da). 
[L.,  gerund  of  adderc,  add:  seo  add.]  A  thing 
to  be  added;  an  addition;  an  appendi.x  to  a 
work — Addendum-circle  (of  a  gear),  in  i/mc/i,,  a  circle 
wliicli  touclies  the  i»iiiits  of  the  teeth.— Addendum  of  a 
tootll,  in  ntacft.,  that  pait  t>f  the  t<Joth  of  a  gear  which  lies 
between  the  pitch. circle  and  the  point. 

adder^  (ad'er),  n.  [<  ME.  adder,  addere,  addre, 
edder,  eddre,  etc.,  forms  interchanging  with  the 
more  correct  naddcr,  nadd(re,  naddre,  nadrc, 
neddcre,  neddre,  etc.  (through  confusion  of  a 
iiadder -with  an  adder;  ei.  apron,  auger,  orange, 
umpire,  which  have  lost  their  initial  h  in  the 
same  way),  <  AS.  medre,  nwddrc^Oii.  nadra  = 
D.  adder  =  OHG.  natara,  natra,  MHG.  natcrc, 
iiater,  G.  natter  =  Ice},  nathra,  t.,  nathr,  m.,  = 
Goth.  )iadr.s  =  lv.  ««W(0(r  i=W.  ncidr,  a  snake,  a 
serpent.  The  L.  natrix,  a  water-snake,  is  a  dif- 
ferent word,  prop,  a  swimmer,  <  iiare,  swim. 
The  word  has  no  connection  with  attcr,  poi- 
son, q.  v.]  1.  The  popular  English  name  of 
the  ^^peI■,  Vipcra  communis,  now  rdias  herua,  a 
common  venomous  serpent  of  Europe  (and  tho 
only  jioisonous  British  reptile),  belonging  to 
the"  family  Viperidii;  of  the  suborder  Soleno- 
glijpha,  of  the  order  Opkidia.     It  grows  to  a  length 


Adder,  or  Viper  {Pttias  AerMj). 


addicent 

of  about  2  feet,  of  which  tbi-  tail  constitutes  one  elphth; 
the  head  is  oval,  with  a  blunt  snout ;  tlie  color  varies 
from  brown  or  olive  t<»  brownish-yellow,  variegatctl  with 
a  row  of  large  coiillncnt  rlKHnliic  spots  along  the  middle 
line  of  the  back,  and  a  row  of  small  black  or  blackish  spots 
on  each  side.  Tilongh  the  adiler  is  venomous,  its  bite  is 
ni*t  certainly  known  to  be  fatal. 

2.  A  name  loosely  apjdied  to  various  snakes 
more  or  less  resembling  the  viper,  I'elias  berus: 
as  — (ff)  liy  the  translators  of  the  authorized  version  of  tile 
llible,  to  several  dilferent  species  of  venomous  serpents.  (It) 
I»y  the  translate prs  of  Haetkel,  to  the  suborder  Af/tyjiho- 
dunta.  (r)  By  the  translatoi-s  of  Cuvier,  t<>  the  Linu'ean  ge- 
nus Coluber  in  a  large  sense.  (</)  In  the  United  states,  to 
various  spotted  serpents,  venomous  or  harmless,  aa  species 
of  Toxicophix,  lleterodini,  etc. 

3.  The  sea-stickleback  or  adder-fish.    Seo  ad- 

der-fisli. 

adder'"  (ad'er),  n.  \<.add  + -ei-'^.]  1.  One  who 
adds. — 2.  An  instrument  for  performing  addi- 
tion. 

adder-bead  (ad'er-bed),  n.  [<  adder^  +  head.] 
Same  as  adder-stone. 

adder-bolt  (ad'er-brdt),  n.  l<adder'^  +  Imll', 
from  the  sliapo  of  tho  body.]  Tho  di'agon-lly. 
[Prov.  lOng.] 

adder-fish  (ad'er-fish),  n.  {(.adder^  -i-J!sli^.] 
The  sea-stickleback,  Hpinachia  rul;/aris,  a  fish 
of  the  family  Gasterosleiila;  distinguished  by 
an  elongated  fonn  and  tho  development  of 
numerous  dorsal  spines.  Also  calleii  adder  and 
sea-adder. 

adder-fly  (ad'er-fli),  «.  [<  adderl -i- fli/^.]  A 
name  in  Great  Britain  of  the  dragon-fly.  Also 
called  adder-bolt  and  flying  adder.  See  dragon- 
fly- 

adder-gem  (ad'tr-jem),  n.  [<  adderi-  -f  gem.] 
Same  as  adder-stone. 

adder-grass  (ad'er-gi-as),  «.  [<  adderl  4-  grass.] 
A  name  used  in  tho  south  of  Scotland  for  (Jr- 
ehis  maeulata. 

adder-pike  (ad'ir-pik),  n.  [<  addcr^  -\-  pike^.] 
A  local  English  name  of  t  lie  fish  commonly  I'alled 
the  lesser  weever,  Trachinus  vipcra.  Also  called 
otter-pike.     See  vccrer. 

adder's-fern  (ad'erz-fern),  11.  The  common 
polypody,  J'ohjpodium  rnhjarc. 

adder's-flower  (ad'crz-flou  "er),  n.  The  red  cam- 
pion. Lychnis  diurna. 

adder's-meat  (ad'6rz-met),  ».  A  name  some- 
times given  (a)  to  the  English  wake-robin. 
Arum  maculatum  (see  cut  under  Jrwrn),  and  (h) 
to  a  chickweed,  Stellaria  Holustca. 

adder's-mouth  (ad'erz-mouth),  «.  A  delicate 
orchid,  AlierostyUs  ophioglossoitles,  found  in  cool 
damp  woods  in  North  America,  with  a  racemo 
of  minute  greenish  flowers,  and  a  single  leaf 
shaped  somewhat  like  tho  head  of  a  snake. 

adder-spit  (ad'er-spit),  n.  [<  adder^  +  spit-.] 
A  name  of  the  common  brake,  I'teris  aquilina. 

adder's-spear  (ad'erz-sper), n.  Same  asorfrfer's- 
tonguc. 

adder-stone  (ad'er-ston),  n.  [<  adder^  -I-  stone."] 
"The  name  given  in  ditTercnt  parts  of  Great 
Britain  to  certain  I'ouuded  perforated  stones  or 
glass  beads  foimd  occasionally,  and  ]iopul;ii-ly 
supposed  to  have  a  supernatural  efficacy  in 
curing  the  bites  of  adders.  They  are  believed  by 
archaeologists  to  have  been  anciently  used  as  spindle- 
whorls,  that  is,  small  fly-wheels  intended  to  keep  up  the 
rotary  motion  of  the  spindle.  Some  stones  or  beads  of  this 
t)r  a  similar  kind  were  by  one  supei-stitious  traditiiui  said 
to  have  been  produced  by  a  number  of  adders  putting 
tlicir  heads  togetlier  and  hissing  till  the  foam  became  con- 
solidated into  beads,  snpjiosed  to  be  powerful  charms 
against  disease.  Al.so  called  ovum  amjuinum,  serpent- 
stone,  adder-beml,  adder-ifein,  aud  in  Wales  ylain-neidr  and 
druidicnl  bead.  Tiie  last  name  is  given  upon  the  supposi- 
tion that  these  objects  were  used  as  charms  or  amulets  by 
the  Druids. 

And  the  potent  adder-stone, 
Geiider"d  ■fore  the  autumnul  moon, 
AVlien  in  undulating  twine 
The  foaming  snakes  prolific  join. 

W.  Slason,  Caractacus. 

adder's-tongue  (ad'erz-timg),  n.  The  fern 
Uphio(/lo.<:sum  rulgatum  :  so  called  from  the  form 
of  its  fruiting  spike.  Also  called  atltkr's-spear. 
See  Oph  iogh).'>su  m — Yellow  adder's-tongue,  a  uamo 
given  to  the  plant  Enjthrunium  Aniericanum. 

adder's-violet   (ad'6rz-vi"9-let),  «.   The  rattle-  , 
snake-plantain,  (loodi/era pubescens,  alow OTvh'ul 
of  North  America,  with  conspicuously  white- 
veined  leaves. 

adder's-wort  (ad'erz-wert),  H.  Snakeweed,  Po- 
liigonum  liistorta :  so  named  from  its  writhed 
roots.   Also  called  bi.ftort,  for  the  same  reason. 

addibiUty  (ad-i-bil'i-ti),  n.    See  addabilitij. 

addible  (ad'i-bl),  n."   See  addable. 

addicet  (ad'is),  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  adz. 

addicent  (ad'i-sent),  n.  [<L.  addiecn(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  addicere:  see  addict,  v.]  One  who  authori- 
tatively transfers  a  thing  to  another.    X.  £.  D. 


addict 

addict  (anlikt'),  r.  t.  [<  L.  addictus,  pp.  of 
(iililifcrc,'  devote,  deliver  over,  prop,  eive  one's 
assent  to,  <  nd,  to,  +  dictn,  say,  declare.]  1. 
To  devote  or  give  iij),  as  to  a  liabit  or  occupa- 
tion; apply  bul)itually  or  sedulously,  as  to  a 
practice  or  habit:  used  reflexivcly :  as,  to  ml- 
dict  one's  self  to  the  exercise  of  charity  ;  he  is 
addicted  {addicis  himself)  to  meditation,  plea- 
sure, or  intemperance.  [Now  most  frequently 
used  in  a  bad  sense.] 

They  have  addicltd  themselves  to  the  ministry  of  tlie 
saints.  1  Cor.  xvi.  15. 

I  advise  thee  ...  to  addkt  thyself  to  the  Stuiiy  of  I.et- 
ters.  Colloii,  tr.  of  Montaigne  (2d  ed.),  I.  3So. 

2t.  To  give  over  or  surrender;  devote,  attach, 
or  assign ;  jield  up,  as  to  the  service,  use,  or 
control  of :  used  both  of  persons  and  of  things. 

Yours  entirely  addicled,  madam. 

IS.  Joiumi,  Cynthia's  Kcvels,  iv.  3. 

The  land  about  is  exceedingly  addicted  to  wood. 

Kveltm,  Diary,  April  IS,  1080. 

Specifically — 3.  In  Mom.  law,  to  deliver  over 
formally  by  the  sentence  of  a  judge,  as  a  debt- 
or to  the  service  of  his  creditor.  =  Syn.  1.  Addict, 
Demtr,  Apphf,  accustom.  These  words,  where  tliey  ap- 
proach in  meaning,  are  most  used  reflexiveiy.  Addict  and 
devote  are  often  used  in  the  passive.  Addict  has  quite  lost 
the  idea  of  dedication ;  it  is  the  jielding  to  impulse,  and 
generally  a  bad  one.  Devote  retains  much  of  the  idea  of 
service  or  loyalty  by  vow  ;  hence  it  is  rarely  used  of  tliat 
which  is  evil.  Addicted  to  every  form  of  folly  ;  devoted  to 
hinitiug,  astronomy,  philosophy.  Apply  is  neutral  moral- 
ly, and  implies  industi-j'  or  assiduity  :  as,  he  applied  him- 
self to  his  task,  to  learning. 

The  Courtiers  were  all  much  addicted  to  Play. 

Barhaiii,  Ingoldsljy  Legends,  II.  7. 

We  should  reHect  that  the  earliest  intellectual  exercise 

to  which  a  young  nation  devotee  itself  is  the  study  of  its 

laws.  Maine,  Village  Communities,  p.  380. 

Tliat  we  may  apphj  o\ir  hearts  unto  wisdom.    Ps.  xc.  12. 

addictt  (a-dikf),  a.    [<  L.  addictus,  pp. :  see  the 

verb.]    Addicted. 

If  he  be  addict  to  vice, 
Quiclxly  hira  they  will  entice. 

,Shal,:.  Pass.  Pit,  xxi. 

addictedness  (a-dik'ted-nes),  Ji.    The  quality  or 
state  of  being  addicted. 
5Iy  former  addictedness  to  make  ehymical  experiments. 

LoT/le. 

addiction  (a-dik'shon),  n.  [<  L.  addictio(n-),  de- 
livering up,  avrarding,  <  nddiccre :  see  addict,  r.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  given  np  to  some  habit, 
practice,  or  pui-suit ;  addictedness  ;  devotion. 

His  addiction  was  to  courses  vain.      Shali.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  1. 

Fl-om  our  German  forefathers  we  inherit  our  phlegm, 
our  steadiness,  our  domestic  habitudes,  and  our  unhappy 
addiction  to  spirituous  liquors. 

ir.  R.  Greg,  Jlisc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  13. 

Soutliey,  in  a  letter  to  Willi.am  Taylor,  protests,  with 
much  emph.asis,  against  his  addiction  to  words  "which 
are  so  foreign  as  not  to  be  even  in  Johnson's  farrago  of  a 
dictionary."  F,  Halt,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  135. 

2.  In  Rom.  law,  a  formal  giving  over  or  deliv- 
ery by  sentence  of  court;  hence,  a  sm-render  or 
dedication  of  any  one  to  a  master.    ^V.  E.  I). 

ad  diem  (ad  di'em).  [L. :  ad,  at,  to;  diem,  ace. 
of  dies,  day :  see  dies,  di(d.'\    In  law,  at  the  day. 

adding-machine  (ad'iug-ma-shen''),  n.  [<  add- 
ing, verbal  n.  of  add,  +  machine.']  An  instru- 
ment or  a  machine  intended  to  facilitate  or 
perform  the  addition  of  numbers.  See  calcu- 
Uttinij-machinc,  arithmometer. 

addist,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  adz. 

Addisonian  (ad-i-so'ni-an),  a.  [The  surname 
Addison,%\Si.  Adcson,  is equiv.  to  Adamson,  i.  e., 
Adam's  son.  Cf.  Atchison.]  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  the  English  author  Joseph  Addison 
or  his  writings :  as,  an  Addisonian  style. 

It  was  no  part  of  his  plan  to  enter  into  competition 
with  tlie  Addisonian  writers.     The  Centurit,  XXVII.  927. 

Addison's  cheloid  (ad'i-sonz  ke'loid).     See 

kelis. 

Addison's  disease  (ad'i-sonz   di-zez').     See 

diseii.s< . 
additament  (ad'i-ta-ment),  n.  [<  L.  addita- 
mentum,  an  increase,  iadditus,  pp.  of  addirc, 
add:  see  add.]  An  addition;  something  added. 
In  a  palace  .  .  .  there  are  certain  additaments  that 
contribute  to  its  ornament  ami  use. 

Sir  M.  Ilalc,  Origin  of  Mankind. 
In  Hawthorne,   whose  faculty  was  developed   among 
scholars,  and  with  the  finest  additaments  of  scholarship, 
wt  have  ..nr  first  true  artist  Hi  literary  expression. 

Tlie  Centum,  XXVI.  293. 

additamentary (ad'i-ta-men'ta-ri),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  of  the  n;iture  of  an  additament ;  addi- 
tional. 

The  numerous  .  .  .  nrfrfi^awic^i/aryboneswhicharemet 
with  in  old  cases  of  osteo-arthritis.    , 

T.  Holmes,  Syst.  of  Surg.,  IV.  27. 

addition  (a-dish'on),  n.     [<  ME.  addicion,  -oun, 

<  F.  addition,  <  L.  udditio{n-),  <  addcrc,  increase : 


68 

see  add.]  1.  The  act  or  process  of  adding  or 
uniting,  especially  so  that  the  parts  remain 
independent  of  one  another:  opposed  to  sul>- 
traction  or  diminution  :  as,  a  sum  is  increased 
by  addition  ;  to  increase  a  heap  by  the  addition 
of  more.  Specifically,  in  arith.,  tlie  uniting  of  two  or 
more  numbers  in  one  sum  ;  also,  that  brancli  of  arithmetic 
which  treats  of  such  combinations.  .Simple  addition  is  tile 
adding  of  numliei-s,  irrespective  of  the  things  denoted  l)y 
them,  or  tlie  adding  of  sums  of  the  same  denomination,  as 
pountls  to  pounds,  ounces  to  ounces,  etc.  Compound  ad- 
tlition  is  the  adding  of  sums  of  different  denominations,  as 
pounils,  sliillings,  and  pence  to  ponn<is,  shillings,  and 
pence,  like  tjeing  added  to  like.  The  addition  of  all  kinds 
of  multiple  quantity  is  performed  according  to  the  prin- 
ciple of  compound  addition ;  thus,  the  addition  of  two 
imaginary  quantities  is  effected  by  adding  the  real  parts 
together  to  get  the  new  real  part,  and  the  imaginary  parts 
to  get  tlie  new  imaginary  part,  /.o^'/ica^  addition  is  a  mode 
of  conil>ination  of  terms,  propositions,  or  arguments,  re- 
sulting in  a  compoiimi  (t)u-  sum),  true  if  any  of  tlie  ele- 
ments are  true,  and  faNr  only  if  all  ;ire  false. 
2.  The  result  of  adding  ;  anything  added,  whe- 
ther material  or  immaterial. 

Her  yontli,  her  beauty,  innocence,  discretion, 
\N'ithout  additions  of  estate  or  birth, 
Ai-e  dower  for  a  prince  indeed. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  v.  1, 
Specifically— (a)  In  laii;  a  title  or  designation  annexed  to 
a  man's  name  to  sliow  his  rank,  occupation,  or  place  of  resi- 
dence :  as,  John  Doe,  Fsei.;  Kichard  Roe,  Gent.;  Robert 
Dale,  Mason  ;  Thomas  Way,  of  Boston.  Hence — (6)  An 
epithet  or  any  added  designation  or  description :  a  use 
frequent  in  Shakspere,  but  now  obsolete. 

They  elepe  us  drunkards,  and  with  swinish  phrase 
Soil  our  addition.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

This  man,  lady,  hath  robbed  many  beasts  of  their  partic- 
ular additions  ;  he  is  as  valiant  as  the  lion,  churlish  as  the 
bear,  slow  as  the  elephant.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  2. 

(ct)  In  in«.sfc,  a  dot  at  the  side  of  a  note  indicating  that 
its  sound  is  to  be  lengtliened  one  half,  ((f)  In  Iter.,  same 
as  augmentation,  (c)  In  distilling,  anything  added  to  the 
wash  or  liquor  when  in  a  state  <.>f  fermentation.— Exer- 
cise and  addition.  See  cicrmc- Geometrical  addi- 
tion, or  addition  of  vectors,  the  finding  of  a  vector 
quantity,  S,  such  that  if  the  vectors  to  be  added  are  placed 
in  a  linear  series,  each  after  the  first  beginning  where  the 
one  liefore  it  ends,  then,  in  wliatever  order  they  are  taken, 
if  S  be  made  to  begin  where  the  firstof  the  added  vectors 
begins,  it  ends  where  the  last  ends.  =  Syn.  1.  Adding,  an- 
nexation.—  2.  Snperaddition,  appendage,  adjunct,  in- 
crease, increment,  extension,  enlargement,  augmentation. 
addition  (a-dish'pn),  V.  t.  it.  To  furnish  with 
an  addition,  or  a  designation  additional  to  one's 
name. 

Some  are  additicn^d  with  the  title  of  laureate. 

Fuller,  Vi'orthies,  Cambridgeshire. 

2.  To  combine  ;  add  together.     [Bare.] 

The  breaking  up  of  a  whole  into  parts  really  precedes 
in  facility  the  additionin/j  of  parts  into  a  whole,  for  the 
reason  that  the  power  of  destruction  in  a  child  obviously 
precedes  the  power  of  construction. 

fop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX\'II.  017. 

additional  (a-dish'on-al),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  ad- 
ditionnel,  <  L.  as  if  'additionalis,  <  additio{n-) : 
see  addition.]    I.  a.  Added  ;  supplementarr. 

Every  mouth,  every  day  indeed,  produces  itso%vu  novel- 
ties, with  the  additional  zest  that  they  are  novelties. 

De  Quincey,  Style,  iv. 

Additional  accompaniments,  in  music.    See  accom- 

paniment. 

II.  n.  Something  added;  an  addition.  [Rare.] 

Many  thanks  for  the  additionals  you  are  pleased  to 

comniunicate  to  me,  in  continuance  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney's 

.\rcadia.  Hmvell,  Letters,  iv.  20. 

additionally  (a-dish'on-al-i),  adv.     By  way  of 

addition. 
additionaryt  (a-dish'on-a-ri),  a.    Additional. 

Wliat  is  necessary,  and  what  is  additionari/. 

Herbert,  Country  Parson,  xxxi. 

addititious  (ad-i-tish'us),  a.  [<  LL.  additicius, 
additional,  <  L.  adderc,  pp.  addifus,  add :  see 
add.]  Additive;  additional;  characterized  by 
having  been  added.     [Rare.] 

additive  (ad'i-tiv),  a.  [<  LL.  additivus,  added, 
<L.  adderc,  pp.  additus,  add:  see  add.]  To  be 
added ;  of  the  nature  of  an  addition ;  helping 
to  increase:  as,  an  additive  coi-rection  (a  cor- 
rection to  bo  added). 

The  general  sum  of  such  work  is  great;  for  all  of  it,  as 
genuine,  tends  towai'ds  one  goal ;  all  of  it  is  additive,  none 
of  it  sutjtractive.  Carlyle,  Hero  NN'orship,  iv, 

additively  (ad'i-tiv-li),  adi<.  By  way  of  addi- 
tion ;  in  an  additive  manner. 

additor  (ad'i-tor),  11.  [<  L.  as  if  'additor,  <  ad- 
derc, pp.  additus,  add :  see  add.]  A  piece  of  link- 
work  for  adding  angles,  fonning  j)art  of  Kempe's 
apparatus  for  describing  algebraic  curves. 

auditory  (ad'i-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  'additnrius: 
see  additor.]  Adding  or  capable  of  adiling; 
making  some  addition.    Arbuthnot.     [Rare.] 

addlel  (ad'l),  ».  and  a.  [<  ME.  adel  (as  in  add 
eij,  addle  egg),  orig.  a  noun,  <  AS.  adrla,  mud, 
=  MLti.  adeic,  mud,  =  E.ast  Fries,  add,  dung 
O  adclitj,  imi\,  comp.  adclpol,  addle-pool;  cf. 
LowlaTid  Sc.  addle  dnb,  a  filthy  pool),  =  OSw. 
ai/t(,  in  comp.  l;o-adcl,  cow-urine.    No  oonnec- 


address 

tion  ■with  AS.  iidl,  disease.]  I.  n.  1.  Liquid 
filth  ;  jiutrid  urine  or  mire ;  the  drainage  from 
a  dunghill.  [I'mv.  Eng.]  —  2t.  The  dry  lees  of 
wine.    Bailey:  .Ish. —  3.  Same  as  attlc^. 

II.  a.  [Addle  egg,  ME.  adel  cij,  equiv.  to  IIL. 
ovum  nrina:,  lit.  egg  of  mine,  a  jierversion  of  L. 
ovum  urinutn  (Pliny),  repr.  Gr.  uov  olpivav,  a 
wind-egg  {ovpor,  a  wind).  A  popular  etyrn.  con- 
nected addle,  as  an  adj.,  with  idle:  "An  adle 
cggc,  q.  idle  egge,  because  it  is  good  for  noth- 
ing" (Minsheu).]  1.  Having  lost  the  power 
of  development  and  become  rotten ;  putrid : 
applied  to  eggs.  Hence  —  2.  Empty;  idle; 
vain;  barren;  producing  nothing;  muddled, 
confused,  as  the  head  or  brain. 

To  William  all  give  audience, 
.\nd  pray  ye  for  his  nodtile, 
For  all  the  Karie's  e\1dcnce 
Were  lost,  if  that  were  atidic. 

Bp.  Corbet,  Farewell  to  the  Faeryca. 
His  brains  grow  addle. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Don  Sebastian,  1.  24. 

addlel  (ad'l),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  addled,  ppr.  ad- 
dling. [<o(M<'l,  o.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  cor- 
rupt or  putrid,  as  eggs. 

Themselves  were  chilled,  tlreir  eggs  were  addled. 

Cou'per,  Pairing  Time  Anticipated. 

Hence  —  2.  To  spoil;  make  worthless  or  inef- 
fective; muddle;  confuse:  as,  to  addle  the 
brain,  or  a  piece  of  work. 

His  cold  procrastination  addled  the  victory  of  Lepanto, 
as  it  had  formerly  addled  that  of  St.  Quentin. 

Simpson,  .Sch.  Shak.,  I.  97.    (.N.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  manure  -with  liquid.     [Scotch.] 

II.  intrans.  To  become  addled,  as  an  egg; 
hence,  to  come  to  nought ;  be  spoiled. 
addle-  (ad'l).  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  addled,  ppr.  ad- 
dling. [E.  dial.,  also  eddlc,  <  ME.  addlen,  adlen, 
earn,  gain,  Icel.  iidhla,  in  refl.  odhlasi:,  spelled 
also  (cdhlasl;  win,  gain,  <  Odhal,  patrimony,= AS. 
ethel,  home,  dwelling,  property.]  I.  trans.  To 
earn ;  accumulate  gradually,  as  money.  [North. 
Eng.] 

Parson's  lass  .  .  . 

Mun  be  a  guvness,  l,ad,  or  summut,  and  addle  her  bread. 
Tennyson,  Northern  Fanner,  N.  S. 

H.t  intrans.  To  produce  or  yield  fruit ;  ripen. 

Where  ivy  embracetli  the  tree  veiy  sore, 
Kill  ivy,  else  tree  will  addle  no  more. 

Tusser,  Five  Hundred  Points  (1573),  p.  47. 

addle^  (ad'l), »!.  [(.addle^,v.]  Laborers' wages. 
EuUiwcU.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

addle-brain  (ad'1-brau),  n.  [<  addled,  a.,  + 
hrcin.]     A  stupid  bungler ;  an  addle-pate. 

addle-headed  (ad'I-hed'ed ).  a.  [< addle^,  a..  + 
head  +  -ed-.]  Stupid  ;  muddled.  An  equiva- 
lent form  is  addle-patcd. 

addlement  (ad'1-ment),  «.  [<  addW^,  r.,+ 
-mcnt.]  The  process  of  addling  or  of  becom- 
ing addled.    3'.  E.  D. 

addle-pate  (ad'l-pat),  h.  [<  addlc^,  a.,  -i-jmte.] 
A  stupid  person. 

It  is  quite  too  ovei-powering  for  such  addle-pates  as  this 
gentleman  and  myself.  Mrs.  Craik,  Ogilvies,  p.  133. 

addle-pated   (ad'1-pa'ted),  a.     [As  addle-pate 

-k-  -ed-.]     Same  as  addle-headed. 
addle-plot  (ad'l-plot),  n.     [<  addle^,  v.,  +  obj. 

plot-.]     A  person  who  spoils  any  amusement; 

a  marsport  or  mai-plot. 
addle-pool  (ad'l-pol),  n.     [<  cddle^  -f  pooft;  = 

East  Fries,  adclpol]    A  pool  cf  filthy  water. 

HalUwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
addling!  (ad'ling), )(.     [Verbal  n.  of  addWi^.  v.] 

1.  Decomposition  of  an  egg. — 2.  Muddling  of 

the  wits. 
addling-  (ad'ling),  ».     [Verbal  n.  of  addle-,  r.] 

1.  The  act  of  earning  by  labor. — 2.  pi.  That 

which  is  earned;  caiiiings.     Also  iNTitten  ad- 
lings.     [North.  Eng.] 
addoomt  (a-dom'),  r.  t.    [<  ad-  +  doom.    Cf.  ad- 

dcem.]     To  adjudge. 

Unto  me  addoom  that  is  my  dew. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vii.  56. 

addorsed,  p.  a.    Sec  adorsed. 

address  (a-dres'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  addressed 
(also  addfest),  ppr.  addressing.  [<  ME.  atlrcssen, 
<  OF.  adresscr,  adressicr,  adresier,  earlier  ad- 
rescer,  adreccr,  udrecicr,  etc.,  F.  adresscr  z=  Pr. 
adret/sar  =  Sp.  adere:ar  =  Pg.  aderc<;ar  =  It.  ad- 
diriz:arc,<.  ML.  'addrietiarc  (addrctiare,  addrcs- 
sare,  etc.)  for  *addirectiare,  <.  ad,  to,  -t-  *dric- 
tiarc,  'direcfiarc,  make  straight,  >  OF.  drcscer, 
dresser,  >  E.  dress :  see  o-l  i.  ad-,  and  dress,  v.]  I. 
trans.  If.  I^imarily,  to  make  direct  or  straight; 
straighten,  or  straighten  up;  hence,  to  bring 
into  line  or  order,  as  troops  (see  dress);  make 
right  in  general ;  anange,  redress,  as  wrongs, 
etc.    X.  E,  U. —  2t.  To  direct  in  a  course  or  to 


address 

an  end;  impait  ii  diioction  to,  as  toward  an  ob- 
ject or  a  di'slinatioii;  aim,  as  a  missile;  apply 
directly,  as  action.    [Still  used,  in  the  ^amc  of 
golf,  iu  tli(-  phrase  "to  address  a  ball,"  and 
sometimes  iu  poetry.] 
Imhriusiiles  ailttn'st  his  javeline  at  him.  Chapman,  IliaJ. 
Good  youtll,  addnss  tliy  gait  unto  her.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  4. 
Then  thnso  ciiilit  inij,'lity  ilauKlitcrs  iif  tin;  ploUKli 
IVnt  tlifir  Itniail  faces  toward  us  and  nddrrnu'd 
Tlliir  lili'tiMii.  Tcnni/atu),  Tilt:  Trinccss,  iv. 

3.  To  direct  the  energy  or  force  of ;  subject  to 
the  effort  of  doing;  ajjply  to  the  accomplish- 
ment of :  used  reliexively,  with  to :  as,  he  ad- 
dressed himself  to  the  work  in  hand. 

Tliis  was  a  practical  (piostion,  and  they  Ithc  framers  of 
tlie  American  Constitution)  addromcd  thciiwclvcn  to  it  as 
men  uf  knowledge  and  judgment  should. 

Lowell,  Democracy. 

4.  To  direct  to  the  ear  or  attention,  as  speech 
or  writing;  utter  directly  or  by  direct  trans- 
mission, as  to  a  j)erson  or  persons:  as,  to  ad- 
dress a  warning  to  a  friend,  or  a  petition  to 
the  legislatiu-e. 

Tlie  young  liero  had  addressed  his  prayers  to  him  for 
his  assistance.  Dryden. 

Tlic  supplications  which  Francis  [Bacon]  addressed  to 
his  ancle  aud  aunt  were  earnest,  liumbie,  and  almost  ser- 
vile.  Macatday,  f^jrd  IJacon. 

5.  To  direct  speech  or  writing  to ;  aim  at  the 
hearing  or  attention  of;  sjjeak  or  wi-ite  to:  as, 
to  address  an  assembly ;  he  addressed  his  con- 
stituents by  letter. 

Thoim'h  he  [C.tsar]  seldom  addresses  the  f5enate,  he  is 
considered  as  the  finest  speaker  there,  after  the  Consul. 
Macaulay,  Fragments  of  a  Roman  Tale. 
Straightway  he  spake,  and  thus  addrcss'd  the  Gods. 

M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

6.  To  apply  in  speech ;  subject  to  hearing  or 
notice:  used  retlexively,  with  to:  as,  ho  ad- 
dressed himself  to  the  chairman. 

Our  legislators,  nur  candidates,  on  great  occasions  even 
our  ailvocalcs.  aildirss  themselves  less  to  the  audience 
than  to  tlic  reporters.  Macaulay,  Athenian  Orators. 

7.  To  direct  for  transmission;  put  a  direction 
or  superscription  on :  as,  to  address  a  letter  or 
parcel  to  a  person  at  his  residence ;  to  address 
newspapers  or  circulars. 

Books  .  .  .  not  intended  for  .  .  .  the  persons  to  whom 
tliey  are  n(/(/y('.s-.s'c(f,  but  .  .  .  for  sale,  are  liable  to  customs 
duties  upon  entering  .  .  .  Colombia.     U.S.  Postal  Guide.' 

8.  To  direct  attentions  to  in  courtship;  pay 
court  to  as  a  lover. 

To  prevent  the  confusion  that  mi','lit  arise  from  our 
both  addresnnfj  the  same  lady,  I  shall  expect  the  honour 
of  your  company  to  settle  our  pretensions  in  King's  Mead 
Fields.  Sheridan. 

She  is  too  fine  and  too  conscious  of  herself  to  repulse 
any  man  who  may  address  her. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  31G. 

9.  To  prepare ;  make  ready :  often  with  to  or 
for. 

The  five  foolish  virgins  addressed  tliemselves  at  the 
uoisc  of  the  bridegroom's  coming.  Jei-.  Taylor. 

Turnus  addressed  his  men  to  single  liglit. 

Dryden,  .^Lneid. 
To-morrow /oc  the  march  are  wc  addrejts'd. 

Sliak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  3. 

Hence — 10+.  Toclothe  or  array ;  dress ;  adorn ; 

trim. 

other  writers  and  recordere  of  fables  could  have  told 
you  that  Teula  sometime  addressed  herself  in  man's  ap- 
parel. Ep.  Jewell,  Def.  of  Apologie,  p.  375. 

11.  In  com.,  to  consign  or  intrust  to  the  care  of 
another,  as  agent  or  factor:  as,  the  ship  was 
addressed  to  a  merchant  iu  Baltimore. 
Il.t  inlrans.  1.  To  direct  speech;  speak. 
My  lord  of  Burgundy, 
We  first  address  towards  you.  Shale,  Lear,  i.  1. 

2.  To  make  an  address  or  appeal. 

The  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  having  addressed  in  vain  for  his 
majesty's  favour,  resorted  by  habeas  corpus  to  the  King's 
Bench.  Marvcll,  Growth  of  I'opery. 

3.  To  make  preparations;  get  ready. 

Let  us  address  to  tend  on  Hector's  heels. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  4. 
They  ended  p.arle,  and  both  addre.ts'd  for  fight. 

Milton,  P.  L,,  vi,  290. 

address  (a-dres'),  n.  [=F.  adresse,  ii. ;  from  the 
verb.]  i.  Power  of  properly  directing  or 
guiding  one's  o\vn  action  or  conduct;  skilful 
management;  dexterity;  adroitness:  as,  ho 
managed  the  affair  with  address. 

Here  Rhadamanthus,  in  his  travels,  had  collected  those 
inventions  anil  institutions  of  a  civilized  people,  which  he 
had  the  address  to  apply  to  the  contlrnuition  of  his  own 
authority.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  606. 

There  needs  no  small  degree  of  address  to  gain  the  repu- 
tation of  benevolence  without  incurring  the  exjiense. 

.*iheridan,  .School  for  Scandal,  v.  1. 

3.  Direction  or  guidance  of  speech;  the  act  or 
manner  of  speaking  to  persons;  jjersonal  bear- 


69 

ing  in  intercotirso ;  accost:  as.  Sir  is  a  title  of 
address ;  he  is  a  man  of  good  address.  Hence 
—  3.  The  attention  paid  by  a  lover  to  his  mis- 
tress; courtship;  pi.  (more  commonly),  the  acts 
of  coiu'tship;  the  attentions  of  a  lover:  as,  to 
pay  one's  addres.scs  to  a  lady. 

As  some  coy  nymph  her  lover's  warm  attdress 
N(jt  (luito  indulges,  nor  can  quite  repress. 

J'ope,  Windsor  Forest,  L  19. 
Tell  me  whose  address  thou  favour'st  most. 

Addison,  Cato,  i.  4. 
A  gentlem.an  .  .  .  made  his  addresses  to  me.     Addison. 

4.  An  utterance  of  thought  addressed  by 
speech  to  an  atiilience,  or  transmitted  in  vrrit- 
ing  to  a  person  or  liody  of  persons ;  usually,  an 
expression  of  views  or  sentiments  on  some 
matter  of  direct  concern  or  interest  to  the  per- 
son or  persons  addressed;  a  speech  or  dis- 
course suited  to  an  occasion  or  to  circum- 
stances :  as,  to  deliver  an  address  on  the  events 
of  the  day;  an  address  ot  congratulation;  the 
address  of  Parliamcut  in  reply  to  the  queen's 
speech. 

It  wa-s,  therefore,  during  a  period  of  considerable  polit- 
ical perturbation  that  Mr.  Bright  put  forth  an  address 
dated  January  31st,  1837. 

J.  Harnett  Smith,  John  Bright,  p.  23. 

5.  A  formal  request  addressed  to  the  executive 
by  one  or  both  branches  of  a  legislative  body, 
requesting  it  to  do  a  particular  thing. 

The  Constitutions  of  England,  of  Massachusetts,  of 
Pennsylvania,  autliorized  tire  removal  of  an  oluio.xious. 
judge  on  a  mere  address  of  the  legislature. 

//.  Adams,  John  Randolph,  p.  132. 

The  power  of  address,  whenever  it  Ilis  been  used  in  this 
commonwealth,  has  been  used  to  remove  judges  who  had 
not  violated  any  law.  ir.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p,  IGl. 

6.  A  direction  for  guidance,  as  to  a  person's 
abode  ;  hence,  the  place  at  which  a  person  re- 
sides, or  the  name  and  place  of  destination, 
with  any  other  details,  necessary  for  the  di- 
rection of  a  letter  or  package :  as,  what  is  your 
present  address  f  the  address  or  superscription 
on  a  letter. 

Mrs.  Dangle,  shall  I  beg  you  to  offer  them  some  refresh- 
ments, and  take  their  address  in  the  next  room  ? 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  2. 

7.  In  cqiiitij  pleading,  the  technical  description 
iu  a  bill  of  tho  court  whose  remedial  power  is 
sought. — 8.  In  com.,  the  act  of  despatching  or 
consigning,  as  a  ship,  to  an  agent  at  the  port  of 
destiuatiou. —  9t.  I'onnerly  used  in  the  sense 
of  preparation,  or  the  state  of  preparing  or 
being  prepared,  and  in  various  applications 
arising  therefrom,  as  an  appliance,  array  or 
dress,  etc.  N.  E.  -t).  =  Syn.  1.  Tact,  cleverness.— 2. 
See  port. —  4.  Oration.  Harangue,  etc.  (see  s/»cec/i),  lecture, 
discourse,  sennou. —  G.  Residence,  superscription. 

addressee  (a-dres-e'),  «.  [<  address,  v.,  +  -ee^.] 
One  who  is  addressed;  specifically,  one  to 
whom  anything  is  addressed. 

The  postmaster  shall  also,  at  the  time  of  its  arriv.il, 
notify  the  addressee  thereof  that  such  letter  or  package 
has  been  received. 

Meg.  of  the  U.  S.  P.  0.  Dep.,  1S74,  iii.  §  B2. 

The  strong  presumption  this  offers  in  favour  of  this 
youthful  nobleman  (Lord  Southampton]  as  the  addressee 
of  the  sonnets  is  most  strangely  disregarded  by  Shakspcrian 
specialists  of  the  present  day.    N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  22. 

addresser  (a-dres'er),  n.  One  who  addresses 
or  petitions.  Specifically  (with  or  without  a  capital 
letter),  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  of  England,  a  member 
of  the  country  party,  so  called  from  their  address  to  the 
king  prajing  for  an  immediate  assemt)ly  of  the  Parlia- 
ment, the  summons  of  which  was  delayed  on  account  of  its 
being  adverse  to  tho  court ;  an  opponent  of  the  court  party 
or  Abhorrers.  They  also  received  the  name  of  Petitioners, 
and  afterward  that  of  Whiys.     See  abltorrer. 

addressful  (a-dres'fiU),  a.    Skilful;  dexterous. 

M(aht. 
addressing-machine  (a-dres'ing-ma-shen"),  n. 

.An  apparatus  for  jdacing  addresses  on  news- 

prtpor-WTappers,  etc. 
adoressiont  (a-dresh'on),  h.     [<  address.    Cf. 

compression,  etc.]     The  act  of  addressing  or 

directing  one's  course;  route;  direction  of  a 

journey. 

To  Pylos  first  be  thy  addression  then. 

Chapman,  Oiiyssey,  1.  438. 

addressmentt  (a-dres'ment),  n.  [<  F.  adressc- 
/»<■«(  (Cotgi'ave):  see  address  a.nA -ment.'\  The 
act  of  addressing;  the  act  of  directing  one's 
attention,  speech,  or  effort  toward  a  particu- 
lar point,  jierson,  or  object. 

addubitationt  (a-du-bi-ta'shon),  n.  [<L.  addii- 
hitatns,  pp.  of  addidiitarc,  incline  to  doubt,  <  ad, 
io,  +  duhitarc.  Aouht:  see  rfoKfti.]  Adoubting; 
insinuated  doubt. 

That  this  w:is  not  a  vniuersall  practice,  it  may  appcare 
by  St.  Austins  adduliitation. 

J.  Venison,  Heavenly  Bauyuet  (1C19),  p.  363. 


adductor 

adduce  (a-dus'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  adduced, 
I)pr.  adduciiu/.  [<  L.  adducere,  lead  or  bring 
to,  <  ad,  to,  +  ducerc,  lead:  see  duct,  duke.']  To 
briug  forward,  present,  or  offer;  advance;  cite; 
name  or  instance  as  authority  or  evidence  for 
what  one  advances. 

Re.xsons  good 
I  shall  adduce  in  due  time  to  my  peers. 

Broivniny,  Ring  and  B(jok,  I.  313. 

The  speculations  of  those  early  Christian  theologians 
who  adduced  the  crying  of  the  new-born  babe  in  proof  of 
its  innate  wickedness.  J.  Fiske,  Cos.  Phil.,  I.  105. 

=  Syn.  Adduce,  Alleye,  Assiyn,  Advance,  OJfer.Cite.  Offer 
and  assiyn  are  the  least  forcible  of  these  words.  To  offer 
is  simply  to  present  for  acceptance.  We  may  offer  a  plea, 
an  apology,  or  an  excuse,  but  it  may  not  be  accepted.  Wc 
may  assiyn  a  reason,  but  it  may  not  be  the  real  or  only 
reason  which  might  be  given  by  us.  We  may  advance  an 
opinion  or  a  theoiy,  and  may  cite  authorities  iu  support  of 
it.  Alleye  is  the  most  positive  of  all  these  words.  To  at. 
leye  is  to  make  an  unsupported  statement  regarding  some- 
thing; to  adduce,  on  tlie  otlier  hand,  is  to  l>ring  forward 
proofs  or  evidence  in  support  of  some  statement  or  propo- 
sition already  made :  as,  he  alleyed  tliat  he  had  been  robbed 
by  A.  B. ,  but  adduced  no  proof  in  support  of  his  allegation. 

I  too  prize  facts,  and  am  adduriny  iu)thing  else, 

Channiny,  Perfect  Life,  p.  177. 

'Voalleye\hc  real  or  supposed  primeval  kindred  between 
Magyars  and  Ottomans  as  a  ground  for  political  action 
...  is  an  extreme  case. 

ii'.  A.  Freeman,  Race  and  Language. 

To  some  such  causes  as  you  have  assigned,  may  be 
ascribed  the  delay  which  the  petition  has  encountered. 

Washinyton,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  372. 

The  views  I  shall  advance  in  these  lectures. 

Bcate,  Bioplasm,  §  2. 

If  your  arguments  be  rational,  offer  them  in  as  moving 

a  manner  as  the  nature  of  tlie  subject  will  admit.    Swift. 

adduceable  (a-du'sa-bl),  a.  l< adduce  +  -able.'] 
Sec  (I'Iducible. 

adducent  (a-du'sent),  a.  [<  L.  adducen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  adducere:  see  adduce]  Bringing  to- 
gether; drawing  one  thing  to  or  toward  an- 
other;  perfoiining  the  act  of  adduction ;  haWng 
the  function  of  an  adductor:  opposed  to  abdu- 
cent: chiefly  or  exclusively  an  anatomical  tenn, 
applied  to  certain  muscles  or  to  their  action. 
See  adductor,  a. 

adducer  (a-du'ser),  n.    One  who  adduces. 

adducible  (a-du'si-bl),  a.  [<  adduce  +  -ible.] 
Capable  of  being  adduced.  Sometimes  (but 
very  rarely)  sjiclled  adduceable. 

Here  I  end  ray  speciraens,  among  the  many  which  might 
be  given,  of  the  arguments  addncihie  lav  Christianity. 

J.  II.  Sen-man,  <;ram.  of  .Assent,  p.  47S. 

adduct  (a-dukf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  adductus,  pp.  of 
adducere:  see  adduce.]  If.  To  di-aw  on;  in- 
duce ;  allure. 

Either  impelled  by  lewd  disposition  or  adducted  by  hope 
of  rewarde.  Time's  Storehouse,  p.  i>SO. 

2.  In  jyhysiol.,  to  bring  to  or  toward  a  median 
line  or  main  axis.     See  adduction,  2. 

The  pectineus  and  three  adductors  adduct  the  thigh 
powerfully.  U.  Gray,  Aliat.,  p.  412. 

adduction  (a-duk'shon),  «.  [<ML.  adductio{n-), 
<L.  adducere,  pp.  adductus:  see  adduc/:]  1. 
The  act  of  adducing  or  bringing  forward  some- 
thing as  evidence  in  support  of  a  contention  or 
an  argument.     [Rare.] 

An  adduction  of  facts  gathered  from  various  quarters. 

Is.  Taylor. 

2.  (a)  In  physioL,  tho  action  of  the  adductor  or 
adducent  muscles,  (i)  In  surej.,  the  adducent 
action  of  a  surgeon  upon  a  limb  or  other  mem- 
ber of  the  body ;  the  position  of  a  part  which 
is  tho  result  of  such  action :  the  opposite  of  ab- 
duction. In  cither  use,  adduction  consists  in  bringing  a 
linil)  to  or  toward  the  long  axis  of  the  body,  so  that  it 
shall  be  parallel  therewith  or  with  its  fellow ;  or  in  bring- 
ing together  two  or  several  similar  parts,  as  the  spread  fin- 
gers of  the  human  hand,  the  opened  shells  of  a  bivalve 
inollusk.  etc. 

adductive  (a-diA'tiv),  a.  [<  Ii.  as  if  "adduc- 
tivu.9,  <  adducere,  pp.  adductus :  see  adduce.] 
Adducing  or  bringing  forward. 

adductor  (a-duk'tor),  «.  and  a.  [L.,  a  pro- 
curer, lit.  one  who  ilraws  to,  <  adducere,  pp. 
adductus:  see  adduce.]  I.  h^  ;  pi.  adductors 
(-torz)  or  adductores  (ad-uk-to'rez).  In  anat. 
and  .rooV.,  that  which  adducts  ;  specifically,  the- 
name  of  several  muscles  which  draw  certain 
parts  to  or  toward  one  common  center  or  meilian 
line:  the  opposite  of  rt/^rfwcfo/*.  The  word  is  also  ap- 
plied to  various  muscles  not  specifically  so  named  :  thus, 
the  internal  rectus  of  the  eye  is  an  adductor  of  the  cyeball- 
The  muscles  which  close  the  shells  of  bivalves  are  gem  ri- 
cally  termed  adductors.  See  cuts  under  Lamellihranehiata, 
Waldheimia.  and  Protdicdetcr.— Adductor  arcuum,  the 
adductor  of  the  arches,  a  muscle  of  the  side  of  the  neck 
of  some  Batraehia.  as  .U.>ii/;«o;in.-  Adductor  branchl- 
arum.  the  adductor  of  the  gills,  a  innscle  of  some  liatra- 
chia.  as  .Menobraneli  us.  Adductor  brevis  (the  short  ad- 
ductor), adductor  longus  (the  long  adductor),  adductor 


adductor  70  adenomyoma 

magnus  (tlic  cront  mldurloi),  lliree  ndiliiotor  muscles  of     somata,  nnd  maklnsthe  third  section  consist  of  the  order  ndpni        Stttip  t«  nili m, 

tlicliuiiiiui  tliiiili.  nrisin-  lioiri  th.'  pchis  1111,1  iiisiTtcil  in      /'m/..«o«mr(i  —  tliisi- onlnml  iiuiiics  licini;  all  U'ach's.  ex-  „  j„"t„' ^       ,',    •'.:,  rx-i      ,  r.      •,■ 

till-  linwi  iL-^|.ini  (it  till'  t.liiur.-  Adductor  dlgitl  tertU,      ciptimr  WisIm.hmI  s  AdelarlhriiHiimatn.  atteilia  (a-llc  lll-a),  ».      L.NL.,<  (jf.  (uhiv,  a  gland.] 

adductor  dlgitl  quaxti,  lluadilu.  tcrmusc  li  .itilutiiinl  nHplart.hrrxjoTnnt.nini    ('Kl-p-lnr-flirS  aS'mo  1-  ^  name  whit-h  lias  been  apt)lipd  to  strumous 

ditiit  and  i.f  thf  f..urtli  dL-it,  f.Min.l  in  v:in„ns  .mininls,  as  aaeiarmrOSOmaiOUS    ^a<  -e-Idr-ttiro-so   ma-  svijhilitic  ohrouic  adenitis  ami  to  Ho(io.Uin'H 

tlKchanKlc..n.-Adductormajidlbul»,  in(V,«(«.,i,a     tus),  «.     Being  mdisMiietlyjointod;  having tlie  Hiaeiln       9     r^,;,,  1   T,>  -^  V 

muscle  which  u.hliuts  the  niiindd.l,-.  and  so  hiiuKs  to-     body  indistinctly  segmented;  snoeiUeally,  of  or  <"sease.— «4.   L«';'-J  In  ."»/.,  a  genub  ot  dijjter- 

getlKT  the  ,.pi...si(e  ai.Us  ..t  th.-  i cr  jaw.  -Adductor     j,ertaiiiing  to  the  AdcUirthrusoiiKiUi.  "l"^  '"^^'-'H-     /^<'*';""'i'.  l^**-*- 

&ned\''';:rtidrtor';'^^^^^^^^^^^^  [?V^'/'<r'''''r^  ^"'?" '^^^^^^ 

t-rcat  t.K-.  idthcr  mus,  ks  i.f  the  ilinils  having  the  same  notiuanitest,  +  a(7r;//j,  star(mref.  tothellower).]  ,  .  X  ^  "  ■'',''  ^{'yC  \  -jormu,,  \jorma, 
functiiin  arc  sometimes  called  adilnctors.l  A  projiosed  name  for  such  plants  as  como  into     j  'I'.'lv       ,  '^  giaua-liKe  snjpe. 

II.  ".Of  or  pertaining  to  an  adductor;  having    eultivatiou  before   tliey  are   sufficiently  ^eU  aaenitlS  (aa-o-ni  tis),  «.    [NL.,<Gr.a()^(aflei;-), 
the  fimction  of  addueting;  adducent:  as,  the     known  1o  be  referred  to  their  true  genera  a  gland,  + -(/(.s-.J     Inflammation  of  a  gland,  es- 

«,/./«ctoc  muscles  of  llietliigh:  opposed  to  ab-  adelfisch  (it'del-fish),   n.     IG.,<  achi,  nobility,     Pt^i-i='l'.\' of  a  l.vmphatic  gland. 
rfHctor.-Adductorlmpressions,  in  cm.;,.,  the  scars     + /isc/i  =  E.    /('.s*.]     A   name   of    a    European  ^"®'J^°(''"'''^"^' '^"J' "•    pativename.]   Aeala- 
T  ,"'>-■, "}t«i"':,s'>'-'»,>^^s  >"■  "le  oi.jMsitc  valves  of  hivalve     gpeeies  of  wiiitetish,  Coranonus  lavaretm:   sv-    i"'^^  "^P"™  ^?^^  °°  !^^  ^"^'^  ^^^^^  "^  Africa 
?  S-L  f)   'i-h  K.  -.^    '.;™;\r;w  ;'.;\,  n'terin^and  atr    ^onymous  ^-ith  lavaret  (which  see).  ^      ^o''  ^''^^^S  "l^"''^-  ^I^'^  ^^f''  "f.  decorated  by 

t;^or;';;;-'i„  ,\,e  cla,n,T:n"\"?t';/::;;iV''nc;  .is";^  adellngt,  «.     obsolete  fm-m  of  atheUng.  ,?''""»^;','  '°r.  ^P'-^I  "■•  ";<-'f«*<l  l.ncs. 

aiidscallopi/'.  (MO.- Adductor  muscles,  (o)  In  ana(.,  Adelobranchia  (ad  "6-16 -brang'ki -a)  n  pi  S'tleno-.  L*^ombmingtorm  (flrfcn- before  a  vowel, 
the  adductors.  Seel.  ((<)  In  Mutocotow,  the  muscles  rjjj,  <(;,.  i,Wi„c  not  nnnifpst  +'\,m-^vin  «<'<'"-  regarded  as  Latin)  of  Gr.  adz/v  (aiifvo-), 
which  (haw  to-ether  or  close  the  valves  in  bivalve  niol-  Lji^-!,  ^  ^'^\f'''°'il,  ^^^  manliest,  +  lipayxia,  Mand.]  An  element  in  comnound  words  of 
lusks.    tiee  cut  under  iraWAcoHm.  gdls.J     1.  A  family  name  for  gastropods  m     ?.,?',  7,V-   .^^  eitmeni;  in  compouna  woras  ot 

addulcet  (a-dtds'),  «'.  f.     [<  late  ME.  fl(ZoK?ce,  <     which  the  respiratory  cavity  has  a  slit-like  out-  ,^5'^';'^°"^'^'™''^^^^^^  .     .,    ..,  , 

OF.  adnulcir,  earlier  mlnleir,  adolcir,  P.  a,huclr,     let  and  is  without  a  siphon.    The  term  includes  adenocarcmoma  (ad  e-ncj-kar-si-no  ma  ,  «.;  pi. 

<ML.  *aihli,lcire,< L. ad,  to '+(lutds,  sweet:  see     tl^e  pulmonates  as  well  as  the  marine  forms.     ";'«"' "'<■'«'>'"«'«   (-ma-ta).      [.NL.,  <  Gr.  aS,p> 

dulce.}     To  sweeten.  yjfffflcW/,  1807.— 2.  An  ordinal  name  for  the     (f  ,'''-),  ^  m^\^+ KafMn>,^jja:   see  caranoma] 

.Some  mirth  f  a<w,,fcc  man's  miseries.  Herrick.     true  pulmonates.     I!mo,  1826.  t,    T''      T     deviates  from  the  trae  gland- 

-adel      rdXF  -fitle  <Pr  Sn  or  P.^  -ada   or  adelocodonic(ad"e-16-k6-don'ik),  a.    [<Gr.<5V    st  'ictuie   charactenzmg  the  adenomata,  but 

It^l,V«,^rL.'  -au^l';  (2)"  ""^ZtX.  or  Pg'    ^o,,  not  manifest,  +  .6^u.,  a  bel  ,  the'head  of'a     ^^f^.^cinoma   ^l" adZl"'  ""''  "  "  '^" 

^do  or  It.  -«.,,'<  l'.  -a..,  m.  p'p.Jsufflx  ?f  5^:„^,!olvhlnntaZed'rbTillri°s  pre^^^^^^  adenoceirra"'e-nS!s6lt  ""  [<  Gr.  «.,>  (a,5n,.), 
verbs  m  -are:  see  -«tel     The  native  P.  form  is     ^'^"^o  ^^'^^'i 'lo  developed  umbreUa is  present.     ^    j^,^,,,  +  ^  .;,     ^  ^^^^'^       ^^^^  ^^  adenoma. 

^:^;:;^!t:^uTrS^ft^l^:Jaf-lTi^  adelomorphous  (ad"e.l6.m6r'fns),  a.     [<  Gr.  adenochirapsologyt     (ad'e-n6-k^rap-sol'9-ji), 

^^Irrofpi^ei^i^orXKomlnce^oriS.!  -;'^.>«f, -ot.  manifest, +  ,o,,Morm./' Of  a^orm  ro„eLh"\;^rt*he  h^^ndV' "/Cncf  T'^-^L." 

as  accoiadf,  ambuscude,  brigade,  cannonade,  Icm-  ^}}'^\  is  meonspicuous  or  not  apparent :  ap-  touch     +  -1^  L   <>*«i    s^ek  •   se«     JnnJ\ 

onade,  etc.,  or  of  (a  few)  English  nouns  fo'rmed  ^tJll^i^^rS^i,  ifTe'^s?  ma^h"'"'  '""'  TClctrii^:' ;"f  th^^'re^'utTd  towe? of^S 

r-^Xf  oTn'lJunfk^  :Sr"'l?:r;:f  o^li  adelopne^ontad'lLV-nut^^^^^^  One  of  *"  cure  diseases  as  scro^ftdao?  king's  evil,,  fy 
f  '^'M^-^  °^  nouns  01  spanisu  or  Italian  ongm      ,       n/,,;„,,,,,,,,,,,„\,„    •     ^  "  "  touching  the  patient :  a  word  used  as  the  title 

(originally  masculine  form  of  preceding),  as  AdelounSona  (ad'e  lot)  nu'mo  nii)   n    v!     of  a  boo'k  on  that  subject  published  in  1684. 
brocade,  renegade,  etc.     It  also  appears  in  the  Aaeiopneuijiona  (aa  e-lop-nu  mo-na),  n.  pi.  adenochondromarad   e-ii6  kon   ilrf>'mii^   n  • 
Soanish  foi-m  -ado,  as  in  rcneqado,  desperado.         t^L.,  <  Gr.  ac5,//„f,  not  manifest,  -f-  irverj^,,,.,  huig:  ^?^y     mh°X^muTta    (  ma  TsT     TXT     7  Vv' 

-ade2  \iF  -ade  <h-us(-afl-)  <  Gr  -or  f  arf  1  seepneiimonia.^  Anamesometunesgiventothe  ^\:  "<[' '>'><^^i'o>i<i>, mata  (-ma-ta).  [.NL,  ,  <  Gr. 
fern  ;uffix-  see -«,%i  A  sXx  of  Greek  origin  moperculate  terrestrial  gastropods,  in  allusion  "*'"  <"<'"'-)'  a  gland, -f  ^o.rfpof,  cartilage,  -I- 
nrt;sX-f4asiu\^i,?Somi^^^^^  to  the  indosiu.e  of  the  pSmon.^ry  c'a.-ity  by  the     ^^Tc^'J^il^iis'^'sue"""*"^  "' ^'""^'^'" 

mwiade  (usuaUy«omo(?,  like  wonnrf,  triad,  etc.).     '"Jion/'f  the  mantle  with  the  nape,  except  at  a  adenod^mia   (id  e  n6  bn'i  =i>     ,,      nSTT     <ar 

adeb  (ad'eb),  )i.  FAri  An  EevBtian  weight  lateral  aiierture:  synonymous  with  PMimon(/rra.  *'^='^°^y^\a  (ad  e-no-dm  i-a),  «  [JSL..,<Gr. 
eqimlto210okes      Seeoite^  ^^  ^      adelopotl,   adelopode   (a-de'16-pod,   -pod),   H.     '"''/-^  (.'">'-).  a  gland, +  o,i,.v;,pam.]     In pa«,o?., 

adeedt  afl      Sccl  [<Gr!^.-,j;;/oc,  not  manifest,  +' /o/.f  (^oJ-)  t  E.     Pam  m  a  gland  or  m  the  glands ;  adenalgia. 

aaeeat,  ««i.     maecii  l  Ar  animal  whose  feet  are  inconsTiip.i     adenographlC    (ad  e-no-graf'ik),   a.      Pertain- 

'■*ay  did  ye  fleech  and  speak  them  fair?"    "^rfced diti     .'"'"-J     All  animal  wnose  leet  aie  mconspicu-     ;„„  to  •idpiinoTnnliv 
I,"  quo' Bottom.  ni,ic-ku;m,lsMaq.,XXU.iM.     ous  or  not  apparent.  „^r.„„„„„v„  7  V^"  /       c^  ry  r^      ■  ia. 

adeem  (a-dem'),  «••  t.  [<  L.  «c/««6V.,  take  away,  -adelphia.  lKL.,<QT..aSe?^!a,<M.f6c,  brother,  ^'^^°°f,^P,^yi+  f;^°^/"'^'  't,-^/  ^'t^^ 
<«(?,  to, -!-£■««•/•<•,  take.  Cf.  mte;,  .]  Inlaw,  a*^'?',  sister,  lit.  co-uterine,  <  <i- copAlative  +  ("''"■-),agland,  +  ->pa,^,a,<jpa9«,.  write.]  That 
to  revoke  (a  legacy),  either  (1)  by  implic"ti,^n;  *^''?,  nterus.]  In  bot,  the  second  element,  Pf'^*,f  descriptive  anatomy  which  treats  of 
as  by  a  different  disposition  of  the  bequest  dur-  ^'S'^'^y'^S  f^'at^rnity,  m  the  names  of  the  17th,  f,^°^'°;  ,,,  .,,  r^  p„  ■  t.^  t-  i  a- 
ing  the  life  of  the  testator,  or  (2)  by  satisfaction  l«li.  and  19th  classes  {Monadeiphia,  Viadelplua,  ^^^^^^f  .^?^  ® T  ?'  i"^  Gr.  aJejo«,(,;c,  glandi- 
of  the  legacy  in  advance,'as  by  delivery  of  the  and  Vohjadclphia)  of  the  Linnean  system  of  *°™'  S"\':fci'iLS'?'''^',+ ^''f'/''™  '  '^^ 
thing  bequeathed,  or  its  equivalent,  to  the  lega-  se.xTial  classification,  used  to  denote  the  coa-  -"''''l  /•  In  the  form  ot  a  gland  ;  glandiform; 
feeling  the  lifetime  of  \hebequeather.    ^^      lescence  of   sta-en^  .y  their  filaments  into    f^^^X^^^W^V^.^:^^ 

then  the  bequest  entirely  fails   .  .      A  specific  sift  is  not     thorf  see  above]     game  as  Euehite.    ^  ee      ."canl'ln,.  wl      "hi, ,  d-^^^         "'  Su  el  '    iue  "s 

tte'l'  gate^  vful.f entUIe^  noTa've"ft  Se'eme"  t  'Z  adelphoUS  (a-del'fus),  a.  [< Gr.  a6u<^6,, brother:  f;--!  i"  du-  1,  n,ph:,„c  ..lands,  L^  diiu^e  fX  i^' 
executor                                                i™  q;'.' -X  sie!     see  -ade{phia.-\     Related;  in  6of.,  having  sta-     «»=  "'fstmal  mueons  mend.rane,  and  elsewhere. 

adeep  (a-dep'),  iW'cp.  n7(r.  as  arft:     [ia^  +  deco      mens  united  by  their  filaments  into  sets:  used        Eetiform,  adenoid,  or  Ijinphoid  connective  tissue  is 

after  ahigh,  alow,  etc.]     Deeply.     FRare  1  mostly  in  composition,  as  in  monadelphous,  .etc.     founci extensively  in  many  parts  of  tlie  body,  often  sur- 

■ar     u     ..         J        J.  ^=fV-     L"<*'<'.j  arJomntt  ro  dBmr.t'^    n       Vi'S     n,l,;,i  ,,f„</    t>.,    «f     loundmg  the  nniiute  Idood-vessels  and  fomuug  the  com- 

We  shout  so  adeep  down  creation's  profound,  aaemptt  (a-dempt  },  a.      l<.  L,.  adcniptllf,,  pp.  of     mencement  uf  lymphatic  channels.  H.  Gray,  Anat 

We  are  deaf  to  God s  voice.  "('"«(''c,  take  away :  see  otttcm.J     Taken  away. 

"''''■  ^''"'"""f.^^^P-ot^'^e's 'Progress.         Without  any  sinister  suspicion  of  .anything  bein- added  adenoidal  (ad-e-noi'dal),   a.      Pertaining  to  or 

Adela  (a-de'lii),  H.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  a(5///loc,notniaui-     oTiuiemj,!.  iafimer,  I'ref.  to  .Seim.  bef.  Edw.  vi.     resembling  glands  ;  having  the  appearance  of 

test,  <a-priv.,  not, +  (5?}?.of,  clear,  manifest.]    A  ademption    (a-demp'shon),   «.     [<  L.  nf/crwu-    a^Rland  ;  adenoid. 

genus  ot  moths,  of  the  family  l>o«OrtM;((«rte.     ;/o(h-),  <  (/(//wccf,  pp.  r((f(7«;>/Hs,  take  away  see  adenological   (ad  "e-no-loj'i-kal),   a.      [<*ade- 

tostZtf  lZn-,^]""int  ''''''"■  "°''"'^'  ^'"'  '^""""^  adeem. :\     In  low,  the  revocation  of  a  grant,  do-     ""'"•'"'■  < <  "d("ology)  +  -a/.]     Pertaining  to  ade- 

adelantadillo  (a'-dk-lan-tii-del'v61   «      rSn  nation,  or  the  like;  especially,  the  lapse  of  a    m'logv.  ,,,,.,     . 

dim  of Zi°L?o,advLced,eLly  applied  to  ^/^acy,  (1)  by  the  testator's " satisfj-ing  it  by  adenology  (ad^-nolVji),  «.    [<GT.a6fn,(a6ev-) 

fruit  or  plants  :  see  arfefa«f«rfo]^  A  Spanish  '^''^•^"'^'•y  °^  Payment  to  the  legatee  before  his     f  ^'I'^^d,  +  -^->ra,  <  ^^yecv,  speak :   see  ^>o„,,.i 

red  wine  made  of  the  earliest  ripe  grapes  t''*^'  "■■  ^"^  '^J'  ^^'^  othenvise  dealing  with  the     J?  '.'"<"■;  the  doctrine  or  science  of  the  glands, 

adelantado  (a''da-lan-ta'd6)   n      rlo  ?Ht    ad-  thing  bequeathed  so  as  to  manifest  an  intent     tlioir  nature,  and  their  uses, 

vanced,  forward;  as appled  to  frkit^orp^^^^^^^  to  revoke  the  bequest,     ^ee  aeleem.  adenolymphocele     ad>-no-lim'fo-sel),   n.     [< 

early;pp.  of«74,«?«,VadvanceT^w  antict-^^en    (a'den),    n.      [Also    written    fancifully     «-'>^  •"''/;•  (''A|;-,  a  gland, +  L.  ?^,«y,;mm  mod. 

pate,  <«dc/««te,  adv.,  forward,  oAS\«J-«  ^C'"'"'.   ^ft^r  the   Oriental   forms,   Ai:    'Adn,     sense 'lymph,  -f  Gr.K;,/,,  a  tumor.]    Dilatation 

(<  L.  ad),  to,  +  el,  the  «  L.  ille,  that),  +  o»te  ^ind.  Adan,  etc.:  see  Eden.-]  Same  as  Eden.  "f  the  afferent  or  efferent  vessels  of  the  lym- 
(<  L.  a«/c),  before.]     The  title  formerly  eiven  Blooming  as  ^(i.;7i  in  its  earliest  hour.  „5i"„L„'^    i'      --    -n  ^       , 

in  Spain  to  the  governor  of  a  province.  ^  .,  „  ...        ,  'B"™"'  '^"'"^  "'  A">''1°«.  "•  20.  adenoma  ( ad-e-no  ma)  «  ;  pi.  adenomata  (-ma- 

Invineible  adelafuado  over  the  a?my  of  pimpled  ^'"i^JLf"^  "'"'  '""'"''  ''"'^"  "'  ™'"""  '>"=  <*^*'""       ••^"  T  "^   A  i'  ^  ''^  ("''"'-);/  «  ''"^''  +  :<"'.'"' 

faces.  .Vaj.siiwer  vLdn  Mii'tv,-  ii 'i'  i.    ,   n    , "'  •..        ..  1- '^'•J     A  tumor  jirescntuig  the  characteristics 

The  marquess  had  a  secretT:X;nce  t  Uli  DoTi4dr<;     "  'uLf^  "  ^"'"**  ■""''"  "'>""'  'ji^c^ilfR^JeT  «^  *'^<^  ^^^^'^'^  ^^'""^  ^'^"'^•'^  '*  ''P^^^  '  ^   ^"^"^ 

r.nn(incz..i</.*inr(K;oot  Andalusia.  7rtti;ir;,(;ranada,p.29.  ,jp„        q                 j                                 ,         jw  eu.  originating  in  a  gland,  and  presenting  the  gen- 

Adelarthrosomata  (ad-e-lar-thro-so'ma-ta),  M.  adenalriaTaTe  na^^^^^^^^      «      rm      ^r.    A^a,  •'■'"l  ("haracter  of  racemose  or  of  tubular  glands. 

pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  a,!,;,«r,  not  manifest  «  a-  pr  v.,     S)     t  eland    +  ^alvL   <  /?^''  itn  1     Z  ^''°  "''"l"^  '"'^'">'-'-''-. 

not, -f  <57>*f,  manifest), -1- an«pm.   ioint  +  o<Jua      \^,.n.  i         g'a'id,  -t- -aAyia,  <  a/.jof,    pain.]     In  adenomatous   (ad-e-nom'a-tus),   a.      [<  ndeno- 

pl.  Wara,  body.]     I^  West  wood's  svstem  of  JZJ^^i'^T']  ""  ''  f'  -f  "^ '  adenodyma.  „„( ,.)  +  „„,.]    Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 

^lassificat^n,  a^  irder  of  arac'^ds  w-hLTre-  AdenaKra  <-'e'"-''thel"^°''^  fxE^'f  !>  ^  ""  "'"■•°™^-  w  ..                     •   -       ,x 

sp  re  by  tracheee.    it  consists  of  the  false  scorpions  ^V  (^livfa  .iland  +  NL  ««'t  V«  aShe';  ■  s'eo  ad;nomeningeal  (ad'e-no-me-nin'je-al),   a. 

and  hai-vestnicn.  or  the  families  .s'..(/,i,w(,/.,  ch.'tO.-ndiT      „..„,L  t     ^  ■' ^'anu, -t  i\i^.  OHHif/n  antUGr .  see  [<  Gr.  otSvi'  ("lifi'-),  a  gland,  + /ir^i'iii,  a  mem- 

and  Pimittn.iiidm:  distincniished  frnn,'  the  ihmnm.-m^o-     "'"«^'^- J    A  genus  ot  trees  and  shrubs,  natives  of  brane,  esp.  the  pia  mater:  see  moi(H<7trt,«.]    An 

"'"'"■.    )),'"' the  view  of  adaptin-  Leach  s  system  to  that     '"0  i-ast  Indies  and  (  eylon,  natural  order  Leqn-  piiithet  annlied  to  n  kind  of  fever  si"innn.5eH  to 

':^pp:;!^^.^z:;t^¥:^^--^-  :h;=.-!r;::;!:;^,i{^:r;^-.:^,f-s-^,x^  ^S^t^l£^^^^^:^^^^:i 

rohranclMi.  dividing  the  first  of  these  sections  into  the  solid  timber  called  red  sanilabwo.iil  Thrbriclit.sc.Xt  adeuomyoma  (ad  e-no-lni-o'ma),  H.  ;  pi.  ade- 
seetlon  iuufZ."'^rZ'^.  .ini  Puliimero^umula  the  second  seeds,  tnrni  their  equality  in  weight'(each=4  fc^ins),  are  nnmilomata  (-ma-tii).  [NL.,  <  CJ'r.  id;/!'  (o'.SfT-),  ft 
seetion  Into  the  orders  AddaHhrosonmta  and  J/o«e»«™.     used  by  goldsmiths  in  the  East  as  weights.  ''  gland,  +  fivr,  a  muscle  (see  myology),  +  -oma, 


adenomyoma 

q.  v.]     A  tumor  coiisistiug  of  glandular  ami 

iiuiscular  tissue. 
adenoncus  (ad-o-nong'kus),  n. ;  pi.  adenonci 

(-iioiiVi).     [NL.,<  Gr.  (i(S'/v  (iukv-),  a  glaud, + 

ojKor,  a  bulk,  mass.]     A  swelling  of  a  glaud. 
adenopathy  (ad-o-nop'a-tlii),  n.     [<  Gr.  fJA/v 

(iidtv-),  a   gland,  +  -TraOta,  <  iriiWof,  siifferiug.] 

Disease  of  a  gland. 
There  are  no  lesions  of  the  mucous  nienilirauc,  nor  can 

auy  adenopathy  lie  found  Iciisc  of  sypliihulfriiuil. 

Duhriwj,  .Skin  Diseases,  plate  l^ 

adenopharyngitis  (ad"c-n6-far-iu-ji'tis),  n. 
|N1j.,  <Gr.  iiil/,1' ((i(!f>i-)j  a  gland,  +  ^iripojf ,  pha- 
rynx, +  -(7/6-.]  Inflammation  of  the  tonsils  and 
|)harynx. 

adenophore  (a-den'o-for),  n.  [As  adenoplio- 
riiiis.']  in  hot.,  a  short  stalk  or  pedicel  suxsport- 
ing  a  ne<-tar-gland. 

adenophorous  (ad-o-nof'9-rus),  o.  [<  Gr.  a(^i/v 
(dilfi-),  a  gland,+  -^ii/ior,  <  ^:>(>E«'  =  E.  iao'l.]  In 
-(/()■/.  and  hdl.,  bearing  or  producing  glands. 

adenophthalmia    (ad"e-uof-tlial'mi-a),    n. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  a(h'/v  (aiev-),  a  gland,  +  b(^0a'Afi6^, 
evi'.]    Inflammation  of  the  Meibomian  glands. 

adenophyllOUS  (ad'  c-no-fil'us),  «.  [<  Gr.  adi/v 
(athv-),  a  gland,  +  <^'vX/.ov  =.  ii.  folium,  a  leaf: 
spc  folio.']  In  ;;(y/.,luiving  leaves  bearing  glands, 
or  studded  with  them. 

adenophyma  (ad'e-no-fi'ma),  n. ;  pi.  adenophy- 
iiKitii  (-ni|i-t.;i ).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  adi/v  (fufet'-),  a  gland, 
+  ipb/ia,  a  tumor,  lit.  a  growth,  <  ijii-cw,  grow :  see 
phi/.sic.'i  lu  patliol.,  a  swelling  of  a  gland: 
sometimes  used  to  signify  a  soft  swelling. 

adenOS  (ad'e-nos),  n.  [Native  term.]  A  kind 
of  cotton  which  comes  from  Aleppo,  Tui'key. 
Also  called  marine  cotton.     E.  D. 

adenosarcoma  (ad  "e-no-silr-ko'mii),  M. ;  pi.  ade- 
niisainimata  ^-ma-tii).  [NL.,<  Gr.  aii/v  i^aSev-), 
a  gland,  +  capKu/ia,  sarcoma.]  A  tumor  con- 
sisting in  part  of  adenomatous  and  in  part  of 
sarcomatous  tissue. 

adenose,  adenous  (ad'e-nos,  -nus),  a.  [<  NL. 
ivUnosus,  <  Gr.  nMjv,  gland.]  Like  or  apper- 
taining to  a  gland  ;  adenoid  j  adeniform. 

adenotomic  (ad  "  e  -  no  -  tom '  ik),  a.  [<  adetioto- 
w//.]     Pertaining  to  adenotomy. 

adenotomy  (ad-o-not'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  ad^v 
(liiifi'-),  a  gland,  +  -TOfJa,  a  cutting,  <  Ti/ivciv, 
cut.  Ct.  aiiiitdmi/.l  In  fl»a(.  and  *■«/■(/.,  dissec- 
tion or  incision  of  a  gland. 

adenous,  ".     See  adcnonc. 

Adeona  (ad-o-o'nji),  n.  [LL.,  in  myth.,  a  Eo- 
mau  divinity  who  presided  over  the  arrival  of 
travelers,  <  L.  adin;  come,  arrive,  adco,  I  come, 
<  (id,  to,  -t-  ire,  go.  Cf.  Abcoita.']  In  sooL,  the 
tyjiical  genus  of  Adcoiiidw  (which  see). 

Adeonidae  (ad-e-on'i-do),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Adeona 
+  -»/(('.]  A  family  of  ehilostomatous  poly- 
zoans,  typified  by  the  genua  Adeona.  They  have 
the  zoariuni  erect  or  (rarely)  iuernstinj^,  atlixed  by  a  tlex- 
ilite  jointed  or  jointless  radicate  peduncle,  immediately 
attinhed.  The  zoariuni  is hilaniinar when  not  incrustiiig, 
anil  loliacious  and  fenestrate,  or  branched  or  lobate  and 
entire.  The  cells  are  usually  of  three  kinds,  zocecial, 
oo-cial.  and  aviruhirian  ;  the  zoieeiaare  of  the  usual  type. 
Tlie  family  (utiuinally  named  Adeonea;  by  liusk)  contains 
alioiit  ;^^  recent  sjiecics,  referred  to  3  yenera.     But:!:. 

Adephaga  (a-def'a-gii),  n.  jd.  [NL.,  neut.  pi., 
<Gr.  iiJ;/yu;of:  see  adephaqon.'!.']  A  gi'oup  of 
voracious,  carnivorous,  and  predatory  beetles, 
composing  a  part  of  the  pentamerous  division 
of  the  order  Colroplrra.  They  have  lllif.irni  anten- 
n.T  and  but  two  palpi  toeach  maxilla,  of  the  four  families 
which  make  nil tliis  f^Moup,  two,  Oiiriiiiilff  ;mt\  lh/t_Ui:i4fC, 
are  aquatic,  and  sometimes  called  Ihjtli-aili'i'liaiin  ;  the 
otiier  two,  CaralmtiP.  and  Cicirnh'tUla',  are  chielly  terres- 
trial, and  are  sometimes  called  G'(t>ti'iihiija.  The  whirli- 
gig  and  the  ti^er-bcetle  respectively  exemplify  these  two 
divisions  of  Adrphatra.  Also  called  Caniieijra.  See  cuts 
utider  Dittitffuj!  and  Cicindeta. 

adephagan  (a-def'a-gan),  n.  A  beetle  of  the 
grcuip  Adi phiKjii. 

adepnagia  (ad-o-fa'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aS7)<pa- 
}in,  <  uiV/(/}(i)oi;,"eating  one's  lill,  gluttonous: 
sec  ail(phagous.'\  Inj)((Wio/.,voraciousappetite; 
bulimia. 

adephagous  (a-def'a-gus),  a.  [<  NL.  adeplia- 
<;«■»',  <Gr.  u(5f/9d)or,  eating  one's  lill,  gluttonous, 
<.a6)/i>,  or  adr/v,  abundantly,  enough  (cf.  L.  ■'latis, 
enough),  +  ijia-jui:  eat.]  Gluttonous;  of  or  per- 
taiiiingtothe.J(/(7</i(((/r(;  as,  «f^7i//(((/'.<Hsbeetles. 

adeps  (ad'eps),  II.  [L.,  the  soft  fat  or  grease  of 
animals,  .suet,  lard  :  see  iidiiio.ic  ami  iidipic.']  1. 
Fat ;  animal  oil ;  the  contents  of  the  cells  of 
the  adipose  tissue;  specifically,  lard. —  2.    In 

Jj/tar.,  tallow ;  suet;  prepared  fat Ceratum  adi- 

pls  Iffen.  sinp.  of  adcpn],  simple  cerate;  liog's  lard  with 
the  addition  of  white  wax  to  give  it  in'eater  consistency. 

adept  (a-depf),  a.  and  «.  [<L.  adeptus,  ha\-ing 
attained,  ML.  adiptim,  n.,  one  who  attained 
knowledge  or  proliciency,  prop.  pp.  of  udipisei. 


71 

arrive  at,  reach,  attain,  obtain,  <  ad,  to,  + 
(ip-ixi-i,  reach,  attain,  =  Gr.  aTr-reiv,  touch,  seize, 
=  Skt. -v/ «/),  attain,  obtain:  see  apt.}  I.  a. 
Well  skilled ;  completely  versed  or  ac<iuainted. 

Adept  in  everything  profound.        Cowper,  lIoi»e,  1.  aOO. 

II.  «.  One  wdio  has  attained  proficiency; 
one  fully  skilled  in  anything;  a  proficient  or 
master;  specilically,  in  former  times,  a  pro- 
ficient in  alchemy  or  magic ;  a  master  of  oc- 
cult science,  or  one  who  professed  to  have  dis- 
covered "the  great  secret"  (namely,  of  trans- 
muting base  metal  into  gold). 

Shakeflpeare,  in  the  person  of  I'rospero,  has  exhibited 
thi-  in'evalent  notions  of  the  judicial  astrologer  combined 
with  the  adept,  wliose  white  maj;ic,  as  distin^'uished  from 
tile  l)lack  or  demon  mapic,  holds  an  intercourse  with  purer 
spirits.  /.  D'lxraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  2sf). 

Howes  was  the  tnie  adept,  seekini^  what  spiritual  ore 
there  might  be  among  the  dross  of  the  hermetic  pluloso- 
phy.  Loweit,  Among  my  Books,  Ist  ser.,  p.  20iK 

The  Persians  were  adepts  in  arcliery  and  horsemanship, 
and  were  distinguished  ijy  courtesy  and  high-breeding. 

iV.  A.  Rev.,  CXL.  329. 
=  SyTl.  Adept,  Expei-t.  An  adept  is  one  who  possesses 
natural  as  well  as  acquired  aptitude  or  skill  in  anything: 
as,  an  adept  in  the  art  of  governing ;  an  adejd  in  dijdomacy, 
lying,  cajolery,  whist-playing,  etc.  Ancj;;;('r(,  on  the  other 
hand,  is  one  whose  skill  and  proliciency  are  more  conspicu- 
ously the  result  of  practice  or  experience,  or  of  an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  a  subject.  The  term  is  mostly  linnted 
to  olie  possessing  special  skill  or  knowledge  in  some  branch, 
and  regarded  as  an  authority  on  it:  as,  an  expert  in  alien- 
ism, chemistry,  penmanship,  etc. 
adeptiont  (a-dep'shon),  )(.  [<L.  adepfio(n-),  < 
adijiisci:  see  adept.']  An  obtaining  or  gaining ; 
acquirement. 

In  the  wit  and  policy  of  the  captain  consisteth  the  chief 
adeptivn  of  the  victory.  Gra/ton,  Rich.  III.,  an.  3. 

adeptistt  (a-dep'tist),  ».  [<  adex>t  + -ist.']  An 
adept. 

adeptness  (a-dept'nes),  )(.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  adept;  skilfuUiess;  special  proficiency. 

adeptstip  (a-dept'ship),  ».  The  state  of  being 
an  ailept;  adeptness:  specitieally  used  iu  the- 
oso])liy. 

adequacy  (ad'e-kwa-si),  n.  [<  adequate:  see 
-«<•!/.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  adequate  ; 
the  condition  of  being  proportionate  or  suffi- 
cient ;  a  suificieucy  for  a  particular  purjjose : 
as,  the  adequnei/  of  supply  to  expenditure,  or 
of  an  effort  to  its  purpose ;  an  adequaci/  of  pro- 
visions. 

adequate  (ad'e-kwat),  a.  [Formerly  adcequatc, 
-at,  <  L.  adwquatils,  pp.  of  adwquare,  make 
equal,  <  ad,  to,  +  aquus,  equal :  see  equal.'] 
Equal  to  requirement  or  occasion;  commen- 
surate; fully  sufficient,  suitable,  or  lit:  as, 
means  adequate  to  the  object;  an  adequate  com- 
parison. 

I  did  for  once  see  right,  do  right,  give  tongue 
The  adequate  protest. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  5C. 

In  our  happy  hours  we  should  be  inexhaustible  poets, 
if  ouce  we  could  break  through  the  silence  into  adequate 
rhyme.  Kmeriyon,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  305. 

Adequate  cognition,  in  lo'jic :  (a)  A  cognition  involving 
no  notion  which  is  not  perfectly  clear  and  distinct.  (,b)  A 
cognition  at  once  precise  and  complete.  — Adequate  defi- 
nition or  mark,  in  ionic.  See  deJinitiiui.^Syn.  Ade- 
quate, Sutficieut,  Kihiwr/i,  commensurate,  competent.  A 
thing  is  adequate  to  s-iruething  else  when  it  comes  quite 
up  to  its  level ;  yet  neither  may  be  mjicient  when  viewed 
in  relation  to  some  third  thing.  That  which  is  sujlieieut 
may  be  adequate  and  more.  Enough  etjuals  adequate,  but 
is  applied  to  a  different  class  of  subjects. 

Nothing  is  a  due  and  adequate  representation  of  a  state 

that  does  not  represent  its  ability  as  well  as  its  property. 

Burke,  Kev.  in  France. 

Sufficient  unto  the  day  la  the  evil  thereof.      Mat.  vi.  34. 
Which  is  enough,  I'll  wanvant, 
As  this  world  goes,  to  pass  for  honest. 

SliaJc.,  \V.  T.,  ii.  3. 

adequate!  (ad'e-kwat),  v.  t.     1.  To  make  equal 

or  adequate. 

Let  me  give  yon  one  instance  more  of  a  truly  intellectual 
object,  exactly  iii/(vi((i'ic(  and  propoitioned  unto  the  in- 
tellectual appetite;  and  that  is.  learuin-;  and  knowledge. 
Fotherbtj,  ,\theoni;istix,  p.  2us. 

2.  To  attain  equality  with;  equal. 

Though  it  be  an  impossibility  for  any  creature  it:  ade- 
quate liod  in  his  eternity,  yet  he  hath  ordamed  all  his 
sons  in  Christ  to  partake  of  it  by  living  with  him  eternally. 
Shetford,  Discourses,  p.  227. 

adequately  (ad'e-kwat-li),  adv.     In   an  ade- 
([uate  nuLimer;  c'ommensxu'ately ;  .sufficiently. 
adequateness  (ad'e-kwat-nes),  H.    The  state  of 
being  adequate;  justness  of  adaptation;  suffi- 
ciency; adequacy. 

The  adequateness  of  the  advantages  [of  a  given  course 
of  study]  is  the  point  to  be  judged. 

U.  Spencer,  Education,  p.  28. 

adequation  (ad-e-kwa'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ada-qua- 
ti(i(n-),<uda'quure,  make  equal:  see  adequate. 


adhere 

a.]  A  making  or  being  equal ;  an  equivalence 
or  equivalent.     [Rare.] 

The  jirinciples  of  logic  and  natural  rca-son  tell  us,  that 
there  nmst  be  a  just  prop<jrtion  ami  adequation  between 
the  medium  by  which  we  prove,  and  the  conclttsion  to  bo 
proved.  lip.  Harlow,  Remains,  p.  12.'). 

It  was  the  arme  (not  of  King  Henry)  but  King  Edward 
the  First,  which  is  notoriously  known  to  have  been  the 
adequation  of  a  yard.    fAn  erroneous  statement.] 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Berkshire. 

adequative  (ad'e-kwa-tiv),  a.  [<  ML.  adaqua- 
tiru.':,  <  L.  mhvquurc :  see  adequate,  a.]  Equiv- 
alent or  sufficient;  adetpiatc.     [Rare.] 

Adesma  (a-des'mil),  )i.]>t.    i^ame  as  .idesmacea, 

Adesmacea  (ad-es-ina'se-il),  n.  Jil.  [NL.,  iadc.s- 
)«(((<(  ir.  iii^rnfwr,  unlettered,  unlxiund  :  Sfcadi.'i- 
my)  -I-  -area.]  An  old  family  name  for  lamclli- 
branchiato  mollusks  destitute  of  a  ligament. 
The  term  includes  the  I'lioladidcu  and  Teredi- 
vithr.     lUainviUc,  1824. 

adesmy  (a-des'mi),  n.  [<  NL.  adesmia,  <  Gr. 
ddcafwi;,  unfettered,  unbound,  <  'i-priv.  -I-  dec/juc, 
a  bond,  tie,  <  (Star,  bind,  tie.]  In  hot.,  a  tenn 
applied  by  MoiTen  to  the  di-vision  of  organs 
that  are  normally  entire,  or  their  separation  if 
normally  united. 

adespotic  (a-des-pot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ii-  [iriv.  (rj-18) 
+  dc.-i]iotic.  Cf.  Gr.  uiUarroroc,  witliout  master 
or  owiu-r.]     Not  despotic;  not  absolute. 

Adessenarian(ad-es-o-na'ri-.an),  n.  [<  NL. 
Adcsscnarii,  pi.,  irreg.  \  L.  adesse,  bo  present,  < 
ad,  to,  near,  -¥■  esse,  bo:  see  essence  and  -arian.'] 
In  ceeles.  hint.,  a  name  given  in  the  sixteenth 
century  to  those  who  believed  in  the  real  pres- 
ence of  Christ's  body  iii  the  eucharist,  not  by 
transubstantiation,  but  by  impanation  (which 
see). 

ad  eundem  (ad  e-un'dem).  [L. ;  lit.,  to  the 
same  (sc.  gradum,  gi'ade):  ad,  to;  cini<lcin, ace. 
masc.  sing,  of  idem,  the  same:  see  itlciii.]  A 
phrase  used  in  universities  to  signify  the  ad- 
mitting of  a  student  of  another  university, 
■svithout  examination,  to  the  degree  or  standing 
he  had  previously  held  in  that  other  university. 
Here  (Oxford  in  the  vacation]  I  can  take  my  walks  un- 
molested, and  fancy  myself  of  what  degree  or  stan<ling  I 
please.     I  seem  admitted  ad  eundem.  Lamb,  Oxford. 

ad  extremum  (ad  eks-tre'mum).  [L. :«(?,  to; 
cxtrcmum,a,ee.  neut.  sing,  of  cxtrcmus,  last:  see 
extreme.]     To  tho  extreme  ;  at  last ;  finally. 

adfected  (ad-fok'ted),  a.  [<  L.  adfcctiis,  later 
ajfectii.'i,  pp.  of  adfieerc,  later  afficerc,  affect : 
see  ajfcet.]  In  alg.,  corapoimdcd;  consisting  of 
different  powers  of  the  unknown  quantity. — 
Adfected  «r  affected  equation,  an  cc|uation  in  which 
the  unknown  quantity  is  ftumil  in  two  or  more  different 
degrees  or  powers:  tlius,  x'* — px- -\- qx—a  \i  a.xi  adfected 
equation,  as  it  contains  three  different  powers  of  the  un- 
known quantity  ;r. 

adflliate,  adfiliation,  etc.     See  affiliate,  etc. 

ad  finem  (ad  fi'nem).  [L. :  ad,  to ;  finem,  ace. 
of  linis.  end:  see  finis.]     To  or  at  the  end. 

adfluxion  (ad-fluk'shon),  n.  [Var.  of  affluxion, 
q.  v.]  A  flow,  as  of  sap,  caused  by  a  df awing, 
not  a  propelling,  force. 

adglutinate  (ad-glo'ti-nat),  a.  Same  as  agglti- 
tiiiille. 

ad  gustum  (ad  gus'tum).  [L. :  ad,  to ;  gustum, 
ace.  of  gustus,  taste:  see  gttst^.]  To  the  taste ; 
to  one's  liking. 

Adliatoda  (ad-hat'o-dii),  fl.  [NL.,  from  the 
Singhalese  or  Tamil  name.]  A  genus  of  herbs 
or  shrubs,  natural  order  Acanthacecc.  A.  Vasica 
is  used  in  India  to  c.xpel  the  dead  fetus  in 
abortion. 

adhere  (ad-her'),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adhered, 
ppr.  adhering.  [<  F.  adherer,  <  L.  adharere,  < 
ad,  to,  +  heerere,  stick,  pp.  hecsus.  Cf.  cohere, 
inhere,  hesitate]  1.  To  stick  fast;  cleave;  be- 
come joined  or  united  so  as  not  to  be  easily 
separated  without  tearing :  as,  glutinous  sub- 
stances adhere  to  one  another ;  the  lungs  some- 
times adhere  to  the  pleura. 

When  a  piece  of  silver  and  a  piece  of  platinum  are 
brought  in  contact  at  ;'>oo  C.  they  adiiere. 

A.  Iiaiiietl,  lYin.  of  Physics,  p.  22.0. 

2.  To  hold  closely  or  firmly  (to) :  as,  to  adhere 
to  a  plan. 

iclive]  appears  to  have  strictly  adhered  to  the  rales 
which  he  had  laid  down  for  the  guidance  of  others. 

Maeaulaii,  Lord  Clive. 

3.  To  belong  intimately;  be  closely  connected. 

A  shepherd's  daughter. 
And  what  to  her  adherer.    Shak.,  W.  T..  iv.  (cho.). 

4.  To  be  fixed  in  attachment  or  devotion  ;  bo 
devoted ;  bo  attadied  as  a  follower  or  up- 
holder :  as,  men  adhere  to  a  party,  a  leader,  a 
church,  or  a  creed ;  rarely,  to  be  attached  as  a 
friend. 

Two  men  there  are  not  living 
To  whom  he  more  adheres.  Strnk.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 


adhere 

6.  To  be  consistent ;  hold  topother ;  be  in  ac- 
cordance or  ag^reemeut,  as  tlie  parts  of  a  sys- 
tem ;  coliero.     [Karo  or  obsolete.] 

Evcrythiiif;  mlh,;rs  Uvi-llKt.  Shak.,  T.  S.,  iii.  4. 

6.  Speeilivally,  in  Scotx  law :  (a)  To  aflirra  a 
judgment ;  ajjreo  with  tho  opinion  of  a  judge 
previously  prouoiUK-ed.  (b)  To  return  to  a 
husband  or  wife  who  has  been  deserted,  fcjee 
adiicrcncc,  'A. —  7.  In  lixjic  and  mckiph.,  to  be 
aeoideutally  connected.  See  adherent,  a.,  3. 
adherence  (ad-liei'iMis),  «.  [<  F.  adiurtncc,  < 
ML.  iidhar<nlia,<  L.  iiillumii.i:  see  adherent.'] 
\.  The  act  or  state  <if  sticking  or  adhering: 
rare  in  a  physical  sense,  adhesion  being  com- 
monly used. —  2.  Figuratively,  the  cliaractcr 
of  being  fixed  in  attachment ;"  fidelity  ;  steady 
attachment :  as,  an  adherenee  to  a  party  or 
opinions ;  the  act  of  holding  to  closely :  as,  a 
rigid  adherenee  to  rules. 

A  tenacious  adhrrrnce  U  the  rights  and  liberties  trans- 
mitted from  a  wise  and  virtuous  ancestry.  AddUoii. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  the  return  of  a  husband  or 
■wife  who  has  for  a  time  deserted  his  or  her 
spouse.  The  spouse  who  h:is  been  deserteil  may  bring 
an  action  of  (utheirncc  to  compel  tile  deserting  spouse  to 
return. 

4.  In  painting,  the  effect  of  those  parts  of  a 
picture  which,  wanting  relief,  are  not  detach- 
ed, and  hence  appear  adhering  to  the  canvas  or 
surface.  Fairholt. —  5.  In /o.r/icandwt/ujj/i.,  the 
state  of  being  adherent.  See  adherent,  a.,  3. 
=Syil.  Adherence,  Adkcffion.  These  words  are  under- 
going desynonymization,  the  moral  and  figurative  sense 
being  limited  to  adhevnicti,  and  the  physical  tn  adhemoji : 
as,  adken'iice  to  the  doctrines  of  Adam  Smith ;  the  ad- 
htJtion  of  putty  to  glass.  (Note :  Adtierent,  n.,  is  not  used 
of  physical  attiicliment,  nor  adherent,  a.,  of  moral  at- 
tachment.   Adhere,  v,,  is  used  of  either.] 

If  he  departs  in  any  degree  from  strict  adherence  to 
these  rules,  ...  he  not  only  departs  from  nile,  but  com- 
mits an  act  of  treachery  and  })aseness. 

Gladstone,  Kin  beyond  Sea,  p.  210. 
Writing  and  drawing  with  chalks  and  pencils  depend 
on  the  adhesion  of  solids. 

Atlciyison,  tr.  of  Ganot's  Physics,  p.  S7. 

adherencyt  (acl-her'en-si),  n.  [As  adherence: 
see  -envi/.]     1.  The  state  of  being  adherent. 

Adlierencie^  and  admirations  of  men's  persons. 

Jer.  Taylor  (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  172. 

2.  That  which  is  adherent. 

Vices  have  a  native  adherciicij  of  vexation. 

Decay  o/  Christ.  Piety. 

adherent  (ad-her'ent),  a.  and  «.      [<  F.  ad- 
herent, <.h.  adha-renlt-)s,  ppr.  of  adha'rerc:  see 
adhere.]  I.  a.  1.  Sticking;  clinging;  adhering. 
Close  to  the  cliff  with  liotll  his  hainis  lie  clung. 
And  stucli  adherent,  and  suspeniUd  huni:. 

Pi'pe,  Odyssey,  1.  547. 

2.  In  hot.,  congenitally  united,  as  parts  that 
are  normally  separate :  generally  used  as  equiv- 
alent to  arfHnYc.  See  cut  tmder  «t(»«(c. — 3.  In 
logic  and  metaph.,  accidentally  connected;  not 
belonging  to  the  nature  of  a  thing ;  not  in- 
herent :  as,  if  a  cloth  is  wet,  its  wetness  is  a 
quality  adherent  to  it,  not  inherent  in  it. 

II.  n.  1.  A  person  who  adheres;  one  who 
follows  or  upholds  a  leader,  party,  cause,  opin- 
ion, or  the  like;  a  follower,  partizan,  or  sup- 
porter. 

Rip's  sole  domestic  adherent  was  his  dog  Wolf,  who  was 
as  much  hen-peelied  as  his  master. 

Irving,  Rip  Van  Winlvle. 

2+.  Anything  outwardly  belonging  to  a  person ; 
an  appendage. 
His  humour,  his  carriage,  and  lus  extrinsic  adherents. 

Gov.  of  Tongue. 
=  Syn.  1.  Disciple,  pupil,  upholder,  supporter,  dependant. 

adherently  (ad-her'ent-li),  adv.  In  an  adher- 
ent manner. 

adherer  (ad-her'er),  h.  One  who  adheres ;  an 
aillicreut.     [Rare.] 

adherescence  (ad-hf-res'ens),  n.  The  state  of 
being  so  closely  coimecteii  \vith  or  attached  to 
anytbing  as  to  form  with  it  a  quasi-compound 
or  unit.     [Rare.] 

adherescent  (ad-hf-res'ent),  a.  [<  L.  adhm- 
reseen(t-).'<,  ppr.  of  adha-rere,  adhere :  see  adhere 
and  -esccnt.]  Tending  to  adhere  or  become 
ailherent;  adhering.     [Rare.] 

adhesion  (ad-he'zhon),  «.  [<  F.  adb&ion,  <  L. 
adhusio^n-),  <  adhasiis,  pp.  of  adhwrere:  see  ad- 
here.] 1.  The  act  or  state  of  adhering,  or  of 
being  united  and  attached  ;  close  connection 
or  association:  as,  the  adhe.fion  of  parts  united 
by  growtli.  cement,  etc.;  inflammatory  nf?/imora 
of  surfaces  in  disease. 

One  mendicant  whom  I  know,  and  who  always  sits  upon 
the  steps  of  a  certain  bridge,  succeeds,  I  believe,  as  the 
season  advances,  in  heating  the  marble  l>eneath  him  by 
Unn  and  unswerving  adtiesion.         Howells,  Ven.  Life,  iii. 


72 

2.  Steady  attachment  of  tho  mind  or  feelings; 
firmness  in  opinion ;  adherence :  as,  an  adltcsion 
to  vice. 

Obstinate  adhesion  to  false  rules  of  belief. 

Whitlock,  .Manners  of  the  English,  p.  216. 

Tlie  council. assigned  as  motives  for  its  decrees  an  ad- 
hesion of  licart  on  the  part  of  the  victims  to  the  cause  of 
tlie  insm-gents.  Slottey,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  404. 

3.  Assent;  concurrence. 

To  that  treaty  .Spain  and  England  gave  in  their  adhe- 
Kion.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

4.  That  which  adheres ;  accretion. 

Casting  off  all  foreign,  especially  all  noxious,  adttesions. 
Carlyle,  Misc.,  I.  14. 

5.  In  phi/s.,  moleeidar  attraction  exerted  be- 
tween tlie  surfaces  of  bodies  in  contact,  as 
bet%veen  two  solids,  a  solid  and  a  liquid,  or  a 
solid  and  a  gas.     See  extract,  and  cohexion. 

Adhesion,  a  term  used  to  denote  the  physical  force  in 
virtue  of  which  one  body  or  substance  remains  attached 
to  the  surface  of  another  with  which  it  has  been  brought 
into  contact.  It  is  to  be  distinguished  from  cotiesion, 
which  is  the  mutual  attraction  that  the  particles  of  the 
same  body  exert  on  each  other.  JSneyc.  Brit.,  I.  153. 

6.  In  hot.,  the  union  of  parts  normally  separate. 
— 7.  In  patlioh,  especially  in  the  plural,  the  ad- 
ventitious bands  or  fibers  by  -(vhich  inflamed 
parts  have  adhered,  or  are  held  together. — 8.  In 
surg.,  the  reunion  of  di'vided  parts  by  a  particu- 
lar land  of  inflammation,  called  the  adhesive. — 
9.  himech.,  often  used  as  synon\-mouswdth /no- 
tion (which  see) Adhesion-car,  a  railroad-c.ir  pro- 
vided with  means  for  increasing  tlie  adhesive  or  tractive 
power  beyond  tliat  due  merely  to  tlie  weight  imposed 
upon  the  rails.  This  is  usually  effected  by  a  center  rail, 
gripped  liorixontally  by  a  pair  of  friction-wheels  placed  on 
its  opposite  sides,  or  by  a  cogged  wheel  working  into  a 
rack  laid  parallel  with  the  road-bed.  In  some  cases  the 
treads  of  the  driving-wheels  are  grooved,  and  the  face  of 
the  rails  is  flanged  to  correspond  to  them. — Adhesion  of 
'wheels  to  rails,  the  friction  between  the  surfaces  in  con- 
tact, acting  to  prevent  slipping,  in  amount  dependent 
npun  the  condition  of  those  surfaces  and  the  pressure. 
For  driving-wheels,  as  of  locomotives,  it  is  a  fraction  of 
the  weight  borne  by  tliem,  ranging  from  about  one  twenti- 
eth when  the  rails  are  "greasy"  to  one  fifth  when  tliey  are 
clean  and  dry.  =8301.  Adhesion,  Adherence.  See  adher- 
enee. 

adhesi've  (ad-he'siv),  a.  [<  F.  adhesif,  -ivc,  <  L. 
as  if  *adha:sivus,  <  adhwsus,  jjp.  of  adharere  : 
see  adhere.]  1.  Sticky ;  tenacious,  as  glutinous 
substances. 

She  trusts  a  place  unsound, 
And  deeply  plunges  in  tli'  adhesiee  ground. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 

2.  Figuratively,  cleaving  or  clinging ;  adher- 
ing ;  remaining  attached ;  not  deviating  from. 

If  slow,  yet  sure,  adhejiiee  to  the  track. 

Thomson,  Autumn. 

Both  were  slow  and  tenacious  (that  is,  adhesive)  in  their 

feelings.  ,     De  Quineey,  Secret  Societies,  ii. 

3.  Gummed ;  fitted  for  adhesion :  as,  adhesive 
envelops — Adhesive  felt,  a  felt  maiiufaeturc.l  in  Great 
Britain  f<.>r  use  in  slieathing  wooden  ships.  —  Adhesive 
inflammfltinn,  in  med.  and  surg.,  a  tenii  applied  to  tlie 
iiiii(  m  of  the  lips  of  an  incised  wound  without  suppuration ; 
also  to  iutlummatii  >ns  leading  to  adhesion  between  normally 
free  surfaces,  a-s  between  tlie  intestine  and  the  body-wall. 
—  Adhesive  knowledge,  in  metaph.,  knowiedge  which 
implies  adhesion  or  assent,  as  well  as  apprehension.  See 
apprehensive. — Adhesive  plaster,  in  surtf.,  a  plaster 
made  of  litharge-plaster,  wax,  and  resin. — Adhesive 
Slate,  a  variety  of  slaty  clay  which  adlieres  strongly  to 
the  tongue,  and  rapidly  absorbs  water. 

adhesi'7ely  (ad-he'siv-li),  adv.  In  an  adhesive 
manner.  _ 

adhesiveness  (ad-ne'siv-nes),  M.  1.  Tho  state 
or  quality  of  being  adliesive,  or  of  sticking  or 
adhering;  stickiness;  tenacity. — 2.  ln]>hren., 
a  mental  faculty  manifested  in  attachment  to 
objects,  animate  or  inanimate,  lasting  fiiend- 
ships,  love  of  social  intercourse,  etc.,  supposed 
to  be  located  in  a  special  part  of  the  brain.  It 
is  said  to  be  strongest  in  women.  See  j'hre- 
nology. 

adhibit  (ad-hib'it),  r.  t.  [<L.  adhibitu.<s,  pp.  of 
adhihere,  hold  toward,  bring  to,  apply,  <  ad, 
to,  +  habere,  hold,  have:  see  habit.]  1.  To 
use  or  apply;  specifically,  to  administer  as  a 
remedy ;  exhibit  medicinally. 

"Wine  also  that  is  dilute  may  safely  and  properly  be 
adhibited.  T.  Whitaker,  Blood  of  the  Grape,  p.  33. 

2.  To  attach :  as,  he  adhibited  his  name  to  the 
address. 

The  greatest  lords  adhibited  .  .  .  faith  to  his  words. 

Hall,  Chronicles,  Hen.  VII.,  an.  7. 

3.  To  take  or  let  in;  admit.  [Rare  in  all  uses.] 
adhibition (ad-hi-bish'on),  n.  [<  L.  adhihitio( «-), 

application,  iadhibere :  see  adhibit.]  Applica- 
tion; use  ;  specifically,  use  as  a  remedy.  [Rare.] 

The  adhibition  of  dilute  wine. 

r.  iThitaker,  Blood  of  the  Grape,  p.  5S. 

ad  hoc  (ad  hok).  [Ij.  :  ad,  to;  hoe.  ace.  neut.  of 
hie,  this:  see  hie.]  To  this;  with  respect  to 
this  (subject  or  thing) ;  in  particular. 


adiaphorism 

ad  hominem  (ad  hom'i-nom).    [L. :  ad,  to;  ho- 

niuuni,  ace.  of  homo,  man:  see  Homo.]  To  tho 
man ;  to  the  interests  or  passions  of  the  person. 
-  Ar^umentum  ad  hominem,  an  argument  drawn  from 
premises  wliicli,  wliether  true  or  not,  ought  to  l>e  admitted 
by  tile  person  to  wtioin  they  are  addressed,' either  on  account 
of  his  iiecuiiar  beliefs  or  experience,  or  because  they  arc? 
necessary  to  justify  his  conduct  or  are  otherwise  conducive 
to  Ills  interest.  Aristotle  (I'opies.  viii.  11)  remarks  that  it 
is  sometimes  necessary  to  refute  the  disputant  rattier  than 
his  iiosition.  and  some  medieval  logicians  taucht  that  refu- 
tation w.os  of  two  kind?,  solntio  recta  and  solutio  ad  homi- 
nem, the  latter  being  imperfect  or  fallacious  refutation. 
Thus,  Bliindeville  says :  '*  Confutation  of  person  is  done 
either  by  taunting,  rayling,  rendring  checke  for  eheeke, 
or  by  scorning";  and  Wilson  says:  "Either  wee  purpose 
by  disptitaiion  to  aunswere  fully  to  the  niatier  or  els  sec- 
ondly (if  power  want  to  compass  that)  we  seke  some  other 
meanes  to  satisfy  tlie  man." 

My  design  being  not  a  particular  victory  over  such  a 
sort  of  men.  but  an  alisoliite  establishing  of  the  truth,  I 
shall  lay  down  no  grounds  tliat  are  merely  artonnenta  ad 
hominem.  Dr.  II.  More,  Iniinortal.  of  .Soul,  ii.  1. 

adhortt  (ad-h6rt'),  V.  t.  [<  L.  adhortari,  en- 
courage, urge  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  hortari,  urge,  in- 
cite: see  exhort.]    To  exhort;  ad\'ise. 

That  eight  times  martyred  mother  in  the  Maccabees, 
wlien  she  would  adhort  her  s"ii  to  a  passive  fortitude, 
.  .  .  desires  him  to  look  upon  the  heavens,  the  earth,  all 
in  them  contained,  Feltham. 

adhortationt  (ad-h6r-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adhor- 
tatio(u-),  encouragement,  {adhortari:  see  ad- 
hort.]     Advice;  exhortation;  encouragement. 

adhortatoryt  (ad-h6r'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
"adhortatorins,  <  adhortator,  encotirager,  advi- 
ser, (.adhortari:  see  adhort.]  Advisory;  con- 
veying eoimsel,  warning,  or  encouragement. 
Abp.  I'oltcr. 

adiabatic  (adi-a-bat'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  a6i- 
niiaroi,  not  to  be  passed  over,  <  d-  priv.,  not, 
-t-  Sca/iardi;,  verbal  adj.  of  6ia,3aivcw,  pass  over: 
see  diabaterial.]  I.  a.  'Without  transference: 
used  in  thermodynamies  of  a  change  in  vol- 
ume, whether  by  expansion  or  contraction, 
unaccompanied  by  a  gain  or  loss  of  heat. — 
Adiabatic  curve  or  line,  a  line  exhibiting  the  relation 
lietweeii  the  pressure  and  the  volume  of  a 
fluid,  up<:in  the  assumption  that  it  expands 
and  contracts  without  either  receiving  or 
giving  out  heat.  The  cm-ves  are  drawn  upon 
a  rectangular  system  of  coordinates,  the  ab- 
scissas representing  the  volume  of  the  sub- 
stance and  the  ordinates  the  pressure  upon 
it;  the  curves  thus  being  the  loci  of  points 
representing  different  possible  states  of  the 
body  wliiiii  passes  between  different  states 
represented  by  different  points  on  the  same 
curve  witliout  imparting  heat  to  other  bodies 
or  receiving  heat  from  them.  The  adiabatic  lines  are 
steeper  than  the  isothermal  lines,  as  shown  in  the  figure, 
where  tlie  cm-ves  a  are  adiabatics. 

If  a  series  of  adiabatic  line.she  drawn  so  that  the  points 
at  which  they  cut  one  of  the  isothermal  lines  correspond 
to  successive  equal  additions  of  heat  to  the  substance  at 
tliat  temperature,  then  this  series  of  adiabatic  lines  w  ill  cut 
otf  a  series  of  equal  areas  from  the  strip  bounded  by  any  two 
isothermal  lines.     Clerk  Maxu-ell,  Theory  of  Heat,  p.  156. 

n.  «.  An  adiabatic  line. 

Mr.  W.  Peddle  gave  a  communication  on  the  isothermals 
and  adiabatic^  of  water  near  the  maximum  density  point. 

Nature,  XXX.  403. 

adiabatically  (ad'i-a^bat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
adiabatic  manner. 

adiabolist  (ad-i-ab'o-list).  H.  [<  Gr.  d-priv.  + 
Adfio/o;',  devil,  -t-  -i'st.]  A  disbeliever  in  the 
existence  of  the  de'vil.     [Rare.] 

adiactinic  (ad"i-ak-tin'ik'),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 
(„.1S)  -(-  diaetinic]  Imperv  ions  to  the  actinic 
or  chemical  rays  of  light. 

Adiantum  (ad-i-an'tum),  )(.  [L.,  <  Gr.  dAaiTOf, 
maidenhair,  prop,  adj.,  unwetted  (in  reference 
to  the  resistance  which  the  fronds  otfer  to  wet^ 
ting),  <  d-  priv.  +  (S/aivdc,  capable  of  being  wet- 
ted, verbal  adj.  of  Siaivetv,  wet.]  A  large  genus 
of  ferns,  'widely  distributed,  and  great  favor- 
ites in  hothouses  on  accotmt  of  their  beautiful 
forms.  It  includes  the  common  maidenhair  ferns,  A. 
Capillus-]'enens  and  .4.  pedattim,  tlie  latter  peculiar  to 
North  .America.  They  have  been  used  in  the  preparation 
of  capillaire. 

adiaphora,  «.     Plural  of  adiaphoron. 

adiaphoracyt  (ad-i-af'o-ra-si),  n.  [Improp.  for 
iididjihori/ :  see -aeij.]     Indifference. 

adiaphoresis  (ad-i-af-o-re'sis),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
.1-  priv.  -I-  fiiaoniKii;  tlirow  off  by  perspiration, 
lit.  carry  off  or  away,  <  Ad,  apart,  -I-  (ftiieiv  = 
E.  heart':  see  a-^^  and  diaphore.ii.'t.]  In  pathol.. 
deficiency  of  perspiration.  Also  ■wiitten  adi- 
aphorofiis. 

adiaphorism  (ad-i-af 'o-rizm),  n.  [<  adiapho- 
rons  +  -ism.]  Religious  tolerance  or  moderation 
in  regard  to  indifferent  or  non-essential  mat- 
ters; hence,  latitudinarianism ;  indifferentism. 
Tlie  English  Tliirtynine  .Articles  on  the  whole  are  ele- 
vated by  the  same  lofty  adiaphorism  as  that  which  pene- 
tnited  the  Westminster  Confession  of  Faith. 

Dean  Stanley,  in  Macmillau's  Mag.,  XLIV.  291. 


adiaphorist 

adiaphorist  (ail-i-:if'r>-rist),  ».  [<  (ii}i<iphnrr>us 
+ -int.]  A  jioisou  characterizoil  by  iiulilVer- 
eneo  or  moderation,  especially  in  relij^ious  mat- 
ters. SpeciJiciilIy  ((■«/).],  a  follower  or  siiiipurtfr  of  Me- 
larK-lithon  in  tlie  controversy  wliicll  arose  in  tlie  reformed 
ihiircli  in  tiio  sixteentli  century  rcgurdint;  certiiin  dor- 
trliies  und  rites  publiely  admitted  l)y  iMeianclitlion  and 
his  party,  in  the  tlocunient  known  as  the  Leipsic  Interim, 
to  be  matters  of  inditference.  See  interim.  Also  called 
atiiai'lttttitf. 

He  I  Lord  IJurlciKhJ  may  have  been  of  the  same  mind 
with  those  tierman  I'rotestants  who  were  called  vl(/ia/>/i- 
on>7v.  and  who  considered  the  popish  rites  as  matters 
intiitferent.  MacatUaif,  linrleiKh. 

adiaphoristic(ad-i-af-o-ris'tik),  «.    1.  Pprtain- 

intftii  tliitit;s  which  arc  morally  indilTerent ;  adi- 
aphorous.—  2.  Kolating  to  tho  atUaphorists. 
See  <i(liii)>h()rist. 

adiaphorite  (ad-i-af'o-rit),  n.  [<  adiaphorous 
+  ■ill-.']     Same  as  niUai>horist. 

adiaphoron  (ad-i-af  o-ron),  n. ;  pi.  acliaphora 
(-rii).  L'^'-'-i  *>  *^I"-  aiiaii>oi>ov,  neiit.  of  aihai^opor, 
indilTerent:  see  mliaphoroiis.']  In  tliml.  and 
clliiv-1,  it  thing  indifferent;  a  tenet  or  practice 
which  may  bo  considered  non-essential. 

Life  :ind  death  are  amon^  the  atliaphoi-a  —  thini^s  indif- 
ferent, wliich  may  be  eliosen  or  rejected  according  to  cir- 
cumstances.    O.  }'.  7''(.v/((/-,  liegin.  of  Christianity,  p.  17r,. 
He  [Lvithcr]  classed  images  in  themselves  as  among  the 
adiaphoi-a,  and  condemned  only  their  cultus. 

EiKijc.  DHL,  Xn.  714. 

adiaphorosis  (ad-i-af-o-ro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  im- 
prop.  for  aiUaphorcsis,  assimilated  to  term. 
-osi.1,  i\.  v.]     Same  as  adiaphoresis. 

adiaphorous  (ad-i-af 'o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aSi6.(j>opor,, 
not  different,  indifferent,  <  a- priv.  -+-  Sia(j>oi)o(:, 
different, <  cl»ii/>fpc(j'  (= L.  tliffvrc,  >  E.  differ),  <  6ia 
=  L.  (fo-,  apart,  +  ^iV'"''  =  I-'../'fn'f=E.  hcar^.'] 
1.  Indifferent;  neutral;  morally  neither  right 
nor  wrong. 

Why  does  the  Church  of  Rome  charge  upon  others  the 
shame  of  novelty  for  leaving  of  some  rites  and  ceremonies 
which  by  her  own  practice  we  are  taught  to  have  no  ob- 
ligation in  them,  hut  to  be  adiaphoroit.^/ 

Jer.  Taijloy,  Liberty  of  Prophesying,  §  5. 

Hence  —  2t.  Applied  by  Boyle  to  a  spirit  nei- 
ther acid  nor  alkaline. — 3.  In  mcd.,  doing  nei- 
ther good  nor  harm,  as  a  medicament. 

adiaphoryt  (ad-i-afo-ri),  «.  [<  Gr.  ai^ia^npla, 
indiffcreiic('j<il(5/a(;Jofiof :  SQQ adiaphorous.]  Neu- 
trality; indifference. 

adiapheustia  (adi-ap-nus'ti-a),  n.  [Nl,.,  <Gr. 
(uSiairvtvoria,  <  a-  priv.  +  dia-vevcT-iKur,  (,6iaTcvn\\ 
breathe  through,  perspire,  <  6ia,  through,  -I- 
TTvi'iv,  breathe.]  InpatlioL,  defective  perspira- 
tion ;  adiaphoresis.     Duiit/lison. 

adlathermanous  (a-di-a-ther'ma-nus),  a.  [< 
Gr.  (i-  priv.  (d-^'*)  +  diatbennano'us,  q.  v.  Cf. 
adiallnrmic.i     Same  as  adiatlicrmic. 

A  body  impervious  to  light  is  opaque,  impervious  to 
dark  heat  it  is  atliathennauous. 

A.  Danidl,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  448. 

adiathermic  (a-di-a-ther'mik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (n-18)  -t-  diathermic]  Impervious  to  radi- 
ant heat. 
adicity  (a-dis'i-ti),  «.  [<  -ad^  (1)  +  -icitij,  as 
iu  atiimicilji,  /)(  riinlieili/.]  In  chcm.,  combining 
capacity,  according  as  an  element  or  a  com- 
pound is  a  monad,  dyad,  etc. ;  same  as  valency. 
N.  E.  I). 
adieu  (a-dti';  F.  pron.  a-dye'),  intcrj.  [Early 
mod.  E.  adiiw,  adcw,  aduc,  <  ME.  adcu\  adcwc, 
<  OF.  (I  Dial,  a  l)cu.  mod.  F.  adieu,  to  which  the 
mod.  E.  conforms  in  spelling;  =  It.  addio  =  Sp. 
adios  or  a  Dies  =  Pg.  advos  or  a  Dcos ;  <  L.  ail 
Drum:  ad,  to;  Dcuni,  ace.  otlhus,  God:  see 
dciti/.  Cf .  <]i)nd-bij,  orig.  God  he  with  you.]  Lit- 
erally, to  God,  an  ellipsis  for  I  commend  you  to 
God  :  an  e.xpression  of  kind  wishes  at  the  part- 
ing of  friends,  equivalent  to  farewell ;  hence,  a 
parting  salutation  iu  general:  as,  arficM  to  my 
hopes. 

Adeti'e,  and  adeiee,  blis ! 

Testament  of  Love,  ii,  292. 
Adieu,  adieu !  my  native  shore 
Fades  o'er  the  watei-s  blue. 

Eyron,  Childe  Harold,  i.  \Z. 
Delightful  summer!  then  arfiVu.'  //oorf,  .Summer. 

=  Ssm.    Adieu.  Farewell,  Goud-hy.     Tliese  words    have 
completely  lost  their  original  meanings.     In  use  the  dif- 
ference bftwecM  tbcni  is  only  one  of   formjllity,  yovd-bit 
beiiiL'  the  most  common,  and  allien  the  most  formal.     By 
the  Society  of  Friends  (and  perhaps  some  other  sects)./W»-c- 
vvll  is  preferreil,  as  not  inx.ih  Iiil:  the  careless  mention  of 
the  name  of  God.    In  strict  j.r.  .jiriety,  farewell  is  a  parting 
salutation  to  persons  going  away. 
adieu  (a-du';  F.  pron.  a-<Xy&'),n.;  pi.  adieus  or 
(in  French  spelling)  adieux  (a-duz',  a-dyt')- 
A  farewell  or  commendation  to  the  care  of  God : 
as,  an  everlasting  adieu  ;  to  make  one's  adieus. 
We  tooit  our  hist  adieu 
And  up  the  snowy  Splugen  drew. 

Tennuiion,  Daisy. 


73 

adightt  (a-dif),  '■■  '•  [<ME.  adihtcn,  adieihten, 
<  AS.  'diliiititn,  <  a-  +  dihtan,  arrange,  diglit: 
SCO  dif/h I.]     To  set  in  order.     See  <tiyht. 

adightt  (a-dif),  j}.  a.  [<  ME.  adiht,  adir/ht,  pp. : 
sec  the  verb. J     Set  in  order;  aiTayed. 

ad  indefinitum  (ad  in-def-i-ni'tum).  [L. :  ad, 
to;  indejiuitum,  ace.  neut.  of  iudefinitus,  indefi- 
nite :  see  indefinite.]  To  the  indefinite ;  indeli- 
nitely;  to  an  indefinite  extent.  An  expression  used 
by  some  writers  in  place  of  ad  infinitum,  as  being  in  their 
oiiinion  more  precise. 

ad  inf.  -An  abbreviation  of  Latin  ad  infinitum 
(which  see). 

ad  infinitum  (ad  in-fi-ni'tnm).  [L. :  arl,  to, 
unto;  infinitum,  ace.  neut.  of  infitnitus,  infinite: 
see  infinite.]  To  infinity;  endlessly;  on  and  on 
withotit  enil;  through  an  infinite  series. 

adinole  (a<l'i-n61),  n.  [Etyra.  imcertain.]  A 
hard,  compact  rock,  composed  of  quartz  and 
albite,  produced  by  tho  alteration  of  cortaiu 
schists  due  to  the  influence  of  intruded  dia- 
base. 

ad  inquirendum  (ad  in-kwi-ren'dum).  [Tj.,  for 
tho  iiurpoKc  of  in(iuiring:  ad,  to,  for;  inijuiren- 
duni,  gerund  of  iuquircre,  inquire  :  see  ini/uirc.] 
In  law,  a  judicial  writ  commanding  inquiry  to 
be  made  concerning  a  cause  depending  iu  a 
court. 

ad  int.  An  abbreviation  of  ad  interim  (which 
see). 

ad  interim  (ad  in'ter-im).  [L. :  ad,  to,  for;  in- 
terim, meanwhile  :  see  interim.]  In  the  mean 
time  ;  for  the  present. 

adios  (a-de'os),  i«to>  [Sp.,  =  Pg.  adeo.s  =  It. 
addio  =  V.  adieu:  see  adieu.]  Adieu;  good-by. 
[Southwestern  U.  S.] 

adipate  (ad'i-pat),  n.  [<  L.  adeps  (adip-),  fat, 
-(-  -ate^:  see  adipic.  Cf.  L.  adipatus,  supplied 
with  fat.]     A  salt  of  adipie  acid. 

adipescent  (ad-i-pes'ent),  a.  [<  L.  adeps 
(adiji-),  fat,  +  -eseent.]     Becoming  fatty. 

adipic  (a-dip'ik),  a.  [<  L.  adejis  (adip-),  ftit,  + 
-((,•-:  see  adeps.]  Of  or  belonging  to  fat.- Adipic 
acid,  C,;H]o04,  an  .acid  obtained  by  treating  oleic  arid 
or  fatty  bodies  with  nitric  acid.  It  forms  soft,  wlntc 
nodular  crusts,  which  seem  to  be  aggregates  of  small 
crystals. 

adipocerate  (ad-i-pos'c-rat),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
adipoeerateil,  jipr.  adipoeerating.  [<  adipoeere 
+  -iile-.]     To  convert  into  adipoeere.     Craiii. 

adipoceration  (ad-i-pos-e-ra'shon),  )(.  The  .act 
of  changing  or  the  state  of  being  changed  into 
ailipocere.     Craig. 

adipoeere  (ad'i-po-ser"),  n.  [=F.  adipocire,  < 
L.  adeps  (adip-),  fat,  +  cera,  wax.]  A  soft 
unctuous  or  waxy  substance,  of  a  light-brown 
color,  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  ani- 
mal matter  when  protected  from  tho  air,  and 
under  certain  conditions  of  temperature  and 
humidity.  It  consists  chiefly  of  ammonium 
margarate,  with  an  admixture  of  the  marga- 
ratesof  pota.ssiumand  calcium.  — Adipoeere  min- 
eral, a  iatty  iiialtrr  found  in  some  peat-mosses,  and  in  the 
argillaceous  iron  ore  of  Merthyr-Tydvil.  Wales:  adipoce- 
rite.  It  is  inodorous  when  cold,  but  when  heated  it  emits 
a  slightly  bituminous  odor.  Also  called  adipocerite  and 
liatelit'llin. 

adipoceriform  (ad'i-po-ser'i-form),  a.  [<  adi- 
jjun  re  -\-  L.  -fonnis,  <  forma,  form.]  Having 
tho  appearance  or  form  of  adipoeere. 

adipocerite  (ad-i-pos'e-rit),  n.  l<  ailipocere  + 
-(/(-.]     Adijjocere  mineral.     See  adipoeere. 

adipocerous  (ad-i-pos'c-ms),  a.  Relating  to 
adipoeere  ;  containing  adipoeere. 

adipocire  (ad'i-po-ser"),  «.  [F. :  see  adipoeere.] 
Same  as  adipoeere. 

adipo-fibroma  (ad'  i-p6-fi-br6'mii),  «.  Same  as 
lipii-Jitirioiiii. 

adipoma  lad-i-po'mii),  n.     Same  as  lipoma. 

adipose  (ad'i-p6s),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  adij)cux,  Sp. 
adiposo,  etc.,  <.  NL.  adiposus,  <  L.  adeps  (adip-), 
fat:  see  adeps.]  I.  a.  Fatty;  consisting  of,  re- 
sembling, or  having  relation  to  fat Adipose 

arteries,  the  l  u-anches  of  the  diaphragmatic,  capsular,  and 
renal  arteries  which  nourish  the  fat  around  the  kidneys. 
—Adipose  body,  in  enlom.,  a  peculiar  fatty  substance 
oeciipying  a  considerable  pt^rtion  of  the  interior  of  the 
body,  "and  cspciially  abiiiniaiit  in  the  full-grown  larva;  of 
insects,  consistiiigof  a  yello«isb  lobulated  m.ass lining  the 
walls  of  the  boiiy-cavity  and  tilling  up  the  spaces  between 
the  viscera.  Dalta.^:  Adipose  fin,  a  posterior  dorsal  ap- 
pendage, generally  sacciform  or  pedunculated  and  more 
or  less  fat  like,  but  siunetinies  carinifonn,  develojted  in 
certain  li-,lics,  especially  the  salmonids  and  silurids. — Adi- 
pose membrane,  the  cell-wall  of  a  fat-cell ;  the  ex- 
tremely delicate  structureless  membrane  which  surrounds 
a  fat-globule  or  vesicle  of  fat.— Adipose  sac,  a  fat-cell 
or  fat-vesicle  whose  limiting  cell-wall  consists  of  an  a<li- 
pose  membrane,  and  whose  contents  are  a  globule  of  fat. 
-  Adipose  tissue,  a  connective  tissue  of  lo<tse  structure 
eoiitainitig  masses  of  fat-cells,  that  is,  cells  in  which  the 
protoplasm  has  been  largely  replaced  by  fat.  Adipose 
tissue  underlies  tlie  skin,  invests  the  kidneys,  etc.- Adi- 
pose tumor,  a  lipoma. 


adjacently 

II.  n.  Fat  in  general;  specifically,  the  fat 
on  fho  kidneys. 

adiposis  (ad-i-po'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <'L.adeps(adin-), 
fat,  +  -iisis.]  1.  General  corpulency. — 2.  Tho 
accumulation  of  fat  iu  or  ujion  a  single  organ. 

adiposity  (ad-i-pos'i-ty),  n.  [<  NL.  as  if  'adi- 
positus,  <  adiposus:  see  adipose  and-i<y.]  Fat- 
ness; adiposis. 

adipous  (a<ri-pus),  a.  [<L.  adeps  (adip-),  fat, 
+  -ou-i.  Cf.  adipose.]  Fat;  of  tho  nature  of 
fat;  adi])ose. 

adipsia(a-dii)'si-il),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  as  if  "aiiipia, 
absence  of  thirst,  <  iukipoi,  not  thirsty:  see  adip- 
sous.]  In  med.,  absence  of  thirst.  Also  called 
adipsij. 

adipsbus  (a-dip'sus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aittlmc,  not  thirsty, 
<  a- priv.  +  (5/i/w,  thirst :  see  adijisia.]  Tending 
to  (pieiich  thirst,  as  certain  fruits. 

adipsy  (ad'ip-si),  n.     Same  as  adijisia. 

adit  (ad'it),  «.  [<  L.  aditus,  an  approach,  < 
adire,  pp.  adittui,  approach,  <  ad,  to,  +  ire,  go : 
see  itinerant.  Cf.  exit.]  1.  An  entrance  or  a 
passage;  specifically,  in  mining,  a  nearly  hori- 
zontal excavation,  ordrift  (which  see),  specially 
used  to  conduct  from  the  interior  to  tin;  surface 
the  water  which  either  comes  into  the  workings 
from  above  or  is  pumped  uji  from  below.  The  word 
tunnel  is  in  general  use  in  the  I'nited  .States,  and  especially 
ill  the  western  mining  regions,  for  adit ;  but  the  former 
properly  signifies  an  exxavation  open  at  both  ends,  such  as 
is  used  in  railroads.  When  there  are  two  or  liuire  adits, 
the  lowest  is  called  the  deep  adit.  Adits  are  occa-sionally 
several  miles  in  length.  The  so-called  Sutro  tunnel, 
draining  the  Comstock  lode  at  Virginia  City,  Nevada,  is 
the  most  extensive  work  of  this  kind  yet  constructed  in 
the  I  nitcd  states.  It  is  about  20,000  feet  in  length,  and 
intersects  the  lode  at  a  depth  of  about  2000  feet.  Also 
called  adit-level.    See  cut  under  level. 

2.  Mint.,  a  passage  under  ground  by  which 
miners  approach  the  part  they  intend  to  sap. 
IVitlielm,  Mil.  Diet. — 3.  Admission;  access; 
approach.     [Rare.] 

Yourself  and  yours  shall  have 
Free  adit.  Tennyson,  Prince-ss,  vi. 

aditiont  (a-dish'on),  n.  [<  L.  aditio(n-),  ap- 
jirottch,  <  adire:  see  adit.]  The  act  of  ap- 
]iroaching. 

adit-level  (ad'it-lev"el),  ».     Same  as  adit,  1. 

adive  (a-div'),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
Same  as  eor.fal\ 

ad.j.    An  abbreviation  of  (TrT/fctii'f. 

adjacence  (a-ja'sens),  «.  [<ML.  adjaccntia,  <. 
L.  iidjiieen(t-)s:  see  adjace7tt.]  Thostatoof  be- 
ing adjacent ;  adjacency. 

adjacency  (a-ja'sen-si),  ». ;  pi.  adjacencies  (-siz). 

1.  The  state  of  being  adjacent,  or  of  lying  close 
or  contiguous ;  proximity  or  near  neighborhood : 
its,  the  adjacenoj  ot  lands  or  buildings. —  2.  That 
which  is  adjacent.     [Rare.] 

Distracted  by  the  vicinity  of  adjacencies. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  2. 

All  lands  beyond  their  own  and  its  frontier  adjacencies. 

De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

adjacent  (a-ja'sent),  a.  and  v.  [<  L.  adja- 
ccn{t-)s,  ppr.  of  adjacerc,  lie  near,  <  ad,  to,  -I- 
jaeere,\\o:  seejaccni.]  I.  n.  Lying  near,  close, 
or  contiguous;  adjoining;  neighboring:  as,  a 
field  adjacent  to  the  highway. 

Sauntering  .  .  .  along  the  banks  of  the  adjacent  mill- 
pond.  Irving,  Sleepy  Hollow. 

Tribes  which  are  larger,  or  better  organized,  or  both, 
conquer  adjacent  tribes  and  anitex  them. 

//.  Spencer,  Prill,  of  Sociol.,  I  448. 

Adjacent  angles.  See  anrjte^.  =  Syn.  Adjacent,  Adjnin- 
iny,  Citnfimtous.  These  words  apply  only  to  material 
things  ;  if  they  are  applied  to  abstract  things,  it  is  ,uily  by 
considerable  liberty  in  figurative  use.  They  are  not  ap- 
plicable to  separate  persons  or  animals  under  any  circum- 
stances. Adjacent  villages,  camps,  herds  ;  adjoininy  fields ; 
contiyuoiui  houses :  not  adjacent  soldiers,  cattle.  Adja- 
cent, lying  near,  neighboring,  but  not  necessarily  in  con- 
tact. New  York  and  the  u^wus  adjacent.  Adjoiniwi,  joining 
to  or  on,  so  as  to  touch.  Contiyuoits,  touching  along  a  con- 
siderable line. 

From  the  barge 
A  strange  invisible  perfume  bits  the  sense 
Of  the  adjacent  wharfs.  Shah:,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 

The  Fire  Tender  is  in  the  adjoininfj  library,  pretending 
Ui  write.  C.  D.  irarncr,  llacklog  Studies,  \i.  72. 

(The  F.mperor  of  Morocco]  is  the  only  full-blown  despot 
whose  dominions  lie  eontiifuotut  to  civilization. 

T.  IS.  Aldricli,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p-  215. 

II.  n.  1.  Th:it  which  is  next  or  contiguous; 

an  abutting  neighbor.     [Rare.] 

No  adjacent,  no  equal,  no  co-rivaL 

.•ilielford,  Learned  Discourses,  p.  220. 

2.  In  logic,  a  predicate.  — propositions  of  second 

adjacent,  propositions  in  which  the  cipula  and  predicate 

are  merged  —  Propositions  of  third  adjacent  (transla- 

ti<)n  of  (ireek  np(>Taai<i  ,'<  rpiToc  Kari^yoiioiniyov),  proposi- 
tions whose  copula  and  predicate  are  separated. 

adjacently  (a-ja'sent-li),  adi:  So  as  to  be  ad- 
jacent. 


adjag 

adjag  (aj'ap),  H.     [Native  name  in  Java.]    A 
kiiul  of  wild  Jog,  Ciinis  rulilans,  foiuid  in  Java. 
TIh-  lioji-trihe  is  rfpresenU'iI  by  the  fo.x.Iiku  adjarf  {CauU 
nitilan^),  which  huiiU  in  ferocious  packs. 

Unci/c.  Bril.,  XIII.  003. 

adject  (a-jekt')j  V.  t.  [<  L.  adjccluK,  pp.  of 
mljictrc,  usually  coutr.  aOiccrc,  uiM,  put  to, 
(.act,  to,  +  jaccrc,  throw:  see  jiictdlinii,  j<t^.} 
To  add  or  put,  as  one  thing  to  another;  anne.x. 
[Rare.] 

Laitstufan  ca-stel  rrnd  lordship  by  the  new  act  is  .  .  . 
aflj<rt,'<l  to  Pembrokeshire.  Lcland,  Itinerary,  III.  '1C>. 

adjection  (a-jek'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adjcctio(n-),  an 
addition,  <  adjiccrc,  adiccrc,  add:  seo  adject.'] 
The  act  of  adjecting  or  adding,  or  the  thing 
added.     [Kare.] 

This  is  aciiied  to  complete  our  h.ippiness,  by  the  adjec- 
tion of  eternity.  lip-  Pearson,  E.xpos.  of  Creed,  xii. 

aijectitious  (ad-jek-tish'us),  a.  [<  LL.  adjcc- 
iitius,  bettor  spelled nrf/ec<iej«s,  added,  beside,  < 
h.adjeclus,yp.:  see  adject.]  Added;  additional: 
as,  "  adjcctitious  work,"  Maundrell.  [Rare.] 
adjectival  (ad-jek-ti'val  or  aj'ek-ti-val),  a. 
[iadjecticc  +  -at.]  Belonging  to  or  like  an  ad- 
jective ;  having  the  import  of  an  adjective. 

Tlie  more  frequent  employment  of  both  the  participles 
with  an  adjectival  syntax  is,  in  its  origin,  a  Gallicism. 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  G5S. 

Relatively  to  the  real,  which  is  substantival,  the  idea 

is  adjectival.  Mind,  IX.  127. 

adjectivally  (ad-Jek-ti'val-i  or  aj'ek-ti-val-i), 
adv.  By  %vay  of  or  as  an  adjective  :  as,  a  noun 
or  participle  adjectivally  used. 

adjective  (aj'ek-tiv),  a.  and  ».  [<  L.  adjcctivns, 
that  is  added  (only  as  a  grammatical  term),<  ad- 
jectus,  ■pp.  ot  adjiccrc,  add:  see  adject.]  I.  a.  1. 
Naming  or  forming  an  adjunct  to  a  noun:  as, 
a,\C adjective  name. — 2.  Pertaining  to  an  adjec- 
tive :  as,  the  adjective  use  of  a  noun. —  3.  Added 
oradjeeted;  additional.  [Rare.]— Adjectivecol- 
or,  indfiein'j,  a  color  wliich  is  not  absorbed  ilireetly  ficm 
its  solution  by  tile  fibers  of  thesubstance  d>ed.  but  c:in  be 
tLxedonlybyamordant  or  by  some  other  means  :  Lipposed  to 
substantive  color,  which  the  filters  directly  absorb. — Ad- 
jective law.  See  (aic  — Noun  adjective,  a  word  stand- 
ing for  the  name  of  an  attribute :  now  usually  adjective,  n. 
See  below. 

H,  n.  1.  In  gram.,  a  word  used  to  qualify, 
limit,  or  define  a  noun,  or  a  word  or  phrase 
which  has  the  value  of  a  noun ;  a  part  of  speech 
expressing  quaUty  or  condition  as  belonging  to 
something:  thus,  whiteness  is  the  name  of  a 
quality,  and  is  a  noun ;  white  means  possessing 
whiteness,  and  so  is  an  adjective.  The  adjective 
is  used  attributively,  appositively.  or  predicatively  :  thus, 
attributively  in  "a  wi^e  ruler";  appositively,  in  '"'a  ruler 
ufise  and  fjood" ;  predicatively,  in  "the  ruler  is  wise." 
Commonly  abbreviated  to  a.  or  adj. 
2t.  A  dependant  or  an  accessory;  a  secondary 
or  subsidiary  part. 

adjective  (aj'ck-tiv),  v.  t.  To  make  an  adjec- 
tive of ;  form  into  an  adjective  ;  give  the  char- 
acter of  an  adjective  to.    [Rare.] 

In  English,  instead  of  adjectiving  our  own  nouns,  we 
have  borrowed  in  immense  numbers  adjectived  signs  from 
other  languages,  without  borrowing  the  unadjectived  signs 
of  these  ideas.  Home  Tooke,  Puriey. 

adjectively  (aj'ek-tlv-11),  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  an  adjective :  as,  the  word  is  here  used  ad- 
jectively, 

adjiger  (aj'i-ger),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  repr.  Hind. 
1/ff'"'-]  A  large  Indian  roek-snake,  Python  mo- 
lurus.  See  anaconda. 
adjoin  (a-joln'),  v.  [<  ME.  ajoinen,  <  OF.  ajoin- 
dre  (F.  adjoindre),  <  L.  adjungerc,  <  ad,  to,  -I- 
jnnyere,  ioin:  see  joJH.]  j.  trans.  1.  To  join 
on  or  add ;  unite  ;  annex  or  append. 

A  massy  wheel  .  .  . 
To  whose  huge  spokes  ten  thousand  lesser  things 
Are  mortis'd  and  adjoin  d.  Sfiah:,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 

2.  To  be  contiguous  to  or  in  contact  with  :  as, 
his  house  adjoins  the  lake ;  a  field  adjoining 
the  lawn. 

As  one  .  .  . 

Forth  issuing  on  a  summer's  mom,  to  breathe 

Among  the  pleasant  villages  ami  farms 

Adjoin'd,  from  each  thing  met  conceives  delight. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  449. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  contiguous  ;  lie  or  be 
next,  or  in  contact:  with  to:  as,  "afai'm  ad- 
joining to  the  highway,"  lilackstonc. —  2t.  To 
approach ;  join. 

She  lightly  unto  him  adj&ifned  .syde  to  syde. 

Spemer,  V.  q.,  HI.  vii.  42. 

adjoinantt  Ca-joi'nant),  a.  [<  F.  adjoignant, 
jijir.  'li  adjoindre  :  see  adjoin.]    Contiguous. 

■f"  the  town  there  is  adjoinant  in  site  .  .  .  an  ancient 
<;istlc.  li.Varew,  Survey  of  ('(n'nwall. 

adjoint  (aj'oiut),  n.  [<  F.  adjoint,  assistant, 
adjunct,  prop.  pp.  of  ac^joindre,  adjoin,  assign 


74 

as  an  assistant:  see  adjoin.]  It.  One  who  is 
joined  or  associated  with  another  as  a  helper; 
an  adjunct.     [Rare.] 

You  arc,  madam,  I  jierceive,  said  he,  a  public  minister, 
and  this  lady  is  your  adjoint. 

Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  108. 

2.  [Pron.  a-jwau'.]  In  France,  specifically — 
(a)  An  assistant  of  or  substitute  for  the  mayor 
of  a  commune,  or  in  Paris  of  an  arrontUsse- 
ment.  (h)  An  assistant  professor  in  a  col- 
lege. 

adjourn  (n.-iera'),  V.  [<  ME.  ajotirncn,  ajornen, 
<  OF.  ajorncr,  ajurncr,  F.  ajourner  =  Pg.  ajor- 
nar  =  \t.  aggiornare,  <  ML.  ailiurnare,  adjurnarc, 
adjornare,  fix  a  day,  summon  for  a  particidar 
day,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  LL.  *diiirniis,  *jurnus,  'jornus 
(>"lt.  gioruo  =  Pr.  jonj  =OF.  jor,  jnr,  F.  jour,  a 
day),  (.h.diiirniis,  daily,  Kdies,  day:  see  diurnal, 
journal.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  put  of!  or  defer,  prop- 
erly to  another  day,  but  also  till  a  later  period 
indefinitely. 

Or  how  the  sun  shall  in  mid  heaven  stand  still 
A  day  entire,  and  night's  due  course  adjmtrn. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  204. 

It  is  a  common  practice  to  adjourn  the  reformation  of 
their  lives  to  a  further  time.  Barroie. 

Specifically — 2.  To  suspend  the  meeting  of, 
as  a  public  or  private  body,  to  a  future  day 
or  to  another  place  ;  also,  defer  or  postpone  to 
a  f utm-e  meeting  of  the  same  body :  as,  the 
court  adjourned  the  consideration  of  the  ques- 
tion. 

The  qneen  being  absent,  'tis  a  needful  fitness 
That  we  adjourn  this  court  till  firrtlier  day. 

Sliak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  4. 

II.  intrans.  To  suspend  a  sitting  or  trans- 
action till  another  day,  or  transfer  it  to  another 
place:  usually  said  of  legislatm-es,  courts,  or 
other  formally  organized  bodies  :  as,  the  legis- 
lature adjourned  at  four  o'clock;  the  meeting 
adjourned  to  the  town  hall — To  adjourn  sine  die 
(literally,  to  adjourn  without  day;,  to  adjourn  without  set- 
ting a  time  to  reconvene  or  sit  again  ;  specifically,  to  ad- 
journ without  intending  or  expecting  to  sit  again:  the 
usual  formula  of  minutes  recording  the  proceedings  of  a 
body,  as  a  court  martial,  whose  existence  terminates  with 
the  business  for  which  it  was  convened. 

adjournal  (a-jer'nal),  n.  [<  adjourn  +  -ah] 
In  Scots  Ian;  the  proceedings  of  a  single  day 
in,  or  of  a  single  sitting  of,  the  Court  of  Justi- 
ciary: equivalent  to  sederunt  as  applied  to  a 
civil  court — Act  of  adjournal,  the  record  of  a  sen- 
tence in  a  criminal  cause. — Book  Of  adjournal,  a  book 
containing  the  records  of  the  Court  of  Justiciary. 

adjournment  (a-jern'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  ajourne- 
ment,  eavliev  ojorncmcnt :  see  adjourn  and-ment.] 

1.  The  act  of  postponing  or  deferring. 

Werun  our  lives  outin  a(f;owni?nc7itsfrom  time  to  time. 

L'Estrange. 

2.  The  act  of  discontinuing  a  meeting  of  a 
public  or  private  body  or  the  transaction  of  any 
business  until  a  fixed  date  or  indefinitely. — 

3.  The  period  dui-ing  which  a  public  body  ad- 
jotirus  its  sittings:  as,  during  an  adjournment 
of  sis  weeks — Adjournment  in  eyre,  in  old  Eng. 
law,  the  appointment  i>y  tlie  justices  in  eyre,  or  circuit 
judges,  of  a  day  for  future  session.  =Syn.  Adjournment, 
lieeess.  Prorogation,  Di.^sohttion.  Adjournment  is  the  act 
by  which  an  assembly  suspends  its  session  in  virtue  of 
authority  inherent  in  itself ;  it  may  be  also  the  time  or  in- 
terval of  such  suspension.  A  recess  is  a  customary  sus- 
pension of  business,  as  during  the  period  of  certain 
recognized  or  legal  holidays:  as,  the  Easter  i-e^ess;  n 
recess  for  Washington's  birthday.  Recess  is  also  popu- 
larly used  for  a  brief  suspension  of  business  for  any  reason : 
as,  it  was  agreed  that  there  be  a  recess  of  ten  minutes. 
A  prorogation  is  the  adjournment  of  the  sittings  of  a 
legislative  body  at  the  instance  of  the  authority  which 
called  it  together,  as  the  sovereign ;  during  a  prorogation 
it  can  hold  no  sittings,  Imt  in  order  to  resume  business 
must  be  again  summoned :  the  close  of  a  session  of  the 
British  Parliament  is  called  a  prorogation.  Dissolution 
is  the  act  by  which  the  body,  as  such,  is  broken  up,  and  its 
members  are  finally  discharged  from  their  duties.  The 
United  States  House  of  Representatives  dissolves  every 
two  years  at  a  time  fixed  by  law,  but  the  Senate  h.as  a 
continuous  life,  and  therefore  adjourns  from  one  Congress 
to  another.  The  dissolution  of  the  British  Parliament 
necessitates  a  new  electinn  ;  the  dissolution  of  the  United 
States  House  of  Repiesentativesis  provided  for  by  law, an 
election  being  previously  held. 

adjoustt,  !'.     Obsolete  form  of  adjust. 

adjt.    A  contraction  of  adjutant. 

adjudge  (a-juj'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  adjudged, 
ppr.  adjudging.  [<  ME.  adjiigcn,  ajugcii,  <  OF. 
qjugier,  ajuger,  F.  adjugcr,  <  L.  adjudicarc, 
award,  decide,  <  ad,  to,  -t-  judicarc,  decide :  see 
judge  and  adjudicate.]  1.' trans.  1.  To  tiward 
judicially;  assign:  as,  the  prize  was  adjudged 
to  him. 

.\jax  ran  mad,  because  his  arms  were  adjudged  to 
Ulysses.  Iho-lon,  ,\nat.  of  ilel.,  p.  1G:>. 

2.  To  decide  by  a  judicial  opinion  or  sentence ; 
adjudicate  upon ;  determine;  settle. 


adjunct 

Happily  wc  are  not  without  authority  on  this  p<iint. 
It  has  been  considered  and  a^ijudged. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Starch  in.  1S18. 
3.  To  pass  sentence  on;  sentence  or  condemn. 
Those  rebel  spirits  adjudged  to  hell. 

.Milton,  v.  L.,  iv.  823. 

4t.  To  deem ;  judge ;  consider.     [Rare.] 

lie  adjudged  him  unworthy  of  his  friendship.  KnoUes. 
=  SyiI.  To  decree,  adjutlicate. 

II.  intrans.  Todecree;  decide;  pass  sentence. 
There  let  him  still  victor  sw.ay. 
As  battel  hath  ailjudged.  Milton,  V.  I,.,  x.  377. 

adjudgeable  (a-juj' a -bl),  a.  [<  adjudge  + 
-able.]    Capable  of  being  adjudged. 

Burgh  customs  still  stand  in  the  peculiar  position  of 
being  neither  adjudgeable  nor  arrestable. 

Jincijc.  Brit.,  TV.  03. 

adjudgement,  n.     See  adjudgment. 
adjudger  (u-juj'er),  n.    One  who  adjudges, 
adjudgment  (a-juj'ment),  w.     The  act  of  ad- 
jutlgiug;  adjudication;  sentence.    Also  spelled 
adjudgement. 
The  adjudgment  of  the  punishment. 

■Sir  W.  Temple,  Introd.  to  Hist.  Eng. 

adjudicataire  (a-j6"di-ka-tar'),  ".  [F.,  <  L. 
(iiljudicatus,  pp.  of  adjudicare :  see  adjudicate.] 
In  Canada,  a  purchaser  at  a  judicial  sale. 

adjudicate  (a-jo'di-kat),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
judicated, ppr.  adjudicating.  [<  L.  adjudicatus, 
jip.  of  adjudicare,  award,  decide,  <  ad,  to,  + 
judicare,  judge:  see  adjudge  and  judge.]  I. 
trans.  To  adjudge ;  pronounce  judgment  upon ; 
award  judicially. 

Superior  force  may  end  in  conquest ;  .  .  .  but  it  cannot 
adjudicate  any  right.      Sumner,  True  Grand,  of  Nations. 

II.  intrans.  To  sit  in  judgment ;  give  a  judi- 
cial decision  :  with  ujpon:  as,  the  court  adjudi- 
cated tipon  the  case. 

From  the  whole  taken  in  continuation ,  but  not  from  any 
one  as  an  insulated  principle,  you  come  into  a  power  of 
adjudicating  upon  the  pretensions  of  the  whole  theory. 
De  Quincey,  Style,  ii. 

adjudication  (a-jo-di-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adjudi- 
ctitio(n-),  i  adjudicare :  see  adjudicate.]  1.  The 
act  of  adjudicating;  the  act  or  process  of  deter- 
mining or  adjudging;  a  passing  of  judgment. 

To  pass  off  a  verdict  of  personal  taste,  under  the  guise 
of  .an  adjudication  of  science.     F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  SI. 

2.  In  law :  (a)  A  judicial  sentence ;  judg- 
ment or  decision  of  a  com-t.  (6)  The  act  of  a 
court  declaring  an  ascertained  fact :  as,  an 
adjudication  of  bankruptcy. 

The  consequence  of  adjudication  is  that  all  the  bank- 
rupt's property  vests  in  the  registrar  of  the  court  until 
the  appointment  by  the  creditors  of  a  trustee,  and  there- 
after in  the  trustee.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  343. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  the  diligence  or  process  by 
which  land  is  attached  in  security  for  or  in 
payment  of  a  debt — Articulate  adjudication,  in 
:icots  lair,  adjudication  which  is  often  u-ed  wlure  there 
are  more  debts  than  one  due  to  the  adjudL^mg  eieditor;  in 
which  case  it  is  usual  to  accumulate  each  debt  by  itself, 
so  that,  in  case  of  an  error  in  ascertaining  or  calculating 
one  of  the  debts,  the  error  may  affect  only  that  debt. — 
Effectual  adjudication,  in  Scats  lau;  a  form  of  action 
bywhielneal  proiterty  is  attached  by  a  creditor. — Former 
adjudication,  in  law,  a  previous  judicial  decision  lie- 
tween  the  same  parties  or  those  whom  they  succeed, 
available,  or  sought  to  be  made  available,  to  bar  a  subse- 
quent litigation  involving  the  same  point. 

adjudicator  (a-jo'di-ka-tor),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *ad- 
jtidicator,  <  adjudicare :  see  adjudicate.]  One 
who  adjudicates. 

adjudicature  (a-jb'di-ka-tur'),  «■  [<  adjudi- 
cate -t-  -nrc.]  The  act  or  process  of  adjudi- 
cating ;  adjudication. 

adjugatet  (aj'o-giit),  r.  t.  [<  L.  adjugatus,  pp. 
of  adjugarc,  unite,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  jugarc,  join,  < 
jugum  (=  E.  yoke),  <.jungcrc,  join :  see  yoke  and 
join.]     To  yoke  lo.     Bailey. 

adjumentt  (aj'o-ment),  n.  [<  L.  adjumentum.  a 
means  of  aid,  a  coutr.  of  *adjuramentum,  <  ad- 
jurare,  help,  aid:  see  aid.]  Help;  support; 
that  which  supports  or  assists. 

Nerves  are  adjitnients  to  corporal  activity. 

Waterhouxe.  Fortescue,  p.  197. 

adjunct  (aj'vmgkt),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adjunctus, 
joined  to,  added,  pp.ofadjungerc :  see  adjoin.] 
I.  a.  1.  United  with  another  (generally  in  a 
subordinate  capacity)  in  office  or  in  action  of 
any  kind:  as,  an  0((/KHe<  professor. —  2.  Added 
to  or  conjoined  with,  as  a  consequence ;  attend- 
ing; accompanying. 

Though  that  my  death  were  adjunct  to  my  act. 

By  Heaven.  I  would  do  it.         Sliak.,  K.  .Tohn.  iii.  3. 

Adjimct  diagnostics.  See  dinonostic.—Adixmct  note, 
in  mtisie.  an  unaccented  auxiliary  note  not  forming  an 
essential  part  of  the  harmony. 

H,  H.  1.  Something  added  to  another,  but 
not  essentially  a  part  of  it. 


adjunct 

learning  is  tint  an  ailjunct  to  ourself. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3. 

Discretion  in  its  several  atljuiwts  and  circurastances  is 

nowlierc  su  useful  as  to  tlie  eleryy.  Swift, 

2.  A  person  joiiipJ  to  anotliov  in  some  duty  or 
service;  an  assistant  or  subordinate  colleague. 

An  adjunct  of  singular  experience  anil  trust. 

Sir  U.  Wuttnn. 

In  the  Royal  Academy  of  Science  at  Paris,  there  are 
twelve  nieniliers  called  adjunctt  attached  to  the  study  of 
some  particular  science.  Jiiwhanan,  Diet.  Sci. 

3.  In  metaph.,  any  quality  of  a  tliinf;  not  per- 
taining to  its  essence. — 4.  In  (iniiii.,  a  word  or 
a  iniraber  of  words  added  to  deline,  limit,  or 
qualify  the  force  of  another  word  or  other 
words;  a  word  or  phrase  havius  viiluo  in  a  sen- 
tence only  as  dependent  on  another  member 
of  the  sentence,  as  an  adjective,  an  adverb,  the 
wordsof  a  dependent  clause,  etc. — 5.  Li  nnisic, 
a  scale  or  key  closely  related  to  another ;  a 
relative  scale  or  key. —External,  internal,  etc., 
adjunct.    Sec  the  adjectivis. 

adjunction  (a-jungk'shon),  n.  [< L.  a(1jii>ictio(n-), 
iadjunycre,  join:  see  inljiiiii.']  1.  The  act  of 
joining;  the  state  of  being  joined. —  2.  The 
thing  joined. — 3.  In  viril  law,  the  joining  of 
one  person's  pro[ierty  to  that  of  another  per- 
manently, as  tlio  building  of  a  lionse  upon  an- 
other's land,  painting  of  a  picture  on  another's 
canvas,  and  the  like.     Hiiiniljf  nni}  Ldii-rciirr. 

adjunctive  (a-jungk'tiv),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  oil- 
JKiictinm,  that  is  joined,  <  ailiiinctiis,  pp. :   see 
<(((/»«(•.'.]     I.  a.  Joining;  having  the  quality  of 
joining. 
II.  n.  One  who  or  that  which  is  joined. 

adjunctively  (a-jungk'tiv-li),  adi!.  In  an  ad- 
junctive manner;  as  an  adjunct. 

adjunctly  (aj'ungkt-li),  aih\  In  connection 
with ;  by  way  of  adtlition  or  adjunct ;  as  an 
iiiljun<'t. 

ad  jura  regis  (ad  jo'ril  re'jis).  [L.,  to  the 
rights  of  the  kiug:  ad,  to;  jura,  ace.  pi.  of  jus 
(jiir-),  right;  rc(ji.i,  gen.  of  rex  {rci/-},  king.] 
An  old  English  writ  to  enforce  a  presentation 
by  the  king  to  a  living,  against  one  who  sought 
to  eject  the  clerk  pi'escnted. 

adjuration  (aj-o-ra'shou),  u.  [<  L.  adjuratio(ii-), 
<  (nljiirarc  :  see  adjure]  1.  The  act  of  adjur- 
ing ;  a  solemn  ehargiug  on  oath,  or  under  the 
penalty  of  a  curse;  hence,  an  earnest  appeal 
or  question. 

Ti)  the  adjuration  of  the  high-priest,  ''  Art  thou  the 
Christ,  the  son  of  the  t)lessed  God  V"  our  Saviour  replies  in 
St.  51atthe\v,  "Thou  hast  said." 

Blarkwall,  Sacred  Classics,  II.  1G3. 

2.  A  solemn  oath. 

To  restrain  the  significance  too  much,  or  too  much  to 
enlarge  it,  would  make  the  tuljuration  either  not  so 
weighty  or  not  so  pertinent. 

MiUmi,  Keastni  of  Church  Gov.,  i. 

adjuratory  (a-jo'ra-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  adjxtrato- 
rius,  <  (idjurator,  one  who  adjures,  <  adjurarc  : 
see  adjiirc.l  Pertaining  to  or  containing  adju- 
ration ;  of  the  nature  of  an  adjuration ;  as,  an 
fidJKralori/  appeal. 

adjure  (a-jor'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adjured,  ppr. 
aitjuriiifl.  [<  ME.  adjureu,  <  L.  adjurarc,  swear 
to,  adjure,  iad,  to,  +  jurare,  swear:  see  jurat. 
C(.  abjure,  eoiijurc,  and  perjure.']  1.  To  charge, 
bind,  or  command,  earnestly  and  solemnly,  of- 
ten with  an  appeal  to  God  or  the  invocation  of 
a  curse  in  case  of  disobedience ;  hence,  to  en- 
treat or  request  earnestly :  as,  "I  adjure  thee 
by  the  living  God,"  Mat.  xxvi.  G3;  his  friend 
adjured  him  to  be  careful. 

Joshua  aiijurcd  them  at  that  time,  saying,  ('m"sed  Ijc 
the  man  hefore  the  Lox-d,  that  riseth  up  and  bnildcth  this 
city  Jericho.  Josh.  vi.  20. 

2.  To  swear  by :  as,  to  adjure  the  holy  name 
of  God.  [Karc.]-Syn.  1.  To  ctjnjnre,  implore,  en- 
join, Jiray,  heg,  entreat,  beseech,  sni)l)licate. 

adjurer  (a-jor'er),  n.     One  who  adjures. 

adjust  (a-jusf),  V.  t.  [<  F.  ''adju-ster,  to  ad- 
just, set  aptly,  couch  evenly,  joyu  handsomly, 
match  fitly,  (lispose  orderly,  several  things  to- 
gether" (Cotgrave),  now  ajuster  {=:  It.  ai/e/ius- 
tare,  a<i<ii<).'ilarc  =  Pg.  Sp.  ajustar),  arrange, 
dispose,  fit,  etc.,  <  ML.  adjustare,  in  form  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +  Justus,  just,  but  suggested  by  OF.  ajus- 
ia;  "ajoustcr,  to  add,  a<ljoyn,  set  or  put  tuito; 
also,  increase,  augment,  eek,  also  as  adjuster  " 
(Cotgrave)  (>  ME.  ajuslcu,  adjiiusten,  add,  put, 
suggest),  F.  ajnuter  (see  adjutc),  lit.  put  side 
by  side,  <  ML.  adju.Tt.are,  put  side  by  side,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +  juxta,  near,  lit.  adjoining,  from  same 
root  as ./««<7Pre,  join  :  see  juxtapasitiou.]  1.  To 
fit,  as  one  thing  to  another;  make  correspon- 
dent or  conforinable;  adajit;  accommodate:  as, 
to  adjust  things  to  a  standard. 


75 

AdjuM  the  event  to  the  prediction. 

Additon,  Def.  of  Christ.  Relig. 
According  to  Ilehnholtz,  then,  we  adjuM  the  eye  to  near 
objects  by  contraction  of  the  ciliary  nmscle. 

Le  Cunte,  Sight,  p.  44. 
The  living  body  is  not  only  sustained  and  reproduced : 
it  adjuats  itself  to  external  antl  internal  changes. 

Iluxlfii,  Animal  Automatism. 

2.  To  put  in  order;  regulate  or  reduce  to  sys- 
tem ;  briug  to  a  proper  state  or  position  :  as,  to 
adjust  a  scheme;  to  adjust  affairs;  "  adjustiny 
the  oi'thograpliy,"  Johnson. 

To  adjust  the  focal  distance  of  his  optical  instruments. 
J.  S.  Mill,  I>ogic,  i.  1. 

3.  To  settle  or  bring  to  a  satisfactory  state,  so 
tliat  parties  are  agreed  in  tlie  result:  as,  to 
adjust  accounts. 

Half  the  dillcrcnecs  of  the  parish  are  adjtiMcd  in  this 
very  parlour.  GoULimiih,  She  Stoops  to  Concincr. 

4t.  To  put  forward;  suggest.  Chaucer. —  5t. 
To  add.  ( 'axton.  =Syn.  To  suit,  an-ange,  dispose,  trim, 
prupnrtion,  lialancc,  conform,  set  right,  rectify,  reconcile. 

adjustable  (a-jus'ta-bl),  a.  [<  adjust  +  -able] 
Capable  of  l)eing  adjusted. 

adjustably  (a-jus'ta-bli),  adv.  As  regards  ad- 
justment; so  as  to  t)e  capable  of  adjustment. 

The  bed  is  held  adjustably  in  place  by  means  of  screw- 
bolts.  C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  3'iO. 

adjustaget  (ii^-jus'taj),  n.  Adjustment.  Sylves- 
ter.    lUure.'] 

adjuster  (a-jus'ter),  n.  A  person  who  adjusts; 
tjiat  wliich  regidates. 

adjusting-cone  (a-jus'ting-k(3n),  n.  An  in- 
strument for  measm-ing  the  distance  between 
the  axes  of  the  eyes  when  they  are  parallel,  as 
in  looking  at  a  distant  object,  it  consists  of  two 
hollow  cones,  each  perforated  at  the  apex.  Thnnigh  these 
perforations  the  person  whose  eyes  are  to  be  measured 
looks  at  a  distant  object,  and  the  cones  are  moved  imtil 
the  two  fields  of  vision  coincide.  The  distance  between 
the  apexes  tlien  gives  the  measurement  sought. 

adjusting-screw  (a-jus'ting-skrS),  «.  A  screw 
by  which  the  adjustable  parts  of  an  instrument 
or  a  machine  are  moved  to  required  positions. 
It  also  often  serves  to  hold  the  parts  tii-mly  in 
those  positions. 

adjusting-tool  (a-jus'ting-tiil),  n.  A  tool  for 
regulating  the  snail  of  a  fusee  in  a  timepiece, 
so  that  its  increase  of  diameter  may  exactly 
compensate  for  the  decrease  of  tension  of  the 
spring  as  it  imwinds  from  the  barrel. 

adjustive(a-jus'tiv),fl.  [<  adjust  +  -ioe.']  Tend- 
ing or  serving  to  adjust. 

adjustment  (a-just'ment),  n.  [<  adjust  +  -mcnt, 
s.iter  F.  ajusicment.]  1.  The  act  of  adjusting; 
a  making  fit  or  conformable  ;  the  act  of  adapt  ing 
to  a  given  purpose ;  orderly  regulatiou  or  ar- 
rangement :  as,  the  adjustment  of  the  parts  of  a 
watch. 

The  rest  of  the  apparel  required  little  adjufitmenf. 

Srott,  Waverley,  xliii. 

2.  The  state  of  being  adjusted;  a  condition  of 
adaptation;  orderly  relation  of  parts  or  ele- 
ments. 

Throughout  all  phases  of  Life  up  to  the  highest,  every 
advance  is  the  ett'ectilig  of  some  better  adjustntrut  of  in- 
ner to  outer  actions.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  01. 

3.  That  which  serves  to  adjust  or  adapt  one 
thing  to  another  or  to  a  particidar  service  :  as, 
the  adjustments  of  constitutional  government, 
of  a  microscope,  a  timepiece,  etc. 

The  nicest  of  all  the  adjustments  involved  in  the  working 
of  the  British  Covernment  is  that  which  determines,  without 
formally  defining,  the  intern.al  relations  of  the  C'abinet. 
Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  lia. 

4.  The  act  of  settling  or  arranging,  as  a  differ- 
ence or  dispute;   settlement;   arrangement. — 

5.  In  marine  insurance,  the  act  of  settling  and 
ascertaining  the  amoimt  of  indemnity  which 
the  party  insured  is  entitled  to  receive  under 
the  policy  after  all  jiroper  allowances  and  de- 
ductions have  been  made,  and  the  settlmg  of 
the  proportion  of  that  indemnity  which  each 
underwriter  is  liable  to  bear.  =Syn.  Arrangement, 
regulation,  settlement,  adaptation,  accommodation,  dis- 
posal. 

adjuster  (a-jus'tor),  n.  [<  adjust  +  -or.]  In 
aunt,  and  ci«>V.,  that  wliich  adjusts,  coaptates, 
or  makes  to  fit  together:  a  name  of  sundry 
muscles :  as,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  adjustnrs  of 
tlie  shells  of  brachiopods.  See  exti'act,  and 
cuts  under  Lingulidw  and  Waldhciniia. 

The  dorsal  adjitstors  are  fixed  to  the  ventral  surface  of 
the  peduncle,  and  are  again  inserted  into  the  hinge-plate 
in  the  smaller  valve.  The  ventral  adjustors  are  consid- 
ered to  pass  from  the  inner  extremity  of  the  peduncle  and 
ti>  become  attached  by  one  pair  of  their  extremities  to  the 
ventral  valve,  one  on  each  side  of  and  a  little  behind  the 
expanded  base  of  the  divaricators.     Kncyc.  Brit.,  IV.  lyj. 

adjutage,  «.    See  ajutage. 


adjutant-general 

adjutancy  (aj'ti-tan-si),  n.    [< adjutan(l)  -t-  -<■//.] 

1.  The  office  of  adjutant.  Also  called  adju- 
tantship. —  2t.  Assistance. 

It  was,  mt  douiitj  disposed  with  all  the  adjutancy  of 
di  llhition  and  division.  tUtrkc,  .Appeal  to  (lid  Whigs. 

adjutant  (aj'ii-tant),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adjut<in{l-)s, 
ppr.  oiadjutare,  aid,  assist,  frcij.  oiadjuvarc,  aid: 
see  aid.]  I.  a.  Helping;  assistant.  JSullokar 
(lfi76).     [Kare.] 

II.  «.  1.  A  helper;  an  assistant;  an  aid. 
[Karo.] 

A  fine  violin  must  ...  be  the  best  adjutant  to  a  fine 
voice.  If.  Mason,  Eng.  Church  Music,  p.  74. 

2.  Milit.,  properly,  a  regimental  staff-officerap- 
pointed  to  assist  the  commanding  officer  of  a 
regiment  in  the  discharge  of  the  details  of  his 
military  duty,  'rhe  title  is  also  given  to  oineers  hav- 
ing siuiilar  functions  attached  to  larger  or  smaller  divi- 
sions of  trn.ips,  to  garri-sons,  an<l  to  the  War  Department 
of  the  I  niti  d  states  government.  (Sec  adjutant  it'tural.) 
Adjutants  arc  also  assigne<i.  as  in  the  Lritish  ;uiny.  to  di- 
visions of  artillery.  Kornierly,  in  Kngland,  called  aid-ma. 
jar.    tiften  contracted  to  adjt. 

3.  The  adjutant-bird  (which  see) Post  adju- 
tant, a  pers(m  holding  the  olhce  of  adjutant  with  refer- 
ence to  the  organization,  of  whatever  charaetc-r,  of  the 
troops  stationed  at  a  post,  garrison,  camp,  or  cantiimnent. 
—  Regimental  adjutant,  a  person  holding  the  otlicc  of 
adjutant  witli  rcfcn-nce  to  a  regimental  orgainzatir'U, 
whether  the  regiment  is  in  one  place  or  dispeised  at  dif- 
ferent stations. 

adjutant-bird  (aj'ii-tant-berd),  n.  The  name 
given  by  EnoUsh  residents  of  Bengal-to  a  very 
large  species  of  stm-k,  common  in  India,  the 
Leptoptilus  anjala  of  some  natiu'alists,  bcloug- 


fi.>fliiits  argala). 


ing  to  the  family  Cicottiida.  It  is  the  Ardea  dulna 
of  Gnielin,  the  A.  artjala  of  Latham,  the  Ciconia  maratiou 
of  Temminck,  and  the  argala  of  the  native  Indians.  Great 
confusion  lias  been  occasioned  by  the  transference  by 
Temminck  of  the  native  name,  argala,  to  a  related  but 
distinct  African  species.  The  name  maralini  has  likewise 
been  given  to  both  species,  since  both  furinsh  the  orna- 
mental plumes  so  named  in  connnerce.  The  African  spe- 
cies should  be  distinguished  as  the  marabou,  the  Indian 
species  being  left  to  bear  its  native  name  ai-gala.  The 
name  adjutant,  or  adjutant-bird,  is  a  nicktianie  bestowed 
upon  the  bird  from  some  fancied  likeness  of  its  bearing  to 
the  stiff  martinet  air  of  the  military  functionary  known 
as  an  adjutant.  The  bird  is  a  gigantic  stork,  :',  or  often  G 
feet  liigh,  and  its  expanded  wings  measure  14  feet  from 
tip  to  tip.  It  has  an  eiutnnons  bill,  nearly  bare  head  and 
neck,  ami  a  sausage-like  pcnn-h  hanging  from  the  imder 
part  of  the  neck.  It  is  one  of  the  most  voracious  carniv- 
orous birds  known,  and  in  Imiia,  from  its  devouring  all 
sorts  of  carrion  and  noxious  aidnials,  is  protected  by  law. 
Also  called  adjulniir-i-muc,  aiijiitant-stork.  and  jiovclied 
stork.  The  name  is  .sunietiincs  extended  to  a  related  spe- 
cies. f,.jaranicus,  known  lus  the  lesser  adjutant  or  adju- 
taid-binl. 

adjutant-crane  (aj'o-tant-kran),  H.  Same  as 
adlutiDit-hiril. 

adjutant-general  (aj'o-tant-jen'e-ral),  «.;  pi. 
ailjutantK-ijenend.  1.  Milit..  a  staff-officer,  the 
chief  assistant  of  a  commanding  general  in  the 
execution  of  his  military  duties,  as  in  issuing 
and  executing  orders,  receiving  and  registering 
reports,  regulating  details  of  the  service,  etc. 
By  law  there  is  but  one  adjutant-general  of  the  United 
States  army.  He  is  a  principal  officer  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment of  the  I'nited  States  govermnent,  the  head  of  a 
bureau  conducting  the  army  correspondence,  antl  having 
charge  of  the  records,  of  recruiting  ami  enlistment,  of  the 
issUL'^  of  conmnssions,  etc.  Most  of  the  individual  Slates 
also  have  adjutants-general,  perfornnng  sinnlar  duties 
with  respect  to  the  nntitia  of  their  several  States.  The 
adjutant-general  is  aided  by  a.isistant  adjutants-irenerai. 
In  the  British  service,  the  adjutant-general  of  the  forces 
is  au  olHeer  of  the  full  rank  of  general,  having  a  body  of 


adjutant-general 

nssistnnU  at  tlie  llorsi.'  (;u;irci3  or  hoaiUiuartcrs  of  the 
army  in  r,oiidon,  ami  piTforniiiig  the  suiiu'  chiss  of  duties 
as  those  ineiitioiu'cl  aljove.  Commonly  abbreviated  to  A. 
G.  wlieii  appendeil  to  a  name. 

2.  Ecclcs..  a  title  mistakenly  given  by  transla- 
tors to  the  assistants  of  the  general  of  the 
Jesuits.     See  assistant,  'A. 

adjutantship  (aj'6-tant-sliip),  n.  Same  as  ad- 
Jittanci/,  1. 

adjutant-stork  (aj'o-tant-stork),  n.  Same  as 
adiiildiil-hinl. 

adjutator  (aj'ii-ta-tor),  )i.  [NL.,  an  assistant, 
<L.  (iiljittarc,  assist':  see  adjiitiiiil.}  An  adju- 
tor  oi-  helper.  See  note  under  agitator,  2. 
[Rare] 

adjutet  (a-j5t'),  f  •  '•  or  i.  [<  F.  ajouier,  formerly 
adjoitstor,  add:  see  adjust.']     To  add. 

Tliere  be 
Six  bachelors  as  bold  as  he,  adjutint)  to  his  company. 

B.  Jmuon,  Underwoods. 

adjutor  (a-jo'tor),  n.  [L.,  (.adjuvare,  help:  see 
adjutant  SluA  aid.]  A  helper.  [Rare ;  its  eom- 
povmd  coadjutor  is  in  common  use.] 

He  .  .  .  and  such  as  his  adjutors  were. 

Drayton,  Barons'  Wars,  iv.  10. 

adjutoryt  (aj'o-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "adjutorius, 
helping;  cf.  adjutiirium,  help:  see  adjutor.] 
Serving  to  help  or  aid.     Blount;  Bailey. 

adjutrix  (a-j6'triks),  n. ;  pi.  adjutrices  (a-jo-tri'- 
sez).  [L.,  fern,  of  adjutor:  see  adjutor.]  A 
female  assistant.     [Rare.] 

adjuvant   (aj'6-vant  or  a-jo'vant),   a.  and  n. 

[<L.  adjuvan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  adjiivare,  help:  see 

aid.]    li  n.  Serving  to  help  or  assist;  avodliary; 

contributory:  as,  au  adjuvant  laedicme. 

Cause  adjuvant  worketh  not  by  himself,  but  is  a  helper. 

Blundevdte. 

But  that  humidity  is  only  an  adjuvaiit  and  not  even  a 

necessary  adjuvant  cause,  is  proved  by  the  immunity  of 

fruit-eaters  in  the  swampiest  regions  of  the  equatorial 

coast-lands.  Poyt  Sd.  Mo.,  XX.  162. 

H.  n.  1.  A  person  or  thing  aiding  or  helping ; 
■whatever  aids  or  assists. 

Undoubtedly,  a  flavor  smacking  of  the  caucus,  the  jubi- 
lee, and  other  adjuvants  of  "  the  cause  "  is  found  in  some 
of  liis  IWhittier's]  polemic  strains. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  124. 

Specifically — 2.  In  werf.,  whatever  aids  in  re- 
moving or  preventing  disease ;  especially,  a 
substance  added  to  a  prescription  to  aid  the 
operation  of  the  principal  ingredient. 

adlegation  (ad-le-ga'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adlega- 
tio{n-),  later  allcgatio{n-),  a  deputing,  <  adle- 
gare,  allcgarc,  depute,  commission,  <  ad,  to,  + 
legare,  send  with  a  commission.  See  allegation, 
the  same  word  in  another  use.]  The  right  of 
ministers  of  the  individual  states  of  the  old  Ger- 
man empire  to  be  associated  with  those  of  the 
emperor  in  public  treaties  and  negotiations  re- 
lating to  the  common  interests  of  the  empire. 
This  right  was  claimed  by  the  states,  but  dis- 
puted by  the  emperor. 

ad  lib.     An  abbreviation  of  ad  lihitum. 

ad  libitum  (ad  Ub'i-tum).  [L.:  ad  =  E.  at; 
ML.  or  NL.  libitum,  L.  only  in  pi.  libita,  plea- 
sure, ace.  neut.  pp.  of  lihct,  also  spelled  luhct,  it 
pleases,  akin  to  E.  /ic/and  love :  see  lief,  love, 
liberal,  etc.]  At  pleasure ;  to  the  extent  of  one's 
wishes.  Specifically,  in  music,  indicating  that  the  time 
and  e.\pression  of  a  passage  are  left  to  the  feeling  and  taste 
of  the  performer.  In  the  case  of  cadenzas  and  other  orna- 
ments, the  phi-ase  indicates  that  the  performer  may  omit 
them  or  substitute  others  in  their  place.  An  accompani- 
ment is  said  to  be  ad  libitum  when  it  may  he  used  or 
omitted.  Often  abbreviated,  in  speech  as  well  as  writing, 
to  ad  lib. 

adlings,  n.     See  addling^,  2. 

adlocution  (ad-lo-kii'shon),  n.  Same  as  allocu- 
tion, 1. 

Adlumia  (ad-lo'mi-a),  n.     [NL.,  named  for  Ma- 


yld/itrnm  ttrrhosa;  single  leaf  and  panicle. 

jor  Adlum.]    A  genus  of  Aineiicau  plants  of 
a  single  species,  A.  cirrhosa,  the  climbing  fumi- 


76 

tory,  a  delicate  climbing  herbaceous  biennial, 
with  panicles  of  drooping  flowers.  It  is  a  native 
of  the  Alleglianies,  and  is  often  cultivated. 

admanuensis  (ad-man-u-en'sis),  n. ;  pi.  adman- 
nenses  (-sez).  [ML.,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  nianus,  hand, 
+ -en.sis.  (.'i.amanucn.'iis.]  In  old  Eni/.  law,  one 
taking  a  corporal  oath,  that  is,  by  la.ving  the 
hand  on  the  IJiblc,  in  distinction  from  one  tak- 
ing the  oath  in  other  forms,  or  affirming. 

adinarginate  (ad-miir'jin-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ad,  to, 
-I-  margi)  (margin-),  margin,  +  -ate^ :  see  ad-, 
margin,  and  -atc^.]  To  note  or  write  on  the 
margin.     [Rare.] 

Receive  candidly  the  few  hints  which  I  have  admartji- 
nated.  Coleridge. 

admazillary  (ad-mak'si-la-ri),  a.     [<  L.  ad,  to, 

-I-  maxilla,  jaw,  after  E.  maxillarij.]  In  anat., 
connected  with  the  jaw. 
admeasure  (ad-mezh'ur),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
admeasured,  ppr.  admeasuring.  [<  ME.  amesu- 
ren,  <  OF.  amesurer,  admesurer,  <  ML.  admcnsu- 
rare,  measure,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  LL.  mcnsurarc,  mea- 
sure ;  cf .  L.  admctiri,  measure  out  to,  <  ad,  to, 
+  metiri,  the  ult.  L.  source  of  measure  :  see  ad- 
and  measure,  v.]  1.  To  ascertain  the  dimen- 
sions, size,  or  capacity  of  ;  measure. 

The  identification  of  the  reasoner's  intellect  with  that 
of  his  opponent  depends,  if  I  understand  you  aright,  upon 
the  accuracy  with  which  the  opponent's  Intellect  is  ad- 
measured. Poe,  Tales,  I.  272. 

2.  In  law,  to  survey  and  lay  off  a  due  portion  to, 
as  of  dower  in  real  estate  or  of  pasture  held  in 
common.  This  was  formerly  done  by  writ  of 
admeasurement,  directed  to  the  sheriff. 

Upon  this  suit  all  the  commoners  shall  be  admeasured. 
Blackstune,  Com.,  iii.  IC. 

admeasurement  (ad-mezh'ur-ment),  n.  [<  OF. 
amcsurcnicnt,  admesuremcnt :  see  admeasure  and 
-ment.]  1.  The  process  of  measuring ;  the  as- 
certainment cf  the  numerical  amount  of  any 
quantity. —  2.  The  numerical  amount  or  mea- 
sure of  anything,  whether  a  number,  the  dimen- 
sions of  a  solid,  the  bulk  of  a  fluid,  mass,  dura- 
tion, or  degree. —  3.  In  law,  ascertainment  and 
assignment  of  the  due  proportion:  as,  admea- 
surement of  damages,  or  of  dower  in  an  estate ; 
admeasurement  of  the  right  of  an  indi'vidual  in 
a  common  pasture. 

Sometimes  called  admensuration. 

admeasurer  (ad-mezh'tir-er),  n.  One  who  ad- 
measures. 

admedian  (ad-me'di-an),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -t-  me- 
dius,  middle:  see  ad-  and  median.]  In  conch., 
a  synonym  cf  lateral,  as  applied  to  the  series 
of  teeth  of  the  radula,  these  being  rachidian  or 
median,  lateral  or  admedian,  and  uncinal. 

For  ' '  lateral "  Professor  Lankester  substitutes  the  term 
admedian.  M'.  li.  Dalt,  Science,  IV.  143. 

admensuration  (ad-men-su-ra'sbon),  n.  [<  ML. 
admcnsuratio{n-),  <  admensurare:  see  admea- 
sure.]    Same  as  admeasurement.     [Rare.] 

Admetacea  (ad-me-ta'se-il),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Admctc  +  -aeca.]  A  family  name  used  by  some 
naturalists  for  Vae  Admetida'  (which  see). 

Admete  (ad-me'te),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a6/i?iTo^, 
fem.  d&piTij,  untamed,  unbroken,  poet,  form  of 
aiafiaTo^  =  '£•.  untamed,  ('i.  adamant.]  The  tj'p- 
ieal  genus  of  gastropods  of  the  family  Admc- 
tidw.  A.  viridula  is  a  small  whitish  species,  half  an  inch 
long,  found  on  the  AtLantic  coast  of  North  Aincrica  from 
Cape  Cod  northward. 

admetid  (ad-me'tid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Adnietida'. 

Admetidse  (ad-met'i-de),  n.  jd..  [NL.,  <  Admete 
+  -?rf(r.]  A  family  of  tii.Xdglnssaf  e  pectiiiibran- 
chiategastropoils,  tvpilicd  bvthe  ni'nw^. itinicte. 
The  family  is  closi-ly  ivliited  to  IhC  (■iinrrllnniiliv,  but  the 
species  alfect  colder  waters.  Admete  viridula  is  a  com- 
mon northern  form.  The  members  of  this  family  have  a 
rounded  head,  filiform  tentacles,  eyes  on  minute  tuber- 
cles external  to  the  tentacles,  and  a  characteristic  den- 
tition of  the  odniitoplioie ;  the  shell  has  an  ovate  aper- 
ture, with  an  oldiiiueiy  truncated  plicate  columella  and 
a  trenchant  outer  lip. 

adminicle  (ad-min'i-kl),  n.  [<L.  adminicidum, 
help,  support,  prop,  lit.  that  on  which  the  hand 
may  rest,  <  ad,  to,  -1-  manus,  hand,  -f-  double 
dim.  suffix  -culum.]  1.  That  which  gives  aid 
or  support ;  an  attxiliary.     [Rare.] 

The  senate  of  five  hundred  .  .  .  was  a  permanent  ad- 
junct and  adminicle  of  the  public  assembly. 

Orote,  Greece,  III.  99. 

2.  In  law,  supporting  or  corroboratory  proof. 
.'^pccirtcally,  in  Scots  and  Freiwfi  taw,  whatever  aids  in 
I)r(iviiiK  tlie  tenor  of  a  lost  deed  ;  any  deed  or  scroll  which 
tends  to  establish  the  existence  of  the  deed  in  question, 
or  to  make  known  its  terms. 

3.  In  med.,  any  aid  to  the  action  of  a  remedy. 
—  4.  /i/.   Xn  vnhim.     Hee  adminieulum,2. 

adminicula,  «.     Plural  of  adminieulum. 


administer 

adminicular,  adminiculary  (ad-mi-nik'u-liir, 

-lii-rij,  a.  [<1j.  adniinieuluni,  help:  see  admini- 
cle.]    Supiilying  hel|i ;  helpful ;  con-oborative. 

Tile  humanity  of  Christ  is  not  set  befctre  us  in  the  New 
Testament  as  sustaining  merely  a  conditional  or  adminic. 
ular  relation  to  a  work  whose  intrinsic  and  essential  value 
comes  from  another  source.  Prop.  Orthodoxy,  p.  20. 

The  several  structural  arrangements  adminicular  to  the 
integrity  of  tlie  whole  are  thus  co-ordinated. 

//.  .Spencer,  I'rin.  of  PsychoL 
Adminicular  evidence,  in  law,  explanatory  or  complet- 
ing' evidenie. 

adminiculate  (ad-mi-nik'u-lat),  V.  i.  or  t.  [<L. 
adminiriiUitus,  ]ip.  of  ailminicularc,  help,  prop, 
(.adminieulum  :  see  ailminicle.]  To  give  admi- 
nicular e\'idence ;  testify  in  corroboration  of. 
[Rare.] 

adminiculatort  (ad-mi-nik'u-la-tor),  n.  [L..  < 
adminiiuUire  :  see  adminiculate.]  An  assistant; 
specifioully,  an  advocate  for  the  poor. 

adminieulum  (ad-mi-nik'u-lum),  k.  ;  pi.  admi- 
nicula (-la).  [L.,  a  prop:  see  adminicle.]  1. 
An  aid  or  help ;  an  adminicle. 

Of  other  adminicula,  or  aids  to  induction,  only  the  titles 
are  given  by  Bacon,  and  it  would  be  hazardous  to  conjec- 
ture as  to  their  significance. 

R.  Adamson,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  792. 

2.  J)?.  In  cntom.,  Kirby's  name  for  the  short 
spines  on  the  abdominal  segments  of  certain 
insects,  pupse  or  grubs,  whereby  they  make  their 
way  tlirough  any  substance  in  which  they  bur- 
row. Also  called  adminicles.  X.  E.  J). 
administer  (ad-min'is-ter),  V.  [<  ME.  admynr- 
istren,  iimyni.ttren,  <  OF.  aministrer,  administrcr, 
mod.  P.  administrcr,  <  L.  administrarc,  manage, 
execute  (cf.  administer,  an  attendant),  <  off,  to, 
+  ministrarc,  attend,  serve,  <  minister,  servant: 
see  minister.]  I.  trails.  1.  To  niiinage  or  con- 
duct as  minister,  chief  agent,  or  steward ;  super- 
intend the  management  or  execution  of;  control 
or  regulate  in  behalf  of  others :  as,  to  adminis- 
ter the  laws  or  the  government,  or  a  depart- 
ment of  government ;  to  administer  a  charitable 
trast,  the  affairs  of  a  coi-poration,  or  the  estate 
of  a  bankrupt. 

For  forms  of  government  let  fools  contest, 
Svhate'er  is  best  administer'd  is  best. 

Pope,  Essay  on  ilan,  iiL  304. 
Brawn  without  hrain  is  thine :  my  prudent  care 
Foresees,  provides,  administers  the  war. 

Drijden,  Ajax  and  Ulysses,  1.  5.^4. 

2.  To  afford;  supply;  dispense  ;  bring  into  use 
or  operation,  especially  in  the  execution  of  a 
magisterial  or  sacerdotal  office :  as,  to  adminis- 
ter relief ;  to  administer  justice. 

Have  they  not  the  old  popish  custom  of  adrninisterinff 

the  blessed  sacrament  of  the  holy  eucharist  with  wafer 

cakes  ?  Hooker. 

Let  zephyrs  bland 

Administer  tlieir  tepid  genial  airs.        J.  Philipg. 

3.  To  give  or  apply;  make  application  of:  as, 
to  administer  medicine,  punishment,  counsel, 

etc. 

Close  by  was  a  heap  of  stout  osier  rods,  such  as  [are]  used 
in  administering  the  bastinado.       O'Donovan,  Merv,  xiiL 

4.  To  tender  or  impose,  as  an  oath. 
Swear  by  the  duty  that  you  owe  to  Heaven  .  .  . 
To  keep  the  oatli  that  we  adm  inistcr. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  a 

5.  In  laic,  to  manage  or  dispose  of,  as  the 
estate  of  a  deceased  person,  in  the  capacity 
either  of  executor  or  atiministrator.  See  ad- 
ministration, 9.  =Syn.  1.  To  control,  preside  over.-- 2 
and  3.  Adtnini.^frr,  .M inistcr,  distrihute.  give  out,  deal  out. 
In  the  sense  of  suppIyiiiL'.  dispensing,  ntinisteris  now  used 
principally  of  things  spiritual ;  as,  to  »u'»('.s^fer  comfort,  con- 
solation, or  relief  ;  while  administer  is  used  of  things  both 
spiritual  and  material ;  as,  to  administer  food,  medicine, 
reproof,  justice. 

He  asserted  that  ...  a  ni)Xious  drug  had  been  admin- 
istered to  him  ill  a  dish  of  porridge. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xv. 

The  greatest  delight  which  the  fields  and  wfxids  Jninister 
is  the  suggestion  of  an  occult  relation  between  man  and  the 
vegetable.  Emerson,  Nature. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  contribute  assistance; 
bring  aid  or  supplies ;  add  something :  with 
to :  as,  to  administer  to  the  necessities  of  the 
poor. 

Tliere  is  a  fountain  rising  in  the  upper  part  of  my  gar- 
den, which  .  .  .  rtrfHiiHiAYers  fo  the  pleasure  as  well  as  the 
plenty  of  tlie  place.  Spectator,  No.  447. 

2.  To  perform  the  office  of  administrator:  ■with 
ii]>on :  as,  A  administers  upon  the  estate  of  B. 
=  Syn.  Administer  to.  Minister  to.  Minister  In  is  now  pref- 
erable to  administer  to  in  such  connections  as  to  minister 
to  one's  needs,  to  minister  to  the  necessities  of  the  poor,  to 
jjiiHt'-vferfo  the  pleasure  of  the  assembly.  Administer  to  ia 
such  connections  is  .archaic. 

administert  (ad-min'is-tfer),  n.  [L. :  see  the 
verb.]  One  who  administers;  a  minister  or  an 
administrator. 

You  have  shewed  yourself  a  good  admini.yter  of  the 
revenue.  Bacon,  Speech  to  Sir  J.  Denhain. 


administerial 

administerial  (ail-miu-is-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  nrf- 
iniiiistcr.  allciuliuit  (or  <  E.  administer,  v.),  + 
-ittl,  in  iiiiilutioii  of  tiiinistcrial,  q.  v.]  Pertain- 
ing to  administration,  or  to  the  executive  part 
of  Kovcrnnieut ;  ministerial.     [Kara.] 

administrable  (ad-min'is-tra-bl),  a.  [<L.  as  if 
'adniinistriihilis,  <,  ddminislraro :  see  administer, 
v.]     ('ajiablo  of  being  ailiuinistored. 

administrador  (Sj).  pnm.  aci-mo-no-strii-dor'), 
n.  [till.:  =  Vj.  iidminititrator.l  A  steward;  an 
overseer.  (/.  Yale.  [Used  in  parts  of  the 
United  States  a<'(iuired  from  Mexico.] 

administrant  (ail-miu'is-trant),a.  and)!.  [<F. 
adinini.striiiit,  ppr.  of  administrer :  see  admini.'i- 
ter,  I'.]  I.  a.  Managing  ;  executive  ;  pertain- 
ing to  the  management  of  affairs. 

II.  n.  One  who  administers ;  an  executive 
oflicer. 

administrate  (ad-min'is-trat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  admini.'itraUd,  ppr.  adini)ii.^tratiiig.  [<L.  ad- 
ministratii.s,  pp.  of  admiiiistrarc:  see  adniinin- 
ter,  I'.]  To  administer;  dispense;  give;  supply: 
as,  "to  administrate  the  sacraments,"  Knox. 

administration  (ad-miu-is-tra'shou),  n.  [<ME. 
administracioun,  <  OF.  administration,  <  L.  ad- 
ministrati<>{n-),  (.  administrate :  see  administer, 
ti.]  1.  The  act  of  administering;  direction; 
management;  government  of  public  affairs;  the 
conducting  of  any  office  or  employment. 

The  adiiiinistratioti  of  government,  in  its  largest  sense, 
comprehendsalltheoperationsof  the  ijody  politic,  whether 
legislative,  executive,  or  judiciary  ;  hut  in  its  most  usual, 
and  perhaps  in  its  most  precise,  signification,  it  is  limited  to 
executive  details,  and  falls  peculiarly  within  the  province 
of  the  executive  department. 

A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  72. 

2.  The  duty  or  duties  of  an  administrator; 
specifically,  the  executive  functions  of  govern- 
ment, consisting  in  the  exercise  of  all  the  powers 
and  duties  of  government,  both  general  and 
local,  which  are  neither  legislative  nor  judicial. 
—  3.  The  body  of  persons  who  are  intrusted 
■with  the  execution  of  laws  and  the  superinten- 
dence of  public  affairs:  iu  jiarticidar,  in  Great 
Britain,  the  ministry ;  in  the  United  States, 
the  President  and  cabinet,  or  the  President 
and  cabinet  during  one  presidential  term:  as, 
Washington's  first  adniinistration. 

Did  the  mlminintratiim  .  .  .  avail  themselves  of  any 
one  of  those  opportunities  ? 

Bui-ke,  Tracts  on  Popery  Laws. 

It  was,  therefore,  clear  from  the  lieginning  that  the  new 

adminUtration  was  to  have  a  settled  anil  strong  opposition. 

T.  II.  Lenton,  Thirty  Years,  I.  56. 

4.  Any  body  of  men  intrusted  with  executive 
or  administrative  powers. 

The  support  of  the  .State  governments  in  all  their  rights, 
as  the  must  competent  administrations  for  our  domestic 
concerns.  Je/rrson,  First  Inaugural  Address. 

5.  The  period  during  which  an  executive  ofli- 
cer or  a  ministry  holds  office  ;  specifically,  in 
the  United  States,  the  period  during  wUch  the 
President  holds  office. —  6.  Dispensation;  dis- 
tribution; rendering:  as,  the  administration  of 
justice,  of  the  sacraments,  or  of  grace. 

For  the  administration  of  this  service  not  only  supplieth 
the  wants  of  the  saints,  but  is  abundant  also  by  many 
thanksgivings  unto  God.  2  Cor.  ix.  12. 

7.  The  act  of  prescribing  medically. —  8.  The 
act  of  tendering  or  imposing,  as  an  oath. —  9. 
In  (aw ;  (a)  The  management  of  the  estate  of  an 
intestate  person,  or  of  a  testator  having  no  com- 
petent executor,  under  a  commission  (called 
letters  of  ailministration)  from  the  proper  au- 
thority." This  management  consists  in  collect- 
ing debts,  paying  debts  and  legacies,  and  dis- 
tributing surplus  among  the  next  of  kin.  (')) 
In  some  jurisdictions,  the  management  of  the 
estate  of  a  deceased  person  by  an  e.\ecutor,  the 
correspoutling  term  execution  not  being  in  use. 
Administration  of  a  deceased  pcrson'sestjite  may  be  granted 
for  general,  special, or  limited  purposes;  as:  (1)  Adminis- 
tration durante  absentia  (during  absence),  when  the  next 
person  entitled  to  the  grant  is  beyond  sea.  (2)  Adminis- 
tration pendente  lite  (while  the  suit  is  pending),  when  a 
suit  is  c<«umenced  in  the  probate  court  regarding  the  va- 
lidity of  a  will  or  the  right  to  administration,  and  lasting 
till  the  suit  is  determined.  (3)  Administration  cum  testa- 
mento  annexo  (with  the  will  aiuiexed),  in  cases  where  a 
testator  makes  a  will  without  naniing  executors,  or  where 
the  executors  named  in  the  will  are  incapable  of  acting  or 
refuse  to  act.  (4)  Administration  de  Imnts  non  (concern- 
ing goods  not,  that  is,  not  administered),  when  the  first 
adiniinstrator  dies  before  he  has  fully  administered.  (.^) 
Aitmuiistralii'H  ad  callifjendttm  (for  the  purpose  of  collect- 
ing!, fur  culli-ctiug  and  preserving  goods  about  to  perish. 
(0)  Aneittttrii  administration  is  subordinate  to  the  princi- 
j)al  admini8tratii>n  for  collecting  the  assets  of  foreigners. 
It  is  taken  ont  in  the  country  where  the  assets  are.  See 
ancillanj.  (7)  Administration  minori cetate  (during  minor 
age,  or  minority)  is  granted  when  Uie  executor  is  a  minor. 
(8)  Foreiifn  adniinistration  is  ailministration  exercised  by 
authority  of  a  foreign  power.  Council  of  administra- 
tion. See  c(inKci7.  =Syn.  1.  Conduct,  control,  superin- 
tendence, regulation,  execution. 


77 

administrational  (ad-min-is-trii'shon-al),  a. 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  administration. 

The  administrational  merits  cjf  Darius  are  so  great  that 
they  have  obscured  his  military  glories. 

(J.  Uau'tinson,  Five  (ireat  Monarchies,  III.  429. 

administrative  (ad-min'is-trii-tiv),  a.  [<  L. 
aitniinistrutirus,  ]iractical,  <  administrare,  pp. 
admiiiistratns:  see  administer,  v.]  Pertaining 
to  administration ;  executive  ;  atlministering. 

The  production  and  distribution  of  wealth,  the  growth 
and  effect  of  administrative  machinery,  the  education  of 
the  race,  these  are  cases  of  general  laws  which  constitute 
the  science  of  sociokigy.        \V.  K.  Clijl'ord,  Lect.,  II.  2Si4. 

.Sometimes  the  term  Executive,  which  strictly  means 
an  Authority  which  puts  the  laws  in  force,  is  opposed  to 
the  term  .idminisfrotire,  which  implies  the  perfonnance 
of  every  other  sort  of  iniinediate  Governmental  act,  such  as 
collecting  taxes,  organi/.iti'.:  and  directing  the  Army,  Navy, 
and  Police,  supervising  trade,  locomotion,  postal  eiuninn- 
ineation,  and  carrying  out  in  detail  legislative  measures 
for  promoting  public  health,  edneation,  morality,  and  geii- 
er:il  contentment.  .5.  A}nos,  Sei.  of  Pol.,  p.  9*J. 

administratively  (ad-min'is-tra-tiv-li),  adv. 
In  an  administrative  manner;  in  relation  to 
administration;  from  an  administrative  point 
of  view ;  as  regards  administration. 

The  English  comitry  gentleman,  who  was  lord  of  the 

manor,  was  administrativeti/  a  person  of  great  authoiity 

and  inlluence.  Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  314. 

Administratively,  Kazan  ia  divided  into  twelve  districts. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  20. 

administrator  (ad-min'is-tra-tgr),  n.  [L.,  a 
manager,  Kaitmiiiistrarc,  pp.  administratus :  see 
administer,  v.']  1.  One  who  administers;  one 
who  directs  or  manages  affairs  of  any  kind: 
sometimes  used  as  a  title  of  executive  offjce. 
—  3.  In  laie :  (a)  One  who,  by  virtue  of  a  com- 
mission from  a  probate,  orjihans',  or  suiTogate's 
court,  or,  in  England,  from  the  probate,  di- 
vorce, and  admiralty  division  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice,  has  charge  of  the  goods  and 
chattels  of  one  dying  without  a  will.  In  some 
jurisdictions  Ids  power  is  extended  to  real  prop- 
erty. Often  contracted  to  a(f/Hr.  (b)  In  Scots  law, 
a  tutor,  curator,  or  guardian,  having  the  care 
of  one  who  is  incapable  of  acting  for  himself. 
The  term  is  usually  applied  to  a  father  wlio  h.os  power 
over  his  children  and  their  estate  during  their  minority. — 
Administrator  bishop.  See  6i.sAop.— Public  admin- 
istrator, a  pulilie  ollicer  authorized  to  administer  the 
estatesof  jn  rsons  dying  without  relatives  entitled  to  per- 
form the  duty. 

administratorship  (ad-min'is-tra-tor-ship),  )!. 
The  office  of  administrator. 

Removed  by  order  of  court  from  an  administratorship 
for  failure  to  settle  his  accounts. 

The  Nation,  XX.WI.  540. 

administratress  (ad-min-is-tra'tres),  n.  [<  (ul- 
miiiistrator  +  -ess.  Cf.  admimstratricc.'\  A  fe- 
male administrator. 

administratricet,  n.  [<  F.  administratriee,  <  It. 
amministratrice,  <  NL.  administratrix  (-trie-): 
see  administratrix.'}    A  female  administrator. 

administratrix  (ad-min-is-trii'triks),  M.;  pi. 
ailministriitriccs  (ad-mLn"is-tra-tri'sez).  [NL., 
fem.  of  L.  administrator,  q.  v.']  A  female  ad- 
nnuistrator.    Often  contracted  to  admx. 

admiraWlity  (ad'mi-ra-bil'i-ti),  51.  [<  L.  ad- 
'ntiralnlita{t-)s,  <  admirabilis,  admirable :  see  nd- 
mirahle.']     Admirableness.     Lailcij.     [Rare.] 

admirable  (ad'mi-ra-bl),  a.  [<  F.  admirable, 
<  L.  admiraliilis,  <  ddmirari,  admire:  see  «</- 
mire.}  It.  Fitted  to  excite  wonder;  marvel- 
ous ;  strange ;  surprising. 

It  seemetll  equally  admirable  to  me  that  holy  King 
Edward  the  Sixth  should  do  any  WTong,  or  harsh  Edward 
the  Fourth  do  any  right  to  the  Muses.  Fuller. 

In  man  there  is  nothing  admirable  but  his  ignorance 
and  weakness.  Jer.  7'aiilor,  Diss,  from  Popeiy,  11.  i.  §  7. 
2.  Worthy  of  admiration;  having  qualities  to 
excite  wonder,  with  approbation,  esteem,  rev- 
erence, or  affection;  very  excellent:  used  of 
persons  or  things. 

What  a  piece  o!  work  is  a  man  I  IIow  noble  in  reason '. 
how  infinite  in  faculty !  in  form  and  moving,  how  express 
and  admirable:  S/:ak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

admirableness  (ad'mi-ra-bl-nes),  H.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  admirable ;  the  power  of  exciting 
admiration. 

admirably  (ad'mi-ra-bli),  adv.  In  an  admira- 
ble manner;  in  a  i'nanner  to  excite  wonder, 
approbation,  and  esteem;  e-xcellently. 

admiral  (ad'mi-ral),  H.  and  a.  [<  ME.  admiral, 
amiral,  amijral,  dmerall,  amrall,  with  varying 
term,  -allc,  -ale.  -ail,  -ayl,  -aylc,  -el,  -elle,  -aid,  -eld, 
-ant,  -aunt,  <  OF.  admiral,  amiral,  almiral,  -ail, 
-alt,  -anlt,  -aut,  -ant,  -and,  -<inblc,  -ajle,  -et,  -e, 
mod.  F.  amiral  =  Pr.  amirait,  amiralh,  ami- 
rat:,  mod.  Pr.  amiral  =  OSp.  almiratlc,  -aejr, 
Sp.  almirante  ='Pg.  amiralh,  almirante  =  It. 
ammiraiilio,  <  ML.  admiralis,  -alius,  -alius,  -al- 
diw,  -arius,  -abilis,  -andits,  -atm,  almiratdus,  am- 


admiralty 

mirandua,  ammiratus,  etc.,  and  prop,  amiralii 
(the  forms  in  adm-,  aim-  btdtig  tlue  to  popular 
etynudogy,  which  associated  the  word  with 
L.  admirare,  admire,  admirabilis,  admirable,  or 
with  Sp.  Ar.  at-,  the,  and  the  termination  being 
variously  accommodated),  <  Ar.  amir,  emir,  a  ru- 
ler, commander  (.see  ameer  and  emir),  the  -al  be- 
ing iluo  to  the  Ar.  article  al,  present  in  all  the 
Arabic  and  Turkish  titles  containing  the  word, 
as  amir-al-umard,  ruler  of  rulers,  amir-al-bahr, 
commander  of  tlie  sea,  amir-al-mumimn,  com- 
mander of  the  faithful.  The  present  sense  of  • 
admiral  is  due  to  Ar.  amir-al-bahr,  Latinized 
as  admiralius  inaris  and  Englished  luider  Ed- 
ward 111.  as  "  amyrcl  of  the  se,"  or  "  admyrall  of 
the  navy,"  afterward  simply  admiral.   -N.  E.  D.] 

1.  n.  If.  An  emir  or  prince  under  the  sultan; 
any  Saracen  ruler  or  commander.  [The  com- 
mon Middle  English  and  Old  French  sense.]  — 

2.  A  naval  oflicer  of  the  highest  rank;  a  com- 
mander-in-chief of  a  fleet.  In  the  United  States 
navy,  as  in  most  foreign  services,  there  are  three  degrees  of 
this  rank,  viz.,  admiral,  vice-a<tmiral.  and  rear-admiral. 
These  titles  did  not  exist  in  the  Inited  States  till  the 
gratle  of  rear-admiral  w.as  created  in  l,stl2,  that  of  vice-ad- 
miral  in  Ih&t,  and  that  of  admiral  in  l^(j6.  An  admiral  dis- 
plays his  distinguislung  Hag  at  the  mainmast,  a  vice-ad- 
miral at  the  foremast,  and  a  rear-admiral  at  the  mizzenmast. 
In  the  IJritish  navy,  admirals  were  formerly  divided  into 
three  classes,  named,  after  the  colors  of  their  respective 
flags,  admirals  of  the  red,  of  the  irhite,  and  (pf  the  blite, 
with  vice-admirals  and  rear-admirals  of  each  Hag;  but  in 
1SC4  this  distinction  was  abolished,  and  all  British  men- 
of-war  now  display  the  white  ensign. 

3.  The  recognized  chief  commander  or  director 
of  a  mereantile  fleet,  as  one  of  fishing-vessels 
off  Newfoimdland  or  in  the  North  Sea.  A  royal 
proclamatitm  in  1703  ordered  that  the  master  of  the  first 
vessel  that  entered  a  harbor  or  creek  in  Newfoundland  for 
the  fishing  season  should  be  admiral  thereof,  the  second 
vice-admiral,  and  the  third  rear-admiral. 

4.  The  ship  which  carries  the  admiral ;  hence, 
the  most  considerable  ship  of  any  fleet,  as  of 
merchantmen  or  of  fishing-vessels. 

The  admiral  of  the  Spanish  Amiada  was  a  Flemish  ship. 
.Sir  Ii.  Ilawlcins,  Voyage,  p.  lli. 
His  spear,  to  equal  which  the  tallest  pine, 
Hewn  on  Norwegian  hills  to  be  the  mast 
Of  some  great  ammirat,  were  but  a  wand, 
He  walk'd  with  to  support  unea.sy  steps 
Over  the  burning  raarle.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  204. 

5.  A  collectors'  name  for  butterflies  of  the 
family  Papilionidw,  es-peeiaUy  the  Limenitis  Ca- 
milla, distinguishe(l  as  wliite  admiral,  and  tho 
Vanessa  atalanta,  or  red  admiral. —  6.  A  name 
given  by  collectors  of  shells  to  a  univalve  shell, 

the  admiral-shell  (which  see) Admiral  of  the 

fleet,  a  title  of  distinction  eonf,  iied  on  a  few  adnnrals  in 
the  IJritish  service,  corresponJiiig  to  that  of  field-marshal 
in  the  army.— Lord  high  admiral,  in  Great  Britain,  the 
officer  at  the  head  of  the  naval  adnnnistration  when,  as 
has  been  rarely  the  case  since  1032,  (he  olliee  is  held  by 
a  single  person.  See  at/miVai/i/.  — Yellow  admiral,  a 
name  applied  in  the  British  navy  to  a  rear-admiral  who  ia 
retired  without  having  served  afloat  after  his  promotion. 

The  inglorious  condition  of  a  retired  or  yellow  admiral. 
rlios.  Cochrane  (Earl  of  Dundonald),  Autobiog.,  II.  276. 

II.  a.  Carrying  an  admiral ;  chief  in  a  fleet. 

The  admiral  galley  .  .  .  struck  upon  a  rock. 

Knoltes,  Hist.  Turks. 

admiral-shell  (ad'mi-ral-shel),  n.  A  shell  of 
the  genus  t'onus,  the  Conns ammiralis,  a  species 
formerly  esteemed  as  much  for  its  rarity  as  for 
its  beautv. 

admiralsnip  (ad'mi-ral-ship),  n.  [<  admiral  + 
-ship.]  The  office  of  position  of  an  admiral. 
[Rare.] 

admiralty  (ad'mi-ral-ti),  »!.  [Early  mod.  E. 
admiraltie,  amiralty'c,  amraltic,  <  ME.  amyralte, 
ameraltc,  amrelte,  <  OF.  admiralte,  amiraulte: 
see  admiral  and  -ty.  ]  1.  In  Great  Britain  :  (a) 
The  office  and  jurisdiction  of  the  lords  commis- 
sioners appointed  to  take  the  general  manage- 
ment of  maritime  affairs,  and  of  all  matters  re- 
lating to  tho  royal  nav.v,  with  the  government 
of  its  various  departments.  ((>)  The  body  of 
officers  appointctl  to  execute  the  office  of  lord 
high  admiral ;  a  board  of  commissioners,  called 
lords  (or,  in  full,  lords  commissioners)  of  the  ad- 
miralty, for  tho  administration  of  naval  affairs, 
(c)  [cap.']  Tlie  building  in  which  the  lords  of 
the  admiralty  transact  business,  and  in  wliii-h 
tho  clerks  aiid  other  officials  connected  with 
this  department  are  employed. — 2.  That  brsinch 
of  law  which  deals  with  maritime  cases  and  of- 
fenses. 

The  power  [of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States]  extends  ...  to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and 
marine  jurisdiction.  Calhoun,  Works,  I.  213. 

Admiralty  court,  or  court  of  admiralty,  a  tribunal 
having  jurisilietion  over  maritime  causes,  whether  of  a 
civil  .ir  criminal  nature.  In  Ijigland  it  w.as  formerly  held 
before  the  lord  highadmiral,  and  afterward  before  his  dep- 
uty or  the  deputy  of  the  lorils  eomn\issioners  ;  but  now  it 
forms  a  branch  of  the  probate,  divorce,  and  adiuiralty  di- 


admiralty 

vision  (if  llie  Iliuli  I'DiiTt  "f  .lustici.'.  till'  jurtKO  in  it  beinR 
nijpuinteil  l>y  the  cntwn  ji3  one  of  tlu*  jiulj:i'-s  of  the  Hit;h 
Court.  The  En^flish  court  of  adlniritlty  is  IwofoM,  tile  in- 
flaitei'  court  anil  the  prize  cottrt.  The  civil  jurisilietion  of 
the  instjini-c  utnirt  extends  generally  to  such  contracts  as 
are  made  upon  the  sea,  and  are  founded  in  nuiritinie  ser- 
vice or  eonsiiieration.  It  also  re^iulates  many  other  points 
of  maritime  law,  ;is  disputes  between  part-owners  of  ves- 
sels, and  ([Uestions  relating  to  salvage.  It  has  likewise 
power  to  imiuire  into  certain  wron,;;s  oi-  injuries  committed 
on  the  hiuhseas,  as  in  eascsof  collisii>n.  In  criminal  mat- 
ters the  court  of  admiralty  h:is,  partly  by  i-ommun  l.iw 
and  partly  liy  a  variety  of  statutes,  eosnizanec  of  piracy 
and  all  other  indictable  olfenscs  committed  either  upon 
the  sea  or  on  the  co:nts  when  beyon<l  the  limits  of  any  Knj;- 
lisli  county.  The  prize  court  is  the  only  tribunal  for  de- 
eidin:4  what  i-;  and  what  is  not  lawful  prize,  and  (oradjudi- 
catiM;.Mip. Ill  all  iiiitlci-s,  civil  and  criminal,  relatiuK  toiirize, 
orevcry  acipiisiliiiii  made  by  the  law  of  warwhich  is  eitiier 
itself  of  a  maritime  character  or  is  made,  whether  at  sea 
or  by  laud,  by  a  naval  force.  In  Scotland  the  cases  for- 
merly brought  before  this  court,  which  has  been  abolish- 
ed, are  now  prosecuted  in  the  Court  of  Session  or  in  the 
sheriff  court,  in  the  same  way  as  ordinary  civil  causes.  In 
the  United  States  the  admiralty  powers  are  exclusively 
vested  in  the  feder.il  courts.  They  extend  over  the  great 
lakes  ami  navijiaiile  rivers.— Droits  of  admiralty.  See 
druil.— Sigh  Court  of  Admiralty,  an  ancient  English 
court,  held  before  tlie  lord  lli;:!i  admiral  nf  Eniiland  or  his 
deputy  (styled  judge  of  the  admiralty ).  witli  cognizance  of 
all  crimes  and  offenses  committed  either  uiion  the  sea  or 
upon  the  coasts,  out  of  the  body  or  extent  of  any  English 
county.  It  proceeded  without  jury,  a  method  contrary  to 
the  genius  of  the  law  of  England.  Stephen. 
admirancet  (ad-mir'ans),  n.  [<0r.  admirancc, 
(.admirer:  see  admire  and -a>tce.'\    Admiration. 

[.she)  with  great  admiraunce  inwardly  was  moved, 
And  houourd  him  with  all  that  her  behoved. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  x.  30. 

admiration  (ad-mi-ra'shgn),  n.  [<  late  ME. 
adiiiyracioii,  <  OF.  admiration,  <  L.  admira- 
tio{)i-),  <  adiniruri,  admire :  see  admire.'\  If. 
Wouder  ;  astouisliment ;  surprise. 

And  I  saw  the  woman  drunken  with  the  blood  of  the 
saints,  .  .  -  and  when  I  saw  her,  I  wondered  with  great 
admiration.  Rev.  xvii.  ij. 

Yom-  boldness  I  with  admiration  see.  Dryden. 
2.  Wonder  mingled  with  approbation,  esteem, 
love,  or  veneration ;  au  emotion  excited  by 
what  is  novel,  great,  beautifid,  or  excellent : 
as,  admiration  of  virtue  or  goodness;  admira- 
tion of  a  beautiful  woman  or  a  fine  picture. 

"Where  imitation  can  go  no  farther,  let  admiration  step 
on,  whereof  there  is  no  end  in  the  wisest  form  of  men. 

Sir  T.  BrowTie,  Christ.  Mor.,  III.  2. 

If  it  should  be  here  objected,  as  Cicero  objected  to 

Cjesar,  "  W'e  have  matter  enough  to  admire,  but  would 

gladly  see  something  to  praise,"  I  answer,  that  true  ad- 

'miration  is  a  superlative  degree  of  praise. 

Bacon,  Essays,  etc.  (Bohn  ed.),  p.  486. 
There  is  a  pleasure  in  admiration,  and  this  is  that  which 
properly  causeth  admiration,  when  we  discover  a  great 
deal  in  an  object  which  we  understand  to  be  excellent. 

Tillotsuri. 
3t.  The   quality  of  exciting  wonder  or  sur- 
prise; marvelousness;  admirableness. 
Admir'd  Miranda! 
Indeed  the  fop  of  admiration. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  1. 
4.  An  object  of  wonder  or  approbation :  now 
only  in  the  phrase  the  admiration  of. 

He  was  the  admiration  o/all  the  negroes. 

Irving,  Sleepy  Hollow. 

Note  Of  admiration,  an  exclamation-point  (!).— To  ad- 
miration, in  a  very  excellent  or  admirable  manner;  in  a 
manner  to  elicit  admiration. 

They  have  curious  straw  worke  among  the  nunns,  even 
to  admiration.  Evehjn,  Diary,  March  23,  164U. 

(He]  .  .  .  moulded  heads  in  clay  or  plaster  of  Paris  to 
admiration,  by  the  dint  of  natural  genius  merely. 

Lamb,  Old  IJenchers. 
admirative  (ad'mi-ra-tiv),  a.  and  «.     I.  a.  Ex- 
pressing admiration  or  w-ondcr.     [Rare.] 

II.+  ».  The  point  of  exclamation  or  admira- 
tion (!). 

admiratively  (ad'mi-ra-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
mirative manner;  admiringly.  [Rare.] 
admire  (ad-mir'),  r.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  admired, 
ppr.  admirintf.  [<  F.  admirer,  OF.  admirer,  ear- 
lier amircr,  =  Sp.  Pg.  admirar  =  It.  ammirare, 
<  L.  admiriiri,  wonder  at,  <  ad,  at,  +  mirari 
(for  "smirari),  wonder,  =  Gr.  /jcidav  (for  *i7/iet- 
dav),  smile,  =  Skt.  \/  smi,  smile:  ef.  smile, 
smirl:']  I.  tratis.  1.  To  regard  with  wonder  or 
surjirise;  wonder  or  marvel  at:  formerly  used 
literally,  but  now  chicHy  in  an  ironical  or  sar- 
castic sense,  with  reference  to  meaning  2:  as, 
I  admire  your  audacity. 

Neither  is  it  to  be  admired  that  Henry,  who  was  a  wise 
as  well  as  a  valiant  prinic,  should  In-  pleased  to  have  the 
greatest  wit  of  those  times  in  his  interests. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Fables. 
One  hardly  knows  whether  most  to  admire  the  stupid- 
ity of  such  a  degradation  or  to  detest  its  guilt. 

Farrai;  .Marlb.  Sermons,  iv.  36. 

.  2.  To  regard  with  wonder  mingled  with  ap- 
jiroVjatiou,  esteem,  reverence,  or  affection;  feel 
admiration  for;  take  pleasure  in  the  beauty 


78 

or  qualities  of;  look  on  or  contemplate  with 
pleasure. 

The  fact  seems  to  be,  that  the  Greeks  admired  only 
themselves,  and  that  the  Romans  admired  only  them- 
selves and  the  Greeks.  Macaulay,  History. 
And  Enid  woke  and  sat  beside  the  couch, 
Admirincf  him,  and  thought  within  llerself, 
Was  ever  man  so  grandly  made  as  he  V 

Tennyson,  Oeraint. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  wonder;  be  affected  with 
surprise  ;  marvel :  sometimes  with  at.    [Nearly 
obsolete  in  the  literal  sense.] 

Let  none  admire 

That  riches  grow  in  hell.        Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  690. 

I  admire  where  a  fellow  of  his  low  rank  should  acquire 

such  a  nobleness  and  dignity  of  sentiment.  Henry  Brooke. 

I  more  admire  at  a  third  party,  who  were  loyal  when 

rebellion  was  uppermost,  and  have  turned  rebels  (at  least 

in  principle)  since  loyalty  has  been  triumphant. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Plutarch's  Lives. 

2.  To  feel  or  express  admiration. 

ril  report  it. 
Where  senators  shall  mingle  tears  with  smiles ; 
Where  great  patricians  shall  attend,  and  shrug, 
I'  the  end  admire.  Shah.,  Cor.,  1.  9. 

3.  To  feel  pleasure;  be  pleased:  as,  I  should 
admire  to  go.     [CoUoq.,  U.  S.] 

admiredt  (ad-mird'),  2>.  a.  Regarded  with  won- 
der ;  wonderful ;  astonishing. 

You  have  displac'd  the  mirth,  broke  the  good  meeting. 
With  most  admir'd  disorder.        Shak.,  ilacbeth,  iii.  4. 

admirer  (ad-mir'cr),  n.  One  who  admires ; 
S])ccifically,  one  who  pays  court  to  or  manifests 
his  admiration  of  a  woman ;  a  lover. 

For  fear  of  Lucia's  escape,  the  mother  is  -  .  .  constantly 
attended  by  a  rival  that  explains  her  age,  and  draws  off 
the  eyes  of  her  admirers.  Tatter,  Nii.  20G. 

admiringly  (ad-mir'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  admir- 
ing manner ;  w  ith  admiration ;  in  the  manner 
of  an  admirer. 

admissibility  (ad-mis-i-bil'i-ti),  «.  [<  admis- 
sible, after  F.  admissihilitti.'i  The  quality  of 
being  admissible. 

admissible  (ad-mis'i-bl),  a.     [<  F.  admissible, 

<  ML.  (tdinissibilis,  <  L.  admissiis,  pp.  of  admit- 
tt re,  a.ii\mi:  see  admit.']  1.  Capable  or  worthy 
of  being  admitted  or  suffered  to  enter. 

They  were  eulmissihle  to  political  and  military  employ- 
ment. Macaulay,  Uist.  Eng.,  vi. 

2.  That  may  be  allowed  or  conceded ;  allow- 
able :  as,  your  proposals  are  not  admissible. — 

3.  In  law,  capable  of  being  considered  in  reach- 
ing a  decision :  used  of  evidence  offered  in  a 
judicial  investigation. 

2no  confession  is  admissible  when  made  in  terror. 

ir.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  200. 

admissibleness  (ad-mis'i-bl-nes),  «.  Tho  qual- 
ity cir  state  of  being  admissible  or  allowable. 

admissibly  (ad-mis'i-bli),  adv.  In  an  admis- 
sible manner;  so  as  to  be  admitted,  entertain- 
ed, or  allowed. 

admission  (ad-mish'on),  K.     [<  ME.  admyssion, 

<  L.  admissio(n-),  <  admissus,  pp.  of  admitterc, 
admit:  see  admit.'\  1.  The  act  of  admitting  or 
allowing  to  enter ;  the  state  of  being  admitted ; 
entrance  afforded  by  permission,  by  provision 
or  existence  of  means,  or  by  the  removal  of  ob- 
stacles :  as,  the  admission  of  aliens  into  a  coun- 
try; the  admission  of  light  into  a  room  by  a 
window  or  by  opening  tho  window. 

Some  minds  seem  well  glazed  by  nature  against  the  ad- 
mission of  knowledge. 

Georye  Eliot,  Theophrastus  Such,  p.  01. 

2.  Admittance ;  power  or  permission  to  enter; 
entrance  ;  access  ;  power  to  api^roach :  as,  to 
grant  a  ijerson  admission. 

I  .  .  .  applied  to  one  of  the  vergers  for  admission  to 
the  library.  Irving,  Mutability  of  Lit. 

3.  The  price  paid  for  entrance ;  admission  fee : 
as,  the  admission  was  one  dollar. — 4.  Eceles. : 
(«)  In  the  Church  of  England,  an  act  of  a 
bishop  accepting  a  candidate  presented  to  a 
benefice,  (b)  In  the  Presbyterian  churches, 
especially  in  Scotland,  a  similar  official  act  of 
a  presbytery  admitting  a  minister  to  his  church. 
—  5.  The  act  of  expressing  assent  to  an  argu- 
ment or  proposition,  especially  one  urged  liy 
an  opponent  or  adversary';  hence,  a  point  or 
statement  admitted;  concession;  allowance: 
as,  this  admission  lost  him  the  argument. —  6. 
Aelvnowledgment ;  confession  of  a  charge,  an 
error,  or  a  crime  :  as,  he  made  fidl  admission  of 
his  guilt. 

Maggie  had  no  sooner  uttered  this  entreaty  than  she 
was  wretched  at  the  admission  it  implied. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  vi.  9. 

7.  Inlaw:  (a)  A  volimtary  acknowledgment 
that  something  is  true.  Admissions  in  an  action 
may  he  made  by  a  party  to  it,  or  by  his  attorney,  in  writ- 
ing or  iu  open  com't.    Other  admissions,  whether  by  word 


admittatnr 

or  act,  may  be  proved  against  a  party  if  they  were  made 
by  him  or  by  om-  authorized  by  ,>r  sufficiently  ideiititled 
with  him.  (/,)  The  act  of  receiving  e\ideuce  of- 
fered upon  a  judicial  investigation,  as  compe- 
tent for  consideration  in  reaching  a  decision. 

=  Syn.  2.  .Admittance,  .-Idmission.     .See  admittance. 

admissi'Ve  (ad-mis'iv).  a.  [<  LL.  admis.iiviis (used 
once  in  sense  of  'permissive'),  <  L.  admi.ssus, 
pp.  of  admittere,  admit:  see  admit.']  Tending 
to  admit ;  having  the  nature  of  an  admission  ; 
containing  an  admission  or  acluiowledgment. 

A  compliment  which  is  always  more  admissive  than  ex- 
cusatory. Lamb,  Llia. 

admissory  (ad-mis'o-ri),  a.  [<L.  as  if  *admis- 
sornis,  <  admi.ssor,  one  who  grants  or  allows, 
Kadmillere,  pp.  admissus,  admit:  see  admit.] 
Granting  admittance  ;  admitting. 

admit  (ad-mit'),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  admitted,  ppr. 
admittint/.  [<  ME.  ailmitten,  amitten,  amyttcn,  < 
OF.  admettrc,  amellre,  <  L.  admittere,  lit.  send 
to,  <  ad,  to,  +  mittere,  send :  see  mi.^sile.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  suffer  to  enter;  grant  or  afford 
entrance  to:  as,  to  admit  a  student  into  col- 
lege; windows  admit  light  and  air;  to  admit  a 
serious  thought  into  the  mind. 

Mifth,  admit  me  of  thy  crew.     Milton,  L'AUegro,  1.  38- 

O,  I  am  a  brute,  when  I  but  admit  a  doubt  of  your  true 

constancy !  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  ill.  2- 

2.  To  give  right  or  means  of  entrance  to  :  as, 
a  ticket  admits  one  into  a  theater;  this  key 
will  admit  you  to  the  garden. — 3.  To  permit  to 
exercise  a  certaLu  fmictiou ;  grant  power  to 
hold  a  certain  office :  as,  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar;  to  admit  a  man  to  the  ministrj-. —  4.  To 
have  capacity  for  the  admission  of  at  one  time: 
as,  this  passage  admits  two  abreast. — 5.  To 
grant  in  argument;  receive  as  true;  concede; 
allow:  as,  the  argument  or  fact  is  admitted. 

It  was  admitted  that  the  heavy  expenditure  which  had 
been  occasioned  by  the  late  troubles  justified  the  king  in 
asking  some  further  supply.        Macaulay,  Uist.  Eng.,  vi. 
It  is  so  hard  for  shrewdness  to  admit 
Folly  means  no  harm  when  she  calls  black  white  I 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  36. 

6.  To  permit,  grant,  allow,  or  be  capable  of: 
as,  the  words  do  not  admit  such  a  construction. 
See  II. — 7.  To  acknowledge;  own;  confess: 

as,  he  admitted  his  guilt.  =  Sjm.  Acknowledge.  Ad- 
mit, Confess,  etc.  (see  acknvtelcdge) ;  to  let  in,  receive,  take 
in. 

II.  intrans.  To  give  warrant  or  allowance ; 
grant  opportunity  or  permission:  with  of:  as, 
circumstances  do  not  admit  of  this ;  the  text 
does  not  admit  of  this  interpretation. 

Economy  is  a  subject  which  admits  of  being  treated 
with  levity,  but  it  cannot  so  be  disposed  of. 

Tlioreau,  Walden,  p.  33. 

To  answer  a  question  so  as  to  admit  of  no  reply,  is  the 
test  of  a  man, — to  touch  bottom  every  time. 

Emerson,  Clubs. 

admittable  (ad-mit'a-bl).  a.  [<  admit  -i-  -able. 
Vi.  adin  i-t.-iiblc.  ]  Capable  of  being  admitted  oral- 
lowed.    Sometimes  spelled  admittibh:    [Rare.] 

admittance  (ad-mit'ans).  H.  [<  admit  +  -anee."] 
1.  The  act  of  admitting. — 2.  Permission  to 
enter ;  the  power  or  light  of  entrance  ;  hence, 
actual  entrance  :  as,  he  gained  admittance  into 
the  chtu"ch. 

IBacon's  philosophy]  found  no  difficulty  in  gaining  ad- 
mittance, without  a  contest,  into  every  understanding 
fitted  ...  to  receive  her.  Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

3t.  Concession;  admission;  allowance:  as,  the 
adniittiniec  of  an  argument. — 4t.  The  custom 
or  privilege  of  being  admitted  to  the  society 
of  the  great. 

Sir  John,  .  .  .  you  are  a  gentleman  of  excellent  breed- 
ing, ...  of  great  admittance.     Shal:.,  M-  W.  of  W.,  ii.  3. 

5.  In  law,  the  giving  possession  of  a  copyliold 
estate.  =  Syn.  1  and  2.  Admittance,  Admissi^^n,  intro- 
<luction,  initiation,  reception,  welcome,  access.  In  the 
separation  of  admittance  and  admission,  the  latter  has 
taken  the  figurative  senses,  while  not  yet  wholly  aban- 
doning to  the  former  the  literal  ones.  Hence  in  its  fi.gui"a- 
tive  use  admi-^sion  has  meanings  that  admittance  has  not. 
When  admission  has  the  literal  meaning,  its  use  is  gener- 
ally broader,  having  less  definiteness  with  respect  to  place. 
Xo  admittance  except  through  the  office;  admission  to 
the  harbor  ;  admission  to  the  peerage  ;  he  gave  no  ndmis- 
,<ion  to  unkind  thoughts;  admission  of  a  fault.  Perhaps 
admijision  implies  somewhat  more  of  selection  or  judg- 
ment passed  upon  the  person  admitted  :  as,  admission  to 
society. 

He  [the  traveler]  must  obtain  admittance  to  the  conviv- 
ial table  and  the  domestic  hearth.     Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 
When  once  love  pleads  admission  to  oui-  heai'ts, 
In  spite  of  all  the  virtue  we  can  boast, 
The  woman  who  deliberates  is  lost. 

Addison,  Cato,  iv.  1. 

It  is  to  M.  Guizot  that  I  was  .  .  .  obliged  fnr  admission 

to  the  French  archives.  Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  Pref. 

admittatur  (ad-mi-ta't^r),  n.  [L.,  let  him  be 
admitted,  3d  jiers.  sing.  pres.  snbj.  pass,  of 
admittere,  admit:  see  admit.']    A  certificate  of 


admittatur 

admission  to  mcmbcrsliip  in  a  university  oi- 
collr-i'. 
admittedly  (ad-mit'ed-li),  adr.    In  an  acl;now- 
IcdKi'il  manner;  eonfessedly. 

'i'hi-  iiilliiriae  of  ocfaii-currciiU  ill  tlio  <listri1)ati()ii  of 
liciit  ovi  !■  till-  surface  of  the  jilobe  would  still  lie  admit- 
tilth/  iri'iiiH'ULS.  ./.  Croll,  Clinuite  illul  Tilue,  ii,  rrj. 

admittendo  clerico  (ad-mi-ten'il6  kler'i-lio). 
[MIj.,  forailmittingac-lcrk(olorKymiUi):  ]^.  itil- 
iiiittciitli),  abl.  of  ii(hiiilUii(liis,  geruml  of  iiiliiiil- 
tiir,  aiiniit:  see  admit;  ML.  clirico,  aljl.  of  clcri- 
ciix,  a  clerli:  see  c^fW,-.]  An  old  EnRlisli  writ, 
issueil  to  tlie  bishop  instead  of  to  tlie  slieriiT  as 
in  ordinary  actions,  to  enforce  a  jndginent  es- 
tablisliing  the  riglit  of  the  crown  to  make  a  prc- 
seiitation  to  a  benefice. 

admittendo  in  socium  (ad-mi-ten'do  in  s6'- 

slii-um).  [ML.,  for  admitting  as  an  associate  : 
1j.  iidmittciido:  see  above;  in,  to,  as;  socium,  aco. 
of  siifiiis,  a  fellow,  associate:  see  social.'\  An 
old  English  writ  addressed  to  justices  of  assize 
requiring  them  to  associate  with  themselves 
other  designated  persons,  eomnionly  knights  of 
the  county,  in  holding  assizes  at  the  circuit. 

admitter  (ad-mit'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
admits. 

admittible  (ad-mit'i-bl),  a.  [<  admit  +  -ible  : 
see  -iitilc,  -i7j/p.]     Same  as  admiltablc. 

admix  (ad-miks'),  )'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  admixed 
and  (idiiiixt,  ppr.  adntixiiitj.  [First  in  p.  a.  ad- 
mixed, prop,  admixt,  of  L.  origin,  <  admixtus,  pp. 
of  admisccre,  mix  with,  <  ad,  to,  +  misccre  =  AS. 
miscall,  E.  mix,  q.  v.]  To  mingle  with  some- 
thing else;  add  to  something  else.     See  )«(>. 

The  small  quantities  of  alkalies  present  [in  the  topaz] 
may  be  attributed  either  to  admixed  impurity,  or  to  an 
iliciliielit  alteration.    Aitl^^r.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXIX.  329. 

admixtiont  (ad-miks'ehon),  n.  [<  L.  admix- 
ti(){ii-},  iadiuiscerc,  pp.  admixtus,  mi.K  with:  see 
admix.]  The  act  of  mingling  or  admixing;  a 
mingling  of  different  substances ;  the  addition 
of  an  ingredient ;  admixture. 

All  metals  may  be  ealeined  by  strong  waters,  or  by  ad- 
viixfi'ni  of  salt,  sulphur,  and  mercury.  Bacon. 

admixture  (ad-miks'tilr),  «.  [<  L.  admixtus, 
]ip.  of  admificcrc,  mix  with  :  see  admix  and  mix- 
tun:]  1.  The  act  of  mingling  or  mixing;  the 
state  of  being  mingled  or  mi.xed. 

When  a  metallic  vapour  is  subjected  to  admixture  with 
another  gas  or  vapour,  or  to  reduced  pressure,  its  spectrum 
becomes  simplified.      J.  N.  Locktjer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  154. 

2.  That  which  is  mingled  or  formed  by  min- 
gling; a  compound  made  by  mixture. —  3.  An 
ingredient  different  in  kind  from  that  which 
gives  a  mixture  its  principal  properties. —  4. 
In  general,  anything  added;  especially,  any 
alien  element  or  ingi'edient. 

ad  modum  (ad  mo'dum).  [L. ;  lit.,  to  the  way, 
mode,  means,  manner  :  ad,  to ;  modum,  ace.  of 
modus:  see  mode.']  In  the  manner;  in  such 
way,  or  to  such  effect ;  as ;  like. 

admonish  (ad-mon'ish),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  admon- 
i/sslii  II,  iimonysshen,  -csshen,  -aseii,  etc.,  earlier 
and  prop,  amoncstcu,  -isten  (adm-  for  am-  in 
imitation  of  the  L.  original,  and  -isit  for  -est  in 
imitation  of  verbs  in  -islfi),  <  OF.  amoncster 
(F.  admoiicstcr),  advise,  <  ML.  *admouist(ire,  a 
coiTuption  of  admonitarc,  freq.  of  L.  admoncrc, 
pp.  admonitus,  advise, <  ad,  to,+  moiierc,  advise, 
warn:  see  monish,  monition.]  1.  To  notify  of 
or  reprove  for  a  fault ;  reprove  with  tuildness. 
Count  him  not  as  an  enemy,  but  adiiwiii.'^h  him  as  a 
brother.  2 'I'hes.  iii.  l.'i. 

2.  To  counsel  against  something;  caution  or 
advise  ;  exhort ;  warn. 

I  warn'd  thee,  I  aditwiii.^h'd  thee,  foreUihl 
The  danger  and  the  lurking  enemy. 

Millim,  V.  h.,  i\.  nil. 
Jte  fruitful  scenes  and  prospects  waste 
Alike  adiiwninh  not  to  roam. 

Cowper,  The  Shrubbery. 

3.  To  instruct  or  direct ;  guide. 

Ye  choice  spirits  that  admonish  me. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 

Moses  w.os  admnnishfd  of  God  when  he  was  about  to 

make  the  tabernacle.  Heb.  viii.  5. 

Tills  view,  which  admonishes  me  where  the  sources  of 

wisdom  and  power  lie,  carries  upon  its  face  the  highest 

certificate  of  truth.  Einersim,  Nature. 

4.  To  inform;  acquaint  witli;  notify ;  remind; 
recall  or  incite  to  duty. 

The  angel  bright. 
Ere  he  drew  nigh,  his  radiant  visage  turii'd, 
Admoni^hd  by.his  ear.  Milton.  V.  L.,  iii.  047. 

But  Maggie  stood,  right  sair  astonish'd, 
Till  by  the  heel  and  hand  adm<>iii.^h'd. 

Iluriut,  Tam  o'  Shaiiter. 

admonisher  (ad-mon'ish-6r),  n.  One  who  re- 
proves or  counsels. 

Horace  was  a  mild  a^l mnnishcr,  a  court  satirist  fit  for 
the  gentle  times  of  Augustus.  J>ryden. 


79 

admonishingly  (ad-mon'ish-ing-H),   adr.      By 
way  of  uiliuuiiition  ;  in  an  admonishing  manner. 
admonishment  (ad-mon'ish-ment),  H.     Admo- 
nition; coimsel;  warning.     [Rare.] 

When  was  my  lord  so  much  ungently  temper'd 
To  stop  his  ears  against  adiiunti^liincittt 
I'uanu,  unaiiii,  and  do  not  light  to-day. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  3. 
Thv  grave  admouijthment/t  prevail  with  me. 

.S/inJ-.,  1  lien.  VI.,  ii.  r,. 

admonition  (ad-mo-nish'on),  n.  [<  ME.  aiuoni- 
cioii,  -oun,  <  OF.  amonition,  later  admonition.  < 
L.  admomtio(n-),  <  admonerc,  advise,  admonish : 
see  admonish.]  1.  Tlie  act,  or  an  act,  of  ad- 
monishing; counsel  or  advice;  gentle  reproof ; 
instruction  In  duties;  caution;  direction. 

Now  all  these  things  happened  unto  themforensamples; 
and  they  are  written  for  our  admonition.         1  Cor.  x.  11. 
He  learns  the  look  of  things,  and  none  the  less 
For  admonitions  from  the  luinger-pincli. 

Lrturniiif/,  I'Va  Lippo  Lippi. 
2.  Eeelcs.,  public  or  private  reproof  to  reclaim 
an  offender  :  the  first  step  in  church  discipline, 
followed,  when  unheeded,  by  suspension  or  ex- 
communication. =syn.  Admonition,  Jteprehnutiim,  lu'- 
proo/.  Monition,  Ci'ii>niiT,  lii'proach,  Jicbiike,  Jirjn-iinand, 
rcinonstrance,  expostulation,  warning,  suggestion,  hint, 
intilnation.  In  the  primary  .ind  almost  invariable  sense, 
admonition,  rt'jirt'hension,  and  rc/.'roo/ are  bestowed  upon 
conduct  which  is  morally  defective.  Censure  and  repre- 
/lension  may  or  may  not  be  addressed  directly  to  the  per. 
son  bhamcd;  the  utterances  expressed  liy  the  other  words 
are  always  so  addressed.  .Adinonilion  is  caution  or  warn- 
ing with  letciiiice  to  future  conduct;  it  is  often  based 
upon  past  failurt's :  .'us,  admonition,  not  to  repeat  a  fault. 
It  is  often  an  official  act,  as  of  the  authorities  of  a  church, 
school,  or  college.  Monition  is  a  softer  woni,  and  is  mostly 
confined  to  subjective  promptings  or  warnings:  as,  the 
monitions  of  conscience  or  of  reason.  The  other  words 
are  wholly  retrospective.  Jiej^rehengion  may  be  the  mild- 
est of  them,  or  may  be  strengthened  by  an  adjective:  as, 
the  severest  reprcliension.  It  is  unofficial,  and  m.ay  de- 
note the  act  of  an  equal.  Reproof  is  the  act  of  a  superior 
or  elder,  an  authoritative  and  personal  censure.  Censure 
is  unfavoral>le  jndgment,  generally  severe,  possibly  official. 
Reproach  is  censure  witlx  opprobrium  ;  it  is  used  chiefiy  as 
a  relief  to  excited  feelings,  and  is  intended  to  humiliate 
rather  than  correct.  Rebuke  is  energetic  and  summary,  like 
stopping  one's  mouth;  it  implies  feeling,  like  reproach, 
but  more  self-control.  Reprimand  is  the  act  of  asuperior, 
is  severe,  and  is  often  official  and  public  as  a  fonii  of  pen- 
alty :  as,  sentenced  to  receive  a  reprimand  from  his  com- 
manding officer  in  the  presence  of  the  regiment.  (See  the 
discrimination  of  corresponding  verbs  under  censure,  v.) 

A  man  that  is  an  heretic,  after  the  fli-st  and  second  ad- 
monition, reject.  Tit.  iii.  10. 

The  admonitions,  fraternal  or  parental,  of  his  fellow- 
Christians,  or  tlie  governors  of  the  church,  then  more  pub- 
lic reprehensimis.  Ilamniond. 
Those  best  can  bear  reproof  who  merit  praise. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  I.  5S3. 
Divine  monition  Nature  yields, 
That  not  by  bread  alone  we  live. 

^yordsworth,  Devotional  Incitements. 

The  pain  of  a  little  censure,  even  when  it  is  unfounded, 
is  more  acute  than  the  pleasure  of  much  praise. 

Jefferson,  ColTespon.dence,  II.  440. 

Dread  of  reproach,  both  by  checking  cowardice  in  battle 
and  by  restraining  misbehaviour  in  social  life,  lias  tended 
to  public  and  private  advantage. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  520. 
My  caution  was  more  pertinent 
Than  the  rebuke  you  give  it.  Sliak.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. 

The  knight  .  .  .  inquires  how  such  an  one's  wife,  or 
mother,  or  son,  or  father  do[es],  whom  he  does  not  see  at 
cbiircli ;  which  is  understood  as  a  secret  reprimand  to  the 
person  absent.  Addison,  .Spectator. 

admonitioner  (ad-mo-nish'on-6r),  n.  [For- 
merly also  admonisliiohrr ;  <  admonition  +  -rrl.] 
An  admonisher;  a  dispenser  of  admonitions; 
specifically,  an  Admonitionist  (which  see). 
Thdcs. 

Admonitionist  (ad-mo-nish'on-ist),  n.  [<  ad- 
monition -I-  -ist.]  A  name  given  to  the  follow- 
ers of  Thomas  Cartwright,  two  of  whom  in  1572 
published  "An  Admonition  to  Parliament,"  fol- 
lowed by  a  second  one  by  himself,  strongly  atl- 
vocating  church  goveniment  by  presbyters  as 
opposed  to  bishops,  and  the  supremacy  of  the 
church  over  the  state. 

admoniti'Ve  (ad-mon'i-tiv),  a.     [<  L.  admonitus, 
\i\\.  of  admoncre :  see  admonish.]    Containing 
ailmonition.     [Rare.] 
Instructive  aud  adinonitive  emblems. 

Barrow,  Works,  II.  xxvi. 

admonitor  (ad-mon'i-tor),  n.  [L.,  <  admoncrc  : 
see  iidmonish.]     An  admonisher ;  a  monitor. 

Conscience  .  .  .  is  at  most  times  a  very  faithful  and  very 
prudent  admonitor.  Shenstone,  Essays  (1703),  p.  222. 

admonitorial  (ad-mon-i-to'ri-al).  a.  [<  admoni- 
tori/ -i- -id.]  Reproving;  admonishing;  having 
the  manner  of  an  admonitor;  admonitory. 

Aliss  Tox  .  .  .  had  acquired  an  admonitorial  tone,  and 
a  habit  of  improving  p;issing  occasions. 

Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son,  Ii. 

admonitorily  (ad-mon'i-to-ri-li),  adv.  In  an 
admonitory  manner ;  with  warniaig  or  reproof. 
Carlylc. 


ado 

admonitory  (ad-mon'i-tg-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "firf- 
monitorin.i ;  cf.  (idmimitorium,  an  admonition.] 
('oiitaiiiing  achnonition  ;  tending  or  serving  to 
admonish:  as,  "admonitory  of  duty,"  .Barron;, 
Works,  I.  430. 
She  held  up  her  small  hand  with  an  adwonitorif  gesture. 
Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  ix. 

admonitrix(ad-mon'i-triks). «.;  pi.  admnnitriccs 

(ad-mon-i- tii'sez).  [L.,  fern,  of  admonitor, 
q.  v.]  A  female  admonitor ;  a  mouitress.  *Y. 
/;.  II. 

admortization  (ad-mor-ti-za'shon),  m.  Same 
as  iimiirli.:iilion. 

admo'vet  (ad-mov'),  v.  t.  [Earlier  amove  (see 
amocc^),  <  L.  admovcre,  move  to,  <  ad,  to,  + 
)wo»ere,  move  :  see  more.]  To  move  (to);  bring 
(to):  as,  " admorcd  unto  the  light,"  Covcrdale, 
tr.  of  Erasmus,  1  John  ii.  8. 

admr.     A  contraction  of  administrator. 

admx.     A  contraction  of  administratrix. 

adnascence  (ii<l-nas'(;ns),  n.  [<.  adna.'<cint:  seo 
-cni-c]  Adhesion  of  jiarts  to  each  other  by  the 
whole  surface.     >Syd.  Hoc.  Lex. 

adnascent  (ad-nas'ent),  a.  [<  L.  adnascen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  adnasci,  usually  atina.sci,  full  form  «rf- 
fjnasci,  grow  to,  <  ad,  to,  -1-  '(jna.sri,  usually  iiasci, 
grow,  be  bom:  see  aijniitcaudnasccnt.]  Grow- 
ing to  or  on  something  else. 
Moss,  which  is  an  adnascent  jilant. 

Kvelijn,  .^ylva,  II.  vii.  §  8. 

adnata  (ad-na'tji),  n.  [NL. ;  (1)  fem.  sing.,  (2) 
neut.  pi.  of  L.  adnatus:  see  adnate.]  1.  sing. 
Same  as  tunica  adnata  (which  see,  under  tunica). 
— 2.  pi.  In  :oiil.,  tegumentary  a))pendages,  as 
hair  or  feathers,  or  other  covering  or  growth 
superficially  attached  to  an  animal, 
adnate  (ad'nat),  a.  [<  L.  adnatus,  grown  to, 
pp.  of  adnasci:  see  adnascent,  and  cf.  ai/nutf.] 
In  physiol.  and  bot.,  congeni- 
tally  attached  or  gromi  to- 
gether. See  adnation.  Also 
coadnate,  coadunntc.  coadu- 
nated,  and  con.wlidatcd Ad- 
nate anther,  an  anther  that  is  at- 
tached for  its  whole  length  to  one 
side  of  its  filament. 
adnation  (ad-na'shon),  n.  The 
state  of  being  adnate;  con- 
genital union  of  different  or- 
gans by  their  surfaces,  specifically,  in  bot.,  the 
union  or  adhesion  of  different  circles  of  inrtorescence,  as 
the  calyx-tube  to  the  ovary,  in  distinction  from  coalescence, 
which  denotes  the  union  of  members  of  the  same  circle 
only.  Also  called  consolidation. 
ad  nauseam  (ad  ua'se-am).  [L. :  ad,  to ;  nau- 
seam, ace.  of  nausea  :  see  nausea.]  Literally, 
to  sickness ;  to  disgust ;  to  the  extent  of  excit- 
ing disgust,  especially  the  disgust  which  arises 
from  satiety  or  wearisome  repetition :  as,  state- 
ments  or  coiiijilaints  repeated  ad  nau.seum. 
adner'Val  (ad-nt  r'val),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  ntr- 
rus,  nerve.]  Moving  toward  the  nerve  :  a  term 
applied  to  electrical  cun'ents  jiassingin  a  mus- 
cular fiber  toward  the  point  of  application  of 
a  nerve-fiber. 
adnexed  (ad-neksf),  «•  [<  L-  adncxus,  con- 
nected, +  -cd-.]  In  ?«)/..  anne.xed  or  connected: 
a)>plied  to  the  gills  in  .!</«.'-u-Hswhen  they  reach 
to  the  stem  but  are  not  adnate  to  it. 
adnominal  (ad-nom'i-nal),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "ad- 
nominulis:  seo  adnoun.]  In  gram.,  belonging 
to  or  qualifying  a  noim ;  adjectival. 

The  true  genitive  is  originally  flrfwoninni ;  that  is,  its 

primary  function  is  to  limit  the  meaning  of  a  substantive. 

Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  X^'.  7. 

adnomination  (ad-nom-i-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad- 
nominutio(,i-),  iii/nominiitio{n-),  equiv.  to  Gr. 
n apovoiiacia,  a  pun;  <  ad,  to,  +  nominal e,  name, 
<  nomen  {itomiii-},  a  name.]  A  play  upon  words ; 
paronomasia. 

adnoun  (ad'noim).  H.  [<  L.  ad  +  noun.  Cf. 
L.  adnoinen,  usually  agnomen,  surname:  seo 
agnomen.]  In  (/r««i.,  an  adjective  or  attributive 
word;  an  adjunct  to  a  nomi;  specifically,  ac- 
cording to  some  grammarians,  an  adjective 
used  substantively,  as  the  good,  the  true,  and 
the  beautiful. 

ado  (a-do'j,  n.,  orig.  inf.  [<  ME.  ado,  at  do. 
Nortii.  dial,  equiv.  to  E.  to  do,  the  prep.  at. 
Scand.  at,  being  the  sign  of  the  inf.,  like  to  in 
literary  E.  From  the  use  of  this  inf.  in  phrases 
like  much  ado,  little  ado,  more  ado,  i.  e..  much 
to  do,  etc.,  ado  came  to  be  regarded  as  a  noun 
(  "  ado,  or  grete  bysynesse,  sollicitudo, '' 
Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  7),  qualified  by  much,  little, 
more,  and  hence  later  great,  any,  etc.,  as  an 
adj.  Cf.  affair,  <  OF.  a  faire,  to  do,  a-do.] 
I.t  inf.   1.  'To  do. 


1,  Adnate  Anther. 

2,  Adnate  Stipule. 


ado 

With  thiit  prynce  Must  we  liave  at  do. 

Titwmte;/  MysteriM,  p.  237. 
He  schnllo  hiivo  ado  every  day  with  lieni. 

MandcvUtc,  p.  132. 
I  wonder  what  he  had  ado  in  appearing;  tu  iiu-? 

J.  llwjj.  Tales  (1837),  II.  194. 
2.  In  doing;  being  done. 

Only  an  eager  bustling,  that  ratlier  keeps  ado  tllan  docs 
an>tliiiij;.  Earlc,  Microcosm.,  xxvii.  5S. 

II.  ".  DoinK;  action;  business;  bustle;  trou- 
ble; labor;  difficulty:  as,  to  persuade  one  with 
much  ado. 

Let's  follow,  to  see  the  end  of  this  ado. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  i. 
We  had  much  aiio  to  keepe  ourselves  above  water,  the 
billows  brcalving  desperately  on  our  vessel. 

Eodi/n,  Diary,  Sept.  22,  1641. 

And  what  is  life,  that  we  should  moan  ?  why  make  we 

sucli  ado  .^  Tettnijaon,  May  Queen.  Conclusion. 

'ado.  [Si).  Pg.  -ado,  It.  -ato  =  F.  e,  <  L.  dtics,  m. : 
see  -nfcl.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  the  Spanish 
masculine  form  of  -ade^,  -ate^,  as  in  renegado, 
desperado,  etc.  In  some  words  -ado  is  an  er- 
roneous form  of  -ada,  as  in  bastinado.  See 
-ada. 

adobe  (a-do'ba),  n.  and  a.  [Less  correctly 
adulii,  colloquially  shortened  to  dohic;  <  Sp. 
adobe,  an  unburnt  brick  dried  in  the  sun,  < 
arfoftnr,  daub,  plaster.  Ct.daub.]  I.  n.  1.  The 
Mexican-Spanish  name  of  the  sun-dried  briclc 
in  common  use  in  countries  of  small  rainfall 
and  of  inferior  civilization. 

This  is  a  desolate  town  of  two  thousand  inhabitants 
dwelling  in  low  dilapidated  huts  of  the  most  common 
building  material  in  tlie  Andes  —  adobe,  or  sun-dried  blocks 
of  mud  mingled  with  straw. 

J.  Orton,  Andes  and  Amazon,  p.  40. 

2.  Clay  or  soil  from  which  sun-dried  bricks  are 
made,  or  which  is  suitable  for  making  them. — 

3.  In  the  quicksilver-mines  of  the  Pacific  coast, 
a  brick  made  of  the  finer  ores  rai.xed  with  clay, 
for  more  convenient  handling  in  the  furnace. 

II.  a.  1.  Built  or  made  of  adobes  or  sun- 
dried  bricks. —  2.  Suitable  for  maldng  sun- 
dried  bricks  :  as,  an  adobe  soil. 

adolescence  (ad-o-les'ens),  «.  [<  ME.  adoles- 
cotee,  <  OF.  adolescence,  <  L.  adoleseentia,  tisu- 
B\ly adidesceiitia,  <  adolescen{t-)s,Tisiia\ly  adtdcs- 
ceii{t-)s,  young:  see  adolescent.^  The  state  of 
growing;  specifically,  youth,  or  the  period  of 
life  between  puberty  and  the  full  development 
of  the  frame,  extending  in  man  from  about  the 
age  of  fourteen  years  to  twenty-five,  and  in  wo- 
man from  twelve  to  twenty-one :  applied  almost 
exclusively  to  the  young"  of  the  human  race. 

adolescency  (ad-o-les'en-si),  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  adolescent  or  in  the  growing  ago. 

adolescent  (ad-o-les'ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  late 
ME.  adolescente,  n.,  <  0J\  adolescent,  <  L.  adolcs- 
ccn(t-)s,  usually  adulescen(t-)s,  growing  up,  not 
yet  grown,  young,  a  youth,  prop.  ppr.  (and  as 
such  prop,  written  adolescen{t-)s)  of  adolescere, 
grow  up  (see  adult),  <  ad,  to,  +  olescere,  the  in- 
ceptive form  of  *oUre,  gi'ow,  <  alere,  nourish: 
see  aliment.']  I.  «.  Growing  up;  advancing 
from  childhood  to  manhootl  or  womanhood ; 
youthful. 

.Schools,  unless  discipline  were  doubly  strong. 
Detain  their  adolescent  cliarge  too  long. 

Coxvper,  Tirocinium. 

H.  n.  One  who  is  growing  up ;  a  person  of 
either  sex  during  the  period  of  adolescence. 

adolode  (ad'o-lod),  n.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  iuloc, 
fraud  (see  dolc^,  deceit),  -1-  oJcif,  way.]  An  ap- 
paratus for  detecting  fraud  in  distillation. 

Adonai  (ad-o-na'i  or  a-do'ni),  n.  [Heb.  adondi, 
lit.  '  my  lords,'  <  adon,  lord.  Cf.  Adonis.~i  A 
Hebrew  name  of  God,  reverentially  used  in 
reading  as  a  substitute  for  the  "ineffable  name" 
JHVH,  that  is,  Jehovah.  See  Adonist  and  Je- 
hovah. 

Adonean  (ad-6-ne'an),  a.  [<  L.  Adoneus,  <  Gr. 
'Aiiivitoi:,  <  ':v<5iji>(f,  Adonis.]  Pertaining  to  or 
connected  with  Adonis:  as,  "fair  Adonean 
Venus," /'Vficc. 

Adonia  (a-do'ni-ij),  n.  pi.  [L.,  < Gr.  'Aiuvla, prop. 
ncut.  pi.  of  adj.  '.VtSanJio;,  pertaining  to  'iVtSuwf, 
Adonis.]  A  festival  of  two  days'  duration 
(properly,  the  rites  performed  during  the  fes- 
tival), anciently  celebrated  by  women  in  honor 
of  Adonis,  among  the  Phenicians  and  Greeks. 
The  llrst  day  vv;w  sjtent  in  mourning  and  lamentation,  ancl 
the  second  in  feasting  and  merrymaking,  commemorating 
the  periodical  death  and  return  to  life  of  Adonis,  persorn- 
fying  the  alternation  of  the  seasons  and  the  productive 
foT'ces  in  nature. 

Adonian  (;i-d6'ni-an),  a.    Same  as  Adonic. 

Quevedo  .  .  .  must  have  done  violence  to  his  genius  in 
the  composition  of  ten  short  pieces,  which  he  calls  Eu- 
duchas,  in  Adonian  verse.  Ticlcnor,  Span.  Lit.,  lU.  52. 


80 

Adonic  (a-don'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  as  if  'Adoni- 
cus,  <  Adonis.]  I.  a.  Of  or  i)ertaining  to  Ado- 
nis. See  .((/oHiS,  etymology — Adonic  verse.  .See  II. 
II.  ".  An  Adonic  verse:  so  called,  it  is  .^aid, 
because  used  in  songs  sung  at  the  Adonia,  or 
festival  of  Adonis,  it  consists  of  a  dactyl  and  a  siion- 
dec  or  trochee,  as  ruTil  jiiventu.%  and  on  account  of  its 
animated  movement  is  adapted  to  gay  ami  lively  poetry. 
It  is  seldom  used  by  itself,  but  is  joined  with  other  kinds 
of  ver.se.    It  is  said  to  Iiave  been  devised  by  Sappho. 

Adonis  (a-do'uis),  n.  [<  L.  Adonis,  <  Gr.  "ASavir, 
also  'iVtiui',  in  myth.,  a  favorite  of  Aphrodite 
(Venus);  according  to  the  oldest  tradition,  the 
son  of  Theias,  king  of  Assyria,  and  his  daugh- 
ter MyiTha  or  Smyrna.  He  was  killed  by  a 
wild  boar,  but  was  permitted  by  Zeus  to  pass 
four  months  every  year  in  the  lower  world, 
four  with  Aphrodite,  and  four  whore  he  chose. 
The  name,  like  the  myth,  is  of  Phenician  ori- 
gin, akin  to  Heb.  nJoH,  lord  :  see  Adonai.]  1. 
A  beau;  a  dandy;  an  exquisite:  as,  he  is  quite 
an  Adonis. — 2.  In  hot.,  a  genus  of  European 
plants  belong:ingto  the  natural  orAer  lianuncu- 
lacew.  In  the  corn-adonis,  or  pheasant's-eye,  A.  aulum- 
7iali%  the  petals  are  bright  scarlet,  and  are  considered  as 
emblematical  of  the  blood  of  Adonis,  from  which  the 
plant  is  fal)led  to  have  sprung. 
3t.  [J.  c]  A  kind  of  wig  formerly  worn. 
lie  puts  on  a  fine  flowing  adonis  or  white  periwig, 

li.  Graces;,  .Spirit.  Quixote,  III.  xi.\. 

Adonist  (a-do'nist),  n.  [<  Heb.  adondi  (see 
Adonai)  +  -ist.]  One  who  maintained  that  the 
vowel-points  ordinarily  written  inider  the  con- 
sonants of  the  Hebrew  word  JHVH  (pronounced 
since  the  sixteenth  century,  except  among  the 
Jews,  Jehovah)  aro  not  the  natural  points  be- 
longing to  that  word,  but  aro  vowel-points  be- 
longing to  the  words  Adonai  and  Elohim  ;  these 
words  are  substituted  in  reading  by  the  Jews 
for  the  name  JHVH,  a  name  which  they  aro 
forbidden  to  utter,  and  the  true  pronunciation 
of  which  is  lost.  Those  persons  who  hold  the 
opposite  view  were  teiined  Jchovists. 

adonize  (ad'o-niz),  v.  t.  [=F.  adoniscr;  < 
Adonis,  q.  v.,  +  -izc.]  To  make  beautiful  or  at- 
tractive ;  adorn  one's  self  with  the  view  of  at- 
tracting admiration :  said  only  of  men.  [Rare.] 
I  employed  three  good  hours  at  least  in  adjusting  and 
adonlziiig  myself.  Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  III.  41S. 

adoorsf  (a-dorz'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [A  reduced 
form  of  both  of  doors  and  at  doors,  as  in  the 
phrases  out  of  doors,  out  o'  doors,  forth  a  doors, 
and  in  a  doors,  in  at  doors:  see  a-3,  a-^,  and 
door.]    At  doors ;  at  the  door. 

If  I  get  in  a-doors,  not  the  power  o'  th"  country, 
Nor  all  ray  aunt's  curses  shall  disembogue  me. 

Fletcher  and  .Shirley,  Night-Walker,  v.  1. 

adopt  (a-dopf),  V.  [<  F.  adopter,  <  L.  adoptare, 
adopt,  choose,  iad,  to,  +  optarc,  wish:  see  07)- 
tatire.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  choose  for  or  take  to 
one's  self;  make  one's  own  by  selection  or  as- 
sent ;  receive  or  agree  to  as  a  personal  belong- 
ing or  opinion:  as,  to  adopt  a  name  or  an  idea; 
an  adopted  citizen  or  country ;  the  meeting 
adopted  the  resohitiou. 

Tell  me,  may  not  a  king  adopt  an  heir  ? 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  W.,  i.  1. 
I  have  adopted  the  Koman  sentiment,  that  it  is  more 
honourable  to  save  a  citizen  than  to  kill  an  enemy. 

Johnson,  I'ref.  to  Shak. 
Men  resist  the  conclusion  in  the  morning,  but  adopt 
it  as  the  evening  wears  on,  that  temper  prevails  over 
everything  of  time,  place,  and  condition. 

Emerson,  Experience. 
2.  Specifically,  to  admit  into  a  relation  of  af- 
filiation ;  confer  the  rights  or  privileges  of  kin- 
ship upon,  as  ono  who  is  not  naturally  related 
or  connected  ;  especially,  to  receive  and  treat 
as  a  child  or  member  of  one's  family,  etc.:  as, 
the  orphans  were  adopted  by  friends.  See  adop- 
tion, '2. — 3.  To  take  or  receive  into  any  kind  of 
new  relationshii):  as,  to  adopt  a  person  as  an 
heir,  or  as  a  friend,  guide,  or  example. 
Titus,  I  am  incorporate  in  Rome, 
A  Koman  now  adopted  happily. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  2. 
Strangers  were  very  rarely  adopted  into  a  right  of  prop- 
erty in  clan  land  in  the  early  time. 

D.  W.  Ross,  German  Land-holding,  p.  73. 

II.  intrans.  In  euchre,  to  play  with  the  suit 
turned  up  for  trumps  :  a  privilege  of  the  dealer. 

adoptability  (a-dop-ta-bil'i-ti),  n.;  pi.  adopta- 
bilities {-tiz).  The  state  of  being  adoptable;  the 
capability  of  being  adopted ;  that  which  can  be 
adopted  or  made  use  of :  as,  "the  select  nrfo/.ito- 
biUties."  Carlyle,  Past  and  Present,  11.  xvii. 

adoptable  (a-dop'ta-bl),  a.  [<  adojit  +  -alilc.] 
Capable  of  being  adopted  ;  fit  or  worthy  to  be 
adopted. 

The  Liturgy  or  adoptable  and  generally  adopted  set  of 
prayers.  Carlyle,  Past  and  Present,  II.  xvii. 


adorable 

adoptant  (a-dop'tant),  a.  and  ii.  [<F.  adoptant, 
<L.  udoplan(t-)8,  ijpr.  of  adoptare:  see  adopt.] 

1.  «.  Adopting. 

II.  n.  One  who  adopts  a  child  or  thing  as  his 

own. 
adoptatet  (a-dop'tat),  v.  t.    [<  Ii.  adoptatus,  pp. 

>i(  uilo/ilarc :  am:  adopt.]     To  ailopt. 
adoptative  (a-dop'ta-tiv),  a.     [<  L.  adoptatus, 

pp.  of  adopdare  (see  adopt),  +  -ivc.]     Same  as 

adojilirc.     [Rare.] 
adoptedlyt  (.a-dop'ted-li),  adv.    By  adoption. 

Lurio.  Is  she  your  cousin? 

Jsab.  Adoptedlo,  as  school-maids  change  their  names. 

Shak.,  .M.  for  .M.,  i.  5. 

adopter  (a-dop't^r),  n.    One  who  or  that  which 

adopts. 

adoptian  (a-dop'shan),  a.  [<  ML.  Adoptiani, 
the  adoptian  heretics,  irreg.  <  L.  adoptare  :  see 
adopt.]  In  throl.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  doc- 
trine of  adoption — Adoptlaa  controversy.     Sec 

*iilo/itii'nisin. 

adoptianism  (a-dop'shan-izm),  n.     [<  adoptian 

+  -ism.]     Same  as  adojitionism. 

The  recantation  was  probably  insincere,  for  on  return* 
ing  to  his  diocese  he  [Felix,  bisllop  of  frgel]  taught  adop- 
tianism  as  before.  Encyc.  Urit.,  I.  10.'1. 

adoptianist  (a-dop'shan-ist),  n.     [<  adoptian  + 

-ist.]     Same  as  adoptionist. 

It  was  under  this  pontificate  (Leo  III.]  that  Felix  of 
t-'rgel,  tlie  adoptianist,  was  anathematized  by  a  Roman 
synod.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  441). 

adoption  (a-dop'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adoptio{n-),  a 
shorter  form  oiadopt<itio(n-),  (.adoptare,  adopt: 
see  adopt.]  1.  The  act  of  adopting  or  taking 
as  one's  o^vn ;  a  choosing  for  use,  or  Ijy  way  of 
preference  or  approval;  assumption;  formal 
acceptance :  as,  the  adoption  of  a  distinctive 
dress;  he  favored  the  adoption  of  the  bill;  the 
adoption  of  a  new  word  into  a  language. 

The  adoption  of  vice  has  ruined  ten  times  more  young 
men  than  natural  inclinations.  Lord  Chesterfield. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  into  an  affiliated  relation ; 
admission  to  some  or  all  of  the  privileges  of 
natural  kinship  or  membership:  as,  the  adoption 
of  a  child ;  adoption  into  a  tribe ;  a  son  by  adop- 
tion. Simple  adoption  of  a  child  extends  only  to  his 
treatment  as  a  member  of  the  household  ;  legal  adoption 
may  confer  upon  him  any  or  all  of  the  rights  of  actual  re- 
lationship. In  the  absence  of  any  legally  assumed  tibli- 
gation,  an  adapted  child  is  not  in  law  deemed  a  relative 
of  the  adopting'  parent,  and  does  not  inherit  as  such,  and 
the  aduiitiiig  parent  acquires  no  other  authority  than  that 
which  alfeclion  or  the  consent  of  the  natural  parent  may 
give.  The  civil  or  statute  laws  of  most  countries  strictly 
regulate  the  principles  of  legal  adoption  with  reference  to 
its  limitation,  the  i-ights  of  natural  heirs,  etc. 

3.  In  thcoL,  that  act  of  divine  grace  by  which, 
through  Christ,  those  who  have  been  justified 
"  are  taken  into  the  number  and  enjoy  the  lib- 
erties and  privileges  of  the  children  of  God." 
West.  Conf.  of  Faith,  xii. 

But  ye  have  received  the  .Spirit  of  adoption,  whereby  we 
cry,  Abba,  Father.  Ilom.  viii,  1&. 

adoptional  (a-dop'shon-al),  a.     [<  adoption  + 

-al.]     Relating  to  adoption. 

adoptionism  (a-dop'shon-izm),  n.  IKadoption 
+  -ism.]  In  tiicol.,  the  doctrine  that  Christ  is 
the  Son  of  God  by  adoption  only,  it  was  held 
that,  as  the  son  of  David,  he  had  simply  a  human  nature, 
which  afterward  by  an  act  of  adoption  became  united 
with  the  divine  nature,  or  the  eternal  Word.  This  doc- 
trine, though  not  unknown  in  the  early  church,  was  first 
distinctly  propounded  in  Spain  near  the  end  of  the  eighth 
century  by  Felix,  bishop  of  I'rgel,  and  Elipandus,  arch- 
bishop of  Toledo.  It  was  opposed  by  .\lcuin,  and  con- 
<lemned  by  three  councils,  at  Katisbon  in  792,  at  Frank- 
fort in  734,  and  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  about  799.  Also  writ- 
ten adoptianitm.  ■ 

adoptionist  (a-dop'shon-ist),  n.  [<  adoption  + 
-/.s■^]  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  adoption- 
ism.    Also  written  ado}>tianist. 

adoptioust  (a-dop'shus),  a.  [<  adoption  -t-  -ons. 
Cf.  amhitiuus,  ambition.]  Adoptive;  adopted 
or  assumed. 

Pretty,  fond,  adoptions  Christendoms, 

Shak.,  Alls  Well.  i.  1. 

adopti'Ve  (a-dop'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  adojitivu.i,  <  adop- 
tare:  see  adopt.]  1.  Fitted  for  or  given  to  adopt- 
ing: as,  a  receptive  and  (((/op/ice  language. — 2. 
Constituted  by  ailoption  ;  adopting  or  adopted : 
as,  an  (Kfo^j/i'i'e  father  or  son. —  3.  Assumed:  as, 
"ailoptirc  and  cheerfid  boldness,"  J/i'/^o/i,  Rcf. 
in  Eng.,  i.— Adoptive  arms,  in  her.,  arms  which  the 
adopter  is  obliged  to  marshal  with  his  own,  as  the  condi- 
tion of  son)e  honor  or  estate  left  him. 

adoptively  (a-dop'tiv-li),  adr.  In  an  adoptive 
iiKiniicr;  by  way  of  adoption. 

adorability  (a-dor-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  adorable: 
see  -hility.]  The  quality  of  being  adorable. 
Coleridfje. 

adorable  (a-dor'a-bl),  a.  [<  F.  adorable,  <  L. 
aitoraliiliSiiadordre,  adoTo:  seeadorc^.]    1.  De- 


adorable 

manding  adoration;  worthy  of  beiiit;  adored; 
■worthy  of  divine  honors. 

There  aru  tlms*;  who  have  treated  tho  history  of  Abra- 
ham as  ail  iistroiinmiciil  record,  and  have  spoken  of  oin- 
adorable  Saviour  aa  tho  sun  in  Aries. 

./.  //.  Ncivman,  (iram.  of  Assent,  p.  'M\4. 

2.  Wortliy  of  llio  utmost  love  oradmiration:  as, 
she  is  an  (ulorahle  creature;  an  luiorablc  statue. 
When  he  |the  pope)  touched,  as  he  did  tn-ielly.  on  tlie 
miHfortunes  of  the  church,  an  adoraUr  lire  eaine  into  Iiis 
eyes.  T.  li.  Aldrich,  Ponkapoy;  to  Pesth,  p.  lU. 

adorableness  (a-dor'a-bl-nes),  n.     Tho  quality 

of  l.'fdn^  iidorable,  or  worthy  of  adoration. 
adorably  (a-dOr'a-bli),  adv.     In  a  manner  woi- 

thy  of  adonition. 
adoral  (ad-o'ral),  a.      [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  o.i  {or-), 
tuouth,  +  -«/;  after  ahoral.']     In  cool.,  situated 
at  or  near  tho  mouth;  being  relatively  towai-d 
the  mouth :  the  opposite  of  aboral. 

They  \llaltviiif]  have  a  spiral  adoral  wreatli  of  cilia  for 
swimming.  Stand.  Nat.  //(>/.,  1.  4;j. 

The  object  of  tlie  uiii<iue,  one-sided  arraiijienient  of  tlie 
adoral  cilia  is  to  direct  food-particles  to  the  mouth. 

Amer.  Jour,  o/ Sci,  3d  ser.,  XXIX.  :i28. 

adorally  (ad-o'ral-i),  adv.     Toward  or  in  the 

diro<-tion  of  tho  mouth. 
adoration  (ad-o-ra'shou),  n.  [<  F.  adoration,  < 
L.  adoratio{H-),  <  adorare :  see  adore'^.']  1.  The 
act  of  paying  honors,  as  to  a  divine  being ;  wor- 
ship addressed  to  a  deity ;  the  supreme  worship 
duo  to  God  alone.  [Sometimes  used  specifically  of 
words  addressed  to  the  Deity  e.xpressive  of  a  sense  of  his 
infinite  lioliiiess  and  perfection.]  In  the  Rom.  Catli.  Ch., 
adoration  is  applied  to  any  one  of  three  kinds  of  worship 
(tliouKh  pni]u  rl\  only  to  the  fli"st),  namely:  latria,  or  wor- 
sliip  due  to  Ciod  alone ;  didia,  or  the  secondary  woi-slup  ijuid 
to  angels  and  saints  directly,  or  through  the  veneration  nf 
relics  and  ima:^'es;  and  hyperdtdia,  the  higher  worship 
paid  to  the  Virgin  Mary.  The  saints  and  the  Virgin  are 
adored  as  the  friends  of  God,  having  intercessory  power 
with  him. 

Lowly  reverent 

Towards  either  throne  they  bow,  and  to  the  ground 

With  solemn  adoration  down  they  cast 

Their  crowns.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ili.  351. 

Knowledge  is  the  fire  of  adoration,  adoration  is  the  gate 
of  knowledge.        Bushnell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  103. 

They  (Indiansl  iicrform  fhtir  adoration!^  and  conjura- 
tions in  the  miu-nd  lan^'iiav^e  lufuri.-  .spoken  of,  as  the 
Catholics  of  all  nations  dutlieir  mass  in  tlie  Latin. 

Bfvcrlcj/,  Virginia,  iii.  If  31. 

2.  Homage,  or  an  act  of  homage,  paid  to  one  in 
high  place  or  held  in  high  esteem;  profound 
reverence ;  the  utmost  respect,  regard,  or  es- 
teem ;  the  highest  degree  of  love,  as  of  a  man 
for  a  woman;  heart's  devotion, 

Oli.  How  does  he  love  me? 

Vio.  With  adorations,  with  fertile  tears, 
With  groans  that  thunder  love,  with  sighs  of  fire. 

Shah:,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

3.  In  art  and  archwol. :  {a)  A  representation  of 
the  adoration  of  the  infant  Jesus  by  the  magi  or 
the  shepherds,  {b) 
A  representation 
of  the  worship  of 
an  ancient  dign- 
ity, of  the  deified 
dead,  or  of  a  king 
or  an  emperor. 
In  Latin,  adoratio. 
Such  representations 
are  common  in  (ireek 
vase-paintings  and  fu- 
neral sculptures,  and 
in  Roman  reliefs  and 
medals.  The  ancient 
adoration  is  usually 
characterizeil  Ity  the 
gesture  of  raising  tlie 
right  hand,  particu- 
larly with  the  thumb 
laid  nn  tho  tli-st  finger;  though  it  is  sometimes  exhibited, 
chielly  ill  Oriental  examples,  in  a  prostrate  position. 

4.  A  metliod  of  electing  a  pope.     See  extract. 

The  third  way  of  creating  Popes  is  by  Adoration,  which 
Is  perform'd  in  this  manner  :  That  Cardinal  who  .  .  . 
desires  to  favour  any  other  Cardinal  .  .  .  puts  himself 
before  him  in  the  Chappel,  and  makes  him  a  low  Rever- 
ence ;  and  when  it  falls  out  that  two  thirds  of  the  Cardi- 
nals do  the  same,  the  Pope  is  then  understood  to  be  created. 
G.  II.,  tr.  of  Hist.  Cardinals,  IIL  2SC.  (X.  E.  D.) 
Adoration  of  the  blessed  sacrament,  in  the  R^m. 

Cath.  VI,..  supri-nie  worship  {hjtrin)  paid  to  tlie  euelmrist. 
"Catliolii  -;  |.:iy  to  tile  eiirhavist  .  .  .  wlurevcr  if  may  be 
present  that  supnnie  wui-sbip  which  is  due  to  God  alone." 
CatK  Diet.  (1S84),  p.  321.  Religious  communities  of  wo- 
men  for  the  perpetual  adoration  of  the  blessed  sacrament 
have  been  foumled  at  various  times,  the  first  by  Aiuie 
of  Austria,  mother  <if  jAtuis  XIV.— Adoration  of  the 
cross,  in  the  Rmn.  Cath.  Ch.,  that  part  of  the  service  on 
Good  Kriiiay,  following  the  prayers,  in  which  the  cross  is 
exposed  to  view  and  "adored"  by  clergy  and  people. 
Adoration  of  the  host,  in  the  celebration  of  the  mass, 
the  silent  worship  pai<t  by  the  eonL.'regation,  kneeling,  at 
the  elevation  of  the  host.  See  hnsf-^.  Adoration  of  the 
pope,  a  mark  of  homage  paid  to  the  p"pe  iiiuindialily 
after  Ids  election,  by  kissing  the  gulden  cross  on  the  saiida! 
worn  on  his  right  foot  Canlinals  also  kiss  his  right  hand, 
receiving  in  return  the  kiss  of  peace.  The  ceremony  is 
6 


An  ancient  Aikirdlnm. —  C 
sus  Struck  under  Hacrinus; 
scum.     ( Size  of  the  orij^inal.) 


81 

four  times  repented ;  the  first  two  adorations  take  place 
in  tho  conclave  itself,  the  third  in  the  Sisthie  chapel,  an<l 
the  fourth  in  St.  I'eter's,  wliere  the  homage  of  the  people 
is  received. 

adoratory  (a-dor'a-to-ri),  ». ;  pi.  adoratorirs 
(-ri/,).  [<  ML.  adoratorium,  explained  as  *'an 
undergi'ound  place  where  the  Indians  sacrifice 
to  their  gods  and  departed  ancestors,"  <  L.  ado- 
rare^  adore  :  see  adorc^  and  oratory.^  A  |>lace 
of  worship  j  especially,  a  pagan  temple  or  place 
of  sacrifice.     [Rare.] 

adore^  (u-dor'),  v.  •  pret.  and  pp.  adored,  ppr. 
ndorintj.  [<  ilK.  adounu,  < OF.  adourcVj  adorer 
(earlier  ME.  aouroi,  <  OF.  aourcr,  aiirer,  aorcr)j 
mod.  F,  «c/orcr=Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  adorar=\i.  adorare^ 
adore,  <  L.  adorare,  speak  to,  address,  beseech, 
pray  to,  adore,  worship,  <  ad,  to,  +  orare,  sjieak, 
pray,  <  os  {or~),  the  mouth :  see  oral,']    I.  irons. 

1.  To  worship;  pay  supremo  reverence  to;  ad- 
(U'esa  in  pray fr  and  thanksgiving;  pay  diWne 
honors  to ;  honor  as  divine. 

llishops  and  priests  .  .  .  bearing  the  host,  which  he 
publicly  adored.  Smollett,  Xlist.  Eng.,  an.  1089. 

God  shall  be  all  in  all.  But,  all  ye  gods. 
Adore  him,  who  to  corai)jiss  all  this  dies ; 
Adore  the  Son,  and  honour  him  as  me. 

Milton,  v.  L.,  iii.  312. 

2.  To  honor  and  regard  in  a  very  high  degree  ; 
regard  with  tho  utmost  esteem,  love,  and  re- 
spect. 

The  people  appear  adoring  their  prince.   Tatler,  No.  57. 

Tims,  Madam,  in  the  luidst  of  crowds,  you  reign  in  soli- 
tude ;  and  are  adored  with  the  deepest  veneration,  that  of 
silence.  Vnjden,  Ded.  of  State  of  Innocence. 

When  he  who  adores  thee  has  left  but  the  name 
Of  Ids  faults  and  his  follies  behind.  Moore,  Irish  Mel. 
=  Sjm.  Adore,  Worship,  Reverence,  Venerate,  Revere,  idol- 
ize, deify,  pay  homage  to.  Adore  and  worship,  when  not  ap- 
plied exclusively  to  God  or  gods,  are  manifestly  Ii>'perboli- 
cal :  as,  he  worshiped  the  gi'ound  she  trod  on.  Tlie  others 
seem  literal  when  applied  to  men,  places,  or  things. 
Adore  and  worship  are  applied  primarily  to  acts  and 
words  of  liomage ;  the  others  are  not.  None  of  them 
primarily  includes  the  idea  of  intercessory  prayer.  .-1  dore 
is  the  noblest  of  the  words.  To  worship  is  to  pay  homage 
by  outward  forms  or  in  customary  places:  "A  man  of 
Ethiopia  .  .  .  had  come  to  Jerusalem  for  to  tvorship." 
Acts  viii.  27.  In  the  Bible  worship  is  used  to  express  also 
extreme  manifestations  of  respect  paid  to  men:  "As 
Peter  was  coming  in,  Cornelius  met  him,  and  fell  down 
at  his  feet,  and  worshipped  him."  Acts  x.  25.  Reverence 
is  upon  a  i)laiie  a  little  different  from  that  of  vetierate, 
there  being  sometimes  more  fear  suggested  by  the  former 
and  more  sacredness  by  the  latter.  We  should  reverence 
position,  ability,  and  character;  we  should  venerate  old 
age.  Revere  differs  from  revereiice  chiefly  in  suggesting 
rather  less  solemnity  or  awe. 

It  [worship]  is  also  an  act  of  the  will,  whereby  tHe  soul 
adores  and  rererences  his  majesty.  .  .  .  We  must  worshijf 
God  understandingly ;  it  is  not  else  a  reasonable  service. 
Ckamock,  Attributes. 

Fall  down  and  dy  before  her ; 
So  dying  live,  and  living  do  adore  her. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  xiv. 
I  love  Quaker  ways  and  Quaker  worship,  I  venerate  the 
Quaker  principles.  Lamb,  Elia. 

A  foolish  world  is  prone  to  laugh  in  public  at  what  in 
private  it  reveres  as  one  of  the  highest  impulses  of  our  na- 
ture ;  namely,  love.  Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iii.  S. 

II.  intrans.  To  perform  an  act  of  worship; 
bo  filled  with  adoration,  reverence,  or  reveren- 
tial admiration. 

If  the  stars  should  appear  one  night  in  a  thousand  yeai-s, 
how  would  men  believe  and  adore!         Emerson,  Nature. 

Litanies,  chanted  day  and  night  by  adoring  hearts. 

De  Quinccij,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

adore^t  (a-dor'),  i'.  t.  [A  poet,  perversion  of 
adorn ;  perhaps  only  in  the  two  passages  quoted.  ] 
To  gild ;  adorn. 

Like  to  the  hore 
Congealed  litle  drops  which  doe  the  morne  adore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV'.  xi,  46. 

Armlets  for  great  queens  to  adore. 

Fletcher  and  Massinger,TAdtir  Brother,  iv.  3.   (X.  E.  D.) 

adorementt  (a-dor'ment),  «.    Adoration  ;  wor- 

shij). 
Adnroncnt  of  cats,  lizards,  and  beetles. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  i.  X 

adorer  (a-dor'er),  w.     [<  adore'^  +  -cri.]     One 
who  adores.      (fz)One  who  worships  or  honors  as  divine. 
(^)One  who  esteems  or  respects  highly;  a  lover;  an  ad- 
mirer. 
I  profess  myself  her  adorer,  not  her  friend. 

Shak\,  Cymbeline,  i.  ^. 

adoring  (a-dor'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  adore'^.'] 
An  ael  of'adoration,  or  one  of  homage  paid  ))y 
a  lover. 

And  soft  adorings  from  their  loves  receive. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  vi. 

adoringly  ( a-dor 'ing-li),  adr.  "With  adoration. 
adorn  (a-d6rn'),  V.  t.     [<  ME.  adorncn,  adourncn, 

<  OF.  adorner,  adourner  (earlier  ME.  aourncn, 

aortwn,(.  OF.  aourner,  aiirner,  aorner),  mod.  F. 

adorner  =  Sp.  Pg.  adornar  =  It,  adornar<\  <  L. 

adornarcj  <  ad,  to,  +  ornare,  deck,  beautify;  see 


adorsed 

ornalr.']  1.  To  beautify  or  decorate;  increase 
or  lend  beauty  or  attractiveness  to,  as  by  dress 
or  ornaments ;  hence,  in  general,  to  render 
pleasing,  or  more  pleasing  or  attractive;  em- 
bellish. 
A  bride  adorneth  herself  with  her  Jewels.  Is*.  Ixi.  10. 
Virtue  adom'd  his  mind,  triumph  his  brf)w. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 
He  left  the  name  at  which  the  world  grew  pale, 
To  point  a  moral,  or  adorn  a  tale. 

Johnson,  Van.  of  Hum.  Wi.shes,  L  222. 

2.  To  display  the  beauty  or  excellence  of:  as, 
to  *Widorn  the  doctrine  of  God,"  Tit.  ii.   10. 

=  Syn.  Adorn,  (irnament,  Decorate,  Emhcllixh,  Bcaiiti/y, 
Dech-j  A  rray.  grace,  garnish,  bedeck,  set  ojf.  (See  decorate.) 
The  italicized  words,  except  deck  and  array,  are  expressive 
of  the  attempt  to  add  or  increase  beauty.  Adorn  lias  the 
most  nobleness  and  spirituality;  it  is  the  least  extemah 
Garments  that  adorn  a  woman  seem  a  part  of  her  person- 
ality and  bring  out  her  comeliness;  many  virtues  adorn  his 
character;  the  hall  was  adoriwd  with  the  jmrtraits  of  their 
ancestors.  In  these  examples,  no  other  word  in  the  list 
is  high  enough  or  near  enough  Ui  take  the  place  of  ad»rn. 
Ornament  and  decorate  express  the  addition  of  sometlnng 
external,  which  still  preserves  its  separate  character  and 
may  perliaps  be  easily  removed.  Ornament,  as  kinilred 
to  adorn,  is  nearer  to  its  meaning ;  decorate  expresses  that 
which  is  more  showy:  ornamented  with  pictures;  the 
bare  walls  were  decorated  for  the  occasion  with  tlags  and 
wreaths.  Both  express  the  adding  of  beauty  to  that 
which  was  deJicient  in  it  before.  Endielli-<h  implies  jire- 
vious  beauty,  to  whiih  luster  or  brilliancy  is  added  by 
something  wlneb  pM  Imps  liecomes  a  part  of  the  original : 
as,  a  book  emhidislfii  with  plates;  a  style  embellished 
with  figures  of  speech.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  of 
over-ornamentation.  Beautify  is  the  most  direct  in  its 
expression  of  the  general  idea.  Of  the  first  Hve  words, 
decorate  is  the  least  often  used  figuratively ;  decorated 
speech  is  speech  in  which  the  ornaments  have  no  vital 
connection  or  harmony  with  the  thought,  so  that  tliey  seem 
merely  ornamental.  Deck  is  to  cover,  and  hence  to  cover 
in  a  way  to  please  the  eye:  as,  decked  with  Ilowers.  Array 
is  used  especially  of  covering  with  splendid  dress,  the 
meaning  being  extended  from  persons  to  animals,  etc.: 
the  fields  were  arrayed  in  green. 

But  tliat  which  fairest  is,  but  few  behold, 
Her  mind  adomd  with  vertues  manifold. 

Spen»er,  Sonnets,  xv. 

A  whimsical  fashion  now  prevailed  among  the  ladies, 
of  strangely  ornanientinxj  their  faces  with  abundance  of 
black  patches  cut  into  grotesque  forms. 

1.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  311. 
Ivy  climbs  the  crumbling  hall 
To  decorate  decay.  Bailey,  Festua. 

We  are  to  dignify  to  each  other  the  daily  needs  and  of- 
fices of  man's  life,  and  embellish  it  by  courage,  wisdom, 
and  unity.  Emerson,  Friemlship. 

Nature  has  laid  out  all  her  art  in  beautifi/ing  the  face. 
Addison,  Spectator,  No.  93. 

And,  with  new  life  from  sun  and  kindly  showers, 
With  beauty  deck  the  meadow  and  the  hill. 

Joneg  Very,  Foems,  p.  90. 

Even  Solomon  in  all  his  glory  was  not  arrayed  like  oiio 

of  these  [liliesl.  Mat  vi.  29. 

adornf  (a-dom')?  »•     [=It.  Sp.  adorno,  orna- 
ment; fi'om  the  verb.]     Ornament. 
Her  brest  all  naked,  as  nett  yvory 
Without  adome  of  gold  or  silver  bright. 

Spenser,  V.  ^^,  HI.  xii.  20. 

adornf  (a-dom').  «•  [^  It-  adomo,  short  form  of 
adornato  (=:  Sp,  Pg.  adornodo),  \^\*.  of  adornare, 
<  L.  adornare :  see  adornatc,  adorn,  r.]  Adorn- 
ed; decorated. 

.Made  so  adorn  for  thy  delight.     Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  570. 
adornatet  (a-dor'nat),  r.  i.     [<  L.  adoniatus,  pp. 
of  adornare  :  see  adorn,  r.]     To  adorn. 
To  adornate  gardens  with  the  fairnesse  thereof. 

Frampton,  p.  3X 

adornationf  (ad-6r-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*ad(irnatin{n-),  <  adornare^  pp.  adornatus:  see 
adorn,  v.]     Ornament. 

Memory  is  the  soul's  treasury,  and  thence  she  hath  her 
garments  of  adornation. 

Wits'  Cmnmonwealth,  p.  81. 

adorner  (a-d6r'ncr),  n.     One  who  adorns, 
adorning  (a-d6r'ning)j  «.     Ornament;  decora- 
tion. 

Whose  adorninq  let  it  not  be  that  outward  adorning  of 

plaiting'  the  hair, 'and  of  wearing  of  gold,  or  of  putting  on 

of  apparel.  1  I't^t.  iii.  :t. 

adorningly  (a-dor'ning-li),  adv.     By  adorning; 

in  an  adorning  manner. 
adornment  (a-d6m'ment),  n.     [<  ME.  adourn- 
ment,  <  OF.  adournement,  adornemcnt  (earlier 
ME.  aournemcnt,  aornemenl,  <  OF.  aonrncment), 
mod.  F.  adornemcnt :  see  adorn  and  -nient.]    An 
adorning;  that  which  adorns ;  ornament. 
I  will  write  all  ilown: 
Sueb  ami  such  pictures:  — There  the  window:  Such 
The  adornment  of  her  bed.         Shak.,  Cyndieline,  ii.  2. 

adorsed  (a-dorsf).  P-  <^-  [Also  written  ad- 
dorsrd,  a  restored  form  of  adosscd, 
addossed,  <  F.  adossc,  pp.  of  adosser, 
set  back  to  back  (<  a,  to,  +  dos, 
<  L.  dorsum,  the  back),  +  -ed^.'] 
T  TV.I  >,  Placed  back  to  back,  in  her.,  applied 
Adoned         to  any  two  animals,  birds,  fishes,  or  other 


adorsed 

bearing  placed  back  tn  back  :  opposed  to  affronts.  Equiv- 
nb'iit  forms  are  addorjffd,  adoxscd,  adosai,  (ulo*ti^,  and  i«- 

adosculation  (ad-os-ku-la'shpn),  «.  [<  L.  as 
if  'iHlo/<ciilatit>{»-),  <a(l6sculari,  kiss,  <(«/,  to,  + 
oscH/ori,  kiss:  see  ().sr»/fl/r.]  I.  In  jihiisivl.,im- 
pregftation  by  external  ooutaet  merely,  as  in 
most  fishes,  iiud  not  by  intromission. —  2.  In 
hot. :  {(i)  The  impregnation  of  plants  by  the  fall- 
ing of  the  pollen  on  the  pistils.  (I/)  The  inser- 
tion of  one  jiart  of  a  i)lant  into  another.    [Rare.] 

adoss§,  adossee  (a-dos-ii'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  ados- 
,s(  )■  ■  >0L' iiiliir.icil.'i     In  hi  >:,  siimo  as  adorsed. 

adossed  (a-dosf),  n.     In  /»■;•.,  same  as  adorsed. 

adowma-'loim').  ailv.  (orig. prep,  phr.)  and  prep. 
[<ME.  iidouii,  atliiii,  adoune,  adune,  odune,  <  AS. 
ddune.  adv.  and  (rarely)  prep.,  orig.  prep,  phr., 
of  di'iiw,  down,  downward,  lit.  oJJ'  the  down  or 
hill:  of.  pre[>.,  off,  from;  <lu)u;  dat.  of  di'iii, 
down:"  see  doiiiA.  >i.  The  adv.  and  preji.  doicn 
is  a  short  form  of  adoinu']  I.  adc.  From  a 
higlier  to  a  lower  part ;  downward ;  down ;  to 
or  on  the  groimd. 
Thrise  did  she  sinke  adowne.     Spniser,  F.  Q.,  I.  rii.  24. 

Of  braided  blooms  unmown.  which  crept 
Adi>wn  to  where  the  water  slept. 

'fenni/mn,  Recol.  of  Ar.  Nights,  St.  3. 

II.  prep.  1 .  From  a  higher  to  a  lower  situa- 
tion ;  down  :  implying  descent. 

Adown  her  shoulders  fell  her  length  of  hair.       Dryden. 

Star  after  star  looked  palely  in  and  sank  adoicn  the  sky. 
Whittier,  Cassandra  Southwick. 

2.  From  top  to  bottom  of;  along  the  length 

of ;  downward  ;  aU  along. 

Full  well  'tis  known  adown  the  dale, 
Tho"  passing  strange  indeed  the  tale. 

Percy  8  Rellqueg,  I.  iii.  14. 

Adoxa  (a-dok'sa),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ddofof,  with- 
out glory,  <  a-  priv.  +  66^a,  glory :  see  doxologi/.~\ 
A  genus"  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Capri- 
foliacea'.  The  only  species,  A.  MoschateWna  Oiollow- 
root),  is  a  little  inconspicuous  plant,  4  or  5  inches  high, 
found  in  woods  and  moist  shady  places  in  the  cooler  re- 
gions of  the  northern  hemisphere.  The  pale-green  flowers 
have  a  musky  smell,  whence  its  common  name  of  mos- 
chatel. 

adoze  (a-doz'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  «3, 
prep..  +  f/o-c]     In  a  doze  or  dozing  state. 

adpao  (ad'pou),  n.  [E.  Ind.,  <  ad.  ad  (cerebral 
d)  =  Hind,  or,  dr.  a  prefix  implying  deviation 
or  inferiority,  +  Hind.,  etc.,  2>ai(ird,  pdo,  a 
quarter,  a  weight,  the  quarter  of  a  ser.]  An 
East  Indian  weight,  equal  in  some  places  to  a 
little  less,  and  in  others  to  a  little  more,  than 
4  lbs.  avoii'dupois. 

ad  patres  (ad  pa'trez).  [L. :  ad,  to;  patres, 
ace.  111.  of  pater  =  E.  father.']  Literally,  to  the 
fathers ;  gathered  to  one's  fathers,  that  is,  dead. 

adpress  (ad-pres'),  i\  t.  [<  L.  adpresstts,  pp.  of 
ad/iriiiiere,  <  ad,  to,  +  premere,  press.]  To  lay 
flat ;  press  closely  (to  or  together). 

Birds  when  frightened,  as  a  general  rule,  closely  «d- 
pvess  all  their  feathei's.    Datwin,  E.vpress.  of  Emot.,  p.  100. 

A  most  artfully  coloured  spider  lying  on  its  back,  with 
its  feet  crossed  over  and  closely  adpresged  to  its  body. 

H.  0.  Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  G4. 

adpressed  (ad-presf),  p.  a.  In  hot.,  growing 
parallel  to  and  in  contact  with  the  stem,  with- 
out adhering  to  it,  as  leaves  or  branches.  Also 
written  oppressed. 

adpromissor  (ad-pro-mis'or),  n.  [L.,  <  adpro- 
mittcre,  promise  in  addition  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  jiro- 
mittere,  promise  :  see  jtromise.]  In  Itom.  law, 
a  surety  for  another ;  security  ;  bail. 

ad  quod  damnum  (ad  kwod  dam'uum).  [L., 
to  what  damage :  orf,to;  quod='E.  irhat :  dam- 
uiim.  damage.]  In  lau;  the  title  of  a  writ  (1) 
ordering  the  sheriff  to  inquire  what  damage 
will  result  from  tho  grant  by  the  crown  of  cer- 
tain liberties,  as  a  fair  or  market,  a  highway, 
etc. ;  (2)  ordering  the  assessment  of  the  com- 
pensation and  damages  to  be  paid  when  private 
property  is  taken  for  pubUe  use. 

adradt  (a-drad'),  p.  a.     Same  as  adread",  p.  a. 

I  was  the  less  a-drad 
Of  what  might  come. 

iri((inin  MorrU,  Eartlily  Paradise,  I.  13. 

adradial  (ad-ra'di-al),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  near,  + 
radius,  a  ray,  -f-  -(//.]  Situated  near  a  ray.  A 
term  applied  by  baiikester  to  certain  processes  or  ten- 
tacles of  a  third  order  which  appear  in  the  development  of 
some  hydrozoans.  the  primary  ones  being  ternietl />,Trn(/m/, 
the  seconilary  ones  iiiterradial.     Kiieyr.  lirit.,  Xll.  ,^.',8. 

adradially  (ad-ra'di-al-i),  adv.  In  an  adradial 
manner, 

adragant  (ad'ra-gant),  II.  [<F.  adraijant  (=Sp. 
adraijniiti.  It.  adraijaiiti).  a  corrupt  fonn  of 
traf/aeuiilhc :  aee  tragacanth.1  An  old  name  of 
gum  tragacanth. 


82 

adraganthin (ad-ra-pan'thin),  n.  [< adragant(h) 
+  -iii'^.]  A  name  given  to  purified  gum  traga- 
canth.    See  bassorin. 

adras  (a-dras'),  n.  A  stuff,  half  silk  and  half 
cotton,  woven  in  central  Asia,  having  a  gloss, 
and  usually  striped.  The  gloss  is  heightened  by 
beating  with  a  broad,  Hat  wooden  instrument.  E.  Schmj- 
I'-r,  Turkistan,  I.  5. 

adreadH  (a-di'ed'),  v.  [<  ME.  adreden  (pret. 
adredde,  adradde,  adred,  adrud,  pp.  adred,  adrad, 
adreddc,  adradde),<.  AS.  ddrmiaii,  reduced  form 
of  aiiddrd}ilaii,  aiidrwdaii,  oiidrwdaii  (=  OS.  "and- 
drddan.  anldrddan,  aiidrddaii  =  Oil(j.  iiitrdl/iii), 
tr.  and  intr.,  di'cad,  fear,  refl.  fear,  be  afraid.  < 
and-,  an-,  oii-(E.  a-^)  +  *drwdan  (onlyincomp.), 
dread.  Mixed  in  ME.  and  later  with  adread^. 
q.  v.]  I.  trans.  To  dread;  fear  greatly. 
The  pes  is  sauf.  the  werre  is  ever  adrad. 

Pol.  Poems  and  Soiiyx.  II.  6.     (.V.  E.  D.) 

II.  intrans.  or  refl.    To  fear;  be  afraid. 
Ganhardin  seighe  that  sight, 
And  sore  him  gan  adrede. 

Sir  Trislrem,  1.  288.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

adread-t  (a-dred'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  adreden,  ofdre- 
deii,  <  2\ii" ofdrdidun,  make  afraid,  terrifj-,  <  of- 
(E.  0-1)  +  *drwdan,  ilread.  Hence  p.  a.  adread", 
q.  v.  Mixed  in  ME.  and  later  with  adread^, 
q.  v.]     To  make  afraid ;  terrify. 

"With  these  they  adrad,  and  gasten,  sencelesse  old  wo- 
men. Harsnet,  Pop.  Impost.,  p.  135.    {X.  E.  D.) 

adread-t  (a-di'ed'),  p.  a.     [<  ME.  adred,  adrad. 
adredde,  adradde,  earlier  ofdred,  ofdrad,  pp.  of 
adreden,  ofdreden,  E.  adread'^,  v..  make  afraid: 
see  adread",  f.]     Affected  by  dread. 
Thinking  to  make  all  men  adread. 

.iir  P.  .'iidiiey,  Arcadia  (1622),  p.  126. 

adreamed,  adreamt  (a-dremd',  a-dremt'),  p. 
a.  [<  a-  +  dream  +  -frf-.  The  formation  is  un- 
usual, and  the  prefix  is  uncertain,  prob.  a--, 
the  suffix  -f'rf2  being  used,  as  sometimes  in  other 
instances,  for  the  suffix  -inij'^.  To  he  adreamed 
would  thus  be  equiv.  to  to  he  a-dreaminfj.] 
In  the  state  of  dreaming.  ^  To  he  adreamed  ur 
adreamt  (the  only  form  of  its  use),  (at)  Tu  dream. 
Hee  is  adrcamd  of  a  dry  summer. 

WittiaU,  Diet.  (1556).    (.V.  E.  D.) 
I  u'Os  a-dreain'd  I  overheai'd  a  ghost. 

Fieldinfj,  Pasquin,  iv.  1.  {X.  E.  D.) 
(b)  To  doze :  be  between  sleeping  and  waking.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  HaUiwetl. 
adrectal  (ad-rek'tal),  a.  [<  ad-  +  rectum.'] 
Situated  at  or  by  tlie  rectum :  specifically  ap- 
plied to  the  pm-puriparous  gland  or  purple- 
gland  of  mollusks. 

The  presence  of  glandular  plication  of  the  surface  of 
the  mantle-flap  and  an  adrectal  gland  (purple-gland)  are 
frequently  observed.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  648. 

ad  referendum  (ad  ref-e-ren'dum).  [L. :  ad, 
to;  refercnduiii,  gerund  of  refcrre :  see  refer.] 
To  be  referred ;  to  be  held  over  for  fui-ther 
consideration. 

ad  rem  (ad  rem).  [L. :  ad,  to;  rem,  aec.  of 
res,  thing,  matter,  case,  point,  fact :  see  res.] 
To  the  point  or  purpose;  pertinently  to  the 
matter  in  hand ;  to  the  question  imder  consid- 
eration ;  practically,  considering  the  peculiar- 
ities of  the  special  case. 

Your  statements  of  practical  difficulty  are  indeed  much 
more  ad  rem  than  my  mere  .issertions  of  principle. 

Suskin,  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  7,  1865. 

adrenal  (ad-re'nal),  «.  [<L.  ad,  to,  +  ren,  only 
in  pi.  renes,  kidney:  see  renal.]  In  anat.,  a 
suprarenal  capsule ;  one  of  a  pair  of  small 
glandular  or  follicidar  but  ductless  bodies,  of 
unknown  function,  capping  the  kidneys  in 
mammals  and  most  otlier  vertebrates.  Also 
called  atrabiliarij  eapsule.  in  man  the  adi-euals  are 
an  inch  or  two  long,  less  in  width,  and  about  a  fourth  of 
an  inch  thick,  and  consist  essentially  of  an  outer  yellowish 
cortical  portion,  an  inner  medullary  portion  (of  very  dark 
color,whencethetermatrabiliary),  with  vessels,  nerves,  etc. 
See  AddUoii  >f  diiiease ,  wnfiQVdUease.   Seecut  xmderfci*/«('j/. 

Adrian  (a'di'i-an).  a.  [<  L.  Adrianus,  prop. 
IJadrianiis,  Adriatic]     Same  as  Adriatic. 

Adrianite  (a'dri-an-it),  n.  [<  ML.  Adrianita; 
<  L.  Adrianus,  prop.  Hadrianus.]  1.  A  member 
of  a  supposed  Gnostic  school  of  heretics  men- 
tioned ijj^  Theodoret. —  2.  One  of  a  sect  of  Ana- 
baptists in  the  sixteenth  century,  followers  of 
Adrian  Hamstedius,  who  held,  among  other 
things,  that  Jesus  Christ  was  formed  solely  from 
the  substance  of  his  mother.     Also  Adrianist. 

Adrianople  red.    See  red. 

Adriatic  (li-dri-at'ik).  o.  [<  L.  Adriaticiis.  prop. 
Badriatiriis,  <  Hadria  (now  Adria),  a  town  be- 
tween tlie  mouths  of  the  Po  and  the  Adige, 
after  which  the  sea  was  named.]  Appellative 
of  the  sea  east  of  the  peninsula  of  Italy  (tlie 
Adriatic  sea) ;  pertaining  to  that  sea :  as,  the 
Adriatic  coast. 


adrostral 

adrift  (a-driff),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  o.  [<  a^ 
+  drift.]  1.  Floating  at  random;  not  fastened 
by  any  kind  of  moorings;  at  the  mercy  of  winds 
and  currents. 

Trees  adri/t 
Down  the  great  river.         Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  832. 
So  on  the  sea  she  shall  be  set  adri/t, 
And  who  relieves  her  dies. 

Dryden,  Marriage  h  la  Mode,  iii. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  swayed  by  any  chance 

impulse ;  all  abroad ;  at  a  loss. 

Fre(iuent  reflection  will  keep  their  minds  from  running 
adri/t.  Locke,  Education. 

To  turn  adrift,  to  unmoor ;  set  drifting ;  hence,  figura- 
tively, to  turn  away,  dismiss,  or  discharge,  as  from  home, 
employment,  etc.;  throw  upon  the  world. 

Great  multituiles  who  had  Iwen  employed  in  the  woollen 
manufactories,  or  in  the  mines,  were  turned  adri/t. 

heelqi,  F.ng.  in  18th  Cent.,  i. 

adrip  (a-drip'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3  + 
drip.]     In  a  chipping  state.     D.  G.  Mitchell. 

adrogate  (ad'ro-gat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  adro- 
ijated,  p]ir.  adroijatinej.  [<  L.  ailrogatus.  pp.  of 
adro(jare,  later  arrogare,  take  a  homo  sui  juris (si 
person  not  under  the  power  of  his  father)  in 
the  place  of  a  chUd,  adopt,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  rogarc, 
ask.  The  same  word  in  other  senses  gave  rise 
to  arrogate,  q.  v.  See  adrogation.]  To  adopt 
by  adrogation. 

Clodius,  the  enemy  of  Cicero,  was  adroyated  into  a  ple- 
beian family.  Smith,  Diet,  .\ntiq.,  p.  15. 

adrogation  (ad-ro-ga'shon),  «.  [<  L.  adroga- 
tio(n-).  later  arrogatio(n-).  <  adrogarc :  see  ad- 
rogate.] A  kind  of  adoption  in  ancient  Rome, 
by  which  a  person  legally  capable  of  choosing 
for  himself  was  admitted  into  the  relation  of 
son  to  another  by  a  vote  of  the  people  in  the 
Coinitia  Curiata,  or  in  later  times  by  a  rescript 
of  the  emperor :  so  called  from  the  questions 
put  to  the  parties.     Also  written  arrogation. 

adrogator(ad'ro-ga-tor),  H.  [!,..<. adrogarc:  see 
iiilnuiiite  and  arrogate.]     One  who  adrogates. 

adroit  (a-di-oif).  o.  [<  F.  adroit,  dexterous,  <  a 
(/n»i7,  right,  rightly:  «,  to,  toward;  droit,  right, 
<  ML.  drictum,  prop,  directum,  right,  justice, 
neut.  of  directus,  right :  see  direct.  Cf.  mal- 
adroit.] Dexterous;  skilful;  expert  in  the  use 
of  the  hand,  and  lience  of  the  mind ;  ingenious ; 
ready  in  invention  or  execution ;  possessing 
readiness  of  resource. 

You  may  break  every  command  of  the  decalogue  with 
perfect  good-breeding :  nay,  if  you  are  adroit,  without 
losing  caste.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  08. 

=  SyTl.  Cunniny,  Art/ul,  Sly,  etc.  See  cunniiiy^.  Adroit, 
Dexterou.^,  Expert,  Skil/ul,  Cleeer,  smart,  handy,  apt,  quick, 
subtle.  The  first  four  "words  express  primarily  various  de- 
grees in  the  combination  of  manual  facility  with  know. 
ledge.  Adroit  and  dexterou.'i  make  prominent  the  idea  of 
a  trained  hand  :  as,  an  adroit  pickpocket ;  a  dexterous  con- 
jiu-er,  swordsman.  Adroitness  ijnplies  quickness  or  sud- 
denness ;  dexterity  may  require  sustained  agility.  Adroit 
tends  toward  sinister  figurative  meanings :  as,  an  adroit 
rogue;  but  mental  adroitness  may  be  simply  address  or 
tact.  Expert  emph.-isizes  experience,  practice,  and  hence 
is  conunonly  a  lower  word  than  shilful,  which  makes 
knowledge  the  principal  thing ;  a  skil/ul  mechanic  makes 
more  use  of  his  mind  than  an  expert  mechanic.  Clever  im- 
plies notable  quickness,  readiness,  resource  in  practical 
affairs,  and  sometimes  the  lack  of  the  larger  powers  of 
mind :  a  clever  mechanic  has  fertility  in  planning  and  skill 
in  executing  what  is  planned.  .\  clever  statesman  m.ay  or 
may  not  be  an  able  one ;  a  man  may  be  clever  in  evil. 

Why,  says  Plato,  if  he  be  manually  so  adroit,  likely  he 
will  turn  pickpocket,     5.  Lanier,  The  Eng.  Novel,  p.  117. 

The  dexterous  management  of  terms,  and  being  able  to 
fend  and  prove  with  them,  passes  for  a  great  part  of 
learning.  Locke. 

His  only  books  were  an  almanac  and  an  arithmetic,  in 
which  last  he  was  considerably  expert. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  161. 

Thus,  like  a  skil.t'ul  chess-player,  by  little  and  little  he 
draws  out  his  men,  and  makes  his  pawns  of  use  to  his 
greater  persons.  Dryden,  Dram.  Poesy. 

But  the  names  of  the  clever  men  who  invented  canoes 
and  bows  and  arrows  are  as  utterly  unknown  to  tradition 
.as  the  names  of  the  earliest  myth-makers. 

J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  204. 

adroitly  (a-droit'li),  adc.  In  an  adroit  manner; 
with  dexterity ;  readily ;  skilfully. 

He  lEadmund]  turned  his  new  conquest  adroitly  to  ac- 
count by  using  it  to  bind  to  himself  the  most  dangerous 
among  his  foes.  J.  li.  Green,  Comi.  of  Eng.,  p.  266. 

adroitness  (a-droit'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing adroit ;  dexterity ;  readiness  in  the  use  of 
the  hands  or  of  the  mental  faciUties. 

Sir  John  Blaquire  had  some  debating  power  and  great 
skill  and  adroitness  in  managing  men. 

Lccky,  Eng.  in  isth  Cent.,  xvi. 

adroop  (a-drop').  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  [<  o3  -I- 
drtuip.]  Lu  a  di"ooping  position.  J.  D.  Long, 
.Encid,  xi.  1128. 

adrostral  (ad-ros'tral),  a.  [<  L.  ad.  to,  at,  + 
rostrum,  beak.]  In  ::odl.,  pertaining  to  or  situ- 
ated at  the  beak  or  snout. 


adry 

adry  (a-tln'),  «.  [<«-■>  +  lU-ij :  prob.  in  imita- 
tiou  of  athirst,  q.  v.]  In  a,  dry  eondition; 
tlursty. 

Doth  a  man  that  is  adry  desire  to  <irink  in  Kold? 

Jliirton,  Anut.  of  Mel.,  p.  .'ir)rt, 

adscendent  (ad-sen'dent),  a.  [<  L.  lulsccH- 
deii{t-)s,ascctKlen{t-)s:  see  ascendent.]  Ascend- 
ing.    Imp.  Diet. 

adscite  (ad'sit),  «.  [<  L.  adtieilu>i,  derived:  see 
bolinv.  I  In  riitoni.,  pertaining  to  tlie  Biaconkla; 
or  JchnrHnioitcn  ndf<citi. 

Adsciti  (ad'si-ti),  n.pl.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L.  adseitii.s, 
derived,  assnmed,  foreign:  see  adscitilious.'\ 
A  group  of  ielmeumon-nies  wliich  have  only 
one  reem'reut  nervure  in  the  fore  Y&ng  instea<l 
of  two.  It  corresijonds  to  the  modern  family 
Jtriiciiiiilir  (uliieh  see). 

adscititious  (ad-si-tish'us),  a.  [<L.  as  if  "ad- 
sciti tiKs.  <  (idnoitus,  derived,  assumed,  foreign, 
pp.  of  adxi'isccrc,  later  ascisccrc,  take  kiaowiugly 
to  one's  self,  appropriate,  assume,  adopt,  <  tid, 
to,  +  scixccrc,  seek  to  know,  <  .icire,  know :  see 
Sficiice.]  Added  or  derived  from  without ;  not 
intrinsic oressential;  supplemental;  additional. 
Also  written  ascititious. 

Tile  fourtli  epistle  on  happiness  may  be  thought  ailsci- 
titious,  and  out  of  its  proper  place. 

J.  Wartun,  Essay  on  Pope. 

The  first  s  of  tile  tense-sipn  itui  is  an  adxcititiQus  sibilant 

added  to  the  root.  Am.  Jour.  0/  I'hiloL,  VI.  *280. 

adscititiously  (ad-si-tish'us-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
si'ititiiius  luauncr. 

adscript  t  ad'skript),  (I.  and  n.  [<  L.  adscriptus, 
j)p.  of  iiil.fcrihcrr,  later  (iscriherc,  enroll,  idd,  to, 
+  scribcrc,  write :  see  a-icrUii:}  I.  a.  1.  Written 
after,  as  ilistinguished  from  subscript,  or  written 
under:  as,  in  Greek  grammar,  an  iota  (i)  ad- 
script.—  2.  Attached  to  the  soil,  as  a  slave  or 
feudal  serf.     See  adscriptiis  glehce. 

II.  n.  A  serf  attached  to  an  estate  and 
transferable  with  it. 

adscripted  (ad-skrip'ted),  a.     Same  as  adscript. 

adscription  (ad-skrip'shon),  H.  [<  L.  adscrip- 
tiiiiii-).  later  ascriptio(n-),  >E.  ascription,  q.  v.] 
1.  Same  as  ascription. —  2.  Attachment  to  the 
soil,  or  as  a  feudal  inferior  to  a  superior  or 
overlfu-d. 

adscriptitiOUS  (ad-skrip-tish'us),  (/.  [<  L.  ad- 
fcripticiiis,  ascripticius,  enrolled,  bound,  <  ad- 
scriptus,  ascriptus:  see  adscript.]  Bound  by 
adscription.     X.  E.  D. 

adscriptive  (ad-slcrip'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  adscrip>ti- 
nis.  enrolled,  adscript,  <  ad-scrijjtns :  see  ad- 
script.] Held  to  service  as  attached  to  an  es- 
tate, and  transferable  with  it,  as  a  serf  or  slave. 
.Many  estates  peopled  with  crown  peasants  have  been 
ceded  to  particular  individuals  on  condition  of  establishing 
manufactories  ;  these  peasants,  called  adscriptire,  working 
at  the  manufactories  on  fi.ved  terms.  Brotttittam. 

adscriptus  glebae  (ad-skrip'tus  gle'be) ;  pi.  ad- 
.■icripti  i/lchic  (-ti).  [L. :  adscrijitus,  adscript; 
glebic,  gen.  of  ylcha,  glebe.]  Belonging  or  at- 
tached to  the  soU,  as  a  serf,  in  Koman  law  this 
term  w:is  applied  to  a  class  of  slaves  .attached  in  per- 
petuity to  and  transferred  with  the  land  they  cultivated. 
The  same  custom  prevailed  among  all  Germanic  and  Slavic 
peoples,  and  has  l>een  but  gradually  abolished  during  the 
past  three  hundred  years,  down  to  the  emancipation  of 
the  Russian  serfs  in  1861. 

adsigniflcation  (ad-sig''ni-fi-ka'.shon),  n.  [< 
ML.  iidsiipiijiciili(i(n-),  <  L.  adsii/nijicarc,  make 
eridcnt :  see  adsii/nifi/.]  The  act  of  adsignify- 
ing;  a  modification  of  meaning  by  a  prefix  or 
suffix;  an  additional  signification.     [Rare.] 

And  in  this  opinion  (viz.,  that  there  is  no  adsirfninratifut 
of  manner  or  time  in  that  which  is  called  the  indicative 
mood,  no  adsi^/nijicatiun  of  time  in  that  which  Is  called 
the  present  participle)  I  am  neither  new  nor  singular. 

Home  Tooke,  Purley. 

adsignify  (ad-sig'ni-fi),  I',  t.  [<  L.  adsic/niticni-c. 
sliow,  make  evident,  denote,  point  out.  <  »'/,  to. 
+  si(inijicare,sigmiy:  see  ad- and  Kiynify.]  To 
add  signification  or  meaning  to  (a  word)  by  a 
prefix  or  sufiix.     Home  Toole.     [Kare.] 

adsorption  (ad-sorp'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 
'sorptiiiiii-),  after  absorption,  q.  v.]  Conden- 
sation iif  gases  on  the  sm'faces  of  solids. 

adstipulate  (ad-stip'u-lat),  c  /. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
adslipiilatcd,  ppr.  ad.stipulatiiKj.  [<  L.  adstipu- 
lari,  astipulari,  stipulate  with,  <  ad,  to,  +  stipn- 
lari,  stipulate.]  To  act  as  second  stipulant  or 
receiving  party  to  a  bargain,  attaining  thereby 
an  equal  claim  with  the  principal  stipulant. 
\.  E.  II. 

adstipulation  (ad-stip-fi-la'shqn),  n.  [<  L.  ad- 
stiptdiili(>(ii-),  astipidatio{n-),  i  adstijmlari :  see 
adstipnlatc]  The  addition  of,  or  action  as,  a 
second  receiving  party  in  a  bargain.     A".  E.  1). 

adstipulator  (ad-stip'li-la-tgr),  n.  [L.,  also 
astipulator,  <   adstipiduri,  astipidari:   see   ad- 


83 

stiptdate.]  In  lair,  an  accessory  jiarty  to  a  prom- 
ise, who  has  received  the  same  promise  as  his 
jjiineipal  did,  and  can  e(fually  receive  and  ex- 
act pay^nent. 

adstrictt,  adstrictionf ,  adstringentt,  etc.   See 

aslricl,  etc. 

adsum  (ad'sum).  [L.,  1st  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind. 
of  adessc,  to  bo  present,  <  ad,  to,  +  c.v«e,  be:  see 
essence.]  I  am  present;  present;  here:  used 
in  some  colleges  and  schools  by  students  as  an 
answer  to  a  roll-call. 

adsurgent  (ad-scr'.jent),  a.     Same  as  assurfjent. 

adterminal,  atterminal  (ad-,  a-ter'mi-nal),  «. 
[<  L.  ad,  to,  -1-  terminus,  end,  -I-  -al.]  Moving 
toward  the  end :  an  epithet  applied  to  electrical 
currents  passing  in  a  muscular  liber  toward  its 
extremities. 

adubt  (a-dub'),  ('.  t.     [<  ME.  aduhben,  adouben, 

<  Ul'\  adublicr,  adubcr,  udoulicr,  equip  a  knight, 
array,  <  a,  to,  +  duber,  doulirr,  dub:  see  dub^.] 
1.  To  knight;  dub  as  a  knight. —  2.  To  equip; 
array ;  accoutre. 

adularia  (ad-u-la'ri-a),  n.  [NIj..<  Adula,  a 
mountain  group  in  the  Grisons  Alps,  foi-merly 
confounded  with  St.  Gotthard,  where  line  speci- 
mens are  foimd.]  A  variety  of  the  common 
potash  feldspar  orthoclase,  occiu'ring  in  highly 
lustrous  transparent  or  translucent  crystals. 
It  often  exliibits  a  delicate  opalescent  play  of 
colors,  and  is  then  called )HOOH.S'to»e  (which  see). 
Fine  specimens  are  obtained  from  various  lo- 
calities in  the  Alps. 
adulate  (ad'u-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adulated, 
ppr.  adulating.  [<  L.  aduhitus,  pp.  of  aduluri, 
flatter,  fawn  upon  as  a  dog,  <  <«/,  to,  -I-  '•iilari,  a 
word  of  imdetermined  origin,  not  foimd  in  the 
simple  form;  according  to  some,  <  "ula  =  Gr. 
ovpa,  a  tail,  adulari  meaning  then  'wag  the  tail 
at,'  as  a  dog.]  To  show  feigned  devotion  to  ; 
flatter  servilely. 

It  is  not  that  I  adulate  the  people ; 
Without  me  there  are  demagogues  enough. 

Jitjron,  Don  Juan,  ix.  25. 
Love  shall  he.  but  not  adulate 
The  all-fair,  the  all-embracing  Fate. 

Emer.\-on,  VVoodnotes,  il. 

adulation  (ad-u-la'shon),  n.  [<  F.  adulation,  < 
L.  adulatio(n-),  flattery,  fawning,  <  adulari,  flat- 
ter: see  adulate.]  Ser\ale  flattery;  excessive 
or  unmerited  praise ;  exaggerated  compliment. 
Adulation  pushed  to  the  verge,  sometimes  of  nonsense, 
and  sometimes  of  impiety,  was  not  thought  to  disgrace  a 
poet.  Macaulay. 

And  there  he  set  himself  to  play  upon  her 
With  .  .  .  amorous  adulation,  till  the  maid 
Rebell'd  against  it. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
=  S5rn.  Adulation.  Flattrn/,  Compliment.  These  are  vari- 
eties of  pralsf.  Adulatinii  Is  servile  and  fulsome,  pro- 
ceeillng  either  from  a  l)llnd  worship  or  from  the  hope  of 
advantage.  It  may  not  be,  but  generally  is,  addressed 
directly  to  its  object.  Flattery  is  addressed  to  the  per- 
son Battered  ;  its  object  is  to  gratify  vanity,  with  or  with- 
out a  selfish  ulterior  object.  It  is  generally  praise  beyond 
justice.  Compliment  is  milder,  and  may  be  expressive  of  the 
truth ;  it  may  be  sincere  and  designed  to  encour.age  or  to 
express  respect  and  esteem.  We  may  speak  of  a  compli- 
ment, but  not  of  an  adulation  ora  flattery.  Adulation  of 
the  conqueror;  gross  t»r  delicate  y^i^^(?7"i/  of  those  in  power  ; 
the  language  of  compliment.  In  conduct,  the  colTespon- 
deut  to  adulation  is  obnet^uiou.-iyies.'i. 

Adulation  ever  follows  the  ambitious ;  tor  such  alone 
receive  most  pleasure  from  jlattery. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

Flattery  corrupts  both  the  receiver  and  the  giver ;  and 

adulation  is  not  of  more  service  to  the  people  than  to 

kings.  Burke,  Kev.  in  France. 

Who  flatters  is  of  all  mankind  the  lowest. 

Save  he  who  courts  the  Jlattery. 

Hannah  More,  Daniel. 
The  salutiltions  of  Arabs  are  such  that  .  .  .  "compli- 
uunts  in  a  well-bred  nnin  never  last  less  than  ten  min- 
utes." //.  Spencer,  Prln.  of  .Soclol.,  §  34:i. 
adulator  (ad'u-la-tor),  n.  ll>.,  <  adulari:  see 
adulate]  An  obsequious  flatterer;  one  who 
offers  praise  servilely. 

And  became  more  than  ever  an  adulator  of  the  ruling 

powers.  D.  a.  Mitchell,  Wet  Days. 

adulatory  (ad'u-la-to-ri),  a.     [<  L.  adtdatorius, 

<  adulator  :  see  adulator.]  Characterized  by 
adulation;  fulsomely  flattering;  servilely  prais- 
ing :  as,  an  adulatory  address. 

You  are  not  lavish  ipf  your  words,  especially  In  that 
.-.pecles  of  elo.iucncc  called  the  adulatonj,        Cttesterjield. 

adulatress  (ad'u-la-tres),  «.     [=F.  adtdatricc, 

<  L.  adulatricem',  ace.  of  adulatrix,  fern,  form  of 
adulator :  see  adulator.]     A  female  adulator. 

Indiana,  when  the  first  novelty  of  ti'te-ii-tetes  was  over, 
wished  again  for  the  constant  adulatreas  of  her  charms 
and  endowments.  .Viss  Barney,  Camilla,  x.  14. 

Adullamite  (a-dul'am-it),  H.  [<  Adullam  + 
-ill-.  ]  1 .  An  Inhabitant  of  the  Wllage  of  Adul- 
lam. Gen.  .xxxviii.  12.  —  2.  In  Eny.  hist.,  one  ot 
a  group  of  Liberals  who  seceded  from  the  ^Tiig 


adulteration 

party  and  voted  with  t lie  Conservatives  when 
I'larl  Russell  and  Mr.  Gladstone  introduced  a 
measure  for  the  extension  of  the  elective  fran- 
chise in  1866.  They  received  the  name  from  their  be- 
ing likened  by  Mr.  Hrlght  to  the  discontented  pel'srms  who 
took  refuge  with  David  in  the  cave  of  .\dullam(l  Sam.  xxii. 
1,  2).  The  party  was  also  known  collectively  as  the  Cave. 
The  Conservative  party  then  presented  a  tolerably  solid 
front  against  the  extension  of  the  sulfrage,  and  received 
besides  a  large  reinforcement  of  Adullamite^  from  the 
Liberal  side.  New  York  Tim-en,  July  11),  1884. 

adult  (a-dulf),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adultus,  grovni 
up,  ]ip.  of  adolc.sr.crc,  grow  up  :  see  adolescent.] 

1,  (/.  1.  Having  aiTived  at  mature  years,  or  at- 
tained full  size  and  strength :  as,  an  adult  per- 
son, animal,  or  plant. 

The  elaborate  rca-sonlngs  of  the  adult  man. 

//.  Spencer,  I'rln.  of  Psychol. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  adults ;  suitable 
for  an  adult :  as,  adult  age  ;  an  adult  school. 

II.  H.  A  person  or  (sometimes)  an  animal 
grown  to  full  size  and  strength ;  one  who  has 
reached  the  age  of  manhood  or  womanhood. 

Embryos  and  adnltn  of  common  and  curious  forms  are 
constantly  met  with,  thus  furnishing  material  both  for 
general  work  and  original  Investigation.    Science,  V.  212. 

adultedt  (a-dul'ted),  a.     Completely  grown. 
Now  that  we  are  not  only  adulted  but  ancient  Chris- 
tians, I  believe  the  most  acceptable  sacrifice  we  can  send 
up  to  heaven  is  prayer  and  praise. 

Howell,  Letters,  I.  vi.  32. 

adultert  (a-dul'ter),  «.  [L.,  an  adulterer,  a 
counterfeiter,  nrf«/(n',  adj.,  adulterous;  forma- 
tion imcertain,  ))erhai>s  <  ad,  to,  -I-  alter,  other, 
different.  In  mod.  E.  adulter,  adulterer,  etc., 
have  been  substituted  for  the  older  arouter,  at(- 
vouter,  etc.:  see  advuuter,  etc.]  An  adulterer. 
We  receive  into  our  mass  open  sinners,  the  covetous, 
the  extortioners,  the  adulter,  the  back-blter. 

Tyndale,  Expos.  1  John. 

adultert  (a-dul'tSr),  v.  [<  L.  adtdterarc,  com- 
mit adultery:  see  adulterate,  r.]  I,  intrans. 
To  commit  adultery.     B.  Junson,  Epigrams. 

II.  trans.  To  pollute;  adulterate:  as,  "«rf«i- 
teriny  spots,"  Marslon,  Scourge  of  Villainy,  ii. 

adulterant  (a-dul'ter-ant),  a.  and  n.     [<  L. 
adulterau(1-)s,  ppr.  of  adulterare :  see  adulter- 
ate, v.]    I,  a.   .iidulterating ;  used  in  adulter- 
ating. 
II.  «.  A  substance  used  for  adulterating. 

adulterate  (a-dul'ter-at),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
adnltcratiil,  ppr.  adulterating.  [<  L.  adulUra- 
tus,  pp.  of  adulterare,  commit  adultery,  falsify, 
adulterate,  <  adulter,  an  adulterer,  a  counter- 
feiter: see  adulter,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  debase 
or  deteriorate  by  an  admixttire  of  foreign  or 
baser  materials  or  elements:  as,  to  adulterate 
food,  drugs,  or  coins;  adulterated  doctrines. 

The  present  war  has  .  .  .  adulterated  our  tongue  with 
strange  words.  Spectator,  Xo.  65. 

2t.  To  graft;  give  a  hybrid  character  to. 

Excellent  forms  of  grilftlngand  adulterating  ii\Ai\ti  and 
flowers.  Peacham,  Exper.  of  Own  Times. 

3t.  To  defile  by  adultery. 

To  force  a  rape  on  virtue,  and  adulterate  tile  chaste 
bosom  of  spotless  simplicity.  Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

=Syn.  1.  To  mix,  degrade,  corrupt,  contaminate,  vitiate, 
alloy,  sophisticate. 
Il.t  intrans.  To  commit  adultery. 
But  Fortune,  O  !  .  .  . 
She  adulterates  hourly  with  thy  uncle  John. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ill.  1. 

adulteratet  (a-dul'ter-iit),  a.  [<  L.  adulteratus, 
pp.:  see  the  verb.]  1.  Tainted  with  adultery: 
as,  "the  adulterate  Hastings,"  iSliak.,  Rich. 
III.,  iv.  4. —  2.  Debased  by  foreign  mixture; 
adulterated :  as,  "  adulterate  copper,"  l<icift. 
Miscellanies. 

No  volatile  spirits,  nor  compounds  that  are 
Adulterate.  CareU',  To  G.  X. 

adulterately  (a-dul'ter-at-U),  adv.  In  an  adul- 
terate manner. 

adulterateness  (a-dul'ter-St-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  adulterated  or  debased. 

adulteration  (ii-dul-te-ra'shon),  H.    [<  L.  orfw?- 

hratio{n-),  adulteration,  sophistication.  <  adul- 
terare :  see  adulterate,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  adul- 
terating, or  the  state  of  being  adulterated  or 
debased  by  admixture  with  something  elS6, 
generally  of  inferior  quality;  the  use.  in  the 
production  of  any  professedly  genuine  article, 
of  ingredients  wliich  are  cheaper  and  of  an  in- 
ferior quality,  or  which  are  not  considered  so 
desirable  by  "the  consumer  as  other  or  genuine 
ingredients  for  which  they  are  substituted. 

In  commerce,  there  are  several  kinds  of  adulteration  : 
conventional,  to  suit  the  taste  and  demands  of  the  public ; 
fraudulent,  for  deceptive  and  gainful  purposes ;  and  ac- 
cidental or  unintentional  adulteration,  arising  from  care- 
lessness in  the  preparation  of  the  st-aple  or  commodity  at 
the  place  of  growth  or  shipment.     Simiiu>iuli,  Com.  Diet. 


adulteration 

2.  The  product  or  ri'sult  of  the  act  of  adultor- 
atinji:  that  whieli  is  adultcratod. 

adulterator  (a-dul'ter-a-tor).  II.  [L.;  adultcra- 
Uir  niiiiula:  a  counterfeiter  of  money :  <  atlulhr- 
nir  :  see  (ulidtcrate,  r.]     One  who  adulterates. 

adulterer  (a-du)'tcr-er),  w.  [<  (itiidhr,  i:,  + 
-o-l;  substituted  for  the  okler  form  arimtrer. 
adioittrcr,  q.  v.]  A  man  guilty  of  adultery;  a 
married  num  who  has  sexual  commerce  with 
any  woman  except  his  wife.  See  adidlirij. 
Formerly  also  spelled  adidtrcr. 

adulteress  (a-dul'ter-es),  n.  [<  (ididtcr,  v.,  + 
-ctis :  substituted  for  the  older  form  avoutrcss, 
(idniiilrifii,  q.  v.]  A  woman  guilty  of  adultery. 
Formerly  also  spelled  adiillirss. 

adulterine  (a-dul'ter-in),  <i.  and  It.  [<L.  adid- 
ttriiiii.'i,<(ididlcr:  see  rtf/"//<'C,  ».]  I.  n.  1.  Of 
adulterous  origin;  bom  of  adultery. 

It  must  be.  however,  underetood  tliat  strong  moral  re- 
pugiiaiice  to  the  tlctitious  affiliation  of  these  illegitimate 
and  adiiltcrinr  children  begins  to  sliow  itself  among  the 
oldest  of  the  llindu  law-writers  whose  treatises  have  sur- 
vived. Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  99. 

2.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  adultery;  involv- 
ing or  implying  adultery :  as,  adulterine  fiction ; 
adulterine  marriage  (used  by  St.  Augustine  of 
a  second  marriage  after  divorce). —  3.  Charac- 
terized by  adulteration;  spiu-ious;  base:  as, 
adulterine  drugs  or  metals.  [A  Latinism,  now 
rare.] — 4t.  Illegitimate;  illicit;  unauthorized: 
as,  adulterine  castles  (castles  built  by  the  Nor- 
man barons  in  England,  after  the  conquest, 
without  royal  wan-ant). 

The  adultcrini'  ^'iiil.U.  frnni  which  heavy  sums  were  ex- 
acted in  1160,  UL-re  stiL'iiKitibied  m^adutlLTine  because  they 
had  not  i>iircli:i,s.(l  the  ni.'IU  of  a.ssoeijition.  :ts  ttie  older 
legal  guild-;  had  done,  and  had  set  theniselve-s  up  against 
the  governnient  of  the  city  which  the  king  had  recognised 
by  his  charter.  Stubhs,  Const.  Hist.,  HI.  riS4. 

II,  n.  In  cJrinaw,  a  child  begotten  in  adultery. 
adulterize  (a-dul'ter-iz),  v.  i.  [^<adulter  +  -i:e.'\ 
To  be  guilty  of  adultery.    Milton.    Also  spelled 
adidtcrisc.     [Rare.] 

Where  did  God  ever  will  thee  to  lie,  to  swear,  to  op- 
press, to  adnlterUe  ?  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  365. 

adulterous  (a-dul'tfer-us),  a.  [<  adulter  +  -oiis; 
substituted  for  the  older  form  adcoutrous,  q.  v.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  adultery; 
given  to  adultery. 

An  evil  and  adulterous  generation  seeketh  after  a  sign. 

Jlat.  xii.  39. 

2.  Illicit:  said  of  combinations  or  relations  of 
any  kind. 

.Some  of  our  kings  have  made  aduUeroits  connections 
abroad.  Burke,  On  a  Regicide  Peace. 

3.  Spurious;  corrupt;  adulterated:  as,  "forged 
and  adulterous  stiiii,"  Casaubon,  Of  Credulity 
(trans.),  p.  297.     [Rare.] 

adulterously  (a-dul'ter-us-li),  ado.  Inanadid.- 
terous  manner. 

adultery  (a-did'ter-i),  «.;  pi.  adulteries  (-iz). 
[<  L.  adulteriuin,  <  adulter;  substituted  for  the 
older  form  adroutri/,  q.  v.]  1.  Violation  of  the 
marriage-bed ;  carnal  connection  of  a  married 
person  with  any  otlier  than  the  lawful  spouse ; 
in  a  more  restricted  sense,  the  wrong  by  a  wife 
which  introduces  or  may  introduce  a  spurious 
offspring  into  a  family,  it  is  sometimes  called  sin- 
gle aduU'rif  when  oidy  one  of  the  parties  is  married,  and 
double  mlfdt''rtf  wlien  both  are  married.  In  some  juris- 
dictions  tlie  law  makes  adultery  a  crime,  in  some  only  a 
civil  injury.  In  England,  formerly,  it  was  punished  by 
fine  and  imprisonment,  and  in  .Scotland  it  was  frequently 
made  a  capital  offense.  In  Great  Britain  at  the  present 
day,  however,  it  is  punishable  only  by  ecclesiastical  cen- 
sure ;  but  when  committed  by  the  wife,  it  is  regai'ded  as  a 
civil  injury,  and  forms  the  gi'ound  of  an  action  of  dam- 
ages against  the  paramour.  Contrary  to  the  previous  gen- 
eral opinion,  it  has  recently  been  held  in  the  United 
States  that  the  wife  may  have  a  corresponding  action 
against  a  woman  who  seduces  away  her  liusband.  In  Eng- 
land  and  Scotland  the  husband's  recovery  of  damages 
against  the  paramour  can  now  be  had  only  by  joining  Mm 
with  the  wife  in  an  action  for  divorce.  See  divorce. 
2.  In  the  seventh  commandment  of  the  deca- 
logue, as  generally  understood,  all  manner  of 
lewdness  or  unchastity  in  act  or  thought.  See 
Mat.  V.  28. —  3.  Eccles.,  intrusion  into  a  bish- 
opric during  the  life  of  the  bishop. — 4.  In  old 
arboriculture,  the  grafting  of  trees:  so  called 
from  its  being  considered  an  umiatural  union. 
—  5+.  Adidteration;  corruption:  as,  "all  the 
adulteries  of  art,"  H.  Jon.ton,  Epicoene,  i.  1. —  6t. 
Injury;  degi'adation ;  ruin. 

You  nnght  wrest  the  cadueeus  out  of  my  hand  to  the 
adulterii  and  spoil  of  nature. 

11.  Jomon,  Mercuric  Vindi(;ateil. 

adultness  (a-dult'nes),  n.     The  state  of  being 

adult. 
adumbral   (ad-nm'bral),   a.     [<  L.    iid,   to,  + 

umhrii.  shade.    Cf.  adumbrate.]    X.  Shady. —  2. 

Same  as  adumbrellar. 


84 

adumbrant  (ad -um' brant),  a.  [<  L.  aduni- 
liran{t-).s,  ])pr.  of  aduiii)irare :  see  adumlirate.] 
Giving  a  faint  shadow,  or  showing  a  slight  re- 
semblance. 

adumbrate  (ad-um'brat),  )'.  t. ;  pret.  and  iip. 
aduiiibriitiil,  ppr.  iiduiiihratiny.  [<.\j.  adumbra- 
tus,  pp.  of  uduinbrarc,  cast  a  shadow  over;  in 
painting,  to  represent  an  object  with  due  min- 
gling of  liglit  and  shadow,  also  represent  in 
outline;  <  iid,  to,  +  umbra,  shadow.]  1.  To 
overshadow ;  partially  darken  or  conceal. 

Nor  did  it  [a  veil]  cover,  but  adumbrate  only 
Her  most  heart-piercing  parts. 

Marlowe  and  Chap}nan,  Hern  and  Leander,  iv. 

2.  Figiu-atively,  to  give  a  faint  shadow  or  re- 
semblance of;  outline  or  shadow  forth;  fore- 
shadow; prefigure. 

Both  in  the  vastness  and  the  richness  of  the  visible  uni. 
verse  the  invisible  God  is  adumbrated.  Ik.  Taylor. 

In  truth,  in  every  Church  those  who  cling  most  tena- 
ciously to  the  dogma  are  just  the  men  "who  have  least 
hold  of  the  divine  substance  "  which  it  faintly  adumbrates. 
H.  y.  Oxentiam,  Short  Studies,  p.  314. 

adumbration  (ad-um-bra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad- 
iimliratiij(n-),  <  adumbrare  :  see  adumlirate.']  1. 
The  act  of  adumbrating  or  making  a  shadow  or 
faint  resemblance. —  2.  Figuratively,  a  faint 
sketch;  an  imperfect  representation;  some- 
thing that  suggests  by  resemblance,  or  shadows 
forth;  a  foreshadowing. 

Oiu"  knowledge  is  ...  at  best  a  faint  confused  adum- 
bration. Glanville,  Seep.  Sei. 

Belief  comes  into  existence  when  man  is  not  reasonable 
enough  to  have  a  theory  about  anything,  while  he  is  still 
mainly  a  feeling  animal,  possessing  only  some  adumbra- 
tions or  instincts  of  thought.     Keanj,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  23. 

3.  In  lier.,  the  shadow  only  of  a  figure,  outlined, 
and  painted  of  a  color  darker  than  the  field. 
Shadow,  however,  has  no  proper  place  in  herahlry.  It  is 
a  modern  alnise. 

adumbrative  (ad-um'bra-tiv),  a.  l<.  adumbrate 
+ -irc.~\  Shadowing  forth;  faintly  resembling; 
foreshadowing  or  typical. 

We  claim  to  stand  there  as  mute  monuments,  patheti- 
cally  adumbrative  of  much.       Carlyle,  Fr.  Rev.,  II.  i.  10. 

adumbratively  (ad-um'bra-tiv-li),  adr.  In  an 
adumlirative  manner. 

adumbrellar  (ad-um-brel'ar),  n.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -I- 
NL.  umbrella,  the  disk  of  aealephs:  see  iini- 
brella.']  Pertaining  to  the  upper  surface  of  the 
velum  in  sea-blubbers  (Medusa;) :  opposed  to 
ahumbrellar. 

adunation  (ad-u-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  aduiiatio(n-), 
<  (idunare,  pp.  adunatits,  make  into  one,  <  ad, 
to,  +  !(H«s  =  E.  one:  see  union,  unite,  etc.  Cf. 
atone,  the  cognate  E.  form.]  The  act  of  uniting 
or  the  state  of  being  united;  union:  as,  "real 
■amon  or  adunation," Boyle,  Scept.  Chym.  (1680), 
p.  94.    [Rare.] 

adunc  Cii'l-i'ngk'),  o.      [Formerly  adunque,  as 
if  F. ;   <  L.  aduncus,  hooked:    see  aduncous.'] 
Same  as  aduneous. 
Parrots  have  an  adunque  Bill.    Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  238. 
The  Nose  ...  if  .\qniline  or  Adunc. 

Ei-el'jn,  Numismata,  p.  29".    (X  E.  D.) 

aduncal  (ad-ung'kal),  a.  [<  L.  aduncus :  see 
aduncous.'\    Same  as  aduncous. 

The  spire  also  opens  out  at  its  gi-owing  margin,  .  .  . 
and  thus  gives  rise  to  .  .  .  the  common  aduncal  type  of 
tliis organism tOr/j/ci/^tnrt].   )V.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §464. 

aduncate  (ad-ung'kat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
uncated, ])pr.  aduncatincj.  [<  ML.  aduncatus, 
pp.  of  aduncare,  hook,  cui-ve,  <  L.  aduncus, 
hooked:  see  aduncous.]  To  curve  inward,  as 
a  bird's  beak  or  a  nose. 

aduncate  (ad-ung'kat),  a.  [<  ML.  aduncatus, 
pp.:  see  the  verb.]  Aduncous;  hooked;  hav- 
ing a  hook :  as,  the  aduncate  bill  of  a  hawk. 

aduncity  (a-dmi'si-ti),  n.  [<  L.  aduncitas, 
hookedness,  <  aduncus,  hooked :  see  aduncous.] 
The  condition  of  being  hooked ;  hookedness. 

The  aduncity  of  the  pounces  and  beaks  of  the  hawks. 
Martinus  Scriblerus. 

aduncous  (a-dtmg'kus),  a.  [<  L.  aduncus,  hook- 
ed, <  ad,  to,  +  uncus,  hooked,  barbed,  uncus,  a 
hook,  barb.]  Hooked;  bent  or  made  in  the 
form  of  a  hook ;  incurved.  Equivalent  forma- 
tions are  adunc  and  aduncal. 

ad  unguem  (ad  ung'gwem).  [L. :  ad,  to;  un- 
cjucm,  ace.  of  unguis,  nail,  claw.]  To  the  nail, 
or  touch  of  the  nail ;  exactly ;  nicely. 

adunquet  (ad-ungk'),  a.  "Obsolete  form  of 
adunc. 

aduret  (a-dur'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adurcre,  set  fire  to, 
burn,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  urerc,  burn,  akin  to  Gr.  eleiv. 
singe,  areiv,  kindle,  Skt.  \/  nsli,  burn.  Hence 
adust-,  q.  v.]  To  burn  completely  or  partially ; 
calcine,  scorch,  or  parch. 


advance 

adurentt  (a-dii'rent),  a.  [<  L.  aduren{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  adurcre:  see  udure.]  Burning;  boating. 
liaiiin.  [Hare.] 
adusk  (a-diisk'),  prep.  })lir.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
prep.,  -f  dusl.-.]  In  the  dusk  or  twilight ;  dark; 
in  gloom.     [Rare.] 

You  wish  to  die  and  leave  the  world  adusk 

For  others.      Mrs.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  1.  502. 

adust^  (a^dusf),  prep.  phr.  as  a.  [<  flS,  prep., 
+  dust.]     Dusty. 

He  was  tired  and  adust  with  long  riding ;  but  he  did  not 
go  home.  George  Eliot,  Romola,  xlv. 

Lose  half  their  lives  on  the  road  often  miry  or  adust. 

Blaekimods  Mag.,  XXI.  792. 

adust^  (a-dusf),  a.  [<  L.  adustus,  burned,  pp. 
ot  adurere :  see  adiirc.]  1.  Burned;  scorched; 
become  dry  by  heat ;  liot  and  fiery. 

Which  with  torrid  heat. 
And  vapour  as  the  Libyan  air  adust. 
Began  to  parch  that  temperate  clime. 

.Milton,  P.  L,  xii.  635. 
2.  Looking  as  if  burned  or  scorched. 

In  person  he  was  tall,  thin,  erect,  with  a  small  head,  a 
long  visage,  lean  yellow  cheek,  dark  twinkling  eyes,  adust 
complexion,  .  .  .  and  a  long,  sable-silvered  beard. 

Motley,  Dutch  Kepuhlic,  II.  109. 

3t.  In  patliol.,  having  much  heat :  said  of  the 
blood  and  other  fluids  of  the  body;  hence,  ar- 
dent; sanguine;  impetuous. 

If  it  [melancholy]  proceed  from  blood  adust,  or  that 
there  be  a  mixture  of  blood  in  it,  '*  such  are  commonly 
ruddy  of  complexion,  and  higli-eoloured,"  according  to 
Sallust,  Salvianus,  and  Hercules  de  Saxoni^. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  242. 

adustedt  (a-dus'ted),  (J.  [<  adust^  + -ed^.]  Be- 
come hot  and  dry;  burned;  scorched. 

Those  rayes  which  scorch  the  adusted  soyles  of  Calabria 
and  Spaine.  Howell,  Forreuie  Travel],  p.  74. 

adustiblet  (a-dus'ti-bl).  a.  [<  adust-  +  -ibie.] 
Capaljle  of  being  burned  up. 

adustiont  (a-dus'tipn),  n.  [<  L.  adustio(n-),  < 
adurere:  see  adure,  adust".]  1.  The  act  of 
burning,  scorching,  or  heating  to  tlrTOess;  the 
state  of  being  thus  heated  or  dried.     Harreij. 

others  will  have  them  [symptoms  of  melancholy]  come 
from  the  diverse  adustion  of  the  foiu"  humours. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Jlel.,  p.  242. 
2.  In  med.,  cauterization. 

adv.  A  common  abbre\'iation  of  adrerb  and  of 
adrertisenient. 

advailablet  (ad-va'la-bl),  a.  Obsolete  foi-m  of 
araihible. 

ad  val.    An  abbreviation  of  ad  ralorem. 

ad  valorem  (ad  va-16'rem).  [NL. :  L.  ad,  to; 
LL.  and  NL.  valorem,  ace.  of  valor,  value:  see 
valor.]  According  to  value.  Applied  — (i)  in  com., 
to  customs  or  duties  levied  according  to  the  niai'ketable 
value  or  woilh  of  the  goods  at  the  original  place  of  ship- 
ment, as  sworn  to  by  the  owner  and  verified  by  the  cus- 
toms appraisers:  (2)  in  law,  to  lawyers"  fees  for  the  draw- 
ing of  certain  deeds  or  other  work  chargeable  according 
to  the  value  of  the  property  involved. 

advance  (ad-vans'),  !'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  advanced, 
pjir.  advancing.  [Earlier  advaunce,  avaunce,  < 
ME.  avauncen,  avaunsen,  avancen,  avanscn,  < 
OF.  avancer,  avancier,  later  avancer,  "to  for- 
ward, set  forward,  further,  put  on;  also,  to 
hasten;  and  to  shorten  or  cut  off  by  haste; 
also,  to  advance,  prefer,  promote"  (Cotgrave), 
vaod.F. avancer  =  Pt.  Sp. «TOH-0)'=Pg.  avaiii;ar 
z=It.  (iran::are,  <  ML.  *abanteare.  <  abaiite,  away 
before,  >  It.  Sp.  Pg.  avauie,  Pr.  OF.  F.  avan't, 
before :  see  avant,  ucaunt,  and  vaifi.  The  prefix 
is  thus  historically  fli'- for  orig.  ab-;  thespeOing 
adv-,  now  established  in  this  word  and  advan- 
tage, is  due  to  a  forced  'restoration'  of  a-  taken 
as  a  reduced  form  of  ad-:  see  o-H  and  o-l3.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  bring  forward  in  place  ;  move 
further  in  front. 

Now  Mom,  her  rosy  steps  in  the  eastern  clime 
Advancing,  sow'd  the  earth  with  orient  pearl. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  2. 
One  lac'dtlie  helm,  another  held  the  lance: 
.\  third  the  shining  Ituckler  did  advance. 

Dnjden,  Pal.  and  ..Vrc.,1.  1732. 

-\  line  was  entrenched,  and  the  troops  were  advanced  to 

the  new  position.  V.  S.  Grant,  Pei-s.  Mem..  I.  377. 

2.  To  forward  in  time  ;  accelerate  :  as.  to  ad- 
vance the  gi'owth  of  plants. —  3.  To  improve 
or  make  better ;  benefit ;  promote  the  good  of: 
as,  to  advance  one's  true  interests. 

As  the  calling  dignifies  the  man.  sotlic  man  much  more 
ai/raiiirs  his  calling.  South,  Sermons 

4.  To  promote  ;  raise  to  a  higher  rank  :  as,  to 
advance  one  from  the  bar  to  the  bench. 

And  to  advance  again,  for  one  man's  merit. 
A  thousand  heirs  that  have  deserved  nought? 

Sic  J.  Varies.  Innnortiil.  of  Soul,  viii. 
It  has  ben  the  fate  of  this  ol»liging  favorite  to  advance 
those  who  soone  forget  their  original. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  22,  1674. 


advance     » 

5.  To  raise;  enhance:  as,  to  advance  the  price 
of  floods.  —  6.  To  olTor  or  propose  ;  bring  to 
view  or  notice,  as  something  one  is  jirejiared 
to  abitle  by  ;  allege  ;  adduce  ;  bring  forward  : 
as,  to  (idrancc  an  opinion  or  an  argument. 

I'roposititins  which  iire  atlvann^d  in  (li.suourse  generally 
result  from  ii  partial  view  of  the  question,  anil  eaiinot  be 
kept  uniler  examination  long  enough  to  be  eorrecteti. 

Mucatilatj,  Athenian  Orators. 

7.  In  com.,  to  supply  beforehand  ;  furnish  on 
credit,  or  before  goods  are  delivered  or  work  is 
done,  or  fui'nish  as  part  of  a  stock  or  fund ;  sup- 
ply or  pay  in  expectation  of  reimbiu'sement :  as, 
to  advance  money  on  loan  or  contract,  or  to- 
ward a  purchase  or  an  establishment. 

Two  houses  advanced  to  Edward  the  Thiril  of  England 
upwards  of  three  hundred  thousand  marks. 

Macautay,  Machiavelli. 

8.  To  raise ;  lift  up  ;  elevate. 

They  .  .  . 
Admiic'd  their  eyelids.  Shah.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

O,  peace  !  Contemplation  m.akcs  a  rare  turkey-cock  of 
him  I  how  he  jets  under  his  advanced  plumes ! 

Skak.,  T.  X.,  ii.  b. 
A  cherub  tall ; 
Who  forthwith  from  the  glittering  stalt  unfurl'd 
The  imperial  ensign,  which,  full  high  advanced, 
Shone  like  a  meteor.  MUtun,  P.  L.,  i.  536. 

9.  To  put  forth  or  exhibit  with  a  view  to  dis- 
play.    [Rare.] 

And  every  one  his  love-feat  will  advance 

I'nto  his  several  mistress.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  -2. 

lOf.  To  commend  ;  extol ;  vaimt. 

Greatly  advaancimj  his  gay  chivalree. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  16. 
lit.  To  impel ;  incite. 

That  lewd  rybauld  with  vyle  lust  advaungt. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  10. 
=  Syii.  4.  To  elevate,  exalt,  prefer,  aggrandize,  dignify. 
—  5.  To  increase,  augment. —  6.  Adduce,  Allege,  Aggign 
(see  adduce) ;  propound,  bring  forward,  lay  down. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  move  or  go  for  ward ;  pro- 
ceed :  as,  the  troops  advanced. 

But  time  m-ivances :  facts  accumulate  ;  doubts  arise. 
Faint  glimpses  of  truth  begin  to  appear,  and  shine  more 
and  more  unto  the  perfect  day. 

Macaulay,  Sir  James  Mackintosh. 
They  watched  the  reapers'  slow  advancing  line. 

William  Morrix,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  375. 

2.  To  improve  or  make  progress;  grow,  etc.: 
as,  to  advance  in  knowledge,  stature,  wisdom, 
rank,  office,  dignity,  or  age. 

A  great  advaticing  soul  carries  forward  his  whole  age  ; 
a  mean,  sordid  soul  draws  it  back. 

J.  t\  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  34. 

3.  To  increase  in  quantity,  price,  etc. :  as,  the 
stock  advanced  three  points. 

advance  (ad-vans'),  «.  [=F.avance;  from  the 
verb.]  1.  A  moving  fonvard  or  toward  the 
front ;  a  forward  course ;  progress  in  space  : 
as,  our  advance  was  impeded  by  obstructions. 

Don  .\lonzo  de  Aguila  and  his  companions,  in  their 
eager  fl(/i'a/jc.',  had  .  .  .  got  entangled  in  deep  glens  and 
the  dry  beds  of  toiTents.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  90. 

2.  Mint.,  the  order  or  signal  to  advance :  as,  the 
advance  was  sounded. —  3.  A  step  forward; 
actual  progress  in  any  eoiu'se  of  action  :  often 
in  the  plural:  as,  an  advance  in  religion  or 
knowledge;  civilization  has  made  great  ad- 
vances in  this  centiu'y. 

Witness  the  advance  from  a  rustic's  conception  of  the 
Earth  to  that  which  a  travelled  geologist  has  reached. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  481. 

4.  An  act  of  approach;  an  effort  for  approxi- 
mation or  agreement ;  anything  done  to  biing 
about  accord  or  any  relation  with  another  or 
others:  with  to  before  the  person  and  toward 
before  the  object  or  pui-pose :  as,  A  made  an 
advance  or  advances  to  B,  or  toward  acquain- 
tance with  B. 

Frederic  had  some  time  before  made  advances  toward  a 
reconciliation  with  Voltaire. 

Macautay,  Frederic  the  Great. 

5.  A  forward  position;  place  in  front,  at  the 
head,  or  in  the  lead :  as,  his  regiment  took  the 
advance  in  the  march. — 6.  The  state  of  being 
forward  or  in  front ;  a  being  or  going  at  the 
head  or  in  the  lead:  chielly  in  the  phrase  in 
advance :  as,  the  gi'ooin  rode  in  advance  of  the 
carriage;  he  is  far  in  advance  of  the  other 
pupils.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  often  used  in  compo- 
sition, sometimes  without  joining,  giving  it  the  appear- 
ance <if  an  adjective,  as  it  has  been  called  in  such  use,  al- 
tho\igh  it  is  never  really  one.  'Thus,  an  advance  (-)  agent 
is  an  agent  sent  out  in  advance  of  a  theatrical  company, 
exhibition,  etc.,  to  make  preliminary  arrangements;  an 
advance  (-)  ditch  or  /nss  is  a  ditch  around  the  esplanade 
or  glacis  of  a  fortified  place,  and  hence  in  advance  of  it ; 
advance  (-)  gheets  are  sheets  of  a  printed  work  sent  to 
somebody  in  advance  of  publication. 

7.  He  who  or  that  which  is  at  the  head  or  in 
the  lead ;  the  foremost  or  forward  part ;  espe- 
cially, the  leading  body  of  an  army. 


ABC,  ship's  track. 

B,  point  where  helm  is  put 

over. 
D  C,  advance   I     of   curve 
B  D.  transfer    J        B  C. 


85 

I  got  back  on  the  5th  with  the  advance,  the  remainder 
following  as  rapidly  as  the  steamers  could  carrj'  them. 

(f.  .S'.  Grant,  I'crs.  Mem.,  I.  2!K). 

8.  In  schools,  a  lesson  not  previously  learned : 
opposed  to  review. — 9.  Advancement;  promo- 
tion; j)referment:  as,  an  advance  in  rank  or 
office. — 10.  An  offer  or  tender. 

The  advance  of  kindness  which  I  made  was  feigned. 

Dryden,  All  for  Love,  iv. 
11.  \ncom.:  (a)  Addition  to  price;  rise  in  price: 
as,  an  advance  on  the  ])rime  cost  of  goods ;  there 
is  an  advance  on  cottons.  (/;)  A  giving  before- 
hand; a  furnishing  of  something  before  an 
equivalent  is  received,  as  money  or  goods,  to- 
ward a  capital  or  stock,  or  on  loan,  or  in  expec- 
tation of  being  reimbursed  in  some  way :  as,  A 
made  largo  advances  to  B. 

I  shall,  with  great  pleasure,  make  the  necessary  ad- 
vances. '  Jay. 

The  account  was  made  up  with  intent  to  show  what 
advances  had  been  made.  Kent. 

(c)  The  money  or  goods  thus  furnished. — 12. 

In  naval  tactics,  the  distance  made  by  a  ship 
P  under  wa.v,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  her  course,  after 
the  helm  has  been  put  to 
one  side  and  kept  there: 
opposed  to  transfer,  the 
distance  made  at  right  an- 
gles to  the  original  course 
of  the  vessel  before  the 

D  helm  was  put  over.-inad- 
vance.  (a)  Before ;  in  front : 
as,  the  cavalry  marched  in  ad- 

Ivance,  or  in  advance  of  the  ar- 
tillery. See  above,  6.  ('<)  Be- 
forehand ;  before  an  equivalent 
is  received :  as,  to  pay  rent  in 
advance. 

They  .  .  .  paid  you  in  ad- 
vance the  dearest  tribute  of 
their  affection. 

Junius,  To  the  King,  1769. 
(f)  In  the  state  or  condition  of 
having  made  an  advance  :  as, 
A  is  in  advance  to  B  a  thousand  dollars.  =  Syn.  Advance- 
luent,  I'ruficiency,  etc.     See  progress,  n. 
advanceable  (.ad-van'sa-bl),  a.     [<  advance  + 
-ablc.~\     ( 'apabie  of  being  advanced. 
advance-bill   (ad-vans'bil),  «.      Same   as  ad- 
vance-note. 
advanced   (ad-vansf),  p.   a.     1.    Situated  in 
front  of  or  before  others.     Hence — 2.   In  the 
front ;  forward ;  being  in  advance  of  or  beyond 
others  in  attainments,  degree,  etc. :  as,  an  ad- 
vanced Liberal. 

The  most  advanced  strategic  ideas  of  the  day. 

Orote,  Hist.  Greece,  II.  86. 

3.  Having  reached  a  comparatively  late  stage, 
as  of  development,  progress,  life,  etc. :  as,  he  is 
now  at  an  advanced  age. 

advance-guard  (ad-vans'giird),  n.  [Cf.  avant- 
(jitard,  vanytiard.i  Milit.,  a  body  of  troops  or 
other  force  marching  or  stationed  in  front  of 
the  main  body  to  clear  the  way,  guard  against 
surprise,  etc. 

advancement  (ad-vans'ment),  H.  [Earlier  ad- 
vuuncemcitt,  avauncemeiit,<.'ME.  avancement,  < 
OF.  (and  F.)  avancement,  <  avancer:  see  ailrance 
and  -mcnt.~\  1.  The  act  of  moving  forward  or 
proceeding  onward  or  upward. — 2.  The  act  of 
promoting,  or  state  of  being  promoted;  jirofer- 
ment;  promotion  in  rank  or  excellence;  im- 
provement; fui'thcrance. —  3t.  Settlement  on  a 
wife;  jointure.  Bacon. — 4.  In  /(/ic,  provision 
made  by  a  parent  for  a  child  diu'ing  the  parent's 
life,  by  gift  of  (jroperty  on  account  of  the  share 
to  which  the  child  would  be  entitled  as  heii'  or 
next  of  kin  after  the  parent's  death. —  5t.  The 
payment  of  money  in  advance ;  money  paid  in 
advance.  =  Syn.  land  2.  Advance,  Proficiency, etc.  Sec 
progregg,  ».  — 2.  Exaltation,  elevation,  preferment,  en- 
hancement, amelioration,  betterment. 

advance-note  (ad-vans'not),  n.  A  draft  on  the 
owner  or  agent  of  a  vessel,  generally  for  one 
month's  wages,  given  by  the  master  to  the 
sailors  on  their  signing  the  articles  of  agree- 
ment. Known  in  the  I'nited  States  as  an  advance-bill. 
The  practice  was  abolished  in  the  United  States  by  act  of 
Congress  in  1SS4. 

advancer  (ad-van'ser),  Ji.  [HE.  avanncer, 
avaunser ;  (.advance  +  -<?)•!.]  1.  One  who  ad- 
vances; a  promoter. — 2.  A  branch  of  a  buck's 
horn,  the  second  from  the  base. 

advancingly  ( ad-van 'siug-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
vancing manner;  progressively. 

advancive  (ad-van'siv).  a.    [Irreg.  <  advance  + 
-ive.J    Tending  to  advance  or  promote.    [Rare.] 
The  latter  .  .  .  will  be  more  advancive  of  individual  in. 
terest  than  of  the  public  welfare. 

Washington,  in  Bancroft's  Hi^t.  Const.,  I.  416. 


advantage 

advantage  (ad-van'taj),  n.  [<  ME.  avantage, 
avauntat/e,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  avantage,  "an  advan- 
tage, odds;  overplus;  addition;  eeking;  a  bene- 
fit, furtherance,  forwarding,"  etc.  (Cotgrave), 
=  Pr.  avantage  (ML.  rciUtx  avantagiitm),  <  ML. 
*abuntaticum,  advantage,  <  a6a«te",  >  OF.  avant, 
etc.,  before:  see  advance,  c]  1.  Any  state, 
condition,  circumstance,  opportunity,  or  means 
specially  favorable  to  success,  prosperity,  inter- 
est, reputation,  or  anv  desired  end;  anj-thing 
that  aids,  assists,  or  is  of  service :  as,  he  had 
the  advantage  of  a  good  constitution,  of  an  ex- 
cellent education;  the  enemy  had  the  advan- 
tage of  elevated  ground;  "the  advantages  of  a 
close  alliance,"  Macautay. 

Advantage  is  a  better  soldier  tlian  rashness. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  6. 

The  streets,  seen  now  under  the  advantages  of  a  warm 

morning  sun  adding  a  beauty  of  its  own  to  whatever  it 

glanced  upon,  showed  nmcb  more  brilliantly  than  ours 

of  Kome.  ir.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  68. 

2.  Superiority  or  prevalence :  regularly  with  of 
or  over. 

Lest  Satan  should  get  an  advantage  of  us.    2  Cor.  ii.  11. 
I  have  seen  the  hungry  ocean  gain 
Advantage  on  the  kingdom  of  the  shore. 

Sttak.,  Sonnets,  Ixiv. 
The  special  advantage  of  manhood  over  youth  lies  .  .  . 
in  the  sense  of  reality  and  limitation. 

J.  R.  Seetey,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  145. 

3.  Benefit ;  gain  ;  profit. 

What  advantage  will  it  be  unto  thee?  Job  xxxv.  3, 

Yet  hath  Sir  Proteus,  for  that's  his  name. 
Made  use  and  fair  advantage  of  his  days. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 
4t.  Usury ;  interest ;  increase. 

Methought  you  saiil,  you  neither  lend  nor  borrow 
Upon  advantage.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 

And  with  advantage  means  to  pay  thy  love. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  3. 

5t.  A  thirteenth  article  added  to  a  dozen,  mak- 
ing what  is  commonly  known  as  a  baker's 
dozen. 

If  the  Scripture  be  for  reformation,  and  Antiquity  to 
boot,  it  is  but  an  advantage  to  the  dozen. 

Milton,  Ref.  in  Eng.,  i. 

6.  In  lawn-tennis,  the  first  point  gained  after 
deuce.  Commonly  called  vantage.  See  laivn- 
tennis — To  advantage,  with  good  effect ;  advantage- 
ously.—To  have  the  advantage  of,  to  have  superiority 
over;  be  in  a  more  favorable  pi.sitioii  than  ;  in  pai'ticular, 
to  know  without  being  known  ;  luive  a  personal  knowledge 
that  is  not  reciprocal :  as,  you  hare  the  advantage  "/me. — 
Toplayuponadvantaget,  tocheat.— To  take  advan- 
tage ot.  («)T"a\ail  one'sself  of ;  profit  by  in  ;i  Ivuitiniate 
way.  (6)  To  overreach  or  impose  upon,  (c)  'To  utilize  as  a 
means  toward  overreaching  or  imposition. 

The  restrictions  both  on  masters  and  servants  were  so 
severe  as  to  prevent  either  from  taking  advantage  of  the 
necessities  of  the  other.  Froude,  Sketches,  p.  146. 

=  Sjm.  1  and  3.  Advantage,  Benefit,  I'tility,  Profit,  help, 
vantage-ground,  good,  service.  Advantage  is  the  possession 
of  a  good  vantage-ground  for  the  attainment  of  ulterior  ob- 
jects of  desire  :  as,  he  has  the  advantageoi  a  good  education. 
Benefit  is  a  more  immediate  and  realized  good  :  as,  a  chief 
benefit  of  exercise  is  the  improvement  of  health.  Utility 
is  usefulness  in  the  practical  or  material  sense  ;  the  utility 
of  an  education  is  a  small  part  of  the  benefit  derived  from 
it.  Profit  signifies  gain,  with  a  suggestion  of  trade  or 
exchange.  A  man  may  have  good  advantages,  but  derive 
from  them  little  benefit  or  profit ;  even  their  utility  to  liim 
may  be  smalL 

And  deny  his  youth 
The  rich  advantage  of  good  exercise. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  2. 

The  importance  of  the  American  revolution,  and  the 
means  of  making  it  a  benefit  to  the  world. 

Washington,  I.,etter  to  Dr.  Price. 

-Kn  undertaking  of  enormous  labour  and  yet  of  only 
very  partial  utility.  /■'.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  36. 

\n\Q.t  profd  lies  in  barren  faith? 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cviii. 

advantage  (ad-van'taj),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
vantaged, ppr.  advantaging.  [<  late  ME.  avan- 
tage, <  OF.  avantagcr,  avantagier,  later  avan- 
tager,  "to  advantage,  give  advantage  unto," 
etc.  (Cotgrave);  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  benefit;  be  of  service  to;  yield  profit  or 
gain  to. 

What  is  a  man  advantaged,  if  he  gain  the  whole  world, 
and  lose  himself,  or  be  cast  away  ?  Luke  ix.  2.'>. 

If  trade  pinches  the  mind,  commerce  liberahzes  it :  and 
Bost<in  was  also  advantaged  with  the  neighborhood  of  tha 
countrj''s  oldest  college,  which  maintaitied  the  wholesome 
traditions  of  culture.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  96. 

2t.  To  gain  ground  or  win  acceptance  for;  pro- 
mote or  further.     [Rare.] 

The  Stoics  that  opinioned  the  souls  of  wise  men  dwelt 
about  the  moon,  and  those  of  fools  wandered  about  the 
earth,  advantaged  the  conceit  of  this  effect. 

Sir  T.  Brotau;  Vulg.  Err. 

3t.  To  increase,  as  by  interest. 

Advantaging  their  loan  with  interest 
Of  ten  times  double  gain  of  happiness. 

SItaJc.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 


11.  1S5. 


■Li       /    1     ■„/»-,;  ,  i,n      r,       n.-ovK.  <-'rii-k,  Mhlimaii,  their  licadquartcrs. 

ageable    (ad-yau  taj-iv-bl),    "■      l^^l}\  adventitia  (ad-ven-tish'i-a),   n, 

h     ,u;u,UujcMc;  <  admntage  +  -able.]  ^^Zl^e.M<mbrana,OTtm,ka)oll 

Me;  convenient;  gainful.     [Rare.]  see  «rfrr«((toHS.]     In  an<,t.,\nj 


advantage 

4t.  Reflexively,  to  cause  to  be  an  advantage  to; 
avail  (one's  self). 

It  is  (iliserved  of  wolves,  that  when  they  po  to  the  fold 
for  prey,  they  will  be  sure  to  ttdvantn<ie  themselves  of  the 
>vin(i.  ./'ft'.  T.  Adam^,  Works,  II.  121. 

II.  intrans.  To  gain  an  advantage ;  be  bene- 
fited. 

The  cariiivora«/(f(M(af;>!  by  the  aecident  of  their  painted 
skins.  f.  iioW/woH,  Under  the  Sun, 

advantageable 

lllDll.     K 

Profitable 

It  is  adeaiitar)eaUc  to  a  physician  to  be  called  to  the 
eiiie  of  .l,<liniii','  cliscxse.  Sir  J.  llaijward. 

advantage-ground  (ad  -  van 'taj- ground),  n. 

Vaiitiiijc-fjrcmiid.  Clarendon. 
advantageous  (ad-van-ta'jus),  a.  [Formerly 
(ulriiiildi/ioii.t;  (.(idraiitage,  n.,  + -ous,  after  F. 
uvantag'eux,  <  amntagc.']  Of  advantage  ;  fur- 
nishing convenience  or  opportunity  to  gain 
benefit;  gainful;  profitable;  useful;  beneficial: 
as,  an«(i('a«to/('o»sposition  of  the  troops;  trade 
is  advantageous  to  a  nation. 

Between  these  colonies  and  the  mother  country,  a  very 
advantageous  traffic  was  at  tij-st  carried  on. 

Guldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxv. 
It  is  evident  that  tliey  [changes  in  color]  are  under  the 
control  of  the  fish,  and  therefore  advantaiicaus. 

Science,  IV.  339. 

=  Syn.  Helpful,  serviceable,  favorable,  remunerative. 
advantageously  (ad-vau-ta'jus-li),  adv.     In  an 
advantageous  manner;  with  advantage  ;  profit- 
ably; usefully;  conveniently. 

It  was  advanlagcomhj  situated,  there  being  an  easy 
passage  from  it  to  India  by  sea.  Arlnitkiwt. 

Their  mother  is  evidently  not  without  hopes  of  seeing 
one,  at  least  [of  her  daughters],  advantageoushj  settled  in 
life.  Barlmin,  Iligoldsby  Legends,  I.  184. 

advantageousness  (ad-van-ta'jus-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  advantageous  ;  profit- 
ableness ;  usefulness ;  convenience. 

The  last  property,  which  ciualities  God  for  the  fittest  ob- 
ject of  our  love,  is,  the  advaiitagrnu.':y}ess  of  His  tons,  both 
in  the  present  and  the  future  life.      Buyle,  Works,  I.  279. 

advectitious  (ad-vek-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  advec- 
titiiis,  prop,  advecticiiis,  brought  to  a  place  from 
a  distance,  foreign,  <  advectiis,  pji.  of  adi-elicrc 


86 

ward  abanrloning  the  attempt  to  determine  the  date. 
There  are  several  divisions  or  sects  of  Advelitists,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  are:  tlie  .\dvinl(uT  Second  Advciil)Chrit. 
tiaiu,  the  lai-gcst ;  the  .Sirrnlhdn;/  AdventintK,  much  small- 
er, but  more  compactly  inganized  ;  and  the  Kmngeiical 
Adrnilinl.^,  Ihe  smallest.  The  members  of  the  Hrst  two  be- 
lieve iii  ibe  lliiiil  annihilation  of  the  wicked,  which  those 
of  tile  third  reject.  I  be  second  observe  the  seventh  day  as 
the  .Sabliatii,  and  believe  in  the  e\istfn<f  <>i  the  spirit  of 
prophecy  among  them;  they  maintain  nii.s^ions  in  various 
parta  of  the  world,  and  a  numlier  of  institutions  at  Battle 
Orcck,  Miihi^an,  their  hcadiiuarters. 

[NL.,  fem 
L.  advmtitiu.s 
membranous 
stnicture  covering  an  organ  but  not  properly 
belonging  to  it  (in  full,  mcmbrana  adventitia, 
adventitious  membrane);  specifically,  the  out- 
ermost of  the  three  coats  of  a  blood-vessel  (in 
fiUl,  tunica  odfCHdWa,  adventitious  tunic),  con- 
sisting of  connective  tissue. 
adventitious  (ad-ven-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  adven- 
titius,  prop,  adventicius,  coming  from  abroad, 
(.advcntm,  pp.  ot  advenire:  see  advene.']  1. 
Added  e-xtrinsically ;  not  spiinging  from  the  es- 
sence of  the  subject,  but  from  another  source ; 
foreign;  accidentally  or  casually  acquired:  ap- 
plied to  that  which  does  not  properly  belong  to 
a  subject,  but  which  is  superadded  or  adopted, 
as  in  a  picture  or  other  work  of  art,  to  give  it  ad- 
ditional power  or  effect. 

Every  subject  acquires  an  adventitious  importance  to 
him  who  considers  it  with  application. 

Goldsmith,  Polite  Learning,  xiv. 

But  apart  from  any  adventitious  associations  of  later 
growth,  it  is  certain  that  a  very  ancient  belief  gave  to  magic 
the  power  of  imparting  life,  or  the  semblance  of  it,  to  inani- 
mate things.        Lowell,  -\raong  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  117. 

2.  In  hot.  androo?.,  appearing  casually,  or  in 
an  abnormal  or  unusual  position  or  place  ;  oc- 
curring as  a  straggler  or  away  from  its  natural 
position  or  habitation;  adventive. 

The  inflorescence  (of  Cuscata  glomerata]  is  developed 
from  numerous  crowded  adventitious  hudu,  and  not  by  the 
repeated  branching  of  a.\illary,  flowering  branches,  as 
commonly  stated.  Scie7tc€,  IV.  342. 

3.  In  anat.,  of  the  nature  of  adventitia:  as,  the 
adventitious  coat  of  an  artery. 

adventitiously  (ad-ven-tish'us-li),  adv.     In  an 
idventitious  or  extrinsic  manner ;  accidentally 


adventuress 


our  uncle's  age,  let  us  hear  his  ad- 
Iruing,  Tales  of  a  Traveler. 


bring  to :  see  advehent.]     BrougM  from  another     tuivenuuous  or  exmnsic  manner ;  acciueutaj,., 
iilace.     Blomit.  adventltiousness  ^ad-ven-tish  us-nes),  n.    The 


advehent  (ad've-hent),  a.  [<  L.  advelien(t-)s. 
ppr.  of  advehere,  bring  to,  caiTy  to,  <  ad,  to,  -1- 
vehere,  bring,  caiTy :  see  vehicle,  conrei/.]  Bring- 
ing; caiTying  to;  afferent:  in  anat.,  applied 
to  sundry  vessels  :  the  opposite  of  revehent. 

advene  (ad-ven'),  r.  i.  [<  L.  advenire,  come  to, 
an'ive  at,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  venire,  come,  =E.  come,  q.  v. 
Cf.  convene,  intervene,  supervene.]  To  accede 
or  come;  be  added  or  become  a  part,  though 
not  essential.     [Rare.] 

Where  no  act  of  the  will  advenes  as  a  co-efficient. 

Coleridge,  Remains  (1S36),  III.  19. 

advenientt  (ad-ve'nient),  a.  [<L.  advenien{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  advenire:  see  advene.]  Advening;  com- 
ing from  without ;  superadded. 

Divided  from  truth  in  themselves,  they  are  yet  farther 
removed  by  advenient  deception. 

Sir  T.  Brou'iu,  Vulg.  Err.,  i.  3. 


state  or  quality  of  being  adventitious. 
adventive  (ad-^ven'tiv),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  adven- 
tus,  pp.  of  advenire  (see  advene),  +  -ive.]     I.  a. 
It.  Accidental ;  adventitious. 
The  relative  and  a^iventive  characters  of  offences. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 

Specifically — 2.  In  hot.  and  .:odl.,  only  tran- 
sient and  locally  spontaneous,  not  thoroughly 
naturalized:  appUed  to  introduced  plants  and 
animals. 

Il.t  «•  One  who  or  that  which  comes  from 
without ;  an  immigrant. 

That  the  natives  be  not  so  many,  but  that  there  maybe 

elbow-room  enough  for  them,  and  for  the  adventives  also. 

Bacon,  Advice  to  Villiers. 

adventryt  (ad-ven'tri),  n.  [<  adventure,  as  if  *ad- 
ventury.]  .An  enterprise;  an  adventure.  [Rare.] 
Act  a  brave  work,  call  it  thy  last  adventni. 

B.  Jonson.  Epigrams. 


rent  of  visitors,  of  an  infant,  or  of  death.  [A 
modem  use  of  the  word,  the  ecclesiastical  use 
having  been  the  original  one  in  English.] 

With  the  advent  of  the  empire  all  this  was  destined  to 
undergo  a  complete  change- 

Mericale,  Roman  Empire,  xxxv. 

With  the  advent  to  power  of  a  liberal-minded  Sovereign 
...  it  might  have  been  expected  that  there  would  be  an 
immediate  change  in  the  Government  of  Piedmont. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  54. 

Specifically — 2.  The  coming  of  Christ  as  the 
Saviour  of  the  world.  Hence  —  3.  [cap.]  Ec- 
eles.,  the  period  immediately  preceding  the  fes- 
tival of  the  Nativity,  it  includes  four  Sundays,  reck- 
oning from  the  Sunday  nearest  St.  Andrew's  day  (Nov.  30) 
to  ('hristm)us  eve,  and  has  been  observed  since  the  sixth 
century  as  a  season  ..f  devotion  with  reference  to  the  com- 
ing of  Christ  in  the  lle^bjiinl  to  liis  second  coming  to  judge 
the  world  ;  in  the  Konum  Catholic  (.'hurch  oliscrvedalsoas 
a  time  of  pi-niince  and  fasting.  In  the  Oriental  and  Greek 
Chui'ht  s  the  pi  riud  includes  six  Sundays,  try  forty  days. 
Second  advent,  the  second  coming  of  I'hrist  to  est 
a  personal  reign  nijnn  tlie  earth  as  its  king.  See 
7inri'iitiKiii  and  I'reunHrnnlitlisjn. 

Adventist  (ad'vcn-tist),  n.  [<  advent  + -ist.] 
One  who  believes  in  the  second  coming  of 
Christ  to  establish  a  personal  reign  upon  the 
earth ;  a  millonarian ;  a  Second-adventist.  The 
Adventists  of  the  I'nited  States  owe  their  origin  to  the 
millenarian  teachings  of  William  .Miller  (see  Millerite), 
most  of  them  believing  at  hrst  in  various  dates  Ilxed  for 
the  second  coining  of  Clirist  from  1S43  to  18G1,  but  after- 


hlish 


adventure  (ad-ven'tur),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  of- 
ten also  (t<lventer,<'ilE.  aventure,  auenturc,  often 
coutr.  auntour,  auntcr,  anter,  etc.,  <  OF.  (and 
F.)  aventure  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  aventura  =  It.  ar- 
vcntura  =  Fries,  aventure  =  'M-}iGr.  avcntiuve,  G. 
ahentcuer  =  Dan.  teventi/r,  eventijr  =  Sw.  (ifven- 
tyr,  <  ML.  aventura,  also  adventura,  lit.  a  thing 
about  to  happen,  <  L.  advenire,  fut.  part.  act. 
advenfurus,  come  to,  happen:  see  advene. 
The  ME.  prefix  a-  (rt-H)  has  been  restored  to 
its  orig.  L.  form  ad-.  Hence  pcradventure,  q.  v. 
Ct  venture.]  It.  That  which  comes  or  happens 
to  one;  hap;  chance;  fortune;  luck. 

Searching  of  thy  wound, 
I  have  by  hard  adventure  found  mine  own. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 
And  as  my  fair  adventure  fell,  I  found 
A  lady  all  in  white,  with  laurel  crown'd. 

Drgdcn,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  4G3. 

2.  A  hazardous  enterprise ;  an  undertaking  of 
uncertain  issue,  or  participation  in  such  an  un- 
dertaking. 

He  forged. 
But  that  was  later,  boyish  histories 
Of  battle,  bold  adventure,  dungeon,  wreck. 

Tennyson,  .Aylmer's  Field. 

3.  A  remarkable  occurrence  in  one's  jiersonal 
history ;  a  noteworthy  event  or  experience  in 
one's  life. 


Come,  never  mind  ■ 
ventures. 

4.  A  S|)eeulation  of  any  kind,  commercial, 
financial,  or  mining;  a  venture;  specifically,  a 
siieculation  in  goods  sent  abroad. 

Lafayette  directed  the  captain  to  ateer  for  the  United 
States,  which,  especially  as  he  had  a  large  pecuniary  ad- 
venture of  his  own  on  board,  he  declined  doing- 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  461. 
5t.  Peril ;  danger. 

He  was  in  great  adventure  of  his  life.  Bemers. 

6.  Adventurous  activity  ;  participation  in  ex- 
citing or  hazardous  undertakings  or  enterprises : 

as,  a  spirit  of  adventure At  all  adventurest,  at 

all  hazards  ;  whatever  may  be  the  conseipience. 

In  this  mist  at  all  adventures  go.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  2. 
BUI  of  adventure.  See  MH*. 
adventure  (ail-ven'ttir),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
reiiturid,  pjir.  adventuring.  [<  ME.  aventuren, 
usually  contr.  to  aunteren,  auntren  (which  sm- 
vives,  prob.,  in  saunter,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  arenturer 
=  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  aventurar  —  \X.  avvcnturare,  <  ML. 
adventurare ;  froih  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
risk  or  hazard;  put  in  the  power  of  unforeseen 
events:  as,  to  adventure  one's  life. 

My  father  fought  for  you,  and  adventured  bis  life  far. 

Judges  ix.  17. 

2.  To  venture  on ;  take  the  chance  of ;  run  the 
risk  of  doing  or  suffering. 

So  bold  Leander  would  adventure  it. 

Stiak.,T.  G.  of  v.,  iii.  1. 
Well,  my  lord,  I  do  adventure,  on  your  word. 
The  duke's  displeasure. 

Dekker  and  Webster(1),  Sir  Thomas  Wyat.  p.  l.S. 

II.  intrans.  To  take  the  risk  involved  in  do- 
ing anything;  proceed  at  a  venture. 

still  y  plague  continuing  in  our  parish,  I  could  not 
^vithout  danger  adventure  to  our  church. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  7,  lt'iC6. 

Its  government  began  to  adventure  on  a  lenient  policy. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  349. 

adventureful  (ad-ven 'tur-ftil),  a.  Given  to 
adventure  ;  full  of  enterprise.     [Rare.] 

adventurementt  (ad-ven' tur-ment),  n.  Haz- 
ardous enterprise. 

Wiser  Rajmundus,  in  his  closet  pent. 
Laughs  at  such  danger  and  adventurement. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  IV.  iii.  35. 

adventurer  (ad-ven'tur-er),  n.  [Late  ME.  ad- 
ven  torer,  a  gamester,  suggested  by  F.  aven  furier, 
with  same  sense,  <  ML.  adventurarius,  -erius: 
see  adventure  and  -er.]  1.  One  who  engages 
in  adventure;  an  undertaker  of  uncertain  or 
hazardous  actions  or  enterprises,  as  in  travel, 
war,  trade,  speculation,  etc. :  as,  the  Young  Jd- 
venturer,  a  title  given  to  Prince  Charles  Edward 
Stuart  on  account  of  his  leading  the  desperate 
insmTection  of  1745.  Speciflcally  — (n)One  of  aclass 
of  soldiers  in  the  middle  ages  w  ho  sold  their  services  to 
the  higiiest  bidder,  or  fought  and  plundered  on  their  own 
account,  (b)  Formerly,  a  seeker  of  fortune  by  foreign 
trade,  travel,  or  emigration ;  one  who  engaged  in  foreign 
discovery,  colonization,  or  speculation  for  the  sake  of 
profit,  especially  in  North  America. 

While  these  things  were  thus  acting  in  .\merica,  the 
adventurers  in  England  were  providing,  though  too  tedi- 
ously, to  send  them  recruits.       Beverley,  Virginia,  i.  1|  7. 

The  [coloni.al]  governor  [of  ^Laryland]  was  authorized  to 
erect  each  holding  of  1,(X)0  acres  and  over  into  a  manor,  to 
be  called  by  such  name  as  the  adventurer  or  adventurers 
shall  desire.  Johns  Hopkins  Vniv.  Stud.,  III.  319- 

(f)  In  general,  one  who  undertakes  any  great  commercial 
risk  or  speculation;  a  speculator;  in  mining,  !k  shai'e- 
holder  in  or  promoter  of  mines,  pai-ticnlarly  under  the 
cost-book  system.  See  cost-book. 
2.  In  a  bad  sense,  a  seeker  of  fortune  by  un- 
derhand or  equivocal  means ;  a  speculator  upon 
the  credulity  or  good  nature  of  others;  espe- 
cially, one  who  ingratiates  himself  ■with  soci- 
ety by  false  show  or  pretense  in  order  to  gain 
a  surreptitious  livelihood — Adventurer  tunnel 
See  (HJiHc/.— Merchant  Adventurers,  the  title  of  a  com- 
mercial company  first  established  in  Antwerp,  and  char- 
tered in  England  by  Henry  IV.  in  1406,  and  by  successive 
sovereigns  down  to  (^harles  I.  in  1634,  who  carried  on 
trading  and  colonizing  enterprises  in  North  .\merica  and 
other  parts  of  the  world.  Several  local  associations  of 
merchants  still  exist  in  England  under  this  name,  that  of 
Newcastle  reckoning  its  origin  from  the  seventeenth  year 
of  King.lohn  (12H;).' 

adventuresome  (ad-ven'tur-sum),  a.  [<  ad- 
venture, n.,  +  -some.]  BoUi:  daring;  adventur- 
ous; inciu'ring  hazard.     See  venturesome. 

Adventuresome,  1  send 
My  herald  thought  into  a  wilderness. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i- 

adventuresomeness  (ad-ven'tur-sum-nes),  ». 
The  iiuality  of  Ix-ing  bold  and  venturesome. 

adventuress  (ad-vcn'tiir-os).  n.  [<  adventurer 
-t-  -<,s-.s-.]  A  female  adventurer;  a  woman  en- 
gaged in  or  capable  of  bold  enterprises,  espe- 
cially enterprises  of  equivocal  character. 


adventuress 

It  might  be  very  well  for  L;uly  liiin-iu-rea  .  .  .  am!  other 
ladies  ...  to  cry  flmit  the  IUl-iiuI' tluMidiousaiiyt'/ifwrt'Kjf 
■ '     milking  lier  curtsey  before  the  soveruiKn. 

Thackerai/,  Vanity  Fair,  xlviii. 

adventurous  (ad-ven'tur-us),  a.     [<  ME.  avcn- 
turous,  (in  tittiru^,  (lunferouii;  etc.,  <  OF.  aventeroSy 
F.  arcnturci(j-=Pv.  accntiirofi  =  li.  avvrnturoso  : 
see  afli'cittinr,  «.,  ami   -ou-s.]       1.   liK-liiu'd  or* 
willing'  to  ineiu"  hazard   or  engage   in   ailven- 
tures  ;  bold  to  eneouuter  danger ;  daring ;  ven- 
turesome ;  courageous ;  enterprising. 
In  niiiTiy  a  iloiilitful  tlylit, 
Was  never  known  a  mure  adirnt'roiis  kninlit. 

Dnjden,  Hind  and  I'antlier,  1.  2207. 

Th'  adi^^nturoug  baron  tl\e  bright  \ov\i^  admired. 

Pupe,  K.  of  the  L.,ii.  29, 

2.  Full  of  hazard  ;  attended  with  risk  ;  exposing 
to  danger;  requii'ing  courage;  hazardous:  as.' 
an  adventurous  undertaking. 

Of  instrumental  harmony,  that  breathed 
Heroic  ardour  to  adventurous  deeds. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  m. 

A  Greek  temple  preserves  a  kind  of  fresh  immortality 
in  its  concentrated  refinement,  and  a  Gothic  cathedral  in 
its  adventurous  exuberanc^e. 

JI.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  36. 
=  Syn.  1.  Adr^nturoiai,  Enter lyrisinij.  Rash,  RfckleHfi,  Fool- 
karthi,  venturesome,  venturous.  Tlie  adirnturoun  man 
incurs  risks  from  love  of  the  novel,  the  arduous,  and  the 
bold,  trustiii",'  to  escape  throu-^h  the  use  tif  bis  bodily  and 
mental  powers;  he  would  measure  hiiuselfatcainstditlicult 
thin^js.  \\'lieu  tliis  spirit  d<ies  nnt  go  su  far  as  to  deserve 
tiie  name  nf  rashiw-'i.H  ur  fnuUtnrdiiiexn,  it  is  considered  a 
iiumly  trait.  The  ':nf<r/>n'.siiifi  man  is  alert  to  undertake 
new  and  bu'^e  things,  not  necessarily  involvinj;  risk ;  he  is 
constantly  linaUiiiLi  out  of  routine.  The  raWi  man  Iiastens 
to  do  a  tiling'  witli  little  thought  of  the  cnnse<iuenres.  and 
Kenerally  in  tlie  heat  of  feeling.  With  tht;  J'l  ml  hard  i/  man 
the  risks  are  so  great  and  the  absence  of  thought  is  so 
entire  that  he  seems  to  have  the  hardihood  of  the  fool. 
The  rerklrss  man  has  the  impetuosity  of  the  rash  man,  but 
he  is  more  eareless  of  consequences.  The  rash  man  is 
too  preiipitate  ;  the  reckleMx  man  shows  temerity ;  the 
/ovthardij  man  is  careless  or  defiant  even  when  he  under- 
takes the  impossible. 

Commerce  is  unexpectedly  confident  and  serene,  alert, 
adventurous,  and  unwearied.        Thorean,  Walden,  p.  130. 

There  have  not  been  wanting  enterprising  and  far-see- 
ing statesmen  who  have  atteniptetl  to  control  and  direct 
the  Spirit  of  the  Age.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  80. 

He  is  rash,  and  very  sudden  in  choler,  and,  haply,  may 
strike  at  you.  Shak,,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

I  am  one,  my  liege, 
Whom  the  vile  blows  and  buffets  of  tlie  world 
Have  so  incens'd,  that  I  am  reckless  what 
I  do  to  spite  the  world.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  lii.  1. 

The  foolhardy  levity  of  shallow  infidelity  proceeds  from 
a  morbid  passion  for  notoriety,  or  tlic  malice  that  finds 
pleasure  in  annoyance.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  194. 

adventurously  (ad-ven'tur-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
adventurous  manner;  boldly;  daringly. 

They  are  both  hanged  ;  and  so  w«.iu]d  this  be,  if  he  durst 
steal  any iXiin^  adventurously.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i\.  4. 

adventurousness  (ad-veu'tui*-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  adventurous;  daring. 

adverb  (ad'verb).  n.  [<  F.  adverbe/ilj.  adver- 
hiutHy  an  adverb  (a  tr.  of  Gr.  e/n-ipp^fia,  an  ad- 
verb, soraetliing  additional  to  the  predication), 
<  adj  to,  +  vcrhiim,  a  word,  verb:  see  i'erb.'\  In. 
gram.,  one  of  the  indeclinable  parts  of  speech: 
so  called  from  being  ordinarily  joined  to  verbs 
for  the  purpose  of  limiting  or  extending  their 
signification,  but  used  also  to  qualify  adjectives 
and  other  adverbs:  as,  I  rcadihj  admit;  you 
speak  wisdy ;  very  cold;  naturally  brave;  very 
generally  acknowledged;  tnuch  more  clearly. 
Adverbs  may  be  classified  as  follows  :  {1)  .\dverbs  of  place 
and  motion,  as  here,  there,  up,  out,  etc.  (2)  Of  time  and 
succession,  as  now,  then,  often,  ever,  etc.  (3)  Of  manner 
and  (iuality,  as  so,  thus,  well,  truly,  faithfully,  etc.  (4)  Of 
nieiisure  and  degree,  as  much,  more,  rery,  enough,  etc.  (5) 
Of  modality,  as  surely,  not,  perhaps,  therefore,  etc.  Often 
ahtireviiiteii  adv. 

adverbial  (ad-ver'bi-al),  a.  [<  L.  adverbialis, 
<.adverhiu)ity  adverb:  see  adverb.'}  1.  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  having  the  character  or  force  of,  an 
adverb. — 2.  Much  inclined  to  use  adverbs; 
given  to  limiting  or  qualifying  one's  state- 
ments.    [Rare.] 

He  is  also  wonderfully  adverbial  in  his  expressions,  and 
breaks  off  with  a  "  Perhaps  "  and  a  nod  of  the  head  upon 
matters  of  the  most  indifferent  nature.  Tatler,  No.  191. 
Adverbial  modality  (of  a  jiroposltion),  in  logic,  modal- 
ity expressed  by  an  aavcrl) :  as.  nffcTisis  necessarily  come  : 
opi>osed  to  nominal  modaliiy.  «liieli  is  expressed  by  an 
adjeetive:  ;ls.  it  is  necessary  tliat  offenses  slioiild  eome.— 

Adverbial  phrase,  or  adverb-phrase,  a  toiineation  of 

two  or  more  words  in  a  sentence  having  eotijoiiitly  tlie 
grarniitatieal  force  of  an  adverb.  Tlie  most  tiistiiut  ad- 
verbial plirases  consist  of  a  preposition  and  a  noun  or  a 
word  used  as  a  noun,  with  or  without  adjuncts,  as  on  the 
whole,  in  very  deed,  by  the  tcay,  by  chance,  of  course.  In 
this  dictionary  many  such  phrases  in  common  use  are  de- 
Itned  under  their  principal  words.  Many  elliptical  phrases 
without  a  preposition  are  in  reality  aiiverbiul.  but  are  not 
usually  treated  as  such:  as.  he  goes  tiu-re  every  day ;  this 
is  many  times  larger  than  that.  Some  phrases  have  been 
made  compound  adverbs  by  coalescence,  as  indeed,  per- 


87 
chance,  neverthelenn,  twwadayif.    See  prepositioTial  phraar, 

UIultT  pr^^j^{l^•iti^Hlal. 

adverbiality  (ad-vrr-bi-ari-ti),  n.  [_<<i(lrtrliial 
+  -ill/  :  =  F.  (idrcrliiaUte.]  The  state  or  quality 
of  beiiiK  adverbial ;  adverbial  form  of  expres- 
sion.    jV.  E.  I). 

adverbialize  (ad-vOr'bi-al-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
lUi.  (iitii  iliKili'cil,  ppr.  (i(hrrhifiliziiiij.  [<  adnr- 
bial  +  -i::t.]  To  give  the  form  or  force  of  au 
adverb  to  ;  use  as  an  adverb. 

adverbially  (ad-vir'bi-al-i).  adv.  lu  the  man- 
ner or  with  the  force  or  character  of  an  ad- 
verb ;  as  an  adverb. 

adversaria  (ad-ver-sa'ri-S),  n.  pi.  [L.  (sc. 
si-riptii),  miscellaneous  notes,  memoranda,  lit. 
writinj^s  Ijnnt;  before  one's  eyes,  <  adrrrsarius, 
turned  toward,  being  in  front  of,  standing  op- 
posite :  see  (ulversdnj.']  A  miscellaneous  col- 
lection of  notes,  remarks,  or  selections  ;  a  com- 
monplace-book ;  memoranda  or  annotations. 

Tllcsu  iiarchuK'nts  are  supposed  to  h.ive  been  St.  Paul's 
adrernaiia.  Up.  Bull,  Sermous. 

adversarious  (ad-vOr-sa'ri-us),  a.     [<  L.  advcr- 

.siiriiis  :  yt-i-  iidrcrsarii.}  Adverse;  hostile. 
adversary  (ad'ver-sa-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  ad- 
verxari/,  advcrsarie  (also  adierscrc,  <  AF.  ad- 
i-crser,  OF.  adversier,  avcrsicr,  mod.  F.  adver- 
sairc),  <  L.  adrcrsariKS,  a.,  standing  opposite 
or  opposed  to,  turned  toward,  <  advcrsaiiu.'!,  n., 
antagonist,  omionent,  <  adversus,  opposite  :  sec 
(idrcrst;  «.]  X.  a.  1.  Opposed;  opposite  to; 
adverse:  antagonistic:  as,  "  adversary  forces," 
Bp.Kimi.  [Rare  orobsolete.] — 2.  In /nic,  hav- 
ing an  opposing  party,  in  contradistinction  to 
unopposed :  as,  an  udvcrsarij  suit. 

II.  "•  ;  pl.  (iilvcvsdvics  (ad'v^r-sa-riz).  1. 
One  who  acts  adversely  or  inimically;  au  un- 
friendly opponent  or  antagonist;  au  enemy. 

The  Lord  will  take  vengeance  on  his  adversaries. 

Nahuni  i.  2. 

We  carry  private  and  domestic  enemies  within,  public 
and  more  hostile  adversaries  without. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Eeligio  Medici,  ii.  7. 

Specifically — 2.  [cap.]  The  devil;  Satan  as 
the  general  enemy  of  mankind :  as,  the  wiles 
of  the  Adversary. — 3.  An  opponent  in  a  con- 
test ;  one  who  contends  against  another  or 
strives  for  victory  ;  a  contestant. 

Agree  with  thine  adversary  quickly,  .  .  .  lest  at  any 
time  the  adversary  deliver  thee  to  the  judge.     Mat.  V.  25. 
Forsaketh  yet  the  lists 
By  reason  of  his  adversary's  odds. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  :,. 

The  adversaries  may  consult  as  to  a  fresh  deal  [in  whist], 
American  Hoyle,  p.  2. 
=Syil.  1  and  3.  Adversary,  Antagonist,  Opponent,  Enemy, 
Foe.  These  words  vary  in  strength  according  as  they  ex- 
press spirit,  action,  or  relation,  A  Jfte  has  most  of  the  spirit 
of  enmity,  or  is  actively  hostile.  The  word  is  more  used  in 
poetry  than  in  prose.  Enemy,  as  denoting  an  opponent  in 
war,  or  a  member  of  an  opposing  party,  does  not  neccssniily 
imply  personal  llostility.  Opponent,  adversary,  and  niil<rv>- 
nist  are  less  severe  in  their  opposition,  and  neevl  have  no  an- 
imosity, 0}qmnent  is  often  a  passive  word  ;  antagonist  is 
always  active  and  personal,  A  man  may  be  our  opponent 
in  an  argument  or  a  lawsuit,  our  adversary  in  a  game,  as 
chess,  our  antatjojli^t  in  a  wrestling-  or  boxing-nialeb,  or 
other  occasion  of  strenuous  exertion:  thecliuier  between 
the  three  words  depends  chieHyupon  the  mea-sure  of  ac- 
tivity involved.  In  the  Bible,  adversary  covers  the  mean- 
ing of  all  Ift'e  woriis, 

I  will  be  ,  ,  ,  an  adversary  to  thine  adversaries. 

Ex,  xxiii,  22. 

He  that  wrestles  with  us  strengthens  our  nerves  anil 
sharpens  our  skill.     Our  antagonist  is  our  helper. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

In  the  Socratic  way  of  dispute  you  agree  to  everything 
your  o^/>o/i€/j(  advances.         Addison,  Spectator,  No.  231*. 

If  they  are  spared  by  the  humanity  of  the  enemy  and 

carried  from  the  field,  it  is  but  a  prolongation  of  torment. 

R.  Hall,  Mod.  Infidelity. 

Those  who  are  national  or  political  enemies  are  often 
private  friends.  Crabb. 

No  num's  defects  sought  they  to  know 
So  never  made  themselves  a/oe.         Prior,  Epitaph. 

adversaryt  (ad'ver-sa-ri),  v.  t.  [<  adversary,  n.] 
To  antagonize ;  oppose. 

To  give  any  retorting  accounts  of  the  principal  persons 
wh.i  thus  a<lrcr,iaried  him,    C,  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  ii.  12. 

adversationt  (ad-ver-sa'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adver- 
satio(>i-},<adver.'iari,  pp.  arfceread/.s,  oppose:  see 
adverse,  r.]  The  state  of  being  adverse;  ad- 
verseni'ss  ;  opposition  ;  hostility. 

adversative  (ad-ver'sa-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL. 
utirrrsdiinis,  <  adversaius,  pp.  of  adversari.  op- 
pose: seeadverse, !.]  I.  a.  1.  E.vpressing  differ- 
ence, contrariety,  opposition,  or  antithesis  :  as, 
an  atlversativc  conjunction,  in  the  sentence,  he  is 
an  honest  man,  but  a  fanatic,  but  has  an  adversatim:  f(trce, 
ami  is  called  an  adversative  conjunction,  and  the  whole 
proposition  is  called  an  adversative  proposition, 

2t.  Of  adverse  nature  ;  inimical. 


advert 

II.  ti.  A  word  or  |iroi>osition  denoting  con- 

trnriely  or  ojiposition. 

adversatively  (ud-vtr'sa-tiv-li),  adv.     In  an 

adversative  or  opposing  manner. 
adverse  (ad'vi-rs,   sometimes  ad-vers'),  a.     [< 
MIO.  iidrerse,  <  OF.  ailrers,  earlier  avers,  auvers, 
F.  adverse  =  Pr.  adverse  =  Sp.  Pg.  adverso  = 
It.   avverso,   <  L.    adversiis,   earlier    advorsus, 
turned  toward,  over  against,  opposite,  opposed, 
pp.  of  adverlcrc,  earlier  adrorterc,  tiu-n  to :  see 
advert.'^     1.  Being  or  acting  in  a  contrary  di- 
rection ;  opposed  or  opposing  in  position  or 
course ;    opposite ;     confronting :    most    com- 
monly used  of  hurtful  or  hostile  opposedness, 
but  sometimes  of  mere  opposition  in  space. 
With  adverse  blast  upturjis  them  from  the  south 
Notus,  Milton,  P.  L,,  X,  701, 

Thus  marching  to  the  trumpet's  lofty  sound, 
Drawn  in  two  lines  adverse  they  wheel'd  around. 

Dryden,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  2S<». 
He  looked  upon  the  bright  green  slope,  that  skirts  the 
adverse  hills. 

niaekie.  Lays  of  Highlands,  p.  167.    {N.  E.  D.) 

2.  Antagonistic  in  purpose  or  effect;  opposite; 
hostile  ;  inimical :  as,  an  adverse  party  ;  ad- 
verse criticism. 

The  spirit  of  personal  invective  is  peculiarly  adverse  to 
the  cooln&ss  of  rhettn-ic,  De  (Juincey,  Rhetoric, 

ElTor  is  adverse  to  human  happiness, 

//,  Sjx-jieir,  Social  Statics,  p,  238, 

3.  Opposing  desire  ;  contrary  to  the  wishes  or 
to  supposed  good ;  lience,  unfortimate ;  calam- 
itous ;  unprosperous :  as,  adverse  fate  or  cir- 
cumstances. 

He  lived,  we  are  told,  to  experience  sport  of  adverse  for- 
tune, Merivale,  Roman  Empii-e,  xlii. 

In  studying  the  minor  poets,  we  see  with  especial  clear- 
ness the  adeerse  iutluenees  of  a  transition  era,  composite 
though  it  be,  Stedman,  Vict,  Poets,  p.  28. 

4.  In  hot.,  turned  toward  the  axis :  the  opposite 
of  averse,  but  rarely  used.  See  anatropous. 
[The  early  botanists  used  the  term  in  the  sense 
of  opposite.~\  —Adverse  leaf,  a  leaf  which  has  its  up- 
per surface  tmiied  toward  the  stem.—  Adverse  posses- 
sion, in  law,  occupancy  of  realty  as  if  by  right  without 
molestation,  which  may  at  length  ripen  into  a  suthcient 
title.  Adverse  radicle,  iti  bot.,  a  radicle  turned  toward 
the  biliini,  as  in  anatrnpniis  seeds,    %e^anatropous.  =SyiL 

1,  Oi>i>i>site,  tuntiai,',,  unfavorable, — 2,  Averse,  Inimical, 
etc.  See  hostile. ^3.  Infortunate,  unlucky,  calamitous, 
untoward,  disastrous, 

adverset  (ad-vers'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adversari,  op- 
pose, <  adversm,  opposite  :  see  adverse,  o.]  To 
oppose. 

Fortune  should  him  adverse.      Gower,  Conf,  Amant.,  ii. 

adversely   (ad'vers-li),    adv.      In  an  adverse 

manner  ;  opposite!}' ;  inimically  ;  offensively  ; 

tmfortuuately ;  unprosperously  ;  in  a  manner 

contrary  to  desire  or  success. 

If  the  drink  you  give  me  touch  my  palate  adversely,  I 
make  a  crooked"  face  at  it.  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  1. 

adverseness  (ad'v6rs-nes),  «.     1.  Opposition; 

repugnance. 

This  would  accoinit  for  an  adverseness  to  all  our  over- 
tui'es  for  peace.  liallam. 

2.  Adversity  ;  unprosperousness :  as,  adverse- 
ness of  circumstances. 

adversifoliate  (ad-vdr-si-fo'li-at),  «.  [<  L.  «</- 
versus,  opposite.  +  folium,  leaf,  -f  -«f(l.]  In 
hot.,  having  opposite  leaves:  applied  to  plants 
wlicre  the  leaves  are  arranged  opposite  to  each 
other  on  the  stem. 
adversifoliOUS  (ad-ver-si-fo'U-us),  a.     [As  ad- 

n  v.iifiili-ate  +  -oiis.l     Same  as  adversifoliate. 
adversiont  (ad-ver'shon),  H.    [<  L.  adversio{n-), 
a  turning  to.  <  atlvcrtere,  pp.  adversiis,  turn  to: 
see  advert.']    Attention;  perception. 
The  soul  bestoweth  her  adversion 
On  something  else. 

Dr.  U.  More,  Phil.  Poems,  p.  294. 

adversity  (ad-ver'si-ti),  ?!.;  pl.  adversities i-tiz). 
[<  ME.  adversite,  <J  OF.  adversiteit,  advcrsitct, 
aversilet,  <  L.  adversita(t-).'!,  <  adversiis,  adverse: 
seeailverse,  a.]  1.  Adverse  fortune  or  fate ;  a 
condition  or  state  marked  by  misfortune,  calam- 
ity, distress,  or  imhappiness. 

Sweet  are  the  uses  of  adversity. 

Which,  like  the  toad,  ugly  and  venomous, 

Wears  yet  a  precious  jewel  in  his  head. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  IL  1, 

2.  An  unfortunate  event  or  circumstance:  au 
ill  chance;  a  misfortune  or  calamity :  generally 
in  the  plural. 

Ye  have  this  ilay  rejected  your  God,  who  hinisell  saved 
you  out  of  all  yoiu-  adversities.  1  Sam.  x.  19. 

=  Syn  Trouble,  distress,  misery,  disaster,  woe,  ill  luck 
advert  (ad-v^'),  v.  [<  ME.  adverten,  averten, 
<OF.  avertir.  later  adrertir,  "to  inform,  certi- 
fie,  advertise,"  etc.  (Cotgrave),  <  L.  advertere, 
earlier  advortere,  turn  toward;  animum  adver- 
tere (see  animadvert),  or  simply  advertere,  turn 


advert 

the  miml  toward,  advert  to,  notice,  regard ;  < 
ad,  to,  +  rcrtcrc,  earlier  vortcri-,  tiuii:  see  ver- 
tex, vortex,  verse,  etc.  Cf.  advertise.']  I,  in- 
ti'aiis.  1.  To  turn  the  mind;  lix  the  atteiitiou; 
give  or  paylieed:  with  tu,  and  sometimes  tqmn, 
before  the  object  of  attention. 

lie  was  so  stniniit'ly  advisable  that  he  would  atlvcrt  unto 
the  jiulgeinellt  of  the  meanest  per.s(Hi. 

lip.  Felt,  Life  of  Haiiiniond. 
As  I  cannot  be  conscious  of  what  I  do  not  perceive,  sol 
do  not  perceive  that  which  I  do  not  advert  vimn.     That 
which  makes  mc  feel  makes  me  advert. 

W.  W'ullaslon,  Religion  of  Nature,  ii. 
Even  these  primaeval  mountains 
Teach  the  adverting  mind. 

Slietteii,  Mont  Blanc,  iv. 

2.  To  turn  the  attention  in  speech  or  writing; 
make  a  remark  or  remarks  (about  or  in  reUition 
to) :  with  to,  and  formerly  sometimes  on  or  ttpon, 
before  the  subject  of  remark :  as,  he  adverted 
briefly  io  the  occurrences  of  the  day. 

I  will  only  advert  to  some  leading  points  of  the  argu- 
ment. Kmersoiiy  Am.  Civilization. 
=Syn.  2.  Advert  (to).  Refer  tXo),  Allude  (to),  Hint  (at),  re- 
mark (upon),  take  notice  (of),  dwell  (upon),  gl.ince  (at), 
animadvert  (upon).  These  words  are  primarily  used  of 
the  speaker  in  the  conduct  of  his  discourse.  Advert,  to 
turn  to  a  thing  directly  and  plainly,  perhaps  abruptly,  so 
that  the  hearer's  attention  is  fl.xed  upon  it  for  a  time. 
Refer  implies  a  lighter  treatment  than  advert.  Alluxle, 
to"  play  upon,  is  a  still  more  delicate  reference  to  some- 
thing that  is  well  enough  known  to  make  .in  allusion 
sufficient,  or  is  too  much  a  matter  of  sensitiveness  to  per- 
mit tlie  speaker  to  advert,  or  even  refer,  to  it  plainly ; 
for  these  or  other  reasons,  the  mention  is  slight  or  indefi- 
nite. .4  still  lighter  reference  is  expressed  by  hint  (at). 
See  hint,  v. 

When  ...  a  well-dressed  gentleman  in  a  well-dressed 
company  can  advert  to  the  topic  of  female  old  age  with- 
out exciting,  and  intending  to  excite,  a  sneer.  Lamb. 

I  proceed  to  .another  affection  of  our  nature  which  bears 
strong  testimony  to  our  being  born  for  religion.  I  refer 
to  the  emotion  which  leads  us  to  revere  what  is  higher 
than  ourselves.  Channinrj,  Perfect  Life,  p.  11. 

There  is  one  Principle  of  the  Gospel,  which  constitutes 
its  very  essence,  to  which  I  have  not  even  atlit<led. 

Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  27S. 
And  one,  in  wirom  all  evil  fancies  clung 
Like  serpent  eggs  together,  laughingly 
Would  hint  at  worse  in  either. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  .\rden. 

Il.t   tran.s.  1.  To  turn  the  mind  or  attention 
to ;  take  note  of ;  observe. 
Advertinq  his  father's  dear-bought  experience. 

Waiixtaffe,  Vind.  Carol.,  Int.,  p.  12.     (.V.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  advise,  ■warn,  or  counsel. 

I  can  no  more,  but  in  my  name,  advert 
.\\\  earthly  powers  beware  of  tyrant's  heart. 

Mir.  for  Mufjs.,  p.  442. 

advertence  (ad-ver'tens),  n.  [<  ME.  advertence, 
advertens,  <  OF.  advertence,  earlier  avertancc, 
<  ML.  advertentia,  <  L.  adverten(t-)s :  see  adver- 
tent.] A  turning  or  direetinf;  of  the  mind ;  at- 
tention ;  notice  ;  consideration ;  heed ;  refer- 
ence. 

Such  a  process  cf  reasoning  is  more  or  less  implicit,  and 
without  the  direct  and  full  a^iucrfertce  of  the  mind  exer- 
cising it.  J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  .\ssent. 

Godwin  .  .  .  writes,  with  advertewie  to  the  days  of 
(Juecn  Elizabeth,  that,  etc.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng. 

advertency  (ad-ver'ten-si),  n.  [As  advertence : 
see  -ency.  ]  The  act  or  habit  of  being  advertent 
or  attentive  ;  attentiveness  ;  heedfulness. 
advertent  (ad-ver'tent),  a.  [<  L.  adverten(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  (tdrirtcre,  advert:  see  atlvert.]  Atten- 
tive ;  heedful. 
Advertent  lest  he  should  be  deceived. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  'Wisdom  of  God. 

advertently  (ad-ver'tent-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
vertent manner ;  with  direct  attention  or  inten- 
tion. 

The  impression  produced  on  the  mind  is  altogether  dif- 
ferent, and  that  wliich  Lord  llacaulay  advertently  avoided 
conveying.  F.  Hall,  False  Philiil.,  p.  36. 

advertise  (ad'ver-tiz  or  ad-ver-tiz',  formerly 
ad-ver'tiz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  advertised,  ppr.  ad- 
vertising. [Mod.  E.  also  advertize,  <  ME.  advcr- 
tisen,  avertiscn,  -yscn,  <  OF.  advertiss-,  avcrtiss-, 
base  of  certain  parts  of  adrertir,  arertir,  mod. 
F.  avertir,  inform,  certify,  warn,  admonish,  <  L. 
advcrtere,  notice :  see  advert.  The  suffix -ise  has 
the  same  origin  as  -/«'/(  in  abolish,  polish,  ravish, 
etc.]  I,  trans.  If.  To  take  note  of ;  notice ; 
observe. 

"^'et  is  to  be  ailuertined  that  it  is  in  diuers  respects  that 
they  be  so  exercised. 

Bryskett,  Disc.  Civ.  Life,  p.  252.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  inform ;  give  notice,  advice,  or  intelli- 
gence to,  whether  of  a  past  or  present  event,  or 
of  something  future :  as,  I  advertised  him  of 
my  intention. 

I  will  advertise  thee  what  this  people  will  do  to  thy 
people  in  the  latter  days.  Num.  .\,\iv.  14. 


88 

His  Ma*',  being  advertis'd  of  some  disturbance,  forbore 
to  gii  t<t  tile  Lord  .Maior's  shew  and  feast  appointed  next 
day.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  2»,  1062. 

One  docs  not  need  to  advertise  the  sfiuirrcls  where  the 
nut-trees  arc.      Lowell,  Among  my  Dooks,  2d  ser.,  p.  127. 

3.  To  give  information  to  the  })ublic  concern- 
ing; make  jiublie  intimation  or  announcement 
of,  by  publication  in  periodicals,  by  printed 
bills,  etc.,  as  of  anything  for  sale,  lost  or  foixnd, 
a  meeting,  an  entertainment,  or  the  like. 

It  [the  Carnival]  was  adrei-ti-sed  to  begin  at  half  past  t\*'o 
o'clock  of  a  certain  .Saturday. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p,  113. 
=  Syil.  2.  To  apprise,  inform. — 3.  To  make  known,  an- 
nounce, proclaim,  promulgate,  publish. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  take  note;  take  heed; 
consider. 

Not  advcrtisinn  who  speaketh  the  words,  but  rather 
what  is  said.     Frith,  Disput.  Pm-g.  (18'29),  p.  83.  (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  make  public  announcement  of  anything 
of  -which  it  is  desired  to  inform  the  ])ublic  ;  an- 
nounce one's  wishes  or  intentions  by  advertise- 
ment: as,  to  advertise  for  something  that  is 
-wanted. 

advertisement  (ad-ver'tiz-ment  or  ad-ver-tiz'- 
ment),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  advcrtizement,  < 
ME.  advertisement,  avertisement,  <  OF.  adver- 
tissement,  avertisscment,  i  avertir:  see  advertise 
and-)KeH<.]  If.  Attention;  observation;  heed. 
— 2t.  Instruction;  warning;  intelligence. 

That  is  an  advertisement  to  a  proper  maid  ...  to  take 
heed.  .SAnfc,  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 

For  this  advertisement  is  five  days  old. 

Shale.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

3.  A  gi-ving  of  notice  or  information ;  notifica- 
tion ;  specific  intelligeucc  aliout  anything :  as, 
a  publisher's  arfi'c/'^.sv /«(«?  prefixed  to  a  book 
(as  part  of  it).  [No-vv  nirc] — 4.  A  notice  or 
an  announcement  made  public  by  handbill,  pla- 
card, or  similar  means,  or,  as  formerly,  by  pro- 
clamation, as  by  a  town  crier ;  specifically,  a 
paid  notice  of  any  kind  inserted  in  a  news- 
pai:>er  or  other  public  print. 

[The  l)andl  with  noi-sy  advertisemeiit,  by  means  of  brass, 
wood,  and  sheepskin,  makes  the  circuit  of  our  startled 
village  streets.    Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser. 

.A.nnouncements  in  the  public  journals  known  as  adver- 
tisements appeared  while  journalism  was  in  its  infancy. 

Am.  Cyc.,  I.  13". 

5.  A  bringing  into  public  notice  or  attention ; 
liublicity ;  notoriety. 

All  these  matters  have  given  the  federation  great  ad- 
vertisement. N.  A.  Rev.,  CXLIII.  229. 

Often  abbreviated  ad.,  adv.,  or  advt. 
Foreclosure  by  advertisement.    See  fnreclosn  re. 

advertiser  (ad'vOr-ti-zer  or  ad-ver-ti'zer),  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  advertises. 

advertising  (ad'vA'-ti-zing  or  ad-ver-ti'zing, 
formerly  ad-ver'tiz-ing),  n.  [Formerly  also 
advertizing;  verbal  u.  of  «(/(;e)'<(s<;.]  If.  Noti- 
fication; iiifonnatiou. — 2.  The  act  or  practice 
of  bringing  anything,  as  one's  wants  or  one's 
business,  into  public  notice,  as  by  paid  an- 
nouncements in  periodicals,  or  by  handbills, 
placards,  etc. :  as,  to  secure  customers  by  ad- 
vertising. Often  used  attributively:  as,  an  ad- 
vertising agent;  an  advertising  schemej  an  ad- 
vertising medium. 

advertising  (ad'ver-ti-zing  or  ad-ver-ti'zing, 
formerly  ad-ver'tiz-ing),  p.  a.  If.  Attentive; 
adverting;  giving  attention. 

As  I  was  then 
AdvertUiii^,  and  holy  to  your  business, 
Not  changing  heart  with  habit,  I  am  still 
Attorney'd  at  your  service.    Shalt.,  M.  foril.,  v.  1. 

2.  Giving  public  notice ;  publishing  advertise- 
ments: as,  the  af7i'c>'((S(»(/ public. 
advice  (ad-vis'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ad- 
vise, <  late  ME.  adryse,  advys,  earlier  avys,  avis, 
<  OF.  avis  (F.  o!7's  =  Pr.  om=Sp.  Pg.  aviso  = 
It.  avviso),  <  ML.  advisum,  \-iew,  opinion,  neut. 
pp.  of  advidere,  look  to,  advise,  <  L.  ad,  to.  + 
vidcre,  see:  see  vision.  The  mod.  spelling  has 
ad-  restored  for  earlier  a-,  and  -ce  for  earlier 
and  orig.  -s.]  1.  An  opinion  recommended,  or 
offered,  as  -worthy  to  be  foUo'wed ;  counsel ; 
suggestion. 
Wliat  advice  give  ye  ?  2  Chron.  x.  9. 

2.  Deliberate  consideration ;  reflection;  cogi- 
tation. 

And  that's  not  suddenly  to  be  perform'd, 
But  with  adviee  and  silent  secrecy. 

Sliak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2. 

3.  Information  ;  notice  ;  intelligence  ;  a  com- 
munication, especially  from  a  distance,  con- 
taining information  :  as,  to  receive  advice  of  a 
coming  storm,  or  advices  from  abroad.  [Most 
commonly  in  the  pliu-al.] 


advised 

[The  Armada]  is  sailed. 
Our  l.'ist  advices  so  report. 

Slieridan,  The  Critic,  il.  2. 
Specifically  —  4.  In  com.,  a  notification  by  one 
person  toaimlher  in  respect  to  a  business  trans- 
action in  which  they  are  mutually  engaged,  as 
information  given  by  one  jiarty  to  another,  by 
'letter,  as  to  the  bills  or  drafts  drawn  upon  him ; 
formal  official  notice — To  take  advice,  to  consult 
with  others  ;  siiecilically,  to  consult  one  w  ho  has  a  special 
knowledge  of  a  subject ;  take  the  opinion  of  a  profes- 
sional or  skilled  person,  as  a  physician,  lawyer,  or  the  like. 
=  SjTl.  1.  Admonition,  recommendation,  exhortation,  per- 
sua-sion. —  3.  Intelligetice,  Tidinys,  etc.  (see  news),  word, 
notification. 

advice-boat  (ad-\is'b6t),  n.  A  swift  vessel 
employed  for  carrying  despatches  or  informa- 
tion, or  for  reconnoitering. 

advicwt  (ad-vu'),  V.  t.  [Later  form  of  avietc, 
with  restored  prefix  ad-:  see  aview.]  Same  as 
a  vie IV. 

advisability  (ad-vi-za-bil'i-tl),  n.  [<  advisable: 
see  -bility.]  The  quality  of  'being  advisable  or 
expedient;  advisableness ;  expediency. 

Mr.  Benjamin  Allen  was  holding  a  hurried  consultation 
witliMr.  Bob  Sawyer  on  the  advisability  o(  bleeding  the 
company  generally.  liickeng,  Pickwick. 

advisable  (ad-vi'za-bl),  a.     [<  advise  +  -able.] 

1.  Proper  to  be  ad\-ised ;  jirudent;  expedient; 
proper  to  be  done  or  practised. 

Some  judge  it  adviiiable  for  a  man  to  account  with  his 
heart  every  day;  and  this,  no  doubt,  is  the  best  and  surest 
course.  South,  Sermons. 

2.  Open  to  or  desirous  of  advice ;  capable  of 
being  influenced  by  advice.     [Kare.] 

Pray  for  an  advisable  and  teachable  temper. 
Wesley,  inFom'Cent.  of  Eng.  Letters,  p.  "231.    (X.E.D.) 
=  Syn.  1.  Fit,  dcsira])le,  wise,  best. 
advisableness  (ad--i-i'za-bl-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  ad\'isalile  or  expedient ;  advisability. 
advisably  (ad-vi'za-bli),  adv.     In  an  advisable 

maimer ;  -with  ad\-ice. 
advisatory   (ad-\'i'za-to-ri),  a.     Pertaining  to 
an  adviser,  or  to  the  giving  of  ad%-ice ;  ad-vis- 
ing; advisory.     [Rare.] 

Though  in  recent  times  Church  dignitaries  do  not  ac- 
tively participate  in  war,  yet  their  advisatory  fimction  re- 
specting it  —  often  prompting  rather  than  restraining  — 
has  not  even  now  ceased. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Socio].,  §  492. 

advise  (ad-^^z'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  advised,  ppr. 
advisinij.  .  [Early  mod.  E.  also  advice,  advyse, 
avi:e,  <  late  ME.  adrysen,  earlier  avisen,  <  OF. 
avi.^ir,  rarely  adviser,  F.  iiriscr  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
nvisar  =  It.  arrisare,  <  ML.  advisare,  adWse,  in- 
form, give  notice  to ;  from  the  noun.  ML.  ad- 
visum, OF.  avis,  etc.:  see  advice.]  I.  trans.  If. 
To  look  at ;  \ievf. 

They  advised  you  well  and  their  eie  was  never  off,  won- 
dering to  see  your  rich  purple  robes. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch's  Mor.,  p.  9G.     (.V.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  give  eomisel  to  ;  offer  an  opinion  to,  as 
worthy  or  expedient  to  be  followed :  as,  I  ad- 
vise you  to  be  cautious  of  speculation. — 3.  To 
recommend  as  ■wise,  prudent,  etc. ;  suggest  as 
the  proper  course  of  action:  as,  under  these 
circumstances  -we  advise  abstinence. 
I'll  do  what  Head  and  Cheselden  advise. 
To  keep  these  limbs  and  to  preserve  these  eyes. 

Pope,  Imit.  Horace,  I.  i.  51. 
4.  To  give  information  to  ;  conmiunicate  no- 
tice to  ;  make  acquainted  -with :  followed  by  of 
before  the  thing  communicated:  as,  the  mer- 
chants were  advised  of  the  risk. 

So  soon  as  I  shall  return  to  the  settled  country,  I  shall 
advise  you  of  it.  Monroe,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  452. 
—  Syn.  2.  To  counsel,  admonish,  suggest  (to),  recommend 
(to).— 4.  To  inform,  apprise,  acquaint. 

U.  intrans.  ij.  'To  deliberate ;  take  thought; 
consider ;  reflect :  sometimes  used  refle.xively. 

Advise,  and  see  what  answer  I  shall  l-ctuni  to  him  tliat 
sent  nie.  2  Sam.  x.\iv.  13. 

AdvLse  thyself  of  what  word  I  shall  bring  again  to  hlnl 
that  sent  me.  1  Chron.  x.\i.  12. 

Advise  you  wliat  you  say  ;  the  minister  is  here. 

Sliak..  T.  N.,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  take  comisel ;  join  others  in  deliberating ; 
seek  the  ad\'ice  of  another  or  others  :  followed 
by  with  :  as,  I  shall  advise  ivith  my  friends  as 
to  ■what  is  to  be  done. 

Advising  with  me  often  as  to  projected  changes,  she 
was  sometimes  more  conservative  than  myself. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgl'im.  p.  134. 

3.  To  counsel;  give  advice:  as,  I  ■will  act  as 
you  adri.se. 

[.tdvise  and  its  derivatives  have  been  used  by  old  writers 
in  a  nunilier  of  other  applications  connected  with  the  no- 
tions of  seeing,  viewing,  reflecting,  etc.,  suggested  by  the 
etymology.] 
ad'Vised  (ad-%-Izd'),  p.  a.  It.  Cautious;  pru- 
dent ;  acting  with  deliberation. 

Witli  the  well  advised  is  wisdom.  Prov.  xiii.  10. 

Let  him  be  .  .  .  advised  in  his  answers.     Bacon,  Essays. 


advised 

2.  Marked  by  or  resulting  from  advice  or  dolib- 
eration;  eonsidonito  or  considered;  prudent; 
expedient:  now  used  ehiefly  in  eonipositiou 
with  well  or  ill:  us,  a  irtll-dtlrincil  movement; 
your  couduet  is  very  ill-udvised. 

Wi'  liiivc  III)  exjirusH  purp<»se  .  .  .  nor  any  adviaed  ile- 
tcrniinatiiin.  Jluoker,  Works,  I.  49. 

advisedly  (ad-vi'zed-li),  adv.  With  advice  or 
deliberation;  hcodfuUy;  purposely;  by  design: 
as,  I  speak  adriscdUj ;  an  entei-prise  advisedly 
undertaken. 

advisedness  (ad-vi'zed-ues),  n.  The  state  of 
being  iulvisoil  ;  deliberate  consideration;  pru- 
dent procedure. 

advisement  (ad-viz'meut),  h.  [<  ME.  avise- 
nunt,  <  Ol''.  uviscmrnt  =  Pr.  ari.imnent  =  Pg. 
avisamento  =  It.  arvisamnito ;  from  the  verb: 
see  «rfi'(se  and -)«<«/.]     If.  Counsel;  advice. 

I  will,  according'  to  your  advisement,  declare  the  evils 
which  seem  most  hurtful.  SpeTiser,  State  of  Ireland. 

2.  Deliberation;  circumspection;  consultation: 
now  used  chiefly  in  the  phrase  under  advisement. 

Among  those  that  do  all  things  with  advisement  there 
is  wisdom.  Frov.  xiii.  10  (trans.  1039). 

I  have  not  decided  against  a  prodanuition  of  liberty  to 
the  slaves,  but  hold  the  matter  under  advviement. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  1\X 

adviser  (ad- vi'z6r),  n.  [i  advise  + -cA.  Cf. 
ML.  advisor.']  One  vfho  gives  advice  or  ad- 
monition ;  also,  in  a  bad  sense,  one  who  insti- 
gates or  persuades.  Specifically,  in  politics,  one  of 
the  counselors  or  ministers  about  a  ruler,  who  may  or  may 
not  be  legally  responsible  for  their  superior's  official  acts. 
In  the  I'liited  States  government  the  official  advisers  of 
the  Prcsitlent  are  tlie  heads  of  the  various  departments, 
collectively  called  the  Cabinet.  He  requests  their  opin- 
ions in  accordance  with  custom,  but  not  through  any  pro- 
vision of  the  Constitution.  In  England,  until  the  middle 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  the  Privy  Council  formed  the 
King's  executive  advisers.  This  boily,  greatly  enlarged,  is 
now  smnnioned  in  full  only  wpon  extraordinary  occasions, 
and  the  ordinary  advisers  of  the  crown  are  those  members 
of  the  ministry  who  constitute  the  Cabinet,  which  is  in 
effect  a  eonunittee  of  the  Privy  Council.  The  responsi- 
bility rests  with  the  ministry,  and  not  with  the  sovereign. 
See  eabiih't,  and  privy  coitncil,  under  couiiril. 

advisership  (ad-vi'zer-ship),  n.    The  office  of 
an  adviser.     [Rare.] 
advising  (ad-\i'zing),  n.     Ad'vice;  counsel. 

Fasten  your  car  on  my  advisim/.^.     .SAafr.,  'SI.  forM.,  iii.  1. 
advisot  (ad--vi'z6),  n.     [With  orig.  ad-  for  a-, 

<  Sp.  Pg.  aviso  =  lt.  avriso :  see  advice.]  1. 
AdWce ;  suggestion ;  information  given  :  as, 
"counsels  and  advisos,"  Whitlock,  Manners  of 
English,  p.  176. —  2.  An  ad'vice-  or  despatch- 
boat  ;  an  aviso. 

adldsory  (ad-vi'zo-ri),  a.     [<  advise  +  -orij.] 

Pertaining  to  or  giving  advice ;  having  power 

to  advise :  as,  their  opinion  is  only  advisory  ;  an 

advisory  council. 

The  powers  of  both  these  bodies  are  merely  advisory. 

J.  Adam.^,  Works,  IV.  3.^0. 
The  general  association  has  a  general  advisory  superin- 
tendence over  all  the  ministers  and  churches. 

B.  Trumbull,  Hist.  Conn. 

ad  ■n'VTini  (ad  vi'vum).  [L. :  ad,  to;  vivum,  ace. 
neut.  of  rivHS,  alive :  see  t'ivid.]  To  the  life ; 
lifelike;  strikingly  exact  or  good:  said  of  por- 
traits, etc. 

advocacy  (ad' vo-ka-si), )(. ;  pl.t  advocacies  (-siz). 
[<  ME.  advocacije,  i  OP.  advoeatie,  advocacie,  ad- 
rocassie,  <  ML.  advocatia,  <  L.  advocatus,  advo- 
cate: see  advocate,  «.,  and  -«<".'/.]  1.  The  act 
of  pleading  for,  supporting,  or  recommending; 
actix'e  espousal. 

Uis  advocacy  or  denunciation  of  a  measure  is  to  affect 
for  evil  or  good  tlie  condition  of  millions. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  1. 193. 

2t.  A  lawsuit;  a  plea  or  pleading:  as,  "advo- 
racK.s- newp,"  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  14()9. 
advocate  (ad'vo-kat),  n.  [<  ME.  advoeat,  ad- 
voket,  -ette,  earlier  avocat,  avoket,  in  late  ME. 
also  clipped  vocate,  vokct,  <  OP.  avocat,  later  «</- 
vocat,  P.  avocat,  vernacular  OP.  avoet,  avoc, 
oi'o«c  (>  E.  avowee,  advowee,  q.  v.),  =  Pr.  avoucat 
=  Sp.   aboi/ado  =  Pg.  advoijado  =  It.  avvocato, 

<  L.  advocatus,  an  advocate,  attorney,  orig.  a 
person  called  by  one  of  the  parties  in  a  suit  to 
aid  as  a  witness  or  counsel,  <  advocatus,  pp.  of 
advocarc,  call  to,  <  ad,  to,  4-  vocare,  call,  \vox, 
voice  :  see  voice,  vocation.]  1.  One  who  pleads 
the  cause  of  another  in  a  cotu-t  of  law ;  specif- 
ically, a  lawyer  of  full  rank  in  a  country,  or 
practising  before  a  cotrrt,  in  which  the  ci\il  or 
the  canon  law  prevails,  as  Prance  and  Scotland, 
and  the  adiliirtilty  and  ecclesiastical  courts  of 
England. — 2.  One  who  defends,  vindicates,  or 
espotises  a  cause  by  argument;  a  jileader  in 
favor  of  any  person  or  thing  ;  an  ujiholder  ;  ;i 
defender:  as,  an  advocate  of  peace  or  of  the  op- 
pressed. 


89 

That  cause  seems  comnKuily  the  better  that  has  the 
better  advofalr.  Sir  H'.  Temple,  Miscellanies. 

This  is  the  mode  of  the  advocate  rather  than  of  the 
critic.  Whipjtle,  Ess.  and  Kcv.,  II.  i;is. 

Advocate  of  the  church  (-ML.  advocatus  ecclesia;),  a 
jK-rson.  usually  a  layman,  appointed,  according  to  a  cus- 
tom niigiiiating  ill  the  nttli  century,  to  protect  the  prop- 
erty of  a  ihnrch  or  an  ahliey,  to  plead  its  causes  in  the 
civil  ciiiirts,  and  to  manage  its  temporal  affairs.  — Devil's 
advocate  (ML.  advocatus  diatioli).  {a)  In  the  Horn,  t'atti. 
Ch.,  a  name  commonly  ajiplied  to  tlie  promoter  of  the 
faith,  one  of  the  college  of  consistorial  advocates  in  the 
pai)al  court,  from  his  office  of  urging  the  objections  against 
the  virtues,  miracles,  etc.,  of  a  person  proposed  for  canon- 
ization. Hence — (6)  One  given  to  bringing  forward  accu- 
sations against  personal  character. — Faculty  Of  Advo- 
cates, in  Scotland,  a  society  consisting  of  the  whole  l>ody 
of  lawyers  who  practise  in  the  highest  courts,  and  who  are 
admitted  members  after  following  a  certain  course  of 
study,  undergoing  the  prescribed  examinations,  and  pay- 
ing the  reiinisitc  fees.  It  consists  of  about  400  nicnil>ci-s, 
and  from  this  body  vacancies  on  the  bench  arc  supplied. 
~  God'sadvocate  (ML.  advocatus  Dci),  in  the  Horn.  Cath. 
C'/i.,  tlie  procurator  of  the  cause  in  a  canonization,  regu- 
larly one  of  the  same  order  or  country  iLS  the  person 
to  lie  canonized.  See  devil's  advocate,  above. —  Judge- 
adVOCate,  a  Jierson,  gincrally  a  militar,v  officer,  detailed 
by  the  aiitliority  appointing  a  court  martial  or  niilitaiy 
commission  to  prosecute  eases  before  it  and  to  act  as  its 
legal  adviser.  It  is,  in  general,  the  duty  of  the  judge-ad- 
vocate to  see  that  the  court  conforms  to  the  la\^  and  to 
military  ciistnni.  toseciin-  for  the  accused  his  rights  before 
the  c<inrt,  to  suniiiion  av  itmsscs,  and  to  administer  oaths. 
—Judge-advocate  general,  (a)  In  the  Inited  States 
army,  a  staff-officer  with  the  rank  of  briuMdier  general, 
who  is  also  chief  of  the  bureau  of  military  justice,  and 
whose  duty  it  is  to  receive,  revise,  and  record  the  proix'cd- 
ings  of  all  courts  martial,  courts  of  iiHjuiry,  and  military 
commissions.  (/>)  In  England,  formerly,  an  official  who 
prosecuted  in  ail  criminal  eases  falling  nndcr  military  law 
which  concerned  the  crown;  now,  a  subordiiiat.-  uirijiti.T 
of  the  government  who  acts  as  the  le:_Ml  a<i\is.r  ..f  tlie 
crown  in  all  matters  of  military  law.— Lord  advocate, 
in  Scotland,  the  principal  crown  counsel  in  civil  causes,  the 
chief  public  prosecutor  of  crimes,  and  an  inip.irtant  politi- 
cal functionary  in  the  management  of  Scottish  affairs. 
His  tenure  of  office  ceases  with  that  of  the  administration 
with  which  he  is  connected.  He  is  assisted  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties  by  the  solicitor -general  and  four  advo- 
cates depute,  appointed  by  himself.  The  lord  advocate 
has  usually  a  seat  in  Parliament,  and  before  the  union 
lie  had  ex  ojticio  a  seat  in  the  Scots  Parliament.  He  is 
also  called  crown  advocate,  queen's  (or  kiny's)  advocate. 
advocate  (ad'vo-kat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  advo- 
cated, ppr.  advocating.  [<  L.  advocatus,  pp.  of 
advocare :  see  advocate,  n.  In  the  sense  of  •  act 
as  an  advocate,'  the  verb  is  from  the  noun.]  I. 
trans.  If.  To  invoke. 

[The  mercy  of  God]  is  not  to  be  advocuted  upon  every 
vain  trifle.  Bj}.  Andrew.^,  Sermons,  A'.  534. 

2.  To  plead  in  favor  of ;  defend  by  argument 
before  a  tribunal ;  support  or  -vindicate. 

This  is  the  only  thing  distinct  and  sensible  which  has 
been  advocated.  Burke,  Ref.  of  Representation. 

The  most  eminent  orators  were  engaged  to  advocate  his 
cause.  Mit/ord. 

3.  In  iS'cote  law,  formerly,  to  transfer  from  an 
inferior  coui-fc  to  the  Court  of  Session,  as  an 
action  whUe  still  jiending,  or  after  judgment 
had  been  given,  in  order  that  the  judgment 
might  be  re-viewed.  See  advocation,  2.  =  Syn.  2. 
To  plead  for,  stand  up  for,  favor,  tiphold. 

II.   intrans.   To  act  as  an  advocate ;  plead. 

[Rare.] 

To  advocate  in  niy  own  chUd's  behalf. 

Dawbeny,  Hist.  Cromwell  (1059),  Pref. 

I  am  not  going  to  advocate  for  this  sense  of  actual. 

F.  Halt,  Kalse  Philol.,  p.  75. 

advocatesllip  (ad'vo-kat-ship),  n.  The  office 
or  duty  of  an  advocate. 

advocatesst  (ad'vo-ka-tes),  n.  [Improp.  <  ad- 
vocate -H  -t.s.s'.]  A  female  advocate.  [Rare.] 
See  advocatress. 

God  hath  provided  ns  of  an  advocatess  [in  some  editions, 
advocatress],  Jcr.  Taylor,  Diss,  from  Popery,  i.  §  8. 

advocation  (ad-vo-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L.  advoca- 
tiiiiii-),  a  calling  in  of  legal  assistance,  legal 
assistance,  time  allowed  for  prociu-ing  it,  any 
kind  of  delay  or  adjournment,  <  advocare,  call 
in  legal  assistance :  see  advocate,  n.  See  also 
advow.ion,  which  is  a  doublet  of  advocation. 
The  first  sense  of  advocation  is  due  to  advocate, 
v.]  It.  The  act  of  advocating;  a  pleading  for; 
plea ;  apology. 

lly  advocation  is  not  now  in  tune.  Shak.,  0th.,  iii.  4. 
2.  In  .S'coAs  law,  a  form  of  process,  now  obso- 
lete, the  object  of  which  was  to  removo  a  cause 
from  an  inferior  to  the  supremo  coui-t  for  re- 
view or  continuance. 

advocator  (ad'vo-ka-tor),  n.  [<  LL.  advocator, 
an  advocate,  <  L.  advocare:  see  advocate,  n.] 
An  advocate ;  a  supporter. 

The  advocators  of  change  in  the  present  system  of  things, 
Bnnvninfi,  Soul's  Tragedy,  ii.    (iV.  E.  1).) 

advocatory  (ad'vo-ka-to-ri),  a.  [<  ML.  «f7ro- 
calurius.  <  LL.  advocator:  see  above.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  advocate  or  Ms  fxmctious. 


adynamia 

advocatre8S(ad'vo-ka-tre8),  It.     l<.  advocator, 

ij.  v.,-H  -r.s-.v,-  prob.  after  orfrocairicc]   Afemale 
advoeat  e ;  an  advocatrix  or  advocatess. 
advocatricet  (ad'vo-ka-tris),  n.    [ME.  advoca- 
trice,  <  OP.  advocatrice,  <  ML.  advocatrix,  ace. 
advocatriccni :  see  advocatrix.]    An  advocatrix. 
Swieh  an  advocatrice  who  can  dyvync 
.  .  .  our  greeves  to  redressc. 

CItaucer,  Jlother  of  God,  1,  40. 
The  emperour  reioysed  to  him  selfe,  that  Cinna  had 
fouiule  such  an  advocatrice. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Govemour,  ii.  7, 

advocatrixt  (ad'vo-ka-triks),  n.  [ML.,  fem.  of 
\Aj.  (iiiriiealor,  advocate:  see  advocator.]  A 
I'cTiiali' ndviicate;  an  advocatress.     [Rare.] 

advocatus  Dei  (ad-vo-ka'tus  de'i).  [ML.] 
Same  as  Gods  advocate  (which  see,  under  ad- 
vocate). 

advocatus  diaboli  (ad-vo-ka'tus  di-ab'o-li). 
[ML.]  Same  as  deviPs  advocate  (which  see, 
uinlcr  adv(ieate). 

advoket  (ad-v6k'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  advocare,  summon, 
call  to:  see  advocate,  n.]  To  transfer;  rele- 
gate ;  specifically,  call  to  a  higher  court. 

Queen  Katharine  had  privately  prevailed  with  the  Pope 
to  adeoke  the  cause  to  Rome.  Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  I.  48. 

advoutert  (ad-vou'tfer),  n.  [<  late  ME.  advou- 
tcr,  advoutour,  advotitre  (also  advow-),  earlier 
avouler,  avoutere,  avoutier  (also  avow-),  <  OF. 
avoutrc,  aoutre,  earUer  avoltre,  avultre,  later  ad- 
voultre,  =  Pr.  avoutrc,  avoutro,  <  L.  adulter,  an 
adtdterer:  see  advoutrer  (with  additional  suf- 
fix), and  the  later  substituted  forms  arfH?fcr,  n., 
and  adulterer.]     An  adulterer. 

advoutrert  (ad-vou'trer),  n.  [<  late  ME.  ad- 
voutrer, advouterer,  advoutcrcre  (also  advow-), 
earlier  avoutrer,  avouterer,  avoutcrere  (also 
avow-),  <  advouter,  avouter,  +  -crl.  See  the 
later  substituted  form  adulterer.]  An  adul- 
terer. 

advoutresst  (ad-vou'tres),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
advoutresse,  -trice,  <  ME.  avoutrcs,  avoutresse 
(also  nt'oii'-),  <0P.  avoutresse,  avotresse,  <  avou- 
trc, an  adidterer  (see  advouter),  +  -esse,  E.  -ess. 
See  the  later  substituted  form  adidteress.]  An 
adulteress. 

advoutroust  (ad-vou'tms),  a.  [<  late  ME.  ad- 
routrous,  <  advouter  +  -ous.  See  the  later  sub- 
stituted form  adulterous.]     Adulterous. 

advoutryt  (ad-vou'tri),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  ad- 
voulry, -trie, -tery,  advouUry,  etc.,  <  ME.  avou- 
irie,  avowtrie,  avutry,  -trie,  -tcrye,  etc.,  also 
avowt€r,  <  OP.  avoutrie,  avouterie,  earlier  uou- 
terie,  aultcrie  (<  L.  as  if  "adulteria,  f.),  also 
avoutire,  avoutere,  avolterc,  avidtere,  <  L.  adul- 
ierium,  neut.,  adultery,  <  adulter,  an  adulterer. 
See  the  later  substituted  form  adtdtery.]  Adfil- 
tery.     Also  'written  avowtry. 

A  marriage  compounded  between  an  advoutry  and  a 
rape.  Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII, 

advowee  (ad-vou-e'), »!.    [Early  mod.  E.  avowee, 

<  JIE.  avoive,  <  OP.  avoue,  earlier  avoe,  avoet,<. 
L.  advocatus,  patron,  advocate:  see  advocate,  n., 
and  advotcson.]  In  England,  one  who  has  the 
right  of  advowson.  So  called  originally  as  being  the 
advocate,  jirotector,  or  patron  of  an  ecclesiastical  office, 
house,  or  bcnchee. 

advO'WSOn  (ad-vou'zn),  n.  [Early mod.  E.also 
advow^en,  advouson,  <  ME.  avowson,  avoweson, 
avowci.<<oun,  <AF.  advouison,  advoweson,  advoc- 
son,  OP.  avoeson,  <L.  advoeatio{n-),  a  calling  to 
or  summoning  of  legal  assistance,  hence  in  ML. 
the  duty  of  defense  or  protection,  the  right  of 
presentation,  <  advocare,  call  to  defend:  see  ad- 
vocation, &nd.e{.  advowee.]  If.  Originally,  the 
obligation  to  defend  an  ecclesiastical  office  or 
a  religious  house.  See  advocate  of  the  church, 
under  advocate. — 2.  In  JCng.  law,  the  right  of 
presentation  to  a  vacant  benefice.  It  was  origi- 
nally vested  in  the  bishop  of  the  diin-ese,  but  was  oft  en  trans- 
ferred to  the  founder  or  patron  of  the  church.  Advowsons 
are  of  three  kinds,  prcscntative,  eollatit^,  and  donative: 
jnrcsentatice  when  the  patron  presents  a  clergyman  to  the 
bishtipwitha  petition  that  he  be  instituted  with  the  bene- 
fice; eollafire  \\lientlie  liishoii  is  the  patron,  and  both  pre- 
sents and  institutes  (or  eoUates)  the  incumbent :  d'oiittive 
when  the  sovereign,  or  any  subject  by  his  license,  having 
founded  a  church,  appoints  its  incumbent  without  any 
reference  to  the  bishop.  Advowsons  are  also  appendant, 
that  is,  annexed  to  the  possession  of  a  certain  manor  ;  or 
in  yross.  that  is,  separated  by  legal  convcyajice  from  the 
ownership  of  the  manor. 

advoyer  (ad-voi'er),  H.     Same  as  avoyer. 

advt.    A  common  contraction  of  adi'erfisemenl. 

ad'wardt  (ad-wiird'),  n.  and  r.  A  forced  spell- 
ing (if  (iivard.     Spenser,  P.  Q.,  IV.  x.  17. 

adynamia  (ad-i-na'mi-ii),  n.  [NL.  (>E.  adyna- 
my  =  P.  adynainie).  <  Gr.  adwauia,  weakness, 

<  arfira.uof,  weak,  <  a-  priv.,  without,  +  divafiti, 
power:  see  dynamic.]     In  pathol.,  'weakness; 


adynamia 

want  of  streiiRth  oceasioned  by  disease  ;  a  de- 
ficioin'y  of  vital  power;  asthenia.  Also  called 
adijiiiiiiiji. 

adjrnamic  (ad-i-nam'ik),  a.  [As  adynamia  + 
-tc ."  see  «-'8  and  (h/naniic.']  1.  In  palliol.,  of 
or  pertainiu;;  to  adynamia;  characterized  by 
or  rosiiJtiug  from  vital  debility  ;  asthenic  :  as, 
adynamic  fevers;  an  adynamic  condition;  the 
adynam  ic  sinking  of  ly))hoid  fever. —  2.  hniliys., 
chaniclorized  liy  absence  of  force. 

adynamy  (a-din'a-mi),  n.     Same  as  adynamia. 

adytt  (ad'it),  11.     Same  as  adytum. 
lit'liolil,  :iiiii(lst  the  ndyts  of  our  goils,  .  .  . 
Till-  ^;hosts  of  ilcatl  im-n  howliiij;  walk  about. 
ih-ifitc  and  Lod(ji',  Looking  Glass  for  Loiui.  and  Eng. 

adytum  (ad'i-tum),  n.  ;  pi.  adyta  (-tit).  [L.,  < 
Gr.  aAi'Tov.  an  adytum,  a  shrine,  a  place  not  to 
be  entered,  neut!  of  adwoc,  not  to  be  entered, 
<  a-  priv.  +  (SiToc,  verbal  adj.  of  Sieiv,  enter.] 

1.  In  ancient  worship,  a  sacred  place  which  the 
worshipers  might  not  enter,  or  which  might  be 
entered  only  by  those  who  had  performed  cer- 
tain rites,  or  only  by  males  or  by  females,  or 
only  on  certain  appointed  daj's,  etc. ;  also,  a 
secret  sanctuary  or  shrine  open  only  to  the 
priests,  or  whence  oracles  were  delivered; 
hence,  in  general,  the  most  sacred  or  reserved 
part  of  any  place  of  worship,  in  Greece  an  adytum 
was  usually  an  inner  recess  or  chamber  in  a  temple,  as  in 
that  of  Hera  at  .Egium ;  but  it  might  be  an  entire  temple, 
as  that  of  Poseidon  at  Mantinea,  or  a  grove,  inclosure,  or 
cavern,  as  the  sacred  inclosure  of  Zeus  on  the  Lycrean 
mount  in  Arcadia.  The  most  famous  adytum  of  Greece 
was  the  sanctuary  of  the  Pythic  oracle  at  Delphi.  The 
Jewish  holy  of  holies  in  the  temple  at  Jerusalem  may  be 
considered  as  an  adytum.  The  word  is  also  applied  some- 
times to  the  chancel  of  a  Christian  church,  where  the 
altar  stands. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  innermost  or  least  accessi- 
ble part  of  anything ;  that  which  is  screened 
from  common  view ;  hidden  recess ;  oeeult 
sense. 


Cooper's  Adz.  Sliip-carpenter's  Adz.         Railroad  Adz. 

adz,  adze  (adz),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  ads,  adds, 
addcs,  addis,  addicc,  <  ME.  adis,  adse,  adese,  < 
AS.  adesa,  an  adz  or 
ax,  a  word  thought  by 
some  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  an  older  *ac- 
u-csa  (=  Goth,  akwisi), 
the  full  form  of  eax, 
a-x,  a-cs,  acas,  ONorth. 
acasa,  acase,  ax ;  but  in 
the  earliest  example 
adcsa  occurs  in  con- 
nection with  a'cs  as 
a  different  word:  see 
(U'l.]  A  cutting-tool 
somewhat  like  an  ax, 
but  having  the  blade 
placed  at  right  angles 
to  the  handle  and 
formed  to  a  curve 
nearly  corresponding 
to  its  sweep  througn 
the  air  when  in  use. 
It  is  used  for  dressing  tim- 
ber, and  has  its  cutting  edge 
ground  upon  the  concave 
side.  The  adz  is  also  used,  though  rarely,  as  a  weapon ; 
and  among  certain  savage  tribes  adzes  of  hard  stone  are 
richly  adorned  for  cerenioni.il  uses.— Hollow  adz,  a  tool 
with  a  curved  blade  used  in  chamfering  the  chine  of  a  cask 
on  the  inner  side. 
adz,  adze  (adz),  v.  t.  [<  ad^,  »).]  To  chip  or 
shajic  with  an  adz  :  as,  to  ad::  logs  or  timber. 
adz-plane   (adz'plan),  n.     A  tool  adapted  for 


90 

regularly  as  e  in  similar  positions,  that  is, 
either  e  or  e  :  often  improp,  pron.  e  in  all  posi- 
tions. In  the  Continental  pron.  of  Latin,  e  or 
a;  in  the  'Koman,'  iii  ori.)  A  digraph  or  lig- 
ature apjiearing  in  Latin  and  Latinized  tireek 
words.  In  Middle  Latin  and  New  Latin  it  is  usually 
wi'ittun  and  printeil  .as  a  ligature,  and  soundt-d  tike  Latin 
r,  with  which  in  Middle  Latin  it  lunstantly  intcrrliaiiKi's. 
In  cljissical  Latin  it  was  u.sually  written  .s<  ]iaiati-ly  (and 
hence  usually  so  printed  in  modern  edition.^  of  cla.s,sical 
texts),  and  pr'-nnuiiceii  probably  as  a  diphthong.  In  Old 
Latin  ai  appears  instead  of  ae,  and  Latin  ae,  tr  is  the  regu- 
lar transliteratiunof  Gr.  at,  asaefrijf  or  (et/ui,  froniGr.  aiyti;. 
In  English  worils  c)f  Latin  or  Greek  origin  ae  or  te  is  usually 
reduced  to  e,  except  generally  in  proper  names,  as  Ccenar, 
jEiieav,  in  words  belonging  to  Roman  or  Greek  antiqui- 
ties, as  oenU,  and  modem  words  of  scientific  or  technical 
use,  as  ptKeiiogamoK^.  But  the  tendency  is  to  reduce 
ae  or  (p.  to  e  in  all  words  not  purely  Latin  or  New  Latin, 
except  proper  n.ames  in  their  original  forms.  In  some 
names  of  changed  form  the  a  has  become  permanently 
eliminated,  as  K'tupt,  and  in  some  of  otherwise  unchanged 
form  nearly  or  quite  s,,,  ;is  FJtut,  Ethiopia.  When  flcrep- 
resents  tliediplilliMULr'',  it  .^li.mld  be  distinguished  from  ae 
not  a  diphthong,  the  latter  being  commonly  marked  with 
a  dieresis,  as  in  aero-,  aerial,  etc. 

ae^.  A  character  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet 
representing  a  simple  vowel,  having  when  short 
the  scumd  of  English  a  in  (/lad  (a),  and  when 
long  the  sound  of  English  a  in  glare,  dare,  etc. 
(a),  as  commonly  pronounced  in  the  United 
States.  The  form  is  that  of  the  late  Latin  «■,  which  had 
a  sound  nearly  the  same  as  simple  e  (see  (E^).  In  the 
twelfth  century  short  ce  began  to  disappear,  being  repre- 
sented by  a  (sometimes  by  e),  without,  however,  any 
apprecijible  change  of  sound.  Long  is  also  ilisappeared, 
being  regularly  replaced  by  e  (long)  or  ee,  with  a  change 
of  sound  through  Jliddle  English  e  (that  is,  a  in  modern 
pronunciation)  to  modern  l  (that  is,  e  in  modern  pronun- 
ciation). Examples  are :  (1)  short  (e,  whence  Middle  Eng- 
lish and  modern  English  a:  as,  Anglo-Saxon  irtied,  seed, 
cet,  heet,  etc.,  whence  Middle  Englishand  nindern  English 
gtael,  sad,  at,  tiat,  etc. ;  (•2)  longrt-,  whence  .Middle  EngUsh 
e_or  ee,  modern  English  ee  or  ea:  as,  Anglo-Saxon  seed, 
rcedan,  see,  etc.,  Jliddle  English  seed,  rede,  ee  or  see,  etc., 
modern  English  seed,  read,  sea,  etc.  Before  r,  long  ee  has 
usually  retained  its  Anglo-Saxon  sound  (at  least  in  the 
United  States):  as,  Anglo-Saxon  cer,  theer,  hwcer,  hcsr, 
etc.,  modern  English  ere,  there,  where,  hair,  etc.  In  Brit- 
ish works  the  vowel  in  these  words  is  usually  treated  as  a 
jtrolonged  "short  e"  (as  in  inet),  or  as  a  slightly  modified 
"long  a"  (as  in  mate). 

JE^,  The  symbol  used  in  Lloyd's  Register 
for  third-class  wooden  and  composite  ships. 
This  class  includes  vessels  unfit  for  the  conveyance  of  dry 
and  perishable  goods  on  short  voyages,  and  of  cargoes  in 
their  nature  subject  to  sea-damage  on  any  voyage.  See 
A\,  under  al. 

-ae.  The  nominative  plural  termination  of  Latin 
and  Latinized  Greek  words  in  -a  (in  Latinized 
Greek  also  -e,  -as,  -cs)  of  the  first  declension, 
feminine,  sometimes  masculine.  This  plur.al  ter- 
mination is  sometimes  retained  in  English,  as  in/ttrmuliv, 
iiebulce,  vertebrw,  riiinutite,  etc.,  in  some  cases  alongside 
of  a  regular  Enghsli  plural,  as  in  /ormidas,  iiebulas,  etc. 
In  the  formal  and  technical  terminations,  -acew,  -ece,  -idm, 
-inee,  in  botany  and  zoology,  -ce  ends  the  plural  names  of 
orders,  tribes,  etc.,  of  plants,  and  of  families  and  subfami- 
lies of  animals. 

.^chmophorus  (ek-mof 'o-rus),  n.  [NL.  (Coues, 
1802),  <  Gr.  ai;^fto(p6poi,  one  who  carries  a  spear, 
<  a'lXP'l,  a  spear,  +  -ijioimg,  <  (pipeiv  =  E.  hear^.2 


South'Sea  Island  Adzes. 


Adz.plane  and  Specimen  of  Work. 

molding  and  rabbeting,  used  in  panel-work  by 

coach-  and  pattern-makers. 
ae  (a),  a.     [For  Sc.  anc,  =  E.  a  (emphatic)  for 

one:  see  a"  aud  one.]     One.     [Scotch.] 
ae^.     (As  a  character,  pron.  e,  or,  spelled  out, 

a-e;  in  words,  E.  orL.,  according  to  the  E.  pron. 


AVestem  Grebe  (Aichmophtrfus  occidentalis). 

A  genus  of  large,  long-necked  grebes  of  Ameri- 
ca, having  the  bill  extremely  long,  slender,  and 
acute,  whence  the  name.  The  tyjie  is  M.  occi- 
dcntiilis,  known  as  the  western  grebe. 

aecidia,  n.     Plural  of  acidiiim,  2. 

secidial  (e-sid'i-iil),  a.  Relating  or  pertaining 
to  .I'cidium  (which  see). 

,\  monograph  .  .  .  by  Von  Thumen  contains  an  account 
of  the  wcidial  forms  attacking  ConiferJe,  and  includes  a 
number  of  species  fotmd  in  the  United  States. 

Smithsonian  Rep.,  1880,  p.  324. 

aecidioform  (e-sid'i-6-f6rm),  n.  [<  NL.  a'cidium 
+  \i.  I'lirma,  ioYni.'\     Same  as  (ccidinstnije. 

.^cidiomycetes  (e-sid'-'i-o-mi-se'tezj,  n.  j)l. 
[NL.,  <  Jlu:idii(tn  +  Gr.  /liK^ti;,  pi.  of  iJiKr/r,  a 
miishroom,  fungus.]  A  group  of  minute  para- 
sitic fungi,  each  species  of  which  exists  in  at 
least  two  forms,  usually  very  milike.  To  this 
group  belong  many  rusts,  blights,  and  niiUlews  which  in- 
fest cultivated  plants. 


aegagrus 

aecidiospore  (e-sid'i-o-spor),  ».  [<  NL.  (ecidium 
+  iir.  n-ofid,  seed,  spore.]  A  spore  produced 
in  the  au'idiostage  of  growth  of  certain  jiara- 
sitic  fungi,  distinguished  by  or  peculiar  in  their 
devcl(i])mcnt  by  a  process  of  abstriction.  See 
aclilidsfdffc. 

aecidiostage  (e-sid'i-6-staj),  n.  [<  NL.  a-cidium 
+  K.  ,stiiiir.'\  The  first  of  the  alternations  of 
devcloi)ment  of  numerous  fungi  of  the  order 
Uredinea:  See  .JHcidium.  Also  called  wcidio- 
fnrm. 

JCcidium  (e-sid'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  amia,  in- 
jury, +  dim.  -kS(ov.]  1.  A  genus  of  ftingi,  natural 
order  Ircdinecc,  now  believed  to  be  only  a  sub- 
ordinate stage  in  the  development  of  the  gen- 
era I'ronnjrcs  and  I'uccinia,  though  this  has 
not  been  demonstrated  in  regard  to  all  the  re- 
puted species. —  2.  [/.  c]  pi.  a:cidia  (e-sid'i-ii). 
The  cup-like  organ  (pseudoperidium)  charac- 
teristic of  the  genus  or  form.  See  pseudoperi- 
dium. 

These  rt-cn/tHm-fruits,  which  arise  from  the  same  myce- 
lium as  the  spermogonia,  lie  at  first  beneath  the  epidermis 
of  the  leaf.  Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  247. 

aedes  (e'dez),  n. ;  pi.  cedes.  [L.,  a  house,  a  tem- 
ple: see  edify."]  1.  Ini?om,  anfig..  any  edifice, 
sacred  or  profane,  specifically,  as  distingiiished  from 
a  temple  itfutplum),  a  building  set  apart  for  the  cult  of 
a  divinity,  but  not  solemnly  consecrated  by  the  augurs. 
Tlius,  the  "temple"  of  Vesta  is  properly  an  ixdes,  ami  was 
so  termeil  in  antiquity. 
2.  In  Christian  arch.,  a  chapel. 

aedicula  (e-dik'u-la),  n. ;  pi.  cedicula:  (-le).  [ML., 
dim.  of  L.  cedes :  see  above.]  In  Ilom.  antiq.: 
(a)  A  very  small  house  or  chapel,  (ft)  A  shrine 
in  the  fona  of  a  small  building;  a  recess  in  a 
wall  for  an  altar  or  statue. 

Every  division  of  the  city  had  likewise  its  Lares  compi- 
tales,  now  three  in  number,  who  had  their  own  cedicuta  at 
the  cross-roads.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  :ii3. 

aedile,  aedileship,  etc.    See  edile,  etc. 

aedoealogy  (e-de-aro-ji),  n,  A  less  proper  form 
of  itd<i(ilii<jy. 

aedoeology  (e-df-oro-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  a\6oia,  the 
private  parts,  +  -'/.o-,ta,  <  7.iyeiv,  speak:  see 
-ology.]  That  part  of  medical  science  which 
treats  of  the  organs  of  generation ;  also,  a  trea- 
tise on  or  an  account  of  the  organs  of  gener- 
ation. 

sedoeoptosis  (e -de -op -to 'sis),  ;;.  [NL..  <  Gr. 
a'lioia,  the  private  parts,  -I-  Trrumf,  a  falling,  < 
■ni-Tcir,  fall.]  Displacement  downward  of  some 
part  of  the  female  genital  organs,  and  also  of 
the  bladder. 

aedoeotomy  (e-df-ot'o-mi).  n.  [<  Gr.  a'lSoia,  the 
private  parts,  -f-  To/irj,  a  cutting,  <  rifjvcii;  cut.] 
Dissection  of  the  organs  of  generation. 

aefauld  (a'fald),  a.  [Sc.  =  E.  onefold,  q.  v.] 
1.  Honest;  upright;  without  duplicity. —  2f. 
Single;  characterized  by  oneness:  as,  the  ae- 
fauld Orodhead.    Barbour.     [Scotch,  and  rare.] 

aefauldness  (a'fLild-nes),  n.  [<  Sc.  aefauld  + 
-Ho'.v. ]  Honest.v;  upritjhtness ;  singleness  of 
heart ;  freedom  from  duplicity.     [Scotch.] 

.ffiga  (e'gii),  n.  [NL.  (Leach,  1815),  <  Gr.  aif 
(aiy-),  goat.]  A  genus  of  isojiods  giving  name 
to  the  family  J^gidce.  jE.  psora,  know  n  as  the  salve- 
bug,  is  a  fish-louse  found  attached  by  its  sharp  claws  to  cod 
and  halittut.   See  cut  mider  salee-bug. 

.S!gaeonichthyinae(e"ji-on-ik-thi-i'ne).  n.  pi. 

[>.'L.,<  .Egaotiichtliys  +  -/Hff.]  A  subfamily 
of  pediculate  fishes,  of  the  family  Ccratiida. 
The  mouth  is  of  moderate  size  ;  the  cephalic  spine  has  its 
b.asal  element  subcuLaneous.  procumbent,  and  at  an  acute 
or  a  right  angle  with  the  distal  element ;  the  second  dorsal 
spinels  wanting:  the  1  tody  and  head  are  depressed  ;  and  the 
nuiuth  is  vertical  or  inclined  forw.ard,  the  mandibular  ar- 
ticulation lieing projected  forward.  The  aspect  of  tlie  fish 
is  \ery  singular. 

aegaeonichthyine  (e"ji-on-ik'tlii-in),  «.    A  fish 

of  the  subfamily  ^Egaonirhthyince. 

.^Igaeonichthys  (e"ji-on-ik'this),  H.  [NL.,<Gr. 
\iyaiuv,  in  myth.,  a  name  of  Briareus,  also  the 
.iEgean  sea,  +  !,voi'c<  a  fish.]  The  typical  genus 
of  pediculate  fishes  of  the  subfamily  J^gcconich- 
tltyince.  But  one  species  is  known,  -£.  appelli,  occurring 
in  the  deep  sea  near  New  Zealand. 

aegagre  (e-gag're),  «.     Same  as  agagrus. 

aegagri,  ».     Plm-al  of  agagrus. 

aegagropila  (e-ga-grop'i-la),  n. :  pi.  a-gngropilee 
(-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiynypoc,  the  wild  goat  (see 
(igiigrus).  -h  L,  pila.  a  ball  (or pilus,  hair).]  A 
ball  of  hair  fomid  in  the  stomach  of  some  rumi- 
nating quadrupeds,  as  the  goat. 

aegagropile  (e-gag'ro-pil),  «.  Same  as  cegagro- 
jiila.     Also  contracted  agrojnle. 

aegagrus  le-gag'ras),  n. ;  pi.  a-gagri  (-ri),  [L..  < 
Gr.  ai}a}poc,  the  wild  goat,  ^  ai>' (ai;-),  goat,  + 
d)p6(;,  field,  a}pio^,  wild,]  A  wild  goat,  supposed 
to  be  the  species  now  known  to  inhabit  the 


aegagrus  91 

monntains  of  the  Caucasus,   Persia,  etc.,  the  aegialitid(o-ji-.;i-lit'iJ),  h. 
paseng  or  pasing  of  tlie  Persians,  and  tlie  wild     ily  ^iijialilida: 
stock  of  most  if  not  all  of  tlio  broods  of  the  do- 
mestic goat.    It  Is  the  Capra  liirniK  cif  LimiiiMis,  C.  aqa- 
ffrtis  lit  Cinelin  .■uid  I'ullas,  C.  caucafka  of  11.  Smith,  and 


A  beetle  of  the  fam- 


Wild  Goat  ( Cafra  ir^a^nts). 


JJireitJt  cegagnisoli.  E.  Gray.  .T.  V.  Brandt  asserts  that 
this  is  incontestably  and  exclusively  the  source  of  the  do- 
mestic gnat.  In  fact,  the  name  a^'ja<jt'itt  may  have  been 
applied  sometimes  to  goats  run  wild,  and  tlie  Capra  a'ga- 
nruft  of  Ijotli  Ci.  and  F.  Cuvier,  tlie  bezoiu'-goat,  ascribed  to 
Persia  and  the  Alps,  is  said  to  have  been  merely  the  do- 
mestic goat  run  wild.  The  celebrated  Angora  goat  may 
have  been  derived  from  a  ditferent  species  or  variety, 
Capra /akotuiri^  originating  in  central  Asia.  The  goat  or 
rcpagrus  in  all  its  varieties  is  closely  related  to  the  ibex, 
Capra  ibex,  which,  however,  is  a  distinct  species.  In  the 
stomach  and  intestines  of  the  goat,  as  in  those  of  other  ar- 
tiodactyls,  are  found  the  concretions  called  bezoar-stones. 
Also  written  cegagre. 

Whether  the  Capra  ceijafrru^  or  the  Capra  ibex  should  be 
regarded  as  the  stocic  of  the  (biniestieated  goat  of  Europe 
has  long  been  a  question  among  n:iturulists  ;  the  weighty 
arguments  which  may  be  drawn  finni  the  character  of  the 
wild  species  wliich  was  eontempuraiy  with  the  Bos primi- 
geninx  .  .  .  [are]  shown  ...  to  be  ill  favor  of  Capra 
cefjaijrus.  Owen. 

ZBgean,  Egean  (e-je'an),  n.  or  n.  [<  L.  JEgceum 
(se.  minr,  sea),  <  Gr.  A;jfi;o;>  (sc.  T^tlayoq),  or 
K'lya'ioi:  (se.  Treiurof),  the  ..Egean  soa,<  Aiyai,  Mgw, 
a  town  in  Euboea,  and  also  the  name  of  several 
cities.]  A  name  often  applied  to  that  part  of 
the  Mediterranean  sea  otherwise  called  the 
Archipelago. 

seger  (e'jer),  «.     [L.,  sick.]     Same  as  cegrotat. 
.£geria  (e-je'ri-a),  n.    [NL.,  named  after  ^ge- 
riii,  or  Egeria,  a  prophetic  nymph  or  Camena 
celebrated  in   Roman  legend,  instructress  of 
Numa.]   In  cntom.:  (it)  The  tyjjical  genus  of  the 
family  .T.gcriida:,  order  Lepidophra.     it  consists 
of  in'iglitly  colored  moths  with  tlie  wings  wholly  or  in 
part  transparent.    The  larva;  are  endophytous,  boring  into 
the  stems  and  trunks  of  shrubs  and  trees,  and  embrace 
some  of  the  most  destructive  enemies  to  cultivated  fruit- 
trees.    See  borer  and  viaplr-borcr.     Also  sometimes  called 
Scxia.    {!))  A  genus  of  Diptcra  founded  by  Robi- 
neau-Desvoidy.     Also  spelled  ICgcria. 
aegerian  (e-je'ri-an),  a.     Of  or  belonging  to  the 
.lujcriidw.     Also  spelled  egerian. 
An  .K'jrrian  enemy  of  the  native  pines.   Scietwe,  VI.  542. 
segeriid  (e-je'ri-id),  n.    A  moth  of  the  family 

.Eil( riidfr ;  a  clearwing. 
.ffigeriidae  (e-je-ri'i-de),  n.  pi  [NL.,  <  Egeria 
+  -ida-.l  In  entom.,  a  family  of  Lepidoptcra, 
section  Melcroccra,  comprising  a  number  of  in- 
teresting moths  related  to  the  sphinxes,  hawk- 
moths,  or  f<]iliiiiyida;  and  commonly  called 
clcarwings,  from  the  transparency  of  their 
wings.  The  larva;  live  in  the  interior  of  the  branches 
and  roots  of  trees.  Some  attack  the  apide,  and  one,  the 
A'.'h'ri'i  tiptitl/ormis,  or  currant  cleaiwiii;:,  feeds  upon 
the  pith  of  ciiiVant-buslies.  -Mso  written  .H'/eriilce,  ^Ege- 
riailif,  and  with  initial  E  instead  of  -f.'.  Also  sometimes 
called  Srsilihr. 

.£gialites  (e"ji-a-li'tez),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiyta7.6i, 
the  sea-shore,  beach  (that  over  which  the  sea 
rushes?  iiuaaeiv,  rush,  +  akq,  the  sea),  +  -itcs.l 

1.  In  ornilh.,  a  genus  of  Limicolw,  of  the  family 
I'haradriida',  or  jilovers,  chiefly  distinguished 
from  I'haradrius  by  color,  having  the  upper 
parts  not  speckled,  the  lower  never  extensively 
black,  and  bars  or  rings  upon  the  head,  neek, 
or  Ijreast.  The  tarsus  is  comparatively  short,  with 
large  scutella  arranged  in  two  or  three  special  rows. 
The  sexes  are  usually  distinguishable,  though  similar. 
The  genus  contains  the  nnmcrous  species  of  small  plovera 
kntiwn  as  ring-plovers,  inhabiting  all  parts  of  the  world. 
The  killdec  (.f.'.  voci/mts),  the  ring-neck  (.F,.  Kcmipal- 
niatnj*\  and  the  piping  plover  (.-fi.  mcladux)  arc  character- 
istic species  of  the  rniteti  States.     Also  written  J^^frialitis. 

2.  In  cntom.,  the  typical  genus  of  the  family 
JEgiaUHda:.    EschschoU:,  1833. 


Ringed  Plover  ^^^T^giatites  hiatiatla), 

.Sgialitidse  (e"ji-a-lit'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  JEgia- 
titcs,  2,  -t-  -id(v.']  A  family  of  lieteromerous 
coleopterous  insects,  ha\-ing  the  anterior  coxal 
cavities  closed  behind,  the  tarsal  claws  simple, 
and  six  ventral  segments,  the  last  two  being 
closelv  united  and  the  fii'St  two  connate.  J. 
L.  Lr't  Unite,  1862. 

.Sgiceras  (e-jis'e-ras),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aif  (aiy-), 
a  goat,  4-  Kepag,  a  horn:  gee  Ccrastca.']  A  ge- 
nus of  plants  consisting  of  a  single  species, 
Ji.  maJKs,  belonging  to  the  natm-al  order  i/i/m- 
naC€(C.  It  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  found  on  the  swampy 
shores  of  the  East  Indies  and  Australia.  Its  seeds  germi- 
nate while  still  on  the  tree,  and  send  dowm  perpendicular 
roots  into  the  mud,  thus  fonuing  impenetrable  thickets, 
whicll  constitute  the  only  vegetation  for  miles  along  some 
coasts,  particularly  of  Sumatra. 

segid  (e'jid),  n.   An  isopod  of  the  family  JEgidcc. 

£gid!B  (e'ji-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  ^//a  +  -Uhr.} 
A  family  of  isopod  crustaceans,  typified  by  the 
genus  ^Egd,  having  all  the  segments  beyond 
the  head  distinct,  and  no  opercultun  closing 
the  brancliial  chamber. 

segilopic,  egilopic  (e-ji-lop'lk),  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  of  the  nature  of  ajgilops. —  2.  Affected 
with  aigilops. 

segilopical,  egilopical  (e-ji-lop'i-kal),  o.  Same 

as  iri/i/ojiic. 

asgilops,  egilops  (e'ji-lops),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  alyi- 
?.tji/'  (-(JK-),  an  ulcer  in  the  eye;  also,  a  kind  of 
wild  oats,  and  a  kind  of  oak  with  sweet  fruit. 
Cf.  aiyiXuc,  an  herb  of  which  goats  were  said  to 
be  fond ;  appar.  <  aif  (ai)  -,  *ai;7?.-),  a  goat,  -I-  6i/'j 
eye;  cf.  ui/',  face,  appearance.]  1.  la pathol., 
goat-eye ;  a  tumor,  abscess,  or  other  affection  of 
the  inner  angle  (cantlms)  of  the  eye;  some- 
tunes,  a  fistula  lacrymalis  or  other  affection  of 
the  lacrymal  duet.  In  a  mild  form,  it  is  simply 
a  swelling  of  the  lacrymal  papilla,  and  is  very 
common. —  2.  [co/j.]  In  hot.,  a  genus  of  grasses 
allied  to  Triticum,  or  wheat-grass,  gi'owing 
wild  in  the  south  of  Europe  and  parts  of  Asia. 
It  is  believed  by  many  botanists  to  be  the 
origin  of  cultivated  wheat. —  3.  A  species  of 
oak,  Qucrcus  Egilops  ;  the  valonia-oak  of  the 
Levant. — 4.  [cap.']  Agenusof  lamellibranchs. 
James  E.  Ball,  1850. 

.^gina  (e-ji'nii),  ii.  [NL.,  <  L.  .Fgiiia.  <Gr. 
Alyiva,  an  islaiid  in  the  Saronic  gulf;  also,  iix 
myth.,  a  nj-mjih  of  Argolis,  beloved  by  Zeus.] 
1.  The  typical  genus  of  the  family  JEginida: 
Esclischiill::,  1829. — 2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans. 

.Sginetan  (e-ji-ne'tan),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  ^gi- 
nitii,  <  Gr.  Aiyivr/rrir','  an  inhabitant  of  Aiyiva : 
see  Jigiiifi.']  I.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to 
the  island  of  ^Egina  or  its  inhabitants.-  .ffiglne- 
tan  sculptures,  or  .Sgina  marbles,  a  collection  of  au- 


iEgithalina 

eient  sculptures  discovered  in  181 1  on  the  island  of  .^Igina, 
which  originally  lU-corated  the  temple  of  Athena.  They 
date  from  about  47G  It.  c,  and,  although  in  general  true 
to  nature,  their  faces  bear  that  forced  smile  whicli  charac- 
terizes the  portrayal  of  the  human  subject  in  all  early 
Greek  art.  These  sculptures  are  now  the  moat  notable 
ornament  of  the  Glyptothuk  at  Munich. 
II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  .^Egina. 
.£ginetic  (e-ji-net'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Alywr/riKdc, 
Ijcrtaining  to  .Vtyiva,  M^ina,.]  jEginetan;  re- 
sembling ^ginetan  worK. 

Tlie  coinage  of  Loeris,  Phoeis,  and  Boeotia  is  entirely  on 
the  .Kgiii'tic  standaril.  Kncyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  642. 

.^ginidse  (e-jin'i-de),  «.  j)l.  [NL.,<  .Egina,  \,+ 
-Ida:]  A  family  of  Trurlii/mcdu.ia;  typified  by 
the  genus  Jigiito,  containing  craspedoto  aca- 
lephs  with  a  hard  discoidal  umbrella,  pouch- 
like enlargements  of  the  digestive  cavity,  and 
the  circular  vessel  usually  reduced  to  a  row  of 
cells:  related  to  Oeriioniidwand  Truchtjncmidce. 
The  order  to  which  the  jK'jiniiUn  pertain  is  called  Hydni- 
incduufT,  Ilaptoitiorpha,  and  by  other  names  ;  it  is  that  in 
which  there  is  in>  bytlriform  trophosome,  the  medusa;  de- 
vrlniiiie^' dircitly  fn>iM  the  ovum. 

.£giothuS  (e-ji'o-thus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a'lyiodor, 
also  ai}t8oc,  and  later  oijH'Sor,  a  bird,  perhaps 
the  hedge-sparrow.]  The  redpolls  or  redpoll 
linnets,  a  notable  genus  of  ErinyiUida;  founded 
by  Cabanis  in  1S,t1.  There  are  several  species,  of 
Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America ;  the  common  redpoll  is 
^.  tiiutria;  the  mealy  redpoll  is  ^-E.  caueiicenji.  They  are 
small  finches,  ehieliy  boreal  in  distribution,  streaked  with 
dusky  and  fiaxeii  brown  and  white,  the  males  with  crim- 
s<in  poll  and  rosy  breast.     See  cut  under  redpoll. 

.^gipan  (e'ji-pan),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  A'lyizav,  <  aif 
(«')'-)•  goat,  +  \liix>.  Pan.]  1.  An  epithet  of 
the  god  Pan,  having  reference  to  his  goat-like 
lower  limbs,  short  horns,  and  upright  pointed 
ears,  the  other  portions  of  his  body  being  like 
those  of  a  man.  See  Diopan,  and  also  so/i/r  and 
faun. —  2.  In  cntom.,  a  genus  of  orthopterous 
insects,  of  the  family  Locti.'itido:    Sciidder,  1877. 

aegirine  (e'ji-rin),  «.     Same  as  wgiritc. 

aegirite  (e'ji-rit),  «.  [<  JCgir,  the  Icel.  god  of 
the  sea  (or  JEgirusX),  +  -t/A]  A  mineral  oc- 
cm-ring  in  greenish-black  prismatic  crystals, 
isomorphous  with  pvro.xene.  It  is  a  bisilieate  of 
iron  sesquioxid,  iron  protoxid,  lime,  and  soda,  found  in 
Norway,  and  also  at  liot  Springs,  Arkansas.  Also  ^vrit- 
ten  (pgurite  and  aegirine. 

Mgans  (e-ji'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  (?)  Gr.  Alyeipoc,  a 
city  of  Lesbos.     Cf.  alyetfio^,  the  black  poplar.] 


.^•ginetan  Sculpture. 
Herakles,  from  the  eastern  pediment  of  the  temple  of  Athena. 


Ai£iriis  /iitri.'iiii.ens,  dorsal  view. 

A  genus  of  nudibranchiate  or  notobranchiate 
gastropods,  of  the  family  I'oh/ccrida;  having 
large  tubercles  on  the  convex  Isaek.  Three  spe- 
cies are  known  from  the  European  seas.  ,\lso  written 
^■Kgires.  Loven,  1S44. 
aegis  (e'jis),  n.  [L.  ccgis,  <  Gr.  niji'f,  the  segis, 
also  a  rushing  storm,  hurricane,  appar.  <  aiaaeiv, 
shoot,  dart,  glance ;  popularly  identified  with 
a'lyir,  a  goat-skin,  <  oif  (at;-),  a  goat :  see  .!(>.] 

1.  In  Gr.  myth.,  originally 
the  storm-cloud  envelop- 
ing the  thunderbolt,  the 
especial  weapon  of  Zeus ; 
aftcn\ard  considered  as 
the  skin  of  the  goat  Amal- 
thea,  the  foster-mother  of 
Zeus,  which  the  latter  took 
for  defensive  armor  in  his 
war  with  the  Titans.  Ac- 
cording to  another  conception, 
it  was  a  terrilde  and  inmiortal 
arm  wrought  by  Hephiestns  after 
the  fashion  of  a  thunder-cloud 
fringed  with  lightning.  It  was 
intrusted  by  Zeus  to  Apollo  an^i 
lo  Athena,  and  became  a  rbaiiu- 
teristic  attribute  of  the  latter. 

2.  In  art,  a  representatiiM 
of  the  a?gis  as  a  sort  "i 
mantle  fi-inged  with  ser-      '-    cue  ..'r  .■vthcn.v 
pents,  much  more  ample 

in  archaic  examples  than  later,  generally  won> 
covering  the  breast,  but  sometimes  held  ex- 
tended over  the  left  arm,  or  thrown  over  the 
arm  to  serve  as  a  shield.  The  n;gLs  of  .\thcna,  ex- 
cept in  the  most  primitive  representations,  hears  in  the 
midst  the  head  of  the  Gorgon  Medusa,  and  is  usually 
covereil  with  scales  like  those  of  a  serpent. 
Hence,  figuratively  —  3.  Any  influence  or  power 
■which  protects:  as,  under  the  imperial  agis. 

Also  spelled  egi.'<. 
.aigithalinae    (e-,iith-a-li'ne),   n.  pi.       [NL.,  < 
Jigithaltui  +  -ina:.]      A  subfamily  of  titmice. 


H 

1 

i^^ 

1 

Ro| 

^ 

K^^-ij-^^ 

^  1 

A    1 

"T^^^ 

Wlli'^ 

iEgithalinse 


family  Paridfc,  typiticcl  by  the  genus  JEgithahis. 
It  was'  niinu'ii  by  Kt'iL-hfiibach  ill  18U),  and  by  Gray  is 
made  to  incliiile  Pannrinf  ami  a  miml)er  of  other  genera 
of  tits  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Afriea. 

^githalus  (e-jitli'ii-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <(tr.  a'ly'Sa- 
'Aoi;,  the  tit,  L.  j«(Ch.s.]  The  typiitnl  k>'UUS  of 
Jiijithalina;  based  upon  I'anis pciululiniis,  one 
of  the  European  bottle-tits.  Tlie  name  is  also  used 
for  another  genus  of  tits,  more  commonly  called  Acredula 
(which  Bcel.  of  wliich  .1,  camlata  is  the  type.  Also  writ- 
liii  .Em'thiUvs. 

.fflgitllOgliathsB  (C>-ji-thog'na-the),  n.  pi.  [NL. , 
<6r.  aiytOoc,  also  a'lyiodoc,  the  hedge-sparrow, 
or  perhaps  the  bunting,  -1-  yvdOo;,  jaw.]  In 
Huxley's  classification  of  birds,  a  suborder  of 
Carini'tia;  haWng  the  bones  of  the  palate  dis- 
posed as  in  the  sparrow  and  other  passerine 
birds,  and  embracing  the  passerines,  swifts, 
and  woodpeckers.     See  agitliogiiathigm. 

aegithognathism  (e-ji-thog'na-thism),  n.  The 
quality  or  condition  of  bein^  a'githoguathous ; 
that  structure  of  the  bony  palate  of  birds  which 
consists  in  the  union  of  the  vomer  with  tho 
aUnasal  walls  and  turbinals,  and  is  character- 
istic of  the  suborder  JSijiOuMjiiathce.  Parker  dis- 
tinguishes four  styles;  (ii)  iiii-iiiiipl,le,  very  curiously  ex- 
hibited by  the  low  Tuniix,  whicli  is  closely  related  to 
gallinaceous  birds ;  (ft,  c)  complete,  as  represented  under 
two  varieties,  one  typified  by  the  crow,  an  oscine  passerine, 
the  other  by  the  clamatorial  passerines  Pachjjrhatnphttn 
and  Pipra ;  (rf)  compound,  that  is,  mixed  with  a  kind  of 
desraognathisra. 

^githojnathism  is  exhibited  almost  unexceptionally  by 
the  great  group  of  passerine  birds  ;  it  is  also  nearly  coin- 
cident with  Passeres,  tliough  a  few  other  birds,  notably 
the  swifts,  also  exhiljit  it.  Coues,  'S.  A.  Birds,  p.  172. 

aegithognathous  (e-ji-thog'na-thus),  a.  [As 
3<:githo(jnathm  +  -ons.']  Of,  jiertaining  to,  or 
ha\'iiig  the  characteristics  of  the  Jigithognatha; ; 
having  the  vomer  united  with  the  alinasal  walls 
and  turbinals.  See  wgitlwgnatlusm. 
.£gle  (e'gle),  ".  [L.,<Gr.  alylri,  splendor,  a 
female  name  in  Greek  mythology.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  plants  of  tropical  India,  allied  to  and 
resembling  the  orange-tree,  but  with  trifoliate 
leaves.  .-??.  Marmelos,  the  Bengal  quince,  golden  apple, 
or  bhel,  has  an  aromatic  fruit,  somewhat  lilce  an  orange. 
A  perfume  and  a  yellow  dye  are  obtained  from  the  rind, 
and  the  dried  fruit  is  a  popular  remedy  in  diarrhea  and 
dysentery. 

2.  A  genus  of  brachyurous  decapodous  crusta- 
ceans, or  crabs,  of  which  a  species,  ^gle  riifo- 
punctiita,  is  found  in  Mamitius  and  the  Philip- 
pine islands. —  3.  A  genus  of  moUusks.  Ol'en, 
1815.  See  Pneumodermon. — 4.  A  genus  of 
lepidopterous  insects.  Hiibncr,  181G. 
aBgobronchophony  (e"go-brong-kof'o-ni),  n. 
[<  Gr.  oi;  {aiy-),  goat,  +  i^poyx'a,  the  bronchial 
tubes,  +  (ptM^,  voice.]  In  patlioL,  a  combina- 
tion of  two  sounds,  segophony  and  bronchoph- 
ony, heard  by  auscultation  in  pleuro-pneumo- 
nia.  See  agophony  and  hroncliophoii;/. 
aegocerine  (e-gos'e-rin),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
characteristic  of  tlie  genus  ^gocerus:  as,  an 
ccgocerine  goat  or  antelope;  cegocerinc  horns. 
Also  written  aigucerlne. 
.£gOcerUS  (e-gos'e-rus),  )i.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ai^ 
{aiy-),  goat,  4-  nipac,,  a  horn.]  1.  A  genus  of 
wild  goats,  related  to  the  ibexes,  of  the  subfam- 
ily CVy)n'n(C.  P.  S.  Pallas,  1811;  J.  E.  Gray. — 
2.  A  genus  of  anteloj)es  with  long  spiral  horns, 
related  to  the  orj-x  and  the  addax,  of  the  sub- 
family-1/i//7";«H(c:  equaltoifi7)^}0^)'or/MS(Sunde- 
vall).   UamiUon  tfmitli,  1827 ;  B.  X.  Turner,  1849. 

Also  written  Aigoeerus,  Jligoceros. 
aegophonic  (e-go-fon'ik),  a.     Of  or  pertaining 
to  iegophony.     Sometimes  written  cgophonic. 
aegopnony  (e-gof'o-ni),  n.     [<  Gr.  ali  (aij-),  a 
goat,  +  0(jw;,  voice,  sound.]     Inpathol.,  a  form 
of  vocal  resonance,  broken  and  tremulous,  heard 
in  auscultation,  and  suggesting  tlie  lileating  of 
a  goat.     It  is  best  heard  in  hydrothorax  at  the 
level  of  the  fluid.    Sometimes  written  egopliony. 
aegropile,  ".     Same  as  a'gagropile. 
aegrotans  (e-gro'tanz),  n.;  pi.  mgrotantes (e-gTo- 
tan'tez).      [L.,  ppr.  of  a-grotarc,  be  sick:  see 
wgrotat.]    In  English  universities,  one  who  is 
sick ;  one  who  holds  an  segrotat  (which  see). 
aegrotant   (e-gro'tant),   «.      [<  L.  a'grotan(t-)s, 
jipr.  of  wgrotarc  :   see  a'grotat.}     One  who  is 
sick:  an  invalid.     [Rare.] 
aegrotantes,  ».     Plm-al  of  ay/rotaus. 
aegrotat  (e-jjro'tat),  n.    [L.,  he  is  sick,  3d  pers. 
sing.  pres.  md.  of  mgrotarc,  be  sick,  <  wgrotus, 
sick,  <  (cger,  sick.]     In  English  universities,  a 
medical  certificate  given  to  a  student  showing 
that  he  has  been  prevented  by  sickness  from 
attending  to  bis  duties.     Also  called  a-ger. 

I  sent  my  servant  to  the  apothecary  for  a  thing  called 
an  (e'irotat,  whicli  I  understood  .  .  .  meant  a  certificate 
that  1  was  indisposed. 

Babbage,  Pass,  from  Life  of  a  Pliil.  (1864),  p.  37. 


92 

Reading  aegrotat,  in  some  universities,  leave  taken, 

coiiinioiiTy  ill  December,  in  order  to  get  time  to  read  for 
one's  degree. 

aegyrite,  «.    See  cegiritc. 

aBlurid  (e-lu'rid),  n.  A  carnivorous  mammal 
of  tho  family  JihiriiUv. 

iEluridae  (e-Wri-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  J?:iuriis 
+  -i'rfo;.]  A  family  of  carnivorous  quadrupeds, 
of  the  order  Fcrcc,  suborder  Fissipedia,  and 
series  Arcioidca,  closely  related  to  the  TJrsidce 
(bears).  It  is  ba.sed  upon  a  single  genus  and  species, 
.Eiurtis  fnltyens,  the  panda,  resembling  a  racoon  in  some 
respects.  The  technical  characters  of  the  family  are  found 
chiefly  in  the  details  of  the  skull  and  teeth,  as  compared 
with  those  of  either  bears  or  racoons.  The  tail  is  well  de- 
veloped (rudimentary  in  Ursidte) ;  the  teeth  are  36  in  num- 
ber (40  in  Procijonidos)  \  there  are  only  "2  true  moh-irs  on 
each  side  of  either  jaw,  with  3  premolars,  1  canine,  and 
3  incisors.  The  alisphenoid  canal  is  well  developed;  tlie 
auditory  bulla  is  very  small,  and  is  separated  from  the  long 
trigonal  paroccipital  process.     Also  written  Ailurid(e. 

aeluroid  (e-lii'roid),  a.  and  »i.  [<  Gr.  aiyj>vpor,  a 
cat  (see  Jilurus),  +  f Mor,  form.]  I.  a.  Feline ; 
cat-like;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
JEluroidca. 

II.  II.  A  member  of  the  ^/«TO"?ca. 

.£luroidea  (e-lti-roi'de-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.  :  see 
aiiiroki.'\  A  superfamUy  section  of  feUne  fis- 
siped  carnivorous  mammals,  typified  by  the 
cat  family,  Felida:,  and  containing  also  the 
families  Cryptoproctidce,  Protelidw,  Hycenida^, 
Viverrida;,  and  Eupleridw  (but  not  the  family 
JEluridw) :  distinguished  as  a  series  from  the 
Ci/noidva  or  canine  series,  and  the  Arctiikha  or 
ursine  series  (to  which  the  family  Ji7«c»7a;  be- 
longs). The  carotid  canal  is  not  well  developed ;  the 
glenoitl  foramen  is  minute  or  wanting ;  the  foramen 
iacerum  posterius  and  the  condyloid  foramen  debouch 
together  ;  Cowper's  glands  are  present ;  and  the  os  penis 
is  rudimentary,  except  in  Cryptoprocta.  Ailuroidea  tijpica 
are  the  true  felines  or  cats,  of  the  families  Felidce  and 
Criiptoproctidce.  ^Eluroidea  hywnifonnia  are  the  hyenas, 
of  the  families  Jii/ixnidce  and  Protelidce.  .■Eluroidea 
viverriformia  are  the  civets,  ichneumons,  etc.,  of  the  fam- 
ilies Vivern'dce  and  Eupleridce.  See  these  family  names. 
Flower;  Gill.     Also  written  ^lYwroirfea. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  the  two  names  jEluroidea  and 
.^i^luridiB  should  cLash,  as  not  belonging  to  the  same  sec- 
tions [of  the  Carnivora].  Pancoe,  Zobl.  Class.,  p.  208. 

..Sluropoda  (e-lu-rop'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  aiiiropus  (-pod-),  adj. :  see  a;luropodou$.2 
A  name  given  by  J.  E.  Gray  to  the  typical  vi- 
venino  division  of  the  family  rirerrida;  the 
species  of  which  division  are  teluropodous 
(which  see).  The  name  is  contrasted  with 
Cyiiofioda. 

aeluropodous  (e-lii-rop'o-dus),  a.  [<  NL.  wlu- 
ropiis  {-pod-),  adj.,  cat-footed:  see  Jiluropus.'] 
Cat-footed;  having  feet  like  a  cat,  that  is,  with 
sharp,  retractile  claws:  opposed  to  cyiiopodoiis, 
or  dog-footed,  and  specifically  applied  to  the 
typical  ^^verrine  division  of  the  family  Viccr- 

.^luropus  (e-lii'ro-pus),  n.  [NL.,  <  ^/mj-hs,  q. 
v..  -I-  Gr.  -ovg  (noA-)  =  E.  foot.']    A  remarkable 


.Solididae 

JFAurida;  (which  see),  containing  the  wah  or 
jiauda,  Ailurun  fulgens,  of  India.  Also  written 
.liliiriin. 
.£olian^  (e-6'li-an),  a.  [<\j.  JEoUvs,<  Gt. 
.\io/iof,  JEolian,  <  AioJ-or,  ^Eolus,  the  god  of  the 
winds:  wcJEolu.':.']  1.  Pertaining  to  ^olus,  the 
god  of  the  winds  in  Greek  mythology,  and  hence 
sometimes  (with  or  without  a  capital)  to  the 
wind  in  general:  as,  the  Jiiilian  Isles  (now  the 
Lipari  islands,  north  of  Sicily),  the  fabled  home 
of  the  god.     Also  \vritten  Eolian  and  Aiolian, 

The  breezes  blur  the  fountain's  glass, 
And  wake  .Eolian  melodies. 

T.  B.  Aldrich,  Pampinea. 

2.  [/.  c]  Due  to  atmospheric  action;  wind- 
blown: as,  an (coZ/nw deposit:  applied,  in (/eo/.,  to 
accumulations  of  detrital  material,  especially 
fine  sand  and  loam,  which  have  been  earned  to 
their  present  position  by  the  wind.  By  far  the 
most  important  deposit  of  this  kind  is  the  loess  of  north- 
western Cliina  (see  loex^i),  and  it  was  to  designate  this  pecu- 
liar and  most  renuirkaljle  formation  that  the  term  opiilian 
was  applied  in  geology  in  place  of  vubaerial  {\\h\i:\i  see). 
Also  written  cj^ia/i.  —  iEolian  attachment,  a  contrivance 
attached  to  a  pianoforte,  by  which  a  stream  of  air  can  be 
thrown  upon  the  wires,  prolonging  their  vibration  ami 
greatly  increasing  the  volume  of  sound.— iEolian  harp 
or  lyre,  a  stringed  instrument  that  is  caused  to  sound  by 
the  impulse  of  air.  .\  common  form  is  that  of  a  box  of 
thin  fibrous  wood,  to  which  are  attached  a  number  of  fine 
catgut  strings,  sometimes  as  many  as  fifteen,  of  equal 
length  and  tmied  in  unison,  stretched  on  low  bridges  at 
each  end.  Its  length  is  made  to  correspond  with  the  size 
of  the  window  or  aperture  in  wliich  it  is  intended  to  l>e 
placed.  \Mien  the  wind  blows  athwart  the  strings  it  pro- 
duces the  effect  of  an  orchestra  when  heard  at  a  distance, 
sweetly  mingling  all  the  harmonics,  and  swelling  or  dimin- 
ishing the  sounds  according  to  the  strength  of  the  blast. 
— .£olian  rocks.  See  above,  2. 
.ffiolian-  (e-6'li-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  JEolius,  <Gr. 
Aid/.fof,  <  Aio?.of,"^olus,  the  mythical  founder  of 
the  .3Colians,  one  of  the  sons  of  Hellen,  reputed 
ancestor  of  all  the  Hellenes,  >Gr.  Aio/fic,  an 
.aiolian,  pi.  A\o7di:,  A'lo/.f/c^,  >  L.  JEolcs,  the  iEoli- 
ans.  See  -aEo/iaHi.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
branch  of  the  Greek  race  named  from  .<Eolus, 
son  of  Hellen,  or  to  .^olia  or  .aColis,  a  district 
of  Asia  Minor  north  of  Ionia  colonized  by  and 

named  from  them .ffiollan  mode,    (a)  In  Greek 

music,  a  diatonic  scale  consisting  of  two  steps  +  a  half 
step  -t-  two  steps  4-  a  half  step  4-  a  step.  It  is  correctly 
represented  by  the  natural  notes  of  the  staff  beginning 
with  A  and  counting  downward.    Usually  and  more  prop- 


r^v 


=\- 


3^^ 


erly  called  the  hypodorian,  sometimes  the  Locrian,  inode. 
(b)  The  ninth  of  the  Gregorian  church  modes  or  scales.  It 
was  the  fifth  of  the  authentic  modes,  and  consisted  of  a 
step  +  a  half  step  +  two  steps  +  a  half  step  -f  two  steps, 


I 


* 


w 


' ''''  •-  ■ 


^turofus  rnelanoleucus. 

genus  of  carnivorous  quadrupeds  of  the  arctoid 
series  of  the  order  Fenv,  connecting  the  true 
bears  with  JSlurus  and  other  genera,  in  the  upper 
jaw  they  have  3  incisor,  1  canine,  4  premolar,  and  2  molar 
teeth,  and  in  the  lower  3  incisors,  1  canine,  3  premolai^s. 
and  3  molars ;  the  skull  has  a  sliort  facial  portion,  the 
bony  palate  not  extending  back  of  the  teeth,  an  alisphenoid 
canal,  an  enormous  sagittal  crest,  and  zygomatic  arches ; 
the  tail  is  very  short,  and  the  feet  are  less  plantigrade  and 
the  soles  more  hairy  than  in  the  true  hears.  .E.  melaito. 
leitcus,  of  Tibet,  the  type  and  only  species,  is  of  the  size  of 
a  small  bro\vii  bear,  of  a  whitish  color,  with  black  limbs, 
shoulders,  ears,  and  eye-ring.     .Also  written  Ailurnpit:,: 

.Sluirus  (e-lu'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ap.ovpoc,  a  cat, 
perhaps  < aio/iof,  quick-mo\-ing,  -I-  ovpa,  taU.  The 
early  history  of  the  domestic  cat  being  involved 
in  doubt  (see  cat),  somff  identify  the  Gr.  aO.ovpoQ 
■with  the  fen'et  or  polecat,  Putorius  fiiro.  and 
others  with  the  genet  or  civet-cat,  a  species  of 
Viverra.]      The  typical  genus  of  the  family 


represented  by  the  natural  notes  of  the  staff  beginning 
with  A  and  counting  upward. 

II.  ".  A  member  of  one  of  the  three  great 
divisions  of  the  ancient  Greek  race,  the  two 
other  divisions  being  the  Dorian  and  the  Ionian. 
The  inhabitants  of  .Eolis,  of  part  of  Thessaly,  of  Ba'otia 
and  much  of  central  Greece,  of  Arcadia,  and  other  dis- 
tricts not  Dorian  or  Ionian,  were  commonly  accounted 
Jiolians.  The  Acheans,  when  not  spoken  of  as  a  distinct 
race  of  Greeks,  were  also  included  among  the  jEolians. 
Also  written  Eolian  and  Aiolian. 
JEolic  (e-ol'ik),  a.  and  ».  [<  L.  Jioliciis,  <  Gr. 
Alo'/.iKur,  of  or  pertaining  to  ^olis  or  the  iEoU- 
ans:  aee -Folia n-.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  .iEolis  or 
-Slolia,  tothe^olians.  or  to  ^olus.  their  myth- 
ical ancestor;  Eolian:  as,  -Folic  towns;  the 
.^olic  branch  of  the  Greek  race. 

That  Dicaiarchus  was  coiTect  is  proved  by  an  examina- 
tion of  tlie  peculiar  position  occupied  by  the  traces  of 
Aiolic  influence  in  Homer.     Amer.  Jour.  Philol.,\\l.'2'ii. 

iGolio  dialect,  one  of  the  three  great  dialects  or  groups 
of  subdialects  of  ancient  Greek,  the  others  Iteing  the  Doric 
and  Ionic.  It  was  spoken  in  .-Eolis  and  iiiaiiy  other  Greek 
countries,  and  is  important  as  the  dialect  used  by  the 
Lesbian  poets  Sappho,  Alcffius,  etc. 

II.  n.  The  language  of  the  .^olians ;  the 
-Eolian  dialect  of  Greek. 

Also  \\Titten  Folic  and  .Aiolic. 
aeolid,  aeolidid  (e'o-lid,  e-ol'i-did),  n.     A  mem- 
ber of  tlie  J^oliihr  or  JEolididic. 
jEolidse  (e-ol'i-de).  n.  pi.     Same  as  .Folidida: 
.aiolididae  (e-6-lid'i-de).   H.  pi.     [NL.,  <  .Folis 
{-ill-)  -\-  -idw.]     A  family  of  nudibranchiate 
gastropodous  mollusks.  with  diversiform  gills 
placed  on  the  sides  of  the  back,  and  the  tenta- 
cles retractile.    They  are  active,  and  swim  freely  on 
their  backs.     In  the  genus  .Eolis  (which  see)  the  gills  con- 
sist of  an  immense  number  of  finger-like  pnicesses,  forming 
tufts  on  each  side  of  the  body,  some  of  which  receive  CR-cal 
prolongations  of  the  stomach  and  liver.   Their  papilla;  pos- 


^olididse 

sess  the  power  of  discltiir^'iti^.  wlicn  the  animal  is  irritated, 
ft  milliy  fluid,  whicli,  iiowi-vi-r,  is  liarraltiss  to  tlie  luiman 
sltin.     Aisn  written  EolUliiia-,  .KoUda',  KulidtP. 


^olii  coroHata,  dorsal  view. 

JEolidinse  (e'o-li-tU'ne),  u.  pi.  [NL.,  <  .^ofe 
(.),/-)  +  -our.]  '  A  f^rouj)  of  moUusks.  See  jEo- 
licliild'.  Also  written  Eolidintv. 
seolina  (e-o-li'iul),  «.  [<  L.  JSoIks,  <  Gr.  Aio/lof, 
the  god  of  the  wiiuls:  see  ^oh(s.~\  A  small 
free-reed  musical  instrument,  the  precursor  of 
the  accordion  and  concertina  (which  see),  in- 
vented liy  Whcatstone  about  18L'9. 
aeolipile  (e'o-U-pil  or  e-ol'i-pil),  n.  [<  L.  aoli- 
pil((\  pi.,  <  Jiiiiiis,  god  of  the  winds  (see  Jioluis), 
+  pihi,  a  ball.]  An  instrument  illustrating  the 
expansive  force  of  steam  generated  in  a  closed 
vessel,  and  escaping  by  a  narrow  aperture, 
said  to  have  been  invented  by  Hero  of  Alex- 
andria in  the  second  century  B.  c.  it  consisted 
of  a  liullow  ball  containing  water  and  two  arms  bent  in 

opposite  directions, 

J]_^^^_  A^^k    from    the    narrow 

apertures  of  which 
steam  issued  witli 
such  force  that  the 
air.  reacting  on  it, 
caused  a  circular 
or  rotary  motion  of 
the  ball.  Several 
attempts  have  been 
made  to  apply  the 
principle  of  the  aeo- 
lipile  to  rotating 
(colipile  is  used  for  roliitins;  :i  toy.     It 


Ely's  i^oltpile. 


machinery.    Ely  -  

consists  of  a  boiler,  with  .an  arm  tlirou'„'li  wliicli  the 
steam  is  permitted  to  escape,  placed  upon  a  central  up- 
right pivot,  and  connected  by  a  band  witli  the  drum  of 
the  toy  to  be  rotated.  Also  spelled  eulijjile  and  (by  mis- 
take) eutipyle. 

.Solis  (e'o-lis),  n.  [NL.  (like L.  JFolis,  Gr.  AioPjf 
(-»5-),  name  of  a  country),  <  aiu?.o^,  quick-mov- 
ing, nimble,  rapid,  ehang:eable.]  The  tyincal 
genus  of  the  family  JEoUdidcc  (which  see).  Also 
spelled  Eolis,  as  originally  by  Ciivier,  1798._ 

jGolism  (e'o-lizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  *j\'io'/.iniwc,  <  k'lo'Al- 
fca',  imitate  the  iEolians:  see  AioUc  and  -ism.'] 
A  peculiarity  of  the  vEolic  dialect,  or  such  pe- 
ctiliarities  collectively.  Sometimes written^io- 
Itsm. 

First  must  be  eliminated  from  the  so-called  ^Eotisms  all 
phenomena  which,  so  far  from  deserving  the  name  of 
^f^vlijfms,  do  not  so  much  as  occur  iu  .'Eolic. 

Amer.  Jour,  tif  Philol,,  V.  5'Jl. 

.Solist  (e'o-list),  n.  [<  L.  JioJus,  the  god  of  the 
winds,  +  -ist.']  A  pretender  to  inspiration :  so 
called  humorously  by  SwU't  ("Tale  of  a  Tub," 
viii.),  as  deriving  all  things  from  wind  (that  is, 
the  breath  of  inspiration). 

aeolotropic  (e"o-16-trop'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  ceoM- 
riijii/  +  -ic]  r.  n.  In  j)/(i/s.,  not  having  the  same 
]ir(i|ierties  in  all  directions;  non-isotropic ;  ani- 
scitnipie:  said  of  a  body  with  reference  to  elas- 
ticity or  the  action  upon  it  of  light,  heat,  etc. 

An  individual  body,  or  tlie  sul>stauce  of  a  homogeneous 
solid,  may  be  isotroiiic  in  one  quality  or  class  of  qualities, 
but  (volotropic  in  others. 

Tlwm.mn  and  Tail,  Nat.  Phil.,  I.  §  077. 

II.  n.  A  non-isotropic  substance,  or  one  hav- 
ing different  properties  in  different  directions, 
as  a  biaxial  crystal. 
aeolotropy  (6-o-lot'ro-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  a(o?-oi-, 
changeful,  +  -Tf)o-ia,<.'Tpe-en;  turn.]  In 2)hys., 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  a-olotropic ;  the 
opposite  of  isotropij  (which  see) ;  anisotropy. 

In  tlie  case  of  a  sphere,  the  tendency  to  set  in  a  uniform 
ImagneticI  field  is  wholly  dependent  on  the  wolotropy  of 
the  sphere.  Enojc.  Brit.,  X\.  240. 

.Solus  (e'o-lus),  n.  [L.,<Gr.  A(o?,of,  the  god 
of  the  mnds,  lit.  the  rapid  or  the  changeable.  < 
a\6'/Mc,  quick-moving,  rapid,  glancing,  changing, 
changeable.]  1 .  In  i-hia.su-111  mijlh.,  the  god  and 
ruler  of  the  ^vinds,  which  at  his  will  he  set  free 
or  held  prisoncrsin  a  hollow  mountain. — 2.  [/. 
c]  An  apparatus  for  renewing  the  air  in  rooms. 
—  3.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Esch- 
scholl:.  1,S20. 

aeon,  aeonian,  etc.     See  eon,  conian,  etc. 

.Spus  (e'pus),  H.     Same  as  JEptjs. 

-Slpyornis  (c-pi-6r'nis),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiirir, 
high,  -I-  opvii;,  a  bird.]  A  genus  of  gigantic 
fossil  birds  found  in  Madagascar.     The  species  is 

named  AlpnornU  litaximaj^.  It  w;us  ;Moed  like  Dinor- 
nw,  of  similar  enormous  stature,  and  is  one  of  the  largest 
known  birds.    The  egg  was  some  12  or  14  inches  long,  and 


93 

of  the  capacity  of  6  ostrich-eggs  or  about  12  dozen  hen- 
eggs.  The  remains  are  fcuuid  in  very  recent  deposits,  an<l 
the  bird  w;w  pro!  lably  contemporary  with  tlietiioa.  .Kp;i"r- 
nijt  is  the  tyjie  of  a  fanuly  ^kpi/vniitliidif,  i-elateti  to  tlie 
Dinarnithidtv,  of  tlic  subclass /ifld'frt'.  Sometimes  spelled 
EptiornU,  and  even  KpiarnU ;  the  latter  is  wholly  inad- 
missible. 

.ffipyornithes  (e-pi-or'ni-tliez),  ii.pl.  [NL.,  ))1. 
of  .ICjii/iiniis-  (-iiilli-).']  A  superfamily  group, 
made  an  order  by  Newton,  of  gigantic  extinct 
ratite  birds,  based  upon  the  JEpyornithida: 
(which  see). 

.Spyornithidae  (o-jii-or-nith'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  ylijii/(>nii.i(-nitU-)  +  -ida:.]  A  family  of  birds 
re]ir('sented  by  the  genus  Jipyornis  (which  see). 

.ffipyprynmus  (e-)ii-prim'nus),  n.  [NL.,<Gr. 
(li-i'i;,  high,  steep,  +  TTinr/iva,  stern.]  A  notable 
genus  of  kangaroo-rats  of  comparatively  large 
size,  and  otherwise  resembling  the  liare-kanga- 
roos,  Lugorchesks.  The  type  is  ^E.  rufcsccns, 
the  red  potoroo  of  New  South  Wales.  A.  H. 
Garrod,  1875. 

-Spys  (e'pis),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  ai-rric,  also  ai-6r, 
high,  steep.]  A  genus  of  adephagous  beetles, 
of  the  family  Carabida;  the  larvro  of  wliieh  have 
but  one  claw  on  each  foot.     Also  \\Titten  ^pus. 

sequaliflorous,  "•    Sic  iqiKditiorous. 

aequisonance,  aequisonant.    See  cquisonance, 

rijdifimiiint. 

.Squivalvia  (e-kwi-val'vi-a),  «.  j)?.  [NL.,  < 
]i.  aquun,  equal,  +  valva,  door  (valve).]  1. 
In  Lamarck's  classification,  1801,  one  of  two 
di\'isions  of  his  conchiferous  Accjyhiikfa,  con- 
taining the  equivalve  bivalves:  opposed  to 
IiKrquivalvia. — 2.  In  Latreille's  classification, 
1825,  one  of  two  divisions  of  peduncidate  Bra- 
chiojioda  (the  other  being  Itxequwnlrin),  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  LinguJa.  See  cut  tmder 
l/nigulidcv. 

.Squorea  (e-kwo're-a),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L. 
(vquofcus,  of  the  sea:  see  cequorcah]  A  genus 
of  medusse,  constituting  the  family  JEijUorcida- 
(which  see).     JE.  cyunea  is  an  example. 

aBqU0real(e-kw6're-al),«.  [<L.  (cgHo/ri/.s,  of  the 
sea,  <  (Fquor,  level,  even  surface,  esp.  a  calm, 
smooth  sea,  <  (cquus,  even,  equal :  see  cqticd.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sea  ;  marine  ;  oceanic  : 
specifically  used  in  the  name  of  a  fish,  the 
wquoreal  pipefish,  Syngnathus  wquorea.  Tar- 
rell. 

.aiquoreidae,  .SJquoridae  (e-kwo-re'i-de,  e- 
kwor'i-de),  H. j>/.  l^L.,<jM:quo)ca  +  -id(C.']  A 
family  of  Mydnniicdusa;  represented  by  the 
genus  JEquonii,  with  numerous  radial  vessels 
and  marginal  tentacles.  The  family  is  related  to  the 
campanularians  and  sertidarians,  and  pertains  to  an  order 
Calt/ptobtastca,  or  to  a  suborder  Cainpanulariiv  ot  litidru- 
viedii>!(e.  They  attain  a  large  size,  being  a  foot  or  more  in 
diameter.  Tlie  family  was  founded  by  Eschscholtziu  lh29. 

aer  (a'er),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  a//p,  air:  see  a»l.]  1. 
(rt)  Ordinary  air  of  the  atmosphere,  (h)  Some 
kind  of  air,  as  a  gas.  [Formerly  a  common 
tenn  in  chemistry  and  physics,  now  rare  or  ob- 
solete.] —  2.  In  the  Hellenic  branch  of  the  East- 
ern Church,  the  third  or  outermost  of  the  veils 
placed  over  the  sacrament.  See  air'^,  n.,  7. — 
Aer  perflabilis  (L.,  air  blowing  through),  open  ail". 

Open  air,  which  they  call  aer  perfiahilU. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  331. 

aera,  »■     See  era. 

aeraria,  ".     Plural  of  wrarium. 

aerarian  (e-ra'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ararius, 
monetary,  fiscal," a>ran'«s,  n.  (sc.  civis),  an  agra- 
rian, <  rt's  («')■-).  bronze,  money:  see  as.]  I.  a. 
In  Horn.  hist.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  a-rarium  or 
Roman  treasury ;  fiscal;  as.the  («•«/•;««  prefects. 
II.  II.  One  of  the  lowest  class  of  Roman 
citizens,  who  iKtid  only  a  poll-tax  and  had  no 
light  to  vote.  To  this  class  the  censors  could  degrade 
citizens  of  any  higher  rank  who  had  committed  heinous 
crimes, 

aerarium  (e-ra'ri-um),  «.;  pi.  a-irtrm  (-jl).  [L., 
neut.  of  mrariwi,  of  or  pertaining  to  money :  see 
<rniri(in.]  Among  tlie  Romans,  a  place  where 
public  money  was  deposited;  the  public  trea- 
surv. 

aerate  (ii'e-rat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aerated, 
ppr.  (li-niting.     [<  L.  aer,  air  (see  aii-^),  +  -ate-.] 

1.  To  e.vpose  to  the  free  action  of  the  air. — 

2.  To  cause  to  mix  with  carbonic-aciii  or  other 
gas. — 3.  In  pliysiol.,  to  change  the  cireidating 
fliuds  of,  as  an'imals,  by  the  agency  of  the  air; 
artcrialize.— Aerated  bread,  breail  bakeil  from  dough 
intc»  which  earboiiic-acid  gas  has  been  forced  mechanical- 
ly, instead  of  being  set  free  within  its  substance  by  fer- 
mentation of  yeast  or  ilecomposition  of  baking-powder. — 
Aerated  waters,  a  term  applied  to  a  v,ariety  of  acidu- 
lous and  alkaline  beveraires,  more  or  less  impregnated  with 
carbonic-aeid  gas,  wbieli  renders  them  sparkling  anri  ef- 
fervescent. The  most  common,  carlionic-nciil  iralfr  (\m\- 
ally  called  soda-icater,  because  it  was  formerly  an  ollici- 
nal  preparation  and  conUiined  sodium  carbonate),  is  made 


aerial 

on  a  large  scale  by  pouring  ililute  sulphuric  acid  on  carbon- 
ate of  lime,  marble,  or  chalk,  t'arbonic-acid  gas  is  evolved, 
which  is  either  forced  into  water  at  once  by  its  own  ten- 
sion as  it  is  evolved,  or  received  in  a  reservoir  and  after- 
ward forced  into  water  by  a  pump.  A  small  (piantity  of 
gingeror  capsicum-extract  and  sugar,  placed  in  Ivottles  be- 
fore filling  with  this  water,  converts  the  solution  into  gin- 
gerade  or  ginger  ale,  while  essence  of  lemon,  citric  acid, 
and  sugar  niixeil  in  the  same  way  form  lem<inadc.  All 
water  from  natural  springs  is  atjrated  ;  anil  the  flat,  mawk- 
ish taste  of  freshly  boiled  water  is  due  to  the  .absence  of 
air  and  carbonic  acid.— Aerating  filter,  a  water-filter  in 
which  the  water  as  it  deseends  falls  into  a  closed  ebamt)er, 
displacing  the  contained  air,  which,  passing  upward  through 
the  filtering  material,  aerates  the  water  iu  its  p.assagc. 
aeration  (a-e-rii'shon),  H.  [Kaeratr.]  1.  The  act 
of  airing  or  of  exposing  to  the  action  of  the 
air:  as,  the  aeration  of  soil  by  plowing,  har- 
rowing, etc. —  2.  The  act  or  operation  of  mix- 
ing or  saturating  with  a  gas,  as  carbonic-acid 
gas  or  common  air. —  3.  Iti  jiliysiuL,  the  arterial- 
izatiou  of  the  venous  lilood  by  respiration  in 
the  higher  animals,  and  by  corresponding  pro- 
cesses in  the  lower  animals. 

Tlie  taking  in  of  food  by  a  polype  is  at  intervals  now 
short,  now  very  long,  as  circumstances  determine  ;  .  .  . 
while  such  (lerafton  as  is  effected  is  similarly  without  a 
trace  of  rhythm.  //.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  28. 

aerator  (ii'e-ra-tor),  «.  [<  aerate,  as  if  L.  'aera- 
tor.] 1.  A  blower;  a  contrivance  for  fumigat- 
ing wheat  and  other 
grain,  to  bleach  it 
and  destroy  fimgi 
and  insects.  —  2. 
An  apparatus  for 
forcing  air  or  car- 
bonic-acid gas  into 
water  or  other  U- 
qidds.  The  most  sim- 
ple form  isa  mechanical 
device  for  pumping  air 
into  water,  or  a  spi-ay 
for  bringing  water  into 
contact  with  air.  llore 
complicated  forms  em- 
ploy ehemieals  to  secure 
the  fonnation  of  car- 
bouic-acid  gas  in  water 
'  -r  liquors,  or  elaborate 
machinery  for  forcing 
the  gas  into  vessels  con- 
taining the  litiuid,  and 
for  producing  the  prop- 
er mixture  by  agitating 
the  latter  in  presence  of 
the  gas  under  pressure. 
[Formerly  also  acreat,  <  L. 


Cameron's  Aerator. 


a,  gas-generator  :  A,  *,and  ttt,  t»,  m, 
agitators ;  c,  stuffing-tiox  ;  <•,  acid-liokl- 
ct;/,  conical  plug;  ^,  d,  s,  leaden 
pipes ;  A,  stutfinkj-lx)x  ;  ^,  pin ;  /,  bridle  ; 
«,  nut;  o,  intermediate  vessel;  /, 
pressure-gage ;  ^',  impregnator. 


aerial  (a-e'ri-al),  a 
aer  ins  (=Gr.  aipior),  also  aereiis,  pertaining  to 
the  ah',  <  aer,  <  Gr.  aSjp :  see  airl.]  1.  Belong- 
ing or  pertaining  to  the  air  or  atmosphere ; 
inhabiting  or  frequenting  the  air ;  existing  or 
happening  in  the  air ;  jiroduced  by  or  in  the  air : 
as,  aerial  regions ;  aerial  perspective ;  aerial 
songsters ;  aiirial  ascents. 

Even  till  we  make  the  main,  and  the  aerial  blue. 
An  indistinct  regard.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

Aerial  honey  and  ambrosial  dews, 

Drijden,  Vii-gil's  tJcorgics. 

2.  Consisting  of  air;  partaking  of  tlie  nature 
of  air ;  airy ;  hence,  unsubstantiiil ;  visionary : 
as,  aerial  beings ;  aerial  fancies ;  an  aiirial  castle. 

Fays,  fairies,  genii,  elves,  and  daemons,  hear : 
ye  know  the  spheres  and  various  tasks  ossign'd 
By  laws  eternal  to  the  atrial  kind. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  ii.  76. 
The  next  who  follows  .  .  .  has  to  build  his  own  cloud- 
castle  as  if  it  were  the  first  aerial  edifice  that  a  human 
soul  had  ever  constructed.     O.  W.  Uolme^t,  Emerson,  xvi. 

3.  Reaching  far  into  the  air ;  high  :  lofty ;  ele- 
vated: as,  «cn'((;  spires;  an  o^Vhi/ flight. 

The  aerial  mountains  which  pour  thiwn 
Indus  and  Oxus  from  their  icy  caves.     Shelleii,  .AKostor. 

4.  Possessed  of  a  light  and  gi-aeeful  beauty ; 
ethereal. 

Some  music  is  above  me  ;  most  music  is  beneath  me.    I 
like  Beethoven  and  Mozart  — or  else  soiue  of  the  aerial 
compositions  of  tlie  older  Italians.     Culeridije,  Table-Talk. 
The  light  aerial  gallerj-,  goldeu-rail'd, 
Bm-nt  like  a  fringe  of  fire. 

Tennymn,  Palace  of  Art. 

5.  Infcof.,  growing  in  the  air,  and  independently 
of  the  soil,  as  epiphytes,  or  the  adventitious 
roots  of  some  trees:  as,  aerial  orchids  or  roots. 


Aerial  Roots  of  Uie  Banian  {FicM  Ittdica). 


aerial  94  aSroscepsy 

Aerial  acid,  an  nW  name  f.ir  inrhonicacid  ([as,  frnm  ft  he-    upon  air  for  life.     An  equivalent  form  is  nero-  aeromancy  (a'e-ro-man"si),  n.     [<  ME.  acro- 

licf  that  it  i-iitencl  int..  tin-  i i|i(isitiiin  ot  iamcisphuric     /„„„i,.  iu(iiici/i,  (uriiiiiuuncc,  <  OF.  "aeromuHcit,  acro- 

air.- Aerial  birds  (.U:«  a.i;,,)  Mnis  wind,  liai.ituully  -Hrobiosis  (a"e-r6-bi-6'sis),  n.  FNL.,  <  Gr.  hrin  mantle  (Cotgrave),  mod.  F.  airomanek,  <  LL. 
^:^':i::Z^^i:SJ^^"i^'^:T:^':^^:^t.  ^^$l°^:l  )V,..,c,  way  i^f  iJ,  <  /f ,.,  Uv^  ^,-„,„«,  ^^.^  LGr....po,a.r.a,  (Harper's  Lat 
traveling  in  the  air;  siitLillcally,  the  b:usk.t  ..fa  iKill.H.ii,  <  ,i,of,  life.]  Life  m  and  by  means  of  an  atmo-  Diet.),  <  Gr.  (u//j,  air,  +  /MVTCia,  divination,  < 
or  a  car  liesigneil  for  an  aerial  laihvay.— Aerial  figures,     sphere  oontainuis  oxygen.  fiavreiecrOai,  divine,  jirophesy,  <  /jdvric,  projihet.] 

%uresbywhichpaintei-sseektorci>resenttlufal.ka,.ili!il..  „aVoV,in*i„  (a 'o-ro-bi-ot'ik),  «.  [<Gi.  arm  (hep-).  Divination  bv  means  of  the  air  and  winds  OP 
X%^l!.\k"of?^;er"6.r.'^!A^S^taag"e^^^^^^  "t^T^^or,  pertainiug  to  life,  <  ,iJJ:  uCe':  atmosplierio  i,henomena  :  now  .ometime.s  u.sed 
at'e  caused  by"the  convergonce  uf  rays  of  light  rcikctcil  nr  m-c  aerubioxis.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  aerobiosis;  to  denote  the  practice  of  forecasting  changes 
refractcil  from  ..lijcits   ihrcugh  strata  of  air  of  dilfcrent     UviQ„  q,,  atmospheric   oxygen:   as,   aerobiotic     in  the  weather. 

^?1iiSrSlj';,;'';SefalS;™ftiSe'^r^!^^    fprml  in  fermentation.  ..  aSromantic  (a^c-i^-man^k)^.    Pertaining  to 

by  l.i.ikiii- into  or  tinvanl  a  concave  mirror.    Sec  wira-).'.  aeroblOUS  (a-e-ro  bi-us),  a.      [<  NL.  aerobiiis:     or  ot  t lie  nature  of  aeromancy. 
— Aerial'mammals,  the  bats.     ir.  //.  HoHrr.— Aerial    see  oi-robia.']     Same  as  aerobian.  aerometer   (a-e-rom'e-ter),  n.     [<  NL.  aeroinc- 

navigatlon.  .Sec  ;^o;.;,ifi'nM.  — Aerial  perspective,  -see  ..      ,  ,■      ,         .  .        i-        truin.  <  Gr.  ahp  (dtp-),  air,  +  uirfiov,  measure. 

^«*c(a..-.^Aerial  poison.  San.,- a.  ,../„./....,- Aerial  The  properties  of  an  ae™6»,M  ferment  are  not  pecnhar  [4  (Iv  itrtoue/ntiv  measure  the  air  1  An  ir- 
raUwav    («)  \  in.i|i"-ird  sv^lcni  .if  wires  for  miiiliiii.' 1ml-     to  first  growth,  but  are  hereditary.  Lt.  Ul.  n£po/;£. /Jfiv,  measpe  tne  air.j      aii  in 

looii"    (i)  A  name  MMnetiiucs  applied  to  systems  of  trans-  Pasteur,  Fermentation  (trans.),  p.  210.      strumeut  for  weiglung  air,  or  for  ascertaining 

portation  by  cars  suspcn.led  from  a  rail  or  rope  above  a  B_ni,^„„ „!,,•,  IS'/p  ro-hrauff'ki-it^  u  nl  TNL  "'"  density  of  air  and  other  gases.-Barometrt- 
them.-Aerial  rocks.  Same  as  iridkui  rocks.  .See  .'Ko-  A.erobrancllia(.<i  e-ro-orang  la  ahu.pi.  l^^^-,  g^j  aerometer,  an  instrument  consisting  of  a  vertical 
Jia;ii,2.— Aerial  telegrapliy,  a  method  of  telegi-aphmg  <  Gr.  ayp  (utp-),  air,  +  fipay^ia,  gills. J  A  SUD-  i-tubc  with  open  ends  and  mounted  upon  a  stand,  used  in 
by  means  of  kites.  —  Aerial  tints,  in  painlinn,  tints  or  dass  or  "grade  "  of  Aruchnida,  composed  of  miasuring  the  relative  specific  gravities  of  liquids.  Thus, 
moditleations  of  color  by  which  the  expression  of  distance  gcornioiiina  Pcdinalpi  and  Araneidu  or  true  if  water  is  iionred  into  one  branch  of  the  tube  and  oil  into 
is  attained.  =Syn.  -lin/.^erm;.    See  «m/i.  <,«nrf,ionsi     'whin-seornions     and    sniders  •   one     the  other,  and  if  it  is  found  that  9  inches  of  water  Ijalance 

aBrinlitv    ra-e-ri-al'i-til     n      [<  aerial  + -itl|.^     scorpions,    wmp-seorpions,    and   spiuers,   one     jo  inches  of  oil,  it  indicates  that  their  relative  specific 
aeriailty   (a-e  n  ai  1  tij,  H.     i\ue,iiu-r    ,  j.j     ^f  three  groups,  the  other  two  bemg  i/emofo-    -Tavities  are  as  io  to  9. 
Lnsubstantiality;  amness.  braiichia  and  Lipobranchia.    E.  R.  LauVester,  aerometric  (a"e-r6-met'rik),  a.    Of  or  pertain- 

rhe  very  e.vcess  of  the  extravagance,  in  fact,  by  suggest-     j|.,gj  j^^^  j^.^  aurometn'  ' 

l^^i;e%'pcc,Xtl™Sre's^lU'^"r:s?mrir/s''^f  m  aerobrancMate.(a''e-ro-brang'ki-at),  a.  Per-  aei^Ometry  (a-e-rom'e-tri),  n.  [=  F.  aeroMi. 
chanting  him  from  the  horror  which  might  else  gather     tainiiig  to  the  AerobrancltHl.  trie,  <  NL.  aerometria,  <  aeromctrum  :  see  nero- 

upon  his  feelings.  Dc  Qiii'Mey,  Murder,  Postscript.  aSroclinOSCOpe  (a"e-r6-kli'iio-sk6p),  «.     [<  Gr.     meter.']     The  science  of  measuring  the  weight 

aerially  (a-e'ri-al-i),  orfc.  In  an  aerial  manner;  dr/p  (aep-),  air,  +  K?.(rnv,  bend,  incline,  +  ff/vo;r£ii',  or  density  of  air  and  other  gases,  and  of  deter- 
so  as  to  resemble  air  or  the  atmosphere  ;  ethe-  \'iew,  examine.]  The  name  given  to  a  kind  of  mining  the  doctrine  of  their  pressure,  elasticity, 
really  weather-signal.     It  consists  of  .an  elevated  vertical    rarefaction,  and  condensation. 

■'■  Your  eyes  axis  with  movable  arms,  either  of  which  may  be  raised  or  g^gj.Qjjj^y.(;  (a'e-ro-nat),  n.      [<  F.  flero«OM?f,  <  Gr. 

TouchVi  with  a  somewhat  darker  hue,  rteprcssed  according  to  the   increase  or  decrease  of  the     ai„  /,;„,  n    „^    +  yai'-nr  (=h.  naiita),  sailor,  < 

iiiil  l,.ss  o.WdiZi/ blue  Tenmi.iou  Margaret       barometrkal  pressure  in  the  quarter  to  which  it  pomts,      "''P  V"^P  ),  <i">  ^    toi  . //i  i._ij.  ;<i<«.<<^,  =<iuui,   x 

And  kss  (I.  nam/ blue.         j  e,m;M<"., -viargarei.      j,,,,,  ^,,„„,i„„''t^g  ^i^^^^ion  of  tile  wind  ami  state  of  the     vai.f  =  L.  9inm,  ship  :  see  nautieat.]     One  who 

aerialness    (a-e'ri-al-nes),    it.     The  quality  of     wcatlur  to  lie  expected.   It  has  been  much  used  in  Europe.     saUs  or  floats  in  the  air;  an  aerial  navigator; 

being  aerial  or  airy.  aerocyst  (a'e-ro-sist),  n.     [<  Gr.  dijp  {dep-),  air,     a  Ijalloonist. 

aeriani  (a-e'ri-an),  a.     [<  L.  amws .- see  ama/.]     -I- M(7r;c,  bladder:  see  fi/^^]    In  fco«.,  the  air-  aeronautic,   aeronautical  (a'e-ro-na'tik,  -ti- 

Aerial;  of  or  belonging  to  the  air;  produced  or    vessel  or  bladder  by  means  of  which  many  al-     kul),   a.     Pertaining  to  aeronautics  or  aerial 

existing  in  the  atmosphere.  ga;,  as  Fticus  vesictiluSKS,  are  supiiorted  in  the     sailing. 

In  the  flasks  which  are  altered  by  these  aerinii  spores,     water,  and  oceanic  species,  as   the  gulfweed,   aeronauticS  (a"e-ro-na'tiks),  «.     [PI.  of  oero- 
there  rarely  is  perceived  that  nauseating  cadaveric  odorof     float  on  the  surface.     See  cut  imder  o  (/•-«■//.  naiitic :  see -!C«.]     The  doctrine,  science,  or  art 

intense  putrefaction.  Science,  III.  620.  aerodyuamiC  (a  "e-ro-di-nam'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  OT/p     of  floating  in  the  air,  or  of  aerial  na\-igation,  as 

Aerian^  (a-e'ri-an),  M.  l<  liL.  Aeriani,  -pi.,  <  (dep-),  a\i;  +  dipiamic,  q.v."]  Kelating  or  per-  by  means  of  a  balloon. 
Aerius,  a  proper  name.]  A  member  of  a  re-  taining  to  the  force  of  air  and  gases  in  motion,  aeronautism  (a'c-ro-na'tizm),  ».  [<  aeronaut 
forming  sect  of  the  fourth  eentm-y,  so  called  aerodynamics  (a"e-r6-di-nam'iks),  «.  [PI.  of  +  -ism.1  The  practice  of  ascending  and  float- 
from  their  leader  Aerius,  a  presbyter  of  Sebas-  (irr>iiliiii<imic. :  see"  di/namics.']  The  science  ing  in  the  atmosphere,  as  in  balloons, 
tia  in  Pontus,  who  separated  from  the  ehui'ch  whieli  treats  of  the  motion  of  the  air  and  other  aerophane  (a'e-ro-fan),  «.  [<  Gr.  di/p  {dqi-), 
about  A.  D.  360.  They  maintained  that  a  presbyter  or  gases,  or  of  their  jiroperties  and  mechanical  air,  +  -<?nw)r,  appearing,  <  ipaivciv,^  showj.]  A 
elder  does  not  differ  from  a  bishop  in  authority,  repu-     effects  when  in  motion.  light  gauze  or  imitation  of  crape.    £.  H.  Knight. 

diated  prayers  f.ir  the  dead,  and  rejected  church  fasts.        aerOgUOSy  (a-e-rog'no-si),   n.    [<  Gr.  d^  {dep-),   aerophobia  (a"e-ro-f6'bi-a),  H.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  ifpo- 
Aerides  (a-er  i-dez),  »._   [NL    <  L.  aer,  air,  +     ^j^    ^.  j,,^,^^  knowledge.]     Same  as  aerology,     •pd.ioc,  afraid  of" air,  <  di/p  (dep-),  air,  -I-  -<i<i,for, 
-ides.2     A  genus  of  epiphytal  plants,  natm-al     rg^j.^  ]  "  fearing:  see -jj/i«6w.]     A  cb-ead  of  air,  that  is, 

order  Occ/iJttoceo;.  These  plants  have  distichous  leaves,  aerOCTaDher  (a-e-rog'ra-fer),  H.  One  who  de-  of  a  current  of  air :  a  svmptom  common  in  by- 
^na?i!^efofYhf™rr"^aXo'f'!^^^^  Scrips  the  atmosphfre:  .  drophobia,  and  occasionally  observed  in  hys- 

cultivated  in  hothouses.  aerograpMc  (a"e-ro-graf  ik),  a.     Pertaining  to     tena  and  other  diseases. 

aerieif,  "■     See  aer^l.  aerogiaphy.  aerophoby  (a '  e-ro-fo'bi),  ii.     Aerophobia, 

aerie'-,  ».  and  r.     See  aery^.  aerographical   (a"e-r9-graf'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  aerophone  (a'e-io-phon),  n.     [<  (ir.  aljp  (dep-), 

aerifaction  (a"e-ri-fak'shon), )!.     [<  aeVJ/y;  see     aenigraphic.  air,     +    oun},    voice,    sound.]      An   apparatus 

-faction.}      The  action  of  aerifying;   aerifiea-  aerography  (a-e-rog'ra-ii),  «.    [<  Gr.  d?;/)  (dep-),     invented  by  Edison  for  increasing  the  inten- 
tion.    X.  K.  D.  air,  + -)poi#K'o,  <  ypdpE'i',  write,  describe.]     De-    sity  (amplitude)  of  soimd-waves,  as  those  from 
aeriferous  (a-e-rif'e-rus),  a.     [<  L.  aer,  air,  4-     seription  of  the  air  or  atmosphere.  spoken  words. 
ferre  =  E.  ici/Vl.]  "Conveying  air,  as  the  tra-  aerohydrodynamic  (a"e-ro-hi"dr6-di-nam'ik),  aerophore  (a'e-ro-for),  n.    [<  Gr.  di/p  (dep-),  air, 
"chete  and  bronchial  tubes  of  air-breathing  ver-    a.      [<  Gr.   d>/p   {dep-),  air,  -I-  liijdrodijnamic.}     -|- .p,i,,uf,  <  pfpt/i' =  E.  ferarl.]     A  respirator  in 
tebrates  or  the  trachea?  of  insects.                           Acting  bv  the  power  of  air  in  water — Aero-    the  form  of  a  tank,  into  which  the  air  exhaled 
aerification   (a"e-ri-fi-ka'shqn),  n.      [<   aerify:     hydrodynamic  wheel,  an  apparatus  for  transniitting    f,.^,^^   ji^^   j^j^        passes,    and   which   contains 
see  -ficaUo,,.}     1    The  act  of  eombining  aiiy-    g;;;:;^;"^,:l'::,^;^^;rS^,^'{,>^J,;.Su"i.i'!;^Si::n:^d    chemicals  desired  to  revive  it  and  tit  it  to  be 
thmg  with  air;   the  state  ot   bemg  nilett  Wltu     ^j^  through  a  tube,  and  discharging  it  into  the  curved     breathed  again.      It  is  carried  on  the  back  like  a  knap- 
air. —  2.  The  act  of  becoming  air.  or  of  chang-     buckets  of  a  cogged  wheel  submerged  in  water  in  such  a    sack,  and  was  ccuitrived  for  the  use  of  liremeu  in  entering 
ing  into  an  aeriform  state,  as  S'lbstances  which      manner  as  to  turn  the  wheel  liy  its  ascensional  force.  burnim;  buildings,  etc.     See  re-s^irnror.    .  . 
are  converted  from  a  liquid  or  solid  form  into  aerohydrous  (a'e-ro-hi'drus),  a.     [<  Gr.  dfip  aerophyte  (a'e-ro-fit),  n.     [<  Gr.  aijp  (atp-),  air, 
gas  or  an  elastic  vapor;  the  state  of  being  aeri-     (df/i-),  air, -t- iciup  (i  tip-),  water, -f- -oiw.]     Com-    +  orrui',  a  plant,  <  (pien;  produce.]    A  plant 
form.                                                                             posed  of  or  containing  air  and  water:  specifi-    which  lives  exclusively  in  air,  absorbing  all  its 
aeriform  (a'e-ri-form),  a.       [<  L.  rte>,  air, -t-     cally  applied  to  minerals  which  contain  water    nourishment  from  it  alone,  as  some  orchids  and 
-formis,<for'ma,  toi-m.']     1.  Having  the  form    in  their  cavities.     Craig.                                          many />'TO)«(//(/«ff ;  an  air-plant.    See  epiphyte. 
or  nature  of  air,  or  of  an  elastic  invisible  fluid ;  aerolite  (a'e-ro-lit),   «.     [The  more  common  aeroplane^  (a'e-ro-plan),  ».     l<  Gr.  di/p  (nrp-) 
gaseous.     The  gases  are  «m/or«j  fluids. — 2.     form  of  oe>ofiW( ;  see -/ite  and -/i7/i.]     A  body    air,  -t- ^(/(/«f.  q.  v.]     A  light  framework,  either 
Figuratively,  unsubstantial ;  imreal.    Carlyle.      falling  through  the  atmosphere  to  the  earth    plane  or  somewhat  concave,  covered  on  its  iin- 
aerify  (a'e-ri-fi),  r.  t.;  jiret.  and  pp.  aerified,     from  outer  space;   a  meteorite;   properly,  a    der  side  with  a  fabric,  used  in  flying-niucliines 
\)\)T.  aerifijing.     [ih.  aer,  ah;  + -iicare,<.  facerc,     meteoric  stone.     See  meteorite.                                 and  aerostatical  experiments.    When  the  machine 
make:  see -/>/.]     1.  To  infuse  air  into ;  fi'llwith  aerolith  (a'e-ro-lith),  «.     [<  Gr.  dr/p  (dep-),  ail-,     isdriventhrough  the  air,  the  aeroplane, set  at  an  angle  .f 
air,  or  combine  air  with.-2.  To  change  into     +  >"^  stone.]     Same  as  aerolite.                ..         ^Zg-'poteT  s'eV^";;^'™!:*;;"!^  '"  "'"""'  "    '  "'^ 
an  aerifm;m  state.                                                     aerollthology  (a"e-ro-li-thol  o-ji),  «.     [<  «<^'-<'-  aeroplane'-^  (a'e-ro-plan),  h.     l=F.  a&oplane, 
aero-.     [NL.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  aepo-  (aep-),  combimng     Uth   +  Gr.  -Aoyia,  <  'Aeyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.}     <  p"^^|;"|_j^„o"   ^auderlng  in  air  <  d«p  (dfp-) 
form  of  di,p,  L.  air,  air:  see  «»•!.]     The  first     That  department  of  science  which  treats  of    ^>'4."^^:°;:;,7;i'^^:SrgT?ee^,r«^e'.l  A  flying! 
element  m  many  compound  words  of  Greek    aerolites                                               ,,,..MU»«      machine  invented  bv  Victor  Tatin  and  success- 
origin,  meaning  air  the  air,  atmosphere               aerolltic  (a"e-ro-ht  ik)„.  Relating  oaerolites.                              ,     ^^-^^^^^  experiment-station  of 
aerobate  (a  e-ro-bat),  r.  «       \_<Gv.aepo,3arew<  aerologic,    aerological    (ae-ro-loj  ik,   -i-kal),     chalais-Meudon  in  1879.    It  consists  of  a  cylindrical 
"'/P  (a^P-),  air,  +  /fa-fa-,  tread.]     To  walk  (as     <(.     Pertaining  to  aerology.      .          ^    .              ,     receiver  for  compressed  air  used  to  drive  two  air-propel- 
if)  on  the  air.      [Rare.]     ^.  E.  D.                           aerologist  (a-e-rol  o-jist),  h.    One  who  is  versed     lers,  two  laterally  extended  wiugs,  and  a  taiUor  steering, 
aerobe  (a'e-rob),  »i.     ()ne  of  the  aerobia.                  in  aerology.                                                                           The  velocity  obtained  was  S  meters  per  second. 
aerobia  (a-e-ro'bi-a),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  aerology  (a-e-rol'6-ji),  «.     [<  Gr.  d»/p  (dep-),  air,  aeroscepsy(a'e-ro-skep"si),  h.    [<  Gr. a;/p (atp-), 
(((VoiiHs,  < 'tlr.  d;)p"(ofp-),  air,  +  ,iiof,  life.]     A     + ->.oiia,  <  'Xtyeiv,  speak:   see  -ology.'\     That     air, -I- mfV'T,  a \iewing,  perception,  <ffKfT-«Tff<u, 
name  given  by  Pastern-  (in  the  French  form,     branch  of  physics  which  treats  of  the  air,  its     look  at,  watch :  see  sceptic,  sk-cptic.l     In  :ool., 
aerobics)  to  those  bacteria  which  are  able  to  live     projierties  and  phenomena.     Also  called  aiirug-    ability  to  perceive  the  state  of  the  atmosphere ; 
in  contact  with  the  air,  and  which  absorb  oxv-     nosq.                                                                             such  susceptibility  to  atmospheric  conditions  as 
gen  from  it:  opposed  to  aiineVoi/rt.                   "     aeromancer  (a'e-ro-man'ser),  «.    [<  ME.  oi/ero-    various  animals  (insects  and  snails,  for  exam- 
aerobian  (a-e-ro'bi-an),  o.    Relating  to  or  char-     maunnr;  <  aiiromdncy  +  -cr^ .]     One  who  prac-     pie)  are  supposed  to  possess;  the  sense  of  aeros- 
actiristic  of  aerobia  (which  see);    dependent     tises  aeromaney.                                                         copy;  the  faculty  of  exercising  aeroscopy  in- 


aSroscepsy 

Stinctively.  it  is  lonsiilereil  tiy  sumc  zofiloglsts  to  be  a 
fiiiicticiii  iif  til'-  anUume,  these  liciiiR  (irEans  by  means  of 
which  suili  HiiiiiKila  imiy  |iraetise  aenmeopy  (wliich  see). 
\A,ri'sri'[isit  ami  Ufrnsnipii  arc  often  UHuii  as  synonyniouH  by 
zr.i.lnuists;  liutthi-flistiii'i-tionhereindieateil  iseonveniellt, 
aiiil  a;-ni-'-al»le  to  thiii'  .lilterence  of  formation.) 

aerOSCOpe  (ri'o-ro-sk6p),  ».  [<  Or.  *a€poaKu:ror  : 
seo  ((ero.scoiii/.]  An  apparatus  for  collecting 
microscopic  objects  from  the  air.  it  eonsi»ts  of 
an  inspirator  and  a  (jlass  colleetinn-vessel  snieareil  witli 
Klyeerin.  Wlien  air  is  drawn  tlirough  it  the  tlno  ilust  8ticl4s 
tii'the  lllni  of  Klycerin. 

aeroscopic  (a'e-ro-skop'ik),  «.  Pertaining  to  or 
i'Xorcisinf;  uuroscopy. 

aerOSCOpy  (a-e-ros'ko-pi),  11.  [<  Gr.  ac/ioirkOTria, 
divination  Ijy'observing  the  heavens,  <  'dcjioaKd- 
TTor,  observing  the  heavens,  <  u'/i)  (aip-),  air,  + 
mn-tii;  observe,  look  at.]  If.  DiNnnation  by 
means  of  the  air;  weather-prophecy. —  2.  Ex- 
amiiuition  or  observation  of  the  atmosphere ; 
the  practice  of  meteorology. — 3.  In  coo/.,  per- 
ception or  observation  of  atmospheric  condi- 
tions, as  by  insects  and  snails ;  the  instinctive 
exercise  of  aeroscepsy ;  the  operation  or  result 
of  tlic  faculty  of  aeroscepsy.     See  aerosccpsi/. 

aerose  (e'ros),  a.  [<  L.  arosus,  full  of  copper, 
<  ((A'  ('(-'/•-),  copper:  see  ccs.J  Having  the  nature 
of  or  resembling  copper  or  brass ;  coppery.  Also 
spelled  crdnc. 

aerosiderite  (a"e-r6-sid'e-rit),  n.  [<  Gr.  ni/p 
{utp-},  iur.  +  aiS>/piT!/c,  of  iron:  see  sidcrite.1 
A  meteorite  consisting  essentially  of  metallic 
irmi.     See  metenrite. 

aerosiderolite  (a"e-ro-si-de'ro-lit),  V.  [<  Gr. 
t'lT/p  (of/)-),  air,  -I-  aUh/poc,  iron,  -I-  /.iSoc,  stone.] 
A  meteorite  containing  both  stone  and  iron. 
See  niiteiirite. 

aerosphere  (a'e-ro-sfer),  «.  [<  Gr.  aiip  (uep-), 
air,  +  aipaipa,  spHere.]  The  body  of  air  sm-- 
rounding  the  earth ;  the  aerial  globe ;  the  en- 
tire atmosphere. 

aerostat  (a'e-ro-stat),  n.  [<  F.  aerostat,  <  Gr. 
ur/p  (of/)-),  air,  +  aTaric,  placed,  standing,  verbal 
adj.  of  i-a-d-vat,  place,cause  to  stand:  see«/«f(c] 

1.  A  machine  or  vessel  sustaining  weights  in 
the  air ;  a  balloon ;  a  flying-machine. 

The  ni  rotitat  was  brought  down  in  the  very  meadow 
wlience  it  Inid  set  oti.  Science,  IV.  330. 

2.  An  aeronaut ;  a  balloonist.  [Rare  and  in- 
correct.] 

aerostatic,  aerostatical  (a"e-ro-stat'ik,  -i-kal), 

((,  [=!'.  (iirnstaliqiic,  <.  Gr.  arip  (dep-),  air, -I- 
ara-iKuc,  causing  to  stand,  <  crroTdf,  standing : 
see  (wrostai  and  static.'^  1 .  Pertaining  to  aero- 
statics.—  2.  Pertaining  to  aerostation,  or  the 
art  of  aerial  navigation. 

A  memorable  event  in  the  Iiistory  of  aerostatic  science. 
The  American,  VIII.  317. 

Aerostatic  balance,  an  instrnment.  constructed  on  the 
same  principle  as  tlie  barometer,  for  ascertaining  tiie 
wei;iht  of  tlie  air. 

aerostatics  (a"e-ro-stat'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  aero- 
static:  see -i'cs.]  The  science  which  treats  of 
the  weiglit,  pressure,  and  equilibrium  of  air  and 
otlier  elastic  fluids,  and  of  the  equilibrium  of 
bodies  sustained  iu  tliem. 

aerostation  (a"e-ro-sta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  aerostn- 
tiiiii,  improp.  <  acivstat,  aerostat,  in  imitation  of 
words  in -(i/j())(,  Uke  station,  etc.']  1.  The  art 
or  practice  of  aerial  na\'igation ;  the  science  of 
raising,  suspending,  and  guiding  machines  in 
the  air,  or  of  ascending  in  balloons. — 2t.  The 
science  of  aerostatics. 

aerotherapeutics  (a"e-r6-ther-a-pu'tiks),  71.  [< 
Gr.  ")//)  (lif/)-),  air,  -I-  tlicrapeiitics.'i  A  mode  of 
treating  disease  by  varying  the  pressure  or 
modif  jing  the  composition  of  the  air  surround- 
ing the  patient. 

aerothermal  (a"e-r6-ther'mal),  o.  Pertaining 
to  or  using  hot  air:  as,  Mouchot's  aerother- 
mal bakery,  that  is,  a  bakery  in  which  the 
baking  is  effected  by  heated  air.  Vre,  Diet., 
I.  487. 

aerotonometer  (a"e-r6-t6-nom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr. 
ut/)oToi'of,  stretched  or  driven  by  air  {\drjp  (dep-), 
air,  +  Tfirfd',  stretch),  -i-  fierpov,  measure.]  An 
instrument  for  determining  the  tension  of  gases 
iu  the  blood. 

aerotropism  (a-e-rot'ro-pizm),  h.  [<  NL.  aero- 
//•()/)i,s')«».s-,<  Gr.  ar/p  (dcp-),  air,  H-  -r/jo7rof,<  Tpe~eiii, 
turn,  +  -lA'jH.]  In  bot.,  delation  of  roots  from 
their  normal  direction  by  the  action  of  gases. 
Molisrh. 

serugineoust  (e-ro-jLn'f-us),  a.  Same  as  (cru- 
(liimiis.     liaileij. 

seruginous  (e-ro'ji-nus),  a.  [<  L.  o'ruginosux, 
<  aruii<i  {ariigin-),  rust  of  copper  :  see  rt-ri«/o.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  verdigris 
or  the  rust  of  copper. 


96 

A  ...  kind  of  salt  drawn  out  of  f eireous  and  eruginotts 
earths,  partal<ing  cliietiy  of  iron  and  copper. 

Sir  7*.  Browne. 
2.  Of  the  color  of  verdigris. 
Also  spelled  cruginous. 

aerugo  (e-rii'go),  u.  [L.,  rust  of  copper,  verdi- 
gris prepared  from  it,<  ce-i  (arr-),  copper,  bronze : 

see  ((■*■.]     Verdigris  (which  see) JErugonobUis 

(nol)Ie  verdigris),  or  simply  (erugo,  a  greenish  crust  found 
on  antique  lironzes  :  the  patina.     See  y'rt^')Ml. 

aeryl  (a'ri,  a'C-r-i),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  aerie; 
for  airy,  with  forced  spelling,  in  imitation  of  L. 
aereus,  aerius,  airy,  aerial:  see  airy^,  aerial.] 
Airy  ;  breezy ;  exposed  to  the  air  ;  elevated ; 
lofty ;  ethereal ;  \-isionary.  [Rare  and  poeti- 
cal.] 

The  shepherd's  pipe  came  clear  from  aery  steep.  Keats. 

Whence  that  aery  bloom  of  thine, 
Liite  a  lily  which  the  sun 

Looks  thro'  in  his  sad  decline  ? 

Tennyson,  Adeline, 
aery-,  aerie^  (a'ri,  a'ri,  a'e-ri,  or  e'ri:  see 
ctym.,  at  end),  «. ;  pi.  aeries  (-riz).  [Also  written 
airy,  eyry,  eyrie,  andin  earlymod.  E.  airie,  aicry, 
ayry,  ayery,  eycry,  eyerie,  etc.,  a  lengthened  form 
(with  added  syllable  -y  or  -ie  after  E.  airy^,  a., 
or  the  ML.  form  aerea)  of  early  mod.  E.  aire, 
ayrc,  <  ME.  *aire,  eyre,  oldest  form  «/)•,  an 
aery  (rare,  and  found  only  in  the  phrase  hauUe 
of  noble  air  (var.  nohuUo  eyre),  after  OF.  faucon 
de  gcntil  or  bon  aire,  i.  e.,  a  hawk  of  noble  or 
good  stock:  see  under  elebonair),  <  OF.  "aire, 
m.,  ail  airie  or  nest  of  hawkes"  (Cotgrave), 
OF.  also  f.,  mod.  F.  aire,  f.,  =  Pr.  aire,  <  ML. 
area,  aria,  aerea,  acria,  the  nest  of  a  bird  of 
prey ;  of  uncertain  origin,  but  prob.  only  a 
special  use  of  tlie  common  L.  «?'ea,  also  writ- 
ten aria,  an  open  space,  floor,  area,  the  spell- 
ings aerea,  aeria,  being  due  to  a  supposed  con- 
nection ■with  L.  aereus,  aerius,  aerial,  airy, 
such  nests  being  built  in  lofty  places.  Owing 
to  its  poetical  associations,  and  to  contused 
notions  as  to  its  origin,  this  word  has  suffered 
unusual  changes  of  spelUug  and  pronimciation. 
The  reg.  mod.  form,  rejir.  ME.  *aire,  air,  eyre, 
would  be  *air  (pron.  ar),  or,  -with  the  added 
syllable,  airy  (pron.  a'ri).  The  mod.  spelling 
aery  or  aerie  is  in  imitation  of  the  ML.  aerea, 
aeria  ;  cf.  aery'^,  a.,  torairy'^,  a.,  after  L.  ai'reus, 
aerius.  Tlie  spelling  eyry,  eyrie  does  not  follow 
from  the  ME.  form  eyre  (which  would  give  *air, 
as  said  above),  but  is  a  17th  century  archaistic 
simulation  of  ME.  ey,  egg.  The  word  not  being 
in  cuiTent  popular  use,  the  pronunciation,  prop, 
a'ri  in  all  spellings,  has  varied  with  the  spell- 
ing ;  the  form  aery  or  aerie  is  also  pron.  a'l  i 
or  a'e-ri,  while  many  dictionaries,  following 
Walker,  give  as  the  exclusive  or  as  an  alterna- 
tive pronunciation  e'ri,  a  purel}'  pedantic  pro- 
nunciation, due  to  mistaking  the  ae-  for  the 
diphthong  ae  or  a:  Similarly,  the  form  eyry  or 
eyrie,  pron.  usually  like  aery  or  aerie,  is  iu  pres- 
ent usage  sometimes  pron.  i'ri.]  1.  The  nest 
of  a  bird  of  prey,  as  an  eagle  or  a  hawk ;  hence, 
a  lofty  nest  of  any  large  bird. 

There  the  eagle  and  the  stork 
On  cliffs  and  cedar-tops  their  eyries  build. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  vii.  424. 

2.  The  brood  in  the  nest ;  the  young  of  a  bird 
of  i)rey ;  figuratively,  children. 

(Uu.     Our  aiery  buildeth  in  the  cedar's  top.  .  .  . 
y.  Mar.     Your  aienj  buildeth  in  our  ai^^ry's  nest. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

3.  An  elevated  habitation  or  situation. 

Wherever  beauty  dwell, 
In  gulf  or  aerie,  mountain  or  deep  del). 

Keats,  Endymion,  ii.  94. 

These  men  had  from  their ei/rie  seen  ns  go  up  the  glacier. 

F.  Jacomb,  in  1'.  P.  and  Gl.,  2d  ser.,  I.  3-28.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

aery2,  aerie-  (a'ri :  see etym.  otaery'2,  n.,a,t  end), 
CI.    liaery'^,!).]     To  build  or  have  an  aery. 

She  (Pilhannaw,  a  monstrous  great  bird]  aeries  in  the 
woods  upon  the  high  hills  of  ossapy. 

Josselyn,  New  England's  Rarities  (1672),  p.  41. 

aery-light  (a'ri-lit),rt.  l<acryi  +  lighfi.'i  Light 
as  air.     Milton. 

aes  (ez),  ».  [L.  a-s  (a-r-),  prop,  ore,  but  applied 
chiefly  to  copper,  or  the  alloy  of  copper  and  tin 
(and  sometimes  lead),  bronze  ;  hence,  anything 
made  of  copper  or  bronze ;  in  particular,  coins, 
money;  =  Got h.  ais  =  AS.  ur,  E.  ore : see ort'l. ]  In 
Eom.  antiq.,  copper  or  bronze;  money  or  coins  of 
copper  or  bronze ;  money  in  general ;  works  of  art 
or  other  objects  made  of  bronze.  See  copper  and 
brotiLe JEs  Corlnthium,  t'orinthian  bronze  :  the  vari- 
ous alloys  and  arl-wnrks  in  bronze  produced  at  f'orinth 
had  a  very  liigh  reputatitm  in  the  ancient  W(uld,  par- 
ticularly among  the  Romans.— .ffis  Cyprium  (literally, 
Cyprian  ore  or  metal :  see  copper),  coi)per.— .ffis  grave 
(see  grace'.i),  a  general  term  applied  to  the  Large,  heavy 
bronze  coins  of  the  libral  system,  first  issued  in  Italy  by 


iEsculapian 

the  Romans  and  other  cominimilies  toward  the  end  of  the 
fifth  century  H.  r.  The  Roman  as  is  the  most  familiar 
exanipU-.  ^s  rude  (see  rude),  the  Urst  Roman  money, 
c<uislsting  <if  ruile  masses  of  copper,  uncoined,  of  regular 
weights  varying  from  two  pounds  to  two  ounces. — £a 
slgnatum  (stumiied  bronze),  the  first  Roman  expedient 
tow.ard  securing  a  regular  coinage,  legally  sanctione<l  as 
early  as  4.'>4  u.  c.  The  j)ieees  arc  a]>pro\imately  rectangular 
in  shape,  liearing  on  each  side,  in  relief,  a  rude  tlgure,  iis  of 
a  bull,  a  boar,  or  an  elephant,  and  weigli  about  live  pounds 
each.  For  smaller  values  the  pieces  were  cut  into  frag- 
ments, ami  the  ais  rude  also  remained  in  nse.  The  as  gig. 
7)(ifTo;i  continued  to  be  employeil  for  sonic  time  after  a  more 
advanced  system  of  coinage  luul  been  adopte<i. 

.^Salidae  (e-sal'i-de),  ».  ;)/.  [NL.,  <  A'.sahts  -t- 
-((/<('.]  A  family  of  lamellicom  coleopterous 
insects,  based  by  Macleay  (1819)  upon  the  ge- 
nus JEsahis.     See  Lucnniila-. 

aesalon  (e'sa-lon),  H.  [NL.,  <Gr.  oiaa/.tiVjasraall 
kind  of  hawk,  prob.  the  merlin.]  1.  An  old 
name  of  the  merlin,  Falco  eesalon  or  Jlisalon 
regulus.  Seo  iiieriin. —  2.  leap.]  A  genus  of 
falcons  (Brisson,  1760) :  formerly  used  in  a 
broad  sense,  later  restricted  to  the  small  species 
related  to  the  merlin.  yK.  columbarius  is  the 
common  pigeon-hawk  of  North  America.  See 
nigron-haiek. 

.ASalus  (e'sa-lus),  n.  [NL.  Cf.  a'.^alon.]  The 
typical  geniis  of  Jisalidee,  based  by  Fabriciua 
(IHOl )  upon  ^-E.  scarahaoides,  a  European  lamel- 
licom beetle  with  subquadrate  body,  unarmed 
lioad,  3-jointed  antenna?,  and  short  tarsi,  now 
referred  to  I.iieanidec. 

.£schna  (esk'na),  n.  [NL.  (first  JCslina,  Fabri- 
cius,  177G),  prob.  an  error  tor'ecschra  (fem.;  cf. 
.Jischrits,  m.,  a  genus  of  neuropters),  <  Gr.  a'la- 
Xpii^,  ugly,  ill-favored.]  A  genus  of  neuropte- 
rous  insects  belonging  to  the  suborder  or  group 
Odonata,  referred  to  the  family  Libellulidcc  or 
made  the  tj^ie  of  a  separate  family  ^6'f/iHirf<E. 
There  are  several  species,  all  known  as  dragon- 
flies.     Sometimes  ^\•rongly  'm-itten  jUshiia. 

.^schnidae  (esk'ni-de),  «.  j>l.  [NL.,  <  JEschna 
+  -i(l<i:]  A  family  of  neuropterous  insects, 
founded  on  the  genua  .^schna,  having  the  wings 
unequal,  the  triangles  of  all  the  wings  alike, 
male  genitals  'with  connate  anterior  hamulo 
and  conjoined  penis  and  vesicle,  and  female 
genitals  exposed. 

.SIschylean  (es-ki-le'an),  a.  [<  L.  Jlschylus,  < 
(ir.  '\(CTvi'^tOf,  orig.  a  "nickname,  'Little  Ugly,' 
tlim.  of  aiaxpOi,  ugl}',  ill-favored ;  in  a  moral 
sense,  base,  shameful ;  <  aloxoc,  ugliness,  shame, 
disgrace.]  Written  by  or  pertaining  to -lEschy- 
lus,  an  illustrious  Athenian  poet  and  dramatist, 
born  '^25  B.  c. ;  resembling  his  writings  or  char- 
acteristic of  them. 

.^schynaiitlius(cs-ki-iian'thus),  w.  [KL.,  <Gr. 
a'taxevtj,  shame  (<  a'taxivioSai,  be  ashamed),  + 
dv6o^,  a  flower.  The  name  has  reference  to  the 
crimson  or  scarlet  ('blushing')  flowers.  The 
species  have  been  called  blushieorts.]  A  genus 
of  beautiful  epiphj'tal  plants,  natives  of  tropical 
Asia,  natural  order  Gesneracece,  ■with  pendent 
stems  and  scarlet  or  orange  flowers.  They  are 
among  the  most  splendid  hothouse  flowers. 

aeschynite  (es'ki-nit),  «.  [<  Gr.  maxirr/,  shame, 
disgrace,  -I-  -ite".]  A  rare  mineral  from  Miask 
in  the  Ural  mountains,  occurrhig  in  black  pris- 
matic crystals,  and  containing  niobium,  titani- 
um, thorium,  the  cerium  metals,  and  other  im- 
eommon  elements.  So  called  by  Berzelius  as  being  the 
"disgrace  "  of  chemistry,  which  at  the  time  of  its  discovery 
was  unable  to  separate  two  of  its  constituents,  titanic 
acid  and  zircoiiia.     Also  spelled  esehynite. 

.Sscbynomene  (es-ki-nom'e-ne),  n.  [L.,  a 
sensitive  plant,  <  Gr.  a'taxn'opivij,  a  sensitive 
plant,  prop.  fem.  ppr.  of  alaxii'tcdai,  be  ashamed, 
pass,  of  a'taxivtiv,  make  ugly,  disfigure,  dis- 
honor; cf.  ttlaxo^,  ugliness,  shame,  dishonor.] 
A  genus  of  leguminous  plants,  with  jointed 
pods,  pinnate  leaves  which  are  sometimes  sen- 
sitive, and  usually  yellow  flowei'S.  There  are  30 
species,  herliace<)us  or  somewhat  shrubljy,  of  which  3  or 
4  are  widely  distriliuted  through  the  tropics,  the  rest  be- 
ing natives  of  America,  from  Patagonia  to  Virginia.  The 
stem  of  the  East  Indian  ^E.  aspera,  remarkable  for  its 
lightness,  is  cut  into  thin  strips  for  the  manufacture  of 
liats.  It  is  also  made  into  swimming-jackets,  floats  for 
nets,  etc.,  and  is  often  worked  into  models  of  temples, 
flowers,  etc. 

aeschynomenoust  (es-ld-nom'e-nus),  o.    [<  Gr. 

ainxrvu/ii  lor,  ]]pr.of  a'laxii'ecBai,  be  ashamed :  see 
.Ksehitnomene.]  Sensitive:  applied  to  plants. 
.^sculapian (es-kii-la'pi-an),  a.  and  «.  [<L. Ms- 
eulapius,  accom.  of  Gr.  'AoKy.r/mui;  Dor.  'AaiCjir- 
mdc,  the  god  of  medicine:  see  Jsclepias.]  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  wSilsculapius,  god  of  medi- 
cine ;  medical ;  pertaining  to  the  healing  art. 

II.   H.   A  medical  man;   a  physician:  gen- 
erally in  a  humorous  sense. 

Also  spelled  JC.'iCtdapian. 


^sculus  Hippocastanufn. 
a,  flower ;  b,  seed  ;  r,  seed  cut  longitudinally. 


aesculin 

sesculin,  aesculine.    See  csrulin.  escuUne. 
.£sculus  (es'k\>lus),  n.     [L.,  the  Italian  oak: 
see  csckUii,  etc.]    A  genus  of  trees  and  shrubs, 

natural     order 
,Sa]>in(luce(v, 
chiefly     North 
American,  with 
broad  digitate 
leaves         and 
sho«'y  flowers 
in  large  pani- 
cles.    The  seeds 
are  large,  of   the 
shape    and    color 
of  chestnuts,  but 
too    bitter    tt»  be 
eaten.  The  timber 
is  of  little  value. 
The     horse-cliest- 
nut,  ,£.  Ilippocas- 
tanuin,    supposed 
to    be     originally 
from  northern  In- 
dia, is  very  exten- 
sively    cultivated 
as  an  ornamental 
shade-tree,  .and  the 
fruits  are  tised  in 
southern    Europe 
for  feeding  sheep 
and   horses.     The 
American  species,  growing  in  the  western  and  southern 
United  States,  have  the  popular  name  biickciie  (which  see). 
.^slma  (esh'na),  n.     See  Jischna. 
.£sir  (a'ser,  le'el.  pron.  a'sir,  mod.  i'sir),  71.  pi. 
[leel.,  nom.  pi.  of  ass,  a  god:  see  J«3.]    The 
collective  name  for  the  gods  of  Scandinavian  my- 
thology.   There  were  twelve  gods  and  twenty-six  god- 
desses, dwellers  in  Asgard.     See  A^gard. 
aesnecy,  n.     See  esnecy. 

.£sopian  (e-s6'pi-an),'  a.  [<  L.  Msopins,  <  ^so- 
piis,  Gr.  Alao-og,  iEsop.]  Pertaining  to  jEsop, 
an  ancient  Greek  writer  of  fables,  of  whom  lit- 
tle or  nothing  is  certainly  known ;  composed  by 
him  or  in  his  manner :  as,  a  fable  in  the  JEso- 
pian  style.  Also  spelled  JSsopian. 
restates  (es-ta'tez),  n.  j)l.  [L.,  freckles,  pi. 
of  (ESta(t-)s,  summer,  summer  heat:  see  esti- 
val.']  In  Died.,  heat-spots;  freckles;  sunburnt 
patches. 

aesthematology,  ».  See  esthenmtology. 
aesthesia  (es-the'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ala$?!atc, 
perception  by  the  senses,  <  alcdaveaBai,  perceive 
by  the  senses.]  Perception;  feeling;  sensa- 
tion; sensibility:  the  opposite  of  anasthesia 
(which  see).  Also  written  esthesia,  wstkesis, 
esthesis. 

sesthesiogen,  aesthesiogenic,  etc.  See  esthe- 
siof/en,  etc. 

ssthesiology,  aesthesiometer,  etc.    See  esthe- 
siologtj,  etc. 
aestliesis    (es-the'sis),   n.     Same    as    wsthesia. 
Also  spelled  esthesis. 

aesthesodic,  assthete,  etc.    See  esthesodic,  etc. 
astiferous,  aestival,  etc.    See  estiferous,  etc. 
.Sstrelata,  ".     See  CEstrelata. 
aestuancet  (es'tu-ans),  n.    [<  L.  cestuan{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  (cstiiarc,  burn,' glow:   see  cestuale.']     Heat; 
warmth:  as,  "regillated  estuance  from  wine," 
Sir  T.  Browne.     Also  spelled  estuance. 
aestuary  (es'tu-S-ri),  «. ;  pi.  astuaries  (-riz).    [< 
L.  (cstuariion,  a  vent-hole  for  vapors,  also  an 
estuary,  <  wstuari,  rage,  burn,  be  warm:    see 
estuary.']     1.  A  vapor-bath,  or  any  other  means 
for  conveying  he_at  to  the  body. — 2.  See  estuary. 
aestuatet  (es'tu-at),  i'.  i.     [<'L.  <Fstuafus,  pp.  of 
a:stuan;  burn,  glow,  rage,  boil  up,  <  a!stus,  a 
burning,  glow,   fii-e,  surge,  etc.:   see  estiian/, 
estival.]     ToboU;  swell  and  rage ;  be  agitated. 
Also  spelled  estuate. 
aestuationt  (es-tu-a'shon),  n.    [<  L.  (estuatio(n-), 
<a-stuare:  seew'stuate'.']    A  boiling;  agitation; 
commotion  of  a  fluid ;  hence,  violent  mental 
commotion;  excitement:  as,  "e«fH((?i:ow.<(of  joys 
and  fears,"  Mountague.    Also  sgeWeAestuation. 
aesturet  (es'tur),  n.     [Irreg.  <  L.  wstuare,  be  in 
commotion,   boil,  rage,  etc.,   as  if  for  wstus, 
surge,  billows:  see  owfMate.]     Violence;  com- 
motion.    Also  spelled  esture. 

The  seas  retain 
Not  only  their  outrageous  cesture  there. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  xii  111. 

aet.,  aetat.  [Abbrev.  of  L.  a^afijs,  gen.  of  wta(t-)s, 
age:  see  age  and  eternal.]  Of  the  age;  aged: 
chiefly  used  in  classic  or  scholarly  epitaphs  or 
obituaries,  whether  composed  in  English  or  in 
Latin:  as,  Ob.  1880,  (r^  (or  <Ft^it.)  70:  in  fidl 
Latin,  obiit  [anno  Dnmini]  MDCCCLXXX,  lan- 
wo]  wtatis  (.ma:)  LXX;  that  is,  he  (or  she)  died 
in  (the  year  of  the  Lord)  1880,  in  the  seventieth 
year  of  his  (or  her)  age  (but  usually  taken  as 
"70  [full]  years  of  ago,"  "aged  70"). 


96 

.£tea  (e-te'a),  n.  [NL.;  origin  not  obvious.] 
The  tj-pical  genus  of  JEteida:  M.  anguinea  is 
known  as  snake-coralline.  Also  written  Jita. 
.Steidae  (e-te'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Jitia  +  -«/«•.] 
A  family  of  chilostomatous  polyzoans,  typified 
by  .Jitea,  erect  and  free  or  decumbent  and 
adherent,  uniseiial,  vrith  subterminal  mem- 
branous area  and  tvibular  zooecia.  Also  writ- 
ten .r.lida: 

.£thaliuin  (e-tha'li-um),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  aWa7MC, 
smokf,  soot ;  with  ref .  to  the  abundant  dust-like 
spores.  €f.  FuUgo,  an  allied  genus,  <  h.fuligo, 
soot.]  1.  A  genus  of  Myxomycetes,  or  slime- 
molds,  forming  thick  cake-like  receptacles  cov- 
ered by  a  brittle  cortex,  and  closely  adherent 
to  the  surface  on  which  they  grow.  They  are 
often  found  in  hothouses  where  spent  tan  is  used  for  heat- 
ing purposes,  and  hence  are  sometimes  called  fiowers  of  tan. 
2.  [/.  c]  A  similar  receptacle  in  any  genus: 
%vith  a  fjlural,  cvthalia  (-ii). 

aetheling,  «.     See  atheUng. 

aetheogam  (a-e  'the-o-gam),  n.  [<  Gr.  alfijjc, 
unusual  (<  a-  priv.  -f  ijtioi;,  custom:  see  ethic),  + 
yafioQ,  marriage.]  In  De  CandoUe's  system  of 
classification,  a  plant  belonging  to  a  group  of 
cryptogams  which  were  the  only  ones  of  the 
order  then  known  to  have  sexual  organs,  includ- 
ing the  Equisetacece,  Filices,  Musci,  higher  Hepa- 
ticw,  etc. 

aetheogamous  (a-e-the-og'a-mus),  a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  aetheogams. 

aether,  n.     See  ether'^. 

.£theria  (e-the'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  named 
from  the  brilliancy  of  the  interior  surface,  <  L. 
wtherius,  <  Gr.  aiOipioQ, 
of  the  ether  or  upper 
air,  heavenly,  ethe- 
real :  see  ethereal.']  A 
genus  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks,  of  the  family 
Cnioiiidw,  found  in  the 
rivers  of  Africa  and 
Madagascar ;  river- 
oysters.  The  exterior  is 
rugged,  but  the  interior 
of  the  valves  is  pearly,  of 
a  vivid   green  color,  and  yEthtriasimitunain. 

raised    in    small    Vdisters. 

The  natives  of  Nubia  adorn  their  tombs  with  them.  .\lso 
spelled  Etht-ria,  as  originally  by  Lamarck,  ISOS. 

aetheriid  (e-the'ri-id),  n.  A  bivalve  mollusk  of 
the  family  JEtlieriuhe. 

.Stheriidae  (e-the-ri'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  .^Ihe- 
ria  +  -idcr.]  A  family  of  moUusks,  of  which 
JEtluria  is  the  typical  genus.  Also  written  JUthe- 
rioida;  ^theridn:.  ^tlieriada;  and  Etheridie. 

.Sthiop,  .^thiopiant.    See  Ethiop,  Ethiopian. 

aethiopst  (e'thi-ops),  n.  [NL.,  after  L.  JEthiops, 
Ethiopian  :  see  Ethiop.]  An  old  pharmaceuti- 
cal term  appUed  to  several  mineral  prepara- 
tions of  a  black  or  nearly  black  color.  Also 
spelled  ethiops — jEthiops  martial  [<  L.  mariialis,  of 
Mars,  i.  e.,  of  iron],  black  oxid  of  iron.— JEthiops  min- 
eral, blacksulphid  of  mercury, preparedinthelaboratury. 

aethogen  (e'tho-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  aWoc,  a  burning 
heat  (see  ether),  +  --jniijc,  taken  as  'produ- 
cing': see  -gen.]  Nitrid  of  boron;  a  white, 
amorphous,  tasteless,  inodorous  powder,  insol- 
uble in  water,  infusible,  and  non-volatile. 
Heated  in  an  alcohol-flame  fed  with  oxygen,  it  burns 
rapiiily  with  a  faint  greenish-white  flame.     Watts. 

aethrioscope  (eth'ri-o-skop),  «.  [<  Gr.  alBpia,  the 
open  sky  (<  aWpioc,  clear,  fair,  in  the  open  air, 
<  aWp!/,  the  open  sky,  <  a'lfftjp,  the  sky,  the  upper 
air,  >  E.  ether),  +  ckotvcIv,  obseiwe,  look  at.] 
-An  instrument  for  measuring  the  minute  varia- 
tions of  temperature  due  to  different  conditions 
of  the  sky.  it  consists  of  a  differential  thermometer 
(which  see,  under  thermomet'^r),  both  bulbs  of  which  are 
within  a  cup-shaped  mirror,  one  of  them  in  its  focus,  so 
as  to  be  especially  affected  on  being  exposed  to  the  skj'. 
The  cup  is  kept  covered  with  a  lid  when  the  instrument  is 
not  in  use.  Its  delicacy  is  so  great  that  it  is  affected  by 
every  passing  cloud. 

.Sthusa  (e-thu's'a),  K.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aWovisa,  fem. 
of  aittuv,  ppr.  of  aWeiv,  burn,  blaze :  see  ether.] 

1.  In  bot.,  a  genus  of  timbelliferous  plants,  of 
a  single  species,  ..lE.  Cynapium,  introduced  into 
America  from  Europe,  and  known  as  fool's- 
parsley.  it  is  an  annual  garden-weed,  of  nauseous  and 
deleterious  properties,  and  is  sometimes  mistaken  for  pars- 
ley, whence  its  common  name. 

2.  In  zoiil.,  a  genus  of  decapod  crustaceans,  of 
the  family  Dorijipidw. 

Aetian  (a-e'shi-an),  «.  [<  LL.  Aetius,  Gr.  IKe- 
Tioc,  a  personal  name,  <  'airioc,  aireio;,  a'urio(, 
of  the  eagle,  <  aerdc,  aifrdf,  eagle.]  One  of  a 
sect  of  strict  Arians  of  the  fourth  century, 
named  from  their  leader  Aetius,  called  the 
Atheist  (died  in  Constantinople,  A.  D.  367). 
See  Eunomian  and  Anomccan. 


afar 

.£tidae  (e'ti-de),  n.  pi.    Same  as  JEteid<B. 
aetiological,  etiological    (e"ti-o-loj'i-kal),  a. 

[<  (>r.  (ii 7(0/0; ;K<i(;,  inquiring  into  causes:  see 
aliulogy.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  cetiologj' ;  con- 
nected with  or  dependent  upon  the  doctrine  of 
efficient  or  physical  causes,  as  distinguished 
from  teleological  or  final  causes. 

The  practical  results  of  ituilinjical  studies,  so  far  as  the 
prevention  and  cure  of  disease  are  concerned,  are  likely 
to  be  much  greater  than  those  which  have  been  gained  by 
the  pathologists.  G.  M.  Sternberg,  Bacteria,  p.  23(5. 

aetiologically,  etiologically  (e"ti-o-loj'i-kal-i), 
<('/i'.  In  an  ti'tiokigicul  manner;  with  regard 
to  cause,  or  tlic  assignment  of  a  cause  :  as,  an 
(rtioliii/irdlh/  obscure  failure  of  nutintion. 

aetiologist,  etiologist  (e-ti-ol'o-jist),  n.  One 
who  is  versed  in  setiology;  one  who  investi- 
gates physical  causes,  or  inquires  into  the  re- 
lations of  such  causes  to  eflfects  in  physics  or 
biology :  often  used  as  the  opposite  of  tele- 
oloqist, 

aetiology,  etiology  (e-ti-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  LL.  a-tio- 
logiii,  <  Gr.  airm'/oyla,  statement  of  the  cause 
(cf.  a'lTio/.oyclv,  inquire  into  the  cause,  account 
for),  <  a'lria,  cause,  -I-  -/o}(a,  <  '/eyriv,  speak: 
see  -ology.]  1.  An  inquiry  into  or  a  theory 
of  the  physical  causes  of  any  class  of  phenom- 
ena. 

Morphology,  distribution,  and  physiology  investigate 
and  determine  the  facts  of  biology,  etiology  has  for  its 
object  the  ascertainment  of  the  causes  of  these  facts,  and 
the  explanation  of  biological  phenomena,  by  showing  tliat 
they  constitute  particular  cases  of  general  physical  laws- 
It  is  hardly  needful  to  say  that  cetiolorit/,  as  thus  con- 
ceived, is  in  its  infancy.  Huxley,  Anat  Invert.,  p.  37. 

2.  Specifically,  in  med.,  an  inquiry  into  or  ac- 
count of  the  origin  or  catises  of  disease,  or  of 
a  particular  kind  or  case  of  disease. 
Sometimes  written  aitiology. 

aetites  (a-e-ti'tez).  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  acriTii^,  eagle- 
stone.  <  (ifrdf,  eagle.]     Same  as  eaglestone. 

.^tnean,  a.     See  Etnean. 

.^tolian  (e-to'li-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ^tolia, 
<Gr.  A'lru'/.ia,  ^tolia.]  I.  a.  Relating  or  per- 
taining to  ..Etolia,  a  district  of  Greece  Ijing 
north  of  the  gulf  of  Corinth,  or  to  the  race  who 
anciently  inhabited  it ^ffitolian  League,  a  demo- 
cratic confederation  of  the  tribes  of  ancient  -ttolia.  some- 
times including  the  people  of  various  neighboring  re- 
gions, celebrated  for  its  long  successful  wars  against  the 
Macedonians,  .\cheans,  etc. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  race  anciently  inhabiting 
.^tolia.  The  -Etolians,  though  famous  in  the  heroic 
age,  were  rude  and  barbarous  as  late  as  the  time  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war,  and  were  not  even  reckoned  as  Greeks 
till  a  late  period  ;  but  they  attained  to  considerable  power 
through  their  w-arlike  prowess  after  the  time  of  -\lexander 
the  (Treat  and  their  gallantry  against  the  invading  Gauls. 

aetomorph  (a'e-to-mort'),  n.  A  member  of  the 
Aetomorphce ;  a  bird  of  prey. 

Aetomorphae  (a'e-t6-m6r'"fe),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a£76^,  an  eagle,  -f  fopC^,  form,  shape.]  In 
ornith.,  the  birds  of  prey;  a  group  equivalent 
to  the  Baptorcs  or  Accipitres  of  most  authors. 
Named  by  Huxley  in  ISti"  as  a  superfamily  of  the  desmog- 
nathoiis  division  of  the  order  Carinatai',  and  divided  by 
him  into  the  four  families  of  Strigidce,  Cathartid^,  Gypa-- 
tidce,  and  Gypogerajudof.  The  characters  of  the  group 
are  drawn  chiefly  from  osteology,  but  are  those  of  the 
Raj'tvir.^  as  commonly  understood. 

aetomorphic  (ae-to-mor'fik),  a.  Having  the 
characters  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aetomorphw ; 
raptorial,  as  a  bird. 

Aetosauria  (a"e-t6-sa'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
acTog,  eagle,  +  aavpoc,  lizard.]  An  order  of 
saurians  represented  by  the  family  Aetosauri- 
dw  (which  see).     O.  C,  Mar.t:h. 

Aetosaurids  (a'''e-t6-sa'ri-de),  h.  pi.  [NL..  < 
Aetona  urns  +  -ida:  ]  A  family  of  extinct  Triassic 
reptiles  allied  to  or  of  the  oriier  of  dinosam-ians, 
with  Umbs  and  dermal  armature  resembling 
those  of  crocodilians,  the  calcaneum  produced 
backward,  and  two  sacral  vertebrae.  O.  C. 
Afarsh. 

Aetosaurus  (a"e-t6-sa'rus).  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  aer6(, 
eagle,  -I-  aaipo^,  a  lizard.]  A  genus  of  extinct 
reptiles,  representing  the  family  JefosflHriV/ir. 

aeuia,  aevia.  In  church  music,  a  contraction 
of  allihiin.     See  halleluiah. 

aeviternalt,  aeviternallyt,  etc.  See  eviternal, 
etc. 

.Sx  (eks),  ".     In  :ool..  same  as  Aix. 

af-.  -Assimilated  form  of  Latin  ad-,  also  an  erro- 
neous form  of  other  prefixes,  before  /.   See  ad-. 

aface  (a-fas').  />»-<7).  phr.  as  adr.  [<  (jS  +face.] 
In  face:  in  front.     [Rare.] 

afar  (a-far'),  adv.  [<  ME.  afcr,  afcrre,  ofer, 
fl/«r,  commonly  separated,  a  fcr.  a  ferr,  earliest 
form  a  ferrum,  on  ferrum  {-um  is  the  dat.  suf- 
fix), of  feor,  equiv.  in  sense  to  AS.  feorran, 
from  far:  ME.  of,  from  (E.  of,  prefix  fl-*),  later 
confused  with  on,  a  (E,  on,  prefix  a-^);  feor, 


afar 

later /er,  far.    Cf.  ancar.'\     1.  From  far;  from 
u  distance  :  now  usually  preceded  hy  from. 
lie  sawt!  a  ijlace  a/fr  [var.  a/eer].         Wtji'lif,  Cien.  xxii. 
AnJ/rom  a/er  came  walking  in  tlie  niede. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Good  Women,  1.  212. 
Held  from  ajar,  aloft,  the  immortal  jirize. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  00. 

2.  Far ;  far  away ;  at  or  to  a  distance ;  re- 
motely in  place :  now  usually  followed  by  off. 
A  fcr  fro  hem,  alle  be  hem  selue. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1215. 
Abraham  lifted  up  his  eyes,  and  saw  the  place  afar  off. 

Gen.  xxii.  4. 
The  steep  where  Fame's  proud  temple  shines  afar. 

Beattie,  Minstrel,  i.  1. 
Tlie  coronach  stole 
Sometimes  afar  and  sometimes  anear. 

Tenni/sori,  Dying  Swan. 
[Shaksperc  uses  afar  off  also  in  the  sense  of  remotely  in  de- 
gree ;  indirectly. 

He  that  shall  speak  for  her  is  afar  ojT  guilty. 
Hut  that  he  speaks.  Shak.,  \V.  T.,  li.  1. 

A  kind  of  tender  made  afar  off  by  Sir  Hugh  here. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  l.| 

afeart  (a-fer'),  '■•  '•     [Now  only  E.  dial.,  often 
shortoued  to  'fear ;  <  SlE.  afcrcn,  <  AS.  afmraii, 
terrify,  <  a-  +  fieraii  {>ME.  J'crcn),  terrify,  <.fair, 
danger,  terror,  fear:  see/poj-i.]    To  cause  to 
fear;  frighten;  terrify;  make  afraid. 
Clerkes  may  here  wepen  ...  to  afere  theues. 
/)iD«  i  I'auper  (W.  de  Worde),  V.  -xix.  222.    (Jf.  E.  D.) 
As  ghastly  bug  does  greatly  them  affeare. 

Speim-r,  F.  y,,  II.  iii.  20. 

afeard,  afeared  (a-ferd'),  2>-  «■  [<  ME.  afered, 
aftril,  p.  -A.:  seo  afear  and -ed'^.  No  connection 
with  (//■)•(((■(/.]  Affected  with  fear;  frightened; 
afraid.     [Now  colloquial  or  vulgar.] 

Be  not  afeard  ;  the  isle  is  full  of  noises. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  2. 

afebrile  (a-feb'ril),  «.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  (a-18)  + 
J'cbnii:']     Without  fever;  feverless. 

The  course  of  subcutaneous  fractures  without  extravasa- 
tion of  blood  is  usually  afebrile. 

Betjield,  Rel.  of  Micro-Org.  to  Disease,  p.  3S. 

Afer  (a'fer),  n.  [L.,  African,  used  t>y  Milton 
for  JfriCH,s-  (so.  ventus,  wind),  the  southwest 
wind,  blowing  from  Africa ;  It.  Affrico  or  (Ihir- 
hiiio,  Garbiiw.'i     The  southwest  wind.     MHIon. 

aflf  (af  ),/)»■(■/).  and  arfr.  Off.  [Scotch.]— Aff-han', 
urthanil ;  without  reserve  ;  frankly.  Burns. — Aff  hands, 
liands  olt". —  Aff-loof,  right  otf  from  memory,  or  witli- 
niit  prcmfilitatitin.     Eurntt. — To  feeze  aff.    i^ee  feezed. 

affa  (afii),  II.  [The  native  name.]  A  weight, 
equal  to  an  ounce,  used  on  the  Guinea  coast. 
Also  spelled  offa. 

affability  (af-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  late  ME.  afa- 
bijUtc,  <  OF.  affabiliie,  F.  affabilile,  <  L.  affabiU- 
ta{t-)!i,  <  tiffabilis,  affable:  see  affahle.'\  The 
quality  of  being  affable ;  readiness  to  converse 
or  be  addressed;  ci\ility  in  intercom'se;  ready 
condescension ;  benignity. 

Hearing  of  her  beauty,  and  her  wit. 
Her  affability,  and  bashful  modesty. 

Shak.,  T.  of  theS.,ii.  1. 
He  had  a  majestic  presence,  with  nmch  dignity,  and  at 
the  same  time  affability  of  manner. 

I'rescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  18. 
=  Syn.  Sociability,  approachableness,accessibility,  urban- 
ity, complaisance,  suavity,  comity,  amenity,  friendliness, 
openness. 

affable  (af'a-bl),  a.  [=  F.  affable,  <  L.  affabiU.% 
adftibilis,  easy  to  be  spoken  to,  <  tiffari,  adfari, 
speak  to,  address,  <.ad,  to,  +  fari,  speak:  see 
fublr.l  1.  Easy  of  conversation  or  approach ; 
admitting  others  to  intercourse  without  reserve; 
courteous;  complaisant;  of  easy  manners;  kind 
or  benevolent  in  manner:  now  usually  applied 
to  those  high-placed  or  in  authority:  as,  an  af- 
fable prince. 

An  affable  and  courteous  gentleman. 

Shak.,1.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
He  is  so  insufferably  affable  that  every  man  near  him 
would  like  to  give  him  a  beating. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  I.  xiii. 

2.  Expressing  or  betokening  affability  ;  mild  ; 
benign:  as,  an  affable  countenance. 

His  manner  was  very  unpretending  —  too  simple  to  be 
termed  affable :  .  .  .  he  did  not  condescend  to  theii"  so- 
ciety—he seemed  glad  of  it. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxvii. 
=  Syn.  Courteous,  civil,  complaisant,  accessible,  mild, 
benign,  condescending,  communicative,  familiar,  easy, 
graciniis,  conversable. 

affableness  (af'a-bl-nes),  n.    Affability. 

affably  (ul'ii-bli),  adv.  In  an  affable  manner; 
ccmrteonsly. 

affabroust  (af'a-brus),  a.  [<L.  affaber,  adfa- 
lur.  skilfully  made,  <  flrf,  to,  +  faber,  skilful, 
Hdrkiiuiiilike,  < /((ftfc,  workman:  see  fabric.'] 
Skilfully  made.     liailci/. 

affabulationt  (a-fab-ii-ia'shon),  «•  [=F.  affa- 
bidutiiiii,  <  L.  as  if  'affabulatio{it-),  <  ad,  to,  + 


97 

fabulaHo(n-),  story,  ifahulari,  narrate,  (.fabnla, 
tale,  fable  :  see  fahlc.']  The  moral  of  a  fable. 
lUiilni. 

affablilatoryt  (a-fab'u-la-to-ri),  a.  Having  a 
moral:  as,  an  «JV»/jH/atory  allegory.     [Rare.] 

affadyllt,  ".    A  variant  of  affodill.    See  daffiidil. 

affaint  (a-fan'),  v.  t.  [<  af-  +  fain,  an  old  spell- 
ing o(  fcif/it ;  with  ref.  to  L.  affuiijcrc,  adfuujcrc, 
add  falsely,  <  ad,  to,  +  fingere,  make,  invent, 
feign:  see  _/«(/«.]  To  lay  to  one  s  charge  falsely 
or  feignedly.     [Rare.] 

Those  errors  which  are  maliciously  affained  to  him. 

Bp.  Hall,  Clirist.  Aloderation,  p.  35. 

affair  (a-far'),  «.  [<  ME.  afcre,  affcre,  <  OF. 
afairc,  afcirc  (F.  affaire  =  Pr.  afar,  afairc  = 
It.  affarc),  orig.  a  prep,  phrase,  a  fairc  (F.  « 
fairc=z  It.  a  fare),  to  do:  a,  <  L.  ad,  to;  fairv 
=  It.  fare,  <  L.  faccrc,  do:  see  fuel.  E.  ado 
is  of  parallel  formation.]  1.  Anything  done 
or  to  be  done ;  that  which  requires  action  or 
effort ;  a  moving  interest ;  business ;  concern  : 
as,  this  is  an  affair ot  great  moment;  a  man  of 
affairs ;  affairs  of  state. 

Thy  constellation  is  right  apt 
For  this  affair.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  4. 

The  nature  of  our  popular  institutions  re<iuircs  a  nu- 
merous magistracy,  for  whom  competent  provision  must  lie 
made,  or  we  may  be  certain  oui'  affairs  will  always  lie 
committed  to  improper  hands,  and  experience  will  teach 
us  tliat  no  government  costs  so  much  as  a  bail  one. 

A.  namilton,  Continentalist,  No.  C. 
Services  to  those  around  in  the  small  affaire  of  life 
may  be,  and  often  are,  of  a  kind  which  there  Ls  equal 
pleasure  in  giving  and  receiving. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  102. 

2.  pi.  Matters  of  interest  or  concern ;  partic- 
ular doings  or  interests ;  specifically,  pecuniary 
interests  or  relations:  as,  to  meddle  with  a 
neighbor's  affairs;  his  affairs  are  in  an  embar- 
rassed state. 

Not  I,  but  my  affairs,  have  made  you  wait. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  ii.  6. 

3.  An  event  or  a  performance ;  a  particular  ac- 
tion, operation,  or  proceeding;  milit.,  a  partial 
or  minor  engagement  or  contest;  a  skirmish: 
as,  when  did  this  affair  happen?  an  affair  ot 
honor,  or  of  outposts. 

In  this  little  affair  of  the  advanced  posts,  I  am  concerned 
to  add  that  Lieut.  B.  was  killed.    Wellinfjton's  Despatched. 

4.  A  private  or  personal  concern;  a  special 
function,  business,  or  duty. 

Oh  generous  youth !  my  counsel  take. 

And  warlike  acts  forbear ; 
Put  on  white  gloves  and  lead  folks  out. 
For  that  is  your  affair.    Lady  M.  W.  Montagu. 
To  marry  a  rich  foreign  nobleman  of  more  than  thrice 
her  age  was  precisely  her  affair. 

J.  Haiethorm,  Dust,  p.  102. 

5.  Thing;  matter;  concern:  applied  to  any- 
thing made  or  existing,  with  a  descriptive  or 
qualifying  term :  as,  this  machine  is  a  compli- 
cated affair ;  his  anger  is  an  affair  of  no  con- 
sequence. 

"They  are  offended,"  said  Kristian  Koppig,  leaving  the 
house,  and  wandering  up  to  the  little  Protestant  affair 
known  as  Christ  Church. 

a.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  231. 

6t.  Endeavor ;  attempt. 
And  with  his  best  affair  obeyed  the  pleasure  of  the  sun. 
Chapman,  Iliad,  v.  503. 

Affair  of  honor,  a  duel, 
affamisht  (a-fam'ish),  r.  t.  or  i.     [<  F.  affamer, 

OF.  afamer,  afcmer  =  Pr.  afamar  =  It.  affamare, 

starve,<  L.  ad,  to,  +famis,  hunger:  seefamish.] 

To  starve, 
affamishmentt  (a-fam'ish-ment),  n.     The  act 

of  starving,  or  the  state  of  being  starved. 

Carried  into  the  wilderness  for  the  affamishment  of  his 
body.  Bp.  Uall,  Contemplations,  iv. 

affatuatet  (a-fat'u-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  as  if  'iiffa- 
tita/K.'.;  pp.  of  'affatuari,  <  ad,  to,  -f  fatuari,  be 
fciolisli.  Cf.  itifa'tuate.']     To  infatuate.    Milton. 

affatuate,  affatuated  (a-fat'u-at,  -a-ted),  a. 

[<  L.  'affatuatiis,  pp.,  after  infatuate,  a.,  q.  v.] 
Infatuated.     [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

They  .  .  .  are  so  much  affatuated.  not  with  his  person 
only,  but  witli  liis  palpable  faults,  and  dote  upon  his  de- 
formities.- Milton,  I'ref.  tt>  Eikonoklastes. 

You^U  see  a  hundred  thousand  spell-bound  hearts 

By  art  of  witchcraft  so  affatuate. 

That  for  his  love  they'd  dress  themselves  in  dowlas 

And  light  with  men  of  steel. 

Sir  H.  Taylor,  Ph.  van  Art.,  II.,  v.  2. 

affear't,  ''.  t-     Same  as  afear. 

affear'-^t,  ''•  '•     Obsolete  form  of  affeer. 

affectl  (a-fekf),  i:  [<  ME.  affeeten,  <  OF.  af- 
fecter,  <  L.  affectare,  adfectare,  strive  after  a 
thing,  aim  to  do,  aspire  to,  pursue,  imitate 
with  dissimulation,  feign;  also,  in  pass.,  be 
attacked  by  disease ;  freq.  of  affieere,  adficrre, 
act  upon,  influence :  see  affect^,  which  is  nearly 


affect 

allied  to  affect^ ;  the  two  verbs,  ■with  their  de- 
rivatives, run  into  each  other,  and  cannot  be 
completely  separated.]  I.  traTis.  1.  To  aim 
at ;  aspire  to  ;  endeavor  after. 

In  this  point  charge  him  home,  that  he  affects 
Tyrannical  power.  Shak.,  Cor.,  Ui.  3. 

but  this  proud  man  affects  imperial  sway. 

Dryden,  Iliad. 

2.  To  use  or  adopt  by  preference;  choose; 
prefer;  tend  toward  habitually  or  naturally. 

Musing  Meditation  most  affects 
The  pensive  secrecy  of  desart  cell. 

Milton,  Comus,  I.  386. 
The  peculiar  costume  which  he  affected. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  I.  126.    (A'.  E.  D.) 
The  drops  of  every  fluid  affect  a  round  figure. 

Newton,  Opticks. 

3.  To  be  pleased  with ;  take  pleasure  in ;  fancy; 
like ;  love. 

No  profit  grows  where  is  no  pleasure  ta'en  ; — 
In  brief,  sir,  study  what  you  most  affect. 

Shak.,'i:.  of  theS.,  i.  1. 
They  [the  Koreans]  more  particularly  affect  the  flowering 
shrubs,  to  a  comparative  neglect  of  the  annuals. 

Science,  V.  262. 
ilaria  once  told  me,  she  did  affect  me. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5. 
With  two  of  them  .at  once  I  am  in  love 
Deeply  and  equally ;  the  thii'd  of  them 
My  silly  brother  here  as  much  affects. 

Chapman,  The  Blind  Beggar. 

4.  To  make  a  show  of;  put  on  a  pretense  of; 
asstmio  the  appearance  of;  pretend;  feign:  as, 
to  affect  ignorance. 

I  affect  to  be  intoxicated  with  sights  and  suggestions, 
but  I  am  not  intoxicated.  Emerson,  Self-reliance. 

5.  To  use  as  a  model;  imitate  in  any  way. 
Spenser,  in  affecting  the  ancients,  writ  no  language. 

B.  Jtinson,  Discoveries. 

Nor  can  he,  however  laudatory  of  the  masters  he  ({/• 

fected  in  youth,  look  upon  other  modem  poets  except  with 

the  complacency  felt  by  one  who  listens  to  a  stranger's 

rude  handling  of  the  native  tongue. 

Sledman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  402, 
6t.  To  resemble ;  smack  of. 

He  hath  a  trick  of  Coeur-de-Lion's  face ; 
The  accent  of  his  tongue  affecteth  him. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

Il.t  intrans.  1.  To  incline;  be  disposed. — 
2.  To  make  a  show;  put  on  airs;  manifest 
affectation. 
affect-  (a-fekf),  r.  t.  [<L.  affectii.%  pp.  of  affi- 
eere, adjieerc,  act  upon,  influence,  alfeet,  attack 
with  disease,  lit.  do  to,  <  ad,  to,  -H  facere,  do, 
make.  Cf.  affect^.]  1.  To  act  upon;  produce 
an  effect  or  a  change  upon ;  influence ;  move  or 
touch :  as,  cold  affects  the  body ;  loss  affects  our 
interests. 

There  was  not  a  servant  in  the  house  whom  she  did  not 
.  .  .  infinitely  (?/(■(■(  with  her  counsell.   Evelyn,  Diary,  IQS5. 

On  the  whole,  certain  kinds  of  particles  affect  certain 
parts  of  the  spectrum.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  142. 

The  whole  character  and  fortune  of  the  individual  are 
affected  by  the  least  inequalities  in  the  culture  of  the  un- 
derstanding. Emerson,  Nature. 

2t.  To  urge;  incite.  Joye. — 3t.  To  render  lia- 
ble to  a  charge  of;  show  to  be  chargeable  with. 
By  the  civil  law,  if  a  dowry  with  a  wife  be  promised  and 
not  paid,  the  husband  is  not  obliged  to  allow  her  alimony. 
But  if  her  parents  shall  become  insolvent  by  some  misfor- 
tune, she  shall  have  alimony,  unless  you  can  affect  them 
with  fraud.  Ayliffe,  Parergon  (17'2C),  p.  69. 

4.  To  assign;  allot;  apply:  now  only  in  the 
passive. 

One  of  the  domestics  was  affected  to  his  especial  ser\ice. 
Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  III.  8. 
A  considerable  number  of  estates  were  affected  to  the 
use  of  the  Imperial  family  under  the  name  of  appanages. 
D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  473. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  work  upon  ;  to  concern,  relate  to,  interest, 
bear  upon  ;  to  melt,  soften,  subdue,  change.     Affect  and 
effect  are  sometimes  confused.    To  affect  is  to  influence, 
concern  ;  to  effect  is  to  accomplish  or  bring  about. 
affecf-t  (a-fekf),  H.     [<  ME.  affect,  <  L.  affectus, 
adfectus,  a  state  of  mind  or  body  produced  by 
some  (external)  influence,  esp.  sympathy  or 
love,  <  affieere,  act  upon,  influence :  see  aXfect^, 
V.     Affect,  «.,  like  affection,  is  foi-mally  a  deriv. 
of  affect",  I'.,  but  in  usage  it  rests  also  in  part 
upon  affccti.]     1.  Affection;   passion;  sensa- 
tion; inclination;  inward  disposition  or  feeling. 
My  gray-headed  senate  in  the  laws 
Of  strict  opinion  and  severe  dispute 
Wouhl  tie  the  limits  of  our  free  affects, 
Like  superstitious  Jews. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacriflce,  I  1. 

Rachel,  I  hope  I  shall  not  need  to  urge 
The  sacred  purity  of  our  affects. 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  i. 

The  affects  and  passions  of  the  heart. 

Baam,  Nat.  Hist..  §  97. 

2.  State  or  condition  of  body ;  the  way  in 
which  a  thing  is  affected  or  disposed.  JTiseman, 
Surgery. 


affectate 

affectatet  (a-fek'tat),  a.  [<  L.  affectatus,  pp.  of 
all\'ct(i)T:  see  aihct^.']  Affected;  marked  by 
a'ftVftiitiou.  Kl'i/ot,  Diet, 
affectation  (af-ek-ta'shon),  II.  [<  L.  affecta- 
ti()(ii-),  tiflfcctatio(ii-).  a  striving  after,  affecta- 
tion, foiip'eit,  <  affectare,  udfcctarc,  strive  after, 
affect,  imitate:'  see  o/fc(l.]  It.  Strenuous 
pursuit  or  desire  ;  earnest  quest ;  a  striving  in 
tlie  direction  (of). 
Pretended  sedition  and  affectation  ot  the  crowii. 

Up.  I'earsun,  Expos,  of  Creed,  p.  293. 
Tlie  affectation  of  lieiiig  Gay  and  in  Fashion  has  very 
nearly  eaten  up  our  Good  Sense  and  oiu-  Religion. 

Steele,  .Spectator. 

2.  A  stri\'ing  for  the  appearance  (of) ;  pre- 
tense of  the  possession  or  character  (of)  ;  effort 
for  the  reputation  (of):  as,  an  affectation  of 
vrit  or  of  virtue  ;  affectation  of  great  wealth. 

His  arguments  are  stated  with  the  utmost  affectation  of 
precision.  Maeaulay,  Jlill  on  Government. 

In  matters  of  taste  the  Anglo-Saxon  mind  seems  always 
to  have  felt  a  painful  distrust  of  itself,  which  it  betrays 
either  in  an  affectation  of  burly  contempt  or  in  a  pretence 
of  admiration  equally  insincere. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  395. 

3.  A  striving  for  effect ;  artificiality  of  manner 
or  conduct ;  effort  to  attract  notice  by  pretense, 
assumption,  or  any  peculiarity  :  as,  his  affecta- 
tions are  insufferable. 

Afectation  is  an  awkward  and  forced  imitation  of  what 
should  be  genuine  and  easy,  wanting  the  beauty  that  ac- 
companies what  is  natural.  Locke,  Education. 

The  good  sense  and  good  taste  which  had  weeded  out 
affectation  from  moral  and  political  treatises  would,  in  the 
natural  course  of  things,  have  etfected  a  similar  reform  in 
the  sonnet  and  the  ode.  Maeaulay,  Dryden. 

4t.  Ailection;  fondness. 
Bonds  of  affectation  .  .  .  between  man  and  wife. 

Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience,  iv.  3. 

affectationist  (af-ek-ta'shon-ist),  n.  [<  affec- 
tation +  -ist.]  One  who  indiilges  in  affectation ; 
one  who  is  given  to  putting  on  airs. 

It  is  just  the  Ivind  of  phrase  to  be  petted,  as  it  is,  by  cer- 
tain affeetatiunistx.  F.  Hall,  Jlod.  Eng.,  p.  94. 

affectedl  (a-fek'ted),  1).  a.  [<  affect^  -\-  -erfS.] 
If.  Beloved:  as,  "his  affected  Hercules,"  Chap- 
man, Iliad,  viii.  318. — 2.  Having  an  affection, 
disposition,  or  inclination  of  any  kind ;  inclined 
or  disposed :  as,  well  affected  to  government  or 
toward  a  project. 
Hade  their  minds  evil  affected  against  the  brethren. 

Acts  xiv.  2. 

How  he  doth  stand  affected  to  our  purpose. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  1. 

3.  Assumed  artificially;  not  natural:  as,  af- 
fected airs. 

Of  all  his  epistles,  the  least  affected  are  those  addressed 
to  the  dead  or  the  unborn.  Maeaulay,  Petrarch. 

4.  Given  to  affectation ;  assuming  or  pretend- 
ing to  possess  characteristics  which  are  not 
natural  or  real :  as,  an  affected  lady. 

Olivia  was  often  affected,  from  too  great  a  desire  to 
please.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  i. 

=  Syn.  3.  .\rtiflcial,  feigned,  insincere.— 4.  Pretentious, 
self-conscious. 

affected^  (a-fek'ted),  p.  a.  ^<  affecf^  + -ed'^ ; 
partly  merged  in  affected^.'i  1.  Acted  upon; 
influenced;  particularly,  intiuenced  injurious- 
ly; impaired;  attacked,  as  by  climate  or  dis- 
ease.—  2.  lu  alg.,  same  &%  adfected. — 3.  In  the 
Bom.  Cath.  Ck.,  said  of  a  benefice  the  collation 
of  which  is  reserved  to  persons  possessed  of 
certain  qualifications;  specifically,  when  the 
pope,  by  some  disposition  of  the  benefice,  pre- 
vents the  regular  collation  and  tacitly  signifies 
his  intention  of  himself  providing  for  the  bene- 
fice when  it  shall  become  vacant. 

affectedly  (a-fek'ted-li),  adi'.  1.  In  an  affected 
or  assumed  manner;  with  affectation;  hj^po- 
critically ;  with  more  show  than  reality :  as,  to 
.Talk  affectedly;  affectedly  civil. 

Balzac  was  genuinely  as  well  as  affectedly  monarchical, 
and  he  was  saturated  with  a  sense  of  the  past. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  7. 

2t.  With  tender  care;  lovingly. 

Letters  sadly  penn'd  in  blood, 
With  sleided  silk  feat  and  affectedly 
Enswathcd.         .Shak.,  I.over's  Complaint,  1.  48. 

affectedness   (a-fek'ted-nes),  n.     The  quality 
of  licing  affected;  affectation. 
affecter  (a-fek'ter),  n.  [<  affect''-  +  -crt.]    1.  One 
who  affects,  pretends,  or  assumes. — 2t.  One 
who  affects  or  loves. 

Bring  forth  the  princess  dress'd  in  royal  robes. 
The  true  affecter  of  Alvero's  son. 

Lust's  Dominion,  v.  1. 
Also  spelled  affector. 
affectibility  (a-fek-ti-bil'i-ti),  n.    The  state  of 

}>ein^  alTectible. 
affectible   (a-fek'ti-bl),   a.      [<affect2+  -ible.'\ 
Capable  of  being  affected.     [Rare.] 


98" 

affecting! ^  (a-fek'ting),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  affecfi-.] 

1.  Loving;  affectionate. — 2.  Using  affectation ; 

affected. 

I  never  heard  such  a  liraviling-affecting  rogue. 

Shak.,  .M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  1. 

affecting^  (a-fek'ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  affect''^.] 
Having  power  to  excite  or  move  the  feelings; 
tending  to  move  the  affections;  pathetic:  as, 
an  affeclinij  spectacle ;  an  aff'ectiny  speech. 

I  suppose  you  are  surprised  that  I  am  not  more  sorrow, 
ful  at  parting  with  so  many  near  relations  ;  to  be  sure  'tis 
very  affectin'j.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

=  Syn.  Moving,  touching,  impressive,  stirring. 
affectingly  (a-fek'ting-li),  adv.  In  an  affecting 
manner ;  in  a  manner  to  excite  emotion. 
affection  (a-fek'shon),  H.  [<  ME.  affectiun, 
affection,  <  OF.  affection,  <  L.  affectio{n-),  a  state 
of  mind  or  feeling,  especially  a  favorable  state, 
love,  affection,  <  affcvrc,  adficcre,  act  upon,  in- 
fluence :  see  affect'^.  Affection  is  formally  a 
deriv.  of  affect'^  but  in  usage  it  rests  also  in 
part  on  «^ee<t.]  1.  The  state  of  having  one's 
feelings  affected;  bent  or  disposition  of  mind; 
phase  of  mental  disposition;  feeling. 

Beware  chiefly  of  two  affections,  fear  and  love. 

Latimer,  2d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

Affection  is  applicable  to  an  unpleasant  as  well  as  a 
pleasant  state  of  the  mind  when  impressed  by  any  object 
or  quality.  Cogan,  On  the  Passions,  i.  §  1. 

Specifically  — (o)  A  general  name  for  that  class  of  feelings 
which  bear  an  immediate  relation  of  attraction  or  hos- 
tility toward  other  persons,  and  even  toward  things,  as 
love,  esteem,  gratitude,  hatred,  jealousy,  etc.  This  use  of 
the  term  is  most  frequent  in  ethical  discussions,  as  in  the 
common  distinction  between  benevolent  and  malevolent 
affections. 

The  affections  and  the  reason  are  both  undoubtedly  ne- 
cessary factors  in  morality,  but  the  initiation  is  not  in  the 
reason,  but  in  the  affections. 

Folder,  Shaftesbury  and  Hutcheson,  p.  217. 

The  hues  of  sunset  make  life  great;  so  the  affections 
make  some  little  web  of  cottage  and  fireside  populous, 
important,  and  flUing  the  main  space  in  our  history. 

Emerson,  Success. 

(b)  Desire ;  inclination ;  appetite ;  propensity,  good  or 
evil :  as,  virtuous  or  vile  affections.  Rom.  i.  26;  GaL  V.  24. 
(ct)  One  of  the  passions  or  violent  emotions. 

Most  wretched  man. 
That  to  affections  does  the  bridle  lend. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  II.  iv.  34. 

2.  A  settled  good  will,  love,  or  zealous  attach- 
ment :  as,  the  affection  of  a  parent  for  his  child : 
generally  followed  by/or,  sometimes  by  to  or  to- 
ward, before  the  object. 

Affection  tum'd  to  hatred  threatens  mischief. 

Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  ii.  2. 

[Essex]  desired  to  inspire,  not  gratitude,  but  affection. 
Maeaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

I  think  no  modern  writer  has  inspired  his  readers  with 
such  affection  to  his  own  personality. 

Emerson,  Sir  "W.  Scott 

3t.  Natural  instinct  or  impulse  ;  sympathy. 
Affection, 
Master  of  passion,  sways  it  to  the  mood 
Of  what  it  likes,  or  loathes.     Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  I. 

4t.  Prejudice ;  bias. 

"Well."  he  says,  "a  woman  may  not  reign  In  England." 
"Better  in  England  than  anywhere,  as  it  shall  well  appear 
to  him  that  without  affection  will  consider  the  kind  of  regi- 
ment."      Bp.  Aylmer,  Harborough  for  Faithful  Subjects. 

5.  A  modification ;  the  effect  or  result  of  ac- 
tion upon  a  thing;  especially,  xapsychoh,  a  pas- 
sive modification  of  consciousness. 

All  affections  of  consciousness  we  term  sensations. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  91. 

6.  In  metaph.  (translation  of  Gr.  vddoQ,  suffer- 
ing), one  of  those  qualities  of  bodies  by  which 
they  directly  affect  the  senses :  often  improp- 
erly extended  to  other  properties  of  bodies. 

I  distinguish  extension  and  figure  by  the  title  of  the 
mathematical  affections  of  matter.  D.  Stewart. 

The  so-called  forces  of  nature  have  been  well  and  truly 
spoken  of  ai  the  moods  or  affections  of  matter. 

W.  L.  Carpenter,  Energj'  in  Nature,  p.  1. 

7.  A  disease,  or  the  condition  of  being  diseased ; 
a  morbid  or  abnormal  state  of  body  or  mind : 
as,  a  gouty  affection;  hysteric  affection. 

And,  truly,  waking  dreams  were,  more  or  less. 
An  old  and  strange  affection  of  the  house. 

Tennyson,  The  Princess,  i. 
I  have  been  thinking  ...  of  the  singular  affection  to 
which  you  are  subject. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Mortal  -Antipathy,  xxi. 

8.  In  painting,  a  lively  representation  of  pas- 
sion.    Wotton.     [Bare.]  —  9t.  Affectation. 

Pleasant  without  scmrility,  witty  without  affection. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  1. 

=  Syn.  2.  Attachment,  Fondness,  etc.  (see  love),  tender- 
ness, ]iartiality,  bi.is.     See  passion. 
affection  (a-fek'shon).  V.  t.     [=F.  affeciionner ; 
from  the  uoim.]    To  love ;  have  an  affection  for. 
[Rare.] 

But  can  you  affection  the  'oman  ? 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 


affectuous 

affectional  (a-fek'shon-al),  a.  Relating  to  or 
implying  affection;  relating  to  the  affections. 

God  has  made  women,  as  men,  compound  creatures, 
with  a  fivefold  nature  ;  and  it  cannot  be  that  either  side, 
physical,  mental,  moral,  affectional,  or  spiritual,  can  sutler 
loss  without  injury  to  the  whole. 

Quotecl  in  Sex  and  Education,  p.  172. 

affectionate  (a-fek'shon-St),  a.  [<  affection  + 
-lite-;  suggested  by  F.  affectionni,  pp.  of  affec- 
iionner: see  affection,  c]  1.  Having  great  love 
or  affection;  warmly  attached;  fond;  kind; 
loving:  as,  an  affectionate  brother. 

Her  father  appears  to  have  been  as  bad  a  father  as  a 
very  honest,  affectionate,  and  sweet-tempered  man  can  well 
be.  Maeaulay,  Madame  D'Arblay, 

2t.  Devoted  in  feeling;  zealous. 

In  their  love  of  God,  and  desire  to  please  him,  men  can 
never  be  too  affectionate.  Bp.  Sprat,  Sermons. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  affection ; 
possessing  or  indicating  love ;  tender ;  warm- 
hearted: as,  the  affectionate  care  of  a  parent. 

He  [Lord  Russell]  had  sent  to  Kettlewell  an  affectionate 
message  from  the  scaffold.         Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

Victor  Emmanuel  was  a  man  of  strong  family  feeling 
and  affectionate  disposition. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  152. 

4t.  Strongly  disposed  or  inclined :  'with  to. 
Affectionate  to  the  war  with  France. 

Bacon,  Hist,  of  Hen.  VII. 

5t.  Biased ;  partizan.  =  Syn.  Warm-hearted,  tender- 
hearted, attached,  devoted. 
affectionatet  (a-fek'shon-at),  V.  t.  or  i.     To  af- 
fect; be  affected,  incUiied,  or  disposed. 

Be  kindly  affectionated  one  to  another. 

Cambridge  N.  T.,  1683  (Rom.  xii.  10). 

Give  me  but  ten  days  respite,  and  I  will  reply, 
"Which  or  to  whom  myself  affectiunates. 

Greene,  Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay. 

affectionately  (a-fek'shon-at-li),  0(f('.  1.  In  an 
affectionate  manner ;  ■svith  affection ;  fondly  ; 
tenderly;  kindly. 

Being  affectionately  desirous  of  you.  1  Thes.  ii.  8. 

2t.  In  a  biased  manner ;  in  the  manner  of  a 
partizan. 

He  doth  in  that  place  affectionately  and  unjustly  re- 
prove both  the  Bishop  of  Rome  and  .\lexaudria. 

Abp.  Whitgi/t,  Works,  II.  185. 

affectionateness  (a-fek'shon-at-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  Ijeiug  aliectionate  ;  fondness  ;  good 
ivill ;  affection. 

Dryden  and  Pope,  however,  kept  their  strength  for 
satire  and  invective,  and  this  style  does  not  easily  com- 
port with  hearty  affectionateness. 

.V.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  687. 

affectioned  (a-fek'shond),^j.  a.     [<  affection  + 
-ed-.     Of.  affectionate.'}     1.  Ha'ving  a  certain 
disposition  of  feeling ;  disposed.     [Archaic] 
Be  kindly  affectioned  one  to  another.  Rom.  xii.  10. 

A  man  meanelie  learned  himselfe,  but  not  meanely  af- 
fectioned to  set  forward  learning  in  others. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  133, 

2t.  Affected ;  conceited. 
An  affectioned  ass,  that  cons  state  without  book. 

Shak.,  T.  >".,  ii.  3. 

affectioust  (a-fek'shus),  a.  [<  affection  +  -ous. 
a.  affectuoiis.'\    Affectionate;  cordial. 

Therefore  my  deare,  deare  wife,  and  dearest  sonnes, 
Let  me  ingirt  you  with  my  last  embrace : 
And  in  your  cheekes  irapresse  a  fare-well  kisse, 
Kisse  of  true  kindness  and  affections  love. 

Tragedy  of  -Vero  (1607). 

affecti'Ve  (a-fek'tiv),  a.     [<  ML.  affectii-us,  <  L. 
affcctui;  pp.  of  affcere,  affect :  see  affecf^.}     1. 
Affecting  or  exciting  emotion  ;  suited  to  affect. 
[Rare.] 
A  preacher  more  instructive  than  affective. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Own  Times  (1689),  iv. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  affections  ;  emotional. 

■Without  epilepsy  she  would  have  a  condition  of  the  (^f• 
fectice  power  of  tlie  mind  wliich  is  so  deficient  as  to  lessen 
responsibility.  Alien,  and  Xeurol.,  Vl.  375. 

Affective  quality.    Same  as  affection,  6. 

affecti'7ely  (a-fek'tiv-li),  adr.  In  an  affective 
manner  ;  as  regards  the  affections.     [Rare.] 

affector,  «.     See  affecter. 

affectualt  (a-fek'tii-al),  a.  [<  L.  affectii.'i,  men- 
tal ilisposition,  desire  (see  affect-,  n.).  +  -«/.] 
Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  disposition  or 
desire ;  emotional ;  affectional ;  earnest. 

God  hath  beholden  your  affectualt dcocyon  fro  heaven. 
Caxton,  Golden  Legend,  p.  389. 

Lust  not  only  affectual,  but  actual,  is  dispensed  with. 
Rev.  T.  Adams.  Works,  I.  205. 

affectuoust  (a-fek'tu-us),  a.  [=  F.  affectueiix, 
<  L.  affrctiioxu.'i,  ^  affectii.i,  affection,  mood : 
see  affect-,  ».]  Marked  by  passion  or  affection ; 
earnest;  affectionate;  affecting:  as,  "made 
such  affectuous  labour,"  Fabian,  vii. 


affectnously 

affectuouslyt   (a-fok'tu-us-li),    adv.     Passion- 
ately ;  zealously ;  affectionately. 
St.  ItuniiKius  prayed  so  alht'tiiously.  Fahyan. 

affeeblet  (a-lo'l)l),  v.  t.  [Late  ME.  affcchU;  < 
Ol'',  (ifdilir,  (ifchlicr,  <  a,  to,  +  fcbUcr,  weaken, 

<  lidi'lc.  fcoble:  sao  feeble.']     To  enfeeble. 
affeer  (a-l'er'),  r.  t.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  affear ; 

<  ME.  iiffrren,  ajj'urcn,  <  AF.  afferer,  nfircr,  OF. 
affeiiri  i;  iifeurer,  earlier  ojorcr  =  Sj).  iif<iriii;  < 
ML.  (illordn;  fix  the  price  or  market  value, 
assess,  value,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  forum,  market ;  ML. 
also  nuirket  price,  lixeil  rate:  see /(>;■«;«.]  1. 
In  /((«■,  to  assess  or  settle,  as  an  amercement  or 
arbitrary  fine. 

That  tln'  constables  in  every  parisli  sliould  collect  the 
inoTU-y  (ijl'n'd  (iiissessed)  ill  each  parish  to  he  delivered  to 
the  captain,  who  was  bound  to  return  any  overjilus  unex- 
pended. Stubbs.  Const.  Hist.,  $  tJi»0,  note. 

2.  To  confirm:  as,  "the  title  is  affeefd,"  Sliak., 
Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
Alsi>  spelled  affere. 

affeerer,  ".    See  affeeror. 

affeering-man  (a-fer'ing-man),  n.    An  affeeror. 

affeerment  (a-fer'ment),  H.  The  act  of  affeer- 
iufj  or  assessing  an  amercement  aecorJiiig  to 
tlic  circumstances  of  the  case. 

affeeror,  affeerer  (a-fer'or,  -er),  ».  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  iiffearer ;  <  ME.  'offerer,  uff'iirer,  -our,  < 
AF.  'affereur,  -our,  OF.  aff'eureur,  aforeur,  < 
ML.  alforator,  <  aff'orare:  see  affeer.']  One  who 
affeers ;  a  person  sworn  to  assess  arbitrarj'  fines 
to  what  seems  a  reasonable  amount. 

Affenthaler  (afen-tii-ler),  n.  \G.  (so.  wein, 
wine):  so  called  from  the  village  Affenthal,  in 
Baden.]  A  red  wine  made  in  Baden.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  esteemed  of  the  Markgriifler  wines. 

afferent  (af'e-rent),  a.  [<  L.  affereH{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  afferre,  adferre,  carry  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  ferre, 
carry,  bear.]  Bringing  ;  carrjing  to  or  toward ; 
conveying  inward.  Used  in  physiol.  as  the  opposite 
of  ff'Ti'iit.  and  said  (rt)  of  veins  which  convey  blood  from 
tile  peripliery  to  the  physiological  center  of  the  blood- 
t'ireulatinii ;  (h)  of  those  lymphatic  vessels  which  enter  a 
lymphatic  jiland,  as  opposed  to  those  which  leave  it ;  and 
ehielly  ((■)  of  those  nerves  which  have  a  sensory  or  es- 
tliesodic  function,  conveying  an  impulse  from  the  periph- 
ery tn  a  iian^lionic  center  of  the  nervous  system.  In  the 
ea.se  of  nerves,  a^erent  is  nearly  synnnjinous  with  .^rn.tiiry, 
as  nppiised  to  iiwtor.  The  term  is  also  ai>plied  to  the 
function  of  these  nerves,  and  to  that  which  tlley  convey : 
aa,  an  afferent  impulse. 

Having  arrived  at  this  notion  of  an  impulse  travelling 
along  a  nerve,  we  readily  pass  to  the  conception  of  a  sen- 
sory nerve  as  a  nerve  which,  when  active,  brings  an  im- 
pulse to  a  central  organ,  or  is  afferent;  and  of  a  motor 
nerve,  as  a  nerve  which  carries  away  an  impulse  from  the 
organ,  or  is  etferent.  It  is  very  convenient  to  use  these 
terms  to  denote  the  two  great  classes  of  nerves ;  for  .  .  . 
there  are  afferent  nerves  which  are  not  sensory,  while 
there  may  be  in  man,  and  certainly  are  in  animals,  effe- 
rent nerves  wliich  are  not  motor,  in  the  sense  of  inducing 
nuiseular  contraction.  Huxley,  Physiol.,  p.  289. 

affermet,  f. '.    Obsolete  form  of  «^nH.    Chaucer. 

affettuoso  (af-fet-to-o'so),  a.  [It.,  affectionate, 
kind,  tender,  <  L.  affectuosu.s  :  see  offectuous.] 
Tender ;  atTecting :  in  music,  designating  a 
movement  which  is  to  be  s'ong  or  played  softly 
and  affectingly. 

affiance  (a-fi'ans),  n.  [<  ME.  affiauce,  afiance, 
(ifflliiuee,  -auiice,  <  OF.  afiance,  <  after,  affier, 
trust  in,  >  ME.  afieu,  affieu  :  see  aff'y  and  -ancc.] 

1.  Trust;  confidence;  reliance. 

The  Christian  looks  to  God  with  implicit  affianre. 

Hammond. 

Lancelot,  my  Lancelot,  thou  in  whom  I  have 
Most  love  and  most  affiance. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

2.  The  pledging  of  faith,  as  in  contracting 
marriage  ;  a  solemn  engagement ;  a  marriage 
contract. 

Accord  of  friendes,  consent  of  Parents  sought, 
AffyauHce  made,  my  happinesse  begonne. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  21. 

3.  Affinity ;  intimate  relation ;  connection. 

In  ileHancc  of  his  church  and  not  in  affianee  with  it. 

//.  Jame.i,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  198. 

affiance  (a-fi'aus),  r.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  affianced, 
)>pr.  affianchif/.  [<  OF.  afiancer ;  from  the 
noun.]  1.  To  betroth  ;  bind  by  promise  of 
man-iage  :  as,  to  «;^'(()»r  a  daughter;  to  affiance 
one's  self. 

In  me  behold  the  Prince, 
Your  countryman,  affianced  years  ago 
To  the  Latly  Ida.  Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

2.  To  assure  by  pledge  or  promise.     [Rare.] 

stranger  !  whoe'er  thou  art,  securely  rest 
Affianced  in  my  faith,  a  friendly  guest. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  xv.  ;iOf). 

affiancer  (a-fi'an-ser),  «.  One  who  affiances; 
one  who  makes  a  contract  of  marriage  between 
I)arties. 


99 

affiant  (a-fi'ant),  V.  [<  OF.  affiant,  ppr.  of  affier, 
l)U'dge  one's  faith  :  see  n ^i/ and -a» 4 . ]  In  ^(«', 
one  who  makes  an  affidavit.     [United  States.] 

affichet,  r.  t.     See  affitch. 

affiche  (a-fesh'),  H.  [F.,  <  affichcr,  OF.  afwlier, 
afieliier,  fasten  to,  >  ME.  affiche:  see  affitch  and 
affix.]  A  paper  of  any  kind  pasted  or  affixed  to 
a  wall,  post,  etc.,  to  be  read  by  passers-by ;  a 
poster. 

affidationt,  affidaturet  (af-i-da'shon,  af'i-da- 
tur),  n.  [<  ML.  affdare,  pledge:  see  affi/  and 
ajiaiire.]     A  mutual  contract  of  fidelity. 

amdavit  (af-i-da'vit),  «.  [ML.,  he  has  made 
oath,  3d  pers.  sing,  jierf.  ind.  of  affidare,  make 
oath:  sei*  aXfi/ and  affiance]  A  written  decla- 
ration upon  oath;  a  statement  of  facts  in  writ- 
ing signed  by  the  affiant,  and  sworn  to  or  con- 
firmed by  a  declaration  before  a  notary  pub- 
lic, a  magistrate,  or  other  authorized  officer. 
Artidavits  are  usually  required  when  evidence  is  to  be  laid 
before  a  judge  or  court  on  a  motion  or  summary  applica- 
tion, as  distinguished  frrtm  a  trial  of  the  merits  of  the 
cause.  The  word  is  sometimes  loosely  used  of  an  oral  de- 
claration uncler  oath. 

affiet,  t:    See  affi/. 

affilet,  I',  t.  [<  HIE.  affilen,  afden,  affijlen,  <  OF. 
ajiler,  \atcT  a ffiler,  to  sharpen,  also  to  deck,  mod. 
F.  affiter,  <  ML.  "affihire  (in  deriv.),  bring  to  an 
edge,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  filum,  thread,  ML.  also 
edge:  see/ZfS.]  To  polish;  sharpen. 
lie  moste  preche  and  well  aff\ile  his  tunge. 

Chaucer,  Oen.'Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  714. 

affiliable  (a-fil'i-a-bl),  a.  [<  ML.  as  if  'affili- 
ahilis,  <  affdiare :  see  affiliate.]  Capable  of  be- 
ing affiliated;  chargeable  as  result  or  effect: 
with  on  or  upon. 

The  distribution  of  sediment  and  other  geological  pro- 
cesses which  these  marine  currents  effect,  are  affiliable 
V-pon  the  force  which  the  sun  radiates. 

H.  Spencer,  First  Principles,  §  69. 

affiliate  (a-fil'i-at),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  affiliated, 
ppr.  affiliating.  [<  ML.  affiliatus,  pp.  of  affdi- 
are, adfdiare  (>  F.  affilier),  adopt  as  a  son,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  -I-  filius,  son,  filia,  daughter.]     I.  tran,<i. 

1.  To  adopt;  receive  into  a  family  as  a  son 
or  daughter ;  hence,  to  bring  into  intimate  as- 
sociation or  close  connection. 

Is  the  soul  affiliated  to  God,  or  is  it  estranged  and  in 
rebellion?  /.  Taylor. 

2.  In  luic,  to  fix  the  paternity  of,  as  a  bastard 
child:  with  upon:  as,  the  mother  fl;?i7/n?erf  her 
child  ujHin  John  Doe.  Hence — 3.  To  connect 
in  the  way  of  descent  or  derivation :  with  iqwn. 

Ethical  reiiuirements  may  here  be  to  such  extent  affili- 
ated upon  physical  necessities,  as  to  give  them  a  partially 
scientific  authority.  H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics.  §  108. 

4.  To  associate ;  receive  or  establish  on  terms 
of  fellowship. 

Men  who  have  a  voice  in  public  affairs  are  at  once  affil- 
iated with  one  or  other  of  the  great  parties  between  which 
society  is  divided.  Loivell,  Democracy. 

He  [Lassalle)  hoped  the  party  of  progress  would  affiliate 
itself  with  him.  G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  ]).  (>:i. 

Austria  and  .  .  .  the  affiliated  Govenmients  of  the  Pe- 
ninsula. E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  137. 

Affiliated  societies,  local  societies  connected  with  a 
central  society  or  with  one  another. 

II.  intrans.  To  associate;  consort;  be  inti- 
mately united  in  action  or  interest. 

The  political  organization  with  which  the  blacks  now 
naturally  affiliate  is  restrained,  by  fear  of  Caucasian  senti- 
ment, from  giving  this  elemeilt  the  prominence  it  numeri- 
cally deserves.  A'.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  42(i. 

affiliation  (a-fil-i-a'shon),  n.  [<  F.  affiliation, 
<ML.  (iffitiatio{n-),  adfiliatio{n-),  <affiliare:  see 
affiliati.]  1.  Adoption;  association  in  the 
same  family  or  society ;  hence,  consanguinity 
or  kinship  of  feeling  or  character. 

There  are  a  number  of  affiliations  which  were  of  at  least 
etplal  antiquity  with  Adoption,  and  which,  I  suspect, 
served  its  object  even  more  completely  in  very  ancient 
times.  Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  98. 

So  intense  is  our  sense  of  affiliation  with  their  nature, 
that  we  speak  of  them  universally  as  our  fathers. 

Whipple.  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  221. 

2.  Association  in  general ;  relation  ;  connec- 
tion ;  friendship ;  alliance. 

The  merry  gallants  of  a  French  colonial  military  service 
which  had  grown  gross  by  ajliliation  with  Spanish-Ameri- 
can frontier  life.  G.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  4. 

The  population  |of  the  disputed  territory  on  the  westeni 
boundary  of  Afghanistan)  is  sparse,  with  few  affiliations 
with  the  Afghans.  Science,  V.  3.W. 

3.  In  lair,  the  act  of  imputing  or  of  determin- 
ing the  paternity  of  a  child,  and  the  fixing  upon 
the  father  the  obligation  to  pro\-ide  for  its 
maintenance.  Hence  —  4.  The  fathering  of  a 
thing  ujion  any  one ;  the  assignment  of  any- 
thing to  its  origin  ;  connection  by  way  of  deri- 
vation or  descent :  with  upon. 


affinity 

The  relationship  of  the  sense  of  smell  to  the  fundamen- 
tal organic  actions  is  traceable,  nctt  only  through  its  affilu 
ation  upon  the  sense  of  taste,  but  is  traceable  directly. 

//.  Spencer,  I'rin.  of  Psychol. 
affinal  (a-fi'nal),  a.     [<  L.  affini.i  (see  affme'^) 
+  -al.]     Eclated  by  affinity  ;  derived  from  the 
same   source  :    as,   affinal  tribes  or  products. 
[Kare.] 
affinel  (a-fin'),  a.  and  «.     [<  OP.  affin,  afin,  "a 
kinsman  or  allie,  one  with  whom  affinity  is  had 
or  contracted"  (Cotgrave),  <  L.  affinis,  neigh- 
boring, related  by  marriage,  one  related  by  mar- 
riage, <  ad,  to,  +  fini.'!,  border,  end:  see  fine^, 
and  cf.  affiniti/.]     I.  a.  Related;  akin;  af1ine<l. 
II.  H.  A  relative  by  marriage ;  one  akin. 
affine-t  (a-fin'),  r.  t.     [<  F.  affiner,  OF.  aftner  = 
I'r.  Sp.  afinar  =  It.  affinarc,  <  ML.  affinare,  re- 
fine, <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML./kms  (>  OF./«,  etc.), 
fine:  nee  fine-.]     To  refine.     Uidland. 
affined  (a-find'),  a.      [<   affinel   +   -«/•-!.]       1. 
Joinedby  affinity  or  any  close  tie;  akin;  allied; 
confederated. 

For  then,  the  bold  and  coward, 
The  wise  and  fool,  the  artist  anil  unread. 
The  hard  and  soft,  seem  all  affin  d  and  kin. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
If  partially  affin'd,  or  leagu'd  in  office, 
Thou  dost  deliver  more  or  less  than  truth, 
Thou  art  no  soldier.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

2t.  Bound  or  obligated  by  affinity  or  some  in- 
timate relation. 

Now,  sir,  be  judge  yourself, 
Whether  I  in  any  just  term  am  affin'd 
To  love  the  Moor.  ."ihak..  Othello,  i.  1. 

3.  In  roo/.,  joined  in  natural  affinity ;  ha\-ing 
affinity  ;  allied  homologieally  ami  morphologi- 
cally ;  related  in  structural  character. 

Birds  are  homologieally  related,  or  naturally  allied  or 

affined,  according  to  the  sum  of  like  structural  characters. 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  68. 

affinitative  (a-fin 'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  afftiii- 
ta{t-)s,  affinity,  +  -ire.]  Of  the  nature  of  affin- 
ity:  as,  an  affinitative  resemblance.     \.  £.  I). 

amnitatively  (a-fin'i-ta-tiv-li),  adv.  By  means 
of  alfiiiity;  as  regards  affinity. 

affinition  (af-i-nish'on),  n.  [<  affine^  -t-  -ilion. 
Cf.  define,  definition.]  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  affined ;  mental  affinity  or  attraction. 
[Rare.] 

affinitive  (a-fin 'i-tiv),  a.  [(.affinity  +  -ive.  Cf. 
definitire.]  Characterized  by  affinity;  closelv 
related.     X  E.  V. 

affinity  (a-fin'i-ti),  H.;  pi.  a^«i7i6"»'(-tiz).  [<ME. 
afinitc,  dffinite,  <  OF.  afinite,  F.  affinite,  <  L.  affini- 
ta{t-)s,  <  affinis,  neighboring,  related  by  mar- 
riage: see  affine^,  affined.]  1.  An  artificial  re- 
lationship between  persons  of  different  blood, 
regarded  as  analogous  to  consanguinity;  the 
relation  between  families  or  individuals  created 
by  intermarriage  (excluding  that  between  the 
married  persons),  by  legal  adoption,  or  by  spon- 
sorship ;  more  especially,  the  relation  between 
a  husband  or  wife  and  the  kindred  of  tlie  other 
spouse.  In  the  Jewish,  Roman,  and  canon  laws,  affinity 
by  marriage  or  adoption  is  a  bar  to  marriage  w  itliin  certain 
degrees,  equally  with  consanguinity ;  and  on  this  ground 
rests  the  prohibition  of  marriage  with  a  deceased  wife's 
sister  in  Great  Britain.  The  canon  law  treats  unlawful 
sexual  intercourse  .as  creating  the  same  alftnity  with  mar- 
riage. The  relationship  of  godparents  and  godchildren, 
called  epiritnal  affinity,  is  not  now  considered  a  bar  to  mar- 
riage, as  it  was  before  the  CoimcU  of  Trent,  which  made 
no  provision  on  the  subject. 

Solomon  made  afftnity-with  Pharaoh,  king  of  Egypt,  and 
took  Pharaoh's  daughter.  1  Ki.  iii.  1. 

2t.  Intercourse ;  acquaintance ;  companion- 
ship. 

About  forty  years  past,  I  began  a  happy  affinity  with 
William  Cranmer.  Burton. 

Hence  —  3.  A  natural  liking  for,  or  attraction  to, 
a  person  or  thing ;  a  natural  drawing  or  inclina- 
tion ;  an  inherent  mutual  liking  or  attraction. 

Some  transcendent,  unborn  affinity,  by  which  we  are 
linked  to  things  above  the  range  of  mere  nature. 

Bushnell,  Nat.  and  the  Supernat.,  p.  68. 

4.  Inherent  likeness  or  agreement  as  between 
things ;  essential  or  specific  conformity  ;  inti- 
mate resemblance  or  connection. 

The  perception  of  real  affinities  between  events  (that  is 
to  say,  of  ideal  affinities,  for  those  only  are  real)  enables 
the  poet  thus  to  make  free  with  the  most  imposing  form* 
and  phenomena  of  the  world,  and  to  assert  the  predomi- 
nance of  the  soul.  Emerson,  Nature. 

5.  In  chem.,  that  force  by  which  the  atoms  of 
bodies  of  dissimilar  nature  imite  in  certain  defi- 
nite proi)Ortions  to  form  a  compound  ditlerent 
in  its  nature  from  any  of  its  constituents: 
called  (iistinctively  chemical  or  electire  affiniti/. 
The  word  has  lost  its  original  meaning,  and  now  signifies 
nothing  more  than  chemical  force.     See  cbeinicat. 

Affnilv  is  neither  the  gases  nor  their  product,  but  a 
power  wliich  renders  the  product  possible. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  1.  I.  §  25. 


affinity 

6.  In  hinh,  inorp}iolngical  and  implied  genetic 
relationship,  rosulting  in  a  rcspnililaneein  gen- 
eral plan  or  strufture,  or  in  the  essential  striic- 
tui-al  parts,  existing  between  two  organisms  or 
groups  of  organisms  ;  true  and  near  structural 
relationsliip,  predicable  of  two  or  more  organ- 
isms moriihologically  related,  however  diverse 
physiologically. 

At  first  we  find  marsupials,  ami  Camivorn  with  niarsu- 
I)ial  ajlinitiix.  J.  i-'wic.  Evolutionist,  p.  24. 

7.  In  psi/rliol,  tliat  in  ideas  which  renders  them 
capable  of  Ijeing  associated  in  the  mind,  as  theii' 
similarity  or  coadjacenoy.  The  Imciif  the  njHintij  of 
itieas  is  aiiotlier  name  for  the  law  of  continuity  of  notions, 
according  to  which  two  notions  cannot  he  so  similar  but 
tliat  it  is  possible  to  find  a  third  intermuiliatc  between  them. 

8.  In  ijcom.,  the  relationship  between  two  tig- 
ures  ill  the  same  plane  which  correspond  to 
each  other,  point  to  point  and  straight  line  to 
straiglit  line,  any  point  of  the  one  lying  in  a 
fixed  direction  from  the  con-espondrng  point 
of  the  other,  and  at  a  distance  from  it  propor- 
tional to  its  distance  from  a  fixed  line,  called 
the  axis  of  affiniU/,  the  direction  of  which  is 
that  of  lines  joining  corresponding  points. 

affirm  (a-ferm'),  i:  [Formerly  afferm,  but  now 
spelled  so  as  to  approach  the  L. ;  <  ME.  affer- 
mcii,  iifermen,  <  OF.  afcrmcr,  affermer,  later 
affirmir,  affirm,  avouch,  mod.  F.  affermer  = 
Pr.  tiffermar=  Sp.  afirmar  =  Pg.  affirmar  =  lt. 
affiriiiare,  <  L.  affirmarc,  adfirmare,  present  as 
fixed,  aver,  affirm,  <  ad,  to,  -ffirmare,  make  firm, 
<firmus,  firm:  see  firm,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
state  or  assert  positively ;  tell  with  confidence ; 
aver;  declare  to  be  a  fact;  maintain  as  true: 
opposed  to  cleni/. 

One  Jesus,  which  was  dead,  whom  Paul  afinned  to  be 
alive.  Acts  xxv.  19. 

The  gentleman  came  up,  and  asked  pardon  for  having 
disturbed  us,  affirming  that  he  was  ignorant  of  our  being 
so  near.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  viii. 

2.  To  make  firm ;  establish,  confirm,  or  ratify : 
as,  the  appellate  court  affirmed  the  judgment. 
=  Syil,  1.  Assert,  Affirm,  Declare,  etc.     Hee  assert. 

n.  hi  trans.  1.  To  declare  or  assert  positively 
or  solemnly. 

Not  that  I  so  affirm,  though  so  it  seem 

To  thee,  who  hast  thy  dwelling  here  on  earth. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  117. 

All  books  that  get  fairly  into  the  vital  air  of  the  world 

were  written  by  the  .  .  .  affirming!  and  ailvancing  class, 

who  utter  what  tens  of  thousands  i'eel  tliouuli  they  cannot 

say.  Emerson,  Books. 

2.  To  declare  solemnly  before  a  court  or  ma- 
gistrate, but  without  oath  (a  practice  allowed 
where  the  affinnant  has  serujiles  against  tak- 
ing an  oath) ;  make  a  legal  tltfirmation.  See 
affirmation. 

affirmable  (a-fer'ma-bl),  a.  [<  affirm  +  -<(h/e.] 
Capable  of  being  "affirmed,  asserted,  or  de- 
clared :  followed  by  uf:  as,  an  attribute  affirm- 
able o/ every  just  man. 

affirmably  (a-fer'ma-bli),  adr.  In  away  capa- 
ble of  affirmation. 

affirmance  (a-fer'mans),  n.  [<  OF.  affermance, 
afermaiice,  <!.  affermer,  afermer,  affirm:  see  af- 
firm.'i  1.  The  act  of  affirming ;  asseveration; 
assertion. 

E'en  when  sober  truth  ijrevails  throughout, 
They  swear  it,  till  affirmance  breeds  a  doubt. 

Coxcper,  Conversation,  1.  66. 

2.  Confirmation ;  ratification. 

All  sentences  are  liable  to  the  king's  affirmance  or  re- 
versal. Brougham. 

3.  In  latr  :  (a)  The  confirmation  by  an  appel- 
late coui't  of  the  adjudication  of  a  lower  court 
or  officer.     (6)  Confirmation  of  a  voidable  act. 

affirmant  (a-fer'mant),  n.  [<L.  affirman{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  affirmarc  :  see  affirm.^  1.  One  who  af- 
firms'or  asserts. —  2.  In  law,  one  who  makes 
affirmation  instead  of  taking  an  oath. 

affirmation  (af-er-ma'shgn),  n.  [<  L.  affirma- 
tio{n-),  <  affiriiiare,  affirm:  see  <!.;?!)•«).]  1.  The 
assertion  that  something  is,  or  is  true  ;  the  as- 
signment of  a  certain  character  to  an  object : 
opposed  to  denial  or  neijation.  \n  ordinary /oramf 
li>gi'\  the  distinctii>M  relates  merely  to  the  form  of  e.\pres- 
sion,  but  usually  offirmntion  is  taken  to  mean  the  assertion 
of  something  positive  and  definite,  as  opposed  to  a  merely 
negative  a.ssertion. 

2.  That  which  is  affirmed  ;  a  proposition  that 
is  declared  to  be  true  ;  averment ;  assertion. 

That  he  shall  receive  no  benefit  from  Christ,  is  the  affiir- 
mativn  whereon  his  despair  is  founded. 

Hammond,  P'undamentals. 

3.  Confirmation  ;  ratification  ;  establishment 
of  something  of  prior  origin. 

Our  statutes  sometimes  are  only  the  affirmation  or  rati- 
fication uf  that  which  by  common  law  was  held  before. 

Booker. 


100 

4.  In  law,  the  solemn  declaration  made  by 
Quakers,  Moravians,  or  others  conscientiously 
opposed  to  taking  oaths,  in  cases  where  an  oath 
is  generally  retpiired.  False  aflirmations  made  by 
such  persons  lire  punishable  in  the  same  way  as  perjury. 
affirmative  (a-ftr'ma-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME. 
affirmatijir,  n.i'<  OF.  dffirmatif,  F.  iiffirmatif,  -ire, 
a.,  affirmatire,  n.,  <  L.  affirmatiriis,  <  affirmatus, 
pp.  oi affirmarc  :  siyo  affirm.']  I,  a.  1.  Charac- 
terized by  affirmation  or  assertion;  assertive  ; 
positive  in  foitu ;  not  negative:  a,s,a,naffirmative 
proposition  ;  affirmative  principles.  In  formal 
logic,  the  distinction  of  affirmatire  and  negative  proposi- 
tions  relates  not  to  the  nature  of  what  is  asserted,  but 
only  to  the  form  of  the  proposition,  which  is  called  affirm- 
ative if  it  contains  no  negative  particle. 
Hence  —  2.  Positive  in  manner;  confident; 
dogmatic. 

Be  not  confident  and  affirmative  in  an  uncertain  matter. 
Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  p.  10'2. 

3.  Giving  affirmation  or  assent ;  confirmatory; 
ratifying ;  conetrrring ;  agreeing :  as,  an  affirm- 
ative decree  or  judgment  by  an  appellate  court ; 
an  affirmative  answer  to  a  request. 

II.  n.  1.  That  which  affirms  or  asserts;  a 
positive  proposition  or  averment :  as,  two  neg- 
atives make  an  affirmative. 

Your  four  negatives  make  your  two  affirmatives. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

2.  That  which  gives  affirmation  or  assent ;  the 
agreeing  or  eoneumng  part  or  side  :  with  the 
definite  article:  as,  to  support  the  affirmatire; 
to  vote  in  the  affirmative  (that  is,  in  favor  of  the 
affirmative  side),  as  in  a  legislative  body. 

A  government  is  perfect  of  which  the  affirmative  can  be 
truly  stated  in  answering  these  questions.  Brougham. 

3.  In  judicial  proceedings,  the  side  ■which, 
whether  in  itself  an  affirmation  or  a  negation, 
requires  first  to  be  supported  by  proof,  pre- 
sumption in  the  absence  of  proof  being  against 
it;  the  side  which  has  the  burden  of  proof. — 

4.  Naut.,  the  signal-flag  or  pendant  by  which 
assent  is  expressed. 

affirmati'vely  (a-fer'ma-tiv-li),  adv.  1.  In  an 
affirmative  manner ;  by  express  declaration  ; 
positively;  expressly. — 2.  In  the  affirmative 
mode  ;  by  asserting  that  a  disputed  or  doubt- 
ful thing  is :  opposed  to  negativehj. 

I  believe  in  God.  First,  in  God  affirmatively,  I  believe 
he  is;  against  atheism.  Secondly,  in  God  exclusively, 
not  in  gods ;  as  against  polytheism  and  idolatry. 

Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  i. 

affirmatory  (a-fer'ma-to-ri),  a.     [<LL.  as  if  *«/- 
firmatorius,  i  affirmator,  an  affirmer,  <  L.  affir- 
marc: see  affirm.]     1.  Affirmative;  assertive. 
An  oath  may  as  well  sometimes  be  affirmaterry  as  prom- 
issory.  Hobbes,  Gov.  and  Society,  ii.  §  20. 

2.  Dependent  upon  an  atfinnative  principle : 
as,  an  affirmatory  syllogism.     De  Morgan. 
affirmer  (a-fer'mer),  n.     One  who  affirms. 

The  Ijurthen  of  the  proof  in  law  resteth  upon  the  affirmer. 
Bp.  Bramhall,  Schism  Guarded,  p.  '285. 

affitcht,  V.  t.  [<  ME.  affitchc,  afficche,  affichc,<  OF. 
afichcr,  afichier,  mod.  F.  afficher  =  Pr.  aficar, 
afiquar  =  Sp.  afijar  =  It.  affiecarc,  <  ML.  as  if 
*affigicarc,  a  freq.  form  equiv.  to  affixare,  freq. 
of  L.  affigere,  adfigere,  fasten  to,  affi.x:  see  affix, 
SiTiAet.  jitclfi,  fix.]     To  fasten  to;  affix. 

The  platis  of  gold,  the  whiche  he  hadde  affitchide. 

W-nclif,  2  Ki.  xviii.  16.    (N.  E.  D.) 

affix  (a-fiks'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  affixed  (for- 
merly often  and  still  occasionally  affixt),  ppr. 
affixing.  [<  ML.  affixare,  freq.  of  L.  affigere,  ad- 
figere, pp.  affixus,  adfixus,  fasten  to,  <  ad,  to,  + 
fi'gere,  fasten,  fix.  The  older  form  in  E.  was 
affitch,  q.  v.]  To  fix;  fasten,  join,  or  attach; 
conjoin,  add,  or  append;  make  an  adjunct  or 
part  of  :  followed  by  to. 

Arehbisliop  Whitgift  was  the  first  to  affix  his  name  to 
the  death  warrant.  Bancro.ft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  226. 

As  plants  became  more  highly  developed  and  affixed  to 
the  ground,  they  would  be  compelled  to  be  anemophilous 
in  order  to  intercross. 

Darwin,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilization,  p.  409. 

We  hesitate  at  doing  Spenser  so  great  an  honor  as  to 
think  that  he  intended  by  Ms  allegory  the  sense  we  affix 
to  it.  Emerson,  Art. 

=  Syil.  Add,  Affix,  Annex,  etc.  (see  add),  suflix,  superadd, 
lacfc  on,  fasten  on,  join. 
affix  (af'iks),  n.  [<  F.  affixe,  a.  and  n.,  <  L. 
affixus,  adfixus,  pp. :  see  affix,  r.]  1 .  That  which 
is  joined,  attached,  or  added ;  an  addition  or 
attachment. — 2.  Inphiloh,  a  syllable  or  letter, 
prefix  or  suffix,  attaclied  to  a  word  or  a  verbal 
root  or  stem,  as  in  good-H«ss,  veri-/v,  civil-ire, 
«n-able,  ««-c<)H-form-«fc/c. —  3.  In  decoratire  art, 
any  small  feature,  as  a  figure,  a  flower,  or 
the  like,  added  for  ornament  to  a  vessel  or 
other  utensil,  to  an  architectural  feature,  etc. : 


afflict 

used  especially  with  reference  to  ceramics  and 
bronzes.  Decoration  of  this  kind  is  characteristic  of 
the  famous  Palissy  ware,  which  is  adorned  with  affixes  in 
the  shape  of  serpents,  lizards,  fishes,  and  the  like ;  and 


Afflxes. 

Italo-Greek  Vase  in  the  Campana  Collection,  Louvre  Museum. 

(From  "L'Art  pour  Tous,") 

modem  ceramic  ware  of  both  fine  and  ordinary  quality  is 
often  ornamented  with  flowers,  figures,  etc.,  in  relief.  The 
most  beautiful  examples  of  the  artistic  use  of  atfi.xes  are, 
however,  to  be  sought  among  Japanese  bronzes. 

affixal(af'iks-al).«.  [<.  affix,  n.,-i-  -al.]  Pertain- 
ing to  an  affix ;  having  the  character  of  an  aflix. 
[Rare.] 

affixation  (af-iks-a'shon),  n.  [^ML.  as  if  *o/- 
fixativ(n-),  <  «^jare:"see  affix,  v.]  The  act 
of  affixing,  attaching,  or  appending;  affixion. 
[Rare.] 

affixion  (a-fik'shon),  n.     [<  L.  affixio(7i-),  ad- 
fixio{n-),  <  affigere,  adfigere:  see  affix,  v.]     The 
act  of  afiixing,  or  the  state  of  being  affixed. 
[Rare.] 
In  his  scourging,  in  his  affixion,  in  his  transfixion. 

Bp.  Hall,  Sermon,  Gal.  ii.  '20. 

affixture  (a-fiks'tur),  «.  [<  affix  -I-  -ture,  after 
fixture.]  1.  The  act  of  affixing;  attachment. 
—  2.  That  which  is  affixed.     [Rare.] 

afflatet  (a-flaf).  v.  t.  [<  L.  afflatus,  pp.  of  af- 
fiare,  adflare.  blow  on,  <  ad,  to,  -h  flare,  blow: 
see  i/oH'i.]     To  breathe  on;  inspire. 

afflation  (a-fla'shon),  «.  [<  L.  as  if  *affiatii){ii-). 
<affl<irc,  adflare:  see  afflatus.]  A  blowing  or 
breathing  on ;  inspiration. 

afflatus  (a-fla'tus),  n.  [<  L.  afflatus,  adflatus, 
<  afflarc,  adflare,  blow  on:  see  afflatc]  1.  A 
blowing  or  breathing  on,  as  of  wind ;  a  breath 
or  blast  of  vrind.  [Bare  or  unused.]  —  2.  An 
impelling  mental  force  acting  from  within; 
supernal  impidse  or  power,  as  of  prophecy  or 
expression;  religious,  poetic,  or  oratorical  in- 
spiration. Often  spoken  of  as  the  divine  ajflatvs,  a  trans, 
lation  of  the  Latin  afflatus  dieinus,  inspiration. 

The  poet  writing  agjiinst  his  genius  will  be  like  a  pro- 
phet without  his  affiatiis.  J.  Spence,  The  Odyssey. 

affleur^  (a-fle-ra'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  affleurer  (Pr. 
affiourar),  make  level  or  flush,  <  a  fleur  =  Pr. 
d' flour  =  Pg.  a  flor  =  It.  a  flor,  on  a  level,  even, 
flush:  appar.  <  L.  ad  florcm  :  ad,  to,  at ;  florcm, 
ace.  of  flos,  flower,  in  the  later  sense  of  'upper 
siu'face'  {see  flower),  in  this  sense  perhaps  as- 
sociated with,  if  not  derived  from,  G.  flur  =  E. 
floor,  q.  v.]  In  decorative  art,  simk  to  a  level 
with  the  sm'face ;  not  projecting :  said  of  a 
medallion,  a  disk,  or  other  ornamental  adjimet, 
inlaid  as  part  of  a  design. 

afflict  (a-llikt'),  V.  t.  [In  earlier  form  aflight, 
q.  V. ;  <  L.  afflictarc,  adflictarc,  trouble,  agitate, 
vex  greatly,  intensive  of  affligere,  adfligerc,  pp. 
afflictus,  adflictiis,  beat  down,  dash  to  the  ground, 
<«(?,  to,  +  fligcre,  beat,  strike,  prob.  akin  to  E. 
hlow^,  a  stroke,  hit.]  If.  To  strike  down ;  pros- 
trate; overthrow;  rout. 

And,  reassembling  our  affiicted  powers. 

Consult  how  we  may  henceforth  most  offend 

Our  enemy.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  186. 

2.  To  distress  with  mental  or  bodily  pain; 
trouble  greatly  or  grievously ;  harass  or  tor- 
ment :  as,  to  be  afflicted  with  the  gout,  or  by 
persecution. 

Ye  shall  not  affiict  any  widow  or  fatherless  child. 

Ex.  x-xii.  22. 


afOict 

There  is  no  community  free  from  a  multitude  of  croak* 
«r8  ftiul  alftrmistft,  .  ,  .  wliu  ajlUct  the  pntience  und  con- 
«cienco  of  all  (;uud  christians  within  the  reach  of  their 
Inlluence.  Whij'plt;  Eas.  and  Kev.,  II.  118. 

The  iiffl-icted  v<iice  of  tlie  country,  in  its  liour  of  (hinder, 
has  charmed  down  with  a  sweet  persuasion  the  an^ry 
passions  of  tlie  day.  Everett,  t)ratii)ns,  I.  ;179. 

=  SyiL  A_ffliff,  Duitress,  Trouble,  llarmn,  Tornunt ;  try, 
pain,  hurt,  playue,  persecute.  Of  these  words,  ajHkt  im- 
plies tlie  most  spiritual  effect,  the  ffreatcst  deptli  and  con- 
tinuance of  sorrow.  To  dUirem  is  a  more  outward  act, 
brinKinff  one  into  straitness  of  circumstuncea  or  feeling,  so 
that  there  is  more  anxiety  for  the  future,  wliile  perhaps 
the  ajflirt-d  ]iiTson  knows  the  full  metiaure  of  liis  loss  and 
is  wholly  occupied  with  the  past.  To  trouble  is  a  ligliter 
4ict.  invtdviiiL,'  perhaps  confusion  or  uncertainty  "f  mind, 
^nd  especially  rniltarra-^srinnt.  Harass,  as  applied  to  niinil 
or  body,  sut,'K<'^ts  the  iiitiirtiou  of  tlie  weariness  tliat  lomes 
from  the  cuntinuauco  or  repetition  of  trying  experiences, 
so  that  there  is  not  time  for  rest.  Torment  implies  the 
Infliction  of  acute  pain,  physical  or  mental,  and  is  fre- 
■quently  used  in  the  sense  of  karajisiiuf  by  frequent  return. 
The  use  of  (ijllirf'i/  otherwise  tliau  of  persons  soverallyor 
<:olKrtively  is  liit;lily  figurative  or  poetic :  as,  my  ajjlicted 
fortunes;  tlie  other  words  have  freer  tlgurative  use.  See 
■a^iciion. 

O  ye  afflicted  ones  who  He 
Steeped  to  the  lips  in  nnsery. 

LonfjJ'elloiv,  (Johlet  of  Life. 
I  come  to  visit  the  afflicted  spirits 
Here  in  the  prison.  Shafc.,  M.  for  M.,  ii.  3. 

Myself  dij<tres8'd,  an  exile,  and  unknown, 
Debarr'd  from  Europe,  and  from  Asia  tlu-owii, 
In  Libyan  deserts  wander  thus  alone. 

Dryden,  /Eneid,  i.  531. 

For  my  own  part  I  should  be  very  much  troubled  were  I 
endowed  with  this  diviuinj^  tiuality. 

Addison,  Spectator,  Ko.  7. 
Nature,  oppress'd  and  hara^s'd  out  with  care, 
Sinks  down  to  rest.  Addison,  Cato,  v.  1. 

The  sight  of  any  of  the  house  of  York 
Is  as  a  fury  to  torment  my  soul. 

Shale,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 

afflictt  (a-flikt'),  P-  (I-  [111  earlier  form  aflight, 
(J.  V. ;  <  IJ.  afflictus,  adflietus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.] 
Atllioted;  distressed. 

afliictt,  n,     [<  afflict,  r.]     Conflict;  struggle. 

The  life  of  man  upon  earth  is  uotliing  else  than  a  "war- 
fare"' and  continual  afflict  with  lier  ghostly  enemies. 

Becon,  Fasting  (ed.  Ift44j,  p.  .542.     {N.  E.  D.) 

afl^ctedness  (a-flik'ted-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  afflicted;  affliction. 

Thou  art  deceived  if  thou  tlunkest  that  God  delights  In 
the  afflictednesn  of  his  creatures. 

B}).  Hall,  Balm  uf  Uilead,  ii.  §  G. 

afflicter  (a-flik'ter),  «.  One  who  afflicts  or 
causes  pain  of  body  or  of  mind. 

afl^ctingly  (a-flik'ting-li),  adv.  In  an  afflicting 
manner. 

aflBiction  (a-flik'shon),  «.  [<  ME.  afflicctoun, 
-tifon,  <  OF.  ajfictioii,  <  L.  aJflictio{n-)y  adjiic- 
tio{n-),<.  affligcrv,  adflujere :  see  afflict.'}  1.  The 
State  of  being  afflicted;  a  state  of  pain,  dis- 
tress, or  grief. 

To  visit  the  fatherless  and  widows  in  their  affliction. 

Jas.  i.  27. 

He  kindly  tooke  us  all  by  the  hand,  and  made  signes 
that  he  should  see  us  no  more,  whieli  made  us  take  our 
leave  of  him  with  extreame  relu(;tancy  and  afflietum  for 
the  accident.  Evelyn,  Diary,  ilarcli  23,  1646. 

2.  A  cause  of  continued  pain  of  body  or  mind, 
as  sickness,  loss,  calamity,  adversity,  persecu- 
tion, etc. 
Many  are  the  afflictions  of  the  righteous.    Pa.  xxxiv.  19. 

=  Syil.  1.  Affliction,  Grief,  Sorrow,  Sadness,  Di^itress,  Mis- 
ery, \V retched nt^s,  pain.  Affliction  is  acute,  continued 
sutfering  caused  by  loss  or  its  consequences.  That  is  an 
a^irtion  which  is  a  severe  deprivation  or  loss,  as  of  health, 
limbs,  faculties,  friends,  or  the  property  necessary  to  one's 
support ;  not  temporary  ailments,  nor  losses  easily  borne 
or  repaired.  Grief  is  mental  sutfering  too  violent  to  be 
long  continued,  and  therefore  subsiding  into  sorrow  or 
sadiiejis;  it  is  always  in  view  of  something  recently  past. 
Affliction  is  a  pereonal  matter ;  qrief  may  be  over  another's 
woe.  Sorrow,  though  more  quiet,  may  be  long  continued 
or  permanent  (as,  a  lifelong  sorrow),  and  may  be  in  view 
of  the  past,  present,  or  future ;  it  may  be  active  peni- 
tence for  wrong-doing,  as  sorrow  for  sin,  or  it  may  be 
wholly  sympathetic.  Sadness  is  a  feeling  of  dejection  or 
inability  to  be  cheerful,  the  cause  being  not  always  a 
matter  of  consciousness ;  it  is  primarily  personal,  and  is 
of  various  degrees  of  depth  and  permanence.  JJi^tre^s  is 
extreme  adversity,  and,  subjectively,  the  corresponding 
state  of  mind;  it  is  the  agitation  appropriate  to  circum- 
stances well-nigh  desperate.  It  may  be  wholly  sympa- 
thetic, as  the  distress  caused  by  calamity  to  another,  and 
it  may  imply  a  struggle.  The  fli-st  live  words  may  be 
freely  used  for  either  cause  oretfect;  mifieru  uuA  wretched- 
«fw  denote  generally  only  the  etiect.  that'is,  the  state  of 
feeling.  Mi.ten/  is  great  ami  unremitting  p:un  of  bi.dvor 
iniUii,  tuihappitiess  th:it  eruslus  the  spirit.  Wn-trfichicss 
is  soiiutiliies  .ilino.st  identieal  witli  mi.<,'n/,  iiud  sometimes 
goes  biyund  it.  even  to  abjectiicss.     .See  'cnlamil;/. 

The  furnace  of  aflietion  refines  us  from  earthly  drossi- 
ness,  and  softens  us  for  the  impression  of  God's  own 
stamp.  Jioyle. 

Indeed  the  violence  and  impression  of  an  excessive 
{rrief  must  of  necessity  astonish  the  soul,  and  wholly  de- 
prive her  of  her  ordinary  functions. 

Cotton,  tr.  of  Montaigne  (3d  ed.),  ii. 


101 

A  fccliiiR  of  nadnemt  and  longing, 

That  is  not  ukin  to  pain, 
And  reseuililu-s  sorrow  only 
As  the  mist  resembles  the  rain. 

Lonufdlow,  The  Day  is  Done. 
Great  dUi'ress  lias  never  hitherto  tanght,  and  while  tlu- 
world  lasts  it  never  will  teaeh,  wise  lessons  to  any  part  of 
mankind.  Burke,  Letter  to  Memb.  of  Nat.  Assembly. 

'I'lie  state  of  one  who  really  wishes  for  death  is  llrmly 
hnked  in  our  thoughts  with  the  extreme  of  ium'nt  and 
u-retcludiiess  and  disease.     H'.  K.  Clifford,  Leetures,  (.  ■J'.iU. 

2.  Trouble,  misfortune,  disaster,  visitation,  blow,  trial, 
woe.  tril)ulation.  .See  list  under  ffriV/. 
afllictive  (a-flik'tiv),  a.  [=F.  afflictif,  <  ML. 
affliclinix,  ■<  L.  afflictiis,  pp.  of  afflifjorc :  see 
afflict,  r.]  Cbiiracterized  by  or  causing  mental 
or  physical  jiain  ;  painful ;  distressing ;  of  the 
nature  of  an  afQiction:  as,  an  afflictive  dis- 
pensation of  Providence. 

We  consider  with  the  most  ajjiictive  anguish  the  pain 
which  wu  have  given  and  now  cannot  alleviate. 

Johnson,  Kand)ler,  No.  54. 

Many  tliat  want  food  and  clothing  have  cheerier  lives 
and  brighter  prospects  than  slie  had  ;  many,  harassed  by 
poverty,  are  in  a  strait  less  afftictivt'. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  .Shirley,  xiii. 

=  S3rn.  Afflicting,  grievous,  calamitous,  disastrous,  oppres- 
sive, severe,  unhappy,  tryint;. 

afflictiveljr  (a-Hik'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  afflictive 
manner ;  ma  manner  that  is  painful  and  trying. 

affluence  (af'lo-eus),  «.     [=F.  affluence,  it,, 
affluentia,  adfluentia,  abundance,  <  affluen{t-)i<, 
a((^«eH(?-).s-,ppr.,  abundant:  seeo^Men*.]    l.A 
flowing  to ;  a  concourse ;  afflux. 
There  had  been  great  affliience  of  company. 

Carlyle,  Frederick  the  Great,  III.  viii.  37. 

2.  Figuratively,  an  abundant  supply,  as  of 
thoughts,  words,  etc. ;  a  profusion,  as  of  riches; 
hence,  abimdanee  of  material  goods ;  wealth. 

Few  scholars  have  manifested  so  much  independence 
and  affluence  of  thouglit,  in  connection  with  so  rich  and 
varied  an  amount  of  knowledge. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  17. 

Many  old  and  honourable  families  disappeared,  .  .  . 
and  many  new  men  rose  rapidly  to  affluence. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eug.,  i. 
=  Syil.  2.  Wealth,  Riches,  etc.  (see  oitulente);  exuberance, 
prolusion,  nverllow ;  fortune,  prosperity,  ample  means. 
See  li.st  under  ulni/idance, 
affluency  (af 'lo-eu-si),  n.  An  abtmdaut  flow  or 
supply;  affluence.     [Rare.] 

There  may  be  certain  channels  running  from  the  head 
to  this  little  instrument  of  loquacity  [a  woman's  tongue], 
and  conveying  into  it  a  perpetual  affluencij  of  animal 
spirits.  Addison,  .Spectator,  No.  247. 

affluent  (af'lo-ent),  a.  and  n.     [<  ME.  affluent, 

<  OF.  affluent,  Vuod.  F.  affluent,  <  L.  afflu'en(l-).i, 
a(1fluen{t-)s,  abundant,  rich,  ppr.  of  affluere, 
adflucrc,  flow  to,  abound  in,  <  ad,  to,  +  fluere, 
flow:  see  ./(«('«^]  I.  a.  If.  Flowing  to:  as, 
'' affluent  blood."  Harvey,  Consumption. — 2. 
Abundant;  cojjious;  abounding  in  anything, 
as  attributes,  attainments,  or  possessions ; 
hence,  specifically,  abounding  in  means ;  rich : 
as,  a  man  of  affluent  intellect ;  an  affluent  man 
or  community ;  affluent  circumstances. 

His  imagination  is  most  affluent  when  it  is  pervaded  by 
a  calm,  yet  intense  and  lofty  spirit  of  meditatiipn. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Kev.,  I.  24!). 

II.  n.  A  tributary  stream  ;  a  stream  or  river 
floi\'ing  into  another,  or  into  a  lake,  bay,  etc. 

He  cast  anchor  in  a  very  great  bay,  witli  many  uffiuent.-f. 
Bancroft,  Hist.  I'.  .S.,  I.  los. 

As  the  Thames  rolls  along,  it  receives  a  number  of  these 
feeders,  or  affluentti,  which  empty  themselves  into  tlie 
river.  Huxley,  Physiog.,  p.  4. 

affluently   (af'16-ent-li),   adv.     In  an  affluent 

muinicr  ;  in  abundance  ;,  abundantly. 

affluentness  (af'lo-ent-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  affluent ;  great  ploutv. 

afflux  (af 'luks),  n.  [=  F.  afflux,  <  L.  as  if  '«/- 
Jiuxus,  11.  (cf.  flux,  <  fluxus,  n.),  <  affluere,  pp. 
affluxu.s,  flow  to  :  see  affluent.']  The  act  of  flow- 
ing to  ;  a  flow  or  flowing  to ;  an  accession  :  as, 
an  afflux  of  blood  to  the  head. 

Not  uulrequcntly  it  liappens  that  to  a  spot  where  two 
or  more  tlKanients  have  met,  there  is  an  afflux  of  the  pro- 
toplasmic substance.  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Jlicros.,  §  :ii)5. 

affluxion  (a-fluk'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  'afflu.r- 
i<){n-}  (I'f.  fluxion),' <  affluere,  flow  to:  see  af- 
fluent.] A  flowing  to  or  toward;  an  afflux  or 
accession.    Sir  T.  liroicne. 

affodillt  (af '(i-dil),  «.    Obsolete  form  of  daffodil. 

afforage  (af 'or-Sj),  «.    [<  OF.  afforage,  affcurage, 

<  aiforer,  afferer,  affeurer,  afeurer,  assess,  value, 
affeer:  see  ajTeer'.']  Formerly,  in  France,  a 
duty  paid  to  the  lord  of  a  district  for  permis- 
sion to  sell  wine  or  liquors  within  his  seigniory. 

afforcet  (a-fors'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  aforcen,  ajor- 
sen,  <  OF.  aforcer,  <  ML.  *affortiare,  afforciare, 
strengthen,  fortify  (cf.  afforcement) ;  mixed 
with  OF.  efforcer,  esforcer,  <  ML.  exfortiare, 


afforestment 

force,  compel ;  <  L.  ad,  to,  or  ex,  out,  +  ML. 
_/o)Vi«rc,  strengthen:  see^occei.]  1.  To  force; 
compel;  violate. — 2.  To  strengthen  or  rein- 
force by  the  adtlition  of  other  or  of  specially 
skilled  members,  as  juries  and  deliberative 
bodies. 

The  remedy  for  insutflcient  "poveruanee"  was  sought 
...  in  admitting  the  houses  of  Parliament  to  a  greater 
share  ui  inlluence  in  executive  matters,  in  the  a/foreino  or 
amending  of  the  council,  and  in  the  passing  of  reforming 
statutes.  Stulthn,  Const.  Hist.,  §  695. 

3.  Reflexlvely,  to  exert  one's  self;  endeavor; 
attempt. 
afforcementt  (a-fors'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  afforce- 
ment, iitffiireer,  aforcer,  strengthen:  see  afforce 
aiid-/H6«/.]  1.  A  reinforcement;  a  strengthen- 
ing, especially  of  a  jury  or  deliberative  body. 
See  extract. 

As  it  became  difficult  to  find  juries  personally  informed 
as  to  the  points  at  issue,  the  jurors  .  .  .  summoned  were 
allowed  first  to  add  to  their  number  persons  who  possessed 
the  requisite  knowledge,  under  the  title  of  afforcement. 
.After  this  proceeding  had  been  some  time  in  use,  the  af- 
foreing  jurors  were  separated  from  the  uninformed  jurors, 
and  relieved  them  altogether  from  their  character  of  wit- 
nesses. Stubbg,  Const.  Hist.,  §  164. 

2.  A  fortress  ;  a  fortification.  liailci/. 
afford  (a-ford'),  V.  t.  [Spelled  aff-  as  if  of  L. 
origin,  but  prop,  with  one  f;  early  mod.  E.  af- 
ford, aff'oard,  aff'oord,  afoord,  <  ME.  aforthen, 
iforthen,  ivortlien,  earlier  ifortliien,  geforlliian, 
<  AS.  (jeforthian,  furtlier,  advance,  promote, 
accomplish,  perform,  <  ge-  +  forthian,  fui'ther, 
advance,  promote,  perform,  (forth,  forth,  for- 
ward :  see  n-S,  ge-,  and  forth  ';  cf.  further,  v.] 
If.  To  promote;  further;  forward;  carry  out; 
accomplish  ;  achieve ;  manage. 

And  here  and  there  as  that  my  litille  wit 
A/orthe  may,  eek  think  I  traimlate  hit. 

Occleve.    (Halliwell.) 

2.  To  give,  yield,  produce,  or  confer  upon ; 
yield,  furnish,  supply,  as  an  eifect  or  a  result, 
as  of  growth,  effort,  or  operation  :  as,  the  earth 
affords  grain  ;  trade  afford.':  profit ;  religion  af- 
fords consolation  to  the  afflicted;  the  transac- 
tion afforded  him  a  good  profit ;  to  afford  one  an 
agreeable  sensation. 

What  could  be  less  than  to  afford  him  praise? 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  46. 
Standing  out  in  strong  relief  from  the  contrast  afforded 
by  the  sable  backgrouml  was  a  waxen  image. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  145. 

The  delight  which  a  work  of  art  affords  seems  to  arise 

from  our  recognizing  in  it  the  mind  that  formed  Js^ature, 

again  in  active  operation.  Emerson,  Art. 

3.  To  manage,  be  able,  or  have  the  means  (with 
an  infinitive  clause);  be  able  to  give  or  bear, 
spare,  or  meet  l^e  expense  of  (with  an  object- 
noun)  :  always,  from  the  implication  of  ability, 
with  may  or  can  :  as,  we  can  afford  to  sell 
cheap  ;  he  might  afford  to  gratify  us;  you  can 
well  afford  the  expense. 

Only  this  commendation  I  can  afford  her. 

.SItak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 
Thou  Shalt  lie  close  hid  with  nature,  and  canst  not  be 
afforded  to  the  Capitol  or  the  Exchange. 

Emerson,  The  Poet. 

A  man  is  rich  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  things 

which  be  can  afford  to  let  alone.    Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  89. 

~  Syn.  2.  To  supply,  furnish,  bestow,  communicate,  give, 
impart.  « 

affordable  (a-for'da-bl),  a.     [<  afford  +  -able.l 
Cajiable  of  Leing  afforded,  spared,  yielded,  or 
bonie. 
affordmentt   (a-ford 'ment),   n.      [<  afford  + 
-mcnt.]     A  donation  ;  a  grant.     [Rare.] 
Yoiu*  forward  helps  anil  affordme.nts. 

U.  Lord,  Ded.  of  .Sect  of  the  Banians,  1630. 

afforest  (a-for'est),  V.  t.  [<  ML.  afforestare, 
convert  into  a  forest,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  Mij../'»)T.s7fl, 
a  forest :  see  fore.^t.']  To  convert,  as  bare  or 
cultivated  land,  into  forest,  as  was  done  by 
the  first  Norman  kings  in  England,  for  the  pm- 
pose  of  pro\-iding  themselves  with  hunting- 
grounds. 

afforestation  (a-for-es-ta.'shon),  «.     [<  ML.  af- 
forestatio(n-).  <  afforestare  :  see  afforest.]     The 
act  of  ttu'uing  ground  into  forest  or  woodland, 
or  subjecting  it  to  forest  law ;  the  territory  af-. 
forested. 

Kichanl  I.  and  Henry  II.  .  .  .  had  made  new  afforesta- 
tions, and  much  extended  the  rigour  of  the  forest  laws. 

.S'lr  .If.  llatc,  Hist.  Com.  Law  of  Eng. 

afforestment  (a-for'est-ment),  II.  [<  afforest 
+  -uienl.]  Tlie  act  of  converting,  as  arable 
land,  into  a  forest ;  afforestation. 

Land  once  afforested  became  subject  to  a  peculiar  sys- 
tem of  laws,  which,  as  well  as  the  formalities  required  to 
constitute  a  valid  afforestment.  have  been  carefully  ascer- 
tained by  the  Aiiglo-^onnan  lawyers. 

Eitcyc.  Brit.,  IX.  409. 


afform  102 

afformt  (a-f6rm'),  r.  t.  [<  OF.  aformcr,  <  «-  (L.  affriendedt,  affrendedt  (a-fren'ded),  a.  [<  af- 
ud,  to)  +  former,  form.]  To  form;  model;  (L.  ((r/) +,/>■«■«(/,  formerly  spelled /rcKrf.]  Made 
cause  to  c-oiiform.  frieuds;  reconciled. 

afformative  (a-f6r'ma-tiv),  Ji.     [<  af-  (L.  ad,  .She  saw  that  cruell  war  so  cmka, 

to)  +f„rmntm:^     lu>/W.,  an  affix;  aforma^  ^'''^^'''^^^ ''^''^°  il£"fii.,iVA\l 

tive  iiildition  to  a  word  or  stem.  ^  .   tj.  /     r  -^i\        t      ra     ii    i  '  <r      '    ■«    o  t 

affranchise  (a-fra..'chiz  or  -Chi.),   v.  ?.;  pret.  affright  (a-f"t'),  r.  t      [Spelled  «f-,  as  if  of  L. 
^     •        ■               -•         ••■          •--•  origin,  but  prop,  with  one /;<  ML.  o/n;//(/()), 


and  pj).  a  frdiicliiscd,  ppr.  (iffnitichmiig.  [<  late 
ME.  a(fraH(7i.i/.sc,  (ifranclii.sc,  <  OF.  afraiicliiss-, 
F.  (ilfrancliiKtt-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of  OF. 
afruHchir,  F.  afrdiichir,  make  free,  <  a  (L.  «(?)> 
to, +/ra«o,  free:  see /ranfc  and  ^rancAwc]  To 
make  free ;  enfranchise. 
affranchisement  (a-fran'chiz-ment),  n.  [<  F. 
(((fr<(«di(\M7«(  «/.J  Tlieact  of  settingfree,  orof 
liberating  from  a  state  of  dependence,  ser'S'i- 
tude,  or  obligation ;  enfranchisement. 

It  is  deliveiaiice  frcim  all  evil,  it  is  supreme  afranchisc- 
mtiit.  J.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Religious,  iv.  7. 

affrapt  (a-frap'),  !••  t.  and  i.     [=  It.  affrappare,  < 
af-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  fruppare  =  F.  frappcr,  strike,      _  .-,  .        ,     ,  - 
of  uncertain  origin:  seefrap.]    To  strike;  come  ^^^y|S|lp  y^:^^  >' 
to  blows. 

They  beue  yuiett,  both  ready  to  affrap. 

Speim-r,  V.  Q.,  II.  1.  20. 

affray  (a-fra'),  »'■  '.  [<  ME.  affrayen,  afrayen, 
affraien,  afraien  (pp.  off  rayed,  a  frayed,  affraied, 
dfraied,  >'E.  afraid,  q.  v.),  terrify,  frighten,  < 
OF.  afrayer,  afrayer,  affraier,  usually  with 
initial  e,  effrayer  (  >  mod!  F.  effrayer),  effraer, 
effrcer,  effroier,  efferer,  esfrayer,  esfraier,  esfreer, 
esfroier,  e:froier,  etc.,  earlier  esfreder  =  Pr.  es- 
fredar,  terrify,  frighten,  disturb,  disquiet  (the 

OF.  forms  m  ail-  and  the  prevailing  sense  of  affrighter  (a-fri'ter),  «.     One  who  frightens. 

ternfy' rather  than  '  distuj-b,' may  be  due  to  affri|htful  •■(a-frit'fta),   a.     [<  afri,m,   n.,   + 

the  influence  of  «;;rP«//T   ten-or,  fright,  afre,       .,,s     .^,^,^.^^^        terrible;  frightful:  as,  "af- 

«/m»,  horrible,  frightful,  >F.ap-ei,x,  horrible,      -jy-J ,^,,,  accidents,"  Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  x.xxiii. 

affrightment  (a-frit'ment),  n.      [<  affright  + 
-»«'««.]     It.  The  act  of  frightening. 

Since  your  afriijktment  could  not  make  her  open  [her 
purse]  unto  you,  you  thought  to  make  her  innocency 
smart  tor  it.  R.  Brome,  \orthem  Lass. 

2.  The  state  of  being  frightened;  fright. 

With  as  much  afrightmt'nt  as  if  an  enemy  were  near. 
Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons,  11.  iii. 

"With  much  terror  and  affrlijhiment  they  turned  the  ship 
about,  expecting  every  moment  to  be  dashed  in  pieces 
against  the  rocks. 

E.  Johmon,  Wonderworking  Providence  (1G.'>4). 


afrisloi  (pp.  afri</lil,  aj'rigt),  <  AS.  d/yrhtaii, 
ten-ify,  <  a-  +  fijrhUiti,  terrify,  <  forlit,  fearful: 
see  «-t  and  frif/lit.  Not  connected  with  afraid 
or  afeard.]  To  impress  with  sudden  fear ; 
frighten  ;  terrify  or  alann.     [Archaic] 

Thrice  did  her  trembling  feet  i<>i  Ilight  prepare. 
And  thrice  uj/riffhifd  ilid  her  lliylit  fmlnai. 

Driidrn.  livid  B  Art  of  l.ove,  1.  620. 

Not  to  ajfright  your  tender  soul  witli  horror, 
We  may  descend  to  tales  of  peace  and  love. 

Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  ii.  1. 
=Syn.  To  scare,  alarm,  dismay,  appal,  daunt,  intimidate, 
startle,  shock,  overawe. 
affrightt.  Past  participle  of  rt/r/fjt/i  J.  Chaucer. 
~  ■  •  ■  ~  -  ■  „_  i_  Sudden  or  great  fear; 
terror ;  fright. 

We  have  heard  of  these  midnight  scenes  of  desolation, 
.  .  .  the  ominous  din  of  the  alarm-bell,  striking  with  of- 
fri'jht  on  the  broken  visions  of  the  sleepers. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  116. 

2t.  The  cause  of  terror  ;  a  frightful  object. 
The  gods  upbraid  our  sulT'rings  .  .  . 
By  sending  these  affrights.     B.  Jonnon,  Catiline. 

afirightedly  (a-fri'ted-li),  adv.    In  an  affrighted 

manner ;  with  fright. 

affrighten  (a-fi-i'tn),  r.  t.     [<  affright  +  -eiil,  af- 
ter//iV^/i/ch.]     To  terrify;  frighten. 


frightful),  prob.  <  ML.  *exfridare,  disturb,  dis- 
quiet, <  L.  ex,  out  of,  +  ML.  fridit^,  fridiim, 
<  OHG.  fridtt,  frido  (MHG.  rride,  G.  friede), 
peace,  =  AS. /(•('//(«,  peace  :  seefrith'^.  To  af- 
fray, then,  is  to '  break  the  peace.']  To  frighten; 
terrify ;  give  a  shock  to ;  arouse ;  disturb. 
Smale  foules  a  grete  hepe 

That  had  afrayed  me  out  of  my  slepe. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  296. 

The  kettle-drum  and  far-heard  clarionet 

Affray  his  ears.  Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  x.xix. 

affiray  (a-fra'),  «.     [<  ME.  affray,  afray,  terror, 
disturbaiice,  brawl,  <  OF.  aff'ray,  affrai,  usually,  affront  (a-frunf),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  afronten,  afromi- 


Lions 


with  initial  e,  effrei,  effroi,  effroy,  esfrai,  esfrei, 
esfrui  (F.  effroi)  =  Pr.  esfrei ;  from  the  verb : 
see  affray,  v. ;  see  also  fray''-,  a  short  form  of 
affray.}  If.  Fear;  terror. 
Some  mailer  (^/^ra J/.  Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.1039. 
Full  of  ghastly  fright,  and  o^ld  affray. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iii.  12. 

2t.  Disturbance  involving  terror. 
Atte  laste  he  made  a  foul  affray. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  93. 

3.  A  public  fight ;  a  noisy  quaiTel ;  a  brawl ;  a 
tumult ;  disturbance.  Specifically,  in  law,  the  fight- 
ing of  two  or  more  persons  in  a  public  place  to  the  terror  of 
others.  It  usually  implies  a  casual  meeting,  not  by  previous 
agreement  to  tight.  [A  private  quarrel  is  not  iu  a  legal 
sense  an  atf ray. ]  =  Syjl.  3.  Broil,  Scuffle,  etc.  See  quarrel,  ii. 
a&ayer  (a-fra 'er),  n.  One  who  raises  or  is 
engaged  in  affrays  or  riots  ;  a  disturber  of  the 
peace.     [Rare.] 

Felons,  night-walkers,  affrayers. 

M.  Dalton,  Country  Justice  (1620). 

affraymentt  (a-fi-a'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  affraiement, 
affrainiciit  Q^Li.affraimentum),  <  affraier:  see 
(iffrtiy,  ).'.]     Same  as  affray. 

affreight  (a-fraf),  v.  t.  [<  F.  affriter,  <  a-  +f re- 
fer, freight,  charter:  see  freight.']  To  hire,  as  a 
ship,  for  the  transportation  of  goods  or  freight. 
Craig.      [Rare.] 

affreighter  (a-fra 'ter),  n.  The  person  who 
hires  or  charters  a  ship  or  other  vessel  to  con- 
vey <,'oods.     Craig. 

affreightment  (a-frat'ment),  w.  [<  affreight  + 
-iiiint,  a.iu-ri''.  affretemciit.']  1.  The  act  of  hir- 
ing a  shiji  for  the  transportation  of  goods. —  2. 
The  freiy;lit  carried  by  a  ship. 

affrendedt,  «.     See  affriended. 

affrett  (a-fref),  n.  [<  It.  affrettare,  hasten, 
hurry  (cf.  affretto,  hurried,  affrcttamento,  haste, 
precipitation,  fretta,  haste,  hurr)'),  <  frettare, 
sweep,  prop,  rub,  <  LL.  'frictare,  <  L.  frirtuit, 
pp.  of  fricare,  rub  :  see  fret^,  v.]  A  furious 
onset  or  attack. 

With  the  tcrrour  of  their  fierce  affret 
They  rudely  drove  to  ground  both  man  and  horse. 

t<peim-r,  K.  ().,  III.  ix.  16. 

affrictiont  (a-frik'shon),  «.  [<  L.  as  if  'affric- 
//o(ii-i;  cf.  affriratioi)i-),<.  affricare,  rub  on  or 
against,  <  ad,  to,  +  fricare,  rub,  >  E.  friction.] 
The  act  of  rubbing ;  friction.     Boyle. 


ten,  <  OF.  afronter,  afrunter,  later  and  mod.  F, 
affronter  =  "Pt.  Sp.  afrontar  =  Pg.  affrontar  = 
It.  affrontare,  confront,  oppose  face  to  face,  at- 
tack, <  ML.  affrontare,  adfrontare,  border  on,  as 
land,  confront,  attack,  <  L.  ad  frontem,  to  the 
face,  in  front:  ad,  to;  fronti-m,  ace.  of  frons, 
forehead,  front ;  cf.  L.  dfronte,  before,  in  front : 
a  for  ah,  from;  fronte,  abl.  oi  fron.'t,  forehead, 
front.  Cf.  afront,  prep.  phr.  as  adr.]  1.  To 
meet  or  encounter  face  to  face ;  confront ; 
front ;  face. 

That  he,  as  't  were  by  accident,  may  here 

Affront  OpheUa.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

Earnestly  for  her  he  raised 
His  voice  in  council,  and  affronted  death 
In  battle-field.  Bryant.  Knight's  Epitaph. 

2.  To  offend  by  an  open  manifestation  of  dis- 
respect ;  put  a  slight  upon  ;  offend  by  effront- 
ery or  insolence:  as,  to  affront  one  by  doubt- 
ing his  word;  an  affronting  speech. 

Only  our  foe, 

Tempting,  affronts  us  with  his  foul  esteem 

Of  our  integrity.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  328. 

Let  me  tell  you,  Mr.  Dangle,  'tis  damn'd  affrontinfj  in 

you  to  suppose  that  I  ani  hurt,  when  I  tell  you  I  am  not. 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 

3.  To  put  out  of  countenance  ;  make  ashamed 
or  confused  ;  give  a  shock  to. 

Without  affronting  their  modesty. 

Caw,  Prim.  Christianity,  ii.  33.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

affront  (.a-frunf),  n.  [=  F.  aff'ront  =  It.  af- 
fronto;  from  the  verb.]  If.  The  act  of  oppos- 
ing face  to  face ;  open  defiance  ;  encounter. 

This  day  thou  Shalt  have  ingots  ;  and,  to-morrow,  give 
lords  th'  affront.  B.  Jon-son,  Alchemist,  ii.  2. 

I  walk'd  about,  admired  of  all,  and  dreaded 
On  hostile  ground,  none  daring  mv  affront. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  I.  &il. 

2.  A  personally  offensive  act  or  word;  an  in- 
tentional or  supercilious  slight ;  an  open  mani- 
festation of  disrespect  or  contumely ;  an  insult 
to  the  face. 

Oft  have  they  violated 
The  temple,  oft  the  law,  with  foul  affronts. 

Milton,  V.  E.,  iii.  161. 
Men  of  my  condition  may  he  as  incapable  of  affronts,  as 
hopeless  of  their  reparations. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  I*ref. 
An  affront  to  our  understanding. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  512. 


a^ 

3t.  Shame ;  disgrace  ;  anything  producing  a 
feeling  of  shame  or  disgrace. 

Antonius  .  ,  ,  w.as  defeated,  upon  the  sense  of  which 
affront  he  died  of  grief.  Arbuthiwt,  Auc.  Coins. 

-Sjm.  2.  Affront,  Insult,  Iiulifjnity,  Outraye,  provoca- 
tion, impertineuce,  ortense,  rudenes.'^.  These  words  ex- 
Iiress  disrespect  siiown  in  a  way  that  is,  or  is  meant  to  be, 
galling.  An  affront  is  generally  open  and  to  the  face.  An 
insult  is  stronger,  perhaps  accompanied  by  more  iiistdeuce 
of  manner;  it  is  a  deeper  disgrace  and  a  gi-eater  injury  to 
the  feelings  of  its  object.  An  indirjnity  is,  speeilically, 
treatment  that  is  unworthy  — an  affront,  insult,  injury,  or 
outrage  from  which  one's  condition  or  character  should 
have  saved  one :  as,  Zenobia  was  subjected  to  the  indirj- 
nity of  being  leil  in  chains  at  Aurelian's  triumph.  An 
outrage,  primarily  involving  the  idea  of  violence  to  the 
person,  is  a  wanton  transgression  of  law  or  propriety  in 
any  way,  the  peqietration  of  that  which  is  shamefully 
contrary  to  the  dictates  of  humanity  or  even  decency; 
toward  a  person  it  is  a  combination  of  insult  with  indig- 
nity; hence  it  often  stands  for  extreme  abusiveness  of 
language.  It  has  freedom  of  use  sufficient  to  make  proper 
such  expressions  as,  an  outrage  to  his  feelings,  an  outrage 
to  all  decency. 

To  call  God  to  witness  truth,  or  a  lie  perhaps;  or  to 
appeal  to  him  on  every  trivial  occasion,  in  common  dis- 
course, ...  is  one  of  the  highest  indignitie.^  and  affronts 
that  can  be  olfered  him.  Jiay. 

I  will  avenge  this  insult,  noble  Queen, 
Done  in  your  maiden's  person  to  youi-self. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
The  enmity  and  discord,  which  of  late 
Sprung  from  the  rancorous  outrage  of  your  duke 
To  merchants.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1. 

affronts  (a-fr6n-ta'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  affronter: 
see  affront,  r.]  1.  In  art,  facing  each  other; 
front  to  front :  said  of  two  figures.  This  was  a. 
frequent  mode  of  representing  animal  and 
other  figures  in  Oriental  and  early  Greek 
art,  as,  for  example,  in  .\ssyrian  and  Hittite 
sculptures,  the  so-called  lions  of  Mycena;,  and 
the  sphinxes  of  the  temple  epistyle  of  .Assos. 
2.  Specifically,  raher.,  applied  to  an- 
imals represented  {a)  front  to  front, 
or  aspectant :  opposed  to  adorsed  ;  J;^S^'"^  ■*'' 
(h)  facing  the  spectator  directly,  as 
the  lion  in  the  royal  crest  of  Scotland,  not  with, 
merely  the  head  "turned  outward.  See  yardant 
and  cut  under  crest. 

Equivalent  forms  are  affrontte  (feminine) 
and  confront!'. 

T^tes  affrontees,  it  affi'ont^  heads,  in  decorative  art, 
profile  heads  ill  relief  shown  facing  each  other,  as  often  in 
cameos,  etc.,  but  rarely  on  coins. 

affron'tedly  (a-frim'ted-U),  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  affront ;  with  effronter}'.     Bacon. 

affrontee  (a-frun-te'),  «."  [<  affront  +  -ffl.] 
One  who  receives  an  affront.     JS'.  E.  D. 

affronter  (a-fnm'ter),  «.  1.  One  who  affronts 
or  insults  another  openly  and  of  set  purpose. — 
2t.  A  deceiver  or  pretender. 

Must  I,  because  you  say  so. 
Believe  that  this  most  miserable  king  is 
A  false  affronter? 

Massinger,  Believe  as  you  List,  iii.  3. 

afftontingly  (a-frun'ting-li),   adv.      In  an  af- 
fronting manner. 
affronti'Ve   (a-frun'tiv),   a.      [<  affront  + -ire.'i 
Gi\-ing  offense ;  tending  to  offend ;  abusive. 
How  much  more  affrontire  it  is  to  despise  mercy. 

Sotah,  Sermon  pn  the  Restoration. 

Will  not  this  measure  be  regai-ded  as  aff'rontire  to  the 
pride  ...  of  portions  of  the  people  of  America? 

£.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  34S. 

affuse  (a-fiiz'),  V.  t.  [<L.  affusus,  pp.  of  aff'iin- 
dere,  adfundere,  pour  upon,  <  ad,  to,  +  fundere, 
pour:  see /«.<ei.]     To  poui\     [Rare.] 

I  first  affused  water  upon  the  compressed  Iteans. 

Boyle,  Works,  IV.  668. 

affusion  (a-fu'zhon),  «.  [<  ML.  affn.tio^n-),  <  L. 
((;ri(H(/c(r,  pom- upon:  see  ffffH.sf.]  1.  The  act 
of  pouring  upon ;  tlie  act  of  pouring  water  or 
other  liquid,  as  upon  a  child  in  baptism. 

AHien  the  Jews  baptized  their  children,  in  order  to  cir- 
cimicision,  it  seems  to  have  been  imliffereiit  whether  it 
was  done  by  immersion  or  afiisiun. 

Wheatly,  111.  of  Book  of  Com.  Prayer,  p.  362. 

2.  In  mcd.,  the  act  of  pouring  water  on  the 
body  as  a  curative  means,  as  from  a  vessel,  by 
a  shower-bath,  etc. 

^^^len  I  travelld  in  Italy,  and  the  Southern  parts.  I  did 
sometimes  freiiueiit  the  publiq  bathes,  .  .  .  but  seldome 
without  peril  of  my  life  'till  I  us'd  this  frigid  apu.tion,  or 
rather  profusion  of  cold  water  before  I  put  on  my  gar- 
ments. Evelyn,  To  Doctor  Beale. 

Some  of  these  [remedies]  are  affusion,  half-baths.  .  .  . 
fomentations,  injections,  wrapping  up  in  the  wet  sheet. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  439. 

affyt  (a-fi'),  r.  [<  ME.  affycn,  affini,  afycn,  <  OF. 
afer,  later  and  mod.  F.  a,fficr,  <  ML.  affidare, 
trust,  pledge,  make  oath,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML. 
fidare,  trust,  <  L.  fdns,  faithful,  <  fidcfi,  faith : 
see  faith,  fidelity.  Deriv.  affiance  and  affidavit, 
q.  v.]  1.' traiLs.  1.  To  trust,  confide  (a  thing 
to  a  person  1 ;  reflexi vely,  to  confide  one's  self. — 
2.  'To  confide  in  ;  trust. —  3.  To  affirm  on  one's 


afi!7 

faith ;  make  affidavit.—  4.  To  assure  by  prom- 
ise ;  pledge  ;  betroth  ;  afBance. 

Wcdileil  be  thou  to  the  hniJS  of  hell, 
For  ilarin;;  to  ajlii  a  mighty  h>rtl 
Unto  the  daughter  of  u  worthless  kin;;. 

67m*-.,  2  Uell.  VI.,  iv.  1. 
5.  To  engage  ;  bind  ;  join. 
Personal  respeets  rather  seem  to  o/Ti/  me  unto  that  synod. 
Bp.  Mounlaiju,  Appeal  to  CiEsar,  p.  69. 

n.  iiitraiis.  To  trust;  confide. 
I  do  aj)/ 
In  thy  uprightness  and  integrity. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  1. 

Afghan  (:if' gan),  «.  and  n.  [A  native  name,  de- 
rivcil  by  Afgliiin  chroniclers  from  Afnlidiia,  a 
mjthieul  grandson  of  Saul,  king  of  Israel.]  I. 
«.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Afghanistan. 
a  mountainous  country  lying  northwest  of 
British  India,  south  of  Asiatic  Russia,  and  east 
of  Persia;  distinctively,  a  member  of  the  prin- 
cipal or  dominant  race  of  jVfghanistan,  speak- 
ing the  Afghan  language,  the  other  inhabitants 
generally  speaking  Persian. —  2.  The  language 
of  the  Afghans,  called  by  themselves  I'uMu,  or 
Pukhtti,  of  Aryan  affinity,  though  formerly  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  Semitic. —  3.  [/.  c]  A  kind 
of  blanket  made  of  knitted  or  crocheted  wool, 
used  as  a  sofa-cover  or  as  a  carriage-robe. 

II.  o.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Afghanistan 
or  its  people. 
afield  (a-feld'),  prep.  phr.  as  adi:  or  a.  [<  ME. 
u  fchlc,' 0  felde,  o  feld,  <  AS.  on  felda  (dat.),  on 
/eW(acc.):  on,  E.  a^,  on,  in;  feld,  E.  field.']  1. 
In  or  to  the  field  or  fields :  as,  "  we  drove  afield," 
Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  27 ;  "  .tineas  is  afield,"  Hhak., 
T.  and  C,  v.  3. 

Wliat  keeps  Gurth  so  long  afield  !  Scott,  Ivanhoe. 

2.  Abroad ;  off  the  beaten  path ;  far  and  wide. 

Why  should  he  wander  ajield  at  the  age  of  flf ty-flve  ? 

Trollops. 

Without  travelling  further  afield  for  illustrations,  it  wit! 
sutfiee  if  we  note  these  relations  of  causes  and  effects  in 
early  European  times.     H.  Spencer,  Pi-in.  of  Sociol.,  §  375. 

afilet,  r.  t.     See  affile. 

a,6xe{a-{iT'),prep.j)hr.  sisadt:  ora.    [<ME.  afire, 
afijrej  (ifijr,  afere.afiire,  o  fure  (also  in  fire): 
a,  0,  E.  «3;  fyre,  E.  fire.]     On  fire. 
The  match  is  left  afire.     Fletcher,  Island  Princess,  ii.  1. 
Uis  heart  afire 
With  foolish  hope. 

W.  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  131. 

aflame  (a-flam'),  ^jce/j.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.    [<  a^, 
im,  +  flame.]     Onfii'e;  in  or  into  flame ;  ablaze. 
The  explosions,  once  begun,  were  continued  at  intervals 
till  the  mine  was  all  afiame  ami  had  to  be  flooded. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  42,=i. 

.iflaine  with  a  glory  beyond  that  of  amber  and  ame- 
thyst, George  Eliot. 

aflat  (a-flaf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<a3, 
on,  +flat^.]    On  a  level  %vith  the  ground;  flatly. 

Lay  all  his  branches  afiat  upon  the  ground. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Uist.,  §  426. 

aflaunt  (a-flanf  or  a-flaut'),  jjre/f.  phr.  as  adv. 
ova.  [<.a3,  on,  +  flaunt.]  Flaunting  or  flaunt- 
ingly;  with  showy  equipage  or  dress. 

His  hat  all  aflaunt  and  befeathercd  with  all  kinds  of 
coloured  plumes. 

Copley,  Wits,  Fits,  and  Fancies  (1614),  p.  29. 

aflightt,  r.  t.  [<  ME.  aflitjht,  pret.,  after  afli(iht, 
p.  a. :  see  oflight,  p.  a.,  and  afflict,  r.  The  ME. 
spelling  wifli ;//(  may  bo  d\ie  to  the  influence  of 
ME.  afriijht,  affrighted,  and  words  of  similar 
spelling;' but  cf.  rf<'/iV//(7.]     To  temfy;  alarm. 

Cam  never  yet  ...  to  mannes  sight 

Merveille  which  so  sore  aflight 

A  mannes  herte  as  it  tho  dede  [then  did). 

(imeer,  C'onf.  .\inant.,  i,  327. 

aflig:htt,  p.  a.  [ME.,  <  of.  aflit,  later  afflict,  <  L. 
affliclii.t,  pp.:  see  afflict,  p.  a.]  Afflicted;  dis- 
tressed. 

Her  herte  was  so  sore  afiigitt 
Tliat  she  ne  wiste  what  to  thinke. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  ii.  309. 

aflightedt,  P-  a.  [<  atlit/ht  +  -ed^.]  Same  as 
afliijhl. 

.luda.H  .  .  .  tooke  a  speciall  pleasure  to  see  them  so 
aflighted.  Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  l:i>',i. 

afloat  (a-flof),  nre;).  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<ME. 
aflote,  on  flote,<AS.  on  flote  (dat.),  on  flot  (ace. ) : 
on,  E.  a'i,  on,  in;  flot,  water  deep  enough  to 
allow  a  ship  or  boat  to  float  {cf.fiota,  a  ship); 
=  Icel.  a  floti  (dat.),  it  flot  (aec),  afloat.  The 
OF.  a  flot,  afloat,  is  of  wholly  different  origin. 
See  floatl,  ».  and  r.]  1.  Borne  on  the  water; 
in  a  floating  condition  :  as,  the  ship  is  afloat. 

It  was  not  without  constant  exertion  that  we  kept  afloat, 
baling  out  the  scud  that  broke  over  us,  and  warding  off  the 
ice  with  boat-hooks.  Kane,  Sec.  tJrinn.  Exp.,  II.  264. 

Seventy  per  cent,  of  all  the  sliippiug  afli'ot  now  use  the 
Greenwich  meridian.  Science,  IV.  377. 


103 

3.  Figuratively,  moving;  passing  from  place 
to  place ;  in  circulation :  as,  a  rumor  is  afloat. 
I  should  like  to  know  how  nuich  g<issip  there  is  afloat 
that  the  minister  does  not  know. 

('.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  144. 

3.  Unfixed ;  mo%-ing  without  guide  or  control : 
as,  our  affairs  are  all  afloat. — 4.  In  a  state  of 
overflow ;  flooiled :  as,  the  main  deck  was 
afloat. — 5.  On  board  ship;  at  sea:  as,  cargo 
afloat  and  ashore. 

aflow  (a-flo'),  j)7-ep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  n* 
+flou:]  In  a  loose,  waving  state;  flowing:  as, 
"  with  gray  hair  aflow,"  Wliittier. 

afoam  (a-fom'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  «.  [<  a^ 
+  foam.']  In  a  state  of  foam ;  foaming :  as,  tho 
water  was  all  afoam. 

afoot  (a-fuf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME. 
a  fiite,  ore  fote,  earlier  with  pi.  a  foten,  <  AS. 
on  fotmn :  on,  E.  a^,  on  ;  fotum,  dat.  pi.  of  fot, 
E.  foot.]  1.  On  foot;  walking:  ojiposed  to  on 
horseback,  or  in  a  carriage  or  other  convey- 
ance: as,  he  was  moimted,  but  I  came  afoot. — 

2.  In  a  condition  to  walk  about,  as  after  sick- 
ness. 

He  distinguished  himself  as  a  sick-nurse,  till  his  poor 
comrade  got  (^oot  .igain.  Carlyle. 

3.  Astir;  stirring;  about. 

Wlien  thy  eager  hand, 
With  game  a/oot,  luislipped  the  hungry  pack. 

Wtiittier,  Southern  Statesman. 

4.  In  progress  ;  in  course  of  being  carried  out : 
as,  there  is  mischief  afoot. 

afore (a-tor'),arfi'.,  prcp.,a.TiH.conj.  [< ME.  a/ore, 
aforn,  aforne,  aforen,  <  AS.  on-foran,  before,  < 
on,  on,  +  foran,  at  the  front.  With  ME.  afore 
was  merged  early  ME.  atfore,  <  AS.  a't-foran,  < 
(vt,  at,  +  foran  :  see  fl-2,  a-1,  and  fore,  andcf.  be- 
fore. Afore  is  nearly  obsolete  in  literary  use, 
though  still  common  in  colloq.  and  dial,  speech; 
cf.  uhinU]  I.  a  A'.  1 .  Before  in  place ;  in  front : 
especially  in  nautical  phraseology. 

Will  you  go  on  a/ore!  Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

2.  Before  in  time  ;  previously. 

If  he  have  never  drunk  wine  a/ore,  it  will  go  near  to  re- 
move his  flt.  Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

II.  irrep.  1.  Before  in  time. 

If  your  diligence  be  not  speedy,  I  shall  be  there  atfore 
you.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  5. 

2.  Before  in  place;  naut.,  further  forward  or 
nearer  tlie  bows  than :  as,  afore  the  windlass. — 

3.  Before  in  position,  station,  or  rank. 

Il^  this  Trinity  none  is  aj'ore  or  after  other. 

AthanaMan  Creed. 

4.  In  or  into  the  presence  of ;  under  the  re- 
gard or  notice  of. 

Afore  God,  I  speak  simply. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  3. 

Notwithstanding  all  the  dangers  I  laid  a/ore  you. 

B.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  iii.  5. 

Afore  the  mast.    See  b(^ore. 

III.  conj.  Before  that;  before;  rather  than. 

A/ore  I'll 
Endure  the  tyranny  of  such  a  tongue 
And  such  a  pride.      B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady. 

aforegoing  (a-f6r'g6"!ng),  a.     [<  afore  +  going.] 

(iciing  before;  foregoing. 
aforehand  (a-for'hand),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and 
a.     [ME.  aforehiindi ,  also  afar  the  hand  ;  <  afore 
+  hand.    Cf.  beforehand.]    I.  adv.  Beforehand  ; 
in  advance ;  in  anticipation. 
She  is  come  a/orehand  to  anoint  my  body.    Mark  xiv.  S. 
II.  a.  Beforehand  in  condition;  forehanded: 
as,  he  is  aforehand  with  the  world. 

A  forehand  in  all  matters  of  power. 

Bacon,  War  with  Spain. 

aforementioned  (a-f6r'men"shond),  a.     Men- 
tioned before;  forementioned. 
aforenamed  (a-for'namd),  «.     Named  before, 
aforesaid  (a-for'sed),  a.    [ME.  aforscyd;  <  afore 

+  xaid.]      Said,  recited,  or  mentioned  before, 

or  in  a  preceding  part  of  the  same  writing  or 

discourse :  common  in  legal  use. 
aforethought  (a-for'that),  «.  and  n.     [<  afore 

+  Ihiiiiijht,  pp.]"  I.  a.  Thought  of  beforehand; 

premeditated;  prepense:  used  in  law — Malice 

aforethought,    s,-.-  nuiliee. 
II.  ».  [<  afore  +  thought,  «.]    Premeditation ; 

forethought".     [Hare.] 
aforetime  (a-for'tim),  arfi'.      l<  afore,  adv.,+ 

time.]     In  tiiue  past ;  in  a  former  time. 
For  whatsoever  things  were  written  a/oretime  were  wTit- 

ten  for  iiur  learning.  Kom.  xv,  4. 

afornt,  adv.  and  prep.     Obsolete  form  of  afore. 

afornenst,  I're/i.  and  adv.  [ME.,  also  nfortjen.t, 
avorcye,  aforn  asens.  <  afore,  aforn,  before,  -t- 
aje«A-,etc., against :  see  afore,  aforn,  and  against, 


African 

and  cf. /ornciis<.]  I.  prep.  Over  against;  op- 
posite. 

The  yonder  hous  that  stent  c^foryenji  us. 

Cliaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1188. 
II.  adv.   Over  against. 

The  centiuien  that  stood  a/orn  ajow. 

Wyelif,  Mark  XV.  39.    (X.  E.  D.) 

a  fortiori  (a  f6r-shi-6'ri).  [L.;  lit.,  from  a 
stronger  (sc.  cause):  a  for  ab,  from;  fortiori, 
abl.  of /oj-<iOf,/or/(«.v, compar.  of  forti.s,  strong: 
see  fort.]  For  a  still  stronger  reason;  all  the 
more.  A  phrase  used  in,  and  sometimes  employed  as  the 
designation  of,  a  kind  of  argument,  which  concludes 
either  (a)  that  isoroctliitig  docs  nut  take  place,  because  the 
causes  which  aloiu-  luuld  btio;^  it  to  pu.ss  operate  still  more 
strongly  in  unotlicr  case  wiUiout  i»rodncing  that  effect;  or 
(b)  that  somctliing  docs  take  place,  because  causes  much 
weaker  than  those  which  operate  to  bring  it  ai)out  are  ef- 
fective in  another  c.-isc.  .\n  argument  <jf  the  latter  kind 
is  the  following  ;  "  IffJod  so  clothe  the  grass  of  the  field, 
which  t<i-day  is  ;uul  tomorrow  is  cast  inti>  the  oven,  shall 
he  not  inucii  more  clothe  you,  O  ye  of  little  faith?"  Mat. 
vi.  30. 

As  he  fShakspere]  has  avoided  obscurities  in  his  sonnetfl, 
he  would  do  so  a  fortiori  in  his  plays,  both  for  the  purpose 
of  immediate  effect  on  the  stage  anil  of  future  apprecia- 
tion. Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  165. 

afonl  (a-fotil'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3 
4-  foui.]  In  a  state  of  collision  or  entangle- 
ment: with  of:  as,  a  ship  with  its  shrouds 
afoul;  the  brig  ran  afoul  «/ the  steamer — To 
fall  afoul  of,  to  assail  violently ;  attack  vigorously  In 
any  way:  as,  he  /ell  afoul  of  him  t<toth  and  nail,  or  with 
an  envenomed  pen, 
afraid  (a-frad'),  «.  [<  ME.  afraied,  etc.,  pp.  of 
afraien,  etc.,  >  E.  affray,  frighten :  see  affray, 
V.  Not  connected  with  afeard.]  Impressed 
with  fear  or  apprehension ;  fearful :  followed 
by  of  before  the  object  of  fear,  where  that  is 
not  an  infinitive:  as,  to  be  o/rflirf  o/ death ;  I 
am  afraid  to  go. 
Be  of  good  cheer  :  it  is  I ;  be  not  afraid.  Mat.  xiv.  27. 
Whistling,  to  keep  myself  from  being  afraid. 

Dryden,  Amphitryon,  iii.  1, 
A  man  who's  not  afraid  to  say  his  say. 
Though  a  whole  town's  against  him. 

Longfellow,  John  Endicott,  ii.  '2. 
=  Syn.  Afraid,  Frightened,  Terrified,  timid,  shy,  appre- 
hensive, troubled,  suspicious,  distrustful.  Afraid  ex- 
presses a  less  degree  of  fear  than  frightened  or  terrified, 
which  describe  outward  states.  In  colloquial  language,  I 
am  afraid  is  often  nearly  equivalent  to  I  suspect,  I  am 
inclined  to  think,  or  the  like,  and  is  regularly  used  as  a 
kind  of  polite  introduction  ^)  a  correction,  objection,  etc., 
or  to  make  a  statement  sound  less  positive  :  as,  I  am  afraid 
you  are  wrong ;  I  am  afraid  that  argument  won't  hi>Id. 
And  there  is  ev'n  a  happiness 
That  makes  the  heart  afraid. 

Hood,  Melancholy. 

Antony,  on  the  other  hand,  was  desirous  to  have  him 
there,  fancying  that  he  woulil  ...  be  frightened  into  a 
compliance.  C.  Middleton,  Life  of  Cicero,  III.  ix. 

Airy  ghosts, 
That  work  no  mischief,  terrify  us  more 
Tllan  men  in  steel  with  Idooily  purposes. 

T.  B.  Aldrieh,  Set  of  Tnrquoise. 
Afrancesado  (Sp.  pron.  a-fran-tha-sa'do),  H. 
[Sp.,  lit.  Frenchified,  pp.  of  afrancesar,  French- 
ify, <  a  (L.  ad),  to,  -t-  France.^,  <  ML.  Francensis, 
French :  see  French.]  A  member  of  that  party 
in  Spain  which  during  the  war  of  independence 
(1808-14)  supported  the  French  government  of 
the  country. 

afreet  (a-fref),  «■  Same  as  afrit. 
afrescat,  adv.  [Prop,  afresco,  <  It.  affresco,  a 
fresco :  a,  <  L.  ad,  to ;  fresco,  fresh,  fresco :  see 
fresco.]  In  fresco.  Evelyn. 
afresh  (a-fresh'),  jjrc;^.  ^j/o-.  as  adv.  [<  a*  (for 
()/,  as  in  anew)  +  fresh.]  Anew;  again;  after 
intermission. 

They  crucify  to  themselves  the  Son  of  God  afreah. 

Heb.  vi.  6. 

Not  a  few  of  the  sites  of  the  Roman  cities  were  in  after 
times  occupied  afresh  as  English  towns. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  130. 

Afric  (af'ric),  a.  and  n.  [<L.  Africus:  see  fol- 
lowing.] Same  as  J/n'caH :  as,  "-i/Wc  shore," 
Hilton,  P.  L.,  i.  585. 

Then  will  the  A  fric  indeed  have  changed  his  skin  and 
the  leopard  his  spots.  JV.  -1.  Bee.,  CXXIII.  446. 

African  (af'ri-kan),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Afrieanus, 
<  Africa,  name  of  the  country,  prop.  fern,  of 
Africus,  a.,  <  Afer,  an  African,  a  word  of  Pheni- 
cian  (Carthaginian) origin.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  Africa:  either  (a)  to  the  continent  of 
that  name,  or  (li)  to  the  region  about  Carthage, 
the  ancient  Roman  province  of  Africa. —  2.  Of 
or  belonging  to  the  black  race  of  Africa ;  char- 
acteristic of  orpectdiar  to  negroes:  as,  African 
features ;  African  cheerfulness — AfWcanalmond, 
cubebs,  goose,  etc.      .See  the  noims. 

n.  n.  1.  A  native  of  the  continent,  or  in 
ancient  times  of  the  province,  of  Africa. — 2. 
A  member  of  the  black  African  race ;  a  negro. 


Africander 

Africander  (afri-kan-dir),  H.  [<  African  + 
-d-er.'\  A  native  of  Cajx'  Colony  or  the  neigh- 
boring regions  of  Africa  Ijorn  of  white  parents ; 
a  (lesceniiant  of  Eui'opean  settlers  in  southern 
Africa. 

The  young  A/rifander  picks  up  his  lanpuatre  from  the 
half-caate  Dutch,  and  tlie  descenilants  of  Jlalay  slaves  and 
Hottentot  servants. 

K  iV.  CuM,  Mod.  Lung,  of  Africa,  p.  44. 

Africanism  (af'ri-kan-izm),  II.  [<  African  + 
-i.'iiii.]  I.  An  African  iirovincialism ;  a  pecu- 
liarity of  Latin  diction  characteristic  of  some 
of  the  African  fathers  of  the  church. 

He  that  cannot  understand  the  sober,  plain,  and  unaf- 
fected style  of  the  .Scriptures,  Hill  lie  ten  times  more  puz- 
zled with  the  knotty  African  isim,  the  pampered  metaphors, 
the  intricate  and  involved  sentences  of  the  fathers. 

Milton,  Keformatiou  in  Eng.,  i. 

2.  A  mode  or  peculiarity  of  speech  of  the  Af- 
rican race  in  America. 

He  dropped  the  West  Indian  softness  that  had  crept  into 

his  pronunciation,  and  the  A/ncanii^mji  of  his  black  nurse. 

G.  W.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  260. 

Africanization  (af"ri-kan-i-za'shon),  H.  The 
act  of  making  African  in  character,  or  of  pla- 
cing under  negi'o  domination. 

Africanize  (af 'ri-kan-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
Afric(iiii::ed,  ppr.  Africanizing.  [<  African  + 
-ire.]  1.  To  give  an  African  character  to. — 2. 
To  place  under  negro  domination. 

But  the  whites  have  race  instincts,  and  when  the  A/ri- 
canizing  and  ruin  of  the  South  becomes  a  clearly  seen 
danger,  thev  will  be  a  unit,  the  country  over,  for  the  rem- 
edy. "  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  429. 

afrit,  afrite  (af-rif,  af-rit'),  n.  [<  At.  'ifrit,  a 
demon.]  In  Arabian  myth.,  a  powerful  evil  de- 
mon or  monster.     Also  written  afreet. 

Be  he  genie  or  a/rite,  caliph  or  merchant  of  Bassora, 
into  whose  hands  we  had  fallen,  we  resolved  to  let  the 
adventure  take  its  course. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  107. 
We  first  behold  the  feet, 
Then  the  huge,  grasping  hands  ;  at  last  the  frown 
On  what  should  be  the  face  of  this  Afreet. 

R.  H.  Stoddard,  Guests  of  the  State. 

Afrogsean  (af-ro-je'au),  a.  [<  L.  Afer,  Afri- 
can, +  Ur.  ;aia,  yi],  earth,  land.]  In  zoogeog., 
Afi-ican  or  Ethiopian.  Applied  by  Gill  to  a  prime 
realm  or  zoological  division  of  the  earth's  laud-surface, 
including  Africa  south  of  the  desert  of  Sahara,  with  Mada- 
gascar, the  Mascarenes,  and  perhaps  the  Arabian  penin- 
sula. 

k  froid  (ii  frwo').  [F. :  a,  to,  with,  <  L.  ad,  to ; 
froid,  <.\j.  frigidus,co\A:  see  frigid.']  Inceram., 
applied  without  heat;  not  baked  or  fired.  Said 
of  decoration  applied  to  pottery,  glass,  or  the  like,  by  or- 
dinary painting  or  gilding,  and  which  therefore  can  be 
scraped  or  washed  away. 

afront  (a-frimf),  irrej).  i)hr.  as  adv.  and  jirep. 
[ia'i  +  front.  Cf.  affrmit.]  I.  adv.  Face  to 
face ;  in  front ;  abreast. 

These  four  came  all  a-front  and  mainly  thrust  at  me. 

Stiak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Il.t  I'rej}.  In  front  of :  as,  «f/'oni  the  foe. 
afti  (aft),  a.  and  adr.  [<  ME.  *aft,  *afte,  *nften, 
<  AS.  aftan,  behind,  in  the  rear,  <  Goth,  aftana, 
from  behind,  <  afta,  behind,  back;  forms  de- 
veloped from  the  comparative,  AS.  after  = 
Goth,  aftra :  see  after,  and  cf.  leel.  aptr  (pro- 
noimced  and  formerly  spelled  aftr),  back,  back- 
ward, aft.]  2faut.,  in,  near,  or  toward  the  stern 
of  a  ship :  as,  the  aft  part  of  the  ship ;  haul  aft 
the  main-sheet,  that  is,  further  toward  the 
stern — Flat  aft,  hauled  aft  as  far  as  possible:  said  of  a 
fore-and-aft  sail.— Fore  and  aft.  lengthwise  or  through- 
out the  whole  lenytli  of  a  sliip.— Fore-and-aft  sail.  See 
/or.'  r(»f(-n//,  — Right  aft,  in  a  direct  line  with  the  stern. 
aft2,aften(aft,af'n),orft'.  Oft;  often.  [Scotch.] 
aftaba  (af'ta-ba),  )i.  [Pers.  aftaba,  a  ewer.]  A 
vessel  for  water,  like  an  aiguiJre  with  handle 
and  long  spout,  made  in 
Persia  and  northern  India, 
conmionly  of  metal,  and 
decorated  with  enamels  or 
damascening,  it  is  used  with 
a  basin  having  a  perforated  lid 
for  washing  the  hands  before 
and  after  eating.  Sometimes 
written  iiftahi-h. 

^  aftcastle  (aft'kas-1),  n.  [< 
aft  +  ctmtlr.  Cf.  forecas- 
tle.'] yaiit.,  an  elevation 
formerly  placed  on  the 
after  part  of  ships  of  war, 
to  aid  in  fighting. 

Aftaba    of    copper    wilh  after    (after),  rtffc,  prCj)., 

<  ME.  after,  a-fter,  ejler, 
etc.,  <  AS.  (Bfter,  adv.,  after,  afterward,  back, 
=  OS.  aftar,  after  =  OFries.  cfter  =  D.  acliter 
=  leel.  aptr,  aftr  =  Dan.  Sw.  efter  =  OHG.  af- 
tar, after  =  (Joth.  aftra,  after,  again,  backward. 


104 

etc.,  =  Gr.  atraripu,  further  off,  =  OPers.  apa- 
tarani,  further;  all  adverbs,  compar.  forms,  < 
"/-)  "/'"  (=  txoth.  «/=  AS.  and  E.  of,  prep.,  q. 
v.),  off,  +  compar.  suffix  -ter,  -tar;  hence  af- 
ter orig.  meant  '  more  off,  further  off.'  (2)  After, 
prep.,  <  ME.  after,  teftcr,  etc.,  <  AS.  after,  prep., 
after,  behind,  along,  =  OS.  aflar,  after  =  OFries. 
efter  =  D.  achter  =  Icel.  cp'tir,  eftir  =  Dan.  Sw. 
efter  =  OHG.  aftar,  after,  prep. ;  all  from  the 
adverb.  (3)  After,  con,].,  is  an  elliptical  use  of 
the  prop.]  I.  adr.  1.  liehind;  in  the  rear:  as, 
to  follow  (//?<'*•. —  2.  Later  in  time  ;  afterward: 
as,  it  was  about  the  space  of  three  hours  after. 
First,  let  her  show  her  face ;  and,  after,  speak. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  v.  1. 

II.  prep.    1.  Behind  in  place  :  as,  men  placed 

in  a  line  one  after  another. 

Many  of  the  warriors,  roused  by  his  [Hamet's]  words 
and  his  example,  spurred  resolutely  after  his  banner. 

Irvinrt.  Granada,  p.  205. 

2.  Later  in  time  than  ;  in  succession  to ;  at  the 
close  of :  as,  after  supper. 

After  life's  fitful  fever  he  sleeps  well. 

Sliak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  2. 
For  life  is  sweet,  but  after  life  is  death. 

Su'inbunte,  Ballad  of  Burdens. 

3.  In  pursuit  of ;  in  search  of ;  ■with  or  in  de- 
sire for. 

After  whom  is  the  king  of  Israel  come  out  ? 

1  Sam.  xxiv.  14. 

As  the  hart  panteth  after  the  water-brooks,  so  panteth 

my  soul  after  thee,  0  God.  Ps.  xlii.  1. 

That  [habit  of  mind]  which  chooses  success  for  its  aim 

and  covets  after  popularity. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  20. 

4.  In  imitation  of,  or  in  imitation  of  the  style 
of :  as,  to  make  a  thing  after  a  model ;  after  the 
French ;  after  the  antique ;  after  Raphael. 

He  gave  his  only  son  the  name  of  Orlando,  after  the 
celebrated  hero  of  Roncesvalles. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  1. 

5.  According  to ;  in  proportion  to ;  in  accor- 
dance with:  as,  "after  their  intrinsic  value," 
Bacon,  War  ■with  Spain. 

0  Lord,  deal  not  with  us  after  oiu-  sins.  .  .  .  Neither 
reward  us  after  our  iniquities.  Common  Prayer. 

6.  According  to  the  natvire  of;  in  agreement 
or  unison  with  ;  in  conformity  to. 

For  if  ye  live  after  the  flesh,  ye  shall  die.   Rom.  viii.  13. 

Mr.  Partridge  has  been  lately  pleased  to  treat  me  after 
a  very  rough  manner.  Swift,  Bickerstalf  Papers. 

Tlie  captive  king  readily  submitted  to  these  stipulations, 
and  swore,  after  the  manner  of  his  faith,  to  observe  them 
with  exactitude.  Irvimj,  Granada,  p.  144. 

7.  Below  in  rank  or  excellence ;  next  to  :  as, 
Milton  is  usually  placed  after  Shakspere  among 
English  poets. — 8.  Concerning:  as,  to  inquire 
after  a  person. 

Thus  much  may  give  us  light  after  what  sort  Bookes 
were  prohibited  among  the  Greeks. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  S. 

1  told  him  you  had  sent  me  to  inquire  after  his  health, 
and  to  know  if  he  was  at  leisiu-e  to  see  you. 

Stieridan,  The  Rivals,  ii.  1. 

9.  Subsequent  to  and  in  consequence  of :  as, 
after  what  has  happened  I  can  never  return. — 
To  look  or  see  after,  to  attend  to  ;  take  care  of  :  as,  he 
hired  a  boy  to  loi<k  after  the  fm-nace. 

III.  conj.  Subsequent  to  the  time  that. 

A  r'ter  I  am  risen  again,  I  will  go  before  you  into  Galilee. 

Mat.  xxvi.  32. 
=  Syn.  Behind,  After.  See  behind. 
after  (after),  a.  [<  ME.  after,  after,  etc.,  adj., 
merged  ■with  after,  adv.,  in  loose  eomp.  like  af- 
ter-past, etc. ;  <  AS.  aftera,  fern,  and  neut.  «•/- 
tere,  adj.,  <  (efter,  adv.  and  prep.]  1.  Later  in 
time  ;  subsequent ;  succeeding :  as,  an  after 
period  of  life.  [After  in  composition  may  be  either 
the  adjective  in  loose  combination,  where  the  hyphen  is 
optional :  as,  an  a.fter  period,  after-a<]e>< ;  or  the  adverb, 
qualifying  a  verbal  form,  or  depending  logically  on  a  verb 
implied :  as,  after-past,  the  aftereome.  aftergrowth.  The 
loose  combinations  are  very  numerous ;  only  a  few  are 
here  given.] 

So  smile  the  Heavens  upon  this  holy  act 
That  after-hoMl^  with  sorrow  chide  us  not ! 

Shah.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  6. 
To  c^(er-age  thou  Shalt  be  writ  the  man. 
That  with  smooth  air  couldst  humour  best  our  tongue. 
Milton,  Sonnets,  viii. 
Wlieresoever  I  am  sung  or  told 
In  after-time,  this  also  shall  be  known. 

Tennitsoii,  Slorte  d'Arthur. 
2.  Xaut. :  (a)  Further  aft,  or  toward  the  stern 
of  the  ship :  as,  the  o//er-sails ;  the  «/f('c-hatch- 
■n'ay.  (i)  Pertaining  to  the  after-body  of  a 
ship:  as,  o/Vfr-timbers.-AJter-cabin, after-peak, 

after-sail,  after-yard.     See  the  respective  nouns. 

afterbirth  (after-berth),  «.  1.  That  which  is 
expelled  fi'om  the  uterus  after  the  birth  of  a 
child.  It  includes  the  placenta,  part  of  the 
umbilical  cord,  and  the  membranes  of  the 
ovum.     Also  called  sccundines. — 2.  A  posthu- 


afterings 

mous  birth  ;  a  birth  occurring  after  the  father's 
last  will,  or  after  his  death  :  used  as  a  transla-  ' 
tion  of  ai/natio  in  Homan  law. 

after-body  (after-bod'i),  n. ;  pi.  after-bodies 
(-iz).  Tliat  part  of  a  sliip's  hull  which  is  abaft 
the  midships  or  dead-flat. 

afterbrain  (after-bran),  H.  That  part  of  the 
brain  which  lies  behind  the  hind  brain ;  the  last 
encephalic  segment,  following  the  hind  brain; 
the  medulla  oblongata  as  far  as  the  pons  Varo- 
lii :  called  metenccphalon  by  Wilder  and  Gage, 
and  myelencephalon  by  Huxley  and  others.  See 
these  words. 

afterburthent  (af'ter-ber'THn),  n.  The  af- 
terbirtli.      Also  ■written  afterburden. 

afterclap  (af  ter-klap),  K.  [<  ME.  afterctap, 
aftereldjipe,  i  after  +  clajipe  :  see  clajA.'\  An 
unexpected  subsequent  event;  something  hap- 
pening after  an  affair  is  supposed  to  be  at  an 
end. 

Those  dreadful  afterclapg.         South,  Sermons,  VI.  227. 
To  spare  a  little  for  an  afterclap 
Were  not  improvidence. 

Massinger,  The  Benegado,  i.  .1. 

aftercome  (after-kum),  >i.  What  comes  after; 
consequence.     [Scotch.] 

And  how  are  you  to  stand  the  after-come  I 

Hogg,  Brownie  o'  Bodsbeck,  ii.  9. 

aftercrop  (af  ter-krop),  n.    A  second  crop  in 
the  same  5'ear. 
after-damp  (after-damp),  n.    The  irrespirable 
gas  left  in  a  coal-mine  after  an  explosion  of 
fire-damp  (which  see).     It  consists  chiefly  of 
carbonic-acid  gas  and  nitrogen, 
after-egg  (af  ter-eg),  11.     Same  as  vietovum. 
after-eyet  (af-ter-i'),  v.  t.     To  keep  in  ^aew. 
Thou  shouldst  have  made  him 
As  little  as  a  crow,  or  less,  ere  left 
To  after-eye  lum.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  4. 

afterfeed  (after-fed),  ?;.  Grass  that  grows  after 
the  first  crop  has  been  mown,  and  is  fed  off  in- 
stead of  being  cut  as  aftermath. 

after-game  (af  ter-giim),  ».  A  second  game 
plaj'ed  in  order  to  reverse  or  improve  the  issues 
of  the  first ;  hence,  the  methods  taken  after  the 
first  turn  of  affairs — After-game  at  Irish,  an  old 
game  resembling  backgammon.     ^V.  i'.  D. 

after-gland  (after-gland),  H.  In  mech.,  apiece 
which  grasps  a  part  of  any  mechanism  and 
transmits  lorce  to  it. 

afterglow  (af 'ter-gl6),  n.  1.  The  glow  fre- 
quently seen  in  the  sky  after  sunset. 

The  after-glow  oi  the  evening  suffused  the  front  of  the 
chapel  with  a  warm  light. 

C.  W.  Stoddard,  South-Sea  Idyls,  p.  239. 
Frequentlyin  the  mouth  of  November  my  attention  had 
been  called  to  the  intense  coloring  of  the  sky,  and  brilliant 
red  afterglows,  slowly  fading  away,  and  lasting  long  after 
the  sun  had  set.  Science,  III.  121. 

2.  A  second  or  secondary  glow,  as  in  heated 
metal  before  it  ceases  to  be  incandescent. 

aftergrass  (af  ter-gras),  n.  A  second  growth 
of  gi-ass  in  a  mo'wn  field,  or  grass  growing 
among  the  stubble  after  han-est. 

aftergrowth  (af 'ter-gi'6th),  n.  A  second  growth 
or  crop  springing  up  after  a  previous  one  has 
been  removed;  hence,  any  development  natu- 
rally arising  after  any  change,  social  or  moral. 

The  after-groiettis  which  would  have  to  be  torn  up  or 
broken  through.  J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  II.  ii.  §  2. 

afterguard  (af  ter-gard),  n.  In  men-of-war, 
that  division  of  the  crew  which  is  stationed  on 
the  quarter-deck  to  work  the  after-sails,  etc., 
generally  composed  of  ordinary  seamen  and 
landsmen  who  are  not  required  to  go  aloft; 
hence,  a  drudge;  one  occupying  an  inferior 
position. 

While  in  the  steerage,  however  useful  and  active  you 
may  be,  you  are  but  a  mongrel, — a  sort  of  afterguard  and 
"ship's  cousiu."  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  67. 

afterhind  (af'ter-hind\  adr.  [<  after  +  hind^, 
as  in //«'/i(Hrf.]  Afterward.  Also  written  a/Yer- 
iiin,  afterhint.     [Scotch.] 

after-hold  (after-hold),  n.  Xaiit.,  that  portion 
of  the  hold  of  a  ship  which  lies  between  the 
mainmast  and  the  stern. 

The  Glasgow  w.is  in  flames,  the  steward  having  set  fire  to 
her  while  stealing  nun  out  of  the  after-hold. 

Southey,  Life  of  Nelson,  I.  •28. 

after-hood  (af  t^r-hud),  h.  Xaut..  that  portion 
of  the  after  end  of  a  vessel's  bottom  plank  which 
is  fastened  to  the  stern-post. 

after-image  (afti-r-im  aj),  ».  An  image  per- 
ceived after  withdrawing  the  eye  from  a  bril- 
liantly ilhmiinated  object.  Such  images  are  called 
positiv'e  when  their  colors  are  the  same  as  those  of  the 
object,  and  negative  when  they  are  its  complementiu-y 
coloi"s. 

afteringS  ( af  ter-ingz),  n.  pi.  [<  after  +  -ing-s.] 
1.  The  last  milk  di-awu  in  milking;  strippings. 


Tt  wore  only  yestenlay 
pail  \yi'  t'  aflfriniiii  in;  she  kiiiiwud  it  weri;  aj'terinrit!  as 
well  as  any  Ciil'iatian.       Mrs.  Oaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xv, 

2t.  Figuratively,  remaiuing dregs;  concluding 
incidfuts  or  events. 


afti^rings  of  Christ's  siltTerin^s. 
Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  No, 


afterings  105 

■  aimcdher  Icr  rlRht  at  t'  afterthoughtcd  (af '  t(r-tlia''' ted),  a.     Having 
iil'tcrlliiiUKlits.     li.  'J'di/lor. 
after-wale  (iif'ter-wal),  «.  Insaddlery,  the  body 
of  a  collar ;    the   portion   against  which  the 
hamoa  bear. 

afterward,  afterwards  (af'ter-wiird,  -wardz), 
iidf.  [<  MK.  (ifliririird,  also  in  the  rare  gen. 
form  (iftirii-iirdis,  <  AS.  ii-flcriceiird,  adj.,  be- 
hind,<«;/V(r,  adv., -I-  -wiard,  >E.  -ward,  toward.] 
In  later  or  subsecjuent  time  ;  subsequently. 

In  mathematics,  when  once  a    proposition  lias   been 
Uenionstrated,  it  is  never  afterwards  contested. 

Macaulaij,  Von  Ranke. 

after-wise  (af  t^r-wiz),  a.  [<  after  +  wvwfl.] 
Wise  alter  the  event;  wise  when  it  is  too  late; 
at'ter-witted. 


■rhrsr  are  the 

"■    ,  36. 

aftermath  (af't^r-math),  n.  [<after  +  »iiilh.'\ 
A  seeond  mowing  of  grass  from  the  same  land  in 
the  same  season.  Also  called  lutteniidth,  raircii, 
or  niurtt,  and  in  some  places,  when  left  long  on 
the  grounil,  for/. 

So  by  many  a  sweep 
of  meadow  smooth  from  (Aftermath  we  reaeh'd 
The  griltin-^nurded  fiates.     Tcnnygon,  Audley  Court. 
To  reap  an  a/termath 
Of  youth's  vainglorious  weeds. 

Lowell,  Comm.  Ode. 

aftermost  (after-most),  a.  siiperl.  [<  ME.  ti/trr- 
iiHst,  ifleiiicst,  <  AS.  (vftemest,  ivftciiii/xt  =  Goth. 
aftitmi.tl!^,  the  last,  supcrl.  of  aftuimt,  the  last,  it- 
self a  superl.,  <  <if-  (see  aflcr)  +  -tu-iiui,  a  doulil(< 
suporl.  suffix  associated  with  the  eompar.  suffix 
-ta-ra,  AS.  and  E.  -ler,  as  in  after,  q.  v.  In  af- 
termost the  r  is  inserted  in  imitation  of  after, 
and  -mest  is  changed  to  -most  in  imitation  of 
moit,  superl.  of  more,  q.  v.  Soforeiiiont,  hind- 
most, iiiiiiofil,  outmo.'it,  etc.:  see -«/<«/.]  Hind- 
most; iiaut.,  nearest  the  stern:  opposed  to  fore- 
most.   [Little  used  except  in  the  nautical  sense.] 

afterness  (af  ter-nes),  «.  [<  after,  a.,  +  -Hfss.] 
Tlie  state  of  being  or  coming  after. 

afternoon  (af-ter-nSn'),  M.  and  a.     [<  ME.  uftrr- 
noii,  orig.  preij.  plir^aflernoiic :  see  after, prep 
and  )(00H.]     i.  n 
extends  from  noon  to  evening, 

II.  '(.  Pertaining  to  the  after  part  of  the  day : 
as,  afternoon  shadows. 

afternoon-ladies  (af  tfer-non-la'diz),  n.yh  [Cf. 

F.  belle  de  unit,  lit.  the  beauty  of  night.]     In 
bot.,  a  species  of  the  four-o'clock,  ^ilirabitis  Ja- 
lapa  or  M.  longiflora:  so  called  from  its  flow- 
ers opening  only  toward  evening, 
marcel  of  Pern. 


There  are  such  as  we  may  call  the  a/Ur-wise,  who,  when 
any  project  fails,  foresaw  all  the  inconveniences  that 
wiiuld  arise  from  it,  though  they  kept  their  thoughts  to 
tlu-mselves.  AddisuH. 

Wisdom  that,  comes 


after-'Wit  (after-wit),  n. 
after  the  event. 

After-wits  are  dearly  bought. 
Let  thy  fore-wit  guide  thy  thought.      Southwell. 
After-wit,  like  bankrupts'  debts,  stands  tallied, 
Without  all  possibilities  of  payment. 

Ford,  Broken  Heart,  iv.  1. 

after-witted  (after-wit'ed),  a.     Characterized 
by  after-wit ;  circumspect  when  it  is  too  late. 

Our  fashions  of  eating  make  us  slothfuU  and  unlusty  to 
labour,  .  .  .  n/Zpr-wi'^h^ti  (as  we  call  it),  uncircunispect,  in- 
considerate, heady,  rash.  Tymlale,  On  Mat.  vi. 

aft-gate  (aft'gat),  «.     Same  as  tail-gate.     See 

That  part  of  the  day  which     '""''■      ,,,.-.,     -,\  ,  ,  4    t, 

1  to  evening  aft-mealt  (aft'mel),  «.   A  meal  accessory  to  the 

jirineipal  meal,  as  dessert  to  dinner  ;  a  subse- 
quent or  late  meal. 
At  aft-meales  who  shall  paye  for  the  wine  ? 

Thynne,  Debate,  p.  49. 

aftmost  (aft'most),  a.  super!.     [<  aft  +  -most.'\ 

Xaut.,  situated  nearest  the  stern. 

Alsocalled  aftward,  aftwards  (aff  ward,  -wiirdz),  adv.    [< 
aft  +  -ward,  -ii-ards.}     yaiit.,  toward  the  steru 
after-note  (af  ter-ndt),  n.     In  music,  the  second     or  hinder  part  of  a  vessel, 
or  unaccented  note,  the  first  of  every  two  notes  ag-.    Assimilated  form  of  Latm  ad-  before  ;/. 
being  naturally  accented ;  one  or  more  small     f'ee  ad-.  .,        ■,    t      7 

notes  that  are  not  appoggiaturas,  but  belong  Ag.    [Abbrev.ofL.  rtrjrcHtem,  silver.]    In  eliem., 
to  the  preceding  instead  of  the  succeeding  note,     the  symbol  for  silver. 
after-pains  (after-panz),  n.  j)l.     The  uterine  A.  G.    An.  ahhveyiiitwyx  oi  adpitant-</eHeral. 
pains  which  occur  in  childbirth  after  the  ex 
pulsion  of  the  child 


# 


r., 


'1^ 


FeaUier  from  Argus  Pheasant. 
a,  d,  main  stem ;  d,  calamus ;  a. 
rachis :  c,  €,  c,  vanes,  cut  away  on 
right  side  in  order  not  to  interfere 
with  view  of  *.  the  aftershaft.  the 
whole  of  the  left  vane  of  which  is  Hke- 
wise  cut  away. 


and  the  afterbirth. 
afterpiece    (af'ter- 

pcs ),  n .  A  short  di'a- 
luatic  entertainment 
performed  after  the 
jirincijial  play. 

after-rake    (af'ter- 

rfik),  n.  [<  after  + 
}'«A(,]  Xaut.,  that 
part  of  the  hull  of  a 
vessel  which  over- 
hangs the  after  end 
of  the  keel. 
aftershaft    ( af '  ter  - 

shaft ),  n.  [A  tr.  of 
the  term  hi/jMtrachis, 
coined  by  Nitzsch, 
who  used  it  for  the 
whole  of  a  supple- 
mentary feather,  as 
described  below ; 
and  this  usage  is 
customary.  Later 
Suudevall  restricted  hyporachis,  and  conse- 
quently aftershaft,  to  the  shaft  alone  of  such  a 
feather,  the  whole  of  which  he  called  liypopti- 
/«»(.]  hi  ornith.:  (<;)  A  supplementary  feather 
growing  out  of  a  feather;  the  hypoptilum. 

The  a.fter:<!lfa.ft,  when  well  developed,  is  like  a  duplicate 
in  miniature  of  the  main  feather,  from  the  stem  of  which 
it  springs,  at  junction  of  calanms  with  rhaehis,  close  by  the 
umbilicus.  Cones,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  84. 

(?>)  The  shaft  of  such  a  supplementary  feather. 
Also  called  liijjioroehis. 

aftershafted  (af 'ti'r-shaf  "ted),  a.  Having 
aftirshafts:  as,  " plumage a/<er-s7(f;/<ed,"CoMC.v, 
Key  to  N.  A.  Birds, 
afterthought  (af'ti''r-that),  H.  1.  A  later  or 
seciiiiil  thought. —  2.  Reflection  after  an  act; 
some  consideration  that  occurs  to  one's  mind 
too  late,  or  after  the  performance  of  the  act  to 
which  it  refers. 

A.ftrr-thQitght.  and  idle  care. 
And  doubts  of  iiiotley  hue,  and  dark  desjiair. 

Dniden,  Fables. 

Christianity  is  not  an  afterthoxiaht  of  Ood.  but  a  fore- 
thought, llushiull,  Xat.  aiid  the  Supernal.,  p.  3L 


aga  (a'gii  or  a'gii),  «.  [<  Tui'k.  ar/lia,  a  great 
lord,  commander,  <  Tatar  aha  (Mahn).]  1.  A 
title  formerly  given  to  great  chiefs  in  Tiu-key, 
and  especially  to  the  commander-in-chief  of 
the  janizaries. 

There  came  a  vast  body  of  dragoons,  of  different  nations, 
under  the  leading  of  Harvey,  their  great  a<ja. 

Swi,ft,  Battle  of  Books. 

2.  A  title  of  respect  given  to  village  magnates 
and  petty  gentlemen  in  Turkey. 

He  did  not  care  for  a  monk,  and  not  much  for  an  agou- 
menos ;  but  he  felt  small  in  the  presence  of  a  mighty 
Turkish  aya.       B.  Curzon,  ilonast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  375. 

Also  s]ielled  agha. 
agabanee  (atr-a-bii'iie),  n.  A  cotton  fabric  em- 
broideretl  with  silk,  made  in  Aleppo. 
agacella  (ag-a-sd'a),  «.  [A  quasi-Latin  form 
of  ahia.:(l,  q.  v.]  "In  her.,  an  antelope,  or  a 
tiger  with  horns  and  hoofs. 
agada,  agadic,  etc  Same  as  haggada,  etc. 
again  (a -gen',  a-gan'),  adr.,  prep.,  and  conj. 
[The  usual  pron.  a-gen'  is  that  of  the  sj)elling 
ageii,  which  is  still  occasionally  used,  esp.  in 
poetry;  the  pron.  a-gjin'  foUows  the  usual  spell- 
ing a'qain.  The  ME.  forms  were  numerous  (of 
various  types,  agen,  again,  ayen,  ayain,  ayan, 
etc.),  namely,  agen,  again,  agein,  agayn,  ageyn, 
oqain  (and  with  final  -c,  againe,  etc.),  ayen, 
dijein,  uyeyn,  etc.,  a^cn,  again,  agein,  ogein,  etc., 
earlier  angen,  ongcin,  <  AS.  ongegn,  ongcn,  on- 
gedn,  later  dgC'n,  dgedn  (=  OS.  angegin  =  OHG. 
ingagan,  ingegin,  ingagcne,  ingegane,  MHG.  in- 
gegcnc,  engegene,  engegen,  G.  (H^f^cf/rn  =  leel. 
ig'egn  (for  'in  gegn)  =  Dan.  igjen  =  Sw.  igen), 
adv.  and  prop.,  <  on-  for  an-  (in  G.  and  Scand. 
jK-),  orig.  and-,  again,  back,  +  "gegn,  gran,  in 
comp.  gegn-,  geagn-,  gedii-,  over  against:  see 
rt-5,  gaini,  and  gain-.  Cf.  against.]  I.  adr. 
1.  Of  motion  or  direction :  Back;  in  the  oppo- 
site ilirection;  to  or  toward  a  former  or  the 
original  position;  to  the  same  place  or  person: 
often  strengthened  with  bad: 

He  nyste  whetliir  hym  was  mostc  layn, 
For  to  fyghte  or  turne  ayayn. 
Bich.  Coer  de  Lion,  1.  o'299  (in  Weber,  lletr.  Rom.,  II.). 
On  Marie  I  jirayd  them  take  good  hcde. 
To  that  I  cam  ayaiie.     Towneley  .Mysteries,  p.  78. 
Bring  us  word  again  by  «  hat  way  we  must  go  ui). 

Oeut.  i.  22. 


against 

I  have  pursued  mine  emrnies.  ami  destroyed  them;  and 
turned  not  again  till  1  had  cotisumed  them. 

2  Sam.  xxii.  38. 

2.  Of  action:  Back;  in  return;  in  reply,  re- 
sponse, answer,  echo. 

Do  good,  and  lend,  hoping  for  nothing  ayain. 

Luke  vl.  35. 

Who  art  thou  that  answerest  again?  Rom.  ix.  20. 

All  Israel  shouted  with  a  great  shout,  80  that  the  earth 
rang  ayain.  1  Sam.  iv.  5. 

1  knit  my  hand-kercher  about  your  brows:  .  .  . 
And  I  did  never  ask  it  you  ayain.     Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  L 

He  laughed  till  the  glasses  on  the  sideboard  rang  ayain. 
Dieluns,  rickwiek,  I.  2«l. 

3.  Of  action  or  fact  as  related  to  time,  or  of 
time  simply:  Once  more;  in  addition;  .another 
time;  anew:  marking  repetition — («)  Of  action 
or  existence :  as,  to  do  anything  again  ;  he  had 
to  make  it  all  over  again. 

I  will  nota/zdi'ncurse  thegroundanymore,  .  .  .  neither 

will  I  ayain  smite  any  more  every  thing  living,  as  I  have 

done.  <Jen.  viii.  21. 

If  a  man  die,  shall  he  live  ayain!  Job  xiv.  14. 

Quicken  the  Past  to  life  ai^ain. 

Whittier,  The  Norseman. 

(ft)  Of  number  or  quantity:  only  in  the  jArasea 
as  much  or  as  many  again  (=  twice  as  much  or 
as  many),  half  as  much  again  (=  once  and  a 
half  as  much),  etc.  (0)  Of  kind  or  character: 
marking  resemblance. 

lliere  is  not  in  the  worhl  ayain  such  a  spring  and  semi- 
nary of  brave  military  people  as  in  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland.  Jiacvn. 

4.  Of  succession  of  thought:  Once  more;  in 
continuation ;  in  an  additional  case  or  instance ; 
moreover;  besides  (marking  transition) ;  on  the 
other  hand  (marking  contrast). 

Again,  there  is  sprung  up 
An  heretic,  an  arch  one,  Cranmer. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

He  was  sometimes  sad,  and  sometimes  a.rtain  profusely 
merry.  Burton,  Anat.  of  >lel.,  p.  49. 

Again  and  again,  often  ;  with  frequent  repetition. 

(lot id  Ixiuks  shoulil  be  read  ayain  and  ayain,  and  thought 
at>out,  talked  about,  considered  and  re-consitlereii. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  3-23. 

Now  and  again,  now  and  then;  occasionally.— One© 
and  again,  reijeatedly. 

The  effects  of  which  he  had  o>u;e  and  ayain  experienced. 

Brougham. 

To  and  again,  to  and  fro  ;  backward  and  forward. 
[The  adverli  ayain  was  much  used  in  Middle  Eiigli.sh,  and 
less  fretiuently  in  Ant-'lo-Saxon,  in  loose  composition  with 
verbs  or  verlial  tlerivatives,  as  equivalent  to,  and  gener- 
ally as  an  express  translation  of,  the  Latin  prefix  re-,  as  in 
again-fiqid  (L.  re-jmynare),  atiain-risiny  (L.  re-surreelio), 
ayain-b'uy  (L.  red-iinere),  ayam-stand  (L.  re-siitere);  or  of 
Latin  contra-,  as  aiiaiii-say  (L.  contra-dicere),  etc. ;  being 
in  this  use  variable  with  gain-,  q.  v.  Only  a  few  such  com- 
pounds are  entered  below.) 
Il.t  Jirep.   Against. 

Ayeyn  another  hethen  in  Turkye. 

Cliaucer,  Gen.  I'rol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  e6. 

[Ayain,  prep.,  was  formerly  in  use  in  all  the  senses  of 
aqainst  by  which  in  literary  use  it  has  been  <lis|>laeed.  It 
is  still  common  in  dialectal  speech,  pronounced  agen  or 
agin:  as,  I  have  nothing  a;// Ji  him.] 

Ill.t   conj.     Against    the    time    that:    like 
against,  conj.    [In  this  use  now  only  dialectal.] 
Bid  your  felli>ws 
Get  all  their  flails  ready  again  I  come. 
B.  J'tnstin,  F.very  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

againhuyt  (a-gen'bi),  v.  t.     [<ME.  agen-,  ayen- 
hyen,  etc. ;  a,  lit.  tr.  of  L.  redimere,  redeem:  see 
redeem.]     To  redeem. 
■\Ve  hopeden  that  he  should  have  againltonght  Israel. 

Wyclif,  Luke  xxiv.  21. 

againrisingt  (a-gen'ri'zing),  11.     [<  ME.  agen-, 

aycn-rising,  etc.,  often  transposed,  rising  agen, 

etc. ;  a  lit.  tr.  of  L.  rcsurrectio.]    Kesurrection. 

The  (tgainrising  of  deede  men.  Wyclif,  R(nn.  i.  4. 

againsawt  (a-gen'sa),  n.  [<  ME.  again-saw, 
-sagh,  etc..  <  again  +  .<air,  a  saying:  see  soifS.j 
Contradiction ;  gainsaying. 

againsayt  (a-gen'sa),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  agen-,  ayen- 
.<(■;/<'«,  etc.,  <  agen-,  ayen-,  etc.,  -t-  -seyen,  -seggen, 
etc.,  a  lit.  tr.  of  L.  contradieere:  see  contradict. 
Now  gainsay,  q.  v.]     Obsolete  form  of  gainsay. 

against  (a-gensf.  a-ganst'),  prep,  and  eooj. 
[In  pron.  and  form  like  again  +  st;  <  ME.  agenst, 
aqatptst,  a<ieiinst,  iigrynest,  etc.,  ayenst,  agenst, 
agehest,  etc.,' with  added  t,  as  in  betuixt,  whilst, 
etc.,  the  earlier  forms  being  agens,  agenes, 
agains,  agayns,  agcins,  ageynes,  etc.,  ayens, 
ayeins,  ayenis,  agenes,  ageines,  ageynes.  etc., 
■with  adverbial  gen.  ending  -es,  <  again,  agen, 
ayen,  etc. :  see  again.  Cf.  AS.  td-gedncs,  simi- 
larly formed,  -with  prefix  it}-,  to.]  I.  prep.  1. 
Of  motion  or  direction :  In  an  opposite  direc- 
tion to,  so  as  to  meet;  (a)  toward;  (b)  upon: 


against 

as,  to  strike  against  a  rork;  tlio  rain  boats 
against  the  window;  to  ride  against  the  wind. 

Agatfnf  liis  (laughter  liastilk-h  gotli  lu'. 

Chaiici;  (.'lerks  Xalu,  1.  UU. 
The  birds  nuatih^f  tlic  April  wind 
Flew  imrthwaril.  singing  as  tlicy  flew. 

iVIiillur,  What  the  liirds  Said. 

2.  Of  position:  («)  In  an  opposite  position; 
directly  opposite;  in  front  of:  in  this  sense 
often  i)recoded  by  over :  as,  a  ship  is  against 
the  mouth  of  a  river. 

[Aaron]  lighted  the  lamps  thereof  over  againxt  the  can- 
dlestiek.  Num.  viii.  a. 

(b)  In  contact  with ;  bearing  upon:  as,  to  lean 
against  a  wall ;  in  optical  contact  with  (some- 
thing behind) ;  athwart :  as,  the  ship  loomed 
up  dark  and  grim  against  the  sky. 

He  saw 
High  up  in  heaven  the  hall  that  Merlin  built, 
Blackeuiug  against  the  dead-gi"een  stripes  of  even. 

Tt^nmfson,  Pelleas  and  Ettarre. 

3.  Of  action  or  purpose :  (a)  In  opposition  to ; 
in  contrariety  to ;  adverse  or  hostile  to :  as, 
twenty  votes  against  ten ;  against  law,  reason, 
or  public  opinion. 

His  hand  will  be  aijainjit  every  man.  Gen.  xvi.  12. 

When  a  scandalous  story  is  believed  at/aintit  one.  there 
certainl.v  is  no  comfort  like  the  consciousness  of  having 
deserved  it.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  y. 

(6)  In  resistance  to  or  defense  from :  as,  pro- 
tection Of/ains^  burglars,  cold,  fire,  etc. ;  to  warn 
one  against  danger ;  the  public  are  cautioned 
against  pickpockets. 

As  if  the  man  had  fixed  his  face. 
In  ni:iii>-  a  solitary  place, 
Affaiiu^t  the  wind  and  open  sky  ! 

Wordsioarth,  Peter  Bell,  i.  26. 

(c)  In  provision  for ;  in  preparation  for ;  in  an- 
ticipation of ;  with  reference  to. 

Affainst  the  day  of  my  burying  hath  she  kept  this. 

John  xii.  7. 
It  was  now  high  time  to  retire  and  take  refreshment 
agaiiuft  the  fatigues  of  the  following  day. 

Gottlsmitti,  A^icar,  iii. 

(d)  In  exchange  for;  in  return  for;  as  a  bal- 
ance to:  as,  an  exporter  draws  against  mer- 
chandise shipped. 

Vavasours  subdivide  again  to  vassals,  exchanging  land 
and  cattle,  human  or  otherwise,  atjaintit  fealty. 

llollei/',  Dutch  Republic,  I.  28. 
Against  the  grain.  See,ffrai;ii.— Against  the  sun,  in  a 
direi'tioii  contiaiy  to  the  apparent  nio\enieiit  of  tlie  sun. 
—Against  time.  (")  Literally,  in  cunipctition  witli  time  : 
as,  a  match  ur  a  race  a!faiii.^t  tiun',  that  is,  with  the  effort 
to  finish  before  the  close  of  a  given  time. 

I  always  felt  as  if  I  was  riding  a  race  against  time, 

Dickeiis. 
(b)  For  the  purpose  of  consuming  time :  as,  he  talked 
against  time,  that  is,  merely  to  gain  time,  a  method  some- 
times adopted  by  members  of  legislative  and  deliberative 
assemljlies  who  desire  to  defeat  some  measure  or  motion 
by  lapse  of  time,  or  to  gain  time  for  supporters  to  assem- 
ble.—To  he  against,  to  be  unfavorable  to:  .is,  the  bid  is 
agtiiiisl  viMi,  tliat  Is.  in  favor  of  s^ime  other  bidder. — To 
bear  against,  to  bristle  against,  to  go  against,  etc. 
Sec  these  verbs.— To  run  against,  to  meet  accidentally. 

II.  conj.  (by  ellipsis).  Againstthe  time  that; 
by  the  time  that ;  before :  as,  be  ready  against 
I  get  back.     [Now  only  eoUoq.  or  dial.] 

Throw  on  another  log  of  wood  against  father  comes 
home.  '  Dickens,  Pickwick. 

againstandt  (a-gen'stand),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  agein-, 
agen-standcn,  -stonden,  <  AS.  dgen-,  ongedn-stan- 
dan  :  see  again  and  stand.']  To  stand  against ; 
withstand;  oppose. 

againwardt,  ndp.  [ME.  agayn-,  again-,  ai/en- 
«■«)■(/,  etc. ;  <  again  + -ward.]  1.  Backward; 
back  again.  Chaucer. — 2.  In  return;  back. 
Sir  T.  More. — 3.  Again;  once  more. — 4.  Con- 
versely; vice  versa.  Spenser. —  5.  On  the  con- 
trary ;  on  the  other  hand.     Sir  T.  More. 

agalactia  (ag-a-lak'ti-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayaXaK- 
Ti'a,  want  of  milk,  <  a;  dXaKTOf,  wanting  milk:  see 
agalactous.]  In  patliol.,  a  deticiency  of  milk  in 
a  mother  after  childbirth.    Also  called  aqalaxij. 

agalactous  (ag-a-lak'tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ayu'laKTo^, 
wanting  milk,  <  a-  priv.  -t-  ya/.a  (yaloKT-)  =  L. 
lac  (lact-),  milk.]  Characterized  by  agalactia. 
Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

agal-agal  (ii'gal-ii'gal),  n.     Same  as  agar-of/ar. 

agalaxy  (ag'a-lak-si),  n.  Less  con-ec't  form  of 
fttjiilac/ia. 

Agalena  (ag-a-le'nii),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  li- jmv. 
+  \<"'i'''lj  repose,  calmness,  tranquillity:  in  al- 
lusion to  the  spider's  restlessness.]  A  genus 
of  true  spiders,  foimded  by  Walckenaer,  giving 
name  to  the  family  Jf/nlinida:  a.  lahirinthiea  is 
a  pretty  British  spcri,  s  wbicli  spiius  its  web  upon  herbage. 
I'sually  written,  iiu-nrrcctlj-,  Agrtena. 

agalenid  (ag-a-le'nid),  n.  A  spider  of  the 
family  A(ialcnidie. 

Agalenidae  (ag-a-le'ni-de),  «.  pi.  [ML.,  <  Aga- 
lena +  -idiv.]    A  family  of  tubitelarian  spiders, 


106 

typified  by  the  genus  Agalena,  of  the  order 

Aranea'.  'I'hey  have  an  «iblong  cephalothorax,  with  the 
large  cephalic  region  ilistinct,  and  the  upper  manimilbr 
larger  than  the  lower.  The  species  are  lunnercms,  and  l;{ 
genera  have  been  admitted  for  tlio.se  of  Kuropc.  Among 
them  are  some  of  the  most  familiar  spiders  which  spin 
tul'Ular  webs. 

agalloch  (ii-gal'ok),  n.     Same  as  agnllochum. 

agallochum  (a-gal'o-kum),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayii7.- 
/-(i,{iiii  (Dioscorides),  not,  as  stated  in  Liddell 
and  Scott's  Lexicon,  tlie  bitter  aloe,  but  the 
fragrant  wood  also  called  in  later  times  f  iv.u/.o?/, 
in  NL.  transposed  Aloexylon  (another  genus), 
translated  lignum  aloes,  E.  lign-aloes,  q.  v.;  of 
eastern  origin :  cf.  Heb.  ukh&Um,  masc.  pi.,  from 
a  sing,  akiidl,  Hind,  aghil,  Skt.  aguru,  agalloch, 
aloes-wood.  See  aloe.]  A  fragrant  wood,  the 
aloes  or  lign-aloes  of  the  Scriptures.  It  is  nmch 
used  by  the  Orientals,  and  especially  by  the  Chinese,  as  in- 
cense in  their  religious  ceremonies.  It  is  the  produce  of 
Aquilaria  Agallocha,  a  large  tree  which  gi-ows  in  the 
mountains  of  Cochin-China,  .\ssam,  and  adjoining  regions, 
and  belongs  to  the  natural  order  Thtnifeleacece.  Portions 
of  the  trunk  and  branches  become  saturated  with  a  dark 
aromatic  resin,  and  these  alone  are  used  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  incense.  The  resin  is  sometimes  extracted  by  dis- 
tillation or  infusion.  The  wood  is  also  called  calainbac, 
aloes-wood,  and  agila-,  ayal-,  or  caglewood.  See  eagle- 
wood. 

agalma  (a-gal'ma),  «. ;  pi.  agalmata  (-ma-ta). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ayaAjxa,  a  delight,  honor,  a  pleasing 
gift,  esp.  to  the  gods,  a  statue,  any  image  or  work 
of  art,  <  ir/al'Atntlai,  take  delight  in,  ajdJi/.ffr, 
honor,  glorify.]  1 .  In  hue,  the  impression  or  im- 
age of  auj-thing  upon  a  seal. —  2.  In  Gr.  autiq.,  a 
votive  offering  to  a  deity,  especially  a  statue,  but 
also  a  painting  or  any  other  art-object.  See 
etymology  of  anathema. — 3.  {cap.]  In  zoiil., 
a  genus  of  physophorous  oceanic  hydroids,  the 
type  of  the  family  Agabnida:    Eschscholt:,  1829. 

agalmatolite  (ag-al-mat'o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayaX- 
/ia{T-),  image,  -(-  >j6oc,  stone.]  A  soft  stone,  of 
a  grayish  or  greenish  color,  f  oimd  in  China  and 
elsewhere,  it  can  be  cut  with  a  knife  and  polished, 
and  in  China  is  thus  formed  into  works  of  art,  as  grotesque 
flgirres,  pagodas,  etc.  It  belongs  in  part  to  the  mineral 
pinite,  and  in  part  to  pyrophyllite  and  steatite.  Also 
cSL\\ff\  fig^i  ir-slone,  lard  stone,  bild,stein,  and  pagodite. 

Agalmidae  (a-gal'mi-de),  n.}}!.  [NL.,<  Agalma 
+  -id(C.  ]  A  family  of  physophorous  siphonoph- 
orous  hycLrozoans,  having  a  greatly  elongated 
and  spirally  twisted  stem,  the  swimming-col- 
umn with  two  or  more  rows  of  nectocalyces, 
and  hydrophyllia  and  tentacles  present. 

Agalmopsis  (a-gal-mop'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Agalma 
+  6i/iif,  appearance.]  A  genus  of  Agalmidte 
resembling  Agalma,  having  deciduous  hydro- 
phyllia  replaced  by  nectocalyces,  a  saccule  and 
an  involucre,  a  terminal  filament  and  no  vesicle. 
Sars,  1846. 

agalwood  (ag'al-wud),  n.  [See  eaglewood.] 
Same  as  agallochum. 

Agamal  (ag'a-mji),  n.  [NL.,  from  the  Carib- 
bean name.]  1.  A  genus  of  small  saurian 
reptiles,  tj^iical  of  the  family  Agamidw  (which 
see). —  2.  [?.  c]  A  member  or  species  of  the 
genus  Agama,  or  of  closely  related  genera :  with 
a  plural,  agamas  (-maz). 

Agama^  (ag'a-mil),  «.  jj?.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
agamus:  see  agamous.]  The  agamous  division 
of  moUusks.    Latreille,  1825.     See  agamous,  2. 

Agamse  (ag'a-me),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (se.  planlw), 
fern.  pi.  of  agamus:  see  agamous.]  A  name 
given  by  some  authors  to  the  large  division  of 
ei-yptogamie  plants,  which  were  fonuerly  sup- 
posed to  be  without  distinctions  of  sex. 

agami  (ag'a-mi),  n.  [F.  agamy  (1741),  now 
a  garni,  from  the  native  name  in  Guiana.]  A 
grallatorial  bird, 
Fsojihia  crejiitans, 
a  native  of  South 
-America,  often 
called  the  golden- 
breastedtrumpet- 
er.  It  is  in  body  of 
the  size  of  a  pheasant ; 
it  runs  with  great 
speed,  but  flies  poorly, 
is  easily  tamed,  aii-i 
becomes  as  docile  aiii  i 
attached  to  man  as  :, 
dog.     .See  Psoidiiidii. 

agamian^  (a-gii'- 
mi-an),  a.  and  u. 
[=!''.  agamieu,  < 
NL.  Agiima'^.]  I. 
a.  Pertaining  or 
belonging  to  the 
Agamida: 

II.  «.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  family 
Agamidw  (which 
see). 


agamoid 

agamian^  (a-gii'mi-an),  a.  [As  agamic  + 
-i-tfn.]     Stime  as  agamic. 

agamic  (a-gam'ik),  «.  [<Gr.  ajauor,  unmarried 
(sec  (/;/«/«</«,«),  +  -ic]  1.  Asexual:  in  :oi)l., 
applied  to  reproduction  without  the  congress 
of  individuals  of  opposite  sexes,  as  by  fission, 
budding,  encystmeut,  or  parthenogenesis:  used 
also  of  ova  capable  of  germination  without  im- 
pregnation. The  word  is  of  general  appli.  ati.ui  t.) 
asexual  reprtMluction.  but  has  some  special  apjili,  al>dity 
to  thephenonienaof  alternate  generation  or  di^cutinuous 
development  which  m.ay  intervene  in  ordinary  sexual  re- 
production.    Opposed  to  i/amic.     See  agamogenesis. 

The  agamic  reproduction  of  insects  and  other  animals. 

ir.  B.  Carpenter,  in  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  425. 
The  agamic  ova  may  certainly  be  produced,  and  give  rise 
to  cmblVos,  without  impregnation. 

Ihixley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  250. 

2.  In  hot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Agamw  or 
cryptogams. 

agamically  (a-gam'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  agamic 
or  asexual  manner ;  asexually. 

agamid  (ag'a-mid),  n.  A  lizard  of  the  family 
Agiimidic. 

Agamidse  (a-gam'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL..  <  Agama^ 
+  -ilia:]  A  family  of  saurian  reptiles,  order 
Lacertilia,  superf  amily  Agamoidea.  They  are  char- 
acterized by  having  a  short,  thick  tongue,  entire  (that  is, 
uncleft)  or  nearly  so,  and  not  extensible  ;  small  rhombic 
overlapping  ventral  scales  ;  a  long  tail ;  round  pupil,  and 


Agami,  or  Tnimpetet  (Psofijtia 
crepitans}. 


•—1 
Agama  bretchyura. 

eyps  provided  with  lids.  The  family  is  very  closely  re- 
lated to  the  Iguanidee,  but  the  dentition  is  acrodont,  not 
pleurodont.  It  is  named  from  the  leading  genus.  Againa 
(or  Amptdholums),  but  contains  several  others,  among 
them  Draco.  D.  votaris  is  the  so-called  flying  lizard.  The 
family  is  divided  int,.,  Agauiince  and  Draconinee. 

Agaminae  (ag-a-mi'ne),  n.  pi.  [<  AganaA  + 
-iiKc]  A  subfamily  of  agamoid  lizards  with 
no  wing-like  lateral  expansions,  a  mouth  of 
moderate  size,  and  small  conical  incisors.  It 
embraces  about  70  species,  inhabiting  Asia, 
Africa,  and  Australasia. 

agamine  (ag'a-min),  n.  A  lizard  of  the  sub- 
family Agamino'. 

agamist   (ag'a-mist),  «.     [<  Gr.  ayafio^,  unmar- 
ried (see  agamous),  +  -ist.]     One  who  does  not 
marry  ;  one  who  refuses  to  maiTy ;  one  who  op- 
poses the  institution  of  mamage. 
Agamists  and  wilful  rejecters  of  matrimonv. 

Foxe.  Book" of  Mart>T3. 

agamogenesis  (ag'a-mo-jen'e-sis),  H.  [<  Gr. 
d)  <'/""-',  unmariied  (see  agamous),  +  ycvemc,  pro- 
duction.] Non-sexual  reproduction.  (aMmool., 
the  production  of  young  without  the  congress  of  the  sexes, 
one  of  the  phenomena  of  alternate  generation  ;  partheno- 
genesis :  opposed  to  gamogenesis. 

Agamogenesis  is  of  frequent  occurrence  among  insects, 
and  occurs  under  two  extreme  forms ;  in  the  one.  the 
parent  is  a  perfect  female,  while  the  germs  have  all  the 
morphological  characters  of  eggs,  and  to  this  the  term 
parthenogenesis  ought  to  be  restricted.  In  the  other,  the 
parent  has  incomplete  female  genitalia,  and  the  germs 
have  not  the  ordinary  characters  of  insect  eggs. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  383. 
(h)  In  bot.,  natural  reproduction  by  buds,  offshoots,  cell- 
division,  etc. 

agamogenetic  (ag"a-mo-je-net'ik),  a.  [<  aga- 
niogiiasis.  after  goietic,  q.  v.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  agamogenesis;  produced  without  the  con- 
gress of  the  sexes. 

All  known  agamogenetic  processes  .  .  .  end  in  a  com- 
plete retiu-n  to  "the  primitive  stock. 

Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  312. 

agamogenetically(ag'a-m6-je-net'i-kal-i),«(?t'. 
In  an  asTtiiiiogeiietic  manner;  by  or  with  asex- 
ual generation. 

In  most  Discophora,  the  embryo  becomes  a  fixed  actin- 
ula.  .  .  .  mlUtiplies  agamogenetiealhl  by  budding,  and 
gi\es  rise  to  permanent  colonies  of  Hydrifonii  i"il\ps. 

Huxley,  .inat.  Invert,^  p.  133. 

agamoid  (ag'a-moid),  a.  and  «.  [<  Agama^  + 
-<iiil,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  In  ;ool.,  pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling the  Agamidw  or  Agamoidea. 

II.  )/.  A  lizard  of  the  family  Agamidee  or  su- 
perfamily  Agamoidea. 


Agamoidea 

Agamoidea  (aK-n-m(ii'ik»-ii),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Ai/uind^  +  -diilcd.]  Asuperfiiiiiilyoferiglossate 
liu'ertilians,  liuviiij;  concavo-convex  vertebra', 
clavicles  not  dilated  proxinially,  and  no  post- 
orbital  or  i)Ost frontal  sijnaniosal  arches.  The 
gi-oii|i  ioiiii>i'i>'^"s  tin-  faiirilies  A<riiiiiiilir,  I'liinnitlw,  Xftw- 
saiirtihi',  Xonuriflif,  and  Auffuuite.  Sue  cuts  under  A'ja- 
}iii>lir  and  Iiniftna. 

agamous  (aR'a-mns),  a.  [<  NIj.  (igamus,  <  Gr. 
u)ufioc,  without  maiTiage,  unmarried,  <  li- priv. 
-I-  jauw,  niarriafie.]  1.  In  hot.,  same  as  «(/«)«(<•. 
—  2.  In  ::ii(il.,  having  no  distinguishable  sexual 
organs.     See  iKjnmic,  1.     [Kare.] 

The  luolhiscaii  race  are  divided  into  two  l)ranches,  the 
phanerutiaiiunis  and  the  agamouK  or  erypto};aniic. 

Johntitiia,  Iiitrod.  to  Conchol. 

agamy  (ag'a-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aya/iia,  < aja/iof :  see 
ff(/((/HoH,s.]  "  Nou-marriage ;  abstention  from 
maniage,  or  rejection  or  non-recognition  of  the 
rciiuirement  of  man'iage  in  the  relation  of  the 
sexes. 

aganglionic  (a-gang-gli-ou'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
jiriv.  ('(-'")  +  (jiiii(ilioiiic.^  Characterized  by 
tlie  ul.isenee  of  ganglia. 

agapse,  ".     Plural  of  tiijapc'^. 

Agapanthus  (ag-a-pan'thus),  n.  [XL..  <  Gr. 
(i)a-i],  love  (see  tKjajit'i),  +  afOoc,  flower.]  A 
small  genus  of  ornamental  plants  belonging  to 
the  natui'al  order  LUiaceie.  The  species  are  peren- 
nial herbs  from  soutlieru  Africa,  witll  strap-shaped  radical 
leaves  and  hirge  undicls  uf  bright-blue  flowers.  They  have 
Iicrn  Ion;;  in  cultivation. 

agapel  (a-gap'  or  a-gap'),  l^rep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  (i3  +  !i(ipc.'\  With  the  mouth  wide  open  ;  in 
an  attitude  of  wonder,  expectation,  or  eager  at- 
tention. 

Dazzles  the  crowd,  and  sets  them  all  aqape. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  357. 

A  fled^-eliiiir  priest, 

Beginning  life  .  .  .  with  callnw  beak 

Aijapt'  tor  luck.     Browniiui,  Iting  and  Book,  I.  61. 

agape2  (ag'a-pe),  n. ;  pi.  ii(j<ipcv  (-pe).     [L.,  < 

Gr.  aya-atj,  love,  charity  in  the  abstract  sense ; 

a)a!rai',  to  love,  treat  with  affeetiou.]    1.  A  meal 


107 

Agaphelus  (a-gaf  e-lus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iiynv, 
very,  much,  +  ii<pt/iic,  smooth.  These  whales 
lack  the  usual  folds  or  plaits  of  the  throat.] 
The  tyiiical  genus  of  the  subfamily  .tiiiijiliili/Ki: 
,/.  r//A/«K».s- is  the  scrag-whale.    A'.  /'.  I'upr,  ls(i,s. 

agaphite  (ag'a-fit),  ».  [So  lumu'd  by  Fischer 
in  ISUi;  <..tiiiijilii,  a  naturalist  who  visited  the 
regions  in  Persia  where  tlie  turquoise  is  found, 
+  -itr-.}  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  tur- 
fjuoise,  more  especially  to  the  Hn(^  Ijlue  variety. 

Agapornis  (ag-a-p6r'nis),  «.  [>iL.,< Gr.  ayd-r/, 
love  (see  ayajiv-),  +  opwf,  a  bird.]     A  genus  of 


Agape,  or  Love.feast.    { From  Roller's  "  Catacombes  de  Rome. 


partaken  of  in  common  by  the  primitive  Chris- 
tians, originally  in  connection  with  the  Lord's 
supper.  It  W.1S  nuade  the  occasion  of  offerings  for  the 
poor,  and  closed  vvith  devotional  exercises,  including  the 
kiss  of  love,  .\ccordiiig  to  late  tisage,  agaj'a;  were  also  as- 
sociated with  wcddiiiu's.  funerals,  anniversaries  of  martyr- 
donis,  and  the  deiliration  ..f  churches.  The  loss  of  their 
original  character  and  the  ginu  tb  of  abuses  led  to  the  pro- 
hibition of  them  in  church  liuiMings,  and  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury to  their  separation  from  the  Lord's  snjiper  and  their 
gradual  discontinuance.  Vestiucsof  tlie  practice,  however, 
remained  .a-s  late  as  the  Council  of  I'.asle  in  the  flftecntb 
century,  and  customs  liistorieally  derived  from  it  are  still 
observed  by  some  denominations.     See  /owc;A•(W^ 

May  God  speed  the  universal  pentecost  and  agape  of 
his  one  Holy  Catholic  and  Apostolic  Church. 

Sehaff,  Christ  and  Christianity,  p.  20. 

2.  [cap.']  [NL.]  In  zool.,  a  genus  of  lepidop- 
terous  insects. 
Agapemone  (ag-a-pem'o-ne),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr. 
aya-ri,  love  (see  uijapi'^),  -f  /wvi/,  a  staying,  a 
stopping-place,  dwelling,  <  uiveiv,  stay,  remain: 
see  reiiiaiit.'i  Literally,  the  abode  of  love ; 
specifically,  the  name  of  an  association  of  men 
and  women  established  at  Charlvnch,  Somerset- 
shire, England,  in  1846,  mider  the  direction  of 
the  Rev.  Henry  James  Prince,  the  members  of 
which  lived  on  a  common  fund. 

Agapemonian,  Agapemonite  (ag'a-pe-mo'ni- 
an,  ag-a-pem'o-mt),  ii.  An  inmate  of  the  Aga- 
pemone (which  see). 

agapetae(a^-a-p6'te), «.;)?.  [LL.,<Gr.  0}aff7/Tai', 
fern.  pi.  of  aya~r/Tuc,  beloved,  verbal  adj.  of  a)o- 
zin;  to  love.]  A  title  given  in  the  early  ages 
of  the  church  to  virgins  who  dwelt,  in  a  state  of 
so-called  spiritual  love,  with  monks  and  others 
professing  celiV>acy.  This  intercourse  occa- 
sioned scandal,  and  was  condemned  by  the 
Lateran  Council  in  1139. 

Agaphelinse  (a-gaf-e-Ii'ne),  ».  p!.  [NL.,  <  A<ia- 
plitlus  +  -inn:]  A  subfamily  of  tinner  whales, 
family  lidtinidpti  ridw,  having  the  skin  of  the 
throat  not  plicated  and  no  dorsal  fin. 


Love-birds  {.-igafornis 


small  African  parrots,  including  the  love-birds, 
sometimes  made  the  type  of  a  subfamily  Aya- 
pornitliinw.     P.  J.  flelbi/,  1836.     See  lorc-1>ird. 

agart,  "•   Same  as  ackcr^,  eager^.  *'//•  T.  Browne. 

agar-agar  (a'giir-a'gar),  n.  The  native  name 
of  Ceylon  moss  or  Bengal  isinglass,  consisting 
of  dried  seaweed  of  several  species,  such  as 
Grncilaria  liclieuoidc.i,  Euchcnma  sjiiiwsiini.etc^. 
It  is  much  used  in  the  East  for  soups  and  jel- 
lies.    Also  called  agal-af/al.     See  gelosc. 

agaric  (ag'a-rik  or  a-gar'ik),  n.  and  a.  [<  L. 
uyaricum,  (.  Qr.  ayapiKdv,  a  sort  of  tree-fungus 
used  as  tinder,  named,  according  to  Dioscori- 
des,  from  the  coimtry  of  the  Agari,  in  Sarmatia, 
where  this  fungus  abounded.]  I.  n.  A  fungus 
of  the  genus  Agdriciis.  Among  the  old  herbalists  the 
name  had  a  wider  range,  including  the  corky  forms  grow- 
ing on  trunks  of  trees,  like  the  "  female  agaric,"  Polyporus 
ojlii'liiitli.<,  ti>  which  the  word  was  originally  applied,  and 
whieli  is  still  known  as  agaric  in  the  materia  medica.  See 
A'jaricus,  Boletna,  and  Polyporiig. — Agaric-gnat,  a  dip- 
terous insect  of  the  family  MiicettyptiiU'tiV  (which  see). 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  agarics ;  f  luigoid. — 
Agaric  mineral,  a  very  soft  and  light  variety  of  calcite  or 
calcium  carlionate.  It  is  generally  pure  white,  foimd  chiefly 
in  tlie  clefts  of  rocks  aial  at  the  bottom  of  some  lakes  in 
a  loose  or  semi-indurated  form  resembling  a  fungus.  The 
name  is  alsoapplicil  to  a  stone  of  loose  consistence  found 
in  Tuscany,  of  wliicli  bricks  may  be  made  so  light  as  to 
float  in  wat^T,  and  <if  which  the  ancients  are  supposed  to 
have  made  their  Hoating  bricks.  It  is  a  liydratcd  silicate 
of  magnesium,  mixed  with  lime,  alumina,  and  a  small 
quantity  of  iron.  Also  called  mountain-miik  and  moun- 
taiti-im'al. 

Agaricia  (ag-a-ris'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Agaricn.%  q. 
v.]  A  genus  of  aporose  sclerodermatous  stone- 
eorals,  of  the  family  Fungidw,  or  mushroom- 
corals.     Lamarcl;  1801. 

agariciform  (a-gar'i-si-f6rm),  a.  [<  NL.  Aga- 
rici(.\;  agaric,  +  L.  -formis,  <  forma,  form.] 
Mushroom-shaped. 

agaricin  (a-gar'i-sin),  n.  [<  agnrie  +  -t«2.]  A 
white  cn-stalline  substance  obtained  from  the 
white  agaric,  roli/porus  officinalis. 

Agaricini  (a-gar-i-si'ni),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aga- 
I'u'K.v.]  An  order  of  fungi  having  the  fruit- 
bearing  sm-face  arranged  in  radiating  gills,  as 
in  the  mushrooms  aiul  toadstools. 

agaricoid  (a-gar'i-koid),  a.  Of  the  nature  of 
an  :it;arie  ;  mushroom-like. 

Agaricus  (a-gar'i-kus),  «.  [NL.,  naase.,  <  L. 
uguricum,  prop.  neut.  adj.:  see  agaric]   A  large 


Conunon  Miuhroom  (Agarieut  tam^estris). 


agate 

and  important  genus  of  fungi,  characterized  by- 
having  a  fleshy  cap  or  pileus,  ami  a  number  of 
radiating  plates  or  gills  on  which  are  produced 
the  naked  spores.  The  majority  of  the  species  are 
furnished  with  stems,  but  some  are  attacheii  by  their  pilui 
to  the  objectson  which  they  grow.  Over  a  thousand  species 
are  known,  whicli  are  arranged  in  five  fieeti<ins  according  aa 
the  ccdor  of  their  spores  is  white,  j)ink,  brown,  purple^  or 
black.  .Many  of  the  species  are  edible,  like  the  conmion 
mushroom.  -1.  rainin'Htritt,  while  othersare  deletericais  and 
even  poisonous.     See  itinnhrfimit. 

Agarista  (ag-.a-ris'tii),  ji.  [NTli.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Agaristidte.     Leach. 

Agaristids  (ag-a-ris'ti-de),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aga- 
rista +  -/rf(c.]  A  family  of  heterocerous  lepi- 
dopterous  insects,  or  moths,  typified  by  the 
genus  Agarista. 

agastt,  c,  t.  [<  ME.  agastcn,  pp.  agast :  see 
aghast,  gast,  ghost.']  1.  To  frighten;  ten-ify: 
usually  in  past  participle  agast,  now  written 
aghast  (which  see). 

Or  other  grisly  thing  that  him  aghmt. 

Spemer,  f.  IJ.,  I.  ix.  21. 

2.  Reflexively,  to  be  temfied. 

The  rynges  on  the  tenijile  dorc  that  honge, 
And  eck  the  dores,  elatereden  ful  faste, 
Of  whicli  Areita  somwhat  tiifm  agojtte. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  242*. 

Agastreae  (a-gas'tre-e),  h.  /;/.  [NL. :  see  Agas- 
tria.]  A  term  proposed  in  1874  by  Huxley  as 
a  proNTsional  designation  of  one  of  two  divisions 
of  metazoic  animals  (the  other  being  Gastrca:'), 
by  which  the  orders  Ccstoidea  and  Acantho- 
cephala,  which  have  no  alimentary  canal  or 
proper  digestive  cavity,  are  contrasted  with 
all  other  Metazoa.  Jour.  Linn.  Hoc,  XU.  226. 
Some  alterations  in  this  scheme  have  since  Ijeen  made ; 
.  .  .  the  AgaiftrncB  are  relegated,  the  Cestoidea  to  Trema- 
toda  and  Acanthocephala  to  the  Nematoidea. 

Paxcoc,  Zobl.  Class.,  p.  4. 

Agastria  (a-gas'tri-a),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a- 
pi'iv.  +  -jaoTt/p,  stomach.]  A  term  of  no  exact 
signification  in  modern  l)iology,  but  formerly 
employed  to  designate  certain  low  organisms 
which  have  no  proper  digestive  cavity.  Also 
called  Agastrica. 

agastric  (a-gas'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -1-  yaa- 
r///),  stomach:  see  gastric.]  Without  a  stomach 
or  proper  intestinal  canal,  as  the  tapeworm. 

Agastrica  (a-gas'tri-ka),  ».  2>l-  Same  as  Agas- 
tria. 

agate^  (a-gaf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME.  on 
gate:  on,  E.  a^,  on;  gatr,'^!.  gate-,  way:  see 
gate^  and  gait.]  On  the  way  ;  going;  agoing; 
in  motion  :  as,  "set  him  agate  B.ga.in,"  Lingua, 
iii.  6;  "set  the  bells  agate,"  Cotgravc.  [Old 
and  prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

agate-  (ag'at),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  aggat,  ag- 
ipt,  di/i/dt,  a'ggott,  agut,  agot,  agath  (=D.  agaat 
'=  Sw.Dan.  ngat),  '<  OF.'  m/'''<',  later  "agathe, 
an  agate  "  (Cot- 
grave),  mod.  F. 
agate  =  Pr.  aga- 
thes,achates=iip. 
Pg.  It.  agata  =  ( 
MHG.  G.  achat, 
<  L.  achates,  <  Gr. 
axart/c,  an  agate : 
so  calleii,  accord- 
ing to  Pliny,  be- 
cause first  found 
near  the  river 
iV;t""7fiiii  Sicily.] 

1.  A  variety  of  quartz  ■n-hich  is  peculiar  in 
consisting  of  bands  or  layers  of  various  colors 
blended  together.  It  is  essentially  a  variegated  chal- 
cedony, but  some  of  the  bands  may  consist  of  other  varie- 
ties of  (piartz,  for  the  most  part  cryptocrystalline.  The 
varied  manner  in  which  these  materials  are  arranged  causes 
the  agate  when  polished  to  assume  characteri.stic  differ- 
ences of  appearance,  ami  thus  certain  varieties  are  distin- 
guished, as  ribbon-agate,  fortitlcation-agate,  zone-agate, 
star-agate,  moss-agate,  clouded  agate,  etc.  See  .also  cut 
under  cimcenlric.  Agate  is  found  chiefly  in  trap-rocks 
ami  serpentine,  often  in  the  fonn  of  nodules,  called_  .'7C- 
odes.  It  is  esteemed  the  leiist  valuable  of  the  precious 
stones.  Agates  are  cut  and  polished  in  large  iiuantities 
at  Oberstcin  in  Oldenbui-g,  C;ennany,  where  also  artificial 
means  are  used  to  produce  striking  varieties  of  color  in 
these  stones.  In  Scotland  also  they  are  cut  ami  |iolislied, 
under  the  name  of  Snivli  iiehMfs.  TTiey  arc  used  f.  .r  rings, 
seals,  cups,  beads,  boxes,  handles  of  small  utensils,  bur- 
nishers, jiestles  and  mortai-s.  and.  in  delicate  niet'tianism, 
as  bearing-surfaces,  pivots,  and  the  knife-edges  of  weigh- 
ing apparatus.  In  Shakspere  agate  is  a  symbol  of  little- 
ness or  smallness,  from  the  little  figures  cut  In  these  stones 
■when  set  in  rings. 

1  was  never  manned  with  an  aaatt-  till  now. 

Shak..  2  lien.  IV.,  i.  2. 

2.  A  draw-plate  used  by  gold-wire  drawers, 
named  from  the  piece  of  "agate  through  which 
the  eve  is  drilled.— 3.  In  printing,  type  of  a  size 
between  pearl  and  nonpareil,  giving  about  160 


agate 

lines  to  the  foot.  It  is  used  chiefly  in  news- 
papers.    In  Great  Britain  it  is  known  as  ruhy. 

This  lino  is  priutcJ  in  UKiite. 

4.  An  instrnraent  used  by  bookbinders  for  pol- 
ishing; a  burnisher.     HcElratli,  Com.  Diet. — 

5.  A  ehild's  playinK-marblo  made  of  agate,  or 
of  glass  in  imitation'  of  agate. 

agate-glass  (ag'at-glas),  «.  A  variegated  glass 
mailo  liy  melting  together  waste  pieces  of  col- 
ored f,'lass. 

agate-shell  (ag'at-shel),  n.  A  popular  name 
of  c-ert;iiu  large  shells  of  the  genus  Achatina 
(wliioh  see). 

agate-snail  (ag'at-snal),  n.  A  species  of  the 
genus  Achatina  (which  see). 

agate-ware  (ag'iit-war),H.  1.  Pottery  mottled 
and  veined  in  imitation  of  agate. —  2.  A  variety 
of  enameled  iron  or  steel  household  ware. 

Agathis  (ag'a-this),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dyaft'c,  a 
ball  of  thread.]  1.  In  6o<.,  the  older  and  now 
accepted  name  for  the  genus  of  Coniferw  com- 
monly known  as  JJammara  (which  see). —  2. 
In  coiil.,  a  genus  of  ichneumon-flies,  of  the 
family  Braconida:     Latreille,  1804. 

agathism  (ag'a-thizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayaddc,  good, 
+  -ism.]  The  doctrine  that  all  things  tend  to- 
ward ultimate  good. 

agathist  (ag'a-thist),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayaBdg,  good,  + 
-ii,t.]   One  wlio  holds  the  doctrine  of  agathism. 

agathocacological  (ag"a-th6-kak"o-loj'i-kal), 
a.  [<  Gr.  a^ahuc,  good,  +  Ko/cof,  bad,  +  -'/.o)ia 
(-Ao)(/cOf),  i'/.iyeiv,  speak:  see  -ologi/.'i  Com- 
posed of  good  and  evil ;  pertaining  to  both  good 
and  evil.     Southei/,  Doctor,  I.  120. 

agathodaemon  (ag'''a-th6-de'mon),  «.  [(.  Gr. 
a}aOodaifiui',  prop,  written  separately  ayafihi; 
Saifiuv :  d)  a6ug.  good  ;  iai/iuv,  spirit,  demon : 
see  demon. '\  A  good  genius  or  spirit;  a  male 
divinity  corresponding  to  the  female  Agatlie 
Tyche,  or  Good  Fortune.  At  Athens,  and  elsewhere 
in  ancient  Greece,  it  was  customary  at  the  end  of  a  meal 
to  pour  out  in  his  honor  a  lil.>ation  of  pure  wine. 

agathodsemomc  (ag"a-th6-de-mon'ik),  a.  [< 
GiT.ayatlodaiiiuv:  seeai/atliodo'mon  a,iid  demonic.'] 
Kelating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  agathodse- 
mon;  pertaining  to  an  agathodaemon. 

agathopoietic  (ag"a-tli6-poi-et'ik),  a.  [Prop. 
agatliopa'etic  or  -poetic,  <  Gr.  a} ado-a-oiav,  do 
good,  <  aya66q,  good,  -I-  -oieiv,  do:  see  poetic.'] 
Intended  to  do  good;  benevolent.  Bentham. 
[Rare.] 

Agathosma  (ag-a-thoz'ma),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayadoc, 
good,  +  odfilj,  earlier  bSpj,  smell,  akin  to  L.  odor  : 
see  odor.  ]  A  large  genus  of  plants,  natural  or- 
der Rutaceee,  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hoi)e. 
The  Hottentots  mix  the  dried  and  powdered  leaves  of  A. 
pittchella  with  the  grease  with  wliich  they  smear  their 
Viodies,  giving  them  a  smell  intolerable  to  Europeans. 
Several  species  are  cultivated  for  their  flowers. 

agatiferous  (ag-a-tif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  agate^  + 
-i-ferous,  <  L.  ferrc=z'E'.  bear'^.]  Containing  or 
producing  agates.     Craig. 

agatiform  (ag'a-ti-f6rm),  a.  [<  agatc^  + -i- 
form,  <  h,  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of 
an  agate  ;  resembling  an  agate  in  appearance. 

agatine  (ag'a-tin),  a.  [<  agate"^  +  -inel.]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  agate. 

agatize  (ag'a-tiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  agatized, 
ppr.  agati-iiig.     [<  agate^  +  -ix.]     To  change 

into    agate.      Also    spelled  agatise Agatized 

wood,  silicifled  wood  in  the  form  of  agate. 

agaty  (ag'a-ti),  a.  [<  agate^  +  -y.]  Of  the  na- 
ture of  or  resembling  agate:  as,  "an  agaty 
flint,"  Woodward. 

Agave  (a-ga' ve),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  ayavri,  noble,  used 
also  as  a  proper  name, 
'Ayai^,  L.  Agauc,  Agave; 
fern,  of  d;ai'oi;,  noble. 
Ulustrious,  akin  to  yaitn>, 
■be  proud,  rejoice,  and 
to  L.  gaudium,  joy.]  A 
large  North  American  ge- 
nus of  plants,  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Amaryllidacew, 
chiefly  Mexican.  They  are 
acaulescent  or  nearly  so,  of  slow 
growth,  often  large,  consisting  of 
a  dense  cluster  of  rigid  rteshy 
leaves,  which  are  spine-tipped 
and  usually  spinosely  toothed. 
The  best-known  species  is  the 
century-plant,  or  American  aloe, 
A.  Americana,  first  introduced 
from  Mexico  into  Europe  iu  15(il, 
and  now  frequently  cultivated 
for  ornament,  as  are  also  various 
other  species.  It  lives  many 
years,  10  to  50  or  more,  before 

flowering      whence    the    name       cenn,ry.piant(.4ira», 
century-plant.     At  maturity  it  Americana). 


108 

throws  up  rapidly  from  its  centera  tall  scape  hearing  a  large 
compound  inflorescence,  and  liies  after  perfecting  its  fruit. 
It  is  extensively  cultivated  in  Mexico  under  the  name  of 
vuL'iw'ii,  and  is  put  to  many  uses.  The  sap,  obtained  in 
abundiince  from  the  i>lant  when  the  flowering  stem  is  just 
ready  to  burst  forth,  produces  when  feinn  nted  a  beverage 
resembling  eider,  called  by  the  Mexicans  jnihpie.  An  ex- 
tract of  the  leaves  is  used  as  a  substitulu  for  soap,  and  the 
flower-stem,  when  withered,  is  cut  up  into  slices  to  form 
razor-strops.  The  leaves  of  nearly  aH  the  species  yield  a 
more  or  less  valuable  liber,  which  is  made  into  thread  and 
ropes  and  has  been  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper.  Sisal 
hemp,  (tr  henequin,  is  the  product  of  A.  Ixtti,  and  is  ex- 
ported in  large  quantities  from  Yucatan.  A  West  Indian 
species,  A.  Keratto,  closely  resembling  A.  Antericana, 
yields  the  keratto  fiber.  A.  Virgiiiica,  of  the  southern 
I'nited  States,  known  as  false  aloe,  belongs  to  a  group  of 
species  with  less  rigid  leaves  and  with  the  solitary  flowers 
in  a  simple  spike. 

agaze  (a-gaz'),  prep.  j}hr.  as  adx}.  or  a.  [<  ME. 
a  gasc:  a,  E.  flS;  gase,  E.  gaze.]  On  the  gaze; 
in  a  gazing  attitude. 

agazedt  (a-gazd'),  ;;.  a.  [<  ME.  agased ;  prob. 
same  as  ugast,  modified  toward  gaze :  see  agast, 
aghast,  and  gaze.  The  examples  cited  below 
are  the  onlyones  found.]   Aghast;  astonished. 

The  [they]  were  so  sore  abased. 

Cheater  Plays,  ii.  85. 
"VMiereatt  this  dreadful  conquerour 
Thereatt  was  sore  agazed. 
Percy'a  Folio  MSS.  (ed.  Hales  and  Fumivall),  iii.  154. 
As  ankered  faste  my  spirites  doe  all  resorte 
To  stand  agazed,  and  sink  in  more  and  more. 

Surrey,  Songes  and  Sonnettes  (1567). 
Of  understanding  rob'd,  I  stand  aoaz'd.    (1600.) 
In  E.  Farr's  Select  Poetry  (1845),  II.  438.    (.V.  E.  D.) 
The  French  exclaim'd,  The  devil  was  in  armes ; 
All  the  whole  army  stood  agaz'd  on  him. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

age  (aj),  n.  [<  ME.  age,  later  sometimes,  in  OF. 
spelling,  aege,  cage,  aage,  <  OF.  aage,  cage,  ear- 
lier edage,  F.  rff/e  =  Pr.  atge,  <  ML.  "wtaticum, 
<L.  a:ta  (t-)s,  age  (>  OF.ae),  a  coutr.  of  earlier 
ievita{t-)s,  which  reappears  in  ML.  in  the  sense 
of  eternity  (of.  wtentus,  eternal:  see  eternal 
and  eternity),  <  a^imtn,  OL.  aerom  =  Gr.  a'luv 
(*a'iFuv),  a  period  of  existence,  an  age,  a  life- 
time, a  long  space  of  time,  eternity  (see  ann, 
eon),  =  Goth,  aiws,  an  age,  eternity  (ace.  aiw, 
used  adverbially,  ever,  with  neg.,  ni  aiw,  never), 
=  AS.  d  =  leel.  ei,  E.  aye,  ever,  =  AS.  d'lv,  w, 
life,    custom,  law,   marriage :   see   ay'^,  aye'^.] 

1.  The  length  of  time  during  which  a  being  or 
thing  has  existed ;  length  of  life  or  existence  to 
the  time  spoken  of ;  period  or  stage  of  life  in 
the  history  of  an  ineli\'idual  existence,  animate 
or  inanimate :  as,  his  age  is  twenty  years ;  he 
died  at  the  age  of  eighty ;  at  your  age  you 
should  know  better ;  a  tree  or  a  building  of  un- 
knovra  age  ;  to  live  to  a  great  age  ;  old  age. 

Jesus  himself  began  to  be  about  thirty  years  of  age. 

Luke  iii.  23. 

2.  Duration  of  existence,  specifically  or  gener- 
ally ;  the  lifetime  of  an  individual,  or  of  the  in- 
dividuals of  a  class  or  species  on  an  average  : 
as,  tlie  age  of  the  horse  is  from  twenty-five  to 
thirty  years. 

\Miat  fame  is  left  for  human  deeds 
In  endless  age?         Tennyson,  In  Mem.,  Ixxiii. 
The  ages  of  the  patriarchs  before  the  flood  have  been  a 
subject  "of  critical  dispute.  Am,  Cyc.,  I.  181. 

3.  A  period  of  human  life  usually  marked  by 
a  certain  stage  of  physical  or  mental  develop- 
ment ;  especially,  a  degree  of  development,  ap- 
proximately or  presumptively  measured  by 
years  from  birth,  which  involves  responsibility 
to  law  and  capacity  to  act  with  legal  effect :  as, 
the  age  of  discretion  or  of  matuiity  (the  former 
technically  occurring  some  years  prior  to  the 
latter,  about  the  age  of  foiu'teen).  More  specifically, 
of  age,  full  aire,  nr  hurjiil  age  designates  the  attainment  of 
majority,  or  that  peril  hI  wlien  tlie  general  disabilities  of  in- 
fimcy  cease.  It  is  fixed  It>  tlie  law  nf  England  and  of  most  of 
the  United  States  afJKii'i  s.niie  States  at  is  for  females),  but 
in  Genuany  and  some  other  European  states  at  '24  or  25.  At 
common  law  one  is  of  full  age  the  first  instant  of  the  begin- 
ning of  the  day  before  the  21st  anniversary  of  one's  birth. 
Other  periods  are  fixed  for  special  purposes :  thus,  the  age 
of  consent  for  marriage  was  fixed  by  the  common  law  at  14 
for  males  and  12  for  females,  not  as  being  a  marriageable 
age  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  being  a  suitable  age  for  mar- 
riage, but  as  being  the  age  after  which  one  e(  mtraetiiig  mar- 
riage could  not  justly  repudiate  its  obligations  on  the  mere 
ground  of  youth.  For  the  purposes  of  consent  which  will 
preclude  charges  of  abduction  and  the  like,  the  age  of  con- 
sent has  been  fixed  in  some  jurisdictions  at  IG.  t'p  to  the 
age  of  7  a  child  is  conclusively  presumed  to  be  !ncai>able 
of  criminal  intent ;  from  7  to  14  (in  some  jurisdictions  12) 
it  is  presumed  to  be  incapable  of  such  intent,  but  the  con- 
trary  may  be  proved  ;  over  that  age  it  is  presumed  to  be 
cap.ablc  of  such  intent.  At  12  the  capacity  to  take  the  oath 
of  allegiance  begins.  The  age  of  discretion,  in  the  sense 
in  which  the  temi  is  used  in  the  law  of  infancy,  is  14,  after 
which  the  child's  wishes  as  to  the  choice  of  a  guardian  are 
consulted  (sometimes  called  the  age  of  eteef iun) ;  and  the 
entire  period  before  the  age  of  14  is  called  the  age  of  nur- 
ture. The  age  at  which  testamentary  capacity  begins  in 
most  of  the  United  States  is  21,  with  exceptions,  many  al- 


lowing a  younger  age  for  wills  of  personal  property,  and 

also  for  females  or  for  married  women. 

Ue  is  of  age,  ask  him.  John  ix.  21. 

4.  The  particular  period  of  life  at  which  one  be- 
comes naturally  or  conventionally  qualified  or 
disqualified  for  anything:  as,  at  46  a  man  is 
over  age  and  cannot  be  enlisted;  under  age  for 
the  presidency ;  canonical  age  (which  see,  be- 
low). 

Sara  .  .  .  was  delivered  of  a  child  when  she  was  past 
age.  Heb.  xi.  11. 

5.  Specifically,  old  age  (see  1);  the  latter  part 
of  life  or  of  long-continued  existence ;  the  lapse 
of  time,  especially  as  affecting  a  person's  physi- 
cal or  mental  powers;  the  state  of  being  old; 
oldness. 

The  eyes  of  Israel  were  dim  for  age.         Gen.  xlviii.  10. 
Age  cannot  wither  her,  nor  custom  stale 
Her  infinite  variety.  Shah.,  A.  and  C,  ii,  2. 

6.  An  aged  person,  or  old  people  collectively. 

And  age  in  love  loves  not  to  have  years  told. 

Shak.,  .Sonnets,  cxxxviii. 

7.  One  of  the  periods  or  stages  of  development 
into  which  human  life  may  be  divided ;  time  of 
life :  as,  life  is  divided  into  four  age.i,  infancy, 
youth,  manhood  or  womanhood,  and  old  age. 

All  the  world's  a  stage. 

And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players : 
They  have  their  exits,  and  their  entrances; 
And  one  man  in  his  time  plays  many  parts, 
His  acts  being  seven  ages. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iL  7. 
Just  at  the  age  'twixt  boy  and  youth, 
\Mieu  thought  is  speech  and  speech  is  truth. 

Scutt,  Marmion,  Int.  to  ii. 

8.  A  particular  period  of  history,  as  distin- 
guished from  others ;  a  historical  epoch :  as,  the 
golden  age ;  the  age  of  heroes ;  the  age  of  Peri- 
cles; the  dramatists  of  the  Elizabethan  age. 
See  ages  in  mythology  and  history,  below. 

Intent  on  her,  who,  rapt  in  glorious  dreams. 
The  second-sight  of  some  .\strffian  age. 
Sat  compass'd  with  professors. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 
Our  nineteenth  centurj'  is  the  age  of  tools. 

Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

9.  In  geoJ.,  a  great  period  of  the  history  of  the 
earth,  characterized  by  the  development  of 
some  particular  phase  of  organic  life  or  of  phys- 
ical condition :  as,  the  age  of  reptiles ;  the  age  of 
ice.  In  Dana's  scheme  of  classification,  the  Silurian  is 
the  age  of  invertebrates,  the  Devonian  the  age  of  fishes, 
the  Mesozoic  the  age  of  reptiles,  the  Tertiary  the  age  of 
mammals,  and  the  tiuaternaiy  the  age  of  man. 

10.  The  people  who  live  at  a  particular  period ; 
hence,  a  generation  or  a  succession  of  gene- 
rations: as,  ages  yet  unborn. — 11.  [Cf.  L.  sa- 
c!(?Hm,  an  age,  a  century:  see  secular.]  A  cen- 
tury; the  period  of  one  hundred  years,  as  in 
the  phrases  dark  ages,  middle  ages,  etc. 

Hem-y  .  .  .  justly  and  candidly  apologizes  for  these  five 
ages.  Hallam. 

12.  A  great  length  of  time;  a  protracted  period : 
as,  I  have  not  seen  jou  for  an  age. 

So  rose  within  the  compass  of  the  year 
An  ages  work,  a  glorious  theatre. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1067. 
Suffering  thus  he  made 
Minutes  an  age,  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

13.  In  poker,  the   eldest  hand,   or  the   first 

player  to  the  left  of  the  dealer  who  bets Age  of 

acrogens.  See  aerogen, — Age  of  the  moon,  the  lime 
elapsed  since  her  last  ctinjunction  with  the  sun. — Ages  in 
mythology  and  history,  particular  periods  in  the  life 
of  mankind  distiiiLMiisliL-d  by  bearing  specific  names.  The 
most  important  of  tluse  periods  are:  (a)  The  poetic  di- 
\ision  of  human  existence  into  the  golden,  silver,  heroic 
(generally  omitted),  brazen,  and  iroti  ages,  accredited  to 
Hesiod  (about  the  eighth  century  B.  c),  who  regarded  the 
people  of  the  different  ages  as  constituting  distinct  races 
successively  replacing  each  other.  See  extract.  The  tenus 
are  still  in  use,  especially  golden  age.  winch  is  applied  to 
the  culminating  or  most  brilliaut  epoch  of  any  portion  of 
Iiistory  or  department  of  activity  :  as,  the  seventeenth 
century  wjis  the  golden  age  of  the  drama  ;  the  nineteenth 
century  is  the  golden  age  of  invention  ;  the  golden  age  of 
a  coimtry's  power  or  prosperity. 

The  golden  age  [of  Hesiod],  sjTiehronous  with  the  reign 
of  Saturn,  was  a  period  of  patriarchal  simplicity,  when 
the  eai'th  yielded  its  fruits  spontaneously  and  spring  was 
eternal ;  the  silver  age,  governed  by  Jupiter,  w.is  a  law. 
less  time,  in  which  tlie  sejisons  were  first  divided,  agricul. 
ture  took  its  rise,  and  men  began  to  hold  property  in 
land;  the  brazen  age,  or  reign  of  Neptune,  was  an  epoch 
of  war  and  \iolence  ;  in  the  heroic  a<n-  (omitted  by  tlvid) 
the  world  began  to  aspire  toward  better  things;  imd  in 
tlie  iron  or  Phitonian  age,  in  which  Hesiod  believed  him- 
self  to  be  living,  justice  and  piety  had  disappeared  from 
the  earth.  Am.  Cyc,  I.  1S5. 

(6)  The  dark  ages,  a  period  of  European  history,  begin- 
ning with  or  shortly  before  the  fall  of  the  Koman  Empire 
of  the  West  (.\.  D.  47(i),  nuirked  by  a  general  decline  of 
learning  ami  civilization.  It  was  introduced  by  the  great 
influx  of  barbarians  into  western  Europe  in  the  fourth 
and  fifth  centuries  known  as  the  wandering  of  the  na- 
tions, and  is  reckoned  by  Hallam  as  extending  to  the 
eleventh  century,  when  a  general  revival  of  wealth,  man- 
ners, taste,  and  learning  began,  and  by  others  to  the  time 


age 

of  Dante  in  the  thirteenth  century,  "i"  Inter,  (c)  The  mid- 
dle arjtft,  a  period  of  nliout  a  thuusaiul  years,  between 
the  close  of  what  is  technically  consiilereil  ancient  his- 
tory and  the  first  detlnite  moveniciits  in  Europe  of  the 
distinctively  modern  spirit  of  freedom  and  enterprise.  Its 
•  beKinniny:  is  synchronous  with  that  of  the  dark  a^cs,  and 
it  is  variously  i-cckoned  as  extending  to  the  fall  of  Con- 
stantinople (H.^:i).  the  invention  of  printinK,  the  Renais- 
eance,  or  tin-  disco\ci->'  nf  America,  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, or  to  the  ilcfonnation,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
sixteenth,  (d)  The  j.iiilnl  iiins,  a  portion  of  the  middle 
ages,  marked  by  the  prcvalctn-c  of  l,  u-lal  institutions  and 
of  the  spirit  of  chivalry,  cxlcndin;;  from  tlnir  nearly  uin- 
versal  establishmeld  in  the  tenth  ccniiny  to  their  decline 
In  the  si.\teenth.  Archaeological  ages  or  periods,  tin- 
stone age,  the  bron/.c  age,  and  the  iron  age,  these  names 


109 

The  Ofjed  man  that  coffers  up  his  gold 

Is  plagu'd  with  ci-amps  and  gouts  and  painful  fits. 

Shall.,  hucrece,  1.  8;').^,. 
It  is  a  great  misfortune  to  ua  of  the  more  t'ldrrly  8r,rt, 
that  we  were  bred  to  the  constant  use  of  words  In  Knglish 
diildren's  hooks,  which  were  without  nieainng  for  tis  and 
only  myatmed  us.    0.  W.  Uutmts,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  17i 
You  are  old ; 
Nature  In  you  stands  on  the  very  verge 
Of  her  contlnc.  S/iai.,  Lear,  li.  4. 

Change  "The  Ancient  Mariner"  to  "The  Old  .Sailor," 
and  you  throw  the  miiui  into  a  mood  utterly  inharmonious 
with  the  tone  of  t.'oleridge's  wonderful  poem. 

A.  S,  Hill,  Uhetoric. 

agedly  (a'jed-li),  adv.     Like  an  aged  person, 
agedness  (a'jed-nes),  «.    The  state  or  condition 

ol  beiiif;  old;  oldness. 
t-'ustom  without  truth  is  but  artcdnexH  of  error. 

Milton,  Kcform.  of  Church  Discipline,  i.  20. 
agee  (a-je'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     Same  as 

ujic. 
ageing,  «.     See  aging. 
Agelaeinse  (aj"e-lp-i'ne),   n.  pi.      [NL.,  <  Agc- 

hi'iis  +  -(««■.]    A  subfamily  of  American  osciuo 


Implements  of  the  Stone  Af^e. 

X,  saw-edged  flint  knife;  2.  crescent-sti-iped  ttint  knife;  j.  stone  ax; 

4,  flint  flake-knife :  5.  tiarpoon-tiead  of  flint ;  0.  flint  knife. 

being  given  in  accordance  with  the  materials  employed 
for  weapons,  implements,  etc.,  during  tin-  p.irtiiuhir  pe- 
riod. The  stone  ;ige  hits  beeit  subdivided  into  two,  the 
paleolithic  and  neolithic.  (See  these  words.)  The  word 
ape  in  this  sense  is  improperly  used  (by  an  unfortunate 
transfer  Iroin  the  Scandinavian  archaiology),  since  it  has 
no  reference  to  chronology,  but  simply  denotes  the  stage 
at  which  a  people  has  arrived  in  its  progress  toward  civil- 
ization. There  are  tiibcs  yet  in  their  stone  a^e.  Neither 
do  the  more  primitive  implements  necessarily  disappear 
wholly  on  the  appearance  of  those  of  a  more  advanced 
stage.  The  phrase  titone  afje  or  stafie,  therefore,  merely 
marks  the  most  primitive  period,  and  bronze  noe  (chiefly 
in  antii|uity)  that  before  the  emiiloyment  of  iron,  among 
any  spccihcd  people  or  tribe.— Canonical  age.  (n)  In 
the  Rom.  Cath.  C/o,that  age  fixed  by  the  cliiucTi  at  which 
Iter  subjects  iucin*,  or  become  capable  of  assuming,  special 
obligations,  states  of  life,  etc.,  or  of  enjoying  special  priv- 
ileges and  dignities.  Thus,  the  obligation  of  fasting  begins 
at  twenty-one ;  profession  by  religious  vows  is  made  only 
after  the  age  of  sixteen  ;  atid  to  become  a  bishop  one  should 
have  completed  his  thirtieth  year.  The  age  of  reason  is 
that  at  which  a  child  becomes  morally  responsible,  sup- 
posed, in  the  majority  of  cases,  to  be  about  seven.  (6)  In 
Anglican  churches,  the  age  at  wiiich  a  m;in  may  be  or- 
dained to  anyone  of  the  three  grades  of  the  ministry.— 
Dark  ages.  See  above. — Fabulous  age.  ^ee  .falnikiun. 
—  Geological  ages.  See  aiwve,  ii.  Bliddle  ajges.  See 
ab'O'e.  -The  age  of  a  horse,  in  racing  and  trotting  rules, 
is  reekinied  from.liuuiiiry  1st  of  the  ye:ir  of  fojiling.  (_)ther 
d;itis,  as  May -day,  were  formerly  used.  -Syn.  Km.  Period, 
etc.  (see  epoch),  date ;  years,  eon,  cycle. 

age  (a,i),  t'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  »//«/,  ppr.  aging.  [< 
fiK.  agen,  agiin,<  age.  n.]     t,  )«(/•<(«.*.  To  grow 

■  old ;  assume  the  appearance  of  old  age :  as,  he 
ages  rapidly. 

I  am  a;n'»!i ;  that  Is,  1  have  a  whitish,  or  rather  a  light- 
coloured  hair  here  and  there.  Landor. 

II.  trans.  To  make  old;  cause  to  grow  or 
to  seem  old;  produce  the  effect  of  age  upon; 
bring  to  maturity  or  to  a  state  fit  for  use ;  give 
the  character  of  age  or  ripeness  to  :  as,  to  age 
%viiie,  clay,  etc. 

-age.  [<  ME.  -age,  <  OF.  -age,  mod.  F.  -age  = 
Pr.  -atge  =  Sp.  -age  =  It.  -aggio  and  -atico,  <  L. 
-aticum,  a  noun  stifli.x,  orig.  neut.  of  -aticu.^,  ad.], 
suffix.  For  e.xamples  see  savage,  roijage,  etc.] 
A  noun  suffi.\  of  French,  ultimately  of  Latin 
origin.  Frequetit  in  words  taken  from  the  French,  its 
latu/uage,  nacat/e,  roj/ayc,  pottage,  baiigage,  etc.,  it  lias 
coiue  to  be  a  coinmon"  Knglish  formative,  fomnng,  (a)  from 
names  of  things,  collective  nouns,  as  .fruitage,  Uajage, 
baggage,  etc.;  (6)  from  personal  terms,  nouns  denoting 
condition,  office,  rank,  service,  fee,  etc. ,  as  bondage,  parson- 
age, porterage,  etc.:  (c)  from  verlis,  nouns  expressing  va- 
rious relations,  as  breakage,  cleavage,  postage,  steerage,  etc. 

aged  (a'jed,  sometimes  ajd),  p.  a.  [ME.  aged, 
agijd;  <  age,  v.,  +  -f(/2.]  1.  Old ;  having  lived 
or  existed  long;  having  reached  an  advanced 
period  of  life :  as,  an  aged  man  ;  an  aged  oak. 

shall  aged  men.  like  aged  trees, 
Strike  deeper  their  vile  ro<»t,  tirnl  closer  cling. 
Still  more  enamour'd  of  their  writehed  soil? 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  Iv.  Itl. 
[Under  English  racitig  rules,  a  horse  is  said  to  be  aged 
(pron.  iijd)  when  he  is  more  than  seven  years  old.] 

2.  Of  the  age  of:  as,  a  mau  aged  forty  years. — 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  old  age. 

These  bitter  tears,  which  now  you  see 
Filling  tlie  atfed  wrinkles  in  my  cheeks. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 
=  Syn.  1.  Agcl.  KId.rhi.Old.  Ancient.  OJd  Is  the  genend 
word  for  being  near  t,>  the  natural  end,  or  having  neaiiy 
reached  the  usind  period,  of  life:  as,  a  cat  is  old  at  twelve 
years.  Elderly  is  rather  old,  begimiing  to  be  old.  Aged  is 
very  old.  Ancient  is  so  „/(/  as  to  seem  to  lielong  to  a  past 
age.    (See  other  comparisons  under  ancient.) 


agent 

agendt  fa'jend),  H.     Same  as  agendum  (c). 

agendum  (a-jen'dum),  n. ;  p'l.  agenda  (-da). 
[\j.,  something  to  be  done,  neut.  of  agendus, 
gonmdive  of  agere,  do:  see  agent,  act.']  A 
thing  to  be  done  :  usually  in  the  plural,  things 
to  be  done  ;  duties,  specifically  —  (a)  items  of  busi- 
ness to  be  brought  before  a  committee,  council,  board,  etc., 
aa  thinga  to  be  done,  (b)  Matters  of  practice,  as  opposed 
to  credeiula,  or  matters  of  belief. 

The  moral  and  religious  credenda  and  ageiula  of  any 
good  man.  Coleridge. 

Especially — (ct)  Matters  of  ecclesiastical  practice:  ritual 
or  littirgy.  ((/)  As  a  collective  singular,  a  niemoraiidum- 
Itook.     fUare  In  all  uses.] 

agenesia  (aj-e-ne' si -a),  «.  [NL.]  Same  as 
agi  iif'si-'<. 

agenesia  (a,i-e-nes'ik),  a.  [<  agenesis  +  -ic.} 
f'ciiiiining  to  or  characterized  by  agenesis. 

agenesis  (a-jen'o-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  li-  priv.  -t- 
)ifiair,  generation.]  In  pliysioL,  any  anomaly 
of  organization  consisting  in  the  absence  or 
imperfect  dcvelojiment  of  parts.  Also  called 
agrntsia.     [Rare.] 

Agenia  (a-je-ni'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayiveto^, 
liciirdless,  <  a-  priv.  +  yfvfiov,  beard,  <  yivvr  = 
E.  (7i(H.]  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  hymenopterous 
spider-wasps,  of  the  family  I'ompiliida;  charac- 


Marsh-BIackbird  {Agflttus  tricolor). 

passerine  birds  of  the  family  Ictcridcc.  it  is  re- 
lated to  the  conirostral  Fringillidce,  or  finches,  less  nearly 
to  the  crows,  Corvidep,  and  to  some  extent  It  replaces  and 
represents  in  Ameiica  the  old-world  .^turnidfr,  or  star- 
lings. The  subfamily  Includes  the  marsh-blaek),irds  of  the 
genus  Agelfpus,  as  the  common  red-uins^ed  bliiekbird  of 
the  United  States,  .1.  phiviiiceii.< ;  tlie  yellow-headed  black- 
bird, XanthoC''phahi.-<  irlemrt'phalif.'^ ;  the  cow-bird,  Molo- 
thrus  ater:  the  boliolink,  Dolirliungz  orxjzimirus;  and  nu- 
merous related  species,  chielly  of  the  wanner  parts  of 
.Vmeriea.     Less  correctly  written  .\gelain(f. 

AgelseUS  (aj-e-le'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayeTMloc, 
belonging  to  a  herd,  gregarious,  <  ayilti,  a  lierd 
(L.  grex),  <  u;«f,  drive.]  The  typical  genus 
of  blackbirds  of  the  subfamily  Jj/etewite;  the 
marsh-blackbirds.  There  are  several  species,  such  as 
A.  pha^niceus,  the  c(jmraon  red-winged  marsh-blackbird 
of  the  United  States,  and  -i.  tricolor  oi  California.  Also 
si>elled  -igetoiu.-i,  as  originally  by  VIeillot,  1810. 

agelast    (a.j'e-last),   II.     [<   Gr.  ayi?.aaro^,  not 
laughing,  <  fi-  priv.  -I-  -/e'/acrdr:,  verbal  adj.   of 
je/.ttf,  laugh.]    One  who  never  laughs.    [Rare.] 
Men  whom  Kabelais  would  have  called  agela,'it.<i.  or  non- 
Laughers.  London  Times,  Feb.  f,,  1S77.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

Agelena,  Agelenidse.    See  Agalena,  Jgalenidm. 

ageless  (aj'los),  o.  l<  age,  h.,+ -less.]  Without 
age  ;  \\-ithout  definite  limits  of  existence. 

agemina  (a-jem'i-nii),  «.     Same  as  a:ziinina. 

agen  (a-gen'),  adv.'j  prep.,  and  conj.     An  old 
spelling  of  again,  still  occasionally  used. 
Borne  far  asimder  by  the  tides  of  men. 
Like  adamant  and  steel  they  meet  agen. 

Dryden,  Pal.  atid  Arc,  i. 

agency  (a'jen-si),  H. ;  pi.  agencies  (-siz).  [=  F. 
agence,  <  ML.  agentia,  <  L.  agen(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
agcre,  act:  see  I'lgrnt.]  1.  The  state  of  being 
in  action  or  of  exerting  power;  action;  opera- 
tion ;  instrimientality. 
The  ageticv  of  in-ovidetice  in  the  natural  world. 

Woodward,  I'ref.  to  Ess.  toward  Nat.  Hist,  of  Earth. 
For  the  first  three  or  four  centuries  we  know  next  to 
nothing  of  the  course  by  which  Christianity  moved,  and 
the  events  through  which  its  agencu  was  developed. 

De  (inincey,  Essenes,  i. 

2.  A  mode  of  exerting  power ;  a  means  of  pro- 
ducing effects. 

lint  idthough  the  introduction  of  a  fluid  as  an  Agent  ex- 
plains nothing,  the  fluid  as  an  AgeiKy  —  i.  e..  Its  hydrody- 
namic  laws  — explains  much. 

G.  II.  Leuv.-:,  liobs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  5  92. 
Opinion  Is  the  agency  through  which  character  adapts 
external  arrangements  to  ItselL 

//.  .Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  517. 

3.  The  office  of  agent  or  factor;  the  business 
of  an  agent  intrusted  with  the  concerns  of 
another:  as,  the  principal  pays  the  charges  of 
agenci/. — 4.  The  place  of  business  of  an  agent. 
In  the'  United  States.  fre<iuently  used  in  the  sense  of  an 
Indian  a<iency,  an  ortice  or  settlement  in  or  near  the  res- 
ervation "of  an  Intliati  tribe,  at  wltich  resides  an  Indian 
agent  of  the  government,  charged  with  the  interests  of  the 
tribe  .and  the  care  of  the  riiations  of  the  govermuent  to  it: 
as,  the  Pawnee  ageiwy.  —  Tree  agency.    See/rce. 


Agenia  bontbycina  (Cresson 


(T.  cell  constructed  by  the  w.isp ;  b,  female  wasp.    { The  vertical  line 
shows  natural  size.) 

terized  by  having  smooth  legs.  The  females  build 
curious  inu'd  ceils  under  logs  or  under  the  bark  of  trees, 
Iirovisioning  them  with  spiders. 

agennesia  (aj-e-ne'si-a),  n.  [NL.]  Same  as 
ageinu'sis. 

agennesic  (aj-e-nes'ik),  a.  [<  agennesis  ■¥  -ic] 
Characterized  by  sterility  or  impotence ;  per- 
taining to  agennesis. 

agennesis  (aj-e-ne'sis),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  ykvvnriir,  engendering,  <  ^twav,  engender.]  In 
med.,  want  of  reproductive  power  in  either  sex; 
impotence  of  the  male  or  sterility  of  the  female. 
Also  called  agennesia.     [Rare.] 

agennetic  (aj-e-net'ik).  a.  [<  agennesis  (agen- 
net-)+-ic.']  Charaeterizedby sterility;  unpro- 
ductive; agennesic:  as,  an  rtt/rHHc^ic  period. 

agent  (a'jent),  a.  and  /(.  [<  L.  ageii(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  agere,  "drive,  lead,  coniluct,  manage,  per- 
form, do,  =  Gr.  (i;c/i',  lead,  conduct,  do,  =  Icel. 
al-a,  drive,  =  Skt.  •/  aj,  drive :  see  act,  etc.,  and 
et  akc,  ache'^,  acre.]'  I.  a.  Acting:  opposed 
to  patient  in  the  sense  of  sustaining  action. 
[Rare.] 

The  force  of  imagination  upon  the  body  agent. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  902. 

Agent  intellect.    See  intellect. 

II.  "•  [<  F.  agent,  <  ML.  agen{t-)s,  a  deputy, 
attorney,  factor,  etc.,  substantive  use  of  L. 
agen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  agere:  see  above.]  1.  .An 
active  cause;  an  eiJicient  cause;  one  who  or 
that  which  acts  or  has  the  power  to  act :  as,  a 
moral  agent;  many  insects  are  agents  of  fertil- 
ization. In  phys..  Ileal,  light,  and  electricity  are  called 
agents,  in  order  to  avoid  hypothesis  with  regard  to  their 
nature.  In  chem.  and  med.,  wiiatever  i)roduces  a  chemieal- 
or  medical  effect  is  called  an  agent. 

Ueaven  made  us  agents  free  to  good  or  ill. 
And  forc'd  it  not,  though  he  foresaw  the  will. 

Dryden,  Cock  and  Fox,  1.  538.. 

To  say  that  man  Is  a  free  agent  is  no  more  than  to  say 
that,  in  some  Instances,  he  Is  truly  an  agent  ami  a  cause, 
and  is  not  merely  acted  upon  jis  a  p.assive  instrument.  On 
the  contrary,  to  say  that  he  acts  from  necessity  is  to  say 
that  he  does  not  act  at  all,  that  he  is  no  agent,  and  tffilt, 
for  anything  we  know,  there  is  only  one  agent  in  the  uni- 
verse, who  does  everything  that  is  done,  whether  It  be 
good  or  ill.  ■"«<'• 

Tliro'  many  agents  making  strong. 
Matures  the  individual  form. 

Tennyson,  Love  thou  thy  Land. 

2.  A  person  acting  on  behalf  of  another,  called 
\us  principal ;  a  representative;  a  deputy,  fac- 
tor, substitute,  or  attorney.  Often  abbreviated 
to  agt.  In  law,  agent  implies  a  kind  of  service  in  which 
the  one  serving  has  some  discretion  as  to  the  manner  of' 
accomplishing  the  object. 


agent 

The  house  In  Leadenlinll  stieet  is  nothing  more  than  a 
change  for  their  afrentut  factors,  and  deputies  to  meet  in, 
to  take  care  of  their  affairs,  and  to  support  their  interests. 

Burke. 

In  the  eveninp  arrived  .  .  .  one  of  the  three  a;/enls  of 
the  Oliio  company,  sent  to  complete  tlie  neKotiatioiis  for 
Western  lands.  Bancroft,  Hist.  I'onst.,  II.  110. 

3.  An  official:  as,  an  agent  of  police.  Agent 
and  patient,  in  '««',  a  person  who  is  both  the  doci-  nl  a 
tliiui:  and  the  jiarty  to  whom  it  is  done ;  thus,  wlien  a 
person  who  owes  money  to  another  dies  and  nial<es  the 
creditor  his  executor,  the  latter  may  retaiti  out  of  the 
estate  as  nuich  as  satisHes  his  claim,  and  is  tlni.-i  said  tu  he 
aijeiitainl  piitieiit.  [Kare.l— Agent  of  truancy,  tin- natjie 
gU'en  to  a  class  of  otlicei-s  or  employees  serving'  iindti-  the 
local  scliool  authorities  in  several  cities  of  .New  Vorli  .state, 
to  enforce  the  provisions  of  the  Compulsory  Education 
Act,  reiiuirint;  the  attendance  of  children  at  school. 

The  law  [compulsory  education]  is  enforced  in  the  city 
[New  Viu-k]  by  the  city  superintendent,  who  has  twelve 
assistants  known  as  agents  of  truancij. 

Eliaic.  Brit.,  .XVII.  401. 

Catalytic  agent.  See  cataliiiie.— Crown  agent.  See 
crown— First  agent,  an  agent  not  incited  by  another. 
—General  agent,  an  ;ij!ent  whose  authority,  though  it 
may  Ik-  liniitcl  tu  a  particular  trade  or  business,  and  a  par- 
ticular place,  is  jieneral  in  respect  to  extending  to  all  acts 
of  a  kimi  ordinarily  involved  in  the  matters  in  questinn. 
— Morbific  agent,  in  med.,  a  cause  of  disease.— Thera- 
peutic agent,  in  nufl.,  a  substance,  as  for  example  nior- 
phint-,  or  a  form  of  motion,  as  heat  or  electricity,  used  in 
treatini;  ilisi-asi-.— Voluntary  or  free  agent,  one  who 
may  do  or  not  do  any  action,  and  has  the  conscious  per- 
ception that  his  actions  result  from  the  exercise  of  his  own 
will.     See  free. 

agential  (a-.ien'shal),  a.  [< ML.  af/entia,  agency, 
<  L.  ();/<•«(/-)«:  see  agent.}  Pertaining  to  an 
agent  or  to  an  agency. 

agentshipt  (a'jent-ship),  n.  The  office  of  an 
agent ;  agency.     Beau,  and  Ft. 

age-prayer  (aj'prSr),  n.  [<  age  +  ■prayer,  after 
Law  L.  (I'tdti.s  jirecatio,  a  plea  of  age,  or  a:tatem 
preeari,  plead  age,  AF.  age  prier :  see  age  and 
pray.]  In  earhj  Eng.  law,  a  suggestion  of  non- 
age, made  in  a  real  action  to  which  an  infant 
was  a  party,  viith.  a  request  that  the  proceedings 
be  stayed  until  the  infant  should  come  of  age. 
Also  called  plea  of  parol  demurrer.    Stim.son. 

ager  (a'jer),  H.  [L.,  =  E.  acre,  q.  v.]  In  ciril 
law,  a  field;  generally,  a  portion  of  land  in- 
closed by  definite  V>oundaries. 

agerasia  (aj-e-ra'si-il),  «.  [NL.,  Englished  age- 
)"06',i/,<  Crr.  d})?pa(T/a,  eternal  youth, <  a-jl/paro;,  ii}//- 
paol;  a-jijpac,  not  growing  old:  se%  Ageratutn.] 
A  green  old  age ;  freshness  and  vigor  of  mind 
and  body  late  in  life.     [Rare.] 

agerasy  (aj'e-ra-si),  «.     Same  as  agerasia. 

Ageratuni(a-jer'a-tum),  )i.  [NL.;  also,  as  L., 
ageralon,  <  Gr.  ayi/paTov,  an  aromatic  plant,  per- 
haps yarrow  or  milfoil,  Jt'7ii7;ert(i(;rera/«»i  ;  prop, 
neut.  of  a)7jpaTo^,  ayijpao^,  a)iipD^,  not  growing 
old,  imdecaying,  <  a-  priv.  +  ynpac,  old  age.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Composite,  all 
American  and  chiefly  tropical,  nearly  allied  to 
JEupatorinm.  A.  comizoidi's  (A.  Mexicanmn)  is  a  well- 
known  flower-border  annual,  with  dense  lavender-blue 
beads,  which  keep  their  color  long. 

ageusia,  ageusis  {a-gu'sl-ii,  -sis),  n.    [NL.] 

iSatne  as  agenstia. 

ageustia  (a-gus'ti-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aytvaria, 
a  fasting,  <  ayevaro^,  fasting,  not  tasting,  <  a- 
priv.,  not,  -f-  yevaroQ,  verbal  adj.  of  yevsoBat, 
taste,  akin  to  L.  gustus,  taste :  see  giist^.}  In 
jHcrf.,  a  defect  or  loss  of  taste,  occurring  in 
colds  and  fevers,  or  prising  from  nervous  dis- 
ease. 

aggatt,  «.     Obsolete  spelling  of  agate"^. 

aggelationt  (aj-e-la'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  aggela- 
tiu{n-),  <  L.  ad,  to,  -t-  gelare,  freeze :  see  con~ 
geah]     Congelation ;  freezing.     Sir  T.  Browne. 

aggeneratioht  (a-jen-e-ra'shgn),  «.  [<  L.  ag- 
generure,  adgenerare,  beget  additionally,  <  ad, 
to,  +  generare, heget:  see  generate."]  Theactof 
generating  or  producing  in  addition.     X.  E.  D. 

agger  (aj'cr),  n.  [L.,  a  pile,  heap,  mound,  ilike, 
mole,  pier,  etc.,  <  aggererc,  adgerere,  bring  to- 
gether, <  ad,  to,  -I-  gerere,  carry.]  1.  In  Enm. 
antiq.,  an  earthwork  or  any  artificial  mound  or 
rampart,  as,  in  Rome,  the  agger  of  Servius  Tul- 
lius. — 2.  A  Roman  road  or  military  way,  so 
called  because  these  roads  were  raised  in  the 
middle  to  turn  water  to  the  sides. 

aggeratet  (a.)'e-rat),  r.  t.  l<.^.  aggeratus,  pp. 
of  aggerdre,  ttdgcrdrc,  form  an  agger  or  heap, 
heap  up,  <  agger:  see  agger.  Cf.  exaggerate] 
To  heap  u]).     liailey. 

aggerationt  (a.j-e-ra'shon),  «.  {(."L.  aggera- 
tiu(n-),  <  aggerdre :  see  aggcrate.]  A  heaping; 
accumulation:  as,  "aggcration.^  of  sand,"  J{ai/, 
Diss,  of  World,  v.  4  1. 

aggerose  (a,j'e-r6s).  o.  [<  L.  as  if  'aggcrosus, 
<  agger:  sve  agger.]  In  heaps;  formed  in 
heaps.    Dana, 


110 

aggestt  (a-.ie8t'),  v.  t.    [<  L.  aggestus,  pp.  of 
aggerere,  adgerere,  bring  together:  see  agger.] 
To  heap  up. 
The  violence  of  the  waters  agrjested  the  earth. 

Fuller,  Church  Hist.,  Ded.  of  bk.  0. 

aggett,  aggettt,  ».  Obsolete  spellings  of  agate^. 
agglomerate  (a-glom'e-rat),  r.;  pret.  and  pp. 
aggliiiitrrated,  ppr.  agglomerating.  [<  L.  ag- 
gtiimeratu.<,  pp.  of  agglomerare,  adglomerare, 
wind  into  a  ball,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  glomrrare,  wind 
into  a  ball,  <  glomus  (glomer-),  a  ball,  akin  to 
_(//oi«,s-,  a  ball :  see  f/?o6f .  Ct.  conglomerate.]  I. 
trans.  To  collect  or  gather  into  a  mass. 
In  one  agglomerated  cluster  hung. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  ix.  19U. 

There  ia  to  an  American  something  richly  artificial  and 

scenic,  as  it  were,  in  the  way  these  colossal  dwellings  are 

packed  together  in  their  steep  streets,  in  the  depths  of 

their  little  enclosed,  agnlowerated  city. 

//.  Jarne.^,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  261. 

II.  intrans.  To  gather,  grow,  or  collect  into 
a  ball  or  mass  :  as,  "  hard,  agglomerating  salts," 
Thomson,  Seasons,  Autumn,  1.  766. 

agglomerate  (a-glom'e-rat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
agglonii riitus,-pY>.:  seetheverb.]  I.  a.  Gathered 
iiito  a  ball  or  mass ;  piled  together ;  specifically, 
in  hot.,  crowded  into  a  dense  cluster,  but  not 
cohering. 

II.  n.  1.  A  fortuitous  mass  or  assemblage 
of  things;  an  agglomeration. — 2.  In  geoL,  an 
accumulation  of  materials  made  up  chiefly  of 
large  blocks  "huddled  together  in  a  pell-mell 
way,  without  regard  to  size,  shape,  or  weight." 
A.  H.  Green.  The  term  is  used  almost  exclusively  with 
reference  to  volcanic  ejections,  and  is  rarely,  if  ever,  em- 
plovcd  l>y  American  authors.  See  breccia  and  conglome- 
rate. 

agglomeratic  (a-glom-e-rat'ik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  having  the  nature  of  an  agglomerate. 

agglomeration  (a-glom-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L. 
agglonieratio{n-),  <  agglomerare :  see  agglome- 
rate, v.]  1.  The  act  of  agglomerating  or  the 
state  of  being  agglomerated;  the  state  of  gath- 
ering or  being  gathered  into  a  mass. 

By  an  undisceruing  agglomeration  of  facts  he  [Berkeley] 
convinced  numbers  in  his  own  day,  and  he  has  had  be- 
lievers in  Ireland  almost  to  our  day,  that  tar-water  could 
cure  all  manner  of  diseases.  McCogh,  Berkeley,  p.  S3. 

2.  That  which  is  agglomerated;  a  collection;  a 
heap ;  any  mass,  assemblage,  or  cluster  formed 
by  mere  juxtaposition. 

The  charming  coteau  which  .  .  .  faces  the  town, —  a 
soft  agglomeration  of  gardens,  vineyards,  scattered  villas, 
gables  "and  turrets  of  slate-roofed  chateaux,  terraces  with 
gray  balustrades,  moss-grown  walls  draped  in  scarlet  Vir- 
ginia creeper.  //.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  9. 

agglomerative  (a-glom'e-ra-tiv),  a.  Having  a 
tendency  to  agglomerate  or  gather  together. 

Taylor  [is]  eminently  discursive,  accumulative,  and  (to 
use  one  of  bis  own  words)  aqqlomerative. 

Coleridge,  Poems,  etc.  (1S17),  p.  139. 

agglutinant  (a-gl6'ti-nant),  a.  and  «.    [<  L. 

agglutiii(in(t-)s,  ppr.  of  agglutinare :  see  agglu- 
tinate, v.]     I.  a.  Uniting  as  glue;  tending  to 
cause  adhesion. 
Something  strengthening  and  agglutinant. 

Gray,  Works  (1825),  II.  192. 

II.  n.  Any  viscous  substance  which  agglu- 
tinates or  unites  other  substances  by  causing 
adhesion ;  any  application  which  causes  bodies 
to  adhere  together. 

agglutinate  (a-glo'ti-nat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
agglutinated,  ppr.  agglutinating.  [<L.  aggluti- 
natus,  pp.  of  agglutinare,  adglutinare,  paste  to, 
<ad,  to,  +  glutinare,  jmste,  <gluten,  paste,  glue: 
see  gluten  and  glue.]  To  unite  or  cause  to  ad- 
here, as  with  giue  or  other  viscous  substance ; 
imite  by  causing  an  adhesion. 

agglutinate  (a-gl6'ti-uat),  a.  [<  L.  agglutinatus, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  United  as  by  glue ;  char- 
acterized by  adherence  or  incorporation  of  tlis- 
tinct  parts  or  elements  :  as,  an  agglutinate  lan- 
guage. (See  below.)  in ()of.,giown together:  equiva- 
lent to  accrete :  applied  also  to  fungi  that  are  firmly  attached 
to  the  matrix.  .Sometimes  written  intglidit, ate. —Aggln- 
tinate  languages,  lan^iuages  exbihitini;  an  iiiferieir  tie- 
glee  'if  iiiteuration  in  the  elements  -if  their  wonls.  or  of 
uiiifleation  .if  words,  the  siirtixes  and  prefixes  retaiinog  a 

certain    ilidependeliee  of  i another  ami  of  the  root  or 

stem  to  wliieh  they  are  added:  opposed  to  intlertiie  or 
ititleftiuiHtl  laimna'.:es,  in  which  the  separate  identity  of 
sti-m  and  eiidiim  is  more  often  fully  lost,  ami  the  original 
ay^lutiiiatioti  even  comes  to  be  replaced  by  an  internal 
change  in  the  root  or  stem.  But  the  distinction  is  of  little 
scientific  value.  Turkish  is  a  favorite  exaiuple  of  an  ag- 
glutinate tongue. 

agglutinating  (a-glo'ti-na-ting).  p.  a.  In 
jiliilol.,  characterized  by  agglutination;  agglu- 
tinate (which  see). 

The  natives  [of  the  southern  islands  of  the  Fuegian 
Archipelago]  .  .  .  speak  an  agglutinating  language,  cur- 
rent from  tile  middle  of  lieagle  passage  to  the  southern- 
must  islands  about  Cape  Horn.  Science,  III.  lUS. 


aggrandizement 

agglutination  (a-gl6-ti-na'shon),  k.  [=F.  ag- 
gluliniition  :  <  agglutinate,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  unit- 
ing by  glue  or  other  tenacious  substance ;  the 
state  of  lieing  thus  united;  adhesion  of  parts; 
that  which  is  united  ;  a  mass  or  group  cemented 
together. — 2.  hi  pliilol.,  the  condition  of  being 
agglutinate ;  the  process  or  result  of  aggluti- 
nate combination.     See  agglutinate,  a. 

In  the  Aryan  languages  the  modifications  of  words,  com- 
prised under  declension  and  conjugation,  were  likewise 
originally  expressed  by  agglutination.  But  the  component 
parts  began  soon  to  coalesce,  so  as  to  form  (ine  integral 
word,  liable  in  its  turn  to  jihonetic  corruption  to  siieb  an 
extent  that  it  became  impossible  after  a  time  to  decide 
which  was  the  root  and  which  the  modificatory  element. 

.Max  .Midler. 

Immediate  agglutination,  in  ntrg..  union  of  the  parts 
of  a  wmind  by  the  Ilr-t  intenlion  {.^i-e  intent  ion),  as  distin- 
gtiisbed  from  mediate  agglutination,  which  is  secured 
through  the  iiiteriiosition  of  some  substance,  as  lint,  be- 
tween the  lips  of  the  wound. 

agglutinationist  (a-glo-ti-na'sbon-ist),  n.  In 
jihilol.,  an  adherent  to  the  theory  of  agglutina- 
tion.   Hoe  agglutinate,  a.    Enci/c.  Brit.,  X.X1. 272. 

agglutinative  (a-glo'ti-na-tiv),  n.  1.  Tending 
or  ha\Tjig  power  to  agglutinate  or  unite;  hav- 
ing power  to  cause  adhesion:  as,  an  agglutina- 
tive substance. — 2.  In  philol.,  e.xhibiting  or 
characterized  by  the  formative  process  known 
as  agglutination ;  agglutinate  (which  see) :  as, 
an  agglutinative  language. 

Their  fundamental  cijmmon  characteristic  is  that  they 
[the  .Scythian  languages]  follow  what  is  styled  an  a-i'itu- 
tinative  type  of  structure.  That  is  to  say,  theelements  out 
of  which  their  words  are  formed  are  loosely  put  together, 
instead  of  being  closely  compacted,  or  fused  into  one. 

Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  316. 

aggracet(a-gras'),  r.  t.  [_<ag-  + grace,  v.;  sug- 
gested by  OF.  agracher,  agracliier^lt.  aggra- 
:iare,  formerly  aggratiare,  <  ML.  aggratiare, 
show  grace  to,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -I-  gratia,  grace.]  1. 
To  show  grace  or  favor  to.  Spenser. — 2.  To 
add  grace  to,  or  make  graceful. 

And,  that  which  all  faire  workes  doth  most  aggrace. 
The  art,  which aU  that  wrought,  appeared  in  noplace. 
Spouer,  F.  Q.,  II.  Jdi.  58. 

aggracet  (a-gras'),  n.     Kindness;  favor. 

So  goodly  purpose  they  together  fond 
Of  kindnesse  and  of  courteous  anarace. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  II.  riii.  56. 

aggrandisable,  aggrandisation,  etc.    See  ag- 

grandi'olile.  etc. 

aggrandizable  (ag'ran-di-za-bl),  a.  [<aggran- 
di::e  +  -<ihtr.]  Capable  of  being  aggrandized. 
Also  spelled  aggrandi.^ahle. 

aggrandization  (a-gran-di-za'shon),  H.  The 
act  of  aggrandizing,  or  the  condition  or  state  of 
being  aggrandized.  Also  spelled  aggrandisa- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

No  part  of  the  body  will  consume  by  the  aggrandization 
of  the  other,  but  all  motions  will  be  orderly,  and  a  just 
distribution  be  to  all  parts. 

Waterhonse,  Fortescue,  p.  197. 

aggrandize  (ag'ran-diz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ag- 
grandi.:eil,  ppr.  aggrnndi::ing.  [<  F.  aggrandiss-, 
extended  stem  of  "aggrandir,  to  greaten,  aug- 
ment, enlarge,"  etc.  (Cotgrave),now«(7rflH(?()'  = 
It.  aggrandire,  enlarge,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  grandire, 
increase,  <  grandis,  large,  great :  see  grand.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  make  great  or  greater  in  power, 
wealth,  rank,  or  honor;  exalt:  as,  to  aggrandize 
a  family. 

The  Stoics  identified  man  with  God,  for  the  purpose  of 
glorifying  man  —  the  Neoplatonists  for  the  purpose  of  ag- 
grandising God.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  345. 

2t.  To  magnify  or  exaggerate. 

If  we  trust  to  fame  and  reports,  these  may  proceed  .  .  . 
from  small  matters  aggrandized. 

Wollaeton,  Religion  of  Nature,  §  5. 

3.  To  widen  in  scope ;  increase  in  size  or  in- 
tensity; enlarge;  extend;  elevate. 

These  furnish  us  with  glorious  springs  and  mediums  to 
raise  and  aggrandize  our  conceptions. 

Watts,  Improvement  of  Mind. 
Covetous  death  bereaved  us  all. 
To  aggrandize  one  funeral. 

Kmerson,  Threnody. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  honor,  dignify,  advance,  elevate,  give  lus- 
ter to. 

II.  intrans.  To  grow  or  become  greater. 
[Rare.] 

Follies,  continued  till  old  age,  do  aggrandize  and  be- 
come hoiTid.  John  Halt,  Pref.  to  Poems. 

Also  spelled  aggrandise. 
aggrandizement  (ag'ran-diz-ment  or  a-gran'- 

diz-ment),  n.  [<  F.  ••iiggraudis.'<emcnt,  a  grant- 
ing, enlarging,  encrease,  also  preferment,  ad- 
vancement" (Cotgrave),  now  agrandi.<sement: 
see  aggrandi::e  and  -ment.]  The  act  of  aggran- 
dizing; the  state  of  being  exalted  in  jiower, 
rank,  or  honor;  e.xaltation;  enlargement:  as, 
the  emperor  seeks  only  the  aggrandisement  of 
his  own  family.     Also  spelled  aggrandisement. 


aggrandizement 

Survival  of  tlie  fittest  will  ilftermitie  whether  such  spe- 
cially fiiV(Hiriit'lL'  CDiuiitioiis  result  in  the  amrrandi/teini'itt 
of  the  imliviiluiil  ur  in  the  inultiplieatiuii  ui  the  race. 

H.  Siii-ncer,  Triii.  of  Hinl.,  §  .SM. 
=  Syn.  Au^rnientation,   advancement,  elevation;  prefer- 
nii'iit,  |ir<niM>li(in,  exaltation. 
aggrandizer  (ag'ran-di-zer),  H.     One  who  ag- 
graiiili/.<'S  or  oxalts  in  power,  rank,  or  honor. 
Also  s|i('llcil  iii/;/rri)idiscr. 
aggrappet,  "•     obsolete  form  of  ayraffc. 
aggratet  'a-grat' ',  i'.  t.    [<  It.  ayijrutarc,  also  ag- 
(jiddnic  and  lu/yradirc,  <  ML.  *agijratare  (cf. 
(ujijriiliiirr,  under  nfiyrace),  please,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  '<jr(iliif!,  pleasing,  >  It.  grato,  pleasing,  gradu, 
pleasure.]     1.  To  please. 

Each  one  sought  his  lady  to  aggrate. 

Spemer,  F.  g.,  11.  ix.  .■i4. 

D.  To  I  hunk  or  express  gratitude  to. 

Tllf  Island  King  .  .  . 

A<rii'i1<  >  the  Knights,  who  thus  his  right  defended. 

/'.  Fhtl-her,  Purple  Island,  ii.  'J.     (.V.  H.  11.) 

aggravablet  (ag'ra-va-bl),  a.  [<  L.  (iggrnv/i-rr 
(see  aggravate)  +  "E.  -6/c.]  Tending  to  aggra- 
vate ;  aggravating. 

This  idolatry  is  the  more  discernible  and  agf/ravabtt;  in 
the  invocation  of  saints  and  idols. 

Dr.  //.  More,  Antidote  against  Idolatry,  ii. 

aggravate  (ag'ra-vat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ag- 
gravated, ppr.  aggravating.  [<  L.  aggravatus, 
pp.  of  aggravarc,  adgravarc,  add  to  the  weight 
of,  make  worse,  oppress,  annoy,  <  ad,  to,  +  gra- 
vare,  make  heavy,  <  gravis,  hea\'y:  see  graved, 
Cf.  aggrieve  and  aggredge.'\  If.  Literally,  to 
add  weight  to  or  upon ;  increase  the  amount, 
quantity,  or  force  of;  make  heavier  by  added 
quantity  or  burden.  • 

Then,  soul,  live  thovi  upon  thy  servant's  loss. 
And  let  that  pine  to  aggramtf  thy  store. 

Sftttk.,  Sonnets,  cxlvi. 
In  order  to  lighten  the  crown  still  further,  they  aggra- 
vated responsibility  on  ministers  of  state. 

Burke,  Kev.  in  France,  p.  30.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  make  more  grave  or  heavj-;  increase  the 
weight  or  pressure  of;  intensify,  as  anj'thing 
cril,  disorderly,  or  troublesome:  as,  to  aggra- 
ratc  guilt  or  crime,  the  e^nls  or  annoyances  of 
life,  etc. 

Maini"d  in  the  strife,  the  falling  man  sustains 
Th'  insulting  shout,  that  airn'avates  his  pains. 

'  Crahb,;  Tales  of  the  Hall. 
The  IFrench]  government  found  its  necessities  aggra- 
vated by  that  of  procuring  immense  quantities  of  firewood. 
Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  72. 
In  every  departntent  of  nature  there  occur  instances  of 
the  instability  of  specific  form,  which  the  increase  of  ma- 
terials aggravates  rather  than  diminishes. 

A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  165. 

3.  To  exaggerate  ;  give  coloring  to  in  descrip- 
tion ;  give  an  exaggerated  representation  of : 
as,  to  aggravate  circumstances.     [Hare.] 

He  [Colonel  Nath.  Baconl  dispatched  a  messenger  to 
the  governor,  by  whom  he  aggravated  the  mischiefs  done 
by  the  Indians,  and  desired  a  commission  of  general  to 
go  out  against  tiiein.  Beverley,  Virginia,  i.  H  97. 

4.  To  provoke;  irritate;  tease.     [CoUoq.] 

I  was  so  aggravated  that  I  almost  doubt  if  I  did  know. 

Dickens. 
=  Syn.  2  and  3.  To  heighten,  raise,  increase,  magnify; 
nverst;ite.     See  list  under  txaggerate. 

aggravating  (ag'ra-va-ting),  J),  n.     1.  Making 
worse  or  more  heinous:  as,  aggravating  circum- 
stances.—  2.  Provoking;  annoying;  exasperat- 
ing: as,  he  is  an  aggravating  fellow.    [Colloq.] 
Which  makes  it  only  the  more  aggravating.    Thackeray. 

aggravatingly  (ag'ra-va-ting-li),  adv.  In  an 
atjfjraval iiig  manner. 

aggravation  (ag-ra-va'shon),  n.  [=F.  aggra- 
rntiiin,  <  ML.  aggravatio{n~),  <L.  aggravarc :  see 
aggravatr.]  1.  Increase  of  the  weight,  inten- 
sity, heinousness,  or  severity  of  anything;  the 
act  of  making  worse ;  addition,  or  that  which  is 
added,  to  anj-thing  evil  or  improper:  as,  an 
aggrariition  of  pain,  grief,  crime,  etc. —  2.  Ex- 
aggeration, as  in  a  pictorial  representation  or 
in  a  statement  of  facts;  heightened  descrip- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

Aciiir.lin^lv  tlii-v  g"t  a  painter  bv  the  knight's  directions 
to  add  a  ]iairiif  lvlli^k^  rsto  the  face,  and  l.y  a  little  aggra- 
vation of  the  features  to  change  it  into  tlie  Saracen's  Head. 

Addison. 

3.  Provocation;  irritation.  [Colloq.] — 4.  In 
Uom.  canon  lan\  a  censure,  threatening  excom- 
munication after  disregard  of  three  admoni- 
tions.    Chanib.  Vjic.  (1751). 

aggravative  (ag'ra-va-tiv),  a.  aiul  n.  I.  a. 
Tending  t<i  aggravate. 

II.  //.  That  which  aggravates  or  tends  to  ag- 
gravate or  make  worse. 

aggravator  (ag'ra-va-tor),  H.  One  who  or  that 
which  aggravates. 

aggredget,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  agredgen.  aggregcn,  ag- 
riggen,  agregen,'  <  OF.  agregcr,  agrcgicr  =  Pr. 


Ill 

agrmjar,  <  ML.  'aggreviarc  for  'aggraviare, 
e(iuiv.  to  L.  aggravarc,  to  add  to  the  weight  of, 
make  worse,  oppress,  annoy,  aggravate :  see 
aggravate  and  aggrieve,  and  cf.  aliridge,  abbre- 
viate, allege-,  alleviate.]  To  make  heavy;  ag- 
gravate; exaggerate. 

aggregant  (ag're-gant),  )i.  [<  L.  aggrcgani ^).s■, 
ppr.  of  (iggrcyare:  see  aggregate,  c]  One  of  the 
particulars  which  go  to  make  up  an  aggregate ; 
specifically,  one  of  a  number  of  logical  terms 
which  are  added  together  to  make  a  logical  sum. 

Aggregata  (ag-re-ga'ta),  ».  2)1.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  L.  aggregatus :  see  aggregate,  i'.]  In  Cu\'ier's 
system  of  classification,  the  second  family  of 
his  Accpliala  nuila,  or  shell-less  aeephals;  the 
compound  or  social  ascidians:  opposed  to  Ne- 
gregata. 

aggregate  (ag're-gat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aggre- 
gated, \t\ir.  aggregating.  [_<.lj.  aggregatn.s,  pp. 
of  aggregare,  adgrcgare,  lead  to  a  (lock,  add  to, 
<  (((/,  to,  -I-  gregarc,  collect  into  a  flock,  <  grcx 
(greg-).  a  flock:  aee gregarious.  Cf.  congregate, 
segregate.^  I.  trans.  1.  To  bring  together;  col- 
lect into  a  sum,  mass,  or  body:  as,  "the  aggre- 
gated soil,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  293. 

The  prntoplasiuic  lliiid  within  a  cell  does  not  become 
aggreguf'd  unless  it  \n-  in  a  Ii\ing  state,  and  only  iinper* 
fectly  if  the  cell  has  been  injured. 

Darwin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  C2. 

Ideas  which  were  only  feebly  connected  become  aggre- 
gated into  a  close  and  compact  whole. 

H'.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  Wi. 

2.  To  amount  to  (the  number  of) ;  make  (the 
sum  or  total  of) :  an  elliptical  use. 

The  gmis  captured  .  .  .  will  aggregate  in  all  probability 
five  or  six  hundred.   Morning  Star,  April  17, 1865.  (.V.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  add  or  unite  to  as  a  constituent  member ; 
make  a  part  of  the  aggregate  of :  as,  to  aggre- 
gate a  person  to  a  company  or  society.     [Rare.] 

II.  intran.s.  To  come  together  into  a  sum  or 
mass;  combine  and  form  a  collection  or  mass. 

The  taste  of  honey  aggregates  with  sweet  tastes  in  gen- 
eral, of  which  it  is  one  —  not  with  such  tastes  as  those 
of  quinine,  or  of  castor  oil. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  114. 

aggregate  (ag're-gat),  a.  andn.  [<L.  aggrega- 
tiis,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Formed  by  the 
conjunction  or  collection  of  particidars  into  a 
■n'hole  mass  or  sum ;  total ;  combined :  as,  the 
aggregate  amount  of  indebtedness. 

Societies  formed  by  conquest  may  be  .  .  .  composed  of 
two  societies,  which  are  in  a  large  measure  .  .  .  alien ; 
and  in  them  there  cannot  arise  a  political  force  from  the 
aggregate  will.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  469. 

Specifically — (a)  In  geot.,  composed  of  several  different 
mineral  constituents^  capable  of  being  separated  by  me- 
chanical means:  as,  granite  is  an  aggregate  rock,  (b)  In 
anat. ,  clustered  :  as,  aggregate  glands  (Payer's  glands),  (c) 
In  bot.,  forming  a  dense  duster.  ((/)  In  zooi,  compound  ; 
associated.  (<■)  In  la  tv,  composed  of  many  individuals  united 
into  one  association.  — Aggregate  animals,  animals  in 
which  many  individual  organisms  arc  united  in  a  lonnnon 
"  household"  or  tcciuni,  ;is  various  imlyits,  a.ab-plis,  etc. 
See  cuts  under  anthozuoid  and  f-'u/-«/;/,7''/j(/.— Aggregate 
combination,  in  meclt.,  a  combination  which  causes  com- 
pftuiid  nii'tions  in  secondary  pieces.  The  effects  of  ag- 
gregate combinations  are  classified  as  aggregate  pnth-i 
and  aggregate  velocities  (which  see,  behiw).— Aggregate 
flower,  one  formed  of  several  florets  closely  gathered  upon 
a  common  receptacle,  but  not  coherent,  as  in  Compo.KittP.— 
Aggregate  fruit,  a  fruit  formed  when  a  clusterof  distinct 
carjicls  bcl'<iiging  to  a  single  flower  are  crowded  upon  the 
common  rcccjitacle.  becoming  baccate  or  drupaceous,  and 
sometimes  more  or  less  coherent,  as  in  the  blackberry  ami 
the  fruit  of  the  niagnnlia.  Also  sometimes  used  as  synony- 
mous with  )iufltiple  or  compound  J'nn't  (which  see,  under 
fruit).  Sec  cut  under  l!oh„..^  Aggregate  glands.  See 
;(;nni;.  — Aggregate  path,  "i  oi../...  tliat  p^illi  through 
which  a  part  of  a  machine  is  moved,  which  is  the  resultant 
of  the  aggregate  combination  of  the  other  parts  which  op- 
erate it.  Thus,  in  so-called  parallel  motion,  a  movement 
of  one  part  in  a  right  line  is  effected  by  the  combined  and 
counteracting  ni..\ .  imiits  of  other  parts  moving  in  circu- 
lar arcs.— Aggregate  velocity,  the  resultant  velocity  im- 
parted by  forces  moving  with  different  or  with  varying 
velocities,  as  the  velocities  imparted  by  systems  of  pulleys 
through  trains  of  gearing,  or  by  so-called  differential  mo- 
tions.—Corporation  aggregate,  in  law.  See  corpora- 
tion. 

II.  «.  1.  A  sura,  mass,  or  assemblage  of  par- 
ticulars ;  a  total  or  gross  amount ;  any  com- 
bined whole  considered  -with  reference  to  its 
constituent  parts.  An  aggregate  is  essentially  a  sum, 
.as,  for  example,  a  heap  of  sand,  wiiose  parts  are  loosely  or 
accidentally  associated.  When  the  relation  between  the 
parts  is  more  intimate  — either  chemical,  as  in  a  molecule 
ur  a  crystal,  or  organic,  as  in  a  living  body,  or  for  the  reali- 
zation of  a  di'sign,  as  ill  a  house  — the  sum  ceases  to  be  a 
mere  aggregate  and  becomes  a  compound,  a  cowbination, 
an  oc'ianisni.  etc.  Put  in  a  general  way  anything  con- 
sisting iif  distinguishalile  elements  may  be  called  an  ag- 
gregate of  those  elements :  as,  man  is  an  aggregate  of 
structures  and  organs ;  a  mineral  or  volcanic  aggregate 
(that  is.  a  compound  rock). 

Looking  to  the  aggregate  of  all  the  interests  of  the  com- 
monwealth.        D.  M'ehster,  Speech.  Bostcui.  June  5,  1S28. 

Angregatci  of  brilliant  passages  rather  than  harmonious 
whoW  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  414. 


aggression 

The  difference  between  an  aggregate  and  a  product  la 
that  in  the  first  case  the  comi>onent  parts  are  simply 
grouped  together,  adiled ;  in  the  second,  the  constituent 
elements  are  Idended,  multiplied  into  each  other. 

G.  //.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  ii.  §  9.1. 

2.  Any  hard  material  added  to  lime  to  make 
concrete.  N.  E.  J). — 3.  Milit.,  the  total  com- 
missioned and  enlisted  force  of  any  post,  de- 
partment, division,  corps,  or  other  command. 
-  In  the  aggregate,  taken  together ;  considered  as  a 
whole  ;  collectively. 

Our  judgment  of  a  man's  character  is  derived  from  oh. 
serving  a  number  of  successive  acts,  foiiuiiig  in  the  aggre- 
gate his  general  course  of  conduct. 

Sir  O.  C.  Lewis,  .\uthority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  ii. 

aggregated  (ag're-ga-ted),  p.  a.  Same  as  aggre- 
gate, a. 

aggregately  (ag'ro-gat-li),  adv.  Collectively; 
taken  together  or  in  the  aggregate. 

Many  little  things,  though  separately  they  seem  too  in- 
significant to  mention,  yet  aggregately  are  too  material 
for  me  to  omit.  (Shester/ield,  Letters,  II.  :J47. 

aggregation  (ag-re-ga'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  aggrc- 
galio(ii-),  iij.  aggregare :  see  aggregate,  v.'\  1. 
The  act  of  collecting  or  the  state  of  being  col- 
lected into  an  unorganized  ■whole. 

By  "material  aggregation"  being  meant  the  way  in 
which,  by  nature  or  by  art,  the  molecules  of  matter  are 
arranged  together.  Tyndall. 

Wanting  any  great  and  acknowledged  centre  of  national 
life  and  thought,  our  cxjiansion  has  hitherto  been  rather 
aggregation  than  growth.     Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  S3. 

2.  In  logic,  the  union  of  species  to  form  a  ge- 
nus, or  of  terms  to  form  a  term  true  of  any- 
thing of  which  any  of  its  parts  are  true,  and 
only  false  when  all  its  parts  are  false. — 3.  The 
adfling  of  any  one  to  an  association  as  a  mem- 
ber thereof ;  afliliation.     [Rare.] 

The  second  [book]  recounts  his  aggregation  to  the  soci- 
ety of  free-masons.       Monthly  Rev.,  XX.  537.    (A'.  E.  Z>.) 

4.  A  combined  whole  ;  an  aggregate. 

In  the  United  States  of  America  a  century  hence  we 
shall  therefore  doubtless  have  a  political  aggregation  im- 
measurably surpassing  in  power  and  in  dimensions  any 
empire  that  has  as  yet  existed. 

J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  139. 

Creatures  of  inferior  type  are  little  more  than  aggrega- 
tions of  numerous  like  parts. 

//.  .Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  493. 

5.  In  bot.,  applied  by  Darwin  specifically  to 
the  peculiar  change  induced  in  the  cells  of  the 
tentacles  of  Drosera  by  mechanical  or  chemi- 
cal stimtilation Theorem  of  aggregation,  in  the 

theory  of  invariants,  a  theorem  conceniing  the  number  of 
linearly  independent  invariants  of  a  given  type. 

aggregative  (ag're-ga-tiv),  a.  [<  aggregate  + 
-ive ;  =F.  agregati}'.}  1.  Pertaining  to  aggre- 
gation ;  taken  together ;  collective. 

other  things  equal,  the  largest  mass  will,  because  of  its 
superior  aggregative  force,  become  hotter  than  the  others, 
and  radiate  more  intensely. 

//.  Spencer,  Universal  Progress,  p.  293. 

2.  Tending  to  aggregate;  gregarious;  social. 
[Rare.] 

His  [ilirabeau's]  sociality,  his  aggregative  nature  .  .  . 
will  now  be  the  quality  of  qualities  for  him. 

Carlyle,  liYench  Rev.,  I.  iv.  4. 

aggregator  (ag're-ga-tor),  «.     One  who  collects 

into  a  whole  or  mass.     Burton. 
aggress  (a-gres'),  v.     [<  L.  aggressus,  pp.  of  ag- 

gredi,  adgrcdi,  attack,  assail,  approach,  go  to, 

<  ad,  to,  +  gradi,  walk,  go,  >  gradus,  step :  see 

grade.']     I.    intrans.    1.    To  make  an   attack; 

commit  the  first  act  of  hostility  or  offense; 

begin  a  quarrel  or  controversy;  hence,  to  act 

on  the  offensive. 

The  moral  law  says  —  Do  not  aggress ! 

II.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  29S. 

2.  To  encroach ;  intrude ;  be  or  become  intru- 
sive. 

The  plebeian  Italian,  inspired  by  the  national  vanity, 
bears  himself  as  proudly  as  the  noble,  without  at  all  ag- 
gressing in  his  manner.  Howelts,  Venetian  Life,  xxi 

Wllile  the  individualities  of  citizens  are  less  aggressed 
upon  by  public  agency,  tliey  are  more  protected  by  public 
agency  against  aggressitui. 

//.  Spencer,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  X.K.  12. 

IJ,  tran.f.  To  attack.  Qnarterly  Bcv.    [Rare.] 
aggresst  (a-gres'),  n.     [<  OF.  aggressc,  <  L.  ag-- 
grensuis,  adgrcssus,  an  attack,  <  aggredi,  adgredi : 
see  aggress,  c]     Aggression  ;  attack. 

Military  aggresses  upon  others. 

Sir  M.  Bale,  Pleas  of  the  Crown,  xt. 

aggression  (a-gresh'on),  n.  [<  F.  aggression, 
attuck,  now  agression,  <  L.  aggmvio(n-).  < 
aggredi,  adgredi:  see  aggress,  r.]  1.  The  act 
of  proceeding  to  hostilities  or  invasion;  a 
breach  of  the  peace  or  right  of  another  or 
others;  an  assault,  inroad,  or  encroachment; 


aggression 

hence,  any  offensive  action  or  procedure !  as,  an 
afK/ression  upon  a  country,  or  upon  vested  rights 
or  liberties. 

\Vi'  have  undertaken  to  resent  a  supreme  insult,  and 
have  had  to  tiear  new  insults  and  aggrnvvioiis,  even  to  the 
direct  menace  of  our  national  capital. 

O.  If.  Ilulmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  103. 

2.  The  practice  of  making  assaults  or  attacks ; 
offensive  action  in  general. 

Only  this  policy  of  unceasing  and  untiring  miriressinn, 
this  wearing  out  .ind  crusliinK  out,  this  war  upon  all  the 
resources  and  all  the  armies  of  the  rebellion,  could  now 
succeed.  Jiadeau,  Mil.  Hist,  of  Grant,  II.  10. 

=  Syn.  Attack,  invasion,  assault,  encroachment,  injury, 

OfffTlSC. 

aggressionist  (a-grcsh'on-ist),  «.  [<  aggression 
+  -(«(.]  One  who  commits  or  favors  aggres- 
sion. 

.4.(7,7res«ionwfs  would  much  more  truly  describe  the  anti- 
freetraders  than  the  euphemistic  title  "protectionists"; 
since,  that  one  producer  may  gain,  ten  consmners  are 
fleeced.  H.  Spencer,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  156. 

aggressive  (a-gres'iv),  a.  [<  aggress  +  -ire;  = 
F.  iKjrcssif.']  Characterized  by  aggression; 
tending  to  aggress ;  prone  to  begin  a  quarrel ; 
making  the  first  attack ;  offensive,  as  opposed 
to  defensive:  as,  the  minister  pursued  an  ag- 
gressive foreign  policy. 

That  which  would  be  \iolent  if  aggressive,  might  be  justi- 
fied if  defensive.  Phillimore's  Reports,  II.  135. 

I  do  not  think  there  is  ever  shown,  among  Italians, 
either  the  aggressive  pride  or  the  abject  meanness  which 
marks  the  intercourse  of  people  and  nobles  elsewhere  in 
Europe.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

=  Syn.  Aggressive,  Offensive.  Offensive  is  the  direct  op- 
posite to  dt'/eJisive,  Offensive  warfare  is  that  in  which  one 
is  quick  to'  give  battle,  as  opportunity  offers  or  can  be 
made,  and  presses  upon  the  enemy.  Aggressive  warfare 
is  only  secondarily  of  this  sort ;  primarily  it  is  a  warfare 
prompted  by  the  spirit  of  encroachment,  the  desire  of 
conquest,  plunder,  etc.  A  war  that  is  thus  aggressive  is 
naturally  offensive  at  first,  but  may  lose  that  character  by 
the  vigor  of  the  resistance  made ;  it  then  ceases  to  be 
thought  of  as  aggressive.  Hence  aggressive  has  come  to  be 
often  synonymous  with  offensive. 

The  steady  pushing  back  of  the  boundary  of  rebellion, 
in  spite  of  resistance  at  many  points,  or  even  of  such  ag- 
gressive inroads  as  that  which  our  armies  are  now  meeting 
with  their  long  lines  of  bayonets. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  101. 

The  peremptory  conversion  of  Lee's  clever  offensive  into 
a  purely  defensive  attitude,  ...  in  marked  contrast  with 
the  tactics  of  his  rival. 

Badeau,  Mil.  Hist,  of  Grant,JI.  130. 

aggressively  (a-gres'iv-li),  adv.  In  an  aggres- 
sive or  offensive  manner. 

aggressiveness  (a-gres'iv-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  aggressive;  the  disposition  to  en- 
croach upon  or  attack  others. 

aggressor  (a-gres'or),  n.  [L.,  also  adgressor,  < 
atjijrtssiis,  pp.  of  aggredi,  adgredi :  see  aggress, 
f.']  The  person  who  first  attacks ;  one  who  be- 
gins hostilities  or  makes  encroachment ;  an  as- 
sailant or  invader. 

There  is  nothing  more  easy  than  to  break  a  treaty  rati- 
fied in  all  the  usual  forms,  and  yet  neither  party  be  the 
aggressor.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xvii. 

aggrievancet  (a-gre'vans),  «.  [<  ME.  aggre- 
raiiiice,  -aims,  <  OF.  agrevance,  <  agrever :  see 
aggrieve  and  -ance.l  Oppression;  hardship; 
injury ;  grievance. 

Deliver  those  aggrieoances,  which  lately 
Your  importunity  possest  our  council 
Were  fit  for  audience. 
Fletcher  (and  another}.  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  iii.  1. 

aggrieve  (a-grev'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  aggrieved, 
ppr.  aggrieving.  [<  ME.  agreven,  <  OF.  agrever, 
agriever,  later  restored  agraver,  aggraver,  to 
aggravate,  exasperate,  =  Sp.  agravar ^iTg.  ag- 
gravar  =  It.  aggravare,  <  L.  aggravare,  make 
heavy,  make  worse,  aggravate:  see  aggravate. 
Cf.  aggredge  and  grieve.^  I.  trans.  If.  To  give 
pain  or  sorrow  to;  afflict;  grieve. 

Which  yet  aggrieves  my  heart.  Spenser. 

2.  To  bear  hard  upon;  oppress  or  injure  in 
one's  rights ;  vex  or  harass,  as  by  injustice : 
used  chiefly  or  only  in  the  passive. 

The  two  races,  so  long  hostile,  soon  found  that  they  had 
common  interests  and  common  enemies.  Both  were  alike 
aggrieved  by  the  tyranny  of  a  bad  king.  Macaulag. 

So  the  bargain  stood : 
They  broke  it,  and  he  felt  himself  aggrieved. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  27. 

n.t  intrans.  To  mourn;  lament. 

My  heart  aggriev'd  that  such  a  wretch  should  reign. 

Mir. /or  Mags.,  p.  442. 

aggronpt  (a-grop'),  v.  t.  [<F.  agrouper{=zSTp. 
Pg.  agrupar—  It.  aggrupparc  and  aggroppare), 
<  a,  to,  +  grouper,  group :  see  group,  r.]  To 
bring  together ;  group ;  make  a  group  of. 

Bodies  of  divers  natures  which  are  aggrouped  (or  com- 
bined) together  are  agreeable  and  pleasant  to  the  sight. 
Drydcn,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy,  p.  197. 


112 

aggtoupment  (a-grop'ment),  M.  Arrangement 
in  a  group,  as  in  statuary  or  in  a  picture; 
grou]]ing.    Also  spelled  agroupment. 

aggry-beads  (ag'ri-bedz),  «.  pi.  [<  aggry,  prob. 
of  African  origin,  +  beads.']  Glass  beads,  sup- 
posed to  be  of  ancient  Egj-ptian  manufacture, 
occasionally  found  in  the  Ashantee  and  Fanti 
countries.  They  are  of  excjuisite  colors  and  designs,  and 
are  nnich  valued  by  the  natives.    Also  spelled  aggri-beads. 

agha,  n.     See  aga. 

aghanee  (ag-ha'ne),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  writ- 
ten ughunte,  repr.  Hind,  agliatii,  the  produce 
of  the  month  Aghan,  the  eighth  in  the  Hindu 
year,  answering  to  the  last  half  of  November 
and  the  first  half  of  December.]  The  name 
given  to  the  chief  rice-crop  in  Hindustan.  It  is 
the  second  of  the  three  crops,  being  sown  along  with  the 
bhadoee  crop  in  ,\pril  and  May,  and  reaped  in  Xovember 
and  December.     Called  amun  in  lower  Bengal. 

aghast  (a-gasf),  p.  or  a.  [The  spelling  with  h 
is  unnecessary  and  wrong;  <  ME.  aga.si,  rarely 
in  the  fuller  form  agnsted,  pp.  of  the  com- 
mon verb  agasten,  rarely  agesten,  pret.  agaste, 
terrify,  <  a-  (<  AS.  a-)  +  gasten  (pret.  gaste,  pp. 
gast),'<  AS.  gwstan,  terrify:  see  aA,  gast,  gliast, 
and  ghastly,  and  cf.  aga;:ed.']  Struck  with 
amazement ;  filled  with  sudden  fright  or  hor- 
ror.    See  agast,  v.  t. 

Aghast  he  waked,  and  starting  from  his  bed. 
Cold  sweat  in  clammy  drops  his  limbs  o'erspread. 

Dryden,  ^neid. 

Stupefied  and  aghast,  I  had  myself  no  power  to  move 
from  the  upright  position  1  had  assumed  upon  first  hearing 
the  shriek.  Poe,  Tales,  1.  372. 

=  Syn.  Horrified,  dismayed,  confounded,  astounded,  dum- 
founded,  thunderstruck. 
agiblet  (aj'i-bl),  a.     [<  ML.  agibilis,  that  can  be 
done,  <  L.  agere,  do:  see  agent,  act.]     Capable 
of  being  done;  practicable. 

When  they  were  fit  for  agible  things. 

Sir  A.  Shirley,  Travels,  Persia,  i. 

agila-WOOd  (ag'i-ia^wud),  n.     [See  eaglewood.] 

Same  as  agaUuchum. 
agile  (aj'il),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  agil,  agill,  <  F. 
agile,  <  L.  agilis,  <  agere,  do,  move:  see  agent, 
act.]  Nimble ;  ha\-ing  the  faetdty  of  quick  mo- 
tion ;  apt  or  ready  to  move ;  brisk ;  active :  said 
of  the  mind  as  well  as  of  the  body. 

.Shirley  was  sure-footed  and  agile  ;  she  could  spring  like 
a  deer  when  she  chose.         Cliarlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xi.\. 

The  subtle,  agile  Greek,  unprincipled,  full  of  change  and 
levity.  De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  ii. 

=  Syn.  Ximble,  Agile  (see  nimble),  quick,  lively,  alert,  sup- 
ple, spry. 

agilely  (aj'il-i),  adv.  In  an  agUe  or  nimble 
manner ;  vrith  agility. 

agileness  (aj'il-nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  agile  ;  nimbleness ;  activity ;  agility. 

Agilia  (a-jil'i-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  L. 
agilis,  agile:  see  agile.]  In  Illigers  classifica- 
tion of  mammalSj  a  famih'  of  rodents  notable 
for  their  agility.  It  contains  the  squirrels  and 
dormice.     [Not  in  use.] 

agility  (a-jil'i-ti),  n.  [<  F.  agilite,  <  L.  agili- 
ta{t-)s,  <  agilis,  agile  :  see  agile.]  1.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  agile ;  the  power  of  mov- 
ing quickly;  nimbleness;  briskness;  activity, 
either  of  body  or  of  mind. 

A  limb  overstrained  by  lifting  a  weight  above  its  power, 
may  never  recover  its  former  agility  and  vigour.  Watts. 
The  Common  Dormouse  .  .  .  handles  its  hazel-  or  beech- 
nuts with  all  the  air  of  a  squirrel,  and  displays  no  less  agilitg 
in  skipping  about  the  shrubbery  and  tangle  it  inhabits  and 
forages  in.  Stand.  Sat.  Hist.,  V.  115. 

2t.  Powerful  action ;  active  force. 

No  wonder  there  be  found  men  and  women  of  strange 
and  monstrous  shapes  considering  the  agility  of  the  sun's 
fiery  heat.  Holland. 

■=  Syn,  L    See  agile. 

aging  (a'jing),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  age,  v.]  1 .  Any 
process  for  imparting  the  characteristics  and 
properties  of  age :  as,  the  aging  of  wines  and 
liquors  by  heat  and  agitation. —  2.  In  calico- 
printing  and  dyeing,  the  process  of  fixing  the 
soluble  mordant  or  dye  by  exposing  the  cloth 
in  well-ventilated  chambers  to  air  which  is  kept 
warm  and  moist,  for  a  time  sufficient  to  allow 
the  mordant  or  dye  laid  upon  the  surface  of  the 
cloth  to  penetrate  the  fibers  and  become  firmly 
attached  to  them.  Any  superfluous  portions, 
or  those  which  may  remain  soluble,  are  removed 
by  dimging. — 3.  In  ceram.,  the  storage  of  pre- 
pared clay,  to  allow  it  time  to  ferment  and  ripen 
before  using.  E.  0.  Knight.  The  clay  is  kept  net, 
and  is  often  mixed  and  tempered ;  and  the  process  some- 
times  lasts  for  many  years. 
Also  spelled  ageing. 

agio  (aj'i-6  or  a'ji-6),  n.  [<Fr.  agio,  <  It.  agio, 
usually  in  this  sense  spelled  aggio,  exchange, 
premium,  the  same  word  as  agio,  ease :  see  ada- 


agitate 

gio  and  ease.]  A  commercial  term  in  use,  princi- 
pally on  the  continent  of  Europe,  to  denote  — 
(a)  The  rate  of  exchange  between  the  currencies 
of  two  countries,  as  between  those  of  Italy  and 
the  United  States,  (b)  The  percentage  of  dif- 
ference in  the  value  of  (1)  two  metallic  curren- 
cies, or  (2)  a  metallic  and  a  paper  currency  of 
the  same  denomination,  in  the  same  country ; 
hence,  premium  on  the  appreciated  currency, 
and  disagin,  or  discount,  on  the  depreciated  one. 
Six  years  ago  this  kinsatsu  [Japanese  paper  currency) 
stood  at  par  and  was  even  preferred  by  the  natives  to  the 
gold  and  silver  currency ;  now,  from  40;/^  to  45%  agio  is 
paid.  Itein,  Japan,  p.  382. 

(c)  An  allowance  made  in  some  places  for  the 
wear  and  tear  of  coins,  as  in  Amsterdam,  Ham- 
burg, etc. 

a  giorno  (a  jor'no).  [It.,  =F.  a  jour.]  In  deco- 
ra tire  art,  same  as  a  jour. 

agiotage  (aj'i-  or  a'ji-o-taj),  n.  [F.,  <  agioter, 
job  or  dabble  in  stocks,  <  agio,  price,  rate  of 
exchange,  discount :  see  agio.]  Speculation  in 
stocks,  etc.;  stock-jobbing.  [Not  used  in  the 
United  States.] 

Vanity  and  agiotage  are.  to  a  Parisian,  the  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  of  life.     Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations,  xlvii. 

agist  (a-jisf),  V.  t.  [<  OF.  agister  (>  ML.  agis- 
tare,  adgistare),  <  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  -I-  gister,  as- 
sign a  lodging,  <  giste,  a  bed,  place  to  lie  on :  see 
gist,  gise^,  gite^.]  1 .  To  feed  or  pasture,  as  the 
cattle  or  horses  of  others,  for  a  compensation : 
used  originally  of  the  feeding  of  cattle  in  the 
king's  forests. —  2.  To  rate  or  charge  ;  impose 
as  a  burden,  as  on  land  for  some  specific  pur- 
pose. 

agistage  (a-jis'taj),  «.  [<  agi.9t  -h  -age.]  In 
la  IV :  {<!)  The  taking  and  feeding  of  other  men's 
cattle  in  the  king's  forests,  or  on  one's  own 
land.  (6)  The  contract  to  do  so  for  hire,  (c) 
The  price  paid  for  such  feeding,  (rf)  Generally, 
any  burden,  charge,  or  tax.  Also  called  gait 
and  agistment. 

agistatort,  ».  [ilL.,  <  agistare,  pp.  agistatus  : 
see  agist.]     Same  as  agistor. 

agister,  ».     See  agistor. 

agistment  (a-jist'ment),  «.  [<  OF.  agistement 
(>yiLi.agista>nentum):  see  agist  a,ud -ment.]  1. 
Same  as  agistage. 

Henry  de  Lacy,  earl  of  Lincoln,  who  .  .  .  had  the  agist- 
ments and  summer  and  winter  herbage  of  Pendle. 

Baines,  Hist.  Lancashire,  II.  25. 
Xo  sooner  had  that  [the  Irish]  Parliament,  by  its  reso- 
lutions concerning  the  tithe  of  agistment,  touched  the 
interests  of  his  order,  than  he  [Swift]  did  everj"thing  in 
his  power  to  discredit  it.      Lecfcy,  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent.,  viL 

2.  A  dike  or  embankment  to  prevent  the  over- 
flow of  a  stream  or  encroachments  of  the  sea. 
E.  H.  Knight. 
agistor,  agister  (a-jis'tor,  -ter),  h.    [<  ME.  agis- 
ter, <  AF.  agistour,  <  OF.  agister,  v. :  see  agist.] 
An  officer  of  the  royal  forests  of  England,  hav- 
ing the  care  of  cattle  agisted,  and  of  collecting 
the  money  for  the   same;   one  who  receives 
and  pastures  cattle,  etc.,  for  hire. 
agitablet  (aj'i-ta-bl),  a.     [<  F.  agitable,  <  L.  agi- 
tdbilis,  <  agitare:  see  agitate.]     1.  Capable  of 
being  agitated  or  shaken. — 2.  That  may  be 
debated  or  discussed. 
agitate  (aj'i-tat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  agitated,  ppr. 
agitating.     [<  L.  agitatus,  pp.  of  agitare,  drive, 
move,  arouse,  excite,  agitate,  freq.  of  agere, 
drive,  move,  lio:  see  agent  and  act.]     I.  trans. 
If.  To  move  or  actuate ;  maintain  the  action  of. 
Where  dwells  this  sov'reign  arbitrary  soul, 
Which  does  the  human  animal  controul, 
Inform  each  part,  and  agitate  the  whole ! 

Sir  B.  Blacknwre. 

2.  To  move  to  and  fro;  impart  regidar  motion 
to. 

The  hatiies  sigh,  and  agitate  their  fans  with  diamond- 
sparkling  hands. 

J.  E.  Cooke,  Virginia  Comedians,  I.  xlviii. 

3.  To  move  or  force  into  violent  irregular  ac- 
tion; shake  or  move  briskly ;  excite  physically : 
as,  the  wind  agitates  the  sea;  to  agitate  water 
in  a  vessel. 

Tall  precipitating  flasks  in  which  the  materials  were 
fli-st  agitated  with  the  respective  liquids  and  were  then 
allowed  to  stand  at  rest  under  various  conditions  as  to 
light,  temperature,  etc. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXIX.  2. 

4.  To  disturb,  or  excite  into  tumult:  perturb. 

The  mind  of  man  is  agitated  by  various  passions. 

Johnson. 

5.  To  discuss:  debate;  call  attention  to  by 
speech  or  writing :  as,  to  agitate  the  question 
of  free  trade. 

Though  this  controversy  be  revived  and  hotly  agitated 
among  the  moderns.  Boyle,  Coloura. 


agitate 

6.  To  coiisuior  on  all   sides;  revolvo  in   the 
mind,  or  view  iu  all  its  aspects;  plan. 

When  politicians  most  agitate  desperate  (lesions. 

Kikon  ]iasUi/ie. 
=Syil.  3  and  4.  To  rouse,  stir  up.  ruffle,  iliscompose.-  5 
anil  6.  'I'o  canvuss,  (iflil)oratt'  uiidii. 

II.  intridi.s.  To  engage  iu  agitation;  arouse 
or  attempt  to  arouse  public  interest,  as  in 
some  political  or  social  (luestiou :  as,  ho  set  out 
to  affitalv  in  the  country. 

'I'lit!  'I'ories  wjiiatt'd  iti  tliL-  early  Hanoverian  period  for 
sli"rt  parlianu-nts  ami  for  the  restriction  of  tlie  corrupt 
hitlurnce  of  the  Crown.  Lccky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  i. 

agitated (aj'i-ta-ted), J). a.  Disturbed;  excited; 
expressing  agitation :  as,  in  an  aiiitated  man- 
ner;  "an  agitated  countenance,"  Thackeray. 

she  liul'st  out  at  Ijlst  in  an  wjitatcd,  almost  vioh'nt,  tone. 
George  Eliot,  .Mill  on  the  Kloss.  iii.  'J. 

agitatedly  (aj'i-ta-ted-li),  ado.     In  an  agitated 

manner. 
agitating  (aj'i-ta-tiug),  j).  a.     Disturbing;  ex- 
citing; moving. 
agitation  (aj-i-ta'shon),  n.     [<  L.  ayitatio(H-), 
<.aijitarc:  see  agitate.']     The  act  of  agitating, 
or  the  state  of  being  agitated,   (a)  The  state  of  ho- 
ing  shaken  or  imiveii  with  violence,  or  with  irregular  ac- 
tion ;  commotion  :  as,  the  sea  after  a  storm  is  in  mjitativn. 
The  molecules  of  all  hodies  are  in  a  state  of  continual 
agitation.  J.  N.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  114. 

{b)  Ihsturbance  of  the  mind ;  perturbation ;  excitement  of 
passion. 

Aijitations  of  the  public  mind  so  deep  and  so  long  con- 
tinued as  those  which  we  have  witnessed  do  not  end  in 
nothing.  ilaeaulay,  Pari.  Keform. 

Away  walked  Catherine  in  great  agitation,  as  fast  as 
the  crowd  would  permit  her. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  xiii. 

(c)  Examination  of  a  subject  in  controversy ;  deliberation ; 
discussion ;  debate. 

We  owe  it  to  the  timid  and  the  doubting  to  keep  the 
great  questions  of  the  time  in  unceasing  and  untiring  aj/i- 
tation.  O.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  80. 

(rf)  Tlie  act  of  arousing  public  attention  to  a  political  or 
social  question  by  speeches,  etc.  =  Syn.  (b)  Afjitatimi,  Trepi- 
dation, Tremor,  Emotion,  excitement,  flutter.  Tremor  is, 
in  its  literal  use,  wholly  physical ;  it  may  he  in  a  part  of 
the  body  or  the  whole ;  it  is  generally  less  violent  than 
trepidation.  Trepidation  and  agitation  are  more  often  used 
of  the  mind  thioiof  the  body.  But  all  three  words  may  ex- 
press states  either  of  the  body  or  the  mind,  or  of  Ijoth  at 
once  through  reflex  influence.  Trepidation  is  generally 
the  result  of  fear:  it  is  the  excited  anticipation  of  speedy 
disaster,  penalty,  etc.  Agitation  may  be  retrospective  and 
occasioned  by  that  which  is  pleasant ;  it  includes  the  mean- 
ing of  trepidation  ami  a  part  of  that  of  emotion.  Emotion 
is  used  only  of  the  nnnd  :  it  is  the  broadest  and  highest  of 
these  words,  covering  .-ill  movements  of  feeling,  whether 
of  pleasure  or  pain,  fruTu  a;iitation  to  the  pleasure  that  the 
mind  may  take  in  abstract  truth. 

What  Ungtiis  i>f  far-famed  ages,  billowed  high 
Witll  huiiian  Uiiitation,  roll  along 
In  unsuljstantial  images  of  air! 

Young,  Night  Thoughts. 

I  can  recall  vividly  the  trepidation  which  I  carried  to 
that  meeting.  D.  G.  .Mitehcll,  Bound  Together,  i. 

I  had  a  worrying  ache  and  inward  tremor  underlying  all 
the  outward  play  of  the  senses  ami  mind. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life. 

Mellow,  melancholy,  yet  not  mournful,  the  tone  seemed 
to  gush  up  out  of  the  deep  well  of  Hepzibah's  heart,  all 
steeped  in  its  profoundest  emot-ion. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  vi. 

agitational  (aj-i-ta'shon-al),  a.  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  agitation. 

agitative  (aj'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [<  agitate  +  -«•(.] 
Having  a  tendency  to  agitate. 

agitato  (a-je-ta'to),  a.  [It.,  pp.  oiagitare,  <  L. 
ugitare :  see  agiiats.']  Agitated;  restless:  a 
word  used  iu  miotic,  generally  in  combination 
with  allegro  or  presto,  to  describe  the  charac- 
ter of  a  movement  as  broken,  huiTied,  or  rest- 
less in  style. 

agitator  (a,j'i-ta-tor),  «.  [L.,  <  agitare :  see  agir- 
Idlc.'i  1.  One  who  or  that  which  agitates.  Spe- 
ciljcally — (a)  One  who  engages  in  some  kind  of  political 
agitation  ;  one  who  stirs  up  or  excites  otiiers,  with  tlie  view 
of  strengthening  his  own  cause  or  party. 

(Robin  of  Redesdale]  collected  forces  and  began  to 
traverse  the  country  as  an  agitator  in  the  summer  of  1469; 
possibly  at  the  suggestion,  certainly  with  the  connivance, 
of  Warwick.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  681. 

(b)  A  machine  for  agitating  and  nuxing ;  specifically,  a 
machine  for  stirring  pulverized  ore  in  water. 
2.  A  name  given  to  certain  officers  appointed 
by  the  army  of  the  English  Commonwealth  in 
1647-9  to  manage  their  concerns.  There  were 
two  from  each  regiment. 

They  proceeded  from  those  elective  tribunes  called  agi- 
tators, who  liad  been  established  in  every  regiment  to 
superintend  the  interests  of  the  army. 

Hallam,  Const.  Hist.,  II.  210. 
[It  has  been  supposed  that  in  this  sense  the  proper  spelling 
of  the  word  is  luijutatur,  meaning  not  one  who  agitates,  but 
one  who  assists.  But  Dr.  J.  A.  H.  -Murray  says  :  "Care- 
ful investigation  satisfies  me  that  .4;;i£a(or  was  the  actual 
title,  and  Adjutatur  originally  only'a  bad  spelling  of  sol- 
diers familiar  with  Adjutants  and  the  Adjulors  of  1642."] 


113 

agitatorial  (aj"i-ta-td'ri-al),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  an  agitator.' 

Aglaophenia(ag"la-6-fe'ni-a),  H.  [NL.  (La- 
marck, 1X12),  appar.  aneiTorfor  'agUKipltniKi,  < 
Gr.  'AyXaoipiiiiij,  one  of  the  sirens,  fern,  of  ay'Aiw- 
ipr/fioc,  of  splendid  fame,  <  ay'/xioc,  sjilendid,  bril- 
liant, +  I'fliiui  =  L.  fama,  fame.]  A  notable  g(^- 
iius  of  (■alyi)toblastic  hydroids,  of  the  family 
I'lumulariidw.  a.  struthionides  is  an  elegant  species 
of  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  known,  from  Its  fig- 
ure and  general  appearance,  as  the  ostrich-plume.  Others 
occur  on  the  .Atlantic  coast. 

aglare  (.-i-glar'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<a3 
+  glare^.']     In  a  glare  ;  glaring. 

The  toss  of  unshorn  hair. 
And  wringing  of  hands,  and  eyes  aglare. 

Whittier,  The  Preacher. 

Aglaura  (ag-la'ra,),  «.  [Nli.,<  Gr. ';\;/at)/)oc  a 
mythol.  name.]  "l.  A  genus  of  craspedote  hy- 
droids, or  Traclii/medtmr,  of  the  family  Trachii- 
iiemida:.  Piron  and  Lcsucur,  IHOQ. — 2.  A  genus 
of  worms. — 3.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects.    Hoisdural,  1851. 

Aglaurinae  (ag-la-ri'ne),  It. pi.  [NL.,<  Aglaura, 
I,  +  -in(c.'\  A  group  of  Tracliyincdusa;  typified 
by  the  genus  Aglaura,  having  8  radial  canals 
and  a  pedicle  to  the  stomach. 

ag-leai  (ag'lef ),  «.  [Prob.  a  corruption  of  liag- 
leaf,  as  witches  were  believed  to  use  the  plant 
in  their  incantations :  see  /(ai/l.]  A  name  of 
the  common  mullen,  rcrbaacuin  Thapsus. 

agleam  (a-glem'),  prep.  phr.  as  adi\  or  a.     [< 
a^  +  gleam.']     Gleaming;  in  a  gleaming  state. 
Faces  .  .  .  agleam  with  pale  intellectual  light. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  380. 

aglee,  agley  (a-gle'),  2'rep.  phr.  as  adv.   [<  a-3 
+  Sc.  glcy,  gleg,  squint,  oblique  look:  see  gleij.] 
Off  the  right  line ;  obliquely;  wrong.  [Scotch.] 
The  best  laid  schemes  o"  mice  an'  men 

Gang  aft  a-gley.  Burns,  To  a  Mouse. 

aglet,  aiglet  (ag'let,  ag'let),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  aggirt,  <  ME.  aglet,  aglettc,  <  OF.  aguil- 
lette,  aiguilhttv,  F.  tiiguillctte,  a  point,  dirti.  of 
aiguille,  <  ML.  arucula,  dim.  of  L.  acus,  a  needle : 
see  flCMS.]  1.  A  tag  or  metal  sheathing  of  the 
end  of  a  lace,  or  of  the  points  (see  point)  or  rib- 
bons generally  used  in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centiuies  to  fasten  or  tie  dresses.  They 
were  originally  intended  simply  to  facilitate  the  passing 
of  the  ends  through  the  eyelet-holes,  as  ux  modern  shoe- 
laces and  stay-laces,  but  were  afterward  frequently  formed 
of  the  precious  metals,  carved  into  small  figures,  and  sus- 
pended from  the  ribbon,  etc.,  as  ornaments  (whence  Shak- 
spere's  phrase  "an  aglet-baby,"  which  see);  and  they  are 
still  so  used  in  the  form  of  tagged  points  or  braid  hanging 
from  the  shoulder  in  some  military  uniforms,  now  officially 
styled  aiguitlettes.    Also  WTitten  aigulet. 

And  on  his  head  an  hood  with  aglets  sprad. 

Si/enser.V.  Q.,  VI.  ii.  6. 
His  gown,  addressed  with  aglets,  esteemed  worth  2bl. 

Sir  J.  Hayward,  Life  of  Edw.  VI. 
2t.  In  ?)o?.,  a  pendent  anther;  also,  a  loose  pen- 
dent catkin,  as  of  the  birch, 
aglet-babyt  (ag'let-ba'bi),  n.    A  small  image 
on  the  end  of  a  lace.     See  aglet. 

Marry  him  to  a  puppet,  or  an  aglet-babv. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
agley,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     See  aglce. 
aglimmer  (a-glim'er),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  ((3  -I-  glimmer.]     In  or  into   a  glimmering 
state  ;  glimmering. 
aglistt  (a-glisf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  n3 
+  glist,  q.  v.]     Glistening:  as,  agli.it  vdth  dew. 
aglbbulia    (ag-lo-bu'li-a),   n.      [NL.,   <  Gr.   <i- 
priv.  -f  L.  globulus,  globule.]     Same  as  oligo- 
eiithemiii. 
aglobulism(a-glob'u-lizm),n.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv.-l- 
gliibule  + -ism.]     1\\  pathal.:  (a)  Diminution  of 
the  amount  of  hemoglobin  in  the  blood.     (6) 
Oligocythemia. 
Aglossa  (a-glos'ii),  ».  pi.     [NL.,  <Gr.  oyXuirffoc, 
tongueless,  <  a-  priv.  +  ■j'kuaaa,  tongue.]     1.  A 

series  of  anu- 
rous or  salient 
batraehians 
which  have  no 
tongue,  (nt)  In 
some  systems  com- 
prehending the 
genera  I'ipa,  Dae- 
litlet/ira,  and  .Myti- 
bfttraehus,  and  di- 
vided into  Aglossa 
haplosiphonia  for 
the  first  two  of 
these  genera,  and 
Aglossa  diplosi- 
phonia  for  the 
third  genus :  in  this  sense  the  term  is  contrasted  with 
Phane'roglossa.  (b)  Restricted  to  I'ipa  and  .Vemipus  (or 
Dactylethra),  and  divideii  into  the  families  Pipidtv  and 
Xenopodidie,  which  agree  in  having  oiiistho.ielian  verte- 
bra;, expansive  sacral  processes,  discrete  epicoracuids, 
and,  in  the  larval  state,  one  pair  of  spiracles. 


Surinam  Toad  {Pi/a  tuHnamtmis). 


agnail 

2t.  [Used  as  a  singular.]    A  genus  of  pyralid 

moths,  containing  such  species  a,s  A.  pingiiinalis 

and  .1.  riipmilatiis. 
aglossal  (a-glos'al),  a.  [<  Gr.  ayluaao^,  tongue- 
less,  -I-  -al.]     Tongueless;  pertaining  to  the 

Ai/lo.i,ia. 
aglossate  (a-glos'at),  a.  and  n.     [<  NL.  aglos- 

siiliin:  .see  ,lf//o,v,w  and-atel.]     I.  a.  Having  no 

tongue ;  aglossal. 
II.  II.  An  aglossal  batrachian ;  a  member  of 

the  suborder  Aglossa.     See  .Iglossa,  1. 
aglOSSOStoma   (ag-lo-sos'to-mil),  H. ;  pi.  aqlos- 

sostomata  (ag"lo-s6-st6'i'ua-'ta).     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

ay7Mn(jor,  without  a  tongue,  -t-o-(i//a,  mouth.] 

In  icratol.,  a  monster  having  a  mouth  without 

a  tongue. 
aglow  (ii-glo'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  o3 

-I-  glow.]     In  aglow;  glowing:  as,  her  cheeks 

were  all  aglow. 
The  ascetic  soul  of  the  Puritan,  agUrw  with  the  gloomy 

or  rapturous  mysteries  of  his  theology. 

Sted-nmn,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  12. 
A  painted  window  all  aglow  with  the  figures  of  tradition 

and  poetry.  Lowell,  Study  W'indows,  p.  2.')1. 

aglutition  (ag-lo-tish'on),  H.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
L.  'gliititio(n-),  <  glutire,  pp.  glutitiis,  swallow.] 
In  pa  thill.,  inability  to  swallow. 

Aglycyderes  (ag-li-sid'e-rez),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a-  priv.  -1-  y'/.vKitr,  sweet,'  -t-  dt/"/,  Attic  form  of 
fe/^7,  neck.  The  first  two  elements,  meaning 
lit.  'not  sweet,'  are  taken  in  the  forced  sense 
of  'uncomely'  or  'unn.sual.']  A  notable  genus 
of  beetles,  of  the  family  Jlruchidtc,  character- 
ized by  the  fact  that  the  head  of  the  male  is  an- 
teriorly produced  on  each  side  into  a  horn-like 
process,  and  posteriorly  contracted  into  a  nar- 
row neck,  whence  the  name.    Westivood,  1863. 

aglyphodont  (a-glif 'o-dont),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Agli/pliniliintia.]  I.  a'.  In  hirpct.,  having  the 
characteristics  of  the  Aglyphodontia;  without 
grooved  teeth  and  poison-glands. 

II.  II.  A  serpent  of  this  character;   one  of 
the  Aglyphodoatia  (which  see). 

Aglyphbdonta  (a-glif-o-don'ta),  n.  pi.    [NL.] 

Same  as  Aglyphodontia. 

Aglyphodontia  (a-glif-o-don'shia),  n.  pi.  [< 
Gr.  (J; /i'^ior,  uncarved  (<  a-  priv.  +  y'/.vipeiv,  carve, 
cut  out),  +  bSoix  {bSovT-)  =  E.  tooth.]  A  group 
or  series  of  innocuous  serpents  (Ophidia), 
embracing  ordinary  colubrine  or  colubriform 
snakes,  without  poison-glands,  with  a  dilatable 
mouth,  and  with  solid  hooked  teeth  in  both 
jaws.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  last  character ; 
for  the  venomous  serpents  of  the  series  Proteroghjplta  or 
Solentiglypha  have  poison-fangs  channeled  or  grooved  for 
the  transmission  of  the  venom.  The  Aglyphodontia  in- 
clude numerous  families  and  genera,  of  liidst  parts  of  the 
world,  CoUthridai  ami  lloidee  being  among  the  best  known 
of  the  fanulics.  .Synonymous  with  Colubrina.  See  cuts 
under  Coluber  and  Iloa. 

agmatology  (ag-ma-tol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  aypa(T-), 
a  fragment  (<  arrival,  break),  -t-  -?.oyia,  <  ?iyei%>, 
speak  :  see  -ology.]  That  tiej)artment  of  sur- 
gery which  is  concerned  with  fractures. 

agmen  (ag'men),  II. ;  pi.  agmiiia  (-mi-na).  [L., 
a  train,  troops  in  motion,  army,  multitude,  < 
agere,  drive,  move,  do:  see  agent.]  In  rooV., 
a  superortlinal  group;  a  dirision  of  animals 
ranking  between  a  class  and  an  order.  Suiide- 
vall. 

Sundevall  would  still  make  two  grand  division9(.if  fTraimi) 
of  birds.  A.  A'eirto/i,  Eucyc.  Brit.,  XVill.  37. 

agminalt  (ag'mi-nal),  a.  [<L.  agniinalis,  <  ag- 
iiicn  (agiiiin-),  a  train :  see  agmen.]  If.  Pertain- 
ing to  an  army  or  a  troop.  Bailey. — 2.  In  cool., 
of  or  pertaining  to  an  agmen. 

agminate  (ag'mi-nat),  a.  [<  NL.  agmiiiafus,  < 
L.  agmen  (agniiii-),  a  multitude:  see  agmen.] 
Aggi'egated  or  clustered  together:  in  anat., 
said  of  the  lymphatic  glands  forming  patches 
in  the  small  intestines  (Peyer's  patches),  as 
distinguished  from  the  solitary  glands  or  fol- 
licles: as,  "nf/»(iHn(c  glands,"  i/.  Gray,  Anat. 

agminated  (ag'mi-na-ted),  a.  [<  agminate  + 
-ed-.]     Same  as  agminate. 

agnail  (ag'ual),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  agnail,  ag- 
nate, agncl,  agiiell,  agnnyle,  angnale,  angnuyle, 
mod.  dial,  aiignail,  <  StE.  agiiayle,  "angnait,  < 
AS.  angnwgl,  occurring  twice  (Leechdoms,  If. 
p.  80,  and  index,  p.  8),  and  ustuilly  explained  by 
paronychia,  i.  e.,  a  whitlow,  but  prop.,  it  seems, 
a  corn,  wart,  or  excrescence  (cf.  angset,  angscta, 
ongseta.  a  wart,  boil,  carbtmcle),  (=  OPries.  ong- 
nil,  ogncil,  a  misshapen  finger-nail  or  an  ex- 
crescence following  the  loss  of  a  finger-nail,  = 
OHG.  ungnagel,  G.  dial,  annegclen,  einnegeln-— 
Grimm),  <  (f)  ange,  a-nge,  engc,  narrow,  tight, 
painful  (see  angcr^,  anguish  ;  for  the  sense  here, 
cf.  LG.  noodnagel,  a  hangnaU,  nood,  distress. 


agnail 

trouble,  pain),+  nagU  a  uail,  i.  e.,  a  peg  (cf.  L. 
clmus,  a  nail,  pejc,  also  a  wart),  in  eomp.  wcr- 
neetfl,  E.  wariict,  q.  v.,  a  wart,  lit.  '  mau-nail.' 
The  second  element  was  afterward  rel'crrod  to 
a  finRer-  or  toe-nail,  and  the  tenn  ai)plied  to  a 
whitlow  (end  of  l(5th  century),  and  to  a  'hang- 
nail' (Bailey,  ITiiT),  iKintjiiail,  like  the  equiv. 
Se.  anijcr-tiail,  being  duo  to  a  popular  ety- 
mology.]    If.  A  corn  on  the  too  or  loot. 

Aijnmjle  ujxm  ones  too,  con-et.  Palmjrave. 

Cori-ft,  an  a«/nniii\  or  little  corn,  upon  a  toe.     Cttt^ratr. 

Fifjnoli,  wjilcU,  corns,  pushes,  felons  or  swellings  in  the 
fiesh.  Florio. 

Passing  good  for  to  be  applyed  to  the  agnels  or  corns  of 
the  feet.  Uolland,  I'liny,  \x.  3.     (X.  X.  D.) 

2t.  A  painful  swelling  or  sore  under  or  about 
the  toe-  or  linger-uails ;  a  whitlow. 

Good  to  bo  layde  unto  .  .  .  ulcered  nayles  or  afjnayleg, 
whiche  is  a  paynefnll  swelling  aboute  the  ioyiites'and 
uayles.  Lyte,  Dodoens  (1578),  p.  258.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

Aijnail,  a  sore  at  the  root  of  the  nail  on  the  fingers  or 
toes".  Baileii  (1721). 

3.  A  hangnail;  a  small  piece  of  partly  sepa- 
rated skin  at  the  root  of  a  nail  or  beside  it. 

agname  (ag'nam),  n.  [<  a<i-  +  name,  after  L. 
a<inniiie)i.'\  An  appellation  over  and  above  the 
oriliiiarv  name  and  surname.     3'.  £.  D. 

agnamed  (ag'namd),  a.  [<  aijname  +  -ccT-.'] 
Styled  or  called  apart  from  Christian  name  and 
surname.     N.  E.  D. 

agnate  (ag'nat),  «.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  luj- 
iiat,  (lyiict,  <  F.  agnat,  <  L.  agnatiis,  ad(jnatux, 
adnatiix,  prop.  pp.  of  ugnasci,  adgiiasci,  be  born 
to,  belong  by  birth,  <  ad,  to,  +  *gi>af,-ci,  nasci, 
be  born.  Cf.  adiiate  and  cognate.^  I.  n.  Spe- 
cifically, a  kinsman  whose  connection  is  trace- 
able exclusively  through  males;  more  gener- 
ally, any  male  relation  by  the  father's  side. 
See  agiiati. 

Wki  are  the  Arjtmteg  ?  In  the  first  place,  they  are  all  the 
Cognates  who  trace  their  connexion  e.\clusively  through 
males.  A  table  of  Cognates  is.  of  course,  formed  by  taking 
each  lineal  ancestor  in  tm-n  and  including  all  his  descen- 
dants of  botli  se.\e3  in  the  tabular  view ;  if  then,  in  tracing 
the  various  branches  of  such  a  genealogical  table  or  tree, 
we  stop  whenever  we  come  to  the  name  of  a  female  and 
pursue  that  particular  branch  or  ramification  no  further, 
all  who  remain  after  the  descendants  of  women  have  been 
e.\c]nded  are  A^nateg,  and  their  connexion  together  is 
Agnatic  Relationship.  Maine,  Ancient  Law,  p.  148. 

II.  a.  1.  Related  or  akin  on  the  father's  side. 
—  2.  Allied  in  kind;  from  a  common  source: 
as,  "agnate  words,"  Pownall,  Study  of  Antiqui- 
ties, p.  168.     [Rare.] 

Agnatha  (ag'na-thii),  n.  1)1.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
agiKitlnis.  jawless:  see  agnathous.']  A  section 
of  geophilous  gastropods  destitute  of  jaws. 

Agnathi  (ag'na-thi),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  mase.  pi.  of 
o;/«o ?/(«.?,  jawless:  see  a<7Haf*o«s.]  A  group  or 
series  of  neuropterous  insects,  held  by  some  as 
a  suborder  of  the  order  Xeuroptera :  so  called 
because  the  jaws  are  rudimentary  or  obsolete. 
The  wings  are  naked  and  not  folded  in  repose,  the  posterior 
pair  small,  sometimes  wanting ;  the  antennaj  are  short, 
setaceous,  and  ;i-jointed ;  and  the  abdomen  ends  in  two  or 
three  long,  delicate  setie.  The  group  includes  the  well- 
known  Jlay-flies,  and  Is  practically  identical  with  the 
family  Epfti'meriiia'. 

agnathia  (ag-ua'thi-a),  n.  [NIj.,<  agnath US, 
jawless  (see  agnathous),  +  -fa.]  In  pathol. 
anat.,  absence  of  the  lower  jaw,  due  to  arrested 
development. 

agnathous  (a^'na^thus),  a.  [<  NL.  agnathus, 
jawless,  <  Gr.  n- priv.+ jmfec,  jaw.]  1.  With- 
out jaws ;  characterized  by  the  absence  of  jaws. 
Syd.  Soc.  Lex. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ag- 
natha or  Agnathi. 

agnati  (ag-na'ti),  n.  pj.  [L.,  pi.  of  agnatus : 
see  agnate."]  The  members  of  an  ancient  Ro- 
man family  who  traced  their  origin  and  name 
to  a  common  ancestor  through  the  male  line, 
under  whose  paternal  power  they  would  be  if  he 
were  living ;  hence,  in  lau-,  relations  exclusively 
in  the  male  line.     See  agnate. 

agnatic  (ag-nat'ik),  a.  [<  F.  agnatique,  <  L. 
agnatus:  seeagnate.]  Characterized  by  or  per- 
taining to  descent  by  the  male  line  of  ancestors. 
See  agnate. 

Nevertlieless,  the  constitution  of  the  [Hindu]  family  is 
entirely,  to  use  the  Roman  phrase,  agnatic;  kinship  is 
counted  through  male  descents  only. 

Mainf,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  70. 
agnatically   (ag-nat'i-kal-i),   at^v.     In  an  ag- 

iiatie  manner;  by  means  of  agnation. 
agnation  (ag-na'shon),  ?;.  [<  F.  agnation,  <  L. 
iignatki(n-),  <  agnatus  :  see  agnate.]  1.  Rela- 
tion by  the  father's  side  only;  descent  from  a 
common  male  ancestor  and  in'the  male  line :  dis- 
tinct from  cognation,  which  includes  descent  in 
both  the  male  and  the  female  lines. 

I  have  already  stated  my  belief  tliat  at  the  back  of  the 
aacestor-worship  practised  by  Hindus  there  lay  a  system 


114 


agnus 


of  aimation,  or  kinship  through  males  only,  such  as  now  agnonucal  (ag-no'mi-kal),  a.     [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
survives  in  the  Pimj^ab.  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^  ^_^^^^^^  ^  ^^^  ,^^„^    ,^         y^^^  ,-.  ^„^,„^^  ^„^^„,^ -j 


2.  Alliance  or  relationship  generally;  descent 
from  a  common  source.     [Rare.] 

Af/natiiin  may  be  found  amongst  all  the  languages  in 
the  >'orthern  Hemisphere. 

Pownall,  Study  of  Antiquities,  p.  108. 

agnel^t  (ag'nel),  n.     Obsolete  form  of  agnail. 
agnel-  (ag'nel;  F.  pron.  a-nyel'),  n.      [<  OF. 

agnel  (F.  agneau),  a  lamb,  an  agucl,  <  L.  agnel- 

lus,  dim.  of  agnus,  a 

lamb :     see    agnus.] 

A  French  gold  coin 

bearing  a  figure  of 

the    paschal    lamb, 

first  issued  by  Louis 

IX.,  and  not  struck 

after  Charles  IX.   its 

original  weight  was  from 

C2.5  to  64.04  grains,  but 

after  the  reign  of  John  II. 

it  gradually  fell  to  about 

;18.7  grains. 
agni,  n.    Plural  of  ag- 

n  us. 

agnitiont  (ag-nish'- 
ou),  )i.  [<  L.  agni- 
'tio(n-),  <  agnitus,  pp. 
of  agnoscerc,  also  ad- 
gnoscere,  adnoscerc, 
know  as  having  seen 
before,  recognize, 
acknowledge,  <  ad, 
to,  +  *gnoscere,  nos- 
ceiT,know:  seeA'«ow. 
Cf.  agnomen.]  Ac- 
knowledgment. 

agnize  (ag-niz'),  i:  t. 
[<  L.  agnoscere,  in 
imitation  of  cognize, 
ult.  (through  F.)  < 
L.  cognoscere :  seeagnition.] 
own;  recognize.     [Rare.] 

I  do  agnize 
A  natural  and  prompt  alacrity 
I  find  in  hardness.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

Doubtless  you  have  already  set  me  down  in  your  mind 
as  .  .  .  a  votary  of  the  desk — a  notched  .and  cropt  scriven- 
er—  one  that  sucks  his  sustenance,  as  certain  sick  people 
iire  said  to  do,  through  a  quill.  Well,  I  do  agnize  some- 
thing of  the  sort.  Lamb,  Elia,  I.  ii.  11. 

agnoea  (ag-ne'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayvoia,  want 
of  perception,  ignorance,  <  *a.yvooi;,  not  know- 
ing, <  a-  priv.  4-  '-jvdog,  vuoq,  contr.  vol;,  per- 
ception, mind,  akin  to  E.  Jcnow :  see  nous  and 
lnou\]  In  pathoh,  the  state  of  a  patient  who 
does  not  recognize  persons  or  things. 

Agnoetas  (ag-np-e'te),  n.  pi.  [ML. ;  also  im- 
jjrop.  J(7«orta'/  <Gr.  l^jTo^rai,  heretics  so  named, 
<  a-)-voeiv,  be  ignorant,  <  *d}j'oof,  not  knowing: 

see  agna:a.]  1.  A  Christian  sect  of  the  fourth  agnostically  (ag-nos'ti-kal-i)^  adv.  In  an  ag- 
centuiy,  which  denied  the  omniscience  of  the  nostic  manner;  from  an  agnostic  point  of  view; 
Supreme  Being,  maintaining  that  God  knows  with  a  tendency  or  inclination  to  agnosticism; 
the  past  only  by  memory,  and  the  future  only     as  an  agnostic. 

by  inference  from  the"  present.— 2.  A  sect  agnosticism  (a^-nos'ti-sizm),  «.  [<  agnostic  + 
of  the  sixth  century,  followers  of  Themistius,  -,■,,«,.]  i.  The  doctrines  of  the  agnostics;  the 
deacon  of  Alexandria,  who,  on  the  authority  of    doctrine  that  the  ultimate  cause  and  the  es- 


Agnel  of  John  II.,  King  of  France. 
(Size  of  the  original.) 


To  acknowledge ; 


Of  or  pertaining  to  the  absence  of  set  purpose 

or  intention.     ^V.  E.  1). 
agnomina,  n.     Phu-al  of  agnomen. 
agnomina!  (ag-nom'i-nal),  ((.     [<  agnomen  (ag- 

tiomiu-}  +  -at.]   Of orix'rtainingtoanagnomen. 
agnominatet  (ag-nom'i-nat),  r.   t.     [<  L.  'ag- 

nominnlus,  pp.  of  'agnominare,  implied  in  ag- 

nominatio:  see  agnomination.]     To  name. 
The  flowing  current's  silver  streams  .  .  . 
Shall  be  agnnmlnati'd  by  our  name.       Locrine,  iii.  2. 

agnomination  (ag-nom-i-na'shon),  n.  [<  L. 
agnominatiij(n-),  adnominatio(n-),  paronomasia, 
<^'*agnominare,  (.a>l,  to,  +  ' gnominare,  nominare, 
name.]  1.  An  additional  name  or  title;  a  name 
added  to  another,  as  expressive  of  some  act, 
achievement,  etc.;  a  surname. — 2.  Resem- 
blance in  sound  between  one  word  and  another, 
especially  by  alliteration  ;  also,  the  practice  of 
using  in  close  proximity  to  one  another  words 
which  resemble  each  other  in  sound  (see  an- 
nomination):  as,  "Scott  of  Scotstar\-et's  Stag- 
gering State  of  Scots  Statesmen." 

Our  bards  .  .  .  hold  agnominations  and  enforcing  of  con- 
sonant words  or  syllables  one  upon  the  other  to  be  the 
greatest  elegance.  .  .  .  .So  have  I  seen  divers  old  lliymes 
in  It,alian  running  so :  ...  "In  selva  salvo  a  me:  Piu 
caro  cuore."  Howell,  Letters,  L  40. 

agnostic  (ag-nos'tik),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  a-jvuarog, 
imkiiowiug,  unknown,  \uiknowable,  <  a-  priv., 
not,  +  ;  rcjoTof,  later  form  of  yvuru^,  known,  to 
be  known  (cf.  ji'tjonxof,  good  at  kno-n-ing), 
verbal  adj.  of  ^i-yvu-aK-eiv,  Imow,  =L.  'gno-sc- 
ere,  no-sc-ere  =  'E.  know:  see  a-l8  and  gnostic. 
The  word  agnostic  was  "  suggested  by  Prof. 
Huxley  .  .  .  in  1869.  .  .  .  He  took  it  from  St. 
Paul's  mention  of  the  altar  to  'the  Unknown 
God'  [Q;r<J(T-o  Beu,  Acts  xvii.  23].  R.  H.  Hut- 
ton,  in  letter,  .  .  .  1881."  N.  E.  I).]  I.  n.  One 
of  a  class  of  thinkers  who  disclaim  any  know- 
ledge of  God  or  of  the  ultimate  nature  of  things . 
They  hold  that  human  knowledge  is  limited  to  experience, 
and  that  since  the  absolute  and  unconditioned,  if  it  exists 
at  all,  cannot  fall  within  experience,  we  have  no  right  to 
assert  anything  whatever  with  regard  to  it. 

I  only  said  I  invented  the  word  agnostic. 

Huxley,  London  Academy,  Nov.  24, 1883. 

While  the  old  Atheist  sheltered  his  vice  behind  a  ram- 
part of  unbelief  where  no  appeals  could  reach  him,  the 
new  Agnostie  honestly  maintains  that  his  opinions  al'e  the 
very  best  foundations  of  virtue. 

F.  P.  Cobbe,  Peak  in  Darien,  p.  3. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  agnostics  or  their 
doctrines;  expressing  ignorance  or  unknow- 
ableness. 

That  bold  thinker  in  the  third  century,  Clement  of 
Alexandria,  declares  .  .  .  that  the  process  of  theology  is, 
with  regard  to  its  doctrine  of  God,  negative  and  a'aiostic, 
always  "setting  forth  what  God  is  not,  rather  than  what 
he  is.'  Pap.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  79. 


Mark  xiii.  32  (  "But  of  that  day  and  that  hour 
knoweth  no  man,  .  .  .  neither  the  Son,  but  the 
Father  "),  lield  that  Christ,  as  man,  was  ignorant 
of  many  things,  and  specifically  of  the  time  of 
the  day  of  judgment. 
Other  forms  are  Agnott<e  and  Agnoftes. 

Agnoete,  Agnoite  (ag'no-et,  -it),  «.    One  of  the 
Agnoetie. 

agnoetism  (ag-no-e'tizm),  >i.     [<.  Agnoetee  + 
-ism.]     The  doctrinal  system  of  the  Agnoetie. 

agnoiology  (ag-noi-ol'o-ji),  n.     [Better  'ag- 


sential  nature  of  things  are  unknowable,  or  at 
least  unknown. 

By  Agnos-ticism  I  understand  a  theory  of  things  which 
abstains  from  either  affirming  or  denying  the  existence  of 
God.  It  thus  represents,  with  regard  to  Tlieism,  a  state 
of  suspended  judgment ;  and  all  it  undertakes  to  affirm  is, 
that,  upon  existing  eWdence,  the  being  of  God  is  unknown. 
But  the  term  Agnosticism  is  frequently  used  in  a  widely 
different  sense,  as  implying  belief  that  the  being  of  God 
is  not  merely  now  unknown,  but  nuist  always  remain  un- 
knowable. G.  J.  Romanes,  Contemporary  Rev.,  L.  59. 

2.  Belief  in  the  doctrines  of  the  agnostics. 


na-oloqi/,  <  Gr.  a}voia,  ignorance  (see  agnaa),  AgnostUS  (ag-nos'tus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  a}v(.>aToc, 
+ -yM}'ia,  <  /.iyew,   speak  ot:   see  -ologi/.]     In    unknowTi:  see  n(7Hos«e.]     A  genus  of  trilobites 


victaph.,  the  doctrine  or  theory  of  ignorance, 
which  seeks  to  determine  what  we  are  neces- 
sarily ignorant  of. 
We  must  examine  and  fix  what  ignorance  is — what  we 


of  the  Lower  Silurian  rocks:  so  called  because 
of  the  uncertainty  attaching  to  its  true  affinities. 
They  are  of  small  size  and  somewhat  semicircular  form, 
and  it  has  been  supposed  that  they  may  be  the  larval  form 
of  some  other  animal. 


are,  and  can  be,  ignorant  of.  And  thus  we  are  thrown  Aenotherium  (aw-no-the'ri-uml  «  TNIj  short 
upon  an  entirely  new  reseai-ch,  constituting  an  intermedi-  -flrenomerium  l,a,,  no  me  ri  um;,ji.  Li>u.,snort 
ate  section  of  philosophy,  which  we  term  the  a^noio%i/,  t"!'  ngnostotlienum,  <  Gr.  ayvuaToc,  imknown 
.  .  .  the  theoiy  of  true  ignorance. 

Ferrier,  Inst,  of  Metaphysics,  p.  51. 

Agnoite,  «.     See  Agnoete. 


agnomen  (ag-no'men),  11. ;  pi.  agnomina  (-nom'- 
i-nii).  [L,.,  also  adnomen  (min-),  <  ad,  to,  -t- 
*gnomen,  nomen,  name  (=  E.  name),  <  *gnoscere, 
noscere,  know,  =  E.  know.]  An  additional  name 
given  by  the  Romans  to  an  indi\-idual  in  allu- 
sion to  some  quality,  circumstance,  or  achieve- 
ment by  which  he  was  distinguished,  as  Afri- 
caniis  added  to  the  name  of  P.  Cornelius  Seipio ; 
hence,  in  modern  use,  any  additional  name  or 
epithet  conferred  on  a  person. 


(see  agnostic),  +  dr/piov,  a  wild  beast,  <  Oi/p,  a 
Tvild  beast.]  A  genus  of  extinct  mammals  of 
uncertain  affinities.  It  is  identified  by  some 
with  the  amphicyon  (which  see).  Kaup. 
agnus  (ag'iuis),  n. ;  pi.  agni  (-ni).  [L.,  a  lamb, 
perhaps  for  "arignus,  lit.  'sheep-bom,'  <  "ams, 
older  form  of  ori.i,  a  sheep  (=  Skt.  avi  =  Gr. 
"aFis,  *dnc,  oif =E.  ewe,  q.  v. ;  cf.  also  Gr.  aftvAg, 
a  lamb,  for  "orvo;,  prop,  adj.,  <  *aFi-  +  -rof),  + 
-gnus  (cf.  benign,  malign),  -genus  (see  -genous), 
<  ■/  'gen,  beget,  bear.]  1.  An  image  or  repre- 
sentation of  a  lamb  as  emblematical  of  Chnstj 
an  Agnus  Dei  (see  below). 


agnus 

They  will  kiss  a  cniciflx,  Butute  a  cross,  carry  most  de- 
voutly a  scapulary,  an  aiinu^,  ur  a  set  of  beads  about  them, 
liremntt  Saul  and  Saniuel  at  Eiubir,  p.  331. 

2.  [cap.'\  In  ro67. :  (a)  A  genus  of  booties. 
Burmeister,  1847.     (b)  A  genus  of  fislies.     OUn- 

thefj  1860 Agnus  castus  (kiustus).    [U,  8uppoae<l  to 

mean  'chaste  lamb'  (lu-ni-i-  tr.  into  G.  keunchlanan),  but 
affiintt  is  here  only  a  transliteration  of  ayi'o?,  the  Grcelv 
name  of  the  tree,  and  1..  cantui^,  chaste,  is  added  in  allusion 
to  its  iniauincd  virtue  of  preserving  cliastity,  from  tlie  re- 
scniMuinr  of  the  Orecli  name  ayvoK  to  ayi'6^,  chaste]  A 
disiii:rtt:it)ly  aromatic  shrub  or  email  tree  of  the  genus 
Vift'x,  r.  vl(//i».v-(vr.sf ».-.■,  natural  order  Vi'ybenavea'.  It  has 
.digitate  leaves  Mid  spiiios  of  iiurplisli-blue  llowers,  and  is 
native  in  the  lountries  around  tlie  Mediterranean.  Also 
called  chaste-tree  ami  Abraham' n-baliii. 

Tile  herbe  Aqnus  cactus  is  always  grene,  and  the  flowre 
therof  is  nauily  callyd  Agnus  caxttix,  for  wytli  snielle  and 
vse  it  mal^yth  men  chaste  as  a  lond)e. 
TrevUa,tr.  of  Bartli.  Ang.  de  1'.  K.,  xvii.  612.    (X.  K  D.) 
And  wreaths  of  Aijnui'-ra.itiix  others  bore; 
These  last,  who  witii  those  virgin  crowns  were  dl'cst, 
Appear'il  in  higher  honour  tiiaii  llie  rest. 

Drijtieii,  Flower  and  I^af,  1.  173. 
Agnus  Del  (ilei).  |LL.,  Lamb  of  tiod.l  («)  Any  image 
or  representation  of  a  lamb  as  emblematical  of  Chi-ist; 


Agnus  Dei. 
(From  the  Campanile  of  Giotto.  Florence.) 

specifically,  such  a  representation  with  the  nimbus  in- 
scribed wi'tli  the  cross  about  its  head,  and  suiiporting  the 
banner  of  the  cross.  (6)  One  vf  tlie  titles  of  Clirist.  .Tohii 
i.  29.  (c)  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.  :  (1)  A  waxen  medallion 
blessed  by  the  pope  and  stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  lamb 
bearing  the  banner  of  the  cross.  It  is  worn  by  Roman 
Catllolics  as  a  supplication  to  be  preserved  from  evU  by 
the  merits  of  the  Lamb  of  God.  .\nciently  these  cakes  of 
wax  were  often  mounted  or  inclosed  in  precious  metals, 
etc..  but  this  is  not  now  permitted.  Relics  of  the  saints 
were  sometimes  preserved  within  them.  (2)  A  prayer,  be- 
ginning witli  these  words,  said  by  the  priest  at  mass  shortly 
before  the  communion,  (d)  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  the  cloth  bear- 
ing the  figure  of  a  lamb 
■which  covers  the  com- 
munion service.  —  Ag- 
nus Scythicus  (sith'- 
i-icus).  tile  .Scythian  or 
Tatarian  lamb,  a  fab- 
ulous creature,  half 
animal,  half  plant, 
formerly  believed  to 
inhabit  the  plains  bor- 
dering upcm  the  Vol- 
ga; in  reality,  the 
shaggy  rhizome  of  the 
fern  Dieksonia  Baro- 
vwtz,  which  when  in- 
verted and  suitably 
trimmed  somewhat  re- 
seml)les  a  small  lamb. 

ago,  agone  (a-go', 
a-gon'),  (I.  and 
adv.    [<  ME.  ai/o, 

agon,  ayooii,  jip.  of  atfoii,  <  AS.  dgdii,  go  away, 
pass  away,  go  forth,  come  to  pass  (=  G.  eryehen, 
come  to  pass;  cf.  OS.  dyanijan,  go  by,  =Goth. 
tiS(jii(lfl(iii,  go  forth),  <  (?-  +  ijdii,  go:  see  a-l  and 
(fo.  the  form  ayone  is  now  obsolete  or  archa- 
ic] I.  (I.  Gone';  gone  by;  gone  away;  past; 
passed  away:  always  after  the  noun. 
Of  this  world  the  feyth  is  all  aijaii. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  410. 

Yonder  woman,  sir,  you  must  know  was  the  wife  of  a 

certain  learned  man  .  .  .  who  had  long  dwelt  in  .\mster- 

dam,  whence,  some  good  time  a<iimc,  he  was  minded  to 

cross  over  and  cast  in  his  lot  with  us  of  the  Massachusetts. 

Hawthunie,  Scarlet  Letter,  iii. 

II.  adv.    In  past  time;   in  time  gone  by: 
only  in  the  phrase  long  ago. 

<>  brother,  had  you  known  our  mighty  hall, 
Whicli  llcrlin  built  for  Ai-thur  lonj  aim ! 

Tcnmjsoii,  Holy  OraiL 

agog  (ti-gog'),prep.phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [Former- 
ly on  gog,  on  gogge,  perhaps  <  OF.  en  gogiics : 
'"'  cstrv  en  ses  gognes,  to  be  frolick,  lusty,  lively, 
wanton,  gamesome,  all  a  hoit,  in  a  pleasant 
humour ;  in  a  vein  of  mirth,  or  in  a  meiTV  mood  " 
(lit.  be  in  his  glee),  "  gugues,  jollity,  glee,  joy- 
fulness,  light-heartedness"  (Cotgrave),  in  sing. 
gogue,  mirth,  glee  (Koquefort),  "se  goguer,  to 


{Dicxsonia  Buroffitts). 


115 

be  most  frolick,  lively,  blithe,  crank,  merry," 
etc.  (Cotgrave) ;  origin  uncertain.   The  W.  gog, 
acti\"ity,  velocity,  gogi,  agitate,  shake,  appear 
to  be  imoriginal,  antl  may  be  from  E.]     In  a 
state  of  eager  desire ;  highly  excited  by  eager- 
ness or  curiosity ;  astir. 
Or  at  the  least  yt  setts  the  harte  on  ifoifrj.       Gascoignc. 
Cotton  Mather  came  galloping  down 
All  tlie  way  to  Newlmry  town, 
Witll  his  eyes  agog  and  his  ears  set  wide. 

Whittier,  Double-headed  Snake. 

agoggled  (a-gog'ld),  «.    [<  a-  (expletive)  + 
goijgh  il,  ([.  v.]     Staring;  having  staring  eyes. 
[Kart'.  J 
A  man  a  little  anoqgled  in  his  eyes. 

A.  Leighiim,  Trad.  Scot.  Life,  p.  8.     (.V.  E.  D.) 

agometer  (a-gom'e-ti'r),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  aytiv, 
letiil,  draw,  weigh,  -I-  ixirpov,  measure.]  A  form 
of  rheostat.  A  mfrcurg  agometer  is  an  instrument  for 
measuring  electrical  resistances,  or  for  varying  the  re- 
sistance of  a  circuit,  by  means  of  a  mercury  column  whose 
leiigtli  may  lie  adjusted  as  required. 

Agomphia  (a-gom'fi-il),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  agoniphiii.s:  see  agomphioKs.l  A  name  given 
by  Ehrenberg  to  tliose  rotifers  which  have  tooth- 
less jaws.     [Not  in  use.] 

agomphian  (a-gom'fi-iin),  n.  One  of  the  Agom- 
pliitr. 

agomplliasis  (a-gom-fl'a-sis),  n.  [NL.,-<Gr. 
u)  6ijif>ioi;  (see  agomphiousj  +  -la^is.l  Looseness 
of  the  teeth. 

agoniphious(a-gom'li-us),  a.  [^iKL.  agoniphiu.':, 

<  Gr.  o)  u/Kpioc,  without  grinders,  <  «-  priv.  -t- }  n/i- 
ipio^,  prop.  adj.  (se.  orfoi'f,  tooth),  a  grinder-tooth, 
a  molar.]     Toothless.    N.  E.  I). 

agonlf.    -An  obsolete  form  of  ago. 

agon-t(ag'on),  «.;  pi.  n(/o«c'4'(a-g6'nez).  [<Gr. 
ujuj',  contest:  see  agony.']  In  <!r.  aniiq.,  a  con- 
test for  a  prize,  whether  of  athletes  in  the  games 
or  of  poets,  musicians,  painters,  and  the  like. 

agonel,  ".  and  adv.     See  ago. 

agone-  (ag'on),  n.  [<  Gr.  a}uvoc,  without  an 
angle,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  yuvia,  angle:  see  goniometer, 
trigoniiiiietry,etC:'\   An  agonic  line.   Seeagonic. 

agonic  (a-gon'ik),  a.  [<Gr.  ayuvoc,  without  an 
angle:  see  agone-.]  Not  forming  an  angle. — 
Agonic  line,  an  irregular  line  connecting  those  points  on 
the  eartli's  siu-faee  wliere  tlie  declinati«-tn  of  the  magnetic 
needle  is  zero,  that  is,  where  it  points  to  the  true  north, 
and  consequently  does  not  form  an  angle  with  the  geo- 
graphical meridian.  There  are  two  principal  agonic  lines : 
one,  called  the  American  agone,  is  in  the  western  hemi- 
sphere, and  passes  northward  through  the  eastern  part 
of  Brazil,  North  CaroUna,  Virginia,  Ohio,  Lake  Erie,  and 
British  America.  The  other,  called  the  Asiatic  agone,  is 
in  tlie  eastern  hemisphere,  and  traverses  western  Australia, 
the  Indian  ocean.  Persia,  and  Russia,  toward  the  magnetic 
north  pole.  A  third  agonic  line,  having  the  form  of  an 
oval  curve,  incloses  a  part  of  eastern  Asia.  The  agonic 
lines  are  continually  changing  their  position ;  that  iii  the 
eastern  United  States  has  been  moving  slowly  westward 
since  the  beginning  of  this  century.  See  declination  and 
iiiittio7iic. 

agonid  (a-gon'id),  H.  One  of  the  fishes  form- 
ing the  family  Agonidcv. 

Agonidse  (a-gon'i-de),  n.  pi.  I'M!!.,  <  Agonus 
+  -id(f.]  A  family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes, 
exemplified  by  the  genus  Agoniis. 

Agoninse  (ag-6-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL., <  J<70H«.?  + 
-/«((•.]  A  subfamily  of  the  Agonida;,  having  two 
dorsal  fins,  the  spinous  being  well  developed. 

agonise,  agonisingly.   See  agonize,  aejoni^ingly. 

agonist  (ag'o-nist),  n.  [<  L.  agoniata,  <  Gr. 
u-juvioTK,  contestant,  pleader,  actor,  <  a)(jviCf- 
aSai,  contend,  etc. :  see  agonice.  Cf.  antayoni.':!, 
protagonist]  1.  One  who  contends  for  the 
prize  in  public  games;  a  combatant;  a  cham- 
pion; a  dramatic  actor.  Also  called  agonit^tcr. 
—  2.  [eap.]  One  of  a  violent  party  of  Donatists 
in  nortlicni  Africa  in  the  fom-th  century. 

agonistarch  (ag-o-nis'tiirk),  «.  [<  L.  agonis- 
tarcha  (in  an  inscription),  <  Gr.  *d-)uviaTapx'K, 

<  aywviariiQ  (see  agonist)  +  apx"^,  rule,  govern.] 
In  Gr.  antiq.,  one  who  trained  persons  to  com- 
pete in  public  games  and  contests. 

agonistert  (ag'o-nis-t6r),  n.  [<  agonist  +  -eel. 
Cf.  sophister.]     Same  as  agonist,  1. 

agonistic  (ag-o-nis'tik),  a.  [<  ML.  agonisticiis, 
<Gr.  a)uviaTiK6(:,  <  ayuvKrrrK,  agonist:  see  ago- 
nist.] 1.  Pertaining  to  contests  of  strengtli  or 
athletic  combats,  or  to  contests  of  any  kind,  as 
a  forensic  or  argumentative  contest. 

Tlie  silver  krater  given  by  .\cliilles  as  all  agonistic  prize 
at  the  funeral  of  I'atroklos,  which,  as  the  poet  tells  us, 
was  made  by  the  Sidoniaiis,  and  brought  over  the  sea  by 
the  Pluenicians.     C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Archajol.,  p.  2S'J. 

2.  Combative ;  polemic ;  given  to  contending. 

Two  conllicting  agont^ttic  elementji  seem  to  have  con- 
tended in  the  man,  sometimes  pulling  him  ditferent  ways, 
like  wild  horses. 

Walt  Whitman,  in  Essays  from  The  Critic,  p.  32. 

3  Strained;  aiming  at  effect;  melodramatic. 
y.  E.  D. 


agony 

agonistical  (ag-o-nis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  ago- 
nist ie. 

agonistically  (ag-o-nis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
agonistic  iiiiinner.     [Rare.] 

agonistics  (ag-o-nis'tiks),  n.  [PI.  of  agonistic  : 
see  -ics.]  The  art  or  science  of  contending  in 
]iublic  games  or  other  athletic  contests. 

agonizant  (ag-o-ni'zant),  n.  [<  ML.  agoni- 
C(in{t-)s,  1^)1:  of  <tgoni;:arr :  see  agonize.]  One 
of  a  Roman  Catholic  confraternity  whose  chief 
duty  it  is  to  oiler  prayers  for  the  dying,  and 
more  especially  to  assist  and  pray  for  criminals 
under  sentence  of  death. 

agonize  (ag'o-niz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  agonised, 
jijir.  agoni:ing.  [<  F.  agoniser,  <  ML.  agoni:are, 
iaiior,  strive,  contend,  beat  the  point  of  death, 
<  Gr.  ayuvi^enlleu,  contend  for  a  prize,  fight, 
struggle,  exert  one's  self,  <  ayuv,  a  contest  for 
a  prize,  etc.  See  agony,  from  which  the  stronger 
sense  of  agonize  is  imported.]  I.  intrans.  1. 
To  struggle ;  wrestle,  as  in  the  arena ;  lienee, 
to  make  great  effort  of  any  kind. —  2.  To  writhe 
wth  extreme  pain;  suffer  \'iolent  anguish. 

To  smart  and  agonise  at  every  pore. 

Pope,  Essay  on  .Man,  f.  198. 

II.    trans.     To  distress  with  extreme  pain; 
torture. 
He  agonized  his  mother  by  his  behaviour.      Thackeray. 
Also  spelled  agonise. 
agonizingly  (ag'o-ni-zing-li).  adv.     In  an  ago- 
nizing manlier;  with  extreme  anguish.     Also 
spelled  agon  isingly. 
Agonoderus  (ag-o-nod'e-rus),  n.  [NL., <  Gr.  aytj- 
vvc,  withciiit  an(.'l'(',  -f-  <!ffi;/,  ieipri,  neck,  throat.] 
A    genus    of   C'ara- 
bidw,  comprising  a 
moderate      number 
of   species    of    very 
small    or    medium- 
sized  beetles  pecu- 
liar   to     temperate 
America.      It    is   not 
nadily  defllied  either  by 
St  nil  tural  character  or  by 
general  appearance,  and 
the  smaller  species,  which 
are    of    nearly    uniform 
light-brown  or  test  ace^iua 
color,  are  very  ditlicult 
to  distinguish  from  simi- 
larly colored  species  of 
other  genera.  A.jmtlipes 
(Fabricius),    one  of   the 
commonest     species,    is 
about  a  qualter  of  an  inch  long,  and  of  a  pale-yellowish 
color.     Its  elytra  liave  a  wide  black  stripe,  divided  by  the 
suture ;  the  disk  of  the  protliorax  is  usually  marked  with  a 
large  black  spot,  and  the  head  is  always  black.     Most  of 
the  species  in  the  United  States  are  extremely  abundant, 
especially  in  moist  places,  and  are  readily  attracted  by  light. 
Nothing  is  known  of  their  earlier  stages. 
agonoid  (ag'o-noid),  a.  and  «.  [<  Agonus  +  -oid."] 
r.  ".  Ha\-iug  the  characters  of  the  Agonidec. 
II.  ».  A  fish  of  the  family  Jf/OHirfn-/ an  agonid. 
agonothete  (a-go'no-thet),  n.    [<  L.  agonotheta 
and  agonothctcs,  <  Gr.  ayuvoOeTt/^,  <  ayuv,  contest, 
+  ri-Oi-vni,  place,    appoint:   see   theme,  thesis, 
etc.]     One  of  the  officials  who  presided  over 
])ublic  games  in  ancient  Greece  and  awarded 
the  prizes. 
agonotbetic  (a-go-no-thet'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  ayuvo- 
oeTiKoi,  <  ayuvoderriz:  see  agonothete.]     Pertain- 
ing to  the  office  of  agonothete. 
Agonus  (ag'o-nus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
; oil',  knee  (taken  in  the  sense  of  '  joint '),  =  E. 
knee.]     A  genus  of  fishes,  t)-pical  of  the  family 
Agonidw.     Jiloch,  1801.      Also   called  Aiq)ido- 
phorus.    A.  cataphractus  {Asp.  europwus)  is  the 
sea-poacher  or  poggo. 
agony  (ag'6-ni),  n. ;  pi.  agonies  (-niz).     [<  ME. 
agonie,  <  OiP.  agonie,  <  LL.  agonia,  <  Gr.  aytjvia, 
a  contest,  struggle,  agony,  ori^.  a  contest  for  a 
prize  at  the  pubUc  games,  <  ayuv,   a  contest, 
^^Testle,  a  place  of  contest,  an  assembly  (see 
agon"),  <  ayciv,  assemble,  bring  together,  lead, 
drive,  move,  etc.,=L.  agere:  see  agent,  act,  etc. 
Cf.  agoni-e,  etc.]    1.  A  \-iolent  contest  or  strug- 
gle.    [Rare.] 

Till  he  liave  thus  denudated  himself  of  all  these  incum- 
brances, he  is  utterly  unqualilled  for  these  agonies. 

Decay  of  Christ.  Piety,  p.  408. 

2.  The  Struggle,  frequently  unconscious,  that 
often  precedes  natural  death :  in  this  sense  of- 
ten used  in  the  plural :  as.  he  is  in  the  agonies  of 
death. — 3.  E.xtreme,  and  generally  prolonged, 
bodily ormental pain;  intense  suffering;  hence, 
intense  mental  excitement  of  any  kind:  as,  the 
agony  of  suspense  or  imcertainty. 
.\  great  agony 
Of  hope  strove  in  lier. 

W.  Jlorris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  316. 


Agortoiterus  dttrsalis  ( Le  Conte). 
Vertical  line  shows  natur.\l  size. 


agony 

A  solitnrj'  shrit-k,  the  huliMinc  cry 
Of  some  strong  swimmer  in  liis  wjontt. 

lit/ron,  Don  Juan,  ii.  53. 
Continued  affony  is  followed  by  exhaustion,  which  in  fee- 
ble persons  niny  lie  fatal.  //.  Stpi-iice.r,  Prin.  of  Soiicil.,  §  '29. 

4.  In  a  special  sense,  tlie  sufferings  of  Clirist  in 
the  garden  of  Getlisemanc — Agony  column,  the 
oohnnn  t)f  a  newsimper  wliiell  eontunis  advi'itisriiicnls 
relatinj;  to  lost  relatives  and  friends  and  oUn-r  iM-rsonal 
inattei-s :  so  ealli'd  from  the  apparent  distriss  of  tin-  aih er- 
tiscrs.  JEnslish,  and  eiiielly  in  London.  |  =  Syn.  3.  .1//"".'/, 
AiiijiiUh,  I'aivi.  Tortiin;  'J'l'nm-nl.  tliKie,  ]>ariixysm,  ailie. 
These  all  denote  forms  of  excruciating  i)ain  of  tile  Ijody 
or  tile  mind.  Afjony  is  pain  so  extreme  as  to  cause  strug- 
gling;; it  is  general  rather  than  local  pain.  An  finish  is, 
in  the  body,  commonly  local,  as  the  arif/nish  of  amputa- 
tion, and  transient.  Pan{i  is  brief  and  internnttent ;  it 
is  a  iiaroxysm,  spasm,  throe,  tin-ill,  or  throb  of  pain ;  in 
the  mind  there  may  be  tlic  iiamis  of  remembrance,  etc, 
and  in  the  body  the  pams  of  hunger,  etc.  The  n^iimu's  nr 
pamjs  of  dissolution  ;  the  anffvlfh  of  a  fresh  Ix-rcavcuient. 
Torlure-  and  torment  are  by  derivation  pains  that  seem  to 
wrench  or  rack  the  body  or  mind  ;  they  are  the  most  power- 
ful of  these  words.  Torment  expresses  a  more  peruument 
state  than  torture.     See  pain. 

The  octopus  had  seized  his  left  arm,  causing  dreadful 
aijuni/  by  the  fastening  of  its  suckers  upon  the  limb. 

P.  iiohiason,  Under  the  Sun,  viL 

One  fire  burns  (Uit  another's  burning. 
One  paiu  is  lessen'd  Ijy  another's  atviuish. 

Shak.,  E.  and  J.,  i.  2. 

That  last  glance  of  love  which  becomes  the  sharpest 
panff  of  sorrow.  George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xliii. 

Suspense  in  news  is  torture;  speak  them  out. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1569. 

0,  that  torvient  should  not  be  confined 
To  the  body's  wounds  and  sores  ! 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  C06. 

agoodt  (■>-g"ucl'))  prep.  phr.  as  adi\     [<  «3,  on, 
in,  +  i/tiod.    Cf .  the  phrase  in  good  earnest.']    La 
earnest;  heartily. 
I  made  her  weep  a-good.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iv.  4. 

The  world  laughed  agood  at  these  jests. 

Armin,  Nest  of  Ninnies,  1608.    (Ilalliwell.) 

agora  (ag'o-ra),  n.  [<  6r.  ayopa,  assembly,  mar- 
ket-plae.e,'<  ayeipetv,  call  together,  assemble.] 
In  ancient  Greece  :  («)  A  popular  political  as- 
sembl}' ;  any  meeting  of  the  people,  especially 
for  the  promulgation  or  discussion  of  laws  or 
public  measures.  Hence  — (6)  The  chief  pub- 
lic square  and  market-place  of  a  to-ivn,  in  which 
such  meetings  were  originally  held,  correspond- 
ing to  the  Roman  forum.  Tlie  agora  usually  occu- 
pied the  site  about  the  original  public  fountain  or  well  of 
a  settlement,  which  was  the  natural  place  of  reunioii  for 
the  inhabitants.  It  was  often  surrounded  by  coloimades 
and  public  buildings ;  sometimes  public  buildings  and 
temples  stood  within  it.  In  some  instances  a  large  npen 
space  was  reserved  for  public  meetings,  and  the  remain- 
der was  variously  subdivided  for  purposes  of  tratlic.  It 
was  customary  to  erect  in  the  agora  altars  to  the  gods 
and  statues  of  heroes  and  others,  and  sometimes,  as  at 
Athens,  it  was  adorned  with  alleys  of  trees. 
agoranome  (ag'o-ra-nom''),  ?'.  [^  L-  agorano- 
inn.\;i  Gr.  ayopavd/ioc,  clerk  of  the  market,  <  ayopd, 
market,  -f-  vl/iciv,  manage,  ride.]  One  of  those 
magistrates  in  a  Greek  city  who  had  charge  of 
the  inspection  of  the  markets,  of  weights  and 
measures,  and  of  public  health.  Their  fime- 
tions  corresponded  to  those  of  the  Roman 
ediles. 

agoraphobia  (ag'''9-ra-fo'bi-a),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayopd, 
market-place  (see  agora),  +  -iftoiiia,  fear :  see 
-plwhia!]  In  patlioJ.,  a  di-ead  of  crossing  open 
spaces,  such  as  open  squares,  city  parks,  etc. : 
a  feature  of  some  cases  of  neurasthenia. 
agostadero  (U-go-sta-da'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  a  sum- 
mer pasture,  <  agoslar,  pasture  cattle  on  stub- 
ble in  summer,  dial,  plow  in  August,  <  Agosto, 
August,  harvest-time,  harvest.]  A  place  for 
pasturing  cattle.  [Used  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  settled  by  Spaniards.] 
agouara  (a-go-a'ra),  n.  [Native  name  in  South 
America.]  A  species  of  racoon,  Proojon  can- 
crivorus,  about  the  size  of  a  fox.  it  is  a  native  of 
the  warmer  parts  of  America,  and  catcall  kinds  of  crus- 
taceans and  mollusks,  marine  and  terrestrial ;  from  this 
hal)it  it  is  also  called  the  erah-eating  racoon. 

agoumenos  (a-go'me-nos),  n.     Same  as  hegu- 
menos. 


116 

family  Slolenodontida;.  it  is  ao  puzzling  to  natural- 
ists tluit  it  has  received  the  name  of  S.  paradoxus.  It  bits 
the  fur,  ears,  and  tail  of  the  opossum,  but  the  teetll  and 
elongated  nose  of  the  shrew.  Its  feet  terminate  in  llv.- 
toes,  and  the  longclaws  are  curved  and  evidently  adapted 
for  scraping  in  tlie  earth.  The  dentition  is  unic|ue,  the 
groovingof  the  second  incisorof  the  lower  jaw  distinguish- 
ing this  genus  from  all  others  whose  dental  system  is 
known.  It  is  of  the  size  of  a  rat,  and  not  unlike  one  in 
general  appearance.  See  alniiqul  and  Solenodon. 
agouti  (a-gii'ti),  n.  [<F.  agouti,  acouti,  <  Sp. 
agtiti,  <  agitti,  acuti,  the  native  Amer.  name.] 


Agouti  {Dasyprocta  a^uti). 

The  American  name  of  several  species  of  rodent 
mammals  of  the  genus  Dasijprocta  and  family 
Dasyproefido'.  The  common  agouti,  or  yellow-rumped 
cavy!  />.  (igouti,  is  of  the  size  of  a  rabbit.  The  upper  part 
of  the  body  is  brownish,  with  a  mixture  of  red  and  black ; 
the  belly  yellowish.  Three  varieties  are  mentioned,  all 
peculiar  to  South  America  and  the  West  Indies.  It  bur- 
rows in  tlie  ground  or  in  hollow  trees,  lives  on  vegetables, 
doing  much  injury  to  the  sugar-cane,  is  as  voracious  as  a 
pig,  and  makes  a  similar  grunting  noise.  It  holds  its  food 
in  its  fore  paws,  like  a  squirrel.  When  scared  or  angry 
its  hair  becomes  erect,  and  it  strikes  the  ground  with  its 
hind  feet.  Its  fiesh  is  white  and  of  agreeable  taste,  and 
the  animal  is  pursued  as  game  in  Brazil.  Also  spelled 
agiili  and  agvuty.     See  acouchy  and  Dasyprocta, 

agracet,  v.  t.     See  aggrace. 

agraffe  (a-graf),  ?)."  [Also,  as  a  historical 
term,  agrappe,  aggrappe ;  <  F.  agrafe,  formerly 
agraffe,  "agraplie,  a  clasp,  hook,  brace,  gi-ap- 
pie,  hasp"  (Cotgrave),  also  *agrap>pe  (Walloon 
agrap),  <  «-  +  grappe,  <  ML.  grappa,  <  OHG. 
chrapfo,  G.  Irajjfe,  a  hook:  see  grape,  grapple.] 
1 .  A  clasp  or  hook,  used  in  armor  or  in  ordinary 
costimie,  fastening  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
modern  hook  and  eye,  often  made  into  a  large 
and  rich  ornament  by  concealing  the  hook  itself 
beneath  a  jeweled,  engraved,  embossed,  or  en- 


Agouta  {Soiettodcn  farattjxus), 

agouta  (a-go'ta),  n.  [Native  name.]  An  in- 
sectivorous mammal  peculiar  to  Hayti,  the 
type-member  of  the  genus  Solenodon  and  of  the 


Agraffe  —  13U1  century. 
The  nl.ite  is  in  two  parts:  a  hook  behind  the  left-hand  piece  enters 
a  ring  behind  the  other.     (From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier 
fran^ais.") 

ameled  plate:  as,  "an  agraffe  set  with  bril- 
liants," Scott,  Ivanhoe.    Also  agrappc,fermatl. 

Amongst  the  treasures  is  the  Crowne  of  Charlemagne, 
his  7  foote  high  scepter  and  hand  of  justice,  the  a/jrafe  of 
his  royall  mantle  beset  with  diamonds  and  rubies,  his 
sword,  belt  and  spurrs  of  gold. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Nov.  12,  1643. 

2.  A  de-vice  for  preventing  the  \'ibration  of 
that  part  of  a  piano-string  which  is  between 
the  pin  and  the  bridge. —  3.  A  small  cramp- 
iron  used  by  builders. 

agrammatism  (a-gi'am'a-tizm),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aypdjjiiariir,  without  learning  (<  (i-priv.  +  ypafi- 
/ia{T-),  a  letter),  -f  -ism.]  In  patliol.,  inability 
to  form  a  grammatical  sentence. 

agrammatistt  (a-gi-am'a-tisf"),  «■  [-A^s  agram- 
mal-isni  +  -ist.]    An  illiterate  person.     Bailey. 

agraphia  (a-graf'i-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 
-f-  -ypai^ia,  <  ypiKficrv,  ^\Tite.]  A  form  of  cere- 
bral disorder  in  which  there  is  a  partial  or  total 
loss  of  the  power  of  expressing  ideas  by  WTitten 
symbols. 


agree 

agraphic  (a-graf 'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  char- 
ai-teri/.ed  liy  agraphia. 

agrappe  (a-grap'),  «.     Same  as  agraffe,  1. 

agrarian  (a-gra'ri-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  agra- 
riua,  <  agerj  field,  country,  laud,  =  E.  aerc,  q.  v. ; 
agrariic  lege,'',  laws  relating  to  tlie  division  of 
the  ]>tiblic  lands  among  the  poorer  citizens; 
agrarii,  n.  pi.,  those  who  favored  such  laws.] 
i.  a.  1.  Relating  to  lands,  especially  public 
lands  ;  pertaining  to  the  equal  or  uniform  divi- 
sion of  laud. 

His  grace's  landed  possessions  are  irresistibly  inviting  to 
an  agrarian  experiment.  Burke. 

2.  Growing  in  fields ;  wild  :  said  of  plants. 
We  believe  that  the  charlock  is  only  an  agrarian  form 

of  lirassica. 

Prof.  Buckinan,  Kcp.  Brit.  Ass.  Adv.  of  ScL,  1861. 

3.  Rural Agrarian  laws,  in  ancient   Kome,  laws 

regulating  the  distriijution  of  the  public  lands  among  the 
citizens  ;  hence,  in  modern  use,  laws  relating  to  or  jn-ovid- 
in^  f'lr  changes  in  the  tenure  of  landed  proi,cl-ty.— Agra- 
rian murder,  agrarian  outrage,  a  nini-d.rcir  an  outrage 
livoiiirlit  aliout  l>y  some  djvj.ult-  t  MoccrninL'  tlie  oci-upancy 
of  laiid,orl)y,';cneral  disc. intent  anifiig  tenants 'ir  the  rural 
cla,sses. — Agrarian  region,  the  name  pn^posed  by  H.  C. 
Wat'ion  Inrtliat  altitudinalzoneof  vegetation  within  which 
grain  can  lie  cultivated. 

II.  H.  1.  One  who  favors  an  equal  division 
of  property,  especially  landed  property,  among 
the  iidiabitants  of  a  comitry,  or  a  change  in 
the  tenure  of  land.  Hence,  sometimes  applied  to  agi- 
tators accused  of  leveling  tendencies  or  of  hostile  designs 
against  the  holders  of  property,  as  to  certain  political  pai-- 
ties  at  different  times  in  the  United  States. 

The  new  p.arty  (the  Equal  Rights  party,  1835,  nicknamed 
Locofocos]  was  arrayed  in  the  habiliments  of  a  real  bug- 
bear. Agrarians  was  the  aeeui-sed  name  to  be  fastened 
on  them,  and  to  make  them  an  abomination  in  tile  eyes  of 
all  those  who  took  any  interest  in  law  or  social  order. 

//.  von  Hoist,  Const.  Hist,  (trans.),  II.  397. 

2.  The  land  itself.     [Rare.] 

The  agrarian  in  America  is  divided  among  the  commou 
people  in  every  state.  J.  Adains,  Works,  IV.  359. 

3.  An  agrarian  law.     [Rare.] 
agrarianism  (a-gra'ri-an-izm),  n.     [<  agrarian 

+ -ism.]  1.  The  principle  or  theory  of  unequal 
or  unifiirm  di\'ision  of  lands;  more  generally, 
any  theory  invohing  radical  changes  in  the 
teniu'o  of  "land,  as  the  denial  of  the  right  of 
private  property  in  it,  and  advocacy  of  its  dis- 
tribution and  control  by  the  government. —  2. 
The  movement  or  agitation  in  favor  of  agrarian 
"\iews,  or  for  the  establishment  of  more  favor- 
able conditions  in  the  use  of  land;  \-iolence  ex- 
ercised in  pursuit  of  this  object. 

Every  county  board,  every  central  council,  however  lim- 
ited its  legal  powers,  may  bectune  a  focus  for  agrarianixni 
or  sedition.  Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  319. 

agrarianize  (.a-gra'ri-an-i/.),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
agrujiinii;al,  ppr.  agrariani^ing.  [<  agrarian 
+  -izc.]  1.  To  distribute,  aspubllc  lands,  among 
the  people. — 2.  To  imbue  with  ideas  of  agra- 
rianism.    X.  E.  D. 

Agra  ■work.    See  u-orl;. 

agret,  jirrji.  phr.  as  adr.     See  agree. 

agreablet,   agreabletet.     Obsolete  forms  of 

agreeable,  agrteahilitii. 
agreet,  prtp.  phr.  as  adr.  [<  ME.  agree,  agre 
(also  in  forms  in  grcc,  at  grcr,  to  gree),  <  OF.  a 
gre  (F.  ft  yri),  favorably,  according  to  one's 
will,  at  pleasure :  o  (<  L.  ad),  to,  at ;  gre,  earlier 
grid,  gret,  that  which  pleases,  <  ilL.  gratum, 
will,  pleasiu'e,  neut.  of  L.  gnitiis,  pleasing:  see 
grateful.  Ct.  agree,  r.]  In  good  part ;  kindly ;. 
in  a  friendly  manner. 

But  toke  agree  alle  hool  my  play. 

Horn.  0/  the  Rose,  1.  4349. 

agree  (.a-gre'),  r.  [<  ME.  agreen,  <  OF.  agreer,  F. 
agreer  =  Pr.  agreiar,  from  the  OF.  phrase  a  gre, 
favorabl}',  according  to  one's  will,  at  pleasm-e: 
see  agree,  adr.]  I.  intraiis.  A.  With  a  person- 
al or  personified  subject,  in  which  case  agree 
is  either  used  absolutely  or  is  followed  by  with 
before  the  agreeing  object,  and  by  upon,  on,  for, 
to,  or  in,  and  sometimes  with,  before  the  ob.ject 
or  condition  of  the  agi-eement:  the  latter  may 
be  expressed  by  an  intinitive  or  a  clause.  1.  To 
be  of  one  mind;  harmonize  in  opinion  or  feel- 
ing: as,  with  regard  to  the  expeiliency  of  the 
law  all  the  parties  agree. 

Science  .  .  .  rt'o-f'c--.- with  conimnn  sense  in  demanding  a 
belief  in  real  objective  iu'dies,  really  known  as  causesof  the 
various  phenoinena,  the  laws  and  interi-elati<uis  of  which 
it  investigates.  Mirarl,  Nature  and  Thouglit,  p.  S9. 

2.  To  live  in  concord  or  without  contention; 
harmonize  in  action;  be  mutually  accordant 
in  intercom'se  or  relation. 

How  dost  thou  and  thy  master  a'iree  f 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  ii.  -2. 


agree 

3.  To  come  to  one  opinion  or  mind ;  come  to  an 
an'Jingement  or  untlerstaqdiug;  arrive  at  a  set- 
tlement. 

Af/i'''t'  with  thiiiL'  adversary  quickly.  Mat.  v.  25. 

They  agree,  lie  to  command,  they  to  obey. 

Scldtui,  Table-'l'ulk,  p.  SS. 

Whi-re  an  amiiiyuons  question  arises  between  two  i:nv. 
^rnint-nts,  there  is,  if  theyeannut  a;frv»;  no  appeal  except 
tu  force.  Macaula;/,  Wai'ren  Hustiii^^s, 

Didst  not  thou  agree  with  me  for  a  penny?   Mat.  xx.  la. 

Make  not  a  city  feast  of  it,  to  let  the  meat  cool  ere  we 
can  n<trt<'  upon  the  first  place.  Sfiak.,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  C. 

Soiicty  seems  to  have  ajfrecrf  to  treat  Actions  as  realities, 
and  realities  as  Actions.  Emerson,  Clubs. 

4.  To  yield  assent;  consent;  rarely,  express 
fononiTeuee:  as,  lie  lujreed  to  accompany  the 

ambassador. 

A'tri-e  to  any  covenants.  Shak.,  1  lien.  VI.,  v.  5. 

Agree  with  his  demands  to  the  point. 

Shak.,  it.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

The  tyrant  would  have  agreed  to  all  that  the  nation  de- 
mandeti.  Maeautag,  Hurleigh. 

B.  With  a  thing  or  things  for  the  subject,  in 
winch  t'ase  agree  now  takes  no  preposition  ex- 
cept with  or  in  after  it,  though  formerly  to  was 
also  so  used.  5.  Tobe  consistent;  harmonize; 
not  to  conflict  or  be  repugnant;  as,  this  story 
agrees  with  what  has  been  related  by  others. 
Their  witness  agreed  not  together.  Mark  .viv.  5G. 

When  we  possess  ourselves  with  the  utmost  security  of 
the  demonstration,  that  tlie  three  angles  of  a  triangle  are 
equal  to  two  right  ones,  what  do  we  more  but  perceive 
that  equality  to  two  right  ones  does  neces-sarily  agn-e  lo, 
and  is  insepai-able  from,  the  three  angles  of  a  triangle? 
Loeke,  Human  Understanding,  v.  1. 
A  wild-rose  roofs  the  mined  slied, 
And  that  and  summer  well  agree, 

Coleridge,  A  Day  Dream. 

6.  To  resemble  ;  be  similar;  be  applicable  or 
appropriate;  tally;  match;  correspond;  coin- 
cide: as,  the  pictm-e  does  not  agree  with  the 
origiual. 

They  all  agree  in  having  for  their  object  deliverance 
from  the  evils  of  time. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Religions,  iii.  5. 

His  system  of  theology  agreed  with  that  of  the  Puritans. 

Maeaulag,  Hist.  Eng.,  vii. 

7.  To  suit ;  be  accommodated  or  adapted:  as, 
the  same  food  does  not  «(//Tfi  with  every  consti- 
tution.—  8.  lu  gram,,  to  correspond  in  number, 
case,  gender,  or  person:  as,  a  verb  must  agree 
with  its  subject.  =Syn.  To  accord  (with),  concur  (in), 
subscribe  (to),  promise,  engage,  undertake.  See  list  under 
accede. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  settle;  determine;  arrange. 
He  saw  from  far  .  .  . 

Some  troublous  uprore  or  contentious  fray, 
Whereto  he  drew  in  hast  it  to  agree. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  3. 
1  do  believe  the  two  Pretenders  had,  privately,  aqreed 
the  matter  beforehand.  Gray. 

[This  use  of  the  verb  agree  is  now  obsolete  except  in  the 
impersonal  phrase  it  is  agreed,  and  in  a  few  legal  and  busi- 
ness expressions:  as,  the  account  has  been  agreed. 

It  in  thus  agreed 
That  peaceful  truce  shall  be  proclaim'd  in  France. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  4.] 
2t.  To  agree  with ;  suit. 

If  harm  agree  me,  wherto  pleyne  I  thenne? 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  409. 
Case  agreed  or  stated.  See  cane^. 
agreeability  (a-gre-a-biri-ti),  n.  [Mod.  form 
of  MK.  agreablete,  <  OF.  a'greablete  (=Pr.  agra- 
dabletat),  <  agreahlc  :  see  agreeable  and  -bility,'\ 
The  quality  of  being  agreeable;  easiness  of 
disposition ;  agreeableuess, 

Al  fortune  is  blisf  ul  to  a  man  by  the  agrcabtete  or  by  the 
egalite  of  hym  that  sulfereth  it.  Chaucer,  Boethius. 

She  was  all  good  humour,  spirits,  sense,  and  agreeabili- 
tg.  (Surely  I  may  make  words  when  at  a  loss,  if  Dr.  John- 
sun  does.)  jMtiie.  D'Arblag,  Diary,  I.  42. 

agreeable  (a-gre'a-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  agrcablc,  <  OF. 
agnahte  {V.  agreablc),  <  agreer :  see  agree,  r.] 

1.  Suitable;  conformable;  correspondent:  as, 
conduct  agreeable  to  the  moral  law. 

Though  they  embraced  not  this  i)ractice  of  burning,  yet 
entertained  they  many  ceremonies  agreeable  unto  Greek 
and  Roman  obsequies.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Urn-Burial,  i. 

(In  this  sense  agreeable  is  sometimes  incoiTectly  used  fur 
agreeably :  jis,  agreeable  to  the  order  of  the  day,  the  house 
took  up  the  report  of  the  committee.) 

2 .  Pleasing,  either  to  the  mind  or  to  the  senses ; 
to  one's  liking:  as,  agreeable  manners;  fruit 
agreeable  to  the  taste. 

There  was  something  extremely  agreeable  in  the  cheer- 
ful llow  of  animal  spirits  of  the  little  man. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  260. 

My  i<iea  of  an  agreeable  person,  said  Hugo  Bohun,  is  a 
persoTi  who  agrees  with  me.  i)wra*'/i'. 

3.  Willing  or  ready  to  agree  or  consent:  now 
used  only  or  chiefly  as  a  colloquialism. 

These  Frencbnu'ii  give  unto  the  saiii  captain  of  Calais  a 
great  sum  of  money,  so  that  he  will  be  but  content  and 
agreeable  that  they  may  eut«r  into  the  said  town. 


117 

I'll  meet  you  there,  and  bring  my  wife  that  ia  to  be.  .  .  . 
You're  agreeable  f  Dickens. 

4+,  Agreeing  one  with  another ;  concordant. 

These  manifold  and  agreeable  testimonies  of  the  nlde 
and  new  writers.  Author  of  \hm,  ijuoted  by  F.  Hall. 

-Syn.  1,  Fitting,  befltting,  appropriate,  con8onant(with). 
2.   /'l"fsiiig,  tie.     See  jileasant. 

agreeableness  (a-gre'a-bl-nes),  «,  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  agreeable,  (a)  Suitableness ; 
conformity ;  consistency :  a.s,  the  agreeableneim  of  virtue 
to  the  laws  of  God.  (b)  The  quality  of  pleasing;  that 
quality  which  gives  satisfaction  or  moderate  pleasure  to 
the  mind  or  senses  :  as,  ngrreablenegtmi  manners;  there  is 
an  agreeabkness  in  the  ta.ste  of  certain  fruits. 

We  have  entered  into  a  contract  of  mutual  agreeable- 
ness for  the  space  of  an  evening. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  x. 
(ct)  Concordance  ;  hannony  ;  agre(niient. 

The  agreeableness  between  man  and  other  parts  of  crea- 
ti"n.  Grew,  Cosmologia  Sacra. 

agreeably  (a-gre'a-bli),  adv.  [<  ME.  agreahle- 
hj :  see  agreeable  "and  -ly^.']  In  an  agreeable 
manner,  (a)  Snitably;  consistently;  conformably.  See 
remark  under  agreeable,  1. 

The  effect  of  which  is,  that  marriages  grow  less  frequent, 
agreeablg  to  the  maxim  above  laid  down.  Paleg. 

Reason  requires  us,  when  we  speak  of  Christianity,  t^* 
expound  the  phrase  agreeablg  to  hi.story,  if  we  mean  to 
claim  on  it^  behalf  the  authority  of  civilized  man. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  ISO. 
{b)  Pleasingly;  in  an  agreeable  manner;  in  a  manner  to 
give  pleasure :  as,  to  be  agreeably  entertained  with  a  dis- 
course. 

The  years  which  he  [Temple]  spent  at  the  Hague  seem 
...  to  have  passed  very  agreeably, 

Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple, 

We  were  also  most  agreeably  suri)rised  by  the  beauty  of 
the  scenery.  Lady  Brasacy,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  II.  xxii. 
(cf)  Alike  ;  in  the  same  or  a  similar  manner ;  similarly. 

With  hem  that  every  fortune  receyven  agreablely  or 
egaly  [equally].  Chaucer,  Boethius. 

Armed  both  agreeably.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  vii.  3. 

agreeinglyt  (a-gre'ing-li),  adv.     In  conformity 

to.  t'^heldou. 
agreement  (a-gre'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  agrementy 
<  OF.  agrement,  F.  agrement:  see  agrce^  r.,  and 
-ment.']  I.  The  state  of  agreeing  or  of  being 
in  accord,  (a)  Concord;  harmony;  conformity;  resem- 
blance ;  suitableness. 
What  agreement  hath  the  temple  of  God  with  idols? 

2  Cor,  vi.  16. 
Knowledge  is  represented  as  the  perception  of  the 
agreement  or  repugnance  of  our  ideas,  not  with  things, 
but  with  one  another  ;  in  some  cases  the  agreeinent  being 
seen  intuitively  or  directly,  and  in  others  by  a  process  in 
which  there  may  be  more  or  less  certainty. 

MeCosk,  Locke's  Theory,  §  2. 
(ft)  Union  of  opinions  or  sentiments  ;  harmony  in  feeling  ; 
absence  of  dissension  :  as,  a  good  agreement  subsists  among 
the  members  of  the  council. 

With  dim  lights  and  tangled  circumstance  they  tried  to 
shape  their  thought  and  deed  in  noble  agreement. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  Prelude. 
(c)  In  gram.,  correspondence  of  words  in  respect  of  num- 
ber, gender,  etc.  '^ee agree,  v.,  I.,  8.  (rf)  Inlogic,  capability 
of  being  true  together:  said  of  terms. 

2.  The  act  of  coming  to  a  mutual  airangement ; 
a  bargain,  contract,  covenant,  or  treaty:  as,  he 
made  an  agreement  for  the  purchase  of  a  house. 

Make  an  agreement  with  me  by  a  present. 

2  Ki.  xviii.  31. 

An  agreement,  if  it  involve  an  milawful  act  or  the  pre- 
vention of  lawful  acts  on  the  part  of  others,  is  jilainly  un- 
la^vful.  Woulsey,  lutrod.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  42. 

3.  Agreeable  quality  or  circumstance ;  agree- 
ableness: generally  in  the  plural.  [A  Galli- 
cism, now  often  written  as  French,  agrements.'] 

This  (igure,  says  he,  wants  a  certain  gay  air ;  it  has  none 
of  those  charms  and  agreements. 

Tom  Brown,  Works,  III.  52. 

Agreement  for  insurance,  an  agreement  preliminary  to 

the  tilling  out  and  dclivi-ry  of  a  policy 

with  spfcitic  stipulations.— External 
agreement.  i^ee  cr^ec/m?.— Memo- 
randum of  agreement.  See  memoran- 
(/(n;i.— Method  of  agreement,  see 
;/it7A(i(^— Non-importation       agree- 

rnent,  an  a_'ictiufnt  madi.-  lietweeii  the 
.\mcrican  colonies  at  i'liihuklpina.  <>ct. 
20,  1774,  not  to  import  anything  from 
or  mannfai-tured  in  (.Jreal  iJritain  or  Ire- 
land or  tiie  West  Indies.  This  action  was 
taken  by  way  of  retaliation  for  the  p;tssage 
by  Parliament  of  certain  acts  for  raising 
revenue  in  America. 

agreget.   agregget,  v^     See   ag- 

gredge. 
agrenon    (a-gre'non),    n.      [Gr. 

u)i>r;irn'y  a  net,  a  net-like  woolen 

robe.]     In  <rr.  antiq.,  a  net-like 

woolen    garment    worn   by  bae- 

clianals  and  soothsayers. 
agrestial   (a-gres'tial),   a.     [<  L. 

agrestis :  see  agrestic]  1.  In- 
habiting the  fields, —  2,  In  bot.j  growing  wild 

in  cultivated  land.     [Rare.] 


Torso  of  Apollo 
wearing  the  Agre- 
non. round  .It  II.i- 
<lri;in"s  Villa  near 
Tivoli. 


agriculturist 

agrestic  (a-gi'es'tik),  '/.  [<  Ij.  agrestis^  rural, 
rustic,  <  ager,  field:  see  agrarian  and  acre.] 
Kiu'al;  rustie;  pertaining  to  fields  or  the  coiui- 
try;  unpolisheci.     [Kare.] 

Cowley  retreated  into  solitude,  where  he  found  none  of 
the  agrestic  charms  of  the  landscapes  of  his  muse. 

/.  D'lsradi,  Calam.  of  Autliors,  I.  64. 

agrestical  (a-gres'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  agrestic. 
agrevet,  v.  t.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  aggrieve. 
agrla   (ag'ri-ji),  n.      [NL.,  <  Gr,  ayptocy  wild, 

sava;;*',  malignant,  <  (tygocj  field,  =  E.  acre,  q. 

v.]     Same  as  herpes. 
agricolationt  (a-grik-o-la'shon),  n.    [<  L.  agri- 

colati<i{u-),  <  agricolari,  cultivate  land,  <  agri- 

colay  a  cultivator  of  land,  farmer:  see  agricole.'] 

Cultivation  of  the  soil.    Cockcram. 
agricole  (ag'ri-kol),  n.     [<  F.  agricole^  <  L.  agri- 

vola,  a  farmer,  <  (tger,  field  (see  acre),  +  colere, 

till. J  A  liusbandman;  arustic.  y.E.lJ.  [Rare.] 
agricolistt  (a-grik'o-list),  ;(.     [<  L.  agricola, 

fSktmer  {see  agricole)]  + -ist.'}  An  agriculturist. 

The  pasture  and  the  food  of  plants 
First  let  the  young  agricolist  be  taught. 

Dodsley's  Coll.  of  Poems,  Agriculture. 

agricolous  (a-gi-ik'o-lus),  a.  [<  L.  G^/nco?^, 
farmer  (see  agricole),  +  -ous,']  Agricultural. 
S}/dneg  Smith. 

agricultor(ag'ri-kid-tor),  n.  [L., better  ^\Titten 
separately,  agri  cidtor,  tiller  of  land:  agri,  gen, 
of  agcr,  lan<l,  field  (see  acre);  cultor,  tiller,  < 
eolcre,  till,  cultivate.  Cf.  agricole.']  A  tiller  of 
the  gi'ound ;  a  fanner;  a  husbandman.     [Kare.] 

agricultural  (ag-ri-kul'tur-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to,  connected  with,  or  engaged  in  agriculture. 

The  transition  from  the  pastoral  to  the  agricultural  life 
has  almost  always  been  effected  by  means  of  slavery. 

I).  W.  Moss,  German  Land-holding,  p.  3. 

Agricultural  ant,  a  kind  i>f  ant  which  clears  the  ground 
of  vcnlur.-  in  tlie  vicinity  of  its  nest.  Such  a  species  is 
riigi'itunnininx  hurlnttus  of  Tcxas,  which  cuts  down  all 
the  licrl'iiL^r  wiiliiii  ten  or  twelve  feet  of  its  nest.— Agri- 
cultural chemistry,  a  brandi  of  chemistry  treating  <»f 
the  rninpi'sitioii  ;uid  ihemical  properties  of  jdants,  soils, 
m;iiiun  ^,    fcediiigstidfs    fur    cattle,    etc.      Agricultural 

Children  Act,  :in  i:iii;li>li  statute  of  l87;i  (Stiand  ;i7  Vict, 
c.  tl7)  whit  li  restricts  tlie  employment  of  clnlih'en  in  agri- 
culttuMl  wi.rk  ;iiiil  provides  for  theii"  educati(m.— Agri- 
cultural engine,  :t  \><  irt;ilile  steam-niutor  for  general  work 
on  a  farm.  See  tnietiou-ni'iine  and  .s7'7i;/(-/'/"J'-.  — Agri- 
cultural Gangs  Act,  an  Em^li.sli  statute  of  IbtlT  (.iO  and 
31  \u-t.  I'.  130)  which  regulates  the  cintraeting  of  women 
and  cliildren  to  labor  on  farms.— Agricultural  geology, 
that  branch  of  ge<dogy  which  treats  ut  tlie  riMMir.es  ui  a 
country  in  respect  of  soils,  subsoils,  siibjaeent  strata,  and 
nuneral  manures.— Agricultural  Holdings  Acts,  two 
English  statutes  nf  1*7 :.  ami  l>s:;,  ;l.■^tM  tlir  n-l;ili..n  of  land- 
lord and  tenant,  the  settii  ni>  nt  of  tilri^lii^p^ltes.  and  com- 
pensation for  improvements,  — Agricultural  society,  a 
society  for  promoting  agricultural  interests,  suib  ;is  the 
improvement  of  land,  of  iniplt-ments,  of  tlie  breeds  of  cat- 
tle, etc. 

agriculturalist  (ag-ri-kul'tur-al-ist),  n.  [<  ag- 
ricidtural  +  -ist.  Cf.  naturalist,]  Same  as  agri- 
culturist. 

Evei-y  truly  practical  man,  whether  he  he  merchant, 
mechanic,  or  agriculturalist ,  transmutes  his  exi)erience 
into  intelligence,  until  his  will  operates  with  the  celerity 
of  instinct.  Whipple,  Lit.  and  Life,  p.  194. 

agriculturally  (ag-ri-kul'tui'-al-i),  adv.  As  re- 
gards agiieulture  or  agrieuUural  purposes. 

The  dissolved  constituents  of  sewage — by  far  the  most 
valuable  portion  agriculturaily. 

Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  S83C- 

agriculture  (ag'ri-kul-tiir),  n,     [<  F.  agricuU 

turt'j  <  L.  agricnliuraj  better  written  separately, 
agri  cultnra,  tilling  of  land:  ogri,  gen.  of  ager, 
field;  c////»/7/,  tilling,  cultivation:  see  agricultor 
and  culture.]  The  cultivation  of  the  groimd; 
especially,cultivation  with  the  plow  and  in  large 
areas  in  order  to  raise  food  for  man  and  beast ; 
husbandry;  tillage;  farming.  Theoretical  a grieu I- 
(u/v.orthe  theitrgnf  agrirult ure.is  a  science  comiirebendiiig 
in  its  scope  the  nature  and  properties  of  soils,  the  dilferent 
sorts  of  plants  aiTd  seeds  tilted  fi.tr  tlieni,  the  composition 
and  qualities  of  niaimre.s,  and  the  rotation  of  crops,  ami 
involving  a  knowledge  of  chemistry,  geology,  and  kindreil 
sciences.  Practical  agriculture,  or  husbandry,  is  an  ait 
comprehending  all  the  labors  of  the  field  and  of  the  fann- 
yrtrd,  such  as  prejiaring  the  land  for  the  reception  of  the 
>red  or  plants,  sowing  and  planting,  rearing  and  ;:aihering 
the  ertips,  care  of  fruit-trees  and  doniestic  animals,  dis- 
position of  iir<iducts.  etc.- Bachelor  of  agriculture,  a 
degree,  con'esponding  to  baelieb'r  of  arts  or  nf  seience, 
conferred  by  agricultural  colleges,  often  abbreviated  to 
B.  J .'/r.— Chamber  of  Agriculture,  an  a*sociatiun  of 
agriculturists  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  and  protect- 
ing the  interests  of  auriciiiturc— Department  Of  Agri- 
culture and  Commissioner  of  Agriculture.    See  de- 

partilirnt. 

agriculturism  (ag-ri-kul'tur-izm),  n.  [<  agri- 
culture +  -isni.]  The  art  or  science  of  agricul- 
ture.    [Kare.] 

agriculturist  (ag-ri-kul'tur-ist),  H.  [<  agricul- 
ture +  -ist.]  One  occupied  in  cultivating  the 
ground;  a  husbandman.  Also "WTitten  agricul- 
turalist. 


agriculturist 

They  preferred  the  imiduif  "f  II 
their  lauds,  and  were  shepherds  insti 
littckU' 


[ME. 
1.  In  grief. 


Cresar  tells  us  that  the  natives  [of  liritninl  in  liis  time 
were  not  Rcnerally  a;irit:uttHrititi{,  but  lived  on  milk  and 
meat,  aud  elotheJ  themselves  with  .skins. 

O.  Kau'iiitmii,  Drittin  of  Nations,  p.  134. 

agrieft  (a-gref')i  }>rcjt.  pin:  as  adv.     TME.  also 

ayrcef,  ar/rcf,  agrere  ,•  <  o^  +  (jricf.] 

Cha  uccr.  —  2.      Amiss ; 

unkiiuUy.     Chnucir. 
agrievancet,    agrievet. 

.Sec      iiijiirkvaiicc,      a<j- 

(frirrc. 
a  griffes  (a  gref).     [F. : 

A,  to,  with;  g>ifes,  pi. 

oi;/riffe,cleuW.  see  griff.} 

(Held   or    secured)    by 

claws  or  clamps,  as  a 

stoiie    in   a   ring.     The 

clamps    used    for    this 

purpose  in  ancient  jewelry  are  often  of  con- 
siderable size  and  of  decorative  form. 
Agrilus  (ag'ri-lus),   >i. 

dypuc,  field.    Cf.  Agrotis.'\ 


Agraffe 


118 

lieir  flocks  to  that  of  agriology  (ag-ri-ol'o-ji),  n.     [<  Gr.  aypioi:,  wild, 

S'"',;;'  <'!i>-i<-iUliin«lK.     savage  (<  ny/jdij,  field),  +  -loyia,  <  ?.lyeiv,  speak: 

rfc,  C.v.hzafon,  II. ..     ^^^  .olog,,.]      The  comparative  study  of  the 

customs  of  man  in  his  uncivilized  state. 

Agrion  (ag'ri-on),  ii.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  aypior,  living 

in  the  fields,  <  (ij/w;,  a  field.]    The  tj'jiical  genus 

of  the  fainily-iyc»)/arfrt' or  group. 4  r/r!o«i«o.     .). 

soiiciuiii  is  red,  variegated  with  black. 

agrionid  (ag-ri-on'id),  n.     A  dragon-fly  of  the 

I'aniily  Agruinidcc. 
Agriohidae  (ag-ri-on'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Agri- 
(III  +  -iilii.~\  A  family  of  neuropterous  insects, 
or  dragon-flies,  closely  related  to  the  LiheUu- 
lidce,  of  the  group  Odoiuita,  order  Xeuroptcra: 
named  from  a  leading  genus,  Agrion,  a  species 
of  which,  A.  puella,  is  the  common  blue  dragon- 
fly of  Britain. 
Agrionina  (ag"ri-o-ni'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Agri- 
iiii  -t-  -/«((.]  A  gi-oup  of  tlragon-flies,  tyi)ified  by 
the  genus  Agrion  and  corresponding  to  the 
family  Agrionidcc,  comprising  small  slender- 
bodied  forms  with  metallic  hues,  whose  larvse 
have  external  leaf-like  gills. 

"  """  A  fish  of  the 


th  the  central  stone 
mounted  it  grijfei. 


Agrilui 


•  rnjjcotlis. 

a,  anal  end  of  body  of  larva;  *.  lar\-a  ;  c,  beetle.    (The  vertical 
lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

beetles  comprising  numerous  species  distrib- 
uted all  over  the  globe  in  the  temperate  and 
tropical  zones.  They  may  at  once  be  distinguished 
from  must  other  genera  of  Buprestiche  by  their  very  slender 
elongate  form,  the  body  being  usually  of  a  unifi  Tui  c  'ppery 
or  bronze  color.  In  the  larval  state  most  of  tlnni  livr  in 
the  terminal  twigs  of  deciduous  trees,  often  doing  consider- 
able damage,  and  a  few  iilso  live  in  the  stems  of  herbaceous 
plants.  The  red-necked  raspberry  buprestid,  Afirilut;  rufi- 
collis  (Fabricius),  causes  large  excrescences  or  galls  on  the 
raspberry,  known  as  the 
raspberry  gouty-gall. 

agrimensor  (ag-ri- 
men'sor),  «.;  pi. 
agrimensores{-men- 
so'rez).  [L.,  <  ager 
(see  acre)  +  men- 
sor,  <  metiri,  pp. 
mensus,  to  mea- 
sure.] In  Bom, 
antiq.,  a  land-sur- 
veyor. 

There  was  a  disin- 
clination on  the  part  of 
the  Greek  geometer  to 
be  satisfied  with  a  mere 
approximation,  were  it 
ever  so  close ;  and  the 
unscientiflc  agrimensor 
shirked  the  Ijibotir  in- 
volved in  acquiring  the 
knowledge  which  was 
Indispensable  for  learn- 
ing trigonometrical  cal- 
culations. 

Eiuye.  BriJ.,  XX.  80. 

agrimony    (ag '  ri- 

mo-iii),  n.  [<  ME.  agrimony,  egrimony,  agri- 
moync,  cgremoyne,  egremounde,  etc. ;  <  OF.  aigre- 
moinc,  <  L.  agrimonia,  a  false  reading  of  ar/je- 
monia  (Pliny),  a  plant  similar  to  another  called 
ar(/emoHe  (Pliny),  <  Gr.  afjyefjuvri,  a  certain  plant, 
<  apyeuov,  also  apyc/ia,  a  white  speck  in  the  eye, 
for  which  this  plant  is  said  to  have  been  re- 
garded as  a  cure,  <  apydi;,  white,  shining.]  The 
general  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Agrimonia. 
natural  order  Hosacew,  which  includes  several 
species  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  South 
America.  They  are  perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves, 
yellow  ftrnvers,  and  a  rigid  calyx-tube  beset  above  with 
hooked  bristles.  The  common  agrimony,  A,  Eupatoria, 
of  Europe  and  the  United  States,  was  formerly  of  much 
repute  in  medicine.  Its  leaves  and  root-stock  are  astrin- 
gent, and  the  latter  yields  a  yellow  dye. 
agrin  (a-grin'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  «3 
+  grill.']  In  the  act  or  state  of  grinning;  on 
the  ^'riii:  as,  "his  visage  all  agrin,"  Tennyson. 
agriological  (ag"ri-o-loj'i-kal),  a.     Of  or  per- 

taiuiuf;  to  agriology. 
agriologist  (ag-ri-ol'o-jist),  M.     [<  agriology  + 


[NL.,  based  on  Gr. 

A  genus  of  buprestid  agriopodid  (ag-ri-op'o-did); 
family  Agriopodidw. 
Agriopodidse  (ag"ri-o-pod'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Agrii>pus{-pod-)  +  -iVte.]  Afamilyof  acanthop- 
te'rygian  fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Agri- 
opus.  It  uicludes  those  Cottuiilea  in  which  the  dorsal  fin 
is  very  long,  commencing  on  the  nape,  and  consisting  of 
an  elongated  acanthopterous  and  short  arthropterous  por- 
tion ;  the  anal  fin  is  sliort ;  the  ventrals  are  thoracic  and 
well  developed,  and  have  1  spine  and  5  soft  rays ;  the  head 
Is  compressed,  with  small  mouth  and  lateral  eyes ;  the 
branchial  apertures  are  separated  by  an  isthmus;  the 
trunk  is  nuchadiform  and  compressed ;  and  the  vertebrie 
are  numerous  (for  example,  18  abdominal  and  21  caudal). 

[NL.,  <Gr,   • 


Agrotis 

assign,  administer;  in  a  special  use,  to  feed  or 
graze  cuttle.]     An  agronomist. 
agronomial  (ag-ro-no'mi-al),  a.     Same  as  agro- 
nomic 

Uapid  as  was  Leonard's  survey,  his  rural  eye  detected 
the  signs  of  a  master  in  the  art  aifrnnoinial. 

BulKcr,  My  Novel,  v.  2. 

agronomic  (ag-ro-nom'ik),  a.  [<  agronome  + 
-«■.]  Kelating  to  agronomy,  or  the  manage- 
ment of  fanns. 

.Maxims  of  nyrMinmicwisdom.    D.  G.  Mitchell,  Wet  Days. 

agronomical  (ag-ro-nom'i-kal),  a.      Same  as 

agronomic. 

The  experience  of  British  agriculture  has  shown  that 
the  French  ngronomieal  division  of  the  8<iil  is  infinitely 
less  iirotltable"  .  .  .  than  that  prevailing  in  this  country. 
Edinburgh  liev.,  CIII.  94. 

agronomics  (ag-ro-nom'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  agro- 
nomic: see -I'cs.]  The  science  of  the  manage- 
ment of  farms;  that  division  of  the  science  of 
poUtieal  economy  which  treats  of  the  manage- 
ment of  farming  lands. 

agronomist  (a-gron'o-mist),  n.     [<  agronomy 

+  -ist.]     One  who  is  engaged  in  the  study  of 

agronomy,  or  the  management  of  lands. 

An  impartial  foreign  agronomist.  Edinburgh  Rev. 

M.  J.  A.  Barral,  a  distinguished  French  chemist  and 

agroiwliiist.  Pop.  .Sci.  .Wo.,  .\.\VI.  2*8. 

agronomy  (a-gron'o-mi),  n.     [<F.  agronomic,  < 

Gr.  as  if  'a-j povo/iia,<.  a-) povdiw^:  see  agronome.] 
The  art  of  cultivating  the  ground ;  agriculture. 
agrope  (a-grop'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  a^  + 
groi^e.']     Gropingly. 

Tluee  women  crept  at  break  of  day, 
Agrope  along  the  shadowy  way 
Where  Joseph's  tomb  and  garden  lay. 

M.  J.  Preston,  Mj-rrh-bearers. 


AgriopUS  (a-gri'6-pus),   n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  dypioc,  .      -r,.  .     -^    c 

wild,  savage,  -1-  ~ot  f  (-od-)  =  E./oof,  as  assumed  agrost.     Preterit  of  agrise. 

in  the  deriv.  form  Agriopodidw,  but  in  intention 

prob.  iJi/j  ((J~-),  face,  appearance.]     A  genus  of 

acanthopterygian  fishes,  typical  of  the  family 

Agriopodida;.     A.  tarvus,  the  sea-horse,  is  about  2  feet 

in  length,  and  is  common  on  the  shores  of  the  Cape  of 

Good  H<;ipe.     .\lso  called  Agriopes, 
agriot,  n.     See  egriot. 
Agriotes  (a-gi-i'o-tez),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  aypidrtK, 

■nikbiess,  <  a^pio'c,  wild, < a)po(:,  field.]  _A genus 


ATgrostemma  (ag-rp-stem'a),  n.  [NTj.,  <  Gr. 
lij/jdr;,  tielil,  +  aripu'a,  a  wreath:  see  stemma.'] 
A  Linnean  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natm-al  order 
Can/iipliytlacew.  it  is  now  generally  regarded  as  a  sec- 
tion of  the  genus  Lychnis,  from  which  it  difiers  only  in  the 
elongated  segments  of  the  calyx,  and  in  the  petals  being 
without  scales.  A.i^L.)  Githagu,  the  common  corn-cockle, 
with  large  entire  purple  petals,  is  the  only  species  belong- 
ing to  the  section  as  now  limited.  There  are  several  va- 
rieties in  cultivation. 


of  coleopterous  insects,  of  the  family  ^faterirfrt;  Agrostis  (a-gros'tis),  ii.     [NL.,  <  L.  agrostis, 


(click-beetles  or  snapping-beetles),  of  the  pen- 
tamerous  division  of  the  order  Coleoptera.  The 
larv»  of  several  species,  us  the  Britislivl.  lineatiis,  are  well 
known  as  wire-worms.     See  cut  under  wire-u'orm. 

agrippa  (a-grip'a),  w. ;  pi.  agrippa:  (-e).  [NL. 
Cf.  L.  Agrippa,  a  Roman  family  name.]  In 
ohstct.:  {a)  A  person  bom  with  the  feet  fore- 
most,    {h)  Foot-presentation;  a  footling  case. 

Agrippinian  (ag-ri-pin'i-an),  n.  [<  LL.  Agrip- 
pinidni,  pi.,  <  Agrippiniis.  a  personal  name,  <L. 
Agrippa,  a  Roman  family  name.]  Ecclcs.,  a 
follower  of  AgrippLnus,  bishop   of  Carthage 


<  Gr.  aypua-ii;,  couch-grass  (cf.  a-jpuarr/i;,  nearly 
equiv.  to  L.  agrestis,  rm-al,  of  the  field:  see 
agrestic),  <  ayp6(,  a  field,  the  country.]  A  large 
genus  of  grasses,  distributed  overthe  globe,  and 
valuable  especially  for  pasturage.  The  English 
species  are  known  as  bent-grass.  The  marsh-bent,  A .  alba, 
was  at  one  time  widely  known  as  fiorin.  A.  imlgaris,  cul- 
tivated for  both  hay  and  pasturage,  is  called  in  America 
red-top,  or  sometimes  herd's-grass.     .See  bent-. 

agrostographer  (ag-ros-tog'ra-f  er),  n.  A  writer 
upon  gi'asses. 

agrostographic  (a-gros-to-graf 'ik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  agi-ostography. 


tograxtlnc. 


Agrimony  {Ag^imotiin  Eupatoria), 
showing  branch,  flowering  spray,  and 
fruit. 


that  apostates  should  be  rebaptized. 
agriset,  v.  [<  ME.  agrisen  (sometimes  misspell- 
ed agrysen),  pret.  agros,  shudder,  be  terrified,  < 
AS.  agrisan,  pret.  *dgrds,  shudder,  be  tenified, 
<  a-  +  *grisan,  >  early  ME.  grisen,  pret.  gros, 
shudder,  be  tenified :  see  grishj.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  cause  to  shudder  or  tremljle;  terrify;  dis- 
gust. 

All  wliere  was  nothing  heard  but  hideous  cries. 
And  pitious  plaints,  that  did  the  harts  agrise. 

.Syhvster,  tr.  of  Du  Bartiis. 
2.  To  abhor.  Chaucer. —  3.  To  make  frightful; 
disfigure. 

Engrost  with  mud  which  did  them  fowie  agrise. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  46. 

II.  intraiis.    To  shudder;  tremble  with  fear ; 
be  much  moved. 

There  sawe  I  soche  tempest  arise. 
That  every  herte  might  agrise, 
To  se  it  paintid  on  the  wall. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  210. 

She  nought  agros.        Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  930. 

agrodolce  (ag-ro-dol'che),  n.     [It.,  <  agro  (<L. 

accr,  sharp,  sour)  +  dolce,  <  L.  dnlcis,  sweet.] 

A  compound  formed  by  mixing  sour  and  sweet 

things. 

Agrodolce  ...  is  a  blending  of  sweets  and  sours,  and 
is  made  by  stewing  in  a  rich  gravy  prunes,  Corinth  ciu'- 
rants,  almonds,  pine-kernels,  raisins,  vinegar,  and  wine. 
Badham,  Prose  Halieutics,  p.  62.     (.V.  E.  D.) 

agrom  (ag'rom),  H.  [Appar.  from  Gujarati 
agriin,  ulceration  of  the  tongue  from  chronic 
disease  of  the  alimentary  canal.]  The  native 
name  in  India  for  a  rough  and  cracked  con- 
dition of  the  tongue  not  uncommon  in  that 
country. 
Ist.]  One  who  makes'  a  comparative  study  of  agronoiue  (ag'ro-nom),  n.  [<  F.  agronome,  < 
human  customs,  esj^iecially  of  the  customs  of  Gr.  (lypuvipur,  an  overseer  of  the  public  lands, 
man  in  a  rude  or  uncivilized  state.  Max  Miiller.     aypivofioq,  rural,  <  aypd^,  field,  +  vi/ietv,  deal  out. 


Same  as  agros 

agrostography  (ag'-ros-tog'ra-fi),  «.  [<  Gr. 
aypucTii;,  couch-grass  (see  Agrostis),  +  -ypaifia, 
<  ypaipen',  -n-rite.]     A  description  of  gi-asses. 

agrostologic  (a-gros-to-loj'ik),  a.  Kelating  or 
pertaining  to  agi'ostology. 

agrostological  (a-gi-os-to-loj'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  agrostologic. 

agrostologist  (ag-ros-toro-jist),  H.  One  skilled 
in  agrostology.     Encyc.  Brit. 

agrostology  (ag-ros-tol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  aypuarii, 
couch-gi'ass  (see  Agrostis),  +  -Aoyca,  <  Aeyew, 
speak  of:  see  -ology.]  That  part  of  botany 
which  relates  to  grasses. 

Agrotis  (a-gro'tis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a^purrjc,  of 
the  field,  wild,<  ajyxir,  field.]  A  genus  of  moths, 
of  the  family  .VocfH(V/(r,  comprising  a  large  num- 
ber of  the  night-flying  moths,  chiefly  distin- 


W.m.irkcd  Cutworm  ^ .4^eitis  ctandrstina,  Harris'  and  Greasy 
Cutworm  Moth  \,Aerotis  ypsiton.  Hiibner).  natural  size. 


Agrotis 

giiished  by  their  somber  colors  and  as  being  the 
parents  oC  worms  iiijiu'ious  to  agrieiiltrn'o,  espe- 
cially tin'  (lillVri'iit  cutworms.  See  nifiroiiii. 
aground  (a-Kroumi'),  prep.  phr.  as  udi:  or  a. 
[MK.  iKiro'iuidc,  also  on  gromidc ;  <  «■*,  on,  + 
jiriiiiiiil.']  1.  On  thegi'ounil;  stranded:  a  nau- 
tical term  sifpiit'yiii};  tliat  the  bottom  of  a  shij) 
rests  on  the  f^roinnl  for  want  of  sufficient  depth 
of  water:  opposed  to  iijloat. — 2.  Figm'atively, 
brought  to  a  stop  for  want  of  resources,  matter, 
and  the  like:  as,  the  speaker  is  aijrouiid. 

The  AitTiiinisti'iition  are  now  in  fact  atfround  at  the  pitch 
nf  liij;li  tide,  and  a  spring  tide  too. 

//.  Adams,  Gallatin,  p.  431. 

agroupment,  ».     See  aggroiipmcnt. 

agrypnia  (a-tJiip'ni-ii),  «.  [NTj.,  <6r.  aypmvia, 
<  iiyinmvoc,  .sleepless:  see  Agri/pmis.}  Sleep- 
lessness ;  insomnia ;  morbid  wakefulness  or 
vigilance. 

agrypnocoma  (a-grip-no-ko'ma),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Ur.  a)iir-riii;  sleepless  (see  Afiri/pnus),  +  Kdfia, 
coma.]  A  lethargic  or  partly  comatose  state, 
between  natuial  sleep  and  eoma.     [Rare.] 

agrypnotiC  (ag-rip-not'ik),  a.  and  «.  [<  F. 
U(inij>iiiit')iine  (with  term,  assimilated  to  that  of 
hijpnoUquc,  hypnotic),  <  Gr.  aypvTvvr/riKdf,  wake- 
ful, <  aypvKvdv,  be  wakeful,  <  ajpvTvvoc,  wakeful : 
see  Jf/ri/piuis.'i  I.  a.  Sleep-preventing;  caus- 
ing wakefulness. 

II.    H.    In  mcd.,  something  vphich  tends  to 
drive  away  sleep ;  an  antihypnotio. 

Agrypnus  (a-gi-ip'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aypv;!-- 
vof,  wakeful,  sleepless,  <  aypeieiv,  aypelv,  hunt, 
seek,  +  iiTTOf,  sleei).]  A  genus  of  coleopterous 
insects,  of  the  family  Elateridce;  one  of  those 
genera  of  insects  whose  destructive  larvee  are 
known  as  wire-worms. 

agrt.  A  contraction  (n)ot  arjen  t  and  (6)  of  uyainst. 

aglia  (si'gwii),  n.     Same  as  (Kjua-toad. 

aguara  (a-gwii'ra),  «.  [Native  name.]  A  name 
of  the  maned  dog  of  South  America,  Cards  juba- 
tiis.     Also  called  (/nam  and  cidpeu. 

aguardiente  (a-gwiir-di-en'te),  H.  [Sp.,  contr. 
of  (iijiia  ardicnlc,  bm-ning  water :  agua,<  L.  aqua, 
water  (see  aqua) ;  ardientc,  ppr.  of  ardcr,  <  L. 
arrfere,  burn  (see  wrrfeHi).]  1.  A  brandy  made 
in  Spain  and  Portugal,  generally  from  gi'apcs. 
—  2.  In  general,  in  Sjianish  countries,  any  spir- 
ituous liquor  for  drinking.  In  California  and  New 
Slexico  the  name  is  applied  to  American  wliisky,  and  in 
Mexico  to  pulque  (which  see). 

agua-toad  (ii'gwa-tod),  n.  [<  NL.  agua,  the 
specific  name  (appar.  of  native  origin),  +  E. 


Agfua-toad  {Bu/i/mariuus 


toad.']  The  Bufo  tiiariitus  or  7?.  agua,  a  veiy 
large  and  common  South  American  toad,  with 
enonnous  parotid  glands.  It  is  one  of  the  noisiest 
nf  its  tribe,  uttering  a  lou<l  snoring  kind  of  bellow,  chiefly 
during  the  night.  It  is  very  voracious,  and,  being  lielieved 
to  devour  rats,  has  been  largely  imported  from  Barbados 
into  Jamaica  to  keep  down  the  swarms  of  rats  that  infest 
the  plantations.  Also  called  aima. 
ague  (a'gu),  «.  [<  ME.  agu,  ague,  <  OF.  agu, 
fern,  ague  (F.  aigu,  fern,  aiguc),  =  Pr.  a</ut,  tcm. 
aguda,  shai'p,  acute,  <  L.  acutiis,  fem.  acuta, 
acute,  sharp,  \ioleut,  severe ;  febris  acuta,  a 
violent  fever:  see  acute.]  If.  An  acute  or 
violent  fever. 
And  the  bui-uing  agtie,  that  shall  consume  the  eyes. 

Lev.  xxvi.  16. 

2.  Intermittent  fever ;  a  malarial  fever  charac- 
terized by  regularly  retm-ning  paroxysms,  each 
in  well-developed  forms,  consisting  of  three 
stages  marked  by  successive  fits,  cold  or  shiv- 
ering (the  chill),  hot  or  biu-ning,  and  sweating; 
chills  and  fever. 

That  ye  schul  have  a  fever  terciane 

Or  an  ariu.     Chancer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  140. 

3.  Chilliness;  a  chill  not  resulting  from  dis- 
ease. -Dumb  ague.    See  diinit). 

ague  (a'gii),  V.  t.  [<  ague,  «.]  To  cause  a 
shivering  in ;  strike  'with  a  cold  fit.  Heywood. 
[Bare.] 

Faces  pale 
With  flight  and  allied  fear.  Shak,,  Cor.,  i.  4. 


119 

ague-bark  (a'gu-bark),   «.    The  bark  of  the 

wafer-ash,  I'teiea  trifoHata. 

ague-cake  (a'gu-kaic),  n.  An  enlarged  and 
harilcMcd  spleen,  the  consequence  of  intermit- 
tent and  remittent  fevers. 

ague-drop  (a'gu-tlrop),  n.  A  solution  of  the  ar- 
senite  of  potassiimi;  the  liquor  potassii  arseni- 
tis  of  tlie  United  States  Pharmacopoeia.  It  ia 
also  known  Jis  Fuwlvr'a  itutHtifm,A\id  is  much  employed  as 
a  rt'ruidy  in  intermittent  fever. 

ague-fit  (a'gu-tit),  ».     A  paro.xysm  of  cold  or 
shivering;  a  sharp  attack  of  chdliness. 
This  a(jue-Jit  of  fear  is  over-blowti. 

Shak.,  Kich.  11.^  iii.  2, 

ague-grass  (a'gu-gras),  n.  The  plant  blazing- 
star,  Alitrii  farinosa.    Also  called  ague-root. 

ague-proof  (a'gu-pr6f),  a.  Proof  against  ague. 
I  am  not  aifuc-pniof.  Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  C. 

ague-root  (a'gu-rot),  «.     Same  as  ague-grass. 

aguerriedt  (a-ger'id),  a.  [<  F.  uguerrir,  to 
make  warlike,  <  a  (<  L.  ad,  to)  -t-  guerre,  war: 
see  guerrilla.]  Inured  to  the  hardships  of  war ; 
instructed  in  the  art  of  war. 

An  army,  tlie  best  offuerried  of  any  troops  in  Europe. 
Lord  L;/ltetton,  Hist.  lien.  II. 

ague-spell  (a'gu-spel),  )i.  A  spell  or  charm  to 
cure  or  jirevent  ague. 

His  pills,  his  balsams,  and  his  ague-apclU. 

Gay,  Pastorals,  vi. 

ague-tree  (a'gu-tre),  n.  A  name  sometimes 
applied  to  sassafras  on  account  of  its  supposed 
febrifugal  qualities. 

ague-'weed  (a'gii-wed),  n.  1.  The  common 
boneset  of  the  United  States,  Eupatorium per- 
foliatuta. — 2.  A  species  of  gentian,  Gcntiana 
(juhiquejlora. 

aguey   (a'gii-i);  a.      [<  ague  +  -yK]      Aguish. 

y.  /•;.  1). 

aguilert,  «.  [<  ME.  aguler,  aguiler,<  OF.  aguil- 
ler,  aguillier,  mod.  aiguiUier  (=  Pr.  aguliaric 
(Roquefort),  a  needle-case;  cf.  agullier,  needle- 
maker),  <  aguile,  aiguille,  F.  aiguille,  needle :  see 
aiguille.]  A  neeiUe-case.  Rom.  of  the  I}ose,\.  9S. 

aguiltt  (a-gilf),  V.  [<  ME.  agilten,  agylten, 
agulten,  <  AS.  dgiflt<(n,  be  guilty,  <  a-  +  yyltan: 
see  0-1  and  i/KiVV.]     I.  iiitrans.  To  be  guilty  of. 

Thing  of  which  they  nevere  agilte  hyre  lyve. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  392. 

II.  trans.  To  sin  against ;  offend, 
will  hastow  mad  Troylus  to  me  untriste 
'That  nevere  yet  aiji)lte  liyni  that  1  wyste  ? 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  840. 

aguiset,  aguizet  (a-giz'),  «•  [<  «-  (expletive)  + 
guise.]     Dress. 

Their  fashions  and  brave  agguize. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Song  of  the  .Soul,  p.  7. 

aguiset,  aguizet  (a-giz'),  v.  t.     [See  aguise,  u.] 
To  dress ;  adorn. 
And  that  dcare  Crosse  uppon  your  shield  devizd. 
Wherewith  above  all  Knights  ye  goodly  seeme  afiuizd. 
Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  II.  i.  31. 

aguish  (a'gu-ish),  a.    [<  ague  +  -islA. ]    1 .  Chil- 
ly; somewhat  cold  or  shivering. — 2.   Having 
the  qualities  of  an  ague :  as,  an  aguisli  fever. 
Her  aguish  love  now  glows  and  burns.  Granville. 

3.  Productive  of  agues :  as,  an  agui.fh  locality. 

Thnuigh  chill  aguish  gloom  outburst 

The  comfortable  sun.  Keats,  Endymion,  iii. 

4.  Sub.ject  to  ague. 
aguisliness  (a'gu-ish-nes),  n.  The  condition  of 

being  aguish ;  chilliness. 

aguizet,  «•  and  V.     See  aguise. 

aguti,  i>.     See  agouti. 

agy(a'ii),«.    l<a(ie  +  -ii'^.]    Aged;  old.  N.E.D. 

agynary  (a,i'i-ua-ri),  a.  [After  F.  agynaire 
(De  Candolle),  ^  NL.  *agynarius:  see  aiiyiiou.i 
and  -ary.]  In  bot.,  characterized  by  the  ab- 
sence of  female  organs :  a  term  applied  by  A.  P. 
de  Candolle  to  double  flowers  which  consist 
wholly  of  petals,  no  pistils  being  present. 

agynic  (a-jin'ik),  a.  [As  agynous  +  -ic.]  lu 
hot.,  a  term  applied  to  the  insertion  of  stamens 
which  are  entirely  free  from  the  ovary.    [Rare.] 

agynous  (a.i'i-nus"),  a.  [<  Gr.  aym>or,  ayvvijc,  also 
a-jiivaii,  wifeless,  <  «-  priv.  +  yim/,  a  woman, 
female :  see  gyn--]  In  hot.,  having  no  female 
org.'ins. 

agyrate  (a-ji'rSt),  a.  [<  KL.*agyratus :  see  a-18 
and  (/i/rate.]     In  bot,  not  arranged  in  whorls. 

ah  (ii),  i"  tcrj.  [A  natural  cry,  expressive  of  sud- 
den emotion;  ME.  a  (cf.  OHG.  *d  =  Icel.  a;  ai) 
=  OF.  a,  F.  all  —  L.  ah  =  Gr.  (i ;  in  Teut.  usually 
with  final  guttural.  AS.  ed  (for  •«//0  =  r>.  arli 
=  OHG.  ah.  JIHG.  O.  ach  =  Sw.  ack  =  Dan.  al: 
Often  repeated,  with  aspiration,  ali  ha.  aha. 
See  a/ifll  and  ha,  andcf.  O,  oh.]  An  exclamation 
expressive  of  pain,  surprise,  pity,  compassion. 


ahu 

complaint,  contempt,  dislike,  joy,  exultation, 
ctc^,  according  to  the  manner  of  utterance. 

When  it  cs  [is]  born  it  eryes  8Wa  [sol : 

If  it  be  man,  it  cryes  «,  a, 

That  the  llr^t  letter  es  of  the  nam  [name] 

Of  our  forme  lllret)  fader  Adam; 

And  if  tile  eliild  a  woman  be, 

When  it  is  born  it  aays  e,  s.    (See  e/i.]      IlampoU. 

A.  H.  An  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  anno  he- 
jinv,  in  the  year  of  the  hejira,  or  flight  of  Mo- 
hammed from  Mecca,  A.  D.  622. 

aha^  (ii-hii'),  interj.  [A  repetition  of  ah,  a^, 
■with  aspiration  of  the  second  a;  <  ME.  «  ha  = 
G.  aha,  etc.  Cf.  ha,  ha-ha^,  o-ho,  etc.]  An  ex- 
clamation expressing  triumph,  contempt,  sim- 
ple surprise,  etc.,  according  to  the  manner  of 
utterance. 
They  .  .  .  said.  Aha,  alia,  our  eye  hath  seen  it. 

Ps.  XXV,  21. 

aha-  (a'hii),  «.     Same  as  ha-ha"^. 

ahead  (a-hed'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<n3, 

on,  at,  +  head,  fi-ont.]     1.  In  or  to  the  front; 

in  advance;  before:  as,  they  walked  ahead  of 

us  all  the  way:  in  nautical  language,  opposed 

to  astern :  as,  to  lie  ahead. 

The  east  eud  of  the  islaud  bore  but  a  little  ahead  of  us. 

Fielding,  Voyage  to  Lisbon. 

It  seemed  to  me  when  very  young,  that  on  this  subject 
life  was  aliead  of  theology,  and  the  people  knew  more  than 
the  i)reachers  taught.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

2.  Forward;  onward;  \vith  unrestrained  mo- 
tion or  action :  as,  go  ahead  (=  go  on ;  proceed ; 
push  forward  or  onward;  carry  out  yom-  task 
or  purpose :  an  idiomatic  phrase  said  to  have 
originated  in  the  United  States,  and  sometimes 
converted  into  an  adjective :  as,  a  go-ahead  per- 
son) ;  he  pushed  ahead  with  his  plans. 

Tliey  suffer  them  [children]  at  first  to  rim  ahnad. 

.S'/r  Ji.  L' Estrange,  Fables. 

To  forge  ahead.  Naui, :  (a)  To  move  slowly,  and  as  it 
were  laboriously,  past  another  object;  drawahead,  as  one 
ship  outsailing  another. 

No  man  would  say  at  what  time  of  the  night  the  ship 
(in  ease  she  waii  steering  our  course)  might  ./'orj/e  ahead  of 
us,  or  how  near  she  nnght  be  when  she  passed.  Dickens. 
ij>)  To  move  ahead,  as  in  coming  to  anchor  after  the  sails 
are  furled.— To  get  ahead,  hold  ahead,  cd.  See  get, 
hold,  etc.— To  run  ahead  of  one's  reckoning.  See 
reckoning. 
aheap  (a-hep'),  prep.  jjhr.  as  adv.  [<  a3,  on,  in, 
-1-  heap.]  In  a  heap ;  in  a  huddled  or  crouching 
condition,  as  from  terror ;  in  a  constrained 
attitude,  as  from  fear  or  astonishment:  as,  this 
fearful  sight  struck  us  all  aheap  (=  all  of  a 
heap). 

When  some  fresh  bruit 
startled  me  all  alteap !  and  soon  I  saw 
The  iHirridest  shape  that  evei  raised  my  awe. 

Hood,  Mids.  Fairies,  xvi. 

aheightt  (a-hif),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  [Also 
siielled  ahight;<  a*,  on,  -1-  height,  hight.  Cf. 
aloft,  of  similar  sense.]  Aloft;  on  high:  as, 
"  look  up  a-height,"  Shal;.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 

ahem  (a-hem'),  interj.  [Intended  to  represent 
an  inarticulate  sound  ma<le  in  clearing  the 
throat,  usually  as  preparatory  to  speaking.] 
An  utterance  designed  to  attract  attention, 
e.vpress  doubt,  etc. 

ahight  (a-hV),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<fl3,  on,  -I- 
high.]     On  high. 

One  heav'd  a-kigh,  to  be  hurl'd  down  below. 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

ahint,  ahin  (a-hinf,  a-hin'),  prep,  or  adv.  [< 
ME.  at  hind,"<  AS.  lei-hiudan,  behind,  <  ff/,  E. 
at,  -t-  hinilan,  from  the  back,  belund:  see  a-"!, 
hiud3,hehiud,a,ndct. afore.]  Behind.    [Scotch.] 

ahm  (itm),  n.     Same  as  aam. 

ahna-tree  (ii'na-tre),  «.  [<  ahna,  anna,  native 
name,  +  tree.']'  A  large  evergreen  thorny  spe- 
cies of  Acacia,  growing  abundantly  in  the  sandy 
river-beds  of  Damaraland,  Aft'ica.  The  wood  ts 
light  but  durable,  ami  the  bark  is  said  to  be  a  good  tan- 
ning material.  The  tree  bears  a  profusion  of  pods,  which 
are  very  nutritious  food  for  cattle,  and  are  also  eaten  by 
the  natives.     Also  written  anna-tree. 

aholdt  (a-hold'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
on,  -I-  hold.]  Near  the  wind,  so  as  to  hold  or 
keep  to  it :  as,  to  lay  a  ship  a-hold.    Shak: 

ahoy  (a-hoi'),  interj.'  [Same  as  hoy,  interj.,  with 
prefix"«-  marking  a  slight  preliminary  utter- 
ance :  see  a-^.]  S'aut..  an  exclamation  used  to 
attract  the  attention  of  persons  at  a  distance: 
as,  ship  ahoy .' 

ahu  (ii'ho),  n.  [Pers.  «Ak,  adeer.]  One  of  the 
native  names  of  the  common  gazel  of  central 
Asia,  the  tio-cHfl  suhgutturosa  (Antilopc  subgut- 
turosa  of  Giildenstiidt).  It  is  said  to  inhabit  in  herds 
the  open  country  of  central  Asia,  Persia,  the  Baikal  region, 
anil  to  be  found  from  the  eastern  boundary  of  Bokhara  to 
the  Hellespont.  Its  principal  food  is  a  species  of  worni- 
wood,  Artemisia  Puntica.    The  ahu  is  pale-brown,  white 


ahu 

below  and  on  the  nnal  disk,  with  a  li^ht  fitripe  on  tlie  side, 
adark  stripe  on  the  haunches,  and  t)ie  end  of  the  tail  black. 
Also  called  jfli'roH. 

ahuatle  (a'o-at-1),  «.  [Mex.]  A  preparation 
of  the  eggs  of  a  dipterous  insect  of  Mexico, 
Ephydra  liians,  used  for  food. 

It  is  of  the  eiriri  of  this  insect  .  .  .  that  the  greater  pai^ 
of  the  food  products  of  this  lake  [Lake  TexcooJ,  known 
jis  Afitiatle,  is  composed.  .  .  .  The  eggs  are  .  .  .  cleaned 
and  ground  into  Hour,  which  is  called  AhimtU\  This  food 
is  deemed  suitable  for  those  da.vs  in  wliich  the  religious 
observances  prohibit  the  use  of  Hcsh.  It  is  prepared  by 
mixing  with  hens'  eggs  ami  fried  with  fat  in  small  cakes. 
The  taste  is  similar  to  that  of  caviare. 

Stand,  yat.  Hist.,  II.  Ki. 

a-hufft  (a-huf'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  «3  + 
7(«f/'.]     In  a  swaggering  mauuer. 

Set  cap  a-huf,  and  challenge  him  the  field. 

Greene,  James  IV.,  iv. 

ahuUt  (a-hul'),  2>^ep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
on,  in,  +  /(«/?.]  \aut.,  in  or  into  the  position 
of  a  ship  when  her  sails  are  furled  and  the 
hebn  is  lashed  to  the  leo  side ;  in  tlie  position 
of  a  vessel  when  she  lies  to,  with  all  her  sails 
furled. 

ahungeredt  (a-hung'gerd),  a.  or  pp.  [Also  ati- 
hungered,  <  JIE.  ahiinf/red,  ahungrijd,  anliuni/red, 
with  substituted  prefix  an-,  earlier  ofliumjercd, 
ofhitngrcd,  ofJnjngred,  offimjred,  ofytif/rcd,  afin- 
gred,  pp.,  <  AS.  of-hyngred,  pp.  of  of-liyiigrkin, 
cause  to  hunger,  <  of-  intensive  +  hyngrian, 
cause  to  hunger:  see  n-4  and  hunger,  v.  Cf. 
athirst.}  Pinched  with  hunger;  hungry.  [Er- 
roneously printed  in  the  New  Testament  as 
two  words,  in  the  forms  (in  diiferent  editions) 
a  hungered,  an  hungered,  and  an  hungred.'\ 

ahimgryt  (a-hung'gii),  a.  [Same  as  ahungered. 
with  suffix  changed  in  imitation  of  hungry.^ 
Hungry:  as,  "I  am  not  a-hungry,"  Sltak.,  M. 
W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 

Ahuramazda  (ii^ho-ra-maz'da),  n.  [Zend 
Ahuro  ma-dao,  >  Pers.  OrwKjr?.]  Same  as  Or- 
7nu:d. 

abyu  (a'u),  n.  [Jap.]  The  ai,  a  Japanese 
sahnonoid  fish,  Sahno  (Plecoglossus)  altivetis, 
also  kno^vn  as  the  one-year  fish.  It  is  catadro- 
mous,  and  an  annual. 

The  ahi/u  is  specially  worthy  of  record  as  the  only  fish 
known  to  combine  tlie  habits  of  the  two  classes  [of  cata- 
dromous  and  annual  fishes]. 

GUI,  Smithsonian  Eep.,  1883,  p.  726. 

ail.  [(1)^<  ME.  ai,  ay,  ei,  ey,  wi,  as,  ez,  a:z,<.  AS. 
ag,  eg,  mg,  eg,  that  is,  the  vowel  w  or  e,  w  or  e, 
followed  by  the  palatal  g,  in  SIE.  g,  z,  or  y,  also 
written ),  merging  with  vowel  y  or  ; ;  see  g,  y,  i. 
(The  digraph  in  hair,  ME.  here,  has  taken  the 
place  of  eaiUer  e  as  iai  ere,  there,  their,  etc.) 
(2)  <  ME.  ai,  ay,  ei,  ey,  with  following  vowel 
aie,  etc.,  <  OF.  ai,  ei,  etc.,  of  various  origin, 
usually  developed  from  L.  a  or  e.  (3)  Of  vari- 
ous other  origin.  See  examples  cited  below.] 
A  common  English  digraph,  representing  gen- 
erally the  sound  of  "long  a"  (a),  which  be- 
comes a  before  r,  as  in  ail  (soimded  like  ale), 
vain  (sounded  like  rane,  vein),  air  (sounded  like 


120 

bird  Platatea  ajaja.  (b)  leap.']  Reichenbach's 
generic  name  of  the  bird,  which  he  calls  Jjaja 
rosea,  to  separate  it  generically  from  the  old- 


world  spoonbill,  Platalea  leucorodia.  See  spoon- 
hill. —  3.  In  Paraguay,  the  jabiru,  Mycteria 
americana :  in  this  sense  only  in  the  form  aiaiai. 
E.  D.  See  cut  under  Jo /)!/•«. 
aiblins  (ab'Unz),  ndv.  [Al^o  spelled  ablins, 
ablis.  abil,  able  (Jamieson);  <  able,  "fit,  proper, 
apt,  liable,  in  danger  of"  (Jamieson),  +  -tins, 
-lings,  -lis:  see  able'^  and -I in g'^.'\  Perhaps;  per- 
adventure;  possibly.     [Scotch.] 

But  fare-ye-weel,  auld  Xickie-ben  ! 
Oh  wad  ye  tak'  a  thought  and  men*, 
Ye  aiblins  might  — I  dinna  ken  — 

Still  hae  a  stake.      Bums,  To  the  De'il. 

Aich  metal.     See  metal. 

aidi  (ad),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  aiden,  <  OP.  aider,  also 
eider,  aidier,  mod.  F.  aider^Fr.  ajudar,  <  L.  ad- 
jutare,  help,  aid,  freq.  of  adjurare,  pp.  adjutus, 
help,  <  ad,  to,  -\-juvare,  help:  see  adjutant,  ad- 
^  juie.l  1.  To  help;  assist;  afford  support  or 
relief;  promote  the  desire,  purpose,  or  action 
of:  as,  to  aid  a  person  ia  his  business,  or  an 
animal  in  its  efforts ;  to  aid  a  medicine  in  its 
operation. 

Till  more  hands 
Aid  MS,  the  work  under  our  labour  grows. 
Luxurious  by  restraint,  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  208. 

So  aid  me  Heaven  when  at  mine  uttermost. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

2.  To  promote  the  course  or  accomplishment 
of ;  help  in  advancing  or  bringing  about ;  for- 
ward; facilitate:  as,  to  aid  the  recovery  of  a 
patient,  or  the  operation  of  a  machine;  to  aid 
one's  designs. 

Take  your  choice  of  those 
That  best  can  aid  youi-  action.         Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  6. 

Is'o  more  these  scenes  my  meditation  aid. 

Pupe,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1.  161. 

[In  this  sense  aid  is  often  followed  by  in,  giving  it  the 
appearance  of  an  intransitive  verb,  the  direct  object  of 
assistance  being  unexpressed:  as, he  actively wuffrf  in  the 
search.]— Aiding  and  abetting,  in  criminal  laic,  an  of- 
fense committed  by  unc  wh.i.  though  not  directly  perpe- 
trating a  crime,  is  yet  i)resent  at  its  commission  and  ren- 
ders  aid  to  the  perpetrator.  =  Syn.  To  support,  sustain, 
-  -  serve,  back,  second,  abet,  cooperate  with,  relieve. 

ere,  heir),  etc.    As  commonly  pronounced,  it  is  strictly  aid^  (ad),  »•     [<  F.  aide,  <  OF.  aide,  cide,  etc 

a  ninntnnn"  pon^i^tini' of  "lotto' « 'W:4^  nr  ^ /o\  f,,lli^\i-.iil  Kv       .,  .,   '  ^    -,       4       rr    .  '  . 


a  diphthong  consisting  of  "  long  a'"  (a),  or  e  (e),  followed  by 
a  vanish,  i  (i),  which  is,  in  words  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin, 
historically  identical  with  the  consonant  y.  This  di- 
graph occm-s  in  words  —  (1)  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin,  as  in 
ail,  kail^,  nail,  sail,  fain,  train,  Jairi.  lair,  etc.,  being  also 
used,  parallel  with  ae,  in  modern  Scotch  spelling  for  "  long 
a"  equivalent  to  E.  "long  o,"  oa,  o-e,  as  in  aitfi,  raid, 
ain,  etc.,=:E.  oath,  road,  rode,  own,  etc.:  (2)  of  French, 
and  ultimate  Latin  origin,  as  in  /ait,  faint,  vain,  firain, 
aim,  .fair^,  etc.;  (3)  of  Greek  origin,  being  used  "some- 
times as  a  direct  transliteration  of  Greek  at  instead  of  the 
usual  Latin  transliteration  ae  or  m  (see  ffil),  as  in  aitiolony, 
etc. ;  (4)  of  various  other  origin,  usually  representing  the 
diphthong  ai  or  i,  as  in  German  tiaiser  and  Oriental  and 
"native"  words,  especially  proper  names,  as  Ai-no,  Cairo, 
etc.  In  the  words  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  tVench  origin  ai 
varied  \vilh  a;/,  which  now  prevails  when  final,  usually 
changing  back  to  ai  when  made  medial  by  the  addition 
of  a  suffix,  as  in  day,  cla/i,  (fa>j,  affray,  array,  etc.,  daily, 
a/raid,  raiment,  etc.;  but  in  some  such  cases,  especially 
before  a  sulflx  beginning  with  a  vowel,  ay  remains  un- 
changed, as  in  payment,  betrayed,  clayey,  etc. 

ai^  (ii'e),  n.  [=  F.  ai,  hay,  <  Braz.  ai,  hai  (Mahn).] 
The  three-toed  sloth,  Bradypus  tridactylus  or 
torqiiatus:  so  called  from  having  a  feeble, 
plaintive  cry  somewhat  resembling  the  sound 
represented  by  its  name.  See  sloth  and  Bra^ 
dypus. 

aP  (i),  n.     [.Jap.]     Same  as  ahyu. 

aiaia,  aiaiai  (i-i'ii,  -i),  ".  [Native  name,  prob. 
imitative ;  of  unsettled  orthography,  found  as 
a  book-name  in  the  forms  above  given,  and 
also  in  the  forms  ayaya,  ajaia,  ajaja.]  1.  The 
South  American  name  of  the  roseate  spoonbill, 
a  large  grallatorial  bird  of  the  genus  I'latalca, 
family  I'lataleida:,  related  to  the  ibis. —  2.  In 
the  form  ajaja :   (o)  The  specific  name  of  the 


from  the  verb.]  1.  Help;  succor;  support; 
assistance. 

Sweet  father,  I  behold  him  in  my  dreams 
Gaunt  as  it  were  the  skeleton  of  himself. 
Death-pale,  for  lack  of  gentle  maidens  aid. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

2.  He  who  or  that  which  aids  or  yields  as- 
sistance; a  helper;  an  auxiUaiy;  an  assistant : 
as,  Coleridge's  ''Aids  to  Reflection." 

It  is  not  good  that  man  should  be  alone ;  let  us  make 
unto  him  an  aid  like  unto  himself.  Tobit  viii.  ti. 

Tlie  aids  to  noble  life  are  all  within. 

it.  Anwld,  Worldly  Place. 

3.  In  feudal  law,  a  customary  payment  made 
hy  a  tenant  or  vassal  to  his  lord,  originally  a 
voluntary  gift ;  hence,  in  Eng.  hist.,  applied  to 
the  forms  of  taxation  employed  by  the  crown 
between  the  Norman  conquest  and  the  four- 
teenth century.  .\ids  in  the  n.-irrower  sense,  whether 
to  the  crown  or  mesne  lords,  were  by  Magna  Cliarta  lim- 
ited to  gi-ants  on  tliree  special  occasions  :  (n)  to  ransom 
the  lord  when  a  prisoner ;  (6)  to  make  the  lord's  eldest  son 
a  knight ;  (c)  the  marriage  of  the  lord's  eldest  daughter. 
The  legal  authority  to  enforce  such  aids  was  abolished  in 
1660. 

First  there  were  pa>Tnents  called  aids ;  in  the  theory  of 
our  earlier  authors  they  were  offered  of  the  tenant's  free 
will,  to  meet  the  costs  incurred  by  the  lord  on  particular 
occasions  ;  but  they  settled  into  a  fixed  custom  .afterwards, 
if  they  had  not  really  done  so  when  those  authors  wrote. 
F.  Pollock,  Land  Laws,  iii. 

The  marriage  was,  according  to  the  new  feudal  ideas, 
made  the  excuse  for  a  heavy  exaction  of  money,  an  aid,  as 
the  feudal  lawyers  call  it. 

K  A.  Freeman,  Norman  Conquest,  V.  123. 


aigui^re 

4.  An  aide-de-camp :  so  called  by  abbreviation. 
—  5.  7)?.  In  the  manige.  the  helps  by  which  a 
horseman  contributes  toward  the  motion  or  ac- 
tion required  of  a  horse,  as  by  a  judicious  use 
of  the  heel,  leg,  rein,  or  spur.-Ckiurt  of  aid, in 
French  hist.,  a  court  for  the  collection  of  the  royal  ai'ls, 

or  excise. -Emigrant  aid  societies.  .See  fMiVaiit.— 
Extents  in  aid.    ■^to  ext-n'.  —  To  pray  in  aid.    .See 

aul-i'ray- r.  Syn.  1.  Cooperatitjn,  furtherance,  relief.— 
2.  f'oadjulitr,  ;issistant. 

aid- (ad).  H.  [Eng.  dial. ;  etym.  unknown.]  1. 
A  deep  gutter  cut  across  jilowed  land.  [Shrop- 
shire, Eng.] — 2.  A  reach  in  a  river.  [Shrop- 
shire, Eng.] 

aidance  (a'dans),  n.  [<  OF.  aidance,  <  aider, 
uiil:  see  «/rfl,  f.]  That  which  aids,  or  the  act 
of  aiding;  help;  assistance.     [Rare.] 

The  means  and  aidaiices  supplied  by  the  Supreme  Rea- 
son. Coleridge. 

aidant  (a'dant),  a.     [<OF.  aidant,  ppr.  otaider, 

<  L.  adjutan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  adjutare,  aid:  see  aid^, 
r.,  a.nd adjutant.']  Helping;  helpful;  supplying 
aid.     [Rare.] 

Be  aidant  and  remediate. 
In  the  good  man's  distress !  Sliak.,  Lear,  iv.  4. 

aid-de-camp,  «.     See  aide-de-camp. 
aide  (ad).  «.     Same  as  aide-de-camp. 

[Hamilton]  was  picked  out  by  Washington  to  serve  as 
his  confidential  aide.  X.  A.  Rec,  CXXIII.  117. 

aide-de-camp  (E.  pron.  ad'df-kamp,  F.  pron. 
ad'de-koh),  ii. ;  pi.  aides-de-camp  (adz'de-kamp 
or  adz'de-kon).  [<  F.  aide  de  camp,  Ut.  a  field 
assistant :  aide,  aid,  assistant  (see  ai'rfl,  n.) ;  de, 

<  L.  de,  of ;  camp,  <  L.  campus,  field,  battlefield: 
see  camp'^.]  ililit.,  a  confidential  officer  whose 
duty  it  is  to  receive  and  communicate  the  orders 
of  a  general  officer,  act  as  his  secretary  upon 
occasion,  and  the  like.  Sometimes  written  aid- 
de-camp. 

aider  (a'der),  H.  One  who  helps;  an  assistant 
or  auxiliary ;  an  abetter ;  an  accessory. 

AU  along  as  he  went  were  puuished  the  adherents  and 
aiders  of  the  late  rebels.  Burnet. 

[Emerson]  was  the  friend  and  aider  of  those  who  would 
live  in  the  spirit.  M.  Arnold. 

aides-de-camp,  «.     Plural  of  aide-de-camp. 
aidfuKad'fiil),  rt.    [<aid^  +  -ful.]     Giving  aid; 
helpful.     [Rare.] 

Aid/id  to  the  distresses  of  God's  people. 

Bp.  Hall,  Haman  Disrespected. 

aidless  (ad'les),  a.  [<  a/rfl  +  -less.]  Without 
aiil ;  helpless ;  without  succor ;  unsupported. 

aid-majort  (ad'ma'jor),  n.     Same  as  adjutant. 

aid-prayer  (ad'prar),  n.  A  petition  or  plea  for- 
merly emjtloyed  in  actions  concerning  estates 
in  land,  by  which  a  defendant  claimed  the  as- 
sistance of  another  person  jointly  interested 
with  him  in  sustaining  the  title. 

aigleti  (a'glet),  H.  [Dim.  of  OF.  aigU,  eagle: 
see  eaglet.]     In  her.,  an  eaglet  or  young  eagle. 

aiglet^,  n.     See  aglet. 

aigocerine,  a.     See  wgocerine. 

Aigocerus,  ».    See  ^gocerus. 

aigreH  la'ger),  a.  [<  F.  aigre :  see  eager^.] 
Sharp  ;  som-.     See  eager^. 

Like  ai'7re  droppings  into  milk. 

Shak.  (1623),  Hamlet,  L  5. 

aigre-  (a'ger),  n.  See  eager~. 
aigremore  (a'ger-mor),  n.  [F. ;  origin  um- 
knowu.]  Charcoal  made  ready  for  the  admix- 
tiu-e  of  the  other  constituent  materials  of  gun- 
])OwiU-r. 
aigret,  aigrette  (a'gret,  a-gret'),  n.  [<  F.  ai- 
grette: see  egret.]  1.  "The  small  white  heron. 
See  egret. — 2.  (o)  A  plume 
composed  of  feathers  ar- 
ranged iu  imitation  of  the 
feathers  on  the  head  of 
the  heron,  and  worn  on  hel- 
mets or  by  ladies  as  a  part 
of  their  head-dress,  etc.  (i) 
A  copy  in  jewelry  of  such  a 
plmue.  often  so  made  that 
the  seeming  feathers  trem- 
ble with  the  movements  of 
the  wearer,  causing  the 
gems  to  sparkle. —  3.  In 
bot..  same  as  egret. — 4.  In 
j^.     ^  ichth.,  a  labroid  fish,  Lach- 

(Fn.n.Hal^ii.Bkmair's   nolwmus    maximus,    better 
"Triumph  of  Maximilian  kuown 88  the  hogfsh  (which 
see). 
aigue-marine  (ag-ina-ren'),  «.     [F.]     Same  as 
aipiamarine. 
aigui^re  (a-gi-ai''),  n.     [F.,  a  ewer,  jug:   see 
ewer-.]   A  tall  and  slender  vessel  of  metal,  por- 


algui^re 

oelain,  glass,  m-  pull  cry, 
with  a  fciot,  a  liiindle,  ami 
a  spout  or  iiozlo.  in  F.n:4lisli 
the  uorii  is  (fi-uci-ally  liiuitcil  t'l 
vesSL'la  of  lliylily  ileromtive  cluir- 
m-ttT,  of  rich  material,  etc.     .See 

aiguille  (a-gwel'),  "•  [l"'-,  n 
iicfiUe:  see  ai/let-]  1.  A 
sk'micr  form  of  drill  iisod  for 
boriu);  or  tli'illiiif;  a  blast- 
hole  iu  roi/k. — 2.  A  iirimin};- 
wire  or  blasting-neoiUe. — 
3.  The  Jiame  given  near 
Mont  Blane  to  the  sharper 
peaks  or  clusters  of  needle- 
like rock-masses,  ordinarily 
seen  wherever  the  slaty  crys- 
talline rocks  occur,  forming  Aieuifreofsilvcrpltinthc 
,  '  .  ]  .  i*^        Fitti  P.ilacc.  Florence. 

a  more  or  less  consulerablo 
liart  of  a  mountain  range,  but  most  strikingly 
near  Chamimix.     Hence  applied,  though  rare- 
ly, to  similar  sharply  pointed  jieaks  elsewhere. 

aiguillesque  (a-gwe-lesk'),  a.  [<F.  aiguiUc,  a 
needle,  +  -esqHe.'\  Shaped  like  an  aiguille; 
resembling  an  aiguille.     ItiisJcin.     {X.  E.  D.) 

aiguillette  (a-gwe-lef), «.  [F.,  dim.  of  (lif/iiillt;  a 
needle:  si^eai/let.}  1.  Same  as  ojr/ef,  1. —  2.  In 
cookery,  a  name  given  to  a  number  of  hors  iVmu- 
rrc,  or  side-dislies,  from  their  being  served  on 
small  ornamental  skewers  or  needles  (aiijuillcs). 

aiguis§  (a-gwe-za'),  o.  [F.,  pp.  of  «(V/h(.«c, 
sharpen,  =  Pr.  uf/iisiir  =  It.  affu::;arc,  <  ML. 
flPHfiare,  sharpen,  <L.  «ci(/h.s',  sharii:  seeocH^c] 
In  Iter.,  sharpened  or  pointed:  applied  to  any- 
thing sharpened,  but  in  such  manner  as  to  ter- 
minate in  an  obtuse  angle.  Synonymous  with 
(ipimiiitcc.     Also  written  cijitisc. 

aigulet  (a'gQ-let),  n.  Same  as  aglet,  1:  as, 
■■golden  injiiulets,"  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  11.  iii.  26. 

aikinite  (a'kin-it),  ■».  [Named  after  Dr.  A. 
Aikin.^  A  native  sulphid  of  bismuth,  lead, 
and  copper,  of  a  metallic  luster  and  blackish 
lead-gl-ay  color,  it  commonly  occurs  in  embeilileil 
acieuliii"  crystals,  aiul  is  hence  called  needUs-orti  and  acic- 
ttlar  bistnntlt. 

aim,  a.  [<  ME.  ei/le,  eil,  <  AS.  eglc,  painful, 
troublesome,  =  Goth,  ai/liin,  hard.  Cf.  Goth. 
iKjJo,  distress,  tribulation,  akin  to  ayis,  fright, 
=  E.  awe^,  q.  v.]    Painful ;  troublesome. 

Eyle  and  hard  and  rauclie. 

Castle  of  Love,  1.  223. 

ail^  (al),  V.  [<  ME.  ailcii,  ai/Icn,  earlier  eilen, 
eyien,  cslcn,  <  AS.  cyUnn,  cyluii,  trouble,  pain,  = 
Goth,  'agljciii,  only  in  comp.  usutjljan,  trouble 
exceedingly,  distress;  from  the  adj.:  see  aW^, 
a.  and  Ji.]  I.  trans.  To  affect  with  pain  or  un- 
easiness, either  of  body  or  of  mind;  trouble: 
used  in  relation  to  some  uneasiness  or  affection 
whose  cause  is  unknown :  as,  what  ails  the  man  ? 
What  aileth  thee,  Ilagar?  Gen.  xxi.  17. 

>A^at  do  you  aii,  niy  love?  why  do  you  weep? 

Webster,  The  White  Devil,  iv.  2. 
Never  rave  nor  rail, 
Kor  ask  questions  what  I  aU. 

Peele,  Edward  1.  (Dyce  ed.,  1861),  p.  396. 
(Rarely  used  with  a  specific  disease  as  subject,  unless  eol- 
loiiuiaJly  in  iterative  answer  to  a  question:  as,  "  Wliat 
<ul>t  you?    A  pleurisy  aih  me. "I 

II.  intrans.  To  feel  pain ;  be  ill  (usually  in  a 
slight  degi'ee);  be  luiwell:  now  used  ehietly  in 
the  present  participle :  as,  he  is  ailing  to-day. 
And  much  he  ails,  and  yet  he  is  not  sick. 

Daniel,  Civil  Wars,  iii. 
One  day  the  child  heyan  to  ail. 

R.  H.  Stoddard,  Pearl  of  the  Philippines. 

aill  (al),  n.  [From  the  verb.  Cf.  early  ME.  die, 
eil,  harm  (very  rare) ;  from  the  adj.]  Indisposi- 
tion or  morbid  affection;  ailment.     I'ope. 

ail-  (al),  «.  [E.  dial.,  in  jd.  ails;  variously  cor- 
rupted oils,  hoils,  liauals;  <  ME.  eyle,  eile,  eigle. 
<  AS.  egl,  the  beard  of  grain,  corn,  foimd  only 
twice,  as  tr.  of  L.  fcstuea,  "the  mote  that  is  in 
thy  brother's  eye"  (Luke  vi.  41, 42),  =OHG.  ahil, 
G.  arlwl,  Ijeard  of  grain ;  from  the  same  root, 
with  diff.  suffix  (-/),  as  (urn^  and  car'^,  q.  v.] 
The  beard  of  wheat,  barley,  etc.,  especially  of 
barley:  chiefly  in  the  plural.  llalliwcU;  Wriyht. 
[Prov.  Eng.  (Essex).] 

For  to  winden  [var.  windwe,  winnow]  hweate,  and 
scheaden  Islied,  i.  e.,  separate]  the  eilen  and  tet  chef 
Ithe  chaff]  lu-om  the  elene  cornes. 

Ancren  Riwle,  p.  270.    (X.  E.  D.) 

ailantic,  ailanthic  (a-lan'tik,  -thik),  a.  [<Ai- 
lantiis,  Jildiitliiis,  -t-  -jc]     Of  or  jiertaiuing  to 

-4i7«)l^H.v. —  Ailantic  acid,  an  acid  obtained  from  the 
bark  of  Ailatitus  exretsa. 
ailantine  (ii-lan'tin),  a.     [<  ailantus  +  -iHfl.] 
Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  ailantus,  or  to  the 
silkworms  which  feed  upon  its  leaves. 


121 

Ailantus  (a-lan'tus),  w.  [NL. ;  also  errone- 
ously Ailaullius  (simulating  Gr.  !iM>r,  flower); 
<  iiilanto,  the  Malacca  name  of  one  species, 
said  to  mean  'tree  of  heaven.']  1.  A  genus  of 
trees,  natural  order  Simarubaeeiv.  The  only  com- 
monly known  .species  is  the  tree  of  heaven  or  Chinese 
siiiiiiuh,  .1.  <itaiidtiUi)fa,  native  of  MouKolia  and  .Tapan, 
frci|[i(  iilly  planted  us  a  sliaile-tree.  It  is  of  rapid  ftrowth, 
with  \<_-r\-  loriK  pinnate  leaves,  anil  throws  up  abtmdant 
root. suckers,  by  which  it  is  usually  propanated.  The 
llowcis  are  poly^iainous  or  nearly  diiecious,  uiul  are  very 
illsceiitcd.  Iknnhiix  {Pliilominitt)  aiiitliia,  a  species  of 
silUwornL,  feeds  on  its  leaves.  In  Japan  the  produce  of 
silkworms  fed  on  this  tree  is  very  large,  and  the  material, 
though  wantiuK  the  fineness  and  uloss  of  nnilberry  silk, 
is  produced  at  far  less  cost,  and  is  more  durable. 
2.  [/.  c]  A  tree  of  the  genus  Ailantus,  or  the 
genus  collectively:  as,  the  (n/r(n?«s,  when  once 
established,  is  ilifficult  to  eradicate. 

ailet,  »'•  1.  The  olderand  more  correct  spelling 
of  aisle. —  2.  [F. :  see  ailette.']  Milit.,  a  wing  or 
flank  of  an  army  or  a  fortification. 

aileron  (a'le-ron),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  aile,  wing: 
see  ailette.']     Same  as  ailette. 

ailette  (a-lef),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  aile,  a  wing,  < 
L.  ala,  ■wing:  see  ala  and  aisle]  A  plate  of 
iron  worn  over  the  mail  to  pro- 
tect the  shoulders  of  a  man- 
at-arms,  before  the  introduc- 
tion of  plate-armor  for  the 
Ijody.  Ailettes  were  some- 
times chargetl  with  heraldic 
bearings.  Also  aislctte  and 
aileron. 

ailing  (a'liug),  n.  [Verbal  n. 
of  (((71,  t'.]  Sickness;  indis- 
position. 

ailing(a'ling),  J),  a.  Not  well; 
ini-lisposed. 

But  there  is  a  sort  of  puny  sickly 
reputation,  that  is  always  aitimj,  yet 
will  outlive  the  robuster  characters 
of  a  hundred  prudes. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

Myraotherhadlongbeenoainj.and  bet;l'„"s^riddr„'Sh 

not  able  to  eat  much.  century.  I  From  Violfet 


R.  D.  Blacfcnwre,  Lorna  Doone,  p.  41.  lc-Duc*s "  Diet,  du  Mo- 

bilier  francais."} 
=  Syn.  tTnwell,  etc.  See  stcl:. 
ailment  (al'ment),  n.  [<«i7l.  !'.,  -t-  -ment."]  Dis- 
ease; indisposition;  morbid  affection  of  the 
body:  not  ordinarily  applied  to  acute  diseases. 
=  Syn.  Sielcneys,  etc.  (see  illnest:),  indisposition,  disorder, 
cnmlilaiiit. 

Allsa-cock  (al'za-kok),  n.  A  local  name  for 
the  puffin,  Fratercula  arctica,  from  its  breeding 
about  Ailsa  Craig,  in  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  Scot- 
land.    See  cut  under  2iuffin. 

Ailuridae  (a-lu'ri-de),  n.  pi.     Same  a.i  JEluridtc. 

Ailuroidea  (a-lii-roi'de-a),  n.pl.  Same  asy£Y«- 
roiilcd. 

AiluropUS  (a-lu'ro-pus),  n.    Same  as  Jiluropns. 

Ailurus  (a-lu'rus),  n.     same  as  JElurus. 

ailweed  (al'wed),  n.  [<  «i7l  (f)  -I-  «'ee(/i.]  The 
clover-dodder,  Ciiseuta  Trifolii. 

aim  (am),  V.  [<  ME.  aytncn,  amen,  eymen,  <  OF. 
a»/cr(Picard),  csmer  (=  Pr.  e.smer,  < L.  astimare), 
and  with  prefix,  eesmer,  acsmer,  aasmer,  <  ML. 
adaistimare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  a'stimare,  estimate : 
see  estimate.]  I,  trans.  If.  To  esteem;  con- 
sider.— 2t.  To  estimate;  guess;  conjecture. 
ll'yclif. — 3t.  To  calculate  ;  devise;  intend. 
My  speech  sliouJd  fall  into  such  vile  success 
Which  my  thoughts  aimd  not.     Sliak.,  Othello,  ill.  3. 

4.  To  direct  or  point  at  something;  level:  as, 
to  aim  the  fist  or  a  blow;  to  aim  a  satire  or  a 
reflection  at  some  person  or  ■vice. 

Bulls  aint  their  horns,  and  asses  lift  theu*  heads. 

I'ojte,  Im.  of  Horace,  .Sat.  i.  85. 

5.  To  give  a  certain  direction  and  elevation  to 
(a  gun,  cannon,  arrow,  etc.),  for  the  purjiose 
of  causing  the  projectile,  when  the  weapon  is 
discharged,  to  hit  the  object  intended  to  be 
struck:  as,  to  aim  a  gim. 

II,  intrans.  If.  To  estimate;  guess;  eonjeo- 
tm-e. 

Rum.  In  sadness,  cousin,  I  do  love  a  woman. 
Ben.   I  aitn'd  so  near,  when  I  suppos'd  you  lov'd. 

Slialr.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1. 

2.  To  direct  one's  intention,  purpose,  or  ac- 
tion, as  to  the  attainment  or  accomplishment 
of  something ;  intend ;  endeavor :  as,  a  man 
aims  at  distinction ;  aim  to  be  just  in  all  you  do. 

The  short-sighted  policy  which  aimed  at  making  a  nation 
of  saints  has  made  a  nation  of  scoffers. 

Macaulatt,  Leigh  Ilunt. 

3.  To  direct  or  point  anything,  as  a  weapon  or 
missile,  toward  an  object. 

|In  all  senses  aim  is  used  with  at  or  an  Infinitive  before 
the  object  to  be  reached.] 

To  cry  almt,  in  arclien/,  to  encourage  the  archers  by  cr>'- 
ing  out  "  Aim  !"  when  they  were  about  to  shoot.  Hence  it 
came  to  meau  to  applaud  or  encourage  in  a  general  sense. 


Alno 

It  ill  beseems  this  presence  to  crt/  aim 
To  these  illtuiieil  repetitions,    kliak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 
aim  (am),  n.     [<  ME.  ayme,  ame,  <  OF.  esme; 
from  the  verb.]     If.  Conjecture;  guess. 
He  that  seeth  no  mark,  must  shoot  by  aint. 

ISf.  Jewell,  Reply  to  Jlardlnge,  p.  31. 
It  is  impossible  by  aim  to  tell  it. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
What  you  would  work  me  to,  I  have  some  aim. 

Slint!.,  J.  (:.,  i.  2. 

2.  Course;  direction:  in  particular,  the  direc- 
tion in  which  a  missile  is  pointed;  the  line  of 
shot. 

Anil  when  the  cross-blue  lightning  scem'd  to  open 

The  breast  of  heaven,  1  did  present  myself 

Even  in  the  aim  ami  very  Ihish  of  it.    .S/mA-.,  J.  C,  i.  .1. 

3.  The  act  of  aiming  or  directing  anything  (as 
a  weapon,  a  blow,  a  discoui-sc,  or  a  remark)  at 
or  toward  a  jiarticular  jioiut  or  object  with  the 
intention  of  striking  or  afl'ecting  it;  the  point- 
ing or  directing  of  a  missile. 

Each  at  the  head 
I.eveird  his  deadly  aim.       Mittmi,  P.  L.,  Ii,  712. 

4.  The  point  intended  to  be  hit,  or  object  in- 
tended to  be  affected;  the  mark  or  target. 

To  be  the  aim  of  cvei-y  dangerous  shot. 

A'An*.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

5.  A  purpose;  intention ;  design ;  scheme:  as, 
men  are  often  disappointed  of  their  aim. 

The  aim,  if  reached  or  not,  makes  gi-eat  the  life. 
Try  to  be  Shakspeare,  leave  the  rest  to  fate. 

lirawniufi.  Bishop  Blougram's  Apology. 
The  aim  of  scientific  thought,  then,  is  to  apply  past  ex- 
periences to  new  circumstances. 

H'.  A'.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  131. 
To  give  aim,  in  arcliery,  to  stand  near  the  butts  to  tell 
the  archers  where  their  arrows  alight.  The  terms  are  "wide 
on  the  shaft(right)  hand,"  "wide  on  the  bow(lett)  hand," 
"short,"  "gone";  the  distances  being  mejLsured  by  bow- 
lengths.  See  ^>«'M'7t«ii(/,  =  Syil.  6.  End,  scope,  drift,  goal, 
intent,  anddtion. 
aim-criert  (am '  kri '' 6r),  n.  1.  One  who  en- 
com'aged  an  archer  by  crying  "  Aim ! "  when  he 
was  about  to  shoot.  Hence  —  2.  An  encom'ager 
generally;  an  approving  on-looker;  an  abetter. 
Thou  smiling  aim-crier  at  princes"  fall. 

G.  Marlcttam,  Eng.  Arcadia. 

aimer  (a'mer),  n.     One  who  aims. 

aim-frontlett  (fim '  fnmt "  let),  v.     A  piece  of 

wood  fitted  to  the  muzzle  of  a  cannon  so  as  to 

make  it  level  vrith  the  breech,  formerly  used  by 

gunners  to  facilitate  aiming. 

aimful    (am'fiil),    a.     [<  aim  +  -fid.]     Full   o£ 

purpose. 
aimiully  (am'fiil-i),  adv.    In  an  aimful  manner; 
with  fixed  purpose. 
aiming-drill  (a'ming-dril),  H.     A  military  ex- 
erciso  designed  to  teach  men  the  proper  method 
of  pointing  and  aiming  fiieai^ms ;  a  training  pre- 
liminary to  target-practice. 
aiming-stand  (a'ming-stand),  H.     J/i'/if.,  a  rest 
for  a  gun,  used  in  teaching  the  theory  of  aiming, 
aimless  (am'les),  a.     [<  aim  +  -less'.]    Without 
aim ;  purposeless. 
The  Turks,  half  asleep,  ran  about  in  ainilesii  confusion. 
Drtfdcn,  Don  Sebastian, 
aimlessly  (am'les-li),  arfr.     Without  aim;  pur- 

posfles.sTy. 
aimlessness  (atu'les-nes),  n.    The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  without  aim  or  definite  purpose. 

[Thi»reau's]  whole  life  was  a  rebuke  of  the  waste  and 
aimlessness  of  our  American  luxury,  which  is  an  abject 
enslavement  to  tawdry  upholstery. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  209. 

ain  (an),  a.  [Also  spelled  ane,  =  E.  oic»l.] 
Own.     [Scotch.] 

-ain.  [<  ME.  -ain,  -ein,  -ayn,  -eyn,  <  OF.  -ain,  -ein, 
<  L.  -anus :  see  -<m.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  oc- 
cm^ring  imfelt  in  English  nouns,  as  in  ehieftain, 
captain,  chajdain,  curtain,  and,  as  originally,  in 
adjectives,  as  in  certain,  etc.  It  is  a  Middle 
English  and  Old  French  form  of  -an  (which  see). 

aince,  aines  (ans),  adv.  [<  ME.  anes,  north, 
fonn  of  ones  (pron.  6'nes),  now  corrupted  to 
once  (pron.  wnins).]    Once.     [Scotch.] 

ainhum  (an'hum),  n.  [A  negro  term,  said  to 
mean  orig.  'saw.']  A  disease  peculiar  to  the 
negro  race,  consisting  of  the  sloughing  oflE  of 
the  little  toes,  tmaccompanied  by  any  other 
disorder  of  the  system. 

Aino  (i'no),  a.  and  n.  [Etj^m.  doubtful ;  sup- 
posed to  be  a  corruption  of  Jap.  inn  (pron. 
e'nii),  a  dog,  applied  contemptuously  by  the 
Japanese.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Ainos,  certain  alioriginal  tribes  in  Japan  now 
forming  small  tribal  commimities  in  the  island 
of  Yezo,  the  Kurile  islands,  and  Saghalin  or 
Karafuto.  They  are  a  haii'y  people,  with  Cau- 
casian features  and  gentle  manners,  but  in  a 
low  state  of  civilization. 
II.  n.  The  language  of  the  Ainos. 


ainsel' 
ainsel",  ainsell  (au-ser),  «.    [<  nin  =  E.  own, 

+  sill=K.  sil/.}     Own  self.     [Scotch.] 

ain't,  an't  (ant).  A  \Tilgar  contraction  of  the 
negative  phrases  am  not  and  are  nut :  often  used 
for  IS-  not,  and  also,  with  a  variant  hain't,  for 
hare  not  and  has  not. 

Aiolian  (a-6'li-an),  a.  and  n.  S&me  us  JEolian^ 
and  .luilkufi. 

Aiolic  (a-ol'ik),  a.    Same  as  JioUc. 

Aiolism  (a'6-lizm),  H.     Same  as  JEolism. 

airl  (ar).  H.  '  [Early  mod.  E.  oi/re,  also  aer  (after 
L.),  <  ME.  ckr,  aire,  eirc,  ai/c);  ei/er,  aijre,  eyre, 
aier,  eyr,  cir,  <  OF.  air,  F.  air,  the  air,  breath, 
wind,  =  Pr.  air,  aire  =  Sp.  aire  =  Pg.  ar  =  It. 
aere,  aire,  now  commonly  aria,  all  in  the  physi- 
cal sense ;  <  L.  ae'r,  <  Gr.  ai/p  (acp-),  air,  mist, 
<  aeiv,  breathe,  blow,  prob.  akin  to  E.  icind, 
q.  V.  See  air^  and  air^,  ult.  identical  with  air^, 
but  separated  in  sense  and  in  time  of  intro- 
duction.] 1.  The  respirable  fluid  which  sur- 
rounds the  earth  and  fonus  its  atmosphere. 
It  is  inodurous,  invisible,  insipid,  colorless,  elastic,  pos- 
sessed of  gravity,  easily  moved,  rarefied,  and  condensed, 
essential  to  respiration  and  combustion,  and  is  the  mediun] 
of  sound.  It  is  composed  by  volume  of  21  parts  of  oxygen 
and  79  of  nitrossen;  by  weight,  of  23  of  oxygen  and  77  of 
nitrogen.  These  gases  are  not  chemically  united,  but  are 
mixed  mechanically.  Air  contains  also  Tjfej  of  carbon 
dioxid,  some  aqueous  vapor,  and  small  varying  amounts  of 
ammonia,  nitric  acid,  ozone,  and  organic  matter.  The 
specillc  gravity  ol  the  air  at  32°  F.  is  to  that  of  water  as  1 
to  773,  and  lUO  cubic  inches  at  mean  temperature  and 
pressure  weigh  30^  grains.  When  air  is  inhaled  into  the 
lungs  oxygen  is  separated  from  the  nitrogen,  and,  uniting 
with  thecarbon  in  the  blood,  is  expelled  as  carbon  dioxid  ; 
it  tlms  serves  to  purify  the  blood  and  fui-nishes  the  body 
with  heat.  By  the  ancient  philosophers  air  was  consid- 
ered one  of  the  four  elements  of  all  things,  and  this  view 
was  maintained  until  comparatively  recent  times. 

Tlie  greate  house,  formerly  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's, 
a  spacious  and  excellent  place  for  the  extent  of  ground, 
and  situation  in  a  good  aire.     Evelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  !;'>,  lt)79. 

The  health  of  the  mental  and  bodily  functions,  the 
spirit,  temper,  disposition,  the  correctness  of  the  judg- 
ment, and  brilliancy  of  the  imagination,  depend  directly 
upon  pure  air.         Huxleij  and  Youman^,  Physiol.,  §  395. 

2.  In  old  chem.,  gas:  still  in  use  in  this  sense 
in  foimdries  and  machine-shops,  especially  for 
such  gases  as  are  mingled  with  air  or  formed 
from  it,  as  the  gases  from  a  furnace.  In  distinc- 
tion from  this  use,  common  air  is  often  called  atmospheric 
air. 

3.  A  movement  of  the  atmosphere ;  a  light 
breeze :  usually  in  the  plural. 

The  summer  airs  blow  cool.      Tenyiiison,  May  Queen,  ii. 

4.  Utterance  abroad;  publication;  publicity. 
You  gave  it  air  before  me.  Drydeyi. 

Hence — 5t.  Intelligence;  information;  advice. 

It  grew  from  the  airs  which  the  princes  and  states 

abroad  received  from  their  ambassadors  and  agents  here. 

Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

6.  The  graphic  representation,  as  in  a  painting, 
of  the  effect  of  the  atmospheric  medium  through 
which  natural  objects  are  -siewed. — 7.  In  the 
Gr.  Ch.,  a  very  thin  veil  spread  over  both  the 
paten  and  the  chalice,  in  addition  to  the  paten 
and  chalice  veils.     Also  called  nephele. 

The  third  [chalice  veil]  is  called  .  .  .  air,  because,  as  the 
air  surrounds  the  earth,  so  does  this  surround  the  holy 
gifts.  .  .  .  This  name,  air,  has  found  its  way  into  our  own 
Church,  through  Bishop  Andrewes,  and  the  divines  of  his 
time,  who  (especially  Wren)  were  well  versed  in  the  East- 
ern Liturgies.     J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  350,  note. 

Dephlogisticated  air,  in  old  cliem.,  oxygen :  so  called 
from  the  notion  that  it  was  ordinary  air  deprived  of  phlo- 
giston (which  see). — Fixed  air,  the  name  given  by  Dr. 
Joseph  Black  of  Edinburgh  to  carbonic-acid  gas  on  his 
discovery  of  itin  IT.'ii,  because  itwas  found  in  solid  bodies. 
See  carbonic. — Ground-atr,  air  inclosed  in  porous  surface- 
soil,  like  surface-moisture  or  ground- water.  Like  ground- 
water, ground-air  is  regarded  as  an  important  factor  in  de- 
termining the  sanitary  (condition  of  a  locality.  Ground-air 
fluctuates  with  the  barometric  pressure,  and  with  the  con- 
ditions of  temperature  and  the  rise  and  fall  of  ground-wa- 
ter.— In  the  air.  (a)  In  circulation ;  flying  about  from  one 
to  another ;  hence,  generally  felt  or  anticipated  :  as,  there 
is  a  rumor  of  war  ia  the  air ;  it  is  in  the  air  that  he  can- 
not  succeed,  (h)  Without  foundation  or  actuality ;  vision- 
ary or  uncertain ;  as,  a  castle  in  the  air  (see  cattle) ;  our 
prospects  are  in  the  air.  (c}}filif.,  in  an  unsupported  or 
disconnected  position ;  incapable  of  receivingorgiving aid ; 
improperly  exposed  or  separ.ited  ;  as,  the  left  wing  of  the 
army  w.as  in  the  air. — Residual  air,  the  air  which  re- 
mains in  the  chest  and  cannot  lie  expelled,  variously  esti- 
mated at  from  SO  to  120  cubic  inches.  Also  called  sirji/ite- 
tnental  air.— Tidal  air.  .See  tidal.— 1o  beat  the  air. 
.See  beat.  v.  t. — To  take  air,  to  be  divulged  ;  be  made  pub- 
lie :  as,  the  story  has  taken  air. — To  take  the  air,  to  go 
abroad;  walk  or  ride  a  little  tiistance. 

I  din'd  at  Sir  William  Godolphin's,  and  with  that  learned 
gentleman  went  to  ta/ce  y  aire  in  Hyde  Park,  where  was 
a  glorious  cortege.  '  Evelyn,  Diary,  July  1, 1079. 

\Air  is  used  in  many  compounds  of  obvious  meaning ;  only 
those  wliieh  have  a  peculiar  or  specific  sense  are  entered 
below  in  alphabetical  order.] 
air'  (ar),  i'.    [First  in  mod.  E. ;  from  the  noun.] 
I,  traw.  1.  To  expose  to  the  air;  give  access 


122 

to  the  open  air ;  ventilate:  as,  to  air  clothes ;  to 
air  a  room. 

I  ai/re  or  wether,  as  men  do  thynges  whan  they  lay  them 
in  the  open  ayre,  or  as  any  lynen  thyng  is  after  it  is  newe 
wasshed  or  it  be  worne.  .  .  .  Ayre  these  clothes  for  fearc 
of  mothes.  J'ahyrave. 

To  this  [public  prison]  is  also  annexed  a  convenient 
yard  to  air  the  criminals  in,  for  the  preservation  of  their 
life  and  health,  till  the  time  of  tlieir  trial. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  iv.  If  C8. 

Hence — 2.  To  expose  ostentatiously;  display; 
bring  into  public  notice :  as,  to  air  one's  views. 
A  iriny  a  snowy  hand  and  signet  gem. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 
3.  To  expose  to  heat ;  warm :  as,  to  air  linen ;  to 
air  liquors. — 4.  rejl.  To  expose  (one's  self)  to 
the  air. 
To  go  and  air  myself  in  my  native  fields.      Lamb,  Elia. 
It  is  my  pleasiu-e  to  walk  forth. 
And  air  myself  a  little. 

Middleton,  Chaste  Maid,  ii.  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  take  the  air. 
She  went  airing  every  day. 

Miss  Mitford,  Our  Village,  2d  ser.,  317. 

air-  (ar),  n.  [First  iu  mod.  E.  (end  of  16th  cen- 
tiu'y);  <  F.  air,  OP.  aire,  nature,  disposition, 
manner,  mien,  air,  =  Pr.  aire  =  It.  aire,  aerc, 
now  aria,  manner,  mien,  countenance;  a  word 
of  disputed  origin,  prob.  the  same  as  OF.  air, 
Pr.  air,  aire,  E.  air'^-,  the  atmosphere  (cf.  atnio- 
sp7(0-e  in  similar  uses):  see  o(>l  and  «/c3.]  1. 
■The  peculiar  look,  appearance,  and  bearing  of 
a  person :  as,  the  air  of  a  youth ;  a  graceful  air  ; 
a  lofty  air. 

Then  returned  to  my  side,  .  .  .  and  strolled  along  with 
the  air  of  a  citizen  of  the  place  pointing  out  the  objects 
of  interest  to  a  stranger. 

C.  D.  Wariwr,  Roundabout  Journey,  xiv. 

2.  The  general  character  or  complexion  of 
anything  ;  appearance  ;  semblance. 

Too  great  liberties  taken   [in  translation]   in  varying 

either  the  expression  or  composition,  in  order  to  give  a 

new  air  to  the  whole,  will  be  apt  to  have  a  very  bad  elf  ect. 

Bp.  Lowth,  On  Isaiah. 

.\s  it  was  communicated  with  the  air  of  a  secret,  it  soon 
found  its  way  into  the  world.      Pope,  Ded.  of  R.  of  the  L. 

3.  J)/.  Affected  manner ;  manifestation  of  pride 
or  vanity ;  assumed  haughtiness  :  chiefly  in  the 
phrases  to  put  on  airs,  to  give  on^s  self  airs. 

Mrs.  Crackenbury  read  the  paragraph  in  bitterness  of 
spirit,  and  discoursed  to  her  followers  about  the  airs 
which  that  woman  was  giviny  herself. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  Lxriii. 

And  the  queen  of  the  hoopoes  gave  herself  airs,  and  sat 
down  upon  a  twig  ;  and  she  refused  to  speak  to  the  me- 
rops  her  cousin,  and  the  other  birds  who  had  been  her 
friends,  because  they  were  but  vulgar  birds. 

B.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  136. 

4t.  pi.  The  artificial  motions  or  carriage  of  a 
horse. —  5.  In  painting,  that  which  expresses 
action,  manner,  gesture,  or  attitude. 
air3(ar),  n.  [First  in  mod.  E.  (end  of  16th  cen- 
tury); <  F.  air,  a  tune,  sound,  or  air  in  music, 
<  It.  aere,  aire,  now  aria  (>  Sp.  Pg.  aria,  E.  aria, 
q.  v.);  prob.  identical  (through  nf re,  aire,  aria, 
manner,  E.  air^;  cf.  L.  tnodus,  manner,  mode, 
musical  mode,  melody)  with  aere,  aire,  aria,  E. 
rti)-!.]  1.  In  music:  (a)  A  rhythmical  melody; 
a  tune  consisting  of  single  successive  notes 
di%"ided  into  groups  which,  in  duration,  have 
some  definite  ratio  to  one  another,  recognizable 
by  the  ear.  (h)  A  song  or  piece  of  poetry  for 
singing:  as,  the  air,  "Sound  an  Alarm."  (o) 
The  sopi-ano  part  in  a  harmonized  piece  of 
music.  Also  called  aria. —  2.  Any  piece  of 
poetry.     [Rare.] 

The  repeated  air 
Of  sad  Electra's  poet.  Milton,  Sonnets,  ili. 

National  air,  in  7ntme,  a  popular  tune  peculiar  to  or 
characteristic  of  a  particular  nation ;   specifically,  that 
tune  whicll  by  national  selection  or  consent  is  usually 
sung  or  played  on  certain  public  occasions,  as  "  God  Save 
the  Queen  "  in  England,  "  Hail,  Columbia,"  in  the  United 
States,  the  "Marseillaise"  in   France,  the   "Emperor's 
Hymn"  in  Austria,  etc. 
air^t  (ar),  «'.  t.     [<  air^,  Ji.]     To  set  to  music. 
For  not  a  drop  that  flows  from  Helicon 
But  at/red  by  thee  grows  streight  into  a  song. 
J.  Cobb,  Prefix  to  Lawes's  AjTes  and  Dialogues  (1653). 

air''t,  n.     Same  as  airy",  aery^. 

air^  (ar),  adv.  and  a.  [Also  written  ear;  = 
E.  crc,  <  AS.  a'V,  rarely  used  as  an  adj.,  com- 
mon as  a  prep,  and  adv. :  see  ere  and  carly.l 
Early.      [Scotch.] 

An  air  winter's  a  sair  winter.  Scotch  proverb. 

Aira  (a'rji),  n.  [NL.,  prop,  'ara,  <  Gi-.  aipa,  a 
kind  of  clarnel,  prob.  Lolium  temulentum  (Lin- 
naeus).] A  genus  of  slender  perennial  grasses 
of  temperate  regions,  mostly  of  little  value.  The 
more  common  species  are  known  as  hair-grass. 

alrablet  (iir'a-bl),  a.  [<  Oi'rS,  v.,  +  -able.']  Suit- 
able to  l>e  simg.     Howell. 


air-cane 

air-bag  (iir'bag),  n.  A  large  bag  composed  of 
layers  ol  canvas,  saturated  or  coated  with  air- 
proof  and  water-proof  iircparations  anil  filled 
with  air,  designed  for  use  in  raising  sunken 
vessels.  When  neecledfor  use.emptyair-bagsarcsecured 
to  the  ves.sel  beneath  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  air  is 
tlu  II  fi.ri  I  d  into  them.     .-Vlso  called  air-cnshion. 

air-balloon  (ar'ba-16u"),  «.     See  balloon. 

air-bath  (ar'bath),  H.  1.  The  protracted  ex- 
posure of  the  person  to  the  action  of  the  air, 
for  the  promotion  of  health,  usually  under  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun.  See  sicn-bath. —  2.  An 
arrangement  for  drj'ing  substances  by  exposing 
them  to  air  of  any  desired  temperature. 

air-bed  (iir'bed),  «.  A  bed  made  by  inflating 
an  air-tight  bed-shaped  bag  with  air. 

air-bladder  (ar'blad"er),  n.  1.  A  vesicle  in  an 
organic  body  filled  with  air. 

The  pulmonary  artery  and  vein  pass  along  the  surfaces 
oi  thtists  air-bladders  in  an  infinite  number  of  ramifications. 
Arbuthnot,  .Aliments. 
2.  In  ichth.,  the  soimd  or  swim-bladder;  a  sym- 
metrical bladder  or  sac  filled  with  air,  generally 
situated  directly  under  the  vertebral  column  in 
front,  and  homologous  with  the  lungs  of  air- 
breathing  animals.  Its  principal  function  is  the  regu- 
lation of  the  equilibrium  of  the  body.  It  is  either  connected 
by  a  tube  with  the  intestinal  canal,  as  in  the  physostomous 
fishes,  or  shut  off  from  all  communication  with  it,  as  in  the 
physoclistous  fishes.  It  is  subject  to  great  variation  in 
form,  and  is  liable  to  atrophy  or  complete  abortion  in 
species  allied  to  such  as  have  it  well  developed. 

air-blast  (ar'blast),  11.  A  stream  or  current  of 
air  under  pressure  ;  specifically,  such  a  stream 
used  to  urge  fires  in  forges  or  to  assist  combus- 
tion in  furnaces.  When  heated  it  is  called  a  hot 
blast ;  when  at  normal  temperature,  a  cold  Ijlafit.  Air- 
blasts  are  also  used  to  perform  certain  kinds  of  light  work, 
as  separating  hairs  and  dust  from  fur  in  hat-making,  re- 
moving dust  or  chaff  in  grinding,  sawing,  etc.,  and  picking 
up  paper  and  light  materials. 

air-bone  (ar'bon),  n.  A  bone  having  a  large 
cavity  filled  with  air,  as  in  birds.  Owen.  Spe- 
cifically, the  atmosteon  (which  see). 

air-box  (ar'boks),  n.  1.  A  ventilating  flue; 
specifically,  a  wooden  tube  or  box  used  to  con- 
vey air  to  a  mine  for  ventilation. — 2.  A  flue 
used  to  supply  au'  to  a  fimiace,  either  (a)  to 
promote  comlaustion,  or  (b)  to  be  heated  in 
order  to  warm  apartments. — 3.  A  chamber  at 
the  rear  of  the  fire-box  of  a  furnace  to  supply 
air  for  the  more  complete  combustion  of  the 
gases  disengaged  fi'om  the  fuel. 

air-brake  (ar'brak),  «.  A  system  of  continuous 
railway-brakes  operated  by  compressed  air. 
The  air  is  compressed  by  a  ptmip  upon  the  locomotive, 
and  conveyed,  through  pipes  beneath  the  cars  and  flexible 
hose  between  them,  to  cylinders  under  each  car.  The 
pistons  of  the  cylinders  are  connected  with  and  move  the 
brake-levers,  which  transmit  pressure  to  the  brake-shoes. 
See  vacuum-brake. 

air-bra'Ving  (ar'bra'ving),  a.  Breasting  or  de- 
f.\-ing  tlie  air  or  wind. 

Stately  and  air.bravina  towers. 

'Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  2. 

air-breather  (ar'bre'THer),  n.  An  animal 
which  breathes  air;  specifically,  a  mai-ine  ani- 
mal breathing  out  of  water  by  means  of  lungs, 
instead  of  under  water  by  means  of  gills. 

air-brick  (ar'brik),  n.  1.  A  brick  perforated 
or  with  open  sides,  to  permit  the  flow  of  air 
through  it  for  purposes  of  ventilation. —  2. 
A  metal  box  of  the  size  of  a  brick,  with  grated 
sides  for  the  passage  of  air.     See  air-grating. 

air-bridge  (ar'brij),  n.  A  furnace-bridge  so 
constructed  as  to  admit  air  to  the  gases  pass- 
ing over  it,  to  facilitate  their  combustion.  See 
bridge. 

air-brush  (ar'brush),  «.  A  peculiar  kind  of 
atomizer  invented  by  Walkup,  used  by  lithog- 
raphers and  artists  for  the  distribution  of  col- 
or in  minute  quantities  over  a  paper  siu-faee. 
It  consists  of  a  reservoir  filled  with  compressed  air,  con- 
necting with  a  nozle  by  means  of  an  elastic  tube. 

air-bucket  (ar'buk^'et).  n.  A  water-wheel 
bucket,  so  constructed  as  to  permit  the  unim- 
peded outflow  of  the  air  displaced  by  the  water 
as  it  enters  the  bucket. 

air-buffer  (ar'buf'er),  n.     Same  as  air-sjiring. 

air-bug  lar'bug),  n.  Any  heteropterous  hemip- 
terous  insect  of  the  dirision  Geocores  (land- 
liugs)  or  of  the  Anrocores. 

air-built  (ar'bDt),  a.  Erected  in  the  air;  hav- 
ing no  solid  foundation ;  chimerical:  as,  an  air- 
built  eastle:  air-built  hopes. 

air-camel  (ar'kam"el).  n.  A  caisson  or  air- 
chainlier  jilaced  beneath  or  alongside  of  vessels, 
to  diminish  their  tb'aft  and  enable  them  to  pass 
over  shallow  spots  or  olistructions,  and  also 
used  in  raising  sunken  vessels. 

air-cane  (ar'kan).  n.  A  walking-stick  having 
an  air-gun  concealed  within  it. 


air-carbureter 

air-carbureter  (ai-'kiii-'bu-rct-fer),  n.  An  ap- 
paratus in  wliic'h  air  is  passed  tlirougli  or  over 
tho  surface  of  liquid  hydrocarlious,  and  tlius 
becomes  charged  with  iuUamuiable  vapor. 
See  ffas-machiiic. 

air-casing  (iir'ka"sing),  II.  An  air-tight  casiug 
of  sheet -iron  placed  around  a  Jiipc  to  prevent 
undue  transmission  of  heat  or  cold ;  specifically, 
tho  casiug  placed  around  tho  base  of  the  funnel 
or  amoke-stack  of  a  steamship,  to  prevent  too 
groat  a  transmission  of  heat  to  the  deck, 

air-castle  (Sr'kas  1).  «.  A  eastlo  in  the  air;  a 
day-dream;  a  visionary  scheme.     Seo  casllc: 

Adventui-L'S,  triumplm  of  strcngtli  and  skill— these  fur- 
nisli  8ul)ji.>ct-nmtter  for  tlie  talk  of  the  uncivilized  man 
and  the  air-ca-ittfs  of  the  youth. 

II.  .'r^jiencer,  Prin.  of  P.sychol.,  §  483. 

air-cavity  (ar'kav"i-ti),  n.  A  ca\'ity  contain- 
ing air;  specifically,  such  a  cavity  occui-ring  in 
the  body  or  bones  of  an  animal ;  a  large  air- 
sac  or  pueumatoeyst  of  a  bird. 

In  the  latter  ease,  air-cavities  take  the  place  of  the 
medulla,  which  disappears,  and  so  diminish  permanently 
the  specific  gravity  of  the  animal. 

Oegmbam,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  573. 

air-cell  (ar'sel),  n.  1.  In  hot.,  one  of  tho  cav- 
ities in  the  leaves,  stems,  or  other  parts  of 
plants,  containing  air.  They  are 
well  seen  in  the  bladders  of  seaweeds,  and 
are  found  in  other  aquatic  plants,  which 
they  serve  to  lloat. 

2.  Inanat.  and:ool.,  a  definite  cir- 
cumseribed  cavity  in  tho  body, 
containing  atmospheric  air  in- 
haled through  air-passages  which 
place  it  in  direct  communication 
with  the  outer  air.  The  term  is  used  ..  „.,-,, 
for  any  such  cavity,  without  reference  to  „ee"'"„r!r"tss""n 
the  technical  meaning  of  cell  (which  see),  vutgttre}. 
An  air-cell  is  generally  of  sm.all  size,  if 
not  microscopic,  as  one  of  those  in  lung-tissue;  but  it 
sometimes  fonns  a  great  space  or  intlatable  inclosed  area, 
as  the  air-cells  of  birds,  and  is  then  also  called  air-ttpace, 
air-receptacle,  or  pncumatitc/i.^t.  Speeitically  —  (a)  One  of 
the  small  hemispherical  saeeules  «liich  beset  the  walls  of 
the  alveolar  pussa^'es  and  iiifundibula  nf  the  lungs.  Also 
called  atcc(jlu.t.  {Ij)  One  of  the  dihitations  of  the  trachea 
or  air-tulje  in  insects  forming  the  respirator)  apparatus, 
(c)  In  ornith.,  a  pneumatocyst ;  any  one  of  tlic  extra-pul- 
monary cavities  of  the  body  of  a  bird,  containing  air,  wliich 
are  continuous  with  one  another  aiul  with  one  or  more  of 
the  lironcliial  tubes.    See  ptieumatticynt. 

air-chamber  (ar'cham"b6r),  «.  1.  A  largo 
cavity  in  an  organic   body  containing  air. — 

2.  A  compartment  of  a  hydraulic  engine  or 
apparatus,  as  a  pump,  interposed 
between  and  connected  with  the 
supply-  and  delivery-passages,  and 
containing  air  which  by  its  elas- 
ticity equalizes  the  pressiu-e  and 
flow  of  the  fluids.  Thus,  in  a  recipro- 
cating force-pump,  the  impulse  given  to 
the  fluid  by  the  delivery-stroke  compresses 
the  air  in  the  air-chamber,  and  this  com- 
pressed air  reacts  upon  the  outflowing  fluid 
to  continue  its  motion  during  the  reverse 
stroke,  or  during  those  intervals  when  the 
force  imparted  falls  below  the  average  or 

Air-chamber,     normal  amount.    The  pressure  and  flow  are 
thus  made    practically    uniform,  notwith- 
standing the  intermittent  or  variable  action  of  the  force. 
For  some  siiei  i;d  forms,  see  air-ve.-^.'ieL 

3.  Any  compartment  or  chamber  designed  to 
contain  air:  as,  the  air-chamber  of  a  life-boat. 

air-chambered  (ar'cham'berd),  a.     Furnished 
with  an  air-chamber  or  with  air-chambers. 
It  [the  life-boat]  was  air-chambered  and  buoyant. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  I.  49. 

air-cock  (ar'kok),  n.  A  cook  used  to  control 
the  adiriissi(m  or  outflow  of  air.     See  cocIA,  S, 

air-compressor  (ar'kom-pres"or),  H.  A  ma- 
chine for  condensing  air,  usually  in  the  form  of 
a  force-pump.     See  compressor. 

air-cone  (ar'kon),  n.  A  cone  in  a  marine  en- 
gine designed  to  receive  air  and  steam  from 
the  liut-well,  and  carry  them  off  through  a 
pipe  at  the  top. 

air-cooler  (ar'ko'l^r),  n.  Any  appliance  for 
lowering  the  temperature  of  the  air,  as  in  hos- 
pitals, dwellings,  and  theaters.  A  common  form 
consists  of  chambers  tilled  with  ice,  or  fitted  with  screens 
of  light  fabric  kept  constantly  wet  with  cooling  liquids, 
through  which  a  current  of  air  is  forced.  See  re_friijerat- 
imj-ehainher,  under  refrifierate. 

air-course  (ar'kors),  n.  A  passage  in  a  mine 
made  or  used  for  ventilating  pm-poses  ;  an  air- 
way. 

air-crossing  (ar'krds"ing),  n.  A  passageway 
or  bridge  constructed  to  carry  one  air-course 
over  am  itlier,  as  in  the  ventilation  of  coal-mines. 

air-cushion  (ar'kusli"on),  «.  1.  A  bag  made 
of  an  air-tight  fabric  used  when  inflated  with 
air  as  a  cushion  for  a  seat. —  2.  Same  as  air- 
bai/. —  3.  A  ball  or  cylinder  (usually  of  india- 
rubber)  filled  with  air  and  placed  in  a  water-pipe, 


123 

to  act  as  a  cushion  for  the  water,  or  to  recpivo 
the  pressure  or  shock  caused  by  a  sudden  stop- 
page of  its  flow,  or  by  tho  expansion  of  the 
water  in  freezing. — 4.  Same  as  air-spring  or 
pneumatic  spring. 

air-cylinder  (ar'sil"in-dcr),  n.  In  gun.,  a  de- 
vice consisting  of  a  cylinder  and  piston,  used 
for  checking  the  recoil  of  heavy  guns  by  mean.s 
of  tho  elasticity  of  atmospheric  air  confined 
within  it ;  a  pneumatic  buffer. 

air-dew  (ar'du),  «.     Manna.     [Rare.] 

air-drain  (ar'dran),  n.  1.  An  empty  space  left 
around  tho  external  foundation-walls  of  a  build- 
ing to  prevent  the  earth  from  lying  against 
them  and  thus  causing  dampness. —  2.  In  mold- 
ing, a  large  passage  for  the  escape  of  gases 
from  heavy  castings  while  in  the  mold. 

air-drawn  (Sr'dran),  a.  Drawn  or  depicted  in 
the  air:  as,  "the  air-drawn  dagger,"  Uliak., 
Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

air-dried  (iir'drid),  a.  Dried  by  or  in  the  air: 
applied  to  fruits  and  materials  from  which 
moisture  has  boon  removed  by  exposure  to 
ctuTents  of  air  under  natural  atmospheric  con- 
ditions. 

air-drill  (ar'dril),  M.  A  rock-drill  driven  by 
compressed  air,  as  distinguished  from  a  di-ill 
driven  by  steam.     See  rock-drill. 

air-drum  (ar'dnrm),  «.  A  drum-shaped  cham- 
ber or  reservoir  for  air;  specifically,  in  ornith., 
a  large  lateral  cervical  pneumatocyst. 

The  great  air-drums  of  our  pinnated  grouse  and  cock- 
of-the-plaiTis.  Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  20(J. 

air-duct  (ar'dukt),  n.  A  duct  or  passage  con- 
veying air;  specifically,  in  ichth.,  the  commu- 
nication of  the  air-bladder  with  the  intestinal 
canal.  It  is  persistent  in  physostomous,  tem- 
porary in  physoclistous,  fishes. 

airelf,  «•     An  old  form  of  «cn/2. 

aire-  (i're;  mod.  pron.  ar),  n.  [Ir.,  pi.  airiq ; 
cf.  aircach,  a  noble,  a  privileged  person.]  In 
Irish  antiq.,  a  freeman;  a  gentleman;  one  of 
the  privileged  classes.  Aires  were  of  two  classes :  (a) 
the  jiath.^,  or  those  who  possessed  property  in  land ;  and 
it})  the  ho-aires,  who  possessed  cows  and  other  chattels. 
The  king  was  elected  by  these  two  classes. 

Clansmen  who  possessed  twenty-one  cows  and  upwards 
were  airi(i  (sing,  aire),  or,  as  we  should  say,  had  the  fran- 
chise, anii  might  fulfil  the  functions  of  bail,  witness,  etc. 
Encijc.  Brit.,  XIII.  257. 

The  upper  classes  were  all  airex.  To  be  eligible  to  the 
aire  grade,  the  freeman  should  possess,  besides  a  certain 
amount  of  wealth  in  cattle,  a  prescribed  assortment  of 
agricultural  implements  and  household  goods. 

Eiicyc.  Brit.,  IV.  •2.')2. 

air-endway  (ar'end"wa),  n,  A  roadway  or 
level  driven  into  a  coal-seam  parallel  with  a 
main  level,  used  chiefly  for  purposes  of  venti- 
lation.    Gresley.     [Eng.] 

air-engine  (ar'en"jin),  n.  A  motor  employing 
(a)  tho  elastic  force  of  air  expanded  by  heat, 


air-heading 

air-equalizer  (ar'e '  kwal-i-zcr),  n.  A  device  for 
distributing  a  current  of  air  equally  tliroughout 
its  working-space. 

airer  (ar'er),  H.  [<  «icl,  v.,  -f -crl.]  1.  One 
wlio  airs  or  exposes  to  tho  air. —  2.  A  screen 
for  drying  ch)thes,  etc. 

air-escape  (ar'es-kiip"),  n.  An  air-trap  for  tho 
escape  of  air  which  collects  in  the  upper  bends 
of  water-pipes  and  in  other  hydraulic  apparatus. 
The  usual  form  is  that  of  a  ball-cock  (which  see)  inclosed 
in  a  chamber  situated  at  the  point  at  which  the  air  is  to 
be  withdrawn,  and  so  adjusted  that  aa  the  water-level 
within  is  Icjwered  by  the  pressure  of  the  accumulated  air 
the  ball-float  descends,  opens  the  valve,  and  permits  the 
air  to  escape ;  the  water  then  rising  buoys  up  the  float 
and  closes  the  valve. 

air-exhauster  (ar'eg-zris"ter),  n.  1.  Same  as 
air-escape. —  2.  Any  apjiaratus,  as  an  air-pump, 
e.xhaust-1'an,  suction-blower,  or  steam-jet,  used 
for  withdrawing  air  from  an  inclosed  place,  for 
ventilation  or  for  the  creation  of  a  vacuum. 
Sec  air-pump,  hlowcr.fan,  a,nd  ventilator. 

air-faucet  (ilr'fa"set),"  «.  A  stop-cock  for  let- 
ting air  out  or  in. 

air-filter  (iir'fil"t6r),  n.  An  apparatus  for  ex- 
tracting dust,  smoke,  microscopic  germs,  etc., 
from  tho  air.  it  consists  of  screens  or  strainers  of 
woven-wire  fabrics,  gun-cotton,  asbestos,  slag-wool,  or 
other  flocculent  material,  through  which  the  air  is  drawn ; 
or  of  showers,  sprays,  or  films  of  water  or  chemical  solu- 
tions, through  or  over  which  the  air  to  be  Altered  jtasses. 
Air-filters  are  used  in  the  ventilation  of  buildings  and  rail- 
road-cars, in  physical  research,  in  surgery,  and  in  tlle  re- 
covery of  liy-products  in  manufactures. 

air-flue  (Sr'flo),  n.  A  conduit  for  air.  See  air- 
liox,  air-funnel,  and  air-pipe. 

air-fountain  (ar'foun"tan),  n.  An  apparatus 
for  producing  a  jet  of  water  by  the  elastic  force 
of  air  compressed  in  a  close  vessel  and  made  to 
act  on  the  surface  of  the  water  to  be  raised. 

air-funnel  (iir'fun"el),  n.  In  .ship-building,  a. 
flue  formed  by  the  omission  of  a  timber  in  the 
upper  works  of  a  vessel,  and  designed  to  pro- 
mote the  ventilation  of  the  hold. 

air-furnace  (ar'fer  nas),  H.  1.  A  reverbera- 
tory  furnace  (which  see,  under  furnace). — 2. 
An  air-heating  furnace  for  wamiing  apart- 
ments. Air  is  led  into  a  sjiace  formed  between  an  outer 
casing  and  the  sides  of  a  lire-pot  and  combustion-cham- 
ber, and,  after  becoming  heated  by  contact  with  the  walls- 
of  the  latter,  flows  to  the  apartments  which  are  to  be 
warmed.    See  air-stuve,  furnace,  and  heater. 

air-gage  (ar'gaj),  «.  An  instrument  for  indi- 
cating the  pressirre  of  air  or  gases,  it  consists  of 
a  glass  tube  of  uniform  caliber,  closed  at  the  top  and  hav- 
ing its  low,  r  end  , lipped  into  a  cup  of  mercury  on  the  sur- 
face of  which  the  air  or  gas  presses,  thus  forcing  mercury 
into  the  tube,  and  compressing  the  air  within  it  to  an 
amount  directly  proportioned  to  the  jiressure.  This  pres- 
sure can  be  read  from  a  scale  attached  to  the  tube,  the 
zero  of  the  scale  being  usually  placed  at  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  mercurial  colunm  when  the  instrument  is  ex- 
posed to  the  ordinary  atmospheric  pressure.  Also  called 
air-iiiaiiuiiieter. 

air-gas  (ar'gas),  «.  An  inflammable  illuminat- 
ing gas  made  by  charging  ordinary  atmospheric 
air  with  the  vapors  of  petroleum,  naphtha,  or 
some  similar  substance,  as  the  hydrocarbon 
called  gft.sotcne. 

air-gate  (ar'gat),  «.  1.  An  underground  road- 
way in  a  coal-mine,  used  chiefly  for  ventilation. 
[Eng.  Midland  coal-fields.]  —  2.  In  moldinei,  an 
oiifice  through  which  the  displaced  air  and  the 
gases  which  are  formed  escape  from  the  mold 
while  the  molten  matter  is  filling  it. 

air-gossamer  (!ir'gos''a-mer),  n.  Same  as  flir- 
thniid. 

air-governor  (ar'guv"er-ngr),  n.  A  device,  at- 
tached to  iJiieumatic  apparatus  and  machinery, 
for  regulating  the  pressure  or  delivery  of  air. 

air-grating  (ar'gra'ting),  H.  A  prating  pro- 
tieting  or  fonning  a  ventilating  orifice  in  a 
wall  or  partition.     See  air-brick. 

air-gun  (Sr'gun),  n.  A  gun  in  which  condensed 
air  is  used  as  the  propelling  agent.  The  bore  of  the 
barrel  is  comiected  with  a  reservoir  inclosed  within  or  at- 
tached wilh4)nt  the  stock,  into  which  air  is  forced  by  a 
piston  or  plunger  fitted  to  the  bore,  or  by  an  independent 


Ericsson's  Hot-air  Pumping.enginc. 
a.  beam;  *.  air-piston:  c.  tr.insfcr-piston  :  rf.  cylinder  ;>,  air.piston 
linlc ;  *.  liclLcrank  :  o,  side-rods ;  p,  transfcr.piston  rod  ;  r,  pump :  r. 
air.chambcr :  r,  vacuiim-chamtjcr;  M,  gas-fumace ;  f,  gas-burners ; 
TV,  gas<iiamt)er ;  x,  walcr-jackct. 

or  (6)  air  compressed  by  means  of  another  and 
separate  motor,  called  a  compressor,  which  is 
generally  a  steam-engine.  Machine-drills,  in  min- 
ing, are  generally  run  by  compressed-air  engines,  the  com- 
pressor being  located  at  the  surface,  and  the  air-engines 
distributeil  underground,  at  the  various  points  where 
their  work  is  required. 


Air-gun. 

condenser.  AMien  the  trigger  is  pulled  it  operates  a  valve 
which  permits  the  sudden  escajte  of  the  whole  or  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  condensed  air  into  the  barrel  at  the  rear  of 
the  ball  or  dart,  thus  projecting  the  latter.  In  some 
forms  the  propelling  agent  is  a  compressed  spring  freed 
by  the  trigger.  The  reactive  force  of  the  si)ring  com- 
presses the  air  which  interposes  between  it  and  the  pro- 
jectile, and  the  air  acts  upon  and  projects  the  t>all. 
air-heading  (Sr'hed'ing),  n.  An  excavation  ia 
a  mine  through  which  air  is  made  to  pass  for 
ventilation. 


air-hoist  124 

air-hoist  (iir'lioist),)'.     Hoisting  machinpry  op-  >>i.  I«rt  nf  a  piston  movinB  in  a  cylinder  would  become 

.11                             I     ■            1      »i               »■           c  air-l<i'i<icd  if  inr  should  enter  the  cylnider  and  remain 

t-ratoil  by  .-ompressed  air,  or  by  the  creation  of  i,,.;,,,.;;.;,  „,e  piston  and  the  eylinder-Iuud,  so  as  to  pre- 

:i  jiartial  va<aiiiin.    It  consists  of  a  cylinder  llttcd  with  vent  the  piston  from  niakini;  its  full  stroke. 

I I>ision,  whiili  is  connected  hy ropes  passinK  over  pulleys  air-machine   (ar'ma-sheil"),   «.     Ill  niiliilif/,  an 

■  ^platform  of  the  hoist.    See  cfcrafur  aii.W»".«/  aiipafiitus  by  wliic'lipiu'e  air  is forccd  iiito  parts 

.9nw  /. IT.' lull .' .1.11. \      II            I        A    ^mccil   f/^T.  n/.lfl_  i    1                                 .'            ,                 1    .1          1.         1         ■                i             i       1 

bnillv  ventilate'd,  and  the  loul  air  extracted. 


Willi  tin 


iiiR  air  for  any  purpose,  as  for  counteracting 
the  (iressuro  of  a  decreasing  column  of  mercury, 
or  for  lieeping  up  a  moderate  and  steady  cui'- 
rent  of  air.  See  airomcter,  air-vessel,  and  gas- 
holder.—  2t.  A  gasometer. 

air-hole  (ilr'liol),  «.  1.  An  opening  to  admit 
or  discharge  air. —  2.  In  fuinuUiieu  a  fault  in  a 
casting,  caused  by  a  bubble  of  air  which  passes 
from  the  core  outward,  and  is  retained  in  tlie 
metal.  Also  called  blow-hole. — 3.  A  nattir; 
opening  in  the  frozen  surface  of  a  river  or  pond, 
caused  by  currents  or  springs. 

airieH  (ar'i),  a.    An  old  spelling  of  airi/'^. 

airie-t  (ar'i),  ».     An  old  spelling  of  aeri/'^. 

airifled  (ar'i-fid),  a.  [<  "airifn,  make  airy  (< 
((;/i  ((»)-2)  -1-  .f,j)^  +  -erf2.]  Fashioned  in  an  airy 
manner;  characterized  by  the  assumption  of 
airs:  as,  an  airified  style.  [Contemptuous  or 
slighting.] 

airily  (ar'i-li),  orfr.  [<  «i"c^l -f -/.(/■-.]  1.  In  an 
airy  or  g.ay  manner;  gaily;  jauntily. 

Fanny  hade  her  father  good-night,  and  whisked  off 
airily.  Dickens,  Little  Dorrit. 

2.  Lightly;  delicately:  as,  airily  wrought  de- 
tails. 
airiness  (ar'i-nes),  n.  1.  Eximsure  to  a  free 
current  of  air;  openness  to  the  air:  as,  the  (lir- 
iiiess  of  a  country-seat. — 2.  Unsubstantiality, 
like  that  of  air. — 3.  DeUeacy  and  lightness; 


Same 


air-manometer  (ar'ma-nom"o-ter),   n. 
as  oir-ndi/e.     See  manometer. 

air-meter  (ar'me"ter),  n.  An  apparatus  for 
nicasiiriiig  the  quantity  or  rate  of  flow  of  ah-. 
Various  devices  are  used,  as  bellows,  cyliiitlcr  and  ]iiston, 
and  rotating  buckets,  in  which  capacities  ;iie  constant. 
and  fans  and  vanes,  which  nieasuie  the  rapidity  of  How 
throuj^h  conduits  of  known  sectional  area,  and  therefore 
indicate  the  quantities  passing  in  any  given  time. 
"[  airn  (arn),  n.     Scotch  form  of  iron. 

airohydrogen  (ar'o-hi'dro-jen),  a.  [<  n/(l, 
after  ai'ro-,  -t-  hydrofien.'\  Pertaining  to  a  mix- 
ture of  atmospheric  air  and  hydrogen — Airo- 
hydrogen blowpipe.    See  bluifjApe. 

airometer  (ar-om'e-ter),  n.  [<  ««•!,  after  aero-, 
-H  Or.  /lirpov,  measure.  Cf.  aerometer.'\  1.  An 
au'-holder  constructed  upon  the  principle  of  the 
gasometer,  whence  the  name.  See  gasometer. 
— 2.  Same  as  air-meter. 

The  airometer,  the  invention  of  Mr.  Heiny  ITall.  the  in- 
spector, by  means  of  a  delicately-constrncted  windmill, 
shows  the  rate  of  the  cui-rent  of  air  iri  the  ii:issagcs  of  the 
colliery.  Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  gOU. 

air-passage  (ar'pas"aj),  n.  1.  In  anal.,  one  of 
the  passages  by  which  air  is  admitted  to  the 
lungs,  as  the  nasal  passages,  the  larynx,  the 
trachea,  and  the  bronchial  tubes  or  their  minute 
ramifications. —  2.  In  bot.,  a  large  intercellular 
space  in  the  stems  and  leaves  of  aquatic  plants, 
and  in  the  stems  of  endogens. 


ethereality. — 4.    Sprightliness  of   motion  or  air-pipe  (ar'pip),  «.     A  pipe  used  to  di-aw  foul 


manner;  gaiety;  jauntiness;  vanity;  affecta- 
tion :  as,  the  airiness  of  young  persons, 
airing  (ar'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  aifl,  r.]  1.  An 
exposure  to  the  air,  or  to  a  fire,  for  drying  or 
warming. — 2.  Exercise  In  or  exposure  to  the 
open  air;  an  excursion  for  the  purpose  of  tak- 
ing the  air. 

.\11  the  virtues  seemed  to  have  come  out  for  an  airiivj 
in  one  chariot.  Motley,  Duteil  Republic,  III.  53-1. 

airing-stage  (ar'ing-staj),  «.  A  stage  or  plat- 
form upon  which  materials  are  jilaced  to  be 
aired  or  dried:  as,  the  airing-stage  upon  which 
powder  is  tU'ied. 

air-injector  (ar'in-jek"tpr),  n.  A  simple  blow- 
ing device,  used  with  a  dental  drill  or  employed 
for  removing  dust  from  the  jiath  of  a  fine  saw. 

airisadt,  airisardt,  «•    Same  as  arisad. 

airisht  (ar'ish),  a.  [ME.  ayrisshe,  ayerissh, 
etc. ;  <  oi'/'l  +  -fsfel.''  1.  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  air;  aerial. 

And  beheld  the  ayerisshe  bestes. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  965. 

2.  Cool;  fi-esh. 
Themorniugesareairi'iA.  Best,  Farming,  p.  18.  (X.E.D.) 
air-jacket  (ar'jak"et),  n.    A  jacket  inflated  with 
air,  or  to  which  bladders  filled  with  air  are  fas- 
tened, to  render  the  wearer  buoyant  in  water. 
airless  (ar'les),  a.     [<  aw'l   +  -less.']     1.  Not 
open  to  a  free  current  of  air;  wanting  fresh  air 
or  communication  with  open  air. —  2.  Without 
air ;  devoid  of  atmosphere. 
Desolate  as  the  lifeless,  airless  moon. 

Harper's  May.,  LXV.  73. 

air-level  (ar'lev"el),  «.      A  name  sometimes 

given  to  a  spirit-level  (which  see), 
air-line  (ar'Un),  «.  and  a.    I.  n.   Alineasdirect 
as  though  di'awn  or  stretched  through  the  air ; 
a  bee-line. 

II.  a.    Straight  or  direct  as  a  line  in  the  air ; 
not  deflected  laterally:  as,  an  air-line  railroad. 
airlingt(ar'iing),  H.  [<ai>l-f -(i»jrl.]  Athought- 
less,  gay  person. 

Some  more  there  be,  slight  airlings,  will  be  won 
With  dogs  and  horses.  B.  Joiison,  Catiline,  i.  3. 

air-look  (ar'lok),  n.  An  air-tight  chamber  in  a 
caisson  in  which  operations  are  carried  on  imder 
water,  communicating  by  one  door  with  the 
outer  air  and  the  main  entrance-shaft  of  the 
caisson,  and  by  another  door  with  the  chambers 
filled  with  condensed  air  in  which  the  men  are  at 
work.  Its  purpose  is  to  regulate  the  air-pressure  so 
that  the  change  from  ordinary  air  to  condensed  air  may 
be  maile  without  injury.  When  a  workman  steps  from 
the  shaft  inttj  the  air-lock  the  door  of  ingress  is  clo-sed,  and 
condensed  air  is  admitted  until  the  pressure  is  the  same 
as  that  ill  the  w'orking-ehamber.  The  process  is  reversed 
wllcri  leaving  the  cai-SSon. 

air-locomotive  (ar'16-k9-m6"tiv),  n.  A  loco- 
motive driven  by  compressed  or  heated  air, 
usually  the  former. 

air-logged  (ar'logd),  a.  [<  nirl  -I-  logged,  after 
water-logged.]  In  mach.,  impeded,  as  motion, 
by  the  intrusion  of  air.     Thus,  a  machine  consisting 


ail'  out  of  or  conduct  fresh  air  into  close  ijlaces. 
Specifically— (a)  A  pipe  used  to  draw  foul  air  from  a 
ship's  hold  by  means  of  a  communication  with  the  fui'uace 
and  of  the  rarefaction  of  the  air  by  the  fire.  (6)  In  min- 
iny,  a  pipe  through  which  air  passes,  either  for  ventila- 
tion or  for  use  in  an  air-engine,  (c)  A  small  copper  pipe 
leading  from  the  top  of  the  hot-well  of  a  marine  engine 
through  the  side  of  the  vessel,  for  the  discharge  of  the 
air  and  uncondensed  vapor  removed  from  the  condenser 
by  the  air-pump. 
air-pit  (ar'pit),  n.  A  pit  or  shaft  in  a  coal- 
mine, used  for  ventilation.  Also  called  air- 
shaft.     [Eng.] 

air-plant  (ar'plant),  11.  A  plant  unconnected 
witn  the  ground  and  apparently  living  on  air: 
applied  to  epiphytes,  but  usually  not  to  para- 
sites. Many  epiphytic  orchids  in  cultivation 
are  popularly  so  named. 
air-poise  (ar'poiz),  «.  An  instrument  used  to 
measure  the  weight  of  the  air. 
air-port  (ar'port),  n.  In  shijj-building :  (a)  A 
small  aperture  cut  in  the  side  of  a  vessel  to 
admit  light  and  air.  One  is  generally  placed  in  eacli 
state-room,  and  there  are  several  on  each  side  along  the 
berth-deck.  They  are  usually  fitted  so  as  to  close  with  a 
pane  of  thick  glass,  set  in  a  brass  frame,  turning  on  a 
hinge,  and  secured  when  closed  by  a  heavy  thumb-screw, 
(b)  A  large  scuttle  placed  in  a  ship's  bows  for 
the  admission  of  air.  Also  called  air-seiittle. 
air-proof  (ar'prof),  a.  Impe^^•ious  to  air. 
air-pump  (ar'pump),  n.  An  apparatus  for  the 
exhaustion,  compression,  or  transmission  of 
air.  Air-pumps  are  used  for  many  purposes,  and  are 
made  in  a  variety  of  forms,  which  differ  according  to  the 
uses  that  they  serve.  In  the  more  common  forms  the 
air  is  exhausted  by  means  of  a  cylinder  and  piston,  as  in 
Ritchie's  air-pump  (see  cut),  or  by  centrifugal  action.  Ro- 
tating buckets  dipping  into 
water,  which  forms  a  seal, 
are  used  for  some  special 
purposes ;  as  is  also,  for 
slight  changes  of  pressure, 
a  fonn  consisting  of  a  vessel 
closed  at  the  tL'P  and  sides 
but  open  at  the  bottom,  and 
dipping  to  a  certain  extent 
into  water  or  other  fluid, 
which  forms  a  seal  and 
prevents  the  escape  of  the 
air.  For  the  Sprengel  air- 
pump,  see  mercury  air- 
pump, mnler  mercury.  The 
air-pump  of  a  condensing 
steam-engine  is  used  to 
maintain  a  vacuum  with- 
in the  condenser  by  with- 
drawing, from  it  air  and 
uncondensed  vapor.  See 
air-coinpre.-isor,  aapiratur, 
ejector,  pump,  steam-jet. — 
Air  and  clroulatinB 
pumps,  in  a  condensing 
steam-engine,  a  combine.l 
ajiparatus  used  as  an  air- 
punip  and  also  to  circu- 
late the  condensing  water.— Air-pump  bucket,  an 
open  piston  with  valves  on  the  upper  surface  open- 
ing upward  so  as  to  admit  air  and  water  during  the 
down-stroke,  and  lift  them  with  the  up-stroke,  of  the 
pump. 

air-pyrometer  (ar'pi-rom''''e-ter),  n.     An  instru- 
ment used  for  measuring  high  temperatures. 


Ritchie's  Air-Pump. 


air-trunk 

It  consists  of  a  hollow  glohi-  made  of  platinum,  so  that  it 
may  resist  excessive  heat,  filled  with  air  or  gas,  and  con- 
nected with  a  bent  glass  tube,  which  liohls  at  its  bend 
water,  mercury,  or  other  liijuid.  The  expansion  by  heat  of 
the  air  within  the  globe  exerts  a  pressure  upon  the  li(|Uid, 
causing  it  to  rise  in  one  leg  of  the  tube  to  a  height  propor- 
tioned  to  the  expansion,  and  therefore  to  the  heat  which 
causes  it.  Src  pyrometer. 
air-receptacle  (ar're-sep"ta-kl),  n.  In  ornith., 
a  large  air-cell ;  an  air-space,  air-sac,  or  pneu- 
matocyst. 
Contiiwmnnair-receptacles  throughout  the  body.     Owen 

air-regnlator  (ar'reg'''u-la-tor),  n.  Any  appa- 
ratus designed  to  govern  tlie  admission  or  flow 
of  air,  as  a  damper  or  register. 

air-reservoir  (Sr'rez'-'er-vwor),  n.  See  air- 
holder  a.ixd  air-^'csscl. 

air-sac  (ar'sak), «.  1.  Inonii7/(.,alargeair-ceU; 
an  air-space,  an  air-receptacle,  or  a  pueumato- 
eyst ;  one  of  the  membranous  Vjags  or  recepta- 
cles of  air  lodged  in  the  hollow  bones  and  the 
eaWtiesof  thebodyof  birds,  and  communicating 
with  the  lungs. —  2.  pi.  The  elongated  cavities 
forming  the  ultimate  branches  of  the  air-pas- 
sages in  the  lungs  of  mammals.  Also  called 
iiifiindibida. 

air-scuttle  (ar'skut*!),  n.    Same  as  air-port,  (6). 

air-setting  (ar'set'ing),  a.  Setting  or  harden- 
ing on  exposui'e  to  air,  as  common  mortar. 

air-shaft  (ar'shaft),  H.  1.  Havae&s  air-pit. — 2. 
Any  ventilating  shaft. 

air-slaked  (ar'slakt),  «.  Hydrated  and  disin- 
tegrated by  exposure  to  atmospheric  air :  as, 
air-slal'ed  lime. 

air-SoUar  (ar'sol'ar),  H.  A  compartment,  pas- 
sageway, or  brattice  carried  beneath  the  floor 
of  a  heading  or  an  excavation  in  a  coal-mine, 
for  ventilation.     See  sollar. 

air-space  (ar'spas),  «.  1.  In  ornith.,  an  air- 
cell  of  large  size  ;  an  air-receptacle  or  a  pneu- 
matocyst  (which  see). — 2.  lamed,  and  sanitary 
science,  the  clear  cubic  contents  of  a  room,  as 
the  ward  of  a  hospital,  with  reference  to  the 
respirable  air  contained  in  it :  as,  air-space  per 
man,  so  many  cubic  feet. — 3.  In  firearms,  a 
vacant  space  between  the  powder-charge  and 
the  projectile. 

air-spring  (ar'spring),  n.  Any  device  designed 
to  resist  a  sudden  pressure,  as  the  recoil  of  a 
gun,  the  momentum  of  a  railroad-car,  or  the 
thrust  of  the  mo\'ing  parts  of  a  machine,  by 
means  of  the  elasticity  of  compressed  air.  The 
common  form  is  that  of  a  cylinder  containing  air  wliich  is 
compressed  by  a  piston  or  plunger.  Same  as  pneumatic 
spriny.     Also  called  air-cuj^'hion  or  air-hujfer. 

air-stack  (ar'stak), )).  A  chimney  used  for  ven- 
tilating a  coal-mine.     [Pennsylvania.] 

air-stove  (ar'stov),  n.  A  stove  provided  with 
flues  about  the  fii'e-box  and  chamber,  the  air 
in  which  when  heated  ascends  through  pipes 
to  the  apartments  to  be  supplied  with  warmth. 
See  air-furnace  and  heater. 

air-Strake  (ar'strak),  n.  In  shiii-hiiilding,  an 
opening  left  for  ventilating  puriioses  between 
two  planks  of  the  inside  ceiling  of  a  ship. 

airt  (art),  n.  [Also  spelled  airth,  art,  arth  ;  < 
Gael,  aird,  ard  =  Ir.  nrd,  a  height,  top,  point, 
a  promontory,  a  point  of  the  compass,  esp.  one 
of  the  four  cardinal  points,  a  quarter  of  the 
heavens.]  Point  of  the  compass;  direction. 
[Scotch.] 

Of  a'  the  airts  the  wind  can  blaw, 

I  dearly  lo'e  the  west.  Burns,  Song. 

airt  (art),  v.  t.  [Also  spelled  art,  ert;  <  airt,  h.] 
To  direct  or  point  out  the  way :  as,  can  you  airt 
me  to  the  school-house  ?     [Scotch.] 

air-thermometer  (ar'ther-mom  e-ter),  n.  A 
thermometer  in  which  air  is  used  instead  of 
mercui'y.  it  has  the  advantage  of  being  more  delicate 
and  accm-ate,  and  can  be  emiiloyed  at  any  temperatiu-e ; 
but  it  is  difficult  to  use,  and  hence  is  employed  only  in 
physical  experiments.  It  is  useful  as  a  standard  with  whicli 
the  indications  of  ordinary  tliermometers  may  be  com- 
pared. Leslie's  differential  thermometer  is  a  kind  of  air- 
therinunictcr.     See  thermometer. 

air-thread (ar'thred),  n.  A  s^jider's  threadfloat- 
ing  in  the  air.     Also  called  air-gns.samcr. 

air-tight  (ar'tit),  a.  So  tight  or  close  as  to  bo 
impermeable  to  air:  as,  an  air-tight  vessel — Air- 
tight stove,  a  kind  of  sheet-iron  stove  in  wliich  wood  is  used 
as  fuel :  so  named  because,  although  not  literally  air-tight, 
it  is  practically  so  in  comparisitn  with  an  oiien  fireplace. 

air-trap  (ar'trap),H.  1.  A  contrivance  for  pre- 
venting the  access,  as  to  a  room,  of  the  efflu\ia 
arising  from  drains  and  sinks. —  2.  A  reservoir 
and  escape-valve  placed  at  the  joints  or  higher 
points  of  a  water-main  or  pipe-line  to  allow  the 
escape  of  air  whichmay  accumulate  in  the  pipes. 

air-trunk  (ar'trungk)",  H.  A  large  conduit  for 
suppl.ving  pure  air  to,  or  for  removing  foul  or 
heated  air  from,  theaters,  etc. 


air-tube 

air-tube  (iir'fiib),  «.  1.  In  rowV.,  a  name  glvon 
to  CI  rluiii  hciniy  passages  for  air  in  the  abilo- 
mon  of  soinc'iKiiiatic  insects. —  2.  y(iitt.,&  small 
iron  tube  fillcil  with  water  and  hung  in  a  coal- 
box  in  the  coal-btmkcrs  of  a  steamshii)  as  a 
means  of  ascertaining  the  temperature  of  the 
coal.  Tlie  tfiniHTiituiX'  <»f  the  wjittT  is  taken  by  means 
(if  a  therninmeler.  Its  use  is  ji  preeatitiuii  against  tlie 
spt-iiitaneinis  eninlmstion  of  tlie  coal. 
3.  The  tube  of  an  atmospheric  railway,  as  the 
jmeuMiatic  tnlie  (which  see,  uniler  tiihc). 

air-tumbler  (sir' turn  "bltr),  «.  That  which 
tuiubli's  through  the  air;  specifically,  a  kind  of 
pigeon. 

Jlr.   lirent,  however,  had  an  Air-Tutnblcr  .  .  .  whicll 
had  in  both  wiriirs  eleven  primaries. 

JJanriii,  \  ar.  of  .\nimats  and  I'lants,  p.  lf,7. 

air-valve  (ar'valv),  n.  In  general,  a  valve  de- 
signecl  to  control  tlie  flow  of  air.  Specifically 
— 1.  A  valve  placiid  upon  a  steam-boiler  to  ad- 
mit air,  and  thus  prevent  the  formation  of  a 
vacuum  Ijy  the  condensation  of  steam  within 
when  the  boiler  is  cooling  off,  and  the  conse- 
quent tendency  to  collapse. —  2.  A  valve  placed 
at  bends  and  summits  of  water-pipes,  etc.,  for 
the  outUow  of  air,  as  when  tlie  pipes  are  being 
filled,  and  for  the  ingi'ess  of  air  to  prevent  the 
formation  of  a  vacuum  when  the  water  is  drawn 
out. 

air- vesicle  (ar'ves"i-kl),  n.  1.  In  entom.,  a 
dilatation  of  the  trachea  of  certain  insects, 
which  enables  them  to  change  their  specific 
gravity  by  filling  the  trachea  with  or  emptying 
it  of  air. — 2.  In  iciith..  a  vesicle  containing  air, 
connected  with  the  swim-bladder  and  also  with 
the  ear-jiarts. 

air-vessel  (ar'ves"el),  n.  1.  An  air-chamber  or 
air-holder,  especially  one  which  serves  as  a  res- 
ervoir of  air  in  certain  machines,  as  in  carbu- 
reters.— 2.  The  air-chamber  of  certain  pumps. 
In  the  feed-pnnipa  of  asteani-bniler  an  air-vessel  is  used 
whicli  serves  botll  to  eijualize  tlie  flow  of  tlie  water  and  to 
collect  from  it  the  free  air  wliieh  is  an  active  agent  in  the 
corrosion  of  boilers.  In  pumping-enpines  worliing  against 
considerable  heads  and  into  long  rising  mains,  such  air- 
vessels  are  made  of  great  size  to  insure  steady  flow. 
3.  In  aiiat.  and  rod/.,  a  cavity  of  the  body  re- 
ceiving, containing,  or  convejing  atmospheric 
air;  an  aii'-tube,  air-cell,  or  air-chamber;  espe- 
cially, a  respiratory  passage,  as  the  windpipe  of 
a  vertebrate  or  the  trachea  of  an  insect. 
Also  called  iiir-nscrffiir. 

airward,  airwards  (ar'wiird,  -wardz),  adv.  [< 
aii-l  +  -ward,  -wanls.J  tJi)  into  the  air ;  up- 
ward: as,  "soar  airwards  again,"  Thackeray, 
Shabby -Genteel  Story,  iv. 

air-washings  (ar'wosh"iiigz),  n.  pi.  Any  fluid 
in  which  air  has  been  washed,  or  the  residue  left 
after  the  evaporation  of  such  fluid.  The  process  of 
washing  consists  either  in  causing  air  to  bubble  slowly 
tlirougli  the  ttui<l,  or  in  agitating  a  confined  volume  of  air 
with  tile  fluid.  Tlieairineitliercasegivesup  totlietluid  tlie 
dust,  spores,  and  otlier  foreiL^ii  substances  suspended  in  it. 
In  several  cases,  the  air-wa^skinrrs  which  were  under  ex- 
amination gave  a  distinct,  clear,  green  coloration  in  place 
of  tlie  cliaracteristic  yellowish-brown  precipitate  pro- 
duced liy  ammonia.  Science,  III.  463. 

airway  (ar'wa),  n.  Any  passage  in  a  mine 
used  f(ir  jiiirposes  of  ventilation ;  an  air-com-se. 
[In  Enulaiiil,  t"  till  up,  obstruct,  or  damage  an  airway  ma- 
liciously is  :i  feb.ny.] 

air-wood  (ar'wiid),  n.  Wood  dried  or  seasoned 
by  e.xposure  to  the  air,  and  not  artificially. 

Have  the  veneers  ready,  which  must  be  atr-wood,  not 
too  dry.  Workshop  Receipts,  1st  acr.,  p.  414. 

airyl  (ar'i),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  airie,  ai/rij,  aicrt/, 
ai/cri/  (sometimes,  and  still  poet.,  acri/,  after  L. 
aeriu.',-:  see  aeri/^),  <  ME.  ai/rri/ :  <  o/rl  (in  sense 
8,  <  air^,  ult.  =  Offl)  4-  -)/l.]  1.  Consisting  of 
or  having  the  character  of  air;  immaterial; 
ethereal. 
The  thinner  and  more  airy  parts  of  bodies.  Bacon. 

Oft,  as  in  ain/  rings  they  skim  the  heath. 
The  clamorous  lapwings  feel  the  leaden  death. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  131. 

2.  Relating  or  belonging  to  the  air;  being  in 
the  air ;  aerial. 

Her  eye  in  heaven 
Would  through  the  airy  region  stream  so  bright. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  2. 
Air;/  navies  grappling  in  the  central  blue. 

Teyrnntton,  Locksley  Hall. 

3.  Open  to  a  free  current  of  air ;  breezy :  as, 
an  airy  situation. 

And  by  the  moon  the  reaper  weary. 
Idling  sheaves  in  uplands  air.'/. 

Tennymn,  Lady  of  Shalott. 

4.  Light  as  air;    intangible;    unsubstantial; 
empty ;  tinreal ;  flimsy :  as,  airy  ghosts. 

Tlie  poet's  jfeii  .  .  .  gives  to  airy  nothing 
A  local  liabitation  ami  a  name. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 


125 

I  hold  ambition  of  so  airy  and  light  a  quality,  that  it  is 
but  a  shadow's  shadow,  .S'ArtA-.,  Hamlet,  ii. 'J. 

5.  Visionary;  speculative:  as,  airy  notions;  an 
«('ry  metaphysician. — 6.  Graceful;  delicate. 

E'en  the  slight  hare-bell  raised  its  head, 
Elastic  from  her  aini  tread. 

.SVo((,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  18. 

Here  delicate  snow-stai-s.  out  of  the  cloud, 
Come  floating  downward  in  airy  play. 

lin/ant,  Snow-Shower. 

7.  Light  in  manner  or  movement ;  sprightly ; 
gay;  lively. 

It  sarldens  the  heart  to  see  a  man,  from  whinn  nature 
has  withheld  all  perception  of  the  tones  and  attitudes  of 
humour,  labouring  with  all  his  might  tu  be  airt/uml  play- 
ful. Gijford,  Ford's  J'lays,  Int.,  p.  xlv. 

Chancer  works  still  in  the  solid  mat<;rial  of  his  race,  but 
witli  what  airy  lightness  has  he  not  infused  it'^ 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  252. 

8.  .Tannty;  full  of  airs;  affectedly  lofty ;  preten- 
tious.—  9.  In  jiaiiitini/.  showing  that  proper  re- 
cession of  all  parts  which  e.xjiresses  distance 
and  atmosphere.  =  Syn.  Airy,  Aerial,  a<>riforni.  ^Iin; 
is  more  open  to  Ilgnrativc  meanings  than  aerial.  The  latter 
is  the  more  exact  word  in  other  respects  ;  it  applies  to  the 
air  as  atmosptiere:  as,  aerial  navigation,  .-iirii  applies 
rather  to  air  in  motion,  and  to  that  which  has  the  quali- 
ties, literal  or  imagined,  of  air. 

Echo's  no  more  an  em[)ty  airy  sound  ; 

lint  a  fair  nymph  that  weeps  her  lover  drown'd. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iii.  698. 
We  have  already  discovered  the  art  of  coasting  along 
the  aerial  shores  of  our  planet,  by  means  of  balloons, 

Irviny,  Knickerbocker,  p.  77. 

airy"t  (ar'i),  n.  An  old  and  better  spelling  of 
«f)7/2. 

airyS  (iir'i),  n.    A  provincial  form  of  area. 

aisle  (il),  «.  [<  ME.  ele,  hele,  eille,  eyle,  iUe,  yllc, 
He,  yie,  whence  in  early  mod.  E.  isle,  and  even 
ylaiul  (see  ile^,  isle^),  by  confusion  with  ME.  He, 
yle,  later  corniptly  isle  (see  ifcl,  isle^),  <  OF.  ele. 
eele,  ale,  later  aelle,  aile  (whence  the  mod.  E. 
spelling  aile,  recently  spelled  with  s,  aisle,  after 
isle'^,  isle'^,  as  above),  aisle,  wing  of  a  church,  < 
L.  dla,  a  wing,  ■wing  of  a  building,  upper  end 
of  the  arm,  a  contr.  of  *axula,  *axla,  dim.  (dou- 
ble dim.  axilla:  see  axil)  of  axis.*  see  ala,  axis, 
axle.  The  s  in  ai.'ile,  isle'^  is  thus  unoriginal ;  the 
pronunciation  lias  remained  true  to  the  proper 
historical  speUmg  ile.J  Properly,  a  lateral  suTi- 
division  of  a  chiu'ch,  parallel  to  the  nave, 
choir,  or  transept,  from  which  it  is  divided  by 
piers  or  columns,  and  often  sunuounted  by  a 
gallery.  The  term  is  also  improperly  applied  to  the  cen- 
tral or 'main  division :  as.  a  three-aifiled  church,  that  is,  a 
cliwch  with  a  nave  and  two  aisles.     It  is  also  used  to  des- 


South  Aisle  of  Rouen  C.-»thedral  ( i.3tli  century). 

ignate  the  alleys  or  divisions  of  other  stnictures,  such 
as  mosiples,  Egyptian  temples,  theaters,  public  halls,  etc. 
As  popularly  applied  to  churches  in  which  the  nave  and 
aisles  proper  are  tilled  with  pews,  and  in  general  to  modern 
places  of  a.ssembly,  aide  denotes  merely  a  passageway  giv- 
ing access  to  the  seats  :  as,  the  center  aisle  and  side  aisles. 
S(nnetinies  written  isle.  See  figure  showing  ground-plan 
of  a  catliedral,  under  cathedral. 

aisl6  (ii-la'),  a.  [F.  aisl^,  ail^,  pp.  of  ai.iler, 
ailcr,  give  wings  to,  <  ainle,  aile,  a  wing:  see 
aisle. 1     In  her.,  winged  or  having  wings. 

aisled  (ild),  a.    Furnished  with  aisles. 

aisleless  (il'les),  a.  [<  aisle  +  -less.'}  Without 
aisles. 

The  so-called  Cliristiau  basilica  niayliave  been  a  simple 
oblong  aisleless  room  divided  tiy  a  cross  arch. 

Edinhuryh  JRev.,  CIXIII.  46. 

aislet  (i'let),  n.     Misspelling  of  islet. 

aislette,  «.     See  ailctte. 

ait  (at),  «.  [Little  used  in  literature;  also 
spelled  aiyht,  eyet,  eyot,  eyiiht,  <  ME.  cyt,  wit 
(also  in  cbmp.  eitlond  and  ceitlond,  an  island), 


ajutage 

earlier  'eyet,  <  AS.  'egct,  a  prob.  var.  of  iget 
(found  once  in  the  AS.  Charters),  an  ait,  another 
form  of  the  reg.  (W.  Saxon)  ii/nth,  also  sfielled 
iijcnth,  iiii/oth,  if/galh  ('e/jath  not  found),  an 
island,  with  suffix  -oth,  -ath,  here  appar.  dim., 
<  i;/,  var.  et;,  an  island,  found  in  mod.  E.  only 
as  the  first  element  of  i-lanil,  now  spelled  im- 
prop.  island,  and  as  the  final  element  (-ey,  -ca, 
-y)  in  certain  place-names:  see  is/awrfandcj^.j 
A  small  islaiiii  in  a  river  or  lake. 

Fog  up  the  river,  where  it  flows  among  green  aits  and 
meadows.  Dickens. 

aitch  (ach),  n.  A  modem  spelling  of  the  name 
of  the  letter //.'  formerly  written  ac/ic.     HeeU. 

aitchboue  (adi'tion),  n.  [Written  and  pron.  va- 
riously, aiteh-,  II-,  aeh-,  each-,  edije-,  a.sh-,  ische-, 
ise-,  i:e-,  iee-hotie,  etc.,  and  even  turned  into 
haunch-,  hook-,  ridf/e-bone,  etc.,  all  being  cor- 
ruptions or  erroneous  ex])laiiatioiis  of  the 
misunderstood  or  not-understood  original  ME. 
naehe-lume,  <  nache  (<  OF.  nadir,  nai/e,  the  but- 
tock, <  ML.  *natica,  <  L.  nali-s,  liuttock)  -I-  hime^. 
The  initial  n  was  early  lost,  as  in  adder^ ;  hence 
the  form  ach-,  haeh-bone,  etc.]  The  bone  of  the 
buttock  or  rump  in  cattle ;  the  cut  of  beef  which 
includes  this  bone. 
Kcrve  up  the  Ucsh  tiler  up  to  the  haeh-bone. 

Book  n/ St.  Albans  (,Ubl}). 

aitchpiece  (aeh'pes),  n.  [<  aiteh,  the  name  of  the 
letter  //,  -I-  piece.']  A  part  of  a  plunger  or  foree- 
punip  by  wiiicli  the  water  is  forced  into  the 
stand-pipe  throughthe  door-piece.  Also Il-piccc. 

aith  (ath),  n.     Scotch  form  of  oath. 

aitiology  (a-ti-ol'o-ji),  «.  Another  spelling, 
nearer  the  Greek,  of  a'tioloe/y. 

aits  (ats),  «.     Scotch  form  of  oats. 

aiver  (a'ver),  n.  Scotch  form  of  aver^,  a  work- 
horse. 

Aix  (aks),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  eif  («(>-),  a  water- 
bird,  appar.  of  the  goose  kind;  prop,  a  goat.] 
A  genus  of  fresh-water  ducks,  of  the  family 
Anatidee  and  subfamily  Anatinee.  noted  for  the 
elegance  of  their  plumage,  it  includes  the  cele- 
brated mandarin-duck  of  fhina,  A.  aalerieulata,  and  the 
lieautiful  wood-duck  or  summer  duck  of  North  America, 
A.  sponsa.     Also  written  ..fix. 

Aix  beds.     See  bed. 

aizle  (a'zl  or  e'zl),  n.     Scotch  fonn  of  isle^. 

ajaia,  ajaja,  n.     See  aiaia. 

ajar'^  (a-jiir'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  o-* 
-l-_/(irl,  discord.]     Out  of  haiTuony;  jan'ing. 


Any  accident  . 
worhi. 


that  puts  an  individual  a/ai' with  the 
Hawthorne,  .Marble  Faun,  I.  xiii. 


ajar-  (a-jiir'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<JIE. 
on  char,  ajar,  lit.  on  the  turn;  rare  as  applied 
to  a  door,  but  common  in  other  senses :  on, 
prep.,  on;  char,  chcrrc,  etc.,  a  tiu'n,  time,  piece 
of  work,  etc. :  see  a3  and  jar-  =  char".  The 
change  of  JIE.  eh  ioE.j  is  very  rare ;  it  appears 
also  in  joul  and  jaw,  q.  v.]  On  the  turn;  nei- 
ther quite  open  nor  shut ;  partly  opened:  said 
of  a  door. 

Leave  the  door  ajar 
WTien  he  goes  wistful  by  at  dinner-time. 

Brointiny,  King  and  Hook,  I.  129. 

ajava  (aj'a-vii),  n.     Same  as  ajotcan. 

ajee,  agee  (a-j^)-  pfi^'-  P'"'-  as  adr.  or  a.     [<  ((3 

+  ./K  or  gre :  see  jec,  t/re.}    Avrvy ;  off  the  right 

line;   obliquely;   wTong.      [Scotch   and   prov. 

Eng.] 
His  brain  was  a  wee  ajee,  but  he  was  a  braw  preacher  for 

a'  that.  .i'colt,  Old  Mortality,  xxiv. 

ajouan,  «.    See  ajowan. 

ajoupa  (a-j6'pa),  )i.  [F.  spelling  of  native 
name.]  A  hut  or  wigwam,  built  on  piles  and 
covered  with  brandies,  leaves,  or  rushes. 

cl  jour  (a  zhiir).  [F.:  a,  to,  with;  jour,  day: 
see  journal.']  In  decorative  art,  pierced  through ; 
showing  daylight  through.  Said  of  carving  where 
the  work  is  carried  through  the  solid  mass,  leaving  open 
spaces,  and  also  of  embroidery,  metal-work,  or  any  other 
fabric ;  said  also  of  translucent  designs,  as  in  enamel 
or  intaglio,  when  meant  to  be  seen  by  transmitted  rather 
than  rciiected  light.     .Mso  called  a  .'/I'oriio.     Sve  tipenlrork, 

aJ0Ur6  (a-zho-rii'),  a.  [F.,  as  if  pp.  of  "ajourer, 
let  daylight  through,  <  a  jour :  see  above.]  In 
her.,  said  of  any  ordinary  or  bearingof  which  the 
middle  part  is  taken  away,  leading  only  an  outer 
rim,  through  or  within  which  the  field  is  seen. 

ajowan,  ajouan  (aj'o-an),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The 
fi-uit  of  an  annual  umbelliferous  plant,  Ammi 
Copticum,  cultivated  in  Eg>-pt.  Persia,  and  India. 
It  is  much  used  as  a  condiment  ami  as  a  carminative. 
The  oil  extracted  from  it  contains  thymol  or  thymic  acid. 
Also  called  ajaca  or jaeanee  seeds. 

ajUStf,  !'.  t.    An  old  spelling  of  adjust. 

ajutage  (aj'6-taj),  n.  [<  F.  ajoutafie,  something 
added,  <  «/o«?<c,  add,  join:  see  adjust.']  Prop- 
erly, a  short  tube,  or  nozle,  inserted  into  the  ■wall 


ajutage 

of  a  vessel  <>r  into  the  end  of  a  pipe,  so  shaped 
as  to  offer  tlie  least  frictional  resistance  to  tlie 
outdow  of  a  liquid.  Thi-crossscotinn  of  iinajiitiigt'is 
generally  circular;  longitudinally,  the  most  acivanta^'eous 
section  uiiproaclies  that  of  two  frustums  of  cones  with  their 
smaller  luiaea  in  contact.  The  won!  is  also  used  for  the 
spout  av  nozle  of  a  funnel  or  of  a  fountain.  Sometimes 
spclli-d  iiiljntaftf-. 

akamatsu  (ii-ka-mats'),  n.  [<  Jap.  oka,  red,  + 
vtatsit.  pine.]     Japanese  red  pine;  the  Pinus 

(Jviifiitliira, 

akazga  (a-kaz'gii),  J!.  [Native  name.]  A  kind 
of  poison  nsed  as  an  ordeal  in  Africa.  Also 
called  tiiiudou  (see  voiidou)  and  quai. 

akazgia  (a-kaz'ji-a),  11.  [NL.,  <  akazga.'i  An 
alkaloid  oljtained'  from  akazga,  resembling 
strvchnine  in  its  physiological  action. 

akbeer  (ak'ber),  «.  [Hind.]  A  red  powder 
thrown  on  the  clothes  and  person  at  Hindu  fes- 
tivals. 

ake,  II.  and  v.     See  aclie^. 

Akebia  (a-ke'bi-ii),  H.  [lSrL.,<  Jap.  al-efcj.]  A 
genus  of  woody  climbing  plants,  natural  order 
Bcrberiiliicrd;  of  China  and  Japan.  A.<iuimit<ih-^s 
beeniTitroiliucd  iiil.j  cultivation,  and  is  a  handsninc.  hardy 
vine,  with  dark-green  digitate  leaves  and  small  purplish 
flowers. 

akee  (a-ke').  ".  The  Cupania  (BUffhia)  sapida, 
natural  order  Sapindaeeee,  a  native  of  Guinea, 
whence  it  was  car- 
ried by  Captain 
Bligh  to  Jamaica  in 
1793,  and  thence  dis- 
seminated over  the 
West  Indies  and 
South   America.    It 

is  a  small  tree,  with  ash-  ^^__^  ^  _^^^ 

like  leaves  and  a  fleshy  .r»<.tc  .  .u... 

fruit  containing  several  large  jet-black  seeds  partly  em- 
bedded in  a  white  spongy  aril.  This  aril  when  cooked 
becomes  somewhat  like  custard,  and  is  highly  es- 
teemed. 

akehornt,  n-     A  corrupt  spelling  of  acorn. 

akelet,  '■•  '•  [<ME.  akelen  (also  achelen),  <  AS. 
dcelaii,  <  a-  +  celan,  >  E.  fcee/S,  make  cool:  see 
/tef/3  and  ocoW.]  To  make  cold;  cool.  Court 
of  Love. 

akembo,  akembow  (a-kem'bo),  prep.  phr.  as 

odr.      Hee  (il'inilit). 

akene,  akenium,  ".     Same  as  achenium,  1. 

aker^t  (a'ker),  H.  The  old  and  regular  spelling 
of  acre. 

aker^t,  «.     Older  form  of  acker^. 

Akera  (ak'e-ni),  n.     Same  as  Acera,  1. 

akernt,  «•  The  historically  correct  but  long 
obsolete  spelling  of  acorn. 

akerspiref,  «•.  and  n.  An  old  spelling  of  acro- 
spire. 

aker-Stafft,  »•     See  acre-staff. 

akey  (ak'a),  ?!.  [Native  term.]  The  monetary 
standard  of  the  Gold  Coast  of  Africa,  equal  to 
20  grains  of  gold-dust,  or  about  80  cents. 

akimbo,  akimbow  (a-kim'bo),  jxrep.  phr.  as 
adr.  or  a.  [Recently  also  written  akembo, 
akembow,  earlier  a-kimbo,  a-kembo,  a  kimhow,  a 
kembo,  on  kimbo,  on  kimbow,  and  by  apheresis 
kimbo,  kimbow,  kembo  (used  attrib.  as  an  adj. 
and  also  as  a  verb :  see  kimbo,  kimbow),  also 
with  perverted  termination,  a-kimboll,  a-kein- 
boll,  on  kemboll,  a  kenbold,  a  kcnbol,  early  mod. 
E.  a  kenboxo,  on  keiibow,  <  ME.  (once)  in  kene- 
bowe,  i.  e.,  'in  keen  bow,'  in  a  sharp  bend,  at 
an  acute  angle,  presenting  a  sharp  elbow :  in 
or  on,  E.  a^;  kene,  E.  keen'^,  shai-p-pointed, 
sharp-edged  (in  common  use  in  ME.  as  ap- 
jdiedto  the  point  of  a  spear,  pike,  dagger,  goad, 
thorn,  hook,  anchor,  etc.,  or  the  edge  of  a  knife, 
sword,  ax,  etc.);  bowe,  E.  ioH-s,  abend:  see 
o3,  kcen'^,  bow'^,  and  cf.  elbow  ;  for  the  phonetic 
changes,  cf.  alembic,  limbeck,  and  keelson,  kelson, 
kilson.  In  its  earliest  use,  and  often  later,  the 
term  connotes  a  bold  or  defiant  attitude,  in- 
volving, perhaps,  an  allusion  to  kten  in  its  other 
common  ME.  sense  of  'bold.'  Previous  ex- 
planations, all  certainly  eiToneous,  have  been : 
(1)  It.  aschcmbo,  asghembo,  or  rather  a  schembo, 
a  sghembo,  across,  awry,  obliquely  (Skinner, 
Wedgwood);  (2)  <  a  cainbok,  in  the  manner  of 
a  crooked  stick  (ME.  cainbok,  Sc.  cammock,  a 
crooked  stick,  a  shinny-club :  see  cammock^) ; 
(3)  a  cam  bow,  in  a  crooked  bow :  a  phrase  in- 
vented for  the  purpose,  like  the  once-occurring 
a-gambo  for  akembo,  simulating  caiifi,  gumh ;  (4) 
Icel.  kengboginn,  crooked,  <  kcngr,  a  crook,  sta- 
ple, bend,  bight,  4-  boginn,  bent,  pp.  of  hjiajn  — 
AS.  hugnn,  E.  how^:  see  kink  and  ioicl.]  Lit- 
erally, in  a  sharp  bend ;  at  an  acute  angle ; 
adjeetively,  bent;  crooked:  said  of  the  arms 
when  the  "hands  are  on  the  hips  and  the  elbows 
are  bent  outward  at  an  acute  angle. 


126 

The  boost  ...  set  his  hond  in  kcTwbowr.  .  .  . 
Woulst  thow,  said  he  to  Ileryn,  for  to  skorne  me? 

Tate  0/  Beryn  (ed.  Fnrnivall),  1837. 
A  book  through  which  folly  and  ignorance,  those  breth- 
ren 8()  lame  and  impotent,  do  ridiculously  look  very  h\K 
and  very  dull,  strut  and  hobble,  cheek  by  jowl,  with  their 
arms  tin  kimlxj,  being  led  and  supported,  and  bully-l)acked 
by  that  blind  Hector,  Impudence. 

Dennix,  Pope's  Ess.  on  Criticism,  p.  .'iO. 
That  struts  in  this  fasliion  with  his  Arms  a  kimbo,  like 
a  City  .Magistrate.  Dnjden,  Amphitryon,  ii. 

She  would  clap  her  amis  a  kimbo. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  1S7. 

akin  (a-kin'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  n*  -f- 
A(h1;  earlier  of  kin,  which  is  still  in  use:  see 
Awil,  n.  Sometimes  abbr.  kin:  see  kin^,  a.] 
Of  kin.  Specifically  —  (n)  Related  by  blood;  hence,  in- 
timately allied,  as  by  affinity,  union,  or  structure ;  as,  the 
two  families  are  near  akin ;  the  bultalo  is  akin  to  the  ox. 
Akin  to  thine  is  this  declining  frame. 
And  this  poor  beggar  claims  an  Uncle's  name. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 
AVert  thou  akin  to  me  in  some  new  name 
Dearer  than  sister,  mother,  or  all  blood, 
I  would  not  hear  thee  speak. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  JIalta,  i.  3. 

(?')  Allied  by  nature ;  partaking  of  the  same  properties : 
as,  envy  and  jealousy  are  near  rt^i/i  ;  "pity's  aAri;t  tolove," 
Svutfiern,  Oroonoko,  ii.  1. 

Near  akin  as  the  judicial  and  military  actions  originally 
are,  they  are  naturally  at  first  discharged  by  the  same 
agency.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  528. 

=  Syn.  Kin,  kindred,  cognate,  analogous. 
akinesia  (ak-i-ne'si-ii),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKivqaia, 

quiescence,  motionlessness,  <  a-  priv.  -t-  Kiii/aic, 

motion,  <  mvtiv,  move.]     Paralysis  of  the  motor 

nerves;  loss  of  the  power  of  voluntary  motion. 

Also  written  acinesia,  akinesis. 
akinesic  (ak-i-ne'sik),  a.    Pertaining  to,  of  the 

nature  of,  or  characterized  by  akinesia. 
akinesis  (ak-i-ne'sis),  n.     Same  as  akinesia. 
Akkad,  «.     See  Accad. 
Akkadian,  a.  and  n.     See  Accadian. 
akmite,  ".    See  acmite. 
aknee  (a-ne'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  ME.  a  kne, 

a  cne,  on  kne,  on  cneowe,  <  AS.  on  cncow :  on,  E. 

(jS;  cnedic,  E.  knee.']      On  the  knee  or  knees. 

[Rare.] 

Aknee  they  fell  before  the  Prince. 

.Sottthey,  Madoc. 

akno'VPt,  akno'wledget.  Older  forms  of  acknow, 

ackiiowh'dgc. 

ako  (ak'6),  n.  [Hung,  ako.]  A  liquid  measure 
used  in  Hungary,  equal  to  about  18i  gallons. 

akornt,  «.     An  old  spelling  of  acorn. 

all  (ill),  „.  [<  Hind,  dl,  a  plant  (see  def.).]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Morinda,  allied  to  the  madder. 

al-+,  a.,  adv.,  and  n.     An  old  form  of  all. 

Al.    In  chem.,  the  symbol  for  aluminium. 

al-l.  An  assimilated  form  of  Latin  orf- before  I 
(see  ad-);  also  an  erroneous  form  of  «-i,  from 
Anglo-Saxon  a-.     See  ad-. 

al-2.  [Ar.  al,  in  mod.  Ar.  commonly  fZ;  before 
a  sibilant  or  a  liquid,  the  /  is  assimilated  (as-, 
a:-,  ar-,  am-,  an-,  etc.),  with  the  elision  of  the 
vowel  if  another  vowel  precedes.]  A  prefi.x  in 
some  words  of  Arabic  origin,  being  the  Arabic 
definite  article  "the";  a.s  in  alcaid,alcliemi/,  al- 
cohol, alcove,  Aldebaran,  algebra,  alguazil,  alkali, 
Alkoran,  etc.;  and,  variously  disguised,  in  a})ri- 
cot,  artichoke,  assagai,  azimuth,  hazard,  lute,  etc. ; 
also  el,  as  in  elixir. 

-al.  [<  F.  -al,  -el  =  Sp.  Pg.  -al  =  It.  -ale,  <  L. 
-dlis,  aec.  -diem,  an  adj.  suffix,  '  of  the  kind  of,' 
'pertaining  to,'  varying  with  -dris,  orig.  the 
same  as  -aiis,  and  used  for  it  when  /  precedes, 
as  in  al-aris,  E.  al-ar :  see  -arS,  In  OF.  this  suf- 
tix  was  reg.  -el,  >  ME.  -el,  but  afterward  -al 
prevailed:  cf.  mortal,  annual,  gradual,  n.,  etc. 
As  a  noim  suffix,  -al  is  due  to  the  adj.  suffix,  L. 
-dlis,  neut.  -uJe,  in  nouns  also  -al  (as  animal, 
animal).  In  espousal,  and  some  other  words, 
-al  is  ult.  due  to  L.  -ul-ia,  neut.  plur. ;  hence 
the  plur.  E.  form,  espousals.  In  bridal  and 
burial  -al  is  of  different  origin.  Cf.  -el  and-iZ.] 
A  very  common  suffix,  of  Latin  origin,  it  forms 
from  nouns  in  Latin,  and  tlience  in  English  —  (a)  Adjec- 
tives, as  in  oral  [<  L.  or-dlis,<^os{or'),  mouth  J,  manual  [<  L. 
manu-dliii,  <  vianu-s,  hand],  etc. :  in  this  use  equivalent  to 
-ar,  of  the  same  ultimate  origin,  as  in  alar,  polar,  both 
forms  occurring  with  a  ditferentiation  of  meaning  in  lin- 
eal, linear  {which  see).  (?<)  Secondary  from  primary  adjec- 
tives, asinc'^f(ai[<  L.  (ei]n-i'Uiji,<^  in/n-ns,  equal],  whence  in 
English  -al  is  now  applied  to  Latin  adjectives  ending  in 
-e-u-t,  -t-ux,  -u-u^,  -rn-tis,  -is,  -ic-us,  etc.,  to  give  them  a  dis- 
tinctive English  form,  as  in  aerial,  senatorial,  perpetual, 
eternal,  eelestial,  vwdical,  etc.,  and  similarly  to  Greek  ad- 
jectives in  -oc-os,  -a(c-6?,  -oei5-^';(I'',iiglish  -?V,  -ae,  -old),  etc., 
as  in  viu.'<ieal,  lieliacal,  rhonttundal,  etc.;  hence  in  some 
eases  a  dirterentiation  of  meaning,  as  in  eomie  and  roniical, 
hijitoric  and  hi.'itorieal,  etc.  (c)  Nouns  from  such  adjec- 
tives, as  in  animal,  rival,  etc.  (rf)  Nouns  from  verbs  in 
English  after  the  analogy  of  e.^pousal,  as  in  denial,  pru- 
poml,  refusal,  etc.,  and  even  from  native  English  verbs,  as 
iu  bestowal,  betrothal,  withdrawal,  etc. 


alabaster 

k  la  (a  la).  [F. :  o,  <  L.  ad,  to;  la,  fern,  of  def. 
art.  le,  <  L.  ille,  fem.  ilia.]  To  the;  in  the; 
hence,  according  to ;  in  the  (fashion  of) ;  after 
the  (manner  of):  as,  «to/r««f«».«c,  after  the  man- 
ner of  the  French ;  d  la  mode,  in  the  fashion. 

ala  (ii'lii),  «.;  pi-  oI'B  (a'le).  [L.,  a  wing:  see 
aisle 'And  axil.']  1.  In  bot.:  (a)  One  of  the  two 
side  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  blossom,  or  the 
memtjranous  expansion  of  an  organ,  as  of  a 
fruit,  seed,  stem,  etc.  See  cut  under  banner, 
(b)  In  mo.sses,  one  of  the  I)asal  lobes  or  auricles 
of  the  leaves,  (c)  An  axilla  or  axil.  [Rare 
in  this  sense.] — 2.  In  anat.,  zoiJl.,  etc.:  (a)  A 
wing.  (/()  Any  part  of  a  ■niug-like  or  flap-like 
character:  as,  ala  auris,  the  upper  and  outer 
part  of  the  external  ear.  (c)  The  armpit. — 3. 
pi.  Sjjecifieally,  in  Cirripedia,  the  lateral  parts 
of  the  shell,  as  distinguished  from  the  jntrictes, 
when  they  are  overlapped  by  others;  when 
they  overlap  they  are  termed  radii, — 4.  In  anc. 
liom.  arch.,  a  i\'ing  or  a  small  apartment  placed 
on  each  side  of  the  atrium  of  a  Roman  house. 
Audslei/.—Ala,  cinerea  (ash-gray  wing),  a  triangular 
area  on  each  side  of  the  hinder  part  of  the  floor  of  the 
fourth  ventricle  of  the  brain,  darker  than  the  rest  and 
containing  nuclei  of  the  vagus  and  glossopharyngeus 
nerves. — Alse  cordis  (wings  of  the  heart),  in  entom.,  the 
series  of  attachments  of  tlie  dorsal  vessel  or  heart  of  an 
insect  to  the  w  alls  of  the  body  or  other  support. 

In  Insecta  it  [the  dorsal  vessel]  is  attached  to  the  wall 
of  the  body,  and  sometimes  even  to  the  tracheie  (in  the 
larvie  of  the  Muscid.'c),  by  the  ala:  eordijt. 

Ge'ienbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  283. 
Alss  nasi  (wings  of  the  nose),  the  parts  forming  the 
out'-r  or  htteral  boumiaries  of  the  nostrils.— Alse  Of  the 
diaphragm,  in  anot.,  its  lateral  leaflets. — Alffi  vomeris 
(wings  rU  the  \omer),  the  lateral  projections  of  the  supe- 
rior border  of  the  vomer. — Ala  notha  (false  wing),  in 
ornith.,  the  parapterum ;  the  scapular,  axillary,  and  tertial 
feathers  of  a  bird's  wing,  collectively  considered. — Ala 
sphenoldalis,  wing  of  the  si.htnoid  'imnc.  Imperially  the 
greater  wing.  See  cut  under  .v/'//r/;oN/.-  Ala  spuria,  in 
ornith.  See  alula, — Ala  vespertilionis  (i'ats  \\ing),  a 
term  applied  to  the  broad  ligament  of  tlie  Iiuman  uterus 
and  associated  parts,  from  some  fancied  resemblance  to  a 
bat's  wing. 

Alabamian  (al-a-ba'mi-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Alabama,  one  of  the  southern 
United  States. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  State 
of  Alabama. 

alabandine  (al-a-ban'din),  n.  [(.'L.  Alabandina 
(se.  gemma),  a  precious  stone,  fem.  of  Alaban- 
diuus,  pertaining  to  Alabanda,  a  city  in  Caria, 
Asia  Minor,  now  Arab-Hissar.]  Manganese 
glance  or  blende,  a  sulphid  of  manganese.  Also 
called  alabandite. 

alabarcb  (al'a-bark),  n.  [<  L.  alabarches,  more 
coiTCctly  arabarches,  <  Gr.  'AyuijSdfi^x'K,  more  cor- 
rectly 'Apaiiapx'K,  the  prefect  of  the  Arabian 
nome  in  Egypt,  in  Josephus  appar.  as  in  def., 
<'iipai/i,  pi.  "Apafie^,  Arab,  -(-  apx^'^;  rule,  govern.] 
The  title  of  the  governor  or  chief  magistrate  of 
the  Jews  in  Alexandria  Tmder  the  Ptolemies 
and  Roman  emperors.     Also  -written  arabarch. 

Philo,  the  principal  of  the  Jewish  embassage,  .  .  . 
brother  to  Alexander  the  alabareh. 

}yhiston,  tr.  of  Josephus,  -\ntiq.,  xvm.  8. 

alabaster  (al'a-bas-ter),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod. 
E.  usually  alablastcr,  allahlaster,<.  JIE.  alabastre, 
alabaster,  alabaustre,  alabast  (=  OD.  alabast, 
abast,  D.  albast  =  Dan.  alabast  =  Sw.  albaster, 
now  alabaster),  <  OF.  alabastre,  F.  albdtrez=Sp. 
Pg.  It.  alabastro  =  MHG.  G.  alabaster,  <  ML.  ala- 
bastrum,  alabaustrum,  alabaster  (the  mineral), 
<  L.  alabaster,  m.,  alabastrum,  neut.,  a  box  or 
casket  for  perfumes,  unguents,  etc.,  tapering 
to  a  point  at  the  top,  hence  also  the  form  of  a 
I'ose-bud,  =  Goth.  alubaUtraun,  <  Gr.  a/M,iac:Tpoc, 
m.,  akajiaoTpov,  neut.,  earlier  and  more  correctly 
oAd/Jaorof,  a  box,  casket,  or  vase  of  alabaster 
(later  also  of  other  materials),  the  mineral 
itself  being  hence  kno'wn  as  alaiiaanrm  or  ala- 
liaarpiTin;  L.  alabastrites  (see  alabastritcs) ;  said 
to  be  named  from  a  town  in  Egypt  where  there 
were  quarries  of  alabaster;  but  in  fact  the 
town  was  named  from  the  quarries,  'A'/a/iaarpiin' 
■!t67.i;  (Ptolemy),  L.  AlabastrOn  oppidum,  i.  e., 
'town  of  alabastra.'  Li  Ar.  and  Pers.  alabas- 
ter is  called  ;'HA'/(f?m.]  I.  n.  It.  A  box,  casket, 
or  vase  made  of  alabaster.  See  alabastrum. — 
2.  A  marble-like  mineral  of  which  there  are 
two  well-kno^\-u  varieties,  the  gypseous  and  the 
calcareous.  The  former  is  a  crystalline  granular  variety 
of  sulphate  of  eakiuin  or  gypsum,  CaS»l4.2HoO.  It  is  of 
\ariuus  colors,  as  yellow,  red,  and  gl".ay,  but  is  most  es- 
teeim-d  when  pure  white.  Being  soft,  it  can  be  formed  by 
tlic  lathe  or  knife  into  small  works  of  art,  as  vases,  statu- 
ettes, etc.  For  this  purpose  the  snow-white,  fine-grained 
variety  found  near  Florence  in  Italy  is  especially  prized. 
Calcareous  or  Oriental  alabaster  (the  atabastriteg  of  the 
ancients)  is  a  variety  of  carbonate  of  calcium  or  calcite, 
occurring  as  a  stalactite  or  stalagmite  iu  caverns  of  liine- 
stone  rocks. 


alabaster 

II.  a.  Made  of  alabaster,  or  resembling  it: 
as,  "  an  alabaster  column,"  Addison,  Travels 
in  Italy.  -Alabaster  glass,  an  opaque  enamel  or  glass 
made  in  iinitutn'u  uf  uhilMustL-r. 

alabastos  (al-a-bas'tos),  II.  Same  as  alahastrum. 

alabastra,  «.     Plural  of  alnbastrum. 

alabastrian  (al-a-bas'tri-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  liki'  aliiljiistor. 

alabastrine  (al-a-bas'trin),  a.  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  resembling  alabaster Alabastrine  posi- 
tive, in  pliiitiKj.,  a  colloiliun  positive  on  kIilss,  in  wliirTi  tliu 
li^'ht  portions  of  the  j)icture  have  Ijeeii  lileaehed  ami 
reiuiereti  jjerniancntly  white  in  u  bath  of  bichlorid  of  mer- 
cury, alcohol,  antl  nitric  and  liydrochloric  acids. 

alabastrites  (al"a-bas-tri'tez),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
u/iriaaTiiiTi/i:,  more  correctly  okajiaaTiTiig  (se. 
>./('«;,  stone),  calcareous  alabaster,  <  a'/.ajiacToc, 
a  box  or  vase:  see  alabaster.']  A  precious  and 
richly  veined  mineral  much  used  in  ancient  art ; 
the  liard  Oriental  alabaster.     See  alabaster,  2. 

It  is  evident  from  Pliny  that  the  Alabastrites  which  this 
Phry^rian  niarhle  resembled  was  diversified  with  varied 
colours.  Stuart  and  lii'irtt,  Antiq,  of  Atlu-ns,  I.  v. 

alabastrum  (al-a-bas'tnun),  11.;  pi.  alaliaiitra 
(-tril).     [L.,  <  Gr.  aMjiacrpop:   see  alabaster.] 

1.  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a  small  elongated 
vase  for  unguents  or  perfumes, 
rounded  at  the  bottom  and  pro\-idea 
with  a  broad  rim  about  a  small  ori- 
fice. Vases  of  this  class  were  originally  so 
called  because  made  of  alabaster;  but  the 
name  was  applied  also  to  vessels  of  similar 
form  and  use  in  other  materials,  as  metal, 
glass  (sometimes  richly  ornamented  in  col- 
or), or  pottery.  Sometimes  called  alabaster, 
alabastos. 

2.  [NL.,  also  alabastrum:  prop.  L. 
alabaster  (ace.  pi.  alabastros,  m 
Pliny),  a  rose-bud:  see  alabaster.] 

A  tlower-bud.— Iconic  alabastrum,  a 
name  sometimes  ^ven  to  :ui  alabastrum 
terminating  above  in  a  figure  or  bead. 

h.  la  carte  (ii  lii  kiirt).  [F. :  a  la 
(see  a  In);  carte  =z  Pr.  Sp.  It.  cnrta, 
<  h  ehnrta  card:  see  cann,  chart,  Alabastrum, 
and  chiirfd.]  By  a  bill  of  fare:  as, 
dinner  a  la  carte,  that  is,  a  dinner  in  which  only 
such  dishes  as  have  been  ordered  from  the  bill 
of  fare  are  paid  for  :  opposed  to  table  d'hote,  in 
which  a  fixed  charge  is  made  coveiing  the  whole 
meal,  whether  all  the  dishes  served  in  regular 
course  are  eaten,  or  only  some  of  them.  See 
cartel,  1. 

alack  (a-lak'),  interj.  [Early  mod.  E.  alac, 
alaeke,  Jforth.  alalce,  alaik:  according  to  Skeat, 
<n9,  all,  +  lad;  failm'e,  fault,  disgrace.  Other- 
wise explained  as  a  variation  of  alas,  q.  v. ;  the 
phonetic  change  is  imusual,  but  interjections 
are  unstable.  .Also  shortened  to  lack.]  An 
exclamation  expressive  of  sorrow.  [Obsolete 
or  poetical.] 

Alofk.  when  once  our  grace  we  have  forgot, 
Nothing  goes  right.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iv,  4. 

Alack,  alack,  his  lips  be  wondrous  cold! 

Ford,  Broken  Heart,  iv.  2. 

alackaday  (a-lak'a-da),  interj.  [Also  alack  the 
day  !  as  if  alas  the  day!  (/oi/ being  vaguely  used. 
Also  shortened  to  hickadai/,  q.  v.]  An  exclama- 
tion expressive  of  regret  or  son-ow.  Also  writ- 
ten alack  the  day.     [Now  rare.] 


Alack  the  day, 
alive  or  dead? 


I  pray  you  tell  me  is  my  boy  . 
Sliak.,  JI.  of  v.,  i 


alacrify  (a-lak'ri-fi),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ahic- 
rified,  jipr.  alacrifyiiig.  [<  L.  alacer,  alacris, 
cheerful, -1- -Jjcare,  </ncere, make:  see-fy.]  To 
make  cheerful;  rouse  to  action ;  excite.  [Rare.] 

alacrioust  (a-lak'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  alacer,  ala- 
cris, lively,  brisk,  quick,  eager,  active,  cheerful 
(>  It.  allegro  =  OF.  alegre:  see  allegro  and  ale- 
ger),  + -oils.]  Acting  with  alacrity;  cheerfully 
prompt  or  brisk. 

'Twere  well  if  we  were  a  little  more  ala^riou^  and  exact 
in  the  performance  of  the  duty, 

Hammond,  Works,  IV,  650, 

alaciiouslyt  (a-lak'ri-us-U),  adv.  With  alac- 
rity; briskly, 

alacriousnesst  (a-lak'ri-us-nes),  n.  Alacrity; 
cheerful  liriskness. 

To  infuse  some  life,  some  alacruixitniess  into  you, 

Hammnnd,  Sermons,  p,  553, 

alacritOUS  (a-lak'ri-tus),  a.  [<  alacrity  +  -ous.] 
Brisk  ;  lively;  cheerful;  full  of  alacrity.  Haw- 
tliurnc. 

alacrity  (a-lak'ri-ti),  n.  [=  F.  alacrite  =  It. 
alacrita.  <  L.  (i?«('nYrt((-)s,  liveliness,  briskness, 
<  alacer.  alacris,  lively,  brisk:  see  alacrioiis.]  1. 
Liveliness ;  briskness ;  sprightliuess, — 2.  Cheer- 
ful readiness  or  promptitude ;  cheerful  mUiug- 
ness. 


127 

I  have  not  that  alaeritt/  of  spirit, 

Nor  cheer  of  mind,  that  I  was  wont  to  have. 

.Sliak.,  Rich,  III,,  v,  3, 

Hence  —  3.  Readiness;  quickness;  swiftness. 

With  a  dream's  alnrrity  of  change, 

The  priest,  and  the  ;.uart  ll.sher  by  his  side, 

Iteheld  the  Kternal  city  lift  its  domes, 

W  hittier,  Dream  of  Pio  Nono, 

Alactaga  (a-Iak'ta-gii),  «.  [NL,,  said  to  be  tlio 
native  name,  in  tlie  Xlongol  Tatar  language,  of 
a  spotted  colt.]  A  genus  of  rodent  mammals,  of 
the  family  Uipodidtc,  or  jerboas,  of  the  murine 
series  of  the  suborder  Simpliddentata,  order 
liodentia.  it  belongs  to  the  same  inhlarmXy  {Dipodina;) 
as  the  true  jerboas  of  the  genus  jDii>K«,  but  is  distinguished 
from  them  by  having  hind  feet  with  5  toes  instead  of  3, 
plain  instead  of  grooved  upper  incisors,  a  small  upper 
premolar  on  each  side,  and  certain  cranial  characters 
resulting  from  less  development  of  the  occipital  region  of 
the  skull.  The  best-known  species  is  A.  jitr\dns,  which 
resembles  a  jerboa,  but  is  larger,  with  a  longer,  tufted 
tail.  It  is  yellowish  above  and  wliite  beneath,  moves  on 
all-fours  as  well  as  by  leaping,  lives  in  colonies  in  under- 
ground burrows,  and  hibernates  in  winter.  Species  of 
the  genus  occur  throughout  a  large  part  of  central  ,\sia, 
Syria,  Aral)ia,  etc,  and  also  in  northern  Africa,  They  are 
commonly  called  jumping  rabbits, 

k  la  cuisse  (a  la  kwes).  [F.,  at  the  thigh:  see 
('(  la  and  cuisse.]  Literally,  at  the  thigh:  ap- 
plied in  her.  to  a  leg  used  as  a 
bearing,  when  it  is  erased  or 
couped  in  the  middle  of  the 
thigli. 

Aladdinist  (a-lad'in-ist),  n.  [< 
Ahiiliiiii,  a  learned  diWno  under 
ilohammed  II.  and  Bajazet  II., 

+  -ist.       The  name  ^fc(rfrf(H,  Ar.       Ahawfslegerased 

A'l-ad-du,.  means  '  height  of  j'JJa.'aiTiai^'^i'ild: 
faith  or  religion ' ;  <  a'ld,  height,   i  f'""'  Beny-s-  Diet, 

,    ,-        I  ■    I      _L       J    it-        _L    of  Heraldry,    ) 

acme,    aliy,  high,  +  al,  the,  + 

din,  faith,  creed.]     A  free-thinker  among  the 

Mohammedans. 

Aladdinize  (a-lad'in-iz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
Aladdini:ed,  ppr.  Aladdinizing.  [Z  Aladdin,  the 
possessor  of  the  magic  lamp,  in  the  ' '  Arabian 
Nights,"  a  common  personal  name  (see  Alad- 
dinist), +  -i:e.]  To  transform  as  if  by  magic. 
.V.  E.  D. 

aladja  (al-a-jii'),  n.  [Prob.  the  same  as  alatcha, 
both  appar,  repr.  Turk,  cdaja,  spotted,  streaked, 

<  ala,  spotted,  -1-  -j<i,  an  adj,  formative.]  A  cot- 
ton stuff  made  throughout  Turkey  and  Greece ; 
nearly  the  same  as  alatcha  (which  see). 

alae,  ».     Plm-al  of  ala. 

alagai  (al'a-gi),  «.      [Cf.   aladja.]    A  mixed 

textile  fabric  of  silk  and  cotton,  obtained  from 

southern  Russia  and  Asia  Minor. 
^-la-grecque,  Ma-grec  (a-la-grek').  »■    [F., 

after  the  Greek  (fashion):  see  a  la  and  Greek.] 

In  arch.,  a  name  for  the  Greek  fret.   Sometimes 

■\%Tittou  aligreck.     Seefrct^,  n. 
Alahance  (al-a-hans'),  n.    [Prob.  of  Ar.  origin.] 

A  small   constellation,   better    called  Sagitta 

(which  see). 
alais^  (a-la-za'),  a.  [F.form,  as  if  pp.  oi'akiiser, 

<  a  raise,  at  ease,  easily :  see  «  la  and  ease.]  In 
her.,  same  as  hiimete. 

Alali,  «.     Plural  of  Alalus. 

alalia  (a-la'li-a),  K.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  *a?Mia,  < 
a'Aa'Aoi;  not  talking:  see  Alalus.]  In  pathol., 
partial  or  complete  loss  of  the  power  of  articu- 
lation, due  to  paralysis  of  muscles  employed  in 
artictilating.     See  anarthria. 

alallte  (al'a-lit),  n.  [<  Ala,  a valleyin  Piedmont, 
+  -lite,  <  Gr.  ?-iffoc,  stone.]     Same  as  diopside. 

Alalus  (al'a-lus),  «. ;  pi.  Alali  (-li).  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
d?.a/of,  not  talking,  <  a-  priv.  +  7.a7.£lv,  talk.] 
Haeckel's  hypotheticiil  "ape-man,"  a  conjec- 
tured genus  of  mammals,  based  upon  the  Pithe- 
canthropus, or  primitive  speechless  man,  sup- 
posed to  have  made  his  appearance  toward  the 
close  of  the  Tertiary  epoch,  in  what  is  usually 
called  the  human  form,  but  destitute  of  the 
power  of  framing  and  using  speech,  as  well  as 
of  the  capacities  accompanying  that  faculty. 
Haeckel  uses  the  terms  Alalus  and  Pithecan- 
thropus interchangeably. 

Tlie  ape-men,  or  Alali,  were  therefore  probably  already 
in  existence  toward  the  close  of  the  tertiary  epoch. 

Ilaeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans,),  II.  182, 

alameda  (a-lii-ma'dji),  «.  [Sp.  and  Pg..  a  pop- 
lar-grove, any  public  walk  planted  with  trees, 

<  Sp.  and  Pg.  alamo,  poplar:  see  alamo.]  A 
shaded  public  walk,  especially  one  planted  with 
poplar-trees.  [Texas,  and  other  parts  of  the 
United  States  settled  by  Spaniards.] 

alamo  (ii'lii-md),  n.  [Sp.,  =  I'g.  alamo,  alemo, 
the  poplar;  Sp.  alamo  bianco,  white  poplar, 
alamo  negro,  'black  poplar,' i.  e.,  alder;  prob. 
(through  'almo,  "alno)  <  L.  ahius,  alder:  see 
alder^!]    The  Spanish  name  of  the  poplar-tree : 


alar 

applied  in  Texas  and  westward,  as  in  Mexico, 
to  species  of  the  Cottonwood  (Populics). 

alamodallty  (ii"lii-md-dal'i-ti),  n.     [<  alamode 
+  -iility,  after  modality.]  Conformity  to  the  pre- 
vailing mode  or  fasliion  of  the  times.     [Hare.] 
Doubtless  it  hath  been  selected  for  me  because  of  its 
alamodality  —  a  good  and  pregnant  word. 

Southey,  Doctor,  Interchaptcr  xx. 

alamode  (ii-lii-mod'),  adv.,  a.,  and  n.  [Formerly 
also  aU-a-mode ;  <  F.  a  la  mode,  in  the  manner 
or  fashion:  see  « /a  and  mof/c]  I.  adv.  In  the 
fashion;  according  to  the  fashion  or  prevailing 
mode. 

II.  a.    Fashionable ;  according  to  some  par- 
ticular  fashion Alamode   beef,  beef  alamode 

(often,  or  more  commonly,  bi'cf  a  la  mod'),  beef  larded 
and  stewed  or  braised  with  spices,  vegetables,  tine  herbs, 
wine,  etc, 

III,  n.   It.  A  fashion. 

For  an  old  man  to  marry  a  young  wife ...  is  become  the 
A  la  mode  of  the  times. 

Kennel,  tr,  of  Erasm,  Moria;  Enc,  p,  44,  (.V,  E.  D.) 
2.  A  thin  glossy  silk  for  hoods,  scarfs,  etc. 
alamort,  k  la  mort  (al-a-morf,  ii  la  mort),  a. 
[Sometimes  ^\Titten  all  amort,  as  if  all,  adv.,  with 
amort,  q.  v. ;  <  F.  a  la  mort,  lit.  to  the  death :  a  la 
(seeato):  ?HO)?,<L.)HOr(f-)«, death:  seemortul.] 
In  a  half -dead  or  moribund  condition;  de- 
pressed; melancholy. 

'Tis  wrong  to  bring  into  a  mix'd  resort 
M'hat  makes  some  sick,  atid  others  a-la-mort. 

Coirper,  Conversation,  1.  292. 

alant,  alantt,  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  allan,  al- 
hiiid,  etc.,  <  ME.  alant,  aland,  alaunl,  <  OF.  alan, 
"allan,  a  kind  of  big,  strong,  thick-headed  and 
short-snouted  dog;  the  brood  wliereof  came 
fii'st  out  of  Albania  (old  Epinis).  Allan  de 
bonchcrie  is  like  ovu-  mastive,  and  serves  butch- 
ers to  bring  in  fierce  oxen,  and  to  keep  their 
stalls.  Allan  gcntil  is  like  a  greyhound  in  all 
properties  and  parts,  his  thick  and  short  head 
excepted.  Allan  vautre,  a  great  and  ugly  cur 
of  that  kind  (having  a  big  head,  hanging  lips, 
and  slouching  ears),  kept  only  to  bait  the  bear, 
and  wild  boar"  (Cotgrave),  also  with  excres- 
cent t,  alant,  allant.  It.  Sp.  alano  =  Pg.  alao,  < 
ML.  alanus,  a  kind  of  hunting-dog,  perhaps 
named  from  the  Alani  (L.  Alani,  Gr.  'A/.avoi),  a 
Scythian  nation  upon  the  Tanais  (Don).]  1.  A 
species  of  large  dog,  used  to  hunt  beasts  of  prey. 
Aboute  his  char  ther  wcnten  white  aiauntz 
Twenty  and  mo,  as  gret  as  any  stere, 
To  himteu  at  the  leon  or  the  dere. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1,  1290. 

2.  In  her.,  a  mastiff-dog  with  short  ears. 

Also  written  aland,  alaun, 
alaund,  alaunt.  etc. 
aland'^  (a.-la,nd'),  prep.  phr.  as 
adr.  [<  Me.  alond,  alondc,  o 
lande,  <  AS.  on  land  (ace.), 
on  Inndc  (dat.) :  on,  E.  on,  a^; 
Ian  it,  lande,  E.  land.]  On  or  at 
land.      [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

He  made  his  shippe  alonde  for  to 
sette. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1,  2166. 

Hd  Fish.   Master,  I  marvel  how  the  fishes  live  in  the  sea, 

Ut  /•'«/),     Why,  as  men  do  a-land;  the  great  ones  eat 

up  the  little  ones,  Shak,,  Pericles,  ii,  1. 

A  well-hooped  cask  our  shipmen  brought  aland 

That  knew  some  white-walled  city  of  the  Khine, 

William  Morri.1,  Earthly  Paradise,  I,  33. 

aland-  (al'and),  n.  [<Dan.  aland,  the  chaven- 
der,  chub,  =  Icel.  dlmi,  *olunn,  a  fish,  supposed 
to  be  the  mackerel,  =  OS.  alund  (Kluge)  =  OHG. 
alant,  ahint,  MHG.  G.  alant,  the  chub  or  mul- 
let ;  origin  obseui-e.]     A  fish,  same  as  orfe. 

aland'^t,  ».     Same  as  alan. 

alandier  (a-lan'der),  n.  [Appar.  <  F.  (i  landier : 
it,  to,  with;  landier,  andiron:  see  andiron.]  A 
fireplace  used  in  connection  with  a  porcelain- 
kiln.     See  kiln. 

alane  (a-lan'),  a.  andnrft'.    Scotch  form  of  ntonf. 

alanin,  alanine  (al'a-nin),  n.  [<L.  al{dehyde) 
+  -«H  (a  meaningless  syllable)  -i- -in-, -inc.-.]  An 
organic  base  (C3H7NO.2)  obtained  by  heating 
aldehyde  ammonia  with  liydrocyanic  acid  in 
presence  of  an  excess  of  hydrochloric  acid.  It 
forms  compounds  both  with  acids  and  -nith 
some  of  the  metals,  as  copper,  silver,  and  lead. 

alantt,  ".     Same  as  alan. 

alantln,  alantine  (a-lan'tin),  w.  [<  G.  alant, 
OHG.  alant  (origin  unknown),  elecampane,  + 
E.  -in^,  -ine-.]  A  substance  resembling  starch, 
found  in  the  root  of  elecampane;  inidiii  (which 
see). 

alar  (a'liir),  a.  [<  L.  alaris,  more  frequently 
(i/«ri«,-((^E.  a/ari/),  <  rt?«,  a  wing:  seeaislc]  1. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  alie  or  wines. — 2.  In 
iof.,bomeintheforksof astern;  axillary;  situ- 


Alan, 

(From  Berry's  "Diet 

of  Heraldry,") 


alar 

atoil  ill  the  axils  or  forks  of  a  plant Alar  artery 

and  vein,  a  small  artery  and  its  attcnduiit  vein  suiiplyiuK 
tlie  axilla,  usually  tcniu'd  the  alar  tfunncir  nrtei-y  and 
vein.  Alar  cartilage,  the  lower  lateral  eartilaj^e.s  "of  the 
nose.—  Alar  cells,  in  mosses,  the  eells  at  the  lta.'*al  am,'le.s 
of  a  leaf. —  Alar  expanse,  "r  alar  extent,  in  i^m  iih.  and 

c?i/iii/)..  the  dislaiite  liiiin  tip  to  tip  of  the  spi-iad  uinijs  of 
a  binl  or  an  inseet. — Alar  flexure,  .^er  _//.  r"/-'.  Alar 
ligaments,  in  anal.,  two  frinsc-like  fuld.s  spiiniiin^  fmm 
the  li;:ainentuni  mueosmnof  the  knee-joint  and  projeeting 
into  the  syno\ial  cavity.  Also  csXWd  plicw  adiimiiOi  Mid 
tiidr^upiuin. 

alargef  (a-Uirj'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  alargcn  =  OF. 
"alarijir  (cf.  OF.  es-luriiir,  V.  chirf/ir,  with  pre- 
fix C.5-,  <  L.  c:r-),  <  ML.  '(ilhirtjirc  (ef.  Pr.  «/«)•- 
gar  =  Sp.  Vg,.  alargar,  <  ML.  allfiri/arc),  <  L. 
ad,  to,  4-  JIL.  Ian/ire,  lanjarc,  enlarge;  cf.  L. 
lanjiri,  give  largess,  grant,  <  largus,  large  :  see 
large.     Ci.  enlarge.']     To  enlarge ;  increase. 

Alaria  (a-la'ri-a),  )(.  [NL.,  <  L.  alarius,  <  ala, 
a  wing:  see  aisJc.']  A  genus  of  olive-brown 
algiB,  found  in  the  colder  parts  of  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  oceans.  The  memhranous  frond  is  from 
3  to  20  feet  long  and  has  a  thick  midrib.  A.  escidenta  is 
varionsly  called  badderlocks,  henware,  or  inurliiis.  Tlie 
midrib  is  nsed  as  an  article  of  food  in  some  parts  of  Scot- 
land and  Ireland,  and  in  Iceland. 

alarm  (a-liirrn').  n.  [Also  alarum,  and  abbrev. 
i(/r«m,  aform,  nowpartly  differentiatedinmean- 
ing,  due  to  rolling  the  )■;  formerly  also  aUarm, 
all  aniie,  alV armij ;  <  ME.  «?«)■)«(•,  used interjec- 
tionally,  alarom,  a  loud  noise  (=  I).  G.  Sw.  Dan. 
alarm,  alarm,  noise,  by  apheresis  G.  Idrm,  Dan. 
larm),<  OF.  alarmc,  "  an  alarum  "  (Cotgrave),  = 
Pr.  aliirma  =  Sp.  Pg.  alarma,  <  It.  allarme,  tu- 
mult, fright,  alarm,  <  all'  armc,  to  arms ! — alle,  < 
a  (<  L.  ad),  to,  +  le,  fern,  pi.,  <  L.  illas,  ace.  fem. 
pi.  of  ilk;  the;  orm<>,  fem. pi., <L.an«fl,  neut.pl., 
arms:  see  «c«»2.]  l.  A  summons  to  arms,  as  on 
the  approach  of  an  enemy ;  hence,  any  sound, 
outcry,  or  information  intended  to  give  notice 
of  approaching  danger. 
Sound  an  alarm  in  my  holy  mountain.  Joel  ii.  1. 

Ready  to  ride  and  spread  the  alarm 
Through  every  Middlesex  village  and  farm. 

Lrmff/t'Ui'W,  Paul  Revere's  Ride. 

2t.  A  hostile  attack ;  a  tumult ;  a  broil ;  a  dis- 
turbance. 

Remove  your  siege  from  my  unyielding  heart ; 
To  love's  alarms  it  will  not  ope  the  gate. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  424. 

3.  A  sudden  fear  or  painful  suspense  excited 
by  an  apprehension  of  danger ;  apprehension  ; 
fright :  as,  there  is  nothing  in  his  illness  to 
cause  alarm. 

1  shook  her  breast  with  vague  alanns. 

Tennyson,  The  Letters. 

4.  A  waming  sound ;  a  signal  for  attention ;  an 
urgent  call,  summons,  ornotiiication.  Specihcally 
— (ff)  In  Jl'iicing,  an  appeal  or  a  challenge  made  by  a  step 
or  stamp  on  the  ground  with  the  advancing  foot,  (b)  In 
/raenuvionry,  a  knock  at  the  door  of  the  lodge  to  give 
warning,  as  of  the  entrance  of  a  candidate  for  initiation. 

5.  A  seLf-aeting  contrivance  of  any  kind  used 
to  call  attention,  rouse  from  sleep,  warn  of 
danger,  etc.  Such  devices  are  made  in  a  great  variety 
of  forms,  as,  for  example,  alarm-cloeks,  fog-bells,  fog- 
whistles,  and  sounding  or  whistling  buoys ;  bells  to  indi- 
cate changes  in  temperature,  the  opening  or  shutting  of 
doors,  gates,  or  drawers,  the  arrival  of  a  given  hour,  or 
the  condition  of  telephone-  and  telegraph-wires ;  signals 
to  call  attention  to  the  escape  of  gas,  steam,  water, 
air,  etc.  — Alarm  check- valve,  a  valve  in  a  steam- 
boiler  usually  closed  by  a  spring  and  opening  under  the 
pressure  of  steam,  used  to  give  an  alarm  when  the  in- 
jector ceases  to  work  or  refuses  to  start.— Electric 
alarm.  See  e(ec(nc.— Low-water  alarm,  in  a  steam- 
boiler,  an  automatic  device  for  giving  a  signal  by  sound- 
ing a  whistle  when  the  water  falls  below  the  point  of 
safety.  =SJT1.  1.  Alarum,  tocsin.  — 3.  Alarm,  Apprehen- 
sion, Friiiht,  Terror,  Dismay,  Consternation,  Panic,  af- 
fright, agitation,  flutter,  perturbation.  These  words  all 
express  degrees  of  fear  in  view  of  possible  or  certain,  per- 
haps imminent,  danger.  Apprehension  is  the  lowest  de- 
gree of  fear ;  the  mind  takes  hold  of  the  idea  of  danger, 
and  without  alarm  considers  the  best  way  of  meeting  it. 
Alarm  is  the  next  stage  ;  by  derivation  it  is  the  alarum  or 
summons  to  arms.  The  feelings  are  agitated  in  view  of 
sudden  or  just-discovered  danger  to  one's  self  or  others. 
Generally  its  effect  upon  the  mind  is  like  that  of  appre- 
hension ;  it  energizes  rather  than  overpowers  the  mental 
faculties.  Fright,  terror,  and  dismay  are  higher  and  per- 
haps equal  degrees  of  fear ;  their  difference  is  in  kind  and 
in  effect.  Friyht  affects  espeiially  the  nerves  and  senses, 
being  generally  the  elfect  of  sudden  fear.  Terror  may  be 
a  later  form  of  fright,  or  independent  and  as  sudden  ;  it 
overpowers  tlie  understanding  and  unmans  one.  Dismay 
appals  or  breaks  down  the  murage  and  hope,  and  there- 
lore,  as  suggested  by  its  derivatimi,  the  disposition  to  do 
anything  to  ward  off  the  peril ;  what  dismays  one  may  be 
the  failure  or  loss  of  his  chosen  means  of  defense.  Friyht 
and  terror  are  often  the  effect  of  undefined  fears,  as'  in 
superstition,  and  are  especially  used  with  reference  to 
physical  fear.  Consternation  overwhelms  the  mental  fac- 
ulties by  the  suddenness  or  the  utterly  unexpected  great- 
ness of  the  danger.  Panic  is  a  peculiar  form  of  fear  ;  it  is 
sudden,  demoralizing,  a  temporary  madness  of  fear,  alto- 
gether out  of  proportion  to  its  cause  ;  there  may  even  be 
no  cause  discoverable.  It  is  the  fear  of  a  mass  of  people, 
or,  figuratively,  of  animals. 


128 

It  was  clear  that  great  alarm  would  be  excited  through- 
out Europe  if  either  the  Emperor  or  the  Dauphin  should 
become  King  of  Spain. 

Macaulay,  Mahon's  Succession  in  Spain. 
Rip  now  felt  a  vague  apprehension  stealing  over  him ; 
he  .  .  .  perceived  a  strange  figure  slowly  toiling  up  the 
rocks.  Irving,  Rip  Van  AVinkle. 

To  go  to  bed  w.as  to  lie  awake  of  cold,  with  an  added 
shudder  o(  friyht  whenever  a  loose  casement  or  a  waving 
curtain  chose  to  give  you  the  goose-flesh. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  30. 
Shadows  to-night 
Have  struck  more  terror  to  the  soul  of  Richard, 
Than  can  the  substance  of  ten  thousand  soldiers. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  X 
Dismay  seized  our  soldiers,  the  panic  spread,  incrcjised 
by  the  heliefrfhat  a  fresh  army  had  come  uj)  ami  was  en- 
tering the  field.  W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  II.  xiii. 
Conceive  but  for  a  moment  the  consternation  which  tlie 
approach  of  an  invading  army  would  impress  on  the 
peaceful  villages  in  this  neighbourhood. 

li.  Hall,  Reflections  on  "War. 
Eacii  {the  child  and  the  soldier]  is  liable  to  panic,  wliicli 
is,  exactly,  the  terror  of  ignorance  surrendered  to  the  im- 
agination. Emerson,  Courage. 

alarm  (a-larm'),  r.  [(.alarm,  n.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  call  to  arms  for  defense ;  give  notice  of  dan- 
ger to;  rouse  to  vigilance  and  exertions  for 
safety :  as,  alarm  the  watch. 

A  countryman  had  come  in  and  alarmed  the  Signoria 
before  it  was  light,  else  the  city  would  liave  been  taken 
by  surprise.  Georye  Eliot,  Romola,  II.  liv. 

2.  To  suqjrise  with  apprehension  of  danger; 
distm-b  with  sudden  fear ;  fill  with  anxiety  by 
the  prospect  of  evil. 

Pan  Hies  alarm'd  into  the  neighbouring  woods. 
And  frighted  nymphs  dive  down  into  the  floods. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  ii.  24.'i. 

A  screech-owl  at  midnight  has  alarmed  a  family  more 

than  a  band  of  robbers.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  7. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  give  an  alarm. 
Now.  valiant  chiefs  !  since  heaven  itself  alarms, 
Vnite.  Pope,  Iliad,  ii.  93. 

alarmable  (a-lar'ma-bl),  a.  [<  alarm  +  -able.] 
Liable  to  be  alarmed  or  frightened. 

alarm-bell  (a-larm'bel),  n.     A  bell  used  in  giv- 
ing notice  ot'  danger,  as  from  the  approach  of 
an  enemy,  from  tire,  etc. 
On  the  gates  alarm-bells  or  watch-bells. 

Milton,  Hist.  Moscovia,  iii. 

alarm-bird (a-larm'berd),  «.  Aspecies  of  tnra- 
cou,  iSclii~orhis  Mniirus,  of  Africa. 

alarm-clock  (a-larm'klok),  n.  A  clock  which 
can  be  so  set  as  to  make  a  loud  and  continued 
noise  at  a  particular  time,  in  order  to  arouse 
from  sleep  or  attract  attention. 

alarm-compass  (a-larm'kum'pas),  II.  A  mari- 
ner's compass  haiing  an  electrical  attachment 
for  indicating  by  an  alarm  any  deviation  of  the 
ship  fi'om  its  course. 

alarm-funnel  (a-lann'fim"el),  II.  A  foi-m  of 
fumiel  for  use  in  tilling  casks  or  barrels,  so 
constructed  that  when  the  liquid  has  risen  to 
a  certain  height  in  the  cask  a  bell  is  rung. 

alarm-gage  (a-Uirm'ga.j),  n.  A  contrivance  for 
indicating  automatically,  by  an  alann,  when 
pressure,  as  in  a  steam-boiler  or  an  air-com- 
pressor, reaches  a  certain  point. 

alarm-gun  (a-liirm'gun),  n.  A  gun  fired  as  a 
signal  of  alarm. 

alarmingly  (a-liir'ming-li),  adv.  In  an  alarm- 
ing manner;  with  alarm;  in  a  manner  or  de- 
gree to  excite  apprehension. 

This  mode  of  travelling  .  .  .  seemed  to  our  ancestors 
wonderfully,  and  indeed  alarminyly,  rapid. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 
alarmism  (a-lar'mizm),  n.  [<  alarm  +  -/»■»(.] 
A  tendency  to  create  alarms,  or  to  be  alarmed 
needlessly;  a  state  of  neecUess  alarm;  the  con- 
dition or  practice  of  an  alarmist.  [Rare.] 
alarmist  (a-lar'mist),  }).  [< alarm  +  -iat:  =  F. 
alarniif:tc.'i  One  who  excites  alann;  one  who 
is  prone  to  raise  an  alarm,  as  by  exaggerating 
bad  news  or  prophesying  calamities,  particu- 
larly in  regard  to  political  or  social  matters. 

He  was  frightened  into  a  fanatical  royalist,  and  became 
one  of  the  most  extravagant  alarmists  of  those  wretched 
times.  Macaulay,  Walpole's  Letters. 

It  was  as  he  approached  fourscore,  during  the  Adminis- 
tration of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  that  the  Duke  [of  Wellington] 
beLanie  an  alarmist.  Gladstone,  Gleanings,  I.  121. 

alarm-lock  (.a-larm'lok),  n.  A  lock,  padlock, 
Vjolt,  latch,  or  knob  so  aiTanged  that  a  bell  is 
caused  to  ring  by  any  movement  of  its  parts, 
or  by  any  attempt  to  open  the  door,  till,  or  the 
like,  to  which  it  is  fastened. 

alarm-post  (a-larm'p6st),  H.  A  position  to 
whieli  trodjis  are  to  repair  in  case  of  an  alann. 

alarm-watch  (a-larm'woch),  n.  A  watch  pro- 
vided with  an  alai-m  which  can  be  set  to  strike 
at  a  given  moment,  in  order  to  attract  attention. 
You  shall  have  a  gold  alarm-watch,  which,  as  there 
may  be  cause,  shall  awake  you.    iSir  T.  Uerbert,  Memoirs. 


a  latere 

alarum  (a-lar'um  or  a-lUr'um),  ».  [A  form  of 
alarm,  diio  to  a  strong  rolling  of  the  r:  see 
alann,  «.]  Same  as  alarm,  but  now  used  only 
ill  sense  4,  except  poetically. 

A  flourish,  trumpets!  strike  ainrum,  drums! 

Shak.,  Kith.  III.,  iv.  4. 
The  dread  alarum  should  make  the  earth  <|uake  to  its 
centre.  Hawthorne,  Olil  Manse. 

She  had  an  alarum  to  call  her  up  early. 

Charlittte  lintnte,  Jane  E>Te,  xx\. 

alarum  (a-lar'um  or  a-lar'um),  v.  t.  Same  as 
alarm. 

Wither'd  murthcr, 
Alarnm'd  by  his  sentinel,  the  wolf. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  il.  1. 
alarum-bell  (a-lar'um-bel),  n.     Same  as  alarm- 
bell. 

No  citizen  can  lie  down   secure  that  he  shall  not  be 
roused  by  the  alarum-bell,  to  repel  or  avenge  an  injury. 

Macaulay,  Dante. 

alary  (a'la-ri),  n.  [<L.  «tar»H.s;  see  afar.]  1. 
Relating  to  wings  or  wing-like  parts;  being 
■ning-like.  Speciflcally  applied,  in  entom.,  to  certain 
muscles  passing  in  pairs  from  the  walls  of  the  pericardial 
chamber  of  some  insects  to  the  abdominal  parietes.  See 
aloe  cordis,  under  ala. 

The  alary  system  of  insects. 

Wollaston,  Variation  of  Species,  p.  45. 
The  alanf  muscles,  which  in  most  insects  are  fan-shaped, 
and  lie  in  jiairs,  opposite  one  another,  on  each  side  of  the 
heart,  either  unite  in  the  middle  line,  or  are  inserted  into 
a  sort  of  f.iseia,  on  the  sternal  aspect  of  the  heart,  to  which 
organ  they  aie  not  directly  attached. 

Hicxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  373. 

2.  In  annt.  and  bot.,  wing-shaped. 

alas  (a-las'),  iiiierj.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  abbr. 
las,  lass;  <  ME.  alas,  alias,  alaas,  allaas,  alace,  al- 
laee,  <  OF.  a  las,  liu  las,  liai  las  (later  lielas,  also 
abbr.  las;  mod.  F.  lielas;  =  Pt.  at  lasso  =  lt.  ahi 
lasso),  <  a,  ah!  (<  L.  ah,  ah!),  -1-  las,  wretched,  < 
L.  lassus,  weary:  see  lassitude.]  An  exclama- 
tion expressive  of  soitow,  grief,  pity,  concern, 
or  apprehension  of  e\'il :  in  old  writers  sometimes 
followed  b\-  the  day  or  the  irhilc :  as,  alas  the  day, 
alas  the  while.     See  alackaday. 

For  pale  and  wanne  he  was  {alas  the  while!). 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Jan. 
Alas,  the  day !  I  never  gave  him  cause. 

Shak.,  OtheUo,  iii.  4. 
Alas  for  those  who  never  sing, 
But  die  with  all  their  music  in  them. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  The  Voiceless. 

Alascan  (a-las'kan),  n.  A  name  given  to  a 
foreign  Protestant  in  England  dming  the  reign 
of  Edward  VI.  So  called  from  John  Laski  or  Alasco, 
a  Polish  refugee  of  noble  birth  who  was  made  superinten- 
dent of  the  foreign  chm'ches  in  London. 

alaskaite  (a-las'ka-it),  n.  [Better  *alasl;ite,  < 
Alaska  (see  def.)+'-i7e2.]  A  sulphid  of  bismuth, 
lead,  silver,  and  copper  found  at  the  Alaska 
mine  in  Colorado. 

Alaskan  (a-las'kan).  a.  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  peninsula  or  ten-itory  of  Alaska  in  X.  W. 
America;  gi-owing  or  found  in  Alaska:  as, 
"Alaskan  cedar,"  Science,  IV.  475. 

alastor  (a-las'tor), )(.  [<  Gr.  ■A/'.<ic-Mp,the  aveng- 
ing deity,  lit.  the  unforgettin^;  cf.  o/.otrrof,  not 
to  be  forgotten,  tmceasing,  <  a-  priv.  +  "/.aaroc, 
verbal  adj.  of  '/.adm;  forget.]  A  relentless 
avenging  spirit ;  a  nemesis.     X.  E.  D. 

Alata  (a-la'ta),  )(.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  L. 
alatiis,  winged:  see  alate-.]  A  name  given  by 
Lamarck  to  a  combination  of  the  moUuscan 
families  Strombida;  Aporrhaida;  and  Struthio- 
lariida;  having  reference  to  the  expanded  wing- 
like outer  lip  of  the  shell.     See  irinii.ihell. 

alatcha(a-la-cha'),  H.  [Seealadja.]  A  cotton 
stufl'  made  in  central  Asia,  dyed  in  the  tliread, 
and  woven  with  white  stripes  on  a  blue  ground. 
E.  Schuider,  Turkistan,  I.  5. 

alate^t  (a-laf),  jjrep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  o-*  for  of 
+  late.]"  Of  late;  lately. 

Where  chilling  frosts  alate  did  nip. 

There  flashcth  now  a  Are.        Greene,  Doralicia. 

alate-,  alated  (a'lat,  a'la-ted),  a.     [<  L.  alatus, 
winged,  <  ala,  wing:   see  aisle.]     1.  Winged; 
having  membranous  expansions  like  wings. 
But  the  Harpies  alate 
In  the  storm  came,  and  swept  off  the  maidens. 

Mrs.  Browninij,  Poems  (1878),  p.  219. 
Speciflcally  —  ((i)  In  bi^t.,  applied  to  stems  and  leafstalks 
with  the  edges  or  angles  longitudinally  expanded  into  leaf- 
like  borders,  or  to  other  organs  having  membranous  ex- 
pansions: opposed  to  apterous.  (6)  In  conch.,  Ih-iving  an 
expanded  lip:  applied  to  shells.  See  cut  under  vl/>orrAai'<f(r. 
2.  In  arch.,  having  wings,  as  a  building:  as, 
"an  (date  temple, "  Stukeley,  Palffiographia  Sacra 
(1763),  p.  73. 

a  latere  (a  lat'e-re).  [L.,  from  the  side :  a  for 
ab,  from;  latere,  abl.  of  latiis,  side:  see  lateral.] 
From  the  side ;  from  beside  a  person :  used  in 
the  phrase  legate  a  latere.     See  legate. 


-1.  <■„/ 


Woodlark  {Aiaucia  arborfn). 


alatem 

alatern  (al'a-t^m),  «.     Samo  as  alatemus. 
alaternus  (fil-:j.-ti'i-'iius),  «.     [Thr  L.  namo 

(I'liiiy).]  A  species  of  lUiiimiiKs,  or  ttucktliorii, 
often  phmtetlin  Kiifjlish  ganU'iis,  liliiimiiKs  Ala- 
trniifs.     See  Jihdiuints. 

alation  (ri-Ui'shon),  «. 

[<L.r(/(/(H.s, winged:  see 
alatc-.']  1.  A  winded 
condition;  tho  state  of 
being  winged  or  of  hav- 
ing wings,  as  a  bat,  or 
parts  resembling  wings, 
as  a  plant. — 2.  Tlio 
manner  of  formation  or 
dispositionof  the  wings, 
espec-ially  In  insects, 
alatratet,  v.  t.   See  alla- 

a    latticinio   (ii  liit-ti- 

che'ni-6).  [It.:  a,  <  L.  ad,  to;  latticinio,  <  L. 
lucticinium,  milk-food,  <  I<ic{t-),  milk:  gee  lac- 
tation.'\  (Decorated)  with  lines  or  bands  of 
opaque  white  glass,  buried  in  the  transparent 
body  of  tho  vessel :  said  of  ornamental  glass, 
such  as  that  made  in  Murano,  near  Venice. 
Alauda  (a-la'dji),  n.  [L.,  the  lark;  according 
to  I'liny,  Suetonius,  and  Gregory  of  Tours,  a 
Gaulish  or  Celtic  word 
(of.  Bret.  alrlioiiriJcf, 
alchoitcdK,  the  hirk); 
said  to  be  "lit.  'great 
songstress,'  from  al, 
high  orgi'eat,  and  and, 
song."  The  W.  name 
iii'licdi/dd,  lit.  'soarer,' 
is  a  diffei-ent  word. 
Hence  It.  iiloda  =  Sp. 
(iUi)itlr<i,  OSp.  nhida, 
(I  Uia  =  Pr.  ahi  uza = OF. 
(line,  with  dim.  JIL. 
Iiiiiduhi,  liiudila,  It.  (d- 
lodolo,  lodola  (dial. 
hidanii),  and  Olt.  alo- 
d(tt<i,allod,tta  =  OSii. 
alotta  =  Pr.  alauzeta 
=  F.  (douettc,  the  lark. 
Cf.  calandra  and  ?«cA'l.]  A  genus  of  birds,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Aluudidu;  or  larks.  The  genus 
Wiis  fi.rmtTly  L-oextelisive  with  the  f.imily,  but  is  now  re- 
striiti-il  fn  such  species  as  the  skyUirk,  ^4.  arvt'iusit;,  and 
the  wniuUark,  A.  arhorea.  The  species  of  Alauda  proper 
are  natives  of  the  old  worhl,  and  inhabit  ehielly  its  northern 
portions ;  they  are  small,  plain-colored,  spi  itled,  and  streak- 
ed birds;  they  nest  on  the  ground,  and  are  noted  for  sing- 
ing as  they  soar  aloft,  and  for  the  delicacy  of  their  flesh. 
See  Alan:/:, Ire  and  larki. 

Alaudidse  (a-la'di-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alauda  + 
-ida.']  The  lark  family ;  a  family  of  birds,  of 
the  order  Passercs  and  suborder  Oscines.  They 
are  notably  distinguished  from  other  oscine  Parens  by 
having  the  tarsi  scutellate  behind,  and  are  therefore  re- 
ferred by  some  to  a  special  series,  Osciiws  fn'idelliplantares, 
in  distinction  from  most  other  Oacines,  which  are  lamini- 
plantar.  By  others,  liowever,  the  Alandulo'  have  been 
rankeil  as  a  subfamily,  Atauditxe,  under  Frinijiliidiv.  The 
hallux  bears  a  lengthened  straightened  claw.  There  arc 
many  genera  and  species,  mostly  of  the  old  world,  and 
especially  of  Africa  ;  only  one  geinis,  kn'timpliita  or  Otv- 
con/s,  the  shore  or  horned  lark,  is  indigenous  to  America. 
The  AlattdidfK  are  mostly  migratory  ;  they  inhabit  open 
country,  nest  on  the  gi-ouud,  lay  colored  eggs,  ami  sing  as 
they  soar ;  some  of  the  species  are  gi'egarious.  See  Alau- 
da and  /r),;,!. 

Alaudina  (al-a-iU'ne),  11.  pi.  [Nil.,  <  Alauda 
+  -JH(B.]  A  subfamily  of  larks.  The  term  repre- 
sents—(n)  X  subfamily  of  Frinfiillidip,  including  all  larks. 
[Disused.]  (b)  A  subfamily  of  .Maudidtr.  Including  the 
typiral  larks  represented  by  the  geiuis  Alauda  and  its  im- 
mediate allies. 

alaudine  (a-lii'din),  a.  [<  Aluuda  +  -ine^.'] 
Having  the  character  of  a  lark;  pertaining  to 
the  Ahiiididcc  or  lark  family. 

There  is  .  .  .  .abundant  evideiice  of  the  susceptibility  of 
the  Alaudliie  structure  to  modification  from  external  cir- 
cumstances. Enctjc.  Brit.,  XIV.  310. 

alaunt,  alaundt,  alauntt,  ".    Same  as  alan. 

Alaus  (a-la'us),  II.  [XL.,  in  form  <  Gr.  aladr, 
blind,<  (i-  priv.-f  /.(i£(r,  see;  but  saidtobe  based 
on  (lAacdai,  wander,  roam,  stray.]  A  genus  of 
click-beotles,  of 
the  family  Kla- 
teridn:  a.  oeula- 
tu.-<,  one  ()f  the  largest 
of  the  North  Ameri- 
can snapi»ing-bee- 
tles,  is  a  well-known 
species  upward  of  lA 
inches  long.  It  has 
two  velvety  Idack 
spots  encircled  with 
white  on  the  pro- 
thorax,  and  white 
dot-s  scattered  over 
the  whole  surface ; 
its  larvrc  live  iu  de- 
caying wood. 
9 


Alb  of  Thomas  h  Bccket  in  the  cathe- 
dral .^t  Sens,  with  app.irels  nt  rich  stutT 
sewed  on  the  bottom  anj  sleeves. 


129 

Alausa  (a-lft'sS),  «.  Same  as  Aloaa. 
albi  (alb),  n.  [■<;  ME.  nlhr,  <  AS.  alhc,  <  ML.  nllm 
(SI',  rr.stin,  garment),  I'em.  of  L.  idliu.s,  white ;  see 
KH^f,  the  French  form.]  1.  Lu  the  Hani.  Ciilli. 
(Jli.  (and  in  many  Anglican  churches),  a  white 
linen  robe,  with  tight  sleeves,  worn  at  the  cele- 
bration of  tho  eucharist  under  the  chasuble, 
cope,  or  dalmatic  by  the  officiating  priest  and 
his  assisianis.  It  reaches  to  the  feet,  and  is  bound 
arnuiid  til.-  waist  by  a  ginlle  called  the  alli-cimi.  fsiially 
it  is  ■iriiaiueiited  at  the  edges  and  wrists  with  embroidery 
111-  larc-work.  The  alb  was  formerly  the  common  dress  of 
till-  iliru\'.  t'olored  aliis  have  been  used  in  the  service  of 
the  Knglish  t'bin-ch.  The  (M)rrespondiug  garment  in  the 
(ireck  fhui-ch  is  the  stoicharion  (which  see). 
A  white  alhc  plain  with  a  vestment  or  cope. 

Hank  of  Commun.  Prayer  (1549). 
Kach  priest  adorn'd  was  in  a  suridice  white; 
Tlie  bishops  donn'd  their  albs  and  copes  of  state. 

Fairfax,  Tasso,  ii.  4. 
2.  In  the  early  church,  a  white  garment  worn 
from  the  Saturday  before  Easter  until  the  first 
Sunday  after  Easter  by  the  newly  baptized. 

Formerly  also  written  idbii,  aU'ic. 
Apparels  of  the  alb,  square  pieces  of  embroidery  ill  col- 
ors or  pii-rioiis  i.rphrey-work  sewed  or  otherwise  fasteind 
upon  the  alli,  commonly  insixjdaees:  much  used  between 
the  eleventh  and  sixteenth  centuries. 
alb-  (alb),  «.     [Turk.]     A  small  Turkish  coin, 
nearly  equal  in  value  to  a  cent. 
alba  (al'bii),  n.     [NL.  (sc.  suhaUinUn),  fem.  of  L. 
albiis,  white,  used  as  a  noim.]     Wliite  librous 
nerve-tissue,  as  distinguished  from  the  gray  or 
cellular. 
The  alba  constitutes  the  columns  of  the  myelon,  etc. 

^y!ldi'r  and  Gage.  Anat.  Tech.,  p.  472. 

albacore  (al'ba-kor),  n.    [Also  formerly  written 
albccore.  albocore  (ef.  F.   "albacore,  a  certain 


^ 


Albacore  or  Tunny  [Orcyftits  atatoftga), 

fish  in  the  Indian  sea,  which  is  very  good 
meat,"  Cotgrave),  <  Pg.  idbacor,  albacora,  al- 
hccora  =  .Sp.  albacora,  an  albacore,  <  Ar.  al,  the, 
+  biikr,  pi.  bakdrat,  a  young  camel,  a  lieifer.] 
1 .  A  name  given  to  several  fi-shes  of  t  he  tunny 
or  mackerel  kind,  specifieall)'  to  the  germon 
or  long-finned  tunny,  Orcymvt  germo  or  U.  aln- 
longa.  See  Orcynus  and  tunnij. —  2.  Tho  Lichia 
glaiica,  a  fish  of  the  family  Carangidw.  Couch. 
Also  i\Titten  albicorc. 

albadara  (al-ba-dii'rii),  n.  The  Arabian  caba- 
listic name  for  the  basal  or  sesamoid  joint  of 
the  great  toe,  to  which  extraordinary  properties 
were  anciently  ascribed. 

alban  (al'ban),  «.  [<  L.  albu.f.  white,  +  -oh.] 
A  white  resinous  substance  e.xtracted  from  gut- 
ta-percha by  alcohol  or  ether.     Ure,  Diet.,  I.  41. 

Albanenses  (al-ba-nen'sez),  «.  pi.  [ML.,  < 
.tlhi  in  Piedmont.]  One  of  the  sects  embraced 
iiniler  tlie  general  name  Cathari  (which  see). 

Albanensian  (al-ba-nen'si-an),  a.  and  h.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  Albanenses. 

II.   II.   A  member  of  the  sect  of  the  Alba- 
nenses. 

Albanian  (al-ba'ni-an),  a.  and  ii.  [<  Albania.'} 
I.  II.  Kelatingor  pertaining  to  modern  Albania, 
or  to  its  inhabitants,  or  their  language,  man- 
ners, customs,  etc. 

II.  II.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Albania, 
a  division  of  European  Turkey,  comprising  the 
greater  part  of  the  ancient  Epirus,  and  ]i;irts  of 
lUyria  and  Macedonia. —  2. 
})l.  Light  cavalry,  formerly 
recruited  in  Albania  and  tho 
neighboring  lands,  and  armed 
according  to  the  Levantine 
fashion  of  tho  time.  There  was 
such  a  corps  in  the  service  of  Charles 
VIII.  and  of  l.ouis  XII.  of  France 
.See  argfdt't  and  estradiol. 

3.  The  language  of  Albania, 
possessing  strongly  marked 
dialects,  and  tisually  classed 
as  Aryan  or  Indo-European. 

[The'adjective  lUld  noun  also  apply 
to  ancient  .-Vlbania,  on  the  western 
coast  of  the  Caspian  sea;  as.  the  Al- 
banian  Gates  {Alliania  Pyla,  now 
the  pass  of  Iierbcud).] 
albarello  (al-ba-rel'6),  H.  [It., 
from  tho  shape,  which  is  held 
to  resemble  a  tree-trunk ;  dim.  of  albero,  a  tree.] 
An  earthen  vessel,  cylindrical  in  general  shape, 


albe 

tho  sides  extern.tlly  concave,  used  in  the  fif- 
teenth century  and  later  as  a  drug-pot. 

albariiun(al-ba'ri-um),  n.  [L.  (sc.  o;)h.s,  work), 
while  stucco;  neut.  of  albariu.s;  pertaining  to 
the  whitening  of  walls.  Cf.  albarc,  whiten,  < 
alliiix,  while.]  A  stucco  or  white  lime  obtained 
from  burnt  nuirble.     McElralli;  Simmoiid.s. 

albata  (al-ba'tii),  »i.  [NL.,  <  L.  albata,  fem.  of 
albalu.s,  clotiietl  in  white,  made  white,  pp.  of 
albarc,  make  white,  <  albu.s,  white.]  An  alloy 
consisting  of  a  combination  of  nickel,  zinc,  ami 
copper  united  in  variims  jirojiortions,  often  with 
antimony,  iron,  lead,  tin,  and  silver.  It  is  awhite 
metal,  resembling  silver  in  ajipearance,  and  is  made  into 
spoons,  forks,  teapots,  etc.  Also  called  Urilij^h  plate  antl 
German  ^'ilvcr. 

lie  was  not  the  genuine  article,  bttt  a  stibstitute,  a  kintl 
of  albata.  Q.  A.  Sala,  Haddington  Peerage,  II.  232. 

Albati  (al-ba'ti),  n.  pi.  [LL.,  pi.  of  L.  albalus, 
clothed  in  white:  nee  albata.'\  A  body  of  fanat- 
ics who  about  1400  appeared  in  Italy  as  peni- 
tents, clad  in  white  gannents.  They  were  sup- 
pressedby  the  pope.  Also  called  Whitrlirrthrcn. 

albatross  (al'ba-tros),  n.  [Formerly  albitross, 
alhi  truss,  nUo  algatross-  (cf.  D.  iilbatrii.s  =  G.al- 
batrii.s.s  (but  D.  usually  stormvogcl,  (.i.stiirmrngcl, 
'storin-ljirtl')  =  F.  albatros,  formerly  algatros,  =: 
It.  «//w(ro  =  Sj>.  ulbatrostc  =  V^.  ulbatro;:,  all 
Jtrob.  from  or  affected  by  the  E.  form),  a  modi- 
tication  («/<"-,  «/</- changeil  to  alb-,  jirob.  in  allu- 
sion to  JL.  albu.s,  white)  of  Pg.  iilcatra:,  a  sea- 
fowl,  cormorant,  albatross,  orig.  a  pelican:  see 
alcatras.l  1.  Aweb-footed  sea-bird  of  the  petrel 
fanuly,  Proccllariida:,  and  subfamily  Diomede- 
tHft'.  About  12  sjieciesof  albatross  are  known,  all  except 
the  sooty  albatross,  Pha-lietria  ftitifjinosa,  belonging  to  the 
genus  Diomedea.  They  arc  distinguished  as  a  group  from 
other  birds  of  the  petrel  family  by  having  the  hind  toe 
rudimentary,  and  the  tidnilar  nostrils  separated,  otie  on 
each  side  of  the  base  of  the  tipper  mandible.  The  bill  is 
stout  and  hooked  .at  the  end,  the  wings  are  very  long,  the 
tail  and  feet  short,  and  the  stature  is  very  great.  Alba- 
trosses inhabit  the  southern  seas  at  large,  aiid  the  whole 
Pacific  ocean,  but  not  the  northern  Atlatitic.  Some  of 
them  are  the  largest  known  sea-birds,  and  all  are  notetl 
for  their  powers  of  (light,  sailing  for  hotu-s,  and  in  any  di- 


Italian  ^Ij/c'i  pottery, 
17th  century. 


Wandering  All>atross  (.Dfomedfa  exulans). 

rection  with  reference  to  the  wind,  tvithout  visible  move- 
ment of  the  wings.  They  nest  lut  the  ground,  ami  lay  a 
single  white  egg.  They  are  very  voracious,  may  be  caught 
with  a  hook  antl  line  baited  with  pork,  ami  when  taken 
on  board  a  vessel  are  observetl  to  walk  with  diflienlty. 
One  of  the  commonest  and  best-known  species  is  the  wan- 
dering albatross,  Ii.  exulaii-<:  it  is  also  the  largest  species, 
having  a  stretch  of  wings  of  about  12  feet  —  an  assigned  di- 
mension of  17-1  feet  being  either  a  great  exaggeration  or 
highly  exceptional.  This  bird  is  mostly  wliite,  with  dark 
markings  on  the  tiitper  parts,  fiesh-colored  feet,  and  a  yel- 
low bill.  The  short-tailed  albatross,  />.  brachiiura,  is  a 
related  but  smaller  spet"ies.  It  goes  far  north  in  the  I^- 
citic  ocean,  where  is  also  found  the  black-footed  albatross, 
D.  ni'iripes  of  .\udubon.  The  yellow-nosed  albatross  is 
I),  elil'irorhi/neli  ux,  to  which  another  species,  D.  eulminata, 
is  closely  related ;  these,  antl  I),  mrlaiiophrit.t,  are  among 
the  smaller  species,  and  of  about  the  size  of  the  snoty.ai- 
batr.iss.  The  latter  is  wholly  dark-colored.  From  their 
habit  of  following  sliips  for  days  together  without  resting, 
alliatri'sses  are  regarded  with  feelings  of  attachment  and 
stiprr-titious  awe  by  saibii-s,  it  being  ci.insidered  unlucky 
to  kill  one.  t'oleridge  h;us  availed  himself  of  this  feeling 
iu  his  ''Ancient  ^lartner."  Also  spelled  allxttros,  and  in 
New  Latin  form  albatrux,  as  either  a  generic  or  a  specific 
desiguatiou. 

2.  A  thin  untwilled  woolen  material  used  for 

women's  dresses. 
albe',  ".     See  n/ftl. 
albe'-'t,  albeet,  conj.    Same  as  albeit.    Spenser. 


albedo 

albedo  (al-be'do),  H.  [ I i., -whiteness,  <  albtis, 
white.]  Whiteness;  s|)ecifically,  the  propor- 
tion of  light  fulling  on  a  surfiice  and  irregularly 
refleeted  from  it:  as,  the  iithrih  of  the  moon. 
albeit  (al-be'it),  i-imj.  [<  ME.  id  he  it,  al  he  it 
that,  like  (il  be  that,  al  were  it  so  that,  etc.,  in  con- 
cessive chmses,  al  being  the  adv.  all,  found  also 
joined  with  thoiii/h  and  (/',  with  the  subjunctive 
of  the  verb  fce;"see  all',  adr.,  2  (/;),  and  ct.  al- 
thouyh.^    Although;  notwithstanding  that. 

WluTi^iis  ye  say,  The  Lord  saith  it ;  alheil  I  have  not 
spoken.  Kzek.  xiii.  7. 

Alliril  so  niask'd,  Madam,  I  love  the  truth. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

Albert  cloth.    See  cloth. 

Albert  coal.    Same  as  aUwrtite. 

Albertia  (al-ber'ti-il),  II.  IN1j.,<  Albert  (Prince 
Albert ).  J  1 .  A  geuiis  of  free  Hotifera,  or  wheel- 
animalcules,  having  a  lengthened  and  vermi- 
form body,  and  the  trochal  disk  reduced  to  a 
small  ciliated  lip  around  the  mouth.  Held  hy 
Scluiiarda  to  constitute  witli  tlie  genua  St^ison  a  separate 
group,  I\'ri}sotrocha.  They  are  internal  para-sites  of  va- 
rious ulii;uL-lia;tons  annelids,  sueh  as  the  earthworm. 
2.  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects.  Bondani,  1843. 
— 3.  A  genus  of  co?lenterates.   Thomson,  1878. 

Albert!  bass.    See  hassi. 

Albertiidae  (al-ber-ti'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  .(/- 
bcrtia  + -i<l(r.']  A  family  of  rotifers,  or  wheel- 
animalcules,  of  which  the  genus  Albertia  is  the 
t\^le.     See  Albertia. 

Albertine  (al'ber-tiu),  a.  Of orpertainingtothe 
younger  and  royal  branch  of  the  Saxon  house 
which  descended  from  Albert  (G.  Albreeht), 
Duke  of  Saxony  (1443-1500) — Albertlne  tracts, 
pamphlets  dealing  with  econonuc  subjeets.  written  about 
1630  under  the  auspices  of  the  Albertiiie  Inaiuli  of  the 
5axon  house,  and  in  opposition  to  a  debasement  of  the  cur- 
rency proposed  by  the  Ernestine  branch  of  the  same  house. 
The  Albertlm  tracts,  according  to  Eoscher,  exhibit  such 
sound  views  of  the  conditions  and  evidences  of  national 
wealth,  of  the  nature  of  money  and  trade,  and  of  llu-  lights 
and  duties  of  Governments  in  relation  to  econuinic  action, 
that  he  regards  the  unknown  autlior  as  entitled  to  a  place 
beside  Itab-i^li  and  the  otliei-  I'.ie^lish  "colonial-theorists" 
of  the  end  (jf  the  16th  and  beuimiing  of  the  17th  century. 
t'licyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  356. 

Albertist  (al'ber-tist),  «.  [<  ML.  Albertista;-p\., 
<  Albtrlus,  Albert.]  An  adherent  of  the  philos- 
ophy of  Albertus  Magnus,  a  German  scholastic 
philosopher  (1193-1280).  The  Albertists  were  only 
recognized  as  a  distinct  school  in  the  uiuversity  of  Co- 
logne in  tile  fifteenth  century.  Tins  school  was  an  otf- 
shoot  from  that  of  the  Thonusts,  from  which  it  differed 
concerning  many  points  of  logic,  physics,  and  theology. 
It  was  attached  to  the  college  of  St.  Lawrence.  The  differ- 
ences which  separated  the  Albertists  from  tile  Thomists 
were  insignificant.  Among  other  point,^.  thr  fniiuer  lield 
that  logic  is  a  speculative,  not  a  practical,  discipline;  tliat 
universals  in  re  and  post  rem  are  identical  (see  iritli't:rml, 
71.) ;  and  that  the  principle  of  Individuation  (which  see)  is 
matter. 

albertite  (al'ber-tlt),  n.  [<  Albert,  name  of  a 
county  in  New  Brunswick,  where  this  mineral 
is  found,  +  -jte^.]  A  hydrocarbon,  pitch-like 
in  appearance,  and  related  to  asphaltum,  but 
not  so  fusible  nor  so  soluble  in  benzine  or 
ether.  It  fills  a  fissure  in  the  lower  carlmniferous  rocks 
at  the  Albert  mine  in  New  iiiuiiswick.  It  is  uscii  in  tlie 
manufacture  of  illuminating  gas,  and  of  illuminating  and 
lubricating  oils.     Also  called  Albert  coat. 

albertype  (al'ber-tip),  n.  [<  Joseph  ^;6erf, 
name  of  the  inventor,  +  tii}w.~\  1.  A  method 
of  direct  printing  in  ink  from  photogi'apliic 
plates.      See  photolithoijraphij. — 2.   A  picture 

Srodueed  liy  this  method, 
bescence  (al-bes'ens),  »i.     [<.  albescent.^     The 
act  or  state  of  gi'owing  white  or  whitish. 

albescent  (al-bes'ent),  a.  [<  L.  albcscen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  albescere,  become  white,  inceptive  of  al- 
bere,  be  white,<  albiis,  white.]  Becomingwhite 
or  whitish ;  moderately  white;  of  a  pale,  hoary 
aspect;  bleached;  blanched. 

albespinet  (al'be-spin),  h.  [<ME.  albespyne,  < 
OF.  alb€Siiiiie,\3.teT  auhes/iiiic,  mod.  F.  aiibepine 
=  Pr.  albcsjiin,  <  ML.  *iilliii  spinua,  the  white- 
thorn (-tree),  in  ref.  to  the  whiteness  of  its  l)ark 
as  contrasted  with  the  blackthorn:  L.  alba,  fem. 
of  allmit,  white ;  .^jrinits,  the  blackthorn,  sloe- 
tree,  <  Kjiina,  a  thorn,  spine :  see  spine.'^  The 
hawthorn,  Cratfegiis  Oxijacantha. 

albicans  (al'bi-kanz),  ?i. ;  pi.  albicantia  (al-bi- 
kan'shi-ii).  [NL.,  sc.  eorjiKS,  body:  see  albi- 
eant.']  One  of  the  corpora  aU)icantia  of  the 
lirniii.     See  corpora  albicuntia,  under  corpus. 

albicant  (al'lji-kant),  a.  [<  L.  albican(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  atbicare,  be  white,  <  albus,  white.]  Becom- 
ing or  growing  white.     A'.  A'.  D. 

albicantia,  ».     Plural  of  albicans. 

albication  (al-bi-ka'shon),  «.  [<  L.  albicure,  pp. 
'albicatiis,  be  white:  see  albicant.~\  In  bot.,  a 
growing  white ;  a  development  of  white  patches 
in  the  foliage  of  plants. 


130 

albicore  (al'bi-kor),  n.     See  albacore. 

albiflcationt  (al"bi-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  allrifi- 
ca<ioiiii,<  .\I1j.  nlbiJicatio(n-),<  albificarc,  whiten: 
see  iilbifii.]  Ill  alcttemij,  the  act  or  process  of 
making  wliite.     Chaucer. 

albiflorous  (al-bi-Ho'ms),  a.  [<  NL.  albijlorus, 
<  L.  albus,  white,  +  flos  (Jlor-),  a  flower.]  In 
bot.,  liaving  white  flowers. 

albifyt  (iirf)i-fi),  r.  t.  [<  ML.  albificarc,  <  L.  al- 
bus, white,  +  -ficare,  ijacerc,  make.]  To  make 
wliite;  whiten. 

Albigenses  (al-bi-jen'sez),  n.pil.  [ML.,  >  F.  Al- 
biijcois,  inhabitants  of  Albi.']  AcoUeetive  name 
for  the  members  of  several  anti-sacerdotal  sects 
in  the  south  of  France  in  the  twelfth  and  thir- 
teenth centuries :  so  called  from  Albi,  in  Lan- 
guedoe,  where  they  were  dominant.  They  revolted 
from  the  Church  of  Rome,  were  charged  with  Manichajan 
errors,  and  were  so  vigorously  persecuted  that,  as  sects, 
they  had  in  great  part  disappeared  by  the  end  of  the  thir- 
teenth century. 

Albigensian  (al-bi-jen'si-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  Albigenses. 

By  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  the  Albigensian 
heresy  had  been  nearly  extirpated. 

I'rescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  1.  7. 

II.  ».  One  of  the  Albigenses. 
albin  (al'bin),  n.     [<  L.  albtis,  white.     See  al- 
bino.']   A  mineral  of  an  opaque  white  color,  re- 
farded  as  a  variety  of  Bohemian  apophyllite. 
biness  (al-bi'nes),  «.     [<  albino  +  -ess.]     A 
female  albino. 

In  tlieiii  [the  negative  blondes]  the  soul  lias  often  be- 
ctniu-  indr  A\  itli  that  lilaiicliiiig  of  the  hair  and  loss  of  color 
in  the  eyes  which  makes  tlicm  api>roach  the  character  of 
aibinfs.'<r,<.  O.  IV.  Ilulines,  The  Professor. 

albinism  (al'bi-nizm),  w.  [<.  albino  +-ism;  = 
F.  albinisme  =  Pg.  albinismo.']  The  state  or 
condition  of  being  an  albino  ;  leueopathy;  leu- 
cisiu.  In  hnt.,  a  ennditinn  <>f  dowers  or  leaves  in  which 
they  are  wliite  instead  of  having  tlieir  ordinary  coli>rs,  uw- 
ing  to  a  iieisistciit  deficieiH'y  of  tin-  usual  rolnring  matter  : 
to  be  distinguished  from  litunt-ltinii  or  etiutation,  where  the 
color  returns  on  exposure  to  light.  Compare  erythrimn. 
Also  written  atbinoism. 

An>irn.^fti  being  well  known  to  be  strongly  inherited,  for 
instance  witli  white  mice  and  many  other  quadrupeds,  and 
even  white  liowers. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  115. 

albinistic  (al-bi-nis'tik),  a.     Same  as  «/6(«o<Jc. 

albino  (al-bi'no),  >i.  [<  Pg.  albino,  orig.  applied 
by  the  Portuguese  to  tlie  white  negroes  they 
met  with  on  the  coast  of  Afi-ica  (=  Sp.  It.  al- 
bino, >  F.  albinos),  <  albo,  now  alro,  =  Sp.  It. 
albo,  <  L.  albus,  white.]  1.  A  person  of  pale, 
milky  complexion,  with  light  hair  and  pink 
eyes.  This  abnormal  condition  appears  to  depend  on  an 
absence  of  the  minute  particles  of  coloring  matter  which 
ordinarily  occur  in  the  lowest  and  last-deposited  layers 
of  the  epidermis  or  outer  skin.  Albinos  occasionally  occur 
among  all  races  of  men. 

Hence — 2.  An  animal  characterized  by  the 
same  peculiarity  in  physical  constitution.  A 
perfect  albino  is  pine  wliite,  with  pink  eyes;  but  there 
may  be  every  degree  of  depuitnre  from  the  normal  color- 
ation, exhitdtiiig  every  variation  in  paleness  of  color  or  in 
spotting  or  iiiaiking  witli  wliite,  such  pallid  or  pied  indi- 
viduals liciiig  called  partiitl  (ifln'/ui.-^.  An  alliino  is  always 
a  sjiort  or  freak  of  nature,  as  wlieii  one  of  a  brood  of  crows 
or  libu  kbinis  is  snow-white:  but  albinism  tends  to  be- 
conic  lu  liditary  and  thus  established,  as  in  the  case  of 
wliite  niiie,  wliite  rabbits,  and  white  poultry.  Any  al- 
liino, tticrcfore.  is  to  be  distinguished  from  an  animal  that 
is  iiatuially  wliite,  like  the  snowy  heron  or  polar  liear,  or 
tliat  iierindically  turns  white  in  winter,  like  the  arctic  fox, 
polar  hare,  or  ptarmigan.  Some  animals  are  more  sus- 
ceptible to  albinism  than  otliers,  but  probably  all  are  lia- 
ble to  the  deficiency  or  total  lack  of  pigment  which  con- 
stitutes this  affection. 

3.  A  plant  the  leaves  of  which  are  marked  by 
the  absence  of  chlorophyl,  or  whose  flowers  are 
exceptionally  white.     See  albinism. 

albinoism  (al-bi'no-izm),  «.     Same  as  albinism. 

albinotic  (al-bi-not'ik),  a.  [<  albino  +  -otic,  as 
in  hypnotic  and  other  words  of  Gr.  origin.]  Af- 
fected with  albinism ;  exhibiting  leueism;  being 
an  albino.     An  equivalent  form  is  albinistic. 

albione  (al-bi-6'ne),  «.  [NL.,  after  L.  Albion,  a 
son  of  Neptune  ?]  A  sea-leech ;  a  leech  of  the 
genus  Pontobdella. 

albion-metal  (al'bi-on-met"al),  n.  [<  Albion, 
poetic  name  of  England  (<  h.  Albion,  Gr.  'A'Afiiuv, 
an  ancient  name  of  Britain),  +  metal.1  A  com- 
bination made  by  overlajnng  lead  with  tin  and 
causing  the  two  to  adhere  by  passing  them,  un- 
der pressure,  between  rollers. 

albite  (al'bit),  n.  [<  L.  albus,  white,  +  -itc-.]  A 
triclinic  soda  feldspar;  a  common  mineral,  usu- 
ally white  or  nearly  white,  occurring  in  crystals 
and  in  cleavable  masses  in  granite  veins,  also 
as  a  constituent  of  many  crystalline  rocks,  as 
diorite  and  some  kinds  of  granite.    Sei^felilsptir. 

albitic(al-bit'ik),«.  [<  albite -h -ic]  Pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  albite ;  containing  albite. 


albumen 

Albizzia  (al-bits'i-il),  n.  [NL.,  <  It.  Albizzi,  a 
noljle  family  of  Tuscany,  who  first  brought  the 
silk-tree  into  Italy.]  A  large  genus  of  legumi- 
nous plants  of  tropical  Asia  and  Africa,  allied 
to  .-icacia.  Many  are  trees  furnishing  a  hard,  strong, 
and  <iurable  wood.  A.  .lulibrxHuin  (the  silk-tree)  and 
A.  Leljlfck  are  frequently  cultivated  for  ornament  in  the 
.MediteiTanean  region  and  in  America.  Tlie  bark  of  an 
Aliyssiiiiaii  species,  A.  aitthelniintica,  known  as  mesenna 
or  iicseiiiia,  is  an  effective  t.Tniafuge. 

albo-carbon  (al'b6-kiir''bon),  n.  [<  L.  albus, 
white,  +  E.  carbon.']  A  solid  residuum  of  crea- 
sote.  Albo-carbon  light,  a  liglit  produced  by  carbu- 
reting ordinary  iiurning-gius  by  the  volatilization  of  albo. 
carbon,  which  is  placed  in  cylindrical  chambers  about  a 
gas-burner. 

albolite  (al'bo-lit),  ti.     Same  as  albolith. 

albolith (al'bo-lith),  n.  [<  L.  albus,  white,  +  Gr. 
/■jSof,  a  stone.]  A  cement  made  by  mixing  pul- 
verized calcined  magnesite  with  fine  silica.  It 
forms  a  hard,  duraiile  coniiiound  which  can  be  molded, 
and  is  found  very  useful  in  lepairing  stonework  and  as 
a  preservative  for  vari<nis  materials  of  construction. 

Alb  Sunday.  [See  alb^  and  Sunday.  Of.  fVhit- 
sunday.]  The  first  Sunday  after  Easter:  so 
called  because  on  that  day  those  who  had 
been  baptized  on  Easter  eve  wore  their  white 
robes  for  the  last  time.  Also  called  Loid  Sun- 
day. 

albuginea  (al-bii-jin'e-ii),  n.  PvL.,  fem.  (se. 
tunicii)  of  an  assumed  L.  "albiigincns :  see  albii- 
gineous.]  In  anut.,  a  name  (properly  tunica  al- 
buginea) applied  to  several  membranes:  (a)  To 
the  fibrous  covering  of  the  testis  beneath  the 
tunica  vaginalis  (sheathing  membrane);  (6)  to 
the  similar  fibrous  covering  of  the  ovary  be- 
neath the  peritoneum;  (c)  to  the  sclerotic  or 
white  of  the  eye. 

albuginean  (al-bii-jin'e-an),  a.  [<  L.  albugo 
(albuyin-),  whiteness,  a  white  spot,  +  -c-an.^ 
Same  as  albugineous. 

albugineous  (al-bii-jiu'e-us),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *al- 
buginius  (>Sp.  Pg.  It.  albngineo),  the  more  cor- 
rect E.  form  being  albuginous  =  F.  albugineux  = 
Sp.  It.  albuginoso,  <  L.  *albu</inosiis,  <  albugo  {al- 
fcH(/i«-),  whiteness :  see  albugo.]  Pertaining  to 
or  resembling  the  white  of  the  eye  or  of  an  egg. 
Equivalent  forms  are  albuginean  and  albuginous. 
—  Albugineous  humor,  the  aiiueous  humor  of  the  eye. — 
Albugineous  tunic,  tlie  allmginea  (which  see). 

albuginitis  (al-bii-ji-ni'tis),  ?i.  [<  albuginea  + 
-Ms.]  Inflammation  of  the  tunica  albuginea  of 
the  testis.     See  albuginea. 

albuginous  (al-bti'ji-nus),  a.  Same  as  albugin- 
riins. 

albugo  (al-bu'go),  n.  [L.,  whiteness,  a  white 
spot,  <  albus,  white.]  A  disease  of  the  eye, 
characterized  by  deep  opacity  of  the  cornea. 
Sometimes  called  leucoma. 

Albula  (al'bu-la),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L.  albulus, 
whitish,  <  fl/6M«i  white :  see  able-,  ablet.]  A  ge- 
nus of  fishes  distinguished  by  their  whitish  or 
silvery  color,  typical  of  the  family  Albulidw. 

albulid  (al'bii-iid),  H.  A  fish  of  the  family  Al- 
bulida- ;  a  bonefish,  ladyfish,  macab6,  or  French 
mtiUet. 

Albulidae  (al-bii'U-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  AtbuU 
+  -ida\]  A  family  of  abdominal  fishes  ha^-ing 
an  elongate  body  covered  with  silvery  scales, 
conical  head  with  produced  overhanging  snout, 
small  mouth,  and  pavement-like  teeth  on  the 
sphenoid  and  pterygoid  bones.  Only  one  species, 
.\lt>iila  vulprs,  is  kritiwii.  It  is  generally  tiistribiited  in 
tropical  seas,  and  is  known  in  tlie  West  Indies  ami  llorida 
as  the  ta>liift>ih  and  boiujisli.  It  is  interesting  from  modi- 
fications of  structure  of  the  heart  which  suggest  the  ga- 
noids.    See  cut  under  ladyjitih. 

Albulina  (al-bu-li'nii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Albula  4- 
-ina.]  In  Giinther's  classification  of  fishes,  the 
fifth  group  of  Cliipeida:  The  technical  characters 
are—  tin-  iii.iiitli  inferior,  of  moderate  width  ami  toothed, 
the  npi"  r  jaw  ]irojectiiig  bc.\oiid  the  lower,  and  the  inter- 
ma.xillarv  juxtaposed  to  the  iipi>er  edge  of  the  maxillary 
bones.  The  group  coiTcsponds  to  the  family  AlbuUdx. 
Preferably  written  Albulimr,  as  a  subfamily. 

album  (al'bum),  H.  [L.,  prop.  ueut.  of  albus, 
white.]  1.  In  Rom.  anti(/.,  a  white  tablet,  on 
which  the  names  of  public  ofljcevs  and  records 
of  public  transactions  were  written,  and  which 
was  put  up  in  a  public  place. —  2.  A  book  con- 
sisting of  blank  leaves  variously  prepared  for 
special  purposes,  as  for  the  reception  or  pres- 
ervation of  autogi'aphs,  photographs,  verses, 
"sentiments,"'  etc.— 3.  A  book  expensively 
printed  or  bound,  containing  short  selections 
of  poetry  or  prose,  usually  illustrated,  and  in- 
tended as  a  gift  or  an  ornament. —  4t.  In  law, 
white  (silver)  money  )iaid  as  rent. 

albumen  (al-lrn'mpii),  ».  [L. ;  albumen  ori.  the 
white  of  an  egg;  lit.,  whiteness,  <  nlbus,  white.] 
1.  The  white  of  an  egg;  hence,  an  animal  and 
vegetable  principle  which  occurs  in  its  purest 


albumen 

natural  form  in  tho  wliito  of  an  cpp;:  in  the 
lattor  sonso  more  correctly  calUnl  tilhiimin 
(which  SCO). — 2.  In  hot.,  any  form  of  nutritive 
matter,    whatever    its   chemical   constitution, 


Seeds  cut  vertically,  showing  tlieir  Embryos  ond  Albumen. 

Btorod  within  the  seed  and  about  the  embryo. 
It  may  bo  furinaceuus,  as  in  the  cereals ;  oily  and  llesliy, 
as  in  many  nuts ;  horny,  as  in  the  eoffee-herry ;  or  hoiiy, 
as  in  the  vepetaltlc  ivory.  Also  ealled  endo^periii. — Albu- 
men glue.     f<ee  iilue. 

albumenize  (al-bvi'men-iz),  v.  t.  See  albnmin- 
/."•(■. 

albumenoid,  ".  and  n.     See  oUmminoid. 

album  graecum  (al'bum  gre'kum).  [L. ;  lit., 
Greek  white.]  The  dung  of  dogs,  etc.,  which, 
from  exposure  to  tho  air,  has  become  white  like 
chalk.  It  was  formerly  used  as  a  medicine,  and 
is  still  used  by  tanners  to  soften  leather. 

albumin  (al-bu'min),  ?(.  [<  \j.'aJbum{en)  +  -iii^. 
See  (ilhidiicii.]  In  clicm.,  a  substance  named 
from  the  Latin  for  the  white  of  an  egg,  in  which 
it  occurs  in  its  purest  natm-al  state  (see  albu- 
men). It  is  a  proximate  principle  composed  of  nitrogen, 
carlion,  hydrni;iii,  and  oxygen,  with  a  little  sulphur,  and 
enters  gener;til>-  into  the  composition  of  the  animal  and 
vegetable  juiee.s  aiul  solids.  Animal  albinniii  al)ounds  in 
the  serum  of  the  blood,  the  vitreous  and  crystalline  hinnors 
of  the  eye,  the  so-called  coagulable  lymph,  the  jnins  of 
flesh,  etc.  Vegetable  albumin  is  found  in  most  \e(.'ttalile 
juices  and  in  many  seeds;  in  composition  and  properties 
it  does  not  differ  greatly  from  animal  albumin.  Albmuiti 
obtained  from  eggs  or  blood-serum  is  used  for  giving  a 
lustrous  coat  iuL' to  plu.tograpbic  paper,  and  rareljin  some 
other  pliotoi,o-aifliie  piore.^ses,  tor  tixing colors  in  printing. 
and  for  claiifying  syinjiy  li.piids.  When  lieutcd  with  such 
liquids  it  coagulates  and  sinks  to  the  bottoni,  <ir  else  rises 
as  a  scum,  cairying  with  it  the  flue  suspended  particles 
which  had  made"  the  liiinid  turbid.  Wheii  allmniiii  in  solu- 
tion is  (ligested  with  a  weak  acid,  it  passes  into  a  niodi- 
flcation  distinguished  by  the  following  properties:  it  is 
insolulile  in  water  anil  weak  saline  solutions,  soluble  in 
weak  acids  or  alkalis,  and  not  coagulated  I'y  heat.  This 
modillcation  is  ealled  aciil  aibintiin.  Similar  treatment 
with  a  weak  or  strong  alkali  produces  a  sidistanee  liaving 
nearly  the  same  properties  as  acid  albninin,  but  ealled 
alkali  albuitiin.  .Syutoninis  not  ilistinguisbalile  fmni  acid 
albumin.  When  a  solution  of  eitlnr  acid  or  alkali  allmuiin 
is  neutralized,  a  neutralization  ])reci]iitate  is  obtained. 
This,  dissolved  in  acid,  gives  acid  allniTiiin  ;  dissolved  in 
alkali,  it  gives  alkali  albumin,  though  tiicie  is  reason  to 
believe  that  neither  the  acid  nor  the  alkali  combines 
chemically  with  the  albumin.  Albimiin  is  found  in  com- 
merce in  a  dry  state,  being  prepared  both  from  the  white 
of  eggs  ami  tnnn  the  sei  inn  of  blood  ;  84  dozen  eggs  pro- 
duce about  l.-i  gallons  of  white,  which  yields  14  per  cent. 
of  commercial  allnniiin,  while  the  blood  of  5  oxen  yields 
about  2  lbs.  I'ure  albminn,  entirely  free  from  mineral 
matter,  begins  to  coagulate  at  about  I'.i'X,  and  becomes 
completely  sididitied  at  1(17'.  Coagulated  albumin  is  a 
white  opaque  snl)stance,  possessing  the  property  of  com- 
bining readi!>  \vith  a  great  many  coloring  materials,  such 
as  fiichsine.  "aidline  violet,  purpnramide,  etc.  It  is  ein- 
ployed  extensively  in  the  arts,  as  in  calico-i)rinting,  in 
which  it  is  used  to  fix  l)igments,  especiall)  ultianiarine, 
chrome-yellows,  etc.,  iipon  the  flbersof  cott-m  cloth,  serv- 
ing lioth  as  avehicle  for  the  color  and  as  a  varnish.  With 
aniline  colors,  howevei-.  it  forms  a  true  mordant. —  Albu- 
min process,  a  littb-used  process  of  making  photo- 
graphic plates,  in  which  allmmin  is  used  instead  of  eidlo- 
dion  or  gelatin. 
albuminate  (al-bii'mi-nat),  11.  [<  albumen  (al- 
buinhi-)  +  -atfi.}  One  of  a  class  of  bodies  in 
which  albumin  appears  to  be  in  weak  combina- 
tion with  a  l)ase.  Alkali  albuminate  is  regarded 
bv  some  as  identical  with  casein. 
albumin-beer  (al-l>u'min-ber),  «.  A  preserv- 
ing bath  which  has  been  used  for  some  early 
photographic  emulsions,  composed  of  albumin, 
ammonia,  pyrogallic  acid,  beer,  and  water, 
albuminiferous  (al-bii-mi-uif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L. 
alhunien  {-min-)  +  fern;  bear.]  Producing  al- 
bumin. (('.  /,.  i'ai-penter. 
albuminiform  (al-bu'mi-ni-form),  a.  [<  L.  al- 
bumen i-min-)  +  -formi!<,<.  forma, iorm.}  Formed 
like  or  resembling  albumin. 
albuminimeter  (al-bii-mi-nim'e-ter),  H.  [<  L. 
aUinmen  (-niiu-)  +  metrum,  <  6r.  fiirfinv,  mea- 
sure.] All  instrument  for  measuring  the  quan- 
tity of  albumin  contained  in  any  liquid. 


131 

albiuninin (al-bu'mi-nin),  n.  [<  albumen (-min-) 
+  -/»'-'.]  The  substance  of  the  cells  inclosing 
tho  white  of  birds'  eggs.  It  contains  no  nitro- 
gen, and  dissolves  in  caustic  potash.  Also 
eallctl  oi'tniH. 

albuminiparous  (al-bu-mi-nip'a-rus),  a.  [<  L. 
albumen  (-min-)  +  -parwi,  <  parere,  produce.] 
Same  as  aUnnninifcrous. 

At  its  upper  end  this  latter  [duct]  has  an  albumimpa- 
rouH  gland  attached  to  it. 

G''[/t'tibaur,  Comp.  Aiiat.  (trans.),  p.  ;iS;j. 

albuminize  (al-bu'mi-niz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
albuminized,  ppr.  albuminizing.  [<  albumin  -\- 
-icc]  To  convert  into  albumin;  cover  or  im- 
pregnate with  albumin,  as  pai)er  for  the  silver- 
jirinting  of  photographs.  Also  written  albu- 
niitiize. 

albuminoid  (al-bii'mi-noid),  a.  and  w.  [<  L. 
albumen  (-min-)  +  -01(1.2  I.  a.  Kesembling  al- 
bumen or  alliurain. 

During  hard  work  a  larger  supply  than  usual  of  altm- 
mitioid  food  is  necessary. 

W.  L.  Carptmter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  192. 

Albuminoid  disease,  lardaceous  tlisease  (which  see,  un- 
der/(;/-((«c.<,;/.<). 

II.  n.  A  substance  resembling  albumin ;  pro- 
teid  (which  see). 
Also  written  albumenoid. 
albuminoidal  (al-bii-mi-noi'dal),  a.     Relating 

to  or  of  tlic  nature  of  an  albuminoid. 
albuminone  (al-bii'mi-non),  n.     Same  as  j>ep- 

Inur. 

albuminose  (al-bu'mi-nos),  a.  [=F.  albumi- 
tieux  =  It.  albumiiioso,  <  NL.  albuminu.'ins,  <  L. 
albumen  {-mitir-):  see  albumen,  albumin.]  1. 
Full  of  or  containing  albumen:  applied  to  tho 
seeds  of  certain  plants,  as  grain,  palms,  etc. — 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  albumin. 

albuminosis  (al-lm-mi-no'sis),  71.  [NL.,  <  L. 
albumen  (-min-)  +  -osi.'i.]  A  condition  of  the 
blood  characterized  by  the  presence  of  more 
than  the  usual  amount  of  albumin. 

albuminous  (al-lni'mi-nus),  a.  Same  as  albu- 
mino.^e.  —  Albuminous  infiltration.   Sec  cloudy  swell- 

iiui,  under  cluintji. 

albuminOUSness  (al-bu'mi-nus-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  albuminous. 

albumin-paper  (al-bii'min-pa"p&r),  n.  Paper 
sized  or  coated  with  alljumiu,  used  for  ordi- 
nai'V  photogi'aphic  printing. 

albuminuria  (al-bii-mi-nu'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  L. 
albumen  (-»(/»-)  +  Gr.  oirpoi',  urine:  see  urine.] 
In  patliol.,  the  presence  of  albumin  in  the  urine, 
indicating  changes  in  tho  blood  or  in  the  kid- 
neys. 

albuminuric  (al-bu-mi-nu'rik),  a.  [<  albumi- 
nuria +  -ie.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
allmminuria. 

alburn  (al'bern),  a.  and  n.  [<  JIL.  alburnus, 
whitish  (see  auburn),  first  as  a  noun,  LL.  al- 
burnus, m.,  a  white  fish,  prob.  the  bleak  or  blay, 
L.  alburnum,  neut.,  sap-wood  (see  alburnum),  < 
albu.'i,  white.]  I.f  a.  An  obsolete  form  of  auburn. 
II.  H.  1.  Same  as  (dburnum. — 2.  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  fish  commonly  called 
tho  bleak. 

alburnous  (ai-ber'nus),  a.     [<  alburnum,  q.  v., 
-I-  -o«».]     Relating  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  albimium. 

alburnum  (al-ber'num),».  [L., 
sap-wood,  prop.  neut.  of  albur-  d 
nus,  which  appears  in  ML.  in 
the  sense  of  Svhitish':  see  au- 
burn.] The  lighter-colored  and 
softer  part  of  the  wood  of  exo- 
genous plants,  between  the  in- 
ner bark  and  the  heart-wood,    it 

is  freiiuently  called   m\,-Wiml.  and   is   »p-m)od ;  M  l,e.-.rt- 
gi-adually  transformed  into  heart-wood  ^^-  '^•■'""' 
or  duramen.     Another  form  is  album. 

Alca  (al'kil),  n.  [ML.  and  NL.,  <  Icel.  alia, 
alka,  auk:"seO((H/ri.T  The  leiuling  genus  of  the 
Alcidie,  or  atik  familv  of  birds,  it  hi»s  been  made  to 
cover  nearly  all  the  species  of  the  family,  but  is  now  gener- 
ally restricted  to  the  gi-eat  auk,  Alca  impennin,  alone  or 
with  the  razor-billed  auk.  A.  tarda  or  Utauiania  tarda. 
See  nah;  and  cut  in  next  column. 

alcabala  (Sp.  pron.  al-ka-ba'la),  «.  Same  as 
idearala. 

Alcadae  (al'ku-de),  n.pl.     Same  as  Alcida:. 

alcahest,  alcabestiC,  etc.     See  alkahe.'it,  etc. 

Alcaic  (al-kil'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Aleaieu-^i.  < 
Gr.  '\/.iiaiii6(,  <  'A/.Kaio;.  Alcanis.]  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  Aleneus,  a  IjTic  poet  of  Mytilene,  in 
Lesbos,  who  flourished  about  600  B.  c— 2. 
[I.  e.]  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  con- 
sisting of  alcaics  :  as,  an  n/c«i(,- strophe.  See  II. 
Alcaic  verse.  See  11. 

II.  n.  [/.  c]    A  line  written  in  one  of  the  mea- 
sures invented  by  Alcsous,    The  moat  important  one 


alcatras 

of  these  consists  of  an  aiiacrimis,  a  trochee,  a  spondee,  and 
two  dactyls.  A  second  consists  of  a  cataleetic  iambic  pen- 
tameter, of  which  the  third  foot  is  always  a  spondee,  and 
the  tirst  may  be.    A  third  consists  of  two  dactyls  followed 


Albui 
aa,   alburnum,    or 


Great  .\..r. 

(From  a  drawing  by  K.  W.  bhuleldt  ancr  Audubon. ) 

by  two  trochees.  Two  lines  of  the  first,  fcdlowed  by  one 
of  the  second  and  <me  <)f  the  third,  constitute  the  alcaic 
strtiphe,  the  commonest  arrangement  of  alcaics.  Tlie  fol- 
lowing is  an  example  of  an  alcaic  strophe  : 

O  mighty-mouth'd  inventor  of  harmonies, 
O  skill'd  to  sing  of  Time  or  Eternity, 
Ood-gifted  organ-voice  of  England, 
Milton,  a  name  to  resoimd  for  ages. 

Tcnm/unn,  Exper.  in  IJuantity,  Alcaics. 

alcaid,  alcayde  (nl-kad';  Sp.  pron.  iil-kii'e-da), 
n.  [<  sp.  I'g.  alenide.  foniieiiy  idetnjde,  a  gov- 
ernor, jailer,  warden,  <  Ar.  al-i/ilid,  <  al,  the  (seo 
«?-2),  -1-  (jelid,  leader,  governor,  prefect,  <  ejdda, 
lead,  govern.]  In  Spain,  Portugal,  etc.,  a  com- 
mander of  a  fortress;  a  military  officer;  also 
a  jailer. 

alcalde  (al-kal'de  ;  Sp.  pron.  al-kiil'da).  ».  [Sp. 
alcalde  (in  Pg.  rt(f«!V/e  by  confusion  with  aleaidc, 
alcaid),  <  Ar.  (d-(jddi,  <  al,  the,  -I-  (jddi,  judge  (> 
Turk,  l-adi,  >  E.  cadi,  q.  v.),  <  qadtni,  judge,  de- 
cide.] In  Sjiain  and  Portugal,  and  in  countries 
settled  by  Spaniards  or  governed  by  Spanish 
law,  tho  mayor  of  a  puel)lo  or  town,  w-ho  is  tho 
headot  the  linmicipal  council,  and  is  vested  with 
judicial  powers  similar  to  those  of  a  justice  of 
the  iieace. 

alcaldeship  (al-kal'de-ship),  «.     Tho  oflSce  of 
alcalde. 
The  heart  of  the  Spanish  local  system  is  the  Alcaldeship. 
C.  II.  ,'iliimi,  .Mining  Camps,  p.  83. 

alcali,  alcalimeter,  alcalizable,  etc.    See  al- 
kali, etc. 
alcamistret,  alcamyt,  etc.    See  alchemist,  al- 

eliemij,  etc. 

Alcanx  (al-ka'ne),  »).  pi.     Same  as  Alcinw. 

alcanna  (al-kan'ii),  n.  [Also  written  alcana,  < 
Sp.  alcana,  alcana  {—  Pg.  alcann((),  <  Ar.  al- 
ln  nnd.<  id,  the,  +  henna,  hnma.]   Sameas/iP/ina. 

Alcantarine  (al-kan'ta-riu),  n.  [<  Sp.  Alcan- 
tara, a  city  on  the  Tag'us,  lit.  the  Bridge,  <  Ar. 
al,  the,  +'(jantarah,  a  bridge.  Cf.  almucantar.'] 
A  member  of  a  branch  of  the  Franciscans 
foundiil  in  1555  by  St.  Peter  of  Alcantara 
(whence  tlie  name).     See  Francitican. 

alcarraza(al-ka-r!i'za;  Sp.  pron.  al-kar-rii'tha), 
n.  [S]).,  <  Ar.  al-kurrdz,  <  al,  the  (see  al--),  + 
kurrdz,  an  earthen  vessel,  pitcher.]  A  vessel 
made  of  porous  unglazed  jiottery,  used  in  hot 
climates  for  cooling  water  by  the  evaporation 
of  the  moistm-o  oozing  through  the  substance 
of  the  vessel.  The  effectiveness  of  the  process  is 
greatly  increased  by  exposure  to  a  euiTent  of  air.  In  the 
southwestern  I'niteil  States  connuoidy  called  alia. 

alcarsin,  «■     See  alkarsin. 

alcatotet,  ".  [E-  dial.,  also  alkitotle  (Eimoor 
Cnurtnliip) ;  origin  obscure.]  A  silly  elf  or  fool- 
ish oaf.     tlloss.  Exmoor  Scolding. 

Wliy,  you  know  T  [am]  an  ignorant,  unable  trifle  in  such 
business,  an  oaf,  a  simple  alcatatc,  an  innocent. 

Ford,  Fancies,  iv.  1. 

alcatras  (al'ka-tras),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  alcatra:,  a 
pelican,  etc.,  prol).  a  modification  of  Pg.  alca- 
truz  =  Sp.  arcadu:,  alcadus,  the  bucket  of  a 
noria  or  water-raising  wheel,  <  Ar.  al,  the,  + 
qddiis,  bucket,  <  Gr.  Kaioc,  a  water-vessel ;  the 
term  "bucket"  being  applied  to  the  pelican  for 
the  same  reason  that  the  Arabs  call  it  saggd, 
water-ciiriier,  because  it  cairies  water  in  its 
pouch  (l)cvic).]  A  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
name  loosely  applied  to  sundry  large  sea-birds, 


alcatras 

as  thepplioan  (Pclecaiiuf),  sannet  (Siila),  alba- 
tross {/)i(imi<lca,  especially  y>./H%«How(),  frig- 
ate-bii-(l  (  Tuchi/pctcs  (K/iiiliin),  etc., "but  of  no  ex- 
act siffiiiticatioii  in  oruitholofiy. 

alcavala  (al-ka-vji'lii),  »,  [Sp.  alaihciUt,  alca- 
nilii,  <  Ar.  (il-qabdiah.  <  «/,  the,  -I-  qnhuhili.  tax, 
duty,  <  (inhulii,  receive:  see  c(ibitl(i.'\  A  tax  of 
one  tenth  formerly  imposed  in  Spain  npon  jiub- 
lic  sales  and  exchanges,  and  jiaid  by  the  seller. 
Also  written  alcubahi. 

alcayde,  ".     See  dlcahl. 

alcazar  (al-ka-ziir';  Sp.  jH'on.  iil-ka-thiir'),  n. 
[Sp.  and  I'g.,  a  castle,  fort,  quart er-deck,  <  Ar. 
alq<i<;i;  <  al,  the,  +  (jiii;i:  a  fortified  ])lace,  iu 
pi.  a  castle,]  1.  In  Spain,  a  fortress  ;  a  castle  ; 
also,  a  royal  palace,  even  when  not  fortified. 

Ue  wr»s  tliL'h  4-<»ruluc-teil  to  the  alcazar,  and  the  keys  of 
the  fortress  were  put  into  his  hand, 

Prcticoft,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  21. 

The  blessed  cross  was  planted  in  place  of  the  standard 
of  Mahomet,  and  the  banner  of  the  sovereigns  floated 
triumphantl.v  above  the  Alcazar.    Irvhifj,  Granada,  p,  51G. 

2.  A  name  given  to  certain  places  of  amuse- 
ment in  France  and  elsewhere,  particularly 
when  decorated  in  the  Moorish  style. — 3. 
Naut.,  the  quarter-deck. 

Alee  (al'se),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oIkti,  elk:  see  e?fcl.] 
A  geuns  of  ruminating  mammals,  comprising 
the  European  elk  and  the  American  moose :  sy- 
nonymous nith  Alces  (which  see).     See  e/i-l." 

Alcedidae  (al-sed'i-de),  n.  pi.     Same  as  Alcccli- 

II  ifllC. 

alcedlnid  (al-sed'i-nid),  H.  A  bird  of  the  fam- 
ily AlccilinhUv ;  a  kingfisher  or  halcj'ou. 

Alcedinidae  (al-sf-din'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
AlcicJo  (Alrediit-)  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  birds, 
the  kingfishers,  referred  to  the  order  Fissi- 
rostrcs  when  that  gi'oup  was  in  vogue,  some- 
times to  a  group  known  as  t^yudactyU,  now  to 
an  order  Pimriw,  which  includes  many  fami- 
lies of  non-passerine  insessorial  birds.  However 
classed,  the  Alc^'dhiidt^  form  a  very  natural  family  of 
birds,  distinguished  by  the  cohesion  of  the  third  and 
fourth  toes ;  the  non-serrate  tomia  of  the  long,  large, 
straight,  and  deeply  cleft  bill ;  the  rudimentary  or  very 
small  tongue ;  the  small,  weak  feet,  unfitted  for  progres- 
sion, usually  bare  of  feathers  above  the  tibio-tarsal  joint ; 
the  long  wings,  of  10  priniai-ies ;  and  a  short  tail,  of  12 
rectrices.  The  family  includes  a  number  of  curious  and 
aberrant  forjns,  among  them  two  genera  (Cei/a;  and  Alcy- 
one) in  which  the  inner  front  toe  is  defective.  All  the  Al- 
ccdinidiv  nest  in  holes  and  lay  white  eggs.  Their  charac- 
teristic habit  is  to  sit  motionless  on  the  watch  for  their 
prey,  to  dart  after  it,  seize  it,  and  return  to  their  perch. 
There  are  about  120  species  in  various  parts  of  the  world, 
referable  to  about  20  genera.  The  family  is  divided  into 
two  subfamilies,  Alcedi7iin/p  and  DaceloniiuE.  Sometimes 
c.ilied  Halcjionidte.     Also  Alcedidce. 

Alcedininse  (al"se-di-ni'ne),  n.  jtl  [NL.,  <  A!- 
ccdo  (Alccdiii-)  +  -ince.']  A  subfamily  of  Akedi- 
nidce,  embracing  the  piscivorous  or  fish-eating 
as  distinguished  from  the  insectivorous  king- 
fishers, or  Dacclonina;.  it  c<uisists  of  about  6  genera 
and  some  60  species ;  one  of  the  genera,  Ceryle,  imUides  all 
the  kingfishers  of  .\merica.  The  common  kingllslu  r  of 
Europe,  Alcedo  ispida,  and  the  belted  kingfisher  of  .North 
America,  Ceryle  alcyon,  are  typical  examples. 

alcedinine  (al-sed'i-nin),  a.  [<  Alcedininw.'] 
Having  the  characters  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Alcedinimc:  applied  to  the  piscivorous  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  halcyonine  kingfishers. 

Alcedinoidese  (al"se-di-noi'de-e),  11.  2>I.  [NL., 
<  Alcedo  (Alccdin-)  +  -oidea-.']  A  superfamily 
of  birds,  containing  the  families  Alccdiiiidw, 
Biiccrotida;,  ilomoUdcB,  Todider.  and  Mcropidw. 

Alcedo  (al-se'do),  n.  [L.,  also  improp.  hulcedo, 
a  kingfisher;  the  same,  with  tlifferent  suffix,  as 
Gr.  a/.Ki'uv,  >  L.  alcyon,  /(«to/o«,  a  kingfisher:  see 
halcjjon .  ]  A  genus  of  kingfishers,  of  the  family 
Alcedinidw  and  subfamily  Alcedininw,  giving 
name  to  these.  A.  ispida  is  the  common  species 
of  Europe.     See  Alccdinidir  and  kinyfislicr. 

Alcelapninae  (al-sel-a-fi'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <^/- 
celaphus  +  -in<v.']  Asubfamily  of  bo-sane  ante- 
lopes, containing  large  species,  such  as  those  of 
the  genera  Alcclaphus  and  Connocluctcs,  or  the 
bubaline  antelopes  of  Africa— the  hart-beests, 
blesboks,  and  gnus.     See  cut  imder  hlcsbok. 

Alcelaphus  (al-scl'a-fus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a'/iai, 
elk,  +  i'/.aooc,  deer.]  The  tj^pical  genus  of  the 
subfamily  AlcihiphiiKC.  ThJ  leading  species  are  the 
bnlialine  aiileiojn-  i.l.  hiiimlix),  the  hartbeest  (,1.  caama) 
and  the  blesliol;  (.1.  albi/ronx). 

Alces  (al'sez),  «.  [L.,  elk,  =Gr.  d/w/,  elk,  =z= 
E,  ftt-l,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  rimainant  mammals 
of  the  deer  family,  Cervida:  They  are  of  immense 
stature,  and  have  a  heavy,  nngaiidy  body,  very  higli  at  the 
witliers ;  a  short,  thick  neck,  with  a  beard  at  the  throat ; 
a  tumid  muzzle  ;  broadly  palmate  horns  in  the  male  ;  long 
ears ;  coarse,  brittle  hair ;  and  no  metatai-sal  gland,  but 
a  small  tarsal  gland  covered  with  reversed  liair.  The 
genus  includes  two  species,  or  one  species  of  two  varieties, 
namely,  the  animal  of  northern  Europe  called  the  elk 


132 


alcohol 


Here  he  the  tavem-beakern,  ami  here  peep  out  the  One 
alchemy  knaves,  looking  like  .  .  .  most  of  our  gallant*, 
that  seem  what  ttiey  are  not. 

MiMlelon,  Yovir  Five  Gallants,  ii.  3. 


and  the  corresponding  animal  of  northern  North  America 

known  as  the  nnfose.     See  »'/A-l,  2,  and  utuone. 
alchemic  (ul-kem'ik),  a.      [Formcrlv  alchymic 

=  !•'.  alcliimi(/i<e,  <  ML.  alchimicu.'i,  <  alrhiinia, 

alchemy:  see  alclicmi/,  and  cf,  chcmic,.']     Kelat-        Ffiniierly  also  spelled  alcln/mi/. 

ing  to  or  produced  by  alchemy.     Formerly  also  alchochoden(al-kd-k6'den),'H.  [Ar.]  Inastrol., 

spelled  alchiimic.  '  the  giver  of  life  or  years;  the  jUanet  which  is 

At  last  lower<d  into  the  semi-conscious  alchemic  state     the  dispositor  of  hyleg  and  in  aspect  with  that 

wherein  misery  turns  to  habit.  ]>lanet  when  a  person  is  born,  indicating  bv  its 

,1„T,=^-.,1  .11,       '•  ,,  n         T'  """•"";■•,"■  '■.«•     position  the  length  of  his  life.  ^    " 

tlcL'SictilJ'S-ken-i'l^l^i.'i)''-!'  '^■"''""■^-  alchynxict,  alchymistt,  etc,     See  amcnic,  etc 

chcuiic  manner;  by  means 

merly  also  spelled  alchi/micalli/. 
LuUy  would  prove  it  alchemically. 

Camden.  Remains,  Money. 


.  ^a,iu,.  u.^„„  ,„  ,„„     alcnynuct,  aichymistt,  etc.     See  alchemic,  etc. 

-1)    adv      In  an   al-  Alcidae  (al'si-de),  ,,.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Alea  +  -iV/«..] 

ot  alchemy.     I<or-     The  auks;  a  family  of  natatorial  sea-birds  hav- 


alchemist  (al'ke-mist),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  al- 
clij/mist,  uk'liimisi,  alciimi.st,  alkemi/.ite  (-aUo  with 
added  term,  -rj-i,  'alclwmistcr,  alchymistcr,  al- 
chimi.'itcr,  <  ME.  idcamistcr,  alkanujstcre,  alka- 
mystrc),  <  OF.  alkcmiste,  alquemistc,  mod.  F. 
alcliimiste  =  Sp.  alquimista  =Pg.  It.  alcliimista, 
<  ML.  alchijmista,  <  alchymia:  see  alchemy  and 
-ist.']  One  who  practises  or  is  versed  in  alche- 
my. Formerly  also  spelled  alchymist. 
You  are  aTi  alchiimist,  make  gold  of  that. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v,  1. 

alchemistert,  »■    Same  as  alchemist. 

alchemistic  (al-ke-mis'tik),  a. 
practising  alchemy. 

Paracelsus  informs  us  that  the  composition  of  his  "triple 
panacea "  can  be  described  only  in  the  language  of  al- 
chemistic adepts.  Pop.  Set.  .Mo.,  XX.  64. 

alchemistical  (al-ke-mis'ti-kal),  a.     Same  as 
alchcini.itic. 


Irregular,  secular  ale,  courageous,  contagious  ale,  al- 
cnmhtical  ale. 
DeHer  and  Webster  (':),  Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall,  i.  2. 

alchemistry  (al-kem'is-tri),  )i.  [Early  mod.  E. 
alclii/ntisfry,  dlchitmistric,  alcumistrie :  see  alche- 
mist and  -ry.  Cf.  chemistry.']  Alchemy.  For- 
merly also  spelled  alchymistry. 


ing  short  wings  and  tail,  palmate  three-toed 
feet,  and  a  bill  shaped  very  variously  in  the 
different  species.  The  body  is  stout  and  clumsv.  and 
the  legs  are  inserted  far  back  and  dcei)ly  buried  in  tlie 
common  integument  of  the  body,  as  in  other  birds  of  the 
order  Pyrfopodes.  The  family  is  variously  subdivided  by 
different  writers,  the  most  obvious  division  being  into  the 
Alchue  proper,  with  stout,  hooked  bills,  comprising  the 
auks,  puffins,  etc.,  anif  the  L'riin<r,  or  guillemots  and 
murres,  with  long,  sleiuier,  acute  bills.  The  family  con- 
tains some  25  species  of  about  12  genera.  The  A  tridce  are 
all  marine,  and  confined  to  the  northern  Atlantic  north- 
ern Pacific,  and  Polar  seas.  Also«ritten.I(<-a<i«'.  .Seecuts 
under  Alca,  murre,  and  pujfin. 

alcidine  (al'si-dln),  a.  [<  Alcida-  +  -iiiel.]  In 
oriiith.,  pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  auk 
family. 
Relating  to  or  Alcinae  (al-si'ne).  ii.  j'!-  [NL.,  <  Alca  +  -(««.] 
A  subfamily  of  birds,  of  the  family  Alcidee.  em- 
bracing the  aitks  proper  and  their  immediate 
allies.  The  bill  is  variously  shaped,  but  always  hard 
and  horny,  stout,  compressed,  and  more  or  less  hooked. 
The  leading  species  of  Alcince  are  the  great  auk,  Alca 
impennis ;  the  razor-bill,  Alca  or  Utamania  tarda;  the 
puffins,  of  the  genera  Fratcrcida  and  Lunda;  and  the 
horn-tiilled  auk,  Ceratorhitncha  mo)iocerata. 

alcinel  (al'sin),  a.  [<  Alces  + -ineK]  Oforper- 
taining  to  the  elk;  noting  the  group  of  Cervidte 
to  which  the  elk  of  Europe  and  the  moose  of 
America  belong. 

alcine'- (al'sin),  (7.     [<  J?ca  +  -(Hel.]    Oforper- 


alchemize  (a"l'ke-miz),  "v.  t.     [Early  mod.  E.  al-     twining  to  the  auk,  Alca,  or  family  Alcida:. 
chymi:c,  alcumi:e,  -isc ;  <  alchemy  +  -i-e.]     To  Alcippe  (al-sip   e),  n.     [NL.,<  Gr.  'Ahi.--,;,  in 


change  by  alchemy;    transmute,   as    metals. 

Lovelace.     [Rare.] 

That  which  becks 
Our  ready  minds  to  fellowship  divine, 
A  fellowship  with  essence ;  till  we  shine 
Full  alchemiz'd  and  free  of  space. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i.  781. 
alchemy  (al'ke-mi),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 

alcliymy,  alcumy,  alcomy,  alcamy,  alkimy,  etc.,  < 

JIE.  alkamye;  also  alknamye,  alkenamyc,  alca- 

mync,  and  hence  alconomie,  alconomy,  alcono- 

mye  (simulating  asJroHomy);  <  OF.  alkemic,  also 

assibilated  alchemie   (mod.   F.  alchimie),  also 

arkemic,  arquemie,  =  Pr.  alkimia  =  Sp.  Pg.  al- 

quimia  (Pg.  also  alchimia)  =  It.  alchimia.  <  ML. 

alchimia,   alchymia,  <   MGr.  iipxiiua,  <  Ai-.  al- 
kimia, <  al,  the  (see  al--),  +  kimia.  <  MGr.  ,X'/M^'<'t 

also  XIF'")  alchemy,  defined  by  Suidas  as  i?  tov 

apyvpov  Kal  xpi'oov  naTadKcvi/,  i.  e.,  the  prepara- 
tion of  silver  and  gold.    Joannes  Antiochenus 

says  that  Diocletian  biu'ned  the  books  of  the 

Egj^ptiaus  iTfpi  x'/f^'^C  apyvpov  nal  xpvyov,  i.  e., 

concerning  the   transmutation   of  silver  and 

gold ;  hence  the  name  has  been  identified  with 

Xijiiia,  the  Gr.  form  of  Klimi,  the  native  name  of     . 

Egypt,  lit.  '  black  earth' ;  but  xiM''^  is  prob.  for  alcippid  (al-sip'id),  n.    [<  Alcippida-. ]     A 

Xviida,  a  mingling,  an  infusion,  <  ;f!'//df,  .iuiee,     doniinal  cirriped  of  the  family  Alcippida:. 

esp.  Juice  of  plants  ( >  E.  chyme,  q.  v.),  <  ",i'«"',  Alcippidae  (al-sip'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Alcippe, 

pour,  akin  to  L.  fundere  =  AS.  f/eotaii,  pour,     1.  +  -ida-.l      A  family  of  eirripeds  of  which 

and  to  E.  gush.     Alchemy  would  thus  be  origi-     Alcippe  is  the  t\-pical  genus. 

nally  the  art  of  extracting  juices  from  plants  Alcmanian  (alk-ma'ni-an),  n.    lili.Alcmanitis, 

for  medicinal  purposes.]     1.  Medieval  chemis-     <  Gr. 'A/Ki/rii',  Doric  of 'A>/i//a/(ji'.]   Pertainingto 
■      "        ■  "  ■    ■  Alcman,  a  SpartauhTic  poet  of  the  seventh  cen- 

tury B.  c,  celebrated  for  his  amatory  verses. — 
Alcmanian  verse  or  line,  a  dactylic  tetrariieter  cataleo 
tic,  or  series  of  three  dactyls  or  spondees  (the  third  foot 
regularly  a  dactyl),  followed  by  a  spondee  or  trochee.  A 
couplet  consisting  of  a  hexameter  followed  by  such  aline 
is  called  an  Alcmanian  distich,  and  this  may  be  used  sin- 
gle or  double  as  an  Alcmanian  strophe  or  staiiza. 
alCO  (al'ko),  ».  [Native  name.]  A  variety  of 
small  dog,  with  a  small  head  and  large  pendu- 
lous ears,  found  wild  in  Mexico  and  Peru,  and 
now  domesticated. 

A  contracted  form  of 


myth,  a  daughter  of  Ares,  <  o/k/},  strength,  + 

i--of,   a   horse.] 
•■5  1.    A    genus    of 

&  cirriped    crusta- 

ceans, of  the 
order  Abdomina- 
lia,  having  three 
pairs  of  abdomi- 
nal limbs,  no 
Alcippe  lampas.  thoracic  limbs  a 

i,female,withinalesseenasdarkspecks  Segmented  body, 
on  either  side  of  upper  part  of  the  sac  ;  a,  t^Q  evCS  extcn- 
feniale,  in  section;  3,  male;  4,  burrow  of      .,  ,    '  -, 

the  animal  in  a  shell ;  H,  homy  disk  of  at-  sue  mOUth,  and 
tachment.  In  the  female  — c  ovary:  h,  fU^  cfk-voo  die 
first  pair  of  cirri;  k.  I,  n,  three  thoracic  'f"  SexeS  (US- 
segments  without  cirri ;  next  are  short  seg-  tmct.  Itisthet3'pe 
ments  bearing  three  abdominal  terminal  „,,,r  ^,,1^-  ,,,p™hpp  \,e 
cirri.  In  the  raale-a.  antennary  appen-  *"?  "'.V*  ™f"!"'«r,°' 
dages;«.  seminal  vesicle  ;<  testis  jmlpe-  «  family  Aloppidtf. 
nis;  *.  orifice  of  sac;  o,  eye.  A  species,  A.  tampas, 

is  found  on  the  Brit- 
ish coast,  biuTowing  in  shells  of  Fu^ts  and  Buccinum 
(whelks). 

2.  A  genus  of  birds,  of  uncertain  position, 
classed  by  G.  R.  Gray  (1869)  as  one  of  the 
JEgifhinida;.  it  was  founded  by  E.  Blyth  in  1844,  and 
contains  12  species,  inhabiting  India,  China,  the  Malay 
peninsula,  and  Borneo.     .-1.  cinerea  is  the  type. 

An  ab- 


try ;  the  doctrines  and  processes  of  the  early 
and  medieval  chemists ;  in  particular,  the  sup- 
posed process,  or  the  search  for  the  process, 
by  which  it  was  hoped  to  transmute  the  baser 
metals  into  gold. 

Alchemy  was,  we  may  say,  the  sickly  but  imaginative  in- 
fancy through  which  modern  chemistry  had  to  pass  before 
it  attained  its  majority,  or,  in  other  words,  became  a  pos- 
itive science.  Eneye.  Brit.,  I.  459. 
2.  Any  magical  or  mysterious  power  or  process 
of  transmuting  or  transforming. 

Oo  laugh,  .  . 
chemy  of  smiles. 


transmuting  imps  into  angels  by  then/-  alcoate   (al'ko-at),    H. 
Alcott,  Tablets,  p.  04.     alcoholate. 


U^.^'^^jtvl°alchem,!'^f  bfe  ™S"'»'""^  protoplasm  alcogene  (al'ko-jen),  n.     [<  alco{hol)  +  -g. 
wrought  the  very  alchemy  of  Wc.^.^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^  ^^      T,ie  vapor-cooler  in  a  distilling  apparatus. 


■gene.'] 

y. 


3.  Formerly,  a  mixed  metal  used  for  utensils, 
a  modification  of  brass  :  so  called  because  be- 
lieved to  have  been  originally  formed  by  the 
art  of  alchemy ;  hence,  an  imitation,  as  alehemv 
was  supposed  to  be  of  brass:  used  figuratively 
by  Milton  for  a  trumpet. 

Four  speedy  (Tierubim 
Put  to  their  mouths  the  sounding  alehiiwu. 

Milton,  I'.  L,  ii.  517. 


alcohate  (al'ko-hat),  n.  A  contracted  form  of 
aleiihiilate. 

alcohol  (al'ko-hol),  H.  [Formerly  also  spelled 
alcoholc,  alkohol,  <  F.  alcohol,  now  alcool,  =  Sp. 
Pg.  alcohol  =  It.  alcohol,  alcool.  alcoolc.  <  ML. 
alcohol,  orig.  in  the  sense  of  a  fine,  impalpable 
I)owder,  the  black  sulphid  of  antimony,  after- 
ward extended  to  any  fine  powder  produced  by 


alcohol 

trituration  or  suliliiiiation,  then  lo  essence, 
quintessence,  or  spirit,  esp.  the  rectified  spir- 
its of  wine,  and  finally  used  as  at  pres<'iit ;  <  Ar. 
ul-koli^l,  <  (il,  tlie,  +  kiih'l,  the  fine  pciwdcrof  an- 
timony used  in  the  East  to  |iiiint  the  eyehrows, 
<k(ili('il(i,  stain,  jiaint.J  1.  A  li(piid,  ethyl  hy- 
drate, C2H5OII,  I'ornied  by  tlio  fermentation  of 


133 

alcoholization  (al'ko-liol-i-Zii'shon),  «.  1. 
The  act  of  rectifying  spirit  till  it  is  wholly  de- 
prived of  impurities. —  2.  Saturation  with  alco- 
hol, or  exposure  to  its  action. —  3t.  The  ai't  of 
reducing  a  substance  to  an  impalpable  powder. 
I'hitliiis,  HiTS. — 4.  Saiuo  as  iilcultolism. 
Also  spelled  iikoholisation. 


'uhiilizcil,  p])r.  (ilcoholizhig. 
1.  To  convert  into  alcohol : 


aqueous  sugar-solutions,  or  by  the  destructive  alcoholize  (al'ko-hol-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  (il- 
distillation  of  organic  bodies,  as  wood.    auhuIu!,-        •    ■■     •  •.,,..  r      ,    ■    ■   , 

or  jittiT  alcolittl  is  ji  culoilt'ss  mobile  liquid,  <>f  a  iileasant 
spirituous  suicll  luiii  buniinj;  tsxstt*,  <»f  specific  gravity  .7!t;i 
at  (ar  1''..  ami  liuilini;  at  173'  K.  It  is  intlaniuiabic,  and 
burns  without  suioke  or  rcsidtie,  tho  products  of  cond)Us- 
tion  being  carbon  dioxid  and  water.  At  vei-y  low  tem- 
peratures it  becouies  viscid,  but  does  not  cont::eal  above 
—  L'OO  ,  and  for  this  reason  is  used  forflllini;  tbermouieters 
to  register  low  temperatures.  It  mi.\es  with  water  in  all 
proportions,  is  a  general  solvent  for  organic  i)rineiiiles, 
bases,  resins,  oils,  etc.,  and  as  such  luls  extensive  use  in  the 
arts  and  in  medicine.  Ditferent  grades  of  alcohol  are  some- 
times designated  in  trade  aeeoniing  to  tile  source  from 
wliich  they  are  derived,  as  ifrain-nlnthol,  prepared  from 
maize orothtfrgrain  ;  ruot-ah-nhitl,  from  j)otatoesand  bi'ets  ; 
vitiiiii-alcolml,  wliiehismadein  largiMiuantityfroni  reindeer- 
moss  and  Iceland  moss  in  Norway,  Sweden,  and  Kussia. 
Alcohol  is  a  powerful  stiumlantand  antiseptic,  and  in  some 
dilute  form  is  used  as  an  intoxicating  beverage  among  all 
races  and  conilitions  of  people.  I'rwif  xjtirit  contains  49.:i 
per  cent,  by  weight  of  pure  alcohol,  or  57.1  per  cent,  by 
volume.  Unth'r proof  ami  overproof  are  designations  of 
weaker  and  strongcr'solutions.  Distilled  Iii|Uols  or  ardent 
spirits,  whisky,  brandy,  gin,  etc.,  contain  40  to  50  per 
cent,  of  absolute  alcohol,  wines  from  7  or  8  to  20,  ale  and 
porter  from  :>  to  7,  and  beer  from  '2  to  10. 
2.  In  popular  usage,  any  licptor  containing  this 
spirit. — 3.  Ill  <ir<iiiinc  ciicm.,  the  general  name 
of  a  series  of  compoumls  which  may  be  regarded 
as  derived  from  the  normal  hydrocarbons  by  re- 
placing hydi'ogen  with  the  group  OH,  orhydro.x-  alcohometer  (al-ko-hom'e. 
yl,  and  which  correspond  to  the  hydroxids  ot     ,,„,,"" 


[(alcohol  +  -(,:('.] 

,  rectify  (spirit)  till 

it  is  wholly  jiurified. — 2.  To  saturate  with  al- 

coliol ;  expose  to  the  intluenco  or  subject  to  the 

effects  of  alcohol. 

The  gum  will  not  penetrate  any  part  which  is  still  alco- 
holized. W.  B.  CarjKHltr,  Micros.,  §  till. 

3t.  To  reduce  to  an  impalpable  powder.    Phil- 
lips,  1706;  Jolinxon. 
Also  spelled  alcoholise. 

alcoholometer  (al'ko-hol-om'e-ter),  n.  [<  al- 
coIkiI  +  (ir.  /lirpov,  measure.]  An  instrument 
for  determining,  by  means  of  a  graduated  scale, 
tho  percentage,  either  by  weight  or  by  volume, 
of  pure  alcohol  in  a  liquid.  Sometimes  con- 
tracted to  almhometrr  and  ulcoomeUr. 

alcoholometrical  (al'ko-hol-o-met'ri-kal),  a. 
Kclatingtn  flic  alcoholometer  or  to  alcoholome- 
try :  as,  <iliuli(il<im<:trical  tables.  Sometimes 
contracted  fo  iilcoometrical. 

alcoholometry  (al"ko-hol-om'e-tri),  n.  [<  «/- 
ailioldiiiitcr.']  Tho  process  of  estimating  tho 
percentage  of  pm-e  or  absolute  alcohol  in  a 
spirituous  liquid.  Sometimes  contracted  to  «^ 
cofitnf  tri/ 

ter),  «.    See  alcohol- 


Alcyonidiidae 

2. — 3.  The  specific  name  of  the  belted  king- 
fisher ot  North  America,  Vvrijli:  alcijim. — 4.  A 
general  name  of  the  kingfishers  of  tho  genus 
llalri/oii  and  otheis  of  the  subfamily  Ituceloni- 
IKV :  as,  the  wood-iilriioii/i,  tree-alci/onn,  etc. 
II.  '(.  Same  as  halri/on. 
Alcyonaria  (al"si-o-na'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alci/diiiiiiH  +  -aria!']  An  order  of  actinozoan 
corals,  or,  as  some  hold,  a  subclass  of  coralli- 
genous  Actiiiozna,  distinguislied  in  this  use 
from  XoutitharUi,  the  other  subclass  of  Aclinozoa 
(whii'h  con  tains  the  sea-anemones,  etc.),  by  hav- 
ing pinnately  fringed  instead  of  simple  tenta- 
cles, arranged  around  I  he  mouth  like  the  rays  of 
a  starfish,  whence  tho  alfernativo  name  Aste- 
roitla.  The  tentacles  of  Moiniiaria  arc  in  one  series  of 
8,  instead  of  C  or  a  multiple  of  (1,  whence  the  alternative 
name  Octocttrnlla,  the  sea-anemones  being  known  jis  IJeia- 
coralla.  For  tlie  same  reason,  the  Alrt/imaria  are  also 
termed  Octactinitr.  The  corallum,  when  present,  isex- 
ternal,  spicidar.  or  with  a  selerobasic  axis,  but  occasion- 
ally thecal  or  tubular.  The  polyps  are  connecli-il  by  the 
ctenosare,  through  which  permeate  prolongations  of  the 
liody-eavity  of  each,  thus  iKTmitting  a  tree  cinulalion  of 
fluids.  There  is  sometimes  an  outer  skelet^jn.  either  with 
or  without  a  ceiural  selerobasic  axis.  The  corallum  is 
rarely  thecal,  never  presenting  traces  of  septa.  (Pancoe.) 
These  compound  organisms  are  fouml  only  in  deep  water, 
and,  except  the  sea-pens,  are  fixed  to  some  foreign  body. 
The  subcliiss  or  order  is  divided  into  several  orders  or  sub- 
orders, of  which  are  :  (a)  the  Alcyomact'<v,  having  a  lea- 
thery contractile  ectoderm  —  a  group  including  the  60- 


the  metals,  such  comitounds  are  classed  as  primarii, 
secoit'htni.  oi-  tritiar;/  al'-ohnh,  acr.»nling  to  their  constitu- 
tion and  the  |>roilucts  .jf  tluir  decomposition.  Primary 
alcohcds  arc  n-ganlcd  as  containing  the  group  CHoOH,  and 
by  oxidation  yield  aldcliyde  and  ultimately  an  acid  of  the 
same  carbon  series.  Secondary  alcohols  are  regarded  as 
containing  tlie  group  CIIOH,  and  by  oxidation  do  not  yield 
aldehyde,  but  a  ketone,  which  on  further  o.xidation  breaks 
up  into  two  acids  of  a  lower  carbon  series.  Tertiary  alco- 
hols are  regarded  as  having  the  group  COH,  and  break  up 
at  once  on  oxidation  into  two  acids  of  a  lower  carbon  series. 
4t.  -An  impalpable  powder. 

If  the  same  salt  shall  be  reduced  into  alcohol  as  the 
chymists  speak,  or  an  impalpable  powder,  the  particles  and 
intercepted  spaces  will  be  extremely  lessened.  Jjtotlc 

.Amylic  alcohol  (CV.HnO),  also  called  hyjratc  n/amiil, 
a  general  name  applicable  to  eight  isomeric  alcohols  hav- 
ing the  formula  given.  The  most  common,  inactive  amid 
alcohol,  is  a  transparent  colorless  liquid,  with  a  strong, 
offensive  oiior.  derived  from  the  fermentation  of  starchy 
matters.     It  is  the  chief  constituent  of  fusel-oil,  a  pro- 


Alcoidese  (al-koi'de-e),  H.  pt.  [NI-j.,  <  Alai  + 
-uiitca:']  A  superfamily  of  birds,  composed  of 
the  Alchhe  or  auks  and  tho  I'rhiatorithv  or 
loons,  and  placed  in  the  order  Cvcomorpha'. 

alcoometer  (al-ko-om'e-ter),  n.  See  alcohol- 
oiinUr. 

alcoometrical  (aFko-o-met'ri-kal),  a.  See  alco- 
Jioltfiiirlrirdl, 

Alcoran  (al'ko-ran  or  al-ko-ran'),  11.  [<  ME. 
alhiiraii,  alkdf'ouii,  <  OF.  alcoraii,  mod.  F.  afco- 
)■(/«=  Sp.  alcorauz=Vg.  alcorao  =  \X.  alcnrano, 
<  Ar.  (d-qorcin,  al-qiirdii,  lit.  the  book,  <  al,  the, 
+  qordii,  qurdii :  see -fforaji.]  Same  as  A'oran. 
Also  spelled  JR'oroH. 

Alcoranic  (al-ko-ran'ik),  a.  Relating  to  the 
Koran  or  to  Mohanamedanism.  Also  spelled 
Allcoranic. 


A  Uyonti  ria, 

I,  Sea-fan  (Rhi^idogorgia  Jlabellum\ :  2.  Sea.pen  {Pennatuta 

phosfhorea) ;  3,  Corttutaria  rugosa. 


duct  of  fermentation  in  distilleries,  which  is  contained  ill  ^IgQj-g^jjjgJj    (al-ko-ran'ish),    a.      \<,  Alcoran   -t- 


crude  spirit,  and  whose  presence,  even  in  small  quantity, 
injuies  the  quality  of  the  spirit.—Anhydrous  alcohol, 
alcohol  entirely  free  from  water. —  Caustic  alCOhOl,  so- 
dium cthylatc,  i'.jII,-,NaO,  or  sodium  alcoholatc,  a  product 
formed  by  addiie^  sodium  to  absolute  alcohol.  It  forms  a 
white  powder,  which  in  contact  with  water  or  moist  ani- 
mal tissue  decomposes  into  alcohol  and  caustic  soda.  It  is 
used  in  medicine  as  a  ciiustic  — Cresyllc  alcohol.  See 
civ.'.i/d'i-.— Methyllc  or  methyl  alcohol,  or  wood-alco- 
hol, alcohol  obtained  by  the  il.stiiK  tivi-  clistillatiiHi  of 
wood.  When  pure  it  is  a  colorb  ss  ninl.ilc  liquid  (rH-.i  ill ), 
with  an  odor  and  taste  like  oidiiiary  alcohol  (ethyl  hydrate, 
C.JH5OU;  see  above),  though  the  commercial  article  has  a 
strong  pyroligncous  smell.  It  is  intlammable.  It  is  a  by- 
protliietin  the  manufacture  of  charcoal,  and  is  used  in  the 
arts  as  a  solvent  for  resins,  also  in  the  manufacture  of 
aniline  dyes.  Also  called  wood-sjnrit,  methal,  Andhydratr 
of  mcthtd. 

alcohoiate  (al'ko-hol-at),  «.  [<  alcohol  +  -«fcl.] 
A  compound  in  wliieh  a  hydrogen  atom  of  al- 
cohol is  replaced  by  an  alkali  metal,  as  potas- 
sium alcohoiate,  or  etliylate,  CQH5OK,  formed, 
with  evolution  of  hydrogen,  when  metallic  po- 
tassium is  dissolved  in  alcohol.  Sometimes 
contracted  to  alcoritr,  olrohale. 

alcoholature  (al-ko-hol'a-tur),  n.  [<  F.  alcoohi- 
tiirr :  see  aU-nhnl.']  An  alcoholic  tincture  i>re- 
pared  witli  fi'csh  ]ilants.     N.  IC.  I). 

alcohol-engine  (arko-hol-en"jin),  n.  A  motor 
em]  lie  iving  t  lie  vapor  of  alcohol  in  place  of  steam. 

alcoholic  (al-kii-li.il'ik),«.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
ot  the'  nature  (if  alcohol. —  2.  Coirtaining  or  us- 
ing alcohol:  as,  an  r(/co//()/(C  thermometer. 

alcoholicity  (al'ko-hol-is'i-ti),  H.  [<  alcoholic 
+  -itij.']     Alcoholic  quality. 

.Some  brandy  is  added  to  the  wine,  by  which  its  alcohol- 
icitt/  rises  to  about  2J  per  cent,  of  jiroof  spirit. 

Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  UM. 


alcoholisable,  etc.    See  alcoliolizablc,  etc. 
alcoholism   (al'lvo-hol-izm),    n.     [<   alcohol   -t 

-i.iiii.]     In  piithoL,  tho  effects  of  excessive  use  alcumistt,   alcumyt. 

of  alcoholic  dl'inks.    They  are  distinguished  as  acute. 

resulting  from  the  consumption  of  a  large  amount  of 

alcoholic  drink  at  once  or  within  a  short  period,   and 

ehfooie.  resulting  from  its  habitual  consmnption  in  smaller 

quantities. 
alcoholizable  (al'ko-hol-I'za-bl),  «.     [<  alcohol- 
ize -(-  -((///(.  I  Capableof  yicldingorof  beingciin- 

verted  into  alcohol.    Also  spelled  alcoholisable. 


(,s/il.]  Same  as  Alcoranic. 
Icoratiish. 
Alcoranist  (al-ko-ran'ist),  n.  [<  Alcoran  + 
-int.  ]  A  M  ussulmau  who  adheres  strictly  to  the 
letter  of  the  Koran,  rejecting  all  comments. 
The  Persians  are  generally  .\lcoranists;  the  Turks,  Arabs, 
and  Tatars  admit  a  multitude  of  traditions.  Also  spelled 
.tll.„m,iisl. 

Alcora  porcelain.    &ee  porcelain. 

alcornoque  (iil-kor-no'ka),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  alcor- 
voquc  (>  It.  ulcoruoch,  tho  cork-tree);  origin 
uncertain.  Cf.  Sp.  Pg.  alcorqiie,  cork  soles  or 
clogs,  cork,  Sp.  corcho,  Pg.  corcha,  cork;  but 
no  etymological  connection  can  be  made  out.] 
Tho  bark  of  a  Brazilian  leguminous  tree,  Jioic- 
dichia  i-injilioides,  formerly  used  as  a  remedy  for 
phthisis.'  Also  written  «ta)n("('<).  American  al- 
cornoque, the  bark  of  several  species  of  HiirKoiiiliia.  used 
in  tanning-  European  alcornoque,  the  bark  ot  the 
smaller  branches  of  the  cork -oak,  Queicu.i  xuber. 

alcove  (al'kov  or  al-kov'),  ».  [<  F.  alcove,  <  It. 
alcucii,  alcovo  =  OF.  aucitbc,  tent,  =  Pr.  alcuba, 

<  Sp.  alcom,  now  alcoba,  =  I'g.  alcovit,  a  recess, 

<  Ar.  al-qolibah,  <  «/,  the,  +  qobbah,  a  vault, 
a  vaulted  space,  dome,  tent,  alcove,  <  qubba, 
vault,  arch,  dome.  No  connection  with  E.corcl.] 
A  covered  recess.  Specifleally  — («)  In  the  strictest 
sense,  any  recessed  bay  or  small  room  attached  to  a  larger 
one,  having  a  coved  or  vaulteil  ceiling.  (6)  Most  commonly, 
a  recess  in  a  room  for  the  reception  of  a  bed,  one  of  the  re- 
cesses or  separate  compartments  for  books  in  a  library- 
building,  a  niche  for  a  scat  or  statue,  etc.  (c)  An  arched 
or  covcTed  seat  in  a  garden,  or  any  natural  recess,  as  a 
clear  space  in  a  grove  or  wood,  a  small  bay,  a  place  nearly 

■  inclosed  by  rocks  or  hills,  and  the  like.  [In  this  use,  chiefly 
jioetical.] 

On  mossy  banks,  beneath  the  citron  grove. 
The  youthful  wand'rcis  found  a  wide  nlcncf. 

Falconer.  Shipwreck. 

Former  spellings  of  al- 


called  dead  men'sflngers;  (/<)  tlie&'or;;<iHtaccrp,orsca-fail8, 
which  are  Viranehed  calcareous  or  horny  corals  ;  (r)  the  Ini- 
dace/f,  which  are  alternately  calcareous  and  horny;  (d) 
the  Tubiporaccce,  or  organ-pipe  corals,  which  are  tubular  ; 
and(e)  the  Pcnnatulcuviv.  or  sea-pens.  See  these  words. 
Some  species  have  the  ajipearance  of  sponges,  others  re- 
semble fans,  feathers,  stars,  etc.  Also  called  llalcrionoida. 
Also  spelled  Al-  alcyonarian  (al'si-o-na'ri-an),  a.  and  11.  [< 
Akijonaria  +  -an.]  I.  a.  Kelatiug  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  order  or  to  a  member  of  the  order 
Alcyonaria.  Equivalent  terms  are  halcijonoid 
and  a.stcroidal. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Alcyonaria  (which  see). 
\'arioiis  forms  of  alci/onarianit,  a  special  group  of  corals, 
were  found  at  considerable  depths.  Scieiux,  IV.  171. 


Also  written  halcyonarian. 

Alcyone  (al-si'6-ne),  H.  [Ii.,<  Gr.  \k7Kv6vti,  in 
myth,  the  daughter  of  .Siolus  and  wife  of  C'ej'-x, 
a  Thessalian  king ;  she  was  changed  into  a  king- 
fisher and  her  husband  into  a  sea-bird.  See 
alci/on.]  1.  A  greenish  star  of  magnitude  3.0, 
the  brightest  of  tho  Pleiades,  ;/  Tauri.  See 
cut  under  J'leiadc.f. — 2.  In  ornith.,  a  genus  of 
kingfishers,  ot  the  i&mWy  Alcedinida\  subfamily 
Dacelonina;  related  to  the  genus  ('(7/.'',  both  be- 
ing distinguished  by  the  rudimentary  condition 
of  tlie  iniiir  front  toe.     Also  written  Ualcyone. 

Alcyonella  (al'si-o-nel'ii),  n.  [NL.,  as  Alcijo- 
n(,ium)  +  dim.  -ella.]  A  genus  of  fresh-water 
Potyzoa,  or  so-called  ascidian  zoophytes,  related 
to  i'lumatclla,  I'rcdericclhi,  and  Iristatelki,  of  the 
family  i'iumatcltida'.  .1.  xtannonon  is  of  a  greenish- 
black  color,  and  is  found  in  stagnant  water.  The  species 
weie  formerly  regarded  as  plants.  Also  written  Ualcyo- 
nella. 

Alcyoniaceae  (al"si-ou-i-a'se-e),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Alcyoniiiin  +  -acca:]  An  order  of  Alcyonaria 
(which  see)  considered  as  a  subclass.  It  is  char- 
acterized by  having  a  leathery  contractile  ectoderm  with 
calcan-ous  siiicules.  but  no  .scleiobasis  ;  the  polypary  is  at- 
tached t<isoine  foreign  object,  and  bears  some  resemblance 
to  a  sponge.  The  order  consists  of  the  families  .I(ei/u/iii</<e 
and  CornulariidiF.  to  which  some  authorities  addTi;fc»- 
(l(/ir.     See  Alriioniidir.     Also  written  Ualriioniacect. 

alcyonic  (al'-si-on'ik),  a.     [<  Alcyonium  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  the   Alcyoniidw.     Also  written 
htdciionic. 
[L.,<Gr.  (i/Muii,  the  Alcyonidiidae  (al'si-on-i-di'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL., 
ineously  d/.iivuv,  >  L.     <  Alcyonidium  +  -«/<(•.]     A  family  of  J'olyzo 


hi-mi.sl,  alchemy. 
alcyon  (al'si-on),  n.  and  a. 

kingfisher;  also  written  erroneously  u/.McJr,  >  L.  <  A'lci/onidiiiin  +  -ida:]    A  family  of  I'olyzoa,  or 

halci/on,  >  E.  halcyon,  the  form  now  usual :  see  so-called  ascidian  zoophytes,  belonging  to  the 

halc'iion.]     I.  11.  1.  An  old  or  poetical  name  of  infundibulate   order   (dyinnoUrmata)    of    that 

the  kingiisher.    Commonly  written  halcyon. — 2.  class,  the  mouth  ha\'ing  no  epistome.    The  family 

leap.]  A  genus  of  kingfishers :  same  as  Halcyon,  forms  witfi  the  ^'csiculariidce  a  group  or  suborder  which 


Alcyonidiidse 

Imsticon  callcii  Clnii'.i'uiiiiti:,  tlic  icll  iipcninRboinK  olosed 
with  mmvinal  sctii-%  uiul  tlu'l'c  bcin^;  no  vibrai^ulii  aii'i  ii" 
Hviculariu.  Aici/onidium  ia  the  U-iuiinj;  or  <inly  k'Hiis. 
Alsn  wi'ittcli  Alriiiniidiitda;  Alnii}iiidid(t\  lUiil  Ilatnti'iti- 
t/iuhr :  lint  t'»  hf  L-onfouiulfil  with  Alryoniidir, 

Alcyonidium  (al'si-o-iiid'i-um),  M.  [NL.,  as -1/- 
(•i/oii-ii(iii  +  dim.  -iiliiim,  <  Gr.  -ifS/oi'.]  A  genus  of 
l'oli/:oii.  of  the  family  Alciionidiiiliv.  A.  rilutim- 
sum',  OIK-  of  the  sptH-it's.  is  Vallrd  raii^i-ii-.stalt  or  inemiaiil's 
^.'lovc.  ami  was  loriutTly  regarded  asaplaiit.  Also  written 
JI(ih->/iuiiiliiiin, 

Alcyoniidse  {iil"si-o-m'i-de),  n. pi.  [NL.,< 
Alri/oiiiiiiii  +  -idtv.'i  A  family  of  aleyonarian 
polyps,  of  the  onler  Alcyoiiiaecrr.  The  leadinc 
genus  is  Aln/onium  (whieh  see).  Kepresentatives  of  the 
family  are  found  in  all  seas  and  at  various  diptlis;  some 
are  ealled  cork-polyps.  Also  written  AlriiiuiidifMidUal- 
cwniiidiv;  not  to  be  confounded  with  At'-iinuidiida'. 

aicyonite  (al'si-o-nit), «.  [<  Alei/oiiium  +  -ife^.'\ 
A  fossil  of  or  lilie  the  genus  Alcj/oiiium;  one  of 
the  sponge-like  fossils  oommou  in  the  chalk  for- 
mation.    Also  written  halcijonite. 

Alcyonium  (al-si-6'ui-um),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  o?- 
ciioiiiuiii,  also  alcyoiicum,  <  Gr.  alKvdvmv,  also 
a/itn>6vcmv,  bastard-sponge,  a  zoophyte,  so  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  nest  of  the  aAKvi)V, 
halcyon:  see  alcyon.']  The  leading  genus  of 
polvps  of  the  family  Alci/oitiidce  (which  see).  A. 
diiii'tatum,  the  so-called  dead  men's  fingers,  dead  men's 
toes,  and  cow's  paps,  is  a  common  British  species.  It  is 
a  lobed,  spongy-looking  body,  pellucid  when  distended 
with  water,  and  covered  with  stellate  apertures  for  the 
polyps.  (Pascoe.)  A.  glomeratum  is  another  species. 
The  name  of  the  genus  is  synonymous  with  Lobularia. 
Also  written  Halcyonium. 

alcyonoid  (al'si-o-noid),  1).  [<  AJciioniuni  + 
-aid.}  A  member  of  the  family  AIci/o)iiidcc  or  of 
the  order  Alcijoniacccc.   Also  written  hulcijonoid. 

aldayt,  adv.  [ME.,<  al,  all,  +  rfn^l.]  Constant- 
ly; continually;  always.     Chancer. 

Ajdebaran  (alde-ba-riin'  or  al-deb'a-ran),  n. 
[Ar.,  the  follower  (i.  e.  of  the  Pleiades).]  A 
chrome  star  of  magnitude  1.0;  a  Tauri. 

aldehyde  (al'de-hid),  n.  [<  (il{cohol)  +  NL.  de- 
hyd(ro(ienafus),  deprived  of  hydrogen,  <  L.  de, 
from,  expressing  deprivation,  +  lii/drogcn.J  1. 
A  transparent  colorless  liquid,  C'H3C't)H,  of 
pimgent  suffocating  odor,  produced  by  the  ox- 
idation of  ordinary  alcohol.  When  exposed  to  the 
air  or  to  oxygen  it  is  converted  into  acetic  acid.  Distinc- 
tively called  acetic  aldehyde  and  vthaldchiide. 
2.  The  general  name  of  a  class  of  compounds 
intermediate  between  alcohols  and  acids,  de- 
rived from  their  corresponding  primary  alco- 
hols by  the  oxidation  and  removal  of  two  atoms 
of  hych'ogen,  and  converted  into  acids  by  the 

addition  of  an  atom  of  oxygen Aldehyde  resin, 

aresiiious  body  formed  by  heati'ngaldehyde  with  imia^ti  in 
alcoholic  solution.  It  is  a  bright  orange-cob-r*  il  jiou  iIlt, 
sparingly  soluble  in_  water,  but  readily  soluble  in  akuhul. 

aldehydic  (al'de-hi-dik),  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  containing  aldehyde. 

alder^  (al'der),  H.     [E.  dial,  alkr,  also  owler ; 

<  ME.  alder,  aldyr,  aldir,  also  aller,  ellir,  oh;  etc., 
the   d  being  in-  ./''-^-. 
serted  as  in  «Me)-                                   t/-'  f  t ''i 
for  alter,  gen.  pi.                   .^<~^  W,K  vJi'Z'x 
otall{seealdcr3);          -      ^        >^t>;.^  - . :,  a 

<  AS.  air,  alor, 
aler  =  D.  els  = 
LG.  eHtT  =  OHG. 
elira,  crila,  erla, 
MHG.  erk,  G. 
erle,  dial,  eller, 
else,  =  leel.  olr, 
elrir,  m.,  elri, 
neut.,  =  Sw.  al, 
dial,  alder,  dlder, 
=  Norw.  older,  also  or,  clle,  =  Dan.  el,  pi.  elle,  = 
Goth.  *ali:a,  *alu~a  (>  Sp.  aliso,  alder)  =  L. 
alnus,  orig.  "alsnus  (>  F.  aune,  alder,  and  per- 
haps Sp.  Pg.  alamo,  poplar:  see  alamo),  = 
OBulg.  jcllhu,  Bulg.  jelha  =  Serv.  jelsha  =  Bo- 
hem,  jelshc,  olshe  =  Pol.  alexia,  olcsa  =  Euss. 
oUkha,  volikha,  dial,  elkha,  elokha,  =  Lith.  Lett. 
eJksnis,  alksnis,  alder.]  1.  The  popular  name  of 
shrubs  and  trees  belonging  to  the  genus  Alnus, 
natural  order  CnpuUfera:  The  common  alder  of  Eu- 
rope is  Alnus  filutinom.  In  the  eastern  United  .States  the 
common  species  are  the  snjooth  alder,  A.  scrnUata,  anil 
the  speckled  alder,  A.  incana.  Both  are  aLso  known  as 
black  alder.  Tliese  are  usiuiUy  tall  shrubs,  rarely  small 
trees.  The  alders  of  the  Pacific  coast,  .4.  r/iuiiibi/tjlifcilnd 
A.  rubra,  freiiuently  grow  to  be  trees  of  medium  size.  The 
bark  of  the  alder  has  been  used  in  several  parts  of  tlie 
world  as  one  of  the  materials  for  dyeing  black  along  with 
copperas  or  iron  liquor,  and  also  in  "obtaining  other  colors, 
as  brownish  yellow  or  orange.     See  Alnus. 

2.  A  name  of  species  of  other  widely  differ- 
ent genera,  from  their  resemblance  to"  true  al- 
ders. The  Idack  or  berry-bearing  alder  of  Europe  is  the 
alder-btn-kthorn.  lihamnu.^  Franiiula.  In  southern  Africa 
the  name  red  alder  is  given  to  tin-  C'timniu  Capcnsi,^,  and 
white  alder  to  Platiiluphus  tri/nluihis,  lii.th  saxifraga(;eous 
shrubs.    In  North  America  the  lU-x  verticiUata  is  some- 


Alder  [AIkus  ^Ititinosa). 


134 

times  called  black  alder,  the  Ithammis  alnifolia  dwarf  al 
dcr,  anil  the  ('hthrn  (itni/otitt  white  alder. 

alder'-'t,  "•  and  n.     An  old  form  of  elder". 

alder'H,  allert,  «■  [ME.,  also  written  altlier,  al- 
dr<;  aler,  aire,  <  AS.  ealra,  also  alra,  gen.  pi.  of 
call,  all :  see  all.  The  d  is  inserted  as  in  n(- 
rfc;-!.]  The  Middle  English  genitive  plural  of 
(ill.  From  its  eoimuon  occurrence  before  adjectives  in  the 
superlative  it  came  to  be  regarded  as  a  prefix  of  such  ad- 
jectives :  as,  atder-Jirst,  first  of  all ;  aider-best,  best  of  all : 
aldcr-lie/est  or  alder -lie  vest,  dearest  of  all.  It  is  also  used, 
in  the  form  aller,  with  the  genitive  plm-al  of  personal  pro- 
nouns :  as,  youre  aller,  of  all  of  you  ;  oure  aller,  of  all  of 
us ;  here  allt-r,  of  all  of  them. 

A-morwe  w-han  the  day  bigan  to  sprynge, 
Up  ros  our  hoste,  and  was  oure  aller  cok. 

Vliaiicn-,  (icn.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  823. 
Vnn,  mine  ahhr-lir/est  sovereign.    Sfiak.,  2  Hen.'VI.,  i.  1. 

alder-buckthorn  (al'der-buk"th6rn),  n.  The 
ExLTopean-plnntMhamnusFrangulu.  BeeRham- 
nus. 

alderman  (al'der-man),  H. ;  pi.  aldermen  (-men). 
[<  ME.  alderman,  atdermon,  <  AS.  ealdorman  (= 
OXorth.  aldormon,  -mann,  -monn),  <  caldor,  a 
prince,  chief,  elder,  +  man  (mann,  mon,  monn), 
man:  see  alder^,  elder^,  n.,  and  /«««.]  1.  In  the 
Anglo-Saxon  period  of  English  history,  a  title 
meaning  at  first  simply  chieftain  or  lord,  but 
later  tised  specifically  to  denote  the  chief  magis- 
trate of  a  county  or  group  of  counties.  The  office 
was  both  civil  and  military,  and  w:is  tending  to  become  a 
great  hereditary  benefice  when  it  was  replaced,  under  Ca- 
nute, by  the  earldom.  After  tliis  the  name  was  applied  to 
any  head  man,  as  the  head  man  of  a  guild. 

If  the  earlier  kingdoms  were  restored,  the  place  of  the 
king  in  each  was  taken  by  ati  ealdorman,  who,  however 
independent  and  powerful  he  might  be,  was  still  named 
by  the  West-Saxon  sovereign,  and  could  be  deposed  by 
that  ruler  and  the  national  Witan. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  218. 

The  ealdormen  were  nobles  by  birth,  and  generally  the 

leaders  in  war.  Stille,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  203. 

Hence  —  2.  In  modem  usage,  a  magistrate  of  a 
city  or  borough,  ne.xt  in  rank  to  the  mayor.  In 
England  and  Ireland,  besides  being  a  member  of'the  com- 
mon council,  which  manages  the  atfairsof  the  municipality, 
he  is  vested  with  the  powers  of  a  pohee  judge.  The  corre- 
sponding title  in  Scotland  is  bailie.  Aldermen  are  usually 
chosen  for  three  years,  but  the  twenty-six  aldermen  of  Lon- 
don are  chosen  for  life.  In  most  of  the  United  States  there 
is  in  each  city  an  elected  board  of  aldermen,  representing 
wards,  who  constitute  the  municipal  assembly,  or  the  up- 
per branch  of  it  where  it  consists  of  two  bodies,  and  usually 
also  possess  some  judicial  powers.  In  Pennsylvaniau  cities 
the  title  alderman  is  given  to  an  otficer  having  duties  equiv- 
alent to  those  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  elsewhere. 
3.  In  England,  a  half-crown:  a  meaning  ex- 
plained by  Brewer  as  containing  an  allusion  to 
the  fact  that  an  alderman  is  a  sort  of  half -king. 
[Slang.] — 4.  A  turkey.  [Slang.] —Alderman  in 
chains,  a  turkey  hung  with  sausages.  [Slang.] —Alder- 
man's pace,  a  slow,  stately  pace :  equivalent  to  the 
French  pas  d'tihb>\ 

aldermanate  (al'der-man-at),  n.  [<  alderman  + 
-afcS.]  The  office  of  alderman;  aldermen  col- 
lectively. 

aldermancy  (al'der-man-si),  n.  [<.  alderman  + 
-cy,  as  in  abbacy  and  other  words  of  ult.  L.  ori- 
gin.]    The  office  of  an  alderman;  aldermanate. 

aldermanic  (al-der-man'ik),  a.  [<.  alderman  + 
-(■(•.]  Relating  or  belonging  to  an  alderman; 
characteristic  of  aldermen. 

aldermanity  (al-der-man'i-ti),  H.  {(.alderman 
+  -ity.~\  1.  Aldermen  collectively;  the  body 
of  aldermen.  S.  Jonson. —  2.  The  dignity  or 
qualities  of  an  alderman.     Lamb. 

alderman-lizard  (al'der-man-liz'''ard),  n.  A 
book-name  of  the  Saiiro mains  ater,  a  stout 
black  Californiau  lizard:  so  ealled  from  its 
obesity,  a  characteristic  popularly  attributed 
to  aldermen.  It  attains  a  length  of  about  a 
foot.     See  Sauromedus. 

aldermanly  (al'der-man-li),  a.  l<.alderman  + 
-/.i/l.]     Pertaining  to  or  like  an  alderman. 

aldermanry  (al'der-man-ri),  )). ;  pi.  alderman- 
ries (-riz).  [<  alderman  +  -ry.~\  A  district  of 
a  borough  having  its  own  alderman ;  a  ward. 
X.  E.  I). 

aldermanship  (al'der-man-ship),  n.  [<  alder- 
man 4-  -ship.}     The  office  of  an  alderman. 

aldernt  (al'dern),  a.  [<  alder  +  -en",  -n";  =  D. 
(hen,  <  els,  alder.]     Made  of  alder. 

Then  aldern  boats  first  plow'd  the  ocean. 

Maif,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgies. 

Aldine  (al'din  or  al'din),  a.  [<  NL.  Aldinus,  < 
Aldns.']  An  epithet  applied  to  those  editions, 
chiefly  of  the  classics,  which  proceeded  from 
the  press  of  Aldus  Manutius  (Latinized  form 
of  Italian  Aldo  Manuzio),  of  Venice,  and  his 
family,  from  1494  to  1597.  The  distinguishing  mark 
is  an  anchor  entwined  with  a  dolphin  ju  intt  d  on  the  title- 
page,  Tbi-.Hc  cilitions  are  noted  for  butli  the  beauty  of  the 
typography  and  the  correctness  of  the  text.  'The  term  has 
also  been  applied  to  certain  English  and  American  edi- 
tions of  various  works.     See  cut  in  next  column. 


Device  of  Aldus,  from  Statius. 


ale-conner 

Aldrianf,  ».  [Perliaiis  Ar.]  A  star  in  the 
neck  of  the  Lion.     ('Iiaucer. 

Aldrovandine  (al-dro-van'din),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  naturalist  Ulisse  Aldrovandi 
(1521i-16U7) :  as,  Aldro- 
vandine owl,  the  Scops 
(ildrorandii. 

ale  (al),  H.  [<  ME.  ale,  < 
AS.  culu,  also  ealo,  im- 
prop.  eala  (so  in  nom.  and 
ace,  but  gen.  and  dat. 
calotli,  alotli,  pointing  to 
an  orig.  stem  *(ilut),  = 
OS.  alo  (in  comp.  alo-Jiit 
=:  AS.  calofict,  an  ale- 
cup,  >  E.  ale-vat)  =  Icel. 
Sw.  Dan.  ol,  ale,  =  OBulg. 
olii,  cider,  =  Sloven,  ol, 
olej,  rol  =  OPruss.  alu  =  Lith.  a?i(S  =  Lett.  alius 
(>  Finn,  oluf),  beer.  Cf.  Gael,  ^nd  Ir.  ol, 
drink.]  1.  A  light-colored  beer,  made  from 
malt  which  is  dried  at  a  low  heat.     See  beer. 

pah'  ale  is  made  from  the  Jialcst  or  lightest-colored  malt, 
the  fi  inieiitiii-.,'  teniperattiic  being  kept  below  72'  to  pre- 
vent tile  forination  of  acetic  acid. 
2+.  An  ale-<lrinking ;  a  festival  or  merrj-making 
at  which  ale  was  the  beverage  di'unk.  Com- 
pare bridal,  church-ale,  clerk-(ile,  etc. 

Every  inhabitant  of  the  town  of  Okebrook  shall  be  at 
the  several  rt^^*;  and  every  husband  and  his  wife  shall 
pay  two-pence,  every  cottager  one  penny. 

Quoted  ill  X.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  391. 

3t.  A  brew  of  ale ;  as  much  ale  as  is  brewed 

at  one  time. 

Witnesseth,  that  the  inhabitants,  as  "^vell  of  the  said 
parish  of  Elvaston  as  of  the  said  town  of  Okebrook,  shall 
brew  four  ales,  and  every  ale  of  one  quarter  of  malt,  and 
at  their  own  costs  and  charges,  betwixt  this  and  the  feast 
of  .St.  John  Baptist  next  coming. 

Quoted  in  iV.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  391. 

4t.  An  ale-house. 

Thou  hast  not  so  nmch  charity  in  thee  as  to  go  to  the 
ale  with  a  Christian.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  5. 

O,  Tom,  that  we  were  now  at  Putney,  at  the  ale  there. 
rAewn.s.  Lord  Cronucell,  iii.  1. 

Adam's  ale.  See  .ftdani.— Bitter  ale,  bitter  beer,  a 
clear,  -sliiiic.'.  highly  hopped  ale,  of  a  pleasant  bitter  taste. 
—  Medicated  ale,  ale  which  is  prepared  for  medicinal 
purjiuscs  by  an  infusion  of  herbs  during  fermentation. 

aleak  (a-lek'),  jjrep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3  +  leak, 
q.  v.]     In  or  into  a  leaking  state. 

aleatico  (al-e-at'i-ko),  n.  [It.]  A  sweet  and 
strong  red  wine  made  in  Tuscany,  it  is  of  dark- 
red  color,  has  a  delicate  flavor  and  perfume,  and  is  one  of 
the  best  of  very  sweet  wines. 

aleatory  (a'le-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  aleatorius,  per- 
taining to  a  gainester  or  to  gaming,  <  aleator,  a 
gamester,  a  player  ■with  dice,  <  alea,  a  game 
with  dice.]  LiteraU}-,  depending  upon  the 
throw  of  a  die;  hence,  depending  on  a  con- 
tingent event.— Aleatory  contract,  in  hiu\  an  agree- 
ment the  conditions  of  whicli  depend  on  an  uncertain 
event. — Aleatory  sale,  a  sale  the  completion  of  which 
depends  on  the  happening  of  some  uncertain  event. 

alea'yementt,  «•    See  allerement. 
ale-bench  (al'bench),  n.    [ME.  not  found;  <  AS. 
ealu-bcnc :  see  ale  and  bench.}    A  bench  in  or 
before  an  ale-house. 

Sit  on  their  ale-bench  -sWth  their  cups  and  cans. 

Munday  and  Others,  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  i.  1. 

ale-berry  (al'ber'i),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  alebery,  . 
ale-brut,  <  ME.  alebery,  alher'ey,  akbrey,  albry, 
alebre,  <  ale,  ale,  +  hre,  also  spelled  brewe,  broth, 
soup  (>  bree,  broo,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  briw,  broth. 
The  word  is  thus  prop,  (de-bree,  or  ale-breie, 
(de-broo,  the  second  element  being  pers-crted  in 
simulation  of  ftccn/l.]  A  beverage  formerly 
made  by  boiling  ale  with  spice,  sugar,  and  sops 
of  bread. 

ale-bre'wer  (al'brd''er),  n.  One  whose  occupa- 
tion is  the  bre'ning  of  ale. 

alec  (a'lek),  n.  [L.,  better  allec,  also  alrj;  and 
■svith  aspirate  hallec,  halex,  the  sediment  of  a 
costly  fisli-sauee,  ganim,  and  in  general  fish- 
sauce,  fish-pickle.]  1.  A  pickle  or  sauce  of 
small  herrings  or  aneho'ries. — 2t.  A  herring. 
N.  E.  I). 

alecampanet(al'e-kam-pan'),  n.  Same  as  efe- 
campane. 

alecize  (al'e-siz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  aleci^ed, 
ppr.  alccizing.  [<  alec  +  -ize.}  To  dress  with 
alec  sauce.     X.  E.  D. 

ale-conner  (al'kon"er),  n.  [<  ale  +  Conner^.} 
Orijiinally.  a  local  officer  appointed  to  assay  alo 
and  lieer,  anil  to  take  care  that  they  were  good 
and  wholesome,  and  sold  at  a  proper  price. 
The  duty  of  the  ale-conners  of  London  now  is  to  inspect 
the  measures  used  by  beer-  and  liquor-sellers,  in  order  to 
prevent  fraud.  Fom"  of  these  otticers  are  chosen  annually 
by  the  liverymen,  in  common  hall,  on  Midsummer's  Day 
(.lunc  24>.     Also  called  ale-ta-iter. 

'Tis  well  kuow-n  to  the  parish  I  have  been  twice  ale-con- 
ner. MiddUton,  Mayor  of  Queeuburough,  iii.  S. 


ale-cost 

ale-cost  (al'kost),  «.     [<alc+  costS;  see  cost- 
muii/.]      Costmary,    Tanacctum    Jialsamita 


135 

longs  to  South  America.    Somi'tlmcs  written,  more  correct- 
ly, AU'Ctttruniit,  iiiul  jilso  AU-ftnira,  Atfrttirun,  AU-ctura. 


plant  put  into  ale  to  give  it  an  aromatic  flavor,  alectryomachy  (a-lck-tn-om  a-ki),   n.     L<  <'r. 
Sec  matmanj.  a/tKT,,v,.,v,  ii  rwk,  +  imx'l,  a  tiKlit.]     (,oc'k-ligl>t- 

Uector  (a-lek'tor),  «.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  atKrw,.,     "'K-     S(. mot imos  written  flteJora/Hflc/i//. 


alembic 

smooth,-!-  fi'iiof,  appearance.]  A  genus  of  para- 
sitic Hymetwptera,  of  the  family  Jiracoiiidm. 
The  species  are  parasitic  upon  caterpillars,  undergoing 


Alector  v „  —    ,. — ,  -  — ■  -      -, .     ,     .  .,,,.-         *  •\ 

poet,  for  aAeKTpvuv  (cf.  Akctnjon),  a  cock;  of  alectryomancy  (a-le^k  tn-o-nian  si),  n. 

disputed  origin.]     If.  Klein's  name  (IT.'ifl)  for  a     "'■' '' ' 

genus  of  birds  of  wliich  tlie  eonimon  hen  is  tlie 

tyi)e:   a   synonym  of   Gallits  (Limueus). —  2\. 

Men-em's  name  (1786)  for  birds  of  the  family 

Cracidiv,  orcurassows:  a  synonym  of  (rax  {hm- 

najus). —  3.     [?.  c]    The  Linnean  specific  name 

for  a  species  of  curassow,  Crax  alector. 
alectoria^  (al-ek-to'ri-ii),  «. ;  rtl.  nicctoria' (-e).    ...  ,    ,  ,  ,l  ■       ^  rx-r     y  r-      -i 

[L.  (s,..  ,jr,„ma),  fern,  of  «/eo/on:««,  pertaining  -^ktjtryon  Ja-lek^trMnX  «.  _[NL.,<  Gr.  a7.eK 

to  a  cock,  <  Or.  a'AinTup,  a  cock.]     Coekstone; 

a  peculiar  stone,  eiToneously  supposed  to  be 

sometimes  found  in  the  stomach  or  liver  of  an 

aged  cock  or  capon.     Many  imaginary  virtues 

were  attributeil  to  it. 
Alectoria- (al-ek-to'ri-ii),  H.  [NL.,<Gr.  «/f'/(T(jft 

cijuiv.  to  ii/.tKTpor,  unmaiTied,  <  it-  priv.  +  /tfc- 


ahctrijoiKdiitic  (t'otgi'ave),  <  Gr.  a/.eKT(ivuv,  a 
cock,  -I-  iiavTtla,  di\nnation.]  An  ancient  prac- 
tice of  toretelling  events  by  means  of  a  cock. 
Tlie  letterH  of  the  ulpliabet  were  traced  on  tile  pi-ounci  in 
Sfiuares  within  a  circle,  anil  a  prain  of  corn  was  placed  on 
each ;  a  coclt  was  then  permitted  to  piclc  up  the  grains,  and 
the  letters  under  tliem,  l)einp  formed  into  words  in  the 
order  of  their  selection  by  the  cock,  were  sujiposed  to 
foretell  the  event.    .Sometimes  WTitten  atfctorinnancy. 

lek'tri-on),  «. 
r/ji'uv,  a  cock:  see  Aleclor.^  1.  In  oniiWi.,  a  ge- 
nus of  birds,  proposed  by  Cabanis  in  1846  for  a 
section  of  the  Macartney  pheasants,  genus  JCii- 
ploeaniiis  of  Temminck.  The  tj-pe  is  A.  ery- 
tlirojihlliiiliiim  of  Malacca. —  2.  A  poetical  name 
of  the  domestic  cock. 

Ixnul  the  cock  Ah'ctriion  crowed.  Lnn{ffeUou\ 


TftOV 


bed,  marriage-bed  (see  Iccticn);  from  the  ale-drapert  (al'dra'per),  w.     l<.  ale  +  draper,  as 


uncertainty  respecting  its  male  flowers.]  A 
genus  of  lichens.  .4,  jubata.  or  roekhair,  grows  on 
trees  and  rocks,  and  affords  food  for  the  reindeer  while  the 
snow  is  deep. 

Alectorides  (al-ek-tor'i-dez),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a/.enTopii;,  pi.  -/rSff,  fem.  of  a'AfHTup,  a  cock.] 
1.  In  Nitzsch's  classification  (1829),  a  group  of 
birds  represented  by  the  genera  Dkhohtphus 
and  Otis.  —  2.  In  Temminck's  classification,  a 
group  of  birds  of  uncertain  extent.  [Not  now  in 
use.]  —  3.  A  suborder  or  order  of  birds  which  in- 
cludes the  cranes,  rails,  and  their  allies.    Vouch. 

alectoridine  (al-ek-tor'i-din),  a.  [<  Alectorides 
+  -/H<i.]  Having  the  character  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Alectorides. 

It  [tlie  genus  Parra]  would  appear  to  be  limicoline,  not 
alertm-iiliiie.  Coins,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  6«9. 

alectoromachyt  (a-lek-to-rom'a-ki),  71.  [<  Gr. 
a/.iK7(Jii,  a  cock,  -t-  fiax'h  ^  fight,  <  fidxeaOai, 
figlit.]     (Same  as  ahctryotnacJni. 

alectoromancyt  (a-lek'to-ro-man'si),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aliKTuji,  a  cock,  -I-  fiavreia,  divination.  Cf.  alec- 
tryomaiicy.]     Same  as  alectryomnncy. 

alectoromorph  (a-lek'to-ro-morf),  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  AUrtonimorplur. 


in  linen-draper :  a  humorous  name,  perhaps  in 
allusion  to  the  old  ale-yard:  see  ak-yard.]  An 
ale-house  keeper. 

I  get  race  a  wife ;  with  her  a  little  money ;  when  we  are 
married,  seeke  a  infuse  we  must ;  no  other  occupation 
liave  I  but  to  be  an  ate.draper. 

Henry  CliettU,  Kind-Hart's  Dreame  (1592). 

So  that  nowe  hee  hath  lefte  hi-okery.  and  is  become  a 
draper.  A  draper,  tiuoth  Freeman,  \\  liat  draper,  of  woolliu 
orlinnen"^  No.  nd [(juod, (luotli)lii-.  Mud'-draper,  wherein 
he  hath  more  skii  then  Itlian]  in  tlie  otiier. 

Difci:reri,'  <./  Kniijhls  (>/  tlie  I'liste,  l.i07.    (UnlliwM.) 

alee  (a-le'),  prep.phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [ME.  o  lee, 
after'Ieel.  «  hie,  alee;  <  a^,  on,  -1-  /«■!,  q.  v.] 
Xaut.,  on  or  toward  the  lee  side  of  a  ship  orboat, 
that  is,  the  sheltered  side,  on  which  the  wind 
does  not  strike ;  away  from  the  wind :  opposed 
to  aweatlier  (which  see).  Tlie  helm  of  a  ship  is  said 
to  be  alee  when  the  tiller  is  pushed  close  to  the  lee  side, 
causing  the  rudder  to  move  in  the  opposite  direction,  and 
thus  bringing  the  ship's  head  into  the  wind.  In  caseswhere 
a  stei-riiig-wheel  is  used,  the  same  effect  is  produced  by 
turning  tlie  wlieel  toward  the  wind. 

The  reek  of  battle  drifting  slow  alee 
Not  suUener  than  we.     Luuvtl,  On  Board  the  '70. 
Helm's  alee  I  bard  alee  !  orders  given  in  tacking  a  sail- 
ing vessel,  after  tlie  helm  lias  been  put  down,  to  direct 
that  the  head-sheets  and  fore-sheets  should  be  let  fly. 


Alectoromorphae   (a-lek'to-i-o-mor'fe)     «.  pi.  J-^^jJ  (IiTeJ)7«7''"Nou^ished";rith;ie: 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  oAfKrup,  a  cock,  +  poi(pri  torm.]    In  <»*c  ivu  v            :,                                -...-.,      ■•  ,., 

Huxley's  classification  of  birds,  the  fifth  super-  T'"-'  fc'>-"wth  of  h.s  ale-M  corps,    .'-.laf-nrd.  N  lobe,  ii,  o|. 

family  of  the  suborder  Schi::o(imitha;  of  the  aleft  (a-leff),  prep.phr.  as  adv.    [<  «-»,  on,  -^■ 

OTdeT  Carinata:    It  includes  the  families  -/■H,-H,Vi.y.r,  '</'-]    t)n  or  to  the  left,     •'^oiithey.     [Kare^] 

Pbaxiaiiiila;  I'temcJidir,  MeijapmtUia;  and  Craeidu;  or  the  alcgai  (al'e-  or  a'le-gar),  n.  [<  ML.  alegar  {Ham 


fowls  and  fowl-like  birds,  and  therefore  corresponds  to 
the  old  order  Giitliini-  or  Ramres,  exclusive  of  the  pi- 
geons and  tinamoiis.  Since  1867,  when  the  terra  was  pro- 
posed, a  stricter  signillcation  has  been  attached  to  it  by  ex- 
clusion of  the  '/'(/  niicitl'T  and  Pteroelidee.  In  the  restricted 
sense,  it  is  divided  into  the  two  groups  of  Alectoropodes 
and  Pi-rhtemiHidis,  tlie  former  containing  the  fowls  proper 
(old  family  Pha.-.iaiiiihr,  etc.),  the  latter  the  mound-birds 
(Meiiapodidif)  and  cuvassows  (C;-acii/(e). 
alectoromorphous  (a-lek'''t9-ro-m6r'fus),  a. 
Having  the  cliaracter  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Alectoromorphie ;  galUnaoeous  or  rasorial,  in  a 
strict  sense. 


well),^  ale  +  e<jar,  eijer,  sour:  see  eor/crl.  The 
mode  of  formation  is  not  English,  but  imitates 
vinegar,  <  F.  viu  aigre,  sour  wine.]  Ale  or  beer 
which  has  been  passed  through  the  acetous  fer- 
mentation ;  sour  ale,  used  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land as  a  cheap  substitute  for  vinegar. 

For  not,  after  consideration,  can  you  ascertain  what 
liquor  it  is  you  are  imbibing  ;  whether  .  .  .  Hawkins'  en- 
tire, or,  perhaps,  some  other  great  brewer's  penny -swipes, 
or  even  aletjar.  Carlyle,  Boswell's  Johnson, 

ale-garland  (argar"land),  11.     A  wreath  hung 
take  as  a  part  of  the  sign  of  a  tavern. 


foot.-\  A  subdivision  of  Huxley's  superfamily  ^  alludes  t"  -^ 
Alcctoromorphw,  containing  the  true  fowl  and  ^{f f f^P^'^f  '  " 
related  to  the  domestic  hen,  as  pheasants,  tur- 
keys, gtiinea-fowl,  grouse,  partridges,  quail, 
etc.:  distinguished  from  those  gallinaceous 
birds,  as  the  Mcgapodidw  and  Cracida;,  which 
have  the  feet  mure  as  in  pigeons,  and  are  there- 
fore called  rcristrnipodcs.  See  cuts  under  Cii- 
pidiniiii.  i/roiise, partridge,  and  quail 


aiectoropodous  (a-lek-t6-rop'6-dus),  a.  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Alec- 
toropodes. 

The  suborders  [of  Alet^torotiwrpho']  are'  called  respec- 
tively the  Alectoropodouii  .  .  .  and  the  Peristeropodous 
Oallin.-p.  Stand.  JS'at.  lliet.,  IV.  197, 

Alectrurinae  (a-lek-tro-ri'ne),  II.  pi.  [XL.,  < 
Alcclrurus  4-  -iiitr.~\  A  subfamily  of  damatorial 
passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Tyrannida; :  an 
inexact  synonj-ni  of  Fluricolinw  and  of  Ta:niop- 
tcriiur.     feee  these  words,  and  Alectrurus. 

alectrurOUS  (al-ek-tro'rus),  a.  [<  NL.  alectru- 
rus. adj. :  see  Alcctrurus.'\  Having  a  tail  like 
that  of  the  cock:  applied  to  certain  birds.     See 

Alprtri,™;.   (al-ek-tro^  n      TNL     <  Gr    ale-hoUSe  (al'hous),  h.     [<  mi.  alehom,  c 

'^I'^r'^a  cock,  +  J;;°,  a  tail.]     X   g^nus  of     *<>«.,,<  AS.  ealo-hiis.^     A  house  where  ale  i 

damatorial  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Ty- 

ranimUe,  or  tjTant   flycatchers,  of  which  the 

type  is  .(.  tricolor:  so  named  from  the  long, 

compressed,  erectile  tail.    It  is  sometimes  made  tlie 

type  of  a  subfamily,  AlectrurituB.     The  whole  group  be- 


who  alludes  to  it 

See  allegeaiice^. 
alegert,  ".     [<  OF.  aUgre.  alaigrc,  F.  alleyre  = 
Sp.  alcgre  =  Pg.  It.  allegro  (see  allegro),  <  L. 
alacer,  alacris,  brisk,  livelv  :  see  alacrious,  alac- 
rity.']  Lively;  brisk;  spriglitly;  cheerful;  gay. 

Coffee,  the  root  and  leaf  betle,  [and]  .  ,  .  tobacco  .  .  . 
do  all  condense  the  spirits  and  make  them  strong  and 
aleqer.  Bacon,  Nat.  lllst.,  §  73S. 

alegget,  v.  t.     See  allay  and  allege. 

ale-glU  (al'jU),  «.  [<  ale  +  giU^,  ground-ivy, 
and  the  liquor  made  therefrom :  see  gillo, 
and  cf.  alehoof.]  A  kind  of  medicated  liquor 
prepared  by  the  infusion  of  ground-ivy  in  malt 
liquor. 

alenoof  (al'hiif),  ».  [Early mod.  E.  also  alehoovc, 
alehove,  <  ME.  alchoofc,  halchove,  appar.  a  cor- 
ruption, simulating  ale,  of  earlier  haihove,  hey- 
hove,  etc.,  prob.  <  hey,  hay^,  a  hedge,  -I-  hoojc, 
hove,  ground-ivy,  <  AS.  hofe,  i\-y  (see  liore).  The 
D.  eiloof,  i\-y,  is"appar.  borrowed  from  English.] 
Ground-ivy,  Xepeta  (Ueehoma,  the  leaves  of 
wliich  were  tised  in  ale-making  before  the  in- 
troduction of  hops. 

[<  ME.  alehous,  aille 
'    is  re- 
tailed 

Ihe  redcoats  flUed  all  the  ale-houses  of  Westminster 
and  the  Strand,  Macaulau,  Hist.  Elig,,  iii. 

Aleiodes  (al-i-6'dez),  n.  [NL.,  prop,  'aliodes, 
appar.  <  Gr.  u-  priv.  +  ?^iud>/g,  smooth,  <  /'.tiof, 


Ateiottes  /umipennis  (Cresson). 
a,  cocoon :  d,  enlarged  segment  of  &aine  :  b,  female  (cross  shows  nat- 
ural size) ;  c,  tip  of  tier  .ibdomen  from  side,  enlarged  ;  e,  tarva. 

transformation  in  the  dried  and  rigid  skin  of  their  host. 
A.  rilriit  (t'resson)  is  uniformly  reddish-yellow,  and  is 
parasitic  on  larva-  of  the  lepidopterous  genus  Acronticta. 

aleist,  "•     [Ml^-  aleis,  <  OF.  alies,  alls,  usually 
alic,  alijc,  later  ali.^e  (mod.  F.  ali.se  and  alise), 
<  Teut.  *ali:a,  OHG.  *eli:a,  var.  of  clira,  crila, 
crla,  G.  erie,  tlial.  else,  the  alder,  in  comp.  else- 
liauiii,  the  white  beam-tree,  cUebcere,  the  berry 
of  the  white  beam-tree ;  =  AS.  air,  >  E.  aldcr^, 
q.  v.]     Tlie  fruit  or  berry  of  the  white  beam- 
tree,  I'yrus  Aria.     Uom.  of  the  Hose,  1.  1377. 
ale-knightt  (al'nit),  «.     A  pot-companion. 
('i)ine,  all  you  brave  wights, 
'Ihat  are  dubbed  ah'-kiiighttt,  .  .  . 
Know  malt  is  of  niickle  might. 

Wits  Recreations  (1654). 
To  have  his  picture  stamp'd  on  a  stone  jug 
To  keep  ale-kniijhts  in  memory  of  sobriety. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  t'sher,  iii.  1. 

alem  (al'em),  II.     [Turk,  'alein,  a  flag,  banner, 

standard,  ensign,  the  crescent,  <  At.  'alam,  a 

flag,  ensign.  <  'alama,  know.      Cf.  alim,  alinah.} 

'The  imperial  standard  of  the  Turkish  emjiire. 

Alemannian  (al-e-man'i-an),  fl.     Alemannic. 

Two  Alemannian  dukes  of  the  10th  century. 

Enciie.  Brit.,  XX.  4. 

Alemannic  (al-f-man'ik),  a.  and  u.  [<  L.  AIc- 
inaniiiens,  Alam'annivus,  pertaining  to  the  Ale- 
manni,  Alaniamii,  the  Latinized  form  of  the  Ger- 
man name  of  a  confederation  of  German  tribes, 
lit.  all  men,  after  (Joth.  ulamaiis.  all  men,  all 
mankind,  <  alls  =  OHG.  al  =  E.  all,  +  manna  = 
OHG.  man  =  E.  man.  Hence  L.  Alcinannia,  the 
country  of  the  Aleiiianni,  extended  by  the  Gauls 
to  all  Germany,  >  F.  Allemagne,  Germany,  Al- 
leiiiand,  German:  see  Alinan,  Alinain.]  I.  a. 
Belonging  to  the  Alemanni,  confederated  Ger- 
man tribes  who  began  to  appear  between  the 
Main  and  the  Danube  about  the  beginning  of 
the  third  century,  and  occupied  that  region 
coinpletely. 

II.  «.  The  language  of  the  Alemanni,  or  an- 
cient people  of  southwestern  Germany. 
Also  spelled  Alleinannic. 

alembdar  (a-lem'diir),  «.  [Turk,  'alemdar,  < 
•alem,  flag,  standard  (see  alem).  +  -ddr.  <  Pers. 
-dur,  holder,  bearer.]  In  Turkey,  an  officer 
who  bears  the  gi'cen  standard  of  Mohammed 
when  the  sultan  ajipears  in  public. 

alembic  (a-lem'bik).  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  alem- 
hick,alimbeek,  and  abbr.  lemhick,  limbeck,  q.  v. ;  < 
ME.  alemliikc,  alcmhyk.  alciubek,  ear- 
lier alamhik,  alambic,  <  GF.  alainbic, 
also  written  alumbique,  F.  alambic 
=  Pi'.  (Iambic  =  Sp.  iilambi(juc='Pg. 
alambique.  Iainbiqiic=:lt.  liimhicco, 
limbicco,  <  ML.  alaiiibiciis.  <  Ar.  al- 
anhiq,  <  al,  the  (see  al-'~).  +  anblq 
(>  Pers.  ambiq),  a  still,  <  Gr.  li.u^'f, 
a  cup,  later  the  cup  of  a  still ;  cf. 
Ionic  Gr.  afi,iri  =  Gr.  a/j.Jur,  foot  of  a 
goblet.]  1.  A  vessel  formerly  used 
in  chemistry  for  distillation,  and  usually  made 
of  glass  or  copper.  The  bott<uli  part,  containing  the 
li(luor  to  be  distilled,  was  called  tlie  malrasx  or  nienrbit; 
tile  upper  pal-t,  which  received  ami  condensed  the  volatile 
products,  was  called  the  head  <tT capital,  the  be.ak  of  wliich 
was  fitted  to  the  neck  of  a  receiver.  The  head  alone  was 
more  properly  the  alembic.  It  is  now  suiiersedcd  hy  the 
retort  and  worm-still. 

Hence  —  2.  An>-thing  which  works  a  change  or 
transformation":  as,  the  alembic  of  sorrow. 
Ihus  is  Art,  a  nature  passed  through  the  alembic  of  man. 
j^merson.  Misc..  p.  27. 

alembic  (a-lem'bik).  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alem- 
hickcd.  ppr.  alcmbickiiig.  [<  alembic,  «.]  To 
distil  as  Viy  an  alembic  ;  obtain  as  by  means  of 
an  alembic.     [Kare.] 


Alembic 


alembic 

I  have  occasioiieil  (.Triit  siaiulution,  and  divcrtcil  my- 
self with  the  ini|i<>i'taiit  injstclies  that  have  tieeii  a(ii/i- 
l,l,-l.:;t  uiit  c.f  a  tlirle.  ^yallloll■,  Letters,  I.  -Jus. 

alembroth  (a-lem'broth),  «.  [Formerly  also 
alfmli(i);  late  ME.  alcmhrokc;  orijfin  uiikuown.] 
The  salt  called  liy  the  alehciuists  the  salt  nf  art, 
scieiiee,  or  wisiiom ;  a  double  ehlorid  of  nier- 
eurv  and  ammonia.  Although  poisonous,  it 
■was  formerly  used  as  a  .stimulant. 

alenaget,  ".     Same  as  (linage. 

Alengon  lace.     See  lace. 

alengtht  (a-lcnftth'),  jmp.plir.  as  adv.  and  prep. 
[MK.   till  Ill/lit   (for  *<ilriii/tli)\    <  n3,  on,   at,   + 
liHiith.~\    i.  (((/(■.  At  full  length;  along;  stretch- 
ed at  fidl  leufith. 
II.   prep.    In  the  direction  of  the  length  of. 

Alepas  (al'e-pas),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  copulative 
+ /.fTiji'.  a  limpet:  see  Lepas.']  A  genus  of 
barnacles  or  acorn-shells,  of  the  family  ie/iarfi- 
da-.  They  are  oi'diuary  cirripeds  with  thoracic 
limbs.     A.  eurntita  is -an  example. 

aleph  (a'lef),  «.  [Heb.  'alejih  =  Ar.  'alif:  see 
<ill>lia.~\  The  lirst  letter  of  the  Hebrew  alpha- 
bet (X),  representing  the  older  Phenieian  let- 
ter which  gave  name  and  form  to  the  Greek  A, 
aA<pa.  See  a^.  This  letter,  in  the  Semitic  languages,  is 
not  properly  a  vowel,  but  is  a  cjuasi-consonantal  sign,  to 
which  the  pronunciation  of  any  initial  vowel  may  be  at- 
tacheil.  In  transliteration  into  Koinan  letters,  this  sign 
is  represented  by  a  Greek  "smooth  breathing"  (')  or  is 
left  unmarked. 

alepidosaurid  (a-lcp'i-do-sa'rid),  n.  A  fisli  of 
the  family  .llrpidosuurida:  Also  called  alejii- 
diisaiirtiid. 

Alepidosauridae  (a-lep"i-d6-sa'ri-de),  71. 2>l 
[NL.,  <  Alcjiiilosauru.s  +  -ida!.'\  A  family  of 
large,  fierce,  and  voracious  abdominal  deep-sea 
fishes.  Also  called  Aleposauridce  and  Alrj)i- 
satiridw. 

The  Alepidosauridce  are  deep-sea  fishes  of  large  size,  re- 
markable for  the  great  size  of  their  teeth.  The  body  is 
elongate,  and  without  scales;  the  mouth  is  extremely 
large,  witli  rows  of  compressed  teeth  of  unequal  size, 
some  of  those  on  the  lower  jaw  and  palatines  being  fang- 
like. The  dorsal  fin  is  very  long,  covering  almost  the 
whole  of  the  back,  and  there  is  no  adipose  fin. 

Stantl.  Xat.  Hist.,  III.  138. 

Alepidosaurina  (a-lep"i-d6-sa-ri'na),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Alepidiisunrus  +  -ina.']  In  Griiiither's 
classification  of  fishes,  a  di\nsion  of  Scopelida; 
containing  tho.se  with  the  dorsal  fin  occupying 
nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  back;  a  gi'oup 
corresponding  to  the  family  Alepidosauriihe 
(which  see).  Preferably  written  Alepidosau- 
rina', as  a  subfamily. 

alepidosauroid  (a-iep"i-d6-sa'roid),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Ah iit'hi^iiKrns  + -Old.']      I.    a.    Having   the 
cliarartrrs  of  the  Alcpidosaurhhe. 
II.  II.  An  alepidosaurid. 

Alepidosaurus(a-lep"i-d6-sa'rus),  n.  [NX,., 
as  Ahpo.iinirus,  but  with  Gr.  /fT/f  (Af-M-)  in- 
stead of  equiv.  /( rof  (/.e-u-),  a  scale.]  A  genus 
of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Alepidosaurida: 
It  was  at  one  time  supposed  to  be  related  to  Saurus,  but 
is  distinguished  by  the  scaleless  skin,  whence  the  name. 
Also  called  .■ih'jnuaurus,  Ateposauntit.  A.  feroz  is  a  spe- 
cies kiinwii  as  handsaiV'ftnh  and  lancet-Jtuh. 

alepidote  (a-lep'i-dot),  a.  and  n.  [<Gr.  a?^ir!- 
d(j7og,  without  scales,  <  a-  priv.  +  /Ifir/f  (m-iS-), 
a  scale :  see  Lepidium.']  I.  a.  Not  having 
scales:  as,  an  alepidote  fish. 

II.  n.  Any  fish  whose  skin  is  not  covered  with 
scales. 

alepinet  (al'e-peu),  n.  [Also  written  alapeen, 
prob.  for  Aleppinc,  belonging  to  Aleppo:  see 
Aleppine.']  A  mixed  stulf,  either  of  wool  and 
silk  or  of  mohair  and  cotton.     Dyer. 

Alepisauridae  (a-lep-i-sa'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
.llijiisiiiinis  +  -((/(('.]     Same  as  Alepidosaiiridfc. 

Alepisaurus  (a-lep-i-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,  improp. 
for  Ali'jiidutiaurus.'\     Same  as  Alepidosaurus. 

Alepocephali  (a-lep-6-sef'a-li),  n.  pi.  [PI.  of 
AkjiDci'i'linliis.l     Same  as  AlepocejJhalida;. 

alepocephalid  (a-lep-o-.-ef'a-lid),  n.  One  of 
the  AkpiHxphididiv  (which  see). 

Alepocephalidse  (a-lep''6-se-fal'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,<  Alcpoaphalus  +  -ida:'\  A  family  of  clu- 
peoid  abdominal  fishes.    The  technical  characters 


130 

referable  to  four  genera  have  been  discovered  in  the  deeper 
p'irtinim  (if  tile  Atlaidie  and  I'acillc  oceans,  as  well  as  of 
tlir  Mrditirr:uiran  sea.     Also  called  .iti'/mrephali. 

alepocepbaloid  (a-lep-6-sef'a-loid),  a.  and  11. 
I.  a.  Having  the  character  ot'  the  Alepocephali- 
da: 

II.  n.  Same  as  alepoeephidid. 

Alepocephalus  (a-lep-6-sef'a-lus),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a-  jiriv.  +  '/.i—oc,  scale,  -f-  Kci^a'/Jj,  head.]  A 
genus  of  fishes,  tj7)ical  of  the  family  Alepoce- 
phaliilie:  so  called  from  the  scaleless  liead. 

ale-polet  (arpol),  n.     Same  as  (de-nlake. 


aleurone 

A  garland  badcle  be  j*et  upon  his  heed 
As  gret  an  it  wel'c  for  an  ali-sfttir. 

Cliaua-r,  Cen.  J'rol.  to  ('.  T.,  1.  (JC7. 

Also  called  ale-pole,  ale-post. 

ale-taster  (al'tas'ter),  «.     Same  an  ale-conner. 

alethiology  (a-le-thi-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  u/.i/Uua, 
truth  (<.it/.iiUiir,  true,  <  a- priv.  +  '/.avl)in-tiv,'/.ajbeiv, 
escape  notice,  be  concealed :  see  Lethe),  +  -Myia, 
</.()(7i',  speak:  see  -olof/i/.'}  A  term  used  by 
Sir  William  Hamilton  to  denote  that  part  of 
logic  which  treats  of  the  nature  of  truth  and 
error,  and  of  the  rules  for  their  discrimination. 


Aleposaurid8e(a-lep-o-sari-de)   ».i,/     [N'L,<  alethoscope  (a-le'tho-skop),  n.     [<Ut.  a/.Tfi^c, 

Aliposiuin,.,  +  .uhv.-\  _  Same  as  Ahpidosauruhe.     tr^,.  (^f,,.  rdetlioloqii),  +  cJiew,  ^^,•w.]     An  opl 

Aleposaurus   (a-lep-o-sa  rus),  n.     [NL    <  Gr.     tical  instrument   bv  means  of  which  i.ictures 

ti/yzfn'    t;in   tvTm*Tii  ^t  n f f7riAi.iTi.r   TtMrhrtnf  c/^nl^o  .       .  ■.  .  .     '      .    ... 


a/t-oc,  faulty  form  of  <i'/x-i/iuTo(,  without  scales 
(<  (i-  priv.  +  /"-en-of,  also  'Aeiriq,  a  scale :  see  Le 


are  made  to  present  a  more  natiual  and  lifo- 

.,.-,.        -  ,.        ,      ,  _  ,  like  aiipcarnnce. 

pidium),  +  ac./jof,  a  huard,  also  a  sea-fish :  see  Aletornis  (al-e-tor'nis),  n.     [NT..,  <  Gr.  a?.irrvi, 
Sanni.v.j     hame  as  Alepidosaiirii.?.  a  wanderer  va"  ■"■•  -   •'-        '    -  '?' 


jittefiocefihaius  bairdi. 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Conimisston,  1884.) 

are :  supramaxillary  bones  of  three  pieces,  as  In  the  Clupe- 
id(e,  the  dorsal  fin  posterior  and  opposite  the  anal  fln,  few 
pyloric  ca:ca,  aiul  no  air-bladder.    About  a  dozen  species 


ale-postt  (al'post),  )(.     Same  as  alc-stalx: 
ale-pot  (iil'pot),  n.     A  jjot  or  mug  for  liolding 
ale.      In  England  a  pot  of  beer  or  ale  means  a  quart  of 
it;  hence,  ale-pot  means  especially  a  quart-pot. 

A  clean  cloth  was  spread  before  liiin,  with  knife,  fork, 
and  spoon,  salt-cellar,  pepper-box,  glass,  anti  pewter  ali^- 
I'ut.  Lickeii.i,  Little  Dorrit. 

Aleppine  (a-lep'in),  a.  and  «.  [<  Aleppo,  Euro- 
pean (It.)  form  of  Turk,  and  Ar.  Haleh,  said  to 
be  named  from  Ai\  halali,  luilk.]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Aleppo,  a  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  or 
to  its  inhabitants. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Aleppo. 

Aleppo  gall,  ulcer.    See  ideer. 

alerce  (a-lers';  Sp.  pron, 
larch,  prob.  <  a-,  repr. 
"larce  =  It.  larice,  <  L.  larix  (ace.  laricem),  the 
larch  (see  lareh),  perhaps  mixed  with  Ar.  al- 
'arzah,  al-'er:,  <  al,  the,  +  'ar:nh,'er::,  Pers.  ar:. 
cedar.]  1.  A  name  given  in  Spain  to  wood 
used  by  the  Moors  in  their  edifices,  obtained 
from  the  sandarac-tree  of  Morocco,  Callitris 
quadrivalvis.  See  Callitris. — 2.  Same  as  alerce- 
tree. 

"With  here  and  there  a  red  cedar  or  an  aUrce  pine. 

Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  xiii. 

alerce-tree  (a-lers'tre),  «.  A  large  coniferous 
timber-tree  of  ChiU,  Libocedrus  Chilensis,  ex- 
tensively used  on  the  southern  Pacific  coast. 

alerion,  n.     See  allerion. 

alert  (a-lert'),  a.  and  «.,  orig.  xirep.  phr.  [<  F. 
iderte.  interj.  pbr.,  adj.,  and  n.,  formerly  allerte, 
sometimes  written  a  I'ertc,  =  Sp.  alerta  [alerto, 
adj.)  =  Pg.  alerta,  <  It.  alV  erta,  on  the  watch,  on 
the  lookout;  stare  all'  erta,  be  on  one's  guard, 
lit.  stand  on  the  lookout:  <dF  for  alia  for  a 
la,  <  L.  ad  illam,  on  the ;  erta,  a  lookout,  also  a 
decli\ity,  a  slope,  a  steep,  fem.  of  erto,  raised 
aloft,  steep,  pp.  of  ergere,  raise,  erect,  <  L.  eri- 
gere,  raise,  pp.  erectus,  >E.  ereet,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  1. 
Active  in  vigilance;  watehfnl;  vigilantly  at- 
tentive. 

Yet  ceaseless  still  she  throve,  alert,  alive, 
Tlie  working  bee,  in  full  or  empty  hive. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Hegister. 

Nothing  is  worth  reading  that  does  not  require  an  alert 

mind.  C.  D.  Warmr,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  15. 

2.  Moving  with  celerity  ;  brisk ;  active ;  nim- 
ble: as,  "an  edert  yoimg  fellow,"  Addison, 
Spectator,  No.  403.  =  Syn.  1.  Heedful,  wary.— 2.  Live- 
ly, agile,  quick,  prompt,  ready,  spry. 

II.  ».  [From  the  phr.  on  the  alert,  a  pleo- 
nastic E.  version  of  the  orig.  It.  phr.  alV  erta: 
see  I.]  An  attitude  of  -vigilance;  watch; 
guard:  especially  in  the  jihrase  on  or  upon  the 
alert,  upon  the  watch ;  on  the  lookout ;  guarding 
against  surprise  or  danger:  as,  "the  readiness 
of  one  on  the  alert,"  Dickens. 

He  was  instructed  to  notify  his  orticers  to  be  on  tlw 
alert  for  any  indications  of  battle. 

v.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  41"2. 

alertly  (a-lert'li),orf(i.  In  an  alert  manner;  with 
watchful  vigilance;  nimbly;  briskly;  activelv. 

alertness  (a-lert'nes),  n.  'The  state  or  quaUty 
of  being  alert;  briskness;  nimbleness;  activity. 

-ales.  [<  L.  -ales,  pi.  of  -alis,  a  common  adj. 
suftix:  see-rt?.]  In  iof.,  a  plural  tennination  dis- 
tinguishing the  names  of  cohorts,  a  grade  inter- 
mediate between  class  and  order. 

ale-scott,  ale-shott  (al'skot,  al'shot),  n.     [< 

ale  -i-  Scot,  also  shot,  pajinent:  see  scot  and 
.■<hot,  paynient.]   A  reckoning  to  be  paid  for  ale. 

alese,  ».     See  ale^e. 

ale-silver  (al'sil"ver),  n.  A  duty  aneiently 
]iaid  111  the  lord  mayor  of  London  by  the  sellers 
of  .'ill'  within  the  city. 

ale-staket  (al'stak),")!.  A  stake  having  a  gar- 
land or  bush  of  twigs  at  the  top  of  it,  set  up  as 
a  sign  before  an  ale-house. 


igrant  (<  a/.aaOai,  wander,  stray ), 
+  5pvig,  bird.]  A  genus  of  extinct  Tertiary 
birds  from  the  Eocene  of  Wyoming  Territory. 
Several  species  are  described  by  ilarsh,  who  places  the'm 
among  the  cranes  and  rails.  They  range  in  size  from  that 
of  a  woodcock  to  that  of  a  small  crane. 
Aletris  (al'e-tris),  n.  [^NTi.,  <  Gr.  alerpic,  a  (fe- 
male) grinder  of  corn,  <  a/.Er/jriTc,  extended  from 
ay-tiv,  grind.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order 
Hemodoracea;  natives  of  the  eastern  United 
States,  chiefly  from  New  Jersey  southward. 
The  tuospecies,  .4..^rtro)eA'rtand  J.  a  urea' are  low.  smooth, 
stemless,  bitter  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  a  cluster  of  siiread- 
ing,  flat,  lance-shaped  leaves,  and  a  spiked  raceme  of  small 
white  or  yellow  llowers.  They  are  called  colic-root  from 
their  medicinal  reputation,  and  also  aijue-grass,  8tar-ijra«g, 
blazing-star,  etc. 


.  a-lar'thii), «.    [Sp.,the     TlT^ri":,^  r-n.         o        ,  t.      , 

.  Ax.  al    the    +  *lerce    alette  (a-lef),  «.     [F.,_=  Sp.  fl?fto  =  It.  n/fHo, 


a  small  wing ;  dim.  of  L.  ala, 


A,  arch:  E.  B.  pilasteis;  C,  C,  alettesu). 


Wing:  see  aislc.^ 
In  arch. :  (a)  A 
small  wing  of  a 
building,  (i)  A 
pilaster  or  but- 
tress, (f)  The 
lateral  face  of 
the  pier  of  an 
arch,  extending 
from  the  edge 
of  the  opening; 
especially,  that 
portion    of    the 


lateral  face  between  the  edge  of  the  opening 
and  a  semi-column,  pilaster,  or  the  like,  serving 
to  decorate  the  pier.     Also  spelled  allctte. 

Aleurites  (al-ii-ri'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a'/eipirjig, 
;pertainingto  a'^xvpov,  meal,  esp.  wheat  en  flour,  < 
a'lm;  grind.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order 
Euphorhiaceo'.  The  most  important  species,  A.  triloba 
(the  eandleberry-tree),  a  tree  SO  to  40  feet  high,  is  a  n.ative 
of  the  Moluccas  and  some  of  the  Pacific  islands,  and  is  cul- 
tivated in  tropical  countries  for  its  nuts,  which  abound  in 
oil,  and  when  dried  are  used  by  the  Polynesian  islanders 
as  a  substitute  for  candles,  whence  they  are  called  candle- 
n  uts  or  candlebej-ries.  The  oil  expressed  from  the  kernels 
dries  rapidly,  and  is  known  as  country  walnut  or  ai-tists* 
oil,  or  keknne-oil.  A.  cordata  is  the  Chinese  varnish-tree, 
and  the  oil  from  its  seeds  is  used  in  China  in  painting. 

Aleurodes  (al-u-ro'dez),  )i.  [NTj.,  <  Gr.  a'/.eip6- 
i^C,  like  flour,  <  a7.ivpov,  Horn:  +  c'ldor,  form.] 
The  typical  and  only  genus  of  the  family  Aleii- 
rodida:     Also  written  Aleyrodes. 

Aleurodidse  (al-u-rod'i-de),  n.pl.  [N'L.,<  J?<;«- 
rodcs  +  -idir.}  A  family  of  hcmipterous  insects, 
of  the  suborder  Phytophtliiriu.  or  plant-lice,  re- 
lated to  the  aphids  and  scale-insects.  These  in- 
sects are  very  small  and  exceedingly  prolific;  they  have 
large  oval  elytra  and  wings,  held  nearly  horizontal  when 
in  repose;  the  head  is  small,  with  divided  eyes:  the  an- 
tenn.-e  are  short,  6-jointed,  with  the  rostrum  i-joiided ;  and 
the  legs  are  short,  simple,  with  2-jointed  tarsi  jirovided 
with  2  claws.  There  are  about  25  nominal  species  of  the 
single  genus  Aleurodex.  A.  proletella  resembles  a  small 
white  moth  with  a  dark  spot  on  each  wing-cover,  and  is 
found  on  cebandine,  cabbage,  oak,  etc.  The  larva  is  small, 
flat,  and  oval  like  a  minute  scale,  as  in  Pgyllidte;  the 
]iupa  is  lixed  and  inclosed  in  an  envelop. 

aleuromancy  (u-lu'ro-man-si),  «.  [<  F.  aleu- 
romancie,  <  Gr.  aAcvpofiavrsiov,  divination  from 
meal,  <  a/.tvpov,  meal,  +  /lavreia,  divination.] 
A  method  of  di\ination  by  meal  or  flour,  prac- 
tised by  the  ancients. 

aleurometer  (al-u-rom'e-ter), )(.  [<  Gr.  u'/eipov, 
flour,  esp.  wlaeaten  flour,  -f  iu7pov.  measure.] 
An  instrument  invented  by  M.  Poland,  about 
1849,  for  ascertaining  the  bread-making  quali- 
ties of  wheaten  flour.  The  indications  depend  upon 
the  expansion  of  the  gluten  contained  in  a  .given  quantity  of 
Hour  when  freed  of  its  starch  by  imlvcrization  and  repeated 
washings  with  water. 

aleurone  (a-hi'roni,  n.  [<  Gr.  a/.cvpor.  fine  flour, 
+  -o«('.]  The  minute  albuminoid  p-anules 
(protein)  which  .are  found,  in  connection  with 
starch  and  oily  mat  ter.  in  the  endosperm  of  lipe 
seeds  and  the  cotyledons  of  the  embryo.  It  is 
considered  an  iiuictive  resting  form  of  proto- 
plasm.    .-Uso  called  j()"y(ei«-(/ra««/cs. 


aleuronlc 

aleuronic  (al-u-roii'ik),  n.  [<  nlctiroiic  +  -ic] 
I'crtuiiiiii},'  to  or  of  t)ic  luituro  of  aleurono. 

Aleutian,  Aleutic  (iii-c-o'shi-an,  -tik).  n. 

[Niuucil  from  till'  inluil>iliuits,  the  Alciils,  liuss. 
Ahiiliii.^  ApiH'lliitiveof oriiortiiiiiiiigtoafiroui) 
of  islamis  (tlio  Aleutian  islamls)  suparatiiig 
Bering  sea  from  tlii'  iiortlicrii  I'acitif,  nearly  or 
quite  coextensive  with  the  Catherine  arehi- 
pelafjo,  extending  from  near  tlie  southern  point 
of  Kamtchatka  to  the  peninsula  of  Alaska. 

ale-vat  (al'vat),  «.  [<AS.  ailo-fwt  =  (>ii.  alo- 
Jat :  see  ale  and  «•«(.]  A  vat  in  whieh  ale  is 
fermented. 

alevin  (al'e-vin), »'.  [<  F.  iileriii,  prob.  for  *(ilc- 
i'diii,  <  ()!•'.  (ilcrcr,  rear,  <  L.  ddlcvurc,  raise, 
<  a<(,  to,  +  Icrdi-c,  raise.  Cf.  allcvc,  alleviate.^ 
The  youut;  of  any  fish;  especially,  a  young 
salmonid  or  elnpeid. 

alewt  (a-lu'),  ".  [Var.  of  1101100.2  Outcry; 
howling;  lamentation. 

Vft  iliil  she  nut  liinifiit  with  Inutle  ah'W, 

Ay  uunu-li  wniit.  .Sp'-n.si'r^  F.  l^,  V.  vi.  13. 

ale-washed  (al'wosht),  a.  Steeped  or  soaked 
iu  ale. 

And  what  a  l>ffird  of  the  general's  cnt  .  .  .  will  il>» 
nnu'ii^^  fiianiin^  Imftles  anil  atr-itaslifd  wits,  is  wunder- 
(ul  Ici  he  thiiUKlit  i.ii.  Sliak.,  Hen.  V,,  iii.  «. 

alewife^  (al'wif),  n.;  jil.  oleirircs  {-•mvz).  A 
woman  who  keeps  an  ale-house. 

Perhaps  lie  will  swagger  and  heetor,  and  threaten  tn 
lieat  and  hutcher  an  ate-ivi/i:       Swi/l,  Drapier's  Letters. 

alewife"  (al'wif),  n. ;  pi.  aletvircs  (-wivz).  [A 
particular  use  of  alctrifc'^,  prob.  in  allusion  to 
their  eoriinlent  ajipearanee  (see  quot.).  The 
form  (iloiifc,  rei-ordeU  in  1678,  is  said  to  be  the 
Indian  name  of  the  fish  ;  but  it  is  iirob.  an  error 
for  atewijc.]    1.  A  North  American  fish,  Cliq/ca 


Aiewife  {Cltifi^a  vfrMalis\, 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Coiiimifision.  1884.) 

rertialix,  from  8  to  10  inches  long,  resembling 
a  small  shad,  but  much  inferior  to  it  as  food. 
It  is  taken  in  large  numbers  with  that  fish. 
Consorting  Herriny:s  .nnd  the  bony  Shad, 
Biir-hellied  Alrwin-f;,  Macrils  riehly  clatl 
With  Kain  Iniw  eolonrs,  the  Frostflsh  and  the  Smelt, 

As  i; 1  as  ever  1-adv  Onstns  felt. 

.y,  Cliirki',  Kour  Chief  I'lantations  in  America  (1670). 

2.  A  name  given  at  Bermuda  to  the  round 
pompano,  Trachijiiotitti  ofutiiy.    Soe ponqnino. — 

3.  A  local  English  name  of  the  allice-shad. 
alexanders  (al-eg-zan'derz),  H.     [Also  written 

alisaiidcr,  allisdiiflcr,  <iUsau>i(lci;  <  ME.  alisaiiii- 
dre,  <  OF.  alisauiidrc,  alisondrc :  but  in  AS. 
akxniidric,  (ile.rriiidre,  from  the  ML.  name  I'ctro- 
seliiium  Alcxandriiiinii,  i.  e.,  Alexandrine  pars- 
ley, equiv.  to  I'.  Maccdoiiicuiii,  i.  e..  Macedonian 
parsley.]  1.  The  English  name  of  an  umbellif- 
erous plant,  Smiimiiim  Olusatniiii.  of  all  the  um- 
bellifers  used  as  \'e;j:etables,  this  was  one  of  tlieeunnnnnest 
in  ijardens  for  nearly  fifteen  i-enturies,  but  it  is  now  aban- 
doned. The  history  of  its  use  can  be  traced  from  bcL'in- 
ning  to  end.  Theiii>hr.astus  mentions  it  as  a  medicinal 
plant,  under  the  name  lii/<j"i.^rtiiii<ii  (horsc-parslcy).  but 
three  centuries  later  Diosioridcs  says  that  either  tlic  root 
or  the  leaves  might  be  eaten,  which  implies  cuUi\ation. 
In  Latin  (Pliny,  Columella,  etc.)  it  was  culled  hu[n.^  atniin, 
later  oUi^atrmil,  and  corruptly  olisatrum.  i'liarlenia^nc 
commaiuled  it  to  be  sown  in  liis  farms.  The  Italians  made 
great  use  of  it,  under  the  mune  ntacerow.  .\t  the  end  of 
the  eighteenth  century  the  tradition  existed  in  Kngland 
that  it  had  tieeu  formerly  cultivated ;  later  English  and 
French  horticulturists  do  not  mention  it.  />'■  Caiidiilh\ 
2.  In  North  America,  a  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  jdant  ThanpiiiM  aiirfioii. 
Alexandrian  (al-eg-zan'dri-an),  a.  [<  L.  Alex- 
andria, classical  form  Altxaiidrea,  <  Gr.  'A/.t:f<!i'- 
dlieia,  name  of  the  EgN-jitian  city  founded  by 
Alexander  the  Great,  <  'A'/.tiavdpor,  L.  Ahxandcr, 
a  man's  name,  prop,  adj.,  'defending  men,'  < 
a/.iiciv.  ward  off,  defend,  +  ayi,p  (ainip-),  man.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  Alexandria,  an  important  city 
of  Egypt,  founded  Viv  Alexander  the  Great  in 
332  B.C.— 2.  Pertaining,' to.MexandertheGreat. 
—Alexandrian  Codex  ('"./.. c  ,i/.mio/ni/"<y  au  imin.r- 

tautmaTnlseript  of  the  Siiiptures.  sent  tot'halies  I.  of  Ijig- 
laiul  by  the  Patriarch  of  Constantinople,  now  in  the  lirit- 
ish  Miiseum.  It  is  written  in  tircek  uncials  on  parch- 
ment, auti  contains  the  Septua^jint  version  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment complete,  except  parts  of  the  I'salms,  and  almost  all 
the  New  Testament.  It  is  assigned  i.i  the  fifth  century. 
—Alexandrian  Library,  a  celebrated  library  at  Alex- 
andria in  Egypt,  founded  by  Ptolemy  soter  and  Ptoleiuy 
Philadelphua  c:c23-i;47  B.  c),  and  destroyed  about  47  B.  c. 


i:{7 

A  second  or  supplementary  libraiy  hi  the  Serapeum  at 
Alexandria  was  entirely  destroyed  by  a  mob  of  fanatics  un- 
der the  I'iitriarcli  'I'heopliilus  A.  1>.  :iiH;  a  popular  account, 
however,  assigns  its  destruction  to  the  Arabs  in  641. — 
Alexandrian  school.    ('0  -^  school  of  literature,  science, 

and  ijhibisM]rliy  II isbing  at  Alexandria  under  the  Ptcde- 

mies  during  tiie  three  cmluries  precedijig  the  Christian 
era,  aiul  continuing  under  the  Koman  empire,  especially 
as  a  philosoiihical  schotd  iu  which  Neoplatonism  was 
the  must  important  element,  down  to  the  final  extinction 
of  paganism  in  the  tlfth  century  after  Christ.  ('')  A 
school  of  Christian  philosophy  and  thcidogy  at  Alex- 
andria during  the  first  five  centuries;  especially,  the  cate- 
chetical school  of  Alexandria,  existing  in  that  city  from 
the  earliest  limes  of  Christ iainty  down  to  about  A.  I).  4m), 
for  the  pur|inse  of  iiistiiiction  in  the  Christian  faith, 
and  distinguished  lor  the  high  attainments  of  its  instruc- 
tors ill  pagan  as  well  :is  in  Christian  pliil'isnphy  and  liter- 
ature. Among  its  most  famous  directors  wen-  St.  clement 
and  Origen.  'I'liis  school  was  remarkable  for  its  atleini)t 
to  accommodate  Greek  philosophy  t<i  Christianity  and  to 
make  use  of  it  in  Christian  teaching,  thus  antagonizing 
Judaizing  views,  according  to  whitdl  there  w.-uj  and  could 
be  nothing  in  eonimon  between  the  two.  In  some  of  its 
forms  it  tended  on  the  one  extreme  to  a  philosophic  ration- 
alism, on  the  other  to  an  idealizing  mysticism.  Alexandria 
continued  to  be  the  most  important  center  of  Christian 
theology  down  to  the  time  of  the  Council  of  Chalcedon, 
A.  1).  4:ii. 

Alexandrianism  (al-eg-zan'dri-an-izm),  n. 
Tlio  teachings  of  the  Alexandrian  school  of 
theology,  especially  in  its  distinctive  character- 
istics. Heo  Alexandrian.  Also  wTitten  ^/6'X«»- 
dri  Ilium. 

Alexandrine  (al-eg-zan'drin),  n.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Ali-Xiiiidriiiiis,  i  Alexandria:  see  Alexandrian. '\ 
I.  a.  Same  as  Alexandrian,  1. 

F(u*  some  time  a  steady  advance  of  science  appeared  to 
be  insured  by  the  labors  of  the  Alexandrine  school. 

Pup.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII,  20:!. 
Alexandrine  liturgy,  the  liturgy  of  St.  Mark.  See 
(i/iov;;/.— Alexandrine  moaalc,  or  opus  Alexandri- 
num,  a  kind  of  rich  mosaic  in  which  are  used  red  and 
green  porphyries,  precious  marbles,  enamels,  and  other 
costly  and  brilliant  materials.  It  has  its  name  from  the 
IJmpcror  Alexander  Severus  (A.  I).  2'2'2-235),  and  was  used 
for  friezes,  panels,  etc.,  under  the  later  Roman  empire. 

II.  ».  {_<.¥.  alexandrin:  so  called,  it  is  said, 
from  Alexandre  Paris,  an  old  French  poet,  or 
from  poems  written  by  him  and  others  in  this 
meter  on  the  life  of  Alexander  the  Great.]  In 
jjros.,  an  iambic  hexapody,  or  series  of  six  iam- 
bic feet.  French  Alexandrines  are  ivritten  in  couplets, 
alternately  acatalectic  with  masculine  rimes  and  hyper- 
catalectic  with  feminine  rimes.  French  tragedies  are  gen- 
erally composed  in  Alexandrines.  The  cesura  occurs  at 
the  end  of  the  third  foot.  The  second  Hue  of  the  follow- 
ing extract  is  an  example : 
A  needless  Alexandrine  ends  the  song, 
That,  like  a  wounded  snake,  drags  its  slow  length  along. 
I'vpe,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  356. 

Alexandrinism  (al-eg-zan'drin-izm),  n.  Same 
as  AlixiiiKlrianism. 

alexandrite  (al-eg-zan'drit),  n,  [<  L.  Alexan- 
der (.l/(X(()i(/<T  II.,  Emperor  of  Russia)  -f  -itc'^.1 
A  variety  of  chrysoberyl  found  in  the  mica  slate 
of  the  Ural  mountains. 

alexia  (a-lek'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -I- 
'/-iiic,  a  speaking  (or  reading),  <  /.iyeiv,  speak, 
read.]  Inability  to  read,  as  the  result  of  a 
morbid  or  diseased  condition  of  nervous  cen- 
ters not  in  vohdug  loss  of  sight ;  word-blindness ; 
text-Vilindness. 

alexipharmact,  alexipharmacalt, «.  See  alcxi- 

jihii  nil  ie,  a  lex i /ill  a  nn  ical. 

alexipharmacumt  (a-lek -si-far 'mil- kum ) ,  » . 
[NL.,  <  L.  alcxipharmacon :  see  alcxipharmic.~\ 
See  alcxipharmic. 

lie  calls  steel  the  proper  alen'pharmacum  of  this  mal- 
aily.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  417. 

alexipharmic (a-lek-si-fiir'mik),  a.  and  n.  [The 
final  syllable,  prop,  -ac,  has  been  conformed  to 
the  common  suffix  -ic.  NL.  alcxipharniacum,  L. 
alexipliarinacon,  n.',  <  Gr.  ii/.eiiifapuaKoi:,  ward- 
ing off  poison,  acting  as  an  antidote  against  it, 
antidotal;  neuter  as  noim,  a?.ciiipiip/iaKov^  (L. 
alexipliarmacon),  an  antidote,  remedy,  <  n?.iieiv, 
ward  off,  -t-  ipafj/ianor,  a  poison,  drug,  remedy: 
seo  2)liarniacon,  pharnmeij.  etc.]  I.  «.  1.  Act- 
ing as  a  means  of  warding  off  disease;  acting 
as  a  remedy;  prophylactic. —  2.  Having  the 
power  of  warding  off  the  effects  of  poison  taken 
inwardly;  antidotal. 

Some  antidotal  (luality  it  [the  unicorn's  liorn)  may  have, 
.  .  .  since  not  cmly  the  bone  iu  the  hart,  but  the  horn  of  a 
deer  is  alexijilianiiick:  ■•Sir  T.  ISrowiu;  Vulg.  Err. 

II.  n.  An  antidote  to  poison  or  infection, 
especially  an  intertial  antidote. 

Finding  his  strength  every  day  less,  he  was  at  last  ter- 
rified, and  called  for  help  upon  the  sages  of  physic :  they 
filled  his  apartments  with  alexii'harmics.  restoratives,  and 
essential  virtues.  Juhimm.  Rambler,  No.  120. 


L     Ol      UdCUU 

If 


I 

t,  Alc-yaid. 

;.  Tricky  Ale-yard. 


alexipharmical  (a-lek-si-fiir'mi-kal),  a.  Same 
as  aUxipliarmic. 

alexipyretic  (a-lek'si-pi-ret'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Gr.  uAiiciv,  ward  off,  -t-  -vperdi;,  fever :  see 
pyretic.}    In  med.,  same  aa  febrifuge. 


alfin 

alexiteric  (a-lek-si-ter'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
a/.cfi/Ti/fiior,  fit  or  able  to  keep  off  or  defend; 
neut.  a/x^Tiri/iHov  (sc.  ipnp/iaHm', 
drug),  a  remedy,  medicine  ;  < 
a?.e^!/T!/f>,  one  who  keeps  olT  or 
defends,  <  I'ui^nv,  keep  off,  de- 
fend. Cf.  alrxipharmie.'i  I.  a. 
Resisting  extermiljioison;  ob- 
viating the  effects  of  venom. 

II.  H.  An  antidote  to  poison 
or  infection,  especially  an  e.\- 
teniul  a|i)ilication. 

alexiterical  (a-lek-si-ter'i- 
kal),  ((.     i^iimc  as  alexiteric. 

ale-yard  (al'yard),  n.  [<  ale 
+  i/((C(/i.J  1.  A  glass  vessel 
used  as  a  measure!  of  cajiacity 
as  well  as  a  drinking-glass, 
shaped  like  a  much  elongated 
wine-glass,  formerly  in  use 
in  England. — 2.  A  glass  ves- 
sel ha\ing  the  .shajie  of  an  elongated  cone,  the 
small  end  coimnunicating  with  a  hollow  ball. 
Oil  drinking  from  it,  as  soon  as  the  air  reaches  the  inside 
of  the  ball  all  the  liciuid  contained  in  it  spurts  out  sud- 
d<-iily.     Sometimes  called  trkki/  ale-iiard. 

Aleyrodes,  n.     Same  as  Aleurodcs. 

aleze,  alese  (a-laz'),  «.  [<  F.  « iccc,  formerly 
ulesc,  ulaine,  appar.  <  a  Vaise,  at  ease:  a,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  at;  Ic,  the;  Of.vc,  >  E.  case,  q.  v.  The  spell- 
ing alc:e  may  bo  in  simulation  of  U;  breadth, 
as  if  a  'spread.']  A  cloth  folded  several  times 
in  order  to  protect  a  bed  from  discharges  of 
blood,  etc. 

alfa  (al'fii).  n.  A  name  in  northern  Africa  for 
varieties  of  esparto-grass.  Stipa  icnaeissima  and 
,S'.  urenuriii.  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper. 
Also  written  lialfa. 

alfa-grass  (arfii-gi'as),  ».     Same  as  alfa. 

alfalfa  (al-fal'ta),  «.  [Sp.,  formerly  alfalfez, 
said  to  be  from  Ar.  al-fagfa^ali,  the  best  sort  of 
fodder.]  The  Spanish  name  of  lucerne,  Mcdi- 
cago  satira,  and  the  common  name  under  which. 
the  chief  varieties  of  lucerne  are  known  in  the 
western  United  States. 

alfaqui  (al-fa-ke'),  «.  [Sp.,  <  Ar.  al-faeph,  <  al, 
the,  -t-  ./(('/(■/(,  a  doctor  in  theology;  cf.  fiqh, 
theological  learning,  <  faqilia,  be  wise.]  A  doc- 
tor learned  in  Mussulman  law ;  a  Mohammedan 
priest. 

A  successful  inroad  into  the  country  of  the  unbelievers, 
said  he,  will  make  more  converts  to  my  cause  than  a  thou- 
sand texts  of  the  Koran,  expounded  by  ten  thousand  alfa- 
quis. Irvinif,  Granada,  p.  154. 

No  sooner  had  the  sovereigns  left  the  city,  than  Xiniencs 
invited  some  of  the  leatling  (i/yV7'/"iV,v,  or  Mussulman  doe. 
tors,  to  a  conference,  in  which  he  expoumled,  with  all  the 
eloquence  at  his  command,  the  true  foundations  of  the 
Christian  faith,  an<l  the  errors  of  their  own. 

J'rciicott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  0. 

alfenid,  alfenide  (al'fe-nid,  -nid  or  -nid),  H. 
[Perhaps  <  Sp.  iilfcn{iquc),  a  sugar-paste  (verb 
alfeii-icar,  ice  with  sugar),  +  -id,  -ide :  see  al- 
j>)icnic.'\  Nickel-silver,  thickly  electroplated 
with  pure  silver. 

alferest  (al-fer'es),  n.  [Also  vrritten alfeercs,  al- 
fcrez,  alftirez,  aljaras,  <  Sp.  alfvrcz,  OSp.  Pg. 
alfcres,  ensign,  <  Ar.  al-faris,  <  al,  the,  +  fdris, 
horseman,  knight,  <faras,  horse.]  A  standard- 
bearer;  an  ensign;  a  comet.  Tliis  term  was  in  use 
iu  England  some  time  before  and  during  the  civil  wars  of 
Charles  I. 

Commended  to  me  from  some  noble  friends 

For  my  al.fereii.  Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  i.  3. 

alfet  (al'fet),  )i.  [<  MX,,  alfctum  (as  defined  be- 
low), <  AS.  dlfaf.  (Elfet,  a  pot  to  boil  in,  <  «/, 
ail,  fire  (see  anneal^),  -I-  fat.  a  vessel:  see  rat.} 
In  early  Eng.  hist.,  a  vessel  of  boiling  water  into 
which  an  accused  person  plunged  his  arm  as  a 
test  of  his  innocence. 

alfileria  (al-fi-le'ri-a),  «.     Same  as  alfilerilla. 

alfilerilla  (al  fi-le-ril'ii),  n.  [Amer.  Sp..  also 
attilcria.  allilnria :  so  called  from  the  shape  of 
tlio  carpels;  <  Sp.  alfiler,  also  alfdel,  Pg.  aljinete, 
a  pin,  <  Ar.  al-l:liill,  a  wooden  pin  used  for  fas- 
tening garments  (Freytag),  a  pin.]  A  name 
in  California  for  a  Eiiropean  species  of  Ero- 
diiim,  K.  eicuturium,  which  has  become  very 
widely  naturalized.  It  is  a  low  herb,  but  a  valuable 
forage-plant.  Its  carpels  have  a  sliarp  point  am*  a  long 
twisted  beak,  by  tlie  action  of  wliich,  under  the  influence 
of  the  moisture  of  the  air,  the  seed  is  buried  in  the  soil, 
other  names  for  it  are  piiKlotrr  ami  iiiii-ijrani. 

alfint  (al'fin),  n.  [<  late  ME.  alfyn,  alphyn, 
aufyn,  etc.,  <  OF.  alfin,  like  ML.  alphinus.  It. 
alfino,  alfido,  alliere,' alfuro,  <  Sp.  alfil,  arfil  = 
Pg.  aW,'aliir,  <  Ar.  al-lV,  the  elephant.  <  al,  the, 
+  fil,<  Pc'rs.  Hind../i/,  Skt.  pitn.  clepliant,  this 
piece  having  had  orig.  the  form  of  an  elephant.] 
in  chess,  a  name  of  the  bishop. 


alfiona 
alfiona,  alfione  (al-fi-o'iui,  al'fi-ou),  m.    [Mex. 

Sp.]     An  ombiotot-'oid  fij^L,  lUiacdrhilus  toxotes, 
with  small  scales,  xuiistTial  aud  jaw  teeth,  and 


Alfiona  {^Rhacochiius  tcxotes). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  iSaj.) 

lip  free  and  deeply  cut  along  its  margin,  it  is 
the  larticst  as  well  as  the  most  viiluable  fond-lish  of  the 
surf-flsh  family,  Emhiotocida;  ami  is  common  along  tlie 
i'aliforniaii  coast,  where  it  is  also  called  sprat  and  pt-rch. 
al  fresco  (ill  fres'ko).  [It.,  lit.  in  the  cool 
air:  al  for  a  il  (<  h.'ad  ilium),  in  the;  fresco^ 
cool  or  fresh  air,  <  fresco,  cool,  fresh,  <  OHG. 
/rise  =  E.  fresh :  see  freshy  fresco.'\  In  the 
open  air;  otit  of  doors:  as,  to  dine  alfresco. 

Much  of  the  gayety  and  brightness  of  al-fresco  life. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  190. 

Such  al  fresco  suppei-s  the  country -gentlemen  of  Italy  ate 
in  the  first  century  of  oiir  era !    D.  G.  Mitchell,  Wet  Days. 

Alfur  (al-for'),  ".  [<  I>.  Alfoer,  Pg.  Alfuros,  pi., 
said  to  be  <  Ar.  al,  the,  +  Pg.  fora  (=  It.  fora, 
fuora,  fuori),  outside  (see  foris-);  the  other 
forms,  Jrafuras,  Haraforas,  are,  then,  varia- 
tions.]    Same  as  Alfiirese,  n,  sing, 

Alfurese  (al-fo-res'  or  -rez'),  n.  and  a.  [See  Al- 
fur.] I.  )i.  1.  sing,  or  pi.  A  member,  or  the 
members  oolleetively,  of  the  race  of  Alfuros  or 
Alfurs  (also  called  Ai-afuras,  Haraforas,  etc.), 
a  group  of  wild  aud  savage  tribes  inhabiting 
Celebes  and  other  islands  of  the  Indian.arehi- 
pelago,  ethnologically  intermediate  between 
the  Malays  and  Papuans  or  Negritos. 

Tlie  Alfurese  are  totally  distinct  from  the  brown  Malay 
and  black  Negrito;  they  are  wild,  savage.  Pagan  liead- 
hunters.  B.  X.  Cust,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  147. 

2.  The  language  spoken  by  the  Alfuros  or  Al- 
furs. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Alfuros  or  Alfurs, 
or  to  their  language. 
Alfuro  (al-fo'ro),  «.     Same  as  Alfurese,  n.  siruj. 
alg.     An  abbreAiation  of  algebra. 
alga  (argil),  n.;  pi.  algte  (-je).     [L.,  seaweed.] 

A  cryptogam  of  the  class  of  Algce. 
Algse  (al'je),  n.  2^1,     [L.,  pi.  of  alga:  see  alga.} 
A  division  of  thallogenous  chlorophyllous  cryp- 
togams  found  for 
the  most  part   in 
the  sea  (seaweeds) 
or  in  fresh  water. 
They  are  wholly  cellu- 
lar, though  varying  ex- 
ceedingly ill  form  and 
size,  from  a  single  mi- 
croscopic or  stimetiines 
large    and    branching 
cell,  a  shapeless,  jelly- 
like   mass,    or     mere 
string  of  articulations, 
^    to   forms  with  trunk- 
(§}    like  stems  and    mem- 
branous lamiuffi  many 
a,  spore :  *.    feet  in  length.     Nom-- 
ishment  is  absorbed  by 
the  surface  of  the  plant, 
never    through    roots. 
The  mode  of  propaga- 
tion varies  greatly  in  the  different  orders.     In  many  no 
well-defined  sexual  differences  have  been  discovered,  and 
reproduction  is  carried  on  by  means  of  cell-division  or  by 
non-sexual  spores  (tetr.aspores.  zoospores).    In  the  highest 
order  there  are  distinct  male  and  female  organs  (antlu-ridia 
and  obgonia).    The  term  Aljce  as  used  by  Linnteus  and 
early  botanists  included  not  only  seaweeds,  but  also  the 
Hepaticie,  Lu-heiies,  and  Characeie.     By  Harvey  the  Alfjce 
were  divided  into  three  groups,  distinguished  chiefly  "liy 
their  color,  viz. :  the  olive-brown,  Melaiiospermece  ;  the  red 
or  purple,  Rhodof^permcie ;  and  the  gi'een,  Chlorospernufp. 
This  arrangement  has  now  become  nearly  obsolete.  Kecent 
authorities  have  proposed   several  different  schemes  of 
classillcati()n  for  the  thallophytes  in  general,  in  which 
structure  and  development,  as  well  as  sup])oscd  relation- 
ship, are  taken  into  account,  and  in  which  the  Ahjfr  are 
variously  distributed.     Substantial  agreement  is  not  yet 
reached,  and  the  nomenclature  for  many  of  tlu-  groups  re- 
mains in  a  very  unsettled  condition.     It  may,  however,  be 
said  that  the  AI(j(k  are  now  generally  divided  into  the  fol- 
lowing orders  (classes,  etc..  of  some),  viz. :  Florideif,  the 
most  highly  developed,  i)roducing  cystooarps  after  fertili- 
zation; (JusporefT,  jiropagating  sexually  by  oospores ;  Sioo- 
s-parece,  distinguished  Ijy  tlie  conjugation  of  zoospores ;  dm- 
juffatte,  including  the  diatoms,  desmids.  etc.,  in  which 
there  is  a  conjugation  of  cells ;  and  a  remainder,  the  Cn/p- 
tophijriif'ni  Thnret,  variously  disposed  of  liy  rdherauthoi-s, 
in  wiiieh  there  is  no  known  sexual  reproduction,     ilany  of 
the  Al'jiv  are  edi)>Ic  and  imtritious.  as  carrageen  or  Irish 
moss,  dulse,  laver,  etc.    Maiiy'abound  in  gelatin,  and  make 
a  &ue  glue  or  substitute  for  isinglass.      Kelp,  iodine,  aud 


I.  Dictyotd  dicholoma 
vertical  view  of  a  cyslocarp;  c, 'vertical 
section  of  same.  2,  Piocamtupn  cocci- 
neum:  /,  terraspore  :  g.  stichidium  ;  A, 
branchlct  with  a  cystocarp. 


138 

bromine  arc  prnducta  o(  various  Bpecies.  Seaweeds  arc  also 
valiialile  as  ft-rtilizei-s. 

algal  (ul'Kil),  "■  and  "•     [<  L-  "Iga  +  -o/.]     I. 
a.  Of  or  iVertaining  to 'the  Algw ;  having  the 
nature  (if  alga;. 
II.  «.  Olio  of  the  Al(](V  (which  see). 

algaroba,  ».     See  aUinrroba. 

algarot,  algaroth  (al'ga-rot,  -roth),  «.  [<  P. 
(ilijiiiolli.  from  the  name  of  tlie  inventor,  Alga- 
rotli,  an  Italian  scholar  of  Venice  (1712-64).] 
A  violently  {lurgative  and  emetic  white  powder, 
■which  falls  when  chlorid  of  antimony  is  dropped 
into  water.  It  is  a  compound  of  chlorid  aud  oxid 
of  antimony. 

algarovilla  ( aFga-ro-vil'S,),  n.  See  alijarrnhiUa. 

algarroba  (al-ga-fo'ljii),  »V.  [Sp.,  <  Ar.  al-kimr- 
riilmli,  the  carob:  see  «/-"-  and  carob.]  1.  The 
Spanish  name  of  the  caroh-tree,  Ceratoiiia  Sili- 
qua.  See  Ceratonia. —  2.  In  America,  a  name 
given  to  the  honey-mesquit,  I'rosopis  julijiorn, 
andtothei/(/»(e«a'o  Courharil. — 3.  A  substance 
resembling  catechu  in  appearance  and  proper- 
ties, obtained  from  the  La  Plata,  and  containing 
tannin  mixed  with  a  deep-brown  coloring  mat- 
ter.    Crooks,  Handbook  of  Dyeing  and  Calico 

Printing,  p.  509 Algarroba  beau.    See  dean i. 

Also  spelled  ulijaroJia. 

algarrobilla  (al'ga-ro-bil'ii),  n.  [S.  Amer.  Sp., 
dim.  of  Sp.  algarroba  :  see  above.]  The  astrin- 
gent resinous  husks  and  seeds  of  several  legu- 
minous trees  or  shrubs  of  South  America,  which 
are  an  article  of  commerce  for  their  value  in 
tanning  and  dyeing,  in  Brazil  and  tropical  America 
they  are  the  produce  chiefly  of  Pitheatlobiuin  jjarri/olhnii 
(Ingailartha;  of  some  authors).  In  Cliili  and  on  the  west- 
ern coast  they  are  obtained  from  Ccesalpinia  (Bahaiuo- 
carpum)  brevi/olia  and  Profopin  juUjiwa.  Also  WTitten 
alfjarinnlla. 

algate,  algates  (al'gat,  al'gats),  a(7r.  [<ME. 
alg<iir,alUgiih;  aUe  gate  (a?(7o(fs  occurs  in  Chau- 
cer), <  al,  all,  +  gate,  a  way:  see  gate"  and  gait. 
Cf.  alway,  altrai/s.1  1.  In  every  direction; 
everywhere ;  always ;  under  all  circumstances. 
[Obsolete  except  in  the  Scotch  form  a'  gate  or 
a'  gates.'] 

Alriates  he  that  hath  with  love  to  done, 
Hath  ofter  wo  thau  changed  ys  the  mone. 

Chauecr,  Complaint  of  Mars,  1.  234. 

2.  In  every  respect ;  altogether ;  entirely.    [Ob- 
solete and  north.  Eng.  provincial.] 
Una  now  he  ahiates  must  foregoe. 

Spender,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  2. 
3t.  In  any  way ;  at  all. 

FajTer  then  herselfe,  if  ought  algate 

Might  fayrer  be.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  viii.  9. 

4t.  By  all  means ;  on  any  terms ;  at  any  rate. 
As  yow  lyst  ye  nialcen  hertes  digne  ; 
Algates  hem  that  ye  wole  sette  a  fjTe, 
Thei  dreden  shame  and  vices  thei  resigne. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  24. 
And  therefore  would  I  should  be  algates  slain  ; 
For  while  I  live  his  life  is  in  suspense. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  iv.  60. 

5t.  Notwithstanding;  nevertheless. 

A  maner  latin  corrupt  was  hir  spechc. 
But  al'tates  ther-by  was  she  understonde. 

Chaucer,  JIan  of  Laws  Tale,  1.  422. 

algazel  (al-ga-zel'),  n.  [An  early  form  of  (/o.rf?, 
attev  Ar.  al-gliacdl :  seega-el.~\  A  name  formerly 
applied  to  one,  and  probably  to  several,  of  the 
ruminant  quadrupeds  of  eastern  Africa,  etc., 
now  known  as  gazels  and  antelopes,  it  is  vari- 
ously ideiititied,  some  making  it  out  to  be  the  conunon 
gazel  of  Egypt,  ett:. ,  Antitope  doreatt  or  Dorcas  gazella  ; 
others,  the  sasin  or  common  antelope.  Antitope  hezoartiea, 
a  very  different  animal.  It  is  more  probably  the  first- 
named  species,  or  one  closely  resembling  it. 
Algebar  (al'je-bar),  n.  [Said  to  be  <  Ar.  al, 
the,  +  gehar  (Sjt.  gahoro),  giant.]  An  Arabic 
and  poetical  name  of  the  constellation  Orion. 

Begirt  with  many  a  blazing  star 

Stood  the  great  giant  Algebar, 

Orion,  hunter  of  the  beast ! 

Longfellow,  Occult,  of  Orion. 

algebra  (al'je-bra),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  algeber, 
<  F.  algcbre  (now  algebrc) ;  the  present  E.  form, 
like  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  algebra,  Russ.  algebra,  Pol. 
algiebra,  etc.,  follows  It.  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  algebra.  < 
JIL.  algebra,  bone-setting,  algebra,  <  Ar.  al- 
jabr,  al-jebr  (>  Pers.  al-jabr),  the  redintegration 
or  reunion  of  broken  parts,  setting  bones,  re- 
ducing fractions  to  integers,  hence  'ilm  al-jabr 
wa'l  nuiqdbalah.  i.  e.,  'the  science  of  redintegra- 
tion and  equation  (comparison),'  algebra  (> 
Pers.  al-jabr  wa'l  tiiuqdbalali.  Hind,  jahr  o  niiujd- 
balu,  algebra) :  'ilm,  'ulm,  science,  <  'alaiiia,  know 
(cf.  alem,  aim),  nlniali);  al,  the;  jabr,  redinte- 
gration, consolidation,  <j«fcffr«,redintegi'ate,  re- 
unite, consolidate  (=  Heb.  gdbar,  make  strong) ; 
ii'a,  and;  '/for«/,  the;  mH</«?)o/a/i.  comparison, 
collation,  <  qdlnila.  confront,  compare,  collate : 
see  cabala.    The  full  Ar.   name  is  reflected 


Algerine 

in  ML.  "ludris  algebra-  tiliiiurgrabalo'qiif"  (13tli 
century),  and  in  oarlv  mod.  E.  "  algiebar  and 
almaeliabcr  (Dee,  Math.  Pnef.,  G,  A.  D.  1.570), 
and  the  second  part  in  ML.  almnenbala,  alniaea- 
bala,  algebra.]  1.  Formal  mathematics;  the 
analysis  of  equations;  the  art  of  reasoning 
aboiit  relations,  more  especially  quantitative 
relations,  by  the  aid  of  a  compact  and  highly 
systematized  notation,  in  ordinary  algebra  the  re- 
lations between  quantities  are  expressed  by  signs  of  equal- 
ity, addition,  8ul)traction,  multiiilication,  etc.  (  =  ,  +,  — , 
X ).  or  by  the  position  of  the  quantities  {as  xg  for  x  x  i/, 
and  xf  for  a:  to  the  g  jwwer),  :uid  tin-  quantities  themselves 
are  denoted  by  letters,  Quantities  \\liose  values  are  un- 
known or  are  a-ssunied  to  be  varialtle  are  denoted  by  the 
liust  letters  of  the  alphabet,  as  x,  y,  z;  known  or  constant 
quantities  by  a,  b,  c,  etc. ;  and  jiroblems  are  solved  by  ex- 
pressing  all  t!»e  data  in  the  form  of  equations,  and  then 
transforming  these  according  to  certain  rules.  The  con- 
ceptions of  negative  and  imaginary  quantities  (see  itega- 
tive  and  imagiiuirg)  are  employed.  The  term  higher  alge- 
bra usually  means  the  theory  of  invariants.  See  invari- 
ant. Multiple  algebra,  or  n-way  algebra,  introduces  the 
conception  of  units  of  different  denominations,  which  can, 
however,  be  multiplied  together.  Each  sucli  system  has  a 
multiplication  taliie  characterizing  it. 
2.  Any  special  system  of  notation  adapted  to 
the  study  of  a  special  system  of  relationshiji : 
as,  "  it  is  an  algebra  upon  an  algebra,"  Si/lvester. 
— 3.  A  treatise  on  algebra. 

Its  abbreviation  is  alg. 
Boolian  algebra,  a  logical  algebra,  invented  by  the  Eng- 
lisli  iiKit  h.iimtician  George  Boole  (1815-l>4).  for  the  solution 
of  prublciiis  in  ordinary  logic.  It  has  also  a  connection 
with  the  theory  of  probabilities.  —  Logical  algebra,  an 
algebra  which  considers  particularly  non-ciuantitative  rela- 
tions.—NUpotent  algebra,  an  algebra  in  which  every  ex- 
pression is  nilpotent  (which  see).  —  Pure  algebra,  an  alge- 
bra in  which  ever>'  unit  is  connected  with  everj-  other  by 
a  definite  relation. 
algebraic  (al-je-bra'ik),  o.  l< algebra  + -ic ; 
prop.  *algebric  =  F.  algebriqiie,  <  NL.  *algebri- 
CHS.]  1.  Pertaining  to  algebra. —  2.  Involving 
no  operations  except  addition,  subtraction,  mul- 
tiplication, division,  and  the  raising  of  quan- 
tities to  powers  whose  exponents  are  commen- 
surable quantities  :  as,  an  algebraic  equation  or 
expression. —  3.  Relating  to  the  system  of  quan- 
tity which  extends  indefinitely  below  as  well  as 

above  zero Algebraic  curve.  See  cKrrc— Algebraic 

equation,  an  equation  in  which  the  unkno^^^l  quantities 
or  variables  ai-e  suljjected  to  no  other  operations  thau  those 
enumerated  in  definition  2,  above  :  as,  a^;  (/H  +  axt  =  6. 
—Algebraic  form.  See /orm.— Algebraic  function,  a 
function  whose  connection  with  its  variable  is  expressed 
by  au  algebraic  equation.  Thus,  x  and  y,  as  defined  by  the 
above  equation,  are  algebraic  functions  of  one  another. — 
Algebraic  geometry,  a  name  given  to  the  application  of 
alj^clua  t"  tile  -sdbition  of  geometrical  problems.  — Alge- 
braic sign,  tile  si;:n  +  or  —  which  has  to  be  attached  to  a 
real  number  to  fix  its  v.ilue  in  algebra. — Algebraic  space, 
a  space  in  which  the  position  of  a  point  may  be  uniquely 
defined  by  a  set  of  values  of  periodic  algebraic  integrals, 
without  exceptions  which  form  part  of  the  space. — Alge- 
braic sum,  the  sum  of  several  quantities  whose  algebraic 
signs  have  lieen  taken  into  account  in  adding  them :  as, 
tlie  algebraic  i^uin  of  -f  4  and  —2  is  4-2. 

algebraical  (al-je-bra'i-kal),  a.  1.  Same  as 
algebraic. —  2.  Resembling  algebra;  relating  to 
alpelira. 

algebraically  (al-je-bra'i-kal-i),  adv.  By  means 
of  algebra,  or  of  algebraic  processes ;  in  an  alge- 
braic manner;  as  regards  algebra. 

algebraist  (al'je-bra-ist),  H.  [(.algebra  +  -ist ; 
prop.  *algehrist  =  F.  algcbriste  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  alge- 
lirif:tn,  <  NL.  algebrista.]  One  who  is  versed  in 
the  science  of  algebra.     Also  algebrist. 

algebraize  (al'je-bra-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
algebraixd,  ppr.  algebraizing.  [<  algebra  -^-  -ize; 
prop.  *a?(7f6Wrc]  To  perform  by  algebra ;  re- 
duce to  algebraic  form. 

algebrist  mrje-brist),  n.     Same  as  algebraist. 

algedo  (al-je'do),  H.  [NL.,<  Gr.  a/;  i/^uv,  a  sense 
of  pain,  pain,  suffering,  <  a/.;  civ,  feel  bodily  pain, 
suffer.]  In  pathfjl.,  ^-iolent  pain  about  the 
urethra,  testes,  bladder,  perineum,  and  anus, 
caused  by  sudden  stoppage  of  severe  gonorrhea. 

algefacient  (al-je-fa'shient),  «.  [<  L.  algere, 
be  cold,  +  facien(t-)s,  ppr.  of  facere,  make.] 
Making  cool ;  cooling. 

Algerian  (al-je'ri-au),  a.  and  «.  [=  F.  Alg6- 
ricn.  <  Algeria  (F.  Algerie),  the  province,  Algiers 
(F.  Alger  =  'Siy.  Argel=\i.  Algeri),  the  city,  <  Ar. 
Al-j€:air,  the  city  of  Algiers,  lit.  the  Islands,  < 
0?,  the,+,/(~air,  pi.  otjezira,  island,]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  city  of  .Algiers,  or  to  Algeria  or  its 
inhabitants — Algerian  tea.    See  (en. 

II.  H.  An  inhabitant  of  the  French  colony  of 
Algeria,  in  the  north  of  Africa.  The  colony  was 
founded  in  lS;i4,  extends  from  the  Mediterranean  south- 
ward to  the  desert  of  Sahara,  and  has  Tunis  aud  Morocco 
on  its  east  and  west  frontiers  respectively. 

Algerine  (al-je-ren'),  a.  and  «.  [=  Sp.  Argelino 
=  It.  Algerino  :  see  Algerian.]  1.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Algiers  or  Algeria,  or  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Algeria. 


II. 


Algerine 

H.    1.    A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Al- 


giers or  AlRpria,  in  Al'rica ;  partieularly,  one 
of  tlio  indif^enous  Hcrbcr  or  Arable  inliabitanls 
of  Algier.s,  as  diatiuguislied  t'roin  the  Freueli 
colonists.  See -•(/(/(■»•(((«.  Ilenee  —  2.  A  pirate: 
from  tho  faet  that  the  jieoijle  of  Alfriers  were 
formerly  niueh  acldieted  to  j>iraey. — 3.  [/.  c]  .\ 
woolen  material  woven  in  strijies  of  brij^lit  col- 
ors, and  often  with  fold  thread,  generally  too 
loose  and  soft  for  ordinary  wear,  and  made  into 
searfs,  shawls,  and  the  like. 

algerite  (arjLh--it),  n.  [After  F.  -l/f/c)-.]  A 
mineral  oeenrring  in  yellow  to  gi'ay  tetragonal 
crystals  at  Franklin  Furnace,  New  Jersey.  It 
is  iirobably  an  altered  seapolite. 

algetic  (ai-jet'ik),  «.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *d?.y7jTtKur, 
ia'Aycii;  liave  i>ain.]  Producing  or  having  re- 
lation to  (lain. 

algid    (al'.iid),   a.    [<  L.   tihiidiis,  cold,  <  aUjvre, 

be  cold.]     Cold Algid  cholera,  in  jmtlinl.,  Asiatic 

tluileni:  sii  riilk-il  from  tliu  fiKt  llwit  (limiiuitiiin  of  tcm- 
pcrjiture  is  oiu'  of  its  leiulinj;  i.lniract<-ristirs, 

algidity  (iil-jid'i-ti),  H.  {_<ahii,i  + -Uy.-]  The 
state  of  being  algid;  chilliness;  coldness. 

algidness  (al'jid-nes),  ti.     Same  as  nhjiility. 

algific  (al-.iif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  algificiis,  <  <(((/h.s,  cold 
(ZaItjPrc,  be  cold),  +faccrv,  make.]  Producing 
cold. 

algist  (al'jist),  n.  [<  L.  alfjii,  a  seaweed,  +  -ist.'] 
A  student  of  that  department  of  botany  which 
relates  to  algm  or  seaweeds;  one  skilled  in 
algology. 

algodonite  (al-god'o-nit),  n.  [<  Jhiodoncs  (see 
def.)  +  -;7<-.]  An  arsenid  of  copper  occurring 
in  steel-gray  masses,  allied  to  domeykite.  It 
is  fimiul  at  thf  silver-mine  of  Algodones,  uear  Coquimbo, 
Chili. 

algoid  (al'goid),  a.  [<  L.  alga,  a  seaweed,  + 
-y«/.]     Kesembiing  algaa. 

Algol  (al'gol  or  al-gol'),  ii.  [Ar.,  the  demon.] 
A  pale  star  varying  in  magnitiule  from  2.3  to 
4.0  in  a  period  of  2.89  days  ;  ,}  Persei. 

algological  (al-go-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  nhiol'HI'J  + 
-/(•((/.]     Relating  or  pertaining  to  algology. 

algologist  ( al-gol 'o-jist).  H.  [<  alyoloj/ij  +  -ist.l 
One  will)  studies  algai  or  seaweeds;  one  skilled 
in  algology;  an  algist. 

algology  (al-gol'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  alga,  a  seaweed. 
+  (jr.  -/.o)(a,  <  7f')f(i',  speak:  see -ology.']  A 
branch  of  botany  treating  of  algaj ;  phycology. 

Algonkin,  Algonquin  (al-gon'kin).  a.  [Amer. 
Ind.  J/(/()«g(((«  is  a  F.  spelling.]  Belonging  to 
an  important  and  widely  spread  family  of  North 
American  Indian  tribes,  formerly  inhabiting 
the  eastern  coast  from  Labrador  down  through 
the  Middle  States,  and  extending  westward 
across  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  even  into  tho 
Rocky  moim tains.  Some  of  its  principal  divisions  are 
the  New  England  Indians,  the  Delawares,  the  Ojibwes  or 
Chippewas,  and  the  Blaekfeet. 

algor  (al'gor),  n.  [L.,  <  algere,  he  eold.]  In  i>a- 
thiiL,  an  imusual  feeling  of  coldness;  rigor  or 
chill  in  or  at  the  onset  of  fever. 

algorism  (al'go-rizm),  n.  [<  ME.  algorismc, 
(il<l((risiii,  etc.,  also  contr.  aJgrim,  aiigrim,  etc., 
<  OF.  algarisiiic,  (imiorisnic,  ain/oyimc  =  Pr.  aJgo- 
n'.s»ie  =  Sp.  (ihiiiiirismo  (cf.  iiKiirixnio,  cipher)  = 
Pg.  It. algorisiin),  <  ML. ((/</o)/6«f«6' (occasionally 
alchoarismus,  etc.),  the  Arabic  system  of  nmu- 
bers,  arithmetic,  <  Ar.  al-Khoicdrazmi,  i.  e.,  the 
native  of  Khiedra::m  (Khiva),  surname  of  Abu 
Ja'far  Mohammed  ben  Musa,  an  Arabian  math- 
ematician, who  Uom-ished  in  tho  9th  eentmy. 
His  work  on  algebra  was  translated  or  para- 
phrased into  Latin  early  in  the  13th  century, 
and  was  the  soiu-ce  from  which  Eiu'ope  derived 
a  knowledge  of  the  Arabic  numerals.  His  sur- 
name, given  in  the  Latin  paraphrase  as  Algorit- 
mi,  came  to  bo  applied  to  arithmetic  in  much  the 
same  way  that  "Euclid"  was  applied  to  geom- 
etry. Tlie  spelling  algorithm,  Sp.  It.  ahjorilmo, 
Pg.'  algoriihmo,  ML.  (/igorillimii.s,  etc.,  simulates 
Gr.  aptHfid^,  nximber.]  1.  In  urith.,  the  Arabic 
system  of  notation;  hence,  tho  art  of  computa- 
tion -ivith  the  Arabic  figures,  now  commonly 
called  arithmcUc. 

If  ever  tlicyc-anie  to  the  connected  mention  of  addition, 
subtraction,  nniUiplication,  and  division,  it  nuulit  toliave 
been  a  sign  that  they  were  rcatiing  tin  ahi'o-ixiit  as  di.stin- 
guished  from  arithmetic.      De  Mort/an,  .-Vrith.  liooka,  xix. 

2.  Any  peculiar  method  of  computing,  as  the 
rule  for  finding  the  greatest  common  meastu'e. 
— 3.  Any  method  of  notation :  as,  the  differen- 
tial algorism. 

Also  written  algorithm. 
algorismic   (al-go-riz'mik),  a.      [<  algorism  + 
-ic]      Pertaining  to   algorism ;    arithmetical. 
2f.  E,  D,    Also  algorithmic. 


139 

algorist  fal'go-rlst),  II.  [<  algorism  +  -ist.'\  A 
computer  with  the  Arabic  figures;  an  arithme- 
tician; a  writer  on  algorism. 

The  Italian  school  of  (ttjinrixtn,  with  Pacioli  at  their 
head,  found  followers  in  Germany,  Kngland,  France,  and 
Spiuii.  De  Moryun,  Aritll.  liooks,  xxi. 

algoristic  (til-go-ris'tik),  a.    Pertaining  to  the 

.\raliii*  figures. 
algorithm  (al'go-riTiim),  n.   An  erroneous  form 

of  otfiiirinm. 
algorithmic  (al-go-riTii'mik),  a.     1.  Same  as 

algorismii'. — 2.  Pertaining  to  or  using  symbols : 

as,  algorithmic  logic. 

"Symbolic,"  as  I  understand  it,  being  almost  exactly 
the  e<iuivalent  of  alfjorithmlc. 

J.  Venn,  Symbolic  Logic,  p.  98. 
Algorithmic  geometry,  Wnmski's  name  for  analytical 
geiinietry.     St-Ttloin  used  by  writt^rs  of  authority. 

algous  (argus),  a.  [<  L.  uigosus,  abounding  in 
seaweed,  (.alga,  a  seaweed:  see  alga.]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  algaj  or  seaweeds; 
abounding  with  seaweed. 

algrimt,  ".    A  Middle  English  form  of  algorism. 

alguazil  (al-gwa-zel'),  H.  [<  Sp.  alguacil,  for- 
merly algna:il,  alvacil,  =  Pg.  algua;:il,  formerly 
alra^il,  alvacil,  also  alva~ir,  alvacir,  an  officer 
of  justice  (cf.  fliiazil,  governor  of  a  sea-towTi), 
<  Ar.  al-uuKir,  <  al,  the  (see  al-"),  +  wa:ir,  offi- 
cer, vizir:  see  rizir.'\  In  Spain,  and  in  regions 
settled  by  Spaniards,  an  inferior  officer  of  .jus- 
tice; a  constable. 

The  corregidor  .  .  .  has  ordered  this  al;/nazit  to  appre- 
hend you.  Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  v.  1. 
There  were  instances  in  which  men  of  the  most  vener- 
able dignity,  persecuted  without  a  cause  by  extortioners, 
died  of  rage  and  shame  in  the  gripe  of  the  vile  alffuaztls 
of  Inipey.                                  Maenulaif,  Warren  Hastings. 

algum  (al'gum),  H.  A  tree,  in  the  time  of  Solo- 
mon and  Hiram,  growing  on  Mount  Lebanon, 
along  with  cedar-  and  fir-trees,  sought  for  the 
construction  of  the  temple ;  according  to  both 
the  Septuagint  and  Vulgate  versions,  the  pine. 
It  was  not  identical  with  the  almug-tree,  which 
was  brought  from  Ophir.     See  almug. 

Send  nie  also  cedar  trees,  tir  trees,  and  at<j}ini  trees,  out 
of  Leiianon.  2  (ihron.  ii.  8. 

alhacena  (iil-a-tha'na),  >!.  [Sp.,<Ar.  ?]  A  cup- 
board or  recess  of  stucco,  decorated  in  the  Moor- 
ish or  Spanish  style.  A  magnificent  specimen  in  the 
South  Kensington  Sluseuni,  London,  comes  from  Toledo 
in  Spain,  and  is  of  the  style  of  the  fourteenth  centm'y. 

Alhagi  (al-haj'i),  n.  [NL.,  <  Ar.  al-hdj  (Avi- 
ceuua),  tho  camel's-thorn.]  A  genus  of  legu- 
minous plants  of  several  reputed  species,  but 
all  probably  forms  of  one,  ranging  from  Egypt 
and  Greece  to  India.  A.  eanwlorum  is  a  rigid  spiny 
shrub,  the  leaves  and  branches  of  which  exude  a  species 
of  manna.  This  is  collected  in  consitlerable  quantity  in 
Persia  for  food  and  for  exportation  to  India ;  camels  are 
veiy  fond  of  it. 

Albambraic  (al-ham-bra'ik),  a.  [<  Alhamhra 
(<  Ar.  al-hamrd',  lit.  the  red  (house),  with  refer- 
ence to  the  color  of  the  sun-dried  liricks  which 


Court  of  Lions,  Altiambra. 


compose  the  outer  walls,  <  al,  the,  +  hamrd', 
fem.  of  ahmar,  red)  +  -ic.']  Pertaining  to  or 
built  or  decorated  after  tho  manner  of  the  Al- 
hambra,  a  Moorish  palace  and  fortress  near 
Granada  in  Spain,  erected  during  the  thirteenth 
and  tlie  first  part  of  the  fourteenth  centiu-y,  and 
the  finest  existing  specimen  of  Moorish  archi- 
tectiu'e;  in  the  style  of  the  Alhamhra.  The  style 
of  decoration  eharactertstie  of  the  .\lhambra  is  remark- 
able for  the  elaborate  variety  and  complexity  of  ita  details. 


alien 

which  are  somewhat  small  in  scale,  but  fancifully  varied 
and  brilliant  with  color  and  gilding. 

Alhambresque  fal-ham-bresk'),  a.  [(Alham- 
hra +  -(sijKi .]  Kesembiing  the  Alhambra,  or 
the  style  of  ornamentation  peculiar  to  the  Al- 
hambra.    See  Alhambraic. 

alhenna  (al-hen'ii,),  «.     Same  as  henna. 

alhidade,  «.     See  alidade. 

alias  (ii'li-as),  adv.  [L.  alid.^,  at  nnothertime;. 
in  post-Augustan  period,  at  another  time  or 
place,  elsewhere,  under  other  circumstances, 
otherwise;  fern.  ace.  pi.  (cf.  E.  else,  a  gen. 
sing,  form,  from  same  original)  of  alius,  other: 
see  alien.]  At  another  time;  in  another  place; 
in  other  circumstances;  otherwise,  it  is  n»c<l 
chielly  in  judicial  iiroceedings  to  connect  the  dilfereut 
names  assumed  by  a  person  who  attempts  to  conceal  his 
true  name  ami  pass  nmler  a  llctitious  one  :  thus,  .Simjisoii 
ali(tJt  Smith  means  a  person  calling  himself  at  one  time 
or  one  jilace  Smith,  at  another  Sinqison. 

alias  (a'li-as),  H. ;  pi.  oWnscs  (-ez).  1.  [(alias, 
adr.]    An  assumed  name ;  another  name. 

Outcasts  .  .  .  forced  to  assume  every  week  new  rtfioaen 
and  new  disguises.  Mat'aulay,  Hist.  Kiig,,  xxf. 

Most  [Moslem]  women  when  travelling  adopt  an  aliag. 
Ii.  P.  liurlun,  El-.Medinah,  p.  420. 

2.  [From  words  in  the  writ,  Sicut  alias  prw- 
cipimus,  as  wc  at  another  time  command.]  In 
law,  a  second  writ  or  execution  issued  when 
the  first  has  failed  to  serve  its  purpose.  Also 
used  adjectively :  as,  an  alias  execution. 
alibi  (al'i-bi),  adv.  [L.,  elsewhere,  in  another 
place,  <  alius,  other,  +  -hi,  related  to  E.  hy,  q.  v.] 
In  law,  elsewhere ;  at  aiu)ther  place. 

The  prisoner  had  little  to  say  in  his  defence;  lie  endea- 
voured to  prove  himself  alihi. 

Arlmthnot,  Hist.  John  Hull,  ii. 

alibi  (al'i-bi),  n.  [<  alibi,  adv.]  1.  In  law,  a  plea 
of  having  been  elsewhere  at  the  time  an  offense 
is  alleged  to  have  been  committed.  Hence — 2. 
The  fact  or  state  of  haxnug  been  elsewhere  at  the 
time  specified:  as,  ho  attempted  to  prove  an  »Wii. 

alibility  (al-i-bil'j-ti),  n.  [=  F.  alibiliti;  <  L. 
alihilis:  see  alible  and -hiliti).]  The  capacity  of 
a  nutritive  substance  for  absorijtion;  assimila- 
tiveness.     JV.  E.  I). 

alible  (al'i-bl),  a.  [<  L.  alibilis,  nutritive,  <  alere, 
nom-ish:  see  aliment.]     Nutritive. 

alicant  (al'i-kant),  n.  [(Alicante,  a  town  in 
Spain, whence  the  wine  is  exported.]  A  strong, 
sweet,  dark-colored  Spanish  wine.  Formerly 
written  aligant,  alligant,  allcgant,  etc. 

alichel  (al'i-shel),  «.  [Orig.  a  misreading,  in 
a  black-letter  book,  of  alichel,  (  At.  al-i(/bdl,  < 
al,  the,  +  if/bdl,  advancement,  progress.]  In 
astroh,  the  situation  of  a  planet  on  or  follow- 
ing an  angle. 

alictisal  (al-ik-ti'zal),  H.  [<  Ar.  al-itti(;dl,  <  al, 
the,  +  itti(;dl,  contact,  conjunction  of  jdanets, 
<  wa^'ala,  join.]  In  astrol.,  the  conjimctiou  of 
two  planets  moving  in  the  same  direction,  and 
one  overtaking  the  other. 

alicula  (a-lik'n-Ui),  n.  [L.,  dim.  of  ala,  wing, 
perhaps  because  it  covers  the  upper  part  of  the 
arm  {ala).]  In  Ji'om.  antiq..  a  sliort  upp(>r  gar- 
ment, like  a  cape,  worn  by  hunters,  covmtry- 
men.  and  boys. 

alidade  (al'i-dad),  n.  [Also  alidad ;  (  F.  alidade 
=  Sp.  alhidada,  alidada  =Pg.  alidada,  alidade, 
(  ML.  alhidada,  <  Ar.  al-'idddah,  the  revolving 
radius  of  a  graduated  circle,  <  al,  the  (see  al--), 
+  'adad,  'adid,  'adud,  the  upper  arm,  which  re- 
volves in  its  socket.]  1.  A  movable  arm  ]iass- 
ing  over  a  gradtxatcd  circle,  and  earrjing  a 
vernier  or  an  index:  an  attachment  of  many  in- 
struments for  measiu'ing  angles.  See  cut  under 
sextant. 

Tlie  astrolabe  [u.sed  by  Vasco  da  Gama]  was  a  metal  cir- 
cle graduated  round  the  edge,  with  a  limb  calleil  the  al- 
lii'hiil'i  Hxid  to  a  pin  in  the  centre,  and  working  round 
the  graduated  circle.  Enctjc.  Brit.,  X.  Ibl. 

2.  A  straight-edge  carrying  a  telescope :  an  at- 
tachment of  the  plane-fable  for  transferring  to 
Iia]>er  the  direction  of  any  object  from  the  sta- 
tion occtipied. 
Also  written  alhidade. 

aliel  (a'li),  V.  t.  [Shetland  dial.,  <  Icel.  alan, 
nourish,  =  Goth,  alan,  nourish,  grow:  see  all 
and  aliment.]  To  cherish;  nurse;  pet.  Edmond- 
ston,  Shetland  (iloss. 

alie'^  (a'li),  n.  [<  «?i<;l,  )•.]  A  pet;  a  favorite. 
Edmondston,  Shetland  Gloss. 

alie-t,  I',  t.     A  former  spelling  of  ally^. 

alien  (al'yen),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
alienc,  alient,  aliant,  alliant,  (  ME.  alien,  ahjen, 
alyene,  aliente,  aliaunt,  etc.,<  OF.  alien,  allien,  ( 
L.rt/(>Hi/s,  belongingto another,  <rt/i«s,  another, 
akin  to  E.  else.]  I.  a.  1.  Residing  under  an- 
other government  or  in  another  country  than 


alien 

tliat  of  one's  birlli,  ami  not  liaving  rights  of 
eitizensliip  in  smli  pUifo  of  resiilcnco:  as,  tiic 
alien  j)(>]iiil;ition;  an  alien  comiition. — 2.  For- 
eign; not  belonging  to  cue's  own  nation. 

The  VL'il  iif  alifii  speech. 

O.  W,  Ilvlmcs,  Cliincse  Embassy. 
The  sad  heart  of  Ruth,  when,  sick  for  home, 
She  stood  in  tears  amid  the  alien  corn. 

Keat^,  Ode  to  Nightingale. 

3.  ^^^lolly  different  in  nature;  estranged;  ad- 
verse; liostile:  used  with  to  ov  from. 

The  thin^'  most  alien  from  .  .  .  [the  Protector's]  cleai- 

intellect  and  his  conmmndilij;  s])irit  waa  petty  ])erseeution. 

Macautay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

It  is  dillieult  to  trace  the  origin  of  sentiments  so  alien 
to  our  own  way  of  thought. 

J.  F,  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Religions,  vi. 

Alien  ess,  i"  omith.,  the  egg  of  a  cuckoo,  cow-bird,  or 
other  parasitic  species,  dropped  in  the  nest  of  another 
bird.— Allen  enemy.  Sec  c/ic/iii/.— Alien  friend.  See 
/riVwrf.— Alien  good,  in  etitiea,  a  good  nut  under  one's 
own  coutrul.— Alien  water,  any  stream  of  water  carried 
across  an  irrigated  tield  or  meadow,  but  not  employed  in 
the  system  of  irrigation.     IntjK  Diet. 

II.  n.  1.  A  foreigner;  one  born  in  or  belong- 
ing to  another  country  who  has  not  acquired 
citizenship  by  natm-alizatiou ;  one  who  is  not 
a  denizen,  or  entitled  to  the  pririleges  of  a  citi- 
zen. In  France  a  child  born  of  residents  who  are  not 
citizens  is  an  alien.  In  the  Vnited  .States,  as  in  Great 
Britain,  children  born  and  remaining  within  the  country, 
though  born  of  alien  parents,  are,  according  to  the  better 
opinion,  natural-born  citizens  oi-  sutijects  ;  and  the  children 
of  citizens  or-subjects,  thiiU'.;h  liurn  in  other  cnuntries,  are 
generally  deemed  natural-burn  citizens  or  subjects,  and  if 
they  become  resident  are  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  resi- 
dent citizens ;  but  they  also  may.  when  of  full  age,  make 
dedai'atiou  of  alienage.    See  ciiize7i. 

"\\Tien  the  Roman  jurists  applied  their  experience  of 
Roman  citizens  to  dealings  between  citizens  and  alientr, 
showing  by  the  difference  of  their  actions  that  they  re- 
garded the  circumstances  as  essentially  ditfcrent,  they  laid 
the  foundations  of  that  great  structm-e  which  has  guided 
the  social  progress  of  Em'ope. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Leetui-es,  I.  IDG. 

3.  A  stranger.     [Bare.] 

An  ali^n  to  the  liearts 
Of  all  the  coul't,  and  princes  of  my  blood. 

Sha'n...  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

AVlio  can  not  have  been  altogether  an  alien  from  the  re- 
searches of  your  lordshij).  Landor. 

Alien  Act.  (a)  See  alien  and  sedition  laws,  below,  (h) 
Au  English  statute  of  1836  (0  and  7  Wm.  IV.  c.  11)  provid- 
ing for  the  registration  of  aliens;  and  one  of  1S44  (7  and 
8  Vict.  c.  66)  alluuiii'.j  aliens  from  friendly  nations  tu  hold 
real  and  personal  jiruperty  for  purposes  of  residence,  and 
resident  aliens  to  ijeconie  naturalized,  (c)  An  English  statute 
of  1847  (10  and  11  Vict.  c.  8o)  concerning  naturalization.— 
Alien  and  sedition  laws,  a  series  of  laws  adopted  by  the 
United  States  government  in  1798,  during  a  controversy 
with  France  in  regard  to  which  the  country  was  violently 
agitated.  They  included  three  alien  acts,  the  second  and 
most  famous  of  wliich  (1  Stat.  .^)70)  conferred  power  on  the 
President  to  order  out  of  the  country  such  aliens  as  lie 
might  reasonably  suspect  of  secret  machinations  against 
the  government  or  judge  dangerous  to  its  peace.  It  ex- 
pired by  limitation  in  two  years.  The  sedition  law  was  a 
stringent  act  against  seditious  ciuispiracy  and  libel,  chiefly 
aimed  at  obstructive  opposition  to  the  proceedings  of  gov- 
ernment and  libelous  or  seditious  publications  in  regard 
to  them.  These  laws  had  little  effect  besides  that  of  over- 
throwing the  Federal  party,  which  was  lield  responsible 
for  them. 

alien  (al'yen),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  aJienen,  alwenen,  < 
OF.  aliener,  mod.  F.  aliener  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
alienar  =  It.  alienarc,  <  L.  aUenare,  make  alien, 
estrange,  <  alieniis,  alien:  see  alien,  a.]  1.  To 
transfer  or  convey  to  another;  make  over  the 
possession  of:  as,  to  alien  a  title  or  property. 
In  this  sense  also  written  aliene. 

Alien  the  gleabe,  intaile  it  to  thy  loines. 

Muraton,  "What  You  Will,  ii.  1. 
If  tlie  son  alien  lands,  and  then  repurchase  them  again 
in  fee,  tlie  rules  of  descents  are  to  be  observed,  as  if  he 
were  the  original  purchaser. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Ilist.  Common  Law  of  Eng. 
Had  they,  like  him  [Cliarles  I.],  for  gooil  and  valuable 
consideration,  alieiietl  their  hurtful  prerogatives? 

Maeauhtri,  Oonv.  lictwcen  Cowley  and  Milton. 

2.  To  make  averse  or  indifferent ;  turn  the  af- 
fections or  inclinations  of ;  alienate ;  estrange. 

The  prince  was  totally  aliened  from  all  thoughts  of,  or 
inclination  to,  the  marriage.  Clarendon. 

Poetry  h.-id  not  been  aliened  from  the  jieople  by  the  es- 
tablishment of  an  Upper  House  of  vocables  aloneentitled 
to  move  in  the  stately  ceremonials  of  verse. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  1.S7. 

alienability  (al"yen-a-biri-ti),  v.     [<  alienable, 

after  !•'.  alienabilite.^'    The  state  or  quality  of 

being  alienable ;  the  capacity  of  being  alienated 

or  transferred. 

The  alienahillty  of  the  domain.     .BurArc, Works,  III.  310. 

alienable  (al'yen-a-bl).  a.  \<  alien,  t..  +  -able, 
after  F.  aliinablc.j  That  may  be  alienated; 
capable  of  being  sold  or  transfeiTed  to  another : 
as,  land  is  alienable  according  to  the  laws  of  the 
state. 


140 

alienage  (al'yon-aj),  n.  [<  alien  +  -ai/e.']  1. 
The  state  of  being  an  alien ;  the  legal  standing 
of  an  alien. 

Why  restore  estates  forfeitable  on  account  of  aliena;ie  ? 

Slorit. 

I  do  hereby  order  and  i)roclaim  that  no  plea  of  alieno'ie 
will  be  received,  orallowed  to  exempt  from  the  obligation 
imposed  by  the  aforesaid  .\ct  of  Cojigress  any  jierson  of 
foi-eign  birth  who  shall  have  declared  on  oath  his  inten- 
tion to  become  a  citizen  of  the  I'nited  States. 

Lineuln,  in  Raymond,  p.  370. 

2.  The  state  of  being  alienated  or  transferred 
to  another;  alienation.     [Rare.] 

'The  provinces  were  treated  in  a  far  more  harsh  manner 
than  the  Italian  states,  even  in  the  latter  period  of  their 
alienaf/e.  iirutiiihain. 

alienate  (al'yen-at),  v.  t.  •  pret.  and  pp.  alien- 
ated, pjir.  ulicnatinr/.  [<  L.  alienatus,  pp.  of 
alienarc,  make  alien,  estrange:   see  alien,  v.'] 

1.  To  transfer  or  convey,  as  title,  property,  or 
other  right,  to  another:  as,  to  alienate  lands 
or  sovereignty. 

He  must  have  the  consent  of  the  electors  wlien  he  would 
alienate  or  mortgage  anything  belonging  to  tlie  empire. 
Goldsmith,  Seven  Years'  War,  iv. 
Led  blindfold  thus 
By  love  of  what  he  thought  his  flesh  and  blood 
'To  alienate  his  all  in  her  behalf. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  117. 

2.  To  repel  or  turn  away  in  feeling;  make  in- 
different or  averse,  where  love  or  esteem  be- 
fore subsisted;  estrange:  with /row  before  the 
secondary  object. 

He  [Pausanias]  alienated,  by  his  insolence,  all  wlio  might 
have  served  or  protected  him. 

Macaulatt,  Slitford's  Greece. 

The  recollection  of  his  former  life  is  a  dream  that  oidy 

the  more  alienates  him  from  the  realities  of  the  present. 

Is.  Taylor. 
—  Syn.  1.  To  deliver  over,  surrender,  give  up. — 2.  To  dis- 
atfeet. 
alienate  (al'yeu-at),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  alienatus, 
]ip.  as  above,  in  the  jip.  sense.]  I.  a.  In  a  state 
of  alienation;  estranged. 

O  alienate  from  God,  O  spirit  accuj'sed  I 

Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  877. 
The  Whigs  are  .  .  .  wholly  alienate  from  truth. 

Siin/t,  Misc. 
H.t  n.  A  stranger;  an  alien. 
AA'bosoever  eateth  the  lamb  without  this  house,  he  is  an 
alienate.  Stapletun.  I'ortresse  of  the  Faith,  fol.  148. 

alienated  (aryen-a-tcd),j^.o.    Mentally  astray ; 

demented. 
alienation  (al-yen-a'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  ah/cnacion, 
-ei/iiii,  <  UF.  alienation,  <  L.  alicnatio(n-),  <  alie- 
■nare,  pp.  alienatus,  alien:  see  alien,  v.,  and  alien- 
ate, r.]  The  act  of  alienating,  or  the  state  of 
being  alienated.  («.)  in  late,  a  transfer  of  the  title  tu 
pi-operty  by  one  person  to  another,  by  conveyance,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  inheritance.  A  devise  of  real  property  is 
regarded  as  an  alienation. 

In  some  cases  the  consent  of  all  the  heirs,  collateral  as 
well  as  descendant,  had  to  be  obtained  before  an  aliena- 
tion could  be  made. 

i>.  ir.  Bess,  German  Land-holding,  p.  7-1. 
(6)  The  diversion  of  lands  from  ecclesiastical  to  secular 
ownei*ship. 

The  word  alieitationhas  acquired  since  the  Reformation 
the  almost  distinctive  meaning  of  the  diversion  of  lands 
from  ecclesiastical  or  religious  to  secular  ownei-sliip. 

Ii,  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  ii. 
(r)  A  withdrawing  or  an  estrangement,  as  of  feeling  or 
the  affections. 

Alienation  of  heart  from  the  king.  Baeon. 

AVe  keep  apart  when  we  have  quarrelled,  express  our- 
selves in  well-bred  phrases,  and  in  this  way  preserve  a 
dignified  alienation.     George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  5. 

She  seemed,  also,  conscious  of  a  cause,  to  me  unknown, 
for  the  gradual  alienation  of  my  regard. 

Poe,  Tales,  I.  471. 
id)  Deprivation,  or  partial  deprivation,  of  mental  faculties ; 
derangement ;  insanity. 

If  a  person  of  acknowledged  probity  and  of  known  pu- 
rity of  life  were  suddenly  to  do  something  grossly  immoral, 
and  it  were  impossible  to  discover  any  motive  for  his 
strange  and  aberrant  deed,  we  should  ascribe  it  to  an 
alienation  of  nature,  and  say  that  he  must  be  mad. 

.Maud.4ei,,  Body  and  Will,  p.  10. 

alienation-office  (al-yen-a'shon-ofis),  n.  Au 
office  in  London,  at  which  persons  resorting  to 
the  judicial  processes  of  fine  and  recovery  for 
the  conveyance  of  lands  were  required  to  pre- 
sent their  wi'its,  and  submit  to  the  pajiuent  of 
fees  called  the  prefinc  and  the  po.'itjine. 

alienator  (al'yen-a-tor),  u.  [=  F.  alienatenr,  < 
MIj.  ^alienator,  <  L.  alicnare,  pp.  alienatus,  alien- 
ate: see  alien,  v.~\  1.  One  who  alienates  or 
transfers  property. — 2.  A  thief.  [Humorous.] 
To  one  like  Ella,  whose  treasures  are  rather  cased  in 
leather  covers  than  closed  in  iron  cofTei-s,  there  is  a  class 
of  alienators  more  formidable  than  that  which  I  have 
touched  upon ;  1  mean  your  borrowers  of  books. 

Lamb,  Two  Races  of  Men. 

aliene  (al-yen'),  v.  t.    Same  as  alien,  1. 


alight 

alienee  (al-yen-6'),  v.  [<  alien,  v.,  -I-  -(•('.]  One 
to  whom  the  lit  le  to  |iropcrty  is  transferred :  as, 
"if  the  aliinie  enters  and  keeps  possession," 
1ihir}:>il(nn . 

aliener  Ciryen-er),  n.     Same  as  alienor. 

alien-house  (al'yen -hous),  n.  Formerly,  in 
England,  a  \mory  or  other  religious  house  be- 
longing to  foreign  (■cclesiastics,  or  under  their 
control.      Encijc.  JSril..  II.  459. 

alienigenate  (al-.ven-ij'e-nat),  a.  [<  L.  alicni- 
(jeuHs,  foreign-bom  (<  alicnus.  foreign,  alien,  + 
-genus, -horn), +  -ate^.']  Alien-born.  Jl.C.II'in- 
throp. 

alienism  {al'yen-izm),  )i.  [(.alien  +  -ism.']  1. 
The  state  of  being  an  alien. 

The  law  w.as  vei-y  gentle  in  the  construction  of  the  dis- 
ability of  ali*'niMni.  CItancellor  Kent. 

2.  The  study  and  treatment  of  mental  dis- 
eases. 
alienist  (al'yen-ist),  n.     [<  alien  +  -ist.'\     One 
engaged  in  the  scientific  study  or  treatment  of 
mental  diseases. 

He  [John  Locke]  looked  at  insanity  rather  too  Bupertl- 
cially  for  a  practical  alienittt. 

E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  114. 
alienor  (iil'yen-gr),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  alienour, 

<  AF.  alienor,  alienour  =  OF.  alicneur,  <  ML. 
"alienator :  see  alienator.']     One  who  transfers 

Jroperty  to  another.  Also  \vritten  aliener. 
iethmoid  (al-i-eth'moid),  n.  and  a.  [<  L.  ala, 
a  wiug,  +  E.  ethmoid.]  I.  n.  The  lateral  part 
or  wing  of  the  ethmoidal  region  of  the  orbito- 
nasal cartilage  in  the  skull  of  an  embryonic 
bird. 

The  hinder  region  or  aliethmoid  is  the  true  olfactoiy  re- 
gion. M'.  A'.  Parker. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  aliethmoid :  as,  the 
aliethmoid  region;  an  aliethmoid  cartilage. 
alietyt  (a-U'e-ti),  «.  [<ML.  alietas,  <  L.  alius, 
other.]  The  state  of  being  different ;  otherness. 
alifet  (a-lif'),  adr.  [Appar.  <  o3  -|-  life,  as  if  for 
'as  one's  life,'  but  perhaps  orig.  due  to  lief.] 
Dearly. 

A  clean  iustep, 
And  that  I  love  ali/e ! 

Fleteher,  M.  Thomas,  ii.  2. 

aliferOUS  (a-lif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  ala,  wing,  + 
/(;•;■(' =  E.  /)('«rl.]     Having  Avings. 

aliform  (al'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  ala,  wing,  +  -for- 
mis,  <.forma,  shape.]  HaNdng  the  shape  of  a 
wing  or  wings  :  in  anat.,  applied  to  the  ptery- 
goid processes  and  the  muscles  associated  with 
them.     See  ptenjgoid.     [Rare.] 

aligantt  (al'i-gant),  Ji.    An  old  form  of  alicant. 

aligerous  (a-lij'e-rus),  a.  [<L.  aliger,  bearing 
wings,  <  ala,  wing,  4-  gerere,  bear.]  Having 
wings.  , 

alightlf  (a-lif),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  alighten,  alyghten, 
aligten,  ali/iten,  alihten,  ali/hten,<.{l)  AS.  dlihtan 
(OHG.  arliuhtan,  MHG.  erliuhten.  G.erlcuehten), 
light,  illuminate,  <  a-,  E.  k-I,  -t-  lihtan,'E.  light^, 
v.;  (2)  AS.  onUhtan,  light,  illuminate.  <  on-,  E. 
a-~,  +  llhtan,  E.  lighf^,  r.;  (3)  AS.  gcUhtan,  ge- 
Ijjhtan,  light,  give  light  to,  illuminate,  iutr.  be- 
come light,  <  ye-,  E.  o-6,  -I-  lihtan,  E.  lighf^,  v. : 
see  «-l,  o-'-,  o-O,  and  liglit^,  r.,  and  of.  alighten^, 
enlighten,  lighten'^;  see  also  alight^,  p.  a.]  1. 
To  light;  light  up;  illuminate. — 2.  To  set  light 
to  ;  light  (a  fire,  lamp,  etc.). 
Having  .  .  .  altolited  his  lamp. 

Shellon,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

alight!  (a-Iif),  p.  a.,  or  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a. 
[OIE.  alight,  aligt,  aliht  (early  mod.  E.  alighted), 

<  AS.  *dlihted,  pp.  of  dlihtan,  E.  alight^,  r.,  q.  v. ; 
but  now  regarded  as  parallel  to  afre,  ablace, 
etc.,  <  flS  -f-  li,/htl,  ».]  Provided  with  light; 
lighted  up;  illuminated. 

The  chapel  was  scarcely  alirrht. 

Thackeray,  Four  Georges  (1862),  p.  169.    (A'.  E.  D.) 
Set 
The  lamps  alifiht,  and  call 
For  golden  nmsic.      Tennyson,  Ancient  Sage. 
alight^t  (a-lif),  V.  t.     [<  ME.  alighten,  alihten, 
alihten,  (.AS.gehlitan  (=0}iG. gelihten),  lighten, 
mitigate,  <  i/c-,  E.  a-^,  -)-  lihtan,  E.  light'^,  r. :  see 
((-6,  light!i,'v.,  and  cf.  alighten^,  lighten'^.]     To 
make  light  or  less  heavy ;  lighten ;  alleviate, 
she  wende  to  aUi'iht  her  cuvUe  and  her  svnne. 

Caxton,  I!,  de  la  Tour.'  (.V.  E.  D.) 

alight^  (a-lif),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alighted  (ohs. 
pp.  alight),  ppr.  alighting.  [<  ME.  alighten, 
alyghten,  aligten,  alijgten,  <  (1)  AS.  dlihtan  (oc- 
curring but  once,  in  a  gloss:  "Dissilio.  Ic  of 
dlihte,"  lit.  '  I  aliirht  off").  <  <(-,  E.  n-l,  +  lihtan, 
E.  lights;  (O)  AS.  ijel'ihtan,  alight,  dismoimt. 
come  doflm.  <  ge-,  E.  w-C.  +  lihtan.  E.  light^:  see 
«-l,  ((-C,  and  liglitS.  and  cf.  alighten'^  and  light- 
en'i.]  1.  To  get  down  or  descend,  as  from 
horseback  or  from  a  carriage ;  dismount. 


aUght 

We  pftss'd  alonj?  the  coaRt  by  a  very  rocky  and  nipccd 
way,  which  forcMus  to  aliijlit  many  tinie.s  hefore  we  eaine 
to  ilavi'c  lie  (irace.  Kvelyn,  Diary,  March  2;i,  1(;14. 

2.  To  settle  orlodgo  after  deseending:  as,  a  bird 
alitjhts  ou  a  tree;  .snow  (ilidht.i  on  !i  roof. 

Truly  spalve  .Moliamiiied  cl  Uainiri,  "Wisdom  hath 
aliijhtfd  upcm  three  things  —  the  hriiiii  of  the  l-'raiiks,  the 
hands  of  tlie  Cliinese,  and  the  toTiKues  of  the  Aralis." 

li.  /■'.  Ilurtiin,  El-.Medinah,  p.  33,1. 

Wliether  in.sects  aluthf  on  tlie  leaves  by  mere  chance,  as 
a  restiiiK-pIaee,  or  are  attracted  by  the  odour  of  the  secre- 
tion, I  know  not.  Darwin,  Iiisectiv.  Plants,  p.  I". 

3.  To  f.all  (upon);  como  (upon)  aoeidontally, 
or  witliiiut  (Icsign  ;  light :  as,  to  tiluilil  on  a  |)ar- 
ticular  passage  in  a  book,  or  on  a  particular 
Tact;  to  (iliiiht  on  a  rare  plant. 

alighten't  (a-li'tu),  v.  t.  [<  aliyha  +  -cn^.  Cf. 
Iiillitiii^,  (■tili(ihten.'\    To  make  light;  illuminate. 

alighten-t  (a-li'tn),  r.  t.  [<  ((/(;//i(-'  +  -(7/1.  Cf. 
111/111(11-.]  To  malvo  light  or  less  heavy;  re- 
tluee  the  weight  or  Imrilen  of;  ligliten. 

alighten^'t  (a-li'tu),  c.  (.    l<  iilii/lii-^  + -eiA.   Cf. 

Ii(lliliii'-^.]     Toaliglit;  ilismomit. 

align,  alignment,  alignement.  See  almc'^, 
iihiiinniit. 

aligreek  (al-i-grek'),  n.  [Corruption  of  F.  a 
hi  i;n'cqi(c,  or  It.  alia  flreca,  in  th<>  Greek  (fash- 
ion).]    Same  as  a-Ia-firccqiie.     [Kare.] 

alike  (a-Uk'),  a.  [<  ME.  alilce,  alylcc,  and  assib- 
ilated  (ih/clic,  alcchc,  with  prefix  a-  repr.  both 
«-<>  and  ((-2,  the  earlier  forms  being — (V)  iUl; 
Hike,  ijlih;  i/li/k,  ifllll^'e,  cUk,  and  assibilated 
ilich,  iliclu;  ijUch,  yliclw,  i/ltrlic,  earliest  ME. 
grlic,  <  AS.  <i(llc  =  OS.  (jilik  =  OFries.  gelik, 
usually  lit,  =  OD.  ghcUjck,  D.  gdijk  =  OHG. 
ffiihli,  (jilili,  ficllli,  glili,  MHG.  f/elich,  (lUclt,  G. 
glcich  =  Icel.  gVikr,  mod.  Ukr  =  Sw.  lik  =  Dan. 
lig  =  Goth,  gaicika,  like,  similar,  alike,  lit.  'hav- 
ing a  corresponding  body  or  form,'  <  ga-  {=  AS. 
ge-),  together,  indicating  collation  or  compari- 
son, +  Icik  =  AS.  Iir,  E.  likc'i,  licit  (in  conip.  ///.•('- 
wake  =  licli-wakc,  lich-gate,  q.  v.),  body;  (2) 
alike,  ali/ke  (in  adv.  also  olikc,  olykc),  earlier 
with  prefix  an-,  accented,  aiilikc,  aiili/ke,  and 
assibilated  atilich,  onlicli,  <  AS.  aiilic,  nnlic  = 
OD.  aciilijck  =  OHG.  *atudlli.  anagilili,  MHG. 
ancliclt,  G.  iilinlick  =  Icel.  ulikr  =  Goth.  *ana- 
fcf/i'j' (in  adv.  analciko),  like,  similar,  lit.  'on-ly,' 
having  dependence  on,  relation  to,  similarity 
to,  <  ana  (AS.  an,  on,  E.  on)  +  -leika,  AS.  -lie, 
E.  -///I,  a  suffix  used  here  somewhat  as  in  other 
relational  adjectives  (Goth,  .sicalciks,  AS.  swilc, 
Sc.  nic,  E.  .tncli,  Goth.  Iiwilcik.':,  Incclciks,  AS. 
hwilc,  Sc.  wliilk,  E.  irhicli,  etc.),  being  the  noun, 
Goth.  Icik,  AS.  lie,  body,  used  as  a  relational 
stiffix.  That  is,  E.  alike  represents  ME.  alike, 
Hike,  AS.  gclic,  with  prefix  ge-  and  accented 
base  lie,  tnixed  with  or  having  absorbed  JIE. 
alike,  alike,  aniike,  AS.  aniic,  with  accented  base 
an,  on,  and  suffix  -lie.  The  adv.  alike  follows 
the  adj.  The  adj.  like  is  not  orig.,  but  merely  a 
mod.  abbrev.  of  alike,  tlie  latter  form  remaining 
chiefly  in  the  pretUcative  use ;  there  is  no  AS. 
adj.  *lic,  as  commonly  cited.  See  n-6,  a--,  and 
Zj'tel,  likc^,  like^.l  Having  resemblance  or 
similitude;  similar;  having  or  exhibiting  no 
marked  or  essential  difference.  Alike  is  now  only 
archaically  used  attrilnitively,  and  is  regularly  predicated 
of  a  plural  suijject.  It  was  also  formerly  used  in  phrases 
where  tlie  modern  idiom  requires  /(Vit.  .See  tike'^. 
The  darkness  and  the  light  are  both  alike  to  thee. 

Ps.  cxxxix.  l± 
In  birth,  in  acts,  in  arms  alike  the  rest. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso. 
His  [ClifTord's]  associates  were  men  to  whom  all  creeds 
and  all  constitutions  were  alike. 

Macaulaij,  .Sir  William  Temple. 

alike  (a-Uk'),  adv.  [<  ME.  alike,  alyke,  and  as- 
sibilated dliclic,  aUjchc,  with  prefix  «-repr.  both 
«-6  and  «-2,  the  earlier  forms  being  —  (1)  Hike, 
ylike,  yhjke,  dike,  ehjke,  assibilated  ilichc,  ilyehe, 
ylicltc,  i/liiclic,  cliche,  earliest  ^clicc,  <  AS.  gclice 
■=  OS.  gi'likO  =  OFries.  like.  Ilk  =  OD.  gh'clijck, 
D.  gelijk  —  OHG.  gillclio,  gllcMo,  MHG.  gcllclic, 
gliclie,  glicJi,  G.  gleich  =  Icel.  glika,  mod.  Ilka  = 
Sw.  lika  =  Dan.  lige  =  Goth,  galciko,  adv. ;  (2) 
alike,  alykc,  olikc,  olykc,  earlier  with  jirefix  an-, 
accetited  {"atilikc  not  recorded  as  adv.),  <  AS. 
aniicc  =  G.  ahnlieh  =  Icel.  dlika  =  Goth,  ana- 
leikii,  adv..  the  fonns  being  like  those  of  the  adj.. 
witli  tlie  adverbial  suffix,  Goth.  -6,  AS.  -c.  The 
adv.  like  is  not  orig.,  but  merely  a  mod.  abbrev. 
of  alike,  adv.  See  alike,  a.'\  In  the  same  man- 
ner, form,  or  degree;  in  common;  equally;  both. 

Tlic  highest  heaven  of  wisdom  is  alike  near  from  every 
point,  and  th()U  nuist  llnd  it,  if  at  all,  by  methods  native 
to  thyself  alone.  Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

Inexperienced  politicians  .  .  .  conceived  that  the  theory 
of  the  Tory  Opposition  and  the  practice  of  Walpole's 
Government  were  alike  inconsistent  with  the  principles 
of  liberty.  Maeaulay,  William  Pitt. 


141 

alike-mindedt  (a-Uk'min"ded),  a.     Having  the 

same  mind;  like-minded,     lip.  Hull,  Kemains, 

o.  82. 

alim  (il  lem),  M.     [Ar.  'alim,  'dllm,   learned,  < 

'altima,  know.     Cf.  alcni,  almali.}     Among  JIo- 

hammedans,  a  learned  man ;  a  religious  teacher, 

such  as  an  imam,  a  mufti,  etc. 

The  calling  of  an  Alim  is  no  longerworth  much  in  Egypt. 

It.  F.  Dtirlnii.  ElMcdinah,  ii.  iCi. 

Alima  (al'i-mii),  n.  [NL.,  for  Ifalima.  <  Gr. 
u'/-(/ioe,  of  the  sea.]  A  spurious  genus  of  crus- 
taceans, representing  a  stage  of  stomatojiodous 
crustaceans,  for  which  the  tcnn  is  still  in 
use. 

In  the  Alima  type  of  development  [of  .Stomatnimda],  it 
seems  that  the  young  leaves  the  egg  in  nearly  the  Alima 
form,  and  in  the  youngest  stage  known  the  six  appendages, 
eight  to  thirteen,  are  absent,  although  three  of  the  cor- 
responding segments  of  tlie  body  are  developed. 

titantl.  Nat.  Hint.,  II.  Ofi. 

aliment  (al'i-ment),  n.  [<  late  ME.  aliment,  < 
F.  aliment,  <  Jj." alimcntnm,  food,  <  alerc,  nour- 
ish, =  Goth,  alan,  be  nourished,  aljan,  nourish, 
fatten,  =  Icel.  ala,  beget,  bear,  nourish,  sup- 
port;  cf.  o/(>l,  ami  alt,  all,  and  old.]  1.  That 
which  nourishes  or  sustains ;  food;  nutriment; 
sustenance ;  support,  whether  literal  or  figura- 
tive. 

Those  elevated  meditations  which  are  the  proper  ali- 
ment of  noble  souls.  Ireiiui,  .Sketch-Book,  p.  :iO. 

2.  In  Scots  laic,  the  sum  paid  for  support  to 
any  one  entitled  to  claim  it,  as  the  dole  given 
to  a  pauper  by  his  parish. 

The  aliment  was  appointed  to  continue  till  the  majority 
or  marriage  of  the  daughters.  Erskine,  Institutes. 

aliment  (al'i-ment),  V.  t.     [<  ML.  alimentarc, 

<  L.  (dinicntnnt :  see  aliment,  ».]  1.  To  furnish 
with  means  of  sustenance ;  purvey  to ;  support : 
generally  in  a  figurative  sense:  as,  to  aliment 
a  person's  vanity. 

And  that  only  to  sustain  and  alinwnt  the  small  frailty 
of  their  humanity.  ITrqiihart,  tr.  of  Kabelais,  ii.  ;il. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  to  maintain  or  support,  as  a 
person  unable  to  support  himself:  used  espe- 
cially of  tlie  support  of  children  by  parents,  or 
of  parents  by  children. 

alimental  (al-i-men'tal),  a.  [<  aliment  +  -a?.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  aliment ;  supplying  food ; 
having  the  quality  of  nourishing;  furnishing 
the  materials  for  natural  growth:  as,  chyle  is 
alimental;  alimental  sap. 

alimentally  (al-i-men'tal-i),  adv.  Li  an  ali- 
mental manner;  so  as  to  serve  for  nourishment 
or  food. 

alimentariness  (al-i-men'ta-ri-nes),  «.  Tlie 
(piality  of  being  alimentary,  or  of  supplying 
nutriment. 

alimentary  (al-i- 

nieu'ta-ri),  a.  [< 
L.     alimcntarius, 

<  alimcntnm,  ali- 
ment :  see  ali- 
ment.'] 1.  Per- 
taining to  ali- 
ment or  food  ; 
having  the  tiuali- 
ty  of  nourishing : 
as,  «?/««■«  toJ'f^  par- 
ticles.—  2.  Hav- 
ing an  apparatus 
for  alimentation, 
and  consequent- 
ly able  to  feed. 
Huxley.  [Rare.] 
—  3.  Concerned 
with  the  function 
of  nutrition:  as, 
alimentary  pro- 
cesses. —  Alimen- 
tary canal,  in  nnaf. 
and  zooL,  the  diges- 
tive sac,  tract,  or  tube 
of  any  animal;  the 
visceral  or  intestinal 
cavity:  the  canal  of 
the  enteron,  in  any 
condition  of  the  lat- 
ter, from  the  siniidest 
form  of  archenteron 
to  the  most  complex 
of  its  ultimate  modi- 
Heations.  In  its  sim- 
plest f'  trm  it  is  merely 
the  cavity  of  a  two- 
layered  germ,  or  giw- 
tnila,  lined  with  hy- 
pohlastic  cells  —  a 
mere  sac,  the  mouth 
and  anus  being  one. 
With  increasing  com- 
plexity of  structure, 
and  especially  by  the 
formation  of  an  out- 


tijgijlAliaijll'' 


Alimentary  Canal  in  Man. 
I.  superior  turbinated  bone  ;  3,  middle 
turbinated  bone  ;  i,  opening  of  the  nasjl 
duct :  4,  inferior  tiirbin.itcd  lx>iie  ;  5.  5, 
pharynx  ;  'j,  opening  of  Eustachian  tube  ; 
7,  uvula  ;  8,  tongue ;  9,  tonsil ;  10,  cpiclol- 
tis;  II.  esophagus;  iq,  cardiac  portion 
{left  side)  of  stomach;  13,  fundus  of 
stomach ;  14,  pylorus  (right  side  of  stom- 
ach ),  resting;  on  ri^ht  lobe  of  liver,  partly 
shown  in  outline  ;  15,  transverse  colon  : 
16,  duodenum ;  17,  ascending  colon  ;  18, 
ileum :  19,  jejunum  ;  ao.  ciccum  ;  31,  sig- 
moid flexure  of  colon;  ;n,  beginning  of 
rectum  ;  33,  fundus  of  urinary  bladder. 


alinasal 

lot  (nniiR)  distinct  from  tho  Inlet  (mouth),  the  Alimentary 
L'linal  nsHunics  untrv  ili-llnilcly  the  character  of  a  special 
jriwtric  cir  digestive  cavity,  which  may  remain  in  itpen  coni- 
mmiicatiiHi  with  a  general  liody-cavity,  or  l>ecoinc  hliiitDfr 
therefrom  as  an  intestinal  tnl)e.  The  latter  is  its  char- 
act^ir  in  all  the  higher  animals,  in  whicli,  mnreover,  the 
canal  acquires  various  specializatiouH,  as  into  Kullct,  stom- 
ach, intestine,  et(r.,  hccomis  variously  cunii>Iicated  or  con- 
voluted, h;is  special  ramiftcations  and  annexes,  etc.  In 
those  animals  which  <level'»p  an  undjilical  vesicle,  or  this 
and  an  amnion  and  allantois,  the  cavity  of  the  alimentary 
canal  is  primitively  cuntiinious  wit li  that  of  the  vesicle  ami 
with  the  allantoic  cavity.  -  Alimentary  debt,  in  Scotn 
law.  a  delit  imurred  for  necessaries  or  maintenance.— Ali- 
mentary fund,  in  Salts  law,  a  fund  set  apart  hy  the  direc- 
tion id'  the  u'ivcr  for  an  aliment  to  the  receiver.  If  the 
amount  ui  it  is  not  unrea.sonal»le  in  view  of  the  rank  of 
the  receiver,  it  cannot  he  seized  for  the  witLsfaetion  uf  the 
claims  of  creditors.— Alimentary  mucous  membrane, 
that  mucous  memhranc  which  lines  the  ali[iientary  canal, 
serving,  with  its  various  follicles,  annexed  Klands,  and  lac- 
teals,  the  purpose  of  digesting  and  ahsorhing  aliment. 

alimentation  (ar^i-men-ta'shou),  H.    [<F.  ali- 

mcntttfii»i^  <  ML.  aUmentaUo{n-)y  <  aUmintare, 
pp.  alimcntatuti^  provide,  aliment:  see  alimenty 
r.]  1,  The  act  or  power  of  affording  nutri- 
ment. 

The  accumulation  of  force  may  he  separated  into  ali- 
mentation and  aeration.      //.  Spencer,  Trin.  of  Biol.,  §  50. 

2.  The  state  or  process  of  being  nourished ; 
mode  of,  or  condition  in  regard  to,  nourish- 
ment. 

Derangements  of  alimentation,   including  insufficient 

food,  and  morhid  states  uf  the  lymphatic  and  Idood-glands. 

i^iiain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  38. 

3.  The  providing  or  supplying  with  the  neces- 
saries of  life. 

The  a?/;/)<'j(^«/i"o?t  of  poorchildren  .  .  .  was  extended  or 
incre:ised  by  fresh  endowments. 

Merivak',  Roman  Empire,  \^II.  193, 

Ceasing  by  and  by  to  have  any  knowledge  of,  or  power 
over,  the  concerns  of  the  society  as  a  whole,  the  serf-class 
hecomes  devoted  to  the  processes  of  alinieittation,  while 
the  noble  class,  ceasing  to  take  any  part  in  the  processes 
of  alimentation,  l)ecomes  devoted  to  the  co-ordinated 
movements  of  the  entire  body  politic. 

//.  Spencrr,  I'niv.  Prog.,  pp.  iOty-G. 

alimentative  (al-i-meu'ta-tiv),  a.  [<ML.  aJi- 
/iitnfafus,  pp.  of  alimcuta'rc  (see  aliment,  r.),  + 
-Ife.]  Nourishing;  relatiiigtoorconuectedwith 
the  supply  of  nourishment:  as,  "the  alimenta- 
tive machinery  of  the  pliysiological  units,"  Hitx- 
ley. 

alimentic  (al-i-men'tik),  a.  [<  aliment  +  -ic.] 
Same  as  alimentary. 

There  may  l)e  emaciation  from  loss  of  rest,  derangement 
uf  tlie  alimentic  processes,  a  ([uicker  pulse  than  nunnal, 
and  a  tongue  coated  in  the  centre. 

E.  C.  ilann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  79. 

alimentiveness  (al-i-men'tiv-nes),  V.  [<  'ali- 
mcnticr  +  -ncss.]  1.  Propensity  to  seek  ortake 
uourishmeut,  to  eat  and  drink :  first  and  still 
chiefly  used  by  jihrenologists. — 2.  The  organ 
of  the  brain  that  is  said  to  communieato  the 
pleasure  which  arises  from  eating  and  drink- 
ing, and  which  prompts  tlie  taking  of  nourish- 
ment. Its  supposed  seat  is  in  the  region  of  the 
zygomatic  fossa.     See  phrenology. 

alimont,  «.  [Prop,  "halimon,  <  L.  halimon 
(sometimes  improp.  written  alimon,  as  if  <  Gr. 
a/.i/iov,  neut.  of  d/i/w;,  banishing  hunger,  <  a- 
priv.  +  /(//(if,  hunger :  see  def . ),  <  Gr.  a'/iuov,  also 
a?.iiioc,  a  shrubby  plant  growing  on  the  shore, 

fierhaps  saltwort,  prop.  neut.  of  ali/io^,  of  or  be- 
onging  to  the  sea,  marine,  <  a?.fj  the  sea.]  A 
plant,  perhaps  A  trijdcx  Btdimus (Jjmnwns),  sup- 
posed to  be  the  halimon  of  the  ancients.  It  was 
fabled  to  have  the  power  of  dispelling  hunger. 

altmonioust  (al-i-mo'ni-ns),  a.  [<  L.  alimoniu, 
food,  nourishment :  see  alimony.]  Affording 
food;  nourishing;  nutritive:  as,  "alimonious 
Immours,"  Harvey,  Consumption. 

alimony  (al'i-mo-ni),  H.  [<  L.  alimonia,  fem., 
also  (dimonium,  neut.,  food,  nourishment,  suste- 
nance, support,  <  alcrr,  nourish :  see  aliment,  h.J 
In  law:  {a)  An  allowance  which  a  husband  or 
former  husband  may  be  forced  to  pay  to  his 
wife  or  former  wife,  li\'ing  legally  separate  from 
him,  for  In-r  maintenance.  It  is  manted  or  with- 
held in  tlie  discretion  of  tlie  matrinioinal  court,  with  re- 
nai'd-  to  the  merits  of  the  case  and  the  resources  ut  the 
parties  respectively.  Alimon;/  j/endente  lite  is  that  jriveii 
to  tile  wife  durinir  the  pendency  of  an  action  for  divorce, 
separation,  or  annulment  of  marriage;  jjennanent  ntimmitf 
is  that  given  t4j  a  wife  after  judgment  of  divorce,  separa- 
tion, or  annulment  in  her  favor.  (J)  In  Scots  law, 
aliment.     Erskine. 

alinasal  (al-i-na'zal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ala, 
ynng,  +  nasus.  nose'.^  I.  a.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  the  parts  forming  the  outer  or  lateral 
boimdaries  of  the  nostrils.  See  alw  nasi,  imder 
ala.  SpeeiHeally,  of  or  pertaining  to  a  lateral  cartilage 
of  the  na-sal  region  of  the  sliull  of  an  embryonic  bird ;  sit- 
uated in  the  lateral  jmrt  of  the  nasal  region  of  such  a 
skull.— Alinasal  process,  a  process  surrounding  each 


alinasal 

nasal  aperture  of  the  elu'ruirocrnnium  of  the  frop.  Dun- 
ma ».  — Alinasal  turblnal,  a  cartilnKe  of  the  alinasal  re- 
gion, connecteil  with  the  alinasal  or  lateral  cartilage. 

Thi^  alinajfal  turhinal  of  [thi!  Yunx]  .  .  .  has  two  turns. 
anil  that  of  Uecinus  one.  Enrye.  Brit.,  III.  717. 

II.  n.  A  lateral  cartilage  of  the  nasal  region 
of  the  skull  of  an  embryonic  bird,  in  which  is 
situated  the  external  nostril.      IV.  K.  I'arkrr. 
aline't  (a-liu'),  pnp.  phr,  as  adv.     [<  a*,  in,  + 
//)((-.]     In  a  straight  line. 

Take  thatnie  a  rewle  and  draw  a  strike,  euene  alyne  fro 
the  pyn  unto  the  middel  prikke. 

Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  11.  §  38. 

aline^  (a-lin'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alined, 
ppr.  aliitinij.  [Also  spelled  alline,  <  ML.  as  if 
*iitlineare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  liiieare,  reduce  to  a 
straight  line,  ML.  draw  a  straight  line,  <  tinea, 
a  line.  The  reg.  E.  form  is  aline,  but  align, 
after  F.  aligner,  is  common.]  To  adjust  to  a 
line ;  lay  ont  or  regulate  by  a  line ;  form  in 
line,  as  troops.     Equivalent  forms  are  align, 

(llltiir. 

alineate  (a-lin'f-at),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  aline- 
ated,  ppr.  alineating.  [AJso  spelled  allineate, 
<  ML.  as  if  "allineatus,  pp.  of  *aUineare :  see 
a/i;«'2.]     Same  as  aline^. 

The  intended  base  line  [must  be]  alUneated  by  placing 
a  telescope  a  little  beyond  one  of  its  proposed  exU'emities, 
80  as  to  command  them  both. 

Sir  J.  Hcrschel,  Pop.  Lectures,  p.  184. 

alineation  (a-lin-f-a'shon),  n.  [Also  spelled 
aUiiiiatiiiii,  <  ML.  as  if  *allineatio(n-),  the  draw- 
ing of  a  line,  <  *allineare:  see  alineate.'}  The 
act  of  bringing  into  line ;  a  method  of  deter- 
mining the  position  of  a  remote  and  not  easily 
discernible  object,  by  running  an  imaginary 
line  through  more  easily  recognizable  interme- 
diate objects,  as  the  passing  of  a  straight  line 
through  the  pointers  of  the  Great  Bear  to  the 
pole-star. 

alinement  (a-lin'ment),  «.  [<  aline^  +  -ment, 
after F.  iili(jnentent,i'Mh.atineamentiim,*attinea- 
mentuin,  <.  "allincare  :  see  a/iwA]  \  The  act 
of  alining;  the  act  of  laying  out  or  regulating 
hyaline;  an  adjusting  to  a  line. — 2.  The  state 
of  being  so  adjusted  ;  the  line  of  adjustment ; 
especially,  in  milit.,  the  state  of  being  in  line: 
as,  the  alinement  ot  a  battalion  ;  the  alinement 
ofacamp. —  3.  Inengin.:  (a)  The  ground-plan 
of  a  railway  or  other  road,  in  distinction  from 
the  gradients  or  profile,  (fc)  The  ground-plan 
of  a  fort  or  field-work. 

Also  wTitieaallinement,  alignment,  alignement, 
allignment. 

aliner  (a-li'ner),  n.  One  who  alines  or  adjusts 
to  a  line.     Evelyn. 

aliped  (al'i-ped).  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  alipes  {-ped-), 
wing-footed,  swift,  <  ala,  wing,  -I-  pes  (ped-) 
=  E. /oof.-  see  p>edalsxi(}L  foot.']  1.  a.  1.  Wing- 
footed  ;  having  the  toes  connected  by  a  mem- 
brane which  serves  as  a  wing,  as  the  bats. — 
2t.  Swift  of  foot. 

II.  «.  An  animal  whose  toes  are  connected 
In-  a  membrane  serving  for  a  wing ;  a  chirop- 
ter,  as  the  bat. 

aliquant(ari-kwant),  a.  [<L.  aliquantus,  some, 
^oiinwhat,  moderate,  considerable,  <  alius, 
other  (see  alien),  +  quantus,  how  great:  see 
qiiantiti/.]  Contained  in  another,  but  not  di- 
viding it  evenly :  applied  to  a  number  which 
does  not  measure  another  without  a  remainder: 
thus,  5  is  an  aliquant  part  of  16,  for  3  times  5 
are  if>,  leaving  a  remainder  1. 

aliquot  (al'i-kwot),  o.  and  n.  [<  L.  aliquot, 
some,  several,  a  few,  <  alius,  other,  -I-  quot,  how 
many:  see  quotient.']  I.  a.  Forming  an  exact 
measure  of  something:  applied  to  a  part  of  a 
number  or  quantity  which  will  measm-e  it  with- 
out a  remainder:  thus,  5  is  an  aliquot  part  of  15. 
II.  «.  That  which  forms  an  exact  measure ; 
an  aliquot  part:  as,  4  is  an  aliquot  ot  12. 

alisandert  (al-i-san'der),  n.  An  old  form  of 
alijyinders. 

aliseptal  (al-i-sep'tal),  a.  and «.  [< L.  ala,  wing, 
-1-  saptum,  septum,  septum.]  I.  a.  Appellative 
of  a  cartilage  which  forms  a  partition  in  the 
lateral  part  of  the  nasal  passage  of  the  skiiU  of 
an  embryonic  bird ;  pertaining  to  or  connected 
with  tliis  cartilage. 

Behind  the  alinasal  comes  the  aliseptal  region. 

r.  K.  Parker. 
II.  n.  The  aliseptal  cartilage. 
alish  (a'lish),  a.    [<  ale  +  -f.sftl.]    Like  ale ;  hav- 
ing some  quality  of  ale:  as,  "the  sweet  alish 
taste  [of  yeast],"  Mortimer,  Husbandry. 
Alisma  (a-liz'mii),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  n'/iapa,  plan- 
tain. J     A  small  genus  of  aquatic  plants,  natural 
order  AUsmacea:.     The  common  water-plantain, 


142 

A.  /•/<jnto(/o,  is  the  principal  species.   See  water- 

plaiittiin. 

Allsmacese  (al-iz-ma'se-e),  M.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alis- 
ma -t-  -octfc]  An  endogenous  order  of  aquatic 
or  marsh  herb.s,  mostly  natives  of  the  northern 
temperate  zone.  Apart  from  a  few  sjKcies  of  Alixmt, 
and  Swfiff'iria  furnishing  edible  tubers,  the  order  is  uf 
little  importance. 

alismaceous  (al-iz-ma'shius),  a.  In  bot.,  relat- 
ing or  belonging  to  the  Alismacea. 

There  is  a  third  species  of  the  new  Alismaceous  genus 
Weisneria,  hitherto  known  in  India  and  Central  Africa. 
Jour,  of  Botany,  Brit,  and  For.,  1883,  p.  I(i0. 

alismad  (a-liz'mad),  «.     l<  Alisma  + -ad'^.]     In 

hill.,  one  of  the  Alismacea: 

alismal  (a-liz'mal),  a.  Relating  or  pertaining 
to  tlie  genus  Alisma  (which  see). 

alismoid  (a-Uz'moid),  a.  [<.  Alisma  + -oid.] 
In  hot.,  resembling  an  alismad;  like  plants  of 
the  genus  Alisma. 

alison,  ».     See  edysson. 

alisphenoid  (al-i-sfe'noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
ala,  wing,  -I-  sphenoid,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  greater  wing  of  the  sphenoid 
bone.— Alisphenoid  canal,  an  osseous  canal  through 
which  the  external  carotid  artery  runs  for  some  distance 
at  the  base  of  the  skull  of  the  dog  and  sundry  other  car- 
nivorous quadrupeds. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  bones  of  the  skuU,  forming 
by  fusion  with  other  cranial  bones,  in  adult  life, 
a  great  part  of  the  compound  sphenoid  bone. 
In  man  the  alisphenoid  is  the  greater  wing  of  the  sphe- 
noid, minus  the  so-called  internal  pterygoid  process.  See 
cuts  under  Cmciidilm  and  iiktiU. 

alisphenoidal  (ai'i-sfe-noi'dal),  a.  [<  alisphe- 
niiiil  +  -al.]     Same  as  alisphenoid. 

alisson,  «.     See  alysson. 

alist  (a-Usf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  o3 
+  list,  inclination.]  Xaut.,  listed,  or  canted 
over  to  one  side ;  incUned. 

alitrunk  (al'i-trungk),  «.  [<  L.  ala,  -i^-ing,  + 
tninens,  trunk.]  The  segment  of  the  posterior 
thorax  of  an  insect  to  which  the  wings  and  two 
posterior  pairs  of  legs  are  attached. 

-ality.  [<  -al  -¥■  -ity.]  A  compoimd  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  also  in  reduced  form  -ally,  as  in 
reality,  realty,  legality,  loyalty,  etc.  See  -al  and 
-'ty.  -ty. 

alivinde  (a-li-un'de),  adv.  [L.,  from  another 
place,  <  alius,  other,  -I-  unde,  whence.]     From 

another  place Evidence  aliimde,  evidence  from 

another  source,  as  from  without  a  will,  to  explain  some 
ambiguity  in  it. 

alive  (a-liv'),  jjrep.  phr.  as  a.  or  adv.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  alyfe,  on  lyre,  on  lyfe,  <  ME.  alive, 
alyj'e,  o  live,  earlier  on  live,  on  life,  <  AS.  on  life, 
in  life:  on,  in;  life,  dat.  case  of  /(/,  life:  see  o3 
and  life.  Hence  abbrev.  //)•(■,  a.]  1.  In  life; 
living;  in  the  state  in  which  the  organs  of  the 
body  perform  their  functions :  opposed  to  dead : 
as,  the  man  is  alive. 

Xor  well  alii-e,  norwhoUy  dead  they  were, 
But  some  faint  signs  of  feeble  life  appear. 

Vryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  151. 

2.  In  a  state  of  action ;  in  force  or  operation ; 
unextinguished;  undestroyed;  unexpired:  as, 
keep  the  suit  alive. 

Sweet  Liberty  inspires 
And  keeps  alive  his  fierce  but  noble  fires. 

Coutper,  Table-Talk. 

3.  FuU  of  alacrity;  active;  sprightly;  lively: 
as,  the  company  were  all  alive. —  4.  Enlivened; 
animated ;  strongly  aroused. 

This  perpetual  intercommunication  .  .  .  keeps  us  al- 
ways alive  with  excitement. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  VoL  of  Life,  p.  7. 
The  special  quality  of  the  song  is  that,  however  care- 
lessly fashioned,  it  seems  alive  with  the  energy  of  music. 
Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  101. 

5.  Attentive;  open  to  impressions  (from) ;  sen- 
sitive ;  susceptible :  used  %vith  to  :  as,  he  is  suf- 
ficiently alive  to  the  beauties  of  nature,  but  yet 
more  alive  to  his  own  interests. 

Awakening  to  the  consciousness  of  evils  which  had  long 
existed,  and  which  had  escaped  notice  only  because  no 
one  was  alive  to  them.  Froude,  Sketches,  p.  142. 

6.  Filled  as  with  living  things;  swarming; 
thronged:  as,  the  city  was  all  alive  when  the 
general  entered. 

The  thick  roof 
Of  green  and  stirring  branches  is  alive 
And  musical  with  birds. 

Bryant,  Entrance  to  a  Wood. 
The  coarser  wheat  that  rolls  in  lakes  of  bloom,— 
Its  coral  stems  and  milk-white  flowers  alive 
With  the  wide  murmurs  of  the  scattered  hive. 

o.  W.  Holmes,  Bed.  of  Pittsfield  Cenieter>-. 

7.  Of  all  li\ing,  by  way  of  emphasis. 

The  Earl  ((f  Northumberland  .  .  .  was  the  proudest  man 
nlire.  Clarendon. 

8.  hi  printing.     See  live. 


alkalify 

alizari(al-i-za'ri),  H.  [F.,  Sp.,  etc. ;  also  called 
i^ari,  a:ala  ;  prob.  <  iVr.  al,  the,  +  'a^drah,  juice 
pressed  out,  extract,  <  'a^ara,  press  out.  ex- 
tract.] The  commercial  name  of  madder  in 
the  Levant. 

alizaric  (al-i-zar'ik),  a.  In  chem.,  of  orpertain- 
ing  to  alizari,  or  madder:  as,  alizaric  acid. 

alizarin  (al-i-zii'rin),  n.  [<  F.  alizarine,  <  ali- 
zari: see  alizari.]  A  peculiar  red  coloring 
matter  (C14H8O4)  formerly  obtained  from  mad- 
der, and  extensively  used  as  a  dycstuff.  it  wiis 
discovered  in  1824  by  Rof^iquet  and  Colin,  whoobtaine(l  it  by 
digesting  madder-root  with  alcohol  and  treating  this  with 
sulphiuic  acid,  thus  producing  a  black  mass  which  they 
called  chartton  de  ijarnnee.  On  heating,  this  yielded  a 
sublimate  of  alizarin  in  long,  brilliant,  red,  needle-shaped 
crystals.  It  is  now  artificially  prepared  on  a  large  scale 
from  anthracene  (C]4Hin).  a  product  of  the  ilistillation  of 
coal-tar.  Itfomisyellowish-red  crystals  insoluble  in  water, 
diJHcultly  soluble  in  alcohol,  but  readily  soluble  in  alkalis, 
giving  to  the  solution  a  purplish-red  color  and  beautiful  flu- 
orescence. It  has  acid  properties  and  unites  with  bases. — 
Alizarin  red.    See  red,  n. 

alki  (alk),  K.  [E.  dial.,  =  E.  aul;  <  Icel.  alka  = 
Sw.  alk-a  =Dan.  all:  alke.]  A  provincial  Eng- 
lish name  for  the  razor-billed  auk.  Atea  or  Cta- 
mania  tarda.  Montagu.  See  Alca,  Aleidte,  and 
auk. 

alk-(alk),  ?(.  [<Ar. 'i(W-.]  A  resia  obtained  in 
northern  Africa  from  the  terebinth-tree,  Pista- 
Cia  Terebinthus.  The  best  in  quaUty  is  obtained  from 
tlie  terebiTith ;  but  in  .\rabia  it  is  also  derived  from  the 
senauber  (juniper),  the  'arzeh  (cedar),  the  Jistw^  or  pistacio- 
tree  (Pi^tacia  rem),  the  mrO  (cypress),  and  the  yenbca.  In 
liquid  form  it  is  the  Chio  turpentine  of  commeVce. 

alkahest  (al'ka-hest),  n.  [F.  aleahest;  a  word 
of  Aiabic  appearance,  but  not  traceable  to  that 
language ;  supposed  to  have  been  invented  by 
Paracelsus  in  imitation  of  other  alchemical 
terms.]  The  pretended  imiversal  solvent  or 
menstruum  of  the  alchemists.  Also  spelled 
aleahest. 

alkahestic  (al-ka-hes'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  alkahest.     Also  spelled  alcahestie. 

alkahestical  (al-ka-hes'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
alkahestir.     Also  spelled  alcahestical. 

alkalamide  (al-kal'a-mid  or  -mill),  n.  [<  alkali 
-f  amide.]  An  amide  which  has  resemblance 
to  an  amine,  containing  both  acid  and  alcohol 
radicals.     Also  spelled  alkalitnide. 

alkalescence  (al-ka-les'ens),  n.  l< alkalescent.] 
The  process  of  hecoming  alkaline;  alkales- 
eency. 

alkalescency  (al-ka-les'en-si).  n.  A  tendency 
to  become  alkaline ;  the  quality  of  being  slightly 
alkaline  ;  the  state  of  a  substance  in  which  al- 
kaline properties  begin  to  be  developed  or  to  be 
predominant.     Ure. 

alkalescent  (al-ka-les'ent),  a.  [<  alkali  -f  -es- 
cent.]  Becoming  or  tending  to  become  alka- 
line. 

alkali  (al'ka-li  or  -li),  n. ;  pi.  alkalis  or  alkalies 
(-liz  or-Uz)."  [<  ME.  alkali/,  alcali/,  <  OF.  F.  al- 
cali  =  FT.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  alcali' z=  D.  (j.  Sw.Dan.  a?- 
kali,  <  At.  al-qaliy,  <  al,  the,  +  qaliy,  the  ashes 
of  saltwort  and  glasswort,  which  abound  in 
soda,  hence  applied  to  the  plant  itself;  <  qalay, 
roast  in  a  pan,  fry.]  1.  Originally,  the  soluble 
part  of  the  ashes  of  plants,  especially  of  sea- 
weed; soda-ash. —  2.  The  plant  saltwort,  Sal- 
sola  kali.  Also  called  kali. — 3.  Now,  any  one 
of  various  substances  which  have  the  following 
properties  in  common:  solubility  in  water; 
the  power  of  neutralizing  acids  and  forming 
salts  with  them;  the  property  of  combining 
with  fats  to  form  soaps;  conosive  action  on 
animal  and  vegetable  tissue;  the  property  of 
changing  the  tint  of  many  vegetable  coloring 
matters,  as  of  litmus  reddened  by  an  acid  to 
blue,  or  turmeric  from  yellow  to  brown,  in  its 
restricted  and  common  sense  the  term  is  applied  only  to 
the  hydrates  of  potassium,  sodium,  lithium,  csesium.  ru- 
bidium, and  ammonium.  In  a  more  gener.il  sense  it  is 
applied  to  the  hydrates  of  metals  of  the  alkaline  earths, 
barium,  strontium,  calcium,  and  magnesium,  and  toa  large 
immber  of  organic  substances,  both  natural  and  artificial, 
described  under  alkaloid.  Alkalis  unite  w  ith  saponifiable 
oils  to  form  soap. 

Sometimes  spelled  alcali. 

Fixed  alkalis,  potash,  soda,  and  lithia,  in  contradistinc- 
tii<n  tiioiiimimia,  which  is  called  volatile  alkali.  See  am- 
moil  ill. 

alkaliferous  (al-ka-lif 'e-nis),  a.  [<  alkali  + 
-feriiu.i.]  Containing  or  producing  alkalis ;  al- 
kaline: as.  alkaliferous  clavs. 

alkalifiable  (al'ka-li-fi'a-bl),  a.  [<  alkalify  + 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  alkalified  or  converted 
into  an  alkali. 

alkalify  (al'ka-li-fi),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alkalifed, 
ppr.  ulkalifying.     [<  alkali  +  -fy.]    I,  trans.  To 
form  or  convert  into  an  alkali :  alkalize. 
II.  intrans.  To  become  an  alkali. 


alkallgen  143 

[<  alkali  +  -gen;  alkaloidal  (al-ka-loi'dal),  n.    [<. alkaloid  + -al.'\ 


alkaligent  (al'kii-li-.)cu), 

=  F.  alcdlif/hif.]    Tho  name  first  proposed  for 

nitrogen,  as  bcint;  a  chief  constituent  of  am- 
monia or  volatiln  idkali.     ,V.  A'.  JJ. 
alkaligenoUS  (al-ka-lij'e-nus),  a.     [<  alkali  + 

-i/iiioKs  :  see  -qciKim.^    Producing  or  generating 

alkali. 
alkali-grass  (al'ka-li-gras),  n.     A  name  given 

to  several  species  of  grass  growing  in  alkaline 

localities  in  the  western  portions  of  the  United 

States,  esiiecially  to  Disticlilis  maritiina. 
alkalimeter  (al-ka-lim'e-t^r),   n.     [<  alkali  + 

Or.  iLiTjiin',  measure.]     An  instrument  used  for 

ascertaining  the   strength   of  alkalis,   or  the 

quantity  of  alkali  in  caustic  potash  and  soda. 

This  is  il.'iiu'  by  ik-tcnninillK  what  nuaiitity  nf  <lihlte  sul- 

phurir  aciil  of  .1  known  strength  can  he  neutralized  by  a 

liinn  wiijilit  nf  the  alkali  or  of  caustic  potash  or  soda. 

Sonit'tinies  spelled  alcatimt'tfr. 

Tliere  are  several  .  .  .  forms  of  alkatlm-fter,  but  which- 
ever of  tlieni  is  employed  the  process  Is  the  same. 

f/rc,  Dict.,I.  74. 

alkalimetrlc  (al"ka-li-met'rik),  a.     [<  alkali  + 
Gr.  finpikdc.     (,'f.  (iikali»icter.'\     Relating  to  al- 
kalimetry.    Sometimes  spelled  alcalimetrie. 
alkalimetrical  (al"ka-li-met'ri-kal),  fl.     Same 
as  alkalimctric. 

It  is  ailvisuble,  where  alffaliinetricat  assays  have  fre- 
quently to  lie  ma<le,  to  keep  a  stock  of  test  acid. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  75. 

alkalimetrically  (al"ka-li-met'ri-kal-i),  adv. 
As  in  :ilk;iliiiie(ry ;  by  means  of  an  alkalimeter. 
Sometimes  si>clled  a'lcaliinctricallij. 

The  lime  in  this  process  is  estimated  alkalimctirimlly  by 
means  of  an  acid.  Vre,  Diet.,  III.  927. 

alkalimetry  (al-ka-lim'e-tri),  n.  [As  alkalimeter 
+  -I/.]  The  process  of  determining  the  strength 
of  an  alkaline  mixture  or  liquid.  This  may  be 
done  by  volumetric  analysis,  that  is,  by  estimating  the 
amount  of  a  standard  acid  solution  which  the  alkaline 
mixture  will  .saturate :  or  by  gravimetric  analysis,  that  is, 
by  decuiiipMsini;  the  substance  and  finding  the  weiylit  of 
the  alkali  cojituincd  in  it.     Sometimes  spelled  alcalhncliij. 

The  principle  on  which  nllcnUmetry  is  based  consists  in 
determining  the  amount  of  acid  which  a  known  weight  of 
alkali  can  saturate  or  neutralise.  t/rt',  Diet.,  I.  74. 

alkalimide,  ».     See  alkalamidc. 

alkaline  (iil'ka-lin  or  -lin),  a.     [<  alkali  +  -ine'^ ; 

=  F.  alealiii.]    Pertaining  to  alkali ;  having  the 

properties  of  an  alkali.  — Alkaline  development, 

in  p/mtntf.,  the  develojiment  of  an  cxposrd  jilatc  by  a  liath 

compouiuled  with  an  alkali,  such  as  aninnuiia,  sndinm  or 

potassium  carbomitc,  or  the  like.    See  dcrclitpincitt.  —  Al- 

kallne  earths,  lime,  magnesia,  baryta,  and  strontia.   See 

(ilk-nli. 
alkalinity  (al-ka-lin'i-ti),  II.     l<nlkali)ie  +  -)7.y.] 

The  state  of  being  alkaline  ;  the  quality  which 

constitutes  an  alkali. 
alkalinize  (al'ka-lin-iz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 

kaliiiircil,  ppr.  aikuliiiicinn.     [{alkaline  +  -i::c.'\ 

To  render  alkaline.     A'.  E.  I). 
alkalious  (al-ka'li-us),  a.     [<  allcaU  + -ous.'] 

Having  the  properties  of  an  alkali.     Formerly 

spelled  (dealiiiiis.     [Hare.] 
alkalisable,  alkalisate,  etc    See  alkali~able, 

etc. 
alkali-stiff   (al'ka-li-stif),   H.     A   stiffening 

matter  much  used  in  the  manufacture  of  infe- 
rior hats.      It  is  made  of  !>  jiounds  of  shellac,  dissolved 

with  is  ounces  of  sal  soda  in  'i  gallons  of  water.    J.  Thorn- 

■viy/;.  Hats  and  Felting. 

alkalizable  (al'ka-li-za-bl),  a.     [<  alkalize  +  Alkoranic,  Alkoranish,  etc 

-able.]   Capable  of  being  alkalized.    Sometimes     pf 


Pertaining  to  the  alkaloids;  having  the  nature 
of  an  alkaloid. 
alkanet  (al'ka-net),  n.  [<  ME.  alkanet,  <  Sp.  al- 
cancta  (early  mod.  E.  also  orcanct,  orkanet,  or- 
chanet,  <  OF.  orcanctte,  orchanctte,  mod.  F.  or- 
canetc,  <  Sp.  oreanela,  var.  of  alcaneta),  dim.  of 
alcana,  alcutla,  henna:  >ice  alcanna  iii\d  henna.] 

1.  The  root  of  a  boraginaceous  herb,  Alkanna 
(Anchu.sa)  tinctoria,  yielding  a  red  dye,  forwliieh 
the  plant  is  cultivated  in  central  and  southern 
Europe,  it  is  tised  in  dyeing,  staining  wood,  coloring 
adulterated  wines,  and  in  liharmacy  to  give  a  red  color  to 
salves,  etc.  It  produces  brilliant  violet  and  gray  colors 
with  alum  and  iron  mordants  on  linen,  cotton,  and  silk, 
but  not  i>n  wo(d. 

2.  Tho  plant  which  yields  the  dye,  Alkanna 
tinctaria.  Also  called  orcanet  and  .Spanish  liii- 
gluss. — 3.  A  name  of  similar  plants  of  other 
genera.  The  common  alkanet  of  England  is  Anchxaia 
ojicinatijt ;  the  evergreen  alkanet,  A.  itempervirenjf;  the 
bastard  alkanet,  Lit/wspermum  arvftlse,  and  in  America 
/..  Ci7i/.*r,„,,-. 

Alkanna  (al -kan '  ii),  »i.  [Sec  alkanet.']  A  bo- 
raginaceous genus  of  perennial  herbs,  of  about 
40  species,  natives  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 
It  is  distinguished  from  AitrliuKa  (in  which  genus  it  was 
formerly  incluiled)  mainly  by  the  absence  of  appendages 
from  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  The  principal  species  is 
A.  tiiifti'i'in.     See  iitkanrt. 

alkarsin,  alkarsine  (al-kiir'sin),  n.  [<  alc(o- 
hol)  +  ars{enic)  +  -2«2 :  so  called  because  it  was 
at  first  considered  to  be  an  alcohol  in  which  oxy- 
gen was  replaced  by  arsenic]  A  hea\'y,  brown, 
fuming,  and  extremely  poisonous  liquid  con- 
taining eacodyl  and  its  oxidation  products: 
formerly  known  as  Cadet's  fuming  liquid,  it  is 
characterized  by  an  insufferable  smell  and  by  spcuitaneous 
ignition  on  exposure  to  the  air.  It  has  been  proposed  to 
use  it  in  warfare  to  charge  shells,  whose  explosion  would 
set  a  shij)  on  lire  and  destroy  tlie  crew  by  the  poisonous 
vapor.     Also  spelled  alcarnin. 

alkekengi  (al-ke-ken'ji),  V.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  ail:<iycngi,  etc,  <  ME.  alkekengij :  =  P.  al- 
kekcnge  =  It.  alcachengi  =  Sp.  alquniuenjc  =  Pg. 
alqueeptoige,  <  ML.  alkekengi,  <  Ar.  al-kdkanj,  al- 
kdkenj,  <al,  the,  +  Pers.  khkanj,  a  kind  of  resin 
from  a  tree  growing  in  the  moimtains  of  Herat 
in  Afghanistan.]  The  winter-cherry,  a  solana- 
ceous  plant,  Phi/salis  Alkekengi.  The  scarlet  fruit, 
inclosed  in  a  large 'red  calyx,  makes  the  plant  very  orna- 
mental at  the  beginning  of  winter;  it  is  also  edible,  and 
has  a  slightly  acid  taste. 

alkenna  (al-ken'a),  n.   [SeealcannaanAhetma.] 

Same  as  henna. 

alkarmes  (al-ker'mez),  n.  [<  F.  oMermfs,  now 
alkennts,  <  At.  al-qirmi::  see  kermes.]  1.  The 
name  of  a  once  celebrated  compound  cordial, 
to  which  a  fine  red  color  was  given  by  kermes. 
Its  ingredients  are  said  to  have  been  cider,  rose-water, 
sugar,  and  various  fragrant  Havering  substances. 
2.  Same  as  kermes. 

alk-gum  (alk'gum),  «.  Same  as  aK'2.— Alk-fum 
tree  the  terebinth  of  southern  Europe  and  Asia  Mmor, 
J'i.Kl,iri,i  Terrhiiiilnis. 

alkoholt,  alkoholict,  etc     Obsolete  forms  of 

aleohiil,  etc. 
alkool,  ».    [Repr.  Ar.  al-koli'l :  see  alcohol.']    A 

preparation  of  antimony  used  by  the  women 

of  Eastern  nations  to  darken  the  eyelids  and 

eyelashes,     lirande. 
Alkoran  (al'ko-ran  or  al-ko-ran'),  «•     Same  as 

Koran 

See  Alcoranic, 


spelled  aleali::ahle,  alkalisable 

alkalizate  (al'ka-li-zat),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 
kali:ated,  ppr.  (dkaU:a1ing.  [<  alk[di:c  +  -ate".] 
To  make  alkaline.  See  'alkali;:e.  Also  spelled 
a  lea  li:a  te,  a  Ika  lisa  te. 

alkalization  (al"ka-li-za'shon).  n.  [<  alkali- 
sate.]  The  act  or  process  of  rendering  alkaline 
by  impregnating  with  an  alkali.  Also  spelled 
a lcali:a  tion ,  alka lisa  tion . 

alkalize  (al'ka-liz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alka- 
li::ed,  ppr.  alkali:ing.  [<  alkali  +  -i::e.'\  To 
change  into  an  alkali;  communicate  the  jjrop- 
erties  of  an  alkali  to;  alkalify.  Also  spelled 
alk<di.'<c. 

alkaloid  (al'ka-loid),  n.  and  a.  [<  alkali  + 
-uid.]  I.  n.  A  body  resembling  an  alkali  in 
properties;  one  of  a  class  of  nitrogenous  com- 
pounds which  occur  in  plants  in  combination 
with  organic  acids,  and  aijp  sometimes  called 
the  organic  bases  of  plants,  as  morjihine,  nico- 
tine, quinine,  etc.  Tliey  are  intensely  bitter,  turn 
reddelieil  litimis  blue,  are  slightly  soluble  in  water  but 
readily  solulde  in  alcohol,  and  have  active  mciliclnal  or 
poisonous  proi)erties.  Compounds  having  the  general  re- 
actions and  properties  of  alkaloids  (jitomains)  are  found 
in  decaying  aninml  matters,  being  produetsof  the  decom- 
position of  the  tissues. 

H.  «.  Relating  to  or  containing  alkali. 


alkoxid,  alkoxide  (al-kok'sid,  -sid  or  -sid),  H. 
[<  akiohol)  +  oxi'rf.]  A  compound  in  which 
alcohol  imites  with  a  metallic  base.  The  base 
replaces  hvdrogen  in  the  alcohol  hyilroxyl :  as  OHaONa, 
sodium  alkoxid,  formed  liy  treating  sodium  with  methyl 
.alcohol. 

alkyl(arkil),  )(.  l<  alkiali) -i- -yl.]  A  generic 
name  applied  to  any  alcohol  radical,  such  as 
methyl  (CHg),  ethyl  (C2H5),  propyl  (C3H7),  etc 

alkylbgen  (al-kil'o-jen),  «.  A  halogen  salt  of 
tlie  alkyl  radicals. 

all  (al),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  all,  (d,  pi.  alle,  <  AS.  all, 
al,  with  breaking  e(dl,  eal,  pi.  caZ/c,  =OXorth.  eil, 
alle,  =0S.  al,  alle  or  alia.  =  l  )Frie9.  al,  alle,  =  D. 
al,  alle,  =  OHG.  MHO.  <d,  alle,  G.  all,  alle,  =  Icel. 
allr,  allir,  =  Sw.  all,  alia,  =  Dan.  all,  (die,  = 
Goth,  alln,  allai,  all;  as  a  prefix,  JlE.  all-,  al-, 
AS.  call-,  cat-,  al-  =  OS.  '(/-,  etc.,  usually  with 
single  I,  merging  with  a  simpler  Teut.  form  al-, 
found  only  in  eomp.  and  deriv.  (AS.  al-,  eel-  = 
OS.  OlIG.  al-,  ala-,  alo-  =  Goth,  ala-,  as  in  AS. 
almihtig,  wlmihtig  =  OS.  ahnahtig,  alamahtig, 
alomahtiq  =  OIIG.  ulmahtig,  alamahtig,  al- 
mighty; OIIG.  alaniuu-i,  all  new;  Goth,  ala- 
?»((H.s-,'all  nu>n  (see  Alemannic);  OS.  alung=: 
OFries.  (donq  =  OHG.  alanc,  entire,  complete, 
etc.),  perhaps  <  V  'al  in  AS.  alan,  (pret.   oV), 


all 

nourish,  grow,  produce,  =  Icel.  ate  (>  E.  dial. 
alie^,  q.  v.),  nourish,  =  Goth,  alan,  grow,  be 
nourished,  =  L.  alere,  nourish  (see  aliment),  of 
which  all,  Goth,  alls,  stem  'alia-,  an  assimila- 
tion of  *al«a-,  would  1)e  an  ancient  pp.  adj.  form 
in  -n  (cf.  a  like  assimilation  in J'ulli),  to  be  com- 
pared with  AS.  (dd,  cald,  E.  (dd,  OHG.  alt =Goth. 
"alths,  altheis,  old,  =  L.  alius,  deep,  high,  an  an- 
cient pp.  adj.  fonn  in  -(  {-d^,  -cd-) :  see  old  and 
alt.  Cf.  Ir.  nle,  «(7c  =  Gael.  Hite  =  W.o((,  whole, 
all,  every.  The  several  uses  of  idl,  as  adj., 
pron.,  noun,  and  adv.,  overlap,  and  cannot 
be  entirely  separated.  See  alder-^,  orig.  gen. 
pi.  of  all.]  1,  a.  1.  The  whole  quantity  of, 
with  reference  to  substance,  extent,  duration, 
amount,  or  degree :  with  a  noun  in  the  singular, 
chiefly  such  nouns  (proi)er  names,  names  of 
substances,  abstract  noims  —  any  whole  or  any 
part  regarded  in  itself  as  a  whole)  as  from  their 
meaning  or  particular  use  do  not  in  such  use 
admit  of  a  plural:  as,  all  Europe;  all  Homer; 
aHfiesh;  «// control;  oH  history. 

(Iratiano  speaks  an  infinite  deal  of  nothing,  more  than 
any  man  in  alt  Venice.  Sliak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  1. 

All  bell  shall  stir  fortius.  Sliak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  1. 

No  one  will  contend  that  all  legislative  power  belongs 
tot'ongress,  all  executive  power  to  the  l^resident,  or  aU 
judicial  power  to  the  eotu-ts  of  the  I'nited  States. 

D.  Wi-bxler,  Speech,  Senate,  .May  17,  1834. 

2.  The  whole  number  of,  with  reference  to 
indi\nduals  or  particulars,  taken  collectively : 
with  a  noun  in  the  plural :  as,  all  men ;  all  na- 
tions ;  all  metals;  all  hopes;  all  sciences;  all 
days.  [All  in  logic  is  the  sign  of  a  distributed  term  in 
an  atllrmative  proposition ;  :lh,  alt  men  are  mortal.  This 
use  of  all,  in  place  of  eiv-n/,  is  a  result  of  Hoethius's  use  of 
omnis  as  a  translation  of  the  7ra«  of  Ari8t<jtle.] 

All  sins  are  in  all  men,  but  do  not  appear  in  each  man. 
He  that  hath  one  sin,  hath  all. 

Bushndl,  ^'at.  and  the  Supemat.,  p.  3iS8. 

3.  Every :  chiefly  with  kind,  sort,  manner,  and 
formerly  with  th  ing. 

Blessed  are  ye,  when  men  shall  revile  you  ami .  .  .  shall 
say  all  manner  of  evil  against  you,  falsely.         -Mat.  v.  11. 

4.  Any ;  any  whatever :  after  a  jireposition  or 
verb  implj-ing  negation  or  exclusion:  as,  be- 
yond all  controversy ;  out  of  all  question ;  he 
was  free  from  all  thought  of  danger. 

Yes,  without  all  doubt.  .^hak..  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  1. 

5t.  Only;  alone.     [Rare.] 

lie  was  my  son  ; 
But  I  do  wiish  his  name  out  of  my  blood. 
And  thou  art  all  my  child. 

Sliat..  .\lls  Well,  ill.  2. 
When  joined  to  nouns  accompanied  by  a  definitive  (the 
definite  article,  a  possessive  ot  demonstrative  pr<»noun, 
etc.),  all  precedes  the  latter  whether  with  a  singular  or 
plural  noun,  or  else  follows  the  noun  if  it  is  plural ;  as,  all 
my  labor ;  all  his  goods ;  all  this  time ;  all  these  things; 
ail  the  men  agreed  to  this,  or,  the  men  all  agreed  to  this. 
In  the  iihrases  all  day,  all  night,  all  summer,  all  winter, 
all  the  year,  all  the  time,  etc.,  the  noun  is  an  adverbial 
accusative.  In  the  first  four  the  article  is  usually  omitted. 
All  the  world's  a  stage. 
And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players. 

.Sliak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 

Sir,  I  will  drink  success  to  my  friend,  w  ith  all  my  heart. 
Sherulan,  Duenna,  ii.  3. 

The  clergyman  walks  from  house  to  house  all  day  all 
the  year  to  give  people  the  comfort  of  good  talk. 

Emerxiin,  Clubs. 
When  joined  to  a  personal  or  relative  pronoun  in  tho 
plural,  all  may  precede,  but  now  usually  follows,  the  pro- 
noun. 

.ill  tie  like  sheep  have  gone  astray.  Isa.  lili.  6. 

.\nd  ive  all  do  fade  as  a  leaf.  Isa.  Ixiv  6. 

Be  ye  all  of  one  mind.  1  I'd.  iii.  8. 

That  thfij  all  may  be  one.  John  xvii.  21. 

The  alternative  construction  is  alt  of  ntt,  all  0/  tht'm,  etc. 
(see  II.,  2);  or  the  two  constructions  may  stand  together. 

We  all  of  u»  complain  of  the  shortness  of  time. 

Addixoti,  Spectator,  Xo.  93. 
The  adjective  all,  with  a  singular  or  plural  noun,  is  often 
separated  from  its  subject,  especially  by  the  verb  he  (ex- 
pressed, or  in  tile  present  participle  often  omitted),  and, 
being  thus  apparently  a  part  of  the  predicate,  assumes  a 
transitional  position,  and  may  equally  well  be  regarded  as 
an  ailverb,  meaning  altogether,  wholly  :  as,  the  house  was 
all  dark  ;  he  was  all  ears  ;  the  poor  horse  was  all  skin  and 
bones ;  the  papers  were  all  in  confusion ;  it  was  all  a  mis- 
take ;  it  is  all  gone. 

He  is  all  for  fasting.  Burton,  Anat.  of  ilel.,  p.  245. 

She  followd  my  poor  fathers  body. 
Like  Niobe,  all  tears.  Sliak.,  Hamlet,  1.2. 

He  has  also  rebuilt  y  parsonage  house,  all  of  stone,  very 
neate  and  ample.  Enlyn,  Diary,  Sept.  9,  1677. 

All  Fools'  day.  see  /odH.— All  hands,  the  whole  com- 
pauv  ;  wnir.  the  whole  crew.— All  my  eye.  -See  eyel.— 
All  Saints' day.  Sce  *<7i'(i(.— All  Souls  day.  SeesouZ. 
-  For  all  the  world.    .SeetforW. 

n.  a.  as  pron.  [Absolute  use  of  tho  adj.] 
1 .  The  whole  quantity  or  amount ;  the  whole ; 
the  aggregate ;  the  total :  in  a  singidar  sense. 

And  Laban  .  .  .  said,  .  .  .  All  that  thou  seest  is  mine. 

Geu.  XXXL43. 


aU 

Doth  all  that  hnunts  the  waste  and  wild 
Mourn,  knowing  it  will  go  iilong  with  me? 

Tenni/son,  Pjissing  of  Arthur. 

2.  The  whole  number;  every  individual  or  par- 
ticular, taken  eollectively ;  especially,  all  men 
or  all  people:  in  a  plural  sense. 

That  whflpt-'s  are  Minile  nine  dayes,  and  then  hepin  to 
Sft'.  is  the  fommon  opiiiinii  <if  nil :  nm\  some  will  he  apt 
to  descend  to  oathes  upon  it.      Sir  T.  liroicn*;  \iilg.  Err. 
And,  poured  round  all, 
Old  Ocean's  gray  and  melancholy  witste. 

Jiryant,  Tlianatopsis. 
Ail,  in  either  of  the  preceding  uses,  is  often  followed  by 
a  limiting  phrase  with  of. 

'Tis  not  the  wliole  of  life  to  live. 

Nor  all  0/  death  to  die.  Montgomery,  Hymn. 

For  all  of  wonderful  and  wild 

Had  rapture  for  the  lonely  child. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.  M.,  vi.  21. 
Then  I  and  vou  and  all  o/us  fell  down. 

.S7/«t.,  J.  v.,  iii.  2. 

3.  Everything:  as,  is  that  <'i?;?  that  is  rt?/. 

What  though  the  held  be  lost? 
All  is  not  lost.  Milton,  V.  L.,  i.  105. 

Above  all.  See  above.— After  all.  after  everything  has 
lieen  n-nsidered;  in  spite  of  everything  to  the  contrary; 
nevertbeless. 
Upon  my  soul,  the  women  are  the  best  judges  a/tei-  all. 
Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 
AU  and  singular,  collectively  and  individually ;  one  and 
all:  all  \\iiliiint  exception:  a  common  legal  phrase.— All 
and  some.  l<  ME.  alle  and  aome,  prop,  pi.,  equiv.  to  L. 
uniiYisi  et  tiinifidi,  but  also  used  in  sing,  form  al  and  sum 
as  adv.,  altogether:  see  some.]  (a)  AU  and  sundry;  one 
and  all.    [Obsolete  or  archaic.] 

We  are  betrayd  and  ynorae  [taken], 
Horse  and  harness,  lords,  all  and  some. 

Jiich.  C.  de  L.,  1.  2283. 
Stop  your  noses,  readers,  all  and  some. 

Dryden,  Abs.  and  Achit.,  ii. 
(6t)  Altogether ;  wholly. 

The  tale  ys  wrytyn  al  and  sum 
In  a  boke  of  Vitas  Patrimi. 

Rob.  of  Brunne,  HandljTig  Synne,  1.  1G9. 
All  but,  everything  but;  everything  short  of;  almost; 
very  nearly  :  as,  she  is  all  but  nine  years  of  age. 

Hold  her  a  wealtliy  bride  within  thine  anus, 
Or  all  but  hold,  and  then  —  cast  her  aside. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

All  in  all  (as  noun,  all-in-all),  all  things  in  all  respects; 
all  or  everything  together;  adverbially,  altogether. 
That  God  may  be  all  in  all.  1  Cor.  xv.  28. 

In  London  she  buyes  her  head,  her  face,  her  fashion.     0 
London,  thou  art  her  Paradise,  her  heaven,  her  all-in-all. 
Tuke,  On  Painting  (1616),  p.  60.    (Halliwell.) 
Take  him  for  all  in  all, 
I  shall  not  look  upon  his  like  again. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 
Acres.  Dress  does  make  a  difference,  David. 
Dav.  'Tis  all  in  all,  I  think. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 

Her  good  Philip  was  her  all-in-all. 

Tennymn,  Enoch  Arden. 

And  all,  and  everything ;  and  everything  else ;  used  in 
summing  up  after  an  enumeration  of  particulars. 

Tlie  first  bhist  of  -wind  laid  it  [the  tree]  flat  upon  the 

ground,  nest,  eagles,  and  all.  VEstranye. 

Woo'd  and  manied  an'  a'.  Burns. 

And  all  tbat,  and  all  the  rest  of  it :  used  like  the  pre- 
ceding, bvit  generally  in  a  slighting  or  contemptuous  way  : 
as,  he  believes  in  slate-writing,  materialization,  and  all 
that. 

Snuff,  or  the  fan,  supply  each  pause  of  chat, 
With  singing,  laughing,  ogling,  and  all  that. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  iii.  17. 
At  all,  [<ME.  at  alle.}  (at)  In  every  way;  altogether; 
wholly. 

She  is  a  shrewe  at  al.  Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Merchant's  Tale. 
(6)  In  any  degree;  in  any  degree  whatever;  in  the  least 
degree  ;  for  any  reason  ;  on  any  consideration :  as,  I  was 
sxu'prised  at  his  coming  at  all. 

Thirdly,  the  starres  have  not  onely  varied  their  longi- 
tudes, whereby  their  ascents  are  altered ;  but  have  also 
changed  their  declinations,  whereby  their  rising  at  all, 
that  is,  their  appearing,  hath  varied. 

Sir  T.  Broicw,  Vulg.  Err. 
<c)  In  any  way ;  to  any  extent ;  4>f  any  kind  or  character : 
in  negative,  interrogative,  or  conditional  clauscs(compare 
I.,  4) :  as,  he  was  not  at  all  disturbed ;  did  you  hear  any- 
thing rt(  alU  if  you  hear  anything  at  all,  let  me  know ;  no 
offense  at  all. 

An  if  this  be  at  all.  Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 

Before  all.  before  everything ;  before  everything  else ;  be- 
yond all.—  Beyond  all,  beyond  everything;  beyond  every- 
thing else  ;  above  all.—  FOP  all.  (a)  For  all  purposes,  oc- 
casions, or  times:  especially  in  the  phrases  once /or  all  and 
/or  yood  and  all.     [Colloq.! 

Learn  now,  for  all, 
...  I  care  not  for  you.  .Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  3. 
(b)  Notwithstanding;  in  spite  of  (the  thing  or  fact  men- 
tioned): followed  by  an  object  noun  or  pronoini  or  an  ob- 
ject clause  with  that,  which  is  often  omitted  :  as,  for  all 
that,  the  fact  remains  the  same ;  you  may  do  so  for  all 
(that)  I  care,  or  for  all  me.     See /or. 

Go.  sirrah ;  for  ail  you  are  my  man,  go  wait  upon  my 
cousin  Shallow.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 

As  Noah's  pigeon,  wliich  rcturn'd  no  more. 
Did  show,  she  footing  found.  ./Vt  «//  the  flood. 

Sir  J.  jbavifs,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxxii. 
A  man's  a  man  for  a'  that.  Bums,  For  A"  That. 


144 

In  alL  (a)  In  the  whole  number ;  all  included :  as,  there 
were  in  all  at  least  a  huTuired  persons  present. 

In  this  tymc  had  Stenen  regned  auht  sere  in  alle. 
Hob.  of  Brunne,  Langtoft's  Chron.  (ed.  Heame),  p.  122. 

(J>)  In  whole:  as,  in  \n\ri  ov  in  all. -Oyqt  allt,  every  where. 
Chaucir.  (Now  only  in  its  literal  meaning.) — Two  (or 
twos)  all,  three  all,  etc.  in  certain  games,  means  that 
all  (or  merely  Itntb)  the  players  or  .siiles  have  two,  three, 
etc.,  points.  When  all  comes  to  all,  when  everything 
is  explained  :  at  Ix'ttotii.— With  aUt.     See  withal. 

Ill,  ".  [Preceded  by  an  article  or  a  ]ironoun, 
rarely  with  an  intervening;  adjective.]  1.  A 
whole;  an  entirety;  a  totality  of  things  or  qual- 
ities.   The  All  is  used  for  the  universe. 

And  will  she  yet  abase  her  eyes  on  me,  .  .  . 
On  me,  whose  all  notecjuals  Edward's  moiety? 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  2. 

2.  One*s  whole  interest,  concern,  or  property: 
usually  with  a  possessive  pronoun :  as,  sho  has 
given  her  all.  [Formerly  and  still  dialectically 
with  pi.  alls.l 

Though  a  very  industrious  tradesman,  I  was  twice  burnt 
out,  and  lost  my  little  all  both  times. 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  2. 

Old  Boreas  —  we  are  glad  of  that —  was  required  to  pack 
up  "his  alls"  and  be  off.  De  Qxtincey,  Herodotus,  ii. 

[For  all  in  composition,  see  the  adverb,  at  end.] 
all    (al),  (idv.     [<ME.  al,  rarely  «//<?,<  AS.  call, 
eal  (=OS.  (ilj  etc.)i  prop.  neut.  aec.  (cf.  AS. 
€allcs  =  Oii.  rt/^-.*  =  Goth.  alii.'-;  adv.,  prop.  gen. 
neut.)  of  colly  cal,  all:  see  alU  a.    The  adverbial 
uses  of  all  overlap  the  adjectival  uses:  see  es- 
pecially under  all,  a, J  I.,  at  end.]     1.  Wholly; 
entirely;    completely;    altogether;    quite.     In 
this  use  common  with  adverbs  of  degi'ee,  espe- 
cially too:  as,  he  amvetl  all  too  late. 
Antl  tell  ns  what  occasion  4>f  import 
Hath  all  so  long  detain'd  you  from  your  %vife. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S..  iii.  2. 
He  held  them  sixpence  all  too  dear. 

Shak.,  quoted  in  Othello,  ii.  ."l. 
Alone,  alone,  all,  all  alone, 
Alone  on  a  wide,  wide  sea. 

Coleridye,  Ancient  Mariner. 
O,  yet  methought  I  saw  the  Holy  Grail, 
All  pall'd  in  crimson  samite. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 
[From  the  frequent  Middle  English  use  of  all  in  this  sense 
before  verbs  with  the  prefix  to-  (see  to--,  to-break.  to-cut, 
to-tear,  etc.),  that  prefix,  when  no  longer  felt  as  sucli,  came 
to  be  attached  to  the  adverb,  all  to  or  alto  being  regarded 
as  an  adverbial  phrase  or  word,  and  sometimes  improperly 
used,  in  later  English,  with  verbs  having  originally  n«» 
claim  to  the  prefix. 

The  sowdan  and  the  cristen  euerichone, 
Ben  al  to-heive  and  stiked  at  the  bord. 

Chaucrr,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  332. 

And  a  certain  woman  cast  a  piece  of  a  millstone  upon 
Abimelechs  head,  and  all  io-brake  [printed  all  to  brake] 
his  scull.  Judges  ix.  53. 

They  .  .  .  were  alle  to-cutte  with  the  stones. 

Caxtouy  Golden  Legend,  p.  236. 

She  plumes  her  feathers,  and  lets  grow  her  wings. 
That  in  the  various  bustle  of  resort. 
Were  all  to-rujfied  [sometimes  printed  altomt^ed],  and 
sometimes  impau-'d.  Miiton,  Comus,  1.  380.] 

2.  Even ;  just :  at  first  emphatic  or  intensive. 
(a)  With  prepositional  phrases  of  place  or  time,  in  later 
use,  particularly  in  ballad  poeti^,  little  more  than  merely 
expletive  or  pleonastic :  as,  all  in  the  month  of  May ;  all 
in  the  morning  tide. 

W'hen  all  aloud  the  wind  doth  blow. 

Shak.^  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2  (song). 


A  damsel  lay  deploring, 
All  on  a  rock  reclined. 


Gay. 


One  night  my  pathway  swerving  east,  I  saw 
The  pelican  on  the  casque  of  our  Sir  Bors 
AU  in  the  middle  of  the  lising  moon. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

(6)  With  conjunctions  if  and  though,  in  conditional  and 
concessive  clauses  :  //  all,  though  all,  or  reversely,  all  if, 
all  though,  even  if,  even  though.  These  forms  are  obso- 
lete, except  the  last,  which  is  now  wTitten  as  one  word, 
although  (which  see). 

I  am  nought  wode,  alle  if  I  lewed  be. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  39S. 

^if  alle  it  be  so  that  men  seyn,  that  this  crowne  is  of 
thornes.  Mandeville  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  13. 

Thof  alle  that  he  werred  in  wo  &  in  strife, 
The  foure  &  tuenty  houres  he  spended  in  holy  life. 
Rob.  of  Brunne,  Langtoffs  Chron.  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  23. 
Alle  thoughe  it  be  clept  a  see,  it  is  no  see. 

Mandemlie  {eH.  Halliwell),  p.  266. 
[Wlien  the  verb  in  sueh  clauses,  according  to  a  common 
subjunctive  construction,  was  placed  bef<tre  the  subject, 
the  conjunction  if  or  though  might  be  omitted,  leaving  all 
as  an  apparent  conjunction,  in  the  sense  of  even  if.  al- 
though ;  especially  in  the  formula  al  be,  as  al  be  it,  al  be 
it  that,  al  be  that  (now  albe,  albeit,  which  see). 
Al  be  her  herte  wel  nigh  to-broke 
No  word  of  pride  ne  grame  she  spoke. 

Lay  le  Freine,  1.  347,  in  Weber's  Metr.  Rom.,  I. 
Al  were  it  that  my  auncetres  were  rmle 
Yit  nniy  the  highe  God  ,  .  . 
Grauute  me  grace  to  lyve  vertnously. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  I.  310. 


allace 

His  sacrifice  he  dede  .  .  .  with  alle  circumstancea 
Al  telle  I  nat  as  now  his  obHcrvances. 

Chaucer,  Knights  Tale,  1.  1400. 

lint  living  art  may  not  least  part  expresse,  .  .  . 

AU  were  it  Zeuxisor  Praxiteles, 

His  diedale  hand  would  faile  and  greatly  faynt. 

Spender,  V.  g.,  iii.,  Prol. J 
(c)  With  conjunction  as :  All  as.    (1)  Just  when ;  when ;  as. 
All  as  his  straying  flocke  he  fedde. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Prol. 
He  their  courtesy  to  requite. 
Gave  them  a  chain  of  twelve  marks  weight, 
All  as  he  lighted  down.  Scott,  Marmiun,  i.  11. 

(2)  As  if. 

Tlie  kene  cold  blowes  through  my  beaten  hyde, 
All  as  I  were  through  the  bo<Iy  gryde. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal,,  Feb. 
3t.  Only;  exclusively. 

I  shall  never  marry  like  my  sisters, 

To  love  my  father  all.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

All  along,  (rt)  Throughout;  continuously;  uninterrupt- 
edly; fioiii  the  beginning  onward:  as,  I  knew  that  all 
along. 

Ishmael  .  .  .  went  forth,  .  .  .  weeping  aU  along  as  he 
went.  Jer.  xli.  6. 

(b)  From  end  to  end ;  in  lx}nkbinding,  (sewed)  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  thread  passes  from  end  to  end  of  each 
section,    (i-)  At  full  length. 

I  found  a  woman  of  a  matchless  form 
Stretch 'd  all  along  upon  the  marble  floor. 

Tuke,  Five  Hours,  iL 
And  there  in  gloom  cast  himself  all  along. 

Tenny-siin,  Balin  and  Balan. 

All  along  of.  See(i;o7i^2.— Allinthe  wind  (naut.),too 
close  to  the  wind  :  said  of  a  vessel  so  bnmght  up  into  the 
wind  that  the  sails  shake.— All  of  a  sudden,  suddenly; 
quite  unexpectedly. 

Matters  have  taken  so  clever  a  turn  nil  of  a  sudden,  ib^t 
I  could  find  it  in  my  heart  to  be  so  good-humoured ! 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 
AU  one,  the  same  thing  in  effect ;  quite  the  same. 

Yet  I  have  the  wit  to  think  my  master  is  a  kind  of  a 
knave  :  but  thafs  all  one,  if  he  be  but  one  knave. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 
All  outt  [ME.  al  oute,  alout],  entirely ;  completely ;  <iuite. 

Then  come  these  wikkyde  Jewes  .  .  .  and  brake  theyre 
thees,  and  slewe  them  alle  owtc. 

MS.  Lincoln  (A),  i.  17,  folio  184.    (flaltiudl.) 
\A'hanne  he  hadde  don  his  wille  al  oxtte. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  I.  2101. 
t'sed  especially  with  drink  (see  cnroM.se). 

I  quaught,  I  drinke  all  out.  Palsgrave, 

Alius  [i\],  all  out;  or  a  carouse  fully  drunk  up.  Cotgrave. 
AH  over,  (a)  In  every  part ;  everywhere ;  over  the  whole 
body.  Chaucer.  (6)  Thoroughly;  entirely:  as,  "Dombey 
and  Son  "is  Dickens  a^^oftT.  [Colloq.]  (c)  Indisposed  ;  gen- 
erally ill ;  ha\ing  an  all-overish  feehng.  [Colloq.]  (d)  All 
past;  entirely  ceased  :  as,  that  is  n^^  oyer. — AU  over  witll, 
done  with  ;  finished :  as,  it  is  all  over  with  their  friendship; 
colloquially,  the  trouble  is  all  over  with. 

Ay,  a  final  sentence,  indeed  !  —  'tis  all  over  with  you, 
faith  !  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 

AU  right,  an  idiomatic  colloquial  phrase,  either  adjectival 
or  adverbial,  expressive  of  satisfaction  with,  approval  of, 
or  assent  to  anything,  and  equivalent  to  quite  correct  or 
correctly,  satisfactory  or  satisfactorily,  in  a  satisfactory 
condition  or  manner,  etc.:  as,  your  conduct  or  your  dress 
is  all  right ;  he  has  done  it  all  right ;  "Are  you  reaily?  All 
right ;  go  ahead." — AU  the  {the,  adv. :  see  the'^,  to  all  that 
extent;  so  much  :  as,  all  the  better ;  all  the  fitter ;  all  the 
sooner.  See  the-.—  AXl  there,  up  to  the  mark;  wide 
awake;  in  strict  fashion;  first-rate.  [Slang.]— All  up 
with,  at  an  end ;  all  over  with :  as,  when  the  pistol  was 
raised  he  knew  that  it  was  all  up  with  him.    [Colloq. 1 

[All.  in  composition,  sometimes  tonus  a  true  compound, 
as  ill  al  mighty,  already,  altvay.f.  fl?;/rtfej*.  but  usually  stands, 
with  i>rsnnietinies  without  ahyi>hen.  in  loose  combination, 
retaining,'  a  syntactic  relation,  cither  (l)as  adjective,  as  in 
All-hallou%  All-saints,  alLtpice;  (2)  as  noun,  either  (a)  in 
genitive  plural,  as  in  all-father,  or  (b)  in  accusative  as  direct 
object,  as  in  all-giver,  all-seer,  all-heal,  particularly  with 
present  participles  having  all  as  object  (though  originally 
in  many  cases  all  was  adverbial),  as  in  all-healing,  all- 
seeing,  all-pervading,  etc.;  or  (:i)  as  adverb,  either  (a)  with 
a  noun  (in  the  transitional  coustniction  mentioned  under 
all,  a.,  I.,  at  end),  as  in  all-bow',  all-tnouth,  all-rail,  all- 
wool,  ovib)  with  almost  any  adjective  that  admits  of  rhe- 
torical sweep,  as  in  all-perfect,  all}>ouerful,  all-wise,  all- 
glorious,  all-imjtortant.] 

alia  (al'la).  [It.,  dat.  of  fem.  def.  art.  la  :  =F. 
a  la,  <  L.  ad  illam,  lit.  to  that :  used  for  alia  via- 
nicra  (di),  in  the  manner  (of) :  see  a  la.]  Tn  mu- 
sic, after  the  (manner  of) ;  in  the  (style  of) :  as, 
allafranccsc,  in  the  French  style  or  manner. 

alia  breve  (al'lii  hra've).  [It.:  see  alia  and 
hrcrc.'\  In  utitsic,  an  expression  understood  to 
denote  —  (a)  a  species  of  time  in  which  every 
bar  contains  a  breve,  or  four  minims;  or  (/>)  a 
rh^-thni  of  two  or  four  beats  to  a  bar.  but  taken 
at  a  rate  of  movement  twice  as  fast  as  if  the 
piece  were  simply  marked  with  the  sijjn  of  com- 
mon time.     The  sign  for  alia  breve  time  is  0. 

allabuta  (al-a-bxi'ta),  H.  [Origin  not  ascer- 
tained.] The  hard,  black  seed  of  the  Vhcnopo- 
dium  album,  used  in  stamping  shagreen  (which 
see).     Also  spelled  alalmta. 

alia  cappella.    See  a  cappdla. 

allacet,  mtcrj.     An  old  spelling  of  alas. 


allagite 

allagite  (al'a-jit),  n.  [<  Gr.  oKTjarffi.  change 
r<  aKkaaauv,  cliango,  lit.  make  other  than  it  is, 
<  (iXAof,  other:  see  (Mo-,  and  ef.  enaUngc),  + 
-ite^.}  A  massive  mineral,  of  a  brown  or  p^reen 
color,  a  carbonated  silicate  of  manganese,  toiind 
in  the  Harz  moiuitains,  near  Elbingerode,  Ger- 
many.    It  is  an  altered  rhodonite. 

allagOStemonous  (al"a-g6-ste'm9-nu8),  a.  [< 
Gr.  u/'/.(i}!/,  change  (see  above),  +  arii/iuv,  a 
tliread,  taken  in  sense  of  arrj/ia,  a  stamen.]  In 
hot.,  witli  stamens  inserted  alternately  on  the 
torus  and  on  the  petals.     A.  Gray. 

Allah,  (al'll),  n.  [P.  D.  G.  Dan.,  etc.,  Allah, 
Kuss.  Athikliii,  etc.,  repr.  Ai'.  (>  Tui'k.  Pers. 
Hind.)  AUiVi,  contr.  of  (d-ihOi,  lit.  the  God,  <  al, 
the,  +  ildh,  God,  =  Aramaic  eluh  =  Heb.  dOah : 
see  JClohini.]  The  Arabic  name  of  the  Supremo 
Being,  wliich,  tlirough  the  Koran,  has  found  its 
way  into  the  languages  of  all  nations  who  have 
embraced  the  Mohammedan  faith. 

Allamanda  (al-a-man'da),  n.  [Named  after 
Jean  N.  S.  AUamand,  a  Swiss  scientist.]  A 
genus  of  woody  climbers,  natural  order  Apocy- 
naccw,  natives  of  tropical  America.  Tlie  flowera 
are  large  ami  handsome,  and  several  species  are  cultivated 
ill  Kl'i'etihnnses. 

all-amort  (;U-a-m6rt'),  a.    See  alamort. 

allamotti,  allamoth  (al-a-mot'i,  al'a-moth),  n. 
[E.  dial.;  also  aluinnnti.  allamonti ;  an  Orkney 
name.]  A  provincial  English  name  for  the  pe- 
trel, I'rocclluria  pclagica.     Montagu. 

allan^t,  ".    Same  as  akin. 

allan''t,  allent,  "•  [Var.  of  anlin,  q.  v.]  A 
provincial  name  for  a  species  of  jaeger,  Sterco- 
rariiis  parasiticn.^.     ilontiuju. 

allanite  (al'an-it),  «.  [Named  after  Thomas 
Allan,  of  Edinburgh,  the  discoverer.]  Asilieate 
of  cerium  and  allied  metals  with  aluminium, 
iron,  and  calcium.  It  is  isomorphous  with  epi- 
dote. 

allantoic  (al-an-to'ik),  a.  [<  allantois  +  -ic.'i 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  allantois :  as,  allantoic 
fluid;  ((//((Htof'c  acid  ;  a//a«toic  plaeentati on. 

allantoid  (a-lan'toid),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  allan- 
toide,  <  NL.  allantoicles,  <  Gr.  a?.?.avToeid)/(  (se. 
v/i^  or  ,t'r(ji>:  see  hymen  and  chiton),  the  sau- 
sage-shaped (sc.  membrane),  <  d/l?,af  (aX?MVT-), 
a  sausage,  +  t/iSof,  form.]  I,  «.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  tlie  allantois :  as,  the  allantoid  membrane. 
II.  n.  Same  as  allantois. 

allantoidal  (al-an-toi'dal),  a.  Same  as  allan- 
knd. 

Allantoidea  (al-an-toi'de-a),)i.p?.  [NL.,  <  al- 
lantoidcs:  see  allantoid.']  '  Those  vertebrates  in 
which  an  allantois  is  developed,  considered  as  a 
group  in  zoology,  the  Allantoidea  consist  of  mammals, 
birds,  and  reptiles,  as  distinguished  from  Anallantoulea, 
or  amphibians  and  fishes.  The  word  is  synonymous  with 
Ainnlonnta,  as  distinguished  from  An<imnionata. 

allantoidian  (al-an-toi'di-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  al- 
lantoid +  -ian  :  =  F.  allanioidicn.']  I,  «.  Hav- 
ing an  allantois,  as  the  embryo  or  fetus  of  one 
of  the  higlier  vertebrates. 

II.  n.  An  animal  the  embryo  or  fetus  of 
which  has  an  allantois,  as  a  mammal,  bird,  or 
reptile. 

allantoin(a-lan'to-in),rt.  [iallantois  +  -in".'\  A 
crystalline  substance  (C^HgN^Os)  found  in  the 
allantoic  fluid  of  the  cow ;  the  nitrogenous  con- 
stituent of  the  allantoic  fluid.  It  is  also  ob- 
tained from  other  sources.  Also  written  allan- 
toin. 

AUantmn  ...  is  one  of  the  products  of  the  oxidation 
of  iu:ic  acid,  and  by  further  o.\idation  gives  rise  to  urea. 
Foster,  Physiology,  pp.  879,  880. 

allantois  (a-lan'to-is),  n.  [NL.,  shorter  form 
(appar.  as  sing,  of  assumed  pi.)  of  atlantoides : 
see  allantoid.]  A  fetal  appendage  of  most  ver- 
tebrates, developing  as  a  sac  or  diverticulum 
from  the  posterior  portion  of  the  intestinal 
cavity.  It  is  one  of  the  organs  of  the  embryo  of  all  am- 
niotic vertebrates,  or  those  which  develop  an  anmion,  but 
is  wanting  or  is  at  most  rudimentary  in  amphibians  and 
fishes.  In  birds  and  reptiles  it  is  large  and  performs  a  re- 
spiratory function,  and  in  mammals  contributes  to  form 
the  umbilical  cord  and  placenta.  Its  exterior  primitively 
consists  of  mesoblast,  its  cavity  receiving  the  secretion  of 
the  primordial  kidneys  (Wolffian  bodies).  So  much  of  the 
sac  as  remains  pervious  within  the  body  of  the  embryo 
becomes  tile  uriiuuy  bladder,  or,  in  some  degree,  a  urinary 
passage.  The  iiinbiliLal  arteries  and  veins  coui"se  along  the 
elongated  stalk  of  Mie  sac.  which  becomes  the  umbilical 
cord,  and  that  part  of  these  allantoic  vessels  within  the 
body  which  does  not  remain  pervious  becomes  the  nrachus 
and  round  ligament  of  the  liver.  Thecxpanded  extremity 
of  the  allantois.  in  most  mammals,  unites  with  the  chorion 
to  form  the  placenta.  In  those  vertebrates,  as  mammals,  in 
which  the  umbilical  vesicle  luusbnt  a  brief  jieriod  of  activ- 
ity, the  allantois  ehielly  sustains  the  functions  whereby 
the  fetus  is  nourished  by  the  blood  of  the  mother,  and  has 
its  own  blood  arteiialized.  In  i»arturition,  so  nmch  of  the 
allantois  as  is  outside  the  body  of  the  fetus  is  cast  o(f,  the 
separation  taking  place  at  the  uavel.  See  cut  under  amnie/i. 
10 


145 

allantotoxicum  (a-lan-to-tok'si-kum),  n.  [< Gr. 

(l/./tdf  (ii/,/«iT-),  sausage,  +  toSikM',  poison :  see 
toxic.']  Sausagc-]ioiscin  ;  a  poison  found  in  pu- 
trid sausage  made  of  blood  and  liver. 

allanturic(al-an-tu'rik), fl.  [(.allantoin  +  uric] 
Obtained  from  allantom  and  mic  acid:  as,  aC- 
lanturic  acid. 

alia  prima  (al'lii  pre'ma).  [It.,  lit.  according 
to  the  first:  alia,  q.  y.;" prima,  fem.  of  prima, 
first:  see  jyrimr.]  In  paintimj,  an  e.xpression 
denoting  a  method  in  which  the  pigments  are 
laid  on  the  canvas  in  thick  hea\'y  masses,  Instead 
of  in  washes,  glazes,  or  repeated  coats. 

Paolo  Veronese  painted  generally  alia  prima  with  more 

body  than  Titian  (whose  patience  he  appeared  to  want), 

so  tliat  the  finished  picture  was  little  more  than  the  ab- 

bozzo ;  that  is,  he  painted  up  at  once. 

Mrs.  McrrifuM,  Anc.  Practice  of  l'ainting(1849),  I.  cxxxv. 

allassotonic  (a-las-6-ton'ik),  a.  [LTCg.  <  Gr. 
a/'/Anneiv,  vary,  +  Toi'of,  tension.]  In  bot.,  a 
term  applied  by  De  Vines  to  the  movements 
induced  in  mature  vegetable  organs  by  stimu- 
lation, which  are  not  permanent,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  permanent  or  auxotonio  effects 
of  stimulation  upon  growing  organs.  See  OMjro- 
tnnic. 

allatratet  (al'a-trat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  allatratus,  pp. 
of  altatrare,  adlatrarc,  bark  at,  revile,  <  ad,  to, 
+  latrarc,  bark:  see  lutratc]  To  bark  out; 
utter  by  barking.     Also  spelled  alatrate. 

Let  Cerberus,  the  dog  of  hel,  alatrate  what  he  list  to 
the  contrary.    Stuhbes,  Anat.  of  Abuses  (ed.  1880),  p.  158. 

allaudf  (a-lad'),  V.  t.  [<  L.  allaiidare,  adlaudarr, 
<  ad,  to,  +  laiidare,  praise  (see  laud);  a  doublet 
of  allow'^,  q.  v.]     To  praise. 

allayi  (a-!a'),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay;  < 
ME.  alayen,  alcycn,  csirlicv  alci)(jcn  (pret.  alcyde, 
pp.  alcyd,  alayd,  alcid),  <  AS.  dlccijan  (pret. 
dlegde,  dledc,  pp.  dlcgd,  died),  lay  down,  with- 
draw, suppress,  cause  to  cease  (=  OHG.  irlec- 
can,  MHG.  erlcggen,  G.  erlegen  =  Goth,  n.slag- 
jan,  lay  down),  <  a-,  E.  a-i,  +  lecgan,  E.  ^oi/i. 
The  word  should  therefore,  strictly,  be  speUed 
alay  (cf.  arise,  abide,  etc.);  the  spelling  all- 
simulates  a  L.  origin.  The  word  was  early 
confused  in  spelling  and  sense  with  several 
other  words  of  L.  origin,  namely,  allay^,  allay'^, 
allege^,  allege^:  see  these  words.  The  senses 
mi-x  and  cannot  be  entirely  separated.]  I. 
trans.  If.  To  lay  down;  cause  to  lie;  lay:  as, 
to  allay  the  dust. — 2t.  To  lay  aside ;  set  aside ; 
suppress;  annul. 

Codes  lawes  that  were  aleyd. 

Hob.  o/  Gloucester,  p.  144. 

3t.  To  put  down ;  humble ;  overthrow. 
Thy  pride  we  woll  alaye. 

Rom.  of  Arthur  and  Merlin,  1.  214. 

4.  To  put  down;  quiet;  assuage;  pacifj-,  ap- 
pease, calm,  as  a  commotion  of  the  elements, 
or,  figm-atively,  civil  commotions,  mental  e.\- 
citement,  or  an  agitated  person. 

The  joyous  time  now  nighs  fast, 
That  shall  alegc/e  this  bitter  blast. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  March. 

If  by  your  art,  my  dearest  father,  you  have 
Put  the  wild  waters  in  this  roar,  alUvi  them. 

.Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

There's  nothing  that  allays  an  angry  mind 
.So  soon  as  a  sweet  beauty. 

Fletcher  (and  anotlicr),  Elder  Brother,  iii.  5. 
Instead  of  atlaiiini/  the  animosity  of  the  two  populations, 
he  inflamed  it  to  a  height  before  unknown. 

Macaulaij,  Hist.  F.ng.,  vi. 

Alas,  that  neither  moon  nor  snow  nor  dew 

Nor  all  cold  things  can  piu'ge  me  wholly  through, 

.\s8uage  me,  nor  allay  me,  nor  appease, 

Till  supreme  sleep  shall  bring  me  bloodless  ease. 

Sirinburne,  Anaetoria. 

5.  To  abate,  mitigate,  or  subdue;  relieve  or 
alleviate :  as,  to  allay  misery  or  pain ;  to  allay 
the  bitterness  of  affliction. 

The  griefs  of  private  men  are  soon  allayed. 

But  not  of  kings.  ilarlom,  Edward  n.,  v.  I. 

Yet  leave  me  not !  I  would  allay  that  grief 
\Miich  else  might  thy  young  virtue  overpower. 

Beattie,  Minstrel,  ii.  32. 

=  Syn.  Alleviate,  Relieve,  Mitigate,  Assuaye.  Allay  (see 
alienate),  calm,  quiet,  soothe,  compose,  still,  lull,  tran- 
(luilize,  check,  rejiress,  soften,  ease,  moderate. 
Il.t  intruns.  To  abate;  subside;  grow  calm. 
For  raging  wind  blows  up  incessant  showers, 
And  when  the  rage  allaus,  the  rain  begins. 

.SAat.,  SHen.  VI.,  i.  4- 

allayH(a-la').  "•  [_<  allay^,  v.]  That  which  al- 
lays, lightens,  or  alienates. 

You  are  of  a  high  ami  choleric  complexion. 
And  you  must  have  allays. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  v.  1. 

Friendship  Is  the  allay  of  our  sorrow.  Jer.  Taylor. 


allegation 

allaySf  (a-la')i  ''•  '•  [Early  mod.  E.  also  aUiy; 
<  ME.  dtayen,  <  AF.  alcyrr,  alayer,  OF',  allayer 
(F.  aloi/er),  a  var.  of  aliir,  allier  (>  ME.  alien, 
E.  ally^),  combine,  alloy  (cf.  Sp.  Pg.  ligar  =  It. 
legarc,  allay,  alloy,  whence  the  noun,  Sp.  Pg. 
liga  =  It.  lega,  allay,  alloy ;  the  Sp.  alcar,  alloy, 
is  from  thoOF.),  <  L.  alligare,  combine,  join,  < 
ad,  to,  +  ligare,  bind :  see  ally'^  and  ulligatc. 
Allay"  was  more  or  less  confused  with  allay^, 
and  with  otlier  similar  forms:  see  ullay^.  At 
a  later  period  the  P.  aloycr  and  its  verl)al  sub- 
stantive aloi  were  erroneously  cxidained  as  de- 
rived from  a  loi,  to  law,  as  if  meaning  '  brought 
to  the  legal  standard':  sco  alloy.]  1.  To  mix, 
as  metals ;  especially,  to  mix  a  noljler  with  a 
baser  metal;  alloy.  See  alloy,  v.,  I. —  2.  Fig- 
uratively, to  mix  with  something  inferior;  con- 
taminate or  detract  from. 

His  pupils  cannot  speak  of  him  without  something  of 
terror  allayiny  their  gratitude.     Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

3.  To  temper;  abate  or  weaken  by  mixture; 
dilute,  as  wine  with  water;  weaken;  diminish. 
allay'4  (a-la'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay;  < 
ME.  alaye,  aley,  <  AF.  aley,  alay,  OF.'alay,  later 
aloy  (P.  aloi),  <  ahyer,  alayer  (F.  aloycr),  allay, 
alloy,  mix:  see  allay",  v.,  and  alloy.]  1.  The 
act  or  process  of  allopug;  an  alloy. 
Coins  are  hard'ned  by  th'  allay. 

S.  Butler,  Uudibras,  III.  ii.  482. 

2.  Figuratively,  admixture,  especially  of  some- 
thing inferior. 

This  comedy  grew  out  of  Congreve  and  Wycherley,  but 
gathered  some  allays  of  the  sentimental  comedy  which 
followed  theirs.  Lamb,  Artificial  Comedy. 

3.  Mixture ;   dilution. 

French  wine  with  an  allay  of  water. 

B.  Jonsoii,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii.  1. 

allay'H,  '■■  '■  [<  late  ME.  alaye,  aleyc,  alleye,<  OF. 
airier,  alaier,  declare  on  oath,  <  L.  allcgare,  men- 
tion, cite,  adduce:  see  allege^  and  allegation.] 
To  cite;  quote;  allege. 

allay*t,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay;  <  late  ME. 
allay,  <  AF.  'alais,  OF.  eslais,  <  eslaissier,  let 
out,  <  cs-  (<  L.  ex),  out,  +  laissier  (P.  laisser), 
let,  <  L.  laxare,  relax:  see  lax.  Inches,  and  cf. 
relay.]  In  hunting,  the  act  of  laying  on  the 
hounds;  the  addition  of  fresh  hounds  to  the 
cry. 

allayer^  (a-la'^r),  H.  [<  offayl  + -fcl.]  One 
who  or  that  which  allays  or  alleviates. 

Phlegm  and  pure  blood  are  the  reputed  atlayers  of  acri- 
mony. Harvey,  Consumption. 

allayer^t  (a-la'er),  «.     [<  allay^  +  -er'^.]    One 

who  or  that  which  allays  or  alloys. 
allayment  (a-la'ment),  n.     [<  allay'^  +  -ment.] 

The  act  of  quieting,  or  a  state  of  tranquillity ; 

a  state  of  rest  after  disturbance ;  abatement ; 

ease. 

The  like  allayment  could  I  give  my  grief. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  i. 

all-bet,  conj.    Same  as  albeit. 

Ay,  but  his  fear 
Would  ne'er  be  masked,  atlbe  his  vices  were. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  iv.  5. 

allbone  (&rb6n),  n.  [<  all  +  ftonel;  a  tr.  of 
Gr.  ('I'/.mTtov,  (.  o>.o<;, whole,  +  ocrrfof,  bone.]  An 
English  name  for  the  stitehwort,  Stellaria  lio- 
lostea,  from  its  jointed,  skeleton-like  stalks. 

Alle  (al'e),  H.  [NL.  (Linnaeus,  1758),  <  Sw. 
alle,  the  Greenland  dove.]  A  genus  of  birds  of 
the  auk  family,  containing  the  sea-dove,  dove- 
kie,  or  rotche,  Alca  alle  (Linnteus),  Arctica  alle 
(Gray),  Mergulus  alle  of  authors  in  general,  now 
Alle  nigricans  (Link).     See  dovekie. 

allecret,  ».     See  hallecrct. 

allectt  (a-lekf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  aJlectare,  adlectare, 
freci.  of  alliccre,  adlicere,  attract,  draw  to  one's 
self,  <  ad,  to.  +  lacere,  entice.]     To  entice. 

allectationt  (al-ek-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  allecta- 
tit){ii-),  a<ll(ctaiio{n-),  idllcctare,  adlectare:  see 
allect.]     Enticement;  allurement. 

allectivet  (a-lek'tiv),  a.  and  n.    [< allect  +  -ive.] 
I.  a.  Alluring. 
II,  n.  An  allurement. 

Wiat  better  alleetiiv  could  .Satan  devise  to  allure  .  .  . 
men  pleasantly  into  ilamnable  servitude? 

J.  Sorthbrooke,  Dicing  (1843),  p.ll7. 

alledget,  r.  t.    An  old  spelling  of  allege. 

allegantt,  ".     An  old  form  of  alicant. 

allegation  (al-e-ga'shon),  H.  [<  late  ME.  allcga- 
cion,  -<-ioun,  <  OF.  allegation,  <  L.  allegatio(n-), 
adleiiatio{n-),  <  allei/ar'c,  adlegare,  pp.  allegatus, 
adle'gatiis:  seoallcgcl.]  i.  The  act  of  alleging; 
affirination ;  declaration:  as,  "erroneous  alle- 
gations of  fact,"  IIaltam.—  2.  That  which  is  al- 
leged or  asserted;  that  which  is  offered  as  a 
plea,  an  excuse,  or  a  justification;  an  assertion. 


allegation 

Reprove  my  nll'-nati'm  if  yon  can, 
Or  else  coacluUc  my  wurds  cITeotual. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI,,  iii.  1. 

I  expect  not  to  be  excused  ...  on  account  of  youtli, 

want  of  leisure,  or  any  otlier  idle  alkgaUonn.  P«iie. 

3.  In  law :  (a)  The  assertion  or  statement  of  a 
party  to  a  suit  or  otlior  proceeding,  civil  or 
criminal,  which  he  iiiiilcrtakcs  to  prove,  (h) 
The  plaintiff's  first  pleading  in  a  testamentary 
cause,  (c)  In  cedes,  sidt.i,  any  pleading  subse- 
quent to  the  first.  — Defensive  allegation,  in  Eng- 
land. theniH-li'  I'f  pnipouiiilin;;  i-ircumstances  nf  defense 
liy  a  defendant  in  the  spiriliiul  luurts.  The  defendant  is  en- 
titled til  the  iilaintirla  ansvier  n|iiin  oath  to  his  allej-'ation, 
and  may  theUL-e  proceed  to  j>roofs  as  well  as  liisaiita;;oiiist. 
allege^  (a-le,i'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  (illnjul.  jijir. 
atkyini/.'  [Early  mod.  K.  also  allcdiji ,  alleaije, 
alkOAlgc,  <  ME.  aJetjijen,  alcgen,  <  AF.  aleger, 
alegier,  nlUjier  (<  Law  L.  adlegiare),  in  form  = 
OF.  csliijie'r  (<  ML.  "exUtigare,  clear  at  law,  <  L. 
ex,  out,  +  Utigare,  sue  at  law:  see  litigate),  but 
in  sense  taken  as  =  OF.  allegiier,  F.  alli'guer  (a 
restored  form  for  earlier  OF.  akiei;  alaier,  de- 
clare on  oath,  >  ME.  alcye,  allcye,  iiliii/r:  see 
allmfi)  =  Sp.  alegar  =  Pr.  Pg.  allegar  =  It.  al- 
legarc,  <  L.  allegare,  adlegare,  send,  depute, 
relate,  mention,  adduce,  iad,  to,  +  legare,  send: 
see  legate.l  1.  To  declare  before  a  court; 
plead  at  law ;  hence,  in  general,  to  produce  as 
an  argument,  plea,  or  excuse ;  cite  or  quote  in 
confirmation:  as,  to  allege  exculpatory  facts; 
to  allege  the  authority  of  a  court. 

He  [Thrasymachus],  amongst  other  arts  which  he  alleges 
in  evidence  of  his  views,  cites  that  of  government. 

De  Quinceij,  Plato. 

2.  To  pronounce  with  positiveness;  declare; 
aflirm ;  assert :  as,  to  allege  a  fact. 

In  many  alleged  cases,  indeed,  of  haunted  houses  and 
the  like,  a  detailed  revelation  of  names  and  places  might 
expose  the  narrator  to  lei,'al  artion. 

H.  y.  Oxenhatn,  Short  Studies,  p.  73, 
=  Syil.  1.  Add(u-e,  Allege,  Assign,  etc,  (see  rtrfrfwcc),  bring 
forward,  aver,  asseverate,  maintain,  say,  insist,  plead,  pro- 
duce, eite, 
allege'-'t,  !'•  '•    [Early  mod.  E.  also  alledge,  alege, 

<  ME.  aleggen,  alcgen, i  OF. alleger,  aleger,  alegier 
=  Pr.  aleujar  =  It.  alleggiare,  <  LL.  alleviarc. 
lighten,  alleviate :  see  alleciate  and  allere.  Cf. 
abridge,  abbreviate.  The  sense  and  the  ME. 
forms  mixed  with  those  of  allay'^.']  To  alle- 
viate; lighten;  mitigate;  allay. 

allegeable  (a-lej'a-bl),  o.  [<  allege'^- + -able.;\ 
Capable  of  being  alleged  or  affirmed. 

allegeance^t,  »■  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alledge- 
ancc,  allegea iince,  <  ME.  aUegiatiiicc,  <  allegen, 
alcgen,  eite,  assert :  see  allege'^  and  -ance,2  The 
act  of  alleging;  allegation. 

allegeance-t,  "•  [ME.,  also  allegiance,  alege- 
uunce,  <  OF.  alegeanee,  mod.  allegeancc,  allevia- 
tion, <  aleger,  alleviate:  see  allege^  and  -ance.1 
Alleviation. 

allegeance^t,  ».     An  old  spelling  of  allegiance. 

allegementt  (a-lej'ment),  n.  [<  cillege^  +  -mcH^] 
As.scrtiou;  allegation. 

alleger  (a-lej'er),  n.     One  who  alleges. 

Alleghany  vine.     Same  as  Adhunia  cirrhosa. 

allegiance  (a-le'jans),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
allcgcance,  aileagc'ance,  etc.,  <  'ilE.alegeaunce,  < 
a-  (prefixed  appar.  by  confusion  viithallegeaiice^, 
q.  V.)  +  legeaunec,  <  OF.  liganee,  ligeance  = 
Pr.  ligansa,  <  ML.  ligiantia,  also  ligantia  (as  if 
connected  with  L.  ligare,  ppr.  ligan{t-)s,  bind), 

<  ligiu.'i,  OF.  lige,  liege,  >  ME.  liege,  lege,  E.  liege, 
q.  V.  The  mod.  F.  aUegeance  in  this  sense  is 
from  the  E.  word.]  1.  The  tie  or  obligation  of 
a  subject  or  citizen  to  his  sovereign  or  govern- 
ment ;  the  duty  of  fidelity  to  a  king,  government, 
or  state.  Every  citizen  owes  allegiance  to  the  government 
under  which  he  is  born.  Natural  or  implied  allegiance  is 
that  obligation  which  one  owes  to  the  nation  of  which  he  is 
a  natural-born  citizen  or  subject  so  long  as  he  remains  such, 
and  it  does  not  arise  from  any  express  promise,  Jixpress 
allegiance  is  that  obligation  which  proceeds  from  an  express 
promise  or  oath  of  fidelity,  Lacal  or  temporary  allegiance 
is  due  from  an  alien  to  the  government  or  state  under  or 
in  which  he  resides.  In  the  United  States  the  paramount 
allegiance  of  a  citizen  has  been  decided  to  be  due  to  the 
general  government,  and  not  to  the  government  of  the 
particular  State  in  which  he  is  domiciled. 

Fealty  is  the  bond  that  ties  any  man  to  another  to 
whom  he  undertakes  to  be  faithful';  the  bond  is  created 
by  the  undertaking  and  embodied  in  the  oath.  Homage 
is  the  form  that  binds  the  vassal  to  the  lord,  whose  man 
he  becomes,  and  of  whom  In*  holds  the  land  for  which  he 
performs  the  ceremony  on  his  knees  and  with  his  hands  in 
his  lord's  hands.  Allegiance  is  the  duty  wliieh  each  man 
of  the  nation  owes  to  tlie  head  of  the  nation,  whether  the 
man  be  a  land-owner  or  landless,  the  vassal  of  a  mesne 
lord  or  a  lordless  man ;  and  allegiance  is  a  legal  duty  to 
the  king,  the  state,  or  tlie  nation,  whether  it  be  eml)odied 
in  an  oath  or  not.  But  although  thus  distinet  in  origin, 
the  three  obligations  had  come  in  the  middle  ages  to  have, 
as  regards  the  king,  oneertect.    .Stnfihs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  7»5, 

The  conquest  of  the  L)anelaw  was  followed  i)y  the  earli- 
est instances  of  those  oaths  of  allegiance  which  mark  the 


146 

substitution  of  a  personal  dependence  on  the  king  as  lord 
for  the  older  relation  of  the  freeman  to  the  king  of  his 
race,  J.  li.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng, ,  v. 

It  being  a  certain  position  in  law,  that  allegiance  and 
protection  are  reciprocal,  the  one  ceasitig  when  the  (ither 
is  withdrawn,  Jefferson,  Autobiog,,  p.  12, 

Hence  —  2.  Observance  of  obligation  in  gen- 
eral ;  fidelity  to  any  person  or  thing  ;  devotion. 
That  I  I  Kolingbroke]  did  pluck  allegiance  from  men's 

hearts. 
Fond  slir)utsand  salutations  from  their  moutlis, 
Even  in  the  presence  of  the  crowned  king, 

Shak.,  1  Hen,  IV,,  iii,  2. 
Love,  all  the  faith  and  all  the  allegiance  then. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii,  235, 
=  SyTl,  Allegiance,  Loyalty, Fealty.  Allegiance  is  the  most 
formal  and  official  of  these  words;  it  is  a  matter  of  prin- 
ciple, and  applies  especially  to  conduct ;  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance covers  conduct  oidy.  Loyalty  is  a  matter  of  both 
principle  and  sentiment,  conduct  and  feeling ;  it  implies 
enthusijism  and  devotion,  and  hence  is  most  frequently 
chosen  for  figurative  uses  :  as,  loyalty  to  a  lover,  husband, 
family,  elan,  friends,  old  traditiolis,  religion.  Neither  alle- 
giance nor  loyalty  is  confined  to  its  original  meaning  of  the 
obligation  due  from  a  subject  to  a  prince.  Fealty  has 
escaped  less  completely  from  this  earliest  sense,  but  has 
a  permissible  use  in  the  sense  of  fidelity  under  obligation 
of  various  kinds. 

Our  people  quarrel  with  obedience ; 
Swearing  allegiance,  and  the  love  of  soul. 
To  stranger  blood,  to  foreign  royalty. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  1. 

A  man  who  could  command  the  unswerving  loyalty  of 

honest  and  impulsive  Dick  Steele  could  not  have  been  a 

cowai'd  or  a  backbiter.        Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  429. 

Nor  did  he  doubt  her  more, 

But  rested  in  hev/ealty,  till  he  crown'd 

A  happy  life  with  a  fair  death.     Tennyson,  Geraint, 

allegiant  (a-le'jant),  a.  and  «.  [Assumed 
from  allegiance,  after  analogy  of  adjectives  in 
-an  t  having  associated  noims  in  -ance :  see  -anf^ 
and  -ance.']     I.  a.    Loyal. 

For  your  great  graces 
Heaped  upon  me,  poor  undeserver,  I 
Can  nothing  render  but  allegiant  thanks, 

Shak.,  Hen,  VIII,,  iii.  2, 

II.  «.  One  who  owes  or  renders  allegiance; 
a  native. 

Strangers  shall  have  the  same  personal  rights  as  the  al- 
le:iiant.<:.  y.  A.  Ret.,  CXLII,  126, 

allegoric  (al-e-gor'ik),  a.      Same  as  allegorical. 

allegorical  (al-e-gor'i-kal),  a.  [<  L.  allegoricu-f 
(<  Gr.  a'AATfjopiKdf,  <.  a7JiT]yopia,  allegory:  see  al- 
legory) +  -«/.]  Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to 
allegory ;  of  the  nattire  of  allegory ;  figurative ; 
describing  by  resemblances. 

His  strong  allegorical  bent  .  .  .  was  heightened  by 
analysis  of  the  Arthurian  legeluls, 

Stedinan,  Vict,  Poets,  p,  176. 
Allegorical  interpretation,  the  drawing  .d  a  spiritual 
or  figurative  meaning  from  what  is  apparently  bistorieai : 
thus,  .St,  Paul  (Rom.  ix.  7.  ,S)  gives  an  atleiioricat  interpre- 
tation of  the  history  of  free-liorn  Isaac  anil  slave-born  Ish- 
mael, — Allegorical  pictures,  pictures  representing  aUe- 
gorieal  sntijeets. 

allegorically  (al-e-gor'i-kal-i),  adr.  In  an  al- 
legorical manner;  by  way  of  allegory. 

allegoricalness  (al-e-gor'i-kal-nes),  n.  The 
(Hiality  of  being  allegorical. 

allegorisation,  allegorise,  etc.    See  allegori:a- 

tiiHt,  etc. 
allegorist  (al'e-go-rist).  n.     [=F.  allegoriste.  <. 

allcgoriser,  allegorize :  see  allegori::e.~\    One  who 

allegorizes ;  a  writer  of  allegory. 
allegorister  (al"e-go-ris'ter),  n.    [<  allegorist  -(- 

-f)-i.]     An  allegorist.     [Rare.] 
In  a  lengthened  allegory,  the  ground  is  often  shifted  ; 

the  allegorister  tires  of  liis  allegory,  and  at  length  means 

what  he  says,  and  nothing  more. 

/,  iri.-:rueli,  Amen,  of  Lit,,  II.  144. 

allegorization  (al"e-gor-i-za'shon),  «.  liallc- 
gori^e  +  -ation.]  The  act  of  turning  into  alle- 
gory ;  allegorical  treatment.  Also  spelled  alle- 
gorisation. 

allegorize  (are-go-riz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  alle- 
gori^cd,  ppr.  allegori::ing.  [<  OF.  allegoriser, 
mod.  F.  allegoriser,  <L.  allcgori -arc,  iGr.  aMri- 
yopclf,  speak  so  as  to  imply  something  else :  see 
allegory  and  -/.e.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  tm-n  into 
allegory;  narrate  in  allegory;  treat  allegori- 
cally :  as,  to  allegorize  the  history  of  a  people. — 
2.  To  understand  in  an  allegorical  sense ;  in- 
terjiret  allegorically :  as,  when  a  passage  in  an 
author  may  be  understood  either  literally  or  fig- 
uratively, he  who  gives  it  a  figurative  sense  al- 
legorizes it. 

.\n  alchemist  shall  .  ,  .  alkgorize  the  scriptiu-e  itself, 
and  the  sacred  mysteries  thereof,  into  the  philosopher's 
stone.  Locke. 

If  we  might  allegorize  it  (the  opera  "Tannhauser"!,  we 
should  say  that  it  typified  precisely  that  longing  after  Ve- 
ims.  under  her  other  name  of  Charts,  which  represents  the 
relation  in  which  modern  should  stand  to  ancient  art, 

Lowell,  Stuily  Windows,  p.  224, 

II.  intrans.  To  use  allegory:  as,  a  man  may 
allegorize  to  please  his  fancy. 


allenarly 

He  allegorizeth  upon  the  sacrifices, 

Fulke,  Against  Allen,  p.  22.S. 

Also  spelled  allegorise. 

allegorizer  (are-go-ri'z6r),  n.  One  who  alle- 
gorizes ;  one  who  speaks  in  allegorj'  or  expotrnds 
allegorically.     Also  spelled  allegori.<ier. 

allegory  (al'e-go-ri),  «. ;  ])1.  allegories  (-riz). 
[<  1- .  (illegorie  =  Sp.  alegoria  =  Pg.  It.  nllcgoria, 
<  L.  allegoria,  <  Gr.  u'/'/:r/}opia,  description  of  one 
thing  under  the  imago  of  another,  <  u/.'/.irjopeiv, 
speak  so  as  to  impl^'  something  else,  <  a/.?of, 
other  (see  alio-),  +  wjopci'tiv,  speak,  <  ayopa,  a 
placeof  assembly,  market-place:  see  agora.  Cf. 
category.]  1.  A  figurative  treatment  of  a  sub- 
ject not  expressly  mentioned,  tmder  the  guise 
of  another  having  analogous  properties  or  cir- 
cumstances ;  usually,  a  sentence,  discourse,  or 
narrative  ostensibly  relating  to  material  things 
or  circimistances,  but  intended  as  an  exposition 
of  others  of  a  more  spiritual  or  recondite  na- 
ture having  some  perceptible  analog}'  or  figura- 
tive resemijlance  to  the  former. 

The  moment  otir  discourse  rises  above  the  grctund  line 
of  famili.ar  facts,  and  is  inllueiiced  by  pa,ssion  or  exalte<i 
by  thought,  it  clothes  itself  in  images.  .  .  .  Hence,  good 
wTiting  and  brilliant  discourse  are  perpetual  allegories. 

Kmcr.<int,  ilisc,  p.  32. 

2.  A  method  of  speaking  or  writing  character- 
ized by  this  kind  of  figurative  treatment. 

iletaphor  asserts  or  supposes  that  one  thing  is  another, 
as  "  Judah  is  a  lion's  whelp  "  ;  but  allegory  never  afiirms 
that  one  thing  is  another. 

T.  11.  Home,  Introd.  to  Study  of  Holy  Script.,  II.  406. 

3.  In  painting  and  sculj).,  a  figurative  repre- 
sentation in  which  the  meaning  is  conveyed 
symbolically.  =  S3m. 

1.  Simile,  Metaphor, 
Ci'mj)ari.ion,    etc.     See 

.^ionlr. 

allegoryt  (al'f-go- 
ri),  r,  i.  To  em- 
ploy allegory ;  alle- 
gorize. 

I  am  notignorantthat 
some  do  allegory  on  this 
place,  Abp.  Whitffi/t, 
Defense,  p,  571. 

allegretto    (al-la- 

gret'to),  a.  and  «. 
[It.,  dim.  of  alleqro: 
see  allegro.]  t.  a. 
In  music,  quicker  in 
time  than  andante, 
but  not  so  quick  as 
allegro. 

II.  II.  A  move- 
ment in  such  time. 
allegro  (al-la'gro), 
o.andH.  [It.,  brisk, 
sprightly,  cheei-ful 
>  E.   aleger,   q.  v.). 


Allegory— The  Church. 

Cathedral  of  Worms.  13th  century. 

The  beast  with  four  heads  symbolizes 

the    Four    Gospels.     ( VioIlet-le-Uuc's 

"  l:)ict,  de  r  Architecture," ) 


(=  F.  allegre,  OF.  olegre, 
<  L.  alacer,  alacris,  brisk, 
sprightly,  cheerful:  see  alacriotis  and  alacrity.] 

1.  a.  In  music,  brisk  or  rapid. 

II.  H.  A  brisk  movement ;  a  sprightly  part  or 
strain,  the  quickest  except  presto. 

alleluia  (al-e-lo'ya),  interj.    Same  as  halleluiah. 

alleluia  (al-e-lo'yii),  n.  1.  Same  as  halleluiah, 
—  2.  l=F.  alleluia  =  Hp.  aleluyah=:lt.  alleluja, 
<  ML.  alleluia :  so  called  because  it  blossoms  be- 
tween Easter  and  Whitsuntide,  when  psalms 
ending  with  halleluiah  or  alleluia  are  sung  in 
the  chtu'ches.]  A  name  given  in  Europe  to  the 
wood-sorrel,  Uxalis  Aeetosclla. 

alleluiatic  (al-e-lo-yat'ik),  a.  Same  as  halle- 
liliiltir. 

allemande  (al-e-moud'),  n.  [F.,  prop.  fem.  of 
.lllemand,  German:  see  Almoin,  Alemannic]  1. 
In  music,  the  first  movement  after  the  prelude 
in  a  suite.  Like  the  prelude,  it  is  sometimes  absent. 
It  is  in  J  time,  a  rather  fiist  andante,  and  consists  of  two 
strains,  each  repeated,  and  generally  of  equal  length. 

2.  A  German  dance  in  J  time,  resembling  the 
older  style  of  waltz,  and  often  so  called. —  3.  A 
(Tcrman  national  dance  in  lively  t  time. — 4, 
A  figure  in  dancing. 

Allemannic,  o.  ami  «.     See  Alemauuie. 

allemontite  (al-e-mon'tit),  «.  [<  Allemont  o: 
Alhiiioiiil.  a  village  of  Isere,  France,  +  -ite^.] 
A  mineral  of  a  tin-white  color  and  metalUe 
luster,  containing  arsenic  and  antimony.  Also 
called  arsenical  antimony. 

allen^  (al'en),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  oiigin  obscure.] 
Grass-land  recently  broken  up  (Hallinell) ;  un- 
inclosed  land  that  has  been  tilletl  ami  left  to 
run  to  feetl  for  sheep  (Moor).     [Prov.  Eng.] 

allen'-'t,  "■     See  atlan-. 

allenarly  (a-len'iii-li),  adr.  or  a.  [The  recog- 
nized legal  fonn  of  the  more  reg.  allanerly, 
formerly  also  allanerlie.  alaiierlie,  <  all  +  aiierly. 


allenarly 

only,  <  nnc,  ono  :  see  ancrhj.  Cf.  ME.  all-oneli, 
alUJ-oiicli,  all-anhi,  only,  lit.iiU  only :  spo  all  ami 
onlil.'\  Only;  sok-ly;  merely:  a  technical  word 
used  in  Scoteli  eoiiveyaneinL;.  Thus,  wlurc  Isiiuls 
are  conveyoU  to  ii  father.  "  l»ir  his  life-rent  uwe  allfimrlii.' 
the  foree  iff  tlie  expression  is  that  tile  father's  ii^;lit  is  rr. 
stricteil  to  a  mere  life-rent,  or  at  hest  to  a  lldueiary  fee, 
even  in  eireunistances  where,  hut  for  the  word  aUenarhu 
the  father  would  have  heeli  unlimited  liar. 
aller"'  (al'er),  H.  [K.  dial.,  <  ME.  alUr,  <  AS. 
((/i;  see  ((/'/'.t1.]  Same  as  nWcrl.  [Prov.  Enj;.] 
aller-t,  ".     S^ee  ahhr-i. 

aller-float  (al'er-flot),  «.     [<  aUeA,  dial,  form 
of  ulilti-i,  +  float.']      A  local  English  name  of 
a  large  trout  of  the  common  species,  given 
from  the  fact  that  it  hides  luuler  the  roots  of 
the  alder,  or  is  in  season  when  the  alder  is 
liudding.     Also  called  dllcr-trout. 
allerion  (a-le'ri-on),  11.     [More  correctly  alc- 
rion,  <  OP.  alcrion,  ahiron  (F.  aUrion),  <  ML. 
alario{n-),  in  her.    a  little   eagle 
without  beak  or  claws,  in  form  sug- 
gesting L.  ahirius,  <  old,  a  wing 
(see  aisle),  but  prob.  of  other  ori- 
gin ;  perhaps  ult.  <  MH(t.  atklnr, 
G.arf/cr,  an  eagle.]    In/ier. :  («)  A 
bearing  representing  an  eagle  or 
AiienoD.         eaglet  displayed  without  feet  or 
beak,     (h)  More  rarely,  an  eagle  heraldically 
represented,  but  complete.     BouteU. 
aller-trout  (al'er-trout),  «.   Same  as  allcr-float. 
allette,  ».     See  alette. 

allevet,  '■•  '•  [Early  mod.  E.  spelled  aleive ;  <  OF. 
alleni;  alever,  <  L.  allecare,  adievare,  lift  up, 
raise,  lighten,  alleviate,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  Ici'are,  lift 
up,  lighten:  see  alleviate,  a.nd  cf.  relieve.']  To 
alleviate;  relieve,  jfiiineii. 
allevementt,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  aleavement ;  < 
alleve  +  -mciit.]  The  act  of  alleviating  or  re- 
lieving; alleviation. 
alleviate  (a-le'vi-at),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  iip.  allem- 
atcd,  ]ipr,  alleviating.  [<  LL.  alleviatus,  pp.  of 
allcviare,  adieviare,  for  L.  aUevare,  adievare, 
lighten,  alleviate,  <  ad,  to,  +  kvare,  lift  up, 
lighten,  <  levis,  light,  not  heavy:  see  levity.  Cf. 
allege^  and  alleve.]  1.  To  make  light,  in  a  fig- 
urative sense;  remove  in  part;  lessen,  miti- 
gate, or  make  easier  to  be  endured:  as,  to  al- 
leviate sorrow,  pain,  care,  punishment,  burdens, 
etc.:  opposed  to  aggravate. 

Exeellent  medicines  to  alleviate  those  evils  which  we 

bring  upon  ourselves.  Bentley. 

The  darkest  complexion  is  not  a  little  alleeiated  by  a 

black  hood.  Addinon. 

The  little  apples  wliich  it  fthe  nelibak-treej  bears  are 

slightly  acid  and  excellent  for  aUet-iati n<t  thirst. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  .Saracen,  p.  69. 

2.  To  represent  as  less;  lessen  the  magnitude 
or  heinousness  of;  extenuate:  applied  to  moral 
conduct:  as,  to  alleviate  an  offense.     [Bare.] 

He  aUeviates  bis  fault  by  an  excuse.  Johmon. 

=  Syn.  All'-riatf,  E'li'ir.  Mtti'jatf,  Asxaatje,  Allay,  di- 
nnnish.  soften,  attatc,  qualif> ,  reduce.  See  allaiA.  Where 
these  words  are  appliett  to  pain,  etc.,  (i^/crm^MS  to  lighten 
somewhat,  and  especially  in  a  soothing  way;  relieve  an<l 
allay  go  further  than  alleriale.  removing  in  large  measure 
or  altogether.  Mitiyale  is  to  make  nnid,  less  severe;  per- 
haps it  stands  nndway  between  alli-riute  and  relieve.  As- 
Ktiar/eia  to  calm  down,  and  that  idea  underlies  all  its  uses; 
allay  conveys  similarly  the  idea  of  iputting  to  rest. 

To  alleviate  the  congestion  of  the  optic  nerve  and  retina, 
the  artificial  leeeh  should  be  applied  several  times  at  in- 
tervals of  a  few  days,  but  should  then  be  desisted  from  if 
no  benefit  results.  J.  S.  Wells,  Dis.  of  Eye,  p.  3S3. 

It  [electricity]  has  relieved  the  paroxysms  of  angina 
pectoris.  Quain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  430. 

In  the  advance  of  civilisation,  there  is  a  constant  ten- 
dency to  mitigate  the  severity  of  penal  codes. 

hecky.  Rationalism,  I.  337. 

Foment  the  bruises,  and  the  pains  assuage. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  2003. 

alleviation  (a-le-vi-a'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  allevia- 
tio{ii-),  L.  aHevatio(n-),  i  aUevare,  lighten  :  see 
alleviate.]  1.  The  act  of  alleviating,  (n)  The  act 
of  removing  in  part,  lessening,  mitigating,  or  making 
easier  to  be  endured  :  as,  tlie  alleviation  of  taxes.  {(')  The 
act  of  making  less  by  representation:  extenuation:  as, 
^*  alleviations  of  faults,"  .SchZ/j. 

2.  That  which  lessens,  mitigates,  or  makes  more 
tolerable  :  as.  the  sympathy  of  a  friend  is  an  al- 
leviation of  grief. 

I  have  not  wanted  such  alleviations  of  life  as  friendship 
eould  supply.  Johnson. 

His  sister  was  waiting  in  a  state  of  wondering  alarm, 
which  was  not  without  its  alleviati^mx. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Hoss,  i.  S. 
=  Syn.  Mitigation,  palliation,  relief. 
alleviative  (a-le'vi-a-tiv), «.  and  ii.     [<  alleiuafe 
+  -ive.]     I.  (/.  Tending  to  alleviate  or  mitignte. 

II.  «.  That  which  alleviates  or  mitigates : 
as,  "some  cheering  alleviative,'"  Ciirah'x  Ihioin 
(1672),  p.  17U. 


147 

alleviator  (a-le'vi-a-tor),  «.  One  who  or  that 
uhicji  alle\nates,  lightens,  or  mitigates. 

alleviatory  (a-16'vi-a-t6-ri),  ((.  l''itted  to  alle- 
viate ;  having  the  cmality  of  alleviating. 

allex  (al'eks),  II.  [L.,  also  liallex,  NL.  hallux: 
see  luiUux.]     Same  as  hallux.     [Kare.] 

alleyl  (al'i),  «.  [<  ME.  alei,  aley,  <  OF.  alee 
(F.  iilh'e),  a  going,  gallery,  passage,  <  (iler,  alU  r 
(F.  aller),  go,  var.  of  an  earlier  ««(■/•  =  Pr.  amir 
=  Cat.  ««'/)•  =  Sp.  Pg.  n«f/or  =  It.  aiidure,  dial. 
aiiarc,  go;  of  uncertain  origin:  either  (1)  <  L. 
iniiiare,  adiiarc,  swim  to,  toward,  or  along;  in 
Cicero  once  used  in  sense  of '  come  to,  approach ' ; 
<.  ad,  to,  +  iiare,  swim  (see  natation);  or  (2) 
ult.  <  ML.  'anditarc  for  L.  aditare  (cf.  ML.  an- 
ditus  for  L.  aditus,  and  ML.  rcndere  for  L.  red- 
dere .-  see  adit  and  render),  go  to  or  approach 
often,  freq.  of  adire,  pp.  aditua,  go  to,  <  ad,  to, 
-I-  ire,  go:  see  adit.]  A  passage;  especially,  a 
narrow  passage,  (a)  A  passage  in  a  building,  giving 
access  from  one  i)art  to  another ;  also  sometimes  used  fur 
aide,  (ft)  A  long,  narrow  inclosure  witli  a  smooth  wooden 
tloor  for  playing  at  bowls,  skittles,  etc.  (c)  A  walk,  inclosed 
with  hedges  or  shrubbery,  in  a  garden  :  as,  ''yaniicv alleys 
green,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  020. 

So  long  about  the  aleys  is  he  goen. 

CImuccr,  Merchant's  Tale,  1. 1080. 
((/)  .\  narrow  passage  or  way  in  a  town,  as  distinct  from 
a  public  street,  (e)  In  a  printing-ofllce,  the  space  between 
two  rows  of  composing-staiuls,  in  which  compositors  work 
at  the  cases  on  tile  stands. 

alley"  (al'i),  n.  [Said  to  be  a  contr.  of  alabas- 
ter, from  which  alleys  are  said  to  have  been 
made.]  A  choice  taw  or  large  plajTng-marlile. 
Also  spelled  ally. 

alleyeu  (al'id),  a.  Laid  otit  as  an  alley,  or 
with  alleys. 

Untrimmed,  undressed,  neglected  now 
W'as  alleyed  walk  and  orchard  bough. 

Scoff,  Rokeby,  ii.  17. 

alley-taw  (al'i-ta),  n.  [<  alley'^  +  ta«2.]  An  al- 
ley ;  a  large  playing-marble.  Sometimes  writ- 
ten alley-tor,  as  ^^Ugarly  pronounced. 

After  inquiring  whether  lie  had  won  any  alley-tors  or 
commoneys  lately,  he  made  use  of  this  expression. 

Diekens,  Pickwick. 

alle3rway  (al'i-wa),  n.  A  short  alley;  a  lane 
or  narrow  passage  of  small  e.xtont,  as  between 
two  houses. 

By  substantial  walls  of  adobe,  with  narrow  alleyways 
running  between.  Harper's  Slag.,  LXV.  81. 

All-father  (arfa"ther),  n.  [<  all,  orig.  gen.  pi., 
-I-  father;  after  Icel.  Jl/odhr.]  The  Father  of 
all:  a  name  originally  of  Odin,  now  sometimes 
applied  to  Jupiter  and  to  God. 

And  I  told  of  the  good  All-father 
Wlio  cares  for  us  here  below. 

Lowell,  First  Snowfall. 

all-fired  (al-fird'),  «•  [Said  to  be  a  euphemism 
for  licll-fired,  and  henee  defined  as  'infernal,' 
but  prob.  to  be  taken  at  its  face  value  •.<.all  + 
fire  +  -ce?2,  all  intensifying  the  merely  rhetori- 
cal ^re.]  Tremendous:  as,  an  all-fired  noisfi; 
he  was  in  an  all-fired  rage.     [Colloq.] 

all-fours  (al-forz"),  H.  A  game  of  cards  played 
by  from  two  to  six  jiersons  with  hands  of  six 
ciirds  each,  dealt  from  a  full  pack,  the  top  ono 
of  the  remaining  cards  being  tirrned  as  the 
trump,  and  the  cards  ranking  as  in  whist.  It  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  four  chances  of  which  it  consists, 
for  each  of  which  a  point  is  scored.  These  chances  are  the 
securing  of  high,  or  the  ace  of  trumps  or  next  best  trumji 
out;  of  low,  or  the  deuce  of  trumps  or  next  lowest  truni)) 
out;  of  jaek,  or  the  knave  of  trumps;  of  game,  or  tricks 
containing  cards  which  will  make  the  largest  sum  when 
added  together,  an  ace  lieing  counted  as  four,  a  king  as 
three,  a  (lueen  as  two,  a  jack  as  one,  and  a  ten-spot  as  ten, 
the  other  cards  not  counting.  The  player  w  ho  has  all  these 
is  said  to  have  all-fours.  Also  called  old  sledge,  seven-up, 
anil  hioh-luw-jack, 

allgood  (al'giid),  «.  An  old  name  of  the  plant 
Good  Henry,  or  English  mercury,  Chenopodiuin 
Bonus-Henrieiis. 
all-hail  (Al-hal'),  v.  t.  [See  hail^,  n.]  To  sa- 
lute or  addiesswith  the  exclamation  all  hail! 
[Rare.] 

Who  all-hailed  me,  Thane  of  Cawdor. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  6. 

All-hallont,  All-hallondt,  etc.     Same  as  All- 

hiilloir.i. 
All-hallow  (al-hal'o),  H.     See  .lll-halloirs. 
Allhallowe'en(al-hal'o-en),  «.   [For  .itlhallow- 

eveii :  but  ^et'  All-hallows.]    See  AU-halloivs  and 

lliilloive'en. 
Allhallowmas  (al-hal'o-mas).  n.      [<  ME.  al- 

haluinnes.se,  alhalwemesse,  <  AS.  calra  halgena 

miesse-divq.  all   saints'  mass-day:    see  AU-hal- 

liiivs.]     Allh.iUow-tide. 
All-hallownt  (alharon),  H.      [Also  corruptly 

Allhalliin,    -hollon,   -hollan,   -holhuid,  <   ME.  al 

halowen,  <  AS.  ealle  halgaii,  all  saints:  see  All- 


alliance 

hallows.]  Sameas  All-Jidllinvs.  -All-Hallown sum- 
mer, formerly  the  name  in  Kngland  of  a  season  of  tine 
weather  in  the  late  autumn,  corresponding  t^j  St.  Martin's 
summer  in  France  and  to  Indian  summer  in  the  United 
.st.ites.    iV.  E.  D. 

Farewell,  the  latt«r  spring !  Farewell,  All-hallown  sum- 
mer! .ST/in*.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

All-hallows,  All-hallow  dVl-hardz, -6),  n. 
I  I'loji.  AU-lialloivs,  pi.,  but  in  (■om]).  All-hallow 
(se.  day,  eve,  mass,  mimmer,  tide);  in  early  mod.  E. 
and  dial,  also  .lll-halUnni,  -linllun,  -hallan,  -hol- 
lon, -hollan,  -holland,  etc. ;  <  ME. «( haloives,  ear- 
lier at  halowen,  <  AS.  ealle  hul<i<in,  all  hallows, 
i.  e.,  all  saints  (see  all  and  hallow^,  «.),  usually 
in  gen.  jil.  calra  halgena,  ME.  aire  (or  alle)  ha- 
Imvene,  halewwne,  etc.,  (day,  tide,  feast,  etc.)  of 
all  hallows.  The  term.  -«,  corruptly  -nd,  thus 
represents  the  AS.  pi.  suffi.x  -an,  and  in  comp. 
the  gen.  pi.  -ena,  the  latter,  ME.  -enc,  being 
appar.  merged  in  e'cH  in  Allhallowc'en,  q.  v.] 

1.  All  saints.  It  was  formerly  common  to 
dedicate  a  church  to  All-hallows. —  2.  All  Saints' 
day,  the  1st  of  November:  a  feast  dedicated  to 
all  the  saints  in  general.  See  All  !iaints'  day, 
under  saint. 

Allhallow-tide  (al-hal'o-tid),  H.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  Allhallown-tide,  Alhalhm-tyd,  Allhollon- 
lide,  etc. :  see  All-hallows,  All-hallown,  and  tide] 
The  time  near  All  Saints'  day,  November  1. 
Also  called  Halloiv-tide. 

Apples,  pears.  Iiawthorn-cinieks,  oaks,  get  them  at  All- 
holloH-tide,  and  command  them  to  prosper;  set  them  at 
t'audlenuis,  and  intreat  them  to  grow. 

Ray,  Eiig.  rtoverbs  (1678),  p.  350. 

allheal  (al'hol),  «.  [<  all  +  heal^.  Cf.  panacea 
and  I'anax.]  The  name  of  a  plant,  cat's  vale- 
rian, Valeriana  officinalis.  The  clown's  allheal, 
or  clown's  woundwort,  is  Staehys  2}alustris. 

alliable  (a-U'a-bl),  o.  [<  ally'^  +  -able.]  Capa- 
ble of  forming  or  of  entering  into  an  alliance. 

alliaceous  (al-i-a'shius),  a.  [<  L.  allium,  gar- 
lic,-i- -afCO««.  See  Allium.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
or  ha\-ing  the  properties  of  the  genus  Allium, 
which  includes  the  onion  and  garlic. —  2.  Hav- 
ing the  pecidiar  smell  or  taste  of  the  onion: 
applied  specifically  to  minerals  which  contain 
arsenic  and  emit  a  garlic-like  odor  when  heated 
on  charcoal  before  the  blowpipe. 

alliance  (a-H'ans),  n.  [<  ME.  alianee,  aliaunce, 
<  OF.  alianee,' <.  JIL.  alliyantia,  <  alligare  (OF. 
alter),  ally,  bind  to:  see  ally'^  and  -ance.]  1. 
The  state  of  being  allied  or  connected;  the  re- 
lation between  parties  allied  or  connected.  Spe- 
eilirally  — (a)  Jlarriage,  or  the  relation  or  union  brought 
about  ijetween  families  through  marriage. 
And  great  allianees  but  useless  jirove 
To  one  that  comes  herself  from  mighty  .Tove. 

Dryden,  Helen  to  Paris,  I.  55. 

(b)  Connection  by  kindred.    [Rai-e.] 

For  my  father's  sake,  .  .  . 
And  for  allianee'  sake. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  5. 

(c)  I'Uion  between  nations,  contracted  by  compact,  treaty, 
or  league.  Such  alliance  may  be  tle/ensivt',  that  is,  an 
agreement  to  defend  each  other  when  attacked  ;  or  ofen- 
sive,  that  is,  an  agreement  to  make  a  combinecl  attack  on 
another  nation ;  or  it  may  be  both  olfensive  and  defensive. 

An  alliance  was  accordingly  formed  by  Austria  with 
England  and  Holland  against  France. 

Kneyc.  Brit.,  III.  126. 

(d)  Al  joining  of  efforts  or  interests  by  persons,  families, 
states,  ir  organizations :  as,  an  alliance  between  church 
and  sU,  te. 

An  intimate  alliance  was  formed  between  the  Arian 
kings  ami  the  .\riaii  clergy.        Buckle,  Civilization,  II.  ii. 

Lydgate  .  .  .  had  .  .  .  the  conviction  that  the  medical 
profession  .  .  .  ottered  the  most  direct  alliance  between 
intellectual  conquest  and  the  social  good. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  169. 

2.  Tlie  compact  or  treaty  which  is  the  instru- 
ment of  allying  or  confederating:  as,  to  draw 
up  an  alliance. — 3.  The  aggregate  of  persons  or 
parties  allied. 

Therefore,  let  our  alliance  be  combin'd. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  1. 

4.  In  hot,  a  grade  intermediate  between  class 
and  order:  the  equivalent  in  Lindley's  classifi- 
cation of  the  more  recent  term  cohort. —  5.  In 
zoiil. ,  a  natural  gi-oup  of  related  families ;  a  su- 
perfamily  or  sutiorder — Arms  of  :illiance,  in  her., 
anus  which  are  obtained  through  matrimonial  alliances. 

—Evangelical  Alliance.  See  erangeiieat. — Holy  Alli- 
ance. See  hohi. =Syn.  Alliance,  l.raglie,  Coni. 'ItTacy, 
Coalilioii,  relationship,  altiuity,  combination,  fcdci-.ilion, 
copartnership.  The  tii-st  four  words  have  been  used  with- 
out distinction  to  express  the  union  or  eoopcnition  of 
two  or  more  pei-sons.  oi-ganizations,  or  states.  .Uliance  is 
the  most  general  term.  Often  a  eon,federacg  and  sonie- 
tinies  a  leauuc  between  states  means  a  closer  union 
than  an  <i/(i<iiir>-.  Alliance  is  rarely  used  of  a  combination 
for  evil ;  but  the .  itlier  words  are  often  so  used,  cnnfrderacy 
having  specilleallv  suell  a  meaning  in  law.  Alliance  alone 
is  used  of  the  union  of  families  by  marriage.  Coalition  is 
often  used  of  the  temporary  cooperation  of  persons,  par- 
ties, or  states  that  are  ordinarily  opposed. 


alliance 

Alliances,  at  once  oflfiisivi-  :iini  defensive,  have  one  of 
the  usual  and  mure  important  eliaraeterlstics  of  confeder- 
ations. Wootsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Ijiw,  §  lo:t. 

We  must  resolve  to  incorporate  into  our  plan  those  in- 
predicnts  whicli  maybe  consitlered  as  forminj;  the  charac- 
teristic difference  between  a  kwnie  and  a  government ; 
we  must  cxtenil  the  authority  of  the  union  to  the  persons 
of  the  citizens— the  only  proper  objects  of  government. 
A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  15. 

I  stood  i'  the  level 
Of  a  fuU-charg'd  coi\federaci/,  and  jjive  thanks 
To  you  that  ehok'd  it.  '  Sliak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  2. 

The  utility  *»f  acoii/ederaf;/,  as  well  to  suppress  faction, 
and  to  guard  the  internal  trarutuillity  of  states,  as  to  in. 
crease  their  external  force  and  security,  is  iu  reality  not  a 
new  idea.  A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No. ;). 

Tlie  coalitions  of  nearly  all  Europe,  which  resisted  and 
finally  humbled  the  Grand  Jlonarch,  are  among  the  most 
righteous  e.'samplcs  of  measures  for  preserving  the  Ijalance 
of  power  which  history  records. 

M'ouUt'ii,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  44. 

alliance  (a-li'ans),  v.  t.  [<  alliance,  «.]  To 
tuiite  by  confederacy;  join  in  alliance;  ally. 
[Rare.] 

It  |sin]  is  allianced  to  none  but  wretched,  forlorn,  and 
apostate  spirits.  Cudworth,  .Sermons,  p.  62. 

alliantt  (a-li'ant),  n.  and  a.     [<  F.  alliant,  OF. 

aliaiit,  ppr.  of  alier,  ally:  see  «W;/i,  «'.]    I.  «. 

An  ally:    as,  "alliants,  electors,  princes,  and 

states,"  TToffon,  Reliquiffi,  p.  532. 
II.  a.  .AJdn ;  united ;   confederated.     Sir  T. 

More. 
allice,  allis  (al'is),  «.     [Var.  of  earlier  alloices 

ior(tlose,<  F.alose,  "a  shad  (fish)"  (Cotgrave): 

see  Alosa.^    An  EngUsli  name  of  a  species  of 

shad,  Alosa  vulgaris.     See  Alosa. 
allice-shad,  allis-shad  (al'is-shad"),  «.    Same 

as  allice. 
alliciatet,  allicitet  (a-lish'i-at,  a-lis'it),  r.  t. 

[Ineg.  <  L.  allicere,  allure:  see  allect.^     To  at- 
tract; allure;  entice, 
alliciency  (a-lish'en-si),  ?i.   [See  allicient.'i   The 

power  of  attracting;  attraction.     [Kare.] 

Tlie  Hiugnetical  alliciency  of  the  earth.    Sir  T.  Browne. 
allicient   (a-lish'ent),  «.  and    n.     [<  L.  alli- 

cien(t-).s,'pTpv.  oi  allicere,  allure:  seeaHecf.]    I. 

((.  Enticing;  attracting.     [Rare.] 

Il.t  «.  That  which  attracts. 
alligartat,  n.   An  old  form  of  alligator.   B.  Jon- 
sou. 
alligatet  (al'i-gat),  v.  t.     [<  L.  nlUgatus,  pp.  of 

tilliijarc,  adligare,  bind  to,<  «(/,  to,  +  ligare,  bind. 

&.  allij^,  v.,  and  allat/^.']     To  bind;   attach; 

unite  by  some  tie. 

lustincts  alliyated  to  their  nature. 

Sir  Jf.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  375. 

God's  waies  are  not  as  mans,  neither  is  he  bound  to 
means,  or  alligated  to  nmnber. 

R.  Perrot,  lacob's  Vowe  (1627),  App.,  p.  li. 

alligation  (al-i-ga'shon),  n.  [<  L.  alligatio{n-).  a 
binding  to,  a  band,  (.alligare:  see  alligate.}  1. 
The  act  of  binding ;  the  state  of  being  bound 
or  imited.  [Rare.] — 2.  The  name  of  several 
rules  or  processes  in  practical  arithmetic  (see 
below)  for  ascertaining  the  relations  between 
the  proportions  and  prices  of  the  ingredients  of 
a  mixture  and  the  cost  of  the  mixture  itself  per 
unit  of  weight  or  volume.     Also  called  the  rule 

of  mixtures — Alligation  alternate,  an  arithmetical 
process  used  in  a.sc^i  tail liic..^  tlie  prop. irli.tns  of  ingredients 
of  given  price  whicli  w  ill  pruilucc  a  mixture  of  given  cost. 
The  proposition  is  indeterminate,  and  tlie  rule  of  alliga- 
tion gives  only  particular  solutions. — Alligation  me- 
dial, tlie  operation  by  which  the  cost  of  a  mixture  is 
found  when  the  prices  and  proportions  of  the  ingredients 
are  given. 

alligator  (al'i-ga-tor),  n.  [A  Latin-looking 
(NL.)  adaptation  of  early  mod.  E.  alligater,  al- 
ligarla,  aligarto,  alegarto,  alagarto,  also  simply 
lagarto,  <  Sp.  el  lagarto,  lit.  the  lizard :  el,  the, 
<  L.  ille,  that;  lagarto,  <L.  lacertus,  lizard:  see 
lizard.  The  prop.  Sp.  name  is  caiman  or  la- 
garto de  Indias;  Pg.  caimao.  The  E.  form  has 
given  rise  to  NL.,  F.,  andPg.  alligator,  and  Sp. 
aligador.l  1.  Any  American  member  of  the 
family  Alligatoridee  or  the  family  Croeodilidie ; 
an  American  crocodile;  a  cayman;  a  jacar6. 
An  alWiator  stulfd,  and  other  skins 
Of  ill-shap"d  fishes.  Shah.,  K.  and  J.,  v.  1. 

2.  [<•«/>.]  [NL.]  More  specifically,  a  genus  of 
large  Uzard-like  or  saiman  reptiles,  the  type  of 
the  family  Alligatorida;,  order  Crocodilia,  for- 
merly family  Crocodilida;  order  tSauria.  See  Al- 
ligatorida; Crocodilida:  The  tjTpc  of  the  genus  is  .-1. 
turiu.^'  or  .1.  »/(/.v,sf".s-ft//>y/(V/i.v('.s'  of  the  I'nited  states.  Tlie 
genus  formerly  included  the  cayman  and  the  jacar6,  which 
have  been  made  types  of  the  two  genera  Caimati  and 
Jacare  (which  see).  A  true  American  crocodile,  Croco- 
dilug  amerie^nuji,  long  overlookeil  or  confounded  with 
the  .alligator,  has  lately  Iteen  fmmd  in  Florida  and  the 
West  Indies.  The  alligat'-rs  dilfcr  fruni  the  true  croco- 
diles in  having  a  shorter  and  Hatter  head,  cavities  or  ftits 


148 

in  the  upper  jaw,  into  which  the  long  teeth  of  the  under 
jaw  (It,  and  feet  much  less  webbed.  Their  habits  are  less 
aquatic.  They  frequent  swamps  and  marshes,  and  may 
be  seen  basking  on  the  dry  grcjuiid  .luring  the  day  in  the 
heat  of  the  sun.  They  are  most  active  during  the  night. 
The  largest  of  them  attain  the  length  of  17  or  1«  feet.  They 
live  on  llsb.arid  sometimes  catch  liogson  the  shore,  or  dogs 
which  ai'e  swimmiug.  In  winter  they  bun-f)W  in  the  mud  of 
swamps  and  marshes,  lying  torpid  till  spring.  The  female 
lays  a  great  number  of  eggs,  which  are  deposite-d  iu  the 
sand,  and  left  to  be  hatched  1>y  the  heat  of  the  sun.  The 
alligators  are  distributed  over  tropical  America,  Imt  are 
not  known  to  e.xist  in  any  other  part  of  the  world.    Among 


alliteration 

sembling  a  pear  in  shape.    Also  called  avocado- 
pear.     See  (irocado. 

alligator-terrapin  (al'i-ga-tor-ter'a-pin), «.   A 
name  of  the  common  snapping-turtle  of  Amer- 


Alligator  [Alligator  mississififunsis). 

the  fossils  of  the  south  of  England,  however,  are  remains 
of  a  true  alligator,  ^4.  hanfonienmf!,  in  the  Eocene  beds  of 
the  Hampshire  basin.  Leather  made  from  the  skin  of  the 
alligator  is  widely  used. 

3.  A  local  name  of  the  little  brown  fence-lizard, 
Scclojjorus  undulatus,  common  in  many  parts  of 
the  United  States. — 4.  A  machine  for  bringing 
the  balls  of  iron  from  a  puddling-furnace  into 
compact  form  so  that  they  can  be  handled ;  a 
squeezer. — 5.  A  peculiar  form  of  rock-breaker. 

alligator-apple  (al'i-ga-tor-ap'l),  n.  The  fruit 
of  AnoiKi  jiiilustris,  a  West  Indian  tree. 

alligator-fish  (al'i-ga-tgr-fish),  «.  1.  An  ago- 
noid  fish,  I'odothecus  acipenserinus,  with  a  com- 
pressed tapering  body,  about  12  polygonal 
plates  on  the  breast,  9  spines  and  7  rays  in  the 
dorsal  fins,  gill-membranes  united  to  the  isth- 
mus, and  the  lower  jaw  shutting  within  the  up- 
per. It  is  about  a  foot  in  length,  and  is  common 
from  Puget  Sotmd  northward. — 2.  Any  ago- 
nid;  a  fish  of  the  family  Agonidee  (which  see). 

alligator-forceps  (al'i-ga-tor-for'seps),  n.  A 
sm'gical  forceps  with  short  jaws,  ha'i'ing  teeth 
throughout  their  length,  and  one  of  them  work- 
ing by  a  double  lever.  It  suggests  an  alligator. 

alligatorid  (al'i-ga-tor'id),  h.  One  of  the  Al- 
lii/atorida'. 

Alligatoridae  (al"i-ga-tor'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alligiitor  +  -idiv.']  A  family  of  saurian  reptiles, 
of  the  order  Crocodilia,  related  to  the  family 
Crocodilida',  and  with  some  authors  forming  only 
a  subfamily  {Alligatorina)  of  the  latter;  by 
most  natm'aUsts  now  judged  to  be  distinct.  Tlie 
typical  genus  of  the  family  is  Alligator ;  other  genera  are 
Caiman  and  Jacare  (which  see).    According  to  Huxley's 


1.  Skull  of  Alligator.    2,  Skull  of  American  Crocodile. 
(Drawn  from  specimens  in  Am.  Museum  of  Nat-  Hist.,  New  York. ) 

analysis,  the  Alligatoridw  have  the  head  short  and  broad ; 
the  teeth  very  unequal,  the  first  and  fourth  of  the  under 
jaw  biting  into  pits  in  the  upper  jaw;  the  premaxillo- 
maxillary  suture  straight  or  convex  forward;  the  man- 
ditinlar  symphysis  not  extending  beyond  the  fifth  tooth, 
the  splenial  element  not  entering  into  it ;  and  the  cervi- 
cal scutes  distinct  from  the  tergal.  The  Crocujilidir  have 
the  head  huiger;  the  teeth  unequal;  the  first  mandibular 
tooth  biting  into  a  fossa,  the  fom'th  into  a  groove,  at  the 
side  of  the  upper  jaw;  the  preniaxillo-niaxillary  suture 
straight  or  convex  backward ;  the  mandibular  symphysis 
not  extending  beyond  the  eighth  tooth,  and  not  involving 
the  splenial  elements;  the  cenical  scutes  sometimes  dis- 
tinct from  the  tergal,  sometimes  united  with  them.  All 
tlie  living  Alligatorida;  are  confined  to  America.  Hie  Cro- 
codilidce  were  supposed  to  be  confined  to  the  old  world 
until  the  recent  discovery  of  a  true  crocodile  in  America. 
In  general  appearance  and  economy  the  members  of  the 
two  families  are  sufficiently  similar  to  be  confouiiiled  in 
popular  language.  Both  families  belong  to  the  section  of 
the  order  Crocodilia  in  which  the  nasal  l)ones  ente-r  into 
the  formation  of  the  naiial  aperture,  the  contrary  being 
the  case  in  the  section  which  includes  tlie  Gangetic  croeo- 
<lilc  OI'  i:avi;d,  Garittlis  i/itnyclicitK. 

alligator-pear  (al'i-ga-tpr-par),  «.  The  fruit 
of  the  I'crsea  gratissima  of  the  West  Indies,  re- 


Alligator-terrapin  {Chelydra  strpentina). 

ica,  Clielydra  serpentina.  So  called  from  the  length 
of  tlie  neck  and  especially  of  the  tail  in  comparison  with 
the  small,  thin  shell,  into  which  the  members  cannot  be 
completely  retracted,  the  general  aijpe;irance  of  a  saurian 
being  thus  suggested.  It  is  found  from  t'anada  to  Florida, 
and  westward  to  Louisiana  and  the  .Missouri.  Also  called 
aUiutt'^i-Untle.     .^ee  Chehidra  and  unappiny-turtle. 

alUgator-tortoise  (al'i-ga-tor-tor'tis),  n. 
Same  as  alligator-terrapin. 

alligator-tree  (al'i-ga-tor-tre),  n.  The  sweet- 
giun  tree,  Liquidamhar  Shjracijlua,  of  the  south- 
em  United  States. 

alligator-turtle  (al'i-ga-tor-ter'tl),  n.  1.  Same 
as  alligator-terrapin. 

I'he  elongated  tail  of  the  animal  is  very  characteristic, 
and  .  .  .  has  .  .  .  given  rise  to  the  popular  name,  alliga- 
tor-turtle. Stand.  Xat.  Uitt.,  III.  452. 

2.  A  similar  fresh-water  turtle,  Maerochclys 
lacertina,  of  the  family  Chelydridw,  ■with  very 
long  tail  and  neck.  It  is  found  in  the  United  .States 
from  Florida  to  Texas,  and  up  the  Mississippi  valley  to 
Missouri,  in  muddy  ponds,  bjiyous,  and  lakelets.  It  at- 
tains a  weight  of  50  or  60  pounds  or  more,  is  esteemed  for 
the  table,  and  is  often  seen  in  the  markets  of  the  coun- 
tries it  inhabits. 

alligator-'wood  (al'i-ga-tor-ivntid),  H.  The  wood 
of  a  meliaceous  tree,  Guarea  grandifolia,  of  the 
West  Indies. 

allign,  ('.  t.     See  aline^. 

alline,  allineate,  etc.    See  aline^,  etc. 

allis,  ".     See  allice. 

allisiont  (a-lizh'on),  n.  [<  L.  allisio(ti-),  <  alli- 
dcre,  adlidcre,  pp.  allisus,  adiisus,  strike  against, 
<  ad,  to,  +  Iwdere,  strike,  hurt  by  striking: 
see  lesion.  Cf.  collision,  elision.']  A  striking 
against;  beating;  collision.     [Rare.] 

Islands  .  .  .  severed  from  it  [the  continent]  by  the  hois- 
terons  alliifion  of  the  sea.  Woodward. 

alliterate  (a-lit'e-rat),  r.  (".;  pret.  and  pp.  allit- 
erated, ppr.  alliterating.  [<  ML.  *alliteratus,  pp. 
of  'alliterare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  litcra,  littera,  let- 
ter: see  literate.']  1.  To  begin  with  the  same 
letter  or  soimd,  as  two  or  more  words  in  im- 
mediate or  near  succession;  agi-ee  in  initial 
letter  or  soimd ;  make  an  alliteration. 

The  "h  "  in  harp  does  not  alliterate  with  the  "h"in 
honored.  5.  Lanier,  .Sci.  of  Eng.  Verse,  p.  309. 

2.  To  use  alliteration. 

Tile  whole  body  of  alliterating  poets. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  VIII.  411. 

alliterate  (a-Ut'e-rat),  m.  [<  alliterate,  v.,  in 
allusion  to  literate,  «.]  One  given  to  the  use 
of  alliteration.     [Rare.] 

Even  the  stereotj-ped  similes  of  these  fortunate  alliter- 
ates [poets  before  Chaucerl,  like  "weary  as  water  in  a 
weir"  or  "glad  as  grass  is  of  the  rain,"  are  new-,  like  na- 
ture, at  the  thousandth  repetition. 

Lowell,  Study  'Windows,  p.  257. 

alliteration  (a-Ut-e-ra'shon),  n.  [=F.  allitira- 
tiiin,<'Mh.  alliteratio(n-),<.*alliterare:  see  allit- 
erate, v.]  The  repetition  of  the  same  letter  or 
soimd  at  the  beginning  of  two  or  more  words 
in  close  or  immediate  succession;  the  recur- 
rence of  the  same  initial  sotmd  in  the  first  ac- 
cented syllables  of  words;  initial  rime:  as, 
;«any  wen,  many  minds. 

Apt  alliteration's  artful  aid. 

Churchill,  Prophecy  of  Famine,  1.  233. 

Puffs,  ^wdere,  patches,  bibles,  billet-doux. 

Pope,  K.  of  the  L.,  i.  138. 
Verse  in  which  alliteration  is  essential,  and  other  rime 
ornamental,  is  the  prevailing  form  in  Anglo-S;L\on.  Ice- 
landic, Old  Saxon.    Specimens  are  found  in  Old  High  Ger- 
man.   Alliteration  in  tliese  languages  even  ran  into  prose. 
F.  A.  March,  A.-S.  Gram.,  §  ii06. 

Though  the  word  alliteration  seems  to  have  been  in- 
vented by  Pontanus  in  the  fifteenth  centurj',  the  Romans 
were  certainly  aware  that  the  device  was  in  use  among 
themselves.  Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  XV.  :^9. 

Alliteration  was  a  characteristic  of  old  Teutonic  poetry 
(.■\nglo-Saxon  and  Middle  English,  Old  Saxon,  Icehandic, 
etc.),  terminal  rime,  as  a  regular  feature,  being  of  later 
(Komancei  introduction.  Tlie  lines  were  divided  into  two 
sections,  the  tirst  having  regularly  two  alliterating  syl- 
lables, the  second  one;  but  by  license  or  mere  accident 
fiutr  or  more  alliterating  syllables  might  occur,  as  in  the 
bust  line  of  the  extract  from  I'iers  Plowman.  Tile  alliter- 
ating syllable  was  always  accented,  and  w.as  not  neces- 
sarily initial,  as  >vritteii ;  it  might  follow  an  unaccented 
prefix,  as  ar-raye  in  the  extract.    Tlie  vowels,  being  all 


alliteration 

more  or  less  open  ami  easy  of  utterance,  might:  alliterate 
with  one  another.    In  ClmrcliiU's  line  "Apt  ulliteratiun'a 
artful  aid."  (^iven  above,  the  initial  vowel-sounds  are  dif- 
ferent (a,  a  or  ;i,  a.  a),  though  spelled  with  tllo  same  letter. 
The  following  is  au  example  of  Middle  English  alliteration : 
Hire  robe  was  ful  riehe-ot  red  scarlet  ent;reyned, 
With  riljunes  of  red  gold*  and  of  riehe  stones  ; 
Hire  arrayc  nie  ravysshed*  such  riehesse  saw  i  nevere  ; 
I  had  uKjndre  what  she  H'as'  and  whas  wyt  she  jcere. 

rUrs  Plowman  (B),  ii.  15. 
Chaucer's  verso  is  cast  on  the  Romance  model  with  final 
rime,  hut  he  often  UJies  alliteration  as  an  additional  orna- 
ment : 

Tlier  sc/iyveren  ^cAaftes  upon  .seAeeldes  thykke; 
He  feeleth  thurnh  the  hertc-spon  the  prikke. 
Up  .ty^rinjien  ^fyjeres  twenty  foot  on  hii.5hto  ; 
Out  goon  the  .s'werdes  as  the  silver  hrighte. 
The  /felines  to-Aewen  and  to-sehredo 
Out  trest  the  Wood,  mth  ji^erne  A/reonu'S  rcede, 
"With  j/fighty  Hfaees  the  ^jones  tliuy  to-';rest, 
He  Wmrgh  the  Wiikkeste  of  the  r/ironj,-  gan  (Arest  (etc.). 
Chaucer,  Kniglifs  Tale,  1.  1717. 

Such  alliteration  is  much  aifected  hy  .Spenser  and  his  imi- 
tators, and  occurs  witli  more  or  less  fi'equency  in  all  moti- 
ern  poetry. 

alliterative  (a-lit'e-ni-tiv),  o.  [<  alliterate  + 
-ive.'\  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  allitera- 
tion ;  characterized.  Ijy  alliteration. 

A  few  verses,  like  the  pleasantly  alliterative  one  in 
which  ho  [Drydeu]  makes  the  spider,  *'  from  the  silent 
amhush  of  his  den,"  "  feel  far  off  the  trcnililing  of  his 
thread,"  show  that  he  wa.s  beginning  to  study  the  niceties 
of  verse.  Luirrll,  Among  my  Books,  Ist  ser.,  p.  40. 

alliteratively  (a-Ut'e-ra-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an 
alliterative  manner  ;  witli  alliteration. 

Vowels  were  employed  alUteratirehi  much  less  often 
than  consonants.  Trana.  Amcr.  J'hilul.  Ass.,  XV.  64. 

alliterativeness  (a  -  lit '  e  -  ra  -  tiv  -  nes),  n.    The 

quality  of  being  alliterative. 
alliterator  (a-lit'e-ra-tor),  «.     One  who  uses 
alliteration. 
We  all  know  8hakspere's  jokes  on  the  alliterators. 

S.  Lankr,  Sei.  of  Eng.  Verse,  p.  312. 

Allium  (ari-um),  n.  [L.,  more  correctly  aliiim, 
garlic ;  perhaps  related  to  Gr.  a'A'Aa<:,  sausage : 
see  allantois.}  The  largest  genus  of  plants  of 
the  natural  order  Liliacecc,  of  about  300  species, 
natives,  with  few  exceptions,  of  the  northern 
temperate  zone.  They  are  bulbous  plants,  with  a  pe- 
culiar pxnigent  odor,  and  bear  their  flowers  in  an  umbel 
at  the  summit  of  a  scape.  Several  species  have  been 
largely  cultivated  for  food  from  very  early  times,  includ- 
ing the  onion  (A.  Cepa),  leek  (A.  Porrum),  shallot  (A.  As- 
calonicum),  g.arlic  (A,  sativitm),  chives  {A.  Schixnopra- 
sum),  rocambole  (..4.  Scorodoprajium),  etc. 

allmoutll  (al'mouth),  n.  [<  all  +  tnoutli.']  A 
name  of  the  fish  otherwise  known  as  the  com- 
mon angler,  Lophius  piscatorius. 

allness  (al'nes),  ».  l<. all  + -ncss.'\  Totality; 
entirety;  completeness;  universality. 

The  allness  of  God,  including  his  absolute  spirituality, 
supremacy,  and  eternity.  R.  Turnbull. 

Tlie  science  of  the  universal,  having  the  ideas  of  oneness 
and  allness  as  its  two  elements. 

CokriJ'K,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  339.    (2f.  E.  D.) 

alio-.  [Nliy  etc.,  <  Gr.  aUo-,  combining  form 
of  dA^of  =  L.  alius,  other,  another:  see  alias, 
alien,  and  else.'\  An  element  in  compound 
words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  other,  another. 

Allobrogical  (al-o-broj'i-kal),  a.  An  epithet 
apijlied  in  the  seventeenth  century  to  Presby- 
terians or  Cahinists,  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that 
Geneva,  the  chief  stronghold  of  the  sect,  was 
aueii>ntly  a  town  of  the  Allobroges.    A'.  £.  D. 

allocate  (al'o-kat),  i\  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  allocated, 
ppr.  allocating.  [<  ML.  allocatus,  pp.  of  allo- 
care,  allot,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  locare,  place,  <  lociif:,  a 
place :  see  locus.  Alloc-ate  is  a  doublet  of  oHoh'I, 
q.  v.]  1.  To  assign  or  allot;  set  apart  for  a 
particular  purpose;  distribute:  as,  to  allocate 
shaies  in  a  public  company. 

The  court  is  empowered  to  seize  upon  and  allocate,  for 
the  immediate  maintenance  of  such  child  or  children,  any 
Bum  not  exceeding  a  third  of  the  whole  fortune. 

liurke,  Popery  Laws. 
He  (Wolseleyl  can  inspire  his  subordinates,  he  can  allo- 
cate them  tt)  duties  in  the  fuUihnelit  of  which  they  earn 
credit  and  eontrilmte  to  the  success  <if  him  their  master. 
Arch.  Furhes,  Souvenirs  of  Some  I'ontincnts,  p.  11"2. 

2.  To  fix  the  place  of ;  locate ;  localize.   [Rare.] 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  heritors  to  allucntc  the  churchyard. 

Knctjc.  Brit.,  IV.  537. 

allocation  (al-o-ka'shon),  «.  [<  ML.  alloca- 
tif){n-),  iallocare:  see  aUocdU..']  1.  The  act  of 
allocating,  allotting,  or  assigning;  allotment; 
assignment;  apportionment:  as,  ihQ  allocation 
of  shares  in  a  public  company. 

Under  a  juster  allocation  of  his  rank,  as  the  general 

father  of  prose  composition,  Herodotus  is  nearly  related 

to  all  literatm'C  whatsoever,  modern  not  less  than  ancient. 

De  Quincey,  Heroilotus. 

2t.  An  allowance  made  upon  accounts  in  the 
exchequer. — 3.  The  act  of  locating  or  Using  in 
place;  the  state  of  being  located  or  fixed;  dis- 
position; arrangement. 


From  an  imperial  Roman  bronze 
coin  in  the  British  Museum. 


149 

How  easy  it  is  to  bear  in  mind  or  to  map  such  an  fl7fo- 
catlon  of  lines,  so  that  when  produced  from  an  unknown 
body  the  existence  of  either  [sodiinn  or  magnesium]  can 
be  detected  by  such  spectral  examination. 

J.  y.  Lockycr,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  4.'.. 

allocatur  (al-o-ka'tfer),  n.  [ML.,  it  is  allowed, 
3d  pers.  sing.'  pres.  ind.  pass,  of  allocure :  see 
allocatc.'i  In  law,  the  allowance  of  something 
by  a  .judge  or  court:  commonly  used  to  signify 
the  indorsement  of  a  document,  by  which  the 
.iudge  certifies  that  it  is  approved  by  him. 

allocMria  (al-o-ki'ri-il),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (Mor, 
other,  -f-  ,vf /p,  hand.]  In  pathol.,  the  confusion 
of  sensations  in  the  two  sides  of  the  body,  as 
when  a  patient  with  locomotor  ataxia  locates 
in  the  right  leg  a  touch  on  the  left  leg.  Also 
spelled  allochciria. 

allocliroic'(al-o-kr6'ik),  a.  ^(.Gt.  aX'ASxpoo^,  oi 
another  color:  see  allochroous.'\  Changeable 
in  color.     /S'_)/(/.  Soc.  Lex. 

allochroite  (al-o-kro'it),  «.  [<  Gr.  a'AMxpoor, 
of  another  color  (see  allochroous),  +  -jte^.j  x 
massive,  fine-grained  variety  of  iron  garnet. 
This  name  is  said  to  have  been  given  to  it  as  expressive  of 
its  changes  of  color  before  the  blowpijie. 

allochromatic  (al"o-kro-mat'ik),  a.     [<  Gr. 

aWAoi:,  other,  -I-  ^peJ//n(T-),'color.]   Pertaining  to 

change  of  color, 
allochroous  (a-lok'ro-us),  a.     [<Gr.  a/.Adxpooi:, 

changed  in  color,  <  a'AAoc,  other,  +  ,T/Jo(d,  xi'^< 

color.]     Of  various  colors:   generally  applied 

to  minerals. 
allocution  (al-o-ku.'shon),  n.    [<  L.  allocutio(n-), 

adlocutio{n-),  <  alloqui,  adloqui,  pp.  allocutus,  ad- 
locu tus,  speak  to,  iad, 
to,  -I-  loqui,  speak :  see 
locution,  loquacious.'] 
1.  A  speaking  to; 
an  address,  especial- 
ly a  formal  address. 
Also  written  adlocu- 
tion. — 2.  Specifical- 
ly—  (n)  In  Rom.  an- 
tiq.,  a  formal  address 
by  a  general-in-chief 
or  imperator  to  his 
soldiers.  Such  scenes 
were  often  repre- 
sented    in    art     on 

medals  and  reliefs,    (b)  In  the  Horn.  Catli.  Ch., 

a  pubUo  address  by  the  pope  to  his  clergy,  or 

to  the  church  generally. 

Scarcely  a  year  of  his  iiontiflcate  passed  without  his 
having  to  pronounce  an  allocution  ou  the  oppression  of 
the  church  in  some  country  or  other. 

Card.  Ifi'scman,  Last  Four  Popes,  Greg.  XVI. 

allod  (al'od),  H.     A  short  form  of  allodium. 

allodgementt  (a-loj'ment),  n.  [Also  WTitten 
ulotlijcment,  and  ulloijiament  after  ML.  alhxjia- 
mentum  (It.  allogqiamento),  alodging,  <  allogiiirc 
(It.  aHo,7;;i(/re), "lodge,  <  ad,  to,  +  logiare  (It.  log- 
giarc),  lodge,  <  logia  (It.  loggia),  a  lodge:  see 
lodge.}    Lodging;  in  plm-al,  soldiers'  quarters. 

The  allogiaments  of  the  garrison  are  uniforme. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23,  1644. 

allodia,  n.     Plm-al  of  allodium. 

allodial  (a-16'di-al),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Pg.  allodial. 
<  ML.  allodialis,"<.  allodium:  see  allodium.}  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  allodium  or  freehold;  free  of 
rent  or  service ;  held  independently  of  a  lord 
paramount :  opposed  to  feudal.  In  the  United  States 
all  laiuls  are  deemed  allodial  in  the  owner  of  the  fee,  but 
subject,  nevertheless,  to  the  ultimate  ownership  or  domin- 
ion of  the  state.  In  England  there  are  no  allodial  lands, 
all  being  held  of  the  crown. 

The  lands  thus  presented  to  these  [Teutonic]  warriors 
fas  rewards  for  tidelity  and  courage]  were  called  allodial ; 
that  is,  their  tenure  involved  no  obligation  of  ser\'iee 
whatever.  .'itille,  Stml.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  KiC. 

The  allodial  tenure,  which  is  believed  to  have  been 
originally  the  tenure  of  freemen,  became  in  the  Middle 
Ages  the  teniu"e  of  serfs. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  341. 

II.  «.  1.  Property  held  allodially. 

The  contested  territory  which  lay  between  the  Danube 
and  the  Xaab,  with  the  town  of  Xeubm-g  and  the  allodial*, 
were  adjudged,  etc.  Coxe,  House  of  Austria,  xxii. 

2.  An  allodialist. 
allodialism  (a-16'di-al-izm),  «.     [<  allodial  + 
-ism.}     The  allodial  system.     See  allodial. 

In  order  to  illustrate  and  explain  feudalism,  I  shall  first 
illustrate  its  negation,  allodialism. 

Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  75. 

allodialist  (a-16'di-al-ist).  n.  [<  allodial  +  -ist.} 
Uuo  who  owns  land  allodially. 

Insulated  allodialist^  are  of  very  little  importance  .  .  . 
as  compared  with  the  organic  groups  of  agriculturists, 
which  represented  the  primitive  democracy,  but  were  .  .  . 
incornoratcd  into  the  feudal  state. 

S.  A.  Bev.,  CXXIIL  153. 


allomorphite 

allodiality  (a-16-di-al'i-ti),  ».  [<  allodial  +  -ity, 
after  V.  allodialitt'.}  "Tlie  state  or  quality  of 
being  hehl  in  allodial  tenure. 

allodially  (a-16'di-al-i ),  adr.  In  an  allodial  man- 
ner; in  allodial  tenure;  as  a  freeholder. 

allodian  (a-16'di-an),  a.  [<  allodium  +  -an.} 
Allodial.     [Kare.;i 

allodiary  (a-16'di-a-ri),  n. ;  pi.  allodiaries  (-riz). 
[<  ML.  (illodiarius,  <  allodium :  see  allodium  and 
-ari/.}     An  allodialist. 

allodification  (a-lod"i-fi-ka'shgn),  n.  [<  allo- 
ilium  +  -Jicution.}  The  conversion  of  feudal 
into  allodial  or  freehold  tenure. 

allodium  (a-16'di-um), »/.;  pi.  allodia{-a).  [ML., 
also  spelled  alodium,  alodum,  (dodis,  a}ode.s,  also 
alaudium,  alaudum,  alaudcs,  >  It.  Pg.  allodio  = 
Sp.  alodio  =  Pr.  alodi,  also  aloe,  alo,  =  OF.  alcu, 
aleud,  aloit,  alodc,  alo/lie,  aloud,  alicu,  alleu,nllicu, 
alloet,  alliiru/(\\oi{ni-UM),  F.  alleu.  The  origin 
of  ML.  allodium  is  disputed ;  prob.  <  OHG.  *al6d, 
'allod,  i.  e.,  entire  propertv,  <  at,  all,  all,  -I-  6d, 
6t,  property,  estate,  wealtli  (in  adj.  odag,  otag, 
wealthy,  happy),  =  OS.  6d,  estate,  wealth,  = 
AS.  (-(id,  wealth,  happiness,  =  Icel.  audhr, 
wealth.  In  this  view  the  similarity  of  allodium 
in  form  and  sense  to  OHG.  uodal  (=  odal)  = 
OS.  oditil  =  Icel.  otlltal,  a  patrimonial  estate,  is 
accidental.]  Freehold  estate;  land  which  is 
the  absolute  property  of  the  o^vncr;  real  estate 
held  in  absolute  independence,  without  being 
subject  to  any  rent,  service,  or  acknowledgment 
to  a  superior.  It  is  thus  opposed  to J'eud^.  .'iome- 
times  used,  in  the  Anglo-Sa-\on  period,  of  land  which  was 
alienable  an*l  inheritable,  even  though  held  of  a  superior 
lord.    Also  written  allod,  alody. 

The  allod  in  some  form  or  other  is  jirobably  as  old  as 
the  institution  of  individual  landed  property,  and  we  may 
regard  it  as  equivalent  to  or  directly  descended  from  the 
share  which  each  man  took  in  the  appropriated  portion 
of  the  domain  of  the  group  to  which  he  belonged  — tribe, 
joint-family,  village  conimunity,  or  na-scent  city. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  339. 

allceogenesis  (al-e-6-jen'e-sis),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a/.Aoloc,  of  another  sort  (see  allaosis),  +  ycvtaiQ, 
generation.]  A  term  useil  by  Haeckel  to  de- 
note a  mode  of  reproduction  supposed  to  char- 
acterize the  (ierijoniidce,  but  subsequently  de- 
termined to  be  due  to  an  error  of  observation. 
[Disused.] 

allceorgan  (al-e-6r'gan),  n.  [<  Gr.  dX?.oiof,  of 
another  sort  (see  allaiosis),  +  dpyavov,  organ.] 
Same  as  alloplast.    Encijc.  Brit.,  XVI.  842. 

allceosis  (al-e-6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  qA/mucic,  a 
change,  alteration,  <  aA'/Mioiv,  change,  <  a?M>iog, 
of  ditVerent  kind,  <  aA?.or,  other,  different :  see 
allii-.}     In  med.,  a  constitutional  change. 

alloeotic  (al-e-ot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/.'AoiuriKdc,  fit 
for  changing^  <  a'AAoion-or,  changed,  changeable, 
verbal  adj.  of  aA?.otovv:  see  alla:osis.}  In  med., 
capable  of  causing  allceosis  or  constitutional 
change. 

allogamy  (a-log'a-mi),  H.  [<6r.  a/Aot;,  other,  -I- 
-}a//ia,  C  ydfioi-,  marriage.]  Cross-fertilization 
in  plants;  fecundation  of  the  ovules  of  one 
flower  by  pollen  from  another  of  the  same 
species.  Distinguished  from  autoaamy.  or  self-fertiliza- 
tion, in  which  the  ovules  ai-e  fecundated  hy  pollen  from 
the  same  Mower. 

allogeneity  (al 'o-je-ne'i-ti),  II.  [<  allogeneous 
+  -ili/.}  Differenceof nature.  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

allogeneous  (al-o-je'ne-us),  a.  [< Gr.  a'/Aoyevijc, 
of  another  kind  or  race,  <  a/,/of,  other,  +  livoc, 
kind.]     Of  a  different  kind  or  nature.    [Kare.] 

allogiamentt,  ».     See  allodgement. 

allograph  (al'6-graf ),  H.  [<  Gr.  uA7.or,  other,  -t- 
ypdifciv,  write.]  In  law,  a  deed  not  written  by 
any  of  the  parties  to  its  execution:  opposed 
to  autograph. 

allomet,  ".     An  old  form  of  alum. 

allomerism  (a-lom'e-rizm),  H.  [<  allomerous  -^ 
-ism.}  In  clicni.,  the  property  of  retaining  a 
constant  crystalline  form  while  the  chemical 
constituents  present  or  their  proportions  vary. 

allomerous (a-lom'e-ms),  rt.  [< Gr. u/'aoc,  other, 
-1-  /(t/)or,  part.]  In  c/ie/«.,  characterized  by  al- 
lomerism. Applied  to  bodies,  .as  certain  crystals,  which 
possess  the  property  of  retaining  the  same  form,  though 
the  constituents  or  their  proportions  vary. 

allomorphic  (al-o-mor'fik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a>'/6tiop- 
Our,  of  Strange  shape  (<  u/.?.of,  other.  -I-  //op?*^, 
form),  -t-  -/<•.]  Pertaining  to  or  possessing  the 
qualifies  of  allomorphism. 

allomorphism  (al-n-m6r'fizm),  n.  [As  allomor- 
phic +  -ism.}  The  property  possessed  by  cer- 
tain substances  of  assuming  a  different  form 
while  remaining  unchanged  in  constitution. 

allomorphite  (al-o-m6r'fit),  n.  [As  allomor- 
phic -\-  -iU-.\  in  mineral.,  a  variety  of  barite, 
or  heavy-spar,  having  the  form  and  cleavage  of 
anhydrite. 


all-one 


150 


all-one  (ill'wim'),  «.     [<  all  +  mw.    ex.  an  one,  allophytoid  (a-lof'Uoid),«.    [<Gr.aA>.or,  other 


an 


In 


iiiidcr  (///,  r/i/c]     Bcins  all  and  yet  one: 
cpitliot  of  God.     [Rare.] 

Sillily  the  f:ut  tliat  the  motive  principle  of  existence 
moves  in  a  mvst*rious  »iiv  ontsiile  our  cuiiseimisiiess.  no 
way  reiiuires  tliat  the  All-hiif  lieing  shouM  lie  hirnsolf  un- 
eoiiscious.     Sidlii,  Westminster  Kev.,  new  ser.,  XMX.  151. 

allonget  (a-hmj'),  v.  I.  [<  F.  alloiujcr,  earlier 
(ihiiiiiir,  iihmiiiir,  aluiu/ici;  lengthen,  =  It.  al- 
biiKi'drc,  alliihgare,  <  ML.  'allomiare,  *aUon- 
tjiiiic,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  "Inmjare,  longiare 
(>  OF.  longier,  loiijncr),  make  long,  <  L.  longtis, 
>  OF.  long,  lung,  long:  see  long^  and  allonge, 
«.]  To  make  a  pass  or  thrust  with  a  rapier; 
lunge. 

allonge  (a-hmj'),  «.  [<  F.  allonge,  OF.  alonge, 
lengthening,  extension, <o7yHi7<.T;  seeallonge,  r., 
and  abbrev.  lunge.]  It.  A  pass  or  thrust  v-ith 
a  sword  or  rapier;  a  lunge.— 2t.  A  long  rein, 
when  a  horse  is  trotted  in  the  hand.  Baileii. 
—  3.  (Pron.  asF.,a-loiizh'.)  A  slip  of  paper  at- 
tached to  a  bill  of  exchange  or  other  negotiable 
note,  to  receive  indorsements  when  the  back 
of  the  bill  will  hold  no  more ;  a  rider.  In  Great 
Britain.M  here  Ijillsof  exchange  mnsttje  writttii  "H  stamped 
paper,  the  allonge  is  considered  part  of  the  di.Kiunent,  and 
does  not  require  to  be  stamped.  — Allonge  Wig,  a  name 
given  to  the  large  and  flowing  periwig  of  the  time  of 
Louis  XIV. 

allonym  (aro-nim),  «.  [=  F.  allonyme,  <  Gr. 
a/.Mi;  other,'-!-  bvofia,  MoUc  ovv/ia,  name:  see 
oni/m.2  A  name  other  than  the  true  one;  an 
alias;  a  pseudonym.     [Rare.] 

allonymous  (a-lou'i-mus),  a.  [As  allonym  + 
-oiw.  Ct.  anonymous.']  Bearing  a  feigned  name : 
as,  an  allonymous  publication.     [Rare.] 

alloot  (a-lo').     An  old  form  of  halloo. 

allopath  (al'o-patb),  n.  [=F.  allojjathe :  a  re- 
verse formation  <  allopathy,  F.  allopathie :  see 
allopathy.]  An  all :.pathist ;  one  who  favors  or 
practises  allopathy. 

allopathetic  (al'o-pa-thet'ik),  a.  [<  allopathy, 
a.hev pathetic,  q.'-v.i'  Pertaining  to  allopathy. 
[Rare.] 

allopathetically  (al  o-pa-thet'i-kal-i),  adv. 
a  maimer  conformable  to  allopathy. 

allopatMc  (al-o-path'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  al- 
lopathy.    A  rare  equivalent  is  hcteropathic. 

There  are  only  three  lniagin.able  methods  of  employing 
medicines  against  disease,  and  these  are  denominated 
antipathic,  homoeopathic,  and  allopathic. 

Pereira,  Materia  Medica. 

allopathist  (a-lop'a-thist),  «.  [<  allopathy  + 
-int.]  One  who  practises  medicine  according 
to  the  principles  and  rules  of  allopathy;  an  al- 
lopath. 

allopathy  (a-lop'a-thi),  n.  l=zF.  allopathie  — 
G.  allopathic  (Hahnemann),  with  a  forced  mod. 
sense  (in  form  like  Gr.  a'/.'/.o-atieia,  the  state  of 
an  a'/JM-atiiji;,  <  a/.y.o-adiic,  having  influence  on 
another;  ingi'ammar.  transitive,  non-reflexive), 
<  Gr.  d?./.of,  other,  different,  -I-  iradoi;,  suffering, 
feeling,  condition :  see  pathos.  Cf .  homeopathy.] 
In  nied.,  a  therapeutic  method  characterized  by 
the  use  of  agents  producing  effects  different  from 
the  symptoms  of  the  tlisease  treated.  See  home- 
opathy. The  name  is  incorrectly  applied,  in  distinction 
from  honwopathy,  to  the  traditional  school  (also  called  the 
' '  regular  "  or  "old "  school)  of  medicine,  which  opposes  the 
homeopathic  theory.     Sometimes  called  tieteropathy. 

allophanate  (a-lof'a-nat),  n.  [<  allophanic  + 
-atr^.]     A  salt  of  allophanic  acid. 

allophane  (al'o-fan),  «.  [<  Gr.  a?2o(pav^c,  ap- 
pearing otherwise,  <  a'A'/or,  other,  +  -^aviir,  ap- 
pearing, <  (paivcadai,  appear.]  A  mineral  of  a 
pale-blue,  and  sometimes  of  a  green  or  brown, 
color.  It  is  a  hydrosilicate  of  aluminium,  occurring  in 
amorphous,  hotryoidal.  or  renifonn  masses,  and  received 
its  name  f  ri  'in  its  change  of  appearance  under  the  blowpipe. 

allophanic  (al-o-fan'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a?2oipavr/g: 
see  allophane  and  -(c]  Pertaining  to  anything 
which  changes  its  color  or  appearance:  as,  allo- 
phanic acid  or  ether. 

allophyle  (al'o-fil).  «.  [<  L.  allophylus,  <  Gr. 
d>./.Sv>i'>.of,  of  another  tribe,  <  d/./.of,  other,  -I- 
<iiv''.ri,  tribe:  see  phyle.]  An  alien  ;  one  of  an- 
other tribe  or  race. 

allophylian  (al-6-fil'i-an).  a.  and  n.  [<  alJo- 
phyle  +  -ian.]  1.  a.  Of  another  race ;  foreign; 
strange:  sometimes  specifically  applied  to  those 
languages  of  Europe  and  Asia  which  are  non- 
Aryan  and  non-Semitic,  and  are  also  called 
Turanian. 

Instances  from  allophylian  mythology  show  types  which 
are  found  developed  in  full  vigour  by  the  .4ryan  races. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim,  Culture,  II.  243. 

II.  «.  One  of  another  tribe  or  race, 
allophylic  (al-o-fil'ik),  «.     Same  as  allophylian. 

.\nother  indication  of  a  former  allophylic  population  in 
that  valley.  The  Amrrican.  IX.  105. 


-I-  ^rrSr,  plant,  -I-  fWor,  form.]  An  abnormal 
form  of  buds,  with  fleshy  scales  becoming  de- 
tached and  forming  new  plants,  as  the  l)ull)lets 
of  the  tiger-lily,  offshoots  from  bulbs,  etc.  [Not 
used.  ] 

alloplast  (al'o-plast),  H.  [<Gr.  a?.'Aoc,  other,  -I- 
-/.aordi",  verbal  adj.  of  TrMaaciv,  form,  mold.]  In 
Haeckel's  terminology  of  morphology,  an  idor- 
gan  composed  of  two  or  more  different  tissues: 
the  opposite  of  homoplast.  Tlie  alloplasts  include, 
as  subdivisions,  idomeres,  :mtiu]eres,  and  metameres.  Also 
called  alhi'orf/an. 

alloposid  (a-lop'6-sid),  n.    One  of  the  AUoposi- 

d<i\ 

Alloposi(ias(al-9-pos'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<.l??o/)0- 
,s«.s'  +  -ilia:]  Afamily  of  octopod  cephalopods, 
reijreseuted  by  the  genus  Alloposus.  It  is  charac- 
terizeil  by  an  ovoid  flnless  body,  tapering  arms  connected 
liy  a  moderate  web,  and  a  mantle  united  directly  to  the 
head,  not  only  by  a  large  dorsal  commissure,  but  also  by 
a  median  ventral  and  two  lateral  longitudinal  commis- 
sures which  run  from  its  inner  surface  to  the  basal  parts 
uf  the  sijihon. 

Alloposus  (a-lop'o-sus),  H.  [Nil.,  <  Gr.  a/jx>(, 
different,  various,  -t-  Trdcrof,  of  a  certain  (indefi- 
nite) quantity  or  magnitude,  here  equiv.  to  '  in- 
definite.'] A  genus  of  cuttlefishes,  tj-[3ical  of 
the  family  Allojiosido',  in  which  the  body  is  very 
soft,  and  consequently  somewhat  iudetinite  or 
variable  in  form. 

alloquial  (a-16'kwi-al),  a.  [As  alloquy  +  -al, 
after  colloquial.]  Of  the  nature  of  address; 
pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  the  act  of 
talking  to  others,  as  distinguished  from  con- 
versing with  them.     [Rare.] 

There  are  no  such  people  endured  or  ever  heard  of  in 
France  asallo^juialvrits;  people  who  talk  to,  but  not  with, 
a  circle.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

allOQIlialism  (a-16'kwi-al-izm),  n.  [<  alloquial 
-I-  -ism.]  A  phrase  or  manner  of  speech  used 
in  addressing.     X  E.  I). 

alloquyt  (al'o-kwi),  n.  [<  L.  alloquium,  adlo- 
quium,  <  alloqui,  adloqui,  speak  to,  address: 
see  allocution.  Cf.  colloquy,  soliloquy,  and  ob- 
loquy.] The  act  of  speaking  to  another  or 
others;  an  address. 

Allorhina  (al-o-ri'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/2oc. 
other,  -t-  /i/f,  piv,  nose.]  A  genus  of  lamelli- 
eorn  beetles  (Scaraba'ida-),  belonging  to  the 
tribe  Cctaniini,  readily  distinguished  by  the 
fact  that  the  epimera  of  the  mesothorax  are 
•\-isible  from  above  as  a  triangularpiece between 
the  prothorax  and  the  elytra,  a  character  of 
rare  occurrence  in  Coleoptera.  The  scutellum  is 
covered  by  a  prolongation  of  the  base  of  the  prothora.\. 
The  best-known  species  is  A.  nitida  (LinuEeus),  very  com- 
mon in  the  more  southern  United  States.  It  is  a  green 
velvety  insect,  nearly  an  inch  long,  of  nearly  square  form, 
somew'hat  pointed  in  front,  with  the  sides  of  the  thorax 


One 

missionaries, 


Allorhina  nitida. 
male  beetle  :  d,  e,/,g,^  mandible,  antenna. 


a,  larva  ;  b,  pupa  ;  c.  male  beetle  :  d,  e,/,g, 

leg,  and  maxillary  palpus  of  larva. 

and  elytra  usually  brownish-yellow.  It  feeds  upon  the 
sap  of"  wounded  trees,  but  in  dry  summers  it  not  rarely 
attacks  cotton-bolls  and  ripe  fruit  of  all  sorts,  thus  doing 
considerable  damage.  Its  larva  feeds  upon  grass-roots, 
and  is  characterized  by  the  numerous  short  and  stiff  hairs 
witli  which  it  is  covered,  and  by  means  of  which  it  is 
able,  when  placed  upon  its  back,  to  move  forward  or 
backward  with  considerable  velocity. 
allot  (a-lof),  V.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  allotted,  ■p\>T. 
allotting.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alot,  <  OF.  alotei: 
alloter  (F.  alloiir),  <  a,  to,  -1-  loter,  lotir,  divide 
by  lot,  <  lot,  lot,  adopted  from  Teut. :  see  lot.] 
l".  To  di\ido  or  distribute  as  by  lot ;  distribute 
or  parcel  out ;  apportion :  as,  to  allot  shares  in 


allotropy 

a  public  company. — 2.  To  grant;  assign;  ap- 
projiriate :  as,  to  allot  a,  sum  of  money  for  some 
specific  purpose. 

There  is  an  endless  variety  *»f  personal  force  and  char- 
acter secured  tlirongh  the  proiKjrtion  of  powers  which 
creative  wisdom  allots.  I'mjretsice  Orthinliizy,  ]>.  18. 

of  the  largest  wigwams  was  allotted  to  the  Jesuit 
naries.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  .S.,  I.  186. 

3.  To  appoint^  destine ;  set  apart. 

Happier  the  man  whom  favourable  stars 
Allot  thee  for  his  lovely  bedfellow  ! 

SAa*.,T.  of  theS.,  iv.  5. 

All  its  allotted  length  of  days 
The  flower  ripens  in  itfi  place. 

Tennyson,  Choric  Song. 

=  Syn.  DiKpcme,  Ditdrihute,  et«.     See  dispense. 

allotheism  (al'o-the-izm),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/.'/Mc,  other, 
+  dear,  god,  -I-  -ism.]  The  worship  of  other  or 
strange  gods.     X  E.  D. 

Allotheria  (al-o-the'ri-a),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a/./M(,  other,  -I-  Sr/piov,  a  wild  beast.]  An  order 
of  American  Jurassic  mammals  proposed  by 
Marsh  in  1880  for  the  genera  Pta(/i««?ox,  Ctena- 
codon,  and  possibly  some  others,  having  an 
inflected  angle  of  the  lower  jaw,  no  mylohyoid 
groove,  specialized  premolars  and  molars,  no 
canines,  and  teeth  below  the  normal  number: 
contrasted  with  Pantotheria. 

allotherian  (al-o-the'ri-an),  n.  One  of  the  Al- 
lotheria. 

allotment  (a-lot'ment),  n.  1.  The  act  of  allot- 
ting; distribution  as  by  lot. — 2.  That  which  is 
allotted;  a  share,  part,  or  portion  granted  or 
distributed;  that  which  is  assigned  by  lot  or  by 
the  act  of  God. 

The  allotments  of  God  and  nature.  L'Ettrange. 

3.  A  place  or  piece  of  ground  appropriated  by 
lot  or  assignment. 
A  vineyard  and  an  allotment  for  olives.  Broome. 

Allotment  certificate,  or  letter  of  allotment,  a  docu- 
ment issued  to  an  applicant  for  shares  in  a  company  or 
public  loan,  announcing  the  number  of  shares  allotted  or 
assigned  to  such  applicant,  and  the  amounts  and  due- 
dates  of  the  calls,  or  different  payments  to  be  made  on  the 
same,  etc.— Allotment  note,  or  allotment  ticket,  a 
document  signed  by  a  seaman  authi  prizing  his  employers 
to  pay  periodically  a  part  of  his  w  ages  while  ou  a  voyage 
to  some  other  person,  as  to  his  wife  or  parents. — Allot- 
ment of  goods,  in  com.,  the  division  of  a  ship's  cargo 
into  several  pai'ts,  which  are  to  be  purchased  by  different 
persons,  each  person's  shai'e  being  assigned  by  lot. — Allot- 
ment of  land,  the  assignment  of  portions  of  ground  to 
claimants  on  the  division  and  inclosm-e  of  commons  aud 
w.Tste  lands.— Allotment  system,  a  practice  sometimes 
followed  in  England  of  dinding  a  field  or  fields  into  lots 
or  L-arden-idots,  to  be  let  out  to  agi'lcultural  laborei-s  and 
otli.  1  I  ntt;iL'ers  for  cultivation  on  their  own  account. 

allotriophagy  (a-lot-ri-of'a-ji),  «.  [=F.  af?o- 
triophagic,  <  Gr.  dX>dr/)(Of,  belonging  to  ano- 
ther (see  allotrious),  +  -<^ayia,  <  il>ar)dv,  eat.]  In 
patkol.,  a  depraved  appetite  for  eating  sub- 
stances of  a  non-alimentary  or  noxious  charac- 
ter, as  in  many  anemic  and  hysterical  persons. 

allotrious  (a-lot'ri-us),  a.  [<"  Gr.  aA/.orpio^,  be- 
longing to  another,  <  d//of,  other:  see  alio-.] 
Belonging  to  another;  alien — Allotrious  factor, 
in  math.,  in  the  algorism  of  common  measure  of  two  alge- 
braic expressions,  the  factor  from  which  a  remainder  or 
quiitient  must  be  freed  in  order  to  make  it  an  integral  and 
irreducible  function. 

allotrope  (al'o-trop).  n.  [<  Gr.  d//drpo-of,  in 
another  manner:  see  allotropy.]  One  of  the 
forms  in  which  an  element  having  the  property 
of  allotropy  exists :  thus,  the  diamond  is  an  allo- 
trope of  carbon. 

allotropic  (al-o-trop'ik).  a.  Relating  to  or 
characterized  by  allotropy. 

Sulphur  and  phosphorus  (both,  in  small  proportions, 
essential  constituents  of  organic  matter)  have  allotropic 
modifications.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  BioL,  §  1. 

allotropical  (al-o-trop'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  aUo- 

trojiic. 

allotropically  (al-o-trop'i-kal-i),  adr.  In  an 
allotropic  manner;  with  change  of  physical 
properties,  but  without  change  of  substance. 

allotropicity  (al"  o-tro-pis'i-ti),  H.  [<  allotropic 
-\-  -ity.]  The  quality  or  capacity  of  assuming 
different  physical  properties  while  remaining 
the  same  in  substance.     See  allotropy. 

allotropism  (a-lot'ro-pizm),  «.  [As  allotropy  + 
-(*)».]     Allotropical  variation;  aOotropy. 

.l/^.rr*i;n'.sj/i  being  interpretable  as  some  change  of  molec- 
idar  arrangement,  this  freijuency  of  its  occurrence  among 
the  components  of  organic  matter  is  significant  as  imply- 
ing a  further  kind  of  molecular  mobility. 

11.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Kiol.,  §  1. 

allotropize  (a-lot'ro-piz),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 

allotropiwd,  ppr.  all'otropi^ng.    [As  allotropy  + 

-i:e.]     To  render  allotropic. 
allotropy  (a-lot'ro-pi),  n.    [=F.  allotropic.  <  Gr. 

li/./iir/ioTKi,    variety,   <    u//di-/)o-of,    in   another 

way,  <   a/JMi,  other.  +  rpd;rof,   way,    manner. 


allotropy 

guise:  eee  trope.]  The  proportywhich certain 
chemical  olcmoiits  have  of  existing  in  two  or 
more  ilistiacf  tonns,  each  liaving  certain  char- 
actrristics  peculiar  to  itself.  'I'lie  ck-nu-iit  ciubuji, 
for  iiistiuici-,  i-xisU  iKiirly  piirt;  in  tlirt-t'  totiiUy  ilistiuut 
forms     tliu  iliiiinoiid,  ^^raptiiti-,  iiiul  chan-ual. 

allottable  (a-lot'a-bl),  «.  [(.  allot  + -able.]  Ca- 
palile  of  beiiig  allotted. 

allottee  (al-o-tO'),  ».  [<  allot  +  -cc-l.]  One  to 
whom  something  is  allotted,  as  a  plot  of  ground, 
shares  of  stock,  or  the  like. 

The  allntincnt  til  pirilKiis,  wliich  yield  a  partial  support 
to  the  iill'iff''t',  is  another  nu-utis  of  elieap  labor.     Mar/heu: 

allotter  (a-lot'er),  >i.  One  who  allots  or  appor- 
tions.    \.  K.  J). 

allotteryt  (a-lot'e-ri),  H.  l<  allot  +-ery,  after 
latter II,  I),  y."]  Allotment ;  what  is  allotted  or 
assigned  to  use. 

Give  me  the  poor  allotiery  my  father  left  me  by  testa- 
ment. SItak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  1. 

all-over  (al-6'ver),  H.  [See  all  over,  under  all, 
ath\\  The  trade-name  of  a  gilt  button  washed 
or  plated  on  both  the  ui>per  and  under  sides, 
as  distinguished  from  a  top,  which  is  plated  or 
washed  on  the  upper  side  only.     De  Colange. 

all-overish  (al-6'ver-ish),  a.  [<  all  over  +  -(s7(l.] 
Affecting  the  whole  system ;  extending  all  over 
one :  as,  an  all-overinh  feeliug  of  sickness.  [Col- 
loq,] 

all-overishness  (al-o'ver-ish-nes),  «.  A  perva- 
sive feeling  of  uneasiness  produced  by  appre- 
hension or  imlisposition ;  general  discomfort; 
malaise.     [CoUoq.] 

Our  sense  of  all-overiskiiess  when  our  friend  approaches 
the  edtie  of  a  precipice  is  clearly  only  a  step  or  two  re- 
niijved  froui  the  apprehensiou  or  the  actual  representa- 
tion of  a  fall.  Mind,  IX.  421. 

allow^  (a-lou'),  r.  [<  ME.  alowen,  alouen,<.OF. 
alouer,  aluer,  uluer,  aloier,  assign,  allot,  place 
(mod.  F.  alloiicr,  assign,  allow,  grant),  <  ML. 
allocare,  assign,  etc. :  see  allocate.  Already  in 
OF.  confused  in  sense  and  form  with  another 
verb,  the  source  of  alloiv^,  approve,  the  two 
being  regarded  in  E.  as  one  word;  the  separa- 
tion is  merely  fonnal.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  grant, 
give,  or  yield ;  assign ;  afford :  as,  to  allow  a 
free  passage. 

I  am  told  the  gardner  is  annually  alowed  2000  scudi  for 
the  keeping  of  it.  Evlitii,  Diary,  Nov.  29,  1044. 

Envy  ought,  in  strict  truth,  to  have  no  place  whatever 
allowed  it  in  the  heart  of  man.  Cotton,  Lacon. 

2.  To  admit;  concede;  confess;  own;  acknow- 
ledge :  as,  to  allow  the  right  of  private  judg- 
ment ;  he  allowed  that  he  was  wrong ;  he  allowed 
it  might  be  so. 

The  pow'r  of  music  all  cm"  hearts  allow. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  382. 

The  ruiu'd  spendthrift,  now  no  longer  proud, 
Claimed  kindred  there,  and  had  his  claims  allowed. 

Goldamitli,  Des.  Vil. 

They'll  not  alloii}  our  friend  Miss  Vermillion  to  be  hand- 
some. Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  ii.  2. 

A  bright  morning  so  early  in  the  year,  she  allowed, 
would  generally  turn  to  rain. 

Jane  A  iuteyi,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  61. 

3.  To  abate  or  deduct ;  take  into  account;  set 
apart:  as,  to  allow  so  much  for  loss;  to  allow 
a  sum  for  tare  or  leakage. 

The  schedule  of  tares  aimexed  is  the  tare  to  be  allowed 
in  all  cases  where  the  invoice  tare  is  not  adopted. 

Circ.  o/.Sec.  o/  U.  S.  Treasury,  July  14,  1S62. 

4.  To  grant  permission  to ;  permit:  as,  to  aWoio 
a  son  to  be  absent. 

Xo  person  was  allowed  to  open  a  trade  or  to  commence 
a  manufactme  .  .  .  unless  he  had  first  served  his  apjiren- 
ticeship.  Froude,  Sketches,  p.  170. 

Farewell,  for  longer  speech  is  not  allow'd. 

M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

5t.  To  grant  special  license  or  indulgence  to. 

There  is  no  -slander  in  an  allowed  fool.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 
6t.  To  invest ;  intrust. 

Thou  Shalt  be  met  with  thanks, 
Allow'd  with  absolute  power. 

tihak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  2. 

7.  To  assert,  declare,  say;  or,  of  mental  asser- 
tion, to  mean,  purpose,  intend,  or,  simply,  think : 
the  concessive  sense  presented  assertively. 
[Colloq.,  United  States.] 

He  said  he  allowed  to  work  it  out. 

Uowelts,  Suburban  Sketches,  p.  58. 

"  I  'low'd  maybe  dat  I  might  ax  yo'  fur  ter  butt  gin  de 
tree,  and  shake  'em  down.  Sis  Cow,"  sez  Hrer  Rabbit, 
sezee.  J.  C.  Ilarrie,  I'ncde  Renms,  p.  4s. 

Brer  Tarrypin  he  say  wich  he  wern't  gwine  nowhar 
skasely.  Den  Brer  Rabbit  he  'tow  he  wuz  on  his  way  to 
Miss  Meadows.  J .  C.  IIan-i.i,  I'ncle  Renms,  p.  fiO. 

=  Syn.  Allow,  Permit,  Consent  to,  Sanction,  Suffer,  Tot- 
crate,  .illow  and  permit  are  often  used  synonymou.sly;  but 
permit  strictly  denotes  a  formal  or  implied  assent ;  allow, 
the  absence  of  an  intent,  or  even  only  of  an  attempt,  to 


151 

hinder.  Consent  to  is  formally  to  permit  that  which  one 
lias  the  power  and  generally  some  dispositi<in  to  jirevent ; 
it  implies  (be  assumption  of  responsibility  for  that  which 
is  thus  allowed.  .Sunetion  Inia  a  secondary  sense  of  per- 
mitting with  expressed  or  implied  approbation  :  as,  I  can- 
not xiiiietinit  such  a  coui"se.  Suffer  is  still  more  pjiasive 
or  rehutaiit  than  alloiv,  and  may  imply  that  one  does  iu)t 
prevent  something,  tbougli  it  is  contrary  to  one's  feelings, 
judgment,  or  sense  of  right.  To  tolerate  is  to  bear  with 
something  nuple;isant :  as,  I  would  ncjt  tolerate  such  im- 
pertinence. Manythings  &vQtolcrated, nr xuffered, ovcven 
allowed,  that  are  not  permitted,  and  matiy  are  jyermitted 
that  are  not  really  eomented  to,  much  less  sanctiottid. 
Ami  when  the  Queen  petition 'd  for  his  leave 
To  see  the  hunt,  allow'd  it  easily. 

Tenmjmn,  Geraint. 
For  crimes  are  but  permitted,  not  decreed. 

Dnjden,  Cym.  and  Iph.,  1.  475. 
Scourge  the  bad  revolting  stars, 
Tliat  have  consented  unto  Henry's  death  ! 

Sliak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

Constantine  certainly  itanctioned  wliat  are  called  pious 

uses.  //.  Binnei/,  Vidal  versus  tity  of  Phila. 

.Jesus  answering  said  unto  him,  Suffer  it  to  be  so  now : 

fur  thus  it  becometh  us  to  fulfil  all  ri^teousness. 

Mat.  iii.  15. 
They  cannot  miderstand  the  coinjdex  feeling  that  finds 
relief  In  sarcasm  and  allegory,  that  tolerates  the  frivolous 
and  the  vain  as  an  ironic  rcatling  of  the  lesson  of  life. 

Sliortliouse,  Little  Schoolmaster  .Mark,  p.  40. 

II.  iiitrans.  1.  To  make  abatement,  conces- 
sion, or  provision:  followed  hy  for:  as,  to  al- 
low for  the  tare. 

Allowimj  still /or  the  different  ways  of  making  it. 

Addison. 

2.  To  permit;  admit:  with  of:  as,  "of  this 
allow,"  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  (cho.). 

Thou  shalt  hold  the  opinion  of  Pythagoras,  ere  I  will 
allow  of  thy  wits.  Sliak.,  T.  N.,  iv.  2. 

The  Coiu-t,  which  is  the  best  and  surest  judge  of  writ- 
ing, has  generally  allowed  of  verse  ;  and  in  the  town  it  has 
found  favourers  of  wit  and  qtiality. 

Drifden,  Ded.  of  Ess.  on  Dram.  Poesy. 

allow^t  (a-lou'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  aloticn,  alowen,  < 
OF.  alouer,  praise,  later  alloucr,  <  L.  allaudare, 
adlaudare,  praise,  <  ad,  to,  -1-  laudarc,  praise: 
see  laud,  v. ;  of.  OF.  loer,  louer,  approve,  <  L. 
laudare.  Early  confused  in  sense  and  form 
■with  allow''-,  q.  v.  Doublet,  allaud.]  To  praise 
or  commend ;  approve,  justify,  or  sanction. 

Ye  allow  the  deeds  of  your  fathers.  Luke  xi.  48. 

That  same  framing  of  his  stile,  to  an  old  rustick  lan- 
guage, I  dare  not  alowe.    Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 

If  yotir  grace  allow  me  for  a  preacher,  I  would  desire 
your  grace  to  give  me  leave  to  discharge  my  conscience. 
Latimrr,  3d  Serin,  bef.  Edw.  VI. 

allO'Wablel  (a-lou'a-bl),  a.  [<  «Ho!(!l  -I-  -aUe, 
after  F.  allouaUe,'<  ML.  allocahilis,  <  allocare: 
see  allocate.]  Proper  to  be  or  capaljle  of  being 
allowed  or  permitted;  not  forbidden;  legiti- 
mate ;  permissible :  as,  a  certain  degree  of  free- 
dom is  allowable  among  friends. 

In  actions  of  this  sort,  the  light  of  nature  alone  may 
discover  that  which  is  in  the  sight  of  God  allowable. 

Hooker. 

allowable'-t  (a-lou'a-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  allowable, 
alowable,  <  aliiwcn,  praise:  see  allow^  and  -able. 
Mixed  with  <(HuH-ni(el.]  Praiseworthy;  lauda- 
ble ;  worthy  of  sanction  or  approval ;  satisfac- 
tory; acceptable. 

Custom  had  made  it  not  only  excusable  but  allowable. 
Bp.  Samlerson,  Sermons,  Ad.  Mag.,  ii.  §  8.    (JV.  i'.  D.) 

allowableness  (a-lou'a-bl-nes),  «.  The  quality 
of  being  allowable;  exemption  from  prohibi- 
tion; freedom  from  impropriety;  lawftllness. 

I  cannot  think  myself  engaged  .  .  .  to  discourse  of  lota, 
as  to  their  nature,  use,  and  allowableiwss ;  and  that  not 
oidy  in  matters  of  moment  and  business,  but  also  of  re- 
creation. Soidlt,  Sermons,  I.  viii. 

allowably  (a-lou'a-bli),  adv.     In  an  allowable 

manner ;  with  propriety. 
allowance!  (a-lou'ans),  «.      [<  ME.  alouance, 

alowans,  <  OP.  alouance,  <  alouer:   see  allou-i- 

and  -ance.]     1 .  Sanction ;  approval ;  tolerance : 

as,  the  allowance  of  slavery. 
See  what  allowance  vice  finds  in  the  respectable  and 

well-c.inditioned  class.  Jimerson,  Conduct  of  Life. 

2.  Admission  or  acceptance;  a  conceding  or 
granting:  as,  the  allowaytcc  of  a  claim. 

Or  what  if  I  were  to  allow  — would  it  not  be  a  singular 
allowance./  — {hut  our  furniture  should  be  more  complex 
than  the  .\rab'3  in  projwrtion  as  we  are  morally  and  in- 
tellectually his  superior'.'  Tlwreau,  Walden,  p.  40. 

3.  Allotment;  apportionment;  a  definite  sum 
or  quantity  set  apart  or  granted,  such  as  ali- 
mony: as, "an  allowance  by  a  husband  to  a  wife; 
an  allowance  of  grog  or  tobacco  to  a  seaman; 
an  allowance  of  pooket-mone.v. 

And  his  (Jehoiachin'sl  allowance  was  a  continual  atlotr- 
ance  given  him  of  the  king,  a  daily  rate  for  every  day,  all 
the  days  of  his  life.  2  Ki.  xxv.  :i0. 

4.  Specifically,  in  law,  an  extra  sum  awarded 
besides  regular  costs  to  the  successful  party 


alloy 

in  a  difficult  case. —  5.  A  deduction:  as,  the 
allowancci  made  in  commerce  for  tare,  break- 
ages, etc. — 6.  An  abatement  or  addition  on 
account  of  some  extenuating,  qualifying,  en- 
hancing, or  other  circumstance:  as,  to  make 
allowances  for  a  person's  youth  or  inexperience ; 
allowance  for  difference  of  time ;  allowance  for 
shrinkage  of  values,  etc. 

But  even  these  monstrosities  are  interesting  and  in- 
structive; nay,  many  of  them,  if  we  can  but  make  altow- 
a}ice  for  dilferent  ways  i>f  thought  and  language,  contain 
germs  of  truth  and  rays  of  light. 

Max  Mailer,  Inilla,  p.  106. 
The  saints  ami  deini-gods  whom  history  worships  we 
are  constrained  to  accept  with  a  grain  of  allowance. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser..  p.  268. 

7.  In  minting,  a  permissible  deviation  in  the 
fineness  and  weight  of  coins,  owing  to  the  dif- 
ficulty of  securing  e.xact  conformity  to  the 
standard  prescribed  by  law.  in  the  United  states 
the  allowance  for  the  fineness  of  gold  coins  is  .001.  and  for 
weight  a  qttarter  of  a  gi'ain  to  each  one-dollar  piece;  in 
silver  coins  the  allowance  for  fineness  is  .003,  and  for  weight 
Ii  grains  to  each  coin.  In  the  gold  coinage  of  France  the 
allowance  for  both  fineness  and  weight  is  .(K)2,  and  of  Eng- 
land .002  for  fineness  and  two  grains  in  each  sovereign  for 
weight.     Also  called  remedy  and  tolerance  (which  see). — 

Barrack  allowance.    See  torracit.— Compassionate 

allowance.  See  compasnonate, 
allowance^  (a-lou'ans),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 
lowanceil,  ppr'.'  allowancing.  [<  allowanee'-,  n.] 
To  put  upon  allowance ;  limit  to  a  certain  fixed 
periodic  amount  of  anything:  as,  to  allowance 
a  spendthrift;  distress  compelled  the  captain 
of  the  ship  to  allowance  his  crew. 

You  have  had  as  much  as  you  can  eat,  you're  asked 
if  you  want  any  more, and  you  answer  "No."  Then  don't 
you  ever  go  and  say  you  were  allowanced,  mind  that. 

Dieken-t,  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  xxxvi. 

allowance-  (a-lou'ans),  n.     [<  ME.  allowaunce, 

<  OF.  alouance,  <  alouer :  see  allow'^  and  -ance. 
Mixed  with  ortowaHctl.]  If.  Praise;  commen- 
dation. 

It  is  not  the  allowaiwe  or  applause  of  men  that  I  seek. 
Bp.  Uall,  Hard  Texts,  p.  21)9. 

2.  Sanction ;  approbation ;  authorization :  as,  a 
judge's  allowanee  of  a  compromise  or  settle- 
ment of  a  case  by  the  parties  interested. 
You  sent  a  large  c<»mmission 
To  Gregory  de  Cassalis  to  conclude. 
Without  the  king's  will,  or  the  state's  allowance, 
A  league  between  his  highness  ami  Ferrara. 

Sliak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 
3t.  Eeputation. 

His  bark  is  stoutly  timber'd,  and  his  pilot 
Of  very  expert  and  appiov'd  allowance. 

Shak.,  OtheUo,  ii.  1. 

allowedly  (a-lou'ed-li),  adv.     Admittedly. 

Lord  Lyttletou  is  allowedhi  the  author  of  these  dialogues. 
Slienslow.  Works,  III.  cii. 

allower  (a-lou'er),  H.  One  who  allows,  per- 
mits, grants,  or  authorizes. 

alloxan  (a-lok'san),  n.  [<all{antoin)  +  ox(alic) 
+  -an:  so  named  because  it  contains  the  ele- 
ments of  allantoin  and  oxalic  acid.]  One  of 
the  products  (C4H2N2O4)  of  the  decomposi- 
tion of  uric  acid  by  nitric  acid.  When  treated  with 
alkalis  it  produces  alloxanie  acid.  In  contact  with  am- 
monia it  produces  pnrpurate  of  ammonia,  identical  with 
raurexid,  which  with  various  mordants  produces  reds  antl 
purples  on  silk  and  wool.  This  was  much  used  in  1855 
and  1856,  but  was  soon  superseded  by  aniline  colors. 

allozanate  (a-lok'sa-nat),  H.  [<  alloxanie  + 
-«/<!.]  A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  alloxanie 
acid  and  a  base. 

alloxanie  (al-ok-san'ik),  a.  [<  alloxan  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  produced  from  alloxan:  as, 

alloxanie  acid Alloxanie  acid,  a  strong  crystalline 

dibasic  acid  produced  by  the  action  of  alkalis  on  alloxan, 
ihi  boiling,  its  salts  decompose  into  urea  and  mesoxalates. 

allozantin  (al-ok-sau'tin).  H.  [<  alloianit-)  + 
-in-.  ]  A  white  crystalline  substance  (C8H4X4O7 
-I-  3H2O)  obtained  when  alloxan  is  brought  into 
contact  with  reducing  agents.  Oxidizing  agents 
reconvert  it  into  alloxan.     .Also  called  uroxin. 

alloy  (a-loi'),  r.     [<  F.  aloijer,  earlier  allayer, 

<  OF.  aleier,  alter,  <  L.  alligarc,  combine :  see 
allaifi  (of  which  alloij  is  the  recent  form,  based 
on  mod.  F.)  and  rtW.i/l.  The  sense  has  been 
intluenced  hy  the  erroneous  et\-mology  from  F. 
a  loi:  see  alloy,  m.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  mix  (two 
or  more  metals)  so  as  to  form  a  compound,  with- 
out reference  to  the  relative  value  of  the  metals 
mixed. 

When  we  wish  to  aUoii  three  or  more  metals,  we  often 
experience  difficulties,  either  beciuse  one  of  the  metals  is 
more  oxidisable,  ordenscr,  or  more  fusible  than  the  others, 
or  because  there  is  no  direct  atfinity  between  two  of  the 
metals.  Ore,  Diet.,  I.  92. 

2.  To  reduce  to  a  desired  standard  or  quality  by 
mixing  with  a  less  valuable  metal:  as,  to  alloy 
gold  or  silver  with  copper.— 3.  Figuratively, 
to  debase  or  reduce  in  character  or  condition  by 


alloy 

admixture;  impair  by  the  intrusion  of  a  base 
or  alien   plcmcnt;   contaminatp;   modify:   as, 
external  prosperity  alloyed  by  domestic  trials. 
But  to  atloii  much  of  this  [rfjoiciuf;],  thi-  Krcncli  llectc 
rides  in  our  Ohaiinell,  ours  nut  diu-iiiK  to  iatvrpuse. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Juue  24,  1690. 

n.  in  trans.  To  enter  into  combination,  as 
one  metal  with  another. 

One  metal  does  not  alloi/  indiffercutly  witli  every  other 
metal,  but  is  governed  in  this  respect  by  peculiai-  affinities. 

tVf,  Diet.,  I.  91. 

Formerly  written  allay. 
alloy  (a-loi"'),  n.  [<F.  aloi,  earlier  aloy,  <  OF. 
<(/((,  AV.  aky,  aJay,  >  E.  alloy^,  n.  The  sense 
has  been  influenced  by  the  erroneous  etymology 
from  F.  a  loi,  to  law,  as  if  'that  which  is  brought 
to  the  legal  standard.']  1.  An  artificial  com- 
pound of  two  or  more  metals  combined  while 
in  a  state  of  fusion,  as  of  copper  and  tin,  which 
form  bronze,  or  of  lead  and  antimony,  which  form 
type-metal.  The  alloys  are  numerous,  as  the  brasses, 
brouzes.  soldei-s,  tj-pe-,  gun-,  and  bell-metals,  etc.,  and  are 
of  great  importance  in  tlie  practical  arts.  Tliere  are  many 
varieties  of  these  alloys,  the  character  of  each  being  de- 
termined by  the  proportions  of  its  constituents.  An  arti- 
ficial metallic  mixture  containing  quicksilver  is  termed  an 
amalgam  (which  see). 

2.  An  inferior  metal  mixed  with  one  of  greater 
value.  The  gold  and  silver  coins  of  the  United  States 
are  of  the  standard  fineness  of  900  parts  of  fine  metal  and 
100  parts  of  copper  alloy,  of  which  in  the  case  of  gold  not 
more  than  one  tenth  may  be  silver.  In  the  case  of  silver 
coins  the  alloy  is  whoUy  of  copper.  Hence  these  coins  are 
said  to  be  900  fine.     See  alloyage. 

The  British  standard  for  gold  coin  is  22  parts  piu'e  gold 
and  2  parts  alloy,  and  for  silver,  222  parts  pure  silver  to 
IS  parts  of  aiioy.  fre.  Diet.,  I.  96. 

3t.  Standard;  quality;  fineness. 

My  Lord  of  Northumberland,  .  .  .  whose  education  of 
his  Sonne,  I  heare,  has  ben  of  another  streine  and  alloy 
then  that  we  have  mentioned. 

Evelyn,  Letter  to  Edward  Tliiu-land. 

4.  Figuratively,  admixture,  as  of  good  with 
evil ;  a  deleterious  mixture  or  element ;  taint : 
as,  no  earthly  happiness  is  without  alloy. 

The  friendship  of  high  and  sanctified  spirits  loses  no- 
thing by  death  but  its  alloy.  R.  Hall. 

Formerly  written  allay. 
D'Arcetz's,  "Newton's,  Rose's  fusible  alloy  of  bis- 
muth. -See  i/icdii.— Wood's  fusible  alloy,  an  alluy 
composed  of  15  parts  of  bismuth,  S  of  lead,  4  of  tin,  3  of 
cadmium.  It  has  a  brilliant  luster,  which  does  not  tar- 
nish readily,  and  melts  between  150'  and  160°  F.  Work- 
.•.hop  Receipts. 

alloyage  (a-loi'aj),  n.  l<  alloy  + -age.^  The 
practice  or  process  of  alloying  metals ;  specifi- 
cally, in  minting,  the  practice  of  adding  to  the 
precious  metals  a  small  proportion  of  a  baser 
one,  to  harden  them,  with  the  object  of  produ- 
cing a  clear  impression  when  the  coins  are 
struck,  and  of  preventing  or  lessening  abrasion 
while  they  are  in  circulation.     See  alloy,  «.,  2. 

alloy-balance  (a-loi'bal"ans),  n.  A  balance 
for  weighing  metals  which  are  to  be  combined 
in  decimal  proportions.  In  Robert's  alloy-balance 
the  point  of  suspension  is  movable,  and  is  adjusted  to  the 
point  at  which  the  arms  of  the  balance  bear  to  one  an- 
other tlie  proportion  of  the  metals  to  be  weighed,  as  for 
example  17  per  cent,  of  tin  to  8."i  of  copper.  The  tfeam  nf 
the  balance  is  then  brought  to  the  position  of  equilibriuin 
by  means  of  a  weight  suspended  from  a  continuation  of 
the  short  arm  of  the  balance  ;  and  when  the  balance  is  so 
adjusted  any  quantity  of  copper  put  in  the  short-arm  scale 
will  be  balanced  by  the  requisite  proportion  of  tin  in  the 
other  scale,  that  is,  in  the  supposed  case,  17  per  cent,  of 
the  total  weight  of  the  two. 

allozooid  (al-o-z6'oid),  H.  [<  6r.  a/./of,  other, 
-t- s<f»fi(5'/(:,  like  an  animal :  seCiOo/rf.]  lazoiil., 
an  animal  bud  or  zooid  separated  by  gemma- 
tion from  the  organism  by  which  it  is  produced, 
and  differing  from  it  in  character :  the  opposite 
of  iso:o6iil. 

all-round  (al'round),  a.  [<  all,  adv.,  +  round, 
adr.'\  Able  to  do  many  things  well;  many- 
sided;  capable  of  doing  anything;  versatile; 
not  narrow;  not  too  specialized. 

Let  our  aim  be  as  hitherto  to  give  a  good  all-rmind  edu- 
cation fitted  to  cope  with  as  many  exigencies  of  the  day 
as  possible.  Lowell,  Oration,  Harvard,  Nov.  8,  1886. 

One  of  the  usual  all-round  men.  who  considered  that  he 
coiUd  do  most  things,  and  vaunted  his  precise  linowledge 
of  the  trails  throughout  the  ten'itories. 

ir.  Shepherd,  Praiiie  Experiences,  p.  192. 

All-saints  (al'sants),  n.  Same  as  All  Saints' 
day  (which  see,  under  saJnO- 

allseed  (al'sed),  n.  A  name  given  in  Great 
Britain  to  several  very  different  plants:  (a) 
Polycarpon  tetraphyllum,  a  small  plant  found  in 
the  southwest  of  England;  {h)  the  knot-grass. 
Polygonum  aHcularc;  (c)  Chenopodium  poly- 
siirnnnm,  found  in  waste  places;  (d)  liadiola 
ilillcgrana. 

all-sorts  (iU's6rts),  n.  A  term  used  in  taverns 
or  beer-shops  to  denote  a  beverage  composed  of 
remnants  of  various  liquors  mixed  together. 


152 

All-souls  (al'solz),  «.  Same  as  AU  SouUf  day 
(whicli  see,  under  soul). 

allspice  (al'spis),  «.  [iall  +  spice:  so  called 
because  siii)posed  to  combine  the  flavor  of  cin- 
namon, nutmeg,  and  cloves.]  The  fruit  of 
Eugcnial'inicnta, a.treeotthe'West  Indies.  Seo 
pimento.  Carolina  allnpice  is  the  sweet-shrul),  Calyemi- 
thu»  fioridiis.  Japan  athince  is  a  common  name  for  the 
allied  slu'ub  of  Japan,  CfiirnoHanthu.f  Jrayrana.  Wild 
uitspiee  is  a  name  sometinu-s  gi\en  to  the  aromatic  Llndera 
/;,».-..i«  of  tlic  I'nited  .'States. 

allubescencet,  allubescencyt  (al-u-bes'ens, 
-en-si),  n.  [Also  adlubescence ;  <  L.  adlu'bcs- 
cen{t-)s,  alliil)escen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  adlubescere,  allti- 
bescere,  be  pleasing  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  lubere,  libere, 
please.  Cf.  ad  libitum.']  1.  Pleasantness. — 2. 
Willingness ;  compliance. 

allude  (a-lud'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  alluded,  ppr. 
alluding.  [<  L.  alludere,  adludere,  play  with, 
jest,  speak  sportively,  <  ad,  to,  +  ludere,  play.] 
I.t  trans.  1.  To  play  with  or  make  game  of . — 
2.  To  compare. 

To  free  myselfe  from  the  imputation  of  partiality,  He 
at  last  allude  her  to  a  waterman.  John  Taylor. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  an  allusion;  refer 
casually  or  indirectly:  with  to  (formerly  also 
un  to). 

These  speeches  ...  do  seem  to  allude  unto  such  min- 
isterial garments  as  were  then  in  use.  Hooker. 

He  alludes  to  enterprizes  which  he  cannot  reveal  but 
with  the  hazard  of  his  life.         Steele,  Spectator,  No.  510. 

2t.  To  pun;  have  a  punning  reference. =syn.  1. 

Advert,  Refer,  Allude,  etc.     See  advert. 

allumt,  n.     An  old  spelling  of  alum. 

allumette  (al-u-mef),  «.  [F.,  a  match,  <  al- 
lumer,  light,  kindle:  see  allumine.]  A  match 
for  lighting. 

alluminatet  (a-lti'mi-nat),  t;.  t.  [<ML.  *allu- 
minatus,  pp.  of  *aUuminarc :  see  allumine.l  To 
illimiinate,  as  manuscripts.     Bailey. 

alluminet  (a-lu'min),  v.  t.  [<0F.  alluminer  for 
alumcr,  la,teTallumer,  lighten,  kindle,  =Pr.  alum- 
nar,  alumenar  =  Sp.  alumbrar  =  Pg.  alumiar, 
allumiar  =  It.  allumarc,  alluminare,  <  ML.  *al- 
luminare,  set  light  to,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  luminare, 
light,  <  lumen  (lumin-),  light:  see  luminous,  limn, 
and  cf.  illumine,  illuminate.']  To  illuminate; 
enlighten. 

alluminort  (a-lu'mi-nor),  n.  [ME.  lymnour,  etc. 
(see  limner),  <  AF.  alluminour,  OF.  alumineor, 
later  alluminiur,  <  ML.  as  i£  *alluminator,  equiv. 
to  illundnator,  <  *alluminare,  equiv.  to  illumi- 
nare :  see  allumine,  illumine.]  An  illuminator 
of  manuscripts. 

Before  the  invention  of  printing,  certain  persons  called 
Alluminors  made  it  a  trade  to  paint  the  initial  letters  of 
manuscripts  in  all  sorts  of  colours,  and  to  gild  them  witli 
silver  and  gold.  Barclay,  Diet.  (1823). 

all-ups  (al'ups),  n.  A  mixture  of  all  qualities 
of  coal,  excepting  fine  slack,  raised  from  one 
seam.     Gresley.     [Leicestershire,  Eng.] 

allurancet  (a-lur'ans),  n.  [<  allure'^  +  -ance.] 
Allm'emeut. 

allurantt  (a-llir'ant),  a.  [<  allure'^  +  -ant^.] 
Allui'ing;  enticing.     B.  Jonson. 

allure^  (a-lui''),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  allured,  ppr. 
alluring.  [Early  mod.  E.  (dure,  alewre,  <  ME. 
aluren,  <  AJT.  alurer,  OF.  alurer,  aleurrer,  aler- 
rer,  attract,  allure,  <  fl,  to,  +  lurer,  lure:  see 
lure.]  1.  To  tempt  b.v  the  offer  of  some  good, 
real  or  apparent ;  invite  by  something  flatter- 
ing or  acceptable;  draw  or  try  to  draw  by  some 
proposed  pleasure  or  advantage:  as,  rewards 
allure  men  to  brave  danger. 

Allur'd  to  brighter  worlds,  and  led  the  way. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  VIL,  L  170. 

2.  To  attract ;  fascinate  ;  charm. 

She  show'd  him  favours  to  allure  his  eye. 

Shak.,  Pass.  Pilg.,  iv. 

Sleeking  her  soft  alluring  locks. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  882. 

=  Syn.  Allure,  Lure,  Entice,  Decoy,  Seduce,  attract,  in- 
vite, coax,  engage,  prevail  on.  The  first  five  words  im- 
ply the  exercise  of  strong  but  subtle  infiuences  over  the 
mind  or  senses.  Allure,  lure,  to  attract  by  a  lure  or  bait, 
to  draw  by  appealing  to  tlie  hope  of  gain  or  the  love  of 
pleasure,  differ  but  little ;  the  former,  however,  seems 
to  imply  a  more  definite  object  than  lure,  which  retains 
perhaps  a  little  more  of  tlie  original  meaning,  though 
it  is  less  often  used.  Entice  expresses  most  of  skill, 
subtlety,  flatter)',  or  fair  speech.  Decoii  is  to  lead  into 
a  snare  by  false  appearances ;  this  word  is  the  one  most 
commonly  used  in  a  physical  sense.  Seduce,  to  lead  astray, 
generally  from  rectitude,  but  sometimes  from  interest  or 
truth. 

As  danger  could  not  daunt,  so  neither  could  ambition 
allure  him.  Latimer,  Sermons,  Int.,  p.  xli. 

So  beauty  lures  the  full-grown  child.        Byron,  Giaour. 

He  dooth  not  only  show  the  way,  but  giueth  so  sweete 
a  prospect  into  the  way,  as  will  intice  any  man  to  enter 
into  it.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 


alluvion 

He  sailed  for  England,  taking  with  him  five  of  the  na- 
tives whom  he  had  decoyed.      Baiu-ro/t,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  01. 

It  is  not  the  knavery  of  the  leaders  so  much  as  the  hon- 
esty of  the  followers  they  may  seduce,  that  gives  them 
I»nwcr  lor  eviL  Lou'ell,  Study  Windows,  p.  169. 

allure't  (a-liir'),  n.    [(.  allure^,  v."]  Allurement. 

allure'-t,  «•    Same  as  alure. 

allurement  (a-lur'ment),  H.  [<  allure^  +  -ment.] 

1.  The  act  of  alluring  or  attracting. 

Adam  Ijy  his  wife  8  allurement  felL  Hilton,  P.  R.,ii.  134. 

2.  That  which  allures;  any  real  or  apparent 
good  held  forth  or  operating  as  a  motive  to 
action;  a  temptation;  an  enticement:  as,  the 
alluremen  Is  of  pleasure  or  of  honor. 

Let  your  Scholer  be  neuer  afraide,  to  aske  you  any 
dout,  but  vse  discretlie  the  best  allurements  ye  can,  to  en- 
corage  him  to  the  same.  .^*c/iam,  The. Scholemaster,  p.  28. 

3.  Attractiveness;  fascination;  charm, 
allurer  (a-liir'er),  n.    One  who  or  that  which 

allures. 

Money,  the  sweet  allurer  of  our  hopes. 
Ebbs  out  in  oceans,  and  comes  in  by  drops. 

Dryden,  ProL  to  Prophetess,  I.  11. 

alluringly  (a-liir'ing-li),  adv.    In  an  alluring 

manner;  enticingly. 
alluringness  (a-liu-'ing-nes),  n.     The  quality  of 

l.ieing  alluring  or  fascinating. 
allusion  (a-Wzhon),  n.     [<  F.  allusion,  <  L.  allu- 

sio{n-),  adlusio^n-),  playing  or  sporting  with,  < 

alludere,  pp.  allusus:  see  allude.]     It.  A  play 

upon  words ;  a  pun. 

The  allusion  holds  in  the  exchange. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L,  iv.  2. 

[Said  by  Holofemes  with  reference  to  the  jest  about  the 

moon's  being  no  more  than  a  month  old  when  Adam  was 

fivescore.] 

2t.  A  symbolical  reference  or  comparison;  a 

metaphor. 

Virtue,  to  boiTow  the  Christian  allusion,  is  militant  here, 
and  various  untoward  accidents  contribute  to  its  being 
often  overborne.  Butler,  AnaL  Relig.,  i.  67. 

3.  A  passing  or  casual  reference;  a  slight  or 
incidental  mention  of  something,  either  directly 
or  by  implication;  a  hint  or  reference  used 
by  way  of  illustration,  suggestion,  or  insinu- 
ation: as,  a  classical  allusion;  an  allusion  to 
a  person's  misconduct. 

We  have  here  an  elaborate  treatise  on  Government,  from 
which,  l)Ut  for  two  or  tlu'ee  passing  allusions,  it  would 
not  appear  that  the  author  was  aware  that  any  govern- 
ments actually  existed  among  men. 

Macaulay,  MUl  on  Government. 

The  delicacy  of  touch,  the  circuitous  allu^on.  with  which 
[Sydney]  Smith  refers  to  things  commonly  received  as  vld- 
gar,  is  a  study  for  all  who  wish  to  master  the  refinements 
of  expression.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev..  I.  155. 

allusi'7e  (a-lti'siv),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  'allusivus,  < 
allusus,  pp.  of  alludere :  see  allude.]  If.  Piin- 
ning. — 2t.  Metaphorical. 

Poetry  is  triply  divided  into  narrative,  representative  or 
dramatic,  and  allusive  or  parabolical. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  II.  4. 

3.  Having  reference  to  something  not  fully 
expressed ;  containing,  ftill  of,  or  characterized 
by  allusions. 

The  allusive  but  not  inappropriate  pseudonjTn  of  Cas- 
sandra. W.  R.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  1. 
AUusive  arms,  in  her.    See  arm2. 
allusi'Vely  (a-lii'siv-li),  flf/i'.    If.  Symbolically; 
by  way  of  comparison  or  figure. — 2.  In  an  al- 
lusive manner;  by  way  of  allusion ;  by  sugges- 
tion, implication,  or  insinuation. 
allusi'Veness  (a-lii'siv-nes),  n.     The  quality  of 
being  allusive. 
The  nuiltifarious  allusirene.ss  of  the  prophetical  style. 
Dr.  H.  More,  Seven  Chiu-ches,  VL 

allusory  (a-lii'so-ri),  a.     [<  L.  as  if  *allusorius, 
<  allusus,  pp.  of  alludere :  see  allude.]   Allusive. 
Expressions  .  .  .  figurative  and  allusory. 

Warburton,  Sermons,  II.  100. 

allu'Tia,  n.     Plural  of  allurium. 

allutrial  (a-lii'vi-al),  a.  [<  L.  alluvius,  adluvius, 
alhmal  {see alhaiuni).  +  -al.]  Of, pertaining  to, 
or  composed  of  alluvium:  as,  allufial  deyiosits; 
alluvial  soU.— Alluvial  formations,  in  geoi,  recent 
deposits,  in  valleys  or  in  plains,  of  the  detritus  of  neigh- 
boring elevations,  brought  down  chiefly  by  the  action  of 
water.  Most  river-plains,  as  those  of  the  Mississippi,  are 
alluvial,  having  been  deposited  from  the  waters  of  a  river, 
a  lake,  or  an  arm  of  the  sea.     See  alluvium. 

The  windings  of  the  stream  in  large  alluvial  Bats  are 
most  numerous  where  the  current  is  exceedingly  slow. 

Dana,  Geology,  p.  641. 

allU'Vian  (a-lu'vi-an),  a.  Same  as  alluvial. 
[Rare.] 

allu'TiO  (i!-hi'%'i-6),  H.     [L.]     Same  as  alluvion. 

allU'7ion(a-hi'\'i-on),  n.  [<  F.  alluvion,  alluvion, 
accretion,  <  L.  aUuvio(n-),  adluvio(n-),  an  over- 
flowing, inimdation,  <  allucre,  adluerc,  flow  to, 
wash  upon,  <  ad,  to,  +  luerc,  wash.  =  Gfr.  ?.oveiv, 
wash:  see  lave-  and  lotion.]    1.  Formerly — (a) 


alluvion 

The  wash  of  the  sea  against  the  shore,  or  of  a 
river  agaiuHt  its  liauks.  (A)  The  material  de- 
posited by  seas  or  rivers ;  alluvium  (whieh  see). 
— 2.  In  ludderu  loKal  use,  an  inerease  of  land 
on  a  shore  or  a  river-bank  by  the  action  of 
water,  as  by  a  current  or  by  waves,  wliether 
from  natural  or  from  artiticial  causes.    If  thu  ml- 


153 

especially  in  Egypt,  to  a  girl  whose  occupation 
is  to  amuso  company  in  the  houses  of  the 
wealthy  or  to  sing  dirges  at  funerals;  a  sing- 
ing girl,  of  a  higher  class  than  tlu!  ghawazeo  or 
dancing-girls  of  Egyjit,  with  whom  the  almas 
are  sometimes  confounded.  See  ijUaieuxc  and 
!lli(l~ii/<li.     Also  sjielled  rilnif  and  (iliiwh, 

ditioii  iins  bcfri  niaiiimi  uimI  inipcrccptiijic,  tiie  owrici- of  almacantart,  almacantaratht,  ".     Same  as 

thi.-  liliiii  thus  auunielltecl  lias  a  riglil  to  tin-  alluvial  i;arth  ;     „/,„„,.„„  /„,■_ 


bill  if  the  aililitioii  has  lit'uii  sudik-ii  ami  consiclt  laMf,  !)>■ 
the  I'oiiimoii  law  the  alluvion  is  thu  jiropirty  i.l  thi'  s..v- 
ereinn  or  state,  liy  the  law  of  Seotlaiul.  howuvei-,  it  le- 
niaius  the  property  of  the  person  of  whoso  lands  it  origi- 
nally fornietl  part.  If  witnesses  could  see  from  time  to  time 
that  progress  had  been  made,  tholl|,'h  they  eould  not  per- 
ceive the  proj;reas  while  the  jirocess  was  going  on,  the 
chainte  is  deeiiieil  gradual  within  the  rule. 

alluvlOUS  (a-li'vi-us),  rt.  [<  L.  aUiiviiis,  allu- 
vial: tivr  dliuvium.']    Sumo  aii  alliivial.    [Kare.] 

alluvium  (a-lu'vi-um),  )!.;  pi.  alltiiia  (-ii).    [L., 


almadia  (al-ma-de'ii),  n.  [<  F.  almadie,  <  Ar. 
ul-iim'dlyah,  <  ul,  tlio,  +  ma'diiiah,  ferry-boat,  < 
ma'tliij,  a  passage,  <  'ailay,  pass  or  cross  over.] 

1.  A  river-boat  used  in  India,  shaped  like  a 
shuttle,  about  80  feet  long  and  6  or  7  broad. — 

2.  A  small  African  canoe  made  of  the  bark  of 
trees.  Some  of  the  larger  siiuare-sterned  boats 
of  the  negroes  are  also  thus  designated. 

Also  written  almadie,  alniadi/. 


jirop.  neut'.'  of  allufliis,  adluriiis,  alluvial,  <  al-  Almagest  (arma-jest),  n.    [<  ME.  almaijcKt,  al- 
/((f/v,  «(//Here,  flow  to,  wash  upon:  see  «HH('Joii.]  ' 

A  deposit,  usually  of  mingled  sand  and  mud, 
resulting  from  the  action  of  Ihuaatilo  cm-rents: 
applied  by  geologists  to  the  most  recent  sedi- 
mentary deposits,  especially  such  as  occur  in 
the  valleys  of  large  rivers:  opposed  to  diluvium 
(which  see).  ^/;i/ii'ii«  (which  see)  was  formerly  used 
for  both  marine  and  fresh-water  deposits,  but  aUumum 
has  taken  its  place,  although  generally  used  only  for  tlu- 
\iatilr  deposits. 

allwhere  (al'hwar),  adiK    [<  ME.  alwhere;  <  all 
+  wliere.^    Every^vhere.     [Rare.] 

I  follow  allwheril  for  thy  sake. 

Lowell,  To  the  iluse. 

allwhither  (arhwiTH"er),  adc.  [< all  +  whither.'^ 
In  every  direction.     B.  Taylor,  DeukaUon,  IV. 

iii.  153.    (.V.  j:.  V.) 

allyi  (a-li' ),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ajlied,  ppr.  allying. 


[(.ilE'.'alyen,  alien,  <0F. alic};F. allier,  comhiue,  Almaint  (al'man),  o.  and  «.     [Early  mod.  E 

mix,  alloy;  in  another  form  OF.  w/cier,  nHn»/er,       •       •■  ■•      ■ 

mod.  F.  (diiyer,  mi.x,  alloy  (>  E.  alUnfi  and  alloy, 

q.  v.);  <  L.  alligare,  adligare,  bind  to,  iad,  to, 

+  ligare,  bind.     Cf.  alligaic  and  alliance.']     I. 

trans.  1.  To  imite  by  marriage,  treaty,  league, 

or  confederacy;  connect  by  formal  agreement : 

generally  usetl  in  the  passive  or  with  reflexive 

prouomis. 

Salamis  .  .  .  revolted,  and  alluid  itself  to  ilegara. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  470. 

2.  To  bind  together;   connect,  as  by  resem- 
blance or  friendshij). 

Ah,  madam,  true  wit  is  more  nearly  allied  to  good-na- 
tui-e  than  your  ladyship  is  aware  of. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  ii.  2. 


No  fossil  form  allied  to  Amphioxus  is  known. 

Huxhij,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  lOS. 

II.  in  trans.  To  join  or  imite;  enter  into  al- 
liance. 

ally'^  (a-li',  often  al'i),  n. ;  pi.  allies  (a-liz',  often 
al'iz)."  [<  ME.  alie,  ally,  esp.  kinsman, <  OF.  alie, 
ialier,^. altier, ally:  seea?/yl,)'.]  1.  Onermited 
or  associated  with  another  by  kinship,  treaty, 
or  league ;  a  confederate ;  more  particularly,  a 
sovereign  or  state  connected  with  another  by 
league  offensive  and  defensive,  or  a  subject  or 
citizen  of  such  sovereign  or  state. 

England  .  .  .  and  France  entered  the  war  as  allies. 

J.  McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  Times,  .Kxvii. 

2.  An  auxiliary;  an  associate  or  friend. 
What  ilid  not  a  little  contribute  to  leave  him  thus  with- 
out an  allti  was,  that  if  there  were  any  one  post  more 
untenable  than  the  rest,  he  would  be  sure  to  throw  himself 
into  it.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy. 

3.  In  coijl.,  an  animal  more  or  less  closely  re- 
lated to  another  in  respect  to  morphological 
characters,  and  placed  in  the  same  alliance 
(which  see).  =  Syn.  Associate,  Friend,  Companion,  etc. 
See  associate. 

ally^t,  »•     A  former  spelling  of  alley'^. 

ally^,  n.     See  alley-. 

allyl  (al'il),  n.  [<  L.  aUiium),  garlic,  +  -yl,  <  Gr. 
i'///,  matter.]  An  organic  radical,  C3H5,  whieh 
does  not  exist  in  the  free  state.  At  the  inoinent 
of  its  liberation  two  molecules  combine  to  form  diallyl, 
(',•,11,0,  a  pungent  ethereal  liquid.  Also  spelled  alhjle.— 
Allyl  sulphld,  (C:,U.-,).S.  the  oil  of  gallic,  which  gives  to 
nriioiis  ami  garlic  their  peculiar  smell  and  taste. 

allylamine  (a-lil'a-min),  «.  [<  allyl  +  amine.'] 
A  mobile  liquid,  NB2(C3H5),  having  a  sharp, 
burning  taste,  produced  by  the  action  of  potash 
on  allyl  eyanate.  It  may  be  regarded  as  am- 
monia in  "  '  " 
by  allyl. 

allyle,  n.     See  alliil. 

allylic  (a-lil'ik),  o.  [<  allyl  +  -ic]  Of  or  be- 
longing to  allyl:  as,  an  allylic  sulphid. 

alma,  almah  (al'mii),  n.  [<  Ar.  'almah,  learned, 
knowing  (with  ref.'to  theii'  instruction  in  music 
and  dancing),  <  'alama,  know.  Cf.  alim,  alem.] 
The  name  given  in  some  parts  of  the  East,  and 


almoin 

A  yearly  calendar  showing  the  correspondeuce 
between  the  days  of  tin,'  week  and  the  days  of 
the  month,  the  rising  and  setting  of  the  sun  and 
moon,  the  changes  of  the  moon  and  of  the  tides, 
and  other  astronomical  data,  and  usually  also 
the  ecclesiastical  fasts  and  feasts,  chronological 
information,  etc.  Many  annual  publications  called 
almanacs  are  largely  extended  by  the  insertion  of  histori- 
cal, political,  statistical,  and  i>thcr  enrrcnt  inf'irmation,  aa 
supplemental  to  the  calendar.  — Nautical  almanac,  an 
almanac  for  the  use  of  navigators  and  astionoiiicrs,  in 
which  are  given  the  ephemerides  of  all  the  bodies  of  the 
solar  system,  places  of  the  fixed  stars,  jiredictions  of  as* 
tronomical  phenomena,  and  the  angular  distances  of  the 
moon  from  the  sun,  planetj),  and  fixed  stars.  Nautical  al- 
manacs are  juiblished  by  the  governments  of  Great  Britain, 
the  I'nited  States,  and  most  other  maritime  powers, 
almandert  (al-man'der),  H.  [ME.  almander, 
alniaunder,  <  OF.  almandier,  mod.  amandiir  (cf. 
Sp.  almcndro,  ML.  amondalarius),  an  almond- 
tree,  <  almande,  almond :   see  almond.']     Au 

IV.  ^...^.  .,,„,..,  ^.,„,   ^  .,1..  ,.,-,„,.-    almond-tree.     Chaucer;   Wyclif. 

0' «7-"^),  +  Grr«wVr;rfem.  of  almandin,  almandine  (al'man-din),  n.    [<  p. 

suiierl  ot  uhar  great-  see  almandine,  <  LL.  alaniandina,  a  corruption  of 
'atest  work  on  astronomy  be-  alahandina  :  see  alahandinc.]  Precious  or  no- 
ble garnet,  a  beautiful  mineral  of  a  red  color, 
of  various  shades,  sometimes  tinged  with  yel- 
low or  blue.  It  is  eonimonly  translucent,  sometimes 
transparent,  and  usually  crystallizes  in  the  rhombic  dode- 
lalicdvon.     Also  called  almandUe.     See  garnet. 

Almasmet,  «.  and  ».    Same  as  Almain. 

alme,  almeh.  (al'me),  n.    See  alma. 

almena  (al-me'nil),  n.  [Sp.  almena  =  Pg. 
anieia,  a  two-pound  weight,  prob.  <  Ar.  al,  the, 
+  menu,  a  measure,  a  two-pound  weight.]  A 
weight  of  about  a  kilogi'am,  or  '2\  pounds,  used 
in  the  East  Indies. 

almeriet,  almeryt,  ».   Variant  forms  of  ambry. 

almesset,  "•     An  old  form  of  alms. 

almicantaratht,  «.     Same  as  almucaniar. 

almightt,  "■  [<  ME.  almight,  almyght,  almyzi, 
alnulit,  <  AS.  almilit,  almighty,  <  eel-,  al,  all,  + 
}nilit,  might.]     Almighty. 

lilessed  be  God,  Father  atmi'iht. 

Primei-  Hen.  fill.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

almightily  (al-mi'ti-li),  adv.  In  an  almighty 
manner;  with  almighty  power:  sometimes  used 
vulgarly  as  an  expletive :  as,  I  was  almightily 
angrv.     [Kare.] 

almightiness  (al-mi'ti-nes),  «.  The  quality  of 
being  almighty;  omnipotence;  infinite  or  bound- 
less power:  as,  "the  force  of  his  almightiness," 
Jer.  Taylor. 

God  .  .  .  made  them  promises  binding  the  strength  of 
his  Almvihtiness  with  covenants  sworn  to  everlastingly. 
L.  Wallive,  Beil-Hnr,  p.  106. 

almighty  (al-mi'ti),  «.  [<  ME.  almighty,  al- 
myghty,  almi^ti,  almihti,  <  AS.  ealmihtig,  callmih- 
tii/,  wlmihtiq,  a'lmeahtiq  (=OS.  almahtig,  alamah- 
tig,  aJomahti(i  =  OHG.  almahtig,  alamahtig),  < 
cal,  call,  all,  4-  militig,  mighty:  see  all,  adv.,  and 
mighty.]  1.  Possessing  all  power;  omnipotent; 
of  unlimited  might ;  of  boundless  sufficiency. 
Him  the  .ilmi'ihty  I'ower 
HurVd  headlong  llaming  from  the  ethereal  sky. 

MMim,  V.  I..,  i.  44. 

2.  Great;  extreme;  overpowering.     [C'olloq.] 

Poor  Ar(»ar  can  not  live,  and  can  not  die, —  so  that  he  is 

in  an  alniKjIitij  ILx.  He  t/uincey. 

Almighty  dollar,  a  phrase  forcibly  expressive  of  the 

power  of  mouev:  tirst  used  by  Washington  Irving  in  ''A 

Creole  Vilhigc,"  publislied  in  1837.— The  Almighty,  the 

omnipotent  God. 

I'.y  IIlc  Alini'jidij,  who  shall  bless  thee.         Gen.  xlLx.  25. 

almightyship  (al-mi'ti-ship),  «.     l<almighty  + 

ship.]    Thcstato  orqualityof  being  almighty; 

Cowley. 


niageste,  <  OF.  and  ML.  almagcstc,  <  Ar.  al-ma 
jisii,  <  al,  the  (see 
lii-jWTOQ,  greatest 

mega-.]  The  greatest  work  on  astronomy 
fore  Copernicus,  written  in  the  second  century 
A.  D.  by  the  Alexandrian  astronomer  Ptole- 
my. Its  proper  title  is  "Mathematical  Composition"; 
but  it  was  called  Almagest,  or  the  greatest,  to  distinguish 
it  from  other  books  by  the  same  author. 

('ross,  and  character,  and  Udisman, 
And  almagest,  and  altar. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,vi.  17. 

almagra  (al-ma'gra),  >(.  [<  Sp.  almagra,  alma- 
grc  =  Pg.  almagre,  i.  \i.  al-mayhrah,  red  ocher.] 
A  fine  deep-red  ocher,  with  an  admixture  of 
pm-ple,  used  in  India  for  staining  the  person. 
It  is  also  sometimes  used  as  a  paint,  and  fi>r  polishing  sil- 
ver and  glass,  under  the  name  of  Imli'in  retl. 


also  Almayn,  Almaigne,  Alman,  and  in  sense  II., 
'2,  alman,  almond,  <  ME.  Almayn,  Almiinn,  n.,  a 
German,  <  OF.  Aleman,  F.  .Uli  niinid.  (lerman, 
<  L.  Alemanni,  Alamanni:  see  Alemannic]  I. 
a.  Geiinan. 

Almain  ritters  with  their  horsemen's  staves. 

Marlowe,  Faustus,  i. 
Abnain  stone-ware  vessels. 

Jour.  Arehaol.  Ass.,  XXX.  131. 

II.  «.  1.  A  German. 

He  sweats  not  to  overthrow  your  Almain. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

2.  Akindof  dance. —  3.  A  kind  of  dance-music 
in  slow  time. 
Almain-rivet  (armau-riv"et),  n.     [<  Almain  + 
rivet.]    In  niilit.  antiq.,  one  of  a  series  of  rivets 
or  short  pieces  of  metal 
sliding  in  slot-holes  form- 
ed in  overlapping  plates 
of  armor,  replacing  tin 
common     appliance     <  ' 
riveting  to  straps  of  Iim 
ther  or  similar  material 
first  used  by  the  Germans 
about    1450.    The  term  .1/ 
viain-rii'cts  came  afterward  to 
be   applied  to  suits  of  armor 
constructed    in   this    manner. 
Also  spelled  Alinayne-ricet,  .ll- 
ntan-nret. 

alma  mater  (al'ma  ma'- 
ter).  [L. :  alma,  feiii.  of  «/»»«,  fostering,  cher- 
ishing, benign,  <  alerc.  nom'ish,  foster  (see  ali- 
ment and  alumnus) ;  mater  =  E.  mother.]  Liter- 
ally, fostering  mother:  in  modern  use,  applied 
by"  students  to  the  university  or  college  in 
which  they  have  been  trained, 


Tasset  of  Plates.  Almain-rivet 
Armor,  isth  centur>'. 


omnipotence, 
icnj aminWoodbridge  was  the  eliiest  son  of  our aima  almiQUi   (ill-me'ke),    ».     The  native    name    of 
•^eirce,  Hist,  of  Uarv.  Univ.,  App.,  p.  67.      ^•„;,,„„,,„„  cnhanns,   an  il 


Almant  (al'man),  a.  and  n.     Same  as  Almain. 

almanac  (al'ma-nak).  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  alma- 
naeh;  almanach,  <  ME.  almenak  =  F.  almanaeh 
=  Sp.  almanac,  almanaejuc  =  Pg.  almanaeh,  al- 
manac =  It.  almanacco  =  D.  almanak  =  G.  alma- 
nack (>  Pol.  almanaeh)  =  Sw.  almanaeh  =Uan. 
almanak;  <  ML.  almanac,  almanack  (Roger  Ba- 
con, A.  D.  1267);  appar.  <  Ar.  al,  the,  +  "»«<- 
HrtA7(,  almanaque,  calendario,"  so  given  in  the 
Ai'abic-Castilian  "  Vocabulista  "  of  Pedro  de 
Alcala  (a.  D.  1505),  who  also  gives  "manah, 
relax  del  sol,"  i.  e.,  sun-dial.     The  word,  used,  it 

in  Spain  as 


insectivorous  mammal 
peculiar  to  Cuba,  belonging  to  the  family  Solc- 
nodontida:  The  animal  is  about  11  inches  long,  with 
a  tail  7J  inches  in  length.  It  strikingly  resembles  an 
opossum*  in  general  appearance,  though  belonging  to 
an  entirely  ditferent  order  of  mammals.  Tile  alnniini  is 
the  lai-gest  of  American  Inseeliroi-a,  and  one  of  the  rarest 
of  American  mammals.  It  is  nocturnal  in  habits  and 
lives  under  ground  in  caves.  There  is  a  similar  Haytian 
animal,  .Solnwdon  paradoxus,  called  agouta  (which  see). 

See  Suleiiudnii. 

almirah  (al-mc'ril),  «.  [Anglo-Ind.,  <  llind. 
almdri,  <  Pg.  almario,armario,  <  'L.armarium,  a 
closet,  chest,  >  E.  ambry,  q.  v.]  A  kind  of  cup- 
board used  in  India;  an  armoire  or  wardrobe ;  a 
lest  of  drawers.    Also  wi-itten almyra,  almura. 


:^,.u»,tc.     ..  ^i»^  ,.=  ..B— —      appears,  by  Arabic  astronomers  J  enesr  01  .1 

which  one  hydrogen  atom  is  replaced    early  as  the  12th  or  IJth  century  is  not  found     ^  „,monerl. 

elsewhere  as  Arabic,  and  must  be  of  foreign,  *i5^^    almoimt  (al-moin').  n.     [Early  mod. 

presumptively  of  Greek,  ongm ;  without  prool  atoom^  X?«r«l/'«r   ME.  alLyn,^  alms, 

from  records,  it  has  been  identinea  with  L.     ''•   "  '  ..-'„„- 

manaehusOT  manacus,  also  cited  as  Gr.  'fir/vaxor, 

'/idvaxoc,  a  false  reading  in  Vitru\ius  for  L. 

mcnerus,  a    circle   on  a  sun-dial  showing  the 

months  or  signs  of  the  zodiac,  <  Gr.  /iifvaior, 

monthly,  <  iirjv  =  'L.  mensis,  month:  see  month.] 


E.  also  almonc, 
alms-chest,  <  AF.  'almoin,  'almoign,  OF.  al- 
mone,  almo.9ne,  later  aumdne :  see  alms,  and 
ef.  almoner'^.]  1.  Alms.— 2.  An  alms-chest.— 
Frank  almoin,  literally,  free  alms  ;  a  perpetual  tenure  by 
free  gift  of  charity:  usually  written  as  one  word,  .^raiiAoi- 
tnoin  (which  see). 


almond 

almond  (a'mond  or  al'iuond),  n.  [Early  mod. 
H.  also  (iiiiaiid,  <  MK.  iilmondr,  (ilmiaidt,  al- 
muKiidc,  almaunde,  almnmk;  ptc,  <  OF.  ahiutnde, 
earlier  alemandc,  tdcmdiidrc,  idcmnndk,  also 
anuindc,  mod.  F.  amandi=\.'v.  amandola  =  Sp. 
almc»dra=zVg.  amiiiiUxi  =  lt.  minitloria,  man- 
dola  (the  «/-  for  orig.  ((-,  in  E.,  OF.,  and  Sp.,  be- 
ing due  j)roli.  to  eonfiisiou  with  the  Ar.  art.,  or 
perhaps  with  the  word  Almain,  German)  =  D. 
a;«((H(/f/  =  OHO.  mamUdu,  MHG.  G.  »ia>idel  = 
Dan.  Sw.  maiidd  =  Kuss.  miiidnlimi,  ilim.,  <  ML. 
amandola,  a  corruption  (through  'amingdala)  of 
L.  ami/f/dalfi,  <  Gr.  afivySd?.?/,  h/iiySa'Aov,  an  al- 
mond: see  ami/gd(dii.']  1.  The  stone  or  kernel 
of  the  fruit  of  Pniiiiis  {Amygdahis)  cmnmunis, 
the  almond-tree  (which  see).  Uiere  are  two  kinds, 
the  sweet  and  the  bitter.  Sweet  ahiionds  are  a  favorite 
nut.  They  are  tlie  source  of  almond-oil,  and  an  emulsion 
made  from  them  is  used  in  medicine.  The  best,  from 
Malaga,  are  known  as  Jordan  almonds.  Bitter  almonds 
are  smaller,  and  yield,  besides  almond-oil  and  an  azutized 
substance  called  emut.<in  (found  also  in  sweet  almonds),  a 
bittt  T  crystalline  priiuiple  called  amygdalin,  which  when 
mixc.i  with  cuuilsin  is  decomposed,  producing  liydrocyanic 
acid  aiul  bitter-alraond  oil. 

2.  Anything  shaped  like  an  almond;  an  orna- 
ment in  the  shape  of  an  almond ;  specifically,  a 
piece  of  rock-crystal  used  in  adorning  branched 
candlesticks — African  almonds,  the  seeds  of  the  pro- 
teacc. lis  shrub /;;■,!/«■,  H./(.v(,7(«(i>.(ii()/i, of  southern  Africa. 
—Almond  of  the  throat,  a  t.jiisil  or  amysdala.— Coun- 
try almonds,  a  jiamc  smiK-timcs  given  to  the  fruit  of  the 
East  Indian  tree  T'Tinii/ttlia  Catappa.—JSiVEL  altnonds, 
the  fruit  of  Canarium  ainn/unw, 

almond-cake  (ii'mond-kak),  n.  The  cake  left 
after  e.xpressing  the  oil  from  abnonds.  Its 
powder  is  used  as  soap  in  washing  the  hands. 

almond-eyed  (a'moud-id),  «.  Ha\-ing  almond- 
shaped  eyes,  as  the  Chinese  and  others  of  the 
ilougolian  race. 

almond-furnace  (al'mond-fer"nas),  n.  [Prob. 
for  Aliiiciiii  or  Alman  furnace;  i  Almain,  Ger- 
man (see  Almain),  +  furnace.']  A  furnace  in 
which  the  slags  of  litharge  left  in  refining  sil- 
ver are  reduced  to  lead  by  being  heated  with 
charcoal. 

almond-oil  (a'mond-oil),  «.  A  bland,  fixed  oil 
obtained  from  almonds  by  pressure,  and  used 
in  medicine  as  a  demideeiit — Bitter-almond  oil, 
a  volatile  oil  distilled  from  the  residual  cake  of  bitter  al- 
monds after  the  almond-oil  has  been  expressed,  and  due 
to  decomposition  of  the  amygdalin  and  enudsin  of  the 
seeds. 

almond-paste  (a'mond-past),  n.  A  cosmetic 
composed  of  bitter  almonds,  white  of  egg,  rose- 
water,  and  rectified  spirit,  used  to  soften  the 
skin  and  prevent  chapping. 
almond-tree  (a'mond-tre),  n.  A  species  of 
I'runus,  1'.  communis,  producing  the  almond. 
The  leaves  and  Howers 
resemble  those  of  the 
peach,  but  the  fruit  is 
more  compressed,  with 
a  thin,  tough,  and  fi- 
brous deciduous  husk 
when  ripe,  and  the  shell 
thinner  and  more  fra- 
gile. The  tree  is  culti- 
vated for  its  nuts  in  the 
region  bordering  the 
Mediterranean,  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  to  a  limited 
extent  in  the  southern 
United  States ;  else- 
where it  is  grown  for 
ornament,  on  account 
of  its  large  early  flow- 
ers. The  common  yfozecr- 
inrf  almond  is  a  dwarf 
double-flowered  species 
from  Russia,  P.  nana.  The  tropical  Terminalla  Catappa, 
of  the  East  Indies,  is  also  called  almond-tree. 
almoneri,  abnner  (al'mon-er,  iim'ner),  II. 
[Early  mod.  E.  almoner,  almener,  almner,  amc- 
ner,  amner,  <  ME.  amoner,  amcner.  earlier  au- 
moner,  aumener,  awmciier,  etc.,  <  OF.  aumoner, 
aumotiier,  almosnier,  mod.  F.  aumdnier=Pr. 
almosnier,  almonicr  (ML.  reflex  almonarius, 
"almosinarius)  =  Sp.  limosnero,  almoner,  =  Pg. 
esmolcr,  almoner,  esmolciro,  a  begging  friar, 
=  It.  limosiniero,  -iere,  -aria,  <  ML.  clccmo- 
synarius,  a  giver  or  distributer,  sometimes  also 
a  receiver,  of  alms  (cf.  OF.  almosnere,  al- 
mosncor  z=  It.  limosinatore,  <  ML.  elccmosyna- 
tor,  a  giver  of  alms),  <  LL.  eleemosi/na,  alms: 
see  eleemosynary  (of  whieli  almoner^  is  a  dou- 
blet), almoner",  and  alms.]  A  dispenser  of 
alms  or  charity;  especially,  a  person  charged 
with  the  distribution  of  alms  as  an  official  duty. 
The  oflice  of  almoner  was  first  instituted  in  monasteri'es 
ami  other  religious  houses,  which  were  required  to  dis- 
pf^nse  part  of  their  revenues  in  charity.  Almoners,  usually 
priests,  and  often  acting  also  as  chaplains,  were  afterward 
attached  to  the  households  of  sovereigns,  feudal  lords, 
prelates,  etc.,  and  to  public  institutions  of  various  kinds. 
In  France  the  name  early  became  synonymous  with  chap- 
lain. (Seeaumonter.)  The  i/ra/tti  aJjMoner  of  the  realm  was 


154 

regularly  a  cardinal  or  other  high  prelate ;  since  the  Revo- 
lution tliisi)ost  has  been  alternately  restxtred  and  abolished. 
In  Knglaud  there  is  a  litrd  almoner,  or  lord  hifih  almoner, 
an  ecclesiastical  otiicer,  generally  a  bishop,  wiio  formerly 
had  the  forfeiture  of  all  deodands  and  the  goods  of  all 
suicides,  which  he  had  to  tlistribute  to  the  poor.  He  now 
distributes  twice  a  year  the  sovereign's  bounty,  which  con- 
sists in  giving  a  silver  penny  each  to  as  numy  poor  penscins 
as  the  sovereign  is  years  of  age.  There  is  "also  a  mdial- 
moni'r,  and  a  hereilitary  i/rand  almoner.  The  offlce  of  the 
latter  is  now  alnnjst  a  sinecure. 
almoner-t,  «.  [<  ME.  alner  (for  'ulmner),  aw- 
mcr,  aumener,  awmcncr,  <  OF.  aumonierc,  almoi- 
nierc,  F.  aumdniere  (sometimes  used 
in  this  form  in  E.)  =  Pr.  almosnera 
(ML.  reflex  almonaria,  almoneriu) 
=  Pg.  esmohira,  alms-box,  <  ML. 
elcemosynaria,  an  alms-pm-se,  alms- 
box,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  bursa,  purse,  area, 
box),  fern,  of  eleemosynarius :  see  ai- 
moner^,  and  ef.  almonry,  of  which 
Almoner.  alnioiwr^  IS  a  doublet.]  1.  An  alms- 
purse. —  2.  In  general,  a  purse,  es- 
pecially a  large  purse,  or  pouch,  usually  (from 
the  twelfth  century  until  the  fifteenth)  hung 
from  the  girdle.  It  was  closed  either  by  cords  drawn 
through  the  hem,  or  in  a  easing,  or  by  a  clasp.  It  took  to 
a  great  extent  the  place  of  a  pocket. 
almonership  (al'mon-er-ship),  «.  The  office 
or  i>ositiou  of  almoner. 
almonry  (al'mon-ri),  «.;  pi.  almonries  (-riz). 
[<  late  ME.  almosncrye,  <  OF.  *almosnerie,  au- 
mosncrie,  F.  aumoncric  =  Pr.  almonaria  (ML.  re- 
flex almonaria,  almonarium),  <  ML.  elcemosyna- 
ria, an  almshouse,  the  residence  or  office  of 
an  almoner,  also  an  alms-purse  or  alms-box  (in 
this  sense  the  soirrce  of  almoner"),  prop.  adj. 
fem.  of  eleemosynarius :  see  almoner'^,  almoner'^, 
and  eleemosynary.  A  different  word  from  ambry, 
with  which,  through  the  forms  almery,  ambery, 
it  has  been  in  part  confused:  see  ambry.]  The 
lilace  where  an  almoner  resides  or  where  alms 
are  distributed,  in  monasteries  it  is  situated  near  the 
church  or  at  the  gate-house ;  sometimes  it  is  a  separate 
building,  as  the  alnto7irit  at  Canterbury,  and  sometimes 
it  contains  lodgings  for  choristers  attached  to  the  church. 
almost  (al'most),  adv.  [Colloq.  or  dial,  amost, 
'most,  dial,  also  ommost,  omast,  Sc.  amaist, 
'maist,  <  JIE.  tdmost,  almoost,  almeste,  almastc, 
<  AS.  (dmel'st,  eahnicst,  mostly  all,  nearly  all,  < 
al,  eal,  E.  all,  +  miest,  E.  most',  adv.]  If.  Nearly 
all;  for  the  most  part ;  mostly.  [In  this  sense 
almost  all  is  now  used.] 
These  giuers  were  alnwtit  Northmen. 

A.^rham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  133. 

2.  Very  nearly ;  well-nigh ;  all  but. 

I  almufit  wish 
He  be  not  dead,  although  my  wrongs  are  great. 

Sttelley,  The  Cenci,  iii.  2. 


almucantar 

alms-basin  (amz'ba  "sn),  n.     A  basin  or  dish  of 
metal  used  to  receive  the  alms-bags  to  be  laid 


Alms-basin  decorated 


-  enamel,  13th  century. 


Almost  never,  hardly  ever.- 
scarcely  any. 


Almost  no,  almost  none, 


Almond  ( Pritttits  commttttis). 


almoust,  n.  [=  Sc.  awmous,  <  ME.  almouse,  al- 
mows,  aim  us,  <Ieel.  aim  usa,  olmusa  z=:Sv,- .  almosa 
=  Dan.  almisse  =  AH.  (clmcsse,  E.  alms:  see  alms, 
of  wliich  almous,  Sc.  awmous,  represents  the 
Scand.  form.]     An  old  form  of  alms. 

alms  (amz),  n.  sing.,  sometimes  used  as  pi.  [< 
ME.  almes,  almis,  almessc,  almisse,  elmes,  elmesse, 
a:lme.ssc,  a^lmisse,<.  AS.  a'lmesse,  (clmysse  (in  comp. 
cclmcs;  almes-)  =  OS.  alamosna  =  OFries.  iel- 
missc  =  D.  aalmoes =OB.(i.  alamiiosan,  alamusan, 
MHG.  almiiosen,  G.  almoscn  =  leel.  almusa,  ol- 
musa =  Sw.  almosa  =  Dan.  almisse  =  OF.  al- 
mosne,  aumosne,  F.  aumonc  (see  almoin,  almoign) 
=  Pr.  ff?mo«/m  =  Sp.  limosna  =  'Pg.  esmola  =  It. 
limosina  =  OBvilg.<dmu::Jiino  =  Bo\iem.almu.:lina 
=  Pol.  jalmu:hna  =  Hung.  <ilami::sna,  <  ML.  *al- 
mosina,  elimosina,  LL.  eleemosyna,  alms,  <  Gr. 
tAttJitoavvrj,  pity,  compassion,  alms,  <  e'Mi//iuv, 
pitiful,  merciful,  compassionate,  <  c'/.co^,  pity, 
mercy,  compassion.  See  almoner^,  almoner^, 
and  eleemosynary.]  1.  The  act  of  relieving 
the  needy;  charitable  aid;  ministration  to  the 
poor:  as,  to  give  money  in  alms. 

When  thou  doest  alm^,  let  not  thy  left  hand  know  what 
thy  riudit  hand  doeth.  Mat,  vi,  3, 

2.  That  which  is  given  to  the  poor  or  needy;  a 
charitable  dole;  anything  bestowed  in  charity. 
Enoch  set  himself. 
Scorning  an  alms,  to  work  whereby  to  live. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 
To  scatter  from  our  abundance  occasional  almx  is  not 
enough.  Channinij,  Works,  IV.  291. 

Reasonable  alms,  in  flng.  law,  a  p.art  of  the  estate  of 
an  intestate  person  allotted  to  the  poor.— Tenure  by 
free  alms,  in  England,  an  ecclesiastical  tenure  of  land 
by  which  the  possessor  was  formerly  bound  to  pray  for 
the  s<inl  of  the  donor,  whether  dead  or  alive;  frank.al- 
iiioin  ("hiih  see), 
alms-bag  (iimz'bag),  «.  A  bag  of  some  fine 
material  used  for  collecting  alms  during  divine 
service. 


upon  the  altar.  Sometimes  the  alms  was  received  di- 
ivi  tly  in  the  bxsin,  without  use  of  the  bag.  See  alms-ban. 
Als.j  called  ahn-^aish. 

alms-box  (iimz'boks),  ».     Same  as  alms-chest. 
alms-chest  (amz'chcst),  n.    A  chest  or  box  fast- 
ened to  the  wall,  as  of  a  church,  to  receive  ofi'er- 
ings  for  the  poor  or  for  any  religious  purpose. 
alms-deed   (iimz'ded),  n.   "[<  ME.  almes-dede, 
alinessc-dcdc,  etc.]     An  act  of  charity;  a  char- 
itable deed.     Acts  ix.  3G. 
alms-dish  (amz'dish),  n.     [<  ME.  almes-disshe.] 

Same  as  alms-basin. 
alms-drink  (amz'dringk),  n.     The  leavings  of 
drink,  such  as  might  be  given  away  in  alms. 
2rf  ,SVrr,   Lepidus  is  high-c(doured. 
1st  .SVrr,  They  have  made  him  drink  alms-drink. 

Shak:,  A.  and  C,  ii.  7. 

alms-fee  (amz'fe),  n.  [<  AS.  (Elmes-feoh,  <  cel- 
messc,  alms,  +  feoh,  money:  see  fee.]  An  an- 
nual tax  of  one  penny  on  every  hearth,  collected 
in  England  and  Ireland  and  sent  to  Rome,  from 
the  beginning  of  the  tenth  centurj-  until  it  was 
abolished  by  Henry  VIII.  Also  called  Home- 
scot  or  Home-fee,  and  Peto^s  pence. 

He  [Edmund],  toward  the  middle  of  the  tenth  celltttry, 
strictly  conmiands  payment  of  tithe,  .  .  .  and  alms-fee. 
Kemhle,  Saxons  in  Eng.,  ii.  10. 

alms-folk  (iimz'fok),  n.  pi.  Persons  supported 
by  alms. 

alins-gate  (amz'gat),  «.  That  gate  of  religious 
or  great  houses  at  which  alms  were  distributed 
to  the  poor. 

almsgiver(amz'giv"er),  «.   One  who  gives  alms. 

almsgiving  (amz'giv'ing),  n.  The  act  of  giving 
alms. 

almshouse  (amz'hous),  n.  [<  ME.  almesshoirse.] 
A  house  appropriated  for  the  use  of  the  poor 
who  are  supported  by  the  public  or  by  a  rev- 
enue derived  from  private  endowment ;  a  poor- 
house.  In  tlie  United  States  almshouse  and  poorhouse 
are  synonymous,  meaning  only  a  house  for  the  common 
residence  of  the  publicly  supported  paupers  of  a  town  or 
county.  In  Great  Britain  almshm(.^s  are  generally  a 
number  of  small  dwellings  built  together,  supported  by 
private  endowment,  for  the  use  of  respectable  persons 
reduced  to  poverty,  buildings  for  public  paupers  being 
called  iforkhoiL^es  or  poorhonses. 

almsman  (amz'man),  «.;  pi.  almsmen  (-men). 
[<  ME.  almesman,  iblmesmon,  etc.]     1.  A  person 
supported  by  charity  or  pubUe  provision. 
Even  bees,  the  little  almsmen  of  spring  bowers. 

Keats,  Isabella,  st,  13. 
2.  A  charitable  person;  a  dispenser  of  alms. 
Bccon.     [Rare.] 
The  almsman  of  other  men's  sympathies. 

LonrrfeUotc,  Hj-perion,  iv,  7. 
alms-pot  (iimz'pot).  H.  A  sort  of  bo.x  carried 
liy  beggars,  and  perhaps  succeeding  the  clack- 
dish  (which  see)  in  point  of  time,  it  was  some- 
times a  cylindj-ical  wooden  pot  with  a  slit  in  the  lid,  some- 
times a  more  carefully  made  vesselof  pewter,  I'ntil  very 
recently  beggars  in  London  carried  such  pots  fastened  to 
their  waist-belts, 

almucantar,  almucanter  (al-mu-kan'tiir.  -ter), 

n.  [Also  -nTitten  alma-,  almicantar.  -ir.  formerly 
also  almicaiitaratli,  etc.,  ME.  almykantcra  [Chau- 
cer),  <  F.  almucantaratlis,  almucaiitarat,  almieau- 
tarat  z=:Sp.  almicantarat,  ahnieantaradas  =  Pg. 
(as  ML.),  <  ML.  almicanlarath,  almucantaratli, 
<  Ar.  al-muqantardt,  <  al,  tlie,  +  muqantardt.  pi, 
of  muqantnrah.  a  sun-dial,  <  qautarah,  a  bridge, 
an  arch.]  1.  In  astron.,  a  small  circle  of  the 
sphere  jiarallel  to  the  horizon;  a  circle  or  paral- 
lel of  altitude.  MTien  two  stars  are  on  the  same  almu- 
cantar they  have  the  same  altitude. 
2.  An  astronomical  instrument  (invented  by 
S.  C.  Chandler)  consisting  of  a  telescope  pro- 
vided with  horizontal  wires  and  mounted  upon 
a  box  floating  upon  mercury.  The  float  is  first 
turned  round  so  as  to  point  the  telescope  east  of  the  me- 


almucantar 

ridiiwi,  uiHi  the  tiinc  cpf  rising;  of  a  star  over  the  wires  fe 
lujtcil ;  tile  ti-IcsiM|ic  in  then  iiohited  Ut  wi'st  of  Uie  ineriil- 
iaii,  ami  thf  tirnr  of  (iescuinJinK  of  a  star  is  noted.  In  this 
way,  if  (lu^  positions  of  the  stars  are  l<iiown,  the  correction 
of  a  tiini-piccr  and  tl»e  latitude  may  I'e  dcterininetl ;  on 
the  otlui-  hand,  ii  tliese  are  known,  either  the  ri;;ht  jiseen 
sions  of  thf  di'tliiiations  of  tile  stars  may  lie  deterndned. 
■fill-  instiiuiu-nt  is  of  ^'reat  valtie  on  account  of  it.s  haviuK 
fcMri  instrilrnental  crroi-s  tlian  a  meridian  circle. 

almucantar-staff  (al-mu-kaii'tiir-staf),  n.  An 
in.slruini'iit  liaving  an  are  of  1.')°,  formerly 
hs<mI  to  take  ol)servatioiis  of  the  .sun  al>oiit  tlio 
time  of  its  rising  or  sotting,  to  liiid  its  aiiipli- 
tudc,  and  from  this  the  variation  of  the  com- 
pass. 

almucanter,  «.    See  almucantar. 

almuce,  ".     Same  as  aiiiicc^. 

almud,  almude  (al-miid'),  «.  [Sp.  almud,  Pg. 
iiliiiiKlr.  <  Ar.  (il-)iii)(lil,  a  dry  measure,  a  'bushel.' 
Cf.  lieli.  iiKiil,  a  measure.]  A  variable  measure 
for  liquids  and  grain  in  Spain  and  Portugal, 
ranging  for  liipiitls  from  'ii  to  5A  English  gal- 
lons, ami  for  grain  from  3A  to  11  pints. 

almug  (al'mug),  H.  [Heb.  pi.  'almiig,  a  var.  of 
aUjum :  see  ah/idii.']  The  wood  of  a  tree  brought 
from  Opliir  by  the  ships  of  Hiram  and  servants 
of  Solomon,  Wrought  into  the  ornaments  and 
musical  instruments  of  the  temple,  esteemed 
for  its  beauty  of  grain  or  for  its  agreeable  odor; 
prolialilv  a  sandal-wood  of  India. 

almund  (al'muud),  «.  [Ct.almudf]  A  Turk- 
ish measure  of  capacit.y,  equal  to  1.151  imperial 
gallons.     Monjan,  V.  S.  Tarifif. 

almura,  ».     See  (ilmirali. 

almuryf  (al'mti-ri),  11.  [ME.,  <  kx.  al-mu'ri,  <  al, 
the,  -I-  iiiiir'i,  indicator,  <  ra'ai/,  see.]  A  pointer 
forming  a  part  of  an  astrolabe. 

Tliin  (ihiuini  is  eleped  the  denticle  of  Capricorne  orelles 
tile  lialliuler.  ^  Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  i.  §  23. 

almutent,  «•  [Corruptfor  olmuta:  (as  in  OF.), 
<  Ai:  <il-)Hu'ta;,  <  id,  the,  -I-  mu'tuz,  prevailing, 
<'o^-,  be  powerful.]  In  astroL,  the  prevailing 
or  ruling  planet  in  the  horoscope. 

almyra,  «.     See  almiralt. 

alnage  (al'naj),  >i.  [<  late  IIE.  aulnage,  <  OF. 
aitliiaijc  (F.  duiiufic),  <  aiditer,  auiicr,  measure  by 
the  ell,  <  aliic,  duiic,  ell:  see  aioic  and  fW.]  A 
measuring  by  the  ell ;  speeifieally,  oificial  in- 
spection and  measurement  of  woolen  cloth  for 
the  piu'pose  of  laj-ing  duties  on  it.  Also  spelled 

alcnagc,  tdnaf/e Alnage  duties,  duties  formerly  paid 

in  England  on  woolen  eiotlis  at  so  nnich  per  ell. 

The  duties  of  subsitiy  and  alenaf/e  of  all  woUen  manu- 
facto"  for  the  co'  of  York  and  Lancaster. 

Record  Soc.  Lancanhire  and  Cheshire,  XI.  .^>4. 

alnager  (al'na-jer),  11.  [<  late  ME.  aulncger,  < 
OF.  aiiliuycor,  <  aidnage :  see  ahiage.J  A  royal 
officer  who  examined  cloth,  and  affixed  a  seal 
in  guaranty  of  its  quality  or  measure.  The 
office  existed  until  the  reign  of  William  HI. 
Also  written  aidiiagcr,  nhiagcr. 

The  otticer  whose  business  it  w.as  to  examine  into  the 
assize  of  woolen  cloths  was  called  the  aluager. 

Archibald  Brvien,  Law  Diet.,  p.  20. 

alnageTship  (al'na-jer-ship),  n.     The  office  or 

position  of  alnager. 

Execution  of  the  oftice  of  deputy  abiagership  by  the  re- 
lators .Sowerby  and  Brooks. 

Record  Soc.  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  XI.  G&. 

alnascharism  (al-nas'kilr-izm),  n.  [<  Aliiaschiir 
(see  dcf. )  -I-  -(,sm.]  Conduct  or  an  action  like 
that  of  Aluaschar,  the  hero  of  a  story  in  the 
Arabian  Nights;  anticipation  of  future  grau- 
deui'  during  a  day-dream  or  reverie. 

With  maternal  alnaschari*m  she  had,  in  her  reveries, 
thrown  hack  her  head  with  disdain,  as  she  repulsed  the 
family  advances  of  some  wealthy  but  low-born  lieiress. 

MUs  Edgeworth,  Vivian,  i. 

alnightt  (al'nit),  9!.  [<«?,  all,  +  night.']  A 
great  cake  of  wax  with  a  wick  in  the  midst, 
intended  to  bm-n  all  night.     Bacon. 

AlnUS  (al'nus),  «.  [L.,  alder:  see  aldrr^.]  A 
genus  of  shrubs  and  small  trees,  natiu'al  order 
Ciijiulifcra;  growing  in  moist  places  in  northern 
temperate  or  colder  regions.  There  are  about  15 
species,  of  which  half  are  .American.  The  wood  is  liglit 
and  soft,  Init  close-grained  and  compact,  enduring  long 
under  water,  valuaiile  for  cabinet-work,  and  making  an 
excellent  charco.al  for  gunpowder.  The  bark  is  nsed  for 
taiHiing  and  dyeing,  and  as  a  remedy  in  medicine.  Several 
species  are  cultivated  for  ornament.    .See  aidcrl. 

alodgementt,  "•     See  allodgcinent. 

alody  (al'o-di),  n.  [<  ML.  aUodium.l  Same  as 
aUuditim. 

aloe  (al'o),  H.  [<  ME.  aloe,  also,  and  earlier 
alwa.vs,  in  pi.  form  aloes,  aloirot,  alloiccs,  ear-- 
lier  alocii,  <  AS.  aliiwan,  ahiran,  aliran,  pi.  of 
unused  sing,  'aluwc,  "ahcc  =  D.  aloe  =  G.  aloe 
=  Sw.  »/((e  =  Dan.  rt/oe  =  F.  aloes,  earlier  written 
aloes,  OF.  <(/«<  =Pr.  aloa,  aloe,  aloes,  aloeu  =  S]). 
Pg.  It.  aloe  =  Kuss.  aloe  =  Pol.  aloes,  <  L.  aloe. 


165 

ML.  also  aloes,  nines,  aliia  (>AS.  'aluwe,  "alwe, 
above),  <  Gr.  itM)/,  the  aloe,  i.  e.,  proji.,  a  filant 
of  the  genus  Aloe,  and  the  drug  prcpare(i  tliin- 
from.  l)nt  used  also,  by  confusion,  in  the  S('|i- 
tiiaginl  and  the  .\e\v  Tcslainent  (ami  hence  in 
the  LL.  (Vulgate)  and  mod.  languages)  to  trans- 


j4iot'  vulgaris,  with  flower  entire  and  cut  lonfrltudinally. 

late  the  Heb.  akhdlim,  akhdloth,  of  which  the 
proper  representative  is  Gr.  ayaA7.oxin>,  Y.],. 
agallochnm,  E.  agalloch,  q.  v.,  the  fragrant 
resin  or  wood  which  was  called  in  later  Gr. 
^v/.a7.6ri,  whence  in  NL.  (transposed)  aloexijlon. 
and  (translated)  lignum  aloes,  F.  bois  d'atois, 
lit.  wood  of  the  aloe,  in  E.  wood-aloes  and 
aloes-wood.  The  form  aloes,  as  sing.,  is  due  to 
the  ML.  sing,  aloes,  and  in  jjart,  perhaps,  to  the 
L.  gen.  aloes  in  lignum  aloes,  E.  lign-aloes,  q.  v. 
In  the  earliest  E.  (AS.)  use  the  reference  is 
usually  to  the  agallochnm,  but  it  is  often  dilii- 
cult  to  tell  which  meaning  is  intended,  au<l 
even  in  modem  wi'iters  the  cUiierence  is  often 
ignored.]  Tho  common  name  of  the  plants  of 
the  genus  Aloii.  They  are  natives  of  warm  climates 
of  tlie  old  world,  and  are  especially  almudaiit  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Africa.  Among  the  Moliamniedans  the  aloe  is 
a  symbolic  plant,  especially  in  Egypt,  anil  every  one  who 
returns  from  a  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  hangs  it  over  his  street- 
door,  as  a  token  that  he  has  performed  the  journey.  In 
Africa  the  leaves  of  some  species  of  aloe  are  made  into 
ropes,  fishing-lines,  bow-strings,  and  hannnocks.  .Several 
species  yield  aloes,  the  well-known  bitter  iiingutive  medi- 
cine. The  American  aloe  is  the  eeutury-plant,  Ai/are 
Americana,  and  the  false  aloe  is  A.  Virfjinica.  See  Af/are, 
Many  species  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  growing  readily 
on  very  dry  soil.    See  aloes. 

Aloe  (al'o-e),  »i.  [NL. :  see  a7oe.]  A  genus  of 
liliaceous  plants,  including  trees,  shrubs,  and  a 
few  perennial  herbs,  with  thick  fleshy  leaves, 
usually  spinosely  toothed  and  rosidate  at  tho 
summit  of  the  caudex.     See  aloe, 

aloedarium  (al"o-e-da'ri-um),  «.  [NL.:  see 
below.]     Same  as  aloedary. 

aloedary  (al-o-e'da-ri),  «.  [<  NL.  aloedarium,  < 
Gr.  a/.oijdapiov,  <  aA6ii,  aloe.]  A  compound  ]nir- 
gative  medicine  of  which  aloes  is  a  chief  ingre- 
dient. 

aloes  (al'oz),  «.  .sing.  orp?.  (pi.  of  aloe,  used  also 
as  sing.).  [See  aloe.]  1.  A  di-ug,  the  inspissated 
juice  of  several  species  of  aloe,  it  is  obtained 
from  the  leaves,  sometimes  by  cutting  them  across,  wlien 
the  resinous  juice  exudes  and  is  evaporated  into  a  firm 
consistence,  sometimes  l)y  pressing  the  juice  and  nmcilage 
out  together,  and  in  other  cases  by  dissidviiig  the  juice 
out  of  the  cut  leaves  by  boiling  and  then  cvap.aating  to  a 
proper  consistency.  Several  kimis  arc  known  in  cnnimcrce, 
Socotrine  aloes,  also  calleil  East  Indian  or  Zanzibar  aloes, 
theproducemaiidyof  varieties  of  ^-1.  Pernji,  comes  chielly 
from  Red  Sea  ports  and  Aden.  Barbados  and  Curavoa 
aloes  are  produced  in  the  West  Indies  from  A.  vultjaris, 
which  has  been  introduced  from  the  Mediterranean.  Cape 
and  Natal  aloes  are  obtJiined  prohatily  from  A./erox,  and 
form  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  supply.  The  name 
hejMlic  aloes  is  applied  to  any  opaque  and  liver-colored 
variety  of  the  drug.  The  extract  of  aloes  when  treated 
with  nitric  acid  gives  rise  to  various  yellow  and  brown  pro- 
ducts, which  by  the  aid  of  monlants  can  be  Hxed  to  s'.lk 
ami  wool ;  but  they  are  seldom  used  in  dyeing. 
2.  The  fragrant  resin  or  wood  of  the  agallochnm ; 
lign-aloes;  aloes-wood;  wood-aloes:  the  usual 
meaning  in  the  Bible.  See  agallochnm —  Fetid, 
caballlne,  or  horse  aloes,  a  coarse,  impure  preparation 
of  alois.      U.  S.  Dispen-sali'ri/. 

aloes- wood (al'oz-wiid),  n.    Siimeasagallochum. 

aloetic  (al-6-et'ik),  «.  and  w.  [<  NL.  aloelicus, 
<  L.  aloS:  see  aloe.]  I.  n.  Pertaining  to  or  ob- 
tained from  the  aloe  or  aloes;  partaking  of  the 
qualities,  or  consisting  chietly,  of  aloes. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  or  preparation  consisting 
chiellv  of  aloes. 

aloetical  (al-6-et'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  aloetic. 

aloetin  (a-16'e-tin),  ii.     Same  as  aloin. 

aloe-tree  (al'6-tre),  ».  The  plant  furnishing 
the  drug  aloes  (which  see).     See  aloe. 


alone 

The  bittrenessc  of  the  (doe  tre  liistroyeth  the  swittenesse 
of  the  hony.  Karl  Hieers,  Uictes,  p.  (IS.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

aloft  (a-loff),  ]>rcj).  ])hr.  as  adv.  and  prep.  [< 
Mi>;.  aloft,  a  loft,  o  loft  (aec),  aloflc,  a  lofle,  o 
loflv  (dat.),  in  fuller  form  on  the  loft,  on  the 
lofte,  inne  the  loftc,  <  Icel.  a  lopt  (ace.  of  motion), 
d'loiili  (dat.  of  position),  on  high,  aloft,  lit.  in 
the  air:  «  =  AS.  an,  on,  ME.  o,  o,  on,  in,  on, 
to ;  lo/it  (pron.  loft)  =  AS.  /////,  ME.  li/fl,  Inft,  lift 
(E.  lift),  tho  air,  the  sky,  ujiper  floor,  loft:  see 
loft  and  ///V,  the  air.]  I.  ailv.  1.  On  higli;  in 
or  into  the  air;  high  above  the  ground:  as,  the 
eagle  soars  aloft. 

Then  will  I  raise  alo/t  the  milk-white  rose 

With  whose  sweet  smell  the  air  shall  be  perfimi'd. 

.Shale.,  ■>  lien.  VI.,  i.  1. 

2.  \aut.,  in  or  into  the  top;  at  the  masthead, 
or  on  the  higher  yards  or  rigging;  hence,  on 
the  upper  part,  as  of  a  building. 

There's  a  sweet  little  eherul)  that  sits  up  alo/t. 
To  keep  watch  for  the  life  of  poor  .lack. 

Dihdin,  Poor  .Tack. 

H.t  prep.  On  the  top  or  surface  of;  above. 

Now  I  breathe  again 
Aloft  the  HootL  SItak.,  K.  John,  iv.  2. 

Alogi  (al'o-ji),  H.  J)/.  [ML. :  see  J?0£/iaH.]  The 
Alogians.     See  Alogian. 

Alogian  (a-16' ji-an),  n.  [<  ML.  Alogus,  pi.  Alogi, 
<Gr.  d/'-ojof,  without  logos:  see  alogij.]  One  of 
a  sect  which  arose  tovvartl  the  dose  of  the  sec- 
ond century,  and  which  denied  the  divinity  of 
Jesus  Christ  as  the  Logos,  or  "Word"  (John  i. 
1),  and  tho  authenticity  of  St.  John's  writings, 
which  they  ascribed  to  the  Gnostic  C'erinthus. 

alogic  (a-loj'ik),  a.     Same  as  aloejical. 

alogical  (a-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  li-  priv.  +  ?o;(- 
Koi;,  reasonable :  see  fl/o(yy  and  ?o(/(C.]  Without 
logic  or  reason ;  illogical. 

There  is  an  iunnanent teleology  inhis[Jnlius  Bahnscn'sl 
utdverse;  but  it  is  not  merely  (dotjical,  but  anti-logical, 
and  even  anti-causal.    G.  S.  ilull,  German  Culture,  p.  43. 

alogismt  (al'o-jism),  n.  [<  alogij  +  -ism.]  An 
illogical  or  irrational  statement. 

alogotrophy  (al-o-got'ro-fl),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/x)}of, 
without  reckoning,  incommensurable  (see  o/o- 
ry//),  +  ""/Jo^>')';,  ill-fed:  see  atrophy.]  Unequal 
nutrition  of  different  parts  of  the  body,  espe- 
cially of  tho  bones. 

alogyt  (al'o-ji),  ».  [<  L.  alogia,  <  Gr.  u'/.o}ia,  < 
(i/o;  or,  witliotit  reason,  unreasoning,  unreason- 
able, <  a-  priv.  -(-  /oyoc,  speech,  reason,  reckon- 
ing, proportion,  also  Logos,  the  Word:  see  lo- 
gos.]    Unreasonableness;  absurdity. 

The  error  .  .  .  and  alogn  in  this  opinion  is  worse  than 
in  the  last.  .Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  108. 

aloin  (al'o-in),  n.  [<  aloe  +  -in-.]  A  crystalline 
bitter  principle  obtained  from  aloes  hi  pale- 
yellow  prismatic  needles,  grouped  in  stars.    It 

is  found  to  differ  in  constitution  according  to  the  material 
from  which  it  is  obtained,  St)cotrine  aloes  yielding  soealoin 
(C,-,Ili,;07),  Cape  aloes  nataloin  (C](iHig()7),  and  Barba- 
dos aloes  harltal'iin  (Ci7H..of*7)-  "  is  an  active  cathartic. 
Als..  called  nfncd/i. 

alomancy  (al'o-man-si),  n.   Sarae ashalomaney. 

Alombrado,  «.     See  Alumbrado. 

alondet,  piep.  phr.  as  adv.  A  Middle  English 
form  of  «/fl«rfl. 

alone  (a-16n'),  a.  and  adv.  [<  ME.  alone,  al 
on,  usually  separated,  al  one  (=  G.  alhin  =  D. 
alle(n  =Dan.  alcne):  al,  E.  all,  adv.;  one,  orig. 
a  dissyllable,  <  AS.  ana,  alone,  weak  inflection 
of  an,  one:  see  all  and  one.  The  pronuncia- 
tion given  to  one  in  al-one,  at-one,  on-ly,  is 
strictly  regular;  the  pronunciation  "wun" 
given  to  the  simple  word  is  a  comparatively 
mod.  corruption.  In  mod.  dial,  or  colloq.  tise 
ablwev.  lone,  as  an  attributive.  In  most  in- 
stances alone  may  be  construed  equally  well  as 
adj.  or  adv. ;  no  separation  is  liere  made.]  1. 
Apart  from  auotlier  or  others ;  single  or  singly ; 
solitary  or  solitarily;  without  the  aid  or  com- 
pany of  another:  applied  to  a  iityson  or  thing: 
as,  to  be  or  remain  alone;  to  walk  alone. 
It  is  not  good  that  the  man  should  be  alone.  tJen.  ii.  18. 
He  rode  all  unarmed,  and  he  rode  all  alone. 

Scott,  Yoiuig  Lochiuvar. 
Concert  fires  people  to  a  certain  fury  of  performance 
they  can  rarely  reach  alone. 

Emerson,  Society  and  Solitude. 

2.  Only  ;  to  the  exclusion  of  other  persons  or 
things;  sole  or  solely:  as,  he  (done  remained. 
In  this  sense  alone  is  sometimes  used  attributively  before 
a  noun. 

Man  shall  not  live  by  bread  alone.  Luke  iv.  4. 

It  is  not  to  rulers  and  statesmen  alone  that  the  science 
of  government  is  important  and  useful.  It  is  equally  in- 
dispensable for  everv  .Vmerican  citizen. 

Stonj,  Misc.  Writings,  p.  624. 

Even  one  alone  verse  sometimes  makes  a  perfect  poenie. 
/?.  .Jonson,  Timl)er. 

The  universal  soul  is  the  alone  creator  of  the  useful  and 
beautiful.  Emerson,  Art. 


alone 


above  or  beyond  all 


3t.  Without  a  parallel; 
others;  uuique. 

'I'll  her,  whose  worth  makes  otlier  worthies  notliing : 

!51)u  is  alujw.  Shak.,  T.  G.  ut  V.,  ii.  4. 

I  am  alone  the  villain  of  the  earth. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  0. 
4t.  Devoid;  destitute. 

For  Ipotlif  a  wyilowe  was  slie  and  atlone 
Of  ony  frond  to  whom  she  dorst  Idre  nione. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  98. 
To  let  alone.  See  fe(.  =  SyiL  Alotw,  Only.  Tlie  attribu- 
tive use  of  alone  is  now  very  rare.  In  the  Bible  and  eurher 
Knglisli  atone  is  often  used  for  tlie  adverb  only,  hat  it  is 
now  becoming  restricted  to  its  own  sense  of  solitary,  un- 
accompanied by  other  persons  or  things. 

\nio  can  forgive  sins  but  God  alone  J  Luke  v.  21. 

Not  alone  at  Ephesus,  but  almost  throughout  all  Asia. 

Acts  -xix.  26. 
In  each  of  these  examples  onltf  would  now  be  considered 
better,  though  not  alone  for  ?«>(  onlif  is  in  common  use. 
Alone  means  unaccompanied:  as,  he  stood  alone.  Only  ap- 
plies to  that  of  which  there  is  no  other :  as,  an  only  son ; 
adverbially,  only  this. 

And  I  only  am  csciped  alone  to  tell  thee.  Job  i.  15. 

alonelyf  (a-lOn'li),  adv.  and  a.  [<  ME.  aloonly, 
alonly,  usually  separated,  al  only,  all  only,  al 
onli,  al  oonly,  etc. :  al,  all,  adv. ;  only,  adv.  Cf. 
alone,  allenarly.  In  mod.  use  abbrev.  lonely,  esp. 
as  attrib.  adj.]     I.  adv.  Only;  merely;  singly. 

This  said  spirit  was  not  given  alonely  unto  him,  but 
unto  all  his  heirs  and  posterity.  Latimer. 

Farewell  with  him  (the  medical  attendant]  all  that  made 
sickness  pompous  —  the  spell  that  hushed  the  household, 
.  .  .  the  sole  and  single  eye  of  distemper  alonely  fixed 
upon  itself.  Lamb,  Elia,  p.  311. 

U,  a.  Exclusive;  sole;  only. 

The  alonely  rule  of  the  land  rested  in  the  queen. 

Fabyan,  Chron.,  an.  1328. 

aloneness  (a-16n'nes),  n.     The  state  of  being 
alone  or  mthout  company. 
Watching  over  liis  aloneness. 

J.  Leyge,  Life  of  Confucius,  p.  44. 

alongl  (a-\6ng'),  prep,  and  adv.  [<ME.  along, 
oluiig,  earlier  anlong,  also  (by  confusion  with 
the  early  forms  of  endlong,  q.  v.)  andelong,  en- 
delong,  endlang,  etc.,  <  AS.  andlang,  along  (z= 
OFries.  ondling,  ondlinga,  ondlenge  =  G.  entlang, 
along),  <  and-,  over  against,  away  toward,  + 
lang,  long:  see  and-,  o-5,  and  long^.  Orig.  (in 
AS.)  an  adj.,  'stretching  long  or  far  away,' 
applied,  as  foimd,  only  to  periods  of  time,  'the 
livelong'  day  or  night,  but  prob.  also  to  space; 
then  used  adverbially  with  dependent  gen., 
afterward  taken  as  direct  obj.  of  along  as  a 
prep.,  the  prep,  implied  in  the  orig.  gen.  being 
subsequently  expressed  by  on,  vpon,  by,  with, 
thus  giving  along  the  construction  of  an  adv. 
Quite  different  from  along^,  owing  to,  q.  v.]  I. 
jirep.  Through  or  by  the  length  of;  from  one 
end  to  or  toward  the  other  of;  lengthwise  or  in 
a  longitudinal  direction  through,  over,  or  by  the 
side  of:  implying  motion  or  direetion:  as,  to 
walk  along  a  river  or  highway. 

And  the  messages  that  go  alony  my  nerves  do  not  con- 
sist in  any  continuous  action. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectm-es,  I.  258. 

II.  adv.  1 .  By  the  length ;  lengthwise ;  paral- 
lel to  or  in  a  line  with  the  length. 

Some  laid  alony, 
And  bound  with  burning  wires,  on  spokes  of  wheels  are 
hung.  Dryden. 

2.  In  a  line,  or  with  a  progressive  motion; 
onward:  as,  let  us  walk  along. 

A  firebrand  carried  alony  leaveth  a  train. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

3.  In  company;  together. 

He  to  England  shall  [go]  aloruj  with  vou. 

^hak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 
The  queen  took  her  leave  of  Say's  Court,  having  brought 
confusion  alofur  with  her,  and  leaving  doubt  and  appre- 
hension behind.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  xv. 
|ln  this  sense  it  is  often  used  absolutely  in  commim  speech 
in  the  United  States:  as,  I  was  not  alony.]  —  All  along. 
See  all. 
along2  (a-16ng'),  prep.  [Also  abbrev.  long  (see 
long^) ;  K  ME.  along.  Hong,  <  AS.  gelang  (=  OS.  ge- 
lang  =  OHG.  gilang),  adj.,  belonging,  depending 
(with  prep,  on,  on,  or  a't,  at),  lit.  in  line  with, 
in  connection  with,  <  gc-,  generalizing  prefix, 
+  lang,  long:  see  ge-,  a-6,  and  long'^.  Cf.  he- 
long.']  Owing  to;  on  account  of:  with  of,  for- 
merly with  on. 

I  can  nat  telle  wheron  it  was  along  [var.  long]. 
But  wel  I  wot  greet  strj'f  is  vs  among. 

Chancer,  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  377. 
"lis  all  aloTig  of  you  that  I  am  thus  haunted. 

H.  Jlrooke,  i'ool  of  Quality,  II.  88. 
All  alan^  of  the  accursed  gold.  Scott. 

Lady  Magdalen.  Unhappiest 

Of  Queens  and  wives  and  women. 
Alice.  And  all  alony 

0/Piiilip.  Tennymu,  Queen  >iary,  v.  2. 

[Tliis  preposition  is  now  always  followed  by  of,  and  its  use 
is  mainly  conHued  to  colloquial  or  dialectal  speech.] 


156 

alongshore  (a-16ng'8h6r),  prep.  phr.  as  adv. 
[<  along^  +  .ihore^.]  By  the  shore  or  coast; 
lengthwise  of  the  shore  and  near  it. 

I  see  .  .  .  California  <inartz-nionntains  dumped  down 

in  New  York  to  be  replied  arcliitecUually  uloitii.ahnr''  from 

Canada  to  Cuba,  and  thence  westward  tu  California  .-i^ain. 

Kuuirmn,  Civilization. 

alongshoreman  (a-16ng'sh6r-man),  «. ;  pi. 
aloiig.iltoriincn  (-men).  [<  alongshore  +  man.] 
A  laborer  employed  about  docks  or  wharves 
and  in  the  loading  and  unloading  of  vessels. 
Commonly  shortened  to  'longshoreman. 

alongside  (a-16ng'sid),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and 
prep,    [(.aibng'^ -h  side^.]    I.  arfo.  Along  or  by 
the  side;  at  or  to  the  side  of  anything,  as  a 
ship:  as,  to  be  alongside  of  the  wall. 
Several  lai-ge  boats  came  alonynide. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  IS. 

11.  prep.  Beside;  by  the  side  of:  as,  the  ves- 
sel lay  alongside  the  wharf. 

"We  first  tested  this  case  by  laying  it  alongside  the  his- 
toric facts  in  the  case. 

S.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  46. 

alongstt  (a-longsf),  prep.  [ME.  alongest,  in 
/(>«;/(■!■■;  <  along^  -{■  -est,  -st,  after  amongst  from 
among,against  fromosrai»,etc.]  Along;  through 
or  by  the  length  of. 

The  Turks  did  keep  strjiight  watch  and  wai'd  in  all  their 
parts  alongvt  the  sea-coast.  K-iwlles,  Hist.  Turks. 

aloof  (a-lof),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep. 
[Early  mod.  E.  aloofe,  aloufc,  a  loofe,  a  luf;  <  aS, 
on,  -t-  loot]  <  D.  loef,  loof,  luff;  cf.  D.  tc  loef,  to 
loof,  i.  e.,  to  -mndward;  loef  hoiiden,  Ut.  hold 
loof,  keep  to  the  windward:  cf.  the  E.  phrase 
to  hold  aloof.  See  loof^,  luff^.]  I.  adr.  At  a 
distance,  but  within  view;  intentionally  re- 
maining apart,  literally  or  figuratively;  with- 
drawn. 

It  is  necessary  the  Queen  join,  for  if  she  stand  aloof 
there  vnll  be  still  suspicions.  Suckling. 

Aloof  he  sits 
And  sullen,  and  has  pitched  his  tents  apart. 

M.  Arnold,  Sohrab  and  Rustmn. 

Thy  smile  and  frown  ai*e  not  aloof 
Yrora  one  another ; 
Each  to  each  is  dearest  brother. 

Tennyson,  Madeline. 

II.  prep.  At  or  to  a  distance  from;  away  or 
apart  from.     [Rare.] 

The  great  luminary, 
.4?oo/the  vulgar  constellations  thick, 
That  from  his  lordly  eye  keep  distance  due. 
Dispenses  light  from  far.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  577. 

aloofness  (a-lof'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
aloof,  or  of  keeping  at  a  distance  ;  indifference. 

Unfaithfulness  and  aloofness  of  such  as  have  been  gi'eat- 
est  friends.  D.  Rogers,  Naanian,  p.  93. 

By  the  wary  independence  and  aloofness  of  his  [the  In- 
dian's] dim  forest  life  he  preserves  his  intercourse  with 
his  native  gods. 

Thoreau,  Concord  and  Merrimac  Rivers,  p.  59. 

alopecia  (al-o-pe'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  F.  alopccie,  < 
L.  alopecia,  <.  Gr.  a'/MireKia,  a  disease  like  the 
mange  of  foxes,  in  which  the  hair  falls  off,  < 
<i?-(jn-?/f  (d?.u7rfK-),afox,  possibly  akin  toL.  vulpes, 
afox:  seeri<?/j«s.]  Baldness ;  loss  of  hair.  .Also 
written  alopeey — Alopecia  areata  (NL.  areatu.%  hav- 
ing areas  or  spots),  a  disease  of  the  hairy  regions  of  the  skin, 
characterized  by  the  appearance  of  one  or  more  bald  spots, 
extending  themselves  vnth  rounding  outlines,  and  some- 
times by  coalescence  producing  complete  baldness.  The 
bald  spot  has  a  center  which  is  naked  and  smooth,  sur- 
rounded by  a  peripheral  zone,  scaly  and  presenting  nu- 
merous broken  short  hairs.  It  is  by  some  considered  due 
to  a  vegetable  parasite,  and  by  others  to  nervous  disturb- 
ance. Also  called  area  Cclsi,  or  simply  area. —  Alopecia 
pits^odes  (XL.  pityrode?,  bran-like),  a  disease  of  the  hairy 
pai-ts  of  the  skin, characterized  by  a  progressive  reduction 
in  the  length,  size,  and  number  of  the  haii-s,  attended  with 
an  abundant  furfuraceous  accumulation  on  tlie  sm-face  of 
the  skin.— Alopecia  imgulum  (L.  iin<7«i'«,  a  nail),  falling 
off  of  the  nails. 

alopecian  (al-o-pe'si-an),  n.  A  shark  of  the 
family  Alopeciideg.     Sir  J.  Siehardson. 

Alopecias  (al-o-pe'si-as),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a?M- 
-fiviaf,  the  thresher-shark,  <  n/tim/f,  a  fox,  also  a 
kind  of  shark.]     Same  as  Alopias. 

alopeciid  (al-o-pe'si-id),  n.  A  fox-shark;  a 
shark  of  the  family  Alopeciidte. 

Alopeciidse  (al-o-pf-si'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <.AIo- 
pecias  +  -ida-.]     Same  as  Alopiidw. 

alopecist  (al'o-pe-sist),  n.  [<  alopecia  +  -ist.] 
One  who  imdertakes  to  cure  or  prevent  bald- 
ness.    ^V.  E.  D. 

alopecoid  (al-o-pe'koid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  *d/U)- 
~tnoei6l/c,  contr.  a/-u-eK66?ic,  fox-like,  <  a.Ai)irTj^, 
fox,  -1-  tMoi;,  form.]  I.  a.  Fox-like  ;  vulpine : 
applied  to  a  group  or  series  of  carnivorous  mam- 
mals of  wliich  the  common  fox  is  the  tv^je,  as 
distinguished  from  the  thooid  series,  which  in- 
cludes the  dogs  and  wolves. 


alp 

H.  n.  One  of  the  alopecoid  or  vulpine  series 
of  canine  quadrupeds:  as,  "  alopecoidn,  or  vul- 
pine foi'ms,"  /('.  U.  Flower,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV. 
4:i8. 

Alopecurus  (al'o-ixVku'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a'/u-iKiirju/r,  a  kind  of  grass,  <  a?.u7T!j^,  fox,  + 
ovpa,  tail.]  Foxtail-grass,  a  genus  of  grasses, 
natives  of  temperate  and  cold  regions,  a.  pra- 
tensis  is  a  valuable  fodder-grass :  some  of  the  other  species 
are  not  only  wortliless,  but  troublesome  as  weeds.  See 
foxtail-grass. 

alopeey  (al'o-pe-si),  n.     Same  as  alopecia. 

Alopias  (a-16'pi-as),  «.  [NL.,  shortened  from 
Alopecias,  q.  v.]     A  genus  of  selachians,  con- 


Thicsher-shark  (.Alofias  vulpes). 


taiuing  the  shark  known  as  the  sea-ape,  sea-fox, 
fox-shark,  or  thresher,  Alopnas  vulpes,  and  giv- 
ing name  to  the  family  Alopiidw.  Also  cajled 
Alopecias. 

Tlie  thresher-shark,  Alopias  vulpes,  is  readily  recognized 
by  its  extraordinarily  long  tail,  which  forms  over  half  the 
length  of  the  whole  aiumal.  It  is  distributed  in  both  At- 
lantic and  Pacific  oceans.  Stand.  Sat.  Hist.,  III.  60. 

Alopildse  (al-o-pi'i-de),  n.  pi.  \XL.,  shortened 
from  Alopeciidw ;  also  written  Alopiadee  ;  <  Alo- 
piias  +  -idee,  -ctdee.]  A  family  of  anarthrous 
selachians,  represented  by  the  genus  Alopias. 

Alosa  (a-16'sa),  n.  [L.,  also  alaii.sa,  >  F.  alose, 
>  E.  allice,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  of  the  fam- 
ily Cliipeidce,  including  the  shad  (which  see). 
Also  widtten  Alausa. 

alosel(a-16s'),  n.    A  member  of  the  genus ^tosa. 

alose^t,  v.  t.  [<  OF.  aloser,  <  a-+  los,  praise:  see 
0-11  and  lose^.]     To  praise.     Chaucer. 

alouate,  alouatte  (al'o-at),  n.  [Prob.  a  F. 
form  of  a  native  name.]  A  name  given  by 
French  naturalists,  as  Buffon,  to  the  red  howl- 
ing monkey  of  Guiana,  afterward  kno'wn  as  My- 
cetes seniculus  (Illiger) ;  hence  used  as  a  general 
name,  like  hurlcur,  for  the  South  .American 
howlers.     See  cut  under  liowler. 

alouatta  (al-6-at'a),  n.     Same  as  alouate. 

alouchi,  aluchi  (a-16'ehi),  n.  [Native  name.] 
A  resin  obtained  from  Idea  heteropjhylla,  a  tree 
of  Madagascar.  It  is  thought  to  have  some  me- 
dicinal properties.     See  acouchi-resin. 

aloud  (a-loud'),prfjj.j9/ir.  as  adr.  [ME.  aloud, 
a  loude;  <  «3  -f.  loud.  Cf.  alow^,  ahigh.]  1. 
With  a  loud  voice  or  great  noise ;  loudly. 

Cry  aloud,  spare  not.  Is.  Iviii.  1. 

2.  Audibly;  with  the  natural  tone  of  the  voice 
as  distinguished  from  whispering:  as,  he  has  a 
severe  cold  and  can  hardly  speak  aloud. 

a  Toutrance  (ii  16-trons').   See  a  oiitrance. 

alo'W^  (<i-lo');  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [ME.  aloio, 
alove,  dlough,  alogli,  alog;  <  a^  +  loic^.  Ct.  be- 
low and  ahigh.]  In  or  to  a  lowplace,  or  a  lower 
part ;  below ;  down :  opposed  to  aloft. 

f^onietinies  aloft  he  layd.  sometimes  alow,  .  .  . 
So  doubtfully,  that  hardly  one  could  know 
\\'hether  more  wary  were  to  give  or  ward  the  blow. 
Spenser,  S.  Q.,  VI.  \iii.  13. 

After  doubling  Point  Pinos,  we  bore  up,  set  studding- 
sails  atoir  and  aloft,  and  were  walking  off  at  the  rate  of 
eight  or  nine  knots. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  97. 

alO'W-  (.a-lou' ),  adv.  [<  n3  -)-  Jow*,  fire :  see  low*.] 
AUre;  in  a  flame.     [Scotch.] —To  gang  alow,  to 

take  fire,  or  be  set  on  fire ;  blaze ;  be  burueii. 

That  discreet  man  Cardinal  Beaton  is  e'en  to  gang  almce 
this  blessed  day  if  we  dinna  st<^  it.  Tennant. 

alpl  (alp),  «.  [<ME.  alpe.  In  Norfolk  (Eng- 
land) the  bidlfinch  is  called  blood-olph,  and  the 
gi'een  grosbeak  grcen-olj]  where  olph,  olf  may 
be  the  same  as  alj);  cf.  ouphe  and  the  other 
foi'ms  of  elf,  q.  v.  Possibly  a  humorous  use, 
with  a  similar  allusion  to  that  in  bullfinch,  of 
ME.  alp,  elp,  <  AS.  elp,  yip,  an  elephant,  <  L. 
elephas :  see  elephant.]  An  old  local  name  for 
the  bullfinch,  Pyrrhula  vulgaris. 

Alpes,  fjuches,  and  wodewales. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  L  658. 

alp2  (alp),  n.  [Sing,  from  pi.  alp.f,  <  L.  alpes, 
high  mountains,  specificalh'  those  of  S'witzer- 
land;  said  to  be  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Gael,  alp. 
It.  iiilp,  a  high  moimtain  ;  so  OHG.  Alpun,  Alpi, 
MHG.  G.  Alpen,  the  Alps,  MHG.  albe,  G.  (Swiss) 
alpe,  a  mountain  pastiu-e.]  1.  A  high  moim- 
tain; specifically,  any  one  of  the  higher  Swiss 
moimtaius.  and.  as  a  proper  name  in  tlio  plural, 
the  great  mountain-ranges  in  Switzerland  and 


alp 

neigh})oring  countries,  comprising  the  loftiest 
mountains  in  Europe. 

Nor  breath  of  vernal  air  from  snowy  Alp. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  028. 
Hills  peep  o'erliills,  and  Alps  on  Alpx  arise. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  232. 

2.  In  Switzerland,  a  pasture  on  the  side  of  a 
mountain. 
alpcica  (al-pak'a),  n.     [Formerly  also  alpaco,  < 
Sp.  alpaca,  alpam,  <  Ar.  al,  the  (see  al-"),  + 
Vexnv.  paco,  native  name  of  tlio  animal.]     1. 


Alpaca,  orPaco  [Auchenia  faces). 

A  mammal,  the  Auchenia  pacos,  a  native  of  the 
Andes,  especially  of  the  mountains  of  Chili  and 
Peru.  It  is  so  closely  allied  to  tlio  llama  that  i>y  some 
it  is  regarded  rather  as  a  smaller  variety  than  as  a  (iistinct 
species.  It  has  l)een  domesticated,  and  remains  also  in  a 
wild  state.  In  form  and  size  it  approaches  the  sheep,  bnt 
has  a  longer  necli.  It  is  valued  ehielly  for  its  long,  soft, 
and  silky  wool,  which  is  straishter  than  that  of  the  sheep, 
and  very  strong.  The  fiber  is  small,  very  soft,  pliable, 
and  elastic,  and  is  woven  into  fabrics  of  grejit  beauty.  The 
animal's  flesh  is  wholesome. 

2.  A  fabric  manuf  actm-ed  from  the  hair  or  wool 
of  the  alpaca,  either  wholly  or  in  part,  or  made 
in  imitation  of  this,  u.sed  for  clothing  in  wann 
climates,  for  coat-linings,  and  very  largely  for 
umbrellas.  The  material  sold  under  the  name  of  alpaca 
for  women's  dresses  and  other  clothing  contains  now  little 
if  any  alpaca.wool ;  it  is  a  fabric  of  cotton  and  wool.  v\  itii 
a  liard  and  somcwliat  shining  surface,  generally,  though 
Tinr  always,  dyed  black. 

alpent  (al'pen),  a.  [For  alpine,  prob.  after  G. 
Ill  pen,  as  below.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Alps ; 
aljiine:  as,  "the  Alpcn  snow,"./.  Fletcher. 

alpenglcw  (al'pen-glo),  «.  [<  Ct.  aljten  (gen. 
pi.  of  alpc :  see  alp"),  of  the  Alps,  +  E.  (jlow.'] 
The  glow  upon  the  Alps;  a  pecidiar  reflection 
of  studight  from  their  snowy  heights,  after  the 
Sim  has  disappeared  to  the  valleys,  or  just  be- 
fore daybreak;  the  last  or  first  rays  of  the  suu 
among  the  Alps,  casting  a  rich  purple  tint, 
an  effect  sometimes  heightened  by  a  certain 
amount  of  humidity  in  the  atmosphere. 
The  evening  alpen-gloui  was  very  fine. 

Tyntlall,  Frag,  of  Science,  !>.  282. 

alpenhorn  (al'pen-hom),  n.  [G.,  <  alpen  (see 
ulpeiiijkiir)  -h  horn  =  E.  horn.']  A  long,  power- 
ful horn,  cin'\-ing  up  and  widening  toward  its 
extremity,  formerly  used  on  the  Alps  to  convey 
signals  and  to  sound  the  charge  in  battle,  but 
now  employed  only  by  cowherds.  Also  called 
alp-lior)i. 

alpenstock  (al'pen-stok),  n.  [G.,  <  alpen,  (see 
alpcnylow)  +  stock,  stick,  =  E.  stock,  q.  v.]  A 
long,  stout  staff  pointed  with  iron,  originally 
used  by  the  Alpine  mountaineers,  and  now  gen- 
erally adopted  by  mountain-climbers. 

alpestrian  (al-pes'tri-an),  n.  [<  ML.  alpestris, 
<  L.  alpcs:  see  a7p2.]     ^i  alpine  climber. 

It  has  become  a  proverb  with  alin^itriitnjf  that  iinpracti- 
eal>!e  means  unattenipted.     Mafiuillun't:  Ma<j.,  \l\l.  393. 

alpestrine  (al-pes'triu),  a.  [<  ML.  alpestris, 
suitaljle  for  pasturage,  prop,  pertaining  to  alpes 
or  mountains:  see  o//)2.]  i.  Pertaining  or 
peculiar  to  the  Alps,  or  other  moimtainous  re- 
gions: as,  "o/j)o»"fr(«etliseases," />«««.  [Rare.] 
—  2.  In  hot.,  growing  on  mountains  below  the 
alpine  region,  that  is,  below  the  limit  of  tree- 
growth  as  determined  by  cold. 

alpha  (al'fii),  H.  [L.,  <  Gr.  a74a,  <  the  Phen. 
name  repr.  by  Heb.  'uleph  (z=  Ar.  'alif),  name 
of  the  first  letter,  meaning  an  ox:  see  nl.]  1. 
The  first  letter  in  the  Greek  alphabet  (.\,  o),  an- 
swering to  A.  Hence — 2.  The  first;  the  begin- 
ning: as  in  the  ))hrase  "alpha  and  omega,"  the 
beginning  and  t  lie  end,  the  first  and  t  he  last,  ome- 
ga being  the  last  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet. 
I  am  Alpha  and  timega,  tlie  beginning  and  the  ending, 
saith  the  Lord.  Kcv.  i.  s. 

3.  As  a  classifier:  («)  Tn  astron.,  the  chief 
star  of  a  constellation.     Qi)  In  chem.,  the  fii'st 


A 

•  — 

jr 

B 



0 

C 

.  .    . 

f 

J) 



Q 

X 

B 

F 



s 

G 



T 

n 

V 

I 

V 

J 



ir 

K 



X 

T 
Z 

Morse  Alphabet. 


157 

of  two  or  more  isomerous  modifications  of  the 
same  organic  compound,  as  alphn-nnphthol,  in 
distinction  from  bcta-naphthol.  (c)  Inna*.  hist., 
the  first  subspecies,  etc. 
alphabet  (al'fa-bet),  n.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. 
(earlier  expressed  hy  a-b-c,  q.  v.);  =  U.  alfu- 
bet  =  G.  alphabet  =  Sw.  l>an.  alfabct  =  F.  nl- 
phabet  =  Sp.  Pg.  alfaheto,  Pg.  also  aljihalietn, 
=  It.  alfabeto  =  Knss.  alfabetu  =  Pol.  alfabct, 
etc.,  <  LL.  alphahctum  (earlier  alpha  ct  beta), 
<  Gr.  altpdj^iiToi;,  <  a}.i*>a  +  fiiJTn,  the  names  of  the 
first  two  letters  of  the  Greek  alplialiet,  corre- 
sponding to  «  and  b :  see  alpha  and  beta.  C'f. 
a-b-c,  abecedarian,  ami  fuihork:']  1.  The  letters 
of  a  language  an'angeil  in  the  customary  order; 
the  series  of  letters  or  characters  which  form 
the  elements  of  written  language.  See  the  ar- 
ticles on  the  different  letters,  J,  Ji,  V,  etc. 

From  the  chai'acter  of  the  alphabet  employctt,  the  science 
of  Greek  epigrapliy  professes  to  be  able  to  determine  ap- 
proximately the  date  and  the  place  of  origin  of  inscriptions. 
Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  3. 

2.  Any  series  of  characters  intended  to  bo  used 
in  writing  instead  of  the  usual  letters,  as  the 
series  of  dashes,  dots,  etc.,  used  in  the  trans- 
mission of  telegraphic  messages. — 3.  First  ele- 
ments; simplest  rudiments:  as,  not  to  know 
the  alphabet  of  a  science. 

In  the  conditions  of  the  Eternal  life,  this  renins  liad 
been  obliged  to  set  itself  to  learning  the  alphabet  of  Spir- 
itual truth.  K  S.  Phelits,  Beyond  the  Gates. 
Alphabet-blocks,  toy  blocks  of  wood,  having  a  letter 
or  letters  of  tlie  alphabet  printed  on  each.  —  Eplstolo- 

graphic  alphabet.  Sm  epiKtoioijraphk.— jnorse  alpha- 
bet (from  its  inven- 
tor, Professor  .S.  F.  l^. 
Morse),  in  telefj.,  a  sys- 
tem of  symbols,  con- 
sisting of  dashes  and 
dots,  to  be  used  in 
telegraphic  messages 
where  Morse's  self- 
recording  instnnnent, 
called  the  iluiicator.  is 
emjdoyed.  (See  indi- 
cator.) The  diush  and 
dot  are  combined  in  dif- 
ferent ways  to  indicate 
the  different  letters: 
thus,  onedot(.)  means 
E ;  a  dash  (— ),  'f ;  a  dot 
ami  a  dash  (. — ),  A;  a 
dash  and  three  dots 
( ),  B :  etc.  The  .same  system  can  be  used  with  instru- 
ments employing  a  magnetic  needle  (see  teleiiraiilt),  a  right- 
hantl  dellecti'in  of  tlie  needle  corresponding  to  a  lia.-^li  and 
a  left-hand  to  a  dot.  The  international  ol/ihahi  f,  wliicli 
is  used  in  Europe,  ditfcrs  from  the  Moi-se  in  the  ftirnuiti<:in 
of  a  few  letters.  Military  signaling  is  often  elfected  on  the 
same  principle  by  long  or  short  wavings  of  a  flag,  or  by 
sun-Hashes  by  means  of  a  heliostat,  etc.,  the  long  meaning 
a  dash  and  the  short  a  dot. 
alphabet  (al'fa-bet),  V.  t.  [<  alphabet,  «.]  To 
arrange  in  the  order  of  an  alphabet ;  mark  by 
the  letters  of  the  alphabet. 
alphabetarian  (al "  f  a  -  be  -  ta '  ri  -  an ),  n .  [<  NL. 
alpliahetarins  (see  below)  +  -an.  ('f.  abeceda- 
rian.'] A  learner  of  the  alphabet;  a  beginner. 
alphabetaryt  (al'fa-bet-a-ri),  «.  [<  NL.  n?- 
phabctarins,  <  LL.  alphabctum  :  see  alphabet 
and -or//.]  Alphabetic;  rudimentary. 
alphabetic  (al-fa-bet'ik),  a.  [<  F.  alphabetique 
=  Sp.  alfabelico  =  'Pg.  alfabctico,  alphahctico  = 
It.  alfabctico,  <  NL.  alphabet  tens,  <  LL.  alpha- 
bctum :  see  alphabet.]  Pertaining  to  an  alpha- 
bet; expressed  by  an  alphabet;  in  the  order 
of  the  alphabet,  or  in  the  order  of  the  letters  as 
customarily  arranged. 

Either  of  the  Egyptian  or  of  some  other  analogous  his- 
tory of  rt;;^/(rt/«'^''(:  development  the  Pheidcians  inherited 
the  results,  and  their  alphabet  was  a  simple  scheme  of 
twenty-two  characters,  the  names  of  which  .  .  .  began 
respectively  with  the  sound  which  each  represented. 

Wfiitm'!/,  Orientiil  and  Ling.  Studies,  p.  194. 
The  normal  retention  by  the  Greeks  of  the  primitive 
alphabetic  order  .  .  .  remlers  easy  the  identification  of 
the  Greek  letters  with  their  Plueincian  prototypes. 

Isaac  Tat/lor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  72. 

alphabetical  (al-fa-bet'i-kal),  a.  Of  the  natiu'e 
of  ;in  iilphabet;  similar  to  an  alphabet ;  in  the 
order  of  the  alphabet.     See  alphabetic. 

According  to  Grimm,  the  nl/ilialirtical  arrangement  mit 
only  facilitates  reference,  but  makes  the  author's  work 
(piicker  ami  surer.  Encyc.  Brit.,  VII.  181. 

alphabetically  (al-fa-bet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
alphabetical  mauner'or  order';  by  the  use  of  an 
alphabet;  in  the  customary  order  of  the  letters: 
as,  to  arrange  a  catalogue  alphabetically. 

From  the.  times  of  the  earliest  known  monuments  the 
hieroglyphic  writei-s  possessetl  a  sutficient  number  of  true 
letters  to  enable  them  to  write  alplmlietiealhi. 

Isaac  Taiihr,  The  Alphabet,  I.  IK. 

alphabetics  (al-fa-bct'iks),  «.  [PI.  of  alpha- 
betic: see  -ics.]  The  science  of  the  use  and 
development  of  alphabetic  writing.     Elli.t. 

alphabetism  (al'fa-bet-izm),  «.  l<  alphabet  + 
-ism.]    The  use  ot'  an  alphabet  as  a  stage  in 


Red  Stiriinp  \Atph(Ui  rubtr). 


alpigene 

the  de'velopment  of  written  language;  notation 
by  means  of  an  alphabet. 

It  must,  however,  be  acknowledged  that  the  idea  of 
alphabetism  may  not  improliably  have  been  suggested  to 
the  I'ersians  i»y  tlieir  ac<tuaintance  wiUi  the  i'hccnician 
alphabet,  wliicli,  a.s  early  as  the  8th  ceidnry  B.  c,  was 
used  in  tile  valley  of  the  Euphrates  concurrently  with  the 
cuneih)rm  writing.         Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  L  50. 

From  this  [ideography]  men  have  passed  to  phonetic 
writing,  first,  apparently,  in  the  form  of  syllabism,  in 
which  each  syllable  itf  a  word  is  regarded  as  an  indepen- 
dent whole  and  represented  by  a  single  sign;  then  from 
this  to  alphaliefisrn,  in  whicli  the  syllable  is  no  longer  de- 
noted by  an  indivisible  symbol,  but  is  resolved  into  vowel 
and  consonant,  each  with  its  ow-n  accepted  sign. 

Encyc.  lirit.,  I.  602. 
alphabetize  (al'fa-bet-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
alphiibeli.yil,  ppr.  alphabetizinfi.     [<  al^ihabet  + 
-we.]     1.  To  aiTango  alphabetically. 

Tlie  volume  is  of  great  value  for  its  carefully  prepared 
alphabetized  list  of  scientific  and  technical  periodicals  of 
all  nations.  Aim^r.  Jour,  of  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  X.\X.  247. 

2.  To  express  by  alphabetic  characters. 

Alpheidae  (al-fe'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Alpheus  + 
-iilic]  In  cw<7.,  a  family  of  shrimps,  of  which 
tlie  genus  Alp)heus  is  the  tj-pe.  Other  geuera  of 
thisfamilyare  Caridina,  I'ontoniit,  andAlhanas. 

alphenic  (al-fen'ik),  «.     [<F.  alphenie,  alfcnic, 

<  Sp.    alfeiiiquc  =  Pg.    alfenim,  <  Ar.   al-fdnid, 

<  al,  the,  -I-  funid,  <  Pers.  fdnid,  pdnid,  sugar, 
sugar-candy,  >  ML.  penidium,  F.  junide,  G. 
penid-:ucker,  panis-zuckcr,  Dan.  pande-sukkcr 
(as  if  from  pande,  a  pan).]  In  med.,  white 
barley-sugar.  It  is  used  as  a  remedy  for 
colds. 

Alpheus  (al-fe'us),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  Alpheus,  <  Gr. 
'A/ipi-t6c.  the  chief  river  in  the  Peloponnesus, 
now  Kufia.]  In 
zobl.,  a  genus  of 
maciTirous  deca- 
podous  crusta- 
ceans, the  tyjio 
of  the  family  Al- 
pheido'.  A.  ruber 
(the  red  shrimp) 
and  -•(.  affinis  are 
examples. 

Alphitobius  (al- 

fi-to'bi-us),    H. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  a7.ipi- 

701',  barley-meal,  meal,  +  jiloc,  Ufe.]     A  genus 

of  beetles,  of  the  family  Tencbrionidec. 

The  larva;  of  Tenebrio  and  Alphitohiux  have  been  reared 
in  zoological  g,ardens  as  food  for  amphi)>iaus  and  inseetiv- 
orcius  liinls.  Slaml.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  Sii. 

alphitomancyt  (arfi-to-man'si),  n.  [<  F.  al- 
pliitomantie  (Cotgrave),  <  Gr.  a'/oiTdpavriq,  one 
who  diWnes  from  barley-meal,  <  aldirov,  barley- 
meal  (prob.  related  to  aldir,  a  dull-white  lep- 
rosy:  see  alphu.t),  +  pi'ivrir.  a  diviner,  /lavreia, 
di\ination :  .see  Mantis.]  Divination  by  means 
of  barlev-ineal. 

alphitomorphous  (al"fi-to-m6r'fus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
a/jpt-ov,  barley-meal,  +  pofxfir/,  form.]  Appear- 
ing like  barley-meal:  applied  to  sumo  micro- 
scopic fungi  parasitic  on  plants.   Si/d.  Hoc.  Lex. 

alphonsin  (al-fon'sin),  «.  A  surgical  instru- 
ment for  extracting  bidlets  from  woimds:  so 
named  in  1552  from  its  inventor,  Alphonso 
Ferri  of  Naples.  It  consists  of  three  anus,  which 
close  wlien  a  ring  encircling  the  haft  is  ])usheil  forward. 

Alphonsine  (al-fon'siu),  a.  [<  NL.  Alphonsinus, 
Alfon.'<inus,  <  ML.  (NL.)  Alphonsus,  Alfonsus  (= 
Sp.  Alfonso,  formerly  also  Alphonso,  =  Pg.  Af- 
fonso  =  It.  Alfonso  =  F.  Alphoiise),  <  G.  Alfons, 
a  common  personal  name.]  Of  or  pertaming 
to  any  person  of  the  name  of  Alphonso.— Al- 
phonsine tables,  astronomical  tjibles  compiled  under 
the  patronage  of  Alfonso  X.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
completed  in  the  year  of  his  accession,  1252,  and  first 
printed  in  14S3. 

alp-hom  (alp'hom),  n.    Same  as  alpenhorn. 

alphost,  ".     Same  as  alphus. 

alphosis  (al-fo'sis),  n.  [<  alphus  +  -om.] 
In  pathol..  whiteness,  or  the  process  of  turning 
white,  as  of  the  skin  in  ;in  albino. 

alphus  (arfus),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  a?.tp6i,  vitiligo, 
orig.  white,  =  L.  albus,  white  :  see  a/ftl.]  In 
pathol.,  a  name  formerly  given  to  certain 
forms  of  psoriasis,  leprosy  (lepra  arabum),  and 
vitiligo. 

alpia  (al'pi-a),  n.    Same  as  alpist. 

alpieut,  ».  [<  F.  alpioii,  <  It.  al  piil,  for  the 
more,  for  most:  al,  contr.  of  a  il,  to  the  (a,  <  L. 
ad,  to ;  (7,  <  L.  ilk;  that ) ;  piii,  <  L.  plus,  more.] 
In  the  game  of  ba.sset,  a  mark  put  on  a  card  to 
indicate  that  the  player  doubles  his  stake  after 
winning.     X.  E.  I>. 

alpigene  (al'pi-jen).  a.  [<  L.  dlpes,  alps  (see 
alp"),  +  -genus,  produced:  see  -genous.^  Pro- 
duced or  growing  in  alpine  regions.     [Kare.] 


alpine 

alpine  (al'pin  or  -pin),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  alpiii,  < 
L.  iiliiiiiKS,  <.  alpcs:  sec  alji^.']  I,  a.  Of,  per- 
taiuinf;  to,  or  coiinoetcd  with  tlie  Alps  (tlieii 
written  with  a  capital),  or  any  lofty  mountain ; 
very  high;  elevated,  specitlciilly  applied  to  plnnts 
i^rowiiiKaiui  iiiiiiiuils  living  on  mountains  al)ove  tlie  forest 
limits,  tliat  is,  al)ovi!  tlic  lino  where  the  climate  becomes 
too  cottl  for  trees  to  ;^row. 

For  past  the  Alpine  summits  of  Kreat  pain 

Lieth  thine  Italy.  li.  Terni  Cimke.  Beyond. 

II.  n,  A  French  fabric  having  a  silk  warp  and 
Tuerino-wool  filling. 

alpinery  (al'pin-ri),  h.  [<  alpine  +  -nj :  see 
-d-ii,  -)■//.]  A  ]ilace  in  a  garden  or  pleasure- 
ground  specially  adapted  for  the  cultivation  of 
alpine  plants. 

alpinist  (al'pin-ist),  n.  [=  F.  filpiiiiste;'<  al- 
j'liii  +  -ist.]   Au  alpine  climber;  an  alpestrian. 

The  ilisaKVeealjle  ertects  resulting  from  the  rarefaction 
of  the  atinosplure  at  great  heights,  and  which  overtake 
alpinistn  in  Switzerland.  The  American,  \'II.  75. 

alpist  (al'pist),  n.  [< F. alpiste,<STp. Pg. nlpiste, 
Pg.  also  alpista ;  supposed  to  be  derived  from 
the  language  of  the  Guanehes,  the  original  in- 
habitants of  the  Canary  islands.]  1.  The  seed 
of  the  canary-grass,  Fltalaris  cannriensis,  used 
for  feeding  birds,  especially  canaries;  canary- 
seed. — 2.  The  seed  of  various  species  of  Alo- 
l^ecurus,  or  foxtail-grass,  also  used  for  feeding 
birds. 
Also  called  alpia. 

alQUier  (al'ker),  n.  [F.,  <  Pg.  alqueire,  a  dry 
mcasm-e,  <  Ai'.  al,  the,  -I-  k'ayl,  a  measure,  laydl, 
a  measiu'er,  prop,  of  grain.]  A  thy  as  well  as 
liquid  measure  used  in  Portugal,  containing 
from  'i  to  4  Winchester  gallons. 

alquifore  (al'ki-for),  k.     Same  as  alquifou. 

alq.uifou  (al'ki-fo),  n.  [<  Fr.  uJquifoux,  arqui- 
foux,  <  Sp.  alqiiifol,  Cat.  alcofol,  <  Ar.  al-hoJi'l,  a 
line  powder:  see  alcohol.']  A  sort  of  lead  ore 
found  in  Cornwall,  England,  used  by  potters  to 
give  a  glazing  to  their  wares,  and  called  power's 
ore.     (_)ther  forms  are  alquiforc,  arquifoux. 

already  (al-red'i),n.ando(/i-.  [< ME. «? rcrf;/ ;  al, 
adv.,  all,  quite;  redy,  ready:  see  rcufly.']  I.t  «. 
1.  [Predicate  adj.  in  phr.  oH  jTrtrf//.]  All  pre- 
pared; quite  ready:  regularly  written  aH  re«rf//. 
—  2.  Existing  at  the  specified  time;  present. 
[Kare  attributive  use.] 

Lord  Hobart  and  Lord  Fitzwilliam  are  both  to  be  earls 
to-morrow;  the  former,  of  Buckingham,  the  latter  by  his 
already  title.  Walpole,  Letters  (1746),  I.  150. 

II,  adv.  By  this  (or  that)  time ;  previously 
to  or  at  some  specified  time,  or  the  time  pres- 
ent to  thought ;  thus  early ;  even  then,  or  even 
now :  as,  he  has  done  it  already  ;  the  house  is 
full  already. 

I  have  lost  so  much  time  already. 

Steele,  Spectator,  ^o.  140. 

The  English  ministers  could  not  wish  to  see  a  wai"  with 
Holland  added  to  that  in  which  they  were  already  engaged 
with  PYance.  Macaulay,  Lord  Clive. 

al-root  (al'rot),  11.  [<  a?l  (<  Hind,  al,  a  name 
common  to  several  plants,  Morinda  eitrij'olia 
and  allied  species)  +  rooM.]  The  root  of  Mo- 
rinda eitrij'olia,  an  East  Indian  plant,  which 
furnishes  a  permanent  red  dye. 

alrnna  (al-ro'na),  n. ;  pi.  alrunce  (-ne).  [ML., 
also  alrauna,  <  OHG.  alruna  (MHG.  alnine,  G. 
alratin,  alriin,  mandrake  (nlraun-bilder,  man- 
drake images),  =  D.  alritin  =  Sw.  alriin,  alntiia 
=  Dan.  alrune),  mandrake;  appar.,  as  in  popu- 
lar apprehension,  <  al-  (=  E.  all)  +  riina,  Goth. 
runa,  etc.,  mystery,  the  mandrake  being  an  ob- 
ject of  superstition:  see  rune  and  tnandrake.~\ 
1.  A  prophetess  among  the  ancient  Germans, 
regarded  as  similar  to  the  (U'uidess  among  the 
Gauls. — 2.  A  small  image  carved  fi-om  the  root 
of  a  tree  or  from  mandrakes,  representing  rudely 
the  human  figure,  generally  the  female.  .Such 
images  were  venerated  as  household  gods  in  the  ancient 
religions  of  some  northern  peoples,  the  worship  of  them 
forming  a  special  featxu-e  of  certain  superstitious  rites. 
They  are  supposed  by  some  to  represent  female  magi- 
cians or  druidesses.    Brande, 

alsti  (Kiv.  and  conj.    An  old  form  of  also  and  as. 

Better  is  then  the  lowly  playne, 

Al^  for  thy  flockc  and  thee. 

SpeTiser,  Shep.  CaL,  July. 
Als  longe  as  owre  lyf  lasteth  lyue  we  togideres. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  iv.  195. 

Alsace  gum.     Same  as  dextrine. 

Alsatian  (al-sii'shian),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  Alsatia 
{>  F.  Alxace),  <  (JIlG.  Alisaz,  JCli.sa:  (MHG.  ICl- 
«(^,  Etsas,G.  Jilnass),  a  province  bet  ween  France 
and  Germany,  lit.  foreign  settlement,  <  cl-  (= 
AS.  el-,  ail-,  foreign,  related  to  eUe.,  q.  v.;  ac- 
cording to  another  \new,  <  Ell  (Hel,  Ella,  Elsus, 
Also,  Illus),  now  III,  a  river  in  Alsace)  -I-  sa:, 
a  seat,  place,  settlement  (G.  sat~),  <  OHG.  si:- 


158 

zmi,  MHG.  G.  sitzcn  =  'E..  sit.}  I.  a.  1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  province  of  Alsace,  taken  from 
(icrmnny  by  France  in  1G48,  in  greater  part 
<'eded  to  tile  new  German  empire  in  1871,  and 
now  incorporated  in  the  im])erial  territory  of 
Elsass-Lothringen. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Al- 
satia, formerly  a  cant  name  (from  Alsace  being 
a  debatable  ground  or  scene  of  frequent  con- 
tests) for  Whitefriars,  a  district  in  London  be- 
tween the  Thames  and  Fleet  street,  and  ad- 
joining the  Temple,  which  possessed  certain 
privileges  of  sanctuary  derived  from  the  eon- 
vent  of  the  Carmelites,  or  White  Friars,  found- 
ed there  in  1241.  The  locality  became  the  resort  of 
libertines  and  rascals  of  every  description,  whose  abuses 
and  outrages,  and  especially  the  riot  in  the  reign  of 
t'harlcs  IL,  led  iu  1697  t«  the  abolition  of  the  privilege 
and  the  dispersion  of  the  Alsatians.  The  term  Alsatia  has 
in  recent  times  been  applied  offensively  to  the  English 
.Stock  Exchange,  because  of  the  supposed  questionable 
character  of  some  of  its  proceedings. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Alsace 
in  Germany. —  2.  Formerly,  an  inhabitant  of 
Alsatia  or  Whitefriars,  a  part  of  London ;  hence, 
a  Bohemian  (in  the  slang  sense)  or  adventurer. 

He  spurr'd  to  London,  and  left  a  thousand  curses  be- 
hind him.  Here  he  struck  up  with  sharpers,  scourers, 
and  .ihatians.  Gfiitleniaii  In-^trueted,  p.  491. 

al  segno  (al  sa'nyo).  [It.,  to  the  sign :  al  for  a  il, 
to  the;  segno,  <  L.  siffnuni,  sign:  see  sigti.']  In 
music,  to  the  sign :  a  (.lireetion  to  the  performer 
that  he  must  return  to  that  portion  of  the  piece 
marked  T\dth  the  sign  -ti',  and  conclude  with 
the  first  double  bar  which  follows,  or  go  on  to 
the  word  Fine,  or  the  pause  -'>. 

alsinaceous  (al-si-na'shius),  a.  [<  Alsine,  the 
name  of  a  caryophyllaceous  genus  that  is  now 
combined  with  Arenaria,  +  -aceous.]  Relating 
to  or  resembling  the  chickweed. 

also  (iU'so),  adv.  and  cow;.  [<  ME.  also,  al  so, 
al  swo,  al  swa,  <  AS.  ealswd,  eal  swd,  just  so,  like- 
"n-ise  (=G.  also,  thus) :  eal,  adv.,  all,  just,  quite ; 
swd,  so:   see  all  and  so.     Doublet,  osl,  q.  v.] 

1.  adv.  1.  Wholly  so;  quite  so;  so. 

Aho  he  endede  his  lyfe. 

Early  Eny.  Pvenu  (ed.  Fm-nivall). 

2.  In  like  manner ;  likewise. 

.4.S  the  blame  of  ill-succeeding  things 
.Shall  light  on  you,  so  light  the  harmes  alsu. 

Old  Play. 
Thus,  also,  do  authors  beget  authors. 

Ireing,  Sketch-Book,  p.  100. 

3.  In  addition;  too;  further. 

God  do  so  and  more  also:  for  thou  shalt  surely  die. 

1  .Sam.  xiv.  44. 
In  fact,  "Ml".  Emerson  himself,  besides  being  a  poet  and 
a  philosopher,  was  also  a  plain  Concord  citizen. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  iv. 

II.  eoyij.  As ;  so.     See  as. 

This  ye  knowen  also  wel  as  I. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  730. 
Also  mote  I  thee  [thrive]. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Merchant's  Tale. 

Alsophila  (al-sof 'i-la),  )(.  [<  Gr.  d?.(Tof,  a  grove, 
-I-  Of/Of,  lo\'ing;  from  the  habitat  of  the.iilant.] 
A  genus  of  tropical  arborescent  ferns,  often 
becoming  magnificent  trees,  distinguished  from 
allied  genera  (Cyatkea,  etc.)  by  ha^^nga  single 
naked  sorus  on  each  veuilet.  A.  excelsa  of 
Norfolk  island  rises  to  the  height  of  80  feet. 

Alstonia  bark  (al-sto'ni-ii  biirk).  [NL.  Al- 
stonia,  named  after  Dr.  Alston  of  Edinburgh.] 
The  bark  of  an  apoc\'naceous  tree,  Alstonia 
scholaris,  of  tropical  Asia,  Africa,  and  Aus- 
tralia, a  powerful  bitter,  recommended  as  a 
valuable  antiperiodie  and  tonic.  Also  called 
dita. 

alstonite  (al'ston-it),  n.     Same  as  hromlitc. 

alswat,  <"'''•     A  Jliddle  English  form  of  also. 

alt  (alt),  a.  [<  It.  alto  (see  alto)  =  Sp.  Pg.  alto 
=  Pr.  «/?  =  OF.  alt.  halt,  haul,  mod.  F.  hnui,  high 
(see  liauijht,  haut/hty,  hautboy),  <  L.  alius,  high, 
deep,  lit.  increased,  grown  (pp.  of  alerc,  gi'ow), 
prob.  ult.  =  AS.  aid,  eahl,  E.  old:  see  old,  and 
ct.all.  Ci.  hauf/ht.]  In  )««.s7c,  an  abbreviation 
of  alto,  liigh :  much  used  in  compotmd  words, 

as  alt-horn,  alt-clarinet in  alt,  said  of  the  notes 

comprised  in  the  first  octave  above  the  treble  staff:  as, 
G  in  alt,  .\  in  alt.  The  notes  more  than  an  octave  above 
this  staff  are  said  to  be  in  altissimo.—To  be  in  alt,  to  be 
haughty,  dignified,  etc. 

"Come,  prithee  be  a  little  less  in  alt,"  cried  Lionel, 
"and  answer  a  man  when  he  speaks  to  you." 

Miss  Barney,  Camilla,  ii.  6. 

alt.    An  abbreviation  of  altitude. 

Altaian  (al-ta'yan),  a.     Same  as  Altaic. 

Altaic  (al-ta'ik),'  «.  [<  .{Itai,  Kuss.  .lltai,  name 
of  mountains  iu  Asia,  perhaps  from  Tatar  altyn, 
gold  (Malm).  Cf.  (dtin.~\  Pertaining  to  the  Al- 
tai, a  vast  range  of  motmtaiiis  e.\tending  ii\  an 
easterly  direction  through  a  consiiierable  por- 


altar 

tion  of  Asia,  and  forming  part  of  the  boundary 
between  the  Ktissian  and  Chinese  dominions. 
Altaic  family  of  languages,  a  family  of  languages 
occupying  portions  of  nnrthcrn  anil  eastern  Europe,  and 
nearly  the  whole  of  northern  and  central  Asiji,  titgetlier 
with  some  other  regions,  and  divided  into  live  branches, 
the  I'grian  or  Finno-Hungarian,  .Samoycd,  Turkish,  >ion- 
goliaii,  and  Tunguse.  Also  called  Scythian,  Ural-Altaic, 
'I'lttarie,  and  'I'rit'ininn. 

altaite  (al-ta'it),  n.  [(.Altai  (see  Altmc)  + 
-ite-.'}  A  mineral  found  originally  in  the  Altai 
mountains,  and  now  also  in  California,  Colo- 
rado, and  Chili ;  a  telluride  of  lead. 

altambour  (al-tam-biir'),  n.  [A  modified  spell- 
ing of  OSp.  ntambor,  prob.  for  'ul-tatnbor,  <  Ar. 
al,  the,  -f-  tambiir,  tambour:  see  tambour  aud 
taftor.]      A  large  Spanish  or  Moorish  drum. 

altar  (al'tar),  n.  [The  spelling  has  been 
changed  to  bring  it  nearer  the  L. ;  <  ME.  alter, 
more  commonly  auter,  <  OF.  alter,  also  outer 
(F.  autel),  <  L.  altare,  an  altar,  lit.  a  high 
place,  <  alius,  high:  see  alt.]  1.  An  elevated 
place  or  structure,  a  block  of  stone,  or  any  ob- 
ject of  appropriate  form,  on  which  sacrifices 
are  offered  or  incense  is  burned  to  a  deity. 
The  earliest  altars  were  tui-f  mounds,  large  Hat-topped 
stones,  or  other  rude  elevations,  natural  or  artificial;  but 
when  temples  came  to  be  built  altars  were  generally  made 
of  hewn  stone,  marble,  or  metal,  and  became  more  and 
more  ornate.  Greek  and  Konian  altars  were  round,  trian- 
gular, or  square  in  plan,  often  elal>orately  adorned  with 
sculpture,  and  bearing  inscriptions.  Sometimes,  as  at 
Pergamon,  the  altar  w.os  a  struc- 
ture of  vast  size  and  complex 
plan,  .and  was  in  itself  an  art 
monument  of  the  highest  impor- 
tance. In  the  Jewish  worship 
two  altars  were  used :  the  altar 
of  bunit-offering,  which  stood  at 
the  entrance  to  the  tabernacle, 
and  afterward  occupied  a  con-e- 
sponding  position  in  tlie  temple, 
and  the  altar  of  incense,  which 
stood  in  the  holy  place.  Both 
were  made  of  shittim-wood,  the 
former  being  overlaid  with  brass, 
the  latter  with  gold. 
2.  Inmost  Chris- 
tian churches, 
the  communion- 
table. In  the 
primitive  church  it 
was  of  wood,  sub- 
sequently of  stone, 
marble,  or  bronze. 


Creek  Altar. 
..  -  ..,.     .  t        From  the  Street   of  Tombs,  Assos,  ex- 

sometimes  with  ncn    plored  by  the  Archaeological  Institute  of 

architectural   orna-   America  in  1884. 

ments,     sculptures, 

and  painting.      In  the  Roman  Catholic  Chinch  the  altar  Is 

the  table,  since  the  early  ages  of  the  iliuirb  cither  of  stone 

or  including  a  block  of  stone  (the  aUar-.stoiic),  upon  which 

the  priest  consecrates  the  eucharist.  The  altar-stone  is  con- 


Ancient  High  Altar  of  Notre  Dame,  Paris.  13th  century. 
( ViolTet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  I'Architectore.") 

secrated  by  the  bishop  or  a  specially  liccnscil  abbot,  who 
anoints  it  with  chrism,  and  often  seals  up  certain  relics 
in  a  small  caWty  made  for  tlic  purpose  ;  the  consecration 
remains  in  virtue  until  cither  the  stone  or  the  seal  is  broken. 
3.  The  steps  at  the  sides  of  a  graving-dock. — 
Family  altar,  the  prnctic'c  or  the  place  of  family  worship 
or  di  viitioiis.  High  altar,  the  chief  or  principal  altar  in 
a  calhcdral  nr  citli,  r  chuich  having  miu'e  than  one  altar. 
It  stands  beyond  tlic  clioir  at  the  end  of  the  sanctuary  i>r 
chancel  opposite  the  front  or  the  main  entrance,  and  usu- 
ally has  behind  it  a  screen,  rercdos.  or  dossel,  so  as  to 
make  it,  even  when  there  is  an  ambuljltory  with  chapels 
or  any  other  feature  behind  it,  the  chief  object  on  which 
the  eye  rests  on  entering  the  cluirch.  Lesser  or  .viV/c  altars 
often  stand  in  chapels  or  against  tlie  pillars  of  the  nave, 
."ice  cut  under  cathedral.  Privileged  altar,  in  the  flom. 
Cath.  Ch.,  au  altar  to  which  arc  attached  certain  indul- 


Altar-bread  Box. 


altar 

gences,  aa  the  liberty  of  celebratinp  votive  masses  even  on 
fi'ust-days,  tlie  tii'iiedt  of  souls  in  purgatory,  or  various 
privilfKi's  pei-jioual  to  the  iiicliviiiual  visitiuK  it. 
altarage  (il'tiir-aj),  «.  [<  ME.  awtcranc,  <  OF. 
(lukrdijc :  soo  (dtnr  and  -'K/c]  1.  OfforiiiKS 
made  iijioii  an  altar  or  to  a  chiireh. — 2.  The 
honorarium  or  stipend  received  by  a  priest  from 
offerings  and  gifts  on  aecount  of  services  at  the 
altar.  Sometimes  called  small  tithes  and  altar- 
dues. 

All  these  [curates]  lyvo  upou  bare  Altaraxjes,  as  they 
tearme  them,  which  God  knoweth  are  very  email,  and  were 
wont  to  lyve  upon  tlu'  Kaync  of  Masses,  Dirges,  Whryviugs, 
and  sochu  lykc  trunijuiye. 
Sir  U.  Sidney,  State  I'apers,  in  O'Curry's  Anc.  Irish,  1. 112. 

3.  In  Scotland,  formerly,  an  endowment  granted 
for  the  saying  of  masses  for  deceased  friends 
at  a  particular  altar. 
altar-board  (al'tilv-bord),  «.  In  the  Coptic 
Cli.,  a  movable  wooilen  panel,  carved  with  a 
cross  in  the  center  and  with  sacred  letters  and 
devices  arotind  it.  it  n-sts  in  a  recess  on  the  top  of 
the  stone  altar,  and  supports  tlu-  chalice  and  i)aten  during; 
tile  mass;  a  reversal  of  the  Western  rule,  for  which  see 
altar,  2,  !Uh1  attar-slab.  A,  J,  Butler,  Coptic  Churches, 
II.  i.  3-5. 

altar-bread  (al'tiir-bred),  II.  Bread  prepared 
for  the  eucharist.  Unleavened  bread  is  required  for 
this  jturpose  in  the  Kuniaii  Catholic 
Church,  and  is  used  in  many  Anglican 
churches,  in  which  either  leavened  or 
unleavened  bread  is  permitted.  In  both 
the  latter  is  made  into  small  thin  disks 
or  wafers,  caiied  sevtralty  altar-hirads, 
usually  stamped  with  soiiu'  emblem,  as 
the  cross  or  crucili.x,  or  I.  H.  S.  In  the 
former  church,  after  consecration,  the 
altar-bread  is  called  1u»tt  (see  hoxt),  and 
the  wafers  are  of  two  sizes,  the  hirt^cr  for 
the  priest,  the  smaller  for  the  jnople. 
The  Greek  Church  uses  lea\'ened  bread 
esiieriallv  made  for  the  purpose.    .See 

•  ,bl,tl.',  II.,  1. 

altar-card  (al'tar-kilrd),  )i.  A  printed  copy  of 
certain  portions  of  the  mass,  which  the  priest 
cannot  conveniently  readfrom  t  he  missal.  Altar- 
cards  al"e  placed  at  the  center  ami  at  each  eml  of  the  altar. 
They  are  of  modern  introduction,  and  are  not  essential  to 
the  service. 

altar-carpet (al'tar-kar'pet),?!.  1.  Thecaqiet 
covering  the  raised  floor  in  front  of  the  altar, 
and  generally  the  altar-steps  as  well. — 2. 
Rarely,  a  covering  for  the  altar. 

altar-cavity  (al'tiir-kav  1-ti),  «.  A  niche  or 
chamber  in  the  body  of  an  altar,  designed  to 
contain  relics.  This  was  called  se/iuleliruni  in  the  Latin 
Church,  tfialamfa  or  thalasgiilivn  in  the  Greek  Church,  and 
seems  to  have  existed  universally  as  late  as  the  fifteenth 
century.  Tlie  Coptic  churches  of  Egj-pt  still  have  altar- 
cavities.  .-1.  J.  Butler,  Coptic  Churches,  II.  i.  See  con- 
feit^iiinarif. 

altar-chime  (al'tar-chim),  n.  A  set  of  three 
small  bells  mounted  in  a  stand,  and  used  for 
ringing  by  hand  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Chm'ch 
serrice. 

altar-cloth  (al'tar-kloth),  n.  [<  ME.  alter-,  au- 
tcr-cloth  :  see  altar  and  clotli.'i  A  cover  for  an 
altar  in  a  Christian  church,  it  is  a  general  term, 
and  ineluiles  the  close  case  of  linen  which  was  used  in  the 
middle  a^^es  an<l  removed  only  for  washing  the  altac, 
the  later  cerecloth  (which  see),  and  the  temporary  cover- 
ings, whether  of  white  linen,  or  of  rich  stuff,  or  of  em- 
broidery. Tlie  ditferent  coverings  for  the  altar  have  differ- 
ent names.     See  antependium,  frontal,  and  nuperJ'rontaL 

altar-cross  (al'tiir-kros),  n.  A  fixed  or  mova- 
ble cross,  standing  upon  an  altar. 

altar-curtain  (al'tar-ker"tan),  11.  A  hanging 
suspended  from  rods  at  the  sides  of  ancient 
ciboria,  or  altar-canopies,  or  at  the  back  and 
sides  of  an  altar.     See  cut  under  altar,  2. 

altar-cushion  (;il'tiir-kush"ou),  «.  A  small 
cushiim  laid  upon  an  altar  to  support  the  ser- 
vic<'-book. 

altar-desk  (al'tar-desk),  n.  A  small  desk  used 
like  an  altar-cushion. 

altar-dues  (al'tar-dtiz),  H.  pi.  Same  as  altar- 
fii]( ,  li. 

altar-fire  (al'tar-fii'),  «.  A  ceremonial  iii'e  on 
an  altar. 

altar-frontal  (al'tiir-fnm'tal),  n.  The  orna- 
mental front,  usually  movable,  of  the  altar  in 
a  Christian  church,  it  is  sometimes  of  wood,  richly 
carved  and  gilded,  or  with  painted  panels,  or  incrusted 
with  enamels  or  glass.  When  it  is  of  stulf  it  is  called 
antependium,  and  its  color  is  usually  changed  to  corrc- 
spoml  with  the  church  festivals  and  seasons. 

altar-herse  (al'tilr-hers),  ».  A  term  sometimes 
used  to  (ifscribe  the  frame  on  which  a  tem- 
porary canopy  was  erected  over  an  altar  dh 
special  solemnities  and  festivals  of  the  highest 
rank.     Lee,  Eccles.  Terms. 

altarist  (al'tiir-ist),  «.  [(.altar  + -ist.']  hi  old 
tnir :  («)  All  apyiellatiou  given  to  the  jiriest  to 
whom  the  altarage  belonged,  (h)  A  chaplain. 
Also  called  altar-thane. 


159 

altar-lantern  (artSr-lan'tSm),  n.  A  term  oc- 
casionally I'liuud  in  old  records  describing  the 
lanterns  which  were  used  in  lieu  of  simple  wax 
tapers  for  an  altar,  when  erected  temporarily 
and  out  of  doors,  on  the  continent  of  Eniopc  tlicy 
arc  found  in  the  sacristies  of  many  churclies,  ami  are 
frei|uently  used,  carried  on  either  side  of  the  erucillx,  at 
funerals  and  srjlemn  processions  of  the  blessed  sacrament, 
in  those  divisions  of  the  church  which  practise  reservation 
of  the  holy  eucharist.     Lee,  Eccles.  Terms. 

altar-ledge  (al'tiir-le.j),  n.  A  step  or  ledge  be- 
hind the  altar  of  a  church  and  raised  slightly 
above  it,  to  receive  ceremonial  lights,  flowers, 
or  other  ornaments  or  symbols.  Sometimes  there 
are  two  or  mrn-e  sti-ps  or  ledges.  In  modern  usage  often 
called  retahle,  tliongh  the  retable  is  more  properly  higlicr, 
and  in  itself  an  important  architectural  or  ilecorative  fea- 
ture. Sec  retable.  Also  tenued,  but  incorrectly,  tniiier- 
aliiie. 

altar-light  (al'tjir-lit),  n.  A  light  placed  upon 
or  near  an  altar,  and  having  a  symbolical  mean- 
ing. In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the  lights  are  oft. n 
set  upon  the  altar  itself;  in  the  Churcli  of  England  the) 
always  stand  on  an  altar-ledge  behind  or  beside  the  altar. 

altarpiece  (al'tjir-pes),  «.  A  decorative  screen, 
retable,  or  rereclos  placed  behind  an  altar,  con- 
sidered especially  as  a  work  of  art.  in  clmrclu^ 
of  the  Renaissance  i)eriod  it  is  more  usually  a  painting  of 
a  sacred  subject,  but  in  those  of  the  early  middle  ages  it 
is  frequently  of  embossed  silver  or  of  rich  gold  ami  en- 
ameled work  set  witli  jewels,  us  the  famous  Pala  d'Oro  of 
St.  Mark's  in  Venice. 

As  the  altar  stood  free  in  the  choir,  and  the  altar-inej:e 
was  to  be  seen  from  behind  as  well  as  from  before,  both 
sides  were  to  be  covered  with  painting. 

C.  E.  yorton.  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  142. 

altar-protector  (artar-pro-tek"tor),  II.  The 
name  given  to  a  covering  of  green  cloth,  baize, 
or  velvet,  which,  exactly  fitting  the  top  of  the 
altar,  is  placed  on  it  at  all  times  when  the  altar 
is  not  being  used,  to  protect  the  sacred  linen 
from  dust  and  defilement.     Lee,  Eccles.  Terras. 

altar-rail  (al'tiir-ral),  «.  A  low  rail  or  iiarrier 
running  transversely  to  the  main  axis  of  the 
church  and  separating  the  sanctuary  frotn  those 
portions  of  the  church  that  are  in  front  of  it. 
.Also  called  communion-rait,  as  communicants  kneel  at 
this  rail  to  receive  the  eucharist. 

altar-screen  (al'tar-skren),  11.  In  arch.:  («) 
A  partition  of  stone,  wood,  or  metal,  in  early 
medieval  usage  represented  by  curtains,  behind 
and  at  the  sides  of  the  high  altar,  and  separat- 
ing the  choir  fi'om  the  east  end  of  the  build- 
ing,    (b)  A  reredos  or  retable. 

altar-side  (al'tiir-sid),  n.  That  part  of  an  altar 
which  faces  the  congregation. 

altar-slab  (al'tar-slab),  II.  The  top,  or  a  por- 
tion of  the  top,  of  a  Christian  altar;  the  altar 
proper,  or  mensa.  It  is  the  consecrated  and  there- 
fore the  essential  part,  and  is  always  in  Western  churches 
a  single  stone.  In"  some  Eastern  churches  the  slab  has  a 
drain  for  water;  a  few  such  instances  are  found  in  west- 
ern Europe,  and  all  are  probably  traditional  of  .an  ancient 
custom  of  wasliing  the  altar  on  set  occasions. 

altar-stairs  (al'tar-starz),  71.  pi.  Steps  or  stairs 
leading  up  to  an  altar. 

The  great  world's  altar-stairs, 
That  slope  thro'  darkness  up  to  God. 

Tennyson,  In  ilenioriam,  Iv. 

altar-stole  (al'tar-stol),  n.  A  medieval  orna- 
ment shaped  like  the  ends  of  a  stole,  hanging 
down  in  front  of  the  altar-cloth.  Lee,  Eccles. 
Terras. 

altar-stone  (al'tiir-ston),  ».  [<  ME.  awterstone: 
see  altar  and  sti'mc.']  An  altar-slab;  the  con- 
secrated slab  or  block  of  stone  constituting  an 
altar.     See  altar,  2. 

altar-table  (artar-ta'''bl),  n.  1.  In  a  Clmstian 
church,  the  top  or  the  consecrated  portion  of 
an  altar;  the  altar  proper,  or  tnensa. — 2.  A 
name  for  one  of  the  wooden  tables  which  were 
substituted  for  the  old  altars  in  England  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  used  for  the  commu- 
nion where  the  old  altars  had  been  destroyed  by 
the  RotUldheads.  Attlrstthistable  was  placed  by  the 
reformers  against  the  eastern  wall  in  the  position  of  the 
old  stone  altar.  This  position  gave  umbrage  to  the  I'ur,- 
tans,  wlio  held  that  it  was  characteristic  of  the  Church  of 
Rome.  Cromwell  therefore  causeil  the  altar-table  to  be 
removed  to  the  niiddleof  the  chancel,  and  to  be  surrounded 
with  seats  for  the  communicants.  .-Vt  the  restoration  it 
was  almost  universally  replaced  in  its  ancient  position. 
When  usetl  it  is  covered  with  a  white  linen  cloth. 

altar-thane  (al'tiir-than),  n.     Same  as  altarist. 

altar-tomb  (lil'tar-tom),  h.  A  raised  tomb,  or 
monument  covering  a  tomb,  of  rectangular 
plan  and  covered  by  a  flat  slab  or  table,  tiiul 
Ijresenting  a  general  resemblance  to  an  altar. 
It  may  be  free  ami  exposed  on  all  four  sides,  or  applieil 
against  or  engaged  in  a  wall ;  in  the  latter  case  there  is 
often  an  architectural  canopy  or  niche  raised  alxive  it. 
'I'hc  top  often  supports  one  or  more  reciimlK'nt  tlgui^es  in 

sculpture. 

altarwise  (al'tar-wiz),  adv.  [<  altar  +  -wise.'] 
In  the  usual  position  of  a  church-altar,  that  is. 


alterage 

with  ends  toward  the  north  and  Bouth  and  front 
toward  the  west. 
Was  our  coniniunion  table  placed  allar-icitel 

Evelyn,  Diary,  March  22,  1678. 

altazimuth  (alt-az'i-muth),  n.  [Contr.  of  al- 
tilade-iicimiith.]  An  astronomical  instrument 
for  determining  the  altitudes  and  the  azimuths 
of  heavenly  bodies.  The  telescope  of  the  altazimuth 
is  capable  of  being  nuived  horizontally  to  any  point  of  the 
compass,  as  well  as  vertically,  and  there  are  horizontal  and 
vertical  circles.    A  theodolite  is  a  jiortable  altazimuth. 


:  Bold,  Ilukcof  Burjfundy,  I>ijon. 

alter  (al'ter),  V.  [<  ML.  alterare,  make  other, 
<  L.  alter,  other,  <  al-  (seen  in  «/(»,«,  other, 
alieniis,  of  another,  etc.:  see  alius,  alien,  etc.) 
-I-  compar.  suffix -tcr  =zE.  -thcr  in  other,  uhether, 
etc.,  and  -tcr  in  after,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  some  change  in ;  make  different  in  some 
particular;  cause  to  vary  in  some  degree,  ^vith- 
out  an  entire  change. 

My  covenant  will  I  not  break,  nor  alter  the  thing  that  is 
gone  out  of  my  lips.  Ps.  Ixxxix.  34. 

These  things  arc  to  be  regretted,  but  not  to  be  altered 
until  liberality  of  seutinient  is  more  universal. 

Wa.'>hiiifrfon,  in  Bancroft's  liist.  Const.,  I.  443. 

Tliere  are  speeches,  some  speeches  of  Demosthenes  par- 
ticularly, in  which  it  would  be  impossible  to  alter  a  word 
without  alterin'j  it  for  the  worse.         Macaulay,  History. 

2.  To  change  entirely  or  materially;  convert 
into  another  form  or  state :  as,  to  alter  a  cloak 
into  a  coat;  to  alter  an  opinion. 

She  promised  that  no  force. 
Persuasion,  no,  nor  death  could  alter  her. 

Tenny.^on,  Aylmer's  Field. 

3.  To  castrate,  emasculate,  or  spay,  as  an  ani- 
mal.    [United  States.] — 4t.  To  exchange. 

She  that  would  alter  services  with  thee. 

S/m*-.,  T.  N.,  ii.  f>. 

5t.  To  agitate:  as,  "altered  and  moved  in- 
wardly," Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  l.=Syn.  1  and 
2.  Alter,  Clianije,  modify,  transform,  transmute.  In  gen- 
eral a(fcr  is  to  change  partially, while  chanr/e  is  more  com- 
monly to  substitute  one  thing  for  another,  or  to  make  a 
material  ditference  in  a  thing. 

I  woo  thee  not  with  gifts. 
Sequel  of  guerdon  could  not  alter  me 
To  fairer.  Tennyson,  (Eiione. 

One  who  brings 
A  mind  not  to  be  chanqed  by  place  or  time. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  253. 

H.  intrans.  To  become  different  in  some 
respect;  vary;  change. 

The  law  of  the  Medes  and  Persians,  which  altereth  not. 

Dan.  vi.  8. 
Love  alters  not  with  his  [Time's]  brief  hours  and  weeks. 
Stiatt.,  Sonnets,  cxvi. 
To  alter  for  the  better  is  no  shame. 

Dri/den,  Art  of  Poetry,  iv.  915. 
In  a  day's  wandering,  you  would  pass  many  a  hill,  wood, 
and  water-course,  each  i>erpetually  altering  in  aspect  as 
the  sun  shone  out  or  was  overcast. 

Cfiarlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  ixiii. 

alterability  (al''t6r-a-biri-ti),  n.  [<  alterable :  = 
F.  alli  rahiliti.']  Thequality  of  being  alterable; 
suscejitibility  to  change. 

The  degree  of  alterability  of  the  nutritive  liiiuid  should 
always  be  taken  into  aecount  in  experiments. 

Science,  III.  520. 

alterable  (al't^r-a-bl).  a.  [< alter  -f  -aide :  =  F. 
alterable.']  Capable  of  being  altered,  varied,  or 
made  different. 

A  diminished  proportion  of  caustic  soda  and  sulphides 
is  fouml  in  the  liquors,  the  total  caustic  lime  being  alter- 
able at  jileasure.  I' re.  Diet.,  IV.  53. 

alterableness  (al'tfer-a-bl-nes),  h.  The  quality 
of  being  alterable  or'of  admitting  alteration ; 
variableness. 

alterably  (al'ter-a-bli),  adv.  In  an  alterable 
manner  :  so  as  to  'lie  altered  or  varied. 

alteraget  (al't^r-aj),  n.  [<  L.  altor.  a  foster- 
father  (<  alere,  nourish:  see  aliment,  ».).  + 
-aije.]  The  nourishing  or  fostering  of  a  child. 
Sir  J.  Varies. 


alterant 


160 


alterant  (al'tfer-ant),  n.  and  )i.     [<  ML.  ajtrr-  altera  (aj'tfem,  formerly  al-tCii-n'),  a.     [<  L.  al- 
(iii(l-)s, -pi^r.  oi  niterarc,  alter:  see  «//«'.] 
ProdueiBg  alteration ;  effecting  change. 


I.  a 


Whether  the  body  be  alterant  or  altered. 

Bacon,  Nut.  Ilist., 


tenuis,  alternate,  reciprocal,  <  altfr,  other:  see 
alter.']     If.  Acting  by  turns ;  alternate. 
The  greater  [light]  to  have  rule  by  day, 
The  less  by  night,  altern.  Miltun,  V.  L.,  vii.  348. 

2.  In  crystal.,  exhibiting  on  two  parts,  an  up- 
per and  a  lower,  faces  which  alternate  among 
themselves,  but  which,  when  the  two  parts  are 
compared,  correspond  with  each  other — Altem 
base,  in  tri'jon.,  a  term  used  in  distinction  from  the  true 
base.  Thus,  in  oblique  triangles,  the  true  base  is  the  sura 
of  the  sides,  in  whicli  case  the  difference  of  the  sides  is  the 
altera  ba^e;  or  inversely,  when  the  true  base  is  the  differ- 

...,^_. ^  eiice  of  the  sides,  the  sum  of  the  sides  is  the  n^fcm  6a*T. 

more  proper  to  designate,  not  as  mordants  or  bases,  hut  as  a^emacy  (al-ter'na-si),   ii.      [_<  alternate:   see 

"  '"""Baiicrofi,  I'hilos.  of  Penn.  Colours  (ed.  1813),  I.  344.     -acij.]     The  state  of  quality  of  being  alternate ; 

occurrence  or  performance  by  turns.    [Rare.] 


,  Int.  to  ix. 

II.  m.  1.  An  alterative.— 2.  Specifically,  in 
ducing,  any  substance  employed  to  modify  or 
change  a  color. 

This  last  effect  [of  modiflcation]  may,  however,  be  pro- 
duced liv  a  variety  of  matters  besides  those  wliich  are  of 
the  earthy  or  metallic  lands,  and  indeed  by  everything 
capal)le,  not  of  fixing,  but  of  merely  varying,  the  shades  of 
adjective  colouring  matters.    These,  therefore,  I  thinli  it 


alteratet  (al't^r-at),  v.  t.     [<  lilL.  alteraUts,  pp. 

of  alterarc :  see  alter.l     To  alter. 
alteratet  (al'ter-at),  a.     [<  ML.  alteratus :  see 

the  verb.]     Altered ;  changed. 
alteration   (al-te-rii'shon),  n.      [<  ML.  altera- 


The  alternacy  of  rhymes  in  a  stanza  gives  a  variety  that 
may  support  the  poet,  without  the  aid  of  music,  to  a 
greater  length.  ilit/ard. 

Numerous  elisions,  which  prevent  the  softening  alter- 
iianf  of  vowels  and  consonants.    Walpole,  Letters,  IV.  549. 


tio(n-},  <  alterare,  pip.  diteratus :  see  alttr.J     1.   alternalt  (al-ter'nal),  a.     [<  L.  alternus:  see 

~"  '  ''        '  '  altern.]    Alternate. 

alternallyt  (al-ter'nal-i),  ac!v.    Alternately. 
Their  men  obeyed 
Alternally  both  generals'  commands. 

May,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  iv. 

alternant  (al-ter'nant),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  alter- 
n(tn(i-)s,  ppr.  of  aliernure,  alternate:  see  alter- 
nate,v.]  I.  o.  Alternating;  specifically, in jreo?., 
composed  of  alternate  layers,  as  some  rocks. 

II.  n.  In  math.,  a  determinant  all  the  ele- 
ments of  each  row  (or  column)  of  which  are 
functions  of  one  variable  different  from  that  of 
any  other  row  (or  column),  while  the  elements 
of  any  one  column  (or  row)  are  like  functions 
of  the  different  variables.  Such,  for  example,  is 

cos  X,  1 


The  act  of  altering ;  the  making  of  any  change ; 
passage  from  one  form  or  state  to  another. 

Appius  Claudius  iidmitted  to  the  senate  the  sons  of  those 
who  had  been  slaves:  by  which,  and  succeeding  rt/(erafMMi«, 
that  council  degenerated  into  a  most  corrupt  body.   Si"i/t. 

2.  A  change  effected ;  a  change  of  form  or  state, 
especially  one  which  does  not  affect  the  identity 
of  the  subject. 

Love  is  not  love 
Which  alters  when  it  alteration  finds. 

Shak,,  Sonnets,  cxvi. 

8.  In  mineral.,  the  change  by  which  one  mineral 
substance  is  converted  into  another,  either  (1) 
■with  or  (2)  -without  change  of  chemical  compo- 
sition; as,  for  example,  (1)  the  change  of  the 
oxid  of  copper,  cuprite,  to  the  carbonate,  mala- 
chite ;  or  (2)  of  brookite  to  rutile,  both  being 
forms  of  titanium  dioxid.  See  paramorpkism 
a,nd  jisenclomorphism . 
alterative  (al'ter-a-tiv),  a.  and  n.     [<  ML.  al 


sm  : 

sin  )/,  cos  J/,  1 

sin  z,  cos  z,  1. 
Double  alternant,  a  detei-minant  which  is  an  alternant 
with  respect  to  two  sets  of  variables,  both  running  tlirough 
tlie  rows  or  tlirough  the  columns. 


teratirus,  <  alteratus,  pp.  of  alterare:  see  alter.]  Alternanthera  (al-ter-nan'the-rii),  n.     [NL.,  < 


I.  a.  Causing  alteration  ;  having  the  power  or 
tendency  to  alter ;  especially,  in  mecl.,  having 
the  power  to  restore  the  healthy  functions  of 
the  body. 

II.  n.  Oneof  a  group  of  medicines  the  physi- 
ological action  of  which  is  somewhat  obscure, 

but  which  seem  to  modify  the  processes  ot  alter nat  ( al-ter-na '),  "•  [F., 
growth  and  repau-  m  the  various  tissues.  The  „„e,.„„,e  „.]  Rotation  ;  sp 
most  important  are  the  compounds  ot  meremy,  '      -"  ■  • 

iodine,  and  arsenic. 

altercate  (al'ter-kat),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alter- 
cated, ppr.  altercating.  [<  L.  altercatus,  pp.  of 
altercari,  dispute,  <  alter,  another;  from  the 
notion  of  speaking  alternately.]  To  contend 
in  words;  dispute  with  zeal,  heat,  or  anger; 
wrangle. 

altercation  (al-ter-ka'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  alter- 
cation, <  OF.  altercation,'  <.  L.  etltercatio(n-),  a 
dispute,  <  altercari,  pp.  altercatus,  dispute:  see 
altercate.]  1.  The  act  of  altercating;  wai-m 
contention  in  words ;  dispute  carried  on  with 
heat  or  anger;  controversy;  vrrangle. 

The  altercation  was  long,  and  was  not  brought  to  a  con- 
clusion satisfactory  to  either  party. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

This  very  uncertainty,  producing  continual  altercations 
and  wars,  produced  great  statesmen  and  warriors. 

J.  Adnmx,  Works,  IV.  52. 

2.  In  Eom.  laio,  the  method  of  proceeding  on 
the  trial  of  a  cause  in  eoiu-t  by  question  and 
answer.  Colquhoun.  =  Syn.  ^Vranyle,  Braid,  etc.  See 
quarrel,  n. 
altered  (al'terd), p.  a.  Changed;  different.  Spe- 
cifically —(a)  In  ijeoL,  metamorphosed :  applied  to  a  rock 
of  which  the  constituent  minerals  have  been  changed  by 
chemical  action  subsequently  to  its  formation  or  depo- 
sition. Roclis  are  commonly  rendered  harder  and  more 
crystalline  by  sucii  alteration.  When  softening  of  crystal- 
line roclis  t.akes  place,  it  is  usually  accompanied  by  hydra- 
tation,  or  the  taking  up  of  water,  (b)  In  mineral.,  applied 
to  a  mineral  whose  substance  has  been  changed  either 
chemically  or  molecularly,  as  a  garnet  altered  to  clilorite 
or  aragonite  altered  to  calcite.     (c)  Castrated. 

alter  ego  (al'ter  e'go).  [L. :  alter,  other,  second ; 
ego  =  E.  /.•  see  alter  and  ego.]  Second  self ;  an- 
other self;  counterpart;  double.  Sometimes  ap- 
plied as  a  title  to  a  person  who  has  full  powers  to  act  for 
another,  as  in  the  case  of  a  Spanish  viceroy  when  exercising 
regal  power. 

alter  idem  (al'ter  i'dem).     [L. :  alter,  other 

(see  alter) ;  idem,  the  same.]     Another  and  the 
same ;  another  precisely  similar. 
alterity  (al-ter'i-ti),  n.      [<  ML.  alterita(t'-)s,  < 
h.  alter,  other:  seealter.]     The 
of  being  other  or  different.     [Ri 

Your  outness  is  but  the  feeling  of  otherness  (alterity) 
rendered  intuitive,  or  alterity  visujUly  represented. 

Coteridye',  Notes  on  Shakspere,  II.  295. 


L.  altern  us,  alternate  (see  altern),  +  NL.  anthera, 
anther.]  A  genus  of  dwarf  tufted  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Amarantacew :  so  called  from  the 
stamens  being  alternately  fertile  and  barren. 
They  have  opposite  leaves  and  small  tribracteate  fiowers 
arranged  in  heads.  Several  species  are  grown  in  gardens 
for  the  sake  of  their  richly  colored  foliage. 

<.  Jj.  alternare :  see 
speeificallj^,  in  diplo- 
macy, a  practice  in  accordance  with  ■which 
several  states,  in  order  to  preserve  the  equality 
between  them,  take  each  in  turn  the  fii'st  place, 
as,  for  example,  in  the  signing  of  treaties. 

By  the  alternat  Is  intended  the  practice,  sometimes 
adopted  in  signing  conventions,  of  alternating  in  the  order 
of  priority  of  signature,  according  to  some  fixed  rule,  so 
as  to  cut  off  questions  of  rank. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  note  to  §  94. 

alternate  (al'ter-nat,  formerly  al-ter'nat),  !•. ; 
pret.  and  pp. alternated,  ppr.  alternating.  [< L. 
alternatus,  pp.  of  alternare,  do  by  tm'ns,  <  alter- 
nus, alternate, recvproca-l:  seealtern.]    I.  trans. 

1.  To  do  or  perform  by  turns,  or  in  succession. 
\Mlo,  in  their  course, 

Melodious  hymns  about  the  sovran  throne 
Alternate  all  night  long.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  657. 

2.  To  cause  to  succeed  or  follow  one  another 
in  time  or  place  reciprocally;  interchange  re- 
ciprocally. 

The  most  high  God  .  .  .  alternates  the  disposition  of 
good  and  evil.  O.  Grew,  Sermons. 

Alteriiatiny  worry  with  quiet  qualms, 
Bravado  with  submissiveuess. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  53. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  foUow  one  another  in  time 
or  place  reciprocally:    generally  followed  by 
u-ith  :  as,  the  flood  and  ebb  tides  alternate  one 
with  the  other. 
Rage,  shame,  and  grief  alternate  in  his  breast. 

J.  Philips,  Blenheim,  v.  3.39. 
Pale  Want  alternated 
With  Plenty's  golden  smile. 

Whittier,  The  Exiles. 

2.  To  pass  from  one  state,  action,  or  place  to 
a  second,  back  to  the  first,  and  so  on  indefi- 
nitely :  used  with  between,  and  sometimes  ■with 
from :  as,  he  alternates  between  hope  and  despair, 
"or  from  one  extreme  to  another;  the  country 
alternates  between  woods  and  open  fields — Alter- 
nating function,  in  tnath..  a  function  of  several  varial)les 
wliii'li  on  tlie  interchange  of  any  two  of  them  clianges  its 
sign,  i)ut  not  its  absolute  value.  Tims,  (x  —  y)  is  an  alter- 
nating function. 

and  n.     [<  L.  alterna- 

see  alternate,  v.]     I.  a. 

Being  by  turns ;  f ollo'wing  each  the  other, 

recurringly,  in  succession  of  time  or  place; 

hence,  reciprocal. 


Alternate  Leaves. 


Alternate  Angles. 


,.  alterita(t-).s,  <  nai.ng  imictiori. 

state  or  quality  alternate  (al-ter  nat),  a. 

-1  Ills,  \}\).  01  (iltcrnare:  se< 

.,  ,  „    ■,  X  1.  Being  by  turus;  folic 


alternation 

And  bid  alternate  passions  fall  and  rise. 

J'oj'C,  Essay  on  CriticUm,  L  876. 
Billows  of  alternate  liopc  and  despair. 

D.  Webster,  Bunker  Hill  Moimment,  June  17,  1825. 
Two  detestable  manners,  the  indigenous  and  the  im- 
ported, were  now  in  a  state  of  alternaic  conflict  and  amal- 
gamation. Macaulay,  Dryden. 
Specifically,  in  bot. :  («)  Placed  at  unequal  heights  upon  the 
axis;  as,  alUrmite  leaves,  which  arc 
solitary  at  the  nodes,  in  distinction 
from  opposite  or  ivrticillatc.  {b)  Op- 
posite to  the  intervals  bet  ween  oi^ans: 
as,  petals  which  arc  alti'rnate  with 
sepals,  or  stamens  with  petals. 
2.  Belonging  to  a  series  be- 
tween the  two  members  of 
every  pair  in  wliich  a  member 
of  another  series  intervenes; 
ha^Hng  one  inte^^-ening  be- 
tween the  two  of  each  pair; 
every  second :  as,  to  read  only 
the  alternate  lines;  the  odd 
niunbers  form  one  series  of 
alternate  numerals,  the  even  numbers  another. 

—  3.  Consisting  of  alternating  parts  or  mem- 
bers; proceeding  by  alternation:  as,  an  rt/- 
^erHrtfe  series;  alternate  xmnji^',  alternate -pvo- 
portion — Alligation  alternate.  See  ailiciation.— AX- 
temate  angles,  in  r/eom.y  the  internal  angles  made  by 
two  lines  with  a  third,  on 
opposite  sides  of  it.  If  the 
two  lines  are  parallel,  the 
alternate  angles  are  etjual. 
Thus,  if  the  parallels  AB,  CD 
be  cut  by  the  line  EF,  the 
angles  AGH,  GHD  are  al- 
ternate angles,  as  are  also 
the  angles  BGH  and  GHC. 

—  Altemat>e   crystalliza- 
tion.    St.'e  crii--^tnUi:n.tinn. — 

Alternate  generation,  (a) 
In  zoijl.,  a  term  first  used  by 
Steenstnip  to  signify  the  pro- 
duction of  animals  which  are  unlike  their  parents,  but  of 
which  certain  later  generations  alternately  recurring  ex- 
hibit a  likeness  to  those  parents  ;  or.  a  mode  of  reproduc- 
tion in  which  more  than  one  generation,  counted  from  a 
given  progenitor,  must  pass  before  the  appearance  of  de- 
scendants resembling  that  progenitor.  It  is  defined  by  Owen 
as  consisting  in  a  series  of  individuals  which  seem  to  repre- 
sent two  species  alternately  reproduced.  Huxley  defines  it 
as  an  alternation  of  asexual  with  sexual  generation,  in  which 
the  products  of  one  process  differ  from  those  of  the  other. 
According  to  Allman,  the  intercalation  of  a  proper  sexual 
reproduction  is  necessary  to  constitute  true  alternate 
generation,  (b)  In  cryptogamic  hot.,  the  passage  of  a  plant 
through  a  succession  of  unlike  generations  before  the  ini- 
tial form  is  reproduced.  Usually  the  succession  is  one 
in  which  one  sexually  produced  form  alteraates  with  an- 
other produced  asexually.  The  alternation  of  those  sex- 
ually produced  may  be  with  those  parthenogenetically 
produced  {heterogene^is ov  heteronamy,  which  see),  or  with 
those  produced  by  budding  {ineta  gene  sis). —  Alternate 
numbers,  units  such  that  the  product  of  any  two  has  its 
sign  changed  by  reversal  of  the  order  of  the  factors:  as, 
mn  =  —  nm.  The  square  of  any  such  number  vanishes. 
— Alternate  proportion,  the  equal  proportion  that  sub- 
sists between  the  alternate  members  of  the  pairs  of  a 
series  of  proportionals.  Tims,  if  a  -.bi-.c  u1,  then  by  alter- 
nate proportion  a  :  c "b  :  d. — Alternate  quarters,  in 
her.,  quarters  diagonally  opposite  to  each  other,  as  the  first 
and  fourth  quarters,  and  the  second  and  third.  They  have 
usually  the  same  charges. 

II.  H.  1.  That  which  happens  by  turns  with 
something  else ;  vicissitude.     [Rare.] 

Rais'd  in  pleasure,  or  repos'd  in  ease, 
Grateful  alternates  of  substantial  peace. 

Prior^  Soloraon,  i. 

3.  In  political  conventions  and  some  other  rep- 
resentative bodies,  one  authorized  to  take  the 
place  of  another  in  his  absence;  a  substitute. 
[United  States.] 
alternately (al-ter'nat-li), adv.    Inanaltemate 

manner,  (a)  in  reciprocal  succession ;  by  turns,  so  that 
each  is  succeeded  by  that  which  it  succeeds,  in  the  same 
way  as  night  follows  day  and  day  follows  night. 

There  is  a  sort  of  delight,  which  is  alternately  mixed 
with  terror  and  sorrow,  in  the  contemplation  of  death. 

Steele,  Spectator,  >'o.  133. 

(&)  With  the  omission  or  int«r%'ention  of  one  between  each 
two:  as,  read  the  lines  alternately :  in  French  prosody 
male  and  female  rimes  occur  in  couplets  alternately,  (c) 
In  her.,  according  to  alternate  quarters  (whicli  see,  under 
alternate).— Altema.tely  pinnate,  in  bot.,  a  term  applied 
to  a  pinnate  leaf  when  the  leaflets  on  one  side  of  the  peti- 
ole are  not  opposite  to  those  upon  the  other  side. 

altemateness  (al-ter'nat-nes), «.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  altematej  or  of  preceding  and 
following  by  turns. 

alternation  (al-ter-na'shon),  «.  [<  L.  alterna- 
tio{)i-)y  <  alternarCj-pV'  alternatus:  seealternate^ 
('.]  1.  The  act  of  alternating,  or  the  state  of 
being  alternate;  the  reciprocal  succession  of 
things  in  time  or  place,  or  of  states  or  actions; 
the  act  of  following  something  and  being  in 
turn  followed  by  it:  as,  the  oltcrnation  of  day 
and  night,  cold  and  heat,  simimer  and  winter. 

The  alternation  of  uncultivated  and  cultivated  plains, 
with  scattered  villages.  O'Donovan,  Merv,  xi. 

The  law  of  nature  is  alternation  for  evermore. 

ETnersoiij  JYiendship. 


alternation 

2.  Passage  back  anil  forth;  repeated  transition; 
the  action  of  Roiiif;  from  one  state,  condition, 
or  point  to  another,  and  back  again,  indefinitely : 
as,  alternation  between  states  of  mind  or  be- 
tween places;  his  alternations  from  one  point 
to  the  other  were  very  frequent. —  3.  In  math. : 
(a)  The  different  clianges  or  alterations  of  order 
in  numbers.  More  commonly  called  permuta- 
tion. (/))  Alternate  proportion  (which  see,  un- 
der alternate,  a.). — 4.  In  cimreli  ritual,  the  say- 
ing or  reading  of  parts  of  a  service  by  minister 
and  congregation  alternately.  -Alternation  of 

Seneratlon.  See  alternate  ffetwration,  umlt^rattenialr,  a. 
ternative  (al-ter'na-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=  F. 
alternative,  n.,  alternatif,  -ire,  a.,  <  ML.  alterna- 
ft'f  M4',  <  h.  altcrnare,  pp.  alternatu.s :  see  alter- 
nate, v.]  I.  n.  1.  Of  two  things,  such  that  only 
one  can  be  selected  or  only  one  is  possible, 
etc. ;  mutually  exclusive. 

To  arrive  at  the  best  compromise  iu  any  case  implies 
correct  conceptions  of  the  attemative  results  of  this  or 
tliat  course.  //.  Spetieer,  Data  of  Etiiics,  §  los. 

The  conscience  of  mankind,  and  the  voice  alike  of  phi- 
losopliy  and  of  religion,  reject  u  itii  equal  horror  his  [J.  S. 
Mill's]  alternatire  soluti<.)ii  iif  the  m-i^iii  of  evil,  tliat  the 
Creator  of  tlie  world  is  either  the  author  of  evil  or  the 
slave  of  it.  Edinburgh  Jico. 

2.  Affording  a  choice  between  two  things,  or 
a  possibility  of  one  thing  out  of  two ;  given  or 
offered  for  selection,  as  against  something  else: 
as,  an  alternative  proposition ;  he  presented  an 
alternatire  statement. — 3t.  Alternate;  recipro- 
cal. Holland. — 4.  In  hot.,  having  the  parts  of 
the  inner  whorl  alternate  with  the  outer:  ap- 
plied to  the  estivation  or  arrangement  of  the 
parts  of  the  perianth  in  the  bud.— Alternative 
demand,  a  request  for  eitlier,  hut  not  both,  of  two  tilings. 
—Alternative  Judgment  or  inference,  in  /<>;;/<■,  a  jiui;;- 
ment  or  inference  which  judges  or  infers  that  one  or  the 
other  of  two  facts  is  true.  Same  as  disjunctive  judgment  or 
itiference. 

n.  B.  1.  A  choice  between  two  things;  a 
possibility  of  one  of  two  things. —  2.  One  of 
two  things  of  which  either  is  possible  or  may 
be  chosen,  in  strictness  the  word  caiuiot  be  applied 
to  more  than  two  things ;  when  one  thing  only  is  possible, 
there  is  said  to  be  no  alternative. 

Between  these  alternatives  there  is  no  middle  ground. 

Cranch. 

The  stages  of  mental  assent  and  dissent  are  almost  in- 
numerable ;  but  the  alteriiatives  of  action  proposed  by 
the  Christian  faith  are  two  only. 

Glathtone,  Might  of  Eight,  p.  142. 

3.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  an  arrangement  by 
which  the  pope  nominates  to  vacant  benefices 
only  in  alternate  months,  at  other  times  leav- 
ing the  nomination  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese 
or  to  the  regular  patron.  The  month  counted 
is  that  in  which  the  benefice  becomes  vacant. 

alternatively  (al-ter'na-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  al- 
ternative manner  |  in  a  manner  that  admits  the 
choice  or  possibility  of  one  out  of  two  things. 

alternativeness  (al-ter'ua-tiv-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  alternative. 

alternityt  (al-ter'ni-ti),  «.     [<  ML.  altemitas, 
<  L.  altirnu.?,  altern:  see  altern.'i     Succession 
by  turns ;  alternation. 
The  attrrnity  and  vicissitude  of  rest. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  1. 

alternize  (al'ter-niz),  v.  t.  [<  altern  -I-  -ice.] 
To  cause  to  follow  alternately;  alternate. 
[Rare.] 

A  tete-fi-t^tc,  alteniized  with  a  tl-io  by  my  son. 

3lnte.  D'Arblaii,  Diary,  VII.  355. 

Althaea  (al-the'a),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aWaia,  wild 
mallow,  marsh-mallow ;  perhaps  related  to  a'A- 
Oaiveiv,  heal,  and  to  Skt.  v«?vW(,  thrive.]  1.  A 
genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Malva- 
cew,  including  the  hollyhock,  A.  rosea,  and  the 
marsh-mallow,  A.  officinalis.^2.  [Z.c]  A  com- 
mon name  of  the  Hibiscus  Si/riacus,  cultivated 
in  gardens.  Also  called  shrubby  altkwa  and 
rose  of  Sharon. 

althein  (al-the'in),  n.  [<  Althwa  +  -Jw2.]  a 
white  erj-stallizable  substance,  formula  C4H8 
N2O3,  contained  in  the  root  of  the  marsh-mal- 
low, Altliaa  oftieinalis,  and  of  asparagus:  iden- 
tical with  a.sparaiiin  (which  see). 

althert,  ".     Same  as  alder'i. 

Althing  (al'ting),  n.  [Icel.,  formerly  althinpi, 
the  general  assembly,  <  allr,  all,  +  thiiHj, 
court :  see  all  and  thine/.']  The  general  assem- 
bly or  jiarliament  of  Iceland. 

Althingman  (al'ting-man),  n. :  pi.  Althingmen 
(-men).  [<  AllhiiKj  -¥  man.]  A  member  of  the 
Althing  or  parliament  of  Iceland. 

alt-horn  (alt'horn),  n.     [<  alt  +  horn  :  see  alt.] 
A  musical   instrument  of  the  sax-horn  class, 
often  used  in  place  of  or  with  the  French  horn 
in  military  bands. 
U 


161 

although  (ftl-THo'),  eonj.  [ME.  al  though,  at 
thah,  etc.;  <  all,  adv.,  in  the  sense  of  'even,' 
-I-  though :  see  all,  adv.,  and  though.  Cf.  albe- 
it.] Admitting  that ;  in  spite  of  the  fact  that ; 
notwithstanding  (that);  though.  =Syn.  Although. 
Though,  Notwitlistandimj.  Between  altUaugh  and  though 
the  choice  is  often  determined  by  the  rhythm.  Notwiih- 
xtaitding  lays  more  stress  than  the  others  ujion  the  adver- 
sative idea  implied  in  concessive  clauses. 

Although  I  have  cast  them  far  otf  among  the  heathen, 
aiui  although  I  have  scattered  them  among  the  comitries, 
yet  will  I  be  to  them  as  a  little  sanctuary  in  the  countries 
where  they  shall  come.  Ezek.  xi.  10. 

A  separable  spite. 
Which  though  it  alter  not  love's  sole  effect. 
Yet  doth  it  steal  sweet  hours  from  love's  delight. 

Shale.,  Sonnets,  xxxvi. 
Come,  come.  Sir  Peter,  you  love  her,  notwithxlaiuling 
your  tempers  don't  exactly  agree. 

Sheridan,  .School  for  Scandal,  i.  2. 
[This  use  of  notwithstandiiu/  is  commonly  regarded  aa  too 
elliptical ;  it  is,  therefore,  not  so  common  as  formerly. 
See  notwithxtajuling.] 

Altica  (al'ti-kil),  K.     See  Haltica. 

alticomous  (al-tik'o-mus),  a.  [<  LL.  alticomus, 
having  leaves  high  up,  or  on  the  top,  <  L.  altus, 
high,  +  co/KO,  headof  hair,  foliage:  seecowal.] 
In  bot.,  having  leaves  on  the  higher  parts  only. 
Si/d.  tioc.  Lex. 

altify(al'ti-fi),  t'.  «.  [<L.  atos,high,-l--/2/.  Cf. 
magnify.]     To  heighten;  raise  aloft.     [Rare.] 

Every  country  is  given  to  niiignify  — not  to  say  altify  — 
their  own  things  therein.  Fuller,  Worthies,  I.  2.S4. 

altiloquence  (al-til'o-kwens), «.  [< altiloement ; 
=  Sp.  altilocuencia=:Vg.  altiloquencia.]  Lofty 
speech ;  pompous  language. 

altilociuent  (al-til'o-kwent),  a.  [=  Sp.  altilo- 
cucnte  =  fg.  alliloquente,  <  L.  alius,  Idgh,  -I-  lo- 
fjucn{t-)s,  speaking,  ppr.  of  loqui,  speak.  Cf. 
LL.  altiloqnus,  in  same  sense.]  Iligh-sound- 
ing ;  pompous  in  language. 

altimeter  (al-tim'e-ter),  «.  [=  F.  altimitre,  < 
L.  alius,  high,  -f  metrum,  <  Gr.iihpov,  meastiro.] 
-An  instrument  for  measuring  altitudes,  as  a 
quadrant,  sextant,  or  theodolite. 

altimetry  (al-tim'e-tri),  n.  [<  altimeter ;  =  F. 
altimetrie.]  The  art  of  ascertaining  altitudes  by 
means  of  an  altimeter,  and  by  trigonometrical 
methods. 

altin  (al'tin),  n.  [F.  altine,  <  Russ.  altuinU,  a 
denomination  of  money.  Cf.  Bulg.  altiin,  Serv. 
aldum,  Tm'k.  altin,  gold.]  A  Russian  money  of 
account,  equal  to  three  copecks. 

Altinares  (al-ti-na'rez), «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  alttis, 
high,  deep,  -1-  nares,  nostrils.]  In  SundevaU's 
system  of  ornithology :  (a)  A  group  of  birds  cor- 
responding to  the  family  Corvidw  of  authors  in 
general,  and  consisting  of  the  crows,  jays,  and 
nut-crackers.  (6)  One  of  the  two  series  into 
which  he  di^^des  the  cohort  Coccyges,  the  other 
being  Humilinares.     See  Zygodaciyli. 

altincar  (al-ting'kar),  n.  [<  Ar.  al-tinkdr,  <  al, 
the,  +  tinldr,  PersV  Hind,  tinkdr,  Malay  tingkal, 
<  Skt.  tanlcana :  see  tincal.]  Crude  borax,  em- 
ployed in  refining  metals ;  tincal  (which  see). 

altiscope  (al'ti-skop),  n.  [<  L.  o»«,s,  high,  -t- 
Gr.  aKOTTeiv,  look  at :  see  scojte.]  An  instrument 
consisting  of  an  arrangement  of  lenses  and  mir- 
rors in  a  telescopic  tube,  extensible  vertically, 
by  means  of  which  it  is  possible  to  look  over  ob- 
jects intervening  between  the  observer  and  tlie 
object  to  be  seen,  wnicn  the  sections  of  the  tube  are 
extended,  the  view  is  received  upon  an  upper  mirror  placed 
at  an  angle  of  45%  and  reflected  thence  down  the  tube  to 
a  lower  mirror,  where  it  is  seen  by  the  observer. 

altisonant  (al-tis'o-nant),  a.  [<  L.  alius,  high, 
+  soniin{t-)s,  ppr. of  .so/mrf,  sound:  seesounet^.] 
High-sounding ;  lofty  or  pompous,  as  language  : 
as,  " altisonant  T^hrsises,"  Evelyn,  Sylva  (To  the 
Header). 

altisonOUS  (al-tis'o-nus),  a.  [<  L.  altisonns, 
high-sounding,  <  alius,  high, -I- «o)i«re,  sound: 
see  sound^.]     Same  as  altisonant. 

altissimo  (al-tis'i-mo),  a.  [It.,  superl.  of  alto, 
high:  see  alt.]  A  musical  term  used  in  the 
plirase  («  altissimo,  literally  in  the  highest,  that 
is,  in  the  second  octave  above  the  treble  staff, 
beginning  with  G.     See  alt. 

altitonant  (al-tit'o-nant),  a.  [<  L.  altitonan(t-)s, 
(.nllK.'i.  high,  +  tonanlt-)s,  ppr.  of  tonare,  thim- 
der.  j  Thimdering  from  on  high ;  high-thunder- 
ing.    [Rare  and  poetical.] 

Altitonant, 
Imperial-crown'd.  and  thunder-armed  Jove. 

Mlddlelon,  World  I'ost  at  Tennis. 

altitude  (al'ti-tud),  n.  [<  iME.  altitude,<  L.  alfi- 
tudo,  height,  <  alius,  high:  see  alt.]  1.  Space 
extended  upward;  height;  the  degree  or  amount 
of  elevation  of  an  object  above  its  foundation, 
the  ground,  or  a  given  level;  the  amount  or 


Altrices 

distance  by  which  one  object  is  higher  than  an- 
other :  as,  the  altitude  of  a  mountain  or  a  cloud. 
—  2.  The  elevation  of  a  point,  star,  or  other 
object  above  the  hori/.on,  measured  by  the 
are  of  a  vertical  intercepted  between  such  point 
and  the  horizon.  Altitude  is  either  aiijMrentiirlrue. 
Apparejtt  altitude  is  that  wliich  appears  by  observations 
matle  at  any  place  on  the  sin-face  of  the  earth ;  true  atti- 
tude, that  which  results  by  correcting  the  apparetit  for 
refraction,  parallax,  and  diji  of  the  horiz-ju.  ['i'he  words 
altitude  ana  elevation  in  georlesy  are  somewhat  confused, 
but  it  is  preferable  to  use  altitude  for  angular  height,  ele- 
vation  for  linear  height.)    Often  abbreviated  to  oft. 

f'rom  hennes-forthward,  I  wol  clepe  the  heyhte  of  any 
thing  that  is  taken  by  thy  rewie  (an  astrolabe],  the  alti- 
tude, with-owte  mo  wordes.  Chaueer,  Astrolabe. 

3.  .An  elevation  or  height;  anything  extending 
far  upward. 

Tlie  altit  udes  which  are  surmoiinted  only  for  the  charms 
of  outlook  they  offer.        D.  Q.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together. 

4.  Highest  point  or  degree ;  full  elevation, 
lie  did  it  to  please  his  mother,  anti  to  be  partly  proud ; 

which  he  is,  even  to  the  altitude  of  his  virtue. 

Shah.,  Cor.,  i.  1. 

5.  Elevation  of  spirit;  haughty  air:  in  this 
sense  generally  used  in  the  plural.    [Archaic] 

From  the  nature  of  their  conversation,  there  was  no 
room  for  altitudes.     Richardson,  Clarissa  lIarlowe,V.  232. 

If  we  would  see  him  in  his  altituden,  we  must  go  back 
to  the  House  of  Conmions ;  .  .  .  there  he  cuts  and  slashes 
at  another  rate.  liogcr  North,  Examen,  p.  25S. 

Accessible  altitude,  the  altitude  of  an  object  to  the 
base  of  which  one  can  have  aircess,  so  as  to  nu'ft.sure  the 
distiuice  between  it  and  the  station  from  which  the  alti- 
tude is  to  be  measured.  —Altitude  and  azimuth  circle. 
See  ci'rcfe.— Altitude  or  elevation  of  the  pole,  the  arc 
of  the  meridian  iiitereejited  between  the  i»ole  and  the 

horizon.     It  is  equal  to  the  latitude  of  the  place.- CiTCle 

or  parallel  of  altitude.  See  o/z/u/ivKiro,-.— Inacces- 
sible altitude,  tlie  altitude  of  an  object  whose  liase  can- 
not ije  approached.-  Meridian  altitude  of  a  star,  an 
arc  of  the  meridian  between  the  le-ri/oii  and  a  star  on  the 
meridian.— Parallax  of  altitude.  See  y>nrrt/^/jr.— Re- 
fraction of  altitude,  an  arc  ol  a  vertical  circle,  iiy  which 
the  tru<!  altitude  of  a  heaveidy  body  is  in  appearance  in- 
creased, on  account  of  refraction. 
altitudinal  (al-ti-tu'di-nal),  a.  [<  L.  altitttdo 
(altitudin-)  +  -III:  see  altitude.]  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  height ;  in  nat.  hist.,  having  refer- 
ence to  elevation  above  the  sea-level:  as,  an 
altitudinal  zone  of  vegetation.     See  sone. 

Two  ferns,  a  species  of  Gleichenia  and  the  hroad-fronded 
Dipteris  horsfleldi  —  here  at  its  lowest  altitudineit  limit — 
profusely  covered  the  ground. 

//.  (K  Forttes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  78. 

altitudinarian  (al'ti-tii-di-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  altitndo  (altitudin-),  altitude :  see  altitude.] 
I.  a.  Aspiring.     Coleridge.     [Rare.] 

II.  n.  One  who  aspires;  one  given  to  lofti- 
ness in  thought  or  speech. 

alti'7olant  (al-tiv'o-lant),  a.  [<  L.  altivolan(t-)s 
(cf.  e<£uiv.  altivolus,  liigh-flj-ing),  <  altus,  high,  + 
volare,  ppr.  volan{t-)s,  fly:  see  volant.]  High- 
flying. 

alto  (al'to),  a.  and  n.  [It.,  high:  see  alt.]  I. 
a.  Literally,  high :  an  element  in  terms  relating 
to  music  and  art ;  as,  alto-ripieno,  alto-rilievo. 
—Alto  clef,  alto  fagotto,  alto  viola,  etc.  see  the  nouns. 
II.  ".  [So  called  from  being  higher  than  the 
tenor,  to  which  in  old  music  the  melody  was 
assigned.]  In  music:  (n)  Same  as  contralto. 
(6)  The  instrument  called  in  England  the  tenor 
violin,  and  by  the  Italians  the  viola. 

altogether  (&l-tg-geTH'tr),  adv.     [<  ME.  alto- 
gedere,altogidere,  etc.,  <  al,  adv.,  all,  +  togcdere, 
together:  see  all,  adv.,  and  together.]    Wholly; 
entirely;  completely;  quite. 
Every  man  at  his  best  state  is  altogether  vanity. 

Ps.  xxxix.  5. 

He  [Templel  began  to  make  preparations  for  retiring  al- 

together  from  business.      Maeaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

alto-relievo  (al'to-re-le'vo),  n.  An  Anglicized 
form  of  alto-rilievo. 

alto-rilievo  (al  "t.6-re-lya'vo),  n.  [It.:  alto, 
high  (see  rt?Oi  ri?iCT'o,  relief :  see  relief]  High 
relief;  in  sculj).,  a  form  of  relief  in  which  the 
figures  or  other  objects  represented  stand  out 
very  boldly  from  the  backgrotind.  More  or  less 
important  portions  of  the  ilesign  nuiy  even  be  carved  en- 
tirely in  the  round.  An  alto-rilievo,  or  a  work  in  alto- 
rilievo,  is  a  relief  sculptured  in  this  fonn.  See  cut  on  next 
page.     See  iMin-relief  and  utezzo-rilievo. 

Altrices  (al-tri'sez),  n.pl.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L.  altrix, 
tern,  of  altor,  a  nourisher,  nurse,  <  alere,  nour- 
ish: see  aliment,  n.]  In  ornith.,  one  of  the  pri- 
mary di\-isions  of  the  class  Aves,  or  birds.  In 
some'systenis,  as  that  of  Bonaparte,  it  includes  those  birds 
which  "arc  hatched  in  a  weak  and  usually  naked  condition, 
and  re»iuire  to  l>e  fed  for  some  time  in  the  nest  by  the  pa- 
rents ;  opposed  to  Priveoceit,  or  those  birds  which  run  about 
as  soon  as  they  are  hatched.  Not  in  use  as  the  name  of  a 
subclass  of  Aveji,  but  recognized  as  a  collective  term  for 
birds  having  the  above-driven  characters,  as  nearly  all  land- 
bii'ds.  and  some  water-birds,  as  the  Uerodionei  and  StegaiUh 
podes.  Nearly  equivalent  to  SundevaU's  term  PeiiopadM 
9r  Gymnoptedett.     Also  called  IJeterophagi. 


altricial 

altricial  (al-trig'ial),  n.  [<  AUricrK.I  Being 
one  of  or  belonging  to  the  Altriccs;  liaving  the 
nature  of  Altriccf: :  hetpvophaeous. 


Hermes.  liiirydtce,  anj  Orpheus:  in  the  Museo  Nazionale.  Naples. 

altropathy  (al-trop'a-thi),  n.  [<  L.  alter,  an- 
other, +  Gr.  --adia,  i  irdflor,  suffering.]  Feel- 
ing for  others ;  sympathy. 

Better  stiU  to  convey  the  altruistic  conception,  and  in 
more  natural  contrast  witli  autopathy,  there  might  in  like 
manner  be  substituted  for  sympathy  the  allied  expression 
altropathy,  which,  to  a  certain  extent,  would  come  to  the 
aid  of  the  stronger  term  pliilanthnipy. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  .Sociol.,  II.  371. 

altruism  (al'tro-izm),  n.  [<  F.  altrnisme,  <  It. 
altnii,  another,  other  people  (=  Pr.  altrui  = 
OF.  altnii,  F.  atitnii),  prop,  the  objective  case, 
sing,  and  pi.,  of  altro,  other  (=  OF.  altre,  F. 
autre),  <  L.  alter,  other:  see  alter.  In  the  col- 
loquial Latin  of  later  times,  alter,  like  many 
other  pronominal  xvords,  was  strengthened  by 
the  adilition  of  hie,  this;  hence  dat.  *alteri-huic, 
contr.  to  *altruic,  altrui,  which  became  the  com- 
mon objective  ease.]  A  term  first  employed  by 
the  French  philosopher  Comte  to  denote  the 
benevolent  instincts  and  emotions  in  general, 
or  action  prompted  by  them:  the  opposite  of 
egoism. 

If  we  define  altrtcitm  as  l)eing  all  action  which,  in  the 
normal  course  of  things,  benefits  others  instead  of  bene- 
fiting self,  then,  from  the  dawn  of  life,  altruism  has  been 
no  less  essential  than  egoism. 

//.  S2)e»cer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  75. 

altruist  (al'tro-ist),  H.  [<  F.  altruiste,  as  altru- 
isme,  altruism,  -I-  -iste,  -ist .  ]  One  who  practises 
altruism ;  a  person  devoted  to  the  welfare  of 
others :  opposed  to  egoist. 

altruistic  (al-tro-is'tik),  a.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  altruism;  reganlfiil  of  others;  having 
regard  to  the  well-being  or  best  interests  of 
others:  opposed  to  Cf/oistec. 

Only  in  the  compai'atively  rare  cases  where  the  anony- 
mous benefaction  is  from  one  who  can  ill  afford  the  money 
or  the  labour  required,  does  generosity  rise  to  that  high- 
est form  in  which  altruistic  gratification  out-balances  ego- 
istic gratification.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  528. 

altruistically  (al-tro-is'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
altruistic  manner ;  for  the  benefit  of  another ; 
benevolently  ;  unselfishlv.     H.  Spencer. 

alturet  (al'tii'),  «.  [<  It."  altura,  height,  <  alto, 
high  :  see  oH.]     Height ;  altitude.    A\  E.  D. 

alucM,  ".     See  alouclii. 

Alucita  (a-lti'si-ta),  h.  [NX,.,  <  LL.  (cited  as 
L.)  alucita,  a  gnat.]  A  genus  of  featherwings 
or  plume-moths,  family  Ptcrophorida:,  having 
the  wings  divided  into  six  lobes  or  feathers, 
rounded  at  the  apex  and  ciliated  along  the  edge. 
A.  hexadactyla  oi  Europe  and  America  expands 
about  half  an  inch. 

Alucitidae  (al-u-sit'i-de),  H.  pi.  [Nil.,  <  Alucita 
+  -iilir.]  Featherwings  or  plume-moths;  a 
family  of  moths  named  from  the  genus  Alucita, 
having  the  wings  dissected  into  featherv  lobes. 
Also  called  Pteroplioridic  (which  see).  See  cut 
under  plume-moth. 

aluco  (a-lu'ko),  n.  [NL.,  said  by  Gesner  to 
have  been  Latinized  by  Gaza  (1476)  from  It. 
alocho,  to  translate  Gr.  iXed^  (a  kind  of  owl)  in 
Aristotle ;  but  rather  a  variation  ( >  Sp.  aliicon) 
of  LL.  alucus,  a  difC.  reading  of  ulucu.<i,  said  by 
Servius  to  be  a  popular  name  equiv.  to  ulula,  an 
owl.  Hence  (<  LL.  alucu.'i)  appar.  It.  aloccn,  al- 
locco,  ilial.  oloch,  an  owl,  a  dimce,  dolt ;  cf.  It. 


Alula  (the  shaded  part  in  the  figure ). 


162 

dial,  locco,  loucch,  a  dunce,  Sp.  loco,  a  madman, 
loco,  adj.,  =  Pg.  louco,  Pr.  loeou.  mad.]  1.  The 
specific  name  of  a  kind  of  owl,  Strix  or  Si/rnium 
aluco,  the  European  tawny  owl. — 2.  lea/).]  A 
name  of  a  genus  of  owls,  now  usually  applied 
to  the  genus  of  barn-owls  taken  as  typical  of 
the  family  Alucnnidw.  The  common  barn-owl  of 
the  old  world  is  Aluco  flammeus ;  that  of  Amer- 
ica is  A.  jiratiiieola.  See  cut  luider  harn-ovl. — 
3.  [(V//I.J  A  genus  of  gastropods.  Link,  1807. 
Aluconidse  (al-u-kon'i-de),  «.  1)1.  [NL.,  <  Alu- 
ci}(n-)  +  -(■(/«■.]  A  family  of  owls,  consisting  of 
those  known  as  barn-owls.  See  barn-otrl.  They 
differ  from  all  others  in  having  the  sternum  entire  and 
simytly  eniarginate  behind,  with  the  fnrculum  ankylosed 
to  it.s  keel,  the  middle  claw  somewhat  pectinate,  and  the 
facial  disk  complete  and  triangular.  The  family  consists 
of  the  genera  Aluco  and  Phodiluj^.  See  Strirridpe. 
Aluconinae  (al"u-k6-m'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alu- 
eo(n-)  +  -(■««>.]  The  JfMConirfo?,  as  a  subfamily 
of  Slriqida. 
aluder(aru-del),  n.  [<  OF.  aludel,  alutel,  <  Sp. 
alutkl,  <  At.  al-uthdl,  <  al,  the,  +  uthal,  proli. 
for  itiidl.  pi.  of  athla,  utensil,  apparatus.]  In 
chem.,  a  name  given  to  one  of  a  number  of  pear- 
shaped  glasses  or  earthen  pots,  used  in  subli- 
mation, resembling  somewhat  the  ancient  alem- 
bic, and  open  at  both  ends  so  that  they  can  be 
fitted  together  in  a  series.  The  name  has  also  been 
given  to  any  prolonged  chimney  or  tube  of  glass  or  earth- 
enware consisting  of  more  than  one  piece. 
aludel-furnace  (aru-del-fer"nas),  n.  A  ftrr- 
nace  for  the  reduction  of  mercurial  ores,  it  con- 
sists of  a  cylindrical  shaft  divided  by  an  arch  into  two 
chambers,  the  lower  serving  as  a  furnace  and  the  upper 
receiving  the  ore.  Tlie  mercurial  vapors  from  the  latter 
pass  through  rows  of  alndels.  in  which  it  is  condensed  and 
whence  it  is  delivered  into  a  reservoir. 
alula  (al'u-la),  «.;  pi.  alulw  (-le).  [NL.,  dim.  of 
ate,  wing:  see  ajste.]    1   In  orw/Wi.,  the  winglet, 

bastard  wing, 
or  ala  spuria 
of  a  bird;  the 
packet  of  small 
feathers  which 
grows  upon 
the  so-called 
thumb  of  a 
bird's  wing. 
The  feathers  are  rather  stiff,  resembling  primaries  to  some 
extent,  but  always  smaller,  and  contribute  to  the  smooth- 
ness and  evenness  of  the  border  of  the  wing. 
2.  laentom.:  (a)  The  small  membranous  ap- 
pendage or  scale  situated  at  the  base  of  each 
wing  of  many  dipterous  insects,  above  the  hal- 
teres  or  poisers.  (6)  A  similar  appendage  be- 
neath each  elytron  of  some  water-beetles.  Also 
caUed  alulet  and  cueilleron. 

In  certain  water  beetles  (Dytiscidje)  a  pair  of  alulee,  or 
winglets,  are  developed  at  the  inner  angle  of  the  elytra. 
Encye.  Brit.,  VI.  127. 

alular  (al'u-lar),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an 
alula. 

alulet  (al'u-let),  H.  [<  alula  +  -et.~\  In  entom., 
same  as  alula,  2. 

alum  (al'um),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  often  allutn, 
alcm,  ahjm,  <  ME.  ahim,  atom,  <  OF.  alum,  mod.  F. 
aluu  =  MHG.  alun,  G.  alaun  (>  Pol.  alun  (baiTed 
0,  Sloven,  alun  =Russ.  r/rt/«n«  =  Lith.  «/«»«.<), 
<  L.  alumen,  alum;  of  unknown  origin.]  The 
general  name  of  a  class  of  double  sulphates 
formed  by  the  union  of  aluminium,  iron,  chro- 
mium, or  manganese  sulphate  with  the  sul- 
phate of  some  other  metal,  commonly  an  alka- 
line metal  or  ammonium,  common  or  potasfialum 
has  the  fornnda  .41-2(804)3  +  K2SO4  4-  24HoO.  It  is  pro- 
duced by  mixing  concentrated  solutions  of  pot^issium 
sulphate  and  crude  aluminium  sidphate.  The  double 
salt  at  once  crystallizes  in  octahedrons.  Alum  is  soluble 
in  w.ater,  hjis  a  sweetish-sour  taste,  reddens  litmus,  and 
is  a  powerful  astringent.  In  medicine  it  is  used  inter- 
nally as  an  astringent,  externally  as  a  styptic  applied  to 
severed  blood-vessels.  In  the  arts  it  is  used  as  a  mor- 
dant in  dyeing,  and  extensively  in  other  ways.  \Mien 
mixed  in  small  amotmt  with  inferior  grades  of  flour,  it  is 
said  if)  whiten  them  in  the  process  of  bread-making,  but 
its  effect  on  the  system  is  injurious. — Alum  shale,  an- 
other name  for  alum  slate,  including  especially  its  more 
shaly  varieties. — Alum  slate,  a  variety  of  dayslate  con- 
taining more  or  less  cartionaceous  materi.il  (remains  of 
seaweeds,  etc.),  with  which  is  associated  an  easily  de- 
composed and  frequently  occurring  compound  of  sulphiu- 
and  iron  (marcasite).  The  decomposition  of  this  sub- 
stance gives  rise  to  an  efflorescence  of  alum,  usvially 
potash  alum,  which  is  a  compound  of  potassium  sulphate 
and  aluminiimi  sulphate-  —  Burnt  alum,  akmi  from  which 
the  water  of  crystallization  has  been  driven  off  by  heat. 
.\lso  called  dried  alum,  almnm  ex.9iecatum. —  Concen- 
trated alum,  normal  aluminium  sulphate,  Al._><s04).-t. 
which  is  iircpared  on  a  Large  scale  by  treating  roasted  clay 
with  oil  of  vitriol,  and  crystallizing  out  the  sulphate  form- 
ed. It  is  larL'clyn.sed  in'dyeing.  -Mso  called  i-atentalum. 
—  Cubic  alum,  oi'  basic  alum,  the  mineral  alum-stone. 
— Earth  of  aliun.  See  f,7;7/i.— Roman  alimi,  a  variety 
of  potash  alum  prepai-eii  from  the  mineral  alum-stone,  of 
special  vahle  to  dyers,  since  it  cinitains  no  soluble  irou 
salts.     Also  called  rock-aium  and  roche-alum. 


aluminium 

alum  (al'um),  r.  /.  [<  alum,  n.]  To  steep  in 
or  impregnate  vrith  a  solution  of  alum. 

For  silk  dyeing  anotta  is  largely  used,  yielding  bright 
Instrnus  shades  ;  by  aluming  the  silk  is  considered  to  take 
tlif  dye  lietter.    (I  Seill,  Dyeing  and  Calico  I*rinting,  p.  67. 

alum-battery  (al'um-bat'e-ri),  n.  A  galvanic 
batt<'ry  fm]Aoying  a  solution  of  alum  as  the 
exciting  liquid.    - 

Alumbrado  (U-lom-brii'do),  n.  [Sp.,  formerly 
alombradii,  ]ip.  of  almubrar,  formerly  alombrar, 
enlighten,  illuminate,  <  ML.  'allumiuare:  see 
allumine,  and  cf.  illuminate,  Illuminati.']  One 
of  a  sect  of  Illuminati,  or  Perfectionists,  which 
existed  in  Spain  in  the  sixteenth  century,  but 
was  suppressed  by  the  Inquisition.  Also  spelled 
Alomhrailo. 

alum-earth  (al'um-erth),  n.  A  massive  variety 
of  alura-stone  (which  sec). 

alumin,  alumine  (al'u-miu),  «.  Same  as  alu- 
mina. 

alumina  (a-lii'mi-na),  H.  [XL.,  <  L.  alumen 
(alumin-):  see  «/»;«.]  The  oxid of  aluminium, 
.AI0O3,  the  most  abundant  of  the  earths,  it  is 
widely  diffused  over  the  gk»be  in  the  shape  of  clay,  loam, 
and  other  similar  substances:  corundum,  in  its  varieties 
adamantine  spar,  the  rulty,  and  sapphire,  is  alinnina  nearly 
pure  and  crystallized.  In  these  forms  alumina  is,  next  to 
the  diamoml,  the  hardest  substance  knowii.  Its  great  value 
in  the  arts  depends  on  its  affinity  for  vegetable  coloring 
matters  and  animal  fiber.  It  forms  the  base  of  the  lakes 
in  dyeing,  and  acts  also  as  a  mordant.  United  with  silica 
it  is  extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  all  kinds  of  pot- 
tery and  jiorcelain-ware,  crucitdcs,  mort-ar,  and  cements. 

aluminate  (a-lti'mi-nat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
aluminatcd, ppr.  aluminaiing.  [<  L.  aluminatus, 
pp.  adj.,  <  alumen  (alumin-):  see  alum.']  To 
treat  or  impregnate  with  alum ;  specifically,  in 
printing  engravings,  to  wash  (the  paper)  with 
alum-water  to  prevent  the  running  of  the  lines. 

aluminate  (a-lii'mi-nat),  «.  [<  alumina  -f-  -afel.] 
A  salt  in  which  alumina  acts  toward  the  stronger 
bases  as  an  acid.  Sodium  aluminate  is  used  as 
a  mordant.  The  mineral  sjiinel  is  a  magnesium 
aluminate. 

aluminic  (al-u-min'ik),  a.  [<  aluminium  +  -ic] 
Relating  to  or  containing  aluminium. 

aluminiferous  (a-lu-mi-nif 'e-ms),  a.  [<  L.  alu- 
men (alumin-),  alum,  -I-  /erre  =  E.  icnrl.]  Con- 
taining or  j-ielding  alum,  alumina,  or  alumin- 
ium. 

aluminiform  (al-u-min'i-f6rm).  a.  [<  L.  alu- 
men (alumin-),  alum,  -I-  -formii^,  <.  forma,  form.] 
Ha\ing  the  form  of  altmi,  alumina,  or  alumin- 
ium. 

aluminite  (a-lu'mi-nit), «.  [<  alutnina  +  -ite^.'} 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  ahmiinium,  a  mineral  that 
ocetu's  in  small  roundish  or  reniform  masses. 
Its  color  is  snow-white  or  yellowish-white. 

aluminium  (al-u-min'i-imi),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  alu- 
mine, >  E.  alumin),  <  L.  alumen  (-miu-),  alum  (see 
alum),+  -ium,  as  in  sodium, potassium,  etc.;  first 
proposed  by  Davy  in  the  form  alumium  and 
then  aluminum.  It  was  discovered  bv  Wohler.] 
Chemical  symbol  Al;  atomic  weight  27.1.  A 
metal  of  silver-white  color  and  brilliant  luster, 
about  as  hard  as  zinc,  very  malleable  and  duc- 
tile, highly  sonorous,  and  a  good  conductor  of 
heat  and  electricity.  Its  most  remarkable  character 
is  its  low  specific  gravi'ty  (2.56).  which  is  about  one  third 
that  of  iron  and  less  than  that  of  marble.  It  does  not 
tarnish  in  the  air,  and  even  in  a  molten  state  does  not 
oxidize;  its  melting-point  is  somewhat  lower  than  that  of 
silver.  Aluminium  in  combination  with  oxygen  (.\l2O3) 
forms  the  common  earth  alumina,  which  exists  in  nature 
as  the  mineral  corundum,  of  which  the  niby,  sapphire, 
and  emery  ai"e  varieties ;  the  hydrated  sesquioxid  exists  as 
the  minerals  diaspore,  gibbsite,  ami  bauxite.  Alumina 
also  enters  into  the  composition  of  a  very  large  number  of 
minerals,  the  most  important  of  which  are  the  feldspars. 
Yrom  the  decomposition  of  these,  clay  (kaolin,  etc.)  is 
produced,  which  is  essentially  a  hydrated  silicate  of  alu- 
minium. Among  other  important  minerals  containing 
aluminium  are  the  silicates  andaltisite.  cyanite.  fitirolite, 
topaz,  and  all  of  the  zeolites ;  the  fluoride  of  aluminium 
and  sodium,  cryolite,  from  which  the  metal  is  reduced ; 
the  oxid  of  alimiinimn  and  maguesiimi.  spinel ;  the  sul- 
phates aluminite,  alum-stone,  the  alums,  etc. ;  the  phos- 
phates tnrijnoise,  lazulite,  etc.  ;  the  carbonate  dawsonite. 
aud  many  others.  It  is  estimated  that  in  its  various  com- 
pounds aluminium  forms  about  one  twelfth  of  the  cnist 
of  the  earth.  In  consequence  of  its  very  low  speciflc 
gravity,  freedom  from  tarnish,  non-poisonous  qualities, 
and  ease  of  working,  aluminium  is  a  valuable  metal.  The 
use  of  aluminium  has  extended  with  the  rapid  decrease, 
thr<iugh  improved  processes,  in  the  cost  of  separating  it 
from  the  comfiinations  in  which  it  occuis  in  nature.  It 
is  used  especially  for  physical  apparatus  and  ttther  arti- 
cles in  which  lightness  and  great  strength  are  necessar.v. 
The  rap  of  the  Washington  momnncnt.  which  forms  the 
tip  of  its  lightning-rod,  is  a  pyramidal  mass  of  .alnuiinium 
weiLihiiig  Itniounces.  .\lso  written  rt/i/wiiiii/H).— Alumin- 
iimi bronze,  an  alloy  of  it  jiarts  of  copper  with  1  of 
aluminium.  It  resemides  goM  in  luster  and  color,  and 
is  iised  iis  a  cheap  imitation  of  that  metal.  I'nlike  gold, 
however,  it  gradu.ally  tarnishes  on  exposure  to  the  air. 
It  is  much  used  in  cheap  jewelry  and  ornainent.al  work, 
aud  also  for  a  great  variety  of  iudustrinl  purposes,  espe- 
cially for  bearings  in  machinery.— Aluminium  silver,  a 


aluminiiun 

compound  fornu'd  by  the  lulditinn  of  a  small  amount  of 
Bilver  to  aluminium.  It  is  said  that  .'t  per  cent,  of  silver 
is  sufllcient  to  give  t^>  ahnninium  the  color  ami  hrilliancy 
of  pure  silver,  over  which  it  has  the  jireat  advantafc'e  of 
not  bfiiiK  tarnished  by  sulphnreted  hydrogen.  Alumin- 
ium solder,  an  Jilloy  of  gold,  silver,  eoppor,  ami,  for  soft 
suidcr,  .-i  little  zine :  used  in  s<dderinn  aluminiinn  bronze. 

aluminose  (ii-lu'mi-n6s),  «.  Same  as  alumi- 
nims. 

aluminous  (a-lu'mi-nus),  a.     [<  L.  aluminosiis, 

<  aliimcn  (-»«/«-),  alum:  see  aliini.'\  I'prtain- 
ing  to,  containing,  or  liaWng  the  properties  of 
nhim  oi'  aiumiua:  as,  alumiiioKS  minerals  or 
waters. 

aluminum  (a-li'mi-num),  II.  Same  as  nlumiit- 
i  II  III. 

alumish  (al'um-ish),  n.  [<  n/i/m  + -i,s7il.]  Hav- 
ing t  he  nature  of  alum ;  somewhat  resembling 
alum. 

alumna  (a-lum'na),  II.;  pi.  aliimiKr  (-ne).  [L., 
a  fostiT-tlaiifjliter,  fem.  of  (iliimiiiis :  avo  aliim- 
iiiis.]  A  female  pupil  or  graduate  of  any  edu- 
eatiiiii:il  institution. 

alumnal  (a-lum'nal),  «.  Belonging  or  pertain- 
ing to  alumni  or  alumnro. 

At  the  request  of  the  Aliimiial  Associatioii  of  Colleges, 
arrangements  have  been  made  whereby  college  graduates 
can  avail  themselves  of  advanced  courses  of  study. 

Educatiim,  IV.  560. 

alumni,  «.     Plural  of  (iliiiiiiiii.s. 

alumniate  (a-lum'ui-iit),  «.  [Irreg.  <  alumnus 
+  -«/<■'.]     Tlie  period  of  pupilage.     .V.  £.  D. 

alumnus  (a-lmn'nus),  n. ;  pi.  iihimni  (-ni).  [L. 
(iliimiiii.'i,  fem.  alumna,  a  nursliug,  foster-child, 
pupil,  disciple,  orig.  ppr.  pass.  (-umnus  =  Gv. 
-6/jei'or)  of  alere,  nourish,  nurse,  foster:  see 
aliment.  Cf.  alma  mater.']  A  pupil;  one  edu- 
cated at  a  school,  seminar}',  college,  or  imiver- 
sity ;  specifically,  a  graduate  of  any  such  insti- 
tution. 

alum-rock  (al'um-rok),  n.  Same  as  alum- 
stone. 

alum-root  (al'um-rot),  n.  A  name  given  to  the 
a.striugent  root  of  several  plants,  as  Hcuchcra 
.Imericiina  and  (ieraniiim  maciilatuni. 

alum-stone  (al'um-ston),  H.  The  subsidphate 
of  alumina  and  potash ;  a  mineral  of  a  grajnsh- 
or  yellowish-white  color,  often  containing  sil- 
ica as  an  impiu'ity,  first  found  at  Tolf a  in  Italy. 
Also  called  aliim-roek  and  aliinits. 

alunite  (al'i'i-uit),  n.  [<  F.  alun,  aliun,  +  -ite"^.] 
Same  as  aUiin-.itone. 

alunogen  (a-lii'no-jen),  n.  [<  F.  alun,  alum,  + 
-yen,  producing:  see  -gen.']  Native  aluminium 
sulphate,  occurring  in  fine  capillary  fibers,  and 
consisting  of  3().0.5  parts  of  sulphuric  acid,  15.40 
of  alumina,  and  48..55  of  water,  it  isfound  in  vol- 
canic solfataras,  in  clays,  in  feldsjiathic  rocks  containing 
pyrites,  and  as  an  elllorescenee  on  the  walls  of  mines  and 
quarries.     Also  called  hair-italt  antl/eather-aluni. 

aluret  (al'nr),  n.     [<  ME.  alure,  alonr,  alur,  aler, 

<  OF.  aleor,  alcoii;  gallery,  passage,  alley  (cf. 
OF.  aleiire,  alure,  mod.  F.  allure,  gait,  pace), 
<.  alcr,  F.  alter,  go:  see  nWfi/l.]  1.  An  alley;  a 
walk. — 2.  A  passage,  gangway,  or  gallery  in  a 
building. 

The  new  alure  between  the  king's  chamber  and  the  said 
chapel.  Brayley,  Houses  of  Pari.,  p.  127. 

3.  A  covered  passage ;  a  cloister. 

The  sides  of  every  street  were  covered  with  fresh  alrrrrn 
of  marble,  or  cloisters.    T.  Wartoii,  Eng.  Poetry,  II.  x.xiii. 

4.  In  medieeal  milit.  arch.,  a  footway  on  the 
summit  of  a  wall  or  rampart,  behind  the  battle- 
ments; also,  the  passageway  within  the  hoard- 
ing or  hratticing. 

alusia  (a-lu'si-a),  «.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr.  aAvaic, 
distress,  anguish,  <  aTiieiv  or  a'Aveiv,  be  frantic, 
wander:  see  hallucination.]     Hallucination. 

aluta  (a-lii'ta),  «.  [L.  (sc.  pellis,  skin),  a  kind 
of  soft  leather,  perhaps  prepared  by  means  of 
alum;  vi.  alumen,  sAuth:  see  «?«»(.]  A  species 
of  leather-stone,  soft,  pliable,  and  not  lami- 
nated. 

alutaceous  (al-u-ta'shius),  a.     [<  LL.  alutacius, 

<  L.  aliitn:  s^ee  aluta.]  Haxdng  the  quality  or 
color  of  tawed  leather;  leathery,  as  the  leaves 
of  I'riiiiu.i  lauroceras-u.s. 

alutationt  (al-u-ta'shon),  «.  [<  L.  aluta,  soft 
leather  (see  aliita),  +  -ation,]  The  tanning  or 
dressing  of  leather. 

alva  marina  (al'va  ma-ri'na).  [An  errorfor  L. 
ulni  marina,  sea-se(ige:  viva,  sedge, perhaps  con- 
nected with  ail-ol-cscere,  grow  (see  adolescent); 
marina,  fem.  of  marinii.t,  of  or  belonging  to  the 
sea:  see  iHflin'H''.]  Sea-sedge:  an  article  of  com- 
merce, consisting  of  dried  grass-wrack  (Zost^ra 
marinii),  used  for  stuffing  mattresses,  etc. 

alvearium  (al-v§-ii'ri-imi),  «. ;  y\.  ahearia  (-a), 
[li.]     Same  as  alveary. 


163 

alveary  (al've-a-ri),  n. ;  pi.  alvearies  (-riz). 
[<  L.  alvearium,  a  beehive,  prop,  any  biilging 
vessel,  <  alvcux,  a  hollow  vessel,  a  beehive,  etc. : 
see  alvcu.'i.]  1.  A  beehive,  or  something  re- 
sembling a  beehive. —  2\.  The  meatus  e.\teruu8, 
or  external  canal,  of  the  oar.     See  car. 

alveated  (al've-a-ted),  a.  [<  L.  alveatus, 
hollowed  out  like  a  trough  or  tray,  <  alrcus,  a 
trough,  tray,  a  beeliive:  see  alveus,  and  cf. 
alveari/.]     Formed  or  vaulted  like  a  beehive. 

alvei,  ».     I'hn-al  of  alveus. 

alveolar  (al-v6'6-liir  or  al've-o-liir),  a.  [<  L. 
alriiihi.f,  a  small  hollow  or  cavity,  ii  tray,  trough, 
basin,  dim.  of  »/i!«'i(,<;  nee  alreus.]  Containing 
or  pertaining  to  a  socket,  cell,  or  jut.  An  equiv- 
alent form  is  alveiihirij — Alveolar  arch,  the  arch 
formed  by  the  alveolar  border  of  cillj,  r  tb.-  upper  or  the 
lower  jaw.  — Alveolar  artery.  («)  ///./.  /(..r,  Ibe  inferior 
(leiital,  a  branch  of  the  intfrnal  maxillary  aitery  sup|)ly- 
ing  the  lower  jaw.  (h)  Siiin-rior,  a  branch  of  tile  internal 
maxillarj  artery  supplying  the  teeth  of  the  upi»er  jaw  antl 
adjaci'Mt  .structures.— Alveolar  border,  the  border  of 
either  jaw  eont;iining  the  t^)oth-sockets  (alveoli).  — Alveo- 
lar cancer,  either  alveolar  carcinoma  or  alveolar  sarcoma. 
— Alveolar  carcinoma,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to 
colloid  carcinoma  (cancer)  in  which  the  colloid  iiillltration 
has  rendered  the  alveolar  structure  very  evident  to  the 
naked  eye.  -  Alveolar  ectasia.  See  nupliiineiiM.—Alve- 
Olar  forceps,  forceps,  of  various  sliapcs,  for  removing 
parts  of  the  alveolar  process,  or  fragments  of  roots  under 
the  alvenlar  ridge.  -Alveolar  index.     See  eraniomftni. 

—Alveolar  membrane,  the  dental  iwriosieum.— Alve- 
olar nerves,  the  dental  branches  of  the  maxillary  nerves. 
—  Alveolar  passages,  the  passages  into  whi<-li  the  respi- 
ratory bn.nihiid  tulies  cTdarge.  I'luv  are  tbiiklyset  witll 
air-cells  (alveoli),  and  give  ..If  aii.l  t.rmiliali-  in  tile  in- 
funilihula  ..r  air  sa.s.  -  Alveolar  point,  tile  jtoint  at  the 
edge  of  tlic  up].,  r  jaw  b.tw.in  the  mi. I. lie  in.  i>...rs.  -Alve- 
olar processes,   the    pr.ios.s    of    till-   maxillary    b.ines 

containing  the  sockets  ..f  the  teeth.— Alveolar  sarcoma, 
a  sarcoma  (cancer)  in  which  the  cells  approach  in  charac- 
ter epithelial  cells,  and  are  gathered  in  groups  separated 
by  connective  tissue.— Alveolax  vein,  a  vein  accompany- 
ing an  alveolar  artery. 

alveolariform  (al-v6-o-lar'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  NL. 
alvcnlaris  (<  alveolns,  a  cell  in  a  honeycomb: 
see  alveolus)  +  'L.  forma,  shape.]  Having  the 
form  of  the  cells  of  a  honeycomb.     jV.  E.  I). 

alveolary  (al-ve'o-la-ri  or  al've-o-la-ri),  a. 
Same  as  alveolar. 

alveolate  (al-ve'o-liit  or  al've-o-lat),  a.  [<  L. 
alrcolatus,  hollowed  out  like  a  little  tray,  <  al- 
veolus:  see  alveolus.]     S&me  as  alvcolated. 

alveolated  (al-ve'o-la-ted  or  al've-o-la-ted),  a. 
[As  alveolate  +  -ed^.]  Deeply  pitted  so  as  to 
resemble  a  honeycomb;  having  angular  cavi- 
ties (alveoli)  separated  by  thin  partitions,  as 
the  receptacle  of  some  compotmd  flowers. 

The  fibrous  stroma  is  not  so  much  alvfolatt-d  as  inter- 
sper-sed  with  small  fusiform  cell-nests. 

Zifijb'r,  Pathol.  Anat.  (trans.),  i.  §  173. 

alveolation  (al-ve-o-la'shon),  ».  The  state  or 
condition  of  having  sockets  or  pits  ;  a  struc- 
ture resembling  that  of  the  honeycomb.  See 
cut  under  ruminant. 

The  alveolation  is  the  same  in  both  cases. 

Enajc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  370. 

alveole  (al'vf-ol),  «.     Same  as  alveolus. 

alveoli,  « .     Plural  of  alveolus. 

alveoliform  (al-ve'o-li-form  or  al-ve-ol'i-form), 
a.  l<.  h.  iitveoliis  +  forma,  form.]  Having  the 
form  of  an  alveolus,  or  a  small  cell  or  socket. 

Alveolina  (al-ve-o-li'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  alveolus 
(see  alveolus)  +  -iua.'l  The  typical  genus  of 
foraminifers of thesubfamily J/i'er)/i«/H(r.  D'Or- 
liii/ni/,  l'S26. 

Alveolininae  (al-ve"o-li-m'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alveolina  +  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  imperforate 
foraminifers,  family  MUiolidee,  having  the  test 
globular,  elliptical,  or  ftisiform,  the  chamber- 
lets  of  which  in  the  recent  species  are  often 
subdixided. 

alveolite  (al-ve'o-lit),  n.  [<  NL.  Alveolites.]  A 
fossil  |)olvp  of  tte  genus  Alveolites. 

Alveolites  (al-ve-o-li'tez),  H.  [NL.,  <  L.  alveo- 
lus, a  small  ea\-ity,  +  -ites :  see  -itc-.]  A  genus 
of  fossil  polx-ps,  from  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary 
strata,  founded  by  Lamarck  in  1806. 

alveolocondylean  (al-ve"o-16-kon-dire-an),  a. 
Of  or  pertniniiig  to  the  alveolus  and  condyle. 
—Alveolocondylean  plane.    Sec  cramonietfi/. 

alveolodental  (al-ve  o-lo-den'tal),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  teeth  anS  their  sockets — Alveo- 
lodental canal,  the  canal  in  the  upper  and  in  the  lower 
jaw,  through  which  pa.ss  the  dental  vessels  and  nerves. 

alveolosubnasal  (al-ve  o-lo-sub-nii'zal),  a.  In 
cranioni.,  pertaining  to  the  alveolar  and  sub- 
nasal  points  of  the  skull —  Alveolosubnasal  prog- 
nathism, tin-  prognathism  mea-sure.l  l..v  the  angle  be- 
tween the  line  j.tining  the  alveolar  and  subna-sal  points 
and  the  alveolocondylean  plane.  .See  these  terms  and 
crnitii'inrlrn. 

alveolus  (al-ve'6-lus),  II. ;  pi.  alveoli  (-U).  [NL. 
application  of  L.  alveoltts,  a  small  hollow  or 


Alysia 

cavity,  dim.  ot  alveus,  atraj-,  trouch,  basin:  see 
alveus.]  In  general,  any  ifttle  cell,  pit,  cavity, 
fossa,  or  socket,  as  one  of  the  cells  of  a  honey- 
comb, etc.     Also  called  alveole. 

Although  these  organs  [nl  the  torpedo  and  other  electric 
flshesj  dilfer  greatly  from  one  another  in  position,  .  .  . 
they  all  agree  in  being  qomposcd  of  alKoK  of  various  forms, 
which  are  boumled  by  connective  tissue,  and  (lllcd  with 
a  jelly-like  sulmtaiu-e. 

(le'ieiilmur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  500. 
.Specifically,  in  loot. :  («)  The  socket  of  a  tooth ;  the  pit  In 
a  jaw-hone  in  which  a  tooth  is  inserted. 

Each  alvfoluH  serves :«  the  socket  of  a  long  tooth,  some- 
what like  the  incisor  of  a  rodent. 

Huxlcji,  Anat.  Invert,  p.  492. 
{h)  An  air-cell :  one  of  the  compartments,  about  one  hun- 
dre.lth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  which  line  the  infundibula 
and  alve.dar  passages  of  the  lungs,  (c)  One  of  the  pitJi  or 
compartment^^  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  tlie  second 
stomach  of  a  ruminant;  a  cell  of  "honeycomb"  tripe. 
See  cut  under  niutinaut.  (d)  A  certain  vacant  space  in 
the  sareode  of  a  radiolarian,  either  within  or  without  the 
capsule.  Patfcor.  (e)  A  cell  or  pit  in  certain  fossils,  lu*  in 
an  alveolite.  (/)  One  of  the  ultimate  follicles  of  a  race- 
mose gland.  See  acinun,  2  itt).  Qj)  One  of  the  five  hollow 
cuncate  calcareous  dentigerous  pieces  which  enter  int^i 
the  composition  of  the  complex  dentary  aj.paratus  or  oral 
skeleton  of  a  sea-urchin.  See  lantern  of  Ari^tutle  (under 
/f7;('*'rn),and  cuts  under  cliijieantrid  ami  Kctiinoiiha. 

Alveopora  (al-ve-o-po'rii),  «.  [NL.,<  L.  alveus, 
belly.  +  porus,  a  pore:  see  alveus  and  pore.] 
Till'  tv])ici\l  genus  of  Alveojioriiite. 

Alveoporinae  (al-ve-6-i)o-ri'ne),  «.  ;)/.  [NTj.,  < 
Alriojiora  +  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  perforate 
mailreporarian  corals,  of  the  family  I'oritidw, 
tj^iified by  the  genus  Alveopora.     See  Porilidw. 

alveus  (al've-us),  n. ;  pi.  alrci  (-i).  [L.,  a  hollow 
x-essel,  basket,  trough,  hold  of  a  \-essel.  beehive, 
bath-tub,  channel  of  a  river,  etc.,  <  alvus,  the 
belly,  the  stomach,  boxvds,  xvomb,  etc.]  In 
anat.;  (a)  A  tube  or  canal  through  which  some 
fluid  flows;  especially,  the  larger  part  of  such 
a  tube,  as  the  duct  couvejdng  the  chyle  to  the 
subclavian  vein.  Specifically  —  (1)  Tlie  utricle 
of  the  membranous  labyrinth  of  the  ear.  (2) 
The  combined  utricle  and  saccule  of  the  ear  as 
seen  in  birds.  (/))  The  "superficial  ventricular 
layer  of  medullary  substance  in  the  brain  cover- 
ing the  hippocampus  ma.jor. 

alvlne  (al  vin,  -viu),  a.  [=  F.  alvin,  <  L.  alvus, 
the  belly.]  Belonging  to  the  belly  or  intestines; 
relating  to  or  consisting  of  intestinal  excre- 
ments.—Alvine  concretion,  a  calculus  formed  in  the 
stoni.iiln.r  intestines.— Alvine  dejections, alvine evac- 
uations, ilis.liarges  from  the  bowel.s;  fe.,-s.  (The  word 
is  now  scarcely  used,  except  in  these  or  siniil.ar  iihrases.  1 

alway  (al'wa),  adv.  [<  ME.  alivai/,  alwaije,  allc- 
wuye,  al  iveij,  alle  iceij,  al  irei,  earlier  alne  ivei,  < 
AS.  calne  iveq,  sometimes  contr.  to  ealncij,  all 
the  time,  lit.  all  the  xxay :  ealnc.  ace  of  cnl.  call, 
all;  wcg,  ace.  of  veg,  way.  Noxv  superseded 
by  always,  q.  v.  Cf.  algat'e,  and  It.  tntta  ria=. 
Sp.  todas  vias,  always;  from  L.  toia,  fem.  of 
totus,  all,  and  I'm,  way.]  Same  as  always :  now 
only  used  poetically. 
Mephilwsheth  .  .  .  shall  eat  bread  alway  at  mv  table. 

2  Sam.  ix.  10. 
Hani  by  a  poplar  shook  altrait. 
All  silver-green  with  gnarled  bark. 

Teniii/son,  Mariana. 

always  (al'waz),  adv.  [<  ME.  alwaycs,  alwaies, 
allcwcyes,  allc  iveis,  allcs  wcis,  an  adverbial  gen., 
appar.  oiig.  distrib.,  as  distinguished  from  the 
comprehensive  ace.  form,  but  the  distinction 
was  soon  lost:  see  alway.]  1.  All  the  time; 
throughout  all  time ;  uninterruptedly;  continu- 
ally; perpetually;  ever:  as,  God  is  always  the 
same. 

Ev'n  in  heaven  his  [Mammon's]  looks  and  thoughts 

Were  ativai/s  downward  bent.         Mittuii,  V.  L.,  i.  681. 

Once  a  poet,  alwat/s  a  poet.   O.  W.  Ilvtmen,  Emerson,  xv. 

2.  Ex'ery  time;  at  all  recurring  times;  as  often 

as  occasion  arises:  as,  he  always  comes  home 

on  Saturday. 

Vim  atieaiiK  end  ere  you  begin.     Sliak.,  T.  O.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 

Alydinse  (al-i-di'ne),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alydus  + 
-ina\]  A  subfamily  of  Coreida;  tyjiified  by  the 
genus  Alydus,  containing  insects  of  moderately 
narrow  form,  xvith  a  somewhat  conical  head 
contracted  behind  the  eyes,  the  last  antennal 
joint  enlarged,  and  the  hind  femora  spinous 
and  thickened  toxvard  the  end.  Species  of  such 
genera  as  Ah/dux.  ToUivx,  and  .Vcfiatotouitai  are  mimer- 
ous  in  most  parts  of  America.   .Mso  written  jl/T/di»fl.  See 

rorei<t{r. 

Alydus  (al'i-dus),  «.  [NIj.]  A  genus  of  het- 
eropterous  insects,  of  the  family  Coreida',  typi- 
cal of  the  subfamily  Alydina: 

alynedt,  p.  a.  [ME.  (occurs  once),  <  L.  alUnere, 
aiilinerc,  besmear.  <  ad,  to,  +  linerc,  smear:  see 
liniment.]     Anointed. 

Alysia  (a-lis'i-a),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aP.tir/f,  a  chain, 
prob.  for  'a>.vaik,  <  aP.vToc,  continuous,  unbroken. 


Alysia 

<a-  priv.  +  ^OT<if,  verbal  ad.i'.  of  Mciv,  loose.] 

1 .  A  genus  of  hymenopterous  insects,  belonging 
to  the  series  I'upivora  or  SpicttUfcra,  and  to  the 
t&\m\y liraconida; {the Ichneumones adsciti).  The 
species,  as  A.  manducator,  are  parasitic  in  the 
larvcB  of  other  insects. — 2.  A  genns  of  scopoliue 
fishes. — 3.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects. 

alysm  (arizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  a'A»c/i6c,  anguish, 
disquiet,  esp.  of  sick  persons,  <  ii'Meiv  or  u/.vcn; 
wander  in  mind,  beillateaso,dist  raught,  weary, 
=  L.  alu-ciitari,  wander  in  mind :  see  hallucina- 
tion.'] In  patliol.,  restlessness  or  disquiet  ex- 
hibited by  a  sick  person. 

alysson  (a-lis'on),  M.  [h.:  see  Alyssum.']  A 
plant  of  the  geniis  Alyssum.  Also  spelled  alison, 
aliitson. 

Alyssum  (a-lis'um),  n.  [NL.  iilijssum,  L.  alys- 
son (Pliny),  <  Gr.  a'Avnaov,  a  plant  iised  to  check 
hiccup;  referred  to  ?.v^ew,  to  hiccup,  or  other- 
wise to  neiit.  of  a).vaao(,  curing  (canine)  mad- 
ness, <  (i-  priv.  +  ?.vc!aa,  madness.]  1.  A  genns 
of  plants,  natural  order  Crucifcrce,  containing 
several  white-  or  yellow-flowered  species,  much 
employed  for  decorating  rockwork.  A.  man- 
timum,  known  as  sweet  alyssum,  is  much  cultivated  in 
^rdens,  having  white  and  fragrant  honey-scented  flowers, 
of  which  bees  are  very  fond.  The  roclv-alyssum  or  gold- 
dust,  A.  aaxatile,  has  dense  clusters  of  briglit-yellow  flow- 
ers, appearing  in  early  spring. 

2.  [/.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus. 

Alytes  (al'i-tez),  n.  [Nli.,  appar.  <  Gr.  akvTijg, 
a  police  officer  at  the  Olympic  games;  more 
prob.<  Gr.  a/vrog,  continuous,  unbroken,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  chain  of  eggs  the  frog  carries  about 


m 

Nuree-frog  [Atytes  ohstetricans'). 

(cf.  akvTi^,  a  chain):  see  Al\jsia.'\  A  genus  of 
anurous  amphibians,  or  tailless  batraehians, 
of  the  tamilyDiscoiilossidcE,  sometimes  made  the 
type  of  a  tavnilj  Alytidw.  A.  obstetricansisthe 
nuTse-frog  or  accoucheur-toad  of  Europe. 

In  Ahit^s  obstetncaim,  the  female  lays  a  chain  of  eggs, 
which  the  male  twines  round  his  thighs  until  the  young 
leave  the  eggs.  Pascoe,  Zoiil.  Class.,  p.  19.1. 

alytid  (al'i-tid),  n.     One  of  the  Ahjtidce. 

Alytidae  (a-lit'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ahjtes  + 
-idw.l  An  artificial  family  of  salient  amphi- 
bians, characterized  by  Giiuther  as  "I^aiiina 
with  webbed  toes,  with  the  processes  of  sacral 
vertebrEB  dilated,  and  with  parotoids."  it  con- 
tains genera  of  Discofiloxitidfe  (Alytes),  Pelobatidie  (Scapki- 
opit^),  and  CJ/sti(jtiathidte  {Heleioponu^). 

am  (am).  The  first  person  singular,  present 
tense,  indicative  mood  of  the  verb  to  be.    See  be. 

am-.     See  ambi-. 

A,  M.  .An  abbreviation  of  several  Latin  phrases 
in  common  use :  («)  Of  artium  magister,  Master 
of  Arts.  M.  A.,  which  represents  the  English 
rendering,  is  now  more  usual  in  England,  but  in 
a  purely  Latin  idiom  the  form  A.  M.  is  still  pre- 
ferable. (6)  Of  anno  mundi,  in  the  year  of  the 
world :  used  in  some  systems  of  chronology,  (c) 
Ot  ante  meridiem,  before  noon:  as,  thepartywill 
start  at  10  A.  M.  (also  written  A.  M.  or  a.  m.). 
Frequently  used  as  synonymous  with  morning 
OT  forenoon:  as,  I  arrived  here  this  A.  M.  (pro- 
nouncedaem),thatis,  this  morning  or  forenoon. 

ama  (a'ma),  n.  [L.,  more  correctly  liama,  < 
Gr.  afi7i,  a  water-bucket,  a  pail,  >  aam,  q.  v.] 
In  the  early  Christian  church,  a  large  vessel  in 
which  wine  for  the  eucharist  was  mixed  before 
consecration,  and  kept  when  consecrated  until 
poured  into  the  smaller  vessels  for  service  at  the 
altar  or  for  removal.  See  ampulla,  2,  and  crneL 
These  amas  were  of  precious  metal  in  the  wealthier 
churches,  and  ot  baser  material  in  others.  No  specimen 
is  known  to  exist.     Also  written  hanui. 

amabilityt  (am-a-bil'i-ti).  ».  [=  F.  amabilite 
(OF.  amabletc),  i  L.  amabilita{t-)!i,  <  amabill% 
lovely,  lovable, <  amare,  love:  see  amor.  Adiff. 
word,  etymologically,  from  amiability,  q.  v.] 
Lovableness ;  amiability. 
No  rules  can  make  amability.  Jcr.  Taylor, 


164 

amacratic  (am-a-krat'ik),  a.  [Prop,  liamw- 
cratic,  <  Gr.  (i/ia,  together  (akin  to  E.  same),  + 
KpdTo(,  power,  akin  to  E.  hard.']  Same  as  ama- 
sthenic.     Sir  J.  Iler.schcl. 

amadavat  (am"a-da-vat'),  n.  [An  E.  Ind. 
name,  ai)])earing  in  various  other  forms,  ama- 
davad,  amiidiirafi  (sometimes  Latinized  as  ama- 
davadaa),  aradarat,  and  sometimes  amandabal, 
Orig.  brought  to  Europe  from  Amadabad  in 
Guzerat.  Cf.  Amadina,  amandara.]  A  small 
conh'ostral  granivorous  finch-like  bird,  of  the 
order  I'asscres,  suborder  Oscines,  family  I'locci- 
dw,  sv^htsivaxXy  Spermestince ;  the  Esirilda  aman- 
dava,  a  native  of  India,  and  one  of  the  common- 
est exotic  cage-birds,  it  is  imported  into  Em-ope  and 
the  United  States  in  large  nmnbers,  and  is  sometimes  called 
stnnrhrrnt-iUirh  l)y  the  dealers.  It  forms  the  type  of  one 
of  the  niinitrnus  subgenera  or  sections  of  the  large  genus 
EMrilda,  which  contains  species  of  sm.all  size  and  gener- 
ally brillicant  or  varied  colors,  belonging  to  the  same  family 
as  the  weavers  and  whidah-birds.  It  is  about  5  inches 
long,  with  a  coral-red  beak,  and  red-and-black  plumage 
spotted  with  pearly  white.  Other  forms  are  avadavat  and 
ainadiivad>\ 

amadelphous  (am-a-del'fus),  a.  [Prop.  Viama- 
delplious,  <  Gr.  a/ia,  together,  -I-  a6eA(f>6^,  bro- 
ther :  see  -adelphia.']  Living  in  society  or  in 
tloeks  ;  gregarious.     Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

Amadina  (am-a-di'nii),  n.  [NL.,  <  amad(avat) 
+  -ina.]  A  genus  of  small  conirostral  birds,  of 
the  family  I'loceidce,  subfamily  i^jn-rmcstinw.  it 
includes  ma'ny  species  of  Asia,  Africa,  etc.  The  species  are 
mostly  of  liright  or  variegated  colors,  having  thick  conical 
bills  adapted  to  their  granivorous  habits.  Some  are  com- 
mon cage-birds  and  fine  songsters. 

amadou  (am'a-do),  n.  [F.,  <  amadouer,  coax, 
cajole,  a  word  of  disputed  origin;  perhaps  < 
Dan.  made,  feed  (=Icel.  and  Sw.  mata,  feed), 
<  mad,  food,  =  Sw.  w«i  =  Ieel.  »«af^  =  E.  meat, 
food.  Cf.  L.  esca,  (1)  food,  (2)  bait,  in  ML.  also 
(3)  tinder,  >  It.  e.ica,  in  same  senses,  =  Sp.  yesca, 
tinder,  fuel,  incitement,  =  OF.  cche,  esche,  mod. 
F.  icJic,  aiclic,  bait;  It.  adesearchait,  allure,  en- 
tice, inveigle.  Cf.  also  the  E.  phrase  to  coax  a 
fire  ( that  does  not  burn  readily) .  ]  A  soft  spongy 
substance,  consistiug  of  the  more  solid  portion 
of  a  fungus  (Pohjporus  fomentarius  and  other 
species  found  growing  on  forest-trees),  steeped 
in  a  solution  of  saltpeter.  Amadou  has  been  suc- 
cessfully employed  in  surgery  as  a  styptic,  and  in  the  form 
of  punk  it  is  used  as  a  port-fire  (which  see).  Also  called 
black-match,  pi/rotechnicalS]}onfte,  and  German  tinder. 

amaduvade  (am'a-do-vad'),  n.  Same  as  ama- 
davat.    I'.  L.  Sclater. 

amafroset,  «.  [<  OF.  amafrosc  (Cotgrave)  for 
amavrose  for  amaurose,  <  NL.  amaurosis,  q.  v.] 
An  old  form  of  amaurosis.    Syh-estcr ;  Bailey. 

amah  (am'il).  n.  [ Anglo-Ind. , <  Pg.  omo,  anurse. 
In  the  tlialects  of  southern  India,  Telugu,  etc., 
amma  means  'mother,'  and  is  affixed  to  the 
names  of  women  in  general,  as  a  respectful 
term  of  address :  seeamma.'\  1.  Anurse;  espe- 
cially, a  wet-nurse. —  2.  A  lady's-maid ;  a  maid- 
servant. [A  word  in  general  use  among  Euro- 
peans in  India  and  the  East.] 

If  [a  man  setting  up  housekeeping  is]  married,  an  A  mah 
or  female  servant  is  required  in  addition  (to  the  servants 
already  enumerated],  while  an  establishment  including  a 
number  of  children  requires  at  least  two  more. 

W.  F.  Mayers,  Treaty  Ports  of  China  and  Japan,  p.  '24. 

amainl  (a-man'),  prep.  pltr.  as  adv.  [<  a3  + 
main"^,  force:  see  maiu'^,']  With  force,  strength, 
or  violence;  violently;  furiously;  suddenly;  at 
full  speed ;  hastily. 

[He]  comes  on  amain,  speed  in  his  look. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1304. 

The  soul  strives  amain  to  live  and  work  tlirough  all 
things.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

Smote  amain  the  hollow  oak-tree. 

Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  xvii. 

To  let  go  or  strike  amaJTi  inaut.\  to  let  fall  or  lower 
quickly  or  suddeidy  :  but  see  amain'-. 

amaill~t  (a-man'),  !'.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
amayne,  amcync,  <  OF.  amener,  mod.  F.  amener, 
bring  to,  conduct,  induce  ;  naut.,  haid:  amener 
les  voiles,  strike  sail,  amener  pavilion,  or  simply 
amener,  strike  flag,  surrender;  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to") 
-I-  mener,  lead,  conduct,  <  LL.  minare,  drive,  L. 
deponent  minari,  threaten,  menace :  see  menace. 
Ct.  amenable.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  lead;  conduct; 
manage. 

That  his  majesty  may  have  the  amm/ninq  of  the  matters. 
Quoted  in  Strype,  Eccl.  Mem.,  II.  418.    (A'.  E.  D,) 

Z.  To  lower  (a  sail),  especially  the  topsail. 

He  called  to  us  to  amaiiic  our  sailes,  which  we  couhl 
not  well  doe.  R.  Hawkins,  Voyage  to  South  Sea. 

When  you  let  anytlling  downe  int()  the  Howie,  lowering 
it  by  degrees,  they  say.  Amaine  ;  and  Itcing  downe.  Strike. 
.  .  .  Wlien  you  would  lower  a  yard  st*  fast  as  you  can, 
they  call  Atnaine, 

Smith,  Seaman's  Gram.,  vii.  ,33,  ix.  40.    (N.  E.  D.) 


amalgamate 

fin  such  use  the  imperative  of  the  verb  would  easily  be 
confused  with  the  imperative  phrase  or  .adverb  amain ; 
hence,  to  let  go  or  strike  amain.    See  amaini.l 
3.  To  lower ;  abate. 

II.  intrans.  To  lower  the  topsail  or  one's 
flag,  in  token  of  yielding ;  yield ;  surrender. 

amaist  (a -mast'),  adv.  [=  E.  almost,  dial. 
amost.]     Almost.     [Scotch.] 

amaldar  (am'al-dar),  K.  [<  Hind.  Pars,  amal- 
ddr,  a  manager,  agent,  governor  of  a  district, 
collector  of  revenue,  <  Ar.  'amal,  work,  busi- 
ness, affairs,  collection  of  revenue,  etc.,  -I-  Pers. 
ddr,  (in  comp.)  one  who  holds,  possesses,  man- 
ages, etc.]  In  India,  a  governor  of  a  province 
under  the  Mohammedan  rule.  Also  written 
amildar. 

Tippu  had  been  a  merchant  as  w'cll  as  a  prince ;  and 
during  his  reign  he  filled  iiis  warehouses  with  a  vast  va- 
riety of  goods,  which  the  A  inildartt,  or  governors  of  prov- 
inces, were  expected  to  sell  to  the  richer  inhabitants  at 
prices  far  in  excess  of  their  real  value. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  413. 

Amalfitan  (a-mal'fi-tan),  a.  [<  JIL.  Amalfita- 
nufi,  <  Amalfi,  in  Italy.]  Pertaining  to  Amalfi, 
a  seaport  town  of  Italy.  Also  spelled  Amalphi- 
tan. — Amalfitan  code  (ML.  tabula  Amalfitana),  the 
oldest  existing  code  of  maritime  law,  compiled  about  the 
time  of  the  first  cnisade  by  the  authorities  of  Amalfi,  which 
city  then  possessed  considerable  commerce  and  maritime 
power. 

amalgam  (a-mal'gam),  «.  [<  ME.  amalgame, 
malijam  (also  as  ML.),  <  OF.  amahjamc,  mod.  F. 
amalgame  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  amalgama  =  SIL.  amal- 
gama,  sometimes  algamala,  supposed  to  be  a 
perversion  (perhaps  through  Ar.,  with  Ar.  art. 
al)  of  L.  niulagma,  <  Gr.  /id'/.ajf/a,  an  emollient, 
poultice,  any  soft  mass,  <  /ja?M(Jcviv,  soften,  < 
lia'/ixuidc,  soft,  akin  to  L.  mollis,  soft :  see  moll, 
mollify,  emollient,  etc.]  1.  A  compound  of 
mercury  or  quicksilver  -with  another  metal; 
any  metallic  alloy  of  which  mercmy  forms  an 
essential  constituent  part.  Amalgams  are  used  for 
a  great  variety  of  purposes,  as  for  cold-tinning,  water- 
gilding,  and  water-silvering,  for  coating  the  zinc  plates  of 
a  battery,  and  for  the  protection  of  metals  from  oxidation. 
.\  native  amalgam  of  mercury  and  silver  is  found  in  iso- 
metric crystals  in  the  mines  of  Obermoschel  in  Bavaria,  and 
in  Hungary,  Norway,  Sweden,  Chili,  etc. 
2.  Figuratively,  a  mLxtnre  or  compound  of  dif- 
ferent things. -Amalgam  gilding,  a  method  of  gUd- 
ing  in  wiiich  the  metal  to  be  coated  is  first  cleaned,  then 
rubbed  witli  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  mercury,  and  covered 
^vith  a  film  of  an  amalgam  of  1  part  of  gold  with  8  parts 
of  niercurj*.  Heat  volatilizes  tlie  nicrLUry  and  leaves  the 
gold  adhering  to  the  sm'face. — Amalgam  retort,  an  iron 
retort  having  a  convex  lid.  luted  at  the  edges,  and  held 
by  a  key  or  wrilire  jir-.-ssed  between  its  cro%vn  and  the 
bail. — Amalgam  silvering,  a  process  similar  to  that  of 
amalgam  gilding  (which  see),  in  which  is  used  an  amal- 
gam <  if  1  part  of  silver  with  8  parts  of  mercm-y. — Amal- 
gam varmsh,  an  amalgam  consisting  of  1  part  of  mer- 
cury. 1  of  liismuth,  and  4  of  tin,  mixed  with  white  of  eggs 
or  with  varnish. 

amalgamt  (a-mal'gam),  V.  [<ME.  amalgamen ; 
from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  To  mix,  as  metals, 
by  amalgamation ;  amalgamate. 

Some  three  ounces  .  .  .  of  Gold,  t'(7)»«?<7rtm<?  with  some 
six  of  ilercury.  B.  Jonsoii,  Alchemist  (IWO),  ii.  3. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  amalgamated. 
Quicksilver  easily  amalgama  with  metals. 

Boyle,  Works,  I.  638. 

amalgama  (a-mal'ga-ma),  n.  [ML. :  see  anml- 
gam,  n.]     Same  as  amalgam. 

They  have  diWded  this  their  amalcrama  into  a  number 
of  .  .  .  r<'publics.  Eurke,  Rev.  in  France. 

amalgamable  (a-mal'ga-ma-bl),  a.  [<  amal- 
gam +  -able.]  Capable  of  amalgamating  or 
of  being  amalgamated. 

Silver  modified  by  distilled  water  is  brought  back  again 
to  the  amal;tamable  state  by  contact  for  a  short  time  with 
rain  or  spring  w.ater.  [7re,  Diet.,  IV.  S02. 

amalgamate  (a-mal'ga-mat),  !'. ;  prct.  and  pp. 
amalgamated,  ppr.  amalgamating.  [<  ML. 
aniahjamatus,  pp.  of  amalgamare,  <  amalgama, 
amalgam:  see  amalgam,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
mix  or  alloy  (a  metal)  -with  quioksUver.  See 
amalgamation.  Tlie  zinc  plates  used  in  the  voltaic 
battery  are  always  amalgamated  by  immersing  them  in 
mercury,  for  by  this  means  a  surface  of  pure  zinc  is  in 
effect  obtained,  and,  when  the  circuit  is  open,  the  waste 
caused  by  the  local  currents  or  local  action  (due  to  im- 
purities in  the  zinc)  is  prevented. 
2.  In  general,  to  mix  so  as  to  make  a  com- 
pound; blend;  unite;  combine. 

Ingratitude  is  indeed  their  four  cardinal  virtues  com- 
pacted and  amalgamated  into  one.     Burke,  Kev.  in  France. 

What  woulil  he  the  efl'ect  on  the  intellectual  state  of 
Europe,  at  the  present  day.  were  all  nations  and  tribes 
aw^lgamated  into  one  vast  empire,  speaking  the  same 
tongue'?  Everett.  Orations,  p.  33. 

Amalgamated  societies  or  companies,  two  or  more 

societies  or  joint-stock  companies  united  for  the  promo- 
tion of  their  common  interests  under  one  general  manage- 
ment. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  form  an  amalgam:  blend 
with  another  mi'tal,  as  quicksilver.     Hence — 


amalgamate 

2.  To  combine,  imiU',  or  coalesce,  generally: 
as,  two  organs  or  parts  amalgamate  as  the  re- 
sult of  growth. 

amalgamate  (a-mal'ga-mat),  a.  [<  ML.  amal- 
(/(hikiIhs,  pp. ;  suo  tho  verb.]  United  or  amal- 
gamated. 

amalgamation  (a-mal-ga-ma'shon),  n.  [<  amal- 
yamiilc,  i\]  1.  I'ho  act  or  operation  of  com- 
poimiiiug  mcrcuiy  with  auothor  nu-tiil.  spiLiii- 
cally,  :i  j)r<iiH'ss  by  which  tlio  jin-riiius  inLtul.s  ;in-  ^,pii. 
rated  fruiii  thu  ruck  througti  which  they  arc  distriimtcd 
ill  flue  particles,  by  taidiij^  advaiitajj:c  of  their  adinity  fur 
quicksilver.  This  is  tloiie  by  iiulveriziiig  the  rock  ami 
briiiKin^;  it  in  contact  with  that  metal,  by  the  aid  of  suit- 
able inachiiicry.  The  amalgam  thus  produced  is  after- 
ward retorted,  the  iiuicksilver  being  distilled  olf  and  tho 
precious  metal  left  behind. 

2.  Tho  mixing  or  blending  of  different  things, 
especially  of  races ;  tho  result  of  such  mi.\ing  or 
blending ;  interfusion,  as  of  diverse  elements. 

Eai-ly  ill  the  fourteenth  centmy  the  aDialfianuition  of 
the  races  was  all  but  complete.     Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

8.  Consolidation;  specifically,  the  union  of  two 
or  more  incorporated  societies  or  joint-stock 
companies  into  one  concern  or  under  one  gen- 
eral direction. 

amalgamative  (a-mal'ga-ma-tiv),  a.  [<  amal- 
tiumiitc  + -icv.'\  'fending to  amalgamate ;  char- 
acterized by  a  tendency  to  amalgamate. 

amalgamatizet  (a-mal'ga-ma-tiz),  v.  t.  [<  ML. 
aiiiiil<iaiiiii{t-)  + -he.']    To  amalgamate.   Bacon. 

amalgamator  (a-mal'ga-ma-tor),  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  amalgamates  ;  one  who  performs 
or  promotes  any  process  of  amalgamation,  spe- 
citleally  — («)  One  who  is  in  favor  of  or  takes  part  in  amal- 
gamating or  combining  two  or  more  business  concerns. 
(6)  In  amalgamating  operations,  a  machine  used  to  bring 
the  powdered  ore  into  close  contact  with  the  mercury. 

amalgamet,  m.  and  v.  A  former  spelling  of 
ainal<i(iiii. 

amalgamist  (a-mal'gar-mist),  «.  [<  amalgam  + 
-ist.}  One  skilled  in  amalgamating  ores;  an 
amalgamator. 

A  most  famous iiiiniuge.\pert,  chemist,  andatimtfjami^t. 
J.  A.  Hobittson,  in  Hamilton's  Me.x.  Haudbotjk,  p.  t)5. 

amalgamizet  (a-marga-miz),  )).  t.    [<  amalgam 

+  -fjc]     To  amalgamate. 
Amalphitan,  «.     See  Amalfitan. 
amaltas  (a-mal'tas),  ».    [E.  lud.]   The  common 

name  in  Intiia  of  the  tree  Cassia  Fistula,  which 

is  in  general  cultivation  there  for  ornament  and 

shade.     See  cut  under  Cassia. 
Amaltheidse  (am-al-the'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NXi.,  < 

Amaltlii  IIS  +  -iike.']     A  family  of  tetrabranchi- 

ate  cephalopods,  tyiiified  by  the  genus  Amal- 

theus.     The  species  are  extinct,  and  flourished 

during  the  Secondary  epoch. 
Amaltbeus  (a-mal'the-us),  II.    [NL.]    A  genus 

of  cephalopods,  typical  of  the  family  Amaltlw- 

idw. 
aman  (am'an),  re.     [Name  in  Aleppo.]     A  blue 

cotton  cloth  imported  from  the  Levant,  made 

chiefly  at  Aleppo,  Asiatic  Turkey. 
amand^t  (a-mand'),  r.  t.     [<  L.  atnandare,  send 

forth  or  away,  remove,  <  a  for  ah,  off,  +  mandare, 

order:  see  wnHrfnte.]     To  send  off;  tli.smiss. 

A  court  of  equity  which  would  rather  «m«;irf  the  plain- 
tiff to  his  remedy  at  common  law. 

Wythe,  Decisions,  p.  80.    (A',  if.  D.) 

amand"  (a-mand'),  11.  [Sc,  <  F.  amende,  a 
fine:  see  amende.~\  In  Scots  law,  a  fine  or  pen- 
alty; formerly  also  a  sum  required  from  the  de- 
fender in  a  suit  as  a  security  against  delay  or 
evasion. 

amandava  (a-man'da-vji),  n.  [NL.,  <  amadavat, 
q.  v.]  lu  ornith.,  the  specific  name  of  the 
amadavat,  Fringilla  amandava  (LinntBus),  now 
Estrilda  amandava,  used  by  Bonaparte  in  1850 
as  a  generic  name  of  that  section  of  the  genus 
of  which  the  amadavat  is  the  type. 

amandin  (am'an-din),  ».  [<  F.  amande,  al- 
mond (see  a/mond),-f-  -»(■-.]  1.  An  albuminous 
substance  contained  in  sweet  almonds. — 2.  A 
kind  of  paste  or  cold  cream  for  chapped  hands, 
prepared  fi'om  almonds.  In  this  sense  also 
spelled  amandine. 

amang  (a-mang'),  2)rep.  Among.  [Seotch  and 
north.  Eng.  dial.] 

amanitin  (a-man'i-tiu),  n.  [<  Gr.  afiavirai,  pi., 
a  sort  of  fungi,  +  -i/i-.]  An  organic  base  or 
alkaloid,  one  of  the  poisonous  principles  of 
certain  mushi-ooms,  as  Agaricits  muscarius  and 
A.  liiilhosiis. 

amanuensis  (a-man-ii-en'sis),  n. ;  pi.  amanuen- 
ses (-sez).  [L.  amanuensis  (<  a  manu  +  -ensis : 
see  -ese),  taking  the  place  of  a  manu  servus,  a 
secretary :  a  for  iih,  from,  of,  often  used,  as  here, 
in  designations  of  ofliee;  manu,  abl.  of  maniis, 
hand  (see  manual);  servus,  servant  (see  serj] 


165 

servant).]  A  jierson  whose  employment  is  to 
write  what  another  dictates,  or  to  copy  what 
has  been  written  by  another. 

I  had  not  that  happy  leisure ;  no  aiitanuetutin,  no  assist- 
ants. Uiirlun,  Aiiat,  of  Mel.  (To  tho  Header). 

Amara  (am'a-rii),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  (cf.  Amarus, 
m.,  a  genus  of  hemipterous  insects),  sai<l  to  lie  < 
Gr.  a-  priv.  +  ■\/  "/lap,  redupl.  /jap/Miijeiv,  shine.] 


Ground-beetle  l^mara  obfta). 
a,  larva  ;  rf,  under  side  of  one  of  ttie  middle  joints;  f,  the  head  be- 
neath :  /,  leg :  g,  anal  cerci  and  prolcg  from  side  ;  i,  pupa ;  c.  hccilt: ; 
A,  A,  natural  sizes. 

A  genus  of  Carahidw,  or  groimd-beetles,  of  the 
subfamily  Barjxilina;  more  readily  distin- 
guished by  then-  general  appearance  than  by 
conspicuous  struetm'al  characters,  a  vast  mnu- 
ber  of  species,  mainly  of  the  .arctic  and  temperate  zones, 
constitute  this  genus.  They  are  all  of  medium  size,  more 
or  less  oblong-oval  in  form,  and  mostly  bronze-colored, 
rarely  brown  or  black  witli  a  greenish  tinge.  Tliey  are  to 
be  found  under  moss,  stones,  clods,  etc.  In  the  imago 
state  they  are  partly  herbivorous,  while  their  larvjc  .ire 
strictly  carnivorous,  those  of  A,  vbesa  feeding  on  locusts' 
eggs. 
amaracus  (a-mar'a-ktis),  n.  [L.,  also  amara- 
cuni  (>ME.  amarac),  <  Gr.  a/idpaKor,  also  a/inpa- 
liov,  a  certain  plant.  The  Greek  species  was  prob. 
a  bulbous  plant ;  the  foreign,  called  Persian  or 
Egyptian,  answers  to  marjoram,]     Marjoram. 

And  at  their  feet  the  crocus  brake  like  tire, 

Violet,  amaraeiis,  and  a-sphodel. 

Lotos  and  lilies.  Tennymn,  (Eiione. 

amarant  (am'a-rant),  re.     See  amaranth. 

Amarantaceae  (am"a-ran-ta'se-e),  re.  pi.  [NL., 
fem.  pi.  oi  anuirantaiiiis :  see  aniurantaceous.l 
A  natural  order  of  apelalous  herbaceous  weedy 
plants,  with  inconspicuous,  mostly  scarious- 
bracted,  flowers.  Tliey  are  of  little  or  no  value,  though 
some  species  are  cultivated  on  account  of  the  bright-col- 
ored bracts  of  the  dcnwdy  clustered  blooms,  chiefly  of  the 
genera  Aiimrftnfiis,  Uomplu-iiin,  Jresine,  and  Altenmn- 
Ihera.     .Also  written  Aiiuininthfiri'tv. 

amarantaceous  (am"a-ran-ta'shius),  a.  [<  NL. 
amarantaccus,  <  L.  amuruntus :  see  amaranth 
and  -aceous.'}  In  hot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  tho 
Amarantaecw.    Also  written  amaranthaceous. 

In  1S5G  Dunker  described  .  .  .  four  species  from  Blank- 
enburg  .  .  .  which  he  believed  to  belong  to  .  .  .  the 
Polygonacea?.  Zenker  had  divined  that  they  might  be 
ainaraiituceouii. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Amor.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXVII.  294. 

amaranth  (am'a-ranth),  «.  [More  correctly 
amariint,  <  HE.  amaraunt,  <  L.  amarantus  (often 
written  aniurantlius,  simulating  Gr.  avdoc,  a 
flower),  <  Gr.  ajiapavrof,  amarant,  prop,  an 
adj.,  unfading,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  /lapalvew,  wither, 
fade,  akin  to  L.  mori,  Skt.  -v/  "'<"■)  "lie:  see  mor- 
tal. Cf.  ambrosia  and  amrita.  The  flower  is  so 
ealletl  because  when  jjicked  it  does  not  ^vithe^.] 

1.  An  imaginary  flower  supposed  never  to  fade: 
used  chiefly  in  poetry. 

Immortal  amarant,  a  flower  which  once 
In  Paradise  fast  by  the  tree  of  life 
Began  to  bloom ;  but  soon,  for  man's  oflence. 
To  heaven  removed,  where  first  it  grew. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  353. 

2.  (a)  A  plant  of  tho  genus  Amarantus  (which 
see),  (b)  The  globe-amaranth,  Gomphrcna  ylo- 
bosa,  of  tho  same  natural  order. — 3.  A  name 
given  to  mixtures  o£  coloring  matters  of  which 
the  chief  constituent  is  magenta  (which  see). 

Amaranthaceae  (am"a-ran-tha'so-e),  «.  pi. 
Same  us  Amurantaceai. 


Amaryllis 

amaranthaceous    (am   a  -  ran  -  tha '  shius),    a. 

Saiiu^  as  itnini'tnitaccous. 

amaranth^feathers  (am'a-ranth-feTn''6rz),  n. 
A  name  given  to  Jluniva  clegans,  an  Australian 
composite  plant,  with  drooping  panicles  of 
small  reddish  flowers.  It  is  sometimes  culti- 
valeil. 
amaranthine  (am-a-ran'thin),  «.  [More  cor- 
rectly iimarantinc,  KGv.  a/iapuvTivo^,  (. a/japavTo^, 
amaranth:  see  rtmarutti/i.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  amaranth;  consisting  of,  containing,  or 
resembling  amaranth. 

Those  happy  souls  who  dwell 
In  yellow  meads  of  Asphodel, 
Or  Amaranthine  bow'rs. 

Pnjie,  .St.  Cecilia's  Day,  1.  76. 

2.  Never-fading,  like  the  amaranth  of  the  poets ; 
imperishable. 

The  only  amaranthine  How'r  i>n  earth 
Is  virtue ;  tli'  only  lasting  treasure,  truth. 

Cou-pt-r,  Task,  iii, 

3.  Of  a  purplish  color. 
Also  written  amarantine. 

amaranthoid(am-a-ran'thoid),  a.  [(.amaranth 
+  -iiiil.'\    Kesembling  or  allied  to  the  amaranth. 

Amaranthus  (am-a-ran'thus),  n.  See  Ama^ 
ran  tils. 

amarantine  (am-a-ran'tin),  a.  See  amaranthine. 

Amarantus  (am-a-ran'tus),  M.  [L. :  see  ama- 
ranth.] A  genus  of  plants,  natm'al  order  ^ma- 
rantacca;  including  several  long-cultivated  gar- 
den-plants, as  the  cockscomb  (A.  cristatus), 
prince's-feather  (A.  hi/pochondriacus),  love-lies- 
bleeding  (A.  caudatus),  etc.  Several  dwarf 
forms  of  A.  mclancholicus,  with  variegated  or 
distinctly  colored  leaves,  are  favorite  bedding- 
plants.     Also  written  .tmaranthus. 

amargOSO-bark  (a-miir-go'so-biirk),  re.  [<  Sp. 
aiiiari/oso,  bitter  (<  amargo,  bitter,  <  L.  amarus, 
bitter),  -I-  i«rA'-.]  The  bark  of  the  goatbush, 
Castcla  erecta,  a  simarubaoeous  shrub  of  the 
lower  Bio  Grande  valley  in  Texas  and  of  north- 
em  Mexioo.  It  is  intensely  bitter,  and  is  used  by  the 
Mexicans  as  an  astringent,  a  tonic,  and  a  febrifuge.  The 
plant  is  stitf  and  thiirny,  and  is  an  excellent  hedge-plant. 

amarin  (am'a-rin),  ».  [<  L.  amarus,  bitter,  -I- 
-in-.]  An  organic  base,  C21H1SN.2,  isomeric 
with  hydrobeuzamido,  from  which  it  is  pre- 
pared. It  exerts  a  poisonous  effect  on  animals, 
and  forms  salts  with  acids. 

amaritudet  (a-mar'i-tud),  re.  [<  L.  amaritudo, 
bitterness,  <  ama/'Hi',  bitter.]     Bitterness. 

What  amaritude  or  acrimony  is  deprehended  in  choler, 
it  aciiuires  from  a  cominLxture  of  melancholy,  or  external 
malign  bodies.  Harvey,  Consumption. 

amaryllld  (am-a-rU'id),  m.  In  hot.,  one  of  the 
Amari/lliilarca: 

Amaryllidacese  (am-a-ril-i-da'se-e),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  .inmnjUis  (-id-)  •¥  -oceo'.]  A  natural 
order  of  monocotylcdonous  jilants,  resembling 
the  Liliacetv,  but  having  an  inferior  ovary.  It 
includes  many  well-known  ornamental  plants,  the  amaryl- 
lis,  narcissus  (with  the  daffodil  and  jonquil),  snowdrop 
iGalanthiix),  pancratium,  agave,  etc.  The  inilbs  of  some 
are  poisonous,  especially  those  of  ilenuinthim  toxiearixu 
and  s<mie  allieil  species,  in  the  juice  of  which  the  Hotten- 
tots are  said  to  ilip  their  arrow-heads.  Tlie  Itulbs  of  Sar- 
ci.isti.s  jioetieii.^  anil  some  other  species  are  emetic.    Species 

of  agave  ;ilv  v:iliKil.lr  ;,s  tlber-plunts. 

amaryllidaceous  (am-a-ril-i-da'shius),  a.  [< 
Amari/llis  (-id-)  +  -aceous.'\  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Amari/lUdaccee. 
amaryllideous  (am-a-ril'i-df-us),  a.  [<  amaryl- 
liil  +  -lous,  <  L.  -f  H*'.]  Relating  to  or  having 
the  nature  of  an  amaryllid,  or  a  plant  of  the  or- 
der Aniari/llidacew;  amaryllidaceotis. 
Amaryllis  (am-a-ril'is),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  Amaryl- 
lis, name  of  a  shepherdess  in  Virgil,  <  Gv. 
'A/iapvUic,  the  same 
in  "rheocritus,  prob. 
(with  fem.  dim.  term. ) 
<  apapiaaeiv,  sparkle, 
twinkle,  glance,  as 
the  eye,  >  afiapvyi/,  a 
sparkling,  twinkling, 
u'hiucing.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  bulbous  plants, 
natirral  order  .Ima- 
ryllidacew,  with  large, 
bright-colored,  Juy- 
shaped  flowers  upon 
a  stout  scape,  nie 
belladonna  lily,  A.  BMa- 
dunna,  from  southern  Af- 
rica, now  regarded  as  the 
only  species,  is  well  known 
and  has  long  been  in  cultivation.  Many  species  once 
placed  in  this  genus  are  now  referred  to  other  genera,  those 
of  the  old  world  to  Crinum,  Ltieorift,  Bruiufviiria,  Xerint, 
etc.,  the  American  to  Zephiiranthes  and  Sj/rekelia. 

2.  [/.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genua.— 3.  In  zool., 
a  genus  of  crustaceans. 


Belladonna  Lily 
^Amarytlii  Bcttadonna). 


amass 

amass  (a-mas'),  r.  /.  L^  !'•  amasscr,  <  ML. 
timussare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  iiid.ssa,  mass,  heap,  >  F. 
masse,  >  E.  mass-,  <i.  v.]  To  collect  into  a  mass 
or  heap;  bring  together  a  gi-oat  amount,  quan- 
tity, or  number  of:  as,  to  amass  a  fortune. 

In  his  youtli  runitc  was  uii  irisatiabk'  reader,  and  be- 
fore he  began  the  wurk  I'f  e^Hl^tnletin,u  the  Tositive  Phi- 
lusuphy  lie  liail  ania^tn'tl  vjust  .vttires  of  learning  in  almost 
every  ilepartrnent  of  knowledge. 

J.  FMc,  Cos.  Phil.,  I.  13G. 

amasst  (a-mas'),  «.  [<  OF.  amasse,  F.  amas; 
from  the  verb.]  An  assemblage,  a  heap,  or 
an  accumulation. 

This  pillar  is  nothinj^inetfeetbutamedleyoran  amaxnf 
of  all  the  preeedent  oriuinients.      Wotton,  Reliquiie,  p.  25. 

amassable  (a-mas'a-bl),  «.  [<  amass  +  -o6te.] 
Capaljlc  of  being  amassed. 

amasser  (a-mas'er),  II,  One  who  amasses  or 
accuiniLlates. 

amassette  (am-a-sef),  n.  [F.  (dim.  form),  < 
(f»(«6'ser,  amass,  collect :  see  amass,  i:}  An  in- 
strument, usually  of  horn,  like  a  palette-knife 
or  spatula,  with  which  in  the  preparation  of 
pigments  the  colors  used  in  painting  are  col- 
lected and  scraped  together  on  the  stone  during 
the  process  of  grinding  them  with  the  mnller. 
Also  wi-itten  ama:ette. 

amassment  (a-mas'ment),  H.   The  act  of  amass- 
iuj;:  a  heap  collected;  a  great  quantity  or  num- 
ber brought  together ;  an  accimiulation. 
An  amassment  of  imagiuai-y  conceptions. 

Glauville,  Seep.  Sci.,  xiii. 

Amasta  (a-mas'ta),  n.  pJ.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
aiiiastiis,  <  Gr.  a/iaaroc,  without  breasts,  <  a- 
priv.  +  /laaroc,  breast.]  Nippleless  mammals: 
a  term  applied  to  the  monotremes  or  cloacal 
o^parous  mammals,  which,  though  provided 
with  mammary  glands,  have  no  nipples. 
amasthenic  (am-as-then'ik),  a.  [Prop.  *hama- 
sthcnic,  <  Grr.  iiiia,  together,  +  aBivo^,  strength.] 
Uniting  the  chemical  rays  of  light  in  a  focus : 
said  ef  a  lens.  Also  aiiiacratic. 
amate^t  (a-maf),  r.  t.  [<  «-  (expletive)  + 
matc^,  v.~\  To  accompany;  entertain  as  a  com- 
panion ;  be  a  fellow  or  mate  to. 

A  lovely  bevy  of  faire  Ladies  sate, 

Coiu-ted  of  many  a  jolly  Paramoure, 

The  which  them  did  in  modest  wise  amate. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  34. 
amate^t  (a-maf),  v.  t.     [<  ME.  amateu,  <  OF. 
amatii;  daunt,  subdue,  enfeeble,  etc.  (=  It.  aiii- 
inattire),  <  a-  (L.  ail,  to)  +  niatii;  mater  (in  same 
senses  as  uiiiatir),    >  E.  mate,   enfeeble:   see 
mate^.']     To  terrify;  perplex;  daunt;  subdue. 
Upon  the  wall  the  Pagans  old  and  young 
.stood  huslid  and  still,  amated  and  aniaz'd. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xi.  12. 
My  lord,  hath  love  aiiutted  him  wiiose  thoughts 
Have  ever  been  heroical  and  brave? 

Gireue,  Orlando  Furioso. 

amaterialistic  (a-ma-te"ri-a-lis'tik),  a.  [<  GJr. 
li-  priv.  («-lS)  +  materialistic.']  Opposed  to 
materialism,  or  to  materialistic  philosophy. 

It  is  intensely  amaterlalijitk  for  us  to  speak  of  the  ta- 
ble (that  is,  of  any  table)  as  if  it  had  some  objective  exist- 
ence. Independent  of  a  cognizing  mind. 

J.  Fishe,  in  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  33. 

amateur  (am'a-tiir  or  am-a-tiir',  often  as  F., 
the  word  being  of  recent  introduction — about 
1784  —  am-a-ter'),  «.  and  a.  [F.,  =Pr.  amatour 
=  Sp.  Pg.  umadur  =  It.  amatore,  a  lover,  an 
amateiu-,  <  L.  amatorem,  ace.  of  amator,  lover, 
<  umarc,  pp.  amatiis,  love :  see  amor.]     I.  ii. 

1.  One  who  admii'es ;  an  admirer;  a  lover. 

She  remained  an  impassioned  amateur  of  musical  ge 
nius  in  others.  Howelts,  A  Modern  Instance. 

2.  One  who  has  an  especial  love  for  any  art. 
study,  or  ijursuit,  but  does  not  practise  it. — 3. 
Most  commonly,  one  who  cultivates  any  study 
or  art  from  taste  or  attachment,  without  pm-- 
suing  it  professionally  or  ■nith  a  view  to  gain : 
often  used  of  one  who  pursues  a  study  or  an  art 
in  a  desultory,  unskilful,  or  non-professional 
way. — 4.  Specifically,  in  sporting  and  athletics, 
an  athlete  who  has  never  competed  in  a  match 
open  to  all  comers,  or  for  a  stake,  or  for  public 
money,  or  for  gate-money,  or  under  a  false 
name,  or  with  a  professional  for  a  prize,  and 
has  never  taught  or  pursued  athletic  exercises 
as  a  means  of  support. 

II.  o.  Pertaining  to  or  ha^^ng  the  character 
of  an  amateur:  as,  a  ma  tviir  work;  an  amateur 
pianist. 
amateurish  (am-a-tiir'ish  or  am-a-ter'ish),  «. 
[<  amateur  +  -islA.]  Pertaining  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  an  amateur ;  having  the  faults  or 
deficiencies  of  an  amateur  or  a  non-profes- 
sional. 
A  condescending,  amateuritth  way. 

Dickens,  Our  ilutual  Friend 


166 

They  said  it  [a  lK>ok]  was  amateuruh,  that  it  was  in  a 
falsell..  key.  The  Cenluni,  XX\I.  M!,. 

amateurishness    (am-a-tur'-   or   am-a-ter'ish- 

ncs).  II.     Tlie  quality  of  being  amateurish. 
amateurism    (am'a-tiir-izm   or  am-a-ter'izm), 

(I.     [<  amateur  +  -ism.']      The  practice  of  any 

art,  occupation,  game,  etc.,  as  a  pastime  or  an 

accomplishment,  and  not  as  a  profession ;  the 

quality  of  being  an  amateur. 
amateiirship  (am'a-ttir-  or  am-a-ter'ship),   «. 

[<  amateur  +  -shi^).]    The  character  or  position 

of  an  amateur. 

Wearied  with  the  frigid  pleasures  (so  he  called  them)  of 

mere  (iniati^ur.stiip.       Dc  [juincey,  Murder  as  a  Fine  All. 

amatito  (am-a-te'to),  n.  [Prop,  "amatita,  <  It. 
amatita,  lead  or  chalk  for  pencils,  prop,  hema- 
tite, <  L.  haematites,  hematite :  see  hematite.'] 
A  pigment  of  a  deep-red  color  prepared  from 
hematite,  and  formerly  much  used  in  fresco- 
painting.     A  udsleij. 

amative  (am'a-tiv),  a.  [=  It.  amatiro,  <  L.  as 
if  *amatinis,  K  amarc,  pp.  amatus,  love:  see 
amor.]  Full  of  love;  amorous;  amatorj-;  dis- 
posed or  disposing  to  love. 

amativeness  (am'a-tiv-nes),  n.  The  propen- 
sity- to  love,  or  to  tie  gratification  of  the  sex- 
ual passions.  The  term  is  used  by  phrenologists  to 
designate  the  supposed  localization  of  this  propensity  in 
the  hind  part  of  the  brain.    See  cut  under  phreiiolosyy. 

amatorial  (am-a-to'ri-al),  a.     [<  L.  amatorius 
(see  amatory)  +  -al.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  love 
or  lovers;  amatory:  as,  amatorial  verses. 
Tales  of  love  and  chivah-y,  amatorial  sonnets. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 
,\  small  (juantity  of  passion,  dexterously  meted  out, 
may  be  ample  to  inspii-e  an  aimilnrin!  jtuet. 

/.  iri.sia.li,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  356. 
Amatorial  muscles,  the  oblique  muscles  of  the  eye :  so 
called  from  their  fancied  importance  in  ogling. 

amatorially  (am-a-to'ri-al-i),  adr.  In  an  ama- 
torial manner;  by  way  of  love. 

amatorian  (am-a-to'ri-an),  «.      Pertaining  to 
love;  amatorial.     [Rare.] 
Horace's  lusory  or  amatorian  odes. 

Juhntioa,  Lives  of  Poets  (Edmund  Smith). 

amatorio  (a-ma-t6'ri-6),  n.;  pi.  amatorii  (-§). 
[It.,  <  L.  amatorius:  see  amatorij.]  A  deco- 
rated vase,  dish,  bowl,  or  plate,  intended  or 
siutable  for  a  love-gift ;  specifically,  a  piece  of 
majolica  painted  with  the  portrait  of  a  lady 
and  bearing  a  complimentary  inscription. 

amatorioust  (am-a-to'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  amato- 
rius :  see  amatorij.]     Pertaining  to  love. 

The  vain,  amatoriuus  poem  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney's  '"  Aj'- 
eadia."  ^liltiin,  Eikonoklastes. 

amatory  (am'a-to-ri),  a.  [<L.  amatorius,  per- 
taining to  love  or  a  lover.  <  amator,  a  lover:  see 
amateur.  Cf.  amorous.]  Pertaining  to,  pro- 
ducing, or  supposed  to  produce  love;  exjjres- 
sive  of  love;  amatorial:  as,  amatory  ■poems. 
She  could  repay  each  amatory  look  you  lent 
With  interest.  Byron,  Don  Juan,  ix.  62. 

=  Syn.  See  amorous. 

amaurosis  (am-a-ro'sis),  H.  [NX.,  <  Gr.  ifiav- 
liuair,  <  dfiavpoij,  dim.  dark,  <  a-  intensive  -t-  /javpoc;, 
dark.]  A  partial  or  total  loss  of  sight  inde- 
pendent of  any  discoverable  lesion  in  the  eye 
itself:  formerly  and  still  sometimes  called  gut- 
ta  Serena;  by  Milton  "a  drop  serene,"  P.  L., 
iii.  25. 

amaurotic  (am-a-rot'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
affected  with  amaiu'osis. 

amausite  (a-ma'sit),  n.     Same  as  petrosilex. 

amayt  (a-ma'),  r.  t.  and  i.  [<  ME.  amayeii,  < 
OF.  umaier,  amaer,  forms  parallel  to  the  usual 
OF.esmaier,  esmaer  =  I'r.  csmaiar  =  lt.  smagare, 
<  L.  ex,  out  (here  privative),  -f-  ML.  *magare.  < 
OHG.  iiiagan,  have  power,  =  E.  may,  v.  Cf. 
dismay.]    To  dismay;  confound;  be  dismayed. 

Whereof  he  dradde  and  was  amayed. 

Gou'er,  Conf.  Amant. 
C'ounsayllen  the  of  that  thou  art  amnyed, 

Chaun-r,  'lYoilus,  i.  648. 

amaze  (a-maz'),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ama:ed,  ppr. 
amadng.  [<  ME.  amasen,  found  only  in  pp. 
amased :  also  himascd,  in  same  sense ;  <  a-,  E. 
a-l  (or  hi-,  E.  ?*c-l),  -f-  mascii,  confuse,  perplex, 
>E.  (Hfl-e,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1 .  To  conf o mid  with 
fear,  sudden  surprise,  or  wonder ;  confuse ; 
perplex. 

They  shall  be  afraid ;  .  .  .  they  shall  be  amazed  one  at 
another.  Isa.  xiii.  8. 

Let  thy  blows,  doubly  redoubled. 
Fall  like  ainaziny  thunder  on  the  casque 
Of  thy  adverse  pernicious  enemy. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 
'I'ill  the  great  plover's  human  whistle  amazed 
Her  heart,  and  glancing  round  the  waste  she  fear'd 
In  every  wavering  brake  an  ambuscade. 

Tennyson.  Geraint. 


Amazon 

2.  To  strike  with  astonishment,  surprise,  or 
wonder;  astonish;  surx»rise:  as,  you  amaze lae; 
I  was  amn:ed  to  find  him  there. 

The  beauty  and  magnificence  of  the  buildings  erected 
by  the  sovereigns  of  Hindostan  amazfd  even  travellers 
who  had  seen  St.  peters.  Macautay,  Lord  Clive. 

Then  ilown  into  the  vale  he  gazed, 
Ami  held  his  lireath,  as  if  amazed 
By  all  its  wondrous  loveliness. 

Witliaiii  Morrix,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  104. 
=  Syil.  Surprise,  Astonish,  etc. {iiee surprise);  to  confound, 
stagger,  stupefy,  dumfound. 

Il.t  intraiis.   To  wonder;  be  amazed. 
Madam,  aj/taze  not;  see  his  majesty 
Return'd  with  glory  from  the  Holy  Land. 

Feele,  Edward  I.,  i.  1. 
Amaze  not,  man  of  God,  if  in  the  spirit 
Thou'rt  brought  from  Jewry  unto  Nineveh. 
Greene  and  Lod[ie,  Ix)ok.  Glass  for  L.  and  E.,  p.  119. 

amaze  (a-maz'),  ».  [<o«)arc,  r.]  Astonish- 
ment ;  confusion ;  perplexity  arising  from  fear, 
surprise,  or  wonder ;  amazement :  used  chiefly 
in  poetry. 

Now  of  my  own  accord  such  other  trial 

I  mean  to  show  you  of  my  strength,  yet  greater, 

As  with  amaze  shall  strike  all  who  behold. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1645. 
It  fills  me  with  amaze 
To  see  thee,  Poi-phyTo!  Keats,  Eve  of  St,  Agnes. 

amazedly  (a-ma'zed-li),  adr.  With  amaze- 
ment ;  in  a  manner  that  indicates  astonishment 
or  bewilderment. 

I  speak  amazedly  ;  and  it  becomes 

My  marvel,  and  my  message.     .Shak.,  W.  T..  v.  1. 

amazedness  (a-ma'zed-nes),  H.  The  state  of 
being  amazed  or  confounded  with  fear,  sur- 
prise, or  wonder ;  astonishment ;  great  won- 
der. 

After  a  little  amazedness,  we  were  all  commanded  out 
of  the  chamber.  Sliak.,  W.  T.,  v.  2. 

amazefult  (a-maz'ful),  a.  Full  of  amazement; 
calcidated  to  produce  amazement. 

Thy  just  amies 
Shine  with  amaze/utl  terror. 

Marston,  Soplionisba,  i.  1. 

amazement  (a-maz'ment),  «.  1.  The  state  of 
being  amazed;  astonishment;  confusion  or  per- 
plexity from  a  sudden  impression  of  surprise, 
or  sm-prise  mingled  with  alarm. 

They  were  filled  with  wonder  and  amazement  at  that 
which  had  happened  unto  him.  Acts  iii.  10. 

His  words  impression  left 
Of  much  amazement  to  the  infernal  crew, 

Milton,  P.  K.,  i.  107. 

2t.  Infatuation;  madness.     Webster. 

amazette  (am-a-zef).  u.     Same  as  amassette. 

Amazilia  (am-a-zil'i-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  aniadli, 
ajiplied  by  the  T'rencli  ornithologist  Lesson  in 
1826  to  a  species  of  humming-bird,  and  in  1832. 
in  pi.,  to  a  group  of  himiming-birds.  Other 
NL.  forms  are  ama::iliiis,  uma;:ilieus.  amasillis, 
ama::illia,  ami::ilis  (a  mere  misprint),  dim.  <(«/«- 
zicula,  ama^iliculus :  all  being  names  of  hum- 
ming-birds. The  name  ama~ili  is  prob.  of  S. 
Amer.  origin,  perhaps  connected  with  the  name 
of  the  Amazon  river;  cf.  amazoii~,  2.]  A  genus 
of  humming-birds,  of  the  familj'  Trochilida:  em- 
bracing about  2-i  species,  of  large  size,  found 
from  the  Mexican  border  of  the  United  States 
to  Peru,  and  mostly  of  green  and  chestnut 
coloration.  The  bill  is  about 
as  long  as  the  head,  nearly 
straight,  and  broad,  with  lancet- 
shaped  tip;  the  nostrils  are  ex- 
posed and  scaled ;  tlie  wings 
are  long  and  pointed  ;  the  tiiil  is 
even  or  slightly  forked ;  and  the 
tarsi  al'e  feathered.  The  two 
species  found  in  the  I'nited 
States  are  A.  /uicocaudata  and 
.4.  eerriniventH-s.  Seecut  under 
hiiiiiitfiioi-bird. 

amazingly  (a-ma'zing-li). 
adr.  In  an  amazing  man- 
ner or  degree;  in  a  man- 
ner to  excite  astonish- 
ment, or  to  perplex,  eon- 
found,  or  terrify ;  wonder- 
fully; exceedingly. 

If. we  arise   to  the  w,»rld  of 
spirits,  our  knowledge  of  them 
must  be  amaziiiiito  imperfect. 
'Watts,  Logic. 

Amazon^  (am'a-zon),  ". 
[ME.  Amazones.  Ainy.so- 
nes.  pi. ;  <  L.  Amazon,  < 
Gr.  'Aua^uv.  a  foreign  name 
of  unknown  meaning;  ac- 
cording to  Greek  ^^Titers, 
<  a-  priv.,  without,  -i-  flavor,  a  brea.st :  a  popu- 
lar etj-mology,  accompaiiieri  by,  and  doubtless 


Statue  in  the  V.-itican.  per- 
haps a  copy  of  the  type  or 

Ph..il,.s. 


Amazon 

originatiuK,  tbp  statement  that  tlio  right  breast 
was  removed  in  onler  that  it  miKlit.  not  interfere 
with  tlie  use  of  tlie  bow  and  javelin.]  1.  In 
Gi:  lei/ciid,  one  of  a  raeo  of  women  wlio  dwelt 
on  the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea  and  in  the  Cau- 
casus mountains.  Tiny  fcinjail  a  state  from  wliith 
iileli  were  excluded,  devutrd  tlu-iiisclves  Ui  war  and  limit- 
ing,  and  were  often  in  i-unllirl  uitli  tlie  Greelt.s  in  tlie 
heroic  ajre.  The  Annuipris  aiui  tluir  contests  were  a  fa- 
vorite tlienie  in  Grecian  art  and  story. 
2.  Iciiji.  or  I.  c]  A  warlike  or  masculine  wo- 
man; heneo,  a  quarrelsome  woman;  a  virago. 

llini  I  Alil»e  I.cfcvrel,  for  want  of  a  lictter,  they  suspend 
there :  in  the  pale  niorninii  lit;ht :  over  the  top  of  all 
Paris,  whicli  swims  in  ones  failing  eyes  :  —  a  horrible  end  I 
Nay,  the  rope  broke,  as  French  ropes  often  did ;  or  else 
an  (iinnzon  cut  it.  Cta-hilc,  French  Rev.,  I.  vii.  fi. 

amazon-  (am'a-zon),  «.  [<  NL.  Amazoiia,  a 
genus  of  liirds:  so  called  from  the  great  river 
Amazon,  Fg.  Ilio  das  Ama:onai;  Sp.  Itio  do  la.i 
Amazonaa,  F.  le  Jlcure  des  Ama:i»ics,  G.  dcr 
Amazoneiijlutis,  etc.,  lit.  the  river  of  the  Ama- 
zons, in  allusion  to  the  supjiosed  female  war- 
riors said  to  have  been  seen  on  its  banks  by  the 
Spaniards.]  1.  A  general  book-name  of  any 
South  American  parrot  of  the  genus  Chri/xotis, 
of  which  there  are  numerous  species.  /'.  L. 
Sclutir. —  2.  A  name  of  sunili-y  humming-birds : 
as,  the  royal  <iiiia::on,  Bcllalrix  regina. 

Amazon-ant  (am'a-zon-ant),  H.  The  Formica 
rufesct'ita,  a  species  of  ant  which  robs  the  nests 
of  other  species,  carrying  off  the  neuters  when 
in  the  larva  or  pupa  stage  to  its  own  nests, 
where  they  are  brought  up  along  with  its  own 
larviB  by  neuters  stolen  before. 

Amazonian^  (am-a-z6'ni-an),  a.     [<L.  Ama::o- 
niio!,  <  lir.  'Aitii^driiiir,  'A/iaO'ifiog,  <  'A/iaCuv,  Ama- 
zon.]    1.  I'ertaining  to  or  resembling  an  Ama- 
zon: in  the  following  extract,  beardless. 
Our  then  dictator, 
Whom  with  all  praise  I  point  at,  saw  him  fight. 
When  with  his  A  nutznnian  chin  he  drove 
The  bristled  lips  before  him.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iL  2. 

2.  Bold;  of  masculine  manners;  warlike;  quar- 
relsome: applied  to  women. 

How  ill-beseeming  is  it  in  thy  sex 
To  triumph,  like  an  Amazonian  trull, 
Upon  theii"  woes  whom  fortune  captivates  I 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  L  4. 

Amazonian^  (am-a-zd'ni-an),  a.  [=  Pg.  Sp. 
Amazijnidno  or  Amasonio  :<.  Amazon,  the  river; 
in  form  like  Amazonian'^.]  Belonging  to  the 
river  Amazon,  in   South  America,  or  to  the 

country  lying  on  that  river Amazonian  stone, 

or  Amazon  stone,  a  beautiful  green  feldsj>ar  found  in 
rolled  masses  near  the  Amazon  river;  also  found  in  Si- 
beria and  Colorado.     It  belongs  to  the  species  microclin 
(wliich  see). 
amb-.     See  ambi-. 

ambage  (am'baj),  «.;  pi.  ambages  (am'ba-jez, 
or,  as  Latin,  ani-bii'jez).  [<  ME.  ambages,  <  OF. 
ambages,  ambagis,  <  L.  ambages  (usually  plur.), 
a  going  around,  circumlocution,  ambiguity,  < 
ambi-,  arovmd  (see  ambi-),  +  agere,  drive,  move: 
see  agent.  Cf.  ambiguous.  In  mod.  use  the 
pi.  is  often  treated  as  mere  L.]  A  winding  or 
roundabout  way;  hence  —  (a)  Circumlocution; 
equivocation ;  obscurity  or  ambiguity  of  speech. 
With  ambatjes, 
That  is  to  seyn,  with  dowble  wordes  slye, 

Chaufer,  Ti'oilus,  v.  896. 
They  gave  those  complex  ideas  names,  that  they  miglit 
the  more  easily  record  and  discourse  of  tilings  they  were 
daily  conversant  in,  without  long  ambages  and  circumlo- 
cution. Locke. 
Lay  by  these  ambar/es;  what  seeks  the  Moor? 

Limt's  Dominion,  iii.  4. 

(6)  Circuitous  or  devious  ways ;  secret  acts. 

The  otlier  cost  me  so  many  strains,  and  traps,  and  am- 
ba<j€s  to  introduce.  Swi/t,  Tale  of  a  Tub. 

ambaginOUS  (am-baj'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  ambago 
{-agin-),  with  same  sense  and  origin  as  ambages  : 
see  ambage]     Same  as  ambagious. 

ambagious  (am-ba'jus),  a.  i<  L.  ambagiosus,  < 
ambagis:  aeeambageand-ous.']  1.  Circumlocu- 
tory; tedious. — 2.  Winding;  devious.    [Rare.] 

amSagitory  (am-baj'i-to-ri),  a.  [Irreg.  <  om- 
bage  +  -it-orrj.']  Circumlocutory;  roundabout; 
ambagious.     [Rare.] 

Partaking  of  what  scholars  call  the  periphrastic  and  am- 
baifitoni.  Scott.  Waverley,  xxiv. 

amban  (am'ban),  H.  [Mauchu;  lit.,  governor.] 
The  title  of  the  representatives  of  China  in  Mon- 
golia and  Turkistau. 

In  the  time  of  the  Chinese,  before  Vakub  Beg's  sway, 
Yangi  Shahr  Iield  a  garrison  of  six  thousand  men,  and  was 
the  residence  of  the  amban  or  governor. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  S. 

ambaree,  h.    See  ambari. 

ambari  (am'ba-ri),  n.     [Also  writteii  ambarie, 

ambarn,  repr.  Hind,  ambari,  also  amdri  =  Pers. 

'amdri,  <  Ar.  'amdri;  cf.  'amdra,  an  edifice,  < 


167 

'amara,  biuld,  cultivate.]     In  India,  a  covered 

howdali.      Yule  and  liurncU. 
ambarvalia  (ani-bilr-va'li-a),  H.  /)/.     [h.,  neut. 
pi.  of  aiiiharratis,  that  goes  aroimd  tne  fields, 

<  ambi-,  around,  +  iirrum,  a  cultivated  field.] 
In  Uoin.  uiiliij.,  a  festival  of  which  the  object 
was  to  invoke  the  favor  of  the  gods  toward  the 
fertility  of  the  fields.  It  was  celebrated  in  May  by 
the  fjirniei-a  individually,  and  consisted  in  the  sacrifice  of 
a  i)ig,  a  sheep,  and  a  Imll,  whieli  were  first  led  around  the 
growing  crops,  and  in  ceremonial  dancing  and  singing.  It 
was  ilistinct  from  the  rites  solemnized  at  tlie  same  time 
liy  the  priests  called  the  .-Vival  I'.rntliers. 

ambary  (am'ba-ri),  ».  [Prob.  a  native  name.] 
An  East  Indian  plant,  Hibiscus  cannaMnus. 
See  Hibiscus. 

ambash  (am'bash),  n.  [Appar.  native  name.] 
The  jiith-tree  of  the  Nile,  Hrrminiera  Eltiphru- 
xijlou,  a  leguminous  tree  with  very  light  wood. 

ambassadet  (am-ba-sad' ),  n.    [Also  emba.-isadr ; 

<  F.  ambassade:  see  o»(i«.v.s'rt(/o/'  and  embassy.] 
An  embassy. 

When  you  disgraced  me  in  my  ambtumade, 
'I'lien  1  degraded  vou  from  tieing  king. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  \'I.,  iv.  .'l. 

ambassador,  embassador  (am-,  em-bas'a-dgr), 
H.  [Earl)'  mod.  E.  also  amba.i.iadour,  embassu- 
dour,  etc.,  <  ME.  ambas.'iadour,  amba-isatour, 
ambas.sator,  ambaxadour,  etc.,  cinbassadour, 
etc.,  the  forms  being  very  numerous,  varying 
initially  am-,  cm-,  im-,  en-,  in-,  and  finally  -ador, 
-adour,  -ator,  -atour,  -Hour,  -ctore,  etc. ;  <  OF. 
ambassadeur,  also  ambaxadeur,  and  embassadcur 
(mod.  F.  ambassadeur),  <  OSp.  umhaxador,  mod. 
Sp.  embajador  =z  Pg.  embaixiid()r=  It.  ambasciii- 
torc,  -dorc  =  Pr.  ambassador  =  OF.  ambasseur, 
amba.scor,  ainlni.iriir,  <  ML.  'ambactialor,  am- 
baxiator,  ambascialor,  ambassiator,  amitasiator, 
ambaciator,  amba.'isator,  ambasator,  ambasitor, 
etc.,  an  ambassador,  <  "ambactiare,  ambasciarc, 
etc.,  go  on  a  mission:  see  further  under  cm- 
bassg.]  1.  A  diplomatic  agent  of  the  highest 
rank,  employed  to  represent  officially  one  prince 
or  state  at  the  court  or  to  the  government  of 
another.  Diplomatic  agents  are  divided  into  three  gen- 
eral classes:  (1)  ambasnador.t,  h';iate.\;  -jind  innicion ;  {2)eit- 
voys  and  minister.i  plenipotentiary  (including  minijiters 
resident);  (3)  charycx  d'affairca.  Ambassadors  represent 
the  person  of  their  sovereigns,  as  w-ell  as  the  state  from 
which  they  eoine,  and  are  entitled  to  a^k  an  audience  at 
any  time  with  the  chief  of  tlie  state  to  which  they  are  ac- 
credited ;  to  rank  next  to  the  blood  royal ;  to  exemption 
from  local  jurisdiction  for  themselves  ami  tlieir  liouse- 
holds;  to  exemption  from  imposts  and  duties,  immunity 
of  person,  free  exercise  of  religious  worship,  etc.  The 
I'nited  States  sent  and  received  no  ambassadors  till 
1S93,  but  only  ministere.of  the  second  rank,  who  were 
often  popularly  called  ambassadors.  The  nuncios  of 
the  pope  who  are  not  cardinals,  and  the  leyati  a  latere 
and  de  latere,  cardinals  in  rank,  represent  the  papal  see 
in  its  ecclesiastical  capacity  mainly,  and  bear  the  rank  of 
ambassadors.  Envoys,  ministers,  and  ministers  plenipo- 
tentiary are  held  to  represent,  not  the  person  of  the  sov- 
ereign, but  the  state  from  which  they  are  sent,  and  they 
are  accredited  to  the  sovereign  of  the  state  to  which  they 
are  sent.  This  is  the  ordinary  class  of  diplomatic  repre- 
sentatives between  less  important  states,  or  between 
greater  and  smaller  states.  Ministers  resident  accredited 
to  the  sovereign  enjoy  a  rank  similar  to  that  of  envoys. 
Charges  d'affaires  are  resident  agents  of  their  govern- 
ments, and  are  provided  with  credentials  to  the  minister 
of  foreign  affairs,  with  which  officer  at  the  present  day, 
however,  both  ambassadors  and  ministers  have  to  deal  al- 
most exclusively  in  their  official  relations.  See  minijitcr. 
Hence — 2.  In  general,  any  diplomatic  agent 
of  high  rank;  an  agent  or  a  representative  of 
another  on  any  mission. —  3.  A  thing  sent  as 
expressive  of  the  sentiments  of  the  sender. 
We  have  receiv'd  your  letters,  full  of  love ; 
Your  favours,  the  embassadors  of  love. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 
(The  spelling  embassador  is  less  common,  though  embassif, 
andnotnmiaasi/,  is  now  always  written.]— Ambassadors' 
Act,  an  English  statute  of  170S  (7  Anne,  c.  12,  ss.  3-<l),  sug- 
gested liy  an  attempted  arrest  of  tlie  Itussiau  ambassador. 
It  declares  that  any  process  against  foreign  ambassadore 
or  ministers,  or  their  goods  and  chattels,  shall  be  alto- 
gether void.  The  act  is,  however,  only  declaratory  of  a 
principle  that  has  always  existed  in  international  law. 

ambassadorial  (am-bas-a-do'ri-al),  a.  [<  am- 
bassador ;=F.  ambassadorial.']  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  an  ambassador.  Also  written  embassa- 
dorial. 

Tlie  foreign  atfaire  were  conducted  by  a  separate  de- 
partment, called  the  ambitssadorial  office.         Brouyham. 

ambassadorship  (am-bas'a-dor-ship),  n.     [< 
amba.ssador  +  -.s7ii>.]    The  office  of  ambassador. 
His  occupation  of  the  ambassador.ihip  has  widened  and 
deepened  and  lieightened  its  meaning. 

Boston  Daily  Adcertiser,  April  9,  1885. 

ambassadress  (am-bas'a-dres),  «.  [<  ambassa- 
dor +  -cis:  with  obsolete  jinrallel  forms amfcn.v- 
sadricc,  ainbassatriir,  after  F.  (imbassadriee,  and 
ambassadrix,  ambassatrix,  after  ilL.  ambassia- 
trix,  NL.  ambassatrix,  fem.  of  ambassiator.']  1. 
The  wife  of  an  ambassador. —  2.  A  female  am- 
bassador. 


amber 

Well,  my  amijassadyess,  what  must  we  treat  of? 
Come  you  to  menace  War,  and  proud  Dellance? 

Uou'e,  Fair  Penitent,  L 

Also  written  embassadrcss. 

ambassadryt,  n.  [Also  cmbassadnj,  ME.  am- 
bas.iailric,  flc:  see  ambassador  a,n<l -ry.]  Same 
as  iiiibassi/. 

ambassaget  (siiD'ha-saj),  n.  [Also  embassage ; 
a  modification  of  ambassade,  embassade,  with 
sulli-\  -agi  for  -nde.]     Same  as  cmlia.'isi/. 

ambassiatet,  »•  [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME.  also 
amb(is.satc,  (imbas.<iet,  cmbasset,  etc.,  <  ML.  am- 
hassiata,  ambasiata,  amlni.sriata,  ambassata,  etc., 
wlienco  the  douljlet  (imbassade,  q.  v.]  1.  The 
business  of  an  amliassador. — 2.  An  embassy. 
—  3.  An  ambassador.     N.  E.  D. 

Ambassidae  (am-bas'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Am- 
hiissis  +  -idtc]  A  family  of  pereoid  fishes:  sy- 
nonymous with  liogodidw. 

Ajnbassis  (am-bas'is),  n.  [NL.,  erroneously 
for  Ambasis,  <  Gr.  aii^iaaic,  poet,  eontr.  form  of 
aviifiaai^,  ascent  :  see  anabasis.]  A  genus  of 
pereoid  fislies,  giving  name  to  the  family  Am- 
6«.s.vi(/(r. 

ambassyt,  «•     An  old  form  of  embassy. 

ambe  (am'be),  n.  [<  Ionic  Gr.  a/ijh/=z(iv.  aft,iuv, 
ridge,  a  slight  elevation,  akin  to  6/iipaA6r,  navel, 
boss:  see  omphalic.']  1.  In  anat.,  a  superficial 
eminence  on  a  bone. —  2.  Insurg.,  an  old  and 
now  obsolete  mechanical  contrivance  for  re- 
ducing dislocations  of  the  shoulder,  said  to  have 
been  invented  by  Hippocrates. 
Also  ^Titten  ambi. 

amberH  (am'ber),  «.  [Not  used  in  ME.  except 
in  ML.  form  ambra  ;  <  AS.  amber,  amba-r,  ambur, 
ombar,  ombor,  orig.  with  a  long  vowel,  amber, 
(1)  a  vessel  (with  one  handle  ?),  a  pail,  bucket, 
pitcher,  urn ;  (2)  a  liquid  measure ;  (3)  a  dry 
measure  of  four  bushels  (=  OS.  embar,  ember, 
emmar=zOD.  center,  D.  emmer  =  OHG.  einbar, 
einpar,  eimbur,  ciinpar,  MHG.  einber,  eimbcr,  G. 
eimer,  a  pail,  a  bucket  —  orig.  a  vessel  with  one 
handle  ?) ;  as  if  <  oh  (=  OS.  en  =  D.  ccn  =  G.  ein, 
<  OHG.  ein),  one,  +  -ber,  <  beran,  E.  6c«rl;  cf. 
OHG.  zwibar,  zubar,  MUG.  zidjcr,  zober,  G.  zii- 
ber,  a  tub  (with  two  handles),  <  OHG.  zui-  (= AS. 
tici-),  two,  -t-  -bar  =  AS.  -bcr.  But  as  the  AS. 
and  other  forms  are  glossed  by  the  various  Latin 
names  amphora,  lagena,  urceus,  cadus,  batus, 
situla,  hydria,  etc.,  the  sense  ' one-handled'  does 
not  seem  to  be  original,  and  the  spelling  may 
have  been  corrupted  to  suit  the  popular  etj-mol- 
ogy,  the  real  source  being  then  L.  amphora,  a 
/«!o-liandled  vessel :  see  amphora.  The  OHG. 
ein-bar,  so  developed  as  'one-handled,'  would 
naturally  be  followed  by  ziri-bar,  'two-han- 
dled.'] 1.  A  vessel  with  one  hantUe;  a  paU;  a 
bucket;  a  pitcher. —  2.  An  old  English  measure 
of  4  bushels. 

amber-  (am'btr),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  anther,  aum- 
bcr,  amhijr,  aumbyr,  airinyr,  ambrc,  aunibre,  < 
OF.  ambrc,  F.  ambrc  =  Pr.  ambra  =  Sp.  Pg. 
ambar,  Pg.  also  ambrc,  =  It.  ambra  =D.  amber 
=  Sw.  Dan.  ambra  =  G.  amber,  ambra  =  Russ. 
ambra  =  ML.  ambra,  also  ambre,  ainbrum,  am- 
ber, amhar,  <  Ar.  'anbar,  ambergins — the  orig. 
sense,  the  name  being  extended  in  Em'ope  to 
the  partly  similar  resin  amber,  2.]  I.  n.  If. 
Ambergris  (which  see). 
You  that  smell  of  amber  at  my  charge.      Beau,  and  Ft. 

2.  A  mineralized  pale-yellow,  sometimes  red- 
dish or  brownish,  resin  of  extinct  pine-trees, 
occuiTingin  beds  of  lignite  and  in  alluvial  soils, 
but  found  in  greatest  abimdance  on  the  shores 
of  the  Baltic,  between  Konigsberg  and  Memel, 
where  it  is  thrown  up  by  the  sea.  It  is  a  hard, 
translucent,  brittle  substance,  having  a  specific  gravity  of 
1.07.  it  is  without  taste  or  smell,  except  when  heated;  it 
then  emits  a  fragrant  odor,  its  most  remarkable  quality 
is  its  capability  of  becoming  negatively  electric  by  fric- 
tion; indeed,  the  word  electricity  is  derived  from  the 
Greek  for  amber,  ^AewTpoe.  it  sometimes  contains  remains 
()f  extinct  species  of  insects.  It  yields  Iiy  distillation  an 
enipyreumatic  oil  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  liydrocarbons 
ami  succinic  acid.  It  is  now  used  chiefly  for  tile  mouth- 
pieces of  pipes  and  for  beads,  and  in  the  ai-ts  for  amber 
varnish.  In  mineralogy  it  is  called  succinite.  Artillcial 
amber  is  for  the  most  part  colophony. 

3.  In  the  English  versions  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment (Ezek.  i.  4,  27  ;  viii.  2)  used  to  translate 
the  Hebrew  word  <haslimal,  a  shining  metal, 
rendered  in  the  Septuagint  ekldron,  and  in  the 
Vulgate  elcctrum.     See  clectrum.—'l.  Liquid- 

ambar Acid  of  amber.    -Same  as  succinic  acid.— 

Black  amber.  Jet.  — Fat  amber,  a  valuable  opaiiue  am- 
ber, in  color  resembling  a  lemon.  — Oil  Of  amber,  a  vola- 
tile oil  distilled  from  amber.  When  pure  it  is  a  colorless 
limpid  liquid  having  a  strong  acid  odor  and  biiniing 
taste.  It  is  somewhat  n.sed  in  medicine  as  a  stimulant 
and  anti.spasmodic.—  Sweet  amber,  a  popular  name  of  a 
European  species  of  St.  John's  wort,  Hypericum  Aitdrosit- 
)/iu  1/1.— 'White  amber,  spermaceti. 


amber 

II.  a.  1.  Consisting  of  or  resembling  amber; 
of  the  (jolor  of  amber. 

Wh.1t  time  the  amber  inorii 
Fortli  gushes  from  bcncfitli  a  low-hiiiig  cloml. 

Teniit/nun,  Ode  to  Memory. 
2t.  Having  the  odor  of  ambergris. 

All  anther  scent  of  odorous  perfume 
Ikr  hai-biuger.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  720. 

Amber  bronze,  a  decorative  llnisli  for  iron  surfaces.— 

Amber  cement.    .See  c■^7/i<'/(^— Amber  varnish,  amber 

lieuted  witll  linseed-  or  nut-oil,  and  tllililied,  «lien  cool, 
with  turpeutiuc.  It  is  veiy  insoluble,  hard,  tough,  and  of 
a  iiernnment  color,  which  is  generally  too  yellow  for  work 
in  delicate  tints.  It  dries  very  slowly,  and  forms  an  ex- 
cellent addition  to  copal  varnishes,  making  them  much 
harder  and  more  durable. 
amber'"  (am'b^r),  v.  t.  It.  To  scent  or  flavor 
witll  amber  or  ambergi-is. 

Be  sure 
The  wines  be  lusty,  high,  and  full  of  spirit, 
And  amber'd  all. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Custom  of  Country,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  make  amber-eolored.     N.  E.  B. —  3.  To 

inclose  in  amber.     2s.  E.  D. 
amber-fish  (am'ber-fish),  n.     [<  amher'2  +  fi^h.'] 
A  fish  of  the  family  Carangiche  and  genus  Seri- 
ola.     There  are  several  species.    They  have  a  fusiform 
contom-,  but  with  the  snout  more  or  less  decurved,    The 


168 


ambilevous 


around,  =  Gr.   d/;^/   (see  amphi-)  =  Skt.  abhi 

(for  'amblii),  in  comj).  (ihliitiiit,  on  both  sides,  = 

AS.  ymbc,  i/mb,  vmhc,  rmh,  ME.  mnbe,  urn-,  Sc. 

««/-,  =  U.S.  umbi=  OB'i-ies.  umbe  =  OI>.  D.  <mi  = 

OHO.  iiiiipi,  liinbi,  IIHG.  umbe,  G.  nm  =  Icel. 

umb,  urn,  around,  on  both  sides  (see  urn-);  akin 

to  L.  ambo  =  Gr.  <V'/'u,  both.]     A   prefix  of  ambientes,  n.    Plural  of  ambici 

Latm   origin,  meaning  around,  round  about,  ambifarious  (am-bi-fa'ri-us),  a. 

on  ijotli  sides :  equivalent  to  amphi-,  of  Greek 


II.  n.  1.  Tliat  whi('h(-uc,omj)asses  on  all  sides, 
as  a  sphere  or  the  atmosphere.     [Bare.] 

Air  being  a  perjietual  ambient. 

Wattun,  Eleni.  Archit.,  p.  7. 
2t.  A  canvasser,  a  suitor,  or  an  aspirant.    JV. 


origin. 

ambidentate  (am-bi-den'tat),  a.  [<  LL.  (tmbi- 
(/(■H,v  {-(lent-),  having  (as  noun,  a  sheeji  liaviug) 
teeth  in  both  jaws  (<  L.  ambi-,  on  botli  sides, 
+  liens  (dent-)  =  E.  tooth:  see  dental),  +  -ote.] 
Having  teeth  in  both  jaws:  applied  by  Dew- 
hm'st  to  certain  Cetacea,  as  porpoises  and  dol- 
phins.    [Rare.] 

ambidexter  (am-bi-deks'ter),  a.  and  n.  [ML., 
<  L.  tiiiibi-,  around,  on  both  sides,  -I-  dexter,  the 
right  haiul :  see  dexter.  C'f .  equiv.  Gr.  iifiipidi^iur, 
of  the  same  ultimate  origin.]  I.  a.  1.  Able 
to  use  both  hands  with  equal  ease ;  ambidex- 
trous.—  2.  Double-dealing;  deceitful;  tricky. 
Syn.  1.  Ambidexter,  Ampliiehiral.     .See  amphiehiral. 


II. 


[<  LL.  timbi- 
fariu.f,  iuiviug  two  sides  or  meanings,  <  L. 
ambi-,  on  both  sides,  -i-  -fa~riits,  <  fori,  speak. 
C'f.  bifariou-s,  midtifarioun.]  Double,  or  that 
may  bo  taken  both  "ways.  Blount.  [Rare.] 
ambigen,  ambigene  (am'bi-jeu.  -ien).  a.    [< 

NL.  ainbif/inu.f,  of  two  kinds,  <  L.  tiinbi-,  both, 
-f-  -(/en IIS,  -bom:  see  -gen,  -genoiis.']  Same  as 
aixbigenal. 
ambigenal  (am-bij'e-nal),  a.  [As  ambigen  + 
-at.}  Of  two  kinds :  used  only  in  the  Newtonian 
phrase  ambigenal  hyperbala,  "a  hj'perbola  of  the 
third  order,  having  one  of  its 
infinite  legs  falling  withia 
an  angle  formed  by  the 
asymptotes,  and  the  other 
without. 


''•  l-.-^P'^^^''^'^'^°"*'^^^o*'^'^'^"'is"'i*'^  ambigenous  (am-bij'e-nus), 


equal  facility.  Sir  T.  Browne.— 2.  A  double- 
dealer  ;  one  equally  ready  to  act  on  either  side 
in  a  dispute.  Burton. — 3.  In  laiv,  a  jiu'or  who 
takes  money  fi'om  both  parties  for  giving  his 
verdict. 
ambidexterity  (am"bi-deks-ter'i-ti),  n.    [<  am- 


a.  [<  NL.  ambigenus:  see 
ambigen  and  -ous.']  Of  two 
kinds:  in  bot.,  applied  to  a 
calyx  with  several  series  of 
sepals,  of  which  the  inner 
are  more  or  less  petaloid. 


bidexter  4-  -ilij,  after  dexterity.1   "1.  The  faculty  ambigut  (am'bi-gu),  n.     [F, 


Amber-fish  {Seriola  dorsalis). 
{From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

color  is  generally  blackish,  with  dark  or  blackish  bands 
encroaching  tipon  the  tlorsal  and  anal  fins.  The  spinous 
dorsal  fin  is  well  developed.  Some  of  the  species  are  es- 
teemed as  food.  They  vaiy  from  about  a  foot  to  4  or  5 
feet  in  length.  Species  are  found  in  almost  all  tropical 
and  warm  waters,  and  at  least  sL\  occm-  along  the  coasts 
"f  the  United  States. 

ambergris  (am'ber-gres),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
amber-greece,  -griese,  -grise,  -grease,  etc.,  and 
transposed  grisamber,  q.  v. ;  late  ME.  imber- 
gres ;  <  F.  ambre  gris,  that  is,  gray  amber  (o«(- 
ber^,  1),  thus  disthiguished  from  ambre  jaunc, 
yellow  amber  {ambcr'^,  2) :  ambre,  like  E.  a'lnber^, 
orig.  used  with  the  sense  of  'ambergi'is';  gris, 
gray,  <  OHG.  gris,  G.  greis,  gray.]  A  morbid 
secretion  of  the  Uver  or  intestines  of  the  sper- 
maceti whale,  the  Catoduii  (rhi/seter)  macrocepli- 
aliis;  a  solid,  opaque,  ash-colored,  inflammable 
substance,  lighter  than  water,  of  a  consistence 
like  that  of  wax,  and  having  when  heated  a 
fragrant  odor,  it  softens  in  the  heat  of  the  hand,  melts 
below  212' F.  int^  a  kind  of  yellow  resin,  and  is  highly  solu- 
ble in  alcohol.  It  is  usually  found  floating  on  tlie  surface 
of  the  ocean,  or  cast  upon  the  shore  in  regions  frequented 
by  whales,  as  on  the  coasts  of  the  Bahama  islands,  some- 
times in  masses  of  from  60  to  225  pounds  in  weight.  In 
this  substance  are  found  the  beaks  of  the  cuttlefish,  on 
which  the  whale  is  known  to  feed.  It  is  highly  valued  as 
a  material  for  perfumery,  and  was  formerly  used  in  medi- 
cine as  an  aphrodisiac  and  for  spicing  wines.  Sometimes 
wi'itten  amberi/rise  or  anibergrease. 

Of  ornaments  .  .  .  they  [the  women  of  El-Medinah) 
have  a  vast  variety,  .  .  .  and  they  delight  in  strong  per- 
fumes,—  musk,  civet,  ambenjriit,  attar  of  rose,  oil  of  jas- 
mine, aloe-wood,  and  extract  of  cinnamon. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  282. 

Ambergris  is  a  sort  of  bezoar,  found  in  the  alimentary 
canal  of  the  cachalot,  and  seemingly  derived  from  the  fatty 
matter  contained  in  the  Cephalopoda  upon  which  the  Ce- 
tacean feeds.  Hnzley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  341. 

amber-seed  (am'ber-sed),  n.  The  seed  of  Hi- 
biscus Abelmoschus,  a  plant  cultivated  in  most 
warm  countries.  Tliese  seeds  have  a  musky  odor,  and 
are  often  used  to  perfume  pomatum.  The  Arabs  mix  them 
with  their  coffee.     Also  called  mmlr-seed  and  ambrette. 

amber-tree  (am'ber-tre),  n.  The  English  name 
for  Antliospermum,  a  genus  of  African  shrubs 
with  evergreen  leaves,  which  when  bruised 
emit  a  fragi'ant  odor. 

ambes-acet,  ambs-acet  (amz'as),  n.    [<  ME. 

ambes((s,  (imbc~(is,  <  OF.  ainbesas,  ambe:as  (F. 
ambes(is),  <  anibes  (<  L.  andio,  both)  -f-  rt.s-,  ace: 
see  ambi-  and  ace.']  The  double  ace,  the  lowest 
cast  at  dice;  hence,  ill  luck,  misfortune.  Also 
spelled  ames-ace. 

Your  bagges  ben  not  filled  with  ambes-as. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  26. 
I  had  rather  be  in  this  choice  than  throw  anie.ii-aee  for 
my  life.  Shak.,  Alls  Well,  ii.  3. 

vEschylus,  it  seems  to  me,  is  willing,  just  as  Shakspere  is, 
to  risk  the  prosperity  of  a  verse  upon  a  lucky  throw  of 
words,  which  may  come  up  the  sices  of  hardy  metaphor  or 
the  (finbsaee  of  conceit. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  192. 
ambi  (am'bi),  n.    Same  as  ambc. 
ambi-.     [<  L.  ambi-,  appearing  also  as  ambe-, 
amb-,  am-,  an-,  in  OL.  also  as  a  prej).,  am,  an. 


of  using  both  hands  -with  equal  facility, 

Ignorant  I  was  of  the  hmuan  frame,  and  of  its  latent 
powers,  as  regarded  speed,  force,  and  anMdexterity. 

De  Quineey. 

2.  Double-dealing;  duplicity. 

That  intricate  net  of  general  misery,  spun  out  of  his 
own  crafty  ainhidexterity. 

J.  Ii'lKn(cU,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  412. 

3.  In  law,  the  taking  of  money  by  a  juror  from 
both  parties  for  a  verdict. 

ambidextral  (am-bi-deks'tral),  a.  [<  ambidex- 
ter +  -«;.]  Placed  on  either  side  of  a  given 
thing  indifferently :  as,  "  Xte  ambidextral  3.Aie(t- 
tive,"  Earlc.     [Rare.] 

ambidextrous  (am-bi-deks'trus),  a.     [<  ambi- 
dexter-h-o({s,  niter  dexterous.]     1.  Having  the 
faculty  of  using  both  hands  with  equal  ease 
and  dexterity ;  hence,  skilful;  facile. 
Xature  is  prolific  and  ambidextrous. 

O.  W.  HolvKS,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  420. 


Ambigenal  Hyperbola. 

a,    iT,  h>'perbola :    b,    b, 

asymptotes. 


<  ambigii,  ambiguous,  <  L. 
ambiguus :  see  ambiguous.] 
An  entertainment  or  feast 
consisting,  not  of  regular 
courses,  but  of  a  medley  of  dishes  set  on  the 
table  together. 
ambiguity  (am-bi-gii'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  ambiguities 
(-tiz).  [<  ME.  (inibiguite  (rare),  <  L.  ambigui- 
ta{t-)s,  <  ambiguus :  see  ajnbiguous.]  1.  The 
state  of  being  ambiguous ;  doubtfulness  or  un- 
certainty, particularly  of  signification. 

The  words  are  of  single  meaning  without  any  ambiquitv. 

^out'h. 

If  we  would  keep  our  conclusions  free  fl-om  ambiguity, 
we  must  reserve  the  term  we  employ  to  signify  absolute 
rectitude  solely  for  this  pui'pose. 

//.  .Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  610. 
2.  An  equivocal  or  ambiguous  expression. 

Let  our  author,  therefore,  come  out  of  his  ndsts  and 
ambigtiities,  or  give  us  some  better  authority  for  his  un- 
reasonable doubts.  Dryden,  To  Duchess  of  York. 


2.  Practising  or    siding  with    both    parties ;  ambiguous  (am-big'u-us),  a.     [<  L.  ambiquus. 
double-dealing ;  deceitful.  •         -  -      "•,,'.,  k  ,  J   . 

Shuffling  and  ambidextrous  dealings. 

Sir  R.  L'Entrange. 
Edward  GosynhyU  .  .  .  mending  his  ambidextroun  pen 
for  "Tlie  I>raise  of  all  Women." 

J.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  305. 

ambidextrously  (am-bi-deks'trus-li),  adv.  1. 
With  both  hands;  with  the  dexterity  of  one 
who  can  use  both  hands  equally  well. — 2.  In 
a  double-dealing  way ;  cunningly. 

ambidextrousness  (am-bi-deks'trus-nes),  n. 
Same  as  iimbidexteriti/,  1,  2. 

ambiens  (am'bi-enz),  a.  used  as  «.;  pi.  ambi- 
entes (am-bi-en'tez).  [L.,  ppr.  ot  ambire :  see 
ambient.]  In  ornith.,  a  muscle  of  the  leg  of  cer- 
tain birds :  so  called  from  the  way  in  which  it 
winds  about  the  limb  in  passing  from  the  hip 
to  the  foot.  It  is  the  muscle  formerly  known  as  the 
gracilis  muscle  of  birds  ;  but  its  identity  with  the  mam- 
malian gracilis  is  questionable.  Most  birds,  as  the  entire 
order  Passerc.^,  have  no  ambiens.  The  presence  or  ab- 
sence of  the  muscle  has  lately  been  made  a  basis  of  the 
division  of  birds  into  two  i>rimary  series  in  Garrod's  clas- 
sification, birds  having  it  being  termed  Honudogmuitce, 
those  lacking  it  Anoniatogonatoi.    See  these  words. 

The  ambiens  arises  from  the  pelvis  about  the  acetabu- 
lum, and  passes  along  the  inner  side  of  the  thigh ;  its  ten- 
don runs  over  the  convexity  of  the  knee  to  the  outer  side, 
and  ends  by  connecting  with  the  llexor  digitoruni  perfora- 
tus.  .  .  .  Whenthis  arrangement  obtains,  theresultisthat 
when  a  bird  goes  to  roost,  and  squats  on  its  perch,  the 

toes  automaticaUy  clasp  the  perch  by  the  strain  upon  the     ,,.  .nicmatlcal   dai-k  blind 

ambieiu!  that  ensues  as  soon  as  the  leg  is  bent  upon  the  „„v-:J  ^     ,  .  nigmaticai,  aaik,  hiind. 
thigh,  and  the  tarsus  upon  the  leg,  tlie  weight  of  the  bird  amblgUOUSly  (am-big  u-us-U),  adv.     In  an  am 
thus  holding  it  fast  upon  its  perch.  biguous  manner;  Arith  doubtful  meaning. 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  I'M.  Wliy  play  .  .  .  into  the  devils  hands 

ambient  (am'bi-ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ambien(t-)s,  ^^>  dealing  so  ambigmmsly .' 

ppr.  of  ambire,  go  around,  <  amb-,  around  (see         ,_.  ,      -^/f'/'J''.".  Kmg  ai>d  Book,  I.  321. 

ambi-),  +  ire,  go,  =  Gr.  livat,  go,  =  Skt.  and  ambiguousness (am-big  u-us-nes), 9t.  Thequal- 
Zend  -v/j,  go:  see  00.]  I.  a.  1.  Surrounding:  'ty^!  ''ci"K  ambiguous;  ambigmty;  obscurity, 
all  sides;  investing:  applied  ambilevoust  (am-bi-le  "is),  fl.  [<L.  «/hW-,  on 
'^  both  sides,  -t-  larus  (=  Gr.  ?-awc,   for  "/.aiFdf), 

left.  C'f.  ambidexter.]  Unable  to  use  either 
hand  with  facility :  the  opposite  of  ambidextrous. 
[Rare.] 

Some  are  as  Galen  hath  expressed;  that  is,  ambilevous,  or 
left-handed  on  both  sides  ;  such  as  with  agility  and  vigour 
have  not  the  use  of  either. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  ^ulg.  Err.,  p.  189. 


going  about,  changeable,  doubtful,  imcertaiu, 
<  ambigere,  go  about,  wander,  doubt,  <  ambi-, 
aroimd,  -I-  agere,  drive,  move:  see  agent.]  1. 
Of  doubtful  orimcertain  nature ;  wanting  clear- 
ness or  definiteness ;  difficult  to  comprehend  or 
distinguish;  indistinct;  obscure. 

Even  the  most  dextrous  distances  of  the  old  masters 
.  .  .  are  ambiguous.  Ru.^k-iit,  Mod.  Painters,  I.  ii.  2. 

Stratified  rocks  of  ainbiguous  character. 

Murchisun,  Silur.  Syst.,  p.  418.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  Of  doubtful  purport ;  open  to  various  inter- 
pretations; ha^'ing  a  double  meaning;  equivo- 
cal. 

What  have  been  thy  answers,  what  but  dark. 
Ambiguous,  and  witll  double  sense  deluding? 

Milton,  P.  E.,  i.  43.S. 
He  was  recalled  by  the  Duchess,  whose  letters  had 
been  uniforndy  so  ambiguous  that  lie  confessed  he  was 
quite  unable  to  divine  tlieir  meaning. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  23. 

3.  Wavering;  undecided;  hesitating:  as,  "am- 
biguous in  all  their  doings,"  Mdton,  Eikono- 
klastes  (1649),  p.  239.     [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Th'  ambiguous  god,  who  ruled  her  lab'ring  breast. 

In  these  mysterious  words  his  mind  exprest.     Brydetk 

4.  Using  obscure  or  equivocal  language. 
Wliat  mutterest  thou  witll  thine  ambiguous  mouth? 

.Su'inbunic,  Atalanta,  1.  1500. 
=  Syn.  2.  Equivocal,  etc.  (sec  obscure),  indeterminate,  in- 
detiiiitc,  indistinct,  not  clear,  not  plain,  amphibolous,  du- 
liioM>,  \;i-ii'',  enigmatical,  dai'k,  blind. 


encompassing  on  all  sides;  investing:  appl 
to  aeriform  fluids  or  diffusible  substances. 

AVhose  perfumes  through  the  ambient  air  diffuse 
Such  native  aromatics.  Carew,  To  G.  N. 

That  candles  and  lights  burn  dim  and  blue  at  the  appa- 
rition of  spirits  may  be  true,  if  the  ambient  air  be  full  of 
sulphurous  spirits.  ,Sir  T.  Broicne,  Vulg.  Err. 

2.  Moving  round ;  circling  about.     X.  E.  D. 


ambllogy 

ambilogyt  (am-biro-ji),  H.  [<  L.  ambi-,  on 
both  Hides,  +  Gr.  -/.oyia,  <  '/.i:yew,  gpoak:  see 
-oloijij.  More  correctly  ampliiloijy.']  Word.s  or 
sppi'cli  of  iloubtful  meaniiif;. 

ambiloquoust  (am-biro-kwus),  a.  [<  ML.  um- 
hiloijHK.s,  <  lj.  (imhi-,  around,  on  both  sides,  + 
loinii,  sjioak.]     Using  ambiguous  expressions. 

ambiloquyt  (am-bil'o-kwi),  n.  [<  ML.  amhiln- 
ijuus :  SCO  above.  C(.  soUloqutj,  colloquy,  etc.] 
Anibijjudus  or  doubtful  language. 

ambiparous  (am-bip'a-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  ambi- 
piirus,  <  L.  fimbi-,  on  both  sides,  +  parcre,  pro- 
duce.] In  hot.,  producing  two  kinds,  as  when 
a  bud  contains  the  rudiments  of  both  flowers 
and  leaves. 

ambit  (am'bit),  «.  [<L.  ambitus,  circuit,  <  «m- 
birc,  pp.  ambitus,  go  about:  see  amhicnt.']  1. 
Compass  or  circuit;  circumference:  boundary: 
as,  the  ambit  of  a  fortification  or  oi  a  country. 

Prodigious  Hailstones  whose  ambit  reaches  five,  six, 
seven  Inches.  Gonrf,  Celestial  Bodies,  i.  3. 

Within  the  ambit  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Burgundy. 
Sir  y.  Palffrave,  Norm,  and  Eng.,  I.  240. 
3.  Extent;  sphere;  scope. 

The  ambit  of  words  which  a  language  possesses. 

Saturday  Jiev.,  Nov.  19,  ISf.O. 
[In  all  senses  technical,  rare,  or  obsolete.] 
ambition  (am-bish'on),  n.  [<  ME.  ambicion, 
•cioun,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  ambition  =  Sp.  ambicion 
=  Pg.  ambi<;uo  =  It.  ambisionc,  <  L.  ambitio(n-), 
ambition,  a  striving  for  favor,  lit.  a  going 
about,  as  of  a  candidate  soliciting  votes,  <  am- 
bire,  pp.  ambitus,  go  about,  solicit  votes:  see 
ambient.']  If.  The  act  of  going  about  to  soli- 
cit or  obtain  an  offlce  or  other  object  of  desire ; 

a  canvassing.  ,      „      .,       • , 

"  I  on  the  otlier  side 

Used  no  ambition  to  commend  my  deeds. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  247. 

2.  An  eager  or  inordinate  desire  for  some  ob- 
ject that  confers  distinction,  as  preferment, 
political  power,  or  literaiy  fame ;  desii-e  to  dis- 
tinguish one's  self  from  other  men  :  often  used 
in  a  good  sense:  as,  ambition  to  be  good. 

Crumwcll,  I  diarge  thee,  fling  awuy  ambition ; 

By  that  sin  fell  tile  angels.     Sliak.,  lien.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

This  their  inliumau  act  liavuig  succes.sful  and  unsus- 
pected passage,  it  emboldeneth  Sejanus  to  further  and 
more  insolent  projects,  even  the  ambitio7i  of  the  empire. 
B.  JoiisQn,  Sejanus,  .\rg. 

I  hope  America  will  come  to  have  its  pride  in  being  a 
nation  of  servants,  and  not  of  the  served.  How  can  men 
have  any  other  ambition  where  the  reason  has  not  sutfered 
a  disastrous  eclipse?  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  422. 

Hence — 3.    The  object  of  ambitious  desu-e. 
ambition  (am-bish'on),  V.  t.     [From  the  noun.] 
To  seek  after  ambitiously  or  eagerly ;  aspire  to ; 
be  ambitious  of.     [Rare  or  colloq.] 

Every  noble  youtli  wlio  siglied  for  distinction,  ambi- 
tioned  tile  notice  of  tlie  Lady  Arabella. 

/.  ly Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  III.  274. 
This  nobleman  [Lord  Chesterfield],  however,  failed  to 
attain  that  place  among  the  most  eminent  statesmen  of 
his  country,  which  he  ambitioiwd. 

Wiriffrove  Cooke,  Hist,  of  Party,  II.  160. 

ambitionist  (am-bish'on-ist),  n.     [<"  ambition  + 

-ist.]      An  ambitious  person;  one  devoted  to 

self-aggi'andizement.     [Bare.] 

Napoleon  .  .  .  became  a  selfish  ambitionist  and  <iuaclt. 

Cartyle,  Misc.,  IV.  US. 

ambitionless  (am-bish'on-les),  a.     [<  ambition 

+  -hns.]  Devoid  of  ambition. 
ambitious  (am-bish'us),  a.  [<  ME.  ambitious, 
-cious,  <  OF.  *ambitios,  later  ambititux  =  Sp. 
Pg.  ambicioso  =  It.  nmbizioso,  <  L.  ambitiosus,  < 
ambitio{n-):  see  ambition  and  -ous.]  1.  Charac- 
terized by  or  possessing  ambition;  eagerly  or 
inordinately  desirous  of  obtaining  power,  su- 
periority, or  distinction. 

No  toil,  no  hardsiiip  can  restrain 
Ambitious  man,  inur'd  to  pain. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Horace,  i.  35. 

2.  Strongly  desirous;  eager:  with  o/ (formerly 
for)  or  an  iniinitive. 

Trajan,  a  prince  ambitious  o/ glory. 

Arbuthnot,  Anc.  Coins. 
I  am  ambitious  /or  a  motley  coat. 

Shak.,  ,\s  you  lake  it,  ii.  7. 
Ambitious  to  win 
From  me  some  plume.      Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  160. 

3.  Springing  fi'om  or  indicating  ambition. 
Should  a  Pi-esident  consent  to  be  a  candidate  for  a  third 

election,  I  trust  he  would  be  rejected,  on  this  demonstra- 
tion of  ambitious  views.  Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  65. 

Hence — 4.  Showy;  pretentious:  as,  an  ambi- 
ft'otw style;  a»iii7(0(ts  ornament. 

Hood  an  ass  with  reverend  purple. 
So  you  can  hide  his  two  ambitious  ears, 
And  he  shall  pass  for  a  cathedral  doctor. 

FJ.  Jonson,  Volpone,  i.  1. 

ambitiously  (am-bish'us-li),  adv.  In  an  am- 
bitious manner. 


109 

ambitiousness  (am-bish'us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  liciiig  ambitious ;  ambition. 

ambitudet  (am'bi-tud),  «.  [<  L.  ambitudo,  < 
ambitus,  a  going  round:  nee  ambit.]  Circuity; 
compass;  circiunferenee.     [Kare.] 

ambitus  (am'bi-tus),  n.;  pi.  ambitus.  [L. :  see 
ambit.]  1.  Agoingroimd;  a  circuit;  the  cir- 
cumference, peripheiy,  edge,  or  border  of  a 
thing,  as  of  a  leaf  or  the  valve  of  a  shell. — 2t. 
In  arch.,  an  open  space  siu'rounding  a  building 
or  a  momuncnt. — 3.  In  antii/.,  an  open  space 
about  a  house  separating  it  from  adjoining 
dwellings,  and  representing  the  ancient  sacred 
precinct  around  a  family  hearth.  In  Home  the 
^vidth  of  the  ambitus  was  fixed  by  law  at  2i  feet. 
—  4.  In  ancient  Rome,  the  act  of  canvassing 
for  public  office  or  honors.  See  ambition,  1. — 
5.  In  logic,  the  extension  of  a  term. 

amble  (am'bl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ambled,  yyv. 
ambling.  [<  ME.  amblen,  <  OF.  ambler,  go  at  an 
easy  pace,  <  L.  ambularc,  walk:  see  ambulate.] 

1.  To  move  with  the  peculiar  pace  of  a  horse 
when  it  first  lifts  the  two  legs  on  one  side,  and 
then  the  two  on  the  otlier;  hence,  to  move 
easily  and  gently,  without  hard  shocks. 

Your  wit  ambles  well ;  it  goes  easily. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 
Au  abbot  on  an  ambling  pad. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott,  ii. 

2.  To  ride  an  ambling  horse ;  ride  at  an  easy 
pace.  N.  E.  D. — 3.  Figuratively,  to  move  af- 
fectedly. 

Frequent  in  parlc,  mth  lady  at  his  side, 
Ambliny  and  prattling  scandal  as  he  goes. 

Cowper,  Task,  ii. 

amble  (am'bl),  n.  [<  ME.  amble,  <  OF.  amble; 
from  the  verb.]  A  peculiar  gait  of  a  horse  or 
like  animal,  in  which  both  legs  on  one  side  are 
moved  at  the  same  time;  hence,  easy  motion; 
gentle  pace.     Also  called  jjacc  (which  see). 

A  mule  well  broken  to  a  pleasant  and  accommodating 
amble.  Scott. 

ambler  (am'bler),  n.  One  who  ambles;  espe- 
ciallv,  a  horse  which  ambles;  a  pacer. 

Amblicephalus,  «.     See  Amblycejihalus,  1. 

ambligon,  a.     See  amblygon. 

amblingly  (am'bling-li),  adv.  With  an  ambling 
gait. 

Ambloctonidse  (am-blok-ton'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Ambloctvnus  +  -idee]  A  family  of  fossil  car- 
nivorous mammals,  of  the  Eocene  age,  belonging 
to  the  suborder  Creadon  ta,  typified  by  the  genus 
Ambloctonus,  having  the  last  upper  molar  longi- 
tudinal, the  lower  molars  with  little-developed 
inner  tubercle,  and  the  last  of  these  camassial. 

Ambloctonus  (am-blok'to-nus),  n.  [NL.,  ir- 
reg.  <  Gr.  uftiT/iig,  blunt  (toothed),  -I-  KTciveiv, 
kill,  slay.]  The  typical  genus  of  Ambloctoni- 
d<e,  established  by  Cope  in  1875  upon  remains 
from  the  New  Mexican  Eocene  ( Wahsatch  beds). 
A.  sinostis  was  a  large  stout  carnivore,  of  about 
the  size  of  a  jaguar. 

Amblodon  (am'bl6-don),  n.  [NL.  (Eafinesque, 
1820),  <  Gr.  (i///3ZiV,  blunt, -I- otSoif  =  E.  tooth.] 
A  genus  of  scia^noid  fishes:  synonymous  with 
Uaplotlinotus  (which  see). 

Amblonyx  (am-blon'ik.s),  M.  [NL. ;  more  cor- 
rectly *amblyonyx ;  <  Gr.  a/i/32i'f,  blunt,  +  ovuf, 
a  nail:  see  onyx.]  A  genus  of  gigantic  ani- 
mals, named  by  Hitchcock  in  1858,  formerly 
supposed  to  be  birds,  now  believed  to  be  dino- 
sam-ian  reptiles,  kno\>Ti  by  their  footprints  in 
the  Triassio  formation  of  the  Connecticut  val- 
ley. 

Ambloplites  (am-blop-li'tez),  n.  [NL.  (Eafi- 
nes(iue,  ISl-'O), < Gr.  afifi'Avc,  dull,  blunt,  -I-  OTr'Airi]^, 
hea\'y-armed :  see  hoplite.]  A  genus  of  fishes, 
of  the  family  Ccntrurchida;  having  viUiform 
pterygoid  teeth  and  numerous  anal  spines.    A. 

nipestris  is  a  species  called  rocli-bass,  resembling  the 
black-bass,  but  having  tlie  dorsal  and  anal  fins  more  de- 
veloped and  the  body  shorter  and  deeper.  Also  written 
.■imbbjnplites.     See  cut  under  rock-bass. 

amblosis  (am-bl6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ifi^TMoi^, 
abortion,  <  u///W.(i£ij'(incomp.),  a/ip?Jaiiccv,  cause 
abortion,  <  ii/jji'/.ic,  dull,  bhmt,  weak.]  Miscar- 
riage; abortion. 

amblotic  (am-blot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  anJiXu- 
-ik6(,  fit  to  produce  abortion,  <  a//,i/.6)<T(f,  abor- 
tion: see  amblosis.]  I.  a.  Having  the  power 
to  cause  abortion. 

II.  «.  In  med.,  anything  causing  or  designed 
to  cause  abortion;  an  abortifacient. 

amblyaphia  (am-bli-a'fi-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/i- 
/iXff,  dull,  +  a(^i},  touching,  touch,  <  aTtjuv, 
fasten,  mid.  oTrtff&oi,  touch.]  In  pa thol.,  dull- 
ness of  the  sense  of  touch;  insensibility  of  the 
skill;  physical  apathy. 


Tiger-beetle  {Ambtychila  cytindri. 
/ffrmis),  stiglitly  magnUied. 


Amblyopsids 

Amblycephalus  (am-bli-sef'a-lus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.u//,ttif,  blunt,-!- /(£^ju>.>/,head.]  1.  laherpeU, 
the  bluutheads,  a  genus  of  colubriform  serpents 
founded  by  Kuhl  in 
1827,consideredby 
some  an  aberrant 
form  of  IJipsadi- 
da.'.  A.  boa  inliabits 
Java,  Borneo,  and 
neighboring  islands. 
Also  written  Amblice- 
phalus. 

2.  In  cntom.,  a  ge- 
nus of  homopter- 
ous  hemipterous 
insects,  family  Ccr- 
copidtc :  a  name 
preoccupied  in  her- 
petology.  A.inter- 
rujitus,  a  kind  of 
liop-fi'og  or  froth- 
ily, injures  hops. 

Afablychila   (am- 
bli-ki'lii),  H.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  afijV/.i-c,  blunt, 
obtuse,  -I-  ;i:e2/lof, 
lip.]  A  genus  of 
CicindcUdw,  or  ti- 
ger-beetles, peculiar  to  North  America.  lu  dis- 
tinguisiiing  eliaracttrs  are  its  small  eyes,  separate  po3t«rior 
coxa),  and  the  widely  inflexed  margin  of  the  wing-covers. 
A  single  .species  represents  this  genus,  A.  cylindri/onnis 
(Say),  which,  from  its  large  size,  nearly  cylindrical  form, 
and  somber  dark-brown  color,  is  the  most  striking  mem- 
ber of  its  family.  It  occurs  in  Kansas,  Colorado,  New 
Mexico,  and  Arizona.  It  is  noctlUTlal,  hiding  during  the 
day  in  deep  holes,  generally  on  sloping  groxuid,  and  is 
known  to  feed  on  locusts.  Also  spelled  AmblycheHa. 
Say.  18.'i4. 

Amblycorj^ha  (am-bli-kor'i-fii),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  iiiiJ/ic,  blunt,  -t-  Kopv^r/,  Lead,  top:  see 
corypheus.]  A  genus  of  katydids,  of  the  family 
Locu.stida;,  having  oblong  elytra  and  a  curved 
ovipositor.  There  are  several  United  States 
species,  as  A.  rotundifolia,  A.  oblongifolia,  A. 
caudata,  etc. 

amblygon  (am'bli-gon),  a.  and«.  [<  Gr.  anji^v- 
}(Jvior,  obtuse-angled,  <  a/ij^/.i'c,  dull,  obtuse,  + 
yuvia,  angle.]  I.  a.  Obtuse-angled;  amblyg- 
onal.    Also  spelled  ambligon. 

Tlie  Buildings  Ambligon 
May  more  receive  than  Mansions  Oxygon, 
(Because  th'  acute  and  the  rect-.\ngle8  too 
.Stride  not  so  wide  as  obtuse  Angles  doe). 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas  (1621),  p.  290. 

II.  H.  In  (/eom.,  an  obtuse-angled  triangle;  a 
triangle  having  one  angle  gi'eater  than  ninety 
degrees. 

amblygonal  (am-bUg'o-nal),  a.  [<  amblygon  + 
-al.]  Obtuse-angled;  having  the  form  of  an 
amVilygon. 

amblygonite  (am-bbg'o-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  ifi^^v- 
yui'iur,  vhtuse-anfileA{seeamblygon),  +  -ite-.j  A 
mineral,  generally  massive,  rarely  in  trielinic 
crystals.  It  is  a  i>hospiiate  of  ahunininm  and  lithium 
containing  fluorin,  and  in  color  is  greenish-white,  yellow- 
ish-white, or  of  other  light  shade.  It  is  found  in  Europe 
at  Chui-sdorf.  near  Penig,  Saxony,  in  the  United  States  at 
Helircm,  Maine,  and  elsewhere, 

amblyocarpous  (am'bli-o-kiir'pus),  a.  [<  NL. 
amhhjocarpus,  <  Gr.  api3?.v(,  blunt,  dulled,  faint, 
weak,  +  Kap-dc,  fruit :  see  carpel.]  In  bot.,  hav- 
ing the  seeds  entirely  or  mostly  abortive:  ap- 
plied to  fruit. 

amblyopia  (am-bli-6'pi-a),  H.  [NL.,<  Gr.  au(i?.v- 
uiYia,  dim-sightedness,  <  a/(/j?.iiu!ri5i;,  dim-sighted, 

<  afijiVic,  dull,  dim,  -1-  ui/j  (ut-).  eye,  sight.  Cf. 
Amblyopsis.]  In  palhol.,  dullness  or  obscurity 
of  ^^sion,  without  any  apparent  defect  of  the 
organs  of  sight :  the  first  stage  of  amaurosis. 
Also  amblyopy — Amblyopia  ex  anopsia,  amblyopia 
arising  from  not  using  the  eyes. 

amblyopic  (am-bli-op'ik),  a.  [<  amblyopia  + 
-/(•.]  Relating  or  pertaining  to  amblyopia ;  af- 
flicted with  amblyopia. 

Amblyopidae  (am-bli-op'i-de),)!.^)?.  [NL.,irreg. 

<  Aiiililiiojtsis  +  -ida:]     Same  as  Amblyopsidce. 
Amblyopica  (am'bli-o-pi'nii),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Amblyopus  +  -ina.]  The  second  group  of  Gobi- 
id<v  in  Giinther's  system  of  classification :  equiv- 
alent to  the  subfamily  Amblyopinw. 
Amblyopinse  (aiu'bli-6-pi'ne),  H.  pi.  [Nil.,  < 
Amblyopus  +  -inw.]  A  subfamily  of  fishes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Amblyopus.  Tliey  have  the 
two  dorsal  fins  united  in  one,  and  11  abdominal  and  17 
caudal  vertebne, 

Amblyoplites  (am-bli-op-U'tez),  «.  The  more 
correct  form  of  Ambloplites  (which  see). 

amblyopsid  (am-bli-op'sid),  w.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Amhlyopsidw. 

Amblyopsidx  (am-bU-op'si-de),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amblyopsis  +  -ida:.]    A  family  of  haplomous 


Amblyopsidse 

fishes  in  whieli  tht-  iiuiigiii  (if  the  upper  jaw  is 
entirely  formed  by  tlie  premaxiUaries,  whicli 
are  scarcely  protractile,  ami  in  whicli  the  anus 
is  jugular.  J'ive  siit-iics  are  kmiwii,  1,'i'iicrully  arninKi<\ 
in  three  genera,  from  the  fresh  waters  of  the  riiiU'd  States, 
the  largest  aiui  best-known  being  the  blind-tlsh  oi  the 
Mammoth  anil  other  caves.  St:e  Ambljiopsit.  Alsocalleil 
Aijif'ln<titl<ii:r. 

■     -^  [NL.  (J.  E. 


Amblyopsis   (am-hU-ojj'sis),  n.      [Nil.  (J. 
De  Kay,  184-2),  <  Gr.  a/ifi?.ir,  (lull,  faint,  dim, 
o^/i/f,  countenance,  sight,  related  to  I'.nj',  eye :  h 
optic.  Ct.aiiihlj/opia.]   1.  Agenusof  lishesrepre- 


+ 
see 


170 

amblystomid  (am-blis'to-mid),  «.     An  araphi- 
tiiau  of  the  family  AmhUistonnilw. 

Amblystomidae    (am-blis-tom'i-de),    «.  pi. 

[XL.,  <  Ainhlystoma  +  -(</«•.]  A  family  of  am- 
phibians of  which  Amblystoma  is  the  typical 
genus.  They  arc  salamanders  with  the  palatines  not 
prolonged  overthe  jiarxsplieiioid  and  bearing  teeth  bchimi. 
parasphenoiil  tuotldess,  vertebra-  opistlioeteliaii,  anil  a  pe- 
culiar arraiigenu-nt  of  tlie  byoid  apparatus.  .Most  of  the 
species  arc  North  American. 
ambo  (am'bo),  «. ;  pi.  uiiihos  or  ambinict!  (am'- 
boz,  am-bo'nez).  [<  ML.  ambo,  <  Gr.  a/ijluv, 
any  slight  elevation,  a  boss,  stage,  pulpit :  see 
ambe.]  1.  In  early  Christian  churches  and 
basilicas,  a  raised  desk  or  pulpit  from  which  cer- 
tain parts  of  the  service  were  read  or  chanted 


sented  by  the  blind-fish  {A .  spelwiis)  of  the  Mam- 
moth Cave  of  Kentucky,  and  tj-pical  of  the  fam- 
ily AmbUjopsifhr. —  2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans. 

amblyopsoid  (am-T)li-op'soid),  a.  and  «.    [<  Am- 
bhioijuis  +  -Did.']     I.  a.  Having  the  characters 
of  the  Amhhjop.'iida:. 
II.  «.  An  amblyopsid. 

Amblyopus  (am-bli-o'pus),  11.  [NL.  (Valen- 
ciennes, 1837),  <  Gr.  a/Jii'Avu-n-uf:,  tlim-sighted : 
see  amblyopia.']  1.  A  genus  of  fishes,  of  the 
family  Gobiida;  typical  of  the  subfamily  Ambly- 
opinic. — 2.  A  genus  of  orthopterous  insects. 
Saussurc,  1878. 

amblyopy  (am'bli-o-pi),  n.    Same  as  amblyopia. 

Amblypoda  (am-blip'o-da),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
au3'/.ic,  blunt,  dull,  +  ;7oif  (irod-)  ='E.foot.]  A 
suborder  of  Eocene  mammals  belougiDg  to  the 
SubiDiyulata,  or  many-toed  hoofed  quadrupeds, 
of  elephantine  proportions  and  structure  of  the 
limbs.  The  fore  feet  were  5-toed  and  the  hind  feet  4- 
toed.  The  sl^uU  had  a  remarkably  small  brain-case,  enor- 
mous flaring  processes  in  three  pairs,  no  upjier  incisors, 
three  paii-s  of  lower  incisors,  and  a  jtair  of  huge  upper 
canines,  projecting  alongside  a  flange-like  ]ilate  of  the 
lower  jaw.  The  molars  were  6  in  lanulier  on  each  side, 
above  and  below.  The  genera  composing  this  group  are 
ULHtatherium,  Dinoceras,  Tinoceras,  Loxoluphudon,  etc. 
The  term  Dhiocerata  is  nearly  synonymous.  These  huge 
mammals  were  extinct  before  the  Miocene  era,  and  their 
fossil  remains  have  been  found  mostly  in  the  Eocene  beds 
of  North  America. 

Amblypodia  (am-bli-po'di-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
afiS'/.v^,  blunt,  dull,  -1-  frorf  '(jro(5-)  =  E.  foot,  + 
-iu.]     A  genus  of  lycsenid  butterflies. 

Amblypterus  (am-ialip'te-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
afifi'/.i%,  dull,  blunt,  +  ^repdv,  wing  {>  iTTipvi, 
wing,  fm),  =  E. /eaWiec]  1.  A  genus  of  ganoid 
fishes  with  heterocereal  tail.  The  species  are 
found  only  in  a  fossil  state,  and  are  character- 
istic of  the  coal  formation.  Agassis,  1833. —  2. 
A  genus  of  birds,  founded  by  Gould  in  1837,  but 
preoccupied  in  ichthyology  by  the  preceding 
genus,  and  therefore  not  in  use.  It  was  based 
upon  a  remarkable  .South  American  goatsucker,  of  the  fam- 
ily Caprimut'jidce,  now  known  as  Eleothreptits  anoiitalu^. 

Amblyrhynclius  (am-bli-ring'kus),  u.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  auJ/.vc,  blunt,  +  pi-jxoc,  snout.]  1.  Agenus 
of  iguanid  lizards  characteristic  of  the  Galapa- 
gos islands  ■  so  called  from  the  very  blunt  snout. 
There  are  two  remarkable  species,  a  marine  one,  A.  crts- 
tatus,  with  compressed  tail  and  partially  webbed  toes,  and 
A.  demarli,  a  land-lizard,  with  cyiindric  tail  and  unweljbed 
toes. 

2.  In  ornith.:  (a)  A  genus  of  South  American 
Icterida',  or  blackbirds.  [Not  iu  use.]  (b)  A 
genus  of  phalaropes.  Thomas  Xuttall,  1834. 
[Not  in  use.] 

Amblysomus  (am-bli-so'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apj3'/.i'c,  blunt,  dull,  dim,  +  cu/m,  body.]  A 
genus  of  gold-moles  or  Capo  moles  of  southern 
Africa,  of  the  family  ChrysocMorididiv,  distin- 
guished from  Chrysochloris  by  having  only  2 
molars  in  each  jaw  instead  of  3.  Chalcocldoris 
of  Mivart  is  a  synonym  more  frequently  used. 

Amblystoma  (am-blis'to-mii),  n.  [NL.,<Gr. 
a/j/3Acf,  blunt,  didl,  +  cTupa,  mouth.]  An  ex- 
tensive genus  of  m'odele  or  tailed  batrachians, 
notable  for  the  transformations  which  they  un- 
dergo; the  tj-pe  of  the  family  Amblijstomidw. 
In  their  xmdeveloped  state  they  represent  the  formerly 
recognizetl  genus  Sin^doti,  and  some  sjK'cies  aif  known  as 
axolotls.  They  belong  to  the  salamandlilie  series  of  the 
Urodela,  and  are  related  to  the  newts,  efts,  salanumders, 
etc.  Very  often  Avritten,  by  mistake,  J  mtt/«(a;/ia.  See  cut 
under  axolotl. 

Tlie  a.xolotl  is  the  larval  state  of  Atnbhjstoma;  but  it 
sometimes  remains  in  that  state  tlu'oughont  life,  and  is 
at  the  same  time  most  prolific,  while  those  which  must  be 
supposed  to  have  attained  a  higher  form  are  utterly  ster- 
ile, the  sexual  organs  becoming  apparently  atrojihied. 

J'a.-icoe,  Zool.  Class.,  }>.  19a. 

amblystome  (am'bli-stom),  n.     Same  as  am- 

hlystoiiiid. 


Ambo. 
Northern  Tribune  of  the  Church  of  S-  Maria  in  Ara  Cceli.  Rome. 

and  sermons  were  preached.  It  was  often  an  ob- 
long inclosure  with  steps  at  both  ends,  and  was  generally 
richly  decorated.  It  was  very  common  to  place  two  ambos 
in  a  church,  from  one  of  which  was  read  the  gospel,  and 
from  the  other  the  epistle.  A  tall  ornamented  pillar  for 
holding  the  paschal  candle  is  sometimes  associated  with 
the  ambo. 

From  these  walls  projected  ambones,  or  pulpits  with 
desks,  also  of  marble,  ascended  by  steps. 

Eiicyc.  Brit.,  III.  416. 

2.  Ln  anat.,  a  circumferential  fibrocartilage; 
a  fibrocartilaginous  ring  surrounding  an  articu- 
lar cavity,  as  the  glenoid  fossa  of  the  scapula 
and  the  cotyloid  fossa  of  the  innominate  bone. 
Also  written  amhon. 

ambodextert  (am-bo-deks'ter),  «.  and  «.  Same 
as  ambidexter. 

ambolic  (am-bol'ik),  o.  [< Gr.  *a/;/3o/.(Kof j  contr. 
from  dvajh/.iKo^j  taken  in  lit.  sense  <  avafioli/ 
(poet,  apjio'/.r/),  that  which  is  thrown  up  or 
around:  see  anabole.]  Having  the  power  of 
producing  abortion;  abortifacient. 

ambon  (am'bon),  n.     See  ambo. 

ambosezous  (am-bo-sek'sus),  «.  [<  L.  ambo, 
both,  +  sexKS,  sex.]  Ha\ing  both  sexes;  bi- 
sexual ;  hermaphrodite.     [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Ambojrna  wood.     See  Kiabooca-wood. 

Ambojmese  (am-boi-nes'  or  -nez'),  n.  sing,  and 
]il.  [<  Amhoyna  +  -ese.]  A  native  or  the  na- 
tives of  Amboyna,  the  most  important  of  the 
Moluccas  or  Spice  Islands. 

ambreada  (am-bre-a'da),  n.  [=  P.  amhreade, 
<  Pg.  ambreada,  fictitious  amber,  prop.  fem. 
pp.  of  ambrear,  perfume  with  amber,  <  ambre, 
usually  ambar,  amber:  see  amber-.]  A  kind 
of  artificial  amber  manufactured  for  the  trade 
with  Africa. 

ambreic  (am-bre'ik),  a.  [<  ambrein  +  -ic]  In 
chcm.,  formed  by  digesting  ambrein  in  nitric 
acid :  as,  ambreic  acid. 

ambrein  (am'bre-in), «.  [<  F.  ambreine.i  ambre, 
amber:  see  amber"  and  -iifi.]  A  peculiar  fatty 
substance  obtained  from  ambergris  by  digesting 
it  in  hot  alcohol.  It  is  crystalline,  is  of  a  bril- 
liant wliite  color,  and  has  an  agreeable  odor. 

ambrette  (am-bref),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  ambre, 
amber.]  1.  iioe  amber-seed. —  2.  A  kind  of  pear 
with  an  odor  of  ambergris  or  musk.     X.  E.  1). 

ambrite  (am'brit),  «.  [=  G.  ambrit;  <  NL.  am- 
bra,  E.  amber",  +  -ite-.]  A  fossil  rosin  occur- 
ring in  large  masses  in  Auckland,  New  Zealand, 
and  identical  with  the  resin  of  the  l>ammara 
australis,  a  pine  now  growing  abundantly  there. 

ambrology  (am-brol'o-ji),  «.  [<  NL.  ambra. 
amber,  -t-  Gr.  -Xoyia,  <  'liyciv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
The  natural  history  of  amber.     Syd.  Sue.  Lex. 


ambrotype 

ambroset  (am'broz),  n.  [<  ME.  ambrose,  in  def. 
2  (OF.  ambroi.se,  F.  ambroisie,  sometimes  am- 
bro.iie),  <  L.  ambro.sia,  ambrosia,  also  the  name 
of  several  plants:  see  ambrosia.]  1.  Ambrosia. 
[Bare.] 
.■Vt  first,  afnbrtMP  itself  was  not  sweeter. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  .Mel.,  iii.  2. 
2.  All  early  English  name  of  the  .Jerusalem  oak, 
t  'henojiodiiim  liotrys,  and  also  of  the  wood-sage, 
Tiueri II III  Seorodoii ia. 

ambrosia  (am-bro'zia),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  afiiipoaia, 
the  food  of  the  gods,  conferring  immortality, 
fem.  of  adj.  a/i.ip6moc,  a  lengthened  form  of 
apiipoToi;,  also  a,ipoTor,  immortal,  <  a-  priv.  + 
'fipoTdc,  jipoTuc,  older  form  popr6(,  mortal,  akin 
to  L.  mor(t-)s,  death  (L.  im-mort-ul-is  =  Gr. 
a-ujipoT-or),  and  mori,  die:  see  mortal.  Cf.  Skt. 
amrita,  immortal,  also  the  drink  of  the  gods 
(see  amrita),  =Gr.  du,iporo(;.]  1.  In  Gr.  legend, 
a  celestial  substance,  capable  of  imparting  im- 
mortality, commonly  represented  as  the  food 
of  the  gods,  but  sometimes  as  their  drink,  and 
also  as  a  richly  perfumed  unguent ;  hence,  iu 
literature,  anything  comparable  in  character 
to  either  of  these  conceptions. 

His  dewy  locks  distiU'd  amhrogia.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  57. 
2.  [enj).]  A  genus  of  widely  distributed  coarse 
annual  weeds,  of  the  natural  order  Composita, 
chiefly  American,  and  generally  known  as  rag- 
iiied.'  A.  artemisicefolia  is  also  called  Roman 
normicood  or  hogweed. 

ambrosiac  (am-bro'zi-ak),  a.  [<  L.  ambrosia- 
cus,  <  ambrosia  :  see  ambrosia.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  having  the  qualities  of  ambrosia;  per- 
fumed ;  sweet-smelling:  as, "ambrosiac odours," 
B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iv.  3  (song). 

Shrill  strain 'd  arts-men,  whose  ambrosiac  quills. 
Whiles  they  desert's  encoixiions  sweet  rehearse. 
The  world  with  wonder  and  amazement  fills. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 

ambrosiaceous  (am-bro-zi-a'shius),  a.  [<  Am- 
brosia +  -uceous.]  In  bot.,  allied  to  the  genus 
Ambrosia. 
ambrosial  (am-bro'zial),  o.  [<  ambrosia  +  -al.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  ambrosia;  partaking  of  the 
nature  or  qualities  of  ambrosia;  anointed  or 
fragrant  with  ambrosia;  hence,  deUghting  the 
taste  or  smell;  delicious;  fragrant;  sweet- 
smelling:  as,  ambrosial  dews. 

As  the  sunset 
Tlu-ew  the  long  shadows  of  trees  o'er  the  broad  anittrosial 
meadows.  Lomjf^llow,  Evangeline,  i.  4. 

Sweet  after  showers,  ambrosial  air. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Ixixvi. 
Thou  too  .  .  .  mayest  become  a  Political  Power :  and 
with  the  shakings  of  thy  horse-hair  wig,  shake  principal- 
ities and  dynasties,  like  a  very  Jove  with  his  ambrosial 
curls.  Cartiilc,  French  Eev.,  I.  iii.  1. 

ambrosially  (am-bro'zial-i),  adv.     In  an  am- 
brosial manner;  with  an  ambrosial  odor. 
A  fruit  of  pure  Hesperian  gold. 
That  smelt  flwti^roii'ai^j/.        Tennyson,  CEnonc. 
ambrosian^t  (am-bro'zian),  a.     [<  ambrosia  + 
-nil.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  ambrosia;  fragi'ant; 
ambrosial.     -B.  Joiison. 

Most  a?H6r(>,s-i«/i-lipped  creature. 

Middlctun,  Blm-t,  llaster-Constable,  iv.  2. 

Ambrosian^  (am-bro'zian),  o.  [<LL.  Ambro- 
siaiiiis,  <  Ambrosius,  Ambrose,  <  Gr.  aftSpoaioc, 
immortal,  divine:  see  ambrosia.]  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  instituted  by  St.  Ambrose,  bishop  of 

Milan  in  the  fom-th  century Ambroslan  chant, 

a  mode  of  singing  or  chanting  introduced  by  St.  .\mbrose 
in  the  cathednil  church  at  ililan  about  3^4.  Little  is 
certainly  known  of  its  nature. — Ambrosian  Library, 
a  famous  libr.ary  and  collection  of  antiiiuities  at  Milan, 
founded  by  Cardinal  Borromeo  in  lOtr.l.  — AmbrOSian 
OfBce  or  ritual,  a  formula  of  worship  named  from  St.  .\m- 
brose,  and  long  used  in  the  cbiu-ch  of  fililan  in  place  of 
the  Koman  mass. 

ambrosino  (am-bro-ze'no),  n.  [It.,  from  the  fig- 
ure of  St.  Ambrose  on  the  coin :  see  above.]    A 


ObvLTSe.  Reverse. 

Silver  Ambrosino  of  Milan,  British  Museum.     (Size  of  the  orij^nal.) 

silver  coin,  weighing  about  45  grains,  issued  by 
the  republic  of  Milan  A.  D.  1250-1310,  and  bear- 
ing the  effigy  of  Ambrose,  the  patron  saint  of 
the  city.  The  name  was  also  applied  to  a  rare 
Milanese  gold  coin  of  the  same  period, 
ambrotype (am'bro-tip),  «.  [<  Gr.  a,u3porof  (see 
ambrosia),  immortal,  +  Ti-or,  impression:  see 
typie.]     Inphotoij.,  a  picture  made  by  applying 


ambrotype 

a  dark  backing  to  the  l';ic-n  nl'  a  thin  negative 
on  glass.  'I'hf  nt'giitive,  us  »fun  from  liehiiul,  tlnis  ai>- 
pears  as  a  jiositive  ayaiiiBt  tlic  backing,  ttif  linhts  beiiiK 
loniiud  by  tlie  opatiuu  portions,  ami  thu  shadows  by  the 
backing  seen  tlirough  the  nioru  or  less  transparent  por- 
tions, 
ambry  (am'ljri),  «.;  pi.  ambries  (-Imz).  [In 
ai'tiial  iiiocleni  spooeli  only  in  north.  E.  dial. 
numrij.  otlKTwise  only  a  hislorioal  word,  sjielled 
prop,  ambrij,  Ijutarehaistically  in  various  forms 
of  the  earlier  amhcry,  as  <inibni/,  numbrii,  iium- 
hrie  (with  cxcreseent  b  as  in  number,  slumber), 
earlier  ««()vV',  nHiiirijc,  aumrie,  aumerij,  turmcry, 
almenj,  atmiinj,  tilmurie,  also armorie,  <  ME.  nme- 
ric,  almarie,  also  armaric,  <  OF.  ahnarie,  <iriii<(- 
ric,  later  almaire,  aumaire,  aumoire,  armaire, 
nrmoire  =  Pr.  ariiinri  =  Sp.  armario  =  Pg.  al- 
nmrio  (>  Hind,  iitmdri,  >  Anglo-Ind.  almirah,  q. 
V.)  =  It.  armario,  armadio  =  (i.  «/)««/•  =  Bohem. 
armara,  ahiiara  =  Pol.  almarijja,  obnaryja  = 
Serv.  ormar,  ormaii  =  Sloven,  almaru,  ormar, 
umara,  <  L.  armarium  (ML.  also  corruptly  al- 
niarium),  a  closet,  chest,  or  safe  for  food,  cloth- 
ing, money,  implements,  tools,  etc.,  <  arma, 
implements,  tools,  arms:  see  arm'^,  arms,  and 
ef.  armarji^.  Through  the  form  almcri/Uw  word 
was  confused  with  almouri/,  a  jilace  for  distrib- 
uting alms,  and  is  sometimes  founil  in  tliat 
sense.]  1.  A  [dace  for  keeping  things ;  a  store- 
house, storeroom,  closet,  pantry,  cupboard, 
press,  safe,  locker,  chest.  Speciiically  —  (a)  A 
place  for  keeping  victuals;  a  pantry,  cupboard, 
or  meat-safe. 

Ilir.  Will  not  any  fool  take  niefora  wise  man  now,  seeing 
me  draw  out  of  the  i)it  of  my  treasury  this  little  god  witli 
Ins  belly  full  of  Bold  ? 

Spun.  Ajid  this,  full  of  the  same  meat,  out  of  my  am- 
bryi  Mussinger,  Vii-gin-Alartyr,  ii.  '6. 

(b)   In  ancient  churches,  a  niche  or  recess, 

fitted  with  a  lioor,  in  the  wall  near  the  altar,  in 

which  the  sacred  utensils 

'"•.'  llii'  I    ..•'•'•    L ^,     were    deposited,     in   the 

hiri^cr  churches  and  cathedrals 
ambries  were  very  numerous, 
were    used    for  various    pur- 
poses,   and    were    sometimes 
large  enough  to  be  what  we 
should  now  call  closets,   the 
doors    and   other    parts   that 
were  seen  being  usually  richly 
carved.  Ambries  are  still  used 
in   Roman  Catholic   churches 
as  depositories  for  the  conse- 
crated oils.     They  are  some- 
times made  portable,   in  the 
form  of  a  chest  or  cupboard, 
which  is  hung  near  the  altar. 
((■)  A  place  for  keeping  books;  a  library. —  2. 
Same  as  fl/moHn/.     [Erroneous  use :  see  etym.] 
ambs-acet,  "•     See  ambcs-ace. 
ambulacra,  «.     Pliu'al  of  ambulacrum. 
ambulacra!  (am-bu-la'kral),  a.    [<  ambulacrum 
+  -al.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  an  ambulacrum,  or 

to  the  ambulacra,  of  an  echinoderm Ambula- 

cral  face,  ambulacra!  aspect,  that  surface  of  an 
echinoderm  whicli  bears  the  ambulacra;  corresponding  in 
a  starlish  U>  the  orat  (t.^pect,  that  upon  which  the  creature 
creeps.— Ambulacra!  groove,  a  fiu-row  which  marks  the 
course  of  an  ambulacrum. 

(In  a  starfish]  a  deep  furrow,  the  avibulacral  groov, 
occupies  the  middle  of  the  oral  surface  of  each  ray,  and  is 
nearly  tilled  by  contractile  sucker-like  pedicels,  .  .  .  ap- 
parently arranged  in  four  longitiuiinal  series. 

Iluxteii,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  475. 
Ambulacra!  metameres,  the  divisions  of  the  body  (»f 
an  echinoderm  as  UKU'ked  ur  determined  by  the  ambula- 
cral  system,  as  the  five  lingers  or  mys  of  a  starlish.  See 
extract  under  auibula^rat  vessels  and  cut  under  .^.s'(ro;>/t.i/- 
tun. — Ambulacra!  nerve,  a  nerve  which  is  in  relation 
with  the  ambulacra. 

^Vhen  the  suckers  of  an  ambulacrum  [of  a  starfish]  are 
.  .  .  cut  away,  a  longitudinal  ridge  is  seen  to  lie  at  the 
bottom  of  the  groove  between  their  bases.  This  ridge  is 
the  ambidnrral  iinrve.  Followed  to  the  ape.x  of  the  ray,  it 
ends  upon  the  eye  and  its  tentacle ;  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion, it  reaches  the  oral  disk. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  47s. 
Ambulacra!  neural  canal,  a  tube  of  which  the-  ambu 
lacral  nerve  forjiis  the  outer  wall.— Ambulacra!  ossicle, 
one  of  a  double  row  of  small  Inu'd  jiieccs  which  c<.une  to- 
gether in  the  ambulaeial  groove,  e.\tending  from  its  sidt s 
to  its  nnddle  line.  Also  called  verUbml  ussiclc.  .See  cut 
under  Asteriidie. — Ambulacra!  plate,  one  of  those  coro- 
nal plates  of  a  sea-urcliin  which  are  perforateil  to  form 
part  of  an  ambulacrum.    See  cut  under  a  m  bulacru  m. 

In  the  ordinary  Echinus  or  sea-urchin  ...  of  these 
plates  there  are  twenty  principal  longitudinal  series,  con- 
stituting the  great  mass  of  the  corona;  and  ten  single 
plates,  which  form  a  ring  around  its  aboral  or  apical  mar- 
gin. The  twenty  series  of  longitudiiud  plates  are  di.sj....sed 
in  ten  double  series  — five  ambulaeral  and  five  inteiandiu- 
lacral.  .  .  .  Eaeli  ainbttlarral  plate  is  sulnlivided  by  a 
greater  or  less  nundjer  of  sutures  .  .  .  into  a  correspond- 
ing number  of  nnnor  plates,  .  .  .  called  pore  phates. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  48C. 
Ambulacra!  sac,  in  echinoderms,  that  portion  of  the  va- 
soperitoneal  sue  of  the  embryo  which  lays  the  foundation 
for  the  whole  system  of  the  ambulaeral  vesst-ls.  .See  va.<ii- 
perittiiu-al  and  //(./..r/(Krui(//'a.  — Ambulacra!  system, 
the  water-vascular  system  (which  see,  under  water-vaxca- 


171 

lar)  of  echinoderms. — Ambulacra!  vesicle,  a  sac  aitu- 
ate<l  upon  theuborul  face  of  an  ambulaeral  ossicle.  —  Am- 
bulacra! vessels,  the  wuter-vuseular  channels  of  the  am- 
bulacra.    See  cut  un*.WY  Echiiutidta. 

Another  marked  peculiarity  of  the  Echinoderm  type  is 
the  general,  if  not  universal,  presence  of  a  system  of  am- 
bulaeral lYntiel'i,  consisting  of  a  circular  canal  around  the 
mouth,  whence  cainils  usually  arise  and  follow  the  middle 
line  of  each  of  the  ambulaeral  metameres. 

Iluxli'if,  Amit.  Invert.,  p.  54. 

Clrcimiora!  ambulacra!  vessel,  that  into  which  a  ra- 
dial cunal  of  the  aiidiuluerul  system  of  vessels  opens  at 
its  oral  end. —  Radial  ambulacra!  vessels,  those  which 
radiate  f]-(un  the  central  or  circular  vessel  which  surround-s 
the  gullet. 

Ambulacraria  (am  bti-lak-ra'ri-ii),  n.  pi. 
[Nlj.,  <  ainbulnerum  +  -aria.']  1.  A  branch  or 
subkingdom  of  animals,  constituted  liy  the  Kchi- 
nodermata  and  KHteropneu.<ita,  and  ilivided  into 
liudiata  and  Jlilateralia,  the  latter  represented 
by  the  genus  Balanoi/los.sus  alone.  Metschnikoff. 
—  2t.  [I.e.]  The  coronal  ambulacra  of  sea-ur- 
chins. 

Ambulacrata  (am"bu-lak-ra'ta),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  ambuldvratus,  <  ambulacrum.^  A 
term  applied  by  E.  K.  Lankester  to  a  branch  of 
echinoderms  consisting  of  the  liolothuroidea, 
Echinoidca,  and  Asteroidea,  or  sea-cucumbers, 
sea-urcliins,  and  starfishes,  as  collectively  dis- 
tinguished from  the  crinoids  or  Tenlaculata 
(which  see). 

ambulacriform  (am-bu-lak'ri-f6rm),  a.  [<  L. 
ambulacrum  +  forma,  form.]  Possessing  the 
form  or  appearance  of  an  ambulacrum. 

ambulacrum  (am-bu-la'krum),  «.;  pi.  ambula- 
cra (-krii).     [NL.  u.se  of  L.  ambulacrum,  a  walk. 


v.Z,J.r-r-'.   \J_: 


Ambry,  Romsey  Church, 
Hampshire.  England. 


A,  three  ambulaeral  plates  of  Izchinits  sphara,  showing  sutures 
of  the  pore-plates  of  which  each  ambulaeral  plate  is  composed.  B,  a 
portion  of  the  extent  of  the  petaloid  ambulacrum  of  a  clypeastroid. 

alley,  <  ambulare:  see  ambulate.']  In  zoiil.,  a 
row,  series,  or  other  set  of  perforations  in  the 
shell  of  an  echinoderm,  as  a  sea-urchin  or  star- 
fish, through  which  are  protruded  and  with- 
di-awn  the  tube-feet  or  pedicels.  Each  such  row 
or  set  of  holes  usually  forms  a  narrow  grooved  line  from 
base  to  apex  of  a  sea-urchin,  and  from  the  center  to  the 
end  of  each  ray  of  a  starfish,  along  the  oral  aspect  of  the 
body.  Each  set  or  radiating  series  of  perforations  is  an 
ambulacnmi,  the  several  rows  together  being  the  undjula- 
cra.  The  usual  definition  of  ambulacra  as  the  perforated 
spaces  tlu-ough  which  the  tube-feet  are  protruded  leaves 
a  doubt  whether  an  ambulacrum  is  not  one  such  perforated 
space.  AmbiUacra  is  sometimes  used  fur  the  tube-fcct 
themselves,  collectively ;  in  which  ease  it  pro]»erly  siginrtes 
several  sets  or  series  of  tube-feet,  not  several  tube-feet  of 
any  single  row  or  series. 

The  ambulacra  ju-esent  important  variations  in  the  three 
divisions  of  the  Eehinidea.     Uuxley,  Anat.  Invelt.,  p,  489. 

ambulance  (ara'bu-lans),  n.  [<  F.  ambulance 
(formerly  hopital  ambulant,  walking  hospital), 
<ambulant,  walking,  shifting:  see  ambulant.'] 
1.  A  hospital  establi-shmeut  which  accompanies 
an  army  in  its  movements  in  the  field  for  the 
ptirpose  of  providing  speedy  assistance  to  sol- 
diers wounded  in  battle. — 2.  A  two-  or  four- 


United  states  Army  Ambulance. 

wheeled  wagon  constructed  for  conveying  sick 
or  wounded  persons.  Ambulance-wagons  are  con- 
structed to  run  very  easily,  ami  are  designed  to  carry  one 
or  two  tiers  of  stretchers.  Some  tonus  are  fitted  with 
water-tank,  medicine-chest,  operating-table,  and  other 
conveniences.  City  hospital  andmlances  are  light  four- 
wheeled  wagons,  funnshed  with  otu-  or  two  beds,  surgical 
appliances,  restoratives,  etc.— AmbUlance-COt,  a  fobling 
cot  designed  to  be  carried  in  an  ambulumi'  and  to  be 
used  :us  a  bed  in  a  hospital.  — Ambulauce-stretclier,  a 
stretcher  provided  with  casters  and  made  to  fit  into  an 
ambulance. 


amburblal 

ambulant  (am'bii-lant),  It.  [=  F.  ambulant,  < 
L.  umbulan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  ambulare,  walk,  go 
about:  see  ambulate.]  1.  Walking;  moving 
from  place  to  place ;  shifting. 

Sold  it  for  400  francs  to  an  ambulaitt  picture  dealer. 

The  Ameriean,  VI.  250. 
.iinhulaut  tobacconists  crying  their  goods. 

J{.  !■:  llurlfin,  El-lledlnah,  p.  259. 

2.  In  her.,  walking:  said  of  a  beast  used  as  a 
bearing. —  3.  In  pattiol.,  shifting  about  from 
place  toplace ;  aml)ulatory :  as, umhuhint  vAuma,. 
ambulate  (ain'lni-lat),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  <im- 
butated,  ppr.  ambulatiucj.  [<  L.  ambulatuH,  pp. 
of  ambulare,  walk,  go  about,  perhaps  for  'am- 
bibulare,  <  *ambibulus,  iambi-,  about  (see  ambi-), 
+  "-bulus,  perhaps  connected  with  bitcre,  belcrc, 
go:  see  arbiter.  The  older  E.  foion  is  amble, 
q.  v.]  To  walk  or  move  about,  or  from  place 
to  place. 

Now  Morpheus  .  .  . 

Amused  with  dreams  man's  ariibulatiny  soul. 

Dr.  Wotcot  (Peter  Pindar). 

ambulation  (am-bu-lii'shon),  N.  [<  L.  ambula- 
ti(i{ii-),  <.  ambulare,  v;ii\k:  sec  ambulate.]  The 
act  of  ambulating  or  walking  aliout. 

ambulative  (am'bu-la-tiv),  «.  [<  ambulate  + 
-ivi.]  Ha\'ing  a  tendency  to  walk  or  advance; 
walking.     [Kare.] 

ambulator  (am'bu-la-tor),  H.  [L.,  a  walker, 
lounger,  peddler,  <  ambulare,  walk :  see  ambu- 
late.] 1.  One  who  walks  about. — 2.  An  odom- 
eter (whicli  see). — 3.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  original  form  of  the  velocipede.  See 
velocipede. 

Ambulatores  (am'bii-la-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  L,  ambulator:  see  ambulator.]  1.  In 
Sun<lcvairs  classification  of  birds,  a  group  of 
corvine  birds.  Also  called  (  orrifornics  and  Coli- 
omorphcc. —  2t.  Illiger's  name  (1811)  of  a  group 
of  birds  inexactly  equivalent  to  Insessores,  or 
to  the  Linncan  Passeres. 

ambulatorial  (am"bii-lii-t6'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  am- 
buliiltiriiis  -¥  -«/.]     Ambulatory. 

ambulatory  (am'bu-la-to-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
ambulatonus,  <  ambulator :  see  ambulator.]  I. 
a.  1.  Having  the  power  or  faculty  of  walking; 
formed  or  adapted  for  walking :  as,  an  ambula- 

tort/ animal.  .Specifically- (n)  In  orai/A.,  gressorial; 
opposed  to  saltatory,  saltatoriul,  or  leaping,  and  applied 
to  the  feet  or  gait  of  certain  birds  or  t»»  the  birds  them- 
selves :  most  frequently  to  the  mode  of  progression  by 
nioving  the  feet  one  after  the  other,  instead  of  both  to- 
gether. As  applied  to  the  structure  of  the  feetj  ambulct- 
tory  is  sometimes  oi)posed  to  ncatu<orial,  that  is,  to  the 
zygodactyl  modification  of  the  feet.  ('»)  In  crustaceans, 
insects,  etc.,  performing  the  office  of  locemiotion  ;  ajiplied 
to  those  legs  or  feet  of  an  aninnd  by  means  of  which  it 
walks,  as  distinguished  from  those  limbs  which  are  mod- 
ified, as  swinunerets,  chelipeds,  or  maxiUipeds,  .See  cut 
wwiXcY  endvpuditc. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  walk ;  happening  or  ob- 
tained dui'ing  a  walk.     [Rare.] 

The  princes  of  whom  his  majesty  had  an  ambulatory 
view  in  his  travels.  H'otton. 

3.  Accustomed  to  move  from  place  to  place; 
not  stationary :  as,  an  ambulatory  court. 

The  priesthood  .  .  .  before  was  very  ambulatory,  and 
dispersed  into  all  families.  Jt-r.  Taylor. 

He  had  been,  I  iniilgine,  an  ambulatory  quack  doctor, 
for  there  was  no  town  in  England,  nor  any  countl-y  in 
Europe,  of  which  he  could  not  give  a  very  pariicular  ac- 
count, Franklin,  .\utobiog.,  p.  37. 

4.  In  law,  not  fixed;  capable  of  being  al- 
tered :  as,  a  will  is  ambulatory  tuitil  the  death 
of  the  testator;  the  return  of  a  sheriff  is  am- 
bulatory imtil  it  is  filed. —  5.  In  mcd. :  (a)  Shift- 
ing ;  ambulant :  applied  to  certain  morbid  af- 
fections when  they  skip  or  shift  from  one  place 
to  another,  (i)  Permitting  the  patient  to  be 
about :  applied  to  typhoid  fever  when  it  does 
not  compel  the  patient  to  take  to  his  bed. 

II.  «. ;  pi.  ambulatories  (-riz).  Any  part  of  a 
building  intended  for  walking,  as  the  aisles  of 
a  church,  particularly  those  surrounding  the 
choir  and  apse,  or  the  cloisters  of  a  monastery ; 
any  portico  or  corridor. 

The  inscription  uikui  Wilson's  gravestone  in  the  eastern 
ambulatory  of  the  little  cloisters  of  Westminster  Abbey  is 
now  very  much  efl'aced.  -V.  and  Q.,  Gth  ser.,  X.  455. 

A  broad  ambitlatoni  extends  round  the  south  and  east 
ends  of  the  church,    'j.  SI.  Xeale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  230. 

ambulet  (am'bvil),  V.  i.  [<  L.  ambulare:  see 
amble  and  ambulate.]  To  move  from  place  to 
place. 

ambulomancy  (am'bu-lo-man'si),  n.  [<  L. 
ambulare,  walk  (see  ambulate),  +  Gr.  fiavreia, 
di\nnation.]     Divination  by  walking.     [Rare.] 

amburbial  (am-b^r'bi-al ),  rt.  [<  L.  amburbialis, 
only  in  amburbialcs  hostia;  the  -lictims  for  cer- 
tain sacrifices,  which  were  led  around  the  city 
of  Rome,  <  amb-  for  ambi-,  around  (see  ambi-), 


amburbial 

+  nrhs,  city:  see  «)•/>««.]  Encompassing  or 
Nurnmiuiiiit;  a  city.     [Rare.] 

ambury  (am'be-ri),  71.     Same  as  (uihurij. 

ambuscade  (am-bus-kad'),  H.  [Formerly  also 
imbuscuilc  (ami,  after  Sp.  or  It.,  nmhuscadu, 
emhoscata,  imboncuia),  <  F.  cmbmcmli;  <  It.  im- 
boscata  =  H]}.  Pg.  tmbo.scaila  =  0F.  iiiihuchcc,  < 
ML.  'imboscatn,  an  aiiilmsli.  jimp.  pp.  fern,  of 
imboscarc,  set  in  ambush:  see  (inibush,  v.]  1.  A 
lying  iu  wait  and  concealment  for  the  purpose 
of  attacking  Viy  surprise ;  an  ambush. 

To  <lraw  you  iuto  the  palpable  ambit.icade  of  his  ready- 
made  joke. 

Sheridan,  quot.  by  Mliijiple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  :U7. 

Till  the  j^reat  plover's  huni:ui  whistle  amazed 
Her  heart,  and  glancing  round  the  waste  she  fear'd 
In  every  wavering  brake  an  ambuscade. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

2.  A  secret  station  in  which  troops  lie  con- 
cealed ^^^th  a  ■^'iew  to  attacking  suddenly  and 
by  surprise;  an  ambush. — 3.  A  body  of  troops 
Ijlng  in  ambush. 

ambuscade  (am-bus-kad'),  ■('. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
ambuscaded,  ppr.  ambu.scadiiig.  [<  ambuscade, 
«.]  I.  Iirois.  To  attack  from  a  concealed  posi- 
tion. 

II.  ititrati^.  To  lie  in  ambush:  as,  "ambus- 
cadhiij  ways,"  Carli/ie,  Sart.  Resart.,  ii.  4. 

ambuscado  (am-bus-ka'do),  n.  [See  ambuscade, 
w.]     An  ambuscade. 

They  were  adroit  in  executing  a  thousand  stratagems, 
ambuscadoes,  and  evolutions.        Irving,  Granada,  p.  446. 

ambuscadot  (am-bus-ka'do),  ?'.  t.  [<  ambvsca- 
dii,  ii.~\     To  post  in  ambush.     Sir  T.  Herbert. 

ambush  (am'bush),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
embusJi,  <  ME.  embusskeii,  cnbussken,  enbuschen, 
enbussen  (also  ahuschen,  ubussen,  and  by  apher- 
esis  busse,  early  mod.  E.  bush),  <  OF.  cnbuscher, 
embuscher,  embuissier,  later  embticlier  (mod.  F. 
embusquer,  after  Sp.  or  It.)  =  Sp.  Pg.  emboscar 
=  It.  imboscare,  <  ML.  emboscare,  prop,  imbns- 
care,  set  in  ambush,  <  L.  in,  in,  +  ML.  boscus, 
wood,  bush:  see  bush^,  and  cf .  ambuscade.']  I. 
trans,  1.  To  post  or  place  in  concealment  for 
the  purpose  of  attacking  by  siu'prise. 

The  subtil  Turk,  having  ambushed  a  thousand  horse, 
.  .  .  charged  the  Persians.     Sir  T.  Herbert,  Trav.,  p.  281. 

It  seemed  as  if  his  placid  old  face  were  only  a  mask  be- 
hind which  a  merry  Cupid  had  ambushed  himself,  peeping 
out  all  the  while.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  85. 

2.  To  ambuscade ;  waylay ;  attack  unexpected- 
ly and  from  a  hidden  position. 

The  Tekki^  warriors  outside,  however,  got  notice  of  the 
intended  visit,  and  ambushed  their  Kucliaii  invaders  so 
successfully  that  not  a  man  escaped,  sixty  being  killed 
and  forty  made  prisoners.  0'I)out>euii,  Merv,  xiv. 

II.  intrans.  To  lie  in  wait  for  the  purpose  of 
attacking  by  sm-prise.     [Rare.] 

The  .  .  .  snake  that  anibush'd  for  his  prey. 

John  Trumbull,  tr.  of  Georgics,  iv. 

ambush  (am'biish),  n.  [<  late  ME.  ambmhe, 
enbusslic,  <  OF.  embusche,  embosclie,  F.  embuche  ; 
from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  or  state  of  lying 
concealed  for  the  pm'pose  of  attacking  by  sur- 
prise ;  a  lying  in  wait ;  the  act  of  attacking  un- 
expectedly from  a  concealed  position. 

Heaven,  whose  high  walls  fear  no  assault,  or  siege. 
Or  ambush  from  the  deep.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  344. 

An  ambush  is  neither  an  "  attack "  nor  a  "surprise,"  in 
military  language ;  it  is  something  more  sudden  and  un- 
expected than  either.  Furrow,  Mil.  Encyc,  p.  42. 

2.  A  secret  or  concealed  station  where  troops 
lie  iu  wait  to  attack  unawares. 

The  enemy,  intending  to  draw  the  English  further  into 
their  ambush,  turned  away  at  an  easy  pace. 

Sir  J.  Hayward. 

3.  The  troops  posted  in  a  concealed  place  for 
attacking  by  surprise.     [Rare.] 

And  tlie  ambush  arose  quickly  out  of  their  place. 

Josh.  viii.  19. 

ambushment  (am'bush-ment),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  embushment  anH' imbushment,  '<  ME. 
cmbu.ishcmcnt,  enbussement,  <  OF.  embuschcment 
(F.  cnd>ucliement),  <  ML.  imboscamentum,  <  im- 
boscare, >  OF.  embuscher,  set  in  ambusli:  see 
ambush  and  -ment.']  An  ambush,  in  any  of  its 
senses ;  the  act  or  method  of  forming  an  am- 
bnsh. 

But  Jeroboam  caused  an  ambushment  to  come  about  be- 
hind them.  2  Chron.  xiii.  13. 

For  his  opponents  then  to  skulk,  io  lay  nmbtislunents. 
to  keep  a  narrow  bridge  of  licencing  where  tlic  rliallengor 
should  passe,  though  it  be  valour  anough  in  .suuldiership, 
is  but  weaknes  and  cowardisc  in  the  wars  of  Truth. 

Miltou,  Areopagitica,  p.  52. 

In  auibushment  lie 
Until  I  come  or  send  for  yon  myself. 

(Greene,  Alphousuu,  ii. 


172 

A  wolf  is  a  beast  that  is  apt  to  hover  about  in  Indian 
anihushuu'ut,  craving  the  !>ffa1s  of  the  deer  the  savages 
kill.  Cooper,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  v. 

ambustiont  (am-bus'tion),  «.  [<  L.  ambus- 
tiu{n-),  a  Imrn,  <  amhurere,  pj).  amhustus,  bum, 
consume,  lit.  burn  around,  scorch,  <  amb-,  um- 
bi-,  arounil  (see  amhi-),  •+-  iircre,  burn :  see  adure. 
Cf.  eiimliustiou.']     A  burn  or  scald.     Cockcrum. 

ameba,  amebean,  etc.    See  amceba,  etc. 

ameer,  amir  (a-mer'),  >».  [Also  written^as  a 
historical  Saracen  title,  emir 


amen 

In  every  human  being  there  is  a  wish  to  ameliorate  hl« 
own  condition.  Maeaulaxj,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

Let  it  be  sufhcient  that  you  have  in  8()me  slight  degree 
auieliorated  mankind,  and  d<i  not  think  that  amelioration 
a  matter  of  small  importance. 

Lechj,  Euro]).  Jlorals,  I.  266. 
=  Syn.  Amend,  Improve,  Better,  etc.     i^vameml. 

n.  intrans.  To  grow  better ;  meliorate. 

I  Man]  may  have  been  temporarily  driven  out  of  the 
country  Isouthern  England)  by  the  returning  cold  periods, 
but  w.iulil  llnd  his  way  Ijack  as  the  climate  nnolioratrd. 
Geikif,  Geul.  sketches,  Jt.  45. 


q.  V. ;  Pers.  Hind. 
amir,  <  Ar.  amir,  a  commander,  ruler,  cliief,  no- 
bleman, prince,  <  «;ho™  =  Chal.  o»(ar=Heb.  amelioration  (a-me-lyo-ra'shou),   n.     [=  P- 
amar,  tell,  order,  command.     The  same  word    amelioration;  from  the  verb.]     1.  The  act  of 


ameliorating,  or  the  state  of  being  ameliorated ; 
a  making  or  becoming  better;  improvement; 
melioration. 


occurs  in  aniiral,  now  admiral,  q.  v.]  A  prince, 
lord,  or  nobleman;  a  chief,  governor,  or  one 
having  command ;  specifically,  the  title  of  the 
dominant  ruler  of  Afghanistan. 
ameership,  amirship  (a-mer'sMp),  n.  [<  ameer 
+  -ship.']     The  office  or  dignity  of  ameer. 

The  faithful  ally  of  England,  owing  his  amirship  to  her 
armies.  The  American,  IV.  277. 

Ameiva  (a-mi'va),  n.  [NL.,  fi-om  a  native 
name.]  A  genus  of  small,  inoffensive  lizards, 
the  type  of  the  family  Ameividie,  order  Lacerti- 
lia.  They  are  rather  pretty  animals,  with  a  long  whip-like 
tail,  and  peculiarly  elongated  toes  on  the  hind  feet.  The 
tail  is  covered  with  a  series  of  scales  arranged  in  rings, 
the  ventral  shields  are  broad  and  smooth,  the  teeth  are 
trilobate  and  compressed,  and  the  feet  are  5-toed.    The 

general  color  is  dark  olive  speckled  with  black  on  the  ameliorative  (a-me'lyo-ra-tiv),  a.     [<   amelio- 
...       J..  __.  _ _-  ..„..  .^  _.    ^.^^^^  _j.  _jj,g  J     Producing,  or  having  a  tendency 


Remark  the  unceasing  effort  throughout  nature  at 
somewhat  better  than  the  actual  creatiu-es :  auielioratinn 
in  nature,  which  alone  permita  and  authorizes  avielitn-a- 
tion  in  mankind.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  298. 

The  October  politician  is  so  full  of  charity  and  good- 
nature, that  he  supposes  that  these  very  robbers  and  mur- 
derers themselves  are  in  course  of  amelioration. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace. 

2.  A  thing  wherein  improvement  is  realized ; 
an  improvement.    N.  E.  D. 

The  buildings,  drains,  enclosures,  and  other  ameliora- 
tions which  they  may  either  make  or  maintain. 

Ailam  .Smith,  Wealth  of  Nations  (ed.  1889),  p.  248. 


as, 


nape  of  the  neck;  on  the  sides  are  rows  or  bands  of 

white  spots  edged  with  black.     There  are  many  species, 

occurring  from  Patagonia  to  California  and  Pennsylvania. 

The  abundant  A.  dorsalis  of  Jamaica  is  a  characteristic 

example. 
Ameividee  (a-mi'vi-de),  n.  pi.     [NXi.,  <  Ameiva 

+  -idee]     A  family  of  lizards,  of  the  division 

Fissilinguia  of  the  order  Lacertilia,  naijied  from 

the  genus  Ameiva,  peculiar  to  America.    The  old 

name  Teidce,  or  Teiidoe,  is  an  inexact  synonym.     The  prin- 
cipal genera  are  Teivs,  Ameiva,  and  Crocodilurus.    The  „_,_i„„  ,       '    i      \ 

tegue.xin  monitor,  Tei^is  teguexin,  is  a  characteristic  and  ameiUS  ^am  e-lus; 

well-known  species. 
amelt  (am'el),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  ammel, 

ammcll  (rarely  esmaijle,  after  MF.),  <  ME.  amcU, 

amelle,  amall,  aumayl,  <  AF.  *am<d,  *amail,  OF. 

esmal,  esmail,  later  email,  mod.  F.  email  =  Pr. 

es^natit,  esmalt  =  Sp.  Pg.  cs>«aZfe  =  It.  smalto,<. 

ML.  smaltum.,  enamel,  prob.  <  Teut.  *sm<dt,  any- 
thing melted,  OHG.  MHG.  smalz,  G.  schmalz 

=  OD.  smalt,  melted  grease  or  butter,  <  Teut. 

*smeltan,    OHG.    smeUan,    MHG.    smelscn,    G. 

schmelzen  =  AS.  *smeltan  =  Sw.  smdlta  =  Dan. 

smelte,  melt,  dissolve:  see  smeW^.     In  mod.  use 

only  in  comp.  enamel,  q.  v.]     Enamel  (which 

see). 

Heav'us  richest  diamonds,  set  on  antmel  white. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  x. 
Gardens  of  delight 
Whose  ammell  beds  perfume  the  skie. 

W.  Lisle,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  i.  34.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

amelt  (am'el),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  am- 
mele,  ammell,  <  ME.  amelen,  amilen;  from  the 
noun.]     To  enamel. 

I  ammell  as  a  goldesmythe  dothehis  worke. 

Palsgrave,  p.  426.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

amel-com  (am'el-kom),  n.      [Formerly  also 

amell-corn,  amil-corn  ;  <  G.  amelkorn  (orD.  amel- 

koren),  <  MHG.  amel,  amer,  OHG.  amar,  amel- 
com  (later  associated,  as  in  G.  amelmehl,  D. 

ameldonk,  starch,  with  L.  amylum,  starch:  see 

amyft),  +  koni  —  D.  koren  =  E.  coral.]     The 

seeds  of  a  gi'ass,  Triticum  dicoecum.,  resembling 

spelt,  but  bearing  only  two  grains  in  the  head, 

cultivated  in  Switzerland  for  the  manufacture 

of  starch. 
ameledt  (am'eld),  j*.  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 

ammeled,  ammelled,  <  ME.  amel'ed,  amiled :  pp. 

of  eimel,  v.]     Enameled. 

Achilles'  arms,  eidightened  all  with  stars, 

And  richly  amell'd.  Chapman,  Iliad,  xvi.  123. 

amelett, «.     [,iO'P.ainelcttc,vaoA.  omelette:  see 

omelet.]    A  former  spelling  of  omelet. 
ameli,  n.     Plural  of  amelus. 
amelia  (a-mel'i-ii),  «.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  «-  priv.  + 

/ji>.o<:,  a  limb.]     In  teratol.,  absence  of  limbs. 

See  amelus. 
ameliorable  (a-me'lyo-ra-bl),  o.     [<  ML.  as  if 

"ameliorabilis,  <  amclinrarc:    see  ameliorate.] 

Capable  of  being  ameliorated. 
ameliorate  (.a-me'lyo-rat),  r. ;   pret.   and  pp. 

aiuelioratril,  ppr.  ameliorating.     [<  ML.  umelio- 

ratus,  pp.  of  ameliorare  (>  OP.  ameillorer,  F. 

ameliorcr  ~  Pr.   amilorar  =  IX.  ammiijliorarc), 

become  better,  improve,  <  L.  nrf,  to,  +  LL.  )«(?-  amen  (a'men'),  v.  t.      [<  amen,  udc] 

Korare,  make  better,  meUorate :  see  meliorate.]     ratify  solemnlv ;  say  amen  to;  approve. 

I.  trans.  To  make  better,  or  more  tolerable,        ,  „         , .  ,  "       „    ,      ,    ,   .  ,  ... 

satisfaetorv  nrosnerniis   vip  ■  imnrnvB-  m^Iin  Is  there  a  bishop  on  the  bench  that  has  not  nmcH  J  the 

baiisiULiory,  prosperous,  etc. ,  improve ,  melio-     i,u,„i,„jj  i„  i,is  ia,vu  sleeves,  and  called  a  blessing  over  the 

r^to,  kneeling  pair  of  perjurers?      Thackeray,  Newcomes,  IviL 


to  produce,  amelioration  or  amendment: 
amdioratire  medicines. 
ameliorator  (a-me'lyo-ra-tor),  n.  [<  amelio- 
rate +  -or.]  One  who  or  that  which  amelio- 
rates. 

Our  indefatigable  naturalist  [Darwin]  says  that  this  de- 
spised earth-worm  is  nothing  less  than  an  ameliorator  on 
the  surface  of  the  globe.  Pop.  Sci.  ilo.,  XX.  399. 

n.;  y>\.  ameli  (-Ii).  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a-  priv.  -I-  /ji'Aoc,  a  limb.  Cf.  amelia.]  In 
teratol.,  a  monster  in  which  the  limbs  are  en- 
tu'ely  wanting,  or  are  replaced  by  wart-like 
stumps. 
amen  (a'men',  in  ritual  speech  often  and  in 
singing  always  a'men'),  adv.  or  interj.  and  «. 
[<  ME.  amen,  AS.  amen  =  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  amen 
=  F.  Sp.  Pg.  amen  =  It.  amen,  ammenne,  <  LL. 
amen,  Gr.  aiif/v,  <  Heb.  dnwu,  firm,  true,  faithful ; 
as  a  noun,  certainty,  truth;  as  an  adv.,  cer- 
tainly, verily,  surely,  in  affirmation  or  approval 
of  what  has  been  said  by  another;  <  dman, 
strengthen,  support,  confirm;  cf.  Ar.  dmin, 
trusted,  confided  in.]  I.  adv.  or  interj.  1. 
Verily;  truly:  retained  in  the  Bible  from  the 
original. 

.\11  the  promises  of  God  in  him  [Christ]  are  yea,  and  in 
him  Amen.  2  Cor.  i.  20. 

The  reader  may  see  great  reason  why  we  also  say  Amen, 
Amen,  and  durst  not  translate  it. 

Blieims  N.  T.,  John  viii.  34,  note. 

Amen,  A^nen,  I  say  to  thee,  Except  a  man  be  born  again, 
he  cannot  see  the  kingdom  of  God. 

Bheims  2f.  T.,  John  iii.  2. 

2.  It  is  so;  after  a  prayer  or  wish,  be  it  so:  a 
concluding  formula  used  as  a  solemn  expres- 
sion of  concurrence  in  a  formal  statement  or 
confession  of  faith,  or  in  a  prayer  or  wish. 

I  believe  in  the  Holy  Ghost :  the  holv  Catholic  Church; 
the  conmmnion  of  saints  ;  the  forgiveness  of  sins ;  the  res- 
urrection of  the  body;  and  the  life  everlasting.    Anun. 

Apostles'  Creed. 

One  cried  "God  blessusl"and  ".4»n«H,"  the  other.  .  .  . 

But  wherefore  could  not  I  i)ronounce  amen? 

I  had  most  need  of  blessing,  and  amen 

Stuck  in  my  throat.  .Shak.,  .Macbeth,  ii.  2. 

3.  A  mere  concluding  fonnula. 

And  were  continually  in  the  temple,  praising  and  bless- 
ing God.     Amen.  Luke  xxiv.  63  (end  of  the  book). 

II.  «.  1.  He  who  is  true  and  faitliful:  re- 
tained in  the  Bible  from  the  oi-iginal,  as  a  title 
of  Christ. 

These  things  saith  the  Amen,  the  faithful  and  true  wit- 
ness. Rev.  iii.  14. 

2.  An  e.xpression  of  concurrence  or  assent ;  an 
assertion  of  belief. 


False  doctrine  strangled  by  its  own  amen. 
Mrs.  Broumiwi,  Casa  Guidi  Svindows, 


3.  The  concluding  word  or  act ;  end ; 
sion. 


119. 

conelu- 


That  such  an  act  as  this  should  be  the  amen  of  my  life. 
Bp.  Hall,  Contemplations.  II.  95. 

1.  To 


amen 

2.  To  say  the  last  word  to ;  end;  finish. 
This  very  evening  have  I  amtnd  the  volume. 

Southeii,  Letters  (1812),  H.  281. 
[Rare  in  both  uses.] 
amenability  (a-mo-na^biri-ti),  Ji.      [<  amena- 
ble: S(.'0  -biiitij.']     Ameuablenoss. 

There  w.-ia  about  hitn  a  high  spirit  and  aitu^tmhilitij  Ut 
tlie  point  of  lionor  wliich  years  of  a  don's  life  luid'ncjt 
lirolicn.  It.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  237. 

amenable  (a-me'na-bl),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  uiiivd liable,  iiiiiaiiiablc,  and  eorniptly  amcs- 
nable,  <  !•'.  as  if  "amenable,  <  amcner,  bring  or 
lead,  fetch  in  or  to:  see  amain'^  and  -able.']  1. 
Liable  to  make  answer  or  defense ;  answerable ; 
accountable ;  responsible :  said  of  persons. 

ITlc  80verei).rn  of  thi.s  country  is  notawenable  to  any  form 
of  trial  iiiiown  to  the  laws.  JunUat,  I'ref.  to  Letters. 

We  nnist  hold  a  man  amenable  to  reason  for  the  choice 
of  his  daily  craft  or  profession.     Frnt'i-sun,  .Spiritual  Laws. 

2.  Under  subjection  or  subordination;  liable 
or  exposed,  as  to  authority,  control,  claim,  or 
application:  said  of  persons  or  things :  as,  per- 
sons or  offenses  amenable  to  the  law ;  amenable 
to  criticism. 

The  same  witness  .  .  .  is  (7»u^;i^&ff' to  the  same  imputa- 
tion of  uncandid  .  ,  .  (luotation. 

E.  MMiir,  J'riesthood,  p.  312.    (N.  E.  D.) 

3.  Disposed  or  ready  to  answer,  yield,  or  sub- 
mit, as  to  intiuence  or  adWce ;  submissive. 

Stcrlinjr  .  .  .  always  was  ainenabU  enough  to  counseL 

Carlyle. 

amenableness  (a-me'na-bl-nes),  «.    The  state 
of  being  amenable ;  liability  to  answer;  dispo- 
sition to  respond  to;  tractableness. 
amenably  (a-me'na-bli),  adv.    In  an  amenable 

manner. 
amenaget,  v.  t.  [<  OF.  amenagcr,  earlier  ames- 
nagier,  govern,  rule,  order,  <  a  (L.  ad,  to)  + 
menage,  mesnage,  F.  minage,  household:  see 
manage.']  To  bring  into  a  state  of  subordina- 
tion; manage. 

With  her,  whoso  will  raging  Furor  tame, 
Must  first  begin,  and  well  her  ainenage. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  11. 

amenancet,  ».  [<  OF.  n?Ke«(7«oe,  conducting,  < 
amcner,  bring  or  lead  to,  conduct:  see  amenable 
and  <Tm«/H'-.]  Mien  or  carriage ;  conduct;  be- 
havior. 

With  grave  speech  and  comely  amenaiwe. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  xi.  0. 

amend  (a-mend'),  V.  [<  ME.  amenden,  <  OF. 
amender,'  correct,  amend,  better,  recompense, 
make  amends  for,  mod.  F.  amcuder=  Pr.  emen- 
dar  =  It.  amniendare,  <  L.  emcnddre,  free  fi-om 
fault,  coiTect,  <  c  for  ex,  out  of,  +  menda  or  men- 
diiin,  a  fault,  defect,  blemish  (in  the  body),  a 
fault,  mistake,  error  (in  writing,  etc.),  =  Skt. 
mindd,  a  personal  defect,  prob.  connected  with 
L.  minor,  less:  see  minor,  mimsli,  etc.  Abbr. 
mend;  doublet,  emend,  dii-ectly  from  the  L. :  see 
mend,  emend.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  free  from  faults ; 
make  better,  or  more  correct  or  proper ;  change 
for  the  better ;  correct;  improve;  reform. 

Ainnid'  your  ways  and  your  doings,  and  I  will  cause  you 
to  dwell  in  this  place.  Jer.  vii.  3. 

Thou  hearest  thy  faults  told  thee,  amend  them,  aiiwmi 
them.  Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

It  does  not  require  much  prescience  to  see  that,  whether 
England  does  so  or  not,  the  Americans  will  ere  long  adopt 
an  ajneiided  spelling. 

J.  A.  II.  Murray,  9th  Ann.  Addr.  to  Philol.  .Soc. 

2.  To  make  a  change  or  changes  in  the  form 
of,  as  a  bill  or  motion,  or  a  constitution ; 
properly,  to  improve  in  expression  or  detaU, 
but  by  usage  to  alter  either  in  construction, 
purport,  or  principle. —  3.  To  repair;  mend. 
[Now  rare.]  — 4t.  To  heal  or  recover  (the  sick) ; 
cure  (a  disease).  =  Syn.  Amtnd,  Imprure.  Better, 
Emend,  Mend,  Correct,  Bectiftt,  Jicforin,  Ameliorate. 
Amend  is  generally  to  bring  into  a  more  perfect  state  Ity 
the  removal  of  defects:  as,  to  ameiul  a  record  or  one's 
manner  of  life.  Improve  and  better  ai"e  the  only  words 
in  the  list  that  do  not  necessarily  imply  something  previ- 
ously WTong;  they  may  mean  the  heightening  of  excel- 
lence :  as,  to  improve  land  or  one's  x*cnmanship.  Iletter 
is  also  used  in  the  sense  of  surpass.  Correct  and  recttfit 
are,  by  derivation,  to  make  right ;  they  are  the  most  abso- 
lute, as  denoting  tlie  bringing  of  a  thing  from  an  imper- 
fect state  into  conformity  with  some  stAudard  or  rule : 
as,  to  correct  proof ;  to  rccti.fii  an  error  in  accounts.  To 
mend  is  to  repair  or  restore  that  which  has  become  im- 
paired: as,  to  m^/i(f  a  shoe,  abridge,  etc.  Applied  to  things 
other  than  physical,  it  maybe  e<iuivalent  in  amend:  as, 
to  mend  one's  manners.  Emend  has  especially  the  lim- 
ited meaning  of  restoring  or  attempting  to  restore  the 
text  of  books.  Rc/orni  is  to  fonn  over  again  for  the  bet- 
ter, eitlicr  by  returning  the  thing  to  its  previous  st,ate  or 
by  bringing  it  up  to  a  new  one;  or  it  may  be  to  remove 
by  reform :  as,  to  reform  the  laws ;  to  reform  abuses. 
Ameliorate  is  not  conmionly  applied  to  persons  and  things, 
hut  to  condition  and  kindred  abstractions;  it  expresses 
painstaking  eJfort  followed  by  some  measure  of  success: 
as,  to  ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  poor. 


173 

Sho  beffged  him  forthwith  to  amend  his  ways,  for  the 
sake  of  his  name  and  fame. 

ilotle;/,  Dutch  Kcpublic,  III.  380. 

The  weeds  of  a  field,  which  if  destroyed  and  consumed 

upon  the  place  where  tliey  grow,  enrich  and  imjyrow  it 

more  than  if  none  had  ever  sprung  there.  Staift. 

Striving  to  better,  oft  we  mar  what's  well. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 
The  villainy  you  teach  me  I  will  execute,  and  it  shall  go 
hard  but  I  will  better  the  instructions. 

Sliak.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  1. 
Tlie  text  should  be  emeiuled  so  as  to  read  *'  tetragonus 
sine  vitupcrio,"  a  square  without  a  fault,  which  I  have  no 
doubt  may  be  found  in  some  Latin  Aristotle. 

X.  ami  (J.,  7th  ser.,  I.  6.'.. 
He  that  lacks  time  to  mourn  lacks  time  to  mend  ; 
Kternity  mourns  that. 

Sir  II.  Taylor,  Philip  A'an  Arteveldc,  I.,  i.  4. 
There  are  certain  defects  of  taste  which  correct  them- 
selves by  their  own  extravagance. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  401. 
Refonn'd  my  will,  and  rectify'd  my  thought. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Introd.  to  Immortal,  of  SouL 
Some  men,  from  a  false  persuasion  that  they  cannot  re. 
form  their  lives  and  root  out  tlieir  old  vicious  habits, 
never  so  nmch  as  attempt,  endeavour,  or  go  about  it. 

South. 
It  is  a  cheering  thought  throughout  life,  that  something 
can  be  done  to  ameliorate  the  condition  of  those  who  have 
been  subject  to  the  hard  usages  of  the  world. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  470. 
II,  intrans.  1 .  To  grow  or  become  better  liy 
reformation,  or  by  rectifying  something  wrong 
in  manners  or  morals. 

Anything  that's  mended  is  but  patched :  virtue  that 
transgresses  is  liut  patched  with  sin  ;  and  sin  tliat  amendx 
is  but  patched  with  "virtue.  Shak.,  T.  >'.,  i.  5. 

2.  To  become  better  (in  health) ;  recover  from 

illness. 

Tlien  enquired  he  of  them  the  hour  when  he  began  to 
amend.  And  they  said  unto  him.  Yesterday  at  the  sev- 
enth hour  the  fever  left  him.  John  iv.  52. 

amend  (a-mond'),  n.  [Sing,  of  aintnd.s,  q.  v.] 
Compensation :  generally  used  in  the  plural. 
See  amends. 

And  80  to  Finland's  sorrow 
The  sweet  amend  is  made. 

Whittier,  t'onquest  of  Finland. 

amendable  (a-men'da-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  amend- 
able, <  OF.  aniendablej  K.  L.  cmcnddbilis,  <  cmcii- 
dare,  correct:  see  amend,  v.,  and  cf.  cmendahlc.'] 
Capable  of  being  amended  or  corrected :  as,  an 
amendable  "writ  or  error. 

amendatory  (a-men'da-to-ri),  a.  [<.amend  + 
-at-orij,  like  emendato'hj,'<,  LL.  emendatoriu.i, 
corrective.]  Supplying  or  containing  amend- 
ment; corrective. 

I  presume  this  is  an  omission  by  mere  oversight,  and  I 
reconmiepd  that  it  be  supplied  by  an  amendatory  or  sup- 
plemental act.  Lliwoln,  in  Raymond,  ji.  1S4. 

amende  (a-mend';  F.  prou.  a-moud'),  ;;.  [F., 
a  fine,  a  penalty,  amends:  see  amends.']  1.  A 
pecuniary  punishment  or  fine. — 2.  A  recanta- 
tion or  reparation — Amende  honoralile,  in  am: 

French  law,  a  ]iuldic  confession  and  iil'oli'gy  made,  under 
certain  hujniliating  conditions,  liy  pcrst.nis  convicted  of 
otTenses  against  law,  morality,  or  religion.  It  is  thus  de- 
fined by  Cotgrave  :  *'.\most  ignominious  pmiishment  in- 
flicted upon  an  extreani  offender,  who  must  go  through 
the  streets  barefoot  and  bareheaded  (with  a  burning  link 
in  his  hand)  unto  the  seat  of  justice,  or  some  such  publick 
jdace,  and  there  confess  his  ottence,  and  ask  fcugiveness  of 
the  party  he  hath  wronged."  It  was  abolished  in  1701,  re- 
introduced in  cases  of  sacrilege  in  1826,  and  finally  abro- 
gated in  1830.  Tlie  phrase  now  signifies  any  open  apologj- 
and  reparation  to  an  injured  person  forimproper  language 
or  treatment. 

She  was  condemned  to  make  the  amende  honorable,  that 

is,  to  confess  her  delinquency,  at  the  end  of  a  public  I'e- 

ligious  procession,  witii  a  lighted  taper  in  her  hand,  and 

to  be  imprisoned  during  the  pleasure  of  the  K  ing  of  France. 

Miss  Strickland,  Queens  of  Eng.,  Henrietta  M.aria. 

amender  (a-men'dir),  n.    One  who  amends. 

We  find  this  digester  of  codes,  amender  of  laws,  .  .  . 
permitting  .  .  .  one  of  the  most  atrocious  acta  of  oppres- 
sion. Brougham. 
amendfult  (a-mend'ful),  a.     [<  amend  +  -ful.] 
Full  of  amendment  or  improvement. 

Your  most  amendful  and  mimatched  fortunes. 

Fletcher  (and  others).  Bloody  Brother,  iil.  1. 

amendment  (a-mend'ment),  «.  [<  ME.  amende- 
>«<«/,< OF.  amendement,i amender:  seeanwnd,  v., 
and  -meiit.]  1.  The  act  of  freeing  from  faults; 
the  act  of  making  better,  or  of  changing  for  the 
ijotter;  correction;  improvement;  reformation: 
as,  "amendment  of  life,"  Hooker. 

Her  works  are  so  perfect  that  there  is  no  place  for 
amendments.  Bay,  Lreation. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming  better,  or  the  state  of 
]ia%nng  become  better;  specifically,  recovery 
of  liealth. 

Your  honour's  players,  hearing  your  amendment. 
Are  come  to  play  a  pleasant  comedy. 

S/ia*.,T.  of  theS.,  Ind.  2. 

3.  In  deliberative  assemblies,  an  alteration  pro- 
posed to  be  made  in  the  draft  of  a  bill,  or  in  the 


ament 

terms  of  a  motion  underdi.scussion.  Any  such  al- 
teration is  termed  an  amendment,  even  when  its  effect  is 
entirely  to  reverse  the  sense  of  the  original  bill  or  mo- 
tion. 

4.  An  alteration  of  a  legislative  or  deliberative 
act  or  in  a  constitution ;  a  cliange  made  in  a 
law,  either  by  way  of  coiTCction  or  addition. 
Amendments  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  may 
be  proposed  by  a  majority  of  two  thirds  of  both  houses  of 
Congress,  or  by  a  convention  summoned  by  Congress  on 
the  application  of  the  legislatures  of  two  thirds  of  the 
States,  and  enacted  l)y  their  ratification  by  the  legisla- 
tures of  three  fourths  of  the  States,  or  by  conventions  in 
three  fourths  of  them,  as  Congress  may  determine. 

5.  In  law,  the  correction  of  an  error  in  a  >vrit, 
record,  or  other  judicial  document. —  6t.  Com- 
pensation; reparation.  CViaMCcr,  Reeve's  Tale. 
=  S3T1. 1.  Emendation, betterment. — 2.  Heforin,ctc.  See 
reformation. 

amendment-monger  (a  -  mend '  ment  -  mung  "- 
ger),  H.  Uue  "ivho  makes  a  business  of  suggest- 
ing and  urging  constitutional  amendments:  a 
term  especially  applied  in  United  States  history 
to  the  Anti-Federalists. 

amends  (a-mendz'),  «.  ])l.  [<  ME.  amendes, 
amendis,  always  in  plural,  <  OF.  amendes,  pi.  of 
amende,  a  penalty,  a  fine,  mulct,  mod.  F.  amende 
(ML.  amenda),  <  amender:  see  amend,  v.]  1. 
Compensation  for  a  loss  or  injury ;  recompense ; 
satisfaction;  equivalent. 

Yet  thus  far  fortune  maketh  us  amends. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  Iv.  7. 

Finding  amends  for  want  and  obscurity  in  books  and 
thoughts.  '  hmerson.  Burns. 

2t.  Recovery  of  health ;  amendment. 

Now,  Lord  be  thanked  for  my  good  amends  ! 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  2. 

amendsfult  (a-mendz'fiil),  a.  [< amends  +  -ful.] 
Making  amends  ;  gi'ving  satisfaction.  Vhap- 
maii. 

amene  (a-men' ),  a.  [<  ME.  amene,  <  OP.  "amene 
(in  adv.  amenement),  <  L.  ameenus,  pleasant, 
connected  with  amare,  love:  see  amiable,  amor, 
amour.]    Pleasant;  agreeable.     [Rare.] 

The  amene  delta  of  the  lovely  Niger. 

It.  V.  Burton,  Abbeokuta,  I.  i. 

amenity  (a-men'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  amenities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  ameniti',<.  L.  amceiiita(t-)s,<.  amanus,  pleas- 
ant: see  amene.]  1.  The  quality  of  being 
pleasant  or  agreeable  in  situation,  prospect, 
climate,  temper,  disposition,  manners,  etc. ; 
pleasantness;  pleasingness ;  an  affable  manner. 

-After  .  .  .  discovering  places  which  were  so  full  of 
amenity  that  melancholy  itself  ctmld  not  but  change  its 
lunnor  as  it  gazed,  the  followers  of  Calvin  planted  them- 
selves on  the  banks  of  the  river  May. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  55. 

Roman  childishness  seems  to  me  so  intuitively  connected 
with  Roman  amenity,  urbanity,  and  general  gracefulness, 
that,  for  myself,  I  should  be  sorry  to  Lay  a  tax  on  it,  lest 
these  other  commo<lities  shoidd  also  cease  to  come  to 
market.  //.  Jamet,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  115. 

2.  That  ■which  is  agreeable  or  pleasing. 

The  suburbs  are  large,  the  prospects  sweete,  with  other 
amcniticit,  not  omitting  the  flower  gardens. 

Evelyn,  Diarj-,  Oct.  17,  1671. 

Amenity  damages,  in  Great  Britain,  damages  given  for 
the  defacement  of  grounds,  especially  around  dwelling- 
houses,  or  for  annoyance  or  loss  of  amenity,  caused  by  the 
building  of  a  railway,  con.stniction  of  puldic  works,  etc. 

amenorrhea,  araenorrhoea  (a-men-o-re'a),  ». 
[NL.  amcnoirhera,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  fifiv,  month 
(pi.  ff/vec,  menses),  -1-  pola.  a  flow,  <  pelv,  flow.] 
A  suppression  of  menses,  especially  from  other 

causes  tlian  age  or  pregnancy. 

amenorrheal,  amenorrhoeal  (a-men-o-re'al), 

a.     Pertaining  to  or  produced  by  amenorrhea : 

as,  amenorrheal  insanity. 
amenorrbeic,  amenorrhoeic  (a-men-o-re'ik), 

(I.     [<  ninciiorrheii.]     Same  as  amenorrheal. 
a  mensa  et  thoro  (a  men'sa  et  tho'ro).    [L. :  d 

for «'i, from;  mciwo, abl. of  »nc««(7,  table ;  cf, and; 

thoro,  abl.  of  thorns  (^rop. 

toni.'i;,  bed:     see    torus.] 

From  board  and  bed:  in 

la  w,  a  phrase  descriptive  of 

a  kind  of  divorce  in  which 

the  husliand  continues  to 

maintain  the  wife,  and  the 

marriage-bond  is  not  dis- 
solved :    now    superseded 

by  a    decree   of   judicial 

separation, 
ament  (am'ent),  H.     [<  L. 

amentum,  a  strap  or  thong, 

esp.  on  missile  weapons;      ,„„      ,^  ,     .      ... 

,*^  ,  ,  .    •  Willow  (Sattx  /ra£i/u). 

also,  rarclV,  a  Shoe-Stnng;     with  xsar^u  Bowers,  male 

<  OL.  apere,  bind,  fasten,    <i'<,PJJ,'fi^'^.'  »""'  "°^' 
>  L.  aptus,  apt :  see  apt.] 
In  bot.,  a  kind  of  inflorescence  consisting  of 
unisexual  apetalous    flowers  growing  in  the 


ament 

axils  of  Bcaloa  or  bracts  ranged  alouR  a  stalk 
or  axis ;  a  catkin.  The  true  nnifiit  or  ratkin  is  artic- 
ulated with  the  bninch  and  is  deciduous;  it  is  well  seen 
in  the  intloresccnce  i)f  the  l)irch,  willow,  and  poplar,  and 
in  the  staniinate  intloresccnce  of  the  oak,  walnut,  and 
lia/el.     Also  WTitten  amentum. 

amenta,  n.     Plural  of  amentum. 

Amentacese  (ain-on-ta'se-e),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L. 
ameiituni :  soo  amcnt  and  -«<•«(■.]  A  general 
term  for  plants  whose  Howers  are  arranged  in 
an  ament  or  catkin,  formerly  considered,  luider 
various  limitations,  as  forming  a  natural  group, 
but  separated  by  later  botanists  into  several  dif- 
ferent orders,  "as  CiipuliJ'erw,  Salicacete,  PJata- 
vncc(r,  Mijricariir,  etc. 

amentaceous  (ain-eu-ta'shius). «.  [< NL.  amen- 
tucciDi :  see  unicnt  and  -«ceo«.s.]  In  hot.:  {a) 
Consisting  of  or  resembling  an  ament :  as,  an 
nwcntaccoHs  inflorescence,  (ft)  Bearing aments : 
as,  rt»H'Hf(jrt<)K.9  plants. 

amental  (a-men'tal),  a.  [<  ament  +  -al.J  Per- 
taining to  or  ha^Tiig  aments  or  catkins. 

amentia  (a-men'shiii),  II.  [L..  TTant  of  reason, 
<.  amcii{t-).'i,  out  of  one's  mind,  <(?forfl6,  from, -h 
men(t-)s,  mind:  see  mental.  Cf.  dementia.'\  Im- 
becility of  mind ;  idiocy  or  dotage.  Formerly 
sometimes  called  amenty. 

amentiferous  (am-en-tif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  amen- 
tum (see  amoii)  +  J'erre  =  E.  jearl.]     Bearing 

.  catkins.     .Y.  £.  J). 

amentiform  (a-men'ti-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  amen~ 
turn  (see  anient)  +  forma,  form.]  In  the  form 
of  an  ament  or  catkin. 

amentum  (a-men'tum),  ?!.;  pi.  amenta  (-ta). 
[L.:  see  anient.}  1.  Same  as  anient. —  2.  An- 
ciently, a  strap  secured  to  the  shaft  of  a  javelin, 
to  aid  the  thrower  in  giving  it  force  and  aim. 

amentyt  (a-men'li),  H.     See  amentia. 

amenuset,  i'-     The  earlier  form  of  aminish. 

amerce  (a-mers'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  amerced, 
ppr.  amercing.  [<  ME.  amcrcen,  aniercien,  <  AF. 
amercier,  fine,  mulct,  first  as  pp.  in  the  phrase 
cstre  amercie,  •svhich  is  due  to  the  earlier  phrase 
cstre  a  merci,  be  at  the  mercy  of,  i.  e.,  as  to 
the  amount  of  the  fine:  see  mercy.']  1.  To 
punish  by  an  arbitrary  or  discretionary  fine  : 
as,  the  court  amerced  the  defendant  in  the  sum 
of  SIOO. 

But  I'll  amerce  you  "with  so  strong  a  fine, 
That  you  shall  all  repent  the  loss  of  mine. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  punish  by  inflicting  a  penalty  of  any 
kind,  as  by  depriving  of  some  right  or  privilege, 
or  entailing  some  loss  upon. 

Millions  of  spirits  for  his  fault  amerced 

(If  heaven.  Hilton,  P.  L.,  i.  609. 

Shall  l>e  by  him  amearst  with  penance  dew. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  l.xx. 

amerceable  (a-mer'sa-bl),  a.  [<  amerce  +  -able.'] 
Liable  to  amercement.  Also  written  amercia- 
hk. 
amercement  (a-mers'ment), )!.  [<  ME.  amerci- 
mcnt,  aim  r.irniriit,  amcrciment,  <  AF.  amerci- 
mcnt,  amcrcliienunt  (>  JIL.  amcrciameiitinn,  >E. 
amerciament),  <  amercier,  amerce  :  see  amerce.] 
1.  The  act  of  amercing,  or  the  state  of  being 
amerced. —  2.  In  laic,  a  pecuniary  penalty  in- 
flicted on  an  offender  at  the  discretion  of  the 
court.  It  differs  from  a.jinf,  in  that  the  latter  is.  or  was 
originally,  a  tlxed  and  certain  sum  prescribed  by  statute 
for  an  offense,  while  an  amercement  is  arbitrary.  The 
fixing  or  assessment  of  the  amount  of  an  amercement 
is  called  afeennent. 

They  likewise  laid  amercements  of  seventy,  fifty,  or 
thirty  pounds  of  tobacco,  as  the  cause  was,  on  every  law 
case  throughout  thA  coimtrj'.    Beverley,  Virginia,  i.  '^  93. 
[He]  mute  in  misery,  eyed  my  masters  here 
Motionless  till  the  authoritative  word 
Pronounced  aniereement. 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  I.  ^12^. 

Also  wi-itten  amerciament. 
Amercement  royal,  in  Great  Britain,  a  penalty  imposed 
(111  an  utlicer  for  a  misdemeanor  in  his  office. 

amercer  (a-mer'ser),  «.     One  who  amerces. 

amerciable  (a-mer'si-a-bl),  a.  Same  as  amerce- 
able. 

amerciament  (a-mer'si-a-ment),  n.  Same  as 
aniercdncnt. 

American  (a-mer'i-kan),  a.  and  «.  [=  F. 
Americain  =zhp.  Pg.  It.  Americano  =  'D.  Aineri- 
haan,  n.,  Amerikaansch,  a.,  =  G.  Amerikaner,  n., 
Amerikaniscli,  a.,  =Dan.  Amrrikaner,  n.,  Anieri- 
Icansk,  a.,  =  Sw.  Amerikan,  n.,  Amerikansk,  a., 
<  NL.  Americanu.s,  <  America,  so  named  fi'om 
Americtis  Vesputius,  Latinized  form  of  Amerigo 
Vespucci.]  I,  a.  1.  Pertaining tothe western 
hemisphere ;  belonging  to  or  situated  in  either 
North  or  South  America :  as,  the  Amazon  and 
other  American  rivers. — 2.  In  a  more  restricted 
sense,  pertaining  to  the  Unite<l  States:  as,  an 


174 
American  citizen. —American  alcomoque,leatlier, 

OrsaHjete.  Seethenouns.  —  American  aloe,    ^e*-  .ifiure. 

—American bowls,  same  is  /1//1.7  i«>.— Amertcanln- 
dlans.  .Sec  /;irf"/;i.— American  party,  in  I',  .v.  Iiisi.,  a 
political  party  which  caiiic  iiitu  piouiiiniict'  in  ls.^i;j.  Its 
fundamental  principle  was  tliat  the  ;;overnment  of  the 
country  should  lie  in  the  hands  of  native  citi2ciis.  At  first 
it  was  organized  as  a  secret,  oath-bound  fraternity;  ami 
from  tln^r  i)rofession8  of  ignorance  in  regard  to  it,  its 
niembei-3  received  the  name  of  Know-nothings.  Ignor- 
ing the  shivery  (luestion,  it  gained  control  of  the  govern- 
ments of  si-veral  Northern  and  Simtliern  .States  in  1»34  and 
ISo^,  anil  noiiiinated  a  jiresidential  ticket  in  1856;  but  it 
disappeared  ationt  1S5U,  its  .Northern  adherents  becoming 
Republicans,  while  most  of  its  Southern  members  joined 
the  short-lived  Constitutional  I'nion  iiarty.  .\n  antima- 
sonic  party  of  the  same  name  appeared  in  1875,  but  gained 
very  few  votes.    .See  y alive  Ameriean party,  below. 

It  appeared  in  this,  as  in  most  other  Free  States,  that 
the  decline  or  dissolution  of  the  American,  or  Killinore, 
parly  inured  mainly  to  the  benefit  of  the  triimiphant 
i>emocracy.  //.  Greeley,  Anier.  Conflict,  I.  300, 

American  plan,  the  method  of  hotel  management  com- 
mon in  the  United  States,  which  is  based  upon  the  pay- 
ment ity  guests  of  a  fixed  sum  per  diem  covering  all  ordi- 
nary chiu-ges  for  room,  food,  and  attendance.  See  Euro- 
pean plan, under  European. — American  system,  a  name 
originally  used  for  the  principle  of  ].r"teetion  by  means 
of  high  tarilf  duties  in  the  United  States,  as  intended  to 
countervail  the  unfavorable  commercial  regulations  of 
European  countries,  or  to  promote  American  as  against 
European  interests.— Native  American  party,  in  U.  S. 
hijft.,  an  organization  based  on  ln'stility  to  the  participa- 
tion of  foreign  immigrants  in  American  politics,  and  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  formed  about  1842.  In  1844 
it  carried  the  city  elections  of  New  York  and  Philadel- 
phia, and  elected  a  number  of  Congressmen.  It  g<ained 
no  further  successes,  and  disappeared  within  a  few  years, 
after  occasioning  destructive  riots  against  Roman  Cath- 
olics in  Philadelphia  and  other  places. 

n.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  western 
hemisphere,  or,  specifically,  of  North  America: 
originally  applied  to  the  aboriginal  races  dis- 
covered by  the  Europeans,  but  now  to  the  de- 
scendants of  Europeans  bom  in  America,  and, 
in  the  most  restricted  or  popular  sense,  to  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States. 
Americanism  (a-mer'i-kan-izm),  n.  [<  Ameri- 
can + -ism.]  1.  Devotion  to  or  preference  for 
the  United  States  and  their  institutions ;  prefer- 
ence for  whatever  is  American  in  this  sense ; 
the  exhibition  of  such  preference. — 2.  The  con- 
dition of  being  a  citizen  of  the  L'nited  States. 

Great-grandfathers  of  those  living  Americans,  whose 
Americanisni  did  not  begin  within  the  last  half  century. 
The  Century,  XXVII.  678. 

3.  A  custom,  trait,  or  thing  peculiar  to  Amer- 
ica or  Ameiicaus;  in  general,  any  distinctive 
characteristic  of  American  Ufe,  thought,  litera- 
ture, etc. 

I  hate  this  shallow  Americanism  which  hopes  to  get 
rich  by  credit,  to  get  knowledge  by  raps  on  midnight 
tables,  to  learn  the  economy  of  the  mind  by  phrenology, 
or  skill  without  study.  Emerson.  Success. 

4.  A  word,  a  phrase,  or  an  idiom  of  the  Eng- 
lish language  which  is  now  peculiar  to  or  has 
originated  in  the  United  States. 

Many  so-called  Americanisms  are  good  old  English. 

Da  vies.  Sup.  Eng.  Gloss. 

Americanist  (a-mer'i-kan-ist),  n.  [<  American 
+  -ist :  =  F.  Americaniste  =  Sp.  Pg.  America- 
nista.]  One  devoted  to  the  study  of  subjects 
specially  relating  to  America. 

As  distinguished  from  an  American,  an  Americanist  is 
a  person  of  an.v  nation  who  prominently  interests  himself 
in  the  study  of  subjects  relating  to  America. 

TIte  American,  VII.  6. 

Americanization (a-mer  i-kan-i-za'shon),  n. 
[<  Americanize  -f-  -ation.]  The  act  or  process 
of  Americanizing,  or  of  being  Americanized. 

It  has  come  to  be  the  custom  to  characterize  as  an 
Americanization  the  dreaded  overgrowth  and  permeation 
by  realism  of  European  ci\ilization,andthe  rapidly  grow- 
ing preponderance  of  manufacturing  industry. 

Pop.  Set.  Mo.,  XIII.  395. 

Americanize  (a-mer'i-kan-iz),  r.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  Anicricani-ed,  ppr.  Americanizing.  [<  Ameri- 
can +  -ize.]  1.  To  render  American  in  char- 
acter; assimilate  to  the  customs  and  institu- 
tions of  the  United  States. 

It  is  notorious  that,  in  the  United  States,  the  descen- 
dants of  the  immigrant  Irisli  lose  their  Celtic  aspect,  and 
become  Americanized.        U.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  82. 

The  line  of  argument  has  been  adopted  by  the  right 
honourable  gentleman  opposite  with  regard  to  what  he 
terms  americanizinfj  the  institutions  of  the  coimtry. 

Gladstone. 

2.  To  naturalize  in  the  United  States.    [Rare.] 
Americomania  (a-mer"i-k6-ma'ni-a),  n.     [< 
America  -f-  mania.]      A  crazo  for  whatever  is 
.iVmerican.     [Rare.] 

llieir  Americomania  he  seems  to  consider  a  criminal 
heresy.  Monthly  Rev..  XXVII.  527.     (.V.  E.  P.) 

ameristic  (am-e-ris'tik),  n.  [<  6r.  a-  priv.  4- 
fiepioTOc,  divided,  di\'isible,  verbal  adj.  of  fepi- 
(civ,  divide,  <  fiipor,  a  part.]     In  ro67.,  not  di- 


ametrometer 

vided  into  parts;  unsegmented:  distinguished 
both  iiom  eumeristic  and  di/smeristic :  as,  "om- 
erixtic  flukes,"  E.  Jt.  Lankester,  Encye.  Brit., 
XII.  .-).i.5. 

amest,  «.    Same  as  amice. 

ames-acet,  ».     See  amlies-ace. 

amesst,  "•     Same  as  amice. 

Ametabola  (am-e-tab'o-la),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
u//r7iJ,io> or, unchangeable:  seeametaboloux.]  In 
:o<il.,  insects  which  do  not  undergo  metamor- 
phosis. In  Macleay's  system  of  classification,  a  term 
borrowed  from  W.  E.  Leach  to  designate  a  subclass  of  In- 
seeta  by  which  the  myriapodous,  thy.sanurous,  and  anoplu- 
rous  "insects"  should  be  collectively  contrasted  with  the 
true  insects,  which  undergo  metamorphosis,  ilyriapods 
being  excluded  from  the  class  Iivecta.  and  lice  iicing  lo- 
cated with  insects  that  are  not  thoronghly  ameUibolous, 
Ametabola  is  by  some  authors  restricted  to  the  eoUcm- 
bolous  and  thysanurous  insects.  Tlte  term  is  correlated 
with  Ilemimetabola  and  with  Mctahota. 

M'Leay  has  formeil  them  [MjTiapoda]  into  two  orders. 
Chilopoda  and  Chilognatha.  raising  them,  together  with 
the  two  other  orders,  Thysannra  and  Anoplura  (or  I'ara- 
sita,  Latr.),  and  certain  annulated  vermes,  into  a  distinct 
class,  to  which  he  applied  the  name  of  Ametabola,  which 
Leach  had  proposed  only  for  the  spring-tailed  insects  and 
lice.      J.  O.  Westwood,  in  Cuvier's  Regne  Animal  (trans.), 

[1849,  p.  483. 

ametabolian  (a-met-a-bo'li-an),  a.  and  n.    I. 
a.  In  zoiil.,  relating  or  pertaining  to  the  Ame- 
tabola. 
II.  n.  One  ot  the  Ametabola. 

ametabolic  (a-met-a-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  auera- 
lio'/.oc,  unchangeable  (see  ametaholoun) ;  or  <  n-18 
+  metabolic.]  Not  subject  to  metamorphosis. 
Applied  to  those  insects,  such  as  lice,  which  do  not  pos- 
sess wings  when  perfect,  and  which  do  not,  therefore,  pass 
through  any  well-marked  metamorphosis. 

ametabolous  (am-e-tab'o-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/u- 
7(iio/oc,  unchangeable,  <  a-  priv.  -1-  furraSo/.o^, 
changeable:  see  Mctabola.]  Ametabolic ;  not 
subject  to  metamorphosis. 

In  the  series  of  ametabolous  insects  there  are  some  with 
masticatory,  others  with  suctorial,  mouths. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  365. 

ametallOUS  (a-met'al-us),  a.  [<Gr.  a- priv.  -I- 
utra'/'/ov,  mine  (taken  as  'metal':  see  metal), 
+  -oii.-^.]     Non-metallic.     JN'.  E.  D.     [Rare.] 

amethodical  (am-e-thod'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (((-18)  +  methodical,  q.  v.  Cf.  Gr.  afii- 
fedof,  without  method.]  Unmethodical;  irreg- 
ular; without  order.     Bailey.     [Rare.] 

amethodistt  (a-meth'o-dist),  H.  [<Gr.  li-priv. 
(r,.l8)  +  methodi-st,  q.  V. ;  or  directly  <  Gr.  duf- 
Oodoi:,  without  method  (<  a-  priv.  +  /liOoiof, 
method),  +  -ist.]  One.  especially  a  physician, 
who  follows  no  regular  method;  a  quack:  as, 
"empirical!  amethodists,"  Whitloek,  Manners  of 
EngUsh,  p.  89. 

amethyst  (am'f-thist),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  ame- 
thi.^t,  ainiti.^t,  ainati.):t  (also  ainate-^,  amatite.i).<. 
ME.  amatist,  ametist,  -istc,  <  OF.  amatiste.  ame- 
tiste,  mod.  F.  amethyste  =  Pr.  amethysta  =  Sp. 
amatista,  ameti.'tta.  -to  =  Pg.  amethysta,  ame- 
tista,  -to  =  It.  amatista  =  D.  ametist.  -thist,  -thyst 
=  G.  amethyst  =  Sw.  ametist  =  Dan.  ametyst,  < 
L.  amethystiis.  <  Gr.  auithvro^,  the  precious 
stone  amethyst,  also  the  name  of  a  plant,  both 
so  called  because  supposed  to  be  remedial 
against  druukeniiess,<aufft'<iroc,  adj.,  not  drunk- 
en, <  a- priv.  +  "jiefh'tmic,  verbal  adj.  of  fietfieiv, 
be  drunken,  <  fieln<,  strong  drink.  =  E.  mead^,  q. 
V.  ]  1 .  A  violet-blue  or  pirrple  variety  of  quartz, 
the  color  being  perhaps  due  to  the  presence  of 
peroxid  of  iron,  it  generally  occurs  crystallized  in 
six-sided  prisms  or  pyramids;  also  in  rolled  fragments, 
composed  of  imperfect  prismatic  crystals.  Its  fractTire  is 
conchoidal  or  splinterj'.  It  iswTought  into  various  articles 
of  jewelrj*.  The  finest  amethysts  come  from  India,  Ceylon, 
and  Brazil. 

2.  In  her.,  the  color  purple  when  described  in 
blazoning  a  nobleman's  escutcheon.  See  tinc- 
ture.—  3.  The  name  of  a  humming-bird.  Calli- 
plilox  amethystina — Oriental  amethyst,  a  rare  \io- 
let-colored  gem,  a  variety  of  alumina  or  corundum,  of  ex- 
traordinary brilliancy  and  beauty ;  amethystine  sapphire. 

amethystine  (am-e-this'tin).  a.  [<  L.  amc- 
thystinus,  <  Gr.  a/iefHarivoc,  <  ifiidivroc:,  ame- 
thyst: see  amethyst.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling amethyst;  of  the  color  of  amethyst; 
purple;  violet,  .^^nciently  applied  to  a  garment  of  the 
color  of  amethyst,  as  distinguished  from  the  Tyrian  and 
hyacinthine  purple. 

Trembling  water-drops, 
That  glimmer  with  an  amethystine  light. 

'Brtjant,  Winter  Piece. 

2.  Composed  of  amethyst:  as,  an  amethystine 
cup. 

ametrometer  (am-c-trom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr. 
a/irrpoc,  irregular  (<(i-priv.  +  fjerpov,  measure), 
-i-  fdrpov,  measiu'c]  An  instniment  used  in 
the  diagnosis  of  ametropia,  consisting  of  two 
lamps   arranged  upon  a  bar,  and  capable  of 


ametrometer 

adjustment,  to  test  the  dcgi'oo  of  rofrantion  in 
Iho  patient's  siglit. 

ametropia  (ain-e-tro'iii-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  auc- 
Tpix;,  iiTefjular,  +  wi/'  ("''-),  eye-]  A  condition 
of  tlio  eye  wliifh  is  iibnonnal  with  rcspeet  to 
ri'fraetion  :  thv  opyiositi}  of  cmnielropia.  Itconi- 
]iris('S  niyoi)ia,  lij-pennetropia,  presbyopia,  and 
iistifimatisni.     See  these  words. 

ametropic  (am-e-trop'ik),  «.  Pertaining  to  or 
in'oiltici'il  t)y  ametropia. 

ametrous  (a-mo'trus),  «.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
^vr/)a,  uterus :  see  matrix.']  In  ^m^o?.,  without 
a  uterus.     Si/d.  Soc.  L<:x. 

amevet,  ''.     Same  as  rtwoi'fl. 

amgarn  (am'garn),  H.  [W.  amgarn,  a  ferrule.] 
In  arcliaiil.,  a  l<ind  of  celt  supposed  to  have 
served  as  the  ferrule  of  a  spear-shaft,  such  iclts 
coinniDnly  have  a  Inop  im  (m»:  siue,  and  in  some  instances 
a  rin^'  has  been  lound  passing  throuf^ll  the  h)()p. 

Amharic  (am-har'ik),  n.  [<  Amhnra,  the  cen- 
tral (li\ision  of  Abyssinia.]  The  modem  culti- 
vated language  of  Abyssinia. 

Amharic  .  .  .  has  lieen  since  A.  D.  1300  the  language 
of  the  Court  and  Nobles  [of  Abyssinia]. 

R.  JV.  Oust,  Mod.  Langs,  of  Africa,  p.  88. 

Amherstia  (am-hers'ti-ji),  II.  [NL.,  named  in 
honor  of  Countess  Amiirrst,  a  zealous  promoter 
of  liotauy.  ]  A  leguminous  arboreous  genus  of 
Burmese  plants,  of  a  single  species,  A.  7iol)ilis, 
with  very  large  flowers,  bright  venniliou  spot- 
ted with  yellow,  in  long  pendulous  racemes. 
The  flowers  are  considered  sacred,  and  are  laid  as  an 
offering  before  the  shrines  of  BiUUlha. 

Amia  (am'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iifiia,  a  kind  of 
tunny  (see  def.);  applied  by  Linnaeus  to  an 
American  genus.]  1.  A  genus  of  ganoid  fishes, 
typical  of  the  family  AmiidcE,  Amia  culva  being 
the  only  extant  species,  it  iidiabits  the  fresh  waters 
of  North  America,  ami  is  known  as  the  howfin,  dogfish, 
mudtlsh,  lawyer,  hrindle,  grindle,  and  Jolin  A.  Grindle. 
The  llsh  known  as  amia  to  the  ancients  was  a  very  iiirt:er- 
ent  one.  .Mso  called  Ainiiitn.'i.  See  cut  under  Auu\d<v. 
2.  Agenusofacanthopterygian  fishes:  synony- 
mous with  Apogon.    Grnnovius. 

amiability  (a"mi-a-biri-ti),  n.  [<  amiable:  see 
-biiitij.  Of.  OF.  amiablctc.i  1.  The  (juality  of 
being  amiable ;  excellence  of  disposition;  amia- 
bleness. 

Suetonius  mentions,  as  an  instance  of  the  aniiabiUttf  of 
Titus,  that  he  was  accustomed  to  jest  with  the  people 
during  the  combats  of  tlie  gladiators. 

Leckii,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  :i04, 

2.  liovableness ;  amability.     jV.  E.  D. 
amiable  (a'mi-a-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  amiable,  amyable, 
aiiiiiablc,  <  OF.  aimiabic,  amiable,  amiaule,  ami- 
able, lovely,  friendly,  <  LL.  amicabilis  (>  E. 
amicable),  friendly,  <  L.  amicare,  make  frien<lly, 

<  amicus,  a  friend,  jiroj).  an  adj.,  friendly,  lo\-ing, 

<  amare,  love:  see  amor,  amour,  etc.  The  sense 
'lovable,  lovely'  is  due  to  a  confusion  with  F. 
aimable,  OF.  amablc,  <  L.  amabilis,  lovable,  love- 
ly, <  amare,  as  above.]  1.  Friemlly;  kindly; 
amicable. 

Lay  an  amiable  siege  to  the  honesty  of  this  Ford's  wife. 

Shak.,  Jl.  W.  of  \V.,  ii.  2. 

That  foreign  eccentricity  to  which  their  nation  is  so 

amiahte.  Ilowrlls,  A  Foregone  Conclusion,  p.  72. 

2.  Exciting  or  tending  to  excite  love  or  delight ; 
lovable;  lovely;  beautiful;  delightful;  pleas- 
ing. 

How  amiable  are  thy  tabernacles,  4)  I.ord.    I's.  Ixxxiv.  1. 

No  company  can  be  more  amiahte  than  that  of  men  of 
sense  who  are  soldiers.  Steele,  Spect4itor,  No.  152. 

I  found  my  wife  and  daughter  well,  the  latter  grown 
(juite  a  woman,  with  many  amialtle  accomplishments  ac- 
quired in  my  absence.  Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  314. 

3.  Specifically,  possessing  or  exhibiting  agree- 
able moral  qualities,  as  sweetness  of  temper, 
kind-heartedness,  and  the  like;  having  an  ex- 
cellent ilisposition:  as,  an amiaft/e girl;  an«»ij- 
able  dispositicm. 

This  [word]  and  "  lovely  "  have  been  so  far  differentiated 
that  amiat}le  never  expresses  now  any  other  than  moral 
loveliness;  which  in  "lovely"  is  seldom  or  never  implied. 

Abp.  Trench. 

He  is  80  amiable  that  you  will  love  him,  if  ever  you  be- 
come actiuaintcd  with  him. 

Jeferson,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  II.  353. 
His  [Fox's]  private  friends  .  .  .  maintained  that  ...  if 
he  was  misled,  he  was  misled  hy  am  iatitc  feelings,  by  a 
desire  to  serve  his  friends  and  by  anxious  tenderness  for 
his  children.  Macaulat/,  Lord  Holland. 

=  Syn.  Engaging,  benignant,  sweet-tempered,  kind-heart- 
ed, lovely  in  character. 

amiableness   (a'mi-a-bl-nes),   ».     The  quality 
of  lieing  amiable;  loveliness;  amiability. 
amiably  (a'mi-a-bli).  adr.     1.   In  an  amiable 
manner;  in  a  manner  to  excite  or  attract  love. 
—  2t.  Pleasingly;  delightfully.     [Rare.] 
The  palaces  rise  so  amiabtu. 

Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  12.1. 


175 

They  [the  parables]  are  amiably  perspicuous,  vigorous, 
and  bright.  Dlaekwall,  .Sacred  Classics,  I,  .'ISO. 

Amiadss  (a-nn'a-de),  w.  pi.     Same  as  Amiiila-. 
amiant,  amianth  (am'i-ant,  -anth),  n.    [Prop. 

amiaiit,  <  ME.  ami/aunl,  <  OF.   'amiante,  mod. 

F.   amiantr,i  L.    amiaiitu.'i,  <.  Gr.  a/iiavro^:  see 

amiaiitii.^.']     Same  as  iimiiiiilu.i, 

amiantiform,  amianthiform  (am-i-an'ti-,  -thi- 

form),  a.  [<  XL.  amiiintus,  -thus,  +  L.  forma, 
form.]     Having  the  form  or  likeness  of  ami- 

antus. 

amiantine,  amianthine  (am-i-an'tin,  -thin),  a. 

[<  amiant,  -anth,  -{■  -i«(l.]     Relating  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  amiantus. 
amiantoid,  amianthoid  (am-i-an'toid,  -thoid), 
a.    [<  amiant,  -anth,  +  -aid.']    Resembling  ami- 
antus in  form. 

amiantoidal,  amianthoidal  (am'''i-an-toi'-, 
-thoi'dal),  a.  [<  amiantoid  +  -o7.]  Same  as 
amiantoid. 

amiantus,  amianthus  (am-i-an'tus,  -thus),  n. 

[Th(>  form  aniiiinthi(.t  is  recent  and  erroneous, 
simulating  Gr.  avtloi;,  a  flower  (cf.  amaranth); 
L.  amiantus,  <.Gt.  a/tiaiimc,  undefiled,  unsoiled; 
6  n/ilavToe  /.ilioi;,  a  greenish  stone  like  asbestos 
(Dioscorides);  <  d-  priv.  +  /jiavT6c,  stained,  de- 
filed, verl)al  adj.  of  fuaiveiv,  stain,  defile:  see 
miasm.]  1.  Flexible  asbestos,  earth-ilax,  or 
mountain-flax;  a  mineral  somewhat  resem- 
bling flax,  and  usually  grayish-  or  greenish- 
white  in  color.  It  is  composed  of  delicate  fllamenta, 
very  flexilde  and  somewhat  elastic,  often  long  aiul  resem- 
bling tlireads  of  silk.  It  is  incond>ustible,  and  has  been 
wrought  into  cloth  and  i)aper  with  the  aid  of  flax,  which  is 
afterward  removed  by,a  red  heat.  It  is  also  employed  for 
lanip-wieks  and  for  filling  gius-grates,  the  fibers  remain- 
ing red-hot  without  being  consumeii.  It  is  a  finer  form 
of  tile  variety  of  hornblende  called  asbentog  (which  .see). 
The  name  is  also  sometimes  extended  to  include  the  soft, 
silky,  and  inelastic  form  of  serpentine  called  chrymtile. 

Much  amber  full  of  insects,  and  divers  things  of  woven 
amianthu.-i.  Kvebjn,  Diary,  March  23,  1G46. 

Serpentine  .  .  .  also  delicately  fibrous,  and  then  called 
amianthus  or  chrysotile. 

Dana,  Manual  of  Geo!,  (ed.  1862),  p.  61. 

Hence — 2.  Thread  or  fabrics  made  from  the 
mineral  amiantus. 
Also  sometimes  called  amiant,  amianth. 

Amiatus  (am-i-a'tus),  n.     Same  as  Amia,  1. 

amicability  (am"i-ka-biri-ti),  )i.  [<  amicable: 
see  -bilitij,  and  cf.  amiabilitji.]  The  quality  of 
being  amicable ;  amicableness. 

amicable  (am'i-ka-bl),  a.  [<  L.  amicabilis, 
friendly ;  whence  also  OF.  aimiabic,  >  E.  «;«/- 
able,  q"  v.]  Characterized  by  or  exhibiting 
friendliness,  peaceableness,  or  harmony ;  friend- 
ly; peaceable;  harmonious  in  social  or  other 
relations. 

riato  and  TuUy,  it  should  seem,  thought  truth  lould 
never  be  examined  with  more  advantage  than  amidst  the 
amicable  opposition  of  well-regulated  converse. 

Sir  T.  Fitz-Osbome,  Letters. 

By  amicable  collisions  they  have  worn  down  their  as- 
perities and  sharp  angles. 

Sternr,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  54. 

Amicable  action,  in  iaw,  an  .action  commenced  and 
prosecuted  according  to  a  mutual  understanding,  for  the 
purpose  of  otitaining  a  decision  <»f  the  courts  on  some 
matter  of  law.  — Amicable  compounder,  see  com- 
^oiKKfi'i-.— Amicable  numbers,  in  nriih.,  any  pair  of 
numl)ers  each  of  which  is  c»iual  to  the  sum  of  the  ali- 
quot parts  of  the  other,  that  is,  is  equal  to  the  sum  of  all 
the  immbers  which  will  divide  the  other  without  remain- 
der: as,  284(l-f2-F4-t-5-flO-[-ll-t-20-l-22-t-44-l-55-l-110 
[the  aliquot  parts  of  220|  =  284)  and  2'20  (1-1-2  -I-  4 -f- 71 -t- 142 
[the  aliciuot  parts  of  284]=  220).  The  next  higher  pair  of 
amicable  numliers  is  17,296  and  18,410.  =Syn.  Amicable, 
Fricmily,  kind,  neighborly,  cordial.  Amicable  is  often  so 
weak  as" to  be  almost  negative :  /riendhf  is  positive.  Ami- 
eal}le  simply  notes  freedom  from  hard  feeling,  disagree- 
ment, or  iiuarrel;  hence  we  speak  of  an  amiealjle  action 
at  law,  amicaltle  relations  between  families  and  between 
states.  Fricmibi  implies  a  degree  of  active  interest.  All 
nations  should  be  on  amicable  terms  ;  feware  eiKjugli  alike 
to  be  really  /riendlu.  A  micable  also  implies  close  relation 
or  contact ;' friendhj  feelings  may  exist  toward  those  of 
whom  we  have  only  heard. 

Enter  each  mild,  e,ich  amicable,  guest. 

Poite,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1.  .•»!. 

It  is  in  the  time  of  trouble  .  .  .  that  the  warmth  of  the 
/riendlp  heart  and  the  support  of  the  /riendiii  hand  ac- 
quire increased  value  and  demand  a<lditional  gratitude. 

I3p.  .Vant. 

amicableness  (am'i-ka-bl-nes).  n.  [<  amicable 
-t-  -Hf.s's.]  The  quality  of  being  amicable, 
peaceable,  friendly,  or  disposed  to  peace ;  a 
disposition  to  preserve  peace  and  friendship; 
friendliness. 

Give  not  over  your  amicablenenit  for  that;  their  policie 
is  no  warrant  against  your  dutie. 

./.  .^altmarsb.  Smoke  in  the  Temple  (lt>16),  p.  54. 

amicably  (am'i-ka-bli),  adi:  In  an  amicable 
or  friendly  manner;  with  harmony;  without 
controversy. 


amid 


ilisturbanceH  f>f  Europe  once 


I  could  wish  to  see  the 
more  nmicatilit  ailjusted. 

Gtildmiith,  Citizen  of  the  Worlil,  Ixxxv. 

amicalt  (am'i-kal),  a.  [=F.  amical,<.  L.  amicalis 
(post-classical),  friendly,  <  amicus,  friend:  see 
amiable.]     Fricndlj-;  amicable. 

An  amical  call  to  repentance. 

II'.  Watgon,  In  Athen.  Oxon.,  iii. 

amice^  (am'is),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  amice,  ami/cc, 
amis,  ames,  ami.s.se,  ami/s,  amifssi ,  ame.ise,  <  ME. 
ami/.'ic,  an  altered  form  (perhaps  l)y  confusion 
with  atnis.se,  E.  amiee-)  of  earlier  amyt,  E. 
amit^,  <  OF.  amit,  mod.  F.  amict=iip.  amito  = 
Pg.  amicto  =  It.  amitto,  ammitto,  amice,  <  L. 
amietus,  a  mantle,  cloak,  ML.  an  amiee,  lit.  that 
which  is  thrown  or  wrapped  around  one,  <  ami- 
eire,  pp.  amictiis,  tlirow  around,  wrap  around, 
<  om-,  »»('«-,  aroun<l,  +Jacere,  throw:  sec  jet^.] 
It.  A  loose  wTap  or  cloak. 

A  palmer's  amice  wrapj>ed  him  round, 
with  a  wrought  Spanish  tialdrick  l>onn<l. 

.Scott,  L.  of  the  L.  >l..  ii.  19. 

2.  In  the  Hom.  Cath.  f'h.  and  in  many  Angli- 
can churches,  an  oblong  piece  of  linen,  largo 
enough  to  cover  the  shoulders,  worn  with  tho 
upper  edge  fastened  roimd  the  neck,  under  the 
alb,  whenever  the 
latter  vestment  is 
used.  Formerly  it 
w'as  drawn  over  the 
heati  until  the  more 
solenni  parts  of  the 
mass  were  reached, 
when  it  was  turned 
down ;  this  custom  is 
still  partially  observed 
l)y  friars  not  wearing 
the  clerical  cap  or  bi- 
retta.  It  is  usually 
end)roidered  with  a  large  cross,  and  formerly  liad  an  ap- 
parel of  orphrey-work,  w  hich  on  being  turned  ilown  served 
as  an  ornamental  collar.  It  symbolizes  the  helmet  of  sal- 
vation. See  amietus. 
Also  written  amid. 
amice-  (am'is),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  amice,  amise, 
amis,  amess,  ames,  ami/s,  amos,  ainmes,  ammas, 
etc.,  and  (after  ML.,  Sp.,  etc.)  almuce,  <  ME. 
amisse,  <  OF.  aumu.s.se,  mod.  F. 
aumucc,  aumiisse=  Pi:  almussa  ~ 

=  Sp.  atoi«cio  =  Pg.  miir.fa  =  It. 
(obs.)  mozza,  in  ML.  almiis.ia, 
almtissia,  almueia,  almicia,  at- 
mussnm,  nlmntia,  almiiliiim,  ur- 
mutia,  a  cape,  hood,  amice;  cf. 
dim.  Pr.  almucela  =  OPg.  «/- 
miicella,  almocella  =  Sp.  almo- 
ceta,  OSp.  almiieella,  almo^ala, 
^vith  diff.  term.  OF.  aumueette 
=  Sp.  nuicetd  =  It.  mo::etta ; 
also  (<  ML.  almiitia,  armutia) 
in  Tent.:  OIIG.  almii::,  armuz, 
MHG.  mutze,  miitzc,  G.  miitzc, 
OD.  almutse,  amutse,  mutse,  D. 
muts,  Sc.  mutch,  a  cap,  hood: 
see  mutch.  Tho  idt.  origin  is 
doubtful ;  al-  may  Ije  the  Ai-.  ar- 
ticle. For  the  different  senses, 
cf.  caj)'^,  capc^,  cope'^,  ult.  of  the 
same  origin.]  A  furred  hood 
having  long  ends  luingingdown 
the  front  of  tiie  dress,  something  like  the  stole, 
worn  by  the  dergj-  from  the  thirteenth  to  the 
fifteenth  century  for  warmth  when  oflieiating 
in  the  church  during  inclement  weather,  it  is 
still  carried,  thrown  over  the  left  arm,  as  a  part  of  the 
ceremonial  costume  by  the  canons  of  certain  cathedral 
chiirches  in  the  north  of  France.  ITie  hood  has  become  a 
pocket  for  the  breviary.  Also  ^v^itten  almuce,  aumucc. 
amict  (am'ikt).  H.  Same  as  amiee^. 
amietus  (a-mik'tus),  «. ;  pi.  amietus.  [L. :  see 
«H/i(<i.]  1.  Ini^om.rtH^^.,  anynppergarment, 
such  as  a  mantle  or  cloak:  a  general  tenn.  in- 
eluding  the  toga  and  all  garments  other  than 
those  worn  next  to  the  body. — 2.  Eccles.,  the 
name  given  on  the  continent  of  Europe  and 
sometimes  in  England  to  the  amice.  See  ani- 
icel,  2. — 3.  [^cap.]  In  co67.,  a  genus  of  dipter- 
ous insects. 

amicus  CUris  (a-mi'kus  kli'ri-e).  [L.,  a  fi'iend 
of  the  court:  amicus,  a  friend;  curia;  gen.  of 
curia,  court :  see  amy  and  curia.]  In  /air,  a 
friend  of  the  court ;  a  person  in  court  who,  as 
a  friend  and  not  in  virtue  of  any  interest  or 
employment  in  the  cause,  informs  the  jtidgc 
of  an  error  he  has  noticed,  or  makes  a  sugges- 
tion in  aid  of  the  duty  of  the  court. 
amid  (a-mid'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  aniprep.-  [< 
ME.  aiiiidde,  amijdde,  amidden,  e&rWer  on  midde, 
on  midden.  <  AS.  on-middan,  on  middaii :  on,  E. 
«■''.  in;  middan,  dat.  (indef.  inflection)  of  miVfrfc, 
adj.,  mid,  middle:  see  mid,  a<ij.;  mid,  prep.,  is 


Priest  wearing  the 
Amice.  ( From  .i  se- 
pulchral brass.) 


amid 

a  clipped  f  onn  of  amid.']   I.f  adv.  In  the  middle ; 
in  tho  inidst. 

A  mid  betweene  the  violent  Robber  .  .  .  and  the  mich- 
ing  theefe  .  .  .  standeth  tho  crafty  cutpnrBC. 

Lambarde,  Eireiiarclia,  ii.  274.    (iV.  £!,  7>.) 

n.  prep.  In  the  midst  or  middle  of;  sur- 
Tonnded  or  encompassed  by;  mingled  ■vrith; 
among.     See  amidst. 

Then  answering  from  the  sandy  shore, 
Ualf-dro«i)cd  amid  the  breakers'  roar, 
According  chorus  rose.    A'fo((,  Mamiion,  ii.  11. 
=  Syn.  ^»n'.f,  .^I  mon*;,  etc.    See  amoiui. 

amid-,  amido-.  Combining  forms  of  amide 
(which  see). 

Amidse  (am'i-de),  «.  jil.  Same  as  Amiidte.  C. 
L.  Bonaparte. 

amidan  (am'i-dan),  n.  [<  Amidte  (for  Amiidw) 
+  -««.]  A  fish  (if  the  family  Amii<i<B ;  an  amiid. 
Sir  J.  Richard.'ion. 

amidat6d(am'i-da-ted),a.  Containing  an  amide 
giouj)  or  radical:  as,  amidatcd  fatty  aeids. 

amide  (am'id  or  -id),  ii.  [<  am(monia)  +  -irfcl.] 
A  chemical  compound  produced  by  the  substi- 
tution for  one  or  more  of  the  hydrogen  atoms  of 
ammonia  of  an  acid  radical :  as,  acetamide.  CH3 
CO.NH2.  in  which  one  hydrogen  atom  of  am- 
monia, NH3,  has  been  replaced  by  the  acetic 
acid  radical  CH3CO.  Amides  are  primary,  secondary, 
or  tertiary,  according  as  one,  two,  or  three  hydrogen  atoms 
have  been  so  replaced.  They  are  white  crystalline  solids, 
often  capable  of  combiuiug  with  both  acids  and  bases.  .See 
amine. 

amidic  (a-mid'ik),  a.  [<  amide  +  -ic]  In  chem., 
relating  to  or  derived  from  an  amide  or  amides : 
as,  amidie  acid. 

amidin,  amidine  (am'i-din),  n.  [<  amide  + 
-in".]  The  general  name  of  a  class  of  organic 
bodies  containing  the  group  C.NH.NH2.  The 
amidins  are  mono-acid  bases  which  are  quite 
unstable  in  the  free  state. 

amido-.     See  amid-. 

amido-acid  (am"i-d6-as'id),  n.  An  acid  con- 
taining the  amido-group  NH2,  as  amido-oxalie 
or  oxamie  acid,  NHoCoOoOH. 

amidogen  (a-mid'o-jen),  n.  [<  amide  +  -gen, 
producing:  see -geti, -genous.]  A  hypothetical 
radical  composed  of  two  equivalents  of  hydro- 
gen and  one  of  nitrogen,  NHo.  It  has  not  been  iso- 
lated, but  may  be  traced  in  the  compounds  called  amides 
and  amines.  Thus,  acetamide  is  a  compound  of  the  radi- 
cal acetyl  and  amidogen,  and  potassamine  of  potassium 
and  amidogen. 

amidships  (a-mid'ships),  2'rep.  phr.  as  adv.  [< 
amid  +  ship,  with  adv.  gen.  suffix  -s.]  1.  In  or 
toward  the  middle  of  a  ship,  or  that  part  which 
is  midway  between  the  stem  and  the  stem. 

In  the  whaler,  the  boat-steerers  .  .  .  keep  by  themselves 
in  the  waist,  sleep  amidtihips,  and  eat  by  themselves. 

R.  H.  DaiM,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  37. 

2.  In  the  middle  line  of  a  ship;  over  and  in 
line  with  the  keel :  as,  to  put  the  helm  amid- 
ships. 
amidst  (a-vaidst'),  prep.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
amid'st,  amidcst,  amiddest,  an  extended  form 
(with  excrescent  -t  as  in  amongst,  against,  etc.) 
of  ME.  amiddes,  amyddes,  amids  (also  imyddes, 
emiddes,  i  tnyddes,  in  myddes),  <  amidde,  E.  amid, 
+  adv.  gen.  suffix  -es,  -s:  see  amid.]  In  the 
midst  or  center  of ;  among;  surrounded  by;  in 
the  course  or  progress  of.     See  amid. 

Thou  shalt  flourish  in  immortal  youth. 
Unhurt  amidst  the  wars  of  elements.    Addison,  Cato. 
How  oft  amid.^t 
Thick  clouds  and  dark  doth  heaven's  all-ruling  Sire 
Choose  to  reside.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  263. 

Had  James  been  brought  up  amidst  the  adulation  and 
gayety  of  a  court,  we  shoidd  never,  in  all  probability, 
have  bad  such  a  poem  as  the  Quair. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  109. 

amidulin   (a-mid'u-lin),   n.      [<  F.   amidon, 

starch,  +  dim.  -ide  -f  -in-.]     Starch  rendered 

soluble  by  boUing. 

amidwardt  (a-mid'wiird),  adv.  and  prep.     [< 

amid  +  -ward.]     Toward  the  center  or  middle 

line  of,  as  of  a  ship. 

amiid  (am'i-id),  «.     A  fish  of  the  family  Ami- 

idw :  an  amidan. 
Amiids  (a-mi'i-de),  «.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Amia  +  -idee.] 
A  family  of  cycloganoid  fisLc.-i.  typified  by  the 


Bowfin,  or  Mudfish  [Atnia  catva). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

genus  Amia.     The  technical  characters  are  an  oblong 
body,  short  rounded  snout,  numerous  (10  to  12)  brancbi- 


176 

ostegal  rays,  the  development  of  n  sublingual  bone  be. 
tween  the  rami  of  the  lower  jaw,  the  posses-sion  of  cycloid 
scales,  a  long  soft  dorsal  fin,  the  subequal  extent  of  the 
abdominal  and  caudal  jtarts  of  the  verteljral  column,  and 
the  absence  of  pseudobranehiaj.  It  is  an  archaic  t>'pc  rep- 
resented now  by  a  single  living  species,  Amia  calva,  the 
bowfin  or  niudtlsll.  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  ^orth 
Anurica.     Also  WTitten  Amiado',  Amidoe,  Amioid^. 

amjl-cornt,  «■     See  amel-corn. 

amildar  (am'il-diir),  n.    See  amaldar. 

amimia  (a-mim'i-S),  «.  [NL.,  <  6r.  a-  priv.  + 
///uof,  a  mimic:  see  mime,  tnimic]  Loss  of  the 
power  of  pantomimic  expression,  due  to  a  cere- 
bral lesion. 

amine  (am'in),  n.  [<  ain{monid)  +  -ine"^.]  A 
chemical  compound  produced  by  the  substitu- 
tion of  a  basic  atom  or  radical  for  one  or  more 
of  the  hjxlrogen  atoms  of  ammonia,  as  potas- 
samine ("XH2K),  ethylamine  (C2H5NII2).  The 
amines  are  all  strongly  basic  in  their  character. 
See  amide. 

aminisht,  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  amynysshe,  <  ME. 
amynusshen,  amcnyshe,  earlier  amenusen,  ame- 
nnysen,  <  AT.  amenvser,  OP.  amenuisier,  amc- 
nuiser,  lessen,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  menuisier, 
lessen:  see  minish,  diminish.]  I.  trans.  To 
make  less;  lessen. 

II.  intrans.  To  grow  less;  decrease. 

amioid  (am'i-oid),  a.  and  n.     [<  Amia  +  -aid.] 
I.  a.  Ha'ving  the  characters  of  the  Amiidw. 
H.  n.  An  amiid. 

Amioidse  (am-i-oi'de),  n.pl.     Same  as  Amiidw. 

amir,  ».     See  ameer. 

amiralt  (am'i-ral),  n.  An  old  spelling  of  ad- 
miral. 

amirship,  «.    See  ameership. 

amist,  11.     A  former  spelling  of  amice. 

amiss  (a-mis'),  prep.  phr.  as  adi\  and  a.  [< 
ME.  amisse,  amysse,  a  mysse,  a  mys,  o  mys,  also 
on  mys,  of  mys,  earliest  form  a  mis  (=  leel.  a 
mis,  a  miss):  a,  0,  on,  E.  a3;  mis,  E.  miss'^, 
fault ;  cf.  ME.  mis,  adv.,  amiss.  See  miss^  and 
»HS-l.]  I.  adv.  Away  from  the  mark;  out  of 
the  way;  out  of  the  proper  course  or  order;  in 
a  faulty  manner ;  'svrongly ;  in  a  manner  con- 
trary to  propriety,  truth,  law,  or  morality. 
Ye  ask,  and  receive  not,  because  ye  .tsk  at7iiss.  Jas.  iv.  3. 
We  read  nmi^s,  if  we  imagine  that  the  fiery  persecution 
which  raged  against  Christ  had  burned  itself  out  in  the 
act  of  the  crucifixion.  De  Quincey,  Essenes,  i. 

II.  a.  Improper;  ■wrong;  faulty:  used  only 
in  the  predicate :  as,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  ask 
advice. 

There's  somewhat  in  this  world  amiss 
Shall  be  unriddled  by  and  by. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 
Much  I  find  am^iss. 
Blameworthy,  punishable  in  this  freak 
Of  thine.  Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  202. 

There  is  something  amiss  In  one  who  has  to  grope  for 
his  theme  and  cannot  adjust  himself  to  his  period. 

Sted)nan,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  301. 
Not  amiss,  passable  or  suitable;  fair;  not  so  bad  after 
all :  a  phrase  used  to  express  approval,  but  not  in  a  very 
emphatic  way.     [Colloq.] 

She's  a  miss,  she  is ;  and  yet  she  an't  amuss — eh? 

JHekens. 
To  come  amiss,  to  be  unwelcome ;  be  not  wanted ;  be 
out  of  the  proper  place  or  time. 

Neyther  Religion  cummeth  amisse. 

Asciuwi,  The  Scholemaster. 
To  take  amiss,  to  be  offended  at. 

ily  brother  was  passionate,  and  had  often  beaten  me, 
which  I  took  extremely  amiss. 

Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  30. 

amisst  (a-™is')>  "•  [^  laf*  I'Q'.  amisse,  <  tom«i, 
«.,  q.  v.,  by  confusion  with  amiss,  adv.]  Fault ; 
wrong:  as,  "some  great  amiss,"  Shal:,  Hamlet, 
iv.  5. 

A  woman  laden  with  afflictions, 
Big  with  true  son'ow,  and  religious  penitence 
For  her  amiss.     Chapman,  Revenge  for  Honour,  v.  2. 

amissibility  (a-mis-i-bil'i-ti),  w.  [<.  amissible : 
see  -biiity!]  The  capability  or  possibility  of 
being  lost.     [Rare.] 

Notions  of  popular  rights,  and  the  amissibility  of  sov- 
ereign power  for  misconduct,  were  broached. 

Ballam,  Hist.  Lit.  (4th  ed.),  II.  020. 

amissible  (a-mis'i-bl),  a.  [<  LL.  amissibilis,  < 
amissiis,  pp.  of  amittcre,  lose:  see  amit-.]  Ca- 
pable of  being,  or  liable  to  be,  lost.     [Rare.] 

amissing  (a-mis'ing),  a.  [Prop,  a  phr..  a  tniss- 
ing  («3  and  missing,  verbal  n.  of  ;nml) ;  as  if  a 
ppr.  of  *«wi)!«,  v.]     Missing;  wanting. 

amissiont  (a-mish'on),  H.  [<  L.  amissio{n-),  < 
amissiis,'pp.otamitierc,\ose:  seeamit^.]   Loss. 

Amission  of  their  church  membership. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Seven  CnHU-ches,  iii. 

amitlt,  «■     An  old  form  of  amice^. 
amit-t  (a-mif),  V.  t.  or  i.     [<  L.  amittcre.  lose, 
let  go,  send  away,  <  a  for  ab,  from  (see  ab-),  + 


Ammobitun 

mittere,  send.  Cf.  admit,  commit,  permit,  remit, 
etc.]    To  lose :  rarely  with  of. 

We  desire  no  records  of  such  enormities ;  sins  should  be 
accounted  new,  that  so  they  may  be  esteemed  monstrous. 
They  amit  of  monstrosity,  as  they  lall  from  their  rarity. 

Sir  T.  Brovme. 

amity  (am'i-ti),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  amitie,  < 
OF.  amitie,  amistic,  amistcd,  amistet  =  Sp.  amis- 
tad=Vg.  amisade  =  lt.  ami«<a,  <  ML.  *amici- 
ta{t-)s,  friendship,  <  L.  amicus,  friendly,  afriend: 
see  amiable.]  Friendship,  in  a  general  sense; 
harmony;  good  understanding,  especially  be- 
tween nations ;  political  friendship :  as,  a  treaty 
of  amity  and  commerce. 

Great  Britain  was  in  league  and  amity  with  all  the 
world.  Sir  J,  Davies,  Ireland. 

These  appearances  and  sounds  which  imply  amity  or 
enmity  in  those  arotmd,  become  symbolic  of  happiness  and 
misery.  H.  Speneer,  Prin.  of  PsychoL,  §  520. 

I  much  prefer  the  company  of  ploughboys  and  tin-ped- 
dlers to  the  silken  and  perfumed  amity  which  celebrates 
its  days  of  encounter  by  a  frivolous  display. 

Emerson,  Friendship. 

=Syn.  Friendliness,  kindness,  good  will,  affection,  har- 
mony. 

Amiurus  (am-i-ii'ms),  n.  [NL.,  not  curtailed, 
i.  e.,  with  the  tail  not  notched,  having  the  tail 
even  or  square ;  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  -I-  uciovpo^,  cur- 
tailed, curtal,  <  /jeiav,  less  (eompar.  of  /impor, 
little),  -I-  ni-pd,  taU.]  A  large  genus  of  Silurido', 
containing  many  of  the  commonest  American 
species  of  catflshes,  homed  pouts  or  bullheads, 
such  as  A,  nebulosns.  There  are  some  1.t  species, 
among  them  A,  nigricans,  the  great-lake  cat,  and  ^4.  pon- 
derosus.  the  ilississippi  cat,  sometimes  weighing  upward 
of  100  pounds.  Also  written  Ameiurus,  as  originally  by 
Rafinesque,  1820.    See  cut  under  catjisti. 

Amizilis  (am-i-zil'is),  n.  An  erroneous  form 
of  Ama::ilia.    E.  P.  Lesson. 

amlett,  n.    An  old  form  of  omelet. 

ammai  (am'a),  «.  [ML.,  a  spiritual  mother, 
abbess,  <  Gvi'afijia,  also  a/i/jag,  a  mother,  esp.  in 
a  convent,  prob.  <  Syriao  ama,  a  mother ;  in  the 
general  sense  of  'mother'  or  'nurse'  are  found 
IIL.  amma,  Sp.  Pg.  ama  (>  Anglo-Ind.  amah, 
q.  v.),  OHG.  amma,  ama,  MHG.  G.  amme,  Dan. 
amme,  Sw.  amma,  nurse,  Icel.  amma,  grand- 
mother ;  supposed  to  be  of  infantile  origin,  like 
mamma,  q.  v.]  In  the  Gr.  and  Syriac  cliurches, 
an  abbess  or  spiritual  mother. 

amma~  (am'a),  n.  [NL.,  prop.  *hamma,  <  Gr. 
aiiua,  a  tie,  knot,  <  drrra',  tie,  fasten,  bind.] 
A  girdle  or  truss  used  in  ruptures. 

amman  (am'an),  n.  [<  G.  ammann,  amtmann, 
<  MHG.  amman,  ambtman,  ambetman,  <  OHG. 
ambahtman  (=  OS.  anibahtman  =  AS.  ambihf- 
man,  ONorth.  embiht-,  embeht-man,  -mon),  <  am- 
bahti,  ambaht,  MHG.  ambet,  ammet,  G.  amt 
=  Goth.  andbahti,  service,  oflice  (see  embassy, 
ambassador,  and  ami),  +  OHG.  MHG.  tnan,  Q. 
mann  =  E.  man.]  In  several  of  the  German 
cantons  of  Switzerland,  an  executive  and  judi- 
cial officer.  This  title  is  given  to  the  chief  official  of 
a  district  or  of  a  commune,  but  is  being  replaced  by 
president.    Also  written  ammant. 

Ammanite  (am'an-it),  n.  [<  Amman,  a  proper 
name  (seeammdii),  +  -ite^.]  Amemberof  one 
of  the  two  parties  into  which  the  Swiss  Men- 
nonites  separated  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
They  were  also  called  Upland  Mennonites.  See 
Mennonite. 

ammeter  (am'e-ter),  «.  [Contr.  of  amperome- 
ter,  <  ampere  +  Gr.  iih-pov,  a  measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  or  estimating  in  am- 
peres the  strength  of  electric  etirrents;  an  am- 
pere-meter.    See  cut  under  ampere-meter. 

Practically  it  is  generally  preferred  to  use  galvanome- 
ters specially  constructed  for  this  purpose,  and  graduated 
beforehand  in  amperes  by  the  m.aker;  such  galvanometers 
.ire  called  amperemeters  or  ammeters. 

Quoted  in  G.  B.  Prescott's  Dynam.  Elect.,  p.  7S5. 

Ammi  (am'i),  n.  [L.,  also  ammium,  <  Gr. 
ifii^i,  an  African  plant.  Varum  Copticum  (Dios- 
eorides);  the  name  is  prob.  of  Egypt,  origin.] 
A  genus  of  umbelliferous  plants,  natives  of 
the  Mediterranean  region,  and  ha'ving  the  habit 
of  the  caiTOt,  but  with  the  outer  petals  of  the 
umbel  very  large.  It  is  sometimes  called 
bishop'/<-iceed. 

a Tnmira.lt,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  admiral. 

ammite  (am'it),  h.  [<Gr.  afi/iiT^g  or  a/i/uric, 
sandstone,  <  ofjpo^,  also  a/iuo(,  sand,  related  to 
aiia6o^,  sand,  and  both  prob.  to  fa/ifwc  and 
V'd/ia(?of,  sand.]  An  old  mineralogical  name  for 
roestone  or  oolite,  and  for  all  those  sandstones 
which,  like  oolite,  are  composed  of  roimded  and 
loosely  compacted  grains.  See  oolite.  Also 
^Tritten  hammitc. 

Ammobium  (a-mo'bi-um),  M.  [NTj.,  <  Gr.  aufto^, 
saud,  +  3io(,  life.]     A  small  genus  of  composite 


Ammobinin 

plants  from  Australia,  fri'queiitly  cultivated 
for  tlio  .showy-ooloriul  scarious  bracts  that  sur- 
round the  llinver-hoad,  which  become  dry  and 
persistent, 

ammocete,  ".     See  ammocmte. 

ammochryse  (am'o-kns),  n.  [<  L.  ammochri/- 
.s'K.s',  <  (.Jr.  iiiJ/i6xi>t>ao<;,  a  jirecious  stono  resem- 
bliii)^  sand  veined  with  gold,  <  a/i/ior,  sand  (see 
amm/fc)?  "*■ -fP"<"5f'K''l'l:  see  c/(r)^*-o//(e,  etc.]  A 
soft  yellow  stone,  found  in  Germany,  consisting 
of  glossy  yellow  particles.  When  rulilicd  or  ground 
it  has  hcen  used  to  strew  over  fresh  writing  to  prevent 
blotting. 

ammocoete,  ammocete  (am'o-set),  n.    A  fish 

(if  the  genus  Aiiiiiiixwtcs. 

Ammocoetes  (am-ii-so'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a/j/jar,  sand  (see  aniiiiilr),  +  koiti/,  a  bed,  <  nei- 
a6at,  lie.]  A  generic  name  of  a  myzont  or  lam- 
prey-like tisU.  (re)  The  young  or  hiival  stage  of  the 
petroniyzoatids,  or  hinipreys,  cliaracterizcd  by  the  want  of 
eyes  and  by  a  senueireuiar  mouth.  During  the  period  of 
this  stage  the  anini.al  lives  in  the  sand  of  river-beds. 

This  simple  lamprey  hirva  .  .  .  was  generally  described 
as  a  peculiar  form  of  llsb  umlrr  the  name  of  A  in iniwxete^. 
By  a  further  metanmi  j.Iinsis  this  blinil  and  toothless  Am- 
7liof(rtfs  is  transforuied  into  tlie  lamprey  with  eyes  and 
teeth.  Uaeckd,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  104. 

(6)  A  genus  of  which  the  Ammocattes  hranchialia  is  the 
young,  which  is  distinguished  from  Petrotnttzon  by  the 
ditrerciiti;ition  of  the  discal  and  peripheral  teeth  and  the 
crc^ccTltifnrm  dentated  lingual  teeth  of  the  adult. 

ammocoetid  (am-o-se'tid),  n.  One  of  the  Am- 
iiiiicii  tiiUi: ;  an  amraoeoete. 

Ammocostidae  (am-o-se'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ammocostca  +  -idee.'] '  The  family  name  applied 
to  the  young  of  the  PctromijMHtidce  before  it 
was  ascertained  that  they  represented  only  a 
larval  stage  in  the  growth  of  those  fishes.  See 
Ammncwtcf:. 

ammocoetiform  (am-o-se'ti-form),  a.  [<  NL. 
Aiiiiimcatis  +  L.  forma,  form.]  Having  the 
form  of  an  ammocaate ;  having  the  character 
of  a  larval  lamprey. 

ammoccetoid   (am-o-se'toid),  a.  and  ».     I.  a. 
Having  the  character  of  the  Ammoccetes,  or  lar- 
viB  of  the  lamprey  ;  ammocoetiform. 
II,  n.  An  ammoca?tid. 

Ammocrypta  (am-o-krip'til),  »,  [NL,.  <  Gr,  aji- 
/io(,  sand,  +  /cpuTroi-,  hidden,  verbal  adj,  of  Kpv- 
irreiv,  hide.]  A  genus  of  percoid  fishes  known 
as  sand-divers,  of  the  subfamily  Etheostomi- 
n(E,  or  darters.  These  tishes  have  a  long  subcylin- 
dric  pellucid  ijody,  naked  with  the  exception  of  the  caudal 
peduncle  and  thelateral  line,  which  latter  is  complete:  the 
mouth  large,  with  vomerine  teeth ;  head  scaleless ;  anal 
spine  single,  and  high  dorsal  fins  equal  to  the  anal.  A. 
biuini  iiilijibits  the  lower  Mississippi.    See  sand-diver. 

Ammodramus  (a-mod'ra-mus),  m.  Same  as 
Aiiimddi-oniu.f.     Hwainson,  1827. 

Ammodromus  (a-mod'ro-mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr, 
au/iur,  sand  (see  ammitc),  +  -rfpo/iof,  nmning 
(cf.  a/i/i66ijo/ior,  a  sandy  place  for  racing,  <  a/nftor 
+  dpdfioc,  a  race),  <  Spafitlv,  run.]  1,  A  genus  of 
birds,  of  the  family  Friiujillida;,  suborder  Osci- 
ncs,  order  I'asscrcs,  emliracing  such  species  as 
A.  caudiiciitus,  the  sharp-tailed  finch,  and  A.  mn- 
rilimus,  the  seaside  finch.  They  are  small  spottcil 
and  streaked  sparrows,  with  rather  slender  bill,  chiefly 
inhabiting  the  marshes  of  the  .\tlantic  coast  of  the  United 
States.  Also  frequently  written  Aimrmdramus,  as  origi- 
nally by  Swainsou,  1827. 

2.  A  genus  of  hymenopterous  insects.  Guerin, 
1838. 

ammodjrte  (am'o-dJt),  n.  [<  Ammodytes.']  1. 
One  of  the  Amniodi/tidtv. —  2.  A  name  used  in 
books  for  the  sand-natter,  a  serpent  of  southern 
Europe. 

Ammodytes  (am-o-di'tez),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr,  afifio- 
SiT7/c,  a  sand-bm-rower,  a  kind  of  serpent,  < 
aiiuoi;,  sand  (see  ammitc),  +  6vt7i^,  a  diver,  < 
diew,  dive,  sink  into,  enter.]  1.  A  genus  of 
fishes,  of  the  ta,m\\y  Am modytida' ;  the  sand-eel 
or  sand-lance  (which  see). —  2.  In  herpet.,  sand- 
natters,  a  genusof  colubnform  serpents,  usually 
called  kryx  (which  see).  Bonaparte,  1831. 
ammodytid  (am-o-tli'tid),  ».     One  of  the  Am- 

modytidfV. 

Ammodytidae  (am-o-dit'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
.Immoilytia  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  anacanthine 
teleocephalous  fishes,  with  an  elongated  body 


( From  a  late  bronze  in  the 
British  Museum.) 


lice  {Ammc^iytes  amrricanus). 


shaped  like  a  parallelogram.  Its  technical  charac- 
ters are  a  dorsolateral  line,  conical  heail  with  terminal 
mouth  and  protractile  jaws,  postmcdian  anus,  narrow 
suborbitals,  cnlargeil  suboperculmn,  widely  deft  branchial 
apertures,  lamelliform  pseudobranchia;,  a  long  dorsal  fin 
a  long  sulj-postmcdinn  anal  lln  with  articulated  rays,  and 
the  absence  of  ventral  tins.  The  species  are  of  small  size, 
12 


177 

gencrnlly  about  8  Inches  long  ;  they  nssociate  in  large 
schools,  chiefly  in  the  northern  seas,  and  are  Important 
as  bait  for  other  Ilshes.  Tliey  are  known  chiefly  as  sand- 
lances,  or  lanci-s,  from  their  habit  of  "diving"  into  and  liv- 
ing,' in  sandy  bcaclies  and  ocean-bottoms.    .See  nand-laiice. 

Ammodytina  (am"o-di-ti'na),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Aiiimndytcs,  1,  +  -i«rt.]     In  GUnther's  system  of 

classification,  the  sand-lances,  or  .liiimodytidir, 

as  the  fourth  subfamily  of   Ophidiidw.     Also 

wiil ten  Ammodytina:. 
Ammodytini  (am"9-di-ti'n5),  n. ^?,    Same  as 

AiiiiiiodyliiKi.     Jlmiapartc,  1837, 
ammodytoid   (am-o-di'toid),  «,  and  n.     I.  a. 

Having  the  character  of  the  Ammodytida. 
II,  «.  An  aniniodytid. 
Ammodytoidea (am  "o-di-toi'de-a),  n. pi.    [NL., 

<  Ammodytes,  1,  +  -oidea.]     The  ammodytids, 

rated  as  a  superfamily  of  fishes, 
Ammon  (am'on),  «.     [L.,  also  Ilammnn,  <  Gr. 

"A/j/juv  =  Heb.  Anion,  <  Egypt.  Amun,  Amen, 

he  who  is  hidden  or  concealed.]     The  Greek 

and  Roman  conception  of  the  Egyptian  deity 

-Amen  (literally,   'hidden'),  called  Amen-Ka, 

the     sun-god,     chief    of 

the  Theban  divine  triad. 

Amen  was  always  represented 

in  human  form,  and  was  of  a 

much  higher  order  than  the 

ram-hcadcd  divinity,  the  god 

of  life,  worshiped  especially  at 

tile  famous  oracular  sanctuary 

of  the  Libyan  oasis  of  Anuiion 

(now  .Siwah).     The  latter  type 

was  confused  by  the  Creeks  ami 

Komans  with  that  of  .\men-Ra, 

ami  was  adopted  by  them  as 

Zeus-Amnnm   or   Jupiter-Am- 

mon,  but  in  art  wjis  generally 

idealized  sothatonly  the  horns, 

sometimes  with  the  ears,  of  the 

ram  were  retained,  springing 

from  a  human  head. 

Ammonacea  (am-o-na'- 
se-a),  «,  pi.  [Nli.,  as 
Animonea  +  -acea.'\  T>e 
Blainville's  name  (1825) 
of  ammonites  as  the 
fourth  family  of  Polythalamacea.  it  included  most 
of  tlie  tetrabranchiate  cephalopods,  and  is  synonymous 
with  A  tniiwfiea  of  Lamarck, 

Ammonea  (am-o-ne'ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
ammoiiciis,  <  L.  Amnion,  with  ref.  to  Ammonites, 
q.  v.]  1.  In  Lamarck's  classification  (1812), 
the  seventh  family  of  polythalamous  testaceous 
cephalopods,  including  most  of  the  Tetrabran- 
eliiata,  having  an  involute  sheU  with  sinuous 
partitions  between  the  chambers.  The  gioup 
has  been  adopted  with  various  modittcations  and  ratings 
in  the  scale  of  classification  tinder  the  names  Ammona- 
cea, Avinwnitoe,  AmmoniUa,  Ammonitea,  Ammonitid(r, 
Anwwnitoidea,  Annnonuidfa. 

2.  Now,  an  e.xtinct  order  of  the  class  Cephalo- 
poda, including  cephalopods  intermediate  be- 
tween Diljrinirliidtn  and  'I'etrahranehiutii.  Tlic 
animal  was  inclo-^cd  in  the  hist  chamber  i.>f  a  muUiluctilar 
shell  protected  by  one  or  two  operculiform  pieces  fonuiug 
an  aptychus;  the  shell  ]iad  a  smooth  ovoid  chamber  with- 
out an  external  scar  and  containing  a  siphonal  caicum 
which  did  not  touch  the  internal  wall;  the  sutural  or 
peripheral  contour  of  the  partitions  between  the  chain- 
Itcrs  of  the  old  shell  were  more  or  less  sinuous.  The  form 
varied  from  a  straight  cone  to  almost  every  kind  of  con- 
volution. The  species  abounded  in  past  geohigical  ages, 
but  became  extinct  at  the  end  of  the  Cretaceous  epoch  or 
beginning  of  the  Tertiary  period. 

ammonia  (a-mo'ni-ii),  n.  [NL.  (Bergmann, 
1782),  <  L,  {sal)  amm'oniacum:  see  ammoniac.] 

1 .  The  modern  name  of  the  volatile  alkali,  NH3, 
formerly  so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
more  fLxed  alkalis.  It  is  a  colorless  gas,  very  sol- 
uble in  water,  having  a  pungent  and  suffocating  smell, 
and  a  transient  alkaline  effect  on  vegetable  colors.  It  can 
be  litiuefled  by  pressure  and  frozen  by  a  mixture  of  solid 
carbonic  acid  anil  ether  in  a  vacuum.  Its  density  is  only 
about  half  that  of  atmospheric  air.  It  is  a  strong  base, 
and  forms  a  great  number  of  salts  which  are  isomorphous 
with  those  of  potassium  and  exhibit  a  close  analogy  to 
them-  It  is  found  in  minute  quantity  in  air,  and  is  a 
nattiral  jmiduct  of  the  decay  of  animal  substances.  It  is 
procured  artificially  by  the  destructive  distillation  of  ni- 
trogenous oruaiiic  matters,  such  as  bones,  hair,  horns,  ami 
hoofs,  and  is  largely  obtained  as  a  by-product  in  the  manu- 
facture of  illuminating  gas  from  coal.  Ammonia  is  used 
very  largely  in  medicine  and  the  arts,  chiefly  in  solution 
in  water  under  the  name  of  liquid  ammonia,  ai/uriiiix 
ammnnia,  or  spiritg  of  hartshorn.  (See  a./iin  amiu'iniir. 
under  a'/iia.)  Among  the  more  important  salts  of  am- 
monia is  ammonium  chlorid,  or  sal  ammimiac,  NHjCI. 
which  formerly  was  the  source  from  which  all  ammonium 
salts  were  i>re|iarcd.  It  is  largely  useil  in  dyeing,  and  in 
soldering  and  tinning-  At  present  ammonium  sulphate, 
(NH4).S(i4,  is  the  starting-point  for  the  manufacture  of 
ammonium  salts,  being  made  in  large  i|Uantity  from  gas- 
liquor.  It  is  also  used  as  a  fertilizer.  There  are  several 
ammonium  carbonates.  The  commercial  article,  called 
sat  mlalilc,  is  a  mixture  of  hydrogen-ammonium  carbonate 
and  ammonium  carbaiuatc.     See  ammonium. 

2.  [cap.]  In  cool.:  (n)  An  old  quasi-generic 
name  of  Spirula.  Breyn,  1732.  (b)  A  genus  of 
araehnidans.  Koch,  1835 — Ammonia  ore  process, 
a  process,  partly  chemical  and  partly  electrical,  for  scpa- 


ammonlflcatlon 

rating  copper  ami  silver  from  their  ores  with  the  aid  of 

ammoniacal  salts. 

ammoniac  (a-mo'ni-ak),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod, 
E.  ammoniaek,  also  armoniacK;  <  ME.  amoniak, 
ammonyak,  also,  and  earlier,  arni<iiiial;  armo- 
nyak,  armonyac,  adj.,  in  sal  orsalt  armoniak,  sal 
ammoniac ;  as  a  noun,  gum  ammoniac ;  <  OF. 
ammoniac,  urmoniac,  <  L.  ummoniacus  or  liam- 
tnoniacus,  <  Or.  *'Aii/tuviaK6r,  belonging  to  Am- 
mon (Libyan,  African),  L,  sal  Ammoniacum  or 
Hummoniacum,  Gr.  neut.  'Afi/iuvcaKuv,  salt  of  Am- 
mon, 80  called,  it  is  supposed,  because  origi- 
nally prepared  from  the  dung  of  camels  near 
the  temple  of  Ammon ;  L,  ammoniacum  or  ham- 
moniacum,  Gr,  a/iiiuviaK6v,  gum  ammoniac,  tlio 
.iuice  of  a  plant  of  northern  iVfrica,  tradition- 
ally locateii  near  the  temple  of  Ammon;  <  Am- 
mon,  Gr.  'IV/j//ui>,  Ammon:  see  Amnion.  Tho 
ME,  form  armoniak,  OF,  armoninc,  ML.  ar- 
moniacum,  indicates  confusion  with  Gr.  ap- 
fiovia,  a  fastening  or  joining,  from  the  use  of 
gum  ammoniac  as  a  cement,  or  of  sal  ammo- 
niac in  tho  joining  of  metals.]  I,  a.  1,  Per- 
taining to  Ammon,  or  to  his  shrine  in  Libya : 
only  in  tho  phrases,  or  ()uasi-compound.s,  gum 
ammoniac  and  sal  ammoniac.  See  etymology, 
and  definitions  below. — 2,  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
haviiif;  the  properties  of  ammonia ;  ammoniacal. 
— Gtmi  ammoniac,  or  ammoniac  gum,  a  gum  resin 
cotup(j.scd  of  tears,  internally  w  bite  and  externally  yellow, 
brought  in  large  masses  from  Persia  and  western  India; 
an  exudation  from  an  umbelliferous  plant,  the  Dorema 
Ammoniacum,  when  punctured  artificially  or  by  insects. 
It  has  a  fetid  smell,  and  a  nauseous  sweet  taste,  followed  by 
a  bitter  one.  It  is  inflammable,  and  soluble  in  water  and 
spirit  of  wine :  and  it  is  used  as  an  exjiectorant,  and  as  a 
stimulant  in  certain  plasters.  The  so-called  gum  ammoniac 
from  Morocco  (which  is  with  little  iloubl  thij  ammoniacum 
of  the  ancients)  is  of  uncertain  origin,  but  is  jirobably  ob- 
tained from  some  species  of  Klif^oxrlinum.  Also  called 
ammoniac  and  ammoniacum. —  Sal  ammoniac,  amrao- 
nitim  chlorid,  also  called  muriate  0/  ammonia,  a  salt  of  a 
sharp,  acrid  taste,  much  used  in  the  arts  and  in  pharmacy. 
See  ammonia,  1. 

II,  n.  Same  as  gum  ammoniac.     See  above, 
ammoniacal  (am-6-ni'a-kal),  a.     [<  ammoniac 
-I-  -((/.]     Of,  pertaining  to,  or  using  ammonia; 

ammoniac Ammoniacal  cochineal.  See  cochineal. 

— Ammoniacal  engine,  an  engine  in  wliich  the  motive 
powerisvaporof  ammonia. expaiKlid  by  beat.— Ammonia- 
cal gas, ammonia  in  its  purest  form,  that  is,  in  the  fonn 
of  vapor.— Ammoniacal  liquor,  or  gas-liquor,  a  pro- 
duct of  the  distillation  of  coal  in  gas-works.  It  contains 
ammonia,  and  is  used  for  the  iiianufactiire  of  ammonia- 
cal salts  and  as  a  fertilizer.— Ammoniacal  salt,  a  salt 
formed  by  the  union  of  ammonia  with  an  acid,  without 
the  elimination  of  hydrogen ;  difl'ering  in  this  from  metal- 
lic salts,  which  are  formed  by  the  substitution  of  the  metal 
for  the  liydr<igen  of  the  acid. 

ammoniaco-.     Combining  form  of  ammoniac  or 

amnioniftcal. 

ammoniacum  (am-o-ni'a-kum),  n.  Same  as 
(/iini  ammoniac  (which  see,  under  ammoniac,  a.). 

ammonialum  (a-mo-ni-al'um),  «.  [<  ammonia 
-{-  (lUini(iniiim).]  Ammonia  alum;  a  hydrosul- 
phate  of  aluminium  and  ammonia,  found  in  thin 
fibrous  layers  in  brown-coal  at  Tschermig  in 
Bohemia,  in  France  this  salt  is  manufactured  and  used 
in  place  of  potash  alum.     Also  called  tschcrmigite. 

ammonia-meter  (a-mo'ni-a-me'tfer),  n.  An  ap- 
paratus invented  by  Griffin  for  ascertaining  the 
percentage  of  ammonia  in  solutions. 

Anunonian  (a-mo'ni-an),  a.  [<  L,  "Ammonia- 
niis,  <  Aninionius,  a  proper  name,  <  Ammon:  see 
Ammon.]  1,  Pertaining  to  Ammon,  or  to  his 
temple  in  the  oasis  of  Siwah  in  Libya. — 2. 
Relating  to  Ammonius,  siu-named  Saccas,  of 
Ale.xanilria,  who  lived  earl}' in  the  third  century, 
and  is  often  called  the  founder  of  the  Neo- 
platonic  school  of  philosophy,  his  most  distin- 
guished jnipil  being  Plotinus, 

ammoniate  (a-mo'ni-at),  «.  [<  ammonia  + 
-nfcl.]  1.  Ammonia  comliined  with  a  metallic 
oxid. — 2.  A  trade-name  for  any  organic  nitro- 
genous material  which  may  be  used  as  a  source 
of  ammonia,  particularly  in  fertilizers,  as  dried 
blood,  fish-scrap,  etc. 

ammoniated  (a-mo'ui-a-ted),  a.  l^  ammo- 
niate.]    Combined  with  ammonia. 

ammonic  (a-mon'ik),  a.  [<  ammonia  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  ammonia :  as, 
ammonic  chlorid. 

ammoniemia,  ammonismia  (a-mo-ni-e'mi-a), 

H.  [NL.,  <  ammonium  -t-  fir.  a'ljja,  blood.]  A 
morbid  condition  characterized  by  the  presence 
of  ammonium  carbonate  in  the  blood, 
ammonification  (a-mon'i-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [< 
(iinmoniii  +  -liration.]  The  act  of  impregnat- 
ing with  ammonia,  as  for  fertilization,  or  the 
state  of  being  so  impregnated. 

y(mmoni/i«i(ion  (of  the  soil  of  Japan]  can  be  performed 
only  to  a  depth  of  eo  centimeters. 

Sci.  Amer.  Sup.,  XXII.  8788. 


Ammcnites  spinosus. 


ammomo- 

anunonio-.  Coiiil>iiuii{;  form  of  ammoniwm. 
ammonite  (am'on-it),  «.  [<  NL.  Ammonilcs, 
with  rt'f.  to  the  li.  iiamo  coriiii  Ammonis,  horn  of 
jVmiuon :  so  called 
from  theii-  resem- 
blance to  a  ram's 
liorn:  see  Amnion 
and  -i7<'-.]  One  of 
the  fossil  shells  of 
an  extensive  genus 
(Amnio)iitcs)  of  ex- 
tinct ccphalopodous 
moUusks  (cuttle- 
fishes), of  the  family 
A  mm  on  i  tidw,  coil  ed 
in  a  plane  spiral,  and 
chambered  within 
like  the  shell  of  the 
existing  nautUus,  to 
which  the  ammon- 
ites were  allied. 
These  shells  have  a  nacre- 
ous lining  and  a  porcelan- 
ous  layer  externally,  and 
are  smooth  or  rugose,  the 
ridges  straight,  crooked, 
oruudulated,  and  in  some 
eases  armed  with  project- 
ing spines  or  tubercles. 
The  species  .already  described  number  about  500,  and  range 
from  the  Lias  to  the  Chalk  formations,  inclusive.  They 
vary  in  size  from  mere  specks  to  3  or  4  feet  in  diameter. 
Also  written  hamnionite.  Sometimes  called  stiake^lone, 
ammon-stone,  and  formerly  cornu  Amitwnis  (Ammon's 
horn). 
Ammonites  (am-o-ni'tez),  n.  [NL. :  see  am- 
munitc.~i  The  leading  genus  of  ammonites, 
named  in  this  form  by  BrejTi  in  1732,  better  es- 
tablished by  Bruguiere  in  1789,  giving  name  to 
the  family  Ammonitidw.  The  name  has  been  used 
with  great  latitude  of  definition,  but  is  now  much  re- 
stricted. .Some  40  or  more  generic  names  have  been  given 
to  the  cephalopods  which  were  formerly  referred  to  ^»i- 
7nonit'.'^.  Also  written  Ilammonitm.  See  ammonite. 
ammonitid  (a-mon'i-tid),  «.  An  ammonite;  a 
cephalopod  of  the  family  Ammonitidw. 
Ammonitidse  (am-o-nit'i-de),  n.  1)1.  [NL.,  < 
Ammonites  +  -/<?«•.]  A  numerous  family  of 
extinct  tetrabranchiate  cephalopods  (cuttle- 
fishes), of  which  the  well-kno'svn  ammonite  is 
the  type.  Very  different  limits  have  been  assigned  to 
the  family.  It  includes  the  genera  Goniatites,  Ceratites, 
Ammonites,  Scaphites,  Ilamites,  and  others.  They  are  the 
most  characteristic  moUusks  of  the  Secondary  rocks.  See 
ammonite. 
ammonitiferous  (am"o-ni-tif' e-nis),  n.  [<  rtm- 
monite  +  h.  fcrre  =  E.  hcoA.']  Bearing  am- 
monites; containing  the  remains  of  ammon- 
ites :  as,  ammonitiferous  rocks. 
Ammonitoidea  (a-mon-i-toi'de-a),  n.  1)1.  [NL., 
<  Ammonites  +  -oidea.~\  A  superifamily  of  tetra- 
branchiate cephalopods,  including  those  which 
have  an  external  shell  of  two  principal  layers, 
with  an  initial  smooth  chamber  and  the  siphonal 
cavity  extending  forward.  It  includes  most  of 
the  order  Ammonea. 
ammonium  (a-mo'ni-um),  «.  [NL.  (Berzelius, 
1808),  <  ammonia  +  -nm.']  A  name  given  to 
the  hypothetical  base  (NH4)  of  ammonia,  anal- 
ogous to  a  metal,  as  potassium,  it  has  not  been 
isolated.  If  mercury  at  the  negative  pole  of  a  galvanic 
battery  is  placed  in  contact  with  a  solution  of  ammonia 
or  ammonium  chlorid,  and  the  circuit  is  completed,  the 
mass  swells  to  many  times  its  former  volume,  and  an 
amalgam  is  formed  which,  at  the  temperatm-e  of  70^  or 
80^  F.,  is  of  the  consistence  of  butter,  but  at  the  freezing- 
point  is  a  firm  and  crystallized  mass.  This  amalgam  is 
supposed  to  be  formed  I)y  the  metallic  base  ammonium, 
and  is  the  nearest  approacti  to  its  isolation.  On  the  cessa- 
tion of  the  current  the  amalgam  decomposes  into  mercury, 
ammonia,  and  hydrogen,  the  two  latter  escaping  as  g.as  in 
the  proportions  expressed  by  tlieir  atomic  weights,  namely, 
H  and  NH;j.— Ammoniuin  bases,  compounds  repre- 
senting one  or  more  molecules  of  ammonium  hydrate,  in 
which  monatomic  or  polyatomic  radicals  replace  the  whole 
or  part  of  the  hydrogen,  as  seen  in  tetrethyl-ainiuonium 
iodide,  X((\.Hr>)4l. 
ammoniuret  (am-o-ni'ii-ret),  n.  [<  ammonia  -t- 
-»)■( ■^]  In  eliem.,  one  of  certain  supposed  com- 
pounds of  ammonia  and  a  pure  metal,  or  an 
oxid  of  a  metal. 

ammoniureted,  ammoniuretted  (am-o-ni'u- 
ret-ed),  a.     [<  ammoniuret.^    Combined  with 
ammonia  or  ammonium. 
ammonoid  (am'o-noid),  n.     One  of  the  Ammo- 

noidra. 
Ammonoidea  (am-o-noi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ammo)ieii  +  -oidea.}  An  ordinal  name  ap- 
plied by  some  authors  to  the  Ammonea. 
Ammophila  (a-mof'i-la),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  am- 
mophilus :  see  ammophilous.']  1.  A  small  genus 
of  grasses  growing  on  the  sandy  shores  of  Eu- 
rope and  North  America ;  the  sea-reed.  a.  anm- 
dinacea  (common  marum,  sea-reed,  matweed,  or  sea- 
bent)  grows  on  sandy  sea-shores,  and  is  extensively  em- 
ployed in  Europe  and  America  for  preserving  the  shores 


Painted-»-ing  Digccr-  or  Sand-wasp 
{ylrnmefiJtiia  picttfiennit),  natural 
size. 


178 

from  inroads  of  the  sea,  as  it  serves  to  bind  down  the  sand 

liy  its  long  matted  rhizomes.     It  is  also  manufactured  into 

door-mats  and  Hoor-lu'ushes,  and  in  the  Hebrides  into  ropes, 

mats,  bags,  antl  hats. 

2.  In  cntom.,  a  genus  of  long-bodied  fossorial 

aculeate    liymenopterous    insects,    commonly 

called     sand-wasps, 

belonging      to     the 

family  .Sphcgidw.    A. 

pictipcnnis    (Walsh) 

is  an  example.     See 

dii/f/er-u-a.ip. 

ammophilous  (a- 
mof'i-lus),  f(.  [<NL. 
ammophilus,  <  Gr.  a/i- 
/loc,  sand  (see  am- 
mite),  +  <pi/'o(,  lov- 
ing.] Sand-loving: 
applied  in  rod/,  to 
members  of  the  ge- 
nus Ammophila,  2. 

Ammotrsrpane  (am-o-trip'a-ne),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr. 
tiuuor,,  sand  (see  ammite),+  Tp'v^avoVjhoTeT:  see 
trepan. '\  A  genus  of  cha?topodous  annelids,  of 
the  family  (Jpheliidce.     liathke. 

ammunition  (am-ii-nish'on),  n.  [<  F.  nmuni- 
tion,  amonition  (16th  century),  a  corruption  of 
tnunition,  the  prefix  a-  perhaps  arising  out  of  la 
W(HHi7ioH  understood  as  Vamunition:  see  muni- 
tion.l  Military  stores  or  provisions  for  attack 
or  defense ;  in  modem  usage,  only  the  materials 
which  are  used  in  the  discharge  of  fu'earms  and 
ordnance  of  all  kinds,  as  powder,  balls,  bombs, 

various  kinds  of  shot,  etc Ammunition-bread, 

-shoes,  -stockings,  etc.,  such  as  are  contracted  for  by  the 
government,  and  distributed  to  soldiers.— Fixed  ammu- 
nition, ammunition  the  materials  of  which  are  combined 
in  cartridges  or  otherwise  to  facilitate  the  loading  of  fire- 
arms or  ordnance.  See  cartrid()e. — Metallic  ammuni- 
tion, fixed  ammunition  for  small  amis,  and  for  niiichine- 
gims  and  rapid-firing  gmis  of  small  calil)er,  inriused  in 
brass  or  copper  cartridge-cases. — Stand  Of  ammunition, 
a  single  charge  or  load  of  fixed  ammunition  for  a  smooth- 
bore field-piece  or  other  cannon. 

ammunition  (am-u-nish'on),  V.  t.  [<  ammuni- 
tion, ;i.]     To  supply  with  ammunition. 

ammunition-chest  (am-u-nish'on-chest),  n.  A 
chest  or  box  in  which  the  fixed  ammunition  for 
field-cannon  is  packed.  One  ammunition-chest  is 
carried  on  the  limber  of  the  gun-carriage,  and  three  are 
carried  on  the  caisson,  one  on  the  limber  and  two  on  the 
body. 

amnemonic  (am-ne-mon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  li-priv. 
-I-  fivii/joviKO^,  mnemonic ;  ef.  nfivy/juv,  forgetful.] 
Not  mnemonic ;  characterized  by  loss  of  mem- 
ory. 

amnesia  (am-ne'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  afivjjaia,  < 
(i-priv.  +  /ti'//at-,  only  in  comp.,  remembering, 
<  /ii/ivr/GKeir,  remind,  in  mid.  and  pass,  remem- 
ber, fivacrBai,  remember,  =L.  mcminisse,  remem- 
ber: see  mnemonic,  memory,  remember,  etc.  Cf. 
amnesty.']  1.  In  poWio/.,  loss  of  memory;  spe- 
cifiealh',  a  morbid  condition  in  which  the  patient 
is  unable  to  recall  a  word  that  is  wanted,  or, 
perhaps,  understand  it  when  spoken:  a  common 
formof  aphasia(\vhiehsee). — 2.  \_cap.'\  ln:ool., 
a  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.     G.  H.  Horn, 

1876 — Amnesia  acustica  (see  acoustic),  loss  of  mem- 
ory for  spoken  words ;  word-deafness. 

amnesic  (am-ne'sik),«.  l<.  amnesia  + -ic]  Per- 
taining to  or  characterized  by  amnesia  or  loss 
of  memory:  as,  amnesic  aphasia,. 

amnestic  (am-nes'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/ivr/aria,  for- 
getfulness:  see  amnesty  and  amnesia.'\  Causing 
amnesia  or  loss  of  memory. 

amnesty  (am'nes-ti),  «. ;  pi.  amnesties  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  amnestic,  <  L.  amnestia,  <  Gr.  afivria-ia,  for- 
getfulness,  esp.  of  wrong,  <  afivriaroc,  forgotten, 
forgetful,  <  a-priv.  +  fiiiivlicKetv,  /iviaBai,  remem- 
ber: see  amnesia.]  A  forgetting  or  overlook- 
ing; an  act  of  oblivion;  specifically,  a  general 
pardon  or  conditional  offer  of  pardon  of  offenses 
or  of  a  class  of  offenses  against  a  government, 
or  the  proclamation  of  such  pardon. 

Dec.  25th,  1868,  .  .  .  President  Johnson  .  .  .  pro- 
claimed and  declared  ...  a  full  pardon  and  amnesty  .  .  . 
to  all  who  directly  or  indirectly  participated  in  the  re- 
bellion. Cyc.  Polit.  Sci.,  I.  90. 

All  peace  implies  amnesty,  or  oblivion  of  past  subjects 
of  dispute,  whether  the  same  is  expressly  mentioned  in 
the  terms  of  the  treaty,  or  not. 

Wootsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  153. 
=  Sjm.  Absolution,  etc.     See  imriioii,  n. 
amnesty  (am'nes-ti),  V.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  am- 
nestied, ppr.  amnestyinp.     [(amnesty,  ^^.]     To 
grant  an  amnesty  to ;  pardon. 

France  has,  luckily,  little  to  trouble  her  beyond  the 
question  of  amnesti^nff  the  Communists. 

The  Nation,  XXII.  329. 
The  fugitive  manslayer  is  amnestied,  not  on  the  death 
of  the  king,  but  on  the  death  of  the  high  priest. 

Uncyc.  ISrit.,  XVIII.  610. 


amnion 

amnia,  «.     Plural  of  amnion. 

amnicH  (am'nik),  fl.  [<  L.  amnicus,  <  amnis,  a 
river,  akin  to  Skt.  ap,  water.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  river;  fiuvial ;  fluviatile. 

amnic'-  (am'nik),  a.  [<  amnion  +  -!>.]  Same 
as  amniotic. 

Amnicola  (am-nik'o-lii),  «.  [XL.,  <  L.  amni- 
ciild,  tliat  grows  in  or  by  a  river,  <  amnis,  a 
river,  -t-  -cola,  <  colcre,  dwell.]  A  genus  of 
fresh-water  tasnioglossate  moUusks,  of  the 
family  liissoida;  or  made  the  tj-jte  of  Amnico- 
lidiv.  There  are  several  species,  of  small  size,  generally 
distrii)Utcd  throughout  the  United  States. 

amnicolid  (am-nik'o-lid),  11.  A  gastropod  of 
the  family  Amnicolidie. 

Amnicolidse  (am-ni-kol'i-de),  ji.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amnicola  +  -iiliv.]  A  family  of  ta>nioglossat« 
gastropods,  tj^jified  by  the  genus  Amnicola. 
The  distinction  from  Hissoiila:  is  not  well  marked,  hut 
numerous  small  species  inhabiting  fresh  and  brackish 
wat*:'r  have  been  referred  to  this  family. 

Amnicolinae  (am-nik-o-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amnicola  +  -ina'.]  A  subfamily  of  Bissoidw,  or 
of  AmnicoUda;  t\-pified  by  Amnicola.  The  animal 
hasa  Hat  fnnt  witlii.ut  lateral  sinuses;  the  rachidian  teeth 
have  bxsal  denticles  on  the  anterior  surface  behind  the 
lateral  margins  ;  the  shell  varies  from  a  turreted  to  a 
globular  form ;  and  the  operculum  is  subspiral.  The  sub- 
family includes  many  small  fresh-water  species,  of  which 
a  large  nimiber  inhabit  the  streams  and  poolsof  the  United 
States. 

amnicoline  (am-nik'o-lin),  a.  and  n.     [<  NL. 

amnicolinus,  (.Amnicola,  q.  v.]  I,  a.  Inhabit- 
ing rivers,  as  an  amnicolid ;  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Amnicolincc ;  amnicoloid. 

II.  «.  A  gastropod  of  the  subfamily  Amnico- 
linw:  an  amnicolid. 

amnicolistt  (am-nik'o-Iist),  K.  [<  L.  amnicola, 
one  who  dwells  by  a'  river  (see  Amnicola),  + 
-ist.]  One  who  dwells  by  a  river  or  upon  its 
banks.     Bailey. 

amnicoloid  (am-nik'o-loid),  a.  [<  Amnicola  + 
-"/(/.]  Like  an  amnicolid;  pertaining  or  re- 
lated to  the  Amnicolidec. 

amnigenoust  (am-nij'e-nus),  a.  [<  L.  amni- 
gena,  born  in  a  river  (as  fish)  or  of  a  river-god, 

<  amnis,  a  river,  +  -genus,  -bom,  <  ■/  *gen,  bear.] 
Eiver-born ;  bom  on  or  near  a  river.     Bailey. 

amnion  (am'ni-on),  n. ;  pi.  amnia  {-a).  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  cifiviov,  the  membrane  around  the  fetus  (also 
called  afivciog  ^-(rui'),  also  the  bowl  in  which  the 
blood  of  victims  was  caught  at  the  sacrifices ; 

<  apvdg,  a  lamb:  see  agnus.]  1.  In  anat.  and 
vertebrate  :o6l.,  one  of  the  fetal  appendages; 
the  innermost  one  of  the  membranes  which 
envelop  the  embryo  of  the  higher  vertebrates, 
as  mammals,  birds,  and  reptiles;  the  lining 
membrane  of  a  shut  sac,  familiarly  called  the 
"  bag  of  waters,"  in  which  the  fetus  iscontained. 
An  amnion  is  developed  in  those  vertebrates  only  which 
have  a  fidly  formed  allantois  ;  hence  it  is  absent  in  the 
Icht/iyops-ida,  or  fishes  and  amphibians,  but  present  in  all 
.Sauropsida,  or  reptiles  and  birds,  and  in  Mammalia. 
The  amnion  is  formed,  at  a  very  early  period  in  the  life 
of  the  embryo,  by  a  duplication  of  the  epiblast,  or  external 
blastodermic  membrane,  which,  carrying  with  it  a  layer 
of  mesoblast  from  the  somatopleural  division  of  the  latter, 
rises  on  all  sides  about  the  embrj-o,  the  folded  edges  com- 
ing together  over  the  Ijack  of  the  embryo,  and  there  coa- 
lescing to  form  a  shut  sac  in  which  the  embryo  is  inclosed. 
From  this  mode  of  growth,  it  is  obvious  that  what  was  the 
outer  side  of  the  amniotic  folds  becomes  the  inner  side  of 
the  sac  when  it  h-as  shut,  so  that  the  epiblastic  layer  is  in- 
ternal, the  mesoblastic  external ;  the  process  of  inversion 
being  comparable  to  that  by  which,  in  the  case  of  the 
primitive  trace  of  the  embrj'o,  a  layer  of  epiblast  is  con- 
verted into  the  lining  of  the  spinal  canal.  Only  that  fold 
of  membrane  which  is  next  the  body  of  the  embryo  co^jj- 

poses  the  anmion  prop- 
er, the  other  or  outer 
fold  in  contact  with  the 
enveloping  primitive 
chorion  (vitelline  mem- 
brane or  yolk-sac)either 
disappearing  or  taking 
part  in  the  fonuation  of 
the  permanent  chorion. 
As  long  as  this  outer 
fold  is  recognizable  as 
a  membrane,  it  bears 
the  name  of /alse  am- 
nion. The  shut  sac  of 
the  anmion  contains  the 
littuor  amnii,  a  bland, 
albuminous,  serous  fluid 
in  which  the  fetus  is  im- 
mersed.  In  parturition, 
rupture  of  the  sac  is  fol- 
lowed by  the  "biu-sting 
of  the  waters."  Some- 
times a  portion  of  the 
sac  adheres  to  the  head 
of  the  child,  fitting  like 
a  skull-cap ;  such  an  in- 
fant is  said,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  midwives,  who 
commonly  regard  the 
circumst.ance  as  a  good 
omen,  to  be  "born  with 
a  caul."    Those  verte- 


hA7n 


Vertebrate  Embryo  (chicle.  5th  day  of 
incubation  ;<,shon-ing  .^m,  the  inclosing 
amnion :  «,  c,  rudiments  of  anterior 
and  posterior  limbs,  or  limb-buds:  i, 
2,  3,  first,  second,  and  third  cerebral 
vesicles ;  xa,  vesicle  of  the  third  ven- 
triclc  :  A,  eye  :  *,  visceral  arches  and 
clefts ;  .4//,  allantois,  banking  by  its 
pedicle :  Um,  portion  of  umbilical 
vesicle. 


amnion 

brates  which  possess  nn  amnion  are  termed  Amnioimta ; 
those  which  do  not,  Anaimiiv/iata :  terms  coinciilent  re- 
spectively with  Alltiiitoidea  ami  Atmllantoidea. 

2.  In  cntom,,  a  membrane  which  surrounds  the 
larva  of  many  insects,  as  the  millepods  {lulkia'), 
for  some  time  after  they  are  hatched  from  tlie 
egg.  It  is  regarded  by  some  as  the  analogue 
of  the  amnion  of  a  vertebrate. 

In  many  insects  and  in  the  hi-;her  vertebrates,  the  em- 
bryo aciiuires  a  special  protective  envelope,  the  amnion, 
wluchis  thrown  otf  at  birth.    Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  C7. 

3.  A  reflected  portion  of  a  membrane,  inascid- 
iaus,  which  lines  the  inner  wall  of  the  oraac, 
and  forms  a  kind  of  amniotic  investment  of  the 
embryo. 

It  is  the  cavity  left  between  this  amnion  and  the  inner 
hemisphere  of  the  blastoderm  which  beeomea  the  parental 
blood-sinus.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  b'i'i. 

4.  In  bot.^  a  name  formerly  given  to  the  fluid 
contents  of  the  embryo  sac. 

Sometimes  eiToneously  wi-itten  amnios. 
False  amnion,  the  part  of  the  original  amnionic  mem- 
brane k-ft  liniiit;  the  chorion  after  thcanmionicsacproi>L-r 
is  formed  hy  a  duplication  and  inversion  of  a  part  of  the 
original  membrane.  It  disappears  either  by  absorption 
or  by  taking  part  in  the  develojimeut  of  the  chorion. 
Also  called  ve.iicula  serosa. 

Amnionata  (am^''ni-o-na'ta),  n,  pi.  [NL. ; 
prop.  ^Amniata  or  Am n iota  ;  K  amnion  +  -ata."] 
A  name  given  l.>y  Haeckel  to  those  vertebrates 
which  luive  an  amnion,  it  correspomls  to  Allan- 
toiilca,  :inil  is  coextensive  with  Mmiiiii'th't  and  Sin/ro]!- 
itida  of  Huxley,  or  niamnials,  liinU.  and  reptiles,  tlie  am- 
phibians and  tishes being  term t-d,l/;(n/wi/(iHffNi (which  sec). 
Also  ealled  Antniota. 

amnionic  (am-ni-on'ik),  a.    [The  proper  form 

would  be  *anniiac;  <  amnion  (amni-on)  +  -ic 
(-rto).]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of 
an  amnion;  amniotic. 

In  a  number  of  Insects  belonging  to  different  orders  of 
the  class,  an  amnionic  investment  is  developed  from  the 
extra-neural  part  of  the  blastoderm. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  220. 

amnionless  (am'ni-on-les),  a.  l<.  atrinion -h 
-Ub's.]     Having  no  amnion  ;  anamniotic. 

amnios  (am'ni-os),  H.  [=  F.  <imtiios.'\  An  er- 
roneous form  for  a  tun  ion. 

Amniota  (am-ni-o'tjl),  7i.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
*ani>iio(ns,  <  Gr.  as  if  ^a/aviurd^y  <  afiviov^  am- 
nion.]    Same  as  Amnionata. 

amniotic  (am-ni-ot'ik),  a.  [As  Amniota  +  -ic  ; 
=  F.aniniotiquc.~\  1.  Pertaining  to  the  amnion; 
contained  in  the  amnion  :  as,  the  amniotic  fluid. 
— 2.  Possessing  an  amnion;  belonging  to  the 
Amnionata,  as  a  mammal,  bird,  or  reptile.  See 
Amnionata. 

Also  amnic. 
Amniotic  cavity,  the  hollow  of  the  amnion,  containing 
the  amni(dio   li(inid   and   the  fetus.  — Amniotic  folds. 
See   ainiiiun. —Amnioiic   liquid,  amniotic  fluid,  -t 

liquor  anmii,  the  liquid  in  which  tlie  fetus  is  suspended 
by  the  unil)ilical  cord.  See  a7H7i,/o«.  — Amniotic  sac.  (a) 
The  amnion,  invested  externally  by  the  cliorion ;  the  lin- 
ing of  the  "bag  of  waters."  (6)  In  bot.,  the  emi>ryo-sac. 
[No  longer  used.] 

amock,  a,  or  affv.     See  amucJc. 

amoeba  (a-me'ba),  ?i. ;  pi.  amcebas,  amoeh(e 
(-biiz,  -be).  [NLj.,  <  Gr.  aiioii,V]y  change,  ex- 
change, <  auri.kiVj  change,  exchange,  akin  to 
L.  7novcrCj  ?  E.  move,  q.  v.]  1.  leap.']  A  ge- 
nus of  microscopic  rhizopodous  Protozoa,  of 
which  A.  diffiuens,  common  in  all  fi-esh-water 
ponds  and  ditches,  is  the  type.  It  exists  as  a  mass 
of  protoplasm,  and  moves  about  and  grasps  particles  of 
food,  etc.,  by  means  of  pseudopodia,  or  tinger-like  pro- 
cesses, which  it  forms  by  protruding  portions  of  its  body. 

■  From  thus  continually  altering  its  shape  it  received  Its  for- 
mer name  of  prxtmst  aniinalcnl.-.  Within  the  body  are 
usually  found  a  inulcus  and  nueleohis,  and  certain  clear 
spaces,  termed  cuntrartiln  vcsirlc.'^,  from  their  exhibiting 
rhythmical  movements  of  contraction  and  dilatation. 
There  is  no  distinct  mouth,  and  food  seized  by  means  of 
the  pseudopodia  is  engulfed  within  the  soft  sarcode-body 
and  by  any  portion  of  its 
surface,  the  ajiertures 
by  which  the  food  is 
taken  in  closing  up  im- 
mediately after  its  re- 
ception. Reproduction 
takes  place  in  several 
ways,  but  chiefly  by  fis- 
sion, whereby  an  anneba 
simply  divi<les  into  two 
portions,  each  of  which 
becomes  a  distinct  ani- 
malcule. Several  other 
species  have  been  described ;  but  there  is  reason  to  think 
that  some  of  these,  at  least,  may  be  eiirly  forms  of  other 
and  more  complex  animals,  or  even  of  plants.  The  term 
appears  to  have  been  first  used  by  Ehrenberg  in  18.'J0,  as 
the  name  of  a  genus  of  his  Poly(jastrica.  ' 
2.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Amoeba. — 3,  Any 
single  cell  or  corpuscle  of  one  of  the  higher 
animals;  a  cell  regarded  as  itself  an  animal, 
and  an  individual  of  the  morphological  grade 
of  development  of  an  amoeboid  organism. 
[Rare.] 


Amceb3e  (much  magnified). 


179 

Amoebae  (a-me'be),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Amceba.] 
In  c«o/.,  the  order  to  which  the  genus  Amabii 
belongs. 

Amoebsea  (am-e-be'a),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  L.  (imaibwKn,  alternate :  see  amtebcan^.']  Tli(> 
naino  given  by  Ehrenberg  to  the  amoebiforni 
orginiiHms  which  he  placed  in  his  rohiqnslriai. 

amoebaeum  (am-e-be'um),  J!.;  pi.  amaijwd  (-ii). 
[L.,  neut.  of  ((mabwiis,  <  Gr.  a/ioi jiaiur,  recipro- 
cal, alternate,  <  a/ioii^//,  change,  alternation :  see 
nmafcfl.]  A  poem  in  which  ])ersons  are  repre- 
sented as  speaking  alternately,  as  in  the  third 
and  seventh  eclogues  of  Virgil. 

amoeba-movement  (a-ine'bit-mov"ment),  n.  A 
niovenu'nt  I  if  naked  membraneless  protoplasmic 
bodies,  consisting  of  rajiid  changes  lu  external 
contour,  extension  and  contraction,  and  a  creeji- 
ing  about  as  if  flowing.  See  amoeboid  mocc- 
mtnt!<,  under  nmceboul,  a. 

amoeban  (a-me'ban),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
amu'l)as;  amoebous. 

Amoebea  (am-e-be'a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Amaba, 
q.  v.]  An  order  of  lihizopnda,  of  which  the 
genus  Amabd  is  the  tyi)e.     >Seo  Amaim. 

amoebean^  (am-e-be'au),  a.  [<  L.  (imabamSyiGT. 
a/ioijiaio^ :  see  «»(a;6(r«)H.]    Alternately  answer- 
ing or  responsive;  of  the  nature  of  an  amaj- 
biPum  (which  see).     Also  spelled  amchcan. 
A  mwbean  verses  and  the  custom  of  vyi^^'  .  .  .  liy  turns. 

J.  Warton. 
Erelong  the  pastornl  an<l  town  idyls  of  Theocritus,  witli 
their  amoebeayi  dialogue  and  elegant  occasional  songs,  won 
the  ear  of  both  tlie  fashionahle  and  critical  worlds. 

.Stt-dmau,  Vict.  I'oets,  p.  207. 

amoebean^  (am-e-be'an),  a.  [<  Anuebea  +  -an.] 

Of  or  relating  to  the  Amabca. 
Amoebidae  (a-me'bl-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Amceha 
+  -ida;.  ]  The  typical  family  of  the  Amcebce, 
Amwbina,  or  Amaboidca,  mainly  represented 
by  the  genus  Ama-ba,  as  distinguished  from 
such  amoeboids  as  are  members  of  Difflngia  and 
Arcella,  or  siieh  other  rhizopods  as  the  sun-ani- 
malcules, as  Actinophrtis  sol,  etc. 
amoebiform  (a-me'bi-f6rm),  a.  and  n.  [<  ama- 
ba  +  -form.']  I.  a.  Amoeba-like;  undergoLug 
frequent  changes  of  shape,  like  an  amoeba;  re- 
lated to  the  amojbas. 

The  corpuscle,  in  fact,  hasan  inherent  contractility,  lilte 
one  of  those  low  organisms,  known  as  an  Amoeba,  whence 
its  motions  are  frequently  called  amosbi'/onn. 

Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  177. 
II.  n.  An  amoeba,  or  an  animal  or  corpuscle 
of  amoeban  character.     See  amceba,  3. 
Other  genera  of  the  ainosbi/orms. 

Coties,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  102. 

Amoebina  (am-e-bi'na),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Amoeba 

+  -/««.]     See  Amaeboidea. 

amoebodont  (a-me'bo-dout),  a.  [<  Gr.  ifioifi^, 
change,  alternation,  +  orfoi'f  (o(S<wt-)  =  E.  tooth.] 
A  term  descriptive  of  a  form  of  lophodont  denti- 
tion in  which  the  crests  or  folds  of  the  crowns 
of  the  molar  teeth  are  alternate:  opposed  to 
aiitiodoiif. 

amoeboid  (a-me'boid),  a.  and  «.  [<  amoeba  + 
-old.]  I.  ((.  t)f,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling 
an  amoeba:  as,  owa'to/d  masses. 

It  is  not  uncommon  for  portions  of  the  protoplasmic 
substance  to  pass  into  an  amo'boid  condition. 

W.  B.  CarpenliT,  Micros.,  §  336. 

The  blood-corpuscles  of  Solen  legumen,  .  .  .  besides 
colorless  ama'buid  forms,  comprise  a  vast  number  of  oval 
ones,  deeply  stained  by  haemoglobin. 

E.  R.  Laitkester,  I'ref.  to  Uegenbaur's  Comp.  An.it.,  p.  10. 

Amceboid  ceU.  See  ceiJ.— Amoeboid  movements,  con- 
stant changes  of  shape  of  an  anuvba  or  otlier  single-celled 
organism,  as  an  ovum,  a  cytode,  or  a  forniutive  cell  of  any 
of  the  higher  animals;  especially,  such  movements  as  are 
exhil>itcd,  for  examide,  by  the  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood 
of  man.  the  rescmlilance  of  such  objects  to  an  amirba  be- 
ing striking,  auil  their  morjihological  characters  being 
nearly  identical. 

II.  «.  An  amoebiform  organism;  one  of  the 
Ania'hid(r. 

Amoeboidea  (am-f-boi'de-ii),  n.  ;>/.  [NL.,  < 
Amaba  +  -oidca.]'  An  order  of  amoebiform 
rhizopodous  l'roto:oa,  of  which  the  genus  Amw- 
ba,  of  the  family  AmabUbv,  is  the  tj-pe.  This 
order  is  practically  distinguished  from  Mnnera  by  the 
presence  of  a  nucleus,  anil  from  the  Foramini/era  and 
RadMaria  by  the  absence  of  a  complete  calcareous  or  si- 
licious  shell,  llie  ienw^  AiHa:boidfa ,  Ama'biua,  Amwba'a, 
and  Ama'bwX^ee  A  mabie)  are  more  or  less  nearly  synony- 
mous; but  the  definition  of  the  groups  of  amrebiform  ani- 
mals varies  « ith  almost  every  leading  writer.  See  amaba. 

amoebous  (a-me'bus),  a.  [<  amaba  +  -oi/s.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus  Amoeba  :  resem- 
bling an  amivba  in  structure.     jUso  amoeban. 

amoebula  (a-me'bu-lii),  n.;  pi.  amabulw  (-le). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  ama4m."\  A  little  amoeba.  E.  II. 
Lankester,  Kneyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  840. 

amoenomania  (a-me-no-ma'ni-ji),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
amaiitii,  pleasant  (see  amciic),  +  mania,  <  Gr. 


among 

iiavia,  mania.]  A  form  of  mania  in  which  the 
hallucinations  are  of  an  agreeable  nature. 

amoindert,  v.  t.  [<  F.  amolndrir,  lessen,  <  a,  to, 
+  moindrc,  <  L.  minor,  less.]  To  lessen  or  di- 
minish.    JJnnnc. 

amok  (a-mok'),  a.  or  adv.    See  amuck. 

amole  (a-mo'le),  K.  [Mex.]  1.  A  Mexican  name 
for  the  roots  of  various  species  of  [ilauts  wliich 
have  detergent  properties  and  are  used  as  a 
substitute  for  soap. — 2.  The  name  of  several 
plants  which  fui'msh  these  roots,  in  New  Mexico 
and  adjacent  pjirts  of  .Mexico  the  most  common  species 
is  the  lechuguilla,  Afjare  hftfracantha.  In  California  the 
name  la  given  especially  to  Cfdorof/fdum  jtrnnendifiitum, 
a  liliaceous  plant  having  large  bulbs  coated  with  coarse 
brown  fibers,  of  which  mattresses  are  made.  .See  eoap-ptant. 

amolisht,  v.  t.  [<  OF.  amoUss-,  stem  of  certain 
]iiuls  of  itmnlir,  <  L.  nmoliri,  remove  with  an 
effort,  <  a  for  ab,  away,  +  moliri,  exert  one's 
self  upon,  move,  <  moles,  a  heavy  mass:  see 
molc^.  Ct.  demolish.']  To  remove  forcibly ;  put 
aw.ay  with  an  effort.     [Rare.] 

amolitiont,  "■  [^  L.  amoliti(>{n-),  <  amoliri,  pp. 
amiilitus,  remove:  see  amolish.]  A  putting 
away;  removal.     [Rare.] 

amoilishf,  <■.  t.  [<  Mii.  amoUsshcn,  <  OF.  amo- 
Uss-, stem  of  certain  parts  of  amolir,  F.  amol- 
lir,  soften,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  molir,  <  L.  mol- 
lirc,  soften,  <  mollis,  soft:  see  moll,  moliifi/.] 
To  soften ;  mollify ;  mitigate. 

amollishmentt(a-mol'ish-ment),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten amolishment,  <  F.  aiiiollissemfnt:  see  amol- 
listt  and  -ment.]  Softening;  mitigation.  Donne. 
(X.  E.  1>.) 

Amomum  (a-mo'mum),  n.  [L.,  also  amomon,  < 
Gr.  afiufiov,  applied  to  an  Eastern  spice-plant: 
origin  uncertain.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natural 
order  Scitaminew,  belonging  to  tropical  regions 
of  the  old  world,  and  allied  to  the  ginger-plant. 
They  are  herbaceous,  with  creeping  nmtstocks  ami  large 
sheathing  leaves,  and  are  remarkable  for  the  pungency 
and  anxnatic  properties  cjf  their  seeds.  .Several  species 
yield  the  cardamnms  and  grains  of  jiaradise  of  commerce. 

amonestet,  v.  t.     An  old  form  of  admonish. 

among  (.;i-mung'),  prep,  and  adv.,  orig.  prep, 
phr.  [lu  early  mod.  E.  in  two  mixed  forms: 
(1)  amoni/,  <  ME.  amonij,  amonqc,  amang, 
amange,  <  AS.  dmatig  (rare  and  late),  contr.  of 
usual  onmang,  prep. ;  (2)  emong,  <  ME.  emong, 
emonge,  emang,  imong,  ymong  (cnmong,  inmong), 
<  AS  gemnng  (=  OFries.  mong),  prep. ;  both  on- 
mang and  gemang  are  contractions  of  the  full 
form  ongemtmg,  prep.,  originally  separated,  on 
gemang  (orig.  followed  by  gen.),  lit.  in  (the) 
crowd  or  company  (of):  on,  prep.,  on,  in  (see 
«-3);  (7cmfl»(/,  a  crowd,  assembly:  see  >hc».7  and 
mingle.  Cf.  the  extended  form  amongst.]  I. 
prep.  1.  In  or  into  the  midst  of ;  in  association 
or  connection  with,  as,  he  fell  among  thieves; 
one  among  this  people. 

A  practice  there  is  among  us  to  determine  doubtfttl 
matters  by  the  opening  of  a  book. 

Sir  T.  Brotone,  Vulg.  Err. 
I  stood 
Among  them,  but  not  of  them. 

lli/nu,  t'hilde  liarold,  iii.  113. 
She  dwelt  among  the  untrodden  ways 
Beside  the  springs  of  Dove.     Wordiicorth,  Lucy. 

2.  In  the  number  of ;  of  or  out  of. 

My  beloved  is  .  .  .  the  chiefest  «Hi<»n'/ ten  thousand. 

Caut.  V.  10. 
Blessed  art  thou  among  women.  Luke  i.  28. 

Tile  years  dtuing  which  Bacon  held  the  (ireat  Seal  were 
among  .  .  .  the  most  shameful  in  English  history.  Every- 
thing at  home  and  abroad  was  mismanaged. 

Ataeaidai/,  Lord  Bacon. 

3.  By  the  joint  action  or  consent  of;  with  the 
common  aid  or  knowledg&of:  as,  settle  it  awowi/ 
yourselves;  the  mischief  was  done  among  you. 

You  have,  among  you,  killed  a  sweet  and  innocent  lady. 
.S/irtA-.,  .Much  Ado,  V.  i. 

4.  To  each  of;  by  or  for  distribution  to:  as, 
he  gave  five  dollars  to  be  divided  among  them. 

What  are  they  [five  loaves  and  two  fishes]  among  so 
many  ?  John  vi.  9. 

5t.  In  the  circumstances  of ;  during  the  time 
ortennof;   in  the  course  of. 

I  never  went  to  any  place  among  all  my  life  .  .  .  which 
I  had  before  .  .  .  thought  of. 

Baxter,  in  T'ulloch  s  Eng.  Puritanism,  p.  S0«.   (N.  E.  D.) 

n.t  "<Ji'-  1-  Together  (with  something). 

Dosttur,  temper  well  thi  tongc, 
A  vse  not  monuy  tallis  [many  tales): 
i'or  les.synggis  (U:i5ings|  wyll  Icpe  out  amonge, 
That  ottyn  brewis  ballys  (bales,  mischiefs]. 
The  Good  Wvfe  tcotd  a  Pylgremage,  I.  So.    (E.  E.  T.  S., 
(extra  scr.  VIII.,  1.  41.) 

2.  At  intervals ;  here  and  there. 

They  (the  fowles]  sate  amonge 
Upon  my  ehambre  roofe  withoute, 
Upon  the  tyles  over  al  abotite. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  ?98. 


among 

3.  Between  whiles;  at  intervals;  from  time  to 
time;  now  and  then. — 4.  During  the  time; 
meanwhile.  =Syn.  Amkl,  In  the  uiidsl  u/,  Amonrt,  Be- 
tu-een,  Betwixt.  I'liu  millet  is  the  middle  pluue;  hejice 
amid  or  in  the  midst  (tr'sl)ouM  be  used  ^x■here  a  person  or 
tiling  is  in  a  position  which  is,  or  may  be  imagined  to  be, 
eeiitral ;  tliey  are  naturally  the  expressions  between  which 
t^)  clioose  when  the  noun  is  in  the  singular,  or  a  plural  noun 
stands  for  that  which  is  virtually  one;  as,  "Ix>,  I  see  four 
men  loose,  walking  >n  the  midst  f»/the  fire"  (Dan.  iii.  *jr»); 
amid  tile  waves.  Jiy  derivation  amnna  suggests  a  min- 
gling; it  may  be  properly  used  with  collective  nouns:  as, 
he  disappeared  fii(i<)(i;;theero»d.  /iV/icfn  is  nearlye(|uiv- 
aleut  etyniologically  to  '•;/  ticain.  .so  applying  only  to  two ; 
amoii;;  refers  to  more  than  two;  it  is  therefore  improper 
to  say  either  amunrj  them  both,  or  between  the  three.  Be- 
twixt is  the  same  as  between. 

Hac'd  far  amid  the  melancholy  main. 

Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  i.  30. 

Where  two  or  three  are  gathered  together  in  my  name, 

there  am  I  in  the  midst  of  them.  Mat.  xviii.  i!0. 

He  passes  to  be  king  amonrt  the  dead. 

Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

The  question  hath  bin  all  this  while  between  them  two. 
Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  vi. 

What  is  there  now  that  can  stand  betinzt  me  and  fe- 
licity? Beau,  and  PI.,  Woman-Hater,  v.  4. 

amongst  (a-mungsf),  prep.  [An  extension 
(with  excrescent  -t  as  in  against,  amidst,  whilst, 
etc.)  of  ME.  amonges,  an  adverbial  gen.  form  of 
among.']     Same  as  among. 

A  son,  who  is  the  theme  of  honour's  tongue ; 
Amongst  a  grove  the  very  straightest  ]>lant. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

amontillado  (a-mon-til-ya'do),  n.  A  name 
given  to  sherry  which  has  little  sweetness,  and 
is  light  in  color  and  body  rather  than  dark  and 
rich.     See  shcrri/. 

amor  (a'mor),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  amor  (with  ac- 
cent on  first  syllable,  later  accented  and  pron. 
as  F.  amour:  see  amour),  <  ME.  amour,  amur 
(accented  on  first  syllable,  earlier  on  the  sec- 
ond), <  OF.  amor,  amur,  amour,  mod.  F.  amour  = 
Sp.  Pg.  amor  =  It.  amore,  <  L.  amor,  ace.  amo- 
rem,  love;  personified.  Love,  Cupid,  Eros;  < 
amare,  love,  perhaps  orig.  *cnmare  (cf.  cams, 
orig.  'camrus,  loving,  loved,  dear)  =  Skt.  V/iYoh, 
love  (cf.  I'dma,  n.,  love).  Cf.  amiable,  amity, 
amour,  etc.]  If.  Love;  affection;  friendship; 
especially,  love  toward  one  of  the  opposite  sex: 
now  only  in  the  form  amour  (which  see). — 2. 
[c(7/).]  [L.]  In  Horn,  myth.,  the  god  of  love; 
Cupid. 

amoradot  (am-o-ra'do),  «.  [<  Sp.  enamorado 
(with  prefiji  en-  ignored  in  the  transfer;  cf. 
equiv.  ML.  amoratus)  (=It.  innamorato,  <  ML. 
inamoratus :  see  inamorato),  pp.  of  cnamorar,  < 
ML.  inamorare,  inspire  love,  <  L.  in,  in,  +  amor, 
love:  see  o/Hor.]     A  lover. 

Mark  Antony  was  both  a  courageous  soldier  and  a  pas- 
sionate amorado. 

Christ.  Relig.'s  Appeal  to  Bar  of  Reason,  p.  55. 

amorcet  (a-mors'),  n.  [<  F.  amorce,  bait,  prim- 
ing, <  OF.  amors,  pp.  of  amordre,  <  L.  admor- 
dere,  bite,  gnaw  at,  <  ad,  to,  +  mordcre,  bite : 
see  mordant,  morse,  morsel.  Cf.  E.  halt  as  re- 
lated to  bite.]  Priming;  the  name  commonly 
given  to  the  finer-grained  powder  used  for 
priming  the  musket  or  harquebuse,  and  which 
was  carried  in  a  separate  horn  (see  morsing- 
horn) ;  also,  the  priming  of  a  single  charge. 

amorean  (am-o-re'an),  ».  [<  Heb.  'amoraim, 
teachers,  expounders.]  One  of  the  later  Tal- 
mudic  doctors;  one  of  those  compilers  of  the 
Gemara  who  lived  subsequent  to  the  close  of 
the  Mislma. 

amorett,  amorettet  (am'o-ret,  am-o-ret'),  n.  [< 
ME.  amorette,  <  OF.  amorcte,  amourete,  -ette 
(mod.  F.  amourette  (>  E.  amourette),  amour, 
=  It.  amoretto,  a  little  love  or  cupid),  dim.  of 
amor,  F.  amour  =  It.  amore,  love:  see  amor 
and  amour.]  1.  A  sweetheart ;  an  amorous  girl ; 
a  paramour. 

When  amorets  no  more  can  shine. 
And  Stella  owns  she's  not  divine. 

T.  Warton,  Sappho's  Advice. 

2.  A  love-knot. 

Nought  clad  in  silk  was  he. 

But  ,alle  in  tloures  &  in  llourettes. 

Fainted  alle  with  amorettes. 

Jlom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  892. 

3.  A  love-sonnet  or  love-song. 

His  amorets  and  his  canzonets,  his  pastorals  and  his 
madrigals  to  his  Phyllis  and  his  Amaryllis.  lleiiwood. 

4.  A  trifling  love-affair;  a  slight  amour. — 5. 
pi.  Looks  that  inspire  love ;  love-glances. 

Should  .  .  .  Phoebus  'scape  those  piercing  amorets. 
That  Daphne  glanced  at  his  deity*^ 

Greene,  lYiar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay. 

6.  A  cupid ;  a  little  love.     See  amoretto. 
Also  written  amourette. 


180 

amoretto  (am-o-ret'to),  n. ;  pi.  amoretti  (-ti). 
[It.:  sec  umorct.]  1.  A  person  enamored;  a 
lover. 

The  amoretto  was  wont  to  take  his  stand  at  one  place 
where  sat  his  mistress. 

Qayton,  Notes  on  Don  Quixote,  p.  47. 

2.  A  little  love ;  a  cupid. 
A  painting  in  which  amoretti  are  plentiful. 

J.  A.  Symonds,  Greek  Poets,  p.  336.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

amorevoloust  (am-o-rev'o-lus),  a.  [<  It.  amo- 
revolt,  loving,  <  amore,  love:  see  amor.]  Lov- 
ing; kind;  charitable.     [Rare.] 

He  would  leave  it  to  the  Princesse  to  show  her  cordial 
and  amorevolatis  affection. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  p.  161. 

amorino  (am-o-re'no),  n.;  pi.  amorini  (-ni). 
[It.,  dim.  oiatiiore,  love,  cupid:  see  amor.]  A 
Mttle  love ;  a  cupid.  Applied  to  flgiu-es  common  in 
Koman  decorative  art,  and  in  Renaissance  and  modem 
styles  which  are  imitative  of  Roman  art ;  also  to  merely 
decorative  representations  of  children  in  works  of  art. 
amorist  (am'o-rist),  «.  [<  nmor  +  -i.it.]  A 
lover ;  a  gallant ;  an  inamorato.  Also  written 
amourist. 

Justle  that  skipping  feeble  amorist 
Out  of  your  loves  seat. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  ii.  1. 

Our  gay  amourists  then  could  not  always  compose  if 
they  could  write  their  billets-doux. 

/.  D'lsraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  168. 

a-morningst  (a-m6r'ningz),  prep.  phr.  as  adv. 
[<  a'i  +  mornings,  adverbial  gen.  of  morning. 
Cf.  adays.]     In  the  morning;  every  morning. 

Such  pleasant  walks  into  the  woods 
A-morninfjs. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Noble  Gentleman,  ii.  1. 

amorosa  (am-o-ro'sa),  n.  [It.,  fem.  of  amoroso: 
see  amoroso.]     An  amorous  or  wanton  woman. 

I  took  them  for  amorosas,  and  violators  of  the  bounds 
of  modesty.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  191. 

amoroso  (am-o-ro'so),  a.  and  n.  [It.,  <  ML. 
amorosus :  see  a>norous.]  I.  a.  In  jh!/s!c,  amo- 
rous ;  tender :  descriptive  of  passages  to  be  ren- 
dered in  a  manner  expressive  of  love. 

II.  ».;  pi.  amorosi  (-si).  A  man  enamored; 
a  lover ;  a  gallant. 

It  is  a  gibe  which  an  heathen  puts  upon  an  amoroso, 
that  wastes  his  whole  time  in  dalliance  upon  his  mistress, 
viz.,  that  love  is  an  idle  man's  business. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  p.  1'25. 

amorous  (am'or-us),  a.  [< ME.  amorous,  amorus, 
amcrous,  amerus,  <  OF.  amorous,  amoros,  F. 
nmoureux  =  Pr.  amoros  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  amoroso, 
<  ML.  amorosus,  full  of  love,  <  L.  amor,  love: 
see  amor  and  amiable.]  1.  Inclined  to  love; 
ha\'ing  a  propensity  to  love ;  sexually  attracted ; 
lo'ving;  fond:  as,  an  nmoroiw  disposition. 

Our  fine  musician  groweth  amorous. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  1. 

A  prince  I  was,  blue-eyed,  and  fair  in  face, 
Of  temper  amorous  as  the  first  of  May. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

2.  In  love;  enamored:   usually  with  of,  for- 
merly sometimes  with  on. 

In  a  gondola  were  seen  together 
Lorenzo  and  his  amorous  Jessica. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  ii.  8. 

Sure,  my  brother  is  amorous  on  Hero. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 

So  amorotts  is  Nature  of  whatever  she  produces. 

Dniden,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy. 

3.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  love ;  produced  by 
or  indicating  love;  conveying  or  breathing  love. 

The  spirit  of  love  and  amorous  delight. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  477. 
With  tender  billet-doux  he  lights  the  pyre, 
And  breathes  three  amorous  sighs  to  raise  the  fire. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  ii.  42. 

=  Syn.  Loving,  tender,  passionate,  ardent,  amatory. 
amorously  (am'or-us-li),  adv.     In  an  amorous 
manner;  fondly;  lo'vingly. 

With  twisted  metal  amorously  impleach'd. 

Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  205. 

amorousness  (am'or-us-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  amorous,  or  inclined  to  love  or  to  sex- 
ual pleasure;  fondness;  lo'vingness. 

Amorpha  (a-mor'fii),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  amor- 
pltus,  irregular  :  see  amorjilious.]  A  genus  of 
leguminous  plants  of  the  United  States,  some- 
times known  as  false  indigo  or  lead-plant.  The 
species  are  shrubs  of  moderate  size,  having  pinnate  leaves 
and  Ioul:.  tlense  clusters  of  lilueviolet  Ilowers,  which  are 
abri'trnial  from  having  only  the  standanl  or  vexillum,  the 
t)tlier  four  petals  being  wholly  absent  (whence  the  name). 
The  false  indigo,  A.  fruticosa,  is  occasionally  cultivated 
for  ornament.  A  coarse  sort  of  indigo  is  said  to  have  been 
made  from  it  in  Carolina  in  early  times ;  hence  its  com- 
mon name.     .\lsu  called  bastard  or  wild  indipo. 

amorphic  (a-m6r'fik),  a.     Same  as  amorphous. 


amortization 

More  seldom  they  [inorganic  elements)  appear  a«  ctjb. 

tala  or  crystalline  forms,  or  also  as  amorphic  masses  in 
the  cell  nieml>rane  or  cell  contents. 

Behrens,  Micros,  in  Botany  (trans.),  v. 

amorpMsm  (a-mor'fizm),  n.  [(.  amorphous  + 
-ism.]  1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  amor- 
phous or  without  shajje;  specifically,  absence 
of  crystallization;  want  of  crystalline  struc- 
ture, even  in  the  minutest  particles,  as  in  glass, 
opal,  etc. —  2.  The  anarchic,  communistic  sys- 
tem proposed  by  the  Russian  Bakunin;  univer- 
sal and  absolute  anarchy;  nihilism;  extreme 
communism. 

When  we  penetrate  to  the  lowest  stratum  of  revolu- 
tionary Socialism,  we  meet  Bakunin.  It  is  inipossible  to 
go  further,  for  he  is  the  apostle  id  universal  destruction, 
of  absolute  Anarchism ;  or,  as  he  himseli  terms  his  doc- 
trine, of  Amorptiism. 

Orpen,  tr.  of  Laveleye's  Socialism,  p.  192. 

amorphotae  (am-6r-fo'te),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  6r. 
au6p<l>uror,  not  formed,  <  a-  priv.  -)-  'fio/xfiuToi  (cf. 
fiopipuTiKO^),  verbal  adj.  of  fioptjidciv,  form,  <  fo/xp^, 
form.]  In  astron.,  stars  not  formed  into  any 
constellation,  and  therefore  not  constituting  a 
portion  of  any  S3Tnmetrical  figure. 

amorphous  (a-m6r'fus),  a.  [<  NL.  amorphtis,  < 
Gr.  (J/Jop(pog,  without  form,  shapeless,  misshapen, 
<  (i- priv. -h /;op(S7,  shape,  form.]  1.  Ha^•ing  no 
determinate  form;  of  irregidar  shape. 

He  was  supremely  happy,  perched  like  an  amorphous 
bundle  on  the  high  stool. 

Georrje  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  4. 

2.  Having  no  regular  structure ;  specifically, 
not  crystallized,  even  in  the  minutest  particles: 
as,  glass  and  opal  are  amorphous. —  3.  Of  no 
particular  kind  or  character ;  formless;  charac- 
terless; heterogeneous;  unorganized. 

Scientific  treatises  .  .  .  are  not  seldom  rude  and  amor- 
phous in  style.  Hare. 

An  existing  stupendous  political  order  of  things  ...  by 
no  means  to  be  exchanged  for  any  quantity  of  amorphous 
matter  in  the  form  of  universal  law. 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  301. 

4.  Characterized  by  amorphism;  founded  on 
the  principles  of  amorphism ;  nihilistic ;  anar- 
chic. 

Also  amorjihic. 

amorphously  (a-m6r'fus-li),  adv.  In  an  amor- 
phous manner. 

amorphousness  (a-m6r'fus-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  amorphous ;  shapelessness. 

Amorphozoa  (a-m6r-fo-z6'ii),  n.})!.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
afiop(po(,  without  form  (see  amorphous),  +  ^vo^, 
animal.]  De  Blaiuville's  name  of  the  sponges 
and  their  allies :  so  called  from  the  absence  of 
regular  organic  structure  in  their  parts.  Now 
only  an  inexact  synonym  of  Protozoa. 

amorphozoic  (a-m6r-fo-z6'ik),  a.  [<  Amorpho- 
ro((.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Amorphozoa. 

amorphozoous  (a-mor-fo-zo'us),  «.  Same  as 
amorphozoic. 

amorphy  (a-mor'fi),  «.  [< Gr.  a/iopipia,  shapeless- 
ness, <  auop^of,  shapeless:  see  amorphous.]  Ir- 
regularity of  form ;  shapelessness ;  want  of  defi- 
niteness.     [Rare.] 

His  epidemical  diseases  being  fastidiosity,  amorphy,  and 
oscitation.  Swi.ft,  Tale  of  a  Tub. 

amorrO'Wt  (a-mor'6),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME. 
amorowc,  amoretce,  a-morwe,  earlier  on  moricen, 
on  morgcn,  <  AS.  on  morgen,  on  morgenne:  on, 
prep.,E.  fi3;  morjrfw,  morrow.  Cf.  a-mornings.] 
On  the  morrow ;  to-morrow. 

A-morwe,  whan  the  day  bigan  to  sprynge, 
Upros  our  hoste. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  823. 

amort  (a-m6rt'),  a.  [A  term  due  to  the  phrase 
all  amort  (as  if  from  all,  adv.,  and  amort),  a  cor- 
ruption of  alamort,  <.F.  a  la  mart :  see  alamort.] 
Lifeless ;  spiritless ;  depressed :  usually  in  the 
phrase  all  amort. 
How  fares  my  Kate  ?    What,  sweeting,  all  amort ! 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  3. 
I  am  all  amort,  as  if  I  had  lain 
Three  days  in  my  grave  already. 

Massinger,  Parliament  of  Love,  iv.  5. 
She  danced  along  with  vague,  regai-dless  eyes, 
.  .  .  all  amort. 
Keats,  Eve  of  St  Agnes,  st.  8. 

His  sensitiveness  idled,  now  amort, 

.\live  now.  Broxniing,  SordeUo,  vl 

amortisation,   amortise.     See   amortization, 

amartizc. 

amortization,  amortisation   (a-m6r-ti-za'- 

shon),  H.  [<  ML.  amortisutio{n-),  admortiza- 
tio(n-),  <  amortisare,  admortizarc :  see  amortize] 
1.  The  act  of  alienating  lands  or  tenements  to 
a  corporation  in  mortmain,  in  old  French  law,  let- 
ters of  amortization  c^mld  be  granted  oidy  by  the  king, 
and  supposed  an  indenuuty  or  a  t.ox  to  be  paid  by  the  cor- 
poration holding  in  mortmain.  The  term  was  often  used 
for  the  tax  alone. 


amortization 

2.  Extinction,  as  of  debt,  especially  by  a  sink- 
ing-fund; a  paj-ment  toward  such  extinction. 

Also  admortisiitioii,  amortKcmcnt. 
amortize,  amortise  (a-m6r'tiz),  n. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  am<irti::c<l,  -«■</,  ppr.  a»iorti:hig,  -sing.  [< 
ME.  amiirtisL'ii,  -cisvii,  -csen,  <  AF.  a)inirti:cr, 
-ei/ser  (=  Sp.  <iinorti:iir  =  ML.  (imortisare,  ad- 
mortisarc),  <  (iiiiorti:-,  OF.  amortiss-,  stem  of 
certain  parts  of  nmortir,  deaden,  quench,  abol- 
ish, extinguish,  redeem,  or  buy  out,  as  a  rent- 
charge,  alienate  in  mortmain;  F.  tiimirtir,  dead- 
en, slacken,  reduce,  redeem,  liquidate,  =  Pr. 
«)«(()■(«)•  =  OCat.  amortir  =  \t.  amiiinrlirc,  <  L.  as 
if  "admortire,  <  ad,  to,  +  iii<}r{t-}s,  death:  see 
mortal.  Ci.  iiiurtmuin.']  I.  traitn.  If.  To  make 
dead;  deaden;  destroy. 

The  goile  werkes  that  men  don  whil  tliei  ben  in  gode 
lyfe  ben  al  amortized  by  sin  folowing. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

2.  In  hiw,  to  alienate  in  mortmain,  that  is,  to 
convey  to  a  corporation,  sole  ov  aggi'egate,  ec- 
clesiastical or  temporal,  and  their  successors. 
See  miirtinain. — 3.  To  extinguish,  as  a  debt,  by 
means  of  a  sinldng-fund. 

Il.t   i>i  trans.  Todi-oop;  hang  as  dead. 

Witli  this  rayne  went  the  sayle  amurtfiKstnixje  and  hang- 
irif;  lu-vy,  Caxtaii,  Ovids  Jletain.,  .\i.  I'.l.    (.V.  ij.  D.) 

amortizement,    amortisement    (a-ni6r'tii!- 

meiit),  II.  [<  F.  unKirlisuciiiciit,  a  subduiug, 
bringing  to  an  end,  in  arch,  a  finishing  (ML. 
amortisameiitum,  admorti^amcntum),  <  amortir 


'''':-^(k 


««tef 


Amortizement  of  Buttress  (13th  century),  Apsidal  Chapel. 
Cathedral  of  Amiens. 

(-««-) :  see  amorti::c  and  -meiit.']  1.  The  crown- 
ing member  of  an  edifice;  the  architectural 
ornament  or  feature  that  terminates  a  fatjade, 
a  ridged  or  pointed  roof,  a  gable,  a  buttress, 
etc.     VioUct-le-Diic. — 2.  Same  as  amortizalion. 

a-morwe+,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  A  Middle  English 
form  of  aiiiorrow. 

amotion  (a-mo'shou),  n.  [<  L.  amotto{n-),  < 
amoverc,  pp.  amotiis,  remove:  see  amoved.']  1. 
Removal;  ejection;  ejectment  from  possession 
or  office,  as  of  an  officer  of  a  corporation. 

The  cause  of  liis  amotion  is  twice  mentioned  by  the  Ox- 
ford anticiuary.        T.  Warton,  Life  of  Sir  T.  Pope,  p.  261. 

2.  Motion  away  from;  a  moving  away;  re- 
moval. [Rare  in  both  uses.] 
amount  (a-mounf),  V.  [<  ME.  amounten, 
aniiiiitiii,  mount  up  to,  come  up  to,  signify,  < 
OF.  amoimtcr,  amiiiitcr,  amontcr,  amount  to,  < 
amuiit,  aiiioiit,  adv.,  uphill,  upward,  prop.  prep, 
phr.  a  iiioiit,  toward  or  to  a  mountain  or  heap 
(cf.  E.  adowii),  <  L.  ad  moiitem  :  ad,  to;  moiitem, 
aec.  of  moii{t-)s,  mountain:  see  mount,  moun- 
tain. Cf.  aia/e.]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  go  up; 
rise ;  ascend ;  moimt. 
When  the  larke  doth  fyrst  avwnntc  on  high. 

Peaeham,  Oarden  of  Eloquence,  p.  106. 
So  up  he  rose,  and  thence  amounted  streight. 

Sjienscr,  i\  Q.,  I.  ix.  H. 

2.  To  reach  or  be  equal  (to)  in  number,  quan- 
tity, or  value ;  come  (to)  as  a  wliole. 

Tliy  sulistanec.  valued  at  the  highest  rate. 
Cannot  amount  unto  a  hundred  marks. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1. 

3.  To  rise,  reach,  or  extend,  in  effect,  sub- 
stance, influence,  etc. ;  be  etiuivalent  or  tanta- 
mount in  force  or  significance :  as,  his  answer 
amounted  almost  to  a  threat. 

The  errors  of  young  men  are  the  ruin  of  business;  but 
the  errors  of  agetl  men  amount  but  to  this,  that  more  ndght 
have  been  done  or  .so(,ner.  Ilacon. 

Uis  love  of  mischief  anil  of  dark  and  crooked  ways 
amounted  almost  to  madness.     Macaulay,  HIbL  Eng.,  vi. 


181 

Il.t  trans.  1.  To  ascend;  climb;  mount. — 

2.  To  rise  in  number,  (jtuintity,  or  value,  so  as 
to  reach  or  be  equal  to ;  come  to. 

The  som  amounted  v  thousaiul  pounde. 

Caxton,  Chron.  of  Eng.,  ccv.  186.     (.V.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  be  equivalent  to ;  mean ;  signify. 

Toll  me,  mayde  chaste, 
What  «»iow/i(<"(/i  this? 

Lijbeaus  Disc.,  1471.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

4.  To  cause  to  rise ;  raise  or  elevate. 

Here  no  Papists  were  aiTaigned  to  amount  it  to  a  Popish 
miracle.  Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  i.v  110.    (-V.  E.  D.) 

amount  (a-mounf),  "•  [Modera;  <amount,r.'\ 
1.  The  sum  total  of  two  or  more  simis  or  quan- 
tities; the  aggi'cgate:  as,  the  amount  ot  7  and  9 
is  16;  the  amount  of  the  day's  sales. — 2.  A 
(juantity  or  sum  viewed  as  a  whole. 

It  is  not  often  tiiat  a  single  fault  can  produce  any  vast 
amount  of  evil.  De  (Juineey,  Style,  i. 

3.  The  full  effect,  value,  or  import ;  the  sum  or 
total :  as,  the  evidence,  in  amount,  comes  to 
this. 
Often  contracted  to  amt. 
amour  (a-mor'),  ;i.  [<  mod.  F.  amour  (with  F. 
pron.  and  accent),  taking  the  place  of  earlier 
E.  amour,  amor  (with  accent  on  fu'st  syllable), 

<  ME.  amour,  amur,  <  OF.  amur,  amour,  love: 
see  amor,  and  cf.  paramour.'\  If.  Love;  affec- 
tion; friendship. — 2t.  Love  toward  one  of  the 
opposite  sex. —  3.  A  love-affair;  love-making; 
especially,  an  illicit  love-affaii' ;  an  intrigue. — 
Amour  propre  (a-mor  propr),  self-esteem  ;  self-respect : 
sometimes  used  in  an  tmfavorable  sense,  meaning  self-love, 
jn'ide,  conceit,  vanity,  egotism :  a  French  phrase  now  in 
common  use. 

Doulitless  in  nearly  every  field  of  inquiry  emotion  is  a 
perturtting  intruder :  mostly  there  is  some  preconception, 
and  some  amour  propre  that  resists  disproof  of  it. 

//.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  74. 
These  words  were  uttered  with  so  much  coldness,  that 
Mr.  Ethngham's  amour  propre  was  deeply  wounded. 

J.  E.  Cooke,  Virginia  Comedians,  I.  xii. 

amourettet,  n.    See  amoret. 
amourist,  n.     See  amorist. 
amovability  (a-mo-va-bil'j-ti),  «.    [<  amovabic : 
see  -bilitij.]     Capability  oi  being  removed,  as 
from  an  olBce.     [Rare.] 

Let  us  retain  anwvalnlitii  on  the  conciureuce  of  the 
executive  and  legislative  branches. 

Jefferson.  Works,  IV.  288. 

amovable  (a-mb'va-bl),  a.     [<  amove"  +  -able; 
iilso  amovible,  after  F.  amorible.'j     Removable. 
[Kare.] 
amovalt  (a-mo'val),  n.     [<  amoved  +  -al.     Cf. 
removal,  <  remove"]     Total  removal. 
Amoval  ot  .  .  .  insufferable  nuisances. 

Evelyn,  Sylva,  p.  342. 

amove^t  (a-mov'),  v.  t.     [Early  mod.  E.  amoove, 

<  ME.  amoeven,  ameven,  <  OF.  amover,  amouvoir, 

<  L.  admovere,  move  to,  bring  to,  apply,  incite, 
<ad,  to,  +  movere,  move:  see  a-H  and  move.} 
To  move ;  stir ;  excite ;  affect. 

And  when  she  say  thise  poetical  Muses  aprochen  about* 
my  bed  and  enditynge  wordes  to  my  wepynges,  she  was  a 
lytel  amoved  and  glowede  with  cruwel  eyen. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  1. 

She  nought  ameved 
Xeither  in  word,  or  chere,  or  countenance. 

Chaucer,  Clerks  Tale,  1.  442. 

At  all  these  cries  my  heart  was  sore  amoved. 

Greene,  Poems,  p.  l:iO.    (X  E.  D.) 

amove^t  (a-mov'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  amoved, 
ppr.  amoving.  [<  late  ME.  amoven,  <  AF. 
amocver,  <  L.  amovere,  remove,  <  a  for  ab,  from, 
-i-  movere,  move:  see  n-l^  and  move.']  To  re- 
move, especially  from  a  post  or  station. 
She  well  pleased  was  thente  to  amove  him  farre. 

Spenser,  Y.  Q.,  IL  vi.  37. 
Coroners  .  .  .  may  be  nmorc(/ for  reasonable  cause. 

Sir  31.  Hale,  Hist.  IMac.  Cor.,  ii.  3. 

amovible  (a-mo'vi-bl),  a.  [F. :  see  amovable.] 
Same  as  amovable.     [Rare.] 

ampac  (am'pak),  «.  An  East  Indian  tree,  a 
species  of  Xanthoxylum,  producing  a  highly 
odoriferous  resin.  Its  leaves  are  used  to  medi- 
cate baths. 

amparo  (am-pii'rd),  n.  [Sp.  and  Pg.,  defense, 
protection,  <  Sp.  Pg.  amparar,  defend,  =  Pr. 
umparar  =  F.  cmparer,  rell.  seize  upon,  secure, 
=  It.  imparare,  learn,  acquire,  <  ML.  as  if  *(«)- 
parare,  <  L.  in.  into,  toward,  -f-pnrorf.  furnish.] 
A  document  protecting  a  claimant  of  land  till 
properly  authorized  papers  can  be  issued.  Texan 
Law  llcport. 

ampassy  (am'pa-si),  n.  [A  corruption  of  and 
perse:  see  ampersand.]  A  form  still  used  for 
ampersand  in  parts  of  England. 

AmpeUdae  (am-pcl'i-de).  n.pl.  [XL.,  <  Ampelis 
+  -ida'.]  in  ornitli.,  a  family  name  variously 
used,     (a)  A  family  founded  by  Swaiusou  lu  XS31,  having 


ampere 

no  characters  by  which  it  can  be  defined,  but  containing  a 
ndsccllaneoufl  group  of  dcntiro.^tral  insessorlal  Idrds  from 
various  ],arts  of  the  world,  and  di\  i.Ird  into  the  su))fami- 
lies  LeLotrirhana;  I'ljo-iofi',  .\oioiiuiii\  J'aehi/reithalitui', 
etc.  ('*)  A  family  of  <i(rdirostral  Insexsores,  supposed  to 
be  related  to  the  shrikes  and  tlycat^-'hers,  and  incltiding 
the  subfamilies  Dierurinii/,Camitepha;tina',0>jmnoden'me, 
Ampeliiur,  Pipriiur,  and  Paehi/rephalina-.  (r)  A  family 
of  birds  restricted  to  the  Anipetinii'  proper  with  the  I'll. 
loifoniiilhue,  and  j)laced  between  Tyrannidie  ami  Cotin- 
ffida'.     See  iraxu'inif,  lionilniriltida'. 

Ampelideae  (am-pe-lid'f-e),  «.  j)l.  [NL.,  fem. 
pi.  of  iimjietiijeus :  see  ampcUdeotis.]  The  name 
given  by  Kunth  and  others  to  the  natural  order 
of  plants  called  f'itacew  (which  see). 

ampelideous  (am-pe-lid'e-us),  a.  [<  NL.  am- 
j/elidi  lis,  <  Gr.  (//iTrrt/f  (-"'-),  a  vine,  dim.  of  afire- 
/of,  a  vine:  see  Ampelis.]  In  bot.,  relating  or 
belonging  to  the  Ampclidete,  or  vino  family;  ro- 
sem1)Iing  the  vine. 

Ampelinae  (am-jx'-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  .impeli.i 
-t-  -iua.]  A  subfamily  of  birds,  of  the  family 
Ampelida;  or  chatterers.  It  is  Bometimes  taken  as 
eciuivalent  to  .inipelida-  (c)  (which  sec),  and  sometimes  re- 
stricted tc>  the  single  gemis  Amprlis. 

Ampelio  (am-pe'li-6),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/meXluv, 
a  kinil  of  singing  bird,  also  called  anirc'/.ic:  see 
Ampelis.]  A  genus  of  cotingine  birds  of  South 
America,  established  by  Cabanis  in  184.'),  made 
by  Sundevall  the  tj-pe  of  his  family  Amjjelio- 
ninw.  A.  melanocepliala  is  an  example.  Also 
■ivritten  AmpcUnn. 

Ampelioninse  (am-per'i-6-ni'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  AinjH'lio(n-)  4-  -ina:]  In  Sundevall's  classifi- 
cation of  bh'ds,  the  second  family  of  his  fourth 
cohort  (I'ljcnaspidea;)  of  scutcUiplantar  oscine 
passeres.  It  contains  such  genera  as  Ampelio,  Phiba- 
lura,  Cotinija,  Phi/totnma,  Cephalopterus,  etc.,  and  inexact- 
ly corresptJnds  to  a  8ul>family  C<'lin</iii<e  of  some  authors. 

ilLjnpellS  (am'pe-lis),  n.  [NIj.,  <Gt.  aftize/.ic,  a 
kind  of  singing  bird,  also  called  apTrc'/Juv,  prob. 
from  its  haunting  vines,  <  apTre/oc,  a  vine.]  A 
genus  of  oscine  passerine  birds,  tji)e  of  a  sup- 
posed subfamily  Amp)eliMV,  or  of  an  alleged 
family  A  mpelidw.  it  contains  three  species,  the  Caro- 
lina waxwing  (-4.  ecdroruin),  tlie  Ptdiendan  waxwing(.(£, 
(farruUis),  and  the  Japanese  waxwing(.4.  j>/(a'/(iV/>;>f*Ttw); 
"the  birds  are  also  called  chatterers.  A  synonym  of  ,4»i- 
pelis  is  Bombifcitla.  The  name  was  formerly  aiq,lied,  with 
great  latitude,  to  many  birds  properly  beli)nging  to  vari- 
ous other  families ;  but  it  is  now  restricted  to  the  three  here 
named.    See  icaxunng. 

ampellte  (am'pe-lit),  n.  [<  L.  ampelitis,  <  Gr. 
«/jTt>.ir((;(sc.;)i),akindof  bituminousearthused 
to  sprinkle  vines  in  order  to  keep  off  insects, 

<  d/iT£?or,  a  vine.]  A  species  of  black  earth 
abounding  in  pyrites:  so  named  from  having 
been  used  to  kill  insects  on  vines.  The  name 
is  also  applied  to  cannel-eoal  and  to  some  kinds 
of  schist. 

ampelitic  (am-pe-lit'ik),  a.  [<  ampelite  +  -ic] 
In  inineniL.  pei-taining  to  or  resembling  ampe- 
lite. 

Ampeloglypter  (am'pe-lo-glip'ter),  ii.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  iiji-e/.ui:,  a  grape-\'ine,  -I-  •j}.v:tt!/p,  a  chisel, 
<  y'/.iifciv,  carve,  cut.]  A  genus 
of  beetles,  of  the  family  Curcii- 
lionida;  established  by  Le  Conte 
for  three  North  American  spe- 
cies formerly  included  in  the 
genus  Baris.  Tliey  live,  in  the  lar- 
val state,  in  the  young  canes  of  cul- 
ti\;ded  or  wild  grape-vines  and  the 
\  ireinia  creei)er,  causing  swellings 
in  the  shape  of  elongate  knobs.  The 
most  abiinilant  species,  A.  sesostrig 
(Le  Conte).  llie  grape-vine  gall-beetle,  is 
a  small,  highly  polished,  elongate  in- 
sect of  uniform  light  yellowish-brown 

color.  The  elytra  are  gently  undulated  by  broad  trans- 
VfiM-  impressions. 

ampelography  (am-pe-log'ra-fl),  n.  [<  Gr. 
a/t-i'/iir,  vine,  -t-  -ypaipia,  <  5/>dpf(V,  write.]  The 
scientifio  description  of  the  vine.  Syd.  Sac. 
Lei. 

Ampelopsis  (am-pe-lop'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
iiu-Oor.  vine,  +  oVr.  appearance :  see  optic.]  A 
gpiius  of  plants,  natural  order  Fitoeen',  scarcely 
distiugiiishable  from  Vitis  (and  united  with  it 
by  Hciitham  and  Hooker),  except  in  having  no 
conspicuous  disk  at  the  base  of  the  ovary.     .4. 

quinuue/olia  is  the  well-known  Nirginiacrceper.  sometimes 
called  .Jimerican  ivy.  and  erroneously  woodbine.  It  has 
digitate  leaves,  climbs  by  clinging  tendrils,  andls  fre- 
queidly  cultivated  for  covering  walls  and  arbors.  The 
Japanese  .4.  tricuspidata,  with  simple  leaves,  is  used  for 
the  same  purpose. 

amper  (am'p^r),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  am- 
j)or,  <  JIE.  'ampre  (not  foimd),  <  AS.  ampre, 
ompre,  earliest  spelling  amprm,  ompra,  a 
tuniiir  or  swelling.]     A  tumor;  also,  a  defect. 

amperage  (am-par'aj),  «.  The  strength  of  an 
eli'ctriinl  cun-ent  measured  in  amperes. 

ampere  (am-par'),  n.  [A  designation  adopted 
by  the  Electric  Congress  at  Paris  in  1881 ;  F.  am- 


Crape-vinc    Call- 
beetle         {Amftlc. 

Vcrtic.ll  line  shows 
natural  5i2e. 


ampere 

pirc,  <  Aiiiplrc,  iiaino  of  a  FniR-h  olectrician 
(AiulriJ  Marie  Ampin;  tlii-d  1.S3G).  Cf.  ohm  and 
volt.]  Tho  unit  eiiH)lo>i>d  in  measuring  the 
stronKth  of  an  eleetneal  current,  it  is  the  cur- 
ri'nl  »Tiiill  llciws  tluDUnh  a  conductur  whose  resistiince  is 
one  "hill,  ami  liut«  ulmi  the  two  ends  iif  which  the  unit  dU- 
ferciiee  of  puttiillals,  one  volt,  is  maintained.  ^ 

ampere-meter  (am-par'me"t*r),  «.    In  elect,  amphibali,' «.    VlmwX  oi  umphihtdus. 

an  instruniont  for  measurinf;  tlio  strenfrth  of  amphibalum  (am-lib':i-lum),  n. ;  ijl.  (imphibiila 


182 

o(  Kranulcs  arrangi'd  in  lines,  while  from  either  end  other 
lines  of  granules  are  arranged  in  a  radial  manner.  Tlie 
whole  presellts  all  a|.l.iarali.e  iloBely  similar  U^  that  seen 
when  iron  IllinKs  arc  txiio.se(l  to  the  inHuente  of  a  horse- 
shoe iiiaKiiet,  wllile  from  its  resemljlanee  to  two  stars 
iuined  togetlier  it  has  received  tlie  name  umjjhimter. 

Staml.  Sal.  Ilixt.,  I.,  Int.,  p.  xlv. 

Plural  of  <niijihih(ilum. 


ampUbala,  «• 


Ampere-meter. 


an  electric  current  m  am- 
peres. Several  forms  have  been 
devised,  some  of  which  are  essen- 
tially i-alvanonieters  specially 
construeted  for  tliis  purpose. 
Another  form  (sec  the  cut)  con- 
sists of  a  hollow  coil  of  wire  tra- 
versed hy  the  current  to  he  mea- 
sured, which  according  to  its 
strenj;!!!  ilraws  within  itself  a 
core  sujiportcd  hy  a  spring  and 
having  an  index  atlaclu-d  to  it ; 
the  scale  is  so  graduatcil  that  tiic 
strength  of  the  current  is  given 
directly  in  amperes.  Also  called 
amint'tfr,  amiieroittt'ffr. 

Ampere's    theory.     See 

tliiori/. 
Amperian  (am-pe'ri-an),rt. 
Kelatins  to  Andi'e  Marie 
Ampere,  or  to  his  theories. 
—Amperian  currents,  in  eh-'-i.. 
the  hypotlKtical  electrical  cur- 
rents liy  which  .\iiipere  explained 
the  pi.'|icrti(S  of  a  magnet.  See 
A'"/"  -'A  fh't.i-Ji.  under  thronj. 

amperometer(am-pe-rom'- 
e-ter),  «.  [<  umpire  +  -o- 
metcr.']  Same  as  ampcrc- 
tiD'tcr. 

ampersand  (am'per-sand), 
n.  [Also  itmpci"(i>i(l,  am- 
pus-aiid,  iimpir.'ii-KiKl,  am- 
jmssytii'd,  iimpHssij-and,  ap- 
persi-aiid,  umpcrzed,  etc., 
also  simpl}'  amptissy,  etc.,  various  coiTuptiong 
of  and  per  .«•  —  and  (that  is,  '&  by  itself  — 
oiirf').]  A  name  formerly  in  use  for  the  char- 
acter &'  or  &  (also  called  short  and),  which  is 
formed  by  combining  the  letters  of  the  Latin 
cf.  and,  and  which  is  commonly  placed  at  the 
end  of  the  alphabet  in  primers. 

ampery  (am'per-i),  a.  [<  amper  +  -//!.]  1. 
Covered  with  pimples. — 2.  Weak;  unhealthy; 
beginning  to  decay.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

amphacanthid  (am-fa-kan'thid),  n.  A  fish  of 
tlie  family  Ampliacaiiihida; 

Amphacanthidae  (am-fa-kan'thi-de),  H.  }}l. 
[NL.,  <  Amphacanthus  +  -ida:'\  In  iehth.,  a 
family  name  synonymous  with  ISiyaiiidie  (which 
see). 

Amphacanthus  (am-fa-kan'thus),  n.  [NL., 
prop,  'aiiiphiacaiithus,  K  Gr.  a/i<pi,  on  both  sides 
(see  amplii-},  +  uKuvda,  spine.]  A  generic  name 
of  fishes  remarkable  for  the  development  of  a 
s])ine  along  the  inner  as  well  as  the  outer  mar- 
gin of  theventral  fins:  identical  with  Siganus 
(which  see). 

amphanthium  (am-fan'thi-um),  n. ;  pi.  amphan- 
thia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  C4r.  au(^i,  about  (see  umphi-), 
-f-  avflo'c,  flower.]  In  hot.,  a  term  proposed  for 
a  dilated  receptacle  of  inflorescence. 

amphi-.  [E.,  NL.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  afifi-,  prefi:s,  a//^/, 
prep.,=:L.  ambi-,  etc.:  see  amhi-.^  A  prefix 
of  Greek  origin,  meaning  on  both  sides,  on  all 
sides,  around,  round  about :  cognate  with  and 
equivalent  to  ambi-  of  Latin  origin 


(-lii).     Same  as  amp}iib<dus. 

amphibalus  (am-fib'a-lus),  ».;  pi.  amphibali 
(-li).  [ML.,  <  Gr.  d/i^i/Jo/.of,  ad,].,  put  arouiid 
(cf.  iiiKpiji'Ariim,  a  cloak),  <  an<pi,  aroimd,  -1-  iia/.- 
'/(iv,  throw.]  An  ecclesiastical  vestment,  not 
unlike  the  casula  or  chasuble,  peculiar  to  the 
Galilean  church  of  the  eighth  and  ninth  cen- 
turies. 

Amphibamus  (am-fib'a-mus),  n.  [NL.,  irreg.  < 
Gr.  aiKpi,  aroimd,  -I-  fialveiv,  go ;  cf .  deriv.  j-iijiia, 
Dor.  iiaiia,  a  step.]  A  genus  of  stegocephalous 
amphibians,  of  stout,  lizard-like  form,  from  the 
Carboniferous  formations  of  Illinois.  E.  1). 
Cope,  iao.5. 

amphibia  (am-fib'i-ii),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  am- 
phibium,  q.  v.  (also  of  amphibian),  neut.  of  am- 
phibiits,  <  Gr.  aiKpijiioe,  living  a  double  life : 
see  amphibious.']  1.  In  popular  language,  ani- 
mals living  both  on  land  and  in  the  water ;  those 
which  volmitarily  and  habitually  enter  that  ele- 
ment, though  not  able  to  breathe  under  water, 
such  as  frogs,  turtles,  crocodiles,  seals,  wal- 
ruses, otters,  beavers,  hippopotami,  etc. —  2. 
[cap.]  In  jo67.,  a  name  variously  used,  (n)  In  the 
Linnean  system  (1766),  the  third  class  of  AnimaUa,  includ- 
ing all  lU-ptiliu,  Batrachia,  and  vailous  fishes  and  fish-like 
vertebrates.  It  was  divided  into  three  orders  :  (1)  reptiles 
fm-nished  with  feet  and  Ijreatliiiig  by  the  mouth  (Testiulo, 
Draco,  L(Kcita,  Haiia):  (2)  footless  serpents,  also  breathing 
by  the  mouth  {Cri'talus,  Boa,  Coluber,  Anpuis,  Amphix- 
bana.  Ccucilia):  (3)  finned  swimmers  (Sanies  pinnati), 
breathing  hy  lateral  brauchia;  or  gills,  ccmiprising  14  genera 
of  fishes  anil  fish-like  vertebrati  s,  a.s  the  MnrsijmliniM-liia 
!uidS(jtial!.  (;i)InC'uvier's  system  (IslT).  a  tribe  of  eaiiiiv- 
orous  mammals,  intervening  l>etwfeii  Cfir/Ktriii  •.uidMarstt- 
^mfa,  containing  the  seals  and  walruses,  or  piinii]ied  Car- 
nivora;  thus  exactly  eiiuivalciit  t.ithe  }'irniii>i<liit  of  mod- 
ern naturalists.  Cuvierhad  earlier  (about  IT'.'lo  placed  the 
AmjMbia  next  to  the  Celacea,  both  comprising  niaiiimals 
with  feet  adapted  for  swimming,  as  distinguished  from 
those  with  claws  or  with  hoofs.  (r).4  classof  icljtliy..psi,laii 
vertebrates,  corresponding  to  the  order  Balraclilii  < if  V,i< m- 
gniart  and  Cuvicr,  containing  animals  that  breathe  both  in 
the  water  and  in  the  air  at  the  same  or  at  ditfereiit  jicriods 
of  their  lives,  and  have  either  permanent  gills  or  gills  later 
superseded  by  lungs,  or  gills  and  lungs  simnUaneously. 
The  gills  are  usually  external.  Kespiration  is  also  usually 
effected  to  some  extent  hy  the  skin.  Limbs  are  either  pres- 
ent or  absent,  and  there  are  no  fins  in  the  adult.  The  Am- 
phibia  undergo  metamorphosis,  the  larval  forms  being 
more  or  less  fish-like,  the  adult  developing  limbs.  They 
are  anamniotic  and  auallantoic,  oviparous,  and  cold- 
blooded. The  heart  has  two  auricles  and  one  ventricle. 
The  skull  is  dicondyUan,  xvith  an  unossified  basi-occipital 
and  a  parasphenoid.  The  .1  Htplt  ibia  have  been  very  gener- 
ally called  Bulrachia,  after  Cuvier  ;  but  the  latter  term  is 
now  usually  restricted  to  an  order  Balraeliin  of  the  class 
A}upkibia.  The  Amphibia  include  all  the  animals  iom- 
monly  called  frogs,  toads,  newts,  efts,  tritons,  salamaudei-s, 
sirens,  axolotls,  etc.  By  some  they  are  divided  iiito^;i«rrt 
and  Urodela,  the  tailless  and  tailed  Atniiliihia.  A  more 
elaborate  di\ision  is  into  four  orders  :  (1)  Ophioniorpha  or 


ampbibolid 

one  of  two  subdivisions  (the  other  being  Cor- 

rodcntia)  of  the  I'seudonenrojitira.  The  Amphi- 
hiolica  are  composed  of  the  .May-llic-i.  dragon-llies,  and  re- 
lated forms.  This  suborder  is,  therefore,  aiiproximately 
equivalent  to  the  Plemphni  (,1'rrliilii-).  A'jnnlhi  ( A'/;//</„i- 
nrfo'),  and  (klunala  (Aorionlitiv.  .Kxrliiiiilir.  l.lljHIidiihr) 
of  other  authors,  generally  c«insidered  as  suborders  of  a 
convent  icuial  order  Seuroplrra. 
amphibious  (am-fib'i-us),  a.  [<  NL.  ampkibius, 
<  (jr.  afiijiiikor,  living  a  double  life,  <  upcti,  on 
both  sides, -f- /J'or,  life.  Ct.  anijihihiii.]  1.  Liv- 
ing both  on  land  and  in  water;  habitually  al- 
ternating Ijetween  land  and  water. 

.■\  diver  for  pearls,  a  youth  who,  by  long  habit  in  his 
traile,  was  almost  grown  iimphibioux. 

Gohlnmifh,  Citizen  of  the  Worlii,  lxx.xviii. 

2.  Of  orpertaiiiingtothe.(m;j/«'i(n;  amphibian. 


Tlie  most  cniidetely 


animals  are  those  which 


Gymiii'iihiiuia.  including  only  the  family  CieciUiihe;  (2) 
Crodda  :  iA)  Balni'-lua  :  (4)  the  fossil  Labt/rinthuduiilia. 

amphibial  (am-fib'i-al),  a.     [As  amphibious  + 
-((/.]     Same  as  amphibian. 

amphibian  (am-fib'i-an),  a.  and  n.     [As  am- 
pliihidus  +  -an.]     I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  am- 
phibia in  any  sense  ;  specifically,  pertaining  to 
the  class  Amphibia.     See  amphibious,  2. 
II.  H.  An  animal  of  the  class  J »y)?i/6ifl. 


Amphiarctos  (am-fi-ark'ToT),''«?tNL.]    Same  Amphibichthyidae  (am'fi-bik-thi'i-de),  »    pi. 
'^-  /;         I.        .1  [y,h.,<Amjihibiehthiis  + -Ida:]  A  family  of  dip- 


as  Hijaniarctos. 

amphiarthrodial  (am'fi-iir-thi'o'di-al), 


[< 


(ir.  aiii>>i  -\-  iiiilljiuiiK,  jointed  {<.a/idpoi>,  a  joint, 
-t-  t'lihr,  form),  -I-  -iai,  with  ref.  to  amphiar- 
throsis.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  ampliiarthrosis,  or 
to  a  joint  exhibiting  that  kind  of  articulation. 

ampliiarthrosis  (am"fi-iir-thio'sis),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  uiiOi,  on  both  sides,  -1-  apdpuaic,  articula- 
tion: see  arthrosis.]  In  «H«f.,  a  kind  of  articu- 
lation, intemiediate  between  sjmarthrosis  and 
cUarthrosis,  permitting  slight  motion  by  inter- 
vention of  fibrocartilage,  as  between  the  bodies 
of  vertebra)  or  in  the  pubic  and  sacro-Uiac  artic- 
ulations. 

Amphiaster  (am'fi-as-ter),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/Kpl, 
around,  +  (wri/ii,  a  star.]  1.  A  genus  of  star- 
fishes, of  the  family  Goniastcrida:  A.  inxiimix  is 
a  beautiful  Californian  species  with  short  flat  arms,  flat 
disk,  and  regularly  luxanged  spines  and  tessellated  plates, 
2.  [^  c]    In  fm6r//o;.,  a  formation  in  a  matur- 


nous  fishes',  tyjiified  by  the  genus  Amphiliich- 
flii/s:  synonWnous  xvith  Lepi(losirenida\    Bof/;/. 

Amphibichthys  (am-fi-bik'this),  /'.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ap^ijiioc,  amphibious,  +  i^iflif,  fish.]  The 
typical  genus  of  Jmj)/i/iic7iW/ //((to;  synonj-mous 
with  Lcpidosiren.     Hofig. 

amphibiolite  (am-fib'i-o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/til>i- 
,J(o. ,  amphibious,  +  '/ilhr,  a  stone.]  The  fossil 
renuiiiis  of  an  amphibian.     Craig,  1.S47. 

amphibiolith  (am-fib'i-o-lith),  *(. 

Jillihiolite. 
amphibiological    (am-fib"i-o-loj'i-kal),    ((.      [< 

amphibioUigii  +  -icah]     Pertaining  to  amphibi- 

ology. 
amphibiology  (am-fib-i-ol'o-ji),  «.    [<  Gr.  ap- 

0(/3(of,  amiihibious, -t- -/to)/a,  < /'.f}£(j',  speak:  sec 


do  not  nndrrgo  colli]  detcnutaniorphosis.  or  which  jiossess 
lungs  and  gills  simultaneously,  being  thus  capable  of  both 
aerial  and  aquatic  respiration,  Amjihibioutt  is,  however, 
rare  in  this  sense,  amphibian  being  the  usual  technical 
term  in  zoology. 

3.  Of  a  mixed  nature;  partaking  of  two  na- 
tures: as,  an  amphibious  breed. 

A  floating  island,  an  amphibious  spot 

Unsound,  of  spongy  te.xture. 

Wordsworth.  Prelude,  iii. 

Not  in  free  and  common  socage,  but  in  this  a niptUbimis 
subordinate  class  of  villein  socage. 

Blarkstonr,  Com.,  II.  vi. 

amphibiously  (am-fib'i-us-li),  adv.  In  an  am- 
phiViious  manner. 

amphibiousness  (am-fib'i-us-nes),  )i.  The 
quality  of  being  amphibious;  ability  to  live  in 
two  elements ;  participation  in  two  natures. 

amphibium  (am-fil/i-um),  n. ;  pi.  amphibia  (-a). 
[NL.  (also  written  amphibian,  <  Gr.  aufijhdv), 
sing,  of  amphibia,  q.  v.]  An  amphibious  ani- 
mal; one  ot  the  Amjthibia. 

Thus  is  man  th.at  great  and  true  amphibium,  whose  na- 
tm-e  is  disposed  to  live  not  only  like  other  creatures  in 
divers  elements,  but  in  divided  and  distinguished  worlds. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  Medici,  1.  34. 
The  children,  each  one  armed  with  the  curx-ed  rib  of 
some  big  ampkibion,  are  playing  ball  and  bat  among  the 
lUifts.  Kajw,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  133. 

amphiblastic  (am-fi-blas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  afKfii, 
on  botli  sides,  +  li'/aoror,  a  germ.]  In  embryol., 
a  term  applied  to  those  holoblastic  eggs  which, 
by  unequal  segmentation  of  the  x-itellus  (yoik), 
produce  an  amphigastrula  (which  see)  in  ger- 
minating.    Haeckel. 

amphiblastula  (am-fi-blas'tu-la),  «. ;  pi.  am- 
phiblastida-  (-le).  [NL.,  <  amphi(cijtula)  -I-  blas- 
tula.]  In  embnjol.,  tlie  vesicular  morula  or 
mulbem"-like  mass  which  is  fonned  from  that 
stage  in'  the  development  of  a  holoblastic  egg 
of  unequal  segmentation  known  as  an  amphi- 
cytula,  following  upon  the  stage  called  an  am- 
phimorula.  The  human  egg  is  an  example. 
See  (/astruhition.     Haeekel. 

Amphibola  (am-fib'o-lii),  «.  [NT^.,  fem.  of  LL. 
amphiholus:  see  amphiliole.]  A  genus  of  pul- 
monate  gastropods  with  an 
operculum  and  without  ten- 
tacles, constituting  the  fami- 
ly Amphibolidie :  sxTionj-mous 
with  Ampullaeera. 

Amphibolse  (am-fib'o-le),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.  of  LL.  am- 
phibalus :  see  anqdiibolc.]  In 
Nitzsch's  classification  (1829), 
a  group  of  birds  represented 
by  the  famUv  Alusophagida', 
the  plantain-eaters  or  tui-acous.    [Not  in  use.] 

amphibole  (am'fi-bol),  «.  [<  LL.  amphibolus, 
ambiguous,  <  Gr.  auol,io/.oc.  doubtful,  equivocal, 

<  ap^'i,iaXMiv,  doubt,  be  uncertain,  throw  aroimd, 

<  apijii,  aroimd,  on  both  sides,  +  .iu/'/.ttv,  throw,] 
A  name  given  by  Haiiy  to  homlilende.  from  its 
resemblance  to  augite.  for  which  it  may  readily 
be  mistaken:  now  used  as  a  general  teiin  to 
include  all  the  varieties  of  xvhich  common 
horulileude  is  one.  See  hornblende — Amphi- 
bole granite,  same  as  hornblende  granite  (which  see, 

,,  under 'Oicc*'-).  ,, 

Same  as  am-  amphiboli  (am-fib'o-li),  n.  pi.  [NL..  pi.  of  LL. 
amphiliolus  :  see  amphibole.]  A  general  name 
for  birds  of  zygodactyl  form  with  the  toes  <ii- 
rected  forxvard  and  backward  in  pairs,  that  is, 
two  forward  and  txvo  backward.  By  llliger  (isii) 
considered  as  a  family,  Viut  now  abandoned  as  an  artificial 
up. 


Amphibota  austra- 


■ology.]    A  liiscom-se  or  treatise  on  amphibious  amphibolic^  (am-fi-bol'ik),  a.     [<  amphiboly  + 


animals;   the   department  of  natural  history 
which  treats  of  the  Amphibia 


ing  ovum  of  a  fusiform  figure  radiated  at  either  amphibion  (ara-fib'i-on),  )(.;  Jil.  amphibia  (-jl). 

end,  thus  resembling  txvo  stars  joined  together.  [NL.,  =  ampliibium,  q.  v.]  Same  as  amphibium. 

whence  the  name.     See  extract.  Amphibiotica  (am'fi-bi-ot'i-kii),  ».  pi.     [NL., 

In  the  iilace  where  the  remains  of  the  nucleus  were  <  Gr.   u/(^(,<(or,  amphibious    +   term.  -^r-,K.6c.] 

seen,  there  now  aiijiears  a  siiindle-shaiied  body  made  up  In  :0ol.,  in  Gegenbaur's  system  Ot  elassincatiou. 


-ic'.]  Of  the  nature  of  amphiboly;  amphib- 
olous. 

amphibolic^  (am-fi-bol'ik).  a.  [<  amphibole  + 
-ir.]  In  »(("( )■((/..  pertaining  to.  resembUng,  or 
coiitaiuiut'  ampliiliole. 

amphibolid  (am-fib'(;>-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of 
the  Uimily  Amphibolida;. 


Amphibolidss 

Amphibolidae  (aui-ii-bdri-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ampliiliiild  +  -iild'.]  A  I'limily  of  basoiiiina- 
tophoruus  puluKiiiiite  {gastropods.  Thu  Uh1miu:i1 
chiiriicturs  arc  it  shuit,  tlliuk  spiral  hhi-ll  closed  by  an 
optTculuin,  the  wiiurls  shouUlertHij  hihI  gills  present, 
though  rniiiinentury.  The  species  live  in  marshes  where 
the  water  is  brackish,  and  have  bnt  jiartially  aerial  respi- 
ration ;  they  are  contlned  to  >"ew  Zealand.  Also  called 
Aiitjiulfni'i-n'dw. 

amphiboliferous  (am"f5-b6-lif' e-rus),  a.  [<  iim- 
pliihdlc  +  -i-finiiis.'i  Bearing  or  contaiuiug 
amphiliolc. 

Amphiboli/i-'rous  andesite  and  dolerite. 

Enct/c.  Brit.,  XVIII.  749. 

amphiboline  (am-fib'o-liii),  c  [<.  amphibole  + 
-i«(l.J     III  iiiiiicrdl.,  re'sembliug  amphibole. 

amphibolite  (am-fib'o-lit).  ».  [<  Gr.  afupiiio'Aor, 
doubtl'ul  (see  iiiiijiliibuh),  +  -ih-.'\  A  roek  be- 
loufjiug  to  the  elass  of  the  orystalline  schists, 
and  consisting  hirgely  of  green  hornblende, 
together  with  quartz  or  feldspar,  or  both.  It 
is  always  more  or  less  distinctly  in  beds  like 
gneiss. 

amphibological  (am"fi-bo-lo,i'i-kal),  a.  [<am- 
2>hiboliiii!i.\  Vi  or  pertaining  to  amphibology; 
of  doubtful  meaning;  ambiguous. 

A  fourth  insinuates  with  a  pleasing  compliment,  a  sweet 

smile,  ingratiates  himself  with  an  amjihibolofticnl  speech. 

Burton,  Anat.  of'Mcl.,  p.  574. 

amphibologically    (am"fi-b9-loj'i-kal-i),    adv. 

With  ii  doulitfiil  meaning. 

amphibologism  (am-fi-bol'o-.jizm),  v.  [<  ani- 
philmliiiiii  +  -ism.^  An  amphibolous  construc- 
tion or  ]ihrase.     X.  K.  D. 

amphibology  (am-fi-bol'o-ji),  «.;  pi.  amphi- 
bologies (-jiz).  [<  LL.  amphibolotjia,  <  LGr. 
*afi<piih^oyia,  <  Gr.  a/iil>ijio'/.o(:,  doubtful,  ambig- 
uous (see  amphiboh),  +  -'Ao)ia,  <  >.t}fa',  speak: 
see  -olofiij.  ]  1 .  The  use  of  ambiguous  phrases 
or  statements.— 2.  In  lotjic,  a  sentence  which 
is  ambiguous  from  uncertainty  with  regard  to 
its  construction,  but  not  from  uncertainty  with 
regard  to  the  meaning  of  the  words  forming  it. 
A  good  e.xatniile  of  anipliibology  is  the  answer  of  the  oracle 
to  PyiThus:  ".\io  te  Romanos  vincere  posse."  Here  te 
and  liiiiiiiiitu.s  may  either  of  them  be  the  sul»ject  or  object 
of  pim't'i-f  pi>gf.r,  and  the  sense  may  be  either,  you  can  con- 
(juer  the  A'i)//ia*i.v,  or.  the  liontftuji  can  conquer  yo«.  The 
Engli.sli  laimiia-''  ^'-M'tni  atlinits  of  aniphi))ology.  For  an 
En;,^lisli  exaiiiplr.  sc-  sn  ..iid  extract  under  amphibolous.— 
Fallacy  of  amphibology.    See  fallncy. 

amphiboloid  (am-fib'o-loid),  a.  [<  ampihibMi: 
+  -()(((.]  In  mineral.,  having  the  appearance 
of  arnpliibole. 

amphibolostylous  (am-fib"o-16-8ti'lus),  a.  [< 
NL.  (iiiijiliiboliKti/liis,  <  Gr.  afi(fi'i[io'Ao^,  doubtful, 
-I-  <77t'/.of,  column  (stj-le).]  In  bot.,  having  the 
style  not  apparent.     <V)/(/.  Soc.  Lex. 

amphibolous  (am-fib'o-lus),  a.  [<  LL.  amplii- 
bolu.'i,  <  Gr.  uu<piih'A.oi-,  ambiguous:  see  amphi- 
hole.^  Ambiguous;  equivocal :  now  used  only 
in  logic  as  applied  to  a  sentence  susceptible  of 
two  meanings.     [Rare.] 

Never  [was]  there  such  an  amphibolous  quarrel — both 
parties  declaring  themselves  for  the  king. 

Howell  ('?),  England's  Teai-s. 

An  amphibolous  sentence  is  one  that  is  capable  of  two 

meanings,  not  from  the  double  sense  of  any  of  the  words, 

but  from  its  admitting  a  double  construction;  as,  .  .  . 

"The  duke  yet  lives  that  Uenry  shall  depose." 

Whatebf,  Logic,  iii.  1[  10. 

Amphibolura  (am"fi-b9-lu'ra),  n.  [NL.  (Ca- 
banis,  1S47),  <  Gr.  aii(piiiu'An(,  doubtful,  ambig- 
uous (see  amphibole),  -f-  oi'pa,  tail.]  In  oniitli., 
the  corrected  orthoguaphy  of  I'liibahira  (which 
see).     [Not  in  use.] 

amphiboly  (am-flb'o-li),  «.;  pi.  am])hibolies 
(-liz).  ['  L.  amphiboUa,  <  Gr.  a/i<piiio/.ia,  am- 
biguity, <  a/i(pl lio'Aoc,  ambiguous:  see  amphibole.'] 
1.  The  use  of  ambiguities;  quibbling. — 2.  In 
logic,  ambiguity  in  the  meaning  of  a  proposi- 
tion, arising  either  from  an  uncertain  syntax  or 

from  a  figure  of  speech Transcendentjil  amplil- 

boly,  in  the  Kantian  phihtsophtt.  the  confusing  of  cfuicep- 
tions  wliich  exist  in  the  understanding  a  priori  (categories) 
with  tliose  which  are  derived  from  experience. 

amphibrach (am'fi-brak), ».  [(.h.amjyhibrachi/s, 
soiuetimes  amphibriiehii.f,  <Gr.  a/Kpiflpaxvc,  short 
on  both  sides,  <  uLKpi,  on  both  sides,  +  lipaxic, 
short.]  In  pro.s.,  a  foot  of  three  syllables,  the 
middle  one  long,  the  first  and  last  short :  as, 
habere,  in  Latin:  the  opj)osite  of  amphimaccr. 

amphibrachys  (am-fib'ra-kis),  n.  [L.:  see 
above.  ]     .Saiiie  as  amphibrach. 

Amphibrya  (am-fib'ri-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
oianipliibriiiif: :  see  amphibri/DU.':.]  In  bo  I.,  the 
endogens;  a  term  used  by  Endlicher. 

amphibryous  (am-fil/ii-us),  a.  [<  NL.  amphi- 
bripis,  <  (ir.  <i//i,'",  around,  -t-  ,</ji'«i',  swell,  grow.] 
In  hot.,  growing  by  additions  to  all  parts  of  the 
periphery.     A.  (Jray. 


183 

amphicarpic  (am-fi-kiir'pik),  a.     Same  as  am- 

phunrpdu.s. 

amphicarpous  (am-fi-kiir'pus),  a.     [<  NL.  nm- 

phicarpus,  with  fruit  of  two  kinds  (cf.  Gr.  n//^/- 
KapTTOi,  with  fruit  till  roun<l),  <  Gr.  li/npi,  on  both 
sides,  around,  -f  KtipTrur,  fruit.]  In  bat.,  pro- 
ducing two  classes  of  fruit,  differing  either  in 
form  or  in  time  of  ripening. 

amphicentric  (am-fi-seu'trik),  a.  [NL.,<Gr. 
''I'ljii,  on  bot h  sides,  -I-  nivrpov,  point,  center.]  In 
anut.,  coming  together,  as  into  a  center,  on  both 
sides :  applied  to  a  bijiolar  rete  mirabile,  that 
is,  one  which  is  gathered  again  into  and  gives 
off  a  vessel  similar  to  that  one  which  breaks  up 
to  form  the  rete:  opposed  to  monocentrie. 

Amphicentrum  (am-fi-sen'trum),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ajii^i,  on  both  sides,  +  KciTpov,  spine:  see 
crnter.]  A  genus  of  fossil  ganoid  fishes  of  the 
Carbonifcnnis  strata,  without  abdominal  fins. 

amphichiral  (am-fi-ki'ral),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/ifi, 
around,  on  both  sides,  -I-  "x'ip,  hand.]  Undis- 
tinguishable  as  to  right  and  left;  transform- 
able into  its  own  perversion.    Also  spelled  am- 

phieheirdl.  =  5ya,.  Ambidexter,  Amphichiral.  AmlMex- 
tcr  refers  to  eipnil  facility  in  using  the  tw'i  bands  ;  amjthi- 
chiral  refers  to  the  geonictrii;il  sinjilarity  of  the  two  siiies. 
To  be  ampldrliirnl  d,.es  not  iiMj>Iy  Ining  symmetrical,  bow- 
ever,  but  ordy  the  possibility  of  being  I'trought  into  two 
forms,  one  of  which  is  the  perversion  or  looking-glass  im- 
age of  the  other. 

amphichroic  (am-fi-krO'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aiKpi,  on 
both  sides,  -I-  xi""',  complexion,  color.]  Having 
a  double  action  upon  colors  used  as  tests  in 
chemistry.  Erroneously  written  amphicroitic. 
N.  E.  D. 

amphichromatic  (am  "fi-kro-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
(i/ii^i,  on  botli  sides, -f-  ;i7J(j/;a'(r-),  color:  see  ciiro- 
matic.']  Keactiug  both  as  an  acid  and  as  an 
alkali  upon  colors  used  as  chemical  tests. 

Am^hicoelia  (am-fi-se'li-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
afKpiKoi'/ni;,  hollow  all  round:  see  amphicalous.'] 
1.  In  Owen's  classification  of  reptiles,  a  sub- 
order of  CniCddilin,  including  the  extinct  croco- 
diles which  have  amphicceloiis  vertebrte,  as 
members  of  the  genus  Telcdsaurus. — 2.  [Used 
as  a  singidar.]  A  genus  of  bivalve  moUusks. 
James  Mall,  1867. 

amphicoelian  (am  -  fi  -  se '  li  -  an),  a.  Amphicoe- 
lous  ;  having  amphieoelous  vertebriB;  pertain- 
ing to  the  Amphica'lia. 

Amphicoelias  (am-fi-se'li-as),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
u/z^Ji/ioi/oi,  hollow  all  round :  see  amphica'lous.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  dinosaurian  reptiles  with  am- 
phicoelian vertebrtE.  A.  altm  was  a  huge  species  sup- 
posed id  have  been  able  to  browse  on  tree-tops  :iu  feet  high, 
-i.  t'rai/ilUma.'i,  another  species,  is  supposed  to  have  ex- 
ceeded  ,t.  alius  in  length.     E.  D.  Cope,  1S77. 

amphieoelous  (am-fi-se'lus),  a.  [<  NL.  amphi- 
cu /»j>,  <  Gr.  ap<piKoi'lor,  hollow  all  round,  hollow  at 
both  ends,  <  <J,"i*',  atbotliends,  -I-  koV.oc,  hollow: 
see  ca:liac.']  In  anat.  and  ::diH.,  hollowed  at  both 
ends :  said  of  vertebra:;  the  centra  or  bodies  of 
which  are  biconcave.  This  is  the  usual  character  of 
the  vertebne  of  fishes,  and  also  of  the  extinct  crocodiles 
(Teleosauri'ta',  Cf/nf/.oi/n/ie).  and  of  some  birds  of  the  Creta- 
ceous period,  as  of  tile  genus  /rhth!iorni.f(,f)(tontiitorm(p). 

Amphicoma  (am-fik'o-mii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/i- 
ijiiKofioc,  with  hair  all  round,  <  ofiipi,  around,  + 
KdfiTi,  hair.]  A  genus  of  lamellicorn  beetles,  of 
the  family  Scaraba-idcr.  The  mandibles  in  thisgcinis 
are  without  teeth  on  the  iruier  edge,  the  claveola  of  the 
anteinuu  are  globular,  and  the  legs  arc  ordinary. 

Amphicondyla  (am-fi-kon'di-la),  n.  2)1.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  a/t(fii,  on  both  sides,  +  Kiviiio^,  a  knuckle, 
mod.  condyle.]  A  name  given  to  the  .Mamma- 
lia, with  reference  to  the  pair  of  occipital  con- 
dyles which  vertebrates  of  this  class  possess 
in  connection  with  an  ossified  basioecipital : 
opposed  to  Monoconfli/la  (which  see). 

Amphictene  (am-fik'te-u6),  «.  [NIj.,  <  Gr. 
li/j'pi,  around,  +  xrc/f  (xrcv-),  a  comb.]  A  genus 
of  tubicolous  worms,  order  Vephalobranchia, 
class  .innelida,  type  of  the  family  Amphicteni- 
(hc :  equivalent  to  I'cctinaria. 

Amphictenidse  (am-fik-ten'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Amphictene  +  -«/«■.]  A  family  of  polychiptous 
cephalobranchiate  annelids,  represented  by  the 
genus  .imphictene  or  J'ectinaria. 

amphictyon  (am-fik'ti-on),  ».  [<  L.  amphic- 
Upincs,  <  Gr.  ai/ipiKTcuv  (Demosthenes),  common- 
ly in  pi.  a/i<piKTionr,  more  correctly  aft(piKT(Ovc(, 
lit.  dwellers  around,  neighbors,  <  tt/j<pi,  around, 
+  'ktIovc^  (only  in  this  word  and  -tpiHTiovti;,  of 
same  sense),  pi.  of  "ktiuv,  ppr.,<  V  *«''-.  dwell 
( >  KTii^etv,  people,  establish,  found),  =  Skt.  -v/ 
Avs/k',  dwell,  inhabit.]  In  Gr.  hi.st.,  a  deputy  to 
an  amphictyonie  council,  especially  the  Del- 
phic :  most  commonly  used  in  the  plural  for  the 
council  itself,  or  the  body  of  deputies  (often 
with  a  capital). 


amphidromical 

amphictyonie  (nm-fik-ti-on 'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
u/jijiiK-voviii6(,  pertaining  to  the  amphictyons.] 
Pertaining  to  an  amphictyouy,  particularlv  to 
that  of  Delphi. 

amphictyony  (am-fik'ti-on-i),  n. ;  pi.  amphicty- 
ouies  (-iz).  [<  Gr.  iipijiiKTvovia  (or  -vcia),  <  a/i- 
<piKTvovtr,  amphictyons.]  In  Or.  hist.,  a  league 
of  peoples  inhabiting  neighboring  territories  or 
drawn  together  by  community  of  origin  or  in- 
terests, for  mutual  protection  and  the  guardian- 
ship In  common  of  a  central  sanctuary  and  its 
rites.  There  were  several  such  confederations,  but  the 
name  is  specially  ajipropriated  to  the  most  famou.s  of  tliem, 
that  of  l>elphi.  This  was  eomjiosed  of  twelve  tribes,  and  its 
deiJUties  met  twice  each  year,  alternately  at  Delphi  and 
at  Thermopyhc.  Its  origin  dates  back  Ut  the  beginnings 
of  Orecian  history,  and  it  survived  the  ilulependence  of 
Greece.  It  exerciseil  paramount  authority  over  the  famous 
oracular. sanctuary  of  the  I'ythian  Apollo  and  over  the  sur- 
rtunidiiig  rcgii.n,  and  conducted  the  I'ythian  games :  and  it 
constituti  li,  though  in  an  imperfect  way,  a  national  con- 
grcHH  of  tile  many  eoinparatively  small  ami  often  opposed 
states  into  which  Oreece  was  divided. 

amphicurtous  (am-fi-ker'tus),  a.     See  amphi- 

ei/rtdus. 

amphicyon  (am-fis'i-on),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  ap(pi,  on 
both  sides,  -1-  Kruv,  dog,  =  E.  hound,  q.  v.]  A 
large  fossil  carnivorous  quadruped,  whose  teeth 
combine  the  characters  of  those  of  the  dogs 
{Vnnida)  and  of  the  bears  (Irsida).  It  occurs 
prim  ipally  in  the  Jlioeeno  Tertiary  formation. 

amphicyrtOUS  (am-fi-ser'tns),  «.  [<  Gr.  aiiipi- 
KvpToc,  curved  on  ea<'h  side  like  the  moon  in  its 
3d  quarter,  gibbous,  <  «/"/">  on  both  sides,  -i-  Kvp- 
rdr,  curved :  see  curvc.~\  Curved  on  both  sides; 
gibbous.    Also  written  amphicurtous.   y.  E.  D. 

amphicytula  (am-fi-sit'il-lii),  n.;  pi.  amphicy- 
tula:  (-le).  [NL.,<amphi'- -f  ci/tulii,NL.  dim.  of 
Gr.  KiTur,  a  hollow.]  In  cmhryol.,  the  parent- 
cell  (cytula)  which  results  from  that  stage  in 
the  development  of  a  holoblastic  egg  known  as 
an  amphimonerula,  by  there-formation  of  a  nu- 
cleus, and  which  passes  by  total  but  unequal 
segmentation  of  the  vitellus  (yolk)  to  the  succes- 
sive stages  known  as  amphimoriila,  ampliiblas- 
tula,  and  amphigastrula.  See  these  words.  The 
human  egg  is  an  example.  This  is  the  usual  form  of  egg 
in  niamnials  and  sundry  other  animals.    Sec  gaxtrulation. 

amphidt,  amphidef  (am'fid,  -fid),  a.   [<  Gr.  hjitfii, 

both,  +  -id-.]  A  term  applied  by  Berzelius  to 
the  salts  of  those  acids  wliich  contain  oxygen, 
to  distinguish  them  from  the  haloid  salts.  The 
amphid  salts  were  regarded  as  compounds  of  two  oxids, 
one  clectro-iiositive,  tlie  other  electro-negative. 

Amphidesma  (am-fl-des'mil),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
api^i,  on  both  sides,  -1-  denpic,  a  band,  <  6elv, 
bind.]  A  genus  of  lamellibranchiates,  con- 
taining bivalve  moUusks  of  rounded  form  with 
large  siphons,  a  long  tongue-shaped  foot,  and 
a  double  ligament,  one  internal  and  one  exter- 
nal :  a  synonym  of  Semelc.     Lamarck,  1818. 

amphidesmid.  (am-fi-des'mid),  H.  A  bivalve 
mollusk  of  the  family  Amphidcsmidw. 

Amphidesmidae  (am-fi-des'mi-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<,  .impliidesma  +  -idir.]  A  family  of  bivalve 
moUusks,  of  which  the  genus  Amphidesma  is 
the  tvpe :  a  synonym  of  Siinelida: 

amphldiarthrodial  (am  fi-di-iir-thro'di-al),  a. 
[<NL.  amphidiarthrosis,  aiter  arthrodial"]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  amphidiarthrosis. 

amphidiarthrosis  (am"fi-di-!ir-thr6'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  a/jifi,  on  both  sides,  +  iiafittpuai^, 
articulation,  diarthrosis.]  In  anat.,  a  mode  of 
articulation  which  partakes  of  the  nature  of 
both  diarthrosis  and  amphiarthrosis,  admitting 
of  free  movement  in  several  directions.  A  fa- 
mili.ar  example  is  the  articulation  of  the  lower  jaw  with 
the  rest  of  the  human  skull,  which  permits  an  up-and-down 
motion,  as  in  opening  and  shutting  the  mouth,  and  also  a 
rotatory  motion  from  side  to  si<Ie  and  forward  and  back- 
ward.    .\lso  called  ttnulit.'  arthriiilia. 

amphidisk,  amphidisc  (am'fi-disk),  h.    [<  NL. 

aniphidiscns,  <  Gr.  I'tpoi,  at  both  ends,  -f-  Hbko^, 
a  round  plate:  see  disk.]  In  :diH.,  one  of  the 
spicules,  resembling  two  toothed  wheels  united 
by  an  axle,  which  surround  the  reproductive 
gemmules  of  Spimgilla.  Also  written  amphi- 
(liscus. 

amphidromia (am-ti-<b-6'mi-a),  n.pl.  [< Gr.  a/t- 
(pKfiid/iiti,  pi.  (see  def.),  <  au0/(J/w//of,  riuming 
around,  <  afiifi,  around,  +  -i/mfio^,  running,  < 
Spapeiv,  run:  see  Vromas,  dromcdari/,  etc.]  In 
ancient  Athens,  a  family  festival  m  honor  of 
the  birth  of  a  child,  it  was  held  in  the  evening,  when 
the  child  w;is  about  a  week  old.  The  guests  brought  small 
jircsents  and  were  enterUiined  at  a  repast.  The  ehihl  wjas 
presented  to  the  eomjiany  and  carrieil  aliont  the  family 
hearth  by  two  women,  and  at  this  time  received  its  name, 
to  which  the  guests  were  witnesses.  The  door  of  the 
house  was  decorated  with  olive-branches  for  a  l>oy,  and 
with  tufts  of  wool  for  a  girl. 

amphidromical  (am-fi-drom'i-kal),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  amphidromia. 


Lower  side  of  branch, 

showing  Amphigastria, 

essory  leaves. 


amphidromical 

At  the  amphiilruinical  UnsU,  •mi  tlu'  (Kth  ilny  aft«r  tho 
child  was  born,  pivsi-nU  wi-n-  svitt  fnilii  friemlH,  of  lK>ly- 
liiisrs  iinil  cuttU'tlsht-s.       Sir  T.  Browne,  Uunit'iiof  Cyrus. 

ampIliduTa  (am-ti-du'ra),  n.    A  corruption  of 

(iiiil'hithiira. 

Amphigaea  (am-fl-je'ji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  auij,i, 
implying'  doubt,  +  jnin,  ■)(],  tho  earth,  a  land  or 
eountrv.]     lu  mHijcoij.,  the  Ampliigean  realm. 

amphigam  (am'fi-gam),  «,  [=  F.  ampkUiamc, 
<  NL.  II  III  iili  if/am  us:  see  (wipliiijamous.]  In  De 
CamloUe's  e'lassificatiou  of  plants,  one  of  the 
group  of  erj-pto^ams,  including  the  lichens, 
fungi,  and  algfo,  m  which  sexual  organs  were 
uuknowni. 

amphigamous  (am-fig'a-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  am- 
phindiiiiit:,  <  Gr.  (i/i^i,  implying  doubt,  +  ya/^og, 
marriage.]  In  hoi.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  am- 
phigams ;  thaUogenous. 

amphigastria  (am-fi-gas'tri-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ii/ioi,  around,  +  yacriip,  stomach:  see  gas- 
fc/c]  The  peculiar  stipule- 
like accessory  leaves  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  stem  of  some 
scale-mosses  and  other  Hepa- 
ticw. 

ampMgastrula  (am-fi-gas'- 
tro-lii),  II.;  pi.  amphigastnilfE 
(-le)i  [NL.,  <  amplii-  +  gus- 
triila.']  In  cmftcyo/.,  that  form 
of  metagastrula  (which  see) 
which  results  from  unequal 
cleavage  or  segmentation  of 
the  vitellus  (yolk). 

ampUgean  (am-fi-je'an),  o, 
[<  Gr.  li/ifi/,  around,  -I-  yf/, 
the  earth:  see  geography, 
etc.]  1.  Extending  arotmd  the  earth :  inhot., 
applied  to  genera  or  species  that  are  found 
around  the  globe  in  approximately  the  same  lati- 
tude.—  2.  [cap.']  [<  NL.  J/Hp/(i(/(i'« -f- -OH.]  In 
soogeog.,  a  term  applied  to  the  temperate  South 
American  realm  as  one  of  the  prime  zoologi- 
cal divisions  of  the  eartli's  land-sm-faee,  with 
reference  to  its  equivocal  or  ambiguous  zoologi- 
cal character.  Together  with  the  Dendrogean  or  tropi- 
cal American  realm,  it  composes  the  Neotropical  region 
of  Sclater. 

amphigen  (am'fl-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  d/;(^(,  around,  -I- 
-ycvi/(,  <  V  *>£»',  produce:  see  -gen.  Cf.  amphi- 
gene."]  1.  In  ioi.,  a  thallogen  :  a  name  applied 
by  Brongniart  to  those  cryptogams  (the  algaa, 
fungi,  and  lichens)  which  increase  by  develop- 
ment of  cellular  tissue  in  all  directions,  and  not 
at  the  summit  of  a  distinct  axis. —  Sf.  In  cheiii., 
an  element,  like  oxygen,  capable  of  forming 
with  other  elements  acid  and  basic  compounds. 

amphigene  (am'fi-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  dfupiyevK,  of 
both  kinds,  of  doubtful  kind,  <  a/iipi,  both,  + 
yivog,  kind  (see  ge)iu.s):  named  ^Wth  allusion  to 
its  supposed  cleavage  in  two  directions.]  Same 
as  leucite. 

amphigenous  (am-fij'e-nus), «,  [Asamphigeii  + 
-uiis.J  1 .  In  hot. ,  grovring  aU  around  an  object : 
applied  to  fungi  which  are  not  restricted  to  any 
particular  part  of  the  surface  of  the  host. — 2t. 
In  chem.,  of  the  natiu'e  of  amphigen. 

Also  wi'itteu  ampliiigciiOHS. 
Amphigenous  reaction,  in  chem.,  a  reaction  which  ex- 
hiijits  tioth  auid  and  alkaline  characters. 

AmpMgnathodon  (am-fig-nath'o-don),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  afiipi,  on  both  sides,  +  'yvadog,  jaw, 
-1-  'oioi%  {h6ovT-)  =  E,  toiitli.']  A  peculiar  genus 
of  arciferous  anurous  batrachians,  having  teeth 
in  both  jaws,  dilated  processes  of  the  sacrum, 
a  brood-pouch,  and  the  general  aspect  of  the 
tree-frogs  ;  the  type  of  a  family  Aiiipldgncitlio- 
dontidm  (which  see).  A.  guentheri  is  an  arbo- 
real species  of  the  tropical  Andean  region. 
amphignathodontid  ( am-fig-nath-o-don'tid),  h  , 

One  of  the  Aiiiphigiiiithodriiitidw. 

Amphignathodontidae  (am-fig-nath-o-don'ti- 
de),  II.  pi.  [NL.,<  Aiiiphigiiatlwdon(t-)  +  -ida'.] 
A  family  of  anurovis  batrachians,  typified  by  the 
only  certainly  known  genus,  Am'pliigiiathodoii 
(which  see). 

amphigonic  (am-fi-gon'ik),  a.    Same  as  amphig- 

VIWIl.-!. 

amphigonous   (am-fig'o-nus),  a.     [<  Gr.  as  if 

'a/jiph/Ui'or,  <  auipi,  on  both  sides,  +  -yomc  (adj. 
yoviKdc),  <  ■\/  'ycv,  produce.  Cf.  Gr.  iifiipiyovor, 
n.,  a  stepchild,  <  afiipi  +  ;  umr,  offspring.  ]  Trans- 
mitting to  offspring  tlie  characters  of  both  pa- 
rents ;  pertaining  to  amphigony. 
amphigony  (am-fig'o-ni),  n.  [As  amphigonous 
+  -I/.]  Sexual  reproduction ;  gamogenesis:  the 
opposite  of  monogoiiy.  The  word  is  chiefly  used  with 
reference  to  those  lower  animals  which  may  conjugate  or 
blend  their  substance ;  not  ordinai-ily  used  of  reproduction 
in  higher  animals. 


184 

amphigoric  (am-fi-gor'ik),  a.  [<  F.  ampliigou- 
riijiir,  <  amphigonri :  see  aniphigori/.]  Of,  re- 
lating to,  or  consisting  of  ampliigory ;  absurd; 
nonsensical. 

amphigory  (am'fi-go-ri),  w.;  pi.  amphigorics 
(-ri/.).  [Mollified  from  F.  aiiiphigouri,  of  tm- 
certain  origin ;  appar.  a  factitious  word,  based 
on  Gr.  a/i(pi,  on  both  sides.]  A  meaningless 
rigmarole,  as  of  nonsense-verses  or  the  like ;  a 
nonsensical  parody. 

AinphileptUS(am-fi-lep'tus),J!.  [NL.,<Gr.  d,«0/, 
on  both  sides,  +  ?.c7TT6g,  small,  fine,  delicate.]  A 
genus  of  ciliate  infusorians,  of  the  family  Tra- 
chelocercidw,  having  numerous  contractile  vac- 
uoles in  two  longitudinal  series.  A.  nms,  one  of 
the  largest  known  infusorians,  has  a  lengthened  com- 
pressed form  with  a  long  neck,  and  the  mouth  near  the 
base  of  the  proboscis. 

amphilogism  (am-fil'o-jizm),  n.  [<  amphilogij 
+  -(.■.(».]     A  circumlocution.     A'.  E.  1>. 

amphilogy  (am-fil'o-ji),  n.;  pi.  aiiiphilogies 
(-jiz).  [<  Gr.  afi(j)i?Myia,  doubt,  debate,  <  a/jipi- 
/cijof,  uncertain,  <  a/iipl,  on  both  sides,  -I-  7.eyeiv, 
speak:  see  -ology.]    Ambiguity;  amphibology. 

amphimacer  (am-fim'a-ser),  n.  [<  L.  arnplii- 
macriis,  <  Gr.  a/jij>i/jaKpog,  long  on  both  sides,  < 
aii((ii,  on  both  sides,  +  /jaKpdc,  long:  see  macron. 
Cf.  aiii2)hibracli.'i  In  pros.,  a  foot  of  three  syl- 
lables, the  middle  one  short  and  the  others 
long,  as  in  Latin  castitds:  the  opposite  of  am- 
phihriicli. 

AmpIiiinonadidaB  (am''fi-m6-nad'i-de),  n.  j)!. 
[NL.,  <  Aiiq)hiiiionas  +  -ida.']  A  family  of  na- 
ked, free-swimming  or  sedentary,  bitlagellate 
infusorians,  typified  by  the  genus  Ampliimonas. 
When  sedentary  they  are  attached  by  a  prolongation  of 
the  posterior  extremity  or  by  a  caudal  filament.  The 
two  fiageUa  are  terminal  and  of  equal  size ;  there  is  no 
distinct  oral  aperture,  food  being  taken  in  at  any  point  of 
the  periphery  of  the  body. 

Amphimonas  (am-fl-mon'as),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aiKjii,  on  both  sides,  +  //oi'Of  (/lovai-),  one,  a 
unit:  see  moimd.~\  The  typical  genus  of  Am- 
]iJiiiiionadid(c. 

amphiiaoiierula  (am"fi-mo-ner'6-la),  n.;  pi.  am- 
phimonerula:  (-le).  [NL.,  i  ampin-  4-  moncrida.'] 
in  einhryol.,  the  monei'ula-stage  of  a  holoblastie 
egg  which  undergoes  unequal  segmentation  or 
cleavage  of  the  vitellus  (yolk),  and  becomes 
successively  an  amphieytula,  amphimorula, 
amphiblastula,  and  amphigastrula  (see  these 
words).  It  is  a  cytode  which  includes  formative  yolk 
at  one  pole  and  nutritive  yolk  at  the  other;  the  two  being, 
however,  indistiii^ui^halde,  and  both  undergoing  total 
though  unequal  Beuiiniitjition.    .See  gastrulatiim. 

amphimorph  (am'fl-morf),  n.  A  flamingo,  as 
a  member  of  the  Amphimorphw. 

Ainpliimorphae(am-fi-m6r'fe),«.7J?.  [NL.,<Gr. 
au^i,  on  both  sides,  +  popipij,  form,]  In  Huxley"s 
system  of  classification,  a  superfamily  of  des- 
inognathous  carinate  birds :  so  called  because 
intermediate  between  the  anserine  birds  and  the 
storks.  It  contains  only  the  tluininu'ns,  I'lnmicopteridie 
(wliichsee).  See  cut  under  ilantiiuiu.  The  term  is  zoologi- 
cally equivalent  to  Oih:nt<«iluxs,T  of  Xitzscli,  of  prior  date. 

ampMinorpIlic  (am-fi^-mor'fik),  a.  [As  Amphi- 
iiiorpha'  +  -H'.]  'B.a.ying  the  character  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Aiiqiliiiiiorphfc. 

amphimorula  (am-fi-mor'6-la),  n. ;  pi.  amphi- 
moruhe  (-le).  [NL.,  <  amphi-  +  morula.]  In 
embryoh,  the  mortila,  or  mulberry-like  mass, 
which  results  from  the  total  but  unequal  seg- 
mentation of  the  ^^tellus  (yolk)  in  that  stage  in 
the  development  of  a  holoblastie  egg  known  as 
an  amphieytula ;  a  solid  and  generally  globular 
mass  of  cleavage-cells  which  are  not  all  alike. 
Further  stages  of  development  are  the  amphiblastula  and 
the  araph  igastrula.  The  human  egg  is  an  example. 

Amphineura  (am-fi-nti'ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
af^i,  around,  -I-  vevpov,  sinew,  nerve.]  A  class 
or  phylum  of  Vermes  constituted  by  the  genera 
Ncoinenia  and  Chatoderma,  together  with  tho 
Chitonidfe,  the  latter  being  removed  from  the 
Mollusca  and  associated  with  the  genera  named 
on  account  of  the  similarity  in  the  nervous 
system.  S.  von  Ihcring,  1878. 
Amphinome  (am-fin'o-me),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  afiifii, 
around,  -t-  voplj,  a  feeding,  <  vipeaBai,  feed,  pas- 
tm'e,  act.]  A  genus  of  chsetopodous  worms, 
gi\-ing  name  to  the  family  Amphinomida:.  Also 
\\'Titten  Amphinoma. 

AmpMnomeae  (am-fi-no'me-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.] 
Same  as  Amphinomida:. 

Delicate  branchin;  which  are  .  .  .  arborescent  ...  in 
the  Amphinomeee.   Gegenbaiir,  Comp.  .\nat.  (trans.),  p.  1^5. 

AmpMnomidse  (am-fi-nom'i-de),  H.  ph  [NL., 
<  Amphinome  +  -ida:']  A  family  of  marine 
locomotory  polychtetous  annelids,  of  the  order 
Cha-topiidii,  liaviug  several  postoral  segments 
included  in  the  head. 


amphipodons 

ampMoxid   (am-fi-ok'sid),  n.      An  animal  of 

the  fniuilv  Ampliiojeiiite ;  a  branchioBtomid. 
Ampluoxidae{am-fi-ok'si-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Am- 
pli  loj-iis  +  -ilia:  ]  The  only  known  family  of  lep- 
tocardians  or  acranial  vertebrates,  taking  name 
from  the  genus  Amphioxiis:  a  synonym  of 
liriincIiiontomidfE  (which  see). 
AmphiOXini   (am'fi-ok-si'ni),   »i.  pi.      [NL.,  < 

Aiiijiliioxii.s-  +  -ini.]  Same  as  Amphioxida. 
AmphiOXUS  (am-fi-ok'sus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/xijii, 
at  lioth  ends,  -I-  ijiir,  shaip:  see  oxygen.]  The 
lancelets,  the  tj'jiieal  genus  of  the  family  Am- 
pliioxida;  whose  body  is  compressed  and  tapers 
to  a  point  at  each  end:  a  synonym  of  Branchi- 
ostoma  (which  see).  See  also  cut  under  lance- 
let. 
amphipneust    (am'fip-niist),    «.       [<.  Amphi- 

pneiistii.]  One  of  the  Amphipiieu.itn. 
Amphipneusta  (am-fip-nus'ta),  n.  pi.  [NTj.,  < 
Gr.  "/'■^i,  in  both  ways,  +  *7vvevaT6(,  verbal  adj. 
of  rrvdv,  breathe:  see  pneumatic]  A  former 
name  of  a  suborder  of  tailed  Amphibia,  which  re- 
tain their  gills  through  Ufe.  As  constituted  by  Mer- 
rem,  the  group  included,  however,  the  larval  forms  of  some 
amphibians  which  undergo  metamorphosis.  See  Urodela. 
Amphipneustea  (am-fip-nus'te-a),  «.  pi.  [NL. : 
see  .liiijihipneiista.]  A  name  used  by  Wiegmann 
for  the  Onchidiidce  (which  see). 
amplupnoid  (am-fip'noid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  A  inph  ipnoid(e. 
AmpHipnoidae  (am-fip-noi'de),  n.  pil.  [NL.,  < 
Amiihijinous  +  -iihr.]  A  family  of  symbran- 
chiate  fishes.  The  technical  characters  are  a  cranium 
abbreviated  behind,  branchial  apparatus  partly  behind 
the  cranium,  a  scapular  arch  not  directly  connected  with 
the  skull,  and  a  double  vascular  lung-like  sac  communi- 
cating with  the  branchial  cavity.  Only  one  species  ig 
known,  the  cuchia  or  Amphipnoiuf  ctichia.  It  is  a  com- 
mon East  Iiulian  fish,  of  a  sluggish  nature,  and  amphibious 
in  its  mode  of  life.  It  has  a  very  long  eel-like  form. 
Amphipnoina  (am-fip-no-i'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ampkipnous  +  -ina.]  'The  Amphipnoida;,  as  a 
subfamily  of  Symbrancliiida:,  having  the  vent 
in  the  posterior  half  of  the  skull,  and  the  scap- 
ular arch  not  attached  to  the  skull.  Giintlier. 
Also  written  Amphipnoina;. 
Amphipnous  (am-fip'no-us),  n.  [NL.,< Gr.  a^i, 
on  both  sides,  -1-  --liog,  breathing,  <  irnelv, 
Ijreathe.]  A  genus  of  eel-like  fishes  distin- 
guished by  a  lung-like  respiratory  apparatus 
which  enables  the  fish  to  breathe  air  directly 
as  well  as  through  the  medium  of  water.  It  is 
the  tj^pe  of  the  family  Amphipnoides. 
amphipod  (am'fi-pod),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  am- 
jihijius  {-pod-),  haWng  feet  in  both  tlirections, 
<  Gr.  a/Kpi,  on  both  sides,  +  -^oic  (jrod-)  =  E. 
foot,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Same  as  amphipodous. 
II.  )(.  An amphipodan ;  one ofXheAmphipoda. 
Amphipoda  (am-fip'o-dil),  «.  pd.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  aiiq)hipus  (-pod-),  Laving  feet  in  both  di- 
rections :  see  amphipod.]  In 
zool.,  an  order  of  sessile-eyed 
(edriophthalmous)  crustacean 
arthropods:  sometimes,  as  by 
Dana,  united  with  Isopoda  in  an 
order  Choristojwda.  The  order  is 
distinguished  from  other  Edrwphthal- 
mia  by  having  the  abdominal  region 
well  developed,  and  by  elfecting  res- 
piration by  means  of  membranous  vesi- 
,1  cles  attached  to  the  bases  of  the  tho- 
"  racic  limbs.  The  bodies  of  the  animals 
are  compressed  laterally  and  cm'ved 
longitudinally;  some  of  the  legs  are 
directed  forward,  the  rest  backward 
(whence  the  name).  The  thorax  has  6 
or  7  segments,  the  abdomen  7.  The 
•nfihiihoe,  one  of  tall  Is  uatatory  or  saltatorial.  Tlie  4 
ti\c  .-Imfi'ii^nda.  anterior  locomotive  limbs  (namely, 
from  the  second  to  the  fifth  thoracic 
limb  inclusive)  are  directed  forward, 
the  3  posterior  backward.  The  latter 
are  called  pereiopods,  and  are  the  3 
ambulatory  limbs;  behind  them,  and 
strongly  contrasted  with  them,  are  3 
pairs  of  fringed  appendages,  called  pleopodf;,  which  are  the 
true  swimming-organs.  The  body  ends  behind  in  a  vari- 
ously shaped  telson.  The  eyes  are  sessile,  and  sometimes 
rudimentary.  From  2  to  about  9  families  of  the  order,  the 
most  extensive  of  which  is  the  Gainmandee,  are  recognized 
by  different  authors.  The  little  animals  known  as  sand- 
hoppers,  sand-fleas,  and  shore-jumpers  ai'e  members  of 
this  order,  the  various  forms  of  which  inliai)it  both  fresh 
ami  salt  water. 

amphipodal  (am-fip'o-dal),  a.     [<  amphipod  + 

-III.]     Same  as  ainjihijiodOHS. 
amphipodan  (am-fip'o-dan),  a.  and  n.     [<  am- 

jihijiinl  -i-  -an.]     I.  a.  Same  as  am2)hipodous. 

II.  n.  An  amphipod:  one  of  the  J«(j:>/(i/)orf(T. 
amphipodiform  (am-fi-pod'i-form),  a.     [<  <(»)- 

phipud  +  -i-fiirm.]     KesembUng  a  sand-hopper 

in  form ;  formed  like  an  amphipod.     Kirby  and 

,Spencc,  1828. 
amphipodous  (am-fip'o-dus),  a.     [<  amphipod 

+  -KH6.]     Ha\ing  feet  in  both  directions;  spe- 


r,  rostrum  :  /.  tel- 
son :  /*,  labrum  :  *r, 
branchin; :  t>s,  o5ste- 
ptes;  r///'2,  X/rs, 
8th  and  14th  seg- 
ments. 


ampUpodous 

cifically,  of  or  iicrtaiuiiig  to  tho  Amphipoda. 
Equivalent  tonus  aro  aiiipliipod,  amphipotial, 
amj>hiii(i(t<iii. 
Amphiporidae  (am-fi-por'i-do),  «.  ;</.  [NL.,  < 
Aiiiiildiionis  +  -idit:]  hi:ijiil.,  a  family  ofrliyii- 
dioi'o'lous  turbellariaiis  oi'  iiemerteans  hiiviut; 
the  proboscis  armed  with  stylets,  which  are 
wanting  in  the  other  Itlti/iichocaila.    Also  oalled 

AmphiporUS  (am-fip'6-rus), ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aii(j>i, 
on  botli  sides,  +  trd/jof',  passage,  pore.]  A  genus 
of  ncmerteaus,  typical  of  tho  family  Jniiilii- 
poridw  (which  see).  ,1.  laclijliiru.i  is  a.  Eiinipc-an 
species,  'i  or  4  iiu-lu-s  lung,  found  under  stones  from  the 
Nnrtli  Sea  to  the  Mediterranean. 

amphiprostylar  (am'ti-pro-sti'liir),  a.     Same 

as  iDiijihijimshiU'. 

amphiprostyle  (am-fi-pro'stil),  a.    [<  L.  «m- 

phiiirostijlns,  <  Gr.  afupnrpOaTvln^,  ha\'iug  a  pro- 
style at  both  ends,  <  au^i,  on  both  sides,  +  ~j>6- 
cTv/jjr,  prostyle :  avi'protitiik'.']  Literally,  having 
columns  both  in  front  and  behind.    In  a)c/i.,aij. 


186  amphitheatrical 

BlUKftlsh  and  mostly  nocturnal,  of  snake-like  aspect  from     worms,  of  which  the  genus  .liii))histomum  is  the 
tlK-  ahsenee  of  llinljs,  and  able  to  move  either  backward  or     tvi)e.     Other  genera  are  Viplostom  urn  and  Oas- 

A'""t-\.       ■       ,         ..    ,-    •■•^  ,       TMI  tr},.Usru.s. 

Amphisbaenia  (am-fis-be  ni-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  amphistomoid  (am-fis'to-moid),  n.  [<  Amphi- 
<  ■tmplu.fbwmi.]  A  superfamdy  gi'oup  of  laeer-  ,,.<„„„„„  +.,„>/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  famUy 
tihans:  a8ynonJ^nof  .-(»Y>y(i«fc«vioirfo.  Annihisloniidm ;  amphistomous. 

amphisbaeman  (am-fis-be  m-an),  «.  and  n.  [<  amphistomoUS  (am-fis'to-mus),  (1.  [<  NL.  am- 
umphi.sliano  +  -(((«.]     I.  «.    Of   or  pertaming     ,,/„.,^,„,„,v,  <  Gr.  uHO/arowor,  with  double  mouth, 


•r" 

1     mm 

m\ 

I     •• 

h  Ib 

■       M® 

Plan  of  Amphiprostyle  Temple. 

plied  to  a  structure  having  the  plan  of  aTi  ancient  fireek 
or  Koniaii  rec  taiLgular  temple  with  a  portico  at  each  end  or 
in  liotli  front  and  rear,  but  no  coUnnnson  the  sides  or  tlanks. 
Amphipyleae  (am-fi-pil'e-e),  n.  pi  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a//(/»!iii/or,  with  two  entrances,  <  aft<jii,  on  both 
sides,  +  -;/;/,  a  gate,  entrance.]  A  division  oi 
Plia'odaria  (which  see),  containing  those  phffio 


to  the  amphisbffina,  or  to  the  Amphisbwiwida 
II.  n.  Same  as  iimphisbivna,  \. 
amphisbsenic  (am-fis-be'nik),  a.  [<  amphis- 
Im-na  +  -ic.}  Like  the  amphisbicna;  moving 
backward  or  forward  with  etpial  ease.  An 
equivalent  form  is  umphisba-nous. 

Yoked  to  it  by  an  amphUbxnlc  snake. 

SheUcy,  Prom.  Unbound,  ill.  4. 

amphisbsenid  (am-fis-be'nid),  n.    A  lizard  of 

tlie  ianiily  .Iniphisbwiiidn: 

Ainphisbaenidae(am-fls-be'ni-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Aiiiphmbami  +  -idic.']  Tho  typical  family  of 
the  group  Ampliisbtenoida.  it  embraces  slui,'gisli 
and  mostly  nocturnal  snake-like  lizards,  such  as  those  of 
th  -  .  -  

di: 

Am 

[N     ,         .  ,        . 

divisions  of  existing  Laccrtilia  (lizards),  differ- 
ing from  all  others  except  the  CUamiEleonida  in 
the  absence  of  a  columella  and  of  an  interor- 
bital  septum  of  the  skull.  The  position  of  the  quad- 
rate bone  is  peculiar ;  the  skull  in  general  resembles  tliat 
of  an  ophidian;  the  vertebra;  are  procoelous,  and  have 
neither  zygantrum  nor  zygosphene ;  there  is  no  sacnmi ; 
and  all  but  one  or  two  of  the  precaudal  vertebrae  bear 
ribs.  The  bodies  of  these  lizards  are  completely  snake- 
like.  All  the  representatives  of  the  group  are  limbless, 
excepting  membel-s  of  the  genus  Chlrotes,  which  have  a 
pair  of  small  pectoral  limbs.  The  tail  is  extremely  short, 
so  that  the  vent  is  near  the  end  of  the  body.  The  integu- 
ment is  nut  scaly 


<  aii(j>i,  on  both  sides,  +  nr/iua,  mouth :  see  st(>ni(iJ\ 
Having  a  mouth-like  orifice  at  either  end  of  the 
bo<ly,  by  which  to  adliere  to  the  intestines  of 
animals,  as  some  trematode  parasitic  worms; 
amphistomoid. 

Alnphistomum(am-fis't6-mum),J^.  [NL.,neut. 
of  (iiiiiihistunnis,  with  double  mouth :  see  ampliis- 
toiiiiiiis.  I  A  genus  of  trematode  parasitic  worms, 
typical  of  the  family  AiiqihisUimida: 

amphistylic  (am-ii-sti'lik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ajjjjiL  on 
both  siiles,  +  (TrDP.or,  a  pillar:  see  sti/k^.]  Hav- 
ing pillars  on  both  sides :  applied  in  :odl.  to  tho 
skulls  of  sharks,  which  liave  supports  for  both 
tho  upper  and  lower  mandibular  arches.  Huxley. 

x.\ii i v:.il._..4— »    r„,„    fi    »l,r. 'n_ 


iheatro 
=  Sp.  It.  anfitcatro  =  D.  G.  amphitheattr  =  Dan. 
ai)ifitc(itcr,'<.  L.  amphitlicatruiii,  <  Gr.  ofKptOia- 
T/mv,  prop.  neut.  of  u//^(Wt'arpof,  having  a  theater 


fifiii 


darians  which  have  pseudopodal  openings  at  Amphisbaenoidsea  (am^'fis-be-noi'de-ii),  n.  pi. 
the  opposite  polesof  the  central  capsule:  dis-     y^„i^,  .^j,  Ampkmbmtwida. 

amphisbeenous  (am-fis-be'nus),  a.  Same  as 
tunpiu^iba'inc. 

amphiscian  (am-fish'i-an),  n.  One  of  the  am- 
phisuii. 

amphiscii  (am-fish'i-i),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  u/i- 
(piatiuii:,  pi.  au<j>iaKioi,  thi'owing  a  shadow  both 
ways,  <  afiijiii  on  both  sides,  +  ciKia,  shadow. 
Cf.  antiseiLJ  In  geog.,  the  inhabitants  of  the 
intertropical  regions,  whose  shadows  at  noon 
are  cast  in  one  part  of  the  year  to  the  north  and 
in  the  other  part  to  the  south,  aeconling  as  the 
sun  is  in  the  southern  or  the  northern  signs. 

amphisient,  "•  [For  amphiscicn  =  E.  amphis- 
cian,  as  adj.]  In  her.,  double;  having  two 
heads. 

Amphisile  (am-fis'i-le),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  <i//^i  or 
afii^ic,  aroimd ;  it  is  uncertain  what  tho  last  two 
syllables  were  intended  to  represent.]  A  genus 
of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Amphmlidce, 
formerly  referred  to  the  sea-snipes,  Fistulariidte 
or  Aulostomidcc,  and  by  Gtinther  to  the  Ccntris- 
cidce. 

amphisilid  (am-fis'i-lid),  «.     A  fish  of  the  fam- 

,  .     ily  Amjiliisilidcc. 

A  family  "of  dinosau-  Amphisilidae  (am-fi-sU'i-de),  n.  pi.  .  [NL.,  < 
---•-■  ■'  Awpliisile  + -ida;.}  A  family  of  hemibranchi- 
ate  fishes.  The  body  is  much  compressed,  and  is  armed 
with  bony  plates  connate  with  the  vertebr.TC  and  spinous 
processes  •  the  tail  is  deflected  downward  by  the  extension 
of  the  armature  behind.  Fishes  of  this  family  have  an 
elongated  tublform  snout,  abdominal  ventrals  with  a  spnie 


tingu'ished  from  Monopylcw.    Maecl-el. 

amphipylean  (am"fl-pi-le'an),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  tho  Aiiijihipiilca:. 

Amphirhina(am-fi-ri'na),  n.pl.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  ampkirhinus :  see  nmphirhi)W.~\  A  prime  di- 
vision of  the  skulled  vertebrates,  or  Cmniuta, 
including  all  except  the  Munorhina  (which  see) ; 
the  double-breathers.  It  is  a  tcrTo  expressive  rather 
of  an  evolutionary  series  of  animals  than  of  a  definite  2ob- 
liii.'Lc;il  division. 

amphirMne  (am'fi-rin),  a.  [<  NL.  amphirhi- 
jiH.v,  <  Gr.  a/i?)',  on  both  sides,  +  pi(,  piv,  nose.] 
Double-nostriled :  specifically  said  of  the  Am- 
phirhina. 

Should  jaws  be  absent,  the  Cephalaspida:  would  approach 
the  Marsipobrauchii  more  nearly  than  any  of  the  other 
aiiii'lurhiiie  fishes  do.  Huxlcij,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  129. 

amphisarca  (am-fi-siir'ka),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  auipi, 
on  both  sides,  +  aiipf  (aapK-),  flesh.]  Any  liard- 
riuded  fruit  having  a  succulent  interior  and  a 
crustaceous  or  woody  exterior,  as  the  gourd. 
[Kare.] 

amphisaurid  (am-fi-sa'rid),  n.  A  dinosaunan 
reptile  of  the  family  AmphisniiridcE. 

Amphisauridae  (am-fi-sa'ri-de),  «.  p^     [NL.,< 
Aiiipliisdiinis  +  -id(e.'\ 
riaii  reptiles :  now  superseded  by  Anchisaurida;. 

Amphisaurus(am-fi-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,<Gr.  afi<pi, 
on  both  sides,  +  aavpoi;,  lizard.  ]  A  genus  of  dino- 
sam-ian  reptiles  with  amphicoelous  vertebra?. 
The  name  is  now  superseded  by  Ancliisaiirus, 
and  is  a  synonym  of  M(  (idilnetijlus  of  Hitchcock. 

amphisbaena  (am-fis-be'nil),  «.     [Early  mod.  E. 
((iiipliibciic,  ME.  corruptly  V(/y)/(i7)PHfl,  =01'.  «»i- 
plti.slii'i lie,  mod.  F.  (impliislieiic=S]i.  aiifisbena, 
aiijisibena  =  Pg.  amphisbcmi  =  It.  anfisbena,  an- 
fesibena,  <  L.  amphUbaiia,  <  Gr.  a/jipiajiaiva,  a 
kind  of  serpent  believed  to  move  with  either 
end  foremost,  <  iiufk,  at  both  ends,  a  form 
of  a/itjil  (see  amplii-),  +  jialniv,  go,  =  L.  venire, 
come,  =  E.  cume.'\     1.  A  fabulous  venomous 
serpent  supposed  to  have  a  head  at  each  end 
and  to  be  able  to  move  in  either  direction. 
Complicated  monsters  head  and  tail, 
Scorpion,  and  asp,  anil  ainphijilitriia  dire, 
Cerastes  horn'd,  hydrus,  and  elops  drear, 
And  dipsas.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  524. 

Two  vipers  of  one  breed  — an  amphisluvnay 
Each  end  a  sting.         Teiuujxun,  Queen  .M:uy,  iii.  4, 

2.  [eap.~\  [NL.]  A  genus  of  lizards  distin- 
guished by  the 
obtuseness  of  ■''^mS.^lj^ 
the  head  and 
tail,  typical  of 
the  family  Am- 
phisbcenida:  ibe 
species,  inhabiting 
tropical  .Soutli 
America  and  the 
West    Indies,   ore 


Remains  of  Amphitheater  of  Aries.  France. 

(semieii'cular  structure)  on  both  sides,  <  a/up!, 
around,  +  Siarpov,  a  place  for  seeing  shows, 
a  theater:  see  o»y;/(i- and  ;/ifa(<-r.]  1.  Inane. 
Horn,  iircli.,  an  edifice  devoted  to  the  exhibition 
of  gladiatorial  contests  and  the  combats  of  wild 
beasts.  Such  edifices  were  elliptical  in  form,  and  con- 
sisted of  a  central  area  or  arena,  surrounded  by  a  wall, 
from  which,  sloping  upward  and  outward,  were  rows  of 
seats  for  the  spectators.    The  earliest  .amphitheaters  were 


Am^kisiU  scutata. 


Remains  of  Amphitheater  of  Ntmcs,  France 

made  of  wood ;  the  first  built  of  stone  ilate  from  the  time 
of  Augustus.  The  Colosseum  or  Flavian  amphitheater  at 
Konie  was  the  largest  of  all  the  ancient  amphitheaters, 
being  capable  of  containing  from  SO.OOO  to  90,000  persons. 
Those  at  Ninies  and  \'erona  are  among  the  best  examples 
remaining.  The  dimensions  of  the  latter  are  50.=jJ  by  403 
feet,  with  a  height  of  100  feet. 

2.  Anjihing  resembling  an  ampliitheater  in 
form,  as  an  oval  or  circular  building  with  seats 
rising  behind  and  above  each  other  aroiuid  a 
central  open  space,  or  a  natiu-al  area  sur- 
rounded by  rising  ground;  in  hort.,  a  sloping 
arrangement  of  shnibs  ami  trees. 

He  surveys  all  the  Wiuiders  in  this  immense  Amphi- 
theatre that  lie  between  both  the  Poles  of  Heaven. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  315. 


and  several  rays,  and  a  dorsal  fin  crowded  out  of  place  by 
the  extension  of  the  dernnil  armature.  It  is  a  most  rc- 
niaikable  tvpe,  and  exceptional  among  fishes  on  account 
of  till'  pec  iiliar  development  of  the  skeleton  as  a  sort  of 
shell  around  the  Ixidy.  The  body  is  almost  transparent, 
and  the  organs,  especially  the  air-bladder,  can  be  dis- 
tinctly seen  through  it.  The  habits  of  the  famUy  are  un- 
known.   .Several  species  inhabit  the  high  seas. 

amphismela  (am-fis-me'lS),  «.     [NI.,..  <  Gr.  fiu- 
^»;,  <m  lioth  sides,  +  fii/h/,  a  surgical  instrument,   amphitneatre,  »•     See  amplu theater . 
a  probe.]     A  double-edged  surgical  knife.  amphitheatric  (am'fi-the-at'rik),  a. 

amphispermium(am-fi-sper'mi-um), «.;  pl.om-     iiiiipliilhiiithoil. 
phispermut  (-ii).    [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiiipl,  on  both  sides,   amphitheatrical  (am  'fi-the-at'ri-kal),  fl.    [<  L. 
-1- oTfp/ia,  seecl.]   In  6(>^,  a  term  proposed  for  an     amphitheatricus,  <  iimphithcatrum  :   see  amphi- 


3.  The  uppermost  gallerv  of  a  modem  theater, 
amphitheatral  (am-fi-the'a-tral),  fl.     [<  L.  am- 
phithiatridis.  <  amphitheairtim,   amphitheater: 
see  amphitheater.']     Same  as  amphitheatrical. 


SaQie  as 


/iiligineta. 


indehiscent  one'-seeded  pericarp ;  an  achenium. 
amphistome  (am'fi-stom),   n.     [<  NL.  Amphi- 

ftiiiiiiiiii.]     An  animal  of  the  genus  Amphisto- 

iniiiii  or  family  Amphistnmida:. 
amphistomid  (am-fis'to-mid),  n.     One  of  the 

Amphifitniiiiihr. 

Amphistomidae (am-fi-stom'i-de), n.pl.  [NL.,< 
Amphiatuniuni  +  -itte.]    A  family  of  trematode 


theater.]     1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling 
an  amphitheater. 

The  first  impression  on  sccirg  the  .  .  .  great  aiiiphi- 
theatrical  depressions  is,  that  they  have  been  hollowed 
out,  like  other  valleys,  by  the  action  of  water. 

Danrin.  Voyage  of  Beagle,  II.  225. 

2.  Taking  place  or  exhibited  in  an  amphithe- 
ater: as,  a»ip/ii(/i(a<ricai  contests. 


amphitheatrically 
amphitheatrically  (am  li-ilit'-nt'ri-kal-i),  adv. 

lu  :iii  iiuiiiliilheatrieul  iimiiner  or  form, 
amphithect  (am'li-thokt),  «.  [<  (Jr.  <iu(l>if)r/KToc, 
sbarpfin'il  ou  both  sides,  t\vo-edK*-''l>  ^  ''l"P':  on 
botli  sides,  +  Oi/ktu^,  verbal  adj.  of  tti/yeiv, 
sharpen.]  lu  morphol.,  liaviii<;  tlie  fundamen- 
tal form  of  an  in-efjiilar  jijTamid;  having  a  fig- 
ure  whoso  base  is  a  polygon  of  unequal  sides. 
Uacckd. 

Id  the  highest  ami  most  complicated  pToap,  the  Hetfi- 
rostnura,  the  basal  iioly-ion  is  »u  longer  regular  but  am- 
pfiithiict.  .  .  .  t'teuuphores  fui'llish  examples  of  eight- 
siiteil  ampltitlu'ct  pjTamids.  Kiiajc.  lirit.^  XVI.  844. 

amphithere  (am'fi-ther),  n.  A  fossil  animal  of 
the  jjciius  Aiiiphitlicrium. 

Amphitheria  (am-fi-the'ri-ii),  n.  jil.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  Aiiijiliillicrium.']  A  gi-oup  of  mammals,  rep- 
resented by  the  genus  Anqiliitkcriitm. 

amphitheriid  (am-fi-the'ri-id),  ».  A  fossil  ani- 
mal of  the  family  Amphithcriklw. 

Amphitheriidae  (am  ■  ti-the-ri'i-de),  n.  x>l.  [NXi., 

<  Ainpliithirium  +  -idic.'i  A  family  of  fossil 
mammals,  containing  the  genus  Ampliithcrium, 
referred  by  Owen  to  the  Iiiscctivora. 

Amphitherium  (am-fi-the'ri-um),  n.  [NTj. 
(De  Bhiiuville),  <  Gr.  u/i<i>i,  on  both  sides  (here 
implying  doubt),  +  lh/pioi>,  a  wild  beast,  <  0r/p, 
a  wild  beast,  =  E.  deer,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  small 
insectivorous  mammals  from  the  Lower  Oolite, 
with  jiolyprotodont  dentition,  but  of  tmcertain 
affinities.  The  geuus  is  known  only  by  sever.al  man- 
dibular rami,  about  an  inch  long,  containing  10  teeth. 

Amphithoe  (am-fith'o-e),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  a/j(pi,  on 
both  sides,  +  6o6g  (fem.  Ouy),  active,  quick,  < 
6ceiv,  run.]  A 
genus  of  amphi- 
podous  edrioph- 
thalmous  crus- 
taceans, of  the 
family  Corophi- 
idcB.  The  boily  is 
compressed  and 
curved,  and  is  com- 
posed of  15  distinct 
segments  or  so- 
mites, the  head, 
formed  of  7  anterior 
coalesced  segments, 
counting  as  one. 
There  are  7  fl'ee  tho- 
racic segments,  each  with  a  pair  of  appendages,  6  ahdomi- 
nal  segments,  and  a  small  telson.  The  appendages  of  the 
first  3  abdominal  segments  are  many-jointed  bristly  fila- 
ments, while  the  3  posterior  are  stylrform  and  serve  as 
props  when  the  animal  leaps.  The  name  is  sometimes 
wTitten,  incorrectly,  AinpUhot  or  Aviphitoe.  See  cut  under 

Ajnjflrj^.da. 

amphithura  (am-fi-thii'ra),  n.  Same  as  amphi- 
tln/rii. 

amphithyra  (am-fith'i-rii),  ».  [ML.,  <  LGr.  a/i- 
(piUi'iKi,  pi.,  a/iijildvpov,  sing.,  neut.  of  Gr.  a/i^l- 
6i'pof,  with  a  door  on  both  sides,  in  LGr.  being 
on  both  sides  of  the  door,  <  a/i(pl,  on  both  sides, 
+  S'vpa  =  E.  ffoo)'.]  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  a  veil  or 
curtain  within  the  ieonostasis.  When  cU-awji  across 
it  closes  the  opening  left  by  the  dwarf  folding  doors  of 
the  ieonostasis,  and  entirely  hides  the  altar  and  the  cele- 
brant from  the  view  of  any  one  not  in  the  sanctuary.  8ev- 
ei-al  times  during  the  service  the  curtain  is  dniwn  back  to 
allow  the  priest  to  come  forward  and  read  certain  por- 
tions of  the  service  while  standing  in  front  of  the  folding 
doors.  As  the  ieonostasis  w.as  for  many  centuries  nnuh 
more  open  in  construction  than  at  present,  the  amphi- 
thyra in  early  times  formed  almost  as  important  a  part  of 
the  barrier  between  the  sanctuaiy  and  the  rest  of  the 
church  as  the  ieonostasis  itself.  Erroneously  written  am- 
jiliidura.     .See  icuyw-^tash: 

amphitoky  (am-fit'o-ki),  n.     [<  Gr.  "a/KfiiToKia, 

<  u/iifii,  on  both  sides,  -I-  -tSkoc,  producing,  < 
TiKTctv,  TsKsiv,  produce,  bring  forth.]  The  pro- 
duction in  parthenogenesis  of  both  male  and 
female  forms.     Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

Amphitrite  (am-fi-tn'to),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'A/j.ipi- 
rpiTi/,  in  myth,  the  name  of  a  sea-nymph,  a  Ne- 
reid or  Oceanid,  who  was  the  wife  of  Poseidon 
(Neptune):  <  oh0(  (sec  nmphi-)  +  Tpl-r/,  fem.  of 
-piror  =  E.  third;  of  obscure  application.  Cf. 
Skt.  TritK,  name  of  a  Vedic  deity,  and  see  T>7- 
toii.'i  1.  A  genus  of  marine  polyehiptous  tu- 
bicolous  worms,  of  the  family  TercheUidiv  and 
order  Cipludobranchia.  They  are  e.isily  recognized  by 
their  golilen-colored  sct.T,  disposed  in  the  form  of  a  crown. 
They  construct  and  can-y  about  with  them  slight,  regu- 
larly conical  tubes  of  sand,  glued  together  by  mucus  el- 
uded from  the  skin. 

2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans.    Be  Haan,  1835. 

amphitrocha  (am-fit'io-kii),  n.pd.  [NL.,neut. 
pi.  of  amphitrockm.i  Gr.  ii'iiipi,  on  both  .sides,  + 
rpoxk,  a  wheel,  ring.]  Those  larva;  of  poly- 
cha;tous  annelids  which  have  both  dorsal  and 
ventr.al  rings  of  cilia. 

amphitropal  (am-lit'ro-pal),  «.  Same  as  am- 
phitropnns. 


AmphithoU, 
Il'-Xty.  the  appendage  of  the  second- 
fourteenth  somite  ;  r,  rostrum  ;  /,  telson  ; 
OS,  oSstegite. 


I  Z 

Aiiipliitropoiis  Seeds. 

I,   base  of  planlain-seed  :   a,  section  of 

same,  showing  .1  blratglit  embryo,  its  rndi- 

cle  next  the  micropylc;  3,  an  ovule :  a, 

hilum;  *,  micropyle. 


186 

amphitropous  (am-fit'ro-pus),  a.     [<  NL.  am- 
phiiropus,  <  Gr.  ajii^i,  around,  +  -r^ioiror,  <  rpiTTtiv, 
turn.]      In    hot.: 
■^  {«)     HaWng    the 

\^  hilum  lateral  and 
intermediate  be- 
tween the  chalaza 
and  miero{)yIe ; 
half-auatropous; 
heterotropous: 
applied  to  an 
ovule  or  seed.  (I>) 
Having  the  embryo  curved  or  coiled,  as  in  all 
campylo(roi)ous  seeds:  so  used  by  Richard, 
amphitryon  (am-iit'ri-on),  n.  [<  P.  amphitryon, 
a  host,  entertainer,  in  ref.  to  Amphitryon  in 
Molifere's  comedy  of  that  name,  who  gives  a 
gi'eat  dinner ;  <  L.  Amphitryon,  <  Gr.  'AfKjti- 
Tpiuv,  in  mj'th.  the  husband  of  Alcmena  and 
foster-father  of  Hercules.]  1.  A  host;  an  en- 
tertainer. 

My  noble  amphitnion  made  me  sit  down. 

Lady  Herbert,  tr.  of  HUbner's  Round  the  World,  11.  521. 

2.  [caj).]  [NL.]  In  sool.,  a  genus  of  crusta- 
ceans. 

amphitype  (am'fi-tlp),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/iipl,  in  both 
ways,  -I-  T-i'Tof,  impression,  type.]  A  photo- 
graphic process,  described  by  Sir  John  Her- 
schel,  by  which  were  produced  pictures  that 
were  simultaneously  positive  and  negative. 

Amphiuma  (am-fi-u'ma),  11.  [NL.,  a  perver- 
sion of  *amphipneuma,  <  Gr.  ai^pi,  on  both  sides, 
+  -rrvevfia,  breath.]  A  genus  of  tailed  amphib- 
ians with  both  gills  and  lungs,  and  therefore 
capable  of  breathing  in  botli  air  and  water, 
typical  of  the  family  Amphiumidie.  The  genus  is 
sonietinies  placed  in  the  family  Crxiptolrrailctitidev,  with 
Mt'iioptnna  and  .^ieholdla.  Species  occur  in  North  Amer- 
ica, as  the  .'liiiphiuma  meanft,  which  sometimes  attains  a 
length  of  3  feet,  and  is  called  Co>i</o  snalie. 

amphiumid  (am-fi-ti'mid),  n.     One  of  the  Am- 

pliiumiflil'. 

Amphiumidae  (am-fi-ii'mi-de),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amphiuma  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  gradient  or 
tailed  Amphibia,  typitied  by  the  genus  Amphi- 
uma, connecting  the  salamanders  with  the  caj- 
cilians.  They  have  no  eyelids  ;  teeth  on  the  outer  an- 
terior margin  of  the  palatines  ;  no  dentigerous  plates  on 
the  parasphenoid ;  a  sphenoid  bone ;  consolidated  pre- 
maxillaries;  the  vestibular  wall  ossitied  internally;  and 
amphieadiaii  vertebrfe.  It  is  a  small  family  of  large  sala- 
mander-like amphibians,  the  type  of  which  is  common  in 
-\merican  waters. 

Amphiura  (am-fi-ii'rii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/K^ii,  on 
both  sides,  -I-  ohpa,  tail.]  A  genus  of  sand-stars, 
typical  of  the  ia,Tm\j  Amphiurida:.  A.  squamata, 
also  named  Ophiocoma  neglecta,  is  a  common 
British  species. 

amphiurid  (am-fi-ii'rid),  n.  One  of  the  Amphi- 
urida. 

Ampliiuridse  (am-ti-u'ri-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Am- 
phiura  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  sand-stars  vrith 
simple  arms.  It  belongs  to  the  order  Ophiaridea  and 
classStrft'vida,  andcontains,  besides  Amphiura,  such  gen- 
era as  'ijihinjdiidU.  Opliiurfi^,  and  HcviiphoU^. 

amphivorous  (am-tiv'o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  afi^i,  on 
both  sides,  +  L.  vorarc,  devour.]  Eating  both 
animal  and  vegetable  food. 

Amphizoa  (am-fi-zo'U),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/i<>>!, 
on  both  sides,  +  C<?ov,  an  animal.]  A  genus  of 
adcphagous  Coleoptcra,  or  beetles,  typical  of 
the  family  Amphizoida'.     Le  Conte,  1853. 

amphizoid  (am'ii-zoid),  n.  One  of  the  Amphi- 
:iiida: 

Amphizoidse  (am-fi-zoi'de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Am- 
phi;:oa  -(-  -»/«'.]  A  family  of  adephagous  Coleop- 
tera,  or  beetles,  of  aquatic  habits.  Tlie  metaster- 
num  has  a  very  short  antecoxal  piece :  the  suture  is  indis- 
tinct, and  is  not  prolonged  beyond  the  coxa?. 

amphodarch  (am'fo-dark),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/i^Sap- 
,t'/f  (not  in  Liddell  and  Scott),  <  a/KJiodov,  a  road 
that  leads  around  a  place  or  block  of  buiklings, 
hence  a  block  of  buildings,  a  quarter  of  a  town 
(<  diKjil,  around,  -1-  orfor,  way),  4-  -apxic,  ruler,  < 
apxeiv,  rule.]     A  ruler  over  a  quarter  of  a  town. 

,v.  i:.  I). 

amphogenous  (am-foj'e-nus),  a.     Same  as  fl»i- 

pllit/CUOItJy. 

Amphomoea  (am-fo-iue'a),  ti.pl.  [NL.,  <Gr. 
apipi,  on  both  sides,  +  uiiwoc,  old  Attic  u/wior,  like, 
alike:  Hoehomco-,homa!o-.J  A  term  applied  by 
E.  R.  Lankester  to  the  chitons,  considered  as  a 
"separate  archaic  gra<le"  of  gastropodous  inol- 
lusks,  and  as  such  distinguished  from  Cochlidis; 
which  are  the  remaining  (unsymmetrical)  (las- 
troj>od<i. 

amphort,  amphoret  (am'for,  -for),  n.     [<  ME. 

amplior( ,  am/ore,  amfir  (also  as  L.  amphora),  < 
OF.  amphorc,  "am/ore,  amfoure  =  Pg.  amphora 


amphoteric 

=  It.  nnfora,  <  L.  ampliora:  see  amphora.]     1. 
A  two-handled  vessel :  same  as  amphora,  1. 

This  is  an  amfer,  or  a  ves.sel  that  sum  men  clepen  a  tan. 
kard.  Wi/cti/,  Zach.  v.  U  (Oxf.). 

2.  A  liquid  measure:  same  as  amphora,  2. 
amphora   (am'fo-rii),  «. ;   pi.  am/diorw  (-re). 
[L.,  <  Gr.  (iiKfiopeix,  a  short  form  of  earlier  a/i^i- 


Amphorx. 

a,  Thasian  type  ;  b,  Cnidian  type ;  c,  Khodian  type  :  ct,  a  Roman 

fonn. 

<j)Opcv(,  a  jar  with  two  handles,  <  a//^/,  on  both 
sides,  +  ipoptvq,  a  bearer,  <  (jiepeiv,  bear,  carry 
(cf.  (popeveiv,  (popeiv,  bear),  =  E.  bear^.  See  am- 
phor.  and  cf.  ambcr^.}  1.  Among  the  Greeks 
and  Romans,  a  vessel,  usually  tall  and  slender, 
having  two  handles  or  ears,  a  narrow  neck,  and 
generally  a  sharp-pointed  base  for  insertion  into 
a  stand  or  into  the  groimd :  usedf  or  holding  wine, 
oil,  honey,  grain,  etc.  Amphors  were  commonly 
made  of  hard-baked  clay,  unglazed ;  but  Homer  nientions 
amphora!  of  gold ;  the  Egyptians  had  them  of  bronze ;  and 
vessels  of  this  form  have  been  found  in  marble,  alabaster, 
glass,  and  silver.   The  stopper  of  a  wiue-fllled  amphora  was 


Decorated  Amphora  from  Ruvo.  Italy. 

covered  with  pitch  or  gypsum,  and  among  the  Romans 
the  title  of  the  wine  was  marked  on  the  outside,  the  date 
of  the  vintage  being  indicated  by  the  names  of  the  consuls 
then  in  office.  Amplior;e  with  painted  decoration,  having 
lids,  and  provided  witli  bases  enabling  them  to  stand  in- 
dependently, served  commonly  jis  ornaments  amoitg  the 
Greeks,  and  were  given  as  prizes  at  some  public  games, 
nmch  as  cups  are  now  given  as  prizes  in  racing  and  athletic 
sports.  Tile  I'anathenaic  amphorte  were  large  vases  of  this 
class,  liearing  dcsiuns  relating  to  the  worship  of  Athena, 
and,  filled  \\ith  oil  from  tlie  sacred  olives,  were  given  at 
Athens  Jis  j)rizes  to  the  victors  in  the  Fanathenaic  games. 

2.  A  liquid  measure  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 
The  Greek  amphora  was  probaljly  equal  to  24i  liters,  and 
the  Roman  amphora  to  25A  liters  in  earlier  and  to  2C  liters 
in  later  times. 

3.  In  bot.,  the  permanent  basal  portion  of  a 
pyxidium. — 4.  [<■«/'.]  [NL.]  lu  .ro67. :  (a)  A 
genus  of  I'olt/gastrica.    Ehrtnberg.    (6)  A  geuus 

of  coleopterous  insects.      WoUaston Bacchic 

amphora.     See  Bacchie. 

amphoral  (am'fo-ral),  a.  [<  L.  amjdioralis,  < 
aiiqihora.']  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  an 
amphora. 

amphoret,  «■     See  amphor. 

amphoric  (am-for'ik),  a.  [<  amphora  -f-  -(<•.] 
Reseinl)liiig  the  sound  made  by  blowing  across 
the  mouth  of  a  flask :  ajijilied  to  certain  sounds 
obtained  in  auscultation  and  percussion  of  the 
chest :  as,  amphoric  resj)iration  ;  aiiijihoric  reso- 
nance ;  an  amphoric  voice,  whisper,  or  cough. 
.\11  the  scuinds  called  amphoric  have  a  more  or  less  nnisi- 
eal  <|uality,  and  usually  indicate  a  cavity  filled  with  air. 

amphoricity  (am-fo-ris'i-ti),  n.  [<  amphoric  + 
-(7)/.]  Tlie  quality  or  condition  of  being  am- 
phoric. 

amphor ophony  (am-fo-rof'o-ni),  n.  [<  L. 
atiijihiira.  Gr.  auoopcir,  a  jar,  -t-  ^iv/,  voice, 
sound.]  Amphoric  vocal  resonance:  an  abnor- 
mal sound  of  the  voice,  noticed  in  auscultation 
of  the  chest,  marked  by  a  musical  quality,  and 
found  in  connection  with  ca\'ities  in  the  lungs 
or  with  pneumothorax.     See  amphoric. 

amphoteric  (am-fo-ter'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  tiiKpdrcpoi, 
usually  iu  pi.,  a/ifurtpvi,  both  of  two  (L.  uter- 


amphoteric 

que),  a  oompar.  I'diin  of  u/i^i.i  =  L.  nmbo,  botli: 
seeambi-.]  Partly  the  one  audjiartly  tho  other; 
neutral.  .S'm«)-(  (1849).  Amphoteric  reaction,  in 
chi-in.,  11  reaction  iiiJiifiiriiiy  both  acid  uiut  alkulinc  in  its 
iircctoii  i<)lors  iiHcd  ;ia  tests. 

amphotis  (am-fo'tis),  «. ;  pi.  amphotides  (am- 
t'ot'i-dez).  [<  Or.  a/tipuTif  or  au<puTii;,  <  "/'(i"',  on 
both  sides,  +  oi';-  (<jr-)  =  E.  carl. J  j _  l^  Qy_  „„. 
fi'}.,  a  covering  of  leather  or  woolen  stuff  worn 
over  the  ears  by  boxers. — 2.  [ayi.]  [NL.]  In 
r«oV.,  a  Kcnus  of  coleopterous  insects. 

Ampithoe  (ara-pith'6-e),  ji.     Soo  Amjihithoc. 

ample  (aui'pl),  a.  [^late  ME.  ample,  <F.  ample, 
<  L.  aiiijilus,  ])rob.  <  «(«-  for  amhi-,  around  (see 
ambi-),  +  -plitu  for  *-jiuliis,  full,  =  E.  fuW^:  cf. 
L.  /ileiiiis,  full,  and  see  /«//!  and  j)fe«(//.]  1. 
Largo  in  dimensious ;  of  great  size,  extent,  ca- 
pacity, or  bulk ;  wide;  spacious;  extended. 

All  the  people  ill  that  ample  lions 

Did  to  that  image  bowe  their  humble  knee. 

S/Jijwtr,  F.  Q.,  III.  xL  49. 
t)f  deeper  too  and  ampler  Hoods, 
AVhieh,  as  in  mirrors,  shew'd  the  woods. 

Dnjticn,  To  Mrs.  Anne  Killi^rew,  1.  112. 
Her  waist  is  ampler  than  her  lite, 
For  life  is  but  a  span. 

O.  II'.  Holmes,  Sly  Aunt. 

2.  Large  in  kind  or  degi'ee ;  having  full  scope 
or  extent;  copious;  unrestricted;  unrestrained: 
as,  an  ample  narrative;  to  give  amjik  praise, 
or  do  ample  justice. 

Were  I  alone  to  pass  the  difficulties. 
And  had  as  ample  power  as  I  have  will. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  2. 
The  noble  and  rich  may  ilittuse  their  ample  charities. 
Steele,  Guardian,  No.  174. 
To  him  we  grant  our  amplest  powers  to  sit 
Judge  of  all  present,  past,  and  future  wit. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  ii.  375. 

3.  Fully  sufficient  for  any  pirrjjose,  or  for  the 
purpose  specified;  abundant;  liberal;  plenti- 
ful: as,  ample  provision  for  the  table. 

All  ample  nuinlier  of  horses  had  been  purchased  in  Eng- 
land with  the  public  money.       Maeaulai/,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 
Give  ample  room  and  verge  enough 
The  characters  of  Hell  to  trace. 

Gray,  The  Bard,  ii.  1. 
=Syil.  Ample,  Copimts,  Plenteous,  spacious,  roomy,  e.\- 
tensive,  extended,  wide,  capacious,  abundant,  surticieut, 
full,  enough,  unrestricted,  plenary,  unstinted.  (See  lists 
under  ahuadaiit  and  larife.)  Amide,  in  its  more  common 
uses,  has  reference  to  the  sutticiency  of  the  supply  f(jr 
every  need;  eopious  carries  with  it  the  idea  of  the  iinfail- 
ingness  of  the  source;  while  plenteous  usually  indicates 
lai'geness  of  quantity  in  actual  possession :  as,  ample 
stores  or  resoiu'ces ;  a  co^ioti^  supply  of  materials;  a. plen- 
teous harvest. 

By  their  [the  philosophers']  long  career  of  heroic  defeat, 

they  have  furnished  us  with  a  concrete  demonstration, 

almost  superfluously  ample,  of  the  relativity  of  liuuiau 

knowledge.  J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  20. 

It  [the  Unionl  has  been  to  us  all  a  copious  fountain  of 

national,  social,  and  personal  happiness.  Z».  Webster, 

hike  over-ripeii'd  corn, 

Hanging  the  head  at  Ceres'  plenteous  load. 

Shak,,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

amplectt  (am-plekf),  r.  t.  [<  L.  amplectl,  em- 
brace, wind  around,  <  am-  for  ambi-,  around 
(see  ambi-),  +  plectere,  weave,  plait,  fold,  akin 
to plioare,  fold,  =  Gr.  ttTickeiv,  weave:  see  j'biit 
aud  /'/.'/.]     To  embrace  ;  clasp. 

amplectant  (am-plck'tant),  a.  [More  correctly 
'ampleetent,  <  L.  amplceieii{t-)s,  ppr.  of  amplecti, 
embrace,  clasp,  wind  around :  see  amplect.  The 
term,  -ani  instead  of  -eiit  is  prob.  duo  to  the  L. 
freq.  form  amplcxari,  ppr.  amplexan(t-)s :  see 
amplex.~\  Embracing;  clasping;  specifically,  in 
bot,  twining  about  stems  or  clasping  leaf- 
stalks: as,  ompfcotaHf  petioles  or  tendrils. 

ampleness  (am'pl-nes),  ».  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  ample;  largeness;  sufficiency;  abun- 
dance. 

amplest  (am-pk-ks'),  V.  t,  [<  L.  amplcxus,  pp. 
(or  ampU'xari,  freq.)  of  amplecti,  embrace:  see 
amiibrt.'i     To  embrace  ;  clasp. 

amplexationt  (am-plek-sa'shgn),  n.  [<  L.  as 
if  "amphxatiuin-),  <  amplcxari,  ^p.  aniplexatus : 
see  amplex.']     An  embrace. 

An  humble  amplexation  of  those  sacred  feet. 

Bp,  Hall,  The  Resurrection. 

amplexicaudate  (am-plek-si-ka'dat),  «.    [< 

NL.  amiilexicatidatus,  <  L.  ampUxus,  embracing, 

-^c«Hr^(,  tail:  &eo  ami>lexa,uAeaudate.'\   Having 

the  tail  entirely  enveloped  in 

the  interfemoral    membrane: 

said  of  certain  bats. 
amplexicaul  (am-plok'si-kal), 

o.      [<  NL.  amjilexic(iiiUK,(.lj. 

amplcxii,s,  embracing,  -I-  eaulis, 

a  stem :  see  amplex  and  eanlis.'\ 

In  bot.,  nearly  surroimdiug  or 

embracing   the   stem,   as  the    .     ,         , , 

1  t,  ,  '  Amplexicaul  Leaves 

base  oi  some  leaves.  (/>■></.>  /Mcnmm). 


187 

amplexifoliate  (am-plek-si-fo'li-at),  a.  [<  NL. 
amplexij'oliatii.i,  <  L.  amplcxus,  embracing,  + 
/«/(«»(,  leaf :  see  amplex  and  foliate.]  In  bot,, 
having  leaves  whicli  clasp  the  stem.     N.  E.  J). 

ampliatet  (am'pli-iit),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ampliatim, 
pp.  of  amplian;  enlarge,  <  am}>lu.^,  ample:  see 
ample.']  To  make  greater  or  more  ample;  en- 
large; extend. 

To  maintain  and  ampUute  the  external  possessions  of 
your  empire.  Udall,  I'ref.  to  the  Kynges  JIaiestee. 

ampliate  (am'pli-at),  a.  [<  L.  ampliatus,  pp. : 
see  the  verb.]  Enlarged;  dilated;  in  loi/ie, 
enlarged  in  scope  by  a  modif  jing  tei'm.  8eo 
ampliation,  ampliatiec. 

ampliation  (am-pli-a'»hon),  «.  [<  L.  amplia- 
tio{n-),  <  ampliare:  see  ampliate,  c]  1.  En- 
largement; amplification.     [Rare.] 

odious  matters  admit  not  of  an  ami)liation,  but  ought  to 
be  restrained  and  interpreted  in  the  mildest  sense. 

Aijliffe,  I'arergon,  p.  157. 

2.  In  liom.  law,  a  delaying  to  pass  sentence; 
a  postponement  of  a  decision  in  order  to  obtain 
further  evidence. —  3.  In  loiiie,  such  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  verb  of  a  proposition  as  makes  the 
sub,ject  denote  oljjects  wliich  without  suchmodi- 
fication  it  would  not  denote,  especially  things 
existing  in  the  past  and  future.  Tims,  in  the  lu-oii- 
osition,  "Some  man  may  be  Antielnist,"  the  modal  auxil- 
iary »m.v enlarges  the  lireadtli  of  mnn,  and  niakesit  apply 
to  future  men  as  well  us  to  those  wlio  now  exist. 

ampliative  (am'pli-a-tiv),  a.  [<  ampliate  + 
-iie.]  Enlarging;  increasing;  synthetic.  Ap- 
plied—  (a)  In  loejic,  to  a  modal  expression  causing  an  ani- 
pliation(see  ampliation,  3);  thus,  the  word  mai/iii  "Some 
man  maybe  Antiibrist"  is  an  ampliatirettiviu.  (b)  In  the 
Kantian  jihilosojthn,  to  a  judgment  whose  predicate  is  not 
contained  in  the  detiiiitinn  of  the  subject :  more  coinmonly 
termed  by  Kant  a. s7//i?Ai7(.-jiulgiiieMt.  ["  .\nipliative  judg- 
ment" in  this  sense  is  Anlibisjiup  Thomson's  translation  of 
Kant's  word  Erweitenuiiisi'rtlirH,  translated  by  Prof.  -Max 
Miiller  "expanding  jiulgineiit."] 

No  subject,  perhaps,  in  modern  speculation  has  excited 
an  intenser  interest  or  more  vehement  controversy  than 
Kant's  famous  distim  tinu  of  unalytio  and  syiithetie  judg- 
ments, or.  as  I  think  tliey  niiubt  with  far  less  of  ambiguity 
lie  denominated,  explicative  and  ampliatiee  judgments. 

Sir  ir.  Hamilton, 

amplificatet  (am'pli-fl-kat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ampli- 
ficalti,'!,  ]>p.  of  amplificare,  amplify:  see  am- 
j>li,fi/.~i     To  enlarge  or  extend;  amplify. 

amplification  (am 'pli-fi-ka'shon),H.  [<L.rtmj)?(- 
Jieatio(n-),  <  unqilificarc,  pp.  amplifieatu.s,  am- 
plify: see  amjilifi/.]  1.  The  act  of  amplifying 
or  enlarging  in  dimensions;  enlargement;  ex- 
tension. 

Amplijication  of  the  visible  figure  of  a  known  object. 

Reid,  Iiiq.  into  the  Human  Mind. 

Specifically — 2.  In  rhet.,  expansion  for  rhetori- 
cal pui-poses  of  a  narrative,  description,  argu- 
ment, or  other  discourse;  a  discourse  or  passage 
so  expanded;  an  addition  made  in  expanding. 

The  first  expression  in  which  he  [Dante)  clothes  his 
thoughts  is  always  so  energetic  and  comprehensive  that 
ampUfieation  would  only  injure  the  ertcct. 

Maeaulay,  Dante. 

3.  In  loeiic,  an  increase  in  the  logical  depth 
(comprehension)  of  a  term  mthout  auy  corre- 
sponding decrease  of  breadth  (extension),  as 
the  expansion  of  "plane  triangle"  into  "plane 
triangle  having  the  sum  of  its  angles  equal  to 
two  right  angles,"  which  is  equivalent  to  it  with 
respect  to  extension. — 4.  In  micros.,  increase 
of  the  visual  area,  as  distinguished  from  magni- 
fication (which  see). 

amplificative  (am'pli-fi-ka-tiv),  a.  [<  amplifi- 
eate  +  -ire,]  Serving  or  tending  to  amplify; 
aniplitieatory;  ampliative. 

amplificatof  (am'l'li-ti-l^a-tor),  n.  [L.,  <  am- 
pUiieare,  pp.  amplificatus,  amplify:  see  am- 
plify.'] An  amplifier;  one  who  or  that -which 
enltirges  or  makes  more  ample. 

It  [tlie  niicro|ilionel  is  really  an  amplijicatorut  niechani- 
cal  vibrations  of  weak  intensity  which  it  changes  into  uii 
dulatory  eun-ents.  Greer,  Diet,  of  Electricity,  p.  107. 

amplificatory  (am'pli-fik-a-to-ri),  a.     [<  ampli- 
ficate  +  -ory.]    Serving  to  amplify  or  enlarge; 
amiilificative. 
amplifier  (am'pli-fi-6r), «.  1.  One  who  amplifies 
or  enlarges. 

That  great  citie  Kome,  whereof  they  [Romulus  ami  Re- 
niusj  were  the  first  amplifiers, 

Bp.  Bale,  English  Votaries,  ii.  3. 

There  are  amplifiers  who  can  extend  half  a  dozen  thin 
thoughts  over  a  whole  folio. 

Art  of  Sinking  in  Poetry,  p.  89. 

2.  A  lens  placed  in  the  tube  of  a  microscope 
between  the  object-glass  and  the  eyepiece. 
See  microscope. 

The  Amplifier  is  au  achroniutic  concavo-convex  lens  of 
small  diameter.  W.  B.  Camenter,  Micros.,  i  Hi. 


amplitude 

amplify  (am'pli-fi),  r,:  pret.  and  pp.  amplified, 
])pr.   amplifying.     [<  JIE.  amplifycn,  amplifien, 

<  OP.  (and  F.)  amplifier  =  \'v.  Sp.  Pg.  amplificar 
=  It.  amplificare,  <  L.  ampHtieare,  enlarge  (cf. 
iimjilifiens,  splendid),  <  amjilus,  large,  +faccrc, 
make:  see  amjilc  and  -fy.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  large  or  larger  in  volume,  extent,  capa- 
city, amount,  importance,  etc. ;  enlarge  or  make 
more  ample. 

All  concaves  ...  do  amplify  the  sound  at  the  coming 
out.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  140. 

"Troilus  and  Cressida"  was  written  by  a  I.oiubard  au. 
thor,  but  much  amjAified  by  our  Knglish  translator. 

Drydcn,  I'ref.  to  Fables. 

2.  To  expand  in  stating  or  describing;  treat 
copiously,  so  as  to  present  in  every  point  of 
view  and  in  the  strongest  lights. 

I  would  not  willingly  seem  to  Hatter  the  present  [age] 
by  ampli/yiny  the  diligence  and  true  judgment  of  those 
servitourswlVo  have  laboured  in  the  vhiey-ard. 

Sir  J.  Davies, 
=  Syn.  To  expand,  develop,  extend,  dilate,  magnify. 

II.  intrant.  If.  To  grow  or  become  ample  or 
more  ample. 

strait  was  the  way  at  first,  withoutcn  light. 
But  further  in  did  further  amplify. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  x.  1S6. 

2.  To  discourse  more  at  length;  speak  largely 
orcopiously ;  bedilluM-  in  argument  or  descrip- 
tion; expatiate;  dilate:  emninonly  with  «»  or 
«po»  before  an  object:  as,  to  amplify  on  the 
several  topics  of  discourse. 

You  will  lliid  him 
A  sharp  and  subtle  knave  ;  give  him  but  hints, 
Aud  he  will  amplify, 

Fletcher,  .Spanish  Curate,  iv.  2. 

When  you  affect  to  amplify  on  the  f(u-iiier  branches  of 

a  discourse,  you  will  often  lay  a  necessity  on  yourself  of 

contracting  the  latter.  Watts,  Logic. 

Ampligulares  (am'''pli-gu-la'rez),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  L.  ampins,  large,  -I-  f/ula,  throat :  see  ample 
and  0"l"i  i/«'«''.]  In  Sundevall's  classification 
of  birds,  a  cohort  of  Anisodactyli,  of  an  order 
Volucrcs,  composed  of  the  families  I'rtiffunideeov 
trogons,  VaprimnUjidtE  or  goatsuckers,  arnXCyp- 
selidiv  or  swifts:  synonymous  with  Hiantes,  2. 

Amplipalates  (am"pli-pa-la'tez),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  L.  amjilns,  large,  +  palatnm,  paiate:  see  am- 
ple and  palate.]  In  Sundevall's  classification 
of  birds,  a  group  of  fringilline  oscine  I'asseres, 
consisting  of  the  grosbeaks  and  typical  finches. 

amplitude  (am'pli-tud),  n.  [<  L.  amplitiido,  < 
ampins,  large  :  see  ample  and  -tudc]  1.  The 
state  or  (juality  of  being  ample  in  size ;  ex- 
tension in  space,  especially  breadth  or  width; 
largeness;  extent. 

It  is  in  the  power  of  princes  and  estates  to  add  ampli- 
tude and  greatness  to  their  kingdoms. 

Bacon,  Essays,  xxxix. 
The  cathedral  of  Lincoln  ...  is  a  inagniticent  struc- 
ture, jiroportionabje  to  the  amplitude  of  the  iliocese. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Lincolnshire. 

2.  Thestateof  being  ample  in  amount;  breadth 
in  a  figurative  sense ;  fullness ;  abundance ; 
copiousness. 

It  is  in  those  things  .  .  .  that  the  amplitude  of  the  Dl- 
vine  benignity  is  jterceived. 

Paley,  Nat.  TheoL  (ed.  1879),  p.  41'2.     (.V.  E,  D,) 

3.  Largeness  of  mind;  extent  of  mental  ca- 
pacity or  of  intellectual  power;  breadth  of 
thought. 

If  our  times  are  sterile  in  genius,  we  must  cheer  us  with 
books  of  rich  and  believing  men  who  had  atmosphere  and 
amplitude  about  them.  Kmcrson,  Books. 

4.  In  math. :  (a)  In  alyebra,  a  positive  real 
number  multiplied  by  a  root  of  imity.  The 
positive  real  number  is  said  to  be  the  ampli- 
tude of  the  product,  (ft)  In  elliptic  integrals, 
the  limit  of  integration  when  the  integral  is 
expressed  in  the  usual  trigonometric  foi-m. —  5. 
In  astron.,  the  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted 
between  the  east  or  west  point  and  tlie  center 
of  the  sun  or  of  a  star  at  its  lising  or  setting. 
At  the  rising  of  a  star  its  amplitude  is  eastern  or  ortive ; 
at  the  setting  it  is  western,  oceiduous  or  oceasive.  It  is 
also  northern  or  s<iuthern  when  north  or  south  of  the 
equator.  The  ami>lituile  of  a  fixed  star  remains  nearly 
the  same  all  the  year  round.  The  sun  at  the  solstices  is 
at  its  maximum  amplitntle,  and  at  the  equinoxes  it  has 
no  amplitude. —Amplitude  compass,  an  azimutli  com- 
pass whose  zeros  of  graduation  are  at  the  east  and  \Test 
points,  to  facilitate  the  reading  of  the  amplitudes  of  ce- 
lestial bodies.— Amplitude  of  a  simple  oscillation  or 
■vibration,  properly,  the  distance  from  the  middle  to 
the  extremity  of  an'  oscillation  ;  but  the  term  is  usually 
apjilied  to  the  distance  from  one  extremity  of  the  swing 
to  the  other.— Amplitude  Of  the  range  of  a  projec- 
tile, the  horizontiil  line  subtending  the  ]iath  of  a  body 
tluowii,  or  the  line  which  measures  the  distance  it  h.TS 
moved;  the  laii-'e.— Hyperbolic  or  Gudennanuian 
amplitude  of  any  quantity  ",  the  aimU-  w  hose  tan- 
gent is  the  hvperboiic  sine  of  ii.— Magnetlcal  ampli- 
tude, Ihe  are  of  the  horizon  between  the  sun  or  a  stal'  at 
rising  or  setting  and  the  cast  or  west  point  of  the  horizon, 


amplitude 

as  determined  hy  tlit'  ttimpasfi.    Tlie  differenc-e  between 
this  anil  tile  true  aniplittulu  is  tile  declination  of  tile  cum- 

puss 

amply  (am'pli),  adv.  lu  an  ample  manner; 
largely;  liberally;  fully;  sufficiently;  copi- 
ously ;  abundantly. 

The  details  uf  the  rapid  propaKntion  of  Western  mon- 
achisni  have  been  ampCy  treated  hy  many  historians,  and 
the  causes  of  its  success  are  sulHcieritly  manifest. 

Leck-it,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  194. 

ampollosity,  n.    See  ampullositi/. 

ampongue  (am-pong'),  «.  [F.  spelling  of  na- 
tive name.]  A  native  name  of  the  avahi  or 
woolly  lemur  of  Madagascar. 

ampuit  (am'pul),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  am- 
pullf,  ampoule,  ampeU,  ample,  <  ME.  ampulle, 
amjMiile,  ampolle,  ampole,  partly  <  AS.  ampulla, 
ampolla,  am/iella,  a  bottle,  flask,  vial  (=  OHG. 
ampulla,  MHG.  ampulle,  ampcl,  G.  ampel,  a  lamp, 
=  Icel.  ampli,  hompull,  a  jug,  =  Dan.  ampel,  a 
hanging  flower-pot),  and  partly  <  OF.  ampole, 
ampoule,  F.  ampoule  =  Sp.  ampolla,  a  bottle, 
bubble,  blister,  =  Pg.  ampulla,  ampulla,  am- 
polla,* ampolha,  a  bubble,  blister,  =It.  ampolla, 
<  L.  ampulla,  a  bottle,  flask,  etc.:  see  ampulla, 
which  has  superseded  the  older  form.]  Same 
as  inii/iulla,  2  (6). 

Ampulex  (am'pu-leks),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  am-  for 
ambi-  (0  -1-  2>ulej:,  a  flea.]  A  genus  of  digger- 
wasps,  of  the  family  Sjiltegida',  giving  name  to 
the  Ampulicida:     A.  sibirica  is  an  example. 

Ampulicidae  (am-pu-lis'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ampulex  (-ic-)  -(-  -«?«'.]  A  family  of  fossorial 
hymenopterous  insects,  named  from  the  genus 
Ampulex. 

ampulla  (am-pul'a),  71. ;  pi.  ampullce  (-e).  [L., 
a  swelling  vessel  with  two  handles,  prob.  an 
aeeom.  form  of  *ampIiolla,  dim.  ot  amphora :  see 
fl»y)7(ora.]  1.  In  Kom.  antiq.,  a,  bottle  with  a 
narrow  neck  and  a  body  more  or  less  nearly 
globular  in  shape,  usually  made  of  glass  or 
earthenware,  rarely  of  more  valuable  mate- 
rials, and  used,  like  the  Greek  aryballos,  bom- 
bylios,  etc.,  for  carrying  oil  for  anointing  the 
body  and  for  many  other  purposes. — 2.  Eccles. : 
(n)  In  the  Bom.  Catli.  Cli.,  a  cruet,  regularly 
made  of  transparent  glass,  for  holding  the  wine 
and  water  used  at  the  altar.  See  ama.  Also 
written  amula.  (b)  A  vessel  for  holding  the 
consecrated  oil  or  elirism  usedin  various  church 
rites  and  at  the  coronation  of  kings.  Tlie  ampulla 
used  at  coronations  in  England  is  in  the  form  of  an  eagle, 
of  pui-e  gold,  richly  chased.  The  famous  ampulla  for- 
merly used  in  France,  kept  at  Eheinis,  and  reputed  to  have 
been  brought  from  heaven  by  a  dove  for  the  baptism  of 
Clovis  I.,  was  broken  at  the  Revolution ;  but  a  portion  of 
its  oil  is  said  to  have  been  presei-ved  and  to  have  been 
used  at  the  coronation  of  Charles  X.     Formerly  ampul. 

3.  In  the  middle  ages,  a  small  bottle-shaped 


Apple- or  Idol-shell  [Ajttfullaria  cana- 

liciilata).  South  America. 

o,  operculum ;  s,  siphon. 


^TifuUa' 


Leaden  Ampulla  in  the  Museum  at  York.  England. 
(From  the  "Journal  of  the  British  ArchaKjlogical  Association.") 

flask,  often  of  glass,  sometimes  of  lead,  used  by 
travelers,  and  especially  by  pilgrims.  Some- 
times these  were  used  as  pilgrims'  signs  (which 
see,  under  piUjrm).—^.  In  anat.:  (a)  The  di- 
lated part  of  the  mem- 
branous semicircular 
canals  in  the  ear.  (6) 
The  enlargement  of  a 
galactophorous  duct 
beneath  the  areola  in 
the  human  mammary 
gland.  Also  called 
sinu.<t. —  5.  In  hot.,  a 
small  bladder  or  flask- 
shaped  organ  at- 
tached to  the  i-oots 
or  immersed  leaves 
of  some  aquatic  plants,  as  in  Utricularia  (which 
see). — 6.  In  .-w>7. :  (n)  In  Vermes,  a  terminal 
dilatation  of  the  efferent  seminal  ducts.  (6) 
In  Brachiopoda,  one  of  the  contractile  mam- 
millary  processes  of  the  sinuses  of  the  pallial 
lobes,  as  in  Linyula.  (c)  In  certain  ducks,  one 
of  the  chambers  or  dilatations  of  the  tracheal 
tympanimi  or  labjTiiith.  Seeti/mpauum.  There 
may  be  but  one  ampulla,  or  there  may  be  one 


Ends  of  two  semicircular  Canals, 
with  their  respective  Ampulla:. 


188 

on  each  side.  [Little  used  in  this  sense.]  (d) 
In  hydroid  polyjis,  the  cavity  of  a  vesicular 
marginal  body  connected  by  a  canal  with  the 
gastrovascular  system.  (()  In  echinoderms, 
one  of  the  diverticula  of  the  branched  ambula- 
cral  canals ;  a  sort  of  Polian  vesicle  of  the  am- 
bulacral  suckers — Ampulla  of  Vater,  in  anat.,  the 
sac-like  space  in  the  wall  of  the  duodenum,  into  which 
ojK-n  the  conmion  bile-duct  and  the  jjancreatic  duct. 

ampullaceous  (am-pu-la'shius),  a.  [<  L.  am- 
pullaccu.f,  <  ampulla  :  see  amj)ulla.'i  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  like  an  ampulla ;  bottle-shaped ; 
inflated — Ampullaceous  sac,  one  of  the  hollow  cili- 
ated or  monad-lined  chambers  of  many  sponges.  See  cuts 
under  dliate  and  Porifera. 

Thus  is  formed  one  of  the  characteristic  ampitUacemis 
eacx.  W.  n.  Carpenter,  llicros.,  §  sno. 

Ampullacera  (am-pu-las'e-rii),  «.  [NL.,  <  L. 
ampulla  {see amj>ulla)  -f  Gr.  Ktpar,  horn.]  Same 
as  Amphibula.     Quot/  and  Gaimard,  1832. 

Ampullacerldse  (am-pul-a-ser'i-de),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Ampullacera  -t-  -iVte.]  Same  as  Amijhi- 
holiela:     Troschel,  1845. 

ampullae,  «.     Plural  of  ampulla. 

ampullar  (am-pul'ar),  a.     Same  as  ampullari/. 

Ampullaria  (am-p'ii-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  am- 
pullarius,  fern,  of  L.  adj.  :"see  amj)ullarij.'\  A 
genus  of  shell-bearing  gastropods,  typical  of 
the  family  Aiiijiullariidw.     Lnmarel;  1801. 

Ampullariacea  (am-pu-la-ri-a'se-a),  M.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Ampullaria  +  -acea.l  A  family  of  gas- 
tropods: sjTionymous  ■nith  Ampndlariida:. 

ampullaiiid  (am-pu-lar'i-id),  n.  A  gastropod 
of  the  family  Ampullariid(E. 

Ampullariidse  (am-pul-a-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Ampullaria  +  -ida:.']     A  family  of  tienioglos- 

sate  gastropods 
having  a  lung- 
like sac  in  addi- 
tion to  the  gills, 
the  muzzle  pro- 
duced into  two 
long  attenuate 
or  tentacle-Uke 
processes,  the 
true  tentacles 
elongated,  and 
the  eyes  pedun- 
culated. The  shells  are  subglobular.  conic,  or  discoidal 
in  form,  and  have  entire  apertures  which  are  closed  by  con- 
centric opercula.  The  species  are  numerous,  and  are  chiefly 
found  in  the  fresh  waters  of  tropical  and  subtropical  coun- 
tries, many  of  them  being  known  as  apple-shells  and  idol- 
shells.  Also  AmpuUariadoe,  Ampullariacea,  and  Ampul- 
landtr. 

AmpuUariinse  (am-pu-la-ri-i'ne),  n.2)l.     [NL., 

<  Ampullaria  +  -i«(r.]  The  Ampullariida: rated 
as  a  subfamily.  Also  written  Ampidlarinec. 
Swainmn,  1840. 

ampuUary  (am'pul-a-ri),  a.  [<  L.  ampullarius, 
n.,  a  flask-maker,  prop,  adj.,  <  ampulla,  a  flask: 
see  ampulla.^  Resembling  an  ampulla;  globu- 
lar.    Also  ampullar. 

ampuUate  (am-pul'at),  a.     [<  ML.  ampullatus, 

<  L.  ampulla:  see  ampulla.']  1.  Having  the 
character  of  an  ampulla ;  ampullary. — 2.  Fur- 
nished with  an  ampulla. 

ampulliform  (am-pul'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  ampulla 
-I-  -i-fiirm.']  Shaped  like  an  ampulla;  flask- 
shaped;  bulging;  dilated. 

ampulling-cloth  (am-pul'ing-kloth),  n.  [So 
called  because  in  England  the  oil  was  anciently 
kept  in  an  ampulla;  <  ampul  +  -ing'^  -f  clolli.'] 
In  the  Som.  Catli.  Ch.,  a  cloth  with  which  to 
wipe  away  the  oil  used  in  administering  the 
sacrament  of  extreme  unotiou. 

ampullinula  (am-pu-lin'u-la),  «.;  pi.  ampullin- 
uhv  (-le).  [NL.,  <  L.  amjjulla  +  -in-a  +  dim. 
-ula.]  A  stage  in  the  evolution  of  the  Carneo- 
spongice  when  the  lateral  ampullse  are  first 
formed. 

This  stage  .  .  .  we  propose  to  call  the  ^»i/>M;^'HuZa,  be- 
cause the  name  protospongiie,  as  defined  by  Haeckel,  .  .  . 
is  not  applicable  to  such  an  advanced  forni  as  this. 

lliiatt,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XXIII.  8S. 

ampuUosity  (am-pu-los'j-ti),  n.  [<  It.  ampol- 
losita,  <  ML.  *ampullosiia(t-)s.  turgidity,  bom- 
bast, <  ampullosus :  see  ampullous.}  Inflated 
language;  bombast;  turgidity.  Sometimes 
wi-itten  ampollosity. 
Didst  ever  touch  such  aynixjUosity 

As  the  man's  own  bubble  [his  speech],  let  alone  its  spite? 
Brouming,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  326. 

ampulloust  (am-pul'us),  a.    [=  It.  ampolloso, 

<  ML.  ampullosus,  turgid,  inflated,  <  L.  am- 
jiulla,  a  flask,  fig.  swelling  words,  bombast.] 
Boastful ;  vainglorious ;  inflated  or  turgid  in 
language.     N.  E.  D. 

amputate  (am'pii-tat),  V.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  am- 
putated,  ppr.  amputating,     [<  L.  amputatus,  pp. 


amuck 

of  amputare,  cut  off  aroimd,  lop  off,  esp.  plants, 
prtme,  <  am-  for  ambi-,  around,  -I-  jtutare,  lop, 
prune,  cleanse,  <  putus,  pure,  clean,  akin  to 
])uru.i,  pure  :  see  j)Ulc  and  j/ure.]  If.  To  prime, 
as  branches  or  twigs  of  trees  or  vines. — 2.  To 
cut  off,  as  a  limb  or  other  part  of  an  animal 
body;  cut  away  the  whole  or  a  part  of  (more 
commonly  the  latter):  as,  to  amputate  the  leg 
below  the  knee. 

amputation  (am-pii-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ampu- 
tatio(n-),  <  amputare,  amputate:  tise amputate.] 
The  act  of  amputating;  especially,  the  opera- 
tion of  cutting  off  a  limb  or  other  part  of  the 
body,  or  a  portion  of  it. 

amputational  (am-pii-ta'shon-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  caused  by  amputation. 

amputator  (am'pu-ta-tor),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *«;»- 
putator.  <  amputare :  see  amputate.]  One  who 
amputates. 

ampyx  (am'piks),  «. ;  pi.  ampyxes,  ampyces  (-ez, 
-pi-sez).  [<  Gr.  a^-tf  {ap-vn-},  prob.  connected 
with  avd-rvKToc,  avd-Tvxoc,  that  may  be  open- 
ed (folded  back),  <  ava--vaceiv,  fold  back,  un- 
fold, open,  <  ava,  up,  back,  -f-  rrrvaaeii'  (-y/  *-vk 
or  'tttvx,  found  in  ^ri'Ka^eiv,  wrap  up,  cover, 
^TTi'xi,  a  fold),  fold,  wrap;  the  same  element 
occurs  in  rf(j|jf^c7i  and ;<o?(Ci/2.]  i.  In  Gr.  antiq.: 
(a)  A  general  term  for  a  band  or  fillet  or  other 
female  head-dress  worn  encircling  the  head, 
particularly  when  made  of  metal,  or  bearing  in 


Examples  of  Greek  Head-dresses  (Ampyxes), 

front  an  ornament  of  metal,  (h)  A  head-band 
for  horses ;  also,  an  ornamental  plate  of  metal 
covering  the  front  of  a  horse's  head. —  2.  [NL.] 
A  species  of  trilobite  or  fossil  crustacean,  found 
chiefly  in  Lower  SUurian  strata. 

amrita  (am-rit'a),  n.  [Also  AngUeized  am- 
reeta;  Skt.  amrita  (vowel  ri)  (=  Gr.  djiiipoTo^ 
=  L.  immort-alis :  see  ambrosia  and  immortal), 
<  a-  priv.  -I-  mrita,  dead,  <  -y/  tnar,  die.]  In 
Hindu  myth.,  the  ambrosia  of  the  gods ;  the 
beverage  of  immortality,  that  resulted  from  the 
churning  of  the  ocean  by  the  gods  and  demons. 

amryt,  «.     A  variant  of  ambry, 

amsel,  «.     See  am-el. 

amshaspand  (am-shas'pand),  «.  [Pers.,  im- 
mortal iioly  one.]  In  Zoroastrianism,  one  of 
six  exalteil  angelic  beings  forming  the  train 
of  Ahura-mazda,  or  Ormuzd,  the  good  divinity 
of  the  Persians.  Against  them  stand  arrayed 
in  deadly  strife  six  devs  or  malignant  spirits, 
followers  of  Ahriman,  the  spirit  of  e^■il. 

It  was  easy  to  foresee  that  the  amsha^pands  of  the 
Persi.an  system  would  be  quoted  as  the  nearest  parallel  to 
the  archangels  of  the  Holy  .Scriptures. 

Hardu-ick,  Christ  and  Other  Masters,  p.  562. 

Amstel  porcelain,  pottery.    See  porcelain, 

pottery. 

amt  (amt),  «.  [Dan.  Norw.  amt.  an  administra- 
tive district,  <  G.  amt,  a  district,  county,  juris- 
diction, special  senses  derived  from  the  orig. 
one  of '  service,  office,'  =  Dan.  emhede.  Sw.  embete 
=  Norw.  dial,  embwtte  =  Icel.  embeetti,  service, 
office,  =  Goth,  andbaliti  =  AS.  ambiht.  ambeht, 
ser^'ice:  see  ambassade.etc.a.nAemba.'tsii.]  The 
largest  territorial  administrative  division  of 
Denmark  and  Norway:  as,  the  amtot  Akershus. 
Each  of  these  two  countries  is  divided  into  18 
amts. 

amt.     A  contraction  of  amount. 

amtman  (amt'man),  «. ;  pi.  amtmen  (-men). 
[<  Dan.  Norw.  amfmand,  <  amt  (see  above)  + 
mand  =  Sw.  man  =  E.  man.]  The  chief  execu- 
tive officer  of  an  amt. 

amuck  (a-muk'),  a.  or  adr.  [First  used  in  Pg. 
form,  amoueo.  amuco.  as  a  noun,  a  frenzied  Ma- 
lay; afterward  amucl;  amocl;  amok,  almost  ex- 
clusively in  the  phrase  run  am  uck ;  <  Malay  rtwofj', 
adj.,  "engaging  fm-iously  in  battle,  attacking 
with  desperate  resolution,  rushing  in  a  state  of 
frenzy  to  the  commission  of  indiscriminate 
murder:  applied  to  any  animal  in  a  state  of 
vicious  I'age"  (Marsden,  Malay  Diet.).]  Liter- 
ally, in  a  state  of  murderous  frenzy ;  indiscrim- 
inately slaughtering  or  killing:  a  term  used  in 
the  Eastern  Archipelago.  In  English  formerly  as  a 
noun,  but  now  only  ;is  an  adjective  ur  t|Uasi-adverb  in  the 
plirase  to  run  amuck.    Also  writteua»loc^',  auivk, — Toron 


Amulets:  I, from 
the  Vatican;  2, 
from  a  private  col- 
lection. 

Aiimlets  of  va- 


amuck 

amuck,   (n)  To  rush  about  frantically,  attackins  all  who 

vtniw  ill  the  way.     Set-  extract. 

Ill  Malabar  the  i)er8(iiis  nf  Rajiia  were  sacred.  .  .  .  To 
shed  the  blooit  of  a  Raja  was  regarded  as  a  heinous  sin, 
and  would  lie  followed  by  a  teiTible  revenge.  ...  If  the 
Zanuirin  (L-niperor  of  Calkut]  waa  killed,  his  subjects 
devotcil  tliree  days  tu  revenue  ;  they  ran  amok,  as  it  was 
called,  killing;  all  they  nitt  until  they  were  killed  them- 
selves. If  the  Kaja  of  Cochin  were  killed,  his  subjects  ran 
amok  for  the  rest  of  their  lives. 

J.  T.  Wficcler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  120. 

Hence— (6)  To  proceed  in  a  blind,  headatrony  manner, 
careless  of  consequences,  which  are  most  likely  to  he  dis- 
astrous. 

Satire's  my  weajjon,  but  I'm  too  discreet 
To  run  a-iuuck,  and  tilt  at  all  I  meet. 

Pope,  Im.  of  Horace,  Sat.  i.  69. 
[Sometimes  written  in  two  words,  and  treated  as  a  noun 
with  the  indefinite  article. 

Ami  runs  an  Indian  initck  at  all  ho  meets. 

JJnjtit'ii,  Hind  and  Panther,  iii.  1188.] 
amula  (;im'u-la),  v.;   pi.  amulas,  amulcB  (-liiz, 
-le).     [MIj.,  <lim.  of  L.  ama:  see  ama.']    Same 
as  ainpulia,  2  {(i). 

The  archdeacon  who  follows  taking  their  amnios  of 
wine  and  pouriny  them  into  a  larger  vessel. 

Ennjc.  Brit.,  XVI.  509. 

amule   (am'ul),  ».     Same  as  amyV^, 

amulet  (am'Ti-let),  n,  [Formerly  also  amulctte, 
late  ME.  amalettCy  amlctt£,  <  F.  amulette  =  Sp, 
Pg.  It.  amnleio  =  D.  G.  Dau.  Sw. 
amulet  =  'iiuss.  amidctii,  ete,,<L. 
awulctum  (in  Pliny),  a  word  of  un- 
known origin.]  Some  object  su- 
perstitiously  worn  as  a  remedy 
for  or  preservative  against  dis- 
ease, bad  luck,  accidents,  witch- 
craft, etc.  Amulets  have  been  used 
from  ancient  times,  and  are  still  worn 
in  many  parts  of  the  world.  They  con- 
sist of  certain  stones,  or  plants,  or  of 
bits  of  metal,  parchment,  or  paper,  with 
or  without  mystic  characters  or  words. 
The  gospels  and  saints'  relics  have  been 
used  in  this  way.  The  Mohammedans 
use  diminutive  copies  of  the  Koran  hung 
around  the  neck.  From  the  heathen 
and  the  Jews  the  ciistum  passed  into 
the  priinili\e  riiritfti:ut  elmrcli,  where  it 
was  loMi;  jnuintainrd  in  sjiite  of  tlie  de- 
crees of  ecclesiastical  councils  and  the 
protests  of  the  more  intelligent  clergy, 
rious  forms  have  been  found  in  the  catacombs,  many  of 
them  inscrilied  with  the  word  ichthys,  fish,  because  this 
represented  the  initials  of  the  Greek  words  for  Jesus 
Christ,  Son  of  God,  Saviour.  (See  ichthi/a.)  They  were  sus- 
pended from  the  neck  or  affixed  to  some  part  of  the  body. 
See  phylnctenj,  3.  =Syn.  Amulet,  Talh)n(tn.  An  amulet 
is  supposed  to  exert  a  constant  protecting  power,  ward- 
ing I'll  evil;  a  talismdii,  to  produce  under  special  condi- 
tions desired  results  t"i>r  the  owner. 

amuletict  (am-u-let'ik),  a.  [<  aimdet  +  -/c] 
Pertaining  to  or  possessing  the  virtues  of  an 
amulet:  as,  «mH?e?/c  medicines. 

amun  {am'un),  It.  [Hind,  and  Beng.  dman, 
amnn,  ^^inter  rice,  sown  in  July  and  August, 
and  reaped  in  December.]     Same  as  aghanee. 

amurcosityf  (am-er-kos'i-ti),  n.  [<  amurcows  : 
set'-o.s//y.]  The  quality  of  being  amurcous.  Ash. 

amurcoiist  (a-mer'lais),«.  [<  L.  amurcaj  another 
form  of  ami(rga,K.  Gr.  audpyt]^  usually  d//(ip;7/r, 
the  watery  part  that  runs  out  when  olives  are 
pressed,  <  a/ifpy^'^'y  press,  squeeze,  prob.  akin  to 
a/jt>}Tiv,  milk,  =  E.  milfCj  q.  v.]  Full  of  dregs 
or  lees;  foul.     Ash. 

amusable  (a-mii'za-bl),  a.     [<  F.  amnsahle :  see 
amuse  and  -able.'\     Capable  of  being  amused. 
Trying  to  amuse  a  man  who  was  not  amusable. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  v. 
He  was  otherwise  not  a  very  amivaable  person,  and  otf 
his  own  ground  he  was  not  c()nversable. 

Howells,  A  Modern  Instance,  xxii. 

amuse  (a-mijz'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  amused,  ppr. 
amusiiiff.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  amiize,  ammuse, 
ammu:e;  <  F.  omuser,<  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  OF. 
muser,  stare,  gaze   fixedly,  >  E.   musc^j  q.  v.] 

1.  trans.  If.  To  cause  to  muse;  absorb  or  en- 
gage in  meditation ;  occupy  or  engage  wholly ; 
bewilder;  puzzle. 

People  stood  amused  between  these  two  forma  of  ser- 
vice.       .  FuUt'r. 
Amuae  not  thyself  about  the  riddles  of  future  things. 
.S'iV  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  18. 

2.  To  keep  in  ex]>ectation,  as  by  flattery,  plau- 
sible pretenses,  and  the  like;  delude;  keep  in 
play. 

He  ainuKcd  his  followers  with  idle  promises.     Johiuion. 
Bishop  Henry  .  ,  .  amused  her  with  dubious  answei-s, 
and  kept  her  in  suspense  for  some  days. 

Suift,  King  Stephen. 

3.  To  fix  the  attention  of  agreeably ;  engage 
the  fancy  of;  cause  to  feel  cheerfiil  or  merry; 
entertain;  divert:  as,  to  am  use  an  audience 
with  anecdotes  or  tricks,  or  childi'en  with  toys. 

A  group  of  mountaineer  chiMren  amusin-f  themselves 
with  pushing  stones  from  the  top. 

ir.  (Jilpin,  Tour  of  the  Lakes. 


189 

It  would  be  amunng  to  make  a  dijjcBt  of  the  irrational 
laws  whirli  l)a<i  critics  liavu  fraiiu'd  for  the  Kovernnit-iit 
of  jicH'ts.  Mitriniltlif,  Moore's  Ityroii, 

While  the  nation  KToaned  under  oijjiression  .  .  .  [Tcni- 
plc]  amuaed  himself  by  writinj,'  memoirs  and  tyini,'  up 
apricots.  Ilacaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

=  8301.  3.  Amuse,  Divert,  Entertain,  Ikouile,  occupy, 
please,  enliven.  Amxate  may  imply  merely  the  prevention 
of  tlie  tedium  of  idleness  or  emptiness  of  mind:  as,  I  can 
avntati  myself  Ijy  looiiinK  out  at  the  window ;  or  it  may 
sugRcst  a  stronger  interest:  as,  I  was  tn-eatly  amtued  by 
their  tricl<s.  Dinert  is  to  tuni  the  attention  aside,  and  (in 
tlie  use  considered  here)  to  somethini;  lik'ht  or  mirthful. 
Kntertnin  is  to  enga^ie  :uui  sustain  tile  attention  l»y  some. 
tlliuK  of  a  pleasiuK  and  periiaps  inatnictive  cliaracl<T,  as 
conversation;  liencc  tlie  general  name  I'nti'rtttintnntt  for 
lectures,  exhibitions,  etc.,  desi(tned  to  interest  in  this  way. 
"  Wliatever  ammeit  serves  to  liill  time,  to  lull  the  faculties 
and  banish  retlcction ;  it  may  lie  solitary,  sedentary,  and 
lifeless:  whatever  diverts  causes  mirth  and  provokes 
laughter ;  it  will  be  active,  lively,  anil  tumultuous :  what- 
ever mtertniiut  acts  on  the  senses  and  awakens  the  under- 
standing ;  it  must  be  rational  and  is  mostly  social."  Crabh. 
lifjuile  is,  iiguratively,  to  cheat  one  out  of  weariness,  of 
dull  time,  etc.  The  word  is  as  often  tlms  applied  to  the 
thing  as  to  the  person  :  as,  to  tjeguile  a  weary  hour ;  to  be- 
guile one  of  ins  cares. 

I  am  careful  ...  to  amuse  you  by  the  account  of  all  I 
see.  Lady  Muntairu,  Letters,  I.  110.    (iV.  £.  D.) 

Tlie  stage  its  ancient  fury  tluis  let  fall, 
And  comedy  diverted  without  gall. 

Dnjden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iii.  777. 

There  is  so  much  virtue  in  eight  volumes  of  Spectators 
.  .  .  that  they  are  not  improper  to  lie  in  parlours  or  sum- 
mer-houses, to  etitertain  our  thoughts  in  any  moments  of 
leisure.  H'««s. 

Tlie  reason  of  idleness  aud  of  crime  is  the  deferring  of 
<iur  hopes.  AVhilst  we  are  waiting,  we  betjuile  the  time 
witli  jokes,  with  sleep,  with  eating,  and  with  crimes. 

Emerson,  Nominalist  and  Kealist. 

Il.t  in  trims.  To  muse;  meditate. 

Or  in  some  pathless  wilderness  amusing. 
Plucking  the  mossy  bark  of  some  old  tree. 

Lee,  Lucius  Junius  Brutus. 

amusee  (a-mu-ze'),  «.     [<«mitsc  + -eel.]     The 

peTson  amused.     Carhjle.     [Rare.] 

amusement  (a-muz'ment),  H.    [<  F. amusement: 

see  (/«(».sr  and -mcnf.]    If.  Absorbing  thought ; 

meditation;  musing;  reverie. 

Here  I  .  .  .  fell  into  a  strong  and  deep  anuuement,  re- 
volving in  my  mind,  with  great  perplexity,  the  amazing 
change  of  our  affairs.  Bp.  f'f^t'^acooff,  Pref.  to  Lay  Baptism. 

2.  The  state  of  being  amused;  mental  enjoy- 
ment or  diversion;  moderate  mirth  or  merri- 
ment due  to  an  external  cause. 

Among  the  means  towards  a  higher  civilization,  I  un- 
hesitatingly assert  that  the  deliberate  cultivation  of  pub- 
lic amusement  is  a  principal  one. 

Jevons,  Social  Reform,  p.  7. 

3.  That  which  amuses,  detains,  or  engages  the 
mind;  pastime;  entertainment:  as,  to  provide 
children  with  amusements. 

During  his  conflnenient,  his  amusement  was  to  give  poi- 
son to  eats  and  dogs,  and  see  them  expire  by  slower  or 
quicker  torments.  Pope. 

=  Syn.  3.  Entertainment,  Diversion,  etc.  (see  pastime), 

SpiU't. 

amuser  (a-mu'z6r),  n.  One  who  amuses;  one 
who  provides  diversion. 

amusette  (am-u-zef ),  h.  [F.  (dim.  of  *amuse),  a 
light  gun,  a  toy,  amusement,  <  amuser,  amuse.] 
A  light  tield-cannon,  invented  by  Marshal  Saxe, 
designed  for  outpost  service.     Laroussc. 

amusingly  (a-mfi'zing-li),  adv.  In  an  amusing 
maiiniT. 

amusive  (a-mii'ziv),  a.    \<.  amuse  +  -ire.']    Hav- 
ing power  to  amuse  or  entertain  the  mind ;  af- 
fording amusement  or  entertainment.    [Rare.] 
A  grave  proficient  in  amusive  feats 
Of  puppetry.  Wordsivorth,  E.xcursion,  v. 

amusively  (a-mu'ziv-li),  adv.  In  an  amusive 
manner. 

amusiveness  (a-mu'ziv-nes),  «.  The  quality 
of  being  amusive,  or  of  being  fitted  to  afford 
amusement. 

amyt,  «•  [<  ME.  am;/,  ami,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  F.) 
ami,  m.,  amie,  f.,  <  L.  amicus,  m.,  amica,  f.,  a 
friend:  see  amiable,  amor.  So  the  fem.  per- 
sonal name  Ami/,  which  is,  however,  ])art!y 
<  F.  Aimee,  <  L.  amata,  fem.  of  amatus,  beloved, 
pp.  of  amarc,  love.]     A  friend. 

"Thou  bel  amy,  thou  pardoner,"  he  seyde. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  3*2. 

Amyclaean  (am-i-kle'an),  fl.  [< L. Amijclwus,  Gr. 
'XltvK'Aaio^,  <  L.  Amyclw,  Gr.  lAui/i/.ai.]  Of  orper- 
taining  to  AmycltB,  an  ancient  town  of  Laconia, 
Greece,  or  to  a  town  of  the  same  name  in  La- 
tium,  or  to  the  inhabitants  of  either.  According 
to  one  tradition  the  inhabitants  of  (he  former  city,  or  ac- 
cording tu  another  tliosc  of  the  latter,  were  so  frequently 
alaniu-d  hv  false  rumors  tif  invasion  that  a  law  was  made 
pr.ilLiliiting  .dl  nuMliou  of  the  suliject.  The  result  was 
tliat  wlien  the  invasion  came  no  alarm  was  given,  and  the 
city  was  taken;  heme  the  phrase  .imticteran  silence. — 
Amyclsean  brothers,  t'astor  and  Pollux,  twin  sons  of 
Zens  and  lA'da.  Itorn,  according  to  one  form  of  the  legend, 
at  Amycliu  in  Laconia. 


amygdaloid 

amyctic  (a-mik'tik),  «.  [<  Gr.  ri/iWKTwdr,  lacer- 
ating, <  hninnnv,  lacerate,  scratch,  tear.]  Kx- 
coi-iatiiig;  irritating.     \.  E.  D. 

amyelencephalic  (a-mi*e-lon-se-farik  or  -sef- 
a-lik),  ((.     H;iu>i' tin  ami/elencephalous. 

amyelencephalous    (a-mi'o-len-sef'a-lus),    a. 

[<  NL.  amijilrncc]>halus,  without  spinal  cord 
and  brain,  <  Gr.  a/ivc'/or,  without  marrow,  + 
iyKt(pa'/.or,  brain  :  see  aA9,  and  myckncepliahn.'] 
Ill  <erfl^)J.,lia\ing  neither  brain  nor  spinal  cord; 
wanting  the  myelencephalon. 

amyeli,  «.     Plural  of  amyelus. 

amyelia  (am-i-el'iii),  n.  [NIj.,  <  Gr.  auiie?Mc: 
see  aiiijieluus.]  Congenital  absence  of  the  spi- 
nal cord. 

amyelotrophy  (a-mi-e-lot'ro-fi),  »i.  [<  Gr. 
ainc'/.nc,  marrowless  (see  amyclou,i),  ■¥  -Tfiixpia, 
<  Tpiipeii',  nourish.]    Atrophy  of  the  spinal  cord. 

amyelous  (a-mi'e-lus),  a.  ^<.  NL.  amyelus,  < 
Gr.  ii/iieAor,  marrowless,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  uvt'/.6c, 
marrow:  see  myelon.]  Without  spinal  mar- 
row :  in  leriitol.,  applied  to  a  fetus  which  lacks 
the  spinal  cord. 

amyelus  (a-mi'e-lus),  H. ;  -pi.  amyeli (-11).  [XL.: 
see  amyelous.']  In  teratol.,  a  monster  charac- 
terized tiy  the  absence  of  the  spinal  cord. 

amyencephalous  (a-mi-en-scf 'a-lus),  ».  A  con- 
traction (if  ami/cleucejilialous. 

amygdalt  (a-mig'dal),  H.  [<  ME.  amyijdcl,  AS. 
amyijdal,  an  almond,  <  L.  amygdala  :  see  amyg- 
dala.]    1.  An  almond. —  2.  A  tonsil. 

amygdala  (a-mig'da-la),  n.\  pi.  amygdaJm{-le). 
[L.,  an  almond ;  ML.  and  XL.,  a  tonsil :  see  al- 
mond.] 1.  An  almond. —  2.  A  tonsil. —  3.  A 
small  roimded  lobule  of  the  cerebellum  on  its 
under  side. — 4.  A  small  mass  of  gray  matter  in 
front  of  the  end  of  the  descending  comu  of  the 
lateral  ventricle  of  the  brain.  Also  called  the 
amygdaloid  nucleus. —  5.  leap.]  In  rociV. :  (a) 
A  genus  of  echinoderms.  (6)  A  genus  of  mol- 
lusks. 

amygdalaceous  (a-mig-da-la'shius),  a.  [<  L. 
amygdalaveus,  similar  to  the  almond-tree,  < 
amygdala,  almond  :  see  almond.]  Akin  to  the 
almond  :  as,  amygdalaceous  plants. 

amygdalae,  «.     Plural  of  amygdala. 

amygdalate  (a-mig'da-lat),  a.  and  «.  [<  L. 
amygdala,  almond,  -1-  -o(fl.]  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to,  resembling,  or  made  of  almonds. 

II.  «.  1.  An  emulsion  made  of  almonds; 
milk  of  almonds. — 2.  A  salt  of  amygdalic  acid. 

amygdalic  (am-ig-dal'ik),  a.  [<  L.  amygdala, 
ahuond,  +  -ic.]  Derived  from  almonds Amyg- 
dalic acid,  an  arid  (t^L-uU-joOj..)  olitained  from  bitter  al- 
monds. 

amygdaliferous  (a-mig-da-lif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L. 
amygdala,  almond,  -i-  Jerri  =  E.  bear^.]  Pro- 
ducing almonds ;  almond-bearing:  sometimes 
used  as  nearly  synonymous  vrith  amygdaloidal, 
that  is,  of  a  rock  containing  amygdilles. 

amygdalin  (a-mig'da-lin),  n.  ["<  L.  amygdala, 
almond,  -t-  -in-.]  A  crystalline  principle  (Coq 
H.irNOn  +  SHoO)  existing  in  bitter  almonds, 
and  in  tue  leaves,  etc.,  of  species  of  the  genus 
I'runus  and  of  some  of  its  near  allies,  it  was  the 
earliest  known  of  the  numerous  glueoside  lioilies  existing 
in  plants.  Its  aiiueous  solution,  mixed  with  einntsin,  is  de- 
composed, yielding  hydrocyanic  acid  and  bitter-almond  oil. 

amygdaline  (a-mig'da-Un),  a.  [<  L.  amygda- 
liniis,  <  (Jr.  a/iir^SaAivof:,  <  auirjSa'A!!,  almond:  see 
almand.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
almond. — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  amygdala  of  the 
brain. 

amygdalitis  (a-mig-da-li'tis),  n.  [XL.,  <  ML. 
amygdala,  tonsil  (see  amygdala,  2),  ■+-  -I'fw.]  In- 
flammation of  the  tonsils. 

amygdaloid  (a-mig'da-loid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
o/iijdo//;.  almond  (see  almond),  +  fWof,  form.] 

I.  a.  1.  Al- 
mond-shaped. 
— 2.  Pertaining 
to  or  resem- 
bling amvgda- 
loid.— 3.  ■  Per- 
taining to  the 
araygdalic;  ton- 

silar.— Amygda- 
loid       nucleus. 

.*^ie  aiim'i'iala.  4, 

Amygdaloid  tu- 
bercle, a  iiromi- 
nence  in  the  roof 
of  the  tenuinal  por- 
tion of  the  descending  comu  of  the  lateral  ventricle  of  the 
brain,  funned  by  the  amygdaloid  nucleus. 

II.  n.  The  name  given  by  geologists  to  igne- 
ous rocks  or  lavas  of  various  composition,  of 
which  the  most  ob\ious  external  feature  is 
that  they  have  an  amygdaloidal  structure.  (See 
amygdaloidal.)    The  basalts  ore  the  rocks  which  are 


An  AmyKd.iloid  ( Diat>ase '  with  calcite 
nodules  or  amygjulcs. 


amygdaloid 


190 


most  liable  tol)c  found  liosscssinj*  an  amyftdnloidal  struc- 
ture, antl  cspeoiaUy  those  oUk-r  hiisalts  frc-(iucutly  called 
miiai'hi/i-.     Also  called  maiuiicgtime. 

amygdaloidal  (a-mig-da-loi'dal),  a.  Samo  as 
aimj<idaUii(l ;    sjieeitically,   in  V/co/.,   having  a 

celli'ilav  or  vesicular  strueturc:  said  of  lava,  amyloid  (am'i-ioid),  a.  and  n.  [< 
whether  of  modern  or  ancient  origin,  in  which  ,^^_  iimiiliim),  starch,  +  ddoc,  form.] 
spherical  or  almond-shaped  (whence  the  name)     ^      -  -  ■  •  •       - 

cavities  were  formed  by  the  expansion  of  steam 
contained  in  the  rocks  at  the  time  of  its  con- 
solidation, and  which  have  later  become  filled 
with  various  minerals,  especially  quartz,  cal- 
cite,  or  the  zeolites.  The  rock  liavins;  tliis  character  is 
called  an  ami/gdaluid,  and  the  cavities  themselves,  as  thus 
filled  hy  the  percolation  of  heated  water  through  the 
body  of  the  rock,  are  called  amiff/dules. 

amygdalotomy  (a-mig-da-lot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
(l/;i;. if.i/?/,  an  almond  (tonsil),  -i-  ro/ji/,  a  cutting, 
<'  Tturcii;  rauav,  cut.]  The  cutting  of  the  ton- 
sils; excision  of  a  portion  of  a  tonsil. ,  ,,  ,, 

Amygdalus  (a-mig'da-lus),  ".  [NL.,  <  L.  amyg-  stitution  of  or  resembling  an  amyloid. 
dahus,  <  Gr.  d/ivj6a'Aoc,  an  almond-tree  :  see  wiienever  proteid  substances  or  fats,  or  amiiloidal  mat- 
amygdala.']  A  genus  of  plants,  the  almonds,  ters,  are  being  converted  into  the  more  highly  oxidated 
properly  included  in  the  genus  Prumis  (which  waste  products— urea,  carbonic  acid,  and  water— heat  is 
£*     J       *  uecessaiily  evolved. 

amygdule   (a-mig'dul),    n.      [<  armjgd{ala)  -f  ,  ,      .    ,        .,,,...  nv^     /  n     • 

-«;e.]     One  of  the  crystalline  nodules  found  in  amylolysiS  (am-i-lol  i-sis),  n.     [NX,.,  <  Gr.  auir- 
amv<'daloid  (which  see).  ^o'',  starch,  +  /wff,  solution,  <  'M-civ,  dissolve.] 

amylH  (am'U),  n.     [<  L.  amylim,  starch,  <  Gr.     The  iligestion  of  starch,  or  its  conversion  into 
auv'/.ov  (sc.   aXtvpov,  meal:    see  Aleurites),  fine     sugar. 

meal,  a  cake  of  such  meal,  starch,  prop.  neut.  amylolytic   (am"i-lo-Ut'ik),  a.     [<  amylolysis, 
of  afii'loi;,  not  ground  at  the  mill,  <  a-  priv.  +     after  Gr.  adj.   AtTj/iof,  <  Ar£;f,_  dissolve.]     Per- 


of  granulose  which  is  soluble  in  water;  soluble 
starch. 

amylogenic  (a-mil-o-jen'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  composed  of  ainylogen:  as,  an  amylogenic 
body.     See  aiiiyjoplast. 

Gr.  afiv?iuv 
_  I.  (I.  Re- 
sembling umylum,  or  starch.- Amyloid  corpus- 
cles, coritora  antyliicea  (which  see,  under  cir/'f/.s).  — Ainy- 
loid' degeneration  or  infiltration,  in ;«(/"./.,  lardaceous 
di.«i:i,se  ("lii(  h  see,  under  ((irt/acpoiw).— Amyloid  sub- 
stance, lardoceirl  (which  see). 

II.  H.  In  hot,,  a  semi-gelatinous  substance, 
analogous  to  starch,  met  vrith  in  some  seeds, 
and  becoming  yellow  in  water  after  ha\'ing  been 
colored  blue  by  iodine  {Lindley) ;  a  member  of 
the  cellulose  group  of  vegetable  organic  com- 
potmds,  eomprisuig  cellulose,  starch,  gum,  the 
sugars,  etc. 

amyloidal  (am-i-loi'dal),  a.    Having  the  con- 


taining to   amylolysis ;  dissolving  starch :  as, 
the  amylolytic  ferment  of  the  pancreas. 

It  has  been  known  for  the  last  five  years  that  the  main 
product  of  the  amylolytic  action  of  saliva  is  maltose. 

Science,  V.  139. 

amylometer   (am-i-lom'e-ter),  n.     [<  Gr.  auv- 
/oi',  starch,  -f-  /lerpov,  a  measure.]     An  instru- 
ment for  testing  the  amount  of  starch  La  any 
substance. 
amyloplast  (am'i-lo-plast),  n.     [<  Gr.  apiv^.ov, 
starch,  4-  n-Aau-of,  verbal  adj.  of  Trldaauv,  form.] 
A  starch-forming  corpuscle  or  granule,  found 
within  the  protoplasm  of  vegetable-ceUs.    These 
granules  are  colorless  or  but  faintly  tinged  with  yellow, 
and  are  the  points  around  which  starch  accumulates.  They 
C5H„N0.,,an  an.ber-colored  fluid  with  an  ethereal  fruity     ^i*^-  '•'l^'"  cM<^Alencopla,tid.,ovamiiloocnic  bodies 
oSor  and  aromatic  taste.    Its  principal  physiological  effect  amylopsm  (am-l-lop  sm),  n.    [<  Gr.  a//i'?^ov,  fine 
in  uiodeivate  doses  is  the  paralysis  of  the  vasomotor  nerves     meal,  starch,  +  oi/"f,  appearance,  +  -!«2,]     ^ 


fi'vlrj,  mill,  =L.  mola,  mill:  see  milli-  andmeaZ^.] 

Starch ;  fine  flom-. 

Of  wheat  is  made  amyl. 
B.  Googe,  tr.  of  Heresbach's  Husb.,  p.  27  b.    (N.  E.  D.) 

amyl^  (am'il),  n.  [Formerly  amyle,<  L.  am(y- 
lum),  Gr.  a/i{v'Aov),  starch,  -t-  -yl,  <  Gr.  wA;/, 
matter.]  A  hypothetical  radical  {C^Hn)  be- 
lieved to  exist'  in  many  compounds,  as  amylic 
alcohol,  etc.  It  cannot  exist  in  the  free  state,  two 
molecules  at  the  moment  of  its  liberation  combining  to 
form  the  substance  decaue,  CipHoo,  a  double  amyl  mole- 
cule. Amyl  compounds  enter  into  the  constitution  of  .ar- 
tificial essences  of  fruits.  They  were  first  obtained  from 
spirit  distilled  after  the  fermeTitation  of  starcliy  materials. 
Also  written  amitie.  — Hydrate  of  amyl,  same  as  (ihiiilic 
alcohol  (which  see,  under  <i?o./hjO— Nitrite  Of  amyl, 
J  iNO.o,  an  amber-colored  fluid  with  an  ethereal  fruity 


throughout  the  body,  with  consequent  relaxation  of  the 
arterioles  and  lowering  of  the  pi-essure  of  the  blood.  Thera- 
peutically it  is  used  when  this  effect  seems  desirable,  as  in 
augina  pectoris,  in  the  onset  of  epileptic  attacks,  ischemic 
megrims,  etc.  It  is  generally  inhaled  through  the  nostrils, 
5  to  10  drops  being  applied  to  them  on  a  cloth. 

amylaceous  (am-i-la'shius),  a.  [<  L.  amylum, 
starch,  -I-  -ac(ous.'\  Composed  of  or  resembUng 
starch ;  starchy. 


name  which  has  been  given  to  the  amylolytic 
ferment  of  the  pancreas.  See  amylolysis. 
amylose  (am'i-los),  n.  [<  ami/U  +  -ose.']  One 
of  the  three  groups  into  which  the  carbohy- 
di-ates  are  di^^ded,  the  others  being  glucose 
and  saccharose.  The  principal  members  of  this  group 
ai'e  starch,  dextrin,  cellulose,  and  natural  gum.  They 
have  the  formula  C0H10O5,  or  some  multiple  of  it. 


amylamine  (am-il-am'in),  n.     [<  amyl^  +  am-  amylum  (am'i-lum),  n.     [L.,  <  Gr.  a/iv/^v:  see 


inc.']  An  organic  base  produced  by  treating 
amyl  cyanate  with  caustic  potash.  There  are 
tlu'ee  amylamines  known,  which  are  regarded  as  ammo- 
nias in  which  1,  2,  and  3  atoms  of  hydrogen  are  respec- 
tively replaced  by  1, 2,  and  3  molecules  of  the  radical  amyl. 
The  formulas  of  these  bodies,  therefore,  are  NHo(C5Hii), 
NH(C,-;Hii)2,  and  N(C5Hii)3. 

amylate  (am'i-lat),  n.  [<  amyP-  +  -afcl.]  A 
compound  of  starch  with  a  base. 

amyl-COrn  (am'il-kom),  n.  An  erroneous  spell- 
ing of  amel-corn. 

amylet,  «■     Former  spelling  of  amyl^. 

amylene  (am'i-len),  «.  [<  amyl'^  +  -ene.']  A 
hydrocarbon  (CbHiq)  obtained  Ijy  the  dehydra- 
tion of  amylic  alcohol  by  means  of  zinc  chlorid, 
etc.  Amylene  is  a  light,  limpid,  colorless  liquid  having 
a  faint  odor.  At  ordinary  temperatm'es  it  speedily  evap- 
orates. It  possesses  anesthetic  properties,  and  has  been 
tried  as  a  substitute  for  chloroform,  but  unsuccessfully, 
as  it  has  proved  to  be  extremely  dangerous. 

amylic  (a-mil'ik),  a.  [<  amyl"  +  -f'c]  Pertain- 
ing to  amyl ;  derived  from  the  radical  amyl :  as, 


njH(/?l.]     Starch. 

amyosthenia  (a-mi-o-sthe'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a-  priv.  -I-  fivg  (,«t'o-),  muscle,  -I-  adivoc,  strength.] 
In  pathoh,  a  want  of  muscular  strength,  or  a  de- 
ficiency of  the  power  of  musetUar  contraction. 

amyosthenic  (a-mi-o-sthen'ik),  n.  [<  amyostlie- 
nia  +  -k'.]  In  tiled,  j a,  drug  that  lessens  muscu- 
lar action. 

amyotrophic  (a-mi-o-trof'ik),  a.  [<  amyotro- 
pliy."\  Connected  with  or  pertaining  to  muscu- 
lar atrophy — Amyotrophic  lateral  sclerosis,  scle- 
rosis of  the  lateral  columns  of  the  spinal  cord,  in  which  the 
degenerative  changes  extend  to  the  cells  of  the  anterior 
cornua,  involving  degeneration  of  the  motor  nerves  and 
atrophy  of  the  muscles. 

amyotrophy  (am-i-ot'ro-fi),  n.  [<  NL.  *amyo- 
trophia,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  //t'f  (uvo-),  muscle,  + 
-7poi'fi!a,<  Tpi<pcn;  nom-ish.]  In  pathoh,  atrophy 
of  the  muscles. 

amyous  (am'i-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  d/iwof,  wanting 
muscle,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  fd%  (fivo-),  muscle.]  Want- 
ing in  muscle.    N.  E.  D. 


a)«j/«c  ether.-AmyUc alcohol.  See aicoAoi.-AmyUc  AmT7TaMi<?in  ram   i  i-al'dizm)   n      K  Amural 
fermentation,  a  process  of  fermentation  in  starch  or  AmyTaiaiSm(,am-i-iai   oizm;,  n.     y\  ^myiai- 


sn^iu  h>  u  tjieh  amylic  alcohol  is  produced. 
amyliferous  (am-i-lif'e-rus),  a.     [<  L.  amylum, 

starch, -I- /crre  =  E.   beaA.']      Starch-bearing; 

producing  starch.     N.  E.  D. 
amylin,  amyline  (am'i-lin),  «.    [<  amyV^  +  -iifi, 

-JHf'-'.]  The  insoluble  jiortion  of  starch  which 
constitutes  the  outer  covering  of  the  starch- 
grains  ;  starch-cellulose. 

amylo-.  Combining  form  of  amyl^,  Latin  amy- 
lum, starch,  or  of  anu/l^. 

amylodextrin  (am'-i-lo-deks'tiin),  n.  [<  L.  amy- 


dus,  a  Latinized  form  of  F.  Amyrault,  Amyraut 
(Uoise  Amyraut).']  The  doctrine  of  universal 
grace,  as  explained  by  the  French  Protestant 
theologian  Amyraldus  or  Amyraut  (1596-1664). 
He  taught  that  God  desires  the  happiness  of  all  men,  and 
tliat  none  are  excluded  by  a  divine  decree,  but  that  none 
can  obtain  salvation  without  faith  in  Christ ;  that  txod  re- 
fuses to  none  the  power  of  believing,  though  he  does  not 
giuiit  to  ;ill  his  assistance  to  improve  this  power. 
Amsrraldist  (am-i-ral'dist),  n.  One  who  be- 
lieves in  Amyraldism,  or  the  doctrine  of  tmi- 
versal  grace. 


lum,  starch,  -1-  dextrin.']    An  intermediate  pro-  amjTin  (am'i-rin),  h.    [<  NL.  Amyris,  a  genus 


duct  obtained  in  the  conversion  of  starch  into 
SU^ar.  It  is  soluble  in  water  and  colored  yellow  by 
iodine.  Its  chemical  nature  and  relations  to  other  de- 
compositive  products  of  starch  are  not  yet  understood. 
amylogen  (a-mil'o-jen),  M.  [<  Gr.  afiv?.oii  (L. 
amylum),  starch,  +  -yevta :  see  -gen.]   That  part 


of  tropical  trees  and  shrubs,  yielding  resinous 
products.]  A  crystalline  resin,  C^oSeoOj  ob- 
tained from  the  gtmi  elemi  of  Mexico, 
amy-root  (ii'mi-rot), ».  [<  amy,  native  name  (?), 
+  roofl.]  The  root  of  the  Indian  hemp,  A^io- 
cynum  cannabinum. 


an- 

amyztli  (a-mist'li),  n.  [Native  name.]  Aname 
of  one  of  the  large  olaries  or  eared  seals  of  the 
Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  probably  £«- 
metopias  slelleri  or  Zalophus  gillespiei. 

amzel  (am'zel),  11.  [<  OD.  am.s(7  or  G.  amsel  = 
E.  ou:el,  q.  v.]  1.  A  name  of  the  ouzel  or 
blackbird  of  Europe,  Turdus  morula  or  Morula 
vulgaris.  Montagu. — 2.  A  name  of  the  ring- 
ouzel  of  Europe,  Turdus  torquatus  or  Morula 
iorquata.  Itay. 
Also  spelled  amscl. 

an^,  a  (an,  a,  or  an,  a).  r<ME.  a»,  before  a  vowel, 
occasionally  before  a  consonant ;  n,  before  a  con- 
•sonant  (see  a") ;  <  AS.  dii,  an,  with  the  reg.  adj. 
declension  in  sing,  and  pi.  (pi.  dne,  some,  cer- 
tain), and  the  same  word  as  an,  one,  its  use  as 
an  indef.  art.  being  comparatively  rare.  When 
so  used,  it  was  without  emphasis,  and  became  in 
ME.  short  in  quantity  (hence  E.  short  an,  a), 
while  the  ntuneral  an,  retaining  its  emphasis 
and  quantity,  developed  reg.  into  E.  one,  pro- 
nounced on  (as  in  only,  al-one,  at-one),  in  mod. 
times  corrupted  to  won  and  finally  to  wun:  see 
one.]  The  indefinite  article.  As  between  the  two 
forms  of  this  word,  the  general  rule  is  that  an  be  used 
before  an  initial  vowel-sound  of  the  following  word,  and  a 
before  an  initial  consonant-sound :  thus,  an  eagle,  an  an- 
swer, also  a  n  hour  (the  A  being  silent) ;  and  a  bird,  a  youth, 
a  wonder,  also  a  use,  a  eulogy,  a  one  (these  three  words 
being  pronouuced  as  if  they  began  with  y  or  w).  But  an 
is  still  sometimes  used  before  a  consonant-sound,  espe- 
cially before  the  weak  consonant  h  ;  and  in  w^itten  style, 
and  in  more  formal  spoken  style,  an  is  by  many  (especially 
in  England)  required  before  the  initial  /i  of  a  wholly  un- 
accented syllable,  as  if  such  au  h  were  altogether  silent : 
thus,  an  hotel,  but  a  hostess;  a?i historian,  but  a  history; 
an  hypothesis,  but  a  hypothetical.  In  colloquial  speech, 
and  increasingly  in  writing,  a  is  used  in  all  these  cases 
alike.  As  by  its  derivation,  so  also  in  meaning,  an  or  a 
is  a  weaker  or  less  distinct  one.  (1)  In  certain  phrases, 
and  with  certain  nouns,  it  still  has  nearly  the  value  of 
one :  thus,  two  of  a  trade ;  they  were  both  of  a  size ;  a 
hmidred,  a  thousand,  a  million.  (2)  Usually,  as  the  indefi- 
nite article  proper,  it  points  out,  in  a  loose  way,  an  indi- 
vidual as  one  of  a  class  containing  more  of  the  same  kind : 
thus,  give  me  a  pint  of  milk;  he  ate  an  apple;  they  built 
a  house ;  we  see  a  man ;  the  earth  has  a  moon ;  our  sun  is  a 
fixed  star.  (3)  Hence,  before  a  proper  noun,  it  implies  ex- 
tension of  the  name  or  character  of  the  individual  to  a 
class  :  thus,  he  is  a  Cicero  in  eloquence ;  they  built  up  a 
new  England  in  America  — that  is,  a  pei-son  like  Cicero,  a 
country  like  England.  (4)  A  is  used,  apparently,  before 
a  plm-al  noun,  if  few  or  many  (now  only  fireat  many,  or 
good  many)  stands  between:  thus,  a  Jew  apples,  a  great 
many  soldiers ;  but  the  plural  noim  is  here  historically  a 
genitive  partitive  dependent  on/eic,  many.  (5)  It  is  used 
distributively,  or  with  the  meaning  of  each  or  every,  in 
such  phrases  as  two  dollai-s  a  piece,  three  times  a  day, 
five  cents  an  ounce;  but  a.  or  an  is  here  historically  a 
preposition.  See  a3,  ^n  or  a  always  precedes  the  noun 
to  which  it  belongs,  and  in  general  also  any  other  adjective 
word  qualifying  the  same  noun  ;  but  \chat  and  such  come 
before  it :  thus,  ivhat  a  shame  I  such  a  beauty ;  and  so  also 
any  adjective  preceded  hy  hoic,  or  so,  OT  as,  or  too:  thus, 
how  great  a  calamity,  so  rare  a  case,  as  good  a  man,  too 
early  a  death.  Many  a  is  a  plu-ase  of  peculiar  meaning. 
See  many. 

an^  (an,  an),  coiij.  [A  reduced  form  of  and, 
existingfi'om  the  earliest  ME.  period,  and  often 
then  so  wiitten;  but  in  mod.  literature  an  for 
and  copulative  is  admitted  only  in  representa- 
tions of  dialectal  or  '^tilgar'  speech,  and  is  then 
usuallj-  printed  an'.  In  conversation,  however, 
though  not  in  formal  speech,  the  d  is  generally 
dropped,  especially  before  a  word  beginning 
with  a  consonant,  and  the  vowel  may  be  weak- 
ened to  the  point  of  vanishing.  An'  for  and,  if, 
is  archaic  in  literature,  and  is  generally  printed 
OH,  in  distinction  from  and  copulative.]  I,  Co- 
orilinate  use:  And;  same  as  and,  A. 

Good  is,  quath  Joseph,  to  dreiue  of  win  [wine] ; 
Heilnesse  an  blisse  is  therin. 

Genesis  and  Exodus,  1.  2067. 

An'  makes  him  quite  forget  his  labor  an'  his  toil. 

Burns,  Cotter's  Satiu-day  Kight. 

II.  Conditional  use:  If;  same  as  and,  B. 

And  myjte  kysse  the  kjTig  for  cosyn,  an  she  wolde. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  ii.  132. 

An  thou  wert  my  father,  as  thou  art  but  my  brother. 
Beau,  and  FL,  Custom  of  the  Country,  L  1. 

A71 1  may  hide  my  face,  let  me  play  Thisby  too. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  2. 

Why,  aJi'  you  were  to  go  now  to  Clod-Hall,  I  am  certain 
the  old  lady 'wouldn't  know  you. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 

an^t,  prep.  [ME.  an,  <  AS.  an,  the  orig.  fonn  of 
the  usual  AS.,  ME.,  and  mod.  E.  on ;  as  a  prefix 
0)1-,  usuallv  on-;  in  reduced  form,  a,  prefix  a-: 
see  on,  OH-i,  o3,  o-'2.]  An  earlier  form  of  on,  re- 
tained until  the  last  century  in  certain  phrases, 
as  an  edge,  an  end.  now  only  on  edge,  on  end ;  in 
present  use  only  as  an  unfelt  prefix  an-  or  re- 
duced a-.     See  o«-l,  n-2. 

an-l-  [<  ME.  an-,  <  AS.  oh-,  orig.  foi-m  of  on-: 
in  mod.  E.  reg.  on-,  or  reduced  o-:  see  oh-I  and 
a-2,  and  cf.  an-'~.]   A  prefix  of  Anglo-Saxon  ori- 


an- 

gin,  the  same  as  on-1  and  a-",  occurring  un- 
felt  in  anciit,  anon,  tinuu,  (in(nyiil'^,  nit(u)eul'^, 
etc.,  ami  with  accent  in  anril  ())ut  in  this  ami 
some  other  words  perhaps  originally  and-:  see 
an"). 

an-'-.  [<  ME.  an-,  and-,  <  AS.  and-:  see  and-  and 
a-5,  and  cf.  an-^.}  A  prefi.x  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin,  a  reduced  form  of  and-  (which  see),  oc- 
euiTing  unfclt  in  answer. 

an-'*.  [<  ME.  ami  ()F.  a-,  later  restored  to  an-, 
<  L.  an-,  assimilati'dform  of  (/(/-before  m;  but  in 
classical  L.  this  assimilation  was  not  prevalent. 
In  ME.  and  AF.  an-  often  represents  other  L. 
prefixes,  in-,  ex-,  oh-,  etc.,  also  ad-  unassimi- 
lated:  see  anoint,  annoy,  anchcson  =  cncheasoii, 


etc.]     A  prefix  of  Latin  origin,  usually  an  as-  Anabantidae  (an-a-ban'ti-de),  n.  pi.      [NL.,  < 


similation  of  ad-  before   «-,  as  in   annex,  an 
vid,  announce,  etc.,  but  sometimes  represent- 
ing Latin  in-,  as  in  anoint,  annoy. 

an-*.  [<  L.  ««-,  orig.  <(»i6(-:  seeamVi-.']  Aprefix 
of  Latin  origin,  a  reduced  form  of  ambi-,  oc- 
curring (unfelt  in  English)  in  ancilc,  ancipital, 
anfractuous,  etc. 

an-^.  [<  Gr.  av-,  the  fuller  form  of  i-  priv.,  pre- 
served before  a  vowel:  see  0-I8.  The  nasal  is 
also  lost  in  the  cognate  Icel.  ii-  for  un- :  see 
MH-l.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  the  fuller 
form  of  a-  privative  (n-iS)  preserved  before  a 
vowel,  as  in  anarchy,  anarthrous,  anecdote, 
anomalji,  etc. 

an-".  i<  tir.  (ii'-,  elided  form  of  nva-  before  a 
vowel:  see  ana-.'\  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin, 
the  form  of  ana-  before  a  vowel,  as  in  anode. 

-an.  [<  ME.  -an,  reg.  -ain,  -cin,  -en,  <  OF.  -ain, 
-ein,  or  before  (,  -en,  mod.  F.  -ain,  -en,  fern,  -ainc, 
-enne,  =  Sp.  It.  I'g.  -ano,  fern,  -ana,  <  L.  -anus, 
fom.  -((;(((,  neut.  -dnum,  parallel  to  -cnus,  -inus, 
-inus,  -onus,  -unus,  being  -nu-s  (=  Gr.  -vo-f) 
preceded  by  various  vowels;  =  AS.  -en,  E.  -en, 
suffix  of  adjectives  and  pp.  sutfix:  see  -chI  and 
-en^,  and  cf.  -(«!,  -ine^.  With  an  additional 
vowel,  the  sulfix  appears  in  L.  as  -aneus,  in  E. 
aeeom.  as  -aneous.  ij.  v.,  or  disguised  in  foreign, 
q.  V.     The  reg.  ME.  form  of  this  suffix  remains 


anabolic 

inR-flsh  of  India,  nbotit  (i  inchcM  Inni,',  which  is  enabled  by 
thf  pcciiliur  iiioditk-atitin  of  the  Itrarichial  apparatus  to 
live  H  liini;  time  out 'if  wat^^r,  to  proceed  HoinediHtaneeun 
dry  land,  and  to  elirnb  trees  for  a  distance  of  about  (3  or  7 

feet.      See  rliinhin'j-Jinh. 

Anabasidse  (an-a-bas'i-de),  n.pl.     [NL.,irreg. 

<  Analia.f  +  -idee."]  Same  as  Anabantidw. 
anabasis  (a-nab'a-sis),  n.;  pi.  anabases  (-sez). 
[L.,  <  Gr.  avdiiaaic,  a  going  up,  an  ascent,  <  ava- 
(<airt(i',  go  up:  see  Anaba.'i.  CL  Itasis.']  X.  A 
going  up,  especially  a  military  advance:  op- 
posed to  calabasis.  spceilkally,  the  title  of  a  worlt 
in  which  Xeiiophon  narrates  the  experiences  of  the  Greek 
mercenaries  of  Cyrus  the  Vouni;er  in  Iiis  attempt  in  401 
B.C.  to  dethrone  his  Ijnithei',  .-Vrtaxerxes  II.,  king  uf  Persia. 
Hence  —  2.  Any  military  expedition:  as,  "the 
annfc((«(S  of  Napoleon,"  De  Qnincey ;  "General 
Sherman's  great  anabasis,"  Spectator,  Dec.  31, 
18(i4. —  3t.  The  course  of  a  disease  from  the 
commencement  to  the  climax.  -/.  Thomas. 
anabasse  (an-a-bas'),  n.  [F.J  A  coarse  kind 
of  blanketing  inade  in  France  and  the  Nether- 
lands for  tlie  African  market, 
anabata  (an-ab'a-tii),  >i.  [ML.;  in  form  like  Gr. 
ux'iijiaTi'ir,  verbal  adj.  of  am,Wn<a\',  go  up  (see 
Anabas);  in  sense  like  ML.  'analiola  (con-upt- 
ly  analabus),  anaboladiuni,  anabolarium,  a  cope 
(see  abolla).']  Eccles.,  a  hooded  cope,  usually 
worn  in  outdoor  processions,  frequently  larger 
and  longer  than  the  closed  cope.  Lee,  Eccles. 
Terms, 
i-ynt'cils  suppressed,  the  flrat  superior  branehihyafs  with  AnabateS  (an-ab'a-tez),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  (ii'a;3(i- 
three  laniinro,  anil  the  second  and  third  (leveloped^    Also      ^,^,.^  ^j^g  ^^.j^^  mounts,  <  avajialvetv,  mount,  gO  up : 


191 

to  a  collection  of  sayings  of  Scaliger,  of  John- 
son, etc.,  or  of  anecdotes  or  gossip  concerning 
them;  also  sometimes  appended  to  common 
nouns,  as  boxiana  (annals  of  pugilism);  more 
recently  extended  to  all  the  literature  of  a  sub- 
ject, as  Americana,  Shaksjicriana,  etc.  Hence 
sometimes  used  as  an  independent  word,  ana. 
See  «««!. 

anabamoUS  (an-ab'a-mus),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  nva, 
upward,  -I-  liaivtiv,  go:  see  Anabas,  anaba.fis.] 
In  ichth..  a  term  applied  to  certain  fishes  which 
are  said  to  be  able  to  climb  trees  for  a  short 
distance.     See  Anabas. 

anabantid  (an-a-ban'tid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
I'aniilv  Annbantiila;. 


Anabas  {-bant-)  +  -ida:'\  A  family  of  acanthop- 
terygiau  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Anabas, 
to  which  various  limits  have  been  assigned, 
(a)  After  the  t'uvierian  system  of  classification,  a  family 
characterized  by  t!ie  division  of  the  superior  pharyuKcals 
into  small  irregular  lamella;,  more  or  less  numerous,  and 
intercepting  cells  containing  water,  which  thvis  Hows  upon 
and  moistens  the  gills  while  the  fish  is  out  of  water.  It 
includes  the  ophiniciihalids  as  well  as  the  anabantids 
proper,  the  osphromenids,  and  the  hclostomids.  ('>) 
7\niong  later  authors,  a  family  characterized  by  a  com- 
prcsseil  iililorig  lioily,  moderate  ctenoid  scales,  and  a  su- 
Iierbrancliial  organ  in  a  cavity  accessory  to  the  gill-cham- 
ber. It  includes  the  osphromenids  and  the  hclostomids 
as  well  as  the  typical  anabantids.  (<;)  By  Cope  the  fam- 
ily was  limited  to  Labyrintliici  with  the  second  epipha 


written  Anabatidce,  and  sometimes  Anabasidm.    See  c\it 
under  .{nabait. 

anabantoid   (an-a-ban'toid),  a.   and  n.      [< 
Anabas  (-bant-) +  '^id.']    I.  a.  Having  the  char- 
acters of  the  Anabantidw,  or  fishes  with  laby- 
rinthiform  pharyngeals. 
II.  n.   An  anabantid. 

anabaptism  (an-a-bap'tizm),  n.  [<LL.  anabap- 
tismus  (Augustiiio),  <  LGr.  *avajiaTTTwii6i;,  ixm- 
puTTTiafia,  rebaptism,  <  Gr.  avajiajTTii;eiv,  dip  re- 
peatedly, LGr.  baptize  again:  see  anabaptize.1 

1.  A  second  baptism;  rebaptism.     N.  Ii.  D. — 

2.  [c(j;).]  The  doctrine  or  practices  of  the  Ana- 
baptists. 


see  Anabas,  and  cf.  andabata.']  A  genus  of  birds 
established  by  Temminck  in  1820  upon  J.  rujl- 
caudus,  a  syuallaxine  bird  of  South  America. 
The  name  was  sub8e(tuently  applied  by  authors  to  various 
birds  of  the  same  group.  Nearly  synonymous  with  Syital- 
tazU  (which  see). 
Anabatidsel  (an-a-bat'i-de),  n.pl.  [NT-i.,  <  Ano- 
bales  +  -((/((■.]  in  ornitli.,  a  family  of  birds 
named  by  Bonaparte,  18-19.  The  name  w.as  adopteu 
by  day  fur  the  South  American  creepiis  iummi  inly  called 
JJi'itilr'u'idapliilii',  including  such  leading  genera  as  /'«r- 
nariii.^,  .'■yrlerurutt,  Oxtfrliauiphuji,  Di-ndromlapU-g,  etc.;  by 
tiray  made  to  cover  also  the  nuthatclies.  The  group  so 
composed  is  incapable  of  definition,  and  the  term  is  little 
used. 


in  do~en,  citi:en,  etc.,  captain,  chieftain,  chap-   Anabaptist  (an-a-bap'tist),  n.     U.'i^U  anabap-  Anabatidse^ (an-a-bat'i-de),  h.j)/.  [NL.,irreg.< 


lain,  villain,  etc.,  disguised  in  sovereign  {-pToi^. 
sovcren);  but  in  mod.  E.,  in  many  words,  -an 
has  taken  the  jjlace  of  the  older -(!ih,  -en,  as  in 
human,  and  is  the  reg.  form  in  words  of  recent 
introduction,  varying  with  -ane  in  some  words, 
chiefly  (iissyllables,  as  in  mundane,  usually  dif- 
ferentiated from  forms  in  -(/((,  as  in  humane, 
urbane,  etc.,  beside  human,  urban,  etc.]  A  suf- 
fix of  Latin  origin,  forming  adjectives  which 
are  or  may  be  also  used  as  nouns.  It  expresses 
various  adjective  relations,  being  used  especially  with 
proper  names  to  form  local  or  patrial  adjectives  or  nouns, 
aaRoman,  Italian,  Grecian,  Atiwrican,  Fijiuti,  etc.;  terms 
indicating  party,  sect,  or  system,  as  Arian,  Lutlieran, 
Wesleyan,  Muliauiin.'ttan,  Coparnican,  Linn^an,  etc.,  so  in 
Episcopalian,  l'r<\^'i;ft,:rian,  Unitarian,  etc.;  and  in  zool- 
ogy, to  form  adjectives  and  nouns  from  names  of  classes  or 
orders,  as  nuuinnafinii,  n-plilian,  uti:.  As  an  English  for- 
mative it  is  conlined  ehietiy  to  words  which  may  be  maile 
to  assume  a  Latin  type,  having  here  also  the  euphonic 
variant  -ian,  csjieeially  in  proper  adjectives,  as  in  Dar- 
winian, Jnhn^tinian,  etc. 
anal  (an'ii  or  a'nii),  n.  ji/.  [<  -ana,  q.  v.]  A 
general  term  for  books  recording  miscellane- 
ous sayings,  anecdotes,  and  gossip  about  a  par- 
tieidar  person  or  subject ;  the  sajangs  and  anec- 
dotes themselves.     See  -ana. 


tista,  <'(ir.  as  if  *oj'a//airT(CTf  vf,  <  avajiaTvTiitiv,  re-  Analjas  -h  -idfr.'\  In  iehth.,  sumo  as  Anabantida;. 
baptize:  see  anabaptism.^  One  who  believes  Anabatinae  (an'a-ba-ti'ne),  n.j>(^  |NL.^<.|Ka- 
in  rebaptism;    specifically,  one  of  _  a  class  of     ■    ■      ■  "■         --..»■-— i.- --!  i—.j- ,1 -u. 


Christians  who  hold  baptism  in  infancy  to  be 
invalid,  and  require  adults  who  have  received 
it  to  be  baptized  on  joining  their  communion. 
The  name  is  best  known  historically  as  applied  to  the  fol- 
lowers of  Thomas  Munzer,  a  leader  of  the  peasants' war  in 
Germany,  who  was  killed  in  battle  in  1S2,t,  and  to  those  of 
John  Matthias  and  ,lohn  Bockold,  or  John  of  Leyden,  who 
committed  great  excesses  while  attempting  to  establish  a 
socialistic  kin^'doni  of  New  Zion  or  Mount  Zion  at  Mtinster 
in  Westphalia,  and  were  defeated  in  1535,  their  leaders 
being  killed  and  hung  up  in  iron  cages,  which  are  still 
preserved  in  that  city.  The  name  has  also  been  applied  to 
bodies  of  very  different  chiiracter  in  other  respects,  prob- 
ably always  in  an  opprobrious  sense,  since  believers  in  tlie 
sole  validity  of  adult  baptism  refuse  to  regard  it  as  re- 
baptism In  the  C!lse  of  persons  who  had  received  the  rite  in 
infancy.  It  is  now  most  frequently  used  of  the  Mennon- 
ites.     See  Mcnivmite. 

Over  his  bow'd  shoulder 
Scowl'd  that  world-hated  and  world-hating  beast, 
X  haggard  Anabaptint.      Tennyson,  Queen  Jlary,  ii.  2. 


anabaptistic  (an"a-bap-tis'tik),  a.    [<  Anabap- 
tist +  -ic]    Of  or'relating  to  the  Anabaptists 
or  to  their  doctrines, 
anabaptistical  (an"a-bap-tis'ti-kal),  a.     Same 

as  anuha/itistic. 
anabaptistically    (an"a-bap-tis'ti-kal-i),    adv. 
In  conformity  with  anabaptistic  doctrine   or 
practice. 
r<  Gr.  iva,  prep.,  at  (so  much  each) :  see  anabaptistryt  (an-a-bap'tis-tn),  n.    l^Anabap- 
]    A  word  uled  ii  medical  prescriptions     list  +  -ry  for  -,(•(/.]     Same  as  anabaptism. 
distributive  sense,  as  in  Greek,  to  indi-        j„a(iaiif(.<fr;/ w;»s  suppressed  m  Munster. 
ate  an  ciual  quantity  of  each :  often  written  ^-  f  i^"'  Heres.ography  p.  9. 

da,  earlier  and  more  eoiTectly  da,  where  the  anabaptize  (ana-bap-tiz'),  r.  t.;  yvot.  and  pp. 
mark  above  the  fii-st  <!,  according  to  gijneral     anabapti:ed,yi^v.anabapti::ing.    liNL.anabaj) 


But,  all  his  vast  heart  sherris-warm'd, 

He  tlash'd  his  random  speeches ; 
Ere  days,  that  deal  in  ana,  swarm'd 

His  literary  leeches. 

Tennyson,  "Will  Waterproof. 


bates  +  -)»((■.]  A  subfamily  of  birds  named  by 
Swainson  in  1837:  a  synonym  of  SynaUaxiiue 
(which  see). 

anabiosis  (an'a-bi-6'sis),  )(.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ava- 
,i((j£(ii,  come  to  life  again:  see  anabiotic.']  Ke- 
animation;  resuscitation;  recovery  after  sus- 
pended animation.     [Rare.] 

anabiotic  (an'a-bi-ot'ik),  rt.  [<  Gr.  ava,ii6civ, 
come  to  life  again,  <  iiva,  again,  +  jMeiv,  live  (> 
j3wtik6c,  adj.),  <  jSioc,  life.]  In  mcd.,  reviving; 
acting  as  a  stimulant. 

Anablepina  (an'a-ble-i>i'na),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
^Inahkps  +  -/»((.]  In  Giinther's  classification 
of  fishes,  a  division  of  carnivorous  cyprino- 
donts  having  all  the  teeth  pointed  and  the 
sexes  diiferentiated,  the  anal  fin  of  the  male 
being  modified  into  an  intromittent  organ. 
The  group  includes  the  genus  Anablepis  and 
several  other  genera. 

Anableps  (an'a-bleps),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ava- 
ji'MTTe(v,  look  tip,  >  am,  up,  -I-  ji'/.i-cn;  look.] 
A  genus  of  cjiu'i'io'lont  fishes  tmique  among 
vertebrates  on  account  of  the  division  of  the 
cornea  into  upper  and  lower  halves  by  a  dark 


ana' 

ana 
in  a 


medieval  jn'^ctice,  represented  the  omission 
of  n.     Bee  tilde. 

ana^,  ».     See  «nn«l. 

ana-.  [<  L.  ana-,  <  Gr.  ava-,  prefix,  ava,  prep.,  up, 
upon,  hence  along,  throughout ;  distributively, 
at  (so much  each)  (see  ana-} ;  in  comp.,  up,  up- 
ward, throughout,  back,  again,  =  Goth,  ana  = 
AS.  an,  on,  E.  on  :  see  anS,  (ih-I,  on.}  A  pre- 
fix of  Greek  origin,  meaning  up,  upon,  along, 
throughout,  back,  again,  etc.,  as  in  anabasis. 

-ana.  [I-i.  -ana,  neut.  pi.  of  -anus,  a  common 
adj.  siiffix,  used,  for  example,  to  form  adjec- 
tives from  proper  names,  as  Ciccronianus,  Cice- 
ronian, from  Cicero{n-),  Cicero:  see  -an.]  A 
suflix  of  Latin  origin,  in  modern  use  with  a  eu- 
phonic variant,  -i-ana,  to  form  collective  plu- 
rals, as  IScaliijcrana,  Johmuniana,  etc,  applied 


/(-(((•(',  <  Gr.  ava[ia7TriC.eiv,  dip  repeatedly,  LGr. 
baptize  again,  <  ava,  again,  +  I'iairTii^uv,  dip, 
baptize:  see  baptise.']  To  rebaptize;  baptize 
again;  rechristeu;  rename. 


.some  called  their  profound  ignorances  new  lights ;  they  ,^^;^v"'  '^'f '"«*?;.|".y^^'  "T'' rNl?"<  G 
were  better  anabaptizcd  into  the  appellation  of  extln-  anaDOiO  (an-aD  9-le),  «.  U'l'^-i  ^  ',' 
guishcrs.  Whitlod!,  Manners  of  Eng.,  p.  ICO.      what  IS  thrown   up,  <   arn,<(l/./f(i',   tl 


Anabas  (an'a-^as).  «■     V^-<  <  ^r.  avajiac  (ava- 

liaur-),  secontl  aorist  part,  of  avajiaivciv,  go  up, 

mount,  climb.  <  ava,  up,  +  jiaivctv,  go,=L.  venire, 

come,  =  E.  come,  q. 

v.]  Agenusof  aean- 

thopterygian  fishes. 

type  of  the  family 

;-^  ..^.^i^  Anabantidae    (which 

see).     Anahanscaiulcns 

cllmbiiig-iish(.J.i..Saj  ««/.*«).      is  the  celebrated  climb- 


Four-eyes  i,AHabtffs  tetraofhth,i 


horizontal  stripe  of  the  conjunctiva,  anil  the 
development  of  two  pupils  to  each  orbit,  so 
that  the  fish  appears  to  have  four  eyes,  one 
pair  looking  upward  and  the  other  pair  side- 
wise.  There  are  several  spiecies  of  the  genus,  the  prin- 
cipal one  lieing  A.  tetranphlhatTnns,  known  as  the  four- 
inhabiting  the  sandy  shores  of  tropical  American  seas. 
■  ■"  ■"'  ""       '  "t.   avajioy.il, 

tliTOW  ifj),  < 
ava,  up,  +  ,W/2xn',  throw.]  A  throwing  up ; 
speeificallv,  in  med.,  an  evacuation  upward; 
an  act  by"  which  certain  matters  are  ejected 
by  the  mouth,  including  spitting,  expectora- 
tion, regurgitation,  and  vomiting. 
anabolic  (an-a-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ava^/J/,  a 
throwing  up.  rising  up.  +  -ic]  Characterized 
by  or  exliibiting  anabolism:  pertaining  to  an- 
abolism  in  general ;  assimilative ;  constructive- 
ly metabolic. 


anabolic 

This  aspect  of  protoplasm  is  of  constantly  increaainp 
iniportancf,  since  for  the  clu-nii-st  ;ill  fimctinns  aliki'  (■an 
only  be  viewed  in  terms  of  tlKise  specitlc  anabolic  or  katu- 
liolic  changes  which  to  the  pliysiol.iKist,  on  the  other 
hand,  seem  mere  accompaniments  of  them. 

ii;ic;/c.  JSrit.,  XIX.  829. 

anabolism  (an-ab'o-lizm),  «.  [<  Gr.  avajio/.i/, 
a  throwing  up,  rising  up,  +  -/,«;».]  Assimila- 
tion; aiiti'grado  metaraorpliosis ;  constructive 
metaljolisiu,  or  aseentiing  metabolic  processes 
by  which  a  substance  is  transformed  into  an- 
other which  is  more  complex  or  more  highly 
organized  and  more  energetic,  it  is  one  kiiul  of 
metabolism,  of  which  cataboli.-irn  is  the  other.  The  pro- 
cess is  atteiidoii  with  the  absmjition  .'ind  storing  up  of  en- 
ergy, which  is  set  free  or  manifested  in  rctrofirade  meta- 
morphosis. The  conversion  of  the  nutritive  elements  of 
the  food  into  the  tissues  of  a  living  organism  is  a  familiar 
example. 

Anabrus  (an-ab'rus),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv. 
+  a.iiHir,  graceful,  pretty,  delicate.]  A  genus 
of  wingless  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Locitstid(V.  It  contains  several  North  American  species 
known  as  western  crickets  or  stone-crickets,  such  as  ^4. 
simplex,  a  large,  dark-colored,  nomadic  species,  sometimes 
appearing  in  vast  numbers  on  the  plains  west  of  the  Jlis- 
slssippi. 

anacahuite-wood  (an"a-ka-hwe'te-wud),  n. 
[<  aiiiiciihuitc,  Mex.  name,  +  jcoorfl.]  The 
wood  of  a  boraginaceous  shrub,  Cordia  Bois- 
sieri,  obtained  from  Tampico,  Mexico.  It  is 
reputed  to  be  a  remedy  for  consumption. 

anacalypsis  (an"a-ka-lip'sis),  «. ;  pi.  anacahjp- 
ses  (-sez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avaKaXvxIuc;,  an  uncover- 
ing, <  avaKa'/.v-Tcn',  uncover,  unveil,  <  avd,  back, 
+  Ka'AviTTuv,  cover.  Cf.  apocalypse.']  An  un- 
veiling;  a  revealing;  revelation.     [Rare.] 

anacamptic  (an-a-kamp'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avam^- 
TTTcii;  bend  back,  i.  ava,  back,  +  Ka/i-j-eiv,  bend,  > 
Ka/iTTTiKo^,  liable  to  bend.]  Reilectuig  or  re- 
flected— Anacamptic  sounds,  sounds  produced  by  re- 
flection, as  echoes. 

anacamptically  (an-a-kamp'ti-kal-i),  adi'.  By 
reflection:  as,  echoes  are  sounds  «HOfomj)Wca//i/ 
returned.     [Rare.] 

anacampticst  (an-a-kamp'tiks),  n.  [PI.  of 
anacamiitic :  see -ics.]  1.  That  part  of  optics 
which  treats  of  reflection :  now  called  catoptrics 
(which  see). —  2.  The  theory  of  reflected  sound. 

anacanth  (an'a-kanth),  n.  [<  Gr.  avamvBo^, 
without  a  spine,  <  av-  priv.  -f-  aaavSa,  spine, 
thorn:  see  acaHtha.']  A  fish  of  the  order  or 
suborder  Anacantliini. 

Anacantbi  (an-a-kan'thi),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Ana- 
caiitliini. 

anacantMne  (an-a-kan'thin),  a.  [<  NL.  aiia- 
cantliiiius :  see  below.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Anacanth i II i ;  anaeanthous. 

AnacantMni  (an"a-kan-thi'ni),  7i.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  aiiacanthiiiKS:  see  anacanth  and  -ini.'} 
A  group  of  teleostean  fishes  to  which  various 
limits  have  been  assigned  by  ichthyologists. 
It  is  now  usually  rated  as  an  order  or  a  suborder,  char- 
acterized by  the  spineless  vertical  and  ventral  fins,  the 
latter  jugular  or  thoracic  when  present,  and  the  air-blad- 
der, if  developed,  with  no  pneumatic  duct.  The  group 
contains  many  edible  fishes  of  the  greatest  economic  im- 
portance, as  the  cod,  hake,  haddock,  whiting,  cusk,  bur- 
bot, etc.,  among  the  gadoids,  and  the  halibut,  turbot,  sole, 
plaice,  flounder,  etc.,  among  the  pleuronectids.  It  is  di- 
vided by  Giinther  into  .4.  pleuroiiectoidei,  characterized 
by  having  the  two  sides  of  the  head  unsymmetrical,  and 
comprising  the  flatfishes  of  the  family  Plturonectida', 
and  .1.  f/adoidt'i,  having  the  head  symmetrical.  By  later 
writers  it  has  been  restricted  to  the  forms  manifesting  bi- 
lateral symmetry.  By  Cojie  and  Gill  it  has  been  further 
limited  to  those  types  which  have  the  hypercoracoid  im- 
perforate and  the  foramen  between  the  hypercoracoid  and 
the  hypocorac<tid.  It  thus  includes  the  families  Gadidce 
and  ilacruridm.     Also  Aiiacanthi. 

anaeanthous  (an-a-kan'thus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ava- 
Kavlhr,  spineless:  see  anacanth.']  1.  Spineless. 
— 2.  Speeifleall}-,  in  ichtli.,  having  the  charac- 
teristics of  the  anacanths;  pertaining  to  the 
order  or  suborder  Anacunthini. 

anacard  (an'a-kard),  n.  [=F.  anacarde,  <  NL. 
anacardiitm:  see  Anacardium.']  The  cashew- 
nut;  the  fruit  of  the  Anacardium  occidentale. 
See  Anacardium.     N.  E.  D. 

Anacardiacese  (an-a-kar-di-a'se-e),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Anacardium  +  -acca:]  A  natural  order  of 
polypetalous  diseifloral  plants,  with  alternate 
leaves,  small  flowers  in  panicles,  and  the  fruit 
a  one-seeded,  one-celled  drupe.  They  arc  trees  or 
shrubs  abounding  in  an  acrid,  resinous,  milky  juice,  na- 
tives chiefly  of  tropical  and  warm  regions  of  the  globe. 
To  this  order  belong  the  sumac  (lihwi),  some  of  the  spe- 
cies of  which  are  poisonous  to  those  handling  them,  the 
pistachio,  the  mango  (Manf/t/fra  fiidica),  the  cashew 
{Aiiacardiitm  occidentale).  the  marking-nut  (Seineearjms 
Anacardium),  the  varnish-trce  of  .Martaban  (Melaiwr- 
rha'a  (^^■/^(^0,  ami  the  Japan  lac(iuer  {lihux  vemici/era). 

anacardiaceous  (an-a-kar-di-a'shius),  a.  [<  NL. 
anacardiaceus :  see  Anacardiacca:]  In  hot.,  re- 
lating or  belonging  to  the  Anacardiacece. 


192 

anacardic  (an-a-kiir'dik),  a.  [<  anacard  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  the  shell  of  the  cashew-nut Ana- 
cardic acid,  'it'ic.t"-.  an  acid  of  an  aromatic  and  buiii- 
ing  flavor,  tlerived  from  the  pericarps  of  the  cashew-nut. 
It  is  white  and  crystalline. 

Anacardium  (an-a-kiir'di-um),  «.  [NL.,<Gr. 
avd,  according  to,  lience  resembling,  +  KapSia, 
heart:  see  cardiac]  A  genus 
of  shrubs  and  trees,  natural 
order  Anacardiacca:,  natives  of 
tropical  Ameiiea.  They  bear  a 
kidney  ■shaped  drujte  at  the  summit  of 
a  III  shy  reeeplarle,  the  thickened  disk 
anil  jiedunele  of  the  llower.  In  the 
cashew-tree,  A.  occidentale,  the  prin- 
cipal species,  this  receptacle  resem- 
bles a  pear  in  shape  and  size,  and  is 
edible,  having  an  agreeable  acid 
though  somewhat  astringent  flavor. 
The  drupes  are  roasted,  and  the  ker- 
nels, having  their  intense  acridity 
thus  destroyed,  become  the  pleasant 
and  wholesome  cashew-nuts.  The  tree 
yields  a  gum  having  qualities  like 
those  of  gum  arable,  imported  from 
South  America  under  the  name   of      r.uuu.  .i^jutuT-..,- 

u*>t  occidtntale,  cut 

anacathar  sis  (an  "  a  -  ka  -  thar '- 
sis),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avaKoBapai^,  a  clearing 
away,  <  avanadaipeiv,  clear  away,  <  ava,  up,  away, 
+  mdaipeiv,  cleanse:  see  catharsis,  cathartic] 
In  med. :  [a)  Purgation  upward,  (h)  Cough 
attended  by  expectoration. 

anacathartic  (an"a-ka-thar'tik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Gr.  h'aKaf)apTiK6<;,  promoting  vomiting,  <  avana- 
daipcLv,  clear  away,  cleanse:  see  anacatharsis.] 
I.  a.  Inmcd.,  throwing  upward;  cleansing  by 
exciting  discharges  from  the  mouth  or  nose,  as 
vomiting,  expectoration,  etc. 

II.  n.  One  of  a  class  of  medicines  which  ex- 
cite discharges  by  the  mouth  or  nose,  as  expec- 
torants, emetics,  sternutatories,  and  mastica- 
tories. 

anacephalaeosis(an-a-sef"a-le-6'sis), «.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  avantfpa'/.aiuGK;,  <,  dvaKtipakaioziv,  stun  up,  as 
an  argument,  <  dvd,  up,  +  Ki:<pa'XaMciv,  stmi  up, 
bring  under  heads,  <  utipdXmov,  one  of  the  heads 
of  a  discourse,  prop.  neut.  of  Kiipa'/Mio^,  pertain- 
ing to  the  head,  <  KE(pa'/.ii,  the  head :  see  cephalic] 
In  rhet.,  a  summing  up;  recapitulation  of  the 
principal  heads  of  a  discourse ;  reeapittilation 
in  general. 

anachorett  (an-ak'o-ret),  n.  The  uncontraeted 
form  of  anchoret. 

An  Englishman,  so  madly  devout,  that  he  liad  wilfully 
mured  up  himself  as  an  anacttoret,  the  worst  of  all  pris- 
oners. Bp.  Hall,  Epistles,  i.  5. 

anachoreticalt  (an-ak-o-ret'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
uvaxup>lTiKor,  disposed  to  retire,  LGr.  pertaining 
to  an  anchoret:  see  anchoret.]  Relating  to  or 
resembling  an  anachoret  or  anchoret. 

anachorism (a-nak'o-rizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  dua,  back, 
+  ,v"pa,  or  ,i<^pof,  country,  -I-  -ism ;  formed  in 
imitation  of  anachronism.]  Something  incon- 
sistent with  or  not  suited  to  the  character  of 
the  country  to  which  it  is  referred.     [Rare.] 

There  is  a  sort  of  opinions,  anachronisms  at  once  and 
anachori$m.t,  foreign  both  to  the  age  and  the  country, 
that  maintain  a  feeble  and  buzzing  existence,  scarce  to  be 
called  life.  Lou-ell,  Biglow  Papers,  '2d  ser.,  p.  70. 

An  old  form  of 


«. 


anachoritet  (an-ak'6-rit), 
anchoret. 

anachronic,  anachronical  (an-a-kron'ik, 
-i-kal),  o.  [As  anachronism  + -ic  &.  chronic] 
Same  as  anachronous. 

In  our  last  General  Convention  ...  it  happened  once 
that  a  member,  anachrunic,  moved  a  resolution  having  the 
old  firebrand  smell  about  it,  the  old  clatter  of  the  rack 
and  chains.       Monian  Dix,  Am.  Church  Rev.,  XLII.  521. 

anachronically  (an-a-kron'i-kal-i),  adv.  By 
anachronism;  ■nTongly  with  respect  to  date. 

anachronism  (an-ak'ron-izm),  n.  [=  F.  ana- 
clironisme,  <  Gr.  di-a,\poi'ic/Jo(,  <  dvaxpoi'iiciv,  re- 
fer to  a  wrong  time,  only  in  pass.  dvaxpovHieadai, 
be  an  anachronism,  <  dvd,  back,  against,  + 
Xp6vo(;,  tivae:  see  chronic]  An  error  in  respect 
to  dates;  any  error  which  implies  the  mispla- 
cing of  persons  or  events  in  time ;  hence,  any- 
thing foreign  to  or  out  of  keeping  with  a  speci- 
fied time.  Thus,  Shakspere  makes  Hector  quote  Aris- 
totle, who  lived  many  centuries  after  the  assumed  date  of 
Hector.  Anachronisms  may  be  made  in  regard  to  mode 
of  thought,  style  of  writing,  and  the  like,  as  well  as  in 
regard  to  events. 

The  famous  anachronism  [of  Virgil]  in  making  .Sneas 
and  Dido  contemporaries.  Dryden,  Epic  Poetry. 

Thus  far  we  abjure,  as  monstrous  moral  anactironi.\-ms, 
the  parodies  and  lampoons  attributed  to  Homer. 

De  Quincei/,  Homer,  iii. 
But  of  what  use  is  it  to  avoid  a  single  anackroniitm, 
when  the  whole  play  is  one  anaehroni.tm,  the  sentiments 
and  plirases  of  Versailles  in  the  camp  of  Aulis? 

Macauiat/,  iloore's  Bjtou. 


anaconda 

anachronist  (an-ak'ron-ist),  n.  [As  anachron- 
ism +  -isl.]  One  wlio  commits  an  anachron- 
ism.     De  (liiinci  I/. 

anachronistic,  anachronistical  (an-ak-ro-nis'- 
tik,  -ti-kal),  o.     [<  anachronist.']    Same  as  ana- 

ehriinous. 

anachronize  (an-ak'rgn-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
anafhr<ini:id,  ppr.  anachronizing.  [<  Gr.  uva- 
Xpoiiiiiv,  refer  to  a  wrong  time:  see  anachron- 
ism.] To  refer  to  an  eiToneous  date  or  period ; 
misplace  chronologically. 

anachronous  (an-ak'ron-us),  a.  [As  anachron- 
ism +  -Diis,  as  if  directly  <  Gr.  avd,  back,  + 
Xpdvo^,  time  :  see  anachronism,]  Erroneous  in 
date;  containing  an  anachronism;  out  of  date. 
Equivalent  forms  are  anachronic,  anachronical, 
aiKirhronistic,  and  anachronisticcd. 

anachronously  (an-ak'ron-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
anachronous  manner;  without  regard  to  cor- 
rect chronology. 

anaclasis  (an-ak'la-sis),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avd/v/a- 
nir,  a  bending  back,  reourvature,  reflection  of 
light  or  of  sound,  <  dvaK/dv,  bend  back,  break 
off,  <  dvd,  back,  -I-  K/dv,  break  off,  deflect.]  In 
pros.,  the  substitution  of  a  ditrochee  for  an 
Ionic  a  majori,  so  that  the  second  and  third  of 
the  four  syllables  interchange  lengths.  While 
the  constituent  parts  are  otherwise  unaltered,  the  rhyth- 
mic movement  is  by  this  iiTegularity  partially  deranged 
or  broken  up. 

anaclastic  (an-a-klas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avda'/Mnro^, 
reflected,  verbal  adj.  of  dvaK/.dv:  see  anaclasis.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  produced  by  the  refraction 
of  light. — 2.  Bending  back;  refracted. — 3.  In 
pros.,  modified  or  characterized  by  anaclasis. — 
Anaclastic  curves,  the  apparent  curves  at  the  bottom  of 
a  vessel  of  water,  caused  by  the  refraction  of  light. — Ana- 
Clastic  glass  or  vial,  a  glass  with  a  narrow  mouth  and 
a  wide  convex  bottom  of  such  thinness  that  when  a  little 
air  is  sucked  out  it  springs  inward  with  a  smart  crackling 
sound,  and  when  air  is  blown  in  it  springs  outward  into  ila 
former  >liape  with  a  like  noise. 

anaclastics   (an-a-klas'tiks),  n.      [PI.  of  anor- 

clastic:  see  -ics.]     Same  as  dioptrics. 

anaclisis  (an-ak'li-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvdii/.im^, 
a  reclining,  <  dvoKAiveiv,  lean  one  thing  against 
another,  in  pass.  dvaiJ.iveadai,  recline,  <  ai'Q,  back, 
+  K/iveiv,  lean:  see  clinic  and  leaiA.]  In  med., 
the  particular  attitude  taken  by  a  sick  person 
in  bed,  which  affords  important  indications  in 
some  eases ;  decubitus. 

anaccenosis  (au^a-se-no'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dvanoivunir,  communication,  <  dvoKOivovv,  com- 
municate, make  common,  <  dvd,  throughout, 
-t-  Koivovv,  make  common,  <  koivoi;,  common :  see 
cenobitc]  In  rhet.,  a  figure  consisting  in  ap- 
pealing to  one's  opponent  for  his  opinion  on 
the  point  in  debate. 

anacolutha,  «.     Plural  of  anacoluthon. 

anacoluthia  (an'  a-ko-lii'thi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dvano'/.ovOia,  inconsequence,  <  dvaKo'/.ovdo^,  incon- 
sequent: see  o"0(v/«f/i(>".]  Want  of  grammat- 
ical sequence  or  coherence ;  the  passing  from 
one  construction  to  another  in  the  same  sen- 
tence. For  examples,  see  anacoluthon.  Also 
spelled  anal-oluthia  and  anakolouthia. 

Anakoluthia  requires  length  or  strength,  length  of  sen- 
tence or  strength  of  passion.       Jour,  of  PhiloL,  A'll.  175. 

anacoluthic  (an"a-ko-lu'thik),  a.  [<  anacolu- 
thon +  -ic]  In  gram,  and  rhet.,  wanting  se- 
quence; containing  an  anacoluthon:  as,  an 
anacoluthic  clause  or  sentence.  Also  spelled 
anakoluthic  and  anakolouthic. 

anacoluthically  (an'a-ko-lii'thi-kal-i),  adr. 
[<  anacoluthic  +  -ul  +  -';/2.]  In  an  anacoluthic 
manner.  N.  E.  D.  Also  spelled  anakoluthically 
and  anakolouthicalhi . 

anacoluthon  (an'a-ko-lii'thon),  «.;  pi.  anaco- 
lutha (-thii).  [NL.,<  Gr.  dvaK6'/.owov,  neut.  ofdva- 
Ko'/.ovdoc,  inconsequent  (the  Gr.  noim  is  dvaKo?.oi'- 
61a:  see  anacoluthia),  <  dv-  priv.  +  aM)/.oi'Sof,  fol- 
lowing, >E.  acolyte,  q.  v.]  In  gram,  and  rhet., 
an  instance  of  anacoluthia ;  a  construction  char- 
acterized by  a  want  of  grammatical  sequence. 
For  example  :  "  And  he  ehai'ged  him  to  tell  no  man:  Init 
go  and  sliew  thyself  to  the  priest."  Luke  v.  14.  "He  that 
curseth  father  or  mother,  let  him  die  the  death."  Mat, 
XV.  4.  As  a  figure  of  speech  it  has  propriety  and  force 
only  so  far  as  it  suggests  that  the  emotion  of  the  speaker 
is  so  great  as  to  make  him  forget  how  he  began  his  sen- 
tence, as  in  the  following  examples  : 

"If  thou  beest  he  —  But,  0,  how  f all'n !  how  changed ! " 

Millon,  P.  L,  i.  84. 

*'But  —  ah  !  —  Him  !  the  first  great  Martyr  in  this  great 
cause !  .  .  .  how  shall  I  struggle  with  the  emotions  that 
stifle  the  utterance  of  thy  name  I"  />.  Webster,  Speech  at 
Bunker  Hill. 

Also  spelled  anakoluthon  and  anakolouthon. 
anaconda  (an-a-kon'da),  «.     [In  the  18th  cen- 
tury also  spelled  anacondo,  anocondo ;  men- 


anaconda 

■Honed  by  Ray  (1G9:J)  in  tlin  form  anacandaia, 
as  if  tlio  niilivo  name  in  Ocyloii ;  but  tho  word 
lias  not  l)i'Ou  traced  in  Singlialnso  or  elsewhere.] 
1.  A  very  largo  serpent  of  Ceylon,  a  kind  of 
python,  variously  identified  as  I'ljthon  reticu- 
latiin,  or  /'.  miilKnis,  or  P.  tUjria;  hence,  some  In- 
dian species  of  that  genus.  Also  vaWeApimhcvd 
and  rock-siiukc. — 2.  Used  mistakenly  by  Dau- 
diu  as  tho  specific  name  of  a  large  serpent 
of  South  America,  Boa  murina  (Liunieus),  li. 
aiKicitnilo  (l)iiudin),  now  generally  known  as 
Kuncctcs  niKriiius ;  hence,  some  large  Soutli 
American  boa,  python,  or  rock-snake.  In 
zool.  tho  name  is  becoming  limited  to  the  Jiii- 
nectcs  murinus. —  3.  In  popular  language,  any 
enormous  serpent  which  is  not  vciioiuous,  but 
which  envelops  and  crushes  its  jircy  in  its 
folds;  any  of  tho  numerous  species  of  the  fam- 
ilies Boithe  and  I'lithonidai ;  any  boa  constrictor. 
Anacondas  are  fuund  in  the  tropical  countries  of  iKdli 
hemisplicres,  ami  are  generally  l)lotelie<l  witli  blatk, 
brown,  and  yellow.  .Some  are  said  to  attain  a  length  u{ 
upward  of  30  feet,  tint  they  are  usually  found  of  a  length 
between  1"2  anil  "20  feet.  They  are  not  vciionitms,  but  possess 
great  constrietinK  powers,  the  lar;.'tr  specimens  being  aide 
to  crush  and  swallow  such  (luadrupeds  as  the  tiger  anil 
jaguar.  One  of  the  species  found  in  lirazil  is  there  called 
giicarm  or  aucuriuhn.  The  name  has  been  popularly  ap- 
plied io  all  the  larger  and  more  powerful  snakes.  The 
ortliography  of  the  word  has  settled  into  aimruiida. 

anacosta  (aii-ii-kos'tii),  n.  [Sp.]  A  woolen  fab- 
ric made  in  ItoUaud  ande.xported  to  Spain. 

Anacreontic  (an-ak-re-on'tik),  a.  and  ».  [<  L. 
AiiacrenHlirKSy  <  Anacrenn,  <  Gr.  'AvuKptuv,  a 
Greek  poet.]  I,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  after 
the  manner  of  Anaereon,  a  Greek  poet  of  the 
sixth  century  B.  o.,  whose  odes  and  epigrams 
were  celebrated  fortheir  ease  and  grace.  They 
were  devoted  to  tho  praise  of  love  and  wine. 
Hence  —  2.  Pertaining  to  tho  praise  of  love 
and  vrine ;  convivial ;  amatory. 

Constantinople  had  given  hint  a  {wAv  i^n-  Anai-reontic 
singing  and  female  society  of  the  qne.stionalik-  kind. 

R.  F.  Burton,  KlMeilinah,  p.  8S. 

II.  «.  [?.  c]  \_=¥.anacreontiquc.']  Apoemby 
Anaereon,  or  composed  in  the  manner  of  Ana- 
croon  ;  a  littlo  poem  in  praise  of  love  and  wine. 
Formerly  sometimes  wTitten  niiacrcontique. 

To  the  miscellanies  [of  Cowley]  succeed  the  anaereon- 
tiques.  Johnson^  Cowley. 

anacrotic  (an-a-krot'ik),  a.  [i  Gr.  ava,  up,  + 
npu-oi;  striking,  clapping :  ef .  nvaKiioTciv,  lift  np 
and  clap  (the  hands).]  Displaying  or  relating 
to  anacrotism. 

anacrotism  (a-nak'ro-tizm),  ».  [_(.anacrotio  + 
-ism.']  The  secondary  oscillation  occurring  in 
the  ascending  portion  of  a  sphygmogi-aphic  or 
pulse-reeordiug  tracing.     See  sphytimoynij^ih. 

anacrusis  (an-a-kro'sis),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvaKfm'- 
air,  <  (ivaKjmvci'v,  strike  back,  push  back,  check 
(ill  music,  strike  up,  begin),  <  ava  +  Kpoieiv, 
strike.]  In  pros.,  an  upward  beat  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  verso,  consisting  of  either  one  or  two 
unaccented  syllables,  regarded  as  separate  from 
and  introductory  to  tho  remainder  of  the  verso. 

anacrustic  (an-a-krus'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avoKpov- 
annor  (fitted  for  checking),  with  rof.  to  anacru- 
«/.v.]     Characterized  by  anacrusis. 

anacusis  (an-a-ku'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv. 
-t-  aKovaic,  hearing,  <  I'lKnieiv,  hear:  see acnustic.'i 
Deafness  from  nervous  lesion. 

anadeni(an'a-dem),  n.  [<  L.  anadenia,  <  Gr.  ava- 
il/m,  a  head-band  or  fillet,  <  avaihlv,  bind  up, 
wreathe,  crown,  <  nva,  up,  +  I'fU',  bind.  Cf.  tlin- 
dem.]  A  band,  fillet,  garlaml.  or  wreath  worn 
on  the  head:  as,  "wreaths  and  ((Hnrfcm*,"  Tcnni/- 
soH,  Palace  of  Art.  Also  spelled  «»flf7(;»ie;  as, 
"garlands,  tinadcmcs,  and  wreaths,"  Drayton, 
Muses'  Elvsium,  v.     [Rare.] 

anadiplosis  (an'a-di-iilo'sis),  h.  [L.,  <  Gr.  ava- 
ii-K/MtaLr,  repetition,  <  avai^i-Aovv,  make  double 
(used  only  in  pass.),  <  ava,  again,  +  Ax/ori', 
make  double,  <  ArAoof,  double :  see  tliploe  and 
(hploma.']  A  figm-e  in  rhetoric  and  poetry,  con- 
sisting in  tho  repetition  at  the  beginning  of  a 
line  or  clause  of  the  last  word  or  words  preced- 
ing, as  in  tho  following  examples : 

"  For  the  Lord  thy  God  bringeth  thee  into  a  good  land, 
a  land  of  brooks  of  water."    Dent.  viii.  7. 

"The  Spirit  itself  boarcth  witness  with  our  spirit,  that  we 
are  the  rliililren  of  Hod  :  And  if  cHlilrrn,  then  heirs;  heir.-: 
of  Cod,  and  joint  heirs  with  Christ."    Rom.  viii.  10,  17. 

anadrom  (an'a-drom),  n.  [<  Gr.  avMpoiioc,  run- 
ning up,  applied  to  fish  ascending  rivers,  <  am- 
ipaiitiv,  run  up,  <  (ii'iJ,  up,  +  I'^paadv,  run:  see 
dromcilari/.']  An  anadromous  fi.sli ;  one  which 
ascends  rivers  from  the  sea  to  spawn. 

anadromous  (a-nad'ro-mus),  (I.  [< Gr.  di>d(Spo;raf : 
see  (inadrom.]  Ascending.  Apjdied— (a)  In  ;<»•(., 
to  flshes  which  pass  ti'om  the  sea  to  fresh  water  to  spawn. 
13 


193 

Tho  movements  of  anadromous  fishes  In  our  Atlantic 
rivers.  Science,  VI.  420. 

(h)  In  hot.,  to  ferns  whose  lowest  secondary  branches  ori- 
ginate on  the  anterior  side  of  the  pinna'. 

Anaemaria,  anaematosis,  anaemia,  etc.    See 

Aiimiiirio,  etc. 

Anaeretes  (a-ner'e-tez),  H.  [NL.,<  (ir.  avaiperric, 
a  ilestroyer,  murderer,  <  avaipdv,  take  away,  de- 
stroy, <  ava,  up,  +  aijteiv,  take.  Cf.  anarcta.]  A 
genus  of  South  American  tyrant  flycatchers, 
of  the  family  I'l/roiinidd'.  One  of  the  species  is  A.  iil- 
bocristatwi,  a  small  bird  striped  witli  black  and  white,  and 
having  a  plumieorn  over  each  eye.  Also  less  correctly 
written  Anairi-trx. 

anaeretic  (an-e-ret'ik),  n.  [<  Gr.  avaiperiK^r,  tak- 
ing away,  destructive,  <  avaiptn/r,  a  destroyer: 
see  Aiuerctcs.]     In  mifd.,  anytliing  tending  to 

destroy  tissue — Animal  anaeretics,  the  gastric  juice 
and  vaccine  lymph.    .Si/il.  Soc.  I.ix. 

anaerobe  (an-a'e-rob),  H.    Oneof  theanaerobia. 

anaerobia  (an-a-e-ro'bi-a),  M.  /)/.  [NL.,  nout. 
jil.  of- aniii'robiiis :  see  anairobious.  First  used 
by  Pasteur,  in  F.  pi.,  anarrobirs.}  A  name 
given  to  bacteria  which  live  without  free  oxy- 
gen, in  distinction  from  aerobia  (which  see). 

anaerobian  (an-ii-e-ro'bi-an),  a.  Relating  to 
or  characteristic ot'  anaerobia;  anaerobious. 

anaerobic  (an-a-e-rob'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
liaving  the  characters  of  anaerobia. 

anaerobiosis  fan-a,"e-r6-bi-6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
(Jr.  iiv-  priv.  -I-  al/p  (nep-),  air,  +  jiiuai^,  way  of 
life,  <  (iii'ieiv,  live,  <  /?(of,  life.  Cf.  aerobiosis.] 
Life  in  an  atmosphere  which  does  not  contain 
oxygen. 

anaerobiotic  (an-a'e-ro-bi-ot'ik),  a.  Same  as 
aiia(:rohioii.s. 

It  is  just  the  anaerobiotic  plants  which  are  most  highly 
endowed  with  the  property  of  exciting  fermentation. 

Eneije.  lirit.,  XIX.  51. 

anaerobious  (an-a-e-ro'bi-us),  n.  [<  NL.  anne- 
robiiis,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  a//p  (acp-),  air,  +  iSioc, 
life.]  Capable  of  living  in  an  atmosphere 
\vithout  oxygen. 

anaerophyte  (an-a'e-ro-fit),  n.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv. 
-1-  li///)  (Clip-),  air,  4-  ipiTvv,  a  plant.  Cf.  aero- 
pliytc]  In  hot.,  a  plant  which  does  not  need 
a  direct  supply  ot  au-.     X.  E.  1). 

anesthesia  (an-es-the'si-ii),  H.  [<  Gr.  dfaioS/yma, 
insensibility,  stupor,  <  avaia&r/ror,  insensible, 
not  feeling:  see  anesthetic.']  Loss  of  the  sense 
of  touch,  as  from  paralysis  or  extreme  cold; 
diminution  or  loss  of  the  physical  sense  of 
feeling;  specifically,  a  state  of  insensibility, 
especially  to  p;iiii,  produced  by  inhaling  an  an- 
esthetic, as  chloroform  or  ether,  or  by  the  ap- 
plication of  other  anesthetic  agents.  Also  an- 
esthesia, anwsthesis,  anesthesis Anaesthesia  do- 
lorosa, a  londiti.in  in  whieh,  though  the  sense  of  touch 
is  lii>t,  c|,  ;it  jiaiii  is  still  flit  in  the  alfected  part. 

anaesthesis  (an-es-the'sis),  n.  [<Gr.  dv- priv. 
-I-  aiatiijai^,  feeling.  Cf.  anwsthcsia.']  ,  Same  as 
an(esthesia. 

anaesthetic,  etc.    See  anesthetic,  etc. 

an8etiolOgical(an-e"ti-9-loj'i-kal),  (T.  [<6r. 
lii;-  priv.  («-"^)  +  cvtiological,  q.  v.]  Not  setio- 
logical;  having  no  known  natural  cause  or  rea- 
son for  being;  dysteleologieal. 

anagennesis  (an-a-je-ne'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ava-}ivvr/aic,  regeneration,  <  avayemav,  regener- 
ate, <  di'd,  again,  +  yevvav,  generate.]  Repara- 
tion or  reproduction  of  tissue ;  regeneration  of 
structure. 

anaglyph  (an'a-glif),  «.  [<  L.  anaqlyphum,  < 
Gr.  (ivay'Av^ov,  embossed  work,  neut.  of  dvay'/.v(jiog 
(sometimes dvdy'Avnroc,  > L.  anaglyptus — Pliny), 
embossed  in  low  relief,  <  dvd,  up,  +  ylv^tiv,  cut 
out,  hollow  out,  engrave:  see  ghjph.']  Any 
carving  or  art-work  in  relief,  as  lUstinguished 
from  engraved  incised  work,  or  intaglio.  The 
term  is  most  generally  applied  to  works  in  precious  mctjil 
or  to  gems,  but  it  is  also  applied  to  ordinary  reliefs  in 
stone,  etc.     Also  called  aiiaqlypton. 

anaglyphic  (un-a-gHf 'ik),  a.  [<  anaglyph  +  -jc] 
Pertaining  to  anaglyphs  or  to  the  art  of  decora- 
tion in  relief :  opposed  to  diagly2>liic.  Alsoana- 
gli/ptic. 

anaglyphical  (an-a-glif'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  ana- 
(/li/phif.     Also  aniiglypticat. 

anaglyphies  (an-ivgiit'iks),  n.  The  art  of  dec- 
orating in  relief. "  Also  anaglypticji. 

anaglyphy (an-ag'li-fi),n.  l<iinaglyph  +  -y.]  1. 
Tho  art  of  sculpturing  in  relief,  or  of  carving 
or  embossing  ornaments  in  relief. —  2.  Work 
thus  executed. 

anaglyptic  (an-a-glip'tik),  rt.  [<  LL.  anaglyp- 
ticus,  <  Gr.  'dva'y/MTTiKog,  <  drayAcirrof,  wrought 
in  low  relief:  see  anaglyph.]  Same  as  ana- 
gli/phic. 

anaglyptical  (an-a-glip'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
anaglyphical. 


anagram 
anaglyptics  (an-a-glip'tiks),  ».    Same  as  ana- 

ghjpliirs. 

anaglyptograph  (an-a-glip'to-graf ),  n.  [<  Gr. 
dvd)'/.vKTuc,  anaglyptic  (see  anaglyph),  +  ypdipctv, 
write,  engrave.]  An  instrument  for  making  a 
medallion-engraving  of  an  object  intelief,  as  a 
medal  nr  a  ciiiiieo.     E.  H.  Knight. 

anaglyptographic  (an-a-glip-to-graf'ik),  a.  [< 
aniiiihii'lognijih  + -ic]   Of  or  pertaining  to  ana- 

glyptugrupliy — Anaglyptographic   engraving,    a 

pMieessot  engraving  on  an  etching  giound  which  gives  toa 
subject  the  ajipearance  of  being  raised  from  the  surface  of 
the  print,  as  if  embossed.  It  is  frequently  employed  in  the 
representation  of  coins,  medals,  bas-reliefs,  etc. 

anaglyptography  (an"a-glip-tog'ra-fi),  n.    [< 

anoghipttigrojih.]  The  art  of  copying  works  in 
relief;  anaglyptographie  engraving. 

anaglypton  (an-a-glip'ton),  n.  [<  L.  anaglyp- 
turn,  m  pi.  anriglypta,  <.  Gr.  dvdy/vTTTov,  neut.  of 
dvdy?.v-roc  (Pliny):  see  anaglyph.]  Same  as 
anaghjjih. 

anagnorisis  (an-ag-nor'i-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dva-jvupiair,  recognition,  in  tragedy  recognition 
as  leading  to  the  denouement,  <  dvayvupHieiv, 
recognize,  esp.  in  tragedy,  <  dvd,  again,  + 
yvupi^tiv,  make  known,  gain  knowledge  of,  < 
*)r<j/)o(-  (not  used,  =  L.  "gnoru.i,  in  comp.  igno- 
rarc,  know  not,  ignore;  cf.  gnarus,  knowing),  < 
yiyvucKtiv^E.  know,  q.  \.]  1.  Recognition. — 
2.  The  imravelingof  a  plot  in  dramatic  action ; 
denouement ;  clearing  up. 

anagnost  (an'ag-nost),  n.  [<  L.  anagnostes,  < 
Gr.  di'a}vun7!/r,  a  reaiiev,  K  ava-) lyv/joKew,  read, 
recognize,  know  again,  <  di'd,  again,  +  j  lyvoaiuiv 
=  E.  know,  q.  v.]  A  reader;  a  prelector;  one 
employed  to  read  aloud  ;  the  reader  of  the  les- 
sons in  church.     X.  E.  J). 

anagnostiant  (an-ag-nos'tian),  n.  Same  as 
lUtogiifist. 

anagoge  (au-a-go'je),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvayuyli, 
in  senses  defined  below,  lit.  a  bringing  up,  < 
di'(i;En',  bring  up,  lead  up,  <  'iid,  up,  -1-  dytiv, 
lead,  drive:  see  agent,  act,  etc.]  1.  In  med., 
an  upward  rejection,  as  the  rejection  of  blood 
from  the  limgs  by  the  mouth;  anabole. — 2t. 
Spiritual  enlightenment;  elevation  to  spirit- 
ual insight.  I'hillips. — 3.  The  spiritual  meaning 
or  application  of  words ;  especially,  the  appli- 
cation of  the  types  and  allegories  of  the  Old 
to  subjects  of  the  New  Testament.  Also  ana- 
.</".'/.'/. 

anagogetical  (an'a-go-jet'i-kal),  a.  [<  ana- 
i/oi/r  +  -ct-iciil.]  I'ertaining  to  anagoge  or  spir- 
itual elevation  ;  mysterious;  anagogical. 

anagogic  (an-a-goj'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<.Gr.  dvayu- 
liKiir,  mystical,  <  dm)  ujij:  see  anagoge]  I.  a. 
Same  as  anagogical. 

II.  n.  A  mystical  or  spiritual  interpretation, 
especially  of  Scripture. 

The  notes  upon  that  constitution  say,  that  the  Misna 
Torah  was  composed  out  of  the  eabalisties  and  anagoefics 
of  tlie  Jews,  or  some  allegorical  interpretations  pretended 
to  be  derived  from  Moses. 

L.  Addison,  State  of  the  Jews,  p.  243. 

anagogical  (an-a-goj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  anagoge ;  mysterious ;  elevated ;  spiritual. 
In  the  older  writers  on  Biblical  interpretation,  applied  to 
one  of  the  four  senses  of  Scripture,  the  othei-s  being  the 
literal,  the  allegorieal,  and  the  tropical.  The  anagogical 
sense  is  a  spiritual  sense  relating  to  the  eternal  glory  of 
the  believer,  up  to  which  its  teachings  are  su^iiHised  to 
lead  :  thus,  the  rest  of  the  Sabbath,  in  Anana^oytcat  sense, 
signifies  the  repose  of  the  saints  in  heaven. 

We  cannot  apply  them  (prophecies]  to  him,  but  by  a 
mystical,  anago'jicai  explication. 

South,  .Sermons,  VIII.  161. 
Tlie  work  [the  Divina  Commedia]  is  to  be  interpreted  in 
a  literal,  allegorical,  moral,  and  anafiooieal  sense,  a  mode 
then  commonly  employed  with  the  .Scriptures. 

Lowell,  .Among  my  Hooks,  2il  ser.,  p.  34. 

anagogically  (an-a-goj'i-kal-i),«f?r.  In  an  ana- 
gogical or  mystical  sense;  with  religious  eleva- 
tion. 

anagogy  (an'a-go-ji),  n.  [As  anagoge,  with 
sutli.x  assimilated  to  the  more  common  sulfix 
-y.]     Same  as  anagoge. 

anagtam  (au'a-gram),  n.  [<  F.  anagramme,  < 
NL.  anagramina,  used,  in  imitation  of  program- 
ma,  E.  program,  eie.,ioTanagramnialismi(s,<.  Gr. 
dva) paauaTiaiiur,  an  anagram,  <  uva)panpafi:^civ, 
transpose  the  letters  of  a  word  so  as  to  form 
another,  <  drd,  here  used  in  a  distributive  sense, 
-I-  ypdufm{--),  a  letter:  see  gram-,  grammar.] 

1.  A  ti-ansposition  of  the  letters  of  a  word  or 
sentence,  to  fonn  a  new  word  or  sentence :  thus, 
GaUniis  is  an  anagram  of  angeliis.  Dr.  Bumey's 
anagram  of  Horatio  Melson  is  one  of  the  happiest.  Honor 
est  a  yHo  (Honor  is  from  the  Xile). 

2.  A  word  formed  by  reading  the  letters  of  one 
or  more  words  backward ;  a  palindrome:  thus, 
ceil  is  an  anagram  of  lice. 


BLJi&gXS.Tn 

anagram  (an'!i-{n"'i"i'. ''• '•  [.^  <i)iagrani,v.'\  To 
funri  into  an  ;tiiaf;nim. 

anagrammatic  (un  a-gra-mat'ik),  a.  [<  NL. 
auci<iraiiimu(t-)  +  -it:']  Pei-taiuing  to  or  fona- 
ing  au  aiui{j;i!im — Anagrammatic  multiplication, 

in  «/,'/.,  that  lurm  nf  inultipliciitiuii  in  whit-h  the  ordur 
nf  thi'  k-ttt-rs  is  iiitlilfei-ont. 

anagrammatical  (an'^a-gra-mat'i-kal),  a. 
Same  as  anoijrummatic. 

We  cannot  leave  the  author's  name  in  that  obscurity 
which  the  ana'jminmatical  title  seems  intended  to  throw 
over  it.  .  .  .  Merlin  is  only  tlie  representative  of  Dr.  Mil- 
ner.        Southeij,  tjuarterly  Kev.,  X.XXIII.  5.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

anagrammatically  (an'a-gi-a-mat'i-kal-i),  adv. 

In  till'  iiianiuT  of  an  iiuagraiu. 

anagrammatise,  '■•    See  <i»aiir(i»imati:e. 

anagrammatism  (an-a-grani'a-tizm),  H.  [<  p. 
uiia<jraiiii>i<(lif:)iH;  <  NL.  (uuirirdimiiatismus,  <  Gr. 
avaypa/i/JaTia/idi;,  transposition  of  letters:  see 
anagram.]  The  act  or  practice  of  making  ana- 
grams. 

anagrammatist  (an-a-gram'a-tist),  «.  [<  NL. 
II  n  mini  in  iii(i(t-)  +  -ist.  ]    A  maker  of  anagrams. 

anagrammatize  (au-a-gi-am'a-tiz),  v.;  pret. 
and  pji.  aiHujiiinniiati^ed,  ppr. anagrammati:in(j. 
[=  F.  anagrammutiser,  <  Gr.  avaypa/u/jaTi^eiv:  see 
anagram.]  I.  trans.  To  transpose,  as  the  let- 
ters of  a  word,  so  as  to  form  an  anagram. 
Within  this  circle  is  .Tehovah's  name. 
Forward,  and  bacliward,  anaftramatiu'd. 

Marloive,  Faustus,  1.  4. 

Others  anofframmatize  it  from  Bva  (Eve)  into  Vce,  be- 
cause they  say  she  was  the  cause  of  our  woe. 

W.  Aicstin,  H<ec  Homo,  p.  182. 

II.  intraiis.  To  make  anagrams. 

Also  spelled  anagrammatise. 

anagrapht  (an'a-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  avaypaij)//,  a 
writing  out,  register,  <  avaypdibeiv,  write  out, 
register,  engrave,  inscribe,  <  ava,  up,  -I-  ypdiptiv, 
engrave,  write.]  1.  An  inventory.  Blount. — 
2.  A  prescription  or  recipe.     Si/d.  Soc.  Lex. 

anagua  (an-a'gwii),  n.  [Mex.  Sp.]  A  name 
given  in  Texas  to  a  low  boraginaeeous  tree, 
Ehretia  elliptica ;  the  knockaway.  Also  spelled 
anaijua. 

anakan  (an'a-kan),  n.  The  native  name  of  a 
small  Brazilian  macaw,  Ara  severa,  about  18 
inches  long,  mostly  of  greenish  coloration,  with 
black  bill  and  feet. 

anak-el-ard  (au"ak-el-ard'),  n.  [Ar.  'andq  al- 
iirdli  [ar:),  the  badger,  lit.  kid  of  the  earth: 
'andq,  kid ;  al,  the ;  ardli  (ar/:),  Pers.  arz,  earth, 
land.]     Same  as  caracal. 

anakolouthia,  anakoluthia,  etc.  [In  closer 
imitation  of  the  Greek.]     See  anacoluthia,  etc. 

anal  (a'nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  analis,  <  L.  anus : 
seert««-s.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  anus. 
—  2.  Situated  at  or  near  the  anus;  aboral:  the 
opposite  of  oral. — 3.  Ventral  and  median,  as 
the  tin  of  a  fish,  ^rithout  reference  to  its  posi- 
tion with  respect  to  the  anus :  the  opposite  of 
dorsal. 

In  zoology  its  abbreviation  is  a. 
Anal  armature,  an  appendage  in  insects,  the  modified 
and  appendaged  tenuiiiul  abdominal  segments,  such  as 
the  stiny,  the  ovipositor,  etc. — Anal  dilator,  in  ifira., 
an  instrument  for  distending  the  spliincter  of  the  anus 
to  permit  an  examination  of  the  rectum. — Anal  fin,  in 
fishes,  the  median  ventral  impaired  fin  ;  the  opposite  of 
dorsal  ftn.  See  cut  under  ^/t.  — Anal  forceps,  in  insects, 
a  pincer-lilce  anal  armature. — Anal  gland,  (n)  In  birds, 
the  uropygial  oil-gland  or  elseoducbon.  G'/<jenhaiir.  (Rare.] 
(b)  In  mammals,  any  glandular  organ  situated  near  or  con- 
nected with  the  anus,  such  as  those  existing  in  the  J/t(s- 
telidfe.  They  reach  tiieir  greatest  development  in  the 
slninks,  and  their  secretion  is  the  cause  of  the  fetid  odor 
of  these  animals. —  Anal  legs,_  in  eiitom.,  legs  on  the 
posterior  segments  of  certain  insect  larva?,  as  in  many 
caterpillar.^.  -Anal  orifice,  the  anus. — Anal  plate,  or 
anal  scute,  in  >i"r/i^f'iL,  the  last  ventral  plate  t.'r  scute, 
which  is  situated  iniuiediately  in  front  of  the  anus. — Anal 
pouch,  an  indnplication  or  cul-de-sac  above  the  anus  of 
the  badgers,  ilistinct  from  the  anal  glands.— Anal  re- 
gion, any  jiart  of  the  body  which  gives  exit  to  tlie  refuse 
of  digestion,  as  in  protozoans. — Anal  spurs,  in  serpents, 
the  condensed  epidermis  of  nulimentary  hind  limbs. — 
Anal  Stylet  or  feeler,  one  of  the  two  small  pointed  or- 
gans fimnd  on  the  posterior  extremity  of  ctrtain  arthro- 
pod or  articulate  animals.—  Anal  supporter,  a  pad,  re- 
sembling  a  truss,  for  supporting  tile  anus  in  cases  of  pro- 
lapsu.s  ani. 

II.  «.  In  ichth.,  an  anal  fin. 

analasset,  «•     Same  as  anlacc. 

analav  (an'a-lav),  n.  [<  Russ.  numtorw,  a  breast- 
plate, pectoral  cross.]  A  kerchief  having  on  it 
a  representation  of  the  cross,  the  instruments 
of  the  passioTi,  or  the  like,  worn  by  nuns  in 
Russia. 

analcim,  analcime  (a-nal'sim),  ».    Same  as 

anuh-ile. 
Analcipus  (a-nal '  si-pus),  n.    [NL. ;  less  cor- 
rectly .iiialciopus :  (.  Gr.  i'ivq'/ki/i; or ai'a/.Ki^  (-Kid-), 
without  strength,  <  ch'-  priv.  +  iiAK/'/,  strength, 
+  Totf  (Ttud-)  =  E,  foot,]    A  genus  of  swallow- 


194 

shrikes,  of  the  family  Artamidce,  establislied  by 
Swaiuson  in  ISIil.  A.  sanguinolcntus,  of  Java, 
Sumatra,  and  Borneo,  is  tlie  leading  species. 

analcite  (a-nal'sit),  n.  [<  Gr.  ava'/ai/r,  ava'AKic, 
without  strength,  feeble  (see  Analci/nis),  + 
-itv'^.]  A  zeolitic  mineral,  a  hydrous  silicate  of 
aluminiimi  and  sodium,  generally  found  erys- 
taUized  in  trapezohedral  crystals,  but  also  mas- 
sive. It  is  of  frecfuent  occurrence  in  trap-roelis,  espe- 
cially in  the  cavities  of  amygdaloids.  It  melts  under  the 
bIowpii)e  into  a  semi-transparent  glass.  The  name  has  ref- 
erence to  its  wealc  electric  power  when  heated  or  rubbed. 
Also  called  annlcini,  aTlalcime. 

analect  (an'.a-lekt),  n.  [<  NL.  analectus,  <  Gr. 
avaVxKTog,  select,  verbal  adj.  of  iwa/i-jtiv,  gather 
up,  <  ava,  up,  +  Tityeiv,  pick  up,  =  L.  legcre, 
gather,  read:  see  legend,  lection.]  A  small 
piece  selected  from  a  literary  work ;  an  extract; 
a  literary  fragment:  usually  in  plural,  analects 
or  analecta  (which  see) — Analects  of  Confucius, 
a  name  given  to  a  collection  of  such  sayings  of  the  Chinese 
sage  Confucius  as  his  disciples,  long  after  his  death,  could 
recall. 

analecta  (an-a-lek'ta),  x.  pi.  [NL., neut.  pi.  of 
analectus:  seoanalect.]  Selected  passages  from 
the  writings  of  an  author  or  of  different  authors ; 
a  title  for  a  collection  of  choice  extracts.  See 
analect. 

analectic  (an-a-lek'tik),  a.  [<  analect  -f-  -ic] 
Relating  to  analects,  collections,  or  selections; 
made  up  of  selections :  as,  an  analectic  maga- 
zine. 

analemmaf  (an-a-lem'il),  n.  [<  L.  analemma, 
a  sun-dial  which  showed  the  latitude  and  meri- 
dian of  a  place,  <  Gr.  avd'A7//i/ia,  a  sun-dial,  a  sUng 
for  a  woimded  arm,  a  wall  for  imderpropping, 
any  support,  <  dvaAafifSdveiv,  take  up,  <  ava,  up, 
-t-  Aa/ijiavEiv,  ?.ai3eiv,  take.  Cf.  lemma,  dilemma.] 
1.  A  form  of  sim-dial,  now  disused. — 2.  In 
geom.,  an  orthographic  projection  of  the  sphere 
on  the  plane  of  the  meridian,  the  eye  being 
supposed  to  be  at  an  infinite  distance,  and  in 
the  east  or  west  point  of  the  horizon.  Hence 
—  3.  An  instrument  of  wood  or  brass  on  which  a 
projection  of  this  nature  is  drawn,  formerly  used 
in  soMng  astronomical  problems. — 4.  A  tabu- 
lated scale,  usually  drawn  in  the  form  of  the 
figure  8,  depicted  across  the  torrid  zone  on  a 
terrestrial  globe,  to  show  the  sun's  declination 
and  the  equation  of  time  on  any  day  of  the  year. 

analepsia  (au-a-lep'si-a),  n.  [NL.]  Same  as 
annlepsis  and  analepsy. 

analepsis  (an-a-lep'sis),  ?i.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avd- 
Aii-il'ic,  a  taking  iip,  recovery,  <  uva'Aa/jfidvecv,  take 
up,  get  back,  recover  one's  breath:  see  ana- 
lemma.]  Inmed.:  (n)  Recovery  of  strength  after 
disease.  (/;)  A  kind  of  sympathetic  epilepsy 
from  gastric  distm'bance.  Also  called  analepsia 
and  analcj>S!/. 

analepsy  (an'a-lep-si),  n.  [<  NL.  analepsia, 
equiv.  to  analepsis,  q.  v.]  1.  Same  as  analep- 
sis.—  2.  Reparation  or  amendment. 

The  African,  from  the  absence  of  books  and  teaching, 
had  no  principle  of  analep^j  in  his  intellectual  furnishing 
by  wliich  a  word,  once  become  obscure  from  a  real  or  sup- 
posed loss  of  parts  or  meaning,  can  be  repaired,  amended, 
or  restored  to  its  original  form. 

Tram.  Amer.  Philnl.  Ass.,  XVI.,  App.,  p.  xxxii. 

analeptic  (an-a-lep'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dvaAt/TTTiKo^, 
restorative,  <  dvaA!]ijnc,  restitution,  recovery: 
see  analepsis.]  Restoring ;  iiirigorating ;  giv- 
ing strength  after  disease :  as,  an  analeptic 
medicine. 

Analges  (a-nal'jez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dva/'.j^c, 
not  feeling  pain,  insensible,  <  dv-  priv.  +  d'AyoQ, 
pain.]  A  genus  of  mites  foiuided  by  Nitzsch, 
type  of  the  family  Analgid(c. 

analgesia  (an-al-je'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ava>.- 
'jiaia,  painlessness,  <  dvd'Ayr/roc,  painless  (cf. 
avaAy/K,  painless),  <  dv-  priv.  -f-  dAyeiv,  feel  pain, 
<  dAyoc,  pain.]  In  patliol.,  the  incapacity  of 
feeling  pain  in  a  part,  although  the  tactile  sense 
may  be  more  or  less  preserved.  Also  called 
analgia. 

analgesic  (an-al-jes'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  analgesia 
+  -ic ;  according  to  Gr.  analogies,  the  form 
should  be  analgetic,  q.  v.]     Same  as  analgetic. 

analgetic  (an-al-jet'ik),  fl.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  dvd'A.- 
yr/roi;  painless  (see  analgesia),  +  -ic.  Cf.  an- 
algesic] I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
by  analgesia ;  insensible. 

The  skin  [of  a  hypnotized  patient]  Is  somewhat  anal- 
getic, with  more  or  less  anesthesia. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  141. 

II.  n.  In  mcd.,  anything  which  removes  pain. 
analgia   (a-nal'ji-ii),    «.      [NL.,  <  Gr.  dva'/}r/c, 

painless:  see  analgesia.]     Same  as  analgesia. 
analgid  (a-nal'jid),  n,    A  mite  of  the  family 

Anatyidw. 


Anallagmatic  Checkers. 


analogiom 

Analgidse  (a-nal'ji-de),  )(.  jil.  [NL.,  <  Analges 
-I-  -ida:]  A  family  of  parasitic  atracheate  aca- 
rines,  typified  by  the  genus  Analges.  The  skeleton 
is  composed  of  scleriles  in  the  soft  skin ;  the  inandiljles 
arc  chelate  ;  tile  legs  are  8,  each  5-jointed,  tlie  first  pair 
being  liorne  on  the  anterior  margin  of  the  i>ody.  The 
species  live  on  tlie  hairs  of  mammals  and  the  feathers  of 
birds. 

anallagmatic  (an"al-ag-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dv- 
priv.  -I-  dAAa}/ia(T-),  that  which  is  given  or  taken 
in  exchange,  <  aAA.aaaav,  exchange,  <  d/.ylof, 
other.]  Having  the  property  of  not  being 
changed  in  form  by  inversion :  ajiplied  to  curves 
and  to  the  surfaces  of  solids,  such  as  the  sjihere, 
which  have  the  property  of  being  their  o^vn  in- 
verse. Aimllagmatic  citrees  ami  surfaces  are  ipiartic 
curves  and  surfaces  which  liave 
nodes  on  tlie  absolute,  .s.  e  hirir. 
cular  quartlc. —  Anallagmatic 
checker,  a  scjuare  composed  of 
equal  squares  in  two  colors,  so 
dispi  ised  that  any  pairof  columns 
have  like-colored  squares  in  as 
many  rows  as  any  other  pair  of 
columns  have,  and  any  pair  of  rows  have  the  same  num- 
lier  of  like  squares  in  a  single  column. 
anallantoic  (an-al-an-to'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  du-priv. 

(((-18)  -h  allantoic]  Having  no  allantois. 
Anallantoidea(an-al-an-toi'de-a),  n.jjl.  [NL., 
<Gr.  (ii'-priv.  -{■d/'/avToeiih'/c::  see  allantois,  allan- 
toid.]  Those  vertebrates  which  have  no  allan- 
tois; the  Ichtlii/opsida,  or  amphibians  and 
fishes :  synoiijTnous  with  Anamnionata,  and  op- 
posed to  Allantoidea. 

anallantoidean  (an-al-an-toi'de-an),  a.  and  n. 
[^(.An<illantoiden  +  -an.]  I.  a.  Ha\'ing  no  allan- 
tois; of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anallantoidea. 

II.  ((.  One  of  the  Anallantoidea. 
analoga,  «.     Plural  of  analogon. 
analogalt  (an-al'o-gal),  a.     [<  L.  analogus  (see 

analoijiius)  4-  -ah]     Analogous.     Sir  M.  Hale. 
analogia,  «.    Plural  of  analogimn,  analogion. 
analogic  (an-a-loj'ik),  a.     Same  as  analogical. 
analogical  (an-a-loj'i-kal),  «.     [<L.  analngicus, 

<  Gr.  dvaAoyiKo^,  proportionate,  analogous,  < 
dvdAoyog:  see  analogous.]  1.  Founded  on  or 
involving  analogj-:  as,  an  a«ato(7ica/ argument. 

We  have  words  wliich  are  proper  and  not  analoaical. 

Held,  Inq.  into  Human  Mind,  viL 

2.  Having  analogy,  resemblance,  or  relation; 

analogous. 

There  is  placed  the  minerals  between  the  inanimate  and 
vegetable  provinces,  participating  something  rt(wi^o//jeaHo 
either.  Sir  M.  Ilale,  Orig.  of  Manldnd. 

3.  In  hiol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  physiological, 
functional,  or  adaptative  analogy ;  having  phys- 
iological without  morphological  likeness:  dis- 
tinguished from  liomoliigical. 

analogically  (an-a-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  1.  By 
analogy;  from  a  similarity  of  relations. 

A  prince  is  aiudoiiicalhi  styled  a  pilot,  beiug  to  the  state 
as  a  pilot  is  to  the  vessel. 

Bp.  Berkeley,  ilinute  Philosopher,  iv.  §  21. 

We  argue  analogically  from  what  is  within  us  to  what 
is  external  to  us.    J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  63. 

2.  In  biol.,  functionally  as  distinguished  from 
structurally ;  in  a  physiological  as  distinguished 
from  an  anatomical  way  or  manner:  contrasted 
with  homologicalhj. 

Birds  .  .  .  are  analogically  related  only  according  to 
the  sum  of  unlike  characters  employed  for  similar  pur- 
poses. Coue^y  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  68. 

analogicalness(an-a-loj'i-kal-nes), )!.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  analogical;  fitiiiess  to  be  used  by 
way  of  analogy. 

analogion  (an-a-16'ji-on),  >(.;  pi.  analogia  (-a). 
Same  as  iinulogium. 

analogise,  r.     See  analogize. 

analogismt  (a-nal'o-jizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  dva?.oyianSg, 
a  course  of  reasoning,  proportional  calculation, 

<  dvaA.oyiCeaOai,  calctilate,  consider ;  influenced 
by  dvdAoyo^  (see  analogous),  but  rather  directly 
<'iir(j,  through,  -I-  'Ao)  i^ccrOai,  count,  reckon,  con- 
sider, <  A6}oc,  count,  reckoning,  ratio,  etc. :  see 
logos,  logic,  etc.]  1.  In  logic,  an  argument 
from  the  cause  to  the  effect ;  an  a  priori  argu- 
ment.—  2.  Investigation  of  things  by  their 
analogies;  reasoning  from  analogy. —  3.  In 
mill.,  diagnosis  by  analogy. 

analogist  (a-nal'o-jist),  «.  [<  analogy  -I-  -ist.] 
One  who  employs  or  argues  from  analogy. 

Man  is  an  analogist,  and  studies  relations  in  all  objects. 
Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  30. 

analogistic  (a-nal-o-jis'tik),  fl.     Relating  to  or 

consisting  in  analogj". 
analogium  (an-a-16'ji-um),  H. ;  pi.  analogia  (-a). 
[ML.,  <  MGr.  dvaAoyiov,  a  pulpit,  reading-desk, 

<  Gr.  draAc-,ea6ai,  read  through,  mid.  of  dvaAc- 
)f(i':  see  analect,  and  cf.  lectern.]  1.  Eccles.,  a 
reading-desk,  especially  a  movable  one :  some- 


analogium 

times  applied  to  an  ambo  or  a  pulpit. —  2.  The 
inclosure  of  tlie  tomb  of  a  saint.     l)u  Vaniji-. 

AJsci  «Tiltcii  <i)uiloriion. 
analogize  (a-nal'o-jiz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  nnitl- 
(Kjizcil,  ppr.  (i)i(il(ii/i;iiig.  [<  analoi/i)  +  -i'-f. 
The  tir.  nvnAn^iCtnllai  agi'ees  in  form,  but  not  in 
Bonse:  SCO  rjHf/^w/wm.]  I.  trans.  To  oxplain  by- 
analogy;  exhibit  resemblance  between. 

II.  inlran.i.  To  make  use  of  analofry;  bo 
analogous. 

Also  sjjelled  analogise. 
analogon  (a-nal'o-gon),  n. ;  pi.  muiloga  (-gii). 
[<  Or.  lirii/ojoj',  adj.,  nout.  of  liwi/.iijw;,  analo- 
gous: see  aiKtloj/ou.t.]   An  analogue ;  something 
analogous.     '  'iiUrUhje. 

Kvcn  the  (jtluT  element  of  the  Jewish  system,  the  ele- 
ment of  propheey,  is  not  without  its  aitaU><iit/i  anions  the 
ileathen.  (i.  P.  Fkhtr,  Begin,  of  I'hristianity,  i. 

analogous  (a-nal'o-gus),  a.  [<  L.  analoyu.s,  < 
Gr.  ai'ii/ojoi;,"aecording  to  a  due  ?.6)or  or  ratio, 
proportionate,  conformable,  analogous,  <  ivu, 
throughout,  according  to  (see  ana-),  +  ?.6yog, 
ratio,  proportion:  see  Io{/os  and  Uitjic.']  1.  In 
general,  liaviiig  analogy ;  corrusiionding  (to 
something  else)  in  some  particular  or  partic- 
ulars, while  ditiering  in  others ;  bearing  some 
resemblance  or  proportion  :  sometimes  loosely 
used  for  similar.  Thus,  there  is  sunntliin^'  in  the  ex- 
ercise of  the  niintl  analwfouft  to  that  of  the  Imily;  animal 
organs,  as  the  winj^  of  a  bird  anil  that  of  a  bat,  which  per- 
form the  same  function,  though  different  in  structure,  are 
analogous.    See  4,  below. 

The  effect  of  historical  reading  is  analogous,  in  many 
respects,  to  that  produced  by  foreign  travel. 

Macavlaii,  On  History. 

Specifically  —  2.  In  c/ic/h.,  closely  alike,  butilif- 
fering  in  some  degree  as  to  each  of  the  more 
prominent  characters. — 3.  In  but.,  resembling 
in  form  but  not  in  plan  of  structiu'e.  Thus,  the 
spur  of  a  larkspur  is  analogous  to  one  of  the  five  spurs  of 
a  coluinliine,  but  they  are  not  homologous,  for  the  one  is 
a  sepal  and  the  other  a  petal.  A.  Gran. 
4.  In  t)ii>t.,  similar  physiologically  but  not  an- 
atomically; like  in  fmiction  but  not  in  struc- 
ture :  the  ojiposite  of  liomotopous.  See  aiialof/j/, 
5. — 5.  In  loijic,  from  Albertu«  Magnus  down  to 
modern  writers,  applied  to  terms  which  are  ho- 
monymous or  eciuivoeal  in  a  special  way,  name- 
ly, those  in  wliicli  the  identity  of  sound  is  not 
accidental,  but  is  based  upon  a  trope  or  upon 
some  other  reason. 

A  term  is  analogous  whose  single  signiflcation  applies 
with  eiiual  propriety  to  nujre  than  one  object:  as,  the 
leg  of  the  table,  the  leg  of  the  animal.  WhaUbi. 

In  all  senses  used  with  t<i,  sometimes  with. 
-  Syn.  Correspondent,  similar,  like. 
analogously  (a-nai'o-gus-li),  adv.     In  an  anal- 
ogous manner. 

analogue  (an'a-log),  «.  [<  F.  analogue,  adj.  and 
u.,  <  L.  analixju.s;  adj.,  analogous:  see  analo- 
gous.^ 1.  In  general,  something  having  anal- 
ogy to  something  else;  an  oliject  having  some 
agreement  or  correspondence  in  relations,  func- 
tions, or  structure  with  another  object. 

The  mechanical  law,  that  action  and  reaction  are  equal, 

has  its  moral  analogue.    II.  Spender,  Social  Statics,  p.  tb'i. 

It  [cynicism]  is  the  intellectual  analo'jnr  of  the  truflle; 

and  though  it  may  be  very  well  in  yivirij;  a  relish  to  thoilght 

for  certain  palates,  it  cannot  suppl>'  tbi-  sulistance  of  it. 

Lourtl,  study  Windows,  p.  l;^7. 

Specifically — 2.  In  philol.,  a  word  correspond- 
ing with  another;  an  analogous  term. — 3.  In 
zodl.  and/)o?.,  ananimalora  plant coiTesponding 
in  some  special  and  essential  attributes  or  rela- 
tions to  a  member  of  another  group  or  region, 
so  that  it  is  a  representative  or  coimterpart. — 
4.  In  liiol.,  an  organ  in  one  species  or  gi-oup 
having  the  same  function  as  an  organ  of  tlifler- 
ent  structure  and  origin  in  another  species  or 
group.  The  difference  between  homologue  and  analogue 
nuiy  be  illustrated  by  the  relation  between  the  wing  of  a 
bird  anil  that  of  a  butterfly :  as  the  two  differ  totally  in 
anatomical  structure,  they  cannot  be  said  to  be  homo- 
logurs,  but  they  arc  analogues,  since  lioth  serve  tor  flight. 
See  uruifii'iu,  ft. 

analogy  (a-nal'o-ji),  n. ;  pi.  analogies  (-jiz).  [< 
I'\  analogic,  <  L.  analogia,<  Gr.  ava'Ao-jia,  equal- 
ity of  ratios,  proportion,  analogy,  <  avd'Ao-jou 
analogoss:  see  analogous.']  1.  lit  math.,  an 
equation  between  ratios.  This  use  is  obsolete  ex- 
cept in  a  few  phrases,  as  Xapier's  aiuUogu'S,  which  are  four 
important  formuliis  of  sphericjd  trigonometry. 
2.  An  agreement,  likeness,  or  proportion  be- 
tween the  relations  of  things  to  one  another; 
hence,  often,  agreement  or  likeness  of  things 
themselves.  .Inaloijg  strictly  denotes  oidy  a  partial 
similarity,  .as  in  some  special  circumstances  or  effects 
predicalile  of  two  or  more  tilings  in  other  respects  essen- 
tially dilferent:  tlius,  when  we  say  that  learuiiiK  enlightens 
the  mind,  we  recognize  an  analiigif  between  learning  and 
light,  the  former  being  to  the  miml  what  tlie  latter  is  to 
Uie  eye,  eaubliug  it  to  discover  things  before  hidden.  [Wo 


195 

say  that  there  ie  an  analogy  between  thlniTB,  and  that  one 
thing  has  analogy  to  or  with  another.) 

Intuitive  perceptions  in  spiritual  beings  may,  perhaps, 
hold  some  analogy  unto  vision. 

Sir  T.  [irowne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  15, 

'lliat  there  is  a  real  anutogg  between  an  individual  or- 
gainsm  and  a  social  organism,  becomes  undeniable  when 
certain  necessities  determining  structure  are  seen  tt)  gov- 
ern them  in  common.    //.  Si»nicer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  330. 

In  philosophy,  analogi/  does  not  consist  in  the  equality 
of  two  quantities,  but  i>i  two  qvmlitativc  relations. 

Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Keason  (tr.  by  Max  Muller). 

Specifically — 3.  In  logic,  a  form  of  reasoning 
in  which,  from  the  similarity  of  two  or  more 
things  in  certain  particidars,  their  similarity  in 
other  particulars  is  inferred.  Thus,  the  earth  and 
Mars  are  both  planets,  nearly  equidistant  from  the  sun, 
not  dilfering  greatly  in  density,  having  sinular  distribu- 
tions of  seas  and  continents,  alike  in  condititms  of  liu- 
nndity,  temperature,  seasons,  day  aiul  night,  etc. ;  but  the 
earth  also  supports  organic  life ;  hence  Mars  (probably) 
supports  orgainc  life  —  is  all  argument  front  analogy.  See 
intlurtiun. 

4.  In  gram.,  conformity  to  the  sjjirit,  structure, 
or  general  rules  of  a  language ;  similarity  as 
respects  any  of  the  characteristics  of  a  lan- 
guage, as  derivation,  inflection,  s|iclling,  pro- 
nimciation,  etc. — 5.  In  bioK,  resemblance  with- 
out affinity;  physiological  or  adaptive  likeness 
between  things  morjjhologically  or  structurally 
unlike  :  the  oppositi>  of  honinlogg.  Thus,  there  is 
an  analogy  betweeti  the  wing  of  a  liirdaiid  that  of  a  butter- 
fly, lioth  being  adapted  to  tlie  same  pliysiological  purpose 
of  flight,  but  there  is  no  morphological  relation  between 
them.  Analogy  rests  upon  mere  functional  (that  is, 
physiological)  modilleations  ;  homology  is  grounded  upon 
structural  (that  is,  morjiliological)  identity  or  unity.  Anal- 
ogy is  the  correlative  of  physiology,  liotnology  of  morphol- 
ogy; but  the  two  may  be  coincident,  as  wlu-n  stnutures 
identical  in  nu)rpbology  are  used  for  the  same  purposes 
and  are  therefore  i)hysiologieally  identical.— Analogy  of 
faith,  in  theol.,  the  correspondence  of  the  several  parts  of 
revelation  witli  one  anotber. 

analphabet,  analphabete  (an-al'fa-bet,  -bet), 

a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  analjihabclus,  <  (Jr.  avaA<lidlinToc, 
not  Isnowing  one's  A  B  C,  <  av-  pri v.  +  ('uipdih/roi;, 
the  ABC,  alphabet:  see  alphabet.}  I.  a.  Not 
knowing  the  alphabet ;  illiterate. 

II.  n.  One  who  does  not  know  the  alphabet ; 
one  who  cannot  read. 

As  late  as  the  census  of  1861  it  was  found  that  [in  Italy] 
in  a  population  of  21,777,:S31  there  were  no  less  than  10,- 
i)99,701  an  alphabet  eit,  or  persons  absolutely  destitute  of  in- 
struction, absolutely  unable  to  read. 

Eneye.  Brit.,  XIII.  -160. 

analphabetic  (au-al-fa-bet'ik),  a.  Not  know- 
ing the  alphalicl ;  illiterate;  imable  to  read. 

analysable,  analyse,  etc.    See  anabjzablc,  etc. 

analyset,  ».  [Also  written  analisc,  <  F.  ana- 
lyse, <  ML.  analy.-!is:  see  attalijsis,  analyse.] 
Analysis. 

The  anali/se  of  it  [a  tractate]  may  bo  spared,  since  it  is 
in  many  hii'nds.    Up.  Ilaeket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  104. 

analysis  (a-nal'i-sis),  «.  [Formerly  analyse,  < 
F.  analyse  =  Pg.  analyse  or  analysis  =  Sp.  andlisis 
=  It.  analisi,  <  ML.  analysis,  <  Gr.  dvd'Avai;,  a  dis- 
sohing,  resolution  of  a  whole  into  its  parts,  so- 
lution of  a  problem,  analysis,  lit.  a  loosing,  < 
dvaAvetv,  resolve  into  its  elements,  analyze,  lit. 
loosen,  undo,  <  dvd,  back,  +  Avetv,  loosen :  see 
loosen.']  1.  The  resolution  or  separation  of 
anything  which  is  compound,  as  a  conception, 
a  sentence,  a  material  substance,  or  an  event, 
into  its  constituent  elements  or  into  its  causes; 
decomposition. 

In  the  deductive  syllogism  we  proceed  by  analysis  — 
that  is,  by  decomposing  a  whole  into  its  parts. 

Sir  ir.  Hamilton. 

In  the  associationalist  psychology,  the  analysis  of  an 
iilea  is  the  discovery  of  the  different  kinds  of  elementary 
sensations  which  are  associated  together  to  produce  the 
idea.  -"'"■ 

Analysis  is  real,  as  when  a  chemist  separates  two  sub- 
stances. Logical,  as  when  we  consider  the  properties  of 
the  sides  and  angles  of  a  triangle  separately,  though  we 
cauiwt  think  of  a  triangle  without  sides  and  angles. 

Fleming,  Vocab.  of  Phil. 

The  analusis  of  a  material  object  consists  in  breaking  it 
upiuto  those  otller  material  olijccts  which  are  its eletuents. 
and  it  is  only  when  we  know  sonu'thing  of  the  properties  of 
these  elements  as  they  exist  separately  that  we  regard  an 
analysis  of  the  whole  :is  satisfactory.  Mind,  IS.,  so, 

2.  The  regi'essive  scientific  method  of  discov- 
ery; research  into  causes;  iiuluction. — 3.  Li 
math. :  (a)  Originally,  and  still  frequently,  a 
regressive  method,  said  to  have  been  invented 
by  Plato,  which  first  assumes  the  conclusion 
and  gradually  leads  back  to  the  premises.  The 
lldrtcenth  book  of  Eueliil's  F.lemenls  has  the  following 
ilcttnition,  which  is  not  supposed  to  be  by  Euclid,  but 
w  Inch  is  ancient,  and  perhaps  by  F.u<loxns :  Analysis  is  the 
proceeding  from  the  thing  sought,  as  conceded,  by  conse- 
quences to  some  conceded  truth ;  mnithenix  is  the  pro- 
ceeding from  the  conceded  by  consequences  to  the  truth 
sought.  According  to  Pappus,  analysis  is  of  two  kinds : 
theoretieat.  so  called  because  used  in  research  into  truth, 
and  probleinatie,  so  ealle<l  because  used  in  the  solution  of 
problems.    In  the  former,  the  proposition  to  be  proved  is 


analytic 

assumed  as  true,  and  consequences  arc  drawn  fromltuntU 
something  conceded  is  reached,  which  if  it  is  true  tnvolvcB 
the  truth  of  the  thing  sought,  the  demonstration  c<irre- 
sponding  to  the  analysis ;  in  the  latter,  the  construction 
sought  is  assumed  .is  already  known,  anrl  conseijuences 
are  deiluced  fronr  it  until  something  given  is  rcaclied. 
((/)  Algebraical  reasoning,  in  which  unknown 
quantities  are  operated  upon  in  order  to  find 
their  values.  I'ieta.  (c)  The  treatment  of 
problems  by  a  consideration  of  infinitesimals, 
or  something  equivalent,  especially  by  the  dif- 
ferential calculus  (including  the  integral  cal- 
culus, the  calculus  of  variations,  etc.):  often 
called  infinitesimal  analysis.  This  is  the  com- 
mon meaning  of  the  word  in  modern  times. 
Hence  —  ((/)  The  discussion  of  a  iirohlem  by 
means  of  algebra  (in  the  sense  of  a  system  of 
s\niil>ols  with  rules  of  transformation),  in  oppo- 
sition to  a  geometrical  discussion  of  it,  that  is, 
a  discission  resting  directly  u])on  the  imagina- 
tion of  space :  thus,  analytical  geometry  is  the 
treatment  of  geometrical  problems  by  analy- 
sis.—  4.  A  syllaljus  or  sJ^lopsis  of  the  contents 
of  a  book  or  discourse,  or  of  the  principles 
of  a  science. — Analysis  of  a  plant,  an  examina- 
ti<»n  of  its  structure  and  eliaracters  as  a  preliminary  to 
its  ileterraination.— Chemical  analysis,  Diophantine 
analysis,  etc  .See  tlie  adjectives-  Fluxlonal  analy- 
sis.    See  ni-thoil  of  Jloxlons,  under  jloxinn.—  GasOmet- 

lic  analysis,  harmonic  analysis,  etc.  See  the  adjec- 
tives, -Qualitative  analysis,  in  ehem.,  the  detection 
of  the  <<.ii-titin  [its  (if  a  coiopound  body,  in  distinction 
f  i-i  iin  quantitative  analysis,  or  the  determination  of  the 
aniiinnts  and  jintportionsof  the  constituents. —  Spectrum 
analysis.  See  speelrum.  -Syn.  Assay,  Analysis.  See««- 
saif. 
analyst  (an'.a-list),  71.  [=  F.  analyste  =  Pg. 
analysta  =  iiii.  It.  analista ;  formed  from  the 
verb  analyse,  as  if  from  a  verb  in  -i-e :  see  -ist, 
-i~e.]  One  who  analyzes  or  who  is  versed  in 
analysis,  in  any  application  of  that  word. 

The  analyst  biis  not  very  many  resources  at  his  disposal 
for  separating  an  intimate  mixture  of  several  bodies. 

Pop.  .SV:i.  ,I/u.,  .\.\V.  203. 

anal3rtic,  analytical  (an-a-lit'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  and 
(in  the  first  form)  n.  J^<  ML.  analyticns,  <  Gr. 
ava/.urjKOr, analytic,  <  dva'Avrnr, dissoluble,  verbal 
adj.  of  dva'/icn;  dissolve,  resolve,  analyze :  see 
analysis.]  I.  «.  1.  Relating  to,  of  the  nature 
of,  or  operating  by  analysis:  opposed  to  syn- 
thetic, syntlwtical :  as,  an  analytic  mode  of 
thought. 

Ills  [Webster's]  mind  was  analytical  rather  than  con- 
structive, and  bis  restlessness  of  life  wiui  indicative  of  a 
certain  instability  of  temper. 

//,  a.  .Scudder,  Xoah  Webster,  iv. 

2.  In  the  ir«»fiV(H?0!/iC,  explicatory;  involving 
a  mere  analysis  or  explication  of  knowledge, 
and  not  any  material  addition  to  it. 

In  all  judgments  in  wliich  there  is  a  relation  between 
subject  and  predicate  (I  speak  of  artirmative  judgments 
only,  tile  application  to  negative  ones  being  easy),  tliat  re- 
lation can  be  of  two  kinds.  Either  tlu-  jindicate  I!  be- 
longs to  the  subject  A  as  something  contained  (though 
covertly)  in  the  concept  A  ;  or  B  liesoutside  of  the  sphere 
of  the  concept  .-V,  though  stimehow  connected  with  it.  In  the 
former  case  I  call  the  judgment  anatylieat :  in  the  latter, 
synthetical.  yljm/'//i>i»/ judL:ments(atttrmative)are  there- 
fore those  in  wbicll  the  comiection  of  the  predicate  with 
the  sulijeit  is  conceived  through  identity,  while  others  in 
wbicli  lliat  ronireclion  is  cimceived  without  identity  may 
be  called  svutiielical. 

Kant,  I'ritiquc  of  I'ure  Reason  (tr,  by  Max  Muller). 

3.  In  philol.,  deficient  in  inflections,  and  em- 
ploying instead  particles  and  auxiliary  words  to 
express  modifications  of  meaning  and  to  show 
the  relations  of  words  in  a  sentence :  as,  an 
a««/.i/fic  language Analytical  chemistry,  a  meth- 
od of  physical  research  in  which  conqionnd  substances  are 
resolved  into  their  elemeids,  —  Analytical  definition. 
See  (/e//ni(io;i.  — Analytical  geometry,  geometry  treated 
by  means  of  ordinary  algebra,  w  itb  a  reference,  direct  or 
indirect,  to  a  system  of  coordinates.  See  coordinate.  In 
ordinary  rectangldar  coordinates,  for  example,  there  ia 
just  one  point  of  space  for  every  set  of  values  of  the  three 
varialdes,  x,  ;/,  z.  If,  now,  an  e<iuation  is  assumed  be- 
tween these  variables,  some  of  the  sets  of  otherw  ise  pos- 
sible values  will  be  excluded,  and  thus  some  of  the  points 
of  space  will  be  debarred  to  us,  and  we  shall  be  restricted 
to  a  certain  "locus"  or  place;  and  since  the  nundier  of 
indepemlent  variables  is,  in  consequence  of  the  equation, 
reduced  by  one,  the  number  of  dimensions  of  the  locus 
at  any  one  jioint  will  be  one  less  than  that  of  space,  so 
that  the  locus  will  be  a  surface.  By  the  use  of  such  e(iua- 
tions  of  loci  evei-y  problem  of  geometry  is  reduced  to  a 
problem  of  algebra,  and  the  whole  doctrine  of  geometry 
is  mathematically  identified  with  the  algebra  of_three 
variables.  Thus,  to  discover  that,  when  four  equations 
subsist  between  three  unknown  quantities,  they  can  be 
satisfied  simultaneously,  amounts  to  discovering  that, 
when  a  certain  geometrical  relation  subsists  between  four 
surfaces,  they  meet  in  a  conmion  point.  The  idea  of  ana- 
lytical geometrv  is  exclusively  due  tn  the  genius  of  Des- 
cartes (I,')9Ci-U;,W),  who  published  his  (jevniitrie.  contain- 
ing illustratiiins  of  the  new  method,  in  li'v;<'..— Analyti- 
cal Jurisprudence,  a  theory  and  system  of  jurispnnlence 
wrought  out  neither  by  inciuiriug  for  ethical  principles 
or  the  dictates  of  the  sentiment  of  justice,  nor  for  the 
rules  which  nuiy  be  actually  >n  force,  but  by  analyzing, 
cbLssifying,  ami  comparing  various  legal  conceptions.  The 
best  known  ol  tUo  aualytical  jurists  aro  Beutbam  and 


analytic 

Austin.—  Analytical  key,  in  Imi.,  nn  niTungement  of  the 
prominent  ilmi-jicturs  c»f  jt  mnnp  nf  onk-rs,  or  of  jiencra, 
etc.,  in  such  ;»  niiinncr  jus  to  facilitiitc  the  determination 
of  plants.  — Analytical  mechanics,  tlic  science  i>f  me- 
chanics treatcil  Iiy  the  inlhiitcsinKiI  ealcuhis.  Analytic 
fiuictlon.    Sce.^m-rioii.     Analytic  method,  in /";»c,  a 

mctlloii  wllirli  proceeds  J-eKressively  or  inductively  from 
knoMn  partienlais  to  the  recoKuition of  Keneral  i>rinciples, 
tn  Mpp.isition  lo  the  Ki/nth'tic  method,  which  advances 
from  piincipies  to  particulars. 

II.  «.  (only  in  the  lirst  form).  1.  One  of  the 
main  divisions  of  Ioric,  whicli  treats  of  the 
criteria  for  distinfjuisliinc;  f;o()fl  and  had  argu- 
ments.— 2.  Analysis  in  tlie  mutliomatifal  sense. 
[Karo.]  —  The  new  analytic  of  logical  forms,  a  logi- 
cal scheme  of  syllogism  by  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  based  upon 
the  doctrine  of  the  <iuantiflcation  of  the  predicate.  See 
i/uanlirii'nlintt. 

analytically  (an-a-lit'i-kal-i),  adv.  1.  In  an 
analytical  manner;  by  an  analytic  method;  by 
mcaiis  of  analysis. —  2.  To  or  toward  analytic 
methods:  as,  "persons  anali/ticaUij  inclined," 
H,  Sjii'ncer. 

analytics  (an-a-lit'iks),  n:  pi.  [The  pi.  form 
with  ref.  to  jVi'istotle's  treatises  on  logic,  called 
TO  iivalvTina,  neut.  pi.  of  avalvTiKO^,  analj'tie : 
S&&  analytic.']  1.  The  name  given  by -Aaistotle 
to  the  wliole  of  his  logical  investigations  viewed 
as  the  analysis  of  thought;  specifically,  the 
name  of  two  of  his  logical  treatises,  the  Prior 
and  the  Posterior  Analytics,  the  former  of  which 
deals  with  the  doctrine  of  the  syllogism,  and 
the  latter  with  proof,  definition,  division,  and 
the  knowledge  of  princijiles. —  2.  Same  as 
analytic,  2. 

analyzable,  analysable  (an'a-li-za-bl),  a.  [< 
aiitily^c,  analyse,  +  -(dilc.']  Callable  of  being 
analyzed. 

analyzableness,  analysableness  (an'a-li-za- 
bl-nes),  Ji.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  analyz- 
able. 

analyzation,  analysation  (an-a-li-za'shon),  n. 

[<  anahj;:e,  analyse,  +  -ation.]  The  act  of  ana- 
lyzing. 

analyze,  analyse  (an'a-liz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  analysed,  analysed,  ppr.  analyzing,  analys- 
ing. [Now  usually  spelled  analyse  in  England, 
but  formerly  there,  as  still  in  the  United  States, 
spelled  regularly  analyze  (as  in  Johnson's  Dic- 
tionary), in  the  17th  centiuy  also  analicc,  <  P. 
analyser  =  Pr.  Pg.  analysar  =  Sp.  analizar  =  It. 
analizzare,  analyze ;  from  the  noun,  F.  analyse, 
E.  obs.  analyse,  analysis,  the  term,  conform- 
ing to  -ize,  as  also  in  paralyze,  q.  v. :  see  analy- 
sis and  -ize.']  1.  To  take  to  pieces;  resolve 
into  elements;  separate,  as  a  compound  into  its 
parts;  ascertain  the  constituents  or  causes  of; 
ascertain  the  characters  or  structure  of,  as  a 
plant:  as,  to  analyze  a  mineral,  a  sentence,  or 
an  argument;  to  analyze  light  by  separating  it 
into  its  prismatic  constituents. 

But  do  what  we  will,  there  remains  in  all  deeply  agree- 
able impressions  a  charming  something  we  cannot  analyze, 
H,  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  244. 

The  atialj/ziJig  prism  is  fitted  into  the  body  [of  the  mi- 
croscope] ai)Ove  the  Wenham  prism,  in  such  a  manner 
that,  when  its  fitting  is  drawn  out,  ...  it  Is  completely 
out  of  the  way  of  the  light-rays. 

II'.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  68. 

Hence  —  2.  To  examine  critically,  so  as  to  bring 
out  the  essential  elements  or  give  the  essence 
of:  as,  to  analyze  a  poem. —  3.  In  math.,  to 
submit  (a  problem)  to  treatment  by  algebra, 
and  especially  by  the  calculus. 
analyzer,  analyser  (au'a-li-zer),  n.  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  analyzes,  or  has  the  power  of 
analyzing. 

Fire  is  the  great  analyzer  in  the  world,  and  the  product 
ashes.  Bxtahiu.ll,  Sermons  on  Living  Subjects. 

By  this  title  [man  of  science]  we  do  not  mean  the  mere 
calculator  of  distances,  or  analyzer  of  compounds,  or  label- 
ler  of  species.  //.  Spencer,  Education,  p.  93. 

Specifically — 2.  In  o;)fic.s,  the  part  of  a  polari- 
seope  which  receives  the  light  after  polari- 
zation and  exhibits  its  properties:  usually  a 
section  or  prism  cut  from  a  doubly  refracting 
crystal. 

When  two  instruments,  whether  of  the  same  or  of  dif- 
ferent kinds,  are  used,  they  are  called  respectively  the 
"prdariser"  and  the  ^^ analyser" ;  and  the  two  together 
are  included  under  the  general  name  of  "polariscope." 
.Spottiswoode,  Polarisation,  p.  2. 

Anamese,  a.  and  «.    See  Annamese. 

anamesite  (a-nam'e-sit),  n.  [<  Gr.  ava/itmc, 
intermediate  (<  avd,  upon,  -1-  fiicov,  middle),  -I- 
-itc".~\  The  name  given  by  lithologists  to  those 
varieties  of  basalt  wliich  are  of  so  fine  a  tex- 
ture that  the  separate  crystals  cannot  be  dis- 
tinguished hy  the  naked  eye.     See  basalt. 

Anamite  (an'a-mit),  H.     Same  as  Annanicsc. 

anamnesis  (aii-am-ne'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  nm- 
fti>'/at(;,  a  recalling  to  mind,  <  uva/iifxvt/aKsiv,  recall 


196 

to  mind,  <  avA,  again,  +  /u/tv^oKeiv,  call  to  mind : 
see  mnemonic.  Of.  amnesia.']  1.  In  psychol., 
the  act  or  process  of  reiu-oduction  in  memory; 
reminiscence. —  2.  In  rhet.,  a  figure  which  con- 
sists in  calling  to  remembrance  something  over- 
looked.—  3.  In  I'lafoniu  philos.,  the  vague  rec- 
ollection of  a  state  of  existence  preceding  the 
presentlife.  Is.  Taylor. — 4.  In»ncrf.,theaccotmt 
given  by  a  patient  or  his  friends  of  the  history 
of  his  case  up  to  the  time  when  he  is  placed  tm- 
der  the  care  of  a  jjhysician. 

anamnestic  (an-am-nes'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  6r. 
iivauvTin-riKiir,  able  to  recall  to  mind,  <  ava/iV7jm6(, 
thatmay  be  recalled,  <  ava/n/iv^jaKEiv:  see  anam- 
7>esis.]     I.  a,  .Aiding  the  memory. 

II.  n.   Tlio   art  of  recollection  or  reminis- 
cence.    Sir  JV.  Hamilton. 

Anamnia  (an-am'ni-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  anamnius,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  a/tviov,  amnion.] 
In  zool.,  those  vertebrates,  as  fishes  and  am- 
phibians, which  are  destitute  of  an  amniotic 
sac:  opposed  to  Amnionata  (which  see). 

Anamniata  (an-am-ui-a'ta),  n.  pi.  [NTj.,  as 
Ananinia  +  -ata.]  The  more  correct  form  of 
Anamnionala. 

Anamnionata  (au-am"ni-o-na'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  av-  priv.  4-  a/jviov,  amnion,  +  -ata;  more 
eoiTectly.J««w»i(ato.]  Vertebrates  which  have 
no  amnion,  as  the  Ichtltyopsida :  synonymous 
with  Anallantoidea,  and  opposed  to  Amnionata. 
Also  written  Anamniota. 

ananmionic  (an-am-ui-on'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  (ifiviov,  amnion,  -1-  -ic;  the  more  correct 
form  would  be  *anamniac.]  Same  as  anam- 
n  ill  tic. 

Anamniota  (an-am-ni-6'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
av-  priv.  +  a/2viov,  amnion,  -(-  -uiror:  see  -ote.] 
Same  as  Anamnionata. 

anamniotic  (an-am-ni-ot'ik),  a.  [As  Anamni- 
ota +  -ic]  Without  amnion:  as,  fishes  and 
amphibians  are  anamniotic  vertebrates.  Aj\ 
cqmvalent  form  is  ananmionic. 

anamorphism  (an-a-m6r'fizm),  n.  [<  anamor- 
phosis +  -/.SHI.]    Same  as  anamorphosis,  2  and  3. 

anamorphoscope  (au-a-mor'fo-skop), «.    [<  Gr. 

ava/j6p(j)ijcng  (see  anamorphosis)  +  ckottciv,  view.] 
Ajx  optical  toy  consisting  of  a  vertical  cylindri- 


ananthons 


Anamorphoscope. 

eal  mirror  which  gives  a  correct  image  of  a 
distorted  picture  drawn  at  the  base  on  a  plane 
at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  mirror.  See 
anamorphosis. 

anamorphose  (an-a-mor'fos),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  (rnamiirjihosed,  ppr.  anamorphosing.  [<  ana- 
nuirphiisis.]  To  represent  by  anamorphosis; 
distort  into  a  monstrous  projection.     N.  E.  D. 

anamorphosis  (an-a-m6r'fo-sis  or  an"a-m6r- 
fo'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  dr.  avaiiopipuaii;  a  foi-ming 
anew,  <  avayoptpieiv,  form  anew,  transform,  < 
avn,  again,  -t-  ^opipdiiv,  form,  <  iwpijij/,  a  form:  see 
miirptiiiliiiiii.]  1.  In  jierspec,  a  method  of  draw- 
ing wUicii  gives  a  distorted  image  of  the  object 
represented  when  it  is  \'iewed  directly  or  nearly 
so,  but  a  natural  image  when  it  is  viewed  from  a 
certain  point,  is  reflected  by  a  cui'ved  miri'or, 
or  is  seen  thi-ough  a  polyhedi-on. —  2.  In  hot.,  an 
anomalous  or  monstrous  development  of  any 
part  of  a  plant,  owing  to  some  unusual  condition 
affecting  grovrth,  so  that  it  presents  an  appear- 
ance altogether  unlike  the  typical  form,  as 
when  the  calyx  of  a  rose  assumes  the  form  of  a 
leaf.  Lichens  are  so  liable  to  this  change  of  form  from 
modifications  of  climate,  soil,  etc.,  that  some  varieties 
have  been  placed  in  three  or  four  different  generji. 
3.  Inroo/.and  6o?.,thegradual  change  of  form, 
generally  ascending,  traced  in  a  group  of  ani- 
mals or  plants  the  members  of  which  succeed 
each  other  in  point  of  time.  Thus,  the  earlier  mem- 
bers of  any  group  observed  in  the  lower  geological  forma- 
tions are  by  some  said  to  be  of  a  lower  type  than,  and  in 
point  of  development  inferior  to,  their  analogues  in  more 
recent  strata  or  among  living  forms;  but  tliis  has  been 
controverted,  especially  by  opponents  of  Darwinism. 

In  senses  2  and  3  also  caUed  anamorphism. 


Anamorpliosis. 

anamorphosy  (an-a-m6r'fo-si),  n.  Same  as 
ananittriiliosis.     Imp.  Diet. 

anamorphous  (an-a-m6r'fus),  a.  [As  anamor- 
phosis +  -ous,  after  amorphous.]  Distorted; 
out  of  shape.     N.  E.  D. 

anan  (a-nan'),  ach:  and  interj.,  orig.  prep.  pkr. 
[<  ME.'  anan,  ana^n,  originally  vrith  long  a  (a), 
andn;  also  anon,  anoon,  anonc:  see  anon.]  I.t 
adv.  At  once ;  immediately ;  anon. 

Go  to,  little  blushet,  for  this,  anan. 

You'll  steal  forth  a  laugh  in  the  shade  of  your  fan. 

B.  Jonson,  Entertainments. 

II.  interj.  An  interrogative  particle  signify- 
ing that  one  has  not  heard  or  comprehended 
what  has  been  said.     [Eng.] 

Hast.  'Well,  what  say  you  to  a  friend  who  would  take  the 
bitter  bargain  off  your  hand? 
Tony.  Anan!        Go^f^i-mifA,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

[In  this  sense  formerly,  and  still  dialectally,  much  used  in 
replying  to  questions  or  commands,  to  gain  a  slight  delay, 
though  originally  implying  "I  will  attend  to  you  at  once"; 
hence,  with  an  interrogative  tone,  it  came  to  imply  that 
the  question  or  command  was  not  xmderstood.  It  is  the 
same  word  as  anon.} 

ananat  (an-an'a),  n.  [See  ananas.]  A  pine- 
apple. 

ananas  (an-an'as),  n.  [FoiTuerly  also  anana  = 
P.  and  It.  ananas,  <  Sp.  ananas,  also  anana,  Pg. 
ananas,  the  pineapple,  <  Braz.  (Tupi)  ananas, 
anassa,  or  nanas,  first  mentioned  as  Peruv., 
nanas.]  1.  A  native  name  in  tropical  America 
of  the  pineapple,  and  of  other  plants  resem- 
bUng  it.  The  wild  ananas  of  the  West  Indies  is 
Bromelia  I'inguin. — 2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  small 
genus  of  tropical  plants,  belonging  to  the  nat- 
ural order  Bromeliaccer.  A.  saliva  produces  the 
pineapple.     Also  called  Ananassa. 

Ananchytes  (an-ang-ki'tez),  n.     [NL. ;  forma- 
tion   uiqiar.   irreg.   and   not   ob^^ons.]     A  ge- 
nus of  fossil  petalostichous  sea-urchins,  of  the 
family  Spatangi- 
da',  fotmd  in  the  ^ 

Cretaeeotis  for- 
mation. They  are 
called  in  the  south 
of  England  "shep- 
herds' crowns"  and 
"fairy  loaves,"  and 
are  especially  char- 
acteristic of  the 
Upper  Chalk.  They 
have  a  raised  helmet- 
like form,  simple  ambulacra,  transversed  mouth,  an  oblong 
ontlet. 

Ananchytinse  (an-ang-ki-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ananehytis  -\-  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  sea-urchins, 
of  the  family  Spatangider,  typified  by  the  genus 
Ananchytes,  containing  many  fossil  and  a  few 
surviving  forms. 

anandroUS  (an-an'th'tis),  n.  [<  NL.  anandnis, 
<  Gr.  uvavfpoc,  without  a  man,  <  av-  priv.  -f-  avj/p 
(avdp-),  a  man,  a  male,  in  mod.  bot.  a  stamen.] 
In  hot.,  without  stamens:  applied  to  female 
flowers.  Also  formerly  applied  to  cryptogamie 
plants,  because  they  were  supposed  to  have  no 
male  organs. 

anantherous  (an-au'ther-us),  a.  [<  NL.  anan- 
thiriis,  <  Gr.  lii'-  priv.  -1-  NL.  anthera,  anther.] 
In  hilt.,  destitute  of  anthers. 

ananthoUS  (an-an'thus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avavdf/c,  < 
av-  priv.  +  avOoc,  a  flower,  -t-  -ous.]  Destitute 
of  flowers. 


1.  ^.  oz,tn*s.     2,  A.  tubrrculatus. 


anapaest 
anapaest,  anapaestic,  itf.     Same  as  anapest, 

eti'.,  with  LatiiL  a-  retained. 

anapaganize  (an-ii-pa'Kan-iz),  v.  t.  [<  Or.  iim, 
:it;aiii  (seu  una-),  4-  ji(i(/(iHi,:e,  q.  v.]  To  make 
|ia;,'an  aj^'aiu  ;  repagauizo.     Houtltci/.     [Uaro] 

anapeiratic  (au"a-i)i-rat'ik),  a.  [Proi).  'aiia- 
jjiiiilic,  <  Ur.  avaTTcijmnUai,  tiy  again,  do  again, 
exercise,  <  avi,  again,  +  rreiiidv,  attempt,  try : 
see  pirate,  piratic]  Ai-ising  from  too  long  or 
too  frequent  exorcise :  applied  to  a  kind  of  pa- 
ralysis pi-odueed  by  the  habitual  use  of  certain 
muscles  in  the  same  way  for  a  long  time,  such 
as  writers'  palsy,  telegraphers'  paralysis,  etc. 

anapest,  "■  [In/untian  (iimpcs,  (in  apes,  anil  apes, 
a  napes,  corrupted  from  iif  Xaples.]  Of  Naples: 
applied  to  fustian  produced  there. 

anapest,  anapaest  (au'a-pest),  «.  [<  L.  ana- 
pa'.-,-tus,  <  (ir.  t'u'i'iiTiiinTor,  prop,  a  verbal  adj., 
struck  back,  rebounding,  because  the  foot  is  the 
reverse  of  adactyl  (L.  daetylusrejierciissus,  anti- 
dactyJus),  <  avaTraiciv,  strike  back  or  again,<  lii'o, 
back,  +  -naitiv,  strike,  =  L.  pavirc,  strike:  see 
pare.]  In  pros.,  a  foot  consisting  of  three 
syllables,  the  first  two  short  or  unaccented, 
the  last  loug  or  accented:  the  reverse  of  the 
dactiil. 

anapestic,  anapaestic  (an-a-pes'tik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  anapest,  anapwst,  +  -jc]  I,  «.  Pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  anapest;  consisting 
of  anapests. 

II,  H.  The  anapestic  measvtre ;  an  anapestic 
verse.  The  following  is  an  example  of  anapes- 
tics: 

"And  the  sheen  of  their  spears  was  like  stars  on  the  sea 
Where  tlie  Ijlue  waves  roll  nightly  o'er  deep  Galilee." 

Bijfon,  Descent  of  Sennacherib. 

anapestical,  anapaestical  (an-a-pes'ti-kal),  a. 

Same  as  aimiieslie.     [Ixare.] 
anapestically,  anapaestically  (an -a -pes' ti- 

kal-i ),  adr.     In  anapestic  rhythm, 
anaphalantiasis  (an-a-fal-an-ti'a-sis),  H.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  umipiUai'Tiaiyi^,  baldness  iii  fi'ont,  <  avd, 
up,  +  i^a'Aavdor,  *ijiiiAavTO(,  bald  in  front.]  In 
patkol.,  the  falling  out  of  the  eyebrows. 

anaphora  (an-af'o-rii),  «.;  pi.  anap)ior(E  {-r%). 
[L.,  <  Gr.  avaipopn,  a  coming  up,  ascension,  a 
bringing  up,  a  reference,  recourse,  an  offering, 

<  avaijiiiKii',  bring  up,  bring  back,  refer,  pour 
forth,  offer,  etc.,  <  mm,  up,  back,  +  (pipeiv,  carry, 
bear,  =  E.  bear^.]  1.  In  rhet.,  a  figure  con- 
sisting in  the  repetition  of  the  same  word  or 
words  at  the  beginning  of  two  or  more  succeed- 
ing verses,  clauses,  or  sentences:  as,  "  Where 
is  the  wise  ?  where  is  the  scribe  ?  lehere  is  the  dis- 
puter  of  this  world  f"  1  Cor.  i.  20.— 2.  Inastron., 
theoblique  ascension  of  a  star. — 3.  In  liturgies, 
the  more  solenrn  part  of  the  eucharistic  service : 
probably  so  called  from  the  oblation  which  oc- 
curs in  it.  Tlie  anaphora  begins  with  tlic  Sursum  Conia, 
and  includes  all  that  follows,  that  is,  the  preface,  conse- 
cration, great  ol)latlo!i,  connnunion,  thanksgiving,  etc.  In 
some  of  the  more  ancient  forms  it  is  preceded  by  a  bene- 
diction. 

anaphrodisia  (an-af-ro-diz'i-ii),  II.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  avaipimdiala,  <  aia^pot!(rof,  without  venereal 
desire,  <  av-  priv.  +  'A(jipo(SiT;?,  Venus.  ]  The  ab- 
sence of  sexual  power  or  appetite ;  impotence. 

anaphrodisiac  (an-af-ro-diz'i-ak),  a.  and  «.  [< 
Gr.  av-  priv.  +  cKpimchaiaKdr:,  venereal :  see  aph- 
rodisiac.] I.  a.  Tending  to  diminisli  se-xual 
desire ;  pertaining  to  anaphrodisia,  or  to  anaph- 
rodisiaos. 

II.  n.  That  which  dulls  or  diminishes  sexual 
appetite,  as  a  drug,  bathing,  etc.;  an  antaph- 
rodisiac. 

anaphroditic  (an-af-ro-dit'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aya- 
(ppo^iTor :  see  anaphrodisia.]  Agamogenetic  ; 
asexually  protluced. 

anaphroditous  (an-af-ro-di'tus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aftKppuihrm-;  see  anaphrodisia.]  Without  sex- 
ual appetite.     Sijd.  Soc.  Lex. 

anaplastic  (an-.V-plas'tik),  a.  [As  anaplasty  + 
-ie.\  Of,  pertaining  to,  performed  hy,  or  used 
in  the  operation  of  anaplasty :  as,  an  anaplas- 
tic instrument. 

anaplasty  (an'a-plas-ti),  n.  [<  Gr.  ava^r'/aaTor, 
that  may  be  formed  anew,  verbal  adj.  of  ava- 
Tc^aaaciv,  form  anew,  remodel,  <  ava,  again,  + 
TT/ldffffen',  mold,  form:  see 2>lastic.]  In siir<j.,  the 
repairing  of  superficial  lesions,  or  solutions  of 
continuity,  by  the  employment  of  adjacent 
healthy  structure,  as  by  transplanting  a  neigh- 
boring portion  of  skin.  Noses,  etc.,  are  thus 
restored. 

anaplerosis  (an'si-ple-ro'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <Gr. 
aiia~/.)/puair,  <  avaTv'Ar/pom',  fill  up,  <  (ii'ii,  up,  + 
■Khipuvv,  fill,  <  -^'/.iipiK,  fidl,  akin  to  L.  plen  us,  full : 
see  j)fc«<y.]     The  addition  of  what  is  lacking; 


197 

specifically,  in  raed. ,  the  filling  up  of  a  deficiency 
caused  by  loss  of  substance,  as  in  wounds. 

anaplerotic  (an"a-ple-rot'ik),  a.  and  «.  \<.  L. 
anaplerutieus,  <  Gr.  "avair'/.tipurmdi;,  fit  for  tilling 
up,  <  uvair'Atipovv,  fill  up,  restore:  see  anaple- 
rosis.] I.  a.  In  nied.,  filling  up;  promoting 
granulation  of  wounds  or  ulcers. 

II.  II.  A  substance  or  application  which  pro- 
motes the  granulation  of  wounds  or  ulcers. 

Anaplotherium,  «.  Erroneous  form  of  Ano- 
piutliiriuni.     Jirande. 

anajpnograph  (an-ap'no-graf),  11.  [<  Gr.  ava- 
nvo//,  respiration  (<  uvaTrrciv,  take  breath,  (.  ava, 
again,  +  wclv,  breathe),  +  ypiuptn;  write.]  An 
instrument  for  registering  the  movements  and 
amount  of  expiration  and  inspiration.    N.  E.  D. 

anapnometer  (an-ap-nom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  ava- 
m'oi/,  respiration  (see  anapnofiraph),  +  /jirpov, 
a  measui'e.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
force  of  respiration  ;  a  spirometer.     X  JH.  D. 

anapodictic  (an-a])-o-dik'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ava-^6- 
rV//>TOi;,  not  (.leniiinstrable,  <  ai'-  jiriv.  -I-  airorki- 
Kriir,  demonstrable :  see  apodictie.]  Incapable 
of  being  di'inonstrated  by  argument. 

anapophysial  (an-ap-o-fiz'i-al),  a.  [<  nnapophy- 
.v/s.]  Kelating  or  pertaining  to  an  anapophysis. 

anapophysis  (an-a-pof 'i-sis), «.;  pi.  anapophyses 
(-sez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  lird,  back,  +  aTo^iw/f,  an  off- 
shoot, process  of  a  bone,  <  a-:Toij>iim',  put  forth, 
in  pass,  grow  as  an  offshoot,  <  a-6,  from,  off 
(see  apo-),  +  (piciv,  produce,  in  pass,  grow :  see 
physic]  In  anat.,  a  small  backward  projecting 
process  on  the  nom'al  arch  of  a  vertebra,  be- 
tween the  prozygapophysis  and  the  diapophy- 
sis.  It  is  develojied  especially  in  the  posterior  dorsal  and 
lumbar  regions  of  the  spine.  Also  called  an  aceesnory 
procfsa.     .See  cut  under  lumbar. 

Anaptomorphidae  (an-ap-to-mor'fi-de),  «.  pi. 

[yiL.,<.  Auaptoniorjihus  + -idee]  A  family  of 
extinct  Eocene  lemuroid  mammals  of  North 
America,  with  two  premolars  and  a  dental  for- 
mula like  that  of  the  higher  apes. 

The  most  evident  lemiuoids  yet  found  in  North  Amer- 
ica belong  to  the  family  of  the  Atiaptomorphidce. 

Cope,  Amer.  Naturalist  (1885),  p.  465. 

Anaptomorphus  (an-ap-to-m6r'fus),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  av-  priv.  4-  aKTeiv,  fasten,  +  l">p<t>>l,  form.] 
'The  typical  gi'uus  of  the  family  Anaptomor- 
phidee,  foundei.1  on  the  jaw  of  a  small  species, 
A.  a^mulus.  A.  homunculus  is  another  species,  found  in 
the  Wahsatch  beds  of  Wyoming.  The  laerymal  foramen 
is  e.\ternal,  and  the  symphysis  of  the  jaw  is  nnossifled. 

As  far  as  dental  characters  go,  Anaptomorphus  comes 
closer  to  man  than  any  of  the  e.xisting  Primates. 

Staiui.  A'at.  Hist.,  V.  493. 

anaptotic  (an-ap-tot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ava,  back, 
again,  +  airrurof,  indeclinable  :  see  apfote.]  In 
philol.,  becoming  again  uninllectcd :  applied  to 
languages  which  have  a  tendency  to  lose  or  have 
already  lost  the  use  of  inflections. 

anaptychus  (an-ajj'ti-kus),  n.;  pi.  anaptychi 
(-ki).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avaTTTvxoi;,  var.  of  uvaiTTvuToq, 
that  may  be  opened,  verbal  adj.  of  avairTvaaeiv, 
open,  uiif old,  <  ava,  back,  +  ■KTvansiv,  fold.]  One 
of  the  heart-shaped  plates  divided  by  a  suture 
foimd  in  some  fossil  cephalopods,  as  goniatites 
and  ammonites.     See  aptychus. 

anarch  (.an'iirk),  n.  [Formed  after  the  analogy 
of  monarch ;  <  Gr.  avapxo^,  vrithout  a  head  or 
chief:  see  anarchy.]  A  promoter  of  anarchy; 
one  who  excites  revolt  against  all  government 
or  authority;  an  anarchist. 

Him  thus  the  aiutrch  old, 
With  faltering  speech  and  visage  incomposed, 
Answer'd.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  988. 

"  A  torpedo,"  cried  Zero,  brightening,  "  a  torpedo  in  the 
Thames  I  Superb,  dear  fellow  !  I  recognize  in  you  the 
marks  of  an  accomplished  anarch." 

n.  L.  Sterrnxoii.  The  Dynamiter,  p.  305. 

anarchal,  anarchial  (a-niir'kal,  -ki-al),  a.  [< 
Gr.  (JiaMOi;,  without  a  head  or  chief:  see^  an- 
archy.] IJngovorned;  lawless;  anarchical. 
[Bare.] 

We  are  in  the  habit  of  calling  those  bodies  of  men  an- 
archal which  are  in  a  state  of  eliferveacence. 

Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations,  I.  135. 

anarchic  (a-niir'kik),  a.  [<.  anarchy  + -k.]  1. 
Of,  pertaining  to,  proceeding  from,  or  dictated 
by  anarchy;  without  rule  or  government;  in 
confusion.     An  equivalent  form  is  anarchical. 

Jfr.  Arnold  is  impatient  with  the  unregulated  and,  as 
lie  thinks,  aiiarrliic  state  of  our  society  ;  and  everywhere 
displays  a  longing  for  more  administrative  and  control- 
ling agencies.  //.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  231. 
2.  Eelating  or  pertaining  to  the  theory  of  so- 
ciety called  anarchy ;  founded  on  anarchy  or 
anarchism.     See  anarchy,  2. 

Not  ludy  is  he  IBakunin)  the  father  of  Nihilism  in  Rus- 
sia, but  he  has  keen  the  apostle  of  InteruatiouaMiuirc/iu; 


Anarhynchus 

Socialism  throughout  the  south  of  Europe,  and  it  Is  the 
substance  of  his  doctrines  that  we  meet  in  tliosc  of  the 
I'aris  Revolution  of  tlie  Isth  of  March. 

Orpeu,  tr.  of  Laveleye'8  Socialism,  p.  196. 

anarchical  (a-niir'ki-kal),  a.  Same  as  anar- 
ehir,  1. 

anarchism  (an'jir-kizm),  n.  [<  anarchy  -1- 
-ism.]  1.  Confusion;  disorder;  anarchy. —  2. 
Tho  doctrines  of  the  anarchists;  the  anarchic 
and  socialistic  scheme  of  society  proposed  by 
Proiidlion.     See  anarchy,  2. 

anarchist  (an'iir-kist),  n.  [<  anarchy  ■¥■  -i,s< ,-  = 
F.  anarchistv.]  1.  Properly,  one  who  advocates 
anarchy  or  the  absence  of  government  as  a 
political  ideal ;  a  believer  in  an  anarchic  theory 
of  society;  especially,  an  adherent  of  the  social 
theory  of  Proudhon.  See  anarchy,  2. —  2.  In 
popular  use,  on<'  who  seeks  to  overturn  by  vio- 
lence all  constituted  forms  and  institutions  of 
society  and  government,  all  law  and  order,  and 
all  rights  of  property,  with  no  purpose  of  es- 
tablishing any  other  system  of  order  in  the 
j)lace  of  tliat  destroyed ;  especially,  such  a  per- 
son when  actuated  by  mere  lust  of  jilunder. —  3. 
Any  person  who  promotes  disorder  or  excites 
revolt  against  an  established  rule,  law,  or  cus- 
tom.    See  anarch  and  nihilist. 

anarchistic  (an-jir-kis'tik),  a.  [<  anarchist  + 
-ic]  Pertaining  to,  ha\iug  tho  characteristics 
of,  or  advocating  anarchism. 

Secret  conspirators  and  anarchistic  agitators. 

Applcton's  Ann.  CiJC,  18S4,  p.  357. 

anarchize  (an'iir-kiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
arclii~cd,  ])pr.  anarchi^ini/.  [<  anarchy  +  -i:e.] 
To  put  into  a  state  of  anarchy  or  confusion; 
reduce  to  anarchy  ;  thi'ow  into  confusion. 

anarchy  (an'iir-ki),  n.  [<  F.  anarchic,  <  Gr.  av- 
apxia,  lack  of  a  iniler  or  of  goverimient^  anarchy, 

<  avapxoc,  without  a  ruler  or  cliief,  <  «)•-  priv.  + 
apx6^,  a  ruler,  apx>/,  rtde,  government,  <  apxeiv, 
rule,  be  first:  see  arch-.  Cf.  monarchy.]  1. 
Absence  or  insulBcieney  of  government ;  a  state 
of  society  in  which  there  is  no  capable  supreme 
power,  and  in  which  the  several  functions  of  the 
state  are  performed  badly  or  not  at  all ;  social 
and  political  confusion. 

It  seemed  but  too  likely  that  England  would  fall  under 
the  most  odious  and  degrading  of  .all  kinds  of  goverruneut, 
.  .  .  uniting  all  the  evils  of  despotism  to  all  the  evils  of 
anarchji.  Macaulay. 

Specifically — 2.  Asocial  theory  which  regards 
the  union  of  order  with  the  absence  of  all  direct 
government  of  man  by  man  as  the  political 
ideal ;  absolute  indi\'idual  liberty.  The  most  noted 
e.xpounder  of  this  theory  was  Pierre  Joseph  Proudhon 
(lS09-lHtJ5),  whose  \iews  have  been  adopted,  with  various 
modiflcations,  by  many  agitators. 

Proudhon  .  .  .  said  that  "the  true  form  of  the  state  is 
anarehi/,"  .  .  .  meaning  by  anarchy,  of  course,  not  positive 
disorder,  but  the  absence  of  any  supreme  ruler,  whether 
king  or  convention.  J{ae,  Conterop.  Socialism,  p.  141. 

3.  Confusion  in  general. 

The  late  beauteous  prospect  presents  one  scene  of  a?i- 
archy  and  wild  uproar,  as  though  old  Chaos  had  resumed 
his  reigii.  and  was  hurling  back  into  one  vast  turmoil  the 
conflicting  elements  of  nature. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  185. 

=  SyTl.  Anarchti,  Chaon.  Anarchy  is  an  absence  of  gov- 
ernnieiit ;  chaos  h  an  absence  of  order. 

anarcotin,  anarcotine  (a-niir'ko-tin),  n.  [< 
Gr.  a-  priv.  (a-18)  +  narcotic  +  -(«"-,  -inc^.]  A 
name  proposed  for  narcotine,  because  of  its 
apparent  freedom  from  narcotic  jaroperties. 

anareta  (an-ar'e-tS),  n.     [JIL.,prop.  *ana'reta, 

<  Gr.  avaiperr/c,  destroyer,  mm-derer:  see  Aikb- 
retes.]  In  astral.,  the  lord  of  the  eighth  house; 
the  killing  planet. 

The  length  of  time  which  the  apheta  and  anareta,  as 
posited  in  each  respective  figure  of  a  luitivity,  will  be  in 
forming  a  conjunction,  or  coming  together  in  the  same 
point  of  the  heavens,  is  the  precise  length  of  the  native's 
life.  Sibley,  Astrologj". 

anaretic  (an-a-ret'ik\  a.  [Prop.'anaTctic.  <  Gr. 
uvatpcTiKor,  destructive,  with  ref.  to  anareta,  q. 
v.]  In  n,v«ro/.,  destructive;  killing:  with  refer- 
ence to  tho  anareta. 

The  anarclic  or  killing  places  are  the  places  of  Saturn 
and  Mars,  which  kill  according  to  the  direction  of  the 
hylcg  to  the  succeeding  signs.  Sibley,  .\strology. 

anaretical  (an-a-ret'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  anaretic. 

.'■iilllr!/. 

Anarhynchus  (an-a-ring'kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aiti,  up,  back,  +  pvyxH,  snout,  bill.]  A  remark- 
able genus  of  jilovers,  diflering  from  all  other 
birds  in  having  the  end  of  the  bill  bent  sidewise 
and  upward,  but  otherwise  quite  like  ordinary 
plovers.  -I.  frontalis,  the  only  species,  is  a  na- 
tive of  New  Zealand.  Also  spelled  Anarrhyn- 
chus.  Quay  and  Gaimard,  1833.  See  cut  under 
plover. 


Anarnacinse 

AJiarnacinae  (an-Jir-iia-si'iK"'),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aiiariiticiiti  +  -ilia:]  A  suUfamily  of  toothed 
cetaceans,  of  th"  family  /.ijiliiUhv.  it  is  distin- 
Riiishuil  from  Xij.k-'iny  iiythc  greatly  ilevclopid  incurveil 
liitural  crests  of  t!>e  iiihxillary  bone.  It  contixins  the  spe 
cies  coiiinionly  reftjTed  to  the  genus  Iliiperomlon,  wliich 
is  a  synonyin  of  Aaarnacti>t, 

Anarnacus  (an-iir'na-kus), «.  [NL.,  <  aiiiiriiak, 
given  as  a  native  name  of  a  kind  of  porpoise.] 
A  genus  of  toothed  cetaceans,  giving  name  to 
the  subfamily  Aiianiucina:   synonymous  with 

Jllipri-O'iiloit. 
anarrhexis  (an-a-rek'sis),  «.      [NL.,  <  Gr.  aid^j- 
liiiiii.:,  a  Ijiealiing  up,  <  nvapfiT/yvi'vat,  Tjreak  up, 

nvai,   break, 
the  rebreak- 


break  through,  <  «!•«,  up,  +  prjyvvvai,   break, 
akin  to  K.  break,  q.  v.] 
ing  of  a  united  fracture. 


In  .surij., 


anarrhichadid  ( an-a-rik'a-did),  ».    A  fish  of 

the  familv  Jii<iniiir)nirli(la\ 

Anarrllicliadidae  (an  "a-ri-kad'i-de),  II.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Aiian-liiclia.s  (-cJiad-)  +  -klw.']  A  family 
of  blennioid  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Anar- 
rhichas. 

AnarrMchadini  (an-a-rik-a-di'ni), «.  pi  [NL., 
<  Jiiarrliivluit:  {-chail-)  +  -/«(.]  A  subfamily  of 
blennioid  fishes,  same  as  the  family  Anarrhicha- 
iii(hv.     liiiniiparte. 

Anarrhicbas  (an-ar'i-kas),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avap- 
piXacBai,  clamber  up  with  hands  and  feet,  <  avd, 
up,  +  appixae&m  (only  in  comp.),  clamber.]  A 
genus  of  bleuuioid  fishes,  typical  of  the  family 


Wolf-fish  [Attitrrhichas  lupus). 

Anarrhicliadkia;  containing  A.  lupus,  the  com- 
mon wolf-fish  (which  see),  and  several  closely 
related  species.  Also  written  J«a)7i!c/ia«,^«ar- 
rliicas,  AiiayJiicas. 

Anarrhynchus,  n.    See  Anarhynclius. 

anarthria  (au-ar'thri-a),  m.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avap- 
Upia,  lit.  absence  of  joints,  used  only  in  fig.  sense 
want  of  strength,  <  Gr.  avapOpoi;  without  joints, 
not  articulated,  inarticulate:  see  aiiartlirous.i 
1.  Absence  of  joints  or  of  jointed  limbs. —  2. 
Inability  to  articulate  distinctly  in  speaking,  de- 
pendent on  a  central  nervous  defect,  but  not  in- 
volving paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  articulation. 

anarthric  (an-ar'thrik),  o.  [<  (innrthria  +  -/c] 
Pertaining  to  anarthria;  suffering  from  anar- 
thria. 

Anarthropoda  (an-ar-throp'o-dii),  11.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  av-  priv.  -f-  aptipov,  a  joint,  +  ffoif  (iroiS-) 
=z'E.  foot.  See  Artliropoda.']  lu  i'OoV.,  in  some 
systems  of  classification,  one  of  two  prime  di- 
visions {Arthropoda  being  the  other)  of  the  -J«- 
nnlosa  or  ringed  animals,  namely,  those  which 
have  no  articulated  apijcndages  or  jointed 
limbs,  such  as  the  Annelida  and  the  Gephijrea. 
It  is  conterminous  with  these  two  classes,  together  with  the 
Choetoirnatha  (SarfittaX  The  terra  is  not  now  current,  Ar- 
thropoda  being  ranked  as  a  subkingdom,  including  crusta- 
oeans,  myriapods,  arachnids,  and  insects,  and  all  anar- 
thropodous  ringed  animals  being  contrasted  with  them 
under  the  name  Vermes. 

anarthropodous  (an-iir-throp'o-dus),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Aiuirtliropioda,;  hence,  with- 
out articulated  limbs. 

anarthrous  (an-ar'thrus),  (I.    1<.WL.  anarthnis, 

<  Gr.  avapOpor,  without  joints,  without  articula- 
tion, without  the  article,  <  iiv-  priv.  +  apOpov, 
a  joint,  in  gram,  the  article:  see  arthritis,  etc.] 
1.  In  gooL:  («)  Without  joints;  not  jointed; 
inarticulated.  (6)  Having  no  articulated  limbs ; 
anarthropodous. — 2.  Ingram.,  without  the  arti- 
cle: applied  especially  to  Greek  nouns  so  used 
exceptionally. 

Anas  (a'nas)j  n.  [L.  anas  (anat-)  =  Gi.  vJjTTa, 
Epic  and  Ionic  vfjoca,  Dor.  vaaaa,  =  Lith.  antis  = 
OHG.  anut,  enit,  MHG.  ant  (pi.  enle),  ent,  G. 
ente  =  AS.  ened,  ME.  ened,  ende,  a  duck,  ME. 
deriv.  "cndrake,  by  apheresis  drake,  E.  drake: 
see  drakc^.l  A  genus  of  palmiped  lamelliros- 
tral  swimming  birds,  tyjiical  of  the  family  Jho- 
tid(r.  It  was  nearly  contcnninous  with  Anatidee  in  the 
early  systems,  as  the  Liiniean,  but  has  been  successively 
restricted  by  different  authors,  till  it  lias  come  to  be  applied 
only  to  the  mallai-d,  Anns  hoh^cax,  and  its  immediate  i;on- 
species,  as  the  dusky  liuek,  -4.  uhscnra,  of  North  America. 
It  was  for  some  time  coextensive  with  the  subfjunily  Ana- 
(i/tflP.ineludiiiL;  the  frcsli- water  ducks  as  distin.^ui-^heil  fiom 
the  FulifiuUmf.  With  Mnna^us  it  was  synonymous  with 
Anseres,  exclusive  of  .Mer'jif^,  and  c<mtaineil  the  swans, 
geese,  etc.,  as  well  as  the  ducks.  A  form  Aiwasits  is  also 
found.     .See  cut  under  iiuiUard. 

Anasa  (an'a-sii),  H.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  hemip- 
terous  insects,  of  the  group  Voreina;  containing 


198 

such  species  as  the  common  squash-bug,  A. 

Irisfis. 

anasarca  (an-a-siir'kii),  n.  [ML.  and  NL.,  < 
Gr.  avu,  up,  through  (see  ana-),  +  mipKa,  ace. 
of  aupi,  ficsh.]  1.  In  pathol.,  a  wide-spread 
edema  or  drojisical  affection  of  the  sldn  and 
subcutaneous  connective  tissue. — 2.  In  hot., 
the  condition  of  plants  when  the  tissues  be- 
come gorged  with  fluid  in  very  wet  weather. 

anasarCOUS  (an-a-sUr'kus),  a.  [<  nnasiireii  + 
-oils.]  Belonging  to  or  affected  by  anasarca  or 
dropsy;  drop.sical. 

anaseismic  (an-a-sis'mik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avdaeia/ia, 
dmuciapuf,  a  shaking  up  and  down,  <  avaaeieiv, 
shake  up  and  down,  <  ava,  up,  -1-  aeien',  shake,  > 
aeiofjoc,  a  shaking :  see  ana-  and  seismic.']  Char- 
acterized by  upward  movement:  applied  to 
earthquakes,  or  to  earthquake-shocks.  Milne, 
Earthquakes,  p.  11. 

Anaspidea  (an-as-pid'e-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. av- 
priv.  +  (io— if  (aaTTid-),  a  shield.]  One  of  three 
divisions  of  the  tectibranchiate  gastropods,  cor- 
related with  Cephalnsjiidea  and  Notaspidea.  It 
includes  the  families  Apli/siidic  and  (l.vi/iioidw. 

anastaltict  (au-a-stal'tik),  II.  [<  Gr.  draara'lTi- 
k6q,  fitted  for  checking,  <  avacriAAeiv,  check, 
keep  back,  send  back,  <  iiva,  back,  +  (7rt/(A«v, 
send.]     \nmed.,  astringent;  styptic. 

anastate  (an'a-stat),  «.  [<  Gr.  avaararoc,  made 
to  rise  up,  verbal  adj.  of  aviGTanBai,  rise  up,  < 
ava,  up,  -(-  iaTaoBai,  stand.]  The  material  result 
of  anabolism ;  a  substance  resulting  from  or 
characterized  by  anabolic  processes ;  any  sub- 
stance which  is  evolved  from  one  simpler  than 
itself,  with  absorption  of  energy.  See  anabo- 
lism. 

The  substances  or  niesostates  appearing  in  the  former 
[series  of  anabolic  processes]  we  may  speak  of  as  aiia- 
Utah's,  those  of  the  latter  we  may  call  katastates. 

M.  Foster,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  19. 

anastatic  (an-a-stat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avdaraToc, 
made  to  rise  up"  verbal  adj.  of  dviaraaBai,  rise  up 
(see anastate),  +  -ic;  ct.  static]  Kaised;  consist- 
ing of  or  furnished  with  raised  characters:  as, 

anastatic  plates.- Anastatic  printing  ■  'r  engraving, 
a  mode  of  obtaining  a  facsimile  of  any  printed  page  or  en- 
graving by  moistening  the  print  with  dilute  phosphoric 
acid  and  transferring  the  ink  from  the  impression  to  a 
plate  of  zinc.  The  plate  is  then  subjected  to  the  action  of 
an  acid,  which  etches  c;ir  eats  away  the  surface  in  all  por- 
tions not  jirotected  liy  the  ink,  so  that  the  portions  thus 
protected  are  left  in  relief  and  prints  can  readily  be  taken 
from  them.  Also  called  zinewiraphy. 
Anastatica  (an-a-stat'i-ka),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.dva- 
craToi;,  made  to  rise  up ;  cf .  dmaracic,  a  making  to 

rise  up,  resur- 
^fni)?,:^   ~  rection:seeffn- 

'Vi.f;^'' '".I  astatic.]   Age- 

nus  of  plants, 
of  the  natural 
order  Crucifc- 
rce.  A.IIierochun- 
tina,  the  rose  of 
Jericho,  is  found 
near  the  Dead  Sea 
and  in  the  deserts 
of  Arabia  Petriea, 
Egypt,  and  south- 
ern Persia.  It  is 
remarkable  for  the 
power  the  dried 
plant  has  of  ab- 
sorbing water  and 
appearing  to  re- 
vive when  placed 
in  it,  whence  the 
common  name  of 
resui-rection-plaitt.  Tliis  name  has  reference  also  to  the 
popular  belief  that  the  plant  blooms  at  C'hristmas  and 
remains  expanded  till  Easter.  The  plants  are  gathered  to 
be  sent  to  .Icrusalem.  where  they  are  sold  to  pilgrims. 
Anastomatinae(a-nas"to-ma-ti'ne),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Anastomus  (-mat-)  +  -iiiw.]  A  subfamUy  of 
birds,  of  the  family  CiconiidiT,  or  storks,  form- 
ed for  the  reception  of  the  genus  Anastomus. 
Bonaparte,  1850. 
anastome  (an'a-stom),  n.    A  bird  of  the  genus 

Aiiiisfomus. 
Anastominae  (a-nas-to-mi'ne),  )(.  pi.     [NL.,  < 
Anastomus  +  -ina:]     Same  as  Anastomatina: 
Biiiiriparte,  1S49. 
anastomize  (a-nas'to-miz),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp. 
anastoiiiij:ed,-ppr.anastomicinfi.    \^As  ana.itoniuse 
+  -i~e.]     Same  as  anastomose.     [Rare.] 
anastomosant  (a-nas-to-mo'zant),  a.    [F.,  ppr. 
of  iiiiasliiiiioser,  anastomose :  see  below.]   Anas- 
tomosing:  anastomotic.     Si/d.  Soc.  Lex.,  1879. 
[Hare.] 
anastomose  (a-nas'to-moz),  J'.;  pret.  and  pp. 
anastomosed,  ppr.  anastomosinij.     [<  F.  anasto- 
moser,  <  anastomose,  anastomosis :   see  anasto- 
mosis.]    I.  intraiis.  To  commimicate  or  unite 
by  anastomosis ;  iutereommimicate,  inosculate. 


Rose  of  Jericho 
{Anastalicn  Hierochuntina) 
I,  the  living  plant 
3,  the  same 


.     .  the  plant  withered  ; 
paoded  by  moisture. 


anathema 

or  run  into  one  another:  said  chiefly  of  vessels 
conveying  fluid,  as  blood  or  lymph,  as  when 
arteries  unite  with  one  another  or  with  veins. 

The  ribbing  of  the  leaf,  and  the  aiiastoinostivi  net-work 
of  its  vessels.  "/*.  Taylor. 

In  some  species  they  branch  and  artaftomoiie. 

H'.  Ji.  Cnrjicuter,  Micros.,  §  500. 

II.   trans.  To  connect  by  anastomosis.    N. 

anastomosis  (a-nas-to-mo'sis),  n.  [NL.  (>  F. 
anastomose),  <  Gr.  dvaaTd/iuair,  an  opening,  out- 
let, discharge,  sharpening  of  the  api)etite,  <  dva- 
cTojUniv,  open,  discharge,  as  one  sea  into  an- 
other, furnish  with  a  mouth,  sharpen  the  appe- 
tite, <  dvd,  again,  +  avojiouv,  furnish  with  a 
mouth,  < o-(i,ua,  mouth :  see.itoma.]  1.  \\\  :ool. 
and  anat.,  the  union,  intercommunication,  or 
inosculation  of  vessels  of  any  system  with  one 
another,  or  with  vessels  of  another  system,  as 
the  arteries,  veins,  and  h-mphatics.  In  sur- 
gerj',  after  ligation  of  an  artery,  collateral  cir- 
cidation  is  established  by  arterial  anastomosis. 
Hence  —  2.  The  interlacing  or  network  of  any 
branched  system,  as  the  veins  of  leaves  or 
the  nemires  of  insects'  wings.  See  cut  under 
reiiatioii. 

anastomotic  (a-nas-to-mot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL. 
anastomoticiis,  <  Gr.  dvaaropuTiKdi,  lit.  pertaining 
to  opening,  lit  for  sharpening,  <  avacroftdciv, 
open:  see  anastomosis.  In  the  first  sense  for- 
merly also  anastoniatie,  after  Gr.  aropaTtKdg,  per- 
taining to  the  mouth.]  I.  a.  If.  In  »»«?.,  hav- 
ing the  quality  of  remoWng  obstructions,  as 
from  the  blood-vessels. — 2.  Pertaining  to  or 
exhibiting  anastomosis. 

In  the  former  [Spatanfius],  a  distinct  anastomotic  tnuik 
connects  the  intestinal  vessels  with  the  circular  ambula- 
cral  vessel.  Iluxleii,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  495. 

Il.t  "•  One  of  a  class  of  medicines  formerly 
supposed  to  have  the  power  of  opening  the 
mouths  of  blood-vessels  and  promoting  circu- 
lation, such  as  cathartics,  deobstruents,  and  su- 
dorifics. 
Anastomus  (a-nas'to-mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avd 
+  orniiu,  mouth:  see  anastiimosis.]  1.  In  or- 
iiith.,  a  genus  of  storks,  of  the  family  Ciconiidm 
and  snhta.miij  Auastomatiua:  The  name  is  derived 
from  the  Utmi  of  the  beak,  the  mandibles  separating  so  as 
to  leave  an  interval  beween  them,  and  coming  together 
again  or  anastomosing  at  the  tip.  There  are  two  very  dis- 
tinct species,  the  East  Indian  A.  osciitaiifi  and  the  African 
A.  lamellitjerus.  The  former  is  white  with  black  wings 
and  tail,  the  latter  black.  Also  called  Ap^rtirostra,  Cheno- 
rhauiphus,  Hians,  Hiator,  and  liJiynehoehasiiia. 

2.  In  iclith.,  a  genus  of  Salmonidce.    G.  Cuvier, 
1817.     [Not  in  use.] 
anastrophe  (a-nas'tro-fe),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  dva^ 
cTpooi/,  a  turning  back,  <  dvacrplipen',  tiu'ii  back, 

<  dvu,  back,  +  arpiipsn;  turn.  Cf.  strojihe.]  In 
rliet.  and  gram.,  an  inversion  of  the  usual  or- 
der of  words:  as,  "echoed  the  hills"  for  "the 
hills  echoed." 

anastrous  (a-nas'trus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avaarpoc, 
without  stars,  <  dv-  priv.  -I-  durpov,  star.]     Not 

constituting  a  constellation Anastrous  sign,  a 

sign  of  the  zodiac,  not  a  constellation  corresponding  to 
such  a  sign. 

anatase  (an'a-tas),  n.  [So  named  from  the 
length  of  its  crystals  j  <  Gr.  dvaTaaic,  extension, 

<  diiaTeiv£iv,  extend,  <  avd,  back,  +  rcirtn;  stretch 
(>  TflOTf,  tension):  see  tend,  tension.]  One  of 
the  three  forms  of  native  titanium  dioxid ;  octa- 
hedrite.  In  color  it  is  indigo-blue,  reddish-brown,  and 
yellow ;  it  is  usually  crystallized  in  acute,  elongated,  pyra- 
midal octahedrons. 

anathemt,  «•     Obsolete  form  of  anathema. 

anathema  (a-nath'e-ma),  «.;  -pi.  anathemas,  an- 
atliciiiata  (-miiz,  an-a-them'a-tiiV  [LL.  anathe- 
ma, <  Gr.  dvdOe/ta  (in  the  Sepftiagint  and  the  New 
Testament  and  hence  in  eccles.Gr.  andL.),  any- 
thing devoted  to  evil,  an  accm'sed  thing,  a  curse ; 
esp.  of  excommunication,  an  accursed  or  excom- 
mimicated  person ;  in  classical  Greek  simply 
'  anj-thing  offered  up  or  dedicated,'  being  an- 
other form  of  the  regular  dvaBiifia,  a  votive  offer- 
ing set  up  in  a  temple,  esp.  as  an  ornament, 
hence  also  an  ornament,  a  delight  ^  >  LL.  ana- 
thema, an  offering,  a  gift),  lit.  'that  wliich  is 
set  up';  <  dvaridivai,  set  up,  dedicate,  offer,  <  dvd, 
up,  -I-  Tidivai,  put,  place,  set :  see  ana-  and  theme. 
The  forms  of  anathema  are  thus  distinguished: 
anathema,  when  the  dedication  is  carried  out 
by  the  preservation  of  the  oliject  as  a  pious  of- 
fering (Luke  xxi.  o) ;  auathema,  yvhen  it  has  in 
view  the  destruction  of  the  object  as  accursed 
(Josh.  \-ii.  12).  A  relic  of  the  former  and  origi- 
nal sense  of  the  word  is  foimd  in  the  aiiathc- 
mata  of  the  middle  ages,  which  were  gifts  and 
ornaments  bestowed  upon  the  church  and  con- 


anathema 

secrated  to  the  worship  of  God.  Tho  principal 
English  uses,  however,  are  derived  i'roni  the 
torm  (inathema.'i  1.  A  person  or  thing  held  to 
l)e  accursed  or  devoted  to  damnation  or  destruc- 
tion. 

The  Jewish  nation  was  an  anathema  destined  to  de. 
struetion.  St.  I'aul  .  .  .  says  he  cuuld  wish  to  save  tliem 
from  it,  and  to  heeoine  an  anathema,  and  to  lie  destroyed 
himself.  Locki',  I'araplirase  of  Horn.  ix.  3. 

It  is  God's  will,  tlie  Holy  l'"atlier's  will, 
And  Philip's  will,  and  mine,  that  he  should  hum. 
lie  is  pronounced  anathtimi. 

Tennijson,  Queen  Miiry,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  curse  or  denmiciation  pronounced  with 
religious  solemnity  by  ecclesiastical  author- 
itj',  involving  excommunication.  This  species  of 
exconnnunication  was  practised  in  the  ancient  churches 
against  incorri^^ihle  oIl"endei-s.  ('hurches  were  warned  not 
to  receive  them,  nia;.;istrates  and  juivate  pt-rsuiis  were  ad- 
monished not  to  harhor  or  maiutaiii  them,  and  priests  were 
enjoined  not  to  converse  witli  thnn  or  atteiul  their  fu- 
nerals. Also  calle<l  judlcianf  aiufthi'tnn.  The  formula, 
"which  if  anybody  deny  let  him  be  anathema,"  is  com- 
monly added  to  the  decrees  of  ecelesia-stical  councils,  and 
especially  to  the  doctrinal  canons  of  ecumenical  councils. 
It  is  denied  by  some  theolo{jians  that  the  idea  of  a  curse 
properly  belon;;s  to  tile  anathema  as  used  in  the  Christian 
chm'ch.     See  excommunication. 

In  pronouncing  anathema  attainst  wilful  heretics,  the 
Church  iloes  hut  declare  that  they  are  exclmled  from  her 
communion,  and  that  they  must,  if  they  contiinie  obsti- 
nate, perish  eternally.  Cafh.  Diet. 

Hence — 3.  .Ajiy  imprecation  of  divine  punish- 
ment ;  a  curse  ;  an  execration. 

She  lied  to  London,  followed  by  the  anathemas  of  both. 
Thaekerau,  \  anity  Fair. 
Drawing  his  falcliion  and  uttering  a  thousand  anathe- 
motf,  he  strode  down  to  the  scene  of  combat. 

Irvimj,  Knickerbocker,  p.  382. 

4.  Anytliing  devoted  to  religious  uses Abjura- 

tory  anathema,  the  act  of  a  convert  who  anatluMuati/es 
the  lurrsy  wliLcli  he  abjures. — Anathema  maxanatha 
(mar-.an-a'tlri,  proi>.  nia-ran"a-tha').  [LL.  (Vulfiate)  ana- 
thema, Mayan  atha,  <  (.Jr.  dca^e^xa,  ij.ap6.v  aBa,  prop,  sepa- 
rated by  a  period,  being  the  end  of  a  sentence,  Or.  titw  ai'a- 
BtlLa,  LL.  sit  anathema,  let  him  be  anathema,  followed  by 
anotlier  sentence,  Mapdi'  d0d,<.Syr.  mdran'  ethiV,  lit.  the 
Lord  hath  come,  here  used  appar.  as  a  solemn  formula  of 
confirmation,  like  amen,  q.  v.]  .\  phrase,  properly  two 
separate  words  (see  etymology),  occurring  in  the  following 
passage,  where  it  is  popularly  regarded  (and  hence  some- 
times elsewhere  used)  as  an  intenser  form  of  anathema. 

If  any  man  love  not  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  let  him  be 
Anathema  Maran-atha.  [Revised  version,  '*let  him  be 
anathema.    Maranatha."]  1  Cor.  xvi.  22. 

=  Syn.  2and3.    Curite,  Execration,  etc.    i^ee  malediction. 

anathematic  (a-nath-e-mat'ik),  a.  [<  ML.  ana- 
thenidticns,  <  LL.  anathema,  a  curse;  the  Gr. 
avaO^jifiTiKui;,  better  di'a&r/uariKoc,  means  only 
'pertaining  to  votive  offerings':  seeanathema.'i 
Pertaining  to  or  ha'ving  the  natui'e  of  an  anath- 
ema. 

anathematical  (a-nath-f-mat'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  aniitlninatic. 

anathematically  (a-nath-e-mat'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  tho  manner  of  an  anathema ;  as  or  by  means 
of  anathemas. 

anathematisation,  anathematise,  etc.     See 

un(tthrniati::ation,  etc. 

anathematism  (a-nath'e-ma-tizm),  n.  [<  MGr. 
<ivatleimTi(T/im;,  <  Gr.  avaflEfiaTiZtiv:  see  anathema- 
tize.'] Tho  act  of  anathematizing ;  an  excom- 
municatory  curse  or  denunciation ;  hence,  a  de- 
cree of  a  council  ending  with  the  words,  "  let 
him  be  anathema."     See  anathema,     [iiare.] 

We  find  a  law  of  Justinian  forbidding  rt«a(/ie»ia(i5»is  to 
be  pronounced  against  the  Jewish  Hellenist^. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  18^9),  XIII.  540. 

anathematization  (a-nath'e-mat-i-za'shon),  «. 
[<  ML.  <inathematiMti(>(n-),  <  LL.  anathemati- 
zare,  pp.  *anathemati:atus,  anathematize :  see 
anathematize.]  The  act  of  anathematizing  or 
denouncing  as  accursed;  excommunication. 
Also  spelled  anathematisation. 

Prohibiting  the  .  .  .  anathematizatimi  of  persons  de- 
ceased in  the  peace  of  the  trhureh. 

Barron;  The  Pope's  Supremacy. 

anathematize  (a-nath'e-ma-tiz),  I'. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  anathiiiKttized,  ppr.  anathematizing.  [= 
F.  anathi'nxttixer,  <  LL.  anathemaiizare,  <  Gr. 
avaHriiaTli^eii',  devote  to  evil,  excommunicate, 
curse,  <  aviitie/m:  see  anathema.]  I.  tran.'i.  To 
pronounce  an  anathema  against;  denounce; 
curse. 

The  priests  continued  to  exorcise  the  possessed,  to  prose- 
cute witches,  and  to  anathematise  as  infidels  all  who 
questioned  the  crime.  Leekij,  Rationalism,  I.  llfi. 

At  length  his  words  found  vent,  and  for  three  days  he 
IWilliam  the  Testy]  kept  up  a  const.ant  discharge,  anath- 
em,atizinff  the  Yankees,  man,  womaii,  and  child. 

Jrvimr,  Knickerbocker,  p.  2-22. 

II.  intrans.  To  pronounce  anathemas;  curse. 

Well  may  mankind  shriek,  inarticulately  anathemcttiz- 

inff  as  they  can.  Carhile,  French  Rev.,  III.  i.  6. 

Also  spelled  anatliematise. 


199 

anathematizer  (a-nath'e-ma-ti-z6r),  n.  One 
who  anathematizes.  Also  spelled  anathema- 
tiscr. 

anatheme  (an'a-them),  H.  [<  OF.  anatheme 
(Cotgrave),  <  LL.  anathema  or  anathema:  see 
anathema.]  Same  as  anathema,  in  any  sense. 
[Rare.] 

Vour  holy  father  of  Rome  hath  smitten  with  his  thun- 
derbolt of  excommunications  and  anatltemcH  .  .  .  most 
of  the  orthodox  churches  of  the  world. 

Slicidon,  )liracle8(l()16),  p.  Via. 

Anatidae  (a-nat'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anas 
(Anat-),  a  duck,  -I-  -ida:]  A  family  of  bii'ds 
corresponding  to  the  Linuoan  genera  Anas  and 
Mergus,  and  conterminous  with  the  order  Anse- 
res  or  Lamelliro.itres,  exclusive  of  the  llamingos ; 
a  family  of  palmiped,  lamellirostral,  natatorial 
birds,  containing  the  ducks,  geese,  swans,  and 
mergansers ;  tho  Chenomorjiha: of  Huxley.  Thiy 
are  commonly  divided  into  :,  subfamilies  i  Ci/iininw,  the 
swans  :  Anserimr,  the  geese  :  Anatina',  the  river  or  fresh- 
water ducks :  Ftiti'nilintr.  tile  scaducks ;  and  Mcrtfiiue, 
the  nicrgiuisirs.  There  are  upward  of  l";')  species,  fepre- 
seidiiig  about  70  modern  gi-iieraor  subgenera,  of  aU  parts 
of  the  world,  and  commojdy  called  collectively  wild  fowl 
or  \cattr-J'oai.  A  distinctive  character  is  the  lanudlate  or 
toothed  bill,  invested  with  a  tough  coriaceous  integument 
hardened  at  the  end  into  a  more  or  less  distinct  nail, 
whence  the  .tiiittiit.v  -.lYo.  soTuetimes  calleil  U mjuirostres. 
The  techiiiral  cleiracteis  are  :  short  legs,  more  or  less  pos- 
terior, buried  beyond  the  knees  in  the  common  integument, 
and  feathered  nearly  or  ((Uite  to  the  sutfrago ;  tarsi  scutel- 
late  or  reticulate,  or  both  :  feet  palmate  and  4-toed;  hallux 
free,  simple  or  lobed;  desmognathous  p.-ilate  ;  sessile  itval 
bjusipterygoid  facets;  the  .angle  of  the  mandible  proilured 
and  recurved  ;  oiI.L,'land  present :  two  carotids  ;  the  tongue 
large  and  Hishy,  with  agreatly  developed  glossohyal  bone 
and  lateral  processes  corresponding  to  the  lamellfeof  the 
bill ;  and  the  trachea  sometimes  folded  in  an  excavation 
of  the  breast-bone. 

Anatifa  (a-nat'i-fii),  H.  [NL.,  contr.  from  ana- 
tifirii,  fern,  of  anatifenis:  see  anatiferons.]  A 
gentis  of  thoracic  or  ordinary  ciiTipeds,  of  the 
family  Lepadida',  established  by  Brugui^re ; 
barnacles,  goose-mussels,  or  tree-geese.  The 
name  is  derived  from  some  fancied  resemblance  of  the 
Lcpas  anati/era  to  a  bird,  whence  arose  the  vulgar  error 
that  the  barnacle-goose,  Anatt  or  Aiiser  berniela,  was  pro- 
duced from  this  cirriped,  which  was  supposed  t«  turn  into 
the  bird  when  it  dropped  from  the  tree  ujion  which  it 
vviis  fabled  to  grow,     [Disused.]    See  Lepadidir,  Lepas. 

anatifer  (a-nat'i-fer),  n.  [<  NL.  anatifer,  ana- 
tifenis:  see  anatiferons.]  A  barnacle;  a  goose- 
mussel  or  tree-goose ;  a  member  of  the  genus 
Anatifa. 

anatiferous  (an-a-tif'e-rus),  a.  [<NL.  (ifirtW/fr, 
anatiferns,  <  L.  anns  (anat-),  a  duck  (see  Anas), 
+  -_/■<•(■,< /cere  =  E.  bear'^.]  Producing  geese; 
that  is,  producing  the  cin-ipeds  formerly  called 
tree-geese  or  goose-mussels,  which  atUiere  to 
submerged  wood  or  stone,  but  were  formerly 
supposed  to  gi'ow  on  trees,  and  then  to  drop  off 
into  the  water  and  turn  into  geese :  an  epithet 
of  the  barnacle,  Lepasanatifcra,  and  of  the  trees 
upon  which  it  was  supposed  to  grow.  See  Ana- 
tifa, Lepas. 

Anatiferous  trees,  whose  corruption  breaks  forth  into 
barnacles.  Sir  T.  Broiviw,  Vulg.  Err.  (KMB),  p.  133. 

Anatina  (an-a-ti'na),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L.  ana- 
tinus,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  duck:  &ee  anatine.] 
A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  typical  of  the 
family  Anatinida:    Lamarck,  1809. 

Anatinael  (au-a-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anas 
(Anat-)  +  -inwi'see  Anas.]  A  subfamily  of  ana- 
tine  birds,  of  the  family  ^nato/tr,  including  the 
fresh-water  ducks  or  river-ducks,  typitied  by  the 
restricted  genus  Anas.  They  are  separated  fnmithe 
FHli;fulinii>,  orsea-ducks,  by  having  the  hallux  simple,  not 
lobed.  The  name  Anatimf  has  occasionally  been  used  to 
distinguish  the  "ducks,"  collectively,  from  other  AnatiiUr, 
as  theswans,  geese,  and.mergansers ;  in  this  use  it  includes 
the  Fuli'julimv.  The  Amtlintp  proper  inebnie  the  mal- 
lard {Anas  Irosrhas),  the  wihi  original  of  domestic  ducks, 
and  maTiy  other  species,  .as  the  widgeon,  gadwall,  pintail, 
shoveler,  WM.,d-duck,  and  the  various  kinds  of  teal.  See 
cuts  under  Chantetasmuft,  mallard,  and  iriil;n'on. 

Anatinae-  (an-a^ti'ue), »(.  )>l.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.;  cf. 
Anatina.]  In  conch.,  a  group  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks related  to  the  clams,  now  restricted  to 
tho  family  Anatinid<e  (which  see).     Lamarclc. 

anatine  (an'a-tin),  a.  [<  L.  anatinus,  of  the 
duck,  <  anas"{anat-),  a  duck:  see  Anas.]  Re- 
sembling a  duck ;  duck-like ;  specifically,  of  or 
pert.aining  to  tho  Anatimc  or  to  the  Anatidtr. 

anatinid  (a-nat'i-nid),  «.  A  bivalve  mollusk  of 
the  familv  Anatinida: 

Anatinidk  (an-a-tin'i-de),  «./)?.  [NL.,  <.(/«(- 
tint!  -H  -ida:]  Lanteni-.shells,  a  family  of  sipho- 
niate  lamellibranch  mollusks,  tyiiified  by  the 
genus  Anatina,  to  which  various  limits  have 
been  assigned.  As  generally  used,  it  endiraces  forms 
width  have  the  nmntle-margins  united,  the  long  siphons 
partly  united,  the  gills  single  on  each  side,  and  the  snudl 
foot  compressed.  I'heshell  issomewhat  iru-i|oivalve,  thin, 
and  nacreous  inside ;  there  is  an  external  ligament  ami 
an  internal  cartilage  fitting  into  the  pit  at  the  hinge,  and 


anatomize 

generally  an  ossicle  is  developed  (whence  the  family  is 
sometimes  called  Ottteodeitmacea).  Species  are  numerous 
in  the  present  seiis,  but  were  still  more  so  In  the  ancient, 
eB]iecially  •luring  the  Jurassic  epoch.    .See  cut  under  Pho- 

lailoniin'a. 

anatocism  (a-nat'o-sizm),  w.  [< L.  anatociimns, 
<  Gr.  avaToKinjiir,  <  liwi,  again,  +  TOKi^ctv,  lend 
on  interest,  <  riKor,  interest,  produce,  <  tikthv, 
second  aor.  tchcIv,  produce,  bear.]  Compound 
interest ;  the  taking  of  compound  interest,  or 
the  contract  by  which  such  interest  is  secured. 
[Rare] 

Anatoidese  (an-a-toi'de-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anas 
(.inat-)  +  -iiidea:]  A  superfamily  of  birds, 
tho  duck  tribe  in  the  broadest  sense,  corre- 
sponding to  the  LameUiroslres  of  some  writers, 
tlie  Anseres,  I'nguirostres,  or  Dcrmorhi/nchi  of 
others;  tho  Vhenomorjiha' oC  Ihixley. 

Anatolian  (an-a-to'li-an),  II.  [<  Anatolia,  <  Gr. 
uruTo'/.i/,  a  rising,  esp.  of  the  sun,  the  east.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Anatolia,  that  is,  Asia  Minor, 
or  the  gi'eater  part  of  it  on  the  west  and  north- 
west. 

Bismarck  "  would  not  sacrifice  one  Pomeranian  soldier" 
for  the  sake  of  the  Sultan,  or  the  Sultan  one  Anatolian 
Turk  for  I'.isrnarek.  Contemporary  ltei\,  XLVllI.  687. 
Anatolian  pottery,  pottery  made  in  Anatolia.  The  name 
is  given  by  dealers  and  cidlectors  toa  i)otteryof  soft  paste 
with  a  whitt-  glaze,  supposed  to  be  from  the  factories  of 
Kntahia  or  Kntiiyeh,  in  Asia  .Minor.  The  pieces  are  gen- 
erally small ;  the  decoration  is  in  bright  eoloi*s,  similar  to 
Damascus  «u-  Khodian  ware,  but  coarser,  and  the  glaze  is 
less  adherent  to  the  surface. 

Anatolic  (an-a-tol'ik),  a.  [<  MGr.  'AraroXiKiif, 
jicrtainiiig  to  '.\vaTo'/.ia,  Anatolia  (ef.  Gr.  avarofi- 
i^6e,  eastern),<  avaroXii,  the  east:  see  Anatolian.] 
Same  as  Anatolian.  Amer.  Jour,  of  Archaol., 
11.  124. 

anatomic  (an-a-tom'ik),  a.  Same  as  anatomi- 
eiil. 

anatomical  (an-a-tom'i-kal),  a.  [<  L.  anatomi- 
eits,  <  Gr.  avarofUKue,  <  avaTOfiij  ^  LGr.  avarofiin, 
anatomy:  see  anatomy.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  anatomy ;  according  to  the  princijdes  of  anat- 
omy; relating  to  the  parts  of  the  body  when  di.s- 
sected  or  separated. — 2.  Structiu-al  or  mor- 
phological, as  distinguished  from  functional  or 
physiological:  as,  rtHrtfowfCrt/ characters. 

anatomically  (an-a-tom'i-kal-i),  ailr.  In  an 
anatoniieal  manner;  as  regards  structure;  by 
means  of  anatomy  or  dissection. 

anatomico-physiblogical  ( an-a-tom'i-ko-fiz'i- 
o-loj'i-kal),  a.     Relating  both  to  anatomy  and 

to  physiology. 
anatomiet,  ".     A  former  spelling  of  anatomy. 
anatomiless  (a-nat'o-mi-les),  a.    \<.anatomy 

-(-  -less.]     Struetiu-eless ;   improperly  formed ; 

amorphous,  as  if  anatomically  unnatural,  or 

constructed  without  regard  to  anatomy. 

l^gly  goldins.  jind   formless  monsters,  anatomiless  and 

rigid.      Ruskiii,  stones  of  Venice,  II.  vi.  §  14.    (.V.  K.  D.) 

anatomisation,  anatomise,  etc.  See  anatomi- 
zation, etc. 

anatomism  (a-nat'o-mizm),  n.  [<  F.  anato- 
misme:  see  anatomy  and  -ism.]  1.  Anatomical 
analysis;  organization  with  reference  to  ana- 
tomical structtu'e ;  exhibition  of  anatomical  de- 
tails or  features,  as  in  painting  or  statuary. — 2. 
Anatomical  structure  regarded  as  a  basis  of  bio- 
logical phenomena;  anatomy  considered  as  the 
foundation  of  the  plienomena  of  life  exhibited 
by  organized  bodies. — 3.  The  doctrine  that 
anatomical  structure  accounts  for  all  manifes- 
tations of  %ntality;  anatomical  materialism,  as 
opposed  to  animism. 

anatomist  (a-nat'o-mist),  n.  [<F.anatomiste: 
see  anatomii  and  -ist.]  One  who  is  versed  in 
anatomy ;  one  skilled  in  the  art  of  dissection. 

anatomization  (it  -  nat  '  6  -  mi  -  za '  shon),  n.     [< 
an<itoniize  +  -iilion.]     1.  Same  as  anatomy,  1. 
—  2.  Figuratively,  analysis;  minute  examina- 
tion.—  3t.  Anatomical  struetm-e. 
Also  spelled  attatomisiition. 

anatomize  (a-nat'o-miz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
anatomized,  ppr.  anatomizing.  [<F.  anatomiscr: 
see  anatomy  anil -ize.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  dissect, 
as  a  plant  or  an  animal,  for  the  purpose  of 
showing  tlie  position,  structui-e.  and  relation 
of  the  parts;  display  the  anatomy  of. —  2.  Fig- 
uratively, to  analyze  or  examine  minutely  ;.eon- 
sider  point  by  point. 

My  purpose  and  endeavour  is.  in  the  following  discourse 
to  anatomize  this  humour  uf  melancholy,  through  all  its 
parts  and  species. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  MeL  (To  the  Reader),  p.  76. 
In  her  the  painter  had  anatomized 
Time's  ruin.  Shak:,  Lucrece,  1.  1450. 

3t.  In  chem.,  to  make  an  analysis  of. 

II.  intrans.  To  practise  the  art  of  dissection; 
pursue  anatomy  as  an  emplojTnent,  a  science, 
or  an  art.     [Rare.] 


anatomize 

He  (Keatal  no  doubt  penned  many  a  stanza  when  he 
should  have  been  anatomizinif. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  308. 

Also  spelled  anatomise. 

anatomizer  dinat'o-mi-zer),  n.  One  who  tlis- 
sccts  or  anatomizes;  a  ilissecter;  an  anatomist; 
an  analyst.     Also  spelled  aiiatomi.'>c>: 

anatomy  (a-nat'6-mi),  H.;  pi.  anati»nics  (-miz). 
[Karly  mod.  E. 'also  anatomic,  <  V.  anatomic 
=  Sp.  (inatomia  =  Pg.  It. anatomia,<  LL.  anato- 
mia,  anatomy,  <  LGr.  afoTo/iia,  in  classical  Gr. 
avarouii,  a  cutting  up,  dissection,  <  avaTt/iven;  cut 
up,  cut  open,  <  liio,  up,  +  ri/wew,  second  aor.  ra- 
ftciv,  cut,  >To^//,  MGr.  roida,  aeutting,r()/iOf,  a  cut, 
a  section,  tome :  see  tome.  Hence,  by  misunder- 
standing, ajin/oiHy,  a  skeleton:  see«to»()/2.]  1. 
Dissection;  the  act  or  art  of  dissecting  organ- 
ized bodies  with  reference  to  their  structure ; 
the  practice  of  anatomizing;  anatomization. 
— 2.  That  which  is  learned  from  dissection; 
the  science  of  the  botUly  structiu'e  of  animals 
and  plants;  the  doctrines  of  organization  de- 
rived from  structure.  See  histoloyij,  organ- 
ography, organology,  morphologi/,  zootomy,  phy- 
totomy,  anthropotomy. — 3.  Anatomical  strue- 
tm-e  or  organization ;  the  formation  and  disposi- 
tion of  the  parts  of  an  organized  body.  Hence 
— 4.  The  structure  of  any  inanimate  body,  as 
a  machine ;  the  structure  of  a  thing,  with  ref- 
erence to  its  parts.  [Rare.]  —  5.  A  treatise 
on  anatomical  science  or  art ;  anatomical  de- 
scription or  history;  a  manual  of  dissection. — 
6.  Figuratively,  any  analysis  or  minute  ex- 
amination of  tiie  parts  or  properties  of  a  thing, 
material,  critical,  or  moral. — 7\.  That  which  is 
dissected  or  results  from  dissection;  a  dissected 
body,  part,  or  organ. —  8.  A  subject  of  or  for 
dissection ;  that  which  is  or  appears  to  be 
ready  or  fit  for  ilisseeting:  in  various  obsolete, 
colloquial,  or  figm-ative  uses.  Specilically— (a)  A 
corpse  procured  ur  prepared  for  dissection,  ip)  An  ana- 
tomical mtidel ;  a  model  of  a  dissected  body,  as  iu  plaster, 
wa-\,  or  papier  maeh^,  displaying  the  structure  and  posi- 
tion of  iiarts  or  organs ;  an  anatomical  cast  or  waxwork. 

(c)  The  solid  or  bony  framework  of  a  body ;  a  skeleton. 
The  anatomy  of  a  little  child  ...  is  accounted  a  greater 

rarity  than  the  skeleton  of  a  man  in  full  stature.    Fuller. 

(d)  A  much  emaciated  person  or  other  living  being ;  one 
almost  reduced  to  a  skeleton.    [Now  only  jocose.] 

They  brought  one  Pinch,  a  hungry,  lean-fac'd  villain, 
A  mere  anatouut,  a  mountebank.     Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 
Passion  and  the  vows  I  owe  to  you 
Have  changed  me  to  a  lean  aimtomy. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  ii.  1. 

(e)  Of  persons,  the  body  or  any  part  of  it ;  the  physique, 
as  if  a  mere  anatomical  structure.  (J)  A  mummy ;  a 
corpse,  dried  and  shriveled,  {(j)  Figuratively,  the  with- 
ered, lifeless  form  of  anytliing  material  or  immaterial ; 
meaningless  form;  shadow  without  substance. — Anat- 
omy Act,  an  English  statute  of  1S32  (2  and  3  Wm.  IV.,  c.  76) 
regulating  schools  of  anatomy  and  the  practice  of  dissec- 
tion.—Animal  anatomy,  the  anatomy  uf  animals  as  dis- 
tiiiguistiLil  iriiiii  Itiat  ul  ijhints;  zootomy  a  ini  aiitliri'i'i'tniny 
asdistiii-ui.^htil  from  phytotomy.— Artificial  anatomy, 
atermsometinies  ajiplied  to  the  art  of  niaking  anatomical 
models. — Avian  anatomy,  the  dissection  of  birds;  orni- 
thotomy. — Clastic  anatomy,  the  art  (invented  by  Au- 
2ou.\,  1825)  of  making  manikins  or  anatomical  models  in 
papier  mach6  representing  the  natural  appearance  of  all 
the  parts  in  separate  pieces,  which  can  be  joined  as  a  whole 
and  taken  apart. — Comparative  anatomy.  («)  The  in- 
vestigation or  study  of  the  anatomy  of  animals  in  its  spe- 
cial relation  to  human  structure,  or  as  e.vhihiting  the  rela- 
tion of  the  human  type  to  tlie  types  of  lower  orders,  (b)  A 
comprehensive  account  of  the  anatomy  of  living  organ- 
isms lower  than  man,  or  of  any  one  group  alone.  [Obso- 
lescent.] (c)  The  examination  and  comparison  of  the 
structure  of  all  animals,  including  man,  with  reference  to 
morphology,  organology,  and  taxonomy ;  anatomy  in  gen- 
eral.—Descriptive  anatomy,  an  account  of  parts  and 
organs  of  the  body  with  special  regard  to  their  structure, 
position,  or  relations,  but  without  regard  to  their  mor- 
phological signilicance  :  the  opposite  of  comparative  aiiat- 
omif.  It  denotes  specifically  anthropotomy,  in  its  medi- 
cal and  surgical  aspects.  Also  called  special  anatomi/. 
— General  anatomy,  a  branch  of  descriptive  anatoniy 
which  treat.s  especially  of  histology,  or  the  structure  and 
physical  propcitics  of  the  tissues  of  the  body,  without  re- 
gard to  the  disposition  of  the  parts  and  organs  composed 
of  them. — Gross  anatomy,  the  anatomy  of  parts  and 
organs  discernible  by  the  naked  eye,  and  handled  without 
special  appliances ;  organology  as  distinguished  from  liis- 
tology  :  the  opposite  of  minute  anatomy. —  Minute  anat- 
Omy^  nticroscoiHc  anatomy:  the  study  of  parts  or  organs 
requiring  the  aid  of  the  microscope ;  histological  anato- 
my—Pathological  anatomy,  the  anatomy  of  diseased 
parts,  organs,  4)r  tissues,  or  of  organic  lesions  or  malfor- 
mations,  the  latter  being  more  sjiecirically  called  terato- 
logical  a/iafoi/iy.  —  Quiclt  anatomy*,  live  anatomyt, 
vivisection.— Special  anatomy,  same  as  dr.icriiiiice  anat- 
omy.—SMIgical  anatomy,  the  anatimiy  of  parts  and  or- 
gans witli  reference  to  their  situation  and  relative  posi- 
tion, in  view  of  surgical  operations  which  it  may  be  ne- 
cessary to  perform  upon  them.  ~  Textural  anatomy,  a 
description  of  organs  with  regard  to  their  Jiistological 
structure.— Topographical  anatomy,  the  deHcrii.ti\e 
and  surgical  anatomy  of  any  particular  region  of  the  body, 
as  of  the  a.xilla,  the  groin,  the  pojiliteal  space,  or  the  tri- 
angles of  the  neck.— Transcendental  anatomy,  ana- 
tomical inductions,  theories,  and  hypotheses  with  refer- 
ence to  the  type,  model,  or  plan  upon  which  organized 


200 

bodies  are  constructed :  sometimes  used  with  a  shade  of 
criticism,  as  being  "  ideal  "  rather  than  actual  or  practical 
anatomy. 

anatopism  (a-nat'o-pizm),  «.  [<  Gr.  avii,  back, 
+  7u-ur,  a  place,  +'  -ism.'\  Faulty  or  incongru- 
ous arrangement ;  specifically,  in  art,  an  in- 
liarmonious  gi-ouping  of  objects. 

anatreptiC  (an-a-trep'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avaTpe-n-Tt- 
kiir,  refuting,  overturning,  <  avaTpirrecv,  refute, 
overtm-n,  <  avd,  up,  +  rpiiTciv,  turn.]  Refuting; 
def  e:it  ing :  applied  to  certain  dialogues  of  Plato. 

anatripsis  (an-a-trip'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iivd- 
Tfitipi^,  rubbing,  <  avaTpijieiv,  rub,  chafe,  <  uva, 
again,  -I-  Tpi.kiv,  rub.]  In  7ncd.,  friction  em- 
ployed as  a  remedy  for  disease. 

anatripsology  (an'a-trip-soro-ji),  n.  [<  Gr. 
uraTpul'ii;,  vuhhing,  -f  -?io; /a,  <  ^.f)  ni',  speak :  see 
-ology.']  1.  In  »/((/.,  the  science  of  friction  as  a 
remedy. — 2.  A  treatise  on  friction.    Dunglison. 

anatron  (an'a-tron),  n.  [=  F.  anatron,  <  Sp. 
anatron,  <  Ar.  an-natrun,  <  al,  the,  -1-  natrun,  na- 
tron: see  natron.']  1.  Glass-gall  or  sandiver, 
a  scum  which  rises  upon  melted  glass  in  the 
furnace.  It  consists  of  fused  salts,  chietly  sulphates  and 
chlorids  of  the  alkalis,  which  have  not  combined  with 
silica  to  form  glass. 

2.  The  salt  which  collects  on  the  walls  of 
vaults ;  saltpeter. 

anatropal  (a-nat'ro-pal),  a.  Same  as  anatro- 
poiia. 

anatropous  (a-nat'ro-pus),  a.  [<  NL.  anatro- 
pus,  <  Gr.  di'd,  tip,  -f-  Tpi-tLv,  turn :  see  trope.] 
Inverted :  in  6o<. ,  applied  to  the  reversed  oviile, 


I,  Anatropous  Ovule  of  Magnolia.  2.  Secnon  of  same.  3.  Section 
of  Seed  of  Magnolia,  a,  raphe  ;  t,  raicropyle  ;  c,  chalaza  ;  d,  hilum  ; 
e,  fleshy  coat  of  seed  inclosing  the  raphe ;  /,  bony  testa ;  t^,  albu- 
men, inclosing  the  embryo  above-     ^Magnified.  J 

having  the  hilum  close  to  the  micropyle,  and 
the  chalaza  at  the  opposite  end.  An  equiva- 
lent fonn  is  anatropal. 

anatto  (a-nat'6),  n.     Same  as  arnotto. 

Anaxagorean  (an-aks-ag-o-re'an),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  Anaxagoras,  Gr.  'A-vataydpa^.]  I.  a.  Re- 
lating or  pertaining  to  the  person  or  the  doc- 
trines of  -Ajiaxagoras,  a  celebrated  Greek  phi- 
losopher, born  at  Clazomense,  near  Smyrna, 
about  500  B.  C.  Anaxagoras  taught  the  eternity  of 
matter,  and  ascribed  the  origin  of  the  world  and  the  order 
of  nature  to  the  operation  of  an  eternal  self-existing  prin- 
ciple, wliich  he  teamed  nous  {vovs),  mind  or  intelligence. 
II.  «.  A  follower  of  -^.naxagoras. 

Anaxagorizet  (an-aks-ag'o-riz),  V.  i.  [<  An- 
axagoras +  -i:e.]  To  favor  the  principles  of 
Anaxagoras.     ( 'uijirorth. 

Anaximandrian  (an-aks-i-man'dri-an),  a.  and 
«.  [<  L.  Anaximander,  Gr.  'AvaiiuavSpoi;.]  I, 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Greek  philosopher 
Anaximander  of  Miletus  (sixth  century  B.  c), 
or  to  his  doctrines. 
II.  n.  A  follower  of  Anaximander. 

Anaxonia(an-ak-s6'ni-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
or-  priv.  -f  a^uv,  axle,  axis:  see  axle,  axis.]  Or- 
ganic forms,  animal  or  vegetable,  having  no 
axes,  and  consequently  wholly  irregular  in  fig- 
ure: the  opposite  of  JljroHia  (which  see).  See 
cut  under  amaba. 

Anaxonia  —  iurms  destitute  of  axes,  and  consequently 

wholly  irregular  in  form,  e.  g.,  Amoebse  and  many  Sponges. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  843. 

anazoturia  (an-az-o-tn'ri-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  -I-  a:ote,  q.  v.,  -t-  Gr.  ovpoi;  urine.]  In 
med.,  a  condition  of  the  urine  characterized  by 
marked  diminution  in  its  nitrogenous  constitu- 
ents. 

anbury  (an'bcr-i),  n.  [Chiefly  E.  dial. ;  also 
written  anberry,  by  assimilation  ambury,  with 
prosthetic  n,  nanbcrry,  by  apparent  extension 
anlebury,  angleberry,  in  earliest  recorded  form 
anburie  (Florio);  of  uncertain  origin,  but  per- 
haps repr.  "angberry,  <  AS.  ange,  painful  (as  in 
ang-nagl,  E.  'angnail,  agnail,  q.  v.,  and  angseta, 
a  boil  or  wart),  +  berie,  E.  berry^,  transferreii 
to  pimple  or  tiuuor.    Hardly  an  extension  of 


ancestrally 

amper,  q.  v.]  1.  A  swelling,  full  of  blood  and 
soft  to  the  touch,  peculiar  to  horses  and  cattle. 
—  2.  Club-root,  a  sort  of  gall  or  excrescence  in 
some  plants  of  the  natural  order  CrMe(/'cr«',  and 
chiefly  in  the  turnip,  produced  liy  u  puncture 
niaile  by  tl>e  oWpositor  of  an  insect  for  the  de- 
position of  its  eggs.     [Eng.] 

-ance.  [<  ME.  -anr.e,  -auncc,  <  OF.  -anee,  repr. 
both  L.  -ant-ia  and  -ent-ia,  fonniiig  nouns  from 
ppr.  adjectives  in  -an(t-)s,  -eii(t-)s:  see  -ant^, 
-ent.  InlaterF.aiul  E. manynotuisin-nnce, <L. 
-entia,  were  changed  to  -ence,  in  nearer  accord 
with  the  L.  Xoims  of  recent  formation  have 
-ance  <  -antia,  and  -ence  <  -entia.  Extended 
-ancy,  q.  v.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  fonning 
nouns  from  adjectives  in  -ant,  or  dii'ectly  fi-om 
verbs,  as  significance,  defiance,  jmrreyanee,  etc. ; 
also  used  with  native  English  verbs,  as  in  abid- 
ance, forbearance,  furtherance,  hindrance,  rid- 
dance, etc. 

Anceidae  (an-se'i-de),  n.  j)l.  [NL.,  <  Anceus  + 
-ida:]  A  family  of  isopods,  named  from  the 
genus  Ancen.s:    See  Gnathiidw  and  Prunizidce. 

Ancerata  (an-ser'a-ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  improp. 
for  *accra1a,i  Gr.  av-  (before  a  consonant  prop. 
d-)  priv.,  without,  +  Kiipac,  a  horn:  see  Acera.] 
In  Blyth's  classification  of  mammals,  a  term 
proposed  to  distinguish  the  camels  and  Llamas 
from  the  other  ruminant  Artiodactyla.  The  dis- 
tinction is  a  good  one,  and  has  been  recently  insisted  upon, 
as  the  structure  of  these  animals  is  now  better  known.  The 
term  is  precisely  equivalent  to  Tylopoda  or  Phalangigrada 
(which  see),  but  it  is  not  in  use. 

ancestor  (an'ses-tor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  an- 
cestor, ancestour,  ancester,  auncestor,  etc.,  <ME. 
ancestrc,  annsestre,  anccssour,  auncessour,  etc. 
(also,  without  s,  ancetre,  auncetre,  anceter,  an- 
cetor,  aunsetter,  etc., >  mod.  dial,  anceter,  anster), 

<  OF.  ancestre,  and  aneesor,  anceisor,  anceisiir, 
ancessor,  etc.,  commonly  in  pi.  ancestres  (Cot- 
grave),  mod.  F.  anc^tres  =  Pr.  ancessor,  <  L. 
antecessor,  a  foregoer,  in  pi.  an  advance-guard, 
in  LL.  a  predecessor  in  oflice,  a  teacher  or 
professor  of  law,  eecles.  a  forerunner  (>  E.  ante- 
cessor); <  antccedere,  pp.  antecessus,  go  before, 
<.  ante,   hetore,  +  ccdere,   go:   see   antecedent,] 

1.  One  fiom  whom  a  person  is  descended  in 
the  line  of  either  father  or  mother;  a  fore- 
father; a  progenitor. — 2.  In  Jair,  one,  whether 
a  progenitor  or  a  collateral  relative,  who  has 
preceded  another  in  the  course  of  iidieritance; 
one  from  whom  an  inheiitance  is  derived:  the 
correlative  of  lieir  :  sometimes  used  specifically 
of  the  immediate  progenitor. —  3.  In  biol.,  ac- 
cording to  the  theory  of  evolution,  the  hj-po- 
thetical  form  or  stock,  of  an  earUer  and  pre- 
sumably lower  type,  from  which  any  orgaidzed 
being  is  inferred  to  have  been  directly  or  in- 
directly developed. 

The  first  and  simplest  plants  had  no  ancestor* ;  they 
arose  by  spontaneous  generation  or  special  creation. 

Sactis,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  846. 
Collateral  ancestors.    See  collateral. 

ancestorial  (an-ses-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  ancestor  + 
-ial.]  Ancestral:  as,  "his  ancestorial  seat," 
Grote,  Hist.  Greece,  I.  xiv.     [Rare.] 

ancestorially  (an-ses-to'ri-al-i),  adv.  In  an  an- 
cestorial manner;  with  regard  to  ancestors. 
Sydney  Sinitli.     [Rare.] 

ancestor -worsMp  (an'ses-tor-wer"ship),  n. 
The  worship  of  ancestors. 

Aneeator.n'or^hip,  the  worship  of  father,  grandfather, 
and  great-grandfather,  has  among  the  Hindus  a  luost 
elaborate  liturgy  and  ritual,  of  which  the  outlines  are 
given  in  the  law-books,  and  with  special  fulness  in  the 
Book  of  Vishnu.         Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  55. 

ancestral  (an-ses'tral),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ancestrel,  ancestrell,  aiincestrell,  <  OF.  ancestrel, 

<  ancestre,  ancestor:  see  ancestor  aad  -al.]  1. 
Pertainingto ancestors orprogenitors;  descend- 
ing or  claimed  from  ancestors  :  as,  an  ancestral 
estate  ;  ancestral  trees;  a  king  on  his  ancestral 
throne. 

Tenure  by  homage  ancestral  was  merely  tenancy-in- 
chief  by  innnemorial  prescription  in  the  family. 

C.  B.  Pearwn,  Early  and  Middle  Ages  of  Eng.,  xxxiv. 

2.  In  biol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  an  ancestor; 
being  an  earlier,  and  presumably  lower  or  more 
generalized,  tyjie  from  which  later  more  spe- 
cialized forms  of  organized  beings  are  asserted 
to  have  been  evolved. 

The  common  descent  of  all  the  Chalk  Sponges  from  a 
single  ancestral  form,  the  tllyuthus,  can  be  proved  with 
certaiTity.  Ilaeckel,  Elvol.  of  Man  (trans.),  1. 117. 

Homage  ancestral   See  homage. 
ancestrally  (an-ses'tral-i),   adr.     With  refer- 
ence to  ancestry ;  as  regards  descent. 

Anceatrally.  yellow-rattle  is  a  near  relation  of  the  pret- 
ty little  blue  veronicas. 

Q.  AtUn,  Colin  Clout's  Calendar,  p.  9& 


ancestrel 

ancestrelt,  "•     See  ancestral. 
ancestress  (an'ses-tros), «.    l<.anccstor  +  -css.'\ 
A  I'emalo  aueestor.     [Karo.] 
Thifl  aiiccufrens  is  a  liuly,  or  rather  tlic  ghost  of  a  lady. 
Catii/ie,  Misf.  Kss.,  II.  "274. 

ancestrial  cm-si's'lri-al),  a.  Same  as  ancestral. 

.\.  /;.  J>. 
ancestry  (au'.^ses-tri),  n.  [<  ME.  ancestry,  un- 
ciatrii ,  iiiinccstrh:,  aiicistry,  etc.,  also,  without.?, 
ancctry,  auncctry,  mincctric,  aunsetre,<.  OF.  an- 
ccscric,anccsscric,  <  anccssur,  ancestor:  see  an- 
cestor.] 1.  A  series  or  line  of  ancestors  or 
progenitors;  linea^'c,  or  those  who  compose  a 
preceding  line  of  natural  descent. 
Headless  statues  of  his  anccntry. 

Macautay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 
That  seliiin"  posterity  whieli  was  such  for  Homer,  but 
for  ila  has  lony  ago  ijecoine  a  worsliipful  anct'ntni. 

Ih!  Quincei/,  Homer,  i. 

Hence  —  2.  Dosetut  from  a  line  of  honorable 
ancestors;  high  birth. 

Title  ami  aneetflri/  render  a  K<Jod  man  more  illustrious, 
hut  a  bad  man  more  eonspicuous.  Addison. 

3.  In  biol.,  the  series  of  anet-stors  or  ancestral 
types  through  which  an  organized  being  may 
have  come  to  be  what  it  is  in  the  process  of 
evolution. 

ancetryt,  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of  ancestry. 
CItdiiar. 

Anceus  (an-se'us),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  iso- 
pods,  based  by  Risso  in  181 G  upon  the  male 
form  of  an  isopod  the  female  of  which  Leach 
called  yv«H(.ra  (which  see).  See  G-nathia.  Also 
written  Ancicus. 

anchesont,  «.     An  earlier  form  of  rnchcson. 

Anchilophus  (ang-kil'o-fns),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
u;  1',  near,  +  Auijicic^,  crest.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
pcrissodactyl  ungulate  quadrupeds,  of  the  fam- 
ily Li>iihii)dontida-,  related  to  the  Tajriridie.  Ger- 
rais,  1852. 

anchilops  (aug'ki-lops),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ajx'^ 
Auil',  a  sore  at  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye 
(Galenus),  as  if  from  ayx',  near ;  appar.  a  cor- 
ruption of  a'iyi7M<l',  Eegilops :  see  wgilops.']  In 
patliol.,  an  abscess  iu  the  inner  angle  of  the 
eye,  superficial  to  the  lacrymal  sac.  When  such 
an  abscess  opens  at  the  inner  angle  it  is  called 
aiiiloiis. 

anchippodontid  (ang-kip-o-don'tid),  «.  A 
luidfcil  mammal  of  the  tumWyAncliippodontida: 

Anchippodontidae  (ang-kip-o-don'ti-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Anvliiiijiddiis  i-udont-)  +  -ida:.']  A  fam- 
ily of  fossil  pcrissodactyl  ungulate  mammals. 
It  is  relateil  to  the  older  foruls  of  the  Pcrimodactyla,  but 
ditfers  from  theui  iu  having  the  iueis<ir  teeth  in  part 
gliriform,  the  outer  ones  having  persistent  pulps  and 
pi'owing  continuously  iu  a  circular  direction,  like  those  of 
rodents. 

Anchippodontoidea  (ang-kip''o-don-toi'de-a), 
n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aiichippodus  (-odont-)  +  -oidca.'] 
A  superfamily  group  of  perissodactyl  quatlru- 
peds,  by  which  the  family  Anchippodontidtc  is 
singularly  contrasted  with  aU  other  perissodae- 
tyls  collectively. 

Anchippodus  (ang-kip'o-dus),  n.  [NX.,  < 
Aiiiliqijius  +  Gr.  Moit;  (bfiovr-)  =  E.  tooth.']  A 
genus  of  fossil  perissodactyls,  the  type  of  the 
family  Anchippodnntidw  and  superfamily  An- 
cliippodoiitoidca  :  synonymous  with  Trogosus  of 
Lcidy. 

Anchippus  (ang-kip'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayx', 
near,  +  'i--or,  horse.]  A  genus  of  fossil  horses, 
of  the  iamWy  Anchithcriidw  (which  see). 

anchisaurid  (ang-ki-sa'rid),  n.  A  dinosaur  of 
the  taiiiily  AnehisaiiridlV. 

Anchisau'ridae  (ang-ki-sa'ri-de),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ancliitiuuriis  +  -Hte.J  A  family  of  theropod 
dinosauriaii  reptiles,  represented  by  the  genus 
Anchisaurus.  The  family  includes  several  genera  of  the 
Triassic  period,  the  members  of  which  had  amphiccelous 
vertebra',  slender  pubes,  pcntadactyl  fore  feet,  and  tri- 
daet>l  lliiul  feet.     Fonuerly  called  Amphuatiridce. 

Anchisaurus  (ang-ki-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a) XI,  near,  +  naiiioc,  a  lizard.]  The  tj'pieal  ge- 
nus of  the  family  Anchi.iaiirida:  Also  called 
Anij'hi.'iaKriis,  a  name  preoccupied  for  a  differ- 
ent genus. 

anchithere  (ang'ki-ther),  «.  [<.  Anchitherium.] 
An  animal  of  tho  genus  Anchitherimn. 

The  horse  can  even  bo;ist  a  jiedigree  in  this  quarter  of 
the  world,  in  a  right  line,  through  a  slender  three-toedan- 
cestry,  as  far  back  as  the  anchithere  of  the  eocene  period. 

Edinbxtrgh  Rev. 

anchitheriid  (ang-ki-the'ri-id),  «.  A  hoofed 
mammal  of  tlie  family  .Inchithcriidce. 

Anchitheriidae(ang'ki-the-ri'i-de),  w.p/.  [NL., 

<  .liicliithcriiun  +  -iita:']  A  family  of  fossil 
perissodactyl  ungulate  mammals.  It  shares  the 
ungulate  cliaractei'a  ol  the  Equidee,  ur  burses,  but  diSe''^ 


201 

from  them  in  having  tho  ulna  complete,  moderately  devel- 
oped, and  more  (»r  less  diHtinrt  from  thi*  radius  ;  the  llbula 
eoliiplete.  though  alikyloscd  with  the  tibia;  the  orbit  of 
the  eye  incomplete  behind  ;  the  upper  molar  teeth  marked 
by  a  deej)  anterior  gi'oove  reentering  from  the  middle  of 
the  inner  side  and  ending  in  lateral  bramOies,  and  a  jjos- 
terior  groove  reentering  from  the  posterior  wall :  and  the 
lower  molars  marked  by  a  V-shapeti  groove  rei^nteriiig 
from  the  outer  wall,  and  two  \^-  shaped  grooves  reentering 
from  the  inner  wall,  the  crowns  thus  having  W-shaped 
ri^iges.  Besides  the  typical gemis  Aiiehitheriam,  the  fam- 
ily contains  the  Ili/puhip/iu^,  I'arahipjtus,  and  Anchipiiuit 
of  1.,  i,ly. 
ancbitherioid  (ang-ki-tho'ri-oid),  a.  [<  Anclii- 
tlierium  +  -old.]  Kelating  or  belonging  to  or 
resembling  the  genus  Anchitlurium. 

The  only  genus  ()f  aiumals  of  which  we  possess  a  satis- 
factory .  .  .  ancestral  history  i.s  the  genus  r,.iuus,  the  de- 
velopment of  winch  in  the  course  of  the  Tertiary  ej)oeh 
from  an  AnehitticriuiU  ancestor,  through  the  form  of  Hip- 
parion,  appeai-3  to  admit  of  no  doubt. 

Iliixlnj,  Kiicyc.  lirit.,  II.  49. 

Anchitherium  (ang-ki-the'ri-um),  11.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ").l',  near,  +  (h/iitov,  a  wild  beast.]  A  ge- 
nus of  e.xtinct  perissodactyl  or  odd-toed  hoofed 
mammals,  found  in  tho  Upper  Eocene  and  Lower 
Miocene  of  Europe  and  tho  United  States.  It 
was  a  kind  of  horse  about  the  size  of  a  snnill  pony,  anil  had 
three  functionally  developed  toes.  liy  some  naturalists 
it  is  referred  to  the  same  fandly  as  the  modern  horse, 
Eijuiiliv  ;  but  by  i>tliers  it  is  placed  with  f'altfnttiirium  in 
the  family  J'ala'athrriidte.  It  is  also,  with  greater  exact- 
ness, made  the  tyjie  of  a  distinct  fannly,  Aitehitlteriidfv 
(which  see).  A  species  is -4.  a((reii'«7u:7we.  Synunyraous 
with  Hippftrithi'nurn. 
anchor'  (ang'kpr),  n.  [The  spelling  has  been 
chaiig('(l  to  make  it  look  like  anelmni,  a  cor- 
rupt mod.  spelling  of  L.  atieura ;  prop,  anker, 
in  early  mod.  E.  reg.  anker,  also  anchor,  ankor, 
ancoiir,  ete.,<  MK.  reg.  « n/^'cr  (also  rtntre,  ancre, 
after  OF.  ancre),  <.  AH.  ancor,  ancer,  oncer  =  D, 
anker  =  OIIG.  anehar,  MHG.  G.  anker  (>  Pol. 
ankicr)  =  Icel.  akkeri  =  Sw.  ankar  =  Dan.  a)d:er 
=  OF.  and  F.  ancre  =  Sp.  iinela,  dneora  =  I'g. 
ancora  =  lt.  ancura,  <  L.  ancora  (in  mod.  spell- 
ing corruptly  unchora,  >  E.  anchor^,  prob.  by 
confusion  with  anker^,  later  anchor-,  where  the 
"restored"  spelling  has  an  actual  Gr.  basis)  = 
OBulg.  an  ukyura,  an  likira  =  Kuss.  yakiiri=  Lith. 
inkoras  =  Lett,  enkuris  =  Alhan.  ankurc,  <  Gr. 
ayKvpa,  an  anchor,  a  hook,  connected  with  lij/cof, 
a  beiui,  dyKe'Aoi;,  crooked,  cim-ed,  L.  amjidus,  an 
angle,  a  comer:  see  anyle^,  anylc'-i,  ankle,  anky- 
lose,  etc.]  1.  A  device  for  seeming  a  vessel  to 
the  ground  under  water  by  means  of  a  cable. 
Anchors  are  generally 
made  of  iron,  and  con- 
sist of  a  strong  shank 
a,  at  one  extremity  of 
which  is  the  crown  o, 
from  wiiich  branch  out 
two  arms  b  b.  curved  in- 
ward, and  each  tcnni- 
nating  in  a  broail  palm 
or  fluke  d  d,  the  sharp 
extremity  of  which  is 
the  peak  or  bill.  .\t  the 
other  end  of  the  shank 
is  the  stock  c  c,  a  trans- 
verse piece,  behind  which  is  a  shackle  or  ring,  to  which  a  ca- 
ble may  be  attached.  The  principal  use  of  the  stock,  which 
in  nearly  all  anchors  is  now  made  of  iron  antl  is  placed  at 
right  angles  to  the  curved  arms  h  b,  is  to  cause  the  arms  to 
fall  so  that  one  of  the  llukes  shall  enterthe  ground.  Accord- 
ing to  their  various  forms  and  uses,  anchors  arc  called  A7«r- 
botird-buuvr.  pitrt-btnver,  sheet,  spare,  stream,  ked'je,  and 
;irapm-l  or  baat  anchors.  Those  carried  by  men-of-war  are 
the  starboard-  and ;'(trt- 
fioirera",  on  the  starboard 
and  port  bows  respec- 
tively ;  the  sheet,  on 
either  side  of  the  ship 
further  aft ;  and .  the 
spare  anchor,  which  is 
usually  in  the  hold. 
These  are  all  of  ei|ual 
or  nearly  equal  size  and 
weight.  To  these  are 
added  for  various  pur- 
poses the  atream  and 
kedjje  anchors,  which 
are  smaller  and  (jf  va- 
rious sizes.  Many  im-  .  ..  , 
provements  and  novelties  in  the  shape  and  construction  of 
anchors  have  been  introduced  in  recent  times.  The  prin- 
cipal names  connected  with  these  alterations  arc  those  of 
Lieut  Kodgers,  who  introduced  the  bitlhiirshiuikvd  a  nchur, 
with  the  view  of  increa.sing  the  strength  with.>ut  adding 
to  the  weight;  Mr.  Piu-tcr,  who  made  the  arms  ami  llukes 
m.ivable  by  pivoting  them  to  the  shank  instead  of  fixing 
them  immovably,  causing  the  anchor  to  take  a  readier  anil 

firmer  hold,  and 
avoidingthe  danger 
of  fouling  the  ca- 
ble ;  Mr.  Trotman, 
who  has  further  im- 
proved Porter's  in- 
vention ;  and  M. 
Martin,  whose  an- 
chor is  of  very  pecu- 
liar form, and  is  con- 
structed so  as  to  be 


Common  Anchor. 


Wf 


Trotman's  Anchor. 


anclior 

(except  Tyzack's  anchor,  whicli  has  only  one  arm,  pivoted 
on  a  l>ifincatioH  of  the  shank  ami  arranKed  to  swimk  be- 
tween the  two  parts)  are  nir»re  or  less  closely  related  to  the 
forms  ilhistrated.  The  anehor  is  said  to  he  a-cor.khlll  when 
it  is  suspended  vertieally  from  the  cathead  reaily  to  he  let 
go ;  apeak  when  the  eahle  is  drawn  in  wo  ti^lit  as  to  brinj; 
it  directly  u!»der  the  ship  ;  atrip  or  au'i-ujh  when  it  is  juat 
drawn  out  of  the  t^round  in  a  perpendieular  direction ; 
and  awash  when  the  stuck  id  hove  uii  to  the  surface  of  the 
water. 

2.  Any  similar  device  for  holding  fast  or  check- 
ing the  motion  of  a  movable  object. 

That  part  of  the  apparatus  [in  the  curriclel  which  fell  to 

the  iJTound  to  jussist  in  stnppiim  tlu-  earriase  was  called 

the  anchor.     This  was  made  of  wmni  and  iron,  or  iron 

alone,  tlxcd  to  the  axle-tree  I»y  two  eouplintrs  on  each  side. 

K  M.  Stratum,  World  on  Wheels,  p.  aOO. 

Specifically  — (rt)  The  apparatus  at  the  ojiposite  end  of  the 
tield  from  the  entrine  of  a  steam-plow,  to  which  pulleys 
are  fixed,  round  which  the  endless  Itand  or  r<jpe  that  moves 
the  plow  passes,  {b)  Tlie  device  hy  which  the  extremities 
of  the  chains  or  wire  ropes  of  a  suspension-bridge  are  se- 
cured.   See  aiichoraije^. 

3.  Figuratively,  that  which  gives  stability  or 
security ;  that  on  which  dependence  is  placed. 

Whieh  hope  we  have  as  an  attchur  of  the  soul,  both  sure 
and  stedfast.  Ileb.  vi.  19. 

4.  In  arch. :  (a)  A  name  for  the  aiTow-head  or 
tongue  ornament  used  especially  in  tho  so- 
called  egg-antl-dart  molding,  (b)  A  metallic 
clamp,  sometimes  of  fanciful  design,  fastened 


Martin's  Anchor. 


..-canting,  the  arms  revohinR  throuRh  an  anple  of  HO' 
either  way,  and  the  sliarp  points  of  the  Mukes  beiniL.'  always 
ready  to  euter  the  grutmd.    Of  the  many  other  (urms,  ;iU 


Mediev.-i]  Tie-rod  Anchors. 
(From  VioIIct-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  1* Architecture.") 

on  the  outside  of  a  wall  to  the  end  of  a  tie-rod 
or  strap  connecting  it  with  an  oj^posite  wall  to 
prevent  bulging. — 5.  In  zoiil.:  {a)  Some  ap- 
pendage or  arrangement  of  parts  by  whieh  a 
parasite  fastens  itself  upon  its  host. 

A  powerful  anchor,  by  which  the  parasite  is  moored  to 
its  hapless  prey.     P.  H.  Gosnc,  Marine  Zool.  (18.'}.')),  1. 114. 

(6)  Something  shaped  like  an  anchor;  an 
ancora.  >ieea)teora'^. —  6.  An  iron  plate  placed 
in  the  back  part  of  a  coke-oven  before  it  is 
charged  with  coal.  8ee  anchor-oven — Anchor 
and  collar,  an  upper  hinge  used  for  heavy  gates.  The 
author  is  embeildeii  in  the  adjacent  maiionry,  ami  the  col- 
lar is  Secured  to  it  by  a  clevis.  Through  the  collar  passes 
the  heel-pust  uf  the  gate.— Anchor  escapcment.  See 
escapement. —  At  Single  anchor,  luiving  only  one  anchor 
down.— Floating  or  sea  anchor,  an  apparatus  variously 
constructed,  designed  to  be  sunk  below  the  swell  of  the 
sea  where  there  is  no  anchorage,  to  prevent  a  visj^el  from 
drifting:.— Foul  anchor.  See  .foul,  a.-  Mooring  an- 
chor, a  large,  hea\'j'  mass,  usually  of  iron,  placed  at  the 
bottctm  of  a  haibor  or  roadstead,  f<tr  the  purpose  of  fixing 
a  buoy,  or  of  affording  safe  and  convenient  anchorage  to 
vessels.  In  the  lat- 
ter case  a  floating 
buoy,  to  which  a 
ship  may  be  easily 
and  speedily  at- 
tached by  a  cable, 
is  fastened  to  it  by 
a  chain.— Mush- 
room anchor,  an 
anchor  with  a  sau- 
cer-shaped head 
on  a  central  shank, 

used  for  mooring.  —  NutS  Of  an  anchor,  t^vo  projections 
welded  on  tlie  shank  to  secure  the  stock  in  place.— TO 
back  an  anchor  (naut.),  to  lay  <iown  a  snudl  anchor 
ahead  of  a  large  one,  the  calile  of  the  snuitl  one  being 
fa.stened  to  the  crown  of  the  large  one  to  prevent  it  from 
coming  home.— To  cast  anchor,  to  let  run  the  cathead 
stopper,  thus  releasing  the  anchor  from  tlie  cathead,  and 
permitting  it  to  sink  to  the  botttmi.  —  To  cat  the  anchor, 
to  draw  the  atichor  perpendiculai-ly  up  t'l  the  c;ithe:id 
by  a  strong  tackle  called  the  caf.— TO  drag  anchor,  to 
draw  or  trail  it  along  the  bottom  when  loosened,  "r  wlien 
the  anchor  will  not  hold:  said  of  a  ship.— To  fish  the 
anchor,  to  lii>ist  the  flukes  of  an  anchor  to  the  top  of  ihe 
gunwale  by  an  appliance  called  a  f'n^h,  in  onler  to  stt>w  it 
after  it  has  been  catted.—  To  lie  at  anchor,  "r  ride  at 
anchor,  said  of  a  vessel  when  kept  at  si  tme  paiticidar  spot 
by  her  anchor.- To  Shoe  an  anchor,  to  secure  to  the 
flukes  broad,  triangular  pieces  of  phink  to  give  better 
holding  in  soft  ijottom.- To  sweep  for  an  anchor, to 
drag  the  bottom  with  the  bight  of  a  nipe  to  find  a  lost 
anchor.— To  weigh  anchor,  to  heave  or  raise  the  atu-hor 
or  anchors  from  the  ground ;  free  a  vessel  from  anchorage 
in  preparation  for  sailing. 
anchor^  (ang'kor),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  reg.  an- 
ker^  <  ME.  ankreu,  ancreit,  <  AS.  *ancria)i  =  D. 
ankeren  =  G.  ankeru  =  Sw.  ankra  =  Dan.  an- 
krc;  cf.  F.  nHcrcr  =:Sp.  anclary  aucorar  =  'Pg. 
ancorar  =  It.  ancoran,  <  IIL.  ancorare :  from 
the  noun.]  I,  traua.  1.  To  fix  or  secure  in  a 
particular  place  by  means  of  an  anchor;  place 
at  anchor:  as,  to  anchor  a  ship. — 2,  Figura- 
tively, to  fix  or  fasten ;  aifix  firmly. 


Mushroom  Anchor. 


anchor 


Let  us  anchor  our  hopes  . 


.  upnil  his  Koo<lneR8. 
.SuHf/i,  .SeriuuEis,  VIII.  141, 


The  water-lily  starts  ami  sliilea 
I'lH)!!  the  level  in  little  jxilfs  of  wind, 
Tho"  anchor'd  to  the  bottom. 

Tfiunjunn,  Princess,  iv. 

n.  inlrnn.i.  1.  To  cast  anelior ;  come  to  an- 
chor; lio  or  ri(l(>  at  anchor:  as,  tho  ship  o«- 
chorcd  outside  the  bar. 

Yon'  tall  anchnrin;)  li;irk.  Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  C. 
2.  Figuratively,  to  keep  hold  or  be  firmly  fixed 
in  any  way. 

Gladly  we  would  anchor,  but  the  anchorage  is  quick- 
sand. Kinermn,  E,\perienee. 

anchoret  (ang'kor),  n.  [The  spelling  has  been 
changed  to  mate  it  more  like  uiwliorct,  and 
orig.  "(iiuiiiirctd  (cf.  anchor^) ;  prop,  anlcr,  in 
early  mod.  E.  reg.  anker,  <  ME.  reg.  aiiier,  aii- 
kre,  ancre,  an  anchoret  or  anchoress,  monk  or 
nim,  <  AS.  ancra,  also,  rarely,  ancvr,  ancor  (in 
eomp.  anccr-,  ancor-,  onee  (inacor-),  m.,  an  an- 
choret, also  perhaps  *ancre,  i.,  an  anchoress,  = 
OS.  enkor»  =  OHG.  cmchoro,  anchoret,  spelled 
as  if  from  OS.  en  =  OHG.  ein,  one  (cf.  monk, 
ult.  <  Gr.  fiovog,  one),  but  all  eoiTuptions  of  ML. 
*anchoreta,  anacliorlta,  LL.  anachorcta,  whence 
the  later  E.  forms  anchoret  and  anchorite,  q.  v.] 
An  anchoret ;  a  hermit. 

All  ani-hitr's  cheer  in  prison  be  my  scope  ! 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

anchor-'t,  ".     EiToneous  spelling  of  aiiker^. 
anchorablet  (ang'kor-a-bl),  a.      [<  anchor^  + 

-able.']     Fit  for  anchorage.     [Kare.] 

The  sea  everywhere  twenty  leagues  from  land  anchor- 

able.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  40. 

Anchoraceracea  (ang"kor-a-se-ra'sf-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Auclioracera  (<  Li.  dncora,  improp.  an- 
chora,  anchor  (see  anchor"^,  >i.),  +  Gr.  Kipar, 
horn)  +  -acea.l  In  Milne-Edwards's  system  of 
classification,  a  tribe  of  parasitic  entomostra- 
cous  crustaceans,  which  anchor  or  fasten  them- 
selves to  their  host  by  means  of  hooked  lateral 
appendages  of  the  head.  The  name  is  approx- 
imately equivalent  to  one  of  the  divisions  of 
Lernaoidea  (which  see). 
anchorage^  (ang'kor-aj),  n.  [<  anchor'^  -t-  -age; 
suggested  hy  F.ancra!)e,<.  ancre.']  1.  Anehor- 
ing-ground;  a  place  where  a  ship  anchors  or 
can  anchor;  a  customary  place  for  anchoring. 
The  fleet  returned  to  its  former  anekoratje. 

Suuthey,  Life  of  Nelson,  II.  102. 
Early  in  the  morning  we  weighed  anchor  and  steamed 
up  the  bay  to  the  man-of-war  anchorage. 

Lady  Brasfieit,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  iv. 

Hence — 2.  That  towhieh  anything  is  fastened : 
as,  the  anchorage  of  the  cables  of  a  suspension- 
bridge. 


.  pyrotechnieal 
el  for  the  pui-- 


Anchored 
Cross. 


Anchorage  of  a  Cable  of  the  East  River  Bridge,  New  York. 
-4,  suspension-cable  ;  Ji,  anchor-plate. 

3.  The  anchor  and  all  the  necessary  tackle  for 
anchoring.     [Rare.] 

The  bark,  that  hath  diseharg'd  her  fraught, 
Returns  with  pre(nou.s  lading  to  the  bay 
From  whence  at  first  she  weigh'd  her  anchoraqe. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  2. 

If  that  supposal  should  fail  us,  all  our  anchorage  were 

loose,  and  we  should  but  wander  in  a  wild  sea.       Wuttou. 

4.  A  duty  imposed  on  ships  for  anchoring  in  a 
harbor ;  anchorage-dues. 

This  corporation,  otherwise  a  poor  one,  holds  also  the 
anrhortifje  in  the  harbour.    J{.  Careit',  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

anchorage"  (ang'kor-aj),  n.  [<  anchor^  -¥■  -age.'] 
Tlic  cell  or  rctrciit  of  an  anchoret. 

Anchorastomacea  (ang"kor-a-sto-ma'se-a),  n. 
jil.  [Nlj.,  <  ]j.  ancora,  improp.  ancho'rd,  an- 
chor, +  Gr.  a-uua,  mouth,  +  -ocffi.]  In  Milne- 
Edwards's  system  of  classification,  a  tribe  of 
parasitic  entomostraeous  crustaceans,  or  fish- 
lice,  representing  a  division  of  tlic  Lcrnwoklea 
which  contains  the  Chondracantkidw.  The  species 
of  this  group,  like  the  other  lernn:ans,  f.asteu  on  their  host 
by  stout  hooked  appendages  like  anchors. 

anchorate  (ang'kor-at),  a.  In  :ool.,  fixed  as  if 
anchored. 


202 

anchor-ball  (ang'kor-bal),  n.     A 

comlpustible  attached  to  a  grapnel 

pose  of  setting  fire  to  ships.     Smyth,  Sailor's 

Word-book. 
anchor-bolt  (ang'kor-bolt),  n.     A  bolt  having 

I  lie  end  of  its  shank  bent  or  splayed,  to  pre- 
vent it  from  being  drawn  out. 
anchor-buoy  (ang'kor-boi),  V.     A  buoy  used  to 

mark  tlic  position  of  an  anchor  when  on  the 

bottom. 
anchor-chock    (ang'kor-chok),   JI.     1.  A  piece 

inserted  into  a  wooden  anchor-stock  where  it 

has  become  worn  or  defective. — 2.   A  piece  of 

wootl  or  iron  on  which  an  anchor  rests  when  it 

is  stowed. 
anchor-drag  (ang'kor-drag),  n.    Same  as  drag- 

shnl. 
anchored  (ang'kord),  j).  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  reg. 

ankered,  ankirrcd ;  <  anchor'^,  anker^,  ■{■  -ed^.] 
1.  Held  by  an  anchor. —  2.  Shaped 

I     \/f     t    like  an  anchor ;  fluked  ;  forked. 

"^O    ^"^^  .^hooting  her  anchored  tongue, 

/^-i   n^\         Tlireatening  her  venomed  teeth. 
f^  J,\\     ^         Dr. //.  jV ore.  Song  of  the  .Soul,  II.  ii.  29. 

-^^^  3.  In  her.,  an  epithet  applied  to  a 
cross  whose  extremities  are  turned 
back  like  the  flukes  of  an  anchor. 
Equivalent  forms  are  ancrcc,  ancrcd,  unchrij. 
Anchorella  (ang-ko-rel'a),  Ji.  [NL.,  dim.  of  L. 
ancora,  improp.  anchora,  anchor:  see  «hc/ioj'1.] 
A  genus  of  fish-lice,  small  parasitic  crustaceans, 
of  the  family  Lernwopndidie  and  order  Lerna:oi- 
dca :  so  called  from  the  appendages  by  which, 
like  other  lemteans,  the  animal  fastens  itself  on 
its  host.  There  are  several  species,  parasitic  upon  fishes. 
Tlie  genus  is  sometimes  made  the  type  of  a  family  An- 
ehoreUtdo'. 

Anchorellidee  (ang-ko-rel'i-de),  JI.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Anchoretia  -f  -ii/rt'.]  A  family  of  lemtean 
crustaceans,  or  fish-lice,  typified  by  the  genus 
AiirhorcUii.     Also  spelled  .J«c7ioreHa(?<r. 

anchoress,  anchoritess  (ang'kor-es,  -i-tes),  «. 
[Early  mod.  E.  reg.  ankress,  ancress,  <  ME. 
ankresse,  ankrisse,  ankres:  see  anchor'^,  anker^, 
and  -ess.]     A  female  anchoret. 

she  is  no  anchoreas,  she  dwells  not  alone, 

Latimer,  4th  Serm.  hef.  Edw.  VI.  (1549). 
Pega,  his  sister,  an  Anchoritess,  led  a  solitary  life. 

Fuller,  Church  Hist.,  ii.  96. 

anchoret,  anchorite  (ang'ko-ret,  -rit),  n.  [Ear- 
ly mud.  E.  anchoret,  -etc,  -it,  usually  -ite,  also 
anachorct,  etc.,  <  ME.  ancurite,  <  OF.  anacho- 
retc,  mod.  F.  anachorete,  <  LL.  anachorcta, 
ML.  also  anachorita,  <  Gr.  avaxup'iTi/f,  a  re- 
cluse, lit.  one  retired,  <  avaxupe'iv,  retire,  <  am, 
back,  +  ;iupfiv,  withdraw,  make  room,  <  X"poC, 
room,  space.  The  form  anchoret  has  taken  the 
place  of  the  earlier  anchor-,  anker-,  q.  v.]  A 
hermit;  a  recluse;  one  who  retires  from  society 
into  a  desert  or  solitary  place,  to  avoid  the 
temptations  of  the  world  and  to  devote  himself 
to  contemplation  and  religious  exercises.  Also 
anachoret. 
Macarius,  the  great  Egyptian  ai\choret. 

Abp.  Ussher,  Ans,  to  a  Jesuit, 
To  an  ordinary  layman  the  life  of  the  anchorite  might 
appear  in  the  liighest  degree  opposed  to  that  of  the  Teacher 
who  began  His  mission  in  a  marriage  feast. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  111. 
=  Syn.  Monk,  Hermit,  Anchoret.  In  the  classification 
of  religious  ascetics,  monks  are  those  who  adopt  a  se- 
cluded habit  of  life,  but  dwell  mure  or  less  in  communi- 
ties ;  hermits,  or  eremiteA-,  those  who  withdraw  to  desert 
placeg,  but  do  not  deny  themselves  shelter  or  occupation  ; 
and  anchorets,  those  most  excessive  in  their  austerities, 
who  choose  the  most  absolute  solitude,  and  subject  them- 
selves to  the  greatest  privations. 

anchoretic  (ang-ko-ret'ik),  a.  [<  anchoret  + 
-ic,  after  anachorctical,  q.  v.]  Pertaining  to  an 
anchoret,  or  to  his  mode  of  life.  Equivalent 
forms  are  anchorctical,  anchoritic,  anchoritical. 

anchoretical  (ang-ko-ret'i-kal),  a.  [<  ancho- 
retic]    Same  as  anchoretic. 

anchoretish  (ang'ko-ret-ish),  a.  [<  anchoret  + 
-i67|l.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  anchoret,  or  to 
his  mode  of  life ;  anchoretic.     Also  anchoritish. 

Sixty  years  of  religitms  reverie  and  anelioritish  self- 
denial.        De  (Juineeii,  .\utobiographical  Sketches,  I.  184. 

anchoretism  (ang'ko-ret-izm),  »i.  [<  anchoret 
+  -ism.]  The  state  of  being  secluded  from  the 
world;  the  condition  of  an  anchoret.  Also 
written  anchoritism. 

anchor-gate  (ang'kor-gat),  ».  A  kind  of  heavy 
gate  used  in  the  locks  of  canals,  having  for  its 
upper  bearing  a  collar  anchored  in  the  adja- 
cent masom-y. 

anchor-hold  (ang'kor-hold),  j(.  1.  The  lu  '■^  of 
an  anchor  upon  the  ground. — 2.  Firm  hola  ' 
a  figm-ative  sense;  ground  of  expectation  oi 
trust;  security. 


anchovy 

The  one  and  only  assurance  and  faat  anchor-hold  of  out 

sr)nls*  health.  Camden. 

anchor-hoy  (ang'kor-hoi),  H.  A  small  vessel 
or  lif,'lilir  fittcii  with  capstans,  etc.,  used  for 
handling  and  transporting  anchors  and  chains 
about  a  liarbor.     ^Vlso  called  chain-bout. 

anchor-ice  (nng'kor-is),  Ji,  Ice  that  is  formed 
on  and  incrusts  tiic  bottom  of  a  lake  or  river 
ill-shore ;  grounil-ice. 

anchorite,  «.     Set?  anchoret. 

anchoritess,".  l<.  anchorite -i- -ess.]  See  anchor- 
ess. 

anchoritic,  anchoritical,  etc.     See  anchoretic, 

etc. 
anchorless (ang'kor-les),  a.   [<  anchor'^  -t-  -less.] 
Being  without  an  anchor;  hence,  drifting;  un- 
stable. 

My  homeless,  anchorlesn,  unsupported  mind, 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Villette,  vL 

anchor-lift  (ang'kor-lift),  H.  A  gripping  device 
for  lifting  a  pole  or  pile  which  has  been  driven 
into  the  mud  to  ser%'e  as  an  anchor  for  a  dredge- 
boat, 

anchor-lining  (ang'kor-li'ning),  )i.  Sheathing 
fasteneil  to  the  sides  of  a  vessel,  or  to  stan- 
chions imderthe  fore-channel,  to  prevent  iujurj- 
to  the  vessel  by  the  bill  of  the  anchor  when  it 
is  fished  or  hauled  up.     See  bill-board. 

anchor-oven  (ang'kor-uv'n),  JI.  A  coke-oven, 
so  named  from  a  wrought-iron  plate  called  an 
anchor  which  is  placed  at  the  rear  of  the  oven 
before  it  is  charged  with  coal.  At  the  end  of  the 
heat  the  anchor  is  embedded  in  coke,  and  w  hen  withdrawn 
by  means  of  a  winch  takes  all  the  coke  with  it, 

anchor-plate  (ang'kor-plat),  «.  1.  A  heavy 
metal  plate  to  which  is  secured  the  extremity 
of  a  cable  of  a  suspension-bridge.  See  cut 
imder  n«c/iO)Y((/f. — 2.  In  zoijl.,  one  of  the  cal- 
careous plates  to  which  the  anchors  or  ancors 
are  attached,  as  in  members  of  the  genus  S>j- 
nupta.     See  ancora'^. 

anchor-ring  (ang'kor-ring),  JI.  1.  The  ring  or 
shackle  of  an  anchor  to  which  the  cable  is  bent. 
—  2.  A  geometiical  surface  generated  by  the 
revolution  of  a  circle  about  an  axis  lying  in  its 
plane,  but  exterior  to  it. 

anchor-rocket  (ang'kor-rok"et),  n.  A  rocket 
fitted  with  an  auchor-liead  consisting  of  two  or 
more  flukes.  With  a  line  attached  to  the  rocket-stick 
it  is  used  for  life-saviug  purposes,  and  may  be  tired  either 
over  a  stranded  vessel  or  beyond  a  bar  on  which  the  water 
is  breaking.  The  best  rocket  of  this  class  is  the  German 
rocket,  which  has  an  anchor-head  of  four  palmate  fiukes 
placed  .at  right  angles  to  each  other. 

anchor-shackle  (ang'kor-shak"l),  n.  Kaut, 
the  bow  or  cle\is,  with  two  eyes  and  a  screw- 
bolt,  or  bolt  and  key, 
which  is  used  for  se- 
curing a  cable  to  the 
ring  of  the  anchor. 
Also  used  for  coupling 
lengths  of  chain-cable. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

anchor-shot  (ang'kor- 
shot),  JI.  A  projectile 
made  with  arms  or 
flukes  and  ha\'ing  a  rope  or  chain  attached,  de- 
signed to  be  fired  from  a  mortar  in  order  to 
establish  communication  between  the  shore 
and  a  vessel  or  wreck,  or  between  vessels.  It 
is  used  principally  in  the  life-sa\-ing  ser\'ice. 

anchor-stock  (ang'kor-stok),  JI.  Xaiit.,  a  beam 
of  wood  or  iron  placetl  at  the  ujjper  end  of  the 
shank  of  an  anchor  transversely  to  the  plane  of 
the  arms.  (See  cuts  mider  anchor.)  its  use  is  to 
cause  the  anchor  when  let  go  to  lie  on  the  Ijottom  in  such 
a  position  that  the  peak  or  sharp  point  of  the  arm  will 
penetrate  the  ground  anil  take  a  tlnu  hold. —  Anchor- 
StOCk  fashion,  a  peculiar  way  of  planking  the  outsitle  of 
a  ship  witli  phiiiks  that  are  widest  in  the  middle  and  taper 
toward  tlie  iii'is.  MinicHhat  like  an  anchor-stock. — An- 
chor-Stock planking.     See  plankinu. 

anchor-tripper  (ang'kor-trip"er\  n.  A  device 
for  trijijiing  or  casting  loose  a  ship's  anchor. 

anchor-watch  (ang'kor-woch),  n.  Xant.,  a  sub- 
division of  tho  watch  kept  constantly  on  deck 
during  the  time  a  shij)  lies  at  single  anchor,  to 
be  in  readiness  to  hoist  jib-  or  staysails  in  order 
to  keep  the  ship  clear  of  her  anchor,  or  to  veer 
more  cable,  or  to  let  go  a  second  anchor  in  case 
she  should  drive  or  part  from  her  fii'st  one.  Also 
called  harl)or-watch. 

anchor-well  (ang'kor-wel),  JI.  Xaut.,  a  cylindri- 
cal recess  in  the  forward  end  of  the  overhang- 
ing deck  of  the  first  monitor-built  vessels,  in 
which  the  anchors  were  caiTicd  to  protect  them 
and  the  chain  fi-om  the  enemy's  shot,  as  well  as 
to  cause  the  vessels  to  ride  more  easily  at  anchor. 

inchovy  (an-cho'vi),  11. ;  pi,  anchories  (-^^z). 
,  f'"'ormerly  also  anchovie  and   anchovu,  earlier 


Anchor-shackles. 


anchovy 

anchoveye,  anehovftiex,  aiicliovc  =  D.  aniijovis  = 
G,  anschovc  =  Sw.  aii/sjoris  =  Dan.  aiisjus  = 
F.  aiu'hois  (>  Kubs.  uiiclidu.sii  =  Pol.  iinc^ns),  < 
It.  dial.  Kiiciofa,  ancimi,  iiiiriKO,  aiicliioa,  It.  flc- 
ciiiffd,  =  Sp.  UHcliord,  iinchiHi  =  Pg.  (uicIkivh,  cii- 
clwva,  aiu'hovy;  of  uiicprtain origin;  cf.  Bascjuo 
anchorii,  iiiii'hoa,  uuchuii,  unehoN'y,  perhaps  re- 
lated to  Basque  a>it:nii,  <lry,  hence  lit.  a  dried 
or  ])iekI(Ml  lish,  anchovy.  i)iez  refers  the  Koin. 
fonns  nit.  to  Gr.  a(j>hj,  commonly  supposed  to  be 
the  auchovy  or  sardine.]    An  abdominal  mal- 


Anchovy  {Stal'/ 


sicholus). 


acopterygious  fish,  of  the  genus  Stolcphorus  or 
JiiKinnilin,  family  Slolcphiiridic.  The  species  are 
all  \>t  liiminutive  size,  ami  iiili;iliitants  of  most  troijical 
anil  teiiiiierate  seas.  Only  •>w  spi'iies,  .S'.  au-msielwlm, 
is  kliuwii  upon  the  European  eoasts,  but  fifteen  approach 
those  of  the  United  States.  The  common  anchovy  of  Eu- 
rope, .S'.  em-msicholu,i,  estecincil  for  its  ricli  anil  peculiar 
flavor,  is  not  nnich  larger  than  the  niiilille  flTiiier.  It  is 
caught  in  vast  numbers  in  the  Meiliterranean,  and  pick- 
led for  exportation.  A  sauce  held  in  nmch  esteem  is 
made  from  anchovies  by  poundinB  them  in  water,  sim- 
mering the  mixture  for  a  short  time,  adding  a  little 
cayenne  pepper,  and  straining  the  whole  through  a  hair 
sieve.  — Anchovy  paste,  a  preparation  of  anchovy  and 
various  clupeids  (sprats,  etc.). 

anchovy-pear  (an-eh6'\-i-par),  n.  The  fruit  of 
(triitx  (■(iiilljiora,  a  nijTtaceous  tree  growing  in 
Jamaica.  It  is  large,  and  contains  generiiUy  a  single 
seed  protected  by  a  stony  covering.  It  is  pickled  aud 
eaten  like  the  mango. 

anchry  (ang'kri),   a.     [Bad  spelling  of  ancry, 

<  F.  (iiicrce,  <  ancrcr,  anchor :  see  anchor^,  v.  and 
H.]     Ifi  her.,  same  as  anekorcii,  3. 

Anchusa  (ang-kti'sii),  «.  [L.,<  Gr.  ayxovaa, 
At  tic  f" )  X"vaa,  alkanet .]  A  genus  of  herbaceous 
plants,  chiefly  perennial,  of  the  natural  order 
Borttij'nutriiV.  Tlu-n-  ar<-  :!0  species,  rough,  hairy  herbs, 
natives  of  Europe  and  western  Asia.  The  more  common 
species  of  Europe  is  the  bugloss  or  common  alkanet,  A. 
officinalis.  A.  Italica  is  cultivated  for  ornament.  See  at- 
Icnnrf  and  Alkanna. 

anchusic  (ang-kti'sik),  a.  [<  anchimn  +  -ic] 
Of  or  iiertaiuing  to  anchusiu:  as,  anchusic  acid. 

anchusin  (ang'ku-sin),  II.  [<  Anchusa  +  -in".'] 
A  red  coloring  matter  obtained  from  Alkanna 
(Anchusa)  tinctoria.  it  is  amorphous,  with  a  resin- 
ous fracture,  and  when  heated  emits  violet  vapors,  which 
are  extremely  suffocating. 

anchyloblepharon,  n.     See  nnkyJohlcpharon. 

anchylose,  anchylosis,  etc.    See  anki/lose,  etc. 

Anchylostoma  (ang-ki-los'to-ma),  n.  [NL., 
])rop.  A  ncylostoina,<.  (Jr.  d)  Ki'^c,  crooked,  curved, 
+  aruim,  mouth.]     Same  as  Vochmiiis,  2. 

anciencyt  (an'shen-si),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aunciciicie,  etc.,  for  earlier  ancienty,  q.  v.]  An- 
cient ness;  antiquity. 

ancienti  (an'shent),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  (Uiticnt  (a  spelling  but  recently  obsolete, 
aiter  palient,  etc.,  or  with  ref.  to  the  orig.  L.), 

<  ME.  auncient,  auncycnt,  aunciant,  etc.  (with 
excrescent  -t,  as  in  tyrant,  etc. :  see  -ant~),  ear- 
lier aiincien,  auncian,  <  OF.  ancien,  mod.  F^nH- 
cjeii  =Pr.  ancinn  =  Sp.  anciano  =  Pg.  anciao  = 
It.  an:iano,  <  ML.  antianus,  ancianus,  former, 
old,  ancient,  prop.  *antcaniis,  with  term,  -anus 
(E.  -an,  -en),  <  L.  ante,  before,  whence  also  an- 
ticus,  antiquus,  former,  ancient,  antique:  see 
antic,  antique,  and  ante-.']  I.  a.  1.  Existent 
or  occurring  in  time  long  past,  usually  in  re- 
mote ages;  belonging  to  or  associated  with  an- 
tiquity] old,  as  opposo<l  to  modern  :  as,  ancient 
authors;  ancient  veeovilii.  As  specifically  applied  to 
history,  aiu-ient  usually  refers  to  times  aud  events  ])rior  to 
the  downfall  of  the  Western  Roman  Empire,  A.  v.  476,  and 
is  opposed  to  meilirml,  which  is  applied  to  the  period  from 
about  the  fifth  century  to  the  end  of  the  fifteenth,  when 
modern  history  lici;ins,  and  to  murfcra,  which  is  sometimes 
used  of  the  whole  period  since  the  fifth  century.  In  other 
uses  it  commonly  has  no  exact  reference  to  time. 

Wc  lost  a  great  number  of  ancient  authors  by  the  con- 
quest of  Egypt  by  the  Saracens,  which  deprived  Europe 
of  the  use  of  the  papjTus. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  67. 

The  voice  I  hear  this  passing  night  was  heard 
In  ancient  days  by  emperor  aud  clown. 

Keats,  ode  to  Nightingale. 

His  [Ifilton'sl  language  even  luis  caught  the  accent  of 
the  ancient  world.        Lowell,  New  rrinceton  Rev.,  I.  164. 

2.  Having  lasted  from  a  remote  period ;  hav- 
ing been  of  long  dm-ation  ;  of  great  age ;  very 
old:  as,  an  ancient  city;  an  ancient  forest:  gen- 
erally, but  not  always,  applied  to  things. 


203 

I  do  love  these  aiicinit  ruins. 
"We  never  tread  upon  them  but  wc  set 
Our  foot  upon  sonu-  reverend  history. 

Wrhster.  IPilchcss  of  Maltl,  V.  3. 
The  fiovemor  w.as  an  ancient  gentleman  of  greate  cour- 
age, of  y  order  of  St.  Jago.     Kvdyn,  Diary,  Feb.  10,  l&^l. 

3.  Specifically,  in  law,  of  more  than  20  or  30 
years'  duration:  said  of  anything  whoso  con- 
tinued existence  for  such  a  period  is  taken  into 
consideration  in  aid  of  defective  proof  by  rea- 
son of  lapse  of  memory,  or  absence  of  wit- 
nesses, or  loss  of  documentary  evidence:  as, 
an  ancient  boimdary. — 4.  Past ;  former. 
If  I  longer  stay, 
We  shall  begin  our  ancient  bickerings. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
Know'st  thou  Amoret? 
Hath  not  some  newer  love  forc'd  thee  forget 
Thy  ancient  faith? 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iv.  4. 

5.  In  her.,  fonnerly  worn;  now  out  of  date  or 
obsolete:  thus,  Franco  ancient  is  aztire  semee 
with  tlein-s-de-lys  or,  while  France  modern  is 
azure,  3  Heurs-cle-lys,  or  2  and  1 Ancient  de- 
mesne. Sec  <leinesne.=^YU.  Ancient,  Old,  Antiijue,  An- 
ti'iiiated.  Okl./ashioned  Qnaint,  Ohsol'le,  (llM^tescent,  by- 
gone. Ancient  and  ftUl  are  generally  applied  only  to 
thins^s  subject  to  change.  (ff>rui:iy  ajiply  to  things  which 
have  long  existed  and  still  exist,  wbili'  tmeienf  nuiy  apply 
to  things  of  e(iual  age  uliich  have  ceased  to  exist:  is,  old 
laws,  ancient  republics.  Ancient  jjr'ipcrly  refers  to  a 
lligher degree t)f  age  tluui  old  ;  as, old  times,  nncient  times; 
old  institutions,  ancient  institntioTis.  An  o/J-lunkiiig  man 
is  one  who  seems  advanced  in  years,  while  an  ancient- 
looking  man  is  one  who  seems  to  have  survived  from  a 


ancillary 

I  beheld  till  the  thrones  were  cast  down,  and  the  An- 
cient of  days  did  sit,  whose  garment  was  white  as  snow. 

Dan.  vli.  9. 

Council  Of  Ancients,  in  French  hist.,  the  upper  cham- 
ber of  the  Krcni  li  legislature  (Corps  Legislatif)  under  the 
cfuistitution  of  I71>i»,  consisting  of  2,'iO  members,  each  at 
least  forty  years  old.  See  Corps  Lei/islati/,  under  corpse. 
ancient-t  (an'shent),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aiitient,  ancyeiit,  auncient,  auntient,  and  even 
antesiijn,  <'orrupt  forms  of  ensign,  iti  simiUation 
of  ancient^:  see  ensign.]  1.  A  flag,  Vjanner, 
or  standard;  an  ensign;  especially,  the  flag  or 
streamer  of  a  shij). 

Tcfi  times  more  dishonourable  ragged  than  an  old-faced 
(that  is,  patched]  am-ienl.  .Sfi'ak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  Iv.  2. 

I  maile  all  the  sail  I  could,  and  in  half  an  hour  she  spied 
me,  then  hung  out  her  ancient,  .and  discharged  a  gun. 

.S'lci/f,  Oulliver's  Travels,  !.  8. 

2.  The  bearer  of  !i  flag;  a  standard-bearer;  an 
ensign. 

Ancient,  let  your  coliuirs  fly :  but  have  a  great  care  of 
the  butchers'  hoi>k3  at  Whitechapel ;  they  have  been  the 
death  of  many  a  fair  ancient. 

Ileau.  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  v.  2. 

This  is  Othello's  ancient,  as  I  take  it. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

anciently  (an'shent-li),  adv.  1.  In  ancient 
times;  in  times  long  since  past;  of  yore:  as, 
Persia  was  anciently  a  {powerful  empire. 

The  colewort  is  not  an  enemy  (though  that  were  an- 
ciently received)  to  the  vitie  only;  but  it  is  an  enemy  to 
any  other  plant.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  480. 

2.  In  or  from  a  relatively  distant  period;  in 


past  age.     Anliiiue  is  applied  either  to  a  thing  which  has  former  times ;  from  of  old ;  formerly ;  remotely 

come  down  from  anticinity  or  to  that  which  is  made  in  as,  to  maintain  rights  anciently  secured  or  en 

ifnitation  of  ancient  style :  thus,  ancient  biTuiing  is  binding  ioyod 

done  by  the  ancients,  while  anfi'ine  liinding  is  an  imita-  -^  ^ 


tion  of  the  ancient  style.  Anti'juated,  like  antique,  mjiy 
apply  to  a  style  or  fashion,  but  it  properly  means  too  old  ; 
it  is  a  disparaging  word  applied  to  ideas,  laws,  customs, 
dress,  etc.,  whicli  are  out  of  date  or  outgrown:  as,  anti- 
quated laws  should  be  repealed;  his  hea<l  was  full  of  an- 
tiquated notions.  (Hd-/a.^liioned  is  a  nulder  word,  noting 
that  whi(-h  has  gone  out  of  fashion,  but  may  still  be  thought 
of  as  pleasing.  Qnaint  is  old-fashioned  with  a  pleasing 
oddity  ;  as,  a  quaint  garb,  .a  quaint  maimer  of  speech,  a 
quaint  face.  Offsolete  is  applied  to  that  which  has  gone 
completely  out  of  use ;  as,  an  obsolete  word,  idea,  law.  Ob- 
solescent is  applied  to  that  which  is  in  process  of  becoming 
obsolete.  Ancient  ami  antique  are  opposed  to  modern; 
old  to  new,  younej,  or  fresh  ;  antiquated  to  permanent  or 
established;  old-fashioned  to  new-fashioned;  otjsolete  to 
current  or  present.    Ayed,  Elderly,  Old,  etc.     See  aged. 

In  these  nooks  the  busy  outsider's  ancient  times  arc  only 
old ;  his  old  times  arc  still  new. 

T.  Hardy,  Far  from  the  5Iaddiug  Crowd. 

His  singular  dress  and  obsolete  language  confounded  the 
baker,  to  whom  he  offered  an  ancient  medal  of  Deeius  as 
the  current  coin  of  the  empire. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  160. 


With  what  arms 
We  mean  to  hold  what  anciently  wc  claim. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  723. 

ancientness  (an'shent-nes),  n.     The  state  or 
quality  of  being  ancient;  antiquity.     Vrydcn. 
Higll-pricst  whose  temple  was  the  woods,  he  felt 
Their  melancholy  graiuleur,  and  the  awe 
Their  ancientne.is  and  stditude  beget. 

It.  II.  Stoddard,  Dead  Master. 

ancientry  (an'shent-ri),  H.  [<  ancient^  +  -ry.] 
1.  Ancientness;  antiquity;  qualities  peculiar 
to  that  which  is  old.— 2t.  Old  people:  as, 
"wronging  the  ancientry,"  /S'AkA'.,  W.  T.,  iii.  3. 
—  3t.  Ancient  lineage  ;  dignity  of  birth. 

His  father  being  a  gentleman  of  more  ancientry  than 
estate.  Fuller,  Worthies,  Durham. 

4.  Something  belonging  or  relating  to  ancient 
times. 
They  [the  last  Hues]  contain  not  one  word  of  ancientry. 
Wejit,  Letter  to  Gray. 


He  was  shown  an  old  worm-eaten  coffer,  which  had  ancientyt  (an'shen-ti),  n,    [Earlymod.  E.  aiin- 

n.T  hfM  r»an..r«  imfiinfbpd  bv  tlv  incurious  generations.       „.-„,. j-.      .„,.*.-„"/   ntx:'      ;,...*..      >..,.,„,-«„/^    / 


long  held  papers,  untouched  by  the  incurious  generations, 
of  Montaigne.  /.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  X.  73. 

While  licddoes'  language  seems  to  possess  all  the  ele- 
ments of  flic  shaksperian,  there  is  no  trace  of  the  con- 
sciously a)iliqnr  in  It.        Anier.  Jour,  of  Philol.,  IV.  450. 

I  was  ushered  into  a  little  misshapen  back-ri>om,  having 
at  least  nine  corners.  It  was  lighted  by  a  skylight,  fur- 
nished with  antiquated  leathern  chairs,  and  ornamented 
with  the  portrait  of  a  fat  pig. 

Irving,  Boar's  Head  Tavern. 

.Somewhat  back  from  the  village  street 
Stands  the  old-fashioned  country  seat. 

Longfellow,  Old  Clock  on  the  Stairs. 
We  might  picture  to  (rarselves  some  knot  of  speculators, 
debating  witli  caltulating  brow  over  the  quaint  binding 
and  iUuininutcd  margin  of  an  ob.wlcte  author. 

Ircimj,  Sketch-Book,  p.  31. 
Evidence  of  it  |the  disappearance  of  words  from  the  Ian; 


cientie,'aneicntie,  <  ME.  anciente,  aunciente,  < 
AF.  anciente,  OF.  ancieniietc  =  Pr.  ancianctat  = 
Sp.  ancianidad=z\t.  an-ianita,  an:ianitadc,  an- 
zianitate,  on  ML.  type  'antianila{t-)s,  <  antianus, 
ancient:  see  ancient^  and -ty.]  Age;  antiquity; 
ancientness ;  seniority. 

Is  not  the  toren.araed  council  of  ancienty  above  a  thou- 
sand years  ago'.'    Dr.  Martin,  Marriage  of  Priests,  sig.  I.  2b. 

ancile  (an-si'le),  n.;  y\.  ancilia  (an-sil'i-ii).  [L., 
an  oval  shield  having  a  semicircular  notch  at 
each  end ;  perhaps  <  an-  for  ambi-,  on  both  sides 
(cf.  anfractuous  and  see  ainhi-),  +  -cite,  ult.  < 
■\/ '.skill,  *skar,  cut:  see  shear.]  The  sacred 
shield  of  Mars,  said  to  have  fallen  from  heaven 

...V  ...=.., -v^-.- ™  the  reign  of  Numa,  and  declared  by  the 

guage]  is  to  be  seen  in  the  obsolete  and  obsolescent  material     diviners  to  be  the  palladium  of  Rome  SO  long  as 


found  recorded  on  almost  every  page  of  our  dictionaries. 
Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  9S. 
II.  H.  1.  One  who  lived  in  former  ages;  a  per- 
son belongitig  to  an  early  period  of  the  world's 
history :  generally  used  in  the  plural. 

We  meet  with  more  raillery  among  the  moderns,  but 
more  good  sense  among  the  ancie^s.^  ^^^^^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^    ancillary  (an'si-la-ri),  a.     [<  L.  ancillaris,  <  an- 

C(7/«,  a  maid-servant:  see  aneille.]     Serving  as 


it  should  be  kept  in  the  city.  With  eleven  other 
ancilia,  made  in  imitation  of  the  original,  it  wsis  given  into 
the  custody  of  the  Salii,  or  priests  of  Mars,  who  carried  it 
annually  in  solemn  procession  through  Rome  during  the 
festival  of  Mars  in  the  begiiming  of  March. 
Ancilia  (an-sil'a%  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ancilia :  see  an- 
eille.]    A  genus  of  mollusks.     See  Ancillinee. 


2.  A  very  old  man ;  hence,  an  elder  or  person 
of  influence ;  a  governor  or  ruler,  political  or 
ecclesiastical. 

Long  since  that  white-haired  ancient  slept. 

Bryant,  Old  Man's  Counsel. 

The  Lord  will  enter  into  judgment  with  the  ancients  of 
his  people.  .        Is-  >"■  !*■ 

3t.  A  senior. 

In  Christianity  they  were  his  ancients.  Hooker. 

4.  Ill  the  Inns  of  Com-t  and  Chancery  in  Lon- 
don, one  who  has  a  certain  standing  or  senior- 
ity: thus,  in  Gray's  Inn,  the  society  consists  of 
benchers,  ancients,  barristei-s,  and  students  un- 
der the  bar,  the  ancients  being  the  oldest  bar- 
risters.   Wharton. 

\Mien  he  was  .-1  ancient  in  Inne  of  Courtc,  certaine  yong 
lentlcmen  were  brought  before  him.  to  he  corrected  for 
certaine  nusorders.  Aschain,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  (>2. 
Ancient  of  days,  the  Supreme  ISeiUi;,  in  rclereuce  to  liis 
existence  from  eternity. 


an  aid,  adjunct,  or  accessory;  subservient; 
auxiliary ;  supplementary. 

The  hero  seSs  that  the  event  is  ancillary :  it  must  follow 
Iiini.  Emerson,  Character. 

In  an  ancillary  work,  "  The  Study  of  Sociology,"  I  have 
described  the  various  perversions  produced  in  men's  judg- 
ments by  their  eniutioMs. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Socio!.,  §  434. 

Ancillary  administration,  in  law,  a  local  and  subordi- 
nate administration  of  such  part  of  the  assets  of  a  dece- 
dent as  iire  founil  within  a  state  other  than  that  of  his 
domicile,  and  which  the  law  of  the  state  where  they  are 
found  re(|llirestobe  collected  under  its  authority  inor.ler 
that  they  may  be  applied  first  to  satisfy  the  claims  of  its 
own  citizens,  instead  of  re(|Uiring  the  latter  to  resort  to 
the  jurisdicfion  of  principal  administration  t.i  obtain  iiay- 
ment :  the  surplus,  after  satisfying  such  claims,  being  re- 
mitted to  the  place  of  principal  administration.  — Ancil- 
lary letters,  httei^  testamentary  or  of  administration 
for  the  puriioscs  of  ancillary  .administration,  granted  usu- 
ally to  the  executor  or  administrator  who  has  been  ap- 
pointed In  the  place  of  principal  administraUoD. 


ancille 


204 


ancillet,  «•    [ME.  ancille,  anceUe,  andle,  <  OF.  ancora^  (ang'ko-ril),  v. ;  pi.  ancorce  (-re). 
■     '•  ■■■  ■'  ' ;,  dim.     an  anchor:    see   a«di«)I.]      In  cool.,  o 


micelle,  (iHCcU;  <  L.  «hci7/«,  a  maid-servant, 
of  anculu,  a  muid-sirvant,  i'em.  of  niiculiis,  a 
man-servant.  <  (JL.  "tiiicux,  a  servant,  as  in  the 
L.  proper  name  Ancus  Martiiis;  cf.  (metis,  ap- 
plied to  one  with  a  stitl,  crooked  arm:  see 
<;»(//(•'.]     A  maid-servant.     Chaucer. 

Ancillinae  (an-si-li'ne),  «.  ]>l.  [NL.,  <  Ancilla 
+  -inie.'\  A  subfamily  of  molliisks,  of  the  fam- 
ily Oliriilir,  tyjiitii'd  l)y  the  j^enus  Ancilla.  Tlie 
lli-ad  is  uunctaluil,  the  i-yfS  iire  ulisi'lit,  the  tullt^icles  are 
rudiim-ntiir}',  aTnl  thf  Uiot  is  iimcli  iMilurKeil ;  the  sliell  is 
polislieii  ami  tlie  sutures  are  mostly  cuvcred  with  a  cat- 
hms  deposit.  Detween  20  and  30  living  speeies  arc  linuwn, 
and  numerous  fossil  ones.     Also  called  AnciUarhue. 

ancipital  (an-sip'i-tal),  a.  [As  ancipitous  + 
-«(.]  1.  Same  as  dneiiiitoiis,  1. — 2.  In  cool, 
and  hot.,  two-edged.— Ancipital  stem,  a  compressed 
stem,  with  two  opposite  thiu  or  wing-margined  edges,  as 
in  blue-eyeil  gi-ass  (.S'lVi/n/ni/mtm). 

ancipitate  (an-slp'i-tat),  a.     [As  ancipitoMs  -t- 
-(/?(.]     Same  as  ancipital,  2. 
ancipitous  (an-sip'i-tus),  a.     [<  L.  anceps  {an 


[T.., 
one  ol 


the  anchor-shaped  calcareous 
spicules  which  are  attached 
to  and  i)rotrudo  from  the  flat 
perforated  calcareous  plates 
in  the  integimient  of  ochino- 
derms  of  tlic  genuS"  tiynapta. 
Tliey  are  used  in  locomotion. 

ancora-t  (aug-ko'rii),  ade. 
[It.,  =  1''.  encore,  again:  see  en- 
core.'] Again :  formerly  used 
like  encore  (which  see). 

ancorae,  ».     Plm'al  of  ancora. 

ancoral  (ang'ko-ral),  a.  [<  L. 
ancoralis,  <  ancora,  anchor: 
see  anclior'^.']  Relatiug  to 
or  resembling  an  anchor,  in 
shape  or  use :  in  coiil.,  specifi- 
cally applied  to  the  anchors 
or  aneorse  of  members  of  the 


•  i       ,-■.,,,      ■.  -  n  x/.  1  ,x-      \t        genus  Synapta. 

cipit-),  two-headed,  double,  doubtful  (<  an-  for  j^gorina    (ang-ko-ri'na),    n. 
ami/-,  on  both  sides  (see  o)«((/-), +  <■«;>«?,  head:     rjjL.]     A    genu' 
see  capiud),  + -lilts.']     1.  Doubtful  or  double ; 
ambiguous;  double-faced  or  double-formed. — 
2.  Same  as  ancipital,  2. 
Ancistrodon  (an-sis'tro-don),  n.     [NL. :   so 
called  from  the  hooked  fangs;  <  Gr.  a}Kia-pov,  a 
fish-hook  (<  ujiiof,  a  hook,  bend:  see  aiu/leS),  -I- 


AnconE. 


//,  young  synapta, 
showing  four  ancorx  or 
anchors  («,  (I).  5,asin- 
gle  ancora  hooked  in  its 
perforated  plate,  <i. 


sponges,  tjiiical  of  the  family 
.Inciiriiiiilie. 

Ancorinidse    (ang-ko-riu'i- 
de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Ancorina 
+  -ida:.]    A  family  of  Fibro- 
, ,       ^  -„  ■        ,  -.      ,  ,     -  sponitiie,  tyiiified  by  the  genus  Ancorina. 

odovi{odovT-)  =  E.  tooth  ]     A  genus  of  venomous  ancoristt(ang'ko-rist),H.  [.^neiToueousformof 
serpents,  with  hooked  fangs,  belonging  to  the     „,ii.l,oretoranchdressyf'ithaeeom.  term,  -ist:  see 
family  Crotalidw  of  the  suborder  Solmonh/phi :     anchor^,  anchoret.]     An  anchoret  or  anchoress, 
by  some  authors  placed  under  Tniioiioevpliahis         ^  ^^,j,^„  j^t^,   t„,,„^j  „„  aiu^orht. 
Ihe  genus  contains  the  well-known  copperliead  ui  rsortu  Fuller  Worthies  Yorkshire. 

America,  ^ncis(rorfo?i  coHtor^rJ■J;,  and  the  water-moccasin,  ,  ,     .         i,    -       '     /,  .    i\'  rn' 

A.  puicimn,s.    Sice  mt  \mier  copperhead.    Also  written  ancree,    ancred    (ang  kra,  ang  kerd),  «.       ^t. 
Ankixtndnn.  uncrcc,  pp.  fern,  of  ancrer,  anchor:  see  anchor^, 

ancle,  n.     See  anl-lc.  v.  and  «.]     In  her.,  same  as  anchored,  3. 

ancomet  (au'kum),  ».     [E.  dial.,  also  nncome  -ancy.     A  modem  extension  of  -ance,  in  imita- 
(ef.  Se.  onconie,  an  attack  of  disease,  income,     tion  of  the  origiual  Latin -nw! /-/-a,  and  perhaps 


any  bodily  infirmity  not  apparently  proceeding 
from  an  external  cause),  <  ME.  onkonie,  a  swell- 
ing, as  on  the  aiTu,  earlier  ME.  oncome,  oncume, 
an  unexpected  e\-il,  <  anconien,  oncumcn,  <  AS. 
oncumen,  pp.  of  oncuman,  come  upon,  happen, 
<  on,  on,  4-  cuman,  come:  see  come,  onconie,  in- 
come.] A  small  inflammatory  swelling  arising 
suddenly. 

ancon  (ang'kon),  «.;  pi.  ancones  (ang-ko'nez). 
[<  L.  ancon, <.  Gr.  lij  Kui>,  the  bend  of  the  aim,  akin 
to  a;Kof,  a  bend,  a}Kvpa,  anchor:  see  anchor^, 
angle^.]     1.  In  anat.,  the  olecranon;  the  upper 

■  end  of  the  ulna;  the  elbow.  See  cut  under 
forearm. —  2.  In  «rc/(.,  any  projection  designed 
to  support  a  cornice  or  other  struetui'al  feature. 


also  of  -aci/ :  see  -ance  and  -cij,  and  cf.  -ence, 
-cncii.     The  two  forms  seldom  differ  in  force. 

ancy  lid  (an'si-lid), )).  A  gastropod  of  the  fam- 
ily Anci/lida^. 

Ancylidae  (an-sU'i-de),  n.  ])l.  [NL.,  <  Ancylus 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  pulmonate  gastropods, 
typifietlby  the  genus  Anci/liis,  and  distinguished 
by  their  patelliform  shell.  The  species  are  in- 
habitants of  the  fresh  waters  of  various  coun- 
tries, and  are  known  as  river-limpets. 

Ancylinae  (an-si-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <.  Ancylus 
+  -((iff.]  The  ancylids,  considered  as  a  sub- 
family of  Limnwidw,  and  characterized  by 
the  flattened  and  limpet-like  instead  of  spiral 
shell 


as  a  console  or  a  corbel.    The  projections  cut  upon  Ancyloceras   (an-si-los'e-ras),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr, 


keystones  of  arches  to  support  busts  or  other  ornaments 
are  sometimes  called  aiicones.  See  cuts  under  cantalimr, 
console,  and  eorl/el.     [Rare.] 

Also  written  ancoiie. 
3.  The  name  of  a  celebrated  breed  of  sheep, 
originated  in  Massachusetts  in  1791  from  a  ram 
having  a  long  body  and  short,  crooked  legs,  and 
therefore  unable  to  leap  fences.  It  was  also 
known  as  the  otter  breed,  and  is  now  extinct. 

anconad  (ang'ko-nad),  a.  [<  ancon  -(-  -«rf3.] 
Towanl  tlie  ancon  or  elbow. 

ancoual  (ang'ko-nal),  a.  [<  ancon  +  -al.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  ancon  or  elbow. — 2.  Being 
on  the  same  side  of  the  axis  of  the  fore  limb  as 
the  elbow:  as,  the  anconal  aspect  of  the  hand, 
that  is,  the  back  of  the  hand :  corresponding  to 
rotular  as  applied  to  the  hind  limb. 

Equivalent  forms  are  anconeal  and  ancone- 
ous. 

ancone  (ang'kon),  )(.     Same  as  ancon,  1  and  2. 

anconeal  (ang-ko'ne-al),  a.  Same  as  anconal. 
—  Anconeal  fossa  of  tie  humerus,  in  mmt. ,  the  olecra- 
noid  fossa,  whicli  receives  the  olecranon  or  head  of  the  ulna. 

The  internal  condyle  is  prominent,  the  anconeal  fossa 
small.  W.  H.  Fttn/ier,  Osteology,  xv. 

anconei, »(.    Plural  of  anconeus. 

anconeous  (ang-ko'ne-us),  a.   Same  as  anconal. 

ancones,  ((.     Plural  of  aKcon. 

anconeus  (ang-ko-ne'us),  n. ;  pi.  anconei  (-i). 
[NL.,  <  L.  ancon:  see  ancon.]  A  name  once 
given  to  any  of  the  muscles  attached  to  the 
ancon  or  olecranon :  now  usually  restricted  to 
a  small  muscle 
the  externa 

serted  into  tlio  side  o£  the  olecranon  and  upper 
fom-th  of  the  posterior  surface  of  the  ulna, 

anconoeus,  «.     Same  as  anconeus. 

anconoid  (ang'ko-noid),  a.      [<  Gr.  ayKuvotiSf/c, 


/)(ir/.of,    crooked,    em'ved,  +  Kepa^  (KcpaT-),    a 
horn.]     A  genus  of  fossil  tetrabranchiate  ceph' 


ec  -auou :  now  usua  ly  resmctea  lo  ^,,^-  ,u^,„„,al  of  the  familv  Anc 
Lscle  arising  from  the  back  part  ot  Ancylotheriids  (an"si-16-the 
Ll  condyle  of  the  humerus,  and  m-  ^^^''^  A„c„totherium  +  -idic. 
the  side  of  the  olecranon  and  upper     ;,i„„.„t,.  ,.,„•' „,„i„  i„,;fi„,i  i,„ 


:yloceras  sfittigertim. 


alopods,  of  the  family  Amnionitidw,  or  made 
the  type  of  a  special  family  Ancijloceratidce. 
One  of  these  ammonites,  Ancyloceras  callovien- 
sis,  occurs  in  the  KeUoway  rocks,  England. 

ancyloceratid  (an"si-16-ser'a-tid),  n.  A  ceph- 
alopod  of  the  family  Ancyloccratidw. 

Ancyloceratidse  (an"si-lo-se-rat'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Ancyloceras  {-rat-)  +  -idw.]  Afamilyof 
fossil  ccphalopods,  typified  by  the  genus  Aticy- 
loccras. 

ancylomele  (an"si-lo-me'le),  ii.;  pi.  ancylome- 
Iw  (-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.'a)'(£DAo/i?/A7/,  a  curved  probe, 
<  ayavio^,  crooked,  +  /")'l7/,  a  surgical  probe.] 
A  curved  probe  used  by  surgeons.  Also  spelled 
ankyhiinele. 

Ancylostoma  (an-si-los'to-ma),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayKv'Xo^,  crooked,  curved,  -I-  arofia,  mouth.] 
Same  as  JDochmius,  2. 

ancylotheriid  (an"si-16-the'ri-id),  n.  An  eden- 
tate mammal  of  the  family  AncylotheriidcB. 

~-ri'i-de),  n.  pi. 
]  A  family  of 
edentate  mammals,  tyjjified  by  the  genus  Ancy- 
lothcrium.  it  is  known  only  from  fragments  of  a  skele- 
ton found  in  Tertiary  deposits  in  Europe,  and  is  supposed 
to  be  related  to  the  recent  pansolins,  or  Manididee. 


curved  (elbow-like),  <  aynuv,  a  bend,  curve,  the  Ancylotherium  (an"si-16-the'ri-um),  n.     [NL., 

elbow  (see n((CO«),  +  eMof,  form.]     Elbow-like:     < Gr.  u}(ii'/of,  crooked,  cm-ved,  H- e(?p/ov,  a  wilti 

apidied  to  the  olecranon  of  the  ulna.  beast.]     A  genus  of  large   extinct  edentate 

ancorti  "•    A  former  spelling  of  anchor'^.  mammals,  typical  of  the  family  Ancylotheriidce. 


and 
ancylotome,  ancylotomus  (an-sU'6-t6m,  an- 

si-lot'6-mus),  ((.     Same  as  ((((fraiotomc. 

Ancylus  (an'si-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (ijKivlof, 
crooked,  curved:  see  anfile^.]  1.  A  genus  of 
pulmonate  gastropods,  typical  of  the  family 
AncylidiC.  The  species  are  fluviatile,  and  are  called 
river-limpets,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  shell  to  a 
patella  or  limpet.  There  are  upward  of  5i;i  living  species. 
They  live  in  ponds  and  brooks,  adhering  to  stones  and 
aipiatic  plants. 
2.  A  genus  of  hymenopterous  insects. 

Ancyrene  (an'si-ren),  a.  [<  L.  Ancyra,  Gr.  %;- 
(ic/ia,  a  town  in  Galatia,  nov;  Anyora  {see  An- 
gora); cf.  Gr.  ayKvpa,  an  anchor,  a  hook.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  AncjTa,  a  city  of  ancient  Gala- 
tia, where  a  synod  was  held  about  A.  D.  314,  at 
which  the  Ancyrene  canons,  twenty-five  in  num- 
ber, were  passed.  SjTiods  of  Semi-Arians  were 
also  held  there  A.  D.  3.58  and  375.  Also  written 
Ancyran — Ancyrene  inscription  (commonly  known 
as  the  MonuiiieiitiiiK  Ane;ira>iiun),  a  highly  iniptjrtant 
dueuinent  for  Koman  history,  consisting  of  an  inseriptitin 
in  both  Greek  and  Latin  upon  a  number  of  marble  slabs 
li.ved  to  the  Willis  of  the  temple  of  Augustus  and  the  god- 
dess Roma  (Rome  personified)  at  Ancyra.  The  inscription 
is  a  copy  of  the  statement  of  his  acts  and  policy  jd-epared 
by  the  Emperor  .-Vugustus  himself,  which  statement  is 
often  called  the  political  test.-imeiit  of  Augustus.  This 
inscription  wa.s  discovered  by  Augicr  de  Busbecq  in  1554, 
but  was  lirst  adei|Uately  co]iied  by  (leorges  Perrot  in  1864. 

ancyroid  (an-si'roid),  a.  [<Gr.  ayKvpoci6i](,  an- 
chor-shaped, <  (qKvpa,  anchor,  +  £Hof,  form.] 
j\nchor-shaped ;  specifically,  in  anat.,  cuired 
or  bent  like  the  fluke  of  an  anchor:  applied  (o) 
to  the  coracoid  process  of  the  shouUler-blade 
(see  cut  under  scajinhi),  and  (i)  to  the  comua 
of  the  lateral  ventricle  of  the  brain.  Also  writ- 
ten ankyroid. 

and  (and,  imaccented  and :  see  an^),  conj. 
[<  ME.  and,  ant,  an,  sometimes  a,  <  AS.  and. 
Olid,  rarely  end  (in  AS.  and  ME.  usually  ex- 
pressetl  by  the  abbrev.  symbol  orligatui'e  1,  later 
•^  (mod.  &),  for  L.  et,  and),  =  OS.  endi,  rarely 
f((,  =  OFries.  anda,  ande,  and,  an,  rarely  OHd, 
also  ende,  enda,  end,  en,  mod.  Fries,  an,  an,  en, 
in,  enda,  inde  =zOD.  onde,  ende,  D.  (((:=OHG. 
anti,  enti,  inti,  unta,  unti,  endi,  indi,  vndi,  MH6. 
tinde,  nnd,  uii  t,  G.  und,  and,  =  Icel.  enda,  and  if,  in 
case  that,  even,  even  if,  and  then,  and  yet,  and 
so  (appar.  the  same  word,  with  conditional  or 
disjunctive  force;  the  Scand.  equiv.  to  'and'  is 
Icel.  aide  =  Sw.  och,  ock  =  Dan.  og  =  AS.  euc,  E. 
ckc ;  not  found  as  conj.  in  Goth.,  where  the 
ortlinary  copula  is, ;V(/(),  conj.,  orig.  a  prep.,  AS. 
and,  ond  {rare  in  this  toi-m,  but  extremely  com- 
mon in  the  rcilueed  form  o«,  on,  being  thus 
merged  with  orig.  an,  on:  see  below),  before, 
besities,  with,  =  OS.  ant,  imto,  imtil,  =  OFries. 
anda,  ande,  and,  an,  also  enda,  ende,  end,  en,  in,on, 
=  OHG.  ant  =  Qot'h.  and,  on,  upon,  imto,  along, 
over,  etc. ;  this  prep,  being  also  common  as  a 
prefix,  AS.  and-,  an-,ond-,on-  (see  fl((rf-),  and  ap- 
pearing also  in  the  reduced  form  an,  on  (merged 
with  orig.  fl((,  o((  =  Goth.  o)(a  =  Gr.  aid,  etc.: 
see  on ),  and  with  a  close  vowel  in  AS.  6th  (for 
*onth)  =  0S.  unt  (also  in  comp.  un-,  as  in  mite, 
unto,  untuo  (=  ME.  and  E.  unto),  and  in  untat, 
iintliat  for  ((((*  that)  =  OFries.  tind,  ont,  unto, 
=  OHG.  unt  (in  comp.  "iiiicc,  un:),  unto,  =  Icel. 
nnc,  iinnc,  iinst,  und:,  until,  =  Goth,  und,  unto, 
until,  as  far  as,  up  to  (also  in  comp.  unte,  un- 
til), most  of  these  foiins  being  also  used  eon- 
junetionally.  The  Tent,  prepositions  and  pre- 
fixes containing  a  radical  ((  tended  to  melt  into 
one  another  both  as  to  form  and  sense.  There 
appear  to  have  been  orig.  two  fonns  of  and, 
namely,  {a)  AS.  and,  ond,  OS.  ant,  Goth,  and, 
anda-,  Teut.  *anda-,  and  (6)  AS.  end,  OS.  endi, 
etc.,  Teut.  *andi-,  the  latter  being  =  L.  ante,  be- 
fore,=Gr.  ani,  against,  =  Skt.  anti.  overagamst, 
near,  related  with  ()((/((,  end,  =  Goth,  andeis  = 
AS.  ende,  li.  end :  see  end,  and  ci.  andiron.  See 
and-,  an-",  on-",  ante-,  anti-,  prefixes  ult.  iden- 
tical. For  the  transition  from  the  prep,  and, 
before,  besides,  ^ith,  to  the  conj.  (()((/,  cf.  the 
prep,  with  in  such  constructions  as  "  The  pas- 
sengers, with  all  but  three  of  the  crew,  were 
saved,''  where  and  maybe  substituted  for  (((7//. 
From  the  earliest  ME.  period  and  has  also  ex- 
isted in  the  reduced  form  an :  see  an-.]  A. 
Coordinate  use.  1.  Connective:  A  word  con- 
necting a  word,  phrase,  clause,  or  sentence  with 
that  which  precedes  it :  a  colorless  particle  with- 
out an  e.xaet  sjTionym  in  English,  but  exjiressed 
approximately  by  'with,  along  with,  together 
with,  besides,  also,  moreover,'  the  elements 
connected  being  grammatically  coordinate. 

In  our  last  conflict  four  of  his  five  wits  went  halting  off, 
and  now  is  the  whole  man  governed  with  one. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 


and 

We  have  been  up  and  (If)wn  to  seek  lilm. 

Shale.,  U.  of  v.,  iii.  1. 
His  fame  and  fate  shall  be 
An  CL'lio  and  a  liylit  unto  eternity. 

Shdlfy,  Adonais,  1.  s. 
Along  the  lieath  and  near  his  favourite  tree. 

Gniy,  Elet'y,  1.  110. 
When  many  words,  phrases,  clauses,  or  sentences  are  con- 
nected, the  connective  is  now  generally  omitted  before 
all  except  the  hist,  unless  retained  for  rlietorical  effect. 
The  connected  elements  are  sometimes  identical,  express- 
ing continuous  repetitif)n,  either  dellnitely,  as,  to  walk 
two  ami  two ;  or  indefinitely,  as,  for  ever  ard  ever,  to  wait 
years  and  years. 

To-morrow,  and  to-morrow,  and  to-morrow, 
Creeps  in  this  petty  pace  from  day  to  day. 
To  the  last  syllable  of  recorded  time. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  r*. 
The  repetition  often  implies  a  difference  of  quality  under 
the  same  name:  as,  there  are  deacons  ant/  dcacnn.s  (iliat 
is,  acconlin^'  to  the  proverb,  "Tlicrc's  odds  in  deuei.ns"); 
there  are  novels  and  novels  (that  is,  all  sorts  of  novels). 
To  make  tlie  connection  distinctly  inclusive,  the  term  both 
precedes  tlie  first  member;  as,  both  in  England  and.  in 
France.  For  this,  by  a  Latinism,  and  .  ,  .  and  has  been 
sometimes  used  in  poetry  (Latin  and  French  et  .  .  .  ct). 
Thrones  and  civil  and  divine. 

Si/li'f.'!tcr,  tr.  of  Du  Eartas. 

2.  Introductive:.in  continuation  of  a  previous 
sentence  expressed,  implied,  or  understood. 

And  the  Lord  spake  unto  Moses.  Num.  i.  1. 

A7id  he  said  unto  Moses.  Ex.  xxiv.  1. 

In  this  use,  especially  in  continuation  of  the  statement 
implied  liy  jLssent  to  a  previous  question.  The  continua- 
tion may  mark  surprise,  incredulity,  indi^niation,  etc. :  as. 
And  shall  1  see  him  again?  And  you  dare  thus  address 
me? 

And  do  you  now  put  on  your  best  attire, 
And  do  you  now  cull  <)nt  a  holiday^ 
And  do  youuijw  strew  flowers  in  his  way. 
That  comes  in  triumph  over  Pompey's  blood  ? 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  1. 
Alas!  rt»*f  did  my  Saviour  bleed?  Watts. 

3.  Adverbial:  Also;  even.  [Rare;  in  imita- 
tion of  tlie  Latin  ct  in  like  use.] 

He  that  hatith  me,  hatith  ami  [also,  Purv.]  my  fadir. 

WycUf,  John  XV.  23  (Oxf.  ed.). 

Not  oonly  he  brak  the  saboth,  but  and  [hut,  Purv.)  he 

seide  his  fadir  (Joil.  Wych'f,  John  v.  IS. 

Hence,  but  and,  and  also:  common  in  the  old 
ballads. 

And  they  hue  chased  in  gude  green-wood 
The  buck  but  and  the  rae. 

Kcse  the  lied,  and  White  Lillv, 

Child's  Ballads,  III.  180. 
She  brongiit  to  him  her  beauty  and  truth. 
But  and  broad  earldoms  three. 

Lowell,  Singing  Leaves. 

B.  Conditional  nse.  [In  this  uso  not  found 
in  AS.,  but  very  common  in  ME. ;  cf.  Icel.  cnda 
and  MHtf .  tiiidc  in  similar  use :  a  development 
of  the  coordinate  use;  cf.  so,  adv.  conj.,  mark- 
ing continuation,  with  so,  conditional  conj.,  if. 
This  and,  though  identical  with  the  coordi- 
nate, has  been  looked  upon  as  a  different  word, 
and  in  modern  editions  is  often  artificially 
discriminated  by  being  printed  an :  see  an^.'i 
If;  supposing  that:  as,  ((«(( you  please.  [Com- 
mon in  the  older  literature,  but  in  actual  speech 
now  only  dialectal.] 

For,  and  I  sholde  rekenen  every  vice 
Which  that  she  hath,  ywis  I  were  to  nice. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Squire's  Tale,  1.  15. 

Disadvantage  ys,  that  now  childern  of  gramer-scole  con- 

neth  no  more  Frenschthan  can  here  lift  [tlieir  left]  heele, 

&  that  is  harm  for  ham  [them]  tfc  a  [if  they]  schoUe  passe 

the  se,  &  trauayle  in  strange  londes. 

Trevim,  tr.  of  Higden,  Polychron.,  I.  Ixix. 
And  I  sulfer  this,  may  I  go  graze. 

Fletcher,  Woman's  Prize,  i.  3. 

Often  with  added  if  (whence  mod.  dial,  an  if, 
nif,  if).     Hence,  but  and  if,  but  if. 
But  and  (/"that  servant  say.  Luke  xii.  4.^. 

and-.  [<  ME.  and-,  and-,  an-,  on-,  AS.  and-,  and-, 
often  reduced  to  an-,  on-  =  OS.  ant-  =OFries. 
and-,ond-,an-,  on-  =  J).  o«f-  =  OHG.  MHG.  ant-, 
ent-,  G.  ant;  ent-  (ew/)- before /)  =  Goth,  and-, 
anda-  =  L.  ante-  =  Gr.  avn-,  orig.  meaning  'be- 
fore' or  'against,'  being  the  prep,  and  (.\S.  and 
=  Goth.  and,  etc.)  asprefi.x:  s&eand,  an-",  ante-, 
anti-.'i  A  prefi.v  in  Middle  English  and  Anglo- 
Saxon,  represented  in  modern  English  by  tm- 
in  ansu-ci;  a-  in  aloiKj'^,  and  (mixed  with  original 
on-)  l)v  on-  in  on.itt,  etc. 

andabata,  andabate  (an-dab'a-ta,  an'da-bat), 

«. ;  itl.  a ndahtttti;  andtibatcs  (-te,  -bats).  [L. 
andabata  (see  def.),  appar.  a  corruj)!  form  for 
'anabata,  <  (Jr.  umi^a-t/r,  a  rider,  lit.  one  who 
mounts,  <  rwa!iaiveii',  go  up,  mount :  see  Anabof:, 
a)i»6ffs/.s'.]  In  Horn,  antiq.,  a  gladiator  who 
fought  blindfohied  by  wearing  a  helmet  with- 
out openings  for  the  eyes;  lience,  in  modern 
application,  one  who  contends  or  acts  as  if 
blijadfolded. 


206 

With  what  eyes  do  these  owla  and  blind  andahattt  Inok 
upon  the  Hidy  Scriptures.  Decon,  Works,  I.  3:!1. 

andabatismt  (an-dab'a-tizm),  n.  [<  L.  anda- 
bold  -t-  -i.v«/.]  The  practice  of  fighting  blindly 
lik<'  iin  atulal)ata;  blind  contention. 

Andalusian  (an-da-lu'zian),  a.  and  h.  [<  An- 
dalu.sia,  Sp.  J«*(/«ciV(,' <' Sp.  Andalu:,  an  An- 
dalusian, prob.  ult.  <  L.  VandaUi,  the  Vandals: 
see  T'andal.]  I.  a.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to 
.(Vndalusia,  a  large  division  of  southern  Spain, 
or  to  its  inhabitants. 

II.  n.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  Andalusia  in 
Spain. —  2.  A  variety  of  fowl  of  the  Spanish 
type,  of  medium  size. 

andalusite  (an-da-lu'sit),  n.  [<  Andalusia  + 
-lie-.]  A  mineral  of  a  gray,  green,  bluish,  flesh, 
or  rose-red  color,  consisting  of  anhydrous  sili- 
cate of  aluminium,  sometimes  found  crystal- 
lized in  four-sided  rhombic  jirisms.  it.s  composi- 
tion is  the  same  as  that  of  cyanite  and  flbrolite.  It  was 
first  discovered  in  Anilalusia.  Chiastolite  (which  sec),  or 
made,  is  an  impure  variety,  showing  a  peculiar  tessellated 
appearance  in  the  cross-section. 

Andamanese  (an"da-man-es'  or  -ez'),rt.  and  «. 
[<  Andaman  -h  -c.sr.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Andaman  islands,  or  to  their  inhabitants. 

II.  n.  sinff.  or  pi.  A  native  or  the  natives  of 
the  Andaman  islands,  situated  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  bay  of  Bengal.  Tlie  Andamancsearero- 
Tiust  and  vigorous,  resembliugnegroes,  but  of  small  stature, 
and  are  still  in  a  state  of  savagery. 

andante  (au-dan'te),  a.  and  n.  [It.,  lit.  walk- 
ing, ppr.  of  ffHrfore,  walk,  go:  see  «Wf(/l.]  I.  rt. 
In  mu.tic,  moving  with  a  moderate,  even,  grace- 
ful progression. 

II.  n.  A  movement  or  piece  composed  in  an- 
dante time :  as,  the  andante  in  Beethoven's  fifth 
symphony. 

andantino  (an-dan-te'no),  a.  and  h.  [It.,  dim. 
of  andante,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  In  music,  somewhat 
slower  than  andante. 

II.  n.  Properly,  a  movement  somewhat  slower 
than  andante,  but  more  frequently  a  movement 
not  (|uite  so  slow  as  andante. 

andarac  (an'da-rak),  n.     Same  as  sandarac. 

andaze  (an'da-ze),  n.  [Tiu-k.  anda:e,  cndax,  < 
At.  Iiiiidd-e,  an  ell.]  A  Turkish  cloth  mea- 
sure equal  to  27  (or  according  to  Redhouse  25) 
inclies.     Morgan,  U.  S.  Tariff. 

Andean  (an'de-an),  a.  [(.Andes:  said  to  be 
named  from  Peruv.  anti,  copper,  or  metal  in 
general.]  Pertaining  to  the  Andes,  a  great 
system  of  mountains  extending  along  the  Pa- 
cific coast  of  South  America,  and  sometimes  re- 
garded as  including  the  highlands  of  Central 
America  and  Mexico. 

Andersch's  ganglion.    See  (jangiion. 

Anderson  battery.    Seebattcri/. 

andesin,  andesine  (an'de-zin),  n.  [<  Andes  -t- 
-/«'-'.]  A  triclinic  feldspar,  intermediate  be- 
t'ween  the  soda  feldspar  albite  and  the  lime 
feldspar  anorthite,  and  consequently  contain- 
ing both  soda  and  lime.  It  was  originally  obtained 
from  the  Andes,  but  has  since  been  found  in  the  Vosges 
and  other  localities.     See/eWw/iar. 

andesite  (an'de-zit),  ».  [<  Andes  +  -ite^.]  A 
volcanic  rock  of  wide-spread  occm-renee,  espe- 
cially in  the  CordiUeran  region  of  North  Amer- 
ica. It  consists  essentially  of  a  mixture  of  a  triclinic 
feldspar  with  either  hornblende  or  augite.  Tliose  varieties 
containing  the  former  are  called  hornblende  andesite,  the 
latter  augite  andesite.  There  are  also  varieties  of  andesite 
which  contain  a  consideral»le  percentage  of  (juartz.  The 
line  of  separation  between  the  basalts  and  rocks  called  by 
many  lithologists  andesite  cannot  he  sharply  tirawn.  See 
ha.^alt. 

andesitic  (an-de-zit'ik),  a.  [<  andesite  -t-  -tc] 
Pertaining  to  or  containing  andesite. 

Andigena  (an-dij'e-nii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Andes  + 
L.  -ijenus,  -born:  see  -gen,  -ijenous.2  A  genus 
of  toucans,  famil.v  Eltamjihastidw,  embracing 
several  Andean  species.    J.  Gould,  1850. 

Andine  (an'din  or  -din),  a.  [<  NL.  Andinus,  < 
Andes.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Andes;  Andean. 
Andine  plants  are  especially  those  of  the  high  alpine 
retiions  of  tlie  Amies. 

Andira  (an-dl'rii),  Ji.  [NL.,  from  native  name.] 
A  genus  of  legiiiuinous  trees,  of  about  20  spe- 
cies, natives  of  tropical  America.  They  have  i>in- 
nate  leaves,  and  bear  a  prttfusitiri  t.f  showy  tlowers,  foUoweii 
by  tteshy  one-seeded  jiods.  The  timber  is  used  for  build- 
ing. A.  ini'rnm,  the  angelin-  or  cabbage-tree  of  the  West 
Indies,  furnishes  the  worm-bark,  which  h.is  strong  nar- 
cotic properties  and  was  formerly  used  in  medicine  as  a 
vermifuge. 

andira-guaca  (an-de'ra-gwa'ka),  n.  [S.  Amer.] 
The  native  name  in  South  America  of  the  vam- 
jiire-bat,  rampyrus  .ipcctrum .  See  I'hi/llostomi- 
dir,  ramjiyrus.     Also  written  andira-guacu. 

andiron  (and'i-em),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  andi- 
ron, andyron,  aundyron,  aundyern,  andyar  (also 
■with   aspirate    haiutern,    handiron,    handyron. 


Ancient  Andirons,  from  Cobham,  Kent, 
Engl.ind. 


Andrea  Ferrara 

mod.  E.  handiron,  siinulatiiig  hand;  aXsoland- 
yron,  after  P.  landier),  <  ME.  andyron,  earlier 
aundiren,  aundyrne,  aundyre  (the  termination 
being  popularly  associated  with  ME.  (row,  iren, 
yron,  yren,  yre,  E.  iron  :  cf.  ME.  brandiren,  brond- 
iron,  brondyre,  <  AS.  brand-m:n,  andiron,  =  D. 
brandij^rr,  an  andiron,  also  a  branding-iron,  lit. 
'brand-iron';  cf.  also  AS.  brand-rod,  andiron, 
lit.  'brand-rod'),  <  OF.  andier,  cndier,  later, 
by  inclusion  of  the  art.  le,  I',  landier,  mod. 
F.  landier,  dial,  andier,  andain,  andi,  in  ML. 
with  fluctuating  term,  anderius,  anderia,  an- 
dera,  andrca,  iindeda,  andedus,  andegula,  an- 
gedula,  more  commonly  andenn,  andenus,  the 
fluctuation  sliowing  tliat  the  word  was  of  un- 
known and  hence  prob.  either  of  Celtic  or  Teut. 
origin,  perhaps  <  Teut.  *andja-,  Goth,  andeis^ 
OHG.  enti,  MHG.  G.  f«rfc  =  AS.  f/i*,  E.  end, 
the  reason  of  the  name  being  reflected  in  the 
mod.  popular  adaptation  end-iron,  q.  v.  End 
is  prob.  connected  in  its  origin  with  the  conj. 
and  and  the  prefix  and-,  which  would  thus  be 
brought  into  remote  relation  witli  the  first  syl- 
lable of  andiron  :  see  and,  and-,  en<l.  But  and- 
iron has  nothing  to  do,  etjiiiologically,  with 
hand  or  brand,  or,  except  very  remotely,  if  at 

all,  with  end.] 
One  of  a  pair  of 
metallic  stands 
used  tosu[iport 
wood  burned 
on  an  open 
hearth,  it  con- 
sists of  a  horizon- 
tal iron  bar  raised 
on  short  legs,  with 
an  upright  stalid- 
ar<l  in  front.  I'su- 
ally  thestand.irdis 
surmounted  by  a 
knol)  or  other  de- 
vice, and  it  issome- 
times  elaborately 
ornamented  and 
often  sheathed 
with  brass-  or  silver-work.  The  standards,  before  t!ie  gen- 
eral adoption  of  grate-fires,  were  often  made  very  high ; 
thi)se  for  kitchen  u.se  had  brackets  for  holding  the  roast- 
ing-spit  and  hooks  upon  which  kettles  crmld  be  hung,  and 
sometimes  flat  or  bracket -shaped  tojis  for  holding  dislles; 
othei-s  were  artistically  forged  in  wrought-iron,  tn-  had  the 
whole  upright  piece  carved  in  bronze  or  some  other  costly 
raaterial.  Seldom  used  in  the  singular.  Also  called  Jire- 
dog. 

Her  andirons 
(I  had  forgot  them)  were  two  winking  Cupids 
Of  silver,  each  on  one  foot  standing,  nicely 
Depending  on  their  brands.      Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  4. 
The  brazen  rtU//("roti.s' well  brightened,  so  that  the  cheer- 
ful fire  may  see  its  face  in  them. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I.  1C5. 

Andorran  (an-dor'i-iin  ),a.  and  n.  [<  Andorra  + 
-an.]    I,  a.  Pertaining  to  Andorra. 

II.  «.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Andorra, 
a  small  republic,  semi-independent  since  Char- 
lemagne, situated  in  the  eastern  Pyrenees,  be- 
tween the  French  department  of  Ari^ge  and 
the  Spanish  province  of  L^rida.  it  is  umler  the 
joint  protection  of  France  and  the  Bishop  of  Urgel,  in  Cata- 
lonia, Si>ain. 

andr-.     See  andro-. 

andra  (an'drii),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
A  species  of  gazel  found  in  northern  Africa, 
Ga:ella  ruficollis  (the  Antilopc  rujieollis  of 
Smith),  related  to  the  common  Egyptian  spe- 
cies, (;.  doreas. 

andradite  (an'dra-dit),  )i.  [After  the  Portu- 
guese mineralogist  d'Andrada.]  A  variety  of 
common  garnet  containing  calcium  and  iron. 
See  garnet^. 

andranatomy  (an-dra-.nat'9-mi),  h.  [<  Gr. 
('m7//>  {iirt^fi-),  a  man.  -{-  araroidj,  dissection:  see 
anatomy.]  The  dissection  of 
the  human  body,  particularly 
that  of  the  male ;  human  anat- 
omy; anthropotomy ;  androt- 
omy.  Hooper,  Med.  Diet., 
18l"l.     [Rare.] 

Andreaea  (an-dre-e'a),  H. 
[NL.,  named  after  G.  It.  An- 
drea; a  German  botanist.  An- 
drea: was  orig.  gen.  of  LL.  An- 
dreas, Andrew.  See  Andrew.] 
A  genus  of  mosses  constitut- 
ing the  nattu'al  order  Andre- 
aacea;  intermediate  between 
the  Sphagnacea-  and  the  Brya- 
cece,  or  true  mosses.  It  is  distin- 
guished by  the  longitudinal  dehiscence 
of  the  capsule  int<»  four  valves ;  other- 
wise it  closely  resembles  the  genus  nrquc/') 
Griminia. 

Andrea  Ferrara  (an'dre-a  fe-ra'ra),  n.  A 
sword  or  sword-blade  of  a  kind  greatly  es- 


Andreaa  alpestris. 
Fnictitcrous  branch 
and  dchbccnt  capsule 
with  its  .^poph)-!,is  [a). 
(From  Lc  Slaout  and 
Dccatsnc's  "  Traili 
general       de        Bota- 


Andrea  Ferrara 

teemed  in  Scotlami  towiinl  tlic  end  of  the  six- 
teenth century  and  later.  The  lila.li-sare  commonly 
markiil  ANIHiKA  on  oniside  and  FAKAKA  or  KKRARA 
on  the  other,  with  other  tlevieea.  The  sworils  known  by 
this  name  anions  the  Scoteh  lliRhlanders  were  basket- 
hiked  broatiswords.  Ace  cla;/mort\  It  is  now  :uiSiTleil  by 
Italian  \vviters  that  these  were  made  at  BoUuno  in  \  enetia 
by  Cosmo,  Andrea,  and  (iianantonio  Ferara.  and  that  tlir 
surname  is  not  f;eoj;raphieal,  but  deri\ed  from  tlte  oeenita- 
tion.  [Compare  It. /errah,  a  cutler,  an  ironmonger,  =  K. 
/(irncr,  <  L. /errrtriujt,  a  blacksmith :  see  farrier.]  Some- 
times called  A  mlri'w. 
Andrena  (an-dre'njl),  ".  [NL.:  see  Anthre- 
«».•-■.]  A  fienus  of  solitary  bees,  typical  of  the 
family  Andrtiiidw  (which  see).  It  is  of  lar^c  ex- 
tent, iliclndin;;  nearly  ii(K>  Kuropean  species.  Its  members 
burrow  in  tlie  ground  to  the  depth  of  several  inches,  and 
are  amonir  the  earliest  insects  abroad  in  the  spring.  A. 
rii-in/i  is  a  characteristic  e.xaraple.    Mditta  is  a  synonjau. 

Andrenetae  (an-dren'e-te),  «.  2>l-  [NL.,  as 
Androm  +  -ct-(V.'\  In  Latreille's  classification 
of  bees,  the  first  section  of  MeUifera,  or  Antho- 
phila,  corresponding  to  the  modem  family  An- 
drenidd' :  opposed  to  Apiaria:. 

andrenid  (an'dre-nid),  n.  A  solitary  bee,  of  the 
family  Andrenidiv. 

Andrenidae  (an-dren'i-de),  «.  pJ.  [NL.,  <  An- 
drena +  -i(f(r.]  A  family  of  aculeate  melliferous 
hiiTnenopterous  insects;  the  solitary  bees.  The 
m'entumorcliin  is  elongate  and  the  touLjue  short,  the  labium 
and  terminal  maxillary  lobes  not  beinji  lengthened  into  a 
proboscis.  The  labium  is  either  hastate  or  cordate,  on 
which  account  some  authors  divide  the  family  into  two 
growps,  Acutiliniftces  ajld  Obtusilingueg.  These  bees  con- 
sist of  only  males  and  females ;  the  latter  collect  pollen, 
the  trochanters  and  femora  of  the  hirul  legs  being  usually 
adapted  for  this  purpose.  All  the  species  are  solitary,  and 
most  of  them  burrow  in  the  ground,  though  some  Uve  in 
the  interstices  of  walls.  The  cells  are  provisioned  with 
pollen  or  honey,  in  the  midst  of  which  the  female  deposits 
her  eggs.  The  genera  and  species  of  the  family  are  nu- 
merous. 

Andrenoides  i  an-dre-noi'dez),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Andrcim  +  -o/rfts.]  In  Latreille's  system  of 
classification,  a  division  of  Apinrke ;  a  group 
of  solitary  bees,  including  the  carpenter-bees 
of  the  genus  Xylocopa,  and  corresponding  to  a 
portion  of  tho  modern  family  Apidfc. 

andreolite  (an'drf-o-lit),  ».  l<.  Andreas  (='E. 
Andrew),  a  mining  locality  in  the  Harz  moun- 
tains, -f-  -lite,  <  Gr.  '/War,  a  Stone.]  A  name  of 
the  mineral  commonly  called  harmotome  or 
cross-stone.     See  harmotome. 

Andrew  (an'ilro),  >i.  [<  Andrew,  a  common 
personal  name,  <  ME.  Andreu  =  Bret.  Andreu, 
Andreo,  <  OF.  Andreu,  mod.  F.  Aiidrieu,  Andre 
^Vt,  Andriou,  Aiidre  =  Sp.  Andres  =  'Pg.  Andre 
=  It.  Andrea  =  D.  6.  Dan.  Andreas  =  Sw.  Dan. 
Anders,  <  LL.  Andreas,  <  Gr.  'Avi'ipsa^,  a  personal 
name,  eijuiv.  to  di'dpcioc,  manly,  strong,  cou- 
rageous, <  ai'i/p  (aviip-),  a  man.  The  name  An- 
drew is  thus  nearly  equiv.  in  meaning  to 
CIinrles.1  A  broadsword :  an  English  equiva- 
lent of  Andrea  Ferrara  (which  see).  — St.  An- 
drew's cross.   See  cross.— St.  Andrew's  day.  .See  i/n;/. 

-andria.     See  -androus. 

andro-.    [L.,  etc.,  andro-,  before  a  vowel  andr-, 

<  Gr.  uviipo-,  driSp-,  combining  form  of  av>/p 
(avep-,  *avp-,  aM(j-),  a  man,  L.  rir,  as  opposed 
to  a  woman,  to  a  youth,  or  to  a  god  (sometimes, 
esp.  in  later  usage,  equiv.  to,  but  usually  distin- 
guished from,  avHpuTvoc,  L.  homo,  a  man,  a  hu- 
man being,  a  person);  specifically,  a  husband, 
sometimes  merely  a  male.]  An  element  in 
many  compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing man,  and  hence  masculine,  male ;  espe- 
cially, in  hot.  (also  terminally,  -androus,  -ander, 
-andria),  with  reference  to  the  male  organs  or 
stamens  of  a  flower.     See  -androus. 

androcephalous  (an-dro-sef'a-lus),  o.      [<  Gr. 
dfi/p  (avop-),  a  man,  -I-  kepa'Afi",  head.]      Having 
a  human  head :  said  of  a  monster  such  as  a 
sphinx,  an  Assyrian  bull,  etc. 
Upon  a  Gaulish  coin,  an  tnuirvcephalous\\ori&. 

Jour.  Archoeol.  Ass.,  V.  21. 

androctonid  (an-drok'to-nid),  n.  A  scorpion 
of  the  faiuilv  Androctonida: 

Androctonidae  (an-di-ok-ton'i-de), «.  pi.   [NTj., 

<  Androctonus  -f  -irf^r.]  A  family  of  scorpions, 
of  the  order  Scorjnoidea,  typified  by  the  genus 
Androetiinns.  and  chMructerized  by  the  triangu- 
lar shape  of  the  sternum. 

Androctonus  (an-drok'to-nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dudpoKTui'or,  man-slaying,  <  av^p  (dvdp-),  man,  -1- 
KTeiveiv,  slay.]  A  genus  of  scorpions,  tj-pical  of 
the  family  Androctonidw.  Prionurus  is  synony- 
mous. 

androdioecious  (an"dr6-di-e'sliius),  a.  [<  Gr. 
arr/p  ((ii'V-),  male,  +  diwciuns.]  In  6oi.,ha'\'ing 
hermaphrodite  flowers  only  upon  one  plant  and 
male  only  upon  another  of  the  same  species, 
but  no  corresponding  form  with  only  female 
flowers.    Varwin. 


206 

androecium  (an-dre'shi-um),  n.  ;  pi.  andrcecia 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvrjp  (awip-).  a  man,  male,  -I- 
o'lKOC,  a  house,  =  L.  riciis,  >  E.  uick,  a  village.] 
In  hot.,  the  male  organs  of  a  flower ;  the  assem- 
blage of  stamens. 

androgynal  (an-droj'i-nal),  a.  Same  as  an- 
drt>t/i/ii'>n.<. 

androgynally  (an-droj'i-nal-i),  adv.  With  the 
sexual  organs  of  both  sexes;  as  a  hermaphro- 
dite.    [Rare.] 

No  reall  or  new  transexion.but  were  andropijnaUy  borne. 
Sir  T.  Broinie,  \\lh£.  Err.',  iii.  17. 

androgyne  (an'dro-jin), «.  [=  F. androgi/ne,<.lj. 
aiidruijijnus,  masc,  androgyne,  fem.,<Gr.  diidpo- 
jTi'of,  a  man-woman,  a  hermaphrodite,  an  ef- 
feminate man:  see  androgynous. ~\  1.  A  her- 
maphrodite. 

Plato  .  .  .  tells  a  story  how  that  at  first  there  were 
three  kinds  of  men,  that  is,  male,  female,  and  a  third  raixt 
species  of  the  other  two,  called,  for  that  reason,  andro- 
gynes. Cbilmead. 

2.  An  effeminate  man.     [Rare.] 

What  shall  I  say  of  these  vile  and  stinking  androgynes, 
that  is  to  say,  these  men-women,  with  their  curled  locks, 
their  crisped  and  frizzled  hair?  Harmar,  tr.  of  Beza,  p.  173. 

3.  An  androgynous  plant. — 4.  A  eunuch. 
[Rare.] 

androgyneity  (an"dro-gi-ne'i-ti),  H.  [As  andro- 
tiynon.s-\-  -e-itjj.']  Androgyny ;  bisexuality ;  her- 
maphroditism. 

androgynia  (an-dro-jin'i-a),  H.  [NL. :  see  an- 
ilriiijtiinj.']     Same  as  androgyny. 

androgynism  (au-droj'i-nizm),  ».  [As  andro- 
gynous +  -ism.~\  In  hot.,  a  monoecious  condi- 
tion in  a  plant  normally  dioecious. 

androgynos  (an-droj'i-nos),  H.  [Repr.  Gr.  dv- 
t'ipu-;  I'l'of :  see  androgyne.']  A  hermaphrodite  ; 
an  androgyne. 

An  androgynos  was  bom  at  Antiochia  ad  Mseandrum, 
when  Antipater  was  archon  at  Athens. 

jlmer.  Jour.  Philol.,  VI.  2. 

androgynous  (an-droj'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  andro- 
gynus,  <  Or.  dvdpd^vvoq,  both  male  and  female, 
common  to  man  and  woman,  <  dvijp  {dvSp-),  a 
man,  -1- ;  vvij,  a  woman,  akin  to  E.  queen,  quean, 
q.  V.  ]  1.  Having  two  sexes ;  being  both  male 
and  female ;  of  the  nature  of  a  hermaphrodite ; 
hermapiu'oditical. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  vase  is  an  androgynous  fig- 
ure. Cat.  of  Va^es  in  Brit.  Museum,  II.  148. 

(a)  In  bot. :  (1)  Having  male  and  female  flowers  in  the 
same  inllorescence,  as  in  some  species  of  C'arex.  (2)  In 
mosses,  having  autheridia  and  arehegonia  in  the  same  in- 
volucre, (b)  in  zool.,  uniting  the  characters  of  both  sexes  ; 
having  the  parts  of  both  sexes  ;  being  of  both  sexes  ;  her. 
maphrodite.  The  androgynous  condition  is  a  very  com- 
mon one  in  invertebr.ate  animals.  The  two  sexes  may 
coexist  at  the  same  time  in  one  individual,  which  impreg- 
nates itself,  as  a  snail ;  or  two  such  individuals  may  im- 
pregnate each  other,  as  earthworms;  or  one  indi\idual 
may  be  male  and  female  at  different  times,  developing 
first  the  product  of  the  one  sex  and  then  that  of  the  other. 
3.  Having  or  partaking  of  the  mental  charac- 
teristics of  both  sexes. 
The  truth  is,  a  great  mind  must  be  androgynous. 

Coleridge. 
Also  androgynal. 
androgyny  (an-droj'i-ni),  n.  [Erroneously 
written  androgeny  (Pascoe);  <  NL.  androgynia, 
<  L.  androgynus:  see  androgynous.]  The  state 
of  being  androgynous;  union  of  sexes  in  one 
indi%'idual ;  hermaphroditism. 

Instances  of  androgyny  .  .  .  depend  upon  an  excessive 
development  of  this  structure. 

Tvdd's  Cyc.  of  Anat.  and  P/iys.,  IV.  142.').     (-V.  E.  D.) 

android,  androides  (an'droid,  an-droi'dez),  H. 

[<  C»r.  ai'i'pof/d/if,  like  a  man,  <  dvi/p  (dvdp-),  a 
man,  -1-  fMof,  form.]  An  automaton  resembling 
a  human  being  in  shape  and  motions. 

If  the  human  figure  and  actions  be  represented,  the  au- 
tomaton has  sometimes  been  called  speci.lUv  an  androi- 
des. Eneyc.  Brit..  III.  142. 

andromania  (an-dro-ma'ni-a),  M.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
di'(^pouafia,  <  dvrjp  (di'r^p-),  man,  -1"  pavia,  mad- 
ness.]    NitTuphomania  (which  see). 

andromed  (an'dro-med),  n.  [i  Andromeda.']  A 
meteor  which  proceeds,  or  a  system  of  meteors 
which  appears  to  radiate,  fi-om  a  point  in  the 
constellation  Andromeda. 

Andromeda  (an-drom'e-da),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  '\i- 
iSpniitAi],  in  mj-th.  daughter  of  Cepheus,  king  of 
Ethiopia,  bound  to  a  rock  in  order  to  be  de- 
stroyed by  a  sea-monster,  but  rescued  by  Per- 
seus ;  after-  death  placed  as  a  constellation  in 
the  heavens.]  1.  A  northern  constellation, 
smTounded  by  Pegasus,  Cassiopeia,  Perseus. 
Pisces,  Aries,  etc.,  supposed  to  represent  the 
figure  of  a  woman  chained.  The  constellation 
contains  three  stars  of  the  second  magnitude, 
of  which  the  brightest  is  Alpheratz.— 2.  [NL.] 


Andropogon 

A  genus  of  plants,  natural  ovAor  Ericaeea.  The 
species  are  hardy  shrubs,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 
North  America.    They  are  more  or  less  narcotic,  and  sev- 


Alphcratz 


^W^^ 


...t^' 


\tamBA 


The  Constellation  Andromed.-i.  inclu^^^n^  its  stars  down  to  5th  maeni- 
tude.  according  to  Heis  :  the  figure  from  Ptolemy's  description. 

eral  are  known  to  be  poisonous  to  sheep  and  goats,  as  A. 
Mariana  (the  stagger-bush  of  America),  A.  polifolia,  and  A. 
omlt/uUa.  A.  jloribunda  and  others  are  sometimes  culti- 
vated  for  ornament. 
andromonoecious  (an"dro-mo-ne'shius),  a.  [< 
Gr.  di'i/p  (dvdp-),  male,  +  monacious,  q.  v.]  In 
hot.,  having  hermaphrodite  and  male  flowers 
upon  the  same  plant,  but  with  no  female  flow- 
ers.    Darwin. 

andromorphous  (an-dro-m6r'fus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
drdpouopfur,  of  man's  t'oiTn  or  figure,  <  dv^p 
(dvdp-),  a  man,  -f  pop<i>'i,  form.]  Shaped  like  a 
man;  of  masculine  form  or  aspect :  as,  an  on- 
dromorj/hous  woman. 
andron  (an'dron),  «.     [L.,  <  Gr.  dv6pixv,  <  avtjp 

((ii'fSp-),  a  man.]  Same  as  andronitis. 
andronitis  (an-dro-ni'tis),  H.  [Gr.  dvdpuv'iTic, 
also  di'dpuv,  <  dfi/p  {dvdp-),  man.  Cf.  gyu(eceum.] 
In  Gr.  antiq.,  the  portion  of  a  house  appropri- 
ated especially  to  males,  includingdining-room, 
library,  sitting-rooms,  etc. 

andropetalous   (an-dro-pet'a-lus),   fl.      [<  Gr. 
dvi/p  {dvfip-),  a  man,  in  mod.  bot.  a  stamen,  -t- 
iri-a'/.ov,  a  leaf,  in  mod.  bot.  a  petal.]     In  bot., 
an  epithet  applied  to  double  flowers  produced 
by  the  conversion  of  stamens  into  petals,  as  in 
the  garden  ranunculus. 
androphagi,  n.     Plural  of  androphagus. 
androphagOUS  (an-drof 'a-gus),  a.     [< Gr.  dvSpo- 
(iu}of,  man-eating,  <  dv>/p  (dvdp-),  a  man,  -t-  <jia- 
)E(>,  eat.    Cf.  anthropophagous.]     Man-eating; 
pertaining  to  or  adtUcted  to  cannibalism ;  an- 
thropophagous.    [Rare.] 
androphagus  (an-drof'a-gus),  n.;  pi.  andropha- 
gi i-fi).     [NL.,  <  Gr.  ai'tSpopdjof :  see andropha- 
gous.]     A  man-eater;  a  cannibal.     [Rare.] 
androphonomania   (andro-fon-o-ma'ni-a),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.    (ii'(!po©oj'of,    man-slaying    (<  di^p 
(dvdp-),  man,  -i-  *^fvciv,  kill.  slay).  -I-  iiaiia.  mad- 
ness.]   A  mania  ifor  committing  murder ;  homi- 
cidal insanity. 
androphore  (an'dro-for),  n.     [<  Gr.  dviip  {dvSp-), 
a  man,  a  male,  in  mod.  bot.  a  stamen,  -t-  -<j>6po(, 
<  (pipcm  —  E.  hear^-.]    1.  In  hot.,  a  stamineal  col- 
umn, usually  foiTued  by  a  union  of  the  filaments, 

as  in  the  Jlaha- 
cca  and  in  many 
genera  of  Legu- 
viinosw. — 2.  In 
zoril.,  the  branch 
of  a  gonoblas- 
tidium  of  a  hy- 
drozoan  which 
bears  male  gono- 
phores ;  a  gen- 
erative bud  or 
medusiform  zo- 
oid  in  which  the 
male  elements 
only  are  developed,  as  distinguished  from  a 
gjmophore  or  female  gonophore.  See  gyno- 
phore,  and  cut  under  gonohlastidium. 
androphorous  (an-drof'o-ms),  a.  [<  Gr.  dv^p 
(linip-),  a  man,  -f  -(p6po<:,  <  (pipciv  =  E.  hearl.]  In 
flydro^oa,  bearing  male  elements,  as  an  andro- 
phore ;  being  male,  as  a  medusiform  zooid. 
Andropogon  (an-dro-po'gon),  «.  [NTj.,  <  Gr. 
(ii7)p  (invip-),  a  man,  +  -ujur,  beard,  the  male 
flowers  often  ha\ing  plumose  beards :  see  po- 
gon.]  A  large  genus  of  grasses,  mostly  natives 
of  warm  countries.  Sever.al  species  are  extensively 
cultivated  in  India,  especially  in  Ceylon  and  Singapore, 
for  their  essential  oils,  which  form  the  grass-oils  of  com- 
merce. A.  Nardus  yields  the  eitroneila-oil ;  the  lemon- 
grass,  A.  citratus,  yields  the  lemon-gniss  oil.  also  known 
as  oil  of  verbena  or  Indian  melissa-oil.    A.  Schixtuinthui  of 


Tubular  Androphore  and  section  of 
flower  of  Afaiza  sylvestris. 


207 


Andropogon 

tl  northern  lij.iiii  is  ili.^  s.Mirceof  what  is  known  anoar  (a-ner').  prep.  pbr.  as  adv.  and  prep.  [< 
,  ,.r  oil  of  Kiwer^Krass  ..!■  of  prnniuin  Tlieso  „4  +  „car ;  of  mod.  formation,  after  afar.]  I. 
uch  esteemed  in  liiihn  (or  exturnul  aiiimcatioii      „  j       ,      xt'        ,.        ,         ,  '      ,,      .<•.„ 

■  "''"    '     r« ear  (m  place):  opposed  to  a/rtr. 


central  and 

as  rusa-oil 
oils  are  nuic 

in  rllellinatisin.  hut  in  Europe  ami  America  tliey  are  used 
almost  exclusively  liy  sonp-niakera  and  perfumers.  The 
rusa-oil  is  used  in  Turkey  for  the  adulteration  of  attar  of 
roses.  The  cuscus  of  India  is  the  lonk'.  Ilbrous,  fragrant 
root  of  A.  muricatus,  whicll  is  woven  into  screens,  orna- 
mcilLiI  liaskets,  and  other  articles.  There  are  ahout  20 
spetTts  in  the  Uniteil  States,  connnonly  known  as  brootn- 
t/rnxx  (ir  lnianiin<-il'ji\  mostly  tall  perennial  grasses,  with 
"tou;;Ii,  wiiy  stems,  of  little  value. 
androsphinx  (anMro-sfingks),  n.  [<  Gr.  av6p6- 
a(bi)i,  a  sphinx  with  the  Imst  of  a  man,  <  cn-'/p 
(av6ij-),ama.n,+  (ti;!"')^, asphin.x.]  In  aiic.  EfJUjit.  ahear  (a-ner') 
sculp.,  a  maii-spliiux;  a  sphinx  having  the  body 


adv.  1 

Dark-hrow'd  sophist,  come  not  anear. 

Tennyson,  Poet's  Klind. 
2.  Nearly ;  almost. 
II.  l>rej>.  Near. 

Much  more  is  needed,  so  that  at  last  the  measure  of 
misery  anear  us  may  be  correctly  taken.  /*.  Taylor. 

Anear  some  river's  hank. 

J.  1).  Long,  MneiA,  ix.  889.    (N.  E.  D.) 

[Poetic  in  all  senses.] 

!'.  t.     [<  anear,  adv.']     To  come 

iiiiir;  approach.     Mrs.  Broicning.     [Poetical.] 
aneath  (.a-ueth'), prep,  and  adv.     [<  a-  +  ncnth  ; 

of.  hcncdth,  and  the  analogy  of   iiforc,  before, 

aliiiit,  iMliiiid.]    Beneath.     [Chiefly  poetical.] 
anecdotage  (an'ek-do-tilj),  n.      [<  anecdote  + 


anemochord 

tivepole,  or  anode,  of  a  galvanic  battery.  See 
electrode. 

anelectrotonic  (an-e-lek-tro-ton'ik),  a.  [<  an- 
eleelniloiiua  + -ic]  Pertaining  to  anelectroto- 
nus. 

anelectrotonus  (an-e-lek-trot'o-nus),  n.  [<  Gr. 
av-  priv.  +  i/>.eKTi)ov,  amber  (implying  electric, 
q.  v.),  +  t6vo(,  strain :  see  tone.]  The  peculiar 
condition  of  a  nerve  (or  ranscle)  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  anode  of  a  constant  electric  cur- 
rent passing  through  a  portion  of  it.  Tlie  irrita- 
hility  isdiniinislicd.  the  electrical  ptttentiftls  are  increased, 
and  the  conduitivity  for  nervous  impul.ses  is  diminished. 
The  wave  i>f  liiweled  potential  which  attends  a  nervous 
impulse  and  gives  rise  to  currents  of  action  dimiiushes  in 
going  from  a  region  of  greater  to  one  of  less  anelectroto- 
nua,  and  increases  in  going  in  the  opjjosite  direction.  The 
nervous  impulse  itiiulf  presumably  behaves  in  the  same 
way. 


-age.]   1.  Anecdotes  collectively ;  mattorof  the  Anelytropidae  (an'e-li-trop'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL., 
--•        -  i  .Iniliftrojisi-lroji-)  +  -idw.]    An  African  fam- 

ily of  anclylropoid  oi-iglossato  laccrtilians, 
typified  by  tlu^  gcims  Aneli/tnijis,  having  the 
ehmclesundilatcdproximally,  tliepreniaxillary 
single,  no  arches,  and  no  osteoilermal  plates. 
anelytropoid  (an-e-lit'ro-poid),  a.  In  :odl., 
having  the  characters  of, 'or  pertaining  to,  the 

terized  by  senile  garrulousmess  and  fondness  for  ^gll^jopoi^'ea    (an-c-lit-ro-poi'de-ii),   n.  pi. 


nature  of  anecdotes.     [Kare.] 

We  infer  the  increasing  barbarism  of  the  Roman  mind 
from  tlic  quality  of  the  personal  notices  and  portraitures 
exhibited  tbri'Ugliout  these  biographical  records  lUistory 
of  the  t'lesarsj.  The  whole  may  be  described  by  one 
VforiX  —  anecdotaije.         De  Quincey,  Thilos.  of  Rom.  Hist. 

2.  [Humorously  taken  as  anecdote  +  age,  with 
a  fiu'thcr  allusion  to  dotage.]    Old  age  charac 


telling  anecdotes.     [Colloq.] 
anecdotal  (an'ek-do-tal),  a.    Pertaining  to  or 
consisting  of  anecdotes. 

Conversation,  argumentative  or  declamatory,  narrative 
nT  anecdtital.  Prof.  Wilnon. 

anecdotarian  (an'ek-do-ta'ri-an),  n.      [<  anec- 


[NLr,  <  Aneli/trops  (-tro/)-)  +  -oidea.]  A  super- 
family  of  eriglossate  laccrtilians,  represented 
by  the  family  Aiieh/trojiida;  having  the  vertebrro 
concavo-convex,  the  clavicles  undilated  pro.\i- 
mally,  and  no  postorbital  or  postfrontal  squamo- 
sal iiVclics.     T.  (lilt,  Smithsonian  Kep.,  1885. 


of  Thothmes  III.  f  istli 
ulak  Museum,  Cairo. 


of  a  lion  with  a  human  head  and  masculine  at- 
tributes, as  distinguished  from  one  witli  the 
head  of  a  ram  (criosphinx),  or  of  a  hawk  {hiera- 
co.''iilii}i.c).  See  sphinx. 
androspore  (an'dro-spor),  n.  [<  NL.  andro- 
sponis,  <  Gr.  avr/p  (avdp-),  a  man,  male,  +  o-ird^jof, 
seed,  <  OKcipttv,  sow:  see  spore  and  s/ifcm.]  In 
hot.,  the  peculiar  migratory  antheridium  oociu-- 
ring  in  the  suborder  (Edogoniew  of  Alga;  wliich 
attaches  itself  near  or  upon  an  oogonium  and 
becomes  a  miniature  plant,  developing  anther- 
ozoids. 

These  antherozoids  are  not  the  immediate  product  of 
the  sperm. cells  of  the  same  or  of  another  filament,  hut  are 
developed  within  a  body  termed  an  aiuirospnn: 

ir.  H.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  'i.'iS. 

androtomous  (an-drot'o-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
drotiimiis,  <  Gr.  iivf/p  (av6p-),  a  man,  in  mod.  bot. 
a  stamen,  +  -ro//of,  <  Ttiivciv,  ra/jih',  cut.  Cf.  an- 
drotomi/.]  In  bot.,  characterized  by  ha-ving 
the  stamens  divided  into  two  or  more  parts  by 
chorisis.     -Si/d.  Soc.  Lex. 

androtomy  (an-drot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  avr/p 
((ii'ii/j-),  a  man,  -t-  Topr/.  a  cutting,  <  Ti/n'eii;  Taiieiv, 


dote  +  -arian.]     One  who  deals  in  or  retails  Anelytrops  (an-el'i-trops),  ».     [NL.,  <  Gr 

anecdotes;  an  anecdotist.     [Rare.]  priv.  +  i'/.vrpov,  shard  (see  elytrum),+  uf,  iiji. 

Our  ordinary  aiucdotarians  make  use  of  libels.  face  (appearance).  ]    A  genus  of  lizards,  typical 

Roger  Xorili,  E.\amen,  p.  tH4.     gf  j],,.  family  Anetijtropida: 

anecdote  (an'ek-dot),  w.    [<  F.  ff«m?<)<<>,  first  in  aneljrtrOUS  (an-el'i-trus),  a.     [<  Gr.  av£?>trrpof, 

pi.  anecdotes,  ML.  anecdota,  <  Gr.  di'twiora,  pi.,     unsharded  (of  bees,  wasps,  etc.),  <  av-  priv.  + 

things  unpublished,  applied  by  Procopius  to    ^/iTpoi,  shard:  see  (-^//^'iim.]    In  ciifom.,  ha\Tng 

his    memoirs   of    Justinian,   which  consisted    no  elytra ;  having  all  the  wings  membranous. 

chiefly  of  gossip  about  the  private  life  of  the  Anemaria,  Anaemaria   (an-e-ma'ri-ii),  «.  pi. 

court;  prop.  neut.  pi.  of  aw mWof,  unpublished,     [NI^.  (jirop.  Aiiaiiuiriit),  <  Gr^  <ii'«(/'of,  bloodless 


not  given  "out,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  iaioTo^,  given 
out,  verbal  adj.  of  'mSiiuvm,  give  out,  publish,  < 
CK,  out  (=  L.  ex:  see  ex-),  +  6i66vai,  give,  =  L. 
dare,  give:  see  dose  and  date.]  1.  j)?.  Secret 
history;  facts  relating  to  secret  or  private 
affairs,  as  of  governments  or  of  individuals: 
often  used  (commonly  in  the  form  anecdota) 
as  the  title  of  works  treating  of  such  matters. 
—  2.  A  short  narrative  of  a  particular  or  de- 
tached incident  or  occurrence  of  an  interest- 
ing nature;  a  biographical  incident;  a  sin- 
gle passage  of  private  life.=SjTi.  AmaMc,  stonj. 
An  anecdote  is  the  relation  of  an  interesting  or  anmsing 
incident,  generally  of  a  private  nature,  and  is  always  re- 
ported as  true.  A  atory  may  be  true  or  fictitious,  and  gen- 
erally has  reference  to  a  series  of  incidents  so  arranged 
and  felateil  as  to  be  entertaining. 


Cf.  anatomii.]     Human  a'natomy ;  anthro-  anecdotic,  anecdotical  (an-ek-dot'ik,  -i-kal),  a 


cut. 

potomy  as  distinguished  from  zootomy ;  the  dis- 
section of  the  human  body.     [Rare.  ] 

-androus.  [<  NL.  -andrus,  <  Gr.  -avSpoc,  terra, 
of  adjectives  compounded  with  ari/p  (avSp-),  a 
man,  a  male:  see  andro-.]  In  bot.,  a  termina- 
tion meaning  having  male  organs  or  stamens, 
as  in  monandroiis,  diandrous,  triandroiis,  poly- 
androus,  etc.,  ha\ing  one,  two,  three,  or  m.iny 
stamens,  and  gijnandrous,  having  stamens  situ- 
ated on  the  pistil.  The  corresponding  English  notln 
ends  in  -ander,  as  in  nwnander,  etc.,  and  the  New  Latin 
class  name  in  -andria,  as  in  Monaiidria,  etc. 

ane  (an),  a.  and  n.  Scotch  and  northern  Eng- 
lish form  of  one. 

-ane.  [<  L.  -anus,  reg.  repr.  by  E.  -an,  in  oldei; 
words  by  -ain,  -en:  see  -an.]  1.  A  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  the  same  as  -an,  as  in  mundane, 
ultramontane,  etc.  In  some  cases  it  serves,  with  a  liif- 
ference  of  accent,  to  differentiate  words  in  -ane,  as  yer- 
vmne,  humane,  urbane,  from  doublets  in  -ail,  asgerman, 
human,  urban. 

2.  In  citcm.,  a  termination  denoting  that  the 

hydrocarbon  the  name  of  which  ends  with  it 

belongs  to  the  paraffin  series  having  the  general  anelacet,  anelast,  «•     See  anlace. 

formula  CnHon  +  2:   as,  methane,  CH4;  etiianc.  anelet,  ''■  '•     See  aneal 

CH,;.  "  "     ■    ■ 

aneali  (a-nel'),  v.  t.    The  earlier  and  historically 

correct  form  of  anneal^. 

aneal-t  (a-nel'),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
neal, aneel,  <  late  ME.  anele,  earlier  nnf?ien,  ene- 

lien,  <  AS.  *anelian  or  'onelian  (the  AS.  *onc- 

lan  usually  cited  is  incoiTCct  in  form  and  im- 

authorizeii),  <  an,  on,  on.  +  "elian  (>ME.  elicn), 

oil,  <  etc.  oil :  see  oil,  and  cf .  anoil.]   To  anoint ; 

especially,  to  administer  extreme  unction  to. 

Also  spelled  ancle. 
He  was  housled  and  aneled,  and  had  all  that  a  Christian 

man  ought  to  have.  ilorte  d' Arthur,  iii.  175. 


1.  Pertaining  to  anecdotes;  consisting  of  or  of 
the  nature  of  anecdotes;  anecdotal. 

Anecdotical  traditions,  whose  authority  is  unknown. 

Bolingbrolce,  Letter  to  Pope. 

He  has  had  rather  an  anecdotic  history,  .  .  .  Lazy  as 

\^Q  is,  George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xxxv. 

It  is  at  least  no  fallacy  to  say  that  childhood— or  the 

later  memory  of  childhood  — must  borrow  from  .such  a 

background  (the  old  world]  a  kind  of  anecdotical  wealth. 

//.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  10. 

2.  Given  to  relating  anecdotes. 
He  silenced  him  without  mercy  when  he  attempted  to 

be  anrcdofic.  Savage,  R.  Medlicott,  iii.  6. 

anecdotically  (an-ek-dot'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an- 
ecdotes; bv  means  of  anecdote. 

anecdotist "(an'ek-do-tist),  «.  [<  anecdote  -I- 
-ist.]  One  who  tells  or  is  in  the  habit  of  telling 
anecdotes. 

anechinoplacid  (an-e-ki-no-plas'id),  a.  [<  Gr. 
av-  priv.  {an-^)  +  echinoplacid,  q.  v.]  HavHng 
no  circlet  of  spines  on  the  madreporic  plate,  as 
a  starfish:  opposed  to  echinoplacid.  Often  ab- 
bre\'iatcd  to  a. 


aneiectric  (an-e-lek'trik),  a.  and  n 
priv.  yiin-5)  +  electric]     I.  a.  Having 
trie  properties;  non-electric. 

II.  n.  1.  A  name  early  given  to  a  substance 
(e.  q'.,  a  metal)  which  apparently  does  not  be- 
come electrified  by  friction  when  held  in  the 
hand.  This  was  afterward  proved  to  be  due  to  the  con. 
ductivity  of  the  substance,  the  electricity  generated  pass- 
ing olf  immediately  to  the  ground. 
Hence  —  2.  A  conductor,  in  distinction  from  a 
non-conductor  or  insulator. 

anelectrode  (ane-lek'trod),  n.     [<  Gr.  dra,  up 
(a«-0),  +  electrode,  q.  v.   Cf.  anode.]    The  posi- 


(see  anemia),  +  -(trio.]  In  Haeckel's  vocabu- 
lary of  phylogeiiy,  an  evolutionary  series  of  me- 
tazoic  animals  which  have  two  primary  germ- 
layers  and  an  intestinal  cavity,  but  which  are 
bloodless  and  devoid  of  a  developed  coeloma,  or 
body-cavity,  it  is  a  series  of  gastrieads,  of  which  the 
type  is  the  gastra;a  or  gastrula-form,  includuig  the  sponges, 
aco;Inmat40is  worms,  and  zoophytes.  It  stands  inter- 
mediate between  the  Pniloziin  and  an  evolutii>nary  se- 
ries which  begins  with  the  c.elomatous  worms  and  ends 
with  the  vertebrates.  See  lloemalaria,  and  cut  under  gan- 
tn,l,i. 

anematosis,  anaematosis  (a-ne-ina-to'sis),  «. 

[NL.  (plop.  "«((■)«((/».</»■),  <  Gr.  avai/iaTOC,  blood- 
less (<  iiv-  priv.  -I-  a'lua,  blood),  +  -osis,]  In 
pathol. :  (fl)  General  anemia,  or  the  morbid 
processes  which  lead  to  it ;  the  failure  to  pro- 
duce the  normal  (piantity  of  blood,  of  noi-mal 
quality,  (h)  Imijcrfeet  oxidation  of  venous 
into  arterial  blood.  (<■)  Idiopathic  anemia. 
anemia,  anaemia  (a-ne'mi-ii),  m.    [NL._(prop. 

ananii(i),  <  Gr.  avatuia,  want  of  blood,  <  avaipo^, 
wanting  blood,  <  av-  priv.  -1-  a'luu,  blood:  see 
words  in  hema-.]  In  pathol..  a  deficiency  of 
blood  in  a  living  body — General  anemia,  either  a 
diminished  quantity  of  blood  (as  inmiediately  after  hemor- 
rhjlges,  when  it  is  called  oligemia  and  is  the  opposite  of 
ptethorn)  or  a  diminution  in  some  important  constituent 
of  the  blood,  especially  hemoglobin.  It  then  presents 
itself  in  the  forms  of  oligocytheinia,  achroiocythemia,  mi- 
croeythemia,  and  hydremia,  simply  or  combined.  See 
these  words.— IdiopatMC  anemia,  a  disease  character- 
ized by  anemia  advancing  without  interruption  to  a  fatal 
issue,  without  evident  cause,  and  associatei!  with  fever 
and  such  symptom.s  as  would  result  from  anemia  however 
produced,  as  palpitation,  dyspna-a,  fainting  fits,  dropsy, 
etc.  It  is  more  common  in  women  than  in  men,  and  most 
frciiuent  lictween  '20  and  40  years  of  age.  Also  called  essen- 
tial malignant  or  felirile  anemia,  progrcisiee  pernicimii 
anemia,  anil  anematosis. — Local  anemia,  or  iscliemla, 
a  diminished  supply  of  blood  in  any  organ.  It  is  con- 
trasted with  hgi'.-i;  inia. 

anemic,  anaemic  (a-nem'ik),  a.    [<  anemia,  anm- 
mia,  -¥  -ic]     Pertaining  to  or  affected  with  ane- 
mia; deficient  in  blood  ;  bloodless:  as,  njifmic 
siiTuptoms;   an  r;»('m((' patient. 
[<Gr.  av-  anemied,  anaemied  (a-ne'mid),  a.     [<  anemia, 
;  no  elec-    anwmia,  -t-  -vd-.]    Deprived  of  blood. 

The  structure  itself  is  antpntied.  Copland. 

anemo-.  [NL.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  avtuo-,  combining 
form  of  aiTHOf,  wind:  see  anemone.]  An  ele- 
ment in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing wind. 

anemochord  (a-nem'o-k6rd),  n.  [=  F.  animo- 
C'lrde,  <  Gr.  artuo^.  wind,  +  xof^'ij  a  string,  chord, 
cord.]  A  species  of  harjisichord  in  which  the 
strings  were  moved  by  the  wind;  an  teolian 
harp.    N.E.D. 


<  ?.eyciv,  speak: 
The  literature  anii  science  of  the 


Casella's  Anemometer. 


&neinocra.c7 

anemocracy  (au-c-mok'i;i-!;i ),  h.     [<  Gr.  hvefio^, 
wind,  +  -liftaTia,  povemment,  <  Kpareiv,  govern : 
sei'  -(r((r;/.]     A  government  by  the  wind.    Syd- 
nrij  Smith.     [Humorous.] 
anemogram  (a-nem'o-gram),  «.     [<  Gr.  aw/iof, 
wiuil,  +  )iiiuiua,  a  writing,  iypadtiv,  write.]    A 
record  of  the  pressure  or  velocity  of  the  wind, 
automatically  marked  by  an  anemograph, 
anemograph  (a-nem'o-graf),  n.     [=  F.  aneino- 
jli-dphi,  <  (ir.  (iveuo{,  vrind,  +  ypa^tiv,  writ^.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  and  recording 
either  the  velocity  or  the  direction  of  the  wind, 
or  both. 
anemographic  (an  'e-mo-gi-af 'ik),  a.     [<  anemo- 
graph +   -«■.]     Pertaining  to,  or  obtained  by 
means  of.  an  anemograph. 
anemograpby  (an-e-mog'ra-fi),   >i.     [=  F.  and- 
motiraphic:  nee  aiiemograjili.']    1.  A  description 
of  "the  winds. —  2.  The  art  of  measuring  and 
recording  the  direction,  velocity,  and  force  of 
the  wind. 
anemological  (an"e-mo-loj'i-kal),  a.     [<  ane- 
moloi/ii.']     Pertaining  to  anemology.     N.  E.  D. 
anemology  (an-e-mol'o-ji),  n.     [=  F.  aitemolo- 
gie,  <  Gr.  aveuo(,  wind,  +  -/o}  ia, 
see -ology.'] 
winds. 

anemometer  (an-e-mom'e-ter),  n.  [=  F.  ane- 
momitrc,  <  Gr.  aveuoc,  vrind,  +  /terpov,  measure: 
see  meter.']  An  in- 
strument for  indi- 
cating the  velocity 
or  pressui'e  of  the 
wind;  a  wind-gage. 
Casellas  portable  ane- 
mometer, designed  for 
measuring  the  velocity 
of  air-currents  in  mines 
and  ventilating  sliafts, 
consists  of  a  wind-wheel 
attached  to  a  counting  ar- 
rangement. Anemome- 
ters for  indicating  ve- 
locity ai-e  commonly 
formed  of  plane  surfaces 
or  drums  exposed  to  the  wind,  and  so  arranged  as  to  yield  to 
its  pressure  and  indicate  the  amount  by  their  movements. 
Linds's  anemometer  consists  of  a  glass 
tube  bent  into  the  form  of  an  ijiverted  ,s>->. 
siphon,  graduated,  partly  fiUed  with 
water,  and  mounted  as  a  weathercock. 
To  one  of  its  open  ends  a  metallic  cylinder 
of  the  same  bore  as  the  tube  is  attached  at 
right  angles.  The  pressm-e  of  the  wtiul 
blowing  into  this  causes  the  water  to  sink 
in  one  arm  of  the  tube  and  to  rise  in  tlie 
other,  and  the  difference  of  level  of  the  two 
columns  of  water,  which  is  measured  by 
the  amount  of  fall  plus  the  amount  of  rise, 
as  shown  by  tlie  graduated  scales,  gives  tlie 
force  or  pressure  of  the  wind.  By  the  use 
of  mechanical  or  electrical  appliances  ane- 
mometers maybe  made  to  record  as  well  as 
measure  variations  in  the  velocity  and  pres- 
sure of  the  wind.  AMien  they  record  the  ve- 
locity or  direction,  or  both,  they  are  some^ 
times  called  anemographs  ;  when  they  indi' 
cate  the  direction  only,  they  are  called  an 
emoscope^ ;  when  they  automati- 
cally record  velocity,  direction, 
and  pressure,  they  are  called  ane- 

mometrofjraphs   or    anemometro-       Linds's  Anemometer. 
graphic  registers. 
anemometric  (an"e-mo-met'rik),  a.   [<  anemom- 
(try  +  -ic.~\     Pertaining  to  an  anemometer,  or 
to  anemometry. 

anemometrical  (an'e-mo-met'ri-kal),  a.  Same 
as  (tncmoiiicfric. 

anemometrograpli  (an^e-mo-met'ro-graf),  n. 
[<  Gr.  avtiwCj  wind,  -1-  fitrpov,  measure,  +  ypd<pEU>, 
write.]  An  instrument  designed  to  measure 
and  record  the  velocity,  direction,  and  pressure 
of  the  wind. 

anemometrographic  (an"e-mo-met-ro-graf'ik), 

a.     Of  or  pertaining  to  an  anemometrograph. 

anemometry  (an-e-mom'e-tri),  «.  [=  F.  ane- 
mometric;  as  anemometer  +  -t/.]  The  process 
of  determining  the  pressure  or  velocity  of  the 
wind  by  means  of  an  anemometer. 

anemone  (a-nem'o-ne;  as  a  L.  word,  an-e-mo'- 
ne),  n .  [The  E.  pron.  is  that  of  the  reg.  E.  form 
anemony,  pi.  anemonies,  which  is  still  occasion- 
ally used,  but  the  spelling  now  generally  fol- 
lows the  L.;  <  F.  anemone  =  Sp.  anemona  = 
Pg.  It.  anemone  =  D.  anemoon  =  G.  Dan.  ane- 
mone,  <  L.  anemone,  <  Gr.  avtfiuv!),  the  wind- 
flower,  <  iivEftoc,  the  wind  (=  L.  anima,  breath, 
spirit;  ef.  animus,  mind:  see  anima  and  ani- 
mu.i),  +  -uvr/,  fem.  patronymic  sufiix.]  1.  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Anemone.  Also  spelled  anem- 
ony.—  2.  [«(;».]  [NL.]  A  ^ridely  distributed 
genus  of  herbaceous  perennials,  the  wind-flow- 
ers, natural  order  lianunculaccce.  Tlie  nowei-sare 
showy,  readily  varying  in  c<)lor  and  becoming  doulde  in 
cultivation.  .Several  species  are  frequent  in  gardens,  as 
the  puppy-anemone  {A.  Coronaria),  the  star-anemone  f^A. 


Common  Wood-Anemone  {Aruryume 
ntmorosa). 


208 

hortermt),  the  pasriue-llower  (.-1.  Pultatitta),  and  other  still 
more  ornamental  species  fnmi  Japan  and  India.  The 
wood-anemone,  A.  nemorosa,  is  a  well-known  vernal  flower 
of  the  woo<i.t.  There 
are  about  70  species, 
mostly  belonging  to 
the  cool  climates  of 
tlie  northern  hemi- 
sphere. Of  the  16 
North  American  spe- 
cies, about  half  a  doz- 
en are  also  found  in 
the  Andes  or  in  the  old 
world. 

3.  In  so67.,  a  sea- 
anemone  (which 
see).  —  Plumose 
anemone,  in  jo'»i., 
Actini'lf/ba  dianthtts. 
—  Snake  -  locked 
anemone,   in   :ool., 

Sagariia  ridttata. 

anemonic    (an-e- 

mon'ik),  a.    Of  or 

pertaining  to  ane- 
mones, or  to  the 

genus     Anemone; 

obtained        from 

anemonin  :        as, 

anemonic  acid,  an  acid  obtained  by  the  action 

of  baryta  upon  anemonin. 
anemonin,  anemonine  (a-nem'o-nin),  n.    [< 

anemone  +  -(«'-.]  A  crystalline  substance  ex- 
tracted from  some  species  of  the  gemi&  Anemone. 

anemony  (a-nem'o-ni),  H. ;  pi.  anemon ies  {-mz). 
Same  as  anemone,  1. 

anemophilous  (an-e-mof'i-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ave- 
/iof, wind,  +  ipi'/oc,  loving.]  Wind-loving:  said 
of  flowers  which  are  dependent  upon  the  wind 
for  conveying  the  poUen  to  the  stigma  in  fer- 
tilization. Anemophilous  flowers,  as  a  rule,  are  small, 
uncolored,  and  inconspicuous,  and  do  not  secrete  honey, 
but  produce  a  great  almndance  of  pollen.  The  flowers  of 
the  grasses,  sedges,  pine-trees,  etc.,  are  examples. 

The  amount  of  pollen  produced  by  anemophilous  plants, 
and  the  distance  to  which  it  is  often  transported  by  the 
wind,  are  both  surprisingly  great. 

Darwin,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilisation,  p.  405. 

anemoscope  (a-nem'o-skop),  n.  [=  F.  anemo- 
scope, <  Gr.  arfuoc,  wind,  +  crKo-eiv,  view,  ex- 
amine.] Any  device  for  showing  the  direction 
of  the  wind. 

anemosis  (an-e-mo'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avtfioq, 
the  wind,  +  -osis.'\  In  hot.,  the  condition  of  be- 
ing wind-shaken  ;  a  condition  of  the  timber  of 
exogenous  trees,  in  which  the  annual  layers 
are  separated  from  one  another  by  the  action, 
it  is  supposed,  of  strong  gales.  Many,  however, 
douljt  that  this  condition  is  due  to  wind,  and  believe  it 
sliould  be  referred  rather  to  frost  or  lightning. 

anemotrophy,  ansemotrophy  (an-e-mot'ro-fi), 

n.  [<  Gr.  arniuoc,  without  blood  (see  anemia), 
+  Tpoipr'/,  nourishment.  <  rpiifea;  nourish.]  In 
patliol.,  a  deficient  formation  of  blood. 

anencephali,  ».     Plural  of  anenceplialus. 

anencephalia  (an-en-se-fa'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
(nuncejilidhis,  without  a  brain:  see  anencepha- 
lmts.\  In  ieratol.,  absence  of  the  brain  or  en- 
cephalon.     Also  anencephaly. 

Quite  recently  Lebodeff  has  offered  a  new  explanation 
(yi  Anencephalia  and  Acrania.  He  thinks  these  are  due  to 
the  production  of  an  abnormally  sharp  crania!  flexure  in 
the  embryo.  Ziegler,  Pathol.  Aiiat.  (trans.),  i.  §  7. 

anencephalic  (an-en-se-fal'ik  or  -sef'a-lik),  a. 
[As  anencephalous  +  -ic]  Same  as  anenceph- 
alous. 

anencephaloid  (an-en-sef'a-Ioid),  a.  [As  anen- 
ceplialoiis  +  -aid.']  Partially  or  somewhat  an- 
encephalous.    Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

anencephalotrophia  (an-en-sef'a-lo-tro'fi-a), 
«.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ar-  priv.  +  cyniipa/.o^,  the  brain, 
-t-  rpoipr/,  nourishment,  <  rpiipsii',  nourish.]  At- 
rophy of  the  brain. 

anencephalous  (an-en-sef 'a-lus),  a.  [<  Xh. 
anenceplialus,  <  Gr.  aveyKe(l>a/M(,  without  brain, 
<  av-  priv.  +  cyKi(pa/.oc,  brain:  see  enceiihalon.j 
In  teratoL,  having  no  encephalon;  -n-ithout  a 
brain.     An  equivalent  form  is  anencephalic. 

anencephalus  (an-en-sef 'a-lus),  H. ;  pi.  anen- 
cepihali  (-11).  [NL.,  <  Gr. 'arc)  w^Ja/of,  without 
brain:  see  anencephalous.']  In  ?ernfo?.,  a  mon- 
ster which  is  destitute  of  brain. 

anencephaly  (an-en-sef'a-li),  n.  Same  as  an- 
encephalia. 

an-end  (an-end'),  prep.phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME.  an- 
ende,  an  ende,  at  the  end,  to  the  end:  an,  on,  E.  on  ; 
cnde,  E.  f  Hrf.]   1 .  On  end ;  in  an  upright  position. 

Slake  .  .  .  each  particular  haire  to  stand  an  end. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3  (162:t). 
Specifically— (fl)  Xattt.,  in  tlie  position  of  a  mast  when  it 
is  perpendicular  to  the  deck.  Tlie  topmasts  are  said  to 
be  an-cnd  when  hoisted  up  to  their  usual  stations.  (6)  In 
mech.,  said  of  anytliing,  as  a  pile,  that  is  driven  in  the 
direction  of  its  length. 


anerythropsla 

2t.  In  the  end:   at   tli.-  last:  lastly.— 3t.  To 
the  end ;  straight  on ;  continuously. 
(He]  would  ride  a  hundred  miles  an  end  to  enjoy  it. 

Kichardson,  Clarissa,  VII.  220.  (A.  E.  D.) 
Most  an-endt,  .almost  continuously ;  almost  always ; 
mostly. 

Knew  him  !  I  was  a  great  Companion  of  his,  I  was  with 
him  mast  an  etut.  » 

Iliinimn,  Pilgrims  Progress  (1678),  ii.  115.     (.V.  E.  D.) 

anent,  anenst  (a-nenf,  a-nenst'),  prep,  and 
adv.,  orig.  jirep.  jihr.  [<  llE.  anent,  also  anant, 
anont,  onont,  onond ;  with  added  adverbial  suf- 
fix -c,  anentc;  with  added  adverbial  gen.  suf- 
fix -cs,  -is,  anentes,  anentis,  anemptis,  etc.,  contr. 
anens,  anencc  ;  with  excrescent  -t,  anenist,  anenst 
(cf.  again,  against,  among,  amongst);  earlier 
ME.  onefent,  onevent  (with  excrescent  -*),  <  AS. 
on-efen,' on-efn,  on-emn  (=0S.  in  eWK(n  =  MHG. 
enehen,  neben,  nebent,  G.  nehen),  prep.,  beside, 
prop.  prep,  phr.,  on  efen,  lit.  'on  even,'  on  a 
level  (with) :  on,  E.  on  ;  efen,  E.  eicHl,  q.  v.  Cf. 
afornens,  forencn.st.  Formerly  in  reg.  literary 
use,  but  now  chiefly  dialectal.]  I.  prep.  1. 
In  a  line  with;  side  by  side  with;  on  a  level 
with.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2t.  In  front  of ;  fronting ; 
before  ;  opposite ;  over  against. 
The  king  lay  into  Galstoun, 
That  is  rycht  ewyn  [even]  anent  Lowdoun. 

Barbour,  Bruce,  vi.  123, 

And  right  anenst  him  a  dog  snarling. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1, 
St.  Against;  toward. 

Wylde  Bestes  .  .  .  that  slen  [slay]  and  devouren  alle 
that  comen  anet/ntes  hem.    Mandeville,  p.  20S.    (-V.  E.  D.) 

4.  In  respect  of  or  regard  to;  as  to;  concern- 
ing; about:  sometimes  mth  as.  [Still  in  use 
in  Scotch  legal  and  ecclesiastical  phraseology, 
whence  also  in  literary  English.] 

He  [Jesus]  was  an  alien,  a^f  anentis  his  godhede. 

Wijclif,  Select  Works  (ed.  Arnold),  I.  33. 
I  cannot  but  pass  you  my  judgment  anent  those  six 
considerations  which  you  offered  to  invalidate  those  au- 
thorities that  I  so  much  reverence. 

King  Charles  I.,  To  A.  Henderson. 
Some  little  compunction  anent  the  Excise. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  279. 

II.  adv.  On  the  other  side ;  in  an  opposite 
place  or  situation.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Anentera  (an-en'te-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  anenterus :  see  anenterous.]  A  name  applied 
by  Ehrenberg  to  a  class  of  infusorians  having  no 
intestinal  canal,  though  supposed  to  have  sev- 
eral stomachs  (whence  the  alternative  name 
rohjgastrica). 

anenterous  (an-en'te-ms),  a.  [<  NL.  anenterus, 
<Gr.  av-  priv.  -I-  hi-epa,  intestines:  see  enteric] 

1 .  Ha\"ing  no  enteron  or  alimentai-y  canal ;  not 
enterate:  as,  oienieroKS  parasites. 

Such  species  have  no  intestines,  no  anus,  and  are  said 
to  be  anenterous.  Oicen,  Comp.  Anat.,  p.  24. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anentera. 
-aneous.     [Accom.  of  L.  -Sn-e-us,  a  compound 

suffix,  <  -an-  +  -e-us,  as  in  extraneus.  miscel- 
Idneus,  subterrdneus,  etc.:  see  -an  and  -eous. 
This  suffix  occurs  disguised  in  foreign,  <  ML. 
foraneus.]  A  compound  adjective  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  as  in  contemporaneotis,  extraneous, 
miscellatieous,  subterraneous,  ete. 
anepigraphous  (an-e-pig'ra-fus),  n.  [<Gr. 
avE-i}pao(ir,  without  inscription,  <  or-  priv.  -I- 
i-iypa<;>7/,  inscription:  see  epigraph.]  Without 
inscription  or  title. 
The  anepigraphous  coins  of  Haliartus  and  Thebes. 

Xumis.  Chron.,  3d  ser.,  I.  235, 

anepiploic  (an-ep-i-pl6'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv. 
(((H-")  +  epiploon,  q.  v.]  Having  no  epiploon 
or  great  omentum.     Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

anepithymia  (an-ep-i-thim'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
av-  priv.  -I-  siridvuia,  desire,  Ke-iOv/ieiv,  set  one's 
heart  upon  a  thing,  desire,  <  i-!ri,  upon,  -t-  6v/i6c, 
mind.]  In  pathol.,  loss  of  normal  appetite,  as 
for  food  or  drink. 

Anergates  (an-er-ga'tez),  n.  [NL..  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  ipyarr/c,  a  worker:  see  ergata.]  A  ge- 
nus of  ants,  the  species  of  which  are  represented 
only  by  males  and  females,  there  being  no  neu- 
ters or  workers,  whence  the  name. 

aneroid  (an'e-roid).  a.  and  n.     [<  F.  aneroide, 

<  Gr.  (i-  priv.  -1-  vrjp6(:,  wet.  liquid  (in  class.  Gr. 
vapuc, (.vactv,  flow),  +  f Wof,  form :  see  -oil/.]  I.  a. 
Dispensing  with  fluid ;  of  a  barometer,  dispens- 
ing with  a  fluid,  as  quicksilver,  which  is  em- 
ployed in  an  ordinary  barometer.  —  Aneroid  ba- 
rometer.    Sec  iHirnmetcr. 

II.  ".    An  aneroid  barometer, 
anerythropsia   (an-er-i-throp'si-a),   «.     [NL., 

<  tlr.  (ii  -  jiriv.  -(-  ipi'Hpuc,  red,  +  6i/'(f,  a  view.] 
Inability  to  distinguish  the  color  red:  a  form 
of  color-blindness. 


anes 

anes  (anz),  adv.  [<  ME.  ancs :  see  once.']  Once. 
[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

anes-errand  (riuz'cr'iiml),  n<h<.  [Also,  cor- 
ruptly, iiKffi-crriDDl,  iu  simulation  of  end,  pur- 
pose; <  (inc.s,  here  in  the  sense  of  'only,  solo' 
(see  once  and  only),  +  errand,  i\.  v.]  Of  set  pm-- 
pose  ;  entirely  on  pui-pose;  expressly.  [Scotch.] 

anesis  (an'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  s  Gr.  avcai^,  remis- 
sion, <  aviivai,  remit,  send  back,  <  lira,  back,  + 
ifi'a(,  send.]  1.  In /)((^//r(/.,  remission  or  abate- 
ment of  the  symptoms  of  a  disease.  Dnnc/li.son. 
— 2.  In  mit.'tic:  (a)  The  progression  from  a 
high  sound  to  one  lower  in  pitch.  (/;)  The  tun- 
ing of  strings  to  a  lower  pitch:  opposed  to 
ciiitd.ii.s.     Utaincr  and  ISarrett. 

anesthesia,  «.     See  anavtiirsia. 

anesthesiant,   anaesthesiant   (an-es-the'si- 
ant),  ((.  and  n.     [<  anastkenia  +  -anti.]     I_  «. 
trodueing  anwsthesia. 
II.  n.  An  anesthetic. 

anesthesis  (an-es-the'sis),  n.  Same  as  ances- 
tliesiii. 

anesthetic,  anaesthetic  (an-es-thet'ik),  a.  and 
n.  [<(ir.  (iin(o(/;/ni(-,  insensible,  not  feeling,  < 
(ii-  priv.  -1-  malhiTiii;,  sensible,  perceptible;  cf. 
oiofl)/r«df,  sensitive,  perceptive:  seeaH-5  andfs- 
thetic.']  I.  n.  1.  Producing  temporary  loss  or 
impairment  of  feeling  or  sensation ;  producing 
anaesthesia. — 2.  Of  or  belonging  to  anipsthesia; 
characterized  by  anaesthesia,  or  physical  insen- 
sibility:   as,  anesilietic  eft'ects Anesthetic  re- 

fWgerator,  .in  apparatus  tvv  priMhicing  local  auicsthesia 
Ity  the  ftpi)lication  of  a  narcotic  .spray. 

II.  n.  A  substance  capable  of  producing  an- 
lesthesia.  The  anesthetics  ahnost  exclusively  used  for 
the  production  of  general  aniesthesia  are  ether,  chloro- 
form, and  nitrous  oxid  (IfUKhinp-gas).  Local  anesthesia 
is  often  produced  by  freeznifj:  the  part  with  ether  spray, 
or.  in  inuciius  nicnihrane,  Iiy  tlic  application  of  cocaine. 

anesthetically,  anaesthetically  (an-es-thet'i- 
kal-i),  adr.  In  an  anesthetic  manner ;  by  means 
of  anesthetics. 

anesthetisation,  anesthetise.    See  anestheti- 

:n tion,  (in c.s' W( e ti-c. 

anesthetist,  anaesthetist  (an-es'thf-tist),  «. 
[<  anesthetic  +  -ist.']  One  who  administers  an- 
esthetics. 

The  ani^rftheti^t  .  .  .  ought  always  to  be  provided  with 
a  pair  of  tongue  forceps.  Tficruiit'tdic  Gazette,  IX.  5S. 

anesthetization,  anaesthetization  (an-es- 
thet-i-za'shon),  «.  [<  (/«r.s/A( //..-c  + -aHoH.] 
The  process  oiE  rendering  insensible,  especially 
to  pain,  by  means  of  anesthetics;  the  act  or 
operation  of  applying  anesthetics.  Also  spelled 
anestIieti.tation,  anwMltetisatiou. 

All  iiliysi"l..f.'ists,  whenever  it  is  possible,  try  to  antes- 
thetize  tllcir  victim.  .  .  .  When  tlie  ance^ttietization  is 
completed,  the  animal  does  not  suffer,  and  all  the  ex- 
periments  afterward  made  upon  it  are  without  cruelty. 

I'np.  ,SVl.  Mo.,  X.W.  766. 

anesthetize,  anaesthetize  (an-es'the-tiz),  r.  *.; 

pret.  and  pp.  iuuf:tlieti:ed,  ana.^thetizcd,  ppr. 
anestheti:inij,  unw.-itheti:ing.  [<  anesthetic  + 
-i2c.]  To  bring  under  the  influence  of  an  anes- 
thetic agent,  as  chlorofiivMi,  a  freczing-mi-xture, 
etc.;  render  inscnsililc,  csjiccially  to  pain. 
Also  spelled  anvtitheti.sc  and  umesthctise. 

anett  (an'et),  K.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  annet,  en- 
nct,  <  ME.  anete,  <  OF.  anct,  also  aneth,  <  L. 
anethum,  <  Or.  avrfiov,  later  Attic  aviaov,  anise, 
dill:  see  anise.]  The  common  dill,  Carum  (or 
Anethum)  grareojens. 

anethene  (an'e-then),  n.  [<  h.anethnni,  anise 
(see  anet),  -t-  -ene.]  The  most  volatile  part 
(CioHig)  of  the  essence  of  oil  of  dill. 

anetnol  (an'e-thol),  n.  [<  L.  anethum,  anise  (see 
anet),  +  -ul.]  The  cliief  constituent  (C10H12O) 
of  the  essential  oils  of  anise  and  fennel.  It  exists 
in  two  forms,  one  a  solid  at  ordinary  temperature  (anise- 
camphor  or  solid  anethol),  the  other  a  liquid  (liquid  ane- 
thol). 

anetic  (a-net'ik),  a.  [<  L.  ancticus,  <  Gr.  averL- 
K'if,  litted  to  relax,  <  nicrof,  relaxed,  verbal  adj. 
of  <ii'(ti'a(,  relax,  remit,  send 
back,  <  ava,  back,  +  Uvai,  send.] 
In  med.,  relieving  or  assuaging 
pain ;  anodj-ne. 

aneuch  (a-nuch'),  a.,  adv.,  or  n. 
[A\soeneuch,eneugh=Fi.cnough, 
q.  v.]     Enough.     [Scotch.] 

aneurism  (an'il-rizm),  H.  [The 
tenn.,  prop,  -ijsni,  confonns  to 
the  common  -ism ;  <  NL.  o«- 
enrisma  (for  "aneuriisma),  <  Gr. 
avtvpvBfia,  an  aneurism,  <  avn'jn-- 
veiv,   widen,    dilate,  <  am,   up, 

+  eiipi'Ven;  widen,  <  IVIlic,  wide.     Carotid    Artery, 
c,,'^.  '         ,        '  .1  seat  of  the  aneuiiaiii. 

=  Skt.    uru,    large,   wide :    see 
cury-.~\     hipathol.,  a  localized  dilatation  of  an 
artery,  due  to  the  pressure  of  the  blood  acting 
14 


209 

on  a  part  weakened  by  accident  or  disease. — 

Arteriovenous  aneurism,  an  aneurism  which  opens 
into  a  vein.  Dissecting  aneurism,  an  aneurism  which 
forces  its  »ay  Intnccn  the  middle  and  extermil  coats  of 
an  artery,  scparatint;  one  frnrji  the  otilcr. 

aneurismal  (an-ii-riz'mal),  a.  [<  aneurism  + 
-((/.]  I'ertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  an- 
eurism; affected  with  aneurism:  as,  an  aneuris- 
mal tumor — Aneurismal  vartx,  the  eomlition  pro- 
duced by  tile  formation  of  an  (tpening  between  an  artery 
and  a  vein,  so  that  the  arterial  blood  passes  into  the  vein, 
and  the  latter  is  dilated  into  a  sac. 

aneurismally  (an-u-iiz'mal-i),  adr.  In  the 
manner  of  an  aneurism;  like  an  aneurism:  as, 
(ineurismaHii  dilated. 

aneurismatic  (an'u-riz-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Nli. 
iinturisni<i{l-},  aneurism,  +  -jc]  Characterized 
or  affected  by  aneurism.     N.  E.  D. 

anew  (a-nii'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  late  ME. 
aneice,  earlier  onew,  of  new,  of  ncwc :  of,  E.  a*, 
of;  )iewe,  now;  cf.  of  old.  Cf.  L.  ile  novo, 
contr.  denuo,  anew:  dc,  of,  from;  novo,  abl. 
neut.  of  novus  =  E.  new.  So  afresh.]  As  a  now 
or  a  repeated  act;  by  way  of  renewal;  iu  a 
new  form  or  manner ;  over  again ;  once  more ; 
afresh :  always  implying  some  prior  act  of  the 
same  kind:  as,  to  arm  anew;  to  build  a  house 
anew  from  the  foundation. 

Each  day  the  world  is  born  anew 
For  hiia  who  taices  it  rightly. 

Lowell,  Gold  Egg. 

As  our  case  is  new,  so  we  must  think  anew,  and  act 

anew.  Lincoln,  in  Kaymond,  p.  327. 

anfractf,  «.  [i  L.  anfractus,  a  bending,  turn- 
ing, <  anfractus,  bending,  winding,  crooked,  pp. 
of  an  otherwise  unused  verb  "anfringere,  bend 
aroimd,  <  an-  for  ambi-,  around  (see  ambi-  and 
OH-*),  +  frangere,  break:  see  fracture  and  fra- 
gile. Ct.  infringe.]  A  winding  or  turning ;  sinu- 
osity. 

anfractuose  (an-frak'tu-6s),  a.  [<  L.  anfraetu- 
osus :  see  anfractuous.]  In  bot.,  twisted  or  sinu- 
ous, as  the  anther  of  a  cueimiber. 

anfractuosity  (an-frak-tu-os'i-ti),  n.;  pi.  an- 
fractuiisities  (-tiz).  [=  F.  anfractuositi :  see 
anfractuous  aimX -ity.]  1.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  anfractuous,  or  full  of  windings  and 
turnings. 
The  anfractuosities  of  his  intellect  and  temper. 

Macaulai/,  Samuel  .Tohnson. 

2.  In  anat.,  specifically,  one  of  the  sulci  or  fis- 
sures of  the  brain,  separating  the  gyi'i  or  con- 
volutions.    See  cut  under  cerebral. 

The  principal  anfractuosities  sink  .  .  .  into  the  sub- 
stance of  the  hemisphere. 

Todd's  Cijc.  Anat.  and  Phyt.,  III.  383.    (S.  E.  D.) 

anfractuous  (an-frak'tu-us),  fl.  [<  F.  anfractw- 
cux,  <  L.  anfractuosus,  round  about,  winding,  < 
anfractus,  a  bending,  a  winding:  see  anfract.] 
Winding;  full  of  windings  and  turnings ;  sinu- 
ous. 

The  ai\fractHoiiS  passages  of  the  brain. 

Dr.  John  Smith,  Portrait  of  Old  Age,  p.  217. 

anfractuousness  (an-frak'tu-us-nes),  71.  The 
state  of  being  anfractuous. 

anfracturet  (au-frak'tur),  n.  [<  L.  anfractus 
(see  anfract)  +  -ure,'atteT  fracture,  q.  v.]  A 
mazy  wimliug.     Bailey. 

angariatet  (ang-gii'ri-at),  V.  t.  [<  LL.  angari- 
atus,  pp.  of  angitriare,  demand  something  as 
angaria,  exact  villeinage,  compel,  constrain. 
Mil.  also  give  transportation,  <  angaria,  post- 
service,  transportation-service,  any  service  to 
a  lord,  villeinage,  ML.  fig.  trouble,  <  Gr.  0)70- 
pda,  post-service,  <  aj7opo{-,  amoimted  courier, 
such  as  were  kept  at  regular  stations  through- 
out Persia  for  carrying  the  royal  despatches; 
an  OPers.  word:  see  angel.]  To  exact  forced 
service  from  ;  impress  to  labor  or  service. 

angariationt  (ang-ga-ri-a'shon),  n.  [<  ML. 
angariatio(n-),  business,  ditficulty,  <  LL.  an- 
gariare  :  see  angariate.]   1.  Labor;  effort ;  toil. 

The  earth  yields  us  fruit,  .  .  .  not  without  much  cost 

and  angariation,  re<iuiring  both  our  labour  and  patience. 

Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  43. 

2.  The  exaction  of  forced  service ;  impress- 
ment to  labor  or  service.    Farrotv,  Mil.  Encyc. 

angeio-.     See  angio-. 

angekok  (an'gc-kok),  «.  [Eskimo.]  A  diviner 
or  sorcerer  among  the  Greenlanders. 

A  fact  of  psychological  interest,  as  it  shows  that  ciril- 
ized  or  savage  wonder-workers  form  a  single  family,  is  that 
the  anijekoks  believe  Urmly  in  their  own  powers. 

Kane,  Sec.  tirinn.  Exp.,  H.  126. 

angel  (an'.iel),  H.  [<  ME.  (a)  angel,  angele,  aun- 
gel,  aungclc,  -elk,  with  soft  or  assibilated  g  (< 
OF.  angele,  angle,  aingle,  later  abbrev.  angc, 
mod.  F.  ange  =  Pr.  Sp.  angel  =  Pg.  anjo  =  It.  an- 


angel-bed 

gelo),  mixed  with  (fc)  angel,  angle,  engel,  engU, 
anigel,  wnglc,  with  hard  g,  <  Aii.' engel,  pi.  engtas, 
=  OS.  engil  =  OFries.  angel,  engel  =  D.  LG.  01- 
gel  =  OHG.  anyil,  engil,  MHG.  0.  engel  =  Icel. 
engill  =  Sw.  angel,  engel  =  Dan.  eni/et  =  W.  an- 
gel =  Gael.  Ir.  aingeal;  <  LL.  angetus  =  Goth. 
aggilus  =  OBiUg.  anugelu,  angelu  =  Bohem.  aii- 
del  =  Pol.  angiol,  aniol  (barred  0  =  Russ.  angelu, 
angel,  <  Gr.  0)7  f /of,  in  the  Septuagint,  New 
Testament,  and  eceles.  writers  an  angel,  in  the 
Septuagint  translating  Heb.  maViik,  messenger, 
in  full  maVuk  Ychoudh,  messenger  of  Jehovah  ; 
in  class.  Gr.  a  messenger,  one  who  tells  or 
announces,  connected  with  ay)i'A/.civ,  bear  a 
message,  bring  news,  announce,  report^  whence 
corap.  EvayjcloQ,  bringing  good  news,  evayyfXtov, 
a  reward  for  good  news,  good  news,  eceles.  the 
gospel,  evangel:  see  evangel.  Cf.  OPers.  (in 
Gr. ) a); apof,  a  post-courier  (see angariate);  Skt. 
angiras,  name  of  a  legendai-y  superhuman  race.] 

1.  In  Ihcol.,  one  of  an  order  of  spiritual  beings, 
attendants  and  messengers  of  God,  usually  spo- 
ken of  as  employed  by  him  in  ordering  the 
affairs  of  the  universe,  and  particularly  of  man- 
kind. They  are  commonly  reganled  a-s  bodiless  intelli- 
gences, but  in  the  Bible  are  frequently  represented  as 
appearing  to  sight  in  human  form,  and  speaking  and  act- 
ing as  men. 

Angela  are  bright  still,  though  the  brightest  fell. 

.Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 

O  you  that  speak  the  language  of  angels,  and  should  in- 
deed be  angeU  annmgst  us. 

Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  33. 

Hence— (a)  In  a  sense  restricted  by  the  context,  one  of 
the  fallen  or  rebellious  spirits,  the  devil  or  one  of  his  at- 
tendants, said  to  have  been  originally  among  the  angels  of 
God. 

They  had  a  king  over  them,  which  is  the  angel  of  the 
bottomless  pit.  Kev.  ix.  II. 

{t))  An  attendant  or  guardian  spirit ;  a  genius.  <«•)  A  per- 
.son,  especially  a  woman,  having  qualities  such  as  are 
ascribed  to  angels,  as  beauty,  brightness,  innocence,  and 
unusual  graciousness  of  manner  or  kindliness  of  heart. 

Sir,  as  I  have  a  soul  she  is  an  angel. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  1 
For  beauty  of  body  a  very  angel;  for  endowment  of 
mind  of  incredible  and  rare  hopes. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  27, 1658. 

2.  A  himian  being  regarded  as  a  messenger 
of  God;  one  having  a  divine  commission;  hence, 
in  the  early  Christian  church,  the  pastor  or 
bishop  of  the  church  in  a  particular  city ; 
among  the  Irvingites,  a  bishop. 

Unto  theangel  of  the  church  in  Smyrna  write.  Rev.  it  8. 

3.  A  messenger.     [Poetical.] 

The  dear  good  angel  of  the  Spring, 
The  nightingale.    B.  Joiuon,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  2. 

The  God  who  knew  my  wrongs,  and  made 
Our  speedy  act  the  angel  of  his  wrath. 
Seems,  and  but  seems,  to  have  abantloned  us. 

ShelUij,  The  Cenci,  v.  3. 

4.  A  conventional  figure  accepted  as  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  spiritual  beings  called  angels, 

having  a  human  form 
endowed  with  the 
highest  attributes  of 
beauty,  clothed  in 
long  flowing  robes, 
antl  furnished  with 
wings  attached  be- 
hind the  shoulders. 
—  5.  [Orig.  o«f/c7-MO- 
blc,  being  a  new  issue 
of  the  noble,  bear- 
ing a  figtn-e  of  the 
archangel  Michael 
defeating  the  dra- 
gon. Cf.  angelet, 
angelot.]  An  Eng- 
lish gold  coin,  origi- 
nally of  the  value  of 
Gs.  fid.  sterling,  after- 
ward of  8s.  and  10a-., 
first  struck  by  Ed- 
ward r\'.  in  14G5,  last 
by  Charles  L  in  16:«. 
How  do  you,  sir?  Can  yoti 
lend  a  man  an  anjjelt 
I  hear  you  let  out  money. 
Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject, 
[iii.  2. 

Tliere's  half  an  annrl  «Tong'd  in  your  account ; 
ilethinks  I  am  all  angel,  that  I  bear  it 
Without  more  ruffling.  Tennyson.  Queen  Mary.  v.  3. 
Destroying  angels,  the  name  given  in  the  early  history 
of  the  .Morni.in  Clmrch  to  persons  believed  to  have  been 
employed  by  the  llormons  to  assassinate  obnoxious  per- 
sons.    See  hanite. 

angel-bedt  (an'jel-bed),  H.  [<  angel  (of  indefi- 
nite application)  +  bed.]  An  open  bed  with- 
out bed-posts.     Phillips,  Diet.  (1706). 


Atigcl  of  EdwanJ  IV..  British  Mu- 
seum,   t  Size  of  the  oricinal. ) 


angeleen 

angeleen,  "■    St'i>  lUKjdin. 

angelet  (ilu'jel-et),  «.  [Lato  JIE.  nngelctt,  < 
OF.  anijcUt,  dim.  of  anyclc,  < LL.  (nijicbix,  angpl. 
Cf.  (/H(/(7'»/.]  It.  An  English  polii  coin,  first 
issued  by  Edwanl  IV'.,  of  the  value  of  half  an 


angelical  (an-jel'i-kal),  a.     [=  Sp.  aiigcliral, 
Nli.  amjclicalis :  see  angelic^  and  -a?.]     Sam 


Angel-fish 
{Sqimfina  ari^elui). 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Angelet  of  Hcnr>'\'n.,  British  Museum.    {Size  of  the  origin.-il.) 

angel.  See  angel,  5,  and  angelot. —  2.  A  little 
angel  or  child  angel.     [Rare.] 

The  annelet  sprang  forth,  fluttering  its  rudiments  of 
jiinions.    "  Lamb,  Tlie  Cliild  Angel. 

angel-fish  (an'jel-fish),  «.  [<  angel  +  fsli; 
witli  allusion  in  sense  1  to  its  wing-like  pec- 
toral fins,  and  in  the  other  senses  to  their 
beauty.]  1.  A  plagiostomous  fish,  Squatina 
iiiigchis,  of  the  family  Squati- 
nida;.  It  is  from  6  to  8  feet  long, 
has  a  ti.1t,  roundish  head,  terminal 
mouth,  and  teeth  broad  at  the  base, 
but  slender  and  sharp  above.  TIu 
pectoral  fins  are  very  large,  extending 
horizontally  forward  from  the  base. 
It  is  found  on  the  southern  coasts 
of  Britain,  and  on  the  coasts  of  the 
"United  States  from  Cape  Cod  to 
Florida.  Also  called  monk-jish  and 
fiddle-jUh.   See  cut  under  Squatina. 

2.  A  ehsetodontoid  fish,  Po- 
maeanthits  ciUaris,  having  a 
strong  spine  at  the  angle 
of  the  preopereulum,  14  dor- 
sal spines,  and  a  brownish 
color  with  creseentiform 
lighter  markings  on  each 
scale,  the  cMn,  borders,  and 
spines  of  the  operculum  and 
preopereulum  bright  blue,  and  the  fins  blue 
and  yellow.  It  is  a  beautiful  flsh,  common  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  appearing  rarely  along  tlie  southern  coast  of 
the  United  States.     Its  flesh  is  very  savory. 

3.  An  ephippioid  fish,  Chwtodipterus  faber,  of 
a  gi'eenish  color  mth  blackish  vertical  bands, 
and  with  the  third  spine  elongated,  it  is  com- 
mon along  the  southern  coast  of  the  United  States,  where 
it  is  regarded  as  an  excellent  food-fish,  and  is  known 
as  the  por<iy,  the  northern  name  of  a  different  fish.  See 
also  cut  under  Cha'tudipterus. 

4.  A  general  name  for  any  species  of  fish  of 
the  families  Chictodontidfe  and  Ephippiidw. 

angel-goldt  (an'jel-gokl),  )(.  [<  angel,  5,  + 
goM.'i  The  name  of  gold  pieces  presented  by 
English  sovereigns  to  those  whom  they  touched 
for  the  cure  of  king's  evil.  At  first,  the  coin  called 
angel  was  presented  ;  at  a  later  period,  a  gold  medalet  or 
touchpiece.     See  antjal,  5,  and  touchpkce. 

The  other  chaplaine  kneeling,  and  baring  anr/el  gold 
strung  on  white  ribbon  on  his  arme,  delivers  them' one  by 
one  to  his  JIajestie,  who  puts  them  about  the  necks  of 
the  touched  as  they  passe.        Embjn,  Diary,  July  li,  lUtSO. 

angelhood  (an'jel-hud),  %.  [<  angel  +  -linod.'] 
The  state  or  condition  of  an  angel ;  the  an- 
gelic nattu'e  or  character.     Mrs.  Brotvning. 

angelic^  (an-jel'ik),  a.  [<  ME.  angelyk,  avn- 
gelylx,  <  OF.  angelique,  P.  angelique,  <  LL.  an- 
gelicus,  <  Gr.  a)7c/l(/v<if,  <  iiyye'/Mi,  messenger,  an- 
gel: see  angel.}  Of,belonging  to,  or  like  an  an- 
gel; suitable  to  the  nature  or  ofiice  of  an  angel. 
Here,  happy  creature,  fair  angelic  Eve. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  74. 
Angelic  hymn,  the  hymn  sung  by  the  angels  after  the 
aun.iunciiiuiit  ..f  tin-  birth  of  Christ  (Luke  ii.  14),  used  in 
several  ( iritiital  litiirrfes  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  service, 
and  in  the  West  in  the  enlarged  form  known  as  the  Gloria 
in  Excelsis  (except  in  Advent  and  Lent)  after  the  introit 
and  kjTie,  and  before  the  collect,  epistle,  and  gospel.  It 
retained  this  position  in  the  first  prayer-book  of  Edward 
VI.,  but  it  was  afterward  transferred  to  the  closing  part 
of  the  office  as  a  song  of  thanksgiring  after  conmiunion ; 
the  American  Prayer-Book,  however,  allt)ws  the  substitu- 
tion of  a  hymn  proper  to  the  season.  It  is  also  used  in 
the  Greek  Church  at  lauilsand  compline.  — Angelic  salu- 
tation.   See  ai'e. 

angelic- (an-jel'ik),  «.  [<  angelica.']  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  derived  from  the  plant  angelica. 
—  Angelic  acid,  a  crystalline  monobasic  acid,  CoH^O.^, 
having  a  peculiar  sinell  and  taste,  which  is  found  in  an' 
gelica-root  (Arcliniigclica  ujjicinalin),  oil  of  camomile,  .and 
other  vegetable  oils. 

angelica  (an-jel'i-ka),  n.  [ML.,  so.  lierha,  fem. 
of  LL.  angclicns,  angelic  {aee angelic^):  with  al- 
lusion to  the  supposed  magical  virtues  possess- 
ed by  some  of  the  species.]  1.  [cap.']  [NL.]  A 
genus  of  tall  mnbelliferous  plants  found  in  the 
northern  temperate  regions  and  in  New  Zea- 
land.—  2.  The  ])opular  name  of  the  more  com- 
mon species  belonging  to  the  closely  allied  gen- 


210 
era  Angelica  and  Archangclica.  The  wild  angelica  of 

England  is  Aniiflicn  tnibrstrix.  Tlio  garden  angelica  of 
Europe  is  Arrhfiii!/-lir<i  njfifinnlis,  n  native  of  the  banks 
of  rivers  anil  wet  ditrbes  in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe, 
where  it  is  also  cultivateil  for  its  strong  and  agreeable 
aromatic  oiior.  The  tender  stalks  when  candied  form  an 
exi-ellent  sweetmeat.  The  great  angelica  of  the  United 
States  is  Archangdica  atrojmrpurca. 
3.  [cap.]  The  name  of  a  kind  of  sweet  white 
wine  made  in  California. 

< 

Same 

as  angelic^. 

others  more  mild. 
Retreated  in  a  silent  valley,  sing 
With  notes  angelical  to  many  a  harp. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  S48. 

angelically  (an-jel'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  angelic 
manner;  like  an  angel. 

angelicalness  (au-jel'i-kal-nes),  «.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  angelic  ;  the  nature  or  character  of 
an  angel ;  excellence  more  than  human. 

Angelicals  (an-jel'i-kalz),  «.  jil.  [<  NL.  angeli- 
cdlci,  pl.,<  lAj.angclicuSjteia.  angelica:  see  an- 
gelic^, angelical.]  The  name  adopted  by  an 
order  of  nuns  following  the  rule  of  St.  Augus- 
tine, founded  at  Milan  about  1530  by  Luigia  di 
Torelli,  Countess  of  Guastalla.  Each  nun  prefixes 
to  her  family  name  that  of  a  patron  saint,  and  to  that  the 
\\(ii-il  Aiigrlii-a,  which  when  uttered  reminds  her  of  the 
]iiuit\'  nf  ttie  angels. 

Angelican  (an-jel'i-kan),  a.  and  h.  [Lit.  <  LL. 
II ngelicus  {see  angelic^)  + -an.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  the  works  of  the  monk  Fra 
jVngelieo  (Giovanni  da  Fiesole),  a  celebrated 
religious  painter,  who  was  born  in  Tuscany  in 
1387,  and  died  at  Eome  in  1455. 

If  you  want  to  paint  .  .  .  in  the  Greek  school,  .  .  .  you 
cannot  design  coloured  windows,  nor  Angelican  paradises. 
RusJcin,  Lectiu-es  on  Art,  p.  197. 
II.  H.  One  of  the  Angelici. 

angelicate  (an-jel'i-kat), «.  [< angelic^  +  -aie^.] 
A  salt  of  angelic  acid. 

angelica-tree  (an-jel'i-ka-tre),  n.  [<  angelica 
(with  allusion  to  its  medical  uses)  +  tree.]  1. 
The  American  name  of  Aralia  spinosa,  natural 
orAev  Araliacea-.  It  is  a  prickly,  small,  siinple-stenimed 
tree,  from  S  to  12  feet  high.  An  infusion  of  its  berries  in 
wine  or  spirits  is  used  for  relieving  rheumatic  pains  and 
violent  colic.  It  is  common  iii  cultivation.  Also  called 
Hercules' -club. 

2.  An  allied  araliaceous  shrub,  Sciadophyllum 
Brownci,  of  Jamaica. 

Angelici  (an-jel'i-si),  V.  pi.  [LL.,  pi.  of  angeli- 
CKS :  see  angelic^.]  A  sect  of  the  third  cen- 
tuiy,  said  to  have  worshiped  angels. 

angelicize  (an-jel'i-siz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
gelici:ed,  ppr.  angc1ici:ing.  [<  angelic^  +  -/-c] 
To  make  angelic  or  like  an  angel.    [Bare.] 

angelico  (an-jel'i-ko),  «.  [Cf. It.  angelica,  angel- 
ic, Sp.  angelico,  a  Uttle  angel :  see  angelica.]  An 
umbelliferous  plant  of  North  America,  Ligngti- 
cuni  actwifolium,  resembling  the  lo%'age.  Also 
called  nondo. 

angelifyt  (an-jel'i-fi),  v.  t.     [<  LL.  angelificare, 
<  angelus,  angel,  -1-  L.  -ficare,  <  facere,  make.] 
To  make  like  an  angel. 
The  soul  .  .  .  refined  and  angelified. 

Farindon,  Sermons  (1647),  p.  55. 

angelin  (an'je-lin),  n.  [Also  written  angeleen, 
and,  as  Pg.,  angelim,  <  NL.  Angelina  (a  genus 
of  plants),  <  *angelinus,  <  LL.  angelus  :  see  an- 
gel.] The  common  name  of  several  timber- 
trees  of  tropical  America  belonging  to  the  ge- 
nus Andira  (which  see).  The  angelin-tree  of 
Jamaica,  furnishing  worm-bark,  is  A.  inermis. 

angelique  (an-je-lek'),  H.  \_<F.  angelique:  see 
ani/elica.]  1.  The  wood  of  a  leguminous  tree, 
Vicori/nea  J'araensis,  exported  from  French 
Guiana.  It  is  hard  and  durable,  and  valuable 
for  ship-timber. —  2t.  A  kind  of  guitar.  Pepys, 
Diary,  June  23,  1660. 

angelistt  (an'jel-ist),  H.  [<  angel  +  -ist.]  One 
who  held  heretical  or  peculiar  opinions  con- 
cerning angels.     X.  E.  D. 

angelize  (an'jel-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  angel- 
i:ed,  ppr.  angeli::ing.  [<  angel  -\-  -i:c.]   To  make 
an  angel  of;  raise  to  the  state  of  an  angel. 
David  alone,  whom  with  heav'n's  love  sm-priz'd. 
To  praise  thee  there  thou  now  hast  angfliz'd. 

Sglveati'r,  tr.  of  Ilu  Bartas. 

angel-light  (an'jel-lit),  n.  An  outer  upper 
light  in  a  perpendicular  vrindow,  next  to  the 
springing  of  the  arch  :  probably  a  corruption  of 
angle-light,  as  these  lights  are  triangidar  in 
sliape,  and  are,  moreover,  in  one  sense,  at  the 
angles  of  the  window.  Encyc.  Brit.  See  cut 
under  i((  tcnien  t-ligh  t. 

angelolatry  (an-jel-ol'a-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  d)-)t/lof 
-1-  '/.arptia,  service,  worship,  <  laTpeheiv,  serve, 
worship.]    The  worship  of  angels. 


anger 

angelology  (an-jel-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Or.  ayje7j,^, 
angel,  -I-  -/oj/a,  <  ''.i}£n;  speak:  see  -ology.] 
The  iloct  line  of  angels ;  that  portion  of  theology 
which  treats  of  angelic  beings ;  a  discourse  on 
angels. 

The  magic  of  the  Moslem  world  is  in  part  adopted  from 
Jewish  angelology  and  denionology. 

E.  n.  Tylor,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  203. 
Tlie  same  vast  mythology  commanded  the  general  con- 
sent :  the  same  angelologg,  demonology. 

Milvian,  Latin  Christianity,  xiv. 
Tliere  was  an  angelologg,  an<i  a  worship  of  angels,  on 
which  the  Apostle  animadverts  with  severity. 

G.  P.  Fi^/wr,  Begin,  (jf  Christianity,  xL 

angelophany  (an-jel-of 'a-ni),  n.;  pi.  angelojiha- 
nies  (-iiiz).  [<  Gr.  ay-,e'/-oc,  angel,  -1-  -ijnivia,  < 
(faivciv,  show,  <^uvia6ai,  appear.  Cf.  theaphany, 
epiphany.]  The  Wsible  manifestation  of  an 
angel  or  angels  to  man. 

If  God  seeks  to  commune  more  fully  with  a  man,  his 
messenger  appears  and  speaks  to  him.  The  nan-atives  of 
such  angdiiphaniex  vary  in  detail         Pro/.  W.  Ii.  Smith. 

angelophone  (an'jel-o-fon),  ».  [<  Gr.  a}7t/of, 
angel,  +  ipuvi/,  voice.]  The  harmonium  or  par- 
lor-organ.    [Eng. ;  rare.] 

angelot  (an'je-lot;  F.  pron.  auzh'16),  h.  [< 
OF.  angelot,  a  yoiing  or  little  angel  (=  Sp.  ange- 
lote),  dim.  of  angele,  <  LL.  angelus,  angel.  Cf. 
angelet,  with  diff.  dim.  suffix,  and  see  angel,  5.] 

1.  The  name  of  a  French  gold  coin,  weighing 
from  97.22  to  87.96  grains,  first  issued  in  1340 
by  Philip  VI.  On  its  obverse  is  an  angel  (whence  the 
name  of  the  coin)  holding  a  cross  and  shield  ;  on  its  re- 
verse a  cross,  ornamented. 

2.  The  name  of  a  gold  coin,  weighing  about  35 
grains,  struck  in  France  by  Henry  "Vl.  of  Eng- 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Angelot  of  Henry  VI.,  British  Museum.    (Size  of  the  original.) 

land  for  use  in  his  French  dominions.  On  its  ob- 
verse is  an  angel  holding  the  escutcheons  of  England  anc 
France. 

3t.  A  small  rich  sort  of  cheese  made  in  Nor- 
mandy, said  to  have  been  stamped  with  a  figure 
of  the  coin. — 4.  An  instrument  of  music  some- 
what resembling  a  lute. 

angel's-eyes  (an'.ielz-iz),  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  speedwell  of  Europe,  Veronica  Chameedrys. 

angel-shot  (an'jel-shot),  ».  [Cf.  F.  angc,  an 
angel,  also  an  angel-shot ;  in  allusion  to  the 
"wings  "  or  segments  as  they  appear  during  the 
flight  of  the  projectile.]  A  kind  of  chain-shot, 
formed  of  the  two  halves  or  four  quarters  of  a 
hollow  ball,  wliieh  are  attached  by  chains  to  a 
central  tlisk  inside  the  ball,  and,  when  fired, 
spread  apart.     See  chain-shot, 

angers-trumpets  (an'jelz-trum"pets),  71.  pi. 
The  large  trumpet-shaped  fiowers  of  the  Datura 
siiaveolcns,  a  shrubby  solanaceous  plant  fi'om 
South  America. 

angelus  (an'je-lus),  n.  [NL.,  fi-omthe  opening 
words,  "Angelus  Domini  nimtiarit  Marise"; 
LL.  angelus,  angel:  see  angel.]  In  the  Bom. 
Cath.  Cli. :  (o)  A  devotion  in  memory  of  the  an- 
nimciation  to  the  Virgin  Maiy,  by  the  angel 
Gabriel,  of  the  incarnation  of  the  Son  of  God. 
It  consists  of  three  scriptural  texts  describing  the  mys- 
tery, recited  alternately  with  the  angelic  salutation,  "  Hail 
Mary ! "  (Ave  Maria),  and  followed  by  a  versicle  and  re- 
sponse with  prayer,  (ft)  The  bell  tolled  in  the  morn- 
ing, at  noon,  and  in  the  evening,  to  indicate  to 
the  faithful  the  time  when  the  angelus  is  to  be 
recited. 

Anon  from  the  belfry 
Softly  the  Angelus  sounded. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  i. 

angel-watert  (an'jel-wa'ter),  n.  l<  angel  (for 
angelica,  q.  v.)  -I-  water.]  A  mix-fure  originally 
containing  angelica  as  its  principal  ingredient, 
afterward  made  of  rose-water,  orange-flower 
water,  m\-i-tle-water,  musk,  ambergris,  and  va- 
rious spices,  used  as  a  perfume  and  cosmetic  in 
the  seventeenth  century. 

I  met  the  prettiest  creature  in  Xew  Spring  Garden ! .  .  . 
angcl-tvater  was  the  worst  scent  about  her. 

Sedleg,  Bellamira,  i.  1. 

angely-WOOd,  ".     See  angili-wood. 

anger'  lang'ger),  n.  [<ME.  anger,  grief,  pain, 
trouble,  affliction,  vexation,  son'ow,  also  wrath, 
<  Icel.  angr,  masc,  now  neut.  (cf.  cingur,  fem. 
pi.),  grief,  sorrow,  straits,  anxiety,  =  Sw,  dn- 


anger 

ger  =r  Dan.  anger,  compunction,  penitence,  re- 
gret; cf,  OFries.  attgaty  ongoat  =  OHG.  an- 
gwitf  MHO.  luigcsty  O.  aiigst,  anxiety,  anguish, 
fear,  used  adjectively,  anxious,  afraid  (>  Dan. 
(ingst,  n.,  fear;  adj.,  anxious,  afraid;  the  leel. 
angititj  anguish,  oeciUTing  osji.  iu  theological 
writers,  and  rt'sting  on  the  ult.  related  L.  oit- 
gustia,  >  K.  anguish,  q.  v.),  with  diiferont  f(tr- 
inative  from  tlio  same  root  which  appears  in 
Icel.  ongr,  narrow,  strait,  =  AS.  augCy  ongf, 
rcg.  with  umlaut  (nigCj  cnge,  narrow,  Rtrait, 
also  anxious,  troubled  (cf.  in  comp.  augsum, 
narrow,  strait,  anxious,  angsiuutKSj  aud  angncs, 
anxiety;  aiul  cf.  augnayl,  E.  agnail^  q.  v.),  = 
OH.engi  =  OHG.  (ingi,  cugi,  MHG.  cngCj  G.  cng 
=  Goth.  (iggtntSj  narrow,  strait,  =  Gr.  £)yi'c,  also 
«JA''i  adv.,  near,  close,  =  8kt.  «»//«,  narrow, 
strait,  "v/  (i^^h,  be  narrow  or  distressing,  the  root 
appearing  also  in  Gr.  ayx^'^  =  L.  augcrcj  com- 
press, strangle,  choke  (>  L.  aughut,  compres- 
sion, anxiety,  angor,  anguish,  anxiety,  angustus, 
nan'ow,  strait,  anxins,  anxious,  etc.:  see  angor 
znatigc)'",  fingutfty  auguish,  anxious,  etc.),  and  be- 
ing widely  extended  in  Slavic:  OBulg.  a''^zukiiy 
narrow,  Russ.  »ci,  narrow,  u~ina,  a  strait,  defile, 
etc.,  OBiilg.  vr^^::ati  =  Bohem.  va::ati  =  Russ. 
vyazatiy  etc.,  bind,  tie.]  If.  Grief;  trouble; 
^stress;  anguish. 

For  the  i\eth  of  whichu  cliilUo  the  anger  and  sorow  was 
muche  the  mure.  Caxton,  Jason,  76h.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

2.  A  revengeful  passion  or  emotion  directed 
against  one  who  inflicts  a  real  or  siipposed 
wrong;  "uneasiness  or  tliscomposure  of  mind 
upon  the  receipt  of  any  injury,  with  a  present 
pm'pose  of  revenge,'' ZoA';  wrath;  ire. 

While  therefore  the  true  eiut  of  sudden  ant/cr  is  self- 
defence,  the  true  end  of  resentment  is  the  execution  of 
justice  against  offenders. 

II.  N.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  40. 
The  war-storm  sliakes  the  solid  hills 
Beneath  its  tread  of  anger.      Whittier,  Our  River. 

3.  An  individual  fit  of  anger;  an  expression  of 

anger,  as  a  threat :  in  this  sense  it  may  be  used 
in  the  plm-al. 

Thro'  light  and  shadow  thou  dost  range, 
Sudden  glances,  sweet  an<l  strange, 
Delicious  spites  and  darling  angers, 
And  airy  forms  of  flitting  (change. 

Tennyson,  Madeline. 

4.  Pain  or  smart,  as  of  a  sore  or  swelling.  This 
sense  is  still  retained  by  the  adjective.  See  angry,  8. 
[Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

I  made  the  experiment,  setting  the  moxa  where  the 
first  violence  of  my  pain  l^egan,  aud  wliere  the  greatest 
anger  and  soreness  still  continued.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

—  Syn.  Anger,  Vexation,  Indignation,  Resentment,  Wrath, 
Ire,  Choler,  Rage,  Furg,  jjaasion,  displeasure,  dudgeon, 
irritation,  gall,  bile,  spleen.  Vexation  is  the  least  forcible 
of  these  words,  expressing  the  annoyance  and  impatient 
chafing  of  one  whose  mood  hivs  been  crossed,  whose  expec- 
tations have  not  been  realized,  etc.  Indignation  may  be 
the  most  high-minded  and  unselfish;  it  is  intense  feeling 
in  view  of  grossly  unworthy  conduct,  wliether  toward 
one's  self  or  toward  others.  The  other  words  denote  al- 
most exclusively  feeling  excited  by  tlie  sense  of  personal 
injury.  Anger  is  a  suddeu  violent  feeling  of  displeasure 
over  injury.disobedience,  etc.,  accompanied  by  a  retalia- 
tory impulse ;  it  easily  becomes  excessive,  aud  its  manifes- 
tatiou  is  generally  accompanied  by  a  loss  of  self-control. 
Resentment  is  the  broadest  in  its  nn  aning,  denoting  the  in- 
stinctive and  proper  recoil  of  feeling  when  one  is  injured, 
and  often  a  deep  and  bitter  bn)i)ding  overpast  wrongs,  with 
a  conserpient  hatred  and  settled  desire  for  vengeance;  it 
is,  in  the  latter  sense,  the  coolest  and  most  permanent  of 
these  feelings.  Wrath  aiul  ire  express  suddeu  feeling  of 
great  power,  and  are  often  associated  with  the  notion  of 
the  superiority  of  the  lurson:  as,  the  wrath  of  Jove,  the 
ire  of  Achilles.  They  are  often  the  result  of  wounded 
pride.  Ire  is  poetic.  Wrath  has  also  an  exalted  sense, 
expressive  of  a  lufty  imlignation  visiting  justice  upon 
wrong-doing.  Rage  is  an  outburst  of  anger,  with  little 
or  no  self-control ;  fury  is  even  more  violent  than  rage, 
rising  almost  to  madness.  The  chief  characteristic  of 
choler  is  quickness  to  rise ;  it  is  irascibility,  easily  break- 
ing into  a  high  degree  of  resentful  feeliug. 

White  was  her  cheek ;  sharp  breaths  of  anger  puff'd 
Her  fairy  nostril  out.        Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 
One  who  fails  in  some  simple  mechanieal  action  feels 
vexation  at  his  own  inability  -a  rexation  arising  quite 
apart  from  any  importance  of  the  end  nnssed. 

H.  Spencer,  Frin.  of  Psychol.,  §  517. 

Burning  with  indignation,  and  rendered  sullen  by  de- 
spair, .  .  .  they  refused  ti>  ask  their  lives  at  the  hands  of 
RU  insulting  foe,  and  preferred  death  to  submission. 

Irving,  Indian  Character. 

^^^len  the  injury  he  resentetl  w:is  a  personal  one,  he 
apologized  frankly  for  his  anger,  if  it  had  transgi-essed  the 
bounds  of  Christian  indigniftimi ;  but,  when  he  was  indig- 
nant with  falsehood,  injnstiee,  or  cowardly  wnmg  done  to 
another,  it  was  terrible  to  sec  bis  whole  face  knit  itself  to- 
gether with  wrath.      S.  A.  Brooke,  F.  \V.  Kobertson,  II.  ii. 

To  be  angry  about  trifles  is  mean  and  childish ;  to  rage 
and  be  furious  is  brutish;  and  to  maintain  perpetual 
tcrath  is  akin  to  the  practice  and  temper  of  devils  ;  but  to 
prevent  and  suppress  rising  resentment  is  wise  and  lilori- 
ous,  is  manly  and  divine.  Watts. 

Mad  ire^  aud  wratliful/ttri/,  makes  me  weep. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  3. 


211 

lie  "b  rnsh,  aiul  very  sudden  in  chnlfr,  titui  }iaply  may 
strike  at  you.  Shak.,  Otliello,  ii.  1. 

For  Itlind  with  ra>ic  she  niiss'd  the  plank,  and  roli'd 
In  tile  river.  Tennynon,  Princess,  iv. 

lieware  ihe  fury  of  a  patient  man. 

Drydni,  Aba.  and  Acliit.,  i.  1005. 

anger^  (au^'g^r),  v.  [<  ME.  aiu/rcn,  anyercn, 
pain,  tioublo,  vox,  <  Icel.  iitiijrii  =  Sw.  diiijraz^ 
ban.  aiii/rc,  in  similar  soiiso ;  from  the  uouu.] 
I.  Irriiis.  If.  To  grieve ;  trotible;  distress;  afflict. 
—  2t.  To  make  painful;  cause  to  smart;  in- 
flame; irritate:  as,  to  anger  azi  ulcer.  liaroii. 
— 3.  To  excite  to  anger  or  wrath;  rouse  resent- 
ment in. 

Tiicro  were  some  late  taxes  and  impositions  introduced, 
which  rather  angered  than  grieved  the  people. 

Clarendon, 

The  lips  of  young  orangs  and  chimpanzees  are  protruil- 

ed,  sometimes  to  a  wonderful  degree.  .  .  .  They  act  thus, 

not  only  when  slightly  anyered,  sulky,  or  disappointed, 

hut  when  alarmed  at  anything. 

Darwin,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  140. 
=  S3m.  To  irritate,  chafe,  provoke,  vex,  enrage,  exasperate, 
infuriate. 
II,  intrans.  To  become  angry.     [Bare.] 
"When  neehors  awjer  at  a  plea, 
And  just  us  wud  jis  wud  can  be. 
How  easy  can  the  barley  bree 

Cement  the  (luarrel ! 

Bnrnx,  Scotch  Drink. 

anger-t,  «.     An  occasional  spelling  of  anijor. 

angerly  (ang'ger-li),  a.  [<  (Dujer'^  +  -lijl;  = 
Icel.  anijrUyr,  sad.  The  adv.  is  much  older: 
see  anr/crly,  adv.']  Inclined  to  anger.  Byron. 
[Now  poetic] 

angerly  (ang'ger-li),  aih.  [<  ME.  (tnijcrlkhe, 
unijtrly,  anijrcly,  <  anger  +  -liclic,  -\y".  Cf.  an- 
grily.] In  an  angry  manner ;  angrily.  [Now 
poetic] 

Nay,  do  not  look  angerly. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 
If  my  lips  should  dare  to  kiss 
Thy  taper  fingers  amorously, 
Again  thou  blushestrt^i^rWy. 

Tennyson,  Madeline. 

angernesst  (ang'ger-nes),  n.     [ME. ;  cf.  angri- 
ness.]     The  state  of  being  angry. 
Hail,  innocent  of  angerness. 
MS.  cited  by  T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 

Angevin,  Angevine  (an'je-vin,  -vin),  a.     [F. 

(cf.  ML.  Aiiilecureiisis),  <  Anjou,  <  L.  Andcfinri,  a 
Gallic  tribe,  also  called  Amies.]  Pertaining  to 
Anjou,  a  former  western  province  of  France: 
specifically  applied  (a)  to  the  royal  family  of 
England  reigning  fi-om  1154  to  1485,  the  Plan- 
tagenets,  descendants  of  Geoffrey  V.,  Count  of 
Anjou,  and  Matilda,  daughter  of  Henry  I.  of 
England;  {h)  to  the  period  of  English  historv 
from  1 15-4  to  the  death  of  Richard  II.  iu  1399,  or, 
according  to  others,  to  the  loss  of  Normandy, 
Anjou,  Maine,  etc.,  in  1204.  The  contending 
houses  of  York  and  Lancaster  were  both  of  the 
Angevin  race.—  Angevin  arclutecture,  the  architec- 
tui'e  of  Anjou  ;  specifically,  the  school  of  medieval  archi- 
tecture developed  in  the  province  of  Anjou.  It  is  charac- 
terized especially  by  the  system  of  vaulting  in  which  the 
vault  over  each  bay  is  so  much  raised  in  the  middle  as 
practically  to  constitute  a  low  dome. 
angica-WOOd  (an-je'ka-wud),  n.     Same  as  can- 

jirlt-wixlll. 

a'ngiectasia  (an^ji-ek-ta'si-a),   n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

(ijjrioi',  a  vessel,  +  e/cromf,  extension,  <  iKTcimv 
=  L.  ex/f«-rf-ere,  extend :  see  ejtrnil.]  Enlarge- 
ment of  the  capillaries  and  other  small  blood- 
vessels of  some  portions  of  the  body. 

angiectasis  (an-ji-ek'ta-sis),  H.  Same  as  an- 
tficctasia. 

angienchyma  (an-ji-eng'ki-mii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayjfhiv,  \e>iiie],  +  lyxi'f"!  infusion:  see  parcn- 
chi/ma.]     In  bot.,  vascular  tissue  in  general. 

angiitis  (an-ji-i'tis),  u.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayyaov,  a 
vessel,  -I-  -(''*'.  ]   Inflammation  of  a  blood-vessel. 

angili-WOOd  (an'ji-li-wud),  n.  [<  Tamil  attgili 
+  E.  i(v)<k(1.]  The  timber  of  a  large  evergreen 
tree  of  southeniImlia,,(f(ocn)-j;«.'s/((>SK/n,  which 
is  considered  nearly  equal  to  teak  in  ship-build- 
ing and  for  other  pui'poses.  Also  spelled  an- 
gehi-u-oorl.     See  Artocarpits. 

angina  (an-ji'uii,  or,  more  correctly,  an'ji-nii),  n. 
[NL.,  <  L.  angina,  quinsy,  lit.  strangling,  chok- 
ing (cf.  Gr.  «;,V"i''A  strangling),  <  angerc  (=Gr. 
ayxc'v),  strangle,  choke:  sec  angcr^  and  angor.] 
1.  hipalhnl.,  any  inflammatory  affection  of  the 
throat  or  fauces,"  as  quinsy,  severe  sore  throat, 
croup,  mum])s,  etc.— 2.  Angina  pectoris  (which 
see,  below) — Angina  Ludovlcl,  acute  suppurative  in- 
flanmiation  of  the  connective  tissue  aliout  tlie  submaxil- 
lary frland  :  so  callc<l  from  a  German  jihysiciau  named 
Luilwii;  (Latin  />io/"ii>r/.<),  who  first  fully  described  it.— 
Angina  maligna  (nialiKnaTit  angina),  primary  faugrcne 
of  the  jdiarynu'eal  mucous  membrane,  originating  inde- 
pendently of  any  other  disease,  such  as  diphtheria  or  scar- 
let lever.    Also  called  anipna  gangrenosa,  eynancht  ma- 


angioscope 

Hgna,  anAjnitrid  mre  ilirnnl.-  Angina,  pectoris  (spasm 
of  the  chest),  a  disease  characteri/.cd  by  paroxysms  i>f  ex- 
tremely  acute  constricting  pain,  felt  generally  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  stenunn  and  extending  over  the  chest  and 
down  the  ami.  The  pathology  is  obscure,  but  in  a  largo 
number  of  cases  there  seems  to  be  some  form  of  weakness 
of  the  heart,  combined  with  a  liability  to  attacks  of  gen* 
eral  arterial  spasm. 

anginal  (an'ji-nal),  a.     Pertaining  to  angina. 

anginoid  (an'ji-noid),  a.  [<  angina  +  -oid.] 
Kesciubling  angina. 

anginose  (an'ji-nos),  a.  [<  angina  +  -o.se. J 
Peitaiiiiiii,'  to  angina,  or  to  angina  pectoris. — 
Anginose  scarlatina,  scarlatina  in  which  the  infiamma- 
titm  <'f  tlic  throat  is  severe. 

anginous  (an'ji-nus),  a.     Same  as  anginose. 

angio-.  [NL.  angio-,  <  Gr.  hy-jctn-,  combining 
foi'ra  of  ayytiov,  a  case,  a  capsule,  a  vessel  of 
the  body,  a  vessel  of  any  kind,  <''j;of,  a  vessel.] 
An  element  of  many  scientific  compound  words, 
signifying  vessel,  usually  with  reference  to  the 
vessels  of  the  I)ody.     Less  properly  angeio-. 

angiocarpian  (an'ji-o-ktir'pi-an),  H.  [As  angio- 
car/iDH.^  -f  -ian.]     An  angiocarpous  plant. 

angiocarpous  (an*ji-o-kiir'pus),  a.  [<NL.  an- 
gitjrariiii.s,  <  Gr.  (i)jf(oi',  a  capsule,  a  ease,  a 
vessel  of  the  body,  a  vessel  of  any  kind  (<  a;yor, 
a  vessel  of  any  kind),  -1-  /io/)Tof,  fruit.]  In  hot.: 
(o)  Having  a  fruit  inclosed  within  a  distinct 
covering,  as  the  filbert  within  its  husk.  (6) 
Having  the  receptacle  closed,  as  in  gastromy- 
eetons  fungi,  or  opening  only  by  a  pore,  as  in 
pyrenomycetous  fungi  and  some  lichens. 

angiocholitis  (an"ji-o-ko-li'tis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayyelov,  a  vessel,  +  ;foX?),  gall,  +  -itis.]  Inflam- 
mation of  the  gall-ducts. 

angiograpll  (au'ji-o-graf),  «.  [<Gr.  a-,",c2ov,  a 
vessel,  -I-  -ypi'Kpoc,  \  }im(jiew,  write.]  A  form  of 
sphygmograph  debased  by  Landois. 

angiography  (an-ji-og'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayyeiov, 
a  vessel,  +  -yjmijiia,  <  ypaipcd;  write,  describe.] 
1.  In  anat.,  a  description  of  the  blood-vessels 
and  IjTuphatics. — 2.  A  description  of  the  im- 
plements, vessels,  weights,  measures,  etc.,  in 
use  in  any  countrj".     [Rare.] 

angioleucitis  (an"ji-o-lii-si'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
hyyeiov,  a  vessel,  +  /'tm/if,  white,  -I-  -itis.]  In- 
flammation of  the  lymphatic  vessels. 

angiology  (an-ji-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayyelov,  a 
vessel,  -i-  -/oyia,  <  llyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
That  portion  of  anatomy  and  physiology 
which  deals  with  the  blood-vessels  and  l}Tn- 
phatics. 

angioma (an-ji-6'ma),«.;  pl.aH.(7Jo/Hata(-ma-ta). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  a;7fioi',  a  vessel,  -H  -nma.]  A  tumor 
produced  by  the  enlargement  or  new  formation 
of  blood-vessels. 

angiomatous (an-ji-om'a-tus),  a.  [<.angioma(t-) 
+  -ouK.]  Characterized  by  or  pertaining  to  an- 
gioma. 

angiomonospermoUS  (an'ji-o-mon-o- sper '- 
nius),  a.  [<  NL.  anginmnnospermus,  <  Gr.  lij- 
yclov,  a  vessel,  +  //lirof,  alone  (see  mono-),  + 
aiTtp/ia,  seed:  see  sjurm.]  In  hot.,  producing 
one  seed  only  in  a  pod.     X.  E.  D. 

angioneurosis  (an'ji-o-nu-ro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  «;  jtfoi',  a  vessel,  +  vevpor,  a  nerve,  +  -ovis.] 
In  pathol.,  morbid  vaso-motor  action,  brought 
on  independently  of  any  perceptible  lesion, 
whether  this  involves  an  abnormal  temporary 
or  lasting  contraction  of  the  vessels  of  the  part 
(angiospasm)  or  a  relaxation  (augioparesis). 
The  term  is  not  always  restricted  to  functional  affections, 
but  is  abso  sometimes  ajiplied  to  eases  in  which  there  is  a 
gr(tss  or  evident  lesion  of  the  nerves,  spinal  cord,  or  brain, 
whicli  prndiicts  these  vaso-motor  disturt)ances. 

angioneurotic  (an'ji-o-nu-rot'ik),  a.  [See  an- 
gioneurosis.] Dependent  on  or  pertaining  to 
the  innervation  of  the  blood-vessels. 

angioparalysis  (an'ji-o-pa-ral'i-sis),  H.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  <i;}f(Oi',  a  vessel,  -I-  rrapii/imc,  paralysis.] 
Paralysis  of  the  muscular  coat  of  the  blood- 
vessels. 

augioparesis  (an'ji-o-par'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayycioi;  a  vessel,  +  Trapcaic,  paralysis:  see  pare- 
sis.] Partial  paralysis  of  the  muscular  layer 
of  the  walls  of  blood-vessels. 

angiosarcoma  (anji-o-sar-ko'mii),  «. ;  pi.  an- 
giosiircomatu  (-ma-tji).  [NL.,<Gr.a)-)cior,  aves- 
scl,  -I-  ciipKuua,  sarcoma.]  A  sarcoma,  or  tumor, 
in  which  the  blood-vessels  assvune  importance 
from  their  number,  size,  and  relation  to  the 
structure  of  the  tumor.— Angiosarcoma  myxoma- 
tOdes,  a  sarcoma,  or  tumor,  in  which  the  walls  <if  the 
vessels  and  the  tissue  immediately  surrounding  them  un- 
dergo mucous  degeneration.  To  this  form  the  name  ajlin- 
dri'ma  is  often  applied. 

angioscope  (an'ji-o-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayyelov,  a 
vessel,  -I-  am-e'n;  view,  examine.]  An  instru- 
ment for  examining  the  capillary  vessels  of  ani- 
mals and  plants. 


angiosis 

angiosis  (an-ji-d'sis),  H.  ISh.,  <  Gr.  ayycloi',  a 
vessel.  +  -dsis.']    Ally  disease  of  a  blood-vessel. 

angiospasm  (an'ji-o-spazm),  II.  [<  Gr.  ayye'wv, 
a  vessel,  +  a-aaim,  aTraa/j6(,  spasm.]  Spasm  of 
the  muscular  wall  of  a  blood-vessel. 

angiosperm  (an'ji-o-sp6nu),  ».  [<  NL.  angio- 
siirniiii.t,  <  Gr.  ay/Ciov,  a  vessel,  +  a-cp/ia,  seed. 
Cf.  Gr.  i:vu)}eiuaiTcp/w(,  also  i:va}yeioa:rep/iaTO(, 
angiospermous  (<.£",  in,  etc.).]  A  plant  whose 
seeds  are  contained  in  a  protecting  seed-vessel. 

The  term  anaioitpennji  13  .ipplifd  to  tile  liirjrer  of  the  two 
divisions  of  exogeiis,  in  distinction  from  tlio  ciijmnospermn 
(Cimifer(T.  Ciicnda>-e<r.  tti:.),  tlic  smaller  division,  in  which 
tlif  ovules  aiiil  seeds  are  naked. 

angiospermal  (an*ji-o-sper'mal),  a.    Same  as 

nniii(js}nr)ii(iiis. 

angiospermatOUS  (an'ji-o-sper'ma-tus),  0. 
Sniiie  as  niKiiosperiiious. 

Angiospermia  (an"ji-9-sper'mi-a),  n.  pL  [NL., 
<.anfiHisp(rnim:  see  aiiyiosperm .']  In  6ot,  the 
second  order  of  the  Linnean  class  Diiiijnamia, 
having  numerous  seeds  inclosed  in  an  obvious 
seed-vessel,  as  in  Digitalis.  ThecorrespomlingC;/™- 
nospermia  of  the  same  class  included  genera  with  ache- 
niumlike  divisions  of  the  pericarp,  as  in  the  Labiatee, 
which  were  mistaken  for  naked  seeds. 

angiospermous  (an  ji-o-sper'mus),  a.  [<  Nil. 
niigiiisptrmiis:  see  a>igios2>erm.'i  Having  seeds 
inclosed  in  a  seed-vessel,  as  the  poppy,  the  rose, 
and  most  flowering  plants:  opposed  to  gymno- 
spcnnous,  or  naked-seeded.  Equivalent  forms 
are  angiospermal  and  angiosjiermatoiis. 

angiosporous  (an"ji-os'p9-rus),(i.  [<  NL.  angio- 
sponis,  <  Gr.  ayyciov,  a  vessel.  +  c~6pog,  a  seed: 
see  spore.']  In  bat.,  having  the  spores  inclosed 
in  a  hollow  receptacle :  applied  to  such  fungi 
as  Lijcopenlon. 

Angiostomata  (an"ji-o-st6'ma-ta),  n.pl.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  otdiigiostumatiis:  see  angiostomatoiis.'] 
1.  A  suborder  of  ophidians,  comprising  serpents 
in  which  the  mouth  is  not  dilatable,  and  which 
are  provided  with  anal  spurs.  There  are  two 
families,  Ci/liiidropkidiE and  Uropeltidw. — 2.  In 
conch.,  an  artificial  group  of  univalve  gastro- 
pods whose  shell  has  a  narrow  or  contracted 
aperture,  as  cassidids,  strombids,  conids,  oli- 
vids,  cyprseids,  and  others.  Also  written,  cor- 
ruptl.y,  Aitgystomatfi,  and  originally  Angyosto- 
mata'hj  De  Blaini-iUe,  1818. 

angiostomatoiis (au"3i-o-sto'ma-tus),  a.  [< NL. 
angiostomatus,  <  Gr.  ayyeJov,  a  vessel,  .iar  (but 
L.  aiigere,  compress,  is  appar.  intended),  -I- 
a76pa{--),  mouth.]  1.  Having  a  nan-ow,  that 
is,  not  dilatable,  mouth :  said  specifically  of 
serpents  of  the  suhorder  Angiostomata. —  2.  In 
conch.,  having  a  narrow  mouth  or  opening,  as 
the  shell  in  Oliva  and  Conus. 

angiostomous  (au"ji-os'to-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
gioatomKS,  equiv.  to  angiostomatus :  see  angio- 
stomatoiis.]    Same  as  angiostomatoiis. 

anglotomy  (an-ji-ot'o-mi),  n.  l<  Gr.  aiycloi;  a 
vessel,  +  Toui),  a  cutting,  <  riuveiv,  ramlv,  cut.  Cf . 
anatomy.]  In  anat.,  dissection  of  the  lym- 
phatics and  blood-vessels. 

angle!  (ang'gl),  «.  [<ME.  angle,  angel,  angil,  < 
AS.  angel,  angiil,  ongiil,  a  hook,  fish-hook  (=  OS. 
angul  =  OD.  angel,  anghel,  a  hook,  fish-hook, 
sting,  awn,  beard  (of  gi'ain),  D.  angel  =  LG. 
angel,  a  hook,  =  OHG.  angul,  MH6.  G.  angel,  a 
hook,  fish-hook,  sting,  point,  hinge  (cf .  OD.  han- 
gel,  hanghel,  hengel,  a  hook,  a  hinge,  D.  hengel, 
an  angling-rod,  G.  dial,  hdngel,  a  hook,  ear, 
joint,  these  forms  and  senses  being  in  part  those 
of  a  different  word,  cognate  with  E.  hinge:  see 
hinge,  hang),  =  loe\.  ongiill,  a  hook,  =Dan.  Sw. 
angel,  a  hook),  with  formative  -el,  -id,  <  anga, 
onga  (rare,  and  only  in  glosses),  a  sting,  =  OllG. 
ango,  a  sting,  hinge,  XiHG.  ange,  a  fish-hook, 
hinge,  =  Icel.  angi,  a  sting,  spine,  prickle,  = 
Norw.  ange,  angje,  a  prong,  jag,  tooth.  The  ear- 
liest notion  seems  to  have  been  'pointed,'  but 
the  word  also  involved  the  notion  of  'bent,'  per- 

.  haps  from  a  different  source;  cf.  Gr.  djiciAor, 
bent,  crooked,  curved,  =  L.  anguhis  for  'ancidus, 
a  corner,  angle;  Gr.  ii^,iioc,  a  hook,  barb,  angle, 
=  L.  uncus,  a  hook;  bent,  curved:  see  Angle^, 
angled,  ank-ylosis,  iincous.]  1.  A  fishing-hook: 
often  in  later  use  extended  to  include  the  line 
or  tackle,  and  even  the  rod.     [Now  rare.] 

Give  me  mine  angle,—  we'll  to  the  river. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  .^,, 

2t.  One  who  or  that  -which  catches  by  strata- 
gem or  deceit. 

A  woman  is  bytterer  than  death,  ...  for  she  is  a  verj- 
an'jle,  hir  iiert  is  a  nctt.      Coverdale,  tr.  of  Eecles.  vii.  20. 

3t.  [From  the  verb.]     The  act  of  angling, 
angle!  (ang'gl),  i'.;  j,ret.  and  pp.   angled,  pyr. 
angling.    [<  late  ME.  angle,  OD.  angelen,  D.  hen- 


212 

felen  =  G.angeln  =  'Da,n.  angle;  from  the  noun.] 
.  in  trans.  1.  To  fish  with  an  angle,  or  with 
hook  and  line. 

When  the  weather 
Serves  to  aniile  in  the  brook, 
I  will  i)ring  "a  silver  hook. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iv.  2, 
The  lawj'er  in  the  pauses  of  the  storm 
Went  anglinfj  down  tlie  Saco. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook. 
2.  To  try  by  artful  means  to  catch  or  win  over 
a  person  or  thing,  or  to  elicit  an  opinion :  com- 
monly with  for. 

By  this  face. 
This  seeming  brow  of  justice,  did  he  win 
The  hearts  of  all  that  he  did  angle  for. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  fish  (a  stream).— 2t.  To  fish 
for  or  try  to  catch,  as  ^vith  au  angle  or  hook. 
He  angled  the  people's  hearts.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

3t.  To  lure  or  entice,  as  tvith  bait. 

Vou  have  angled  me  on  with  much  pleasure  to  the 
thatch'd  house.  /.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  i. 

Angle^  (ang'gl),  n.  [In  mod.  use  only  as  a  his- 
torical term;  <  Ij.  Angliis,  usually  in  pi.  Angli 
(first  in  Tacitus),  repr.  the  OTeut.  foi-m  found 
in  AS.  Angle,  Ongle,  jEngle,  reg.  Engle,  pi.  (in 
eomp.  Angel-,  Ongel-),  the  people  of  Angel,  An- 
gol,  Angul,  Ongul(=iee\.  Ongiill),  a  district  of 
what  is  now  Schleswig-Holstein,  said  to  be  so 
named  from  angel,  angul,  ongid,  a  hook,  in  ref. 
to  its  shape:  see  angliA.  Hence  Anglo-,  Anglo- 
Saxon,  English,  q.  v.]  One  of  a  Teutonic  tribe 
which  in  the  earliest  period  of  its  recorded  his- 
toi-y  dwelt  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  district 
now  called  Angeln,  in  Schleswig-Holstein,  and 
which  in  the  fifth  century  and  later,  accom- 
panied by  kindred  tribes,  the  Saxons,  Jutes, 
and  Frisians,  crossed  over  to  Britain  and  colo- 
nized the  greater  part  of  it.  Tlie  Angles  were  the 
most  numerous  of  these  settlers,  and  founded  the  three 
kingdoms  of  East  Anglia,  Mereia,  and  Northumbria.  From 
them  the  entire  country  derived  its  name  England,  the 
"land  of  the  Angles."  See  Anglian,  Anglo-Saxon,  and 
English. 

angle*  (ang'gl),  n.  [<  ME.  angle,  aungel,  some- 
times angide,  <  OF.  angle  =  Pr.  angle  =  Sp.  Pg. 
angulo,  It.  angolo,  <  L.  angnliis,  a  comer,  an 
angle,  prob.  orig.  *anculus  (cf.  ancus,  bent, 
crooked)  =  Gr.  dyKi'Aog,  bent,  crooked,  curved, 
connected  with  a}Kuv,  the  bend  of  the  arm, 
the  elbow  (see  ancon),  ayKog,  a  glen,  dell  (prop, 
a  bend,  hollow),  6-,koc,  a  hook,  barb,  angle,  = 
L.  uncus,  bent,  ciirved,  a  hook  (see  uncous) ; 
all  appar.  <  \/  *ani,  bend  (appearing  also  in 
Gr.  a-)Kvpa,  >  L.  ancora,  >  E.  anker'^,  anchor'^), 
Skt.  \fanch,  bend,  and  prob.  connected  ■nith  the 
Teut.  gi'oup  represented  by  angle''- :  see  angle^.] 
1.  The  difference  in  direction  of  two  intersect- 
ing lines ;  the  space  included  between  two  in- 
tersecting lines;  the  figure  or  projection  formed 
by  the  meeting  of  two  lines;  a  corner,  ingeom., 
a  'plane  angle  is  one  formed  by  two  lines,  straight  or  curved, 
which  meet  in  a  plane ;  a  rectilinear  angle,  one  formed  by 
two  straight  lines.  The  point  where  the  lines  meet  is 
called  the  vertex  of  the  angle,  or  the  angular  point,  and 
the  lines  whicli  contain  the  angle  are  called  its  side^  or 
legs.  The  magnitude  of  the  angle  does  not  depend  upon 
the  length  of  tlie  lines  which  form  it,  but  merely  on  their 
relative  positions.  It  is  measured  by  the  length  of  a  circu- 
lar arc  of  unit  radius  having  for  its  center  the  vertex  of 


^:> 


^^y- 


Xf 

Fig.  2. 


the  angle,  or  point  of  intersection  of  the  sides.  Thus,  the 
angle  FEA,  flg.  1,  is  measured  by  32  degrees  of  tlie  cir- 
cumference, or  the  arc  AF.  Ang:ular  magnitudes  are  also 
expressed  in  qtiadrants  of  four  to  the  circumference,  in 
flours  of  six  to  the  quadrant,  in  sexapfi^hnal  drpreeji  of  90 
to  the  (luadrant,  (rarely)  in  centes-imal  dcjrefii  of  100  to  tlie 
quailrant,  etc.  The  arc  whose  length  is  e(|ual  to  the  ra- 
dius subtends  an  angle  of  57'  17'  44". S  nearly.  Theoreti- 
cally, tlie  measure  of  an  angle  is  the  logarithm  of  the  anliar- 
moiiic  ratio  made  by  the  two  sides  with  the  two  tangents 
t'l  tlif  ;ilt.-;nlute  intersecting  at  the  vertex.  Angles  receive 
liilfcrtnt  iKUiies,  according  to  their  magnitude,  their  con- 
struction, their  position,  etc.    When  one  straight  line  in- 


angle 

tersects  another  80  as  to  make  the  four  angles  bo  formed 
equal,  these  angles  are  called  nV/A?  angles,  and  each  is 
measured  by  an  arc  equal  to  one  fourth  of  a  circumfer- 
ence, or  90  degrees.  Thus,  AC'l),  tig.  2,  is  a  ri'j/it  angle. 
An  angle  which  is  less  than  a  right 
angle  is  acute,  as  ACE.  An  of»- 
tu^ie  angle  is  one  which  is  greater 
than  a  right  angle,  as  ECB.  Acute 
and  obtutfe  angles  are  both  called 
oblique,  in  opposition  to  ri/jht  an- 
gles. A  curviiinear  angle  is  fonned 
by  the  meeting  of  the  tangents  to 
two  cur^'ed  lines  at  their  point  of 
intersection.  Adjacent  or  cinttuiu- 
ous  angles  are  such  as  have  (jne  leg 
common  to  both  angles,  l»olh  Ui- 
gether  being  equal  to  two  right  angles.  Thus,  in  tig.  2, 
ACE  and  ECB  are  adjacent  angles.  Conjugati-  angles  are 
two  angles  having  a  common  vertex  and  common  legs, 
one  being  concave,  the  other  convex.  A  gtraigkt  angle  is 
an  angle  of  180^  A  refiex  angle  is  the  same  as  a  convex 
angle.  (See  conjugate  angUSy  above.)  Exterior,  external,  or 
out  ward  angles  are  the  angles  of  any  rectilinear  figure  with- 
out it,  made  by  producing  one  of  the  sides  at  each  vertex, 
the  angles  formed  within  the  figure  being  called  interior 
angles,  ^^'hen  one  line  intersects  a  pair  of  lines  in  a  plane, 
of  the  eight  angles  so  formed,  those  which  are  between 
the  pair  are  called  interior,  those  without  exterior.  Of 
the  interior  angles,  a  pair  for  different  sides  of  the  inter- 
secting line,  and  at  different  intersected  lines,  are  called 
alternate  (which  see).  See  radian. 
Hence  —  2.  An  ang:ular  projection;  a  project- 
ing comer :  as,  the  angles  of  a  building. —  3.  In 
astrol.y  the  1st,  4th,  7th,  or 
10th  house. —  4.  In  anat.,  same 
as  angulus. —  5.  In  her.,  a  charge 
representing  a  narrow  band 
or  ribbon   bent  in   an  angle. 

[Rare.]— Angle  of  action,  in  gear- 
ing, the  angle  of  revolution  during 
which  a  toitth  remains  in  contact, — 
Angle  of  commutation.  See  com- 
mutation.—Angle  of 

Two  Angles  saltire-  COntact.  f^ee  con- 
wise  interlaced,  at  /,,W. —  Angle  Of  the 
each  end  an  annulet,    ^-^j^irt**!;  ■ 

(From  Bero'-s-Dict.    COndylCS.  >*^ecram- 
of  Heraldry.";  Oinetnj.  —  Angle    Of 

crushing,  inphysics, 
the  angle  which  the  fractured  surface  of 
a  crushed  pillar  makes  with  the  axis  of 
the  pillar.  It  is  constant  for  any  given 
mateiial.— Angle  Of  curvature,  the 
angle  which  measures  the  rate  of  diver- 
gence of  a  curve  from  a  tangent  to  it  at 
a  given  point.  It  is  the  angle  included 
between  the  tangent  and  an  infinitesimal  portion  of  the 
curve.— Angle  Of  defense,  in  /art.,  the  angle  formed  by 
the  meeting  I  if  tliL-  Uir-  i-f  defense  with  the  line  of  the  flank: 
the  angle  loniK-d  l>y  innducing  the  faces  of  the  bastion. — 
Angle  Of  departure,  in  ordnance,  the  angle  which  a  line 
passing  tlmmgh  the  ^iirhts  of  a  gun  and  the  target  makes 
with  the  tangent  to  the  trajector>'  of  the  projectile  as  it 
leaves  the  gun.  This  angle  differs  from  the  angle  of  eleva- 
tion in  consequence  of  the  muzzle  being  thrown  up  when 
the  gun  is  discharged,  and.  mIuu  there  is  windage,  because 
of  the  rebound  of  the  sin  -t  fr^  nn  the  sides  of  the  bore  near 
the  muzzle.  — Angle  Of  depression.  See  depression.— 
Angle  of  descent,  in  ordnance,  the  angle  which  a  tangent 
tothe  trujectni  y-if  the  projectile  makes  with  the  horizontal 
plane  pa^^ini:  tiimngh  the  point  of  first  graze  or  the  point 
of  impact.  — Angle  of  direction,  in  mech.,  an  angle  con- 
tained by  the  Hius  uf  ilireetion  of  two  conspiring  forces. — 
Angle  of  divergence,  in  hot.,  the  angle  between  two 
successive  leaves  on  the  same  stem.  It  is  expressed  as  a 
fraction  of  the  circumference  of  the  stem,  which  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a  circle.— Angle  of  draft,  for  vehicles  or 
liea\-}'  l>odies,  the  angle  which  the  line  of  <iirerti<>n  "f  the 
pulling  force  makes  with  the  plane  overwliirli  th.-  h<u]y  is 
(Jrawn.— Angle  of  elevation,  incidence,  inclination, 
polarization,  position,  reflection,  and  refraction- 
See  elevation,  etc.— Angle  of  repOSe,  the  greatest  angle 
of  obliquity  of  pressure  between  twn  planes  which  is  con- 
sistent with  stability,  as  of  a  weight  upon  an  inclined 
plane:  its  tangent  is  the  coefficient  of  friction.  Some- 
times called  the  angle  of  friction.  Specifically,  in  arch., 
the  angle  at  which  the  voussoirs  of  an  arch  cease  to  have 
any  tendency  to  slip,  or  to  exert  any  thrust  on  the  abut- 
ment. Rondelefs  experiments  with  well-WTought  sur- 
faces give  angles  ranging  from  *2S^  to  36'\  —  Angles  Of 
Segond.  See  craniometry.— Angle  Of  Sight,  in  ord- 
nance, the  angle  between  a  line  drawn  througli  the  axis  of 
the  bore  and  a  line  drawn  from  the  rear  of  the  base-ring 
to  the  swell  of  the  muzzle  or  to  the  top  of  the  sight.— 
Angleof  the  jaw,  in  ojiat.,  the  point  at  which  the  verti- 
cal  hinder  edge  of  the  ramu.s  meets  the  horizontal  inferior 
border.— Angle  Of  Weather,  tlu-  angle  at  which  the  sail 
of  a  windmill  is  set. —  Basilar  angle.  See  cranionictn/. — 

Carpal  angle.  See  crt/vm/.— Characteristic  angle  of 
a  curve,  see  i:fiaracti'ristic.—  Chord  Of  an  angle.  See 
cAon/.  — Clearance  angle,  i"  ord nance,  the  angle  which  a 
straight  line,  p:issing  through  the  topsof  the  taiigeiit-scale, 
dispart  sight,  am!  muzzle-notch,  makes  with  a  line  paral- 
lel to  tlu-  axis  of  the  piece.  It  varies  with  the  position  of 
the  dispart -sight  and  the  taper  of  thegun.— Coracoscap- 
ular  angle.  See  cordcoATa^H/ar.- Coronofacial  angle 
Of  Gratiolet.  See  cranjom^-^n/.— Cranial  angle,  see 
rrn/iro?/*''^!-!/.  — Critical  angle,  in  optic-i,  the  limiting 
angle  of  incidence  which  separates  the  totally  reflected 
rays  fruui  those  which  (at  least  partially)  escape  into  air. 
Tait,  Light,  §  117.— Dead  angle,  the  space  between  a 
fortification  and  the  nearest  pi'int  which  can  be  reached 
by  the  fire  of  its  defenders.  Within  this  space  an  assail- 
ant is  safe,  as  the  missiles  from  the  fortification  pass  over 
his  head.  Also  called  dead  iJ/wc*-.  —  Dihedral  angle. 
See  rf(7if'(/ra/.— Eccentric  angle,  see  fc<v»/ru\— Facial 
angle,  frontal  angle,  see  rrnniometrn.—Genal  angle. 
See  genal.—  HOUT  angle,  in  a.s^roH..  the  angle  between  the 
meridian  of  a  ^tar  and  the  meridian  of  the  zenith,  nu-a- 
sured  from  the  latter  toward  the  west,  and  usu;dly  rxjiress- 
ed  in  hours  and  fractions  of  an  hour.— Metafaclal  angle, 

nasobasaJ  angle,  occipital  angle,  parietal  angle.  See 


spherical  Angle. 


angle 

craniometry.— OU&CtOTy  angle.  See  oj/aclori/.— Optic 
angle.  Sec  o/adc  — Position  angle,  In  antnm.,  tho  in. 
cliliation  of  liny  .shnrt  lini-.  us  tin;  line  Iietween  the  tun 
conipiMifiits  of  u  (lout)le  star  to  the  ineridiiin.— Reenter- 
ing or  reentrant  angle,  iin  angle  of  whicli  the  apex  re- 
ceuea  with  reference  to  the  point  of  view  from  whicli  it  is 
consitlered ;  in  a  polygon,  an  angle  the  sides  of  whieh.  if 
produced,  would  cut  tile  ln)lygon. —  Solid  angle,  an  angle 
which  is  nmtle  tiy  more  than  two  plane  angl.s  uieeling 
in  one  point,  and  not  lying  in  the  same  plane,  as  the  an- 
gle of  a  cube.  A  solid  angle  of  a  cone  is  nieiisured  i>y  the 
area  of  the  segment  cut  olf  liy  the  cone  on  the  surface 
of  the  sphere  of  unit  radius,  having 
its  center  at  the  vertex  of  the  cone. 
—  Sphenoidal  angle.  Si^ecraniomf- 
'r;/.— Spherical  angle,  an  angle  on 
the  surface  of  a  siihere  contained  be- 
tween the  arcs  of  two  gi'eat  circles. 
Thus,  if  AE  and  CE  be  arcs  of  gl'eat 
circles  intersecting  each  other  at  the 
point  E,  the  angle  AEC  is  the  spherical 
angle  which  they  make  one  with  the 
other,  and  it  is  eipial  to  the  angle  of 
inclination  formed  by  the  planes  of  the  great  circles  AB 
and  CD.  The  angle  is  measnreil  by  the  angle  formed  by 
tlie  tangents  of  the  two  arcs  at  their  point  of  intersection. 
— Trlsectlon  of  the  angle,    .see  (iisecdon.— Vertical 

angle.     See  vrtU-al. 

angle-bar  (ang'gl-biir),  n.  l.  In  carp.,  a  verti- 
cal bar  placed  at  the  angles  or  lines  of  intersec- 
tion of  the  faces  of  a  polygonal  window  or  bay- 
window. —  2.  Same  as  angle-iron. 

angle-bead  (ang'gl-bed),  «.  A  round  angle- 
stall' ;  a  jilaster-bead  or  staff-bead. 

angle-beam  (ang'gl-bem),  «.  A  beam,  usually 
of  iron,  of  wliicli  a  portion  or  flange  is  set  at  an 
angle  with  tlie  main  portion. 

angle-bevel  (ang'gl-bev'el),  «.  Same  as  lievel- 
xquarc, 

angle-block  (ang'gl-blok),  n.  1.  In  bridge-  and 
roof-building,  a  block,  generally  of  metal,  placed 
at  the  junction  of  a  brace  or  strut  with  a  chord 
or  beam,  when  the  two  are  inclined  to  each 
other.  It  forms  an  abutment  for  the  end  of  the  brace 
or  strut,  and  the  tension-rods  usually  pass  through  it. 
2.  A  swivel  dock-block,  used  to  change  the  di- 
rection of  a  rope  when  hoisting,  etc. 

angle-brace  (ang'gl-bras),  n.  In  carp. :  («)  A 
piece  of  timber  having  its  two  ends  fixed  to 
the  two  pieces  forming  adja- 
cent members  in  a  system  of  f 
framing,  and  subtending  the 
angle  formed  by  their  junction . 

When  it  is  fixed  between  the  ojjpnsite 
angles  of  a  quadrangular  frame,  it  is 
called  a  diagonal  brace  or  diaii'uial 
tie,  and  when  placed  near  a  corner 
(n),  an  aii<jk-iie.  (fc)  An  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  rectangu- 
lar crank-frame,  like  the  car- 
penter's brace  (see  bruce'^),  but  usually  much 
stronger,  carrying  a  parallel  tool-spindle  which 
ends  in  a  pad  (a)  or  bit-socket  of  the  ordinary 
form,  and  carries  a  small  bevel-wheel  gearing 
into  a  second  wheel  on  the  axis  of  a  winch- 


Plan  of  an  Angle-Capital. 


.  /  /       ::\} 

^  y/" 

<■ 

//h 

It-                 1 

.1.    An^jlc-li.;. 
l\  Diagonal  braci 


213 

of  a  portico,  having  volutes  on  both  front  and 
flank,  Willi  tlie  volutes  whicli  would  come  to- 
gctlier  at  tlie  angle  of  the  entablature  combined 
and  turned  outward  on 
the  lino  of  the  diagonal 
between  the  planes  of 
the  frieze  on  front  and 
flank. —  2.  In  yi(i)H««  and 
modern  Ionic  areh.,  the 
capital  of  a  similarly  sit- 
uated column,  having 
four  volutes,  of  which 
each  is  on  a  diagonal  of 
the  abacus  of  the  capital. 

angle-chuck  (ang'gl- 
chuk),  H.  All  L-shaped  casting,  ora  short  length 
of  anglo-iron,  having  its  outer  face  planed,  and 
both  sides  provided  with  slots  for  bolts.  One  \- 
face  is  bolted  to  the  face-plate  of  a  lathe  or  to  the  table 
of  a  drilling-  or  planing-machine,  and  ti>  the  other  is  fas- 
tened the  piece  of  work  which  is  to  be  drilled  or  shaped. 
.See  ,-/,i(,-A-l. 

angled  (ang'gld),  a.  [<  angle'i  +  -erf2.]  Hav- 
ing angles.  Specifically,  in  her.,  broken  in  an  angular 
direction  :  said  of  the  boundary  of  an  ordinary  or  of  any 
other  line  usually  straight.     See  beveled. 

angle-float  (ang'gl-flot),  «.  A  float  or  plaster- 
er's trowel  made  to  fit  any  internal  angle  in 
the  walls  of  a  room. 

angle-iron  (ang'gl-i"eru),  ».  A  rolled  or  wrought 
bar  of  iron  in  the  form  of  an  angle,  used  in  iron 
constructions.  Angle-irons  are  made  with  sections  in 
the  form  of  right  angles,  with  equal  or  unequal  sides  ;  in 
the  shape  of  double  angles,  when  they  arc  called  channel- 
iram ;  and  in  the  form  of  the  letters  T,  I,  and  Z,  from 
which  they  take  the  names  of  T-,  J-,  and  Z-irom.  They 
are  used  for  joining  piece  to  piece  in  every  kind  of  iron- 
work, as  well  as  for  forming  component  parts  and  principal 
members  (as  the  ribs  of  ships,  the  V-girders  of  bridges  and 
floors)  in  all  iron  structures.     Also  called  anfile-bar. 

angle-meter  (ang'gl-me"ter),  n.  [<  angles  + 
meter",  q.  v.  See  angulometer.']  Any  instm- 
ment  used  for  measuring  angles ;  particularly, 
an  instrument  employed  by  geologists  formea- 
sm-ing  the  dip  of  strata;  a  clinometer. 

angle-modillion  (ang'gl-mo-dil"yon),  «.  [< 
angled  +  niodHlion.']  A  modilUon  or  carved 
bracket  placed  beneath  an  angle  of  a  cornice  in 
the  direction  of  its  diagonal,  or  of  the  line  of 
its  mitering. 

angle-plane  (ang'gl-plan),  n.  In  carp.,  a  plane 
whose  bit  reaches  into  a  reentering  angle. 

angle-pod  (ang'gl-pod),  n.  The  name  of  an 
ascli'ipjadaceous  'vane,  Gonolobus  Imvis,  of  the 
southern  United  States. 

angler  ( ang'gler),  n .  [=  OD.  angliclcr  (D.  henge- 
laar)  =  ti.  angler  =  Dan.  angler;  <  angle^,  v.,  -t- 
-e/1.]     1.  One  who  angles;  a  fisher  with  rod 


Boring  Angle-brace, 

handle,  by  which  motion  is  commimicated  to 
the  drill.  This  tool  is  chiefly  used  for  boring  holes  in 
positions,  as  corners,  where  the  ordinary  brace  cannot  be 
conveniently  applied.  For  heavy  work  it  is  usually  mount- 
ed in  an  orilinary  drill-frame.     Also  called  corner-drill. 

angle-bracket  (ang'gl-brak"ct),  «.  A  bracket 
placed  at  the  verte.x  of  an  interior  or  exterior 
angle,  and  not  at  right  angles  to  the  sides. 

angle-brick  (ang'gl-brik),  «.  A  brick  molded 
to  fit  any  angle  other  than  a  right  angle,  or  used 
to  ornament  a  quoin. 

angle-capital  (ang'gl-kap"i-tal),  »i.  1.  In  Gre- 
cian Jonic  arch.,  a  capital  on  the  comer  column 


Angle-Capitil,  north  porch  of  the  Ercchthcum,  Athens. 
1,  internal  angle ;  a,  external  angle. 


Angler  (Lcphius  fiscatorius). 

and  line. —  2.  The  fish  Lophius  piscatorius,  the 
typical  representative  of  the  family  Lophiidw 
(which  see).  The  name  was  introduced  by  Pennant  in 
place  of  the  earlier  names /(*'/)i«^-/";v>,'/atMl./"rof7ftj</i,  in  allu- 
sion to  its  attracting  small  fish,  which  are  its  prey,  by  the 
movement  of  certain  Illanients  attached  to  the  head  and 
mouth.     It  is  found  on  the  coasts  of  Europe  an<l  .*\nierica. 

angle-rafter  (ang'gl-rafter),  n.  A  rafter  placed 
at  the  junction  of  the  inclined  planes  fomiing 
a  hipped  roof.  Also  called  hip-rafter,  and  some- 
times picnd-raftcr.     See  hip^,  4. 

angler-fish  (ang'gler-fish),  n.  A  fi.sh  with  ce- 
phalic spines  modified  for  attracting  other 
fishes,  or  resembling  a  fishing-pole  and  line  with 
bait ;  any  fish  of  the  order  Pedieulati. 

Angles,  ".  pi.    See  Angle^. 

angle-shades  (ang'gl-shadz),  «.  A  British 
moth,  tlie  1  Mogophora  mcticulosa. 

anglesite (ang'gle-sit),  «...[<  Anglesea,  Anglesey, 
<  AS.  JngU.-.rg  (=  Iccl.  Ongidieij),  lit.  Angle's 
island,  so  called  after  it  was  conquered  by  the 
Angles;  fonnerly  called  Mona;<  Angles,  gen. 
of  Angel  (see  Angle-),  +  eg,  ig,  island:  see  ait, 
eifi,  and  island.']  A  sulphate  of  lead  occurring 
in  prismatic  crystals,  commonly  transparent 
and  colorless,  with  brilliant  adamantine  luster 
and  light  shades  of  yellow,  gi-een,  blue,  and 
gray.  It  occurs  also  in  massive  forms  with  graiuilur 
structure.  The  crystals  are  often  found  in  cavities  of  the 
lead  sulphid  galena,  fi-om  the  decomposition  of  which  they 
have  been  formed. 

angle-splice  (ang'<;l-splis),  n.  A  splice  in  the 
angle  of  a  rail-head  or  -foot. 


Anglicize 

angle-staff  (ang'gl-staf ),  «.  in  building,  a  ver- 
tical wooden  strip  placed  at  a  projecting  or 
salient  angle  in  an  interior,  to  preserve  the 
corner,  and  to  serve  as  a  guide  by  which  to  float 
the  plaster  when  flush  with  it.  When  prominent 
it  is  generally  made  ornamental,  and  when  rounded  it 
is  called  an  aiujle-head  or  ntajl'-t^ead. 

anglett,  «•     Erroneous  fonn  of  aglet. 

angle-tie  lang'gl-ti),  «.    See  angle-brace  (a). 

angletwitch  (ang'gl-twicli),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also 
(  orniptly  angletoueli,  <  ME.  anglctwitchc,  angte- 
tu-iiehr,  <  AS.  angcltu-icca,  -twecca,  -twacca, 
-tu-icce,  <  angel,  a  hook,  angle,  +  'twicca,  <  twic- 
cian,  twitch,  tweak :  see  angle'^  and  twitch, 
tweak.  Cf.  E.  dial.  Iwachcl,  a  dew-worm ;  an- 
gledog,  a  large  earthworm.]  An  angleworm; 
an  earthworm.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

anglewise  (ang'gl-wiz),  adv.  [<  anglc3  -h  wise^.] 
Alter  tlie  manner  of  an  angle;  angularly. 

angleworm  (ang'gl-werm),  n.  [<  an'glf^  + 
worm.]  A  worm  used  for  bait  in  angling;  an 
earthwonn. 

Anglian  (ang'gU-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  liL.  Anglia, 
the  region  inhabited  by  the  Angles,  in  a  wider 
sense  England  (<  L.  Angli,  Angles:  seoAngle^), 
+  -an.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Angles, 
or  to  East  Anglia. 
II.  «.  A  member  of  the  tribe  of  the  Angles. 

Anglic (ang'glik), a.  [< JIL. Anglicus,<h. Angli, 
the  Angles:  see  Angle".]  Same  as  Anglian. 
[Rare.] 

Anglican  (ang'gli-kan),  a.  and  h.  [<  ML.  An- 
glicunus,  <  Anglicus,  pertaining  to  the  .Angles 
or  to  England:  see  Anglic.]  I.  a.  EugUsh. 
Specifically — (a)  Of  or  pertaining  to  England 
ecclesiastically;  pertaining  to  or  connected 
with  the  Church  of  England. 

Many  members  of  the  Papal  communion  have  main- 
tained the  validity  of  Amjlicun  orders. 

Gladstone,  Church  Principles,  p.  228.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

(6)  High-church;  pertaining  to  or  characteris- 
tic of  the  high-church  party  of  the  Church  of 
England — Anglican  Church,  (n)  The  church  of  Eng- 
land, especially  as  maintaining  a  Catholic  character  In  in- 
dependence of  the  pope  :  usually  applie<l,  therefore,  to  the 
Church  of  England  since  the  Keformalion.  Tliis  designa- 
tion occurs,  however,  in  a  provision  of  ^laglia  Chaita, 
"  that  the  Anglican  Church  be  free  "  {quod  Antjlicana  eccle- 
sia  libera  »it). 

The  sober  Principles  and  old  establishment  of  the  Ati- 
ijlicane  Church. 

Fell,  Hammonds  Life,  ill  his  Works,  I.  12.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

(b)  In  a  more  comprehensive  sense,  the  Church  of  England 
and  the  churches  in  other  countries  in  full  accord  with  it 
as  to  doctrine  ami  church  t»rgaiiizati<in  :  that  is.  the  church 
of  Ireland  (disestal.lisbed  1n(,:i),  llie  Episcopal  clinrch  in 
Scotland,  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  i'nited 
States,  and  the  churches  founded  by  the  Church  of  England 
in  the  British  colonies  or  elsewhere.    See  ejnucopal. 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, or  of  a  church  in  full  agi'eement  with  it. 
— 2.  One  who  upholds  the  system  or  teachings 
of  the  Chm'ch  of  England  ;  especially,  one  who 
emphasizes  the  authority  of  that  ehui'ch ;  a 
high-churchman. 

Anglicanism  (ang'gli-kan-izm),  n.  [<  Angli- 
can +  -(6m.]  The  principles  of  the  Anglican 
Church  or  of  Anglicans. 

Anglic^  (ang'gli-se),  adv.  [ML.,  adv.,  <  Angli- 
cus, English:  see  Anglic]  In  English;  in  the 
English  language. 

Anglicifyt  (ang-glis'i-fi),  r.  t.  [<  ML.  Anglicus 
(see  Anglic)  -t-  -fi/,  <  L.  -ftcare,  <  facere,  make.] 
To  make  Engli.sh ;  Anglicize.     [Rare.] 

Anglicisation,  Anglicise.    See  Anglicization, 

A  iujlicize. 
Anglicism  (ang'gli-sizm),  n.     [<  JIL.  Anglicus 
(sec  Anglic)  +  -ism.]     1.   The  state  or  quality 
of   being  English  ;  that  which  is  peculiar  to 
England  in  speech,  manner,  or  principle. 

If  Addison's  language  had  been  less  idiomatieal  it 
would  have  lost  something  of  its  genuine  Aniflici*-m. 

Johiuion,  Addison. 

She  (Englaiidl  has  a  conviction  that  whatever  good  there 
is  in  us  is  wholly  English,  when  the  truth  is  that  we  are 
worth  nothing  except  so  far  as  we  have  disinfecteil  our- 
selves of  Awjlicism.  Lourtl,  Study  Wimlows,  p.  SO. 

2.  An  idiom  of  the  English  language. — 3.  A 
word  or  an  expression  used  particularly  in  Eng- 
land, and  not  in  use,  or  in  good  use,  in  the 
United  States. 

Anglicization  (ang'gli-si-za'shon),  H.  [<  An- 
gli ci-r  -i-  -iition.]  The  act  or  process  of  making 
English  in  form  or  character,  or  of  becoming 
Anglicized.     Also  spelled  Anglicisation. 

Anglicize  (ang'gli-siz),  I',  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
Anglicized,  ppr.  Anglicizing.  [<  ML.  Anglicus 
(see  Anglic)  +  -i-e.]  To  make  English ;  render 
conformable  to  English  modes  or  usages.  Also 
spelled  Anglicise.     [Often  without  a  capital.] 


Anglicize 

Tlie  last  persons  who  bt-ui-  any  likeness  to  the  lam- 
fftione  are  the  Germans,  with  tlu-ir  honest,  heavy  faees 
comieally  aivjUcized  by  leg-of-nuitton  whiskers. 

lIou'clLi,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 

Anglification  (ang"gli-fi-ka'Khon),  (I.  [<  Ah- 
ylifli:  siH!  -Jicatioii.']  The  act  of  making  Eng- 
lish, or  of  bringing  into  conformity  with  English 
modes  and  ideas. 

Angliform  (ang'gli-form),  n.  [<  L.  An{jli, 
Angles,  English  (sec  JikjIc"),  +  Joniia,  form.] 
Kesembling  English  in  fonn :  as,  "ihe  Ant/li- 
form  dialects  of  the  Continent,"  J.  A.  JI.  Mur- 
ray, Eneve.  Brit.,  VIII.  391. 

Anglify  (ang'gli-fi),  v.  ^;  pret.  and  pp.  Atujli- 
1ii(l,  ppr.  Aiitjiifi/iiig.  [<  L.  Anijhis,  sing,  of 
Angli  (see  Aiigh-),  +  -fi/,  <  L.  -ficarc,  <  facerc, 
make.]  To  inake  English ;  Anglicize ;  espe- 
cially, to  adopt  into  the  English  language  and 
make  a  part  of  it:  as,  to  Anylifij  French  words, 
that  is,  to  give  them  an  English  form  in  orthog- 
raphy, inflection,  or  pronunciation.     [Bare.] 

Tile  shops  |in  Jlauritius)  were  all  French ;  indeed,  I 
should  think  that  Calais  or  Boulogne  was  much  more 
Anglified.  Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  11.  2S2. 

angling  (ang'gling),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  anrile^, »'.] 
The  act  or  art  of  fishing  with  a  rod  and  line ; 
rod-fishing. 

We  may  say  of  anfjlinij  as  Dr.  Boteler  said  of  strawber- 
ries :  "  Doubtless  God  could  have  made  a  better  berry,  Imt 
doubtless  (iod  never  diii;"  and  so,  if  I  might  be  judge, 
God  ne^'er  liid  make  a  more  calm,  quiet,  innocent  recrea- 
tion than  aii'jl'iU'j.  I.  Waltmi,  Complete  Angler,  i.  6. 

Anglish  (ang'glish),  a.  and  n.  [<  AngW^  + 
-isli^.  The  AS.  Emjllsc,  orig.  *Anglisc,  having 
become  E.  English  with  much  altered  meaning, 
the  term  Anglish  has  been  occasionally  used  by 
recent  writers  in  the  original  sense  of  '  English ' : 
see  English. '\  I,  a.  Anglian;  Anglo-Saxon; 
English. 

II.  «.  The  .Ajiglo-Saxon  or  earliest  English 
language.     Haldeman. 

Anglo-.  [First  in  ML.  Anglo-Saxones  {see  Anglo- 
Saxon)  ;  the  combining  form  of  L.  Angliis,  pi. 
Angli,  the  Angles,  the  'English,'  extended  to 
include  the  modern  English:  see  Angle^.'\  An 
element  in  many  compound  words,  meaning 
.Angles  or  English,  connected  with  England: 
as,  ,Ih(7?o- American  ;  J«(//o-Iinlian. 

Anglo-American  (ang"gl6-a-mer'i-kan),  a.  and 
H.  I.  «.  1.  Belonging  or  relating  to,  or  connect- 
ed with,  England  and  America  or  the  United 
States,  or  with  the  people  of  both:  as,  Anglo- 
American  commerce ;  Anglo-American  relations. 
— 2.  Pertaining  to  the  English  who  have  settled 
in  America,  especially  in  the  United  States,  or 
have  become  American  citizens :  as,  the  Anglo- 
American  population  of  New  York. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  descendant  of  a  native  of 
England  who  has  settled  in  America  or  has  be- 
come an  American  (United  States)  citizen. 

Anglo-Catholic  (ang-gl6-kath'o-lik),  a.  and  n. 

1.  a.  1.  Catholic  according  to  the  teachings  of 
the  Church  of  England.  The  Church  of  England 
maintains  that  it  is  Catholic  in  the  same  sense  and  on  the 
same  grounds  as  those  on  which  the  Greek  Church  claims 
to  be  Catholic,  namely :  (1)  as  haring  retained  its  organ- 
ization in  continuous  succession  from  the  earliest  Christian 
centuries  in  accordance  with  primitive  canons ;  (2)  as  re- 
ceiving the  doctrinal  decisions  of  the  councils  acknow- 
ledged as  ecumenical  by  both  tlie  Greek  and  the  Latin 
Church ;  and  (.3)  as  h,aving  canonical  jurisdiction  in  the 
countries  in  which  it  exists. 

2.  Laying  especial  stress  on  the  Catholic  char- 
acter of  the  Chm-ch  of  England ;  high-church. 
Applied  to  that  party  in  the  Anglican  Church  which  in 
doctrine  and  ceremonies  most  closely  approximates  to  the 
Koman  Catholic  Church,  sometimes  called  the  ritualistic, 
high,  or  Ptusajite  section  of  the  church. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Church  of  England, 
or  of  any  Anglican  church ;  especially,  one  who 
maintains  the  Catholic  character  of  the  Angli- 
can Chm'ch.  Hence  the  term  has  been  applied  espe- 
cially to  the  high-churchmen  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
such  as  Laud,  Andrews,  Cosin,  and  Jeremy  Taylor,  and  in 
the  present  century  to  the  adherents  of  the  Oxford  move- 
ment, such  as  Rose,  William  P.almer,  J.  H,  Newnian,  Ke- 
ble,  and  Pusey,  and  later  to  the  revivers  of  ancient  ritual, 
known  as  ritualists. 

Anglo-Catholicism  (ang"gl6-ka-thol'i-sizm),  n. 
The  principles  of  the  Anglican  Church  regarded 
as  catholic;  the  principles  of  Anglo-Catholics. 

Anglo-Danish  (aug-glo-dii'nish),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  English  Danes,  or  the  Danes  who 
settled  in  lOngland. 

Anglo-French  (ang-gl6-french'),  a.  and  n.  I, 
a.  English  and  French;  pertaining  to  the  lan- 
guage so  called. 

II.  n.  That  form  of  Old  French  brought  into 
England  by  tlie  Normans  and  later  comers  from 
France,  and  tliere  separately  developed ;  Anglo- 
J^orman. 


214 

Anglogaea  (ang-glo-ie'ji),  ».  [NL.,  <  Anglo-  + 
Gr.  yaiii,  eartli,  coiuitry.]  In  soogcog.,  the  Au- 
gloga^an  realm;  Nearctic  America  or  Arcta- 
mi'iica.     ^.'(7/. 

Anglogaean  (ang-gl6-je'an),  a.  In  soogeog.,  a 
term  applied  by  Gill  to  one  of  the  nine  realms  or 
prime  di\asions  of  the  earth's  land-suif  ace,  in- 
cluding North  America  as  far  southward  as 
about  to  the  present  Mexican  boundary  in  the 
lowlands,  and  to  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec  in 
the  Jiighlands:  synonymous  Vfith  Arctamerican 
or  Nearctic. 

Anglo-Indian  (ang-gl6-in'di-an),  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  1.  Connected  with  both  England  and  India; 
combining  English  and  Indian  characteristics: 
as,  Anglo-Indian  trade;  Anglo-Indian  ■wordiS. — 
2.  Eelating  to  or  connected  with  those  parts 
of  India  which  belong  to  Great  Britain  or  are 
tinder  British  protection:  as,  the  Anglo-Indian 
empire. —  3.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  An- 
glo-Indians: as,  J «,'//"-/'"''«)(  housekeeping. 

II.  H.  One  of  the  English  race  born  or  resi- 
dent in  the  East  Indies. 

Anglo-Irish  (ang-glo-i'rish),  a.  and  ».  I,  a.  1. 
Connected  with  both  England  and  Ireland  ;  re- 
lating to  both  these  countries  or  to  their  in- 
habitants.—  2.  Pertaining  to  the  English  who 
have  settled  in  Ireland,  or  to  their  descendants. 
—  3.  Of  English  parentage  on  one  side  and  of 
Irish  on  the  other. 

II.  n.  pi.  1.  English  people  bom  or  resident 
in  Ireland. — 2.  Descendants  of  parents  Eng- 
lish on  one  side  and  Irish  on  the  other. 

Anglomant  (ang'gl6-man\  «.;  pi.  Anglomen 
(-men).  [<  F.  anglomane,  \  anglomanie,  Anglo- 
mania; in  Jefferson's  use  (def.  2)  as  if  <  Anglo- 
-h  man.}  1.  An -Ajiglomaniac. — 2.  A  partizan 
of  English  interests  in  America. 

It  will  be  of  great  consequence  to  France  and  England 

to  have  America  governed  Ijy  a  Galloman  or  an  v4  iiffloina  il 

Jefferson,  Works  (1859),  IL  317.     {X.  E.  D.) 

Anglomania  (ang-glo-ma'ni-ii),  n.  [=  F.  an- 
glomanie; <  Anglo-  +  Gr.  fiavla,  madness:  see 
inania.']  An  excessive  or  undue  attachment 
to,  respect  for,  or  imitation  of  that  which  is 
English  or  peculiar  to  England,  as  English  in- 
stitutions, manners,  and  customs. 

Anglomaniac  (ang-gl6-ma'ni-ak),  n.  [iAnglo- 
-1-  maniac,  after  Anglomania.']  One  who  is  pos- 
sessed by  a  mania  for  all  that  is  English. 

Anglo-Norman  (aug-gl6-n6r'man),  a.  and  n. 

1.  ft.  1.  Pertaining  to  both  England  and  Nor- 
mandy, or  to  their  inhabitants. — 2.  Pertaining 
to  the  Normans  who  settled  in  England  after 
the  conquest  in  1066. — 3.  Of  both  EngUsh  and 
Norman  descent. 

II.  H.  1.  One  of  the  Normans  who  settled  in 
England  after  its  conquest  by  William  of  Nor- 
mandy in  1066,  or  one  of  the  descendants  of 
such  a  settler.  The  teim  is  seldom  applied  to  any 
descendants  of  the  Normans  of  a  time  later  than  the 
twelfth  centui'y  ;  after  that  time  they  are  called  English. 

2.  The  Norman  dialect  of  Old  French  as  spo- 
ken and  separately  developed  in  England. 

Anglophobe  (ang''gl6-f6b),  )(.  [<  F.  anglo- 
}ihobe,  <  Anglo-,  English,  +  Gr.  (jiofie'iv.  fear.] 
One  who  hates  or  fears  England  or  the  English. 
Also  called  Anglopholiist. 

Anglophobia  (ang-gl6-f6'bi-a),  n.  [<  Anglo-  + 
Gr.  -ifiojiia,  fear:  see  -phobia.]  An  intense 
hatred  or  fear  of  England,  or  of  whatever  is 
English. 

Anglophobic  (ang-gl6-f6'bik),  a.  [<  Anglo- 
phobia +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
by  Anglophobia. 

Anglophobist  (ang'glo-fo-bist),  n.  [<  Anglo- 
2>hobe  -t-  -ist.]  Same  as  Anglophobe:  as,  "a 
bitter  Anglophobist,"  H.  Cabot  Lodge,  Webster, 
p.  267. 

Anglo-Saxon  (ang-gl6-sak'son),  n.  and  a.  [< 
ML.  Anglo-iSaxones,  more  con-ectly  written  A)i- 
glosaxones,  pi.,  also  Angli  iSaxoncs  or  Angli  ct 
Saxones,  rarely  Saxoncs  Angli.  The  term  fre- 
quently occurs  in  the  charters  of  Alfred  and 
his  successors  (chiefly  in  the  gen.  pi.  with  rex) 
as  the  general  name  of  their  people,  all  the 
Teutonic  tribes  in  England ;  but  it  is  sometimes 
confined  to  the  people  south  of  the  Humber. 
The  same  term  is  used  by  foreign  chroniclers 
and  writers  in  Latin  from  the  8th  to  the  12th 
century,  in  the  same  meaning  as  by  Alfred.  In 
the  Latin  charters  the  gen.  pi.  varies  from  An- 
glosaxonum  (besides  Anglorum  Saxonum  and 
Anglorum  ct  Saxomim)  through  the  half  AS. 
Angulsaxonum  to  the  wholly  AS.  Angulsaxna, 
the  AS.  forms  (in  the  Anglo-Saxon  charters) 
being. /«;/)*/*•« jHft,  -saxona,  -scaxna,  -swxna,  -sex- 
na,  and  Ongulsaxna,  gen.  pi.  of  ' Angidscaxan 


Anglo-Saxon 

(corresponding  to  IVcst-sinxan,  Edst-seaxan, 
Sfdh-seaxan,  -seaxe,  Miildel-scaxc,  Kald-seaxan, 
West-,  East-,  South-,  Middle-,  Old-Saxons), 
<  .Ingnl,  Ongiil,  orig.  the  name  of  the  district 
from  which  the  Angles  came,  in  comp.  the  com- 
bining form  of  .tnglc,  Englc,  jjl.,  the  Angles  (so 
also  in  Anijtl-,  (higcl-,  Dngol-njnn,  also  Angcl- 
thcod,  .Ingcl-folc,  the  Angle  (Anglo-Saxon)  peo- 
ple, Angel-cyning,  their  king,  Angcl-cyrice,  the 
Angle  (Anglo-Saxon)  church,  Angrl-theotr,  a 
man's  name,  lit.  Angle-servant),  -t-  tieaxan,  Sax- 
ons: see.lHiy^t^and.S'nxOH.  In  the  Latin  charters 
the  country  is  sometimes  called  Anglosaxonia  or 
Angulaaionia,  as  well  as  Saxonia.  The  ML.  An- 
glosiixonrs  is  a  true  compound,  following  such 
forms  as  L.  Sijropiha'nix,  <  Gr.  Xvpfxpoivi^,  a  Syro- 
phenician,  i.  e.,  a  Syrian  Phenician;  L.  Indo- 
scythus,  <  Gr.  'IvAuaavOoc,  an  Inclian  Scythian ;  L. 
Indoscythia,  <  Gr.  'IvSoaKidia,  Indoscj^thia;  L. 
Gatlogr(rci,  the  Gallic  or  Galatian  Greeks,  Gal- 
lohispani,  the  Gallic  Hispanians,  the  Gauls  of 
Spain,  etc.,  the  fonn  in  -o-  being  the  crude  form 
or  stem  of  the  first  element,  which  stands  in  a 
quasi-adjective  relation  to  the  second:  see  -o-. 
Cf.  D.  Angelsakser,  n.,  -saksisch,  a.,  Hv/.AngeU 
sachsarc,  n.,  AngeUachsislc,  a.,  Dan.  Angelsach- 
scr,  n.,  Angelsachsisk,  a.,  based  on  the  G.  Angel- 
sachsc,  pi.  -en,  n.,  Angelsdchsisch,  a. ;  all  mod.] 
I.  n.  1.  (ft)  Literally,  one  of  the  Angle  or 'Eng- 
lish' Saxons;  sometimes  restricted  to  the  Sax- 
ons who  dwelt  chiefly  in  the  southern  districts 
(Wessex,  Essex,  Sussex,  Middlesex — names 
which  contain  a  form  of  Saxon  —  and  Kent)  of 
the  country  which  came  to  be  known,  from  a 
kindj'ed  tribe,  as  the  land  of  the  Angles,  Engla 
land,  now  England,  but  usually  extended  to  the 
whole  people  or  nation  formed  by  the  aggre- 
gation of  the  Angles,  Saxons,  and  other  early 
Teutonic  settlers  in  Britain,  or  the  whole  people 
of  England  before  the  conquest.  (6)  pi.  The 
English  race ;  all  persons  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  in  the  United  States,  and  in  their  de- 
pendencies, who  belong,  actually  or  nominally, 
nearly  or  remotely,  to  the  Teutonic  stock  of 
England;  in  the  widest  use,  all  English-speak- 
ing or  English-appearing  people. —  2.  [The  adj. 
used  absolutely.]  The  language  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons;  Saxon;  the  earliest  form  of  the  Eng- 
lish language,  constituting,  with  Old  Saxon, 
Old  Friesic,  and  other  dialects,  the  Old  Low 
German  group,  belonging  to  the  so-called  West 
Germanic  division  of  the  Teutonic  speech.  The 
first  Anglo-Saxon  dialect  to  receive  literary  cultivation 
wjis  that  of  the  .\ngk-s  (-\nglo-Saxon  -Engte,  Engk) :  hence 
the  name  ^Engli.^c,  Eiurlisc,  that  is,  Anglish,  was  after- 
ward applied  to  all  the  dialects,  and  particularly  to  the 
prevailing  one,  West  Saxon  ;  it  is  the  origin  of  the  name 
English  as  applied  to  the  modern  mixed  language.  (See 
Anglish  and  English.)  A  Middle  Latin  name  for  the  lan- 
guage was  lingtia  Saxonica,  or  lingua  Saxonum  or  Anglo- 
saxonum.  The  Anglo-.Saxon  language,  in  the  widest  use  of 
the  name,  consistol  of  sevi-val  dialects:  tlie  Nortliern  or 
Anglian  gl'oup,  includin:.:  tlie  (Htt  >urtliuml'rian  and  the 
Midland  or  Mercian  tiialeets.  and  tlie  Southern  or  Saxon 
group,  including  tlie  West  Saxon  and  the  Kentish.  The 
Kentish  remains  are  scantj.  the  Mercian  scantier  still  and 
doubtful,  while  the  Old  Nortluimbrian  remains  are  con- 
siderable. The  great  bulk  of  the  .\nglo-Saxon  literature 
is  West  Saxon,  tlie  two  terms  beinvr  practically  synony- 
mous except  wlien  expressly  distinguished  as  generic  and 
specific.  In  tlie  (llil  or  .Middle  Englisli  period  the  Mid- 
land dialect  Ijccaiiie  conspicuous,  and  it  is  tt-'  it  tliat  the 
f'lnn  of  nioilfin  F.n,ulish  is  cliielly  due.  In  this  dictitm.ary 
Aiigln'.^axnn  (alilneviated  AS.)  includes  the  whole  lan- 
guage (but  chicll\  \\\st  Saxon,  tlie  old  Northumbrian  and 
Kelitisli  lieilig  discriminuted  w lien  necessary)  from  the 
middle  of  tile  lil'th  century,  or  rather  from  the  seventh  cen- 
tury, wlicn  the  tirst  conteiiiiioraiy  recorils  begin,  to  the 
miiidlc  or  end  of  the  twelfth  century  ;  the  language  from 
the  cunquest  (lOOC)  to  tlie  end  of  this  period  being  '  late 
Anglo-Saxon.'    See  English. 

Several  of  the  English  scholars  who  are  most  active  in 
the  study  of  early  English  wage  war  on  Anglo-Saxon. 
Tliey  attack  tile  word.  .  .  .  They  are  still  more  hostile  to 
the  suggestion  which  goes  with  the  word,  that  the  speech 
called  .1  nglu-.Saxou  is  dirt'ereiit  from  model  ii  English,  so  as 
to  deserve  a  separate  name.  They  say  there  bus  been  but 
one  speech  spoken  in  England  by  the  Teutonic  tribes  and 
their  descendants  from  Ca?dmon  to  Tennyson.  .  .  .  This 
classic  Anglo-Saxon  dilTers  from  our  English  in  phonology, 
...  in  vocabulary,  .  .  .  (in]  inflections,  ...  in  tlie  deri- 
vation of  words,  .  .  .  [in]  syntax, .  .  .  [in]  versification  [see 
alliteration],  .  .  .  [and  in]  the  modes  of  thought.  .  .  .  The 
former  is  a  synthetic  German  speech,  with  its  own  periods 
of  early  irregular  idiom,  classic  culti\ation,ilecIiiieand  fall 
into  dialects  ;  the  latter  an  analytic  mixed  speech  of  Ro- 
manic cultivation,  with  other  periods  of  growth,  and  classic 
regularity  and  progress.  And  a  chaos  separates  the  two 
languages.  It  is  only  when  attention  is  directed  to  the 
history  of  etjnnological  forms  that  unity  can  be  plausibly 
claimed  for  them.  .  .  .  But  while  the  iiiii>ortaiue  of  these 
forms  in  tracing  the  descent  of  languages  is  jirobably  not 
overrated,  their  weight  in  establisliinu'  identity  or  simi- 
larity may  easily  be.  .  .  .  The  proposed  use  t,'fo/(/ A'i)(/£i«A 
(in  place  of  Anglo-Saxon]  does  not  distinguish,  but  con- 
founds all  the  periods  of  .inglii-.^axoii  and  the  two  early 
periods  of  English.  .  .  .  The  reiusons  urged  for  this  no- 
menclature are  in  great  part  sentimental.  It  is  tliought 
to  magnify  the  English  language  and  race  to  represent 


Anglo-Saxon 

them  as  LowOennnii,  liuviiiK  uii  \inlirokeii  history  parnlk-I 
with  that  of  thf  iii^li  (it'Miian,  niul  reacliiiit;  through  a 
more  famous  career  to  a  more  venerable  antiquity.  But 
Aiiifrirans  are  tauglit  to  Itelicve  in  mixed  races,  and  it 
nuigiiillis  tile  Englisli  most  in  our  eyes  to  represent  it  in 
tile  dill  fasliion,  as  formeil  hy  the  junction  of  two  j:reat 
languages,  the  iiearers  of  tile  best  cultivation  of  the  Teu- 
tonic and  itoniaiiic  races. 

F.  A.  March,  in  'I'rans.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  I\'.  9"-10.'>. 

U.  a.  1.  Of  or  pcrtainins  to  the  Anglo-Sax- 
ons :  as,  the  .1  nijIo-Saxiw  kiiifjs ;  the  A  nglo-Sajoit 
language. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  language 
of  the  Anglo-Sa.xons;  belonging  to,  derived 
from,  or  having  the  form  or  spirit  of  that  lan- 
guage: as,  the  Atuilo-Siixon  elements  of  mod- 
ern English;  the  proportion  of  Aiif/lo-Saxon 
words  in  the  Bible  or  Shakspere;  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  style,  as  contrasted  with  a  Latin  style. — 
3.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  eharaeteristie  of  Anglo- 
Saxons,  or  the  English-speaking  race :  as,  An- 
glo-Saxon enterprise;  the  political  genius  of 
the  Aniilo-Saxon  race. 

Anglo-Saxondom  (ang-glo-sak'son-dum),  n. 
[<  Aniilo-Siixiin  +  -(/»«/.]  The  Anglo-Saxon 
domain;  the  whole  body  of  Anglo-Saxons,  in 
sense  1  (i). 

Anglo-Saxonic  (ang"gl6-sak-son'ik),  a.  [< 
ML.  Aiiijloxaxonicns,  <.  Anglusaxoncs :  see  Anglo- 
Saxon.]  Of  iVnglo-Saxou  character  or  quality; 
Anglo-Saxon  in  origin  or  seeming. 

Anglo-Saxonism  (aug-glo-sak'son-izm),  n. 
[<  Anglo-Saxon  +  -ism.]  1.  A  characteristic  or 
peculiarity  of  tlie  Anglo-Saxon  race. —  2.  A 
word,  phrase,  idiom,  or  peculiarity  of  speech 
belonging  to  Anglo-Saxon,  or  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin  or  type. — 3.  The  state  of  being  Anglo- 
Saxon  in  the  widest  sense ;  that  which  consti- 
tutes the  Anglo-Saxon  or  English  character  in 
the  aggregate  ;  the  feeling  of  pride  in  being 
Anglo-Saxon. 

angnailf,  «.  The  more  correct  form  of  agnail. 
See  agnail  and  hangnail. 

angola  (ang-go'lS),  ».  A  common  but  corrupt 
form  of  angora. 

Angola  cat,  pea,  seed,  weed.    See  the  nouns. 

angon  (ang  gon),  n.  [ML.  ango,  <  MGr.  d>7ui'.] 
The  heavy  barbed  javelin  of  the  Franks.  It  is 
descrilied  as  being  not  very  long,  but  heavy,  and  used  as 
much  to  drag  down  the  enemy's  shield,  when  fixed  in  it 
by  its  barbs,  as  to  inflict  wounds ;  in  this  respect  resem- 
bling the  pilum  (which  see).  It  was  also  used  as  a  pike 
or  laiice  in  close  comliat. 

angor  (aug'gor),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
gour  and   (by  confiisimi  with  angeA)   anger, 

<  late  ME.  angnrr,  <  OF.  angor,  angour,  <  L. 
angor,  ace.  angorcin,  anguish,  trouble,  Ut.  a 
strangling,  <  angcre  (=  Gr.  iiyxeiv),  compress, 
throttle,  strangle,  stifle,  distress,  torment, 
trouble:  see  angui.'ih,  angust,  and  anger^.  In 
the  medical  sense  angor  is  nearly  synonymous 
with  the  kindred HHf/(«o.]  If.  Anguish;  intense 
bodily  or  mental  pain. 

For  man  is  laden  with  ten  thousand  languors: 
All  other  creatures  onely  feele  tlie  aiif^ors 
Of  few  diseases. 
Sylveiler,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas  (ed.  Grosart),  The  Fmies,  1. 607. 
Whose  voices,  anijem,  and  terrors,  and  sometimes  howl- 
ings,  lie  said  he  often  heard. 

Abp.  l^'s.fhfr,  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit,  p.  17.'j. 

2.  In  mcd.,  extreme  anxiety,  accompanied  with 
painful  constriction  at  the  epigastrium,  and 
often  with  palpitation  and  oppression.  Dungli- 
son. 

angora  (ang-go'ra),  H.  [<  Angora  (Turk.  An- 
gliiir),  mod.  formof  Gr.'JljKupa,  L.  Ancyra,  a  town 
in  Asia  Minor,  giving  name  to  the  cat  and  the 
goat  so  called:  see  also  Anci/rcnc.  The  name 
coincides  with  Gr.  ajKiyio,  L.  ancora,  a  hook,  an 
anchor:  see  anchor'^.]  A  light  cloth  made  of 
Angora  wool,  and  used  for  coats  and  cloaks. 
The  angora  of  conuiierce  does  not  now  contain  Angora 
wool,  but  is  made  of  mohair  and  silk.  Erroneously  but 
commonly  written  aii(n>la. 

Angora  cat,  goat,  wool.    See  the  nouns. 

Angostura  bark.  [<  Angostura,  a  toiNTi  in  Ven- 
ezuela, on  the  Orinoco;  lit.  a  naiTow  pass;  < 
Sp.  angostura  (=  Pg.  angnstiira),  luirrowness,  a 
narrow  pass,  <  anyosto  (=  Pg.  angiisto),  narrow, 

<  L.  angustus,  narrow:  see  angust  and  anguish.] 
See  hark-^. 

angrily  (ang'gri-li),  adr.    [ME.  angrily,  angryhj. 
-ticlic;  <  angry  -t-  -ly'^.    Of.  aiigcrly,  adr.]    In  an 
angry  manner;  with  indications  of  resentment. 
Kashly  and  anfirilij  I  promised:  hut  cunningly  and  pa- 
tiently will  I  perforni.  C.  Kimjdey,  The  Heroes. 

angriness  (ang'gri-nes),  «.  1.  The  state  of 
being  angry. 

Such  an  angrineas  of  humour  that  we  take  fire  at  every- 
thing. Dr.  II.  Mure,  Whole  Duty  of  .Man,  §  ii. 

2.  Inflammation  and  pain  of  a  sore  or  swell- 
ing.    [Obsolescent.] 


215 

angry  (ang'gri),  a.  [ME.  angry,  earlier  an- 
gericli ;  <  angirl  -h  -yl.]  If.  (pausing  grief  or 
trouble;  troublesome;  vexatious;  trying. 

"Jod  had  jirovidcd  a  severe  and  awjry  education  to 
chasten  the  frowardness  of  a  young  spirit. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons,  III.  I(i7. 

2t.  Feeling  grief  or  trouble ;  grieved;  troubled; 
vexed. — 3.  Feeling  or  showing  anger  or  re- 
sentment (ii-ith  or  at  a  person,  at  or  about  a 
thing) :  said  of  persons, 
fiod  is  anyry  with  the  wicked  every  day.  Ps.  vii.  11. 
Rather  be  glad  to  amend  your  illliving  than  to  be  anyry 
when  you  are  warned  or  told  of  ycnir  fault. 

Latinivr,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 
How  he  fell 
From  heaven  they  fabled,  thrown  by  angry  .Jove 
Slieer  o'er  the  crystal  battlements. 

Miltnn,  P.  L.,  1.  741. 

4.  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  anger ; 
wrathful:  as,  an  angry  look  or  mood;  angry 
■words  ;  an  angry  reply. 

Often  a  man's  own  anyry  pride 
Is  cap  and  bells  for  a  fool. 

Trnnyiion,  Maud,  vi. 

5.  Bearing  the  marks  of  anger;  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  being  in  anger;  frowning;  fierce: 
as,  an  angry  countenance  ;  angry  billows. 

And  with  my  knife  scratch  out  the  anyry  eyes 
Of  uU  the  Oreeks  that  are  thine  enemies. 

Shak.,  Lucrcce,  1.  1469. 

From  the  far  corner  of  the  building,  near  the  ground, 

anyrrt  puffs  of  steam  shone  snow-white  in  the  moon  and 

vanisiied.  R.  L.  Siewnmii,  Tlie  Dynamiter,  p.  r>4. 

6.  Having  the  color  of  the  face  of  one  who  is 
in  anger;  red.     [Rare.] 

.Sweet  rose,  whose  hue  anyry  and  brave. 

Herbert,  Virtue. 

7.  Sharp;  keen;  ■vigorous.     [Rare.] 
I  never  ate  with  atujrier  appetite. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

8.  In  nied.,  inflamed,  as  a  sore;  exhibiting  in- 
flammation. 

This  serum,  being  accompanied  by  the  thinner  parts  of 
the  blood,  grows  red  and  angry.  Wueman,  Surgery. 

=  Syn.  3,  4,  5.  Indignant,  incensed,  passionate,  resent- 
ful, irritatetl.  wrathful,  irate,  hot,  raging,  furious,  stormy, 
chnlciic.  iulhtmed,  tumultuous. 

anguiculse  (aug-gwik'u-le),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem. 
pi. ;  cf .  L.  aiiguicidns,  m.,  a  small  serjjent,  dim. 
of  an(/«(A',  a  serpent:  see^w^KiS.]  An  old  name 
of  the  small  nematoid  worms,  as  those  of  the 
family  Anguillididw,  found  in  som-  paste,  ■vine- 
gar, etc.,  and  commonly  called  vinegar-eels.  It 
was  not  used  as  a  zoological  name. 

anguicular  (ang-gwik'u-lar),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  anguieulse. 

angllid  (ang'gwid),  ».  A  lizard  of  the  family 
Anguidw. 

Anguidae  (ang'gwi-de),  n.  jil.  [NX..,  <  Anguis  -I- 
-ida-.]  A  family  of  lacertdians,  ty[)ified  by  the 
genus  Anguis.  It  is  closely  related  to  the  Heineitlie, 
and  contains  a  number  of  feeble,  fragile,  and  harmless  apo- 
dal and  snake-like  lizards,  living  in  holes  or  under  stcuies, 
and  feeding  on  insects  or  worms.  The  technical  charac- 
ters are  :  an  esquaniate  tongue  whose  anterior  portion  is 
retractile,  clavicles  undilated  proximally,  postorbital  and 
postfrontal  arches  present,  and  temporal  fossfe  roofed  over, 
and  the  body  furnished  with  ost<;odermal  plates  having 
irregularly  branching  or  radiating  channels. 

Anguifer  (ang'gwi-fer),  n.  [L.,  serpent-bear- 
ing, <  anguis,  a  serpent  (see  Angnis),  -i-  ftrre=z 
E.  bcar^."]  In  astron.,  a  northern  constellation 
pictured  by  a  man  holding  a  serpent ;  Sei-pen- 
tarius,  orOphiuehus.    See  cut  under  Opiiiuchus. 

anguiform  (ang'gwi-form),  a.  [<  NL.  angui- 
forniis.  <  L.  anguis,  a  snake  (see  Anguis),  -i- for- 
ma, iorm.}  Snaky;  serjjentine;  like  a  snake: 
said  both  of  shape  and  of  movement:  as,  an 
anguiform  motion;  an  anguiform  mj-riapod; 
"the'anguiform  Chilognathans,"  .ffi>%.  Habits 
of  Animals  (1835),  p.  68. 

Angulformes  (aug-gwi-for'mez),  n.pl.  [NL., 
pi.  of  angiiiformis:  see  anguiform.]  In  La- 
treille's  system  of  classification,  a  group  of 
chilognath  myriapods,  corresponding  to  the 
familv  lulidii  "of  Westwood. 

Anguilla  (ang-gnil'a),  n.  [L.,  an  eel  (cf.  Gr. 
f";  iiXff,  an  eel),  dim.  of  anguis.  a  serpent:  see 


Common  Eel  {Anguitla  vulgaris). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

Anguis."]  A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  i&-m- 
i]y  Angnillida- :  a  name  sometimes  given  com- 
prehensively to  the  apodal  fishes  with  pectoral 


anguish 

fins,  but  by  recent  autliors  restricted  to  the 
common  eel,  .1.  vulgaris,  and  closely  related 

species,  its  species  are  very  diversely  esliniateil.  some 
authors  recognizing  about  M,  others  only  4,  the  Arctogican 
A.  vul'iari^,  the  Indian  A.  marmorata  and  A.  i/iona,  and 
the  Oceanic  .4.  ttieyaloxtonta. 

angnlllid  (ang-gwil'id),  n.    A  fish  of  the  family 

.iiiguillida;  as  an  eel. 

Anguillidae  (ang-gwil'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  An- 
guilla -1-  -ilia:]  A  family  of  apodal  fishes,  exem- 
plified by  the  genus  Anguilla  ;  the  tyjiical  eels. 
Various  limits  have  been  a.ssigned  to  it  by  ichtliyologists. 
As  now  restricted,  the  Anguillidae  are  characterizeil  by 
the  presence  of  pectoral  fins,  remoteness  of  the  dorsal  fin 
from  the  head,  confluence  of  the  doi-sal  and  anal  fins  with 
the  caudal,  presence  of  small  elliptical  obliquely  set  scales, 
discrete  lateral  nostrils,  tongue  free  in  front,  slender  re- 
duced pterygoid  bones,  elongated  jaws,  and  moderately 
broad  ethmovomerine  region.  In  this  sense  the  family 
contains  only  the  genus  Anguilla. 

angnilliform  (ang-gwil'i-form),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
guilliformis,  <  L.  anguilla,  an  eel,  -1-  forma, 
fonn.]  1.  Having  the  form  of  an  eel  or  of  a 
serpent ;  resembling  an  eel  or  a  serpent.  Spe- 
cifically—  2.  In  ielitli.,  having  the  zoological 
character  of  an  eel ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  An- 
quillifornus. 

Anguilliformes  (ang-g\vil-i-for'mez),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  pi.  of  anguilliformis :  see  anguilliform.] 
In  Cuvier's  classification  of  fishes,  the  only 
recognized  family  of  Malacopltrygii  upodcs,  in- 
cluding fi.shes  with  an  elongated  fonn,  a  thick 
and  soft  skin,  few  bones,  no  ca>ea,  and  in  most 
cases  a  swim-bladder  which  is  often  of  singu- 
lar shape.  It  has  been  disintegrated  into  many 
families,  and  even  different  orders. 

Anguillma  (ang-g^vi-li'n;i),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anguilla  +  -ina.]  In  Giinther's  classification 
of  fishes, a  group  oi  Muranida- plaiycUista',  with 
the  gill-openings  separated  by  an  interspace, 
pectoral  hns  present,  nostrils  superior  or  lat- 
eral, tongue  flee,  and  the  end  of  the  tail  sur- 
rounded by  the  fin. 

anguillous  (ang-gwil'us),  a.  [<  L.  anguilla,  an 
eel, -H -o«.v.]  Like  an  eel;  anguilliform.  [Rare.] 

Angnillula  (ang-gwil'u-Ijt),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of 
L.  anguilla,  an  eel.]  A  genus  of  nematoid 
wonns  ornemathelminths,  typical  of  the  family 
Anguillulida:  (which  see).  The  common  vinegar-eel 
is  A.  aei'li;  that  of  sour  paste,  A.  yUitinosa ;  that  of 
blighted  wheat,  A.  tritii'i.     See  cut  under  .Vc;/irt/oi(/ea. 

anguillule  (ang-gwil'ul),  «.  [<  Angnillula,  q.  v.] 
One  of  the  anguiculw  or  Anguillulida;;  any  simi- 
lar eel-like  creature  of  small  size. 

Angnillulidae  (ang-g\vi-lu'li-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Angnillula  -f  -idw.]  A  family  of  free,  that  is,  not 
parasitic,  nematoid  wonns,  including  the  minute 
creatures  known  as  vinegar-eels.  The  family  is  re- 
lated to  the  Gordiuto'.  or  horsehair  worms,  ami  contains 
many  genera,  of  which  the  best  known  is  Anguilluta. 

AnguinSB  (ang-gwi'ne),  «.  j>l.  [NL.,  <  Anguis 
+  -in(p.  ]  The  slow-worms,  or  Anguidw,  rated  as 
a  subfamily  of  Scincidtr. 

anguine  (ang'gwin),  «.  {(.t,.  anguineus,<  an- 
guis, a  snake:  see  Anguis.]  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  a  snake;  snake-like:  as,  "the  an- 
giiinr  or  snake-like  reptiles,"  Oucn,  Comp.  Anat. 
—  Anguine  lizard,  a  snake-lizard  of  South  Africa,  CA«- 
nttr'sai/nt  mufuinn.     See  Clnjino'fiaura. 

anguineal  (ang-gwin'e-al),  a.  [<  L.  anguineus 
(see  anguine)  -)-  -al.]  hesembliug  or  pertaining 
to  a  snake  or  snakes — Anguineal  hyperbola,  a 
term  applied  by  Newton  to  a  hyi)erboIic  curve  of  the  third 
order  having  one  asymptote  and  tlu-ee  inflections. 

angUineOUS  (ang-gwin'e-us),  a.  [<  L.  angui- 
neus: f-ee  anguine.]     Same  a,s  anguineal. 

Anguinidae  (ang-gwin'i-de),  H.  pi.  [NT,.,  < 
Aiigiiis  +  -in-  -1-  -id(V.]     Same  as  .Inguida'. 

anguiped,  anguipede  (ang'gwi-ped,  -ped),  a. 

and  n.  [<  L.  anguipes,  <  anguis  (see  Anguis),  a, 
serpent,  -(-  jns  {ped-)  =  E.  foot.]  I.  a.  Hav- 
ing feet  or  legs  in  the  form  of  serpents:  ap- 
plied to  sueh  conceptions  as  the  serpent-footed 
giants  of  Greek  mytholog}'. 

.\  winged  anguipede  giant. 

A.  S.  .Murray,  (Jreek  Sculpture,  II.  305,  note. 

H.  n.  An  individual  fabled  to  have  serpents' 
bodies  and  heads  in  the  place  of  legs. 

Anguis  (aug'gwis),  «.  [L.,  a  serpent,  a  snake, 
lit .  a  throttler,  a  constrictor  (see  constrietor),  < 
augere,  throttle,  choke:  see  anger^  and  angor.] 
A  genus  of  scincoid  lizards,  typical  of  the  family 
jH,(7»irf(r,represented  by  the  slow-worm  or  blind- 
worm  of  Europe,  Anguis  fragilis,  as  the  best- 
known  species.  These  lizjirds  are  jierfectly  hannless, 
th.mgh  p.qnilarlv  thimght  to  be  dangerous.  They  have 
been  sni.p..sed  to  be  blind,  from  the.sniallne.ss  of  the  eyes. 
The  bodv  is  very  brittle,  and  the  tail  reailily  breaks  olf. 
There  are  apparently  no  limbs,  so  that  the  animal  resem- 
bles a  small  snake  or  worm. 

anguish  (ang'gwish),  H.  [<  ME.  anguish,  an- 
guyshe,  angwishe,  angwische,   etc.,  earUer  aa- 


anguish 

guise,  attguis,  aiigtiissi,  uiniiiisr,  anpus,  etc.,  < 
OF.  anyuisse,  anyvissi;  mod.  i\  aiiyoiusc  =  Pr. 
angoisi'a  =  OSp.  anguxu  (!Sp.  Pg.  angtistia)  = 
It.  anyofcia,  anguish,  <  L.  angmtia,  straitncss, 
narrowness,  in  ohiss.  L.  usually  in  pi.  angits- 
tiir,  a  (lelile,  strait,  fig.  straits,  distress,  diffi- 
culty, scarcity,  want,  poverty, <  aiigiistuHj^  strait, 
narrow,  difficult  (cf.  Goth,  (uigiviis  =  AS.  angc, 
eiigc,  etc.,  strait,  narrow).  <  tiiigcrc  =  Gr.  a;,rf"S 
choke,  strangle,  stifle:  avc  aiigusi,  an gnr,  and 
aHffcrl.]  1.  Excruciating  or  agonizing  pain  of 
either  body  or  minil ;  acute  suffering  or  distress. 

But  they  lieaikcntil  not  unto  Moses  for  anguish  of  spirit, 
and  for  cruel  bonduye.  Ex.  vi.  9. 

When  pain  and  anguish  wrinc  the  blow, 
A  ininisterint;  .ingel  thou.     Scott,  Marmion,  \i.  30. 

In  tlie  sternest  of  liis  [Achilles's)  acts,  we  read  only  the 
antiuish  of  Ids  grief.  De  Quincep,  Homer,  iii. 

2.  An  overwhelming  emotion.     [Rare.] 

He  eried  in  an  ainiKixli  of  delight  and  gratitude. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 
=Syil.  Aironi/,  Anguish,  Pang,  etc.  See  agony  and  grie/. 
anguish  (ang'gwisli),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  angui/schcn, 
i(iigici.<:/i(ii,  earlier  aiiguiseti,  anguissin,  <  OF. 
a)igois.'ic>;angitl-sser=l'i:angoissar  =  iiii.  Pg.an- 
giistiar  =  It.  aitgosciare;  from  the  noun.]  To 
distress  with  e.xcruciating  pain  or  grief. 

I  wish  thou  hadst  not  alighted  so  hastily  and  roughly ; 
it  liatli  slialien  down  a  sheaf  of  thy  hair ;  take  lieed  thou 
sit  not  upon  it,  lest  it  anguish  thee. 

Landor,  Leofric  and  Godiva,  p.  61. 

anguished  (ang'gwisht),  p.  a.     [Early  mod.  E. 
also  (inginsht,  <  ME.  aiigwished.']     AJffected  by 
anguish;  expressing  or  caused  by  anguish. 
On  thy  cold  forehead  starts  the  anguishctl  dew. 

Coleridge,  Deatli  of  Chatterton. 

anguishoust,  ".  [Early  mod.  E.,  and  mod.  dial., 
<  ME.  aiigiii.sliou.s,  (iiigwisshoiis,  earlier  angiii/s- 
•soits,  aiigicisoiis,  nnguisune,  angussti.?,  <  OF.  aii- 
guissus,  angus.siit:,  later  angoisseux  (Cotgrave)  = 
Pr.  angoissos  =  Sp.  Pg.  angustioso  =  It.  angosci- 
oso,  <  ML.  (tngustiosus,  <  L.  angustia :  see  anguish 
and -OMS.]  Full  of  anguish ;  attended  with  an- 
guish.    Chaucer. 

angular  (ang'gu-lar),  a.  [<  L.  angtdaris,  <  an- 
gulas,  an  angle:  see  angle^.']  1.  Having  an 
angle  or  angles;  having  corners;  pointed:  as, 
an  angular  figure;  an  angular  piece  of  rock; 
angular  writing  (that  is,  with  the  turns  shai-ply 
pointed  instead  of  curved). — 2.  Consisting  of 
an  angle;  forming  an  angle:  as,  an  angular 
point. —  3.  Measured  by  an  angle;  subtending 
an  angle ;  ha^-ing  a  divergence  expressed  in  de- 
grees, minutes,  and  seconds:  as,  angular  dis- 
tance; angular  veloeitj-. — 4.  Of  persons:  (a) 
Having  or  exhibiting  protuberances  of  joint  or 
limb ;  acting  or  moving  awkwardly  or  as  if  in 
angles. 
He  is  angiUar  in  his  movements,  and  rather  tall. 

F.  M.  Crau'ford,  Paul  Patoff,  viii. 

(6)  Stiff  in  manner ;  cranky ;  crotchety ;  un- 
bending.— Angular  advance  of  an  eccentric,  the 

angle  wliich  measures  the  arc  descrilied  by  tlu-  center  of 
the  eccentric  in  mo\ing  from  its  position  ut  ;i  lialf  stroke 
to  that  which  it  occupies  at  the  chiiiiik  lULinent  of  the 
stroke  of  the  piston.— Angular  aperture  of  lenses. 
^e  aperture. — Angular  artery,  in  aaat.,  the  facial  ar- 
tery winch  passes  near  tlie  angle  of  the  jaw.  and  rtnally 
near  the  inner  angle  of  the  eye  ;  esitecially,  this  latter  por- 
tion of  its  course.— Angular  belting,  belting  having  a 
trapezoidal  section  and  used  with  a  giuo\ed  pulley.  It  is 
employed,  because  of  its  great  adliesiou,  wliere  a  narrow 
belt  or  consideral>le  traction  is  desired.  The  heavier  Ijelts 
of  this  class  are  made  by  fastening  blocks  of  leather  or 
other  suitable  material,  shaped  like  truncated  pyramids, 
to  the  inner  face  of  a  strong  carrier-belt. —  Angular  bone, 
a  bone  situated  at  or  near  the  angle  of  tlie  mandilile  nf 
lower  vertebrates.- Angular  capital,  an  incnrreit  term 
lor  angle-capital.  —  tiasMldir  cbaia-belt,  a  cliain  titled  U\ 
run  over  a  V-sliaped  iiulley.  In  some  fonns  Hat  links 
are  covered  witli  leatlier,  wlueli  itears  against  the  sides  of 
the  groove ;  in  otllers  there  are  long  links  with  wooden 
blocks  wedged  into  them,  whose  ends  form  the  bearing 
surfaces ;  these  links  al- 
ternate with  shorter  ones 
which  serve  merely  as 
connections.  —  Angular 
distance.  See  di^tanr.e. 
—Angular  gearing,  in 

■mack.,  toothed  wlieels  of 
irregular  outline,  used  in 
transmitting  varialde  mo- 
tion.- Angler     gyrus.  A„,.„lar  Ceari„g. 

See  r/.i/ri(.s-.— Angular  in- 

tervals,  in  aslnw.,  those  arcs  of  the  equator  whieli 
are  intercepted  tietween  circles  of  declination  passing 
through  the  olijects  observed.  They  are  measured  Ijy 
means  of  the  transit  instrument  and  clock.— Angular 
motion,  in  physics,  the  motion  of  any  body  which  moves 
aljout  a  fixed  or  relatively  fixed  point :  as,  the  angular 
motion  of  a  pendulum  or  a  planet :  so  called  because'  such 
motion  is  measured  iiy  the  angle  contained  iietween  lines 
drawn  from  the  fixed  point  to  the  sueressive  positions  of 
the  moving  body.— Angular  oscillation,  ."iee  narilla- 
(tun.  -Angular  perspective,  in  dramng,  that  kind  of 
perspective  in  wlneli  neitlier  of  tlie  sides  of  tlie  principal 
object  is  parallel  to  the  plane  of  the  picture,  and  tllerefore, 


210 

in  the  representation,  the  liorizontal  lines  of  both  con- 
verge  to  vaniahing-iioints.  Also  lalled  ohliiiue  jxrspectioe. 
—  Angular  processes,  in  aunt.,  the  orliital  processes  of 
tile  fi-onlal  lione  luar  tlie  angles  of  the  eye.  The  external 
angular  piocess  is  sometimes  called  the  jofial  jn-oertis.  .See 
cut  under  .•.*"/(.  Angular  sections,  that  jiart  of  mathe- 
matics which  treats  of  the  division  of  angles  into  etjual 
parts.  —  Angular  vein,  in  auat.,  the  part  of  the  facial 
vein  which  accompanies  the  angular  artery.— Angular 
velocity,  in  meeli.,  the  angle  which  a  line  perpendicular 
to  the  :l\is  of  rotation  sweejis  through  in  a  given  unit  of 
time;  the  speed  or  rate  of  revolution  of  a  revolving  body: 
nstially  expressed  in  circular  measure  (which  see,  under 
meas-iir<'\ 
angularity  (ang-gu-lar'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  angularities 
(-tiz).  [iangxdar  +  ^ty.'^  The  quality  of  being 
angular  in  any  sense ;  an  angular  detail  or 
characteristic. 

No  doubt  there  are  a  few  men  who  can  look  beyond  the 
husk  or  shell  of  a  fellow-being  —  his  angularities,  awk- 
wardness, or  eccentricity  —  to  the  hidden  qualities  within. 
W.  Matthews,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  142. 

angularly  (ang'gii-lar-li),  adv.  In  an  angular 
manner;  with  angles  or  comers. 

angularness  (ang'gu-lar-nes),  «.  The  quality 
of  being  angular. 

angulate  (ang'gll-lat),  r.  1. ;  jn-et.  and  pp.  an- 
gulated,  ppr.  angulating.  [<  L.  <ingulatus,  made 
angular  (cf.  LL.  angulare,  make  angular),  <  an- 
gulus,  angle:  see  angle^.'i  To  make  angular  or 
angulate. 

angulate  (ang'gii-lat),  a.  [<  L.  angulatus:  see 
the  verb.]  Formeci  with  angles  or  comers;  of 
an  angular  form;  angled;  cornered:  as,  angu- 
late stems,  leaves,  petioles,  etc. 

angulated  (ang'gu-la-ted),  j).  a.  Same  as  an- 
gulate, a.:  as,  "angulated  fore-wings,"  H.  V. 
Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  274. 

angulately  (ang'giJ-lSt-li),  adr.  In  an  angtilate 
manner;  with  angles  or  comers. 

angulation  (ang-gu-l.-l'shon),  «.  [<  angulate.] 
A  formation  of  angles;  the  state  of  being  an- 
gulated. 

angulato-gibbous  (ang-gu-la-to-gib'us),  a.  [< 
L.  angulatus,  angulate,  +  LL.  gibbosus,  gib- 
bous.] Gibbous  with  an  angulate  tendency. 
X  E.  J). 

angulato-sinuous  (ang-gu-la-to-sin'u-us),  a. 
[<  L.  angulatus,  angulate,  -1-  sinuosus,  sinuous.] 
Sinuous  or  winding  with  the  curves  angled. 
A\  E.  D. 

anguli,  n.     Plural  of  angulus. 

anguliferous  (ang-gu-llf  e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  angu- 
lus, an  angle,  -l-/frrf  =  E.  Jcorl.]  In  conch., 
ha\'ing  the  last  whorl  angnlated.     Craig,  1847. 

angulmerved  (ang'gu-li-nervd),  a.  [<  L.  an- 
gulus, an  angle,  -I-  nerruni,  nerve,  +  -ed".]  In 
bat.,  ha\ang  nerves  which  diverge  at  an  angle 
from  the  midnerve,  often  branching  repeatetUy 
by  subdi^-ision,  as  in  most  exogenous  plants; 
feather-veined:  applied  to  leaves. 

Angulirostres  (ang"gu-li-ros'trez),  «.  2)1. 
[NL.,  <  L.  angulus,  an  angle,  +  rostrum,  beak.] 
In  Bljib's  classification  of  birds  (1849),  a 
superfamily  grotip  of  his  Halcyoidcs,  including 
the  todies  and  jacamars,  or  the  two  families 
Todidcc  and  Galbulidw. 

angulo-dentate  (ang"gii-16-den'tat),  a.  [<  L. 
angulus,  angle,  +  dentatus,  toothed:  see  den- 
tate.']    Angidarly  toothed. 

angulometer  (ang-gu-lom'e-ter),  )?.  [<  L.  an- 
gulus, angle,  +  Gr.  fihpov,  measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  external  angles ;  a 
goniometer.  It  has  various  forms.  See  cut 
under  goniometer. 

angulose  (ang'gu-16s),  a.  [<  L.  augulosus,  < 
angulus,  an  angle.]  Pull  of  angles;  angu- 
lous. 

angulosity  (ang-gu-los'i-ti),  ?;.  ;  pi.  angulositics 
(-tiz).  [<  angulose  +  -if;/.]  The  state"  or  qual- 
ity of  being  angidous  or  angular ;  augidarity. 

anguloso-gibbous  (ang-gu-16-s6-gib'us),  a. 
Same  as  angulato-gibbous. 

angulous  (ang'gii-lus),  a.  [=  F.  anguletix,  for- 
merly angleux,  =  It.  angoloso,  <  L.  angulosus, 
full  of  angles:  see  angulose. ]  Angular ;  hav- 
ing comers ;  hooked ;  forming  an  angle. 

Held  together  by  hooks  and  anguUnts  involutions. 

Glanellle,  Seep.  Sci.,  vii.  37. 

angulus  (ang'gu-lus),  n.;  pi.  anguli  (-li).  [L. : 
see  angle'i.]  1.  In  anat.,  an  angle:  used  in 
phrases  Uke  angulus  oris,  the  comer  of  the 
mouth;  angulus  niandihula;  the  angle  of  the 
mandible  or  lower  jaw-bone;  angulus  cost(F,  the 
angle  of  a  rib. — 2.  leap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
mollusks. 

angustt  (aug-gusf),  a.  [<  F.  anguste  (Cotgrave), 

<  L.  angustus,  strait,  narrow,  contracted,  small, 

<  angere,  compress,  strangle :  see  anguish,  angor, 
and  a«<?eri.]    Narrow;  strait.    Burton. 


anhidrosis 

angustatet  (ang-gus'tiit),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
augu.stated,  ppr.  angustating.  [<L.  angwitatus, 
pp.  of  angu.stare,  straiten,  narrow,  <  angustus, 
narrow:  hkk  august.]  To  make  narrow ;  strait- 
en :  contract. 

angustate  (ang-gus'tat),  a.  [<  L.  angwitatus, 
pji.:  see  the  verb.]     Narrowed;  straitened. 

angustation  (ang-gus-ta'shon),  ".  [<  angus- 
ta  li:  J  The  act  of  making  angustate  or  narrow ; 
a  straitening  or  narrowing  do^vn. 

angusticlave  (ang-gus'ti-klav),  «.  [<  L.  an- 
gusliclavius,  adj.,  wearing  a  narrow  purple 
stripe,  <  angustus,  narrow,  -I-  clavus,  a  nail,  a 
knob,  a  piu'ple  stripe  on  the  tunic  :  see  clavus.] 
A  naiTow  purple  stripe  or  band  reaching  from 
the  shouhler  to  the  bottom  of  the  tunic  on  each 
side,  worn  regularly  by  members  of  the  Roman 
equestrian  order,  and  sometimes  by  those  of  in- 
ferior rank  who  had  the  means  to  provide  it. 
It  was  woven  in  tlie  fabric,  and  is  rarely  indi- 
cated in  scidpture. 

angustifoliate  (ang-gus-ti-fo'li-at),  a.  [<  NL. 
angustifoliatus,  <  h.angustus,  narTovi,+  foliatus, 
leaved,  (.folium,  leaf:  see  folio.]  In  bot.,  nar- 
row-leaved. 

angustirostrate  (ang-gus-ti-ros'trat),  a.  [<  NL. 
angustirostratus,  <  L.  angustu.<i,  narrow,  +  ros- 
tratus,  beaked,  <  rostrum,  beak.]  In  zoiil.,  hav- 
ing a  narrow,  slender,  or  (especially)  com- 
pressed beak:  opposed  to  latiro.itrate. 

Angustura  bark.  See  Angostura  bark,  under 
ha  rk~. 

angwantibo  (ang-gwiin-te'bo),  n.  [Native 
name.]  The  slow  lemur  of  Old  Calabar,  Are- 
tocebus  calabarensis,  of  the  subfamily  Nyctice- 
binee,  related  to  the  potto,  and  by  some  referred 
to  the  genus  PerodictiCUS.  The  tail  is  rudimentary; 
the  inner  digits  of  both  feet  are  opposable  as  thumbs,  the 
index  digit  is  rudimentary,  and  the  second  digit  of  the 
hind  foot  terminates  in  a  claw,  the  rest  of  the  digits  hav- 
ing fiat  nails.  The  pelage  is  thick  and  woolly,  of  a  brown- 
ish color,  paler  or  whitish  below. 

anhangt  (an-hang'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  anhangen, 
anhongen,  no  pret.,  pp.  anhanged,  a  weak  verb; 
mixed  with  anhon,  pret.  anlieng,  anhong,  an- 
hunge,  pp.  anhungen,  anhonge,  a  strong  verb;  < 
AS.  "anhon,  "onhon  (Bosworth),  perhaps  for  d- 
hon,  a  strong  verb,  hang,  <  an,  on,  on  (or  a-),  + 
/(«)?,  hang:  see  hang.]    To  hang. 

He  bad  to  take  him,  and  anhano  him  fast. 

Chaucer,  Doctors  Tale,  1.  259. 

anharmonic  (an-hSr-mon'ik),  a.  [=F.  anhar- 
nionique :  <  Gr.  aii-priv.  (oh-S)  -I-  harmonic,  q.v.] 
Not  harmonic;  in  geoni.,  a  term  applied  by 
Chasles  to  an  important  kind  of  ratio  introduced 
into  geometry  by  Mobius.  if  a,x,y,  bare  four  values 
of  a  unidimensional  variable  (for  instance,  the  positions 
of  four  points  on  a  line),  then  [  (x — a) :  (x — 6)  ]  x  [  (y—b) : 
(y — a)]  is  called  the  anharmonic  ratio  of  the  four  values. 
The  intersections  of  a  plane  pencil  of  four  lines  with  a  trans- 
versal have  the  same  anharmonic  ratio,  however  the  trans- 
versal may  be  situated  ;  and  this  ratio  is  called  the  anhar. 
monic  ratio  of  the  pencil.  Anharmonic  ratios  are  always 
preserved  in  orthographic  projections.  By  means  of  these 
ratios,  metrical  properties  are  defined  as  projective  prop- 
erties of  the  absolute,  or  conic  at  infinity.  i>eeabmhae,n.,2. 
If  from  tlu-  intersection  <;if  two  lines  tangents  are  drawn  to 
the  absidnte,  the  logarithm  of  the  anharmonic  ratio  of  the 
pencil  so  formed  multiplied  by  ^|/ — 2  is  the  angle  of  the 
first  two  lines.  So,  the  logarithm  of  the  anharmonic  ratio 
of  two  points,  together  with  the  intersections  of  their  con- 
necting line  with  the  absolute,  when  multiplied  liy  a  con- 
stant, gives  the  distance  of  these  points. —  Anharmonic 
property,  in  geom.,  a  property  that  is  connected  with  an 
anharmonic  ratio. 

anhelation  (an-hf-la'shon),  n.  [=  F.  anhela- 
tion,  <  L.  anhelatio(n-),  a  difficiilty  of  breathing, 
panting,  asthma,  <on/(cZo(r,  pp.  anhclatus :  see 
anhelc]  1.  Shortness  of  breath;  a  panting; 
difficult  respiration;  asthma. —  2.  Eager  desire 
or  aspiration.     [Rare  in  both  senses.] 

These  .  .  .  aithelations  of  di\ine  souls  after  the  adora- 
ble object  of  their  love.  Glaniille,  Sermons,  p.  313. 

anhelet,  v.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.  anheale,  <  ME. 
anhelen,  anelen,  <  OF.  ancler,  anheler,  =  Pr. 
anelar  =  Sp.  Pg.  anhclar  =  It.  anelare,  <  L.  o«- 
helare,  breathe  with  difficulty,  pant,  fig.  pant 
for,  pursue  eagerly;  <  an-  for  ambi-,  arotmd, 
on  both  sides,  +  -helarc.  in  comp.,  for  halare, 
breathe.  Ct.  exhale  arxd  inhale.]  To  pant,  espe- 
cially with  eager  desire  and  anxiety. 

With  most  fervent  desire  they  a  n/iea/e  .  .  .  for  the  fruit 
of  our  convocation.  Latimer,  2d  Sennon  before  Conv. 

anheloset  (an-he'16s),  a.  [As  anhelous  +  -ose.] 
Same  as  anhelous. 

anheloust  (an-he'lus),  a.  [<  L.  anhelus,  pant- 
ing, out  of  breath,  <  anhelare,  pant :  see  ati- 
hele.]  Out  of  breath;  panting;  breathing  with 
diffictilty. 

anhidrosis  (an-hi-dro'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  6r.  ayt- 
(ipuf,  without  perspiration  (<  av-  priv.  -(-  i(V'"r, 
sweat,  akin  to  E.  sweat),  +  -osis.]   Deficiency  or 


anhidrosis 

absence  of  perspiration.      Also  \\Titteu  ani- 
rfrii.sv'.i. 

anbidrotic  (iin-lii-drot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  anhi- 
drosis: svt> -otic]  I,  a.  Tending  or  fitted  to 
cheek  perspiration. 

II.  n.    Ajiy  medicinal  agent  which  cheeks 
pers])irati()U. 

anhima  (an'hi-mii),  «.  fCraz. ;  fip.auliina.  Cf. 
(uiiiiiiKi.l  1.  A  Brazilian  name  of  the  kamichi 
or  horne<l  screamer,  raltimetha  eormiiu.  See 
Palamcdca. — 2.  [("/;.]  [XL.]  The  typical  ge- 
nus of  tlio  family  .liihimidw.     Urissmi,  17C0. 

Ajlhimidse  (an-him'i-de),  )(.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
liiiiiii  +  -iild'.']  A  family  of  liinls,  the  horned 
screamers  :  s\-uon;nnons  with  J'dhDiicdcidiv. 

Anhimoidese  (an-hi-moi'<le-e),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aniiima  +  -oidew.']  A  grouj)  of  birds,  referred 
by  some  as  a  superfamily  to  the  order  Clieno- 
morplur,  by  others  considered  as  forming  an 
order  by  itself.  It  is  conterminous  with  the 
family  Aiiliiiiiidiv.     See  I'alawcdcida: 

anhinga  (an-hing'ga),  )(.  [S.  Amer.  name.] 
1.  The  American  snake-bird,  darter,  or  water- 
turkey,  I'lutm  anhinga ;  a  totipalmate  natato- 


217 

anhydro-.    In  chcm.,  the  combining  form  of  an- 

h'ldrdiis. 

anhydrous  (an-hi'dms),  a.  [<  Gr.  avviipor,  with- 
out water,  <  nv-  priv.  -t-  vdu/i  (i'l^p-),  water.] 
Destitute  of  water;  specifically,  in  chcm.,  des- 
titute of  the  water  of  crystallization  (which 
see,  under  water):  as,  uiihiidrou.s  salts. 

ani  (ii'ne),  II.  [Braz.  name:  "Ani  Brasilien- 
sium,"  Marcgravo,  Johnston,  Willughby  and 
Ray.]    A  bird  of  the  genus  Crotophaga,  snh- 


Atnerican  Snake-bird  [Plolus  nnhin^a). 

rial  bird,  of  the  family  I'lotida:  and  order  Ste- 

ganopodes.     it  is  relatt-a  to  the  connoiants,  ami  inliabits 

swamps  of  the  wanner  parts  of  America,  from  tlie  Soutli 

Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast  of  the  fnited  states.    See  darter, 

Pluliis. 

2.   [cop.l  [NL.]   A  genus  of  birds :  a  synonym 

of  I'lotiis.     Brisson,  1760. 

anhistoUS  (an-his'tus),  «.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  -I- 
iardg,  a  web,  mod.  tissue.]  In  aiiai.,  ha\'ing 
no  recognizable  structure ;  plasmic  or  sarco- 
dous,  as  the  sarcode  of  a  cell  or  the  plasma  of 
the  blood. 

anhungeredt  (an-hung'g6rd),  a.  Same  as  ahmi- 
gertd. 

anhydrate  (an-hi'drat),  i\  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aii- 
hijdrated,  pjir.  anhi/dratiiig.  [<  aiihi/drous  + 
-ote-.]  To  remove  water  from,  especially  from 
a  substance  naturally  containing  it ;  dehydrate. 

It  (glycerin]  is  used  like  alcliol  as  an  anfiifilratinr/  me- 
dium in  the  study  of  protoiilasm. 

Pvitl^ni,  Hot.  .Miero-ehem.  (trans.),  p.  27. 

anhydration  (an-hi-dra'shon),  «.  [<  aiihy- 
drati'.l  Removal  of  water  from  anything; 
dehydration. 

anhydremia,  anhydrsemia  (an-lii-dre'mi-a),  h. 

[NL.,  prop,  aidii/drwiiiia,  <  Gr.  avvSpoi;,  without 
water  (<  di'-  priv.  +  vdup  (idp-),  water),  -I-  ai/ia, 
blood.]  A  concentrated  state  of  the  blood,  due 
to  loss  of  water. 

anhydrid,  anhydride  (an  -  lii '  drid,  -drid  or 

-drid),  M.  [<  Gr.  avvdpog,  without  water,  -1-  -id, 
-ide.l  One  of  a  class  of  chemical  compounds 
which  may  be  regarded  as  made  up  of  one  or 
more  molecules  of  water  in  which  the  whole  of 
the  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  negative  or  acid 
radicals  (which  may  themselves  contain  hydro- 
gen). The  corresponding'  acids  represent  one  or  more 
molecules  of  water  in  which  the  same  i;idir;ils  r<-]'Iace  one 
half  of  the  hydrogen.  Thus,  water  licin^-  ll-.i),  suliilmric  an- 
hyilrid  isS(l:,(or  si )._,!)).  rri.rcs.nliie.'  Il-jil  in  which  Ho  is 
replaced  bvtlic  hivalent  radical  SI).,;  while  suljihuric  acid 
is  HoSOj  (or  ll._.S(i,_,(l^,),  representing'  -ni-/)  in  which  two 
hydroycn  atoms  arc  Teplaccd  l»y  so^.  a"nd  two  remain. 
They  are  more  precisely  called  iirtt/  anlni'frids.  The  ba- 
sic anhydrids,  in  whieh'the  hyilinu'cn  is  reidaced  by  posi- 
tive or  basic  radicals,  are  conniionlv  called  nhlallic  oxid>i. 
anhydrite  (an-hi'drit),  «.  [<NL.  anhydrites,  < 
Gr.  awdpocj  without  water  (see  aiilii/droiis),  + 
-ites :  see  -!tc-.'\  Anhydrous  sidphate  of  cal- 
cium. It  is  found  in  thcsall-nnnesof  Austria-Hungary, 
and  in  tlic  Ilarz  mountains,  also  in  [leodes  in  liiuest<»ne  at 
Lock  port,  N.  v.,  and  in  extensive  bc<is  in  Nova  Scotia.  It  is 
usually  i^ranulur  in  strm-tin-e,  sometimes  crystalline  with 
cleavage  in  three  reetan;.'ular  directions.  Its  color  is  white 
or  grayish-white,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  blue:  also  red. 
The  vulpinite  of  Italy  is  the  only  variety  used  in  the  arts. 


Groove-billed  Ani  t^Crotofkaga  svUirostris). 

family  Crotophagiiia,  and  family  Ciiculidw,  in- 
habiting the  warmer  parts  of  America.  There 
are  several  si)ecies,  two  of  them  inhabiting  the  United 
States.  The  black  ani,  Crtttojtttafia  ani,  is  about  a  foot 
long,  entil-ely  black,  with  violet,  steel-blue,  and  bronze  re- 
flections ;  the  iris  is  lirown  ;  the  feathers  of  the  heat!  auci 
neck  are  lanceolate  ;  the  crest  of  the  bill  is  smooth  or  with 
few  wrinkles;  and  the  culmen  is  regularly  curved.  It  is 
called  in  tllc  West  Indies  the  lilufk-  witcti  and  savanna 
blackbird,  and  is  known  to  the  French  of  (Cayenne  a.s  honl- 
de-setun.  It  itecurs  from  Florida  Situthward.  Another 
species,  C.  ittdcirostri^,  the  groove-billed  ani,  is  found  in 
tropical  .America  and  northward  to  Texas.  Its  bill  lias 
three  distinct  grooves,  parallel  with  the  curved  culmen. 
All  are  gregarious  in  habit,  and  nest  in  bushes,  several 
individuals  sometimes  using  one  large  nest  in  common  ; 
they  lay  plain  greenish  eggs,  covered  ivith  a  white  chalky 
substance.     See  Croto]jlia<ra, 

anient,  ".     See  annicut. 

anidiomatic,  anidiomatical  (an-id'i-o-mat'ik, 

-i-kal),  a.      [<Gr.  or-  priv.  (oh-5)  -t-  i'diomatie, 

-o/.]     Contrary  to  tlie  idiom  or  analogies  of  a 

language;  not  idiomatic.     [Rare.] 

You  would  not  say  "two  times"  ;  it  is  anidiomatical. 

Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations,  II.  278. 

anidrosis  (an-i-dro'sis),  II.    Same  as  anhidrosis. 

Aniella  (an-i-el'ii),  «.     [NL.  (.J.  E.  Gray).]     A 

genus  of  lizards. t\-[)ical  of  the  family  Aniellidtr. 

Its  distingnisbin'.:  features  are  a  body  without  limbs,  and  a 
luisal  shield  entering  into  tile  laliial  margin,  A.  pulclira 
is  an  elegant  Califoriiiaii  species. 

aniellid  (an-i-el'id),  n.  A  lizard  of  the  family 
.iniittida\ 

Aniellidse  (an-i-el'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Aniella 
+  -idw.']  A  family  of  eriglossate  lizards,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Aniella. 

anielloid  (an-i-el'oid),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  Xhe  Anielloidea. 

Anielloldea  (an'i-e-loi'de-a),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aniella  +  -oidca.']  A  superfamily  of  eriglos- 
sate lacertilians  (lizards),  represented  by  the 
single  family  Aniellida;  ha\'ing  concavo-convex 
vertebrae,  ela^^cles  not  dilated  posteriorly,  no 
postorliital  or  postfrontal  squamosal  arches,  no 
interorbital  septum,  and  no  cranial  columella. 

anientt,  r.  t.  [<ME.  anientcn  (more  commonly 
anientishcn,  etc.:  see  anientish),  <  OF.  anicnter, 
anaientcr,  aiiientir,  ancanter  (F.  aniaiitir  =  VT. 
anientar  =  It.  annieiitare),  destroy,  reduce  to 
nothing,  <  a  (L.  ad,  to)  +  nient,  neant,  F.  neaiit 
=  Pr.  neieii,  nien  =  lt.  neente,  niente,  nothing,  < 
ML.  ''neen(t-)s  or  *necen{t-)s,  lit.  not  being,  < 
ne,  not,  or  nee,  not,  nor,  -I-  en(t-)s,  being:  see 
ens,  entity.']  1.  To  reduce  to  nothing  or  no- 
thingness; bring  to  naught;  frustrate.  Piers 
riiiinnan. —  2.  ]&  Z«i(',  to  abrogate;  make  null. 
liiiiirier. 

anientisht,  v.  <.  [<  ME .  an  ien  tisken,  anen  tischen, 
anneiitischcn,  etc.,  earlier  n«/e«f/«f«,  anyentisen, 
<  OF.  anicntiss-,  stem  of  certain  part  sofa  hick  (<>, 
anienter:  see  anient  and  -ish-.\  To  reduce  to 
nothing;  annihilate. 

Ire,  covcitise,  and  liastifness,  .  .  .  which  three  things 
ye  han  nat  anientissed  [var.  anfutfisclwd]  or  destroyed. 

Cttaticcr,  Tale  of  .Melil)cus. 

a,ja.gh(Si-m'), prep. phr. as adi\  andprep.  [Mod., 
<a-'i+  nigh,  after  anear,  afar,  etc.]  I.  adv. 
Nigh;  near;  close  by. 

II.  prep.  Nigh;  near, 
anightt  (a-nif),  prep.   phr.  as    adv.    [<  ME. 
anyght,  a'nyght,  <  AS.  on  niht:  see  n3  and  night.} 
At  night ;  in  the  night-time  ;  by  night. 

I  broke  my  sword  upon  a  stone,  and  bid  him  take  that, 
for  coming  anit/ht  to  Jane  Smile. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iL  4. 


anima 

anightst  (a-nits'),  adv.  [Equiv.  to  anight,  but 
with  adv.  gen.  sutlix  as  in  AS.  nihtes,  E.  nights, 
adv. :  see  nights.  Siniilaily,  o'  nights,  of  nights, 
whcrci  in  popular  appreheiision  liights  is  plural.] 
By  night;  nightly:  used  of  repeated  or  habitual 
acts. 

The  turnkey  now  his  flock  returning  sees, 
Uuly  let  out  anitjhts  to  steal  for  fees. 

Sm'i/(,  Morning. 

anil  (au'il),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  anik,  anill,  aiiele, 
<  F.  anil,<.  Pg.  rt«i7  =  Sp.  aHil  (formerly  also 
aFlir),  <  Ar.  an-nil,  <  al,  the,  +  nil,  Pers.'Hind. 
nil,  <  Skt.  nili,  indigo,  indigo-plant,  <  nila,  dark 
blue.  Cf. ///(/(•.]  1.  A  somewhat  woody  legu- 
minous plant,  Indigofera  .hiil,  from  whose 
leaves  and  stalks  the  West  Indian  indigo  is 
made,  it  is  a  coniinon  species  in  Mexico  and  tropical 
America,  and  is  a  larger  plant  than  the  Asiatic  J.  linclaria, 
which  is  the  species  ordinarily  cultivated  for  the  produc- 
tion of  indigo. 
2.  Indigo.     [In  this  sense  nearly  obsolete.] 

anile  (an'il  or  -il),  a.  [<  L.  anilis',  <  anii.s,  an  old 
woman.]  Old-womanish;  imbecile:  as,  "puerile 
or  anile  ideas,"  Walpole,  Catalogue  of  Engrav- 
ers. 

A  general  revolt  against  authority,  even  in  matters  of 
opinion,  i-;  a  childish  or  anile  superstition,  not  to  be  ex- 
(aised  by  the  jiretext  that  it  is  onlydue  to  tile  love  of  free- 
dom ebcrished  ill  excess. 

Gladstone,  Miglit  of  Right,  p.  198. 

anilia  (a-niri-ii),  H.  [<««(<  +  -M.]  Same  as 
aniline. 

anilic  (a-nil'ik),  n.  [<  anil  + -ic.}  Pertaining 
to  or  derived  from  anil :  as,  anilic  acid. 

anilide  (an'i-lid  or  -lid),  n.  [<  anil(ine)  +  -idc.} 
Same  as  phenylamide. 

aniline  (an'i-lin),  ».  anda.  [<  anil  (with  refer- 
ence to  the  brilliant  violet  and  indigo  dyes 
which,  with  others,  are  prepared  from  aniline) 
+  -(■«<'-'.]  I.  n.  Amidobenzol,  CgH5NH2,  a 
substance  which  fm'nishes  a  nimiber  of  bril- 
liant dyes.  It  was  discovered  in  1826  by  I'nverdorben, 
as  a  product  of  the  distillation  of  indigo,  and  called  by 
him  <-rystallin.  It  did  not  acquire  ciunmereial  importance 
until  ISitti,  when  the  purple  dye  mauve  was  prepaieil  from 
it  by  Perkin.  It  is  found  in  small  <iuantitic.s  in  coal-tar. 
but  the  aniline  of  commerce  is  olitained  from  benzol, 
another  product  of  coal-tar,  consisting  of  hydrogen  and 
carbon,  C'ljH,;.  lleiizol  when  acted  on  by  nitric  acid 
produces  nitrobenzol ;  and  this  latter  substance  when 
treated  with  nascent  hydrogen,  usually  generated  by  the 
action  of  acetic  aciil  upon  iron  filings  or  scraps,  jiroduces 
aniline,  which  is  an  oily  liquid,  colorless  when  pure,  some- 
what heavier  than  water,  having  a  peculiar  vinous  smell 
and  a  burning  t;Lste.  It  is  a  strong  base,  and  yields  well- 
characterized  salts.  \\'hen  acted  on  by  arsenic  acid, 
potassium  bichromate,  stannic  chlorid,  etc.,  aniline  pro- 
duces a  great  variety  of  compounds  of  vei"y  beautiful  col- 
ors, known  by  the  names  of  aniline  purple,  aniline  green, 
violet,  magenta,  etc.     Also  called  anitia. 

II,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  aniline: 
as,  aniline  colors — Aniline  oil,  a  by-product  of  the 
manufacture  of  aniline,  containing  aniline,  toluidine,  and 
a  number  of  other  organic  ba.ses  of  the  aromatic  series.  It 
is  used  as  a  solvent  for  rubber,  copal,  etc-^  Aniline  pen- 
cil, a  mixture  of  aniline,  graphite,  and  kaolin,  ii.sed  for 
copying,  marking  in  permanent  color,  and  transferring 
writing  or  designs. 

anility  (a-nii'i-ti),  n.  [<L.  anilita(,t-)s,  <  anilis : 
see  anile.l  The  state  of  being  anile;  the  old 
age  of  a  woman ;  womanish  dotage :  as,  "marks 
oi  anility,"  Sterne,  Sermons,  xxi. 

anilla  (a-nil'a),  n.  [<  anil,  q.  v.]  A  com- 
mercial term  tor  West  Indian  indigo,  deriveil 
from  the  name  of  the  plant  from  which  it  is 
prepared.     See  anil. 

anima  (an'i-ma),  H.;  pi.  aniino'  (-me).  [L.,  a 
current  of  air,  wind,  air,  breath,  the  vital  prin- 
ciple, life,  sold  :  sometimes  equiv.  to  animus, 
mind  (see  animus,  and  cf.  Gr.  avE/wc,  wind); 
both  from  root  seen  in  Skt.  y/an,  breathe,  repr. 
in  Tent,  by  Goth,  usanan,  breathe  out,  expu-e ; 
cf.  Icel.  anda  =  Sw.  audas  =  Dan.  aande, 
breathe,  Icel.  iind,  breath,  life,  soul,  =  Sw.  anda, 
ande  =  Dan.  aande,  breath  (>  Sc.  amid,  aind, 
aynd,  breath,  breathe) ;  also  Icel.  andi,  breath, 
spirit,  a  spirit,  =  Dan.  aand,  spirit,  soul,  a  spirit, 
ghost,  =OHG.fl« ?«  =  OS.  aNf/<)  =  AS.  o;u/n,  zeal, 
indignation,  anger,  envy:  for  the  change  of 
sense,  cf.  animus  and  animosity.}  Soul;  vital 
principle ;  the  intelligent  principle  supposed  to 
preside  over  \ital  actions:  anciently  applied 
to  the  active  principle  of  a  drug,  as  if  thie  were 
its  soul — Anima  bruta,  the  soul  of  brutes;  the  stmt 
of  animals  other  than  man  ;  the  principle  of  brute  in- 
telligence and  vitality.— AnUna  htmiana,  the  human 
soul ;  the  principle  of  luinian  intelliirence  and  vitality.— 
Anima  mimdi,tlieSMulof  theworbl :  an  ethereal  essence 
or  spirit  supp*ised  to  be  diffused  through  the  universe,  or- 
ganizing ami  acting  tliroughout  the  whole  and  in  all  it« 
different  parts. 

The  doctrine  of  the  aniuia  mundi.  as  held  by  the  Stoics 
and  Stratonicians.  is  closely  allied  to  pantheism  ;  while 
accoriling  to  others  this  soul  of  the  universe  is  altogether 
intermediate  between  the  Creator  and  his  works. 

Fleming, 


animability 

animability(an'''i-!u;i-lMri-ti).  «.  [<  animahle: 
see  -hiliti/.]  t'apacity  of  animation  ;  capability 
of  bein^  auinijited. 

An  aiiiiiiahililii  of  IhkIv  is  aciniiiv(i  (if  we  mav  coin  a 
Wim\).      W.  Tivit'n,:  M.-ntllly  Ki'v..  i>XXIV.  :i93.  (.V.  JC.  D.) 

animablet  (an'i-nia-bl),  (/.  [<  L.  animahilis  (a 
donhtrul  reading),  <  animarr,  iiTiiniate :  see  ani- 
■)u<iti\  r.)     Susceptible  of  iininiaUon. 

animadversalt  (an'i-inad-ver'sal),  n.  [<  L. 
<(ttinniilrrrsiis{i)\).ofatiim(i(ircrterc:  seennimad- 
rvri)  4-  -al.']  That  which  has  the  power  of  per- 
ceiving ;  a  percipient.     [Rare.] 

That  lively  inward  aiiimadvtrsal :  it  is  the  soul  itself: 
for  I  cannot  conceive  the  body  doth  animadvert. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Sonj;  of  the  Soul,  p.  422,  note. 

animadversion  (an'i-mad-ver'shon),  )K  [<  L. 
anitiiadnrsia^n-),  the  perception  of  an  object, 
consideration,  attention,  reproach, punishment, 
ianimdiivrriere^  pp.  animadvcrsHS :  see  animad- 
vert.} If.  The  act  or  faculty  of  observing  or 
noticing;  observation;  perception. 

Tlie  soul  is  the  sole  percipient  which  hath  animadver- 
sion and  sense.  GlanvUlc,  Seep.  Sci. 

2.  The  act  of  criticizing;  criticism;  censure; 
reproof. 

He  dismissed  their  commissioners  with  severe  and  sharp 
animatlvirnions.  Clarendon. 

We  must  answer  it,  .  .  .  with  such  animadversion  on 
its  doctrines  as  they  deserve. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

=  S3?T1.  2.  Remark,  comment,  reprobation,  reprehension. 
animadversive  (an*'i-mad-ver'siv),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  (iniitiadvrrsuSj  pp.  of  auimadrertcre :  see 
animadvert.']  I,  a.  Having  the  power  of  per- 
ceiving; percipient:  as,  "the  animadversive 
faculty,"  Coleridge. 

II.  n.  A  percipient  agent.  N.  E.  D. 
animadversiveness  (an'^i-mad-ver'siv-nes),  h. 
The  power  of  animadverting.  Bailey. 
animadvert  (an'''i-mad-vert'),  r.  I.  [<  L.  ani- 
madvertcre,  regard,  observe,  notice,  apprehend, 
censure,  pimish ;  bycrasisforrt/(/w/«/«  advertere, 
in  same  senses,  lit.  turn  the  mind  to  :  animum, 
ace,  of  animus,  the  mind  (see  ammus) ;  advertere, 
tm'nto:  see  ad'Vert.]  If.  To  take  cognizance 
or  notice. —  2.  To  comment  critically;  make 
remarks  by  way  of  criticism  or  censure;  pass 
strictures  or  criticisms. 

A  man  of  a  most  animadvertinff  humour ; 
Who,  to  endear  himself  unto  his  lord. 
Will  tell  iiim,  you  and  I,  or  any  of  us, 
That  here  are  met,  are  all  pernicious  spirits. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  ii.  1. 

I  wish,  sir,  you  would  do  us  the  favour  to  animadvert 
freciuently  upon  the  false  taste  the  town  is  in.  Steele. 

The  gentleman  from  Lowell  aii'nn(uh\-rted  somewhat, 
last  evening,  on  the  delays  attending'  tin.-  publication  of 
the  reports  of  decisions.         R.  Chuaie,  Addresses,  p.  374. 

=  Syn.  2.  Of  animadvert  upon:  To  comment  upon,  criti- 
cize, disapprove,  reprehend,  blame,  censure. 

animadverter  (an*i-mad-ver'ter),  h.  One  who 
animadverts  or  makes  remarks  by  way  of  cen- 
sure. 

animse,  n.     Plural  of  aninia. 

animal  (an'i-mal),  a,  and  /(.  [First  in  16th  cen- 
tm-y;  {a)  animal  {anymfd,  animaU)  =  F.  Sp. 
Pg.  animal  =  It.  animalc,  adj.,  <  L.  animalis, 
animate,  living  (also  aerial,  consisting  of  air), 
<  anima,  a  current  of  air,  wind,  air,  breath,  the 
vital  i)rinciple,  life,  soul:  see  anima;  (h)  ani- 
mal, n.,  =  P.  animal  =  Sp.  Pg.  animal  =  It. 
animale,  <  L.  animal,  rarely  animate,  a  living 
being,  an  animal  in  the  widest  sense,  but  some- 
times restricted  to  a  bnite  or  beast;  hence,  in 
contempt,  a  human  being;  orig.  neut.  of  ani- 
malis, adj.,  as  above.  In  mod.  use  animal,  a,, 
*  living,  animate,'  is  inseparably  mixed  with  ani- 
mal, n.,  used  attributively  in  the  sense  of  'per- 
taining to  animals.*]  I.  a.  If.  Pertaining  to 
sensation.  See  animal  spirits,  below. — Sf.  Hav- 
ing life;  living;  animate. —  3.  Pertaining  to  the 
merely  sentient  part  of  a  living  being,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  intellectual,  rational,  or 
spiritual  part ;  of  man,  pertaining  to  those  parts 
of  his  nattire  which  he  shares  with  inferior  ani- 
mals. 

Good  humour,  frankness,  generosity,  active  courage, 
sanguine  energy,  buoyancy  of  temper,  are  the  usual  and 
appropriate  accomi)aninients  of  a  vigorous  animal  tem- 
perament. Lechy,  Eufop.  Morals,  IL  VS'l. 

Faith  in  God  is  the  source  of  all  power.  Before  a  soul 
inspired  by  this  faith,  the  animal  strength  of  a  Napoleon 
or  a  Jackson  is  only  weakness. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  377. 

4.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  derived  from  animals. 

It  may  be  reasonably  ib)ubted  whctlier  any  f(uni  of  ani- 
mal lifL-  remains  to  be  discDVi-rcd  which  will  in)t  be  f<iund 
to  accord  with  one  or  other  of  tlu-  i-<immon  plans  nuw 
known.  Huxley,  Anat.  invert.,  p.  50. 


218 

Animal  anseretlcs.  see  nnaretic-  pjiSmdl  charcoal. 

Same  us /><'m-/(/(«A.'.- Animal  economy,  tlK-iphysioJ.'gical 
cuur.se  of  evt-iits  in  the  \\U-  uf  an  animal ;  tlu:  Keijueiice  of 
cause  and  etbitnhscrvrd  in  the  vital  at-tivitius  of  animals; 
the  order  of  animated  natun*.  Animal  electricity,  tdcc- 
trieitygencrated  in  animal  ln.dirs,  as.  in  lai^njiiaiititiis,  in 
the  electric  eel,  tlu- titipiil..,  and  .\f<i/'(ptrninis,i,v,  instnall 
quantities,  in  nervuiis,  musiular,  and  otluT  ti.ssut-s.  —  Ani- 
mal food,  Ibsh  >>r  any  other  part  of  an  animal  whicli  is 

eaten.    Animal  force.    See  /ore*-.— Animal  fimction. 

any  vital  activity  or  physiological  process  performed  in  ani- 
nnil  economy ;  any  organic  property  or  character  of  animals. 
Such  functions  may  be  grouped  in  a  few  broad  classes:  (1) 
Mentality,  including  all  activities  of  the  mind  as  distin- 
guishtd  fnnii  tlmse  of  the  body,  such  as  instinct,  reason, 
intelUrtinn.  iilcution,  etc.  (2)  Sensibility,  or  feeling;  the 
capability  of  n-sp. -nding  automatically  tip  extL-rnal  stimuli ; 
irritability  ;  inm  i\atii>n  :  common  to  all  animals  in  a  high 
degi'ee  as  cnnipaivd  uitli  plants.  (.S)  ],nr..nintinn,  usual  in 
animals,  but  unusual  in  jdants.  (4)  Nutrition.  iii\  i  thing  in- 
ter.'^titial  ;:r(iwth  and  waste  and  rcj-air  :  common  tojilants 
and  animals,  Imt  usually  differently  cllictcd  in  the  two, 
and  with  ditfert-nt  material.  (5)  Reproduction,  or  genera- 
tion, a  process  whereby  growth  is  devoted  to  the  forma- 
tion of  separate  indi\iduals.  Functions  shared  by  all  or- 
ganized beings  are  called  organic  or  vegetative  functions; 
no  functions  are  peculiar  to  animals  except  those  of  men- 
tality. Other  lesser  categories  of  functions  are  sometimes 
named:  as,  the  digestive  function;  the  sexual  function; 
the  function  of  circulation,  of  respiration;  the  function 
of  the  liver,  or  of  any  part  or  organ,  that  is,  the  special  part 
which  it  takes  in  the  animal  economy.— Animal  heat,  the 
temperature  maintained  during  life  in  an  animal  l»ody,aiid 
requisite  for  its  physiological  functions.  It  \aries  fi<im 
a  degiee  not  appreciably  different  from  that  of  the  ele- 
ment in  wbieh  the  animal  lives  to  one  much  higher,  the 
latter  being  the  case  with  the  higher  animals.  Difference 
in  degree  of  animal  heat  is  the  ground  of  a  division  of  the 
higher  animals  into  warm-blooded  and  cold-blooded,  or 
Hcematotfierma  and  Hcematocrya.  In  the  former  a  very 
sensibly  elevated  temperature  is  maintained.  It  is  highest 
in  birds,  mounting  sometimes  to  112°  ¥.  In  mammals  a 
usual  range  is  from  96°  to  104"  F.  In  man  the  mean 
normal  temperature  is  about  99°,  any  considerable  devia- 
tion from  which  is  inconsistent  with  health.  Animal 
heat  is  simply  a  case  of  chemical  combustion ;  an  analo- 
gous pidcessgoes  on  in  plants.  It  is  an  index  of  the 
molecular  motion  of  the  body,  and  a  measxu-e  of  the  work 
done  by  an  animal  in  its  vital  activities.— Animal  king- 
dom, all  animals  collectively  ;  Auimalla  ;  one  of  the  three 
grand  divisions  of  the  realm  of  nature  (im^'mf/m  natura-), 
tlie  othertwocomprisingplants  ami  minerals  respectively. 
For  scientific  purposes  it  has  tieen  divided  into  classes,  or- 
ders, families,  genera,  species,  and  groups  (with  interme- 
diate divisions  often  formed  by  prefixing  sub-  or  miper-  to 
these  words),  whereby  the  classitlcation  and  registration  of 
aninialsare  facilitated.  Examplesof  the  primary  divisions 
are  the  following:  (1)  The  Linnean  system  (1766)  divided 
animals  into  6  classes:  I.  Minmniilia  ;  II.  Aves;  III.  .4m- 
pftibia;  IV.  Pisces :V.  Iiis,rta  ;  \l.  Vmnes.  (2)Thesys- 
temof  Cuvier(lS17)proposed4snbkingdoinsand  20 classes: 
I.  Vertchrata  {.Motninalia,  Area,  lieptilia,  Pi^ces);ll.  Mol- 
lusra  (i'ejiliitlnjinda,  Fteropoda,  Gasteropoda,  Acephala, 
Brac/iii-j'i'<lfi.  Cirrbopuda);  III.  Articulata  (Annelides, 
Crmtarea,  Trihbita,  Aractinidn,  I ns'Cta);  IV.  liadiata 
(Erfiinutfennata,  Entozoa,  AcaU}<ha,  I'oliipi.  Infusoria). 
(3)  Thcsystem  of  Owen  (1860) separated  the  Prutozoa  from 
Animalin  proper  as  a  separate  kingdom,  the  latter  being 
then  divided  into  subkinydom  I.,  Invrti'l-rata,  with  .'i 
provinces,  Rudiata,  Articulata,  MoUuscu  ;  and  subkingdom 
II.,  Vertebrata.  (4)  In  1869  Huxley  arranged  the  animal 
kingdom  in  the  8  primary  groups  Vcrtrlinita,  Mvlhi-sra, 
Mulluscoida,  delenterata,  Anindom,  Aimulolda,  Infu- 
soria, Protozoa.  No  two  authorities  agree  upon  the  lead- 
ing divisions  of  the  animal  ki]i;j:di>m,  but  a  system  like 
the  following  is  now  quite  generally  accepted:  Subking- 
dom A  (with  one  phylum),  Protozoa:  class  I.,  Rhizopoda  ; 
class  II.,  (.h;-iinrinCda  :  class  III.,  Infusoria.  Subking- 
dom B,  Metuzua.  Phylum  1,  Coeknterata :  class  IV., 
Spongiozoa;  class  V.,  Hydrozoa;  class  VI.,  Aetinozoa  ; 
class  VII.,  Ctenozoa.  Phylum  2,  Echinodermata :  class 
VIII. ,  Crinoidea;  class  IX.,  Asteroidea;  class  X.,  Echinvi- 
dea;  class  XI.,  Holoftiuroidea.  Phylum  3,  Vermes:  class 
XII.,  Plathehnintfies ;  class  XIII.,  Nematfielminthes ; 
class  XIV.,  Gephyrea ;  class  XV.,  Annelida;  class  XVI., 
Rotifera.  Phylum  4,  Arthropoda:  class  XVII.,  Critsfacea; 
class  XVIII.,  Arachnida;  class  XIX.,  Myriapoda;  class 
XX.,Insecta.  Phylum  5,  Molluscoidea:  class  XXI.,  Poly- 
zoa;  class  XXII.,  Brachiopoda.  Phylum  6,  Mollusca: 
class  XXIII.,  Acephala;  class  XXIV.,  Pteropoda;  class 
XXM.,  Gasteropoda;  class  XXVI.,  Cephalopoda.  Phylum 
7,  Vertebrata:  class  XXVII.,  Tnnicata ;  class  XXVIII., 
Leptocardia ;  class  XXIX.,  Marsipobraiu^hii :  classXXX., 
Eluitmobranchii;  class  XXXI.,  Pisces;  class  XXXII., 
Ampfiibia;  class  XXXlll.,  Re pt ilia  ;  class XXXIV.,  .4 iV6-; 
cla.ss  XXXV.,  Mammalia.  Three  remarkable  genera,  Di- 
cyemn,  Sa<iittn,  and  Balanoglusswi,  are  severally  regarded 
by  many  authors  as  types  of  classes.— Animal  magnet- 
ism, mectianics,  etc.  See  tlie  nouns.— Animal  power, 
the  unit  of  power  in  men  and  animals,  as  man-i'mn-r. 
horse'-power,  etc.  Usually  expressed  in  foot-iiounds.  See 
horse-poiver.—Asiinial  SPtritS.  (u)  According  t<i  tlie  doc- 
trine of  Galen,  modified  by  Descartes,  subtile  and  almost 
incorporeal  parts  of  the  living  body,  which  penetrate  the 
pores  of  the  nerves  and  pass  between  the  brain  and  the 
jieriphery,  acting  as  the  agents  of  volition  and  sensation. 
Also  in  the  singular,  animal  spirit,  eijuivalent  to  nervous 
force  or  action.  (6)  In  modern  use,  exuberance  of  health 
and  life;  natural  buoyancy;  cheerfulness,  animation,  gai- 
ety, and  good  humor. 

Animal  spirits  constitute  the  power  of  the  present,  and 
their  feats  are  like  the  structure  of  a  pyramid. 

Emerson,  Society  and  Solitude. 

II,  tu  1.  A  sentient  livin^being;  an  individu- 
al, organized,  animated,  and  sentient  portion  of 
matter;  in  zooL,  one  of  the  Animalia  ;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  animal  kingdom,  as  distinguished 
from  a  vegetable  or  a  mineral.  The  distinction 
from  the  latter  is  sutticient,  consisting  in  luganization, 
interstitial  nutrition,  vitality,  and  aniniatiun  ;  but  it  i:^  im 
possible  to  draw  any  line  between  all  vegetables  and  all 


Animalia 

animals.  Any  criteria  wliicli  may  lie  diagnostic  in  most 
instances  fail  of  apjdicaljility  to  the  lowest  forms  of  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  life  ;  and  no  definition  which  has  been 
attempted  has  been  entirely  successful.  Most  animals  are 
locomotory  Jis  well  as  motile  ;  most  plants  are  fixed.  Most 
animals  exhibit  distinct  active  ami  apparently  conscious 
or  voluntary  movements  in  response  to  irritation,  me- 
chanical or  other;  most  plants  <lo  not.  Most  animals 
feed  upon  other  animals  or  upon  plants,  that  is  to  say, 
upon  organic  matter;  most  plants,  upon  inorganic  sub- 
stances. ,M(Kst  animals  have  no  cellulose  in  their  compo- 
sition, nitro^ienous  compounds  j^revailing;  while  cellulose 
is  highly  clKuacteristic  of  plants.  Most  animals  inhale 
oxygen  and  exhale  carbon  dioxid,  the  reverse  of  the 
usual  process  in  plants;  and  few  animals  have  chlorophyl, 
which  is  so  generally  present  in  iilants.  Animals  have  usu- 
ally a  digestive  cavity  and  a  nervcms  system,  and  are  capa- 
ble of  certain  manifestations  of  consciousness,  sentiency, 
and  volition,  which  can  be  attributed  to  plants  only  by 
great  latitude  in  the  use  of  the  terms.    See  also  extract. 

Ordinary  aHima/s  .  .  .  not  only  possess  conspicuous  lo- 
comotive activity,  but  their  parts  readily  alt«r  their  form 
or  position  when  irritated.  Their  nutriment,  consisting 
of  other  unimals  and  of  plants,  is  taken  in  the  solid  form 
int<i  a  digestive  cavity.  .  .  .  Traced  d<iwn  to  their  lowest 
terms,  the  series  of  plant  forms  gradually  lose  more  and 
more  of  their  distinctive  ve^etaiib-  features,  while  the 
series  of  animal  forms  part  with  more  and  more  of  their 
distinctive  animal  characters,  and  the  two  series  converge 
ttt  a  common  tenn.  .  .  .  The  most  characteristic  morpho- 
logical iHculiarity  of  the  animal  is  the  absence  of  any 
such  cellulose  investmeTd.  |of  the  cills  as  plants  possess]. 
The  most  charaeteri.stic  pbysioh.Mi.  al  pei  uliarity  of  the 
animal  is  its  want  of  power  to  mannfai  tiire  protein  out  of 
simpler  compounds.         Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  pp.  43-47. 

2.  An  inferior  or  iri'ational  sentient  being,  in 
contradistinction  to  man;  a  brute;  a  beast:  as, 
men  and  animals. —  3.  A  contemptuous  tenn  for 
a  human  being  in  ^hom  the  animal  nature  has 
the  ascendancy.— Aggregate  animals.  See  aggre- 
w^e.— Animals*  Protection  Acts,  Knt.dish  statutes  of 
1849  (12  and  13  Vict.,  c.  92),  IbiA  (17  and  18  Vict.,  c.  60), 
and  1861  (24  and  25  Vict.,  c.  97,  sections  4u,  41).  for  pre- 
venting  cruelty  to  animals.— Compoimd  animals.  See 
einnjiinind'i^. 

animal-clutcll  (an'i-mal-kluch),  w.  A  device 
for  gripping  animals  by  the  leg  -while  slaugh- 
tering them. 

animalcula  (an-i-mal'kiVla),  «.  pi.  [NL.:  see 
animalcidum.'}  1.  Plural  of  animalculum. —  2, 
[caj).']  A  loose  synon>Tn  of  Infusoria. 

animalculse  (an-i-marku-le),  ".  pi.  An  incor- 
rect form  of  animalcula,  of  which  it  is  assumed 
to  be  the  plural.  See  animalculum  and  ani- 
maleule. 

animalcular  (an-i-mal'ku-lar),  a.  [<  animal- 
cule +  -rtr,]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  animal- 
cules.—  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  physiologi- 
cal doctrine  of  animalculism. 

An  equivalent  form  is  animalculine. 

animalcule  (an-i-markul),  n.  [  =  F.  animalcule, 
<  NL.  animalculum,  q.  v.]  If.  Any  little  animal, 
asA  mouse,  insect,  etc. — 2.  A  minute  or  micro- 
scopic animal,  nearly  or  quite  invisible  to  the 
naked  eye,  as  an  infusorian  or  rotifer;  an  ani- 
malculum:  as,  the  h^W-animalcule,  a  ciliate  in- 
fusorian of  the  family  Vorficellid<c :  wheel-rtMi- 
malcule,  a  rotifer;  hefiv-animalculc,  a  minute 
arachnidan  of  the  order  Arctisca.  See  cuts  tm- 
der  Arctisca,  Botifera,  and  Vorticella.—'protevLS 
animalcule,  a  former  name  of  rn/iai»((.— Seminal  ani- 
malcule, a  spermatozoon  {which  see). 

animalculine  (an-i-mal'ku-lin),  a.  Same  as 
anim(deulfir. 

animalculism  (an-i-mal'ku-lizm),  V.  [<  ani- 
malcule +  -ism.l  1,  The  theory  that  animal- 
cules cause  disease, — 2.  The  doctrine  or  theory 
of  ineasement  in  the  male;  spermism;  sper- 
matism.  See  ineasement. 
Also  called  animalism. 

animalculist  (an-i-marku-list),  H.  [<  animal- 
cule +  -ist.'}  1.  A  special  student  of  animal- 
cules; one  versed  in  the  study  of  animalcules. 
—  2.  An  adherent  of  animalculism  or  the  physi- 
ological  theory  of  ineasement  in  the  male;  a 
sj  K'r II 1  i  ^;t .     See  in  ca.9emen  t. 

animalculum  (an-i-marku-lum),  ».;  i^\.  animal- 
cula (-la).  [NL.,  a  little  animal,  dim.  of  L.  ani- 
mal, aii  animal:  see  (tnimal.']     An  animalcule. 

animal-flower  (an'i-mal-Hou'''er\  H.  A  zoo- 
jjliytc  or  ])hytozoon;  a  radiated  animal  resem- 
bling or  likened  to  a  flower,  as  many  of  the 
Actinocoa :  a  term  especially  applied  to  sea- 
anemones,  but  also  extended  to  various  other 
zoophytes  which  at  one  end  are  fixed  as  if 
rooted,  and  at  the  other  are  expanded  like  a 
flower. 

animalhood  (an'i-mal-hud),  /(.  [<  animal  + 
-iKnuL]  The  state  or  condition  of  any  animal 
other  than  man;  animality  as  distinguished 
from  humanity.     [Rare.] 

A  creature  almost  lapsed  from  humanity  into  rtHi'ma/- 
houd.  Reader,  'Sow,  1803.  p.  r>;i7.     (A'.  E.  I>.) 

Animalia  (an-i-ma'li-ji),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  */»/- 
mal :  see  animal.]    Animals  as  a  gi-and  division 


Animalia 

of  nature;  the   auimal   kiiifjdom  (which  see, 

umlor  iinimnl). 
animalic  (iin-i-murik),  a.      [<  animal  +  -jc] 

Of  (ir  iiiTtainiiif;  to  animals.     [Rare.] 
animaliculture  (an-i-mal-i-kul'tur),  «.    [<  L. 

aiiiinal,  uiiiiiial,  +  cultiiru,  (-ultnre.]     The  rais- 
ing and  care  of  animals  as  a  branch  of  indus- 
try ;  stoek-raisinj;.     [Karo.] 
animalisation,  animalise.    See  animalization, 

(iiiiiiKiliy. 
animalisht  (an'i-niiil-isli).  a.   [innimal  +  -is/il.] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  liki^  an  animal,  especially 
an  irrational  animal ;  brutish.     [Rare.] 

The  world  Imth  no  blood  nor  brains,  nor  any  animalixh 
or  liuniane  form.  Cudworth,  Intelleutiial  System. 

animalism  (an'i-mal-i/.m),  n.  [<  animal  + 
-i.vm.]  1.  The  state  of  a  mere  animal;  the 
statu  of  being  actuated  by  sensual  appetites 
only,  and  not  by  intellectual  or  moral  forces; 
sensuality. —  2.  The  exercise  of  animal  facul- 
ties; animal  activity. — 3.  A  mere  animal;  spe- 
cifically, a  human  being  dominated  by  auimal 
qualities  and  passions.     [Rare.] 

Girls,  Ilt'tairaij  L-urious  in  their  art, 
Hired  aitimfdisms,  vile  as  tliose  that  ntatle 
The  mnlberry-faced  Dietator's  or^'ies  worse 
Than  aught  they  fable  of  the  quiet  (Jods. 

Tt'iutymn,  Lucretius. 
4.  \n  phijttiol.,  same  as  animalctilism. 
animalist  (an'i-mal-ist),  «.     [<  animal  +  -ist.'\ 

1.  A  sensualist. —  2.  In  jihysioL,  an  animal- 
enlist. — 3.  In  art,  an  artist  who  devotes  his 
chief  energies  to  the  rejiresentation  of  animals, 
as  distinguished  from  one  who  represents  the 
human  figure,  landscapes,  etc. ;  an  animal- 
painter  or  animal-sculptor. 

Fifty  ye.ars  atfo  he  [Barye]  brought  envy  and  malice  on 

his  heail  throu^di  the  erection  in  the  .\venue  des  Feuil- 

lants  in  the  Tuilleries  ^;ardens  of  his  colossal  bronze  lion 

and  serpent.     It  was  then  the  sneer  of  aitiittali-tt  be(,'an. 

The  Century,  XXXI.  4S4. 

animalistic  (an"i-ma-lis'tik),  a.  [<  animalist 
+  -«•.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  ani- 
malism ;  sensual. 

animality  (an-i-mal'i-ti),  «.  [=  F.  animalite: 
<  animal  +  -iti/.']  1.  The  state  of  being  an  ani- 
mal; animal  existence  or  uatm'c  in  man;  the 
animal  as  opposed  to  the  spiritual  side  of  hu- 
man nature. 

Another  condition  which  tends  to  produce  social  pro- 
gress is  the  perpetual  struti{;le  between  the  essential  at- 
tributes of  humanity  and  those  of  mere  animality. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  132. 

2.  In  physiol.,  the  aggregate  of  those  vital  phe- 
nomena which  characterize  animals.  See  vcge- 
tality. 

We  find  it  convenient  to  treat  of  the  laws  of  Animality 
in  the  abstract,  expecting  to  find  these  ideals  realized 
(within  due  limits)  in  every  particular  organism. 

G.  //.  Lewen,  Probs.  of  Life  and  .Mind,  II.  iv.  g  42. 

Animalivora  (an"i-ma^liv'o-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  animalivorus :  see  animalivoroiis.'] 
In  2o6l.,  a  name  given  to  the  carnivorous  and 
insectivorous  bats,  as  distinguished  from  the 
frugivorous  species.  The  term,  in  its  application  to 
bats,  or  Chiritptera,  is  an  alternative  synonym  of  Inserti- 
ivirff,  which  is  preoccupied  iu,  and  oftener  employcil  for, 
auotlier  group  of  mannnals. 

animalivorous  (an"i-ma-liv'o-rus),  ((.  [<  NL. 
animdlimnin,  <  L.  animal,  animal,  +  voriire, 
devour.]  Animal-eating;  carnivorous;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Animalivora. 

animalization  (an-i-mal-i-za'shon),  n.  [<  ani- 
malizv  +  -((/(OH.]  1.  The  act  of  making  into 
an  animal,  or  of  endowing  with  animal  attri- 
butes; the  act  of  representing  (a  higher  being) 
under  the  form  of  an  animal,  as  bearing  its 
characteristic  part,  or  as  having  its  lower  in- 
stincts and  tastes. 

In  the  theology  ol  both  the  Babylonians  and  Egyptians 
there  is  aliundan't  evidence  .  .  .  of  .  .  .  the  deification  of 
animals,  and  tlie  converse  animalisation  of  Gods. 

Jluxley,  Nineteenth  t'entury,  XIX.  493. 

2.  The  process  of  rendering  or  of  becoming  ani- 
mal or  degraded  in  life  or  habits  ;  the  state  of 
being  under  the  influence  of  animal  instincts 
and  passions ;  brutalization ;  sensualization. 

The  illusion  of  the  greatest-happiness  princiide  would 
eventually  lead  the  world  back  to  animalisation. 

U.  .S'.  Halt,  German  Culture,  p.  182. 

3.  Conversion  into  animal  matter  by  the  pro- 
cess of  assimilation. 

The  alimentary  canal,  in  which  the  conversion  and  am- 
malizatiun  of  the  food  takes  place.       Owen,  I'omp.  Ainit. 

4.  The  process  of  giving  to  vegetable  fiber  the 
appearance  and  (juality  of  animal  fiber.  See 
anlmali:c. 

The  present  view  of  animalization  is,  that  it  is  not  pos- 
sible to  animali/e  a  fabric  in  any  other  way  than  by  actu- 
ally depositing  upon  it  the  ainmal  matter  in  question. 

O'yi-ill,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  CO. 


219 

5.  Population  by  animals;  the  number  and 
kind  of  animals  in  a  given  place  or  region. 

What  the  French  call  the  animalization  of  the  depart- 
ments. Jour.  lluy.  Ayric.  Hue.,  I.  414.    (.V.  li.  D.) 

Also  spelled  animalisation, 
animalize  (an'i-mal-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ani- 
mali^cil,  ppr.   animali:infi.     [=  F.  nnimalisrr ; 

<  animal  +  -(>e.]  1.  To  make  into  an  animal ; 
endow  with  the  attributes  of  an  animal ;  repre- 
sent in  animal  form:  as,  tli(t  Egyjrtians  ani- 
mali:id  their  deities. — 2.  To  give  an  animal 
character  or  appearance  to;  esjHcially,  to  ren- 
der animal  in  nature  or  habits ;  brutalize  ;  sen- 
sualize ;  excite  the  auimal  passions  of. 

If  a  man  lives  for  the  table,  .  .  .  the  eye  grows  dull, 

the  gait  heavy,  the  viiice  takes  a  coarse  animalizvd  sound. 

liunhnell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  ITtJ. 

3.  To  convert  into  animal  matter  by  the  pro- 
cess of  assimilation  ;  assimilate,  as  food. 

Something  secreted  in  the  coats  of  the  stomach,  which 
.  .  .  a(«((tait'2es  the  food,  or  assimilates  it. 

J.  Hunter,  in  I'hilos.  Trans.,  LXII.  454.    (N.  E.  D.) 

4.  To  give,  as  to  vegetable  fiber,  some  of  the 
characteristics  of  animal  filler,  as  when  cot- 
ton is  so  treated  with  albumin  or  casein,  or  a 
strong  solution  of  caustic  soda,  that  the  fiber 
shrinks,  becomes  stronger,  and  is  made  capa- 
ble of  absorbing  aniline  dyes. 

Also  .spelled  animalise. 

animally  (an'i-mal-i),  ailr.  If.  Psychically; 
in  the  manner  of  the  anima;  with  resjiect  to  the 
anima  bruta,  or  to  animal  spirits.  C^mlwnrth. — 
2.  Physically,  corporeally,  bodily,  as  opposed 
to  mentally  or  intellectually. 

animalness  (an'i-mal-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
Ijeing  an  animal ;  animality. 

animantt  (an'i-mant),  a.  [<  L.  animan{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  animarc,  animate :  see  animate,  t'.]  Possess- 
ing or  conferring  the  properties  of  life  and  soul ; 
quickening.     Vudworth.     [Rare.] 

animaryt  (an'i-ma-ri),  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  soul ;  psychical. 
'Tis  brought  to  a  right  animary  temper  and  harmony. 
Bp.  /'((rtcc,' Platonick  Fhilos.,  p.  44. 

animastic  (an-i-mas'tik),  H.  and  a.  [<  ML. 
anima.^ticiis,  <  L.  anima,  soul,  breath,  life:  see 
anima.^  I.t  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  soul ;  psy- 
chology. 

The  other  schoolmen  .  .  .  carefully  explained  that  these 
operations  were  not  in  their  own  nature  proposed  to  the 
logician ;  for,  as  such,  they  belonged  to  Animastic,  as  they 
called  it,  or  Psychology. 

Sir  W.  Ilaniilton,  Lectures  on  Logic,  I.  ii. 

II.  a.  Psychic;  spiritual;  relating  to  sotil: 
the  opposite  of  material  or  materialistic. 

animasticalt  (an-i-mas'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
anitnastic. 

animate  (an'i-mat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  animated, 
ppr.  animating.  [<  L.  animatns,  pp.  of  animarc, 
fUl  with  breath,  quicken,  encourage,  animate, 

<  flH(Hia,  breath:  see  ««(«(«.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
give  natm'al  life  to;  quicken;  make  alive:  as, 
the  soul  animates  the  body. 

Communicating  male  and  female  light ; 
Which  two  great  sexcsanimafe  the  world. 

Hilton,  1'.  L.,  viii.  151. 
But  it  was  as  impossible  to  put  life  into  the  old  institu- 
tions  as  to  aninuite  the  skeletons  which  are  imbedded  in 
the  depths  of  primeval  strata. 

Macaulay,  .Sir  James  Mackintosh. 

2.  To  affect  with  an  appearance  of  life ;  in- 
spire or  actuate  as  if  with  life ;  bring  into  ac- 
tion or  movement. 

Hut  none,  ah,  none  can  animate  the  lyi'e, 
And  the  nmte  strings  with  vocal  souls  inspire. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  move  or  actuate  the  mind  of ;  incite  to 
mental  action ;  prompt. 

This  view  .  .  .  animates  me  to  create  my  own  world 
through  the  purification  of  my  soul.       Hmerson,  Nature. 

4.  To  give  spirit  or  vigor  to ;  infuse  courage, 
joy,  orotherenlivening i)assion  into ;  stimulate : 
as,  to  animate  dispirited  troops. 

The  perfectibility  of  the  human  mind,  the  animatiny 
theory  of  the  eloquent  De  Stael,  consists  in  the  mass  of 
our  ideas.     /.  D'luraeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  315. 

Animated  by  this  unlo»)ked-for  victory,  our  valiant  he- 
roes sprang  aahore  in  triumph,  (and)  took  possession  of 
the  soil  as  coiKiuerors.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  97. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  vivify.  — 3.  To  revive,  invigorate.  — 4.  To  en- 
liven, stimulate,  inspirit,  exlularate,  cheer,  gladden,  im- 
pel, urge  on,  prompt,  incite. 

n.  intrans.  To  become  enlivened  or  exhila- 
rated ;  rouse  one's  self.     [Rare.] 

.Mr.  Arnott,  animating  at  this  speech,  glided  behind  her 
chair.  Miss  Rumey,  Cecilia,  i.  tl. 

animate  (an'i-mat),  a.  [<  L.  animatux.  pp.:  see 
the  verb.]  1.  Alive;  possessing  animal  life: 
as,  "creatiu-es  animate,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  111!. 


animation 

No  animate  creature  is  so  far  down  in  the  scale  that  It 
does  not  illustrate  some  plnise  of  nund  which  has  a  bear- 
ing upon  the  problem  of  higher  beings. 

fop.  Sri.  jl/o.,  XXV.  267. 
His  eye,  voice,  gesture,  and  whole  frame  anitnate  with 
the  living  vigor  of  heart-felt  religion. 

Baticroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  290. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  life ;  resembling 
that  which  is  alive ;  lively. 

After  marching  for  about  two  miles  at  a  very  slow  rate, 
the  enemy's  flags,  which  liad  been  visibl,.- since  leaving  the 
7,eril)a,  suddenly  l)ccanu'  anioiafr,  and  a  large  force  of 
Arabs,  distant  some  5U0  t(»  7<H)  yards,  sprang  up,  and  ad- 
vanced ns  if  to  attack  the  left  leading  corner  of  ttie  s<piare. 
.\infit''4'ttlli  Cintury,  XI.\.  155. 

3.  Pertaining  to  living  things:   as,  '^ animate 
diseases,"  Jiirby and  Sj)ence,KnU>vaol.    [Rare.] 

animated  (an'i-ma-ted),  ;j.  n.  1.  Endowed  with 
animal  life:  as,  the  various  classes  of  animated 
beings. 

*'  Infancy,"  said  Coleridge,  ''presents  body  and  spirit  In 
unity :  the  body  is  all  animated."  Emerson,  Domestic  Life. 

2.  Lively;  vigorous;  full  of  life,  action,  spirit; 
indicating  or  representing  animation:  as,  an 
animated  discourse;  an  animated  picture. 
On  the  report  there  was  an  animated  debate. 

Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiv. 
Can  storied  urn  or  animated  bust 
Back  to  its  mansion  call  the  Meeting  breath? 

Gray,  Elegy, 
animatedly  (an'i-ma-ted-li),  adr.     In  an  ani- 
mated way;  with  animation, 
animateness  (an'i-mat-nes),  H.     The  state  of 

Ijciiig  animate  or  animated, 
animater  (an'i-ma-ter),  «.     One  who  animates 

or  gives  life. 
animatingly  (an'i-ma-ting-li),  adv.     So  as  to 

animate  or  excite  feeling. 
animation (an-i-ma'shon),  «.  [<  L.  animatio(,H-), 
a  quickemug,  animating,  <  animare:  see  ani- 
mate, v.]  The  act  of  animating  or  the  state  of 
being  animated.  ((()  The  act  of  infusing  animal  life, 
or  the  state  of  l)eing  animated  or  having  life. 

Wherein,  although  they  attaine  not  the  indubitable 
retiuisites  of  Animation,  yet  they  have  ncere  artinity. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  1. 
Scarce  has  the  gray  dawn  streaked  the  sky,  and  the 
earliest  cock  crowed  from  the  cottages  of  the  hillside, 
when  the  suburbs  give  signs  of  reviving  animation. 

Irviny,  .\lhambra,  p.  137. 
('()  Liveliness;  briskness;  the  state  of  being  full  of  spirit 
and  vigor  :  as,  he  recited  the  story  with  great  animation. 
Fox  in  conversation  never  flagged ;  his  animation  and 
variety  were  inexhaustible.  A.  W.  Chamfers. 

The  veteran  warrior,  with  nearly  a  century  of  years 
upon  his  head,  had  all  the  fire  and  animation  of  youth  at 
the  pro.spect3  of  a  foray.  Irviny,  Granada,  p.  108. 

(c)  The  ai)pcarance  of  activity  or  life;  as,  the  animatiwi 
of  a  picture  or  statue.    (</)  Attribution  of  life  to. 

Any  general  theory  of  life  must,  if  logically  pursued, 
lea<l  to  the  animation  of  all  forms  of  matter. 

L.  !•'.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  351. 
Suspended  animation,  a  temporary  cessation  of  ani- 
nuition  ;  especially,  asphyxia.  =Syil.  («)  Life,  existence,  vi- 
tality. (/')  Animation,  Life,  Livelinens,  Vivacity,  Spirit, 
,Siiriylitlines.-i,  Gaiety,  l)Uoyancy.  cheerfuliies-s,  energy, 
ardor.  The  first  four  words  indicate,  by  derivation,  a 
full  possession  of  the  faculties  of  life  ;  therefore  they  are 
the  opposite  of  deadness  or  of  any  semblance  of  lifeless- 
ness.  The  same  idea  appears  in  the  next  two  under  the 
notion  of  the  possession  of  the  breath  (»f  life.  Animation 
applies  broadly  to  manner,  looks,  and  language:  as.  ani- 
mation of  countenance  ;  he  8i>oke  with  animation  ;  it  im- 
plies, perhaps,  more  warmth  of  feeling  than  the  others. 
ti/e  is  not  expressive  of  feeling,  but  of  full  vital  force  and 
any  form  of  iti  numifestation  :  as,  his  words  were  instinct 
with  life;  his  delivery  lacked  Ut'e.  Liveliness  is  primarily 
suggestive  of  the  energetic  exercise  of  the  powers  of  life  iji 
alertness  of  mind,  freshness  of  interest,  etc.  Vivacity  ap- 
plies especially  to  conversation,  but  is  used  also  of  manner 
and  looks  ;  it  belongs  mostly  to  externals.  Sjririt  is  vari- 
ously ciunpounded  of  courage,  vigor,  fimmess,  enthusiasm, 
and  zeal,  according  to  the  connection ;  it  implies  the  best 
qualities  of  the  manly  man  in  action.  Spriylttliness  is 
vivacity  with  mirth  or  gaiety;  it  is  lighter  than  sjiirit. 
Gaiety  is  the  overJtow  of  animal  8i)iritj.in  talk  and  laugh- 
ter promoted  by  social  intercourse,  festivity,  dancing,  etc. 
See  mirtti,  liilarity,  ytadncss,  happiness. 

At  the  very  mention  of  such  a  study,  the  eyes  of  the 
prince  sparkled  with  animation. 

Irviny,  Alhand)ra,  p.  230. 
Tile  king's  a  bawcock,  and  a  heart  of  gold, 
A  lad  of  life,  an  imp  of  fame.    .S/utk.,  Hen.  \'.,  iv.  1. 
His  (SteelesI  personages  are  draw-n  with  dramatic  spirit, 
and  with  a  liveliness  and  airy  facility  that  blind  the  reader 
to  his  defects  of  style.     Cliaml/ers's  Cye.  t'ny.  Lit.,  1.  021. 
The  delight  of  oiwning  a  new  pursuit,  or  a  new  course 
of  reading,  imparts  the  vivacity  and  novelty  of  youth  even 
to  old  age.      I.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  ("har.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  316. 
I  will  attend  her  here. 
And  woo  her  with  some  spirit  when  she  comes. 

.Stmk.,i:  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 
Perhaps  no  kind  of  superiority  is  more  flattering  or  al- 
luring than  that  which  is  conferred  by  the  powers  of  con- 
versation, by  extemporaneous  spriytitline.f.<  of  fancy,  co- 
piousness of  language,  and  fertility  of  sentiment. 

Jolinson,  Rambler,  No.  101. 

Like  our   Touchstone,  but  infinitely  richer,  this   new 

ideal  pei-sonage  (Masearille|  still  delights  by  the  fertility 

of  bis  expedients  and  his  perpetual  and  vigorous  gaiety. 

I.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Sleii  of  Genius,  p.  410. 


anlmative 

animative  (an'i-ma-tiv),  a.  [<  animate  +  -iir.] 
Having  tho  power  of  givrng  life  or  spirit. 

animator  (au'i-ma-tor),  II.  [L.,  <  animarc  :  see 
animate,  v.]  One  wlio  or  that  wliicli  animates 
or  gives  life ;  one  who  enlivens  or  inspires,  fiir 
T.  Browne,  Vnlg.  Err. 

anime  (an'i-me),  n.  [Sometimes  accented  like 
eijiuv.  l'\  unimc,  on  the  fancy  that  it  is  so  called 
because  often  •'unimc"  (<  L".  animatns:  see  ani- 
mate, a.)  or  "alive"  with  insects;  but  K.  prop. 
anime  =  F.  anime  (Cotgi-ave),  now  anime,  Sp. 
Pg.  anime  (XL.  anime,  aninii,  also  anijmum),  ap- 
plied in  the  midiUe  of  the  IGth  century,  and 
prob.  earlier,  to  a  gum  brought  from  the  East 
by  the  Portuguese;  afterward  applied  to  a 
similar  product  from  the  West  Indies.  _  The 
■word,  which  has  not  been  found  native  in  the 
East  or  elsewhere,  is  said  by  Ray  and  others 
to  be  a  Portuguese  corruption  of  nminecu,  Gr. 
afiwaia  (Dioseorides),  a  resinous  gum,  this  name 
being  appar.  an  adj.  (se.  a/ivpm,  myrrh),  re- 
ferring to  a  people  of  Arabia  bordering  on  the 
Bed  Sea,  from  whom  the  gum  was  obtained. 
Elemi  is  a  different  word.]  1.  The  name  of 
various  resins,  also  known  iu  pharmacy  as  etemi 
(which  see). —  2.  A  kind  of  copal,  the  [irmliice 
principally  of  a  legimiinous  tree,  Traeiiylobinni 
Sarnemannianum,  of  Zanzibar.  The  best  is  that 
dug  from  the  g:roun(i  at  the  liase  of  the  trees,  or  that 
found  in  a  semi-fossil  state  in  localities  where  the  tree  is 
now  extinct. 

3.  The  produce  of  a  very  nearly  allied  tree  of 
tropical  America,  Rijmenaa  Courbaril,  known 
in  the  West  Indies  as  the  locust-tree.  It  makes 
a  fine  varnish,  and,  as  it  burns  with  a  very  fragrant  smell, 
is  used  in  scenting  pastilles. 

4.  Indian  copal,  produced  by  Vateriei  Inclica. 
See  Vateria. 

Sometimes  eaUed  gum  anime. 
animin,  animine  (an'i-min),  «.  [<  anim(al)  + 
-!«-.]  In  cliem.,  an  organic  base  obtained  from 
bone-oil.  Watts. 
animism  (an'i-mizm),  n.  [=F.  animisme;  <  L. 
anima,  soul  (see  anima),  +  -ism.']  1.  The  hy- 
pothesis, original  with  Pythagoras  and  Plato, 
of  a  force  {anima  mundi,  or  soul  of  the  world) 
immaterial  but  inseparable  from  matter,  and 
giving  to  matter  its  form  and  movements. —  2. 
The  theory  of  vital  action  and  of  disease  pro- 
poimded  by  the  Gennau  chemist  G.  E.  Stahl 
(1660-1734);  the  theory  that  the  soul  (anima) 
is  the  vital  principle,  the  som'ce  of  both  the 
normal  and  the  abnormal  phenomena  of  life. 
In  Stahl's  theory  the  soul  is  regarded  as  the  principle  of 
life,  and,  in  its  normal  action,  of  health ;  the  body  being 
supposed  to  be  incapalde  of  self -movement,  and  not  only 
originally  formed  by  the  soul,  but  also  set  in  motion  and 
governed  by  it.  Hence  it  was  inferred  that  the  source  of 
disease  is  in  some  hindrance  to  the  full  and  free  activity 
of  the  soul,  and  tllat  medical  treatment  should  be  contiued 
to  an  attempt  to  remove  such  hindrances  from  it. 
3.  The  general  conception  of  or  the  belief  in 
souls  and  other  spiritual  beings;  the  explana- 
tion of  all  the  phenomena  in  natm'e  not  due  to 
obvious  material  causes  by  attributing  them  to 
spiritual  agency.  Among  the  beliefs  most  characteris- 
tic of  animism  is  that  of  a  human  apparitional  soul,  that 
is,  of  a  vital  and  animating  principle  residing  in  the  body, 
but  distinct  from  it,  bearing  its  form  and  appearance,  but 
wanting  its  material  iind  solid  substance.  At  an  early  stage 
in  the  development  of  philosophy  and  religion  events  are 
frequently  ascribed  to  agencies  analogous  to  human  souls, 
or  to  the  spirits  of  the  deceased. 

Spiritual  philosophy  has  influenced  every  province  of 
human  thouglit ;  and  the  history  of  animism,  once  clearly 
traced,  would  record  the  development,  not  of  religion 
only,  but  of  philosophy,  science,  and  literature. 

Encyc,  Brit.,  II.  57. 

The  theory  of  Animijim  divides  into  two  great  dogmas, 
fonning  p.irt3  of  one  consistent  doctrine ;  first,  concern- 
ing souls  of  individual  creatures,  capable  of  continued  ex- 
istence after  the  death  or  destruction  of  the  body;  second, 
concerning  other  spirits,  upward  to  the  rank  of  powerful 
deities.  E.  B.  Tyior,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  38.'>. 

animist  (an'i-mist),  n.  [<  L.  anima,  soul  (see 
anima).  +  -ist.]  One  who  maintains  animism 
in  any  of  its  senses. 

animistic  (an-i-mis'tik),  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
embracing,  or  founded  on  animism  in  any  sense. 

animodart,  «.  [Origin  obscure ;  perhaps  repr. 
Ar.  al-moddr,  <  al,  the,  -I-  moddr,  pivot,  tropic, 
the  axis  of  the  fundament ;  cf.  modaincar,  mti- 
dawwar,  roimd,  dawtrir,  turn  round :  see  mudir.'] 
In  astrol.,  a  method  of  correcting  the  supposed 
nativity  or  time  of  birth  of  a  person.  Also 
written  animodcr,  amnimodar. 

animose (an'i-mos),  a.  [=F. animeux (Cotgrsivp) 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  animoso,  <  L.  animosus,  fidl  of  cour- 
age, bold,  spirited,  proud,  <  animu.s,  courage, 
spirit,  mind:  see  animus.'}  Full  of  spirit;  hot; 
vehement.      liaileii. 

animosity  (an-i-mos'j-ti),  «. ;  pi.  animosities 
(-tiz),      [<  ME,  animosite,  <  OF,  animosite,  F, 


220 

animosity,  animosity,  =  Pr.  animositat  =  8p.  ani- 
mosidad,  valor,  =  Pg.  nnimosidadc  =  It.  ani- 
mositd,  animositade,  animositate,  courage,  ani- 
mosity, <  L.  animiisita{t-)s,  courage,  s])irit,  ve- 
hemence, in  eecles.  L.  also  wTath,  enmity,  <  ani- 
mosus:  see  animose.]  If.  Animation;  courage; 
spii'itedness. 

Cato,  before  he  durst  give  the  fatal  stroke,  spent  part 
of  tlie  night  in  reading  the  Immortality  of  Plato,  tliereliy 
eonfirniing  Iris  wavering  hand  unto  the  aninumttj  of  that 
attempt.  Sir  T.  Browjie,  t'm-Burial,  iv. 

2.  Active  enmity ;  hatred  or  ill-will  which  man- 
ifests itself  in  active  opposition. 

No  sooner  did  the  duke  receive  tliis  appeal  from  the 
wife  of  his  enemy,  than  he  generously  forgot  all  feeling 
of  aninwgiti/,  and  detennined  to  go  in  person  to  his  suc- 
cor. Irciiuj,  Granada,  p.  4S- 

Supposing  no  animosity  is  felt,  the  hurting  another  by 
accident  arouses  a  genuiiie  feeUng  of  regret  in  all  adults 
save  the  very  brutal.  H.  Speiu^er,  Prin.  of  PsychoL,  §  52D. 
=  S3T1.  2.  Animogity,  Ill-will,  Entiiitji,  Malice,  Hostility, 
Hatred,  Hate,  Matecoii;we,  Mati'jaity,  Rancor,  Grudijc, 
Spite.  These  words  dirter  fnan  lltose  descrii)ed  under 
acrimony,  anger,  and  antipatfiii  (wlucll  see)  in  that  they 
represent  deeper  feelings  or  more  pennuiicnt  passions. 
lU-ivill  may  represent  tlie  minimum  of  feclin;:,  being  a 
willing  or  wishing  of  ill  to  another,  generally  without 
disposition  to  be  active  iu  bringing  the  evil  about.  En. 
mity  is  a  somewhat  stronger  feeling,  and  it  often  gi'atifies 
itself  in  trifling  and  cowardly  ways.  Animosity  is  more 
intense  than  enmity ;  it  is  avowed  and  active,  and  wliat 
it  does  is  more  serious  than  the  covert  attacks  of  enmity 
or  tlie  hjisty  attacks  of  spite.  Malice  is  pure  badness  of 
heai-t,  deligliting  in  harm  to  others  for  its  own  sake.  Hos- 
tility is  less  passionate  than  animosity,  iiut  not  less  avowed 
or  active,  being  a  state  of  mind  inclining  one  to  aggressive 
warfare.  Hatred  and  hate  are  the  general  words  to  cover 
all  these  feelings ;  they  may  also  be  ultimate,  expressing 
the  concentration  of  the  whole  nature  in  an  intense  iU- 
will.  Malevolence  is  more  casual  and  temporary  than  mal- 
ice, arising  upon  occasion  furnished,  and  characterized 
by  a  wish  that  e\il  may  befall  another  rather  than  by  an 
intention  to  injure.  Malirjnity  is  malice  intensified ;  it  is 
hatred  in  its  aspect  of  destructiveness  or  desire  to  strike 
at  the  most  vital  interests  of  another.  Rancor  is  hatred 
or  malice  turned  sour  or  bitter;  it  is  implacable  in  its 
vindictiveness.  A  gmdr/e  is  a  feeling  of  sullen  ill-will  or 
enmity,  caused  by  a  trifling  wrong,  and  likely  to  be  ap- 
peased when  it  has  spent  itself  in  a  similar  return  against 
the  olfender.  .Spite  is  sudden,  resentful,  and  generally 
quite  as  well  pleased  to  mortify  as  to  damage  another ;  it 
may  be  as  strong  as  malice  or  as  weak  as  pique. 

The  personal  animosity  of  a  most  ingenious  man  was 
the  real  cause  of  the  utter  destruction  of  Warburton's 
critical  reputation.  /.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Quar.,  p.  397. 

That  thereby  he  may  gather 
The  ground  of  your  ill-^rill,  and  so  remove  it. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

No  place  is  so  propitious  to  the  formation  either  of 
close  friendships  or  of  deadly  enmities  as  an  Indianian. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 
And  malice  in  all  critics  reigns  so  high. 
That  for  small  errors  they  whole  plays  decry. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Tyrannic  Love,  1.  3. 

As  long  as  truth  in  the  statement  of  fact,  and  logic  in 
the  inference  from  observed  fact,  are  respected,  there  need 
be  no  hostility  between  evolutionist  and  theologian. 

E.  R.  Lanke.iter,  Degeneration,  p.  69. 

Tempt  not  too  much  the  hatred  of  my  spirit. 
For  I  am  sick  when  I  do  look  on  thee. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iL  2. 
For  thou  art  so  possess'd  with  murderous  hate, 
That  'gainst  thyself  thou  stick'st  not  to  conspire. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  x. 

The  deadly  energy  [of  magic  verses]  existing  solely  in 

the  words  of  the  imprecation  and  the  malevolence  of  the 

reciter,  which  was  supposed  to  render  them  effectual  at 

any  distance. 

T.  F.  Thiselton  Dyer,  Folk-lore  of  Shak.,  p.  50S. 
The  political  reigns  of  terror  have  been  reigns  of  mad- 
ness and  mali<jnity,—a.  total  perversion  of  opinion;  soci- 
ety is  upside  down,  and  its  best  men  are  thought  too  bad 
to  live.  Emerson,  Courage. 

He  who  has  sunk  deepest  in  treason  is  generally  pos- 
sessed by  a  double  measure  of  rancor  against  the  loy,al  and 
the  faithful.  De  Qiiincey,  Essenes,  ii. 

I  will  feed  fat  the  ancient  grudge  I  bear  him. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  :i. 
Below  me,  there,  is  the  village,  and  looks  how  quiet  and 

small ! 
And  yet  bubbles  o'er  like  a  city,  with  gossip,  scandal,  and 
spite.  Tennyson,  Maud,  iv.  2. 

animus  (an'i-mus),  H.  [L.,  the  mind,  in  a  great 
variety  of  meanings:  the  rational  soul  in  man, 
intellect,  consciousness,  will,  intention,  cour- 
age, spirit,  sensibility,  feeling,  passion,  pride, 
vehemence,  wrath,  etc.,  the  breath,  life,  soul 
(ef.  Gr.  avsfioc,  wind:  see  anemone),  closely  re- 
lated to  anima,  which  is  a  fem.  form:  see  ani- 
ma.'] Intention;  purpose:  spirit;  temper;  es- 
pecially, hostile  spirit  or  angry  temper ;  ani- 
mosity: as,  the  animus  with  which  a  book  is 
written. 

With  the  animus  and  no  doubt  with  the  fiendish  looks 
of  a  murderer.  De  Quincey,  Murder  as  a  Fine  Art. 

T'hat  article,  as  was  to  be  expected,  is  severely  hostile  to 
tile  new  version  ;  but  its  peculiar  (niiuios  is  such  as  goes 
far  to  deprive  it  of  value  as  a  critiial  judgment. 

MnctLcnIh  Centuni,  XX.  91. 

anion  (an'i-on),  n.  [<  Gr.  aviuv,  neut.  of  dviuv, 
going  up,  ppr.  of  dvihat,  go  up,  <  ava,  up  (see 


Anisobranchia 

ana-),  +  'thai,  go,  =  L.  ire  =  Skt.  -i/  i,  go:  see 
iterate  and  f/o.]  In  cleet.,  a  term  applied  by 
Faraday  to  that  element  of  an  electrolyte  which 
in  electrochemical  decompositions  appears  at 
the  positive  pole,  or  anode,  as  oxygen  or  chlo- 
rine. It  is  usually  termed  the  electronegative  ingredient 
of  a  eompomid.     See  anode,  cation. 

aniridia  (an-i-rid'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  or-  priv. 
+  ipic  ('p"5-),  iris.]  In  pathnl.,  absence  of  the 
iris  of  the  eye,  or  an  imperfection  of  the  iris 
amounting  to  a  loss  of  fimetion. 

anisandrous  (an-i-san'drus),  a.  [<  Gr.  dwirof, 
unequal  (see  aniso-),  +  uviii>(iivii>-),  male:  see 
-undrotix.]     Same  as  anisostememou.i. 

anisanthous  (an-i-san'thus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aviaoc, 
unequal  (see  aniso-),  +  ardor,  flower.]  In  lot., 
ha\Tng  perianths  of  different  forms.  Syd.  Sac. 
Lex. 

anisate  (an'i-sat),  a.  [<  ani.w  -1-  -atc'^.]  Re- 
sembling anise. 

anise  (an'is),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  anis,  an- 
nis,  <  ME.  anys,  aneys,  annes,  <  OF.  (and  mod. 
F.)  anis  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  anis  =  D.  anijs  =  Dan.  Sw. 
anis  =  MHG.  anis,  enis,  G.  anis  (>  Serv.  oh/./;, 
ane:h,  Sloven.  J«Hcr/i),  ^  L.  anisum,  also  spelled 
anesnm  and  anethnm  (>  F.  aneHi,  >  E.  anet,  q. 
v.),  =  Russ.  anisii  =  Bulg.  Serv.  anu.son  =  Ar. 
Turk,  anisun,  anise,  <  Gr.  avrfiov  or  dnrfiov,  Ion. 
drrjaov  or  avp?iaov,  later  Attic  aviaov  or  amiaov, 
anise,  dill.]  An  annual  umbelliferous  plant, 
Pimpinella  Anisnm.  it  is  indigenous  in  Egypt,  and  is 
cultivated  in  Spain  and  Malta,  whence  the  seed  is  exported. 


Anise  {Pimpinella  Anisum'\. 
a.  base,  and  b,  top  of  plant ;  c.  fruit ;  d.  section  of  a  carpel. 

Anise-seeds  have  an  aromatic  smell  and  a  pleasant  warm 
taste ;  they  are  largely  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
cordials.  When  distilled  with  water  they  yield  a  volatile, 
fragrant,  s>Tupy  oil,  which  separates  when  cooled  into  two 
portions,  a  light  oil  and  a  solid  camphor.— Star-anise,  or 
Chinese  anise,  lllicium  anisatnm.—'^M^  anise-tree 
of  Florida.  I/licntm  Floridannm.    See  lUicivot. 

anise-camphor  (an'is-kam'for),  »(.  A  liquid  or 
crystalline  substance,  CjqHi.iO,  found  in  the 
oils  of  anise,  fennel,  star-anise,  and  tarragon. 
Also  called  anetliol. 

aniseed,  anise-seed  (an'i-sed,  an'is-sed),  n. 
[The  first  foi-m  eontr.  fi-om  the  second.]  1 .  The 
seed  of  the  anise.     See  anise. —  2.  See  ani.sette. 

anise-tree  (an'is-ti-e),  n.    See  anise  ami  lllicium. 

anisette  (au-i-sef),  «.  [F.,  <  anis,  anise,  -f  ilim. 
-ettc.]  A  cordial  or  liqueur  prepared  from  tho 
seed  of  the  anise.     Sometimes  called  aniseed. 

It  often  happens  that  a  glass  of  water,  flavored  with  a 
little  anisette,  is  the  order  over  which  he  (the  lasagnone] 
sits  a  whole  evening.  Houdls,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 

anisic  (a-nis'ik),  a.  [<L.  (tw/.sh)H,  anise,  +  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  anise.  An  equiv- 
alent form  is  anisoie — Anisic  acid,  CvHsO;,,  an 
aciil  obtained  from  aniseed  by  the  action  of  oxidizing  sub- 
stances. It  is  crjstallizable  and  volatile,  and  forms  salts 
which  crystallixe  readily. 

aniso-.  [The  combining  form  of  Gr.  or/uof,  un- 
equal, <  av-  priv.  -f  laoc,  equal.]  An  element 
in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  signifying 
unequal. 

Anisobranchia  (a-ni-so-brang'M-ii),  H.  pi. 

[NL.,<  Gr.  ai'taoc,  unequal,-!-  ,ipa}xia,  gills.]  In 
Gegenbaur's  system  of  classification,  a  super- 
family  of  gastropods,  of  the  series  Vhiastoneura, 
incluiing  a  number  of  forms  collectively  dis- 
tinpiished  from  the  Zenqohranchia  (which  see). 
Leading  genera  of  the  Anisobranchia  are  Patella,  Trochus, 
I.ittorina,  Cyclostouia.  Ri.isoa.  Paludina,  and  Turritella. 

In  the  .inisoltrani-hia  the  left  gill  is  sULlUer,  and  the 
right  one  more  largelv  developed. 

Gtgenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  337. 


Anisobranchiata 

AniSObrancMata  (a-ni'so-hraug-ki-a'ta),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  iicul.  jil.  Ill'  iiiiisubniiichiutiis:  see  aniso- 
hraneluntr.l     Siiino  as  Animbrancliia. 

anisobranchiate  (a-ni-so-braug'ki-at),  n.  [< 
NL.  anisobrancltidtus,  asAuisohranfliiii  +  -iitii.i.'\ 
Having  unequal  gills;  specitically,of  or  pertain- 
ing to  (ho  .tiiisiihrdnchia. 

anisobryous  (an-i-sob'ri-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  aviao;, 
unc>iiu:d,  +  /i;"oi',  lit.  a  growth,  <  jipiieiv,  swell, 
grow.]     iSaiiie  as  (iDisdilipiamoiis. 

anisocercal  (a-ni-so-sir'kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  aviao^, 
unequal,  +  hipKu^,  tail:  see  a«-6  and  isocercal.} 
Not  isocereal. 

anisodactyl,  anisodactyle  (a-ni-so-dak'til),  n. 

and  II.  [<  NL.  aiiisiiildrli/liis,  unequal-toed, <  Gr. 
avwui;,  unequal,  +  iVihtmui;,  a  linger  or  too:  see 
atiuii-  and  lUictijl.l  I.  a.  Same  as  UHisiHiactijliiiis. 
II.  H.  1.  One  of  au  order  of  birds  in  the 
olassifieation  of  Temminek,  including  those 
insessorial  species  tho  toes  of  which  are  of 
unequal  length,  as  the  nuthatch. — 2.  One  of 
the  Aiiisiidiictijlu. 

Anisodactyla  (a-m-so-dak'ti-la),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  aiiisodactijlus :  see  aiiistxlacUjl.^  In 
the  zoological  system  of  Cuvier,  one  of  four 
divisions  of  pachydermatous  quadrupeds,  in- 
cluding those  which  have  several  unsymmetri- 
eal  hoofs.  Tlie  tunn  is  luoscly  .synonymous  witli  /•<'- 
rUsodai-1  jila,  hut  as  originally  intended  it  excluded  the 
8oliduMyul:ite  perissodactyls,  as  tlie  horse,  and  included 
some  .■iiiitnltu-tjila.  as  the  hippnp.itanuis,  as  well  as  all  the 
Probosn'ttt'a,  or  elepliants,  niast'idons,  and  mammoths. 
It  is  an  aititieial  ^'luiip,  nut  now  in  use. 

anisodactyle,  <i.  and  ».     See  (misodacti/l. 

Anisodactyli  (a-ui-s6-dak'ti-li),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
j)l.  of  aiiisiiiUictijlits :  see  nninddiietijl.'^  In  Sun- 
devall's  classification  of  birds,  the  second  series 
of  an  order  Vohicrcs,  consisting  of  the  five  co- 
horts CoeiinmorpliiE,  .iiiiplujuldrvs,  LongiUngms, 
OT Mellisugre,  Si/iiddcli/hv,  and rcristcroidcw.  See 
these  words,  lly  Sclater,  in  1880,  the  term  is  used  as  a 
suborder  of  Pk-uritf,  ineluding  twelve  families,  the  Colii- 
dtv,  Ali-riliniit'f',  fiiim-utidie,  Cpupkhe,  Imsoruite,  Meropi- 
dee,  M'uiiiitiihr',  Ti'iliilif,  Coraciidce,  Leptosumidte,  Podar- 
ffidte,  and  Stfatni-nithidiv.. 

anisodactylic  (a-ni"s6-dak-tirik),  a.  [<  aniso- 
dacti/l  +  -ic.'\     Same  as  aiiisodactyloiis. 

anisodactylous  (a-ni-s6-dak'ti-lus),  a.  [<  NL. 
anisodactiiliis :  see  ai>isod(icti/l.'\  Unequal-toed; 
having  the  toes  unlike.  («)  in  mammals,  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  .Inisuducti/ta;  perissodactyl ;  pachyderma- 
tous. See  cut  under  ['ti-i^mdactyl.  (It)  In  orm'th.,  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  anisudactyls,  or  Anisitdactiili.  Equivalent 
forms  are  animdarti/l,  attisodacttile,  and  aniiiodartijlic. 

anisodont  (a-ni'so-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  anmjr,  un- 
equal, +  otioi'f  (otSoiT-)  =  E.  tooth.}  In  hcrpetol.. 
having  teeth  of  unequal  size:  applied  to  the 
dentition  of  those  serpents  in  vrhich  the  teeth 
are  unequal  in  length  and  irregular  in  set,  \vith 
wide  interspaces,  especially  in  the  lower  jaw. 

anisodynamous  (a-ni-so-di'na-mus),  o.  [<  Gr. 
avicoi;,  uneiiual,  +  iMvniiiQ,  power:  see dijnamic.~\ 
In  hot.,  a  terra  suggested  by  Cassini  as  a  stib- 
stitute  for  moiiocotyledonnus,  on  the  supposition 
that  the  single  cotyledon  results  from  nneqtuil 
development  on  tho  two  sides  of  the  axis  of  the 
embryo.  An  efpiivalent  form  suggested  by  him 
was  iniisolii-i/oufi,  but  neither  term  was  ever 
adoptcil. 

anisognathous  (an-i-sog'na-thus),  n.  •[<  Gr. 
aviaoij,  unequal,  +  jTii^^of,  jaw.]  In  :ool.,  hav- 
ing the  molar  teeth  unlike  in  the  two  jaws  :  op- 
posed to  isogiiiithoits. 

anisogynous  (an-i-soj'i-nus),  «.  [<  Gr.  aviaoc, 
unequal,  -1-  yvvi/,  a  female.]  In  bot.,  having  the 
carpels  not  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals. 
X.  E.  D. 

anisoic  (an-i-s6'ik),  a.  [Ii-reg.  equiv.  of  anisic] 
Same  as  anisic. 

anisomeric  (a-ni-s6-mer'ik),  a.  [As  anisomc- 
rous  +  -((■.]  In  clicm.,  not  composed  of  the 
same  proportions  of  the  same  elements. 

anisomerous  (an-i-som'e-ms),  «.  [<NL.  «»('- 
soiiicni.i,  <  Gr.  aimoi,  tmequal,  +  I'Cfiog,  part.] 

1.  In  bot,,  unsymmetrical:  applied  to  flowei'- 
which  have  not  the  same  number  of  parts  in 
each  circle. 

tWllen]  the  number  of  parts  in  each  whorl  is  .  .  .  un 
equal,  as  in  Hue,  .  .  .  the  flower  is  anisoineroun. 

R.  llentleij,  Botany,  p.  :i43. 

2.  In  odontog.,  having  the  transverse  ridges  of 
successive  molar  teeth  increasing  in  number  by 
more  than  one,  as  in  the  mastodons. 

anisometric  (a-ni-so-met'rik),  (I.  [<  Gr.  dwmf, 
imeqiuil,  -t-  iiiTpoi;  measure.]  Of  unequal  mea- 
surement :  a  term  applied  to  crystals  which 
are  developed  dissimilarly  in  the  three  axial 
directions. 

anisometropia  (a-ni'so-me-tro'pi-ii), «.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  uviaur,  tmequal,  +  pirpov,  measure,  +  <ji/'i 


221 

eye.]  Inequality  of  the  eyes  with  respect  to  re- 
fractive power. 

anisometropic  (a-m"86-me-trop'ik),  0.  [<  ani- 
.sdiiiilnipiii  + -ic.']  Unequally  refractive;  af- 
fected with  anisometropia. 

Anisonema  (a-ni-so-ne'mS),  }i.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dwaof,  une<iual,  +  ny/ja,  a  thread,  <  Wfd',  spin.] 
A  genus  of  thecamoiiadine  infusorians,  t}i>ical 
of  the  family  Aninoncmida: 

Anisonemidae  (a-ni-s6-nem'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Aiiisoiuiiia  +  -((/(c]  A  family  oi  ovate  or 
elongate  infusorians  inhabiting  salt  and  fresh 
water.  They  are  free-swimming  or  temporarily  adher- 
ent animalcules  with  two  tlaj;ella,  the  anterior  one  of 
which  is  locomotory  or  vibratile  and  called  the  Iractellu  in, 
the  posterior  one,  called  the  ijul"'>'"<K"lum,  bcini;  trailed 
inactively  or  used  for  steerini,'.  The  oral  aperture  is  dis- 
tinct, in  moat  cases  associated  with  a  tubular  pharynx. 
The  endophisni  is  transparent  and  (.Tanular.    Savdlt'  Kent. 

anisopetalous  (a-ni-s6-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
iivinoc,  tmequal,  +  7r(Ta/ot',  "leaf,  mod.  petal.] 
In  hilt.,  having  unequal  petals. 

anisophyllous  (a-nJ-so-fd'us),  a.  [<  NL.  aniso- 
plii/lliiti,  <  (Jr.  aviaoc,  unequal,  +  6v?.?jov  =  L. 
folium,  leaf:  see  folio.']  In  bot.,  having  the 
leaves  of  a  pair  unequal. 

Anisopleura  (a-ni-s6-pl8'ra),  71.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
(jr.  divmx;,  tmequal,  +  vTicvpa,  the  side.]  A 
jirimo  division  of  gastropods,  containing  those 
which  are  not  bilaterally  symmetrical,  as  are 
all  Gastropoda  excepting  the  chitons,  etc. :  con- 
trasted with  Jsojileura. 

The  twisted  or  straight  character  of  the  visceral  nervous 
loop  Rives  a  foundation  for  a  division  of  the  .{nit^oi'h-ura 
into  two  groups,  to  which  the  names  Streptoneura  and 
Kuthyneura  have  been  applied.  To  the  former  belong  the 
great  majority  .of  the  atiuatic  and  some  of  the  terrestrial 
species,  while  the  latter  contains  only  the  opisthobrani-lis 
and  pulmonifcrs.  Stand.  Nat.  Hint.,  I.  •2;>4. 

anisopleural  (a-ni-so-plo ' ral),  a.  [As  Aniso- 
pleura + -al.]  Unequal-sided;  having  bilateral 
asymmetry;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Anisopleura. 

anisopleurous  (a-ni-s6-pl6'rus),  a.  [As  Aniso- 
pleura +  -»«s.]     Same  as  anisopleural. 

Euthyneurous  anii<oiilfurous  Gastropoda,  probably  de- 
rived from  ancestral  forms  similar  to  the  palliate  Opistho- 
branchia  by  adaptation  to  a  terrestrial  life. 

a.  K.  Lantiester,  F.ncyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  0(iO. 

anisopogonous  (a-ni-s6-pog'o-nus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aviaoi;,  unequal,  +  nuyuv,  beard.]  In  ornith., 
unequally  webbed:  said  of  feathers  one  web 
or  vane  of  which  is  markedly  different  from 
the  other  in  size  or  shape,  or  both:  opposed  to 
isopogonou.'i. 

Anisdps  (a-ni'sops),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avwo(,  un- 
eciual.  +  5i/'i"Vs  fa^co  (appearance).]  A  genus 
of  aquatic  heteropterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Xotoncctidce,  or  back-swimmers,  having  a  slen- 
der form  and  the  fourth  joint  of  the  antenna; 
longer  than  the  third.  A.  platijcnemis  is  a  com- 
mon North  American  species. 

anisopterous  (an-i-sop'te-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  iiviaoc, 
unequal,  +  -rtpdv,  a  wing.]  With  tmequal 
wings:  applied  to  flowers,  fruits,  etc. 

Anisopteryx  (an-I-sop'te-riks),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dwTOf,  unecjual,  +  -ripv^,  wing.]  A  genus  of 
goometrid  moths,  the  larvas  of  which  are  known 
as  canker-worms.  Two  well-known  species  .are  .1. 
ivnmta,  the  spring  canker-worm,  and  -I.  pomctaria,  the 
fall  canker-woiTO.  both  of  which  occur  in  greater  or  less 
abundance  from  Maine  to  Texas ;  they  feed  upon  the  leaves 
of  the  apple,  pear,  plum,  cherry,  elm,  linden,  and  many 
other  trees.     .See  cut  under  canki'v-wnnn. 

Anisorhamphus  (a-ni-s6-ram'fus),  H.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  iu'inm;,  unetjual,  +  pa/iipog,  beak,  bill.]  Same 
as  lilnjnchops. 


lirccn-striped  Maplc-wonn  {Anitota  ru&tcuMja). 
It,  larva  :  #,  pupa  ;  <,  female  moth.     (All  natural  size.) 


ankle 
anisqstemonous  (a-ni-so-stem'o-nus),  a.    [< 

Gr.  aviniir,  unequal,  +  m-ij/iui;  a  thread  {ar^pa, 
a  stamen:  see  stamin).]  In  hot.,  having  the 
stamens  fewer  in  immber  than  the  petals  or 
lobes  of  the  corolla :  apjilied  to  flowers,  as  in 
the  order  Labiata:  An  equivalent  word  is  ani- 
sandriiiis. 

anisosthenic  (a-ni-s6-sthen'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avi- 
coaHcviK,  <  nvimr,  unequal,  +  aOivog,  strength.] 
Of  unequal  strength.     X.  IC.  D. 

Anisota  (an-i-so'tjl),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  awooc,  un- 
equal, +  o/'i;  (ur-)  =  E.  crirl.]  A  genus  of  moths, 
family  Bombijcida;  established  by  Hiibner  in 
1816.  The  larvje  feed  e<unnionly  upon  the  oak,  but  .^. 
rithicunda  (Fabricius)  is  often  injurious  to  the  soft  maple. 
They  un<lergo  transformation  below  the  surface  of  the 
groiuid  to  naked  pupie.    See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

anisotropal  (an-i-sot'ro-pal),  a.  Same  as  ani- 
.^'otriipir. 

anisotrope  (a-ni'so-trop),  a.  [<  Gr.  aviao(, 
unequal,  -I-  rpoiror,  a  turning,  <  rpiirctv,  turn.] 
Same  as  anisotropic. 

anisotropic  (a-ni-s6-trop'ik),  a.  [As  anisotrope 
+  -ic]  1.  Not  having  the  same  properties  m 
all  directions;  not  isotropic;  reolotropic.  All 
crystals  except  those  of  the  isometric  system 
are  anisotropit;  with  respect  to  light. 

.starch  grains  beliave  like  double  refracting  crystals,  and 
we  assuhie,  therefore,  that  they  consist  of  ,  .  .  anUftfrojnc 
substances.       Behvi'iut,  .Micros,  in  Botany  (trans.),  j).  360. 

2.  In  bot.,  a  tenn  applied  by  Sachs  to  organs 
which  respond  differently  or  unequally  to  ex- 
ternal influences. 

Equivalent  forms  are  anisotropal,  anisotrope, 
and  anisiilropoiis. 

anisotropous  (an-i-sot'ro-pus),  a.  Same  as 
iiiiisiitriipir.  Aniaotropous  disk.  Hee striated  muscle, 
under  ^truitid. 

anisotropy  (an-i-sot'ro-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  awnof,  un- 
equal, +  -Tporria,  <  rp/rretv,  turn.]  The  quality 
of  being  anisotropic. 

anitrogenous  (an-i-troj'e-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  o- 
priv.  (((-I'^j  +  nitrogenous,  q.  v.]  Not  containing 
or  supplying  nitrogen  ;  not  nitrogenous. 

aniiuna(an-i-ti'ma), «.  [Seea«/i/m«.]  Aname 
of  the  horned  screamer,  I'alamcdea  cornuta. 

anjeela  (an-je'la),  n.  [A  native  name  in  Cey- 
lon.] A  sort  of  floating  hotise,  supported  upon 
two  large  canoes,  connected  by  planks.  It  is 
used  by  the  Singhalese  both  as  a  dwelling  and  as  a  means 
of  transportation. 

Anjou  (oii-zho'),  M.  [F.,  <  Anjou,  a  province  of 
France:  see  Angerin.]  A  slightly  sparkling 
wine  of  western  France,  manufactured  in  a 
region  of  which  Chalonnes-sur-Loire,  near  An- 
gers, is  the  center. 

ankerH,  »•    A  former  spelling  of  anchor^. 

anker-t,  «•     A  former  spelling  of  anchor^. 

anker-'  (ang'ker),  ».  [=  F.  ancrc  =  Kuss.  an- 
kera,  ankcrol;  <  D.  G.  Dan.  anker  =  Sw.  ankare, 
a  liquid  measure,  prob.  orig.  a  vat  or  keg ;  cf . 
ML.  anccria,  anchiria,  a  small  vat  or  keg; 
origin  obscure.]  A  li(iuid  measm-e  formerly 
used  in  England,  and  still  common  throughout 
Germany,  Russia,  and  Denmark,  having  a  ca- 
pacity varying  in  different  places  from  9  to  10^ 
gallons.  In  Scotland  it  was  equal  to  20  Scotch 
pints.     Also  spelled  anchor. 

ankerite  (ang'ker-it),  n.  [After Prof.  Anker,  of 
Griitz,  +  -i7c2.]  A  crj'stallized  variety  of  dolo- 
mite containing  much  iron,  it  consists  of  carbon- 
ates iii  calcium,  iron,  magnesium,  and  manganese,  and  is 
much  prized  as  an  ore  of  iron  for  smelting  and  as  a  flux. 
It  occurs  with  carbonate  of  iron  at  the  Styrian  mines  and 
elsewhere. 

ankh  (ank),  H.  [Egypt.,  life  or  soul.]  In  Egyp- 
tian art,  the  emblem  of  enduring  life,  or  sjTn- 
bol  of  generation,  generally  represented  as  held 
in  tho  hand  of  a  deity,  and  often 
conferred  upon  royal  favorites.  It 
is  the  crux  ansata  (which  see,  under 
crux). 

ankle  (ang'kl),  «.  [(a)  Also  writ- 
ten ancle,  <  ME.  ankle,  ancle,  ankel, 
ankil,  anki/l  (a  corresponding  AS. 
form  not  recorded)  =  OFries.  an- 
kel z=T>.cnkel=OliCx.  anchal,cnchil, 
m.,  anchala,  cnchila,  f.,  MHG.  G. 
cnkel  =  lee\.  okkla,  tiWi  =  Sw.  Dan.  Ankh.  camci 
OHir?;  (6)  also  with  added  term.  E.  by  Em>ti.in 
dial,  anclcf,  ancliff.  ancle;/,  <  ME.  an-  KTreiier j'"  " 
dec.  anclou-e,  <  AS.  anclcoir,  nncleou; 
ancleo  =  OFries.  onklef=  OD.  acnklantce,  D.  aii- 
klaauw,  enklaauw  =  (')HG.  anchlan  (rare)  (the 
term,  being  due,  perhaps,  to  a  simulation  of  AS. 
cJc6,  usually  d«irH  =  OFries.  A7eic  =  D.  klaauic, 
a  claw) ;  with  fonnative  -/,  -el,  from  a  simple 
base  preseiwed  in  OHG.  cncha,  einka,  leg,  ankle, 
IiIHG.  anke,  ankle  (>  F.  hanche,  E.  haunch,  q. 


ankle 

v.);  prob.  related  to  L.  aiHiiilus,  an  angle,  and 

Gr.  n)/(i/of,  bent:  see  aHjilc^,  nniilr-^,  iiiul  oii- 
kylosc.']  1.  The  joint  whicli  ronnoots  tlic  loot 
with  the  leg. —  2.  By  extension,  the  slender  part 
of  the  leg  between  the  calf  and  the  ankle-joint. 
Also  spelled  ancle. 

ankle-bone  (unt,''l<l-b6n),  n.  The  bone  of  the 
iiiikic-;  tlio  astrafiiihis  or  huekle-bone. 

ankle-boot  (ang'kl-bot),  «.  1.  A  covering  for 
tlie  ankle  of  a  horse,  designed  to  jirovent  inter- 
fering. See  i)itcrf(rc.—2.  A  boot  reaching  a 
little  above  a  person's  ankle. 

ankle-clonus  (ang'kl-klonns),  n.  The  clonic 
spasm  of  the  calf-muscles  evoked  in  certain 
cases  by  a  sudden  bending  of  the  foot  upward 
toward  the  ankle,  to  such  an  extent  as  to  render 
the  tendon  of  Achilles  very  tense. 

ankled  (ang'kld),  a.  l<(inlcle  +  -e(P.'\  Having 
ankles:  used  in  composition:  as,  -well-anl-lcd. 

ankle-deep  (ang'kl-dep),  «.  1.  Sunk  in  water, 
mud,  or  the  like,  up  to  the  ankles. —  2.  Of  a 
depth  sufficient  to  reach  or  come  up  to  the  top 
of  the  ankle. 

ankle-jack  (ang'kl-jak),  n.  A  kind  of  boot 
reaching  above  the  ankle. 

He  [Captain  Cuttle)  put  on  an  unparalleled  pair  of  an- 
kle-jacks.  Dickeyis,  Donibey  and  Son,  xv. 

ankle-jerk  (ang'kl-jcrk),  h.  The  contraction  of 
the  muscles  of  the  calf  caused  by  striking  the 
tendon  of  Achilles  just  above  the  heel  or  sud- 
denly stretching  it.     Also  called  ankle-reflex. 

ankle-joint  (ang'kl-joint),  n.  1.  In  ordinary 
language,  same  as  ankle,  1. —  2.  In  ro67.  and 
anat.,  the  tarsal  joint,  (a)  In  mammals,  the 
tibiotarsal  articulation.  (h)  In  other  verte- 
brates, the  mediotarsal  articulation.  See  tar- 
sal, tarsus. 

ankle-reflex  (ang'kl-re"fleks),  n.  Same  as  an- 
kle-jerk. 

anklet  (ang'klet),  ".  [<a«7L'/c -f  dim. -(!?.]  1.  A 
little  ankle. —  2.  An  ornament  for  the  ankle, 
corresponding  to  the  bracelet  for  the  wrist  or 
forearm. — 3.  A  support  or  brace  for  the  leg,  in- 
tended to  stiffen  the  ankle-joint  and  prevent  the 
ankle  from  turning  to  one  side. — 4.  An  exten- 
sion of  the  top  of  a  boot  or  shoe,  designed  some- 
times for  protection  to  a  weak  ankle,  some- 
times merely  for  ornament. —  5.  A  fetter  or 
shackle  for  the  ankles. 

To  every  l)ench,  as  a  fixture,  there  was  a  chain  with 
heavy  niiW((s.  L.  R'aijnce,  Ben-Hur,  p.  162. 

ankle-tie  (ang'kl-ti),  n.  A  kind  of  slipper  vrith 
straps  buttoning  aroimd  the  ankle. 

ankus,  ankush  (ang'kus,  -kush),  n.  [Hind. 
ankm,  Pers.  anguzh,  <  Skt.  ankuca.']  In  India, 
an  elephant-goad  combining  a  sharp  hook  and 
a  straight  point  or  spike.  Such  goads  are  often 
elaborately  ornamented;  they  are  a  favorite  suljject  for  the 
rich  enamel  of  Jeypore,  and  are  sometimes  set  with  precious 
stones.  "It  forms  part  of  the  khillat  or  'dress  of  honor' 
piven  by  the  Maharaja  of  JejiJore."  Jacobs  a}id  HendUij, 
Jeypore  Enamels. 

ankyloblepharon  (ang"ki-lo-blef 'a-ron),  -n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ayKv/ji(,  crooked  (see  ankylosis),  -\- 
PMipapov,  eyeUd.]  In  pathoh,  imion,  more  or 
less  extensive,  of  the  edges  of  the  eyelids.  Im- 
properly spelled  anchylohlepharon . 
ankylose  (ang'ki-16s),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  anlcy- 
loscd,  ppr.  anki/losing.  [<  anki/losiis,  q.  v.]  I, 
trans.  To  fix  immovably,  as  a  joint ;  stiffen. 

II.  intrans.  Inosteo/.,  to  become  consolidated, 
as  one  bone  with  another  or  a  tooth  with  a  jaw ; 
become  firmly  united  bone  to  bone ;  grow  to- 
gether, as  two  or  more  bones;  effect  bony  union 
or  ankylosis. 

In  the  Sirenia  the  peUis  is  extremely  rudimentary,  be- 
ing composed,  in  tlie  Dugong,  of  two  slender,  elongated 
bones  on  each  side, 
placed  end  to  end,  and 
commonly  ankijlosirig  to- 
gether. 

W.  n.  Flower,  Osteology, 
[p.  291. 

The  lower  incisors  of 
some  species  of  shrews 
.  .  .  become  ankyluned 
to  the  jaw. 

W.  H.  Flott'rr.  Kncyc. 
Brit.,  XV. 340,  footnote. 

Improperly  spell- 
ed anchi/lose. 
ankylosis  (ang- ki- 
lo '  sis),  n.  [Im- 
properly ancliiihisis, 
strictly  'aneyliisis,  < 
Gr.  o)'Ki''/'.wCT(f,  a  stiff- 
ening of  the  joints, 
<  ayavUeiv,  crook, 
bend,  <  aynvAoi;, 
crooked,   bent   (cf. 


Aniace. 

( From  Viollet- 

le-Duc's  "  Diet. 

du  Mobilier 

franqais.") 


Extensive  Ankylosis  of  cervical 
vertebra;  of  Grccnlatid  right  whale. 
Biittena  mysticelus.  1-7.  the  first 
seven  vertebra-  united  in  one  mass ; 
a,  articular  surface  of  atlas  foroccipi- 
t.al  coiKlyle:  <,  epiphysis  on  body 
of  seventh  cervical;  sti,  foramen  in 
arch  of  .atlas  for  passage  of  front 
spinal  nerve. 


222 

n)KOf,  a  bend),  =  L.  angulus,  angle  (cf.  uncus, 
bent);  closely  related  to  E.  amjlr^:  see  anfilc^ 
anil  ankle]  1.  In  iinat.  and  .C"(<7.,  the  consoli- 
dation or  fusion  of  two  or  more  bones  in  one, 
or  the  union  of  the  different  parts  of  a  bone ; 
bony  union ;  synosteosis :  as,  the  ankijlosis  of 
the  cranial  bones  one  with  another ;  the  anlcy- 
lusis  of  the  different  elements  of  the  temporal 
bone;  the  ankylosis  of  an  epiphysis  with  the 
shaft  of  a  lionc. — 2.  In  pathol.,  stiffness  and 
immovability  of  a  joint;  morbid  adhesion  of 
the  articular  ends  of  contiguous  bones. 

He  moves  along  stiftly  ...  as  the  man  who,  as  we  are 
told  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  was  afflicted  with 
an  universal  aiu-hi/tnauf.  (jotdsmith,  Criticisms. 

Improperly  spelled  anchylosis. 
ankylotic  (ang-ki-lot'ik),  a.     [<  ankylosis:  see 

-i}tic.]     Pertaining  to  ankylosis.     Improperly 

spelled  anchylotic. 
ankylotome  (ang-kU'o-tom),  n.    [<  NL.  anky- 

lotonius,  <  Gr.  ayKvAoc,  crooked  (see  ankylosis), 

+  To/ir/,  a  cutting,  <  ri/jveiv,  ra/ieiv,  cut :  see  tome] 

1.  A  surgical  instrument  for  oper- 
ating on  adhesions  or  contractions, 
especially  of  the  tongue. — 2.  A 
curved  knife  or  bistoury. 

Equivalent  forms  are  ancylotomc, 
ankylotom  us,  ancylotom  us. 
ankylotomus  (ang-ki-lot'o-mus), 
K. ;  pi.  ankylotomi  (-mJ).  [NL.] 
Same  as  ankylotome.  Also  written 
ancylotomus. 

ankyroid  (an-H'roid),  a.    Same  as 
aiicyroid. 

anlacet,  anelacet  (an'las,  -e-las),  n. 
[<  ME.  anhis.  analasse,  aniace,  ane- 
lace,  in  Latinized  fonn  anclacius, 
anelatius,  OW.  am/las;  of  imcer- 
tain  origin.]     A  dagger  or  short 
sword,  very  broad  and  thin  at  the 
hilt  and  tapering  to  a  point,  used 
from  the  twelfth  to  the  fifteenth 
century.    Also  spelled  anelas. 
An  aulas  and  a  gipser  al  of  silk 
Heng  at  his  girdel. 
Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  357. 
His  harp  in  silken  scarf  was  slung, 
Ami  by  his  side  an  anla<;e  hung. 

Scott,  Rokeby,  v.  15. 

anlaut  (an'lout),  n.  [G.,  <  an,  on  (=  E.  on, 
q.  v.),  marking  the  beginning,  +  laut,  a  sound, 

<  laut,  adj.,  loud,  =  E.  lovd,  q.  v.  Cf.  auslaut, 
inJaut,  and  umlaut.'\  In  pfiiloh,  the  initial 
sound  of  a  word. 

anlet  (an'let),  n.     [<  OF.  anelet,  dim.  of  anel,  a 

ring:  see  annulet.l     In  her.,  same  as  annulet. 

Also  written  andlet,  aunlet. 
annt,  «.     [For  annat,  annet,  appar.  with  direct 

ref.  to  L.  annus,  a  year:  see  annat,  annate.^ 

Same  as  annat. 
anna^  (an'ii),  «.    [Anglo-Ind.,  also  spelled  ana, 

<  Hind,  dud.']  In  India,  the  sixteenth  part  of  a 
rupee,  or  about  3  cents.  Under  Queen  Victoria, 
coins  of  the  value  of  2  annas  (silver),  worth  2grf.,  half  an 
anna  (copper),  etc.,  have  been  issued. 

anna^  (an'ii),  «.  [S.  Amer.]  The  Indian  name 
of  a  South  Anierican  skunk.     De  la  Vega. 

annabergite  (an'a-berg-it),  n.  [<  Annahcrg, 
a  town  in  Saxony,  -f-  -ite^.]  A  hydrous  ar- 
seniate  of  nickel,  a  massive  or  earthy  mineral 
of  an  apple-green  color,  often  resulting  from 
the  alteration  of  arsenides  of  nickel. 

annal  (au'al),  n.  [In  sense  1,  a  sing,  made 
from  pi.  annals,  q.  v.  In  sense  2,  <  ML.  anna- 
lis  (sc.  missa),  also  neut.  annate,  a  mass,  <  L. 
annalis,  yearly.  Cf.  annual.']  1.  A  register  or 
record  of  the  events  of  a  year :  chiefly  used  in 
the  plural.  See  atinah. 
A  last  .year's  annat. 

Warbttrtoti,  Causes  of  Prodigies,  p.  50. 

2.  Same  as  annual,  n.,  1. 

annalist  (an'al-ist),  m.  [<  annal  +  -ist;  =F.  an- 
naliste.]     A  -writer  of  annals. 

The  monks  .  .  .  were  the  only  annalists  during  those 
ages.  Hume,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

Cregory  of  Toiu^  was  succeeded  as  an  annalist  by  the 
still  feebler  Fredegarius.        Leckij,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  24. 

annalistic  (an-a-lis'tik),  a.    Pertaining  to  or 

characteristic  of  an  annalist. 

Written  in  a  stiff  annalistic  method. 
Sir  G.  C.  Lctvis,  Credibility  of  Early  Rom.  Hist,  I.  .50. 

annalizet  (an'al-iz),  v.  t.     [<  annal  +  -ire.]    To 
record  in  annals,  or  as  in  annals.     [Rare.] 
The  miracle,  deserving  a  Banitiins  to  annntlze  it. 

Stieldon,  Miracles,  p.  .'132. 

annals  (an'alz),  n.  pi.  [Formerly  annates,  <  F. 
annates,  pl.j  <  L.  annates  (se.  libri,  books),  a 
yearly  record,  pi.  ot  annalis,  yearly  (in  LL.  also 


annealing 

annualis,  >  E.  annual,  (j.  v.),  <  annus,  a  circuit, 
periodical  return,  hence  a  year,  prob.  orig. 
"«CH H.y  (cf.  Unilirian  jitreknem  =  h.  perenncm: 
see  perennial),  ami  identical  with  anus  (orig. 
*acnus),  a  ring  O  unulus,  also  written  annulus, 
a  ring:  see  annulus),  perhaps  <  V  "ac,  bend, 
nasalized  *nnc  in  ani/ulus  (for  'anculus),  angle, 
etc.:  see  anijle^.]  1.  A  history  or  relation  of 
events  recorded  year  by  year,  or  connected  by 
the  order  of  their  occurrence.  Hence  —  2.  Any 
foi-mal  account  of  events,  discoveries,  transac- 
tions of  learned  societies,  etc. —  3.  Historical 
records  generally. 

The  Tour  de  Constance  [at  Aigues-Mortesl  .  .  .  served 
for  years  as  a  prison,  .  .  .  and  the  annalfi  of  these  dread- 
fid  chambers  during  the  first  half  of  the  last  century  were 
written  in  tears  of  blood. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  177. 

=  S3T1.  ffi-ttorti,  Clironicie,  etc.  See  history,  also  list  un- 
der cttronicle. 

Annamese  (an-a-mes'  or  -mez'),  a.  and  «,  [< 
Annum  (said  to  be  <  Chinese  aii,  peace,  peace- 
fid,  +  nam,  south)  -t-  -rae.]  I.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Annam,  its  people,  or  its  language. 
II.  n.  1.  sing,  or  pi.  A  native  or  the  natives 
of  Annam ;  an  inhabitant  or  the  inhabitants  of 
Annam,  a  feudatory  dependency  of  China  till 
1883,  when  France  established  a  protectorate 
over  it.  Annam  occupies  the  eastei-n  portion  of  the 
Indo-Chinese  peninsula,  having  China  proper  on  the  north 
and  Siam  on  the  west. 

2.  The  language  spoken  in  Annam.    It  is  mono- 
syllabic, and  allied  to  the  Chinese.    Annamese  literatiu-e 
is  written  in  Chinese  characters,  used  phonetically. 
Also  spelled  Auamese. 

Annamite  (an'a-mit),  a.  and  n.  [<  Annam  + 
-ite^.]  Same  as  Annamese.  Also  speUed  Ana- 
mite. 

annat,  annate  (an'at,  an'at),  k.  [Early  mod. 
E.  annat,  annet,  usually  in  pi.,  <  F.  annate,  < 
ML.  annata,  neut.  pi.  of  annatus,  a  year  old,  < 
L.  a««K4',  a  year:  see  OHHak.]  \.  pi.  The  first 
fruits,  consisting  of  a  yeai''s  revenue,  or  a 
specified  portion  of  a  year's  revenue,  paid  to 
the  pope  by  a  bishop,  an  abbot,  or  other  ec- 
clesiastic, on  his  appointment  to  a  new  see  or 
benefice.  The  place  of  annats  is  now  supplied,  in  the 
main,  by  "Peter's  pence."  In  England,  in  1534,  they 
were  vested  in  the  king,  and  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne 

-  they  were  restored  to  the  church,  anil  appropriated  to  the 
augmentation  of  poor  li\-ings  of  the  Church  of  England, 
forming  what  is  known  as  "  Queen  Anne's  bounty." 

Next  year  the  annates  or  first-fruits  of  benefices,  a  con- 
stant source  of  discord  between  the  nations  of  Europe  and 
their  spiritual  chief,  were  taken  away  by  act  ot  Parlia- 
ment. Hallam. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  the  portion  of  stipend  payable 
for  the  half  year  after  the  death  of  a  clergy- 
man of  the  Chm'ch  of  Scotland,  to  which  has 
family  or  nearest  of  kin  have  right. 

The  annat  due  to  the  executors  of  deceased  rainisters  is 
declared  to  be  half  a  year's  rent  over  what  is  due  to  the 
defunct  for  his  incumbency,  to  wit :  if  he  sur\ive  Wlut- 
sunday,  the  half  of  that  year  is  due  for  his  incumltency,  and 
the  other  half  for  the  annat;  and  if  he  survive  Michael- 
mas, the  whole  year  is  due  for  Ms  incumbency,  and  the 
half  of  the  next  year  for  the  annett,  and  the  executors  need 
not  to  confirm  it.  Pari.,  2d  Sess.,  iii.,  13th  an.  Car.  II. 

annatto  (a-nat'6),  n.     Same  as  arnotto. 

anneal^  (a-nel'),  r.  t.  [Now  spelled  in  imita- 
tion of  L.  words  in  ann-;  prop.,  as  in  early  mod. 
E.,  aneal,  <  ME.  anelen,  onelen,  inflame,  heat, 
melt,  bum,  <  AS.  and:lan,  ona'lan,  bm-n,  <  an, 
on,  on,  -I-  d}lan,  burn,  set  on  fire,  <  at,  also  wl, 
fire,  a  burning  (a  rare  word ;  cf .  alfet) ;  cf.  iehd, 
fii'e,  =  OS.  eld  =  Icel.  cidr  =  Sw.  eld  =  Dan.  ild, 
fire  (the  vowel  short,  though  orig.  long).  The 
particular  sense  '  enamel '  may  liave  been  de- 
rived in  part  from  OF.  neclcr,  nicler,  later  ncl- 
ler,  varnish,  enamel,  mig.  paint  in  black  upon 
gold  or  silver,  <  ML.  nigellare,  blacken,  enamel 
in  black,  <  nigcllum,  a  black  enamel  (>E.  niello, 
q.  v.),  <  LL.  nigellus,  blackish,  dim.  of  L.  niger, 
black:  see  negro.']  If.  Originally,  to  set  on 
fii-e;  kindle. —  2t.  To  heat,  fire,  bake,  or  fuse, 
as  glass,  earthenware,  ores,  etc. — 3.  To  heat, 
as  glass,  earthenware,  or  metals,  in  order  to  fix 
colors;  enamel. — 4.  To  treat,  as  glass,  earthen- 
ware, or  metals,  by  heating  and  gradually  cool- 
ing, so  as  to  toughen  them  and  remove  their 
brittleness. 

anneal"t,  r.  t.     Same  as  aneal". 

annealer  (a-ne'ler),  «.  One  who  or  that 'which. 
anneals. 

annealing  (a-ne'ling),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ancating:  verbal  n.  of  anneal^.]  1.  The  pro- 
cess or  art  of  treating  substances  by  means  of 
heat,  so  as  to  remove  their  brittleness  and  at 
the  same  time  render  them  tough  and  more  or 
less  elastic.  In  general,  tliese  results  are  obtained  by 
heating  to  a  high  temperature  and  then  cooling  very  gradu- 


annealing 

ally.  All  glasswnrn,  cliina,  etc.,  which  is  to  ho  suhjectcil 
t"  Krcat  chiiiiKcs  uf  tcmin'raturi!  hIiouM  he  thuw  treated. 
The  working  of  iron  and  steel  hy  hannnerinu,  liendiiiK, 
rolling;,  drawing,  etc.,  tends  to  harden  thcni  and  nial\c 
them  brittle,  and  the  original  prctperties  arc  restored  liy 
annealing.  Steel  plates  and  dies  for  hank-notr  printiiiu' 
and  the  like  are  annealed  in  a  close  box  with  iron  mine's  uv 
turidngs,  lime,  or  otlier  substances,  and  are  thus  fired 
from  carbon  and  reiiuccd  to  pure  soft  iron,  in  wliich  state 
they  will  readily  take,  under  pressure,  the  finest  engrav- 
ing from  a  hardened  jilate  or  ilie.  They  are  then  hanit'iieti 
again  to  the  degree  necessary  for  their  use  in  iirinting. 
Steel  for  engraving  dies  is  commonly  anncali-d  by  lu-ating 
it  to  a  bright  cherry-red  color,  and  cooling  it  gradiuUIy  in 
a  bed  of  charcoal. 

2.  Sameas  tcmjicriiif/. — 3.  A  founders' tcnn  for 
the  slow  treatment  of  the  clay  or  loam  eores  for 
castings,  whieli,  after  having  been  dried,  are 
burned  or  baked,  and  then  are  slowly  cooled. 
annealing-arch  (a-ne'ling-iirch),  ?;.  The  oven 
in  which  glassware  is  annealed:  called  in  some 
cases  a  Ivur.  in  plate-glass  manufacture,  the  anucal- 
ing-arch  is  called  a  carqitaUe;  tlie  front  dour,  tlie  tltrmtf ; 
the  back  door,  the  rjueulelte  (VMU-  tliroat);  the  heating- 
fin-nace,  a  ^'.var. 

annealing-box  (a-ne'ling-boks),  n.  A  box  in 
which  articles  are  placed  in  order  to  be  sub- 
jected to  the  action  of  the  annealing-oven  or 
-fiu'nace. 

annealing-color  (a-ne'ling-kul"or),  II.  The 
color  acijuircd  by  steel  in  the  process  of  tem- 
I}eriiig  or  c.x]>osiu'e  to  progressive  heat. 

annealing-furnace  (a-ne'ling-f^r'nas),  n.  A 
furnace  in  wliich  articles  to  be  annealed  are 
Iieated. 

annealing-oven  (a-ne'ling-uv"n),  n.  An  an- 
nealing-arch. 

annealing-pot  (a-ne'ling-pot),  u.  A  closed  pot 
in  which  are  placed  articles  to  be  annealed  or 
subjected  to  the  heat  of  a  furnace.  They  are 
thus  inclosed  to  prevent  the  formation  of  an 
oxid  upon  their  surfaces. 

annectt  (a-nekf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  aiinectere,  adiicc- 
teir,  tie  or  bend  to  :  see  annex,  r.]  To  connect 
or  join.     Sir  T.  Ehjot.  • 

It  is  united  to  it  by  golden  rings  at  every  comer,  the 
like  rings  being  annecti'd  to  tlic  i-pliod. 

Whisl'in,  tr.  of  Josephus,  III.  7. 

annectent  (a-nek'tent),  a.  [<  L.  annecten(^t-)t>, 
ppr.  of  ainiccterc :  see  annex,  r.]  Annexing; 
connecting  or  joining  one  thing  with  another. 
Chiefly  a  zoological  tcnn,  applied  to  those  animals  or 
groups  of  animals  which  link  two  or  more  varieties,  fami- 
lies, classes,  etc.,  together. 

It  appears  probable  that  they  [QaMerotricha]  form  an 

annectent  group  between  the  Rotifera  and  the  Turbellaria. 

Huxleij,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  171. 

Annectent  gjrrus.    Sec  (lyrim. 
Annelata  (an-e-Ia'tii),  n.  pi.      Same  as  Annel- 

hllil. 

annelid,  annelide  (an'e-lid),  n.  and  a.  I.  «.  One 

of  tlio  .Iniitiida  ov  Aiinclidis.    Also  aniwloid. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Annelida  or 
Aniielidcs. 
Also  (iniielidan,  aniididian. 
Annelida  ia-uel'i-da),  «.  pi.  [NL.  (with  single 
(  after  1"'.  uninles,  pp.  pi.,  ringed),  prop.  Aiiiul- 
lida,  <  L.  annellns,  more  con'ectly  dnclliis,  dim. 
of  dinilii.^,  a  ring  (see  annuliis),  +  -ida.']  1.  The 
annelids  or  Aiinelides,  a  class  of  invertebrate 
animals,  of  the  phylum  Vermes,  sometimes  called 
the  class  of  red-blooded  worms.  The  body  Is  com- 
posed of  numerous  (up  to  some  400)  segments,  somites, 
or  metameres,  and  limbs  are  wanting,  or,  if  present,  are 
rudimentary  and  consist  of  the  cilia  or  setse  Imown  as  para- 
podia.  A  vascular  system  with  red  blood  is  usually  pres- 
ent ;  the  integument  is  soft,  and  composed  of  many  layers, 
the  surface  being  mostly  ciliate  or  setose ;  the  head  is 
wanting  or  rudimentary,  and  in  the  latter  case  consists 
of  a  prostomium  which  may  be  cirriferous  or  tenta- 
culiferous.  Tlie  .innetUta  are  the  "worms,"  properly  so 
called,  of  which  the  common  earthworm,  lobworm,  and 
leech  are  characteristic  examples.  Most  of  the  species 
are  aquatic  and  marine.  The  class  is  differently  limited 
by  different  authore.  the  principal  variation  among  later 
writers,  hi>wever,  being  in  excluding  or  including  the  Oe- 
phyrea.  Excluding  these,  as  is  done  by  the  above  dellni- 
fion.  the  Annelida  have  been  divided  into  four  ordei-s: 
il)_IIinidinea,  Diacnphm-a .  or  Snetttria,  tiie  leeches;  (2) 
Oliqochceta,  Abranehia,  Terricola-  etc.,  the  earthwcu-ms 
and  their  mimediate  allies  ;  (:i)  Chtetopoda,  Potyehceta, 
Krrantia.  etc.,  the  free  sea-worms;  and  (4)  dephalo- 
branchia.  Tiihirnliv.  etc.,  the  tubicolous  sea-worms.  An- 
other sclicmc  divides  ,tH».;i(((t  into  four  subclasses:  (1) 
Arehiaiuirlklii,  cnuiposed  of  the  gcinis  I'tilvnoriliiiK  and  its 
allies;  (■.;)r//rtr,v«"/<7,  iTi.ludiiig(J),(:i).and(4)"f  the  forego- 
ing schedule  :  (;i)  lliniiliii,-a>ii-  l>ixruj,/i,„a  ■  and (4)  Bnlero- 
;'lo■(^s^7,  ctuisistirigof  tlic  germs  llatanihi{us.-iu.-<,  which  some 
autliorities  cbLss  with  the  iiscidiatis  or  Chordala. 
2.  In  Huxley's  system  (1S77),  a  superordinal 
diWsion  including  the  Po?/^(7irt'to,0/((7od«r/«,  Hi- 
riidiiiea,  and  (Uphijrfa,  with  the  Myzostomnta 
doubtfully  added  thereto:  a  group  the  mem- 
bers of  which  resemble  one  another  generally 
in  the  segmentation  of  the  body  indicated  at 
least  by  the  serially  multiganglionate  nervous 
centers  (wanting  in  most  Gephijrea),  in  the 


223 

presence  of  cilia  and  segmental  organs,  and  in 
the  nature  of  the  larvre,  which  are  set  free  when 
the  embryos  hatch. 

annelidan  (a-uori-dan),  «.  and  a.  [<  Annelida 
+  -"/;.]     Same  as  annelid. 

annelide,  «.  and  «.     See  annelid. 

Annelides  (a-nel'i-dez),  «.  /(/.  [NL.  (F.  pi.): 
see  Anmlidn.']  1.  Ked-bloodeil  wonus.  La- 
marck.—  2.  Invertebrate  animals  that  have  red 
blood;  the  first  class  of  articulated  animals, 
divided  into  Tubicola;  J)or.sihrancliiala,  ami 
Abraiiiiiia.  Ciivier,  1817.— 3.  In  Milne-Ed- 
wards's  classification,  a  similar  group  of  worms, 
divided  into  Siictoria,  Terrieota;  Tubicola;  and 
Errantcs. — 4.  In  (iegenbaur's  system,  a  prime 
division  of  Amiulata  (itself  a  class  of  I'eniies), 
composed  of  two  groups,  Oliiiochata  and  Chwhi- 
poda. —  5.  A  synonym,  more  or  less  exact,  of 
.tniielida  (which  see). 

annelidian  (au-e-lid'i-an),  n.  and  a.  Same  as 
ail  IK  lid. 

annelidous  (a-nel'i-dus),  a.  [<  Annelida  + 
-"H.V.]  Relating  to  or  resembling  an  annelid. 
Also  anneloid. 

Tlie  mud  in  many  places  was  thrown  up  by  numbers  of 
some  kind  of  worm,  or  annHidouji  animal. 

Dancin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  I.  84. 

annellsm  (an'e-lizm),  n.  [As  annel(id)  +  -«*?».] 
In  :odl.,  annelidan  or  ringed  structure  or  con- 
dition. 

The  great  band-worm  is  ...  of  this  low  type  of  anml 
''s»i.  Harlwig,  The  Sea,  xii. 

Annellata  (an-e-la'tii),  w.  jd.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  annellatiis,  <  L.  annclliic,  aiielliis,  dim.  of  aii- 
HHA-,  «««.s,  a  ring:  see  aiiniilua.']  A  synonym  of 
the  Annelides  of  Cuvier  (see  Annelides,  2).  Otven, 
1843.    Also  written  JiiHt'Zrtte. 

anneloid  (an'e-loid),  a.  and  n.     [As  anneloid) 
+  -<iid.]     I.  a.  Same  as  annelidous. 
II.  ".  Same  as  annelid. 

annet^  (an'et),  «.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  an- 
nett;  origin  uncertain.]  The  kittiwake  gull, 
Lariis  tridacti/lus  or  lii^sa  tridactyla.  See  kitli- 
wakc.     [Local  British.] 

annet-t,  ".     Same  as  annat. 

annex  (a-neks'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  annexed 
(also  aniiext),  ppr.  annexing.  [<  ME.  anncxen, 
anexen,  <  F.  aiinexer,  <  ML.  annexare,  freq.  form 
of  L.  annectere,  adnectere,  pp.  annexus,  adnexii.',; 
tie  or  bind  to,  join,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  nectere,  bind,  akin 
to  Skt.  •/««'',  hind.  Ci.  connect.']  1.  To  attach 
at  the  end ;  subjoin ;  aflix :  as,  to  annex  a  codicil 
to  a  will.  In  taw,  it  implies  physical  connection,  whicli. 
however,  is  often  dispensed  with  when  not  reasonably 
practicable. 

2.  To  unite,  as  a  smaller  tiling  to  a  greater; 
join ;  make  an  integral  part  of :  as,  to  annex  a 
conquered  province  to  a  kingdom. 

It  is  an  invariable  maxim,  that  every  acquisition  of  for- 
eign territory  is  at  the  absolute  disposal  of  the  king ;  and 
imless  he  annex  it  to  the  realm,  it  is  no  part  of  it. 

A.  ilainUtun,  Works,  II.  Oii. 
For  next  to  Death  is  Sleepe  to  be  compared  ; 
Therefore  his  house  is  unto  his  anilext. 

Speiuer,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  2.">. 

3.  To  attach,  especially  as  an  attribute,  a  con- 
dition, or  a  consequence :  as,  to  annex  a  penalty 
to  a  prohibition. 

Next  to  sorrow  still  I  may  annex  such  accidents  as  pro- 
cure fear.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  221. 

Industry  hath  annexed  thereto  the  fairest  fruits  and  the 
richest  rewards.  Barrow,  .Sermons,  III.  xviii. 

I  desire  no  stronger  proof  that  an  ojiinion  must  be  false, 
than  to  find  very  great  absurdities  annexed  to  it. 

Swift,  Sent,  of  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man,  ii. 
Tbe  Book  Annexed,  an  edition  of  the  American  Hook  of 
Coinmtin  Prayer,  containing  alterations  proposed  by  a 
committee  of  the  Cciu-ral  foiivention  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Chmvli  apitointed  in  Is^oand  reporting  in  Ins."!. 
This  edition  was  dcscrilied  jls  the  "book  which  is  annexed 
as  a  schedule"  to  the  report.  Some  of  the  changes  pro- 
posed became  part  of  the  l*rayer-Iiook  in  18S6;  others  re- 
mained for  further  consideratitui  or  ratification  in  ISSJI. 
=  Syn.  Add,  Affix,  .ittach.  See  a(/(/ and  list  under  «y/(>. 
annex  (a-neks'  or  an'eks),  n.  [<  F.  annexe. 
something  added,  esp.  a  subsidiaiy  build- 
ing, particularly  to  a  church,  <  ML.  aniiexa  (sc. 
ccclesia),  fem.  of  L.  annexiis:  see  annex,  r.] 
Something  annexed ;  specifically,  a  subsidiary 
building  connected  with  an  industrial  exhibi- 
tion; hence,  any  similar  arrangement  for  the 
purpose  of  providing  additional  accommoda- 
tion, or  for  caiTying  out  some  object  subordi- 
nate to  the  main  and  original  object.  Also 
spelled  annexe. 

To  which  1  add  these  two  annexes. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons. 

annexaryt  (an'eks-a-ri),  «.  [<  annex  +  -ari/.'\ 
An  aililition  ;  a  supernumerary.    Sir  E.  Saiidi/s. 

annexation  (au-eks-a'shou),  n.  [<  ML.  annex- 
atio{n-),  <  annexare,  pp.  dntiexatus,  annex;  see 


anniliilationism 

annex,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  annexing  or  uniting 
at  thevnd ;  the  act  of  adding,  as  a  smaller  thing 
to  a  gi'cafer;  the  act  of  connecting;  conjunc- 
tion; addition:  as,  the  annexation  of  Texas  to 
the  United  States.— 2.  That  which  is  annexed 
or  added. 

rrecMiincnt  among  them  [Roman  conquests)  stand  the 
aiiiiexatiiins  of  I'onipeius  in  Syria,  of  the  elder  ("icsar  in 
(iaul,  of  the  youngi-r  Cjesar  in  Egypt. 

A'.  A.  Freeman,  Ainer.  Lecta.,  p.  329. 
3.  In  law:  (n)  The  attachment  of  chattels  to  a 
freehold,  iu  sudi  a  manner  as  to  give  them  the 
cliaractcr  of  fixtures.  (4)  In  Seot.i  law,  the  ap- 
propriating of  church  lands  to  the  crown,  or 
the  imion  of  lands  lying  at  a  distance  from  the 
kirk  to  which  they  belong  to  the  kirk  which  is 
nearest  to  tliem. 
annexational  (an-eks-a'shon-al),  a.  [<  annex- 
ation +  -o/.]  Kelating  to  annexation;  in  favor 
of  annexation. 

The  strong  annexational  fever  which  now  rages. 

Tlie  Xation,  April  8,  18GU,  p.  207. 

annexationist  (an-eks-a'shon-ist),  «.  [<  an- 
nexation +  -ist.']  One  who  i.s  in  favor  of  or  ad- 
vocates annexation,  especially  of  territory ;  one 
who  aids  the  policy  of  annexing,  or  of  being 
annexed. 

Tlie  unconditional  annexationiatu  .  .  .  now  urged  im- 
mediate .appeal  to  the  people. 

Ifeitmimtcr  Jiev.,  XIX.  348. 

annexe,  ».    See  annex. 

annexion  (a-nek'shon),  n.  [Formerly  also 
anncction,  adnexion  ;  =  F.  annexion,  <.  L.  anncx- 
io(n-),  adncxio(n-),  a  binding  to,  <  annectere, 
adnectere,  bind  to:  see  annex,  r.]  The  act  of 
annexing,  or  the  thing  annexed;  annexation; 
addition.     [Kare.] 

The  Kcritisli  kingdome  became  a  prey  to  many  usuniera, 
and  gave  orca.sioti  to  Ceadwalla.  tlic  West  Saxon,  to  seeke 
the  anttexi'in  thereof  to  his  own  kingdome. 

Speed,  Uist.  Great  Brit.,  VII.  210. 

annexionist   (a-nek'shon-ist),   «.     [<  annexion 

+  -/.^■^]     -An  annexationist.     Sumner.     [Rare.] 
annexment  (a-neks'ment),  n.     The  act  of  an- 
nexing, or  that  which  is  annexed:  as,  "each 
small  annexment,"  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3.  [Rare.] 
annicut  (an'i-kut),  H.     [Anglo-lnd.,  repr.  Ca- 
narese  anckattii,  'Tamil  anaikattu  (cerebral  0, 
dam-building,  <  Canarese   ane,  Tamil  anai,  a 
dam,  dike,  -I-  kattit  (cerebral  0,  a  binding,  bond, 
etc. :   see  cataniarau.]     In  tlie  Madras  Presi- 
dency, a  dam.      Also  sjielled  anient. 
anniliilable  (a-ni'hi-la-bl),«.    [=F.anniliilahle, 
<  LL.  as  if  'anniliilabilis,  <  annihilare,  annihi- 
late: see  annihilate.']    Capable  of  being  anni- 
hilated. 
ilatter  annihilable  by  the  power  of  God. 

Clarke,  Nat.  and  Rev.  Keligion,  Pref. 

annibilate  (a-ui'hi-lat),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
nihilated, ppr.  annihilatiiif/.     [<  LL.  annihdatu.s, 
pp.  of  annihilare,  adnihilare,  bring  to  nothing 
(a  word  first  used  by  Jerome),  <  L.  ad,  to,  -^ 
nihil,   nothing:   see   nihil.]     1.   To  reduce  to 
nothing;  deprive  of  existence;  cause  to  cease 
to  be. 
It  is  impossible  for  any  body  to  be  utterly  onniVnVaW. 
Bacon,  Sat.  Hist.,  §  100. 
In  every  moment  of  joy,  pain  is  annihilated. 

Marfj.  Fuller,  Woman  in  llHIi  Cent.,  p.  185. 

2.  To  destroy  the  fonn  or  peculiar  distinctive 
properties  of,  so  that  the  specific  thing  no 
longer  exists:  as,  to  annihilate  a  forest  by  cut- 
ting and  earrj-ing  away  the  trees;  to  annihilate 
an  army;  to  annihilate  a  house  by  demolishing 
the  structure ;  also,  to  destroy  or  eradicate,  as  a 
property  or  an  attribute  of  a  "tiling,  t  Sjm.  Annul, 

.\iilliiu.  etc.     See  neutralise. 

annihilate  (a-ni'hi-lat),  a.     [<  LL.  annihilatiis, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]     .iVnnUiilated.     [Rare.] 
Can  these  also  be  wholly  annihilate  t 

Sni/t,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Ded. 

annihilation  (a-ui-hi-la'shon),  n.  [=  F.  anni- 
hihitioii ;  from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  of  anni- 
hilating or  of  reducing  to  nothing  or  non-exist- 
ence, or  the  state  of  being  reiluced  to  nothing, 
lie  tells  us  that  our  s^uils  :u-e  naturally  mortal.  .4/jmi- 
hilation  is  the  fate  of  the  greater  part  of  mankind. 

Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eliy»,  xiv. 
I  cannot  imagine  my  own  annihilation,  but  I  can  con- 
ceive it,  and  many  persons  in  England  now  affirm  their 
belief  in  their  own  future  annihilation. 

Mieart,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  48. 

2.  The  act  of  destrojnng  the  form  of  a  thing  or 
the  combination  of  parts  which  constitute  it,  or 
the  state  of  being  so  destroyed :  as,  the  annihi- 
lation of  a  cor)ioration. 

annihilationism  (a-ni-hi-la'shon-izm),  H.  [< 
anuihildtiou  +  -ism.]  1.  The  denial  of  exist- 
ence after  death ;  the  denial  of  immortality.— 


annlhilationism 

2.  In  tlieol.,  till'  (Uietiiuo  tliat  for  the  inoor- 
rigibly  wicked  future  puiiishnipnt  will  end  in 
anuilnliitidn.     See  tiniiilnlatiiiiiist. 

annihilationist  (ii-ni-hi-la'shon-ist),  «.    [<  nw- 
niliiUitioii  +  -i-sl.]'     1.  One  who  denies  the  ex- 


224 

nuisance ;  prob.  confused  with  ME.  anoicn,  an- 
noy: see  nuisance.]  In  lau;  a  nuisance;  any 
injury  done  to  a  place  by  encroachment,  or  by 
putting  anything  thereon  that  may  breed  ui- 

t'cction. 


istencc  of  the  soul  after  death  ;  one  who  denies  annominate  (a-nom'i-nat),  v.  t.    [Another  form 


of  a(/no»iinate,  q.  v.]  To  name;  especially, 
give  a  punning  or  alliterative  name  to.    [Rare.  ] 

How  tllen  shall  these  chapters  be  annotinnated ? 

Soulh,'!/,  Doctcii-,  viii.  §  1. 

annomination  (a-nom-i-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  an- 
7i(>miiiatio{n-),  a(lnomi>iatio{n-),  for  "adynomi- 
nat>o{n-),  usually  aqnominatiu(n-):  see  agnomi- 
nation.'] 1.  The  use  in  juxtaposition  of  words 
nearly  alike  in  sound,  but  of  different  mean- 
ings; a  paronomasia. —  2.  Alliteration,  or  the 
use  of  two  or  more  words  in  succession  begin- 
ning with  the  same  letter  or  sound.  See  agnom- 
ination. 

Geraldus  Cambrensis  speaks  of  annomination,  which  he 
describes  to  be  what  we  call  alliteration,  as  the  favourite 
rhetorical  flgiu'e  both  of  the  Welsh  and  English  in  his 
time.  Tyrwhitt,  Chaucer,  iii.  §  1,  note. 

Annomiiuition  plays  an  important  r61e  in  their  sen- 
tence-relation [paras>Tithetic  compounds],  especially  in  the 
first  stage  of  transfer  to  a  simple  active  signification. 

Aiiitr.  Jour,  of  PhiloL,  II.  198. 

anno  mundi  (an'6  mun'di).  [L. :  anno,  abl. 
of  annus,  year  (see  annats) ;  mundi,  gen.  of  »(««- 
dus,  -world:  see  mundane.]  In  the  year  of  the 
world:  used  in  dating  events  when  reckoned 
from  the  estimated  era  of  the  creation,  as  nar- 
rated in  Genesis  i.  Usually  abbreviated  A.  il. : 
as,  the  Noaehian  deluge  is  said  to  have  oc- 
curred A.  M.  (or  A.  M. )  1656  (Archbishop  Usher's 
chronology). 

annotate  (an'o-tat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  anno- 
tated, ppr.  annotating.  [<  L.  annotatus,  pp.  of 
annotare,  adnotare,  put  a  note  to,  write  down, 
<  ad,  to,  +  notare,  note,  mark,  <  nota,  a  note : 
see  note,  v.]  I.  trans.  To  comment  upon;  re- 
mark upon  in  notes:  as,  to  annotate  the  works 
of  Bacon. 

II.  in  trans.  To  act  as  an  annotator ;  make 
annotations  or  notes. 

Give  me  leave  to  annotate  on  the  words  thus. 

J.  Hive,  Orations,  p.  20. 

annotation  lau-o-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  annota- 
tio(n-),  adnotatiolu-),  <  annotare,  adnotare:  see 
annotate.]  1.  The  act  of  annotating  or  of  mak- 
ing notes. — 2.  A  remark,  note,  or  comment 
on  some  passage  of  a  book  or  other  writing : 
as,  annotations  on  the  Scriptures. — 3t.  The  iirst 
symptoms  of  the  approach  of  a  febrile  paroxysm 
in  intermittent  fever.  =  Ssm.  Comment,  etc.  See  re- 
rij  is  an  office  in  the  Romish  Church,  cele-     iiuirk.n  .  _  ,         .   .%  ry 

inly  once  a  year,  but  which  ought  to  be  said  annotatiomstt  (an-o-ta  shon-ist),  «.      [<   anno- 
tation +  -ist.]     An  annotator. 


immortality.  Specifically  — 2.  In  theoh,  one 
who  believes  that  annihilat  ion  is  the  tinal  doom 
of  the  incorrigibly  wicked.  .\iiniliilati<inist,s  are  of 
two  chisses:  those  who  believe  that  anniliilati.m  will  be 
inflicted  bv  (iod  a.<  a  peculiar  il.u.iu  upon  the  wicked,  and 
thi>se  who' believe  that  iuunortality  is  not  a  natural  attri- 
bute of  man,  but  is  conferred  by  Hod  on  tb<isc  who  through 
faith  become  partakers  of  the  iliviiie  iialure. 

annihilative  (a-ni'hi-la-tiv),  a.  [<  anmhtlate 
+  -iit.]     Tending  to  annihilate;  destructive. 

annihilator  (a-ni'hi-la-tor),  n.    [<  annihilate,  v.] 

1.  t>ui'  who' or  that  wliieh  amiihilates. —  2. 
In  matli.,  au  operator  which  reduces  a  given 
kind  of  expression  to  zero — Flre-annihilator,  a 
flre-extiiiuuisher. 

annillilatory  (a-ni'M-la-to-ri),  a.  Annihilat- 
ing; tending  to  annihilate  or  destroy. 

annite  (an'it),  n.  [<  Cape  Ann  +  -ite"^.]  A  va- 
riety of  the  iron  mica  lepidomelane,  oecurring 
in  the  granite  of  Cape  Ann,  Massachusetts. 

anniversarily  (an-i-ver'sa-ri-li),  adr.  In  an 
anniversary  manner ;  at  recuiTing  annual  peri- 
ods.    [Rare.] 

anniversary  (an-i-ver'sa-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ««- 
niversarius,  returning  yearly,  <  annus,  a  year 
(see  annals),  +  vertere,  turn:  see  verse.]  1.  a. 
Returning  with  the  revolution  of  the  year;  an- 
nual; yearly:  as,  an  a/iHirersar^  feast. 

The  heaven  whirled  about  with  admirable  celerity,  most 
constantly  finishing  its  annivermry  vicissitudes.  May. 
Anniversary  day.  (a)  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  day  on 
which  an  oltice  is  yearly  performed  for  the  soul  of  a  de- 
ceased person,  or  on  which  the  martyrdom  of  a  saint  is 
yearly  celebrated,  (b)  In  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
commemoration-day,  an  occasion  upon  which  degrees  are 
conferred  since  the  disuse  of  the  acts.     See  act,  n.,  ^. 

n.  n. ;  ])\.  anniversaries  {-riz}.  [<  ME.  oh «;- 
versarie,  <  ML.  anniversarium,  neut.  n.,  also  an- 
niversaria,  fem.  n.,prop.  adj.,<  L.  anniversarius: 
see  the  adj.]  1.  The  annually  recurring  date 
of  some  past  event ;  more  generally,  a  day  set 
apart  in  each  year  for  some  commemorative  ob- 
servance ;  a  day  for  the  annual  celebration  of 
some  notable  event,  public  or  private. 

The  primitive  Christians  met  at  the  place  of  their  [the 
early  martjTs')  martyrdom,  ...  to  observe  the  annirer- 
sanj  of  their  sufferings.  StiUingJIeet. 

2.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  yearly  commem- 
oration of  the  day  of  a  person's  death,  by  a 
mass  offered  for  his  soul,  or  such  commemo- 
ration of  his  death  daily  for  a  year 

Annieersa 
brated  not  only 
daily  through  the  year  for  the  soul  of  the  deceased. 


'ill''. 


3.  The  act  of  celebrating  a  day  on  its  annual  re- 
currence ;  a  yearly  commemoration,  or  (rarely) 
something  done  or  prepared  for  such  commem- 
oration. 

Donne  had  never  seen  Mrs.  Drury,  whom  he  has  made 
immortal  in  his  admirable  anniversaries.  Dryden. 

anniverse(an'i-vers),  n.  IShoTtioranniversarji, 
as  if  <  L.  anni  rersus,  the  turning  of  the  year; 
but  this  phrase  does  not  occur  in  use,  and  ver 


i/e,  Parergon.   annotator   (an'o-tii-tor),    «.      [<   L.    annotator. 


adnotator,  <  annotare,  adnotare  :  see  annotate.] 
A  writer  of  annotations  or  notes;  a  commen- 
tator ;  a  scholiast. 

The  observation  of  faults  and  beauties  is  one  of  the  du- 
ties of  an  annotator,  which  some  of  Shakspere's  editors 
have  attempted.     Jotinson,  Prop,  for  Printing  .Shakspere. 

annotatory  (a-no'ta-to-ri),  «.     [<  L.  as  if  *an- 
Hotatorius,  i  annotator:  see  annotator.]     Relat- 
ing to  or  containing  aimotations. 
SMS  is  not  u.sed  in  the  lit.  sense  'a  turning.']  annotine  (an'o-tin),  n.  and  n.     [<  h.  annotinus: 


annoy 

\Vho  model  nations,  publish  laws,  annoii7ice 
(tr  life  or  death.  Prior,  Hymn  of  Caltimachus. 

-  Syn.  1.  Declare,  An}iounee.  Proclaim,  Puldinh,  Promul- 
tfate;  to  make  known,  communicate,  advertise,  reiMjrt. 
"To  declare  is  to  make  clear,  so  that  there  will  be  no  mis- 
take, to  many  or  to  few  :  as,  to  declare  war.  To  ann/iunc^ 
is  to  make  known,  in  a  fonnal  or  official  way,  to  many  or 
t^)  few  ;  it  is  the  only  one  of  these  words  that  sometimes 
has  the  meaning  of  making  known  the  approacli  or  future 
appearance  of :  as,  to  rtH/i'/ifiKe  a  new  book.  To  j/roctaim 
is  to  announce  to  all,  with  an  endeavor  to  force  it  upon 
general  knowledge :  wlien  war  has  been  declared,  it  is  of- 
ten proclaimed ;  so,  also,  it  is  usual  to  proclaim  a  block- 
ade. To  pnhlinh  is  to  make  public  :  as,  to  puHixh  the  bans. 
It  may  be  orally  or  in  jirint,  or  it  may  be  to  satisfy  a  legal 
requirement :  .as,  to  puhlijih  a  law.  To  ]/romulgate  is  to 
publish  what  is  of  concern  to  many,  but  hithert<i  has  been 
known  U)  few;  as,  to  j/romulgate  an  opinion,  to  pronuU- 
(jate  the  gospel,  or  officially  ti>  promulgate  a  law  or  edict. 
This,  then,  is  the  message  which  we  have  heard  of  him, 
and  declare  unto  you.  1  John  L  5. 

A  heated  pulpiteer, 
Not  preaching  simple  Christ  to  simple  men, 
Announced  the  coming  doom.    Ten  nyson.  Sea  Dreams. 

The  heralds  blew 
Proclaiming  his  the  prize,  who  wore  the  sleeve 
Of  scarlet.  Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

Tell  it  not  in  Gath,  publish  it  not  in  the  streets  of  Aske- 
lon.  2  Sam.  i.  20. 

.\  formula  for  instituting  a  combined  government  of 
these  States  had  been  pfromulgated. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  139. 

announcement  (a-nouns'ment),  n.  [<  announce 
+  -nicnt.  after  f'.  annoncenient.]  The  act  of 
announcing  or  giving  notice ;  that  which  is  an- 
nounced or  made  known;  proclamation;  pub- 
lication ;  notification. 

announcer  (a-noun'ser),  «.  One  who  announces 
or  gives  notice ;  a  proelaimer. 

anno  urbis  conditae  (an'o  er'bis  kon'di-te). 
[L. :  lit.,  in  the  year  of  the  city  founded:  anno, 
abl.  of  annus,  a  year  (see  annals);  urbis,  gen. 
of  urbs,  a  city  (see  urban);  conditee,  gen.  of  con- 
dita,  fem.  of  eonditus,  pp.  of  condere,  set  up, 
establish,  fotmd.]  In  the  year  from  the  found- 
ing of  the  city,  that  is,  of  Rome,  in  753  B.  c. 
according  to  the  usually  adopted  chronology: 
used  with  some  ordinal  number  to  indicate  a 
Latin  date.     Abbreviated  A.  V.  C. 

annoy  (a-noi'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  anoy,  anoye, 
also  eniioy  and  abbr.  noy,  <  ME.  anoye,  anuy, 
anuye,  anui,  discomfort,  vexation,  weariness, 
ennui,  <  OF.  anoi,  anui,  enoi,  enui,  later  ennuy, 
annoy,  vexation,  grief,  tediousness,  mod.  F. 
ennui  (>  E.  ennui,  q.  v.)  =  Pr.  enoi,  enuoi  =  Sp. 
enojo  =  Pg.  anojo,  nojo  =  It.  annoja,  noja  =  Olt 
nojo,  orig.  (Milanese  dial. )  inodio,  <  L.  in  odio, 
lit.  in  hatred,  a  phrase  used  in  certain  common 
idiomatic  expressions,  as  in  odio  esse,  be  hate- 
ful {est  mihi  in  odio,  it  is  offensive  to  me),  in  odio 
venire,  become  hateful :  /«  =  E.  in  ;  odio,  abl.  of 
odium,  hatred:  see  («  and  odium.]  1.  A  dis- 
turbed state  of  feeling  arising  from  displeasing 
acts  or  unpleasant  circumstances;  discomfort; 
vexation;  trouble;  aimoyance. 

Worse  than  Tantalus'  is  her  annoy. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  .\donis,  1.  599. 
As  thou  wert  constant  in  our  ills,  be  joyous  in  our  joy ; 
For  cold,  and  stiff,  and  still  are  they,  who  wrought  thy 
walls  annoy.  ilacaulay,  Ivry. 

2.  A  thing  or  circumstance  that  causes  dis- 
comfort ;  an  annovance. 


Good  angels  guard  thee  from  the  boar's  an  now. 
Shak..  Rich.  III., 


v.  3. 


Same  as  anniversary. 

And  on  their  [the  Trinity's]  sacred  anniverse  decreed 
To  stamp  their  image  on  the  promis'd  seed. 

Dryden,  Britannia  Rediviva,  1.  '29. 

annodated  (an'o-da-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  annodatus, 
pp.  of  annodare,  form  into  a  knot,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
nodus  =  E.  Icnot:  see  node.]  In 
lier. ,  curved  in  the  form  of  an  S,  or 
twisted  or  wrapped  arotmd  any- 
thing, as  a  serpent  around  a  staff. 
Generally  used  as  sj-nonymous 
with  bou-ed-cmboiced,  inivrapped, 
and  no  wed. 

anno   Domini  (an'o  dom'i-ni).     a  serpent  an- 

[ML. :  L.  anno,  abl.  of  annus,  year  ^"f^f  ^^S? 
(see«H«o/s);  LL.  Domini,  gen.  of  surmounted  by  a 
Dominus,  the  Lord,  L.  dominus,  ^'™"  °'  ^^' 
master:  see  dominant,  dominie] 
In  the  year  of  the  Lord ;  in  the  year  of  the 
Christian  era.  Commonly  abbreviated  A.  D. : 
as,  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  was  fought  A.  D. 
(or  A.  D.)  1775. 

anno  hejira  (an'6  hej'i-re).  [ML.]  In  the 
year  of  the  hejira,  or  flight  of  Mohammed  from 
Mecca  (A.  D.  622),  from  which  the  Mohamme- 
dans reckon  their  time.  Commonly  abbre'viated 
A.  B.     See  hejira. 

annoisancet  (a-noi'sans),  «.  [A  mod.  spelling 
ol  older  anoisance,  dnoisaunce,  <  ME.  noisance. 


see  annotinous.]     I.  a.  In  ornith.,  one  year  old. 
II.  H.  A  Ijird  which  is  one  year  old,  or  which 
has  molted  once. 

annotinous  (a-not'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  annotinus, 
of  last  year,  <  annus,  a  year:  see  <innals.]  In 
hot.,  one  year  old,  as  branches  of  the  last  year. 

annotto  (a-not'o),  «.     Same  as  arnotto. 

announce  (a-notms'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
nounced, ppi-.  announcing.  [<  late  ME.  anounce, 
<  OF.  anoHCcr,  anoncier,  anuncier,  mod.  F.  an- 
noncer  =  Pr.  Pg.  annunciar  =  Sp.  anunciar  = 
It.  annumiare,  <  L.  annunciiire,  prop,  annun- 
tiare,  adnuntiare,  make  known,  proi?laim,  an- 
nounce, <  ad,  to,  +  nunciarc,  prop,  nuntiare, 
report,  give  a  message,  <  nuntius,  a  messenger: 
see  nuncio.  Cf.  denounce,  enounce,  pronounce, 
renounce.]  1.  To  make  knowTi  formally;  pro- 
claim or  make  public;  publish;  give  notice  of: 
as,  the  birth  of  Christ  was  announced  by  an  an- 
gel.—  2.  To  state  or  intimate  the  approach,  ar- 
rival, or  presence  of. 

I  beg  your  pardon,  sir,  but  I  thought  you  would  not 
choose  Sir  Peter  to  come  up  without  announcing  him. 

Sheridan.  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

Announced  by  all  the  trumpets  of  the  sky. 
AlTives  the  snow.  Emerson,  Snow-storm. 

3.  To  make  known,  indicate,  or  make  manifest 
to  the  mind  or  senses. — 4.  To  pronounce ;  de- 
clare by  judicial  sentence. 


[Now  chiefly  poetic ;  the  common  word  in  prose  is  aniunj- 
ance.] 
annoy  (a-noi'),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  anoy, 
anoye,  anoie,  <  ME.  nnoyen,  anoien,  anuyen, 
anuien,  anyen,  anuen,  <  OF.  anoier,  enoier,  anu- 
ier,  enuier,  later  ennuyer,  annoy,  vex,  weary, 
irk,  mod.  F.  ennuyer  (see  ennuye)  =  Pr.  enoiar, 
enuiar=  Sp.  Pg.  enojar,  Pg.  also  «;io/(()-=  It. 
nojare,  annojare,  Olt.  inodiarc ;  from  the  noun.] 
I.t  intra ns.  1.  To  be  hateful  or  troublesome: 
followed  by  to. —  2.  [By  omission  of  reflexive 
prouoim.]    To  be  troubled,  disquieted,  vexed. 

If  that  thou  anoie  nat  or  forthenke  nat  of  al  thi  fortime. 
Chaucer,  Boethius,  ii.  prose  4. 

n.  trans.  To  be  hateful,  troublesome,  or 
vexatious  to;  trouble,  disquiet,  disttrrb,  vex, 
molest,  harass,  plague;  irk.  weary,  bore,  espe- 
cially by  repeated  acts:  as,  to  annoy  a  person 
by  perpetual  questioning;  to  annoy  the  enemy 
by  raids :  in  the  passive,  followed  by  a^  or  about, 
formerly  by  of. 
It  bigan  to  anoiic  the  puple  o/'the  weie  and  trauel. 

Wycti/,  Num.  .N.\i.  4  (Purv.). 
Against  the  Capitol  I  met  a  lion. 
Who  glar'd  upon  me.  and  went  surly  by 
Without  annoying  me.  Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  3. 

He  determined  not  yet  to  dismiss  them,  but  merely  to 
humble  and  annoy  them.  Macaulay.  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

=  Syil.  Mole.':!.  I'laiiue.  etc.  (see  tea.v).  trouble,  disturb, 
disquiet,  vex,  irritate,  fret,  embarrass,  perplex. 


annoyance 
annoyance  (a-noi'anH),  ».     [<  ME.  anoyance 


225 


(niri'),<  OF.  (tni)iiuiee,  aniiiancc,  iaiiokr 
annoy:  see  (uiniiij,  i\,  and  -««<•(•.]     1.  The  act 
of  annoying;  vexation;  molestation. 
Formidable  means  of  anno;fance. 

Macaulay,  Hallam's  Const.  Uist. 

2.  The  state  of  being  annoyed;  a  feeling  of 
trouble,  vexation,  or  anger,  oecasioned  by  un- 
welcome or  injurious  acts  or  events. 

A  careless  step  leading  to  accident,  or  some  bun^lini; 
manipulation,  causes  self-coniiemnation  witli  its  accom- 
panying feeling  '»f  aniuntancf  thovigll  no  one  is  by. 

//.  Spincrr,  I'rin.  of  I'sycbol.,  §  517. 

3.  That  which  annoys,  troubles,  or  molests. 

A  gi'ain,  a  dust,  a  gnat,  a  wanderinj^  hair, 
Any  aniwifance  in  that  precious  sense 

The  .  .  .  exercise  of  industry  . 

ancei.  Barrow,  Sermons,  III.  xix. 

Jury  of  annoyance,  a  jury  appointed  to  report  uptuj 

I)ublic  nuisances.    S.K.D.    [KnK.|=Syn.  1.  Molestation, 

vexation.   -2.  Discomfort,  plague. 
annoyancer  {a-noi'an-s6r),  n.     An  annoyer. 

IaiiiiIi.     [Kare.] 

One  who  annoys. 

II.     [<   ME.   luwyfid,  < 

Giving  trouble;  incom- 


annoyer  (a-noi'ir),  n. 
annoyfult  (a-noi'fid) 

aiioj/i: :  see  aniioji,  h.] 

moding;  molesting. 
annoyingly  (a-noi'ing-li),  adv.     In  an  amioy- 

ing  manner. 
The  Tiifteti  and  other  papers  commented  annoyiuf/hi  on 


where  the  winters  are  severe.  Winter  annuals,  frequent 
in  warm  regions  with  dry  sunnners,  genninale  from  the 
seed  under  the  ruins  lA  autuiini,  grow  tlirnngb  Hie  wiritei*, 
ami  die  after  perbttiTig  si«d  in  thr  spring. 

4.  A  literary  jiroductioii  iiulilislicd  annually; 
especially,    an   illustrated  work    issued   near 
Christmas  of  each  year.    The  name  is  more  espe- 
cially apjilied  to  certain  publicatituis  handsomely  bound, 
illustrated  with  plates,  and  containing  prose  tjdcs,  poems, 
etc.,  which  were  formerly  very  ])opular.  but  are  now  no 
longer  issnetl.    The  tlrst  one  published  in  I/)lulon  appeared 
in  ls:;-„',  and  the  last  in  IH.^iO. 
annuali8t(an'ii-al-ist),n.    [<  annual,  «.,+  -ist.] 
An  editor  of,  or  a  writer  for,  an  annual,  or  a 
publication  issued  annually.     Lamb. 
annually  (an'u-al-i),  adv.     Yearly;  each  year; 
rotnrning  every  year;  year  by  year. 
Sliak.,  K.  John,  iv.  1.  annuaiy  (an'u-a-ri),  a.  and  n.     [=  F.  anniiaiir, 
.  tempereth  all nniio)/-     <  ML.   'aniniarius  (neut.  annuarium,  an  anni- 
versary), <  L.  aHHH*',  a  year.     SeeaHH«r(/.]     I.t 
«.  Annual. 

Supply  anew 
With  aiinuary  cloaks  the  wandering  Jew. 

./ohn  Hall,  Poems,  I.  10. 

II.  ». ;  pi.  annuaries  (-riz).  1.  An  annual 
publication. 

That  standard  [of  the  iYench  meter]  is  declared,  in  the 
Annuarif  of  the  Bureau  des  Ixjugitudes,  to  he  e(inal  to 
39.37075)  British  imperial  standard  inches. 

,SVr  J.  licrifrhfl,  Pop.  Lccts.,  p.  440. 

2t.  A  priest  who  says  annual  masses ;  an  an- 

nuclei'. 


"Dog  Tear  ;eni,"  as  Mr. has  been  long  nicknamed  annuelert,  «•     [ME.  aniiueler,  <  ML.  annuala- 


from  his  satirical  temper  and  speech 

R.  J.  llinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  133. 
annoyingness  (a-noi'ing-nes),  n.     [<  amwi/Uifi 
+  -/ic.v.v.  ]    The  (luality  of  being  annoying ;  vexa- 
tiousness. 

annoyment  (a-noi'iucnt),  n.     [<  ME.  dimoii- 

meiit,  <  OF.  uuoicmeni :  see  annoy  aiu\ -mcnt.'] 
Annoyance. 

annoyOUSt  (a-noi'us),  a.  [<  ME.  anoyous,  anoi- 
oim,  annoyus,  annuyoii.i,  etc.,  <  OF.  anoious, 
anoios,  anuicii.'i,  cnuiiis,  mod.  F.  ciiiiiiyeuj-  =  Pr. 
enoios  =  Sp.  Pg.  cnojosii  =  It.  annqjo.io :  see  an- 
noy, II.,  and  -oH.'i.]     Troublesome;  annoying. 

annoyouslyt  (a-noi'us-li ),  adv.  [ME.  anoyoiishj; 
(.aniioyous  +  -ly^.'\  Amioyingly;  vexatiously. 
Chaucer,  Boethius. 

annuaire(an-u-ar'),  H.  [F.]  SamoasoH«"on/,  l. 

annual  (an'u-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  iiiiiiiiid,  usu- 
ally annuel,  <  OF.  anuel,  annuel,  F.  annuel  =  Pr. 
Pg.  anniial  =  i^i>.  anual  =  lt.  aiiiiuale,<.1>ilj.  annu- 
ali,%  yearly,  LL.  a  year  old,  the  regular  L.  adj. 
being  annali.'i,  <  L.  annu.i,  a  year:  see  annals.] 

1.  a.  1.  Of,  for,  or  pertaining  to  a  year;  year- 
ly: as,  the  annual  growth  of  a  tree;  annual 
profits;  the  annual  motion  of  the  earth. 

A  thousand  pound  a  year,  annual  support, 

Out  of  his  grace  he  ailiLs.     Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  3. 

2.  Relating  to  a  year,  or  to  the  events  or  trans- 
actions of  a  year:  as,  an  annual  report. — 3. 
Lasting  or  continuing  only  one  year,  or  one 

season  of  the  year;  coming  to  an  end  individu-     —  Annuity  Act,  an  Engli.sh  sta 
ally  within  the  year:  as,  annual  plants  or  in-     '^-  Hi)  which  re,|uired  the  n-m 

*'-  J  '  X-  granting  annuities,  and  rt'gulatei 


sects. 

An  annual  herb  flowers  in  the  first  year,  and  dies,  root 
and  all,  after  ripening  its  seed. 

A.  Gray,  Botany  (ed.  1S70),  p.  21. 

4.  Occurring  or  returning  once  a  year;  hap- 
pening or  coming  at  yearly  intervals:  as,  an 
annual  feast  or  celebration. 

Whose  annual  wound  in  Lebanon  allured 
The  Syrian  damsels  to  lament  his  fate. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  i.  447. 
Annual  assay,  conference,  epact,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
— Annual  income,  the  sum  of  annual  receipts. —Annual 
rent,  in  •''''•"(■»  (<!"■.  a  .Marly  profit  due  to  a  creditor  by  way 
of  interest  for  a  given  sum  of  money  ;  interest :  so  called  lie- 
cause  when,  before  tlie  Reformation,  it  was  illegal  to  lend 
money  at  interest,  the  illegality  was  evaded  by  a  stipida- 
tion  on  the  part  of  the  lender  for  a  certain  rent  yearly  from 
land.  — Annual  value  of  a  piece  of  ]iro].erty,  that  which 
it  is  worth  for  a  years  use.  It  includes  what  ought  to 
be  received,  wiiether  it  is  actually  received  or  not,  and 
amounts  to  the  excess  thereof  above  deducted  costs  or  ex- 
penses. 

n.  «.  1.  \_<M^.  annuel, n.,<OF.  annuel,  <Mh. 
annuale,  prop.  neut.  of  annualix,  a. :  see  above, 
and  cf.  annueler.']  A  mass  said  for  a  deceased 
person,  either  daily  during  a  year  from  the  day 
of  his  death,  or  on  the  recurrence  of  the  day  for 
a  number  of  years;  an  anniver.sary  mass;  also 


rills,  <.  iiiinuiile,  an  anniversary  mass:  see  an- 
nual, II.]  A  priest  employed  in  saying  annuals 
for  the  dead.     Cliaucer. 

annuent  (an'ii-ent),  a.  [<  L.  annuen(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  aiiiiuere,  adnuere,  nod  to,  <  ad,  to,  4-  nuere 
(only  in  comp.),  nod,  =  Gr.  reien;  noil.j  1. 
Nodding,  as  if  with  the  purpose  of  signifying 
assent  or  consent.  .Swrtr^  (1849).  [Kare.]  —  2. 
Serving  to  bend  the  head  forward:  specifically 
applied  to  the  muscles  used  in  nodding. 

annuitant  (a-im'i-tant),  «.  [<  annuity  +  -ant.] 
One  wlio  receives,  or  is  entitled  to  receive,  an 
annuity. 

annuity  (a-nii'i-ti),  H.;  pi.  annuities  (-tiz).  [< 
ME.  anniiitee,  annuyte,  <  OF.  annuite,  mod.  F. 
annuite,  <  ML.  annuita{t-)s,  an  annuity  (cf.  L. 
annua,  an  annuity,  neut.  pl.),<L. ««««;«,  yearly, 
((iHHH.s,  ayear.  See  annual]  A  periodical  pay- 
ment of  money,  amounting  to  a  fixed  sum  in  each 
year,  the  moneys  paid  being  either  a  gift  or  in 
consideration  of  agi-oss  sum  received.  When  the 
payment  is  continued  for  a  certain  period,  as  10,  20,  or  100 
years,  it  is  called  a  certain  annuity;  when  it  continues 
for  an  uncertain  period,  a  cnntiniieni  annuity;  when  the 
period  is  determined  by  the  duration  of  one  or  more  lives, 
a  life  annnitii.  A  dthrred  or  rrt-rrxionary  annuity  is  one 
that  does  nut  begin  till  after  a  certain  period  or  number  of 
years,  or  till  the  diit:use  of  a  person,  or  some  other  future 
event.  An  annuity  in  possession  is  one  which  has  already 
begun,  (ioveinme'nts  often  raise  money  upon  imnuities; 
that  is,  for  a  certain  sum  advanced,  the  government  con- 
tracts to  pay  a  specific  sum  for  life,  or  for  a  term  of  years. 

_     ..  .    ,tat\ite  of  1813(53  Geo.  III., 

tration  of  all  instrumenis 
itedsuchgrants.— To  grant 
an  annuity,  to  make  a  formal  contractor  testamentary 
provision  to  jiav  an  annuity. 

annul  (a-nul'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  annulled, 
ppr.  aniiidlind.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  adnul,  < 
ME.  annullen,  anullen.'adnullen,  <  OF.  anuller, 
adnutler,  mod.  F.  annider  =  Pr.  Pg.  annuUar 
=  Sp.   anular  =  It.  annullare,  <  L.  annullare, 
adnultare,  bring  to  nothing,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  nulliis, 
none,  nullum,  notliing :  see  null.]     1.  To  re- 
duce to  nothing  ;  annihilate  ;  obliterate. 
Light,  the  prime  work  of  God,  to  me  is  extinct, 
.\nd  all  her  val'ious  objects  of  delight 
AnnuUd.  Milton,  S.  A.,  I.  72. 

2.  To  make  void  or  null ;  uidlify ;   abrogate ; 

,.,. „„^ ^ abolish;  doaway  with:  usedcspecially  of  laws, 

f  iiro],erty,  that  which     decrees,   edicts,  decisions  of  courts,   or  other 
,    ,     .......  -,..„,,.  .„     ggj^|,jjgjjp(j  ,.ules,  usages,  and  the  like. 

Uo  they  mean  to  invalidate,  annul,  or  call  into  ques- 
tion .  .  .  th.at  great  body  of  our  statute  law  ?  .  .  .  toon- 
nul  laws  of  inestimable  value  to  our  liberties? 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

The  burgesses  now  annulled  the  former  election  of  gov- 
ernor and  council.  Bancroft,  Hist.  I'.  S.,  I.  172. 
=  Syn  2.  Abolish,  Repeal,  etc.  (see  aOoliih);  Xulli/y, 
Annihilate,  etc.  (see  neutralize);  retract,  declare  null  ami 

id.  supersede 


Annular  r.ear- 
wheel. 


the  fee  paid 'for  it.     Also  called  ohho/.— 2.  A  annular  (an'ii-lar),  rr.     [=t.  annulairc=  Ig. 


yearly  payment  or  allowance;  specifically,  in 
Scotland,  quit-rent;  grounil-rent.  Also  called 
ground-annual. — 3.  A  plant  or  an  animal  whose 
natural  term  of  life  is  one  year  or  one  season ; 
especially,  any  plant  which  grows  from  seed, 
lilooms,  perfects  its  fruit,  and  dies  in  the  course 
of  the  same  year,  .\nnuals,  however,  may  be  carried 
over  two  or  more  years  by  preventing  them  from  fruiting, 
as  is  fre(inently  done  with  the  mignonette.  Many  species 
that  are  pereimials  in  warm  climates  are  only  annuals 
15 


«»)(»//(»•  =  Sp'.  ti'nular  =  It.  anulare,  <  L.  ««««- 
laris,  prop,  duularis,  relating  to  a  ring,  <  an- 
nulus,  prop,  dnuliis,  a  ring:  see  annulus.]  1. 
Having  the  form  of  a  ring;  pertaining  to  a 
Tinp. —  2.  In  -oiil.  and  anat..  of  or  iiei-taining 
to  ringed  or  ring-like  structm-e  or  form;  anini- 
late  ;  annuloid  ;  annulose — Annular  auger,  an 
auger  used  for  cutting  an  annular  channel.  The  simpbst 
form  is  a  tube  with  a  serrated  edge,  which  is  kept  centereil 
by  a  point  projecting  from  a  movable  plug  within,  and  of 


annulation 

the  bIzo  of,  the  horc  of  the  tube.— Annular  bit,  a  boring- 
bit  which  cnt.s  an  annular  channel  wiilioiit  renmving  the 
untoiicln-d  ct-iiter.  It  is  used  in  cutting  large  holes,  and 
ill  the  birmatioii  of  circular  blanks,  jis  for  wads,  buttons, 
etc.  Annular  borer,  a  tube  which  serves  as  a  rock-  or 
earth-boring  tool,  making  an  annular  cutting,  and  leaving 
a  column  of  rock  or  earth  in  the  niidillc.  It  is  usually 
anned  at  the  boring  extremity  with  diamonds.  See  tlia- 
inond  drill,  uniler  drill. — Annular  duct,  or  annular 
vessel,  in  iiot.,  a  cylindrical  tube  of  delicate  vascular 
tissue,  strengthened  at  intervals  on  the  inner  side  by  a 
deposit  of  material  in  the  form  of  rings,  called  annular 
i;i«rfri/i.';.<.  — Annular  eclipse,  in  antron..  an  eclipse  of  the 
smi  in  which  a  portion  of  its  surface  is  visible  in  the  fonn 
of  a  ring  surrounding  the  dark  body  of  the  moon.  This 
oeeui-s  when  the  moon  is  too  remote  from  the  earth  to 
cover  the  sun  completely,  and  at  the  moment  when  the 
centers  of  both  sun  and  motin  aic  nearly  in  a  line  with  the 
point  on  the  earth's  surface  w  here  the  ubscrxcr  stands. — 
Annular  engine,  or  annular-cylinder englne.a  direct- 
action  marine  engine,  having  two  concentric  cylinders:  the 
annular  space  between  them  is  fitted  with  a  piston,  which 
is  attached  to  a  T-8haj>ed  cross-head  by  two  jiiston-rods. 
The  cross-llead  is  formeti  by  two  plates,  with  a  space  be- 
tween them  in  which  the  connecting-rod  vibrates,  and  its 
lower  end  slides  within  the  inner  cylinder  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  crank.  -  Annular  finger,  the  ring-finger. 
Then  calling  for  a  llason  and  a  Pin 
He  pricks  bis  annular  Jinqcr,  and  lets  fall 
Three  drops  .>f  blood.  J.' Beaumont,  Psyche,  v.  50. 
Annular  gear-wheel,  a  gear-wheel  in  which  the  teeth 
are  on  the  inside  of  an  annulus  or  ring,  while  its  pinion 
works  within  its  pitch-circle,  turning  in 
the  same  direction.— Annular  liga- 
ment, in  anat.  :  (a)  The  general  liga- 
mentous envelop  which  surrounds  the 
wrist  or  ankle,  and  is  jierforated  for  the 
p.assage  of  tendons,  vessels,  and  nerves. 
(//)  The  orbii-nlar  ligament  which  holils 
the  upper  end  of  the  radius  in  the  sig- 
moid   cavity    of    the    ulna.-  Annular 

markings.  ^^^^  annular  duct,  above.— 
Annular  micrometer,  a  c  ire  ular  mi- 
crometer, or  ring  mil  lunutcr.  See  inicrmnctir.-  Annu- 
lar pan,  the  li(n'i/"ntal  ling-shaped  pan  of  certain  forms 
of  amalg.amatoi-saiid  ore-irnshers.— Annular  process  or 
protuberance  of  the  brain,  an  oUl  name  of  the  pons 
Varolii:  >till  in  use  in  the  fnrni  ^i//icrnynn(^nrf*.— Annular 
saw,  a  cutting-tool  ft. run-. I  of  a  tube  with  a  serrated  end. 
It  is  used  for  cutting  button. blanks. —Annular  vault,  in 
arch.,  a  ban-el  vault  covering  a  space  of  which  the  jdan  is 
formed  by  two  concentric  circles,  or  any  portion  of  such 
a  space. —  Annular  vessel.     See  annular  duct,  above. 

annularity  (an-ii-lar'i-ti),  «.  [<  annular  +  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  condition  of  being  annular,  or 
ring-shaped. 

annularly  (an'u-lar-li),  adv.  In  the  manner  or 
form  of  a  ring. 

annulary  (an'u-la-ri),  a.  and  ji.  [<  L.  annula- 
rius,  more  correctly  dnularius,  pertaining  to  a 
ring,  <  dnulus,  a  ring:  see  annulu,f.]  1.  a.  1. 
Ha^Tng  the  form  of  a  ring. 

Because  continual  I'espiration  is  necessary,  the  wind- 
pipe is  made  with  annulary  cartilages,  that  the  sides  of  it 
may  not  flag  and  fall  together. 

Ray,  On  the  Creation,  p.  270. 

2.  Bearing  a  ring:  specifically  said  of  the  ring- 
finger. 

II.  «. ;  pi.  annularity  (-riz).  The  fourth  fin- 
ger, or  ring-iuiger. 

The  thumb  ami  annnlari/  crossed. 
Lahartc.  Aits  of  Mid.  Ages  (trans.),  p.  144.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

Annulata  (an-u-la'tji),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  L.  annulatus':  see  annulate.]  1.  A  synonym 
of  Annelides,  Annelida,  Annellata,  Annulosa,  and 
Amphisluvnoidu. —  2.  In  Gegenbaiu-'s  system  of 
classification,  a  prime  division  of  Vermes,  di- 
\ided  into  two  main  groups,  Uirudinea  (leeches) 
and  Annelides,  the  latter  comprising  tlie  two 
groups  of  the  OliijoclHvta  and  the  Cliatojioda. 

annulate  (an'u-lat),  a.  [<  L.  annulatu.'s,  prop. 
(iniilatus,  ringed,  <  dnulus,  a  ring:  see  annulus.] 

1.  Furnished  with  rings,  or  circles  like  rings; 
having  belts.  Specifieallv  —  2.  In  fto/.,  provided 
with  an  annulus  or  witli  annuli :  applied  to  a 
capsule,  stem,  or  root  encircled  by  elevated 
rings  or  bands.  See  cut  under  annulus. —  3.  In 
her.,  applied  to  any  bearing,  such  as  a  cross, 
whose  extremities  "end  in  annulets  or  rings,  or 
which  is  fretted  or  interlaced  with  an  annulet. 
See  cut  under  anijle,  5.  Equivalent  forms  are 
animlettee,  annulelty.  —  4.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Annulata  in  cither  sense  of  that  word. — 5. 
In  entom.,  having  rings  or  encircling  bauds  of 
color,  or  having  liaised  rings. 

annulated  (an'ti-la-ted),  a.  1.  Furnished  with 
rings;  annulate;  SpeeifictiUy— 2.  In -oc>7., hav- 
ing or  consisting  of  a  ring  or  rings;  composed 
of  a  series  of  ringed  segments,  as  a  wonn ;  an- 
nelid; annuloid.— 3.  In  arch.,  furnished  with 
a  projecting  annular  band  or  bands.  Annii- 
lated  COlimms,  columns  standing  free  or  grouped  in 
clusters  and  suiroundeil  in  one  or  inore  places  with  pro- 
jecting rings  or  bands:  a  form  usual  in  some  styles  of 
I'l.nibd  architecture. 

annulation  (an-ii-la'shqn),  H.  [<  annulate  + 
-ion.]     1.   .\  circular  or  ring-like  formation. — 

2.  The  act  of  forming  rings;  the  act  of  becom- 
ing a  ring. 


annulation 

A  sketch  of  the  life  i>t  ii  mlmlu  not  thus  broken  up,  of 
its  nitation,  annulativn,  jind  Unal  sphoratiou  into  ft  nt-tm- 
lous  orti.  Till-  Aiufricim,  VII.  ir)2. 

3.  The  state  of  being  annulate  or  annulated. 
annulet   (au'u-lct),   h.     [Formerly  also  ainiii- 

htU  ,  iniiiUt  (aiul  diilit, <OF.  anndct,  anclct,  dim. 

of  and,  <  L.  anclliis,  dim. ),  <  L.  animlus,  prop. 

dniihif,  a  ring  (see  aniiulus),  +  -cQ    A  little 

ring. 

PluckVi  the  grass 
There  growing  longest  by  tlie  meadow's  edge, 
And  into  many  a  listless  annuh't, 
Now  over,  now  beneath  her  nmrriage  ring. 
Wove  and  unwove  it.  Tenwinon,  Geraint. 

Specifleally— (a)  In  nn-h.,  a  small   projeeting  member, 

circular  in  plan  and  usually  square  or  angular  in  section; 


226 

annulose  (an'u-16s),  a.  [<  NL.  annuU>8us,<  L. 
(tiiiiuliis,  (liiulus,  a  ring:  see  annulun.}  Fur- 
nished with  rings;  composed  of  rings:  as,  aii- 
niiloxc  animals. 

annulus  (an'u-his),  «.;  pi.  ammli  (-11).  [L., 
l)rop.  (iiiulus,  a  ring,  esp.  a  linger-ring,  a  signet- 
ring,  in  form  dim.  of  the  rare  anus,  a  ring,  prob. 
orig.  'acniis  and  identical  with  annus,  a  circuit, 
periodical  return,  a  year:  see  annals.}  1.  A 
ring-like  space  or  area  contained  between  the 
circumferences  of  two  concentric  circles. — 2. 
In  anat.,  a  ring-like  part,  opening,  etc. :  used 
in  Latin  phrases.  (See  below.)  —  3.  \nhot.:{a) 
The  elastic  ring  which  surrounds  the  spore- 
case  of  most  ferns.  {!>)  In  mosses,  an  elastic 
ring  of  cells  lying  between  the  lid  and  the 
base  of  the  peristome  or  orifice  of  the  capsule. 


Heraldic  Annulet. 

( From  Berry's  "  Diet, 
of  Heraldry.") 


Annulets  of  the  Doric  Capital. 
A,  A,  annulets,  shown  enlarged  in  lower  figure. 

especially,  one  of  the  fillets  or  bands  which  encircle 
the  lower  part  of  the  Doric  capital  above  the  necking : 
but  annulet  is  often  indiscriniinately  used  as  synonymous 
withi(>/,  liatfl,  fincturf,  fillrt.  tfnia,  etc.  (6)  In /fc/'.,  a  ring 
borne  as  a  charge.  It  is  also  the  mark  of  cadency  which 
the  fifth  brother  of  a  family  ought  to  bear  on  his  coat  of 
arms.  Also  called  anlcf.  .See  cadeitcit. 
(c)  In  decorafivt'  art,  a  name  given  to 
a  band  encircling  a  vase  or  a  similar 
object,  whether  solidly  painted,  or  in 
engobe,  or  composed  of  simple  llgures 
placed  close  to  each  other.  Compare 
/r/,-zel. 

annulett^e,  annuletty  (an"u- 
let-a',  an'u-let-i),  a.  [<  F. 
*annulettc,  <  *annulette :  see  nw- 
nulct.}  In  lier.,  same  as  annu- 
late. 3. 

annilli,  «.     Phual  of  anrmhis. 

annulism(au'u-lizm), »(.  [<L. 
annulus,  a  ring  (see  annulus),  +  -ism.']  The 
quality  of  being  annulated,  annulose,  or  anneli- 
dan;  ringed  structure:  specifically  said  m:ool. 
of  an  annelid,  annulate,  or  annulose  animal. 

Here  [among  Sipuncidldte]  radiism  sets  and  anmdmn 
appears.  E.  Forbes,  Hist.  Brit.  Starfish  (1S41),  p.  243. 

annullable  (a-uul'a-l)l),  a.  [<  annul  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  annulled.   Coleridge.    [Rare.] 

annulment  (a-nul'ment),  n.  ['<  late  ME. 
anullement,  <  OF.  *anuilement:  see  annul  and 
-incut.]  The  act  of  annidling;  specifically,  the 
act  of  making  void  retrospectively  as  well  as 
prospectively:  as,  the  anuulment  of  a  man'iage 
(as  distinguisheil  from  the  grantingof  a  divorce). 

annuloid  (an'u-loid),  a.  and  v.  [<  L.  annulus, 
a  ring  (see  annulus),  +  -aid.]  I.  a.  1.  Ring- 
like.—  ij.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  the 

Ammloida.  —  AimxxlOid  series,  a  term  applieii  by  Hux- 
ley to  a  gradation  of  animal  forms  presented  by  the  Trt- 
choscolices  and  Annelida  as  these  arc  defined  by  the  same 
author. 
II,  n.  One  of  the  Annulnida. 

Annuloida  (an-u-loi'dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  an- 
imlus, more  correctly  dnulus,  a  ring  (see  annu- 
lu.s),  +  -nida.]  A  name  ajjplied  by  Huxley 
(1869)  to  a  subkingdom  of  animals,  consisting 
of  the  Sculecida  and  Eclunodcrmata,  an  associa- 
tion subsequently  modified  by  the  same  author. 
Also  called  Echinozoa.     [Disused.] 

Annulosa  (an-u-16'sa),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  annulosns:  see  annulose.]  1.  In  some  sys- 
tems of  zoological  classification,  a  term  applied 
to  invertebrate  animals  which  exhibit  annel- 
ism  or  anuulism:  approximately  synonymous 
with  the  Cuvierian  Articulata,  or  the  modem 
Vermes  together  with  Arthropoda,  but  used 
with  great  and  varying  latitude  of  significa- 
tion.— 2.  A  name  given  by  Huxley  (18(i9)  to 
a  subkingdom  of  animals"  consisting  of  the 
Crustacea,  Arachnida,  Mjjriapoda,  lusecta,  Chw- 
toi/natlia,  and  Annelida,  or  crustaceans,  spiders, 
oentipcds,  true  insects,  true  worms,  and  some 
other  Vermes.  Excepting  the  venniform  members  of 
this  group,  it  is  conterminous  with  Arthropoda  (which 
see),  and  is  no  longer  used. 

annulosan  (an-u-16'san),  H.  [<  Annulosa  + 
-an.]     One  of  the  Annulosa. 


a,  sporangia  of  a  fern,  showing  the  annulus  closed  and  open  ;  d, 
detached  annulus  of  a  moss  (5ry«»rf*7J/(7r'/r«w) ;  f,  a  fungus  (W^a- 
ricus)  with  annulus,  a',    (a  and  *  greatly  magnified.) 

(c)  In  fungi,  the  slender  membrane  surround- 
ing the  stem  in  some  agarics  after  the  cap  has 
expanded. — 4.  In  roci/. ;  (a)  A  thin  ehitinous 
ring  which  encircles  the  mantle  in  the  Tetra- 
branchiala,  connecting  ehitinous  patches  of  the 
mantle  into  which  the  sheU-muscles  are  in- 
serted. (I))  In  eutom.,  a  narrow  encircling  band, 
generally  of  color ;  sometimes  a  raised  ring. 
—  5.  In  astron.,  the  ring  of  light  seen  about 
the  edge  of  the  moon  in  an  annular  eclipse  of 
the  sun.     See  annular  eclipse,  under  annular. 

The  sun  [at  the  time  of  an  annular  eclipse]  will  present 
the  appearance  of  an  annnht&  L>r  ring  of  light  around  the 
moon.  Neuroinh  and  llold'ii,  Astron.,  p.  173. 

Annulus  abdominalis  or  inguinalis,  in  anat.,  the  ab- 
dominal ring.  See  fl'"/";;ii/i<i/.— Annulus  et  baculum, 
the  ring  and  pastoral  start",  ciiitik-ms  i.>f  cjii.srnpal  aiitlmrity, 
the  delivery  of  which  by  a  iirincc  or  by  the  popr  \\as  the 
ancient  mode  of  investiture  with  l>isboprics. —  Annulus 
clllarls,  the  ciliary  muscle.— Annulus  cruraUs  inter- 
nus  (internal  crural  rinu).  in  anat.,  the  weak  spot  below 
Poujiarfs  ligament,  between  the  femoral  vessels  and  Gini- 
beriiat's  liuauieiit,  lIiiou'.ih  which  a  femoral  hernia  forces 
its  way.— Annulus  duplex,  in  Hmn.  antiq.,  a  double  ring 
given  to  a  soldier  for  bravery.  Double  gold  rings  of  the 
Roman  epoch  exist  in  collections,  some  of  them  engraved 
with  tokens  of  victory. —  Annulus  OvaUs,  in  tin}nan 
anat.,  the  raised  rim  or  niaiL;!)!  of  tlie  fossa  ovalis  of  tlie 
heart.— Annulus  piscatoris, 'v,/™.,  samv  as  ;i,</,,  ;■.„««■< 
Hntj  (which  see,  tinder  fislnrnntn).-  Annulus  tendino- 
SUS,  in  anat.,  the  fibrous  ring  around  tlie  edge  of  the  tym- 
panum.— Annulus  tympanicus,  iu  anat.,  the  ring-like 
ossification  from  wliieh  is  formed  the  tympanic  portion 
of  the  teiniioral  hone. 
annumeratet  (a-nii'me-rat), )'.  t.  [<  L.  annume- 
ratus,  pp.  of  annumerare,a<1nunierare,  coimt  to, 
add  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  nunierare,  count,  number: 
see  numerate  and  number,  v.]  To  add,  as  to  a 
number  previously  given;  unite,  as  to  some- 
thing before  mentioned.     [Rare.] 

There  are  omissions  of  other  kinds  which  will  deserve  to 
be  amiumerated  to  these.      Wollaston,  Relig.  of  Nat.,  §  i. 

annumerationt  (a-nu-me-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  an- 
vumcratidin-),  adnumcratio(n-j,  <  annvmcrarc : 
see  annumerate.]  The  act  of  annrmierating ; 
addition.     [Rare.] 

Annunciadet  (a-nun' si-ad),  n.  [Kino Anuneiada, 
Annuntiade,  Annonciade  (after  F.  Annonciade, 
formerly  Anonciade,  Sp.  Anunciada),  also  An- 
nunciata  (prop.  E.  form  *Annunciatc),  <  It.  an- 
iiun::iata,  formerly  annuntiata  (<  ML.  annun- 
ciata),  the  annunciation  to  the  Virgin  Mary, 
and  hence  a  name  of  the  Virgin  herself:  prop, 
fem.  pp.  of  annun::iarc,  <  L.  annuntiarc,  an- 
nounce: see  annotincc]  Liter.ally,  the  Annun- 
ciate, that  is,  the  Virgin  Mary  as  receiver  of 
the  annunciation;  also,  the  aimunciation  to 
the  Virgin:  used  as  a  designation  of  various 
orders.     See  annunciation. 

annunciate  (a-nun'si-.at),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
annunciated,  jipr.  annunciatinij.  [<  ME.  rtfiHim- 
ciat,  anunciat,  pp.,  <  L.  annunciatus,  prop,  ati- 
nuntiatus,  pp.  of  annuntiare:  see  announce.] 
To  bring  tidings  of;  announce.     [Rare.] 

Let  my  death  be  thus  anminciatcd. 

Bp.  Bull,  Corruptions  of  Cb.of  Rome. 
They  do  not  so  properly  affirm,  .as  annunciate  it. 

Land},  Imiierfoct  .Sympathies. 

annunciatet  (a-nun'si-at),  ^y).  or  a.  [See  the 
verb.]     Announced ;  declared  (beforehand). 


anocathartic 

annunciation  (ii-nun-si-a'shon),  H.  [<  ME.  a>i- 
nunciacion,  -riiiun,  anniiuryaci/on,^  OF.  annon- 
cidtiiin,  <  |j,  annunciatio(n-),  prop,  annuntia- 
tio(n-),  adiiuntiati<){n-),  <  annuntiarc,  announce: 
see  annunciate,  announce.]  1.  The  act  of  an- 
nouncing; proclamation;  promulgation:  as, 
the  annunciation  of  a  peace ;  "the  annunciation 
of  the  gospel,"  Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  573. 

With  the  complete  establishment  of  the  new  religion 
[Christianityl  ami  the  annunciatiim  of  her  circle  of  dog- 
mas arises  an  activity,  great  and  intense,  within  the  strict 
limits  she  has  set.  Jour.  Spec.  Philoit.,  XIX.  49. 

Specifically  —  2.  The  announcement  to  Mary, 
by  the  angel  Gabriel,  of  the  incarnation  of 
(.'hrist. — 3.  [cap.]  Eccles.,  the  festival  insti- 
tuted by  the  church  in  memory  of  the  announce- 
ment to  Mary  that  she  should  bring  forth  a  son 
who  should  be  the  Messiah.  It  is  solemnized 
on  the  li.^th  of  March.  Order  of  the  Annuncia- 
tion. ('0  Theliiuhest  or.ler  of  knigbtbood(0/-(///o'A(//;/-t'//(0 
di'lV  Annunzinta  :  see  Ailnunciade)  of  the  ducal  house  of 
Savoy,  now  the  royal  house  of  Italy,  dating  under  its  pres- 
ent name  from  1518,  when  it  superseded  the  Order  of  the 
Collar,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Count  Amadeus  VI. 
of  Savoy  in  1362,  but  probably  older.  The  medal  of  the 
order  bears  a  representation  of  the  annunciation;  its  col- 
lar is  decorated  with  alternate  golden  knots  and  enameled 
roses,  the  latter  bearing  the  letters  F.  E.  R.  T.,  making 
the  Latin  word  /ert  (lie  bears),  an  ancient  motto  of  the 
house  of  Savoy,  but  variously  otherwise  interpreted.  The 
king  is  the  grand  master  of  the  order.  .See  knot  of  Savoy, 
under  knot.  (0)  An  order  of  nuns  founded  about  1500  at 
Bourges,  France,  by  Queen  Jeanne  of  Valois,  after  her  di- 
vorce from  Louis  XII.  (c)  An  order  of  nims  founded  about 
1604  at  Genoa,  Italy,  by  Maria  Vittoria  Fornari. 
annunciative  (a-nun'.si-a-tiv),  a.  [<  annunciate 
+  -ire.]  Haraig  the  character  of  an  annuncia- 
tion ;  making  an  announcement. 

An  annunciative  but  an  e.xhortatory  style. 

Gentleman's  Callinrt,  v.  §  13. 

annunciator  (a-nun'si-a-tor),  )(.  [L.,  prop,  an- 
n  un  till  tor,  adn  uii  tiu  tor,<.  ann  un  tiare :  see  ami  un- 
ciate,  v.,  announce.]  One  who  or  that  which  an- 
nounces; an  announcer.  .Spccitically  — (a)  An  ofii- 
cer  of  the  Greek  Cliurch  whose  duty  it  was  to  inform  the 
people  of  the  festivals  which  were  to  be  celelirated.  ih)  A 
mechanical,  hydraulic,  pneumatic,  or  electrical  signaling 
apparatus ;  an  indicator ;  a  call.  In  the  mechanical  an- 
nunciators the  pulling  of  a  wire  causes  a  bell  to  ring  and 
a  word  or  number  to  be  displayed  w^hich  indicates  whence 
the  signal  comes.  In  the  hydraulic  systems  a  column  of 
water  is  used  to  convey  an  impulse  which  gives  the  signal. 
In  ptieiiiuatic  annunciators  pressure  on  a  bulb  or  button 
sends  through  a  pipe  a  putf  of  air  by  which  a  bell  is  rung 
and  a  number  displayed.  In  the  electrical  systems  the 
signals  are  given  by  closing  an  electrical  circuit  by  some 
suitalilc  means.  See  cut  under  indicator,  (c)  The  dial  or 
boar.l  ..n  ^\liicb  the  signals  are  displayed. 

annunciatory  (a-nun'si-a-to-ri),  a.  Making 
known ;  giving  public  notice. 

annus  deliberandi  (an'us  df-lib-e-ran'di).  [L., 
year  of  deliberating:  annus,  year  (see  annals) ', 
deliherandi,  gen.  genuid  of  delibcrare :  see  delib- 
erate.] In  Scots  law,  a  year  allowed  for  the  heir 
to  deliljcrate  its  to  entering  upon  the  estate. 

annus  mirabilis  (an'us  mi-rab'i-Us).  [L. :  an- 
nus, year  (see  annals) ;  mirahilis.  wonderfid :  see 
marvel,  mirabilis.]  A  wonderful  year.  Specifi- 
cally applied  in  English  history,  as  in  Dryden"s  poem  of 
tins  title,  to  the  year  lOfio,  which  is  memorable  for  the 
gi-eat  fire  of  Loudon,  for  a  victory  of  the  British  .arms  over 
the  Dutch,  etc. 

ano-.  [<  Gr.  avu,  upward,  <  ara,  up,  etc.:  see 
ana-.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  signifWng  up- 
ward. 

Anoa  (an'o-ii),  n.  [Native  name.]  1.  [NL.] 
A  genus  of  bovine  ruminant  quadrupeds  of 
Celebes,  originally  taken  for  antelopes  (see 
anoiuc),  represented  by  the  sapi-outan  or  "cow 
of  the  woods,"  Anoa  ilepre-^sicornis,  which  is  a 
kind  of  small  wild  buffalo,  ha\ang  straight  low 
horns,  thick  at  the  base  and  set  in  line  with  the 
forehead.  Ham.  Smith.— 2.  [/.  c]  The  Eng- 
lish natiie  of  the  same  animal.     P.  L.  Sclater. 

Anobiidse  (an-o-bi'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anobium 
+  -ida.]  A  family  of  beetles,  named  from  the 
genus  Anobium.     See  I'tinida: 

Anobium  (a-no'bi-um),  «.  [NL.,<  Gr.  aiu, up- 
ward (but  here  with  the  sense  of  its  original,  hva, 
up,  in  comp.  back,  again :  see  ana-),  +  fiioc,  life : 
see  biology.]  A  genus  of  pentamerous  coleop- 
terous insects,  of  the  family  I'tinidd,  haWng  an 
elongate  subcyliudric  form,  11-jointed  antennte 
inserted  just  before  the  eyes,  and  deeply  exca- 
vated metasternum.  The  genus  contains  the  small 
dark-colored  beetles,  about  a  fourth  of  an  inch  long,  which 
are  known  by  the  name  of  "death-watch"  from  the  tick- 
ing noise  they  make.     See  death -leateh. 

anocarpoUS  (an-o-kiir'pus),  a.  [<  NL.  anocar- 
pns,  <  Gr.  avi.1,  upward,  -I-  Kapird^,  fruit.]  In  bot., 
fructifying  on  the  upper  sm-face  of  the  frond: 
said  of  ferns. 

anocathartic  (an"6-ka-thiir'tik),  0.  [<  Gr.  avu, 
upward,  +  «iftipr«of,  purging :  see  cathartic] 
Emetic.    ^\  E.  D. 


anococcygeal  227 

anococcygeal  (ii"n6-kok-sij'(i-iil),  a.  [<  L.  amis 
+  NL.  ciiccj/x  (cocci/f/-)  +  -(■-((/.]  Pertaining  to 
tho  anus  and  to  tho  coccyx:  in  aitat.,  speeili- 
eally  applied  to  a  ligament  eoimeeting  tiio  tip 

of  the  coccyx  with  tho  external  sphincter  of  the  anoetic  (an-o-et'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  hv6,iTo<:,  incon- 

<-'''ival)lo  (<  n-  priv.  +  vorrroi;,  perceptible),  +  -ic  : 


Anomalops 


A  name  of  the  Cohaia  aperea,  the  guinea-pig  or  anomal   (a  -  no '  inal),  n. 
domestic  cavy:    originally,  with  F.  Cuvior,  a    grave),  <  LL.  aiionmluH 


generic  name  of  tho  cavies,  and  a  synonym  of 
Caiia. 


anus. 

anodal  (an'o-dal),  «.  [<  anode  + -(il.'\  Of  or 
pertaining  to  tlie  anode  or  positive  pole  of  a 
voltaic  current. 

Instead  of  cathodal  opcniiiK  contractions  being  tlie  last 
of  all  to  appear,  they  may  precede  the  anmlat  opening; 
contractions.  i''ci'j'jc,  Medicine,  I.  335. 

anode  (an'od),  «.     [<  Gr.  avoAoe,  a  way  up,  <  aid, 
up,  +  (Ji'iif,  way.     Of.  cathode.^ 
pole  of  a  voltaic  current 
the  current  enters  an  electrolytic  cell :  opposi 
to  cathode,  the  point  at  which  it  departs.   Fara- 
day, 1832. 

anodic^  (a-nod'ik),(T.  [<Gr.  aiioiSof.awayupfsee 

a)iodc),+  -ic.'\   Proceeding  upward;  ascending. 

An  antnlic  course  of  nervous  inllucnce.        Dr,  it.  Hall. 

anodic"  (a-nod'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aiwfof,  having  no 
wa}',  impassable  (<  ui'-priv.  +  diSiif,  way),  +  -ic] 
Stj-ptic ;  anastaltie :  applied  to  medicines. 

Anodon  (an'o-tlon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  *av66uv, 
for  tlie  usual  ai'dJorrof  or  avMov^  (gen.  riivirioiTOf ), 
without  teeth,  <  ai'-  priv.  +  mhi^  (bdovr-)  =  E. 
tooth, q.\.'\  1.  Saiaeas Aitodouta.  OicH,  1815. 
—  2.  In  hcrpct.,  a  genus  of  African  serpents,  of 
the  family  Dasi/peltidw or Illuicliioilontida:,  v/hich 
have  no  grooved  maxillary  teeth.  Sir  Andrew 
Smith,  1829.  Also  called  Diodon,  lihachiodon, 
and  Dasypcltis.—S.  In  ciitom.,  a  genus  of  coleop 
terous  insects. — 4.  [/.  c]  [ianodont.']  Afresh 


see  «-l8  and  Hr«'<(c.]     Unthinkable;  inconceiv 
able:  opposed  to  noetic  (which  see).     I'erricr. 
anogenic  (an-o-jen'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  dru,  upward, 
+  -}'i'/f,  produced  (see  -gen),  +  -ic]     hi  bat., 
growing  upward  or  inward. 

anoiet,  anoifult,  anoioust.    Fonuer  spellings 

Ix'^'h^i  tiS'a?  whlj^  a;^iil'(a!non'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  annoil, 
ectroK  tic^r  ell  •  l^n  »  "«"■''''''  ''"'"''  <  ^E.  anoylcn  (with  an-  for  en-  as 
ectrolj  tic  cell,  opposed  jj,  the  uotionally  associated  anoint,  perhaps 
influenced  Ijy  the  native  verb  anele,  ancal'^,  q. 
v.),  enoi/lcn,  <  OF.  enuilcr,  later  enhuikr,  to  oil, 
<  MIj.  inoleare,  anoint  with  oil,  <  L.  in,  on,  -f- 
oleiini,  oil :  see  oil,  and  ef.  aneal^.l  To  anoint 
nitli  oil;  specifically,  to  administer  extreme 
imction  to. 

Children  were  also  christened  and  men  houseled  and 

aniwilrd.  IlolinKhnt,  L'hron.,  II.  302.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

Pope  Inuocentius  I.,  in  his  Epistle  i.,  ch.  8,  saith  that 


not 


[<  OF.  anomal  (Cot- 
see  anomalous.]     In 
gram.,  an  anomalous  verb  or  word.     [Rare.] 

Anomala  (a-nom'a-la),  n.  [NL.,  (1,  2)  fem. 
sing.,  (ii)  neut.  pl."o{  LL.  anomalus:  see  atiom- 
alous.]  1.  A  genua  of  lamellicom  beetles,  of 
the  family  Scaralia-idic,  having  9-jointed  anten- 
na) and  margined  elytra.  There  are  several  species, 
such  .-IS  the  Eurojiian  A,  mtie  and  the  American  A.  Itiei- 
cota,  injurious  tit  the  ^rape. 

2.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  of  the  family 
CorhieuUda: :  synonj-mous  with  Egeta. — 3". 
[Used  as  a  plural.]  A  group  of  decapod  crus- 
taceans, including  tho  Uippidd  and  Pagurida: 
an  inexact  sj-nonyni  of  Anomitra. 

Anomalse  (a-nom'a-le),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi. 
of  LL.  anomalita:  see  anomalnu.t.]  In  ornith., 
in  (iloger's  an-angenieut  of  birds  (1834),  a  sub- 
order of  passerine  birds,  embracing  those  which 
are  devoid  of  an  ajijiaratus  for  song.  It  in- 
cluded what  later  writers  have  called  i'j'cana'. 

anomalij  «.     Plural  of  anomalus. 

Anomalldae  (an-o-mal'i-dc),  H.  pi.  l'Sh.,<  Ano- 
mala, 1,  +  -ida:']  A  family  of  coleopterous  in- 
sects, named  from  the  genus  Anomala. 


Illy  priests,  but  laymen  in  cases  of  their  own  and  anomaliflorOUS  (a-nom'  a-li-U6'rus),  a.      [<  NL, 


others'  necessities,  may  aiwil,:    Bp.  Hall,  Works,  IX.  s).     aniimalitlonis, 
anoine  (an'o-in),  a.  and  n.     [<  Anoa  +  -iHfl.]     Jlo.^  (Jlor-),  flower.] 
I.  a.  Ill  row/.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus     flowers. 
Anoa,  formerly  regarded  as  a  division  of  the  anomaliped(a-nom'a-li-ped),  a.  and  m 


genus  Antitope,  and  called  the  anoine  group. 

II.  n.  j)l.  The  name  given  by  Hamilton  Smith 
to  a  group  of  so-called  antelopes,  typified  by  the 
genus  Anoa  (which  see). 


see). —  5.  [?.  c]  A  snake  of  the  genus  Dasiipel- 
ti,s:  as,  the  rough  anodon,  Dasi/peltis  scahra. 

anodont  (an'o-dont),  K.  [iAnbdonta.]  A  mus- 
sel of  the  genus  Anodonta ;  an  anodon. 

Anodonta  (an-o-don'ta),  n,  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av66ov- 
70f,  without  teeth:  see  Anodon.']  A  genus  of 
asiphonate  lamollibninchiate  mollusks,  or  bi- 


water  mussel  of  the  genus   ^HO(fo«to  (which  3'lioint  (a-noinf),  «.  f.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  «h- 
"    "      "     ■         i        ■  ■-  -  -     noint,  anoiinte,enoynt,  3.\so&\)\)vev.noint(am\m 

simple  form  oint,  q.  v.),  <  ME.  anoynten,  cnoyii- 
ten  (present  forms  due  to  the  pp.  and  pret. 
anoynt,  enoynt,  from  the  OF.  pp.),  present  also 
enoyne,  <  OF.  enoindre,  enuingdre,  pp.  enoint,  <  L. 
innngcre,\ivo\).  inunguere,  pp.  jhwmc^ks, anoint,  < 
in,  on,  +  unguere,  ungere,  smear:  see  nngnenf, 
unction,  oint,  and  ointment.]  1.  To  pour  oil 
upon;  smear  or  rub  over  with  oil  or  any  unctu- 
ous substance ;  hence,  to  smear  with  any  liquiil. 
My  head  with  oil  thou  didst  not  anoint.  Luke  vii.  4t;. 
The  bees  do  anoint  their  hives  with  the  juice  of  the  bit- 
terest weeds,  against  the  greediness  of  other  bea-sts. 

Ford.  Line  of  Life. 
2.  To  consecrate,  especially  a  king,  priest,  or 
prophet,  by  imction,  or  the  use  of  oil. 
Thou  Shalt  anoint  it  (the  altar]  to  sanctify  it. 

Ex.  xrit.  36. 
I  would  not  see  .  .  .  thy  fierce  sister 
In  his  anointed  flesh  stick  bearish  fangs. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 
3t.  To  serve  as  an  ointment  for ;  lubricate. 
And  fragrant  oils  the  stiffened  limbs  anoint. 

Dnjden,  tr.  of  Virgil. 

anointt.  Obsolete  past  participle  of  anoint. 
Chaucer. 

anointed  (a-noin'ted),  w.  A  consecrated  one. — 
The  Lord's  "anointed,  specifically,  the  Messiah;  by  e.\- 
tcnsidii,  a  kini,;,  or  one  ruling  by  divine  right. 


Anomaliped  Foot 
of  Kingfisher. 


River-mussel  t.4ttcdo»fa /rngih's).  North  Carolina. 

valves,  of  the  family  Unionidw,  in  which  the 
hinge-teeth  are  rudimentary  or  null.  The  species 
are  very  numerous,  and  are  among  those  called  fresh-water 
mussels  or  river-mussels.  Many  species  are  found  in  the 
I'nited  States ;  A.  ci/f/nea,  the  swan-mnssel,  is  a  common 
British  sjiccies.  Also  called  ^I  iiodon  and  A  nodoittt's. 
Anodontidae   (au-o-don'ti-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 


Anodon,  2,  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  serpents,"named  a"nointer"('a-''noin'tVr');">r.  "''dne  whoanoints, 
by  bir  Andrew  Smith  from  the  genus -4«orfc7H,  2.  anointment   (a-noint'ment),   n.      [<  anoin, 


See  Dasjipcltida;. 
anodyne  (an'o-din),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  anodin,  anodine,  <  F.  anodin,  anodyn  =  Pg. 
anodyno  =  Sp.  It.  anodino,  <  L.  anodynus,  ano- 
dynos,  a.,  anodynon,  n.,  <  Gr.  avuAmo^,  freeing 
from  pain  ((juip/iaKov  avufivmi;  L.  medicamentum 
anodyiium,  a  drug  to  relieve  pain),  <  dr-priv.  -f- 
d(iii7/,  dial.  eiSi'i'7,  pain.]  I.  a.  Having  power  to 
relieve  pain;  hence,  soothing  to  the  feelings. 

[It]  is,  of  any  outward  application  I  would  venture  to 
recommend,  the  most  anodifiw  and  safe. 

Sterna,  Tristram  Shandy,  Iv.  28. 
The  anodyne  draught  of  oblivion.  Burke. 

II.  «.  A  medicine  or  drug  which  relieves  pain, 
as  an  opiate  or  a  narcotic  ;  hence,  figuratively, 
anything  that  allays  mental  pain  or  distress. " 
Mirth  and  opiinn,  ratafia  and  tears, 
The  daily  anodt/ne,  and  nightly  draught, 
To  kill  those  foes  to  fair  ones,  time  and  thought. 

J'ope.  iloral  Essays,  ii.  ill. 

His  quiet  animal  nature  acted  as  a  pleasing  nnodt/ne  to 

my  .  .  .  anxiety.      O.  H'.  Holmes,  Old  \  rd.  of  Life.'p.  43. 

anodynous  (a-nod'i-nus),  a.  [<  h.  anodynus: 
see  anodyne  and  -oiis.]  Having  the  qualities  of 
an  anodyne. 

Anoeae  (a-no'e-e),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anoiis  +  -frr.] 
A  term  used  %  Coues  (18G2)  to  distinguish  the 
noddies  as  a  group  of  terns,  typified  by  the  genus 
Anoiis,  from  the  other  terns,  or  Stcrnca:  See 
cut  under  Anoiis. 

anoema  (an-o-e'mii),  n.  [NL.,  >  F.  anobnc ;  cf. 
Gr.  timi/um',  without  understanding,  <  «-  priv.  -t- 
I'oriua,  perception,  understanding,  <  I'otiv,  per- 
ceive, tnink,  <  vooc,  perception,  mind ;  8ee7!0!W.] 


<  LL.  anomiilns,  UTOgular,  -I-  L. 
In  hot.,  having  irregular 

[<LL. 

anomalns  (see  anomalous)  -t-  L.  j/es  {ped-)  =  E. 
foot.]     In  ornith.:  l.a.  Syndactylous ;  having 
tho  miildle  too  united  to  the 
exterior  by  three   phalanges, 
and  to  the  interior  by  one  only. 
The  kingfisher  is  an  example. 
II.  n.  A  sj-ndactylous  bird; 
a   bird  whose   middle   toe   is 
united  to  the  exterior  by  three 
phalanges,  and  to  the  interior 
by  one  only. 

anomalipod   (a-nom'a-li-pod), 
«.  and  n.     [<  LL.  anomalus  +  Gr.  Troif  (irod-) 
=  E.  foot.    Cf.  anomalip)ed.]    Same  as  a/ioma- 

liprd. 

anomalism  (a-nom'a-lizm),  M.  [<  anomalous  + 
-ism.]  An  anomaly;  a  deviation  from  rule; 
an  irregularity,  or  instance  of  departure  from 
usual  and  correct  order.     [Rare.] 

The  anomatisms  in  words  have  been  so  many  that  some 
have  gone  so  far  as  to  allow  no  analogy  either  in  the 
Greek  or  Latin  tongue.  Hooker,  Eccle's.  Polity,  p.  30. 

anomalist  (a-nom'a-list),  «.  [<  anomalous  + 
-ist.]  In  Gr.  philoL,  one  who  believes  in  the 
conventional  or  arl>itrary  origin  of  language : 
opposed  to  analogist,  or  one  who  argues  for  its 
natural  origin,     i'arrar. 

anomalistic  (a-nom-a-lis'tik),  a.  [<  anotnalist 
+  -ie.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  anomaly,  or 
to  the  aiiomalists. — 2.  In  o.sVroH.,  pertaining  to 
the  anomaly  or  angular  distance  of  a  planet  from 
its  perihelion — Anomalistic  month.  .See  jnont/i.— 
Anomalistic  revolution,  the  jieriod  in  which  a  planet 
or  satellite  goes  through  tlic  cotiiplete  cycles  of  its  changes 
of  anomaly,  or  from  any  point  in  its  elliptic  orbit  to  the 
same  again.— Anomalistic  year,  the  time  (Mti  days,  6 
hours,  13  minutes,  and  48  .seconds)  in  wliich  the  earth 
passes  through  her  orbit,  which,  on  account  of  the  preces- 
sion of  the  equinoxes,  is  25  minutes  and  2.3seconds  longer 
than  the  tropical  year. 

anomalistical  (a-nom-a-lis'ti-kal),  a.     Same  as 

anninalista'. 
anomalistically  (a-nom-a-lis'ti-kal-i),  adv.    In 

an  anomalistic  manner. 

A  lizard  of  the  genus  Anoiis  anomalocephalus  (a-nom'a-16-sef'a-lus),  n. ; 

pi.  luioinaloeephali  (-li).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avufidh>(, 
irregular  (see  anomalon.'.-),  +  Kc(j)a/.li,  head.]  One 
whose  head  is  deformed. 

Anomalogonatae  (a-nom'a-16-gon'a-te),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  fem.  pi.  of  anomalogonatus :  see  anomalo- 
gonatons.]  In  GaiTod's  system  of  classification, 
a  primary  division  of  birds  containing  those 
which  have  no  amliiens.     See  Uomalogonatee. 

anomalOgonatOUS  (a-nom"a-16-gon'a-tus),  a. 
[<  NL.  uniimidiigiinatns,  <  Gr.  avuua/.oc,  iiregular 
(sec  untimaliiu.'^).  -t-  )di'i'  =  E.  I'nec.]  Abnor- 
mally kneed ;  having  no  ambiens  muscle ;  spe- 
cifically, pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Atjio- 
maloiimintir.     (larnxl. 

anomalopid  (a-nom-a-lop'id),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Anamalopida: 

Anomalopidse  (a-noni-a-lop'i-de),  n.  pi.  fNL., 
<  Anomalops  +  -Ida:]  A  family  of  acanthopte- 
rj-gian  fishes,  tj^pified  by  the  genns  Anomalops. 
Only  one  species,  represented*  im  the  next  page,  is  known; 
it  inhabits  rather  deep  water  in  the  Pacific  ocean. 

Anomalops  (a-nom'a-lops),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  dvt*- 
fa'/ni;  iiTeguliir  (see  anomalous),  +  ij<j>  (""-), 
eye.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  tj-pieal  of  the  family 
Anomalopida: :  so  called  from  the  remarkable 


t  + 


ment.]     The  act  of  anointing,  or  the  state  of 
being  anointed ;  consecration. 

That  sovran  lord,  who,  in  the  discharge  of  his  holy 
anointnietit  from  God  the  Father,  which  made  him  su- 
preme bishop  of  our  souls,  w.is  so  humble  as  to  say.  Who 
made  me  a  judge  or  a  divider  over  you  ? 

Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humble  Remonst. 

anole  (an'61),  n.    Same  as  anoli. 
anoli  (an'o-li),  n. 

(which  see). 
anolian  (a-no'li-an),  a.  and  n.     [See  Anoiis.] 

I.  (t.  Belonging  to  the  group  of  lizards  typifieil 

by  tho  genus  Anoiis. 
II.  ".  A  lizard  of  the  genus  Anoiis. 
Anoliidae  (an-o-li'i-de),  j;.  pi.      [NL.,  <  Anoiis, 

Anolius,  +  -id(r.]    A  family  of  lizards,  named 

from  the  genus  Anoiis  or  Anolius. 
Anoiis  (an'o-lis),  h.    [Formerly  also  annolis ;  as 

an  indi\-idual  name,  now  usually  anoli ;  NL. 

Anoiis,  also  Anolius  (Cuvier),  after  F.  anoli.% 

<  anoli,  anoalli,  native  name  in  the  Antilles.] 

1.  A  genus  of  pleurodont  laeertilians,  usually 
referreil  to  the  family  Iguanidw,  consisting  of 
small  American  lizards  which  have  palatal  as 
well  as  maxillary  teeth,  toes  somewhat  like 
those  of  the  gecko,  an  inflatable  throat,  ami 
colors  changeable  as  in  the  chameleon,  which 
in  some  respects  they  represent  in  America. 
The  green  anoli,  .\noUs principalis,  inhabits  the  southern 
United  States,  and  others  are  found  in  the  warmer  parts 
of  America. 

2.  U.e.]  Alizardof  the  genus  Jho/i«;  an  anoli. 
Anolius  (a-u6'li-us),  «.     [NL.]     Same  as  Ano- 
iis, 1.     Cuvier,  1817. 


Anomalops 

structui'O  manifested  by  a  glandular  phospho- 
]escent  organ  below  the  eye.     Kner,  1868. 


Anftnalpfs  ^alfebratus. 

anomalous  (a-nom'a-lus),  a.  [<  LL.  anomahts, 
(inomalos,  <  Gt.  avu/ia'/.o;,  in-egular,  uneven,  < 
aiJ-priv.  +  (i/ioAOf,  even,  <  6/i6(,  same,  common, 
=  E.  same:  see  homo-  and  same."]  Deviating 
from  a  general  rule,  method,  or  analogy ;  iiTeg- 
ular;  abnonual:  as,  an  anomalous  character; 
an  anomalous  pronimeiation. 

Though  in  Sparta  kinship  had  survived  under  an  anoma- 
lous  form,  yet  the  joint  representatives  of  the  primitive 
king  .  .  .  had  Ijccome  little  more  than  members  of  the 
governing  oligarchy.      H.  Speticer,  Pi'in.  of  Sociol.,  §  485. 

The  Quran  attaches  much  importance  to  prayer,  a  fact 
which  is  somewhat  anomalotis  in  a  system  of  religion  so 
essentially  fatalistic.  Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  32-1. 

Anomalous  chords,  in  jnusic,  chords  which  contain  ex- 
treme sliarp  or  extreme  flat  intervals.  =  Syn.  Unusual, 
siiiiinlar,  peculiar,  odd,  exceptional,  unaccountable.  .See 
irrf;iular, 

anomalously  (a-nom'a-lus-li),  adv.  In  au 
anomalous  manner;  irregularly;  in  a  manner 
different  from  the  common  rule,  method,  or 
analogy. 

Yet,  somewhat  anomatoit^lif,  as  it  seems,  habitual  ve- 
racity  generally  goes  with  inclination  to  doubt  e\idence. 
//.  Spt^iictT,  Study  of  Suciol.,  p.  117. 

anomalousness(a-nom'ar-lus-nes),  n.  l<.  anoma- 
lous +  -ness.^  The  quality  or  condition  of  being 
anomalous. 

One  special  sympathy  worth  noting  because  of  its  aiwui- 
alousness,  is  sympathy  in  yawning. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  511. 

anomalure  (a-nom'a-lui'),  n.  [<  Anomalurus.'\ 
An  animal  of  the  genus  Anomalurus. 

anomalurid  (a-nom-a-lu'rid),  n.  A  rodent 
mammal  of  the  family  Anomalurida. 

Anomaluridse  (a-noni-a-lii'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Anomalurus  +  -khc.']  A  remarkable  family 
of  flying  rodents  of  Africa;  the  scale-tailed 
squirrels.  They  have  a  parachute  like  that  of  the  true 
flying  squirrels,  but  less  extensive,  and  the  under  side 
of  the  tail  is  provided  with  a  series  of  imbricated  scales. 
They  have  no  postorbital  processes,  a  large  anteorbital 


Scale-tailed  Squirrel  { A nemahtrus/ulj^gHs). 

foramen,  the  molars  and  premolars  together  4  on  each  side 
of  each  jaw,  and  16  ribs,  that  is,  3  or  4  more  than  .are  found 
in  .Sciiirulfe.  Tlie  animals  bear  some  resemblance  to  mem- 
bers of  the  genus  GaUopithecus,  but  have  a  long  haiiy  tail 
free  from  the  iuterfemoral  memljrane.  .Several  species  are 
described,  as  A.  frastri  from  Fernando  Po,  and  A.  fulqens 
from  the  Gaboon ;  the  latter  is  about  14  inches  in  "length, 
with  the  tail  about  half  as  much  more,  and  of  a  bright- 
reddish  color. 

The  curious  creatures  known  as  Scale-tailed  Squinels, 
which  fonn  the  family  Anumaluridm,  maybe  described 
as  flying-squiiTels  with  climbing-irons  ;  — the  under  side 
of  the  tail  being  furnished  .  .  .  with  a  series  of  large 
homy  scales,  which,  when  pressed  against  the  trunk  of  a 
tree,  may  subserve  the  s,ame  purpose  as  those  instruments 
witli  which  a  man  climbs  up  a  telegraph  pole. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hut.,  V.  131. 

Anomalurus  (a-nom-a-lu'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  6r. 
avuua'/oc,  iiTegidar  (see  anomalous),  +  ovpd, 
tail.]  The  t>-pieal  and  only  genus  of  the  fam- 
ily .inomahirkhv.     Watcrhouse,  1842. 

anomalus  (a-nom'a-lus),  n. ;  pi.  anomali  (-15). 
[NL.,  <  LL.  anomalus;  see  anomnlou.^.]  In 
anat.,  a  muscular  slip,  an  inch  in  length,  fre- 
quently found  l.ying  beneath  the  muscle  that 
lifts  the  ui)per  lip  and  the  wing  of  tlie  nose 
(levator  labii  superioris  ateque  nasi). 

anomaly  (a-nom'a-li)j  )!.;  pi.  anomalies  (-liz). 
[<  L.  anomalia,  <  (Jr.  avu/ja'/.ia,  in-egularity,  un- 
evenness,  <  avufialor,  uneven:  see  anomalous.'] 
1.  Deviation  from  tlie  common  rule  or  analogy; 
something  abnormal  or  irregular. 


228 

There  are  in  human  nature,  and  more  especially  in  the 
exercise  of  the  benevolent  aJfectinns,  ine([ualities,  inc<m- 
sistcncies,  and  anomalieji,  of  whicll  theorists  do  not  abvays 
take  account.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  .'i05. 

2.  In  astron.,  an  angular  quantity  defining  the 
position  of  a  point  in  a  planetary  orl)it,  taken  to 
increase  in  the  direction  of  planetary  motion. 
In  ancient  astronomy  it  was  reckoned  from  apogee;  in  early 
modern  astronomy,  from  aphelion,  except  in  cometarj"  or- 
bits; but  since  Gauss,  from  perihelion. 

3.  In  music,  a  small  deviation  from  a  perfect 
interval  in  tuning  instiimients  with  fi.xed  notes ; 

a  temperament — Eccentric  anomaly  (atmnalia  ec- 
centri,  Kepler),  the  arc  between  the  major  axis  and  the 
perpendicular  to  it  through  the  planet  on  the  circle  cir- 
cumscribing the  orbit;  now  usually  defined  by  the  equa- 
tion w  =  u  —  e  sin  h,  where  u'  is  the  mean,  m  the  eccen- 
tric anomaly,  and  e  the  eccentricity. —  Mean  anomaly, 
the  angular  quantity  whose  ratio  to  3G0'  is  as  the  time 
since  the  planet  left  perihelion  to  the  period  of  revo- 
lution.—Optical  anomaly,  in  cnistal.,  a  tenn  applied 
to  those  optical  phenomena,  obsei-ved  in  many  crystals, 
which  are  at  variance  with  what  would  be  expected 
from  the  geometrical  form  of  the  crystals:  for  exam- 
ple, the  double  refraction  occasionally  observed  in  the 
diamoTid,  which,  like  all  isometric  crystals,  should  be 
isotropic  — Thennlc  anomaly,  a  name  given  by  Dove  to 
the  difference  between  the  mea?l  temperatm'e  of  a  place 
on  the  earth's  surface  and  the  normal  temperature  of  its 
parallel.— True  anomaly,  (a)  In  aw.  astron.,  the  .arc 
of  the  zodiac  between  the  apparent  place  of  the  center  of 
the  epicycle  and  that  of  apogee.  (6)  In  mod.  astron.,  the 
angle  at  the  sun  between  perihelion  and  the  place  of  a 
planet. 

Anomean,  Anomeanlsm.    See Anomman,  Ano- 

maani.<m. 
anomeomery  (an-o-me-om'e-ri),  n.     [<  Gr.  as 

if  *avo/Joiouip£ia,  <.  avofioio/itpTjq,  consisting  of  un- 
like parts,  not  homogeneous,  <  av-  priv.  -I-  ouoi- 
oficp7/g,  consisting  of  like  parts:  see  an-5  and 
homeomerij.]  In  the  hist,  of  j'hil.,  the  Italic 
form  of  the  doctrine  of  atoms,  which  rejected 
the  Anaximandrian  principle  of  homeomery 
(which  see). 

Anomia  (a-no'mi-a),  V.  [NL.,  iiTeg.  <  Gr. 
avofioioc,  unlike,  dissimilar,  <  av-  priv.  -I-  uuotoQ, 
similar:  see  7(0«icco-,7io«)fO-.]  If.  Same  as  Tf cc- 
bratula.—  2.  A  genus  of  bivalve  moUusks,  tj-pi- 
eal  of  the  family  Anomiidie,  found  attached  to 
oysters  and  other  shells.  The  shape  of  its  species 
depends  more  or  less  upon  the  surface  to  which  they  are 
affixed.  The  saddle-shell,  Aiwmia  epkip]num,  is  well 
known.  There  are  numerous  species,  both  fossil  and  re- 
cent, the  former  going  back  to  the  Oolite,  the  latter  found 
in  every  sea. 

anomiid  (an-o-mi'id),  n.  A  bivalve  moUusk  of 
the  family  JHo«»'(rf«". 

Anomiidae  (an-o-mi'i-de),  n.pl.  [Xh.,<.  Anomia 
+  -('rfrt'.]  A  family  of  asiphonate  lamellibran- 
chiate  moUusks,  typified 
b}'  the  genus  Anomia.  xiie 
typical  species  have  thin,  un- 
equal, irregular  valves,  the  flat- 
test of  which  is  deeply  notched 
for  the  passage  of  a  muscle  to  a 
calcareous  or  chitinous  plate  by 
wliich  the  shell  adheres  to  other 
shells. 

anomite  (an'o-mit),  n.  [< 
Gr.  avofw;,  without  law 
(see  anomo-),  +  -ite"."]  1. 
A  subspecies  of  the  mica 
called  iiotite  (which  see), 
distinguished  by  certain  optical  properties. — 
2.  A  fossil  of  the  genus  Anomites ;  an  extinct 
species  of  the  Anomiida;  or  some  similar  shell. 

anomo-.  [Combining  fonn  of  Greek  avoixog,  < 
(i- priv. -I- frf/zoc,  law :  see  nonie.'\  An  element 
in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning 
irregular,  unusual. 

Anomobranchiata  (an'o-mo-brang-ki-a'ta),  n. 
pi.  [XL.,  neut.  pi.  of  anomubranchiatus:  see 
anomobranchiate.']  A  group  of  crustaceans: 
synonjTnous  with  Stomatopmda  (which  see). 
It  includes  Mitmlm,  Sfjuillidie,  the  opossum-shrimps, 
mantis-shrimps,  etc.     .See  cut  under  .S^in'^/itfrt'. 

anomobranchiate  (an'o-mo-brang'ki-at),  a. 
[<  NL.  anomobrauchiatus,<.  Gr.  avouo^,  iiTegular, 
+  i^P^yX'a,  gills.]  Ha\'ing  the  branchiae  anom- 
alous or  iiTegular ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Anomobranchiata. 

anomocarpOUS  (an  o-mo-kar'pus),  a.  [<  NL. 
anomiicarpus,  <  Gr.  am/joi;,  irregular,  -I-  Kap-6^, 
fruit.]    In  bot.,  bearing  unusual  frait.  X.  E.  D. 

anomodont  (an'o-mo-dont),  a.  and  n.     [<  Ano- 
inodontiit.}     I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Anomodontia. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Anomodontia. 

Anomodontia  (an"o-mo-don'shi-a),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avouoc,  iiTegular,  +  6<hvc  (oiovr-)  =  E.  tooth.] 
1.  In  Owen's  system  of  classification  (186G),  an 
order  of  fossil  reptiles.  Its  technical  charactci-s  are 
bic4incavc  verteltne,  lufurcate  anterior  trunk-ribs,  continu- 
ous iscbiopubic  symphysis,  fixed  tympanic  pedicle,  a  fora- 
men parietalc,  and  the  teeth  cither  wanting  or  limited  to 
a  pair  of  great  tusks.  The  order  includes  tlie  two  groups 
Dicynoiivntia  and  CryptodutUia,  the  former  cuutaiuiug  the 


Anomia  acJtatts. 
p,  p.  muscular  impressions. 


anon 

genus  Dieynndon,  and  the  latter  the  genera  Rhynehoiaurut 
and  Oudfnodnn. 

2.  In  Cope's  system,  a  division  of  theromorphous 
reptiles  (see  Thrromorpha),  containing  those 
which  have  several  sacral  vertebrse,  and  the 
vertebiTC  not  notochordal :  contrasted  with 
I'(li/eo.<'nnriti  (which  see). 

Anomcean,  Anomean  (an-o-me'an),  n.    [<Gr. 

iiii'iiiomr,  uidikc,  <  iir-  priv.  +  b/wiof;,  like:  see 
homao-,  honieo-.]  One  of  an  extreme  sect  of 
Arians  in  the  fourth  century,  who  held  that 
the  Son  is  of  an  essence  not  even  similar  to  that 
of  the  Father  (whence  their  name),  while  the 
more  moderate  Arians  held  that  the  essence  of 
the  Son  is  .similar  to  that  of  the  Father,  though 
not  identical  with  it.  Also  called  Aetian,  Eu- 
doxiiin,  and  I'ltni'inimi. 

Anomoeanism,  Anomeanism  (an-o-me'an- 

izm),  H.  [<  Anoniaiin  +  -ism.]  The  doctrines 
of  the  -Anomceans. 

Denying  alike  the  homoousian  and  the  horaoiousian 
theory,  he  [Eunomius]  was  dialectically  probably  the 
ablest  and  most  consistent  defender  of  Ano)H(eani)(m,  or 
the  doctrine  according  to  which  the  .Son  is  essentially  or 
substantially  different  from  the  Father. 

Elicyc.  Brit.,  VHI.  667. 

anomorhomboid  (an'o-mo-rom'boid),  n.  [<  Gr. 
(houof,  iiTegular,  +  rhomboid,  q.  v.]  An  irregu- 
lar rhomboi<lal  mass,  as  some  crystals. 

anomorhomboidal  (an'o-mo-rom-boi'dal),  a. 
[<  anomorhomboid  +  -al.]  Resembling  an  ano- 
morhomboid ;  consisting  of  irregular  rhom- 
boids. 

Anomoura,  anomoural,  etc.  See  Anomura,  etc. 

anompbalous  (a-nom'fa-lus),  o.  [<  Gr.  av- 
priv.  -h  6/iga'/M(,  navel.]  Ha\Tng  no  navel; 
without  an  umbilicus. 

Anomura  (an-o-mii'ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  anomurus  :  see  anomurous.]  A  suborder  of 
podophthalmous  decapodous  crustaceans,  inter- 
mediate between  the  macrm-ous  and  the  bra- 
chyurous  groups,  and  embracing  forms,  such 
as  the  hermit-crabs,  which  have  the  tail  soft 
and  imfitted  for  swimming  or  otherwise  anom- 
alous. The  section  is  purely  artificial,  and  authors  are 
not  agreed  upon  its  limitation.  Families  usually  ranged 
under  it  are  such  as  Payuridte,  Hippidte,  Baniiiidtv,  Do- 
nj'i'i.Iip,  etc. ;  the  first  of  these  includes  the  well-known 
la-rniit-i  rabs.     .\lso  spelled  Anomoura. 

anomural  (an-o-mii'ral),  a.  [As  anomurous  + 
-ah]  LTegidar  in  the  character  of  the  tail  or 
abdomen;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anomura: 
as,  anomural  crustaceans.  Equivalent  forms 
are  anomoural,  anomuran,  anomouran,  anomu- 
rous. anomouriiux. 

anomuran  (an-o-mii'ran),  a.  and  n.  [As  ano- 
m II runs  +  -tin.]     I,  a.  Savae  as  anomural. 

II.  H.  One  of  the  Anomura;  an  anomurous 
crab,  as  a  hei-mit-crab. 
Also  spelled  anomouran. 

anomurous  (an-o-mu'ms),  a.  [<  NL.  anomu- 
rus,  <  Gr.  avo/iog,  irregidar,  +  ovpa,  tail.]  Same 
as  anomural.    Also  spelled  anomourous. 

On  the  same  island  is  foimd  another  most  remarkable 
and  very  large  terrestrial  Anomourous  Crustacean. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  VI.  642. 

anomyt  (an'o-mi),  H.  [<  Gr.  avouia,  lawlessness, 
<  (U'o/ior,  lawless :  see  anomo-.]  A  violation  of 
law,  especially  of  divine  law;  lawlessness. 

Tlie  delights  of  the  body  betray  us,  through  our  over- 
indulgence to  them,  and  lead  us  captive  to  anomyMM\  dis- 
obedience. GlanviUe. 

anon  (a-nou'),  adr.  and  interj.,  orig.  prep.  phr. 
[<  JIE.  anon,  anoon,  anon,  onoon,  also  anan,  onan, 
and  with  dat.  term,  anone,  onanc,  etc.  (cf.  equiv. 
ME.  in  oon,  in  an  =  OHG.  MHG.  in  ein).  <  AS. 
on  (in  (ace),  on  dne  (dat.),  in  one,  together, 
straightway:  on,  E.  on;  an,  E.  one.  Cf.  anan, 
a  mod.  dial,  form  of  anon.]  If.  In  one  and  the 
same  direction;  straight  on. —  2.  Straightway; 
forthwith  ;  on  the  instant ;  immediately. 

The  same  is  he  that  heareth  the  word,  and  a}u>n  with 
joy  rcceiveth  it.  Mat  xiii.  20. 

Hence,  like  other  words  of  the   same  literal 
meaning,  passing  into — 3.  Quickly;  soon;  in 
a  short  time ;  by  and  by. 
Such  good  men  as  he  which  is  anon  to  be  interred. 

C.  Mather.  Mag.  Chris.,  iv.  7 

4.  At  another  time  ;  again  ;  now  again. 

Sometimes  he  trots,  .  .  .  anon  he  re.-u-s  upright. 

Shdk.,  Venus  and  .\donis,  1.  279. 

The  var>ing  lights  and  shadows  of  her  temper,  now  so 
mirthful,  and  awm  so  sad  with  mysterious  gloom. 

Ilairihonw,  Marble  Faun,  il. 

5.  As  a  response,  same  as  anan Ever  and  anon. 

from  time  to  time  ;  now  antl  then ;  time  after  time. 

A  pouncet-lH>x,  which  cot  and  anon 
He  gave  his  nose,  and  tonk't  aw.ay  again. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  L  3 


anon. 

anon.    An  abbreviation  of  anonymnns. 

Anona  (a-uo'uii),  n.  [NL.,  said  to  bo  from 
mcHuna,  tlic  Malay  name.]  AKt'ims  of  trocs  or 
slu'ubs,  ty])L'  of  tlu< 
natural  order  Antma- 
ci'W,  of  about  50  spo- 
(.•ics,  which  are,  vvitli 
two  or  three  execji- 
tioiis,  uativesof  tropi- 
cal America.    ,1. »(/»«. 

miwl  (swcft-snp)  ^'rows  ill 
tlR-  West  Indian  ishilitls, 
un<l  yit-lds  an  editilc  fruit 
liuvinx  a  thick,  sweet,  liis- 
rii.iis  iiulp.  A,  tiiurii-nta 
(suiir-soi))  is  cultivated  in 
the  West  and  ElLSt  Indies; 

it  prnchiccs  a  hirge  pear- 
shaped  truit,  of  a  ^^rcenisli 
cull  u',enntaininj;  ail  a;;ree- 
alde  sliiilitly  acid  pulp, 
'i'lie  liriius  produces  other 
edihie  Jrnits,  as  the  cuni- 
The  Sour-sop  [Anona  muricata).      mull  custard-apple  or  hul- 

lock's-heart,  from  A,  reti- 
culata, and  the  cherimoyer  of  Peru,  from  .-1.  Cfwrlfuolia. 
Anonacese  (an-o-na'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anona 
+  -«(■(((■.]  A  natirral  order  of  tropical  or  sub- 
tropical trees  and  bushes,  with  trimorous  flow- 
ers, indefinite  stamens,  and  numerous  carpels, 
allied  to  the  magnolias,  and  sometimes  abound- 
ing in  a  powerful  aromatic  secretion.  Tlie  Ethi- 
opian pepper,  sour-sop,  sweet-sop,  and  custard-apple  are 
yielded  by  these  trees.  The  wood  in  some  genera  is  ex- 
tremely elastic  and  occasionally  intensely  bitter.  Agimina 
is  almost  the  only  genus  representing  the  order  in  the 
United  States. 

anonaceous  (an-o-na'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  annna- 
C(  us :  SCO  Aiiona  and  -aceaus.'i  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Anonacnt. 

anonad  (an'o-nad),  n.  A  plant  of  the  natui'al 
orilcr  Aiiiinacca:     Lindlei/. 

anon-rightt,  <idi\  [ME.  anon  right,  etc^  also 
ri(ilit  anon  :  see  anon  and  right,  adv.']  Immo- 
diatcly;  at  once.     Chaucer. 

anonychia  (au-o-nik'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iw- 
priv.  +  Tii'if  (ori'v-),  nail:  see  onyx.']  In  tera- 
tdl.,  absence  of  the  uaUs. 

anonym  (au'o-nim),  «.  [<  F.  anonyme,  <  NL. 
anii?iiiniU!i  (L.  anonymos,  as  designation  of  a 
certain  plant),  <  Gr.  avuvvimq,  nameless,  anony- 
mous: sec  anonymous,  andef.  ohj/w,  pscuilonyin, 
synonym.]  1.  An  assumed  or  false  name. — 2. 
An  anonymous  person. 

The  Origin  of  Species  .  .  .  makes  an  epoch,  as  the  ex- 
pression of  his  (Darwin's)  thorough  adhesion  ...  to  the 
doctrine  of  Development  —  and  not  the  adliesion  of  an 
anonym  like  the  author  of  the  "Vestiges." 

George  Eliot,  in  Cross's  Life,  II.  ix. 

3.  In  :ool.,  a  mere  name ;  a  name  resting  upon 
no  diagnosis  or  other  recognized  basis.  Coiics, 
The  Auk,  I.  321.     [Rare.] 

Also  spelled  anonyme, 
anonyma  (a-non'i-mii),  ».    [NL.,  fem.  otanony- 
m«.s- ;  see  anonymous.]   In  anat.,  the  iimominate 
artery. 

The  arteries  arise  from  the  arch  of  the  aorta,  as  in  man, 
by  an  anomnna,  a  left  carotid,  and  left  subclavian. 

Huxlty,  .\uat.  Vtrt.,  p.  380. 

anonjrmal    (a-non'i-mal),    a.      Anonymous. 

[Kurc.] 
anonyme,  n.     See  anonym. 
anonymity  (an-o-nim'i-ti),  n.     [As  anonym  + 
-ity,  J     Tlio  state  or  quality  of  being  anonymous 
or  without  a  name,  or  of  not  declaring  one's 
name ;  auonjTnousness. 

A  doughty  antagonist  in  a  work  of  anoni/mitt/,  who 
proved  to  be  Alexander  Hamilton. 

Harper's  May,,  LXIX.  474. 

If  animinnity  adds  to  the  importance  of  journalism, 
secrecy  dues  so  still  mure,  for  it  is  more  imi»ressive  to  the 
iniaginatitin.  Kae,  Contemporary  Socialism,  p.  20S. 

anonymosity  (a-non-i-mos'j-ti),  n.  [Improp. 
<  iiniiiiiiminis :  see  -osity,]  the  state  of  being 
anonymous.     [Hare.] 

anonymous  (a-non'i-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  anony- 
)««.<,  <  tir.  (u'lji't'uof,  nameless,  <  fir-  priv.  + 
ii'ouo,  .,-150110  6i'i'//a,  name:  see  onym.]  1.  Want- 
ing a  name ;  not  named  and  determined,  as  an 
animal  not  assigned  to  any  species.  [Rare  or 
technical.] 

These  animalcules  serve  also  for  food  to  another  anony- 
mous insect  of  the  waters.  Jit'y- 

2.  Without  any  name  acknowledged,  as  that 
of  author,  contributor,  or  tlie  like :  as,  an  anoiiy- 
inou,i  pamphlet;  an  anonymous  subscription. 

Amung  the  mamrscripts  of  the  English  State  Taper  <  >f- 
flce  are  three  anonymoun  tracts  relating  to  the  same  pe- 
riod as  that  covered  by  the  American  writings  of  Captjun 
Jolm  .Smith  and  of  lieiuge  Percy. 

.V.  C.  Tyler,  Hist.  Amer.  Lit.,  I.  41. 

3.  Of  unknown  name;  whose  name  is  withheld : 
as,  an  anonymous  author. 


229 

That  arwiiymoua  person  who  is  always  saying  the  wisest 
and  most  delightful  things  just  as  you  are  un  the  point  of 
saying  them  yourself.      Aldrich,  J'onkapog  to  Pcsth,  p.  2(l;i. 

Often  abbreviated  to  anon. 
anonymously  (.a-non'i-mus-li),  adr.     In  an 
anoiiyniDiis  iiianner;  without  a  name. 

I  wniiM  know  whether  the  edition  is  to  come  out  anony- 

IHi.Mhj.  Swift, 

anonymousness  (a-nou'i-mus-nes),  «.     The 
state  or  quality  of  being  anonymous. 
The  nnonymouanens  of  newspaper  writing. 

.•iir  O.  C.  I.cu'is,  Authority  in  .Matters  of  (Ipinion,  ix. 

anonymuncule  (a-non-i-mim'knl),  ».  [<  NL. 
aiioiiymns  +  dim.  -un-culus:  see  anonym  and 
-undr,]     A  petty  anonymous  'vvriter. 

Anonyx  (an'o-nlks),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
iii'v^,  nail:  see  onyx.]  1.  In  mammal.,  same  as 
Aoni/x. —  2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans.  Kriiyer, 
18:!8. 

anophthalmi,  ».     Plural  of  anophthahnus,  1. 

anophthalmia  (an-of-thal'mi-ii),  n.  [NL.:  see 
anojihthahnus.]  In  ieraioi.,  congenital  absence 
of  the  eyeball. 

anophthalmus  (an-of-thal'mus),  n. ;  pi.  anoph- 
tliahni  (-mi).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apdfOaX/ioc,  without 
eyes,  <  lir-  priv.,  without,  -I-  o(j>8a'Aii6(,  eye:  see 
ophthabniu,]  1.  A  person  cxliibiting  anophthal- 
mia on  one  or  both  sides. —  2.  [cap.]  A  genus 
of  adephagous  beetles,  of  the  family  Carubida, 
so  named  from  being  eyeless.  It  contains  about 
50  sjiecies  of  bliiiil  cave-beetles,  mostly  European,  though 
several  are  found  in  the  caves  of  the  Ohio  valley,  such  as 
,1.  ttll!:fiini>n  of  the  ilammuth  Cave  in  Kentucky. 

Anoph3rta  (an-o-fi'tii),  n.  pt.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avu, 
upward  (<  awi,  lip),  4-  ^imiv,  a  plant,  <  (piciv,  pro- 
duce, pass.  (furaHai,  grow.]  In Endlicher's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  section  of  crj-jitogamio 
plants,  comprising  the  Hepaticie  (liverworts) 
and  Mnsci  (mosses). 

anophyte  (an'o-fit),  n.  A  member  of  the  Ano- 
phyta. 

anopia  (an-6'pi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
ui/;  (uJT-),  eye.]  In  teratoJ.,  absence  or  a  rudi- 
mentary condition  of  the  eyes,  attendant  on 
arrested  development  of  the  craniofacial  a.\is. 

Anopla  (an-op'lii),  n.  jjl.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  uvott'/.oc, 
unarmed,  <  av-  priv.  +  bir/m',  a  shield,  ])1.  off/la, 
ai-ms.]  A  division  of  nemertean  worms  having 
the  proboscis  luianned,  whence  the  name:  con- 
trasted with  Enopla  (which  see).  The  Anopla  in- 
clude most  of  the  larger  and  iTettcr-kiiown  nemcrteans. 

The  presence  or  absence  of  this  stylet  [of  the  proboscis] 
serves  to  distinguisli  the  two  subela-sses  into  which  this 
group  of  wc.rnis  [X'lii'i-tea]  is  divided:  for  the  Enopla 
are  furnished  witli  a  stylet,  while  the  .l^io/'^"  ■  ■  •  are  with- 
out one.  Stand.  Sat.  Hist.,  I.  216. 

Anoplognathidae  (an-op-log-nath'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  AnopUii/nathus  +  -idw,]  In  Macleay's 
system  of  classitication,  a  family  of  scarabiEoid 
lamellicorn  beetles,  forming  together  with  Me- 
lolonthidce  the  LatreiUean  group  Phyllophaga. 
The  clypeus  is  thickened  hi  front,  and  constitutes,  either 
alone  or  with  the  labrum,  a  vertical  triangular  surface, 
the  iiuint  uf  which  is  applied  to  the  mentum. 

Anoplognathus  (an-op-log'na-thus),  11.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avoTv'Aoi;,  imarmed,  +  )  rayof ,  jaw.]  A  genus 
of  lamellicorn  beetles,  of  the  family  Scaruha- 
idw,  sometimes  giWng  name  to  a  family  .-/ho- 
jilognalhida;.  It  comprises  large  bronzed  bee- 
tles of  Australia. 

anoplonemertean  (an-op"l9-ne-mer'te-an),  a. 
I'ertaining  to  the  Anoploncmertini. 

Anoplonemertini(an-op  lo-nem-er-ti'ni),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  (Jr.  (hoTT/of,  imarmed,  +  NL.  Semeriini, 
q.  v.]  A  division  oiycmertea,  containing  those 
nemertean  worms  which  have  the  proboscis 
unaruu'd  and  the  mouth  behind  the  ganglia: 
distinguished  from  Hoploncmert'ini.  The  group 
is  divided  into  Schizonemertini  and  Palaonemir- 
tini, 

Anoplopoma  (an-op-lo-i)6'ma),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avu-'/ue,  unarmed,  4-  -una,  a  lid,  operculum.]  A 
genus  of  fislies,  representing  the  family  Anoplo- 
pomidte,  differing  from  most  of  its  relatives  in 
the  absence  of  opercular  spines,  whence  the 
name.  It  contains  the  species  known  as  the 
eandle-fisli  or  beshow.     See  candle-fish,  2. 

anoplopomid  (an-op-lo-pom'id),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Anojilopomida: 

Anoplopo'midse  (an-op-lo-pom'i-de),  H.  pi. 
[NL.,  s-liort  for  * Anoplopomatida\  <  Anoplopo- 
ma(t-)  +  -ida;]  A  famOy  of  acanthopterygiau 
fishes,  containing  only  the  genus  Anoplopoma, 
and  related  to  the  Chirida:  The  only  known 
species  is  the  Anojilopoma  gimbria,  of  the  west 
coast  of  North  America. 

anoplothere  (an-op'lo-ther),  n.  An  animal  of 
the  genus  .tnojilotherium  or  family  Anojilothcri- 
idw.  -  Cervine  anoplothere,  the  Vichobune  cervinum. 
See  JJichuUunc. 


anonnal 

anoplotheriid  (au-op-lo-the'ri-id),  n.  A  rumi- 
nant nianiiiial  of  the  family  .tnoplotheriida:. 

Anoplotheriidse  (an-onlo-the-ri'i-de),  n.  1)1. 
[NL.,  <.lniiplolh(rium  +  -ida:]'  A familyof  fos- 
sil ruminant  (juadrupeds,  of  tlie  order  Arliodao- 
tyla,  formed  for  the  reception  of  the  genus 
Anoplotlivrium,  to  which  Eurytherium  has  been 
added  by  Gervais.  Excluding  lUeholmne  as  the  type 
of  a  different  family,  the  /I /('»///*»//i.n'i(/fF  are  characterized 
by  the  comparative  unifoniiity  of  the  teeth  and  the  propor- 
tionate lengths  of  the  fore  and  hind  limbs,  the  latter  being 
like  those  uf  ordinary  walking  <|uadruiR-ds. 

anoplotherioid  (an-op-io-thr-'ii-oiii),  a,  and  H. 

[<.  .inoplotliirium  + -Old,]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Anoplotheriidw ;  resembling  the  an- 
oplothere. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Anoplolhcriidw,  or  an  ani- 
mal rcsenihling  the  anoiilotherc. 

Anoplotherioidea  (an-oplo-the-ri-oi'de-ii),  n. 
jil.  [SL.,<.  .hiojihjtherium  +  -oid-ea.]  A  super- 
family  group  of  fossil  ruminants,  by  whicli  the 
Anoplotheriiihv  and  iJichobunidw  are  together 
contrasted  with  the  Oriodonlida;  being  distin- 
guislicd  by  having  the  teeth  of  botli  jaws  near- 
ly or  ([uite  continuous  and  uniform  in  size.   GUI. 

Alioplotherium  (au-op-lo-the'ri-um),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avoir'/.oc,  unarmed,  +  Oj/piuv,  wild  beast.] 
Tlie  typical  genus  of  the  family  Anoplothcriidce, 
containing  the  anoplothere,  A.  commune,  dis- 
covered in  the  Midtlle  Eocene  formation  of  the 
Paris  basin.  The  animal  was  about  4*  feet  long,  with 
a  tail  of  about  the  same  length.  It  has  also  been  found 
in  the  corresponding  Eocene  strata  of  Great  Britain.  It 
was  named  by  Cuvier  from  the  fact  that  its  horns  never 
sprouted.     Erroneously  written  Aiiaplntheriunt. 

Anoplura  (an-o-plo'ril),  H.  ;)/.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avo- 
T/.of,  unarmed,  +  oi/ni,  tail.]  An  aberrant  or- 
der of  degraded  parasitic  hemipterous  insects, 
or  lice :  synonymous  with  Mattojihagu  and  I'edi- 
culina  in  some  uses  of  these  terms.  They  are  ap- 
terous and  ametabolous,  with  a  niundiliulateor  haustellate 
mouth.  As  a  major  gruup,  .Uwylin-a  is  divisible  into  two 
8iil)urders:  (1)  the  Il'tii.sl>  (lata,  whit  h  have  tin- niiiutli  pro- 
duced into  a  tlesliy  sucking  proboscis  armed  with  hooks, 
within  which  arc  two  sliarp  stylets  inclosed  in  a  chitinous 
sheath;  and  (_')  Mundibulafa,  in  which  the  mouth  is  pro- 
vided with  mundiltlcs.  The  former  includes  the  lice 
proper,  as  those  which  are  parasitic  on  man,  Pediculus 
capit'ui,  P,  vestimenti,  and  Phthiriu/i pubis;  the  latter  are 
chiefly  bird-lice,  living  among  feathers.  See  louse,  Pedi- 
euliiia,  and  Mallophaya, 

anopluriform  (an-o-plo'ri-fdrm),  a.  [<  Anoplu- 
ra +  -f(irni.]  Like  or  related  to  the  Anoplura; 
louse-like. 

anopsyH  (an'op-si),  n.  [<  NL.  anopsiti,  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  oi/'(r,  sight:  see  02>tic.]     Want  of  sight. 

Aristotle,  who  coraputeth  the  time  of  their  anopsy  or 
uivisiun  by  that  of  their  gestation. 

Sir  T.  Broune,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  174. 

anopsy-  (an'op-si),  «.  [<  Gr.  ava,  upward,  + 
oV'if,  sight:  see  ojitic]  In  pa  ?/io/.,  upward  stra- 
bismus. 

anorchism  (an-6r'kizm),  n.  [As  anorchous  + 
-ism,]     Absence  of  testes. 

anorchoUS  (an-6r'kus),  «.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
o/>V".,  testis.]     Having  no  testes. 

anorectOUS  (au-o-rek'tus),  a,  [<  Gr.  avipenroc, 
without  appetite,  <  av-  priv.  +  ui)Ckt6(;,  verbal 
adj.  of  uiii-/civ,  long  for,  desire:  see  orexis.] 
Without  appetite. 

anorexia  (an-o-rek'si-ii),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  avope^ia, 
want  of  appetite,  <  oiiJ/jtKrof,  without  appetite: 
see  aniircctons.]     Want  of  appetite. 

anorexy  (an'o-rek-si),  H.     Same  as  anorexia. 

anorgana  ( an-or'ga-uii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avdp- 
jnioc,  without  instruments,  <  in-  priv.  +  &pya- 
vov,  instrument,  organ.]  Inorgamc  objects  or 
bodies. 

anorganic  (an-6r-gan'ik),  a,  [<  Gr.  a v- priv. 
(((w-u)  -t-  logiinic]     Not  organic;  inm'ganic. 

anorganism  (an-6r'ga-uizm),  H.  [< Gr.  lir-  priv. 
(«H-i>)  +  organiifm.]  An  inorganic  or  inani- 
mate body. 

The  characteristic  phenomena  observed  in  organisms 
are  not  observed  in  anorffanisms,  G.  li,  Leuvs, 

anorganognosy  (an-6r-ga-nog'no-si),  n.  [< 
NL.  anorgana,  q.  v.,  -1-  Gr.  )i'(jc/i;,  knowledge.] 
Scientilic  knowkdge  or  study  of  auorgauisms 

or  inorganic  tibjocts. 

anorganography  (an-6r-ga-nog'ra-fi),  n.  "[< 

NL.  anorgana,  q.  v.,  +  Gr.  -y/iaipia,  <  )(«i^/i', 
write.]  A  description  of  anorganisms  or  in- 
organic bodies ;  a  treatise  on  any  phenomena 
of  inorganic  natm-e. 

anorganology  (an-or-^a-nol'o-ji),  Ji.  [<  NL. 
anorgana,  c|.  v.,  +  Gr.  -/nyia,  <  /f)c/v,  speak:  see 
-ology.]  The  science  of  inorganic  bodies,  In- 
( luding  geology,  mineralogy,  meteorology,  etc. 

anormalta-nor'mal),  a.  [=F.  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  anor- 
mal,  <  ML.  anormalus,  also  anormalis,  a  perver- 
sion (taken  as  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  L.  norma,  rule ; 


anormal 

cf.  abimrmal)  of  LL.  anoinalu.s,  <  Or.  avufia'/.o^, 
irregiiliir:  sco  anomalous,~\  Not  according  to 
rule ;  ubuormal ;  iiberrant :  uuomalous ;  mon- 
strous. 

anortbic  (an-6r'thik),  a.  [<  Gr.  «i'-  priv.  + 
u/iCiJf,  straight,  right  (sec  orlho-),  +  -»■.]  1. 
Without  right  auglt's.— 2.  In  wHwcra/..  having 
une(iual  oblique  axes;  triclinie:  as,  aiiortkic 
I'eMsiiar. 

anortnite  (an-6r'thit),  n.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
6ptf(}f,  straight  (see  orlho-),  +  -ilv-.']  A  trieliuic 
lime  feldspar,  found  in  small  traus))arent  crys- 
tals on  Mount  Vesuvius,  and  existing  also  as  a 
constituent  of  some  rocks.     Sco  feldspar. 

anorthitic  (au-6r-thit'ik),  a.  [<  (Dwrtliite  + 
-it'.]  Pertaining  to  or  containing  anorthite: 
as,  niiortliitic  lavas. 

anorthopia  (an-6r-th6'j)i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  upik'iQ,  straight  (see  orlho-),  +  uiji  (iJ:r-), 
eye,  face.]  In  jxithol.,  obliquity  of  vision; 
s<iuinting.     .Y.  E.  D. 

anorthoscope  (an-6r'tho-sk6p),  )(.  [<  Gr.  av- 
priv.  -I-  ijiOuc;,  straight  (see  orlho-),  +  OKoTrelv, 
view.]  An  instrument  for  ijrodueing  a  peculiar 
kind  of  optical  illusion  by  means  of  two  disks 
rotating  vapidly  one  behind  the  other.  Tlie  pus- 
tLTi(»r  ilisk  is  tijuisparciit,  iuitl  has  certain  ilistolted  ftjjures 
painted  upun  it;  the  anterior  is  upaijue,  but  piereed  with 
a  nnmber  of  narrow  slits,  througli  which  tlte  li^ures  on 
ttic  posterior  disk  are  viewed.  Tlie  effect  depends  on 
the  persistence  of  impressions  on  tlie  retina,  tlie  lustru- 
ment  bein^  iu  principle  the  same  as  the  zoetrope. 

Allorthura(an-6r-thu'ra),«.  [NL.,<6v.  avopSoc, 
erect  (<iii'd,  up,  +  opOuc,  right),  -I-  ovpd,  tail.]  A 
genus  of  very  short-tailed  \\Tens,  of  the  family 
Troghxhjiidw :  a  name  proposed  as  a  substitute 
for  Troglodytes  (which  see). 

anosmia  (an-os'mi-ji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avoa/joc, 
also  (irofiuor,  without  smell,  <  iiv-  priv.  +  oa/i/j, 
older  form  o^ui/,  smell,  <  ikciv,  to  smell,  akin  to 
L.  odor,  smell:  see  odor."]  Inpathol.,  a  loss  of 
the  sense  of  smell. 

anosphresy  (an-os'fre-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  liv-  priv.  -I- 
bai^prjaic,  smell,  <  ba^paivcaOai,  to  smell,  catch 
scent  of.]     Same  as  anosmia. 

Anostoma  (an-os'to-ma),  ii.  [NL.,<  Gr.  avu,  up, 
-f  croua,  mouth.]  A  genus  of  pulmonale  gas- 
tropods, of  the  family  Helicidic,  haring  the  last 
whorl  of  the  shell  turned  up  toward  the  spire. 
The tj-peis.il.riH(/CH6'(Linna;us).    Fischer,  1807. 

Anostomatinse  (an-os'to-ma-ti'ne),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  irreg.  <  Anostomus  (-mal-)  (the  typical 
genus)  -I-  -/««>.]  A  subfamily  of  fishes,  of  the 
family  Characinidw.  The  technical  charactei-s  are  an 
adipose  tin,  teeth  in  both  jaws  well  developed,  dorsal  fin 
short,  f?iIl-openings  rather  narrow  (the  gill-merabranes 
being  attached  to  the  isthmus),  and  nasal  openings  re- 
mote from  each  other.  They  are  mostly  small  species 
from  Brazil  and  Guiana.     Also  written  Anostoininte. 

another  (a-nuTH'er),  a.  and  pron.  [<  ME. 
another,  usually  written  an  other :  orig.  and 
still  prop,  two  words,  oh  other,  not  differing 
in  grammatical  status  from  the  definite  cor- 
relative the  other;  in  AS.  simply  other:  see 
«nl  and  iither^.  The  uses  are  simply  those  of 
other  with  an  preceding.  The  pronominal  uses 
are  not  divided  from  the  adjective  uses.]  1. 
A  second,  a  further,  an  adtlitional;  one  more, 
one  further:  with  a  noun  expressed  or  mider- 
stood.     (a)  Of  the  same  series. 

Another  yet? — A  seventh?  — I'll  see  no  more. 

Skate.,  llacbeth,  iv.  1. 
["The  vtllgar  iu  quoqiie,  'you're  aiwttter,'  which  is  part 
of  the  slang  of  the  streets,  is,  as  might  be  e.ipected,  not 
modern."  Davit's,  .Sup.  Eng.  Gloss. 
Rniater.  If  it  were  an  other  but  thou,  it  were  a  knaue. 
it/.  Mery.  Ye  are  a>b  other  your  selfe,  sir,  the  lorde  us 
both  saue.  i'tlall.  Roister  Doister,  iii.  6. 

"You  mistake  me,  friend,"  cries  Partridge:  "I  did  not 
mean  to  abuse  the  cloth  ;  I  only  said  your  conclusion  was 
a  non  aetiuitur." 

"You  are  ajiofAfr," cries  the  sergeant,  "an'youcome to 
that ;  no  more  a  sequitur  than  yourself." 

Fielding,  Tom  Jrjues,  ix.  6.] 

(J)  Of  the  same  kind,  natiu'e,  or  character, 
though  different  iu  substance :  used  by  way  of 
comparison. 

And  like  another  llelen,  ftr'd  another  Troy. 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast,  1.  125. 

2.  A  different,  distinct  (with  a  noun  expressed  or 
understood) ;  especially,  of  jiersons,  a  different 
person,  some  one  else,  any  one  else,  (a)  Dis- 
tinct in  place,  time,  or  personality,  or  non- 
identical  individually. 

He  winks  and  tunis  his  lips  another  way. 

Shah:,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  90. 

The  hero  could  not  have  done  the  feat  at  another  hour 
in  a  lower  mood.  Unierson,  Courage. 

My  glory  will  I  not  give  to  another.  Isa.  xlii.  8. 

(6)  Of  a  different  kind,  nature,  or  character, 
though  the  same  in  substance  :  used  by  way  of 
contrast :  as,  he  has  become  anoDivr  man. 


230 

[Another  always  implies  a  series  of  two  or  more,  starting 
with  one,  wliieli  is  often  necessarily  expressed :  as,  he  trie<l 
one,  and  tlicn  anoltuT:  he  went  one  way,  and  I  went  an- 
other; they  went  out  one  after  another. 

"Tis  one  thing  for  a  soldier  to  gather  laurels,— and  'tis 
another  to  scatter  cypress.   Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vi.  32. 

The  public  mind  was  then  reiiosing  from  one  great  effort 
and  collecting  strength  for  another. 

Macaulatj,  Lord  Bacon.) 

One  another,  originally  a  mere  collocation  of  one  (as 
subject)  witli  another  (as  object),  now  regarded  as  a  com- 
I>ound  pronoun. 

Tile  bishop  and  the  Duke  of  Gloster's  men  .  .  . 

Do  pelt  so  fjist  at  one  another  g  pate 

That  many  have  their  giddy  brains  knocked  out. 

Shalt.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
This  is  my  commandment,  that  ye  love  one  anotlier. 

John  XV.  12. 
Bear  ye  one  anotJter's  burdens.  Gal.  vi.  2. 

That  is :  Bear  ye  (each  one  of  you)  another's  burdens.  So 
each  other  (which  see,  under  each). 

another-gainest,  <>•  Same  as  another-gates. 
Sir  1'.  Siilneij. 

another-gatest  (a-nuTH'er-gats),  a.  [Orig.  gen., 
'  of  another  gate,'  of  another  way  or  fashion : 
see  another  and  gute^,  and  gait.  The  last  sylla- 
ble came  to  be  shortened,  another-gets,  whence 
by  eiToneous  understandingn«oWitT-</c6-s,  -ghess, 
-guess,  and  by  eiToneous  "coiTection"  (see  ex- 
tract from  Landor)  another-guise.  The  isolated 
iormanotlier-gaines,  if  not  a  misprint  toranother- 
gaites,  shows  confusion  ■with  another-kins,  q.  v.] 
Of  another  kind;  of  a  different  sort:  as,  "«h- 
other-r/atcs  adventure,"  S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I. 
iii.  428. 

another-guesst  (a-nuTH'er-ges),  a.  [A  corrup- 
tion of  another-ijates,  q.  v.]  Same  as  another- 
gates. 

The  truth  on't  is,  she's  anotherghess  Morsel  than  old 
Bromia.  Dryden,  Amphitryon,  iii. 

No,  no,  another-guess  lover  than  I :  there  he  stands. 

Goldsmith,  Good-Natured  Man,  ii. 

Burke  uses  the  word  another-guess,  in  which  expression 

are  both  vulgarity  and  ignorance.  The  real  term  is  a  uother- 

ijaise ;  there  is  notliing  of  guessing.  Landor. 

[See  etymology,  above.] 
another-guisef(a-nuTH'er-giz),  a.    [An  eiTone- 
ous "correction"  of  another-guess,  assumed  to 
be  for  another  -h  guise,  but  really  ireorruption  of 
another-gates,  q.  v.]     Same  as  another-gates. 
another-kins,"-    [Orig.gen.,  'of  another  kind': 
see  another  and  liiid,  and  cf.  another-gates.J    Of 
another  kind ;  of  a  different  sort.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
anotta,  anotto  (a-not'ii,  -6),  w.  Same  asarnotto. 
Anoura,  anouran,  etc     See  Anura,  etc. 
Anoiis  (au'o-us),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  di'oof,  contr. 
avovc.  silly,  without  imiierstanding,  <  a-  priv.  -t- 
vooc,  contr.  voi'f,  mind,  understanding:  see  nous.'] 
A  genus  of  longipennine 
natatorial  birds,  the  nod- 
dy terns  or  noddies,  of  the 
subfamily   Sternina'   and 
family  Laridce:    synonymous  with 
Gavia.      it  is  the  type  of  a  group  Anoeee, 
distinguished  from  other  terns  in  having  the 
tail  graduated  instead  of  forked,  by  the  pal- 
mation  of  the  toes  being  very  ample,  and  by 
otiier  characters.     There  are  several  species, 
found  upon  all  warm  and  tropical  seas.  They 
are  of  a  sooty-brown  or  blackish  color,  with 
white  on  the  top  of  the  head.     The  best-known  species  is 
^4.  sli'lidus.    Sec  nvddo. 

anoxemia, anoxaemia (an-ok-se'mi-S), «.  [NL., 
strictly  «»wj'«'/«(«,  <  Gr.  or- priv.  +  ox{ygcn)  -t- 
Gr.  a'lua,  blood.]  Deficiency  of  oxygen  iu  the 
blood.     Also  aiioijihemia,  anoxyhwrnia. 

anoxyhemia,  anoxyhaemia  (an-ok-si-he'mi-a), 

II.     Same  as  anoxemia. 

ans.     An  abbreviation  of  answer,  n. 

ansa  (an'sa).  «.;  pi.  ans(e  (-se).  [L.]  1.  In 
archwol.,  a  handle,  as  of  a  vase.  Bronze  and  terra- 
cotta vase-handles  are  often  found  eiu-iously  ornamented, 
or  bearing  inscriptions  or 
stamps,  while  the  objects 
to  which  they  belonged, 
being  of  thinner  or  less 
durable  substance,  have 
perished. 

2.  pi.  In  astron.,  the 
parts  of  Saturn's  ring 
which  are  to  be  seen 
on  each  side  of  the 
planet  when  viewed 
through  a  telescope : 
so  called  because 
they  appear  like  han- 
dles to  the  body  of 
the  planet. — 3.  In 
anat.,  a  looped  nerve 
or  loop-like  nerv- 
ous structiu'c Ansae  • 

'Vleussensi,  in  anat., 
several  .small  strainls  of 
the  cervical  sympathetic 


Noddy  Tem 
I .-/  noiis  stoti- 
dus). 


Bronze  Ansa,  or  H.indlc  of  a  Vase.— 
Cneco-Roman  work  from  Pompeii. 


answer 

cord  which  sometimes  pajw  in  front  of  and  form  loops 
around  the  subclavian  artery.— Ansa  bypoglOSSl,  in 
anat.,  a  loop  fonncd  from  the  dcscendelis  liypoglossi  and 
a  communicans  nerve  derived  from  the  second  ami  third 
cervical  nerves.  — Ansa  lentlcularls,  in  anat.,  a  fa-seieu- 
lus  of  white  nerve-tissue  which  passes  from  the  median 
part  of  the  cnista  of  the  brain  under  the  thalamus  to  reach 
the  lenticular  nucleus. 

ansar,  ansarian  (an'siir,  an-sa'ri-an),  n.  [< 
Ar.  an-nui;ir,  <  al,  the,  +  na4;ir,  auxiliary.]  A 
helper;  an  auxiliary;  specifically,  one  of  those 
inhabitants  of  Medina  who  befi'iended  Moham- 
med when  he  fied  thither  from  Mecca,  A.  D. 
C22. 

As  for  those  who  led  the  way,  the  first  of  the  Slohadjers 
and  the  ^i/w«/-A-,  .  .  .  God  is  well  pleased  witli  them  ;  .  .  . 
He  hath  made  ready  for  them  gardens  ...  to  abide  in 
for  uyc.        liodiedl,  tr.  of  the  Koran,  sura  ix.,  verse  101. 

ansate,  ansated  (an'sat,  -sa-ted),  a.  [<  L.  an- 
sattis,  fm-uished  with  a  handle  (<  ansa,  a  handle), 
+  -(■(?-.]  Having  a  handle  or  handles,  or  some- 
thing in  the  foim  of  a  handle. 

ansation  (an-sa'shon),  «.  [<  ansate  +  -ion.'] 
The  art  of  making  handles,  or  of  fitting  them 
to  utensils.     Jour.  Brit.  Archa:<jl.  As.s.,  XV.  69. 

anse  (ans),  «.  [=  F.  anse,  <  L.  ansa.]  An  ansa 
(which  see) ;  specificall}',  in  old  ordnance,  one 
of  the  curved  handles  of  a  cannon. 

Anser  (an'ser),  n.  [L.,  a  goose,  orig.  *hanser, 
=  G.  gans  =  AS.  gOs,  E.  goose,  q.  v.]  1 .  A  genus 
of  lamellirostral  palmiped  birds  ;  the  geese. 
The  name  is  used  with  varying  latitude,  sometimes  as 
contel'minous  with  the  modern  subfamily  An-serinev.  but 
oftenerof  late  restricted  to  the  typical  species  resembling 
the  domestic  goose,  such  a.s  the  Anser  einereus  or  Anser 
albi/rons  of  Europe.     See  goose. 

2.  In  astron.,  a  small  star  in  the  Milky  Way, 
between  the  Swan  and  the  Eagle. 

Anseranas  (an-ser-a'nas),  Ji.  [KL.  (Lesson, 
1828),  <  L.  anser,  goose,  +  anas,  duck:  see  An- 
ser and  Anas.]  A  genus  of  geese,  having  the 
feet  semipalmate.  There  is  but  one  species, 
the  Australian  swan-goose,  Anseranas  melano- 
leuca. 

anserated  (an'se-ra-ted),  a.  In  her.,  having 
the  extremities  divided  and  finished  with  the 
heads  of  lions,  eagles,  serpents,  etc. : 
applied  to  crosses.     Also  gringole. 

Anseres  (an'se-rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  L.  anser:  see  Anser.]  1.  In  the 
Linnean  system  (1766),  the  thii'd  or- 
der of  birds,  including  aU  "  ■water-  Anserawd. 
birds,"  or  palmipeds,  and  equivalent 
to  the  series  Xatatores  of  modem  naturalists. 
—  2.  An  order  or  suborder  of  birds  correspond- 
ing to  the  Lamellirostres  of  Cu'vier,  or  to  the 
Chenomorjihw  oi  Huxley:  in  this  sense  of  nearly 
the  same  extent  as  the  family  Anatidic,  or  lamel- 
lirostral birds  exclusive  of  the  flamingos. 

Anseridse  (an-ser'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anser 
-¥ -ida.]  "The  geese;  the  subfamily  .jwA'en'na 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  family. 

Anseriformes  (an'se-ri-for'mez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  anser,  goose,  -^-  forma,  shape.]  In  GaiTod's 
classification,  a  series  of  bii'ds  approximately 
equivalent  to  the  Linnean  Anseres.  See  An- 
seres, 1. 

Anserinae  (an-se-ri'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anser  + 
-in<r.]  1.  A  group  of  lameUii'ostral  palmiped 
birds,  more  or  less  exactly  equivalent  to  An- 
seres, 2. — 2.  A  subfamily  of  the  family  Anati- 
dte,  including  the  geese  as  distinguished  from 
ducks,  swans,  or  mergansers. 

anserine  (an'se-rin),  a.  [<  L.  anseriitus,  <  anser, 
a  goose:  seo-j;iA"0'.]  1.  Relating  to  or  resem- 
bling a  goose,  or  the  skin  of  a  goose :  sometimes 
applied  to  the  skin  when  roughened  by  cold 
or  lUsease  (goose-flesh). 

No  anserine  skin  would  rise  thereat. 
It's  the  cold  that  makes  him  shiver. 

Hood,  The  Foige. 

Hence  —  2.  Stupid  as  a  goose;  foolish;  siUy. — 

3.  Specifically,  in  ornith.,  resembling  a  goose 
or  duck  so  closely  as  to  be  included  in  the  fam- 
ily Anatida-;  being  one  of  the  Anatida:  Tlie 
anserine  birds,  technically,  are  not  only  geese  and  goose- 
like species,  but  swans,  ducks,  mergansers,  ete. 

anserous  (an'se-rus),  a.  [<  L.  anser,  a  goose, 
-I-  -()((.s'.]  Same  as  anserine,  1  and  2.  Sydney 
.•^mith. 

anslaightt  (an'slat),  n.  An  incorrect  form  (per- 
haps a  misprint)  of  onslaught.  It  occurs  only 
iu  the  passage  quoted. 

I  do  remember  yet  that  anslaight;  thou  wast  beaten 
And  fied'st  before  the  butler. 

Fteteher,  Monsieur  Tliomas,  ii.  2. 

ans'wer  (an'ser),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
swcare,  <  ME.  anstrer,  ansirar,  an.sirerc,  nw.virwre, 
andswere,  andsirare,  etc.,  <  AS.  andsicarn,  ond- 
swaru,  f.  (=  OS.  antswor,  m.,=OFries.  ondser, 


answer 

f.,  answer,  =Icel.  andsvar,  annsvar,  neut.,  an- 
swer, response,  decision,  =  Sw.  Dan.  iinsvar, 
responsibility,  fonucrly  answer),  <(/«(/-,  iif^ainst. 
In  reply,  +  "swxrii,  t.  (=  leel.  si-fir,  usually 
in  pi.  .vi)o>,  neut.,  answer,  =  Sw.  Dan.  svar, 
answer),  <  'swaran  (only  in  weak  present  swc- 
riun),  prot.  swOr,  swear,  =  Iccl.  srani,  answer, 
respond,  =  Sw.  soara  =  Dan.  scare,  answer,  re- 
spond, =  Goth,  sicaraii,  swear,  prob.  orig.  'af- 
firm, assert,'  with  tho  subse<iiient  implieation, 
lost  in  tlie  verb  o.xeept  in  Seand.,  of  'assert  in 
reply':  see  and-,  an-^,  and  mceai:  Hence  aiiiswcr, 
I'.]  1.  A  reply,  response,  or  rejoinder,  spoken  or 
written,  to  a  question  (expressed  or  implied), 
request,  appeal,  prayer,  call,  jietition,  demand, 
challenge,  objection,  argument,  address,  letter, 
or  to  anything  said  or  written. 

A  soft  uusHrr  turiietli  away  wrath.  Prov.  xv.  1. 

I  called  him,  but  he  gave  me  no  answer.         Cant.  V.  6. 

Bacun  returned  a  shuttling  a  murr  to  the  Earl's  (lucstion. 
Macaukui,  Lord  liaculi. 
In  particular  —  («)  A  reply  to  a  eh:ir;,'e  or  an  acrusation  ; 
a  statement  made  in  defense  or  ju.stitteatiou  of  one's  self, 
with  regard  to  a  chnl'ge  or  an  accusation  ;  a  defense  ;  spe- 
cifically, in  law,  a  pleading  on  the  part  of  the  defendant, 
responding  to  the  plaintiff's  claim  on  questions  of  fact: 
correlative  iodein  itrret,  which  raises  only  questions  of  law. 
The  word  as  used  in  eiiuity  nearly,  and  iis  used  in  recent 
codes  of  procedure  closely,  conesponds  to  the  connnon- 
\a.V{  plea,  (h)  The  solution  of  a  problem  ;  the  result  of  a 
mathematical  operation ;  a  statement  made  in  response  to 
a  question  set  for  examination :  implying  correctness,  un- 
less qualified. 

2.  A  reply  or  response  in  act ;  an  act  or  motion 
in  retm-n  or  in  consequence,  either  as  a  mere 
restdt  due  to  obedience,  consent,  or  sjTnpathy, 
or  as  a  hostile  procedure  in  retaliation  or  re- 
prisal. 

If  your  father's  higlmess 

Do  not 

Sweeten  the  bitter  mock  you  sent  his  majesty. 
He'll  call  you  to  so  hot  au  aiuficei'  of  it. 
That  caves  and  womliy  vaultages  of  France 
Shall  chide  your  trespass,  ami  return  your  mock 
In  second  accent  of  his  ordnance. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  4. 
.\nd  so  e.vtort  from  us  that 
Which  we  luive  done,  whose  answer  would  be  death 
Drawn  on  with  torture.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  4. 

Specifically — (a)  lafewinff,  the  return  hit. 

I  had  a  pass  with  him,  rapier,  scabbard,  and  all,  .  .  . 
and  on  the  answer,  he  pays  you  as  surely  as  your  feet  hit 
the  ground.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

(6)  In  fugue  music,  the  enunciation  of  the  subject  or  theme 
by  the  second  voice. 

Often  abbreviated  to  ans.  and  a. 
=  Syn.  Keply,  rejoinder,  replication,  response,  retort,  de- 
fense. 
anS'Wer  (an'ser),i\  [Early  mod.  E.  also  aiiswcare, 
atinswcr,  <  ME.  an.'ncircn,  ausicareii,  aiidnwcreii, 
aiidsicarcii,  uii.'nccrcii,  onsiciircii,  ottdi^tceren,  ond- 
swaren,  <  AS.  andswariati,  andswcrian,  otidswa- 
rian,  oiidsweriait  (pret.  aiuli<war(idv)  =  OFries. 
oridsicera,  oiiswcra,  o««C)'a  =  Icel.  aiidsrara,  ann- 
svara,  mod.  ait:a  =  Sw.  ansrara  =  Dan.  ansvarc, 
answer,  account  for;  from  the  noun.]  J..hitran.s. 

1.  To  make  answer;  speak  or -write  in  reply  to  a 
question  (expressed  or  implied),  request,  ap- 
peal, petition,  prayer,  call,  demand,  challenge, 
address,  argument,  letter,  or  anything  said  or 
written  ;  reply ;  respond :  used  with  to,  or  ab- 
solutely. 

Is  thy  news  good,  or  bad?    Anjiwfr  tn  that. 

Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  ii.  5. 
Lives  he  ? 
Wilt  thou  not  aiisicer,  man'? 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  4. 
In  particular  —  (a)  To  reply  to  a  charge  or  an  accusa- 
tion ;  make  a  st.atement  in  defense  or  justification  of  one's 
self,  with  regard  to  a  charge  or  an  accusation  ;  speciHcally, 
in  Inn',  to  interpose  a  pleading  responsive  to  plaintiff's 
allegations  of  fact :  sometimes  used  to  include  also  the 
interposing  of  a  demurrer :  formerly  sometimes  with  with. 

Well  hast  thou  aiimvered  mth  him,  Radogan. 

Greene. 
(6)  To  give  a  solution  of  a  problem ;  And  the  result ;  give 
an  answer,  as  to  a  (luestion  set  for  examination :  as,  he 
answered  con-ectly  in  most  instances. 

2.  To  reply  or  respond  in  act ;  act  or  move  in 
response ;  do  something  in  return  for  or  in  con- 
sequence of  some  speech,  act,  or  movement 
from  another  source. 

Now  play  liim  me,  Patroclns, 
Arming  to  anawer  in  a  night  alarm. 

S/ioA-.,T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
Oct.  Mark  Antony,  shall  we  give  sign  of  battle'? 
Ant.  No,  Ca'sar,  we  will  answer  on  their  charge. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  V.  1. 
Those  who  till  a  spot  of  earth  scarcely  longer  than  is 
wanted  for  a  grave,  have  deserved  that  tlie  sun  should 
Bhine  upon  its  sod  till  violets  antnvcr. 

Mart}.  Fuller,  Woman  in  10th  Cent.,  p.  17. 
Do  the  strings  an.ftcer  to  thy  noble  hand?  Dn/den. 

8.  Tospeakinbehalf  of  another;  declare  one's 
self  resp(msible  or  accountable,  or  give  assur- 
ance or  guaranty,  for  another ;  be  responsible  or 


231 

aecountable :  used  with  for,  rarely  absolutely : 
as,  I  will  OH.SKY-r/or  his  safety;  I  am  satisfied, 
but  I  cannot  un.twcrj'or  my  partner. 

Uo  with  my  friend  .Moses,  and  represent  Prennum,  and 
then,  I'll  arunver  for  it,  you'll  see  your  nephew  in  all  his 
glory.  Sheridan,  .School  for  .Scandal,  iii.  1. 

4.  To  act  or  suffer  in  consequence  of  responsi- 
bility; meet  the  consequences:  with/or,  rarely 
absolutely. 

Let  his  neckan<i«'«'r/or  it,  if  there  is  any  martial  law. 
Shak.,  lien.  V.,  iv.  8. 

Mvci-y  faculty  which  is  a  receiver  of  pleasure  has  ati 
equ;il  penally  put  on  its  abuse.  It  is  to  answer  for  its 
moderation  «itli  its  life.  Kmerson,  Compensation. 

5.  To  meet,  satisfy,  or  fulfil  one's  wishes,  ex- 
pectations, or  requirements;  be  of  service: 
with  for;  absolutely,  to  serve  tlie  purpose; 
attain  the  end ;  suit ;  sen-e  or  do  (well  or  ill, 
etc.). 

Long  metre  answers.fur  a  common  song, 
Uut  common  metre  does  not  answer  long. 

O.  W.  llfilmes,  A  Modest  Request. 

6.  To  conform,  correspond;  be  similar, equiva- 
lent, proportionate,  or  correlative  in  character, 
quality,  or  condition:  with  to. 

As  in  water  face  aiiswereth  to  face,  so  the  heart  of  man 
to  man.  Prov.  xxvii.  19. 

Sizar,  a  word  still  used  in  Cambridge,  answers  to  a  servi- 
tor  in  Oxford.  Swift. 

In  thoughts  which  answer  to  ray  own.  Whittier,  Fi>llen. 

II.  traus.  1.  To  make  answer  to;  speak  or 
■write  in  reply  to ;  reply  or  respond  to. 

So  spake  the  apostate  angel,  though  in  pain  ;  .  .  . 
And  him  thus  answer'd  soon  Ids  bold  compeer. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  i.  125. 
In  particular — (a)  To  reply  to  a  charge  or  an  accusation 
by:  make  a  statement  to,  or  in  reply  to,  in  defense  or 
justification  of  one's  self  with  regard  to  a  charge  or  an  ac- 
cusation. 

I  will  .  .  . 
Send  him  to  answer  thee,  or  any  man, 
For  anything  he  shall  be  charg'd  withal. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
(h)  To  solve;  find  the  result  of;  give  an  answer  to,  as  to 
a  question  set  for  examination :  as,  he  answered  every 
tiuestiou. 

2.  To  say  or  offer  in  reply,  or  in  reply  to;  ut- 
ter, or  enunciate  to,  by  way  of  response. 

I  will  .  .  .  watch  to  see  what  he  will  say  unto  me,  and 
what  I  shall  answer  when  I  am  reproved.  Hab.  ii.  1. 

That  ye  may  have  somewhat  to  answer  them  which 
glory  in  appearance.  2  Cor.  v.  12. 

3.  To  reply  or  respond  to  in  act;  act  or  move 
in  response  to  or  in  consequence  of :  either  as  a 
mere  result,  in  obedience  to  or  sympathy  with, 
or  as  a  hostile  act  in  retaliation  or  reprisal 
against:  as,  to  OBSH'cr  prayer ;  to  OHswfr  a  sum- 
mons ;  to  answer  a  signal,  as  a  ring  at  the  door : 
hence,  to  answer  the  bell,  or  the  door;  to  answer 
the  helm  (said  of  a  ship  when  she  obeys  her 
mdder). 

Blood  hath  bought  blood,  and  blows  have  atismr'd 
blows.  Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  2. 

The  woman  had  left  us  to  answer  the  bell. 

W.  Collins,  Ai-madale,  III.  '205. 

4t.  To  be  responsible  for ;  be  accoimtable  for. 
Answer  my  life  my  judgment. 
Thy  youngest  daughter  does  not  love  thee  least. 

Sliak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

5.  To  act  or  suffer  in  consequence  of  respon- 
sibility for;  meet  the  consequences  of;  atone 
for;  make  amends  for;  make  satisfaction  for. 

And  do  him  right,  that,  answerintj  one  foul  wrong, 
Lives  not  to  act  another.  Shak.,  M.  for  SI.,  ii.  2. 

If  it  were  so.  it  was  a  grievous  fault, 

.\nd  grievously  hath  Cajsar  answer'd  it  (orig.  answered  for 
it).  Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 

6.  To  meet,  satisfy,  or  fidfil  one's  wishes,  ex- 
pectations, or  requirements  with  regard  to; 
satisfy  (a  claim);  repay  (an  expense);  serve 
(the  purpose);  accomplish  (the  end);  serve; 
suit. 

This  proud  king ;  who  studies,  day  and  night. 
To  answer  all  the  debt  he  owes  unto  you. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  1.  3. 

My  returns  will  be  sufficient  to  ansirer  my  expense  and 

hazard.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  174. 

But,  come,  get  to  your  pulpit,  Mr.  Auctioneer;  here's 

an  old  gouty  chair  of  my  father's  will  a  nswer  the  purpose. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

7.  To  conform  to;  correspond  to;  be  similar, 
equivalent,  proportionate,  or  correlative  to  in 
quality,  attributes,  position,  etc. 

Your  mfnd's  pureness  answers 
Your  outward  beauties. 

Massinger,  The  Renegade,  iv.  3. 

Tlie  windows  answerinrj  each  other,  we  could  just  dis- 
cern the  glowing  horizon  through  them. 

W.  Gilpin,  Tour  to  Lakes. 

8.  To  meet  or  confront.     [Rare.] 

Thou  wert  better  in  a  grave,  than  to  anstver  with  thy 
uncovered  body  this  extremity  of  the  skies. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 


ant 

answerable  (an'sfcr-a-lil),  a.  [< answer  +  -able.} 

1.  t'apable  of  being  answered;  admitting  of  a 
satisfactory  reply. 

L'nanswerable  is  a  boastful  word.    His  best  reasons  are 

ansKixrable;  his  worst  are  not  worthy  of  being  answered. 

Jeremy  Collier,  Moral  Subjects. 

2.  Liable  to  give  an  account  or  to  be  called  to 
accoimt;  responsible;  amenable:  as,  an  agent 
is  answerable  to  his  principal. 

Will  any  man  argue  that  ...  he  cannot  1)C  justly  pun- 
ished, hut  is  answerable  only  to  God?  Swift. 
She's  to  be  answerable  for  its  forthconnng. 

Goldsmith,  She  .Stoops  t(»  Conquer,  iv. 

8.  Correspondent;  similar;  agreeing;  in  con- 
fonnity;  suital>lc;  proportionate;  correlative; 
equal.     [Ubsolescent.J 

It  was  but  such  a  likeness  as  an  imperfect  glass  doth 
give  —  answerable  enough  in  some  features,  but  erring  in 
others.  Sir}'.  Sidney. 

A  faire  diniug-roome,  and  the  rest  of  y*  lodgings  answer, 
able,  with  a  pretty  chappell.    Kvelijn,  Diary,  Aug.  31, 1654. 

This  revelation  .  .  .  was  answerable  to  that  of  the 
apostle  to  the  Thessalonians.  Milton. 

His  Sentimeiits  are  every  vi&y anstcerable  to  his  Charac- 
ter. Addison,  Spectator,  No.  303. 

ans'werableness  (an's6r-a-bl-nes),  «.  1.  Capa- 
bility of  being  answered. —  2.  "The  quality  of 
being  answerable  or  responsible;  liability  to 
be  called  to  account;  responsibility. — 3.  The 
quality  of  being  answerable  or  conformable; 
adaptability;  agreement. 

The  correspondency  and  answerableness  which  is  be- 
tween tliis  bridegroom  and  his  spouse. 

Ilarmar,  tr.  of  Heza,  p.  196. 

ans'werably  (an'ser-a-bli),  adr.  In  due  pro- 
portion, correspondence,  or  conformity;  pro- 
portionately ;  suitably. 

Continents  have  rivers  answerably  larger  than  islands. 

Brerewood. 

ans'Werer  (an'ser-^r),  n.  One  who  answers; 
in  school  disputations,  the  respondent,  that  is, 
one  who  takes  the  initiative  by  propounding 
a  thesis  which  he  luidertakes  to  maintain  and 
defend  against  the  objections  of  the  opponents. 
See  respondent. 

The  A  nswerer  is  of  opinion,  there  is  nothing  to  be  done, 
no  satisfaction  to  be  had  in  matters  of  religi<ui,  without 
dispute  ;  that  is  his  only  receipt,  his  nostrum  for  attain- 
ing a  true  belief.    Drifden,  Def.  of  Duchess  of  York's  I'aper. 

anS'Weringly  (an'ser-ing-li),  adv.  So  as  to  an- 
swer; correspondingly. 

answer-jobbert  (an's"er-job"er),  )i.  One  who 
makes  a  business  of  writing  answers.  [Rare.] 
What  disgusts  me  from  having  anything  to  do  with  this 
race  of  an.^-wer-jobbers,  is,  that  they  have  no  s<irt  of  con- 
science in  their  dealing.  Swift,  Harrier  Treaty. 

ans'werless  (an's6r-les),  a.  [<  answer  +  -less.] 
1.  Without  au  answer;  having  no  answer  to 
give. — 2.  Unanswered:  as,  an.fwerlcss  prayers. 
— 3.  Containing  no  sufficient  or  satisfactory 
answer;  offering  no  substantial  reply,  while 
professing  to  do  so. 

Here  is  an  answerless  answer,  without  confessing  or  de- 
nying either  proposition.  Abp.  Bramhatl,  II.  027. 

4.  Incapable  of  being  answered;   unanswer- 
able :  as,  an  iinswrrless  question,  argument,  etc. 
ans'werlessly  (an'ser-les-Ii),  adr.     In  an  an- 
swerless  manner ;  ■nith  an  insufficient  answer. 
Answered  indeeil ;  but,  as  he  saiil,  .  .  .  ansirerlessltf. 
lip.  Halt,  Slarried  Clergy. 

antl  (ant),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  ante,  ample,  <  ME. 
amte,  amete,  <  AS.  cemete,  amette  (also  'cmete,  > 
ME.  cmete,  cmette,  emet,  E.  emmet,  q.  v.)  =  OH6. 
dmeha,  MHG.  amcize,  G.  anieisc  (ALHG.  also 
eme:c,  G.  cmse),  aut.  Of  uncertain  origin;  per- 
haps <  AS.  a-,  E.  n-l  (also  found  accented  in 
AS.  a-cumba,  E.  oakum),  -i-  *matan  (in  deriv. 
metian,  (cut,  engrave,  hence)  paint,  depict ;  cf. 
jHe/erc,  a  stone-cuttei',  and  G.  sto'ii-mf/-,  a  stone- 
cutter) =  OHG.  meisan,  MHG.  meizen,  =  Icel. 
meita,  cut.  The  lit.  sense  would  then  be  'the 
cutter  or  biter  off';  unless  the  term  be  taken 
passively,  in  a  sense  like  that  of  Gr.  h-ro/jov  or 
L.  insect uni,  insect,  lit.  'cut  in.'  The  G.  form 
is  commonly  referred  (through  MHG.  emeze,  G. 
emse)  to  G.  cmsiy,  MHG.  emzic,  OHG.  emizzig, 
emazzii/,  industrious,  assiduous,  which  agi'ees 
formally,  but  not  in  sense,  with  AS.  annetig, 
emtig,  E.  empty,  q.  v.  See  mire-  and  pismire.] 
An  emmet ;  a  h>-menopterous  insect  of  the  fam- 
ily Formicida'  and  the  Liimean  genus  Formica, 
now  di\ided  into  several  genera.  Ants  live  in 
i;ommunities.  aiid  the  internal  economy  of  their  nest  or 
hillock  presents  an  extraordinary  example  of  the  results 
of  combined  industr}'.  Each  community  comprises  males 
with  four  wings,  fenuUes  nnlch  larger  than  the  males 
and  possessing  mngs  during  the  pairing  season  only,  and 
barren  females,  ralle<l  neuters,  workers,  or  nui-ses.  desti- 
tute of  wings.  The  females  lay  their  eggs  in  parcels  of 
six  or  more.  The  males  and  females  desert  the  nest  and 
copulate  soon  alter  becoming  perfect;  but  tlie  latter  are 


ant 

brought  back  by  the  workers,  or  else  found  new  colonies, 
with  or  without  lielp.  The  mule,  like  the  dronehce,  be- 
comes useless  after  liupreKliuting  the  feiuale.  The  grubs 
siiin  a  eocuon,  and  become  pupte,  which  resentble  barley- 
corns, and  are  popularly  taken  fur  eggs.  I'nder  the  names 
of  anU  bi-iind,  aiiln'  <•.'///^■,  they  are  an  article  of  import  in 
some  northern  countries  for  making  fonnle  acid ;  a  solu- 
tion of  tlleni  in  water  is  used  for  vinegar  in  Norway.  The 
young  grulis  are  led  liy  tlie  females  and  liy  the  nui-ses,  wlio 
also  construct  the  streets  and  galleries  of  the  colony, 
ami  in  general  perforin  ail  ll»e  work  of  the  conununity. 
There  are  many  kinds  of  ants,  called  from  tlie  operations 
they  i)erform  mining-ants,  carpenters,  injisons,  etc.  Tile 
favorite  food  of  ants  is  lioney,  jiartieularly  tlie  lioney-dew 
excreted  liy  aphids ;  lint  they  also  live  on  fruits,  insects 
and  tlieir  liirvie.  and  dead  birds  and  mammals.  Tliey  are 
torpid  in  winter.  Tllose  of  tlie  same  or  dilferent  species 
engage  in  pitelled  battles,  and  capture  slavesortake  larva- 
from  other  nests.  Some  species  have  stings,  others  squirt 
out  an  irritant  lUlid  (formic  acid).  See  cut  under  Attn. 
The  name  aiit,  or  white  ant,  is  also  given  to  insects  of  the 
neuropterons  genus  Tt'rmes.    .See  termite. 

ant-t,  conj.    An  old  foi-m  of  ami. 

anPt,  H.    A  fortoer  spelling  of  mint. 

an'tl  (iint  or  iint).  A  colloquial  contraction  of 
are  n't,  arc  not,  and  of  tim  not,  and  with  greater 
license  also  of  is  not.  In  the  second  pronun- 
ciation also  written  ain't  or  aint. 

an't-  (ant).  A  dialectal  reduction  of  ha'n't,  a 
contraction  of  liavc  not  and  has  not.  Also  writ- 
ten ain't,  uint,  like  hain't,  haint. 

an't-'t  (ant).  A  colloquial  contraction  of  an  it, 
if  it.     See  an",  anil. 

ant-.  The  form  of  anti-  before  vowels  in 
words  taken  from  or  formed  according  to  the 
Greek,  as  in  antagonist.  In  words  formed  in 
English,  anti-  usually  remains  unchanged  be- 
fore a  vowel,  as  in  anti-ipiscopal,  etc. 

-anti.  [<  ME.  -ant,  -aunt,  <  OF.  -ant,  repr.  both 
L.  -an{t-)s  and  -cn(t-)s,  ace.  -ant-eni,  -nit-eni, 
suffix  of  ppr.  (=AS.  -enile,  ME.  -end,  -and,  -ant, 
later  and  mod.  E.  -ing^,  by  confusion  with  -!«<?!, 
suffix  of  verbal  nouns),  as  in  E.  affiant,  <  ME. 
a1ia{u)nt,  <  OF.  afiant,  <  ML.  affidan(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  affiddre;  E.  tenant,  <  ME.  tena{u)nt,  <  OF. 
tenant,  <  L.  tcnen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  tenere.  In  later 
F.  and  E.  many  words  in  -ant,  <  L.  -en(t-)s, 
were  changed  to  -cnt,  to  accord  with  the  L., 
as  in  apparant,  now  apparent,  after  L.  appa- 
ren{t-)s:  some  waver  between  the -OH/and -e«(, 
as  dependant,  dependent,  q.  v.  Words  of  re- 
cent introduction  have  -ant,  <  L.  -an{t-)s,  and 
-ent,  <  L.  -en{t-)s.  With  adjectives  in  -ant,  -ent, 
go  nouns  in  -ancc,  -ence,  q.  v.]  A  suffix  of  ad- 
jectives, and  of  nouns  originally  adjectives, 
primarily  (in  the  original  Latin)  a  present  par- 
ticiple suffix,  cognate  with  the  original  form 
(AS.  -ende)  of  English  -ing",  as  in  dominant, 
ruling,  regnant,  reigning,  radiant,  beaming,  etc. 
See  -ent. 

-ant^.  l-an  +  excrescent  -t,  the  -nt  arising  from 
-nd,  a  dissimilated  gemination  of  «.]  .4.  cor- 
ruption of  -an,  of  various  origin,  as  in  pageant, 
peasant,  pheasant,  truant,  tyrant.  See  these 
words. 

anta^  (an'ta),  n.;  pi.  antce  (-te).  [L.,  a  termi- 
nal pilaster,  <  ante,  before :  see  ante-.']  In  arch., 
a  pilaster,  es- 
pecially a  pi- 
laster in  cer- 
tain positions, 
as  one  of  a  pair 
on  either  side 
of  a  doorway, 
or  one  standing 
opposite  a  pil- 
lar ;  specifical- 
ly, the  pilaster 
used  in  Greek 
and  Koman  ar- 
chitecture to 
terminate  one 
of  the  side 
walls  of  a 
building  when 
these  are  pro- 
longed beyond 
the  face  of  the 
end  wall.  A  por- 
tico in  antin  (that 
is, between  an ia!)is 
formed  wlien  the 
side  walls  are  tlius 
prolonged  and  col- 
umns stand  be- 
tween the  antai. 

anta-  (an'tii),  n 


Anta. 

Elevation  and  Plan  of  Portico  in  Antis. 

Temple  of  Tlicmia.  Rhaninus.    A,  A,  antic ; 

a.  a.  anta.-  opposite  pillars ;  B,  prooaos;  C, 

crepidonia. 


[Sp.  Pg.  anta,  <  Braz.  anta.] 
The  native  Brazilian  name  of  the  common  or 
American  tapir.  Tapiriis  amcricanus. 
antacid  (ant-as'id),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for 
inri,  against  (see  ayiti-),  +  acid.]  I.  n.  In 
thera}!.,  an  alkali  used  as  a  remedy  for  acidity 
in  the  stomach. 


232 

n.  a.  Counteracting  acidity. 

Also  written  anti-acid. 

antacrid  (ant-ak'rid),  a.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for  iivri, 
against  (see  anti-),  4-  acrid.]  Having  power  to 
correct  an  acrid  condition  of  the  secretions. 

antadiform  (ant-ad'i-form),  a.  [<  Gr.  uvt-  for 
ttvTi,  opposite  (see  anti-),  4-  L.  ad,  toward,  + 
forma,  form.]  In  iehth.,  having  an  inversely 
similar  contour  of  the  dorsal  and  inferior  out- 
lines, so  tliat  it  the  body,  exclusive  of  the  heail, 
could  be  simply  folded  lengthwise,  the  two  mar- 
gins woidd  be  f oimd  to  bo  nearly  coincident : 
exemplified  in  the  black-bass,  wrasses,  and 
many  other  species.     Gill. 

antae,  ".     Plural  of  anta'^. 

antagoget  (ant-.i-go'je),  n.  A  short  form  of  an- 
tnniigiige. 

antagoiiisation,  antagonise.    See  antagoniza- 

lidii,  antiigonicr. 
antagonism  (an-tag'o-nizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  dirayu- 
viapa,  <.  avTayuviCi-otiai,  antagonize:  see  antago- 
nize.] 1.  The  state  of  being  mutually  op- 
posed ;  mutual  resistance  or  opposition  of  two 
forces  in  action ;  contrariety  of  things  or  prin- 
ciples. 

.Among  inferior  types  of  creatures  antagonism  habitu- 
ally implies  combat,  with  all  its  struggles  and  pains. 

U.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  498. 

2.  The  act  of  antagonizing ;  opposition. 

And,  toppling  over  all  antagonunn. 

So  wax'd  in  pride,  that  I  believed  myself 

Unconquerable.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

antagonist  (an-tag'o-nist),  n.  and  a.  [<  LL. 
untiigonista,  <  Gr.  av-ayuvtcTij^,  an  opponent, 
competitor,  <  avTa^uviZecdai,  struggle  against, 
antagonize:  %ee  antagonize.]  I.  «.  1.  One  who 
contends  with  another  in  combat  or  in  argu- 
ment ;  an  opponent ;  a  competitor ;  an  adver- 
sary. 

Antagonist  of  heaven's  Almighty  King. 

J/i7(0)i,  P.  L,  X.  387. 
AVliere  you  find  your  antagonist  beginning  to  grow  warm, 
put  an  end  to  the  dispute  by  some  genteel  badinage. 

Ctiesterjield,  Letters. 

Trade,  as  all  men  know,  is  the  antagonist  of  war. 

Emerson,  War. 

2.  In  anat.,  a  muscle  which  acts  in  opposition 
to  another  :  as,  a  flexor,  which  bends  a  part,  is 
the  antagonist  of  an  extensor,  which  extends  it. 
=  Syn.  1.  Adversarg,  Antagonist,  Opponent,  etc.  (see  ad- 
eenrtrtf),  opposer,  ri\al,  assailant. 

II.  ((.  Counteracting;  opposing;  combating: 
as,  antagonist  forces;  an  antagonist  muscle. 
The  flexors  and  extensors  of  a  limb,  as  also  the  abductors 
and  adductors,  have  to  each  other  the  relation  of  antago- 
nist muscles. 

We  find  a  decisive  struggle  beginning  between  the  an- 
ttiguu  ist  tendencies  whicll  had  grown  up  in  the  midst  of 
tills  [.\ryan]  civilization.  J.  Fiske,  .-Uuer.  Polit.  Ideas,  p.  120. 

antagonistic  (an-tag-o-nis'tik),  a.  and  «.    [<  an- 
tagonist-i-  -ic.]    I.  a.  Contending  against ;  act- 
ing in  opposition;  mutually  opposing;  opposite. 
Tlieir  valours  are  not  yet  so  combatant. 
Or  truly  antagonistic,  as  to  fight. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii.  4. 
Those  who  exercise  power  and  those  subject  to  its  exer- 
cise,—  the  rulers  and  the  ruled, — stand  in  antagonistic:  re- 
latiiins  to  each  other.  Catlioun,  Works,  1. 12. 

II.  n.  Something  that  acts  in  an  antagonis- 
tic manner;  speeificall}',  a  muscle  whose  ac- 
tion counteracts  that  of  another. 

In  anatomy  those  muscles  are  termed  flrt(a(70fti5(icswhich 
are  opposed  to  others  in  their  action,  as  the  extensors  to 
the  flexors,  etc.  Brande  and  Cox. 

antagonistical  (an-tag-o-nis'ti-kal),  a.    Same 

as  iintmi'nnstic. 
antagonistically (an-tag-0-nis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  antagonistic  manner ;  as  an  antagonist. 
antagonization  (au-tag"9-ni-za'shon),  n.   [<  ««- 
tagonize  + -ation.]    Antagonism.    Also  spelled 
antagonisation. 

This  question  of  antagonization  could  be  settled  in  a 
manner  absolutely  final. 

Howells,  Undiscovered  Country,  p.  280. 

antagonize  (an-tag'o-niz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
antagonized,  ppr.  antagonizing.  [<  Gr.  av-a-ju- 
vi^eaOai,  struggle  against,  <  ivri,  against,  -i-  a-)u- 
viCccdai,  struggle  :  see  agonize.]  I.  trans.  To 
act  in  opposition  to ;  oppose ;  counteract ;  hin- 
der. 

Concave  and  convex  lenses  antagonize,  and,  if  of  equal 
refractive  power,  neutralize  each  other. 

Le  Conte,  Sight,  p.  33. 
In  the  rabbit  a  fatal  dose  of  strychnia  might  be  so  an- 
tagonized by  a  dose  of  chloral  as  to  save  life. 

Qiiai'n,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  66. 

II.  intrans.  To  act  antagonistically  or  in  op- 
position.    [Rare.] 

.•\lso  spelled  antagonise. 
antagonyt   (an-tag'o-ni),  n.     [<    Gr.  aiTojuv/a, 
adversity,  opposition,  <  avri,  against,  +  iiyuvia, 


Antarctallan 

a  struggle :  see  agony.]  .iVntagonism  ;  oppo- 
sition. 

The  incommunicable  antagony  that  is  between  Christ 
and  Uelial.  Hilton,  Divorce,  i.  8. 

antal  (an'tal),  n.  [=  F.  G.  antal.  <  Russ.  an- 
talii.  Little  Russ.  and  Pol.  antal,  Pol.  also 
antalck  (baiTcd  I),  <  Hung,  antalag.]  A  wine- 
measure  used  in  the  Tokay  district  of  Hungary, 
equal  to  14.3  gallons. 

antalgic  (an-tal'jik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for 
iivTi,  against  (see  anti-),  +  a'/jor,  pain.]  I.  a. 
Alleviating  pain ;  anodyne.     [Rare.] 

II.  n.  A  medicine  or  an  application  fitted  or 
tending  to  alleviate  pain;  an  anodjTie. 

antalkali  (ant-al'ka-li  or  -li),  k.;  pi.  antalkalis 
or  antalkalies  (-liz  or  -liz).  [<  Gr.  qit-  for  avri, 
against  (see  anti-),  ■¥  alkali,  q.  v.]  A  sub- 
stance which  neutralizes  an  alkali,  and  is  used 
medicinally  to  counteract  an  alkaline  tendency 
in  the  system. 

antalkaline  (ant-al'ka-lin  or  -lin),  a.  and  n.    [< 
antalkali  -I-  -/wfi.]     I.  a.  Having  the  property 
of  neutralizing  alkalis. 
II.  n.  Same  as  antalkali. 

antambulacral  (ant-am-bu-la'kral),  a.  [<  Gr. 
dvT-  for  ui'-i,  against  (see  anti-),  -f  amhulacral, 
q.  v.]  In  echinoderms,  situated  opposite  the 
ambulacral  surface,  or  away  from  the  ambu- 
lacra: opposed  to  ambulaeral :  as,  an  antam- 
bulacral row  of  spines.  See  cut  under  Asteri- 
idw. 

antanaclasis  (ant-an-ak'la-sis),  «.  [NL.,<Gr. 
avTamii/.aair,  reflection  of  light  or  sound,  use 
of  a  word  in  an  altered  sense,  lit.  a  beniling 
back  against,  <  avravaK/.av,  bend  back  against, 
reflect,  <  avri,  against,  -I-  avaa'/av,  bend  back: 
see  anaclasis.]  1.  In  J'Af^,  a  figiu'e  which  con- 
sists in  repeating  the  same  word  in  a  difi'erent 
sense:  as,  while  we  live,  let  us  live ;  learn  some 
craft  when  young,  that  when  old  you  may  live 
without  craft. —  2.  In  gram.,&  repetition,  after 
a  long  parenthesis,  of  a  word  or  words  preced- 
ing it:  as,  shall  that  heart  (which  has  been 
thought  to  be  the  seat  of  emotion,  and  which  is 
the  center  of  the  body's  life),  shall  that  heart, 
etc. 

antanagoget  (ant"an-a-go'je),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avT-  for  iivTi,  against,  +  avayu-)ii,  a  taking  up: 
see  anagoge.]  In  rhet.,  a  figure  which  consists 
in  replying  to  an  adversary  by  recrimination,  as 
when,  the  accusation  made  by  one  party  being 
unanswerable,  the  accused  person  charges  his 
accuser  with  the  same  or  some  other  crime. 
Sometimes  shortened  to  antagoge. 

antaphrodisiac  (ant  "af-ro-diz'i-ak),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Gr.  avr-  for  iivri,  against,  -t-  aijypodiaiaiiOQ,  vene- 
real: see  aj)Aro(fismc.]  I.  a.  Having  the  prop- 
erty of  extinguishing  or  lessening  the  sexual 
appetite ;  anaphrodisiac ;  antiveuereal. 

II,  «.  A  medicine  or  an  application  that  ex- 
tingidshes  or  lessens  the  sexual  appetite;  an 
anaphrodisiac. 
Also  written  anti-aphrodisiac. 

antaphroditic  (ant"af-ro-tUt'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Gr.  avT-  for  avri,  against,  +  'Xifpodinj,  Venus: 
see  Aphrodite.]  I.  o.  1.  Having  power  to  miti- 
gate or  cure  venereal  disease,  as  a  drug. — 2. 
Same  as  antaphrodisiac. 

II.  H.  1.  A  drug  which  mitigates  or  cures 
venereal  disease. —  2.  Same  as  antaphrodisiac. 

antapoplectic  (ant'ap-o-plek'tik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
av--  for  avri,  against,  -I-  a7To-/.iiK7iK6c,  apoplec- 
tic :  see  apoplectic.]  Efficacious  against  apo- 
plexy. 

antarchism  (ant'ar-kizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  avT-  for 
avTi,  against,  +  apx'l^  government,  -I-  -ism.  Cf. 
anarchism.]  Opposition  to  all  government  or 
restraint  of  indiWduals  by  law.     [Rare.] 

antarchist  (ant'Ur-kist),  n.  [<  antarchism  + 
-ist.]  One  who  opposes  all  social  government 
or  control  of  individuals  by  law.     [Rare.] 

antarchistic  (ant-iir-kis'tik),  a.  [<  antarchism.] 
Ojiposed  to  all  govermnent.    [Rare.] 

antarchistical  (ant-ar-kis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
anfarchistie. 

Antarctalia  (ant-iirk-ta'li-a),  n.  [NL.,<  LL. 
aniiircticns,  antarctic,  +  Gr.  a'/.ia,  an  assem- 
blage (with  an  intended  allusion  to  a?.(.  sea). 
Cf.  Arctalia.]  In  zoiigeog.,  the  antarctic  marine 
realm ;  that  zoological  division  of  the  southern 
waters  of  the  globe  which  corresponds  to  the 
northern  division  called  Arctalia.  and  covers 
the  .antipodal  ocean  up  to  the  isoeryme  of  44°. 
dill. 

Antarctallan  (ant-iirk-ta'li-an),  n.  [<.  Antarc- 
talia -\-  -an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Antarctalia: 
as,  the  Antarctalian  faima.     (xill. 


antarctic 

antarctic  (ant-ark 'tik),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
aiilarlii;  <  ME.  anturtik,  <  OF.  aiitartique  =  It. 
antiirtiro,  <.  LL.  »h(«(t/(ch.s',  southern,  <  Gr.  ai>- 
TUjKTiKui;,  southern,  <  inn-  for  iuTi,  against,  oppo- 
site to,  -t-  (i/wr/Kur,  northern,  arctic:  seo  arctic.'\ 
Opposite  to  the  north  or  arctic  pole;  relating 
to  the  south  pole  or  to  the  region  near  it :  as, 
the  aiiliirrtic  pole,  current,  or  ocean Antarc- 
tic circle,  ;i  cirLk-  parallil  to  the  cquiitur  und  distant 
from  tlu*  south  pnle  2^1"  2b',  which  is  tile  ninount  of  tlic 
ohhtjuity  of  the  ecliptic.  'I'his  circle  separates  the  south 
temperate  from  the  soutlt  frif^iil  or  antarctic  zone,  and 
forms  tile  southern  boundary  of  the  region  within  which 
the  sun  is  always  above  the  horizon  at  noon  anci  below 
it  at  midnijjht,  or  would  be  so  were  it  not  for  refraction, 
jKirallav,  and  the  apparent  maijnitude  of  the  sun's  disk. 

Antaresian-ta'rez), ».  [((xr-iViTa/jiyr (Ptolemy), 
<  iivTi,  against,  corresponding  to,  similar,  + 
"Ap'K,  Ares,  Mars:  so  called  because  this  star 
resembles  in  color  the  planet  Mars.  Seo  ^  res.] 
A  red  star  of  the  iirst  magnitude,  the  middle 
one  of  three  in  the  boily  of  the  Scorpion ;  a  Scor- 
pii.     See  cut  tuider  Scorjiiiif!. 

antarthritic  (ant-ar-thrit'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  Gr. 
uiT-  for  nvTi,  against,  +  iipHpiTiKdr,  gouty:   see 
arthritic.']     I.  «.  Curing  or  alleviating  gout. 
II.  II.  A  remedy  for  the  gout. 
Also  written  aiiti-arthritic, 

antastlunatic  (ant-ast-mat'ik),  a.  and n.    [<  Gr. 
avT-  for  av-i,  against,  -I-  anliiuiTiKuc,  asthmatic : 
see  asthmatic]    I.  a.  Having  the  property  of 
relieving  asthma,  as  a  medicine. 
II.  H.  A  remedy  for  asthma. 
Also  ivritten  iinti-asthmatic. 

antatrophic(ant-a-trof'ik),  rt.  andn.  [<Gr.  avr- 
for ii>'7i, against, -l-'ar/)f>(^/n,atroi)hy:  aeeatrophi/.] 
I.  a.  Efficacious  against  atrojihy  or  -ivasting. 

II.  II.  A  medieino  used  for  the  cui'e  of  atro- 
phy or  ■wasting. 

ant-bear  (ant'bar),  n.  1.  The  great  or  maned 
ant-eater  of   South    America,   Myrmecophaya 


jtibata;  the  tamauoiiv  —  2.  The  aardvark, 
ground-pig,  or  Cape  ant-eater  of  Africa,  Onjc- 
trnijiiis  capciisin.     See  ant-eater,  (a)  (2). 

ant-bird  (ant'berd),  H.  1.  Au  ant-thrush  (which 
see)  or  ant-eater;  an  ant-eatcher. —  2.  pi.  Spe- 
cifically, the  American  ant-thrushes,  of  the  fam- 
ily Foniiicariidcr, 

ant-catcher  (ant'kach"er),  n.  A  name  of  the 
ant-bird  or  ant-thrush  of  both  hemispheres;  any 
ant-bird,    fieeaiit-thriish,  I'ittida;  I'lirmirariiila'. 

ant-cow  (ant'kou),  n.  An  aphid,  plant-louse, 
or  some  similar  insect,  kept  and  tended  by  ants 
for  the  sake  of  the  sweet  tiuid  which  is  secreted 
in  its  body  and  used  as  food  by  the  ants. 

ante^  (an'tf),  n.  [Appar.  <  L.  ante,  before,  the 
ante  being  put  before  the  players.]  In  the 
game  of  poker,  the  stake  or  bet  deposited  in 
the  pool  by  each  player  l.)efore  drawing  new 
cards  ;  also,  the  receptacle  for  the  stakes. 

ante^  (an'te),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  antfed,  ppr. 
aitteiii(j.  [See  aitteT-,  n.]  In  the  game  of  poker, 
to  deposit  stakes  in  the  pool  or  common  recep- 
tacle for  them :  commonly  used  in  the  phrase 
to  ante  n/i. 

ante^  (an'te),  a.  [<  F.  eiite,  pp.  of  enter,  in- 
graft, <  ML.  inipotare,  ingraft,  imp.]  In  her., 
ingrafted:  said  of  one  color  or  metal  broken 
into  another  Viy  means  of  dovetailed,  nebule, 
embattled,  or  raguli^  edges.     Also  entc. 

ante-.  [<  L.  ante-,  OL.  antid-,  preUx,  L.  ante,  OL. 
anti,  prep,  and  adv.,  before,  in  place  or  time, 
=  Gr.  (ifvi-,  (Iit/,  against,  opposite  to,  etc.,  = 
Skt.  anti,  over  against,  =  Goth.  OS.  AS.,  etc., 
and-:  see  and,  and-,  and  anti-.]  A  prefix  of 
Latin  origin,  origiiuilly  only  in  compounds  or 
derivatives  taken  from  the  Latin  or  formed 
from  Latin  elements,  as  in  anleec.^.ior,  antepenul- 
timate, antemeridian,  etc.,  but  now  a  familiar 
English  fonnative,  meaning  before,  either  in 
place  or  in  time,  it  fiu-ms  — (n)  compound  nouns,  with 
the  accent  on  the  pretlx.  in  which  anti^.  has  the  attributive 
force  of  fore,  anterior.  :ls  in  antfftiamhfr,  anterttftm,  ante- 
date, etc.;  (fc)  compound  atijcctives,  with  the  accent  on  the 
radical  element,  iu  which  ante,  retains  Its  original  prepo- 


233 

sitional  force,  before,  KoverninK  the  noun  expressed  or 
understood,  as  in  antemundane,  nntedilnman,  antemeri. 
diAu,  etc.  .Such  compounds,  whether  having  an  adjective 
termination,  as  in  the  examples  just  cited,  or  lacking  it, 
us  in  antf'-war.  are  in  fact  prepositiiuial  phrases  like  the 
Latin  ante  l/t'tluni,  ante  mortem  (which  are  also  used  as 
ICnulisli  adjectives).    Compare  anti-. 

ante-act  (an'tS-akt),  H.  [<  ante-  +  act.]  A 
jirecediug  act.  '  Hailey. 

anteal  (an'te-al),  rt.  [<  L.  ante,  before:  see 
ante-.]     Being  before  or  in  front.     [Kare.] 

ant-eater  (aiit'e"ter),  n.  An  animal  that 
feeds  upon  ants:  a  name  applied  to  several 
mammals  and  birds.  .Speciflcally  -(n)  In  Mnmmalia: 
(1)  /'/.  The  South  American  edentate  cpiadrupcds  of  tlie 
suborder  Vemdliiuiuia  and  family  Miiniifenpha'jidtv,  of 
which  there  are  three  genera  and  .several  species,  having 
a  sleniler  elongated  head,  perfectly  toothless  jaws,  and  a 
very  long  extensile  tifugue,  which  is  covered  with  viscid 
saliva,  by  means  of  which  the  insects  are  caught.  The 
jiriiH-ipal  speries  are  the  ant-bear  or  tamanoir.  or  the  great 
or  mailed  ant-eater,  Miiniterf>f>/ia;fa  julntta  ;  tlle  collared 
ant-rater  or  taiiiaiidii,  Miiniieenjiliwn'  linimjniHtt  or  Ta- 
nulndiia  iHrift/itintv  telniiiiieli/la ;  and  t  hi- lit  He  or  two-toed 
ant-euter,  Viielnttmrnn  ili<ltietiilt/s,  all  arboreal  sjieeies  with 
a  pi'elu-iisile  tail.  (2)  'I'lie  .African  aardvalk.  gnuind-pig, 
or  ant-bear,  tlnieteniinm  eaiitiutiit,  with  probably  another 
species,  0.  ivtliwpicux,  of  tlie  family  Onfcteropndida'  and 
suborder  Fodientia.  lioth  are  also  known  as  Cape  ant- 
eaters.  .See  cut  under  aardvark.  (.'i)  p/.  The  pangolins 
or  scaly  ant-eaters,  of  the  family  Mnnidir  and  snliorder 
Squamata.  ineliuling  some  six  nreiglit  species  of  Asia  and 
Africa,  of  the  genera  Ma7iis,  Photidi'tiis,  and  .Smutxia.  .See 
cut  under  pini'itih'n.  (4)  2>t.  The  Australian  marsupials 
of  the  genus  M i/rmecobinti,  as  M./asciatux.  (.'">)  The  mono- 
trematous  mammal  Jiehidna  hyxtrix,  known  as  the  aeu- 
leated  or  porcupine  ant-eater,  and  other  species  of  the 
genns  Echidna.  See  cut  under  Ediidnidtf.  (b)  In  umith., 
an  ant-bird,  ant-cat^'ber,  or  ant-thrush.  .See  ant-thrunh. — 
King  of  the  ant-eaters,  a  South  American  bird  of  the 
family  Fi>n/ur<i,i>ihf'  and  genus  (rca^/aria;  i\\*i  Grallaria 
r<  X  or  ti.  rnria,  formerly  Turdns  rex. 

ante  bellum  (an'te  bel'um).  [L. :  ante,  before ; 
helium,  ace.  of  bellum,  war:  see  ante-  and  bel- 
licose.] Before  the  war:  often  used  (joined  by 
a  hyi)hen)  attributively. 

antebrachia,  «.     Plural  of  antehrachium. 

antebrachial  (an-tf-bra'ki-al ),  (/.  [<  antehrachi- 
um +  -al.]  1.  In  o«a(.,  of  or  jiertainiiig  to  the 
forearm. —  2.  In  Chiroptera,  situated  in  front 
of  the  axis  of  the  fore  limb:  applied  to  the 
volar  membrane  which  extends  from  the  head 
to  the  •wrist  and  forms  a  small  part  of  the 
general  expansion  of  the  wing.  fV.  U.  Flmver. 
Usually,  but  less  correctly,  -written  antihra- 
ch  ial. 

antehrachium  (an-te-bra'ki-um),  «.;  pi.  ante- 
brachia (-ii).  [NL.,<!L.rt«te, before  (see'antc-), 
+  brachiitin,  the  arm:  see  hraehial.]  The  fore- 
arm, from  the  elbow  to  the  ■wrist.  Less  cor- 
rectly written  antibrachium. 

antecedaneOUS  (an'te-se-da'ne-us),  a.  l<ante- 
ccde  +  -ancons,  after  siiecedaneous,  q.  v.]  An- 
tecedent; ha-ving  priority  in  time.     [Rare.] 

Capable  of  antecedaneous  proof. 

Barrow,  Senuons,  II.  xxix. 

antecede  (an-tf-sed'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ante- 
ceded,  ppr.  antecediiifi.  [<  L.  antecederc,  go  be- 
fore, precede,  in  space  or  time,  <  ante,  before 
(see  ante-),  +  cederc,  go:  seo  cede.]  To  go  be- 
fore in  time,  and  sometimes  in  place,  rank,  or 
logical  order;  precede. 

It  seems  consonant  to  reason  tliat  the  fabric  of  the 
world  did  not  long  antecede  its  motion. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Slankind,  i.  82. 

Primarily  certain  inilividual  claims,  and  secondaiily  the 
social  welfare  furthered  by  enforcing  such  claims,  furnish 
a  waiTant  for  law,  anteeeding  political  authority  and  its 
enactments.  B.  Spencer,  I'rin.  of  .Soeiol.,  §  Wii. 

antecedence  (an-tf-se'dens),  n.  [=F.  antece- 
dence, <  antecedent:' see  antecedent.]  1.  The  act 
of  going  before,  or  state  of  being  before,  in 
time,  place,  rank,  or  logical  order;  precedence. 

Meanwhile,  if  we  are  really  to  think  of  freedom  as  abso- 
lute and  perfect  in  man— a  iierfect  freedom  frc.ni  111.' neces- 
sity of  any  a/ifr'--''/' /n-,  —  we  r>iigbt  logiially  to  think  of  it 
as  free  from  all  iiilbieiice  of  God  or  Devil,  as  Will,  that  is, 
in  which  the  (imnipresent  is  not  present  and  the  (imnipo- 
tent  has  no  power.  Maudxleii,  Hody  and  Will,  p.  7. 

2.  In  astron.,  an  apparent  motion  of  a  planet 
from  east  to  west,  or  contrary  to  the  order  of 
the  signs  of  the  zodiac.  =  Syn.  1.  Precedence,  etc. 

See  j'rl'irifu. 

antecedency  (an-te-se'den-si),  n.  The  quality 
or  condition  of  being  antecedent. 

I'nity  is  before  any  multiplied  number.     Which  antece- 
de nrt/ of  unity  .  .  .  lie|Dionvsius|aiipliethimtotheDeity. 
Fotherbil,  AtheomastLx,  p.  308. 
There  is  always  and  everywhere  an  antecedencii  ot  the 
conception  to  the  expression. 

tt'liitneii,  Life  and  Growth  of  Ijing.,  p.  1.1". 

antecedent  (an-tf-se'dent),  a.  and  n.  [=  F. 
antecedent,  <  L.  an'tcceden{t-)s,  ppr.  otanleccdere, 
go  before:  see  antecede.]  I.  rt.  Being  before 
in  time,  place,  rank,  or  logical  order;  prior;  an- 
terior: as,  an  event  antecedent  to  the  deluge. 


antecessor 

Tliere  is  a  sense  of  right  and  wrong  in  our  nature,  ante- 
cedent to  and  independent  of  experiences  of  utility. 

A.  It.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  3M. 
Antecedent  signs,  in  futtml.,  the  precursory  symptoms 
of  a  disease.  —  Antecedent  cause,  in  pailwl. ,  the  exciting 
cause  of  a  disease.  Antecedent  probability,  the  proba- 
bility of  a  supposition  or  bypntbcsis  diaun  from  reason- 
ing or  analogy,  previous  to  any  observation  or  evidence 
which  is  considered  as  giving  it  a  jiosteriori  lu-obability. 
See  antecedentlit,  2.  — Antecedent  will,  in  melapli.,  the 
will  to  do  something  on  condition  that  something  else  is 
done.  =Syn.  Aen  jyrei-Ututf. 

n.  ».  1.  One  who  or  that  which  goes  before 
in  time  or  place. 

He's  everything  indeed,  .  .  . 

ily  antecedent  or  my  gentleman-usher. 

MattKintjer,  City  Madam,  11.  2. 
■Variations  in  the  functional  conditions  of  the  parents 
are  the  antecedents  of  those  greater  unlikenesses  which 
their  brothers  and  sisters  exhibit. 

//.  Silencer,  Prin.  of  liiol.,  S  86. 
2.  In  gram.:  {a)  The  noun  to  which  a  relative 
pronoun  refers:  as,  Solomon  was  the  ]irincewho 
built  the  temple,  where  the  word  prince  is  the 
antecedent  of  who.  (h)  Fonnerly,  the  noun  to 
which  a  following  pronoun  refers,  and  whoso 
repetition  is  avoided  by  the  use  of  the  pronoim. 

—  3.  In  logic :  (rt)  That  member  of  a  conditional 
proposition  of  the  form,  '"If  A  is,  then  B  is," 
which  states,  as  a  hjiiothesis,  the  condition  of 
the  truth  of  what  is  expressed  in  the  other  mem- 
ber, termed  the  consequent:  in  the  proposition 
given  the  antecedent  is  ''if  A  is."  The  whole 
proposition  amounts  to  the  statement  that  all  possible 
cases  of  the  truth  of  the  antecedent  are  included  among 
the  possible  eases  of  the  truth  of  the  consequent,     (h) 

The  premise  of  a  couseiiuence,  or  syllogism 
in  the  first  figiu'e  with  the  major  premise  sup- 
pressed. Thus,  the  argument,  "A  syllogism  has  never 
existed  in  sensii,  therefore  it  does  not  exist  in  intellectu" 
is  a  conseipience,  its  jireniiseis  \.\\>i  antecedent,  and  its  con- 
clusion the  comequent.  (f)  An  event  Upon  which 
another  event  follows.  So  used  particularly  by 
nominalists.  An  inrariaUe  anieeedent,  with  .1.  S.  Mill,  ^ 
an  event  upon  which  another  follows  according  to  an  in- 
variable rule  or  uniformity  of  nature.  It  does  not,  there- 
fore, mean  (as  might  be  supposed)  an  event  of  a  kind 
which  autecedes  every  oceurrence  of  another  kind  of 
event.  Thus,  lightning  is  not  an  invariable  antecedent  of 
thunder,  for  thunder  does  not  always  follow  it;  and  this 
although  lightning  antecedes  thunder  whenever  thunder 
is  heard. 

4.  In  math.,  the  first  of  two  terms  of  a  ratio,  or 
that  which  is  compared  with  the  other.  Thus, 
if  the  ratio  is  that  of  1!  to  3,  or  of  a  to  h,'lova 
is  the  antecedent. —  5.  In  mii.iic,  a  passage  pro- 
posed to  be  answered  as  the  subject  of  a  fugue. 

—  6.  7)/.  The  earlier  events  or  circiunstances 
of  one's  life ;  one's  origin,  previous  course,  asso- 
ciations, conduct,  or  avowed  principles. 

We  have  learned  lately  tii  speak  of  men's  antecedents : 
the  phrase  is  newly  come  up  ;  and  it  is  common  to  say,  "if 
we  would  know  w hat  a  man  really  now  is,  we  must  know 
his  antecedents,"  that  is,  what  he  has  been  in  past  time. 

Abji.  Trench. 

antecedental  (an"te-se-den'tal),  rt.  Relating  to 
what  is  antecedent  or  goes  before.  —  Anteceden- 
tal method,  a  branch  of  general  geometrical  proportion, 
or  uiiivci-sal  comparison  of  ratios. 

antecedently  (an-te-se'dent-li),  adv.  1.  Pre- 
viously; at  a  time  preceding. 

We  consider  him  antecedently  to  his  creation,  while  he 
yet  lay  in  the  baiTen  womb  of  nothing,  and  only  in  the 
number  of  possibilities.  South. 

2.  In  advance  of  any  observation  of  the  eflfects 
of  a  given  hypothesis ;  on  a  priori  grounds. 

We  are  clearly  proceeding  on  the  assumption  that  there 
is  some  fixed  relation  of  eauseand  effect,  in  virtue  of  which 
the  means  we  adopt  may  heantecedentli/  exi>ected  to  bring 
about  the  end  we  are  in  pursuit  of. 

H'.  A'.  Cliford,  Lectures,  1.  81. 

The  known  facts  as  to  the  periodicity  of  sun-spots,  and 
the  sympathy  between  them  and  the  prominences,  make 
it  (iiitee'dtnili!  probable  that  a  corresponding  variation 
will  be  foundill  the  et.>rolia.    C.  A.  Viauni,  TheSmi,  p.  230. 

antecessi'^e  (an-te-ses'iv),  rt.  [<L.  as  if  *ante- 
(■(.«.«; !•».>;,  <  anteccsfius,  pp.  of  antecederc :  see  an- 
teeiile.]     Antecedent.     [Rare.] 

antecessor  (an-te-ses'or),  ».    [<  ME.  an<€c«s- 
sour,  <  L.  antecessor,  foregoer,  teacher  or  pro- 
fessor of  law,  predecessor  in  office  (the  original 
of  ancestor,  q.  v.),  <  antecederc,  go  before,  pp. 
antecessus:   see  antecede.]     1.  One  who  goes 
before ;  a  predecessor.     [Now  rare.] 
A  venerable  regard  not  inferior  to  any  of  his  antecrxxorg. 
H'lKxf,  .\then.  Oxon. 
Much  higher  than  any  of  its  antecr.'xor.i.  Carli/te. 

2.  A  title  given  among  the  Romans  —  (n)  to 
the  soldiers  who  preceded  an  army  and  made 
all  necessary  an'angements  as  to  camping,  sup- 
plies, the  scouting  ser^^ce,  etc.;  (b)  under  the 
later  empire,  to  professors  of  civil  law  iu  the 
public  schools. — 3t.  In  lair,  an  ancestor;  a 
predecessor;  one  who  possessed  certain  land 
before  the  present  possessor  or  holder. 


antecessor 

The  aniaeMor  wftsimtst  t-oiuiiionlyhc  that  possessed  the 
land^  in  Kiug  Edwards  time  before  the  CuruiHest. 

Brady y  Glossarj'. 

Tlie  King's  most  noble  progenitors,  and  the  wUectasurs 
of  the  nobles  o(  this  realm. 

R.  W.  Dijcon,  Uist.  Church  of  Eng.,  ill.,  note. 

The  places  |in  Domesday]  which  speak  <if  the  antecessor 
and  of  the  rights  derived  from  him  to  the  present  owner 
aix!  endless.        E.  A.  Freeman,  Nonnan  ('onquest,  V.  11. 

antechamber  (an'te-eham'ber),  n.  [<  ante- + 
chumbi  c]  A  chamber  or  an  apartment  through 
which  access  is  liail  to  a  principal  apartment, 
and  in  wliich  persons  wait  for  auiiience.  For- 
merly also  spelled  antichamhcr. 

They  both  were  cast  into  the  dungeon's  gloom, 
That  dismal  antechamber  of  the  tomb. 

Lonijfelhuv,  Torquemada. 


234 

wum  and  rfeJuflre.]  I.  a.  1.  Existing  before  the 
flood  (the  Noachian  deluge)  recorded  in  Gene- 
sis ;  relating  to  the  times  or  events  before  the 
Noachian  deluge  :  as,  the  ankdiliaian  patri- 
arclis :  by  extension,  applied  to  the  time  pre- 
ceding aiiy  great  flood  or  inundation,  as  that 
which  is  said  to  have  occurred  in  China  in  the 
time  of  Yao,  2298  B.  C— 2.  Belonging  to  very 
ancient  times;  antiquated;  primitive;  rude; 
simple:  as,  antedilurUni  ideas. 

The  whi  lie  system  of  travelling  accommodations  was  bar- 
barous and  antediluvian.         iJe  Quinceij,  Works,  II.  103. 

II.  K.  1.  One  wlio  lived  before  the  deluge. 

The  longevity  of  the  antedilumatu.  Bentley. 

Hence,  humorously — 2.  One  who  is  very  old 
or  very  antiquated  in  manners  or  notions ;  an 
old  fogy. 


antechapel  (an'te-chap"el),  n.  [iante-  +  chap- 

</.]   .In  apartment,  vestibule,  porch,  or  the  like,  antedofsal  (an-te-dor'sal),  a.     [<  ante-  +  dor- 
before  the  entrance  to  a  chapel ;  thenarthexof     ^,^,,  -j     j,^  ,^;,^,,_^  situated' in  front  of  the  dorsal 


a  chapel. 

Antechinomys  (an-te-H' no-mis),  11.  [NL. 
(Ki'offt).  <  ant-  for  (Old-  +  Echinomijs,  q.  v.]  A 
genus  of  very  small  insectivorous  marsupials, 
of  the  family  Vasyiiridce.  A.  lanitjera,  inhabiting 
central  portions  of  .\ustralia,  is  about  3  inches  long  and  of 
a  mouse-gray  color  above  and  white  below.  Its  tail  is 
about  5  inches  long,  anil  tufted  at  the  tip.  A  naked  space 
surrounds  the  teats,  but  there  is  no  distinct  pouch. 

antechoir  (an'te-kwir),  n.     [<  ante-  +  choir.'] 


tin:  as,  an  «H(erforft'«(  plate. 
antefactt  (au'te-fakt),  n.  [<  L.  ante,  before,  -1- 
_/Wc^««(,  a  thing  done:  see/ncf.]  An  act,  espe- 
cially a  rite  or  ceremony,  which  precedes  or 
prefigures  an  event:  opposed  to  post/act. 

There  is  a  proper  sacrifice  in  the  Lord's  supper,  to  ex- 
hibit Christ's  death  in  the  post-fact,  as  there  was  a  sacri- 
fice to  prefigure,  in  the  old  law,  the  ante-fact. 

C'qiie  of  the  Proceedimjs  of  some  Divines  (1611),  p.  2. 


In  iinh.,  a  space,  more  or  less  inclosed,  in  front  antefix  (an'te-fiks),  ii. ;  pi.  antefixes,  L.  antefiia 
of  the  choir  of  a  church;  a  portion  of  the  nave  (-fik-sez,  an-te-fik'sa).  [<  L.  antefixum,  in  pi. 
adjoining  the  choir-screen  and  separated  fi-om  antefixa,  neut.  of  autefixus,  fastened  before,  < 
the  rest  of  the  nave  by  a  raUing.  Also  called 
fore-choir.  A  ud.slry. 
antecliurch  (an'te-cherch),  n.  [<  ante-  -I- 
churcli.]     Same  as  narthei. 

antecians,  antoecians  (an-te'shianz),  n.  pi.   [< 

NL.  aiitaci,  pi.  of  antteciis,  <  Gr.  avTomoc,  living 

on  the  con-esponding  parallel  of  latitude  in  the 

opposite  hemisphere,  <  avri,  opposite,  -f  oi/cof,  a 

dwelling.]     In  gcog.,  persons  or  communities 

living  on  corresponding  parallels  of  latitude,  on 

opposite  sides  of  the  equator,  and  on  the  same 

meridian.     Barely  used  in  the  singular.     Also 

called  antaci. 
antecommunion  (an"te-ko-mtin'yon),  a.  and  n. 

I.  a.  Before  eommtmibn:   as,  the  antecommu- 
nion service. 
H.  n.  That  part  of  the  communion  office  in 

the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  which  precedes 

the  communion  service  proper,  and  is  said  on 

Sundays  and  other  holy  days  though  there  be  no 

communion.     According  to  the  English  rubric,  it  ex- 
tends to  the  end  of  the  prayer  for  Christ's  church  militant ; 

according  to  the  American,  to  the  end  of  the  gospel;  the 

service  concluding  in  either  case  with  the  blessing. 
antecoxal  (an-te-kok'sal),  a.    [<  L.  ante,  before, 

+  NL.  coxa,  q.  v.]     In  entom.,  situated  in  front 

of  a  co.xa :  applied  to  a  piece  of  the  metaster- 

num.     See  Cicindelida;. 

antecursor  (an-tf-ker'sor),  n.     [L.,  a  forerun- 
ner, <  antecurrcre,  run  before,  iante,  before,  -I- 

currere,  pp.  cuntis,  run:  see  current  and  course. 

Ct.  precursor.]     One  who  runs  before;  a  fore- 
runner; a  harbinger.   Blount :  Bailey;  Johnson. 
antecui'Vature  (an-tf-ker'va-tiir),  n.     [<  ante- 

+  curvature.]   A  bending  forward ;  specifically, 

in  pathol.,  a  slight  antefleetion  of  the  uterus, 
antedate  (an'te-dat),«.   l<ante-  +  date^,n.]    1. 

A  prior  date;  a  date  antecedent  to  another,  or  to 

the  true  or  actual  date  of  a  document  or  event. 

— 2t.  Anticipation. 

Why  hath  not  my  soul  these  apprehensions,  these  pre- 
sages, these  changes,  those  antedates,  those  jealousies, 
those  suspicions  of  a  sin,  as  well  as  my  body  of  a  sickness'? 

Donm,  Devotion,  x. 

antedate  (an'te-dat),  v.  t. 


Antetixes. 
Upper  figure,  from  the  Parthenon,  partly  restored :  ^,  antefix;  B. 
false  antefix ;   C.   acroterium  pedestal :  />.  imbrices  protecting  the 
joints.    llowerfi^re  :  E,  antefix  in  terra  cotta.  Berlin  Museum. 

ante,  before,  +  Jixus,  pp.  of  fgere,  fasten:  see 
fix.]  In  cla.is.  arch.,  an  upright  ornament, 
generally  of  marble  or  teiTa  cotta,  placed  at 
the  eaves  of  a  tiled  roof,  at  the  end  of  the  last 
imbrex  or  tile  of  each  ridge  of  tiling,  to  conceal 
the  joining  of  the  tiles.  .\ntefL\es  were  also  often 
placed  at  the  junction  of  the  imiirices  along  the  ridge  of  a 
roof,  forming  a  cresting.  In  some  Roman  examples  the 
antefixes  were  so  disposed  and  combined  with  water-chan- 
nels as  to  serve  as  gargoyles. 
anteflected  (an-te-flek'ted),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  be- 
fore, -i-flectere,  bend,  +  -ed-.]  Same  as  ante- 
ftexed. 


ante  mortem 

prosecute,  and  the  accused  had  to  swear  on  the  day  of 
ordeal  that  he  was  innocent.     ir/iar(o;i. 

antelocation  (an'te-lo-ka'shon),  n.  In  pathol., 
a  displacement  forward :  applied  to  displace- 
ments of  the  uterus  when  the  whole  organ  is 
carried  fonvard,  as  by  distention  of  the  rectum 
or  a  post-uterine  hematocele. 

antelope  (au'te-16p),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
anlitojii;  antalopc,  antdoppe,  <  ME.  antelope, 
antylUme,  antlop,  <  OF.  antelop,  also  antelu, 
mod.  F.  antilope  =  Sp.  antilope  =  Pg.  antilope 
=  D.  antilope  =  Dan.  antilope  =  G.  antilope  (NL. 
antilope,  Pallas,  c.  1775),  an  antelope,  <  ML.  an- 
talopus,  anthalojni.<i  (also  talopus,  caloptis,  and 
tatida),  <  LGr.  avt)6?Mf  {-oir-),  a  word  of  Gr.  ap- 
pearance but  prob.  of  foreign  origin,  applied 
to  a  half-mythical  animal  located,  in  the  early 
accounts,  on  the  banks  of  the  Euphrates,  and 
described  as  very  savage  and  fleet,  and  having 
long  saw-like  horns  with  which  it  could  cut 
down  trees.  This  is  the  animal  that  figures  in 
the  peculiar  fauna  of  heraldry;  the  present 
zoological  application  is  recent.  See  gazel.] 
1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Antilopie  or  sub- 
family Antilopinw;  especially,  the  sasin  or 
common  Indian  antelope,  Antilojie  eervicapra. 
See  Antilope,  Antilopinw,  and  cut  under  sasin. 
—  2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  saiga,  and 
to  the  cabrit  or  pronghom.  See  these  words; 
aXso  Antilocapra  and  Antilocajjrida. —  3.  \_cap.] 
(Pron.  an-tel'o-pe.)    Sometimes  incorrectly 

used  tor  Antilope Blue  antelope.   Same  as  6fauio- 

fcoil-.—  Goitered  antelope.     Same  as  dzeren. 

antelopian  (an-te-16'iii-an),  a.  Same  as  ante- 
lopine. 

Antelopidae  (an-tf-lop'i-de),  «.  pi.  Same  as 
Antilopiila'. 

Antelopinae,  «.  pi.     Same  as  Antilopinw. 

antelopine  (an'te-16-pin),  a.  l<  antelope -i- 
-(H(i.]  Pertaining  to  the  antelope.  An  equiv- 
alent form  is  antelojiian. 

antelucan  (an-te-lu'kan),  a.  [<  L.  antelucanug, 
<  ante,  before,  4-  lux  (luc-),  light:  see  lucid.] 
Occurring  before  daylight ;  preeedingthe  dawn. 
Specifically  applied  to  assemblies  of  Christians  held  in  an- 
cient times  before  daylight,  at  first  to  escape  persecution, 
and  afterward  from  motives  of  devotion  or  convenience. 

This  practice  of  .  .  .  antelucan  worship,  possibly  hav- 
ing reference  to  the  ineffable  mystery  of  the  resurrection. 
De  Quincetj,  Essenes,  L 

ante  lucem  (an'te  lii'sem).  [L. :  ante,  before; 
hicem,  ace.  of  lux,  light:  see  ante-  and  lucid.] 
Before  the  light,  that  is,  before  daybreak. 

antemeridian  (an'te-mf-rid'i-an),  a.  [<  L.  an- 
temeridianus,  before'  midday,  <  ante,  before,  -1- 
meridies,  midday:  see  «Hfe-and  meridian.]  Pre- 
ceding noon ;  pertaining  to  the  forenoon. 

ante  meridiem  (an'te  me-rid'i-em).  [L. :  see 
antemeridian.]  Before  midday :  applied  to  the 
time  between  midnight  and  the  following  noon. 
Regidarly  abbreWated  to  A.  M. 

antemetic  (ant-e-met'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  iueriKuc,  emetic :  see  emetic]  I.  a. 
Restraining  or  allaj-ing  vomiting. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  which  checks  vomiting. 
Also  written  anti-emetic. 


antefleetion   (an-tf-flek'shon),  n.     [<  L.  ante,  ante  mortem  (an'te  mor'tem).     [L. :  ante,\>e 


dated,  \^\n.  antedating,  [iante- +  datei;V.]  1 
To  date  before  the  true  time ;  give  an  earlier 
date  to  than  the  real  one:  thus,  to  antedate  a 
deed  or  bond  is  to  give  to  it  a  date  anterior  to 
the  true  time  of  its  execution. 

[The  Tweed  Ring)  hail .  .  .  caused  .  .  .  warrants  to  be  an- 
tedated,  in  order  that  interest  might  be  charged  from  such 
date  to  the  time  of  payment.         ^V.  A.  Rev.,  CXXIII.  3S1. 

2.  To  be  of  older  date  than ;  precede  in  time. 

"With  the  exception  of  one  or  two  of  the  later  prophets, 
the  Old  Testament  antedated  all  written  history  kno^vn  at 
the  beginning  of  the  present  century. 

The  Independent  (New  York),  Nov.  15, 1883. 

3.  To  anticipate ;  realize  or  give  effect  to  (some- 
thing) in  advance  of  its  actual  or  proper  time. 

!No  man  can  antedate  his  experience,  or  guess  what  fac- 
ulty or  feeling  a  new  object  shall  unlock,  any  more  tlian 
he  can  draw  to-day  the  face  of  a  person  wliom  he  shall  see 
to-morrow  for  the  first  time.  Emerson,  History. 

antedilu'Tlal  (an'te-di-lii'vi-al),  a.     Same  as 

antidilufian. 
antediluvian  (an"te-<li-lii'^^-an),  a.  and  n.     [< 

L.  ante,  before,  +  dilucium,  deluge:   see  dilu- 


before,  -'r  flexio(n-),  bending,  flection:  see  flec- 
tion.] A  bending  forward,  as  of  any  organ  of 
the  body.  The  term  is  specially  used  in  relation  to  the 
uterus,  vvben  this  organ  is  bent  forward  at  the  line  of 
junction  of  its  body  and  cervix.  Quain.  Med,  Diet. 
anteflexed(an'te-flekst),  a.  [<L.  ante,  before, 
-f  flexu.s,  bent,  -i-  -ed"^.]  Bent  fonvard ;  exhibit- 
ing antefleetion :  said  of  the  uterus.  An  equiva- 
lent form  is  anteflected. 
pret.  and  pp.  ante-  anteflirca  (an-te-fer'kii),  n.;  ■p\.antefurcee{-se'). 


fore;  fHocfew,  ace.  of  wore,  death:  seeo«?f-and 
mortal.  Ct. post  mortem.]  Before  death :  often 
used  attributively  (with  a  hyphen)  in  the  sense  of 
existing  or  occurring  before  or  just  before  death : 
as,  an  ante-tnortem  statement  or  confession. 


[NL.,  <  L.  ante,  before,  +furca,  >  AS.  fore,  E. 
fori;  q.  v.]  In  entom.,  the  anterior  forked  or 
double  apodema  which  projects  fi'om  the  ster- 
nal wall  into  the  cavity  of  a  thoracic  somite  of 
an  insect. 

ant-egg  (ant'eg),  «.  1.  The  egg  of  an  ant. —  2. 
In  popular  language,  the  lar\-a  or  pupa  of  an 
ant ;  one  of  the  elongated  whitish  bodies  which 
ants  when  disturbed  may  bo  seen  caiTj-ing 
about.  Such  larvse  or  ant-eggs  are  a  favorite  food  of 
many  wild  birds,  and  are  extensively  used  in  Europe  for 
feeding  young  poultry  and  game-birds,  and  also  for  mak- 
ing formic  acid.  Also  called  ant-worm,  ant-wart,  and 
ant'n  Irroinl. 

antegrade  (an'te-grad),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
-t-  iiradus,  step;  cf.  antegredi,  go  before,  pre- 
cede.]    Progressive:  o\t\)OieiX  to  retrograde. 

antejuramentum  (an"te-j6-ra-men'tum),  n. ; 
pi.  antejuramenta  (-ta).  [ML.,'<  L.  ante,  before, 
-¥  juramentum,  an  oath,  <  ^'i/rnrf,  swear:  see 
jury.]  In  law,  an  oath  taken  in  ancient  times 
by  both  the  accuser  and  the  accused  before  any 
trial  or  purgation.     The  accuser  swore  that  he  would 


Antemural,  Coucy-Ie-Chitcau.  A.         1-.  FromViollet-le-Duc's 

■"  Diet,  dc  l'.\r.;hitccture-"j 

A,  outer  court,  or  esplanade ;   B,  castle :  C,  town ;   D,  castle-moat : 

E,  antemuraL 


antemundane 

ante  mundane  (au-tr'-inun'dan),  a.  [<  L.  ante, 
before,  4-  )nundti.%  the  world:  soo  atitc-  and 
mundane.']  Existing?  or  occurring  bel'oro  the 
creation  of  the  world. 

The  supreme,  great,  antemundane  Kather! 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  v.  03. 

antemural  (an-te-mu'ral),  n,  [<  L.  antcniuralc, 
an  outwork,  <  ante,  before,  +  murus^  a  wall: 
see  tmtc-  and  nuiral.l  In  medieval  J'<trt.^  an  ad- 
vanced work  defendin*;  the  approach  to  a  for- 
tifiod  phice;  a  barl)at*an  (which  see).  Tlu*  tcnn 
is  sometimes  applied  to  an  exterior  wall  of  a 
castle  or  fortress.  See  cut  on  preceding^  psgG. 
antenarial  (an-te-na'ri-al),  u.  [<  L.  antCy  bo- 
forc,  +  fiarcsj  nostrils.]  Situated  in  front  of 
the  nostrils.  JV,  11,  Flower. 
antenatal  (an-te-na'tal),  a.  [<  L.  antCj  before, 
+  iiatalis,  pertaining  to  birth:  see  anfe-VLndna- 
tal.l  Happening  or  being  before  birth;  per- 
taining or  relating  to  times,  oceuiTences,  or 
conditions  previous  to  birth. 

Ami  iiiuny  an  antenatal  tomh 
Wliere  butterflies  dream  of  the  life  to  come. 

Shelley,  Sensitivt:  Phuit,  if. 
Some  saiti  tliat  he  was  matl ;  others  heUeveU 
That  memories  of  an  antenatal  life 
Made  this  whure  now  he  dwelt  a  penal  hell. 

Shelley,  Prince  Athanase. 
There  has  been  plenty  of  theorising  as  to  the  nature  of 
the  life  to  eome.  but  the  possibility  of  an  antenatal  exist- 
enee  gets  far  less  attention  and  far  less  credit. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XX.  340. 

antenatedt  (an'te-na-ted),  a,  [<  li.  ante  natus 
(see  antv-nati)  +'  -ed'^.']  Born  or  in  existence 
before  the  time  spoken  of. 

Something  of  the  Evangelical  relish  was  in  thera,  ante- 
nated,  and  in  being,  before  the  Gospels  were  written. 

Up.  llai-kt't.  Life  of  Al>p.  Williams,  ii.  46.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

ante-nati  (an-te-na'ti),  ».  7;?.  [ML.,  in  L.  prop, 
written  apart,  ante  Jtati :  antCj  before;  natiy  pi. 
of  natu,%  born,  pp.  of  nasci,  be  born:  see  ante-, 
nataly  and  nascent.']  Those  born  before  a  cer- 
tain time:  specifically,  in  Eng.  law,  applied  to 
Scotsmen  born  before  the  accession  of  James 
I.  to  the  English  throne  (1603),  who  on  this  ac- 
count were  considered  aliens.  'The  j^ost-nati,  ov 
tho3o  born  after  the  accession,  claimed  the  rights  of  na- 
tives of  England.  In  the  tJnited  States  the  term  is  ap- 
plied to  those  born  in  the  colonies  prior  to  the  Declaration 
of  Independence. 

antenave  (an'te-nav),  w.  [<  ante-  +  nave.']  In 
arch.,  same  as  narthcx. 

ante-Nicene  (an-te-ni'sen),  a.  [<  L.  antCy  be- 
fore, 4-  Siccenns,  Nicene,  <  Sicwa,  <  Gr.  '^iKaia, 
Nice,  a  city  of  Bithynia  in  Asia  Minor.]  An- 
terior to  the  first  general  council  held  at  Nice 
(Nicffia),  in  the  year  325:  as,  ante-Nicene  faitli. 
See  A7('CHf.— Ante-Nlcene  fathers.    See/«(A^r. 

antenna  (an-ten'a),  n, ;  pi.  antennw  (-e).  [NL. 
application  of  L.  antenna,  also  antemna,  a  sail- 
yard;  possibly  a  con-uption,  through  nautical 
use,  of  a  form  (cf.  the  perf.  part.  pass,  iivarerafii.- 
vo(^,  spread  out)  of  Or.  avaTeiveiv,  poet,  avreivuv, 
stretch  out,  spread  out,  <  avd,  back,  +  reivetv, 
stretch.]  1.  One  of  the  lateral  articiilated  ap- 
pendages occui'ring  in  paii-s  on  that  segment  of 
the  head  of  an  arthropod  animal,  as  an  insect, 
which  immediately  precedes  the  mouth  or  man- 
dibular segment;  a  feeler  or  *horn.'  They  vary 
greatly  in  size,  shape,  and  function.  The  appendages  of 
the  liead,  proceeding  forward  from  the  mouth-parts,  are : 
(1)  antcnnje,  (2)  antennuhe,  (3)  ophthalmites  or  eye-stalks, 
(a)  pi.  In  Crustacea:  <1)  Properly,  tlie  posterior  one  of  the 
two  pairs  of  feelers  or  horns  borne  upon  the  liead  of  most 
crustaceans,  as  crabs  and  lobsters,  as  distinguished  from  the 
anterior  pair,  or  antennula;.  From  their  relative  size  they 
are  known  as  the  long  feelei*s,  in  distinction  from  the  an- 
tennuhe, or  short  feelei-s.  \\iien  fully  developed,  the  an- 
tennic  consist  of  a  number  of  parts,  which,  beginning  with 
the  base,  are  named  the  basicerit^.,  the  Kcaj>/ii>ri')-itt\  the 
ischiocerite,  the  inerocerit^,  the  carpvcerite,  and  the  (ter- 
minal) procerite.  The  last  may  consist  of  a.  long  tUament 
with  many  articu- 
lations, sometimes 
exceeding  the 

whole  length  of 
the  animal's  body. 
See  cuts  ruider 
Cypri^,  Cythercidce^ 
and  Limnetis.  (-2) 
Loosely,  either  one 
of  the  two  pail's  of 
horns  or  feelers, 
that  is,  cither  the 
antenna)  j)roper  or 
the  antennula-.  {b) 
In  Arnchnida.  or 
spiders,  scorpions, 
etc.,  a  cheliccre; 
one  of  the  pair  of 
chelate  or  subche- 
late  appendages  of 
tlie  head,  situated 
between  and  mor-        ».  i.  filiform  aiitenii.-e  of  cucujo  firefly  of 

iilii.l...M,-.llv  in  Brazil   (Pyra/horus  luminosns^  ;   2.  dcn- 

piiMiUpii  .iiij  III  tjculatc  antenna;  3,  bipiiinate;  4.  lamclli- 

iront  ot    tnc    large  com;  5, clavatc;  6,  geniculate;  7,  antenna 

booked  or  piucer-  and  antennula  of  a  crusucean. 


235 


antependium 


Uko  appendages  known  as  pcilipalps.    They  are  adapted  antennate  (an-ten'at),  a.     [<  NL.  anlennatuS, 

'"'  """ ' ' "■ "'  " '      ■         ""  "  "■■'■■■"      <  iiiiti iiitii,  q.  v.]     Having  auteimtc. 

[<NL.  on- 

hnnd  +  Jj., /()■/■(  =  E.  6ea;l.]    BtarinK anteniite ; 

aiiti'nnarv,  as  a  segment  of  the  head. 

horn  or  tecler;  o.iu  ol  the  pair  oi  jointoi   anteiUlifdrm  (an-ten'i-foi-m),  a.    [(NL.  antenno 

ive  aupenduKea  of  the  liuad,  morphologically  "■"  T^^r^  ,.  t     c.i.         i  i-i  i 

eun  the  ni.iuth-parta  and  the  eyes,  though     +  h.Jorma,  lorm.]     Shaped  hko  an  antenna; 

resembling  an  antenna  in  any  way. 

The  cement  ducta  can  be  traceil  to  the  disks  of  the  an- 
tfniii/onn  organs.  IluxUy.  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  251>. 

antennula  (an-ten'u-lS),  «.;  pi.  aittotniiUf  {-\e). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  antenna,  q.  v.]     1.  A  little  an- 
tenna.—  2.  A  filiform  appendage  of  an  anten- 
na, as  in  some  crustaceans. —  3.  The  appendage 
of  the  segment  or  somite  of  the  head  of  an  ar- 
thropod ill  advance  of  that  bearing  the  anten- 
nio  proper;  one  of  the  anterior  of  the  two  pairs 
of  teelers  of  the  head  of  a  crustacean.     Com- 
monly called  the  sliort  feeler.     See  cuts  under 
Copejioda,  Vyehips,  and  Cythereidcc. 
Also  (iiitennulc. 
antennulary  (an-ten'u-la-ri),  a.    Of  or  pertain- 
ing I  o  au  antennula;  bearing  antennula; :  as,  the 
anlinnuhirii  somite  of  the  head  of  a  crustacean. 
n.     [<  antennula,  q.  v.] 
flexed,  deformed,  etc.,  antennse.    See  the  adjectives.      Same  as  antennula. 
antennal  (an-teu'al),  a.    [i  antenna  +  -al.l   Of  antenumber(an'te-nnm-ber),  n.  [<.ante-+mtm- 


for  seizing  and  tearing,  and  sometimes  convey  a  poiscin 

duct.     They  are  homologous  with  the  feelers  of  erustu-   nr,i-c.n-n'farriita'l        i        'f'      •      ^ 
eeans  and  insects,  anil  are  supposed,  in  some  cases  at  anXJeulllierOUS  (,an-le-nil  e-rus),  fl 
least,  to  represent  antennuhe  as  well  as  antenna;  proper. 
.See  cuts  inider  cA(!/aYra  and  *corj/io/t.    (r)  In  //wec(a  an<l 
Mitriapoda,  a  horn  or  feeler;  one  of  the  pair  of  jointed 
flexible  sensitive 

situated  between  the  mouth-part^  and  the  eyes, 
generally  api}earing  in  the  adult  between  or  before  the 
eyes.  These  characteristic  organs  are  usually  tilanientons 
with  many  articulations,  and  are  very  diverse  in  form ; 
some  of  the  terms  used  in  describing  their  shapes  are  tlii- 
form,  denticulate,  bipilniate,  clavatc,  geniculate.  In  Co- 
leoptera,  divisions  have  been  founded  upon  the  shapes 
of  the  antenna),  as  lamellieorn,  davicirn,  longicorn,  etc. 
These  organs  are  almost  universally  present  in  some  form 
or  other,  though  occasionally  rutiimentary  and  inconspicu- 
ous, in  which  ciises  the  insects  are  termed  aceroux,  as  dis- 
tinginshcd  from  diceraim.  The  i>arts  of  a  well-formed 
antenna  usually  recognized  are  the  pedicel,  scape,  and 
flagelluin  or  claveola,  the  last  usually  composing  most  of 
the  length  of  the  organ.  See  Ilyiiienoplera,  IiuPCta. 
2.  An  analogous  organ  on  the  heads  of  other 
animals,  as  a  feeler  or  tentacle,  like  the  eye- 
stalk  of  a  snail. — 3.  ;*L  Projecting  horns  of  iron 
or  bronze  found  on  some  ancient  helmets,  per- 
haps serving  only  as  ornaments,  or  as  badges,  or 
in  some  cases  to  stop  a  blow  from  glancingdown- 
ward  and  striking  the  shoulder.— Decussate,  de-  antennule  (an-teu'ul) 


or  pertaining  to  anteunse;  bearing  anteunaj; 
antennary. 

antennariid  (an-te-na'ri-id),  n.     A  fish  of  the 
family  Antennariidw. 


ice]  A  number  one  less  than  a  given  number: 
used,  in  the  case  of  objects  arranged  in  periods 
(as,  for  example,  days  are  in  weeks),  to  express 
the  fact  that  the  number  of  ol)jects  in  a  period 
is  one  less  than  the  number  which,  in  counting 
the  objects,  falls  upon  an  object  corresponding 
to  the  first :  thus,  7  is  the  antenumbcr  of  the  oc- 
tave.    [Bare.] 

It  is  to  be  considered,  that  whatsoever  virtue  is  in  num- 
bers for  conducing  to  consent  of  notes,  is  rather  to  be  as- 
erilied  to  the  antc-nuiuber  than  to  the  entire  number;  as 
namely,  that  the  sound  returneth  after  si-x  or  after  twelve 
[('.  e.,  tones  or  senntonesj ;  so  that  the  seventh  or  the  thir- 
teenth is  not  the  matter,  but  the  sixth  or  the  twelfth ;  and 
the  seventh  and  thirteenth  are  but  the  limits  and  boun- 
daries of  the  return.  Bacim,  Sylva  Sylvanum,  §  106. 

antenuptial (an-te-nup'shal), «.  [< LL. antenup- 
tialis,  <  L.  ante,  before,  +  nuptialis,  nuptial:  see 
ante-smd  nuptial.}    Occurring,  existing,  or dono 
before  maniage ;  coming  before  marriage ;  pre- 
ceding marriage  :  as,  an  an^cMifp^iai agreement; 
Antennariidse  (an-ten-a-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,     antenuptial  children. 
<  Antcnnarius  + -idee.']  "A  f amily  of  pediculate  anteocular  (an-te-ok'u-lar),  a.     In  entom.,  in 
fishes  with  elongate  geniculate  false  arms  or    fmut  of  the  eyes. 

pseudobrachia,  provided  with  three  distinct  anteoperculiun  (an'te-o-per'ku-hmi),  7i.  [NL., 
bones  (actinosts),  tj-pified  by  the  genus  Antcn-  <  L.  ante,  before,  -t-  operculum :  see  operculum.'] 
narius.  They  have  a  compressed  but  tumid  body ;  the  hi  ichtll.,  i>amo  as  preopcrculuni.  [Rare.] 
mouth  opens  upward ;  the  branchial  apertures  open  in  the  anteorbital  (an-te-6r'V)i-tal),  a.  [<  L.  ante, 
lower  axils  of  the  pectoral  flus;  there  are  no  pseud..-  before,  +  orbit,  q.'v.l  Situated  in  fl'Oiit  of  the 
branchix ;  and  the  do.^al  hns  are  represented  by  (1)  at     ^^,^^_    '^j^^  „«  tor fc(tai- Anteorbital,  foramen,  in 


Aittennarius  f  ictus. 


least  one  frontal  or  superior  rostral  spinti  or  filament,  and 
(2)  an  oblong  soft  dorsal.  The  pectoral  members  are  dis- 
tinctly geniculated  or  provided  with  an  elbow-like  joint. 
They  are  clii-lly  inhabitants  of  tropical  seas,  and  the  typi- 
cal >iHH  i'S  arc  "ftcn  called  frof)-  or  totid-Jijihes. 

Antennariinae  (an-ten'a^ri-i'ue),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  .-intennarius  +  -(««'.]  A  subfamily  of  jjedicu- 
late  fishes,  of  the  iamiXj  Antcnnariida;,  with  the 
head  compressed,  a  rostral  spine  or  tentacle  as 
well  as  two  otlier  robust  spines,  and  a  well- 
developed  soft  dorsal  fin.  Four  genera  are  known, 
the  chief  of  which  is  .intcnnariuit.  The  tj-pical  species 
are  mostly  found  in  coral-groves,  where  they  lurk  partially 
concealed,  but  one  ol  the  best  known,  Plerophnjne  hMrio, 
inhabits  the  sargassum-weed  of  the  open  seas,  and  makes 
in  it  a  nest  for  its  young. 

antennariine  (an-te-na'ri-in),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  Antennariiner. 

II.  n.  A  fishof  the  subfamily  J«fen«ffn'tH(r. 


viammalian  anat.,  an  orifice  in  the  cheek-bone,  in  front 
of  the  orbit,  transmitting  the  superior  maxillary  division 
of  the  trifacial  nerve,  and  in  some  cxses,  as  among  ro- 
dents, the  nuusseter  muscle.  It  corresponds  to  the  suborbi- 
tal foramen  of  lumian  anatomy.  It  is  frequently  a  forma- 
tion so  large  and  variable  as  to  alf'inl  /.*  .ological  cbar.acters, 
as  is  the  case  in  tlie  Itodentia.-  Anteorbital  process,  in 
mammalian  anat..  a  spur  of  the  Iruntal  Ijuue  on  the  an- 
teri.ir  and  upper  jjortion  of  the  margin  of  tlie  orl)it. 
antepagment  (an-te-pag'ment),  «.  [<  L.  ante- 
IKUinii  iitiiin,  also  antipatjnientum,  anything  ap- 
plied for  ornament,  <«nfe(«H(i),  before,  +  pag- 
mentum,  anything  joined  or  fastened,  (.pangere, 
older  form  pagere,  fasten:  see  pact.}  A  term 
used  by  Vitruvius  to  designate  decorative  mold- 
ings enriching  the  jambs  and  head  of  a  doorway 
or  window.  To  such  a  feature  the  term  archi- 
trare  is  now  commonly  applied. 


antennarioid  (an-te-na'ri-oid);  „.  and  a.     [<  antepagmentuni(anne-pag-men'tum),  11.;  pi. 


Intennariua  +  -oid.}    I.  .v.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Antennariiela' ;  an  antennariid. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Antcnnariida: 
Antennarius  (an-to-na'ri-tis),  H.    [NL.,  <  anten- 
na, q.  v.,  in  allusion  to  the  antenna-like  foremost 
dorsal  spine.]  Agenus  of  pediculate  fishes,  typi- 


antipaiinienta  (-tji).     Same  as  antepagment. 
antepaschal  (au-tf-pas'kal),  a.    liante-  +  jms- 
elidl.}    Pertaining  to  the  time  preceding  the 
Jewish  Passover,  or  preceding  Easter. 

The  dispute  was  very  early  in  the  church  concerning 
the  observation  of  Kast«r;  one  point  whereof  was,  con- 
celTiing  the  ending  of  the  anUpaxchal  fast. 

R.  XeUon,  Festivals  and  Fasts,  p.  445. 


calof  thefamilyjHte««nnK/ff,usedwithvarious  antepastt  (an'te-past),  ii.     [<L.  ante,  before,  + 
limits,  but  primarily  embracing  numerous  trop-  "     ..•  ^ .  .   ■ '^      ".     -  ■■  .   '     . 

ical  species. 
antennary  (an-ten'a-ri  or  an'te-na-ri),  a.  [< 
yi\j.antennarius,<an'tenna,ii{.\-.']  1.  Of.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  of  the  natiu'c  of  an  antenna :  as,  an  a»i- 
((»««(•!/ nerve.  Specifically — 2.  In  ciitow.,  bear- 
ing antenniE :  applied  to  that  segment  of  the 


paA-tux,  food,  <  pascerc,  feed :  sec  an  te-  and  pastel, 
pastor,  pasture.}  A  foretaste ;  something  taken 
before  a  meal  to  stimulate  the  appetite.  [Rare.] 

Were  we  to  expect  our  bliss  only  in  the  satiatyig  our 
appetites,  it  might  be  reasonable,  by  frequent  antepa^ts, 
to  e.\cite  our  gust  for  that  profuse  wsrpetual  meal. 

Decay  of  Chruit.  Pi^ty. 


head  of  insects  which  bears  the  antennffi._-An-  antepectus  (an-te-pek'tus),  n.    [NT-i.,  <  h.ante, 

' "- '  before,  -t- /)(?(•;«.«,' breast.]  In  c« torn.,  the  fore- 
breast  ;  tlie  under  side  of  the  prothorax. 
antependium  (an-te-pen'di-um),  «.;  pi.  ant^' 
pendiu  t-ii).  [ML.,'<L.  ante,  before,  +  pcn- 
rferc,  hang:  see  a/ite- and  ptH(/a«f.]  The  hang- 
ing by  which  the  front  of  an  altar  is  covered; 
one  of  the  kinds  of  frontal.  It  is  frequently  madQ 
of  silli  or  velvet,  and  ornamented  with  embroidery. 


tennary  somite,  the  segment  of  the  head  of  an  arthroliml 

which  bears  the  anteniix.— Antennary  Sternum,  the 
median  inferior  piece  of  the  antennary  somite.-  Anten- 
nary sternite,  in  crustjiceans.  the  epistoma  (which  see). 
See  cuts  under  Brachyura  and  Cydvps. 
Antennata  (an-to-na'ta),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  antennatus :  see  antennate.}  A  group  of 
annelids,  approxiniatelv  corresponding  to  the 
order  ehwtopoda  (whicli  see). 


antependlmn 

1  saw  the  anlfiH'iuliiiin  nf  tla-  ultiir  designed  for  the 

famuiis  chapel  of  St.  Lortuzo.      SiinMell,  Travels,  xxviii, 

A  ymini;  woman  who  ivouUl  get  np  at  live  o'clock  in  the 

nioniiTi^-  to  embroider  an  antepnutiuui,  and  ncKlecl  the 

li..iiMkiiiiiiiK'.    .Vim  Uraddon,  Hostages  to  Fortune,  p.  3. 

antepenult  (au  te-pe-milt'),  h.  a  shortened 
mill  virv  idimuou  form  of  antrpcuullinia. 

antepenultima  (an'te-pe-nul'ti-mii),  II.  [h., 
also  spelled  i()(^7«(««/<i'«(((se.,s7///<ji«,syllablo), 
the  syllable  before  the  iieniilt,  <  ante,  before,  + 
iKniii/fi/M'/,  penult:  sen  ante- iiud penult.']  The 
last  syllable  but  two  of  a  word,  as  syl  in  mono- 

Slllldlilt. 


236 

to  dorsal ;  hemal,  as  opposed  to  neural :  as,  the 
anterior  pillars  of  the  pharynx;  the  anterior 
walls  of  the  belly;  the  anterior  pillars  of  the 
spinal  cord. 

The  two  paits  into  which  tlie  iris  divides  the  eye  are 
called  the  anterior  and  posterior  charabei-s. 

/irtirafcr,  Optics,  p.  288.    (S .  E.  D.) 

5.  In  hot.,  in  axillary  inflorescence,  noting  the 
side  most  distant  from  the  axis  and  iii'arest 
the  subtending  leaf  or  braet:  as,  the  anteriiir 


anthemlon 

ante,  before,  +  venire  =  Gr.  l)aiveiv=  E.  come.'i 
Preceding ;  coming  before.  Lamb. 
anteversion  (an-te-ver'shgn),  M.  [<  L.  anterer- 
liio(u-),  a  putting  before,  <  unteccrtere,  pp.  ante- 
vcrsus:  see  antevert.']  A  tui-ning  forward;  spe- 
cifically, in  pathol.,  a  displacement  of  the  uterus 
in  which  the  fundus,  or  broad  upper  portion,  is 
turned  toward  the  pubes,  while  the  cervix  or 
neck  is  tilted  up  toward  the  sacrum :  opposed 
to  rclnirersion. 


side  of  a  llower:  otherwise  called  inferior  or  antevert  (an-te-vert'),  v.  t.     [<  L.  anterertere^ 


lower.     [In  all  its  senses  usually  followed  by  to 
before  an  ob,ieet.]=Syn.  2.  See  yreuwiK. 


thii-d  from  the  last  of  a  series:  as,  the  ante- 
penultimate joint  of  a  limb.— 2.  Pertaining  to 
the  last  syllable  but  two. 
II.  II.  the  antepenultima. 

antephialtic  (ant-of-i-al'tik),  fl.  and  «.  [<  Gr. 
arvi,  against,  +  c6ia/->/(,  nightmare:  see  anti- 
and  ephialtes.']  I.  a.  Tending  to  prevent 
nightmare. 

II.  M.  That  which  prevents  or  is  a  remedy 
for  nightmare. 
Also  written  anti-epliiaUic. 

antepileptic  (ant-ep-i-lep'tik).  (I.  and  n.    [<  Gr. 
av7i,  against,  +  eTrUTprrmoi;,  epileptic  :  see  anti- 
and  epileptic.']    I.    a.    Alleviating   or  curing 
epilepsy. 
II.  «.  A  remedy  for  epilepsy. 
Also  written  anti-epileptic. 

antepileptical  (ant-ep-i-lep'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
aiitcpHejitie. 

anteponet  (an-te-p6n'),  r.  t.  [<  L.  anteponere, 
set  before.  <  ante,  before,  +  ponere,  set,  place: 
see  ante- and  jio.sition.']    To  set  before.    Buileij. 

anteport  (an'te-port),  n.     [<  L.  ante,  before,  + 
porta,  agate.]  '  1.  An  outer  gate  or  door. —  2.  A 
hanging  before  a  door. 
Also  written  antiport. 

anteportico  (an'te-por 'ti-ko),  H 
jiortico,  q.  v.]  An  outer  porch 
[Rare.] 

anteposition  (an'te-po-zish'on),  «.  _ 
pusilioii.  Cf.antepoiw.]  1.  In  r/r«>n.,  the  pla- 
cing of  a  word  before  another  word  which,  by  or- 
dinary rules,  it  ought  to  follow. —  2.  In  hot.,  the 
non-alternation  of  the  members  of  contiguous 
circles  in  a  llower,  the  corresponding  parts  be- 
ing opposite  to  each  other:  otherwise  called 
superposition. 

anteprandial  (an-tf-pran'di-al),  a.     [<  L.  ante, 


priority. 


precede,  anticipate,  place  before,  <  ante,  before, 
■i- vcrterc,  turn:  see  verse.]  If.  To  prevent; 
avert. 

To  anieccrt  some  gieat  danger  to  the  public,  ...  we 
may  and  must  disclose  our  knowledge  of  a  close  wicked- 
ness. Bp.  Halt,  Cases  of  Conscience  (1054X  p.  421. 
2.  Totiporturnforward;  displace  in  a  forward 
direction,  as  the  uterus. 


Our  poet  could  not  have  seen  tlie  prophecy  of  Isaiah.  _i   j   /       *-      ■    '»„,i\    .,    „      rr:_„„,i  f„- 

because  he  lived  100  or  150  years  before  that  prophet;  and  anteVBrted  (an-te-ver  ted),  p.  a.     Tipped  for- 


this  anieriorilii  of  time  makes  this  passage  the  more  ob 
servable.  "  Poije.  Iliad,  xLv.  93,  note. 

anteriorly  (an-te'ri-or-li),  adv.  In  an  anterior 
manner;  before,  in  time  or  place;  previously, 
in  time ;  in  front,  in  place.     See  anterior. 

The  hemispheres  [of  the  brain-cavity  of  a  species  of  Co- 
ryphodon]  contract  anteriorty  into  the  very  stout  pedun- 
cles of  the  olfactory  lobes.  Pup.  Set.  Mo.,  XII.  124. 

anterolateral  (an-'te-ro-lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  L. 
'antenis  (see  anterior)  -I-  lateralis,  lateral:  see 
lateral.]     Situated  or  directed  anteriorly  and 

to  the   side.     Huxley Anterolateral  groove,  a 

name  suniLtinies  applied  to  the  line  along  the  spinal  cord 
where  the  iiiittrior  roots  of  the  spinal  nerves  emerge. 

anteroom  (un'te-rom),  «.  [<  ante-  +  room.]  A 
smaller  room  before  a  chief  apartment,  to  which 
access  is  had  through  it ;  especially,  a  waiting- 
room  used  for  the  temporary  reception  of  \-isi- 
tors,  etc. ;  an  antechamber. 

His  antc-rnoms  were  thronged  with  clients  of  all  sorts. 
Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (1ST6),  VI.  239- 

anteroparietal  (an'te-ro-pa-i'i'e-tal),  a.  [<  L. 
'anteru.s  (see  anterior)  -h  IAj.  parietalis,  parie- 
tal: see  parietal.]  Anterior  parietal:  applied 
to  one  of  the  gyri  of  the  brain.  See  gyrus. 
anteroposterior  (an  te-ro-pos-te'ri-or),  a.  [< 
L.  'anlerus  (see  anterior)  -h  posterior,  behind: 
see  posterior.]  Relating  to  the  direction  from 
front  to  back  or  fi-om  head  to  taU;  cephalocau- 

dal Anteroposterior  symmetry,  in  zool.,  the  view 

that  the  anterior  and  posterior  limbs  of  vertebrates  are 
reversed  or  symmetrical  repetitions  of  each  other,  like 
right  and  left  limbs,  and  therefore  not  serially  homolo- 
gous, or  parts  of  a  series  facing  all  in  one  direction, 
but  antitypical  homologues  or  antitypes ;  antitropy  as  op- 
posed to  syntropy,  in  viewing  intermembral  homologies. 
,.  ,  _  See  intermembral. 

before,  -1-  prandiuin,  a  late  breakfast,  a  meal  antesolarium  (an"te-so-la'ri-um),  «.;  pi.  ante- 
taken  early  in  the  day:  see  ante-  and 2>randial.]  suhiria  (-ii).  [JIL.,  '<  ii.  ante,  before,  -h  solari- 
Relating  to  the  time" before  dinner;  occurring  am:  see  solarium.]  A  portico,  veranda,  or 
before  dinner.  other  pro.iecting  structm'e  in  front  of  the  solars 

antepredicanient(an''te-pre-dik'a-ment),  »i.  [<     or  apartments  of  a  medieval  dwelling-house. 
ML.  antepra;dicamentum,  <  L.  ante,  before,  -t-     Judshy. 

IAj.  precdicamentum,  category.]  Jnlogic,  a  doc-  antestaturet  (an'te-stat-ur),  n.  [<  F.  antesta- 
trine  subservient  to  knowledge  of  the  preiUca-  ture  =  iip.  antestatura,  <  L.  ante,  before,  -I-  sta- 
ments.  Tlie  Anteprediraments  is  a  title  given  by  Al- 
bertus  Magnus  and  all  later  logicians  to  the  doctrine  of 
the  first  part  of  .\iistotle's  book  on  the  Categories.  These 
antepredicaments  are  seven,  viz.,  three  definitions,  two 
divisions,  and  two  rules.    The  definitions  are  of  equivo- 


[<  ante-  -I- 
or   portico. 

[<  ante-  -l- 


tiira,  a  standing:  see  stature.]  In  fort,  a  small 
intrenchment  or  work  foi-med  hastily  of  pali- 
sades or  sacks  of  earth,  for  the  defense  of  a  post, 

-.„.  ..... . o.    *..^ -..- .,.  -, or  of  works  part  of  which  have  been  captured. 

caiC'univocal's,' and  denominatives.    The  dirisions  are  of  antesternum    (an' te-ster-num),    n.;  -pX.  antc- 


things  said  int*)  terms  and  propositions  and  the  eight 
modes  of  inlierence.  The  rules  are  the  dictum  de  omni 
et  nullo  (see  dietitm),  and  that  which  affirms  that  the  dif- 
ferences of  different  genera  are  different.  The  word  had 
been  previously  applied,  in  the  plural,  as  a  name  for  Por- 
ph\T>-'s  Introduction  to  Aristotle's  Categories  and  the 
doctrine  of  the  predicables  therein  contained. 
antepretonic  (an'te-pre-ton'ik),  a.  [<  ante-  -^- 
pretonic]  Pertaining  to  or  contained  in  the 
syllable  before  the  pretonic  syllable. 

The  antepretonic  open  syllable  may  have  either  a  heavy 
or  a  light  vowel.  Amer.  Jour.  Philol.,  V.  499. 

anteprostate  (an-te-pros'tat),  or.     [<  ante-  + 

jiriistati .]    Lying  in  front  of  the  prostate  gland. 

anteprostatic  (an-te-pros-tat'ik),  o.     Same  as 

anteiiriistatv. 


sterna  (-nil).     [NL.,'<  L.  ante,  before,  +  NL. 

sternum:  iee  sternum.]     In  entom.,  the  center 

of  the  antepectus;  the  fore  part  of  the  middle  anthem  (au'them),  « 

of  the  breastplate  of  insects. 
antestomach  (an'te-stum-ak),  n.     [<  ante-  -h 

sfomacli.]     In  birds,  some  "distensible  portion 

of  the  gullet  (not  a  proper  crop)  in  which  food 

is  first  lodged. 
In  birds  there  is  no  mastication  or  comminution  of  the 

meat  in  the  mouth,  but  it  is  inuuediately  swallowed  into 

a  kind  ol  antestomach,  which  I  have  observed  in  piscivorous 

birds.  Ray. 

ante-suppert  (an'tf-sup-er),  H.     [<  ante-  +  sup- 

l)er.]     A  course  displayed  but  not  partaken  of, 

in  anticipation  of  supper.     A".  E.  D. 


anterior  (an-te'ri-or),  o.    [L.,compar.  adj.,as  if  antetemple  (an'tf-tem-pl),  n.     [<  ante- -^ 


from  "antcrus,  <  ante,  before.  Cf.  posterior,  ex- 
terior, interior,  superior,  inferior.]  1.  Of  place : 
fore;  situated  more  to  the  front:  the  opposite 
of  posterior. — 2.  Of  time:  going  before;  pre- 
cetling ;  antecedent ;  prior ;  earlier. 

Intellect  is  the  simple  power  anterior  to  all  action  or 
construction.  Kmerxon,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  295. 

3.  In  Miil.  and  soilt.,  nearer  the  head,  as  op- 
posed to  posterior;  cephalal,  as  opposed  to  cau- 
dal ;  oral,  as  opposed  to  aboral :  thus,  the  head 
is  anterior  to  the  neck,  which  is  itself  anterior 
to  the  tnink  and  tail. — 4.  In  human  anat.,  situ- 
ated in  front,  with  respect  to  that  side  of  the 
body  on  which  is  the  face ;  ventral,  as  opposed 


_  __  ^  _  tem- 

ple.] The  jiorch  or  vestibule  before  the  temple 
at  Jerusalem.  Tlie  term  has  been  used  to  designate 
the  narthex  or  vestibule  of  early  Christian  churches,  and 
it  has  been  applied  to  the  nave  of  a  church  regarded  as 
placed  before  the  chancel  or  sanctuary  and  outside  of  its 
pale.  Its  use  as  designating  the  pronaos  of  a  classical  tem- 
ple is  not  to  be  commended. 


ward;    exhibiting    anteversion:    said    of   the 
uterus. 

anth-.  [<  Gr.  ai'6-,  assimilated  form  of  avr-  for 
aiTi-  before  the  aspirate.]  The  form  of  the 
prefix  ant-  before  the  aspirate  li  in  words  taken  . 
from  or  formed  according  to  the  Greek.  In 
words  formed  in  English  anti-  usually  remains 
unchanged  before  the  aspirate,  as  in  antihyp- 
notie,  antiliysterie,  etc. 
anthela  (an-the'la).  «. ;  t?\.  antheUe  (-\e).  [Nli., 
<  Gr.  avtii/'/.Ti,  the  iSowny  plume  of  the  reed  (L. 
jianicula),  <  avdeiv,  bloom :  see  anther.]  In  hot., 
a  form  of  cymose  inflorescence,  either  unilateral 
and  sickle-shaped  or  bilateral  and  fan-shaped, 
the  lateral  axes  overtopping  the  central,  as  in 
Juncus  tenuis. 

anthelia,  ».     Plural  of  anthelion. 
anthelices,  «.     Plural  of  anthelix. 
antielicine  (ant-hel'-  or  an-thel'i-sin),  a.     [< 
an  thelix  (-ic-)  -\-  -/jic-l.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
antihelix  of  the  ear:  as,  the  anthelicine  fossa. 
anthelion  (ant-he'-  or  an-the'U-on),  n. ;  pi.  ant- 
helia (-a).     [NL..  <  Gr.  avOfi'/iov,  neut.  of  av&i- 
'not;  (with  iivr-  changed  to  avd-  before  the  rough 
breathing),  later  form  of  avrif/.io^,  opposite  to 
the  sun,  <  iivr-  for  avri.  opposite  to,   +   v^m^, 
the  sun:   see  helio-.     Cf.  aphelion  and  perihe- 
lion.]   A  solar  phenomenon  consisting  of  one 
or  more  faint  luminous  rings  around  the  shadow 
of  the  head  of  an  observer  when  projected  at 
no  great  distance  by  the  sun  when  it  is  near 
the  horizon  on  a  cloud,  fog-bank,  grass  covered 
with  dew,  or  other  moist  surface.     It  is  some- 
times observed  in  alpine  and  polar  regions,  and 
is  due  to  diffraction  of  light. 
anthelix  (ant'he-  or  an'the-liks),  «.;  ipl.  anthel- 
ices  (ant-hel'-  or  an-thel'i-sez).     [<  Gr.  avdf/j^, 
the  inner  curvature  of  the  ear,  <  avd-,  avr-  for 
diT/,  opposite  to, -t- £/.(#,  helix:  see  helix.]   Same 
as  antihelix. 
anthelminthic    (an-thel-min'thik),  a.   and  n. 

Same  as  inithelmintic. 
anthelmintic  (au-thel-min'tik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
NL.  (inthelminticum,  <  Gr.  avd-,  avr-  for  aiTi, 
against,  -1-  f /-/ui'f  (i'/./uvO-),  a  worm.  esp.  a  tape- 
worm, a  maw-worm;  of  uncertain  origin.]  I. 
a.  In  med.,  destro\-ing  or  expelling  intestinal 
worms. 

II.  ».  A  vennif  uge ;  a  drug  used  for  destroy- 
ing and  expelling  intestinal  worms. 

1  (au'them),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
th i/ in  :  occasionally  spelled  anthijmne  (simulat- 
ing hi/mn),  also  antheme,  antemne;  <  ME.  an- 
tem,  antim,  antym,  anteme.  antempne,  antephne, 
antefne,  <  AS.  antefen.  <  ML.  antifona,  anti- 
phona,  an  anthem,  an  autiphon :  see  anti- 
phon.]  Originally,  a  h.vmn  sung  in  alternate 
parts;  in  modern iisage, "a  piece  of  sacred  music 
set  to  words  usually  taken  from  the  Psalms  or 
other  parts  of  the  Scriptures ;  a  developed  mo- 
tet. There  are  four  kinds  :  (a)  antliems/or  a  double  choir, 
in  which  the  choirs  sing  antiphonally  :  ('')  /""  anthems, 
which  consist  of  a  chorus  only,  or  of  a  chorus  and  verses, 
in  which  the  chorus  occupies  the  principal  place,  and  the 
vei-ses  (usually  set  to  music  in  four  parts  and  sung  by  a 
part  of  the  choir)  are  subordinate;  (r)  rerse  anthems,  in 
which  solos,  duets,  and  trios  are  the  prominent  features, 
the  chorus  being  subordinate;  and  (rf)  »olo  anthems,  in 
which  a  single  voice  is  the  prominent  feature.  Tlie  an- 
them may  or  may  not  have  an  accompaniment  for  the  or- 
gan, or  for  any  number  of  instnnuents.  It  has  reached  its 
highest  development  in  England. 


antetype(an'te-tip),  «!  [As  if  ante- +  type; 'but  anthem  (an'them),  i.  ^    [<  anthem, n.]   Tocele- 


prop.  aH(i()^;)c,  q.  v.]  A  protot.vpe ;  a  primitive 
or  early  tjTie  whence  some  later  form  has  been 
derived.    See  antitype. 

The  antettijiesin  carboniferous  times  of  the  modern  king- 
crab.  '  Stand.  Xat.  JJist.,  II.  ST. 

antevenient   (an-te-ve'nient),  a.     [<  L.   ante- 
venien(t-)s,  ppr.  of  antevenire,  come  before,  < 


brate  or  salute  with  au  anthem  or  song.     [Used 
only  in  poetry.] 

Sweet  birds  antheminff  the  mom. 

Keats,  Fancy. 

anthemion  (an-the'mi-on),  n. ;  pi.  anthemia  (-ii). 
[<  Gr.  avtieulov,  a  flower,  a  flower  ornament,  < 
avdof,  flower:  see  anther.]    In  art  and  archceol.: 


anthemion 

(o)  A  eharacteristio  palmotto  orhoiipyRiicklo  or- 
nament, viirying  in  detail,  but  cdiistant  in  tyiic, 
of  very  freciuoiit  oceurreiico  both  in  single  ex- 
amples and  in  scries,  in  vase-painting,  in  arehi- 
teetural  seulptiu'e,  in  jewelry  and  dress-fabrics, 
and  in  all  other  decorative  work  of  Greek  origin 
from  very  early  times,  an<l  later  in  ornament  de- 
rived from  the  Greek.  'I'liis  iirimiiu'iit  in  its  i>ri).'inal 
slmpe  wjis  iKHToweti  by  (Irt'i'k  artists  from  thuOritriit,  and 
was  pioliahly  liist  a'lnptfd  hy  tlio  loiiijiiis.  It  was  inucll 
used  iiiM'Pi  aiitriKcs.  hutli  siiilptiu'edaiiil  in  tcrra-cotta,  and 
in  tlif  cnnipnsitiim  of  acrntcria,  particularly  those  of  tlu' 
tall  and  slender  (-Ireek  funeral  slabs.  (^)  Any  con- 
ventionalized flower  or  foliage  ornament,  as 
those  common  in  Oriental  embroidery  or  Per- 
sian porcelain. 


Anthemia. 
a,  from  a  Greek  vase ;  *,  from  the  acroterium  of  an  Attic  stele. 

anthemion-frieze  (an-the'mi-on-frez),  «.  Same 

as  luitlicmiiiii-molding. 
anthemion-molding   (an-the'mi-on-m61"i.ling), 
n.     In  <;/•.  art,  a  molding  or  frieze  ornamented 
with  a  scries  of  anthemia,  usually  in  graceful 


AlithcrnJi.T. 
i>.  branch  of  Fucns,  with  atitheridia, 
one  separ.^tcd  .Tntl  anthcruzoids  escap- 
ing ;  *,  anthcridia  of  a  moss  surrounded 
l>y  paraphyscs.  (Both  highly  magni- 
fied.) 


Anthemion-molding.— Frieze  of  the  Erechtheura. 

alternation  of  two  fonns.  .Sometiiues  the  effect  is 
diversitled  by  the  intruduetion  of  flowers  orteiulrils  more 
liter.ally  expiessed,  and  oeciusionally  birds  are  ri-|iivseiited 
perchiiiK  on  the  tendrils,  as  in  examples  at  Athens  and  Ar- 
gos.  The  most  eleuant  examples  of  antlieinion-lHoldini:  are 
those  b.-iieathtluMa|iitMls  of  the  nortli  Ji.ir.li  r.iluinns,  and 
forniin-.:  one  of  the  friezes,  of  the  Kreehtheum  at  Alliens. 

AnthemiS  (an'the-mis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  avOe/iig,  a 
flower,  also  an  herb  like  our  camomile  (Dios- 
corides),  <dv6'of,  a  flower:  see  anther.']  A  large 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Composita;  tribe 
Anthc»ii(te(V.  A.  Cotula  is  the  mayweed  or  stinking 
caiuoinile  ;  A.  nobilU  is  the  eonnnou  camomile  of  Europe 
and  of  gardens  elsewhere.  The  flowers  contain  a  hitter 
piineiple,  which  has  tonic  properties,  and  yield  an  essen- 
tial oil  having  an  aromatic  fragrance.  They  are  conse- 
quently much  used  as  a  light  tonic,  and  also  as  a  fomen- 
tation or  pipultiee. 

anthemorrhagic  (ant"hem-o-raj'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avtl-.  iivT-  toTavTi,  against,  +  wiiopjm^iKoc,  hemor- 
rhagic: see  liemorrlKUiic.]  Tending  to  cheek 
hemorrhage;  hemastatic.  Also  aiithwmorrhijt/ic 
and  (iiitilicmorrhnfiic. 

anthemwise    (an'them-wiz),  adr.     [<   nnthrm 
+  )r/.vr-.]      In  the  manner  of  an  antiphonal 
anthem ;     alter- 
nately. 

Several  (luires. 
placed  one  over 
against  another,  and 
taking  the  voice  by 
catches,  anttiem- 
wisc,  give  great 
pleasure. 

Bacon,  Masques. 

anthemy  (an'- 
the-rai),  II.;  pi. 
(intlirniicsi-raiz). 
[<  Gr.  av6i/uov, 
equivalent  to 
avOor,  a  flower: 
see  anther.']  In 
hot.,  a  term  pro- 
posed for  any 
form  of  flower- 
cluster. 

anther        (au'- 

ther),  H.     [<  NL. 
anthera,  anther, 


Anthers. 
a.  anther  of  .-iifUtU^ia,  opening:  6. 
s.inie.  expanded  ;  c.  versatile  anther  of 
Lilltim  ;  tt.  anther  of  H<rbtr\s,  opening 
by  valves;  ,•.  anther  of  .Tc>/«mmot,  opening 
by  terminal  pores;  /.  sigmoid  antlier  of 
Ecbalium.    ^Atl  magnified.; 


237 

<  Gr.  av8rip6(,  flowery,  blooming,  <  nvflnv,  bloom, 

<  iv0o<;,  a  blossom,  a  flower,  =  Skt.  andhas, 
herb.]  In  hot.,  the  essenti;U  polliniferons  part 
of  a  stamen,  generally  raised  ujion  the  extremi- 
ty of  a  filament,  it  is  usually  a  double  sac  formed  by 
two  simple  or  bilocellate  cells,  tilled  with  pollen,  and  each 
cell  opening  at  maturity  by  a  slit,  pore,  or  valve.  The  an- 
ther is  variously  attached  to  the  siuumit  of  a  fliament,  or 
may  be  sessile.  Theoretically  it  is  homologous  to  the 
hhide  of  a  leaf,  the  two  halves  of  which  are  represented 
by  the  cells,  the  mid-vein  by  the  lonnertive,  and  the  pa- 
renchyma by  the  pollen.    Adnate  anther,  cruciate 

anther,  etc.     See  the  adjectives. 

antheral  (an'th6r-al),  rt.  l<.anther  +  -al.]  Per- 
taining to  an  anther  or  to  anthers. 

anther-dust  (an'thcr-dust),  n.  The  dust  or  pol- 
len of  ;in  anther. 

antherid  (:in'thi'r-id),  n.   Same  as  antheridium. 

antheridia,  ".     Plural  of  (uithcridinm. 

antheridial  (an-the-rid'i-al),  a.  [<  antheridium 
+  -fit.]  In  bot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  an  anthe- 
ridium. 

The  Antheridial  disk  springing  from  the  leaf  form. 

S.  n.  ilcrriclc,  Plant  Life,  p.  95. 

antheridian  (an-the-rid'i-an),  a.    Same  as  an- 

tlirridiiil. 
antheridium  (an-the-rid'i-um),   n. ;  pi.  anthc- 
ridia (-;i).    [NL.,<  anthera,  anther,  +  Gr.  dim. 
-M/or.]    Inhot.,t\\o 
organ     in    cryjito- 
gamie  plants  which 
answers  to  the  an- 
ther in  the  phaner- 
ogamic   series.     It 
assumes  various  forms 
and    positions    in    the 
dirterent  groups.     Also 
called  niitltrrid. 

antheriferous  (an- 
the-rif 'e-rus),  a.  [< 
Nlj.  anthera  +  L. 
ferre  =  E.  bcar'^.'] 
In  bot:  (a)  Pro- 
ducing anthers. 
(b)  Supporting  an- 
thers, as  the  fila- 
ments. 

antheriform  (an'- 
ther-i-fonn),  a.     [<  NL.  anthera  +  L.  forma, 
form.]     ILiviiig  the  form  of  an  anther. 

antherogenoUS  (an-the-roj'e-nus),  a.  [<  NL. 
anthero;ienu.s,  <  anthera  +  L.  -genus,  producing: 
see  -geiious.]  In  hot.,  resulting  from  the  trans- 
formation of  anthers,  as  the  adilitional  petals  in 
many  double  flowers  :  also  applied  to  a  double 
flower  resulting  from  such  transformation. 

antheroid  (an'ther-oid),  «.  [<.  anther  + -old.'] 
Keseiiibling  an  anther. 

antherozoid  (an"ther-o-zo'id),  w.  [<  NL.  an- 
tliera,  anther,  +  ;:ooidcs,  zooiil:  see  anther  and 
ro(<((/.]  In  bof.,  the  minute  body  proiluced  in 
the  antheridium  of  cryptogams  by  wbicli  the 
female  organs  are  fertilized.  The  antherozoids 
are  slender  spiral  threads,  with  a  somewhat  thickened 
apex,  which  are  produced  in  the  antheridial  cells;  when 
mature  they  burst  the  cell  and  move  freely  about.  See 
cut  under  antttrriiliinn. 

anthesis  (an-the'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avdijci^,  the 
full  bloom  of  a  flower,  <  avSuv,  bloom:  see 
anther.]  The  period  or  act  of  expansion  in 
flowers. 

I  thereupon  carefully  inspected  both  these  trees  (gink- 
go), and  found  that  antiirsiit  was  so  nearly  synchronous  in 
the'  two  sexes  titat  I  was  able  on  the  5th  to  pronounce 
them  ready  for  fertilization.  Science,  V.  495. 

Anthesteria  (an-thes-te'ri-ii),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  'AvBe- 
n-ijiiia,  the  fi';ist  of  flowers,  in  the  month  of  '.Vi'- 
HenTtiiiiuv:  see  .Inlhe.'.fc-rion.]  In  dr.  antiq.,  tho 
festival  of  flowers,  the  third  in  order  of  the 
Attic  feasts  in  honor  of  Dionysus.  The  observance 
lasted  for  three  days,  about  the  u'liddle  of  the  month  of 
Anthesterion  (or  toward  the  1st  of  our  March),  and  cele- 
brated the  opening  of  spring  and  the  ripening  of  the  wine 
of  the  previous  season.  The  people  wore  garlands  of  the 
brilliant  anemones  which  deck  the  Attic  plain  at  that  sea- 
son, and  certain  mystic  ceremonies  and  saeriHces  were 
performed  by  priestes.ses  in  the  guise  of  bacchantes. 

Anthesterion  (an-thes-te'ri-on),  «.  [Gr.  'Ar- 
OraTJipajv,  the  time  of  flowers,  <  Mhr  (stem  avSr-, 
orig.  avihn-),  a  flower,  +  terra.  -Tnpi-uv.]  The 
eighth  month  of  the  ancient  Attic  year,  con- 
taining twentv-nine  days,  and  corresponding 
to  the  last  part  of  February  and  the  beginning 
of  March. 

anthicid  (an'thi-sid),  n.  Abeetleof  the  family 
Aniliieidiv. 

Anthicidae  (an-this'i-de),  «.  /)?.  [NL.,  <  Anthi- 
cus  +  -)(/((.]  A  f;iniily  of  heteromerous  beetles. 
coiTesponding  to  the  Anthicide.-i  of  Latreille  or 
the  old  genus  Xotoxu.'i.  They  have  the  anterriorcoxal 
cavities  open  behind ;  the  head  strongly  constricted  at 
base  and  suddenly  uarrowed  behind ;  no  lateral  suture 


anthoclinitun 

of  the  thorax  ;  perfect  tarsi,  with  distinct  claws;  normal 
eyes ;  the  prothorax  at  base  narrower  than  the  elytra  ;  anil 
the  himi  eoxie  not  prinninent.  They  are  beetles  mostly 
of  small  size,  generally  fonjid  on  flowers,  though  some  spe- 
cies inhabit  sandy  jilaces  near  water. 

Anthicus  (an'thi-kus),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  av6iK6^, 
like  a  flower.  <  ixvUoc,  a  flower:  see  anther.]  A 
genus  of  heteromerous  beetles,  typical  of  the 
family  Antliicid<r,  having  the  thorax  unarmed. 
It  contiiins  Anthicus  J'uscus  and  many  other  mi- 
nute siiecies. 

Anthiase  (au'thi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anthus  + 
-i<ta\]  The  Anthinw  {ymidh  see),  rated  as  a 
family. 

ant-hill  (ant'hil),  n.  [<  ME.  amctc-huU.  <  AS. 
a'niet-liijll,  (iini  It-hjill :  secrtH^l,  emmet,  and/(i7/l.] 
A  mound  or  hillock  of  earth,  loaves,  twigs,  and 
other  substances,  fonned  by  a  colony  of  ants 
for  or  in  the  process  of  constructing  their  habi- 
tation. The  ant-hills  erected  by  the  termites,  or  white 
ants,  are  among  tile  most  extraordinary  examples  of  insect 
architecture.  They  are  in  the  form  of  pyramids  or  cones 
of  ciirtii.  sonn-tiines  Ibor  12  feet  high,  baked  in  the  sun  to 
remarkable  liartliie.ss  ;ind  consistency.  Seefermite. —  Ant- 
hill graBS,  a  name  given  to  a  species  of  fescue-grass.  Fes. 
tucti  .'<ttlnitiiu,  from  its  frequent  occurrence  on  ant-hills. 

ant-hillock  (ant'hil'pk),  )i.     Same  as  ant-hill. 

Anthinae  (an-thi'ne),  n.  111.  [NL.,  <  Anthus  + 
-ilia:]  A  subfamily  of  oscine  passerine  birds; 
one  of  two  divisions  of  the  family  Motacillidw, 
or  wagtails:  sometimes  made  a  family  JnWii(/<e. 
The  group  consists  of  the  pijiits,  or  tithirks,  chiefly  of  the 
genus  AnIliiDt,  with  which  the  snbfjunily  is  nearly  con- 
terminous. .I/ff/ii'/kF  differ  from  other  .l/"/nci7/i(/tf*  in  Intv- 
ing  the  tail  shorter  th.an  the  wing. » lib  broader  feathers, 
the  tarsi  relatively  shorter,  the  lateral  toes  longer,  and 
the  hind  claw  lengthened  and  straightened.  Four  or  flvo 
primaries  usually  compose  the  point  of  the  wing,  and  the 
ccdoration  is  streaky.  There  are  ;tbout  50 species,  found  in 
most  p;irfs  of  tlie  world.     .See  Anilius. 

anthine^  (an'thin),  a.  [<  L.  anthinus,  <  Gr.  ai>- 
tkvuc,  pertaining  to  a  flower,  <  drWof,  a  flower.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  flower. 

anthine- (an'thin),  0.  [<  .liithiiia:]  limrnith., 
of  iir  iiertaining  to  the  Anthina;  or  pipits. 

anthobian  (an-tho'bi-an),  ».  [<  NL.  Anthobii 
+  -an.]  A  beetle  of  ttie  group  Anthobii  (which 
see):  socalledfromlivingonflowersand  leaves. 

Anthobii  (an-tho'bi-i),  «.  /)/.  [NL.,  pi.  of  an- 
thobin.i,  a.,  <  Gr.  avtior,  a  flower,  +  /3/of ,  life.]  In 
some  systems  of  classification  (as  Latreille's),  a 
group  (if  scaraba>oid  laniellicom  beetles,  closely 
related  to  the  Hoplides,  but  having  the  two  di- 
visions of  the  labium  produced  beyond  the 
mentum,  the  elytra  with  rounded  tips  divaricat- 
ing from  each  other,  and  the  antennie  9-  or  10- 
joiuted,  the  last  3  joints  constituting  the  clave- 
ola.  There  :ire  several  genera  and  many  species,  chiefly  of 
warm  countnes,  living  upon  flowers  jiiid  leaves. 

Anthobranchia  (an-tho-brang'ki-U),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ifWof,  a  flower,  +  fipdyx'",  gills.]  A 
suborder  of  nuflibranchiate  gastropods,  with 
the  brauchisB  arranged  in  a  rosette  about  the 
anus,  whence  the  name.  It  includes  the  family 
Ihiridider  and  related  forms.  Also  called  I'y- 
f/ohranrliia. 

anthobranchiate  (an-tho-brang'ki-at),  a.  andn. 

[<  Antholiranchia  -\-  -atA.]    I.  a.  Pertaining  to 

or  having  the  characters  of  the  Anthobranchia. 

II.   n.   A  member  of  the  suborder  Antho- 

briiiiehia. 

anthocarpoUS  (an-tho-kiir'pus),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
thiicarpiis,  <  Gr.  linfloi;,  a  flower,  -I-  Ko/)-iii',  fruit: 
see  carpet.]  In  hot.,  characterized  by  thickened 
floral  ouveloi)s:  applied  to  certain  fruits,  in- 
stances of  anthoc;inions  fruits  are  the  cheekerberry  with 
a  fleshy  calyx,  the  berry  of  the  yew  with  a  cup  like  disk, 
and  the  strawberry  with  fleshy  torus.  Tlie  epithet  is  also 
applieil  to  such  multiple  fruits  as  the  mulberry  luid  pine- 
ajiple,  which  are  dense  fonns  of  inflorescence  with  the 
fleshy  floral  envelops  matted  together  about  the  ovaries, 
and  to  the  tig,  the  cone  of  the  piiie,  etc. 

Anthochaera  (an-tho-ke'rii),  n.  [NL.,  irreg.  < 
tir.  (iit'or,  a  flower,  '+  ;ia'/)fn',  delight.]  A  ge- 
nus of  honey-birds,  of  the  family  Meliphayidiv 
and  subfamily  Mtliphagina;  based  upon  the 
mottled  honey-eater  or  bnish  wattle-bird  of 
Australia  (J.  ciiriniculata  or  A.  mellirora),  de- 
scribed as  specially  foiul  of  the  banksias,  upon 
the  blossoms  of  which  it  feeds.  It  has  a  peculiarco'. 
resembling  the  syl- 
lables iiiioffwnruck, 
its  native  name. 
Vif/orn  and  Hora. 
/cid,  1826.  Fonuerly 
also  called  Crradion. 

anthoclinlum 

(an-tho-klin'i- 
imi),  H.;  pi.  nn- 
thoelinia  (-ii). 
[NL..<Gr.ni'^*or. 
a  flower.  +  i^'/in/. 
abed:  see  clinic. 
etc.]    In  bot.,  a 


Section  of  Head  of  SunltowcT. 
a,  receptacle,  or  anthoclinium. 


anthoclinium 
name  for  a  receptacle  of  inllorescenee,  such  as 
tliiit  of  <'f»iij><>sita: 

Anthocorinae  (an-thok-o-ri'ne),  ji.  ;>?.  [NL.,  < 
Aiitliwori.f  +  -iita:'\  A  subfamily  of  bugs,  of 
the  family  Cimickkv,  foiitiuuing  cliiolly  minute, 
narrowly"  oviil,  and  narrow-headed  species  of 
a  shining-black  or  dull-brown  color,  marked 
•with  white.  . 

Anthocoris  (an-thok'o-ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
tlu,;.  a  llower,  -I-  /v(i/«f,  a  bug.]  A  genus  of  het- 
eropterous  insects,  of  the  family  Ljiga'ida',  or 
giriug  name  to  a  subfamily  jH'/i"C(»''""'  of  the 
family  limirida;  having  the  antennse  filiform. 
It  contains  small  black  bugs  with  reddish  and 
white  marks.     See  cut  imder  flnwcr-lnig. 

anthocyan  (au-tho-si'an),  ».  Same  as  antho- 
ciinniii.  ,       ■    \ 

anthocyanin,  anthocyanine  (an-tho-si  ji-nin), 

H.  [<  Gr.  (ii'Hof,  a  Hower,  -I-  Kiavo^,  blue,  -I-  -('«-. 
Cf.  n/((H(".]  The  dissolved  coloring  matter  in 
blue'tiowers.  ,    ,.    ,  ..> 

anthodium(an-th6'di-um),  «.;  pl.anWjorfja  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  i'ivBuSk:  see  (inthoid.'\  The  head,  or 
so-called  compound  flower,  of  Composihe. 

anthogenesis  (an-tho-.ien'e-sis),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
oi'tfof,  a  flower,  -1-  }fi'f<T(f,  production.]  A  mode 
of  reproduction  oceuiTing  in  some  of  the  plant- 
lice,  or  VUtilophthiriu,  in  which  there  intervenes 
a  fonn  fui'uishing  male  and  female  pupse  from 
which  sexual  individuals  arise.  Pascoe,  Zool. 
Class.,  p.  264. 

anthography  (an-thog'r,a-fi),  «.  [<  Gr.  oi>flof, 
a  flower,  -1-  -)(ia<j>ia,  <  ■)paipeiv,  wiite.]  That 
branch  of  botany  -which  treats  of  flowers;  a 
description  of  flowers. 

anthoid  (an'thoid),  «.  [<  Gr.  * avdoeiSiji;,  contr. 
avtf(Jd?/f,  like  a  flower,  <  avtio^,  a  flower,  +  cMoc, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  a  flower ;  resem- 
bling a  flower. 

antholeucin,  antholeucine  (au-tho-lu'sin),  n. 

[<  Gr.  iiMn:,  a  flower,  +  '/.evKd^,  white,  +  -in^.'\ 
The  dissolved  coloring  matter  in  white  flowers. 


238 

any  circular  muscles,  the  tentacles  being  con- 
sequent ly  non-retractile.  Reproductive  organs  are 
jiiesiMit  on"  all  the  nuinerous  complete  septa;  accessory 
telltjulis  .il'i'  waTitinc  _ 

Anthomyia  (an-tho-mi'i-ii),  n.  [NL.  (Meigen, 
\X-2('>;  iini)rop.  .1 /i //)(»«//«,  Desvoidy,  1830,  earlier 
in  a  perverted  form,  Anthomyia,  Fallen,  1810), 
<  Gr.  nvdo(:,  a  flower,  +  pvia,  a  fly,  akin  to  L.  miis- 
ca,  a  fly:  see  Miisca.']   A  genus  of  dipterous  in- 


anthotaziB 

1.  In  entoni.,  flower-loving,  as  a  bee. —  2.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Aiilhopliihi. 
Anthophora  (an-thof'6-rii),  H.    [NL.,  fem.  sing, 
(iu  sense  li  neut.  pi.)  of  aiithophorm :  see  antlto- 


Turnip-fly  [^Uttlwfiyi.i  rndicitm),    (Cross  shows  natural  size.) 
r,  lan-a;  b,  pupa,  natural  size;  c,  pupa,  enlarged.    (After  Curtis.) 


sects,  typical  of  the  family  Anthomyulee :  less 
commonly  in  the  perverted  form  A)ithomij::a,  it 
includes  numerous  species;  the  larvje  of  some  feed  upon 
garden  vei;etaliles.  A.  brassica  is  the  ca))l>agc-tly ;  A.  tri- 
inavulfttu  and  A.  radicum  are  turnip-flies;  A.  tuberosa&t- 
tacks  iiotatocs. 

Anthomyidae  (an-tho-mi'i-de),  n.  pJ.  [NL.,< 
Aiithiimi/iii  +  -i(I(C  :  also  in  the  perverted  form 
Anthomii::id(V  (Aiitliomi/zirlrx,  Latreille).]  In 
some  systems  of  elassifii-ation,  a  family  of 
dipterous  insects,  corresponding  more  or  less 
exactly  to  the  Aiitliomy;:ides  of  LatreUle:  some- 
times merged  in  Muscidw. 

Anthomyza  (an -tho- mi '  zii),  n.      [NL.,  a  per- 
verted form  for  ^-iHrtomy/o.]'    1.  Jncntom.:  (a)        .,- ,  ,      .^  c- 
Same  as  Anthomyia.    Fallen,  ISIO.    (i)  A  genus  anthophorpUS  (an-thof  o- 
of  lepidopterous  insects.     Sicahison,  IS33.-2.     rus),  «._    i<l^h.a,,thopho 
In  oDiith.,  a  genus  of  meliphagine  birds,  whose 
type  is    A.   ea:ruleocepli(da  of   New  Zealand, 
named  by  Swainson  in  1837.    The  name,  being 


lllllilll.U 
Mason-bee  {Anthophora  sfonsa),  and  tube  constructed  by  the  bee. 

pliore.']  1.  A  genus  of  bees,  of  the  family  J/ji'd^; 
one  of  several  genera  which  collect  pollen  by 
means  of  the  hind  tibia\  and  which  are  known 
as  mason-bees.  A.  sponaa  is  an  example.  See 
>iiaso)i-hrc. —  2.  ['.<".]  Plm'al  of  (7»^/(«;*/i"fi(m. 
anthophore  (an'tho-for),  ».  [<  NL.  anthopho- 
rum,  prop.  neut.  of  anthaphnrnx,  <  Gr.  dii&o^opof, 
bearing  flowers,  <  avBoQ,  a  flower,  +  -<poiioi:,  bear- 
ing, <  (pepeiv  =  E.  fienrl.]  In  hot.,  a  form  of  floral 
stipe,  produced  by  the 
elongation  of  the  inter- 
node  between  the  calyx 
and  the  corolla,  and  bear- 
ing the  corolla,  stamens, 
and  pistil,  as  in  the  catch- 
fly  {Silow).  Also  called 
anthophorum. 


anthoUte  (an'th6-lit),"H.     [<  Gr.  iii*of,  a  flower, 
-1-  WoQ.  a  stone.]     In  rjeol,  an  impression  on    preoccupied  in  entomology,  was  changed  to  J«-    flowers, 
rocks,  as  on  the  shales  of  the  coal-measures,     f],g,.„ig  {yy  q   r  Gray  in  1840  anthophorum 

resembling,  or  supposed  to  resemble,  a  flower.  _^^jjjj-2j^-jg  (^^.tlj^.^^  [NL., 

anthologicall  (an-tho-loj  i-kal),  o.  Hantholo-  ^  Anti,,,,!,,/-,,,!.  + -klw.'\  Same  an  An  thorn  yuta;. 
r/.i/i.]  Pertaining  to  an  anthology;  consisting  _Ajithomyzides  (an-th6-mi'zi-dez).«.^<?.  [NL., 
of  beautifulextracts,  esp(?caally  from  the  poets.     ^^^^_  p-'^i^  gq^jj^,_  ^j  ^„i/;o,„y,-;,/„..]      in  La- 

treille's  system  of  classification,  a  subtribe  of 
Muscides,  coiTCspouding  closely  to  Anthomy- 
idw.  It  13  composed  of  species  having  the  appear.ance 
of  common  flies,  with  4-jointcd  abdomen,  non-vibratile 
wings,  and  short  antennse  ending  in  a  long  or  linear  joint, 
with  tlie  seta  nuistly  plumose. 


[<  anthol- 


anthological'-t  (an-tho-loj'i-kal),  a. 

0,(71/-.]     Treating  of  flowers. 
anthologist  (an-thol'o-jist),  n.      [<  anthology''- 

+ -int.]     The  compiler  of  an  anthology. 
anthologyl   (an-thol'o-ji),   n.  ;   pi.  anthologies 

(-jiz).       [<  Gr.  ai^o/.o;7a,  LGr.  also  ai'BoMyiov,  a 


flower-gaVhering,  and  hence  a  collection  of  small  Anthonomus  (an-thon'6-mus),  ».     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

poems,  <  ivBoUyog,  gathering  flowers,  <  avBoc,  a     *n>-ilnrnin,r.  feeding  on  flowers  (found  m  passiv(3  anthophyllitic  (^n'tho-fi-lit'ik),  a.    _  [<.«»"'o- 


rus,  <  Gr.  avOoipdfjoi:,  bear- 
ing flowers:  see  antho- 
2}hore  and  -ous.'\  Bearing 
flowers. 

(ftn-thof'o- 
nmi),  «.;  pi.  anthophora 
(-rii).  [NL.]  Same  as  «H- 
thophore. 

antnophyllite  (an-tho- 
fil'it),  n.  [<  NL.  antho- 
j)hylluni,  a  clove  (with  al- 
lusion to  the  color),  <  Gr. 

ai'tof,  a  flower,  -I-  (pillov,  leaf,  =  L.  folium :  see 
folio.']  A  mineral,  allied  to  amphibole  or  horn- 
blende, occiuTing  in  radiating  columnar  aggre- 
gates.    It  is  orthorhoniljie  in  crystallization. 


Anthophore.  (From Gray's 
"  Genera  of  Plants  of  the 
United  States.") 

Section  of  the  flower  of 
StVfne  PtHn^tvanica,  en- 
larged, showing  the  antho- 
§hore  [a]  within  the  calyx, 
earing  the  petals,  stamens, 
and  ovary. 


Sower,  +  Xiyuv  =  L.  legerc,  gather,  read:  see 
lection,  legend,  eto.,  and  cf.  anthology".]  1.  A 
collection  of  flowers;    a  garland.     [Rare.]  — 

2.  A  collection  of  poems,  epigrams,  and  fugitive 
pieces  by  various  authors.  The  name  was  origi- 
nally given  to  tJreek  collections  of  this  nature,  and  is 
hence  applied  to  any  literary  collection  similarly  made. 

3.  In  the  G-r.  Ch.,  a  selection  from  several  of 
the  official  service-books  of  such  parts  of  the 
services  as  are  most  needed  by  the  laity. 

anthology^t  (an-thol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  avdo;,  a 
flower,  -I-  -'/.oyia,  <  '/.lyeiv,  speak :  see  -ology.]  A 
treatise  on  flowers. 

antholysis  (an-thol'i-sis),  n.  [NL.,<Gr.  avdo^, 
a  flower,-)-  '/.vaic,  a  breaking  up,  a  loosening,  < 
?.ieii',  loosen.]  In  hot.,  a  retrograde  metamor- 
phosis of  the  organs  of  a  flower,  as  of  carpels 
into  stamens,  stamens  into  petals,  eto. 

anthomania  (an-tho-ma'ni-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avHiir,  a  flower,  -I-  /lavia,  mania:  see  mania.]  An 
extravagant  fondness  for  flowers. 

Authomedusa  (an"th6-me-dii'sa),  ».  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  avOo;,  a  flower,  -t-  NL.'  medusa,  q.  v.]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Anthomedusidw. 

anthomedusid  (an"th6-me-du'sid),  ».  An 
acalepli  of  the  family  .intlmmcdusidie. 

Anthomedusidae  (an' tho-me-dii'si-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Anthomedu.^a  +  -ida:]  In  zoiil.,  a  fam- 
ily of  Hydromedusinw  (which  see)  whoso  me- 
dusiB  become  free,  niey  arc  without  otoliths,  with 
ocelli  at  the  ba.se  of  the  tentacles,  gonads  on  the  outer 
wall  of  the  gastral  cavity,  and  mostly  4  radial  canals. 
The  polyp-colonies  on  which  these  medusie  bud  contain 
alimentary  zooids  which  are  not  invested  by  chitinous 
cups.  The  medusa)  bud  mostly  on  the  ordinary  alimeii- 
t:iry  polyps,  bitt  exceptionally  directly  fron)  the  hydro- 
rhiza. 

Anthomorphidse  (an-tho-mor'fi-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  ' Anthomorpha  (?)  (<  Gr.  iivOoc,  a  flower, 
+  /lopipt/,  form)  4-  -(V/(r.]     A  family  of  Hcxac- 


sense  uvUufo/ior  (proparo.xytoue),  having  its 
flowers  fed  on) ;  ef.  avBovofielv,  feed  on  flowers, 
<  diiSoc,  a  flower,  +  vi/ieiv,  mid.  vtiiea6ai,  feed, 
graze.]  A  genus  of  Curculionido',  or  snout- 
beetles,  comprising  numerous  species  of  rather 
small  size,  distributed  over  all  parts  of  the 
globe  except  the  arctic  regions.  A  few  live  in  the 
larval  state  in  the  galls  made  by  homopterous,  dipterous. 


Apple-curculio  (Anthonomus  quadrigibbus). 
a,  natural  size;  *,  lateral  view;  c,  dorsal  view. 

or  hymenopterous  insects;  others  live  between  the  mi- 
opened  leaves  of  various  trees;  while  the  majority  infest 
the  fruit  or  seed-pods  of  plants.      The  applc-cureulio,  .-1. 

.  quadrifithhus  (Say),  is  a  familiar  exaniplc,  and  is  distin- 
guished by  the  four  somewhat  prnmiiunt  tubercles  on  its 
elytra,  and  liy  itsbidentate  antirinr  femora.  The  larva- of 
^n!/Hoii../.Hs  are  more  anliccld.  II  sally  tlian  most  other  cur- 
eulimiid  laiva';  they  iindirKo  traiisfciriiialion  within  the 
fruit  nr  plant  they  infest;  and  tluy  do  not  enter  the  ground. 

Anthophila  (an-thof 'i-la),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
oianthojihiliix:  speanthophilous.]  InLatreille's 
system  of  classilieafion,  the  melliferous  acu- 
leate hvmenoptei'iois  insects;  the  bees:  a  syn- 
on>^u  of  Mcllifcra  (which  see).  It  is  commonly 
divided  into  the  two  families  Apidm  and  Aiulrc- 
nidir. 


tiniu:  with  slightly  developed  muscular  sj-stem  anthophilous  (an-thof'i-lus),  a.       [<   NL.  an- 
and  long,  slightly  contractile  tentacles  mthout     thophilus,  <  Gr.  avdo^,  a  flower,  +  ^I'Xof,  loving.] 


phyltiti'  +  -/(■.]  Pertaiiiing  to  anthophylUte,  or 
containing  it. 

Anthophysa  (an-tho-fi'za).  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
6o(,  a  tlower,  +  (piaa.  a  breath,  Imbble.]  A  genus 
of  pantostomatous  infusorians,  of  the  gi'oup  Di- 
mastiga,  containing  biflagellate  monads  which 
are  imited  in  colonies  of  several  zooids. 

Anthoptilidse  (an-thop-tU'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<An1hoptilon  + -idw.]  A  family  of  spicateous 
pennatuloid  polj'ps  without  rachial  pinnides, 
with  poll|^lS  sessile  on  both  sides  of  the  rachis 
in  distinct  rows,  and  without  cells. 

Anthoptilon  (an-thop'ti-lon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
oiWof,  flower,  +  -ri'Aov,  feather,  wing.]  A  genus 
of  polyps,  representing  the  family  Anthoptilida: 

antnorism  (an'tho-rizm),  H.  [<"  NTj.  anthoris- 
muf!,  <  Gr.  ai'dopiafioc,  coimter-definition,  <  avdo- 
pcCeiv,  make  a  coimter-definition,  <  dW-,  aiT-  for 
uvtI,  against,  counter  to,  +  opiCciv,  limit,  boimd, 
define :  see  hori;:on.]  In  rhet.,  a  description  or 
definition  contrary  to  that  which  has  been  given 
by  one's  opponent. 

anthorismus  (an-tho-riz'mus),  H.  Same  as  an- 
thorisiii. 

anthosiderite  (an-tho-sid'e-rit),  ».   [<  Gr.  ai^of, 

a  flower,  -I-  oiiiripiTt/c,  of  ti'on :  see  sidcrite.]  A 
native  silicate  of  iron,  of  an  ocherous-yellow 
color,  inclining  to  ycUowish-browii,  and  ha\-ing 
a  filirous  radiated  stnieture,  found  in  Brazil. 

Anthosoma  (an-tho-so'mji),  «.  [NL.,<  Gr.  aiCof, 
a  flower,  +  sum,  a  body.]  A  genus  of  sipho- 
nostomous  parasitic  crustaceans,  giving  name 
to  a  family  Anthosomida'.  A  species,  A.  smithi, 
is  found  u]ion  sharks. 

Anthosomidse  (an-tho-so'mi-de),  ».  pi  [NL., 
<  Aiithononiit  +  -ida:]'  A  family  of  siphonosto- 
mous  parasitic  crustaceans,  typified  by  the  ge- 
nus Anthosoma. 

anthotaxis (an-tho-tak'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.avBoc, 
a  flower,  +  rdfif,  order,  <  rdacreiv, arrange,  order: 


anthotazis 

see  tactic.l    In  hot.,  the  arrangement  of  flowers 
on  the  axis  of  p'owth :  same  as  inflorescence. 
anthotaxy  (au'tho-tak-si),  n.     Same  as  antho- 

tlUify. 

anthoxanthin,  anthoxanthine  (an-tho-zan'- 

thin),  II.  [<  Gr.  rh'Wor,  a  llower,  +  lavtior,  yellow 
(see  xuntliiii),  +  -/«'-.]  The  yellow  or  orange 
coloring  matter  of  yellow  flowers  and  fruit,  a 
modification  of  chloroiihyl. 
Anthozoa  (an-tho-zo'a),  >!.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aMic,  a  llower,  +  C'poi',  pi.  Cv";  a"  animal:  see 
rooH.]  The  flower-animals,  or  animal-flowers; 
a  former  olass  or  large  group  of  zooj)liytes,  in- 
exactly equivalent  to  the  modern  class  .icti- 
no:oa  (wiiieh  see).  By  some,  who  luivu  incluck-cl  tlie 
Pobjzoa  imiier  zoophytes,  Anthozoa  has  heeii  made  the 
other  ami  prime  division  of  zoophytes,  and  has  Ijcen  di- 
vided into  llydroula,  A^teroida,  and  Il-'/iiinHmii/a.  Tlie 
Anthozoa  liave  also  Iteen  divideii  into  Aftiniiilir,  Zoan- 
thidip,  A'«7il/(/(F,  .ilr}foniid(P,  PennattdUlLe,  'i'ulnjnjt'uItT, 
Carifil'lndl'dtr.  and  f^rnrtrontidir. 

anthozoan  (an-tho-z6'an),  a.  and  n.     [<.  AntJio- 
soa  +  -«».J     I.  n.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Anthozoa;  anthozoic. 
II.  ".  One  of  the  Anthozoa;  an  anthozoon. 

anthozoic  (an-tho-z6'ik),  ii.  [<.  Antho:oii  +  -/c] 
Of  or  pi'rtaining  to  the  Antho:oa  :  zoophytie. 

antbozooid  (an-tho-z6'oid),  «.  [<  Anthozoa  + 
-()/(/.  Cf.  zoiiid.']  An  individual  pol.vp  of  a 
polj'pidom  ;  an  actiuozoiiii  of  the  compound  Ac- 
tino:ou,  formed  by  budding  in  a  zoanthodeme  ; 


Anthozoftids. 
End  of  a  branch  of  red  coral  of  commerce,  Corallitim  rudrum, 
with  three  anthozooids,  .4,  B,  C,  in  different  degrees  of  expansion : 
Jk,  mouth  ;  a,  that  part  of  the  c(Enosarc  which  rises  into  a  cup  around 
the  base  of  each  anthozooid. 

< 

one  of  the  individual  zooids  borne  upon  the 
coenosare  of  the  compound  Zoontharia.  'iims,  in 
a  pieee  of  coral  eacli  of  tlie  mimerous  little  animals  which 
Vinild  lip  tlie  eoral  mass  is  an  antttozooid. 

anthozoon  (an-tho-z6'on),  H.;  pi.  anthozoa  {-a.). 
[NL.,  sing,  of  Anthozoa.']  One  of  the  Anthozoa. 

anthracene  (an'thra-sen),  n.  [<  anthrax  (an- 
thrac-),  coal,  +  -ene.]  A hj'droearbon  (C'l^Hjo) 
foimd  in  coal-tar,  and  extracted  from  the  last 
portion  of  the  distillate  from  this  substance 
by  chilling  and  pressure.  It  is  purified  by  redis- 
tillation, and  forms  white  erystalline  lamime  which  melt 
at  415^  F.  It  is  of  great  commercial  value,  being  the  base 
from  which  artificial  alizarin  is  prepared.  See  alizarin. 
Also  written  anthra^in. 

anthraceniferous  (an"thra-se-nif'e-rus),  a. 
[<  antliraeene  +  -i-ferous.'\  Containing  or  yield- 
ing antlu-acene. 

By  whatever  means  the  crude  anthraceni/erou^  mass 
has  been  obtained,  it  must  be  submitted  to  a  process  of 
purification.  Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  72. 

anthraces,  «.     Phu'al  of  anthrax. 

anthracic  ( an-thras'ik),  a.  [< anthrax  (anthrac-) 
+  -«■.]   Of  or  pertaining  to  the  disease  anthrax. 

Anthracidae  (an-thras'i-de),  n.  pt.  [NL.,  <  An- 
thrax (Anthrac-)  +  -)>/(('.]  A  family  of  dipterous 
insects,  of  the  old  group  2\ini/stomata,  contain- 
ing the  genera  Anthrax,  Lomatia,  Bomhyliu.i, 
etc. :  now  called  Bomlnjliitttr  (which  see). 

anthraciferous  (an-thra-sif'e-rus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
avdpai  (ai'ftpaK-)  for  anthracite,  q.  v.,  +  L.  ferre 
=  E.  6e«rl.]  Yielding  anthracite:  applied  to 
geological  strata. 

anthracin  (an'thra-sin),  n.  [<  anthrax  (an- 
thrac-) +  -in".']    Same  as  anthracene. 

anthracite  (an'thra-sit),  n.  and  a.  [^<  Gr.  ai'- 
OpaK:Ti/r,  a  kind  of  precious  stone,  fem.  avOpaKiric, 
a  kind  of  coal;  prop,  adj.,  coal -like ;  <  ardpai 
{ai'dpaK-),  a  (burning)  coal,  charcoal,  stone-coal: 
see  anthrax.]  I.  h.  A  variety  of  mineral  coal 
(see  coal)  containing  but  little  hydrogen,  and 
therefore  burning  almost  without  flame.  It  is 
nearly  pure  carbon,  containing  usually  over  90  and  some- 
times as  much  .as  9.S  per  cent,  of  that  substance.  It  is 
hard  (hence  often  called  hant  coal  in  distinction  from  .'n'/f 
or  bitumiiKius  coal),  breaks  with  a  concboidal  fracture. 
and  has  a  deep-bl.aek  color  and  brilliant  luster.  It  occurs 
in  large  quantity  in  eastern  Pennsylvania,  where  it  is  ex- 
tensively mined,  and  is  almost  the  exclusive  fuel  used  in 
the  large  cities  ami  manufactories  of  New  York  and  New 
England.  It  also  occurs  in  the  South  Wales  coal-fields 
in  large  quantities,  and  la  many  other  localities,  but  Is 


239 

nowhere  of  bo  much  practical  importance  as  in  the  eastern 
rnited  states. 

II.  a.  Coal-black:   as,  the  anthracite  hawk, 
I'ruliitinija  anthraeina. 
anthracitic  (an-thra-sit'ik),  a.      [<  anthracite 
+  -ic]     Pertaining  to,  having  the  nature  of,  or 
resembling  anthracite. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  these  [igneous]  rocks  the  coal 
has  been  altered  into  an  anthraeitie  material. 

Iluxiptt,  Pliysiography,  xiv. 

anthracitous  (an'thra-si-tus),  a.  [<  anthracite 
-H  -anx.]  Containing  or  characterized  by  an- 
thracite.    .V.  E.  I). 

anthracnose  (an-thrak'nos),  n.  [F.,  prop,  "an- 
tliraconotsc,  <  Gr.  avfipa^,  a  carbuncle  (see  oh- 
thrax),  +  vdcor,  disease.]  A  disease  of  grape- 
vines which  affects  the  leaves,  the  young  stems, 
and  the  green  berries,  and  is  caused  by  a  fun- 
gus, Sphaceloma  ainpelinum. 

anthracoid  (an'thra-koid),  a.  [<  Gr.  ivSpaf 
(hvOp(iK-)  (see  anthrax)  +  rJiiof,  form.]  1.  Re- 
sembling or  of  the  natm'o  of  anthrax. — 2.  Ke- 
semliling  the  precious  stone  carbuncle. 

anthracokali  (an"thra-ko-ka'li),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr. 
nrl)pn^  (iirflpriK-),  coal,  +  NL.  cali,  kali:  see 
kitii,  alkali.]  A  pharmaceutical  preparation 
made  by  adding  porphyrized  anthracite  to  a 
boiling  solution  of  caustic  potash.  Sulplmr  is 
sometimes  luldeii  with  the  coal.  It  is  useci  both  internally 
and  externally  in  cases  of  scrofula,  rheumatism,  and  cer- 
tain herpetic  affections. 

anthracolite  (an-thrak'o-lit),  «.  [<  Gr.  ttvSpa^ 
(iii'llpaK-),  coal,  +  //«of,  stone.  Cf.  anthracite.] 
Same  as  anlhraconitc. 

anthracomancy  (an'thra-ko-man"si),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avllpai  {iivHimn-),  a  coal,  +  pavrda,  divination.] 
Divination  by  means  of  burning  coals. 

anthracometer  (au-thra-kom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avUpa^  (ai'dpaK-),  charcoal  (carbon),  +  pi-pnv, 
measure.]  An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
quantity  of  carbonic  acid  present  in  any  gaseous 
mi.\ture. 

anthracometric  (an"thra-ko-met'rik),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  anthracometer,  or  to  its  use. 

anthraconite  (an-thrak'o-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  av- 
tipuKuv,  a  heap  of  charcoal,  hot  embers  (<  avBpa^, 
charcoal),  +  -itc-.]  The  name  given  to  varie- 
ties of  calcareous  spar  (calcite),  darkly  colored 
by  the  presence  of  carbonaceous  matter. 

Anthracosaurus  (an"thra-ko-sa'rus),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avdpa^  (uvBpaK-),  coal,  +  aavpo(,  a  lizard: 
see  saurian.]  A  genus  of  extinct  amphibians, 
of  the  order  Lalii/rinthodonta,  discovered  in  the 
Carboniferous  strata  of  Scotland.  The  head 
measured  18  inches  in  length.     IIuxIci/,  1803. 

anthraCOSis  (an-thra-ko'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
Opa^  (avOpoK-),  coal,  4-  -o.v/s.]  A  pulmonary  affec- 
tion produced  by  the  inhalation  of  coal-dust, 
as  by  colliers.  The  particles,  taken  into  the  tissues  of 
the  lungs,  are  apt  to  produce  more  or  less  inflainniation 
in  the  form  of  iironcbitis  or  diffuse  pneumonitis. 

anthracothere  (an'thra-ko-ther),  n.  An  ani- 
mal of  the  genus  Anthracothcrium  and  family 
Anthracotjicriitia: 

anthracotheriid  (an"thra-ko-the'ri-id),  n.  A 
hocifrd  niammal  of  the  family  Anthracothcriida: 

Anthracotheriidae  (an  tlna-ko-the-ri'i-de),  ". 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Anthracothcrium  +  -ida-.]  A  fam- 
ily of  fossil  omnivorous  artiodactyl  mammals, 
related  to  the  existent  pigs  and  peccaries.  It 
contains  two  subfamilies,  Jli/opotaminw  and 
Anthracothcriitia'  (which  see). 

Anthracotheriinae  (au"thra-ko-thc-ri-i'ne),  n. 

pi.  [NL.,  <  Anthracotheriuin"+  -ina:]  The  tji)!- 
cal  subfamily  of  the  Anthrarolhiriidcc.  It  differs 
from  theothcr  sulitaiiiilj  7/.i(<7>"''i//("i<''  in  having  the  four 
upper  premidars  all  differentiated  from  the  true  molars, 
and  each  with  a  conical  crown  and  a  small  inner  lobe.  It 
contains  the  )H^i^^\-A  Anthracothcrium  (Cuvier)  and  Elo- 
tltcrium  (Pomel).  anil  jierbaps  others. 

Anthracotherioidea  (an"thra-ko-the-ri-oi'- 
de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Anthracothcrium  -t-  -oidea.] 
A  superfamily  group  founded  by  Gill,  1872,  for 
the  reception  of  the  family  Authracotheriida: 

Anthracotherium  (an  tlira-ko-the'ri-um),  H. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  I'lftiiirii  (aviipaK-),  coal,  +  dr/piov,  a  wild 
beast,  <  t)r/p,  a  wild  beast.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  Anthracolhcriintr  and  Anthracothcriidic 
(which  see) :  so  called  from  having  been  fomid 
in  the  Miocene  anthracite  or  lignite  of  Tuscany. 

Theextinet  .  .  .  Anthracotlicriuin  .  .  .  had  the  typical 
dental  formula  [of  artiodactyls],  and  this  is  preserved  in 
the  existing  representative  of  the  non-ruminant  artiodac- 
tyles,  the  hog.  Oiccn.  Tomp.  Anat.,  III.  34:J. 

anthraquinone  (an'thra-kwi-non').  ".  r<  '"'- 
thrau'iiic)  -t-  ijiiinonc]  A  product  (Cj^HjiO.,) 
obtained  from  antliraeene  by  the  action  of  oxi- 
dizing agents.    Prom  it  alizarin  is  prepared. 

anthrax  (an'thraks),  H. ;  pi.  anthraces  (an'thra- 
sez).     [<  L.  anthrax,  a  virulent  ulcer,  carbuii- 


.■Inthrfnus. 
Beetle  and  pupa,  m.-ignified. 


anthropogenic 

cle,  also  cinnabar,  <  Gr.  avOpa^,  a  (burning)  coal, 
a  jirecious  stone,  a  vindent  lUeer;  origin  uncer- 
taui.]  1.  In  jiathol.,  a  carbuncle  of  any  sort. 
See  phrases  below. — 2.  [<'«;*.]  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  dipterous  insects,  giving  name  to  a  family 
Anthracidw  (which  see) :  now  placed  in  Uomhy- 
liidtv. — 3.  Lithanthrax,  or  pit-  or  stone-coal. — 
Malignant  anthrax,  a  destructive  infectious  disease  of 
brutes,  and  sometimes  of  man,  which  is  associated  with  and 
seems  to  dcjieiid  iijion  the  presence  in  the  bbtod  and  tissues 
of  aniinutr  nrganisin,  liacillt/t^atithrafin.  Alsocalled  *;>ic- 
nic /ever,  carlnioridarjcvcr,  cartninclc,  tnatif/nant  pnxtule, 
woot-xortcrx' dijicaxc,  cliarUin,  niilzbrand.  SjTnptOmatlC 
anthrax,  an  infectious  and  usually  fatal  disease,  not  un- 
common in  cattle.  It  is  characterized  by  hemoirliage  into 
the  subcutaneous  and  intermuscular  areolar  tissues  of  the 
limbs,  and  exhibits  a 
l)aeillus  distinct  from 
the  liacilluf  antliracui. 
Also  called  quarter- 
cvit,  quarter-ill,  blacfc- 
leg,  black  quarter,  black 
spaul,  bluMly  inuT^ain, 
rauKrhttrand. 

AnthrenuB  (an- 
tliro'iiiis),7i.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  uvOpi/vi),  a 
homeL  wasp;  cf. 
aiSf]rT}6Ljv,  a  hornet, 
-evOpi/v!/,  TtvOpTjiin), 
a  hornet,  orig.  any  buzzing  insect;  cf.  drone. 
See  Andrcnida-.]  A  notable  genus  of  beetles, 
of  the  family  Dcrmcslidw,  certain  species  of 
which  are  well  known  as  museum  pests.  Such 
are  A.  variun  (Fabricius)  and  A.  utuitieomm,  small  gray 
species  spotted  with  brown,  which  do  great  injurj-  to  col- 
Iectii>ns  <jf  natural  history.  A.  iierojthulari(t',  a  larger  spe- 
cies, bLiek,  red,  and  white,  is  known  .as  the  carpet-beetle 
anil  buffalo-bug,  and  is  very  destructive  to  carpets  and 
other  woolen  fabrics.  Sec  cut  under  carpct-ttcellc. 
anthribid   (an'thri-bid),  n.     A  beetle  of  the 

family  Anthribidcc. 
Anthfibidse  (an-thrib'i-<le),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
thribus  +  -ida-.]  A  family  of  rhynchophorous 
Coleojitcra,  typified  by  the  genus  Anthribus. 
These  snout-beetles  have  a  strong  fold  on  the  inner  face 
of  each  elytron,  the  pygidium  in  both  sexes  undivided  and 
normal,  the  last  spiracle  uncovered,  the  tibi.-c  not  serrate, 
and  the  straiglit  antenn.T  with  10  or  11  joints. 

Anthribus  (an'thri-bus),  n.  [NL.  (Gcoffroy, 
1764),  also ./ H  thribidus and  A n  thotribidu,<<,  appar. 
<  Gr.  avUnr,  a  flower;  the  second  element  is  not 
clear.]  A  genus  of  rhynchophorous  beetles, 
giving  name  to  the  family  Antliribiila: 

anthropic  (an-throp'ik),  a.  [<  (ir.  avffpu-iKd^, 
of  man,  human,  iavdpu-oc,  a  man,  a  human  be- 
ing; perhaps  for  "avSpuTTor,  lit.  having  a  human 
face  or  appearance,  <  avi/p  (avfip-),  a  man,  -f-  u^ 
(w--),  face,  countenance,  eye:  see  andro-  and 
optic]  Belonging  to  man;  manlike;  sprung 
from  man ;  human. 

If  we  leave  the  region  of  fomnilas  and  go  back  to  the 
practical  effect  of  religion  on  human  conduct,  we  must 
be  driven  to  the  conclusion  that  the  future  of  religion  is 
to  be,  not  only  what  every  real  religion  has  ever  lieen, 
anthropomorphic,  but  frankly  anthropic. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  451. 

anthropical  (an-throp'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  an- 
thropic. 

Anthropidatan-throp'i-dji),  J1.7)?.  [NL.]  Same 
as  Authri'poidea. 

Anthropidse  (an-throp'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avOpu-oi;,  a  man,  a  human  being,  +  -ida:.]  The 
human  race,  zoologically  rated  as  a  family  of 
the  superfamily  Anthrnpoidea :  the  Hominidce 
(which  see).  The  family  contains  the  single 
genu.s  and  species  man  (Homo  sapiens). 

anthropo-.  [<  Gr.  ardpunoc,  a  man.  a  human  be- 
ing: see  anthropic]  The  first  element  of  many 
compimiiil  words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  man. 

anthropobiology  (an"thro-p6-bi-ol'o-ji),  n. 
[<  Gr.  ('nltpu-ijc,  man,  -t-  biologi/.]  Anthropol- 
ogy: the  biology  of  man;  the  life-history  of 
man,  in  a  broad  sense. 

To  this  extensive  study,  the  old  anthropology,  ,  .  .  we 
may  apply  the  tenn  Anthro^to-biolotrti,  or  the  biologj'  of 
man.  Smithsonian  Hep.,  1881,  p.  499. 

anthropocentric  (an'thro-po-sen'trik),  a.  [< 
trr.  iivOpu-n,-.  man,  +  KfiTpnv,  center.  +  -ic] 
Regarding  man  as  the  central  fact  of  creation; 
assuming  man  to  be  the  final  aim  and  end  of 
creation. 

anthropogenesis  (an'thro-po-jen'e-sisj,  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  iniipurroc.  man',  +  yivcaic,  genera- 
tion.] The  genesis,  origination,  or  evolution  of 
man:  applied  both  to  the  development  of  the 
individual  (ontogenesis)  and  the  development 
of  the  race  (phylogenesis).  Also  called  anthro- 
pof/oni/,  an thnt/niffenif. 

anthropogenetic  (an'thro-po-je-net'ik),  a.  [< 
anthrojKK/iiicsis.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  anthro- 
pogenesis. 

antnropogenic  (an'thro-po-jen'ik).  a.  [<  an- 
thropogeny,]   Of  or  pertaining  to  anthropogeny. 


anthropogenist 

anthropogenist  uiii-tliiu-]>oj'e-nist),  ».     [<  an- 

thropogcny  +  -i.st.']  An  ailhcrent  of  modern 
biolopcical  doctrines  respecting  antliropogeny. 
anthropogeny  (an-thro-poj'e-iii),  n.  [As  if 
<  (ir.  "ii>'('()ai-uj(i'f(o,  <  (irrt/«.)T(i)ri7)c,  born  of  man, 
(.  iivOiMiroc,  man, +  )(ror,  birtli.]  1.  Same  as 
anthropogcncsis. —  2.  The  sum  of  human  know- 
ledge couceruiug  the  development  of  man. 
Also  called  anthropoijony. 

In  this  miclilv  "wiir  of  culture,"  affecting  as  it  does 
the  nliole  liisloi'y  iif  tlic  World,  and  in  which  we  may  well 
deem  it  an  homiuv  tii  take  pari,  no  lictter  ally  than  Antlim- 
po<ietuj  can,  it  seems  to  me,  he  hrouRht  to  the  assistance  of 
struvrKlin^'  truth. 

lla.ckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  Pref.,  p.  \\m. 

anthxopoglot  (an'thro-po-glot),  n.  [<  Gr. 
av6puTto)'/.uTTO^,  ai>dpuTT(i}?.urTaoc,  having  man's 
tongue,<  di'OpuTOf,  man,  +  y7<Jaaa  =  Attic  y'AuT-ra, 
the  tongue :  see  gloss,  glottis.']  An  animal  vehich 
has  a  tongue  resembling  that  of  man,  as  the 
parrot. 

anthropogony  (an-thro-pog'o-ni),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdjM-a)  ofia,  the  begetting  of  ineu,  the  origin  of 
men,  <  avOfM^roc,  man,  +  -yovoQ,  <  y/  "yev,  produce. 
Cf.  theogoni/.]     1.  Same  as  anthropogenesis. 

The  word  anthropofiowj,  used  first  hy  Josephus,  means 
.   .   .   only '*  the  generation  of  man." 

Uaeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  459. 

2.  Same  as  anthrdjiogoiji,  2. 

anthropography  (an-thi-o-pog'ra-fi),  n.    [=  F. 

anthropographie,  <  Gr.  avOpuTTo^  +  -}paipia,<.  ypd- 
^ew,  write,  describe.  Cf.  Gr.  av6pu-oypd<j)og,  a 
painter  of  men,  a  portrait-painter.]  A  descrip- 
tion of  man  or  of  the  human  race ;  more  par- 
ticularly, that  branch  of  anthropology  which 
treats  of  the  actual  distribution  of  the  varieties 
of  the  human  race,  as  distinguished  by  physical 
character,  institutions,  and  customs,  including 
language.  See  ethnography. 
anthropoid  (an'thi'o-poid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
ai'dpuiToafii/g,  Uke  a  man,  in  human  shape,  < 
aii(>p(j7rof,  a  man, -t- eMof,  foim,  shape.]  I.  a.  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  superfamily  Anthro- 
jwidea  ;  man-like ;  human  or  simian  in  a  zoij- 
logieal  sense :  applied  to  all  monkeys  as  well  as 
to  man,  as  distinguished  from  the  lemuroid  or 
prosimian  Primates. —  2.  More  specifically,  re- 
sembling man,  or  man-like,  as  one  of  the  higher 
monkeys  or  apes,  as  distinguished  from  lower 
monkeys:  applied  to  the  apes  of  the  family 
Simiida;,  as  restricted  to  include  only  the  go- 
rilla, chimpanzee,  orang,  and  gibbon,  these  be- 
ing commonly  kno-ivn  as  the  anthropoid  apes. 

The  gorilla  is  now  generally  regarded  as  the  most  human 
of  the  anthropoid  apes.  //.  A.  Xictiolson. 

II.  n.  An  anthropoid  animal;  one  of  the 
higher  monkeys ;  an  ape. 

Chronologically  this  (called  by  Fi-ench  archaeologists  the 
Epoch  of  Robenhausen]  is  regarded  as  the  tirst  epoch  of 
the  appearance  of  man  on  the  globe,  the  previous  imple- 
ment-using animals  being  probably  anthropoids. 

Science,  IV.  438. 

antliropoidal  (an-thro-poi'dal),  a.  Of  anthro- 
poid nature  or  structure.     A'.  E.  D. 

Anthropoidea  (an-tbro-poi'de-a),  n.  ph  [NXi. : 
see  anthropoid.]  In  :ool.,  one  of  two  sub- 
orders, the  other  being  Lemuroidea,  into  which 
the  order  Primates  has  been  divided.  The  group 
contains  man  and  monkeys,  as  distinguished  from  the 
lemurs.  Their  zoological  characters  are  :  a  cerebrum  with 
its  posterior  lobe  much  developed  and  wholly  or  mostly 
covering  the  cerebellum;  a  lacrjTnal  forjunen  within  the 
orbit;  an  orbit  completed  by  suture  of  the  malar  and  ali- 
sphenoid  bones;  ears  rounded,  with  a  di^ftinct  lol)ulc;  and, 
in  the  ffiiiale,  strictly  pect^jral  teats,  undivided  uterus, 
and  an  iniperfi.rate  clitoris.     Also  wTittcn  Anthropida. 

Anthropoides  (an-thro-poi'dez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dv(//5uToc(r5/)f,  like  a  man:  see  anthrojjoid.]  1. 
In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  cranes,  of  the  family 
Gruidw,  based  by  Vieillot  in  1816  upon  the  Nii- 
midian  crane  or  demoiselle,  A.  virgo.  It  is  some- 
times restricted  to  this  species ;  sometimes  extended  to 
the  Stanley  crane,  .4.  {Tetrupt'^njx)  paradijten.'<  or  stanleit- 
anus;  and  sometimes  made  to  cover  the  crown-cranes  of 
the  genus  Ualearica  (which  see).  The  synonyms  of  An- 
thropoidcs  proper  are  :  (Mu-i  (Barrfere,  174,'j),  Scop.i  (Moeh- 
ring,  1752),  Bibia  (Leach,  about  1818),  and  Philorchemoii 
(Gloger,  1842). 

2.  [Used  as  a  plural.]  In  soo?.,  a  name  given  by 
Haeckel  to  the  anthropoid  apes:  synonymous 
with  Antliropoidca. 

anthropolatry  (an-thro-pol'a-tri),  n.    [=  F. 

anthropiilcilric,  <  Gr.  aiSpuiro'/.aTpcia,  man-wor- 
ship, <  avHpuTToi;,  man,  -I-  '/arpcla,  worship,  ser- 
vice:  see  latria.  Vi.  idolatry.]  The  worship  of 
man ;  the  paj-ing  of  divine  honors  to  a  human 
being,  it  was  charged  by  the  early  Christians  upon  the 
pagans,  and  by  them,  in  return,  charged  upon  the  Chris- 
tians, because  of  their  worship  of  Christ.  The  word,  how- 
ever, is  better  known  from  its  employment  by  the  Ajiolli- 
narians  .against  the  orthodo.x  Christians  of  the  fourth  and 
fifth  centuries,  who  held  the  doctrine  of  the  perfect  hu- 
man  nature  uf  Christ. 


240 


anthropolite  (an-throp'6-lit),  n.  [=  F.  anthro- 
polithe,  <  tir.  arflpurror,  man,  +  hffor,  a  stone.] 
A  petrifaction  of  tlie  human  body  or  skeleton, 
or  of  parts  of  the  body,  produced  by  the  in- 
crusting  action  of  calcareous  waters,  and  there- 
fore not  a  true  fossil. 

anthropolithic  {an"thro-po-lith'ik),  a.  Of  or 
licrtainiiig  to  anthropolites;  characterized  by 
the  pre.seuce  of  petrified  human  remains. 

This  much,  however,  is  certain,  that  the  true  ilevelop- 
ment  of  human  culture  dates  only  from  the  Anthmpo- 
lithic  Epoch.  Hacckii,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  16. 

anthropologic  (an "thro- po-loj'ik),  a.  [<  a«- 
thropology  +  -ic:  =F.  anthropologique.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  anthropology;  of  the  nature  of 
anthropology. 

Such  subtle  anthropologic  v/l^dom  as  the  Ode  on  the  In- 
timations of  Immortality.  Klngsleij,  Misc.,  I.  219. 

anthropological  (an"thro-po-lo.i'i-kal),  a.  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  anthropology,  or  the  nat- 
ural history  of  man:  as,  anthropological  taeta; 
the  Anthropological  Society. 

anthropologist  (an-thro-p"ol'o-jist),  ».  [<  an- 
thropology  +  -ist.]  One  who  studies  or  is  versed 
in  anthropology. 

anthropology  (an-thro-pol'o-ji),  n.  [=F.  (JH- 
thropologie,  <  Gr.  as  if  *avdpcj7ro?My!a,  a  speaking 
of  man,  <  arOpuTro'/.O)  of,  speaking  of  man,  <  avBpu- 
TTog,  man,  +  Myew,  speak:  see  -ology.]  1.  The 
science  of  man  or  of  mankind,  it  includes  the 
study  of  man's  agreement  with  and  divergence  from  other 
animals ;  of  his  pliysical  structure  and  intellectual  nature ; 
of  the  various  tribes  of  men  with  reference  to  their  origin, 
customs,  etc. ;  and  of  the  general  physical  and  mental 
development  of  the  human  race.  Anthropology  thus  in- 
cludes j'hy.siology,  psychology,  sociology,  ethnology,  etc., 
puttin:.'  under  contribution  all  sciences  which  have  man 
for  their  (ilijert.  By  some  it  has  been  divided  into  — («) 
zoijii'iiicnl  iiiillirnpnloqii.  wliicli  Investigates  man's  relations 
to  the  brute  creation  ;  {b)  descriptive anthroj»>tf>:i ft,  i>v^t/uiot- 
ogy,  which  ilesiribcs  the  divisions  and  groups  of  mankinil ; 
(c)  genernl  >iiilhri<p<>h>gg,  or,  as  M.  Broca  calls  it,  "the  biol- 
ogy of  the  hinnan  race."  As  a  department  of  systematic 
theology,  antliroiiolngy  deals  with  questions  relating  to 
the  ori;;iii,  Mature,  original  condition,  and  fall  of  man,  and 
especially  to  the  di-ctrines  of  sin  and  free  agency. 
2.  A  treatise  on  the  science  of  man. —  3t.  -An- 
thropomorphism (which  see). 

anthropomancy  (an'thr6-p9-man"si), «.   [=F. 

anthropomancie,  <  Gr.  avdpuTrog,  man,  -I-  paprein, 
divination.  Cf.  necromancy.]  Divination  by 
inspeetiug  the  entrails  of  a  human  being. 
anthropometer  (an-thro-pom'e-ter),  «.  [<  <in- 
thropometry.  Cf.  geometer.]  One  who  studies 
or  practises  anthropometry. 

As  he  stands  before  us  now,  man  is  an  animal  .  .  .  ex- 
hibiting in  his  adult  form  those  characteristics  wliich  en- 
gage the  attention  of  the  anatomist,  the  physiologist,  and 
the  anthroponn'ter.  Smltfi^onian  Rep.,  1881,  p.  499. 

anthropometric  (an"thro-po-met'rik),  a.  [< 
anthropometry  +  -ic]  Pertaining  or  relating 
to  the  proportions  of  the  human  body ;  relating 
to  anthropometry. 

Over  a  hundred  antfiropom^tric  observations  were  taken 
on  individuals  of  all  ages  and  both  sexes.    Science,  III.  168. 

anthropometrical  (an'thro-po-met'ri-kal),  a. 
[<  anthropometric  +  -al.]  Same  as  anthropo- 
metric. 

anthropometrically  (an'thro-po-mefri-kal-i), 
adr.  In  an  anthropometric  manner;  by  means 
of  anthropometry. 

anthropometry  (an-thro-pom'e-tri),  «.    [=  F. 

anthropometric,  <  Gr.  avtipuiroc,  man,  -I-  -perpia,  < 
pHpov,  measure.]  The  measurement  of  the 
human  body;  the  department  of  the  science  of 
anthropology  ■n-hieh  relates  to  the  proportions 
of  the  human  body,  either  in  individuals  or  in 
tribes  and  races. 

Anthropomorpha  (an'thro-po-mor'fji),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  iieut.  pi.  of  anthropomorphns :  see  anthro- 
pomorphous.] A  group  of  anthropoid  apes,  the 
simians,  equivalent  to  the  family  >'»«(/(/«■.  See 
ape,  3. 

anthropomorphic  (an'''thro-po-m6r'fik),  a.  [As 
anthrojiomorphous  +  -ic]  1.  Relating  to  or 
characterized  by  anthropomorphism:  as,  an- 
thropomorphic  conceptions  of  Deity. 

"We  everywhere  see  fading  away  the  anthropomorphic 
conception  of  the  Unknown  Cause. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  111. 
The  curiously  anthropomorphic  idea  of  stones  being  hus- 
bands and  wives,  and  even  having  cltildren,  is  familiar  to 
the  tljians  as  it  is  to  tlie  Peruvians  and  the  Lapps. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  II.  149. 

2.  Resembling  man ;  approaching  man  in  type ; 

antliropoid:  as,  anthropomorphic  apes. 
anthropomorphical   (an'''thro-po-m6r'fi-kal), 

a.  Of  anthropomorphic  character  or  tendency. 

[Rare.] 
anthropomorphically     (an "  thro-po  -mor '  ii  - 

kal-i),  adr.    In  an  anthropomorphic  maimer; 

in  or  as  of  the  human  form. 


anthropomorphous 

The  treatment  he  has  received  —  either  from  his  fellow- 
hcings  or  froin  a  power  which  he  is  jiroue  to  think  of  an- 
throjrtnii"<-/ih'>;i//,i.        II.  Si-ciicer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  518. 

anthropomorphism  (an'thro-po-m6r'fizm),  n. 
[As  anthroiiomorphous  -\-  -ism.]  1.  Tlie  ascrip- 
tion of  human  attributes  to  supernatural  or 
di'vine  beings;  in  f/im/.,  the  conception  or  rep- 
resentation of  God  with  human  qualities  and 
aflfeetions,  or  in  a  human  shape.  Anthropomor- 
phism is  foumled  in  man's  inability  to  conceive  beings 
above  himself  otherwise  than  in  his  own  likeness.  It  de- 
termines thegrowih  and  fonn  of  all  human  religions,  from 
the  lowest  up  to  the  highest :  as  where  the  .Scriptures  speak 
of  the  eye,  the  ear,  and  the  hand  of  God,  of  his  seeing  and 
hearing,  of  Ins  remembering  and  forgetting,  of  his  making 
man  in  his  own  im-age,  etc. 

Although  Milton  was  umloubtedly  a  high  Arian  in  his 
mature  life,  lie  tloes,  in  the  necessity  of  poetry,  give  a 
greater  objectivity  to  the  Father  and  the  Son  than  he 
would  have  justified  in  argument.  He  was  wise  in  adopt- 
ing the  strong  anihropomorphixm  of  the  Hebrew  Scrip- 
tures at  once.  Coleridge,  Table-Talk,  p.  293. 

2.  The  conception  of  animals,  plants,  or  nature 
in  general,  by  analogy  with  man:  commonly 
implying  an  unscientific  use  of  such  analogy. 

Descartes  .  .  .  deserted  the  old  moderate  view  which 
affirmed  that  between  the  highest  psychical  powers  of  man 
and  brutes  there  is  a  certain  natural  likeness  and  analogy, 
and  gave  rise  to  the  notion  that  animals  are  nothing  but 
wonderfully  complex  machines  —  an  error  naturally  re- 
sulting in  the  opposite  one  now  so  prevalent  —  the  error, 
namely,  that  there  is  a  substantial  identity  between  the 
brute  soul  and  tlie  soul  of  man  —  biological  anthropomor- 
]>ltisiii.  yiivart. 

anthropomorphist  (an'thro-po -mor 'fist),  /!. 
[As  anthropomorpthoiis  +  -ist.]  One  who  attrib- 
utes human  form  or  qualities  to  beings  other 
than  man;  especially,  one  who  in  thought  or 
speech  invests  the  Deity  with  human  form  and 
attributes;  an  anthropomorphite. 

^\^lat  anthropomorphi^ts  we  are  in  this,  that  we  cannot 
let  moral  distinctions  be,  but  nmst  mould  them  into  human 
shape  1  Emerson,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  414. 

anthropomorphite  (an''thro-po-m6r'fit),  n.  and 
a.  [<  LL.  anthropomorphita;  pi.,  <  Gr.  *av6pu-o- 
pop(pirai,  pi.,  heretics  who  believed  in  a  God 
of  human  form,  <  ardpu-ouopipoc,  anthropomor- 
phous: see  anthropomorphous.]  I.  n.  One  who 
believes  that  the  Supreme  Being  exists  in  hu- 
man form,  with  human  attributes  and  passions; 
an  anthropomorphist ;  specifically,  one  of  an 
ancient  religious  sect  who  held  such  ■views.  See 
Aiielian. 

Though  few  profess  themselves  anfhropomurpkites,  yet 
we  may  find  many  amongst  the  ignorant  of  that  opinion. 

Locke. 

=  Syn.  Anthropomorphite.  Anthropomorphist.  Tlie  for- 
mer is  properly  one  who  attributes  a  human  body  to  God, 
the  latter  one  who  attributes  to  him  human  piissions. 

II.  a.  Anthropomoriihitie. 

anthropomorphitic,      anthropomorphitical 

(an'thro-po-mor-fit'ik,  -i-kal),  a.   [<  LL.  anthro- 
pomorphiticus,  <  anthropomorphita:   anthropo- 
morphites:  see  anthropomorphite.]     Pertaining 
to  or  characterized  by  anthropomoi-phism. 
anthropomorphitisni      (an "  thro  -  po  -  mor '  fi  - 

tizm),  H.  [<  anthropomorphite  +  -/.s-»).]  The 
doctrines  of  authropomorphites;  anthropomor- 
phism. 

anthropomorphize  (an'''thr9-po-m6r'fiz),  V.  t. ; 
pret.  and  pp.  anthropomorphized,  ppr.  anthropo- 
morphizing. [As  anthropomorphous  + -i:e.]  To 
invest  with  human  qualities. 

The  Pehisgian  Zeus  became  the  head  of  the  new  Olym- 
pus, and  a  completely  anthropomorphized  god. 

The  Nation,  Sept  23,  1869,  p.  255. 

Even  with  Homer  the  age  of  Creation  has  ceased,  the 
age  of  criticism  and  scepticism  has  begun.  At  any  rate, 
the  gods  Inive  strayed  far  away  from  the  region  to  which 
by  nature  they  belong.  They  have  become  anthropomor- 
phized. Kcani,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  155. 

anthropomorphology  (an "  thro -po- mor -fol  '- 
6-ji),  )(.  [<  Gr.  attipu-opopdMQ,  of  human  form 
(see  anthropomorphous),  -\-  -'/o}in,  <  li-jCiv, 
speak:  see  -ology.]  The  use  of  anthropomor- 
phic language.     -V.  7",'.  D. 

anthropomorphosis  (an*thro-po-m6r-f6'sis  or 
-mor'fo-sis),  n. ;  pi.  anthropomorphoses  (-sez). 
[<  Gr.  as  if  * iivGpijj-oudjxtiufyii;,  <  avSpu~ouop<I>6Etv, 
clothe  inhuman  form,  <  arfipu-uuoppoc,  in  human 
form:  see  anthropomorphous.]  Transformation 
into  human  sliape.     Baring-Gould. 

anthropomorphotheist  (an  'thro  -  po  -  mor  -  fo- 
the'ist),  H.  [<  Gr.  av6po-6pop<poc,  of  human 
form,  +  tffof,  God,  -I-  -ist :  see  anthropomor})hous 
and  theist.]  One  who  conceives  God  as  haWng 
human  attributes.  ('»«(•«, Buddliist Catechism, 
p.  ")(;. 

anthropomorphous  (an'thro-po-mor'fns),  a. 
[<  NL.  unthropomorphus,  <  Gr.  ai'6pu-6pop()ioi;  of 
human  form,  <  ardpuTzor,  man,  +  I'op^'h  fonn.] 


anthropomorphous 

Anthropomoriihic  ;  anthropoid  in  form :  as,  an 
nvthriipoDiiirjihoiis  apo.     Jliulci/. 

anthroponomical  (an  "  thro  -  i)o  -  nom '  i  -  kill),  a. 
[<  iiHtlin>iH>ii()iini  +  -ical.'\  CoiicerueJ  witii  the 
hiws  whic'li  rcfjiUato  human  action.     J\'.  E.  I). 

anthroponomy  (an-thro-pou'o-mi),  H.  [=  F. 
aitilti'djHinoiuic,'^  Cir.  avHjKjKoi;,  man,  +  vo/ior^  law: 
SCO  »ow(-.]  Tho  science  of  tlie  laws  which  gov- 
ern liunuui  action. 

anthropopathic  (an"tliro-po-path'ik),  a.  [< 
uiitliioiKijKilliij  +  -If.]  Pertaining  to  anthro- 
popathy ;  possessing  or  subject  to  human  pas- 
sions. 

anthropopathical  (an"tliro-p9-path'i-kal),  a. 
Same  as  itnthntjiiijHftlih'. 

anthropopathically  (an" thro-po-pat h'i-kal-i), 
adv.  In  an  anthropopathic  manner;  as  i)0S- 
sessing  human  passions. 

anthropopathism  (an-thro-pop'a-thizm), «.  [< 
(iiitlirojiiiinitlii/  +  -/,svH.]  i.  The  ascription  of 
human  passions  to  supernatural  beings,  espe- 
cially to  the  Supreme  Being.  Also  called  an- 
thropiijmthy. —  2.  An  expression  containing  or 
implying  such  ascription. 

Like  the  Chuldue  piiniphrasts,  he{Aliu  SaidJ  resolveaa/i- 
thru]iii/intlii.^in.-i,  etnpluys  eupheinisiiis,  ami  makes  several 
minnr  alterations. 

T.  II.  Ilunif,  liitriid.  to  Study  of  Holy  .Scrii>tures,  11.  70. 

anthropopathite  (an-thro-pop'a-tlut), «.  [<(ih- 
tlirdptiiiiilliji  +  -i7('-.]  A  believer  in  anthropop- 
athism; one  who  ascribes  human  passions  to 
the  Deity. 

Mall  so  Iialiitiially  aserilies  to  l»is  deities  Ininiati  sliape, 
llilliiaii  passifjiis,  liiimaii  nature,  tllat  we  may  ileclare  liiin 
ail  Aiithrojioiiiorpliite,  an  Anthroitoituthite,  ilxhI  (to  eoiii- 
plete  the  series)  an  .\nthropojihy8ite. 

J-:.  IS.  Tylur,  Prim.  Culture,  II.  224. 

anthropopathy  (an-thro-pop'a-thi),  n.  [=  F. 
(tiithrttpopafhir,  <  Gr.  ail>itu>-o~aOeia,  humanity, 
<  iwOpunOTvatli/r,  with  human  feelings,  <  avHponroc, 
man,  +  Trddotj,  feeling,  affection,  suffering:  see 
pathos.']     Same  as  anthrojtojiatltism,  1. 

In  its  reeoil  from  the  gross  anthropupathy  of  the  vulgar 
notions,  it  falls  into  the  vacuum  of  absolute  apathy.  Uarc. 

anthropophagi,  «.     Plural  of  antliropoph<ii/us. 
anthropophagic  (an"thro-po-faj'ik),  o.     [<(Jr. 

"(iiy/ju.Tuyu;;;io(,'  (implied  iu  adv.  avOpuiTo^a) min;), 

<,  avdpuiroipayo^:  see  anthrnpophagus.']    Relating 

to  or  practising  cannibalism. 
anthropophagical  (an'thro-po-fai'i-kal),  a. 

Same  as  (iiithropiiphagic. 
anthropophaginian  (an-thi-o-pof-a-jin'i-an),  H. 

[<  anIhritjiiipliiiiiHSj  q.  v.,  +  -in-ian.]  A  man- 
eater;  a  cannibal.     [Humorous.] 

He'll  speak  like  an  Anthropophaqinian  unto  thee. 

Sliak.,  M.  \V.  of  W.,  iv.  .S. 

anthropophagism  (an-thro-pof 'a-jizm),  n.  [As 
UHtliropophiiipius  -I-  -ism.']  Tlie  practice  or 
custom  of  eating  human  flesh;  cannibalism. 
N.  E.  I).     [Rare.] 

anthropophagist  (an-thro-pof'a-jist),  n.  [As 
anthriipiiphdiiiius  +  -ist.]  One  who  eats  human 
flesh;  a  cannibal.     X.  E.  D.     [Rare.] 

anthropophagistic  (an-thro-pof-a-jis'tik),  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  the  anthro- 
pophagi; cannibalistic.     Soutliey. 

Evidenees  of  [the  prehistorie  cave-men's]  occasional  lit- 
tle anthropophagistic  failings,  in  the  shape  of  scraped  and 
chipped  human  bones,  .  .  .  are  not  infrequent. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo..  X.XVI.  205. 

anthropophagite  (an-thro-pof 'a-jit),  n.    [As 

iiKtlirdjidpliiiiioiis  +  -iff-.]  A  man-eater;  a  can- 
nibal. 

I  should  naturally  have  killed  my  lion,  tempted  the  ap- 
petite of  the  anthrofiopharjitt',  &nd  brought  home  a  little 
iiei,'ro  boy.  '/'.  11.  .Itilrich,  I'onkapog  to  Testh,  p.  17S. 

anthropophagizet  (an-thro-pof'a-j5z),  v.  i.  [As 
atithnipophuijous  +  -izc]  To  feed  on  human 
flesh;  practise  cannibalism.  Cockcram  ;  Blount. 
[Rare.] 

anthropophagous  (an-thro-pof 'a-gus),  o.  [< 
L.  anthnipnphirffti.^f  <  Gr.  avdiiu~otl)a}oij,  man-eat- 
ing: see  antltropHiphdijits.]  Man-eating;  homi- 
nivorous ;  feeding  on  human  flesh. 

anthropophagUS  (an-thro-pof 'a-gus),  n. ;  pi.  an- 
Ihropoplitufi  (-.ji).  [L.,  <  Gr.  dx'OpG}m)(p(t}oc,  man- 
eating,  <  drHfiu>-oc,  man,  -1-  (jtayciv,  eat.]  A  man- 
eater;  a  cannibal;  a  person  who  eats  human 
flesh.     Commonly  in  tho  plural. 

The  Cannibals  that  each  other  eat. 
The  Anthropophagi.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

anthropophagy  (an-thro-jiofa-ji),  H.    [=  F. 

aitthrop'tpluiiflc,  <  Gr.  di'Op(.)-o(pa)  in,  <  hv(ipw-o- 
<P'i}or,  man-eating:  see  anthropophagus.]  The 
eating  of  men;  the  act  or  practice  of  eating 
human  flesh;  cannibalism. 

The  anthropoplirt'f't  of  Diomedes  his  horses. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

16 


241 

The  extent  to  which  anthropophagi/  ha.s  been  carried 
among  some  nations  is,  no  doubt,  mainly  due  to  the  in- 
dulgence of  the  appetite  once  aroused. 

ETieyc.  Brit.,  IV.  808. 

anthropophohia  (an'tliro-po-fo'bi-ii),  n.  [<  Or. 
di'llpGi-iu;  man,  +  -(po,iia,'<.  ip'ii,Mv,  fear.]  Aver- 
sion to  man ;  dread  of  meeting  persons. 

He  has  anthropophohia,  being  afraiil  to  meet  any  one 
about  the  house.  Alien,  ami  Xeurol.,  VI.  U4. 

anthropophuism  (an-thro-pof 'u-izm),  n. 
[Prop.  'iiiillir(}pi>pliyi.\-m,  <  Or.  dvl)'puTTo(j>viir,  of 
man's  nature  (<  avOpumoc,  man,  -I-  ^iv/,  nature,  < 
iphnv,  produce,  in  pass,  grow),  +  -(.vw.]  That 
conception  of  the  gods  which  attributes  to  them 
the  possession  of  functions  and  desires  similar 
to  those  of  human  beings. 

The  Jupiter  of  Homer  is  to  be  regarded  ...  as  the  re- 
ceptacle and  butt  <if  tile  principal  parts  of  such  earthly, 
sensual,  and  alipetilivcckliiints  as,  at  the  time  of  Homer, 
anthropophuism  bad  ol)tni.bil  into  the  sphere  of  deity. 

GhHlsliinr,  Studies  in  Homer,  IT.  174. 

anthropophuistic  (an-thro-pof-u-is'tik),  a. 
[As  iDithnijKijiliiii.sm  +  -ist-ic]  Relating  to  or 
characterized  by  anthropophuism. 

That  introduction  of  the  female  principle  into  the 
sphere  of  deity,  wliich  the  (Irccks  seem  to  have  adopted, 
after  their  nnthniimphuistir  iiianner,  with  a  view  to  the 
family  order  anions,'  the  Immortals. 

Gtadstoni-,  .studies  in  Homer,  II.  CA. 

anthropophysite  (an-thi-o-pof'i-sit),  ».  [<  Gr. 
iiilpoTvnr,  man,  +  (piair,  nature,  +  -itit'^.']  One 
who  ascribes  a  human  nature  to  the  gods. 
E.  II.  Tyhir. 

Anthropopithecus  (an"thro-p9-pi-th6'kus),  «. 
[NL.,  <  dr.  drllpuTTm;,  man,  +  Tr/ttynof,  ape:  see 
I'ithcciis.]  A  genus  of  anthropoid  apes,  of  the 
family  Simiidw  and  subfamily  Simiina:,  con- 
taining only  the  chimpanzee :  proposed  by  De 
BlainvUle  as  a  substitute  for  Trotilodytis  (tleof- 
froy),  preoccupied  in  omitliology.  Both  these 
names  are  antedated  by  Mimetes  (Leach,  1819). 

anthroposcopy  (an-thro-pos'ko-pi),  «.  [<  Gr. 
avIipuTTOQ,  man,  +  -nmiria,  <  aKOTrciv,  view.]  The 
art  of  discovering  or  judging  of  character,  pas- 
sions, and  inclinations  from  the  lineaments  of 
the  body.     Croii/. 

anthroposophist  (an  *  thro -pos'o -fist),  II.  [< 
anthri>po.s(>phy  +  -ist.]  One  fm-nished  with  the 
wisdom  of  men.     Kingsley.     {N.  E.  I).) 

anthropOSOphy  (an-t'hro-pos'o-fi),  H.  [<  Gr. 
avtlpuTTor,  man,  -l-  aoipin,  wisdom,  <  aoipdr,  wise. 
Cf.  theosophy.]  Knowledge  of  the  nature  of 
man ;  acfjuaintance  with  man's  structure  and 
functions,  comprehending  anatomy  and  physi- 
ology. 

anthropotomical  (an"thro-po-tom'i-kal),  a. 
[As  aiithropotomy  +  -;'c-<T?.]  Pertainiiig  to 
anthropotomy,  or  the  dissection  of  the  human 
body. 

anthropotomist  (an-thro-pot'o-mist),  n.  [As 
aiitlinijKitoiiiy  +  -ist.]  An  anatomist  of  the 
human  liody.     Owen. 

anthropotomy  (an  -  tkro  -pot '  6  -  mi),  H.  [<  Gr. 
aiUpuTToi;,  a  man,  -I-  to/j//,  a  cutting,  <  reftveiv, 
ra/jch',  cut.  Cf.  anatomy.]  The  anatomy  or 
dissection  of  the  human  body ;  human  anatomy. 

The  OS  innomiiiatum  is  represented  throughout  life  iu 
most  reptiles  by  three  distinct  bones,  answering  to  the 
iliac,  ischial,  and  pubic  portions  in  anthro}iotomy. 

Owt^n,  Comp.  Anat. 

anthropurgic  (an-thro-pcr'jik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avdpu- 
77ovp-)6(,  making  men,  \  avSpu-ot;,  man,  +  Ipyov 
=  E.  work,  «.]  Pertaining  to  or  influenced  by 
the  e.xereise  of  human  power;  operated  on  by 
man:  opposed  to  physiurgic  (which  see) An- 
thropurgic somatology,  "the  science  of  bodies,  so  far 
as  man  ...  is  able  to  operate  upon  them."  Quoted  in 
iientbani's  Works.  Int.,  p.  Hi. 

Anthura  (an-thti'ra),  n.  [NTj.,  <  Gr.  avBog,  a 
flower,  -1-  ovpii,  tail.]  A  genus  of  isopods,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Jntlitirida:     Leach,  1813. 

Anthuridae  (an-thti'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
tliura  +  -iilce.]  A  family  of  isopods,  typified  by 
the  genus  Anthnrn,  in  which  tho  body  is  slen- 
der and  vermiform,  the  antenna*  are  short  and 
4-jointcd,  and  the  plates  of  the  swimmeret  form 
a  kind  of  cajisulo. 

Anthurium  (an-thii'ri-um).  «.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  !iv- 
tliir,  a  flower,  +  inpa,  a  tail.]  A  large  genus  of 
tropical  American  plants,  natural  order  Arti- 
cea;  growing  epiphytically  on  forest -trees.  The 
flowers  are  arrangeil  on  a  fleshy  spike,  rising  out  of  a  green 
or  often  richly  colored  spatlie.  Its  species  arc  extensively 
cultivated  as  ornamental  plants  in  grccnbouscs. 

Anthus  (an'thus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  ai'floc,  masc,  a 
small  bird.  prob.  the  yellow  wagtail  (tr.  fiorus  liy 
Gaza),  appar.  <  ar^of,  nent.,  a  flower.]  A  genus  of 
oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  ilotacillidw 
and  subfamily -!lH(/ii«(i';  the  pipits  or  titlarks. 


antiaditis 

There  arc  numerous  spi  <  ies,  much  resembling  one  an- 
other, all  being  small,  brown,  spotted  ami  streaked  binis, 
with  slender  bill  and  lengthened  bind  claw,  ami  the  imint 
of  the  wing  formed,  in  the  typical  sjiecics,  by  the  llrst  four 
pilniarics.  They  are  of  terrestrial  habits,  in  this  and  some 
other  respects  resetubling  larks.  The  best-known  Euro- 
pean species  are  A.  pratKimiti,  the  nieadow-pipit;  A.  at' 


'"ip^ . 


■E    S 
Pipit,  or  Titlark  {.Anthus  ludmiicianus). 

borfus,  the  tree-pipit ;  A.  afinaticiut,  tho  rock-pipit :  and  A. 
richardi.  The  most  abun<laut  North  Amiriran  piiilt  is 
A.  ludomciantts,  very  generally  distributed  tbroniibout  the 
eastern  portions  of  the  continent.  The  ilissouri  jiipit,  also 
called  skylark,  is  A.  sjrrafruei,  common  on  the  western 
prairies,  especially  in  Dakota,  and  belongs  to  a  subgenus 
Xfcrnnis.  Ibere  are  several  South  American  species,  of 
the  siiliyt-iHra  .\'otiovorj/s  and  J'^diocori/s. 

anthypnotic  (ant-hip-  or  an-thip-not'ik),  a. 
[<  Gr.  as  if  *(n'0ii:TvuTiK6r.  See  antihypnotic.'] 
Same  as  aniihi/pnotic. 

anthypochondriac  (ant '■'hip-  or  au-thip-6-kon'- 

dn-ak),  a.  [<  Gr.  as  if  "ai'Oi'rvnx'n'fipiaKor.  See 
antihypoehondriac]  Same  as  antihypochon- 
ilriae. 

anthypophora  (ant-hi-  or  an-thi-pof  o-ra),  «. 
[L.,  <  Gr.  dvthtTTO^opa,  <  lii'fl-,  dvT-  for  (iiTi,  against, 
-I-  i'-ojjiopd,  a  putting  foi-Wiird  !)}■  way  of  excuse, 
an  objection,  <  iT!o<p[pi;iv,  hold  out,  bring  imder, 
<  vTTo,  under,  +  (pipeif,  bear,  can-y,  =E.  hetir^.] 
In  r7ic(.,  a  figure  which  consists  in  anticipating 
and  refuting  oVijections  which  might  be  ad- 
vanced by  iin  opponent.  Also  written  uiitihy- 
pophnro. 

anthysteric  (ant-his-  or  an-this-ter'ik),  a.  and 
n.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *avt)vaTi:piK6c.  See  antihysteric] 
Same  as  antihysteric. 

anti-.  [<  L.,  etc.,  nnti-,  <  Gr.  duTt-,  prefix,  avri, 
prep.,  over  against,  opposite  to,  against,  op- 
posed to,  answering  to,  counter,  equal  to,  = 
Skt.QHti,  over  against,  =L.  ante,  in  comp.  ante-, 
rarely  anti-,  before,  =  Goth.  OS.  AS.,  etc.,  and-: 
see  further  imderoH/c-andawrf-.  In  a  few  words 
OH ^^- represents  L.  ante,  anti-,  as  in  antieipate, 
antibrachial.]  A  prefi.x  of  Greek  origin:  origi- 
nally only  in  compoimds  or  derivatives  taken 
from  the  Greek  or  formed  of  Greek  elements, 
as  in  antipathy,  antinomy,  etc.  (the  earliest  ex- 
ample in  English  being  anticlirist,  which  see), 
but  now  a  familiar  English  formative,  meaning 
primarily  against,  opposed  to.  It  forms  — (i)  Com- 
pound nouns  (with  the  accent  on  tllepreflx),  in  which  anti- 
has  the  attributive  force  of  opposeil  to,  opponent,  oppo- 
site, counter,  as  in  antichrist,  antipope,  antichorus.  an- 
ticifclotie,  antiimle,  etc.  (2)  Compound  adjectives  (with 
the  accent  on  the  radical  element),  in  which  anti-  retains 
its  original  prepositional  force,  against,  opposed  to, 
governing  the  n<mn  expressed  or  implied,  aa  in  anti- 
christian,  antijHipal,  anticlerical,  etc.  Such  compound 
adjectives  adopt  an  adjective  termination,  as  in  tlje  ex- 
amples just  citedj  or  omit  it,  as  in  antiehurch,  antisla- 
verft,  anttpnihit>itwn,  antirent,  when  it  does  not  exist  or  is 
not  readily  formed.  This  mixture  of  adjective  and  sub- 
stantive forms  makes  easy  the  development,  from  the 
compound  adjectives,  of  abstract  nouns  like  antislavery, 
antiprohihition,  etc.  In  form  these  comiiound  adjectives, 
like  antiefiristian,  anticlerical,  anti-.^ocinian,  are  thus, 
strictly,  m.-iile  up  of  anti-  with  a  noun  and  an  adjective 
termination,  as  anti-  -f-  ChriM  +  -ian,  anti-  -|-  cleric  -f  -al, 
anti-  +  Socin(-wt)-\-  -ian,  etc.;  but  in  effect  they  are  often 
equivalent  to,  ami  for  brevity  they  may  lie  marked  as, 
anti-  -I-  Chri.-<tian,  anti-  -f  clerical,  etc.  These  compounds 
are  especially  applied  to  persons  or  parties  opposed  in 
opinion  or  iiractice  to  other  persons  or  parties,  or  to 
things :  in  medicine,  to  remedies  producing  or  intended  to 
produce  an  effect  or  condition  opposite  to  or  in  correction 
or  prevention  of  that  implied  in  the  simple  word,  as  anti- 
corrosive,  antipyretic,  anti.fat,  etc.  In  the  etymologies 
following,  anti-  is  treated  as  a  mere  English  formative, 
and  is  not  referred  to  the  Greek,  except  when  ob\1ou8ly 
taken,  in  connection  with  the  radical  element,  directly 
from  the  Greek. 

anti-acid  (an-ti-as'id),  n.  and  a.  Same  as  ant- 
acid. 

antiadest  (an-ti'a-dez),  n.  pi.  [<  Gr.  avriaScc,  pi. 
of  aiTiac,  a  tonsil,  esp.  when  swelled,  <  aiTiof, 
opposite,  <  dvri,  against:  see  anti-.]  The  ton- 
sils. 

antiaditist  (an-t!-a-<Ji'tis),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
ridder,  tonsils  (see  above),  +  -i7i«.]  Inflamma- 
tion of  tho  tonsils;  tonsilitis. 


Antix.    c,  culmcn. 


antls 

antise  (an'ti-e),  ».  ;>/.  [NL..  <  LL.  anti<e,  the 
hair  pi'owing  on  the  forehead,  forelock,  <  Ij.anU, 
before:  see  ante-.'] 
Ill  ornilh.,  exten- 
sions of  the  feathers 
on  the  upper  mnmli- 
ble  on  eitlier  siilo  of 
the  base  of  the  oul- 
men.  Also  called 
frontal  pointfi. 

anti-albiunose  (an  '- 

ti-:il-l)u'iiu>s),  H.  [< 
anii-  +  albuin(cn)  +  -osc]  A  product  of  the 
digestive  action  of  trypsin  on  an  albuminoid. 
Further  digestion  converts  it  into  antipeptone. 

anti-anarchic  (an'ti-a-niir'kik),  n.  [<  tint!-  + 
aiKiirhicI  t)pposed  to  anarchy  or  confusion: 
as,  "your  antianarchic  Girondins,"  Carhjlt, 
Frenc'h  Hcv.,  III.  iv.  2.     [Hare.] 

anti-aphrodisiac  (an  ti-af-ro-diz'i-ak),  a.  and 
n.     Same  as  (uitajihrodisiac. 

antiar,antjar(au'ti-!ir),  n.  [Javanese.]  l.The 
upas-tree  of  Java.— 2.  One  of  the  aiTow-poi- 
sons  of  Java  and  the  adjacent  islands.  It  is 
called  ill  full  iipm-anliar,  .11111  tlif  active  iiifriwlieiit  seems 
to  be  aginii  resin  exudiiisi  from  incisions  iiiad<-  in  the  Anti- 
aris  toxicciria.  Introduced  tlirougli  tlie  stomacli  ■  ir  tlir^  mgli 
a  wound,  it  is  a  violent  poison,  producing  gl-eat  inostration, 
cunvulsive  movements,  cardiac  paralysis,  and  death. 

antiarin,  antiarine  (an'ti-a-rin), «.  [<  antiai- 
+  -in'.]  The  active  principle  (C14H20O5+ 
2HoO)  of  autiar,  the  upas-poison.  Also  vrrit- 
ten  anthiarine. 

Antiaris  (an-ti-ii'ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  antiar,  q.  v.] 
An  arboreous  genus  of  plants,  natural  order 


Flowering  branch  of  the  Upas-tree  i.4ntiaris  toxicarza). 

XJrticacea,  suborder  Artocarpew,  of  the  East  In- 
dies and  Malayan  archipelago.  It  includes  the 
famous  upas-tree,  A.  tozicaria,  one  of  the  largest  trees  in 
the  forests  of  Java,  the  poisouous  qualities  of  which  have 
been  greatly  exaggerated.  It  is  harmless  except  when  it 
has  been  recently  felled  or  when  the  bark  has  been  ex- 
tensively wounded,  in  which  cases  the  effluvium  causes  a 
severe  cutaneous  eruption.  Sacks  are  made  of  the  bark  of 
A.  innoxia  by  soaking  and  beating  the  trunk  till  the  bark 
is  loosened  and  can  be  removed  whole. 

anti-arthritic  (an"ti-ar-thrit'ik),  a.  and  r>. 
Same  as  antarthritic. 

anti-asthmatic  (an'ti-ast-mat'ik),  a.  and  n. 
Same  as  nntasthmatic. 

anti-attrition  (an"ti-a-trish'on),  a.  Same  as 
anti/rirtinn. 

antibabylonianism  (an"ti-bab-i-lo'ni-au-izm), 
n.     [<  anti-  +  Babylonian  +  -ism.]     Denuncia- 
tion of  the  Church  of  Rome  as  being  the  Babylon 
of  the  Apocalypse  (Rev.  xvli.).     [Rare.] 
Our  Boanerges  with  Iiis  threats  of  doom, 
And  loud-lung"d  antihahiilonianixms. 

Tennyson,  .Sea  Dreams. 

antibacchic  (an-ti-bak'ik),  a.  [<  antibacchins 
+ -ic]  (Vrasisting  of  or  of  the  nature  of  an 
antibacchins.     .V.  A'.  I). 

antibacchins (an'ti-ba-ld'us),  n. ;  pi.  antihacchii 
,-i).  [l.i.,<  Gr.  'avTij3aKxcioi,  <  avrt,  against,  oji- 
posed  to,  -I-  liaKx^ioc,  a  bacchius:  see'Oaccliiua.] 
In  pros.,  a  foot  of  three  syllables,  the  tu'st  tvfo 
long  and  the  last  one  short.  The  metrical  ictus  is 
on  the  first  long  syllalde,  as  in  dmbir^  in  Latin,  or  imtnd- 
father  in  English.  Opposed  to  the  bacchhis,  in  which  the 
first  syllable  is  short  and  tlie  Inst  two  are  long,  lint  also 
soiiu-tiiiics  iiitercliaiiging  meanings  with  it. 

antibacterial  (an"ti-bak-te'ri-al),  o.  [<  anti- -(- 
bacteria  +  -«/.]  Opposed  to  the  theory  that 
certain  diseases  are  caused  by  the  presence  of 
bacteria. 

antibasilican  (an'ti-ba-zil'i-kan),  a.  [<  Gr. 
iivTi,  against,  +  jiaaOMur^,  royal,  <  ^aai^i/f,  a 


242 

king:  see  basilica.]    Opposed  to  royal  state  and 

power. 

antibilious  (an-ti-bil'yus),  a.  [<  anti-  +  hil- 
IOH.S.]  Counteractive  of  bilious  complaints:  as, 
antihiliott.i  pills. 

antibiotic  (an  "ti-bi-ot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  av-i,  agaiiist, 
-I-  jiiariKuc,  of  or  pertaining  to  life,  <  /ioir,  live, 
<  (J/of,  life.]  Opposed  to  a  belief  in  the  pres- 
ence or  possibility  of  life.     N.  E.  1). 

antibracnial,  antibrachium.  See  antebrachial, 

<inl(hr<irhii(ni. 
Antibnrgher  (an'ti-bcr-ger),  «.  [<  anti-  + 
liuryhcr,  q.  v.,  in  the  special  sense  of  a  seceder 
who"  approved  of  the  burgess  oath.]  A  mem- 
ber of  one  of  the  two  sections  into  which 
the  Scotch  Secession  Church  was  split  in  1747, 
by  a  controversy  on  the  lawfulness  of  accept- 
ing a  clause  in  "the  oath  required  to  be  taken 
by  burgesses  declaratory  of  "their  jirofession 
and  allowance  of  the  true  religion  professed 
within  the  realm  and  authorized  by  the  laws 
thereof."  Tlie  Antiburghers  denied  that  this  oath  could 
be  taken  consistently  witli  the  principles  of  the  churcli, 
wliile  the  Burghers  aflimied  its  compatibility.  The  result 
w.as  that  tlie  church  was  rent  in  two.  each  section  estab- 
lishing a  communion  of  its  own.  known  respectively  as  the 
General  Associate  Synod,  or  Antiburghers,  and  the  Asso- 
ciate Synod,  or  Burghers.  They  were  reunited  in  1820, 
after  se^'enty-three  years  of  separation,  thus  constituting 
the  I'llited  Secession  Churcli. 

antic  (an'tik),  a.  and  n.  [Introduced  in  the 
reignof  Heni-y  Vin.,  spelled  a«(icA-,  aniicke,  an- 
fike,  antijkc,  and  later  antique  (with  accent  on 
the  first"  syllable),  <  F.  oh (igwe,  ancient,  stale, 
=  Pr.  antic  =  Sp.  antiguo  =  Pg.  antiijo  =  It. 
antico,  ancient,  old,  <  L.  antiquns,  former,  ear- 
lier, ancient,  old,  <  ante,  before:  see  ante-,  and 
cf.  ancient^.  In  the  17th  century  the  spell- 
ing antique,  vrhieh  then  first  became  common, 
was  gradually  restricted  to  the  literal  sense, 
with  the  accent  and  pronunciation  changed  in 
immediate  dependence  on  the  F.,  while  antick, 
antic  was  retained  in  the  deflected  sense:  see 
antique.]  I.  a.  If.  Belonging  to  former  times ; 
ancient;  antique. 

The  famous  warriors  of  the  anticke  world 
Us'd  trophees  to  erect  in  stately  wize. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  Ixix. 

2t.  Having  existed  for  a  long  time ;  old ;  aged. 
—  3t.  Proper  to  former  times;  antiquated;  old- 
fashioned. 
Vertue  is  thought  an  antich  piece  of  formality. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Rochester,  p.  170.  (.V.  E.  D.) 
4.  Fantastic,  grotesque,  odd,  strange,  or  ludi- 
crous, in  form,  dress,  gesture,  or  posture. 

Grottesca,  a  kind  of  rugged  impolished  painters  worke, 
anticke  worke.  Florio. 

How  strange  or  odd  soe'er  I  bear  myself, 
As  I,  perchance,  hereafter  shall  think  meet 
To  put  an  antic  disposition  on.     Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  5. 
The  antic  postures  of  a  merry-andrew.  Addi-^on. 

A  fourth  [Indian]  would  fondly  kiss  and  paw  his  com- 
panions, and  snear  in  their  faces,  with  a  countenance 
more  anti^  than  any  in  a  Dutch  doll. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  ii.  U  18. 

The  antic  and  spiry  pinnacles  that  closed  the  strait  were 

all  of  white  marble.  Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXXII.  9S3. 

II.  n.  If.  A  man  of  ancient  times;  anancient; 

in  plural,  the  ancients. 

The  soles  were  tied  to  the  upper  parte  with  latchets,  as 
is  painted  of  the  Antlkes. 

T.  N.,  tr.  of  Conquest  W.  India,  p.  170.    {N.  E.  D.) 

Shall  there  be  gallows  standing  in  England  when  thou 

art  king,  and  resolution  thus  fobbed,  as  it  is,  with  the  rusty 

curb  of  old  Father  ,lH(iVt  the  law?    ,S'A<7J:.,  IHen.  IV., i.  2. 

2.  In  arf,  antic  work;  a  composition  consisting 
of  fantastic  fignres   of 

men,  animals,  foliage, 
and  flowers  incongru- 
ously combined  or  nm 
together;  a  fantastic, 
grotesque, 

figtU'l 

to 
etc. 
ph; 

architecture  to  figures  of  grif- 
fins, sphinxes,  centaurs,  etc., 
introduced  as  ornaments. 

A  worke  of  rich  entayle  and 

curious  mould, 
"Woven  withand'cfces  and  wyld 

yjnagery. 
SpmmT,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  4. 

3.  A  grotesque,  fantas- 
tic, odd,  strange,  or  lu- 
dicrous gesture  or  pos- 
ture; a  fantastic  trick; 
a  piece  of  buffoonery; 
a  caper. 

Two  sets  of  manners  could  the  Youth  put  on  ; 
-\nd  fraught  with  antics  as  the  Indian  bird 
That  ^mthes  and  chatters  in  her  wiry  cage. 

Wurdiworth,  Excursion, 


'^.^' 


/ 


^., 


Antic,  Anitens  Cathedral,  13th 
century.  (From  Viollet-le-I>uc*s 
"  Diet,  dc  r  Architecture.") 


antichrist 

4.  A  grotesque  pageant ;  a  piece  of  mummery ; 
a  ridiculous  interlude ;  a  mask. 

Not  long  since 
I  saw  in  Brussels,  at  my  being  there, 
Tlie  Duke  of  Brabant  welcome  the  Archbishop 
Of  Mentz  witli  rare  conceit,  even  on  a  sudden, 
I'erform'd  by  knights  and  ladies  of  his  court, 
In  nature  of  an  antie.       Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  iii.  2. 

We  cannot  feast  your  eyes  with  masks  and  revels 
Or  courtly  fl/j^V*.   Beau,  rtnt/ /V.,  Laws  of  Candy,  iii.  1. 

5.  A  buffoon;  a  clown;  a  merrj'-andrew. 

And  point  like  antics  at  his  triple  crown. 

Marlowe,  Faustus,  iii.  1. 

Fear  not,  my  bird  ;  we  can  contain  ourselves, 
Were  he  the  veriest  antic  in  the  world. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the.S.,  Ind.,  i. 

antict  (an'tik),  v.;  prct.  and  pp.  anticked,  ppr. 
antickinij.  [<.antic,a.]  \,  trans.  To  make  an- 
tic or  grotesque. 

ITie  wild  disguise  hath  almost 
Antick'd  us  all.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  7. 

II.   in  trans.  To  perform  antics ;  play  tricks ; 

cut  capers. 

antica,  ».     Plural  of  anticum. 

anticachectic  (an"ti-ka-kek'tik),  a.  and  n.     [< 
anti-  +  cachectic.]      I.   a.   Efficacious   against 
cachexia,  or  a  disordered  bodily  condition. 
II.  u.  In  nied.,  a  remedj-  for  cachexia. 

antical  (an-ti'kal),  a.     Same  as  anticotis. 

anticardiac  (an-ti-kiir'di-ak),  a.  [<  anticardi- 
um.  Cf.  cardiac]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
auticarilium. 

anticardiiun  (an-ti-kiir'di-um),  n.;  pi.  anlicar- 
did  (-ii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ai-TiKapSiov,  <  avri,  over 
against,  -f-  Kapdia,  heart :  see  cardiac]  The  hol- 
low at  the  bottom  of  the  sternum ;  the  epigas- 
trium: also  called  scrobiculus  cordis,  or,  more 
commonly,  the  pit  of  the  stomach. 

anticarnivorOUS  (an"ti-kar-niv'o-rus),  a.  [< 
anti-  +  carnirorous.]  Opposed  to  feeding  on 
flesh;  vegetarian. 

anticatarrhal  (an"ti-ka-tar'al1,  a.  [<  anti-  + 
eatinriiid.]     Efficacious  against  eataiTh. 

anticausodic  (an'ti-ka-sod'ik),  a.  Same  as 
auiieimsotic 

anticausotic  (an'ti-ka-sot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  ^Kavaunnd^,  <  Kavcoeadai,  be  in  a  bum- 
ingfever(E.  also  anticausodic,  <Gr.  avri,  against, 
-t-  KavaudjjQ,  feverish,  <  navaoQ  +  fMof,  form),  < 
Kavaoc,  a  (biu'ning)  bilious  fever,  <  Koieiv,  bum: 
see  caustic]  Efficacious  against  an  inflamma- 
tory fever. 

anticaiistic  (an-ti-kas'tik),  M.  [<  anti-  +  caus- 
tic] A  caustic  curve  produced  by  refraction; 
a  diacaustic. 

antichambert,  «■     An  old  form  of  antechamber. 

anticheir  (an'ti-kir),  «.  [Prop,  'antichir,  <  Gr. 
avTixcip  (se.  duKrvloc,  finger),  the  thumb,  <  avri, 
over  against,  +  x^'P,  the  hand.]  The  thumb, 
as  opposed  to  the  rest  of  the  hand.     [Rare.] 

antichlor  (an'ti-klor),  n.  [ianti-+  chlor(ine), 
q.  v.]  In  hteaching,  any  substance  or  means 
employed  to  remove  or  neutralize  the  injurious 
effects  of  the  free  chlorine  left  in  cotton,  Unen, 
or  paper  which  has  been  bleached  by  means  of 
alkalme  hypochlorites,  as  chlorid  of  lime,  etc. 
The  neutral  and  acid  sodium  sulphites  were  fii-st  used,  but 
they  are  now  superseded  by  sodium  hj-posulphite  or  tliio- 
snlphite,  which  is  both  cheaper  and  more  efficacious.  This 
antichlor  forms,  with  the  chlorine  in  the  cloth,  etc.,  sotli- 
uin  sulphate  and  chlorate,  wliich  are  easily  removed  by 
washing. 

antichloristic  (an"ti-kl9-ris'tik),  a.  [<  anti- 
eliliir.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  an  antichlor. 

antichresis  (an-ti-kre'sis),  n.  [ML.,  <  MGr. 
ai'Tixpirni,  reciprocal  usage,  <  avri,  against,  in 
return,  +  xc'l'^i-ii  usage,  <  xp'l'^'",  use.]  In  ciril 
law,  an  agreement  by  wliich  the  debtor  gives 
his  cretlitor  the  use  of  land  or  (formerly)  slaves, 
in  order  thereby  to  pay  the  interest  and  princi- 
jial  iif  his  debt. 

antichrist  (an'ti-krist),  n.  [The  spelling  has 
been  altered  to  bring  it  nearer  the  Latin  foi-m  ; 
<  ME.  anticrist,  antccrist.  sometimes  contr.  an- 
crifit,  <  AS.  antecrist,  <  LL.  antichristus,  <  Gr. 
•  iiT/  |/)(oTor,  antichrist,  <  avri,  against,  +  Xpiard^, 
Christ:  see  anti- and  Christ.]  An  opponent  of 
( 'hrist ;  a  person  or  power  antagonistic  to  Cluist. 
[Most  commonly  with  a  capital.] 

As  ye  have  heard  that  autichnst  shall  come,  even  now 
are  there  many  antichri-fts.  ...  He  is  antichrist,  that  de- 
nieth  the  i'ather  and  the  Son.  1  John  ii.  IS,  22. 

The  word  occurs  in  the  Scriiitures  only  in  the  Epistles  of 
.John ;  but  the  same  person  or  power  is  elsewhere  referred 
to  (2  Thes.  ii.  1-12;  1  Tim.  iv.  l-:f;  2  Pet.  ii.  1).  Inter- 
preters of  Scripture  differ  in  their  understanding  of  these 
references.  Some  suppose  them  to  relate  to  a  lawless  but 
inipfrsonal  pt»wer,  a  spirit  ,»pposed  to  Christianity;  some 
t<«  a  hist. 'lie  jn-rsonage  or  potentate,  as  Caligula.  Titus,  the 
pope,  or  Luther ;  some  to  a  great  power  for  evil  yet  to  be 


antichrist 

manifested  and  Kfitlii-rcii  iitioiit  n  central  personal  agency. 
Runian  Cntliolic  writers  cumniniily  interpret  the  word  ge- 
nerically  uf  any  advci-siiry  i>f  Christ  and  nf  the  authority 
of  the  church,  liut  Hi)LM-itlcally  as  the  last  and  KreatcMt  jn-r- 
Becutor  uf  the  Christian  church  at  the  en<l  of  the  world. 
The  name  lisis  also  heen  applied  to  the  pretenders  to  the 
niessiahship,  or  false  Christs  (.Mat.  x.xiv.  24)^  who  have 
arisen  at  various  periods,  as  nciUK  antaKonistic  to  the 
true  Christ,  of  these  as  many  as  sixty-four  have  heen 
reckoned,  including  some  uf  little  importance,  and  also 
some,  as  Mohauuncd,  who  caimot  properly  be  classed 
ainon^'  tlu  in. 

antichristian  (an-ti-kris'tian),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML. 

antichrintUiiiKS,  <  LGr.  inTixfiidTiavdc,  <  ainixi'tn- 
Tof:  see  antichrist.  C{.  Christian.~\  I,  a.  1.  Of 
or  pei'taiiiiiiK  to  Anticlirist. 

They  are  eiiually  mad  wlio  say  Hishopsareso  JureDivino 
that  they  must  be  continued,  and  they  who  say  they  are  so 
AiUicht-istian  that  they  must  be  put  away. 

Seidell,  Table-Talk,  p.  28. 

2.  Antagonistic  to  or  opposing  the  Cliristiau 
religion. 

Babi'I  and  Babyhin  its  suere.s.s»pr  retnain  in  the  sub.se- 
quent  I'-ililieal  liteiatuii-  a.s  types  of  the  Cod-defying  .-in-i 
aittir/iristiitit  systeni.s  that  have  succecdcil  each  otlier  from 
the  time  of  Xinu'ml  to  this  day. 

Dawson,  Origin  of  World,  p.  266. 

II.  H.  One  opposed  to  the  Christian  religion. 
antichristianism  (nn-ti-kris'tian-izm),  11.      [< 
anticltristiiiii  +-i.s7h.]    Opposition  to  Christian- 
ity ;  conduct  or  belief  ojjposed  to  Christianity. 

Have  we  not  seen  many  whose  opinions  have  fastened 
upon  one  another  the  brand  of  antichrUtianisiii  ? 

Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

antichristianityt(an"ti-kris-ti-an'i-ti),  n.  Same 

as  aiilirhrfsfifiiii.^m. 

antichristianize  (an-ti-kris'tian-iz),  V.  i.  [< 
(inticliristiiiii  +  -iCc]  To  antagonize  Christian- 
ity.    [Rare] 

antichronical  (au-ti-kron'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  dn-i, 
against,  instead  of,  +  .i/xit'of,  time  (see  chronic), 
+  -0^  Cf.  Gr.  avTi ximvia,  the  use  of  one  tense 
for  another:  see  antichronism.}  Deviating  from 
th(>  proper  order  of  time;  erroneously  dated. 
[Hare.] 

antichronically  (an-ti-kron'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
anticlnoniettl  manner.     [Rare.] 

antichronism  (an-tik'ro-uizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  avTL- 
Xpoi'ia/mji;,  the  use  of  one  tense  for  another,  < 
avTi,  against,  instead  of,  +  ;t;p(ii'Of,  time,  tense  : 
see  chronic.']  De\iation  from  the  true  order 
of  time ;  anachronism.      [Rare.] 

Our  chronidogies  are,  by  transcribing,  interpolation,  mis- 
printing, and  creeping  in  of  antichronisiiu,  now  and  then 
strangely  disordered.        Seidell,  Drayton's  Polyolbiou,  iv. 

antichthon  (an-tik'tlion),  H.;  pi.  antichthones 
(-tho-nez).  [<  L.  antichthones,  pi.,  <  Gr.  av- 
TixOom;.  \A.^  the  people  of  an  opposite  hemi- 
sphere, <  a>Tixt)uv,  sing.,  an  opposite  hemi- 
sphere :  in  the  Pythagorean  system  of  the  imi- 
verse,  airrixO'^v  (sc.  }?/),  an  opposite  or  counter 
earth ;  <  avri,  against,  opposite  to,  +  ;v'^<j",  the 
ground,  theeartn:  seechthonic.  Ci.  autochthon.'] 

1.  In  I'ljthayorcan  astronomy,  an  imagiiniry  in- 
visible planet  continually  opposing  the  earth 
and  eclipsing  the  central  fire,  round  which  it 
was  supposed  to  revolve,  in  common  with  the 
earth,  moon,  sim,  certain  planets,  and  the  fixed 
stars. 

of  the  sacred  tire,  the  hearth  of  the  universe,  with  suns 
and  planets  ami  the  earth's  double  antic/ithon  revolving 
roimd  it,  the  whole  eiu-loseil  in  a  crystal  globe  with  no- 
thing outside,  ...  we  find  no  mention  in  these  verses  [of 
Hieroclesl.  H'.  A'.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  26S. 

2.  pJ.  The  inhaT)itants  of  an  opposite  hemi- 
sjihere. 

anticipant  (an-tis'i-pant),  a.  [<  L.  antici- 
j}an{t-)x,  ppr.  ot  anticipiirc,  anticipate:  see  ««- 
iicipate.]  Anticipating;  antieipative :  in  pa- 
ihol.,  applied  to  periodic  diseases  whose  at- 
tacks occur  at  decreasing  intervals. 

The  tlrst  pangs 
Of  wakening  guilt,  aniicipant  of  hell. 

Southeij,  The  Rose. 

anticipate  (an-tis'i-piit),  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
ticijidtid,  ppr.  anticijiatiny.  [<  L.  anticijiatiis, 
pp.  of  anticijiare,  take  in  advance  or  before  the 
time,  anticipate,  <  anti,  an  old  form  of  ante, 
before  (see  ante-),  +  -ciparc,  <  capcrc,  take;  cf. 
antecapcrr,  take  before,  anticipate,  <  ante  + 
capcrc]  I.  trans.  If.  To  seize  or  take  before- 
hand.—  2.  To  bo  before  in  doing  something; 
take  action  in  advance  of;  precede,  prevent, 
or  preclude  by  prior  action. 

Here  art  thtm  in  api>ointment  fresh  and  fair. 
Antteipuliiijr  time.  SItak.,  T.  and  C.,  iv.  5. 

Time,  thou  anlicipat'Ht  my  dread  exploits. 

Shak.,  .Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

I  was  determined  ...  to  anticipate  their  fury,  by  first 
falling  into  a  passion  myself.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  liv. 


243 

3.  To  take,  do,  use,  etc. ,  before  the  proper  time ; 
precipitate,  as  an  action  or  event:  as,  the  ad- 
vocate has  anticipated  tliat  i)art  of  his  argu- 
ment. 

The  revenues  of  the  next  year  had  been  anticipated. 

Macaiday,  Nngent's  Hampden. 

4.  To  realize  beforeliand ;  foretaste  or  foresee ; 
have  a  view  or  impression  of  beforehand ;  look 
forward  to;  expect:  as,  I  never  flK/i(;(;*ato/ such 
a  disaster;  to  anticipate  the  pleasures  of  an 
entertainment. 

I  woidd  not  anticipate  the  relish  of  any  happiness,  nor 
feel  the  weight  of  any  misery,  before  it  actually  arrives. 
Addinon,  Spectator,  No.  7. 
A  reign  of  terror  began,  of  terror  heightened  by  mys- 
tery; for  even  that  which  was  emiured  was  less  horrible 
than  that  which  was  anticipated. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

5t.  To  occupy  the  attention  of  before  the 
proper  time. 

I  shall  not  anticipate  the  reader  with  farther  descrip- 
tions of  this  kind.  Swijt. 

=  SyTl.  2.  To  get  the  start  of,  forestall.— 4.  To  forecast, 
count  upon,  prepare  one's  self  for,  calculate  upon. 

II.  intrans.  To  treat  of  something,  as  in  a 
narrative,  before  the  proper  time, 
anticipatedlyt,  anticipatelyt  (an-tis'i-pa-ted- 

li,  -pat-li),  <t(lr.     By  anticipation. 

It  may  well  be  deemed  a  singular  mark  of  favor  that  our 
Lord  did  intend  to  bestow  upon  all  pastors,  that  he  did 
anltcipatelti  ]irumise  to  Peter. 

Harrow,  The  Pope's  Supremacy. 

anticipation  (au-tis-i-pa'shon),  )!.     [<L.  ««(«•(- 

patio(n-),  a  preconception,  anticipation,<«n<ici- 
|jrt)'c,  anticipate:  see  oHf«vj)ote.]  1.  The  act  of 
being  before  another  in  doing  something;  the 
act  of  taking  up,  placing,  or  considering  some- 
thing beforehand,  before  the  proper  time,  or 
out  of  the  natural  order;  prior  action. —  2. 
Foretaste;  realization  in  advance;  previou.s 
view  or  impression  of  what  is  to  happen  after- 
ward; expectation;  hope:  as,  the  anticipation 
of  the  joys  of  heaven. 

The  remembrance  of  past,  or  the  anticipation  of  future 
good  or  evil,  could  give  me  neither  pleasure  nor  pain. 

Seattle,  Truth,  I.  ii.  §  3. 

3.  Previous  notion ;  preconceived  opinion,  pro- 
duced in  the  mind  before  the  truth  is  known; 
slight  previous  impression;  forecast. 

What  nation  is  there,  that  witlumt  any  teaching,  have 
not  a  kind  of  anfici/jafion,  or  preconceived  notion  of  a 
Deity?  Derham. 

Many  men  give  themselves  up  to  the  first  anticipations 
of  their  minds.       Locke,  Conduct  of  Understanding,  §  25. 

4.  In  logic,  the  term  used  since  Cicero  (Latin  an- 
ticipatio)  to  translate  the  "prolepsis"  {irpolri-ipK;) 
of  the  Epicureans  and  Stoics.  It  deiuites  any  general 
notion  considered  as  resulting  from  the  action  of  memory 
upon  experiences  more  or  less  similar.  Such  a  notion  is 
called  an  anticipation  because,  once  possessed,  it  is  called 
up  in  its  entirety  by  a  mere  suggestion.  It  thus  acquaints 
us  with  what  hj\s  not  yet  been  perceived,  by  a  reference 
to  past  perceptions.  Hence,  with  later  philosophers,  the 
word  denotes  knowledge  drawn  from  the  mind,  indepen- 
dently of  experience;  the  knowledge  of  axioms  or  first 
pi-inciples.  With  Bacon  an  anticipation  o.f  nature^  is  a 
hasty  generalization  or  hypothesis  :  opposed  to  an  inter- 
liretation  of  nature.  In  Kant's  philosophy,  anticipatioti 
is  tile  a  priori  knowledge  that  every  sensation  must  have 
tiegrees  of  intensive  (nuintity. 

5.  In  7ned.,  the  occm'rence  in  the  human  body 
of  any  phenomenon,  morbid  or  natural,  before 
the  ustial  time. — 6.  In  music,  the  introduction 
into  a  chord  of  one  or  more  of  the  component 
notes  of  the  chord  which  follows,  producing  a 
passing  discord. —  7.  In  r/l('^.  prolepsis.  =  S3rn. 
2.  .\ntep;ist,  preconception,  expectation,  prevision,  forc- 
sJL'lit.  presentiment. 

antieipative  (an-tis'i-pa-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
''antici2)ativu.i :  see  anticipate  and  -ire.]  Antici- 
pating or  tending  to  anticipate ;  containing  an- 
ticipation. 

anticipatively  (an-tis'i-pa-tiv-li),  adv.  By  an- 
ticipation. 

The  name  of  his  llajesty  defamed,  the  honour  of  Parlia- 
ment depr.aved,  the  writings  of  both  dcpravcdly,  antici- 
pntirelo,  coimterfcitly  imprinted. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  I*ref. 

anticipator  (an-tis'i-pa-tor),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
"anticipator:  see  anticipate  and  -or.]  One  who 
anticipates. 

anticipatory  (an-tis'i-pfi-to-ri),   a.     [<   antid- 
piitc  +  -orij.]     I'ertainirig  'to,  maiiifesting,  or 
e.\pressing  anticipation;  antieipative. 
I'rophecy  being  au  anticipatory  history. 

Dr.  IJ.  .More,  Seven  Churches,  Pret. 
It  is  very  true  that  the  antieipatorii  conditional  has  to 
do  with  practical  matters  ehielly. 

Anter.  Jour.  Philol.,  IV.  427,  foot-note. 

antici'\rism(an-ti-siv'izm),  «.  [<  F.  anticiri.<!mc : 
sec  anti-  and  ric(S»i.]  Opposition  or  hostility 
to  the  slate  or  condition  of  citizenship,  or  to 
republicanism;  bad  citizenship.     [Rare,] 


anticonvulsive 

Woe  to  him  who  is  guilty  of  plotting,  of  antieimtm, 
royalisni,  etc-.  Caiiyle,  Krench  Kev.,  II.  ili.  2. 

anticlastic  (an-ti-klas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  as  If  'av- 
Tii0.aa-ii%iir,  <  avTiK/.av,  bend  back,  <  avri,  back,  + 
kHv,  break  (verbal  ad,j.  K/.aaTi'ir).]  An  epithet 
descrijitive  of  the  curvature  of  a  surface,  such 
as  that  of  a  saddle  or  the  inner  surface  of  an 
anchor-ring,  which  intersects  its  tangent-plane 
at  the  jioint  of  contact,  and  l)ends  away  from 
it,  partly  on  one  side  of  i1  and  partly  on  the 
other,  and  has  thus  in  some  of  its  normal  sec- 
tions ctirvatures  oppositely  directed  to  those  in 
others.  Oppoaeil  to inpula^tic  surfaces,  wliieh  are  illus- 
trated by  the  surface  of  a  sphere  or  of  the  outer  portion 
of  the  anchor-ring. 

An  interesting  case  of  equilibrium  is  suggested  by  what 
are  ealli-d  rocking  stones,  where  .  .  .  the  lower  surface  of 
a  loose  mass  of  rock  is  worn  into  a  convex  <ir  coiu-ave,  or 
antieia-stie  form,  while  the  bed  of  rock  on  which  it  resta  in 
equilibrium  may  be  convex  or  concave,  or  of  an  anticlastic 
form.  Thomson  and  Tait,  Nat.  Phil.,  I.  §  566. 

Anticlastic  stress,  tw<»  simple  bemling  stresses  of  etjual 
amounts  in  npjMtsite  dirt  i  tioiis  i-ound  two  sets  of  parallel 
sti'aiutit  lines  periiendiridar  to  one  another  in  the  plane  of 
the  plate;  ilseiteet  would  I)e  uniform  anticlastic  curvature. 
Thomsuii  and  Tait.  .Nat.  I'bil.,  I.  §  (i:i». 

anticlimax  (an'ti-kli-maks),  n.  [<  Gr.  avri,  op- 
posite to,  +  KAiuaS,  a  climax  :  see  clitnajc.]  A 
figure  or  fault  of  style,  consisting  in  an  abrupt 
descent  from  stronger  to  weaker  expressions,  or 
from  the  mention  of  more  iin|iortant  to  that  of 
less  im])ortaiit  things :  opposcii  to  climax. 

anticlinal(an-ti-kli'nal),o.and«.  [As  anticline 
+  -at.]  I.  (/.  Inclining  in  o|)posite  directions 
from  a  central  axis:  applied  to  stratified  rocks 
when  they  incline  or  dij)  from  a  central  vin- 
stratified  mass,  or  when  in  consequence  of 


crust-movements  they  have  been  folded  or 
pressed  fugctlicrso  that  they  dip  each  way  from 
a  central  ]il;iii('.  which  indicates  the  line  parallel 
to  whicli  the  folding  has  taken  place :  opposed  to 
synclinal.     Occasionally  anticlinie  and  anticlin- 

i'co?.— Anticlinal  line,  or  anticlinal  axis,  in  yeol.,  the 
ndge  of  a  wave-like  curve  from  which  the  strata  dip  on 
either  side,  as  from  the  ridge  nf  a  house. 

II.  n.  In  i/eol.,  an  anticlinal  line  or  axis,  or 
an  anticlinal  fold;  an  anticlinal  aiTangement 
of  strata :  opposed  to  synclinal. 

Among  the  old  rocks  of  \\'ales  and  other  parts  of  west- 
ern Britain,  it  is  not  unconmiou  to  find  the  beds  thrown 
into  a  succession  of  shar|)  antielinaU  and  synclinals. 

Huxley,  Physiog.,  p.  214. 

anticline  (an'ti-klin),  n.  [<  Gr.  avri,  opposite,  + 
Mviiv,  incline.  Cf.  Gr.  nvTrnXiveiv,  bend  again.] 
Same  as  anticlinal.     [Rare.] 

anticlinie,  anticlinical  (an-ti-klin'ik,  -i-kal),  a. 

Same  as  iintielintil.     [Rare.] 
anticly  (an'tik-li),  adv.     In  an  antic  manner; 
with   odd   postures   and   gesticulations;    gro- 
tesquely.    [Rare.] 

Seanibling,  out-facing,  fashion-monging  boys. 
That  lie,  and  cog,  and  flout,  deprave  anil  slander, 
(Jo  antielif,  and  show  outward  hideousness. 

Sliak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 

antic-mask  (an'tik-misk),  n.  A  mask  of  antics ; 
an  antimask  (which  see). 

Our  request  is.  we  may  be  admitted,  if  not  for  a  mask, 
for  an  atiiie-nia.-i/c.  B.  Joimon,  Masque  of  Atigurs. 

anticnemion  (an-tik-ne'mi-on),  n. ;  pi.  antic- 
ncniia  (-ii).  [<  Gr.  arrtK-vi/inov,  the  shin,  <  avri, 
opposite  to,  +  Kvi/uri.  the  part  of  the  leg  between 
the  knee  and  the  ankle,  by  medical  writers  eon- 
fined  to  the  tibia.]  The  anterior  edge  of  the 
tibia;  the  shin.     [Rare.] 

anticness  (an'tik-nes),  H.  [<.  antic  + -ness.] 
The  quality  or  condition  of  being  antic;  gro- 
tesqueness;  oddness,  as  of  appearance. 

A  port  ol  humorous  anticnest  in  carriage. 

Font,  Faucies„iv.  2. 

anticonstitutional  (an"ti-kon-sti-tii'shon-al), 
a.  [<  initi-  +  constitution  +  -al.]  Opposed  to 
or  conflicting  \\-ith  the  constitution,  as  of  a 
state ;  unconstitutional.     [Rare.] 

A  ntie'>n.<titutional  dependency  of  the  two  houses  of  par- 
liament (Ml  the  crowii.  Botinybroke,  On  Parties,  xil. 

anticontagious  (an'ti-kon-ta'jus),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  contaijious.]  Counteracting  or  destroying 
contagion. 

anticon'Vulsive  (an'ti-kon-vul'siv),  a.  [<  anti- 
4-  convulsive]    Efficacious  against  con'vulsions. 


Anticous  Anthers. 
Flowerof  the  grape-vine  : 
a,  a,  anthers,  turned  to- 
ward the  pistil,  /). 


anticoiTOsive 

anticorrosive  (au  ti-ko-ro'siv),  ».  [<  >inti-  + 
coirosuc]  Somethiug  used  to  prevent  or  rem- 
edy coiTosiou. 

Zinc  has  bt'i-n  shown  ...  to  be  an  excellent  anti-cor- 
rottivf  .  .  .  where  ilecominiseti  in*eaae,  of  fatty  aciil,  is  the 
destroyinp  af^ent.  Worki<hop  Iteceiptt!,  2d  scr.,  p.  44. 

anticosmetic  (an'ti-koz-inet'ik),  a.  [<  ntiti-  + 
fosiiK  lie]  Acting  against  or  counteracting  tlie 
effects  of  cosmetics. 

I  woultl  have  him  apply  his  anticosmetic  wash  to  the 
painted  face  of  female  Iteauty. 

Lord  Lyttdton,  Misc.  Works,  II.  123. 

anticourt  (an'ti-kort),  a.  [< nnti-  +  court.']  Op- 
poscil  to  the  court:  as,  "the  anticourt  jiarty," 
Sir  J.  llcrcxliji.  Memoirs,  p.  153.     [Hare.] 

anticourtier  (an'ti-kor-tier),  H.  [<  anti-  +  cour- 
tier.] One  vvlio  opposes  tlio  court,  or  the  acts  of 
a  monarcli.     [Rare.] 

anticous  (an-ti'kus),  a.  [<  L.  anticus,  that  is  in 
front,  <  ante,  before :  see  ante-,  and  cf.  antic,  an- 
tique.] In  hot.:  {»)  Facing 
anteriorly,  away  from  the 
axis  of  the  plant,  (i)  Turn- 
ed inwartl  and  facing  the 
a.xis  of  the  Hower:  applied 
to  anthers,  and  equivalent 
to  introrsc.     Aiso  an tical. 

anticreator  (an '  ti - kie - a"- 
tor),  «.  [<  anti-  +  creator.] 
A  creator  of  something  of 
no  value.     [Rare.] 

Let  him  .isk  tlie  author  of  those  toothless  satires  who 
was  the  maker,  or  rather  the  anticreator.  of  that  universal 
foolery.  Milton,  Apol.  for  Smectymnuus. 

anticum  (an-ti'kum),  n. ;  pi.  antica  (-ka).  [L., 
neut.  of  ((Hf("c»s,  that  is  in  front:  see  anticous.] 
In  arch.,  an  unnecessary  name  for  the  front  of 
a  building,  as  distinguished  ivoxa  posticum,  the 
rear  of  a  building,  etc.  The  name  has  been  pro- 
posed, but  without  justitication,  for  the  pronaos  or  for  a 
front  porch.     [K:ire.  I 

anticyclone  (au'ti-si-kl6n),  n.  [<  anti-  +  cy- 
clone. ]  A  meteorological  phenomenon  present- 
ing some  features  which  are  the  opposites  of 
those  of  a  cyclone,  it  consists  of  a hif-'h  iiaicimtric 
pressure  over  a  lindted  region,  the  pressure  Ik-Iii;;  iiJLiiifst 
in  the  center,  with  light  winds  flowing  outward  fnnii  tlie 
center,  and  not  inward  as  in  the  cyclone,  accompanied 
with  great  cold  in  winter  and  with  great  heat  iu  summer. 
See  cyclone. 

Anticyclones  .  .  .  are  now  known,  by  numerous  statisti- 
cal averages,  to  be  characterized  by  clear  weather,  cold  in 
winter,  warm  in  summer,  with  weak  outflowiug  right- 
handed  spiral  winds  at  the  surface. 

Amer.  Meteor.  Jour.,  III.  117. 
The  cyclone  and  the  atiticyclone  are  properly  to  be  re- 
garded as  counterparts,  belonging  to  one  and  the  same 
great  atmospheric  disturbance.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  34. 

anticyclonic  (an"ti-si-klon'ik),  a.  [<  antici/- 
clone  +  -ic]  In  meteorol.,  of,  pertaining  to,  or  of 
the  nattiro  of  an  anticyclone ;  characterized  by 
high  barometric  pressure  and  an  outward  flow 
of  light  winds  from  a  center. 

Any  region  of  relatively  low  pressure  is  called  cyclonic, 
and  any  region  of  relatively  high  pressure,  anticyclonic. 

Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  046. 

anticyclonically  (an"ti-si-klon'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
au  autieyclouie  manner;  as  an  anticyclone. 

To  circulate  anticyclonically  around  the  axis  of  maxi- 
mum pressure.  Nature,  XXX.  46. 

antidactyl  (an'ti-dak-til),  n.  [<  L.  antidacty- 
lus,  <  Gr.  dv-«Sd/iruXof,  <  avrl,  opposite  to,  +  dd/i- 
Tv'Aoc,  dactyl:  see  dactj/l.]  A  dactyl  reversed ; 
an  anapest;  a  metrical  foot  consisting  of  two 
short  syllables  followed  by  a  long  one,  as  the 
Latin  oculos.     See  anapest. 

antidemocratic  {an"ti-dem-o-krat'ik),  a.  [< 
anti-  +  democratic]  1.  Opposing  democracy 
or  popular  government.— 2.  In  the  United 
States,  opjiosed  or  contrary  to  the  principles  of 
the  Democratic  party. 

antidemocratical   (an''ti-dem-o-krat'i-kal),  a. 

Same  us  iiiitiilemocratic. 

Antidicomarianite  (an'-'ti-dik-o-ma'ri-an-it),  n. 
[<  Lh.AHtidicomiirianita;  <  Gr.  avridtKog,  oppo- 
nent (<  am-i,  against,  -f  d/xj?,  suit  or  action, 
right),  -1-  MafHiiu,  Mapia,  L.  Maria,  Mary.]  One 
of  a  Christian  sect  which  originated  in  Arabia 
m  the  latter  part  of  the  fourtli  century,  who  de- 
nied the  perpetual  virginity  of  Mary,  holding 
that  she  was  the  real  wife  of  Joseph,  and  had 
children  by  him  after  the  birth  of  Jesus.  Also 
called  Antinmrian. 

Antidorcas  (an-ti-d6r'kas),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  di^r;, 
corresponding  to,  like  (see  anti-),  +  dopmf,  a 
gazel.]  A  generic  term  applied  by  Sundevall 
to  the  springbok,  a  kind  of  gazel  of  Africa,  Ga- 
eella  (or  Antidorcas)  cuchorc. 

antidoron  (an-ti-do'ron),  «.  [MGr.  avT/du/jov,  < 
Gr.  iii-rl,  against,  +  du/wi',  a  gift.  ]   In  the  Gr.  Ch., 


244 

bread  forming  part  of  the  holy  loaf,  blessed  in 
the  prothesis.  but  not  sacramentally  consecrat- 
ed, and  distributed  at  the  close  of  the  service 
to  those  who  have  not  communicated.  A  similar 
practii-e  has  prevailed  at  times  in  the  Western  Church,  the 
bread  beating  the  name  of  blemed  bread.  See  eulopia. 
antidotal  (an'ti-do-tal),  a.  [<  antidote  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  antidoics;  having  the  quality  of 
an  antidote;  proof  against  poison  or  anything 
hurtful. 

Ainmals  that  can  imioxiously  digest  these  poisons  be- 
come antidotal  to  the  poison  digesteil. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

Snake  poison  and  an^trfo/ai  remedies. 

The  American,  \'I.  205. 

antidotally  (an'ti-do-tal-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner I  if  an  antidote;  by  way  of  antidote. 

antidotarium  (an"ti-do-ta'ri-um),  ». ;  pi.  anti- 
dotaria  (-ii)..  [ML.,  neut.  (also  masc.  antidota- 
rius  (so.  liber,  book),  a  treatise  on  antidotes) 
ot  antidotarius,  ih.  antidotum:   see  antidote.] 

1.  A  treatise  on  antidotes;  a  pharmacopoeia. — 

2.  A  place  where  medicines  are  prepared ;  a  dis- 
pensatory.   Also  called  antidotari/. 

antidotary  (au-ti-do'ta-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML. 
antidotarius :  see  antidotarium ,]  I.t  a.  Same 
as  antidotal. 

II.  n. ;  ])1.  antidotaries  (-riz).  Same  as  anti- 
dotarium, 2. 

antidote  (an'ti-dot),  «.  [<  F.  antidote,  <  L.  anti- 
dotuni,  also  antidotus,  <  Gr.  avriSoTov  (sc.  (jiapfia- 
Kov,  drug),  neut.,  also  di'ndoTof  (sc.  dda^f,  dose), 
fem.,  an  antidote,  prop,  an  adj.,  <  avri,  against, 
-t-  ihroi;,  given,  verbal  adj.  of  iidovai,  give,  =  L. 
(fare,  give:  see  (?«(e.]  1.  A  medicine  adapted 
to  counteract  the  effects  of  poison  or  an  at- 
tack of  disease. 

Trust  not  the  physician ; 
His  antidotes  are  poison.  Shuk.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

3.  Whatever  prevents  or  tends  to  prevent  or 
counteract  injurious  influences  or  effects, 
whether  physical  or  mental;  a  counteracting 
power  or  influence  of  any  kind. 

My  deatli  and  life, 
My  bane  and  antidote,  are  both  before  me ; 
This  in  a  moment  brings  lue  to  an  end ; 
But  this  informs  me  I  shall  never  die. 

Addison,  Cato,  v.  1. 
One  passionate  belief  is  an  antidote  to  another. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  S6. 
=  Syn.  Remedy,  cure,  counteractive,  corrective. 
antidote  (an'ti-dot),  r.  f.  [<  antidote,  n.]  To 
furnish  with  preservatives;  preserve  by  anti- 
dotes; serve  as  au  antidote  to;  counteract. 
[Rare.] 

Fill  us  with  great  ideas,  full  of  heaven, 
And  antidote  the  pestilential  earth. 

Younff.  Night  Thoughts,  ix. 
antidotical  (an-ti-dot'i-kal),  a.     [<  antidote] 

tServiug  as  an  antidote ;  antidotal.     [Rare.] 
antidotically  (an-ti-dot'i-kal-i),  adv.     By  way 
of  antidote;  antidotally.     [Rare.] 
antidotism  (an'ti-do-tizm),  n.      [<  antidote  + 

-ism.]     The  gi\'ing  of  antidotes. 
antidromal  (an-tid'ro-mal),  a.    In  iot.,  charac- 
terized b}'  antidromy. 

antidromous  (an-tid'ro-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  anti- 
dromus,  <  Gr.  as  if  *avTi6pofioc  (cf.  airndpofielv, 
mn  in  a  contrary  direction),  <  di'7(,  against,  -f- 
dpauelv,  run.]  Same  as  antidromal. 
antidromy  (an-tid'ro-mi),  w.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *di- 
Ti6popia,<.*m'TiSpofioi;:  see  antidromous.]  Inbot., 
a  change  in  the  direction  of  the  spiral  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  leaves  upon  the  branches 
of  a  stem,  or  on  the  successive  axes  of  a  sym- 
podial  stem.  Also  called  heterodromt/. 
antidysenteric  (an"ti-dis-en-ter'ik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  anti-  -I-  dysenteric]  I.  a.  Of  use  against 
dysentery. 

II.  )(.  A  remedy  for  dysentery. 
antidysuric    (an"ti-di-sii'rik),  a.      [<  anti-   + 
dysuric]    Useful  in  relieving  or  counteracting 
dysury. 

anti-emetic  (an"ti-e-met'ik),  a.  and  n.  Same 
as  antemctic. 

antientt,  antientryt,  etc.    Former  spellings  of 

ancient,  ancientry,  etc. 

anti-enthusiastic  (an'ti-en-thu-zi-as'tdi),  a. 
[<  anti-  -t-  eutltusia,<itic.]  Opposed  to  enthusi- 
asm: as,  "the  anticnthusiastic  poet's  method," 
Shaftfsbury. 

anti-epbialtic  (an"ti-ef-i-al'tik),  a.  and  n. 
Same  as  antephialtic. 

anti-epileptic  (an"ti-ep-i-lep'tik),  n.  and  ». 
Same  as  antepileptic. 

anti-episcopal  (an"ti-e-pis'ko-pal),  n.  l<  anti- 
+  ciiiscojial.]     Opposed  to  episcopacy. 

Had  I  gratified  their  antiepi^capal  faction  at  first,  .  .  . 
I  believe  they  would  then  have  found  no  colourable  ne- 
cessity of  raising  an  army.  Eikon  Basilike,  ix. 


Antigaster 

anti-evangelical  (an"ti-6-van-jeri-kal),  a.  [< 
anti-  -t-  I  ranijelieal.]  Opposed  to  evangelical 
ju'incijiles. 

antiface  (an'li-fas),  n.  [<6r.  avri,  opposite,  + 
Jan.]  An  opjjosite  face;  a  face  of  a  totally 
diffirent  kind.     B.  -Jonson. 

antifat  (an'ti-fatl,  a.  and  n.     [<  anti-  -f-/n<.] 
I.  a.  Useliil  in  preventing  or  coimteracting  the 
formation  of  fat.  or  in  lessening  the  amount  of  it. 
II.  n.  Any  substance  which  prevents  or  re- 
duces fulness. 

antifebrile  (au-ti-feb'ril  or  -fe'bril),  a.  and  n. 
[<  aiili-  -i-  febrile.]  I.  a.  Having  the  jjroperty 
of  abating  fever;  opposing  or  tending  to  cure 
fever;  antipyretic. 

II.  H.  An  antip\Tetic  (which  see). 

antifederal,  Anti-Federal  (an-ti-fed'e-ral),  a. 
lianli-  +  federal.]     Opposed  to  federalism,  or 

to  a  federal  constitution  or  party Anti-Federal 

party,  in  r.  S.  Iiint.,  the  party  which  npposerl  the  adop- 
tion and  ratification  of  the  Constitution  of  the  I'nited  states, 
and  which,  failing  in  this,  strongly  favored  tlic  strict  con- 
struction of  tile  Constitution.  Its  fimdamental  principle 
wa.s  nppositic.n  to  the  strengthening  of  the  national  gov- 
eriiincnt  at  the  expense  of  the  .States.  After  the  close  of 
Wasliinglnii  s  first  administration  (1703)  the  name  Aliti- 
Fedcral  ^'"■n  went  out  of  use,  Kepublican,  and  afterward 
DeniMcratir  Republican  (nnw  usually  Democratic  alone), 
takiuL'  its  place.     Also  called  A)i1i-]-\deralist  party. 

antifederalism,  Anti-Federalism  (an-ti-fed'- 

e-ral-izm),  ».  [i  anti- +  federal  +  -ism.]  Op- 
position to  federalism;  specifically,  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  jVnti-Federal  party. 
antifederalist,  Anti-Federalist  (an-ti-fed'e- 
I'al-ist),  n.  [<  anti-  +  federal  +  -ist.]  One  op- 
posed to  federalism;  a  member  of  the  Anti- 
Federal  party.     See  antifederal. 

In  the  course  of  this  discussion  the  Anti-Federalistt 
urged  the  following  as  their  chief  objections  to  adopting 
the  new  Constitution :  States  would  be  consolidated,  and 
their  sovereignty  crushed  ;  personal  liberty  would  be  en- 
dangered, since  no  security  was  furnished  for  freedom  of 
speech  and  the  liberty  of  the  press,  nor  assurance  adequate 
against  arbitrary  arrest  or  forcible  seizure  and  the  denial 
of  jury  trials  in  civil  cases;  standing  armies,  too,  were 
placed  under  too  little  restraint.  Making  the  President 
re-eligible  indefinitely  was  too  much  like  giving  a  life  ten- 
ure to  the  executive  ottice.        Schouler,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  55. 

Anti-Federalist  party.  Same  as  Anti-Federal  party 
{which  see,  under  a nl i federal). 

antiferment  (an-ti-fer'ment),  )).  [<  anti-  ■¥■ 
ferment.]  A  substance  or  agent  having  the 
property  of  preventing  or  counteracting  fer- 
mentation. 

antifermentative  (an"ti-fer-men'ta-tiv),  a.  and 
H.    l<.  anti- +  fermentative.]    I.  a.  Pi'eventing 
or  fitted  to  jirevent  fermentation. 
II.  )(.  Same  as  antiferment. 

The  speaker  gave  in  these  cases  [dyspepsia],  as  an  anti- 
ferntentatire,  glycerhie.  S.  Y.  Med.  Jour.,, XL.  6S2. 

antifouling  (an-ti-foul'ing),  a.  [<  anti-  -f-  foul- 
iiif/.]  Adapted  to  prevent  or  counteract  fouling. 
Applied  to  any  preparation  or  contrivance  intended  to  pre- 
vent the  formation  or  accumulation  of  extraneous  matter, 
as  barn.acles,  seaweed,  etc.,  on  the  immersed  portion  of 
ships,  or  fitted  for  removing  such  formations,  or  the  scales 
from  the  interior  of  steam-boilers,  powder  from  the  bores 
of  guns,  etc. 

antifriction  (an-ti-frik'shon), a.  and  n.  [<  anti- 
+  friction.]  I.  a.  Preventing  friction;  spe- 
cifically, in  mecli.,  overcoming  or  reducing  that 
resistance  to  motion  which  arises  from  friction. 
—  Antifriction  bearing,  a  bearing  in  which  rolling  fric- 
tion is  -sulistituteii  fur  that  of  sliding  contact ;  any  form  of 
bearing  sjK-Lially  drsit'iied  to  reduce  friction. — Antifric- 
tion block,  a  iiullcy-block  with  antifriction  wheels  or 
rtiller  bearings.  — Antifriction  box,  tile  box  which  con- 
tains the  rollers  or  balls  of  an  antifriction  bearing. — Anti- 
friction compositions,  lubricating  compounds  of  oils, 
fats,  or  greases,  usually  coitdiincd,  where  the  pressure  is 
great,  with  cei'tain  metallic  i.tr  mineral  snl>stances,  as 
phiiiiliago.  sulphur,  talc,  steatite,  etc. — Antifriction 
metals,  alloys  which  offer  little  frictional  resistance  to 
bodies  sliding  over  them,  and  which  are  used  in  machinery 
for  bearings.  They  are  principally  compounds  of  copper, 
.antimony,  and  tin ;  zinc  or  lead,  or  both,  are  sometimes 
added,  and  less  frequently,  or  in  smaller  ctuantities,  vari- 
ous other  substances. 

II.  n.  Anything  that  prevents  friction;  a 
hibricant. 

antigalactic  (an-ti-ga-lak'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
avri,  against,  +  jd/.a  (la/.o^r-),  milk:  see  fjalac- 
tic]  I.  a.  In  med.,  opposed  to  the  secretion  of 
milk,  or  to  diseases  caused  by  the  milk.  Dun- 
glison. 

II.  )(.  An.\-thing  tending  to  diminish  the  se- 
cretion of  milk. 

anti-Gallican  (an-ti-gal'i-kan),  a.  and  n.  [< 
(inti-+  (iaUican,  French:  see  Gallican.]  I.  a. 
Hostile  to  France  or  the  French,  or  to  anything 
French ;  specifically,  opposed  to  the  Gallican 
church.     See  Gallican. 

II.  n.  One  who  is  hostile  to  the  French,  or  to 
the  Gallican  church. 

Antigaster  (an'ti-gas-ter>.  h.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  yaa-ijp,  stomach.]     A  generic  name 


Katydid-egg  Parasite  {Atitigastfr 

mirabitis). 

F,  male:  B,  female.     (Vertical  line  and 

cross  show  natural  sizes.) 


Antigaster 

proposed  by  Walsh  fur  certain  parasitic  Uxj- 
mcnu]itcra,  of  tlie  t'aniiiy  i  'liiili-idida;  whicli  bend 
the  abdomen  back  over  tlio  thorax.  .1.  ,„;rainllx 
(Wiilsh)  is  parasitic  in  tin;  t;Kj;siif  tnw  "f  tin*  katyiliils,  ^f^- 
cnnr nl nan  retui^roig.  Syiiunymuus  with  Kupetmus  (which 
8i;u). 

antigeny  (an- 
tij'e-ni),  ».  [< 
Gr.iiiTi,  against, 
opposite,  +  ■)>- 
vof,  race,  stock, 
sex.]  Sexual  di- 
morphism. Pas- 
cor. 

Antigliana  (an- 
te-nyu'nii),  H. 
A  white  and  a 
red  wine,  made 
in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Tri- 
este. 

antigorite  (an- 
tig'o-rit),  II.  [< 
Aiitigorio  (see 
def.)  +  -i/<'2.] 
A  variety  of  ser- 
pentine, of  a 
green  color  and 
a  thin  lamellar 
structure,  found 
in  the  Antigorio 
valley  in  Pied- 
mont. 

antigraph.  (an'- 
ti-gi-af;,  II.  [< 
ML.  antigra- 
phum,i  Gt.  avTi- 
ypaibov,  a  transcript,  copy,  counterpart,  neut. 
of  avTi) paipoc,  copied  in  duplicate,  <  iu'Ti,  coitc- 
sponding  to,  counter,  -f-  yixupeiv,  write.]  A  copy 
or  counterpart  of  a  writing,  as  of  a  deed. 

antigraphy  (an-tig'ra-fi),  II.     [For  *aiitigraplie, 

<  Gr.  avTiypaipi],  a  defendant's  answer;  also 
equiv.  to  avriypaipm;  a  copy:  see  aiitiffrapli.} 
The  luaking  of  aiitigraphs;  copying. 

antigropelos  (an-ti-grop'e-los,  -loz),  n.  sing,  or 
]d.   [Urig.  a  proprietary  name,  formed,  it  is  said, 

<  Gr.  (ivri,  against, -I-  i')YX)f, moist  (see  hijffro-),+ 
?r^?/lof,  clay,  mud ;  cf.  L.^xHhs,  amarsh:  see  palu- 
dal.'] Spatterdashes;  long  riding- or  walking- 
boots  for  wet  weather. 

Her  brother  hati  on  his  anli<tniprtii.-;.  the  utmost  ap- 
proach he  possessed  to  a  Imtitiii^'  cquiiiinfnt. 

Gi'ciiir  Eliut,  Daniel  Deronda,  I.  vii. 

antiguggler  (an-ti-gug'ler),  ?(.  [<  aiiti-  +  (lug- 
;//«.]  A  small  tube  inserted  into  the  mouth  of 
a  bottle  or  carboy  to  admit  air  while  the  li(|uiil 
is  running  out,  and  thereby  prevent  guggling 
or  splashing  of  corrosive  liquid.     E.  H.  Kiiiijht. 

antihelix(au'ti-he-liks),  ».;  pi.  ««/(7(f7(ffs(au-ti- 
hel'i-sez).  \iunti-  + helix.  See  o«W(e?/.c,  which 
is  the  same  word  compounded  in  Greek  fashion.] 
The  inner  curved  ridge  of  the  pinna  of  the  ear. 
Also  aiithelix.     See  cut  under  car. 

antihemorrhagic  (an"ti-hem-9-raj'ik),  a.  Same 
as  aHtliemori'iniijif. 

antihyloist  (an-ti-hi'lo-ist),  /(.  [iuiiti'  +  hijlfi- 
ii'f.]  One  opposed  to  the  doctrines  of  the  hylo- 
ists.     See  hiihnst. 

antihypnotic  (an"ti-hip-not'ik),  a.  [<  aiiti- 
+  hijpiwtic.  See  aiitJnjjiiiotiCf-whieh  is  the  same 
word  compounded  in  Greek  fashion.]  Counter- 
acting sleep ;  tending  to  prevent  sleep  or  leth- 
argv.     Also  aiitlii/piwtic. 

antihypochondriac  (an'ti-hip-o-kou'did-ak),  a. 
[<  aiili-+  lii/pocliondriac.  See  (uitliypocliondridc, 
which  is  the  same  word  compounded  in  Greek 
fashion.]  Counteracting  or  tending  to  cure 
hyj)ochondriae  affections  and  depression  of 
sjiirits.    Also  aiithijpochoinlriiic. 

antihypophora  (au'ti-hi-pofo-ril),  n.  [<  anti- 
+  L.  lii/jKiphora,  <  Gr.  i~o<jiopd,  an  objection. 
See  anthijiiophora,  which  is  the  same  word 
compounded  in  Greek  fashion.]  In  rhct.,  same 
as  iinthjipiiphora. 

antihysteric   (an"ti-his-ter'ik),  a.   and  n.     [< 
aiiti- +  liy.stciic.     See  aiitlufstcric,  which,  in  the 
same  word  compounded  in   Greek  fashion.] 
I,  a.  Preventing  or  cui'ing  hysteria. 
H.  n.  A  remedy  for  hysteria. 
Also  anthi/.stcric. 

anti-icteric  (an"ti-ik-ter'ik),  H.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  iK-rpiuuc,  <  iKTepm;,  the  jaiunlice.]  In 
mid.,  a  remedy  for  jaundice.     Vuiii/lisiiii. 

anti-incrustator  (an-ti-in'krus-ta-tor),  n.  A 
mechanical,  chemical,  or  electrical  appliance 
for  preventing  the  formation  of  scales  in  steam- 
boilers. 


245 

anti-induction  (an  "  ti  -  in  -  duk '  shon),  a.    Pre- 

ventiiig  or  counteracting  electrical  induction: 
ti!i,iiiili-iii(hirliiiii  devices  in  telephony. 

anti-Jacobin,  Anti-Jacobin  (an-ti-jak'o-bin), 
a.  and  11.  Opposed  to,  or  one  who  is  opposed  to, 
the  .Tacobins.     See  Jacobin, 

anti-Jacobinism  (an-ti-jak'o-bin-izm),  n.  The 
principles  and  practices  of  the  anti-Jacobins. 

anti-Lecompton(an"ti-le-komii'ton),rt.  In  I'.S, 
tiisl.,  opposeil  to  the  ailmissii>n  of  Kansas  under 
the  proslavery  constitution  framed  by  the  teiTi- 
torial  convention  lield  at  Lecompton  in  1857: 
applied  to  a  minority  of  the  Democratic  party. 

antilegomena(an"ti-le-gom'e-nii),  u.^it.  [<Gr. 

avTi'/.i'iii/itm,  things  spoken  against,  neut.  pi. 
of  inri'/e}6iievo(,  ppr.  pass,  of  in'Ti'/l)in',  speak 
against,  dispute:  seo«HW/(«/i/.]  Literally,  things 
spoken  against;  specifically,  those  books  of  the 
New  Testament  whoso  inspiration  was  not  uni- 
versally acknowleilged  by  the  early  church,  al- 
though they  were  ultimately  admitted  into  the 
canon.  These  ai-e  the  Epistle  to  the  llelirews,  the  Epis- 
tles of  Jatues  and  Jinle,  tlie  Second  Kpistle  of  I'eter,  the 
Second  and  Third  Epistles  of  .Fohii,  ami  the  llevelation. 
Tliey  are  classed  hy  Koinan  Catholic  theologians  as  deu- 
tfnti-nntinirdl  (which  see). 
antilibration  (au"ti-li-bra'shgn),  n.  [<  anti- 
+  libratiiiii,  q.  v.]  The  act  of  coimterbalaucing, 
or  the  state  of  being  counterbalanced,  as  two 
members  of  a  sentence ;  equipoise. 

Having  enjoyed  his  artfld  antithesis  and  s(deniii  antili- 
bntfiun  of  cadences.  De  Quinceii,  Whiggisni. 

antilithic  (an-ti-lith'ik),  a.  and  «.  [<  Gr.  am-l, 
against,  -I-  'AidiKuc,  of  stone,  <  /.iOo(,  stone.]  I. 
a.  In  mcd.,  tending  to  prevent  the  formation 
of  urinary  calculus,  or  stone  in  the  bladder. 

II.  II.   A  medicine  that  tends  to  prevent  the 
fonnation  of  urinary  calculi. 

Antillean  (an-ti-le'iin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Antilles,  a  name  usually  given  to  all  the 
islands  of  the  West  Indies,  the  Bahamas  ex- 
cepted. 

antilobium  (an-ti-16'bi-um),  H. ;  pi.  antilohia 
(-ii).  [NL.,  <Gr.  avTiAdjiicfv,  <  air/,  opposite  to, 
+  Aojj'of,  the  lobe  of  the  ear:  see  lube.']  In 
anat.,  the  tragus,  or  that  part  of  the  external  ear 
which  is  opposite  the  lobe.     See  cut  under  ear. 

Antilocapra  (au"ti-lo-ka'pra),  n.  [NL.,  contr. 
for  *aiitil<iii()capra,  <  antilope,  antelope,  +  L.  ca- 
pra,  a  goat.]  A  genus  of  ruminants  peculiar 
to  North  America,  constituting  the  family  J«- 
tilocapridw,  and  containing  only  the  cabrit, 
pronghorn,  or  so-called  .American  antelope, 
Antilocapra  anicricana.  See AntiUicaprido'.  The 
members  of  this  genus  have  no  larmiers,  or  metatarsal 
glands,  as  in  Cervida;  but  have  a  system  of  eleven  odor- 


Pronghorn  i,AHlilecafra  amfricaiia), 

iferous  sebaceous  cutaneous  glands.  They  have  small 
lioofs,  no  false  hoofs,  slender  limbs,  a  coinpai-atively  short 
and  stout  neck,  erect,  pointed  ears,  large  iii|iiid  eyes  sit- 
uated directly  beneath  the  base  of  the  horns,  extreuudy 
short  tail,  aitd  a  harsh,  stilf,  brittle  pelage  devoid  of  felting 
(liialitv.    See  proiujtun-n. 

antilocaprid(an'ti-lo-kap'rid),  w.  An  antelope 

of  the  h\m\\\  Antilocapridw, 
Antilocapriiiae  (an  ti-lo-kap'ri-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Antilocapra  +  -idir.l  A  family  of  ruminant 
quadrupeils  framed  for  the  reception  of  the 
genus  Antilocapra,  containing  the  so-called 
American  antelope.  It  is  characterized  by  forked 
hollow  horns  suppoi-tcd  upon  a  long  bony  core  or  osseous 
process  of  the  frontjil  bone,  as  in  the  cattle  or  true  hollow- 
horned  nuniuants,  yet  deciduous,  being  periodically  shed 
and  renewed  like  the  antlers  of  deer.  These  singular 
horns  are  composed  of  agglutinated  hairs  hardening  into 
solid  corneous  tissue,  and  when  sprouting  resemble  the 
skin-covered  knobs  uiwn  the  head  of  the  giratfe.  niere 
are  several  remarkable  osteological  peculiarities  of  the 
skull,  among  them  the  Inclosurc  of  the  styloid  process  of 


Antilopinae 

the  temporal  hone  in  a  sin  alh  formed  by  an  extension  of 
the  ext^-mal  aiulitory  meatna. 

antiloemic  (an-ti-le'mik),  n.  [<  Gr.  avri, against, 
-I-  '/-tJi_uiKu(,  pestilential,  <  /o(//(if,  pestilence, 
plague.]  A  remeiiy  used  in  the  prevention  and 
cure  of  the  plague.  Sometimes  wi-itten  anti- 
loiniic. 

antilogarithm  (an-ti-log'a-rithm),  H.  [<  a«<f- 
+  liji/aritliiii.]  In  math.:  («)  The  complement 
of  the  logarithm  of  any  sine,  tangent,  or  secant 
up  to  that  of  90  degrees.  [Hare.]  (6)  As  com- 
monly used,  the  utunber  coiTcspondiug  to  any 
logarithm.  Thus,  according  to  the  common  system, 
100  is  the  antUogai'ithm  of  2,  because  2  is  the  logarithm  of 
100 ;  it  is  denoted  thus :  log.  "'2,  log.  '^a,  which  may  be  read : 
"I'hc  number  to  the  log.  2,"  "the  nundn-'r  to  the  log.  a." 

antilogarithmic    (an-ti-log-a-rith'mik),    a. 

I'ertainin<j  to  autilogarithms Antilogarithmic 

table,  one  in  wlurh,  the  logarithm  o(  a  imiolicr  being 
cidercd  as  an  ai'gumcnt,  the  number  itself  is  found  in  the 
body  .d  tlie  tabic. 

antilogous  (an-til'o-gus),  a.  [i  Gr.  avri^xiyo^, 
contradictory:  see  antilngij.']  In  c?<r<.,  an  epi- 
thet applied  to  that  polo  of  a  crystal  which  is 
negative  while  being  electrified  by  heat,  and 
afterward,  while  cooling,  is  positive.  See  pijro- 
ckctricitij. 

antilogy  (an-tLl'o-.ji),  ;/. ;  pi.  antilogies  (-jiz).  [< 
Gr.  aiT(/o;/o,  contradiction,  <  niT(/.o;of,  contra- 
dictory, <  avTi7.iyeiv,  contradict,  speak  against, 
<  avTi,  against,  +  Hyeiv,  speak,  say.]  Self- 
contradiction;  contradiction  or  inconsistency 
between  different  statements  by  the  same  per- 
son or  different  parts  of  the  same  thing. 

Philosophy  was  thus  again  reconcileil  with  nature ;  con- 
sciousness was  not  a  bundle  of  antiloijien ;  certainty  and 
knowledge  were  not  evicted  from  man.  Sir  W.  Uamilton. 
In  these  nn^Vo,'«V*  and  apologies,  however,  a  ditference 
might  be  perceived  :  and  some  of  the  .iilvocates  of  Henry 
appeared  less  an-xious  to  attack  Kome  than  to  defend 
their  prince.  Ii.  W.  Dixvn,  Hist,  t'htirch  of  Eng.,  vL 

Antilope  (an-til'o-pe),  H.  [NL. :  seeantclojic.'i 
1.  A  genus  of  jH/i7«/*/Hft' (which  see).  Tlie  term 
hxs  been  used  with  such  latitude  in  its  application  t^i  the 
wIimIc  of  the  group  Aiititopiim',  and,  when  restricted,  has 
been  employed  in  so  many  ditlci-cut  senses,  that  it  has  lost 
whatever  e\aet  meaning  it  nuiy  have  possessed  originally, 
and  haa  become  a  loose,  fluctuating  synonym  of  the  sub- 
family name  .-1  ntilnyintK.  Even  in  early  usage  it  appears 
to  have  been  applied  to  several  different  small  gazel-like 
antelopes.  It  is  now  commonly  restricted  to  the  sasin  or 
Indian  antelope,  A  ntilupe  cervicapra.  .See  cut  under  xamn. 
2\  (an'ti-lop).  [/.  c]  Obsolete  (English)  spell- 
ing of  antelope. 

Antilopidae  (an-ti-lop'i-de),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
tilope +  -idee.']  A  family  of  itiminants;  the 
antelopes:  sometimes  used  as  a  synonym  of 
Aniilopiiia:     Also  written  Antelopidec. 

Antilopinae  (an  ti-lo-pi'ue),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
tilope +  -iiiie.]  A  subfamily  of  old-world  and 
chiefly  African  ruminants,  the  antelopes,  a 
group  belonging  to  the  family  Bovida.  Tliey  dif- 
fer from  cattle  in  their  smaller  size,  more  lithe  and  grace- 
ful form,  slenderer  legs,  which  are  comparatively  longer 
in  the  shank,  and  longer  neck,  with  slenderer  vertebne, 
uplifting  the  head.  The  Antitvjiintr  shade  directly  intti 
the  sheep  and  goats  (Ori'/KJ:  and  Citprimi-),  being  separable 
ivvm  them  by  no  technical  character;  but  the  horns  usu- 
ally dilfer  from  the  forms  presented  by  goats  and  sheep, 
though  they  are  so  diverst;  as  to  be  tiellnable  by  no  com- 
mon ebaraeter.  AnIUiij'intf  are  specially  numerous  in 
species  and  individuals  in  Afi-ica,  of  which  continent  they 
arc  the  most  characteristic  animals.  Upward  of  50  Afri- 
can species  have  been  described ;  there  are  many  others 
in  -Asia,  and  a  few  in  Europe.  Some  75  species  are  recog- 
nized by  naturalists,  but  probably  the  number  of  genuine 
species  is  less  than  this.  Several  liuudred  different  names, 
generic,  specific,  and  vernacular,  have  been  applied  to 
these  animals ;  and  no  authors  except  mere  compilers  are 
agreed  upon  the  division  of  the  group.  The  antelopes 
present  the  utmost  diversity  of  stature,  fomi,  and  general 
appearance,  ranging  from  the  smallest  and  most  delicate 
gazels,  steiuboks,  and  springboks  ti>  the  bulky  eland,  nyl- 
ghau, or  hurtbeest,  a.s  large  lu^  a  cow,  horse,  or  stag,  antl 
include  the  sin-nlarly  misshapen  ^:i\u  {Connochcfteg  finuX 
The  Rocky  Alouutaiu  goat,  Ilapiita-nis  nionliniujt,  related 
to  the  Alpine  chamois,  liupU-apra  tra;ius,  and  the  goral,  \e- 
vmrlii'tlumioral,  another  goat-like  antelope,  are  also  placed 
ill  this  suldamily.  The  biibalinc  or  bovine  autcloiies  in- 
clude the  hartbeest  (.Mi-i^laptiun  caama),  blesbok  (.1.  atbi- 
frons),  and  bontebok  (.4.  pu;iar<itt.i).  Four-horueil  ante- 
lopes belong  to  the  genus  Tetrai'rrn.^.  The  philant4imba 
and  coquetoon  antelopes,  the  blauwbok,  duyker,  etc.,  are 
placed  in  the  genus  Cepitatophug.  The  steiulMiks  are  spe- 
cies of  ycotraijus ;  the  singsing,  kobns.  leche,  bcdior,  etc., 
are  of  the  genera  Cerricnpra,  Kohux,  and  their  immediate 
allies.  The  gazels  are  a  large  grotip,  constituting  the  genus 
Ottzetta  (or  Dorcas)  and  others ;  they  include  the  spriirgbok 
{AnthiorcdKeuchore),  and  are  ludiaii,  Arabian,  and  Syrian, 
aswell  as  African.  Tlie  sableoreqniiie  antelopes  constitute 
the  genus  IIippptra<7ug.  The  add.ax  is  Addax  nasvinacula- 
tug.  There  are  several  species  of  Ori/jr,  as  0.  leiicort/x.  The 
nylghau  is  Hoselapli  i(.<  (nif/"ciimi'/i»-.  Tlie  haniesseil  ante- 
lopes (so  called  from  the  stripes  on  the  sides),  or  the  bosch- 
boks,  .are  species  of  Trwjclaphug.  as  T.  vcriptuit,  T.  tnilvati- 
citif.  Tlie  koodoo  is  a  large  antelope  w-ith  twisted  horns 
{Sirepsicenis  hiulii).  The  eland  is  Oreas  canua.  The  so- 
called  saiga  antelope  is  the  type  of  a  ililferent  family, 
.SaiVnidr  (which  see);  the  American  antelope  also  belongs 
to  a  dilfereut  family,  Aiililncapriilir  (which  see).  See  cuts 
uniler  aMax,  eland,  yazcl,  gnu,  and  Uaploccrut.  Also 
WTitten  AiUetupiiux. 


antiloplne 

antilopine  (an-til'o-piu),  a.  [<  NX.,  ontilo- 
piiiiis:  see  AnlUopiiitv.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  genus  AntUoiic,  or  to  the  gi-oup  Antilopince; 
pertaining  or  related  to  au  antelope.  Speuiflcally 
npi'lied  l>y  some  writers  ton  jiarticular  group  of  antelopes 
reprosentfii  t»y  the  sas'm  {AHtih/M;  cervicapra),  as  distin- 
guislu'il  from  other  divisions  of  Antilophuv  (whieh  see). 

antiloquistt  (an-til'o-k\vist),  «.  [<  antiloquy^ 
+  -i.sY.J     A  oontrudietor. 

antiloquyH  (an-til'o-kwi),  it.;  pi.  nntiloquies 
(-kwiz).  [<  LL.  atitiloquium,  contradiction,  <Gr. 
avTi,  against,  +  L.  loqui,  speak.  Cf.  antiloquyH. 'i 
Contradiction. 

antiloquy-t  (an-til'o-lnvi).  w. ;  pi.  antiloquies 
(-kwiz ).  [<  IAj.  iiiilildquiuiii,  L.  aiitcloqiiium,  the 
right  of  speaking  lieforc  another,  also  a  proem, 
preface,  <  ante,  before,  +  loqui,  speak.]  1.  A 
preface;  a  proem.  Boucher. —  2.  A  stage-play- 
er's cue.     Cocleram. 

antiluetic  (au'ti-lu-et'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  +  lues, 
q.  v.,  -I-  -c^(C.]     Same  as  ayitisyphilitic. 

antilyssic  (an-ti-lis'ik),  0.  [<  Gr.  qit/,  against, 
+  '/.raaa,  rabies,  +  -(c]  Tending  to  prevent, 
alleviate,  or  cure  rabies. 

antilytic  (an-ti-lit'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  '/.vviiitK,  <  /iTiif,  verbal  adj.  of  Xvtiv,  loose. 
Cf.  parahitic.']     Same  as  anUparahjtic,  (h).  , 

antimacassar  (an  ti-ma-kas'ar),  ».  [<  anli- 
+  DKu-dasar,  for  Macassar  oil.  See  oil.']  An 
ornamental  covering  for  the  backs  and  arms 
of  chairs,  sofas,  couches,  etc.,  to  keep  them 
from  bein"  soiled  by  oil  from  the  hair ;  a  tidy. 

anti-machme  (an"ti-ma-shen'),  a.  [<  aitti- 
+  mucliiiie.]  In  U.  S.  politics,  opposed  to  the 
exclusive  management  of  party  polities  by  an 
organized  body  of  in-esponsible  politicians;  in- 
dependent.    See  machine. 

antimagistraticalt  (an"ti-maj-is-trat'i-kal),  a. 
Same  as  (intiniagistrical. 

antimagistricait  (an"ti-ma-jis'tri-kal),  a.  [< 
anti-  +  L.  magister,  a  ruler:  see  magistrate.J 
Opposed  to  the  office  of  magistrate.    South. 

antimaniacal  (an"ti-ma-m'a-kal),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  maniacal.]     Effective  against  mania. 

Witli  respect  to  vomits,  it  may  seem  almost  heretical  to 
impeach  their  antimaniacal  virtues.  Battie,  Madness. 

Antimarian  (an-ti-ma'ri-an),  n.  Same  as  An- 
tidicvmarianite. 

antimask  (an'ti-mask),  n.  [<  anti-  +  wasA.] 
A  secondary  or  lesser  mask,  of  a  ludicrous  char- 
acter, introduced  between  the  acts  of  a  serious 
mask  by  way  of  lightening  it ;  a  ludicrous  in- 
terlude.    Also  antic-mask  and  antimmque. 

Let  antimaaks  not  be  long;  they  have  been  commonly 
of  fools,  satyrs,  baboons,  wild  men,  antiques,  beasts,  spir- 
its, witches,  Ethiops,  pigmies,  turquets,  nymphs,  rustics, 
cupids,  statues  moving,  and  the  like.  As  for  angels,  it 
is  not  comical  enough  to  put  them  in  antimasks. 

Bacon,  Masques  and  Triumphs. 

On  the  Scene  he  thrusts  out  first  an  Antimasque  of  two 
"bugbears,  Novelty  and  Perturbation. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xx. 

Antimason  (an-ti-ma'sn), «.  [<  anti-  +  mason, 
iov  freemason,  q.  v.]  One  hostile  to  masoniy 
or  freemasonry ;  specifically,  a  member  of  the 
Autimasonie  party. 

ABtimasonic  (an'ti-ma^son'ik),  a.  [<  Antima- 
son +  -ic.~\  Opposed  to  freemasonry — Autima- 
sonie party,  in  L.  S.  /)*^■^,  a  political  party  which  origi- 
nated in  New  York  State  about  1S27.  in  the  excitement 
caused  by  the  supposed  nuirder  of  William  Morg.an,  of 
Batavia,  New  York,  in  1S20,  by  freem.asons,  to  preveiit  a 
threatened  public  disclosure  of  the  secrets  of  their  order. 
The  movement  spread  to  some  other  States,  and  a  national 
party  was  organized,  but  within  about  ten  yeai-s  it  disajj- 
peared,  most  of  tlie  Antiniasons  becoming  \Vhigs.  Its 
char.acteristic  tenet  was  tliat  freemasons  ought  to  be  ex- 
cluded from  public  office,  because  they  would  necessarily 
regard  their  obligations  to  the  society  more  than  their  obli- 
gations to  the  state.  Its  principles  were  revived  in  a  so- 
called  "  .\incrii-an  i)arty"  organized  in  1875. 

antimasonry  (au-ti-ma'sn-ri),  n.  [<  anti-  -i- 
masonry,  tor  freemasonry,  q.  v.]  Opposition  to 
freemasonry;  in  particular,  the  principles  and 
policy  of  the  Antimasonic  party.  See  Antima- 
son ie. 

antimasque,  «.    See  antimask. 

antimensium  (an-ti-meu'si-um),  n. ;  pi.  anti- 
mensia  (-ii).  [ML.  (MGr.  av-i/umtov),  <  Gr.  av-i, 
in  place  of  (see  anti-),  +  L.  mensa,  table,  in  the 
special  ML.  sense  of  'communion-table.']  In 
the  Gr.  Ch.,  a  consecrated  cloth  on  which  the 
eucharist  is  consecrated  in  places  where  there  is 
no  consecrated  altar,  n  takes  the  place  of  the  port- 
able altar  of  the  Latin  Church.  The  term  is  sometimes  ex- 
tended in  the  Syrian  churches  to  a  thin  slab  of  wood  con- 
secrated for  a  like  purpose.      Also  written  antiminxion. 

antimere  (an'ti-mor),  «.  [<  Gr.  iiv-'t,  against, 
-H  /tiimr,  a  part.]  In  biol..  a  segment  or  division 
of  the  body  in  the  direction  of  one  of  the  secon- 
dary or  transverse  axes,  all  of  which  are  at  right 
angles  to  the  primary  or  longitudinal  axis. 


24C 


antimony 


vr\\cn  these  axes  are  not  differentiated  in  any  way,  all     — AntimonlC  acid,  ILSbO.)  +  2H2O,  a  white  powder  for- 

antimeres  are  alike,  and  are  part.s  arranged  aronml  the      nierly  used  in  medicine. 

long  prime  axis  like  the  spokes  and  fellies  of  a  wheel   antimonide  (an'ti-mo-nid  or  -nid),  «.      [<  anti- 

aroundthe  axis  of  the  hub  :  a  disposition  preserved  with     ,„,y„,,  -f  .iile.]      A  compound  of  antimony  and 

nuieh  accuracy  in  many  of  the  liadialn.  among  which,  for         ,„^-„  ..rmitivo  nlpnipnt  or  mptal       Also  callpd 

example,  the  arms  of  a  starfish,  the  tentacles  of  a  sea-     »  '^orc  positive  eiemeni  or  meiai.     Also  eaiiea 

anemone  or  coral-animalcule,  or  the  rows  of  ambulacra  of     an  iimoniuret. 

a  sea-urchin  are  antimcres.    Oftener,  however,  the  trans-  antimoniferOUS  (an"ti-mo-nif 'e-nis),  rt.     [<  an- 

vcrse  axes  are  differentiated,  sonie  being  shorter,  others      timonti  +  L.    ferre  =  E.  iiacl.1'    Containing  or 

IS;^;  sill?  j::^<??tr!:!S^JS/!S!:s,  in'wS  Z^ti^     supplying  antimony :  as.  antimontferous  ores. 

and  left  parts  are  antimcres.    This  constitutes  bilateral  antimomOUS  (an-tl-mo  m-us),  a.      [<  antimony 

symmetry.    I'arts  whieh  may  be  perceived  to  correspond      -|-  -o».v.J      I'ertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or  eon- 


at  opposite  pfiles  of  the  other  (shorter)  transverse  axes, 
const  itutin^rdorsabdominal  synmietry,  are  also  antimcres ; 
but  this  ( uiidition  is  obscure.  Likewise,  again,  parts  along 
the  piiniary  longitudinal  axis,  or  at  its  poles,  which  may 
be  observed  or  be  conceived  to  constitute  anteroposterior 
symmetry,  are  essentially  antimeric;  but  this  condition, 
like  dorsabdominal  symmetry,  is  obscure,  while  the  serial 


taining   uiitiinoiiy.     Antimonons  is   a  variant. 
Antimonious  acid,  sushi  1^,  .  :iii._,o,  a  weak  acid,  of 
«l]i.  li..nl.\  tile  soda  salt  has  been  obtained  in  a  crystalline 

COllditinll. 

antimonite   (an'ti-mo-nit),    «.     H  antimony + 
■ite-.]    A  native  sulphid  of  antimony;  stibnite. 


succession  of  like  parts  along  the  prime  axis,  as  the  rings  antimoniuret    (an-ti-mo-ni'u-ret),  n.      [<.  anti- 
of  a  worm  crustacean  or  insect,  and  the  double  rings  rf  „,om(iu„)  +  -uret.]     Same  as  antimonide. 
a  vertebrate,  18  so  marked  that  antimeres  of  this  kind  are  ..    ^       /        x    j  x-  •         xx    j   /        <■■  .,v,- 
not  called  antimeres,  but  ni«((Jmercs ;  such  are  the  ordi-  antimomureted,  antimomtiretteQ  (an-ti-mo- 
nary  segments,  somites,  artliromeres,  or  diarthromeres  of  ni'u-ret-cil),  (/.      [<  anttnioninret-\-  -(it-.~\    Com- 


any  articulate  or  vertebrate  animal.  Antimere  is  there- 
fore practically  restricted  to  such  radiating  and  bilateral 
parts  as  are  more  or  less  symmetrical  with  one  another. 
See  emiiplt'ural. 
antimeria  (an-ti-me'ri-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avri, 
against,  opposite,  +  ^tpof,  a  part.]  In  gram., 
a  form  of  enallage  in  which  one  part  of  speech 
is  substituted  for  another.     F.  A.  March 


bined with  antimony:  as,  antimoniurctedhjdto- 
gen. 

antimonopolist  (an"ti-mo-nop'o-list),  n.  [< 
anti-  -I-  monopoly  +  -(S^]  One  who  is  opposed 
to  monopolies;  one  who  desires  to  restrict  the 
power  and  intluenee  of  great  corporations,  as 
tending  to  monopoly. 


antimeric  (an-ti-mer'ik),  a.    [<  antimere  + -ic]  antimonopoly   (an"ti-m6-nop'6-li),   a.   and 


Of  or  pertaining  to  an  antimere  or  to  antimer- 
ism  ;  situated  in  any  transverse  axis  of  a  body 
and  symmetrical  with  something  else  in  the 
otlier  half  of  the  same  axis.     See  antimere. 

antimerism  (an-tim'e-rizm),  n.  [<  antimere  + 
-ism.]  The  antimeric  condition;  the  state  of 
an  antimere ;  the  quality  of  being  antimeric. 
See  antimere. 

antimesmerist  (an-ti-mez'me-rist),  n.  [<  anti- 
-H  mesmerism  -\-  -ist.]  One  who  is  opposed  to 
or  does  not  believe  in  mesmerism.  Proc.  Soc. 
Fsy.  lies. 

antimetabole  (■an''ti-me-tab'o-le),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
avrifieTa]ioWii,  <  avri,  against,  counter,  +  fieTajioAii, 
mutation:  see  metabola.']  In  rhct.,  a  figure  in 
whieh  the  same  words  or  ideas  are  repeated  in 
inverse  order.  The  following  are  examples:  "A  wit 
with  dunces,  and  a  dunce  with  wits,"Po^c;  "Be  wisely 
worldly,  lint  not  worldly  wise."  Quarles. 

antimetathesis  (an"ti-me-tath'e-sis),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  av-i/ieTd6eci(,  counter-transposition,  <  avTi, 
against,  counter,  +  /jeraOecir,  transposition: 
see  metathesis.']  A  rhetorical  figure  resulting 
from  a  reverted  arrangement  in  the  last  clause 
of  a  sentence  of  the  two  principal  words  of  the 
clause  preceding;  inversion  of  the  members  of 
an  antithesis:  as,  "A  poem  is  a  speaking  pic- 
ture ;  a  picture  a  mute  poem,"  Crahhe. 

antimeter  (an-tim'e-ter),  n.  [<Gr.  qit/,  against, 
-f-  fjiTpov.  a  measm-e.]  An  optical  instrument 
for  measuring  small  angles.     [Not  now  used.] 

antiminsion  (an-ti-min'si-on),  n. ;  pi.  antimin- 
sia  (-a).  [<  MGr.  avTi/iivaiov :  see  antimensium.] 
Same  as  antimensium. 

antimnemonic  (an'ti-ne-mon'ik),  a.  and  ti.  [< 
anti-  +  mnemonic]  I.  a.  Injurious  to  the  mem- 
orv ;  tending  to  imjiair  memory. 

II.  «.  Whatever  is  hiirtful  to  or  weakens  the 
memory.     Coleridge. 

antimonarchic  (an  "ti-mo-nilr'kik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  monareliic;  =F.  antimonarchique.]  Same  as 
antimonarehical.     Bp.  Benson. 

antimonarchical  (an"ti-mo-nar'ki-kal),  a.  [< 
anti-+  monarchical.]  Opposed  to  monarchy  or 
kingly  government. 

antimonarchist  (an-ti-mon'ar-kist),  H.  [<  071- 
ti-  +  monarchist.]     An  opponent  of  monarchy. 

Monday,  a  terrible  raging  wind  happened,  which  did 
much  hurt.  Dennis  Bond,  a  great  Oliverian  audantimon- 
archist,  died  on  that  day ;  and  then  the  devil  took  bond 
for  Oliver's  appearance.  Lije  of  A.  Wood  (1848),  p.  82. 

antimonate  (an'ti-mo-nat),  n.  [<  antimony  + 
-atri.]     Stime  as  antimoniate. 

antimonial  (an-ti-mo'ni-al),  a.  and  «.  [<nM/(- 
niony  -(-  -«/.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  antimony,  or 
partaking  of  its  i|ualities;  composed  of  anti- 
mou}',  or  containing  antimony  as  a  principal 
ingredient — Antimonial  silver.  See  M7rfc.— Anti- 
monial wine,  in  mcd.,  a  solution  of  tartar  emetic  in 
sherry  wine. 

II.  n.  A  preparation  of  antimony;  a  medi- 
cine in  which  antimony  is  a  principal  ingretlient. 

antimoniate  (an-ti-mo'ni-at),  «.  [<  antimony  + 
-ate^.]  A  salt  of  antimonic  acid.  Also  written 
antimonate. 

antimoniated(an-ti-m6'ni-a-ted),  a.  Combined 
or  impregnated  with  antimony;  mi.xed  or  pre- 
pared with  antimony:  as,  antimoniated  tartar. 

antimonic  (an-ti-mou'ik),  a.  [<  antimony + 
-ic]     I'ertaining  to  or  derived  from  antimony. 


the  principle  of  op- 


Opposed  to  monopolies ; 
position  to  monopoly. 

The  main  purpose  of  the  anti-monopoly  movement  is  to 
resist  public  corruption  and  corporate  aggression. 

m.  A.  Bee,  CXLIII.  s7. 

antimonons  (an'ti-mo-nus),  a.     [<  antimony  -f- 
-oiis.]     Same  as  antimonious. 

antimony  (an'ti-mo-ni),  n.  [<  late  ME.  anti- 
mony =  OF.  antimonic,  mod.  F.  antimoine  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  antimonio  =  Sw.  Dan.  G.  antimonium  = 
Euss.  antinwniya  =  Pol.  antymonium,  etc.,  < 
ML.  antimonium,  antimony,  a  word  of  \mknown 
origin,  simiUating  a  Gr.  appearance,  perhaps  a 
perversion,  through  such  simulation  (antimo- 
nium, <  *afimonium,  <  *atimod!um,  <  *athimo- 
dium  ?),  of  the  Ar.  name  (with  art.  al-  ?)  ethmad, 
othmod,  uthniud,  earlier  ithmid,  antimony,  which 
is  in  turn  perhaps  an  accommodation  (through 
*isthimmid1)  of  Gr.  aTi/j/uS-,  one  of  the  stems  of 
OTi/i/u  {ari/i/Ji-,  ari/i/jc-,  ariiifiid-),  also  arl/ii  and 
aTij3i  (*(!-(,?(?),  >  L.  stimmi,  stibi,  and  stibium, 
antimony,  the  Gr.  name  itself  being  appar.  of 
foreign  or  Eastern  origin:  see  stibium.  False 
etymologies  formerly  cun-ent  are:  (1)  <  F.  anti- 
moine, <  Gr.  avri,  against,  +  moine,  a  monk, 
as  if  'monk's  bane';  ("J)  <  Gr.  avri.  against,  -I- 
/iOKOf,  alone,  as  if  never  found  alone ;  (3)  <  Gr. 
cipTi,  instead  of,  -I-  L.  minium,  red  lead,  "be- 
cause women  used  it  instead  of  red  lead "'  as 
an  eye-paint.]  Chemical  symbol,  Sb  (Latin 
stibium) ;  atomic  weight,  120.  A  metal  of  a 
white  color  and  bright  luster  which  does  not 
readily  tarnish,  having  a  specific  gra\-ity  of  6.7, 
crystallizing  in  the  rhombohedral  system,  and 
in  the  mass  ordinarily  showing  a  crystalline 
structure  and  highly  perfect  cleavage,  it  con- 
duets  both  heat  .and  electricity  with  some  readiness,  but 
less  perfectly  than  the  true  metals,  and  diffei-s  from  them 
also  in  being  brittle  like  ai-senic.  It  melts  at  430'  C.  (806' 
F.),  and  volatilizes  slowly  at  a  red  heat;  when  melted  in 
the  air  it  oxidizes  readily,  forming  antimony  trioxid.  SboOs. 
Antimony  occurs  uneombined  in  nature  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent, usually  in  gi-anular  or  foliated  masses,  often  with  a 
botryoidal  or  reniform  sm-face.  Many  compounds  of  anti- 
mony are  found  in  nature,  the  most  important  of  them 
being  the  sulphid,  Sb.2S;j,  called  gray  antimony,  antimony- 
glance,  or  stibnite.  Dyscrasite  isacuiiipoinid  oi  aiitiiiiony 
and  silver.  There  are  also  a  nundter  of  niiiicrals  contain- 
ing antimony,  sulphur,  and  lead  (like  jami  soiiite),  or  anti- 
mony, sulphur,  and  silver  (like  inriii-gyrite  or  ruby  silver), 
orantimony,  sidphur,  and  eopperllike  Ictrahediite).  The 
oxisulphid  kermesite  or  red  luitimony  ami  the  oxids  cer- 
vantite  and  stiljiconite  (antimony  oclier)  are  also  impor- 
tant minerals.  Antimony  has  few  uses  in  the  arts;  it 
enters,  however,  into  a  number  of  very  valuable  alloys,  as 
type-metal,  pewter,  Britimnia  metal,  and  Babbitt  metal, 
and  is  used  in  medicine.  Tartar  emetic  is  the  tartrate  of 
antimony  jind  jiotassium.  .Tanu'S's  jiowder  is  a  mixture 
of  oxid  of  antimony  and  phosphate  of  lime.— Antimony 
vermilion,  a  sulphid  of  antimony  suggested  but  iie\er 
used  as  a  pigment.— Argentine  flowers  of  antimony, 
the  tetroxid  of  antimony.  —  Arsenical  antimony,  ■'^ee 
(i«,.mioi/ire.— Black  antimony,  antinioni.ius  sulphid.— 
Butter  of  antimony.  See  tmtieA.-  Ceruse  of  anti- 
mony. See  .■eras.'.- 'Diaphoretio  antimony,  a  prepa- 
ration chicHy  consisting  of  pota.s.sium  aiitinioniatc,  made 
by  exposing  the  neutral  antimoniate  to  the  action  of  car- 
bonie-acid  gas,  or  by  dellagratiug  pure  antimony  with 
potassium  nitrate.  It  is  iised  in  the  manufacture  of 
enamels,  and  was  formerly  administered  as  a  medicine. — 
Glass  of  antimony.  See  .'/^rt.w.— Red  antimoiiyore, 
an  oxisuljihid  of  antimony."  Same  as  A-frmcWc.  — White 
antimony,  "!■  antimony  "white,  native  antimony  trioxid, 
Sb.>0:i.— Yellow  antimony,  01  antimony  yellow,  a 
preparation  of  the  oxids  of  lta<t  and  antimony,  of  a  deep- 
yellow  color,  used  in  enamel-  and  porcelaiii-painting.  It 
is  of  various  tints,  and  the  brilliancy  of  the  brighter  hues 
is  not  affected  by  foul  air. 


antimony-blende 

antimony-blende  (au'ti-my-ni-blend'),  n. 
Samu  as  k(  rtiKstU . 

antimony-bloom  (lui'ti-mo-ni-blom"),  »•  Same 
as  faliutiiiih . 

antimony-glance  (an'ti-mo-ni-glans*), ».  Same 
as  siiliiiili . 

antimoralist  (an-ti-mor'al-ist),  n.  [<a«((--f- 
iniifdlisl.]  All  enemy  to  or  opponent  of  moral- 
ity-     l'<p.   Warbiirton. 

antimycotic  (an-ti-mi-kot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  iiv-i, 
af<aiiist,  -I-  I'ii^'K,  11  fuugiis,  -t-  -ot-ic.'i  Destruc- 
tive to  microseopie  vet;etal)le  organisms,  or  pre- 
venting; their  development,  as  carbolic  aciti. 

antinatural   (an-ti-nat'ur-al),   (I.      [<  aiiti-  + 
iiatiinil.]     Opposed  to  iiatui'e  or  to  common 
sense ;  uon-uatural. 
This  liappy  uini  autiiulttiral  way  of  tliiiiking. 

Martintis  Scriblerus,  v. 

anti-Nebraska  (an"ti-ne-bras'ka),  a.  In  U.  S. 
Iiist.,  opposed  to  the  act  of  18b4  for  the  or- 
ganization of  Kansas  and  Nebraska  as  terri- 
tories, because  of  its  abrogation  of  the  law 
of  1820  (the  Missouri  compromise)  prohibiting 
slaveiy  in  new  territories  formed  in  that  re- 
gion.—Anti-Nebraaka  men,  Hit-  members  of  the  coali- 
tion of  Whiss,  Demoi  rats,  anil  Freesoilcrs  opposed  to  tlie 
above-mentioiieil  bill ;  alterwaid  merged  in  the  Kepub- 
lican  party. 

antinephritic  (an"ti-nef-rit'ik),  a.  [<  aiiii-  + 
iirpliritk:']  In  mcil.,  counteracting  inflamma- 
tion of  the  kiihieys. 

antinial  (an-tin'l-al),  a.     [<  Gr.  iivri,  against, 

see  inion.'i    In 


247 

3.  In  mctaph.,  accortUng  to  Kant,  an  xmavoid- 
able  contradiction  into  which  reason  falls  when 
it  applies  to  the  tran.scendent  and  absolute  the 
a  priori  conceptions  of  the  underetanding  (cat 


antipathy 

Turn  now  to  the  reverse  of  the  mednl,  and  there  w©  shall 
find  tile  antipart  of  this  divine  truth. 

Bp.  Warburton,  -Sermons,  ii. 

Antipasch  (an'ti-pask),  «.     [<  anti-  +  pasch.'] 
Low  SuiKlay ;  the  Sunday  after  Easter  day. 


egories:  see  mtegoni,  1),  which  are  valid  only     l^""'  !->|'''l'«-V;    "'Vi^l'i^'aJ-  a  ter  i^aster  day 
within  th..  limits  of  possible  experience.    There  Antipathacea  (an  ti-pa-tha  se-a),  «.  }>l     [NL., 
'  '  ^  liiti]Hillus  +  -nc((t.]  A  suborder  of  JcfiHinria, 


possible  expe 
are  four  uiitiinMiiies  of  the  pure  reas<»n,  acninliii^'  to  Kant, 
relating.'  (1)  to  the  liinit-sof  the  uiiivel-se  in  f-pa,-.-  and  tiin.-. 
(•.;)  to  theexLstenee  of  atoms  or  the  inlliiiti-  divi-ihility  of 
matter,  (:t)  to  freedom,  and  (4)  to  the  cosmologieal  argu- 
ment for  a  <:o<l. 
Antiochian  (an-ti-o'ki-an),  a.  [<  L.  Antiochius, 
also  Aiitiocheu.f,  <  Gr.  'Avriox^'o^,  pertaining  to 
'AvTioxor,  L.  Antiochus,  the  name  of  a  philoso- 
pher and  of  several  Syrian  kings,  or  to  'Avrioxna, 
L.  Antiocliin,  also  Autwcheii,  the  name  of  sev- 
eral cities,  particularly  Antioch  in  Syria  (now 
called  Autalcid),  founded  bj'  Seloucus  N'icator, 
301  B.  c,  and  named  after  his  father  Antiochus. 
The  name  'Avrloxoc  means  '  resistant,  holding 
out  against,'  <  am-;j;e(v,  resist,  liold  out  against,  < 
avri,  against,  -I-  Ix^"',  hold,  >  ox^K,  holding.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  iVntiochus  of  Asealon  (died  about 
68  B.  c),  the  foimder  of  a  sect  of  eclectic  phi- 
losophers who  sought  to  unite  the  philosophy  of 
Plato  with  many  of  tlie  doctrines  of  Aristotle 
and  the  Stoics. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  city 

of  Antiocli.— Antiochian  epoch,  the  name  n'ven  to 
two  chronolottieal  era-s  eniiiloyed  in  Syria:  («)  The  Cresa- 
rean  era  of  Antioch,  eoinriieiiM>ratin!,{  the  victijry  of  Phar- 
salia,  tlxed  by  the  Greeks  in  the  autumn  of  49  B-  C,  and 
by  the  Sviians  in  the  autumn  of  4s B.  0.  (//)  The  mundane 
eraof  An'tioeh.  Septeniljer,  5493 B.C.,  employed  by  theSyrian 
Christians  as  Ibe  date  of  the  creation  of  tile  world- 


-t-  inm;  the  nape  of  tlie  neck:  see  *«w».J     in  AntiOcWanism  (an-ti-6'ki-an-izm),  n.     [<  A)i- 
««««.,   opposite   the   occiput:    applied  to  the     ,/„(./„„„  +  .,,,-,„.]     The  name  given  to  a  school 


space  between  the  eyebrows 
antinode  (an'ti-nod)",  «.  [<  o«'(-  +  «of?e.]  A 
point  of  a  vibrating  string  where  the  amplitude 
of  vibration  is  greatest.  It  is  at  the  middle  of  a 
loop  or  ventral  segment,  and  hall-way  between  two  adja- 
cent in)des.     See  luxti'. 

antinomian  (an-ti-no'mi-au),  o.  and  n.  [<  ML. 
aiitiiiomi,  antiuomians,  <"  Gr.  as  if  ^avrlvo/jor, 
against  the  law :  see  (intinomy.]  I.  a.  1.  Deny- 
ing the  obligatoriness  of  the  moral  law,  as  if 
emancipated  from  it  by  the  gospel. — 2.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  antinomians. 

II.  n.  In  ilicoL,  one  who  maintains  that  Chris- 
tians are  freed  from  the  moral  law  as  set 
forth  in  the  Old  Testament  by  the  new  dispen- 
sation of  grace  as  set  forth  in  the  gospel;  an 
opponent  of  legalism  in  morals.  Antinomianism 
has  existed  in  three  forms  :  in  the  early  cliui-cb,  as  a  species 
of  Gnosticism,  in  the  doctrine  that  sin  is  an  incident  of  the 
body,  and  that  a  regenerate  soul  cannot  sin ;  later,  in  the 
Reformation,  as  a  reaction  against  the  doctrine  of  good 
works  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  in  the  antagonistic 

?gardless  of  his 


of  tlicoliigy  which  existed  in  the  fourth  and 
(ifth  centiu-ies:  so  called  because  propagated 
chiefly  by  the  church  at  Antioch,  and  also  to 
distinguish  it  from  .Alexandrianism.  It  aimed  at 
a  middle  course  between  the  rigorously  literal  and  the  al- 
legorical i?iterpretation  of  the  Scriptures. 

antiodont  (an'ti-o-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  av-i,  oppo- 
site to,  +  oiSoi'f  (bSovT-)  =  E.  tooth.']  HaWng 
a  kind  of  lophodont  dentition  in  which  the  folds 
or  ridges  of  the  molar  crowns  are  opposite :  op- 
posed to  (iiiiwhodoHt. 

antiopelmous  (an"ti-o-permus;,  II.  [<  Gr. 
ui'noi;,  set  against,  -f  vi^.fia,  the  sole.]  In 
ornitli.,  ha\'ing  an  arrangement  of  the  flexor 
tendons  of  the  toes  by  -which  the  flexor  per- 


<-       .  _ 

cimiposed  of  the  families  Antiputhulw  and  Oe- 
rardiida;  having  the  polj^is  connected  by  a 
coenenehyma  secreting  a  solid  sclerobase  or 
horny  skeletal  axis,  and  their  tentacles  simple, 
conical,  and  G  to  24  in  number. 

Antipatharia  (an^ti-pa-thil'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  .iiitipallics  +  -(irin.']  A  synonym  of  Scleroba- 
sica,  as  an  order  of  sclero basic  corals  hawngthe 
oorallum  external  and  not  calcareous. 

antipatharian  (an  'ti-pa-tha'ri-an),a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Antipa- 
flmriii. 

Antipathes  (an-tip'a-thez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ivri- 
Tvallr/(,  of  opposite  feelings  or  properties:  see 
nntipailiii.'\  A  genus  of  corals,  tJ^)ical  of  the 
family  Antipathidw  (which  see).  The  si)ecie8 
are  known  as  sea-whips.  A.  columnaris  is  an 
example. 

antipathetic  (aii"ti-pa-thet'ik),  a.  [<  antipa- 
thij,  on  tii7ie  of  pathetic,  q.  v.]  Ha^^ng  a  nat- 
ural antipathy,  contrariety,  or  constitutional 
aversion:  with  to. 

Hence  I  think  its  (Greek  speculation's!  influence  on  the 
whole  was  dogmatic,  and  antipathetic  to  Skepticism. 

J.  Owen,  Evenings  with  Skeptics,  I-  282. 

antipathetical  (an'ti-pa-thet'i-kal),  a.  Op- 
posed in  nature  or  disposition:  with  to. 

Ibo  soil  is  .  .  .  antipathetical  to  all  venomous  crea- 
tures. Howell,  Vocal  Forest. 

antipathic  (an-ti-path'ik),  a.    [<  NL.oH/iyKi</i»- 
ciis:  see  antipathtj  and  -ic]    1.  Relating  to  an- 
tipathy; opposite;  unlike;  adverse. —  2.  Excit- 
ing antipathy.     [Rare.] 
Every  one  seems  to  have  his  antipathic  animal. 

Kingdey,  Life,  p.  41. 

Antipathidae  (an-ti-path'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Aniipathts  +  -/(/«■.]  A  family  of  sclerobasie 
corals ;  the  black  corals,  corresponding  to  the 
old  genus  .4iitip(lthcs.  They  have  a  branched  fibrous 
axis  and  a  M>ft  friable  ccenenchyma,  which  peels  off  after 
d.:ii]i,  lr,i\iii'.r  the  axial  ctenosarc  looking  like  a  dry  stick. 

antipathise,  ''.     See  antipathkc. 


forans  supplies  the  third  toe  only,  while  the  antipathist  (an-tip'a-thist),  «.     [<  antipathy  + 


doctrine  that  man  is  saved  by  faith  alone,  -  ..^ ,  ,  ...  . 

obedience  to  or  disobedience  of  the  moral  law  as  a  nile  of  antl-OrgaStlC  (an  "  tl-or-gas    tlK),  a. 

life;  tlnally,  as  a  plnise  of  extreme  Calvinism,  in  English       •        '-  i      "^ — ^- —  *-   -"-•.  -—.J 

Puritan  theology,  in  the  doctrine  that  the  sins  of  the  elect 
are  so  transferred  to  Christ  that  they  become  his  trans- 
gressions anil  cease  to  be  the  transgressions  of  the  actual 
sinner.  The  chief  exponent  of  the  second  fomi  of  anti- 
nomianism was  .Tohn  Agricola  (Germany,  1492-1.500) ;  the 
chief  exponent  of  the  third,  Tobias  Crisp,  IX  D-  (Englall<|i 
1600-1042).     [Often  with  a  capital-] 


antinomianism  (an-ti-no'mi-an-izm),  n.    [<  ««-  antipapistical  (an"ti-pa-pis'ti-kal),  a.    [<  anti- 
'      ■       ^     ""  '  '       "■"  -e  ^x.-       <-•-,„      +  piiiiixtiiud.]     Antipapal.     Jurtiii. 

antiparabema  (an-ti-par-a-be'ma), )!.;  Tpl.anti- 
jiaraliniitilii(-in-A-tA).  [MGr.  'avriKaimfir/fia:  see 
anti-  and  pdnilHina.']   One  of  two  chapels  at  the 


tinamian  +  -iyni.]     The  tenets  of  the  antino 
mians.     See  untinoniiiin,  n. 

antinomic  (an-ti-nom'ik),  a.  If.  Antinomian. 
—  2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  an- 
tinomy; containing  antinomies;  involving  a 
conflict  of  laws. 

antinomical  (an-ti-nom'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  an- 
tinoDiir. 

Kant  holds  that  reason  is  in  itself  antinomical. 

Caird,  Philos.  Kant,  p.  090. 

antinomist  (an-tin'o-mist),  n.  [<  antinomy  + 
-ist.]    Am  antinomian. 

Great  offenders  this  way  are  the  libertines  and  antino- 
mists,  who  quite  cancel  the  whole  law  of  God  under  the 
pretence  of  Christian  liberty. 

Bp.  Saiulerson,  Sermons  ad  Pop-  (1674),  p.  298. 

antinomy (an-tin'o-mi),H.;  pi. aniinomi)s(-miz). 
[<  L.  (i»//Hom(«,  a'contradiction  between  laws, 
<  Gr.  ai'Tivouia,  an  ambiguity  in  the  law,  <  'avri- 
vouo(,  against  the  law  (cf.  ML.  antinomi :  see 
antinomian),  <  ai'vi,  against,  -I-  voiioc,  law:  see 
nonic.'l  1.  The  opposition  of  one  law,  rule,  or 
principle  to  another. 

It  should  be  noticed  that  the  Westminster  Confession 
expressly  teaches  the  freedom  of  will  as  well  as  foreordina- 
tion,  and  leaves  the  solution  of  the  apparent  iintinomii  to 
scientific  theology.    .ScAn/,  Christ  and  Christianity,  p- 102. 

2.  Any  law,  rule,  or  principle  opposed  to  an- 
other. 

If  God  once  willed  adultery  should  be  sinful,  all  his 
omnipotence  will  not  allow  him  to  will  the  allowance  that 
his  holiest  people  might,  by  his  own  an^'noin.v  or  counter- 
statute,  live  unreproved.  Milton,  Divorce,  ii.  3- 

Humility,  poverty,  meanness,  and  WTetchedncss  are  di- 
rect antinomies  to  the  lusts  of  the  tlesh. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar,  L  §  4- 


-i.st.]  A  person  or  tbing  having  an  antipathy 
to  another,  or  being  the  direct  opposite  of  an- 
other.    [Rare.] 

Sole  positive  of  night  I 
Antipathist  of  light. 

Coleridge,  Sibylline  Leaves,  II.  281. 

antipathize  (an-tip'a-thiz).  r. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
aiilipatl(i-id.  ppr.  anti]>athi.:in<i.  [<  antipathy 
+ -i;:c.]  I.  intrans.  To  feel  antipathy  or  aver- 
sion; entertain  or  show  a  feeling,  disposition, 
or  opinion  characterized  by  opposition  or  con- 
trariety:  the  opposite  of  sympathise.  [Rare.] 
I  must  say  I  sympathise  with  Milverton  and  antipa- 
thise .  .  .  with  Lord  Lytton. 

A.  Helps,  Casimir  Maremma,  p.  39. 

n.  trans.  To  affect  with  antipathy  or  hostil- 
ity of  feeling ;  render  antipathetic.     [Rare.] 

...... -I , J    L  .  Also  spelled  aHfi;j<(///(.sc. 

angles  of  the  west  front  of  some  Byzantine  antipathoust  (an-tip'a-thus),  a.     [<  Gr.  m-riira- 
churches,  found  especially  in   Armenian   ex-    (y,^,-,  of  oppo.site  feeling  (see  aHfi>of/i//),  + -ok«.] 


flexor  hallucis  splits  into  tliree  tendons,  pass- 
ing to  the  first,  second,  and  fourth  toes. 

The  synpelmous,  the  heteropclmous.  and  the  antiojKl- 
mons  arrangoinents  are  entirely  peculiar  to  the  present 
order  {l'ii-(iri(i'\.  Stand.  Xnl.  Hist.,  IV  .  309- 

[<  anti- 
onpi.ttic.]     Tending  to  allay  excitement  or 
venereal  desire. 

antipapal  (an-ti-pa'pal),  a.     [<  anti-  +  papal.] 
Opposeil  to  the  pope  or  to  popery. 

lie  charges  strictly  his  son  after  him  to  persevere  in  that 
antipapal  schism.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxvii. 


amples,  and  eoiTesponding  to  the  parabemata 
of  the  apsidal  end-     J.  M.  Scale. 
antiparallel  (an-ti-par'a-lel),  a.  and  «.     [< 
anti-  +  piimllel.]     I.  a.  Running  parallel  but 
in  a  contrary  lUrection.     Hammond, 


Having  a  natm'al  contrariety;  antipathetic, 
.still  she  extends  her  hand, 
As  if  she  saw  something  antipathous 
Unto  her  virtuous  life- 
Fletcher  (aiut  another),  Queen  of  Corinth,  iii- 


II.  n.  In   <jeom.,  one  of  two  or  more  lines  antipathy   (an-tip'a-thi),  «.;  pi.  antipathies 


which  make  equal  angles  witli  two  other  lines, 
but  in  contrary  order. 
Thus,  supposing  .-tii  and 
AC  any  two  lines,  and  FC 
and  FE  two  other  lines 
cutting  the  tlrst  so  as  to 
make  the  angle  ABC  eiinal 
to  the  angle  AEF.  and  the 
angle  ACB  equal  to  the  angle  ADE;  then  FC  and  FE  are 
autiparallels  « ith  respect  to  .\B  and  AC ;  also  these  latter 
arc  autiparallels  with  respect  to  the  two  former. 
antiparalytic  (an'ti-par-a-lit'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-  +  paraliitie.]  I.  a.  In  mcd. :  (a)  Effective 
against  paralysis.  [Rare.]  (6)  An  epithet 
applied  to  the  secretion  of  the  submaxillary 
gland  on  one  side  when  the  chorda  t)-mpani  on 
the  other  side  has  been  cut  so  as  to  produce  a 
paralytic  secretion  on  that  side.  In  this  sense 
also  called  antili/tic. 

II.H.  In  mcf?.,  a  remedy  for  paralysis.  [Rare.] 
antiparalytical  (an'ti-par-a-lit'i-kal),  a.  Same 

as  antipanihitic. 
antipart  (an'ti-part),  H.    [< anti-  +  part]    The 
counterpart,.     [Rare.] 


(-thiz).  [=  F.  antiiiathir.iGr.  aiTt-aBaa,  <  ai-- 
Ti;Tatfr/(,  of  opposite  feeliiig,  <  ai'r/,  against,  + 
irdfcf,  feeling,  <  -atltiv,  suffer,  feel.]  1.  Natu- 
ral aversion;  instinctive  contrariety  or  oppo- 
sition in  feeling;  an  aversion  felt  at  the  pres- 
ence or  thought  of  a  particular  object ;  distaste ; 
disgust;  repugnance. 

No  contraries  hold  more  antipathy 
Than  I  and  such  a  knave.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii-  2. 

Their  natural  antipathy  of  temperament  made  resent- 
ment an  easy  passage  to  hatred- 

&'f«r>;c  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  li-  4- 

A  rival  is  the  bitterest  enemy,  as  antipathy  is  rather  lie- 
tween  likes  than  unlikes. 

J.  R.  Seeley.  Xat-  Religion,  p.  122- 

2t.  A  contrariety  in  the  properties  or  affections 
of  matter,  as  of  oil  and  water.  IiacoH.—3.  An 
object  of  natural  aversion  or  settled  dislike. 

Let  him  be  to  thee  an  antipathy, 

A  thing  thy  nature  sweats  at  and  turns  backward. 

Brail-  an</  Ft.,  Thierry  and  Tlieodoi-et,  i-  1. 
=  Syn.  Hatred,  Dislike,  Antipathy,  Disffiul,  Avenioti,  Be- 
luctanee,  Bepug nance.     Hatred  is  the  deepest  and  most 


antipathy 

permanent  of  these  feeliTi;,'s ;  il  is  mrely  used  except  of  per- 
sons. DUlike  is  tile  mnst  kciutjiI  woi-tl,  iind  depi->l<ls  upon 
the  connection  for  its  strcnKtIi ;  it  is  opi)osed  to  likiwj  or 
/otuiiwug.  Antipallnt  cxpri'sses  most  of  constitutional 
feeling  and  least  of  volition  :  the  turkey-cock  has  an  a  ntip- 
athii  to  the  color  red;  many  people  have  an  intense  (tji/ (/'((■ 
(Ai/'to  snakes,  rats,  toads.  In  Byurative  use,  aiitipallni  is  a 
dislike  that  seems  constitutional  toward  persi>os,  tliiiipj, 
conduct,  etc. ;  hence  it  Involves  a  dislike  for  wIiIlIi  s.rnu-- 
times  no  good  reason  can  he  given.  Anlipntlii/  is  opposed 
primarily  to  xi/mpathi/,  Imt  itften  to  mere  Itkiwj.  Viniiust 
is  the  loathing,  rlrst'  of  physical  tiuste,  then  of  esthetic 
taste,  then  of  spiritual  taste  or  moral  feeling.  Acerxmn  is 
a  fixed  disposition  to  avoid  something'  which  displeases, 
disturbs,  or  annoys:  iu,  i|uii-t  pecjple  have  an  aversion  to 
noise.  It  is  a  dislike,  settled  and  genirally  strong.  Re- 
tttctaiice  anil  repwitutiu-f  hy  derivatiitn  imply  a  natural 
struggle,  as  of  hesitation  or  recoil;  with  rductance  it  is 
simply  the  will  holding  hack  in  dislike  of  some  proposed 
act,  while  with  repwniance  it  is  a  greater  resistance  or 
one  accompanied  with  greater  feeling,  and  generally  in 
regard  to  an  act,  course,  idea,  etc.,  rarely  to  persons  or 
things.    See  aiiii/wgitii. 

Wiile  with  perfidious  hatred  they  pursued 

The  sojourners  of  Goshen.         Millon,  P.  L.,  i.  308. 

Tlie  hint  malevolent,  the  look  oblique, 
The  obvious  satire,  or  implied  dii^like. 

Hannah  More,  Sensibility. 

Sir  I^ancelot  leant,  in  half  dtsini^t 
At  love,  life,  all  things,  on  the  window  ledge. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

Cowper  speaks  of  some  one  having  "much  the  same 
averxion  to  a  Papist  that  some  people  have  to  a  cat, — 
ratlier  an  antipathy  than  a  reasonable  dislike." 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  99. 

Reluctance  against  God  and  his  just  yoke. 

Laid  on  our  necks.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  1045. 

It  is  no  argument  agi-iinst  death  that  life  in  full  energy 
has  a  repuf/nanee  to  it.     Maudsley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  323. 

antipatriarch  (an-ti-pa'tri-ark),  «.  [<  anti-  + 
jiatriarcli.]  £ccl<ii.,  one  who  claims  the  office 
and  exercises  the  functions  of  patriarch  in  op- 
position to  the  canonical  occupant  of  the  see. 

The  Patriarch  resides  at  Damascus,  the  Latin  Antipatri- 
arch at  .\U'p]i(».  J.  M.  Scale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  1*25. 

antipatriotic  fan"ti-pa-tri-  or  -pat'ri-ot'ik),  a. 
[<  anti-  +  palriotk:~\  Antagonistic  to  patriots 
or  patriotism,  or  to  one's  country. 

These  antipatriotic  prejudices  are  the  abortions  of  folly 
impregnated  by  faction. 

Johnson,  Taxation  no  TjTauny,  p.  157. 

antipeduncular  (an"ti-pe-dung'ku-lar),  a.     [< 
(i)iti-  +  jX'diiiiciilar.'i     In  but.,  oi)posite  to  or 
away  from  a  peduncle. 
The  antipeduncular  pole  of  the  ovary.  T.  Gilt. 

antipeptone  (an-ti-pep'ton),  n.  [<  anti-  +  pep- 
tone.'] One  of  the  products  of  the  digestion  of 
proteids  by  the  pancreatic  fluid;  one  of  the 
peptones  into  which  an  albuminoid  body  is  re- 
solved by  the  action  of  pepsin  or  tripsin. 

antiperiodic  (an"ti-j)e-ri-od'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti- +  periodic.']  I.  a.  In  meit.,  curative  of 
diseases  exhibiting  periodicity,  especially  of 
intermittent  fever. 

II.  n.  In  med.,  a  remedy  for  periodic  diseases, 
especially  for  intermittent  fever. 

antiperistalsis  (an"ti-per-i-stal'sis),  n.     [NL., 

<  anti-  -\-  peristalsis.]  Inverted  peristaltic  ac- 
tion of  the  intestines  by  which  their  contents 
are  carried  upward. 

antiperistaltic  (an"ti-per-i-startik),  a.  [<  an- 
ti--f-  ])eristaltic.]  In  med.:  («)  Opposed  to  or 
checking  peristaltic  motion,  (h)  Pertaining  to 
or  exhibiting  antiperistalsis. 

antiperistasis  (an"ti-pe-ris'ta-sis),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  ai'Ti-epiaTaaig,  a  siuTOtmding  so  as  to  com- 
press, a  reciprocal  replacement,  <  avrnrcpuaTa- 
ctiai,  surround,  compass,  <  avri,  against,  +  nepd- 
tyraaOai,  nepiarf/vai,  stand  aroimd  (>  -KepiaTaai^,  a 
standing  arotmd),<  -Kepi,  around,-!-  ia-aadai,  arf/- 
vat,  stand.  ]  1 .  Antagonism  of  natiu'al  qualities, 
as  of  light  and  darkness,  heat  and  cold ;  specifi- 
cally, opposition  of  contrary  qualities  by  which 
one  or  both  are  intensified,  or  the  intensifica- 
tion so  produced.  Thus,  sensilde  heat  is  excited  in 
qun-.khme  liy  immersing  it  in  cold  water,  and  cold  applied 
to  the  human  body  may,  by  reaction,  increase  its  heat. 

All  that  I  fear  is  Cynthia's  presence,  which,  with  the 

cold  of  her  chastity,  casteth  such  an  antiperhtn!.ix  about 

the  place,  that  no  heat  of  thine  will  tarry  with  Die  patient. 

B.  ./on-sou,  Cynthia's  Uevels,  V.  3. 

2.  In  rhct.,  a  figure  consisting  in  granting  what 
an  opponent  states  as  fact,  but  denying  his  in- 
fcrcnec  therefrom. 

antiperistatic  (an"ti-por-i-stat'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
/icrislasis;  formed  after  Gr.  irepKrraTiKd;,  peri- 
static]     Pertaining  to  antiperistasis. 

antipestilential  (an"ti-pes-ti-len'shal),  a. 
[<  anti-  -I-  jicstilential.]  Efficacious  agaiiistthe 
plague  or  other  epidemic,  or  against  infection. 

Antipeatilintiat  unguents  to  anoint  the  nostrils  with. 

Hareey,  The  Plague. 


Section  of  Antipct- 
alous  Flower  of  the 
Uuclcthom.  (I,  a,  a, 
stamens :  b,  b,  b,  pet- 
als, inserted  uptin  the 
throat  of  the  calyx. 

counteracting 


248 

antipetalous  (an-ti-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aw/, 
agiuust,  +  -frn/oi',  leaf,  mod.  petal.]  In  hot., 
a  term  descriptive  of  stamens  „  a  a 
which  stand  opposite  to  petals. 

antiphlogistian  (an'ti-tlo-jis'- 

tian),  n.  [<  anti-  -f-  yhlogis- 
tian.]  An  opponent  of  the  old 
chemical  theory  as  to  the  ex- 
istence of  a  substance  called 
phlogiston. 

antiphlogistic  (au"ti-flo-jis'- 
tik),  a.  and  n.  \<^  anti- +  phlo- 
gistic.] I.  o.  1.  In  clicm.,  op- 
posed to  the  theory  of  phlogis- 
ton (which  see) :  as,  the  anti- 
phliii/istic  system. — 2.  In  mcd. 
iuHaimiiiitioii  or  a  feverish  state  of  the  system 
as,  antijihlof/istic  remedies  or  treatment."— Anti- 
phlogistic theory,  a  theory  of  combustion  first  ad- 
vanced by  Lavoisier,  who  held  that  in  combustion,  in- 
stead iii  phlogiston  escaping,  according  to  the  theory  of 
Stahl,  there  was  a  comttinatitm  with  oxygen.  The  anti- 
phlogistic theory  of  citinlmstit.n,  uiodifled  and  enlarged,  is 
the  one  now  universally  acccj^ted. 

II.  «.  -Any  medicine  or  application  which 
tends  to  check  or  allay  inflammation. 

antiphon,  antiphone  (an'ti-fon  or  -fon),  w. 
[The  earlier  E.  fonns  produced  mod.  anthem, 
q.  v.;  <  ML.  antiphona  (fem.  sing.),  <  Gr.  oi'W- 
(puva  (neut.  pi.),  usually  avTi(puvov  (sing.),  an- 
them, prop.  neut.  of  ai'riipui'oc,  sounding  in  an- 
swer, <  av-i,  in  return,  +  (pcrvrj,  voice :  see  piho- 
netic,  and  cf.  anthem.]  1.  A  psalm,  hymn,  or 
prayer  sung  responsively  or  by  alternation  of 
two  choirs,  as  in  the  English  cathedral  service. 
—  2.  In  the  liturgy  or  mass  of  both  the  East- 
ern and  Western  churches,  as  well  as  in  the 
day-hours  and  other  offices,  a  series  of  verses 
from  the  Psalms  or  other  parts  of  Scripture, 
either  in  their  original  sequence  or  combined 
from  various  passages,  sung  as  a  prelude  or 
conclusion  to  some  part  of  the  service,  it  is 
sometimes  especially  limited  to  the  verse  sung  before  or 
after  the  psalms  of  tlie  ortice,  the  tones  of  which  are  deter- 
mined tty  ttie  musical  iii'.'de,  according  to  the  Gregorian 
chant,  of  tlieir  respective  aiitiphons.  (See  chant  and  mode.) 
Liturgiolngists  retain  a  more  extended  use  of  the  word, 
making  it  include  various  brief  responsories  as  well  as 
longer  chants. 

3.  A  scriptural  passage  or  original  composition 
simg  as  an  independent  part  of  the  service,  and 
set  to  more  elaborate  music  ;  an  anthem. — 4. 
An  echo  or  a  response.     [Rare.] 

The  great  synod  .  .  .  that  is  to  meet  at  Hamborough 
to  me  sounds  like  an  antiphone  to  the  other  malign  con- 
junction at  Colen.  Sir  H.  Wotton,  Keliquite,  p.  376. 

To  double  an  antiphon.    See  double. 

antiphona,  ".     Plural  of  antiphonon. 

antiphonal  (an-tif'o-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  anti- 
phon -\-  -«/.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  marked  by 
antiphouy  or  responsive  singing;  antiphonary. 

UcfCalvin]  thought .  .  .  that  the  practice  of  antiphonal 
chanting  was  superstitious. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  III.  164. 

II.  n.  A  book  of  antiphons  or  anthems;  an 

antiphonary. 

antiphonally  (an-tif'o-nal-i),  adr.  In  an  an- 
tiphonal manner;  responsively. 

antiphonar  (au-tif 'o-niir),  n.    Same  as  antipho- 

nari/. 

antiphonary  (an-tif'o-na-ri),  n.  and  a.  [< 
ML.  antiphonarium,  <  antipihona :  see  antiphon.] 
I.  n.;  pi.  antipkonaries  (-riz).  A  book  of  an- 
tiphons. As  oriHinally  compiled  by  Pope  Gregory  tlie 
Great,  it  contained  whatever  was  sung  antiphonally  in  the 
mass  and  otlices  of  the  Latin  Church.  The  liturgical  an- 
tiphons, however,  that  is,  those  proper  to  the  mass,  have 
long  been  published  in  a  separate  book  called  the  ;rradual. 
The  responsories  of  the  office  were  alsnaiuicntly  published 
by  themselves  in  the  responsorial,  but  iinw,aloiii;\\itli  the 
antiphons  proper,  that  is,  those  associated  with  the  psalms 
of  the  office,  make  up  the  present  antiphonary. 
II.  a.  Antiphonal. 

Great  attention  seems  to  have  been  paid  to  the  antipho- 
nary songs.  A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  21. 

antiphone,  n.     See  antiphon. 
antiphonert(an-tif'o-ner),H.  [<ME.  antiphonerc 
(also  anfenarc,  amfcnare),  <  ML.  antiphonarium  : 
see  antiphonary.]    A  book  of  anthems  or  anti- 
phons ;  an  antiphonary. 

He  Alma  Rederaptoris  herde  synge, 
As  children  lerned  her  antiptmnere. 

Chaucer,  Prioress's  Tale,  1.  67. 

antiphonetic  (an'"ti-fo-net'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  as  if 

•(iiT/^uii/Tfrnlf,  <  mTi<puveiv,  correspond  in  sotmd, 
<  avTufiuvoc,  coiTesponding  or  answering  in  sound : 
see  antiphon,  anti-,  and  jdionetic]  Correspond- 
ing in  sound ;  homophonous :  applied  to  words 
which  rime. 

Moore  and  Tom  Campbell  themselves  admit  "spinach" 
Is  perfectly  an(t^Ao/o7iV  to  "tJreenwich." 

Barltani,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  111. 


antipode 

antiphonic  (an-ti-fon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  "avri^ovoaif 
(found  only  in  adv.  avriifiuvtKi^),  <  niTi^juiw :  see 
antiphon.]  Pertaining  to  or  marked  by  an- 
tiphouy. 

antiphbnical  (an-ti-fon'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  an- 

tijihonic. 

antiphonon  (an-tif 'o-non),   n. ;    pi.   antiphona 
(-na).     Ulr.:  see  antijilion.]    Same  as  «Hfy</io)(. 
In  the  Itiisilian  and  Cbrysostomie  Liturgies,  the  Introit 
is  divided  into  three  antiptiona. 

./.  M.  Xeale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  3(i4. 

antiphony  (au-tlf'o-ui),  «.;  pi.  antiphonics(-niz). 
[An  extended  form  of  antiphon,  <  Gr.  as  If  'avn- 
(j>ui'ia.  a.  symjjhoni/.]  1.  Alternate  or  respon- 
sive singing,  in  whicli  a  choir  is  di\-ided  into 
two,  each  part  singing  alternate  verses  of  the 
psalm  or  anthem:  opposed  to  homophony,  i. 
In  responsorial  singing,  on  the  contrary,  one  singer  alter- 
nates with  the  whole  choir,  as  in  the  chanting  of  respon- 
sories.    See  responsory. 

2.  A  psalm  or  an  anthem  so  chanted. 

These  are  the  pretty  responsories,  these  are  the  dear  an- 
tiphonies  that  so  bewitched  of  late  our  prelates  and  their 
chaplains  with  the  goodly  echo  they  made. 

Milton,  Areop.agitica. 

3.  A  composition  of  several  verses  taken  from 
different  psalms  and  set  to  music. 

antiphotogenic  (an  ti-f6-t6-,ien'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  jihotoi/enic]  Preventing  the  chemical  action 
of  light,  as  in  photography;  rendering  light 
uon-actinlc  by  excluding  the  chemical  rays. 

I  do  not  fix  the  telescope  to  the  objective,  but  merely 
unite  the  two  by  means  of  an  antipltotoqenic  tube  of  red 
cloth.  .S'fi.  Amer.  Su'pp.,  XXIII.  9159. 

antiphrasis (an-tif 'ra-sis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  atTl(j)pa- 
o(f,  <  uvTKppaCeiv,  express  by  antithesis  or  nega- 
tion, <  bit/,  against,  +  ippa^ew,  speak,  >  <ppaai^, 
way  of  speaking,  >  E.  phrase.]  In  rhet.,  the 
use  of  a  word  in  a  sense  opposite  to  its  proper 
meaning,  or  when  its  opposite  should  have 
been  used ;  irony,  used  either  in  sarcasm  or  in 
humor. 

You  now  find  no  cause  to  repent  that  you  never  dipt 
your  hands  in  the  bloody  high  cotirts  of  justice,  so  called 
only  by  antiphrasis.  South. 

antiphrastic  (an-ti-fras'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  *avTt- 
tppaoTiKOc;  (in  adv.  aiTt^pa(jriKflt<;),  <  avTt<ppd^eiv,  ex- 
press by  antitliesis :  see  antiphrasis.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  antijihrasis. 

antiphrastical  (an-ti-fras'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
antiphrastic. 

antiphrastically  (an-ti-fi'as'ti-kal-i),  adr.  In 
the  manner  of  antiphrasis;  by  antiphrasis. 

antiphthisic  (an-ti-tiz'ik),  ((.  and  n.  [<  anti- 
+  jihthisic]  I.  a.  Tending  to  check  phthisis 
or  consumption. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  intended  to  cheek  phthisis. 
X  E.  IK 

antiphysici,  antiphysicali  (an-ti-fiz'ik,  -i-kal), 

a.      [<  (ir.  urn,  against.  +  (piaic,  nature  (adj. 
(fivaiKOc).]     Contrarv  to  nature;  unnatm-al. 
antiphysic-,  antiphysical-  (an-ti-fiz'ik.  -i-kal), 

5rt.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against,  +  (piaa,  breath,  wind  in 
the  stomach.]  In  mcd.,  relieving  flatulence; 
carminative. 

antiplastic  (an-ti-plas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
agtimst,  +  TT/aaTiKo;,  <  TrAanro^,  verbal  adj.  of 
TT/daaeii',  mold,  form.]  1.  Diminishing  plasti- 
city.—  2.  In  med.,  unfavorable  to  heaUng;  pre- 
venting or  checking  the  process  of  granulation. 
— 3.  Impoverishing  the  blood. 

antipodt,  »■     An  obsolete  fonn  of  antipode. 

antipodal  (an-tip''o-dal).  a.    \_<  antipode  +  -aJ.] 
1.   Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  antipodes; 
situated  on  or  belonging  to  opposite  sides  of 
tlie  globe. 
The  mingling  of  antipodal  races. 

G.  P.  Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  104. 
Hence — 2.  At  the  opposite  end  or  extreme; 
diametrically  opposite. 

A  place  so  antipodal  to  New  England  ways  and  ideas  as 

w.as  Vicksburg  in  that  day.         The  Century,  XXIII.  163. 

A  horseman  clatters  over  the  loose  planks  of  the  bridge, 

while  his  antii'odal  shadow  glides  silently  over  the  mir- 

riircd  bridge  below.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  19. 

Also  antii)odic,  antipodicat. 
Antipodal  cells,  in  hot.,  the  two  cells  which  are  formed 
by  tile  iiiulfi  at  the  b.ase  of  the  embryonal  sac  and  oj*- 
posite  tti  the  nuclei  which,  after  fertilization,  become  the 
oospore.— Antipodal  heresy,  the  heresy  of  the  antipo- 
dists.    See  antipodi.-<t. 

The  positive  .assertion,  with  indignant  comment,  that 
Virgil  [Bishop  of  Salzburg)  was  deposed  for  antipodal 
lieresy.         Prof.  De  Moryan,  N.  and  Q..  6tll  ser..  XII.  63. 

antipode  (an'ti-pod),  ». ;  pi.  antipodes  (-)i6dz'), 
usually  as  Latin  onti]iodes  (an-tip'o-dez).  [For- 
merly also  KHfi'^xxf.  rarely antipos ;  <  L.  antipodes, 
pi.:  see  antipodes.]  1.  One  of  the  antipodes, 
or  those  who  dwell  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
globe. — 2.  One  who  or  that  which  is  In  opposi- 
tion to  or  over  against  another. 


antipode 

In  tale  or  history  your  beggar  U  ever  the  just  antipode 
to  your  kiiik'.  Lumlj,  Decay  o(  Beggiirs. 

lialiuicc-IoviUK  Nature 
Made  all  things  in  pairs, 
To  every  foot  its  antipode. 

Kmer/ton,  Merlin,  ii. 

antipodean  (an-tip-o-de'an),  a.     Pertaining  to 

thr  niilipixles;  antipodal, 
antipodes  (an-tip'o-dez),  II.  pi.  [L.  (in  ME.  as 
L. ),  <  <jri'.  aiTiVoikf,  pi.  of  diTiTroi'f,  with  feet  op- 
posite, <  avTi,  opposite,  +  TTorf,  pi.  irorSef,  =  E. 
foot.]  1.  Persons  li\'ing  at  diametrically  o))- 
posito  points  of  the  globe,  so  that  their  feet  are 
directed  toward  each  other ;  persons  who  live 
on  the  side  of  the  globe  opposite  to  others. 

Your  Antipodes  are  a  good  rascally  sort  of  topsie  turvy 
Fellows  — If  I  had  a  Binnper  I'd  stand  upon  my  Uead  and 
drink  a  llealth  to  'em.    Coiujreiv,  Way  of  tiie  World,  iv.  10. 

2.  Two  places  on  the  surface  of  the  globe  dia- 
metrically opposite  to  each  other;  the  country 
or  region  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  globe. — 

3.  Figuratively,  things  opposed  to  each  other: 
as  a  singular,  anything  diametrically  adverse 
or  opposed  to  another  thing  belonging  to  the 
same  general  order;  a  contrary.  In  the  latter 
sense  sometimes  used  in  the  singular  fonu  an- 
tipode (which  see). 

Can  there  he  a  greater  contrariety  unto  Christ's  judg- 
ment, a  more  perfect  antipodes  to  all  that  hath  hitherto 
been  gospel'/  Hammond,  Sermons. 

Minds,  the  antipodes  of  each  ot\wv  in  temper  and  endow- 
ment, alike  feel  the  force  of  his  I  haute  s]  attraction. 

Loiretl,  Among  my  Hooks,  2d  ser.,  p.  3i>. 

antipodic  (an-ti-pod'ik),  a.     Same  as  antipodal. 

liaxkiii. 
antipodical  (an-ti-pod'i-kal),  a.     [<  antipode  + 

-(■(■-((/.]     Same  as  antipodal. 

Nor  are  the  inhabitants  of  tlie  Aniipodieal  Paradise 
less  wortliy  of  oui-  admirati<)U. 

ISlaekwood's  Maij.,  XXII.  WW. 

antipodism  (an-tip'o-dizm),  H.  [<  antipode  + 
-ism.]     The  state  of  being  antipodal. 

antipodist  (an-tip'o-dist),  n.  [<  antij/odc  + 
-/,v/.]  A  believer  in  the  antipodes,  at  the  time 
when  such  belief  was  heresy,  on  account  of  the 
orthodo.K  supposition  that  the  whole  surface  of 
the  earth  was  a  flat  expanse. 

Some  have  maintained  that  the  antipodist  [  Virgil,  bishop 
of  Salzburg]  was  a  ditferent  person  from  the  canouized 
bishop.  Prn/.  i)e.Vor;;n)i,  N.andQ.,6th8er.,XJI.  53. 

antipoint  (an'ti-point),  H.  [<  atiti-  +  point.'] 
One  of  a  pair  of  foci,  real  or  imaginary,  to  a 
plane  curve,  so  related  to  another  pair  that  if 
a  quadrilateral  be  drawn  haring  the  two  foci  of 
each  pair  at  opposite  angles,  the  opposite  sides 
will  meet  at  the  circular  points  at  infinity,  and 
conse(iuently  be  tangent  to  the  curve. 

antipoison  (an'ti-poi-zn),  H.  [<  an  ti-  +  poison.] 
An  antidote  for  a  poison;  a  counter-poison: 
as,  "poisons  afford  antipoisons," Si>'  T.  Browne, 
Christ.  Mor.,  xx^dii.  1. 

antipole  (an'tl-pol),  n.  [<  anti-  +  jwh".]  The 
opposite  pole ;  anj^liing  diametrically  opposed 
to  another. 

That  antipole  of  all  enthusiasm,  called  "  a  man  of  the 
world."  Geortje  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda.  xl. 

antipope  (au'ti-pop),  «.  [<  anti-  +  pope.]  One 
who  usurps  or  is  elected  to  the  papal  office  in 
opposition  to  a  pope  held  to  be  canonically 
chosen.  There  have  been  about  thirty  antipopes,  the 
last  of  whom  w.as  Felix  V.  (Duke  Amadcus  VIII.  of  Savoy), 
elected  by  the  Council  of  Basle  in  143;J. 

antiport,  ".     See  ante  port. 

antiprimer  (an-ti-pri'mer),  n.  [<  anti-  +  pri- 
mer^.] An  apparatus  designed  to  prevent  the 
priming  or  foaming  of  steam  in  a  boiler,  that  is, 
the  escape  of  spray  or  water  with  the  steam. 

antiprism  (an'ti-prizm),  n.  [<  anti-  +  jirisin.] 
An  auxiliary  prism;  part  of  a  eompoimd  prism 
placed  with  its  refractive  edge  in  a  reversed  po- 
sition. A  prism  of  carbon  disnlpliid  is  sometimes  used 
in  spectrum  analysis,  consisting  of  a  glass  core  with  sides 
made  of  two  antiprisms. 

antiprostate  (an-ti-pros'tat),  n.  [<  anti-  + 
prostate,  ».]  One  of  the  two  small  glands 
(Cowper's  glands)  situated  before  the  prostate 
gland  in  man  and  many  other  mammals.  See 
jirosldte. 

antiprostatic  (an'ti-pros-tat'ik),  a.  [<  anfi- 
prostatr  +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  anti- 
prostates. 

antipruritic  (an'ti-prij-rifik),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
jirnrilir.]     Tending  to  relieve  itching. 

antipsoric  (an-tip-sor'ik).  a.  and  n.      [<  Gr. 
liiTi,  against.  +  i/w/KTOf,  pertaining  to  the  itch, 
<  i/>o/>n,  the  itch.]     I.  a.  Efficacious  in  curing 
the  itch. 
II.  n.  A  remedy  for  the  itch. 


249 

antiptosis  (an -tip -to 'sis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  avri- 
nruCTif,  <  iii'Ti,  against,  •+-  TTriiai;,  falling,  ease, 
<  tritrTeiv,  fall.]  In  gram.,  the  use  of  one  ease 
for  another. 

antiputrefactive  (an"ti-pu-trc-fak'tiv),  a.    [< 

anil-  -(-  j:ntri factire.]  Cotmteracting  or  pre- 
venting putrefaction;  antiseptic. 

antiputrescent  (an"ti-pu-tres'ent),  a.  [<  anti- 
-t-  putrese<nt.]     Same  as  antiputrefactive. 

antipyic  (an-ti-i)i'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  -i  01',  pus,  -1-  -ic]  Preventing  or  restraining 
suppmation. 

antipyretic  (an"ti-pi-ret'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
dvTi,  against,  +  mtpcTor,  fever :  see  pyretic.]  I. 
a.  In  med. ,  serving  as  a  preventive  of  or  rem- 
edy for  p jTcxia  or  fever ;  depressing  an  abnor- 
mally high  temperatiu'C :  as,  the  now  antipy- 
retic alkaloid. 
II.  ".  A  reiiHMly  for  fever;  an  antifebrile. 

antipyrin,  antipyrine  (an-ti-pi'rin),  n.  [As 
antipyr(itii)  -\-  -in-,  -inc'^.]  The  commercial 
name  of  dimclhylo.xy-quinizin,  CiiH^.jN20,  a 
complex  body  belonging  to  the  aromatic  series. 
It  crystallizes  in  brilliant  .scales,  which  dissolve  readily  in 
wafer.     It  is  a  valuable  antipyretic. 

antiquaria,  «.    Plural  of  oH/i</i(«n«»i. 

antiquarian  (au-ti-kwa'ri-au),  a.  and  H.  [<  L. 
antiquarius  (see  antiquary)  +  -an.]  I.  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  antiquaries  or  to  antifiuarianism ; 
connected  with  the  study  of  antiquities,  particu- 
larly of  such  as  are  comparatively  modern,  and 
of  such  as  have  interest  rather  as  curiosities 
than  for  their  inherent  or  archaeological  impor- 
tance: as,  an  OH  (((/Monfl«  museum. 

The  question  whether  tireece  did  or  did  not  borrow  from 
this  or  that  barbarian  people  some  rude  germs  of  art  wliicll 
in  Oreece  alone  were  taught  to  grow  into  llowers  and  fruit 
lias  little  more  than  an  antiijuarian  interest. 

K.  A.  Freeman,  Amer,  Lects.,  p.  250. 

2.  An  epithet  applied  to  a  size  of  drawing- 
paper,  53  X  31  or  5'J  X  29  inches. 

II.  n.  Same  as  antiquary,  1  and  2. 
antiquarianism  (an-ti-kwa'ri-an-izm),  H.      [< 
antiquariiin    -|-   -ism.]       1.    The   character   or 
tastes  of  an  antiquary. 
I  have  the  seeds  of  antinuarianism  in  me. 

Bp.  Hard,  Letter  to  Warburton. 

2.  Antiquarian  research,  it  inclurles  the  study  of 
the  past  through  relics  of  all  kinds,  but  denotes  especially 
the  study  of  tiities  which  are  neither  very  ancient  nor  of 
great  general  interest,  and  the  collection  of  bric-i-brac 
and  mere  curiosities.  It  implies  taste  for  old  things 
merely  because  they  are  old,  independently  of  any  artis- 
tic or  historic  value  that  they  may  jwssess.  =  Syn.  Arehm- 
otogii,  .intitjuarianism.    See  arclta-ototfp. 

antiquarium  (an-ti-kwa'ri-um),  n.;  pi.  anti- 
(piitriii  (-'i).  l^h.,neut.ofL.  antiquarius:  see 
antiquary.  Ci.  aquariutn.]  A  repository  of  an- 
tiquities.    X.  Ii.  I). 

antiquary  (au'ti-kwa-ri),  «.  and  n.  [<  L.  anti- 
quarius, pertaining  to  antitjuity,  an  antiquary, 
ML.  also  a  copier  of  old  books,  <  antiquus, 
antique,  ancient:  see  antique  and  -ary.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  antiquity;  ancient;  antiquarian. 
Instructed  by  the  antiquary  times, 
He  must,  he  is,  he  cannot  but  be  wise. 

SAa*.,T.  .andC,  ii.  3. 

II.  «. ;  pi.  antiquaries  {-Tiz).     1.  One  versed 

in  the  knowledge  of  ancient  things ;  a  student 

or  collector  of  antitiuities:  sometimes  used  in 

the  sense  of  archa:ologist.     See  antiquarianism. 

With  sharpen'd  sight  pale  antiijuaries  pore, 

Th'  inscription  value',  but  the  rust  .adore. 

Pope,  Ep.  to  .\ddison,  L  35. 

The  simple  antiquary  is  not  a  historian,  but  it  is  always 
a  gain  when  the  historian  is  an  antiquary. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  208. 

2.  A  dealer  in  old  books,  coins,  objects  of  art, 
and  similar  articles.  In  this  and  the  preceding 
sense  also  antiquarian. — 3t.  -An  official  custo- 
dian of  antiquities.  This  title  was  bestowed  by  Uenry 
VIII.  upon  Leiand,  his  chaplain  and  librarian,  1533. 
antiquate  (an'ti-kwat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
tiquated, ppr.  antiquating.  [<  L.  anliqnatus,  pp. 
of  aniiquare,  restore  to  its  ancient  condition,  in 
LL.  make  old,  <  antiquus,  ancient :  see  antique.] 
To  make  old  or  obsolete ;  make  old  and  useless 
by  substituting  something  newer  and  better. 

The  growth  of  Christianity  .  .  .  might  rcisonably  in- 
troduce new  laws  and  antiquate  or  abrogate  some  old 
ones.  Sir  .V.  Haie,  Hist.  Comiuon  Law  of  Eng. 

Huge  charts  which  subsequent  discoveries  have  anti- 
quated. Lamb,  Elia,  p.  9. 

antiquate  (an'ti-kwat),  a.    Same  as  an  liquated, 

p.  a. 
antiquated  (an'ti-kwa-ted),  p.  a.       1.  Grown 

old;  obsolete  or  obsolescent;   ill  adapted  to 

present  use;  old-fashioned:  said  of  things :  as, 

an  antiquated  law. 
Is  it  possible  that  the  present  age  can  be  pleased  with 

that  antiquated  dialect  ?  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iviii. 


antiquity 

2.  Advanced  in  years ;  rendered  incapable  by 
age;  superannuated. 

t)ld  .Janet,  for  so  he  understood  his  antiquated  atten- 
dant was  dcnotninatcd.  Scott,  Waverley,  II.  I. 
=  Syn.  .Iii'i'ii'.  "I'l,  Antique,  etc.     See  onci«n(l. 

antiquatedness  (an'ti-kwa-ted-nes),  n.  [<  aii- 
tiqualed  +  -ness.]  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing antiquated,  obsolete,  or  old-fashioned. 

antiquatenesst  (an'ti-kwat-nes),  n.  [<  anti- 
quate +  -n( ss.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
antiquiited  w  obsolete. 

antiquation  (an-ti-kwa'sbon),  n.  [<  L.  antiqua- 
lio(n-},  <.  antiquarc:  aeet  antiquate,  v.]  1.  The 
act  of  antiquatiug,  or  the  state  of  being  anti- 
quated. 

Which  must  no  change  nor  antiquation  know. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  xv.  1G4. 

2.  In  Roman  late,  repeal,  as  of  a  law ;  abrogOr 

tion. 

antique  (an-tek'),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  an- 
tike,  antyke,  antiekc,  aulick,  later  antique,  with 
accent  on  the  first  syllable  ;  in  the  17th  century 
the  forms  were  gradually  discriminated,  aniick, 
antic  being  restricted  to  the  sense  of  'fantas- 
tic,' etc.  (see  antic),  while  antique,  with  accent 
shifted  in  immediate  dependence  on  the  F.,  was 
restricted  to  the  lit.  sense ;  <  F.  antique,  ancient, 
old,  <  L.  antiqnn.i,  anticus,  former,  earlier,  an- 
cient, old,  <  ante,  before:  see  ante-  and  antic.] 

1.  a.  1.  Having  existed  in  ancient  times ;  be- 
longing to  or  having  come  down  from  antiquity ; 
ancient:  often  specifically  refcmng  to  Greece 
and  Rome:  as,  an  antique  statue. 

The  seals  .  .  .  which  we  know  to  be  antique.    Dryden. 
My  copper-lamps,  at  any  rate. 
For  being  true  antique,  I  bought. 

Prior,  Alma,  iii. 

2.  Belonging  to  former  times,  as  contrasted 
■with  modern  ;  having  the  form  and  character- 
istics of  an  earlier  day  ;  of  old  fashion :  as,  an 
antique  robe. 

()  good  old  man  ;  how  well  in  thee  appears 
The  constant  service  of  the  antique  world. 
When  service  sweat  for  duty,  not  for  meed  I 

.S'/ioA:.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  3. 
All  the  antique  fashions  of  the  street  were  dear  to  him  ; 
even  such  .as  were  characterized  by  a  rudeness  that  would 
naturally  have  annoyed  Ills  fastidious  senses. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xl. 

St.  Fantastic;  fanciful;  odd;  wild;  antic.  See 

an  tie,  4. 

What  fashion'd  hats,  or  rulfs,  or  suits  next  year 

Our  giddy-headed  antique  youth  will  wear.        Donne. 

4.  In  bookbinding,  embossed  ■without  gold. — 
Antique  crown,  in  her.,  a  bearing  representing  a  simple 
crown  composed  of  a  circular  band  with  rays  simply 
pointed  .and  of  indefinite  immber.  It 
is  always  or,  that  is,  of  gold.  Also 
called  Eaiitern  rroirn.— Antique 
type.  See  II.,  3.  =Syn.  Aneient,  Old, 
Antique,  etc.     i^e  aneient. 

II.  H.  1.  The  style  or  man- 
ner of  ancient  times,  specifi- 
cally of  Greek  and  Komau  an- 
tiquity: used  especially  of  art. 
In  this  sense  used  only  in  the  singular,  and  preceded  by 
the  definite  article  :  as,  fond  of  the  antique;  copied  from 
the  antique. 

2.  Any  relic  of  antiquity ;  specifically,  an  ex- 
ample of  Greek  or  Roman  art,  especially  in 
sculpture. 

To  collect  books  and  antitjues,  to  found  professorships, 
to  patronize  men  of  learning,  became  almost  universal 
fashiiuis  among  the  great.  Maeautatj,  Machiavelli. 

3.  The  name  given  by  American  tvpe-founders 
to  a  style  of  type  of  thick  and  bold  face,  of  the 
regular  Roman  model,  in  which  all  lines  are  of 
equal  or  nearly  equal  thickness :  called  Egyp- 
tian by  British  type-founders.  The  type  used  for 
title-words  in  this  iliction.ary  is  eonden.-ied  antique. 

antiqued  (an-tekf),  a.  In  bookbinding,  finished 
in  antique  style. 

antiquely  (aii-tek'li),  adv.  In  an  antique  man- 
ner. 

antiqueness  (an-tek'nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  antique,  or  of  appealing  to  be  of  ancient 
origin  and  workmanship. 

antiquist  (an-te'kist  or  an'ti-kwist),  h.  [<  an- 
tique (or  L.  antiquus)  +  -ist.]  1.  -An  anti- 
quary: as,  "theoretic  antiquists,"  Pinkei'ton. 
[Rare.]  —  2.  A  collector  of  antiques. 

antiquitarian  (an-tik-wi-ta'ri-an),  n.  l<  an- 
tiquity -\-  -arian.]  An  admirer  of  antiquity; 
an  antiquary.     [Rare.] 

1  shall  .listiiiguish  such  as  I  esteem  to  be  the  hinderers 
of  reformaliiui  into  three  sorta:— 1,  .4)i(i'</i<i(iiri"<iiw  (for 
so  I  had  rather  call  them  than  antiriuaries,  whose  lalwurs 
are  useful  and  laudable) ;  2,  Libertines;  3,  Politicians. 

Milton,  Reformation,  i. 

antiquity  (an-tik'-wl-ti),  n.;  pi.  antiquities  (-tiz). 
[<  ME.  antiquytee.  dntiquitc,  <  OF.  atitiquite,  an- 
tiquiteit,  mod.  F.  antiquitc  =  Pr.   antiquitat  = 


Antnlue  Crown. 

From  Berry's  "  Diet. 

of  Heraldry.") 


antiquity 

Sp. antigiiedad  =  Pg.  an liiiidrladc  =  It.  antichitd, 

<  L.  aiitiquHa(t-)x,  <  niitn/iiiis:  see  itnli<ji(e.'\  1. 
The  quality  of  being  uueieiit  ;  luieientucss; 
great  age:  as,  a  family  of  great  antiquity. 

This  riiiK  is  valualilo  for  its  aniiijuilii.  Johmon. 

Is  not  joiir  voice  broken 7  your  wind  short ?  .  .  .  and 
every  part  about  you  blasted  with  antiquiti/  f 

Shak.,  -l  Uen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

2.  Aneieut  times;  former  ages;  times  long 
sitiee  [last :  as,  1  )emostheues  was  the  most  elo- 
qucut  orator  of  antiquity. 

Nor  even  so  remotely  anionft  the  mossy  centuries  did  it 

pause,  but  strayed  onward  into  that  gray  miiiijuiUj  of 

which  there  is  no  token  left  save  its  cavernous  tombs,  etc. 

Ilaicthonic,  .\Iarl)le  Faun. 

3.  The  ancients  collectively;  the  people  of  an- 
cient times. 

He  lives  with  antiquity  and  posterity;  with  anliqtdty, 
in  the  sweet  communion  of  stutlious  retirement ;  and  with 
posterity,  in  the  generous  aspirings  after  future  renown. 
Irviiui,  .Slietcli-Booii,  p.  29. 

That  such  pillars  were  raised  by  Seth  all  antiquity  has 
avowed.  Sir  W.  lialeigh. 

4.  An  old  person.     [Humorous.] 

You  are  a  shrewd  antiquity,  neighbour  Clench. 

B.  Jonson. 

5.  That  which  is  aneieut,  or  belongs  to  old  or 
ancient  times ;  something  left  by  or  peculiar 
to  the  aneieuts :  generally  in  the  plural :  as, 
Greek  or  Egyptian  antiquities. 

Tlie  lectures  will  have  for  a  common  object  the  history 
and  anti'iuities  of  the  country.     £veretty  Orations,  II.  111. 

antirabic  (an-ti-rab'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  +  rabies.'] 
Pertaining  to  the  prevention  of  rabies  or  hy- 
drophobia. 

The  Russian  aniirabic  inoculation  institution  [in  Odessa]. 

Science,  IX.  186. 

antiracer  (an-ti-ra'ser),  «.  [<  anti-  +  race^  + 
-O'l.]  A  de^co  for  preventing  the  racing  of 
the  screw  of  a  marine  propeller  when  the  vessel 
j)itches  so  as  to  throw  it  out  of  the  water. 

antirachitic  (au'ti-ra-kit'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
rachitic]     Tending  to  cure  rachitis  or  rickets. 

antiremonstrant  (an"ti-re-mon'strant),  H.  [< 
anti-  +  remonstrant.]  One  opposed  to  remon- 
strance or  to  those  who  remonstrate,  speciti- 
cally  (with  a  capital),  one  of  that  party  in  the  Dutch  Cal- 
vinistic  Church  which  opposed  the  Remonstrants  or  Ar- 
minians.  They  are  also  called  Counter-remonstrants.  See 
remon.itrant. 

antirent  (anti-rent'),  rt.  [^<.  anti- +  rent.]  Op- 
posed to  the  payment  of  rent;  opposed,  on 
theoretical  grounds,  to  the  exaction  of  rent 

for  land,  etc. :  as,  antircnt  doetilnes Antirent 

party,  a  social  and  political  organization  which  resisted 
(1839  to  about  ISlii)  the  collection  of  rent  on  certain  great 
manorial  estates  in  the  State  of  New  York. 

antirenter  (an-ti-ren'ter),  J).  [< antirent  +  -f;-l.] 
A  person  opposed  to  the  payment  of  rent ;  sjje- 
cifioally.  a  member  of  the  Antirent  party. 

Antirrhinum  (an-ti-ri'num),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avri,  corresponding  to,  like,  +  pi(,  piv,  nose.] 
A  genus  of  herbs,  natural  order  Scroph  ulariaceie, 
natives  of  the  wanner  parts  of  the  old  world  and 
North  America.  The  flowers  of  most  of  the  species 
bear  a  resemblance  to  an  animal's  snout ;  hence  the  name. 
The  snapdragon,  A.  majus,  is  a  familiar  garden-plant, 
with  slmwy  Huwi-rs.  from  the  Mediterranean.  The  .Mexi- 
can.1.  ni'i"r'i/i'li'Hdi'\  is  also  frequently  cultivated. 

antisabbatarian  (an'ti-sab-a-ta'ri-an),  /(.  [< 
anti-  +  Sabbatarian.]  One  who  denies  the  per- 
petual obligation  of  the  sabbath  law,  maintain- 
ing that  it  was  [)art  of  the  ceremonial,  not  of  the 
moral  law,  and  was  abolished  by  Christ ;  hence, 
one  who  opposes  strictness  in  the  observance 
of  the  sabbath:  the  opposite  of  Sabbatarian. 
See  Sabbatarian,  sabbath. 

antiscian  (an-tish'ian),  «.  [<  L.  antiseii,  <  Gr. 
avTidkioi,  pi.  of  mTianto^,  with  opposite  shadows, 

<  avri,  opposite,  +  OKia,  shadow.  Cf.  ampJiis- 
cian.]  A  person  whose  shadow  at  noon  is  cast 
in  a  direction  contrary  to  that  of  an  inhabitant 
of  the  other  side  of  the  equator  living  upon  the 
same  meridian.     See  antecians. 

antiseii  (an-tish'i-i),  «.  pi.  [L. :  see  antisdan.] 
Antisi'ians. 

antiscolic  (an-ti-skol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  mu/  ;/j",  a  worm :  see  Scolex.]  Anthelmintic. 
6'i/rf.  >'"(•.  Lex. 

antiscorbutic  (an  ti-skor-bii'tik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-  +  scorbutic]  I.  n.  In  ;h£</.,  counteracting 
scurvy. 

II.  «.  A  remedy  for  scurvy,  as  lemon-juice, 
ripe  fruits,  etc. 

antiscorbutical  (an'ti-skor-bu'ti-kal),  a.  Same 
as  antiscorliutic. 

antiscriptural  (an-ti-skrip'tur-al),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  sciij>tvrc  +  -at.]  Antagonistic  to  the  prin- 
ciples or  doctrines  of  Scripture,  or  to  the  ac- 
ceptance of  the  Scriptures  as  inspired. 


250 

antiscripturism  (an-ti-skrip'tur-izm),  n.  [< 
anti-  +  scripture  +  -ism.]  Opposition  to  the 
Scriptures.      [Kare.] 

Aiili^rriplurimn  yyov<"A  .  .  .  rife  and  spreads  fast. 

lioytc.  Style  of  Iloly  Scriptures,  p.  146. 

antiscripturist  (an-ti-skrip'tur-ist),  n.  [<  anti- 
+  scripture  +  -ist.]  One  who  denies  the  truth 
of  Scripture ;  one  who  does  not  accept  revela- 
tion: as,  "atheists  and  antisc.ripturists,"  lioijlc, 
Style  of  Holy  Scriptures,  p.  4.     [Hare.] 

antisepalous   (an-ti-sep'a-lus),    a.     [<  anti-  + 


Antisepalous  Flower  o{  Alchemilla  ■^■utgaris. 

n,  stamens,  alternating  with  the  petals  (*)  and  opposite 

to  the  sepals  \c). 

sepal  +  -ous.]  In  bat.,  standing  opposite  to 
sepals:  applied  to  stamens. 

antisepsis  (an-ti-sep'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  airrl, 
against,  +  af/ipis,  putrefaction :  see  septic]  The 
more  or  less  complete  exclusion  of  living  micro- 
organisms from  those  bodies  or  substances  in 
which  they  produce  disease,  putrefaction,  or 
fermentation.  Sueh  organisms  may  be  destroyed,  as 
by  heat  or  germicides,  or  oxchided.  as  by  coverings  or  clean- 
liness, or  their  activity  and  iiniltiidiLat  inn  may  be  restricted, 
as  by  the  application  of  antisepti.'  suttstances  or  of  cold. 

antiseptic  (an-ti-sep'tik),  a.  and  «.  [<  Gr.  ni'W, 
against,  +  ar/iTTiKo^,  septic :  see  septic]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  antisepsis ;  inimical  to  the  growth 
and  activity  of  the  micro-organisms  of  disease, 
putrefaction,  or  fermentation Antiseptic  var- 
nish, in  paintimi,  a  glazing  used  to  protect  such  vegetable 
or  animal  colors  as  are  likely  to  fade  by  exposure  to  the  air. 
II.  «.  Anything  which  destroys  the  micro- 
organisms of  disease,  putrefaction,  or  fermen- 
tation, or  which  restricts  their  growth  and  mul- 
tiplication. Substances  used  for  this  purpose  are  cor- 
rosive sublimate,  chlorinated  lime,  carbolic  acid,  sulphur- 
ous aciil,  etc.     See  disinfei'taiit  and  (lermicide. 

antiseptically  (au-ti-sep'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
antiseptic  manner;  by  the  api>lication  of  anti- 
septics. 

Lister  has  operated  antisepticatty. 

T.  Bryant,  Surgery,  p.  757. 

antisepticise,  r.  t.     See  antisepticize. 

antisepticist  (an-ti-sep'ti-sist),  «.  [<  antiseptic 
-f  -ist.]     A  believer  in  antiseptic  treatment. 

antisepticize  (an-ti-sep'ti-siz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  antisepticized,  ppr.  antisejitici^iiii/.  l<.  anti- 
septic +  -ire.]  To  treat  with  antisejitic  agents ; 
apply  antiseptics  to.     Also  spelled  antisepticise. 

I  recently  sewed  up  a  b.ad  cut  on  a  boy's  hand  with  one 
of  the  three  strands  of  ordinary  surgeon's  silk,  unwaxed 
anil  nut  aiifi^rjttici^ied.  S.  Y.  Med.  Jour.,  XL.  617. 

antiseption  (an-ti-sep'shgn),  n.  [Irreg.  <  anti- 
si  }itic  +  -inn.]     Antisepsis. 

antisla'l^ery  (an-ti-sla've-ri),  a.  and  «.  [<  anti- 
+  slavery.]  I.  a.  Opposed  to  slavery:  as,  an 
antislavery  man;  the  antislavery  agitation. 

Mr.  Clay,  .  .  .  though  likewise  Anti-Slavery  in  pruici- 
ple,  was  a  zealous  and  most  efficient  adversary  of  Restric- 
tion. //.  Greeley,  Amer.  Conflict,  I.  75. 

II.  B.  Opposition  to  slavery. 

antislaveryism  (an-ti-sla've-ri-izm),  n.  [<  an- 
tislavery +  -ism.]  Opposition  to  slavery;  the 
doctrines  of  the  antislavery  party.     [Rare.] 

antisocial  (an-ti-so'shal),  a.  [<  anti-  +  social.] 
1.  Averse  or  antagonistic  to  sociality  or  social 
intercoui'se. —  2.  Opposed  to  social  order,  or 
the  princijiles  on  which  society  is  constituted. 

antisocialist  (an-ti-s6'shal-ist),  fl.  [<  anti-  + 
socialist.]  Opposed  to  tlie  doctrines  and  prac- 
tices of  socialism. 

Tile  vitality  of  these  associations  must  indeed  be  great 
to  have  enabled  about  twenty  of  them  to  survive  the  antt- 
.seciaU.-.-t  reaction,  J,  5.  Mill. 

antispadix  (an-ti-spa'diks),  «.  l<.anti-  +  spa- 
dix.]  A  specialized  group  of  four  tentacles  on 
the  right  side  of  some  male  cephalopods,  as  the 
nautilus,  three  of  them  ha\ing  their  sheaths 
united  and  the  fourth  standing  alone.  The 
structure  is  opposite  to  the  spadix;  hence  the 
name. 
These  four  tentacles  may  be  called  the  anti-spadix. 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  674. 

an'tispasis  (an-tis'pa-sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  avriairaaic, 
<  ai'TiaiTav,  drawin  tlie  contrary  direction,  <aiT/, 
contrary,  -I-  a-iv,  draw.]  In  pathol.,  a  re-vad- 
sion  of  fluids  fi-om  one  part  of  the  body  to  an- 
othi'r.     [li'are.] 

antispasmodic  (an'''ti-spaz-mod'ik),  a.  and  «. 
[<  anti-  -f-  siMismodic]  I.  a.  In  med.,  curative 
of  spasm;  checking  or  curing  convulsions. 


antitheist 

II.  w.  In  med.,  a  remedy  for  spasm  or  convul- 
sions, as  ether,  chloroform,  tlie  bromides,  etc. 

antispast  (an'ti-spast),  n.  [<  L.  antispastus,  < 
Gr.  in'Timraori}!;,  verbal  adj.  of  avTioiriiv,  draw  in 
the  contrary  direction:  sea  anfispasis.]  In  «hc. 
pros.,  a  tetrasyllable  foot,  in  which  the  first  and 
last  syllables  are  short  and  the  middle  syllables 
long,  as  t'lytemnestrd.  It  is  a  combination  of 
an  iambus  and  a  trochee. 

antispastic  (an-ti-spas'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
in-ria-anTiKtk,  able  to  draw  back,  <  ar-ia-aaro^ : 
see  anlLspast.]  I.  a.  1.  In  »«(/.:  (rtf)  Causing  a 
revulsion  of  Huiilsor  humors,  {b)  Counteract- 
ing spasm ;  antispasmodic. —  2.  Containing  or 
eonsistingof  antispasts:  as,  anantisjiasticverse. 
II.  n.  In  med. :  (rtf)  A  luedieino  supposed  to 
act  by  causing  a  revulsion  of  the  humors,  (b) 
A  remedy  that  counteracts  spasm ;  an  antispas- 
moilic. 

antispastust  (an-ti-spas'tus),  n.  [L.]  Same 
as  antisiiiisl.     [Rare.] 

antisplenetic  (an'ti-sple-net'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
-1-  sjilcnctic]  Acting  as  a  remedy  in  diseases 
of  the  siileen. 

antistasis  (an-tis'ta-sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avri- 
cTaaic,  a  counter-plea,  set-off,  opposition,  <  avBl- 
craaBai,  avriarf/vai,  withstand,  <  avri,  against,  + 
inraaOui,  nTiji'ai,  stand.]  In  rhet.,  the  justifica- 
tiou  of  an  action  by  the  argument  that  if  it 
had  been  omitted  something  worse  would  have 
happened. 

antistes  (an-tis'tez),  «.;  pi.  antistites  {-ii-tez). 
[L.,  an  overseer,  a  high  priest;  prop,  adj.,  stand- 
ing before;  <  antistare, a\so  antestare,  stand  be- 
fore, <  ante,  before  (see  ante-),  -I-  stare,  stand.] 
A  chief  priest  or  prelate.     [Rare.] 

Unless  they  had  a.s  many  anti.^tites  as  presbyters. 

Milton,  Prelatical  Episcopacy. 

antistrophal  (an-tis'tro-fal),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  aiitistrophe. 

an'tistrophe  (an-tis'tro-fe),  H.  [L.,  <  Gr.  avrt- 
arpoij)?/,  lit.  a  turning  about,  <  avTiarplijitiv,  turn 
about,  <  iirri,  against,  +  arpiijien',  turn.  Cf. 
strophe]  1.  A  part  of  an  ancient  Greek  choral 
ode  corresponding  to  the  strophe,  which  im- 
mediately precedes  it,  and  identical  with  it  in 
meter,  it  was  sung  by  the  chorus  when  returning  from 
left  to  right,  they  having  previously  sung  the  strophe 
when  moring  from  right  to  left.  The  strophe,  antistrophe, 
and  epode  (the  last  sung  by  the  chorus  standing  still),  in 
this  sequence,  were  the  three  divisions  of  a  larger  choral 
passage,  which  in  its  turn  was  treated  as  a  unit  and  might 
be  used  once  or  repeated  a  number  of  times.  This  stmc- 
ture  was  occasionally  imitated  in  Latin,  and  has  sometimes 
been  used  in  motlern  poetry. 

2.  In  rhet. :  {a)  The  reciprocal  conversion  of  the 
same  words  in  consecutive  clauses  or  sentences : 
as,  the  master  of  the  servant,  the  sers-ant  of 
the  master,  (b)  The  turning  of  an  adversary's 
plea  against  him:  as,  had  I  killed  liim  as  you 
report,  I  had  not  staj-ed  to  bm-y  him. 

an'tistrophic  (an-ti-strof 'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrt- 
aTiio<jiiK.6<;,<.  avTiorpo^rj:  see  antistrophe.]  Relat- 
ing to  antistrophe. 

antistrophically  (an-ti-strof'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
inverse  onler;  by  antistrophe. 

antistrophon  (an-tis'tro-fon),  n.  [<  Gr.  av-i- 
cTpoij>oq  (neut.  -01'),  turned  opposite  ways,  < 
avTiarpiipeiv:  see  antistrojihc]  In  rlict.,  the  turn- 
ing of  an  argument  against  the  one  who  ad- 
vanced it. 

antistrumatic  (an"ti-stro-mat'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  siriimiitii:]     Same  as  antistrumous. 

antistrumOUS  tan-ti-stro'mus),  a.  l<.  anti- 
4-  strumous.]  In  med.,  useful  as  a  remedy  for 
scrofulous  disorders. 

antisyphilitic  (an'ti-sif-i-lit'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
-H  syjihilitic]  In  med.,  efficacious  against  sj-phi- 
lis,  or  venereal  poison.     Also  called  awfi/HC^/o. 

An'titactes(an-ti-tak'tez),  n.;  i[il.Antitacta{-te). 
[Gr.  i'n'7i7aKri/(,  a  heretic  (see  del'.),  <  in'Ti-aaarn', 
oppose,  resist,  <  am,  against,  -(-  riiaaeiv,  set  in 
order,  range,  arrange:  see  anti-  and  tactic] 
One  of  those  Gnostics  who  professed  to  oppose 
the  will  and  commands  of  the  Creator,  Demi- 
urge, or  second  Maker  (the  evil  one),  and, 
assuming  that  it  was  the  latter  who  gave  the 
decalogue,  held  that  the  moral  law  was  not  obli- 
gatory, and  showed  their  contempt  tor  it  by 
purposely  transgressing  its  commandments:  a 
name  given  by  Clement  of  Alexandria. 

antithalian  (an-ti-tha'  11- an),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
Thalia,  tlie  muse  of  comedy :  see  Thalia.]  Op- 
posed til  fim  or  festivity.    -V.  E.  1>.     [Rare.] 

antitheism  (an'ti-the-izm),  ».  [<  anti-  +  the- 
ism.]    <  )|iposition  to  theism.     [Rare.] 

antitheist  (an'ti-the-ist),  n.  [<  anti-  +  theist."] 
An  opponent  of  theism ;  one  who  denies  the  ex- 
istence of  a  personal  God.    [Rare.] 


antitheist 

The  verdict  of  the  iithfist  on  tlu'  doctrine  of  a  God  is 
only  that  it  ia  nut  proven.  It  is  not  tliut  it  is  disproven. 
He  ia  but  an  atlieist.    lie  ia  not  un  antitheiM. 

Chalmers,  Nat.  Theol.,  I.  68. 

antitbeistic  (an"ti-the-i8'tik),  a.     [<  antitheist 
+  -ii:  )     iVutatrouistic  to  theism.     [Rare.] 
'I'liat  ^tr;in;ic  tiurst  of  antitheiiftic  fri'nzv. 

Puj>.  S'l-i.  Mo.,  XX.  756. 

antitheistical  (an"ti-the-is'ti-kal),  u.  Same  as 
aiititlicistic.     [Hare.] 

antitheistically  {aii"ti-the-i.s'ti-kal-i),  adv.  lu 
ail  antitlieistie  raamier.     [Rare.] 

antithenar  (au-titli'e-nilr),  «.  [Nii.,  <  Gr.  drr/, 
opposite  to,  +  Wm'o/i,  tlie  ]iart  of  the  hand  be- 
tween the  thumb  and  forefinger.]  lu  aiiat.:  {a) 
A  muscle  which  extends  tlio  thumb,  or  opposes 
it  to  the  hand,  (b)  The  adductor  muscle  of  the 
great  toe. 

antithesis  (an-titli'o-sis),  n.;  pi.  antitheses 
(-sez).  [L.,  <  Gr.  ntrnOeair,  opposition  (ef.  avri- 
oiTof,  opposedj  antithetic),  <  ax'Tt-i0hai,  oppose, 
set  against,<  avri,  against,  +  TiOivat,  place,  set, 
'>dit!i(:  see  n«W- and  thesis.'i  1.  Opposition; 
contrast. 

The  opposition  of  ideas  and  sensations  is  e.xhibited  to 
us  in  the  antithesis  of  theory  and  fact. 

Whi'wdl,  Hist.  Scientific  Ideas,  I.  4. 

2.  That  which  is  opposed  or  contrasted,  as  one 
of  two  opposite  judgments  or  propositions :  in 
this  sense  opposed  to  thesis  (which  see).  Spe- 
cifically—  3.  In  rhct.,  a  figure  consisting  in 
bringing  contrary  ideas  or  terms  into  close  op- 
position; a  contrast  or  an  opposition  of  words 
or  sentiments :  as,  "  When  our  vices  leave  us,  we 
flatter  ourselves  we  leave  them" ;  "  The  prodigal 
robs  his  lieir,  the  miser  robs  himself";  "Excess 
of  ceremony  shows  want  of  breeding." 
antithet  (an'ti-thet),  H.  [<  Gr.  ai'Tiderov,  an  an- 
tithesis, neut.  of  ai-ritliTor,  opposed,  antithetic : 
see  antithesis.^  An  antithetical  statement  or 
expression;  an  instance  of  antithesis.  [Rare.] 
It  is  sometimes  true  .  .  .  tliat  sunshine  conies  after 
storm,  .  .  .  but  not  always;  not  even  often.  Equally 
true  is  the  popular  antithet,  that  misfortunes  never  come 
single.  Kiii'jdfit,  Two  Years  Ago,  x.xvi. 

antithetic  (an-ti-thet'ik),  a.  and  «.  [=F.  an- 
tithitiqiK,  <  Gr.  avTitleriKdr,  contrasting,  anti- 
thetic, <  iiT/flerof,  opposed,  <  avTiritievai:  see  an- 
tithesis.'^   I.  a.  Same  as  antithetical. 

II.  «.  1.  A  direct  opposite. — 2.  pi.  The 
doctrine  of  contrasts.     N.  Ji.  D. 

antithetical  (an-ti-thet'i-kal),  a.  [As antithetic 
+  -«/.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
antithesis;  directly  opposed  or  contrasted:  as, 
these  conceptions  are  antithetical. 

Tlie  two  great  and  antithrtical  intellects  which  New 
England  produced  in  tlie  eighteenth  century  were  Jona- 
tiian  Edwards  and  Benjamin  Franklin. 

(x.  A'.  Mcrriaui,  S.  Bowles,  I.  6. 
2.  Containing  or  abounding  in  antithesis;  char- 
acterized by  or  making  use  of  antithesis. 

His  [Macaulay's]  works  overflow  with  antithetical  forms 
of  expression.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  29. 

antithetically  (an-ti-thet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
antithetical  manner;  by  means  of  antithesis. 

antitoxin  (an"ti-toks'iii),  n.  [<  anii-  +  toxin.] 
A  substance  which  neutralizes  the  action  of 
a  to.\in  or  poisonous  ptomaine;  specifically,  a 
substance  developed  in  the  body  of  an  animal 
by  inoculation  with  the  germs  of  diphtheria, 
which  enables  it  to  tolerate  this  poison. 

anti-trade  (an'ti-trad),  H.  [<  anti-  +  trade 
(wind).]  A  name  given  to  any  of  the  upper 
tropical  winds  which  move  northward  or  south- 
ward in  the  same  manner  as  the  trade-winds, 
but  above  them  and  in  the  opposite  direction. 
These  great  aerial  currents  descend  to  tlie  surface,  after 
they  have  passed  the  limits  of  tlic  trade-winds,  anti  foiiii 
the  southwest  or  west-southwest  winds  of  tlie  north  tem- 
perate, and  the  nortliwest  or  west-northwest  winds  of  tlie 
south  temperate  zone. 

antitragi,  «.     Plural  of  anti  tragus. 

antitragic  (an-ti-traj'ik),  a.  [<  NL.  antitragi- 
eus.  q.  v.]    Pertaining  to  the  antitragus. 

antitragicUS  (an-ti-traj'i-kus),  JI. ;  pi.  antitra- 
gici  (-S1).  [NL.,<  antitragns,  q.  v.]  In  a««f., 
a  muscle  of  the  pinna  of  the  ear,  situated  upon 
the  antitragus. 

antitragus  (an-tit'ra-gus),  H. ;  pi.  antitragi  (-ji). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  (h'r/T/iajor,  <  ottI,  opposite  to,  + 
T/)d)of,  tragus:  see  tragus.']  Jn  anat.,  the  pro- 
cess of  the  external  ear,  opposite  to  the  tragus. 
and  behind  the  ear-passage.    See  cut  under  ear. 

antitrinitarian  (an  "ti-trin-i-ta'ri-an).  a.  and  n. 
[<  anti-  -I-  trinitarian."]  I,  a.  Opposing  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity. 

n.  n.   One  who  denies  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity,  or  the  existence  of  three  persons  in 
the  Godhead. 
Also  written  AttHtrinitarian,  Anti-Trinitarian. 


251 

antitrinitarianism  (an'ti-trin-i-ta'ri-an-izm), 
«.  [<  antitrinitarian  +  -ism.'}  Denial  of  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity.  Also  written  Antitrini- 
tarianism, .tnti-Trinitarianisni. 

antitrochanter  (an"ti-tro-kan'ter),  «.    [<««((■- 

-i-  trofliunhr.]  In  anal.,  an  articular  facet  on 
the  ilium  against  which  the  trochanter  major 
of  the  femur  abuts,  and  with  which  it  forms  a 
joint,  as  in  bii'ds.     See  cut  under  sacriirinm. 

antitrochanteric  (an'ti-tro-kan-tcr'ik),  a.  Of 
or  jiertaining  to  the  antitrochanter. 

antltropal  (an-tit'ro-pal),  a.     Same  as  antitro- 

jXIUS.  '      "  • 

antitrope  (an'ti-trop),  71.  [=  F.  antitrope,  < 
NL.  antitrojiHSj  <  Gr.  avri,  against,  +  -TpoTTOt;,  < 
Ti>i:-f:i\',  turn.]  A  part  or  an  organ  of  the  body 
set  over  against  another,  as  one  of  a  ])air;  a 
symmetrical  antimero:  thus,  the  right  and  left 
liands  are  antitropes  to  each  other.  Also  called 
antiti/pe. 

antitropic  (an-ti-trop'ik),  a.  [As  antitrope  + 
-/(".]  Uf  or  pertaining  to  an  antitrope,  or  to 
antitropy;  symmetrically  related  in  position; 
reversely  repeated,  so  as  to  form  a  ]>air. 

antitropbus  (an-tit'ro-pus),  a.  [<  NL.  anlilro- 
2>us :  see  antitrope.']  In  bot.,  having  the  radicle 
pointing  directly  away  from  the  hilimi  of  the 
seed,  as  in  all  orthotropous  seeds:  applied  to 
embryos.     An  eqiuvalent  form  is  antitropal. 

antitropy  (an-tit'ro-i^i),  n.  [<  antitrope  +  -y».] 
The  character  of  an  antitrope :  the  state,  qual- 
ity, or  eonilition  of  being  antitropic;  reversed 
repetition  of  a  part  or  an  organ. 

antity^al  (an'ti-ti-piil),  a.  [<  antitype  +  -al.] 
Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  antitype. 

How  am  I  to  extricate  my  antittipal  diaraeters,  wlien 
their  living  types  have  not  yet  extricated  themselves? 

Kingstey,  Yeast.  Epil. 
We  still  see  remaining  an  antitypal  sketch  of  a  wing 
adapted  for  flight  in  the  scalv  flapper  of  the  penguin. 

.1.  /{.  Wallace,  Nat.  .Selec,  j).  24. 

antitype  (an'ti-tip),  «.  [<  Gr.  aiTiTv-m;  neut. 
of  diTirwrof,  corresponding,  as  the  stamp  to  the 
die,  <  di'Tf,  against,  coiTesponding  to,  +  ti  -of,  a 
model,  tj-pe:  see  type.]  1.  That  which  is  pre- 
figured or  represented  by  a  type,  and  there- 
fore is  correlative  with  it ;  particularly,  in  theol., 
that  which  in  the  gospel  is  foreshadowed  by  and 
answers  to  some  person,  character,  action,  in- 
stitution, or  event  in  the  Old  Testament. 

It  is  this  previous  design,  and  this  preordained  connec- 
tion (together,  of  course,  with  the  resemblance),  which  con- 
stitute the  relation  of  type  and  antitype. 

Fairbairn,  Typology,  I.  46. 

He  [Melehizedek]  brought  forth  bread  and  wine,  .  .  . 
imitating  the  antiti/pc,  or  the  substance,  Christ  himself. 

Jer.  Taylor. 
2.  In  bitil.,  same  as  antitrope. 
antitypic  (an-ti-tip'ik),  a.    Same  as  antitypical. 
.\  series  of  antitypic  groups.  Cope. 

antitypical  (an-ti-tip'i-kal),  a.  [<  antitype  + 
-ieal.  Of.  typical.']  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  an  antitype. 

The  writer  [of  tlie  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews)  recognizes  the 
tyiiical,  or  rather  rtn/tV,)//(iV(i^,  eharacte-rof  the 'rabernaele 
and  its  services,  as  reflecting  tlie  arclietyjie  seen  by  Moses 
in  tlie  Mount.  Schajf,  Hist.  Christ.  Churcli,  I.  §  100. 

antitypically  (an-ti-tip'i-kal-i),  adv.  By  way 
of  antitype;  as  an  antit\-pe. 

antitypoust  (an-tit'i-pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  diT/ri'TOf, 
resisting:  see  antitypy.]  Characterized  by  an- 
tityjiy;  resisting  force;  solid. 

antitypy  (an-tit'i-pi),  n.  [<Gr.  diT(rtw/a,  the 
resistance  of  a  hard  body,  <  diTiVi'Tof,  resisting, 
<  diTr,  against,  +  -tv-o(,  <  TiT-eiv,  strike.  Of. 
antitype/]  In  metaph.,  the  absolute  impenetra- 
bility of  matter. 

antivaccinationist  (an'ti-vak-si-na'shon-ist), 
n.  One  who  is  opjiosed  to  the  practice  of  vac- 
cination ;  specifically,  a  member  or  an  atlher- 
ent  of  the  Anti-Vaccination  Society  of  Great 
Britain. 

antivaccinist  (an-ti-vak'sin-ist),  H.  [<  anti- 
+  vaccinist.]  One  who  is  ojjposed  to  vaccina- 
tion.    Imp.  Diet. 

antivariolous  (an'ti-va-ri'o-lus),  a.  [<  anti- 
-t-  varojlous.]  Preventing  the  contagion  of 
smallpo.x. 

antivela,  n.     Plural  of  antivelum. 

antivelar  (an-ti-ve'lar),  a.  [<  antivelum  +  -ar.] 
Pertaining  to  the  antivelum. 

antivelum  (an-ti-ve'lum),  n.\  pi.  antivela  (-lii). 
[NL.,  <  anti-  +  velum.]  The  pedal  velum  of 
cephalopods.     See  extract. 

.Since,  then,  in  the  gastropods  the  intestine  turns  to  the 
cerebral  side,  we  liave  the  velum  formed  on  that  side; 
whereas,  in  tlie  ccplialopods,  tlie  flexure  lieingon  the  op- 
posite side,  we  have  wiiat  we  may  call  the  atttivettim  on 
the  pedal  side. 

J.  F.  Blake,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6th  ser.,  IV. 


antler-moth 

antivenereal  (an"ti-ve-ne're-al),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  venereal.]  Counteracting  venereal  poison; 
useful  as  a  remedy  in  venereal  disease. 

antizymic  (an-ti-zim'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  +  ;:ymic.] 
Tending  to  prevent  fennentation  or  putrefac- 
tion; antizymotic;  antiseptic. 

antizymotic  (an'ti-zi-mot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-  -t-  -i/motic]  I.  a.  Preventing  or  check- 
ing fermentation  or  ZJ^uosi8;  antizjnnic. 

II.  «•  That  which  prevents  fennentation,  as 
in  brewing ;  a  preventive  of  or  remedy  for  zy- 
motic disease. 

antjar,  ».     See  antiar. 

ant-king  (ant'king),  n.  A  name  of  the  South 
American  ant-thrushes  of  the  genus  Oral- 
htria. 

antler  (ant'ler),  w.  [Formerly  auntler,  antlier, 
coiTuptly  ankler  (Cotgravc),  <  ME.  auntelcre, 
hauntelere,  <.  OF.  antoillier,  later  andoiller  (and 
andouiller,  cndouiller),  prob.  <  ML.  'antoeula- 
ris  (se.  ramus),  the  branch  or  tine  of  a  stag's 
horn  before  the  eye,  <  L.  ante,  before,  -f-  ocidus, 
eye:  see  ante-and  ocular,  and  cf.  anttieular.]  1. 
Originally,  the  first  tine  or  branch  of  the  horns 
of  a  deer. —  2.  Any  of  tlie  principal  tines  or 
branches  of  a  deer's  horns:  with  a  descriptive 
jjrefix  or  epithet.  (See  below.) — 3.  Now,  when 
used  absolutely,  one  of  the  solid  deciduous 
horns  of  the  Ccrvida',  or  deer  family,  which 
are  periodically  shed  and  renewed,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  permanent  hollow  horns 
of  other  ruminants.  .-Vnlkis  are  of  all  shapes  and 
sizes,  from  the  short  simple  spikes  of  some  species  to  the 
enormous  branclied  or  i>almate  anth-rs  of  the  stag,  elk, 
or  moose.  They  are  secomiary  sexual  oiyans,  developed 
in  connection  witli  the  rut,  and  generally  only  in  the 
male  sex;  in  some  Cereiila;  as  reindeer,  in  lioth  sexes. 
They  consist  of  a  modiflcation  of  true  tmne,  anil  are  there- 
fore radically  dilfcrent  from  the  cutieular  or  epidennal 
8tl"Uctures(horns)of  otlier  ruminants.  During  gT<»wth  they 
are  covered  with  a  modirted  periosteal  and  epidermal  tis- 
sue, aboundiug  in  blood-vessels,  and  furry  outside ;  this  is 


stag's  Antler  in  successive  years. 

a,  brow.antler ;  tt,  bez.antler ;  c,  .antler  royal ;  d.  sur.royal.  or  crowD- 

antler. 

the  velvet,  affording  a  copious  supply  of  blood  to  the  rapidly 
enlarging  osseous  tissue.  When  tlie  antlers  are  full-grown 
the  vascular  activity  of  the  velvet  ceases,  a  result  mechan- 
ically facilitated  by  the  development  of  the  boss  or  bur  at 
the  root  of  the  beam,  which  to  some  extent  strangulates 
tile  blood-vessels.  Tlie  velvet  then  withers  and  shrivels, 
and  peels  off  in  shreds,  or  is  rubbed  t)If  by  the  animal. 
The  horns  of  the  American  prongbtick  are  antlers,  inas- 
much as  they  are  deciduous  and  grow  in  the  manner  just 
described  ;  but  they  are  cutieular  stmctures,  and  otherwise 
like  the  horns  of  cattle.  In  forestrj-.  the  tines  of  much- 
branched  antlers,  .as  those  of  tile  stag,  have  special  names. 
In  the  first  year  the  stag  has  only  frontal  iirotiiberances, 
called  bossets ;  in  the  second,  a  simple  xtem  ht  nuay,  called 
»pike in  the  case  of  American  deer;  in  the  third,  a  longer 
stem  with  one  branch,  the  brinr.antlcr ;  in  the  fourth, 
the  beZ;  bes-,  or  bay-antler;  in  the  fifth,  the  antler  royal 
is  aciiuired;  after  which  the  ends  of  the  stag's  horns 
become  more  or  less  palmate,  developing  the  croicn  or 
snr-royal,  whence  more  or  fewer  points  diverge  in  sub- 
sequent years.  The  total  number  of  '  points,'  counting  all 
the  tines,  may  be  ten.  The  main  stem  of  a  branched  ant- 
ler is  the  bcani ;  the  branches,  exclusive  of  tlie  mere  points 
of  the  palmated  part,  are  the  tiue^.  The  order  of  branch- 
ing is  ditferelit  in  difl'erelit  species;  in  some  the  division 
is  diehotomous  thr«iiighout,  a-s  in  the  mule-deer  of  Amer- 
ica. In  general,  the  tines  areofisetsof  a  main  beam.  The 
reindeer  is  remarkable  for  the  great  size  of  the  brow- 
antler,  which  is  also  usually  much  larger  on  one  side  than 
on  the  other.  The  most  i»'aliiiate  antlers  are  those  of  the 
European  elk  anil  of  the  .American  moose. 
4.  Same  as  antler-moth. 
antlered  (ant'lerd),  a.  1.  Having  antlers; 
solid-horned:  as,  the  antlered  nmiipants,  dis- 
tingruished  from  the  homed  ruminants. —  2. 
Decorated  with  antlers. 

Once  more  the  merry  voices  sound 
Within  the  antlered  hall. 

O.  W.  Ilulmex,  Island  Hunting-Song. 

antler-moth  (ant'K'r-mfith),  n.  A  European 
species  of  noetuid  moth,  Charwas  (or  Cerapte- 
ri/x)  gramintJi.  The  larva?  are  very  destructive,  some- 
times 'destroying  the  herbage  of  whole  meadows.  Also 
called  antler. 


antlia 

antlia  (ant'li-S),  «. ;  pi.  aiillitr  (-e).  [X.,  a  ma- 
chiue  to  draw  up  water,  a  pump,  <  Gr.  nvr'/.ia,  the 
hold  uf  a  ship,  bilge-water,  <  arr'/oc,  the  hold  of  a 
ship,  bilge-water,  a  bucket,  <  uiii,  up,  +  'rhien; 
hold,  lift,  =L.'tla-  in  pp.  tlatus,  latiis,  associated 
with/cive,  bear :  see  ablatite.']  The  spiral  tongue 
or  proboscis  of  lepidopterous  iusocts,  by  wliioh 
they  pump  up  the  juices  of  plants.  It  consists  o( 
the  VrcJitly  flonjiiitt'd  uuixiUie,  which  fi>rni  a  hiii^  bipar- 
tite suctorial  tiihe.  When  coileil  up  it  forms  a  Hat  spiral, 
like  the  spring  of  a  watch.  See  cut  under  fiatu'ti'lium. — 
Antlia  Fiieiunatica,  in  ajitron.,  the  Air-pump,  a  con- 
stellation in  the  southern  Iiemisphere,  situated  between 
Hydra  and  Ari.'o  Navis. 

Antliata  (aut-li-a'tit),  n.  j)l.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
aittliiitiis:  see  nntlhiie.']  A  .synonym  of  Diptcra: 
a  name  given  by  Fabricius  to  the  tlipterous  in- 
sects, fi'om  their  fi'eding,  like  the  common  fly, 
by  means  of  a  sucker  or  antlia.  Tlie  name  is  no 
louj;er  in  use,  the  term  unllia  Ijeing  now  applied  exclusively 
to  the  spiral  haustellate  proboscis  of  lepidopterous  insects. 

antliate  (ant'li-at),  a.  [<  NL.  untUatus,  <  L. 
aiitlid.']     Furnished  with  an  antlia. 

ant-lion  tant'lion),  n.  A  neuropterous  insect 
of  the  section  Planipcnnia,  family  MyrmeJeon- 
tida;  and  genus  ilijrmeUon,  as,  for  example, 
M.  formicarius.  The  name  is  specilieally  given  to  the 
larva,  which  hiis  attracted  more  notice  than  the  perfect 
insect,  on  account  of  the  ingenuity  displayed  by  it  in 


^y?- 


'7 


252 

antral  (an'tra.1),  a.  [<  antrum  +  -al."]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  antrum  or  sinus;  cavernous, 
as  a  bono. 

antret  (an'ter),  n.     [Prop,  anter  (orig.  printed 
(intar  in  first  extract),  <  F.  antre,  <  L.  antrum,  < 
Gr.  aiTpov,  a  cave.     Cf.  antru»i.'\    A  cavern;  a 
cave. 
Antres  vast,  and  deserts  idle.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  :i. 

A  vein  of  gold,  .  .  . 
With  all  its  lines  abrupt  and  angular, 
Out-shooting  sometimes,  like  a  meteor-star. 
Through  a  vast  antre.  Keats,  Endymion,  ii. 

antritis  (an-tn'tis),  Ji.  [NL.,  <  nntrum  (see 
def.)  -I-  -ife.]  Inpatliol.,  inflammation  of  the  an- 
t  nun  of  the  upper  maxillary  bone.    See  antrum. 

antrorse  (an-tr6rs'),  a.  [<  KL.  antrorsus,  <  L. 
*antero-  (appar.  base  of  anterior,  <  ante,  be- 
fore) -t-  versus,  turned,  <  vertcre,  turn.  Cf.  in- 
trorse,  retrorse,  etc.]  In  hot.  and  ro67.,  bent 
or  directed  forward  or  upward :  especially,  in 
ornitli.,  applied  to  the  bristly  feathers  which  fill 
the  nasal  fossas  of  such  birds  as  crows  and  jays. 

antrorsely  (an-trors'li),  adv.  Forward;  in  a 
forward  direction;  anteriorly. 

antrorsiform  (an-tr6r'si-f6rm),  «.  [<  NL.  an- 
trorsus,  forward,  +  L.  forma,  fonn.]  In  iciitli., 
ha'S'ing  that  form  which  results  from  a  regular 
increase  in  the  height  of  the  body  forward  to 
the  head,  as  in  the  gurnard,  toad-fish,  etc.  T. 
&ill.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  (1884),  p.  357.  See 
cut  under  toad-fish. 

Antrostomus  (an-tros'to-mus),  )(.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ai'Tpoi;  a  cavern,  -I-  arofia,  mouth.]  A  genus 
of  fissirostral  and  setirostral  ncn-passei-ine  in- 
sessorial    birds,  of  the  family  Caprimulgida:, 


Ant-lion  {Myrmeteffn /<?rmicarius).    Perfect  insect  and  larva. 

preparing  a  kind  of  pitfall  for  the  destruction  of  insects 
(chiefly  ants).  It  digs  a  funnel-shaped  hole  in  the  driest 
and  finest  sand  it  can  lind,  working  inside  the  hole  and 
throwing  up  the  particles  of  sand  with  its  head.  When 
the  pit  is  deep  enough,  and  the  sides  are  quite  smooth  and 
sloping,  the  ant-lion  buries  itself  at  the  bottom  with 
only  its  formidable  m.andibles  projecting,  and  waits  for 
its  prey.  The  moment  a  victim  falls  in,  the  larva  seizes 
it  "itii  its  mandibles  and  sucks  its  juices. 

antoctllar  (ant-ok'u-lar),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
-1-  ocidus,  eye.  Cf.  antler.']  Situated  in  front 
of  the  eye :  anteocular. 

antoeci  (an-te'si),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiToimi, 
pi.  of  aiToiKo^:  see  antccians.'i  Same  as  ante- 
eians. 

antOBCians,  «.  p'.     See  anterians. 

antonomasia  (an-ton-o-ma'ziii),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
avTovoiuiaui,  <  (nTovo/iaietv,  call  by  anothername, 
<  di'ri,  instead  of,  -1-  ivojiai^eiv,  name,  <  bvoua, 
name,  =  L.  nomen  =  E.  name.~\  In  rhet.,  the 
substitution  of  an  epithet,  or  of  the  appellative 
of  some  office,  dignitj',  profession,  science,  or 
trade,  for  the  true  name  of  a  person,  as  when 
his  majesti/  is  used  for  a  king,  his  lordship  for  a 
nobleman,  or  the  philosopher  for  Aristotle ;  con- 
versely, the  use  of  a  proper  noun  in  the  place  of 
a  common  noun:  as,  a  Cato  for  a  man  of  severe 
gravity,  or  a  Solomon  for  a  wise  man. 

antonomastic  (an-ton-o-mas'tik),  a.  [<  an- 
tonomasia, after  Gr.  ovoiiaariKog.']  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  marked  by  antonomasia. 

antonomastical  (an-ton-o-mas'ti-kal),  a.  Same 
as  (intoniimastic. 

antonomastically  (an-ton-o-mas'ti-kal-i),  adv. 
By  means  or  in  the  manner  of  the  figvire  an- 
tonomasia. 

antonym  (an'to-nim),  n.  [<  Gr.  *avT6vv/ioc  (cf . 
avTuvvuta,  a  pronoun),  <  avrl,  against,  -I-  bvoiia, 
dial,  bwua  =  E.  name:  see  onym.]  A  eoimter- 
term ;  an  opposite ;  an  antithetical  word :  the 
opposite  of  .lynonym :  as,  life  is  the  antonym  of 
death. 

antorbital  ( ant-6r'bi-tal),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
+  orbita,  orbit.]    Same  as  ante-orbital. 

Tlie  antorbital,  or  lateral  ethmoidal,  processes  of  the 
primordial  cranium.  Uuxleij,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  133. 

Antosiandrian  (an-to-si-an'dri-an),  h.  [<  ant- 
for  anti-  -t-  ihiandrian.]  A  name'applied  to  the 
orthodox  Lutherans  who  opposed  the  doctrines 
of  Osiander.    See  Osiandrian. 

antozone  (an-t6'z6n),  M.  [<  ant-  for  anti-  + 
o:(in<'.'\  .\  substance,  formerly  believed  to  be 
a  modification  of  oxygen,  whose  chief  peculiar- 
ity is  that  it  combines  with  ozone  and  reduces 
it  to  ordinary  oxygen.  It  lias  been  proved  to 
be  hydrogen  dioxid.  H0O2. 

antozonite (an-to'zo-uif),  n.  [iantozone  +  -!fe2.] 
A  variety  of  iiuorlte  or  fluor-spar,  found  at 
Wolsendorf,  Bavaria,  it  emits  a  strong  oilor,  at  one 
time  supposed  to  he  due  to  antozone,  but  since  shown  to 
be  caused  by  free  fluorin. 

antra,  n.    Plural  of  antrum. 


ii:^s 


chuck -will's- wido,. 


..  .■.  Jingrrsis). 


named  fi'om  the  cavernous  mouth,  garnished 
with  long  rietal  vibrissa.  The  nostrils  are  ov,al  with 
a  raised  rim,  but  not  tubular ;  the  wings  are  short  and 
rounded  ;  the  tail  is  long  and  rounded ;  the  tarsus  is  short 
and  feathered,  the  middle  claw  pectinate  ;  the  plumage  is 
very  lax  and  mottled  :  and  the  eggs  are  usually  marbled. 
The  type  of  the  genus  is  the  Carolinian  chuck- will's-widow 
(A.  earQlinensis),  and  the  genus  is  usually  ntade  to  include 
all  the  true  night-jars  or  goatsuckers  of  America,  such  as 
the  whippoorwill  (A,  voci/erus),  the  poor-will  (A.  nut- 
talli),  and  others  of  the  warmer  parts  of  .\merica  related 
to  and  resembling  the  old-world  species  of  Caprimuhjug 
proper.     Jvhn  Guidd,  1838. 

AntrOZOUS  (an-tro-z6'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
~pov,  a  cave,  cavern,  -t-  CCiov,  animal:  seero<V«.] 
A  remarkable  genus  of  bats,  of  the  family  Ves- 
pertilionida;  and  subfamily  I'lecotina:  They  have 
separate  ears,  a  rudimentary  nose-leaf,  and  the  incisors 
and  premolars  both  only  one  on  each  side  above  and  two 
on  each  side  below.  A .  jKiltidus,  the  only  species,  is  a  com- 
mon bat  of  California  and  Arizona.    Harrimn  All^n,  1862. 

antrum  (an'tmm),  11. ;  pi.  antra  (-trii).  [NL., 
<  L.  antrum,  <  Gr.  avrpov,  a  cave.]  A  name  of 
various  ca%'ities  in  the  body,  but  when  used 
alone  signifying  the  antrum  Highmorianiun 
(ca\-ity  of  Highmore,  also  called  sinus  majcil- 
laris),  a  cavity  in  the  superior  maxillary  bone, 
lined  with  mucous  membrane  and  communi- 
cating with  the  middle  meatus  of  the  nose. — 
Antrum  buccinosum,  the  cochlea  of  the  ear :  so  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  a  whelk,  a  shell  of  the  genus 
Bueeinum. —  Antrum  pylori,  a  small  dilatation  of  the 
stomach  at  its  pyloric  end.     Also  called  lesser  cttt-de-sac. 

antrustion  (an-trus'ti-on),  «.  [F.,  <  JIL.  an- 
iruslio{n-),  prob.  <  OHG.  an,  on,  in,  +  trost, 
protection,  help,  also  a  protector,  =  E.  trust, 
q.  v.]  One  of  certain  vassals  who,  early  in  the 
seventh  century,  enjoyed  the  protection  of  the 
Prankish  kings  and  became  their  companions 
in  the  palace  and  in  the  field.  The  antrustious  cor- 
responded to  the  -Anglo-Saxon  royal  thanes,  and  formed 
one  of  the  earliest  classes  of  French  nobility. 

The  military  service  of  the  [Frankish]  chiefs  was  paid 
for  by  them  [the  kings]  in  grants  of  land.  .  .  .  These 
grantees  (usually  the  companions  of  the  king,  under  the 
lmn\e  oi  Ant ntstinti^)  .  .  .  became  possessed  of  v,ast  do- 
mains and  corresponding  power. 

StiW,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  iii. 

antrustionship  (an-trus'ti-ou-ship),  n.  The 
office  or  state  of  an  autnistioh :  as,  "  the  Frank 
antrustionship,"  Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  121. 


anuria 

ant-slirike  (ant'shrik),  n.  A  passerine  bird  of 
tlie  family  I'ormieariidte  (which  see)  and  sub- 
family Tltamnophilinw ;  a  South  American  bush- 
shrike. 

ant's-WOOd(antz'wud),  n.  A  West  Indian  name 
of  a  sapotaceous  shrub,  Bumelia  cuneata. 

ant-thrush  (ant'thrush),  n.  1.  A  South  jimeri- 
cau  passerine  bird,  or  ant-bird,  of  the  family 
Formicariida;  or,  in  a  more  restricted  sense,  of 
the  subfamily  Formicariinw  (which  see). —  2. 
A  breve;  an  East  Indian  bird  of  the  family 
I'ittidtc,  haring  little  relation  with  the  fore- 
going; in  the  plural,  the  breves  or  pittas.  See 
I'ittida'. — 3.  Originally,  as  used  by  the  transla- 
tors of  Cuvier,  a  species  of  either  of  the  fore- 
going families,  and  also  of  others ;  any  bird  of 
the  indeterminate  genus  Myothera  of  lUiger. 
Hence  the  name  has  usually  had  no  miu-e  exact  signirtca- 
tion  than  ant-bird,  or  ant-catcher,  or  ant-eater,  .as  applied 
to  a  bird. 

ant-tree  (ant'tre),  n.  A  name  given  to  species 
of  TripUiris,  a  polygonaceous  genus  of  trees 
of  tropical  America,  the  fistulous  branches  of 
which  serve  for  the  habitation  of  ants. 

ant-wart  (ant'wart),  ".     Same  as  ant-egg,  2. 

ant-worm  (ant'werm),  n.     Same  as  ant-egg,  2. 

ant-wren  (ant'ren),  «.  A  South  American  pas- 
serine bird,  of  the  family  Formicariida:  (which 
see)  and  subfamily  for;/n'CT'»onn(E.  See  cut  tm- 
der  Formieirora. 

Anubis  (a-nu'bis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  "Kvovjiir,  < 
Eg)-pt.  Anepu  or  Anup,  Coptic  Anob  or  Anoub.] 

1.  An  Egj-ptian  deity,  represented  with  the 
head  of  a  dog  or  jackal,  and  identified  by  the 
later  Greeks  and  Komans  with  their  Hermes  or 
Mercury. —  2.  Inro67. :  {a)  A  generic  name  of 
the  fennee  of  Bruce,  Anubis  cerda,  a  kind  of  fox, 
the  Canis  zerda  of  Gmelin,  the  Fennecus  zoarcn- 
sis  of  some  authors,  supposed  to  be  the  animal 
taken  for  a  jackal  in  certain  Egyptian  hiero- 
glyphs, (b)  [/.  c]  The  specific  name  of  a  very 
large  kind  of  baboon,  the  Cynocephalus  anubis 
of  western  Africa. 

Anural  (a-nu'ra),  H.  [NL.,  fern.  sing,  of  anu- 
nw,  tailless:  seeanurous.]  1.  Agenusof  very 
short^taUed  wren-like  birds  of  India,  generally 
refeiTed  to  the  genus  Tesia.     Hodgson,  1841. — 

2.  A  genus  of  leaf-nosed  bats,  of  the  family 
Phyllostomatidcr. 

Also  written  Anourii. 
Aniira^   (a-nu'rii).   n.  }il.     [NL.,  neut.   pi.   of 
anurus,  tailless:   see  anurous.]     An   order  of 
Amphibia,  the   Ba- 
trachia  salientiu,  or 
batrachians    prop- 
er,   as    frogs    and 
toads;  salient  ovip- 
arous        amphibi- 
ans, tailless  when 
adult,        provided 
with       well-devel- 
oped legs,  breath- 
ing air  by  Ivmgs, 
and        undergoing 
complete  metamor- 
phosis    fi"om    the 
tadpole     state,    in 
which      they     are 
tailed  and  limbless, 
and  breathe  water 
bygills.  Called  Jniira 
in  distinction  from  Cro- 
dela,And  Theriomorpha 
in  contrast  to  Ichthi/o- 
inorpha.     The  vertebrse 
are     diversiform     and 
from  7  to  10  in  number. 
The  An  ura  have  a  well- 
formed  sternum,  and  a 
pectoral  and  a   pehic 
arch.  The  skin  is  naked, 
and  serves  to  some  ex- 
tent as  an  organ  of  res- 
piration; it  is  shed  as 
in  serpents.  Small  vari- 
ously disposed  teeth  are 
usually    present ;    the 
tongue  is  present    (in 
Phanero;tlossa),  or  .apparently  absent  (in  Afrlog^-a).     There 
are  upward  of  500  species  of  this  very  lutmogeneous  group, 
for  which  some  130  genera  and  from  5  to  25  families  are 
adopted  by  different  authors.    The  typical  frogs  are  of  the 
fanuly  lianidee :   the  tree-frogs  are  Jlt/tidtv;  the  toads, 
Bn.fiinid(e ;  and  the  aglossal  Surinam  load  is  tlie  type  of  a 
family  Pij}id(e.    Also  wTittcn  .-tnonra.    See  cuts  imdev 
otnoittemtini,  liana,  and  tenij'orotnastoid. 
anuran  (a-nu'ran),  n.    [<  Anura-  +  -an.]    One 
of  the  Anura.     Also  vvTitten  anouran. 
anuresis(an-t)-re'sis),H.  [NL.]  Sameas(jni/rm. 
anuria  (a-nii'ri-al,  «.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  fie-  priv.  -1- 
oiVor,  urine.]    Absence  of  micturition,  whether 
from  suppression  or  from  retention  of  urine. 
Also  called  anurcsis,  anury. 


-^ 


Skull  of  Frog  \Rana  escnl^ntit^. 
A.  from  above ;  B.  from  below ;  x,  the 
parasphenoid ;  y,  the  girdle-bone  oros- 
en-ceinture;  Z.  the  temporomastoid; 
/.  /-*,  /'///.  exits  of  olfactory,  trigemi- 
nal, and  vagus  nerves ;  IiO.  exoccipital ; 
Fr,  Pa,  frontal  and  parietal;  -Vfl.  na- 
sal; J/j«r.  maxilla;  Pi.  palatal;  Pmx, 
premaxilla ;  Pt.  pterygoid;  Pro,  pro- 
otic  ;  QJ,  quadratojugal ;  yo,  one  of 
the  vomers. 


Anurida 

Anurida  (a-nu'ri-dii),  n.    [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  av- 

priv. +oiVfi,  tail,  + -irf«.]  A  genus  of  Collcm- 
bola,  ty{)ical  of  tlio  family  Aiiuritlitltr.  A.  nmri- 
finiii  is  a  species  found  under  stones  on  the  sea- 
coast. 

Anurididse  (an-u-rid'i-de),  h.  j>l.  [NL.,  <  Anu- 
rida +  -/(/((•.]  A  family  of  apterous  ametabo- 
lous  collembolous  insects,  typified  by  the  genus 
Aiiiiriilii,  related  to  jPorfMm/a:  and  often  merged 
in  that  family. 

Anurosorex  (an"u-ro-s6'reks),  n.  [NL.,  <  «««- 
}-i(n,  tailless,  +  h.  sorcx,  shrew:  seeniiKroHA'and 
.sVov.i'.J  A  genus  of  terrestrial  shrews,  of  the 
family  Soricidtr,  with  26  white  teeth,  very  small 
ears,  and  rutlimentary  tail.  It  contains  a  mole- 
like species  from  Tibet,  -1.  Sfintimiprs. 

anurous  (a-nti'rus),  a.  [<  NL.  amiru.s,  tailless, 
<  Gr.  ai-  jiriv.  +  oipd,  a  tail.]  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Anura.  Also  writ- 
ten (tnounms. 

anury  (an'u-ri),  )i.     Same  as  anuria. 

anus  (ii'nus),  n.  [L.,  prob.  orig.  the  same  as 
(huis,  iiiiiiitn,  a  ring:  seeannKliis.^  The  termina- 
tion of  tlie  digestive  tube  or  alimentary  canal; 
the  end  of  the  eutoron  of  any  animal ;  the  ori- 
fice through  which  the  refuse  of  digestion  is 
voided.  Tin-  anus  is  usually  uii  a  part  of  the  lioily  away 
fnim  tilt*  iu»uth,  Ijut  it  is  sometiiius  roiiiciilciit  with  the 
latter.  It  is  usually  a  circular  orili.  e.  jirHviiiecl  with  a 
sphiiK'terial  arranjiement  by  whieh  it  may  lie  .shut;  hut  it 
is  stuaetinies  a  cleft  or  chink,  the  direction  of  the  axis  of 
which  distinguishes  zoological  {^oups :  thus,  it  is  longi- 
tudinal in  turtles,  and  transverse  in  lizards  and  snakes. 
In  many  vertebrates  and  other  animals  the  anus  serves 
for  tile  discliarge  of  the  excretion  of  the  kidneys  and  of 
the  products  of  the  generative  organs,  as  well  as  of  the 
refuse  of  digestion.    See  anal. 

-anus.  [L.,  a  common  adj.  suffix,  whence  E. 
-an:  see -o«.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  adjectives  and 
nouns  thence  derived:  common  in  New  Latin 
names,  especially  specific  names. 

anvil  (au'vil),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  anril.  aitrill, 
aiii'iU',  aiifikl,  audvilc,  nnrchle,  anfcehl,  andftldc, 
etc.,  <  ME.  aiidvcU,  aiinjlde,  anctld,  anvijlt,  an- 
relt,  aiifcid,  aiifclt,  ancfcld,  anefelt,  etc.,  <  AS. 
anfilt,  anfiltc,  onfdtc,  earliest  form  onfiUi,  =  OD. 
(dial.)  ahiriltc  =  OHG.  ana/at.  these,  the  ap- 
par. orig.  forms,  appearing  with  variations  in 
OD.  acnbilt,  ambilt  (OFlem.  also  aeiihilckt),  acn- 
hvU,  aenbeld,  aeiibceld,  acmbeld,  mod.  D.  aaii- 
bccld,  aambcUl  =  Flem.  aenbceUJ,  acmbcdd  (ap- 
par. simulating  D.  Flem.  bccldcn,  form)  =  LG. 
aiicbcltc,  amboltc,  uinbult,  anibolt  (>  Dan.  am- 
bolt)  =  OHG.  anabolz  (appar.  simulating  the 
synonymous  OHG.  anah6~,  MHG.  aucbo-,  G.  ««;- 
boss,  an  anvil,  a  different  word,  <  OHG.  ana-, 
G.  an-  (=  AS.  oh-,  on-,  E.  on),  +  bd~an  =  AS. 
bedtan,  E.  beat),  ananWl;  perhaps  <  AS.  an-, 
on-,  E.  on,  +  -Jilt,  -Jilte,  -filti,  reduced  from  an 
orig.  type  *-t'aldithi,  with  formative  '-tlii,  -tli,  < 
*falda'n,  fe(ildan,  =  Goth,  falthan  =  OHG.  fat- 
dan,  faltan,  MHG.  G.  fatten,  fold  (with  a  secon- 
dary "form  in  0HG./«7^eH,  MHG.  G./(i72eH,  fold, 
groove,  join;  ef.  G.  fatz-amboss,  a  copper- 
smith's anvil) ;  being  thus  lit.  that  on  which 
metals  aro  'folded,'  bent,  or  welded  under  the 
hammer:  see  n/i-l,  o;i-i,  and  /oMl.  A  similar 
reduction  of  form  occurs  in  AS.  fijtt,  <  fcat- 
dcth,  foldeth,  hylt,  liiclt,  hilt,  <  hcaldetli,  holdcth, 
and  also  in  AS.  felt,  E.  /cHl,  and  AS.  hilt,  E. 
hilt,  if,  as  is  supposed,  they  are  derived  respec- 
tively tvomfiiildtin,  fold,  and  hcaldan,  hold;  so 
AH.  (jcsj/nto,  <.  'iinfniiiiUthii,  health,  /««';<  =  Goth. 
inwinditha,  wickedness.]  1.  Art  iron  block 
with  a  smooth  face,  usually  of  steel,  on  which 
metals  are  hammered  and  shaped.  The  black- 
smith's anvil  commonly  has  a  conical  or  pointed  horizontal 
projection  called  a  beak  or  liorn,  for  working  curved  or 
annular  pieces,  and  holes  for  the  insertion  of  different 
sizes  and  shapes  of  cutters,  swages,  etc.  The  gold-beater's 
anvil  is  for  tlie  tlrst  haminering  a  simple  block  of  steel,  and 
fortlie  second  a  lilock  of  marble.  Anvils  for  steam-ham- 
mers are  called  anvil-block.'t,  and  are  of  iron  faced  with 
steel,  and  supportetl  on  wooden  piliniJT. 

2.  Figuratively,  anything  on  which  blows  are 
struck. 

The  anvil  of  my  sword.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

3.  In  anat.,  one  of  the  small  bones  of  the  ear, 
the  incus  (which  see).  See  cuts  under  enrl  and 
tympanic. — 4.  In  firearms,  the  resisting  cone, 
plate,  or  bar  against  which  the  fulminate  in  a 
metallic  cartridge  is  exploded.  Wilhclm.  Mil. 
Diet. — 5.  Milit.,  a  small  pennon  on  the  end  of  a 
lance.  Farrow,  Mil.  Eneyc — To  be  on  the  anvil, 
to  be  in  a  state  of  discussion,  formation,  or  preparatiiui, 
as  when  a  scheme  or  measure  is  forming,  but  not  matured. 

Several  members,  .  .  .  knowing  what  was  on  the  anril, 
went  to  tile  clergy  .and  desired  tlieir  judgment.         Sivi/t. 

anvil  (an'vil),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  anvilcd  or  an- 
villcd,  \q>T.  anriling  or  anrilling.  [<  anvil,  «.] 
To  form  or  shape  on  an  anvil.     [Rare.] 


253 

Armor,  anvriWd  In  tho  shop 
Of  passive  fortitniie. 

l''liiflier{ui{il  MaxKingert),  Lover's  Progrcsa,  iv. 

anvil-block  (an'vil-blok),  H.  [=  D.  aanhcelds- 
blok=:  Flem.  aembecldblol;.']  The  metal  block 
or  anvil  upon  which  a  steam-hammer  falls. 

anvil-cupper  (an'vil-kup"er),  n.  A  machine  for 
making  tlie  inner  cup  or  case  of  a  cartridge, 
which  contaiiis  the  ftilminate. 

an'Vil-dross  (an'vil-dros),  «.     Protoxid  of  iron. 

anvil- vise  (au'vil-^is),  «.  A  compound  tool 
consisting  of  a  vise  of  which  one  jaw  forms  an 
anvil. 

anxietude  (ang-zi'e-tud),  n.  [<  LL.  anxictMlo, 
cipiiv.  to  tlieusual«Hxic<o.v;  see  anxiety.']  Anx- 
iety.    [Ware.] 

anxiety.  (ang-7.i'e-ti).  «.;  lA.  anxieties  {-tiz).  [< 
F.  iin.i-ii'ti}  (Ciitgrave),  <  L.  flHjieta(t-)s,  <  anxius, 
an.xious:  see  anxious.]  1.  The  apprehension 
caused  by  danger,  misfortune,  or  error;  concern 
or  solicitude  respe<'tiMg  some  event,  future  or 
imcertain;  disturbance,  tmeasiness  of  mind,  or 
care,  occasioned  by  trouble. 

To  be  happy  is  not  only  to  be  freed  from  the  pains  ami 
diseases  of  the  body,  but  from  anxiety  and  vexation  of 
spirit.  Tillotson. 

2.  In  pathol.,  a  state  of  restlessness  and  agita- 
tion, with  general  indisposition,  and  a  distress- 
ing sense  of  oppression  at  the  epigastrium.  =Syn. 

1.  Care,  C'^neern,  SvUeitude,  etc.  (see  care),  foreboding, 
uneasiness,  disquiet,  inquietude,  restlessness,  apprehen- 
sion, fear,  misgiving,  worry. 

anxious  (angk'shus),  a.  [<  L.  anxius,  anxious, 
solicitous,  distressed,  troubled,  <  amjcrr,  dis- 
tress, trouble,  choke :  see amjuisU,  anyor,  and  ««- 
(?erl.]  1.  Full  of  anxiety  or  solicitude ;  greatly 
troubled  or  solicitous,  especially  about  some- 
thing futiue  or  unknown ;  being  in  painful  sus- 
pense :  applied  to  persons. 

Eternal  troubles  haunt  thy  anxious  mind, 
"VVliose  cause  and  cure  thou  never  hop'st  to  find. 

Drydvn,  tr.  of  Lucian,  iii.  268. 

Anxious  and  trembling  for  the  birth  of  Fate. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,ii.  142. 

2.  Attended  -with,  proceeding  from,  or  mani- 
festing solicitude  or  uneasiness :  applied  to 
things:  as,  aHXio«s  forebodings;  anxiousl&how 

His  pensive  cheek  upon  his  hand  reclin'd. 
And  anxious  thoughts  revolving  in  his  inind. 

Dryden. 

.K  small,  neat  volume  of  only  eighty-seven  pages,  .  .  . 
with  a  modest  and  somewhat  anxious  dedication. 

Tiekmir,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  :i5. 

3.  Earnestly  desirous  or  solicitous:  as,  anxious 
to  please :  anxious  to  do  right.  .1  nxiims  is  followed 
hy  /or  or  aooiit  before  the  oliject  of  solicitude.  The  for- 
mer is  generally  used  when  the  thing  is  something  desired 
to  happen  or  be  done  ;  the  latter  of  a  person,  creature,  or 
situation:  as,  anxious  for  his  release;  anxious  about  his 
health  or  about  him.  =  Syn.  1.  Careful,  uneasy,  unquiet, 
restless,  troubled,  disturbed,  apprehensive. 

anxiously  (angk'shus-li),  adv.      In  an  anxious 

manner;  solicitously;  with  painful  tmeertainty; 

carefully;  >vith  solicitude. 
anxiousness  (angk'shus-nes),  n.     [<  anxious  + 

-ncss.}     The  state  or  quality  of  being  anxious  ; 

great  solicitude ;  anxiety. 

.She  returns  [to  her  cards]  with  no  little  anxiousness. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  79. 

any  (en'i),  a.  andpron.  [The  pron.  is  that  of  the 
early  mod.  E.  eni/;  <  ME.  any,  ante,  ani,_cny, 
cnie,  eni  (also  contr.  ei,  eie,  «•!,  a-ie),  <  AS.  (cniii, 
modified  form  of  "dnig  (which  reappears  in 
ME.  oni/,  E.  dial,  and  Sc.  ony,  =  OS.  cniij, 
enag  ='OFTies.enig,  enich,  ienig,  eng,  ang,  any, 
=  D.  eenig,  any,  only,  sole,  —  OHG.  einag,  MHG. 
einec,  eineg,  G.  einig,  one,  only,  sole),  <  ««,  one, 
+  -ig,  E.  -(/I:  see  one  and  -i/i.  Any  is  thus  an 
adj.  deriv.  of  one,  or  rather  of  its  weakened 
foiTn  an,  a,  in  an  indeterminate  unitary  or, 
in  plural,  partitive  use.  The  emphatic  sense 
'only'  coe.xists  in  D.  with  the  indeterminate, 
and  "is  the  only  sense  in  G.]  I.  a.  hi  the  sin- 
gular, one,  a  or  an,  some ;  in  the  plural,  some : 
indeterminately  distributed,  implying  unlim- 
ited choice  as  "to  the  particular  unit,  number, 
or  quantity,  and  hence  subordiuately  as  to  qual- 
ity, whichever,  of  whatever  quantity  or  kind  ; 
an  indeterminate  unit  or  number  of  units  out 
of  many  or  all.  The  indeterminate  sense  grows  out  of 
its  use  in  interrogative  and  conditional  sentences  :  as,  has 
he  ami  friend  to  speak  for  him';  is  there  amj  proof  of 
that?  it  you  have  any  witnesses,  produce  them. 

Who  will  shew  us  any  good  ?  Ps.  iv.  G. 

If  there  be  any  in  this  assembly,  any  dear  friend  of 
Ca-'sar  s,  to  him  I  say,  that  Brutus'  love  to  Cicsar  wius  no 
less  than  his.  Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 

(In  alflrmative  sentences,  any,  being  indetenninate  in  ap- 
plication, in  etfect  has  reference  to  every  unit  of  the  sort 
mentioned,  and  thus  may  be  nearly  equivalent  to  tvery: 


anything 

as,  any  schoolboy  would  know  that ;  any  attempt  to  evade 
the  law  will  be  resisted ;  so  in  a  /tyhody,  any  one,  au^hing, 
etc. 

It  eutnccs  me  to  say,  in  general,  .  .  .  that  men  here,  as 
elsewhere,  are  indisposed  to  innovation,  and  prefer  any 
antiquity,  any  usage,  any  livery  productive  of  case  or 
proht,  to  the  unproductive  service  of  thought. 

Enterson,  Literary  Ethics. 

When  any  is  preceded  by  a  negative,  expressed  or  implied, 
the  two  are  together  equivalent  to  an  emphatic  negative, 
'  none  at  all,' '  not  even  one ' :  as,  there  has  never  been  any 
doubt  about  tliat. 
Neither  knoweth  any  man  the  Father,  save  the  Son. 

>Iat.  xi.  27. 

It  cannot  in  any  sense  be  called  a  form  of  solar  energy. 
Dau-son,  Nat.  and  the  Bible,  p.  130.] 

II.  pron.  [By  omission  of  the  noim,  which  is 
usually  exjircssed  in  an  adjacent  clause,  or  is 
implied  in  tho  context.]  In  the  singular,  one, 
some;  in  the  plural,  some:  indeterminately 
distributed  in  the  same  uses  as  the  adjective, 
and  used  absolutely  or  followed  by  of  in  parti- 
tive construction :  with  reference  to  persons, 
any  one,  anybody;  in  the  plural,  any  per- 
sons. 

AVho  is  here  so  rude,  that  would  not  he  a  Roman?  If 
any,  speak ;  for  him  liave  I  offended.    Shak.,  J.  ('.,  iii.  2. 

I  have  not  seen  you  lately  at  anit  o^the  places  I  visit. 
Steele,  Spectator,  No.  348. 

[In  this  sense  it  might  formerly  have  a  possessive. 

Yet  the  brave  Courtier  .  .  . 

Doth  loath  such  base  condition,  to  backbite 

Antes  good  name  for  envie  or  despite. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale.) 

any  (en'i),  adv.  [<  ME.  any,  cny,  ony  ;  prop,  the 
instr.  case  of  the  adj.]  In  any  degree;  to  any 
extent ;  at  all :  especially  used  with  compara- 
tives, as  any  better,  any  worse,  any  more,  any 
less,  any  sooner,  any  later,  any  longer,  etc. 

A  jiatrician  could  not  be  tribune  at  Rome,  any  more 
than  a  peer  can  be  chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  in  England. 
E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  301. 
Also,  in  negative  and  interrogative  sentences,  used  abso- 
lutely ;  as,  it  didn't  rain  any  here ;  did  it  hurt  him  any? 
(CoUoq.l 

anybody  (en'i-bod'''i),  pron.  [<  any  +  body, 
person.]  1 .  Any  person ;  any  one :  as,  has  rtwy- 
body  been  here  ?  I  have  not  seen  anybody  ;  any- 
body can  do  that. —  2.  Any  one  in  general;  a 
person  of  any  sort;  an  ordinary  person,  as 
opposed  in  slight  contempt  to  a,  .somebody :  in 
this  use  with  a  plural:  as,  two  or  three  any- 
bodies.— 3.  Any  one  in  particular;  a  person  of 
some  consequence  or  importance,  as  opposed 
to  a  nobody:  in  direct  or  indirect  interroga- 
tions: as,  is  he  anybody t  everybody  who  is 
anybody  was  present. 

anyhO'W  (en'i-hou),  adv.  [<  any,  adv.,  +  hoic,  in 
indef.  sense.  Cf.  somehoir,  nohow.]  1.  In  any 
way  or  manner  whatever;  howsoever. 

They  form  an  endless  throng  of  laws,  connecting  every 
one  substance  in  creation  with  evei^'  other,  and  ditferent 
from  each  pair  aH.y/toic  taken.  *  Whetreii. 

2.  [Continuatively,  as  a  fo/y'.]  In  any  case;  at 
any  rate;  at  all  events;  however  that  maybe; 
however:  as,  anyhow,  he  failed  to  appear;  any- 
how, I  don't  believe  it  can  be  done, 
anjrthing  (en'i-thing),  pron.  [<  irE.  anything, 
enything,  onythini/.  usually  written  apart,  any 
thing,  cny  thing,  i  AS.  wnig  thing:  see  any  and 
thing.  In  mod.  use  still  wn-itten  apart  when  tho 
stress  is  on //(/«(/.]  A  thing,  indefinitely ;  some- 
thing or  other,  no  matter  what:  opposed  to 
nothing:  as,  have  yon  anything  to  eatf  I  do  not 
see  anything ;  give  me  anything. 

It  is  the  proper  thing  to  say  ««(/  thiny,  when  men  have  all 
things  in  their  power.  Dryden,  Ded.  of  the  Medal. 

[JYom  its  indeterminate  signification,  anything  is  often 
used  colloiiuially  in  comparisons,  as  emphatically  com- 
prehensive of  whatever  simile  may  suggest  itself  or  be 
appropriate,  especially  in  the  comparative  phrases  ax... 
as  anything,  like  anything,  equivalent  to  'exceedingly,' 
'greatly.' 

O  my  dear  father  and  mother,  1  fear  your  girl  will  grow 
as  proud  as  anything.  Ricttardson,  Pamela,  II.  57. 

His  bosom  throbb'd  with  agony,  he  cried  like  anything. 
Barhani,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  135.] 

anything  (en'i-thing),  adv.  [<  ME.  anything, 
enything,  anything,  onythynge,  <  AS.  a-nige  thDiga, 
earliest  form  a-ngi  thinga,  lit.  by  any  of  things: 
wnigc,  instr.  ot'cenig,  any;  thinga,  gen.  pi.  of 
thing,  thing,  the  noun  being  taken  later  as  instr. 
or  a'cc,  with  agreeing  adj.]  Jiny  whit;  in  any 
degree;  to  any  extent;  at  all. 
Will  the  ladies  be  anything  familiar  with  me,  think  you* 
B.  Jonson,  J'oetaster,  iv.  I 

If  anything,  if  Ui  any  degree ;  if  at  all ;  if  there  is  any 
dillereiicc  :  as,  if  anything,  he  is  a  little  better  to-day. 

If  antithing,  we  were  comparatively  ileflcient  in  these 
respects.  H.  Speiwer,  Social  Statics,  p.  429. 


anythingarian 

anythingarian  (c'li  i-thing-a'ri-an),  n.  [<nni/- 
Ihiiiii  +  -iiriiin,  q.  v.  Cf.  notliiii<iiiriiin.']  One 
who  is  'anything'  in  belief;  one  wlio  jn-ofesses 
no  ))avtii'iihir  ercod;  an  indiiTereutist,  espe- 
c'iallv  in  rrlif^ious  doctrine. 

anythingarianism  (on 'i-thing-a'ri-an-izm),  n. 
[i  anijtlii>i<iuri<in  + -ism.']  The  holding  and  ad- 
voeaey  of  no  particnlar  creed:  indiffpi-eutism. 

an3rway  (en'i-wa),  fl(/r.  [i  iniij  +  waij.]  1.  In 
any  way  or  manner;  anyhow. 

Thi'sf  foure  .ire  all  that  tttni  jcni/tlcule  in  that  consider- 
ation of  mi'ns  niainitrs.    Sir  P.  SUinett,  Apol.  fur  Poetrie. 

How  should  I  soothe  you  anjitfait, 
^^^lo  miss  the  brother  of  your  youth? 

'Tt'itiitjiton,  To  J.  S. 

2.  [Continuativcly,  as  a  conj.']  In  any  case; 
at  any  rate;  at  all  events;  anyhow. 

I  think  she  »:vs  a  little  fiij:htencd  at  first ;  hut  anyway, 
I  (Jot  to  know  who  she  is.     If.  Black,  White  Heather,  xiv. 

anyways  (en'i-waz),  adv.  [<  any  +  ways,  adv. 
gen.  ot  way,  as  in  ahcays,  but  prob.  suggested 
by  atiywife.  CI.  noways  and  nouisc]  1.  In  any 
way  or  manner ;  anyhow. —  2.  [Coutinuatively , 
as  "a  I'onj.  ]  lu  any  case ;  at  any  rate ;  at  all 
events;  an.yhow.     [CoUoq.  in  both  senses.] 

anjTwhatt,  pron.  [<  any  +  wliat,  indef.  Cf. 
aomi  whdt.l     Anything. 

anywhen  (en'i-hwen),  adr.  [<  any  +  when. 
Ct.  iiiniirhrir,  anyhow.~\  At  any  time;  ever: 
as,  "anywhere  or  anywhen,"  Dc  Quinccy.  [Dia- 
lectal or  rare.] 

There  if  anywhere,  and  now  if  anuwhen. 

R.  Bu.iuvnh  Smith,  Carthage,  p.  333. 

anywhere   (en'i-hwar),   adr.     [<  any  +  where. 

Ct.  somewhere,  nowhere.]   In,  at,  or  to  any  place : 

as,  to  be  or  to  go  anywhere. 
anywhither    (en'i-hwiTH'er),   adr.     [<  any  + 

whither,     (.'t.  anyirhere.]    In  any  direction ;  to 

any  place. 
Inveigle  .  .  .  men  anyu'hither.  Barrow,  Works,  I. 

anywise  (en'i-^A-iz),  adr.     [<  ME.  anywise,  ani^e 

trise,  in  full  form  in  or  on  any  ivise,  <  AS.  on- 

wnige  irisan,  in  any  manner:  see  on,  any,  and 

wise^,  and  cf.  otherwise,  nowise.]    In  any  way 

or  manner ;  to  any  degree. 

Neither  can  a  man  he  a  true  friend,  or  a  good  neighbor, 
or  anywise  a  good  relative,  without  industry. 

Barroic,  Sermons,  III.  xi.\. 

Aonian  (a-6'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Aonius,  <  Aonia,  < 
Gr.  'Aovia,  a  name  for  Boeotia  in  Greece.]  Per- 
taining to  Aonia,  an  ancient  mythological  and 
poetical  name  of  Bceotia,  or  to  the  Muses,  who 
were  supposed  to  dwell  there ;  hence,  pertain- 
ing to  the  Muses;  poetical Aonian  fount,  the 

fountain  .\ganippe,  on  a  slope  nf  Mount  Helicon,  the 
"Aonian  mount,"  sacred  to  the  Muses,  hence  called  the 
".\onian  maids." 

Aon3rz  (a-on'iks), «.  [XL.  (Lesson,  1827),  prop. 
Anonyx,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  ovv^,  nail,  claw.]  A 
genus  of  otters,  including  species  with  the  claws 
rudimentary  or  obsolete,  and  the  digits  much 
webbed.  A.  lalamU  is  an  African  species;  A.  leptonyx 
(sometimes  made  type  of  a  genus  Leptonyx)  inhabits  Java, 
Borneo,  and  Sumatra;  A.  indiffitata  is  found  in  India. 
Also  written  Anonyx. 

aor.     An  abbreviation  of  aorist. 

aorist  (a'o-rist),  n.  and  a.  [<Gr.  aopiaroc  (sc. 
Xporo^,  time,  tense),  the  aorist  tense,  <  aopwro^, 
indefinite,  unbounded,  <  a-  priv.  +  bpmro^,  de- 
finable, verbal  adj.  of  upiC,uv,  bovmd,  define :  see 
horizon.]  I.  n.  In  gram.,  a  tense  of  the  Greek 
verb  expressing  action  (in  the  indicative,  past 
action)  without  further  limitation  or  impUea- 
tion ;  hence,  also,  a  tense  of  like  form  or  like 
signification  in  other  languages,  as  the  Sanskrit. 
There  are  in  Greek  two  aorists,  usually  called  the  first  and 
second ;  they  differ  in  form,  but  not  in  meaning. 

II.  a.  1.  Indefinite  with  respect  to  time. —  2. 
Pertaining  or  similar  to  the  aorist. 

The  English  active  present,  or  rather  aorist,  participle 
in  -Ing  is  not  an  Anglo-Saxon,  but  a  modem  form. 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Lectures  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  649. 

aoristic  (a-o-ris'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aopiaTiKdc,  < 
mipicToi;:  see  aorist.]  Pertaining  to  an  aorist 
or  indefinite  tense ;  indeterminate  as  to  time. 

aoristicalt  (a-o-ris'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  aoristic. 

aoristically  (a-o-ris'ti-'kal-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  an  aorist. 

In  most  languages,  verbs  have  forms  which  exclude  the 
notion  of  time,  .  .  .  and  even  the  forms  grammatically 
expressive  of  time  are,  in  general  propositions,  employed 
aoruitically,  or  without  any  reference  to  time. 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Lectures  on  Eng.  I«ang.,  p.  300. 
aorta  (a-6r'ta),  n. ;  pi.  aorta;  (-te).  [>fL.,  <  Gr. 
aopT^,  aorta,  <  delpen;  raise,  lift,  pass.  adfienHai, 
rise.  Cf.  artery.]  In  anut.,  the  main  tnmk  of 
the  arterial  system,  issuing  from  the  left  ven- 
tricle of  the  heart,  conveying  arterialized  blood 
to  all  parts  of  tlie  body  e.xcept  the  limgs,  and 


254 

giving  rise,  directly  or  indirectly,  to  all  the  ar- 
teries of  the  body  except  the  pulmonary.     The 

name  iscbietly  given  to  such  an  artery  in  those  higher  ver- 
tebrates wliich  have  a  C()mpletely  f<»nr-chanibered  heart. 
The  uoita  foninionly  gives  otfinunediately  the  great  vessels 
of  tlu'  lirad,  ticrk,  and  anterior  liniiis,  and  einls  by  forking 
tosujiply  tlif  postfiior  limbs.  In  the  cml)ryo  it  comnumi- 
cates  with  the  pulmonary  artery  by  a  duet  (ductus  arte- 
riosus^, which  is  norniatly  ilo.sed  at  birth.  In  man  the 
aortaisdiviiled  into  (ismiiH/t^i,  tntitsvi'r.^t^,  and  (Irxrrwliii:/ 
portions.  The  os>rii<liii:/ :i'>vUi  rises  and  then  curves  over 
to  the  left,  forming  the  trtnism-sr  portion  or  arch  nj  Ihr 
aorta,  whence  spi'ing  the  iinioniinatc  and  left  cai-otid  and 
left  subclavian  ai  terics  ;  it  then  descends  upon  and  a  little 
to  the  left  of  llie  bodies  of  the  vcrteliKc,forming  tile  rfcWHi/- 
iiui  aorta,  divided  into  the  thoracic  atu'ta  above  the  dia- 
pllragni  and  the  'ffHlominid  iinvtn  below  it;  it  ends  usually 
opiinsitc  the  fnurtli  luuil lar viTteliruby  ijifurcatiug iuto  tllc 
rigid  and  left  conLnion  iliac  arteries.  The  thoracic  branches 
are  numerous,  but  small  and  chieHy  intercostal ;  the  abdom- 
inal branches  are  the  eteliac.  superior  and  inferior  mesen- 
teric, renal,  suprarenal,  spertnatic,  and  others.  The  aorta 
is  jirovided  at  its  begimnng  with  three  semilunar  valves, 
which  prevent  regurgitation  of  blood  into  the  heart.  See 
aortic,  afid  cuts  under  circulation,  emliryo,  heart,  thorax. 

—  Cardiac  aorta.  See  extract  below. —Definitive  aor- 
ta, the  :ii.rta  as  defined  above.— Primitive  aortse,  the 
first  and  paired  main  arteries  of  the  embryo,  connected 
with  the  omphiilomesenteric  vessels.     See  extract. 

The  heart  of  the  vertebrate  embryo  is  at  first  a  simple 
tube,  the  anterior  end  of  which  passes  into  a  cardiac  aor- 
tic trunk,  while  the  posterior  end  is  continunus  with  the 
gl-eat  veins  which  bring  back  blood  from  the  umbilical 
vesicle.  The  cardiac  aorta  immediately  divides  into  two 
branches,  each  of  which  ascends,  in  the  fii-st  visceral  arch, 
in  the  form  of  a  forwardly  convex  aortic  arch,  to  the  under 
side  of  the  rudmientary  spinal  coluiun,  and  then  runs 
parallel  with  its  fellow  to  the  hinder  part  of  the  body  as 
a  primitive  subvertebral  aorta.  The  two  primitive  aurtce 
soon  coalesce,  in  the  greater  part  of  their  length,  into  one 
trunk,  the  definitive  subvertebral  aorta,  but  the  aortic 
arches,  separated  by  the  alimentary  tr.act,  remain  distinct. 
Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  90. 

aortal  (a-6r'tal),  a.     [<  aorta  +  -al.]     Same  as 

aortic.     [Rare.] 
aortic  (a-6r'tik),  a.     [<  aorta  +  -ic.]     Belong- 
ing or  pertaining  to  the  aorta Aortic  arch,  (a) 

The  permanent  arch  of  the  aorta.    See  aorta,    (b)  One  of 
the  five  or  more  pairs  of  artetial  arches  of  the  end>ryo  of 
a  vertebrate,  formed  by  forkings  of  the  primitive  cardiac 
aorta,  and  reuniting  to  form  the  primitive  and  finally  the 
definitive  subvertel>ral  aorta,  or  aorta  proper.    There  is  a 
pair  of  such  aortic  arches  to  each  pair  of  \isceral  arches  of 
the  neck.    In  the  higher  vertebrates  the  two  anterior  pairs 
disappear ;  the  third  pair  is  modified  into  the  carotid  ar- 
teries supplying  the  head;  the  fourth  pair  becomes  the 
arteries  supplying  the  anterior  limbs  and  the  permanent 
arch  of  the  aorta  —  in  man,  the  innominate  and  right  sub- 
clavian on  the  light  side,  and  the  left  subclavian  and 
arch  of  the  aorta  on  the  left ;  in  the  fifth  piiir  in  man 
the  right  side  is  obliterated,  and  the  left  forms  the  per- 
manent pulmonary  artery,  the  descending  aorta,  and  the 
ductus   arteriosus,  which   is   the 
communication  between  the  fifth 
and  the  fourth  arches.   In  branchi- 
ate    vertebrates^  most   of   these 
arches  are  permanent,   becoming 

the   bl 1-vcssels  of  the  gills. — 

Aortic  bulb,  the  enlargement  at 
the  bc^iniiiiiL;  of  the  cardiac  aoria. 

—  Aortic  compressor,  in  sury., 
an  instrument,  used  in  cases  of 
amputation  at  the  hip-joint,  for 
compressing  the  aorta,  in  order  to 
limit  the  flow  of  blood  from  it  to 
the  divided  femoral  artery.— Aor- 
tic orifice,  aortic  aperture,  of 
the  diaphragm,  the  bole  of  the 
diaphragm,  tietween  its  right  and 
left  pillars,  through  which  the  aor- 
ta passes  from  the  thorax  into  the 
abdomen;  it  also  gives  transit  to 
the  thoracic  duct,  and  usually  to  an 
azygous  vein. —Aortic  valves,  the 
three  semilunar  valves  at  the  ori- 
gin of  the  aorta  from  the  left  ven- 
tricle of  the  heart,  guarding  the 
orifice  and  preventing  regurgita- 
tion into  the  ventricle. —  Aortic 

vestibule,  the  part  of  the  left  ventricle  adjoining  the 
root  of  the  aorta. 

aortitis  (a-6r-ti'tis),  «.  [NL.,  <  aorta  +  -itis.] 
In  nied.,  inflammation  of  the  aorta. 

aoudad  (ii'o-dad),  n.  [Also  audad  (the  spelling 
aoudad  being  F. ),  repr.  the  Moorish  name  ok- 
dad.]     The  wild  sheep  of  Barbary ;  a  ruminant 


Diagram  of  primitive 
Aortic  Arches  in  luani. 
mats,  birds,  and  reptiles. 

a.  common  trunk  of 
primitive  aorta,  dividing 
into  two  branches,  6,  o, 
which  give  ofT  the  arches 
1-5  on  each  side,  ending 
in  c,  c,  two  vessels  uniting 
to  form  iJ,  the  descending 
or  dorsal  aorta. 


Aoudad  {Ammetraens  tragttafhiu). 


Apanteles 

of  the  subfamily  Orina-  and  family  Bovida,  in- 
habiting northern  Africa,  it  is  of  a  light-brownish 
color,  with  very  large  horns  curving  outward  and  back- 
ward, and  a  profusion  of  long  hair  hanging  from  the  throat 
and  breast  and  almost  reaching  the  ground  between  the 
fore  legs.  A  full-grown  individual  stands  about  3  feet 
high  at  the  withers,  anil  its  horns  sometimes  attain  a 
length  of  2  feet.  The  animal  is  common,  is  often  kei>t  in 
confinement,  and  readily  breeds  in  that  state.  'I'he  aou- 
dad is  also  known  as  the  bearded  aryali  and  rujt'ed  viou- 
Jl"n  ;  it  is  the  tu'ljsh  of  the  Arabs,  the  mtmjhm  it  tuanchettea 
of  the  >'rcnch,  and  the  Oris  traiieUiphim  (Oesmarest)  or 
Aniiiiotra;nif  trayclaphits  of  naturalists. 

aoul  (ii'ol),  n.  [Euss.  aulii,  a  \'illage  (of  the 
Caucasians).]  Among  the  people  of  the  Cau- 
casus, arillage  or  aWllage  community;  hence, 
a  Tatar  camp  or  encampment. 

The  no»;  consisted  of  about  twenty  tents,  all  constructed 
on  the  same  model,  and  scattered  about  in  sjHiradic  fash- 
ion M  ithout  the  least  regard  to  symmetn'. 

X).  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  330. 

k  OUtrance  (a  S-trons').  [F. :  see  outrage.] 
To  excess  or  to  the  utmost ;  with  extreme  ve- 
hemence; without  limitation  or  resen'e:  as, 
to  fight  d  outrancc.  Often,  incori'ectly,  a  Vou- 
trance. 

ap (ap), n.  [W. ap,(.OW. map, mod. W. viab, son, 
orig.  *maqui  =  lr.  mac,  son:  see  mac]  Son:  a 
word  occurring  in  Welsh  pedigrees  and  as  a  pre- 
fix in  surnames,  equivalent  to  and  cognate  with 
Mac  (which  see),  as  in  Welsh  Gruffiuldap  Owain, 
Griffith,  son  of  Owen,  Aprhys,  Apthomas,  etc. : 
in  the  Anglicized  fonns  of  Welsh  names  often 
reduced  to  /'-  or  B-,  as  in  Preece,  Price  (Ap- 
Ehys,  Ap-Rice),  Powell  (Ap-Howell),  Sevan 
(Ap-Evan),  Bowen  (Ap-Owen),  etc. 

ap-i.  Assimilated  form,  in  Latin,  etc.,  of  ad- 
before  p,  as  in  approbation,  appellate,  etc. ;  in 
older  English  words  a  "restored"  foi'm  of  Mid- 
dle English  and  Old  French  a-,  the  regular  re- 
duced form  of  Latin  ap-,  as  in  appeal,  appear, 
approve,  etc. 

ap--.  The  form  of  rt^io-  before  a  vowel,  as  in  ap- 
agoge,  apanthropy,  etc. 

apace  (ii-pas'),  prep.  pihr.  as  adv.  [ME.  apace, 
apaas,  apas,  a  pas,  lit.  at  pace;  in  pregnant 
sense,  at  a  good  pace,  with  a  quick  pace ;  <  a^ 
+  pace.]     If.  At  a  footpace;  leisurely. 

Vp  i-yseth  fresshe  Canacee  hirselue, 

As  rody  and  bryght  as  doth  the  yonge  scone.  .  .  • 

And  forth  she  walketh  esily  a  pas. 

Arrayed  after  the  lusty  seson  sote  [sweet] 

Lyghtly,  for  to  pleye  and  walke  on  fote. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  L  388. 

2.  At  a  quick  pace;  with  speed;  quickly; 
swiftly;  speedily;  fast. 

He  Cometh  to  hyni  apaa^.  Chaucer,  Tl'oilus,  iv.  465. 

Great  weeds  do  grow  apace.         Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  4. 

Within  the  twilight  chamber  spreads  apace 

The  shadow  of  white  Death.       Shelley,  Adonais,  ^iil. 

Apache-plmne  (a-pach'f-plom"),  ».  A  name 
given  in  New  Mexico  to  the  Fallucia  paradoxa, 
a  low  rosaceous  shrub  with  long  plumose  car- 
pels. 

a  paesi  (a  pa-a'ze).  [It. :  a,  to,  with,  <  L.  ad, 
to;  jMiesi,  pi.  of  2)aese,  country,  land:  see  pais, 
peasant.]  With  landscapes:  applied  to  tapes- 
tries, especially  of  Italian  make,  ma,iolica,  and 
other  objects  decorated  with  landscapes. 

apagOge  (ap-a-go'je),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-ayuyii, 
a  leailing  away,  <  a-d^elv,  lead  away,  <  aird, 
away,  -I-  d'leiv,  drive,  lead:  see  act,  n.]  1.  In 
logic:  (nf)  Abduction  (which  see),  (b)  The 
demonstration  of  a  proposition  by  the  refutation 
of  its  opposite  (from  Aristotle's  y  eig  to  adiva-ov 
a-ayu}r/,  reduction  to  the  impossible):  com- 
monly called  indirect  proof. — 2.  In  math,,  a 
progress  or  passage  from  one  proposition  to 
another,  when  the  first,  having  been  demon- 
strated, is  employed  in  pro\'ing  the  next. 

apagogic  (ap-a-goj'ik),  (J.  l<  apagoge  + -ic] 
Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining  to  apagoge.  («) 
Proving  indirectly,  by  showing  the  ali.«tirdity 
or  impossibility  of  the  contrary:  as,  an  apa- 
gogic demonstration.  (6)  Using  mathematical 
apagoge. 
The  apagoyic  geometry  of  the  Greeks. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  6-29. 

apagogical  (ap-a-goj'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  apa- 
gogic. 

apagynous  (a-paj'i-nus),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  airof, 
once,  -I-  jii'A  woman.]  In  bot.,  same  as  mono- 
carjious.     [Not  used.] 

Apalachian,  ".     See  Appalachian. 

Apaloderma  (ap'a-16-der'ma),  n.  See  Bapalo- 
drrnia. 

apanage,  «.    See  appanage. 
Apanteles  (a-pan'te-lez),«.    [NL.,  <Gr.  d-priv. 
-I-  -ane'/.tjc,  all  complete,  perfect,  <  -df,  n-dv,  all, 


Apanteles 

+  r^^Ci  end,  completiou,  <  rc/UJv,  complete  :  see 
telcology.'\  A  gouus  of  parasitic  Hijmenoptcrii, 
family  Jiraconidw,  separated  by  Fijrstor  from 


ApanteUs  aUtia,  much  enlarged. 

a,  male  fly:  *,  head  of  larva  ;  c,  jaw  of  larva  :  d,  cocoon  ;  e,  section 

of  antenna. 

Microgaster  (Latreille).  its  species  infest  various 
lepidopterous  liirvte,  and  form  egg-like  cocoons,  either 
singly  or  in  masses,  attached  to  the  bodies  of  their  vic- 
tims.    ,4.  itIttiiF  (Riley)  preys  on  the  cotton-worm. 

apanthropy  (a-pan'thro-pi),  H.  [<  Gr.  iizdv- 
Opurriu,  <  iiiriu'dpu-ugj  unsocial,  <  fi^o,  from,  + 
di'OpuTroc,  man:  see  anthropic.'\  An  aversion  to 
the  compauy  of  men;  a  love  of  solitude;  in 
morbid  psj/ckol.,  a  species  of  melancholy  mark- 
ed by  a  dislike  of  society. 

apar,  aparaCap'iir,  ap'a-ra),M.  [S.  Amer.]  The 
mataco;  the  tolypeutine  or  three-banded  arma- 


^,^..Vi£i^k't 


Apar,  or  three-banded  Armadillo  (  Tolypeutes  tricinctus), 

dillo  of  South  America  (Dasypus  or  Tolypeutes 
trieinctus),  a  small  species  capable  of  rolling  it- 
self up  into  a  complete  ball.  It  is  also  notable  for 
walking  on  the  tips  of  the  fore  claws,  the  two  outer  toes 
being  much  reduced,  while  the  third  is  greatly  develoiied. 
There  are  other  species  of  Tolypeutes  (which  see). 
aparejo  (ii-pii-ra'ho),  n.  [Sp.,  a  pack-saddle;  a 
particular  use  of  upnrejo,  preparation,  harness, 
gear,  tackle,  pi.  aparejos,  apparatus:  see  ap- 
parel.'\  A  kind  of  Mexican  saddle  formed  of 
leather  cushions  stuffed  with  hay,  used  in  the 
western  United  States. 
aparithmesis  (ap-iir-ith-me'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aTTaiiiOfii/aK;,  <  a-japidueiv,  count  off,  count  over, 
<  oTiJ,  off,  +  apidfielv,  count,  <  apiOfiiic,  nmnber : 
see  aritlimettc.']  1.  In  rliet.,  enumeration  of 
parts  or  particulars. — 2.  In  logic,  division  by 
parts, 
apart^  (a-piirf),  adv.  or  ti.  [<  ME.  apart,  <  OF. 
<i  part,  mod.  F.  a  part  =  Pv.  a  part  =  Sp.  Pg. 
aparte  =  It.  a  parte,  <  L.  ad  partem  :  ad,  to,  at ; 
partem,  ace.  of  par{t-)s,  part,  side.  Apart  is 
thus  orig.  a  prep.  plir.  like  E.  aside,  ahead,  etc., 
and  may  like  these  have  a  quasi-ad,i.  construc- 
tion. Ci.  apart-.l  1.  To  or  at  one  side;  aside; 
separately;  by  itself;  in  distinction  (from) ;  in- 
dependently (of ) ;  ad,ieetively,  separate.  («)  In 
place,  motion,  or  position. 

Lay  thy  bow  of  pearl  apart, 
.And  thy  crystal  shining  quiver. 

B.  Joii^ion,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 
Artabasus   .  .  .   went  amongst   the   Pei-sijius  in  their 
lodgings,  admonishing  .and    e.\horting   them,  sometime 
aparts,  and  otherwhile  alt<jgethers. 

J.  Bretide,  tr.  of  Quiiitus  Curtius,  v. 
Death  walks  apart  from  Fear  to-day  ! 

Wliittier,  Summer  by  the  Lakeside. 
Thou  livest  still. 
Apart  from  every  earthly  fear  and  ill. 

William  Mftrri-^,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  408. 

(ft)  In  purpose,  use,  character,  etc. :  as,  to  set 
apart,  or  lay  apart,  for  a  special  purpose. 
The  Lord  hath  set  apart  him  that  is  godly  for  himself. 

Ps.  iv.  :i. 

(c)  In  thought ;  in  mental  analysis :  as,  to  eon- 
siiler  one  statement  apart  from  others;  apart 
from  a  slight  error,  the  answer  is  right. 


255 

The  detemiination  of  social  morality  Is  apart  from  the 
assigmnent  <if  motives  for  individual  morality,  and  leaves 
untouched  the  (Miltivatiou  of  individual  perfection, 

F.  PModc,  Introd.  to  W.  K.  Cliirord's  Lectures. 

(f?)  Absolutely  :  as,  .jesting  apart,  what  do  you 
think  of  it?  —  2.  In  jiieces,  or  to  pieces;  asim- 
der:  as,  to  take  a  watch  apart. 

As  if  a  strong  hand  rent  ajtart 

The  veils  of  sense  from  soul  and  heart. 

Wfiittier,  The  Preacher. 

apartH  (a-piirf),  V.  t  [<  apartl,  adv.}  1.  To 
[iut  apart;  set  aside.— 2.  To  depart  from; 
(piit. 
apart-t  (a-pilrt'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [Early 
mod.  E.  a  parte,  ME.  in  fuller  form  aparty, 
apar  tie ;  <  nS  +  part  or  party.  Cf.  apart^.\ 
In  part ;  partly. 
That  causeth  me  a  partr  to  be  hevy  in  my  herte. 

Caxlon,  Keynard  (.\rber),  p.  ii.    (A'.  £'.  D.) 

a  parte  ante  (a  piir'te  an'te).  [ML.:  L.  a  for 
all,  from;  parte,  abl.  of  par{t-)s,  part;  aute, 
before:  see  ante-.}  Literally,  from  the  jiart 
before :  used  with  reference  to  tliat  part  of  (all) 
time  which,  at  a  given  instant,  has  elapsed. 

a  parte  post  (a  piir'te  post).  [ML.:  L.  a  for 
at),  from;  parte,  abl.  of  ;jo;-(/-).v,  part;  post,  af- 
ter: see  ;;os(-.]  Literally,  from  the  part  after: 
used  with  reference  to  that  part  of  (all)  time 
whicli  follows  a  given  instant. 

aparthrodial  (ap-iir-thro'di-al),  a.  [<  apar- 
tlirosis.  Cf.  arthrodiaW]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
apartlirosis. 

apartlirosis(ap-iir-thr6'sis),  «.;  j)l.  aparthroses 
(-soz).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-6,  from,  4-  a/ittpuaic,  ar- 
ticulation, <  apO/mi',  a  joint.]  1.  In  surg.,  dis- 
articulation.—  2.  Inaiiat.,  diarthrosis. 

apartment  (a-part'meut),  «.  [<  F.  apparte- 
ment,  <  It.  appartamento,  a  room,  an  apart- 
ment, <  apjiartare,  also  spelled  ajiartarc,  sepa- 
rate, withdraw,  <  n  ^rar^c,  apart :  see  apart.]  1. 
A  room  in  a  building;  a  division  in  a  house 
separated  from  others  by  partitions. —  2.  ;;/.  A 
suite  or  set  of  rooms;  specifically,  a  suite  of 
rooms  assigned  to  the  use  of  a  particular  per- 
son, party,  or  family. — 3.  A  flat  (which  see). 
—  4t.  A  compartment. 

apartmental  (a-p;irt-men'tal),  a.  Of  or  per- 
luiiiiii^,'  to  an  apartment  or  to  apartments. 

apartment-house  (a-part'ment-hous),  «.  A 
building  tlivided  into  separate  suites  of  rooms, 
intended  for  residence,  but  commonly  without 
facilities  for  cooking,  and  in  this  respect  dif- 
ferent from  a  flat,  though  the  two  words  are 
often  used  interchangeably  (see  flat"):  also 
distinguished  from  tenement-house  (which  see). 

apartness  (a-piirt'nes),  «.  The  state  of  being 
apart ;  aloofness. 

apartyt  (a-piir'ti),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  Same  as 
apart'-. 

apasst,  V.  i.  [ME.  apasscn,  <  OF.  apasser,  <  a- 
(<  L.  ad,  to)  +  2iasser,  pass.]  To  pass  on ;  pass 
by:  pass  away.     Chaucer. 

apastron  (ap-as'tron),  n. ;  pi.  apastra  (-tra). 
[-NL.,  <  Gr.  on-d,  from.  +  iiarpov,  star:  see  «.s- 
terl.]  In  astron.,  that  part  in  the  orbit  of  a 
double  star  where  it  is  fm'thest  from  its  pri- 
mary. 

Apatela  (ap-a-te'la),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  liffar^Xor, 
guileful,  wily,'  <  aiiaTTj,  guile,  deceit.]  A  genus 
of  noctuid  moths,  containing  such  species  as  the 
North  American  A.  ol)linita.  This  moth  expands 
ab(nit  13  inches,  and  has  gray  fore  wings  ilottetl  with 
iilackish,  ami  white  hind  wings  with  small  dark  spots. 
The  caterpillar  is  about  \\  inches  long,  black,  marked 
with  red  and  yellow  :  it  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the  apple, 
l»each,  r.aspberry,  strawberry,  grape,  willow,  and  other 
vegetation. 

Apatelae  (ap-a-te'le),  Ji.  pi.     [NL.,  pi.  of  Apa- 
tila.]     A  groiip  of  moths,  named  from  the  ge- 
nus Apatela. 
apatellte  (a-pat'e-lit),  n.      [<  Gr.  as-ar^/iiif,  il- 
lusive, deceitftd   (see  Apatela),   +  -ite-.}     A 
hydrous  sulphate  of  iron,  found   in  clay,  in 
small  friable  yellow  nodules,  at  Auteuil,  Paris. 
apathetic   (ap-a-thet'ik),  a.     [<  apathij,  after 
pathetic.}     Characterized  by  apathy;  having 
or  exhibiting  little  or  no  emotion;  devoid  of 
strong  feeling  or  passion;  insensible. 
Better  the  narrow  brain,  the  stony  heart. 
The  staring  eye  glazed  o'er  with  sapless  days. 
The  long  mechanic  pachigs  to  and  fro. 
The  act  gray  life,  and  apathetic  end. 

Tennyson,  Love  and  Duty. 

=  Syil.  Passionless,  unmoved,  unfeeling,  indifferent, 
apathetical  (ap-a-thet'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  apa- 

thdir. 
apathetically  (ap-a-thet'i-kal-i),  adv.     In   an 

apatliftic  manner, 
apathist  (ap'a-tliist),  H.    [<apalhii  +  -ist.}    One 

affected  with  apathy;  one  who  is  destitute  of 


Apatomis 

or  does  not  exhibit  feeling;  specifically,  an  ad- 
herent of  the  moral  philosophy  of  the  Stoics. 
See  stoicism.     [Kare.] 

iMcthinks  it  becomes  not  a  dull  Apattiixt  to  object  that 
we  should  be  disrmietcd  with  i)eri)etiial  fcares  if  any  par- 
cel of  4}ur  happiness  sliould  not  be  lock'd  up  within  our 
own  llreasts.  lip.  Purlcer,  Platonick  I'hilos.,  p.  l;t. 

apathistical  (ap-a-this'ti-kal),  fl.  [<  apathist  + 
-ic-al.}    Like  an  apathist ;  apathetic.     [Rare.] 

Fontenelle  was  of  a  good-humored  ami  apatltiMical  dis- 
position, ir.  Seward,  Anecdotes,  V.  252. 

apathy  (ap'a-thi),  n.  [<  L.  apathia,  <  Gr.  aira- 
Ucia,  insensibility,  <  aTraOljc,  insensible,  impas- 
sive, <  (i-  priv.  +  Trador,  suffering,  sensation,  < 
Tra&ii',  suffer,  feel.]  Want  of  feeling ;  absence 
or  suppression  of  passion,  emotion,  or  excite- 
ment; iuseusibility ;  indifference. 

As  the  passioiis  are  the  sjirings  of  most  of  our  actions, 
a  state  of  apattiy  has  come  to  signify  a  sort  of  moral  iner- 
tia—the absence  of  all  activity  or  energy.  Fteming, 

IJlessed,  thrice  and  nine  times  blessed  be  the  good  .St. 
Niclndas,  if  I  have  indeed  escaped  that  apattiy  wliich 
chills  the  sympathies  of  age  and  paralyzes  every  glow  of 
enthusiasm.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  294. 

=  Syn.  Indijerence,  Insensibility  Imjiassibility,  Apathy, 
Stoicism,  Uiwoncern,  Phlegm,  Cailnnesn,  torpor,  coldness, 
coolness,  unfeelingness,  lethargy,  immobility.  (See  list 
under  ituti/eretice.)  Iiidiference  denotes  absence  of  feel- 
ing, jia-ssion,  or  desire  toward  a  particiilur  object :  as,  in- 
digerence  to  pain  or  ridicule.  Apnth>i  coimoonly  implies 
a  general  want  of  feeling,  a  complete  inditlerence  in  regard 
to  anything,  due  to  want  of  interest  or  attention,  as  in  the 
case  of  a  repressed  or  sluggish  intellect,  or  of  extreme  ill- 
ness or  attliction.  Ituensittility  and  iinpansibility  suggest 
the  lack  of  capacity  for  feeling,  or  an  absence  of  "suscepti- 
bility, being  qualities  rather  than  states  of  mind.  Iiuiif- 
/t'reiue  arising  from  tm])afisibilitg  relates  more  particu- 
larly to  internal,  that  arising  from  itiscnsibility  to  external, 
impressions;  the  former  is,  moreover,  more  profound  and 
radical  than  the  latter.  Indifference  may  be  an  entirely 
^)roper  state  inider  the  circumstances:  insensibility  and 
impassibility  are  always  at  least  to  be  pitied;  tmcunceni 
is  always  and  indifference  sometimes  blameworthy,  as  cold 
and  seltlsh.  Stoicism  is  a  studied  suppression  of  feeling, 
or  the  concealment  especially  of  painful  feeling  by  force 
of  will  Unconcern  is  absence  of  solicitude.  (See  care.) 
Phlegm  is  most  suggestive  of  physical  temperament;  it  is 
a  constitutional  dullness  or  sluggishness,  an  incapat^ility 
of  being  aroused  by  anything.  Calmness  is  a  tranquillity 
resulting  from  the  mastery  of  the  will  over  passions  and 
feelings  that  perhaps  are  strong  and  keen,  and  hence  is 
always  connnendable. 

With  the  instinct  of  long  habit  he  turne<l  and  face<l  the 
battery  of  eyes  with  the  same  cold  indiffenun-  with  which 
he  had  for  years  encountered  the  half-hidden  sneers  of 
man.  Bret  iiarte.  Argonauts,  p.  126. 

X7nbelief  might  result  from  the  insensibility  engendered 
by  a  profligate  life. 

G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  1.39. 

I  threw  myself  on  my  bed,  .  .  .  resisting  no  longer,  but 
awaiting  my  fate  with  the  apathy  of  despair. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  .Saracen,  p.  140. 

The  victors  set  Are  to  the  wigwams  and  the  fort.  .  .  . 
This  last  outrage  overcame  even  the  stoicism  of  the  sav- 
age. Ircing,  .Sketch-Book,  p.  370. 

Still  less  respectable  appears  this  extreme  concern  for 
those  of  our  own  blood  which  goes  along  with  the  uncon- 
cern for  those  of  other  blood,  when  we  observe  its  meth- 
ods. H.  Spencer,  Sins  of  Legislators,  ii. 
One  likes  in  a  companion  a  pA/<'^»  which  it  is  a  triumph 
to  disturb.  Emerson,  Clubs. 
Sir,  'tis  fit 
You  make  strong  party,  or  defend  yourself 
By  calmness,  or  by  absence  ;  all's  in  anger. 

SAa*.,  Cor.,iii.  2. 

apatite  (ap'a-tit)i  «•  [^  Gr.  a-irti,  illusion, 
deceit,  +  -!((;-,  apatite  having  been  often  mis- 
taken for  other  minerals.]  Native  calcium 
phosphate  \rith  calcium  fluorid  or  chlorid,  gen- 
erally crystallized  in  hexagonal  prisms,  which 
are  sometimes  low  or  even  tabular,  some- 
times elongated,  and  occasionally  of  great  size. 
It  varies  in  color  from  white  to  green  or  iilue,  nirely  to  yel- 
low or  reddish.  Apatite  occiu^  in  metalliferous  veins  and 
in  metamorphic  and  granitic  rocks.  In  Canada  and  in 
Norway  extensive  deposits  of  it  are  mined  for  the  sake  of 
its  phosphates,  which  are  useful  as  fertilizers. 

Apatornis  (ap-a-t6r'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  an-tir^, 
deceit,  +  opvir,  "bird.]  A  genus  of  extinct  Cre- 
taceous birds  found  in  western  Kansas.  As  de- 
scribed by  Marsh  (1S7M),  they  are  related  to  Ichthyomis,  to 
which  they  were  first  referred.  A.  celer,  the  typical  spe- 
cies, was  of  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon. 


f 


Eyed  Umpcror {.^patiira  /yiTii^'..  1  .1 -.i-..^.-  . 

*,  I.irv.1.  rtorsal  view;  c,  pupa,  dorsal  view:  c,  male  butterfly,  with 

partial  outline  of  female.    ( Natural  size. )    [Sec  page  95b.] 


Apatuia 

Apatura  (ap-a-tu'rS),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  'AiraTol'/i?! 
(also  i\T(iTor/)Of, -roi7)iu),aiiei)ith(»tof  Aplirodite, 
as  presiding  at  the  festival  called  Apaturia.] 
A  gouus  of  diuraal  lejiidopterous  insects,  be- 
longing to  the  family  SiimphaUdw,  containing 
many  beautiful  butterflies,  reiniirkablc  for  their 
iridescent  colors.  The  purple  enii>eror,  .-1.  i"n>,  ia  a 
giirgeims  British  species,  one  of  the  most  lieautiful  of  the 
tribe,  with  (lark  wiiips  (:laiiein.u'  in  certain  li^lits  into  rich 
purplislililue.  It  is  also  called  the  purple  liiKll-flier  from 
its  hal)it  of  inouutini;  to  sreat  elevations.    (See  cut,  p.  25S.] 

Apaturia  (ap-a-ti"i'ri-ii),  >i.  pi.  [hh.,  <  Gr.  'A-a- 
roi'imi  (see  def.) ;  tlie  origin  was  unknown  to  an- 
cient writers,  t\w  word  being  crudely  explained 
from  (iTzdri/,  deceit,  with  a  stoiy  to  suit ;  jirob. 
<  <i-  copulative  («-10)  +  (pparpia  {see  phratna) 
in  some  form  assimilated  to  -071;/)  =  }^.  fa  flier, 
or  perhaps  +  -tiri/ii  (in  comp.  -Trorwp)  itself.] 
In  lir.  hist.,  an  annual  festival  held  in  states 
of  Ionian  origin.  At  Athens  it  was  celebrated  in  the 
month  of  Pyanepsioli  (November-December),  and  was  a 
reunion  of  the  pliratria:  or  elans,  or  of  all  of  the  same  kin, 
i«  wliich  matters  of  common  interest  were  settled,  and 
children  horn  within  the  year  were  formally  received  and 
reiristered.  The  festiv.il  lasted  three  days,  and  was  ob- 
served l)y  feiistin^,  sacrifices,  and  other  formalities. 

apaum^e,  n.     See  appaumee. 

apayt,  appayt  (a-pa'),  v.  *•      [<  ME-   apaycn, 

iiptiUn,  etc.,  <  OF.  apaier,  apayer,  apaer  =  Pr. 

apaf/ar,  apainr,  appease,  <  L.  «rf,  to,  +  pacare, 

pacify,  <  pax  (puc-),  peace:  see  «-ll  and  pay, 

and  cf.  appease.~^     1.  To  pay;  satisfy;  content. 

Sin  ne'er  gives  a  fee ; 

He  gratis  comes,  and  thou  art  well-aj^^a.v'rf , 

As  well  to  hear  as  grant  what  he  hath  said. 

Skak.,  Lucrece,  1.  914. 

2.  To  requite ;  repay. 

Appall  1"'*  wrong  with  timely  vengeance.  Quarlrt^. 

ape  (ap),  II.  [<  ME.  ajie,  <  AS.  apa  =  Fries,  apa 
=  D.  aap  (pi.  apen)  =  'LG.  oy>e=OHG.  affo,  MHG. 
affe,  G.  affc=  Icel.  <y)i  =  Sw.  fy«7  =  Dan.  abc,  ape ; 
not  a  native  Teut.  word,  but  prob.  (like  Ir.  Gael. 
ap,  apa,  "SV.  ab,  cpa,  OBohem.  op,  mod.  Bohem. 
opicc,  Sloven,  opica,  Upper  Serbian  ropica, 
ORuss.  opica,  Kuss.  obe:iyana)  borrowed  in  very 
early  times  (appar.  with  loss  of  orig.  initial  I') 
from  the  East ;  cf.  Gr.  kij-o^,  also  Hf/3oi,  Kel~oq 
(see  Cehus),  Skt.  1;api,  ape.  The  Skt.  name  is 
usually  referred  to  Skt.  v'  *l;ap,  kanip,  tremble.] 
1.  A  monkey;  a  quadrumanous  animal ;  some 
animal  of  the  old  order  Quadruinaim ;  a  member 
of  one  of  the  modem  families  Simiida:,  Cyiiopi- 
thecida:,  and  Cehidic,  especially  one  which  at- 
tracts attention  by  mimicking  man. —  2.  More 
specifically,  a  tailless  monkey ;  a  monkey  with 
a  very  short  tail;  amagot,  macaque,  or  pig-tailed 
baboon :  as,  the  Barbary  ape  (Iiuius  ecaiidatiis) ; 
the  Celebes  black  a}ie  (Cyiiopitheciis  niger). — 

3.  Technically,  a  man-like  monkey;  a  simian 
proper,  or  a  member  of  the  modern  family 
Simiidie,  foiTuing  a  kind  of  connecting  link  be- 
tween man  and  the  lower  animals,  and  hence 
termed  antltropoid  (which  see).  These  apes  are 
catarrhine  simians  without  cheek-pouches  or  developed 
tail,  and  hailng  a  dental  formula  identical  with  that  of 
man.  The  species  are  few,  being  only  the  gorilla,  chim- 
panzee, orangs,  and  gibbons. 

4.  An  imitator;  a  mimic. 

O  sleep,  thou  ape  of  death.         Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  2. 
If  he  be  glad,  she  triumphs  ;  if  he  stir. 
She  moves  his  way,  in  all  things  his  sweet  ape  ;  .  .  . 
Himself  divinely  varied  without  change. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  iv.  1. 

5.  A  mischievous  or  silly  mimic ;  hence,  a  fool ; 
a  dupe. 

Thus  she  maketh  Absolon  hir  ape. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  203. 
Boys,  apes,  braggarts.  Jacks,  milksops ! 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 
Barbary  ape,  the  tailless  ape  or  magot  of  Barbary,  Maca- 
cwi  inuiu<,  now  Jiniuji  ecaudatug,  a  member  of  the  family 
Cynopithecidm  and  subfamily  Cynopithecince.  Tliough  be- 
longing to  the  same  division  of  the  catarrhine  monkeys 


Barbary  Ape  {/ntius  ecautfatus). 

as  the  baboons,  this  ape  is  iu>table  for  its  intelligence 
and  docility,  and  has  been  the  "shoivnian's  ape  "  from  time 
inunemorial.  From  the  circimistance  that  it  inhabits  the 
Rock  of  Gibraltar  it  acquires  additional  interest  as  the  only 


256 

living  representative  of  its  tribe  within  European  limits. 
—  "To  lead  apes  In  hell,  the  employment  jocularly  as- 
signed to  old  maids  in  tlie  next  world. 

I  must  dance  barefoot  on  her  wedding-day. 
And,  for  your  love  to  her,  lead  ape-t<  in  hell. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  I. 
To  put  an  ape  In  one's  hootit,  t*)  play  a  trick  upon 
one  ;  dujie  one.  Chaucer.— To  say  an  ape's  patemoB- 
tert,  to  cliatter  with  cold. 
ape  (ap),  I',  t.  ;  pret.  and  pi>.  aped,  ppr.  apiiiij. 
[<  ape,  «.]  To  imitate  servilely;  mimic,  as  an 
ape  imitates  human  actions. 

Curse  on  the  stripling !    How  he  ape»  his  sire ! 
Ambitiously  sententious.  Addison,  C'ato,  i.  2. 

I  regret 
That  I  should  ape  the  ways  of  pride. 

Briiant,  The  Yellow  Violet. 
=  Syn.  Miiiu'e,  etc.  Hee  imitate. 
apeak  (a-pek'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [For- 
merly also  a  peel; ;  <  n3  +  peak,  a  point;  after  F. 
a  pic,  vertically.]  Naut.,  in  a  nearly  vertical 
position  or  relation ;  pointing  upward,  or  in  an 
up-and-down  direction.  An  anchor  is  said  to  be 
apeak,  and  a  ship  to  be  hove  apeak,  when  the  cable  and 
ship  are  brought,  by  the  tightening  of  the  former,  as  nearly 
into  a  perpendicular  line  with  the  anchor  as  may  be  with- 
out breaking  it  from  the  ground.  A  yard  or  gaff  is  apeak 
when  it  hangs  obliquely  to  the  mast.  Oars  are  apeak  when 
their  blades  are  held  obliquely  upward,  as  in  a  boat  with 
an  awning,  while  the  crew  are  awaiting  the  order  to 
"give  way." 
ape-baboon    (ap'ba-bon'"'),   ".      A   macaque 

(which  see).     Jr.  Siraiiisoii. 
ape-bearer  (ap'bar'er),  n.    A  strolling  buffoon 
with  an  ape.     [Rare.] 

I  kiH  iw  this  man  well :  he  hjith  been  since  an  ape-bearer. 

.Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

Apedicellata  (a-ped  i-se-la'ta),  n.  7;?.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  (i-  priv.  +  IS'L.  pedicelliis,  pedicel.  +  -ata.] 
An  order  of  eehinoderms  in  Cuvier's  system  of 
classification.     See  Gepliyrea. 

apedom  (ap'dum),  n.  [<  ajJC  +  -dom.']  The 
state  of  being  an  ape,  or  of  being  apish. 

This  early  condition  of  apedom. 

De  Quinceii,  Works,  XIV.  S.i. 

apehood  (ap'hud),  «.  [<  ajie  +  -hood.'i  Same 
as  apedom. 

There's  a  dog-faced  dwarf 
That  gets  to  godship  somehow,  yet  retains 
His  apehood.  Broumin(f. 

apeiret,  >'.    A  Middle  English  spelling  of  appair. 

apelet  (ap'let),  n.  [<  ape  +  -/e^]  A  young  or 
little  ape:  as,  ''her  apelet  playing  about  her," 
Spectator.     [Rare.] 

apellous  (a-ijel'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -I-  L. 
jicllis,  a  skin.]     Destitute  of  skin. 

ape-man  (ap'man),  n.  A  name  given  to  a  hy- 
])othetical  ape-like  man,  or  speechless  primi- 
tive man,  intermediate  in  character  between 
the  highest  anthropoid  apes  and  himian  beings, 
and  conjectm-ed  by  Haeekel  to  have  been  the 
progenitor  of  the  human  race.     See  Alaliis. 

Apennlne  (ap'e-nin),  a.  [<  L.  Apeniiinus,  also 
Ap2)cniiiiiiis,Aj>eiiiiius  (se.  moiis,  mountain),  an 
adj.  formed,  perhaps,  from  a  Celtic  word  seen 
in  Bret.  })enii  =  'W.  pen  =  Ir.  6eH«  =  Gael.  beinii. 
a  head,  height,  mountain:  see  fceH^.]  Appella- 
tive of  or  pertaining  to  a  chain  of  mountains 
which  extends  throughout  Italy  from  the  Mari- 
time Alps  to  the  southern  extremity  of  the  pe- 
ninsula. 

apepsia  (a-pep'sia),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  airerpia,  < 
a-e-Toi;  imdigested,  <  o-  priv.  -t-  xf jrrof,  digested, 
cooked,  <  77i~T£iv,  digest,  cook:  see  peptic.~\ 
Defective  digestion ;  indigestion ;  dyspepsia. 

apepsy  (a-pep'si),  «.     Same  as  apepsia. 

aper  (a'per),  n.     One  who  apes. 

aperQU  (a-per-su'),  w.  [F.,  glance,  sketch,  out- 
line, <  apcrgu,  pp.  of  apereevoir,  perceive,  de- 
scry, discover:  seeapperceire.']  1.  Afirstview; 
a  hasty  glance;  a  rapid  sm-vey. —  2.  A  sum- 
mary exposition ;  a  brief  outline ;  a  sketch. 

Twenty  pages  suffice  to  impart  the  elements  of  Chinese 
WTiting  ;  and  a  short  aper>^i  of  the  literary  history  of  the 
country  is  added  to  the  volume.  Science,  III.  760. 

3.  A  detached  view;  an  isolated  perception  of 
or  insight  into  a  subject,  as  into  a  system  of 
philosophy. 

At  best  Hegelism  can  be  apprehended  only  by  aper^iin, 
and  those  who  try  to  explain  its  bottom  secrets  have  not 
got  it.  G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  157. 

aperea  (ap-e-re'a),  n.  [NL.]  A  name  of  the 
restless  ea^'y,  Caria  aperea. 

aperient  (a-pe'ri-ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  apcri- 
cn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  aperire,  open,  imcover  (opposed 
to  opcrire,  close,  cover,  in  comp.  co-operire, 
cover,  >  ult.  E.  carer,  q.  v.),  <  a  for  ab,  off, 
away  (operire,  <  0-  for  ob,  to),  -I-  -perire,  prob. 
identical  with  -perire  in  comperire,  ascertain,  re- 
perire,  find,  being  the  form  in  comp.  of  parere, 
parire,  get,  produce,  bring  forth :  see  paretit. 


aperture 

Cf.  apert.]  I.  a.  In  med.,  gently  purgative; 
ha\-ing  the  quality  of  opening  the  bowels;  lax- 
ative ;  deobstruent. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  which  gently  opens  the 
bowels ;  a  laxative. 

Also  aperitire. 
aperiodic (a-pe-ri-od'ik),  a.    [<Gr.  a- priv.  (0-I8) 
+  jii  riodir.']     Without  periodicity. 

-\n  intermediate  st;ige  called  the  apen'/jtfic  state  is  pass- 
ed through.  Knctic.  Brit.,  X.  50. 
Aperiodic  galvanometer.    See  galtanomeler. 

aperispermlc  (a-per-i-sper'mik),  rt.  [<  Gr.  d- 
jiriv.  (((-IS)  +  jirrisprrm  +  -ic]  In  bot.,  a  term 
descriptive  of  a  seed  that  contains  no  albumen 
(perisperm) ;  exalbiuuinous. 

aperispermous  (a-per-i-sper'mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  («-i8)  +  perisperm  +  -ous.']  In  bot.,  same 
as  aperi.spermic. 

aperiti've  (a-per'i-tiv),  a.  and  ».  [Fonnerly  also 
apiieritire,  aperatirc,  after  F.  aperitif=  It.  aperi- 
tiro,  <  ML.  aperitirns  ,•  f uUer  form  of  apertiie, 
q.  v.]     Same  as  aperient. 

A  per  set.     [L. ;  cf .  if-  per  se :  see  ampersand.'] 

1.  A  by  itself;  a  as  a  letter  or  word. —  2.  A 
person  or  thing  of  preeminent  excellence ;  Al. 
Chaucer. 

Behold  me,  Baldwin,  A  per  se  of  my  age. 

Lord  Richard  Nevill,  earle  by  marriage 

Of  Warwick.  J/ir.  /or  Marjs. ,  p.  371. 

apertt  (a-pert'),  a.  [<  ME.  apert,  aperte,  <  OF. 
apert,  <  L.  apertiis,  pp.  of  apierire,  open :  see 
aperient.l  Open;  e\ident;  imdisguised:  as, 
^^ apert  confessions,"  Fotherby,  Atheomastis,  p. 
358. 

The  proceedings  may  be  apert,  and  ingenuous,  and  can- 
did, and  avowable.  Donne,  Devotions. 

apertt  (a-pert'),  adi:   [<  ME.  aperte,  apert;  from 

the  adj.]     Openly.     Chaucer. 
apertiont  (a-per'shon).  n.     [<  L.  apertio{n-),  < 

aperire,  pp.  ajiertus,  open:    see  aperient.^    1. 

The  act  of  opening ;  the  state  of  being  opened. 

[Rare.] 
Either  by  ruption  or  apertion.  Wiseman,  Sitrgery. 

2.  An  opening ;  a  gap ;  an  aperture  ;  a  pas- 
sage. 

Aperlions,  imder  which  term  I  do  comprehend  doors, 
w  iiidow  s,  staircases  —  in  short,  all  inlets  or  outlets. 

Sir  II.  Wotton,  Remains,  p.  33. 

Apertirostra  (a-per-ti-ros'tra),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
aperttis,  open  (see  apert),  +  rostrum,  beak.] 
Same  as  Anastomus,  1.    Vaiid  de  Fatte. 

apertivet  (a-per'tiv),  a.  [<  F.  apertif,  <  ML. 
*apertini,'^,  <  L.  ajiertiis,  pp.  of  aperire :  see  apert 
and  -ire.}     1.  Open;  manifest. — 2.  Aperient. 

apertlyt  (a-pert'll),  adr.     Openly. 

In  all  their  discourses  of  him  [Richai-d  III.]  they  never 
directly  nor  indirectly,  covertly  or  apterthi,  insinuate  this 
deformity.  .Sir  G.  Buck,  Hist.  Rich.  III.,  p.  79. 

apertnesst  (a-pert'nes),  7i.  Openness;  frank- 
ness. 

apertometer  (ap-er-tom'e-ter),  n.  [Irreg.  <  ap- 
ert{ure)  +  Gr.  fihpov,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment used  to  measure  the  angular  aperture  of 
the  object-glass  of  a  microscope. 

Prof.  Abbe  has  also  made  an  important  contribution  to 
the  practical  p.art  of  this  inquiry  by  the  invention  of  an 
apertometer.       W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  .\ppendi-\,  p.  S50. 

apertort  (a-per'tor),  n.  [L..  an  opener,  a  be- 
ginner, <  aperire,  pp.  apertns,  open  :  see  aperi- 
ent.} In  anat.,  that  which  opens;  specifically, 
a  muscle  that  raises  the  upper  eyelid. 
apertural  (ap'er-tur-al),  a.  [<  aperture  +  -al.] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  containing  apertures. 
[Rare.] 
The  inferior  or  apertural  side. 

E.  B.  Lankcsler.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  S47. 

aperture  (ap'er-tur),  n.  [<  L.  apertura,  an  open- 
ing, <  apertus,  pp.  of  aperire,  open:  see  apert 
and  ojierient.}  If.  The  act  of  opening  out  or 
unfolding. 

Made  .  .  .  difficult  by  the  aperture  and  dissolution  of 
distinctions. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Worthy  Communicant,  Int.,  p.  8. 

2.  An  opening;  a  hole,  orifice,  gap.  cleft,  or 
chasm;  a  passage  or  perforation;  any  direct 
way  for  ingress  or  egress. 

.\n  aperture  between  the  mountains. 

\V.  Gilpin,  Toiu-  to  Lakes. 

3.  In  geom.,  the  space  between  two  intersect- 
ing right  lines. — 4.  In  optica,  the  diameter  of 
the  e.vposed  part  of  the  object-glass  in  a  tele- 
scope or  other  optical  instnmient.  The  aper- 
ttire  of  a  inicrosco])e  is  often  expressed  in  degrees  ;  and  in 
this  c:ise  it  is  called  the  anfjuiar  .apertiu-e.  that  is,  the 
angular  breadth  of  the  pencil  of  light  whicli  the  instru- 
ment transmits  from  the  object  or  point  viewed  :  as.  a 
microscope  of  IW  aperture. — Abdominal  apertures. 
See  alMlonicn.  1. — Aperture-slght  <;is  of  a  rifle),  another 
name  for  the  open  bead-siyht.—  Brajicbisd  aperture. 
See  branchiai. 


apertured 

apertured  (ap'tr-tunl),  n.  [<  nperturc  +  -ecP.'] 
Provided  with  an  aportui'e;  perforated.  [Rare.] 

Each  half  of  the  colliding  is  apcrtun'ti  near  its  free  c-ml. 
Set.  Amcr.,  N.  S.,  XLVIII.  Is. 

apery  (a'pe-ri),  «. ;  pi.  aperies  (-Hz).  [<  npc  + 
-enj.]  1.  A  colleetion  of  apos;  a  place  where 
apes  are  kept. — 2.  The  qualities  or  tricks  of 
apes  ;  the  practice  of  aping ;  imitation. 

I  saw  there  many  women,  dressed  witliout  regard  to  the 
season  or  the  demands  of  the  place,  in  apery,  or,  as  it 
looked,  in  mockery,  of  Kuropean  fashions. 

Marif.  Fuller,  Woman  in  lllth  Cent.,  p.  14.'). 

apes-on-horseback  (aps'ou-hors'bak),  n.  The 
name  of  a  variety  of  the  common  European 
daisy,  Bel  I  is  peroiiiis. 

Apetalae  (a-pet'a-16),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (sc.  plantw), 
fom.  pi.  of  apetdliis,  without  petals:  see  apeta- 
lous.'\  Plants  destitute  of  petals  ;  in  the  natu- 
ral system  of  botany,  a  division  of  dicotyledo- 
nous plants  in  which  the  corolla,  and  often 
the  caly-x  as  well,  is  absent.  They  are  also  called 
incomplctfc,  and  are  divided  into  the  Moimchlamydeee,  in 
which  the  corolla  alone  is  absent,  as  in  the  elm,  nettle,  etc., 
and  the  Achlamitdfre,  in  which  the  ealyx  and  the  corolla 
are  both  absent,  as  in  the  willow,  oak,  etc. 

apetalous  (a-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL.  apetalus, 
without  petals,  <  tir.  a-  priv.  +  Kcrahiv,  a  leaf, 
in  mod.  bot.  a  petal:  see  petal.']  In  bot.,  hav- 
ing no  petals  or  corolla;  pertaining  to  the 
Apetalw. 

apetalousness  (a-pet'a-lus-nes),  «.  [<  apeta- 
lous +  -ncss.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
apetalous. 

apex  (a'peks),  M. :  pi.  apices  (ap'i-sez)  or  apexes 
(a'pek-sez).  [<  L.  apex  (apic-),  point,  tip,  sum- 
mit, perhaps  <  apcre,  fit  to,  fasten  to  :  see  apt.] 

1 .  The  tip,  point,  or  summit  of  anything,  (a)  In 
bot.:  (1)  The  end  furthest  from  the  point  of  attachment  or 
base  of  an  organ.  ("2)  An  early  name  for  an  anther.  (?>) 
The  nucleus,  or  first  wln>rl,  of  a  univalve  shell,  (c)  In 
ffeom.,  the  angular  point  of  a  cone  or  conic  section;  the 
angular  point  of  a  triangle  opposite  the  base. 

The  stars  are  the  apexes  of  what  wonderful  triangles ! 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  13. 
(d)  In  (jeol.,  the  top  of  an  anticlinal  fold  of  strata.  [Penn- 
sylvania coal-mines.]  [This  term  as  used  in  the  U.  S.  Re- 
vised .Statutes  has  been  the  occasion  of  nmch  litigation. 
It  is  supposed  to  mean  something  nearly  equivalent  to 
outcrop  (which  see) ;  but  precisely  in  what  it  differs  from 
outcrop  has  not  been,  neither  does  it  seem  capable  of  be- 
ing, distinctly  made  out.]  (e)  In  mhuiif/,  the  landing- 
point  at  the  top  of  a  slope.   [I*ennsylvania"  coal-mines.] 

2.  In  Bom.  aiiliq.,  a  symbolic  ornament  which 
the  flamens  and  some  other  priests  were  re- 
quired by  law  to  wear.  It  consisted  of  a  small  cone 
of  olive-wood  surrounded  with  a  lock  of  wool,  and  was  se- 
cured on  the  head  Ity  fillets  or  adjusted  to  a  cap. —  Apex 
of  the  heart,  the  lower  jiointed  portion  of  the  heart. 

apex-beat  (a'peks-bet),  H.  The  pulsation  of 
the  chest-walls  over  the  apex  of  the  heart. 

aph-,  [Gr.  (21^-,  assimilation  of  a--  for  cto-  be- 
fore the  aspirate.]  Assimilation  of  o^)-  for  apo- 
before  the  aspirate,  as  in  apheresis,  aphelion, 
etc. 

aphacia  (a-fa'si-ii),  «.  [NL.,<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
^asiii',  lentil,  taken  for 'lens':  see  ?('»«.]  Intera- 
tol.,  absence  of  the  crystalline  lens  from  the 
eye.     Also  written  aphakia. 

aphacic  (a-fas'ik),  a.  [<  aphacia  +  -^'c.]  Per- 
taining to  aphacia ;  lackiug  the  crystalline  lens. 
Also  written  aphakic. 

aphacOUS  (a-fa'kus),  a.  [<  aphacia  +  -oms.] 
Same  as  aphacic.     Also  ^\Titten  aphakous. 

aphseresis,  aphaeretic,  etc.     See  apheresis,  etc 

aphaereton  (a-fer'e-ton),  h.  [<  Gr.  iKpaipeTOv, 
neut.  of  cKjiaiperoc,  taken  away,  verbal  adj.  of 
a(paipeiv,  take  away :  see  apheresis.']  A  part  of 
a  matrix  or  square  array  of  symbols,  compris- 
ing the  whole  of  certain  rows  and  certain  col- 
umns and  omitting  the  rest.     See  matrix. 


fa 


aphagia  (a-fa'ji-ii),  «.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -t- 

-ipa)iu,<,  -cjda}  Of,  <  ^(!)  eiv,  eat,  devour.]    Inability 

to  swallow. 
aphakia,  aphakic,  etc.     See  aphacia,  etc. 
Aphalara  (a-fal'a-rii),  «.     [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -t-  (pa- 

Aa/mi;  part  of  a  helmet.]     The  typical  genus  of 

Ajihilarina'.     Forster,  1848. 

Aphalarinse  (a-fal-a-ri'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Aphalara  +  -incc.]      A  subfamily  of  phytoph- 

thirian  insects,  of  the  family  Psyllidfc,  typified 

by  the  genus  Aphalara.      The  petiolus  cubiti  is  as 

17 


h 

h 

"1 

''4 

65 

ba 

h 

'1 

C2 

C3 

da 

''4 

C5 

d5 

■•8 

••7 

A 

/2 

U3 

m 
hi 

.'■5 
Ho 

H 

/6 

/7 

Aphxreton. 

257 

lonR  aa  or  longer  than  the  disroidal  part  of  the  Bubcosta, 
an<l  the  frontal  lolies  ai-e  absent  or  are  not  separated  from 
tlif  vcrtiv. 

Aphanapteryx  (af-a-naii'te-riks),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  dfavi/c,  unseen,  obscure  (see  aphanitc),  + 
nripv^,  a  wing.]  A  genus  of  recently  extinct 
birds  which  formerly  inliabited  Mauritius.  They 
were  of  ralline  allliiities,  long-billed,  im-apal)le  of  Hight, 
and  otherwise  almormal.  The  tibia  was  about  :>  inches 
long,  the  bill  nearly  as  long,  and  the  tarsus  3  inches.  A 
painting  of  the  living  biril  exists,  and  many  of  the  bones 
have  been  dtscovered  and  described. 

aphanasia  (af-a-na'si-ji),  n.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr. 
aijinvi]^,  imseen,  "obscure  (see  aphanite),  +  -asia, 
as  in  aphasia,  etc.]  Obsourement,  as  of  know- 
ledge ;  a  state  of  obscuration.     [Rare.] 

ApoUonius  of  Tyana  foresaw  even  the  great  aphanasia 
the  llfteen  hundred  years'  eclipse  of  common  sense  ami 
reason.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXlI.  T.'iB. 

Aphaneri  (a-fan'e-ri),  n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv. 
-P  ^ai'tyjcif,  manifest:  see  Phaneri.]  A  term  ap- 
plied by  Maggi  to  some  exceedingly  minute  or- 
ganisms found  in  water,  and  made  visible  under 
the  microscojie  only  by  the  use  of  various  hard- 
ening and  coloring  reagents :  contrasted  with 
Phaneri,  such  as  bacteria. 

The  Aphaiieri  are  thought  to  be  harmless. 

Smithsonian  Rep.,  1881,  p.  418. 

aphanesite  (a-fan'e-sit),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  iupavK, 
luisecn,  obacm'e,  -t-  -itc^.  Cf.  aphanite.]  A  min- 
eral, an  arseniate  of  copper,  so  named  from 
the  difficulty  of  recognizing  it  by  its  crystals: 
same  as  clinoclase. 

Aphaniptera  (af-a-nip'te-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  [jI.  of  aphaniptcrus :  see  aphanipterous.] 
An  aberrant  order  of  dipterous  insects,  the 
fleas  and  chigoes,  degraded  by  parasitism.  The 
abdomen  is  not  distinct  from  the  thorax  (which  is  pro- 
vided with  abortive  wings  in  the  form  of  a  pair  of  mi- 
nute scales) ;  the  mouth  is  haustellate,  consisting  of  two 
long  mandibles,  a  slender  labnim,  sheathing  labial  palps, 
and  two  long  maxillary  palps ;  the  antenna;  are  small ;  the 
hinder  legs  are  saltatorial ;  the  larvse  are  worm-like ;  aiul 
the  pupaj  are  inactive.  The  order  is  coextensive  with  the 
single  family  Pulicidee,  or  fleiis  and  chigoes.  See  Puticidce 
and  cut  under  chigoe.  Also  called  Aphanoptera,  Suctoria, 
and  Sii'hiuitti'tera. 

aphanipterous  (af-a-nip'te-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
aphaniplrnts,  <  tir.  a<pavr/g,  indistinct,  obscure 
(see  aphanite),  +  Trrtpiv,  a  wing,  =  E.  feather, 
q.  v.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aphaniptera; 
characterized  by  indistinct  or  abortive  wings. 

aphanistic  (af-a-nis'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a(pav!/^,  in- 
di.stinct  (see  aphanite),  +  -ist-ic]  In  mineral., 
indistinct :  as,  ajihanistic  crystallization. 

aphanite  (af'a-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  a<pai'!/<:,  indistinct, 
unseen,  obscure  (<  a-  priv.  -f  <pavdc,  apparent, 
conspicuous,  <  (paivsiv,  show,  (palvcaBai,  appear : 
see  fanci/),  +  -itc^.  See  aphanesite.]  A  very 
fine-grained  variety  of  diorite  (which  see),  or 
one  in  which  the  component  minerals,  chiefly 
trielinic  feldspar  and  hornlileude,  cannot  be 
distiiiguished  with  the  naked  eye. 

aphanitic  (af-a-nit'ik),  a.  [<  aphanitc  +  -ic]  Of 
the  nature  of  aphanite. 

aphanitism  (a-fan'i-tizm),  n.  [<  aphanitc  + 
-(■*■«(.]  The  condition  of  being  aphanitic ;  cryp- 
tocrystallization. 

Aphanoptera  (af-a-nop'te-ra),  «.  ^*?.  Same  as 
Aphaniptera. 

aphanozygOUS  (af-a-noz'i-gus),  a.  [<  Gr.  h<j>a- 
17/f,  indistinct  (see  fli;/inHife'),-f-Ci')<5i'(=L.jHjrK»( 
=  E.  yoke)  for  Cvyupa,  cheek-bone.]  Having  the 
cheek-bones  Invisible  when  the  skull  is  viewed 
from  above.     N.  E.  D. 

Apharyngea  (af-a-rin'je-ii),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(i-  priv.  -I-  <j>apv)S,  tliroat  (pharjTix).]  A  divi- 
sion of  planarians  or  rhabdocoelous  turbella- 
rians,  containing  such  as  have  no  pharynx,  and 
are  thus  lUstinguished  from  the  Pharijmjea. 

apharyngeal  (af-a-rin'je-al),  a.  Having  no 
pharynx:  siiecifically  said  of  the  Apharijmjea. 

aphasia  (a-fa'zia),n.  [NL.,<Gr.  d(^aer;a,  speech- 
lessness, <  d^'afof,  not  uttered,  <  d-  priv.  -I- 
0aT(if,  uttered,  spoken,  verbal  adj.  of  Aavai  = 
Li.fari,  speak,  say:  see  fahle,  fate,  euphemism, 
etc.]  In  pathol.,'ihe  impairment  or  abolition 
of  the  faculty  of  using  and  understanding  writ- 
ten and  spoken  language,  independently  of  any 
failure  of  the  intellectual  processes  or  any  dis- 
ease or  paralysis  of  the  vocal  organs.    Ataxic 

aphasia,  when  'uncomplicated,  is  inability  to  express 
one's  ideas  in  spoken  words,  while  the  patient  understands 
perfectly  what  is  said  to  him,  anil  reads  and  writes.  Tlie 
name  amnesic  ai'husia  has  been  applied  to  cases  where 
the  i)atient  is  unable  to  recall  the  word  which  he  wants, 
though  aide  to  speak  it  when  found.  Senjotrif  aphasia  is 
where  the  patient  fails  to  comprehend  spoken  or  written 
words;  it  c<uin>rises  word-deafness  and  word-blindness. 
Apha-sia,  especially  ataxic  aphasia,  seems  to  depend  in 
most  cases  on  a  lesion  of  the  inferior  frontal  convolution, 
almost  always  tm  the  left  side  of  the  brain.  See  agraphia, 
alalia,  alexia,  anarthria,  and  aphonia. 


apheretic 

aphasiac  (a-fa'zi-ak),  n.  [<  aphasia  +  -ac]  A 
person  affected  with  aphasia;  an  aphasic. 

aphasic  (a-fa'zik),  a.  and  n.     [<  aphasia  +  -ic] 
I.  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  aphasia; 
suffering  from  ajiliasia. 
II.  n.  A  person  atTected  with  aphasia. 

He  [the  lecturer]  spoke  next  of  the  frequent  retention  of 
some  recurring  utterance  by  aphasias,  such  aa  "Come  un- 
to me.  "  Pup.  Sci.  .Vo.,  XXV.  176. 

aphelexia  (af-e-lek'si-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d^/^j, 
even,  smooth,  plain  (see  Aphelimis),+  ef(f,  con- 
dition, habit:  see  hectic]  Absence  of  mind; 
reverie. 

aphelia,  n.     Plural  of  aphelion. 

aphelian  (a-fe'li-an),  «.  [<  aphcli(on)  +  -<in.] 
Pertaining  to  the  aphelion ;  furthest  from  the 
sun. 

Aphelinus  (af-e-li'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d^eA^f, 
smooth,  simple,  plain,  also  lit.  not  stony,  <  a- 


Aphelinus  mytitaspidis.    (Cross  shows  n.^tural  size.) 

priv.  +  <jie?2evc,  stony  groinid.]  A  genus  of 
minute  parasitic  hymenopterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Chalcidida;.  its  species  infest  either  plant- 
lice  or  bark-lice,  particularly  the  scale-bearing  species 
(Diaspina').  A.  nii/lila.iinilis  (Iai  liarou)  infests  the  com- 
mon mussel-shell  bark-louse  of  the  apple-tree. 

aphelion  (a-fe'U-on),  «. ;  pi.  aphelia  (-a).  [For- 
merly also  aphelium,  <  NL.  aphelion,  earlier 
and  more  prop,  aphelium,  formed  by  Kepler 
after  apogeeum,  apoffeuni  (see  apogee),  <  Gr.  as 
if  "ai^'/Mv,  <  a.Ttl),  from,  +  n/M<;,  the  sun.]  That 
point  of  a  planet's  or  of  a  comet's  orbit  which 
is  most  distant  from  the  sun :  opposed  to  jperi- 
helion. 

apheliotropic  (a-fe'li-o-trop'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  d0- 
tor  dir- for  axd,  from, -f //^-(or,  sun  (see  aphelion), 
-I-  -TpoiTiKo^,  <  Tpi-civ,  turn.]  In  hot.,  turning 
away  from  the  light :  applied  to  shoots  or  other 
parts  of  plants:  opposed  to  heliotropic 

Apheliotropic  movements  are  comparatively  rare  in  a 
weU-marked  degree,  excepting  the  sub-aerial  roots. 

Darwin,  Movement  in  Plants,  p.  564. 

apheliotropically  (a-fe'li-o-trop'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  a  direction  away  from  tlie  sun. 

apheliotropism  (a-fe-li-ot'ro-pizm),  K.  [<  aphe- 
liotropic +  -ism.]  In  hot.,  a  tendency  to  turn 
away  from  the  sun  or  the  light:  opposed  to 
heliotropism  (which  see).     Daricin. 

Apheliscus  (af-e-lis'kus),  «.  [NL.,  appar.  < 
Gr.  aipc'/i/(,  even,  smootli,  simple  (see  Apheli- 
nu.<i),  -t-  dim.  -/.«■«.«.]  A  genus  of  extinct  lemu- 
roid  or  insectivorous  mammals,  having  quadri- 
tuberculato  lower  molars,  the  fourth  lower 
molar  without  internal  cusp,  and  the  cusps 
opposite.  A.  insidiosus,  the  type-species,  is 
from  the  Wahsatch  beds  of  New  Mexico.  Cope, 
1875. 

aphemia  (a-fe'mi-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
<f'//i'/,  a  voice,  sjieech,  fame  (=  L.  fama,  >  E. 
fame,  q.  v.),  <  (jiavat,  speak.  Cf.  aphasia.]  In 
pathol.,  aphasia,  in  its  general  sense;  specifi- 
cally—  («)  ataxic  aphasia  ;  (A)  anarthria.  See 
aphasia  and  anarthria,  2. 

aphemic  (a-fem'ik),  «.  l<.  aphemia -i- -ic]  Per- 
taining to  or  reseml>ling  ajihemia ;  character- 
ized by  or  suffering  from  ajihemia. 

aphengescope  (a-fen'jes-kdp),  H.  [<  Gr.  aijiepi/c, 
without  li^ht,  obscm-e  (<  d-  priv.  4-  <jiiy,o(,  light, 
akin  to  0aof,  (piJc,  light),  -i-  cmoTtelv,  view.]  A 
modification  of  the  magic  lantern  forexhibiting 
opaque  objects. 

apheresis,  aphaeresis  (a-fer'e-sis),  n.  [<  L. 
apharesis,  <  Gr.  cujiaipeni^,  a  taking  away,  <  d^- 
pclv,  take  away,  <  aizd,  away,  -I-  aipeiv,  take.]  1. 
In  gram.,  the  omission  of  a  letter  or  an  unac- 
cented syllable  from  the  begiiming  of  a  word. 
Examples  in  English  are  round,  adv.,  for  around,  ranlatjc 
for  advaniaae,  stpiire  for  esquire,  'mid  for  amid,  'pon  for 
upon.  etc.  The  most  common  form  of  apheresis  is  that 
called  aphesis  (which  see). 

2t.  himed.:  («)  The  removal  of  anything  nox- 
ious. {!))  Largo  and  injurious  extraction  of 
blood. — 3t.  Ill  sun/.,  amputation. 

apheretic,  aphaeretic  (af-e-ret'ik),  a.    [<  Gr. 

aijiatpcnKO^,  <  iiciaipeTo^,  verbal  adj.  of  atjiaipeiv: 
see  apheresis.]  In  gram.,  characterized  by 
apheresis;  shortened  by  the  omission  of  the 
first  syllable:  thus,  vantage  is  the  apheretic 
form  of  advantage. 


aptaeretically 

apheretically  {al'-c-n't'i-kiil-i),  ndr.  After  the 
maiiiu'r  of  an  a|iliorcsis;  by  omitting  the  fii-st 
syUablo.     Also  spelled  inihivrctimUij. 

aphesis  (af'e-sis).  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  «^fa/f,  a  Ict- 
tiug  KO,  let  go,  let  loose,  (.aipiivai,  let  go,  scml 
off,  <  <i-u,  off,  +  iivat,  send.]  The  gradual  and 
uuiiiteutional  removal  of  a  short  unaeceuted 
vowel  at  the  beKiuuiiif;  of  a  word;  a  spoeial 
form  of  apheresis,  as  iu  .sqiiin'  for  enquire,  down 
for  tiiUnen,  ete.     ./.  .(.  11.  Murraif.     (N.  E.  1>.) 

apheta  (af'e-tii).  «.  [ML.,  <  Gr.  <i^i(rw,  one  who 
k'tsfjci.  henee'oiiowlio  lets  go  a  military  eiifriiio, 
and,  aecordiug  to  Du  Gauge,  one  who  starts 
the  chariots  in  a  race  (cf.  a^eTriina,  the  starting- 
plaee,  M(ir.  (npyToOvparnkTrK,  one  who  opened 
the  barriers  to  start  the  racing-chariots),  hence 
in  astrology  the  i)lanet  which  starts  a  human 
being  in  his  career,  <  iKpeToc,  let  off,  let  loose, 
verbal  adj.  ol  aij>iivai,  let  off:  see  aphesis.'\  In 
astroL,  the  jilanet  dominating  the  life  of  the 
native;  the  jdauet  which  is  lord  of  the  house 
that  rules  the  matter  intjuii-cd  after;  the  proro- 
gator,  signifieator,  or  hyleg. 

The  aphetic  place  is  the  situation  of  the  Apheta,  Hyleg, 
proriipttor,  signifieator,  or  giver  of  life,  for  they  all  have 
tlie  same  meaning.  Stbleii,  Astrology,  p.  433. 

apheter  (af'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  a(pETr/p,  equiv.  to 
u(j>iTriq,  one  who  lets  off  a  military  engine :  see 
aplietd.^  That  which  loosens  or  sets  fi'ee. 
[Rare.] 

This  katastate  is,  as  it  were,  the  fuse  or  trigger  whose 
action  fii'es  the  massive  charge  of  the  muscular  gun,  and 
might  receive  the  name  of  apheter. 

M.  Foster,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  20. 

aphetic^  (a-fet'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  (KperiKog,  <  d^derof, 
let  loose,  set  free:  see  tqihesis  and  aj^/jeto.] 
Produced  by  or  resulting  from  aphesis. 

aphetic-  (a-fet'ik),  a.  [<  apheta  +  -ic]  Same 
as  (ij)hctical. 

aphetical  (a-fet'i-kal),  a.  [<  aplietic^  +  -aj.'] 
In  (istrul,  pertaining  to  the  apheta,  or  jilanet 
significative  of  life — Aphetical  places  (translation 
of  Greek  tottoi  a<tnrtKoi),  the  places  in  which  the  apheta 
may  be  found.  The  rules  given  in  Ptolemy's  "  Tetrabiblos  " 
(iii.  10)  are  intricate  and  vague. 

apieticallyi  (a-fet'i-kal-i),  adv.    In  an  aphetic 
manner. 
aphetically^  (a-fet'i-kal-i),  adv.    In  the  manner 

or  jiosition  of  the  apheta. 
aphetism  (af'e-tizm),  n.     [<  nphctic^  +  -ism.'] 
An  aphetized  form  of  a  word ;  a  form  resulting 
fi'om  the  loss  of  a  weak  initial  vowel,  as  down 
for  adown. 
aphetize  (af'e-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  apheUzed, 
ppr.  apheti:ing.    [<  aphetic^  +  -izc]    To  render 
aphetic ;  shorten  by  aphesis. 
apllid  (af'id),  n.    [<  aphis  {aphid-).']   An  aphid- 
iau ;   a  plant-louse ;   a  member  of  the  genus 
Aphis  or  family  Aphididw  (which  see).     In  the 
plui'al,  the  plant-lice :  a  general  or  indetermi- 
nate term  for  the  members  (a)  of  the  genus 
Apihis,  {!))  of  the  family  Aphididw,  or  (c)  of  the 
suborder  I'hi/tojihthiria. 
Aphides  (af 'i-dez),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  pi.  of  Aphis, 
q.  v.]     Same  as  Aphidida;. 
aphidian  (a-fid'i-an),  n.  andn.   [<  Aphis  (Aphid-) 
+  -ian.]     I.  «.  An  insect  of  the  family  Aphidi- 
dw: an  aphid;  a  plant-louse. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  genus  Aphis  or  to 
the  family  Aphididw. 

aphidid  (af 'i-did),  n.    One  of  the  Aphididw;  an 
aphis. 
The  Fenesica  larva  actually  feeds  tipon  the  aphididw. 

Scietue,  VII.  394. 
Aphididse  (a-fid'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  AjMs 
(Aphiil-)  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  hemipterous  in- 
sects, of  the  suhorder  Pht/toj^hthiria ;  the  true 
plant-lice,  as  typiiied  by  the  genus  Aphis,a.ud  as 
distinguished  from  the  false  plant-Mce,  or  Fsyl- 
lidw,  and  other  phytophthirian  insects.  They 
are  all  injurious  to  vegetation,  living  oti  the  juices  of 
plants,  which  they  suck,  and  also  producing  a  great  va- 
riety of  galls.  Almost  every  plant  has  lice  peculiar  to 
it,  inuneiise  numbers  of  which  live  upon  it.  The  genera 
are  very  numerous.  See  cuta  under  Aphis.  Also  called 
Aph  ides. 

Aphidii  (a-fld'i-i),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  aphiditis 
(also  used  to  designate  a  genus  of  hymenojiter- 
ous  insects),  <  Aphis  {A/iliid-),  q.  v.]  In  La- 
treille's  system  of  classification,  the  second 
family  of  homopterous  hemipterous  insects, 
conunonly  called  plant-lice,  inexactly  equiva- 
lent to  the  modem  family  Aphidida',  "incluiling 
the  thysanurous  genus  fhrips,  etc.,  as  well  as 
the  I'syllida-  or  false  plant-lice,  and  excluding 
the  Coccidw  or  scale-insects.     [Not  in  use.] 

aphidious  (a-fid'i-us),  a.  [<  aphid  -)-  -iaus.] 
IVrtaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  aphids. 

Aphidiphaga  (af-i-dif 'a-gii),  «.  ;)/.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.    of  aphidiphuijus:   see   aphidiphuyous.]    A 


258 

group  of  insects  more  or  less  exaetljr  eoire- 

spoiuling  to  Latreille's  .tjihidi/ihaiii (which  see), 
'ilieyare  small  beetles  with  n.uinl.  i|  I.M.lic.s,  strong  wings, 
hard  elytra,  securiform  ma.xiiiary  palp.s,  and  clavate  an- 
ti-nnre.      Sie  Cnreirielliita: 

Aphidiphagi  (af-i-dif 'a-,ii),  n.i)?.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  iijihidiphafiiis:  see  aphidiphagous.]  In  La- 
treille's system  of  classification,  the  second 
family  of  trimerous  CoUiiptera,  consisting  of  the 
old  genus  VuccineUa,  and  corresponding  to  the 
modern  family  Coecincllidiv ;  the  lady-birds; 
small  beetles  which  habitually  feed  upon  ajihids. 
[Not  in  use.] 

aphidiphagOUS  (af-i-dif 'a-gus),  a.  [<NL.  aphi- 
diph(i(ji(.i,  ^ Aphis  {Aphid-)  +  Gr.  -(jmyo^,  <  (pa-jclv, 
cat.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aphidiphaga ; 
hence,  ju'cying  upon  or  devouring  aphids. 

aphidivorous  (af-i-div'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  Aphis 
{Apllid-)  +  L.  vorare,  devour.]  Same  as  apihi- 
dij>ha<itiiis. 

apnilanthropy  (af-i-lan' thro-pi),  «.  [<  Gr. 
aijii'kdvOpuTrp^,  not  loving  man,  <  ii-  priv.  -f  ijii'/av- 
0/)uTof,  loving  man :  see  j^hihmthri>pi).]  1.  Want 
of  philanthropy ;  lack  of  benevolence.  [Rare.] 
— 2.  Injiathol.,  preference  of  solitude  to  soci- 
ety, the  first  stage  of  melancholia. 

Aphis  (a'fis),  n.  [NL.  (Linnajus),  the  sing,  per- 
haps from  the  pi.  aphides  (see  -id'^),  which  may 
have  been  taken  (if  so,  prop,  aphides,  but  now 
treated  as  aphides)  from  Gr.   cupeiddc;,   pi,  of 


Cecanium  Plant-louse  {Aphis  pelarsonji)'.  the  apterous  agamoge. 
tietic  funn,  magniiiea ;  appendages  of  only  one  side  shown. 

ii^uirj^,  unsparing,  lavish  (as  if  in  allusion  to 
their  extreme  proliflcness  or  voracity),  <  d-  priv. 
-I- i^f(f!ecrf>a(,  spare.j  1.  A  genus  of  small  plant- 
sucking  insects,  of  the  family  Jj)/i /(?/</«■  and  or- 
der Homoptera.  They  multiply  by  parthenogenesis  and 
very  rapidly.  From  a  pair  of  honey-tubes,  near  the  end  of 
the'abdomen,  they  emit  a  saccharine  fluid,  known  as  honey- 


Apple-tree  Plant-louse  {Aphis  ntali).     ( Cross  and  small  figure  show 
natural  sizes. ) 

dew  and  aphis-sugar,  which  is  gl'eedily  devom-ed  by  ants. 
They  are  very  destructive  to  tender  plants,  upon  which 
they  congregate  in  enormous  numliers. 
2.    [/.  c]    A  plant-louse.     [In  this  sense  the 
plural  aphides  (af 'i-dez)  is  used.]  —  WooUy  aphis. 

See  Kriosiiina. 

aphis-lion  (a'fis-li  "on),  n.  A  name  for  the  larva 
of  a  lace-winged  fly  of  the  family  Hemerohiidw. 

aphis-sugar  (a'fis-shug"ar),  n.  Honey-dew,  a 
secretion  peculiar  to  insects  of  the  genus  Aphis, 
voided  from  their  anal  siphuncles. 

aphlaston  (a-flas'ton),  Ji.  [Gr.a^V.aarov.]  Same 
as  aplustre. 

aphlogistic  (af-lo-jis'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aipldyanoe, 
not  inflammable,  <  d-  priv.  +  iI>~Ao}wt6(;,  inflam- 
mable: seepMogi.-iton.]  Flameless Aphlogistic 

lamp,  a  lamji  in  uiiirli  a  coil  of  jilatimim  wire  extending 
above  the  wick  is  kept  constantly  red-hot  by  the  slow  eom- 
bu.slion  of  alcoliol-vai'or.  beatcil  tii-st  by  tlie  flame  of  the 
wick,  liut  alter  this  is  extinguished  by  the  incandescent 
wire. 

aphnology  (af-nol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  a^og,  usu- 
ally a(pei'0(;,  revenue,  riches,  wealth,  abundance 
(cf .  Skt.  a})nas,  income,  property ;  akin  to  L. 
oj)es,  wealth,  copia,  plenty,  etc.),  +  ->.oyia,  < 
Myctv,  speak:  see  -ologij.]  The  science  of 
wealth;  a  treatise  on  the  science  of  wealth; 
I)lutology.     [Rare.] 

The  title  ought  to  have  been  Aph-nolwjy.  Aphnos,  or 
a])henos,  expresses  wealth  in  the  largest  sense  of  general 
abinuiance  and  well-being.  Sir  J.  Ihrsehel. 

Aphodiidae  (af-o-di'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Apho- 
dim  -t-  -ida:]  A  family  of  beetles,  named  by 
Macleay  in  1819  from  the  genus  Aphodim. 


aphorism 

Aphodius  (.a-fo'di-us),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  di^rfof, 
excrenieiit,  evacuation,  anil  lit.  departure,  < 
<i-d,  from,  away,  -I-  oiSdr,  way.]  A  genus  of 
scarabasoid  laniellicorn  beetles,  related  to  the 
dung-beetles  of  the  genus  f;c«?rM;«.s,  sometimes 
gi\'ing  name  to  a  family  Aphodiida:  its  species 
are  mostly  small,  having  striate  elytra,  concealed  nieta- 
thoracic  epimera,  t.iotlnil  front  tibia;  and  spurred  hind 
tibi.-c,  and  {l-jointcd  antenme.  Over  50  North  American 
species  are  descrilied,  including  several  introduced  from 
F.urope,  studi  as  the  comparatively  large  l)Iack  A.  /ossi/r. 

Aphododeridse  (af'o-do-der'i-de),  n.  pi.    See 

Aphri  iIihIi  ri(la\ 

Aphododerus  (af-o-dod'e-rus),  n.  See  Aphre- 
doderus. 

aphonia  (a-fo'ni-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  cKpuvia, 
speeclilessncss,  <  d^jui'or,  speechless,  voiceless : 
see  aphonints.]  In  pathoL,  loss  of  voice  through 
a  morbid  eontiition  of  the  laryu.x  or  its  immedi- 
ate innervation;  dumbness;  speechlessness. 
It  is  a  condition  in  which  one  wants  U>  speak  and  knows 
how  to  do  so,  lait  cannot  produce  a  vocal  sound,  tliougli 
he  may  \vhisi>er.     Also  aphimtj. 

aphonic  (a-fon'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  aphonia  +  -ic] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  apho- 
nia; speechless;  dumb. 
II.  ".  A  person  affected  with  aphonia. 

aphonous  (af'o-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  uipuvor,  voice- 
less, <  d-priv.  +  (puvr/,  voice:  see  j*/iohic.]  Des- 
titute of  voice ;  voiceless. 

aphony  (af'o-ni),  n.     Same  as  ajihonia. 

aphoria  (a-fo'ri-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iii^pia,  ste- 
rility, dearth,  <  a^opoi;,  not  bearing,  <  u-  priv.  -f 
^liopof,  bearing,  <  ^f/jeif  =  E.  6e«rl.]  Sterility; 
unfruitfidness. 

aphorism  (af'o-rizm),  «.  [=  F.  aphorisme,  < 
Gr.  iiipopiapoi;  'a  definition,  a  short  pithy  sen- 
tence, <  liijMpi^ew,  define,  mark  off,  <  a-6,  off,  -I- 
ipii^eiv,  diNdde,  bound,  <  iipof,  a  boundary':  see 
horizon.]  1.  A  definition  or  concise  statement 
of  a  principle. 

The  aphorism  .  .  .  formulated  by  Linnjcus  in  regard 
to  plants.  Quatrefaiies,  Hiunau  Species  (trans.),  p.  50. 

3.  A  precept  or  rule  expressed  in  few  words ;  a 
detached  sentence  containing  some  important 
truth :  as,  the  aphorisms  of  Hippocrates,  or  of 
the  civil  law. 

Tlie  three  ancient  commentators  on  Hippocrates  .  .  . 
have  given  the  same  definition  of  an  apbhrimn,  i.  e.,  "a 
succinct  saying,  comprehending  a  complete  statement," 
or  a  saying  poor  in  expression,  but  rich  in  sentiment. 

Fleming. 

=  Syil.  Aphori^n,  Axiom,  Maxim,  Precept,  Dictum,  Apo- 
the'jm,  Sayinif,  Adage,  Proverb,  Truism,  Eyivord,  Saie,  all 
concur  in  expressing  a  pithy  general  proposition,  usually  in 
one  short  sentence ;  but  the  longer  the  form  the  less  ap- 
plicable do  these  names  become.  An  aphorism  isatnith, 
pointedly  set  forth,  relating  rather  to  speculative  princi- 
ples, ethics,  or  science  than  to  lu-actical  matters,  ami  fonu- 
ing  a  brief  and  excellent  statement  of  a  docttine:  thus, 
"Moderation  is  the  silken  string  running  through  the 
pearl-chain  of  all  virtues,"  and  "  Maladies  are  cured  by 
nature,  not  by  remedies,"  are  aphorisms.  "  Life  is  short, 
and  art  is  long,"  is  from  the  first  ai>hurism  of  Hippocrates. 
An  axiom  is  a  self-evident  truth,  and  is  therefore  used  .as  a 
basis  for  reasoning.  **  A  straight  line  is  the  shortest  dis- 
tance between  two  points  "  is  one  of  the  axioms  of  mathe- 
matics ;  "The  greater  good  is  to  be  chosen  before  the  less" 
is  an  axiom  of  morals.  The  number  of  axioms  is  neces- 
sarily limited ;  of  aphorisms,  maxims,  etc..  unlimited.  A 
maxim  is  a  truth  which,  while  not  so  definite  and  neces- 
sarily true  as  an  axiom,  yet  etiually  acceptable  to  the 
mind,  refers  rather  to  practical  th.an  to  abstract  truth, 
stating  one  of  the  fundamental  rules  of  conduct,  civil 
government,  business  ]iolicy,  and  the  like :  as,  it  is  a  sound 
liuixim  that  one  should  risk:  in  speculation  no  more  than 
he  can  afford  to  lose.  It  suggests  a  lesson  more  pointedly 
and  directly  than  aphorism,  and  difters  from  jn-ecept  in 
that  a  precept  is  a  direct  injunction,  whereas  a  maxim  is 
a  mere  statement  of  a  truth  from  which  a  precept  may  be 
deduced.  It  would  be  a  jirecept  to  say,  "In  speculation 
risk  no  more  than  you  can  tiJford  to  lose."  A  dictum  is 
not  a  precept,  but  an  opinion  given  with  authority,  as 
from  superior  knowledge:  as,  a  t/iV'tfrn  of  the  critics;  a(/i'c- 
ttnii  of  Carlyle's.  An  apothnjm,  in  common  matters  what 
an  aphori.-'Oi  is  in  higher,  is  essentially  a  terse  projiosition 
that  makes  a  viviil  impression  on  the  mind:  thus.  "  In  the 
adversity  of  our  best  friends  we  always  find  something 
that  doth  not  displease  us";  this  is  called  by  Dean  Swift 
a  maxim,  but  is  more  properly  an  apothegm.  "Heaven 
helps  those  th.at  help  themselves,"  and 

"He  who  flights  ami  runs  away 

May  live  to  fight  aimther  day" 

(.Goldsmith,  Art  of  Poetry), 

nreapothegmg.  Asat/ingissi  lower  grade  of  (t/'oMc'/jh;  each 
is  likely  to  be  found  associat^'il  with  the  name  of  the  atithor : 
as,  the  trjMithe;rms  of  Socrates  ;  a  .sd.i/i/).';  of  Voor  Richard. 
Each  is  a  felicitous  expression  current  for  its  own  sjike, 
but  deriving  additional  popularity  from  the  celebrity  of 
its  atithor.  "  Herein  is  that  samng  true,  One  soweth,  and 
another  reapeth,"  .Tolin  iv.  :iT ;  "The  little  and  sht>rt  say- 
ings td  wise  and  excellent  men  arc  of  great  value,  like  the 
(hist  of  gold  or  the  le.ast  sparks  of  the  diiiniond."  Tiltotson. 
Adage  and  proverb  are  habitual  sayings,  generally  of  long 
standing,  embodjing  the  common  sense  of  mankind  on 
ordinary  subjects.  The  o<((i,7f  is  often  the  more  vener- 
able by  .age  and  the  more  dignified  in  its  character ;  as, 
"  Necessity  knows  no  law."  A  sairing  may  easily  become 
an  adage.  Proverb  as  tiseil  in  the  Bible  is  often  a  sagittg: 
as,  " Physician, Ileal  thyself," Luke  iv.  23;  butiutlic  mod- 


aphorism 

ern  sense  proivrh  ipftcti  apin-arn  hi  some  concrete  figura- 
tive and  Iiimifly  ftniii:  jls,  •''l\ut  nuuiy  cooks  spoil  tlic 
Ijrotll  "  :  "  I'iVL-ry  tub  must  stand  on  its  own  liottoni."  A 
(ruwfMMsa  trutli  too  olivions  to  ncod  cxijlanation  or  proof ; 
it  is  a  word  of  rclutiVL*  application ;  wluit  would  be  a  Iru- 
iam  to  one  inigtit  he  an  axwiit  or  an  npliorijun  to  another. 
A  bi/mint  is  a  cant  term  or  i)]irase,  in  every  one's  mouth 
like  a  proverb,  hut  applied  in  dispara^^cnient.  Saw  is  a 
contemptuous  term  for  an  expression  that  is  more  com- 
mon than  wise,  or  for  a  trite  or  foolisll  saying  reiterated 
to  wearisomeness, 
aphorismt  (af  o-Hzm),  r.  i.  [<  aphorism,  h.] 
Sumo  as  aphorhc.     [Kare.] 

There  is  no  art  that  hath  been  more  cankered  in  her 
prineipU-8,  more  soiled  and  slubbered  with  aphorUituifj 
I>edantry,  than  the  art  of  policy. 

Milton,  Kef.  in  England,  p.  33. 

aphorismatic    (afo-riz-mat'ik),    n.      [<  apho- 
rism +  -iilic.}     Sauio  as  ajihorismic. 
aphorismer   (afo-riz-mtT),  n.     Ono  who  ex- 
prussos  himself  iii  aphorisms.     [Rare.] 
The  tribe  of  ai'huri^iiifru  and  politicasters. 

Milfoil,  Jtef.  in  England,  p.  .SC. 

aphorismic  (af-o-riz'mik),  a.  [<  apltori.sm  + 
-If.]  lielatiiig  to  aphorisms;  having  the  form 
of  au  aphorism;  containing  aphorisms.  An 
equivalent  form  is  aphoriamatic. 

Tlie  style  of  Junius  is  a  sort  of  metre,  tlie  law  of  which 
is  a  sort  of  lial.auce  of  tilesis  and  antitliesis.  When  he  gets 
out  of  tliis  aphorismic  metre  into  a  sentence  of  live  or  si.\ 
lines  long,  nothing  can  exceed  the  slovenliness  of  the  Eng- 
lish. Cukridijo,  Table-Talk,  p.  264. 

aphorist  (af'o-rist),  H.  {iiiphor-ism  + -ist.']  A 
writer  of  aphorisms. 

Ue  took  this  occasion  of  farther  clearing  and  justifying 
what  lie  had  written  against  the  aphuritfts. 

It.  ydson.  Life  of  Dp.  Bull,  p.  246. 

aphoristic  (af-o-ns'tik),  (I.  [<  Gr.  inpopiaTiKoc, 
nt  fordelining,  sententious,  (.iKpopli^civ:  8ce<q>ho- 
m/H.]  Ihudng  the  character  of  aphorisms;  re- 
semljliug  apliorisms;  in  the  form  of  an  apho- 
insm;  stated  in  short,  tuiconueeted  sentences; 
abouuding  in  aphorisms.  An  ai>lii,risti.-  siah-  u  one 
wliicli  is  fragmentary  in  its  outward  form,  but  mctlioiiical 
in  its  reasoning. 

The  method  of  the  book  is  aphori.itic.  De  Quiiicfit. 

The  Sanscrit  law-books  are  sometimes  mapharinticpro&i;, 
sometimes  in  verse,  sometimes  in  a  mixture  of  both. 

Maiiw,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  10. 

aphoristical  (af-o-ris'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  apho- 

r  is  lie. 
aphoristically  (af-o-ris'ti-k;il-i),  adr.    In  or  by 

aphorisms;  briefly  and  jiithily. 

These  beiug  carried  dowji.  seldom  miss  a  em'e,  as  Hip- 
pocrates doth  likewise  aphori^^ticalli/  tell  us.  Harvey. 

aphorize  (af'o-iiz),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  apho- 
ri~iil,  ppr.  Ojihiiri^iii;/.  [<  Or.  ttipopiCiiv:  see 
ai)huri.v)ii."i  To  utter  aphorisms;  write  or  speak 
in  aphorisms;  especially,  make  au  excessive 
use  of  aphorisms.     Cohriclpc. 

aphract  uif'rakt),  a.  [<  Gr.  cKtipriKToc,,  old  Attic 
liipuphroi;,  unfeneed,  unfortified,  <  li-priv.  +  i^ipaK- 
Tuc,  verlial  ail.j.  of  ippncjoeir,  feiiee  in,  fortify.] 
Open;  undefended  or  tmguarded.     [Kare.] 

We  lind  the  war  galley  of  the  I'liienieians  rejiresented 
on  the  walls  of  the  palaces  unearthed  by  Layard  and  his 
followers  in  Assyrian  discovery.  .  .  .  The  vessel  repre- 
sented is  a  bireme  war  galley  which  is  aphract,  that  is  to 
say,  has  the  upper  tier  of  rowers  unprotected  and  exposed 
to  view.  HiiC'tc.  Brit.,  XXI.  S05. 

aphredoderid  (af-re-dod'e-rid),  h.   a  fish  of  the 

fiiiuiiy  Ajiln'i  iti>i}rritla', 
Aphredoaeridae(af  re-do-dor'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.. 
<  .Ijihri'doihriis  +  -/(/<(■.]  A  family  of  teleoeeph- 
alous  fishes  having  tlie  vent  in  the  neck  or 
breast,  the  ventral  (ins  post-thoracie  and  with 
about  7  rays,  but  without  sjiines,  and  a  short 
dorsal  fin  of  3  or  4  spiiii's  in  front,  in  OUnther's 
system  of  cla-^siliiatiou.  the  family  represents  a  primary 
groui>  of  Ariint/Lojiln-i/r/ii,  rharaetcrized  by  the  developed 
dorsal  and  anal  tins  and  the  jposition  of  the  vent  in  front 
of  the  ventrals.  Two  species,  called  pirate  orpirate-pn'rch, 
are  known  to  inhabit  the  fresli  waters  of  North  America. 
Also  Aphn,l,„l,ri,l,ll. 

Aphredoderus  (af-re-dod'e-nis),  n.  [NL.  (Le- 
sueur,  in  Cuvier  and  Valenciennes,  1833);  a 
eoiTUjit  form,  afterwiinl  given  as  .Iphrodcdtrus 
(Agassiz),  as  if  <  Gr.  iuppMii^,  foamy  (<  a^pof, 
foam,  +  ii'iof,  form),  +  i5fy»/,  neck,  throat,  later 
as  Aphddodt-riis  (Jordan,  1S77)  in  allusion  to  tlie 
position  of  the  vent,  <  li^oiiof,  departure,  evacu- 
ation, excrement  (<  nTo,  ofT,  +  o'iof,  way),  + 
t^iptl,  neck,  throat.]  The  typical  genus  of  fishes 
of  the  family  .Iphrcdodcridw.  Also  Aphododc- 
rux. 

aphrite  (afrit),  «.  [<  Gr.  ii(f>i>f>c,  foam,  frotli.  + 
-//<■".]  A  subvaricty  of  calcium  carbonate  or 
calcite,  popularly  known  as  /<)«;»,  carth-foaiii.  or 
foam-spar,  occurring  in  small  masses,  .solid,  or 
tender  and  friable,  it  is  eomposed  of  lamelhe  or 
scales  of  a  pearly  luster,  and  has  varieties  which  shade 
insensibly  into  argentine. 


259 

Aphriza  (afri-zji),  w.  [NL.  (Audnbon,  1839), 
a  false  formation,  <  Gr.  i'<l>pi''C,  foam,  +  Ciiciv,  Cf/r, 
live.]  A  genus  of  plover-liko  birds,  of  the  fam- 
ily .tphri-ida;  related  to  the  oyster-catdiers  and 
turnstones,  having  feet  with" four  toes  like  the 
latter,  and  the  general  appearance  and  changes 
of  plmnago  of  the  sandpipers.  It  contains 
only  the  surf-bird,  .(.  riri/ata.     See  surf-hird. 

Aphrizidae  (af-riz'i-do),  >).  pi  [NL.,  <  Aphri:a 
T  -id(v.'\  A  family  of  birds,  intermediate  be- 
tween Charadriiila-  and  Ilwmalopodida:  The 
typical  genus  is  .iphriM.     Coxws,  1884. 

Apnrizinae  (af-ri-zi'ne),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aphri:a 
+  -j«(i'.]  A  subfamily  of  birds,  containing  the 
genus  Aphrica ;  the  surf-lnrds. 

aphrizite  (af'ri-zit),  n.  [<  Gr.  KKjipii^m',  foam, 
be  foamy  (<  atpp/ic,,  foam),  +  -i<<;2.]  A  variety 
of  l>lack  tounnalin. 

Aphrodisia  (af-ro-diz'i-ii),  n.  2>l-  [L.,  <  Gr. 
'Aijipoi'iiaia,  iieut.  pi.  of  '.Xiji/mihaior,  pertaining  to 
Aphrodite,  <  !\^/)o(i/T;/:  sco  Jphrodilc]  A  festi- 
val iu  honor  of  Aphrodite  or  Venus  periodical- 
ly celebrated  in  various  localities  of  ancient 
Greece.  Those  of  Paphos  iu  Cyprus,  of  Cyth- 
era,  and  of  Corinth  were  the  most  famous. 

aphrodisiac  (af-ro-diz'i-ak),  a.  and  «.  [<  Gr. 
uippmhniaKttr,  veneresil,  <  '.K^poiVoior,  pertaining  to 
Aphrodite,  <  'AfpoiVn/,  Venus:  see  Aphrodite.'] 

1.  a.  Exciting  venereal  desire;  increasing  the 
appetite  for  sextial  pleasures;  hence,  erotic; 
sensual. 

II.  n.  Any  drug  or  preparation  which  ex- 
cites sexual  desire. 

aphrodisiacalf  (afroHli-zi'a-kal),  a.  Same  as 
((/)/(ri'(/(.'.(V/c. 

aphrodisian  (af-ro-diz'i-an),  a.  [<  Gr.  !\^po(S/- 
aioi;:  see  ajihrodisiac.']  Given  up  to  se.xual 
pleasm-es;  devoted  to  sensual  love. 

They  showed  me  the  st.ate  nursery  for  the  children  of 
tliose  aphrodisian  dames,  their  favourites. 

C.  lieade,  Cloister  and  Health,  Ivi. 

Aphrodite  (af-ro-di'te),  n.  [<Gr.  'Ai/i/iO(!/r;/,  the 
goddess  of  love,  Venus;  traditionally  said  to 
mean  '  foam-Viorn,'  <  aijipvr,  foam,  the  second  ele- 
ment -ihr)/  being  unexplained.]  1.  The  Greek 
goddess  of  lo\'e  and  beauty,  identified  by  the 
Eomans  with  their  Venus,  who  was  originally 
a  deity  of  much  less  importance.  Hy  one  legend 
she  is  fabled  (as  Aphraditf  Aiiadifniiwih')  to  have  sinnji-^ 
from  the  foam  of  the  sea.  She  was  the  pcrsnniliration  of 
female  grace,  and  from  her  prototyiic,  tlic  I'benician  As 
tartc,  represented  the  le- 
jiriidnctive  and  m-rminal 
powers  of  nature. 

2.  [NL.]  In. yiii!.:  (a) 
A  genus  of  duetopo- 
doiis  annelids,  tyjii- 
eal  of  the  f  amily  Jyi/i- 
rorf(7((te( which  see). 
The  species  are  known  as 
sea-miee ;  the  connnou 
sea-mouse  is  .1.  actifiuitu. 
Also  written  Aphmditn. 
See  sea.moujie.     (;>)    A 

genus  of  lepidopter- 
ous insects,  lliibiur, 
181G.  ((■)  A  genus 
of  bivalve  mollusks. 
Also  written  Aphrti- 
dita.     Isaac  Lea. — 

3.  [I.  c]  A  variety 
of  meerschaum.  It 
is  a  hydrous  silicate 
of  magnesiuiu. 

Aphroditidae  (af-ro- 

ilit'i-de),  ".///.  [NL., 

<  Aphrodite,  2  {a),  + 

-ida:]     A  family  of 

free  marine  cluvtoi)- 

odous  tinnelids,  of  which  the  genus  Aplirodile  is 

the  type.     There  are  numerous  other  genera. 

Also  Aphruditaeea,  Apliroditw. 

Anotller  type  altogether  is  shown  by  the  scale-lieariug 
annelids,  Aphmdilittii- ;  tlie  upper  jiarapodia.  or  false  feet, 
carry  large  scales,  wbieli  lie  over  the  back  of  the  animal 
and  form  an  inibricatcil  tovering,  serving  the  double  pur- 
pose of  protection  ami  respiration. 

Stand,  yal.  llitt.,  I.  230. 

Aphrophora  (af-rof'o-rii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ('n^/in- 
tpiipoi;,  foam-bearing,  <  uitipue,  foiiiu,  +  -Oo/'oc,  < 
(jiipeai  =  E.  />(  (/rl .]  A  genus  of  lii>raoi)terous  in- 
sects, of  the  family  C<-cc<);>iV/(r.-  so  called  because 
the  larva  is  enveloped  in  the  frothy  or  foamy 
substance  known  as  eiickoo-.<pit.  Tlie  genus  is 
closely  related  to  I'li/rliis,  and  sjiecies  were  for- 
merly" l>laced  iu  I'ttjehts  or  Tettiijoniit. 

Aphrophorida  (af-ro-for'i-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aplirnplmra  +  -ida.']     Same  as  Aphrophoriiia: 

Aphrophorinae  (af  ro-fo-ri'ne).  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Aphrojihiira    +   -ina:']      In   cntom.,    the  froth- 


Affhrutlitti. 

Copy  of  tlic  CilulLin  Statue  l>y 

PraxilclcN.  Vatican  Mustfulil. 


apiary 

bearing  hoppers;  a  sublaiiiily  or  other  division 
of  the  gi'eat  family  ( (reopida;  represented  by 
the  genera  Aphrophora,  Lepijronia,  I'tijclus,  and 
many  others,  and  containing  a  gi-eat  many  spe- 
cies of  medium  or  small  size,  very  generally 
distributed  over  the  world,  and  especially  af- 
fecting jiiiies  and  ^villows. 

aphrosiderite  (af-ro-sid'e-rit),  n.  [<  Gr.  a^/>(if, 
toam,  -t-  aidi/poc,  iron,  +  -ile'^.]  A  ferruginous 
chloritic  mineral  occurring  iu  soft  dark-green 
scales. 

aphtha  (af'thji),  h.j  pi.  aph Ih a' {-thU).  [NL.,  <  L. 
ujditha;  j)l.,  <  Gr.  aiftku,  \t\.  of  iiiplla,  an  erui)tion, 
ulceration,  <  inrrtiv,  set  on  fire,  inflame.]  In 
jwlhoh,  an  eruption ;  an  ulceration :  used  espe- 
cially in  the  plural  to  denote  small  round  ulcers, 
sometimes  becomingconfluent.iind  said  in  some 
cases  to  bo  preceded  by  vesicles  which  break. 
They  occur  upon  the  tongue,  gums,  inside  of  the  lips,  and 
pal.ate.  When  Miicndrnita  rini  {fhdiuitt  alhicaiin)  is  fouiui 
in  these  ulcers,  the  disease  is  i-alled  thrutdt,  <ir  iitilfc-lhnmh. 
Also  ny<(/m.— Aphthae  epizobtlc^e,  foot-and-mouth  dig- 
ease  (which  see,  Ulider./"<'r). 

aphthalose  (af'tlia-los),  h.  [As uphth{it)al(itc) 
+  -use.]     Same  as  aplilhilalile. 

Aphthartodocetae  (at-thiir  to-do-se'te),  w.  pi. 

[<  LGr.  '"A'plMpro(^OKr^7ai ,  <  Gr.  aiptjapror,  uucor- 
rupted,  incorniptible  (<  (I-  jiriv.  -I-  (fltapror,  verbal 
iid.j.  of  ipflclpciv,  destroy,  ruin,  corru|>t),  +  AikcIv, 
think.  Cf.  TJoveta:']  A  Monophysite  sect  which 
existed  from  the  sixth  to  the  ninth  century,  or 
later.  They  held  that  the  body  of  clnist  was  incorrnptibk- 
even  before  the  resnrn-ition,  ami  that  he  sulfered  ileath 
only  iu  a  phantasmal  appearaiiec.  Fiom  this  they  are 
sometimes  called  I'lutntnyiaxlK,  a  name  more  properly  be- 
longing to  tile  lloeetie  (which  sec),  who  denied  even  the 
reality  of  Christs  liody. 

Aphthartodocetism  (af-thar'to-do-se'tizm), «. 
The  doctrines  of  the  Aphthartodocetaj. 

.Instinian  himself  lapsed  into  heresy,  by  accepting  the 
doctrine  that  the  earthly  body  of  Christ  was  inttorrnptilde, 
insensible  to  the  weaknesses  of  the  Ilesii,  adoetrine  wliieh 
had  l)eeu  advanced  iiy  .Tnlian.  bishop  of  ilalicariiassua, 
and  went  liy  the  name  of  Aplithartodoct-tixtn. 

Enctjc.  Bril.,  .\11I.  790. 

aphthitalite  (af-thit'a-lit),  «.  [<  Gr.  aipBiroc, 
unchanging,  uncliangeable  (<  ii-  priv.  -f-  i;iOit6^, 
verbal  adj.  of  (j>Hi[n;  commonly  <l>()ii'iiv,  destroy, 
change),  +  a'/r,  salt,  -h  ?.iOor,  a  stone.]  A  na- 
tive potassium  sulphate  found  on  Mount  Ve- 
suvius in  deUeato  eryslallizatious.  jUso  called 
aphth(diise  and  Vesuriits-salt. 

aphthoid(af'tlioid),  «.  l<.  aphtha  +  -oid.]  Re- 
scMibliiig  an  aphtha  or  aphtha;. 

aphthong  (af'tliong),  «.  [<  Gr.  aif>l)o-)ioc,  voice- 
less, <  u-  priv.  -I-  iptfojjoi;,  voice,  sound.  <  (j/niyye- 
attai,  sound.]  A  letter  or  combination  of  let- 
ters which  in  the  customary  iironunciatiou  of  a 
word  has  no  sound.     [Kare.] 

aphthous  (af'thus),  a.  [=  F.  aphthcux,  <  NL. 
(i/>hthii.fiis,  <  ajilithti,  i|.  v.]  1.  In  palhnl..  of  tho 
nature  of  or  characterized  by  ajihtlue. — 2.  In 
li(d.,  a])peariiig  as  if  covered  with  aphtha;. 

Aphyllae  (a-fire)i  "■  l>f-    [NL.,  fcm.  pi.  (sc. 

plaiilie)  of  aphijUus,  leafless:  see  aphi/lloiis.]  A 
section  of  cryptoganiie  plants  without  leaves, 
comprising  lichens,  fungi,  and  algaj.  Same  as 
thilllnilrlis.      [Not  useil.] 

aphyllose  (a-lil'os),  a.     Same  as  apliiiUoii.i. 

aphyllous  (a-fil'us),  a.  [<  NL.  aphi/llus,  <  Gr. 
,)vr//oe.  leafless,  <  a-  j)riv.  +  (pi/.'/.oi'  =  L.  fidiuni, 
a  leaf.]  In  bot.,  destitute  of  leaves:  applied 
to  flowering  plants  that  itre  naturally  leafless, 
as  most  Cavtucca;  and  to  thallogenous  crj-pto- 
gams. 

aphylly  (a-fil'i),  «.  [<  NL.  'aphijUia,  <  Gr.  as  if 
^uijiv/'/iit,  <  ai^e'A/.dc,  leafless:  see  aphi/lloiis.]  In 
hot.,  the  state  of  being  aphyllous;  an  entire 
su|)i)ression  of  leaves,  as  ordinarily  occurs  in 
most  Caelaeea',  etc. 

apian  (a'pi-an),  a.  [<  L.  apiiiiiii.i,  of  bees,  < 
(ipi.'i,  a  bee:  see  Apis^.}  Of  or  pertaining  to 
bees. 

Apiariae  (a-pi-a'ri-e),  n.  j>l.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.  of 
h.  ajiiarius:  see  apiarian.l  In  Latreille's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  division  of  melliferous 
acideate  hymenoptt  rous  insects:  opposed  to 
Andreiirta;  and  corresjiondiug  to  the  nioiiern 
fai7iily  Apido'  (which  see). 

apiarian  (ii-pi-ii'ri-an),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  apia- 
rin.>;  reliit  ing  to  bees,  a  bee-keeper,  <  apis,  a  bee : 
see  Apis^.]    I.  <i.  Relating  to  bees,  or  to  bee- 
keeping. 
II.  ".  A  bee-keeper;  an  apiarist. 

apiarist  (a'pi-a-rist),  H.  [<  apiari/ + -ist.]  One 
who  keeps  an  apiary ;  one  who  keeps  bees,  or 
studies  the  nature  of"  bees ;  a  bee-keeper  or  bee- 
master. 

apiary  (a'pi-S-ri),  «. ;  pi.  apiaries  (-riz).  [<  L. 
apiariiini,  a  bee-house,  beehive,  neut.  of  apia- 


apiary 

rius,  relating  to  hccs:  see  ajiiarMii.']     A  place 
where  bees  are  kept ;  n  stand  or  shed  for  bees ; 
a  bee-house  containing  a  number  of  beehives, 
apiaster  (a'pi-as-t6r),  ».     [NL.,  <  LL.  apiastra, 
the  bi'O-eator,  a  bird  commonly  called  raero|)s; 

<  api)<,  a  bco,  +  -aster.]  In  oniitli.,  an  old  name 
of  the  bee-eater;  in  1760  niado  by  Brisson  a 
generic  name  for  the  bee-eaters ;  now  the  spe- 
cific name  of  the  European  bee-eater,  Mcrops 
aj)ia/!tir.     See  cut  under  bee-eater. 

apical  (ap'i-kal),  rt.  [<  L.  apex  (apie-),  apex,  + 
-«/.]  Kelatiii'g  to  the  apex  or  top;  belonging 
to  the  pointed  end  of  a  cone-shaped  body. — 
ApicaJ  cell.  («>  In  tmt.,  the  sinrfe  cell  which  in  most 
of  the  hinhcr  cryptogams  constitutes  the  powing-point 
(piiiii-iuni  ivii-laii'mis).  ((<)  In  zodl.,  a  cell  at  the  apex  of 
the  segmenteii  ovum  of  some  embryos,  as  sponges:  the 
opposite  of  hriMif  cett. 

apically  (ap'i-kal-i),  adv.    At  the  apex  or  tip. 

apicated  lap'i-kii-ted),  a.  [<  NL.  ajncatiis  (cf. 
L.  ai}icalii.^;  adorned  with  an  apex  or  priest's 
cap),  <  apex  (apie-) :  see  apex  and  -a<ci.]  Hav- 
ing a  conspicuous  apex. 

apices,  ».     Plural  of  a2>ex. 

Apician  (a-pis'ian),  a.  [<  L.  Apiciamis,  <  Api- 
c/««.]  Referring  to  or  resembling  Apicius,  a 
celebrated  Roman  epicure  in  the  time  of  Tibe- 
rius ;  hence,  relating  to  the  skilful  preparation 
of  delicate  viands;  dainty  in  regard  to  food. 

apicifixed  (ap'i-si-fikst),  a.  [<  L.  apex  (apic-), 
apex,  -1-  fixus,  fixed,  +  -ed".]  In  hut.,  attached 
by  the  apex,  as  an  anther  (in  some  cases)  to  the 
filament. 

apicillary  (ap-i-sil'a-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  as  if  *api- 
cilhis,  flim.  of  L.  apex  (apic-),  apex,  +  -ary.] 
Situated  at  or  near  the  apex. 

apickabackt,  apickbackt,  adv.    Same  as  iwci- 

aback. 
apiculate  (a-pik'u-lat),  a.      [<  NL.  apicidatus, 

<  apicidus,  q.  v.]  '  In  Imt.,  tipped  «-ith  a  short 
and  abrupt  point:  applied  to  a  leaf  or  any 
other  part  which  is  suddenly  terminated  by  a 
distinct  point  or  apieulus. 

apiculated  (a-pik'u-la-ted),  a.  Same  as  apicu- 
late. 

apiculi,  ".     Plural  of  ainctdus. 

apiculture  (il'pi-kul-tur),  «.  [<  L.  ajns,  a  bee, 
-h  cidtura,  culture.  Cf.  agriculture.^  The  rear- 
ing of  bees. 

apiculturist  (a'pi-kul-tur-ist),  n.  [<  apicidture 
-{-  -ist.]  One  who  engages  in  apiculture,  or  the 
breeding,  care,  and  improvement  of  bees. 

apieulus  (a-pik'u-lus),  «.;  pi.  apicidi  (-li).  [NL., 
dim.  of  L.  apex  (apie-),  a  point :  see  apex.]  In 
bot.,  a  small  point  formed  by  the  projection  of 
the  midrib  beyond  its  leaf. 

Apidae^  (ap'i-de),  n.  2)1.  [NL.,<  Apis'^  -(--»/«■.] 
A  family  of  melliferous  or  anthophilous  acu- 
leate hymenopterous  insects;  the  typical  bees, 
1 

3 
2 


Honey-Bee  i,Apis  nullijica),  typical  oi  Apida. 
z,  queen  ;  z.  neuter  woikcr ;  3.  drone.     (Slightly  reduced.) 

with  the  month-parts  short  and  stout,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  other  bees,  or  Andrenidee, 
which  have  a  long  trunk.  The  family  contains  A-plt 
(the  hive-bees),  Emnbiia  (the  bumblebees),  and  many  other 
genera  of  social  bees,  besides  a  number  of  solitary  ones,  as 
Sylmopa  (the  carpenter-bees),  etc.  See  bee,  AjHsi,  and 
cuts  under  Antliophora  and  carpentt'-r-bee. 
Apidae^  (ap'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Apus  +  -idcB.] 

Same  as  Apodidce. 
apiece  (a-pes'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  apeece,  apece,  a  piece,  a  peece,  a  pece, 
<  ME.  a  pece :  a,  E.  a^ ;  pece,  piece ;  the  prep.  (a3) 
being  merged  in  popular  apprehension  with  the 
article  (a^Jand  the  noun  extended  in  meaning: 
see  a3,  a2,  and  piece.]  For  each  piece,  article, 
thing,  or  person ;  for  each ;  to  each ;  each :  as, 
they  cost  a  dollar  apiece;  there  is  an  orange 
apiece. 
Neither  have  two  coats  apiece.  Luke  ix.  3. 

In  earnest,  pray,  how  many  men  apiece 
Have  you  two  been  the  death  of; 

Forff,  Hroken  Heart,  i.  2. 
apiecest  (a-pe'sez),  arff.    l<  aS  +  pieces.]    In  or 
to  pieces. 

Vield  up  my  sword?   Thafs  Hebrew ; 
I'll  first  be  cut  apieccs. 

Beau,  aiul  /■'/.,  Little  French  Lawyer,  ii.  1. 

apiin  (a'pi-in),  n.     [<  L.  apitim,  parsley,  +  -i«2.] 
A  gelatinous  substance  obtained  from  common 


260 

parsley  by  boiling  it  in  water.    The  filtered 
solution,  on  cooling,  deposits  apiin. 
apikedt,  «•     [ME.,  <  a-  -¥  piked,  pi/led,  trimmed, 
fit.  picked:  see  a-^  and  pike,  j'ick.]     Trimmed; 
cleaned  from  dirt. 

I'Ul  fressh  and  newe  here  gere  apiked  was. 

Chauctr,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  L  365. 

apilary  (a-pil'a-ri),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  •¥  Tj-i7.og, 
a  cap,  +  -arii.']  Characterized  by  abnormal 
suppression  of  the  galea  or  upper  lip :  apjilied 
by  MoiTen  to  the  liowers  of  certain  bilabiate 
I)iauts,  as  Calceolaria. 

apinoid  (ap'i-noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  Attiv^;,  without 
iUrt  (<  a-  priv.  -1-  -ivoc,  dirt),  -1-  fMof,  form :  see 
-oid.]  Free  from  dirt:  sometimes  applied  to 
scirrhous  cancer,  from  the  cleanliness  of  the 
surface  of  a  section. 

Apiocrinidse  (api-o-krin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
ApiocriitKS  -{■  -idw.]  The  pear-encrinites,  con- 
sidered as  a  family  of  erinoids,  t>-pified  by  the 
genus  Apiocrin  us.  The  same  or  a  similar  group 
is  variously  called  Apiocrinidea,  Apiocrinitidea, 
and  Apiocriiioidea. 

apiocrinite  (ap-i-ok'ri-nit),  n.  [<  Apiocrinus 
+ -itv-.]  A  pear-encrinite ;  a  member  of  the 
genus  Ajiiocriiius. 

Apiocrinus  (ap-i-ok'ri-nus),  ?i.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  otti- 
ov,  a  pear,  -1-  Kpivov.  a  lily:  see  crinoid.]  A 
genus  of  bracMate  fossil  eiinoids,  or  encri- 
nites;  the  pear-encrinites,  or  pjTiform  stone- 
lilies,  of  the  family  Eneriiiidce  and  order  Cri- 
noidea.  Oneof thespeciesis J. ro/i(«rf!(.s.  They 
occm-  in  the  Cretaceous  and  Oolite  formations. 
Originally  wi-itten  Apiocrinites. 

apioid  (ap'i-oid),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-ioeifiiji;,  pear- 
shaped,  <  a-iov,  a  pear,  +  mhc,  form.]  A  plane 
curve  so  drawn  that  the  distance  of  any  point 
in  it  from  a  given  fixed  point,  increased  by  a 
constant,  positive,  and  proper  fraction  of  its 
distance  from  another  given  fixed  point,  gives 
a  positive  constant.  It  is  that  one  of  a  pair 
of  Cartesian  ovals  which  is  within  the  other. 
See  Cartesian. 

apiol  (ap'i-ol),  H.  [<  L.  apiiim,  parsley,  -1-  -oL] 
An  organic  substance,  forming  long,  white, 
brittle,  needle-like  crystals,  extraetedbydistill- 
ing  parsley-seeds  with  water.  It  melts  at  86° 
F.,  and  boils  at  about  572°  F.  It  is  used  as  an 
emmenagogue.     Also  caMeA par.^ley-ca nqihor. 

apiologist  (a-pi-ol'o-jist),  II.  One  versed  in 
apiology. 

apiology  (a-pi-ol'o-ji),  «.  [<  L.  apis,  a  bee  (see 
.lj)(.si),  -I-  Ur.  -?.oyia,<.  /.fjeii',  speak :  see  -ology.] 
A  systematic  or  scientific  study  of  bees. 

Apiomerinae  (ap'i-o-me-ri'ne),  )i.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Apiomerus  +  -/««■.]  A  subfamily  of  heterop- 
terous  insects,  of  the  family  RedKriida;  t\"i>ifled 
by  the  genus  Apiomerus.  It  is  a  large  group  in 
America,  with  several  species  peculiar  to  the 
United  States. 

Apiomerus  (ap"i-9-me'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a- tor,  a  pear,  +  p'ipoc,  thigh.]  A  genus  of 
heteropterous  insects,  of  the  family  licduviida; 
tyjjical  of  a  subfamily  Jjji'ome- 
rinw.  A.  crassipes  (Uhler)  is 
a  species  widely  distributed 
in  the  United  States. 

Apion  (ap'i-on),  »i.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a-iov,  a  pear.]  A  genus  of 
weevils,  of  the  family  Curcu- 
lionido',  the  larvae  of  which  are 
specially  injurious  to  clover. 

Apioninae(ap'-i-9-ni'ue),  n.pl.  ^^^ 
[NL.,  <  Apion  +  -ilia'.]  In  en- 
tom.,  a  subfamih'  of  rhynchophorous  beetles,  of 
the  family  Cureulioniihv  or  weevils,  tj^jified  by 
the  genus  Apion,  and  characterized  by  straight 
antenna;,  a  lateral  fold  on  the  inner  surface  of 
the  elytra,  a  horizontal  pygidium,  and  an  abdo- 
men alike  in  both  sexes.  The  species  are  most- 
ly very  small. 

Apios  (ap'i-os),  11.  [NL.,  so  called  from  the 
shape  of  the  tubers;  <  Gr.  orriof,  a  pear,  also  a 
pear-tree ;  cf.  a-^iov,  a  pear,  a-ioc,  a  kind  of 
euphorbia,  perhaps  the  sun-spurge.]  A  North 
American  genus  of  leguminous  climbing  jilants, 
producing  edible  tubers  on  underground  shoots. 
The  only  species,  A.  tuherom,  is  a  native  of  the  Atlantic 
States,  and  is  called  ffrotind-nut  or  tnld  bean ;  its  tubei-s, 
though  numerous,  are  small. 
Apisl  (a'pis),  n.  [L.,  a  bee ;  perhaps  =  Gr. 
Eli-ig,  a  gnat ;  cf.  (DHG.  iinbi,  impi,  a  swarm  of 
bees,  MHG.  imh.  inline,  6.  imme,  a  bee.]  A 
genus  of  melliferous  or  anthophilous  aculeate 
hymenopterous  insects,  the  type  of  the  family 
Apidie  and  of  the  suborder '  J/cWi/crot  or  An- 
thophita ;  the  hive-bees.  The  geims  was  fonucrly 
coextensive  with  these  groups,  but  is  now  by  successive 


aplanogamete 

detachments  of  other  genera  limited  in  the  hive. bee  (Apit 

viellipca)  and  its  immediate  relatives,    ."iee  bee,  and  cut 

under  Apidte^. 
Apis2  (a'pis),  n.     [L.,  <  Gr.  'Attic,  <  Egypt.  Hapi, 

lit.  'hidden.']     The  sacred  bull  of  the  ancient 

Egyptians,  to  which 

divine   honors   were 

paid.    The  bull  sought 

out  Ity  tlie  priests  for  this 

purpose  w!is  retjuired  to 

be  black  with  a  triangular 

white  si>ot  on  tiie  fore* 

liead,  and  with  numerous 

other   marks    which    de- 
noted tlie  true  Apis. 
apish  (a'pish),  a.     [< 

ape  +  -w/fl .]  Having 

the  qualities   of  an 

ape  ;  inclined  to  im- 


Apis. 

Mummy  in  the  collection  of  the  New 

York  Historical  Society. 


piomerus  crassipes. 


itate  in  a  servile  manner;  hence,  foolishly  fop- 
pish, affected,  or  trifUug :  as,  apisli  manners. 

A  kinde  of  birds  as  it  were  of  an  api»h  kinde,  ready  to 
imitate  what  they  see  done. 

Ilatland,  tr.  of  Camden's  Britannia  (1637),  p.  543. 

apishamore  (a-pish'a-mor),  n.  [Origin  not  as- 
certained.] In  the  western  United  States,  a  sad- 
dle-blanket made  of  the  skin  of  a  buffalo-calf. 

apishly  (a'pish-li),  adr.     In  an  apish  manner; 

Tvith  silly  imitation ;  foppishly. 

Sin  is  so  apighly  crafty,  as  to  liide  itself  under  the  col- 
oxu^  and  masks  of  goodness  and  honesty. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  15. 

apishness  (a'pish-nes),  «.  [<  apish  -¥  -ness.] 
The  quality  of  being  apish;  mimicry;  foppery: 
as,  "the  apishness  of  foreign  manners,"  War- 
burton,  Sermons. 

We  were  not  bom  to  revel  in  the  apighnesg  of  ridiculous 
expense  of  time.  Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

A.pistes  (a-pis'tez),  n.  [NL.,  also  Apistus,  < 
Gr.  a-wTOQ,  not  to  be  trusted,  incredible,  <  d- 
priv.  -I-  -lariir,  to  be  trusted,  verbal  adj.  of 
TTsidetv,  prevail  upon,  in  pass,  -eiderrtiai,  believe.] 
A  genus  of  fishes,  tj'pical  of  the  subfamily  Apis- 
tina'. 

Apistinse  (ap-is-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL..  <  Apistes 
+  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  fishes,  of  the  family 
Scorpo'nida!,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Apistes, 
ha\"ing  the  vertebra?  tj-pical  in  number  (10  ab- 
dominal and  14  caudal),  and  the  dorsal  fin  com- 
mencing on  the  nape  or  head.  They  are  char- 
acteristic of  the  Indo-Pacific  region. 

apitpatt  (a-pit'pat),  prep.  j)hr.  as  ode.  [<  nS 
+  pitpat.  "Cf.  i)it-n-pat.]  With  quick  beating 
or  palpitation;  pit-a-pat. 

Welcome,  my  bully,  my  buck ;  agad,  my  heart  is  gone 
apitpat  for  you.  Coiuirere,  Old  liatehelor,  ii.  2. 

apivorous  (a-piv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  apis,  a  bee,  + 
rorare,  devoiu'.]    Bee-eating;  feeding  on  bees. 

aplacental  (ap-la-sen'tal),  «.  [<  NL.  aplaeen- 
talis,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  («-l8)  -1-  placenta,  q.  v.]  Hav- 
ing no  placenta  ;  implaeental :  applied  to  those 
mammals  in  which  no  placenta  is  lieveloped  dur- 
ing gestation.  The  aplaeeutul  niannuals  comprise  the 
MJii'itronata  and  ilar^'upialia,  the  two  lowest  orders  of 
mjinmials,  including  the  duck-mole,  porcupine  ant-eater, 
kangaroo,  etc.  The  yoinig  are  Ixu'n  at  a  much  more  imma- 
ture stage  of  fetal  development  than  in  the  placental  mam- 
mals, aiid  are  so  helpless  that  they  arc  unable  even  to  suck, 
and  In  most  cases  have  to  be  fixed  by  the  mother  herself 
upon  the  teats,  while  the  milk  is  forced  into  their  mouths 
liy  a  muscle  which  is  spread  over  the  manmiary  gland. 

Aplacentalia  (apla-sen-ta'li-a),  «.  j;?.  [NL., 
ueut.  pi.  of  aphicentalis :  see  aplacental.]  Same 
as  Iinplacriitiilia. 

Aplacentaria  (ap'la-sen-ta'ri-ii),  n.pl.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  aplaceiiinrius,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  (o-l8) 
-1-  placenta,  q.  v.  Cf.  aplacental.]  Same  as  /;«- 
plucen/dlia. 

aplanatic  (ap-la-nat'ik),  a.  [Prop,  aplanetic, 
<  Gr.  a-lavriro^j  not  wandering,  <  a-  priv.  -h 
-/tow/rof,  wantiering:  see  jihinet.]  AVithout 
aberration:  in  optics,  applied  to  a  lens  or  com- 
bination of  lenses,  as  in  a  telescope,  which 
bi-ings  parallel  rays  to  a  focus  without  spherical 
or  chromatic  aberration — Apljinatlc  line,  a  Car- 
tesian oval:  so  called  because  it  is  the  section  of  a  sur- 
face refracting  light  from  one  focus  to  another  without 
aberration. 

aplanatically  (ap-la-nat'i-kal-i),  ndr.  In  an 
aplanatic  mamier;  as  regards  aplanatism,  or 
the  absence  of  spherical  aberration. 

aplanatism  (a-plan'a-tizm).  «.  [<  aplanat-ic  + 
-ism.]  In  optics,  the  condition  of  being  free 
fi'om  spherical  aberration. 

aplanetic  (aii-la-net'ik),  a.     Same  as  aplanatic. 

aplanogamete  i ap'la-no-gam'c-te),  «.   [< Gr. i- 

priv.  -*-  ->mvc,  wantiering,  roaming,  +  '/auerf/, 
a  wife:  see  a-^^  and planogainete.]  In  bot.,  a 
conjugating  cell  of  the  Coiijugato',  in  distinction 
from  the  planoijamete  (the  ciliated  and  mobile 
zoospore)  of  the  Zoosporece.    See  gamete. 


aplasia 

aplasia  (a-pla'si-ii),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  «-  priv.  + 
7rhiat(,  foruiatiou,  <  vAdaaciv,  I'orm,  mold.]  De- 
fective or  iirrostod  dovclopraeiit  iu  a  tissue  or 
an  ortjan. 

aplastic  (a-plas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  uTr/.affrof,  not 
capable  of  being  molded  (<  ii-  priv.  +  Tr/aunif, 
molded),  +  -ic :  see  n-l°  and  plastic.']  Not 
plastic ;  not  easily  molded. 

aplatisseur  (a-pla-te-s6r'),  ».  [F.,  <  aplatir 
Uqil(ills.s-),  crusli,  flatten,  <  «  (L.  ad)  +  plat, 
flat.]  A  mill  for  crushing  grain  to  be  used  as 
food  for  cattle. 

Apleuri  (a-plii'ri),  «.  f>l.  [NL.,  pi.  of  apleurus, 
<  Gr.  <1-  ijriv.  -t-  -Mt'im,  rib.]  A  name  proposed 
by  Owen  for  a  suborder  of  ribless  plectopiia- 
thous  fishes,  consisting  of  the  families  Ostra- 
ciont'uhv  and  ai/iiiiioiluiilidic. 

aplite, ».     See  liii/ililc. 

aplo-.  Improper  form  of  lidjihi-,  adopted  in  some 
zoological  and  botanical  names.     See  liaplo-. 

Aplodes,  II.     See  IJajilixhs. 

aplomb  (a-pl6n'),  ».  [F.,  self-possession,  assur- 
ance, lit.  perpendicularity,  <  d  plomb,  perjien- 
dicular,  phnnb:  <)  (<  \i.  ail),  to;  plomb,  plumb, 
plummet:  see pluiiib.]  Self-possession  spring- 
ing from  perfect  confidence  in  one's  self;  as- 
surance. 

The  staple  figure  in  novels  is  the  man  of  aplomb,  who 
Bits  among  the  young  aspirants  and  desperates,  c^uite 
sure  and  compact,  ami,  never  sliariiig  tlieir  alfections  or 
debilities,  Inirls  liis  word  lil\e  a  hullct  when  occasion  re- 
quires, Icnows  liis  way,  and  curries  liis  points. 

Emerson,  Letters  and  Social  Aims,  p.  72. 

aplome,  «.     See  haplomc. 
Aplopappus,  ».     See  Uaplopappus. 
aplostemonous,  a.    See  haplostemonous. 
aplotomy,  ».     See  haplotomi/. 
aplustre  (ap-lus'tre),  «.     [L.,  also  aplustriim, 
chiefly  in  pi.  aplus- 
iria  or  a plustra  ;  LL. 
also  umphistre ;  <.  Gr. 
aifAanrov,  the  charac- 
teristic ornaments  of 
the  stern  of  a  ship. 
Cf.         acrostoliiim.'i 
The  ornament  rising 
above  the  stern  of 
ancient  ships.  Thougli 
varying  mucli  in  design, 
these     ornaments    were 
often  very  graceful,  par* 
ticularly    in   Oreeli   ex- 
amples.     A  usual  form 
was  a  sheaf  or  plume  of 
volutes,   variously    com- 
bined.   Tile  aplustre  rose 
iinniediatel.\'  liehind  the 
steersman,  and  is  often  represented  as  siipimrting  a  flag. 
As  a  consiiicuniis  part  of  the  ship,  it  was  ..ften  removed  as 
a  tropliy  l>y  captors.     Also  called  iii'hhtslua. 

About  tu\)  boars  later  Arrius  .stood  under  the  a^^H-s-fr*? 

of  the  galley.  L.  Wallacf,  P,en-Hur,  p.  141. 

Aplysia  (ap-lis'i-a),  m.     [NL. ;  cf.  L.  apli/sice, 

pi.,  <  Gr.  a-irlvaiai,  pi.,  prop.  gen.   sing.,  airlv- 

aiag      an-djj'of, 

a    sponge,    so  .A'St^^'^^       ^~      r/\ 

named  from  /f^^~-~"- -^t^^^^^'^n^iiy '  •  ,\ 
its   dii'ty-gray         i'.M^    •'  .'^'^~  "^^ ,   '-^ 

color,  <  Gr. 
aK^vala,  tilthi- 
ness,  <  a-'/.v- 
Toc,  unwash- 
ed, <  (i-  priv.  -1- 
izlvrd^,  verbal 
adj.  of  7r?.ivew,  wash.]  A  genus  of  gastropodous 
moUusks,  the  sea-hares,  having  an  oval  oblong 
form  with  four  tentacles,  and  somewhat  resem- 
bling slugs.  Its  mniierons  s]ii(ies  are  reiuiukalde  for 
the  function  of  secreting;  a  Iluiil  of  violet  col.ir  (doe  to  tbe 
presence  of  iodine),  wliich  thi'y  di.scliaiv'e  when  molested. 
One  of  the  best  known  is  .1.  tU-piUuia,  the  depilatorj'  sea- 
hare,  so  called  because  it  w.as  sni>posed  that  the  Ibiid  it 
discharged  w.is  capable  of  removing  hair  or  preventiTigits 
growth.  Also  written  Laplyxia,  by  an  original  mistake 
(Limiivns,  1707),  followed  by  many  writers. 
aplysiid  (ap-Us'i-id),  «.     A  gastropod  of  the 

family  Aiilysiidce. 
Aplysiidx  (ap-li-si'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aply- 
sia +  -idle.]  A  family  of  tectibranchiate  gas- 
tropods, of  which  the  genus  Aplysia  is  the  tj-pe, 
having  the  shell  rudimentary  or  wanting.  Be- 
sides .iplifffia,  there  are  several  other  genera,  as  Dolabella 
anil  y  of  archil.^,  and  the  species  are  numerous.  Also  incor- 
rectly written  .ii'hisiit.hr  and  .l/'hisufic.  The  same  group 
is  also  naiiieil  .I/-/i/,via.va.  Ai'ti/siaiiii,  and  .-t/i^i/.s-muff. 
apneumatic  (ap-nfi-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  inrvcl- 
(laToq,  not  blown  through  (<  <i-  priv.  -I-  ttvev- 
/la(r-),  breath,  blowing),  -I-  -ic :  see  a-18  and 
pnrumntic.]  Uninflatcd;  collapsed:  applied 
to  the  lungs. 

apneumatosis  (ap-nu-ma-to'sis),  (I.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a7ri'ce//arof,  not  blown  through  (see  apneu- 
matic), +  -osis.}     An  uuiniiateti  condition  of 


Aplustre  of  an  ancient  Greek  Ship. 


Depilatory  Si 


Aplysia  cUfiilans). 


261 

portions  of  the  lungs,  especially  that  condition 
of  lobular  dist  ribution  which  results  from  bron- 
chitis. It  is  chiefly  confined  to  infancy  and  early 
childhood. 

Apneumona  (ap-nu'mo-nii),  11.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  'ti  iijimiimou:  see  apneiimoiious.]  An 
order  of  holothurians;  one  of  two  orders  into 
which  the  class  Ilolothuioidca  is  di\isible  (the 
other  being  Ifipiininifimi  or  1'iiniiinniiiiilioni). 
They  have  no  oi-gaiisof  resjiiralion,  iioi-  fii\  i.iiah  .ii;.'aiis. 
The  order  contains  those  bolothniiaiis  whieli  are  biiriiapli- 
rodite.  as  Siitiapta.  It  is  divisible  into  two  families,  .S>- 
iuiplhlii-  and  llitriiwlabidw.     See  cut  under  Syiuipta. 

Apneumones  (ap-nu'mo-nez),  II.  pi.  Same  as 
.Ipiiviiinomi. 

apneumonous  (ap-nu'mo-nus),  a.  [<  NL.  ap- 
nciiiiiuii,<.  Gr.  airvev/iuv,  without  lungs  (breath), 

<  a-  priv.  -I-  TTvel'/iuv,  liuig  (Twi'//«,  breath).] 
Having  no  respiratory  organs;  si>ecifieally, 
pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  .Ipiiciiiiioiia. 

Apneusta  (ap-nus'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
ajiucii.stii.'i,  <  (jtr.  aTTvcvsTOi;  without  breath,  <  a- 
priv.  -I-  "Trwuoriif,  verbal  adj.  of  Trvciv,  breathe.] 
A  subortler  of  opisthobranchiato  gastropods: 
a  synonym  of  Ahraiichia  or  Dermatopnoa  (which 
see).     See  also  Sacoglos.sa. 

apnOBa  (ap-ne'ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ajrtwa,  want 
of  wind,  <  (i-i'ooi;,  without  wind,  breathless,  <  a- 
priv.  +  Trvtlv,  blow,  breathe.]  In  puthol.,  par- 
tial privation  or  suspension  of  respiration ;  want 
of  breath.  Specillcally,  it  denotes  the  inbiliition  of  re.s- 
Iiiration  liy  the  presence  of  an  abnoriiially  ;^reat  quantity 
of  o.xygen  in  tbe  blood.  Itis  also  imjn'operly  used  by  some 
to  denote  the  opposite  condition,  that  of  asphttxia. 

apnoeal  (ap-ne'al),  a.    Characterized  by  apnooa. 

apnoeic  (ap-ne'ik),  a.     Same  as  apiiwal. 

apo-.  [L.,  etc.,  oj)o-,  <  Gr.  a-o-,  prefix,  an-(i,prep.. 
=  L.  abz=  Skt.  apa  =  AS.  of,  E.  of,  off,  etc. :  see 
ab-  and  of,  off.  Before  a  vowel  the  prefix  be- 
comes ap;  Gr.  a-rr- ;  before  the  rough  breathing, 
aph-,  Gr.  a^-.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing off,  from,  away  from  (in  respect  to  place, 
time,  or  origin). 

apobates  (a-pob'a-tez),  «. ;  p\.  apobatw  (-te). 
[Gr.  aTo,i«r;/f,  lit.  one  who  dismounts,  <  Atto- 
fiaivai',  step  off  from,  dismount,  <  dn-il,  off,  -1- 
jiaiveiv,  verbal  adj.  j-iaT6q,  step,  go.]  In  Gr. 
antiq.,  a  warrior  who  rode  into  action  on  a 
chariot,  standing  beside  the  charioteer,  and 
leaped  off  and  on,  according  to  the  exigencies 
of  the  fight,  while  the  chariot  was  in  motion. 
This  method  of  ft„ht 
ing  was  a  tradition  ni 
Greece  from  the  her  i 
age,  but  in  lustLii 
times  the  practice  w  i 
preserved  only  in  I  e 
tia  and  iu  Athens  i  \\ 
tieuharly  as  a  featui  e  ol 
the  Panatbenaic  pi  o 
cession  in  the  latter 
state. 

In  the  Theseion 
(frieze]  .  .  .  there  are 
figures  to  be  found  re- 
sembling in  form,  atti- 
tude, armour,  and  dress 
the  a/'ohatie,  who  leap 
on  to  ttieir  chariots  in 
the  I'arthenon  frieze. 
A.  S.  Murray,  Greek 
(Sculpture,  I.  2-14. 

apoblast  (ap'6- 
blast),  «.  [<  Gr. 
(m6,  off,  +  ji7-aar6q, 
germ.]  In  bioL,  a  so-called  directive  coriniscle ; 
a  small  temporary  body  formed  in  an  imim- 
pregnated  o\aim  as  a  result  of  cell-division. 
See  extract. 

Resting  on  the  dividing  upper  sphere  are  the  eight- 
shaped  "\iirective  corpuscles,"  better  called  "  pneseminal 
outcast  cells  or  apobta^tx,"  since  they  are  the  result  of  a 
cell-division  which  atfects  the  egg-cell  before  it  is  impreg- 
nated, and  arc  mere  refuse  destined  to  disappear. 

K.  It.  Lankester,  Ellcyc.  lirit.,  XVI.  Il;t7. 

apocalypse  (a-pok'a-lips),  v.  [<  ME.  apocalipse, 
-li/ps,   etc.,   abbr.  "pocalyps,   <   L.   apocalyp.fi.% 

<  Gr.  cnzoiia?.viJ!ic,  an  uncovering,  revelation,  < 
dn-oKa^iijTTtii',  uncover,  reveal,  <  oto,  from,  -I- 
/>a/'.iiirrf(v,  cover.]  Revelation  ;  discovery ;  lUs- 
closure;  specifically  (with  a  capital  letter),  a 
title  of  the  last  book  of  the  New  Testament, 
usually  calleil  the  book  of  Revelation,  and  in 
the  English  version  the  Revelation  of  St.  John 
the  Divine. 

apocalypt  (a-pok'a-lipt),  n.  [<  Gr.  as  if  "a-rom- 
AiiizTi/r,  a  revealcr,'  <  a-0Ka?.v77Teiv,  reveal :  see 
apocaliipse,  and  cf.  apocalijplist.']  The  author 
of  the  "Apocalypse.     Coleridge.     [Rare.] 

apocalyptic  (a-pok-a-lip'tik),  a.  and  >i.  [<  Gr. 
liTo^a/nnTKiif,  <  dTo/iaXeTTfrn:  see  apocalypse.] 
I.  a.  1.  Containing  or  pertaining  to  an  apoca- 
lypse or  revelation;  specifically,  relating  to  or 


apocar- 
In  bat., 


Apocarpous  Fniit 
(achenia;  of  Thatic- 
trutn  anetnonoiiies 
(rue-anemone). 

( Gray's  "  Genera  of 
Plants  of  U.S.") 


Apobates.—  Frieze  of  the  Parthenon, 
British  Museum. 


apocopate 

simulating  the  book  of  lievelation  in  the  New 
Testament. —  2.  Given  to  the  explanation  or 
application  of  prophecy. 

As  if  (foi'sootb)  tlici'e  could  nut  he  so  nincli  as  a  few 
bouses  tired,  .  .  .  but  that  some '//i((ca^.i///f/e  ignoramus  or 
other  must  presently  llnd,  and  jiick  it  out  of  some  abused, 
martyred  proplui  y  of  Ezekiel,  Daniel,  or  the  lievelation. 
.South,  .Sermons,  V.  67. 
Apocalyptic  number,  the  number  am,  spoken  of  in  Key. 

.\ili.  IS. 

II.  )(.  Same  as  apocalyptist. 

The  divine  apocalyjttic.  Li(jIit/oot,  Misc.,  p.  107. 

apocalyptical  (a-pok-a-lip'ti-kal),  a.     Same  as 

apofaly/itie. 

apocalyptically  (a-pok-a-lip'ti-kal-i),  ado.  In 
an  apoealy]itic  manner;  in,  or  in  relation  to, 
the  Apooalyiise;  by  revelation. 

apocalypticism  (a-pok-a-  lip '  ti-sizm),  n.  [< 
apocabjjttic  +  -ism.]  1.  In  thiol.,  the  doctrine  of 
the  second  coming  and  personal  reign  of  Christ 
upon  the  earth:  so  called  from  its  supposed 
justification  in  the  Apocalyjise  or  Revelation 
of  St.  Jolm.     See  millviiarianism. 

The  old  Christian  cschatology  is  set  aside ;  no  one  haa 
dealt  such  deadly  blows  to  C'hiliasni  and  Christian  apoca- 
lypticiam  as  Origen.  Kncyc.  lirit.,  XVII.  842. 

2.  Excessive  fondness  for  interpreting  the 
prophecies  of  the  Apocalypse;  tendency  to 
theorize  ovcr-confidently  as  to  the  events  of  the 
last  days,  on  the  ground  of  a  favorite  individual 
or  polemical  explanation  of  the  Apocalypse. 

apocalyptist  (a-iiok-.a-lip'tisl),   H.     [As  apoca- 
lypt +  -ist.]     1.  The  writer  of  the  Apocalypse. 
—  2.  An  interjjreter  of  the  Apocalypse. 
Also  (tpncalyptic. 

apocarpous  (ap-o-kiir'pus),  a.  [<  NL 
pus,  <  Gr.  a-6,  from,  +  Kup-6r,  fruit.] 
having  the  eaii)el8  of  the  gy- 
uoecium  separate.  Applied  to  an 
ovary  or  a  fruit  composed  of  one  or 
more  simple  and  distinct  pistils,  aa 
in  the  Jianunculacece  and  many  Ro- 
nar^/r. 

apocatastasis  (ap"o-ka-tas'ta- 

sis),  II.  [<  Gr.  azona-aaTaaiq, 
the  period  of  a  star,  return, 
restoration,  <  ii-oKadicTiirai.  re- 
store, return,  reestablish,  < 
aiTo,  from,  -1-  KodwTavai,  estab- 
lish,<  /iard,  down,  -I-  laTai'tu,  set, 
cause  to  stand,  =  L.  stare,  stand.]  Reestablish- 
ment ;  fiUl  restoration ;  final  restitution,  fsed 
specifically  to  denote  —  (rtt)  In  astroii.,  the  periodic  circu- 
lation of  a  planet,  as  bringing  it  back  to  the  point  from 
which  it  had  set  out.  (6)  In  i/iei/.,  the  restoration  which 
is  indicated  by  the  cessation  or  subsiding  of  an  abscess  or  a 
tumor,  (c)  In  thiol.,  tbe  final  restitution  of  all  things,  itl 
which  all  the  wicked  of  all  time  will  be  fully  restored  to  the 
favor  of  God.  Tile  doctrine  of  such  a  restitution,  founded 
■  ■\\  Actsiii.  21  and  other  pjissages  of  .Scripture,  lias  appeared 
in  the  Christian  church  at  ditferent  times  diuing  the  past 
-■  venteen  centuries,  and  forms  an  important  feature  of 
I  hr  creed  of  nioilern  I'liivcrsalista.  See  restitution.  Mao 
lu'lK'il  ti/^uliitta.ftatijt. 

apocatharsis  (ap'o-ka-thilr'sis),  «.  [NL.,  < 
I  Ir.  u-ijkiiihiiiair,  that  which  is  cleared  off,  <  diro- 
hiiihiijnn;  clear  off,  cleanse,  <  «-d,  off,  +  nadai- 
"iir,  cleanse:  see  cathartic]  In  wicf/.,  same  as 
riitharsis.     Dunglison. 

apocathartic  (ap'6-ka-thiir'tik),  fi.  and  «.     [< 
I  Ir.  a-oKctiapTiKog,  clearing  off,  cleansing,  <  a-o- 
Mtlaipciv,  clear  off:   see   apocatharsis.]    I.   a. 
Same  as  cathartic,  1. 
II.  )i.   A  cathartic. 

apochromatic  (ap'o-ki-o-mafik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
ti-u,  fi'ora,  +  ,T-/)"/'a(r-),  color,  -I-  -/<•.]  An  epi- 
thet descriptive  of  an  improved  form  of  lens 
devised  by  Professor  Abbe  of  Jena,  constructed 
of  new  kinds  of  glass  which  allow  of  a  more 
perfect  correction  of  chromatic  and  spherical 
aberration  than  has  hitherto  Vieen  possible.  The 
kinds  of  gla.ss  employed  are  ehietly  remarkable  in  that 
their  dispersion  for  different  parts  of  the  spectrum  is  near- 
ly proportional :  hence  a  lens  constructed  of  them  is  not 
subject  to  the  limitation  of  an  ordinary  achromatic  lens  of 
being  strictly  achromatic  for  two  coloi-jiouly.  .\  not  her  de- 
fect of  ordinary  lenses,  that  their  sphelieal  aberration  is 
not  corrected  for  all  mys,  is  also  largely  overcome. 

The  elimination  of  these  errors  realizes  an  achromatiara 
of  higher  order  than  has  hitherto  been  attained.  The  ob- 
jectives of  this  system  may  be  therefore  distinguished  from 
achromatic  lenses  in  the  old  sense  of  the  word  tiy  the  tf  rm 
apochromati.'nit.  and  may  be  called  apoc/ireninfic objectives. 
Jour.  Hoy.  Micros.  Sue.,  Feb.,  lbS7,  p.  23. 

apochromatism  (ap-o-kro'ma-tizm),  «.  [<  apo- 
ehromat-ic  +  -ism.]  The  condition  of  being 
apochromatic.     See  above. 

apocopate  (a-pok'o-pat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
aporojialid,  ppr.  apocopating,  [<  apocope  + 
-((/(-.]  Ill  (/ram.,  to  cut  off  or  drop  the  last 
letter  or  svliable  of  (a  word). 

apocopate,  apocopated  (a-pok'o-pat,  -pa-ted), 
p.  a.  Cutoff:  applied — («)  in  f/ram.,  to  a  word 
from  which  the  last  letter  or  syllable  has  been 


apocopate 

out  off,  or  to  the  i^irt  thus  romoved ;  (h)  in 
math.,  to  a  scries  of  quotients  coiistitutiiif;  a 
coutiuiiaut,  when  tho  lirst  or  last  member  of  tlio 
scries  is  cut  olT. 
apocope  (a-poli'o-pe),  «.     [L.,  <  Gr.fi roKOTT//,  a 

cutting    off,  <  ilTTOKUTTTCn',     cut    off,  <  li.TO,     off,    + 

KdTTTeiv,  cut.]  1.  Ill  (/ram.,  tlie  cutting  off  or 
omission  of  the  last  letter  or  syllahle  of  a  word, 
as  in  III'  for  llic,  i'  for  in. — 2.  In  xnn/.,  a  wound 
with  loss  of  substance;  ablation;  amimtation. 
— 3.  [«(/).]  [NL.]  In  MuL,  a  genus  of  plee- 
tospondylous  lishes,  of  the  family  Ci/iiriniilw. 
It  contains  several  species  of  western  North 
Aniericii,  sucli  as  -J.  coucsi.     E.  V.  Vopc,  1871. 

apocrenic  (ap-r>-kren'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-6,  from, 
+  Kiiiivij,  a  spring,  +  -ic]  Obtained  from 
springs:  used  only  in  the  following  i)hrase. 
— Apocrenic  acid,  an  uiuTystalliziilile  Id-nun  t'iii""iy 
nciil,  sdliilile  in  vvatci-,  ixistiiiK  in  certain  mineral  springs, 
and  in  the  v.-iiitaMe  nmlil  nl  soil  tot;ether  with  crenic 
acid,  fnini  wliidi  it  is  formed  by  oxidation. 

Apocreos  (a-pok're-os),  n.  [LGr.  a-6Kpeug,  a 
season  of  tasting;  ef.  airoKpeovv,  abstain  from 
flesh,  <  Gr.  i't-6,  from,+  npca^,  flesh.]  In  the  Gr. 
Ck. :  (a)  Sexagesima  Sunday :  so  called  be- 
cause abstinence  from  flesh  begins  fi-om  that 
day.  (6)  The  week  preceding  Sexagesima,  in 
some  respects  analogous  to  the  carnival  of 
western  Europe. 

apocrisary  (a-pok'ri-sa-ri),  n. ;  pi.  apocrisaries 
(-riz).     Same  as  npocrwianj. 

apocrisiary  (ap-o-kris'i-a-ri),  n. ;  pi.  apocrisia- 
rks  (-riz).  [<  LL.  apocrmarius,  also  apocri.sa- 
rius,  <  Gr.  a-oKjuaic,  an  answer,  <  airoKpivenOai, 
answer,  mid.  of  a^roKpiveiv,  separate,  distin- 
guish, <  d-6,  from,  +  Kpiveiv,  separate,  dis- 
tinguish, =  L.  cenwrc,  separate,  distinguish: 
see  critic  and  crisis.^  Formerly,  the  title  of  va- 
rious diplomatic  or  ministerial  officers ;  esjie- 
cially — (a)  of  the  representatives  of  tho  see  of 
Rome  and  other  chief  sees  at  Constantinople ; 
(b)  of  the  papal  representatives  at  the  court  of 
Charlemagne  and  his  successors,  until  the  title 
was  given  to  an  imperial  officer,  after  which 
the  fonner  were  called  legates  or  nuncios. 

apocrustict  (ap-o-krus'tik),  a.  and  «.  [<  Gr. 
aTTOKpovaTiKoc.  able  to  drive  oft',  repellent,  <  aird- 
Kpovaro^,  di'iven  off,  verbal  adj.  of  azoKpo'veiv, 
beat  off,  drive  off,  <  inrS,  off,  -f-  Kpoveiv,  beat, 
strike.]  I.  a.  In  mcd.,  repelling;  astringent. 
II.  II.  An  astringent  and  repellent  medicine. 

apocrypha  (a-pok'ri-fa),  n.pl.,  also  used  as  si«(/. 
[In  ME.  as  a  quasi-adj.,  in  lit.  sense ;  <  LL.  ajw- 
crijpha, neut.  pi.  (sc.  scripta)  of  apocryplius,<.  Gr. 
ciTzdKpvipo^  (neut.  pi.  cnrdKpvfa,  se.  ypafiftaTa  or 
Bijilia),  hidden,  concealed,  obscure,  recondite, 
hard  to  understand;  in  eecles.  use,  of  writ- 
ings, anonymous,  of  unknown  or  undetermined 
authorship  or  authority,  unrecognized,  unca- 
nonieal,  spurious,  pseudo-;  <  n-oupv-Ttiv,  hide 
away,  conceal,  obscure,  <  aird,  away,  +  Kpi'irrtiv, 
hide,  conceal:  see  ojw-and  cn/;i?.]  1.  A  writ- 
ing or  statement  of  doubtful  aiithorship  or  au- 
thenticity :  formerly  used,  in  the  predicate,  as  a 
quasi-adjective. 

The  writjiige  is  Apocnpha  whaime  the  auctor  therof  is 
xuiknowe. 

Trevisa,  tr.  of  Higden's  Polychron.,  V.  105.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

That  .  .  .  Kingsenjoy'd  their  Crowns  by  Right  descend- 
ing to  them  from  Adam,  that  we  think  not  only  Apocrypha, 
but  also  utterly  impossible. 

Locke,  Government,  11.  i.  11.    (^N.  E.  D.) 

Specifically — 2.  Eecles.:  (a)  A  name  given  in 
the  early  church  to  various  writings  of  uncer- 
tain origin  and  authority,  regarded  by  some 
as  inspired,  but  rejected  by  most  authorities  or 
believers.  Such  hooks  were  either  works  acknowledged 
to  be  useful  and  edifying,  but  not  established  as  canonical, 
orelso  heretical  writings  absolutely  rejected  by  the  chiu-ch. 
(6)  [cap.']  A  collection  of  foui-teen  books  sub- 
joined to  the  canonical  books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment in  the  authorized  version  of  the  Bible,  as 
originally  issued,  but  now  geuerallv  omitted. 
They  do  not  exist  in  the  Heljrew  Bible,  but  are  found  with 
others  of  the  same  character  scattered  through  the  Sep- 
tuagint  and  Vulgate  versiiuis  of  the  Old  Testament.  They 
are  :  First  and  .Second  Esdrius  (otherwise  Third  and  Fourth 
r.sdnis  or  Ezra,  reckoning  Neheniiah  as  .Second  Ezra  or 
E8dras).TobitorTobiiis,.Iu(lith,  the  Rest  of  Esther,  Wisdom 
otSolorjion,  EcclcBiiLsticus,  lianuhCas jciiiicd  to.Terciniah) 
parts  of  llaniel  (nanuly.  Song  of  the  'rline  Cliildrin.  the 

History  of  Susanna,  the  Deslnicti f  l;el  and  the  liragon) 

the  I'rayer  of  .M;inassis,  and  I'irst  and  Sec. ml  Muceabies! 
Mostofthescarer.r.ignizeilliy  the  l;"niunc';illioliiChnreli 
as  fully  canonical,  though  tlieologians  of  that  church  often 
distinguish  them  as  deuterocanonical,  o]i  the  grtuind  th.at 
their  place  in  the  canon  was  decided  later  than  that  of  the 
other  books,  limiting  the  name  Apocrypha  to  the  two 
Oast)  books  of  Esdnw  and  the  I'rayer  of  Manasses,  and 
other  books  not  in  the  above  collection,  namely,  Third 
and  Fourth  Maccabee.s,  a  book  of  Enoch,  an  additional  or 
161st  I's.alm  of  David,  and  eighteen  I'saln>s  of  Sidmnon. 
With  those  sometimes  are  included   certain  pseudepi- 


262 

(rraphic  books,  such  as  the  Apocalypse  of  liaruch  and  the 
A.s.sumiition  of  Mo.scs.  The  natjie  Apocrypha  is  also  occa- 
sionally made  to  embrace  the  Antilrgomcna  of  the  .New 
Testament.  The  ti  reek  Churcb  makes  no  distim-tion  among 
the  books  ciudained  in  the  .Septuagint.  In  the  Anglican 
and  I.utlu-ran  churches,  the  Apoeryjiha  are  read  for  ex- 
ample of  life  and  instruction  of  manners,  but  not  for  the 
establishing  of  any  doctrine.  See  antUetjumcna  and  deu- 
lrroi'(iiH'nic<il. 

apocryphal  (a-pok'ri-fal),  a.  and  «.      [<  NL. 

apucriijihiilis,'!.  LL.  apncryplia:  see  apocrypha.] 
1.  a.  1.  Of  doubtful  aiithorship,  authenticity, 
or  inspiration ;  sptu-ious;  fictitious;  false. 

The  apocryphal  relics  of  saints  and  apostles  which  then 
burdened  the  shrines  of  Greek  churches. 

Tickmtr,  .Span.  Lit.,  I.  \ib. 

Specifically — 2.  Eecles.:  (o)  Of  doubtful  sanc- 
tion; uncanonical;  having  no  ecclesiastical 
authority. 

.Jerome  .  .  .  saith  that  all  wTitings  not  canonical  are 
apocryphal.  Hooker. 

(b)  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Apocrypha:  as,  "the 
Apocryphal  writers,"  Addison. 

II.  n.  A  writing  not  canonical;  a  book  or 
passage  of  uncertain  source,  authority,  or 
credit.     [Rare.] 

Nicephorus  and  .^n.astasius,  .  .  .  because  they  were 
interpolated  and  corrupted,  did  rank  these  epistles  in  the 
number  of  aj'ocryphids.     Ilaniner,  Eecles.  Antiq.,  p.  419. 

apocryphalist  (a-pok'ri-fal-ist),  n.  [<  apocry- 
phal +  -i>/.]  An  advocate  of  the  canonieity  of 
the  Apoerjnjha. 

apocryphally  (a-pok'ri-fal-i),  adv.  In  an  apoe- 
ryjihal  manner;  uncertainly;  equivocally; 
doubtfully. 

apocryphalness  (a-pok'ri-fal-nes),  n.  [<  apoc- 
ryphal  +  -iicss.']  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
apocrj'phal  or  of  uncertain  authenticity. 

apocryphicalt  (ap-o-krif'i-kal),  a.  [<  apocry- 
pha +  -ic-al.']  Apocryphal.  Bp.  Bull,  Cor.  of 
Ch.  of  Rome. 

Apocynaceae  (a-pos-i-na'se-e),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Apiicyinim  +  -acew.]  A  natural  order  of  dicoty- 
ledonous plants,  having  for  its  type  the  genus 
Apocynum,  or  dogbane.  It  is  very  nearly  allied  to 
the  order  Asdepiadaceev,  from  which,  however,  it  is  distin- 
guished by  the  fact  that  its  stamens  are  free  from  the 
style  and  stigma,  and  its  anthers  contain  granul.ar  pollen. 
The  species  are  Largely  tropical,  and  have  a  milky  juice 
that  is  often  acrid  and  sometimes  very  poisonous.  In- 
di.a-rubber  is  obtained  from  several  species  in  Africa,  India, 
and  South  America.  The  order  furnishes  woods  that  are 
used  for  carving  and  furniture,  several  fiber-plants,  barks 
valuable  in  medicine,  and  some  edible  fruits.  It  includes 
the  ordeal-tree  of  Madagascar  {Cerbera  Taioihin),  the 
milk-tree  of  Demerara,  the  cream-fruit  of  Sierra  Leone, 
and  the  periwinkle  (Vinca),  oleander  {Neriuin  Oleander), 
Cape  jasmine  (Rhynchospermum),  and  plants  of  the  ge- 
nus Allamanda  which  are  cultivated  in  gardens  and  green- 
houses. 

apocynaceous  (a-pos-i-na'shius),  a.  [<  NL. 
apocyiiaceus:  see  Apocynacew.']  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Apocynacew. 

apocyneous  (ap-o-sin'e-us),  a.  [<  NL.  apocy- 
luus,  <  Apiocynum,  q.  v. j  Same  as apocynaceoits. 
Hooker. 

apocynin(a-pos'i-nin),  »i.  [<.  Apocynnm  +  -in-.'] 
A  bitter  principle  derived  from  dogbane,  Apocy- 
num cannahinum. 

Apocynuni  (a-pos'i-num),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  apocy- 
luin,  dogbane  (Aconitiim  lyeoctonuin,  Linnaeus), 
<  Gr.  anbKvvov,  a  plant,  Cyiianchus  ercctus,  <  a~u, 
from,  away,  +  muv  (k-w-),  a  dog,  =  E.  hound.] 
Dogbane,  a  genus  of  perennial  herbs,  type 
of  the  natural  order  Apocynacea:  (wliich  see), 
and  including  three  species,  of  which  two,  A. 
androsieinifolittin  and  J.  cannahinum,  are  North 
American.  The  common  name  of  tlu'  hatter  is  Indiou 
hemp,  from  the  use  of  its  fibrous  and  extieniely  tough  bark 
by  the  American  Indians  for  making  nets,  etc. 

apod,  apode  (ap'od,  -6d),  «.  and  n.  [<  NL. 
aj)us  {apod-),  <  Gr.  airovc  (ottocS-),  footless,  <  a- 
priv.  +  ffoi'f  (Trot!-)  =  E.  foot.]  I,  a.  Footless; 
apodal. 

II.  n.  An  apodal  or  apodous  animal ;  an  ani- 
mal without  feet,  or  supposed  to  have  none ;  a 
member  of  one  of  the  several  groups  called 
Ajioda  or  Ajwdes. 

Apoda  (ap'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  apiis- 
{ajio(l-),<.  Gr.  akovg  (airoii-),  footless:  see  apod.] 
In  ::o(il.,  a  name  given  to  various  groups  of  ani- 
mals, (rt)  As  used  by  Ai-istotle,  the  third  division  of 
Zootoka,  or  air-breathing  animals  wluch  bring  forth  their 
young  alive.  It  included  the  whales.  This  probably  origi- 
n.al  use  of  tile  W4>rd  still  lingers  in  some  systems.  See  {b). 
('')  Those  placental  mamnuils  which  have  no  feet,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Pedota  (which  see),  (c)  In  ichth., 
same  as  Apodes.  (d)  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classification, 
the  secontl  order  of  echinoderms,  contrasted  with  Pedi- 
cellata.  It  is  a  heterogeneous  group,  consisting  of  the 
following  genera;  Molpodin,  Miiiyit.<,  rriaptilii.^,  Lithoder- 
mi/i.  .Sip'hnnculilti,  Boif  lliu,  7'haia.^senia  ;  the  fil'st  a  holo- 
thnrian,  the  seciuid  a  ctelentei-ate.  the  rest  gephyrcans. 
(<)  With  Van  der  lioeven,  an  order  of  echinoderms.  See 
Oephyrea.    (/)  In  Clauss  arrangement,  an  order  of  holo 


apodictic 

tburians,  containing  the  families  Synaptitiir  and  ifoU 
padiidfi',  the  last  of  which  coiiKtitiites  hts  subcu'der  Pneu- 
ma]u>phora.  (tf)  In  Maclcjiys  system  of  cI.xssiflcation,  a 
division  of  Annelida,  including  those  which  have  no  feet 
or  distinct  head  :  opposed  tct  Polypoda.  It  is  divided  into 
three  groups,  the  Luiohririna,  Si'niertirui,:\,\n\  llirudinea, 
or  the  earthworms,  nenierteans,  and  leeches.  (A)  An  order 
of  Amphibia,  same  iis  Gynuiophiona  or  Ojihiunwrpha,  con- 
stituted by  the  fanuly  Ctfriiiidie  alone.  (0  A  group  of 
degraded  parasitic  cirripeds,  having  a  vermiform  bo<ly, 
a  suctorial  mouth,  no  thoracic  or  abdominal  lindts  (and 
consequently  no  cirri),  and  a  rudimentary  peiiuncle  repre- 
sented liy  two  separate  threads  bearing  tlie  characteristic 
antennifonn  organs.  There  is  but  one  genus,  Proteole- 
pas  (which  see). 

apodal  (ap'o-dal),  a.  [<  apod  or  Apoda  +  -al.] 
Having  no  feet,  or  supposed  to  have  none ;  foot- 
less: applied  specifically  in  zoiil.  to  members 
of  the  several  groups  called  Apoda  or  Ajiodcs, 
especially  to  the  fishes  so  called. 

apodan  (ap'o-dan),  H.  [<  Ajioda.]  One  of  the 
Ajioda  or  Apodes. 

apodeictic,  etc.    See  apodietir,  etc. 

apodeipnon  (ap-6-dip'non),  «.  [<  Gr.  iiTToiei- 
-fof,  the  after-supper  ser\'ice,  <  «~o,  off,  -I-  ieU 
-mv,  the  evening  meal.]     See  complin. 

apodema  (a-pod'e-mii),  n. ;  pi.  apodcmata  (ap- 
o-dem'a-tii).  [NL.,  <^  Gr.  a-u,  from,  off,  -f-  iefiais, 
body,  frame.]  A  name  given  to  the  plates  of 
chitin  which  pass  inward  from  the  integuments 
of  crustaceans,  and  divide  as  well  as  support 
their  internal  organs.     Also  apodcmc. 

apodemal  (a-pod'e-mal),  a.  Having  the  char- 
acter of  an  apodema :  as,  an  apodemal  parti- 
tion; an  ajiodemal  chamber.  Also  apudema- 
toiis. 

apodemata,  it.    Plural  of  apodema. 

apodematous  (ap-o-dem'a-tus),  a.  Same  as 
ajiodiiiuil. 

apodeme  (ap'o-dem),  n.     Same  as  apodema. 

apoderm  (ap'o-derm),  «.  [<  NL.  apodcrma,  < 
Gr.  a-6dep/ja,  a  hide  strjjjped  off,  <  airodipciv, 
skin,  flay,  <  aTto,  =  E.  off,  +  tSipeiv,  skin,  flay,  = 
E.  fertcl.  a.  derm.]  One  of  the  egg-membranes 
of  the  mites  called  trombidiids,  developed  only 
under  special  conditions. 

apoderma  (ap-o-der'ma),  n.  ;  pi.  apodermata 
(-ma-tii).     [NL.]     Same  as  apoderm. 

Apodes  (ap'o-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  masc.  pi.  of 
apius  (njjorf-):  see  apod.]  1.  .An  order  of  fishes 
to  which  very  different  limits  have  been  as- 
signed, (n)  In  the  cliissiflcatiou  of  Linna>us  (1758),  a 
group  of  osseous  hshes  without  ventral  fins  and  com- 
prising a  heterogeneous  assemblage  of  representatives  of 
various  modern  orders,  (p)  In  Eloch  and  Schneider's  sys- 
tem (ISOl),  stime  one  of  several  orders  of  fi;-bes,  the  name 
being  repeated  under  several  so-called  classes  which  were 
distinguished  by  the  number  of  fins.  As  thus  used,  the 
word  was  .1  descriptive  rather  than  a  distinctive  terra, 
(c)  In  Cuviers  system,  a  section  of  the  malacopter.vgians, 
the  name  being  applied  adjectively  to  such  tonus  as  are 
destitute  of  ventral  fins.  The  tnie  eels,  symbranchiate 
eels,  Gymnonoti,  typical  Ophidioidea,  and  Arnmodytoidea 
were  referred  to  this  group,  (d)  By  various  later  WTiters 
the  name  was  used  as  a  distinctive  ordinal  name.  By  T. 
MuUer  the  Oi>hidioidea  and  Amtnodytoidea  were  elimi- 
nated. By  Gill,  in  1861,  the  order  was  restricted  to  the 
t.vpical  and  symbranchiate  eels,  and  later  (1884)  to  the 
true  eels,  or  teleost  fishes  with  the  intermaxillaries  atro- 
phied or  lost,  the  supenuaxillaries  lateral,  and  the  body 
anguilliform  and  destitute  of  ventral  fins.  These  char- 
acters are  correlated  with  various  others  which  justify 
the  isolation.  The  principal  fiuuilies  are  the  AnguilUdoe, 
Ophichthyidw,  and  Mura'nidce. 

2.  In  De  Blainville's  system  of  classification, 
a  division  of  his  EntDmocoaria  :  the  apodal,  as 
distinguished  from  the  ch^topod,  entomozoans. 
It  includes  the  leeches,  and  is  approximately  ecpiivalent 
to  the  llirudinea  of  modern  naturalists,  but  contains  many 
intestmal  worms. 

Apodia  (a-pod'i-a),  «.  pi.  [Nli.,  <  Gr.  ottovc 
{uTToii-),  without  feet:  see  apod.]  In  Gegen- 
baur's  system  of  classification,  one  of  two 
divi.sions  of  Holothuroida  (the  other  being  7iH- 
podia),  established  for  the  reception  of  the 
genus  Syiiiijita  and  allied  forms. 

apodictic,  apodeictic  (ap-o-dik'tik,  -dik'tik),o. 

and  II.  [<  L.  ajwdicticiis,  <  Gr.  a-uoSemTiKui;,  de- 
monstrative, demonstrating.  <  a -o(5£(KTor,  demon- 
strated, verlial  adj.  ofa-odcik-i'ivai,  demonstrate, 
point  out,  show,  <  a-6,  from,  +  ieiKviTai.  point 
out,  show,  =  L.  diccre,  say:  see  diction.]     I.  a. 

1.  Demonstrative;  incontestable  because  de- 
monstrated or  demonstrable;  of  the  nature  of 
necessary  proof. 

The  argimientation  is  from  a  similitude,  therefore  not 
apodictick,  orof  eviilent  demonstration. 

Dr.  J.  Kobumm,  Eudoxa  (165S),  p.  23. 

There  is  one  character  which  will  be  considered  deci- 
sive, and  that  is  the  aimlictic  certainty  belonging  to 
mattiematical  conclusions. 

(f.  II.  Lewes.  Probs.  of  Life  and  Jlind.  I.  i.  §  202. 

2.  In  lofjie,  a  tenn  descriptive  of  a  form  of 
judgment  in  which  the  connection  of  subject 
and  predicate  is  asserted  to  be  necessary ;  as- 
serting  its  own   necessity.     Thus,  "Two  spheres 


apodictic 

whose  centers  arc  distant  frniii  eacli  other  by  less  than  the 
sum  of  their  niilii  musl  iiitci-setl "'  Woulil  he  an  ai'mlirfic 
juilpnient.  Sucli  jmik'inerits  may  he  false.  This  use  nt  the 
word  appears  to  have  uri^'inated  with  Kant. 

II.  H.  The  logical  doctriiiG  of  demonstration 
and  of  science. 

Apfulirtic,  we  may  assume,  is  in  like  manner  the  formal 
study  of  wliat  eonstitutes  knowled^ie  strictly  so  calleii, 
the  nature  of  the  [(liiuiiihs  on  which  knt)\vled(;e  rest^^, 
the  special  mark.s  distin^jnishing  it,  and  the  method  hy 
which  knowledge  is  framed. 

li.  .hliiiiimn,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  785. 

apodictical,   apodeictical  (ap-o-dik-'ti-kal, 

-dik'ti-U;il ).  ft.     Sairn'  as  itjuiilU'iic,  niHiilrirlir, 

apodictically,  apodeictically  (ai)-o-dii<'ti- 
kal-i,  -dik'ti-kal-i),  ailv.  1.  Demonstratively; 
80  as  to  bo  evident  beyond  contradiction. 

Kant's  marvellous  aeuteness  ditl  not  prevent  his  tr.in- 
seendental  from  being  a^joi/cieftea/ii/ resolved  intoalisidiite 
idealism.  Sir  M'.  Iliiuiiltuii. 

ApoilMicaUii,  we  should  say,  it  a  is  the  cause  of  f>,  then 
all  A  which  possesses  a  jHissesses  /3  ;  thus  reasoning  from 
cause  to  causatnm.    /;.  Ailaiii:fini,  Kueye.  Brit.,  XIV.  ~s'X 

2.  By,  or  in  the  manner  of,  an  apodictic  judg- 
ment.   See  ajioilirtic,  2. 

apodid  (a-pod'id),  «.  A  member  of  the  family 
.Ijxxliihe, 

Apodids  (a-pod'i-de),  w.  )>I.  [NL.,  <  Apiis 
(./;»)(/-)  +  -i'rfft'.]  A  fanuly  of  plij'Uopod  crusta- 
ceans, corrstituted  by  the  genera  Apiis,  lApiiUi- 
rus,  etc.  Sometimes  called  Apkhv,  Apusidiv. 
See  cut  under  A]>us. 

apodioxist  (ap"o-di-ok'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  LGr. 
a7ToiMui,ii;,  e.xpulsion,  <  airofituKciv,  chase  away,  (. 
a-Kd,  away,  +  (Iiukhv,  chase,  pm'sue.]  In  rliet., 
rejection  of  an  argument,  with  professed  scorn 
or  impatience,  as  irrelevant. 

apodixis,  apodeixis  (ap-a-tUk'sis,  -dik'sis),  n. 

[<  L.  (ijiodUify,  <  Gr.  (iir<i(Sf(f(f,  demonstration, 
proof,  <  airoieiKvivai,  demonstrate :  see  ajiodic- 
ijc]     Full  demonstration ;  absolute  proof . 

This  might  taste  of  a  desperate  will,  if  he  had  not  after- 
wards given  an  a})od\xis,  in  the  battle,  upon  what  platform 
he  had  projected  and  raiseil  that  hope. 

Sir  a.  lUicIt,  Hist.  Kich.  III.,  p.  CO. 

apodon  (ap'o-don),  n.  An  improper  form  of 
Hjioddn. 

apodosis  (a-pod'o-sis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  hiruihai^,  a 
giving  back,  rotm'u,  answering  clause,  <  liirocSi- 
Sumi,  give  back,  <  utto,  from,  away,  +  fitSovai, 
give,  =L.  (to)c,  give.  Cf.  dose.]  1.  In  fi ram., 
the  concluding  part  of  a  conditional  sentence ; 
the  consequent  which  results  from  or  is  depen- 
dent on  the  protasis,  or  condition;  the  conclu- 
sion. Thus,  in  the  sentence,  If  it  rains,  I  shall  not  go,  the 
ttrst  clause  is  the  /)rofrt,\-(^,  tile  second  tlic  rtynK/d.viV.  When 
the  proti-usis  is  introduced  hy  such  conditional  cunjunetious 
as  not imt luitaiid i tut,  tiiiiuijli,  ifUltuwili,  tile  apoiiosis  predi- 
cates something  opposite  to  what  nnght  have  been  looked 
for :  as.  Although  we  were  few  in  luunbers  {iirutaxia),  we 
overthrew  the  enemy  (ait(nliis-is).  By  some  graunuarians 
the  term  is  not  restricted  to  conditional  sentences,  but  is 
extended  Ut  othcis  similarly  constructed  :  thus,  in  a  simile 
the  apodosis  is  the  application  or  latter  part. 
2.  In  the  Gr.  Cli.,  the  last  day  of  a  chiu-ch  festi- 
val when  prolonged  throughout  several  days. 
It  is  sometimes  coincident  with  or  later  than  the  octave, 
but  generally  earlier. 

apodous  (ap'o-dus),  a.  [<  apod  +  -ous.'\  Foot- 
less; apodal. 

apodyterium  (ap'o-di-te'ri-um),  n.:  pi.  apodji- 
tcria  (-ii).  [Ij.,  <  Gr.  cnroth'Tj/piov,  \  aTTOth'ttjOat, 
\xndress  one's  self,  mid.  of  aTrmU'eiv,  strip,  un- 
dress, <  a-6  +  (Si'f;i>,  get  into,  put  on.]  An 
apartment  in  Greek  and  Roman  baths,  or  in 
the  palwstra,  etc.,  where  the  bathers  or  those 
taking  part  in  gjnnnastic  exercises  undressed 
and  dressed. 

apogaeumt,   apogeumt,  apogaeont,  apogeont 

(ap-o-je'um, -on),  «.  [ML.,  NL. :  see  «jJo.f/ee.] 
Original  forms  of  apoijci\ 

Thy  sun  in  his  ajittgivoii  placed. 

Fair/ai,  tr.  of  Taaso,  ii.  67. 

It  is  not  yet  agreed  in  what  time,  precisely,  i\\capogeitm 

absolveth  line  degree.  .Sir  T.  Browiw,  Vulg.  Err. 

apogamic  (ap-o-gam'ik),  a.  Same  as  apoga- 
mous. 

The  author  could  not  detect  any  act  of  impregnation  [in 
a  parasite  on  the  olive),  and  believes  that  reproduction  is 
apoijamic.  Jour.  Hui/.  Microti.  Soc,  '2d  ser.,  VI.  2!iS. 

apogamous  (a-pog'a-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  apnga- 
iiiKs,  <  (.ir.  a-6,  away  from,  -f  >'i/ior,  marriage.] 
In  hoi.,  of  the  nature  of  or  characterized  by 
apogamy. 

De  Bary  thinks  that  in  forms  where  oogonia  are  found 
without  male  {itdlinodia  they  must  be  considered  as  repre- 
senting a  distinct  apotimnotitt  species. 

SmilliKouiaii  Rep.,  1S81,  p.  40;f. 

apogamously  (a-pog'.a-mus-li),  ailr.  In  an 
apogamous  manner ;  by  apogamy. 

Those  (spores)  which  are  formetl  probably  or  actually 
without  a  sexual  process  —  in  a  word,  apo<ja  muiutlij  —  but 


263 

which  may  he  considered  ...  to  be  homologous  with 
those  which  are  actually  sexually  produced. 

Km-ijc.  Ilril.,  .\X.  -131. 

apogamy  (a-pog'a-mi),  ».  [<  NL.  apogamia,  < 
upoguimis:  see  tipogamou.s.']  In  liot. :  (a)  Gener- 
ally, the  absence  of  sexual  reproductive  power, 
the  plant  perpetuating  itself  only  by  vegetative 
means,  as  biuls,  bulbs,  etc.  (/;)  In  the  higher 
cryptogams,  tlie  immediate  devclo]imeiit  of  tlie 
perfect  plant  from  the  prothiUlus  without  the 
usual  intervention  of  sexual  organs. 

Upogeal  (ap-o-je'iil),  a.  [As  aiiogic  +  -n/.]  Ko- 
latintr  or  pertaining  to  iijiogee;  in  apogee;  be- 
ing fmthest  from  the  earth. 

SinuiltanefUisly  the  apoijral  side  [of  the  motm]  was  turn- 
ed from  the  inlluenee  of  lioth  lioilies  (earth  and  sun). 

n'inehell,  World-I.ife,  p.  381. 

apogean  (ap-o-je'an),  a.  [As  apogee  +  -«».] 
I'ertaining  to  or  connected  with  the  apogee: 
as,  apogean  (neap)  tides,  which  occur  when  the 
moon  has  passed  her  apogee.     Also  apogcic. 

apogee  (ap'o-je),  «.  [<  ML.  NL.  apogwum,  apo- 
gciim,  (ipogaoii,  apogeoii,  <  Gr.  aiT6)aioi',  aTzoyciov 
(se.  tkdaTTina,  distance),  a  planet's  greatest  dis- 
tance from  the  earth,  neut.  of  inroyamc,  a-oyeioc, 
from  the  land,  from  the  earth  ( >  L.  apogcus,  from 
the  land),' <  a-6,  from,  -t-  ;;/,  |)oet.  )aia,  earth, 
land:  see  geography,  etc.]  1.  That  point  in  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  or  other  heavenly  body  which 
is  at  the  greatest  distance  from  the  earth ;  espe- 
cially, that  particular  point  of  the  moon's  orbit. 
The  a*ncicnts  rcgard<d  the  earth  as  lixed  in  tlie  center  of 
the  universe,  and  accordingly  assigned  to  the  sun,  with  the 
planets,  an  apogct; ;  Init  now  that  the  sun  is  recognized  as 
the  center  of  our  system,  the  terms  prrihrlion  and  aphrlion 
are  eniployeil  to  denote  the  least  and  greatest  distance  of 
the  planets  from  that  orb.  Strictly,  therefore,  the  sun  is 
in  its  apogee  when  the  earth  is  in  its  aphelion.  In  the 
Ptolemaic  astnuiomy,  tlie  wan  apogee  of  the  epicycle  is 
the  pidnt  of  the  epicytdc  furthest  from  the  center  of  the 
equant;  the  trw:  apogee  of  the  ejiit  >'ele  is  that  point  of  it 
furthest  from  the  earth  ;  and  tlic  Jixril  apogee  of  the  epi- 
cycle is  that  point  of  it  furthest  from  the  center  of  the 
eccentric. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  highest  or  most  distant 
point ;  climax ;  culmination. 

It  (Bruges)  lia<i  Ity  no  means  reached  its  apogee,  but  was 
to  culminate  with  Venice.     Mottrif,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  37. 

apogeic  (ap-o-j6'ik),  o.  [As  apogee  +  -ec] 
Same  as  ajinijenn. 

apogeotropic  (ap"o-je-o-trop'ik),  a.  [<  NL. 
aj)og(cotropicii.i,  <  Gr.  amyaioc,  air6ycioi,  from  the 
earth,  -I-  -tjio-ik6c,  turnmg:  see  apogee  and 
tropic.'^  In  hot.,  characterized  by  apogeotro- 
pism;  shooting  upward;  inclined  to  turn  away 
from  the  ground. 

The  shc>ath-Uke  cotyledons,  whilst  young,  are  strongly 
apogeotrojnc.  Darwin,  Movement  in  Plants,  p.  490. 

apogeotropism  (ap"o-je-ot'ro-pizm),  «.  [As 
apogiotrojiic  +  -(*•»('.]  '  A  tendency  to  turn  or 
bend  in  opposition  to  gravity,  or  upward  and 
away  from  the  earth,  as  opposed  to  geotropism 
(which  see) :  said  of  stems  or  other  parts  of 
plants.     Darwin. 

apogiatura (a-poj-a-t6'ra),n.  Seeappoggialiira. 

Apogon  (a-p6'gon),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oTTuyuv, 
beardless,  <  li-priv. -f- -<j>ui',  beard.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  acanthopterygian  fishes,  tyjiical  of  the 
Apogoiiina.  Laeepdde,  1S02.  Also  called  Jmia. 
—  2.  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects.     Halidaij. 

apogonid  (ap-o-gon'id),  «.  A  iish  of  the  fam- 
ily Apogonidiv :  a  chilodipterid. 

Apogonidae  (ap-o-gou'i-de),  «.  pL  [NIj.,  <  Apo- 
qiin  +  -((/»•.]  A  family  of  acanthopterygian 
fishes:  same  as  CliUodipkridce  and  Apogonina. 

Apogonina  (ap'o-go-ni'nii),  ii.pl.  [NL.,  <  A2>o- 
t/oii  +  -/»«.]  in  Gunther's  classification  of 
fishes,  the  Hfth  group  of  I'ercida;  ha\ing  the 
cleft  of  the  mouth  oblique  or  approaching  the 
vertical  line,  and  two  dorsal  fins.  It  contains  flshes 
which  inhabit  the  sea  or  fresh  watere  and  possess  decidu- 
ous scales  which  are  generally  of  large  size.^ 

apograph  (ap'o-graf),  «.  [<  Gr.  dffo)pa^f,  also 
neut.  ii~6ypaipov,  a  copy,  <  (i-wj/ia^of,  copied,  < 
a-oypi'iipciv,  copy,  transcribe,  wi-ite  off,  <  aT(J,  ofl', 
+  ypaipetv,  write.]     A  copy  or  transcript. 

These  [Het»rew  manuscripts)  have  been  divided  into  two 
classes,  autographs  anil  apoi/raph.s:  The  former,  written 
hy  the  original  autliors  themselves,  have  h>ug  iigo  perished. 
The  latter,  taken  from  the  autographs  ami  multiplied  hy 
repeated  transcription,  exist  in  considcratile  numhers. 
T.  U.  Home,  Introd.  to  Study  of  Holy  Scriptures,  II.  8S. 

apohyal  (ap-o-hi'al),  «.  [<  Gr.  (irro,  from,  +  hy- 
{oid)  +  -«/.]  In  oriiith.,  an  element  of  the 
hyoidean  arcli.  borne  upon  the  basihyal  and 
bearing  the  ceratohyal:  now  usually  called  the 
ceratohraiiehial. 

apoious  (a-poi'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  arroioc,  without 
([uality  or  attribute,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  iroiof,  of  what 
nature  or  sort.]  Having  no  active  qualities ; 
neutral,  as  water  or  starch. 


Apollo 

apojove  (ap'o-jov),  H.  [=  F.  apojove,  <  NL. 
ajiojiniuni,  <  Gr.  (i:t6,  from,  +  L.  ./ov-,  Jovis, 
Jove,  .luiiiter:  see  Jorc.]  That  point  in  the 
orbit  of  a  satellite  of  Juinter  which  is  furthest 
from  the  jilanet.     Airy. 

apokatastasis,  ».    See  apocatastasis. 

apolar  (a-po'lilr),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  (a-l8)  +  po- 
lar.J  Having  no  polo :  in  anat.,  applied  to  those 
nerve-cells  whicli  are  not  known  to  have,  or  are 
supposed  not  to  have,  any  radiating  process. 

Uesulta  of  (jbservation  positively  prove  the  existence  of 
two  fibres  in  the  case  of  cells  which  ha<l  previously  been 
regardeil  as  unipolar  anil  ajiolar.      Urate,  Bioplasm,  §  243. 

apolaustic  (ap-o-las'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  lirro- 
/arn-iMir,  agreealile,  <  nTro/aiwriif,  enjoyable,  < 
aTTola'reir,  enjoy,  appar.  <  orro,  off,  -I-  "'/miciv,  a 
verb  not  used.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  taste  or 
enjoyment ;  agreealjle. 

Perhaps  for  brevity  and  distinctness'  sake  we  may  call 
the  tlrst  its  apolautilic  and  the  second  its  dynamic  char- 
acter. .Wind,  XII.  (13. 

II.  II.  The  philosophy  of  taste.  Sir  W.  Ham- 
ilton. 

Apolemia  (ap-o-le'mi-ii),  ?i.  [NL. ;  formation 
uncertain.]  A  genus  of  physopliorous  .sipho- 
nojiliora,  or  oceanic  hydroids,  founded  by  Eseh- 

seholtz  in  1829.    It  is  s ctimes  referred  to  the  family 

Aijaliniila',  sometimes  made  type  of  a  family  Apolemiidre. 
A.  nmtria  is  a  diweious  species  inhabiting  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Apolemiadae  (ap''o-le-mi'a-de),  n.  j)l.  [NL.] 
Same  as  Apolciniidw. 

Apolemiidae  (ap"o-le-nu'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Apolemia  +  -iV/u.]  A  family  of  physophorous 
siphonophores,  tjfpificd  by  the  genus  Apolemia. 

Apolites  (ap-o-li'tez),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr. 
arvu'MTi/r,  a  non-citizen,  exile,  <  <1-  priv.  + 
T!nXiTi)c,  a  citizen:  see  politic.']  1.  Same  as 
Pitangits.  Sundevall,  1830. — 2.  A  genus  of 
Colcoptera.    Laporte. 

Apollinarian  (a-pol-i-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Apollinaris,  <  Apollo,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Appellative 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  votive  games  instituted 
at  Rome  in  honor  of  Apollo,  212  B.  c,  in  order 
to  conciliate  his  favor  in  the  war  against  the 
Carthaginians,  and  to  obtain  from  him  protec- 
tion for  the  republic. 

II.  H.  One  of  a  religious  sect  deriving  their 
name  from  ApoUinaris  the  Younger,  bishop  of 
Laodicea,  in  the  fourth  century.  Ap(dliiiaris  de- 
nial the  proper  humanity  of  Christ,  attributing  to  him  a 
human  body  and  a  human  soul,  or  vital  principle,  but 
teaching  that  the  Divine  Reason,  or  I..ogos.  took  in  liim  the 
place  which  in  man  is  occujiied  by  the  rational  itrinciple. 
Later  the  sect  maintained  that  even  the  body  of  Christ 
w;ls  of  one  substance  with  his  divinity,  that  he  was  in- 
carnate from  eternity,  anil  that  his  divinity  sulfered  on 
the  cross.  After  breaking  up  into  different  sects,  the 
Apollinariaiis  were  finally  merged  in  the  Monophysites. 
Also  lallcil  AinMinariiit. 

Apollinarianism  (a-pol-i-na'ri-au-izm),  n.  [< 
Apollinarian  +  -ism.~\  The  doctrines  of  the 
Apollinarians. 

Ilefele  himself  ...  is  compelled  to  admit  that  Nesto- 
rius  accurately  held  the  duality  of  the  two  natures  and  the 
integrity  of  each,  (and)  wils  etiually  explicitly  opposed  to 
Arianism  and  Aitottinarianijfin.     I'Sncijc.  lirit.,  XVII.  35*5. 

ApoUinarist  (a-pol-i-na'rist),  H.  [<  ML.  Apol- 
linari.sta.i.ipoilinaris:  aee  Apolliiiariaii.]  Same 
as  .Ipiilliniiriiin. 
Apolline  (a-pol'in),  a.  [<  L.  Apollinens,  <  Apol- 
lo (Aiiolliii-):  sec  Apollo.]  Related  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  myths  or  cultus  of  Apollo. 

Even  in  Ajmiliiu!  oracles,  such  as  the  Delphic,  the  artifi- 
cial method  was  employed  along  with  that  by  inspiration. 
Kncjic  Brit.,  X\'ll.  808. 

Apollinic  (ap-o-lin'ik),  a.  Same  as  Apolline: 
as,  ••Apollinic  (Delphic)  religion,"  Encyc.  Brit., 
XX.  :!(iO. 

Apollino  (a-pol-le'no),  n.  [It.]  A  statue  of 
Apollo  in  the  Tribuna  at  Florence,  in  which  the 
goil  is  represented  as  a  youth  at  rest  in  an  easy 
and  gracefid  leaningattifude,  withthe  right  arm 
thrown  over  the  head.  It  is  a  copy  of  an  original  of 
the  fourth  century  B.  c,  and  is  the  type  of  a  series  of  such 
representations. 

Apollo  (a-pol'6),  H.  [L.,<  Gr.  'A7t6/.?.ui;  Apollo ; 
a  name  derived  by  the  Greeks  from  aivoUvvai, 
destroy  (see  Apollyon) ;  but  the  origin  is  uncer- 
tain.] 1.  In  Gr.  "and  later  in  Horn,  mijth.j  one 
of  the  great  Ohmipian  gods,  the  son  of  Zeus 
(Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona),  representing  the 
light-  and  life-giving  infiuence,  as  well  as  the 
deadly  power,  of  the  sun,  and  often  identified 
with  the  sun-god,  Helios.  He  was  the  leader  of  the 
Muses,  god  of  music,  ixietry,  and  healing,  and  patron  of 
these  arts ;  a  mighty  protector  from  evil,  all-seeing,  and 
hence  the  master  of  prophecv  :  .also  the  destroyer  of  the 
unjust  and  insolent,  and  niler  of  pestilence.  In  art  he 
WiLs  represented  in  the  full  majesty  of  youthful  manhood, 
in  most  of  his  attributions  unclothed  or  but  lightly  draped, 
and  usually  characterized  by  the  bow  and  arrows,  the  lau- 
rel, the  lyre,  the  oracular  tripod,  the  serpent,  or  the  del- 


Apollo 

phln.  He  was  tlio  fiillKr  of  .Ksculapiiis,  to  wliom  he 
sxanted  his  art  uf  lu-aliny.  Apullo  was  honored,  both 
locally  and  generally,  nnder  many  special  titles,  of  whieh 
eaeh  had  its  particular  type  in  art  and  literature :  as, 


264 

apologist  (n-pol'o-.iist),  «.  [=  F.  apologistc;  < 
ui>(jlii<iii.\  1-  *Juc  "^'"'  speaks  or  writes  in  de- 
fenso'of  anythiuc;  one  who  oliampions  a  per- 
son or  a  cause,  whetlier  in  public  address  or  by 
literary  means;  one  who  makes  an  apology  or 
defense. 

There  is  one  difflcult  iluty  of  an  historian,  which  is  too 
often  passed  over  hy  the  pai  ty-writiq- ;  it  is  to  pause  when- 
ever he  feels  himself  wurniiiiK  with  the  passions  of  the 
multitude,  or  becoming  the  blind  ajxilogiet  of  arbitrary 
power.  /.  D'lgraeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  S'M). 

Specifically — 2.  Eccles.,  a  defender  of  Chris- 
tianity :  in  particular,  one  of  the  authors  of  the 
early  Christian  apologies, 

apologize  (a-pol'o-jiz),  r. 
f/hcd,  ppr.  aprilogizing. 


apophyge 

apomecometer  {ap"o-me-kom'e-t6r),  n.  [<  Gt. 
M-o,  from,  away,  +  iimoc,  length,  a  long  dis- 
tance, + //('t^wi',  raeasui-e.]  An  instrument  used 
in  measuring  heights,  constructed  on  the  same 
priticijile  as  the  sextant. 

apomecometry  (ap"o-me-kom'e-tri),  n.  [As 
(ilimtiecoDitlir  +  -i/.]  The  art  of  meagtiring  ele- 
vations and  distances. 

apomorphine  (ap-o-m6r'fin),  n.  [<  6r.  a-TrS, 
from,  +  morphia  +  -ine^.']  An  artificial  alka- 
loid, C17H17NO3,  prepared  from  morphine. 
The  hydrochlorate  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  p<iwerful 
emetic.  It  is  usually  administered  hypodermically.  Also 
(as  New  Latin)  apomorphiiia,  apfimorphia,  emetomorphia. 
pret.  and  pp.  apoln-  aponeurography  (ap"o-nu-rog'ra-fi),  «.  [<Gr. 
i<  apology  +  -i:c.^     I.     uT^orcvpunir,   aponeurosis,   +  -ypaiji'ta,  <  y(>a<feiv, 


A   description  of  aponeu- 


intrans.     X.  To  make  an  apology  or  defense;     wTite,   describe.] 

speak  or  wi-ite  in  favor  of  some  person  or    roses. 

tiling;  offer  defensive  arguments. — 2.  To  make  aponeurology  (ap"o-nii-roro-ji),  h.     [<  Gr.  airo- 

an  apology  or  excuse ;  acknowledge  or  express     vcvpuatc,  aponeurosis,  +  -/lo;  ia,<.  '/J}ew,  speak : 

regi'et  for  a  fault:  followed  by /or;  as,  he  fi^jo/o-     see  -ologi/.']     1.  The  anatomy  of  aponeuroses. 

gi:edfor  his  delay  in  replying.  — 2.  A  treatise  on  aponeuroses. 

Il.t  trans.  To  make  or  write  an  apology  for ;  aponeurosis  (ap  o-nu-ro'sis),   ». ;    pi.  aponeu- 


.  .  were  apolo- 
Dr.  G.  Benson. 


Apollo. 

Central  figure  of  the  western  pediment  of  the  Temple  of  Zeus 

at  Olympia ;  5th  century  B.C. 

Apollo  Citharcedus  (Apollo  who  sings  to  the  accompani- 
ment of  the  i.\Te),  eijuivalent  to  Apollo  Musaffetes,  the 
conductor  of  the  Muses;  Apollo  Sauroctono.t  (the  Lizard- 
killer),  etc.— Apollo  Belvedere,  a  celebrated  antique 
statue  of  Apollo  now  preserved  in  the  Belvedere  gallery  of 
the  Vatican  palace  at  Rome,  and  esteemed  one  of  the 
noblest  artistic  representations  of  the  human  form.  It 
was  disroviTcd  at  Tnrto  d'.\nzio,  Italy,  among  the  ruins 
of  ancient  Antiiiin,  near  tlic  end  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
— Delian  Apollo,  the  -\pollo  of  the  central  Hellenic 
8anctuai-y  of  Delos.  The  statue  held  a  bow  in  one  hand, 
and  figures  of  the  three  Graces  in  the  other. — Delphinian 
Apollo,  Apollo  of  the  dolphin  ;  Apollo  as  the  protector  of 
sailors,  navigation,  and  the  marine:  identified  with  the 
Delphian  .\pollo,  or  Apollo  of  Delphi  (Pythian  Apollo). — 
Phoebus  Apollo,  .\pollo  as  the  god  of  radiant  light.— 
Pythian  Apollo,  the  Apollo  of  Delphi,  or  the  Pythian 
sanctuary  ;  ApoUu  its  the  slayer  of  the  monster  Python, 
whom  he  supplanted  on  Parnassus. 
2.  [?.(■.]  hi  oitoiii.,  &  hutter&y,  PapiUo  ajjollo. 
Apollonian  (ap-o-16'ni-an),  a.  [<  Gr.  'A~o?~>.u- 
vMf,  adj.,  also  proper  name,  <  'Air(JX/l(ji»,  Apollo.] 
1 .  Possessing  the  traits  or  attributes  of  Apollo. 
— 2.  De\-ised  by  or  named  after  Apollonius  of 
Perga,  an  ancient  Greek  geometer,  celebrated 
for  his  original  investigations  in  conic  sections. 
He  flourished  nnder  Ptolemy  Philopator,  222- 

205  B.  C— Apollonian  parabola,  hyperbola,  ellipse, 

the  ordinary  conic  sections,  whose  three  names  are  due  to 
Apollonius, 

ApoUonic  (ap-o-lon'ik),  a.  Same  as  Apollo- 
niaii,  1. 

Apollonius's  problem.    See  problem. 

ApoUyon  (a-pol'ion),  n.  [LL.,<  Gr.  'AtvoIK'ov, 
prop.  ad,j.  (iTvoWi'uv,  destroying,  ppr.  of  otto/I- 
%ietv,  usually  djro/lli'va;,  destroy  utterly,  <  dird, 
from,  +  ol'/.'vvai.  destroy.]  The  destroyer:  a 
name  given  (only  in  Kev.  i,x.  11)  to  the  angel  of 
the  bottomless  pit,  answering  to  the  Hebrew 
Abaddon. 

apologetic  (a-pol-o-jet'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL. 
ajKiliigcticus,  <  Gr.  d-o/oyiiTindq,  fit  for  a  defense, 
<  diTo/.oyuaSai,  speak  in  defense,  <  dird,  from, 
away,  -I-  "AoydaOai,  speak,  <  ?.6yo(,  speech,  < 
'Myetv,  speak:  see  apology.']  I.  a.  1.  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  containing  a  defense;  defend- 
ing by  words  or  argimients ;  said  or  written  in 
defense:  as,  an  apologetic  essay. —  2.  Making 
apology  or  excuse ;  manifesting  regret  for  or 
excusing  some  fault,  failure,  deficiency,  imper- 
fection, etc.,  in  one's  own  conduct  or  that  of 
another:  as,  an  apologetic  reply;  an  apologetic 
manner — Apologetic  fathers.  &ee  father. 
II.  n.  An  apology;  a  defense.     [Rare.] 

It  looks  as  if  he  wrote  an  apologetk  to  the  mob  on  be- 
half of  the  prisoner.  lioi/er  Xurth,  Examen,  p.  306. 


defend. 

Therefore  the  Christians,  in  his  time, 
gized  by  Plinie  the  second. 
Also  spelled  apologise. 

apologizer  (a-pol'o-ji-zer),  H.  One  who  apolo- 
gizes; one  who  makes  apologies  or  excuses. 
Also  spelled  apologiser. 

apologue  (ap'o-log),  n.  [<  F.  apologue,  <  L. 
apoldi/iis,  <  Gr.  dird/loyof,  a  story,  tale,  fable,  < 
d-d,  from,  +  Acyav,  speak,  /'.djof,  speech.]  A 
story  or  relation  of  fictitious  events  intended 
to  convey  useful  truths ;  a  moral  fable  ;  an  alle- 
gory. An  apologue  differs  from  a  parable  in  that  the 
latter  is  drawn  from  events  which  occur  among  man- 
kind, and  is  therefore  supported  by  probabiUty,  while  the 


roses  (,-sez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aTompumf  (Galen), 
the  end  of  a  muscle  where  it  becomes  tendon,  < 
aTTovevpoi'ddai,  become  a  tendon,  <  djrd,  from,  -t- 
vevpov  =  'L.  nervus,  sinew,  tendon,  nerve:  see 
nerve  and  neuralgia.]  In  anat.,  any  fascia  or  fas- 
cial structure ;  especially,  the  tendon  of  a  mus- 
cle when  broad,  thin,  flat,  and  of  a  glistening 
whitish  color,  or  the  expansion  of  a  tendon  cov- 
ering more  or  less  of  the  muscle,  or  a  broad,  thin, 
whitish  ligament.  The  name  was  given  to  these  struc- 
tures when  they  were  supposed  to  be  expansions  of  nerves, 
any  hard  whitish  tissue  being  then  considered  nervous. 
In  present  usage  aponeuroms  is  nearly  synonymous  with 
/ascla,  but  is  oftener  applied  to  the  fascia-like  tendons  of 
"nmscles :  as,  the  aponeurosis  of  the  oblique  muscle  of  the 
abdomen. 


former  may  be  founded  on  supposed  actions  of  brutes  or  _V,nnQi-ii-noTT  li-n  f.  inTrn  ail  «   •  y\\    /irinnpurn\-ie'< 
inanimate  things,  and  therefore  does  not  require  to  be  aponeurOSy  (ap-o-nu  ro-Sl),  H. ,  pi.  aponeurosies 


supported  by  probability.  ^Esop's  fables  are  good  exam- 
ples of  apologues. 

apologuert  (ap'o-log-^r),  n.  [<  apologue  +  -erl.] 
One  who  writes  apologues ;  a  fabler.     Burton. 

apology  (a-pol'o-ji),  n. ;  pi.  apologies  (-jiz).  [= 
F.  ajiologie,  <  LL.  apologia,  <  Gr.  involoyia,  a 
speech  in  defense,  <  d-n-o?.oyeic!6ai,  speak  in  de- 
fense: see  apologetic,  and  cf.  apologue.]  1. 
Something  said  or  written  in  defense,  vindica- 
tion, or  excuse ;  specifically,  a  defense  or  justi 


(-siz).     Same  as  aponetirosis. 

aponeurotic  (ap"o-nu-rot'ik),  a.  [<  aponeuro- 
sis: see  -otic]  Ha^Hng  the  nature  of  an  apo- 
neurosis; relating  to  the  thin  and  expansive 
sheath  of  a  muscle  ;  fascial ;  tendinous. 

aponeurotomy  (ap"o-nii-rot'o-mi),  H.  [<  Gr. 
aTTovevpuaic,  aponeurosis,  +  TOfii/,  a  cutting,  < 
Te/ivew,  raficiv,  cut.  Ct.  anatomy.]  1.1a  anat., 
dissection  of  the  aponeuroses. — 2.  In  surg., 
section  of  aponeuroses. 


fication  of  a  doctrine,  system,  course  of  eon-  apoop  (a-p6p'),  j/rejj.  jj/ir.  as  nrfr.  or  a.     [<a3-l- 
•_. ^i  -,.j--i.-  :i;.:  ,    Ou  the  poop ;  astcm. 


duct,  etc.,  against  objections  or  criticisms, 
I  shall  neither  trouble  the  reader  nor  myself  with  any 

apology  for  publishing  these  sermons.  Tillotson. 

Bishop  Watson's  '  'Apoloay  for  the  Bible  "  is  a  good  book 

with  a  bad  title.  "  R.  Hall. 

2.  An  excuse,  usually  accompanied  by  an  ex- 
pression of  regret,  for  some  fault. 

Apologies  only  account  for  what  they  do  not  alter. 

/.  D' Israeli. 

3.  That  which  imperfectly  serves  a  given  pur- 
pose; a  temporary  substitute ;  a  makeshift. 

He  weai-s  a  wisp  of  black  silk  round  his  neck,  without 
any  stiffener,  as  an  apology  for  a  neckerchief.        Dickens. 

4t.  An  apologue. 

A  pretty  apology  of  a  league  that  was  made  betwixt  the 
wolves  and  the  sheep. 

Topscll,  Four-Footed  Beasts,  p.  678.    (!f.  E.  D.) 


poop.] 

She  .  .  .  could  get  along  very  nearly  aa  fast  with  the 
wind  ahead,  as  when  it  was  a-poop. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  96. 

apopemptic  (ap-o-pemp'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dTTorre/i- 
TTTiKog,  valedictory,  <  aTTOTTcinvciv,  send  off,  dis- 
miss, <  d-d,  off,  -I-  7Tc/i7Teiv,  send.]     Valedictory. 

apopetalous  (ap-o-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL.  apo- 
petalus,  <  Gr.  d-d,'fi'om.'+  Trira/.or,  leaf,  in  mod. 
bot.  petal.]  In  bot.,  having  the  corolla  com- 
posed of  several  distinct  petals  :  equivalent  to 
the  more  common  term  polypetalous. 

apophantic  (ap-6-fan'tik),'n.  [<  Gr.  d-o^wj- 
Kof,  declaratory, '<  d-oij>aM'£n',  declare.  Qt.apo- 
phasis.]  Containing  or  consisting  of  a  declara- 
tion, statement,  or  proposition ;  declaratory. 


Same 


apologetical  (a-pol-o-jet'i-kal),   a 
ajiDldi/i  lie. 

apologetically  (a-pol-6-jet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
apologetic  manner ;  by  way  of  defense  or  ex- 
cuse. 

apologetics  (a-pol-o-jet'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  apologet- 
ic, after  LL.  apologcticn,  neut.  pi.  of  apologe- 
ticus:  see  apologetic]  That  branch  of  demon- 
strative or  argumentative  theology  which  is 
concerned  witli  the  grounds  and  defense  of 
Christian  belief  and  hope. 

Apologetics  defends  and  vindicates  Christianity,  as  the 
perfect  religion  of  (.Jiid  for  all  mankind,  against  the  at- 
tacks of  infidelity.       Schaj}',  Christ  and  Christianity,  p.  4. 

apologise,  apologiser.  See  apologize,  apolo- 
gizer. 


Syn.  2.  Apology,  Emuse,  Plea.     Apology  has  in  this  apophasis  (a-pof 'a-sis),  J(.     [LL.,  <  Gr.  a-o(Ja(7(f, 

■     '  ''        '       -■    ^.--^  -      ^.--. _. ,  _.     a  negation,  denial,  <  d-o0dra;,  deny,  <  d-d,  from, 

off,  -I-  <i>dvat  =  L.  fari,  say.]  In  rhet.,  denial 
of  an  intention  to  speak  of  something  which 
is  at  the  same  time  hinted  or  insinuated; 
paralipsis  (which  see). 

apophlegmatict  (ap"o-fleg-mat'ik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Gr.  uTToij>/.e}fjaTiK6i- {Galen);  cf.  d-o(>i'/.e} /iari^eiv, 
promote  the  discharge  of  phlegm  or  mucus:  see 
apophlegmatism.]  I.  a.  In  med.,  having  the 
quality  of  exciting  discharges  of  phlegm  or  mu- 
cus from  the  mouth  or  nostrils. 

II.  H.  Anything  which  promotes  the  dis- 
charge of  phlegm  or  mucus ;  an  expectorant, 
apophlegmatismt  (ap-6-fleg'ma-tizm),  H.  [< 
LL.  iqiophhgmatismos,  <  Gr.  a-o(fi/^) fiaTia/iOC,  < 
dTTO(jiJUyfiaTii!eiv,  promote  the  discharge  of  phlegm 
or  mucus,  <  d-d,  from,  +  ip^iyfa,  phlegm,  mu- 
cus.] 1.  Something  which  excites  discharges 
of  phlegm. —  2.  The  action  of  apophlegmatic 
medicines. 

See  apo 


sense  the  force  of  an  admission  that  one  has  been,  at  least 
seeniiULily.  in  the  wrong;  it  therefore  pleads  any  extenu- 
atintr  cirJuni.stances,  or,  more  often,  offers  a  frank  acknow- 
ledgment u-s  the  best  that  can  be  done  toward  making 
matters  right.  Excuse  may  mean  a  defense,  or  an  expla- 
nation simply :  as,  his  excuse  was  quite  suflicient ;  or  it  may 
be  a  mere  attempt  at  justification :  as,  it  was  only  an  ex- 
cuse ;  or  it  mjiy  be  a  begging  to  be  released  from  a  claim : 
as,  "they  all  with  one  consent  began  to  make  excuse," 
Luke  xiv.  IS.  A  plea  consists,  according  to  the  occasion, 
of  an  appeal  f'  >y  leniency,  or  of  justificatory  or  exculpatory 
argument  or  pi.rsua.sion. 

Our  English  .MartjTologer  counted  it  a  suflicient  apology 
for  what  meanness  might  be  found  in  the  first  edition  of 
his  "Acts  and  Monuments,"  that  it  was  "hastily  rashed 
up  in  about  fourteen  months." 

C.  Mather,  Introd.  to  Mag.  Chris. 
Weakness  is  thy  exctise. 
And  I  believe  it.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  829. 

Hellenic  art  and  philosophy  were  and  remain  an  uncon- 
scious plea  for  humanity  in  its  own  right. 

Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  301. 

apolytikion  (ap'o-li-tik'i-on),  H.J  -pi. apolytilcia 

(-a).  [MGr.  aTToXiTimnv,  <  Gr.  airoAvrmd^,  dis- 
posed to  acquit,  <  dwd'XmoQ,  loosed,  fi'ee,  verbal  apophthegm,  apophthegmatic,  etc 

adj.  of  aTTo'Avuv,  loose  from,  let  go,  dismiss,  <     tltrgm.  etc. 

drrd,  from,  -t-  'Avav,  loose.]     In  the  Or.  Ch.,  a  appphyge   (a-pof'i-je),   n. 

dismissal  hymn. 
Apomatostoma    (a-po-ma-tos'to-mii),    n.   pi. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  -I-  -(jfia(r-),  a  lid.  +  ardfia, 

mouth.]     A  suborder  of  pectinibranchiate  or 

ctenobranchiate   mollusks,   composed   of   the 

families    Involuta,     Volutacea,    and    Coronata. 

Menke,  1830.    Also  written  Apomastoma.    Fi- 

russac,  1819. 


[NL.  (cf.  F.  apo- 
phygc,  <  L.  apopUytjis),  <  Gr.  d-^o(i>i<yn,  lit.  an  es- 
cape, <  diTocpcr-jctv,  flee  away,  escape,  <  diri,  fi'oni, 
away,  +  (pel-yen;  flee.]  In  arch. :  («)  That  part 
of  acolumn  of  one  of  the  more  oniate  orders 
which  is  molded  into  a  concave  sweep  where 
the  shaft  springs  from  the  base  or  terminates 
in  the  capital.  Sometimes  called  the  .icape  or 
spring  of  the  column.    See  order.    (6)  The  hoi- 


apophyge 

low  or  Bcotia  beneath  the  eehirms  of  the  Dorie 
capital,  ooc'uiring  in  some  arciiaie  examples, 
and  relinquished  as  the  stylo  advanced.  Also 
called  iiiiopliysis  and  conrjc. 
apophyllite  (a-pot'i-lit  or  ap-o-firit),  u.  [So 
named  liecauso  of  its  tendency  to  exfoliate  (cf. 
Gr.  aTTfxjnA'/A^cn',  strip  of  its  leaves),  <  (_ir.  aird. 
off,  from,  +  (jii'klov  {=1i.  folium,  a  leaf)  +  -itc'^.^ 
A  mineral  allied  to  the  zeolites,  oceui'riug  in 
laminated  masses  or  in  tetragonal  crystals,  and 
having  a  strong  pearly  luster  on  the  surface  of 
perfect  cleavage,  parallel  to  which  it  separates 
readily  into  thin  laminffi.  It  exfoliates  also  unckT 
the  bhtwpipe.  From  its  peculiar  luster  it  is  soraetimes 
called  u-lttlit/ophthaliiitle,  that  is,  fish-eye  stone.  It  is  a 
hydrateil  silicate  of  calcium  and  potassium,  containing  also 
some  lluru-iti. 

apophylloua  (ap-o-fil'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  iird,  off, 
from,  +  ip'rXAov  =  ll.  folium,  a  leaf.]  In  bot.,  hav- 
ing distinct  leaves  ;  eleutherophyllotis :  applied 
to  a  perianth  with  distinct  sepals  and  petals : 
ojiposcd  to  gamophi/Uous. 

apophysary  (a-pof 'i-sa-ri),  a.  [<  (ipophi/sis  + 
-ai'y-']  Having  the  character  of  an  apophysis 
or  outgrowth ;  apophysial. 

In  Magas  the  apophiisary  system  is  composed  of  an 
elevated  longitudinal  septum  reaching  from  one  valve  to 
the  other.  Eficijc.  Brit.,  IV.  190. 

apophysate  (a-pof'i-siit),  o.  [<  apophysis  + 
-n^l.)     In  hot.,  ha\'ing  an  apophysis. 

apophyses,  n.    Phu-al  of  apoplujsis. 

apophysial  (ap-o-fiz'i-al),  a.  [<  apophysis  + 
-«/.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  apo- 
physis ;  growing  out  from,  as  an  apophysis. 

apophysis  (a-pof'i-sis),  «. ;  pi.  apophyses  (,-sez). 
[<  (ir.  n-'u'^vaii;,  an  offshoot,  the  process  of  a  bone, 
<  a-u(;>LtaiJat,  grow  as  an  offshoot,  <  d-u,  off,  from, 
+  (pi'£a6ai,  grow,  >  ijiimf,  gi'O'svth:  see  physic.^ 
1.  luanat.:  (a)  Any  process  of  bone ;  an  out- 
growth of  bone ;  a  mere  projection  or  protuber- 
ance, which  has  no  independent  ossitic  center, 
and  is  thus  distinguished  from  an  ejiiphysis 
(which  see);  specifically,  any  process  of  a  ver- 
tebra, whether  it  has  such  a  center,  and  thus  is 
epiphysial  in  nature,  or  not :  in  the  former  case, 
a  vertebral  apophysis  is  called  autogenous  or 
eiidoiiiiKiiis ;  in  the  latter,  exogenous.  The  princi- 
pal vii'tLliial  apophyses  arc  distinguished  as rtjia/«)jo/n/*w, 
diapuiilni^is,  epapuphifbis,  hemapophysis,  hiipapophiisis, 
metapophift^U,  iieurapophysis,  parapophysi^,  phutrapophi/- 
j?w,  and  zyijapophysis.  See  these  words.  (M  A  process 
or  outgrowth  of  some  organ  of  the  body,  as  the 
brain:  as,  apophysis  cerebri,  the  pituitary  body. 
See  cut  under  brain,  (c)  In  chitons,  a  process 
of  one  of  the  plates,  inserted  into  the  mantle. 
—  2.  Iji  hot.,  a  swelling  under  the  base  of  the 
theca  or  spore-case  of  some  mosses,  as  in  species 
of  Sjilachnum.  See  cut  \mder  Andrewa. — 3.  In 
geoL,  a  term  applied  to  the  arms  which  often 
extend  outward  in  a  horizontal  direction  from 
the  main  mass  or  dike  of  an  intrusive  igneous 

rock. — 4.  In  arch.,  same  as  apophyge Arthro- 

dial  apophysis.     Hue  arthrodial. 

apoplectic  (ap-o-plek'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  apo- 
Jilcrficifs,  <  Gr.  aKQ7T?.f/KT{KUf;,  apoplectic,  <  drru- 
■k'aiikto^,  disabled  by  a  stroke :  see  apoplexy.'] 
1,  a.  1.  Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining  to  apo- 
plexy; affected  with  apoplexy:  as,  an  apo- 
plectic fit;  an  apoplectic  patient. — 2.  Predis- 
posed or  tending  to  apoplexy :  as,  an  apoplectic 
person ;  an  apoplectic  habit  of  body. —  3t.  Serv- 
ing to  cure  apoplexy:  as,  "apoplectic  balsam," 
Addison,  Travels,  Italy. 

II.  n.  A  person  affected  with  or  predisposed 
to  apo])le-xy. 

apoplectical  (ap-o-plek'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
(ipo/iUrlic. 

apoplectiform  (ap-o-plek'ti-f 6rm),  a.  [<  L.  apo- 
jilcctiis,  (ipojilecticus  (see  apoplectic),  +  forma, 
form.]  Kesembling  apoplexy;  of  the  nature  of 
apoplexy. 

In  the  gravest  fonns  of  specific  cerebral  disease,  an  apo- 
ptecti/onn  seizure  followed  by  fatal  coma  may  usher  in 
the  attack  with  no  premonitorj'  s>'niptoms. 

E.  C.  Maim,  Psychol.  Jled.,  p.  03. 

apoplext  (ap'o-pleks),  k.  [<  L.  apoplexis,  <  Gr. 
n-uTT/ii^ti;,  var.  of  aiToTT/.r/iia :  see  apoplexy.'] 
Apoplexy. 

Repletions,  apoplex.  Intestate  death. 

Dryden,  Juvenal,  Sat.  i. 

How  does  his  apoplex  f 
la  that  strong  on  hira  still? 

B.  Jonson,  The  Fox,  i.  1. 

apoplexedt  (ap'o-plekst),  a.  [<  apoplex  +  -ed^.] 
Affected  witli  apoplexy  or  paralysis. 

Sense,  sure,  you  have, 
Else  could  you  not  have  motion  ;  but,  sure,  that  sense 
Is  apoplex'd.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 


265 

apoplexioust  (ap-o-plek'shus),  a.  [<  apoplexy 
+  -ous.]  (Jonsisting  in  or  having  the  character 
of  apoplexy:  as,  ''  ajio/ilexious  and  other  con- 
generous diseases,"  Arbuthnot. 

apoplexy  (ap'o-i)lek-si),  H.  [<  ME.  apoplcxic 
(and  abbrev.  popltxic),  <  F.  apoplexiCj  <  L.  apo- 
plexia,  <  Gr.  aizoTTf.ri^ia,  apoplexy,  <  aTron^Az/Krof, 
disabled  by  a  stroke,  stricken  with  apoplexy, 
verbal  adj.  of  aTrovliiaauv,  disable  by  a  stroke, 

<  (in-(5,  off,  from,  +  TrXi/naeiv,  strike.]  In  pathol., 
a  sudden  loss  or  impairment  of  consciousness 
and  voluntary  motion,  caused  by  tlie  rupture 
of  a  blood-vessel  in  the  brain,  an  embolism, 
or  other  cerebral  shock.  [Sometimes  incor- 
rectly used  to  denote  hemorrhage  into  the  tis- 
sues of  any  organ.] 

apora,  «.     Plural  of  aporon. 

aporeme  (ap'o-rem),  ».  [<  Gr.  andprjiia,  a  mat- 
ter of  doubt  (also  with  Aristotle  a  dialectical 
syllogism  of  contradiction),  <  inroptiv,  bo  in 
doubt:  see  aporelic.}  An  argument  to  show 
that  a  question  presents  a  doubt  or  difficulty. 

aporetic  (ap-o-ret'ik),  0.  and  n.  [Formerly 
ajioretique,  <  F.  aporetique  (Cot^ave),  <  Gr. 
u:toiji/tii,6(,  inclined  to  doubt,  <  aTzopciv,  be  in 
doubt,  ia-opoQ,  in  doubt,  at  a  loss:  see  aporia.] 
I.t  a.  Inclined  to  doubt  or  to  raise  objections. 
II.  n.  A  skeptic ;  one  who  believes  that  per- 
fect certainty  is  unattainable,  ami  finds  in 
every  object  of  thought  insoluble  ditliculties. 

aporetical  (ap-o-ret'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  aporetic. 

aporia  (a-po'ri-a),  n. ;  pi.  aporiie  (-e).  [LL.,  < 
Gr.  d-Kopia,  difficulty,  doubt,  puzzle,  <  d~opoc,  in 
doubt,  doubtful,  at  a  loss,  lit.  impassable,  with- 
out passage,  <  d-  priv.  +  iropor,  way,  passage : 
see/)ore2.]  l.  In  r/if^,  a  professed  doubt  where 
to  begin  or  what  to  say  on  account  of  the  va- 
riety of  matter. —  2.  An  equality  of  reasons 
for  and  against  a  given  proposition. — 3.  In 
pathol.,  febrile  anxiety;  uneasiness. 
.Also  apory. 

aporimet,  aporimt  (ap'o-rim),  n.    [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 

+  irupi/wi:,  finding  a  way,  able  to  provide,  < 
TTii/jof,  way,  passage :  see  porc'^,  and  cf .  aporia.] 
Same  as  aporon. 

Aporobranchia  (ap"o-r6-brang'ki-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  d-Kopoi;,  without  passage  (see  apo- 
ria),+  lipayxi-a,^'\ls.]  1.  In  LatreiUe's  system 
of  classification,  an  order  of  Arachnida  having 
no  apparent  respiratory  apparatus,  by  which 
the  I'ycnogonidce  alone  were  distinguished  from 
other  arachnidans:  sjTionymous  with  I'odoso- 
mata  of  Leach's  system. —  2.  In  De  Blainville's 
system  of  classification,  an  order  of  his  Para- 
cephalophora,  containing  the  pteropods,  which 
are  di^^ded  into  the  Thecosoniata  and  Gymno- 
somata.     Also  Aporobranchiata. 

aporobranchlan  (ap'o-ro-brang'ki-an),  a.  and 
II.     I.  ((.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  (lie  Aporobranchia. 
II.  II.  One  of  the  Aporobranchia. 

Aporobranchiata  (ap"9-r6-brang-ki-a'ta),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  as  Aporobranchia  +  -ata.]  Same  as^^;o- 
robraiichia,  2. 

aporobranchiate  (ap"o-r6-brang'ki-at),  o. 

Pertaining  to  or  ha\'ing  the  characters  of  the 

Aporobnnichiata. 
aporont  (ap'o-rou),  n. ;  pi.  apora  (-rii).     [NTi., 

<  tir.  (JTro/ioi',  neut.  of  dTvopof,  doubtful,  difficult: 
see  aporia.]  A  very  difficult  or  insoluble 
problem.     Also  called  aporimc. 

Aporopoda  (ap-o-rop'o-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dTo^jo;',  without  passage  (see  aporia),  +  noiq 
(n-o(!-)  =  E./oo^]  In  LatreiUe's  system  of  clas- 
sification, a  prime  division  of  his  Condylopa,  by 
which  the  crustaceans,  arachnidans,  and  myria- 
pods  are  collectively  contrasted  with  Ilexapodu, 
or  insects  proper.  It  was  defined  as  "insects"  with 
more  than  six  feet  and  destitute  of  wings.  Savigny  also 
uses  the  name.  It  is  synonymous  with  the  Hyperhexapoda, 
of  W'estwood. 

Aporosa  (ap-o-ro'sii),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  apo- 
rosus.  not  porous  (see  aporose);  cf.  (jr.  (i-opof, 
without  passage :  see  aporia.]  A  gi'oup  of  corals 
of  the  sclerodermic  section,  having  the  coral- 
lum  or  calcareous  cup  solid,  and  not  perforated 
with  minute  apertures.  Edicards  and  Uaime, 
1850. 

aporose  (ap'o-ros),  a.  [<  NTi.  apnrosus,  <  Gr.  h- 
priv.  +  NL.  porosus,  porous,  <  L.  poms,  ]iore : 
see  jiore-.]  1.  Not  porous. — 2.  Belonging  to 
the  group  of  corals  called  Aporosa ;  eporose. 

In  the  simple  aporose  corals  the  calcification  of  the  base 

and  side  walls  of  the  body  gives  rise  to  the  cup,  or  theea. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  HG. 

aporrhaid  (ap-o-ra'id),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Aporrhaidw. 


apostasy 


Aporrhaidae  (ap-o-ra'i-de),  n.  pi. 

ida:']     A  family  of  entobranchia'to 


Spout-shell  lApcr- 
rhai'r  fies-peiicani). 

l<n^+port*.] 


-  ,  .  ^  ..  .  -.  „  -,  .-  [NL.,<.4p- 
orrhais  +  ■ 

tajnioglossate  gastropods,  of 
which  there  are  few  living  spe- 
cies. Its  members  are  characterized 
by  a  fiat  foot,  a  broad  muzzle,  elongate 
tentacles,  eyes  on  the  outer  sides  of  the 
tentacles,  teetli  in  seven  longitudinal 
TOWS,  a  turreted  shell  witli  the  aper- 
ture more  or  less  produced  in  front, 
and  an  alate  outer  lip. 

Aporrhai8(ap-Oira'is),  n.  [NTj., 
in  form  <  Gr.  airoppai^,  a  vari- 
ous reading  for  alfwppoic,  a  kind 
of  shell-fisn:  see  hemorrhoid.] 
A  genus  of  gastropods  with 
effuse  channel-like  lip-spines, 
represented  by  the  pelican's- 
foot  or  spout-snell  (which  see) 
of  northern  Europe,  and  typ- 
ical of  the  family  Aporrhaidm. 

&'^OTt(«.-\>OTt'),  jirep.phr.&sadv. 
Xa  u  ^ ,  to  or  on  the  port  side  of  a  ship,  as  in  the 
phrase  hard  apart.  Hard  apart :  .as  a  command,  in- 
structs the  helmsman  to  tuni  the  tiller  to  tlie  left  or  port 
side  of  the  ship,  thus  causing  the  ship  to  swerve  to  the 
riglit  or  starboard. 

apory  (ap'o-ri),  n.  [<  LL.  apioria:  see  aporia.] 
Same  as  ajioria. 

aposaturn  (ap'o-sat-em),  n.  [Also,  as  NL., 
aposaturnium,  <  Gr.  otto,  from,  +  L.  Saturnw;, 
Saturn.  Cf.  apojove.]  The  point  in  the  orbit 
of  any  one  of  the  satellites  of  Saturn  most  re- 
mote from  the  planet.     Airy. 

aposepalous  (ap-o-sep'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL.  apo- 
sepalus,  <  Gr.  a-6,  from,  -(-  NL.  sepalum,  sepal.] 
In  bot.,  haring  a  calyx  composed  of  distinct 
sepals  j  polysepalous. 

aposepidin (ap-o-sep'i-din),  n.  [<  Gr.  dtrd,  away, 
+  cij-civ,  make  rotten  (see  «epfic),  +  -id  +  -in'^.] 
Same  as  hucin. 

aposiopesis  (ap"o-si-o-pe'sis),  n.  [L.,<  Gr. 
uiTuaiu-i/aic,  <  dTToaiatrdv,  become  silent,  <  djri}, 
off,  from,  -t-  muTrdv,  be  silent.]  In  rhet.,  sud- 
den reticence;  the  suppression  by  a  speaker  or 
writer  of  something  which  he  seemed  to  be 
about  to  say ;  the  sudden  termination  of  a  dis- 
course before  it  is  really  finished.  Tlie  word  is 
also  api>lied  to  the  act  of  speaking  of  a  thing  while  pre- 
tending to  say  nothing  about  it,  or  of  aggravating  what 
one  pretends  to  conceal  by  uttering  a  p.art  and  leaving  the 
remainder  to  be  understood:  as,  his  character  is  such  — but 
it  is  better  I  should  not  speak  of  tiint. 

aposiopestic  (ap"o-si-o-pes'tik),  a.  [For  apo- 
sioiietic,  in  irrcg.  imitation  of  aposiojicsis.] 
Same  as  aposiopetic.     [Rare.] 

That  interjection  of  surprise  .  .  .  with  the  apogiopestic 

break  after  it,  marked  thus,  Z ds. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  27. 

aposiopetic  (ap'o-si-o-pet'ik),  a.  [<  aposiope- 
sis (-pit-)  -\-  -ic,  after LGr.  aiuirt/Tindc,  taciturn.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  aposiopesis. 

apOSitia  (ap-o-sit'i-ii),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-ouiria, 
'dTOOTTOf,  abstaining  from  food,  <  d-6,  away, 
from,  -(-  aiToc,  food.]  A  loathing  of  food.  Dun- 
glison. 

aposporous  (a-pos'po-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  aposporus, 
<  Gr.  d-o,  from,  away,  -t-  a-6poc.  seed :  see  spore.] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characterized  by  apospory. 

In  the  aposporous  Ferns  and  Mosses  and  in  the  Chara- 
cero  the  oophore  Is  developed  as  a  bud  from  the  sporo. 
phore.  Eiicyc.  Brit.,  XX.  431. 

apospory  (a-pos'po-ri),  «.  [<  NL.  'aposporia,  < 
ajiosporus:  see  aposporous.]  In  the  higher 
cryjitogams,  the  production  of  the  prothallus 
immediately  from  the  sporangium  without  the 
ordinary  intervention  of  spores,  or  from  the 
leaf  itself,  without  either  sporangium  or  spore. 

apostacy,  ".     i>ee  apostasy. 

apostasis  (a-pos'ta-sis),  n.  {_<.  Gt.  d-daraaic, 
ill  med.  a  suppurative  inflammation,  a  transi- 
tion from  one  disease  to  another,  lit.  a  stand- 
ing away  from:  see  apostasy.]  1.  la  old  med.: 
(a)  The  tennination  or  crisis  of  a  disease  bjr 
some  secretion  or  critical  discharge,  in  opposi- 
tion to  metastasis,  or  the  termination  by  trans- 
fer to  some  other  part.  (6)  An  apostem  or 
abscess.  (<■)  The  throwing  off  or  separation  of 
exfoliated  or  fractured  bones. —  2.  In  hot.,  a 
term  proposed  by  Engelmann  for  the  separa- 
tion of  floral  whorls  or  of  parts  from  each  other 
by  the  unusual  elongation  of  the  internodes. 

apostasy  (a-pos'ta-si),  «. ;  pi.  apostasies  (-siz). 
[<  ME.  ajni'stasie,  <f  F.  apostasie,  <  LL.  apostasia, 
<Gr.  diroaraiTia,  late  form  ioT  d-oaraaic,  a  stand- 
ing away  from,  a  defection,  revolt,  departure, 
distance,  etc.,  in  med.  a  suppurative  inflam- 
mation (see  apostasis),  <  dipiaraaSai,  d-oar^at, 
stand  away  from,  <  do-o,  away,  off,  +  'iirraaffai, 
(rrfvai,  stand:  see  stasis.]    1.  An  abandonment 


apostasy 

of  what  onp  has  pruft'sscil;  a  total  desertion 
of,  or  (leparturo  from,  oiif's  faitli,  in-inciples, 
or  parly. — 2.  In  tlicol.,  a  total  abamloument  of 
tho  Cliristian  faith. 

U  is  a  mistake  ...  to  hraml  as  apoatacif  ;iny  liind  al 
heresy  or  scliisin,  liowever  criniiiial  or  absurd,  wliicli  still 
nssuiiu'S  to  itself  tlif  Christian  name.  Cnth.  Diet. 

3.  In  Horn.  Ciitli.  cci'Ic.t.  law:  (n)  A  persistent 
rojoftion  of  ecclesiastical  antliority  l)y  a  mem- 
ber of  the  chiireli.  (h)  An  abandonment  with- 
out permission  of  the  religious  order  of  which 
one  is  a  member,  (c)  A  renunciation  of  the 
clerical  profession  by  one  who  has  received 
major  orders. — 4.  In  mcd.,  same  as  apostasis. 

Also  spelled  apo.slaci/. 
apostate  (a-pos'tat),  H.and  a.  [<ME.  apostate 
(also,  as  iii'AS.,  apnstata,  <  LL.),  <  Ol''.  apostate, 
¥.  ajiostat,  <  LL.  npostata,  <  Gr.  aTToaraTiK,  a  de- 
serter, rebel,  apostate,  <  acplaraaffai,  diroaTi/vat, 
stand  off,  desert:  see  oj)OStos(/.]  I.  ».  1.  One 
who  is  Ruilty  of  apostasj' ;  one  who  has  forsaken 
the  church,'  sect,  party,  profession,  oropiniun 
to  which  he  before  adhered  (used  in  reproach) ; 
a  renegade ;  a  pei-vert. 

Fe  Itlie  E.arl  of  Strafford]  .  .  .  felt  towards  tliose  whom 
he  h.ad  deserted  that  peculiar  malignity  which  has,  iu  all 
ages,  been  chai-aeteristic  of  apostatt's. 

Macaulaii,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 
2.  In  the  Itoni.  Catli.  CIi.,  one  who,  without 
obtaining  a  formal  dispensation,  forsakes  a 
religious  order  of  which  he  has  made  profession. 
=  Syn.  yr<'j>hiti>^,  Convert,  Prosehjte,  etc.  See  convert,  and 
list  undiT  mt'  <rade. 

II.  a.  Unfaithfid  to  religious  creed,  or  to 
moral  or  political  principle ;  traitorous  to  alle- 
giance; false;  renegade:  as,  "the  apostate 
lords,"  ildcauiaii.  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 
apostatet  (a-pos'tat),  v.  i.  [<  apostate,  «.]  To 
apostatize. 

H.id  Peter  been  truly  inspired  liy  God,  ...  lie  would 
not  have  apuatated  from  his  purpose.  Fuller. 

apostatical  (ap-os-tat'i-kal),  a.    [<  Gr.  imonTaTi- 
K6q,  rebellious,  <  aTroorarz/f :  see  apostate.l  Apos- 
tate ;  guilty  of  or  characterized  by  apostasy. 
An  hereticall  and  apostaticall  church.  Bp.  Hall. 

An  assembly  of  prelates,  convened  by  Archbishop  Usher 
in  1626,  declared  that  the  religion  of  Papists  is  supersti- 
tious and  idolatrous ;  their  faith  and  doctrines  erroneous 
and  heretical ;  their  Church,  in  respect  to  both,  apostati- 
cal. Leeky,  Bug.  in  IStli  Cent.,  vi. 
apostatize  (a-pos'ta-tiz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
apostatized,  ppr.  apostatiziiic/.  [<  ML.  aposta- 
li::are,  <  LL.  ajwstata,  apostate:  see  apostate 
and  -jrc]  To  abandon  one's  profession  or 
ehm'ch;  forsake  one's  principles;  retrograde 
from  one's  faith;  withdraw  from  one's  party. 
Also  spelled  apostatise. 

He  aiiostatized  from  his  old  faith  in  facts,  took  to  believ- 
ing iu  semblances.  Carlyle. 

The  English  certainly  were  not  converted  to  Christian- 
ity :  did  the  Britons  apostatize  to  heathendom? 

i?.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  131. 

apostaxis  (ap-os-tak'sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  airdaTa^ic, 
<  d-oardCf'i',  drip,  distil,  <  utvo,  away,  from,  + 
ffraCcd',  drip.]  1.  In  wcf?.,  the  defluxion  of  any 
fluid,  as  of  blood  from  the  nose. — 2.  In  I)ot.,  an 
abnormal  discharge  of  the  jmces  of  plants,  as 
the  gumming  of  the  plimi. 

apostemt,  apostemet  (ap'os-tem,  -tem),  n. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  apostom  and  apostume 
(whence  by  fm'ther  corruption  impostuiiie,  im- 
posthmiie,  after  OF.  enqiostit  nte),<.ME.  ajiosieme, 
apostijm,  <  OF.  aposteme  and  apostume,  <  L.  apio- 
stema,  <  Gr.  (nruaTjjua,  distance,  interval,  an  ab- 
BCess,  <  (ujiiaTaaBai,  aTTOdTifvai,  stand  off,  <  d-d,  off, 
+  laraaOai,  cravat,  stand :  see  stem.]  An  ab- 
scess; a  swelling  filled  with  purulent  matter. 
Also  apostcmate,  and,  corruptly,  apostume,  apos- 
thume,  inipostume,  imposthnme. 

apostematet  (a-pos'te-mat),  v.  i.  [<  ML.  *apo- 
stemntus,  pp.  of  'aposiemari,  <  L.  npostema  :  see 
n^ioxtcm.']  To  form  into  an  abscess;  swell  and 
fill  witli  pus. 

apostematet  (a-pos'te-mat),  a.  and  n.     [<  ML. 
'apostematus,  pp.:  seethe  verb.]    I.  a.  Formed 
into  an  apostem;  festering. 
II.  n.  Same  as  apostem. 

Have  you  no  .convulsions,  pricking  .aches,  sir. 
Ruptures,  or  apostemates.' 

Mithlleton  (and  othem),  The  Widow,  iv.  2. 

apostemationt  (a-i)os-te-ma'shon),  n.  [<  OF. 
apostemalion,  <  ML.  ajiostematio(n-),  <  *aposte- 
mari,  pp.  *apostematus :  see  apostcmate,  I^]  'The 
formation  of  an  apostem ;  the  process  of  gather- 
ing into  an  abscess.  Also,  corruptly,  impostliit- 
mation. 

apostematoust  (ap-o-stem'a-tus).  n.  [<  L.  apo- 
siema(t-),  apostem,  +  -ows.]  Pertaining  to  an 
abscess ;  having  the  nature  of  an  apostem. 

apostemet,  "•     See  apostem. 


266 

a  posteriori  (a  pos-te-ri-6'ri).     [ML.:  L.  a  for 

all,  from;  fiosleriori,  abl.  of  yw.vtenVjr,  neut.^ms- 
terius,  coinpar.  of  posterns,  after,  subseipient: 
see  jio-stirior.]  Literally,  from  the  latter  or 
subsequent;  hence,  in  logic,  from  a  conse- 
quent to  its  antecedent,  or  from  an  effect  to  its 
cause:  n.sed  of  reasoning  which  follows  this 
order,  formerly  called  ilciiionstratio  tjuia,  or  im- 
perfect demonstration.  The  phrase  is  also  used  ail- 
jectively :  as,  a  posteriori  reasoning.  As  applied  by  Kant 
and  all  modern  writers  to  knowledge,  it  is  e<tuivalent  to 
from  experience,  or  empirical :  and  it  is  opposed  by  him 
to  a  priori,  that  is,  from  the  intellect  independently  of  all 
experience.     See  a  priori. 

Inversely,  the  elaborate  Homeric  use  of  Cretiin  tradi- 
tion;!] fables  fnriiisbes  an  a  2>oiiteriori  argument  that  Ho- 
niei-  did  si-ek  this  island.  De  Quineey,  Homer,  i. 

aposterioristic  (a-pos-te"ri-o-ris'tik),  a.  [<  a 
postrriori  + -ist-ic.^  1.  Empirical;  inductive. 
—  2.  Having  a  somewhat  empirical  or  induc- 
tive character.     [Rare.] 

aposthumet,  ".     A  coiTtipt  form  of  apostem. 

apostil,  apostille  (a-pos'til),  n.  [<  F.  apostille : 
see  postil.']  A  marginal  note  or  annotation; 
a  comment. 

He  scrawled  apostiltes  on  the  margins  to  prove  that  he 
had  read  with  attention.     Motley,  Dutch  Kepublic,  I.  249. 

apostil  (a-pos'til),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  apostiled, 
apostiUed,  ppr.  apostilimj,  apostilling.  [<  F. 
apostiller ;  from  the  noun.]  To  annotate  by 
marginal  observations  or  comments. 

apostille,  ».     See  apostil. 

apostle  (a-pos'l),  11.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  by 
a,p\xeTesis  postle,  <  ME.  apostle,  apostel,  apostell, 
apostill,  etc.,  and  by  apheresis  postle,  postel,  < 
AS.  apostol  =  OFries.  apostol,  apostel  =  D.  G. 
Sw.  Dan.  apiostel,  the  ME.  form  being  mixed 
with  OF.  apostle,  later  apostre,  mod.  F.  apdtre, 
=  Pr.  apotro  =  Sji.  apostol  =  Pg.  It.  apostolo,  < 
LL.  apostolus,  an  apostle,  also  a  notice  sent  to 
a  higher  tribunal  or  judge  (def.  4),  =  Goth. 
apau.staulus,  apau.stulus  =  linss.  apostoh'i  =  Po\. 
apostol  (baiTed  I),  etc.,  an  .apostle,  <  Gr.  awu- 
OTo'Aoc,  a  messenger,  ambassador,  envoy,  eccles. 
an  apostle,  a  book  of  lessons  from  the  apostolic 
epistles  (def.  3),  lit.  one  who  is  sent  away,  < 
diToffrt/'./lfa',  send  away,  send  off,  esp.  on  a  mis- 
sion, <  dird,  off,  away,  -1-  aTEAletv,  send.]  1.  A 
person  sent  to  execute  some  important  business : 
among  the  Jews  of  the  Christian  epoch,  a  title 
borne  by  persons  sent  on  foreign  missions,  espe- 
cially by  those  commissioned  to  collect  the 
temple  tribute ;  specifically  adopted  by  Christ 
as  the  oificial  title  of  twelve  of  his  disciples 
chosen  and  sent  foi-th  to  preach  the  gospel  to 
the  world  (Luke  vi.  13) ;  afterward  applied  in 
the  New  'Testament  to  others  who  performed 
apostolic  functions,  as  Paul  and  Barnabas,  and 
once  to  Christ  himself  (Heb.  iii.  1).  in  tlie  Greek 
Church  this  title  is  given  "not  only  to  the  Twelve,  but  to 
the  Seventy  Disciples,  and  to  other  Apostolic  men  who 
were  the  companions  of  the  Apostles  properly  so  called." 
{.J.  M.  Neale.)  In  later  usage  the  title  has  been  given  to 
the  iii"st  Christian  missionaries  in  any  part  of  the  world, 
and  to  the  pioneers  of  any  great  mor.al  reform :  as,  St. 
.\ugustine,  the  apostle  of  the  English;  St.  Boniface,  the 
aimstle  of  Germany  ;  St.  Francis  Xavier,  the  apostle  of  the 
Indies ;  John  Eliot,  the  apostle  to  the  Indians ;  Theobald 
Mathew,  the  apostle  of  temperance. 

2.  In  the  Mormon  Ch.,  the  title  of  an  official 
whose  duty  it  is  to  be  a  special  witness  of  the 
name  of  Christ,  to  biuld  up  and  preside  over  the 
chtu-eh,  and  to  administer  in  all  its  ordinances. 
There  are  twelve  of  these  officials,  who  rank  next  after  the 
president  and  his  two  assistants,  and  constitute  a  Presid- 
ing High  Council  charged  with  the  penal  regulation  of  the 
affairs  of  the  church  and  the  settlement  of  important 
matters. 

3.  In  the  liturgy  of  the  early  chirreh,  and  in 
the  modern  Greek  Church,  the  lesson  from  the 
epistles,  usually  taken  from  the  writings  of 
St.  Paul ;  also,  a  book  containing  these  lessons, 
printed  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  to  be 
read. — 4.  In  law,  a  brief  statement  of  a  ease 
sent  by  a  eoiu't  whence  an  appeal  has  been 
taken  to  a  superior  coiu't.  This  sense  belonged  to 
the  Latin  aixi.^tolus  among  the  Roman  jurists,  and  was 
commonly  used  until  a  late  date  in  the  tribunals  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Chiireh. 

5.  Nant.,  a  knighthead  or  bollard-timber  where 

hawsers  and  hea\'y  ropes  are  belayed Acts  of 

the  Apostles.  See  act.—  Apostles'  Creed,  an  early  con- 
fessinii  i.t  faith,  of  universal  luceptiuiee  in  the  Christian 
chureli.  preserved  in  substantially  its  ]iresent  form  from 
the  close  of  the  fourth  eentuiy.  btit  in  its  jneeise  wording 
from  al)out  A.  1).  500.  — Apostles' gems,  in  chiistiau  sym- 
bolism, various  gems  assigned  to  the  twelve  apostles  ac- 
cording to  the  twelve  foundations  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
(Rev.  xxi.  14,  1!),  20).  Thus,  to  St.  Peter  was  assigned  jas- 
per; to  St.  Andrew,  sapphire;  and  so  on  according  to  the 
order  of  their  calling  (Mat.  x.  2,  a,  4),  except  th.at  .St. 
Thom.asand  .St.  Matthew  interchange,  and  Matthisis  t.akes 
the  place  of  Judas. —  Apostles'  Ointment,  an  ointment 
fonnerly  used  which  wju^  snjiposed  to  derive  its  virtues 
cliielly  from  the  fact  that  it  was  composed  of  twelve  ingre- 


Apostle-Spoons. 


apostolic 

clients  (resins,  cnmia,  wax,  oil,  vincRar,  verdipria,  etc.),  cor- 

it'sinMniili;;  ill  iiuihImt  to  tilt:  Upostk-s. 

apostle-mug  (a-pos'l-mug),  n.  A  mug  deco- 
rntctl  wiTli  (igureH  of  the  twelve  apostles,  usu- 
ally ill  r<'lief,  sometimos  in  high  relief,  each 
figure  oeeupying  a  niche  or  eomiiartnient. 

apostleship  (a-i>os'l-siiipJ,  n.  [<  apostle  + 
-.sltiji,^     1.  Tho  ofliee  or  dignity  of  an  apostle. 

—  2.  The  exer(;ise  of  the  funetions  of  an  anostle. 

-  Apostleship  of  prayer,  in  tlu-  Ji»m.  Cath.  ch.,  a  tle- 
vijut  nninti  for  the  pioni'itifMi  of  jiicty  and  good  works 
aiiinrii,'  tlif  faithful,  ami  tlic  fnrtlRTaiice  of  the  general  in- 
tirists  uf  tliu  churcli,  hy  niuans  of  prayer,  especially  hy  de- 
votiuii  to  the  Heart  of  Jesus.  It  wasfounded  in  the  Jesuit 
house  "f  studies  at  VaU),  diocese  of  Le  Puy,  in  France,  in 
lS44,and  was  approved  hy  Pope  Pius  IX.  in  IhHH.  ami  :iK:iin 
finally  hy  Leo  XIII.  la  1870.  It  nunihers  many  millions 
of  associates  of  every  condition  of  life  througliout  the 
w..rld. 

aj)OStle-spoon  (a-pos'l-sp6n),  «.     A  spoon  hav- 
ing on  its  handle,  usually  at  the  end,  the  figure 
of  one  of  the  apostles. 
A    set    of    twelve    of    these 
spoons,  or  sometimes  a  small- 
er number,  nften   formed  a 
christening;  gift  in   the  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  cen- 
turies.      The     old    apostle- 
spoons  which  still  exist  are 
generally  (jf  silver  gilt. 
Now,  by  my  faith,  a  fair  high 

standing-cup 
And  two  great  'poHtle-spooiis, 

one  of  them  gilt. 
MHhlh-t«n,V\\m&ie  Maid,  iii.  2. 

apostolate    (a  -  pos '  to  - 

lat),  n.  [<  LiL.  aposto- 
UituSj  office  of  an  apos- 
tle, <flpoA'^(>/i/s,  apostle.] 
1.  The  dignity  or  office 
of  an  apostle. 

That  the  apostolate  might 
be  successive  and  perpetual, 
Christ  gave  them  [the  apos- 
tles] a  power  of  ordination. 
Jer.  Taylor,  Episcopai> 
[Asserted,  §  3. 
The  ministry  originally  ci'- 
incided  with  the  upostnl'itr. 
Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Claireh, 
[I.  00. 

Specifically — 2,  The  dignity  or  office  of  the 
pope ;  the  holder  of  the  apostolic  see :  used  as  a 
title  in  the  early  midiUe  ages,  as  the  title  HoJi' 
vess  is  employed  at  the  present  time. ^catholic 
Apostolate,  a  name  adopted  by  an  ecclesiastical  congre- 
gatinii  and  certain  pious  societies  founded  hy  Vincent 
Pallotti,  a  Roman  priest,  in  1835.  Such  societies  com- 
prise coninuinities  of  secular  priests,  with  lay  brothers 
attached,  devoteil  to  the  work  of  missions;  comnnniities 
of  religi(*us  women,  occupied  with  the  instruction  and 
care  of  poor  girls ;  and  associations  of  devoted  lay  men 
or  women  of  any  condition,  who  by  their  alms  and  prayers 
share  in  the  above-mentiimed  and  other  good  works. 

apostolesst,  «.  [<  ME.  apostolcsse,  apostlesse,  af- 
ter OF.  *((posfhsse,  apostrcsse ;  of.  ML.  apostolOj 
fern, :  see  apostle  and  -ess.']     A  female  apostle. 

Apostolian  (ap-os-to'li-an),  H.  One  of  a  sect 
of  Mennonites  in  the  Netherlands,  founded  in 
the  seventeenth  century  hy  Samuel  Apostool, 
a  minister  of  Amsterdam.     Also  JpostooUan. 

apostolic  (ap-os-torik),  a.  and  ".  [=  F.  aposto- 
}i<iue,  <  LL.  aposioJicus  (ML.  also  apostol ieaUs)^ 
<  LGr.  aTTOGToh k6c j<.  Gr,  a-ocTo'/ug:  see  apostle.] 
1,  a.  1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  or  character- 
istic of  an  apostle,  or  more  especially  of  the 
twelve  apostles;  of  the  apostles  or  an  apostle: 
as,  the  apostolic  age. —  2.  According  to  the  doc- 
trines of  the  apostles  ;  delivered  or  taught  by 
the  apostles :  as,  apostolic  faith  or  practice. 
— 3.  An  epithet  of  the  Chnstian  church,  sig- 
nifying her  identity  -with  the  primitive  church 
of  the  apostles.  See  apostoUcity. — 4.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  confeiTed  by  the  pope:  as,  apostolic 
privileges  ;  apostolic  benediction,  _  Apostolic 
benediction.  See  ^«/(.f/iV^'(./(. —Apostolic  Brethren. 
See  II..  1  (-■),  and  ApiKstolhw.—  ApostOlic  canons,  certain 
onlinances  and  regulations  belonging  to  the  lirst  cen- 
turies of  the  Christian  church,  and  incorreetl\'  asitibed 
to  the  apostles.  A  collection  of  them,  containing;  iifty 
canons,  translated  from  the  Greek  by  Dionysius  Exiguus, 
appeared  in  Latin  about  the  year  ^00,  and  about  fifty 
years  later  the  Greek  text,  with  thirty  five  addition^ 
canons,  making  the  whole  number  eighty-five,  was  pub- 
lished liy  John  of  Antioch ;  they  are  all  connnonly  printed 
at  the  enil  of  the  Apostolic  Constitutions.— ApOStoUc 
church.  See  ajxtstolic  see.—  ApostoIic  Constitutions, 
a  collection  of  dilfuse  instructions,  relating  to  the  duties 
of  clergy  and  laity,  to  ecclesi;\.stical  discipline,  and  to  cere- 
nnuiies,  ilivided  into  eight  books.  I'nlikc  the  apostolic 
canons,  they  seem  to  have  been  pmctieally  unknown  in 
the  West  until  their  publication  in  the  j-ixleeiith  lentury, 
though  existing  in  ancient  MSS.  in  some  lil)raries;  like 
the  canons,  they  profess  to  he  the  words  of  the  apostles, 
written  down  by  Clement  of  Rome.  Controversy  has  ex- 
isted with  regard  to  their  precise  age,  composition,  and 
authoritative  character.  They  are  now  generally  sup- 
posed to  be  considerably  later  than  the  time  of  the  apos- 
tles, but  to  have  l)een  in  existence,  in  the  main,  hy  the 
end  of  the  third  and  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  een- 
tuiy.—ApoStoUc  council  See  council.— Apostolic  fa- 


apostolic 

thers.  See  father.  -  ApostoUc  king,  a  title  (tranted  by 
the  pope  to  tlir  kini,'s  o(  Ilimniiry,  llrat  conferrt-fi  on  St. 
Stephen  (A.  11,  UXXl),  the  fouucier  of  the  loyal  line  of  llun- 
nary,  for  what  he  aeeoinplisheU  in  tile  spreaiiiiiK  of  <_'hris. 
tlanity.  Tiie  titie  was  renewed  liy  Clement  XIII.  in  IT;')8, 
in  favor  of  tiic  Aiistro- Hungarian  royal  house,  and  wai* 
aboiisiied  in  1848,  Imt  w.-w  reassunied  as  apnstalic  maji'ittt/ 
in  \h:A,  ami  restrieteii  to  tlie  emperor  in  his  eliaracter  lif 
ltin«  of  Ilnni^ary  in  18i>8.  -  Apostolic  see,  a  name  origi- 
nally applied  to  pertain  elinrrlics.  particularly  to  tho.tie  at 
Antioell,  Konie.  and  Kphesns,  hecauwc  foumied  by  apos- 
tles ;  now,  however,  sjiecially  appropriateti  tiy  the  i'hnreh 
of  Rome,  on  the  crouud  that  it  was  founded  liy  St.  Peter 
and  that  its  popes  are  liis  successors. —  Apostolic  suc- 
cession, an  uriinteiTupted  snece.«sion  of  bishops,  aii'i 
tliroimb  tliem  of  ju-iestsand  deacons  (these  tliree  orders  of 
ministers  beinc  called  the  npoxtolic  ordiTf'),  in  the  ehureli, 
hy  regular  ordination  from  the  first  apostles  down  to  the 
present  day.  maint;iirii-d  hy  the  Roman  Catholic.  (Jreek. 
Orient.al,  and  .\iiL'liean  clnurbes  to  lie  historical  and  to 
be  essential  to  (he  transmission  of  valid  orders. —  Catho- 
lic Apostolic  Church,  a  name  adopted  by  the  sect  popu- 
larly Iviiown  as  iTrlwiiti'n.     See  Irrtii'iilr. 

II.  H.  [cap.']  i.  A  member  of  one  of  various 
sects  (also  calleJ  .tjiostolicals  or  Apostolici) 
which  professed  to  revive  the  doctrine  and 
practice  of  the  apostles,  (a)  One  of  a  sect  which  in 
the  third  and  foiirtli  eeiitnries  coudemned  maiTiaye  and 
imliviiiual  owner-sliiji  of  j.roperty.  (b)  A  member  of  an 
anti-sacerdotal  sect  of  tlie  twelfth  century,  in  Germany 
and  France,  which  denounced  the  corrui»tion  of  ttie  papal 
hierarchy,  and  rejected  many  of  tlie  doctrines  of  tlie  llo- 
man  Church,  (c)  One  of  the  .-Vpostolic  IJretlireii  of  north- 
cm  Italy,  in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  who 
assumed  a  vow  of  poverty,  denouneed  the  papacy,  and 
foretold  its  destruction  ami  the  imiiiguration  of  a  new  age 
under  the  dispensation  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  Their  first 
leader,  Sajrarelli,  was  put  to  death  in  i;iOO;  their  second, 
Doleino,  who  made  war  against  the  papacy,  in  l:J07. 
2.  A  title  of  bishops  in  early  times,  afterward 
limited  to  primates,  and  finally  to  the  pope. 

apostolical  (ap-os-tnl'i-lcul),  a.  and  n.  Same 
as  '(/"'^''"''<".  — Apostolical  notary.     See  nutanj. 

apostolically  (ap-os-tol'i-ltal-i),  adv.  In  an 
apostolic  manner. 

apostolicalness  (ap-os-tol'i-kal-nes),  «.      The 

.  quality  of  being  apostolic,  or  oit  being  in  accor- 
dance with  the  doctrines  of  the  apostles. 

apostolicism  (ap-os-tol'i-sizm),  n.  [<  apostolic 
+  -ism.  ]  The  quality  of  being  apostolic ;  pro- 
fession of  apostolic  principles  or  practices. 

apostolicity  (a-pos-to-lis'i-ti),  «.  [<  apostolic 
+  -itij ;  formed  \\ko  i^ulilicitii,  catlioliciti/,  etc.] 
The  quality  of  being  apostolic;  one  of  the  four 
qualities  of  the  tnie  church  as  given  in  the 
Constantinopolitau  Creed,  A.  D.  381,  namely, 
unity,  sanctity,  catholicity,  apostolicity. 

Apostoline  (a-pos'to-lin),  «.  [<  ML.  Aposto- 
liiiHs.i  LL.  uposl<ihis,  apostle.]  A  member  of 
a  rtdigious  congregation  of  men  established 
in  Milan  in  the  fifteenth  century,  and  follow- 
ing the  rule  of  the  Hermits  of  St.  Augustine. 
They  were  also  called  .Ambrosians,  from  the  church  of 
St.  Ambrose  at  their  mother  house,  and  Apostolic  Breth- 
ren of  the  Poor  Life,  whence  they  have  lieen  sometimes 
confounded  with  the  .\postidics.  (See  Apotttoli*;.  h.,  1  (c).) 
They  were  for  a  time  nier^'ed  with  the  order  of  Earnabites, 
and  were  finally  suppressed  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

Apostoolian  (ap-os-to'li-an),  n.  See  ApostoUan. 

apostrophe^  (a-pos'tro-fe),  n.  [Formerly  also 
aj}ostfi)pliji  =  (x.  apostroplic  =  F.  apostrophe  = 
Sp.  (ijiostrofc  =  Pg.  apostroplic  =  It.  apostrofe, 
apostrofa,  <  L. apostroplic,<.Ur.  n-onrpoijii/,  a  turn- 
ing away,  <  airoaTpiijiciv,  ttiru  away,  <  a-6,  away, 
+  aT()t'ij>«v,  turn.  CI.  strophe.']  1.  In  )•/l(■^,  a  di- 
gressive address;  the  interruption  of  the  course 
of  a  speech  or  writing,  iu  order  to  address  brief- 
ly a  person  or  persons  (present  or  absent,  real 
or  imaginary)  individually  or  separately;  hence, 
any  abrupt  interjectional  speech.  Originally 
the  tena  was  applied  only  to  such  an  address 
made  to  one  present. 

At  the  close  of  his  argument,  he  turned  to  his  client,  in 
an  affecting  aito^tiopke.  J^vcn-tt,  Orations,  I.  277. 

2.  In  hot.,  the  arrangement  of  chlorophyl-gran- 
ules  mider  the  action  of  direct  sunlight  (liiiht- 
apostrophc),  and  in  darkness  {ilarh-ajiostroplii) : 
in  the  first  case  upon  the  lateral  walls  of  the 
cells,  so  that  their  edges  are  presented  to  the 
light ;  in  the  latter,  upon  the  lateral  and  basal 
cell-walls :  used  in  tlistinction  from  epistrophc 
(whicli  see). 
apostrophe-  (a-pos'tro-fe),  n.  [In  form  and 
pron.  confused  with  apostrophe'^;  prop.  *apo- 
stroph  =  a.  apostrojih  =  Sw.  Dan.  apostrof=  F. 
apostrophe  =  Sp.  ap<>slr<i/o  =  Pg.  apostropho  = 
It.  apostrofo,  in  E.  first  in  LL.  fonn  apostrophiis, 
<  LL.  ajiosfniphiis,  o/iostrophos,  <  Gr.  <lT(i<T-/)(«j>(«;, 
the  apostrophe,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  ^poauiha,  accent), 
of  turning  away  (elision),  <  a^o<Trpt(pciv,  turn 
away:  see  apostro/iltr^.']  1.  In  gram.,  the  omis- 
sion of  one  or  more  letters  in  a  word. —  2.  In 
writinri  and  priiitinij,  the  sign  (')  used  to  indicate 
such  omission.  The  omission  may  be  (n)  of  a  letter  or 
letters  regularly  writt^'li  but  not  sounded,  as  in  thu  for 
thowjh,  Uv'd  for  lived,  aiiu'd  fur  aimed,  etc. ;  {b)  of  a  let- 


267 

ter  or  letters  regularly  sounded  and  written,  and  omitted 
only  in  poetical  or  etdloiinial  speech,  as  in  o'er  for  orrr, 
dtnt't  for  dii  n'lt,  etc. ;  or  (r)  of  a  letter  regularly  sonndeil 
but  not  written,  as  in  the  possessives  i'liurch'M,/(tx'}i,Jimt'j<'s, 
cit\,  and  so  foniierly  often  in  similar  plurals  now  written 
in  full,  &A  churchi-H,  /itxftt,  Junfum.  The  apostrophe  is  now 
extended  in  all  possessives  (except  of  pronouns)  as  a  mere 
sign  of  the  case,  as  601/ *«,  fwmV,  etc.,  also  when  the  sntllx 
is  omitted,  as  in  ciniHcinw.c'  naki',  and  in  plural  possessives, 
as  Ijtuin',  UiinH';  and  it  is  still  used  in  some  unusual  or  lie- 
culiar  plurals,  as  many  I).  D.g  and  LL.  D.'n,  a  succession 
of  It's,  four  y'x,  etc. 

3.  The  sign  (')  used  for  otlier  purposes,  espe- 
cially, single  or  double,  as  a  concluding  mark 
of  quotation,  as  in  "  '  Well  done,'  said  he."  See 
qiiolatiiiii-mark. 

apostrophic^  (aji-o-strof'ik),  a.  [<  apostrophe^ 
+  -ic]  In  rhet.,  pertaining  to,  resembling,  or 
of  the  nature  of  an  apostrophe. 

apostrophic-  (ap-o-strof 'ik),  a.  [<  apostrophe'^ 
-t-  -((•.]     In  (/ram.,  pertaining  to  the  iipostrojiho. 

apostrophize'  (a-pos'tro-flz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
apostroplii:r(l,  ppr.  aj)ostrophi-iii<i.  [<  apostro- 
j)he^  +  -ICC.  (Jf.  ML.  (tjKistropharc,  >  F,  apos- 
trophcr.'\  I.  traits.  In  rhet.,  to  address  by  apos- 
trophe. 

There  is  a  peculiarity  in  Uomer's  manner  of  apogtro- 
jihizing  Euniaius,  and  speaking  of  hiiu  in  the  second  per- 
son. Pope,  ()dy.ssey,  xiv.  41,  note. 
II.  intrans.  To  make  an  apostrophe  or  short 
digressive  address  in  speaking;  speak  in  the 
manner  of  an  apostrophe. 
Also  spelled  apostrophise. 

apostrophize-  (a-pos'tro-Qz),  r.  i.  [<  apostro- 
phe"^ -\-  -ize."]  In  gram. :  (a)  To  omit  a  letter 
or  letters.  (6)  To  mark  such  omission  with 
the  sign  ('). 

apostrophyt,  ».     See  apostrophe'^. 

apostmnet,  "•     A  corrupt  form  of  apostem. 

Apotactic(ap-o-tak'tik),  «.   Hurao  us  Apotactitc. 

Apotactite  (ap-o-tak'tit),  n.  [<  ML.  .ipotactita; 
pi.,  <  Ltir.  \>i.iToTaK-iTat,  pi.,  <  Gr.  ii-u-an-oc,  set 
apart  for  a  special  use,  specially  appointed, 
verbal  adj.  of  a-ordaaav,  set  apart,  assign  spe- 
cially, <  nirii,  from,  +  Tuaaew,  aiTaugo,  ordain :  see 
tactic]  One  of  a  community  of  ancient  Chris- 
tians who,  in  imitation  of  the  recorded  acts  of 
eertaiti  of  the  first  followers  of  Christ,  added  to 
the  ascetic  vows  of  the  Encratitcs,  of  whom  they 
were  a  branch,  a  reimnciation  of  all  personal 
property :  probably  the  same  as  the  early  Apos- 
tolies.     See  Apostolic,  «.,  1  (a). 

apotelesmt  (a-pot'e-lezm),  71.  [<  Gr.  avmiT^apa, 
restilt,  effect,  event,  the  result  of  certain  posi- 
tions of  the  stars  on  htrman  destiny,  <  airoreliiv, 
complete,    accomplish,  <    ii-lt,  from,  -t-   rOeiv, 

<  7f/o(;,  end.]  1.  The  result;  the  sum  and 
substance.  X  E.  D. — 2.  In  meil.,  the  result  or 
termination  of  a  disease. —  3.  In  astrol.,  the 
calculation  of  a  natiWty.     Bailey. 

apotelesmatict  (ap  "o-tel-ez-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
ii~oTf'/.fGpaTiKu^,  <  aToTt/.eGiia :  see  ajtotclesni.] 
Relating  to  iistrology ;  pertaining  to  the  casting 
of  horoscopes. 

apothect  (ap'6-thek),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
apothecke,  ami  coiTuptly  apothect,  oppathekc, 
etc.,  <  OF.  apothcijiic,  apotequc,  disiilaced  in 
later  F.  by  the  boiTowed  boutique,  a  shop,  <  Pr. 
botica,  later  boutiga.  a  shop,  =  Sp.  Pg.  botica, 
apothecary's  shop,  Sp.  also  bodega,  a  wine-cel- 
lar, shop,  grocery,  Pg.  bodega,  a  public  Iiouse, 
eating-house,  =it.  bottega,  dial,  potcga,  putiga, 
a  shop,  =  D.  apotheek  =  G.  apotheke  =  Dan.  Sw. 
apothck,  an  apothecary's  shop,  <  L.  apotheca,  a 
repository,  storehouse,  warehouse,  ML.  a  shop, 
store,  <  Gr.  a-ofti/KJj,  a  repositoiy,  storehouse,  < 
aiTOTidivai,  put  away,  <  dn-tS,  away,  +  nSivai,  put, 
>  Oi/Ki/,  a  case,  box,  chest :  see  07)0-  and  theca.'] 
A  shop ;  especially,  a  drug-shoi). 

apothecary  (a-poth'e-ka-ri),  >i. ;  pi.  apotheca- 
ries (-riz).  [Early  mod'.  E.  also  by  apheresis 
potheeartj,  poticarij,  etc.,  <  ME.  apothecarie, 
upothica'rie,  etc.,  by  apheresis  potcearie,  poti- 
carie,  etc.,  <  OF.  apotecaire,  apolicairc,  mod.  F. 
apothicairc,  =  Sp.  Pg.  boticario,  apothecary,  = 
It.  bottcgajo,  a  shopkeeper,  =  D.  G.  Dan.  apo- 
theker  =  Sw.  apotlukare,  <  LL.  apothccarius,  a 
warehouseman,  ML.  a  shopkeeper,  apothecary, 

<  L.  apotheca  :  see  apothcc.']  One  who  prac- 
tises pharmacy;  a  skilled  person  who  prepares 
drugs  for  medicinal  uses  and  keeps  them  for 
sale  ;  a  pharmacist.  In  Englaml  and  Ireland  the 
term  is  now  specifically  applied  to  a  meniber  of  an  inferior 
branch  of  the  niedieal  profession,  lieenscil.  after  examina- 
tion by  the  Apothecaries'  Company,  to  practise  medicine 
as  well  as  to  sell  and  dispense  drugs.  In  Seotlaiel,  how- 
ever, as  in  the  I'nited  States,  an  apothecary  is  simply  a 
pharmacist  i|Ualified  hy  exaniination  and  license  to  eom- 
poiind,  sell,  and  dispense  inctlicines.  .See  dnitjf/ijtt. — 
Apothecaries*  Act,  an  English  statute  of  lsl.T(f.,T  Geo. 
111.,  c.  l;H)  regulating  the  business  of  apothei-aries.  the 

examination  of  drugs,  etc.— Apotl^ecarles'  Company, 


apothem 

one  of  the  worshipful  eMni|,aniesof  I.ondon,  Incorporated 
by  royal  charter  in  lfJI7.  It  is  empowered  to  grant  a  11- 
cense  to  practise  medicine.  -Apothecaries'  HaU,  the 
hall  of  the  corporation  of  apothecaries  cif  I..,niloii,  where 
medicines  are  prepared  anil  scdd  under  their  diriclion.— 
Apothecaries'  weight,  the  system  of  weights  formerly 
in  Gr,-at  I'.rilain,  and  still  in  the  Ignited  Slates,  employed 
in  dispensing  ilrugs,  dilfering  only  in  its  subdivisions  from 
troy  weight.    The  tnhle  is  lus  follows  ; 

Ouncri.        Orami.        Scrapie*.  Orkla*. 

1  pound  (lb)    =  12  =     96     =  288  =  5700 

1  ounce  (S)  =       8     =  '24  =  480 

1  dram  (^}  =  3  =  CO 

1  .scruple  (;•))  =  20 

apothecia,  «.     Pliu-al  of  apothceium. 

apothecial  (ap-o-tho'sial),  a.     [<  apothceium  + 

-»/.]    Pertaining  or  relating  to  an  apothecium. 

Apothecial  reactions  for  the  most  part  take  place  either 

externally  on  the  epitheeium  or  internally  on  tlie  hyine- 

nial  gelatin.  Kiiei/i:  lirit.,  XIV.  !>50. 

apothecium  (ap-o-the'gium),  H. ;  pi.  apothecia 
(-siit).  [XL.,<  (iv.  <'ix(jtl)/t.>/,  a  storehouse:  see 
ajioihec.'i  In  bot.,  the  fruit  of  liclien.s,  usually 
an  open,  rounded,  sliield-  or  dish-shaped  body 
attached  to  the  surface,  as  in  gyinnocari)OU3 
lichens,  or  globular  and  immersed  in  the  sub- 
stance of  the  thallus,  as  in  the  angiocarpous 
series  of  genera.  An  apothecium  consists  of  an  ex- 
eiple  and  the  ineluiled  hymcninm.  The  exciple  is  com- 
posed of  a  layer  of  cells  (hypotlieeiiini)  with  or  without  an 


Apottiecia.    (From  Saclis's  "L-chrbucti  <ler  Botanik.") 
yf.  vertical  section  of  apothecium  of  ^«.i/0'^A,"ii  ciii.irti  (much  en- 
larged I :  r,  cortex  :  jt',  eonidi.i ;  w,  medullary  layer  :  A.  h>'Tiieniuin ;  >. 
subhyincnial  layer  ana  exciple.     li,  L'tnfti  barbala,  and  C,  Stieta 
futtnanacea,  with  apothecia,  a. 

additional  subhyinenial  layer.  The  hymeiiinin  consists 
of  asci  (otherwise  theca;  or  thekes),  which  are  the  spore- 
bearing  organs,  usually  interiningleil  with  slender  erect 

lllaments  (paraphyses). 

apothegm  (ap'o-them),  n.  [First  in  E.  as  apo- 
thegm, but  later  also  WTitten  apophthegm,  =  F. 
apophthcgme=iip.  apotegma  =  Pg.  apophtegma, 
apotegma  =  It.  ajiotegma,  apoftcgma,  <  ML.  "apo- 
thcgma,  *apophthe<ima,  <  Gr.  ii-<'><plk} pa,  a  terse, 
pointed  sajang,  <  a-aplti-, ; cathi,  speak  out  plain- 
ly, <  dffu,  from,  -I-  <pt)f))caOai,  cry  out,  utter.]  A 
short,  pithy,  instructive  saying;  a  terse  remark, 
convejnng  some  important  tnitli ;  a  sententious 
precept  or  ma.vim.     iSlso  spelled  apophthegm. 

Of  [.Sir  Rieharil]  Blackmore's  attainments  in  the  ancient 
tongues,  it  may  be  sntticient  t^i  say  that  in  his  prose  he 
ha-s  confounded  an  aphorism  with  an  ajuiphthe'iiii. 

Macautatf,  A<ldison. 
=  Syn.  Apti'tri^-m,  Axiom,  Maxim,  etc.     See  rt;'/ion>»i. 

apothegmatic  (ap'o-theg-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aiT(xpOeyfiaTiK6^,  sententious,  <  a-dipBc^ua,  apo- 
thegm.] 1.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  an  apothegm ;  containing  an  apothegm 
or  apothegms;  sententious. —  2.  Given  to  the 
use  of  iipotliegms. 

Also  spelled  opophthcgniatic. 

apothegmatical  (aji  "o-theg-mat'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  apnthi  gmatic.  Also  spelled  apophihcgmalical. 

apothegmatist  (ap-o-theg'ma-tist),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aTviiipOr,  iia(7-),  apothegm,  +  -isl.'\  A  collector 
or  maker  of  apothegms.  Also  spelled  apoph- 
thegmatist. 

apothegmatize  (ap-o-theg'ma-tiz),  r.  i. ;  pret. 
and  pp.  apothegmati:ed.  ppr.  apothegmatizing. 
[<  Gr.  a-6ipOeypd{r-),  apotliegra,  +  -i>.]  To  utter 
apothegms.     Also  spelled  apophthegmati:e. 

apothem,  apotheme  (ap'o-them,  -them),  h.   [= 

F.  apiilhemc,  <  XL.  apoth'ema,  <  Gr.  as  if  'ii-6- 
tkiia,  <  a-iiriUivai.  set  off,  put  aside,  de]iosit:  see 
apothesis.]  1.  In  geom.,  a  perpendicular  let 
fall  from  the  center  of  a  regular  jiolygon  upon 
one  of  its  sides. — 2.  In  pharmaceutics,  the  more 
orless  completely  insoluble  brownish  substance 


apothem 

deposited  when  vegol  a  1  ilc  iul'usions,  decoctions, 
tinctures,  etc.,  are  subjected  to  prolonged  evap- 
oration by  heat  with  access  of  air.  The  sub- 
stance or  substances  out  of  which  it  is  in  this 
way  I'ormod  constitute  the  so-called  extractive. 

apothema  (a-poth'e-mii),  n.  [NL. :  see  apo- 
thiiii.]     Same  as  apothem. 

apotheme,  «.    See  apothem. 

apotheosis  (ap-o-the'6-sis  or  ap'o-the-o'sis), 
II.;  \\\.  iijHithcoses  (-ae-i).  [LL.,  <  Gr.  affoftWc, 
a  dcilication,  <  airoUtotn',  uTTolkovy,  deify,  <  (imi, 
from,  +  titui;  a  god.]  1.  Deification;  conse- 
cration; specifically,  under  the  Roman  empire, 
the  formal  attribution  of  ilivine  honors  to  a  de- 
ceased emperor  or  other  member  of  the  imperial 
family. 

A  regular  custom  was  introduced,  that  on  the  decease 
of  every  emperor  who  had  neither  lived  nor  died  like  a  ty- 
rant, the  senate,  by  a  solemn  decree,  sliould  place  him  in 
the  number  of  tlie  gods  ;  and  the  ceremonies  of  his  apo- 
theosU  were  blended  with  those  of  his  funeral.  Gibbon. 
In  order  to  invest  themselves  with  a  sacred  character, 
the  emperors  adopted  the  religious  device  of  an  apotheosis. 
Lecky,  Em-op.  Morals,  I.  272. 

2.  Figuratively,  excessive  honor  paid  to  any 
great  or  distinguished  person ;  the  ascription 
of  extraordinary  virtues  or  superhuman  quali- 
ties to  a  human  being. 

Exerting  himself  in  laudation,  almost  in  apotheosis,  of 
the  republican  heroes  and  martyrs. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  399. 

3.  The  personification  and  undue  exaltation  of 
a  virtue,  a  sentiment,  or  an  idea. 

The  apotheosis  of  chivalry,  in  the  person  of  their  apos- 
tie  and  patron,  St.  James.      Prescott,  Fcrd.  and  Isa.,  Int. 

apotheosize  (ap-o-the'o-siz  or  ap"o-the-6'siz), 
V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  apotheosized,  ppr.  apotheosiz- 
ing. [<  apotheosis  + -ize.]  1.  To  consecrate 
of  exalt  to  the  dignity  of  a  deity;  deify. — 2. 
To  i>ay  excessive  honor  or  ascribe  superhuman 
qualities  to;  glorify;  exalt. 

apothesis  (a-poth'e-sis),  n.  [NL.  (L.,  in  arch., 
the  same  as  upojihi/f/e),  <  Gr.  a^roOeaif,  a  laying 
up,  a  putting  back  or  away,  a  storing  up,  a  set- 
ting or  disposition  of  a  dislocated  or  fractiu-ed 
limb,  also  the  same  as  apodyterium,  q.  v.,  < 
airoTidirai,  put  back  or  away,  <  otto,  away,  + 
TiBivai,  put,  set,  place :  see  apo-  and  thesis.'] 
In  siirg. :  (a)  The  reduction  of  a  dislocation  or 
fracture.  Hooper,  (h)  The  disposition  proper 
to  be  given  to  a  fractured  limb  after  reduction. 
Diiii(ili.soii. 

apotome  (a-pot'6-me),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  airoTOfti'i, 
a  cutting  off,  a  piece,  the  larger  segment  of  a 
tone,  <  arroTeuvsiv,  cut  off,  <  a~6,  off,  -t-  TCfiven; 
Taueiv,  cut.]  1.  jiimatli.,  a  term  used  by  Euclid 
to  denote  a  straight  line  which  is  the  difference 
between  two  straight  lines  that  are  rational  (in 
Euclid's  sense,  that  is,  are  either  commensur- 
able with  the  unit  line,  or  have  their  squares 
commensui'able  with  the  square  on  the  unit 
line)  and  that  are  commensurable  in  power 
only  (that  is,  have  their  squares  commensur- 
able, but  are  themselves  incommensurable). 
Apotomes  are  of  six  incommensurable  classes.  To  define 
these,  let  o  denote  the  lengtll  of  tlie  minuend  line,  called 
by  EucUd  the  wliole,  and  let  17  denote  the  length  of  the 
subtrahend  line,  called  by  Euclid  the  adapted  line  (irpocr- 
apiMo^ovaa).  The  apotome  is  0— IT.  It  is  ajirst  apotome  if 
o  and  yo'-i—n'^  are  commensurable  with  the  unit  line.  It 
is  a  second  apotome  if  yo-—w-  is  commensurJil)le  with  o 
and  :r  is  commensurable  with  the  unit  line.  It  is  a  third 
apotome  if  yo-~n-  is  commensm'able  with  o,  but  neither 
o  nor  IT  is  commensurable  with  the  unit  line.  It  is  a  fourth 
apotome  if  0  is  incommensurable  with  y^o'-— tt-,  but  is  com- 
mensurable with  the  unit  line.  It  is  a  fifth  apotome  if 
y'oiJ— TT-  is  incommensurable  but  n  commensurable  vdth 
the  unit  line.  It  is  a  sixth  apotome  if  neither  ^o-— Tr2, 
0,  nor  n  is  commensurable  with  unity.  The  first  apototne 
of  a  medinl  line  is  the  difference  of  two  medial  lines,  com- 
mensurable in  power  only,  whose  rectangle  is  a  rational 
area.  The  .second  apotome  of  a  medial  line  is  tlie  dirterence 
of  two  medial  lines,  commensurable  in  power  only,  whose 
rectangle  is  a  medial  area. 

2.  In  the  Pythagorean  musical  system,  the 
greater  of  the  two  half  steps  or  semitones  into 
which  th(^  whole  step  or  whole  tone  is  divided. 
Its  vibration-ratio  is  sJS5- 

apotomy  (a-pot'6-mi),  «.     Same  as  apotome. 

apotrepsis  (ap-o-trep'sis),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aTr6- 
riiti'ic,  aversion,  a  turning  away,  <  aitoTpiTrnv, 
turn  away :  see  apotropou.<i.]  lu  meet.,  the  reso- 
lution of  an  inflammatory  tumor.     [Rare.] 

apotropaia,  «.     Plural  of  apotropaion. 

apotropaic  (ap"o-tro-pa'ik),  a.  [<  apotropaion 
+  -((■.]  Possessing  the  property  of  an  apotro- 
paion; lia\'ing  the  reputed  power  of  averting 
evil  influences. 

The  sacrifice  |to  Mars]  of  the  "October  horse."  in  the 
Campus  Martins,  .  .  .  had  also  a  naturalistic  and  apotro- 
paic character.  Eiu-yc.  Brit.,  XV,  570. 


268 

apotropaion  (ap"o-tro-pa'yon),  n. ;  pi.  apotro- 
paia (-yii).  [NL.  jiroji.  'ujiotropamm,  -icon, 
repr.  Gr.  uTroT/idiTfum',  ueut.  of  iiiroTjii-aioc,  avert- 
ing evil,  <  a-oTimi:ri,  a  tiuning  away,  averting, 
<  anorptTreiv,  turn  away,  avert :  see  ajiotropous.] 
In  tlr.  antiq.,  any  sign,  sjTiibol,  or  amtdet  re- 
puted to  have  the  power  of  averting  the  evil 
eye  or  of  serving  in  any  way  as  a  charm  against 
bad  luck.  In  art.  tin-  rcprcscntatinn  of  an  eye,  as  on 
painted  vases,  was  often  intiiHlnci-d  in  this  character;  and 
figurines  of  comic,  indcci-nt.  rtr  terrifying  subjects  and  cari- 
catures of  any  other  nature  also  did  duty  as  apotropaia. 

apotropous (a-pot'ro-pus),  a.  [<  NL.  ajiotropiis, 
<Gr.  u-6-poTroi;,  turned  away,  <.  inrorpiTTeiv,  turn 
away,  <  airo,  away,  -1-  Tpemiv,  turn.]  In  bot., 
turned  away :  applied  by  Agardh  to  an  anat- 
ropous  ovule  which  when  erect  or  ascending 
has  its  raphe  toward  the  placenta,  or  averse 
from  it  when  pendidous:  opposed  to  epitropom 
(which  see). 

Apoust,  ".     See  Apus. 

apoxyomenos (a-pok-si-om'e-nos),  K.;  pi. apoxij- 
omenoi  (-noi).  [Gr.  airo^vd/ieivi;,  ppr.  mid.  of 
a-Ko^veiv,  scrape  off,  <  a-:t6,  off,  +  ii:civ,  scrape.] 
In  Gr.  antiq.,  one  using  the  strigil;  one  scrap- 
ing dust  and  perspiration  from  his  body,  as  a 
bather  or  an  athlete.  Famous  representations 
in  art  are  a  statue  by  Polycletus  and  one  by 
Lysippus. 

My  own  impression  of  the  relief  [at  Athens]  of  Apoxy- 

omenoi  is  that  the  style  had  been  influenced  by  Praxiteles. 

A.  S.  Murray,  Greek  Sculpture,  II.  334,  note. 

apozem  (ap'o-zem),  n.  [<  L.  apozema,  <  Gr.  inrd- 
Cepa,  a  decoction,  <  invoi^tlv,  boil  till  the  scum  is 
thrown  off,  <  a-/>,  from,  -1-  Cfi',  boil.]  In  med., 
a  decoction  or  aqueous  infusion  of  one  or  more 
medicinal  substances  to  which  other  medica- 
ments are  added,  such  as  salts  or  syrups. 
[Rare.] 

apozemical  (ap-o-zem'i-kal),  a.  [<  apozem  + 
-ical.]  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  natiu'e  of 
an  apozem.     [Rare.] 

appairt  (a-par'),  V.  [<  ME.  apairen,  apayren, 
apeiren,  apei/ren,  and  by  apheresisyjoj'ren,  p>eiren, 
reduced  from  ampairen,  anpaircn,  more  cor- 
rectly einpeiren,  whence  later  empair,  mod.  »«- 
^aic,  q.v.]  I.  trans.  To  deface;  damage;  make 
worse;  impair;  bring  into  discredit;  riun. 
It  is  a  synne  and  eek  a  gret  folye 
To  apeyren  any  man  or  hym  defame. 

Chaucer,  Prol,  to  Miller's  Tale,  I.  39. 

II.  intrans.  To  degenerate ;  become  weaker; 
grow  worse ;  deteriorate ;  go  to  ruin. 

It  sliulde  not  apaire.  Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  I.  756. 
appal,  appall  (a-pal'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
palled,  pijr.  appalling.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  up- 
patde,  apawl,  <  ME.  appallen,  apallen,  <  OF. 
apallir,  appallir,  to  gi-ow  pale,  also  apalir,  ap- 
palir  (whence,  or  according  to  which,  the  later- 
appearing  E.  apipale,  q.  v.),  =  It.  appaUidire, 
grow  pale,  <  L.  ad  (>  It.  a,  F.  a),  to,  -I-  pallidits, 
>  It.  pallido,  OF.  pale,  nalle,  mod.  P.  jxile,  pale : 
see  2>aU- and  j)ale^.']  I.t  intrans.  1.  To  grow 
pale  or  become  dim. 

Hir  Uste  iiat  appalled  for  to  be. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  357. 

2.  To  become  weak  in  quality,  or  faint  in 
strength;  fade;  fail;  decay. 

Therewith  her  wrathful  courage  gan  appall. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  26. 
Like  the  Fire,  whose  heat  doth  soon  appale. 

Tofte,  Alba,  ii.,  Pref.     (A'.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  become  faint-hearted;  lose  coui-age  or 
resolution;  become  dismayed. —  4.  To  become 
weak,  flat,  stale,  and  insipid ;  lose  flavor  or  taste, 
as  fermented  liquor. 

I  appalle,  as  drinke  dothe  or  wyne,  when  it  lesith  his 
colour,  or  ale  whan  it  hath  stande  longe.  Palsgrave. 

II.  trans.  If.  To  make  pale ;  cause  to  grow 
pale;  blanch. 

The  answer  that  ye  made  to  me,  my  dear,  .  .  . 
Hath  so  appalled  my  countenance. 

Wyatt,  To  his  Love. 

2t.  To  cause  to  become  weak  or  to  fail ;  weaken ; 
reduce. 

But  it  were  for  an  olde  ajipalled  [var.  palled]  wight. 

Chaucer,  Shipman's  Tale,  1.  102. 

All  other  thirst  appatt'd.  Thomson,  Seasons. 

Severus,  being  appalled  with  age,  .  .  .  was  constraincil 
to  keep  his  chamber.  Stow,  Cliron. ,  The  Komayiies. 

3.  To  deprive  of  courage  or  strength  through 
fear;  cause  to  shrink  with  fear;  confoimd  with 
fear;  dismay;  terrify:    as,  the  sight  appalled 
the  stoutest  heart. 
Every  noise  appals  me.  Shetk.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2. 

Does  neither  rage  inflame  nor  fear  appal. 1 

Pope,  Iniit,  of  Hor.,  II.  ii.  308. 

4t.  To  cause  to  become  weak,  flat,  or  stale,  or 
to  lose  flavor  or  taste,  as  fermented  liquor. 


apparatus 

Wine  of  its  own  nature  will  not  congeal  and  freeze; 
only  it  will  lose  the  strength  and  become  appalled  in  ex- 
ticniity  of  eold.  llulluiul,  tr.  of  I'liuy. 

appal,  appall  (a-pal'),  «.  [<  appal,  appall,  ?'.] 
A  state  of  terror ;  affright ;  dismay ;  consterna- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

Him  [Ajax]  viewed  the  Greeks  exulting,  with  uiijial 
The  Trojans.  Cowper,  Iliad,  vi. 

Appalachian  (ap-a-laeh'i-an  or  -la'chi-an),  a. 
[Named  from  the  Appalacfies,  an  Indian  tribe.] 
Appellative  of  or  pertaining  to  a  system  of 
mountains  in  eastern  North  America,  extending 
from  Cape  Gasp6,  in  the  province  of  Quebec, 
to  northern  Alabama,  and  divided  into  many 
ranges  bearing  separate  names.  The  whole  system 
has  also  been  called  the  Alleghanies,  after  its  most  exten- 
sive division.  The  name  .Appalachian  was  first  applied  by 
the  Spaniards  to  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  system. 
Also  sometimes  spelled  A]>rtlachian,  after  the  Spanish 
orthography.— Appalactiian  tea,  the  American  name  for 
the  leaves  of  two  plants.  Vif'iirnum  ca.ssinoides  and  Ilex 
Cassine,  sometimes  used  as  a  suhstltute  for  Chinese  tea. 

appalet  (a-pal'),  v.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  apale, 

<  OF.  appalir,  apalir :  being  the  same  as  appall, 

<  OF.  apallir,  appallir,  in  closer  association 
withp«/c:  see  appal,  pale^,  c,  and  pall-.]  An 
old  spelling  of  appal. 

appalementt,  ».     [<  appale  +  -ment.']     An  old 
form  of  iijipatment. 
appall,  i'.  and  «.     See  appal. 
appalling  (a-pa'ling),  /).  a.     Causing  or  fitted 
to  cause  dismay  or  horror:   as,  an  appalling 
accident ;  an  appalling  sight. 

All  the  avenues  of  enquiry  were  painted  with  images  of 
appalling  suffering,  and  of  malicious  djemons. 

I.ecky,  Europ.  Morals.  II.  243. 

appallingly  (a-pa'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
appal  or  transfi-x  with  fright;  shockingly. 

appalment  (a-pal'ment),  H.  [<  apjial  +  -ment.] 
The  state  of  being  appalled;  depression  occa- 
sioned by  fear;  discouragement  through  fear. 
Also  spelled  appallment,  and  formerly  appale- 
inent.     [Rare.] 

The  furious  slaughter  of  them  was  a  great  discourage- 
ment and  appalement  to  the  rest.     Bacon,  Hen.  VII.,  p.  35. 

appanage  (ap'a-n,ij),  n.  [<  F.  appanage,  appe- 
nage  (Cotgrave),  apanage,  now  only  apanage  (> 
E.  also  apanage),  <.  OF.  upaner=iVr.  apanar,<. 
ML.  *appanare,  apanare,  furnish  with  bread,  < 
L.  ad,  to,  -t-  2>anis  (>  F.  pain),  bread.]  1.  Origi- 
nally, in  the  feudal  law  of  France,  that  which 
was  granted  to  the  sons  of  the  sovereign  for  their 
support,  as  lands  and  pri's-ileges,  and  which  re- 
verted to  the  crown  on  the  failui'e  of  male  heirs. 
In  Scotland,  at  a  later  date,  appanage  was  the  patrimony 
of  the  king's  eldest  son,  upon  whose  death  or  succession 
to  the  throne  it  reverted  to  the  crown.  In  England,  the 
duchy  of  Cornwall  is  sometimes  regarded  as  an  appanage  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales ;  in  addition,  he  and  other  members 
of  the  royal  family  receive  from  Parliament  allowances 
amounting  to  £156,000  out  of  the  annual  income  derived 
from  the  hereditary  crown  lands  surrendered  to  Parliament 
in  the  time  of  William  IV. 

France  could  little  afford  to  see  Normandy  separated 
from  its  body,  even  though  it  was  to  form  an  apanage  of 
one  of  its  own  princes. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq..  III.  78. 

2.  Whatever  belongs  or  falls  to  one  from  one's 
rank  or  station  in  life. 

"  I  prefer  respect  to  .admiration,"  said  Flora ;  "but  I  fear 
that  respect  is  not  the  appanage  of  such  as  I  am." 

Divraeli,  Coningsby,  iv.  8. 

3.  A  natural  or  necessary  accompaniment;  an 
endowment  or  attribute. 

Wliere,  save  the  rugged  road,  we  find 
No  appanage  of  human  kind. 

Wordsworth,  Pass  of  Kirkstone. 

4.  A  dependent  territory ;  a  detached  part  of 
the  dominions  of  a  crown  or  government :  as, 
India  is  now  only  an  appanage  of  Great  Britain. 

Also  written  apanage,  and  sometimes  appe- 
nage. 
appanagistt  (ap'a-na-jist),  n.  [<F.  apanagiste: 
see  appanage  and  -ist.]  A  prince  to  whom  an 
appanage  was  granted.  Pennij  Cije.,  II.  144. 
apparaget,  «•  [<  OF.  aparage,  <  aparer,  <a,  to, 
+  par,  eijual.  Cf.  mod.  F.  parage,  rank,  and  E. 
peerage.]  Noble  extraction;  nobility;  rank; 
quality.     N.  E.  D. 

apparailet,  «•  and  v.    A  Middle  English  form 
01  apiniril. 
apparatet  (ap'a-rat),  n.     Same  as  apparatus. 
Such  aj'i'iit-atc  and  order  for  public  sacrifices. 

Sficldon,  Miracles,  p.  271. 

apparatus  (ap-a-ra'tus),  n.  sing,  and  pil.;  pi.  also 
rarely  apparatuses  (-ez).  [L.,  pi.  apjiaratus, 
pi-eparation,  equipment,  gear,  <  apparatus,  pp. 
of  apparare,  adparare.  prepare, <  ad.  to,  +  para- 
re,  make  ready,  prepare :  see  pare  and  prepare.] 
An  equipment  of  things  provided  and  adapted 
as  means  to  some  end ;  especially,  a  collection, 
combination,  or  set  of  machinery,  tools,  instru- 


apparatus 

ments,  utensils,  apiiliances,  or  materials  in- 
tended, adapted,  and  iiecesnary  for  the  accom- 
plishment of  some  jmrpoHc,  such  as  mechani- 
cal work,  experimenting,  etc.:  as,  chemical, 
philosophical,  or  surgical  apparatus. 

The  whole  uiilitary  apparatus  of  the  archduke  was  put 
in  motion.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  17. 

Specitlcally— (a)  In  jjhijgiol.,  a  collection  of  orKans  wliich, 
though  differing  in  structure,  all  niiidster  to  tlie  same  func- 
tion :  as,  the  rcspinitory  apparatug ;  the  dij;estive  appa- 
ratus. {If)  A  colleclion  i>f  materials  for  :iny  literary  W(jrk  : 
as.  critical  apparatus  for  the  stviiiy  of  thf  (Jreek  text  of  the 
New  Testament.  — Apparatus  belli  (Latin),  in:iterials  of 
war;  aninumition;  military  stores.  —  Apparatus  SCUlp- 
tOrls(New  Latin),  the  Sculptors  W  orksliop,  a  constella- 
tion situated  in  that  region  of  the  heavens  whicli  lies  im- 
mediately to  the  east  uf  the  large  star  t'omalliaut,  or  a 
Piseis  Australis.  It  harely  rises  above  the  horizon  in  the 
northern  hemisphere. 
apparel  (a-par'el),  v.  t. ;  prot.  and  pp.  appareled 
or  apparelled,  ppr.  appareling  or  apparellhtg. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  aparely  aparrell,  etc.,  <  ME. 
aparailen,  apparailcti^  -aifle}},  -eilen,  -eylciij  etc., 
and  by  apheresis  parailen,  <  OF,  aparailler, 
apareillerf  F.  apparcdler,  dress,  prepare,  =  Pr. 
aparelhar  ■=.  Sp.  aparejar  =  Pg.  apparelhar  =  It. 
apparecchiarej  <  L.  as  if  *adparieularej  make 
ecjual  or  fit,  <  adj  to,  +  ^pariculus  (>  It.  parecchio 
=  Pg.  parelho  =:  Sp.  parejo  =  Pr.  parelh  =  F. 
pared,  equal,  like),  dim.  of  par,  equal :  seepar.'\ 
If.  To  make  ready;  prepare;  fit  out;  put  in 
proper  order. 

For  ther  he  wolde  hire  weddying  apparaile. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  I.  2473. 

2.  To  dress  or  clothe;  adorn  or  set  off;  deck 
with  ornaments. 

Behold,  they  which  are  gorgeously  apparelled,  and  live 
delicately,  are  in  kings'  coui-ts.  Luke  vil.  25. 

It  is  no  greater  charity  to  clothe  his  body,  than  apparel 
the  nakedness  of  his  soul. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  3. 

She  did  apparel  her  apparel,  and  with  the  preciousness 
of  her  body  made  it  most  sumptuous.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

You  may  have  trees  apparelled  with  flowers  by  boring 
holes  in  them,  putting  into  them  earth,  and  setting  seeds 
of  violets.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  504. 

3.  To  furnish  with  external  apparatus;  equip: 
as,  ships  appareled  for  sea. 

apparel  (a-par'el),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aparcl,  aparrelf  etc.,  and  parel,  parrell,  etc.,  < 
ME.  aparelj  apparail^  apareily  and  by  apheresis 
parel,  <  OF.  aparail,  apareil,  aparel,  preparation, 
equipment,  F.  appareil,  prei>aration,  provision, 
=  Pr.  aparelh  =  Sp.  aparejo  =  Pg.  apparelko 
=  It.  apparecchio;  from  the  verb.]  If.  Prepa- 
ration ;  the  work  of  preparing  or  providing. — 

2.  Things  prepared  or  provided ;  articles  or 
materials  to  be  used  for  a  given  purpose  ;  ap- 
paratus; equipment.  Speciflcally  — (at)  The  furni- 
ture, appendages,  or  attachments  of  a  house.  (6)  yatit., 
the  furnishings  or  equipraunt  of  a  ship,  as  sails,  rigguig, 
anchors,  guns,  etc. 

The  carpenters  were  building  their  magazines  of  oares, 
masts,  &c.,  for  an  hundred  gallys  and  ships,  which  have  all 
■their  apareil  and  furniture  neere  tlieni. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June,  1645. 

3.  A  person*8  outer  clothing  or  vesture ;  rai- 
ment ;  external  array ;  hence,  figuratively,  as- 
pect; guise. 

Costly  thy  habit  as  thy  purse  can  buy, 

But  not  express'd  in  fancy ;  rich,  nut  gaudy  : 

For  the  apparel  oft  proclaims  the  man. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

At  publick  devotion  his  resigned  carriage  made  religion 
appear  in  the  natural  apparel  of  siniplicity.  Tatler. 

4.  Eccles.,  an  ornament  of  the  alb  and  amice, 
found  as  a  simple  fringe  or  colored  stripe  earlier 
than  the  tenth  century, 
most  extensively  em- 
ployed and  elaborate  in 
workmanship  during  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
centuries,  and  still  used 
in  the  form  of  pieces  of 
lace  sewed  upon  silk.  The 
apparels  of  the  alb  are  cither 
oblong  quadrangular  patches 
on  the  wrists  and  on  the  skirt 
before  and  behin<I,  or  baiuls 
completely  encircling  the  skirt 
and  wrists.  The  apparel  of  the 
amice  is  on  the  outside  part, 
which  is  turned  down  like  a 
collar.  It  was  often  in  orphrey- 
work  adorned  with  precious 
stones  so  disposed  ;is  to  form 
sacred  emblems.  =8301.  3,  Rai- 
ment, costume,  attire,  cbjthes, 
garb,  haliiliments. 

apparelmentt,  w.  [<  ME.  apparaiUementj  apa- 
raylmnit,  <  OF.  apareilletnetit  =  Pv.  aparelkamcjt, 
aparellamen  =  OSp.  aparejamiento  =  Pg.  appa- 
relhamento  =  It.  apparecchiamento  :  see  apparel 
and-meH^]  Eiiuipment;  clothing;  adornment. 
Chaucer^  Boethius. 


Part  of  the  Apparel  of  the 
Alb  of  Bccket,  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Sens,  France.  (From 
Viollet-le-Uuc's"Dict.duMo- 
bilier  franqais.") 


269 

apparencet,  apparencyt  (a-pSr'eng,  -en-si),  n. 
[ME.  (ipiiaiciici;  iijipiircm,  aparcttcc,"  -aunce, 
also  (tppiirc)icii;  <  OF.  apnrcncc,  aparancc,  F. 
appiireiicc  =  I'r.  apparencia,  (iiiarcn.su  =  Sp. 
aparieiicia  =  Pr.  ajiparincia  =  It.  a)iparcn:a,  < 
L.  apparcntiti,  appearance,  in  ML.  also  simula- 
tion,^ o;>/>«»y«(<-).s,  apparent :  soaapparent.  Cf. 
appcaranc(.~\  1.  Preparation;  making  ready. 
— 2.  Superficial  seeming  ;  external  .semblance; 
appearance:  as,  "  vain  and  gaudy  tt^jparfncif*," 
lip.  Wren. 

Outward  apparance  is  no  authentic  instance  of  tlie  in- 
ward dusirt's.  MiMkUm,  Family  ot  Love,  i.  2. 

3.  The  quality  of  being  apparent  to  the  senses 
or  to  the  mind;  apparentness. — 4.  The  posi- 
tion of  being  an  heir  apparent.     N.  E.  I). 
apparent  (a-piir'ent),  ff.  and  «.     [<  ME.  oppa- 
rant,  -aunt,  aparaiit,  also  by  apheresis  parent, 

<  OF.  ajxirant,  -cut,  F.  apparent  =  Pr.  appa- 
rent =  Sp.  aparcnte  =  Pg.  It.  apparente,  <  L. 
apparcn{t-)s,  ppr.  otapparere,  adparerc,  come  in 
sight,  appear :  see  appear  and  -ant^.']  I.  a.  1. 
Exposed  to  the  sense  of  sight ;  open  to  view ; 
capable  of  being  seen,  or  easily  seen;  visible  to 
the  eye ;  within  the  range  of  ^•ision. 

liy  some  apparfnt  sign 
Let  us  have  iuiowledge  at  the  court  of  puard. 

S/i<i*.,lHen.  VL.ii.  1. 
As  we  rapidly  approached  the  land  the  beauty  of  the 
scenery  became  more  fully  apparent. 

Lady  lirassey.  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  ii. 

2.  Capable  of  being  clearly  perceived  or  un- 
derstood ;  obvious ;  plain  or  clear ;  evident :  as, 
the  wisdom  of  the  Creator  is  apparent  in  his 
works. 

At  that  time  Cicero  had  vehement  suspicions  of  Caesar, 
but  no  apparent  proof  to  convince  him.  North. 

3.  Having  the  character  of  a  mere  seeming  or 
appearance,  in  distinction  from  what  is  true  or 
realj  as,  the  apparent  motion  of  the  sun ;  his 
anger  was  only  apparent. 

For  tlie  powers  of  nature,  notwithstanding  their  appa- 
rent magnitude,  are  limited  and  stationary. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  I.  46. 

Culture  inverts  the  vulgar  view  of  nature,  and  brings  the 
mind  to  call  that  apparent  which  it  uses  to  call  real,  and 
that  real  which  it  uses  to  call  visionary.  Emerson,  Nature. 

4t.  Probable;  likely:  as,  "the  three  apparent 
candidates,"  ff.  Tfl//)0?e.~ Apparent  day,  thereat 
or  true  solar  day,  as  distinguished  from  tlie  mean  day, 
See  (ifl!/.  — Apparent  declination,  thedcclinatinn  of  the 
apparent  place  of  a  star. — Apparent  diameter  of  a 
heavenly  body,  the  angle  which  its  diameter  subtends 
at  the  eye,  that  is,  the  angle  made  by  lines  drawn  from 
the  extreniities  of  its  dianieter  to  the  eye.  —  Apparent 
double  point,  in  math.,  a  point  on  a  curve  m  space 
which  appears  to  be  double  to  an  eye  jilace'l  at  a  given 
point.— Apparent  easement.  See  i«).i;/i.vi(.- Appa- 
rent or  Intentional  ens.  See  en«.— Apparent  figure, 
the  figure  or  shape  under  which  an  object  apiicars  wlieu 
seen  at  a  distance. — Apparent  horizon.  Sanie,asri'.s'i'Wc 
/ior72(»M  (which  see,  under  Aorij.HO.— Apparent  magni- 
tude. See  matjnititde. — Apparent  noon,  tin-  instant  at 
which  the  center  of  the  sun  iKisses  tlie  nieiiiiian. — Ap- 
parent place  of  a  star,  etc.,  tlie  place  on  the  celestial 
sphere  where  it  would  appear  but  for  refraetioii ;  some- 
times the  place  where  it  does  appear.— Apparent  posi- 
tion, in  optics,  the  position  in  which  an  olijeet  apjiears  to 
be  when  seen  through  glass,  water,  or  any  other  dirtract- 
ing  medium,  as  distinguished  from  its  true  positi<»n.  See 
re/rard'on.- Apparent  right  ascension,  the  right  .vs- 
ceusionof  the  apparent  place  of  a  star, —  Apparent  time, 
the  hour-angle  of  tlie  sun.— Heir  apparent.  See  heir. 
=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Clear,  distinct,  manifest,  i)atent,  unmis- 
takable.—3.  Ostensible. 
Il.t  "•  An  heir  apparent. 

A'.  Hen.  Draw  thy  sword  in  right.  .  .  . 

Prince.    I'll  draw  it  as  apparent  Ut  the  crown. 
And  in  that  quarrel  use  it  to  the  death. 

Shak.,  :iHen.  VI.,  ii.  2. 

apparently  (a-par'ent-li),  a(h>.     1.  Openly; 
e^icntly  to  t"he  senses  or  the  intellect. 
I  would  not  spare  my  brother  in  this  case. 
If  he  should  scorn  me  so  apparently. 

Shak.,  V.  of  E.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Seemingly;  in  appearance,  whether  in  real- 
ity or  not ;  as  far  a.s  one  can  judge :  as,  he  is 
apparently  well;  only  aptparentlij  friendly. 

The  motions  of  a  watch,  apinrently  uncaused  by  any- 
thing external,  seem  spontaneous. 

//.  SiKhcer,  Prin.  of  Socio!.,  §  65. 

apparentness  (a-par'ent-nes),  «.  The  state  or 
quality  v(  bciiig  apparent;  plainness  to  the 
eye  or  to  the  mind;  ^-isibleness ;  obviousness. 

apparishf  (a-par'ish),  r.  t.  [Lato  ME.  appa- 
ry.'i.fhf,  <  OF.  apari.ss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of 
aparir,  aparcr,  <  L.  apparere,  appear:  see  ap- 
pear.'i  To  appear.  Caxton,  Golden  Legend. 
(,V.  E.  /).) 

apparition  (a|>-a-ri8h'on),  H.     [<  F.  apparition, 

<  ML.  (ipiiaritio(n-),  an  appearance,  epiphany, 
also  attendants,  L.  only  in  sense  of  attendance, 
attendants,  <  apparere,  adparere,  pp.  apparitus, 


appeachment 

adparitus,  appear,  attend,  wait  upon,  serve:  see 
appear,  apparent,  and  apparitor!)  1.  The  act 
of  appearing  or  coming  into  sight;  appearance; 
the  state  of  being  visible  ;  visibility. 

When  the  holy  cliurchman  join'd  our  hands. 
Our  vows  were  real  then  ;  the  ceremony 
Was  not  in  apparition,  but  in  act. 

Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  v.  3. 
The  sudden  ap]>arition  of  the  Spaniards.  Pretcott. 

I^uis  XIV.  appeared  [at  Cliamtiord]  on  several  occa- 
sions, and  the  aitparition  was  characteristically  brilliant. 
//.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  39. 

2.  That  which  appears  or  becomes  visible ;  an 
appearance,  especially  of  a  remarkable  or  phe- 
nomenal kind. 

Let  us  interrogate  the  great  apparition  that  shines  so 
peacefully  around  us.  Emerson,  Nature. 

Miss  Edgeworth  taught  a  contempt  of  falsehood,  no 

less  in  its  most  graceful  than  in  its  meanest  apparitions. 

Manj.  Fuller,  Woman  in  llith  Cent.,  p.  131. 

Specifically — 3.  A  ghostly  appearance ;  a  spec- 
ter or  phantom :  now  the  usual  sense  of  the  word. 
Tender  minds  should  not  receive  early  imjiressions  of 
goblins,  spectres,  apparitions,  wherewith  maids  fright 
them  into  compliance.  Locke. 

4.  In  a.itron.,  the  first  appearance  of  a  star  or 
other  luminary  after  having  been  obscured: 

opposed  to  occultation circle  of  apparition,  or 

of  perpetual  apparition,  the  bounding  circle  of  that 
part  of  the  heavens  which  is  always  visitjie;  that  circle 
of  declination  which  is  tangent  to  tlie  horizon.  =SyiI.  3. 
Specter,  Phantom,  etc.     i^cc  y/iost. 

apparitional  (ap-a-rish'on-al),  a.  [<  appari- 
tion +  -at.)  1.  Kescmbling  an  apparition ;  hav- 
ing the  nature  of  a  phantom;  spectral. — 2. 
Capable  of  appearing;  endowed  with  material- 
izing qualities — Apparitional  soul,  a  thin,  unsub- 
stantial human  image  conceivetl,  in  certain  phases  of 
primitive  thought,  as  the  cause  of  life  and  mind,  capable 
of  quitting  the  body  for  a  time  or  altogether,  and  so  leav. 
ing  it  insensible  or  dead,  and  when  thus  absent  from  it 
appearing  to  other  individuals  asleep  or  awake. 

Closely  allied  .  .  .  ^>  the  primitive  notion  of  the  appa. 
ritional  soul,  is  the  belief  in  the  soul's  existence  after 
death.  Kncyc.  Brit.,  II.  55. 

That  the  apparitional  human  soul  bears  the  likeness  of 
its  fleshly  body,  is  the  principle  implicitly  accepted  by  all 
who  believe  it  really  and  objectively  present  in  dream  or 
vision.  E.  B.  Tylor,  Prijn.  Culture,  I.  406. 

apparitor  (a-par'i-tor),  n.  [L.,  a  servant,  esp. 
a  public  servant  (li'ctor,  scribe,  military'  aide, 
priest,  etc. ),  <  apparere,  adparere,  attend,  serve : 
see  apparition.']  1.  In  /torn,  antirj.,  any  officer 
who  attended  magistrates  and  judges  to  execute 
their  orders. —  2.  Any  officer  of  a  civil  court, 
or  his  servant  or  attendant. —  3.  -Any  one  who 
puts  in  an  appearance ;  an  appearer.     [Eare.] 

The  Higher  Court  ...  in  which  .  .  .  every  Human 
Soul  is  an  apparitor.        Carlyle,  Past  and  Present,  p.  211. 

4.  Eccles.,  a  messenger  or  an  officer  who  serves 
the  process  of  a  spiritual  court;  the  lowest 
officer  of  an  ecclesiastical  tribunal. 

He  swallowed  all  the  Roman  hierarchy,  from  the  pope 
to  the  apparitor.  Aylife,  Parergon. 

When  my  great-grandfather  wished  to  read  the  Bible  to 
his  family,  .  .  .  one  of  the  chUiIren  stood  at  the  door  to  give 
notice  if  he  saw  the  apparitor  coming,  who  was  an  officer 
of  the  spiritual  court.  Franklin,  Autobiog.,  pp.  8,  9. 

5.  The  beadle  in  a  university,  who  carries  the 
mace. 

appaum^e  (a-p6-ma'),  a.  [F.,  <  a  (<  L.  ad,  to) 
+  ^«(Hm<,  the  palm  of  the  hand:  eee  palm.)  In 
her.,  open  and  extended  so  as  to  show 
the  palm  with  thumb  and  fingers  at  ^ij; 
full  length :  said  of  the  human  hand.  |V 
Also  spelled  apnunice. 
appayt,  c  t.    See  apay. 

appeacht  (a-pech')  r.  f.    [Early  mod.  ^^j  „„,„j 
E.  also  niieacli,  <  ME.  appechen,  ape-    Apfiumic. 
chcn  (and  by  apheresis  peclien,  >  mod. 
E.  peach",  q.  v. ),  reduced  from  earlier  empechcn, 
whence  the  usual  mod.  form  impeach,  q.  v.     Cf. 
appair,  impair.)     1.  To  impeach. 

He  did,  amongst  many  others,  appeach  Sir  "William  Stan- 
ley, the  lord  chamberlain.  Bacon,  Hen.  VII. 
Nor  canst,  nor dar'st  thou,  traitor,  on  the  plain 
Appeaefi  ray  honour,  or  thine  own  maintain. 

Dnjden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  300. 

2.  To  censure;  reproach;  accuse;  give  accu- 
satory evidence. 

And  oft  of  error  did  himselfe  api>each. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  II.  li.  40. 

appeachert  (a-pe'chfr),  n.  [<  ME.  apechoicre 
(Prompt.  Parv.),  <  AF.  cnpechour,  OF.  empe- 
chiiir :  see  iippeach  and  -cr.)  An  accuser, 
appeachmentt  (a-pech'ment),  n.  [<  appeach 
+ -mcnt.  Cf.  impeachment.)  Accusation;  im- 
peachment; charge. 

Tlie  duke's  answers  to  his  appeachments,  in  numt)er  thir- 
teen. 1  find  very  diligently  and  civilly  couched. 

Sir  B.  Wotton. 


appeal 

appeal  (a-pel' ),  v,  LKarly  mod.  E.  also  apeal,  and 
(iiijxlt,  (i'licll,  <  ME.  appiivu,  apcUu,  <  Oi .  ajicltr, 
F.  appchr  =  i'v.  diqidar  =  Sp.  opclar  =  Pf,'.  "y- 
pclUir  =  It.  tipinUnrc,  <  L.  tipptlliiir,  ddpiUdn-, 
address,  appeal  to,  sumuioii,  ac•l.•ll^sl',  accost  by 
name,  a  scooudary  form  of  apjirllcri;  (Klpcllcn; 
bring  to,  drive  to,"brinf(  to  laud,  <  ad,  to,  +  pel- 
lire,  drive.  Cf.  expel,  impel,  propel,  repel,  and 
see  repeal.']  I.  irans.  1.  To  tall;  summon; 
challenge.     [Karc] 

Mail  to  man  will  I  appeal  the  Norman  to  the  lists. 

Hcolt. 

2.  In  law:  (a)  To  remove,  as  a  cause,  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  judge  or  coui-t.  See  appeal, 
71.,  2  (6). 

Causes  of  any  imiwrtaucc  were  apjtcalcd  from  tlie  Seul- 
dasco  to  the  GastaUlo.  Bnuiiham. 

(6)  Formerly,  to  charge  vrith  a  crime  before  a 
tribunal ;  accuse ;  institute  a  criminal  prosecu- 
tion against  for  some  heinous  offense :  with  of 
before  the  offense  charged:  as,  to  appeal  a  per- 
son of  felony. 

I  ajipeal  jou  uf  murder.  B.  Jomon. 

In  November,  1817,  William  Ashford  appealed  Abraham 
Thornton,  to  answer  for  the  alleged  murder  of  appellant's 
sister.  N.  and  y.,  (ith  ser.,  XI.  252. 

If  a  Frenchman  appealed  an  Englishman,  the  English- 
man had  the  choice  of  either  mode  of  trial. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Nonn.  Conq.,  IV.  423. 

3t.  To  address ;  offer  up,  as  an  appeal. 
They  both  upi'ose  and  totfke  their  ready  way 
Unto  the  chm-ch,  their  praiers  to  appele. 

Spenser,  t'.  IJ.,  III.  ii.  48. 

II.  intrant.  1.  To  call  for  aid,  mercy,  sym- 
pathy, or  the  like ;  make  an  earnest  entreaty, 
or  have  the  effect  of  an  entreaty. 

Against  their  merit  if  this  age  rebel, 
To  future  times  for  justice  they  appeal. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iii.  750. 

The  deepening  expression  of  pain  on  Philip's  face  .  .  . 
made  the  defonuity  appeal  more  strongly  to  her  pity. 

Gearffe  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  v.  1. 

2.  In.  Uiw,  to  refer  to  a  superior  judge  or  court 
for  the  decision  of  a  cause  depen<ling  ;  specifi- 
cally, to  refer  a  decision  of  a  lower  court  or 
judge  to  a  higher  one,  for  reexamination  and 
revisal. 

I  appeal  unto  Caesar.  Acts  xxv.  U. 

3.  To  refer  to  another  person  or  authority  for 
the  decision  of  a  question  controverted,  or  for 
the  eon-oboration  of  testimony  or  facts ;  in  gen- 
eral, to  refer  to  some  tribunal  explicitly  men- 
tioned or  implied. 

I  appeal  to  the  Scriptures  in  the  original. 

Horsley,  Sermons,  I.  i. 
I  appeal  from  your  customs.    I  must  be  myself. 

Emerson,  Self-Reliance. 

4.  To  have  recom'se ;  resort  for  proof,  decision, 
or  settlement:  as,  to  appeal  to  force. 

Not  prevailing  by  dispute,  he  appeals  to  a  miracle,  re- 
storing to  sight  a  blind  man  whom  the  Britons  could  not 
cure.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

[In  all  senses,  with  to  or  nnto  before  the  tribunal  whose 
judgment  is  .asked,  and  from  before  that  whose  decision  is 
rejected.] 
appeal  (a-pel'),  n.  pilarly  mod.  E.  also  appcl, 
appell,  a  pell :  <  ME.  ajyecl,  iipe/,  (ij)ele  (and  by 
apheresis yjc/f ,  >  mod.  E.  jtcal,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  ajiel, 
F.  appel,  appeal ;  from  the  verb.]  1.  An  address 
or  invocation;  a  call  for  sympathy,  mercy, 
aid,  or  the  like;  a  supplication;  an  entreaty: 
as,  an  appeal  for  help;  an  appieul  for  mercy. 

Whenever  yet  was  your  appeal  denied  ? 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  proceeding  taken  to  reverse  a  decision 
by  submitting  it  to  the  review  of  a  higher  au- 
thority :  as,  an  appeal  to  the  house  from  a  de- 
cision of  the  chair.  In  law:  (a)  Sometimes 
used  in  the  above  general  meaning,  so  as  to 
include  writs  of  error,  certiorari,  etc.  (h) 
Strictly,  the  removal  of  a  cause  or  suit  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  tribunal,  in  order  that  the  lat- 
ter may  revise,  and,  if  it  seems  needful,  reverse 
or  amend,  the  decision  of  the  former.  In  modem 
usage  an  ajipeul  implies  nut  merely  a  preliminary  objec- 
tion, but  a  proceeding  for  review  after  a  decision  has  been 
rendereil.  As  now  used,  it  is  a  proceeding  derived  from 
the  courts  of  cipiity.  Tlie  mode  of  review  at  common  law 
was  formerly  not  to  remove  the  cause,  but  only  tj)  bring 
up  specillc  points  or  nuestions  by  writs  of  error.  This  was 
changed  in  England  by  the  judicature  acts  of  187;i-5,  and 
there  is  now  one  Court  of  Ai>peal  for  all  cases.  In  Scotland 
the  biglicst  appellate  court  is  the  Court  of  Session.  The 
judgments  of  both  these  courts  may  be  appealed  to  the 
House  of  Lords.  In  the  United  States  the  appeal  has  been 
tu  a  great  extent  substituted  for  the  writ  of  error.  The 
highest  appellate  courts  are,  for  federal  questions  arising 
in  either  federal  or  State  courts,  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court ;  for  other  questions,  the  supreme  <-ourts, 
courts  of  appeal,  or  courts  of  error  of  the  various  States, 
the  practice  being  wholly  regulated  by  statutes,    (c)  The 


270 

mode  of  procedure  by  which  such  removal  is 
effected.  ((/)  The  right  of  removal  to  a  higher 
court,  (c)  Formerly,  a  vindictive  action  at  the 
suit  of  a  i)arty  injureil  when  the  supposed  crimi- 
nal had  been"  jireviously  acquitted  on  an  indict- 
ment or  panloned.  Tlie  appellant  raised  an  action 
(which  had  to  be  brought  within  a  year)  and  demanded 
the  punishment  of  the  accused,  who  had  to  submit  to  a 
fresli  trial  by  jury,  or  demand  a  trial  by  wager  of  battle. 

He  was  threatened  with  an  appeal  of  murder  by  the 
widow  of  a  Protestant  clergyman. 

Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxix. 

3.  A  summons  to  answer  to  a  charge ;  a  chal- 
lenge. 

Nor  shall  the  sacred  character  of  king 

Be  urged  to  shield  me  from  thy  bold  apiteal. 

Dryden. 

4.  A  call  to  another  to  sanction  or  witness ;  a 
reference  to  another  for  proof  or  decision:  as, 
in  an  oath  a  person  makes  an  appeal  to  the 
Deity  for  the  truth  of  his  declaration. — 5.  Ke- 
sort  or  recourse  for  decision. 

Every  milder  method  is  to  be  tried  before  a  nation  makes 
an  appeal  to  arms.  Kent. 

In  the  community  of  nations,  the  first  ajfpeal  is  to  physi- 
cal force.     Maeatday,  Utilitarian  Tlieory  of  Government. 

Commission  of  Appeals.    See  r(.wmi',«i't)«i.  =  Syn.  1. 

J\'titi<i/i,  Suit,  etc.  (st'f  praitrr),  solicitation,  api)lication. 

appealable  (a-pe'la-bi),  a.     [<  appeal  +  -able.'} 

1.  Capable  of  being  appealed;  admitting  of 
appeal ;  removable  to  a  higher  tribunal  tor  de- 
cision. 

Pressure  on  the  bench  to  make  as  many  decisions  as 
possible  in  a  given  time  tends  .  .  .  to  engender  appealable 
decisions  and  prolong  litigation.     The  Century,  XXX.  330. 

2.  Liable  to  be  accused  or  called  to  answer 
by  appeal:  applied  to  persons:  as,  appealahle 
for  manslau£;hter. — 3.  That  may  be  appealed 
(to).     X.  E.'^D. 

appealantt  (;i-pe'lant),  «.  [<  appeal  +  -anfl. 
Cf.  itjijiellatii.']  One  who  appeals;  an  appel- 
lant. 
appealer  (a-pe'ler),  «.  [<.  appeal  +-er^.  Cf. 
appellor.]  1.  One  who  appeals,  or  carries  his 
cause  to  a  higher  court. —  2.  An  appellor;  an 
accuser  or  informer. 

I  should  l)ecome  an  appealer,  or  every  bishop's  espie. 

Foxe,  Book  of  Martyi-s  (Thorpe). 
appealingly  (.a-pe'ling-li),  adv.    In  an  appeal- 
ing or  entreatmg  manner;  beseechingly. 
appealingness  (a-pe'ling-nes),  «.     Tlie  quality 
of  Vicing  appealing,  or  of  awakening  sympathy, 
pity,  or  the  like. 

Ready  sympatliy  .  .  .  made  him  ahve  to  a  certain  ap- 
pealinyness  in  her  behaviour  towards  him. 

George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xxxv. 

appear  (a-per'),  v.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  apeeir, 
appeer  (and  by  apheresis pear,  >  mod.  dial. pear), 
<  ME.  apeereii,  aperen,  ap>pkren,  <  OF.  aperer, 
apperer  (Roquefort),  aparir,  reg.  inf.  aparcir, 
aparoir  =  Pr.  aparer  =  It.  apparire,  apparere,  < 
L.  apparere,  adparere,  appear,  <  ad,  to,  +  pa- 
rere,  appear,  come  in  sight  (a  secondary  form 
ot parere,  produce):  see  apparent  and  parent.] 

1.  To  come  or  be  in  sight;  become  visible  by 
approach  or  by  emerging  from  concealment ;  be 
exposed  to  \ivvi. 

And  God  said,  .  .  .  Let  the  dry  land  appear.     Gen.  i.  9. 
The  angel  of  the  Liu-d  appeared  unto  him  in  a  flame  of 
lire  out  of  the  midst  of  a  bush.  Ex.  iii.  2. 

In  each  cheek  appears  a  pretty  dimple. 

Shalt. ,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  242. 

2.  To  stand  in  presence,  as  parties  or  advocates 
before  a  court ;  make  appearance. 

We  must  all  appear  before  the  judgment  seat  of  Clirist. 

2  Cor.  V.  10. 

3.  To  come  or  be  placed  before  the  public; 
come  to  the  notice  of  the  i)ublic :  as,  the  actor 
appeared  only  once  a  week ;  his  history  appeared 
in  1880. — 4.  To  be  obvious;  be  kno-wn,  as  a 
subject  of  observation  or  comprehension;  be 
clear  or  made  clear  by  evidence. 

It  doth  not  yet  appear  wliat  we  shall  be.     1  John  iii.  2. 

5.  To  seem ;  have  a  certain  semblance  or  ap- 
pearance; look:  as,  he  ajipenrrd  to  be  wise;  it 
appears  to  me  that  this  is  imsafe;  he  appears 
very  old. 

They  disfigure  their  faces,  that  they  may  appear  unto 
men  to  fast.  Mat.  vi.  IG. 

Months  to  the  old  man  appear  no  longer  than  weeks  to 
the  young  man.  //.  Spetieer,  Prin.  of  P.sycbol..  §  111. 

6t.  To  be  understood;  be  intelligible:  as,  "Do 

I  now  appear?"  Cotgrave Appearing  gratis,  in 

chaneery praetiee,  the  act  of  a  defendant  in  causing  his  ap- 
pearance to  be  entt^red  to  defend  a  suit  witliout  waiting 
to  he  served  with  a  process.  =Syn.  5.  Loitk,  etc.    See  seem. 
appeart  (a-per'),  H.    l<  ajjpear,  v.]   Appearance. 
Here  will  I  w-ash  it  in  the  morning's  dew, 
Whieli  she  on  every  little  grass  dotli  .strew 
In  silver  drops  against  the  sun's  appetir. 

FUtcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  v.  4. 


appease 

appearance  (a-per'ans),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ajipceranee,  <  ME.  ajiperautice,  -ens ;  the  same 
as  apparcnce  (q.  v.),  confoi-med  to  ujipear.]  1. 
The  act  of  coming  into  sight;  the  act  of  becom- 
ing visiljle  to  the  eye :  as,  the  appearance  of  the 
sun  above  the  horizon. —  2t.  The  state  of  be- 
ing in  sight;  visibility.    [Kare.] 

He's  built  a  bower,  made  it  secure, 

Wi'  carbuncle  and  stane  ; 
Tlio'  travellers  were  never  sae  nigh, 

Appearance  it  had  nane. 

Younff  Akin,  in  Child's  Ballads,  I.  ISO. 

3.  A  coming  into  presence ;  the  act  of  present- 
ing one's  self:  as,  his  sudden  appearance  sur- 
prised me. 

The  duke  docs  greet  yon,  general ; 
And  he  re(!Uires  your  haste-post-haste  appearance, 
Even  on  the  instant.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  2. 

4.  An  object  as  seen  or  perceived ;  a  jihenom- 
enon ;  the  immediate  object  of  experience. 

The  term  npixamncc  is  used  t<»  denote  not  only  that 
wliicll  reveals  itself  to  our  observation  as  existent,  but 
also  to  signify  tliat  which  only  seems  to  lie,  in  eontnist  to 
that  which  truly  is.  Sir  H',  Hamilton,  Metaph.,  ix. 

Surely,  it  must  be  a  miraculously  active  principle  that 
can  snatch  up  from  transitoriiiess  and  oblivion  the  varie- 
gated pl.ay  of  fleeting  and  fading  appettraneeji,  and  con- 
struct therefrom  the  world  of  steady  experience  of  which 
we  have  knowledge.  Mind,  IX.  350. 

5.  Something  believed  to  have  a  supernatural 
character ;  an  apparition :  as,  an  appearance  in 
the  sky. — 6.  That  wliich  appears  or  is  obvious ; 
outward  show  or  seeming;  semblance  as  apart, 
from  reality  or  substance :  as,  there  is  an  ap- 
pearance of  trouble  yonder;  appearances  are 
against  him. 

Judge  not  according  to  the  appearance.        John  vii.  24. 
Men  are  governed  by  opinion :  this  opinion  is  as  much 
influenced  by  appearances  as  by  realities. 

,1.  Ilamiltun,  Works,  I.  168. 

7.  Outward  look  or  aspect ;  mien ;  build  and 
cai-riage ;  figm'e :  as,  a  man  of  noble  appear- 
ance. 

Much  have  I  heard,  .  .  . 
And  now  am  come  to  see  of  whom  such  noise 
Hath  walk'd  about,  and  each  limb  to  survey. 
If  thy  appearance  answer  loud  report. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.1090. 

8.  j)l.  Indications;  look. 

My  master  heard  me  with  great  appearances  of  uneasi- 
ness in  Ills  countenance.       ."^irift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  3. 

9.  The  act  of  coming  before  the  public ;  the 
act  of  coming  into  public  notice :  as,  he  made 
his  appearance  as  a  historian ;  the  appearance 
of  a  book. —  lOt.  Seeming;  probability;  likeli- 
hood. 

There  is  that  which  hath  no  appearance.  Bacon. 

11.  In  law :  (n)  The  coming  into  court  of  either 
of  the  parties  to  a  suit ;  the  being  present  in 
court  as  a  party  to  a  pending  proceeding ;  the 
coming  into  coiu't  of  a  party  summoned  in  a 
process,  either  in  person  or  by  his  attorney, 
usually  expressed  by  a  formal  entry  by  the 
proper  officer  to  that  effect;  the  act  or  proceed- 
ing by  which  a  party  proceeded  against  places 
himself  before  the  coui't  and  submits  to  its  juris- 
diction, {h)  In  Scots  law,  the  stating  of  a  de- 
fense in  a  cause.  Where  a  defender  in  writing,  or  by 
counsel  at  the  liar,  states  a  defense,  he  is  said  to  have  ap- 
peared.—To  put  in  au  appearance,  to  appear  in  per- 
son.=Syn.  3.  Arrival,  presence.— 6.  Guise,  show,  pre- 
tense, iiretext,  col(U-.— 7.  Air,  look,  manner,  demeanor. 

appearer  (a-per'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
wliicll  appears,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 
[Rare.] 

Owls  and  ravens  are  ominous  appearers,  and  presignify 
unlucky  events.  Sir  T.  Brotene,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  21. 

Specifically — 2.  In  law,  one  who  formally  ap- 
pears (in  court,  etc.). 

appearingly  ( a-per 'ing-li),  adr.  Apparently; 
seemingly ;  according  to  all  outward  signs. 
[Kare.] 

A  flourishing  branch  shall  gi-ow  out  of  his  appeariiigly 
sere  and  s.qiless  root.  Bp.  Halt.  I'araph.  of  Isaiah. 

appeasable  (a-pe'za-bl),  a.    [<  appease  +  -ahlc] 

Capable  of  being  appeased,  qiueted,  eabned,  or 

pacified;  placable. 

The  tumult  of  amob.n;)iycfr,''a(i/,*onlyby  .  .  .  bloodshed. 

G.  P.  Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  30. 

appeasableness  (a-pe'za-bl-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  ajipeasable. 

appease  (a-pez'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  appeased, 
ppr.  appeasing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  apease, 
apeace  (conformed  to  peace),  apaise  (and  by 
apheresis  pease),<.  ME.  apesen,  eweiscn,  apaisen, 
<  OF.  apeser,  apcisier,  apaisier  (F.  a2>aiser  =  Pr. 
apa:iar),  pacify,  bring  to  peace,  <  a,  to,  +  pais, 
pels, pes,  mod.  F.  p»ij,  peace:  seej^erto,  andef. 
apay,  appay,  of  which  appease  is  thus  a  doublet.] 


appease 

1.  To  bring  to  a  state  of  poace;  pacify;  quiet 
by  allayiii),'  anger,  indignation,  strife,  etc. 

()  (lull !  if  my  iU-i'[)  prayiTH  cuiuiot  apprasc  thee, 
But  thdU  wilt  bu  uvun^'d  on  my  misdccils, 
Yet  exeuutu  thy  wrath  on  luc  iiloiic. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  4. 

2.  To  allay ;  calm,  as  au  excited  state  of  feel- 
ing; remove,  as  a  passion  or  violent  emotion. 

The  sigiiori  .  .  .  earnustly  exhorted  tlie  prineiiml  citi- 
zens to  use  their  gooii  othccs  tu  soothe  the  i)eoi>le  and  ap- 
peanc  tile  gcnenil  indignation.     J.  Adanut,  Worlis,  V.  70. 

The  function  uf  olllcial  i>riests  was  to  appease  the  wrath 
of  Ood  or  pureliase  liis  favor. 

'Vh'odvrc  Parker,  Sermons,  Int. 

3.  To  assuage  or  sootlio,  as  bodily  pain;  satisfy, 
as  an  appetite  or  desire:  as,  to  appease  the 
smart  of  a  wound,  or  one's  hunger. =syn.  To  sat- 
isfy, liush,  ijuell  (see  list  under  tUlntj\) ;  iiroiiitiate,  concil- 
iate. 

appeasement  (a-pez'ment),  n.  [<  appease  + 
-nil-Ill.  Cf.  OF.  (and  1''.)  apaisemcnt,  >  ML.  ap- 
pcisamcntum.']  Tlie  act  of  appeasing,  or  the 
state  of  being  appeased,  or  in  peace  ;  pacifica- 
tion. [Rare.] 
Kor  its  rt/>j't'rt«(w/i<'Hf  and  mitigation. 

Cudiforth,  Intellectuixl  System,  p.  223. 

Being  neither  in  number  nor  in  courage  great,  partly  by 

authority,  partly  by  entreaty,  they  were  re<iuceil  to  some 

good  appeasement.  Sir  J.  Ilaifward,  Edw.  VI.,  p.  54. 

appeaser  (a-pe'zer),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
appeases  or  pacifies. 

appeasive  (a-pe'ziv),  a.  [<  appease  +  -ivc.'] 
Serving  or  tending  to  appease ;  mitigating ; 
quieting. 

appel  (a-pel'),  «•  [F.:  see  appeal,  n.']  lufen- 
ciiiij,  a  smart  stroke  with  the  blade  on  the  sword 
of  an  antagonist  on  the  opposite  side  to  that 
which  ho  engaged,  generally  accompanied  ■ndth 
a  stamp  of  the  foot,  used  for  the  purpose  of 
procuring  an  opening.  Wilhclm,  Mil.  Diet.  See 
flint. 

appellability'  (a-pel-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  appella- 
hle :  see -hility.'i  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
appealable. 

appellable  (a-pel'a-bl),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *appelln- 
bili.f,  <  appvllarc,  appeal :  see  appeal.  Cf.  appcal- 
ahle.l    Capable  of  being  appealed  ;  appealable. 

appellancy  (a-pel'an-si),  n.  [<  appellant:  see 
-(■//.]     Appeal;  capability  of  appeal.     Todd. 

appellant  (a-pel'ant),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  appelant, 
<  L.  iippi  Uan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  appellarc,  appeal:  see 
ajipcal,  and  cf.  appcnlant.']  I.  a.  Appealing; 
relating  to  appeals ;  apijellate. 

The  ftrst  having  an  fl^>;/<-^^rt/j(  jurisdiction  over  the  sec- 
ond. Uallani. 

II.  «.  1.  In  laiv  :  (a)  One  who  appeals  or  re- 
moves a  cause  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  tribu- 
nal, (hi)  One  who  ])rosecutos  another  for  a 
crime,  such  as  felony  or  treason. — 2.  One  who 
looks  to  any  tribunal  foi'  eorrolioration  or  \nn- 
dicatiou. — 3t.  One  who  challenges  or  summons 
another  to  single  combat. 

This  is  the  day  appointed  for  the  combat ; 
And  ready  are  the  appellanl  and  defendant. 

Shak.,  2  Uen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 
Answer  thy  appellant,  .  .  . 
VVlio  now  defies  thee  tlirice  to  single  fight. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  I.  1220. 

4.  Eecles.,  one  of  the  French  clergy  who,  in 
the  Jansenist  controversy,  rejected  the  bull 
Unigenitus,  issued  in  17i:S  V>y  Pope  Clement 
XI.  against  Qiu'suel's  "  Reflexions  morales  sur 
le  Nouveau  Testament,"  and  appealed  to  the 
pope  "better  informed,"  or  to  a  general  coun- 
cil.—  5.  One  who  apjjeals  or  presents  a  request. 

Each  of  them  is  now  a  Inunble  and  earnest  appellant 
for  the  laurel.  Sirl/t,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Epist.  Ded. 

appellate  (ap'e-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  apjiel- 
liilrit,  \<\ir.  iippi  HiiluKj.  [<  L.  a}ipcUatus,  pp. 
of  appdlare,  address,  appeal  to,  sue,  accuse, 
accost,  name :  see  appriil.\  To  call  by  a  name ; 
call;  name;  entitle.     [Rare.] 

The  vast  Pacifle  Ocean,  connnonly  .  .  .  appellated  (as  the 
saying  is)  and  annonnnatod  the  St»uth-se,a. 

A.  Twker,  Light  of  Nature  (ITO.'i),  I.  465.     (X  E.  D.) 

appellate  (a-pel'at).  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  appcllatiis, 

E  p. :  see  the  verb.]   I.  a.  Pertaiuiug  to  appeals; 
aving  cognizance  of  appeals :  as,  an  api)ellate 
court. 

Appellate  stands  in  contratUstinction  t«  original  juris- 
diction, and  ii3  the  latter  inijilies  that  the  case  nnist  com- 
mence in  the  Supreme  Court,  so  the  former  implies  that 
the  ease  must  commence  in  an  inferior  court,  not  ha\ing 
final  jurisdiction  ;  and,  therefore,  liable  to  be  eanied  up 
to  a  higher,  for  final  decision.        Calhvun,  Works,  I.  321. 

n.t  n.  A  person  appealed  or  prosecuted  for 
a  crime ;  an  appellee. 

appellation  (ap-e-la'shon),  «.  [=  F.  appcllit- 
tion,<.h.  appcUatio{n-),  au  accosting,  an  appeal. 


271 

a  naming,  <  appdlare,  accost,  appeal  to,  name: 
see  appellate,  v.,  and  apjieali]  If.  The  act  of 
appealing  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  court  or 
authority;  appeal. 

There  is  such  a  noise  i'  the  court  .  .  .  with  their  several 
voices  of  citations,  appcUatitnuf,  allegations,  certificates, 
etc.  li.  Jonjton,  Epicauie. 

2t.  The  act  of  appealing  for  aid,  sympathy,  etc. ; 
entreaty. — 3.  The  act  of  naming;  nomencla- 
ture.— 4.  The  word  by  which  a  person  or  thing 
is  called  and  known;  name;  title. — 5.  In  /<«/"', 
the  acceptation  of  a  term  to  denote  an  existing 
thing — Formal  appellation.  See /urm«;.  =Syn.  4. 
Deni^tnatiim,  etc.  (see  itaitie,  /(.),  cogniunen,  epithet. 
appellative  (a-pel'a-tiv),  a.  and  u.  [_=¥.  ap- 
pclliitif,  <  L.  appiilativus,  <  a/ipellan;  name, 
call:  see  appeal  and  apjiillalion.]  I,  a.  1. 
Having  the  character  of  auapi)eUatiou;  serving 
to  name  or  mark  out ;  serving  as  a  distinctive 
denomination ;  denominative :  as,  hydrochloric 
is  a  term  appellative  of  a  certain  acid. — 2.  In 
gram.,  common,  as  applied  to  a  noun ;  general; 
denominative  of  a  class:  opposed  \.q proper. 

Nor  is  it  likely  he  l.st.  Paul)  woul.i  give  the  conunon  ap- 
pellatiee  name  of  "  Books"  to  the  divinely  inspired  writ- 
ings, without  any  other  note  of  distinction. 

Bl>.  Bull,  Works,  II.  401. 

II.  11.  1.  In  gram.,  a  common  name  in  dis- 
tinction from  a  proper  name;  anain<!  standing 
for  a  whole  class :  thus,  the  word  man  is  the 
appellative  of  the  whole  human  race,  fowl  of  all 
winged  animals,  tree  of  all  plants  of  a  particu- 
lar class,  etc. —  2.  Title;  appellation;  nick- 
name. 

There  |in  the  rosaryj  also  the  blessed  Virgin  JIary,  after 
m.any  glorious  appellatives,  is  prayed  to  in  these  words. 
Jer.  Taylor,  Diss,  from  l'oi>cry,  p.  21S. 

appellatively  {it-pel'a-tiv-li),  adr.  In  an  ap- 
pellative manner;  in  gram.,  according  to  the 
manner  of  appellative  notms ;  in  a  manner  to 
express  whole  classes  or  species :  as,  the  name 
Hercules  is  sometimes  used  appellatively,  that 
is,  as  a  common  name  to  signify  a  strong  man. 

appellativeness  (a-pel'a-tiv-nes),  n.  The 
iiuality  of  being  appellative.     Fuller. 

appellatory  (a-pel'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  appellato- 
rius,  <  appellator,  an  appellant,  <  appellare,  pp. 
appcllatu.>,;  appeal:  see  appeal.}  Containing  an 
appeal. 

An  appellatori/  libel  ought  to  contain  the  name  of  the 
pjirty  appellant.  Aylijfe,  Parergon. 

appellee  (ap-e-le'),  n.  [<  F.  appele  {<.  L.  appel- 
latiis),  })p.  oiappeler:  seea2>peala.nii.aj)])ellatc.'\ 
In  law,  tbe  person  against  whom  an  appeal  is 
brought ;  the  respondent  in  an  appeal. 

appellor  (a-pel'or),  ».  [ME.  njnloiir,  and  by 
apheresis  peloiir,  <  OF.  apcloiir,  iijipiloiir,  ape- 
Uur,  earlier  apclcur,  apelor,  <  L.  appellator,  ace. 
appellatorem,  appellant,  <  appellare,  jip.  uppel- 
latits,  appeal:  see  appeal.]  In  law:  («)  The 
person  who  institutes  an  appeal,  or  prosecutes 
another  for  crime.  [This  term  is  not  now  ap- 
plied to  the  ])laintiff  in  appeal  from  a  lower 
court,  he  being  called  the  Ojipi limit.']  (h)  One 
who  confesses  a  felony,  and  turns  king's  or 
state's  evidence  against  his  associates.  Whar- 
ton,   (r)  One  who  challenges  a  jury.    Wharton. 

appenage,  «.     See  appanage. 

append  (a-pend'),  v.  [The  intrans.  use  is  the 
earliei',<  ^VE.appenden,  apendrn,  appcnten,  apen- 
tcn,  and  by  apheresis  penden,  pvnlen,^  OF.  apcn- 
dre,  appendre,  hang  up,  hang  liy,  depend  on,  ap- 
pertain or  belong  to;  in  trans,  use  mod.,<  F. 
appendre,  <  ML.  appendere,  intrans.,  LL.  trans., 
hang,  L.  appendere,  adpenilere,apprn<lerf, weif^h, 
consider,  <  ad,  to,  -f  pemlvre,  intrans.,  hang, 
pendere,  trans.,  hang,  weigh:  see  pniilant,  poise, 
and  cf.  dtpend,  dispend,  crpenil,  spend,  perpend, 
suspend.]     I.t  intrans.  To  belong;  pertain. 

Holy  orisi)Un  .  .  .  aiipendUh  specially  to  penitence. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  hang  or  attach  as  a  proper 
part,  possession,  or  accompaiiinient,  as  a  pen- 
dant; suspend:  as,  a  seal  «7<7>c«(to/ to  a  record. 

If  amuleU  do  work 
they  are  appended. 


Append-iges. 
1.  anther  of  Inula  ;  7,  Rower 
of  bor.^e ;  3,  stamen  <>t  Atys. 
turn:  a,  a,  a.  appendages. 


,  .  upon  those  parts  wlicreunto 
Sir  T.  Bruwiif,  \'ulg.  Err.,  ii.  5. 


Conceive  . 
the  head. 


a  pig's  tail  .  .  .  apjiended  to  the  back  of 
QoliUmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  iii. 


2.  To  add,  as  an  accessory  to  the  principal 
thing;  subjoin;  aimex. 

One  hundred  passages  from  the  fathers  appended  in  the 
notes.    ./.  II.Nemnan,  Development  of  Christ.  Doet.,p.  22. 

To  hunt  out  nu'diocrity  and  feebleness,  ami  append  cor- 
rect dates  to  their  forgotten  elfusii)ns,  is  an  exercise  of 
jihilanthropv  which  is  likelv  to  be  little  appreciated. 

'  Whipple,  Ess,  and  Kev.j  I.  33. 

-Syn.  To  join,  superadd,  atlix. 


Appendlctilaria 

appendage  (a-pen'daj),  n.     [<  append  +  -age.] 

1.  That  which  is  appended  to  something  as  a 
proper  part  of  it ;  a  sub- 
ordinate attached  part  of 
anything.  Specifically  - 
(a)  In  amtt.  and  zmil.,  any 
limb,  member,  or  peripheral 
part  of  the  body  iliverging 
from  the  axial  trunk  ;  an  ap. 
pended  or  appemlicular  jiart. 
See  cut  umler  Apjfendieu- 
laria.  (Ii)  In  ix>i.,  any  sub- 
siiliary  part  superadded  to 
another  part,  a.s  hairs  and 
glands  to  a  stem  or  leaf,  or 
nectaries  and  corona  to  tile 
corolla :  applied  especially  to 
processes  of  any  kind,  (c) 
Naut.,  a  small  portion  of  a 
vessel  extending  beyond  the 
general  form,  as  shown  Ijy 
the  cross-sections  and  the 
water-sections. 

2.  Something  added  to 
a  principal  or  greater 
thing,  though  not  neces- 
sary to  it,  as  a  portico 
to  a  house. 

Modesty  is  the  appendafie 
of  sobriety,  and  is  to  chastity,  to  temperance,  an<l  to  hu- 
mility, .as  the  fringes  are  to  a  garment. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living. 

In  case  of  a  union,  the  smaller  kingdom  wi>uld  be  con- 
siilered  only  as  an  appendaye,  ami  sacrificed  to  the  in- 
terests of  the  larger.  Prescotl,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  3. 

=  SyTI.  Adjunct,  attachment,  appurtenance,  addition,  con 
colnitant. 

appendance,  appendence  (a-pon'dans,  -dens), 

«.  [<  F.  appenilaiiec,  <  appendre :  see  a])pend, 
appendant,  and  -anec.']  1.  The  condition  of 
being  appendant.  [Rare.]  —  2t.  Something  an- 
nexed; an  appendage. 

High  titles,  rich  coats,  long  pedigrees,  large  revenues, 
.  .  .  the  just  .  .  .  «-/';"•*('/'? ;i(y-of  of  civil  greatness, 

liji.  Hall,  Kemains,  p.  29. 

appendancyt,  appendencyt  (a -pen 'dan -si, 
-den-si),  «.  [<.  appendant, -ent:  see -cij.]  The 
condition  of  being  appendant. 

Abraham  bought  the  wlude  field,  and  by  right  of  appen- 
deney  had  the  cave  with  it.    S^/elman,  De  SepuUura,  p.  176. 

appendant,  appendent  {a-pen'dant,  -dent),  a. 
and  K.  [<  F.  appendant,  ])pr.  of  appendre:  see 
append.]  I.  a.  1.  Hanging  to;  annexed;  at- 
tached; concomitant:  as,  a  seal  appendant  to 
a  paper. — 2.  In  law,  apjieuded  to  something  by 
prescription:  applied  to  a  right  or  privilege 
attached  to  a  principal  inheritance :  thus,  in 
England,  an  advowson,  that  is,  the  right  of  pa- 
tronage or  presentation,  is  said  to  be  ajipcn- 
dant  or  annexed  to  the  possession  of  a  manor. 
— Appendant  advowson.  See  adcownon,  2.— Common 
appendant,    sce  eoinmnu,  «.,  4. 

II.  H.  That  which  belongs  to  another  thing, 
as  incidental  or  subordinate  to  it ;  au  adjunct ; 
a  dependency. 

appendical(a-pen'di-kal),  a.  [<.appendix{-dic-) 
+  -al.]    ( »f  the  nature  of  an  ajipendix.  -V.  E.  D. 

appendicatet  (a-pen'di-kat),  r.  t.  [<  appendix 
(■die-)  + -ati-.]  Toappeiiil;  add  to:  as,"diver8 
things  appendieated."  Sir  .M.  Hide. 

appendicationt  (a-pen-di-ka'shon),  n.  [<  ap- 
jieudieate  +  -ion.]  An  apjioudage  or  adjimct. 
Sir  J/.  Jliile. 

appendicatory  (a-pen'di-kfi-to-ri),  a.  [<  aj)- 
pi iidieiite  +  -<')'/.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  an  appentlix.      (('.  Taylor. 

appendices,  «.     Plm-al  of  appendix. 

appendicitis  (a-pen"di-si'tis),  n.  [<  L.  ap- 
pinili.r  (-die-)  +  -itis.]  In  pathol.,  inflamma- 
tionof  tlie  vermiformappondix  (which see, under 
appendix). 

appendicle  (a-pen'di-kl),  n.  [<  L.  appcndictda, 
dim.  of  appendix :  see  appendix.]  A  small  ap- 
pendage. 

appendicular  (ap-en-dik'n-ljlr),  a.  [<  NL.  ap- 
prudieuliiriiis,  <  L.  appendirula :  see  appendicle.] 
Having  the  character  of  an  ajipendicle:  appen- 
diculate:  speciflcally,  in  ««<//.  ,opiiosed  to  ((Jin/; 
thus,  the  whole  skeleton  of  a  vertebrate  is  di- 
vided into  the  axial  and  the  «/7)CH'/ic«/«c  skele- 
tons, the  latter  being  that  of  the  limbs  orappen- 
dages. 

Appendicularia  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL., 
fern,  of  itjipenilirulariiis  :  see  ajipcndiciilar.]    1. 

Thetvpicalgenusofthefamily.//'/"'"'"'"''""'"''''- 
A.  liaiielhiin  is  about  cine  flflh  of  an  inch  long,  exclusive 
of  the  tail,  with  an  oval  or  Hask.shaped  body,  and  has  the 
power  of  rapidly  secreting  a  niileilaginous  euticular  in- 
vestment in  which  it  becomes  incased. 
2.  [L  e.;  \>\.  appcndicidariiv  (-e).]  A  member 
of  the  above  genus. 

The  simplest  members  of  the  fascidian]  gronp,  and  those 
the  struetiire  of  which  is  most  readily  comprehensible, 
are  the  Appeiuliculariai:  mluut«  pelagic  organisms,  which 


Appendicnlaria 

are  found  in  nil  Intitiuli-s.  ami  art-  iirnpclk-d,  like  tadpoles, 
by  the  flapping  of  a  long  eauilal  appeiulage. 

lluxleij,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  r>10. 


Appmdicularia  jlabttlum,  magnified. 
I.  the  entire  animal,  with  the  caudal  appendaee  forward  in  its 
natural  position  :  II,  side  view  of  body,  the  appendage  forcibly  bent 
backward  :  A,  body  :  B,  appendage  ;  a,  mouth  :  b,  pharynx  ;  c.  an 
atrial  opening:  d,  the  correspondmg  stigma  with  its  cilia;  e,  anus; 
f,  rectum  ;  g,  esophagus ;  h,  i,  stomach  :  k,  testis ;  I,  urochord  ;  *n, 
cellular  patch  at  side  of  oral  end  of  body ;  n,  endostyle  ;  /,  ganglion ; 
tj,  ciliated  sac  ;  r.  otocyst ;  s,  posterior  nerve,  with  /,  its  ganglia ;  en, 
endoderm ;  e€,  ectoderm. 

Appendicularise  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ri-e),  n.  pi. 
Same  as  Appendiciilariidfv. 

appendicularian  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ri-an),  n.  [< 
Appendicnlaria  +  -oh.]  An  animal  ojf  the  genus 
Appendicnlaria  :  one  of  the  Apj)endicnlariid(E. 

appendiculariid  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ri-id),  n.  A 
tunicate,  or  ascidian,  of  the  family  Appemlicu- 
lariidcr. 

Appendiculariidas  (ap-en-dik"u-la-ri'i-de),  n. 
pi.  [Sh.,  <.  Appendicnlaria +  -idtT.2  Afamilyof 
tunicates,  or  ascidians,  of  a  low  grade  of  organi- 
zation, permanently  retaiuirig  a  form  and  struc- 
ture which  characterize  only  the  embryonic  or 
larval  stage  of  other  ascidians.  They  are  named 
from  their  tadpole-like  shape  and  long  tail  or  appendage, 
by  the  \'ibration  of  whieh  they  move  about.  The  family 
corresponds  to  a  suborder  Copelata  of  some  naturalists,  as 
distinguished  from  Aeopa. 

Appendiculata  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ta),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  appendiculatus :  see  appendic- 
ulate.l  A  name  given  by  E.  R.  Lankester  to 
a  phylum  or  prime  group  of  the  animal  king- 
dom, iucluding  those  forms  which  have  lateral 
locomotive  appendages  and  usually  a  segment- 
ed body.  It  is  a  loose  and  inexact  synonym  of 
Arthropoda,  together  with  Eotifera  and  Cheeto- 
poda.     See  Arthropoda. 

appendiculate  (ap-en-dik'u-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  ap- 
pendicnlatns,  <  L.  appcndicnla :  see  appendicle.] 

1.  Provided  with  appendages;  having  the 
character  of  an  appendage  or  appendages ;  form- 
ing an  appendicle.  Used  especially  in  botany,  being 
applied,  for  instance,  to  leaves,  or  to  organs  appended 
to  leaves,  leaf-stalks,  etc. :  thus,  the  pitcher-like  appen- 
dage of  the  leaf  of  the  Nepenthes  distUlatoria,  or  pitcher- 
plant,  is  said  to  be  appendiculate.  See  cuts  under  ap- 
pendaf/e  and  ascidium. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of 
the  Appendicidata. 

Appenoirostres  (a-pen-di-ros'trez),  11.  pi. 
[>«L.,  contr.  for  *uppendicirostres,<.  L.  appeyidix, 
appendix,  +  rostrum,  a  beak.]  tn  Blyth's  sys- 
tem of  classification  (1849),  a  group  of  birds, 
the  horabills,  Bucerotida;  as  distinguished  from 
the  ArcuUrostres,  the  hoopoes  or  Upupidw. 

appendix  (arpen'diks),  «.;  pi.  appcndiies  or 
appendices  (-dik-ses  or  -di-sez).  [<  L.  ap- 
pendix, rarely  ampendix,  an  appendage,  appen- 
dix, addition,  <  appendere,  hang:  see  append.'] 
1.  Something  appended  or  added ;  an  adjunct, 
concomitant,  appendage,  or  accessory. 
Normandy  became  an  appendix  to  England. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Hist.  Common  Law  of  Eng. 

Specifically — 2.  An  addition  appended  to  a 
document  or  book  relating  to  the  main  work, 
usually  consisting  of  explanatory  or  statistical 
matter  adding  to  its  value,  but  iiot  essential  to 
its  completeness,  and  thus  differing  from  a 
supplement,  which  properly  is  intended  to  sup- 
ply deficiencies  and  correct  inaccuracies. —  3. 
[As  a  Latin  word;  pi.  appendices.']  In  anat., 
a  process,  prolongation,  or  projection.  See  the 
phrases  following — Appendices  eplplolcas  (appen- 
dages of  the  epiploon),  small  folds  of  perit(>neum  cov- 
ering the  large  intestine  and  containing  fat. — Appendix 
aurlCUlSd,  the  appendage  of  the  auricle  of  the  heart,  an 
ear-like  projection,  from  which,  in  bninan  :tiijit<'Tny,  the 
auricle  itself  derives  itJ*  name.—  Appendix  caci,  in  anat. , 
the  vermiform  appendix.  — Appendix  enslfonnls,  the 
ensiform  appendage  of  the  breiust-lmne  ;  tlu-  xi]th'»id  car- 
tilage tiT  appendix.  See  cut  under  ^A-('/*/'(/t  -  Appen- 
dix TennlfonnlB,  or  Termiform  appendix,  a  blind 


272 

process  ffiven  off  from  the  ca:cum,  varying  In  man  from 
:i  tn  6  inches  in  length,  fiee  cut  under  tji(f«(tju',— Ap- 
pendix vesicae  (appemlage  of  the  bladder),  a  hernia  of 
the  mucous  melniirane  i>f  the  bladder  through  the  muscu- 
lar cn;it.  =  S5T1.  2.  /ippendix.  Supple nient.  Hccfntiijtleynetit, 

appendixioUS  (ap-cn-dik'shus),  a.  [<  appendix 
+  -i-nus.  Cf.  ML.  appcndiciu.i,  supplementary.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  appendix; 
appendicatory.     Bcntham.     [Rare.] 

appense  (a-pens'),  a.  [<  L.  uppensus,  pp.  of 
appendere :  see  append.]  Hanging  from  above ; 
specifically,  in  hot.,  pendulous  :  applied  to 
Grilles  attached  to  the  sides  or  angles  of  the 
ovary,  and  drooping.     [Rare.] 

appenset  (a-pens'),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  appenser,  ap- 
pend (a  seal),  <  L.  as  if  'appensare,  freq.  of 
appendere,  pp.  appensm,  append:  see  append.] 
To  append  (a  seal). 

We  haue  caused  .  .  .  our  scale  thereunto  to  be  ap- 
pended. Ilakhu/ts  Voyage-s,  II.  15S.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

appentt,  v.  i.     An  old  form  of  append. 

appentice  (a-pen'tis),  «.  [<  ME.  *apcnticc  (by 
apheresis^e«*is,  j)eK<ic(?,  whence,  by  corruption, 
penthouse,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  apentis,  F.  apjjcn fe, <  ML. 
appendicium,  appcnditium,  appentice,  <  LL.  ap- 
pendicium,  an  appendage,  <  appendere,  append: 
see  append,  appendix.]    In  arch.,  any  lean-to 


Appentice. 
Chapter.house  of  the  Cathedral  of  Meaux,  France. 

roof ;  especially,  a  kind  of  open  shed  of  a  sin- 
gle slope  supported  on  posts  or  columns,  or  on 
brackets  let  into  a  wall,  or  otherwise,  to  afford 
protection  from  the  weather  to  a  door,  window, 
flight  of  steps,  etc.,  over  which  it  projects  or 
forms  a  hood. 

apperceive  (ap-er-sev'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
appcrceired,  ppr.  apperceiring.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  apperceave,  apparceive,  <  ME.  apercei- 
ven,  aparceiven,  aparceren,  <  OF.  apercereir, 
aperceroir,  aparcevoir,  F.aperceioir  =Sjt.  aper- 
cibir  =  'Pg.  aperceber,i  LL.  "appercipere,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  -t-  percipere,  perceive :  see  perceive.]  To  be 
conscious  of  perceiving;  comprehend  (what  is 
perceived);  loosely,  to  perceive;  notice:  used 
specifically  of  internal  perception  or  self-con- 
sciousness.    See  apperception. 

apperceivingt  (ap-er-se'ving),  ».  [ME.  aper- 
ceyrynge ;  verbal  n.  of  apperceive.]  Percep- 
tion.    Chaucer. 

apperception  (ap-er-sep'shon),  n.  [<  NL. 
appcrccptio(n-)  (Leibnitz),  <  tL.  *appercipere, 
■p'p.*apperceptus:  see  ajiperceive  and  perception.] 
1.  That  act  of  the  mind  by  which  it  becomes 
conscious  of  its  ideas  as  its  own;  perception 
(which  see)  with  the  added  consciousness  that 
it  is  "  I "  who  perceive. 

It  is  well  to  make  a  distinction  between  perception, 
which  is  the  inner  state  of  the  monad,  representing  exter- 
nal things,  and  appereeption,  which  is  consciousness,  or 
the  reflexive  knowledge  of  this  interior  state,  which  is  not 
given  to  all  souls,  nor  always  to  the  same  soul. 

Leibnitz,  Kature  aud  Grace,  tr.  by  N.  Porter,  §  4. 
The  Leibnitzo-Woltfians  distinguished  three  acts  in  the 
process  of  representative  cognition  :  (1)  The  act  of  repre- 
senting a  (mediate)  object  to  the  mind  ;  (2)  the  representa- 
tion, or,  to  speak  more  properly,  representamen,  itself  as 
an  (inmiediate  or  vicarious)  object  e.xliildted  to  the  mind  ; 
(3)  the  .act  by  which  the  mind  is  conscious  immediately  of 
the  representative  object,  and  tlirough  it  mediately  of 
the  remote  object  represented.  They  called  the  first  per- 
ception ;  the  last,  apperception ;  the  second,  idea. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Reid,  p.  877,  note. 

Hence,  by  a  slight  modification  —  2.  With  Kant 
and  most  English  writers,  an  act  of  voluntary 
consciousness,  accompanied  with  self-con- 
sciousness: especially  in  the  phrase  pure  ap- 
perception. 

5Iy  theory,  like  Kant's,  lays  apperception,  anglic^  re- 
flection, at  the  basis  of  philosophy. 

Hod'json,  Phil,  of  Reflection,  I.  224. 

3.  In  the  psychology  of  Herbart  (1776-1841), 
the  coalescence  of  the  remainder  of  a  new 
isolated  idea  with  an  older  one,  by  a  modifica- 
tion of  one  or  the  other. — 4.  Apprehension ; 
recognition. 


app«tence 

The  recognition  or  apperception  of  these  truths  by  men. 
Maurice.    (X.  E.  D.) 

Active  apperception.  Sec  atd'w.- Pure  appercep- 
tion, in  the  Knnlian  philoK.,  the  bare  conscidusness  of 
self,  the  mere  "I"  cr  "I  think."  .See  self-conKcioumtexa. 
—  Unity  of  apperception,  th,at  unity  of  consciousness 
i»y  virtue  nf  which  its  contents  (perceptions,  ttioughts, 
etc.)  coexist  for  it;  the  pure  self  or  "I"  to  which  the 
contents  nf  one  and  the  same  mint]  must  be  referretl. 
apperceptive  (ap-cr-sep'tiv),  a.  [<  appercep- 
tion, after  perceptive]  Pertaining  or  relating 
to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  apperception. 

It  is  after  all  nothing  but  our  apperceptive  faculties, 
potentially  idealized,  that  are  made  to  sen'c  for  the  con- 
sciousness of  a  universal  subject.  Mind,  IX.  381. 
Apperceptive  union,  the  uniting  of  one  idea  with  an- 
other liy  a  voluntary  act  of  consciousness. 

apperilt  (a-per'il),  «.    [i  ap)-^  +  peril.]   Peril; 

danger;  risk. 

Let  me  stay  at  thine  apperU.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  L  2. 

Is  there  no  law  for  a  woman  that  will  run  upon  a  man 
at  her  own  appcriU       Middleton,  Michaelmas  Term,  i.  1. 

appersi-andt  (ap'er-si-and'),  n.    Same  as  oto- 

persand. 

A  shrivelled  cadaverous  piece  of  deformity  in  the  shape 
of  an  izzard  or  an  appertnand. 

Macklin,  Man  of  the  World,  iii.  1. 

appertain  (ap-er-tan'),  c.  i.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  ajipertane,  apertain,  <  ME.  appcrteinen, 
aperteinen,  apertenen,  <  OF.  apartenir,  F.  appar- 
tenir,  <  LL.  appertinere,  belong  to,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
-1- ^jer/iHf  re,  belong,  pertain :  see  j)ertain.]  To 
belong  or  pertain,  as  a  part  (to  the  whole),  a 
member  (to  a  class),  a  possession,  or  an  attri- 
bute ;  belong  by  association  or  normal  relation. 
Hang  mournful  epitaphs,  and  do  all  rites 
That  appertain  unto  a  burial. 

Shak.,  Sluch  Ado,  iv.  1. 
The  Father,  to  whom  in  heaven  supreme 
Kingdom,  and  power,  and  glory  appertains. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  815. 
In  giving  him  to  another,  it  [love]  still  more  gives  him 
to  himself.  .  .  .  He  does  not  longer  appertain  to  his  fam- 
ily and  society ;  he  is  somewhat ;  he  is  a  person. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  161. 
I  am  much  inclined  to  suspect  that  the  fossil  upon  which 
the  genus  Oniithopterus  has  been  founded  appertains  to 
a  true  Bird.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  232. 

=  Syn.  ?>ee  pertain. 
appertainance  (ap-er-ta'nans),  n.  [<  appertain 
+ -ance.  Cl.appertenanceandappurtenance.]  1. 
The  quality  or  state  of  appertaining.  [Rare.] 
The  noblest  elevations  of  the  hxuuan  mind  have  in  ap- 
pertainance their  sands  and  swamps. 

Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

2.  A  thing  which  appertains;  an  appurtenance, 
appertainment  (ap-er-tan'ment),  n.  [<  apper- 
tain -i-  -ment.]  That  which  appertains  or  be- 
longs; an  appurtenance  ;  an  externa]  or  adven- 
titious attribute.     [Rare.] 

We  hay  by 
Our  appertainments.  S/tak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  3. 

appertenancet,      appertenencet,      apperti- 

nencet,  ».     Old  forms  of  appurtenance. 
appertinentt  (a-P'-T'ti-nent),  a.  and  n.     [Same 
as  appurtenant,  after  the  L.  appertinen{t-)s :  see 
aj>purtenant.]     I.  a.  Belonging;  properly  relat- 
ing; appurtenant. 

All  the  other  gifts  appertinent  to  man. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

H.  H.  That  which  appropriately  belongs  to 
something  else ;  an  appurtenance. 

You  know  how  apt  our  love  was,  to  accord 

To  furnish  him  with  all  appertinents 

Belonging  to  his  honour.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  2. 

appetet,  '••  t.  [ME.  appeten,  <  OF.  appeter,  < 
L.  appetere,  adpetere,  strive  after,  try  to  get,  < 
ad,  to,  +  petere,  seek,  aim  at :  see  petition.] 
To  crave  or  long  for;  covet;  desire.  Chaucer. 
appetence,  appetency  (ap'e-tens,  -ten-si),  n. 
[=  F.  (ijipt'tcnn ,  <  L.  appetentia,  <  ap])eten{t-)s, 
adpeten{t-)s :  see  ap]>etent.]  1.  The  act  of  seek- 
ing or  c^a^"ing  after  that  which  satisfies  the 
affections,  passions,  or  tastes ;  desire ;  inclina- 
tion; propensity. 

I  know  not  to  what  else  we  can  better  liken  the  Etrong 
appetence  of  the  mind  for  improvement,  than  to  a  hunger 
and  thirst  after  knowledge  aud  truth. 

Everett,  Orations.  II.  277. 

They  had  a  strong  appetency  for  reading.  MerivaU. 

Specifically  —  2.  Strong  nattrral  craving  for 
that  which  gratifies  the  senses;  appetite;  ani- 
mal desire:  as,  "lustful  appetence,"  Milton, 'P. 
L.,  xi.  619. 

The  innate  aversion  to  any  poison  known  to  modem 
chemistry  can,  by  persistent  disregard,  be  turned  into  a 
morbid  appetency,  vehement  and  persistent  in  proportion 
to  the  \dridence  of  the  poison. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  518. 

3.  A  mental  tendency  toward  an  end;  a  voli- 
tion or  desire. 

I  shall  occasionally  employ  the  term  apj>etency  in  the 
rigorous  signiflcation,  as  a  genus  comprehending  under  it 
both  desires  and  volitions.  Sir  W.  Hamilton, 


appetence 

4.  Instinctive  inclination  or  natural  tendency. 
These  lacteiils  luive  mouths,  and  by  anilnul  selection  or 

appctctutj  they  absorb  such  part  ot  tlie  fluid  aa  is  agreeable 
to  their  palate.  E,  Danvin. 

The  present  example  .  .  .  precisely  conti-adicts  the 
opinion  that  the  parts  of  animals  may  have  been  all  formed 
by  what  is  called  tiji/n'tt'niy,  i.  c,  eluleavour  perpetuatfil, 
and  imperceptibly  working  its  elleet  through  an  incal- 
culable scries  of  generations.  J'ateif,  Nat.  Theul.,  ix. 

5.  In  inanimate  things,  material  or  chemical 
attriiction  or  affinity.  =  S3m.  Hcc  appetite. 

appetent  (ap'e-teut),  o.    [<  L.  appcicn(t-)s,  ppr. 
o£  apjictcrc,  iidjw'terc,  strive  after,  try  to  get :  see 
appctc;  cf.  (ijijictitc.^     1.  Desiring;  very  desir- 
ous; eagerly  longing. 
Thirsty  and  apprtrnt  after  glory. 

air  (J.  lUicIt,  Hist.  Rich.  III.,  p.  60. 

2.  Pertaining  to  desire  or  volition.  Sir  IV. 
HdtniUnn. 

appetibility  (ap"e-ti-bil'i-ti),  n.  [=F.  appeti- 
liililr,  <  iipprliblc :  see  iipjictihit:  and -hility.l  The 
quality  of  exciting  appetite  or  desire;  attrac- 
tiveness.    [Kiire.] 

The  njipt-lihililif  of  the  object.  BramhaU. 

appetible  (ap'e-ti-bl),  a.  [=  F.  fiyip^foWe,  <  L. 
ajipi'tiliilis,  desirable,  <  apj>ctere :  see  appete  and 
-Me.']  Exciting  the  appetite;  worthy  of  being 
sought  for;  desirable.     [Rare.] 

Power  both  to  slight  the  most  appetible  objects,  and  to 
contruul  the  most  unruly  passions. 

llramhall,  Against  Hobbes. 

appetite  (ap'e-tit),  n.  [<  ME.  (ippetit,  apeiitc, 
<UF.  <ijij)ctit  {¥.  appetit),  <  ]j.  oppctitus,  desire 
for,  <  apprtere,  ailpcterc,  pp.  appctitiis,  long  for, 
desire:  aee  appete,  appctc)it.~\  1.  An  innate  or 
acquired  demand  or  propensity  to  satisfy  a 
Tvant ;  desire,  especially  strong  desire ;  inclina- 
tion ;  wish  to  attain  some  object  or  purpose : 
with/")-  (formerly  with  of,  to,  or  an  infinitive) 
or  absolutely. 

She  dyd  it  not  for  appetite  o/  vengeaunce. 

Latimer,  Sermon  before  Edward  VI. 

If  God  had  given  to  eagles  an  appetite  to  s^vini. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

As  it  is  best  to  preserve  our  natural  appetites  in  that 
tone  and  degree  of  strength  which  nature  gives  them,  so 
we  ought  to  beware  of  acquiring  appetiten  which  nature 
never  gave.  Reid,  Active  Powers,  p.  128. 

It  is  the  glory  of  God,  indeed,  to  conceal  a  thing,  but 

not  atisoltitcly,  or  for  the  sake  of  concealment.     He  does 

it  only  till  u  mind  and  appetite  .for  the  truth  is  preparetl. 

Bujihnell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  158. 

Specifically  —  2.  A  desire  to  supply  a  bodily 
want  or  cra^^ng ;  a  desire  for  food  or  drink. 
Fairest  fruit,  that  hung  to  the  eye 
Tempting,  stirr'd  in  me  sudden  apptetite 
To  pluck  and  eat.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  308. 

Instinct  enables  a  spider  to  entrap  his  prey,  while  appe- 
tite only  leads  him  to  devour  it  when  in  his  possession. 

Boireit. 

3.  Relish  for  food ;  the  capacity  of  taking  food 
with  pleasure. 

With  huuniis  and  horns  go  hunt  an  appetite. 

Pope,  Imit.  ot  Horace,  I.  vi.  114. 

4.  Preference;  taste;  liking:  as,  to  or  accord- 
ing to  one's  appetite,  that  is,  as  one  pleases. 
[Rare.]  —  5.  A  thing  desired.     [^Vrchaic] 

Power  being  the  natural  appetite  of  princes.  Sun/t. 

The  mountains,  and  the  deep  and  gloomy  wood. 
Their  colours  and  their  forms, 
\Vere  then  to  me  an  appetite.  Wordsworth. 

6.  A  tendency  of  an  inanimate  thing  analogous 
to  a  desire. 

The  air  of  itself  hath  little  or  no  appetite  of  ascending. 
Baeon,  Sylva  Sylvarum. 
Canine  appetite.  See  canine. =  Syn.  Appetence,  appe- 
tency, craving,  longing,  relish,  zest,  passion,  hunger,  thirst, 
lust. 
appetitet  (ap'e-tit),  v.  t.  [<  appetite,  «.]  1. 
To  desire  ;  long  for;  deeply  want. 

A  man  in  his  natural  perfection  is  fierce,  .  .  .  appetit- 
ing  by  generation  to  bring  forth  his  semblable. 

.Sir  T.  Eh/ot,  The  Goveniour,  p.  70. 

2.  To  satisfy  the  appetite  or  desire  of. 
appetitionf  (ap-e-tish'on),  n.     [=  F.  appetition, 
<  L.  appctitio(n-),    <  appeteir :    see  apj;efjJc.] 
An  act  of  appetite  ;  desire  ;  craving. 

"We  find  in  animals  an  estimative  or  judicial  faculty,  an 
appetition  or  aversation.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

llie  monad  is  a  simple  substance  exercising  perceptive 
and  appetitive  powers,  a  conscious  and  active  existent. 
The  ".simple  substance"  represents  the  o])jective  a.spect, 
and  becomes  the  condition  of  the  pereiptirjus  and  appe- 
titionx  which  represent  the  subjective  itsiteet. 

llodi/son,  Phil,  of  Kellection,  ii.  27. 

appetitioust  (ap-e-tish'us\  a.  [<  appetition  + 
-OH.s'.]  Pertaining  or  agreeable  to  appetite;  ap- 
petitive ;  appetizing :  as,  appetititnt.i  liking. 

Appetitious,  passable,  and  toothsome. 

lirief  Deser.  of  Faiuxticks,  p.  17. 

appetitive  (.a-pet'i-tiv  or  ap'e-ti-tiv),  a.     [=F. 
apprlilil',  <  L.  as  if  "appvtitivus,  <  appetcre:  see 
18 


273 

appetite  and  -irf.]  1.  Characterized  by  or  of 
the  nature  of  appetite. 

Tlie  will  i.ii  not  a  bare  am>etitire  power  as  that  of  the 
sensual  appetite.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

Pure  spontaneity  has  no  alternatives  of  imperative  and 
appetitiix.  lliekok,  Science  of  Mind,  p.  27s. 

2.  Api)otizing.-The  appetitive  faculty,  the  sum 
of  .-ill  our  tend. lilies  toward  .ii.ls. 

appetize  (ap'e-tiz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  appe- 
ti;:cd,  ppr.  appeti^iit;/.  l<.apjiet(,ite)  +  -i;e  :  sug- 
gested by  F.  appetikiant,  appetizing.]  To  give 
an  appetite  to;  awaken  a  craving  in;  increase 
or  whet  the  appetite  of:  as,  to  appetize  one  for 
his  fooil.     [Rare.] 

appetizer  (ap'e-ti-zer),  Ji.  That  which  excites 
or  whets  t  he;  appetite,  as  a  walk ;  anything  that 
gives  a  relish  for  food. 

A  glass  of  vodka,  together  with  caviar,  raw  salt  herring, 
pickled  mushrooms,  or  some  such  viand  as  an  appetizer 
before  dinner.  />.  M.  Wallace,  liussia,  p.  l.W. 

appetizing  (ap'e-ti-zing),  ;».  a.  1.  Exciting  an 
appetite ;  giving  a  relish  for  food :  as,  "  it  could 
not  bo  very  appetizinji,"  Mrs.  Gaskell.  Hence  — 
2.  Stimulating  or  awakening  any  desire;  ex- 
citing interest  or  curiosity. 

Aten  forget  that  he.  too  [Tennyson],  was  once  new,  un- 
ha(!kncyed,  aj'petizin;;.  Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  155. 

Appian  (ap'i-.an),  a.  [<  L.  Appianus,  <  Appiu.s, 
a  proper  name.]  Pertaining  to  the  Appii,  an 
ancient  Roman  gens,  or  to  one  of  its  members 
(Appius).-- Appian  Way  (Latin  Via  Appia),  a  cele- 
brated road  runrung  from  Kome  south  through  Capua  to 
Brundnsium  (Hrindisi),  liegun  by  the  een.sor  Apjiius  Clau- 
dius Ca;cU3,  312  Ii.  c.  It  was  about  iM  miles  in  length,  from 
14  to  18  feet  in  breadth,  and,  like  <itlier  Homan  roads,  was 
paved  with  hard  stone  in  irregular  bloirks,  closely  fitted  to- 
gether and  resting  on  a  firm  substructure.  It  w;is  made 
witli  gi-eat  care,  and  exists  in  part  at  tin?  present  time. 

applanate  (ap'la-nat),  a.  [<  NL.  applanatii.t, 
'L.  ad,  to,  +  pldmi.s,  flat,  lAi.planare,  flatten.] 
In  but.,  flattened  out  or  horizontally  expanded. 


Applanate  thallusof  Marc/tantia  pctymarfiha.    a,  a,  andnxcia. 

applaud  (a-plad'),  r-  [=  F-  applaiidir,  OF. 
opiaudir  =  Sp.  aplaudir  =  Pg.  apptaudir  =  It. 
appJaudire,  applaiidere,  <  L.  applaudcrc,  LL. 
also  apphnlcre,  clap  the  hands  together,  ap- 
plaud, <  ad,  to.  +  plaudere,  strike,  clap.  Cf. 
explode.'\  I.  trans.  1.  To  praise  or  show  ap- 
proval of  by  clapping  the  hands,  acclamation,  or 
other  significant  sign. — 2.  To  praise  in  any  way, 
as  by  words  or  actions ;  commend ;  approve. 
By  the  gods,  I  do  applaud  his  courage. 

.Stiali,,  Pericles,  ii.  5, 
Can  I  do  him  .ill  the  mischief  imaginable,  and  that  easily, 
safely,  and  successfully,  and  so  applaud  myself  in  my 
power,  my  wit,  and  my  subtle  contrivances  V 

Soutti,  Sermons,  III.  li:i. 
We  applaud  a  sensitive  honesty  which  shudders  at  any- 
tlung  underhand  or  dishonourable. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  n.  129. 
=  Syn.  Extol,  etc.  (sec  praise,  v.),  cheer,  cry  up,  magnify. 
II.  intraiis.  1.  To  express  approval  by  clap- 
ping the  hands  or  by  other  similar  means. — 2. 
To  give  praise  ;  express  approval. 

And  there  he  kept  the  justice  of  the  King 
So  vigorously,  yet  mildly,  that  all  hearts 
.ip/ihniir>'it.  Tennnson,tievfimt. 

applauder  (a-pUVdor),  «.     One  who  applauds, 
praises,  or  conim(*iuis. 

Two  hundred  and  eighty  apptauders  at  three  shillings  a 
day.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  v. 

applause  (a-plaz'),  n.  [=Sp.  n/)/n«»o  =  Pg.  It. 
iipplau.-io,  i  h.  as  if  'applaii.iK.^,  n.,  <  applausii.'t, 
pp.  of  applatidcre,  applaud;  cf.  plausus,  ap- 
plause, <  ^7/oi«?c(r,  applaud.]  1.  A  manifesta- 
tion of  approval  by  soimd ;  enthusiastic  appro- 
bation expresscil  by  clapping  the  hands,  ac- 
clamation, huzzas,  or  other  means  of  demon- 
stration; popular  laudation. — 2.  Any  expres- 
sion of  approbation,  appreciation,  or  delight; 
commendation;  encouragement;  approval. 
I  luunbly  am  content  with  human  praise; 
A  godiiess's  apptau.se  would  envy  rai-se. 

Dnjdrn.  Helen  to  Paris,  1. 126. 
Shall  he  for  whose  applause  I  strove  — 
I  had  such  reverence  for  his  blame  — 
See  with  clear  eye  some  hidden  shame, 
And  I  be  Icssen'd  in  his  love  ? 

Tennifson,  In  Memoriam,  U. 

3t.  An  object  of  approval.     B.  Jonson. 
applauset  (a-plaz'),  v.  t.    [<  applause,  )(.]    To 
applaud ;  approve. 


apple 

And  with  a  general  voice  applauftfid  his  death 
As  for  a  special  good  to  Christendom. 

Chapman,  Alphonstis,  ii.  2. 

applausefult  (a-piaz'ful),  a.  [<  applause  + 
-Jut.}  Abounding  in  plaudits;  laudatory;  man- 
ifesting applause.     [Rare.] 

All  France  and  Britain  ring  with  acclamation. 
And  with  applause/ul  thanks  they  do  rejoice. 

John  Taylor. 

applausiont  (a-pla'zhon),  n.  Applause, 
applausive  (a-pla'siv),  a.  [<  ML.  apjilatisirus, 
propitious,  fa voral>le,  <  \j.  applaudcre :  sqc  ap- 
plaud, and  cf.  applause  and  plansire.']  1.  Ap- 
plauding; containing  ap])lause ;  of  the  nature 
of  applause. 

The  soldiers,  as  you  licard,  my  lord, 
Did  fill  the  air  with  their  applausive  shouts. 
lekkerand  Webster(f),  Weakest  (Joeth  to  the  Wall,  v.  1. 

Greet  her  with  ajtjilatutive  breath. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin. 

2t.  Worthy  of  applause.  Chapman. 
apple  (ap'l),  II.  [<  ME.  apjile,  aple,  epple,  ap- 
pel,  eppel,  appil,  -id,  -ijl,  <  AS.  a:ppel,  in  comp. 
(ep2)el-,  apel-,  appel-,  in  inflection  appt-,  tept-, 
appl-,apl-,  once  «/;>?-,= OPries.  appel  (in  comp.), 
NFries.  aplc,  aeple,  north.  Fries,  apel,  =  D.  ap- 
j;ei=OH(j.  a/dial,  tipliol,  apliul,  affal.  affol,  afful, 
apfiil,  pi.  epjUi,  MIKt.  apfel,  ■pl.'epfel,  I'ipfel,  G. 
ajifel,  pi.  djifel,  =  Icel.  epli  =  Norw.  dial,  cple 
=  OSw.  wjil,  H\v.  dple,  apple  (in  comp.  dppcl-) 
=  Dan.  (eble  (Goth,  not  recorded),  apple;  used 
also,  in  connection  with  eije  (in  G.  also  abso- 
lutely), for  tlie  ])ui)il  of  the  eye;  in  AS.  also 
poet,  for  ball  (irenum  ajiliim,  with  iron  l)alls) ; 
in  southern  Norway  also  absoliitelj-  ior  jordeple 
=  earth-apple,  potato :  a  common  Teut.  word, 
foimd  also  in  Celtic  (Ir.  abhal,  ubhal  =  Gael. 
nbhall  =  W.  afal,  OW.  ahal  =  Corn.  Bret,  aval 
=  Manx  oo]il)  and  in  Slavic  (OBulg.  abluko, 
yabluko,  Bulg.  iddiiha,  ijablid;a  =  Sloven,  yabel- 
ko,  ijabolkn  =  Serv.  i/abuka  =  Bohem.  jablo, 
jablko  =  Vo\.jablkii  (baiTcd  0  =  Russ.  yabloko 
=  White  Russ.  yabko),  and  further  in  OPruss. 
ifo6fc  =  Lith.  obulas-=  Lett,  dbols,  apple;  but  in 
all  these  languages  regarded  as  of  foreign  origin. 
The  common  som'ce  of  all  the  fonns  has  been 
sought  in  L.  Abella  (It.  Avella),  a  town  in  Cam- 
pania abounding  in  fruit-trees  and  nuts  (and 
hence  called  nialifi  ra,  apple-bearing,  by  Virgil), 
whence  nux  Abellana,  afilbert  or  hazel-nut  (.see 
avellane),  and,  it  is  sum>osed,''7nalum  Abellanum, 
the  apple  in  particular;  cf.  L,  malum  I'ersieum, 
the  Persian  apple,  the  peach  (whence  E.j)foc/il, 
q.  v.).  In  this  view  apple,  like  pear,  jieaeh, 
plum,  quince,  apricot,  cherry,  is  of  L.  (all  but 
apple  and  jyear  being  ult.  of  Gr.)  origin.]  1. 
The  fruit  of  a  rosaceous  tree,  I'yrus  Malus,  a 
native  probably  of  central  Asia.  The  tree  is  now 
cultivated  in  nearly  all  temperate  regions,  in  numerous 
varieties,  and  its  fruit  is  in  universal  use.  it  was  intro- 
duced into  .America  from  Kngland  in  ir.2it,  by  the  governor 
of  Massachusetts  Bay.  It  is  scarcely  known  in  its  wild 
state,  but  ;is  an  escape  from  cultivation  its  fruit  becomes 
small,  acid,  and  harsh,  and  is  known  as  the  crab.  The  cul- 
tivated cral>-apple  is  the  fruit  of  other  species  of  Pyrus. 
.See  crrt&2, 

2.  The  tree  itself,  Pyrits  Malus. — 3.  A  name 
popularly  given  to  various  fruits  or  trees  hav- 
ing little  or  nothing  in  common  with  the  ap- 
jile. ,\niong  them  are  :  Adam's  apple  (the  lime,  a  va- 
riety of  Citrus  niedica,  and  the  plantain,  Musa  j/aradisi- 
aca);  the  alligator-apple.  Anona  palustris;  the  balsam- 
apple,"  Mouwrdlea  llalsantiim ;  the  wiM  balsam-apple, 
Echinocyslis  lohnln  ;  the  beef-  or  bull-a]tlde,  Siderorylon 
rufjusinn ;  the  bitter  apjde  or  colt>cynth,  Citrtilltis  Colo- 
ci/nthis;  the  apple  of  Cain,  Arbutus  I'nedo;  the  cedar- 
apple,  an  excrescence  upon  the  juniper  caused  by  a  fungus 
{Gymnosporanijiuni  macropus);  thecustard-ap])le.  species 
of  .4  nona,  especially,  in  the  West  Indies,  A.  reticulata,  and, 
in  the  East  Indies,  .4.  sijuaniosa  ;  the  devil's  or  mandrake 
apple,  .Vanrfr/i'/orrt  officinalis;  the  egg-apple,  or  Jew's  or 
mad  apple,  .S'o/anu»i  tscidentum  ;  the  elephant- or  wood- 
apple,  Fcronia  el>-pliantum  :  the  golden  al'ple  of  liengal, 
-EijlcMarmelos;  the  kangaroo-apple,  .SoMntn;*  laciniatum; 
the  Kei  apple,  Aberia  Caffra  ;  the  love-apide  or  toniato, 
Lycopcrsicuni  esculcntuni  ;  the  niammce-apple,  Mamniea 
Americana;  the  Mayor  In<)ian  apple.  Pmlophyllum  pel- 
talum;  the  monkey-apple,  Clusia  Jtaca ;  the  Otaheite 
apple,  Spondias  dulcis ;  the  apple  of  Peru,  Sicandra 
physatoides ;  the  Persian  apple  (an  early  name  for  the 
peach);  the  pineapple.  Ananas  satira ;  the  pond. apple, 
Anotia  laur{t'olia  ;  the  prairie-apple,  the  root  of  psoralea 
esculenta ;  the  rose-apple,  species  of  Euomta.  cspeilally 
E.  Jambos;  the  seven-year  apple,  Gcnipa  clusiirfolia; 
the  star-apple.  Cttriisophyllum  Cainito;  the  sugar-apple, 
Anona  reticulata;  'the  thoni-apide.  Datura  .^trann'nium 
and  other  species.  Tlie  wild  apples  of  (Jueciisland  are 
the  drupaceous  fruit  of  a  species  of  tiu'itio.  Adam's 
apple.  Seeabove.and  .4rfii»i.  — Apple  of  discord,  a  cause 
of  envy  and  contention  :  in  allusion  to  the  stttry  in  Greek 
mythology  of  a  golden  apple  thrown  int4>  an  assembly  of 
the  gods  by  the  goddess  of  discord  (F.ris>.  bearing  the  in- 
scription, "For  the  fairest."  .\phrodite  (Venus),  Hera 
(Juno),  .-uid  Pallas  (Minerva)  became  competitors  for  it, 
and  its  adjudication  to  the  first  by  Paris  of  Troy,  selected 
by  Zeus  as  umpire,  so  infiamed  the  jealousy  of  Hera 
and  her  hatred  toward  all  the  Trojan  race  that  she  did  not 


apple 

cease  liiT  mncltinritions  till  Troy  was  destroyed. — Apple 
Of  Sodom,  or  Dead  Sea  apple,  (a)  A  fniil  said  to  (.tow 
on  or  near  the  site  of  the  Ilihliral  Sodom,  described  by 
Jusephus  ami  other  old  writers  as  externally  of  fair  ap- 
pearanee,  but  ilirninfi  to  .mnoke  and  jushes  when  plucked. 
Many  unsatisfactory  attempts  have  beeu  made  to  account 
for  the  trailition.  ('0  Ki^'uratively,  some  fruitless  thing; 
sometbinii  wliich  disappoints  one's  hopes  or  frustrates 
one's  desires,  — Apple  Of  the  eye.    (")  The  jjupil. 

Dull  people  turn  up  the  ]»aljns  of  their  haiuls  and  the 
apples  o/  their  ei/c*-,  on  behuldinji  prose  by  a  i)oet. 

Jilackwuwfs  Mag.,  XXII.  374. 
Hence— (!))  Something  very  important,  precious,  or  dear. 

He  kept  him  as  the  ajjp^c  of  his  eye.         Deut.  x.\xii.  10. 

Poor  Bichard  was  to  me  as  an  eldest  son,  the  apple  of 
mil  ciie.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  xx. 

■Winter  apple,  an  apple  that  keeps  well  in  winter,  or  does 
not  ripen  till  winter. 
apple  (ap'l),  r.  [<  AS.  "(cpplian,  used  only  in 
pp.  (rpplcfl,  applet!,  formed  like  an  apple;  < 
(rppcl,  an  apple :  see  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  To 
give  the  form  of  an  apple  to. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  into  the  form  of  an 
apple. 

The  cabbage  turnip  is  of  two  kinds;  one  apples  above 
ground,  the  other  in  it.  C.  Marshall,  Gardening. 

2.  To  gather  apples.     [Rare  in  all  uses.] 
apple-berry  (ap'l-ber"i),  n.    A  name  given  in 

Austriilia  to  the  pleasant  subacid  fruit  of  a 

twining  shi'ub,  BiUardiera  scandens,  of  the  natu- 
ral order  Pittosporea: 
apple-butter  (ap'l-but'''er),  n.    A  sauce  made 

of  apples  stewed  in  eider. 
apple-corer  (ap'l-k6r'''er),  11.    Any  device  for 

removing  the  cores  from  apples. 
apple-CUrculio  (ap'l-ker-ku"li-6),  n.    A  kind  of 

weevil  which  infests  the  apple.     See  out  under 

A)ithi>iiomus. 
apple-green  (ap'1-gren),  «.      The  light-green 

color  of  <-ertain  apples,  as  the  greening. 
apple-headed  (ap'l-hed'ed),  a.    Having  a  head 

fliat  is  round  on  top,  between  the  ears,  instead 

of  flat:  said  of  dogs. 
apple-jack  (ap'l-jak),  n.     {<.  apple  +  jack,  used 

vaguely:  see  jack",  a.ui\.(il.apple-jolm!\  A  liquor 

distilled  from  cider. 
apple-john  (ap'l-jon),  ».     [<  apple  +  John,  so 

called,  it  is  said,  because  it  is  ripe  about  St. 

John's  day.     Cf.  jenneting.']^    A  kind  of  apple, 

considered  to  be  in  perfection  when  shriveled 

and  ■withered. 

I  am  withered  like  an  old  apple-John. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

apple-mint  (ap'l-mint),  n.  A  European  plant, 
a  species  of  Mentha,  M.  rotiindifolia. 

apple-mose  (ap'l-mos),  n.  A  dish  made  with 
the  pulp  of  stewed  apples  and  other  ingredients. 
A".  K  D.     [Rare.] 

apple-moth  (ap'l-moth),  n.  The  Tortrix pomo- 
iiaiKi,  a  lepidopterous  insect,  the  larvse  of  which 
live  in  apples. 

apple-parer  (ap'l-par"er),  n.  A  machine  for 
paring  apples. 

apple-pie  (ap'l-p!'),  «.  1.  A  pie  made  of  apples 
variously  prepared,  inclosed  in  or  covered  with 
paste,  and  baked.  — 2.  An  English  name  for 
a  species  of  willow-herb,  EpUohium  hir.sution. 
— Apple-pie  l)ed,  a  bed  made  up,  as  a  prartical  joke, 
witll  one  of  the  slleets  doubled  upward  in  the  uiiilille,  so 
that,  while  the  bed  appears  as  usual  from  the  outside,  it 
prevents  one  from  getting  his  legs  down :  so  called  from 
the  apple-turnover,  a  kind  of  pie  in  which  the  crust  is 
tiu-ned  or  folded  over  so  as  to  inclose  the  apples. — Ap- 
ple-pie order,  an  expression  used  in  familiar  conversa- 
tion, denoting  perfect  order:  as,  everything  in  tlie  house 
was  in  apple-pie  order. 

I  am  just  in  the  order  which  some  folks— though  why 
I  am  sure  I  can't  tell  you— would  call  apple-pie. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  III.  05. 

apple-scoop  (ap'l-skop),  n.      A  seoop-shaped 

mstvument  formerly  used  in  eating  apples. 

apple-shell  (ap'1-shel),  n.    A  snail-shell  of  the 

genus  Jinpullaria.    Also  called  idol-shell.     See 

cut  under  Aiiipidlariidw. 

apple-snail  (ap'l-sniil),  «.   The  snail  whieh  has 

an  apjile-shell ;  one  of  the  Ampullariidce. 
apple-squiret    (ap'1-skwir),    n.       [Cf.    apron- 
squire.']     1.  A  pimp;   a  kept  gallant;  a  page 
who  waited  on  loose  women. 

Of  pages,  some  be  court-pages,  others  ordinai7  gallants 
pages,  and  the  third  apple-snuiers. 

Marston,  Wiat  You  Will,  iii.  1. 
2.  Awittol. 
apple-tree  (ap'l-tre),  n.  [<  ME.  appeltre,  appil- 
tre,  appullrc,  <  AS.  wpeUredw,  later  contr.  tcplc- 
tre  {'wppeltredw,*ai)peltr<<iw not  authenticated) 
=  Norw.  dial,  eiilatre  =  1)1111.  (Metrw ;  not,  as 
usually  regarded,  a  "  corruption  "  of  AS.  apul- 
der,  (ipuldor,  ajiuldrc  (the  alleged  "(eppcldcr, 
*a:ppiUlor,  *apcldcr,  etc.,  not  authenticated) 
=  OilG.  aphaltra,  apholtra,  ajj'oltra,  affultra. 


274 

MHG.  apfnltcr,  apfnltrr,  a  falter  =  Icel.  apaldr 
=  Norw.  dial,  apaid,  upiiU,  (ij)iil,  aplc  =  Sw.  apel 
=  Dan.  ahittl,  an  api)lc-troo  ;  a  word  still  exist- 
ing in  the  E.  place-name  Appledore  (<  AS. 
Ajiulder,  Apoldcr).  The  same  termination  oc- 
curs in  AS.  maputdcr,  mapuldor,  mapnldur, 
mapuldcrn,  a  maple-tree:  see  maple-tree.']  A 
tree  (I'yrus  Miihts)  bearing  apples.  Its  wood  is 
hard,  durable,  and  fine-grained,  and  much  used  in  turnery. 
Apple-trees  are  propagated  by  seeds,  layers,  grafting,  and 
budding, 

appliablet  (a-pli'a-bl),  a.  [<  apply  +  -able.  Cf. 
appliciiblr.']  1.  Capableofbeingapplied;  appli- 
cable; pertinent;  suitable. 

All  that  I  have  said  of  .  .  .  heathen  idolatry  is  applia- 
hie  to  .  .  .  idolatry  of  another  sort.  South. 

2.  Willingtoapply  one's  self ;  compliant;  dis- 
posed to  listen. 

Apte  by  goodnes  of  witte,  and  appliahle  by  readines  of 
will,  to  learning,  Aschain,  The  .Scholemjister,  p,  38. 

appliance  (a-pli'ans),  n.      [<  apply  +  -ancc.'] 

1.  The  act  of  applying,  putting  to  use,  or  car- 
rying into  practice. 

The  attention  to  fashion,  the  tasteful  apj'/ianee  of  orna- 
ment in  each  portion  of  her  dress,  were  quite  in  place  with 
her.  Charloth-  Broiilr,  ahirley,  xyi. 

2.  Something  applied  as  a  means  to  an  end, 
either  independently  or  subordinately;  that 
which  is  adapted  to  the  accomplishment  of  a 
purpose ;  an  instrumental  means,  aid,  or  ap- 
pm-tenance :  as,  the  appliances  of  civilization, 
or  of  a  trade ;  mechanical,  chemical,  or  medi- 
cal ajTpliances  (tools,  machinery,  apparatus, 
remedies,  etc.);  an  engine  with  its  appliances. 

Diseases,  desperate  grown. 
By  desperate  appVianee  are  reliev'd. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  3. 
Material  appliances  have  been  lavishly  used ;  arts,  in- 
ventions, and  machines  introduced  from  abroad,  manu- 
factures set  up,  communications  opened,  roads  made, 
canals  dug,  mines  worked,  harbours  formed. 

Buckle,  CiWlization,  1. 1. 
appliantt  (a-pli'ant),  a.  1.  Favorably  inclined ; 
docile;  pliant. — 2.  Applicable:  with  to. 
applicability  (ap"li-ka-biri-ti),  n.  [<  applica- 
ble:  see  -liility.']  The  quality  of  being  appli- 
cable, or  fit  to  be  applied ;  capability  of  being 
applied  or  used ;  pertinence. 

He  who  has  read  his  Aristotle  will  be  apt  to  think  that 
observation  has  on  most  points  of  general  apyplicability 
said  its  last  word.  Lowell,  Democracy. 

Why  need  I  speak  of  steam,  the  enemy  of  space  and 
time,  with  its  enormous  strength  and  lielicate  appliea- 
bititif  ?  £?n«7*so«,  Works  and  Days. 

applicable  (ap'li-ka-bl),  a.  [=  F.  applicable  = 
It.  apjilicdhilc,  <  L.  applicare:  see  apply,  and  cf. 
appliable.]  Capable  of  being  applied;  fit  to  be 
applied ;  ha\'ing  relevance  ;  suitable ;  appro- 
priate ;  pertinent :  as,  this  observation  is  appdi- 
cahlc  to  the  ease  under  consideration. 

The  use  of  logic,  although  potentially  apjUicabte  to  every 
matter,  is  always  actually  manifested  by  special  reference 
to  some  one.  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic,  iii, 

applicableness  (ap'li-ka-bl-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  applicable  ;'  fitness  to  be  applied. 

applicably  (ap'li-ka-bli),  adv.  In  an  applica- 
ble manner;  fittingly. 

applicancyt  (ap'li-kan-si),  J).  [<  applicant,  in 
orig.  sense  'applying':  see  appily  and  -ancy.'] 
The  state  of  being  applicable.     Is.  Taylor. 

applicant  (ap'li-kant),  n.  [<  L.  appUcan{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  applicare,  apply :  see  apply.']  One  who 
applies ;  one  who  makes  request ;  a  petitioner ; 
a  candidate. 

The  applicant  for  a  cup  of  water  declares  himself  to  be 
the  Messias.  Plumtree. 

applicatet  (ap'li-kat),  r.  (.     [<  L.  applicatus,  pp. 
oi  ajqilicare,  upply:  seeaj)ply.]     To  apply. 
The  act  of  faith  is  appticated  to  the  object, 

Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  ix. 

applicate  (ap'li-kat),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  applicatus, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  I.  «.  Applied  or  put  to 
some  use;  practical;  concrete.     [Rare.] 

Those  applicate  sciences  which  extend  the  power  of  man 
over  the  elements.  Is.  Taylor. 

Applicate  number,  a  number  applied  in  a  concrete 
case.  IhittoH.  [Rare,] —Applicate  ordinate,  in  jiiat//., 
a  straight  line  applied  at  ri;;lit  an',:l<s  to  the  axis  of  any 
conic  section,  and  bounded  Ijy  the  curve,     (Rare.] 

II.  «.  [<  L.  applicata  (sc.  linea,  line),  fem. 
of  npjilicatus :  see  above.]  An  ordinate  to  a 
conic  section.     [Rare.] 

application  (ap-li-ka'shon),  n.  [=F.  applica- 
tion, <  L.  ai>i)Ucatio(ii-),  a  joining  or  attaching 
one's  self  to,  <  apj)Ucarc,  pp.  applicatus :  see 
apply.]  1.  The  act  of  applying  or  putting  to; 
the  act  of  laying  on:  as,  tlie  application  of 
emollients  to  a  diseased  limb. —  2.  The  thing 
or  remedy  applied :  as,  the  pain  was  abated  by 
the  application. 


appliquS 

The  rest  (physicians]  have  worn  me  out 
With  several  npplicatiom.         Shak.,  All's  Well,  i,  2. 

3.  The  act  of  making  request  or  of  .soliciting; 
the  request  so  made:  as,  he  made  application 
to  the  Court  of  Chancery. 

One  Sidney  gave  his  iiatriinage  Ui  the  applications  of  a 
poet ;  the  other  offered  it  unasked. 

Vrydeii,  Ded.  of  Don  Sebastian. 

4.  The  act  of  putting  to  a  special  use  or  pur- 
pose ;  adaptation  to  a  specific  end. 

What  we  buy  in  a  broom,  a  mat,  a  wagon,  a  knile,  IB 
some  ap2}tication  of  good  sense  to  a  common  want, 

Emerson,  Compensation. 

5.  The  act  of  fixing  the  mind  on  something; 
close  attention ;  devotion,  as  to  a  pursuit;  as- 
siduous effort. 

The  curate,  surprised  to  find  such  instances  of  industry 
and  application  in  a  young  man  who  had  never  met  with 
the  least  encouragement,  asked  him  if  he  did  not  extremely 
regret  the  want  of  a  liberal  education. 

Fieldiuf;,  Joseph  Andrews. 

6.  The  act  of  applying  a  general  principle, 
law,  or  theory  to  a  particidar  case ;  the  demon- 
stration of  the  relation  of  a  general  principle 
to  an  actual  state  of  things ;  the  testing  of  some- 
thing theoretical  by  applying  it  in  practice. 

He  laid  down  with  clearness  an<l  accuracy  the  principles 
by  which  the  question  is  to  be  decided,  but  he  did  not  pur- 
sue them  into  their  detailed  application. 

Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Cred.  of  Early  Roman  Hist.,  I.  5. 

7.  In  law,  appropriation;  the  act  of  allotting 
among  several  debts  a  payment  inadequate  to 
satisfy  all.  See  appropriation,  iib). — 8.  In  as- 
tral., the  approach  of  a  planet  to  any  aspect. 
=  Syil.  3.  Request,  solicitation,  appeal,  petition. —  5.  In- 
du.^lry,  A.^siduify,  Application,  etc.     Hee  assiduity. 

applicationert  (ap-li-ka'shon-er),  n.  [<  appli- 
cation +  -c/l.]  One  who  makes  an  application 
or  appeal.     A".  E.  V. 

applicative  (ap'li-ka-tiv),  a.  [=  F.  applicatif, 
<  L.  ojiplicure:  see  ap}>ly,  applicate,  and  -ire.] 
Ajipljing ;  applicatory ;  practical.    Bramhall. 

applicator  (ap'li-ka-tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  appli- 
care, pp.  applicatus :  see  ajjply.]  If.  One  who 
applies. —  2.  A  surgical  instnmient  for  apply- 
ing anything,  as  caustic  or  a  tent,  to  a  deep- 
seated  part.    E.  H.  Kniijht. 

applicatory  (ap'li-kii-to-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  appli- 
cate, I'.:  see-oc^.]  1.  a.  1.  Consisting  in  or  fit- 
ted for  application  ;  ser-ving  for  application  ; 
practical:  as,  " aj)plicatory  information,"  Bp. 
Wilkins,  Ecclesiastes.     [Rare.] 

He  therein  [the  Bible]  morning  and  evening  read  a 
chapter,  with  a  little  applicatory  exposition,  before  and 
after  which  lie  made  a  prayer. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  iii.  1. 

This  applicatory  portion  of  a  sermon,  wherever  it  oc- 
curs, is  strikingly 'indicative  of  the  intensity  of  preaching. 
A.  Phelps,  Theory  of  Preaclling,  x.xxii. 

2t.  Making  application,  appeal,  or  request. 
N.  E.  D. 

Il.t  "•  That  which  applies;  a  means  of  put- 
ting to  use. 

Faith  is  the  inward  applicatory  [of  Christ's  death],  and 
if  there  be  any  ontwiird,  it  nmst  tte  the  sacraments. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Worthy  Communicant,  i.  §  4, 

applied  (a-pUd'),  p.  a.  [<  ajjply  +  -ed^.]  Put 
on  ;  put  to  ;  dh'eeted  ;  employed  :  said  specifi- 
cally of  a  science  when  its  laws  are  employed 
and  exemplified  in  dealing  with  concrete  phe- 
nomena,  and   in  this  use   distinguished  from 

abstract  or  theoretical Applied  chemistry,  logic, 

mathematics,  etc.    .See  the  nouns,— Applied  work. 

.See  applique. 

appliedly  (a-pli'ed-li),  nrfi'.  By  or  in  applica- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

.\11  superstition  whatsoever  reflecteth  upon  religion.  It 
is  not  but  in  such  acts  as  be  of  themselves,  or  appliedly, 
acts  of  religion  and  piety. 

Bp.  Mountayu,  Appeal  to  Crcsar,  p.  267. 

applier  (a-pli'er),  H.  1.  One  who  applies. — 2. 
A  dental  instrument  for  placing  a  piece  of  floss- 
silk  between  teeth. 

applimentt,  »■     Same  as  applyment. 

applitiue  (ap-li-ka'),  a.  [<  F.  applique,  pp.  of 
appUquer,  put  on,  <  L.  applicare  :  see  apply.] 

1.  In  modem  dress  and  upholsterj-,  applied  or 
sewed  on,  or  produced  in  this  way.  Thus,  the 
gimp  or  pattern  of  soiled  or  injured  lace  may  be  sewed 
upon  a  new  ground,  or  embroidered  flowers  may  be  secured 
to  new  silk  ;  in  such  a  case  the  pattern  or  ornament  is 
said  to  be  appliqu^.  and  the  whole  is  appliquf'  u-ork. 

2.  More  generally,  said  of  one  material,  as  met- 
al, fixed  upon  another,  in  ornamental  work:  as, 
an  enameled  disk  applique  upon  a  surface  of  fili- 
gree, an  ivory  fio;ure  ajipliquc  upon  a  Japanese 
lacquer,  and  the  like.  [In  both  senses  also  used 
as  a  noun.]  —  Point  appliqu^,  iicjiut-lace  in  which  the 
design,  after  having  been  separately  made,  has  been  ap- 
plied to  tire  net  which  fonus  the  foundation. 


applot 

applott  (a-plof),  V.  t.  [<  (jp-i+  plofi,  V.  Cf. 
alldt.'i  1.  Litonilly,  to  divide  into  plots  or 
pliits  ;  ]ilii(  ou(. —  2.  To  allot  or  apportion. 

applotmentt  (a-plot'ment),  II.  [<  (ijiplot  + 
-mcnt.  Cf.  allotment.']  A  division  into  plots; 
npportioiimciit. 

applumbaturet  (a-iihim'ba-tur),  n.  [<  ML.  n;)- 
liti<iiil>(iliir(i,<.  L.aiiiili(iiili(itu.s,  pp.  ot  a]/])lunihaf(\ 
solder  witli  lead,  <  iid,  to,  +  jihimbare  (pj). plum- 
bati(.s,  >  i>luml)(ttiira,  a  soldering),  <  jilumbiiiii, 
lead :  see  iilumb.]  A  joining  or  soldering  with 
load.     Blount. 

apply  (!i-pli'))  ''■;  pret.  and  pp.  applied,  ppr. 
upphjinii.  [<  ME.  apphjcn,  applicn,  aplt/en, 
aplien,  <  OF.  aplkr,  mod.  F.  iijijili(/ner  =  Pr.Sp. 
aplicar  =  l'i;.  applicin- z=li.  iippliran;  <  h.  ap- 
plicarc,  attach  to,  apply,  <  tid,  to,  +  plicarc,  fold 
or  lay  together:  sen  pli/,  ])liciilc.]  I,  trans.  1. 
To  lay  on ;  bring  into  j)hysieal  proximity  or  con- 
tact: as,  to  appli/  tlie  hand  to  the  breast;  to 
appli/  modieameuts  to  a  diseased  part  of  the 
body;  to  apjily  a  match  to  powder. 
'Beseech  yuu,  tenderly  apply  to  her 
Some  remedies  for  life.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

Ill  the  gardens  of  the  olil  Marques  Spinola  I  saw  huge 
citrons  hanging  on  the  trees,  applii'd  like  cjur  apricots  to 
tlie  walls.  Evdi/n,  Diary,  Oct.  17,  1W4, 

2.  To  bring  into  contact  with  particulars  or 
with  a  particular  ease,  as  a  principle,  law,  or 
rule ;  bring  to  bear  upon ;  put  into  practical 
operation. 

Quintilian  applied  to  general  literature  the  same  prin- 
ciples by  which  he  had  licen  accustomed  to  judge  of  the 
declamations  of  his  pupils.    Macaulay,  Athenian  Orators. 

8.  To  use  or  employ  for  a  particular  case,  or 
devote  to  a  particular  purpose :  as,  to  apply  a 
sum  of  money  to  the  payment  of  a  debt. 
Craft  against  vice  I  must  apply. 

Shak.,  .M.  forM.,  iii.  2. 

4.  To  connect  or  associate  with,  or  refer  to, 
some  person  or  thing  as  applicable  or  perti- 
nent ;  use  as  suitable  or  relative  to  some  per- 
son or  thing:  as,  to  apply  the  testimony  to  the 
case. 

Great  Agamemnon,  Nestor  aliall  ajtply 
Thy  latest  words.  Shcik.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 

I  repeated  the  verses  which  I  formerly  applied  to  him. 

Dryden,  Fables. 
5t.  To  attribute;  refer;  ascribe. — 6.  To  give 
with  earnestness  or  assiduity;  employ  with 
attention;  devote:  as,  "oyj/i^y  thine  heart  unto 
instruction,"  Prov.  xxiii.  12. 

Like  Isaac,  with  a  mind  applied 
To  serious  thought  at  ev'ningtide. 

C^ncpt-r,  The  Moralizer  Corrected. 

Every  man  is  conscious  to  himself  that  he  thinks,  and 

that  which  his  mind  is  applied  about,  whilst  thinking,  is 

the  ideas  that  are  there.  Locke. 

7t.  To  address  or  direct. 

Sacred  vows  and  mystic  song  applied 

To  grisly  Pluto  and  his  gloomy  bride.  Pope. 

8t.  Tobe  busy  about;  devote  one's  self  with  dili- 
gent vigor  to;  ply  (which  see). 
He  is  ever  applyiiuj  his  business. 

Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 
Whose  flying  feet  so  fast  theij-  way  applyde. 
That  round  about  a  cloud  of  dust  did  lly. 

Sprnner,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  37. 

9t.  To  bend  (the  mind);  reflexively,  to  com- 
ply; conform;  be  subservient  to. 

Apply 
\  ourself  to  me  and  the  consul,  and  be  ^vise. 

B.  Joniton,  Catiline,  iii.  2. 
lOt.  To  visit. 

lie  applied  each  place  so  fast. 

Chapman,  Hiad,  .xi.  61. 
To  apply  one's  self,  (a)  To  give  the  chief  part  of  one's 
time  anil  attention ;  dedicate  or  devote  one's  self  (to  a 
thing) :  as,  to  apjdy  one's  self  to  the  study  of  botany.  (4t) 
To  make  an  application  or  appeal ;  have  recourse  by  re- 
quest ;  address  one's  self  (to  a  person). 

I  applied  myself  to  him  for  help.  Johnson. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  place  (on).— 3.  To  appropriate  (to).— 4.  To 
turn,  bend,  direct.  — 6.  Addict,  Derole,  Apply.  See  ad- 
dict. 

II.  intran.s:  If.  To  be  in  close  contiguity. — 
2.  To  have  application;  be  applicable;  have 
some  connection,  agreement,  analogy,  or  refer- 
ence :  as,  this  argument  ajijilic.s  well  to  the  case ; 
the  remarks  were  not  meant  to  apply  to  you. 

01  tile  puzzles  of  the  .\cademy.  there  is  not  one  which 
does  not  apply  as  strongly  to  Deism  as  to  Christianity, 
and  to  Atheism  as  to  Deism. 

Macaulay,  Sadler's  Ref.  Refuted. 
8.  To  make  application  or  request;  ask;  have 
recourse  with  a  \'iew  to  gain  something:  as,  to 
apply  for  an  office,  information,  etc. — 4.  To 
give  attention;  turn  the  mind. 

I  have  been  too  ill  and  too  dispirited  to  apply  to  any- 
thing for  some  weeks  past.       iliss  Carter,  Letters,  II.  60. 

[In  all  senses  used  with  to.] 


275 

applymentf  (a-pli'ment),  n.    [<  apply  +  -ment] 

Ajiplication.     Also  appliment. 

Yet  there  arc  a  sort  of  discontented  creatures  that  bear 
a  stingless  envy  to  great  ones,  and  tliese  will  wrest  the  do- 
ings of  any  man  to  their  base,  malicious  appliment. 

Webster.  Ind.  Ut  .Malcontent. 

appoggiato  (iip-po-jii'to),  a.  [It.,  supported,  pp. 
i)t  iippoipjiarc  (=  F.  appuycr),  <  ML.  appodiarc, 
support,  prop,  <  L.  aii,  to,  +  podium,  a  balcony 
(>  It.  ]iof/{/io  =  F.  pui,  puy):  see  a}ipui,  podium.'] 
In  mu.iic,  literally,  supported:  marking  notes 
which  are  to  be  performed  so  that  they  shall 
insensibly  glide  and  melt  into  one  another 
without  any  perceptible  break. 

appoggiatura  (ap-poj-ii-to'ril),  «.  [It.,  <  appog- 
(fiarc,  prop,  lean  :  see  appoyniato.']  In  mu.iic, 
a  small  additional  note  of  embellishment,  pre- 
ceding the  note  with  which  it  is  connected,  and 
taking  away  from  that  note  a  portion  of  its 
time.    It  is  (jf  two  kinds :  (a)  short,  which  is  i)layed  as 


(a)  Written 

J, 


Played. 


(ft)  Written. 


Played. 


H^ 


quickly  as  possible,  and  (b)  long,  which  is  given  its  proper 
length,  the  principal  note  being  shortened  accordingly. 
The  long  aiipogtfiatura  was  especially  used  by  earlier 
pianoforte  composers  to  avoid  the  display  of  passing  notes 
and  suspensions.  See  acciaccatura.  Sometimes  spelled 
apoyiatura. 

appoint  (a-poinf),  ".  [Early  mod.  E.  also  by 
apheresis  point:  <  ME.  appointeu,  apointcn,<. 
OF.  apointcr,  prepare,  settle,  fix,  F.  appointer, 
refer  a  cause,  put  on  a  salary  (cf.  OF.  a  point, 
to  the  point),  =  Pr.  apointar,  apontar  =  Sp. 
apuntar  =  It.  appuntarc,  <  ML.  appunctare,  re- 
pair, appoint,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  'Mh. punctan;  mark 
by  a  point,  <  L.  pnncta,  usually  punctum,  a 
point:  see  point.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  make  fast 
or  fii-m;  found;  establish;  secure. 
^\'hen  he  appointed  the  foundations  of  the  earth. 

Prov.  viii.  29. 

2.  To  constitute,  ordain,  or  fix  by  decree,  or- 
der, or  decision ;  decree  ;  command ;  prescribe. 

Thy  servants  are  ready  to  do  whatsoever  my  lord  the 
king  shall  appoint.  2  Sam.  xv.  15. 

Unto  him  thou  gavest  commandment  to  love  thy  way : 
which  he  transgressed,  and  immediately  thou  appointedst 
death  in  him  and  in  his  generations.  2  Esd.  iii.  7. 

There  be  si.\  wayes  appointed  by  the  best  learned  men,  for 
the  learning  of  tonges.  Ascham,  The  Scholeraaster,  p.  92. 

3.  To  allot,  set  apart,  or  designate ;  nominate 
or  authoritatively  assign,  as  for  a  use,  or  to  a 
post  or  office. 

These  were  the  cities  appointed  for  all  the  children  of 
Israel.  Josh.  xx.  9. 

A  ship  was  appointed  them,  which  ship  they  began  im- 
mediately to  fit  up,  and  supply  plentifully  with  all  man- 
ner of  stores  for  a  long  stay.        Beverley,  Virginia,  i.  K  6. 

The  ancient  [Hindu]  law  allowed  the  father  who  had  no 
prospect  of  having  legitimate  sons  to  appoint  or  nominate 
a  daughter  who  shoulil  bear  a  son  to  himself  and  not  to 
her  own  husband.     Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  01. 

4.  To  settle;  fix,  name,  or  determine  by  au- 
thority or  upon  agreement :  as,  they  appoin  ted 
a  time  and  place  for  the  meeting. —  5.  In  Jaw, 
to  fix  the  destination  of  (property)  by  desig- 
nating a  person  or  persons  to  take  the  use  of 
an  estate  created  by  a  preceding  deed  or  will, 

.  conf eiTing  on  the  appointor  the  power  so  to  do. 
Thus,  a  testator  may  give  a  fund  to  a  child  for  life,  with 
power  to  appoint  the  fund  to  one  or  more  gr.andchildren. 
The  donee  of  the  power  is  the  appoint4)r.  and  those  desig- 
nated by  the  appointor  to  enjoy  the  fund  are  termed  tlie 
appointees. 

6t.  To  point  at  by  way  of  censure;  arraign: 
as,  "appoint  not  heavenly  disposition,"  Milton, 

5.  A.,  1.  37.'!. —  7.  To  provide  w^ith  -what  is  re- 
quisite; equip. 

iou  may  be  armed  and  appointed  well. 

Shak.,  ■nt.  And.,  iv.  2. 

Six  hundred  cavalry,  and  three  thousand  musketeers, 
all  perfectly  appointed,  entered  Antwerp  at  once. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  .'^1. 

8t.  To  agree  upon ;  decide  upon  or  settle 
definitely. 

She  sat  allone  and  gan  to  caste 
\^Tiereon  she  wolde  apoynt  hire  at  the  laste. 

Chaucer,  T'roilus,  ii.  691. 

=  Syn.  2.  'I'o  prescrilx:,  establish,  direct.- 3.  To  assign, 
destine,  constitute,  create.— 7.  To  furnish,  supply. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  ordain;  resolve;  determine. 

The  Lord  had  appointed  to  defeat  the  good  counsel  of 
.\hithophel.  2  Sam.  xvii.  14. 

2.  In  law,  to  exercise  a  power  of  appointment. 


apportion 

appointable  (.a-poin'ta-bl),  a.  [<  appoint  + 
-able]  Capable  of  being  appointed  or  consti- 
tuted; subject  to  appointment  or  decision. 

That  external  ceremonies  were  but  exercises  of  religion, 
ajipointable  by  superior  powers. 

/(.  ir.  Diion,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  xvi. 

appoints  (fi-poin-ta'),  a-  [As  if  F.,  in  lit. 
sense  'pointed':  see  appointee.]  In  her.,  same 
as  aiijuisc. 

appointee  (a-poin-te'),  »•  [<  appoint  +  -ct-l, 
after  F.  ajipointe,  pp.  of  ajipointer :  see  appoint.] 
1.  A  person  appointed. —  2.  In /((«■,  the  person 
who  benefits  Vjy  the  execution  of  a  power  of  ap- 
pointment.    See  appoint,  5. 

appointer  (a-poin'tt'r),  n.  One  who  nominates, 
appoints,  ordains,  or  settles,     fiee  ajijioin tor. 

appointive  (a-iioin'tiv),  «.  [<  appoint  +  -ive.] 
1.  Of  or  ]>ertaining  to  appointment;  appoint- 
ing: as,  the  appoin  tifc  power  of  the  President. 
—  2.  Dependent  upon  the  exercise  of  the 
power  or  right  to  appoint ;  filled  by  appoint- 
ment: opposed  to  elective :  as,  appointiie  o&ces. 
In  1873,  the  question  whether  the  entire  jmliciary  should 
be  appointive  or  elective  was  again  submitted  to  ])i>i)ular 
vote.  A'.  A.  J<ei\,  CXJ.11I.  '^03. 

appointment  (a-point'ment),  H.  [<  JIE.  apoynt- 
men  I,  and  by  aplieresis  2>oyn  tmcn  t,  <  OP.  apointe- 
ment,  F.  apipointement,  decree,  order,  in  pi. 
saX-Aryji  appointer :  see  appoint.]  1.  The  act 
of  appointing,  designating,  or  placing  in  office: 
as,  he  erred  by  the  ajijmintmcnt  of  unsuitable 
men. —  2.  An  office  held  by  a  person  appointed: 
as,  a  high  appointment  in  the  civil  service. — 

3.  Stipulation;  engagement;  assignation;  the 
act  of  fixing  by  mutual  agreement:  as,  an  ap- 
pointment  to  meet  at  six  o'clock. 

I  shall  be  with  her  .  .  .  by  her  own  appointment. 

Shak.,  .\I.  \V.  of  \V.,  ii.  2. 

4.  Anything  ILxed  or  established ;  established 
order  or  constitution;  decree;  ordinance;  di- 
rection; order;  command:  as,  it  is  our  duty  to 
submit  to  the  divine  appointments. 

Wheat,  salt,  wine,  and  oil,  according  to  the  rt/i'/wi"n/men( 
of  the  priests.  Ezra  vi.  9. 

Do  you  not  think  it  was  a  merciful  appointment  that 
our  fathers  did  not  come  to  the  possession  of  independence, 
...  as  to  a  great  prize  drawn  in  a  lottery'/ 

U.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  67. 

5.  Equipment,  furnitnre,  outfit,  as  for  a  ship, 
an  army,  a  soldier,  etc. ;  whatever  is  appointed 
for  use  and  management;  accoutrements:  in 
this  sense  generally  used  in  the  plural. 

We'll  set  forth. 
In  best  appointment,  all  our  regiments. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 

The  cavaliers  emulated  their  chief  in  the  richness  of 

their  appointments.  Preseott. 

6.  The  act  of  preparing;  preparation.     [Rare.] 

Your  best  appointment  make  with  speed ; 
To-morrow  you  set  on.  Shak.,  M.  for  51.,  iii.  1, 

7t.  An  allowance  to  a  person ;  a  salary  or  pen- 
sion, as  of  a  public  officer:  properly  used  only 
in  the  plural. 

An  expense  proportioned  to  his  api>ointments  and  for- 
tune is  necessary.  Chesterfield,  Slaxims. 

8.  In  law,  the  act  of  appointing  or  designating 
the  beneficiary  who  is  to  take  the  use  of  an 
estate  created  under  a  preceding  deed  or  will. 
See  appoint,  5 — Council  of  Appointment,  in  the 
government  of  the  State  of  New  York,  from  1777  to  1821, 
a  council,  consisting  of  the  g<tvenior  and  four  senators 
chosen  by  the  Assembly,  in  wlioni  was  vested  the  right  ot 
appointment  to  .State  othces  and  of  removal  from  them. — 
Midnight  appointments,  in  V.  S.  polities,  appoint- 
ments made  during  the  last  hours  of  an  administration; 
specifically,  those  S'l  made  by  lYesident  John  Adams. 

appointor  (.a-poin'tor),  H.  [<  appoint  +  -or.] 
In  lau\  one  who  has  official  or  legal  power  of 
appointment.     See  appoint,  .5. 

apportt  (a-porf),  V.  t.  [<  F.  apporter,  <  L.  ap- 
portare,  bring  to,  <  ad,  to,  ■¥  portare,  carry: 
see/Kir^s.]     "To  bring;  carry;  produce. 

apportert  (a-]i6r'tcr),  n.  A  bringer  in ;  one  who 
imports  anything  into  a  country;  an  introducer 
or  procurer. 

This  makes  only  the  apporters  themselves,  their  aiders, 
abettors,  and  assistants,  traitors. 

Sir  31.  Halt,  Hist.  Plac.  Cor.^  xx. 

apportion  (a-p6r'shon),  !'.  t.  [<  F.  apportion 
ncr  (Cotgrave),  <  ML.  apportionarc,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  portio(n-),  portion,  part:  see  portion.]  To 
divide  and  assign  in  just  proportion  or  accord- 
ing to  some  rule  ;  distribute  proportionally  ; 
allot:  as,  to  apportion  undivided  rights;  to  ap- 
portion time  among  various  employments. 

Money  was  raised  by  a  foroeil  loiui.  which  w.is  appor- 
tioned among  the  people  according  to  the  rate  at  which 
they  had  been  respectively  .ass^^s-se*!  to  the  last  sultsidy. 

Macaulay,  Nugent's  Hampden. 

=S3nL  Diiptnse,  Diitribute,  etc.    See  ditpeiue. 


apportionate 

apportionatet  (a-por'shon-rtt),  v.  t.    [<  ML. 

aiilKiiiKiiKitiix,  ]ii\.  of  apportionarc :  see  appor- 

tiiin.]     To  apportion. 
apportionatenesst  (.a-p6r'slion-at-nes),  n.    [< 

(ipiitirliinKitr,  (I.,  +  -lu'.s*-.]     Tho  state  or  quality 

of  being  ailaptcd;  just  proportion. 
The  avportionatfnfM  of  it  to  the  end  for  which  it  was 

dcsigiR'ci.        Ilainmonti,  I'ref.  to  View  of  New  Directory. 

apportioner  (a-p6r'shon-6r),  «.     One  who  ap- 

]iorti(ins. 

apportionment  (a-por'shon-ment),  H.  [<  tip- 
piirtliin  +  -moil;  after  F.  tippor'tionncmrnt,  ML. 
ai<portioii<iiiicntum.'\  1.  Tlio  act  of  a])portiou- 
ing;  a  dividing  into  portions  or  shares;  a  di- 
viding and  assigning  of  a  just  and  equitable 
portion  to  eaeli  person  interested  or  entitled  to 
participate  in  any  claim,  riglit,  property,  or 
charge.— 2.  In  the  United  States :  (n)  The  dis- 
tribution of  representation  in  the  federal  House 
of  Representatives,  and  in  the  houses  of  the  dif- 
ferent State  legislatures.  In  the  former  case  a  fresh 
apportionment  is  made  by  Congress  every  ten  years,  short- 
ly' after  tlie  completion  of  the  decennial  censns  retnrns,  and 
in  the  latter  generally  after  stated  enumerations  made  at 
different  dates  in  different  States,  or  after  the  federal  cen- 
sus. In  the  federal  apportionment.  Congress  determines 
the  proportion  of  representatives  to  population  (one  to 
173,901  of  the  total  population  of  the  United  States  under 
the  census  of  1S90,  or  356  in  all),  and  the  State  legislatures 
fix  the  boundaries  of  the  elective  districts  accordingly. 
[The  principle  of  legislative  apportionment  according  to 
population  has  been  more  recently  adopted  in  the  other 
American  and  most  European  states,  though  in  some  it  is 
notyet  very  strictly  applied.]  {h)  The  allotment  of 
direct  taxes  on  the  basis  of  population :  a  Con- 
gressional power  rarely  exercised. 

apposable  (a-po'za-'hl),  a.  [<  appose^  +  -able.'} 
Capable  of  being  apposed  or  brought  together. 

appose^  (a-p6z'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  apposed, 
ppr.  apposing.  [<  F.  apposci;  to  lay,  put,  or  add 
to,  destinate,  appoint,  repr.  L.  apponere,  ad- 
poncre,  pp.  apjiositus,  adjiositus  (cf.  appiosiU), 
put  or  lay  at,  near,  or  by,  apply  to,  add,  <  ad, 
to,  +  poncrc,  pp.  jjositus,  put,  place,  confused 
in  JIL.  and  Rom.  with  puusare,  F.  poser,  etc.: 
see  pose'i,  and  cf.  compose,  depose,  expose,  im- 
pose, propose,  repose.']  1.  To  put  or  apply 
(one  thing)  to  or  near  to  (another). 

Atrides  .  .  .  food  sufficient 
Appos'd  before  them,  and  the  peers  appog'd  their  hands 
to  it.  Chapman,  Iliad,  ix.  45. 

His  power  having  wrought 
The  king  already  to  appose  his  hand. 
Chap7nan  and  SInrteif,  Chabot,  Admiral  of  France,  i. 

2.  To  bring  near  or  next,  as  one  thing  to  an- 
other ;  put  side  by  side ;  arrange  iu  jiiitaposi- 
tion. 

See  you  how  the  people  stand  in  heaps, 
Each  man  sad  looking  on  his  appos'd  object? 

Dekker  and  Webster (!),  Sir  Thomas  Wyat,  p.  37. 

appose^t  (a-p6z'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  apposen,  aposeti, 
OF.  aposer,  apposer,  with  unaccented  prefix  a- 
foro-,  prop.  ME.  oposen,  opposen,  <  OP.  opposer ; 
ME.  also  by  apheresis  posen,  mod.  E.  pose'i:  see 
oppose  and  pose^,  which  are  now  discriminated. 
Appose"^,  though  orig.  a  mere  variation  of  oppose, 
seems  to  have  been  regarded  as  depending  on 
L.  apponere,  E.  appose^,  in  ref.  to  'putting' 
questions 'to' one:  see  a/j/ro«el.]  1.  To  oppose 
in  discussion ;  bring  objections  or  difficulties 
before  one  to  be  answered;  examine;  ques- 
tion; pose;  puzzle. 
The  prest  and  Perkyn  apposed  eyther  other. 
And  I  thorw  here  wordes  awoke,  and  waited  aboute. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  vii.  138. 

Tlio  the  people  hjTn  apposed  with  a  peny  in  the  temple, 

"Whether  thei  shulde  ther^vith  worschip  the  kyng  Sesar. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  i.  47. 

Christ  was  found  sitting  in  the  temple,  not  to  gaze  on 
the  outward  glory  of  the  house,  .  .  .  but  to  hear  and  ap- 
pose the  doctors.  Bp.  Hall,  Contemplations. 

Specifically— 2.  To  examine  (a  sheriff)  with 
reference  to  (his)  aceotmts.     See  apposer. 

apposert  (a-p6'zer),  M.  [<  appose^  +  -ei-l.]  An 
examiner;  one  whose  duty  it  is  to  put  ques- 
tions ;  specificaUy,  in  England,  a  former  officer 
of  the  Court  of  Exchequer  who  examined  the 
sheriff's  accounts.  The  office  was  abolished  in 
183.3. 

apposite  (ap'o-zit),  a.  [<  L.  appositm,  adpo- 
sitiis,  [ilaced  near  to,  fit,  suitable,  pp.  of  apjio- 
nere,  adpotwre,  put  or  lay  at,  near,  or  by, 
put  to,  annex,  add,  <  ad,  to,  +  poncrc,  place : 
see  appose'^  and  jiosition.]  1.  Placed  near  to; 
specifically,  in  hot.,  Iring  side  by  side,  iu  con- 
tact, or  partly  united.  Hence  — 2.  Suitable; 
fit;  appropriate;  applicable;  well  adapted: 
followed  by  to :  as,  this  argument  is  very  appo- 
site to  the  case;  "ready  and  opposite  answers," 
£acon.  Hen.  VH.,  p.  120. 


276 

The  common  church  otllce  was  us'd  for  the  King  without 
naming  the  person,  with  some  other,  apposite  to  the  neces- 
sity and  circumstances  of  the  time. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June,  Whitsunday,  1693. 
A\niat  influence,  I  say,  would  these  prayers  have,  were 
they  delivered  with  a  due  emphasis,  and  apposite  rising 
and  variation  of  voice  ?  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  147. 

3t.  Apt ;  ready  in  speech  or  answer:  said  of 
persons. 

appositely  (ap'o-zit-li),  adv.  In  an  apposite 
manner;  suitably;  fitly;  appropriately;  perti- 
nefitly. 

appositeness  (ap'o-zit-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  apposite;  fitness;  propriety; 
suitableness. 

A  knowledge  of  the  primitive  sense  of  a  word  very  often 
enables  us  to  discover  a  force  and  fitness  in  its  modern 
applications  which  we  had  never  suspected  before,  and 
accordingly  to  employ  it  with  greater  propriety  and  appa- 
siteii-css.  G.  P.  Marsh,  Lectures  un  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  106. 

apposition  (ap-o-zish'on),  n.  [=F.  apposition^ 
Pr.  appo^icio=fip.  aposicion  =  'i?^.  apposiqao=z 
It.  apposizionv,<.  LL.  ap)positio(n-),  adpositio{n-), 
a  placing  by  or  near,  setting  before,  application, 

<  L.  apponere,  pp.  appositus :  see  appose''-,  ap- 
posite.'] 1.  The  act  of  adding  to  or  together; 
a  setting  to ;  application ;  a  placing  together ; 
juxtaposition. 

Tlie  apposition  of  new  matter. 

Arbuthnot,  Choice  of  Aliments. 
Placing  in  apposition  the  two  ends  of  a  divided  nerve 
does  not  re-establish  nervous  communication. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  25. 

2.  In  (/ram. :  (a)  The  relation  to  a  noun  (or 
pronoun)  of  another  noun,  or  in  some  eases 
of  an  adjective  or  a  clause,  that  is  added  to  it 
by  way  of  explanation  or  characterization. 
Thus,  "  Cicero,  the  famous  orator,  lived  in  the  first  century 
before  Christ";  "On  him,  their  second  Providence,  they 
hung."  In  languages  that  distinguish  cases,  the  noun  in 
apposition  is  in  the  same  case  as  the  word  to  which  it  is 
apposed.  The  same  term  is  also  used  of  an  adjective  that 
stands  to  the  noun  (or  pronoun)  to  which  it  refers  in  a 
less  close  relation  than  the  proper  attributive,  being 
added  rather  parenthetically,  or  by  way  of  substitute  for 
a  qualifying  clause.  Thus,  "They  sang  Darius,  great  and 
ffood";  "Truth,  cnt5/ied  to  earth,  shall  rise  again."  Rare- 
ly, it  is  applied  to  a  clause,  whether  substantive  or  adjec- 
tive, that  qualifies  a  noun  (or  pronoun)  in  an  equivalent 
manner.  Com]}a.re  attributive  and  predicative.  (&)  The 
relation  of  two  or  more  nouns  (or  a  noun  and 
pronoun)  in  the  same  construction,  under  the 
above  conditions.  Enir/hts  Templars,  lords  justices, 
Paul  the  apostle,  my  son  John's  book  (where  son  is  also 
possessive,  the  sign  of  the  possessive  case  being  required 
only  with  the  final  term),  are  examples  of  nouns  in  appo- 
sition ;  "  /  Jesus  have  sent  mine  angel  "  (Rev.  x.^ii.  10)  is 
an  example  of  a  pronoun  and  noun  in  apposition. 
3t.  In  rltet.,  the  addition  of  a  parallel  word  or 
phrase  by  way  of  explanation  or  illustration  of 
another.  N.  E.  D — Growth  by  apposition,  in  hot., 
growth  in  thickness  by  the  repeated  formation  of  lamime, 
as  of  cellulose  in  the  thickening  of  cell-walls  and  of  starch 
in  the  increase  of  starch-granules. 

appositional  (ap-o-zish'on-al),  a.  [<  apposition 
+ -al.]  1.  Pertaining  to  apposition,  especially 
grammatical  apposition. —  2.  In  bot.,  lying  to- 
gether and  partly  uniting  so  as  to  appear  like 
a  compound  branch :  applied  to  the  branches 
of  alga?. 

appositionally  (ap-o-zish'on-al-i),  adv.  In  ap- 
position ;  in  an  appositional  way. 

appositive  (a-poz'i-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  np- 
piositif,  <  L.  as  if  *appositivuf!,  <  appositus :  see 
apjwsite.]  I.  a.  1.  Apposite;  applicable. —  2. 
In.  gram.,  placed  in  apposition;  standing  over 
against  its  subject  in  the  construction  of  the 
sentence. 
Appositive  to  the  words  going  immediately  before. 

Knatchbull,  Animad.  in  Libros  Novi  Test.,  p.  42. 
II.  «.  In  gram.,  a  word  in  apposition. 

appositorium  (a-poz-i-to'ri-um),  n.;  pi.  appo- 
sitorin  (-ii).  [NL.,  <  L.  appositus,  pp.  of  appio- 
nere,  adponere,  put  near  or  by :  see  apipositc]  A 
conical  vessel  of  glass  or  earthenware,  the  nar- 
row end  of  which  is  placed  in  a  receiver  while 
the  larger  end  receives  tho  neck  of  a  retort: 
used  as  a  precaution  against  the  breakage  of 
the  receiver  by  contact  with  the  hot  neck  of  a 
retort  during  distillation. 

appostt,  V.  t.  [<  F.  appostcr  (Cotgrave),  <  It. 
appostiire,  <  LL.  *apj)Ositarc,  <  L.  apjxisitiis :  see 
apposite.]  To  place  or  arrange  with  a  purpose. 
X.  E.  1). 

appraisal  (a-pra'zal),  n.  [<  appraise  +  -al.] 
The  act  of  appraising:  valuation;  appraise- 
ment or  estimation  of  value  or  worth. 

appraise  (a-praz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  appraised, 
ppr.  apprais-ing.  [<  ME.  apraijscn,  *apreisen, 
also  apriscn  (>  mod.  apprise"^,  apprize^,  q.  v.), 
and  also  simplyj(r((/.«'«,  prc/scH.praise.appraise, 

<  OP.  "ajireiscr,  ajireticr,  aprisier,  apri.<<er,  price, 
value,  praise,  <  LL.  appretiare,  value,  estimate, 
appraise,  purchase,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -1-  prctium  (> 


appreciate 

OF.  preis,  pri.<!),  price :  see  price  and  praise,  and 
cf.  apprize''^  and  appreciate.]  If.  To  value; 
prize. 

Ilur  enparcl  was  apraysut  with  prynces  of  mygte. 

Anturs  of  Arth.,  st.  29. 

2.  To  value  in  current  money;  officially  set  a, 
price  upon ;  estimate  the  value  of :  used  espe- 
cially of  the  action  of  a  person  or  persons  ap- 
pointed for  the  purpose,  under  direction  of  law 
or  by  agreement  of  persons  interested:  as,  to 
apipraise  the  goods  and  estate  of  a  deceased  per- 
son, or  goods  taken  under  a  distress  for  rent. 
[See  note  under  appraiser.] — 3.  To  estimate 
generally,  in  regard  to  quality,  service,  size, 
weight,  etc. 

Greek  and  Latin  literature  we  shall  examine  only  for  the 
sake  of  appraising  or  deducing  the  sort  of  ideas  which 
they  had  upon  the  subject  of  style.  De  Quincey,  Style,  iii. 
To  get  at  the  full  worth  of  Emerson,  ...  we  must  ap- 
praise him  for  his  new  and  fundamental  quality  of  geniufl, 
not  for  his  mere  literary  accomplishments,  great  as  these 
were.  The  Century,  XXVII.  927. 

The  sickly  babe,  .  .  . 
Wliom  Enoch  took,  and  handled  all  his  limbs, 
Appraised  Ids  weight,  and  fondled  father-like. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 
appraisement  (a-praz'ment),  n.  [<  appraise  + 
-ment.]  1.  Theact  of  setting  a  value  upon,  un- 
der some  authority  or  appointment ;  appraisal. 
It  generally  implies  resort  to  the  judgment  of  a 
disinterested  person. —  2.  The  rate  at  which  a 
thing  is  valued ;  the  value  fixed,  or  valuation ; 
estimation  generally. 
appraiser  (a-pra'zer),  n.  One  who  appraises, 
or  estimates  worth  of  any  kind,  intellectual, 
moral,  or  material ;  specifically,  a  person  li- 
censed and  sworn  to  estimate  and  fix  the  value 
of  goods  or  estate.  [Appraiie,  appraiser,  appraise- 
ment, are  now  generally  used,  instead  of  apprize,  apprizer, 
apprizement,  although  the  latter  were  formerlv  used  by 
good  English  authors,  as  Bacon  and  Bishop  Hail,  and  are 
still  frequently  used  in  the  United  States.] 
apprecationt  (ap-re-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
* apprecatio(n-),  <  apprecari,  adprecari,  pp.  ap- 
precatus,  pray  to,  adore,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  precari, 
pray:  see  pray.]  Invocation  of  blessing; 
prayer:  as,  "fervent  apprecations,"  Bp.  Hall, 
Remains,  p.  404. 
apprecatoryt  (ap'rf-ka-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
*opprecatorius,  <  apprecari:  see  apprecation.] 
Of  the  nature  of  or  containing  a  prayer. 
Not  so  much  apprecatory  as  declaratory. 

Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience,  iiL  9, 

appreciable  (a-pre'shi-a-bl),  a.  [=¥.apprecia^ 
hie,  <  L.  as  if  *apprctiabHis,  <  apipretiare :  see 
a2>preciate.]  Capable  of  being  appreciated,  esti- 
mated, or  perceived ;  neither  too  small  nor  too 
great  to  be  capable  of  estimation  or  recogni- 
tion; perceptible. 

A  twelfth  part  of  the  labour  of  making  a  plough  is  an 
appreciable  quantity.  J.  S.  Mill. 

An  odour  which  has  no  appreciable  effect  on  the  con- 
sciousness of  a  man  has  a  very  marked  effect  on  the  con- 
sciousness of  a  dog.      H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  79. 

appreciably  (a-pre'shi-a-bli),  adv.  To  a  degree 
that  may  be  appreciated  or  estimated;  percep- 
tibly; by  a  difference  that  maybe  remarked; 
noticeably:  as,  he  is  appreciably 'better. 

The  puffs  of  an  approaching  goods-engine  seem  appre- 
ciably more  numerous  to  the  ear  than  those  of  a  receding 
one. "  A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  418. 

appreciant  (a-pre'shi-ant),  a.  [<  L.  appre- 
tian{t-)s,  ppr.  of  appireiiare:  see  ajipreciate.] 
Appreciative.     [Rare.] 

Such  was  the  man  whom  Henry,  of  desert 
Appreciant  alway,  chose  for  highest  trust. 

Southey,  Ded.  of  CoUcKjuies, 

appreciate  (a-pre'shi-at),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
preciated, ppr.  appreciating.  [<  L.  appretiatus, 
pp.  of  appretiare,  value  or  estimate  at  a  price 
(>  It.  apiprcgiarc,  apprc;::are  =  Pg.  apre<;arz=Sp. 
Pr.  apreciar  =  ¥.  apprccier),  <  ad,  to,  +  prctium, 
price :  see  price,  and  cf .  appraise.  aj>pri::c-.]  I, 
trans.  1.  To  value;  set  a  price  or  value  on; 
estimate  the  commercial  worth  of. —  2.  To  es- 
teem duly;  place  a  sufficiently  high  estimate 
on;  recognize  the  quality  or  worth  of:  as,  bis 
great  ability  was  not  appreciated. 

The  sectaries  of  a  persecuted  religion  are  seldom  in  a 
proper  temper  of  nund  calmly  to  investigate  or  candidly 
to  appreciate  the  motives  of  their  enemies.  (ribbon. 

I  pronounce  that  young  man  happy  who  is  content  with 
having  acquired  the  skill  which  he  had  aimed  at,  and 
waits  willingly  \vhen  the  occasion  of  making  it  appreciated 
shall  arrive,  knowing  well  that  it  will  not  loiter. 

i:mcrso7i,  Success. 

3.  To  be  fully  conscious  of;  be  aware  of;  de- 
tect ;  perceive  the  nature  or  effect  of. 

The  eye  appreciates  finer  differences  than  art  can  expose. 

Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

There  is  reason  to  believe  that  insects  appreciate  sounds 

of  extreme  delicacy.        A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  202. 


appreciate 

Without  study  of  luH  forms  nf  iiittrc  or  his  scheme  of 
culoui-s  WL-  sluill  ct-rtaiiily  tiiil  tn  aj'/m'ctnte  or  even  to  ap- 
prehund  thii  K'st  in*  lliu  worth  of  a  painter's  or  a  poets 
design.  Snint/unu',  Sliakespeare,  p.  8. 

4.  To  raise  in  valuo;  advane*e  the  exchange, 
quotation,  or  price  of:  opposed  to  depreciate. 

Lest  a  suddeu  peace  should  appreciate  the  money. 

G.  lUiin«ay. 
=  SyiL  Value,  Prize,  Esteem,  Estimate,  Appreciate. 
Value  and  estimate  commonly  uuply  a  comparison  witli  a 
standard  of  commercial  worth :  as,  t^  value  a  picture  at 
so  much  ;  to  cutimate  its  value  at  so  mucli.  To  prize  is  to 
vaUic  lii^hly,  generally  for  other  tlian  pecuniary  reastms, 
and  sujj:y;i-stiii;^  the  notion  of  reluctance  to  lose.  Thus, 
we  prize  a  hook  for  its  contents  or  associations;  we 
prize  a  friend  for  his  affection  for  us.  To  esteem  is  some- 
times simply  to  think:  ils,  I  eMteeui  him  a  scoundrel; 
sometimes  to  value :  as,  I  esteem  it  lightly ;  sometimes 
to  have  a  high  opinion  of  or  set  a  high  value  on:  as, 
I  esteem  him  for  his  own  sake  ;  in  its  highest  sense  it  im- 
plies moral  aiii»r()l)atiou.  Eslimatinn  is  an  act  of  compu- 
tation or  juilL^iiinit,  and  wliolly  without  ftudiiig  or  mora! 
approliatiim  :  h.s,  to  estii/mte  the  size  of  a  I'oom,  the  weight 
of  a  stone,  tlie  literary  excellence  of  a  hook,  the  character 
of  a  person.  (See  esteem,  «.,  for  comparison  of  corre- 
sponding nouns.)  Appreciate  is  to  set  a  just  value  on; 
it  implies  the  use  of  wise  judgment  or  delicate  percep- 
tion: as,  he  apprfciitiid  the  (luality  of  tht-  uork.  With 
this  perception  naturally  goes  acorrespundiiiL:  intelleLtnal 
valuation  and  moral  esteem  :  lus.  they  knew  how  to  aj'j'rr- 
date  his  worth.  Appreciate  often  implied  also  that  tlie 
thing  appreciated  is  likely  to  be  overlooked  or  underesti- 
mated. It  is  commonly  used  of  good  things  :  as,  I  under- 
stood his  wickedness  ;  I  realized  or  recuijiiized  his  folly ;  I 
appreciated  his  vii'tue  or  wisdom.  Compare  such  phrases 
as  an  appreciatioe  audience,  a  few  appreciative  words,  ap- 
preciation  of  merit. 

The  pearls  after  removal  from  the  dead  oysters  are 
"classed"  bypassing  through  a  number  of  small  brass 
cullenders.  .  .  .  llaving  been  sized  in  this  way,  they  are 
sorted  as  to  colour,  weighed,  and  valued. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  447. 

For  so  it  falls  out, 
That  what  we  have  we  ^>n>ti  not  to  the  worth. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iv.  1. 

Though  men  esteem  theo  low  of  parentage. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  235. 
The  truth  is,  we  think  liglitly  of  Nature's  penny  shows, 
and  estimate  what  we  see  by  the  cost  of  the  ticket. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  90. 

It  will  be  soon  enough  to  forget  them  [the  ancients] 
when  we  have  the  learning  and  the  genius  which  will  en- 
able us  to  attend  to  and  appreciate,  them. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  113. 

II,  intrans.  To  rise  in  value ;  become  of  more 
value :  as,  public  securities  appreciated  when 
the  debt  was  funded. 
appreciation  (a-pre-shi-a'shon),  n.  [=  F.  appre- 
ciation ;  from  the  verb:  see  appreciate.']  1. 
The  act  of  setting  a  price  or  money  value  on 
real,  personal,  or  mercantile  effects. — 2.  The 
act  of  estimating  the  qualities  of  things  and 
gi^^ug  them  theii' due  value;  clear  perception 
or  recognition  of  the  quality  or  worth  of  any- 
thing; sympathetic  imderstanding. 

What  sort  of  theory  is  that  which  is  not  based  upon  a 
competent  appreciation  of  well-observed  facts  and  their 
relations'?  Maudslc*/,  Body  and  Will,  p.  205. 

Those  who  aim  to  be  Christian  teachere  should  be  fully 
armed  to  contend  for  the  truth,  and  should  have  a  clear 
and  intelligent  appreciation  of  the  weapons  and  tactics 
whicli  may  be  employed  against  it. 

Dawson,  Nat.  and  the  Bible,  p.  15. 

3.  A  rising  in  value ;  increase  of  value. 

The  appreciat ion  of  the  metal  which  is  our  single  stand- 
ard, and  the  consequent  decline  in  prices,  is  one  of  the 
causes  of  Ithe]  .  .  .  depression  of  trade. 

Fortnighthj  Rev.,  XL.  481. 

4.  In  Scots  IniCy  the  appraisement  or  valuing  of 
poinded  or  distrained  f:ceods. 

appreciative  (a-pre'shi-a-tiv),  a.  [<  appreciate 
+  -ive ;  =  F.  apprcciatifj  relating  to  valuation.] 
Capable  of  appreciating;  manifesting  due  ap- 
preciation: as,  an  appreciative  audience. 

A  ride  in  the  Southern  summer  moonlight  being  an  ever- 
enjoyable  romance  to  an  ajrpreciative  nature. 

A.  W.  Tourgi^e,  Fool's  Errand,  p.  132. 

appreciator  (a-pre'shi-ii-tor),  n.  [<  appreciate 
+  -or ;  =^  F.  apprtciatcur.~\  1.  One  who  appre- 
ciates. 

A  discovery  for  which  there  waa  no  penuanent  appreci- 
ator. De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  determining  the  amount 
of  gluten  contained  in  a  given  quantity  of 
fhtur. 

appreciatory  (a-pre'shi-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  appre- 
ciate +  -ori/.']  t^xpressivo  of  admiration;  ap- 
preciative: as,  appreeiatori/  wordi^. 

appredicate  (a-pred'i-kat),  «.  [<  NL.  apprcedi- 
eatum  (tr.  of  (Jr.  ~f)o(TKaTr/)ofxn-fievov),  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  ML.  pra-dicatum,  pretlicate.]  The  copula  in 
a  proposition.     See  copula. 

With  Aristotle,  the  predicate  includes  the  copula;  and, 
from  a  hint  by  him,  the  latter  has,  by  subsequent  Greek 
logicians,  been  styled  the  ajqiredicate. 

Sir  W.  Uamiltun,  Logic,  I.  228. 


277 

apprehend  (ap-re-hend' ),  r.  [<  OF.  apprehendrr, 
mod.  F.  apprvhender,  apprehend,  =  Fr.  apprc- 
hcndar  =  Sp.  aprehender  =  Pg.  apprehender, 
the  older  Koin.  forms  being  contracted.  OF, 
aprendrr,  apprfn<irc,  mod.  1^\  iijipmidn;  learn, 
con  (>  E.  apprendj  obs,),  =  Pr.  ajtrendre  =  Sp, 
aprcndcr  =  Pg.  aprcnder  =  It.  apprendere,  <  L. 
apprchendtre,  adprchcndere,  pp.  ap)ireheiisus, 
adprehcHSUS,  contr.  apprendert;  adprendere^  pp. 
apprenans,  adprensus,  lay  liold  upon,  seize,  un- 
derstand, comprehend,  <  ad,  to,  +  preJiendere, 
iionir.  prendr re,  SGize:  stn^  prehend,  jtrize^,  ap- 
prentice, and  apprise^ J  and  cf.  comprehend,  rep- 
rehend.'] I,  trans.  If.  To  lay  hold  of;  seize 
upon;  take  possession  of. 

That  I  may  apjyrchend  that  for  which  also  I  am  appre- 
hended of  Christ  Jesus.  Phil,  iii,  12. 

A I'prehcnd  your  places,  he  shall  be  [ready]  soon,  and  at 
all  iiiiints.  li.  Jonson,  t'ynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 

TJjcre  is  nothing  but  hath  a  double  handle,  or,  at  least, 
we  have  two  liands  to  apprehend  it. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  ii.  §  6. 

2.  To  take  into  custody ;  make  prisoner;  arrest 
by  legal  warrant  or  authority. 

The  roblier  .  .  .  was  apjrrehetuled  selling  his  plunder. 
Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  1. 

Hancock  and  Adams,  though  removed  by  their  friends 
from  the  innncdiateviciuity  of  the  force  sent  to  apprehnd 
them,  were  apprised,  too  faitlifully,  that  the  work  of  death 
was  begun.  Everett,  Orations,  p.  88. 

3.  To  take  into  the  mind :  seize  or  grasp  men- 
tally ;  take  cognizance  oi.  (a)  To  perceive ;  leai-n 
by  the  senses,  (b)  To  learn  the  eharacter  or  quality  of; 
become  acquainted  or  familiar  with. 

He  seems  to  hear  a  Heavenly  Friend, 
And  thro'  thick  veils  to  apprehend 
A  labour  working  to  an  end. 

Tennyson,  Two  Voices. 

(c)  To  imagine,  especially  an  object  of  desire  or  dread ; 
form  a  concrete  conception  of:  frequently  opposed  to 
comprehend  or  attend. 

He  apprehends  a  world  of  figm-es  here, 
But  not  the  form  of  what  he  should  attend. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 

(d)  To  understand ;  take  an  intelligent  view  of. 

This  yet  I  apprehend  not ;  why  to  those 
Among  whom  God  will  deign  to  dwell  on  earth 
So  many  and  so  various  laws  are  given. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  xii.  280. 

4.  To  anticipate  ;  expect ;  especially,  to  enter- 
tain suspicion  or  fear  of. 

All  things  apprehendiw!,  nothing  understanding. 

ii,  Jonson,  CjTithia's  Revels,  v.  2. 
0,  let  my  lady  apprehend  no  fear. 

Shak.,  T.  andC,  iii.  2. 

A  man  that  apprehemis  death  no  more  dreadfully,  but 
as  a  drunken  sleep.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  2. 

5.  To  hold  in  opinion;  be  of  opinion  concern- 
ing.    See  extract. 

Wlien  we  would  express  our  opinion  modestly,  instead 
of  saying,  "This  is  my  opinion,"  or  "This  is  my  judg- 
ment," which  has  the  air  of  dogmaticalness.  we  say,  "I 
conceive  it  to  be  thus— I  imagine  or  apprehend  it  to  be 
thus."  Reid,  Intellectual  Powers,  p.  19. 

=  Syn.  2.  Tocatch,  arrest,  captui-e.— 3.  vli'/'^vAc/if/,  Com- 
prenend  :  to  conceive,  perceive,  see,  know.  ''\V<^  appre. 
hend  many  truths  which  we  do  not  rompreheiui.  The  great 
mystery,  for  instance,  of  the  Holy  Trinity  — we  lay  hold 
upon  it  (ad  prehendo),  wc  hang  upon  it,  our  souls  live  by 
it ;  but  we  do  not  take  it  all  in,  we  do  not  comprehend  it. 
It  belongs  to  the  idea  of  Cod  that  he  may  be  apprehended 
though  not  cumprehemh'd  by  his  reasonable  creatures;  he 
has  nnide  them  to  know  him,  th(uigh  not  to  know  him  all, 
to  apprehend  though  not  to  comprehend  him."  Trench.— 
4.  To  fear,  dread,  anticipate  (with  fear). 

n.  intran.s.  1.  To  imagine;  form  a  concrete 
conception  of  anything;  have  intellectual  per- 
ception ;  catch  the  idea  or  meaning. 

You  apprehend  passing  slirewdly. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 

Put  it  into  his  hand  ;  'tis  only  there 
He  apprehends:  he  has  his  feeling  left. 

B.  Jonxon,  The  Fox,  i.  1. 

Men  that  are  in  fault 
Can  subtly  ajrprehe.nd  when  others  aim 
At  what  they  do  amiss. 

Beau,  ami  Fl.,  Maids  Tragedy,  iv.  2. 

To  apprehend  notionally  is  to  have  breadth  of  mind,  but 
to  be  shallow ;  to  apprehend  really  is  to  be  deep,  but  to  be 
narrow-minded.      J.  II.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  32. 

2.  To  believe  or  be  of  opinion,  })ut  without 
positive  certainty:  used  as  a  modest  way  of  in- 
troducing an  opinion :  as,  all  this  is  true,  but 
we  apprehend  it  is  not  to  the  purpose. 

Tliis,  we  apprehend,  is  a  mistake. 

Goldsmith,  Versification. 

There  are  sentiments  on  some  subjects  which  I  appre- 
hend might  be  displeasing  to  the  country. 

Jefferson,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  437. 

3.  To  be  apprehensive  ;  be  in  fear  of  a  future 
It  ia  worse  to  apprehend  than  to  suffer.  Rowe. 


apprehensive 

apprehender  (ap-ve-lion'drr),  n.  1.  One  who 
seizes  or  arrests. — '2.  One  who  discerns  or  rec- 
ognizes mentally. 

apprehensibility  (aji-rc-hen-si-birUi),  n.  [< 
ajipnhrnsthlr  :  see  -bUitif.]  The  capability  of 
being  luiderstood,  or  the  quality  of  being  ap- 
prehensible. 

Simplicity  and  poimlar  am>rehenidbHitn  will  be  every- 
where aiintd  at.      Whitney,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  p.  0. 

apprehensible  (ap-re-hen'si-bl),  a.  [<  LL.  np- 
prehensibitis,  <  L.  apprelunsus,  yp.  of  (fp/oyhen' 
dere,  apprehend:  see  apprrhfiid.]  <'ajiMl)]r'  of 
being  apprehended  or  understood;  iJO.ssihle  to 
be  conceived  by  the  human  intellect. 

it  [Greek  philosophy]  so  educated  the  intellect  and  con- 
science as  to  render  the  Gospel  apprehensible,  and,  in 
many  cases,  congenial  to  the  mind. 

G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  140. 

apprehension  (ap-re-Iien'shon),  n.  [=  F.  appr6- 
htnsion,  <  L.  aj>j>rehensio{n-),  <  apprehendere,  pp. 
apprehensus :  see  apprehend.]  1.  The  act  of 
seizing  or  taking  hold  of;  pr**hension:  as,  the 
hand  is  the  organ  of  apprehension.  [Rare.]  —  2. 
The  act  of  arresting  or  seizing  by  legal  process; 
arrest ;  seizure :  as,  the  thief,  after  Iiis  appre- 
hcnsioHj  escaped. 

The  increase  in  the  number  of  apprehemdoiu  for  drunk- 
enness. Rae,  Cont.  Socialism,  p.  345. 

3.  A  laying  hold  by  the  mind;  mental  grasp; 
the  act  or  faculty  {a)  of  perceiving  anything  by 
the  senses ;  {h)  of  learning  or  becoming  familiar 
with  anything;  {e)  of  forming  an  image  in  the 
imagination  {the  common  meaning  in  English 
for  three  centuries,  and  the  technical  meaning 
in  the  Kantian  theory  of  cognition);  {d)  of 
catching  the  meaning  of  anytliing  said  or  writ- 
ten; (e)  of  simple  apprehension  (which  see, 
below);  (/)  of  attention  to  something  present 
to  the  imagination. 

In  apprehension,  how  like  a  god  !      Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 
They  have  happy  wits  and  excellent  apprehensions. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  233. 

To  be  false,  and  to  be  thought  false,  is  all  one  in  rcsi>ect 

of  men  who  act,  not  according  to  truth,  but  apprehension. 

Souih. 
Apprehension  then  is  simply  an  understanding  of  the 
idea  or  fact  which  a  proposition  enunciates. 

J.  II.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  18. 
The  proper  administration  of  outward  thiuLis  will  always 
rest  on  a  just  apprehension  of  their  cause  and  origin. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  215. 

Whatever  makes  a  large  impression  upon  the  senses  Is, 

other  tilings  being  equal,  easy  of  apprehension,  even  when 

not  of  comprehension.  Pop.  .Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  352. 

4.  Anticipation  of  adversity ;  dread  or  fear  of 
coming  evil ;  distrust  of  the  futm-e. 

The  sense  of  death  is  most  in  apprehension. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

As  he  was  possessed  of  integrity  and  honour,  I  was  under 
no  apprehetisions  from  throwing  him  naked  into  the  am- 
phitheatre of  life.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

Let  a  man  front  the  object  of  his  worst  apprehension, 
and  his  stoutness  will  commonly  make  his  fear  groundless. 
Fmerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  215. 
Simple  apprehension  (ML.,  simjtlex  apprehensio,  first 
used  by  Jean  Lnridun,  in  the  fourteenth  centurj*).  i'l  nonti* 
nalistic  lofjic,  c<pneeption  without  jmlgment;  the  thinking 
of  a  name  as  distinguished  from  the  thinking  of  a  propo- 
sition: called  f'impU:  berause  a  term  is  simple  compared 
with  a  proposition.—  Sjmthesis  of  apprehension,  in  the 
Kantian  philosophy,  that  opi  rati-'U  <>(  the  inJnd  liy  which 
the  manifold  of  intuition  is  colkcled  into  delinite  images. 
It  is  called  pure  when  the  manifold  operateil  upon  is  that 
of  pure  space  and  tinie.=SyiL  3.  t'onipreheiision,  under- 
standing, idea,  notit»n.  — 4.  Alarm,  Apprehemsion,  Friaht, 
etc.  (see  alarm),  disquiet,  dread,  anxiety,  misgiving,  solici- 
tude, nervousness,  fearfnlness. 
apprehensive  (ap-re-hen'siv),  a.  [=:F.  appr^ 
hensif,  anxious,  <  L.  apprehensus,  pp.  of  <ii>pre- 
hendere :  see  apprehend.]  If.  In  the  habit  of 
seizing;  ready  to  catch  or  seize;  desii-ous  to  lay 
hold  of:  used  literally  and  figuratively, 

I  shall  be  very  apprehensive  of  any  occasions  wherein  I 
may  do  any  khul  offices.       Lont  Strafford,  Letters,  II.  390. 

2.  Quick  to  learn  or  understand ;  quick  of  ap- 
prehension. 

A  good  sherris-sack  .  .  .  ascends  me  into  the  brain ; .  .  . 
makes  it  apprehensive,  quick,  forgetivc,  full  of  nimble, 
fiery,  and  delectable  shapes.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 

An  understanding  duU'd  by  th'  infelicity 
Of  constant  sorrow  is  not  apprehensive 
In  pregnant  novelty.  Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  iy.  1. 

Is  there  a  surer  way  of  achieving  the  boast  of  Themisto- 
cles,  that  he  knew  how  to  make  a  .•;niaU  State  a  gnat  one, 
than  by  making  it  wise,  bright,  knowing,  apprehensive, 
quick-witted,  ingenious,  thoughtful? 

Ii.  Choate,  .\ddrcsses.  p.  IIL 

3.  Realizing;  conscious;  cognizant.     [Rare.] 

A  man  that  has  spent  his  younger  years  in  vanity  and 

folly,  and  is.  by  the  grace  of  God,  apprehensive  of  it. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

4.  In  a  state  of  apprehension  or  fear ;  feeling 
alarm ;  fearful. 

The  leading  reformers  .  .  .  hegantoheapprehensivetoT 
their  lives.  Oladitone,  Church  and  State,  vlt 


apprehensive 

5.  Inclined  to  bolirvc  or  .suspect;  suspicions: 
as,  I  am  apprehensive  that  ho  does  not  under- 
stand me. 

He  I  the  king]  became  apprehemive  that  his  motives  were 
miseoiistrued,  even  by  his  friends.  Uallam. 

6.  Perceptive;  feeling;  sensitive. 
Tlii'ughts,  my  tormentors,  ann'd  with  deadly  stings, 
Manele  my  apprehensive  tendcrest  parts. 

J/iV(0H,S.  A.,1.624. 

7.  In  metapli.,  relating  to  simple  apprehension. 

It  yields  as  a  corollary  that  judgment,  that  comparison, 
that  the  cognition  of  relativity  is  implied  in  ever)'  appre- 
keiisuy  act.  Sir  W.  Uamilton. 

Apprehensive  concept,  a  concept  without  judgment- 
Apprehensive  Iniowledge,  the  mere  understanding  of  a 
propusitii'n  without  assent  or  dissent;  opposed  to  ndAcin*  re 
knna-h<i'!>\ 

apprehensively  (ap-re-hen'siv-U),  adv.  In  an 
approlu'iisivo  luanuer;  with  apprehension. 

apprehensiveness  (ap-re-hen'.siv-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  apprehensive,  (a) 
Eeadiness  to  understand,     (b)  Fearfulness. 

apprendt,  v.  t.  [<  F.  apprendre,  <  L.  apprenderc, 
lay  hold  of:  see  apprehend.']  To  lay  hold  of; 
apprehend. 

apprentice  (a-pren'tis),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
apprentise,  <.  ti^- apprentice,  aprentis  (and  by 
apheresis  often  shortened  to  prentice,  prentis, 
mod.  Y.. prentice,  q.  v.),<  OF.  apprentis,  ajirentis, 
aprentice  (Rouehi  dial,  apprentiche  =  Pr.  ap- 
prentiz  =  Sp.  Pg.  aprcndi:,  ^ML.  apprenticius ; 
mod.  F.  apprenti,  as  if  sing,  of  apprentis  as 
pi.),  orig.  nom.  of  aprentif,  apprentif,  a  learner 
of  a  trade,  <  apprendre,  aprendre,  learn,  <  L. 
apprenderc,  contr.  from  apprehendcre,  lay  hold 
of,  understand,  in  IIL.  and  Rom.  also  learn :  see 
apprehend.']  1.  One  who  is  bound  by  indenture 
to  serve  some  particular  individual  or  company 
for  a  specified  time,  in  order  to  learn  some  art, 
trade,  profession,  manufacture,  etc.,  in  which 
his  master  or  masters  become  bound  to  instruct 
him.  Hence  —  2.  A  learner  in  any  depart- 
ment ;  one  only  slightly  versed  in  a  subject ; 
a  novice. —  3.  In  old  English  law,  a  barrister  of 
less  than  sixteen  years'  standing.  After  this 
period  he  might  be  called  to  the  rank  of  Ser- 
jeant. — Parish,  town,  etc. ,  apprentice,  a  person  bound 
out  by  the  jiri;'per  autiutrities  of  a  parish,  town,  etc.,  to 
prevent  liis  becoming  a  puljlic  charge. 

apprentice  (a-pren'tis),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
prenticed, ppr.  aj^j^renticing.  [<  apprentice,  «.] 
To  bind  to  or  put  under  the  care  of  a  master, 
for  the  purpose  of  instruction  in  some  art, 
trade,  or  profession;  indenture. 

apprenticeaget  (a-pren'tis-aj),  n.  [Also  spelled 
appre II tis{x)rigc,  <  F.  apprentisage,  now  apipren- 
tissage,  <  OF.  apprentis:  see  apprentice,  «.,  and 
-age.]     Same  as  apprenticeship. 

apprentice-box  (a-pren'tis-boks),  n.     Same  as 

tloift-hfij-. 
appfenticehoodt(a-pren'tJs-hud),n.  [<  appren- 
tice +  -hood.]     Apprenticeship. 

Must  I  not  serve  a  long  apprentieehood 
To  foreign  passages  ?  Shak.,  Kich.  II.,  i.  3. 

apprenticeship  (a-pren'tis-ship),  n.  [<  appren- 
tice +  -ship.]  1.  The  service  or  legal  condi- 
tion of  an  apprentice  ;  the  method  or  process 
of  gaining  knowledge  of  some  trade,  art,  or  pro- 
fession from  the  instruction  of  a  master. —  2. 
The  tei-m  duriug  which  one  is  an  apprentice. 

appressed  (a-presf),  a.  [<  L.  appressus,  adpres- 
sus  (pp.  of  apprimere,  press  to,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  pre- 
mere,  press)  -I-  -ed".]  Pressed  closely  against ; 
fitting  closely  to;  apposed.  A  tei-m  used  in  botany 
and  zoology,  and  to  a  limited  extent  in  geology :  as,  the 
spilielets  of  a  grass  may  lie  closely  appressed  to  the  rachis. 
So  also  hairs  or  feathers  when  closely  apposed  are  said  to 
be  appressed.  Flexures  of  strata  are  said  to  be  oppressed 
when  the  antielinals  or  synclinals  are  closely  folded  to- 
gether, so  that  the  opposite  corresponding  portions  are 
brought  in  contact  with  each  other.  In  botany,  also  writ- 
ten aiij'rcssed  (which  see). 

apprestt  (a-presf),  w.  [<  OF.  aprestc,  ajiprest, 
mod.  appret,  preparation,  <  aprcster,  apprester 
(mod.  apprHcr),  make  ready,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -1- 
preestarc,  make  ready :  see  prist-,  and  ef .  j'ress^, 
impress-.]  Preparation  or  pro\'ision,  especially 
for  war,  by  enlisting  soldiers. 

Vespasian  laie  at  Yorke  making  his  appresls  ...  to  go 
against  the  Scots  and  I'icts. 

Holimhed,  Chron.,  Scotland  (16S6),  p.  48. 

apprSteur  (a-pra-ttr'),  n.  [F.,  lit.  a  preparer, 
<  appreter,  prepare:  see  npprest.]  A  rubber 
used  in  giWng  a  gloss  to  skins. 

apprisal  (a-pri'zal),  «.     Same  as  appraisal. 

appriseit,  apprize^t  (a-priz'),  n.  [<  ME.  ap- 
jirisc,  aprisi;  <  OF.  ajirise,  apprise,  instruction, 
prop.  fem.  of  apris,  appris,  pp.  of  aprendre,  F. 
opjjrendre,  teach,  learn,  infonn,<  L.  apprenderc, 


278 

apprehendere :  see  apprehend.]  Learning;  in- 
struction; infonnation;  lore. 

apprise!,  apprize^  (a-i)riz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  ajipriscd,  ajiprized,  ppr.  apprising,  apprizing. 
[<  Y.  appris,  apprise  (<  L.  eijijircnsus),  pp.  of  aji- 
prcndre{<.  L.  apprenderc),  teach,  inform,  learn : 
see  apprise^,  «.]  To  give  notice,  verbal  or  writ- 
ten, to;  inform;  advise:  foUowed  by  o/ before 
that  of  which  notice  is  given :  as,  we  will  ap- 
prise the  general  of  an  intended  attack;  he 
apprised  his  father  o/"  what  he  had  done. 

He  had  been  repeatedly  apprised  that  some  of  his 
friends  in  England  meditated  a  deed  of  blood. 

Maca^daii,  Hist.  Eng.,x.\i. 

We  now  and  then  detect  in  nature  slight  dislocations, 

wliieh  apprise  us  that  this  sui-face  on  which  we  now  stand 

is  not  fixed,  but  sliding.    Emersirn,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  285. 

=Syn.  Notify,  acquaint,  warn,  tell,  mention  to. 

apprise'-,  r.  t.     See  apprize'^. 

apprize^,  ".  and  r.     See  apprise"^. 

apprize-,  apprise-  (a-priz'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
apprized,  apprised,  ppr.  apprizing,  apprising. 
[<  ME.  aprisen,  <  OF.  npriscr,  aprisier  (ME.  also 
apraysen,  "apreisen,  mod.  E.  appraise,  <  OF. 
*apreiser,  apretier),  <  LL.  appretiare,  value,  es- 
timate: see  appreciate,  appraise,  and  cf.  prize-, 

price, praise.]    Same  as  appraise To  apprize  a 

heritage,  in  Scots  law,  to  invest  a  creditor  with  the  herit- 
able estate  of  his  debtor. 

apprizement  (arpriz'ment),  n.  [<  apprise^  + 
-ment.  Cf.  appraisement.]  Same  as  appraise- 
men  t. 

apprizer  (a-pri'zer),  n.  [<  apprize'^  +  -er^.] 
Same  as  appraiser. 

approach  (a-proch'),  v.  [<  ME.  aprochen,  ap- 
prochen,  <  OF.  aprochier,  F.  approcher  =  Pr. 
apropchar  =  It.  approcciare,  <  ML.  appropiare, 
come  near  to,  <  L.  of?,  to,  -f-  propius  {>  Pr.  ^h'o- 
pi  =  ¥.  jjrochc:  see  2}rochain),  nearer,  compar. 
oiprope,  near.    Cf.  approximate.]     I.  intrans. 

1.  To  come  or  go  near  in  place  or  time;  draw 
near;  advance  nearer ;  come  into  presence. 

He  was  expected  then. 
But  not  approach'd.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  4. 

He  .  .  .  made  signs  for  Rip  to  approach  and  assist  him 
with  the  load.  Irvinj,  .Sketch-Book,  p.  53. 

2.  Figm'atively,  to  draw  near ;  approximate ; 
come  near  in  degree :  with  to :  as,  he  approaches 
to  the  character  of  an  able  statesman. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  bring  near;  advance:  as,  he 
approached  his  hand  to  the  cup. 

I  .  .  .  approached  my  chair  by  sly  degrees  to  the  fire. 
Goldsmith,  Vicar,  vl. 

Even  as  a  resolved  general  approaches  his  camp  ...  as 
nearly  as  he  can  to  the  besieged  city.  Scott. 

2.  To  come  or  draw  near  to :  as,  to  approach 
the  gate. — 3.  Figuratively,  to  come  near  to  in 
quaSty,  character,  or  condition ;  nearly  equal : 
as,  modem  seiilpture  does  not  approach  that  of 
the  Greeks. 

Such  and  so  extraordinary  was  the  embrodery,  that  I 
never  saw  anything  approachimj  it. 

Eiviyn,  Diary,  Nov.  17, 16S4. 

He  was  an  admirable  poet,  and  thought  even  to  have 
approached  Homer.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

In  proportion  as  manidnd  approach  complete  adjust- 
ment of  their  natures  to  social  needs,  there  must  be  fewer 
and  smaller  opportunities  for  giving  aid. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  96. 

approach  (a-proch'),  n.  [<  ME.  approche  =  F. 
approche :  from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  of 
drawing  near ;  a  coming  or  advancing  near. 

Does  my  approach  displease  his  grace  ?  are  my  eyes 
So  hateful  to  him  ?       Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  1. 

2.  Access;  opportunity  or  liberty  of  drawing 
near;  nearness:  as,  '"the  approach  to  kings," 
Bacon. —  3.  Nearness  or  close  approximation 
in  quality,  likeness,  or  character. 

Absolute  purity  of  blood,  I  repeat,  will  be  found  no- 
where ;  but  the  nearest  approaches  to  it  must  be  looked 
for  among  those  nations  which  have  played  the  least  figure 
in  history.  E,  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  88. 

We  can  none  the  less  restore  or  reconstruct  individual 
Old  Aryan  words  with  a  fair  approach  to  accuracy. 

J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  1'2G. 

4.  A  passage  or  avenue  by  which  anything  is 
approached ;  any  means  of  access  or  approxi- 
mation. 

The  approaches  to  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  from  the 
eastern  quarter  also,  will  require  to  be  examined,  and 
more  effectually  guarded.  Jefferson,  Works,  VIII.  64. 

The  approach  by  rail  is  through  the  marshes  and  lagoons 
which  lie  on  either  side  of  the  Khone. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  46, 

5.  pi.  In  fort.,  the  works  thrown  up  by  be- 
siegers to  protect  themselves  in  their  advances 

toward  a  fortress.     Compare  hoyau Counter 

approaches,  in  fort.,  works  carried  on  l)y  the  besieged 
against  those  of  the  besiegers. — Curve  Of  equal  ap- 
proach, iu  tnath.,  a  curve  along  which  a  body  descending 


approbation 

by  the  force  of  gravity  ntakes  equal  approaches  to  the 
lK>rizon  in   equal    jHirtions  of    inne.— Method  Of   ap- 

firoaches,  in  nhfit/ra,  a  method  of  re)*<dving  certain  pr<ji)- 
L-ms  by  assigning  limits  and  making  gradual  ajiproxiina- 
tions  to  the  ciprrect  answer.— To  graft  hy  approach,  in 
hort.,tit  inarch.  -SyiL  1.  Ai)i)roxiniation,  advent.  —  2.  Ad- 
mittance. 

approachability  (a-pro-c-ha-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  ap- 
jiroiichahle :  see  -bility.]  Approachableness ; 
affability.     Hiiskin. 

approachable  (a-pro'cha-bl),  a.  [<  approach 
+  -nhU.]  Capable  of  being  approached ;  acces- 
sible. 

approachableness  (a-pro'cha-bl-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  approachable ;  affa- 
bility; friendliness. 

approacher  (a-pro'cher),  n.  One  who  ap- 
proaclies  or  draws  near. 

approaching  (a-pro'ching),  H.  In  hort.,  the  act 
of  ingrafting  a  sprig  or  shoot  of  one  tree  into 
another  without  cutting  it  from  the  parent 
stock.  Also  called  inarching  and  grafting  by 
approach. 

approachless  (a-proch'les),  a.  [<  approach  + 
-less.]  Without  approach;  unable  to  be  ap- 
proached; inaccessible;  forbidding. 

approachmentia-proch'ment),  n.  [<  approach 
+  -ment.]  The  act  of  approaching;  approach; 
affinitv;  resemblance  in  trait  or  character. 
[RareO 

Ice  will  not  concrete,  but  in  the  approachmenl  of  the 
air.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vtilg.  Err. 

approbate  (ap'ro-bat),  a.  [<  L.  approhatus,  pp. : 
see  the  verb.]  If.  Approved.  Sir  T.  Elyot. — 2. 
In  Scots  law,  accepted.     See  the  verb. 

approbate  (ap'ro-bat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
prohated,  ppr.  approbating.  [<  L.  approhatus, 
pp.  of  appirobare,  assent  to  as  good,  favor,  ap- 
prove: see  approve^.]  1.  To  express  approba- 
tion of;  manifest  a  liking  for  or  degree  of  satis- 
faction in ;  express  approbation  of  oflScially,  as 
of  a  person's  fitness  for  a  public  office  or  em- 
ploTrTnent ;  approve ;  pass. 

The  cause  of  this  battle  every  man  did  allow  and  appro- 
bate. Hall,  Hen.  \1I.,  an.  5. 

ilr.  Hutchinson  approbated  the  choice.  J.  Eliot. 

2.  To  license:  as,  to  approbate  a  person  to 
preach;  to  approbate  a  man  to  keep  a  hotel 
or  other  public   house.      [United   States.]  — 

3.  In  Scots  law,  to  approve  or  assent  to  as 
valid :  chiefly  in  the  following  phrase Appro- 
bate and  reprobate,  in  Scots  law,  to  attempt  to  take  ad- 
vantage i>i  "Ml-  part  of  a  deed  wliile  rejecting  the  rest :  as, 
for  exaiupK-,  \vlarc  a  disposition  on  a  death-bed  revokes  a 
previous  liege-poustie  conveyance  to  the  prejudice  of  the 
heir  at  law,  but  still  gives  the  estate  past  the  heir.  The 
heir  who  abides  by  the  deed  in  so  far  as  it  revokes  the 
liege-poustie  deed  to  his  prejudice,  while  he  challenges  it 
on  the  head  of  death-bed,  in  so  far  as  it  defeats  his  interest 
in  the  estate,  is  said  to  approbate  and  reprobate  the  deed. 
Tliis,  however,  is  contrary  to  law,  and  cannot  be  done ;  he 
must  elect  between  the  two  alternatives :  hence  in  English 
law  the  act  is  called  election. 

This  is  not  an  ordinary  case  of  election,  but  I  consider 
that  it  is  not  open  to  her  both  to  ajtprobate  and  reprobate 
—  to  take  benefits  under  the  settlement,  and  by  her  will 
to  dispose  of  property  which  is  comprised  therein  in  a 
manner  not  in  accordance  with  its  pro\isions. 

Weekly  Heporter,  XXSII.  581. 

approbation  (ap-ro-ba'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  appro- 
bation, proof,  <  L.  appirobatin{n-),  <  approbare, 
pp.  approbatns :  see  appirove'^.]  1.  The  act  of 
approving  or  commending ;  the  giving  of  assent 
to  something  as  proper  or  praiseworthy ;  sanc- 
tion ;  approval ;  commendation. 

The  silent  approbation  of  one's  own  breast. 

Mehnoth,  tr.  of  Pliny's  Letters,  i.  8. 
Both  managers  and  authors  of  the  least  merit  laugh  at 
your  pretensions.    The  public  is  then:  critic  — without 
whose  fau'  approbation  they  Imow  no  play  can  rest  on  the 
stage.  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 

If  the  approbation  of  good  men  be  an  object  lit  to  be 
pursued,  it  is  fit  to  l)e  enjoyed. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate.  May  27, 1834. 

2.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  official  judg- 
ment of  a  bishop  or  his  representative  approv- 
ing the  fitness  of  a  priest  for  hearing  confes- 
sion. It  is  distinct  from  the  conferring  of  jurisdiction 
or  power  of  absohing,  though,  except  in  case  of  danger 
of  death,  necessary  to  the  valid  exercise  of  the  latter. 
See  ju  risdiction. 

3.  An  official  sanction  or  license  fonnerly  re- 
quired in  England,  France,  etc.,  for  the  publi- 
cation of  a  book  or  other  Tvriting. —  4t.  Con- 
clusive evidence;  proof.  Shak. —  5t.  Proba- 
tion; trial;  no^-itiate. 

This  day  my  sister  should  the  cloister  enter, 
And  there  receive  her  approbation. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  is. 

=  Sjm.  1.  Approbation,  Approml,  liking,  commendation ; 
s-anction,  consent,  concurrence.  Approbation  and  approval 
are  becoming  separated  in  meaning,  approbation  being 
used  more  for  the  inward  feeling,  and  approval  more  for 
the  formal  act. 


approbatlve 

approbative  (a]) '  lo - 1  nl - 1 iv),  a.  [=  F.  appro- 
balif,  <  L.  as  if  'uiipnibatlvus:  see  approbate 
and  -i(:c.]  Approving ;  expressing,  implying,  or 
of  tho  nature  of  ajiia'obation. 

approbativeness  (ap'ro-lni-tiv-nes),  n.  In 
plirin.,  aml)ili<)n;  Icivo  of  praise  or  desire  for 
fame;  pride  of  character;  sensitiveness  to  the 
opinions  of  others.     Fowler  and  JI'dls. 

approbator  (ap'ro-ba-tor),  n.  [L.,  an  approver, 
i  (qqiniban;  pp.  npprobalus,  approve:  see  ap- 
ijroiY'l.]  One  who  approves  formally:  as, 
''iudges&ndajjprobators,"  livcli/n, hetteTllGGO). 
Ptare.] 

approbatory  (ap'ro-bil-to-ri),  a.  [<ML.  appro- 
oatoriunjilj. approbator :  sneapprobator.'\  Hav- 
ing the  nature  of  sanction ;  containing  or  ex- 
pressing approbation. 

Li'ttcrs  .  .  .  coullrmatory  .ind  approbatory. 

Ilakttii/t's  Voyages,  I.  457. 

approclivityt  (ap-ro-kliv'i-ti),  n.  [<  ap-'^  +pro- 
cUvilij.]     Procli\'ity;  inelluation;  tendency. 

appromptH  (a-prompf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 
promptus,  prompt :  see  prompt."^  To  prompt ; 
stimulate;  encourage:  as,  '' to fl;jprom/)(oui' in- 
vention," Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 

apprompt-t,  ''•  t-  [<  AF.  apromptcr,  apromter, 
Of.  cnpromtcr,  F.  cmprunter  =  Walloon  epron- 
ter  =  It.  improntarc,  borrow,  =  Wallaeh.  inpru- 
mutd,  give  or  take  in  pledge,  <  LL.  "inpromu- 
tuarc,  <  in  promutiium,  in  advance  (>  Wallaeh. 
inprumut,  a  pledge):  L.  in,  in,  iov; promutuitm, 
an  advance,  neut.  of  promutuus,  paid  before- 
hand, advanced,  <  pro,  beforehand,  +  mutiius, 
lent:  see  »(«<««/.]     To  borrow. 

approoft  (a-prof),  n.  [The  mod.  form  is  re- 
lated to  approve  as  proof  to  prove;  ME.  ap- 
prcffe,  aprcf,  <  OF.  aprore,  aprcuve,  proof,  trial, 
<  aprovcr,  prove :  see  approve^,  and  ef.  j)roof.'] 

1.  The  act  of  pro^ang;  trial;  test. —  2.  Ap- 
proval or  approbation. 

lie  was  pleased  a  marriage  feast  to  crown 
With  his  great  presence,  and  approof  of  it. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  3C  23. 

approperatet  (a-prop'e-riit),  V.  t.  [<  L.  aj)- 
propiratus,  pp.  of  appropcrare,  adpropcrare,  < 
ad,  to,  +  propcrarc,  hasten,  <  properus,  quick, 
speedy,  <  pro,  forward,  +  *-parus,  <  parare, 
make,  prepare :  see  pare,  prepare.']  To  hasten. 
Cockcra  in  ;  Joh  nson . 

appropinquatet  (ap-ro-ping'kwat),  v.  [<  L. 
appropinquatus,  pp.  ot  appropinquare,  adpro- 
pinquare,  <  ad,  to,  +  propinquare,  bruig  near,  < 
projiinquus,  near:  see  propinquity.']  I.  intrans. 
To  di-aw  near  ;  approach. 
II.  trans.    To  bring  near. 

appropinquationf  (ap"ro-ping-kwa'shon),  n. 

[<  L.  appropinqii(itio(n-),  <  appropinquare :  see 

aqqiropinquate.]       1.  The  act  of  coming  into 

near  relation  or  proximity ;  a  drawing  nigh. 

There  are  many  ways  of  our  approptnqnatiun  to  God. 

lip.  Ihtll,  Remiiins,  p.  90. 

2.  The  act  of  bringing  remote  things  near. 
appropinquet  (ap-ro-pingk'),  r.  t.     [<  L.  appro- 

piiiqunrc:  see  appropinquate.]  To  approach; 
get  nearer  to.     [Bare.] 

The  clotted  blood  within  my  hose  .  .  . 

With  mortal  crisis  doth  portend 

ily  days  to  appropinr/ue  an  end. 

S.  Bullt-r,  Hndibras,  I.  iii.  690. 

appropinquity  (ap-ro-ping'tivi-ti),  H.  [<  ap-l 
+  jiropinqnity,  q.  V.  Ct.  appropinquate.]  The 
state  of  being  near;  propinquity.     [Rare.] 

appropret,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  apropr'en,  appropren,  < 
OF.  aproprier,  F.  approprier  =  Pr.  apropriar  = 
Sp.  apropiar:=i'5^g.  apropriar  =ilt.  appropriare, 
(.uli. aqqnopriare,  appropriate:  seeappropriiih; 
!'.]  1.  To  appropriate;  set  apart  for  a  special 
purpose;  assign;  take  possession  of.  Speciii- 
cally  —  2.  £eclcs.,  to  annex  to  a  religious  cor- 
poration. 

appropriable  (a-pro'pri-a-bl),  a.  [<  LL.  as  if 
*appropritdjilisX  appropriare :  see  appropriate.] 
Capable  of  being  appropriated,  set  apart,  se- 
questered, or  assigned  exclusively  to  a  par- 
ticular use. 

appropriamentt  (a-pro'pri-a-ment),  n.  [<  LL. 
ajqtropriare :  see  appropriate  and  -nient.]  Any- 
thing properly  or  pociiliarly  one's  own ;  a  char- 
acteristic. 

If  you  can  neglect 
Your  own  appropriaments,  but  praising  that 
In  others  wherein  you  excel  yourself, 
You  shall  be  much  beloved  here. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  i.  1. 

appropriate  (a-pro'pri-at),  !'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
ajijiropriated,  jipr.  appropriatinq.  [<  LL.  apqiro- 
priatu.'i,  pp.  of  appropriare,  adpropriare,  make 
one's  own,  <  L.o//,  to,  +  proprius,  one's  own: 
see  proper.]     1.  To  take  to  one's  self  in  exclu- 


279 

sion  of  others;  claim  or  use  as  by  an  exclusive 
right:  as,  let  no  man  airpropiriate  tho  use  of  a 
common  benefit. 

To  themselves  appropriatinfj 
The  .Spirit  of  liod.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  .1I8. 

A  man  is  a  knave  who  falsely,  but  in  the  panic  of  turn- 
ing all  suspicion  from  himself,  charges  you  or  me  with 
having  appropriated  another  man's  jewid. 

Dc  (Juineey,  .Secret  Societies,  ii. 
The  estate  I  so  admired  and  envied  is  my  own.    It  is 
the  nature  of  the  soul  to  appropriate  all  things. 

Kmerson,  Compensation, 

2.  In  general,  to  take  for  any  use ;  put  to  use. 

In  solar  light  the  leaves  of  plants  decompose  both  car- 
bonic anhydride  and  water,  appropi-iatiioi  the  carbon  and 
the  hydrogen  of  each  for  their  own  growth  and  nutrition. 
W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Cliem.,  §  351. 

3.  To  set  apart  for  or  assign  to  a  particular 
purpose  or  use,  in  exclusion  of  all  otlier  pur- 
poses or  uses:  as.  Congress  a^</)ro;))'(n (erf  more 
money  than  was  needed;  to  app)ropriatB  a  spot 
of  ground  for  a  garden. 

The  profits  of  that  establishment  [tho  Post-olflcel  had 
been  appropriated  by  Parliament  to  the  Duke  of  York. 

Macaiitay,  Hist.  Kng.,  iii. 

4.  In  ecclcs.  law,  to  annex,  as  a  benefice,  to  an 
ecclesiastical  corporation,  for  its  perpetual  use. 

appropriate  (a-pro'pri-St),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  ap- 
propriatus,pi).:  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Het  apart 
for  a  partictUar  use  or  person ;  hence,  belonging 
peculiarly;  suitable;  fit;  befitting;  proper. 

It  might  be  tlKJUght  to  be  rather  a  matter  of  dignity 
than  any  matter  of  ditlidence  appropriate  to  his  own  case. 

Bacon. 
More  appropriate  instances  abound. 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  II.  124. 
A  warlike,  a  refined,  an  industrial  society,  each  evokes 
and  requires  its  specific  qualities  and  produces  its  appro- 
priate tyi>e.  Leetcy,  Europ.  Morals,  1.  lOo. 
=  Syn.  .\pt,  becoming,  in  keeping,  felicitou.s. 

Il.t  «•  Peculiar  characteristic;  attribute; 
proper  function ;  property. 

The  Biljle's  appropriate  being  ...  to  enlighten  the 
eyes  and  make  wise  the  simple. 

Boyle,  Style  of  Iloly  .Scripture,  p.  44. 

appropriately  (a-pro'pri-at-li),  adr.  In  an  ap- 
propriate or  proper  manner;  fittingly;  suitably. 

appropriateness  (a-pro'pri-at-nes),  «.  The 
quality  of  being  appropriate  or  suitable;  ap- 
plicability. 

A  Imiiting-box,  a  park-lodge,  may  have  a  forest  grace 
and  the  beauty  of  appropriateness.     De  liuincey.  Style,  i. 

appropriation  (a-pro-pri-a'shon),  n.  [=  F.  ap- 
propriation, <  liL.appropriatio(n-),<  appropri- 
are: see  appropriate.]  1.  The  act  of  appropri- 
ating, setting  apart,  or  assigning  to  a  particu- 
lar use  or  person  in  exclusion  of  all  others ;  ap- 
plication to  a  special  use  or  purpose ;  sjieciiical- 
fy,  an  act  of  a  legislature  authorizing  money  to 
be  paid  from  the  treasury  for  a  special  use. — 
2.  Anything  appropriated  or  set  apart  for  a 
special  purpose,  as  money. 

The  specific  appropriations  made  by  Congress  for  the 
mints  and  assay  offices  of  the  finited  stiites  during  the 
fiscal  year  ended  .lune  30,  188«,  amounted  to  81,169,350. 
Beport  o/  Sec.  o/tlte  Treamiry,  188«,  I.  167. 

3t.  Acquisition;  addition. 

He  doth  nothing  but  talk  of  his  horse ;  and  he  makes  it 
a  gre.at  appropriation  to  his  own  good  parts  that  he  can 
shoe  him  himself.  5Aa*.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  2. 

4.  In  law:  (a)  The  annexing  or  setting  apart 
of  a  benefice  to  the  pei-petual  use  of  a  spiritual 
corporation,  (b)  The  determining  to  w-hich  of 
several  debts  a  sum  of  money  paid  shall  be  ap- 
plied. If  the  debtor  does  not  designate  the  appropria- 
tion, the  creditor  may;  if  neither  li:is  .1.  mi'  vo,  and  liligati.  >n 
arises,  the  court  may  do  it.— Appropriation  blU,  a  legis- 
lative bill  proposing  appropriations  of  money  for  some  par- 
ticular purpose,  as  for  carrying  on  some  department  of  gov- 
ernment. 

appropriative  (a-pro'pri-a-tiv),  a.  [<  appro- 
priate +  -ire.]  Appropriating;  making  appro- 
priation; liaviug  the  power,  tendency,  or  capa- 
bility of  appropriating. 

appropria'tor  (a-pro'pri-a-tor),  n.  [<  LL.  as  if 
'appropriator,  i  appropriare,  appropriate.]  1. 
One  who  appropriates  or  takes  to  his  own  use. 
He  knew  very  well  that  he  was  the  .  .  .  appropriator  of 
the  money  which  .  .  .  ought  to  have  fallen  to  his  younger 
brother.  TItaelterail,  Vanity  K.air,  xliv. 

2.  In  eccles.  law,  one  who  is  possessed  of  an 
appropriated  benefice.     See  appropriate,  v.,  4. 

approprietaryt  (ap-ro-pri'e-ta-ri),  ».  [Irreg.  < 
appropriate,  after  proprietary.]  Same  as  aj)- 
projiriator,  2. 

approvable  (a-pro'va-bl),  a.  [<  approve^  + 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  approved;  meriting 
approbation. 

approvableness  (a-pro'va-bl-nes),  H.  [<  ap- 
provable +  -ness.]  The  quality  of  being  ap- 
provable. 


approve 

approval  (a-pro'vjil),  «.  [<  approve'^  +  -al.] 
The  act  of  apj)roving;  approbation;  commen- 
dation; sanction;  ratification. 

A  censor  .  .  .  without  whose  approval  no  capital  sen- 
tences are  to  be  executed.   .Sir  W,  Tempte,  Heroic  Virtues. 
He  was  tender,  insinuating,  anxious  for  her  approval, 
eager  to  unfold  himself  to  her. 

Mrs.  Oliphant,  Hester,  jalL 
=  Syn.  .ipprohation,  Ap}iroval  (sec  approbation),  accept- 
aiirr.  I. IMS.  tit,  authorization. 
approvance  (a-prii'vans),  n.  [<  OF.  aprovance,  < 
'aprovcr:  see  apjirove'i-  and  -ance.]    The  act  of 
approving;  approbation.     [^Vi-chaic] 
The  people  standing  all  about. 
As  in  approvance,  doe  thereto  applaml. 

Spenser,  Kpithalandon. 

approve^  (a-prov'),  ''•  >  pret.  and  pp.  ajqirovcd 
{riirely  m^.  apjiroven,  after  proven),  ppr.  approo- 
iny.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  apjiroove,  <  ME.  ajiro- 
ven,  aj>preoven,  apreven,  iijqireven,  <  OF.  aprover, 
approver,  approuvir,  apjireurer,  approber,  etc., 
F.  approuver  =  Pv.  Sp.  aiirobar  =  Pg.  approvar= 
It.  ajq)rovare,  <  L.  approhare,  adprobare,  assent 
to  as  good,  approve,  also  show  to  be  good,  con- 
fii-m,  <  ad,  to,  +  p)robare,  <  probus,  good:  see 
prove.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  good;  show  to 
be  real  or  true;  prove;  confirm;  attest;  cor- 
roborate. 

What  damned  error  but  some  sober  lirow 
Will  bless  it,  and  approve  it  with  a  text? 

.S/io*-.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  2. 
Wouldst  thou  approve  thy  constancy?    Approve 
First  thy  obedience.  .Milton,  1\  L.,  ix.  367. 

The  Guardian  Angels  of  Paradise  are  described  as  re- 
turning to  Heaven  upon  tho  Fall  of  Man,  in  or<ier  to  ap- 
prove their  Vigilance.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  357. 

2.  To  show ;  prove  to  be ;  demonstrate. 
In  all  things  ye  have  approved  yoiu-selves  to  be  clear  in 

this  matter.  2  Cor.  vii.  11. 

'Tis  an  old  lesson ;  Time  approves  it  true. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  ii.  36. 

3.  To  sanction  officially;  ratify  authoritatively: 
as,  the  decision  of  the  court  martial  was  ap- 
proved. 

And  by  thy  coming  certainly  approve 

The  pledge  of  peace.    Ford,  Honour  Triumphant. 

4.  To  pronounce  good ;  think  or  .iudge  well  of ; 
admit  the  propriety  or  excellence  of;  be  pleased 
TOth;  commend:  as,  on  trial  the  goods  were 
approved ;  to  approve  the  policy  of  the  admin- 
istration. 

Yet  their  posterity  approve  their  sayings.      Ps.  xlix.  18. 
The  deed  which  closed  the  mortal  course  of  these  sove- 
reigns, I  shall  neither  approve  nor  condemn. 

Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  82. 

She  wore  the  colours  I  approved. 

Tennyson,  The  Letters. 

5.  To  manifest  as  worthy  of  approval;  com- 
mend :  used  refle.Kively. 

The  miracles  of  Clmstianity,  s<j  far  from  shocking  me, 

approve  themselves  at  once  to  my  intellect  and  my  heart. 

Channinff,  Perfect  Life,  p.  248. 

6.  To  put  to  the  test ;  prove  by  trial ;  try. 
Nay,  task  me  to  my  word ;  approve  me,  lord. 

Sfiah:,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  L 

A  hmidrcd  knights  with  Palanion  there  came, 
Approv'd  in  fight,  and  men  of  mighty  name. 

Dnjden,  I'al.  ami  .\rc.,  I.  1299. 

Hence  —  7t.  To  convict  upon  trial  or  by  proof. 

He  that  is  approv'd  in  this  olfence. 

Sttak:,  Othello,  ii.  S. 

Approved  bill  or  note,  in  com.,  a  bill  or  note  drawn  by  a 
solvent,  trustworthy  party,  and  to  which  therefore  no  rea- 
sonaiile  objection  can  be  made. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  show  itself  to  be;  prove  or 
turn  out. —  2.  To  think  or  judge  well  or  favor- 
ably;  be  pleased:  usually  with  of. 

I  showed  you  a  piece  of  black  and  white  stuff,  just  sent 
from  the  dyer ;  which  you  were  pleased  ti>  approve  o/  and 
be  my  customer  for.  Swi/t. 

approve-  (a-prov'),  v.  t.;  pi'et.  and  pp.  ap- 
proved, ppr.  approving.  [Tlie  form  approve 
(NL.  approbare,  approvare),  confused  with  ap- 
prove'^, is  a  mod.  ciTor,  duo  to  a  misunder- 
standing of  the  earlier  forms;  prop.  approw,<. 
late  ME.  approwe,  aprowe,  aproue.  <  OF.  aproer, 
approcr,  approiur,  apprvwer  (>  ML.  approare, 
appruare,  and  later  apprurare,  approvare,  as 
above),  profit,  benefit,  improve,  <  a  (L.  ad),  to, 
-I-  pro,  prti,  prou,  preii,  earliest  form  prod  ( >  ME. 
prow),  benefit,  advantage,  profit:  see prow^  and 
protvess.  By  a  change  of  prefix,  approve'-  has 
become  improve,  q.  v.  Cf.  appair,  impair.]  In 
law,  to  tui-u  to  one's  own  profit;  augment  tho 
value  or  profits  of,  as  of  waste  land,  by  inclos- 
ing and  cultivating;  improve. 

As  long  ago  as  the  thiiteenth  centiu-y  the  statute  of 
Merton  had  authorized  the  lords  of  manors  to  approve, 
that  is,  inclose  for  their  own  profit,  as  much  of  the  waste 
land  :is  would  leave  enough  uninclosed  (or  the  use  of  the 
commoners.  F.  Fottocli,  Land  Laws,  p.  178. 


approvedly 

approvedly  (a-pro'vod-li),  adr.  In  a  manner 
to  ii:i\ii  approval ;  to  an  approved  defiroc. 

approvement^  (a-prin'ment),   )i.     [<  ((/)/)TOi'(>l 
+  -11U11I.]    It.  Tlie  act  1)1' ajiproving;  approba- 
tion; au  expression  of  assent  or  preference. 
1  did  uutluug  without  your  apj/nnvment.       Uayward. 

I  am  not  bound 
To  fancy  your  approivinents,  but  my  own. 

Ford,  Lover's  Mclaiidioly,  i.  3. 

2.  In  law,  the  act  of  becoming  an  approver  or 
informer;  the  act  of  a  prisoner  who  confesses, 
and  accuses  his  accomplices;  the  act  of  turn- 
ing king's  or  state's  evidence. 

apprcvement'-  (a-prov'ment),  n.  [Prop,  aj}- 
jirou-imiil  (.SCO  approve-),  '<  late  ME.  approwc- 
niciit,  appromcnl,  aprowemcnt,  aprouiiuiit,  <  OF. 
aprocmcnt,  nproucmciit,  aprowemcnt  (ML.  ajipro- 
vamcnta,  ap)pruriamcnta,  approfiamcnta,  pi.),  < 
aproer,  etc.,  profit,  benefit,  improve:  see  o/)- 
provc'^  a,nd.-nw)tt.  Novr  improvement,  q.  v.']  In 
old  £iiiilisli  law :  {a)  The  improvement  by  the 
lord  of  a  manor  of  common  or  waste  lands  by 
inclosing  and  converting  them  to  his  ovra  use. 
(b)  The  profits  of  such  lands. 

appro'verl  (a-pro'ver),  n.  [ME.  *approvour, usu- 
ally provour,  only  in  def.  1 ;  <  app)rove^  +  -crl.] 
l.One  who  approves  or  commends.  —  2.  One 
who  proves  or  offers  to  prove ;  specLflcally,  in 
law,  one  who  confesses  a  felony,  and  gives  e\\- 
dence  against  his  accomplice  or  accomplices; 
au  informer  and  accuser;  one  who  turns  king's 
or  state's  c\'idence. 

In  the  22  Edw.  III.  a  commission  was  issued  to  inquire 
into  the  practice  of  torturing  men  by  gaolers  to  compel 
them  to  become  approvers. 

Slubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  III.  28S,  note. 

appro'ver'-t  (a-pro'ver),  71.  [Prop,  apprower 
(see  approve-),  <  ME.  apprower,  approwour,  ap- 
prouour,  <  AF.  aprouour,  0'F.*aproeor  (ML.  ap- 
prouator,  appruator,  NL.  approhator),  <  aproer, 
etc., profit,  benefit :  see  approve'^  and  -er.']  One 
■who  manages  a  landed  estate  for  the  owner ; 
a  bailiff  or  steward  of  a  manor ;  an  agent. 

appro'vingly  (a-p^o'^-ing-li),  adv.  In  a  com- 
mendatory manner;  in  such  a  way  as  to  imply 
approval. 

approximal  (a-prok'si-mal),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 
proximuti,  ne.xt,-t-  -al.  Cf.  approximate.']  Close- 
ly joined:  in  anat.,  used  with  reference  to  the 
contiguous  surfaces  of  adjoining  teeth. 

approximant  (a-prok'si-mant),  a.  [<  LL.  ap- 
proximan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  approximare :  see  approxi- 
mate.] Approaching  in  character;  approximat- 
ing.    [Kare.] 

Approximant  and  conformant  to  the  apostolical  and 
pure  prijuitive  church.        .Sir  E.  Bering,  Speeches,  p.  74. 

approximate  (a-prok'si-mat),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
approximated,  ppr.  approximating.  [<  LL.  ap- 
proximatus,  pp.  of  api>roximare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
proximare,  come  near,  <  proiimus  (iov*propsi- 
mus),  superl.  of prope,  near:  see}>roximate,  and 
cf.  aj)])  roach.]  I.  trans.  To  carry  or  bring  near; 
advance  closely  upon;  cause  to  approach  in 
position,  quality,  character,  condition,  etc. 

To  approximate  the  inequality  of  riches  to  the  level  of 
nature.  Burke. 

H.  intrans.  To  come  near;  approach  closely ; 
figuratively,  to  staud  in  intimate  relation ;  be 
remarkably  similar. 

It  is  the  ten  Jency  of  every  dominant  system  .  .  .  to  force 
its  opponents  into  the  most  hostile  and  je.alous  attitude, 
from  the  aiiprehension  which  they  natmally  feel,  lest,  in 
those  points  in  which  they  approximate  towards  it,  tliey 
should  be  misinterpreted  and  overborne  by  its  authority. 
J.  II.  S'ewman,  Development  of  Christ.  Doctrine,  Int. 

approximate  (a-prok'si-mat),  o.  [<  LL.  approxi- 
matus,\i\i.:  see  the  verb.]  '  1.  Near  in  position; 
near  to;  close  together.  Speciflcally— (a)  Innnaf,, 
applied  to  teeth  so  ananged  in  the  jaw  that  there  is  no 
vacancy  between  them,  as  the  teeth  of  man.  (,b)  In  bot., 
said  of  leaves  or  other  org,ans  that  stand  near  together. 
2.  Near  in  character;  very  similar:  as,  a  state- 
ment closely  approximate  to  a  falsehood. —  3. 
Nearly  approaching  accm'acy  or  correctness; 
nearly  precise,  perfect,  or  complete:  as,  an  ap- 
proximate result;  approximate  values. 

The  English  must  certainly  rank  among  the  more  mixed 
nations ;  wc  cannot  claim  the  approximate  purity  of 
Basques  and  Alljuniuns.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  88. 

Approximate  value  or  formula,  in  inatli.,  one  wluch 
i-s  very  nearly,  tint  not  exactly,  true. 

approximately  (a-prok'si-mat-li),  adv.  In  an 
approximate  manlier;  by  approximation ;  near- 
ly; closely. 

approximation  (a-prok-si-mii'shon),  «.  [=F. 
approximati<in,  <  LL.  approximare :  seeapproxi- 
ma  te,  v.  ]  1 .  The  act  of  approximating ;  a  draw- 
ing, moving,  or  advancing  near  in  space,  posi- 
tion, degree,  or  relation ;  approach ;  proximity. 


280 

Tlie  largest  capacity  and  the  most  nolde  dispositions  arc 
but  an  approximation  to  the  proi>er  standard  ami  true 
synnnetry  of  Inunan  nature.  /«.  Taylor. 

Not  directly,  but  liy  successive  approximationa,  do  man- 
kind reach  correct  conclusions. 

//.  SpetKcr,  I'rin.  of  liiol.,  §  147. 

2.  In  math,  andjihys. :  (a)  A  continual  approach 
to  a  true  result;  the  processby  which  the  value 
of  a  quantity  is  calculated  with  continually  in- 
creasing exactness  without  ever  being  actually 
ascertained.  (6)  A  result  so  obtained;  a  result 
whicdi  is  not  rigorously  exact,  but  is  so  near  the 
truth  as  to  be  sufficient  for  a  given  purpose. — 
Homer's  method  of  approximation  (named  for  its 

inventor,  \V.  O.  Horner,  died  1S37),  a  method  of  sidving  nu- 
merical equations,  the  most  salient  features  of  which  are 
that  each  approximate  value  is  obtained  from  the  last  by 
Taylor's  theorem,  and  that  the  coefficients  of  the  devei. 
iqiment  are  calculated  by  a  certain  systematic  procedure. 

approximative(a-prok'si-ina-tiv),  a.  [=F. 
apiproximatif,  <  LL.  as  if  *ap]iroximativu.'i,  <  a}>- 
proximare:  see  approximate.]  Approaching; 
coming  near,  as  to  some  state  or  result. 

approximati'^ely  (a-prok'si-ma-tiv-li),  adv.  In 
an  approximative  manner ;  approximately. 

appui,  appuy  (ap-we'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
piiicd,  apjiui/cd,  ppr.  ajipui/ing.  [<  F.  uppuycr, 
OF.  apmyer,  apouier,  npoier,  =  It.  appoggiare 
(see  appoggiato),  <  ML.  appodiarc,  support, 
prop,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  podium,  a  support,  a  bal- 
cony, etc.,  >  F.  pui,  jiiii/,  a  hill  (appuije,  a  bal- 
cony), =  It.  pioggio,  a  hill,  bluff',  foinnerly  also  a 
horse-block,  etc.:  see  jtodium.]  To  support: 
milit.,  to  post,  as  troops,  at  a  point  of  support. 

appui  (ap-we'),  n.  [F.,  a  support,  prop,  <  n^)- 
puijer,  support:  see  appui,  v.]  If.  A  support, 
stay,  or  prop. 

If  a  vine  be  to  climb  trees  that  are  of  any  great  height, 
there  would  be  stays  and  appuies  set  to  it. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plin.v,  I.  53S. 

2.  In  the  manege,  a  reciprocal  action  between 
the  mouth  of  the  horse  and  the  hand  of  the 
rider,  the  bit  and  rein  forming  the  line  of  com- 
miuiieation :  thus,  a  horse  with  a  sensitive 
mouth  may  be  said  to  have  a  good  appui,  and 
the  same  may  be  said  of  the  rider  if  his  hand 
is  good. — Point  d'appui  (pwah  dap-we'),  point  of  sup. 
port ;  b;isis;  milit.,  aftxetl  point  at  which  troops  form,  and 
on  wliich  operations  are  based. 
appulse  (ap'tds  or  a-puls'),  n.  [<  L.  appulsu,<i, 
adjiiiL-iKS,  driving  to,  a  landing,  approach,  <  a}i- 
pulsns,  adpulsus,  pp.  of  appellere,  adpellere, 
drive  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  jiellere,  di-ive :  see  pnlse,  and 
cf.  impulse,  repidsc.]  1.  The  act  of  striking 
against  or  tlriving  upon  something;  active  or 
energetic  approach.     [Rare.] 

In  all  consonants  there  is  an  apjmlse  of  the  organs. 

Holder. 

2.  In  astron.,  the  approach  of  any  planet  to  a 
eonjimction  with  the  sim  or  a  star. — 3t.  A 
coming  to  land,  as  of  a  vessel :  as,  "the  appulse 
of  the  ark,"  J.  Bryant,  Mythol.,  II.  412. 

appulsion  (a-pul'shon),  H.  [<  L.  as  if  *appul- 
sio{n-),  (.  ajtpulsus:  see  ajypulse.]  The  act  of 
striking  against;  collision;  concussion;  shock. 

appulsi'Ve  (a-pul'siv),  «.  [<  L.  ap]>i(lsus:  sec 
ajipidse  and  -ivc]  Striking  against;  impin- 
ging: as,  the  appulsive  influence  of  the  planets. 

appulsively  (a-pul'siv-li),  adr.     By  appidsion. 

appurtenance  (a-per'te-nans),  «.  [Also,  less 
commonly,  apperttnancc,  appertinence.  and, 
with  immediate  dependence  on  the  verb,  ap- 
pertainance,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  appertenaunce,  ap- 
partenaunce,  but  earlier  and  usually  appur- 
tenaunce,  apjiortenauncc,  apurtcnaunce,  apor- 
tenaunce,  <  AF.  apurtenance,  OF.  apcrtenancc, 
apartenance  =  Pi',  apartencnsa  =  It.  apparte- 
nen:a,  <  ML.  appertenentia,  <  LL.  appertinere, 
belong  to,  appertain:  see  appertain,  appurte- 
nant, and  -ance.]  1.  The  act,  state,  or  fact  of 
appertaining. —  2.  That  which  appertains  or  be- 
longs to  something  else;  something  belonging 
to  another  thing  as  principal;  an  adjimct ;  an 
appendage;  an  accessory:  as,  "appurtenances 
of  majesty,"  Barrow,  Sermons,  HI.  xiv. 
The  Pope  with  Ids  appertinences  the  Prelates. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  42. 
Revolutions  upon  revolutions,  each  attended  by  its  ap- 
purtenance of  proscriptions,  and  persecutions,  and  tests. 
Macaula;/,  H.allani's  Const.  Hist. 

3.  Specifically,  in  law,  a  right,  privilege,  or  im- 
provement belonging  to  a  principal  property, 
as  a  right  of  pastiu'e  in  a  common  attached 
to  an  estate,  outhouses,  gardens,  etc.,  attached 
to  a  mansion,  and  the  like. 

appurtenancet  (a-per'te-nans),  r.  t.  [<  appur- 
tenance, «.]  "To  furnish  with  lay  way  of  appur- 
tenance ;  supply  or  equip. 

Tile  buildings  are  antient,  large,  strong,  and  fair,  and 
appertenaneed  with  the  necessaries  of  wood,  water,  fish- 
iug,  parks,  and  mills.  R.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 


apricot 

appurtenant  (a-per'te-nant),  a.  and  n.  [Also 
written,  less  commonly,  appcrtinent ;  <  ME. 
appcrtenant,  ajiertincnt,  ajijiurtenaunt,  ajmrte- 
nant,  etc.,  <  OF.  apertenunt,  apartcnunt,  <  LL. 
appertinen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  ajijtertincrc,  belong  to, 
appertain:  see  ajipcrtain  and  -aiit^,  and  cf.  ap- 
purti-nanee.]  I.  «.  Appertaining  or  belonging: 
pertaining ;  incident  or  relating  to,  as  a  legal 
right,  interest,  or  property  subsidiarj'  to  one 
more  valuable  or  important. 
Right  of  way  .  .  .  appurtenant  to  land. 

Blactiittone,  Commentaries,  ii  3. 
A  part  [of  land  common  to  a  tribe]  is  allotted  in  a  spe- 
cial way  to  the  chief,  as  appurtenant   to  his  office,  and 
descends  from  chief  to  chief  according  to  a  special  rule  of 
succession.  Edinburgh  Jtev. 

Common  appurtenant,    ^cc  enmnwn,  n. 

II.  ".  A  tiling  apjiortaining  to  another  more 
important  thing ;  an  ajipurteuance ;  a  belonging, 
appuy,  v.  t.     See  ajipui. 

aprankt  (a-prank'),  prej).  plir.  as  adv.  or  a.    [< 
a'-i  +  2>rank.]    In  ostentatious  or  impertinent 
fashion. 
To  set  the  anus  a-gamho  and  a-prank. 

J.  Bulwer,  Clnronomia  (1(>44),  p.  104. 

apraxia  (a-prak'si-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-pa^ia, 
not  doing,  non-action,  <  a-panroc,  not  doing, 
not  to  be  done,  <  d-  priv.  +  TrpaKror,  verbal  adj. 
of -pd(7aEii',  do :  see  practice, praxis.]  Inpathol., 
loss  of  the  knowledge  of  the  uses  of  things. 

apresst,  v.  t.    An  old  form  of  oppress.    Chaucer. 

apricate  (ap'ri-kat),  i'.  [<  L.  apricatus,  pp.  of 
apricari,  bask  in  the  sun,  <  apricus,  open  to  the 
sun,  sunny,  prob.  <  "apericus,  <  aperire,  open: 
see  aperient,  and  cf.  April.]  I.  intrans.  To 
bask  in  the  sim.     Boyle.     [Rare.] 

II,  trans.  To  expose  to  sunlight.    De  Quincey. 
[Rare.] 

aprication  (ap-ri-ka'shon),  H.  [<  h.  ajirica- 
tio(n-),  <  apricari:  see  apricate.]  The  act  of 
basking  in  the  sun;  exposure  to  sunlight. 
Cockeram.     [Rare.] 

The  luxury  and  benefit  of  aprication,  or  immersion  in 
the  sunshine  bath.    0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  209. 

apricityt  (a-pris'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  apricitas,  <  apri- 
cus, sunny:  see  cqiricate.]  The  warmness  of 
the  Sim  in  winter.     Cockeram. 

apricockt,  " .     An  old  spelling  of  apricot. 

apricot  (a'pri-kot  or  ap'ri-kot),  «.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  apricute,  aprecott,  ahricot,  ahricote,  airi- 
coct,  etc.,  with  tenn.  after  F.  ahricot,  also,  and 
earlier,  apricock,  aprecock,  apricok,  abrecock, 
abrecok,  etc.  (cf.  D.  abrikoos,  Dan.  abrikos,  Sw. 
aprikos,  G.  aprikose),  <  Pg.  albricoque  =  Sp.  al- 
baricoque,  OSp.  alburcoque,  alhercoque,  etc.,  ^ 
It.  aUiercocca,  albicocca  (the  forms  in  apr-,  as 
in  E.,  G.,  etc.,  being  due  perhaps  to  a  fancied 
connection  with  L.  ajiricus,  sunny  (so  ex- 
plained by  Minsheu:  "  q[uasi]  in  aprico  coc- 
<H«,"  ripened  in  a  sunny  place) :  see  apricate),  < 
Ar.  al-birquq,  al-burqiiq,  apricot,  <  al,  the,  and 
burquq,  <  6r.  npaiKOKiov,  pi.  TrpaiKOKia  (Dioscori- 
des),  later  -pcKonKia,  fiepiKuKiaa  (whence  foiTuerly 
in  It.  bcrricocche,  pi. —  Minsheu),  <L.7(ro'fogK«, 
apricots,  neut.  pi.  oi  pra-coquus,  a  form  oijtrce- 
cox,  early  ripe,  precocious,  <  pro;  beforehand, 
+  coquere,  cook:  see  precocious  and  cook'^.  The 
vemaeular  Ar.  name  is  mishmish,  muslimush,  > 
Pers.  mishmish;  Hind,  khiibdni.]     A  roundish, 


Apricot  {PruHus  Armeniaca). 

pubescent,  orange-colored  fi-iut,  of  a  rich  aro- 
matic flavor,  the  produce  of  a  tree  of  the  plum 
kind,  Prunn.'i  Armeniaca,  natural  order  Bosacew. 
Its  specific  name  Is  due  to  the  belief  that  it  is  a  nativeof 
Armenia,  but  it  is  now  supposed  to  be  of  Chinese  origin. 


apricot 


281 


It  grows  wild  in  the  nimalajas  and  Northwestern  T'rny.  aprOM  (a'pnin  ora'peni),  H.    [Early  mod.  E.  also         H, 


Inccs  of  India,  wliero  its  frnit  is  i;atliereil  in  ureal  i|Uanti 
tics.  It  was  intl-odueed  int"  En^dand  in  1524,  by  tlie  garden 
er  of  Henry  VIII.  The  tree  rises  to  tlie  lieight  of  from  ir> 
to  20  and  even  30  feet,  and  its  tlmvers  appear  iiefore  its 
leaves.  In  eultivation  it  is  often  prni.ai.'atetl  by  liuddinK 
upon  i)lnni-stocks.  There  is  a  eunsitleralile  nuinlferof  va- 
rieties, some  of  them  with  sweet  kernels  whieh  may  l>e 
eaten  like  almonds.  The  ivild  apricot  of  the  West  Indies 
is  the  Mainiiwa  Amen'catut ;  that  of  Guiana,  the  Courou- 
pita  Ouiittu'n\-is.     Formerly  also  spelled  apricock. 

April  (a'pril),  «.  [<  ME.  Aprilc,  Aprille,  etc. 
(AS.  rarely  Aprelis),  also  and  earlier  Avcril, 
Am-cl,  .IrcniUc,  <  01<\  Avhll,  F.  Avril  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  Abril  =  It.  Aprile  =  D.  April  =  MHti. 
Aprille,  Ahrillc,  Abrclle,  Aprill,  G.  April  =  Dan. 
8\v.  April,  <  L.  Aprilis  (sc.  moisis,  month), 
April;  usually,  but  fancifully,  regarded  as  if 
<  'apcrilis,  <  upcrirc,  open,  as  the  month  when 
Iho  earth  'opens'  to  produce  new  fruits:  see 
aperient.^  The  fourth  month  of  the  year,  con- 
taining thirty  days,  with  poets,  .Vpril  is  the  type  of 
inconstaney,  from  tile  ehangeableness  of  its  weather. — 
April  fool.     See  ./'eon. 

a  priori  (a  pri-6'ri).  [L.,  from  something  prior 
or  goiuf^  before:  a  for  al),  from;  priori,  abl.  of 
priar,  neut.  priiis,  preceding:  see  prior,  «.] 
From  the  former;  from  that  which  precedes; 
hence,  from  antecedent  to  consequent,  from  con- 
dition to  conditioned,  or  from  cause  to  effect. 
Sinec  the  fourteenth  eentury,  the  phrase  th'mvn.-itralif}  a 
priori  (tlrst  found  in  Albert  of  Sa-\ony,  died  1390)  has 
been  commonly  employed,  instead  of  the  earlier  expres- 
sion ilfiuon.-!tratifi  proiAir  fi'iiil.  h:  mean  proof  proeeedinji 
from  causes  or  llrst  prineiIl!e:^ :  >>\t\tu:^i'd  htdciitunjytratii) 
a  pusteriori,  or  flfinnii.^tmfto  tjiiia,  w  bieli  proceeds  from  ef- 
fect to  cause,  and  simply  proves  the  fact  without  show- 
ing why  it  must  be  as  it  is.  In  the  eighteenth  century  dc- 
muimtratio  a  jtritiri  was  applied  to  reasoTung  from  a  given 
notion  to  the  conditions  which  such  notion  involves.  Btit 
since  Kant,  a  priori,  used  as  an  adjective  and  frequently 
placed  before  the  noun,  has  been  applied  to  eognitions 
which,  though  they  may  come  to  us  in  experience,  have 
their  origin  iu  the  nature  of  the  mind,  and  are  independent 
of  experience. 

Denionstl-ation  is  perfect,  when  it  proeeedetb  from  the 
proi)er  cause  to  the  effect,  called  of  the  scholenien,  d 
priore.  Blundevillc,  Arte  of  Logieke  (1599),  vi.  19. 

Thus  when  we  argue  from  the  ideas  we  have  of  immen- 
sity, eternity,  necessary  existence,  and  the  like,  that  such 
perfections  can  reside  but  in  one  being,  and  tlience  con- 
clude that  there  can  be  but  one  supreme  God,  .  .  .  this  is 
an  argunient  a  priori.  Clarke. 

General  truths,  which  at  the  same  time  hear  the  charac- 
ter of  an  inward  necessity,  must  be  independent  of  experi- 
ence—(dear  and  certain  by  themselves.  They  are  there- 
fore called  a^nori,  while  that  whieh  is  simply  taken  from 
experience  is  said  to  be,  in  ordinary  parlance,  known  a 
posteriori  or  empirically  only. 

Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Reason,  tr.  by  Max  Mliller. 

As  used  in  a  psychological  sense,  knowdedge  a  posteriori 
is  a  synonym  for  knowledge  empirical,  or  from  experience ; 
and,  consequently,  is  adventitious  to  the  mind,  as  subse- 
quent to,  and  in  consequence  of,  the  exercise  of  its  facul- 
ties of  observation.  Knowdedge  a  priori,  on  tlie  contiar>', 
called  likewise  native,  pure,  or  transcendental  knowledge, 
embraces  those  principles  which,  as  the  coiulition  of  the 
e.\ercise  of  its  faculties  of  observation  and  thought,  are, 
consequently,  not  the  result  of  that  exercise.  True  it  is 
that,  ehronologieally  considered,  our  a  priori  is  not  ante- 
cedent to  our  a  posteriori  knowledge ;  for  the  internal  con- 
ditions of  experience  can  only  operate  wdien  an  (>bject  of 
experience  has  been  presented.  Sir  W.  llainiUon. 


(1  peril, 
vidii 


(ipiirn,  earlier  nnproii,  whence,  liy  inisdi- 
u  iniproii  as  an  aprmi,  Ihe  loss  of  initial 


apse-chapel 

a.   Opportune ;    seasonable ;   to  the  pur- 
pose; pertinent;  happy:  as,  an «;)r(y)Os remark. 
III.   "•   Pertinency.     [Rare.] 


,  as  in  uddi  i-i,  iiiiycr,  ortiiiye,  iikcIi,  umpire,  etc.,  AprosmictUS  (ap-ros-mik'tus),  n.     [NL.,<  Gr. 


A  priori  philosopher,  a  philosopher  who  believes  in  the 
existence  of  a  [niori  cognition  in  the  Kantian  sense  of  the 
term ;  an  apriorist. 
apriorism  (a-pri-o'rizm),  «.  [<  a  priori,  as  ad,i., 
+  -/.sw.]  1.  A  principle  assumed  as  if  known 
a  priori:  used  in  a  depreciatory  sense. 

Unwarrantable  a-priorisms,  .  .  .  pure  unproved  as- 
sumptions. The  American,  VIII.  100. 

2.  A  priori  reasoning,  as  characteristic  of  a 
phase  of  thought  or  of  a  thinker. 
apriorist  (a-pri-6'rist),  It.      [<  It  priori,  as  adj., 
T  -int.  ]     One  who  believes  in  the  existence  of 
a  priori  cognition  in  the  Kantian  sense 
term.     See  a  priori. 

This  will  be  disputed  by  the  apriorists. 

G.  U.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  -Mind,  I.  i.  §  1S2. 

aprioristic  (a-pri-o-ris'tik),  a.  1.  A  priori. — 
2.  Having  something  of  an  a  priori  character: 
as,  itiiriiiristic  reasoning  or  tendencies.    [Rare.] 

apriority  (a-pri-or'i-ti),  II.  [<  a  priori  +  -(///.] 
In  /)/( (7(«. ,  t  he  character  of  being  imderived  from 
e.-vpericnce,  or  of  being  a  priori. 

Aprocta  (a-prok'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
aproctii.'i :  seoajirociott.'i.]  One  of  two  divisions 
of  the  TurbelUtria,  in  which  the  digestive  cavity 
is  eiecal,  ha\'ing  no  anal  aperture  :  contrasted 
with  I'roetuelia.    See  cut  under  Veiirtroeala. 

aproctous  (a-prok'tus),  a.  [<  NL.  nprocttis,  < 
Gr.  a- priv.  +  /r^Lwrrif,  anus.]  Having  no  anus; 
specifically,  pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of 
the  AprocUi. 

The  aproctous  condition,  whieh  persists  in  most  of  the 
Platyhelmintlies,  is  passed  through  by  these  forms  at  an 
early  stage  iu  development. 

Gcr/cnliaur,  Comp.  Auat.  (trans.),  p.  162. 


<  ME.  napron,  iiajirun,  napronnc,  nttpcronn,  < 
OF.  napcron  (F.  mipperon),  <  nape,  nappe  (F. 
nappe,  a  cloth,  table-cloth),  <  L.  mappa,  a 
cloth:  see  napcrij,  napkin,  and  map.']  1.  A 
piece  of  apjiarel  made  in  various  ways  for  cov- 
ering the  front  of  tlie  person  more  or  less  com- 
pletely. It  is  ordinarily  used  winle  at  work  to  keep  the 
clothes  clean  or  protect  them  from  injury,  for  which  pur- 
pose it  is  made  of  cotton  or  linen,  or  for  blacksmiths, 
.shoenuikers,  etc.,  of  leather.  Aprons  of  silk  or  other  tine 
material  are  sometimes  worn  by  ladies  as  an  article  of  dress 
or  for  ornament.  An  apron  is  also  part  of  certain  olllcial 
costumes,  a3  that  of  an  English  bishop,  and  that  of  free- 
masons and  of  mendjers  of  otlier  secret  or  friendly  societies. 

2.  Anything  resembling  an  apron  in  shape  or 
use.  (a)  The  leather  covering  used  to  jiroteet  the  lower 
part  of  tlie  person  while  ritling  in  an  open  carriage,  (ti)  A 
rectangular  sheet  of  lead  wdth  a  coiucal  jirttjection  on  the 
uiuler  side,  used  to  cover  the  vent  in  heavy  guns  and  lleld- 
pieees.  Also  called  cap.  (c)  .\  platform  or  Ilooring  of 
idank  at  the  entrance  of  a  dock;  the  sill.  ((/)  In  carp., 
the  sill  or  lower  part  of  a  window,  (c)  A  strip  of  leail 
whiidi  directs  the  drip  of  a  wall  into  a  gutter.  (.0  A  piece 
of  leather  or  boarding  used  to  conduct  loose  moving  mate- 
rial past  an  opening,  as  grain  in  a  separator.  0/)  Sheets 
of  lead,  *u-  Hashing,  placed  about  skylights  and  at  the  in- 
tersection of  dormer  windows  with  the  roof.  (/<)  The  fat 
skin  covering  the  belly  of  a  goose.  [Provincial.]  (i)  In 
zool.,  the  abdomen  of  the  brachyurous  or  short-tailed 
decapod  crustaceans,  as  crabs:  so  called  because  it  is 
folded  mitier  and  closely  applied  to  the  thorax.  Its  width 
and  general  shape  often  distinguish  the  sexes. 

3.  In  ship-carp.,  a  piece  of  curved  timber 
placed  in  a  ship  just  above  the  foremost  end 
of  the  keel,  to  join  together  the  several  pieces 
of  the  stem.  Also  called  sloinnch-piece.  See 
cut  imdcr  stem. — 4.  In  meeli.,  the  piece  that 
holds  the  cutting-tool  of  a  plane. —  5.  Any 
de\'ice  for  protecting  a  surface  of  earth  from 
the  action  of  moving  water.  Examples  of  such 
devices  are  :  («)  a  mattress  of  brushwood  and  logs  an- 
chored with  stones,  to  protect  river-banks  from  the  action 
of  the  current ;  (b)  the  planking  or  logs  placed  at  the  base 
of  a  sea-wall,  to  protect  it  from  the  scour  of  the  waves ; 
(c)  the  platform  which  receives  the  water  that  falls  over 
a  dam  or  through  a  sluice. 

apron  (.T,'prun  or  a'pern),  r.  t.  [<  apron,  n.] 
To  put  an  apron  on ;  furnish  with  an  apron ; 
cover  as  with  an  apron. 

The  cobbler  aproned  and  the  parson  gowned. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  197. 

aproneert  (a-prun-er'),  "•  [<  apron  -^■  -eer.] 
One  who  wears  an  apron ;  a  tradesman  or  shop- 
man; a  mechanic:  as,  "some  surly  (/pro/iec)-," 
Bp.  Gamlen,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  288. 

apron-lining  (a'prun-li'ning),  H.  In  joinery, 
the  piece  of  boarding  which  covers  the  rough 
apron-piece  of  a 'staircase. 

apron-man  (a'prun-man),  n.  A  man  who  wears 
an  apron ;  a  laboring  man  or  workman ;  a 
waiter  or  tiar-tender. 

You  have  made  good  work, 
You,  and  your  apron-incn.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  6. 

apron-piece  (a'pnm-pes),  n.  Id.  joinery,  a  piece 
of  timber  fi.xed  into  a  wall  and  projecting  hori- 
zontallv,  to  support  the  carriage-pieces  and 
joist  iiigs  in  the  half -spaces  or  landing-places 
of  a  staircase.     Also  eaWed  pitcliing-pieee. 

apron-roll  (a'prun-rol),  )?.  In  niach.,  a  roll 
which  gives  motion  to  or  whieh  supports  a 
traveling  apron. 

The  upward  movement  of  the  drum  prevents  the  skin 
from  being  carried  around  the  uiuer  apron-roll. 

C.  T.  Daiw,  Leather,  p.  315. 

apron-squiret,  «•   Sameas  apple-squire  Nashe. 
(X  £.  IJ.) 
^f^ti?;^  apron-string  (a'prun-string),  n.    A  string  by 
°^  ^"°    which  an  apron  is  attached 


atTiiuaniKTiir,  not  associating,  isolated,  <  d-  priv. 
+  "ff^«5(T/i«ro(;,  verbal  adj.  of  Trpotyiu-yvivai,  mingle 
with,  associate,  <  ^pii;  by,  with,  -I-  puyvi'vtu, 
mingle,  mix:  see  mix.]  A  genus  of  parra- 
keets.  It  includes^,  erythropternn,  the  red-winged  par- 
rakeet  of  Australia,  and  .1.  scaputatux,  the  king  parrakeet. 
By  some  the  name  is  given  to  a  subgenus  of  Ptalifccrciu. 

aprOSOpia  (ap-ro-so'pi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  atrpu- 
mjTor,  witliout  a  face,  <  n-  priv.  -t-  -ijoau-tni, 
face.]  In  tcratoL,  absence  of  the  greater  part 
of  the  face,  due  to  arrested  development  of  the 
mandibular  arch. 

aproterodont  (ap-ro-ter'o-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  o- 
priv.  -t-  -iiuTcpor,  iu  front,  +  iihir  {liihvr-)  =  E. 
tootli.]  In  herpet.,  having  no  front  teeth:  ap- 
plied to  the  dentition  of  serpents  whose  inter- 
maxillaries  are  toothless. 

aps  (aps),  n.  [A  dial,  form  of  n-syjl,  q.  v.]  A 
common  name  for  white-poplar  wood,  used  for 
toys,  etc.     [Eng.] 

apse  (aps),  n.  [<  L.  apsis,  in  the  architectural 
sense,  as  in  defiriition:  sec  apsis.]  1.  In  arch. : 
(«)  Strictly,  any  recess,  or  the  termination 
of  a  building,  of  semieircidar  plan,  covered 
by  a  semicircular  vault  or  semi-dome ;  hence, 
a  similar  feature  of  polygonal  plan.  (6)  In 
ordinary  usl^  the  termination  of  the  choir  or 


sanctuarj'  of  any  chia'ch,  particularly  It  it  pre- 
sents a  superficial  resemblance  to  an  apse  in 
the  stricter  sense,  in  that  it  is  at  least  approxi- 
mately semicircular  iu  plan,  and  vaulted  :  com- 
monly equivalent  to  chcvet,  and  applied  to  the 
altar  extremity  of  a  chm-eh,  even  if  of  rectan- 
gular plan  and  not  vaulted,  and  including  the 
apse-aisles,  chapels,  and  any  other  adjunct  to 
the  ritual  east  end  of  a  chmx-h.  The  apse  in  it8 
origin  w.as  a  characteristic  feature  of  the  ancient  Roman 
basilica,  in  w  hit  h  it  formed  the  raised  tribune  for  the  court 
magistrates.  The  throne  of  the  (ina;stor  or  presiding  judge 
stood  in  the  center  of  the  clioni  of  the  arc  of  the  ajise. 
When  the  basilicas  became  Christian  churches,  the  throne 
was  replaced  by  the  high  altar,  which  still  occupies  this 
position  in  Latin  churches  of  the  strict  b;xsilica  type,  and 
lias  reguhu-ly  kei»t  it  in  Oriental  churches.  .Some  types  of 
church  regularly  have  secondary  apses  in  other  positions 
than  at  the  eastern  end.  as  at  the  western  end,  at  the  el- 
trcmities  of  the  transepts  or  of  aisles,  etc.  See  cuts  under 
bagUica  and  bema.  Also  apsis. 
2.  Iu  nstron.,  same  as  apsis. 

An  aisle  which  extends 


3d  to  the  person.—  apse-aisle  (aps'il),  n 
Apron-string  hold,  in  (iiir,  a  tenure  of  prjipcrtytliiough     ground  an  apse,  continuing  the  lateral  aisles 
. -r 1.  - 1.<  . —  alone.— To  be  tied  to  a      „ . ,       ,._•_' „i :.    -  - 


one's  w  ife,  or  during  her  lifetime 
woman's  apron-strings,  to  be  bound  to  her  as  a  child 
is  bound  ti>  its  mother  ;  be  unable  to  lireak  away  from  her 
coiilr<d  or  intluence  ;  be  kept  subservient  to  her  caprice. 
apropos  (ap-ro-po'),  adv.,  a.,  and  «.  [<  F.  apro- 
pos, to  the  purpose :  a,  to,  with  reference  to, 
<  L.  Of?,  to ;  propos,  purpose,  <  L.  propositum, 
a  thing  proposed:  see  purpose  and  propose.] 
I.  atlf.  1.  To  the  pm-pose;  opportunely;  sea- 
sonably.—2.  With  reference  or  regard;  in  re- 
spect: followed  by  of. 

Suddenly,  anil  d  7)ro^s  of  nothing,  asking  him  how  it 
was  possib'le  for  a  man  to  have  three  godmothers. 

W.  Black,  Shandon  Hells,  xxxiii. 

3.  With  reference  to  that  (a  thing  just  men- 
tioned); by  the  way:  used  absolutely,  to  intro- 
duce an  incidental  observation. 

Mr.  liniwn  is  now  busy  upon  his  work.  Apropos,  I 
heard  very  lately  that  my  friend  was  the  author  of  that 
tine  little  pamiihlet  that  has  so  irretrievably  spoiled  the 
credit  and  sale  of  that  vain  simple  book  i>f  Weston's. 

Warburton,  To  Hiird,  Letter  scrtl. 


of  the  choir,  or  choir-aisles. 


Apsc-ajslc—  Original  plan  of  Notre  Dame  Cathedral,  Paris. 

apse-chapel  (aps'chap'el),  n.    A  chapel  open- 
ing upon  an  apse  or  apse-aisle. 


apselaphesis 

apselaphesis  (ap-sol-a-fe'sis),  v.  pfL.,  <  Gr. 
II-  priv.  +  ^•tf/Mijiiinic,  feeling,  <  ^•!//.a<pav,  feel, 
grope,  touch,  connected  with  V/i',  touch,  rub.] 
In  patliol.,  diminution  or  loss  of  tactile  sensi- 
bility. 

apsidal  (ap'si-dal),  a.  [<  apsis  (apsid-)  +  -«/.] 
1.  In  astroii.,  pertaining  to  the  apsides.  See 
apsis. —  2.  In  arch.,  of  or  relating  to  an  apse; 
of  the  nature  or  form  of  an  apse ;  terminating 
in  an  apse. 

The  prothesis  and  (liaconicon  [in  Armenian  cluirclies]  are 

never  apsidal  ou  the  outside,  and  seldom  so  on  the  inside. 

J.  M.  A'eale,  Eastern  Cliurcli,  i.  174. 

Apsidal  chapel,  (a)  a  chapel  terminating  in  an  apse. 
(b)  An  apse-chapel.^  Apsidal  surface,  in  math.,  a  sur- 
face related  to  any  other  suifacc  and  to  any  point  as  Fres- 
nel's  wave-surface  is  related  to  the  quadric  surface  and 
to  its  center ;  that  is  to  say,  on  each  plane  section  of  an 
original  surface  through  a  certain  fixed  point  the  radii 
from  tliat  point  which  cut  the  section  orthogonally  are 
taken,  and  distances  etiual  to  these  radii  are  measured  off 
from  the  fixed  point  on  the  perpendicular  to  the  section  ; 
then  the  locus  of  the  extremities  of  these  lines  so  luea- 
snied  is  the  apsidal  surface. 

apsidally  (ap'si-dal-i),  aclv.  In  the  form  or 
manner  of  an  apse  ;  vrith  an  apse. 

In  this  ditliculty  the  architect  hit  upon  the  happy  ex- 
pedient of  finishing  the  roof  westwards  apsidallif. 

Dean  Howson,  Handhook  of  Chester  Cathedral,  p.  40. 

apsides,  ".     Plural  of  ajisis. 

apsidioie  (ap-sid'i-61),  «.  [F.,  commonly  absi- 
didle,  <  NL.  *ap.9idiola,  dim.  of  L.  apsis  (ajWfVf-), 
apse.]  A  small  apse  ;  a  secondary  apse,  as  one 
of  the  apses  on  either  side  of  the  central  or 


L  I         ir    ^  "^ 

Apsidioles. —  St.  Semin,  Toulouse,  I2th  century. 

main  apse  in  a  church  of  triapsidal  plan,  or  one 
of  the  apse-chapels  when  these  project  ou  the 
exterior  of  the  church,  particularly  if  the  pro- 
jection resembles  an  apse  in  shape.  Also  writ- 
ten aiisidiole. 

apsis  (ap'sis),  ?(.;  pi.  apsides  (ap'si-dez).  [L. 
(pi.  apsides),  also  absis  (pi.  absides)  and  absUia 
(pi.  absidw),  a  roimd  arch  or  vault,  the  circle 
which  a  star  describes  in  its  orbit,  a  bowl,  <  Gr. 
dV«'f  (pi.  aipidci;),  a  loop,  wheel,  orbit,  etc.,  <  air- 
reir,  fasten,  bind:  see  apt.']  1.  In  astroii.,  a 
point  in  the  eccentric  orbit  of  a  planet  in  which 
it  is  either  furthest  from  or  nearest  to  the  body 
about  which  it  revolves.  The  higher  ap.m  is  the 
point  furthest  from,  and  the  louvr  apsis  the  point  nearest 
to,  the  central  body.  The  line  of  apsides  is  the  line  join- 
ing tile  apsides.  These  terms  were  originally  applied  to 
circular  orbits,  but  are  now  extended  to  ellipses.  Also 
apse. 

Z.  In  arch.,  same  as  apse. — 3.  A  reliquary  or 
case  in  which  the  relics  of  saints  are  kept, 
especially  one  of  a  foiTU  imitating  the  curves 
of  a  dome  or  vault. 

Sometimes  written  absis. 

apsycMcal  (ap-si'ki-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
^X""*?!  of  the  mind  or  soul :  see  n-l8  and  psychi- 
cal.} 1.  Not  psychical ;  not  mental  or  spirit- 
ual.—  2.  Not  involving  conscious  mental  ac- 
tion ;  not  controlled  by  the  mind. 

apt  (apt),  a.  [<  P.  apie  =  Pr.  apfe  =  Sp.  Pg. 
apU)  =  It.  atto,  <  L.  aptus,  tit,  fitted,  prop.  pp. 
of  obs.  apere,  fasten,  join  (whence  the  incep- 
tive apisci,  pp.  aphis,  reach  after,  try  to  seize), 
=  Gr.  djrrew',  fasten,  bind.]  1.  Possessing  the 
qualities  necessary  or  proper  for  a  certain  pur- 
pose or  end;  tit;  suited;  adapted;  suitable. 

All  tile  men  of  might,  .  .  .  strong  and  apt  for  war. 

2  Ki.  xxiv.  10. 

In  woode  and  stone,  not  the  softest,  but  hardest,  be  al- 
waies  aptest.  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  3f\ 

No  man  thatputteth  his  hand  to  the  plough,  and  looketh 
back,  is  apt  fur  the  kingdom  of  God. 

Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 


282 

The  liands  that  have  grasped  dominion  and  helil  it  have 
been  large  and  hard ;  those  from  wliieh  it  liius  slipped, 
delicate,  and  apt  for  the  lyre  and  tin-  pencil. 

Lntvell,  i-'ireside  Travels,  p.  2r,l. 

2.  Suited  to  its  purpose ;  apposite  ;  pertinent ; 
appropriate;  becoming:  as,  an  o/)(  metaphor. 

.Such  apt  and  graciuns  words, 
lliat  aged  ears  play  truant  at  his  tales, 
And  younger  hearings  are  quite  ravished. 

.Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1. 
Expert 
In  fitting  aptest  words  to  things. 

Temiyson,  In  Memoriam,  Lx.xv. 
Ludicrous  yet  apt  citations 
Of  barbarous  law  Latin. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook. 

3.  Ha\ing  a  tendency ;  naturally  susceptible ; 
liable ;  likely  :  as,  wheat  on  moist  land  is  ajit 
to  blast  or  be  winter-killed. 

It  [the  harbor)  is  gay  with  hundreds  of  small  boats,  .  .  , 
apt  to  be  painted  green  and  adorned  with  pictures. 

C.  1>.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  135. 

4.  Inclined;  predisposed;  disposed  customa- 
rily ;  prone ;  ready :  as,  one  who  is  too  apt  to 
slander  others. 

'Tis  time  my  hard-mouth'd  coiu'sers  to  control, 
Apt  to  run  riot,  ami  transgress  the  goal. 

Dryden,  Pythag.  Pliilos.,  1.  669. 
WTiat  makes  you  thoughtless  in  yoiu*  conduct,  and  apt  to 
run  into  a  thousand  little  imprudences? 

Sheridan,  School  for  .Scandal,  iv.  3. 

5.  Ready;  prompt;  quick;  unusually  intelli- 
gent; expert;  facile:  as,  a  pupil  apt  to  learn; 
an  apt  wit. 

strong,  supple,  sinew-corded,  apt  at  arms. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 
An  a})t  taster  knows  which  ^vine  has  the  novel  flavor. 
Sledman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  2S9. 

6.  Prepared;  ready;  willing. 

Live  a  thousand  years, 
I  shall  not  find  myself  so  apt  to  die. 

.Shak.,  J.  C,  ui.  1. 

The  paymaster  and  the  attorney  stood  at  hand  apt  with 

suggestions.  C.  J.  Bellamy,  The  Breton  Mills,  xiv. 

7t.  Capable  of  easy  explanation;  natiu'al; 
credible. 

That  Cassio  loves  her,  I  do  well  believe  it ; 
That  she  loves  him,  'tis  apt,  and  of  great  credit. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 
=  Syn.  1.  Apt,  Fit.  "The  words  apt  and  Jit  might  be 
tliought  to  differ  only  in  this,  that  the  former  is  of  Latin 
derivation :  but  apt  has  an  active  sense,  and  fit  a  passive 
sense, —  a  distinction  clearly  shown  by  Shakspere,  when 
the  poisoner  in  the  play  in  Hamlet  says, '  hands  apt,  drugs 
fit,'  and  by  Wordsworth :  '  Our  hearts  more  apt  to  sympa- 
thize with  heaven,  our  souls  more  fit  for  future  glory. ' "  //. 
Reed,  Eng.  Lit.,  p.  106.— 2.  Meet,  fitting,  gcnnaiic,  ai)iiro- 
priate. — 3  and  4.  Apt,  Likely,  Liable,  ,S'"'v'i'.  jnone. 
Apt,  when  used  in  this  sense  of  persons,  indicatt^itliysical 
tendency  or  inward  inclination  :  as,  apt  to  catch  cold ;  apt 
to  neglect  work ;  when  used  of  things,  it  similarly  indi- 
cates natural  tendency ;  as,  apt  to  mold.  Likely  may  sug- 
gest the  same  idea :  as,  he  is  likely  to  do  it ;  it  is  likely  to 
rust ;  or  it  may  express  mere  external  probability  or 
chance  :  as,  he  is  likely  to  come  at  any  moment.  Liable 
in  this  connection  is  properly  used  only  of  exposure  to 
evil,  being  practically  equivalent  to  exposed,  or  exposed 
to  the  danger  of:  as,  liable  to  accident;  liable  to  be  hurt, 
that  is,  exposed  to  the  danger  of  being  hurt ;  liable  to 
censure :  in  such  use  it  does  not  express  probability  or 
tendency,  but  merely  the  possibility  of  exposure  or  risk. 
Subject  expresses  what  is  likely  to  happen  to  a  person  or 
thing,  and  occasionally  does  happen.  Liable  to  disease 
and  subject  to  disease  thus  convey  different  ideas.  Tile 
things  to  which  we  are  liable  are  determined  more  by 
accident  or  circumstance ;  the  things  to  which  we  are 
s'ubject  are  determined  by  nature  and  constitution.  Apit 
to  be  suddenly  ill ;  liable,  but  not  likely,  to  die  before  the 
physician  arrives  ;  subject  to  attacks  of  epilepsy. 
How  apt  the  poor  are  to  be  proud  ! 

Shak.,  T,  N.,  ili.  1. 
It  is  the  duty  of  practical  good  sense  to  bear  in  mind 
that  a  certain  result,  though  not  certain  to  happen,  is 
likely  to  happen,  and  that  no  wise  man  will  put  that  likeli- 
hood out  of  sight.     E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  21*2. 
Till  that  horn- 
Not  liable  to  fear,  or  flight,  or  pain. 

Milton,  r.  L.,vi.  397. 
All  human  things  are  subjeet  to  decay. 
And  when  fate  summons,  monarchs  must  obey. 

Dryden,  Mac  Flecknoe,  1.  1. 
5.  Clever,  bright,  dexterous. 

aptt  (apt),  V.  t.  [<  L.  aptare,  fit,  adapt,  accom- 
modate, adjust,  <  aptus,  fit,  etc. :  see  apt,  «.]  To 
prepare  for  a  definite  seriice ;  fit ;  suit  for  an- 
ticipated cii'cimistances;  adapt. 

If  he  be  mine,  he  shall  foUow  and  observe  what  I  will 
apt  him  to.  B.  Jonson,  Poetiister,  i.  1. 

That  our  speech  be  apted  to  necessary  edification. 

Jer.  Taylor. 
He  takes  his  top-sail  down  in  such  rough  storms. 
And  apts  his  sails  to  airs  more  temperate. 
Chajonan  and  .Shirley,  Chabot,  -Admiral  of  France,  i. 

aptablet  (ap'ta-bl),  a.  [<  LL.  aptabilis,  <  L. 
aptare,  ada\)t:  see  apt,  v.,  and -able.]  Gipable 
of  being  fitted  or  adapted.     Shcrtvood. 

aptatet  (aii'tat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ajitatiis,  pp.  of  ap- 
tare, adapt:  see  apt,  v.]     To  make  fit. 

Aptenodytes  (ap''te-no-di'tez),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dtrrr/v,  wingless  (<  d-  priv,  +  KTrp/u^,  winged,  < 


Apteryx 

ntreaOai,  TT-f/vai,  fly),  +  ^irrjc,  diver,  <  ivctv, 
dive,  sink.]  A  genus  of  penguins,  formerly  co- 
extensive with  the  family  Sjilii  ni.^ciiUr,  and  giv- 
ing name  to  a  family  Ajiti  nodi/lida;  but  now 
usuall.v  restricted  to  two  large  species,  the  em- 
peror and  long  penguins,  A.  imperator  and  A. 
rex,  or  .l.forsteri  and  A.  pennanti,  distinguished 
from  all  others  by  their  great  size  and  long, 
slender,  somewhat  curved  bill.  Both  were  for- 
merly called  the  great  or  Patagonia  penguin, 
A.  pataehonica.  Also  Aptenodtjta  and.  Aptcro- 
di/ta. 

Aptenodytidae  (ap"te-no-dit'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL., 

<  AjitciKidi/tes  +  -I'rffc.]  A  family  of  birds,  the 
penguins,  named  from  the  genus  Aptenodytes : 
synonj-mous  with  Spiheniscidte  (which  see). 

Ajptera  (ap'te-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (<  Gr.  enr-epa, 
animals  without  wings,  oTTTcpov,  the  class  of 
such  animals — .Aristotle),  neut.  jil.  of  apteriis, 

<  Gr.d-Tfpof,  wingless:  see  apteroKs.]  In  rod/., 
a  group  to  which  various  limits  have  been  as- 
signed, (a)  In  the  Linnean  system  of  classification,  the 
seventh  and  last  order  of /n«ec(a,  including  "insects"  with- 
out wings,  that  is,  crustaceans,  arachnidans,  myriapods, 
etc.  In  1795  it  was  divided  by  Latreille  into  seven  or- 
ders: Suctoria,  Thysa/iura,  Parasita,  Acephala,  Entomos- 
traca,  Crustacea,  and  Myriapoda.  (6)  In  Latreille's  system 
of  classification  (1817),  the  fourth  of  nine  orrlers  of  Inseeta, 
including  "  wingless  forms  without  gnathites,"  and  con- 
taining only  the  fleas  ;  the  Suctoria  of  De  Geer,  the  Sipho- 
naptera  of  Latreille,  the  Aphaniptera  of  Kirby  and  modem 
WTiters.  Used  in  this  sense  also  by  Macleay  and  others. 
((■)  Loosely  applied  to  sundry  groups  of  wingless  insects 
besides  fleas,  as  to  the  haustellate  and  mandibulate  lice, 
the  thysamu-ous  insects,  etc.  (d)  In  Gegenbaurs  system  of 
classification,  one  of  the  two  prime  divisions  of  Ilexapoda 
or  Insecta  (the  other  being  Pteryyota),  consisting  of  the 
ivfooTdf;^?,  Collembola  and  Thysanura,  containing  all  ap- 
terous ametabolous  insects  of  such  forms  as  Podura  and 
Lipura,  Campodea  and  Lepisma,  etc.  The  name  is  practi- 
cally  s.vnonymous  with  Avietabola  (which  see). 

apteral  (ap'te-ral),  a.  [As  apterous  +  -al.]  1. 
Destitute  of  wings. — 2.  In  arch.,  applied  to  a 
temple  or  other  building  which  has  no  columns 
on  the  flanks,  but  may  have  a  portico  at  one  or 
at  each  end :  opposed  to  pwripteral.  suin'ounded 
by  columns.     Hee  prostyle  and  amphiprostyle. 

apteran  (ap'te-ran),  ji.  [As  apterous  +  -an.] 
A  wingless  insect;  one  of  the  Aptera. 

apteria,  n.     Plural  of  apterium. 

apterial  (ap-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  apterium  +  -«(.] 
In  oniith.,  pertaining  to  an  apteriimi,  or  to  ap- 
teria. 

apterium  (ap-te'ri-tmi),  «. ;  pi.  apteria  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  d--£por,  without  feathers:  see  (ij)- 
terous.]  In  ornith.,  a  tract  or  space  on  the 
skin  of  a  bird  where  no  feathers  gi-ow;  an  un- 
feathered  tract,  in  distinction  from  a  feather- 
tract  or  pteryla  (which  see).  Xit^sch  ;  Sintde- 
vall. 

apterous  (ap'te-ms),  o.  [<  NL.  apterus,  <  Gr. 
a-Tepog,  wingless,  without  feathers,  <  a-  priv. 
-I-  ■^repov,  a  wing,  feather,  =  E.  feather.]  1.  In 
~ool.:  (a)  Wingless;  having  no  wings:  applied 
both  to  wingless  insects  belonging  to  winged 
groups,  and  to  the  wingless  stage  of  winged 
insects.  (6)  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Aj)tera. — 2.  In  bot.,  destitute  of  membra- 
nous expansions,  as  a  stem  or  petiole :  opposed 
to  aUite. 

Apteryges  (ap-ter'i-jez),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
Apteryx.]  A  superfamily  gi'oup,  made  by  New- 
ton an  order,  of  ratite  bii'ds,  based  upon  and  in- 
cluding only  the  family  Apteryyidw  (which  see). 

Apterygia  "(ap-te-rij'i"-a),  n.  'pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a-  priv.  +  -Ttpiytov,  a  wing,  fin:  see  Pteryf/ia.] 
A  gi'oup  of  moUusks,  containing  all  gastropods 
with  an  intromittent  male  organ,  and  contrast- 
ing with  the  Pterygia,  composed  of  the  cephalo- 
pods  and  pteropods.     Latreille,  IS'25. 

apterygian  (ap-te-rij'i-an),  (7.  [<  Gr.  a-rrpv-joc, 
■ningless  (see  Apteryx),  +  -ian.]  1.  Wingless; 
apterous. —  2.  Pertaining  to  the  genus  Apteryx, 
or  to  the  family  Apterygida. 

Apterygidse  (ajp-te-rij'i-de),  n.  pi  [NL.,  <  Aj)- 
teryx  (Apteryij-)  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  ratite  or 
struthious  birds,  of  the  subclass  Eiitito'  and 
suborder  or  superfamily  Apteryges,  constituted 
by  the  single  genus  Apteryx.  It  is  characterized  by 
the  rudimentary  condition  of 'the  wings  and  tail.  4-toed 
feet,  very  long  slender  bill  with  terminal  nostrils,  and  many 
anatomical  peculiarities,  among  them  a  better  develop- 
ment of  the  diapluTigm  than  in  any  other  bird. 

Apteryginae  (ap"te-ri-ji'ne).  J).  ;>/.  [NL..  <  Ap- 
teryx (ApUryg-)  -\-  -(««•.]  The  only  subfamily 
of  the  family  .ijitirygida:     G.  P.  dray,  1840. 

Apteryx  (ap'te-rik's),  n.  [NL.  (cf.  Gr.  dn-rt- 
pr)oc,  wingless),  <  Gr.  d-priv.  +  -7ipvi(7r-epv)-), 
a  wing,  <  jT-epov,  a  wing.  =  H.  feather.]  1.  A 
genus  of  ratite  birds,  constituting  the  family 
.iptcrygidtr.  There  are  several  species  or  varieties,  all 
inhabiting  New  Zealand,  of  which  A.  autstralis  has  been 


Apteryx 

longest  aiifl  liest  known  ;  ,1.  uimifrlli  inhabits  Stewart 
lalnlid,  ilini  A.  au't'iu  the  Soiitli  l.slarnl.  All  nre  Iciiown  as 
kiwis,  kiwi-kiwis. 
or  kivi-kivis,  fntni 
their  cry.  Also,  im- 
properly. Aitlcrni/.t 
and  Apti'ntix. 
2.  [/.c]  A1)inl 
of  this  genus; 
a  kiwi  (which 
see). 
aptha    (ap'thii), 

)l.  S)M'    (lj)]ttl(ll. 

aptitude  (np'ti- 

tiul),  ((.  [=  !•'. 
ajiUtialr,  <  ML. 
(ijititudo,  <  L. 
aptus,  apt,  fit : 
see  apt,  a.  Of. 
attitiidi;  which 
is  a  doublet  of 
aptitiiilc.^  1. 
The  state  or 
quality  of  being 
apt  or  lit  for  or  suited  to  a  purpose,  place,  or 
situation;  fitness;  suitableness. 
Aptitude  .  .  .  for  the  end  to  which  it  was  aimed. 

Dt-cait  of  C'firUt.  Piety. 

2.  A  natural  tendency  or  acquired  inclination ; 
both  capacity  and  ju'opcusity  for  a  certain 
course:  as,  oil  has  an  (iptitiidc  to  bm'u;  men 
acquire  an  aptitude  to  particular  vices. 

He  that  is  about  children  slioiild  learn  their  nature  and 
aptitudes.  Locke. 

The  Americans  have  at  all  times  shown  a  remarkable 
aptitude  for  the  sea-faring  life,  and  they  did  not  wait  for 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  to  take  measures  for  the 
construction  of  an  independent  navy. 

Lerkit,  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent.,  xiv. 

3.  Eeadiness  in  learning ;  teachableness ; 
quickness  to  understand  and  acquire;  intelli- 
gence; talent. 

He  was  a  boy  of  remarkable  aptitude.  Macaulay. 

=  Syn.  Faetdtii,  Cai'acitu,  etc.     i^cc  rfcnius. 
aptltudinal  (ap-ti-tu'di-nal),  a.     [<  ML.  apti- 
tudo  (aptitiidiii-)  +  -al:  see  aptitude.']     1.  Re- 
lating to  an  aptitude  or  aptitiides. —  2.  Existing 
in  possibility  or  capacity  merely.     [Kare.]  — 
Aptltudinal  relation.  ;i  r.  Ijitinn  wbicli  does  not  require 
the  cuiTclatr  liMxint  aitually.  lail  only  ijntcntially ;  as,  for 
exanqdr.  tlu'  nlatiiio  of  a  dc.-iiri-  tn  its  object. 
aptitudinally  (ap-ti-tu'di-nal-i),   adv.    In  an 
aptltudinal  manner;   in  a  way  wliicli  reveals 
aptitude. 
aptly  (apt'li),  adv.    In  an  apt  or  suitable  man- 
ner,  (d)  With  exact  correspondence ;  with  fitness ;  justly. 
I  have  forgot  your  name  ;  but.  sure,  that  part 
\Vas  aptly  fitted,  aiul  naturally  pci-form'd. 

SImk.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 
(6)  Suitably  :  appropi-iately :  of  language,  pertinently,  ap- 
positely, or  significantly. 
Irenajus  very  aptly  remarks.  Addison. 

Words  aptly  cuU'd  and  meanings  well  expressed 
Can  calm  the  sorrows  of  a  wounded  breast. 

Crabhe,  The  Village, 
(c)  Readily;  quickly;  cleverly:  as,  to  learn  rei^f^?/. 
aptness  (apt'nes),  n.     The  state  or  quality  of 
being  apt,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 
The  aptness  of  things  to  their  end.  Hooker. 

Wh.at  should  be  the  ai>tiiess  of  birds,  in  comparison  of 
beasts,  to  imitate  speech  may  be  intjuired.  Bacon. 

At  his  first  aptness,  the  maternal  love 
Those  rudiments  of  reason  dici  improve. 

Di-yden,  Eleonora,  1.  21S. 

Aptornis  (ap-t6r'uis),  H.  [NL.,  short  for  *ap- 
tcrornis,  <  Gr.  aTv-cpo^,  wingless  (see  apterous), 
+  iipvi^,  a  bird:  see  oritithoioijij.']  A  genus  of 
recently  extinct  ralliform  birds,  probably  of 
the  family  ito//»rf(C,  related  to  the  extant  genus 
Ocijdromus.  its  remains  are  found  in  Ni'w  Zealand  with 
those  of  the  moa-  A.  de/ossor  and  A.  olidi/orntis  are  two 
species  de.sel-ibe<l  by  Owen  in  1871. 

aptosochromatism  (ap-to"so-kr6'ma-tizra),  «. 
[<  Gr.  (iTTTiJi-  (uTT-u--),  not  falling  off  (cf.  a-ruain, 
stability,  firmness :  see  aptote),  +  chn»iiali.<!ni.] 
In  ornith.,  change  of  color  of  the  plumage  with- 
out loss  or  gain  of  any  feathers.    Coucs. 

aptote  (ap'tot),  H.  [<  LL.  aptotum,  only  in  pi. 
aptota,  <  Gr.  a-Tomn;  neut.  of  u-rurof,  without 
case,  undecliued,  also  as  a-Tur  (utttut-),  not  fall- 
ing, <  <i-  jiriv.  +  -TuTuc,  verbal  adj.  of  Tvi-reir, 
fall,  whence  also  ^Ttjaic,  ease,  inflection.]  In 
(iram.,  a  noun  which  has  no  Uistiuetiou  of  cases ; 
an  iudecUnable  noun. 

aptotic  (ap-tot'ik),  a.  [<  aptote  +  -j'e.]  1.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  an  aptote ;  having  no  declen- 
sion.—  2.  Unintlected;  having  no  grammatical 
inflections:  said  of  certain  languages. 

aptychus  (ap'ti-kus),  ».;  pi.  aptychi  (-ki). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  n-  priv.  -1-  t7i>v'},  a  fold,  <  -rl^nneir. 
fold.]  In  Ccphaliipixla.  a  plate  formed  of  a 
shelly  substance,  found  in  the  terminal  cham- 


283 

ber  of  certain  fossil  mollusks,  as  ammonites, 
and  regarded  by  some  as  an  operculum,  it  w.as 
formerly  eonsidered  to  be  one  of  tliu  parts  tif  dilferent 
animals  eallcd  trigonellitcs,  lepadites,  etc. 

The  Aptychi  .  .  .  occui)y  the  middle  of  the  posteri'ir 
wall  of  the  terminal  chamber  of  the  Ammonite,  and  have 
their  bfises  towards  its  mimth.  Notliing  is  certainly 
KuoAvn  as  to  the  nature  of  the  Aptychi  or  Anaptychi. 

Iluxtey,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  459. 

Apulian  (a-]iu'li-an),  «.  [<  L.  Apulia,  Appidia, 
+  -iin.\  'Of  or  pertaining  to  the  region  called 
Apulia,  in  southern  Italy,  or  to  its  iuhabitauts. 
I II  Koman  times  .\pulia  included  the  region  between  the 
\['ciMiines  and  the  Adriatic,  south  of  the  Kreiitani  and 
i^t  of  Sannnum,  and  biter  als«j  the  Messapian  i)eninsula. 
Miidcra  Apulia  eonipri.ses  the  provinces  Foggia,  Uari,  and 
I  I  rce. 

A  hill  in  the  midst  of  the  Apulian  plain. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  39. 
Apulian  pottery,  a  name  given  to  the  Italo-Orcek  pot- 
'  ly  tuiiiid  ill  Apulia  and  southeiistern  Italy  generally, 
■  i-irially  to  the  \ases  with  red  llgures  on  a  lustrous  black 
I-; round,  some  of  the  most  inip(jrtant  examples  of  which  arc 
Irom  this  region. 
Apus  (a'pus),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  arrovc,  without  feet: 
see  apod,  Apoda,  etc.]  1.  One  of  the  southern 
constellations  form- 
ed in  the  sixteenth 
century,  probably 
by  Petrus  Theodori ; 
tlie  Bird  of  Paradise. 
It  issitnateil  s<uith  of  tlic 
Triangulum  Atistrale, 
and  its  brightest  star  is 
of  the  fourtli  magnitude. 
2.  A  genus  of  bran- 
ehiopodous  or  phyl- 
lopodous  entomos- 
tracous  crustace- 
ans, typical  of  the 
family  Apodidm  or 
Apusida- :  named  (in 
the  form  Apous)  by 
Frisch  in  1732.  Like 
nearly  all  animals  which 
have  been  miscalled  Apo- 
da or  Apodett  (footless), 
they  have  feet,  these 
organs  in  the  phyllo- 
pods  ranging  from  11  to 

60  pairs.  TJle  geims  is  gitc  :  zt  to  26.  the  six  simple  somites 
ebaraeteriyed  bv  a  larL'e  Preceded  by  twenty  pejiyeroiis  so- 
Luai  .tcvei  i/.t,u  uj  a  i,iii,e    ^.^^^__   ^^^^        „,^  foUaceous  swim- 

mine-feet :    i.  eye  ;    //,  antennule  ; 
iy{oT  lb),  labrum. 


Afi4s  gtitcialis.—A,  Iater.1l  view, 
the  right  half  of  the  c.irap.-»ce  cut 
away;  5, dorsal  view;  x.  shell-gland  ; 
>,  caudal  filaments;  /*.  labniin  ;  cs, 
cephalostegite,  separated  at  -r/  from 
the  rest  or  the  carapace,  or  omoste- 


shield-like  carapace,  or 
eephalothorax  in  one 
piece,  covering  most  of 
the  animal.  A.  cancri/ormis,  called  the  crab-shelled 
shrimp,  is  '2  or  3  inches  long,  and  is  noted  for  its  repeated 
molts  (it  sheds  its  skin  twenty  times  in  two  or  three 
months),  ;uid  for  the  vast  numerical  preponderance  of  the 
feniales,  the  males  having  been  only  recently  discovered. 
3.  In  ornith.:  (o)  A  genus  of  birds,  of  the  fam- 
ily Ci/pselidw,  established  by  Scopoli  in  1777 : 
equivalent  to  Cypselus  of  Illiger,  1811.  (b)  [I.  c] 
The  specific  name  of  the  common  swift  of  Eu- 
rope, Ci/p.sclus  apus. — 4.  [?.  c. ;  pi.  npi  (a'pi).] 
In  teratoL,  a  monster  destitute  of  posterior 
limbs,  while  the  anterior  are  well  formed. 

Apusidae  (a-pii'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Apu.i 
+  -idw :  so  fonned  to  make  literal  distinction 
from  Apndida-.']     Same  as  Apodidw. 

Apygia  (a-pij'i-ii),  «.  j'l.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 
-I-  -v}f/,  buttock.]  An  order  of  Broehinpoda : 
a  synonym  of  Arthropomata  (which  see). 

Ap3^eiiaeinata  (a-pi-re-ne'ma-tii),  ".  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  apijrcna^matus :  see  apurenematous,'] 
A  division  of  animals  including  those  in  wliich 
the  blood-corpuscles  are  not  nucleated;  those 
animals  which  have  blood-disks  as  distinguished 
from  nucleated  cells  of  the  blood.  The  term  is 
pinctieally  the  same  in  application  as  llammalia,  though 
nuclei  have  been  discovered  in  the  form-elements  of  the 
blood  of  a  few  mammsils. 

apyrenematOUS  (a-pi-re-nem'a-tus),  a.  [<  NL. 
apijrcnwmatuK,  <  Gr.  a-  \n-\v"  +  pijrempmatus : 
see  a-1**  and  j}>/reuciiiatous.']  Not  pjTenema- 
tous;  having  blood  which  contains  disks,  or 
tion-nucleafed  coi-puscles,  as  a  mammal. 

apyretic  (tip-i-ret'ik),  o.  [<  Gr.  ds-iyjETOf,  with- 
out fever,  <  «-  priv.  -t-  TTvperor,  fever.  Cf.  apy- 
rcxia.]  Without  pjTexia  or  fever:  specifically, 
in  patliol.,  appliedto  those  days  in  which  the 
intermission  of  fever  occurs  in  agues,  and  also 
to  local  affections  which  are  not  accompanied 
with  fever. 

apyrexia  (ap-i-rek'si-ii),  H.  [XL.,<  Gr.  azvpt^ia, 
absence  of  fever,  <  a-lpeKToc,  without  fever,  <  a- 
priv.  -1-  *n-iipe(c-()f,  verbal  adj.  of  zvpiaaeii',  be  in 
a  fever,  <  ffupertif,  fever:  see  pyretic,  and  cf. 
api/retic.l  The  absence  or  intermission  of  py- 
rexia or  fever;  the  inteiTal  between  the  parox- 
ysms ill  iiitcrniittent  fevers.     Also  apyrcxy. 

apyrexial  (ap-i-rek'si-al).  a.  [<  apyrexia  +  -al.'] 
Relating  to  or  characterized  by  apyrexia;  apy- 
retic. 

apyrezy  (ap'i-rek-si),  «.    Same  as  apyrexia. 


aquage 

apyrotype  (a-pi'ro-tip),  n.  [<  Gr.  Imvpor,,  with- 
out fire  (see  apyniu.s),  +  type,  (].  v.]  Printing- 
type  produced  witliout  heat,  as  by  means  of  dies 
and  pressure,  instead  of  liy  casting  in  molds. 

apyrous  (a-pi'rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  u-vpnr,  without 
hre,  <  a-  priv.  -1-  ~i'p,  lire,  =  E.  fire :  see  Jirc  and 
Jiyre.]  Incombustible,  or  capable  of  sustain- 
ing a  strong  heat  without  alteration  of  fonn  or 
properties,  as  asbestos,  mica,  and  talc.  Apyrous 
tiodii;,  iblter  from  refractory  inies  in  reiii:uiiiiig  unchanged 
evi-n  under  extreme  heat,  while  the  hitter  may  be  altered 
even  though  not  fused  by  fire. 

aq.    In  iihar.,  an  abbreviation  of  aqua. 

aqua  (a'kwa),  V.  [L.  (>  It.  acijua  =  Sp.  Pg. 
a<iua  =  F.  eau),  =  Goth,  ahwa,  river,  =  OHG. 
aha,  MHG.  ahc  (G.  Aa,  tlie  name  of  several 
rivers)  =  OS.  aha  =  AS.  ed  (for  "call :  see  ey, 
island),  water,  river,  =  (.IFries.  d,  e  =  Icel.  a, 
water,  river,  =  Sw.  d  =  Dan,  aa,  a  brook.]  1. 
Water :  a  word  much  used  in  medical  pre- 
scriptions Aviitten  in  Latin,  and  in  pharmacy 
generally,  also  in  old  chemistry,  to  denote  a 
solution,  or  menstruum  of  water. — 2.  In  anat., 

some  watery  fluid  or  humor Aqua  ammonlse,  a 

solution  of  ammonia  gas  in  water,  havinu'  the  cbemieal 
properties  of  an  alkali  hydnitc.  —  Aquse  ductus  etaquss 
haustUS  (ecindueting  of  water  anil  drawing  of  watei-),  in 
.sV-./v  la'f\  two  ser\'itudes,  the  former  eoiisiHting  in  a  riu'ht 
of  rallying  a  w ;ttereour.sc  through  the  gfoiinds  of  another, 
and  tile  I;itter  of  watering  eatlle  at  a  liver,  well,  or  pond 

111  tile  gi-ound  of  .another.  — Aqua  fortls(>lioiii;  wider),  a 
naiiie  Ki\eii  to  weak  and  impure  nilrie  acid.  Ihntltle  ai/ua 
h.i-lis  eollt;lin^i  twit  c  as  niueh  acid  as  single  aqua  fortis. 
Aqua  labyrlnthl,  the  lluid  of  the  bibyrinth  of  the 
ear;  the  perilymph,  aqniila  aenstiea,  or  liqiiorCotnnnii. — 
Aqua  marina.  See  n.;i<f(i/i«ri/o.  — Aijua  mlrabilla 
(uoiideiful  water).  («)  A  preijaratitjii  of  efoves.  galangals, 
euhebs,  mace,  cardamoms,  nutmegs,  ginger,  and  spirit  of 
%vinc,  digested  twenty-four  hours,  then  distilled.  Jofitmon. 
(6)  A  carminative  cordi.al  jirepared  from  oil  (»f  pimento 
(allspice);  also  called  spiritun  piutenttr.  huitylisun. — 
Aqua  Morgagni.     Same  as  ti'pior  Moi'if/'/ni  {which  gee, 

under  /'•/""-■).— Aqua  regla  or  aqua  regalia  (loyal  wa- 
ter), a  njime  given  to  a  mixture  of  one  iiart  of  nitric  acid 
and  three  to  lour  parts  of  bydroeliloricaeiil.  from  its  power 
of  dissolving  gold. — Aqua  Tofana,  a  poisonous  Uuid  made 
about  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  by  a  woman  of 
Palermo  named  Tofana  or  Toffana,  who  confessed  that  no 
fewer  than  (iOO  persons  had  been  killeii  with  it.  It  con- 
sisted eliiefly.  it  is  supposed,  of  a  strong  solution  of  arsenic 
obtained  !)>■  a  long  boiling  of  itsoxid.   Also  called  «'/t/f(?a. 

—  Aqua  vitse  (water  of  life),  an  obi  name  for  alcohol, 
now  familiarly  applied  to  native  distilled  spirits. 

aqU8eductUS(a-k\ve-duk'tus),  n.  [L. :  sccaquc- 
duil.]  In  anat.,  a  canal  or  channel  conveying 
a  fluid,  or  suiipiiseil  In  do  so.     Also  aqucductus. 

—  Aqusductua  cochleae,  the  aqueduct  of  tlic  cochlea, 
a  minute  \eiinits  eli;iiiiiel  in  the  temporal  bone,  ninning 
from  thesealatynipaniof  the  cochlea  ton  point  just  below 
the  internal  auditory  meatus.  —  Aquaeductus  Fallopii, 
the  aqueduct  of  Fallopius,  a  cliannel  tbi-'tigb  the  tcnipoi-al 
bone,  leading  from  the  internal  auditory  meatus  ami  end- 
ing at  the  stylomiLstoid  foramen,  transmitting  the  facial 
nerve. — AqusedUCtUS  Sylvii,  the  aqueduct  of  Sylvius,  the 
channel  of  conimiiiiieation  between  the  third  and  fourth 
ventricles  of  the  brain.  Also  called  iter  a  tertio  ad  i/uar- 
tum  ventriculuni.— AqusedUCtUS  ve8tlbuli,asniallcanal 
rntming  from  the  vestibule  of  the  ear  to  the  iiosterior  sur- 
face of  the  petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone.  It  trans- 
mits the  ductus  eiidolyniplniticus. 

aqusemanale  (akwc-ma-nii'le),  ».;  pi.  aqum- 
manalia  (-li-ii).  [Mlj.,  also  aquimanilc,  aquinii- 
nale,  amiiminile,  LL.  aquiminah;  L.  aquama- 
nalis,  LL.  also  aquiminarium,  <  L.  aqua,  water, 
+  manulc,  a  ewer,  neut.  of  manalis,  flowing, 

<  nianare,  flow, 
trickle,  drip.]  1. 
In  Ham.  antiq.,  a, 
pitcher  or  vessel 
for  pouring  out 
water,  used  espe- 
cially for  pour- 
ing water  over 
the  hands  into  a 
lyasiu  during  and 
after  meals. —  2. 
Tlio  basin  in 
which,  accord- 
ing to  an  an- 
cient church  cer- 

Aqu.'emaualeof  copper,  I4thcentury.    It    emonv,  the  pricst 

is  filled  by  an  opening  at  the  top  of  the    .„ l,J^,]  l,;„  l.„..  J„ 

head;  the  tail  ron..s.Aandle.  WasliedhlS  haildS 

before  celebrat- 
ing mass. — 3.  A  kind  of  water-ewer  formerly 
used  in  private  houses,  and  frequently  made  in 
grotesque  forms.  The  term  is  now  usett  spe- 
cifically in  this  sense. 

aquafortis  (a-kwa-for'tis),  h.  See  aquafortis, 
imder  aqua. 

aquafortist  (a-kwa-fdr'tist),  h.  [<  aqua  fortis 
+  -(.</.]  One  who  etches  by  means  of  aqua 
fortis.     .V.  E.  D. 

aquage  (a'kwaj),  m.  [<  LL.  aquagium,  aque- 
duct, <  L.  ngHfl,  water,-!-  n^/ejr, lead :  see  agent.'] 
In  leveling :  (a)  The  course  of  a  mill-stream  be- 
fore it  reaches  the  pond  fonned  by  a  dam.  (6) 
Any  watercourse. 


aquamarine 

aquamarine  (a'kwa-ma-i-en'),  ».  [<  L.  aqua 
nidriiKi,  si-a-wutor:  sec  (k/iki,  mtirhw,  an<l  nit/iu- 
VKiritii:]  1.  A  tiMusparcnt  va- 
riety of  beryl  of  a  bluish  or  .sea- 
gi'eeii  tint,  used  as  a  gem.  Hence 
—  2.  A  bluisli-Ri-eeu  eolor  reseiu- 
bliiii;  (lint  (if  the  finest  beryl. 

aqua-meter  (!i'kwa-me"ter),  h.  [< 
Ij.  (iiiiki,  water,  +  meter.']  Saini^ 
as  iiiil-iomctcr. 

aquapult  (a'kwa-pnlt),  ii.  [<  L. 
(iijiKi,  water,  +"-]>idt,  as  in  caUi- 
jiiilt.]  A  small  portable  foree- 
pump. 

aquapuncture    (a  -  kwa  -  pungk  '- 
tiir),  ».    [<  L.  aqua,  wat^er  -I-  LL        ^^^^j,,,,, 
_;«<Hc/i(TO,  punetm-e.]     A  form  ot 
eoimter-irritat  ion  consisting  in  the  forcible  pro- 
jection of  a  very  fine  stream  of  water  against 
the  skin.     Tlie  stream,  wliich  comes  from  a  powerful 
(orce-pimip,  recideiis  ami  blisters  the  part  to  which  it  is 


284 


Aqnila 


applied.  It  is  used  especially  in  iieuralcia  and  affections  aauatic  (a-kwat'ik),  a.  and  ».  [<  L.  aqua 
^^^^U:^.^T^''^::iTZq.erem,  ^-Z-,  wa^er:  .ei  aqua.]  I^.  l.>er 
■rt'f'coloV.light  rail  acqlreUo,  wateVcolor,     -£.  ^ .reiL.^t  "I;-^;.';:'Z?l«':^  „° 


aquarelle 

water-eok_, -„--  _-     ,     -^ 
thin  wine,  dim.  of  acqiui  (=F.  can),  <  L.  aqua, 
water:  see  aqua.]     AVater-eolor  painting,  or  a 
painting  in  water-colors. 

They  [Frencliinen]  despised  it  [water-color]  when  it  was 
called  a'luarelle ;  tliey  bowed  do\vn  to  it  when  it  was  called 
l>t^intU)T  (}  fa/irs'jue.        /fa»Je)'(OH,  Graphic  Arts,  p.  340. 

aquarellist  (ak-wa-rel'ist),  n.  [<  aquarelle  + 
-ift.J  An  artist  who  works  in  water-colors ;  a 
water-color  painter. 

aquaria,  ".     Plural  of  aquarium. 

aquarian  (a-kwa'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Ij.aquarius, 
pertaining  to  water"(see  Aquarius),  +  -(/«.]  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  aquarium.  [Rare.] 
N.  E.  D. 

II,  n.  [cap.']  [<  ML.  Aquarii,  pi.,  the  Aqua- 
rians, <  L.  aquarius  :  see  Aquarius.]  One  who 
used  water  instead  of  wine  in  the  eucharist :  a 
term  applied  to  certain  Christians  in  Africa 
aboutthe  middle  of  the  thirdeentiu-y,  who,  while 
it  was  still  customary  to  celebrate  the  Lord's 
supper  twice  a  day,  tiough  employing  wine  at 
the  evening  eucharist,  substituted  water  for  it 
in  the  morning  in  order  that  the  odor  of  wine 
might  not  betray  them  during  the  day.  They  are 
often  confounded  with  earlier  followers  of  tlie  ascetic 
Tatian  in  Syria,  called  Hydroparastatoe,  or  Water-drink- 
ers, and  reckoned  amoni?  the  Encratites,  who  used  water  in 
place  of  wine  at  tlie  eucharist,  because  they  held  the  latter 
to  be  sinful,  ret^irding  it  as  the  evil  principle  or  blood  of 
the  devil. 

aquariculture  (a'kwa-ri-kul'tur),  n.  [<  L. 
uquuriuiii  +  cuitura,  culture.]  The  culture  of 
aquatic  plants  in  aquariums ;  the  management 
of  an  aquarium. 

aquarium  (a-kwa'ri-um),  «. ;  pi.  aquariums, 
aquaria  (-umz,  -a).  [L.,  a  watering-place  for 
cattle,  neut.  of  aquarius:  see  Aquarius.]  1. 
An  artificial  pond,  cistern,  or  place  in  a  garden 
or  elsewhere  for  cultivating  aquatic  plants. — 
2.   A  vessel  or  series  of  vessels,  constructed 


water-pourer) ;  prop,  adj.,  pertaining  to  water, 
<  aqua,  water:  see  aqua.]  1.  A  zodiacal  con- 
stellation, supposed  to  represent  a  man  stand- 
ing with  his  left  hand  extended  upward,  and 
with  liis  right  jiom'ing  out  of  a  vase  a  stream 
of  water  which  flows  into  the  mouth  of  the 
Southern  Fish.  It  contains  no  star  brighter 
than  the  third  magnitude. —  2.  The  Water- 
bearer;  the  eleventh  sign  (marked  ™)  of  the 
zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters  about  the  21st  of 
January:  so  called  from  the  constellation. 

aquarter  {a-k-woT'ter), prep. phr.  as  adr.  [<  «3 
+  qudrlcr.]  Kaut.,  on  the  quarter;  45°  abaft 
the  beam. 

a  quartieri  (ii  kwar-te-a'ri).  [It. :  a  (<  L.  ad), 
to,  with ;  quartieri,  pi.  of  quarticrc,  a  quarter, 
compartment:  see  quarter.]  In  «•)•»>«.,  (deco- 
rated) in  compartments:  said  especially  of  any- 
thing circular,  such  as  a  shield,  the  rim  of  a 
I'ound  dish,  or  the  like,  which  is  di\'ided  into 
panels  or  compartments  by  raiUating  lines. 

'juaticus, 
Pertain- 
or  fre- 
quenting water:  as,  aquatic  animals;  aquatic 
plants. —  3.  Praetisedonorin water:  B.s,aquat'ic 
sports Aquatic  birds,  in  urnitli.,  speciBcally,  Ams  aqueoUS  (a'kwe-us), 


Aqueduct  of  Segovia,  Spaio. 

extremely  arid,  have  become  a  garden  from  the  plentiful 
irrigation  which  is  now  possible. 

2.  In  anat.,  same  as  aqtiecductus. 
aqueductus  (ak-we-duk'tus),  n.  [NL.]  In  anat, 

same  as  aquaductus. 

aqueityt(a-kwe'i-ti), «.  [<aque-ous  +  -ity.]  The 
essential  principle  or  quality  of  water ;  wateri- 
ness ;  aqueousness. 

The  aiueity, 
Terreity,  and  sulphureity 
Shall  run  together  again,  and  all  be  annulled. 

B.  Junntn,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

[<  L.  as  if  "aqueus,  < 
aqua,  water  :  see  aqua.]  Of  the  nature  of  wa- 
ter; abounding  with  water;  formed  by  water; 
watery:  as,  an  aqueous  solution — Aqueous  or 
watery  fusion.  See  fusion.—  Aqueous  humor  (of  the 
eye),  the  limpid  watery  fluid  which  tills  tlie  space  be- 
tween the  cornea  and  the  crystalline  lens  in  the  eye. 
See  eye. — Aqueous  rocks,  mtfeol.,  mechanically  formed 
rocks,  composed  of  matter  deposited  by  water.  Also 
called  sedimentari/  or  b-tralified  rocks. — AqueoUS  tint, 
in  painting,  a  nearly  colorless  tint. — Aqueous  tissue, 
in  hot.,  epidermal  or  subepidermal  layers  of  cells  lilleu 
with  clear  sap,  as  in  most  succulent  plants.— Aqueous 
vapor,  the  invisible  vapor  which,  taken  from  the  surface 
of  water  by  evaporation  and  rising  into  the  atmosphere, 
rctiuns  tn  the  cartli  in  the  fonn  of  raiu,  dew,  and  snow. 

aqueousness  (a'kwe-us-nes),  n.  [<  aqueous  + 
-«<,vx.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  aqueous 
or  watery ;  wateriness. 

aquetta  (a-kwet'til),  ».  [It.,  prop,  acquetta, 
<Um.  of  aCQKrt,  water :  see  a^iw;.]  A  celebrated 
Italian  poison,  more  commonly  called  aqua  To- 
fana  (which  see,  under  aqua). 


aquatlcce,  the  nienibers  of  the  old  orders  Grallatores  and 
Natatores;  tlie  wading  and  swimming  birds,  taken  to- 
gether.—Aquatic  box,  an  accessory  to  the  microscope, 
generally  in  the  form  of  a  glass  cell,  in  which  algie  or  ani- 
malcules are  placed  for  observation. 

II.  n.  1 .  A  plant  which  grows  in  water. —  2. 
pi.  Sports  or  exercises  practised  on  or  in  water, 
as  rowing  or  swimming. 

aquatical  (a-kwat'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  aquatic. 
[Rare.] 

aquatilet  (ak'wa-til),  a.  and  n.    [=F.  aquatile, 
<  L.  aquatilis,  living  or  growing  in  or  near  wa- 
ter, <  ac/HO,  water:  see  aqua.]    I.  «.  Inliabiting 
water. 
The  aquatile  or  water  frog.      .Sir  T.  Bmnie,  Vulg.  Err. 
II.  *(.  An  aquatic  animal  or  plant. 

Aquatilia  (ak-wa-tU'i-ii),  n.pl.    [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  L.  aquatilis,  living  in  the  water :  see  aquatile.] 
In  Fieber's  system  of  classification,  a  subsec- 
tion of  heteropterous  insects,  including  genuine    ^  _.      _  ._     . 
aquatic  species  with  concealed  antenna^,  as  dis-  aquicultural  (a-kwe-kul'tur-al),  a.    [<  aquicuU 
tinguished  from  those  of  the  section  X(7ora?(«. 

aquatint   (ii'kwa-tint),  n.  and  a.     [=Y.aqua 


tintc,  aqua-tinta,  <  It.  acqua  tinta,  lit.  dyed  wa- 
ter: ocfjfHO,  water  (see  o5«n);  tinta,  teva.ottiu to 
(<  L.  tinctus),  pp.  of  tingerc,  ticpiere,  <  L.  tingcre, 
tint,  tinge:  see  tint,  ti'nge.]  I.  «.  1.  An  etch- 
ing process  by  which  prints  imitating  the  broad 
flat  tints  of  India  ink,  bister,  or  sepia  drawings 
are  produced,  it  was  practised  by  the  Ahhi  St.  Ncm 
in  the  eighteenth  century,  and  was  perfected  by  Jean  Bap- 
tiste  Le  Prince  (1733-1781).  In  the  a(|ii:itiiit  process  spaces 
are  bitten,  instead  of  lines  as  in  etchinu  (whicii  see). 
2.  An  engraving  executed  by  the  aquatint  pro- 
cess. 
Also  aquatinta. 

II.  ((.  Pertaining  to  this  method  of  etching, 
chiefly  of  glass,  filled  with  either  fresh  or  salt  aquatint  (a'kwa-tint),  r.  t.  [<  aquatint,  n.]  To 
water,  and  supplied  with  plants,  rocks,  etc.,     etch  in  aquatint. 

in  which  living  aquatic  animals  are  kept.  Many  aquatinta  (a"kwa-tin'tii),  )i.  ^a.vae  &%  aquatint. 
aquariums  on  a  large  scale  are  maintained  in  connection  anuatinter  (a'kwa-tin""ter),  n.  One  who  prac- 
with  public  parks  or  gardens,  or  as  distinct  mstitutions.   "■'i""'  „..*„*  „,,V,ot;,i+iTio- 

Also  called  oV^mm™""-  tises  the  art  of  aquatintmg. 

aquatintmg  (a  kwa-tm"ting),  n.  [Verbal  n. 
of  aquatint.]  The  art  or  process  of  etching 
in  the  acpiatint  method.  See  aquatint. 
aquavivarium  (a"kwa-vi-va'ri-um),  n.;  pi. 
aquavivaria  (-ii).  [<  L.  atjua,  water,  +  viva- 
rium, q.  v.]  Same  as  aquarium,  2. 
aqueduct  (ak'we-dukt),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aqua(lnct;  =  F.'aqueduc,  OF.  aqueduct,  <  L. 
aquaductus,  prop,  separated,  aquw  ductus,  a 
conveyance  of  water:  aqua;  gen.  of  aqua,  wa- 
ter :  ductus,  conveyance,  pipe,  canal,  <  ducerc, 
lead,  convey:  see  aqua  and  duct.]  1.  A  con- 
duit or  channel  for  conducting  water  from  one 
place  to  another.  More  particularly  apjilied  to  struc- 
tures of  masonry  and  tunneling  for  the  cnnductiiig  of 
water  from  distant  sources  to  large  cities  thniu'.;h  tiiluilar 
conduits.  Aqueducts  were  extensively  used  in  the  Rmnan 
empire,  and  many  of  these  ancient  stnictures  still  remain. 
They  were  constructed  of  stone  or  wood,  sometimes  tun- 
neled through  hills  and  carried  over  valleys  and  rivers  on 
arches,  mucli  of  the  labor  upon  them  being  uselessly  ex- 
pended, from  a  mistaken  idea  of  the  necessity  of  a  per- 
fectly level  course.  The  aqueduct  of  Segovia,  originally 
built  by  the  Komans,  has  159  arches,  is  in  some  parts  built 
in  two  tiers  100  feet  or  more  in  height,  and  is  anadmirable 
monument  of  ancient  engineering.  One  of  the  most  re- 
markable aqueducts  of  modern  times  is  that  of  ilarseilles, 
to  which  city  it  conveys  the  watere  of  the  river  Durance 
from  a  distance  of  about  ,'>S  miles,  of  which  10  miles  con- 
sists of  tunnels,  and  a  considerable  portion  is  traversed  by 
means  of  viaducts  of  great  height  and  length.  This  aque- 
duct was  built  between  1839  and  1S47,  and  supplies  water 
in  such  abundance  that  the  environs  of  Marseilles,  formerly 


turc  +  -al.]     Pertaining  to  aquiculture. 

By  the  republication  of  these  foreign  papers  the  [Fish 
Commission]  Bulletin  becomes  a  guide  to  the  knowledge 
of  what  is  being  done  in  aquicultural  entei-prise  in  all 
parts  of  the  world.  Salure,  XXXIII.  38. 

aquiculture  (a'kwe-kul-tfir),  u.  [=  F.  aqidcul- 
turc,  <  L.  aqua,  water,  +  cultura,  culture.] 
Cultm'e  of  the  natural  inhabitants  of  water; 
fish-breeding ;  piscicidture. 

aquiferous  (a-kwif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  aqua,  water, 
-l-_fr//f  =  E.6€'«)l.]  Conveying  water Aquife- 
rous canals,  the  channels  which  traverse  the  foot  or 
other  part  of  many  mollnsks,  as  lamellibranchs  and  odon- 
topliores,  opening  upon  the  surface  by  one  end,  and  at  the 
other  end,  in  some  cases,  emptying  into  blood-sinuses,  thus 
establishing  communication  between  the  blood  and  the 
smTounding  water. 

These  aquiferous  canals,  as  they  have  been  termed,  ap- 
pear, in  many  cases,  to  open  by  their  inner  ends  into  the 
blood  sinuses.  Huxley,  Anf,,  Invert.,  p.  491. 

aquiform  (a'kwi-form),  a.  [<  L.  aqua,  water, 
-1- /o)-mo,  form.]     In  the  form  of  water ;  liquid. 

Aquila  (ak'wi-lil),  ».  [L.,  an  eagle,  hence  the 
legionary  staudai-d ;  prob.  fem.  of  the  rare  adj. 


Aquarius. 


The  ConstellatiOD  Aquila. 


Aquarius  (a-kwii'ri-us),  n.   [L.,  a  water-bearer, 
one  of  the  signs  of  the  zodiac  (6r.  Mpox<io(,  i.  c., 


aquilus,   dark-colored,   dun,  swarthy;    cf.  Gr. 
d,l-^i'f,  a  mist,  darkness.]    1.  In  oniiWi.,  a  genus 


Aquila 

of  birds  established  by  Brisson  in  1760,  but  hav- 
ing no  characters  by  which  it  can  be  exactly 
defined.  The  name  hiis  been  loosely  applied  to  eagles 
ami  otlurlurye  diurnal  raptorial  birds  wliieli  have  thi  ttiotli 
of  till'  lu-ak.  It  is  now  restricted  and  somewhat  dellnitely 
applied  to  eagles  having  booted  tarsi,  that  is,  having  the 
shank  more  or  less  completely  feathered.  Such  are  tlie 
golden  eaule,  .1 .  i-hri/sin'tit-i,  of  Kurope  and  North  America  : 
the  spotted  eagle.  A.  nceeia,  of  Asia  and  Europe;  the  ini 
perial  eagle,  ,1.  }uiia>->(,  of  the  same  region  ;  the  liussian 
eagle,  A.  tiui;tittii/c,  etc.     See  cut  under  enfflc 

2.  A  northern  constellation  situated  in  the 
Milky  Way,  nearly  soutli  of  Lyra,  and  eontain- 
iuR  tiie  blight  star  Altair.  It  hius  for  its  outline  the 
figure  of  a  dying  eagle  carrying  in  its  talons  the  boy  An- 
tinous,  the  page  of  the  emperor  Hadrian.    Sec  cut,  ]).  2S4. 

3.  [/.  c;  pi.  aquila;  (-le).]  A  reading-desk  in 
the  f(irui  of  an  eagle. 

aquilatedt  (ak'wi-la-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  aquilatiis, 
ailonied  with  eagles'  heads,  <  L.  nquiUi,  an 
eagle:  see  Aquila.']  In  her.,  adorned  with  the 
heads  of  eagles:  as,  a  cross  aquilnted. 

AcLUilegia  (ak-wi-le'ji-a),  n.  [NL.  (ML.  aquile- 
(jia,  (iquilcia),  saiii  to  be  <  L.  iiquihi.  an  eagle, 
whose  claws  the  spurs  of  the  petals  are  sup- 
posed to  resemble.  Cf.  L.  Aquikiii,  Gr.  'Am'- 
M/ta,  Aquileia,  a  town  of  Austria  near  the  Adri- 
atic]     A  genus  of  acrid  plants,  natural  or- 


fcf^ 


Inflorescence  oi  Agiiiie£^a  vulgaris  (garden  columbine). 
a,  flower  ;  b.  same,  cut  vertically  :  c.  pistils. 

der  Ranunculaccw,  widely  distributed  over  the 
temperate  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
The  tlowers  have  tive  flat,  elliptical,  colored  sepals,  alter- 
nating with  as  many  spurred  petals ;  the  fruit  consists  of 
Ave  follicles  with  numerous  seeds.  The  spurred  petals 
with  incurved  heads  have  been  compared  to  Ave  pigeons, 
the  sepals  representing  the  wings,  and  to  this  the  English 
name  rotumbiw  refers  (from  Latin  columba,  a  pigeon). 
Several  species  are  common  in  cultivation,  and,  as  they  are 
prone  to  sport  and  hybridize,  the  varieties  of  form  and 
color  are  numerous.  There  are  10  North  American  spe- 
cies, in  some  of  which,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
Mexico,  the  spurs  are  several  inches  in  length. 

Aquilinae  (ak-wi-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aquila  + 
-ilia:  Cf.  aquiliiw.~\  A  conventional  subfamily 
of  Falcoiiida;  containing  eagles.  It  has  no  as- 
signable technical  characters.     See  Aqiiilii,  1. 

aquiline  (ak'wi-lin  or  -lin),  a.  [=  F.  nquiliii,  < 
L.  aqiiiliiiuts.  fiertaining  to  an  eagle,  <  aquila, 
an  eagle  :  see  Aquila.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  eagle. 

When  mortals  lived 
Of  stronger  wing,  of  aquiline  ascent. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  ix.  9()7. 

2.  Resembling  an  eagle;  having  the  character- 
istics of  an  eagle ;   especially,  resembling  an 
eagle's  beak  ;  curving ;  hooked ;  prominent. 
Terribly  arched  and  aquiline  his  nose. 

Cou'per,  Task,  iii. 
Even  before  objection  was  made  to  his  presence  in  the 
Board  .  .  .  the  aquiline  suggestions  of  Mr.  Oakhurst's 
mien  and  countenance  not  oidy  prematurely  fluttered  the 
pigeons,  but  absolutely  occasioned  much  uneasiness  among 
the  flsh-bawks.  Bret  Hnrte,  Argonauts,  p.  I.'IO. 

aquilont  (ak'wi-lon),  n.  [<  F.  aquilou,  <  L.  aqui- 
lu(u-),  the  north  wind,  Boreas;  prob.  <  aquilus, 
dark-colored,  dun,  swarthy  (cf.  Aquila),  with 
allusion  to  the  dark,  stormy  weather  accom- 
panying the  north  wind.]  The  north  wind. 
[Rare.] 

Blow,  villain,  till  thy  sphered  bias  cheek 
Out-swell  the  colic  of  purtd  .iquilon. 

Shak.,  T.  andC,  iv.  b. 

aquiminale,  aquimanile  (a'  kwi-mi-na'le,  -ma- 

ni'lp).  It.      Sec  aquainanalc. 

aquiminarium  (a  kwi-mi-na'ri-um'),  n.;  pi. 
aquiiiiiiHinii  (-;i).     Same  as  (iqu(eiuaiialc. 

Aquitanian  (ak-wi-ta'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Aquiia- 
nia,  said  to  be  <  Celtic  Aqui,  name  of  a  people, 
+  tun,  i-i)untry.]  Pertaining  to  Aquitania,  one 
of  the  great  di\isions  of  ancient  (laul.  Accord- 
ing to  Ctesar,  it  was  bounded  by  the  Garonne,  the  Pyrenees, 


285 

and  the  ocean.  Augustus  extended  it  as  a  Roman  province 
northward  t^ithe  Loire.  It  afterward  l)i'catiie  the  Frankish 
ami  French  duchy  (and  for  some  time  kingdom)  of  Afjui- 
taine  (held  as  an  appanage  of  the  Eiiglisli  crouii  through 
intermarriage  for  about  .'KM)  years  before  14.'>;{),  and  llnally, 
greatly  reduced,  the  French  province  of  Uuiennu  (a  medie- 
val corru])tion  of  Aquitaiiie). 

aquitet,  v.  t.    An  old  fonn  of  acquit.    Chaucer. 

Aquitelae  (ak-wi-te'le),  «.  ;)/.  [NL.,  <  L.  aqua, 
water,  +  /c/rt,  web.]  A  subdivision  of  spiders,  of 
the  family  Ara)iri(ta;  corresponding  to  the  old 
genus  Arfiyroucta  and  to  the  ,\V;(/«r?c.vof  Waleke- 
naer  or  the  aquatic  Tuliiti  la-  of  i,nlreille.  It  con- 
tains such  specic.s  as  tile  diving  wati  r  -[nili  i-.  Arf/ip'oneta 
aquatica.  So  called  lu-causc  they  spin  their  webs  in  the 
water.     Sec  cut  under  Arfjurmnta. 

aquocapsulitis  (a'kwo-eap-su-li'tis),  n.  [NL., 
<  Ij.  aqua,  water,  fluid,  +  rapsula,  box,  +  -iti.i: 
see  aqua  and  cai>sulc.]  Inflammation  of  tlie  lin- 
ings of  the  anterior  and  posterior  chambers  of 
the  eye. 

aquometer  (a-kwom'e-ter),  n.  [The  analogical 
L.  form  would  be  'aquimcter,  <  aqua,  water,  + 
mctrmn,  measure.  Cf.  aquamctcr.']  A  steam- 
pump  which  acts  both  by  direct  steam-pressure 
and  by  vacuimi.  it  has  two  wmking  chambers,  into 
winch  steam  is  alternately  admitted.  IJy  the  condensation 
of  the  steam  a  partial  vacuum  is  formed,  to  fill  which  water 
rushes  in.  When  the  chamber  is  full  of  water  a  valve 
opens,  and  steam  enters  and  forces  the  water  out  into  a 
pressure-  or  delivery-elianibcr.  The  steam  ctindenses  as 
Itefore,  causing  the  inflow  of  a  fuitln-r  siijiply  of  water. 
One  chand)er  is  filling  while  its  companion  is  discharging, 
thus  keeping  up  a  continuous  delivery.  See  pulsoineter 
and  vticnuin-puinp. 

aquose  (a'kwos),  a.  [=  P.  aqueux  =  Pg.  aquoso, 
^  h.  aquosus,  <.  aqua,  vrntev:  see  aqua.]  Wa- 
tery; abounding  in  water.     [Rare.] 

aqUOSity  (a-kwos'i-ti),  H.  [=  F.  aquiisM  =  Pg. 
aquosiiUale,  <  LL.  aquositas,  moistness,  <  L. 
aquosus:  see  aquose.]  1.  The  abstract  essen- 
tial qualities  of  water;  watei-iness  as  a  quality. 

We  do  not  assume  that  a  something  called  aqiumty 
entered  into  and  took  possession  of  tlic  nxidr  of  hydrogen 
as  soon  as  it  was  formed,  and  then  guided  the  a<iueous 
particles  to  their  places  in  the  facets  of  the  crystal,  or 
among  the  leaflets  of  the  hoar-frost. 

Huxlftj,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  136. 

Life  is  thus  only  an  abstraction  from  the  properties  of 
living  things,  just  as  aquositi/  would  be  an  abstraction 
from  the  properties  of  water.    JVeu?  Princeton  lie  v.,  II.  71. 

2.  The  state  of  being  aquose  or  watery ;  moist- 
ure. 

aquula  (ak'wo-lii),  h.  [L.,  also  aquola,  acuta, 
a  little  water,  a  little  stream,  dim.  of  aqua, 
water:  see  aqua.]  In  anat.,  a  small  coUectioa 
of  watery  fluid. —Aquula  acustica,  the  auditory  fluid, 
the  endolymph  or  perilymph  of  the  labyrinth  of  the  ear. 

arl  (ar),  11.  [<  ME.  or,  pi.  arres,  <  AS.  er,  <  L. 
er,  the  name  of  the  letter  r;  <  c,  the  usual  as- 
sistant vowel,  +  (• :  see  r.]  The  name  of  the 
letter  R.    .Also  formerly  spelled  arre. 

There  was  an  V.  and  thre  arres  togydre  in  a  sute 
With  letters  other,  of  whiche  I  shal  reherse. 

Pol.  Poem  in  Arclioeologia,  XXIX.  31.    {Halliuell.) 

ar-,  ».     See  arr^. 

ar"*!,  ar'it,  etc.  Obsolete  forms  of  are^,  ere,  or, 
ore,  etc. 

ar-.  The  assimilated  form,  in  Latin,  etc.,  of  ad- 
before  r;  in  older  English  words  a  restored 
form  of  Middle  EugUsh  and  Old  French  a-,  the 
regular  reduced  form  of  Latin  ar-,  as  in  array, 
arrange,  etc. 

-arl.  [ME.  -ar,  occasional  spelling  of  -e)-l,  -ere.] 
A  suffix  of  nouns  denoting  an  agent ;  a  variant 
of  -c)l,  as  in  heyyar,  liar,  formerly  and  properlj' 
beqyer,  etc. 

-ar^.  [ME.  reg.  -er,  <  OF.  -er,  -ier,  -air,  mod.  F. 
-icr,  -aire  =  Sp.  Pg.  -ario  =  It.  -ario,  -ajo,  <  L.  -dr- 
iu-s,  fem.  -dr-ia,  neut.  -ar-iu-m,  a  common  ad,], 
and  nomi  suffix,  =  Goth,  -ar-ei-s  =  OHG.  -dri, 
-art,  MHG.  -o-fc,  -er,  G.  -er  =  AS.  -ere,  E.  -er, 
suffix  of  nouns  of  agent :  see-€rl.  The  reg.  OF. 
form  was  -er,  -ier,  >  ME.  -er,  now  restored  to  -ar. 
The  usual  mod.  F.  form  is  -aire.  In  E.  -nr-  as 
an  adj.  suffix  appears  as  -ari/^,  q.  v.]  A  suffix 
of  Latin  origin,  occurring  in  some  nouns,  as  in 
bursar,  medlar,  mortar,  ricar,  etc. 

-ar*.  [ME.  reg.  -er,  <  OF.  -er,  -ier,  mod.  F.  -ier, 
-aire  =  Sp.  Pg.  -ar  =  It.  -are,  <  L.  -ari.%  neut. 
■are,  equiv.  to  -dlis  (E.  -al),  for  whieli  it  is  used 
when  I  precedes:  see  -al.  In  E.  -urS  also  ap- 
pears as  -an/-,  q.  v.]  A  suffix,  of  Latin  origin, 
(1)  of  adjectives  (and  of  nouns  thence  derived), 
being  equivalent  to  -al,  for  which  it  is  used 
when  I  precedes,  as  in  alar,  polar,  rerjular,  .lin- 
gular, etc.  (see  -al,  and  compare  -ar^);  ('2)  of 
nouns,  as  in  altar,  collar,  pillar,  scholar,  etc. 
In  these  ncums  and  other  old  words  ar  is  an  alteration 
(to  suit  the  Latin)  of  the  Middle  English  -er,  from  Old 
Frencll,  or  (as  in  xcholar)  from  Anglo-Saxon. 

ar.     In  her.,  a  common  abbreviation  of  argent. 


TheCittcUjlii, 


arabesque 

Aral  (a'rii),  n.  [L.,  an  altar.]  One  of  the  15 
ancient  southern  constellations;  the  Altar,  it 
is  situated  south  of    the 

Scori»ion.    Its  two  bright-  •' 

est  stars  are  of  the  tldrd  ,      '  • 

nuignitudc. 

Ara2  (a'rii),  w.     [NL.  -^ 

(Brisson)  ;    appar.    a 
native    Braz.   name;  • 

see  def.,  at  end.]     A  •    '  J* 

genus    of    American 
birds,  of  the   family 
I'sittacidw,    the    ma- 
caws, of  large  size  and     '■  >- 
gorgeous    coloration, 
with  very  long  cune- 
ate  tail  and  more  or 
less  naked  face;  some- 
times made  the  type 
of  a  subfamily  A  rina; 
containing  the  wedge- 
tailed  American  par- 
rots.   Leading  species  are  A.  inacao,  the  red  and  blue 
macaw ;  .1.  araranna,  the  blue  and  yellow  macaw ;  and  A. 
hitaeinthiiut,  the  hyacinthine  macaw.     It  is  a  synonym  of 
Macroeerni.1  (\ieillot,   1816)  wd.iiillace  (Waglcr,   1830). 
The  related   forms,  arrrt,  arraif,  aracanqa,  araracanga, 
ararauna,  and  arara,  are  severally  trsed  for  species  or 
sections  of  the  genus  ^Ira. 

Arab  (ar'ab),  n.  and  a.  [<  L.  .\r(d>s,  pi.  Arabes 
(also  Ara'bus,  pi.  Arahi),  <  Gr.  "Apaij;  pi.  'tXiia.ir^, 
=  Turk.  Arab,  <  Ar.  Arab.]  I.  n.  1.  A  native 
of  Arabia,  or  a  member  of  the  AraV)ic  race  (now 
widely  spread  In  Asia  and  Africa,  and  formerly 
in  southern  Europe);  an  jVrabian,  whether  a 
civilized  inhabitant  of  a  city  or  a  dweller  in 
the  desert,  commonly  known  as  a  Bedawi  (see 
Bedouin)  or  nomadic  Ishmaelite. — 2.  A  neg- 
lected outcast  of  the  streets,  particularly  an 
outcast  boy  or  girl,  often  styled  a  street  Arab, 
in  allusion  to  the  wandering  .Arabs. 

When  he  read  about  the  street  Arahx,  and  of  the  doings 

of  the  young  fry  of  thieves,  he  .  .  .  wiped  his  eyes,  and 

said,  **  God  bless  me  !  "  Mri*.  Riddell. 

II.  a.   Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Arabs  or  to 

Arabia;  Arabic;  jVrabian:  as,  an  Jraft  steed. 

The  delicate  Arab  arch  of  her  feet. 

Tenngmn,  Maud,  xvi.  1. 

araba^,  arba  (a^rii'ba,  ar'ba),  11.  [Also  aroba, 
=  Bulg.  araba,  BMSs.'arha,  <  Hind.  Pars,  ardba. 


Araba. 
( From  Lewis's  "Constantinople." I 

Turk.  Ar.  'arabah,  a  cart,  wheeled  vehicle.]  A 
heavy,  springless  wagon,  usuallycovered  with  a 
screen  as  shelter  from  the  rays  of  the  sui^  drawn 
by  oxen  or  cows,  and  used  throughout  north- 
western and  central  Asia,  India,  Turkey,  and 
Russia,  wherever  Tatars  have  settled. 

Not  a  single  waggon  is  to  be  fomid  in  the  district,  and 
the  wooden  arba  is  not  even  known  there. 

i'nei/c.  Brit.,  XII.  3. 

araba^  (ar'a-ba),  «.  [S.  Amer. ;  cf.  guariba, 
guareba,  and  araguato,  names  applied  to  a  dif- 
ferent species  of  the  same  genus.]  A  howling 
monkey  of  the  South  American  genus  Mijcetes, 
M.  siramineus.     See  howler. 

arabesque  (ar-a-besk'),  a.  and  n.  [A\soarabesk, 
<  F.  arabesque,  <  It.  arabesco  (=  Sp.  Pg.  ara- 


S2^    ^^ 


"*-1 


Moorish  Arabesque — Hall  of  Crowns,  Alh.^mbr.T,  Spain. 

besco),  <  Arabo,  Arab  (see  Arab),  +  -esco:  see 
-esque.    The  arabesque  stylo  is  so  called  because 


arabesque 

Arabian  artists  broupht  it  to  high  perfection, 
auJ  were  at  cue  time  supiioscd  to  be  its  origi- 
nators.] I.  a.  Arabian  or  resembling  tlie  Ara- 
bian in  style;  speeilieally,  in  art,  relating  to  or 
exhibiting  the  variety  of  ornament  known  as 
arabesque.     See  II. 

.Some  cushions  ilisposcil  in  tlie  Stuorish  fashion,  and  or- 
imnR-nleit  with  araln^'jiif  needluworli,  suppliiil  tlie  jilace 
of  chairs  in  this  aiiai-tnu-nt.  Seutl,  Kenilwortli,  I.  vi. 

n.  II.  1.  A  kind  of  ornament  of  a  capricious 
and  fanciful  character,  consisting  of  lines, 
geometrical  figures,  fruits,  flowers,  foliage, 
etc.,  variously  combined  and 
grouped,  and  painted,  inlaid, 
or  ^\Tought  in  low  relief:  used 
especially  for  the  decoration 
of  walls  and  ceilings,  but  also 
for  the  decoration  of  objects 
of  any  nature.  In  the  araljesques 
of  the  Molianmiedans  animal  foi-ms 
were  rigidly  excluded,  in  accordance 
with  the  requirements  of  their  re- 
ligious law ;  but  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans, and  the  Renaissance  artists, 
among  tliem  Raphael  and  his  scholai-s, 
to  whom  are  due  the  rich  arabesque 
decorations  of  the  loggie  of  the  Vati- 
can, laid  all  the  kingdoms  of  nature 
under  contribution.  The  Greeks  un- 
doubtedly derived  the  idea  of  pictorial 
or  plastic  ornament  of  this  kind  from 
the  Oriental  stutfs,  painted,  woven,  or 
embroidered  with  natural  or  fabulous 
forms  of  plants  and  animals,  which 
were  brought  to  them  by  Phenician 
traders  from  a  very  early  period. 
2.  In  bookhinditu/,  a  term  used 
in  England  for  impressed  or- 
namental work  on  the  side  of  the  binding,  pro- 
duced by  the  pressure  of  hot  plates  or  rollers 
upon  which  the  pattern  is  engraved. 

Also  spelled  arabesl: 
arabesque  (ar-a-besk'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ara- 
bes<2iic(l,  ppr.  arabesqiiiiig.       [<  arabesque,  ».] 
To  enrich  with  ornament  in  arabesque. 

With  its  vermilioned  initial  letters,  so  prettily  ara- 
besqtied.  Eclectic  Rev. 

Arabian  (a-ra'bi-an),  a.  and  ii.  [<  L.  Arabius, 
<  Gr. '\paJroc,  <  "£pai':  see  Arab.^  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Arabia,  or  to  the  Arabs:  as,  Arabian 

science  or  philosophy Arabian  bird,  the  phenix 

(which  see) ;  hence  used,  like  that,  (or  any  unique  or  singu- 
larly excellent  person.  / 

She  [Imogen]  is  alone  the  Arabian  bird  ;  and  I 
Have  lost  the  wager.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  7. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  Arabia;  an  Arab. — 
2.  One  of  a  Christian  sect  of  the  third  century 
(commonly  called  Arabici)  which  sprang  up  in 
Perea,  beyond  the  Jordan,  a  region  often  in- 
cluded in  Arabia.  According  to  Eusebius,  its  mem- 
bei-s  "asserted  that  the  human  soul,  as  long  as  the  present 
state  of  the  world  existed,  perished  \vith  the  body,  but  tliat 
it  would  be  raised  again  with  the  body  at  the  time  of  the 
resurrection."  The  point  was  discussed  with  them  by 
Origen,  at  a  council,  with  so  much  force  that  they  were  led 
to  change  their  opinions. 
Arabic  (ar'a-bik),  a.  and  n.  [ME.  AraUk,  n. ;  < 
OF.  Arabic,'!.  L.  Arabicu.^,  <  Gr.  'Apa;3iK6c,  <  "Apatii, 
Arab:  see^rofi.]  I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  Arabia, 
or  to  the  Arabian  race  or  language. —  2.  II.  c] 
Derived  from  certain  species  of  acacia  growing 


Cinque-cento  Ara- 
besque, from  tomb  in 
Church  of  S.  Pietro- 
io-ViJiculo,  Rome. 


-  T^nilisof  the  C.ilifs  d 


in  Arabia  and  other  eastern  countries:  as,  gum 
arabic  (which  see,  under  gum'^);  arabic  acid. 
See  flrafti'n.— Arabic  architecture,  a  general  term  for 
tbe  Muhauimedau  or  .^luss^lman,  Moorish,  or  Sai-aceu 


286 

styles  of  architecture,  hut  applied  especially  to  Egyptian 
and  *>riental  examples.  Tiiis  architecture  shows  in  it.s 
systems  of  construction  atid  oriiaiiuril  the  profound  in- 
fluence of  Pel-sian  and  Byzantine  nx'iiels,  though,  as  a 
rule,  in  architectural  science  it  falls  f;ir  behind  the  work 
of  the  Ityzaiitine  masters.  The  ovoid.  ..■.njical  dome  .lup. 
ported  on  pendentives  is  a  characteristir  Itature;  llie 
buildings  are  usually  square  or  polygonal  in  plan,  seldom 
circular;  tlie  roofs  ai-e  in  general  Hat, and  sui>ported  by 
arches  resting  i»n  columns  forming  long  parallel  aisles, 
ami  often  surrounding  a  central  com"t.  The  arches  are 
very  commonly  of  the  horseshoe  shape  developed  in 
Persia,  and  from  the  beginning  show  the  pointecl  form, 
though  it  is  clear  that  neither  form  was  adopted  for  con- 
stnictive  reasons,  and  that  neither  inliuenced  the  meth- 
ods of  building,  much  less  revolutionized  the  entire  art  of 
architecture,  as  did  the  adoption  of  the  pointed  arch  in 
western  Europe.  Walls,  particularly  interior  walls,  ceil- 
ings, domes,  spandrels,  ete\,  are  commonly  covered  with 
an  intricate  lacework  of  arabesques,  usually  executed  in 
relief  on  stucco,  and  often  colored  with  at  once  great 
brilliancy  and  great  delicacy.  The  most  noteworthy  ex- 
amples of  the  style  exist  in  Cairo. — Arabic  figures  or 
characters,  the  numeral  characters  1,  2.  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 
0,  so  called  as  having  been  introduced  into  European  from 
.\l'ab  use.  They  were  so  introduced  in  the  twelfth  century, 
and  the  work  of  Leonardo  of  Pisa,  published  in  1202,  con- 
tributed much  to  their  dissemination.  They  were  taken 
from  the  --U-abic  work  of  Al-Khowarazmi  (see  aljoriinii), 
who  obtained  them  in  India  or  Afghanistan.  The  system 
in  its  complete  form  (with  the  cipher)  certainly  originated 
in  India ;  but  what  the  ultimate  origin  of  the  characters 
was,  whether  they  had  been  previously  known  in  Europe 
without  the  cipher,  and  their  history  among  the  Arabians, 
are  matters  still  in  dispute. 

II.  «.  The  language  of  the  Arabians ;  a  Semitic 
dialect,  belonging  (along  vrith  the  Himyaritie 
and  Abyssinian  languages)  to  the  southern 
branch  of  the  Semitic  family,  and  generally  re- 
garded as  exhibiting  more  ancient  features  than 
any  other  Semitic  tongue.  It  is  tlie  language  of  the 
Koran,  the  sacred  language  of  Islam,  and  possesses  an  im- 
mense literature,  almost  wholly  Moslem  and  later  than  the 
time  of  Mohammed.  Many  other  languages  have  1  lorrowed 
largely  of  its  material,  from  the  Pereian,  Turkish,  Hindu- 
stani, and  Malay  on  the  east  to  the  .Spanish  on  the  west. 

Arabicalt  (a-rab'i-kal),  a.     [<  Arabic  +  -al.'] 

Arabian ;  Arabic.     [Rare.] 
Arabicallyt  (a-rab'i-kal-i),  adv.    According  to 

Araliie  usage;  in  Arabic.     X.  E.  D. 
Arabici  (a-rab'i-si),  n.  x>l.     See  Arabian,  n.,  2. 
Arabicize  (a-rab'i-siz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  Jrafti- 

ci:ed,  ppr.  Arabicizing.     [<  Arabic  +  -i:e.'\     To 

render  conformable  to  Ajabic  usage. 
arability  (ar-ii-bil'i-ti),  ».     [<  arable:   see 

-bilifi/.}   Capability  of  being  cultivated ;  fitness 

for  cidtivation. 

A  Domesday  hide,  which  one  of  our  latest  archseologists 
with  good  reason  maintains  is  variable  according  to  the 
arability  or  pasturability  of  the  land. 

The  Sation,  Aug.  7, 1879,  p.  96. 

arabin,  arabine  (ar'a-bin),  n.  [<  arab-ic  (gum) 
+  -(»-.]  .\  variety  of  gum,  (CgHio05)2+H20, 
soluble  in  cold  water;  arabic  acid,  it  is  the  prin- 
cipal constituent  of  gum  ai'abic,  which  consists  of  s.alts  of 
arabin,  and  is  also  contained  in  other  similar  substances. 

arabinose  (ar'a-bi-nos),  H.  [<  arabin  +  -o«e.] 
A  erystallizable  sugar,  CgHiQOg,  prepared  by 
the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  arabin. 

arabinosic  (ar  a-bi-no'sik),  a.  [<  arabinose  + 
-ic]     Of  or  pertaining  to  arabinose. 

Arabis  (ar'a-bis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  '.\pa3ic,  Ara- 
bian, <  'Apciiiia,  Arabia,  of  which  the  more  im- 
portant species  are  natives.]  A  large  genus  of 
plants,  of  the  order  Crucifera:;  wall-  or  rock- 
cress.  The  species  are  mostly  of  little  interest  or  im- 
portance ;  a  few  are  cultivated  for  ornament  in  rockwork 
and  tlower-borders. 

Arabism  (ar'a-bizm),  n.  [=  P.  arabisme ;  < 
Arab  +  -ism ;  ci.  Gr.  'ApaSiZc',  take  part  with 
the  Arabs.]  An  idiom  or  a  peculiarity  of  the 
Arabic  language. 

Arabist  (ar'a-bist),  n.  [=  F.  arabiste;  <  Arab 
+ -i.'ft.  Cf.  Arabism.1  One  versed  in  the  Arabic 
language,  or  in  Arabian  literature  or  science. 

Arabize  (ar'a-biz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  Aralii.:ed, 
ppr.  Arahi:ing.  [<  Arab  +  -i~e.  Cf.  Gr.  'Apa.ii- 
hiv,  take  part  with  the  Arabs,  <  'ipaJf f ,  Arabs : 
see  Arab.']  To  render  Ai-abie  in  character; 
especially,  to  tinge  with  Arabisms. 

These  Arabs  of  the  Sudan  are  not  true  -\rabs,  but  to  a 
great  extent  merely  Arabized  negroes.       Science,  IV.  531. 

arable  (ar'a-bl),  a.  [<  F.  arable,  <  L.  arabilis, 
that  can  be  plowed,  <  ararc,  plow,  =  Gr.  apoiv 
=  Goth,  arjan  =  leel.  crjn  =  AS.  erian,  >  E.  ear, 
plow:  see  ear^.']  Fit  for  plowing  or  tillage. 
—  Arable  land,  land  which  is  cultivable  by  means  of  the 
l»low,  ;is  distinguished  from  grass-land,  wood-land,  eom- 
nn  in  pasture,  and  waste. 

Aracanese  (ar-a-ka-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  «.  [< 
Araean  +  -ese!\  I.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining 
to  Araean  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

II.  n.   1.  sing.ovpl.    A  native  or  the  natives 
of  Araean,  a  diWsion  of  Burma. —  2.  The  lan- 
guage spoken  by  the  inhabitants  of  Araean,  a 
dialect  of  Burmese. 
Also  spelled  Arakanese. 


Araces 

aracanga  (ar-a-kang'ga), ».  [Braz.:  see-4ra2.] 
A  kind  of  macaw,  I'sittacus  macao  (Linnffius), 
r.  aracanga  (Gmelin),  now  Ara  macao;  the  red 
and  blue  macaw.     Also  arararanga. 

aracari  (ar-a-kii'ri),  n.  [=  Pg.  aracari  (NL. 
Araciiriim),  i'roni  a  native  name.]  1.  A  toucan 
of  the  genus  I'teroglossus,  differing  from  the 


Pteros^hssus  aracari. 

true  toucan  in  being  smaller  in  size,  with  a  less 
developed  beak,  and  in  having  more  brilliant 
and  variegated  plumage.  See  Pteroglossus  and 
Hhamphastos.  The  aracaris  breed  in  the  hollows  of 
decayed  trees,  which  they  enlarge  by  means  of  their  beak. 
The  prevailing  color  of  their  plumage  is  green,  often  varied 
with  spaces  or  bands  of  black,  or  of  brilliant  red  and  yel- 
low. They  are  nativesofthewarmpartsof. South  America. 
2.  In  ornith.,  the  specific  name  of  one  of  the 
aracaris,  Pteroglossus  aracari.  It  was  made  a 
generic  name  by  Lesson  in  1828,  and  was  Latin- 
ized as  Aracarius  by  Raimesque  in  1815. 

Also  spelled  aricari. 
arace^t,  r.  t.  [<  ME.  aracen,  arasen,  also  ara- 
clien,  <  AF.  aracer,  OF.  aracier,  aracliier  (as  if  < 
L.  *abradicare),  mixed  with  erachier,  esrachier 
(mod.  F.  arracher)  =  Pr.  araisar,  <  L.  exradi- 
care,  eradicare,  uproot,  eradicate :  see  eradi- 
cate.'] To  pull  up  by  the  roots;  pull  away  by 
force ;  tear  ^•iolently  away. 

The  children  from  her  arm  they  gonjie  arace. 

Cliaucer,  Clerks  Tale,  1.  1(M7. 

arace-t,  ''.  '.     Same  as  arase'^. 

Araceae  (a-ra'se-e),  «.  ph  [NL.,  <  Arum  + 
-acece.]  A  natural  order  of  monocotyledonous 
plants,  of  which  the  genus  Arum  is  the  type. 
The  species  are  her- 
baceous perennials, 
mostly  acaulescent 
from  tuberous  or 
creeping  roots,  but 
in  the  tropics  often 
tall  rooting  climb- 
ers. The  inconspic- 
uous flowers,  usual- 
ly monoecious  or  di- 
cecious,  are  crowd- 
ed upon  a  spadix 
surrounded  by  a 
spathe,  with  which 
it  is  sometimes  con- 
fluent. The  order 
includes  98  genera 
and  about  1.000 
species,  abimdant 
within  the  tropics, 
but  comparatively 
rare  in  temperate 
regions.  The  larger 
genera  are  Authu- 
Hum,  Philoden- 
dron,  .4rt>rt*wm,  and  Pothog.  In  temperate  North  Amer- 
ica tliere  are  10  species,  belonging  to  S  genera,  of  which 
the  most  common  is  the  Jack-in-tlie-pulpit,  or  Indian  tur- 
nip, Ang(eina  triphr/llum.  The  skunk-cabbage,  Si/mpio- 
c(ir/>H^-./a'/»/».*,  and  the  sweet-flag,  .-Icon/.vcrtMnf  »it.  are  also 
well-known  represetitatives  of  the  order.  The  tuberous 
roots  of  many  species  abound  in  starch,  and  furnish  a 
wholesome  food  when  cooked,  or  after  the  acridity  has 
l)een  removed  by  washing,  as  in  the  taro,  Coloca^a  a»ti- 
'/HorwHi,  which  is  extensively  cultivated  in  tropical  coun- 
tries. British  or  Portland  arrowroot  is  manufactured 
from  the  roots  of  -4r(/»i  viaeulatum  (the  wake-robin  or 
cuckoo-pint),  the  species  of  which  are  natives  chiefly  of 
tropical  countries.  .\  principle  of  acridity  generally  per- 
vades the  Aracece.  existing  in  so  strt)ng  a  degree  in  some 
as  to  render  them  dangerous  poisons,  as  Die^enbachia 
ncifuina  of  the  West  Indies  and  South  America,  which 
receives  its  poptilar  name  dumf>-eane  from  the  fact  that 
when  it  is  chewed  the  tongue  becomes  swelled  by  the  acrid 
juice,  and  the  power  of  speech  is  destroyed.  Many  species 
arc  cultivated  in  greenhouses,  chiefly  as  foliage-plants,  and 


Cuckoo-pint,  or  Wake-robin 

{.irutn  ntacutatum). 

a,  spadix  :  b,  b,  stamens,  or  male  flowers: 

c,  c,  ovaries,  or  female  flowers ;  d,  spathe ; 

e,  corro. 


Aracese 

tho  calla.  litchardia  .-Kthiopica,  is  a  very  common  house- 
plant.     Also  calleii  Aroidea'. 

araceous  (a-ra'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  araccus:  see 
AriicKi:}  Pertaining  to  the  natural  order  of 
]iliuits  Araccw. 

arachidic  ( ar-a-ldd'ik),  a.  [<  Aracliin (Arachid-) 
+  -it:  J  PiTtaiiiing  to  or  derived  from  tho  eartli- 
nnt,  .Irachis  hi/jioga'd  :  as,  arnchidie  acid. 

Arachis(ar'a-kis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apaxor,  ipamc, 
apa^Ks,  some  leguminous  plant.]  A  small  genus 
of  leguminous  plants,  natives  of  Brazil,  ilie 
genua  is  runiarkahle  in  the  order  for  its  elongated  pedi- 
cel-like ealy.\-tube,  and  for  the  manner  in  which  the 
growing  stipe  of  tho  ovary  bends  downward  and,  attain- 
ing a  length  of  2  or  3  inches,  pushes  the  ovary  into  the 
ground,  where  it  begins  to  enlarge  and  ripen.  The  l)e8t- 
known  species  is  vl.  hi/pofj(pa,  the  common  peanut  or 
groundnut,  which  is  now  cultivated  in  most  warm  cli- 
mates, and  is  esteemed  a  valuable  article  of  food.  Its  pod 
when  mature  is  oblong,  often  contracted  in  the  middle. 
wrinkled,  of  a  pale-yellow  color,  and  contains  two  seeds  of 
the  size  of  a  hazel-nut,  sweet  in  flavor,  especially  when 


,  p.  329. 


Jy»r 


iS7'-» 


Two        Ar.ictinidi.-kl 
M.iiiimtlla;.  or  Spinner- 


Common  Peanut  {^Irackis  ttypogaa')- 

a,  a,  flowers:   *,*,  ovaries  on  lengthened  stipes;  f.f,  forming  fruit; 

dy  ripe  pod  ;  t,  pod  opened,  showing  seeds. 

roasted,  and  yielding  when  pressed  an  oil  not  inferior  to 
that  of  olives.  The  plant  grows  to  the  height  of  1  or  2  feet. 
— AraClliS-oil,  the  oil  expressed  from  the  seeds  of  ArachU 
h}fit(tiHPtt,  tho  line  limpid  nut-oil  of  commerce,  used  as  a 
sultsiituto  for  olive-oil.  and  largely  in  soap-making. 

araclinactis  (ar-ak-nak'tis),  ».  [NL..,  <  Gr. 
ap<ix>'>l,  a  spider,  +  oktIc,  a  ray.]  A  name  given 
to  the  free-swimming  yoimg  of  the  genus  Ed- 
irarihid  (which  see).  The  term  was  used  as  a  genus 
n:iim;  before  the  nature  of  these  organisnts  was  deter- 
niiiRd. 

arachnid  (a-rak'nid),  n.  One  of  the  ArachnUJu  ; 
an  arachuidan. 

Araclinida  (a-rak'ni-dii),  n.  jil.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ixpdx^'n,  a  spider  (see  ^ra«ea),  +  -if?a.]  In  ro(V/., 
a  class  name  used  with  varying  signification, 
(a)  In  Lamarck's  and  Latreille's  systems  of  classification, 
one  of  three  classes  into  which  the  Linnean  Insecta  were 
divided,  the  other  two  being  C/*if.sfarert  and  Inxecta:  pri- 
marily divided  into  Pulmvnarm  and  Tr/u-hearia.  {b)  In 
Latreille's  system,  the  second  class  of  articulated  animals 
with  articulated  legs,  apterous  and  ametabolous.  It  was 
divided  iiit<i  two  orders,  Pidittoiiarla  and  Trachearia,  tlie 
former  eont;UMin^'  the  spidci-s  and  scorpions,  the  Latter  the 
false  scoriiions,  liarvestmen,  and  mites,  (c)  A  class  of  the 
phylum  Arthi-upuda,  including  the  spiders,  scorpions,  false 
scorpions,  harvestmcn.  and  mites,  with  or  without  the 
bear-animalcules  and  the  Pycnugonidfi  and  Pentastuiitida. 
They  are  apterous,  ametabolous,  articulate  animals,  with 
articulated  legs.  They  ;ire  decephalized  by  the  blending 
of  the  head  with  the  thora.x  as  a  cephalothora.x,  iu)rmally 
healing  8  legs,  and  never  more ;  the  antennai  are  trans- 
formed into  chehe  when  present ;  the  abdomen  is  usually 
distinct  but  not  segmented,  or  if  segmented  is  not  dis- 
tinctly separated  from  the  cephalothorax,  and  does  not 
bear  limbs,  the  appendages  being  in  the  higher  forms 
transformed  into  spinnerets;  the  eyes  are  simple  and  gen- 
erally more  tiian  two  in  number  ;  the  respiratory  appara- 
tus is  pulmonary  or  tracheal,  or  compounded  of  these  two 
forma ;  and  their  mode  of  progression  is  digitignide.  There 
are  about  ■i,.'»00  species,  some  of  which  are  fossils  occurring 
in  the  Silurian  and  t':irboniferous.  They  are  now  divitied 
into  from  six  to  nine  orders.  Huxley  makes  six  :  Arthri<[ia.^- 
tra,  Araniiiut,  Aritriiia,  Arrfm'a.  P]tcii'>;l'>nidti.  Pcntu.'iti'- 
niiita.  I'ascoe  makes  nine  :  Scuri>i<iifr(i,  Chli/iriilru,  Aciri- 
rfea,  Ay-ttii'idrn,  PlL(dai)'tid>'a,  Plu-ynid-a.  S'di'Wjidfti,  Arc- 
tinea,  I'ridit.^toinidiu  (without  Pi/cnoijtinUla).  Synonymous 
with  Ai-rjdmta,  ',i,  and  Ac^ra,  2. 

araclinidail  (a-rak'ul-dan),  a.  and  n.  [<  Arach- 
nids +  -an.']  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  i\xeiArachnida. 
II.  II.  One  of  the  Araclinida. 

arachnidia,  ».     Plural  of  arachuidium. 

arachnidial  (ar-ak-nid'i-al),  a.  [<  arachnidiiim 
+  -((/.]  Of  or  pcrtainiilg  to  an  arachnidium. 
—  Arachnidial  manmillla,  one  of  the  proees.ses  into 
which  the  ducts  of  the  iirachnidium  enter;  a  spinneret. 


287 

Their  (the  glands']  ducts  ultimately  enter  the  six  promi- 
nent iirni'hnidinl  maminitice. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert. 

Arachnidial  papilla,  a  minute  ori- 
fice tliroiigli  wbiib  the  secretion  of 
ill!  :il'a('lMiiiliuui  is  poured  out. 

arachnidium  (ar-ak-nid'i- 
um),  «. ;  i>\.  arachnidia  (-il). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  apaxyit^tnv,  a  cob- 
web, <  apaxvii,  a  spider,  +  dim. 
-I'lSioi'.]  The  cliaraeteristic  or- 
gan of  tho  Arancida,  or  true 
spider.s ;  the  glandular  ap- 
paratus by  which  tho  silky 
threads  forming  cobweb  are  ets  '5/>f..s'/>2)oiaSpi. 
secreted  and  spun  out.  Num-  ','",Ji!*'""  """'"■ 
bcrless  minute  glands,  provided  witii 
separate  ducts,  secrete  the  viscid  nniterial  which  hardens 
into  silk  when  exposed  to  the  air.  The  glands  have  been 
divided  into  five  kinds:  aciniform.  ampullate,  aggregate, 
tubulifonn.  and  tuberous.  Their  ducts  enter  the  arach- 
nidial mammilln;,  and  discharge  through  orifices  in  the 
;ir;ieluiidi:il  papilla?. 

arachnitis  (ar-ak-ni'tis),  n.  A  shortened  form 
of  ariirhiioiditis. 

arachnoid  (a-rak'noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  iipax- 
meiiy/r,  like  a  cobweb,  <  api'ixv'i,  a  spider's  web, 
a  spider,  +  fWo^-,  form.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Arachiiida:  arachuidan. — 2.  Like 
or  likened  to  a  cobweb:  applied,  in  aiuit. —  (n) 
to  tho  arachnoid  of  the  brain  (see  IL);  (ft)  to 
tho  hyaloid  membrane  or  arachnoid  of  the  eye 
(see  II.).  -Arachnoid  canal,  cavity,  etc.  See  the 
nouns.— Arachnoid  membrane.  S;iine  as  II.,  2.— 
Arachnoid  timic.    Same  as  II., :(. 

II.  n.  1.  A  kind  of  fossil  madrepore. —  2.  In 
anat.,  the  serous  membrane  enveloping  tho 
brain  and  spinal  cord;  tho  middle  one  of  the 
three  cerebrospinal  meninges,  between  the 
dura  mater  and  the  pia  mater,  it  was  formerly  re- 
^'arded  as  consisting  of  two  layers,  a  visceral  layer  invest- 
ing the  pia  mater  and  a  reflected  parietal  layer  lining  the 
dura  mater,  the  two  coiistitutin;;  a  shut  sac,  like  other 
serous  membranes,  inclnsiiig  a  lavity  called  ttie  anichnoid 
cavity,  containing  a  serous  tlnitl.  Uie  iiraelmoiii  thiid  ;  liut 
the  nuire  modern  view  regards  the  ariobiioid  nii-ndirum- 
as  a  single  sheet  external  t«  the  pia  mater  ;itid  iittaclied  to 
it,  but  not  following  it  into  the  sulci  and  other  depres- 
sions of  tile  brain.  What  was  formerly  cjilled  the  cavity 
of  the  inarlnioid  is  now  termed  the  subdural  space.  The 
aracbii.iid  is  liy  some  regarded  as  simply  the  outermost 
layer  of  the  ]pia  mater.  Also  called  arachnoid  mnnbram\ 
ararhniiiilra,  ararhiwides,  and  araiieoun  uwinhmni'. 
3.  An  old  and  disused  name  of  the  hyaline  or 
hyaloid  membrane  within  the  eyeball,  especially 
of  that  portion  of  it  which  contributes  to  form 
the  capsule  of  tho  crystalline  lens. 

arachnoidal  (ar-ak-noi'dal),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  the  arachnoid,  in  any  sense 
of  the  word ;  arachnoid. 

arachnoidea,  arachnoides  (ar-ak-noi'de-a, 
-dez),  ».    [NL.]    Same  as  arac/i«oi(/,  «.,  2. 

arachnoiditis  (a-rak-noi-di'tis),  H.  [NL.,  < 
araclinoidca  +  -itin.'}  Inflammation  of  the  arach- 
noid membrane. 

arachnological  (a-rak-no-loj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or 
pcrtainin;^  to  araehnology. 

arachnologist  (ar-ak-nol'o-jist),  n.  [<  arach- 
iKiliiai/  +  -int.]     One  versed  in  araehnology. 

araehnology  (ar-ak-nol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  apaxv'l, 
a  spider,  +  -'Aoyia,  <  Ih/Civ,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
The  study  of  tho  Arachnida. 

Arachnopoda  (ar-ak-nop'o-da),  )!.  ph  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  updxvr/,  a  spider,  +  Jrouf  (iroj-)  =  E.  foot.']  In 
Dana's  system  of  classitication,  a  division  of  his 
suborder  Cormostomata  of  Entomostraca.  The 
term  corresponds  with  Aranciformia  or  Pijcno- 
ipinidii  (which  see). 

Arachnothera  (a-rak-no-the'ra),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr. 
dpax>'i/,  a  sjiider,  +  OripHv,  hunt.]  The  typical  ge- 
nus of  birds  of  the  subfamily  Arachnothcrina: 
There  are  numerous  species,  inhabiting  the  Indo-Malayaii 
region,  sui-li  :ls  -i.  bufjirostris.     .\lso  Ararhnothcm,'. 

Arachnotherinae  (a-rak"no-the-ri'n6),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Arachnothera  +  -iiia:]  A  subfamily  of 
Xcclariniida;  containing  numerous  species, 
chiefly  East  Indian  and  Oceanic,  sometimes 
called  spider-catchers,  ha\-ing  long  slender 
curved  beaks  like  the  sim-birds  of  tlie  genera 
/))■(•/»»  HI.S-,  Cinni/rin,  etc. 

arack,  ".    ^iee  arrack. 

aracouchini-resin  (ar'a-k6-she'm-rez''in),  «. 
Sunu'  :is  acoiichi-rvxin. 

aracuan  (ar-a-kwiin'),  n.  [Of  S.  Amer.  origin.] 
A  name  of  one  of  the  guaus,  Ort^Us  aracuan. 
Also  written  araiiciiaii. 

arad  (ar'ad),  H.  [<  Arum  +  -flffl.]  A  plant  of 
llic  natural  order  Aracew.    Lindki/. 

Aradidse  (a-''"<i'i-^le),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aradus 
-I-  -idif.]  A  family  of  heteropterous  insects, 
characterized  by  their  extremely  depressed 
ionn  and  brown  or  fuscous  coloration,  and  di- 
vided into  Aradimv  and  BracUijrhijnchincc. 


AraliacesB 

The  family  Aradidtr,  which  contains  the  most  depressed 
Heteroptera  in  existence.  Stand.  Nat.  Hint.,  II.  283. 

Aradinae  (ar-.a-di'ne),  j(.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aradus  + 
-ilia:]  A  subfamily  of  Aradida;  having  a  com- 
paratively long  rostrum,  the  sternimi  grooved, 
the  end  of  tho  abdomen  with  a  thin  cleft  and 
lobate  margin,  and  the  head  with  an  angular 
process  exterior  to  the  antenna!,  it  is  a  largo 
group,  generally  distributed  in  America  from  the  arctic 
regions  to  the  tropics. 

Aradus  (ar'a-dus),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  &pa6o(, 
a  rumbling  (rattling),  var.  of  npajioq,  a  gnash- 
ing, chattering  (rattling);  cf.  dpaiitiv,  rattle, 
ring,  as  armor :  in  allusion  to  the  loose-armored 
appearance  of  the  insects  of  this  geuus.]  A 
genus  of  heteropterous  insects,  tj-pieal  of  the 
subfamily  Aradina:  A.  crenatii.^  is  a  large  spe- 
cies of  the  United  States,  half  an  inch  long. 

araeometer,  etc.     See  areometer,  etc. 

araeostyle,  a.     See  arcostyle. 

araeosystyle,  a.    See  areosystylc. 

araeotict,  "•  and  n.    See  arcotic. 

Aragonese  (ar'''a-go-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  n. 
[(.  Up.  A  rat/ones,  "<  Araf/nn.]  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to  Aragon  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

II.  «.  sinif.  or  pi.    An  inhabitant  or  the  in- 
habitants of  Aragon,  one  of  the  great  dirisions 
(formerly  a  kingdom)  of  Spain,  in  the  north- 
eastern part. 
Sometimes  spelled  Arragonese. 

aragonite  (ar'a-go-nit),  n.  [<  Aragon,  a  divi- 
sion of  Spain,  +  -iic-.]  Calcium  carbonate  crys- 
tallizing in  the  orthorhombic  system,  it  is  iden- 
tical with  calcitein  chemic;il  composition,  l)Ut  ditfcrsfrom 
it  in  crj-stalline  form  and  in  some  of  its  physical  proper- 
ties; for  example,  its  specific  gravity  is  2.0,  while  that  of 
calcite  is  2.7.  It  occui-s  often  in  transjjarent  acicnl.arcrj'S- 
tals,  and  also  as  a  deposit  from  waters  carrying  lime.  A 
white  variety,  having  a  delicate  coralloid  form,  is  called 
Jlos/erri  (flower  of  iron),  from  the  fact  of  its  occurrence 
with  iron  ores. 

aragu  (ar'a-go),  n.  [Canarese  aragu,  Telugu 
arakkii,  ult.  <  Skt.  lakuhd,  lac:  see  lac^.]  Crude 
sficklac.     See  sticllac. 

araguato  (ar-a-gwa'to),  n.  [S.  Amer. ;  ef .  ara- 
l)ii'~.]  A  kind  of  howling  monkey  of  South 
America,  of  the  genus  Mycetes,  M.  ursinu.%  or 
the  ursine  howler.  It  is  the  largest  of  the  new-world 
monkeys  hitherto  noticed,  its  length  being  nearly  3  feet, 
while  the  tail  reaches  to  even  a  greater  length.  Like 
all  other  members  of  the  family,  it  is  characterized  by 
its  discordant  and  dismal  yells,  which  can  be  heard  at  the 
distance  of  a  mile.  See  cut  under  howler.  Also  called 
ffuarcba,  guariba. 

araignle  (a-ra-nya'),  "•  [F .  araignde,  a  spider, 
formerly  also  a  spider's  web,  <  LL.  'arancata, 
a  spider^s  web,  <  L.  aranea,  spider:  see  Aranca.] 
In  fort.,  a  kind  of  underground  work  consisting 
of  several  branches  or  galleries  starting  from 
one  point,  like  a  spider's  web. 

araint,  "•  [Mod.  only  dial.,  also  acran,  arrand, 
<  ME.  arain,  arein,  arayne,  etc.,  irain,  erayne, 
etc.,  <  OF.  araigiie,  aragne,  iraignc,  iragne  = 
Pr.  aranhu,  cranha  =  Sp.  arana  =  Pg.  aranha  = 
It.  aragna,  a  spider,  <  L.  aranea,  a  spider,  a 
spider's  web:  seeJraHea.]    A  spider. 

Arainae  (ar-a-i'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ara^  +  -!««.] 
Same  as  Arina: 

araiset  (a-raz'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  araisen,  areisen, 
raise  up,  <C  a-  (<  AS.  a-)  +  raisen,  reiscn,  raise: 
see  «-l  and  raise.]     Same  as  raise. 

[.\  medicine]  whose  simple  touch 
Is  powerful  to  arai^e  King  Pepin. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  1. 

arak,  ».     See  arrack. 

Arakanese,  «.  and  n.    See  Aracanese. 

arake  {a-va.k'),pre2).phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  fl3  + 
rake.]  Xaut.,  on  the  rake;  inclined  from  the 
perpendicular. 

araki  (ar'a-ki),  H.  [Cf.  orAi  ,•  see  nrrrtfA'.]  Au 
Egj-ptian  intoxicating  drink  prepared  from  the 
dibs  or  honey  of  dates ;  a  kind  of  arrack. 

My  guardians  and  attendants  .  .  .  used  to  fetch  araki 
in  a  clear  glass  bottle,  without  even  the  decency  of  a  cloth, 
and  the  messenger  twice  returned  from  these  errands  de- 
cidedly drunk.  B.  F.  Burton,  F.l->Ieilinah,  p.  487. 

Aralia  (a-ra'li-a),  H.  [NL. ;  origin  unknown.] 
A  genus  of  plants  with  small  flowers  arranged 
in  umbels,  and  succulent  ben-ies,  the  type  of  the 
natural  order  .Inilinrcm. 

Araliaceae  (a-ra-li-ii'se-e),  ».  jd.  [NL.,  <  Ara- 
lia -H  -acea:]  A  natural  order  of  plants  nearly 
related  to  the  riiilntlifera',  from  which  they  are 
distinguislted  chiefly  by  their  three-  or  more 
celled  fruit,  simple  epigynous  disk,  usually 
valvate  corolla,  and  more  shrubby  habit.  The 
order  is  most  largely  representeil  in  warm  and  tropical 
countries,  antl  to  it  belongs  the  ivy,  Hrdcra  Ildix.  llin- 
seng,  which  is  highly  esteemed  by  the  Chinese  :is  a  stimu- 
lant, is  produced  by  Panax  Scliimrnrj,  a  plant  found  in 
northern  Asia.  The  ginseng  of  North  America,  Aralia 
i?ui'noi/*'/oim,  is  less  valued.  A  speciesof  vtrti/i'a,  .4.  nudi- 
caulm,  is  used  in  North  .\merica  as  a  substitute  for  sarsa- 


Arallaceae 

pnrillo.  Ihc  true  rice-pnpcr  of  the  Chinese,  ohtnincd  nnly 
from  the  island  of  Fnrnmsa,  is  made  from  (lie  pith  of 
anotlier  ariilimt'i  ills  plant .  l-'atKia  jtnjniri/t'ra.  Tile  order  is 
represented  in  temperate  Noi-tli  Ameriea  only  by  the  genus 
Araliii.  of  whieh  there  are  eit;lit  speeies,  and  by  a  shiiile 
ppeeies  of  l-'afsia  on  the  I'aeilte  coast. 

araliaceous  (a-ra-U-a'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  ara- 
liaccKS.]  Belouging  to  or  resembluig  the  Ara- 
liiici  ir. 

Aramxan,  ".     See  Aramean. 

Aramaic  (ar-a-ma'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  as  if 
"Ardiiiiiiciis,  <"Gr.  'Apa/mia,  LL.  Arumaa,  prop- 
erly feiii.  of  Wpauaioi;,  L.  Arama'iis,  adj.,  forniod 
oiillcl).  Ai-fhii,  the  name  given  to  the  districts 
coinpreliended  in  Mesopotamia,  northern  SjTia, 
the  region  of  Daraasens,  and  eastern  Palestine 
southward  to  Arabia  Petrsea.]  Same  as  Ara- 
mean. 

The  Aramaic  speech  began  to  extend  itself  beyond  its 
oriKiiial  limits.  Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  L  283. 

Aramean,  Aramaean  (ar-a-me'an),  a.  and  h. 
[<  LL.  AranidK.s,  <  Gr.  'Apa/jaio(:  see  Aram(iic.'\ 
I.  a.  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  northern 
di\'ision  of  tlie  Semitic  family  of  languages  and 
peoples,  containing  the  Mesopotamian,  the 
Syrian  (extending  over  Palestine  prior  to  the 
Christian  era),  and  the  Nabateau;  Chaldean; 
Chaldaic;  S^Tian:  in  distinction  from  the  west- 
ern or  middle  Semitic  (Phenician  and  Hebrew) 
and  the  south  Semitic  (Arabic  and  Ethiopie). 

The  Arameati  alpliubet  attained  an  even  wider  exten- 
sion than  the  Aramaie  speech,  and  at  length  extirpated 
all  the  independent  North  Semitic  scripts. 

Isaac  Taylor.  The  Alphjibet,  I.  283. 

n,  n.  1.  The  language  of  the  northwestern 
Semites,  preserved  in  the  Biblical  books  of 
Ezra  and  Daniel,  in  the  Targums,  and  in  the 
Peshito  version  of  the  Scriptures,  together 
with  the  Christian  Syriac  literature. —  2.  An 
inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Arania?a  or  Syria. 

The  Arainrfans  also  .  .  .  have  the  form  "mata."' 

A'.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVII.  523. 

Arameanism  (ar-a-me'an-izm),  n.  [<  Aramean 
+  -ism.']     Same  as  Aramisni. 

Aramidse  (a-ram'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aramus 
+  -ifte.]  A  family  of  grallatorial  birds,  eon- 
fined  to  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  and  form- 
ing a  connecting  link  between  the  cranes  and 
the  raUs,  or  the  gniif orm  and  rallifonn  birds. 
The  principal  osteologieal  and  pterylograpbic  characters 
are  those  of  the  cranes,  while  the  digestive  system  and 
the  general  habits  and  appearance  are  those  of  the  rails. 
There  are  a  pair  of  eajca,  a  pair  of  carotid  arteries,  and  a 
pair  of  syringeal  muscles.  The  family  consists  of  the  single 
genus  Aramus  (whieli  see). 

Aramides  (a-ram'i-dez),  M.  [NL.,  <  Aramus  + 
-ides.']  A  genus  of  American  rallifonn  birds,  of 
the  family  RaUldce  and  subfamily  lialUme;  the 
American  crakes^  or  small  rails  with  short  bills. 
The  genus  contains  .about  20  species,  chiefly  of  Central  and 
Soutii  America  ;  it  is  sometimes  restricted  to  one  group  of 
these,  other  names,  as  Porzana,  Coturnicops,  and  Creciscus, 
being  used  for  the  rest. 

Aramism  (ar'a-mizm),  }(.  [<  Aram-  (in  Ara- 
maic, etc.)  +  -ism.]  An  idiom  of  the  Aramean 
or  Chaldee  language ;  a  Chaldaism.  Also  Ara- 
meanism. 

Aramus (ar'a-mus),  n.  [NL.;  etym. unknown.] 
The  typical  and  only  genus  of  the  famUy  Ara- 
midai,  containing  the  coiu-lans,  caraus,  or  crying- 
birds.  They  are  about  2  feet  long,  of  choeolate-brown 
color  streaked  with  white,  with  short  and  rounded  wings, 
a  falcate  first  primary,  a  short  tail  of  12  feathers,  and  cleft 
toes.  The  hinder  toe  is  elevated,  and  the  tarsus  is  scutel- 
late  anteriorly,  and  as  long  as  the  bill.  The  bill  is  twice 
as  long  as  the  bead,  slender  but  strong,  compressed,  con- 
tracted opposite  the  linear  nostrils,  grooved  about  half  its 
length,  and  enlarged  and  decurved  in  the  terminal  portion. 
A.  pictus  (Coues)  inhabits  Florida,  where  it  is  known  as  the 
limpkin ;  another  species,  .4.  scolopaceus,  the  scolopaceous 
courlan,  is  found  in  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  See 
cottrta  n. 

Aranea  (a-ra'ne-a),  n.  [L.,  a  spider,  a  spider's 
web  ( > E.  arain,  q.  v.) ;  also  araneus,  m.,  a  spider ; 
cf.  Gr.  apaxvi/i;,  Attic  apdx''r/,  poet,  apaxvo^,  a 
spider,  perhaps  connected  with  apKvq,  a  net.] 

1 .  An  old  genus  of  spiders,  more  or  less  exactly 
equivalent  to  the  modern  superfamily.l»v(»ri(?o. 
By  variiMis  restrictions  it  has  l>een  reduced  to  the  value  of 
one  of  the  modern  families  or  genera  of  spiders,  and  lias 
been  eliminated  entirely  from  some  systems.  Aranea 
dotnestica,  the  common  house-spider,  is  now  Tegenaria  do- 
mfgtica.    Also  Aran>'ii.f. 

2.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.]  A  former  group  of  spiders, 
intermediate  between  a  modern  order  and  a 
modern  genus. 

araneal  (a-riX'ne-al),  II.  [<  T-i.  aranea,  a  spider, 
-¥  -III.]    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  spider. 

araneid  (a-ra'ne-id),  n.     Same  as  araneiitan. 

Araneida(ar-a-ne'i-da),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Jranra 
+  -«/».]  A  siiperfamily  and  subgroup  of  the 
class  Araehmdu,  now  usually  called  an  order, 
containing  the  spiders  as  distinguished  from 
the  mites,  scorpions,  and  other  arachuidaus; 


12B. 


Mygate  catnentaria,  typical  of  Araneida. 
A,  female,  natural  size:  At,  ctielicerse: 
//',  pedipaipi :  K,  /'/,  maxillary  feet; 
/-'//,  VIll  .  thoracic  feet  ;  Cth,  cephalotho- 
rax.  B,  last  joint  of  pedipalpus  of  male, 
much  magnified.    See  cut  under  chelicera. 


28S 

practically  synonj-mous  and  conterminous  with 
Vimcrosomata  or  I'lilmulravhearia.  Tlie  spiders 
breathe  by  two  or  more  pulmonary  sacs,  combined  or  not 
with  trachcic.  The  alidomen  is  not  segmented,  and  is  dis- 
tinctly separated  from  the  cephalothorax  ;  they  have  no 
antcnnic,  as  such,  but  a  pair  of  palps ;  they  have  from  2  to 

8  simple  eyes,  and 
8  legs  of  7  joints 
each.  The  abdomi- 
nal appendages  are 
modified  into  an 
aracllnidium  or 
sphmeret,  the  ap- 
paratus by  which 
cobweb,  gossamer, 
and  other  kinds 
of  spider-silk  are 
spun  from  a  se- 
cretion of  glandu- 
lar organs.  There 
are  also  always 
poison-glands  con- 
nected with  the 
mouth-parts.  The 
division  of  the 
group  varies  with 
every  leading  wri- 
ter as  to  number 
of  suborders  or 
families  and  their 
arrangement,  some 
admitting  but  two 
or  tlu'ee  families,  others  several  suborders  and  upward  of 
twenty  families,  while  the  diversities  of  detail  are  endless. 
.\  prime  division  is  into  Dipiu'uttwnes,  those  having  two 
pulmonary  sacs  (the  great  IJulk  of  the  order),  and  Tetra- 
pnt'umoiu's,  with  four;  or  according  to  the  number  of  stig- 
mata, those  having  two  pairs  (yp^ra-s/^Vfa)  or  only  one  pair 
(TristicUi);  or  according  to  the  number  of  eyes,  whether 
2,  4, 6,  or  8 ;  or.  Anally,  according  to  the  way  in  which  they 
move  about  and  spin  their  webs.  Some  authors  adopt 
three  families :  Araiieid(e,  Lycoindce,SindMy<faUdie.  Also 
Araneidca,  Arancina. 
Araneidae  (ar-a-ne'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aranea 
+  -idle.]  The  spiders,  considered  as  a  family; 
the  spinning  spiders.  The  group  approaches  more  or 
less  nearly  in  extent  the  order  A raivida.  In  some  systems 
the  term  disappears,  being  conterminous  with  the  order, 
wliich  then  is  divided  into  numerous  families  of  other 
names. 
araneidan  (ar-a-ne'i-dan),  n.  [<  Araneida  + 
-an.']  One  of  tte  Araneida  ;  any  spider.  Also 
araneid. 
Araneidea  (ar-a-ne-i-de'a),  n.  pi.  [NL.]  Same 
as  Araneida. 
araneiform  (a-ra'ne-i-form),  a.  [<  NL.  aranei- 
formis,  <  L.  aranea,  a  spider,  +  forma,  form.] 
1.  Spider-Uke  in  form;  resembling  a  spider; 
belonging  to  the  Araneida,  as  distinguished 
from  other  arachnidans. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Aranciformia. 
Araneiformes  (a-ra"ne-i-f6r'mez),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
y\.  ot  araneij'iirmis :  see  araneiform.]  Same  as 
Araneiformia. 

Araneiformia  (a-ra"ne-i-f6r'mi-a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  araneiformis :  see  araneiform.]  A 
group  of  spider-like  marine  animals:  synony- 
mous with  Pycnogonida  (whieh  see).  They  are 
sometimes  placed  with  the  Crustaci:a  in  an  order  or  a  sub- 
class called  Podosoiimta,  sometimes  in  Arachnida,  some- 
times combined  with  the  Arctisca  in  a  subclass  Psevda- 
rachna,  and  sometimes  otherwise  disposed  of-  They  have 
a  rudimentary  unsegmented  abdomen,  a  suctorial  mouth, 
and  4  pairs  of  long,  jointed  legs,  but  are  destitute  of  re- 
spiratory organs.  Some  are  parasitic. 
Araneina  (a-ra-ne-i'na),  H.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Aranea 

-\-  -ina.]  Same  as  Araneida. 
araneologist  (a-ra-ne-ol'o-jist),  11.  [<  arane- 
ology  +  -ist.]  One  skilled  in  araneology. 
araneology  (a-ra-ne-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  aranea, 
a  spider,  -i-  Gr.  -'/Myia.,<.  '/Jyciv,  speak :  see  -oloffi/.] 
That  department  of  entomology  which  relates 
to  spiders. 


Araucaria 

nomical  importance  as  a  food-fish. — 2,  fi'i;).] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  malacopterygian  abdominal 
fishes,  of  the  family  0.vteoi}lossi<JiT,  remarkable 
for  their  size  and  the  mosaic  work  of  their  hard 
biuiy  (•ompmiiiii  scales.    .1.  ijiijas  is  an  example. 

araphorostic,  araphostic, ".    See  arrhaphostic. 

arapunga  Uir-a-pung'gil),  «.  [S.  iVmcr.  native 
name.]  A  South  American  osciue  passerine 
bird  of  the  family  Cotinr/ida'  and  subfamily 
Gijmnnderina: ;  the  IjcU-bird,  campanero,  or 
averano,  (Jliasmorhi/nelnis  nireus ;  one  of  the 
fruit-crows,  with  a  long  erectile  tubular  process 
on  the  head,  rising  sometimes  to  the  height  of 
several  inches.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  clear,  far- 
sounding  notes  of  apeculiarly  resonant  or  liell-Iike  ijuality, 
continued  through  the  heat  of  the  day,  when  most  birds 
are  silent,  and  tliert-f'  r         i! '■.  ii.  .wA  nt  a  great  distance. 


The  facts  . 
neoloijy. 


were  new  to  the  field  of  American  arti- 
Science,  IV.  24. 


araneose  (a-ra'ne-6s),  a.  [<  L.  araneosus,  full 
of  or  like  spiders'  webs,  <  aranea,  a  spider's 
web,  also  a  spider:  see  Aranea.]  Covered  with 
hairs  crossing  one  another,  like  the  rays  in  a 
spidei-'s  web ;  arachnoid. 

araneous  (a-ra'ne-us),  a.  [As  araneose,  or  after 
L.  araneus,  pertaining  to  a  spider  or  to  a  spi- 
der's web,  <  aranea,  a  spider,  spider's  web:  see 
araneose.']  If.  Fidl  of  cobwebs. — 2.  Resem- 
bling a  cobweb ;  extremely  thin  and  delicate, 
like  spider's  silk  or  gossamer;  covered  xNith 
delicate  tangled  hairs  like  cobweb;  arachnoid. 
— Araneous  membrane.  Same  as  a rac/inonf,  ;i.,  2. 

arango  (a-rang'go),  H.  [A  native  name.]  A 
kind  of  bead  made  of  rough  carnelian,  generally 
of  a  cylindrical  shape.  Such  beads,  imported  from 
Bombay,  constituted  an  article  of  traffic  with  Africa  pre- 
\ioiis  to  the  aliolitiou  of  tlie  slave-trade. 

arapaima  (ar-a-pi'mii),  n.  [S.  Amer.  native 
name.]  1.  Tfie  name  of  the  largest  known 
fresh-water  fish,  Arapaima  i/igas,  an  inhabitant 
of  Brazil  and  Guiana,  saiil  to  attain  a  length  of 
15  feet  and  a  weight  of  400  jiounds.    It  is  of  eco- 


Arapunga,  or  Campanero  {ChasntorftyncJtus  ntveus). 

The  bird  is  of  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon,  and  the  plumage 
of  the  adult  is  pure  white.  The  native  name  was  made  a 
generic  term  by  Lesson  in  1831.  Tlie  bird  is  nearly  related 
to  the  umbrella-birds,  Cephalopterus. 

arara  (a-ra'ra),  n.  [Braz.  Cf.  Ara^.]  A  kind 
of  macaw,  Ara  maracana. 

araracanga  (a-ril-ra-kang'ga),  n.  Same  as 
araciiniiu, 

araramboya  (ar'a-ram-bo'ya),  n.  [Braz.]  A 
name  of  the  bojobi  or  dog-headed  boa  of  Brazil, 
Xipli  osom  a  can  in  u  m. 

ararauna  (ar-a-ra'na),  n.  [Braz.]  The  blue 
and  yellow  maeayr,  Psittacus  ararauna  (Lin- 
njeus),  now  Ara  ararauna. 

araroba  (ar-a-ro'Vja),  n.     Same  as  chrysarohin. 

arar-tree  (ar'ar-tri),  n.  The  sandarac-tree  of 
Morocco,  Callitris  quadrivalvis.     See  sandarao- 

.tree. 

arase^t  (a-ras'),  r.  t.  [Also  written  arace,  <  OF. 
arascr,  raze,  demolish,  <  a,  to,  +  ras,  level: 
see  a-ll  and  rase,  ra;:e,  and  cf.  erase.]  1.  To 
raze;  level  with  the  ground. —  2.  "To  erase. 

arase^t,  «'-  t.     Same  as  aracc^. 

arasene,  n.     Same  as  arrasene. 

arastra  (a-ras'trji),  H.     Same  as  arrastre. 

aration(a-ra'shon),  n.  [<lj.  aratioin-),  <.  arare, 
pp.  aratiis,  plow:  see  arable.]  Plowing;  til- 
lage.    [Rare.] 

It  would  suffice  to  teach  these  four  parts  of  agriculture; 
first  aration,  and  all  things  belonging  to  it- 

Cuu-lfy,  Works  (ed.  1710).  II.  710. 

aratory  (ar'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  ML.  aratorius,  <  L. 
arator,  plower,  <  arare,  pp.  aratus,  plow:  see 
arable.]    Relating  or  contributing  to  tillage. 

aratrum  terrae  (a-ra'trum  ter'e).  [ML.,  a 
plowgate  of  land:  aratrum,  a  portion  of  land 
as  much  as  could  be  plowed  with  one  plow  (a 
special  use  of  L.  aratrum.  plow,  <  arare,  plow: 
see  arable);  terra',  gen.  of  L.  terra,  land.]  In 
Scots  law,  a  plowgate  of  land,  consisting  of 
eight  oxgates,  because  anciently  the  plow  was 
drawn  by  eight  oxen. 

Araucan  (a-ra'kan),  n.     Same  as  Araueanian. 

Araucanian (ar-a-ka'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  {<.AraH- 
eaiiia,  <  Araucanos,  the  Araucanians,  a  tribe  of 
Intlians  inhabiting  the  southern  parts  of  Chili.] 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Araucania,  a  territory 
in  the  southern  part  of  Chili,  mainly  comprised 
in  the  modern  provinces  of  Ai-auco  and  Valdivia. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Arau- 
cania. The  aboriginal  Araucanians  are  a  parti.ally  ei\il- 
ized  race  wiio  have  never  been  conquereil  by  Europeans ; 
but  in  1883  the  portion  of  them  living  on  the  mainland 
voluntarily  submitted  to  the  Chilian  govemnient. 

Araucaria (ar-a-ka'ri-ii),  n.  l'Slj.,<Arauc(ania) 
+  -aria.]  A  genus  of  Conifera;  the  representa- 
tive of  the  pine  in  the  southern  hemisphere, 
found  in  South  America,  Australia,  and  some  of 
the  islands  of  the  Pacific.  The  species  are  lai^e  ever- 
green trees  with  verticillate  spreading  branches  covered 
w ith  stilt,  nairow,  pointed  leaves,  and  bearing  Large  cones, 
eaeli  scale  having  a  single  large  seed.  The  speeies  best 
knowm  in  cultivation  is  A.  imhricata  (the  Chili  pine  or 
monkey-pn/./le),  which  is  (juite  hardy.  It  is  a  native  of 
the  mountains  of  southern  Chili,  wiiere  it  forms  vast  for- 
ests, and  yields  a  hard,  durable  wood.    Its  seeds  are  eaten 


Araucarla 

when  roasted.  The  Mureton  I'.ay  piiio  of  Australia,  A. 
Cunnirmhaniii,  8ujij)lii\s  a  \alUiihU;  timber  used  in  inukilijj: 
furniture,  in  house-  and  Ixiat-ljuihlin^.  and  in  otller  eai'- 

fentcr-worit.     A  species,  A.  excettia,  abounds  on  Norfolli 
Bland,  attaining  a  lieight  of  20O  feet.    Sec  Norfolk  Island 
pinCt  under  pine. 


Arbalister. 
( From  Viollct-le-Puc's 
"Diet,  du  Mobilier  frau- 
^ais.") 


I.  Norfolk  Island  Pine  (Araitcaria  excelsa),    2.  Cone  of 
Araucaria  Cookii. 

araucarian  (ar-a-ka'ri-au),  a.  and  n.  [<  Arau- 
caria +  -o».]  I.  a.  Related  to  or  having  the 
charaetoi's  of  the  genus  Araucaria. 
II.  H.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Araucaria. 
Tlie  plants  of  which  our  coal-seams  are  composed  speak 
to  us  of  lands  covered  with  luxuriant  ^-owths  of  tree-ferns 
and  araucarians.  Geikie,  Ice  Age,  p.  94. 

araucarite  (a-ra'ka-nt),  II.  [<  Araucaria  + 
-(7(  -.]  The  name  given  to  fi'agments  of  plants 
found  fossilized  in  strata  of  different  ages,  and 
believed  to  be  related  to  plants  of  the  living 
genus  Araucaria.  Trunks  occur  in  the  eoal-nie.osures 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Edinburgh  which  have  beloTit-'ed 
to  immense  coniferous  trees,  referreil.  though  with  some 
doubt,  to  this  genus.  The  fruits  and  foliage  fonn<l  in  the 
Sccfindary  rocks  are  certainly  closely  related  to  the  Aus- 
tralian araucarians. 

araughtt.     Preterit  of  arcach. 

aravma  (a-rii'o-ii),  H.  The  native  name  of  a 
gigantic  spider  of  the  genus  ili/galc,  found  on 
the  Abrolhos  islands,  Brazil,  it  preys  on  lizards, 
and  even  on  yoUTig  chickens.  It  is  probably  the  bird- 
spider,  M>/[it'lt'  t^Aricnlaria)  avicularia ,  or  a  related  spe- 
cies. 

arba,  «.     See  araia^. 

arbaccio  (ilr-baeh'io),  n.  [It.  dial.]  A  coarse 
cloth  tuade  in  Sardinia  from  the  wool  of  an 
infevicu'  breed  of  sheep  called  the  Nuoro.  E.  II. 
h' II  it/ III. 

Arbacia  (ar-ba'si-a),  n.  [NL.]  The  typical 
genus  of  sea-urchins  of  the  family  Arliaciifhc. 
A.  punctulata  and  .4.  nt;ira  are  two  species,  occurring 
respectively  on  the  eastern  and  westerti  coasts  of  Nortli 
America. 

arbaciid  (ar-bas'i-id),  n.  A  sea-urchin  of  the 
family  .Irbnciidw. 

Arbaciidffi  (ar-ba-si'i-de),  n.  pU  [NL.,  <  Arba- 
cia +  -iila:^  A  family  of  desmostichous  or 
endoeyclical  eehinoids,  or  regular  sea-urchins, 
intermediate  in  Its  general  characters  between 
CidaricUe  and  Echiiiida;  and  having  median 
ambulacral  spaces  appearing  as  bare  bands. 
The  family  is  t>-pified  by  the  genus  Arbacia; 
another  genus  is  CalopUurus. 

arbalest,  arbalester.    See  arbaliat,  arbalister. 

arbal^te  (iir-ba-laf),  n.  [F.,  <  OF.  arbalcstc: 
see  arbiilixt.'i     Same  as  arhaUnt,  2. 

arbalist,  arbalest  (ar'ba-list,  -lest),  h.    [<  ME. 

arbilastr,  arbtaat,  arbJcst,  etc.  (also  anccbtaxt, 
aroirlila.str,  as  if  connected  with  arow,  arrow),  < 
OF.  arbult.sti;  iiiiitkste,  arhalestrc,  P.  arbaUtc=z 
Pr.  arbalcfsta,  albalcsta,  <  LL.  arcubalista,  arcu- 
halli.ita  :  see  arcubalist.^  1.  A  crossbow  used  in 
Europe  in  the  chase  and  in  war  throughout  the 
miiidle  ages.  The  bow  was  made  of  steel,  horn,  or  other 
nniterial,  ami  wiis  of  such  great  strength  and  stirtness  that 
some  mechanical  appliance  was  used  to  bend  it  and  adjust 
the  string  to  the  notch.  The  lighter  arbalists,  used  in  the 
chase,  and  generally  by  Imrsemen,  re<iuireil  a  «lonble  hook, 
which  the  arbalister  cairicd  at  his  girdle.  Heavier  ones 
recpured  a  kiml  of  lever,  or  a  wimilas^.  tira  rcvolvingwiTich 
with  a  ratchet  ami  long  liaiidle,  t.i  draw  them  :  these  ap- 
pliances were  si'parate  from  the  arl)alist,  ami  were  carried 
slung  from  the  shoulder  or  at  the  belt.  The  short  antl 
heavy  arrow  of  the  arbalist  was  calle<i  a  tjuarrtl.  from  its 
square  head,  or  more  commonly  a  boll,  as  distinguished 
from  the  aha/t  discharged  by  the  longltow.  Stmictimes 
stones  (see  «/eH«'-'»(>"')antl  leaden  tialls  were  nsctl.  The  mis- 
sile of  the  arbalist  w:ls  discharged  with  such  forci'  a-s  to 
penetrate  ordinary  armor,  and  the  weapon  Wtis  considered 
so  deadly  as  ti>  be  prohibited  by  a  council  of  the  church 
except  in  warfare  against  infidels.  It  could,  however,  be 
discharged  only  twice  a  niiimte.  It  wjis  used  especially  in 
the  attack  and  <lrfciise  of  fortified  places.  For  sinnlar 
wcapiuis  of  other  peril  ids  than  the  Eui'opean  middle  ages, 
see  crtinslww.  .Also  nrrithati.''l.  ami  formerly  arhta.'it. 
2.  In  her.,  a  crossbow  used  as  a  bearing. 


289 
arbalister,  arbalester  (iir'ba-Iis-t*r,  -les-t<Jr), 

«.     [<  ME.  arbalester,  urbalaster,  arhla.stcr,  etc., 

<  OF.  arbalestier,  <  ML.  arcubalisturius:  see  ar- 
cubali.itcr.]  One  armed  with 
the  arbalist ;  a  crossbomuan ; 
especially,  a  soldier  carrying 
the  arbalist  of  war.  Also 
arcubalister. 

arbiter  (iir'bi-ter),  II.  [=  F. 
arbitre,  <  L.  arbiter,  a  witness, 
judge,  lit.  one  who  goes  to 
see,  <  ar-  for  ad,  to,  +  bcterc, 
biterc,  come.]  1.  A  person 
chosen  by  the  parties  iu  a  con- 
troversy to  decide  their  iliffer- 
ences ;  one  who  decides  points 
at  issue ;  an  arbitrator ;  a  ref- 
eree ;  an  umpire. 

The  civilians  make  a  ditfereuee  be- 
tween arbiter  and  arbitrator,  the 
former  being  obliged  to  judge  ac- 
cording tij  the  customs  of  the  law; 
wlierea-s  the  latter  is  at  liberty  to  use 
his  own  discretion,  and  accommo- 
date the  dilference  in  that  manner  which  appears  most  just 
and  equitable.  Wharton. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  a  person  who  has  the 
power  of  judging  and  determining  absolutely  ae- 
eoriling  to  his  own  pleasure ;  one  whoso  power 
of  deciding  and  governing  is  not  limited  ;  one 
who  has  a  matter  under  his  sole  authority  for 
adjudication. 

Our  plan  best.  I  believe,  combines  wisdom  and  practica- 
bility, by  providing  a  plurality  of  Counsellors,  but  a  single 
arbiter  for  ultimate  decision.    Jeffermn,  Autobiog.,  p.  44. 
The  final  arbiter  of  institutions  is  always  the  conception 
of  right  prevailing  at  the  time. 

Rae,  Contemporary  ,Sociali3m,  p.  179. 
Arblterelegantiarum(el-e-gan-shi-a'rum).  (L.)  Ajudge 
of  the  elegancies;  an  authority  in  matters  of  taste.  =  Syn. 
Arbitrator,  umpire,  referee,  judge;  absolute  ruler,  control- 
ler, governor. 

arbitert  (ar'bi-ter),  V.  t.  [<  arbiter,  «.]  To  act 
as  arbiter  between ;  judge.     Hall. 

arbitrable!  (ar'bi-tra-bl),  a.  [<  Sp.  arbitrable 
=  Pg.  arbitravcl,  <  Li.  as  if  "arbitrabilis,  <  arbi- 
trari,  arbitrate:  see  arbitrate.'\  1.  Arbitrary; 
depending  on  the  will.  tSpclniaii. —  2.  Subject 
to  arbitration ;  subject  to  the  decision  of  an 
arbiter,  court,  judge,  or  other  appointed  author- 
ity; discretionary. 

The  value  of  moneys  is  arbitrable  according  to  the  use 
of  several  kingdoms.      Bp.  Halt,  Cases  of  Conscience,  i.  1. 

arbitrage  (ar'bi-traj),  n.  [<  F.  arbitrage,  <  ar- 
bitrer,  arbitrate:  see  arbitrate.']  1.  Arbitra- 
tion, li.  Cubden.  [Rare.]  —  2.  The  calculation 
of  the  relative  value  at  the  same  time,  at  two  or 
more  places,  of  stocks,  bonds,  or  funds  of  any 
sort,  including  exchange,  mth  a  view  to  taking 
advantage  of  favorable  circumstances  or  differ- 
ences in  paj-ments  or  other  transactions ;  arbi- 
tration of  exchange. 

Arbitrable  projier  is  aseparate,  distinct,  andwell-deflned 
business,  with  three  main  branches.  Two  of  these,  viz., 
arbitrable  or  arliitration  in  bullion  and  coins,  and  arl)itra- 
tion  in'bills,  also  called  the  arbitration  of  exchanges,  fall 
within  the  businesses  of  bullion  di-aling  and  i)anking  respec- 
tively. Tile  tliird,  arbitratie  in  stocks  and  shares,  is  arbi- 
tra;ie  properly  so  called,  and  so  understood,  whenever  the 
woril  is  mentioned  without  qualification  among  business 
men,  and  it  is  strictly  a  Stock  Exchange  business. 

Encye.  Brit.,  II.  311. 

3.  The  business  of  bankers  which  is  founded 
on  calculations  of  the  temporary  differences  iu 
the  price  of  securities,  and  is  carried  on  through 
a  simultaneous  purchase  iu  the  cheaper  and 
sale  in  the  dearer  market. 

arbitrager  (ar'bi-tRj-jer),  n.  A  banker  or  a 
broker  who  engages  in  arbitrage  operations. 

arbitrageur  (iir-bi-tra-zher'),  M.  [P.]  Same  as 
arbitraijer. 

As  a  rule,  the  arbitrage  properly  kHowii  as  such  is  the 
business  <if  ;m  nrbilraoeur.  who  is  almost  always  a  mem- 
ber of  a  .Stock  Exchange  or  "Boursc'and  his  arbitrations 
with  very  few  exceptions  are  neither  in  bullion  nor  iu  bills, 
but  in  (joverninent  and  other  stocks  and  shares. 

Ennie.  Brit.,  II.  311. 

arbitral  (itr'bi-tral),  a.  [<  LL.  arbitralis.  <  L. 
arbiter,  a.ihiter.']  Relating  to  arbitration ;  suli- 
ject  to  review  and  adjudication — Decree  arbi- 
tral.   See  tt'eree. 

arbitrament  (iir-bit'ra-ment),  «.  [<  ME.  arbi- 
trcmcnl,  arbitrimcnt,  <  'OF.'arbitreiiieut  =  Pr.  ar- 
bitraiiieii  =  S|).  arbitramiento  =  Pg.  nrbitramcnto, 

<  ML.  arbitromeutum,  <  L.  arbitrari,  arbitrate: 
see  arbitrate.]  1.  The  power  or  right  to  decide 
for  one's  self  or  for  others;  the  power  of  abso- 
lute and  final  decision. 

Liberty,  and  Life,  and  Death  would  soon  .  .  . 

Lie  in  tlie  arbitrement  of  those  who  ruled 

The  capital  City.  M'vrdgtrorth,  Prelude,  x. 

2.  The  act  of  deciding  a  dispute  as  an  arbiter 
or  arbitrator;  the  act  of  settling  a  claim  or  dis- 


arbitrate 

puto  which  has  been  referred  to  arbitration; 
the  absolute  and  authoritative  settlement  of 
any  matter. 
Want  will  force  him  to  put  it  to  artntrement. 

ilOfriiujer,  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  ii.  L 

This  tax  was  regulated  by  a  law  made  on  purpose,  and 

not  left  to  the  arbitrament  of  partial  or  interested  jiersons. 

J.  .idamjt,  Works,  V,  73. 

3.  The  decision  or  sentence  pronounced  by  an 
arbiter.  [In  this  sense  award  is  now  more 
common  in  legal  use.] 

To  discover  the  grounds  on  which  .  .  .  usage  bases  ita 
iirbitrantentjt,  bafiles,  not  seldom,  our  utmost  ingenuity  of 
speculation.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  31. 

Sometimes  spelled  arbitrement. 
arbitrarily  (iir'bi-trS-ri-li),  adr.     In  an  arbi- 
trary manner;   at  will;  capriciously;  without 
sufficient  reason;   iu  an  irresponsible  or  des- 
potic way. 

The  Bishop  of  Dunkeld,  who  .  .  .  had  opposed  the  gov- 
ernnieiit,  w;is  arbitrarily  ejected  from  his  see,  and  a  suc- 
cessor was  appointed.  Maeaxday,  Hist.  Eng.,  vL 

arbitrariness  (ar'bl-tra-ri-nes),  n.    The  quality 
of  being  arbitrary. 

Consciousness  is  an  entangled  plexus  which  cannot  be 
cut  into  parts  without  more  or  less  arbiirarineiiii. 

H.  .Spencer,  Prill,  of  Psychol.,  §  480. 

arbitrarioust  (ar-bi-tra'ri-us),  a.    [<  L.  arbitra- 
riu.i:  nee  arbitrari/.']     Arbitrary.     A'orrjs. 

arbitrariouslyt  (iir-bi-tra'ri-us-Ii),  adv.     Arbi- 
trarily.    Barniw. 

arbitrary  (iir'bi-tra-ri),  a.  [=  p.  arbitraire  = 
Pr.  arliitrari  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  arbitrario,<.  L.  arbitra- 
riu.<i,  of  arbitration,  hence  uncertain,  depending 
on  the  will,  <  arbiter,  arbiter,  umpire :  see  arbi- 
ter.] 1.  Not  regulated  by  fixed  rule  or  law; 
determinable  as  occasion  arises;  suliject  to  in- 
dividual will  or  judgment;  discretionary. 
Indifferent  things  are  left  arbitrarj/  to  tis. 

Bp.  Hall,  Kemains.  p.  277. 

2.  In  law,  properly  determinable  by  the  choice 
or  pleasure  of  a  tribunal,  as  distinguished  from 
that  which  should  be  determined  according  to 
settled  ndes  or  the  relative  rights  or  equities 
of  the  parties.  Thus,  whether  the  judge  will  take  and 
state  an  account  himself,  or  refer  it  to  an  auditor,  is  a 
iiiiestion  resting  in  his  arbitrary  discretion  ;  whether,  also, 
a  particular  person  is  qualified  to  act  as  auditor  is  a  (lues- 
tioli  invohing  judicial  or  legal  discretion. 

3.  Uncontrolled  by  law ;  using  or  abusing  un- 
limited power ;  despotic;  tjTannical. 

For  sure,  if  Dulness  sees  a  grateful  day, 
'Tis  in  the  shade  of  arbitrary  sway. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  182. 
Could  I  prevail  upon  my  little  tyrant  here  to  be  less  ar- 
bitrary, 1  should  be  the  happiest  man  alive. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  v. 

Arbitrary  power  is  most  easily  established  on  the  ruins 

of  liberty  abused  to  licentiousness.  Wasttinyton. 

4.  Not  characterized  by  or  manifesting  any 
overruling  principle ;  tixed,  determined,  or  per- 
formed at  will ;  independent  of  rule  or  control. 

A  great  number  of  arbitrani  signs,  various  and  opposite, 
do  constitute  a  language.  If  such  nrfciVrnn/ connection  be 
instituted  by  men,  it  is  an  artificial  langiiage;  if  by  the 
Author  of  Nature,  it  is  a  natural  language.     Bp.  Berkeley. 

They  perpetually  saeriflce  nature  and  reason  to  arbi- 
trani  canons  of  taste.  Macaulay,  Dryden. 

By  an  arhitrani  proceeding,  I  mean  one  conducted  by 
the  private  opinions  or  feelings  of  the  man  who  attempU 
to  regulate.  Burke. 

5.  Ungoverued  by  reason;  hence,  capricious; 
uncertain;  unreasonable ;  varjiug ;  changeful: 
as,  an  arbitrary  character. 

My  disappointments,  as  a  general  thing,  .  .  .  had  too 
often  been  the  consequence  of  arbitrant  preconceptions. 
U.  Jame^,  Jr., "l.ittle  Tour,  p.  2,t3. 
Arbitrary  COnBtant,  in  math.,  a  quantity  which  by  a  dif- 
ferential equation  is  recpiired  to  have  the  same  value  for 
all  values  of  the  variable,  while  this  constant  value  re- 
mains indeterminate.  — Arbitrary  dlscretiOIL  .See  rfi»- 
crfrfion.— Arbitrary  function,  in  nuitli..  a  <iuautity  which 
is  retiuired  by  a  partial  dilferential  equation  to  remain  un- 
changed as  long  as  certain  variables  remain  uuehauged, 
but  which  may  vary  in  any  manner  with  these  variables, 
subject  only  to  tbe'eondilion  of  h;iving  ditferemial  rm-Iti- 
eients  witli  respect  to  them.— Arbitrary  homonyms. 
See  h'nnonym.=5yn.  Capricious,  unlimited,  inespmisible, 
uncontrolled,  tyrannical,  domineering,  imperious. 
arbitrate  (iir'bi-trat),  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  flr6»- 
trated,  ppr.  arbitrating.  [<  L.  arbitratiis.  pp.  of 
arbitrari  (>  It.  arbitrare  =  Pg.  Sp.  Pr.  arbitrar 
=  F.  arbitrer),  be  a  witness,  act  as  imipire,  < 
arbiter,  um]»re:  see  ortiiter.]  I.  intraiis.  1.  To 
act  as  an  arbitrator,  or  formal  umpire  between 
contestants;  mediate. 

li[tli(dis]intesof  kings,  the  weaker  p.arty  often  appealed 
to  tlie  I'lipe,  and  thus  gave  him  an  iqjportunity  to  n/W(rn(« 
or  commanil.  WooUey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Ijiw.  §  8. 

2.  To  decide;  determine;  settle  a  question  or 
rule  otherwise  indeterminate. 

Some  Iworils]  become  equivocal  by  changing  their  sig- 
nification, and  some  fall  obsolete,  one  cannot  tell  why, 
for  custom  or  caprice  or6i(ra(il>I.  guided  by  no  law. 

J.  P'lmraeli,  Amen,  of  UU,  I.  172. 


arbitrate 

H.  trans.  1.  To  pvc  iui  authoritative  deci- 
sion in  regard  to  as  arbitrator ;  decide  or  detcr- 
mino. 

TlioiigliU  speculative  their  uimure  Itopes  relate ; 
But  certain  issue  strokes  must  arhiirate. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  4. 

Thinjj:9  must  be  compared  to  ami  arbitrated  by  her  (wis- 

(loni's)  stamlard,  or  else  they  will  contain  something  of 

monstrous  enormity.  Harrow,  Works,  I.  vi. 

But  thou.  Sir  Lancelot,  sitting  in  my  place 
Enchair'u  to-morrow,  artjitrate  the  llehl. 

Terini/non,  The  Last  Tournament. 

2.  To  submit  to  arbitration ;  settle  by  arbitra- 
tion :  as,  to  arbitrate  a  dispute  regarding  wages. 
arbitrated  (iir'bi-tra-ted),  p.  a.  Ascertained  or 
determined  by  arbitrage:  as,  arbitrated  rates; 
arbitratcit  par  of  exchange. 

Busine.ss  men  .  .  .  were  .  .  .  enabled  to  utilize  all  the 
advantages  of  cross  and  arbitrated  exchanges. 

Jlalch,  Mines  of  t'.  .S.,  p.  Hi. 

arbitration  (iir-bi-tra'shon),  «.  [<  ME.  arbitra- 
cion,  <  OF.  arbitration  =  Pr.  arbitraeio,  <  L. 
arbitratio{>i-),  <.  arbitrari,  arbitrate,  judge:  see 
arbitrate.'^  The  hearing  and  determining  of  a 
cause  between  parties  in  controversy  by  a  per- 
son or  persons  chosen  or  agreed  to  by  the  par- 
ties. This  may  be  done  by  one  person,  but  it  is  usual  to 
choose  more  than  one.  Frequently  two  are  nominated, 
one  by  each  party,  the  two  being  authorized  in  turn  to 
agree  upon  a  third,  who  is  called  the  timpire  (or,  in  Scot- 
lajid,  sometimes  the  oversman),  and  who  either  acts  with 
them  or  is  called  on  to  decide  in  case  the  primary  arbitra- 
tors differ.  The  determination  of  arbitrators  or  umpires 
is  called  an  award.  By  the  common  law  an  award  prop- 
erly made  is  binding ;  but  the  arbitrators'  authority  may 
be  revoked  before  award  at  the  will  of  either  party.  Per- 
manent boards  of  arbitration  are  sometimes  constituted 
by  legislative  or  corporate  authority,  but  the  submission  of 
cases  to  their  decision  is  always  voluntary. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  hope  that  arbitration  and  concilia- 
tion will  be  the  means  adopted  alike  by  nations  and  by 
individuals,  to  adjust  all  differences. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXLII.  613. 

Arbitration,  in  International  Law,  is  one  of  the  recog- 
nized modes  of  terminating  disputes  between  indepen- 
dent nations.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  313. 
Arbitration  bond,  a  bond  by  which  a  party  to  a  dispute 
engages  to  abide  l>y  the  award  of  arbitrators.— Arbitra- 
tion Of  excliange.  ."^ee  arhitraiie,  2.— Geneva  arbitra- 
tion, tile  -■.ittU'ineiit  by  ailiitratinnuf  the  dispute  lutueeu 
the  guveiiiioeiits  "f  tin-  I'nited  .States  and  <;re:it  I'.rilain 
concerning  the  Alabama  claims:  so  called  because  the 
board  of  arbitrators  held  their  sessions  at  Geneva  in 
Switzerland.  See  Ahihamn  rlaim.s,  under  c?ftim. 
arbitrational  (iir-bi-trii'shon-al),  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  involving  arbi- 
tration :  as,  arbitrnfinnal  methods  of  settling 
disputes. —  2.  Resulting  from  arbitration  or  a 
reference  to  arbitrators. 

Arbitrational  settlement  of  the  Alabama  claims. 

A.  Haincard,  Ethics  of  Peace. 

arbitrative  (ar'bi-tra-tiv),  a.  [<  arbitrate  + 
-ive.}  Of  the  nature  of  arbitration ;  relating  to 
arbitration ;  ha\'ing  power  to  arbitrate :  as, "  lie 
urged  arbitratice  tribunals,"  E.  J.  Hinton,  Eng. 
Eadical  Leaders,  p.  117. 
arbitrator  (iir'bi-tra-tor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  arbltratour,  <  5IE.  arbitrator,  <  OF.  arbi- 
tratour,  -cur  (earlier  arbitrour,  arbitreor:  see 
arbitrer),  <  LL.  arbitrator,  <  arbitrari,  pp.  arbi- 
tratii.t,  arbitrate:  see  arbitrate.']  1.  A  person 
who  decides  some  point  at  issue  between  others ; 
one  who  formally  hears  and  decides  a  disputed 
cause  submitted  by  common  consent  of  the  par- 
ties to  arbitration. —  2.  One  who  has  the  power 
of  deciding  or  prescribing  according  to  his  own 
absolute  pleasure ;  an  absolute  governor,  presi- 
dent, autocrat,  or  arbiter.  See  arbiter. 
Though  heaven  be  shut. 
And  heaven's  high  Arbitrator  sit  secure. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  3fi9. 
The  end  crowns  all ; 
And  that  old  common  arbitrator.  Time, 
Will  one  day  end  it.  Shxik.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  ."i. 

=  Syn.  1.  Um-inre,  Referee,  etc.    See  judw,  n. 
arbltratorship  (iir'bi-tra-tor-ship),  n.     The 

oflice  or  function  of  an  arbitrator. 
arbitratrix  (Jir'bi-tra-triks),  «. ;  pi.  arbitratriecs 
(iir  bi-trii-tri'sez).  [lAj.,iem.otarbitrator :  see 
arbitrator.]     A  female  arbitrator, 
arbitret,  «.     See  arbitnj. 
arbitret,  c  '.     See  arbiter. 
arbitrament,  ».     Sec  arbitrament. 
arbitrert  (iir'bi-trer),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 
arbitriir,  arbitrour,  <  ME.  arbitrour,  <  OF.  arbi- 
trour, arbitreour,  arbitreor,  <   LL.   arbitrator: 
see  arbitrator.]     An  arbiter  or  arbitrator, 
'i'lie  arhifrer  of  her  own  destiny.  Sotithnj. 

arbitress  (iir'bi-tres),  »i.  [UE.  arbitres ;<  arbi- 
ter +  -e.sx.  ]  A  female  arbiter :  as,  an  arbitress 
of  fashion. 

He  aspired  to  see 
His  native  Pisa  queen  and  artntreas 
Of  cities.  Bryant,  Knight's  Epitaph. 


290 

arbitrort,  "•     See  arbitrer. 

arbitryt,  «.  [ME.  arbitrie  (earlier  arhitrc,i 
(>1'\  (trbitr<).X  L.  arbilriiini,  will,  judgment,  < 
arbiter,  arbiter:  see  arbiter.]  1.  I'rce  will; 
discretion. —  2.  Arbitration. —  3.  Judgment; 
award. 

arblastt,  »•     Same  as  arbalist. 

arblastert,  »■     Same  as  arbalister. 

Arbogast's  method.    See  method. 

arbor'  (iir'iMir),  h.  [In  the  derived  sense  for- 
merly arber,  arlire,  <  F.  arbre,  OF.  arbre,  aubre 
=  Pr.  aubre  =  Sp.  arbol  =  Pg.  arrore,  formerly 
arbor  =  It.  albore,  albero,  arbero,  poet,  arbore, 
a  tree,  beam,  ma.st,  etc.,  <  L.  arbor  (ace.  ar- 
borem),  earlier  arbos,  a  tree,  and  hence  also  a 
beam,  bar,  mast,  shaft,  oar,  etc.  Of.  the  simi- 
lar development  of  beam  and  <rer.]  1.  Liter- 
ally, a  free :  used  in  this  sense  chiefly  in  botan- 
ical names. —  2.  In  mech. :  (a)  The  main  support 
or  beam  of  a  machine,  (b)  The  principal  spin- 
dle or  a.xis  of  a  wheel  or  pinion  communicating 

motion  to  the  other  moving  parts Arbor  Dlanse 

(tree  of  Diana,  that  is,  of  silver:  see  Diaiia),  in  chem.,  a 
beautiful  arliorescent  precipitate  produced  by  silver  in 
mercury.— Arbor  Judse,  in  hot.,  the  Judas-tree  (which 
see).— Arbor  Satuml  (tree  of  .Saturn,  that  is,  of  leail ; 
see  ,Satur7i),  in  chem.,  an  arborescent  precipitate  formed 
when  a  piece  of  zinc  is  put  into  a  solution  of  acetate  of 

lead. — Arbor  "vltse.  See  ar&or- ci^tp. — Expanding  ar- 
bor, in  mech.,  a  mandrel  in  a  lathe  provided  witli  taper 
keys  or  other  devices  for  securing  a  firm  hold,  by  \-arying 
the  diameter  of  the  parts  or  surfaces  of  the  mandrel  which 
bear  against  the  sides  of  the  hollow  or  the  central  hole  of 
the  oltjeet  wliich  is  to  be  operated  upon. 
arbor^,  arbour  (ar'bor).  n.  [In  England  the 
second  form  is  usual.  Early  mod.  E.  arbor,  ar- 
bour, arber,  harbor,  harbour,  harber,  herber, 
herbor,  etc.,  <  ME.  erber,  erbere,  herber,  herbere, 
<  AP.  erber,  herber,  OF.  erbicr,  herbier,  a  place 
covered  with  grass  or  herbage,  a  garden  of 
herbs,  <  ML.  herbarium  in  same  sense,  earlier, 
in  LL.,  a  collection  of  dried  herbs  :  see  herba- 
rium, of  which  arbor^  is  thus  a  doublet;  and 
cf.  arb,  yarb,  dial,  forms  of  herb.  The  sense  of 
'  orchard,'  and  hence  '  a  bower  of  trees,'  though 
naturally  developed  from  that  of  '  a  grass-plot ' 
(so  orchard  itself,  AS.  U'ljrt-geard,  i.  e.,  wort- 
or  herb-yard ;  cf.  F.  verger,  an  orchard,  <  L. 
viridarium.  a  garden,  lit.  a  'greenery'),  led  to 
an  association  of  the  word  on  the  one  hand 
with  harbor,  ME.  Iwrbere,  hcrberice,  etc.,  a  shel- 
ter, and  on  the  other  with  L.  arbor,  a  tree. 
Cf.  arboret'^  and  It.  arborala,  an  arbor  (Florio).] 
It.  A  grass-plot;  a  lawn;  a  green.  [Only  in 
Middle  English.]  —  2t.  A  garden  of  herbs  or  of 
flowering  plants ;  a  flower-bed  or  flower-garden. 
—  3t.  A  collection  of  fnut-trees  ;  an  orchard. 
In  the  garden,  as  I  wene, 
W.-IS  an  arber  fayre  and  grene, 
And  in  the  arber  was  a  tre. 

Squire  of  Lowe  Derrre,  1.  '28. 

4.  A  bower  formed  by  trees,  shrubs,  or  vines 
intertwined,  or  trained  over  a  latticework,  so 
as  to  make  a  leafy  roof,  and  usually  provided 
with  seats ;  formerly,  any  shaded  walk. 

Those  hollies  of  themselves  a  shape 
As  of  an  arbour  took. 

Coleridge,  Three  Graves,  iv.  24. 

arboraceous  (iir-bo-ra'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  arbo- 
r(iceu.s,  <  L.  arbor,  a  tree.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  a  tree  or  trees. — 2.  Living 
on  or  among  trees ;  living  in  the  forests ;  per- 
taining to  such  a  life. 

Not  like  Papuas  or  Bushmen,  with  arboraceous  habits 
and  half-animal  clicks.       Max  Mutter,  India,  etc.,  p.  133. 

arboral  (ar'bo-ral),  a.  [<  arbor^  +  -al.]  Relat- 
ing to  trees;  arboreal.     [Rare.] 

arboraryt  (iir'bo-ra-ri),  a.  [<  L.  arborarius,  < 
arbor,  a  tree.]     Belonging  to  trees.     Bailey. 

arboratort  (ar'bo-ra-tor),  n.  [L.,  a  pruner  of 
trees,  <  'arborarc,  pp.  *arboratus,  <  arbor,  a 
tree.]     One  who  plants  or  prunes  trees. 

arbor-chuck  (ar'bor-chuk),  «.     See  chucl-*. 

arbor-day  (iir'bor-^da),  «.  [<  arbor^  +  day^.] 
In  some  of  the  United  States,  a  day  of  each 
year  set  apart  by  law  for  the  general  planting 
of  trees  wherever  they  are  needed. 

The  Arbor-day  idea  .  .  .  has  been  formally  .adopted 
already  by  seventeen  of  our  States. 

Pop.  Sri.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  691. 

arboreal  (iir-bo're-al),  a.  [<  L.  arboreu.'i  (see 
arborcoti.^)  +  -al.]'  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  trees. —  2.  Living  on  or  among  trees ; 
inhabiting  or  frequenting  forests. 

arboredl  (Ur'bord),  a.  [<  arbor"^  +  -ed^.]  Fur- 
nished with  an  arbor  or  axis. 

arbored- (ilr'bord),  n.  l<  arbor- + -ed".]  Fur- 
nished with  an  arbor  or  bower. 

arboreous  (ilr-bo're-us),  a.  [<  L.  arhoreii.i,  per- 
taining to  trees,  <  arbor,  a  tree.]    1.  Pertaining 


Arborescent  Structure  in 
native  copper. 


arborize 

or  belonging  to  trees ;  living  on  or  among  trees; 
frequenting  forests;  arboraceous. —  2.  Having 
the  form,  constitution,  and  habits  of  a  tree; 
having  more  or  less  the  character  of  a  tree;  ar- 
borescent.— 3.  Abounding  in  trees;  wooded, 
arboresce  (iir-bo-res'),  !'.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ar- 
hore>:ced,  ppr.  arborescing.  [<  L.  arborescere, 
become  a  tree,<  arbor,  a  tree : 
see  arhor^  and  -e.scc.]  To 
become  a  tree  or  like  a  tree; 
put  forth  branches. 

arborescence  (ar-bo-res'ens), 

II.  l<.  arborescent:  see -eucc.] 
1.  The  state  of  being  arbor- 
escent.—  2.  Something,  as  a 
mineral  oragroujiof  crystals, 
having  the  figure  of  a  tree. 
arborescent  (ar-bo-res'ent), 
a.  1<.L.  arborescen{t-)s,ppT. 
ol arborescere:  see  arboresce.] 
Resembling  a  tree ;  tree-like 
in  gTo%vth,  size,  or  appearance ;  having  the  na- 
ture and  habits  of  a  tree ;  branching  like  a  tree ; 
dendritic. 

A  vegetation  of  simple  structure,  if  arborescent  in  ita 
habit,  might  be  held  stithciently  to  correspond  with  the 
statement  as  to  the  plants  of  the  third  day. 

Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  107. 

By  the  extension  of  the  division  down  the  pedicels 
themselves,  composite  arborescent  fabrics,  like  those  of 
Zoophytes,  are  produced.     W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  424. 

arboret^  (iir'bo-ret),  n.     [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree  (see 
arbori),  +  -et. "  Cf .  F.  arbret  =  It.  alberetto,  for- 
merly alboretto,  a  dwarf  tree.]    A  little  tree ;  a 
shrub. 
No  arborett  with  painted  blossomes  drest 
And  smelling  sweete,  but  tliere  it  might  be  fownd 
To  Jjud  out  faire,  and  throwe  her  sweete  sniels  al  arownd. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  12. 

arboret-t  (ar'bo-ret),  n.  [=  It.  arboreto,  aU 
bereto,  formerly  alboreto,  <  L.  arboretum  (see 
arboretum);  or  perhaps  regarded  as  a  dim.  of 
arbor^,  a  bower.]  A  place  planted  with  trees 
or  shrubs ;  a  small  grove ;  an  arbor. 

Among  thick-woven  arborets  and  flowers. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i\.  437. 

arboretum  (ar-bo-re'tum),  n. ;  pi.  arboretums, 
arboreta  (-tumz,  -ta).  [L.,  a  plantation  of  trees, 
<  arbor,  a  tree,  +  -ctum,  denoting  place.]  A 
place  in  which  trees  ami  shrubs,  especially  rare 
ones,  are  cultivated  for  scientific  or  other  pur- 
poses ;  a  botanical  tree-garden. 

arboricalt  (ar-bor'i-kal),  a.  [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree, 
+ -ir-al.]     Relating  to  trees.     Smart. 

arboricole  (ar-bor'i-kol),  a.  [=  F.  arbaricole,  < 
NL.  arboricola,  <  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  -f  colcrc,  in- 
habit, dwell.]  In  :ool.,  living  in  trees;  of  ar- 
boreal haliits. 

arboricoline  (ar-bo-rik'o-Uu),  a.  In  bot.,  grow- 
ing upon  trees :  applied  to  lichens,  etc. 

arboricolous  (iir-bo-rik'o-lus),  «.  Same  as  ar- 
lioricole. 

arboricultural  (ar'bo-ri-knrtur-al),  a.  [<  ar- 
boriculture +  -al.]      Relating  to  arboriculture. 

arboriculture  (iir'bo-ri-kul  tui-), «.  [=F.rtr6o- 
ricullure,  <  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  -t-  cultura,  cultiva- 
tion :  see  culture.]  The  cultivation  of  trees; 
the  art  of  planting,  training,  priming,  and  cul- 
tivating trees  and  shinibs. 

arboriculturist  (iir'bo-ri-kurtur-ist),  n.  [<  ar- 
boriculture +  -ist.]  One  who  practises  arbori- 
culture. 

arboriform  (ar'bo-ri-f6rm),  a.  [=  F.  arliori- 
fonue,  <  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  +  forma,  form.]  Hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  tree. 

arborise  (iir-bor-e-za'),  ((.  [F.,pp.  of  arboriser : 
see  arbori:c.]  Marked  with  ramif\'iug  lines, 
veins,  or  cloudings,  like  the  branching  of  trees : 
said  of  agates  and  other  semi-jirecious  stones, 
and  of  certain  porcelains,  lacquers,  enamels,  etc. 

arboristt  (iir'bo-rist),  n.  [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  + 
-ist ;  =  F.  arborisfc.  Cf.  arliori::e.  In  earlier 
use  associated  with  arbor"^,  herber,  a  garden  of 
herbs;  cf.  herbori.tt.]  Acidtivatorof  trees;  one 
engaged  in  the  cultm-e  of  ti-ees:  as,  "our  cun- 
ning orhoristx,"  Erelyn,  Sylva,  xxviii. 

arborization  (iir'bo-ri-za'shon),  H.  [=  F.  ar- 
borisation ;  <  arborise  +  -ation.]  1.  A  growth 
or  an  appearance  resemliling  the  figure  of  a 
tree  or  plant,  as  in  cert:iin  minerals  or  fossils. 
—  2.  In  jialhoL,  the  ramification  of  capillary 
vessels  or  veinlets  rendered  conspicuous  by 
distention  anil  injection. 

arborize  (;ir'bo-m),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  arbor- 
i-ed,  ppr.  arbori-iug.  [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  + 
-(-c;  =  F.  arbori.-'er,  only  in  pp.;  foi'merly, 
"to  study  the  nature,  to  observe  the  properties 
of  trees"  (Cotgrave).  Cf.  lierbori;:e,  botanize.] 
To  give  a  tree-like  appearance  to:  as,  "'an  ar- 


arborize 

horized  or  moss-agate,"  Wriyht.  Also  spelled 
arl">risr. 

arborolatry  (ar-bo-rora-tri)>  «•  [<  L-  arbor,  a 
tree,  +  Gr.  Xarpda,  worship.]     Troe-worship. 

Kcw  spt'ciea  of  worship  have  heen  more  coinmon  thait 
arlmrolntnj.  ,S'.  Ilanlif,  Kasteni  Monachisrn,  p.  21(j. 

arborous  (iir'bo-rus),  rt.  l<  mhor^  + -ous.]  Con- 
sist in;;  of  or  pertainmg  to  trees. 

Fi-om  under  shady  arburtma  roof. 

Milluii,  T.  I..,  V.  137. 

arbor- vine  (iir'bor-^'in),  h.  [<  arlmr'^  +  Tinc.'\ 
A  species  of  bindweed.  The  Sjiiiuiti'li  arhor- 
(•(■«(■  of  Jaiiiaiea  is  au  ornamental  species  of 
IjioiiKKi,  I.  tithcrosa. 

arbor-vitae  (ilr'bor-vi'te),  n.  [L.,  tree  of  life: 
see  (irbiir^  and  ntal.']  1.  In  hot.,  a  common 
name  of  certain  species  of  Tliiija,  a  genus  be- 
longing to  the  natiu'al  order  ( 'onifcrw.  Thuja  w- 
culnttith'.t  is  tile  Anu'ricaii  or  eoinmoii  arljor-vitn),  exten- 
sively plantt'd  fiir  orilaiuent  antl  ftir  lied^es. 

2.  In  tinat.,  the  arborescent  or  foLiaceous  ap- 
pearance of  a  section  of  the  cerebellum  of  the 
higher  vertel^rates,  due  to  the  arrangement  of 
the  white  and  gray  nerve-tissue  and  their  con- 
trast in  color.     See  ciit  under  corpii.'.- Arbor- 

VltSa  UterlnUS,  an  ailinresiiTlt  appcarain  e  iiruKilllv.l  l>y 
tlle  wallsof  the  1-aiial  of  tin-  ijei  k  of  (lie  hiiiiiiiii  uterus,  lie- 
eoiiiiii^'  iiiilistiiiet  oi-  ilisappearing  after  tile  first  gestation. 

arbour,  ».     See  arbor^. 

arbrier  (iir'bri-er),  «.  [OF.,  also  arbreau,  ar- 
hni,  (irhrict,  <  arbre,  a  tree,  beatu :  see  orftorl.] 
The  staff  or  stock  of  the  crossbow. 

arbuscle  (iir'bus-l),  n.  [<  L.  urbiixcula,  a  little 
tree,  dim.  of  arbor,  a  tree.]  A  dwarf  tree,  In 
size  between  a  shrub  and  a  tree.     Bradley. 

arbuscular  (iir-bus'kii-lar),  a.  [<  L.  arbuscida  : 
see  arbi(scuh:"i  Resembling  au  arbuscule; 
tufted. 

arbuscule  (iir-bus'kiil),  )i.  [<  L.  arbuscida,  a 
littlt'  tree :  see  urhnndc.']  In  zoiil.,  a  tuft  of 
sometliing  like  an  arbuscle,  as  the  tufted  bran- 
chial of  an  annelid;  a  tuft  of  cilia. 

arbusta,  «.     Plural  of  arbustiim. 

arbustivet  (iir-bus'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  arbustivus,  < 
arbiislKiii,  a  plantation  of  trees:  see  arbustiim.'] 
Containing  copses  of  trees  or  shrubs;  covered 
with  shrubs;  shrubby. 

arbustum  (ilr-bus'tum),  n. ;  pi.  arbustums,  ar- 
biistii  (-tumz,  -ta).  [L.,  <  arbos,  arbor,  a  tree: 
see  ((cftyfl.]  A  copse  of  shrubs  or  trees;  an 
orchard  or  arboretum. 

arbute  (ilr'but),  n.  [Formerly  also  arbut,  <  L. 
arbntxs:  see  arbutits.]  The  strawbciTy-tree. 
See  arhutiis,  3. 

arbutean  (iir-bii'te-an),  a.  [<L.  arbutetis,  per- 
taifiing  to  the  arbiitus,  <  arbutus  r  see  arbutus.] 
Pertaining  to  the  arbute  or  strawberry-tree. 

arbutin  (iir'bu- 
tin),  «.  [<  arbu- 
iu)i  +  -i»'-.]  A 
glucoside  (C.:>4 
H32O14  -I-  HoO) 
obtained  from 
the  bearberry 
(Arctostaphiilo.i 
Uva-ursi)  and 
other  plants  of 
the  heath  fami- 
ly. It  forms  tufts 
of  coli>rless  aeicillar 
crystals  soluble  in 
water  and  having  a 
bitter  taste. 

arbutus  (com- 
monly iir-bfi'tus; 

as  a  Latin  word,  iir'bii-tus),  n.  [Formerly  also 
arbute,  arbut  =  P.  arbute  =  It.  arbuto,  <  L.  arbii- 
tus, the  wild  strawberry-tree ;  prob.  akin  to  ar- 
bor, arbos,  a  tree.]  1.  A  |)lant  of  the  genus  Ar- 
butus.—  2.  The  trailing  arbutus  (see  below). — 

3.  [«;/).]  A  genus  of  evergreen  shrubs  or  small 
trees  of  southern  Europe  and  western  North 
America,  natural  order  Erioacea,  character- 
ized by  a  free  calyx  and  a  many-seeded  berry. 
The  European  A.  I'lti'du  is  ealled  the  strawberry-tree  from 
its  briyht-.searlet  Ijerries,  and  is  cultivated  for  ornament. 
A.  Mt'iLzifsu  is  the  pietm-esiiue  anil  strikiiif;  madroflo-tree 
of  ()rej;on  and  California,  sometimes  reaehins  a  height  of 
sofeetor  more.— Trailing  arbutus,  the  Kiii'ia'n  rfpeiui,  a 
fraprantericaeeousereefterof  the  I'nited  states,  blooiniin; 
in  tlie  sprinj;,  and  also  known  as  Maii-jbiuYf  (which  see). 

arcl  (Jirk),  H.  [Karlv  mo<l.  E.  iilso  ark:  <  ME. 
ark,  arkr,  <  OP.  (;nid  P.)  arc  =  Pr.  arc  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  arco,  <  L.  areus,  arquus,  a  bow,  arc,  arcti, 
akin  to  AS.  earit,  >  E.  arrow,  q.  v.  Dotiblet, 
(((■f/fl.]  1.  In  t/eom.,  any  part  of 
a  curved  line,  as  of  a  circle,  espe- 
cially one  which  does  not  include 
a  point  of  inflection  or  cusp.  It  is  by  means  of  ares 
of  a  circle  that  all  anodes  are  measured,  the  arc  beinu  de- 
scribed from  the  angular  point  a^  a  center,    lu  the  higher 


Strawberry-tree  {j^rhutus  V»ecto). 


Arcs  in  vaulting,  perspective  and  plan. 
(From  Viollet-le-Ouc's  "  Pict.  de  I'Archi- 
tecture.") 

.'/  i?.  C  />.  arcs  doubleaux  ;  A  D,  C  B. 
arcs  ogives:  A  C,  B  D,  arcs  formcrets. 


291 

niathematics  the  word  arc  is  used  to  denote  any  anpular 
iiuaiitity,  even  when  greater  than  a  wlnde  circle :  as,  an 
arc  of  Tfit)  .     .See  un(/le-l. 

2.  In  astron.,  a  part  of  a  circle  traversed  by 
the  sun  or  other  heavenly  body  ;  especially,  the 
liart  passed  over  by  a  star  between  its  rising 
and  setting. 

The  brightc  sonno 
The  ark  of  his  artificial  ilay  hath  roniie 
The  fourthe  part. 

Vhattccr,  I'rol.  to  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  2. 

3.  In  arch.,  an  arch.     [Rare.] 
Turn  arcs  of  triumph  to  a  narden-Kate. 

/*(>>«',  Moral  Kssays,  iv.  .30. 

Arc  boutant  (F.),  a  flying  buttress. —  Arc  doubleau 
(F.),  in  nrrli..  the  main  rib  <»r  arch-band  ubieb  ci-osses  a 
vault  at  riglit  angles  and  separates  adjoildng  bays  from 
each  other.  Arc  formeret  (K),  the  arcli  which  re- 
ceives the  vaulting 
at  the  side  of  a 
vaulted  bjiy.— Arc 
Ogive  (K),  one  of 
the  transverse  or 
iliagonal  ribs  of 
a  vaulted  bay.— 
Complement    of 

an  arc.     .Sec  mm- 

ph'incut.  —  Con- 
centric arcs,  ares 
which  t)eloug  Ut 
circles  having  the 
same  center. — Dl- 

umal    arc,     the 

ajiparent  .arc  de- 
scribed by  the  sun 
from  its  rising  to 
its  setting  :  some- 
times used  of  stars. 
—Elevating  arc, 
in  ^K«.,  a  brass 
scale  divided  into 
degrees  and  frac- 
tions of  a  degree, 
and  fastene<l  to  the 
breech  of  a  heavy 
gun  for  the  pur- 
pose of  regulating 
the  elevation  of  the 
piece  ;  or  it  is 
sometimes  fixed 
to  the  eaniage  un- 
der tile  trunnions. 
When  secured  to 
the  gun  itself,  a 
pointer  is  attJlehed 
to  a  ratchet-post  ill 
the  rear  of  the 
piece,  and  indi- 
cates zero  when  the  gun  is  horizontal. —  Nocturnal  arc, 
the  arc  described  bytliesun,  or  other  heavenly  body,  'biriiiK 
the  night.—  Similar  arcs,  of  unequal  circles,  aiis  which 
contain  the  same  number  of  degrees,  or  arc  the  like  part 
or  parts  of  their  respective  circles.— Supplemental  arcs. 
See  .si(;i/*' ""'"'"'■— Voltaic  arc,  in  I  '■'■'..  a  brilliant  band 
of  light,  having  the  shape  of  an  arc,  formetl  l)y  file  passage 
of  a  powerful  electrical  current  between  two  carbon-points. 
Its  length  varies  from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  two  inches, 
or  even  more,  according  to  the  strength  of  the  current. 
Its  heat  is  intense,  and  on  this  account  it  is  used  for  fusing 
very  refractory  substances.  It  is  also  used  Utv  illuminat- 
ing purjioses.     See  ctcctri*;  b\rlit,  under  electric. 

arc-t,  II.    Obsolete  form  of  ark'^. 

area  (iir'kjl),  «.  [L.,  a  chest,  box,  safe;  in 
eccles.  writers,  the  ark:  see  arA'2.]  1.  In  the 
early  church:  (o)  A  chest  for  receiving  offer- 
ings of  money.  (/))  A  box  or  casket  in  which  the 
eucharist  was  carried,  (c)  A  name  given  by  St. 
Gregory  of  Tours  to  an  altar  composed  of  three 
marble  tablets,  one  resting  horizontally  on  the 
other  two,  which 
stand  upright  on  the 
floor.  WaU'ott,  Sacred 
Ardueol. —  2.  [cap.'\ 
[NIj.]  A  genus  of 
asiphonate      laiuelli- 

branch  inollusks,  typ-     Ark-shell  iArca  «<«■). right  valvt. 

leal  of  the  family  Ar- 
ridir  (which  see) ;  the  ark-shells  projier. 
arcabucero  (Sp.  pron.   iir'kU-bo-tha'ro),    «. 
[Sp.,  =  harqucbusier.']   A  musketeer;  a  harque- 
btisier. 
Here  ill  front  you  can  see  the  very  dint  of  ttic  hnllct 
Fired  point-blank  at  luy  heart  by  a  Spanish  arcabucfrr,. 
Loii'ifcllow,  Miles  Standiah,  I. 

Arcadae  (iir'ka-de),  «.  pi.  See  Arcida: 
arcade  (iir-kad'),  «.  [<  F.  arcade,  <  It.  arcfita 
=  Sp.  Pg.  arcada,  <  ML.  areata,  au  arcade,  <  L. 
areus,  arc,  bow:  see  arc^,  arcli^,  ».]  1.  Prop- 
erly, a  series  of  arches  supported  on  piers  or 
pilljirs.  'Ilic  arcade  is  used  especially  .as  a  screen  and  as 
a  support  for  a  wall  or  roof,  but  in  all  architecture  since 
the  Roman  it  is  also  commonly  used  as  an  ornamental 
dre-ssing  to  a  wall.  In  this  form  it  is  known  as  a  bliiul 
arcaiic  or  an  arcaturc,  and  is  also  called  irall-arcailc. 
2.  A  simple  arched  opening  in  a  wall.  [Rare.] 
—  3.  A  vault  or  vaulted  place.  [Pare.] — 4. 
SpecificiiUy,  in  some  cities,  a  long  arched  pas- 
sageway; a  covered  avenue,  especially  one  that 
is  lined  with  shops, 
arcaded  (iir-ka'ded),  a.  Furnished  with  an  ar- 
cade 


Court  of  I.i  ^ns,  A  111. 


iilir.i,  Spain. 


arc-cosecant 

Arcadian  (iir-ka'di-nn), '(.  and  11.  [<  L.  Arca- 
dius,.-lreiidiii,<.  (ir.  '\/j/.fi>l/fi.  J  I.  n.  1.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Ar- 
cadia, a  moun- 
tainous district 
of  Greece  in 
the  heart  of 
the  Peloponne- 
sus, or  to  its  in- 
habitants, who 
were  a  simple 
pastoral  peo- 
Iile,fonil  of  mu- 
sic and  danc- 
ing. Hence  — 
2.  Pastoral  ; 
rustic;  simple; 
innocent.  —  3. 
Pertaining  to 
or  characteris- 
tic of  the  Acad- 
emy of  the  Ar- 
cadians, au 
Italian  pofetical 
(now  also  sci- 
entific) society 
founded  at 

Rome  in  1690, 
the  aim  of  the  members  of  which  was  origi- 
nally to  imitate  classic  simplicity. 
Sometimes  written  Arc/telic. 
H.  «.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Arca- 
dia.—  2.  A  member  of  the  Academy  of  the  Ar- 
cadians.    See  I. 

Arcadianism  (iir-ka'di-an-izm),  >i.  [<  Arcadian 
+  -i.s«i.]  Rustic  or  pastoral  simplicity,  espe- 
cially as  affected  in  literature ;  specifically,  in 
Italian  literatm-e  about  the  end  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  the  affectation  of  classic  sim- 
plicity. 

Arcadic  (iir-ka'dik),  a.    [<  L.  Arcadicus,  <  Gr. 

!A/«n(SiAOf .]    Same  as  Arcadian Arcadic  poetry, 

pastoral  poetry. 

arcana,  «.     Plural  of  arcanum. 

arcane  (iir-kan'),  a.  [<  L.  arcanus,  hidden,  < 
arcerc,  shut  up,  area,  a  chest.  Cf.  arcanum.] 
Hidden;  secret.     [Rare.] 

The  luminousgcnins  who  had  illustrated  the  demonstra- 
tions of  Euclid  was  penetrating  into  the  arccoie  caverns  of 
the  cabalisLs.  1.  Disraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  H.  204. 

arcanum  (iir-ka'num),  n. ;  pi.  arcana  (-na). 
[L.,  neut.  of  arcanus,  hidden,  closed,  secret: 
see  arcane.]  1.  A  secret;  a  mystery:  gener- 
ally used  in  the  plural :  as,  the  arcana  of  nature. 

The  very  .IreanwM  of  pretending  Keligion  in  all  Wars 
is.  That  something  may  be  found  out  in  which  all  men 
may  have  interest.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  105. 

IiKpliries  into  the  arcaiui  of  the  Godhead.     )i'arhitrfon. 

The  Arabs,  with  their  usual  activity,  penetrated  into 
these  arcana  of  wealth.  Prcttcott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  8. 

2.  In  alchemy,  a  supposed  gi-eat  secret  of  na- 
ture, which  was  to  be  discovered  bj-  alchemi- 
cal means;  the  secret  virtue  of  anything. 
Hence  —  3.  A  secret  remedy  reputed  to  be  very 
efficacious;  a  marvelous  elixir The  great  ar- 
canum, the  supposed  art  of  transmuting  metals. 

He  told  us  stories  of  a  Genoese  jeweller,  who  had  the 
itreatc  arcanum,  and  had  made  projection  before  llimsev- 
erall  times.  Eveltjn,  Diary,  Jan.  2,  1052. 

arcature  (iir'ka-tur),  n.  [<  ML.  'arcatura,  < 
areata:  sec  arcade.]  Inarch.:  (a)  An  arcade 
of  small  dimensions,  such  as  a  balustrade, 
formed  by  a  series  of  little  arches,  in  some  me- 
dieval churehes  open  areatures  were  introdueecl  beneath 
theconiieesof  the  external  walls,  not  only  as  an  ornament, 
but  to  admit  light  above  the  vaulting  to  the  roof-timbers. 


Arcature.  —  Cathedral  of  Petcrlwrough,  England. 

(b)  A  blind  arcade,  useii  rather  to  decorate  a 
wall-space,  as  beneath  a  row  of  windows  ora  cor- 
nice, than  to  meet  a  necessity  of  construction, 
arc-cosecant  (iirk-ko-se'kant),  «.  In  math.,  an 
iingle  regarded  as  a  function  of  its  cosecant. 


arc-cosine 

arc-cosine  (Urk-ko'sin),  «.  In  ninth.,  an  angle 
rcfjarilcil  us  a  finu'tion  of  its  cosine. 

arc-cotangent  ^iil■k-k6-tau'jent),  )i.  In  math., 
an  anjili'  rcgariU'd  as  a  function  of  its  cotangent. 

Arcella  (iir-sel'a),  H.  [NL.,  dim.  of  L.  area,  a 
l)o.\ :  see  rtr<Yi,  ark-.']  A  genus  of  ama'boiil  pro- 
tozoan organisms  Iiaving  a  kind  of  carapace  or 
shell,  tlie  tj-pe  of  a  family  ArcilUda. 

Arcellidse  (ar-sel'i-<le),  H."j>/.  [NL.,  <  .Ircflln  + 
-ilia:]  A  family  of  Protozoa,  of  the  order  Amw- 
lioiitca,  containing  the  genera  Arcella,  JJiffliigia, 
etc.,  the  members  of  which  are  inclosed  in  a 
kind  of  test. 

archl  {iirch),  H.  [<  ME.  arch,  archc,  <  OF.  arehe 
(>ML.  archia),  mod.  F.  archc,  an  arch,  fem. 
form  (prob.  by  confusion  with  OF.  and  F. 
nrche,  ark,  <  L.  area:  see  arch-)  of  OF.  and 
F.  arc,<  L.  arcits:  see  arcK]  If.  In  gcotn., 
any  part  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle  or 
other  curve;  an  arc.  See  arc'^,  1. —  2.  Inarch., 
a  structure  built  of  separate  and  inelastic 
blocks,  assembled  on  a  curved  line  in  such  a 
way  as  to  retain  their  position  when  the  strue- 
tiu"e  is  supported  extraneously  oulj'  at  its  two 
extremities.  The  separate  blocks  which  compose  the 
arch  are  called  voti>isoirs  or  arch-stotie^.  The  extreme  or 
lowest  voussoirs  are  termed  springers,  and  the  uppermost 
or  central  one,  when  a  single  stone  occupies  this  position, 
is  called  the  keystone.    The  under  or  concave  face  of  the 


.1  I 


4«v 

1  , 

1 

Y^-^  1      1 

^%al 

l' 

P 

1 

1 

Extradosed  Arch, 
a,  abutmeots :  ?/,  voussoirs ;  s,  springers;  t,  imposts;  In,  intrados; 
/>,  piers ;  i,  keystone :  £x,  extrados- 

assembled  voussoirs  is  called  the  intrados,  and  the  upper 
orconvex  face  theextrados.  of  the  arch.  When  the  curves 
of  the  intrados  and  extrados  are  concentric  or  parallel, 
the  arch  is  said  to  be  extradosed.  The  supports  which 
afford  resting  and  resisting  points  to  the  arch  are  piers  or 
pillars,  which  receive  the  vertical  pressure  of  the  arch, 
and  abiittiu'iiis,  wliich  resist  its  lateral  thrust,  and  which 
are  pruptii,\  imrtiuiis  of  the  wall  or  other  structure  above 
the  springing  and  abreast  of  the  shoulder  of  the  arch. 
The  upper  part  of  the  pier  upon  which  the  arch  rests 
(technically,  the  point  from  which  it  springs)  is  the  im- 
2wst.  The  sjtan  of  an  arch  is  the  distance  between  its 
opposite  imposts.  The  rijic  of  an  arch  is  the  height  of 
the  highest  point  of  its  intrados  above  the  line  of  the 
imposts;  this  point  is  sometimes  called  the  luider  side  of 
the  crown,  the  highest  point  of  the  e.Ktrados  being  the 
crown.  The  thrust  of  an  arch  is  the  pressure  which  it 
exerts  outward.  This  pressure  is  practically  collected,  so 
far  as  it  is  manifested  as  an  active  force,  at  a  point  which 
cannot  be  exactly  determined 
theoretically,  but  is  at  about 
one  third  of  the  height  of  the 
rise  of  the  arch.  The  thrust 
must  be  counteracted  by  abut- 
ments or  buttresses.  Arches 
are  designated  in  two  ways : 
First,  in  a  general  manner, 
according  to  their  properties, 
their  uses,  their  position  in  a  building,  or  their  exclusive 
employment  in  a  particular  style  of  architecture.    Thus, 


Skew  Arch. 


Segmental  Arch. 


Semicircular  Arch. 


Cyctoidal  Arch. 


Elliptical  Arch. 


hyperbolical,  ()r  catenariaji  arches;  or  from  the  resem- 
blance of  the  whole  contour  of  the  curve  to  some  familiar 
object,  as  lancet  arch  and  horseshoe  arch;  or  from  the 


Lancet  Arch. 


Horseshoe  Arch. 


292     . 

pant.    Foil  arches  are  arches  whose  intrudes  outlines  form 
a  series  of  subordinate  arcs  called /oi7«,  the  points  of  which 


Ogee  Arch. 


Equilateral  Arch. 


Arch  of  Dischai^e. 

(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet. 

de  r Architecture.") 


are  termed  cusps.  A  numeral  is  usually  employed  Uj  desig- 
nate the  number  of  foils,  as  a  tre/oii  arch,  a  cinqurfoil 
arch,  etc. 

3,  Any  place  covered  with  an  arch  or  a  vault 
like  an  arch:  as,  to  pass  through  the  arch  of  a 
bridge. — 4.  Any  curvature  in  the  form  of  an 
arch:  as,  the  arch  of  the  aorta;  the  arch  of  an 
eyebrow,  of  the  foot,  of  the  heavens,  etc. 
Whert-on  a  sapphire  throne,  inhiid  with  pure 
Amber,  and  colours  of  the  showery  arch. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  759. 

5.  In  mining,  a  portion  of  a  lode  left  standing, 
either  as  being  too  poor  for  profitable  working 
or  because  it  is  needed  to  support  the  adjacent 
rock. — 6,  The  roofing  of  the  fire-chamber  of 
a  furnace,  as  a  reverberatory  or  a  glass-fur- 
nace ;  hence,  somt'timos.  the  fire-chamber  itself. 

—  Alveolar  arch,  aortic  arch,  see  tlit-  adjectives.— 
Arch  of  discharge,  an  i-xtmdnsed  arch  built  in  the  nia- 
soniy  of  a  wall,  over  a  doorway  or  any  other  open  or  weak 
place,  to  transfer  pressure  from 

above  to  points  of  assured  sta- 
bility on  either  side.  An  arch 
of  discharge  is  generally  distin- 
guishable to  the  eye  from  the 
wall  in  which  it  is  built  mere- 
ly by  the  position  of  its  stones, 
or  at  most  by  a  slight  projec- 
tion beyond  the  wall-sni-face. — 

Arch  of  the  fauces.  See 
fauces.—  Axillary  arches. 
See  axi llan/. —Ba.ck.  Of  au  arch,  i^i't;'  '"nt'.— Backing 
of  an  arch.  See  ifTct(;i.'7.— Basket-handle  arch,  mi  i,  I- 
lipticalarch.orathree-centervillnu-irn\\nt.<l;inli.  — Blind 
arch,  an  arch  of  which  the  opening  is  walletl  up.  often  ust-d 
as  an  nrc/i  <•/  discharge.  See  cut  imder  arcnturc, —  Bran- 
chial arch.  See  branchial.—  Clustered  arch,  a  number 
of  arched  ribs  springing  from  one  impost,  a  form  usual  iu 
medieval  puinted  vaulting.  See  exit  under  (clustered)  col- 
umn.—Court  of  Arches.  See  court.— Crural  or  in- 
guinal arch.  See  cn/m^— Flat  arch,  an  arch  of  which 
the  intrados  is  straight,  the  voussou's  being 
wedge-shaped  and. assembled  in  a  horizon- 
tal line:  used  especially  in  brickwork, 
where  the  charge  to  support  is  not  great. — 
Hemal  arch,  hydrostatic  arch.  See  the 
adjectives.  — Laminated  arch,  a  beam  in 
tlic  f')rm  i.'f  an  aixh,  c'lTistructtd  of  several 
thiukntsses  of  plankhig  bt-nt  to  shape  and 
bolted  together  :  a  fcain  uf  arched  l>eani. —  Mandibular 
arch,  mural  arch,  neural  arch,  etc.  See  the  adjec- 
tives.—  Oblique  arch.  Same  as  sktw  arch  (which  see, 
below).— Pectoral  arch,  same  ha  pectoral  girdle  (which 
see,  under  ;/?/-(//().  — Pelvic  arch.  Same  as  2^lvic  fririile 
(which  sec,  undt-T  ;7<V(//r).— Preoral  arches,  postoral 
arches,  see  the  adjectives. — Recessed  arch,  one  arch 
within  another.  Such  arches  are  sonittiiins  called  double, 
triple,  etc..  arches,  and  sometimes  compound  ;uvlies. —  Re- 
versed arch,  an  inverted  arch.— Ribbed  arch,  an  arch 
comyioscd  of  parallel  ribs  springing  iruin  pit-rs  or  imp^ists. 

—  Rough  arch,  anarch  fornicdCf  I iriik:>  or  .stom-s  roughly 
drL-ssi_il  to  thi.-  wi-dgf  form.— Round  arch,  a  SLinicircular 
arch.  —  Skeletal  arches.  Scc  i-i.-,rt  ml  mrhes.  undtr  m- 
cer«^  — Skew  arch,  an  arih  ul  whicli  tin.-  axis  is  not  per- 
pendicular to  its  abutments.— Stilted  arch,  an  arch  of 
which  the  true  impost  is  higher  than  the  apparent  im- 


there  are  arches  of  equilibration,  equipollent  arches,  arches 
of  dischar;/c,  skew  and  reversed  archer,  Roman,  Pointed, 
and  ASarnccuic  arches.  Second,  they  are  named  specitically, 
according  to  the  cm've  the  intrados  assumes,  when  that 
curve  is  the  section  of  any  of  the  geometrical  solids,  as 
segmental,  semicircular,  cyctoidal,  elliptical,  parabolical, 


Stilted  Arches.— Modem  Romanesque. 

post,  or  of  which  the  piers  are  in  fact  continued  above 
the  apparent  impost,  so  that  a  portion  of  the  intrados  on 
either  side  is  vertical.  — Surmounted  arch,  a  stilted 
semicircular  arch  ;  a  semicircular  arch  of  wliiih  the  rise 
is  greater  than  the  radius.— Triumphal  arch,  a  monu- 
mental arch  in  honor  of  an  individual,  i-r  in  commemo- 
ration of  an  event.    Such  arches  were  fii"st  erected  under 


method  used  in  describinR  the  curve,  as  equilateral,  three- 
centered,  four  •centered,  ogee,  etc.  When  an  arcli  has  one 
of  its  imposts  higher  thaii  the  other,  it  is  said  tu  be  ram- 


Triumphal  Arch.— Ardi 


archaean 

the  Roman  erapentnt,  anii  were  oritdnally  temporary 
stnictiireg,  fe8to<»iiu<l  atnl  4»ihi.Twi8e  decorated,  standing 
at  the  entrance  of  a  city,  or  in  a  street,  tiiat  a  victorious 
general  and  his  amiy  niigiit  psLss  under  tlieni  in  triuutph. 
At  a  later  perioii  the  triumphal  arch  became  a  richly 
sculptured,  ni:u>sive,  and  [lernianent  structure,  tiaviuK  an 
arcliway  passing  through  it,  and  often  a  smaller  arch  on 
either  side,  Tlie  name  is  at  the  present  day  often  given 
to  an  arch,  generally  of  w(^)d  decorated  with  flowers, 
evergreens,  baimers,  etc.,  erected  on  the  occasion  of  some 
public  celebration  or  rejoicing.  The  great  arch  in  a  church 
which  gives  access  to  the  choir  the  chancel  arch  — ia 
sometimes  so  called.  In  early  Christian  churches,  a  rep- 
resentation of  the  Glory  or  Triumph  of  Christ  sometimes 
occupied  a  wall-space  above  this  arch. 

Statues,  anil  trophies,  and  triumphal  arcs, 
flardens,  and  groves,  presented  to  his  eyes. 

J/i7(i.n,  r.  R.,  iv.  37. 
Twyer  arch,  an  arched  opening  in  a  snieUing-furnace  to 
admit  the  blast-pipes. — Tymp  arch,  tht-  ar«b  at'ove  the 
tymp  in  a  blast-furnace.  .See  tr/mp. — Vascular  arches. 
See  visceral  arcties,  under  riscvrat. — Visceral  arches. 
See  visvrrat. 
archl  (iireh),  r.  l<arch\n.']  I.  trans.  1.  To 
cover  with  a  vault,  or  span  with  an  arch. 

The  proud  river  .  .  .  is  (ircfted overwith  .  .  .  a  curious 

I)ile  of  stones.  Howell. 

No  bridge  archeil  thy  waters  save  that  whete  the  trees 

Stretched  their  long  arms  alK)ve  thee  and  kissed  in  the 

breeze.  M'hittier,  Briiial  of  Pennacook. 

2.  To  throw  into  the  shape  of  an  arch  or  vault ; 
curve :  as,  the  horse  arches  his  neck. 
Fine  deviceaof  arching  water  without  spilling. 

Baeon,  Gardens. 
Beneath  our  keel  the  great  sky  arclied 
Its  liquid  light  and  aziu'e. 

H.  P.  Spofford,  Poems,  p.  11. 

II.  intrans.  To  form  an  arch  or  arches:  as, 
the  sky  arches  overhead. 

'The  nations  of  the  field  and  wood  .  .  , 
Build  on  the  wave,  or  arch  beneath  the  sand. 

Po^/e,  Essay  on  3Ian,  iii.  102. 

arch-t  (arch),  «.  [<  IIE.  arehe,  in  Scriptural 
senses,  assibOated  form  of  arc.  arl;  <  AS.  are, 
cure,  crc  (see  ark"),  merged  with  the  identical 
OF.  arehe,  airchc, < L.  area,  a bo.x,  chest :  see are^, 
arl.-.]  1.  A  box  or  chest;  in  plural,  archives. 
The  civile  law  .  .  .  was  laid  up  iu  theu-  arches. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Li>-)-,  IX.  xlri.  349.  (X  E.  D.) 
2.  The  ark  of  Noah.  [The  common  form  in 
Middle  English.]  — 3.  The  ark  of  the  covenant. 

arch^  (iirch),  a.  and  «.  [A  separate  use  of  the 
jirefix  arch-,  chief,  which  in  man)'  compounds 
has  acquired,  from  the  second  member  of  the 
compound,  or  from  the  intention  of  the  user, 
a  more  or  less  derogatory  implication.]     I.  a. 

1.  Chief;  pilncipal;  preeminent.     See  arch-. 

The  tyrannous  and  bloody  act  is  done ; 
The  most  arch  deed  of  piteous  massacre 
That  ever  yet  this  land  was  guilty  of. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  3. 

Died  that  arch  rebell  Oliver  Cromwell,  call'd  Protector. 

Eirli/n,  Diai-y,  Sept.  3,  1658. 

2.  Cimning;  sly;  shrewd;  waggish;  mischiev- 
ous for  sport ;  roguish :  now  commonly  used  of 
facial  expression:  as,  "so  arch  a  leer,"  Tatler, 
No.  193. 

He  had  the  reputation  of  an  arck  lad  at  school.     Sici/t. 
So  iunocent-arcA,  so  cunning-simple 
From  beneath  her  gather'd  wimple 
Glancing  with  black-beaded  eyes. 

Tennyson,  Lilian. 
The  archest  chin 
Mockery  ever  ambush "d  in  ! 

M.  Arnold,  Switzerland. 
Il.t  "•  A  chief ;  a  leader.     [Rare.] 

The  noble  duke  my  master, 
My  worthy  arch  and  patron,  comes  to-night 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  1. 

arch-.  [<  ME.  arch-,  archc-,  etc.,  <  AS.  arce-, 
also  rree-  and  arce-,  —  D.  aarts-  =  OUG.  crci-, 
MHCt.  G.  cr:-  =  Sw.  arl'c-,  crlr-  =  Dan.  arhe-, 
erke-  =  Bohem.  arci-,  archi-  =  Pol.  arci/-.  arehi- 
=  Euss.  arkhi-  (ME.  archc-  also  partly  <  OF. 
arce-,  arehe-,  mod.  F.  arch-,  archi- =  Pt.  Sp.  Pg. 
arce-  (Sp.  sometimes  ar:o-)  =It.  arce-,  arci-),  < 
L.  archi-  (=  Goth.  «rA-in  arkaiii/ilKS,  archangel), 

<  6r.  upx'-,  apx-,  combining  form  of  o/i.l<if ,  chief, 

<  apxeiv,  be  first,  begin,  lead,  rule,  =  Skt.  ■\/  arh, 
be  worthy.]  Chief;  principal:  a  prefix  much 
used  in  composition  with  words  both  of  native 
ami  iif  foreign  origin.     See  arch^. 

archabbot  (iirch  ab'ot),  «.  [<  arch-  +  abbot.] 
A  chief  abViot :  applied  as  a  specific  title  to  the 
head  of  certain  monasteries. 

archaealt  (iir-ke'al),  a.  [<  archa^us  +  -al]  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  archteus,  or  supposed  internal 
(  ause  of  all  vital  phenomena. — 2.  Caused  by 
the  arclianis:  as.  orf/i(r«/ diseases.  Seearcho'iis. 

archsan  ( iir-ke'an).  (/.  [<  Gr.  apxaioc.  ancient : 
see  orchao-.]  Of  or  relating  to  the  oldest 
period  of  geological  time .-  a  name  proposed 
by  J.  n.  Dana,  and  now  generally  adopted,  for 
a  series  of  crystalline  schists  and  massive 
rocks  lj"iug  untlerneath  the  most  ancient  fos- 


archsean 

Siliferous  stratifiori  t(inii:il  inns.  This  series  is  still 
called  Iiy  some  writi-rs  ttznir,  lu'cimsc  thus  f;ir  it  h;is  not 
been  fimiicl  tn  (■(iiitiiin  any  traces  nf  life.  It  also  ineluiles 
an  undetermined  |i<»rtii>n  of  the  roeiis  formerly  <lesiunateii 
aa  primitivey  and  hy  some  writers  is  va;^nely  used  to  indi- 
cate crystalline  roeks  of  \nieertain  and  often  quite  recent 
aRe.     See  azoic  and  jfriiinltrr. 

archaei,  ".    Pluml  of  <in-h<i'iix. 

Archaelurus  (iii-ki}-lu'rus),  ».    [NL.,  < Gr.  apx-, 

ju'liiiitivc.  +  H/'/or/ioi;,  a  eat.]  Agenus  of  fossil 
cats  from  tli(>  Mioeoiio  of  North  America,  hav- 
ing 4  upper  premohirs,  3  lower  j)remolars,  and 
2  lower  molars.  A.  dcbilis  was  about  as  large 
as  the  ptima.     I'J.  I).  ('oi>e,  1879. 

archseo-,  [<  NL.  urchtid-,  <  Gr.  (ip,fa'o-,  stem  of 
(i/iV""'-')  ancient,  ]irinii'val,  <  (ipx'/t  beginning,  < 
«/i,V«i',  bo  first,  begin,  lead,  rule.  Cf.  arch-.'\ 
Ancient ;  primeval :  the  first  part  of  a  nnmber 
of  compound  scientilic  words.  Also  written 
urclici);  and,  rarely,  archaio-. 

Archaeoceti  (iir'ke-o-se'ti),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ai>xaioq,  ancient,  -I-  K>/T<ir,  whale.]  A  suborder 
of  cetaceans,  framed  to  include  all  the  fossil 
forms  usually  referred  to  the  genus  Zctifilodoii 
(or  Basilosaunis):  ecjuivalent  to  Zeuijludnnlia 
of  some  naturalists.  The  dentition  is,  3  incisors,  1 
canine,  and  5  grinders  on  eaeli  side  of  each  jaw.  =  3ti,  lilie 
that  of  some  seals.  The  skull  is  elongated  and  depressed, 
and  the  eervieal  verteluw  are  free. 

Archaeocidaris  (iir"ke-6-sid'a-ris),  n.    [NL.,  < 

tir.  li/n'o/nr,  ancient,  4-  "NL.  Cidaris,  a  genus  of 
sea-iu'chins:  see  Cidarif:.']  A  genus  of  fossil 
sea-urchins  or  cidarids,  from  Carboniferous  and 
Permian  strata,  having  small  hexagonal  plates 
and  long  siiiues,  either  smooth  or  notched  and 
denticulated. 

archaeographical  (!ir"kG-o-graf'i-kal),  a.    Re- 
lating or  pertaining  to  archieograpliy. 
archaeography  (iir-ke-og'ra-fi),  «.     [<  Gr.  li^- 

Xiiio-}iuiifnry  writing  of  anti(|uity,  <  ii(.,i;n;or,  an- 
cient, +  ■)iii'i<j>fn;  WTite,  describe.]  A  treatise 
on  antiquity:  a  description  of  antiqtiities  in 
getieral,  or  of  any  particular  branch  or  series. 

archaeologian,  archeologian  (iir'ke-o-lo'ji-an), 
II.     li  aii-liiKilni/i/  +  -nil.]     An  arehfeologist. 

archaeologic,  archeologic  (ur"ke-o-loj'ik),  a. 

yanie  as  (irrliiitiliKjinil. 

archaeological,  aircheological  (iir"ke-o-lo,i'i- 

kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  np yaw'Au) iKur,  < apxaw^M) ia,  archaj- 
oiogy.]  Pertaining  to  archaeology:  as,  archw- 
(iliiiiical  researches.  — Archseological  ages  or  pe- 
riods.   See  am'. 

archaeologically,  archeologically  (ar"ke-o- 
loj'i-kal-i),  (idr.  In  an  arclueological  way;  in 
accordance  with  arclueology. 

archaeologist,  archeologist  (ar-ke-ol'o-jist),  «. 

A  student  of  ancient  monuments;  one  skilled 
in  arehii?ology. 

archaeologue,"  archeologue  (iir'ke-o-log),  n. 

[=F.  arcln'oliii/ui  ,<.  Gr.  li/iviraXiijof :  seearclucol- 
0(7//.]  An  archa'ologist.  TlicNdtioitfDec.l,  1876. 

archaeology,  archeology  {ilr-ke-ol'o-ji),  «.    [< 

Gr.  ai>xaio'/ji)ia,  antiquarian  lore,  ancient  le- 
gends or  history,  <  apxaioUyor,  antiquarian,  lit. 
speaking  of  ancient  things,  <  n/Jx«ior,  ancient, 
+  Myeiv,  speak :  see  -olni/i/.^  The  science  of  an- 
tiquities ;  that  branch  of  knowledge  which  takes 
cognizance  of  past  civilizations,  ami  investi- 
gates their  history  in  all  fields,  by  means  of  the 
remains  of  art,  architecture,  monuments,  in- 
scriptions, literature,  language.  Implements, 
customs,  and  all  other  examples  which  have  sur- 
vived. Arehajology  is  sometimes  taken  speeitieally  in  the 
restricted  sense  of  the  science  of  ancient  art,  iucludiufj; 
architecture,  sculpture,  jjainting,  ceramics,  and  decora- 
tion, together  with  whatever  records  may  accompany  and 
serve  to  identify  thcni. — Classical  archaeology,  the 
arclijcolou'y  of  ancient  (Ircecc  and  Koine.  Medieval  ar- 
chaeology, the  anlKcilo^y  of  111.-  liiid.lli'  a^.s.  =Syn.  .Ir- 
fliifiili<</!i.  .iiiti'piiinaiii.iin.  A  iili'jini  riiiiiiyiii  deals  with 
relies  of  the  past  rather  as  objects  of  mere  cm  insity  or  as 
interesting  mel*ely  on  account  of  their  antiiinity;  archa'- 
olixjii  studies  them  as  means  to  a  scientilic  knowledge  of 
the  past.     See  palfoiitiilnqy. 

archaeonomous  (iir-ke-on'o-mus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
«(Hn(oi'oi/or,  old-fashioned,  <  iipxalo^.  ancient, 
old,  +  voiior,  law,  custom.]  Retaining,  or  de- 
viating little  from,  a  primitive  condition;  old- 
fashioned:  especially  apidied  by  S.  Loven  to 
echinoids  of  the  family  Cli/jicastrida:     [Rare.] 

Archaeopterygidae  (iir-ke-op-te-ri.j'i-de),  «. 

jil.  [NL.,  <  .lirhinip/ii-i/x  i-iilcrii!/-)  +  -idtr.']  A 
family  of  fossil  birds,  containing  the  genus 
Archwoptcri/x,  the  only  known  rej)resentative 
of  the  subclass  Siiiino'ir  (which  see). 
Archaeopteryx  (iir-ke-op'to-riks),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apxnio^,  ancient,  -f  Tr-Z/jct,  a  wing,  a  bird, 
<  TTTtpii;  a  wing,  =  E.  fcnthcr.']  A  genus  of 
fossil  reptilian  Mesozoic  binls  discovered  by 
Andreas  Wagner,  in  ISfil,  in  the  lithographic 
slates  of  Solenhofen  in  Bavaria.  It  is  of  Jurassic 
a^,  and  is  notable  us  tliu  oldest  kuuwu  avion  type,  and 


293 

as  combininp;  some  characters  of  a  lizanl  with  those  of  a 
bird.  The  original  fossil  consisted  only  of  the  impression 
of  a  single  feather,  upon  which  the  name  ArchtKopteryx 


archaist 

Horse's  Soul  that  is  dead,  hut  several  distinct  Archei  that 
do  as  naturally  jr)yn  with  the  .Matter  of  his  body,  so  putri- 
tted  and  prepared,  as  the  Crowes  come  to  eat  Ids  lleah. 

Vr.  II.  Mure,  Antidote  against  Atheism,  app.  xi. 

archaic  (iir-ka'ik),  a.      [=  F.  archaique,  <  Gr. 
iipxii'i^ui,  antique,  primitive,  <  apxi'or,  old,  an- 


lithtigrapliica  w.as  imposed  hy  Von  .Meyer.  A  second  speci- 
men from  the  same  formation  and  locality  was  named 
A.  nutcntra  l)y  Owen.  The  specific  identity  of  the  two  can 
be  neither  atlirmed  nor  denied,  and  Itieir  generic  identity 
is  only  prcsum])tive.  A  third  and  still  more  cliaraclciistic 
specimen  is  identical  with  the  second,  and  liiw  furnishe<l 
many  additicmal  ch.aracters.  Members  of  this  genus  had 
teeth,  a  long,  lizard-like  t.ail  formed  of  many  vertehnc,  and 
separate  metacarpal  hones,  in  combination  with  a  cari- 
nate  sternum  and  other  features  of  modern  hinls.  It  is 
thus  a  in)i(|ue  type  of  ornithic  structure,  and  represents 
a  distinct  snticlass  of  Aves.  See  Sauriirir. 
archaeostoma  (iir-ke-os'to-mii),  ». ;  pi.  archa:o- 
stotiiatii (iir'ke-o-sto'ma-ta).  iNL.,<(Jr. apxaio^, 
ancient,  +  Gni/ia,  mouth.]  In  bioL,  a  primitive 
blastopore ;  a  primitive  unmodified  enteric  ori- 
fice, both  oral  and  anal :  ojiposed  to  dcuteros- 
toniii.     Also  WTitten  arch(ro.-<tomc. 

Archaeostomata  (iir"ke-o-sto'ma-ta),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  pi.  of  iirclueostom'atii.s :  see  archicostoma- 
toiis.]  A  group  of  animals  retaining  or  stip- 
posed  to  retain  an  imaltered  oral  orifice  or 
archceostoma  throughout  life;  in  some  sys- 
tems, a  ])rirae  division  of  the  great  phylum 
J'eniKs,  inclmling  the  liijtifcnt,  (!<pli!/n((,  Xc- 
nuitliiliiniithcn,  and  Platyliclmiiitlus  excepting 
('(sliiidrii :  distinguished  from  Dcuterostomata. 

archaeostomatous  (iir'ke-o-sto'ma-tiis),  a.  [< 
NL.  arclucostomatus,  <  Gr.  apx<iiu(,  ancient,  + 
nTuim{T-),  mouth.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Archimstomatn. — 2. 
In  //('(/.,  having  a  primitive  blastojjore  or 
original  orifice  of  invagination  of  a  blasto- 
sphere  which  has  imdergone  gastrulatioti ;  re- 
taining an  archenteric  apertirre,  as  distin- 
guished from  any  other  which  may  be  acquired 
by  a  deuterostoraatons  gastnda:  it  is  the  usual 
state  of  those  gastrulffl  which  are  formed  by 
emboly. 

In  the  former  (process  of  gastrulation  by  enibolyj  the 

blastopore  would  he  left  :is  the  aperture  of  comnnnnca- 

tion  of  the  endoderm  with  the  exterior;  and  the  result 

would  lie  the  formation  of  an  arcfufostomatoun  g:istrnla. 

Buxleij,  AlUit.  Invert.,  p.  Gsr*. 

archaeostome  (iir'ke-o-stom),  n.     Same  as  ar- 
eliaiistdiiiii. 
archaesthetic,  archaesthetism,  etc.    See  arch- 

i.itlirtir,  etc. 
archaeus  (iir-ke'us),  n. ;  pi.  (irrhai  (-i).  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  iifix"ior,  ancient,  primitive,  <  I'lpx'/,  begin- 
ning, <  <V',l'f"'>  Ije  first:  see  iircli/r<>-.'\  In  the 
philosophy  of  Paracelsus  and  other  spagyrics, 
mystics,  and  theosophists,  a  spirit,  or  invisible 
man  or  animal  of  ethereal  substance,  the  coun- 
terpart of  the  visible  body,  within  which  it  re- 
sides and  to  which  it  imparts  life,  strength,  and 
the  power  of  assimilating  food.  The  word  is  said 
to  have  been  used  by  liasil  Viilentine,  a  Oennau  chenust 
of  the  llfteenth  century,  to  denote  the  solar  heat  as  the 
source  of  the  life  of  plants.  Paracelsus  uses  it  with  the 
above  meaning.  It  is  frequent  in  the  writings  of  Van  Hel- 
niont,  who  explains  it  as  a  material  prcexistence  of  the 
human  or  ainmal  form  in  ponne.  He  regards  the  arch.x'us 
as  a  fluiil.  that  is.  as  a  semi-material  substance,  like  air, 
and  seems  to  c<insider  it  a  chemical  cr.nstituent  of  the 
blood.  Paracelsus  had  partictdarly  nuule  use  of  the  hy- 
pothesis of  the  archajus  to  explain  the  assimilation  of 
food.  This  function  of  the  archa.'Us  became  j.n.niirieut  in 
medicine.  Van  Ilelmont  calls  it  the  door-kcp,  r  of  the 
stomach  (janilor  slmnachi).  There  are  further  divarica- 
tions of  meaning.     Also  spelled  archeus. 

As  for  the  many  pretended  intricacies  in  the  instance  of 
the  etformation  o"f  Wiusps  out  of  the  t'arcase  of  a  llorse,  I 
say,  the  Archei  that  formed  them  are  uu  parts  of  the 


(ircek  Arrh.ii.;  Sculpture. 

Funeral  Relief,  illustrating 
the  careful  but  anf^lar  and 
"fluted"  treatment  of  drapery. 


Greek  Archaic  Sculpture. 

Discobolus.  Athens,  illustr.-ttincr  the  .irchaic  smile  and  the 

incorrect  placing  ofthe  eye  in  profile. 

tiqne:  see  arcliwo-.']  Marketl  by  the  character- 
istics of  an  earlier  period;  characterized  by  ar- 
chaism; primitive;  old- 
fashionetl ;  antiquatid: 
as,  an  archuic  wonl  or 
phrase. 

A  person  familiar  with  the 
dialect  of  certain  portions  of 
Massachusetts  will  not  fail 
to  reeoginze,  in  tirdinary  dis- 
course, many  words  now 
noteil  in  English  vocabularies 
as  archaic,  the  greater  part  of 
which  were  in  common  use 
about  the  time  of  the  King 
.lames  translat  ion  of  the  Ilible. 
Shakspere  stamls  less  in  need 
of  a  glossary  to  most  .New 
Englaiuiers  than  tit  many  a 
native  of  the  lUd  tViuntry. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  Int. 

There  is  in  the  best  archaic 
coin  work  (of  the  Grceksl .  .  . 
a  strength  anil  a  delicacy 
which  are  often  wanting  in 
the  fully  developed  art  of  a 
later  age. 

Head,  Historia  Numonnii, 
lint.,  Ix. 

The  archaic,  in  art,  not  sim- 
ply the  quality  of  rudeness  or 
of  being  primitive,  but  a  rude- 
ness and  imperfection  iinidy- 
ing  the  promise  of  future  ad- 
vance. Work  that  is  merely 
barbarous  is  not  properly  ar- 
chaic. The  archaic  style,  in  an  art  of  sullicient  force  to 
have  any  development,  sticceeds  the  lirst  rude  attempts  <if 
a  people  to  arrive  at  graphic  rcprcsentatitui,  and  exhibits 
a  manifest  sincerity  anil  striving  to  attain  truth,  until 
finally  the  archaic  iiuaiity  liisappears  little  by  little  as 
truth  is  readied  in  the  great  art-sclnM»ls,  such  sis  those  of 
(Jreeee  and  of  the  Renaissance  painters,  eras  art  sinks  into 
lifeless  conventionalism  before  reaching  truth,  as  in  the 
sculpture  of  Egypt  and  Mesopotamia. 

archaical  (jir-ka'i-kal),  n.  [<  airlinic  +  -n?.] 
Relative  to  an  early  period  or  to  a  fashion  long 
out  of  date;  primitive;  antiquated;  archaic. 

archaically  (ar-ka'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  archaio 
manner. 

archaicism  (iir-ka'i-sizm),  n.  [< archaic  +  -ism.'} 
Ancient  style  or  quality ;  archaism.     N.  E.  D. 

archaio-.     Same  as  arcliao-. 

archaism  (iir'kii-izm),  H.  [=  p.  archai.vmr,  < 
Gr.  apxaiu/iiji:,  an  anti<|uated  phrase  or  style, 
<  apxaii^en',  copy  the  ancients,  <  (!px""K,  old,  an- 
cient: see  arclian-.]  1.  The  atioption  or  imi- 
tation of  that  which  is  anti((uateiior  otit  of  use; 
especially,  the  use  of  archaic  words  or  fonus 
of  speech. —  2.  The  quality  of  being  archaic ; 
antiquity  of  style,  tuanner,  or  use,  as  in  art  or 
literature ;  especially,  in  art,  the  appearance  of 
traces  of  the  imperfect  conception  or  unskilful 
handling  of  tools  and  materia!  belonging  to  an 
art  before  the  time  of  its  highest  development. 
See  the  archaic,  under  archaic. 

A  selectvocabulary  corresponding  (in  point  of  nrc/i(ii>m 
and  remoteness  from  ordinary  use)  to  our  .Scriptural  vo- 
cabulary. De  Qtiincfy. 

3.  That  which  is  archaic ;  especially,  an  anti- 
quated or  obsolete  word,  expression,  pronimci- 
ation,  or  idiom. 

A  permissible  archaiifui  is  a  word  or  phrase  that  has 
been  supplanted  by  something  less  apt.  but  has  not  become 
unintelligible.      Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  id  ser.,  p.  195. 

Doubtless  the  too  free  use  of  archaimns  is  an  abuse. 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Lectures  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  176. 

archaist  (ar'kS-ist),  n.  [As  archa-ii-m  +  -ist.'i 
1.  jVn  antiquary;  an  archieologist.  [Rare.] 
—  2.  One  who  makes  use  of  archaisms  in  art 
or  in  literary  expression.     Mrs.  lirotcning. 


Archdistic  liroiize 
Statuette  from  V'eron.i, 
in  the  British  Museum, 
in  imitation  of  Greek 
work  of  the  sixth  cen- 
tury B.  c. 


archaistic 

archaistic  (iir-ka-is'tik),  «.  [<.  nrchaist  + -ic.'] 
Iiuiliitiiij;  that  whidi  is  archaic ;  cxhibitinp  the 
attempt  to  rcprodiico  the 
eliariicteristics  of  the  archa- 
ic ;  affeoting  archaism. 

In  spite  of  the  archaixtic  effort* 
of  luniiy  writers,  both  in  forms  niid 
in  vocahiihiry,  the  hinKinitie  [Swed- 
ish] nevertheless  underwent  rujiid 
changes  during  the  Itltli  and  17th 
centuries.     Encijc.  Brit,,  XXI.  372. 

archaize  (iir'ka-iz),  v.i.;  pret. 
and  pp.  (irchtiixd,  ppr.  ar- 
cliai:it>(j.  [<  6r.  iipxcK^'v :  see 
archaism.]  To  use  or  imitate 
what  is  archaic ;  imitate  an 
olden  stylo ;  especially,  to 
make  use  of  archaisms  in 
speech. 

archaizer  (ar'ka-i-zer),  II. 
Oue  who  archaizes ;  one  who 
affects  an  archaic  style. 

But  it  may  be  remembered  that 
Varro  was  himself  something  of  an 
archaizer.      Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  332. 

archallt,  ».    An  old  form  of 

ar()iil. 

arctaamoeba  (ar-ka-rae'ba), 
n.  [<  Gr.  apx-,  i'px^-'  first, 
l)rimitive,  +  NL.  amaia.'i  A 
hj'pothetical  primitive  sim- 
ple anioiba  supposed  by 
JJaeckel  to  have  made  its  appearance  in  the 
earliest  geologic  period,  and  to  have  been  the 
progenitor  of  all  other  amcebce  and  also  of  all 
higher  forms  of  life. 

archamphiaster  (ar-kam-fi-as'ter),  «.  [Also 
archiatni)li>asttr,<.  Gr.  apxi-,fa's,t,  +  afiipi,  around, 
+  aaTi/ii,  star.  See  amphiaster.']  In  cmbryol., 
one  of  the  nuclear  cleavage  figures  developed 
from  the  germinative  vesicle  or  primordial  nu- 
cleus at  the  time  the  polar  cells  or  globules  are 
expelled  from  an  ovum,  at  or  before  the  begin- 
ning of  development. 

The  history  of  the  early  stages  of  the  spindle  and  the 
archaiiiphiasters  shows  their  agamic  origin. 

Hyatt,  IToc.  Best.  Sue.  Nat.  Hist.  (1S84),  p.  56. 

archangel  (iirk'an'jel),  «.  [<  ME.  arcliani/el, 
urcliaiiiKid,  etc.  (in  AS.  hcdh-angel,  lit.  high  an- 
gel), <  OV.  archaxf/el,  archangelc,  mod.  F.  arch- 
atitjez=Vv.  archaiigi  =  iip.  arcungcl=Vg.  arcuiijo, 
archanjo  =  It.  arcaiigelu  =  D.  aartscngd  =  G.  erz- 
eiigel  =  Sw.  crkciiiigcl  =  Dan.  erkcengeJ ;  <  LL. 
archangclus  (=  Kuss.  arkhaiigelu  =  Goth,  arkag- 
gilus),  <  Gr.  apxdyye'Aoc,  archangel,  chief  angel, 
<  apx;  opxi-,  chief,  -I-  oj-jf/lof,  angel :  see  arch- 
and  aiigcl.]     1.  An  angel  of  the  highest  order; 

a  chief  angel.  The  wonl  oeeurs  in  two  puss;iges  of  the 
Biljle,  1  Thes.  iv.  u;,  and  Jude  :t.  Micliael,  mentioned  in 
the  latter  as  an  archangel,  also  in  Daniel  as  the  spiritual 
prince  of  tlic  Jews,  and  in  Kev.  xii.  7  as  the  leader  of  tlie 
heavenly  liosts  against  the  dragon  and  his  angels,  is  the 
St,  Micliael  of  the  church  calendar.  Coming  after  him  in 
dignity,  three  others  are  especially  known  by  name  as  arch- 
angela ;  Gabriel,  the  heavenly  interpreter  and  annunciator 
or  herald  (Dan.  viii.  16,  ix.  21 ;  Luke  i.  19) ;  Raphael,  the 
guardian  angel  connnemorated  in  the  book  of  Tobit ;  and 
Uriel  (2  Esd.  iv.  1),  the  fire  or  light  of  God,  often  men- 
tioned, like  the  others,  in  Milton's  *'  Paradise  Lost."  Three 
other  names  are  added  i)y  tradition  to  make  the  number 
seven  (Tobit  xii.  1.^,  Rev.  viii.  2,  where  the  angels  men- 
tioned are  taken  as  archangels),  Chamuel,  Jophiel  or  Zo- 
phiel,  and  Zadkiel ;  and  still  others  are  spoken  of. 

For  archangels  were  the  first  and  most  glorious  of  the 
whole  creation :  they  were  the  morning  work  of  God,  and 
had  the  first  impressions  of  his  im:ige. 

Dryden,  Deii.  of  I'lutiirch's  Lives. 

2.  A  member  of  the  lowest  but  one  of  the  nine 
orders  of  angels  composing  the  "celestial 
hierarchy"  of  Dionysius  the  pseudo-Areopa- 
gite,  whose  classification  was  adopted  by  Pope 
Gregory  the  Great,  and  is  generally  accepted 
by  the  theologians  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.  The  nine  orders  .are  :  seraiihim,  cherubim, 
tlirones,  dominations,  virtues,  powers,  principalities, 
archangels,  angels. 

3.  [ML.  archangclus,  arch  angelica.']  In  hot.: 
(«)  Tlie  name  of  several  labiate  plants,  as 
Stachi/f:  si/lratica  and  species  of  Lamiiim.  (6) 
An  umbelliferous  plant,  Archangelica  officinalis. 
See  aiigrlica. — 4.  A  slim-bodied,  thin-faced  va- 
riety of  domestic  pigeon,  of  rather  small  size, 
with  long  head  and  beak,  a  peaked  crest,  ami 
rich  metallic  lustrous  plumage,  Vilaek  on  the 
shoidilcrs  and  tail,  but  coppery  elsewhere.  Tlie 
origin  of  the  breed  is  unknown:  it  was  introducetl  into 
England  fiom  Ghent.  'I'he  name  is  supitosed  to  allude  to 
the  itrilliam  y  of  the  plumage.  The  bin!  bree<ls  very  true, 
the  ehirf  [toints  Itelng  the  peaked  crest  and  the  luster. 

archangelic  (ilrk-an-jerik),  a.  [<  ML.  archan- 
gitirns,  <  LGr.  iipxiyyOmoq,  <  Gr.  apxi'yye'fo^, 
archangel.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  archangels: 
as,  "arcAa/i^dic  pomps,"  Mrs.  Bruwning. 


294 

arch-apostate  (iirch'a-pos'tat),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
ajKistiiti .]     A  chief  ajiostate. 

arch-apostle  (iircir.;i-pos'l),  «.  [<  arch-  +  apos- 
tle.    Cf.  Mlj.  iirchiiijKi.stolKS.']    A  chief  apostle. 

Archarchitect  (areh'iir'ki-tekt), »(.  [<  arcli-  + 
architect.]  The  supreme  Architect;  theCrcator. 

I'll  ne'er  believe  that  the  Archarchitect 

With  all  these  fil'es  the  heavenly  arches  decked 

Only  for  show.  Sylventer,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas. 

arch-band  (iirch'band),  n.  A  name  given  by 
artisans  to  that  portion  of  an  arch  or  rib  which 
is  seen  below  the  general  siu-face  of  vaulting. 

arch-bar  (ilreh'bar),  ti.  X.  Any  metallic  bar  of 
arched  sha])e,  as  the  iron  bar  taking  the  place 
of  a  brick  arch  over  the  ash-pit  door  of  some 
furnaces. —  2.  The  upper  member  of  a  curved 
truss. —  3.  A  wrought-iron  bar  extending  from 
the  bolster  of  a  car-truck  each  way  to  the  top  of 
the  journal-boxes.  It  forms  the  amipression-member 
of  the  trusswork  which  transmits  the  weight  of  the  body 
of  the  car  from  the  truck-bolster  to  the  car-axles. 

archbishop  (iirch'bish'up),  n.  [<  ME.  arclibis- 
sliop,  archcbiscop,  etc.,<  AS.  arce-,  wrce-,  crcehis- 
cop  (also  hcdh-biscop,  lit.  high  bishop)  =OFries. 
arcehiskop  =  D.  aartshisschop  =  OH(j.  erzihiscof, 
G.  ercbischofz=  Icel.  erkibiskup  =  Dan.  Sw.  erkc- 
biskop  =  F.  archevegue  =  Sp.  arzobispo  =  Pg. 
arcebispo  =  It.  arcivcscovo,  <  LL.  archiciiiscnjnis, 

<  LGr.  apxietriaKOTTOQ,  chief  bishop,  <  <ir.  i'/>,l'-, 
chief,  -I-  nrianoTToQ,  bishop :  see  arch-  and  bisliiip.] 
A  title  used  in  the  Christian  church  as  early  as 
the  fourth  century,  and  regularly  given  in  that 
and  the  next  four  centuries  to  the  bishops  of  the 
highest  rank,  afterward  known  as  patriarchs. 
It  was  also  occasionally  applied  in  the  East  to  exarchs  and 
metropolitans  of  sees  of  exceptional  antiquity  or  dignity, 
and  was  sometimes  extended  in  later  times  to  others 
of  the  same  rank  as  a  special  distinction.  In  the  West, 
from  the  eighth  or  ninth  century,  the  title  was  given  to 
metropolitJins  of  every  class,  and  this  is  still  the  use  of  the 
Roman  C'atlndic  f  'bureh.  Archbishops  have  certain  rights 
of  honor  and  jiuisdiction  over  their  suffragan  bishops 
(that  is,  the  bisliops  of  the  dioceses  makiMg  up  tlieir  eccle- 
siastical provinci),  such  as  those  of  calling  and  liresiding 
over  provincial  cdiiiuils,  receiving  appeals  in  certain  eases, 
etc.;  but  these  rights,  formerly  very  considerable,  are  now 
comparatively  limifed.  At  present  the  arcbliishop  is  not 
alw:i>s  ;i  iiictrii],nljtan,  since  there  have  long  been  a  few 
archiiislioprics  witlimit  suffragans,  and  oftener  still  the 
title  is  purely  In  morary.  .See  primate.  The  insignia  of  an 
archl,iisliop  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  are  the  woolen 
pallium,  before  receiving  which  from  the  pope  he  cannot 
exercise  the  futictions  of  his  office,  and  the  double  cross 
borne  processionally  beftn-e  him.  In  the  Anglican  Churcli 
there  are  four  archbishops,  two  in  the  Church  of  England 
(those  of  Cantertmry  and  York,  the  former  of  whom  is 
metropolitan  of  all  England),  and  two  in  the  Chiu-ch  of 
Ireland  (those  of  .\iinauh  aiul  Dublin,  the  former  of  whom 
is  primate).  The  Church  of  Sweden  has  one  archbisiiop, 
whns.-  see  is  at  I'psala.     Abbreviated  to  ahp. 

archbishopess  (arch'bish'up-es),  n.  [<  arch- 
bishiiji  +  -CSS.]  The  wife  of  an  English  arch- 
bishop.    Miss  Buriiei/.     [Rare.] 

archbishopric  (iirch'bish'up-rik),  n.  [<  ME. 
tirclicliischiijirichc,  -ri/k,  etc.,  <  AS.  arcebiscoprice, 

<  arcchiscop,  archbishop,  -I-  rice,  jurisdiction. 
Cf.  bishopric]  The  titular  see  or  diocese  of 
an  archbishop ;  the  province  over  which  an 
archliishop  exercises  authority. 

arch-board  (arch'bord),  n.  In  ship-building,  a 
plank  placed  across  a  ship's  stern,  immediately 
uniler  the  knuckles  of  the  stern-timbers.  On 
this  board  the  ship's  name  is  sometimes 
paifited. 

arch-brick  (iirch'brik),  «.  1.  A  wedge-shaped 
brick  used  in  arched  work.  See  compass-brick. 
—  2.  A  hard  and  partly  vitrified  brick,  taken 
from  one  of  the  arches  of  a  brick-kiln  in  which 
tlie  fii'o  is  made. 

archbutler  (iirch'but'ler),  n.  [<  arch-  -i-  btitler. 
The  G.  equiv.  is  erzscheiike,  'arch-skinker.'] 
A  chief  butler.  Formerly  it  was  the  title  of  an  othcial 
rank  in  the  Roman-Gernian  emjiire.  one  of  the  imperial 
court-offices  connected  «itii  flic  electoral  dignity,  ami  held 
by  the  King  or  Elector  of  I'.obcmia. 

arch-buttress  (iirch'bufres),  ».  Same  as  flying 
buttress  (wliich  see,  under  buttress). 

archchamberlain  (iirch'cham'ber-lan),  «.  [< 
arch-  +  chaniberlaiii.  Cf.  ML.  archicamerarius, 
ya.  er-kiimiuercr,  ' arch-chamberer ' :  see  cham- 
bcrcr.]  A  chief  chamberlain,  it  was  formerly  the 
title  of  an  official  rank  in  the  Ronian-German  empire, 
held  by  the  Elector  of  Bramlenburg. 

archchancellor  (iirch'chan'sel-or),  w.  [<  arch- 
-t-  chaiicellor,  after  F.  archiehancclicr  =  G.  cr:- 
kanzlcr,<.'M.lj.archica>icellarins, archehancfWoT.] 
A  chief  chancellor;  formerly — {a)  The  title 
of  an  office  in  the  Roman-German  empire,  held 
by  the  electoral  archbishop  of  Mainz,  who  was 
actual  chancellor  of  the  empire.  ('')  An  hon- 
orary official  rank  held  by  the  electoral  arch- 
bishops of  Cologne  and  Treves,  the  former 
nominally  for  Italy  atid  the  latter  for  Burgundy 
(Gaul  and  the  kingdom  of  Aries). 


archduchess 

archchantert  (iireh'clian'ler),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
chanter.  Cf.  ML.  iirchicaiilor,  chief  singer.] 
The  chief  clianter  or  president  of  the  chanters 
of  a  churcli ;  a  choir-leader  or  precentor. 

archchaplain  (iifch'ehap'lan),  n.  [<  «rf/i-  -I- 
cha/ilaiii,  after  ML.  archieapcllami.s.]  In  the 
early  French  monarchy,  the  court  chaplain, 
often  the  same  as  the  papal,  or  later  the  im- 
perial, apocrisiary,  and  identical  with  the  grand 
almoner  and  archchancellor.  The  title  became  ex- 
tinct with  tlie  Caroiiiigian,  or  second  race  of  kings,  before 

,\.  11.   IIKK). 

archchemic  (iirch'kem'ik),  «.  [<  arch-  + 
cheinic]  Of  supreme  chemical  powers:  as, 
"the  arch-chemic  sun,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  609. 
[Rare.] 

arch-confraternity  (iirch'koufra-ter'ni-ti),  n. 

In  the  limn,  i'atli.  Clt.,  a  chief  confraternity 
having  affiliated  societies  and  endowed  with 
special  privileges:  rarely  called  «)'e/i-sod«?f<^. 
See  confraternity. 

archcoiint  (iirch'kount'),  «•  [<  arcli-  +  count^, 
after  ML.  archicomes,  arclicount.]  A  chief 
count:  a  title  formerly  given  to  the  Count  of 
Flanders  in  consequence  of  his  great  riches  and 
power. 

archdapifer  (iirch'dap'i-fer),  n.  [Motlified 
(with  E.  arcli-tor\j.  archi-)  fioni  ML.  archielapi- 
fer,  <  L.  archi-  +  dapifer,  a  food-bearer,  <  daps, 
food,  feast,  +  ferrc  =  E.  fccocl.]  The  title  of 
an  official  rank  in  the  Roman-Gennan  empire, 
held  by  the  Elector  of  the  Palatinate;  the 
sefieschal. 

archdeacon  (arch'de'kn),  H.  [<  ME.  archede- 
ken,  etc.,  <  AS.  arcediacon,  ercediacon  =  D. 
aartsdckeu  =  Icel.  erkidjdkn  =  Dan.  crkcdegn  = 
F.  archidiacre  =  Sp.  arcediano  =  Pg.  arccdiago 
=  It.  archidiacono,  <  LL.  archidiaconus,  <  LGr. 
apxtiiaKomi;,  <  Gr.  apx'-,  chief,  -t-  dianovoc;,  dea- 
con.] A  chief  deacon;  strictly,  an  ecclesiastic 
who  has  charge  of  the  temporal  and  external 
administration  of  a  diocese,  ■with  jurisdiction 
delegated  from  the  bishop.  The  word  is  found  as 
the  title  of  an  ecclesiastical  dignitary  from  the  fourth  cen- 
tury. In  the  East  it  is  last  founil  as  applied  to  an  eccle- 
siastical officer  of  the  com-t  of  Constantinople  under  tlie 
late  Byzantine  empij-e.  In  the  West,  from  the  eighth 
century,  dioceses  began  to  be  divided  into  separate  teiTi- 
tories,  over  which  rural  ai'chdeaeons  were  placed,  having 
under  them  deaiis  or  rural  archpriests,  charged  with  the 
supervision  of  the  jiarish  priests  of  their  respective  dis- 
tricts ;  over  these  was  the  general  or  granil  archdeacon  of 
the  whole  diocese,  who  took  precedence  of  the  arehpiiest 
(which  see),  and  held  his  own  court  with  its  officials,  ilis- 
tinct  from  that  of  the  bishop,  so  that  appeals  were  taken 
from  the  former  to  the  latter.  The  rural  archdeacons 
were  often  jiricsts,  having  a  cure  of  souls,  as  was  also  the 
grand  aiclideacon  from  the  t\velfth  century.  The  jiowers 
ami  privileges  of  this  office  were  gimliially  n-strietcd,  and 
in  the  lionian  Cafholic  Church,  since  the  Council  of  Trent, 
its  iilacc  is  for  the  most  part  supplied  liy  the  I  >ishop's  vic4U*- 
general,  between  whom  and  the  parisli  juiests  are  some- 
times found  the  vicai"s  forane,  or  present  rural  deans; 
while  the  archdeacon  of  the  present  day,  where  the  office 
survives,  holds  a  dignity  of  honor.  In  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land eacli  bishop  has  the  assistance  of  two  or  nnu'e  arcli- 
deaeons.  who  as  hisilepiities  inspect  and  m:in:u:e  the  affairs 
of  the  diocese,  and  lierform  a  \ariet)  of  duties  partly  secu- 
lai'  and  Jialtly  eeclesiastieal.  In  two  dioetsts  of  the  rrot- 
estaiit  i;jiiseiipal  Cbiireh  of  Aineriea  the  title  arehiharon 

has  iiceii  introduced.  -  Archdeacon's  court,    ■■'ee  ccurt. 

archdeaconate  (iirch'de'kn-at),  «.  [<  arch- 
deacon -I-  -ate^,  after  ML.  archidiaconatus,  arch- 
deacon's office.]  The  district  over  which  an 
archdeacon  has  jurisdiction;  an  archdeaconry. 

archdeaconry  (iirch'de'kn-ri),  «.;  pi.  archdea- 
conries (-riz).  [<  archdeacon  +  -ry.]  The  of- 
fice, rank,  jurisdiction,  or  residence  of  an  arch- 
deacon. In  the  church  of  England  every  diocese  has 
one  or  more  arebdeacomies;  every  arcluieaconry  is  di- 
vided into  rural  deaneries,  and  every  rural  deanery  into 
jiarisbes. 

archdeaconship  (iirch'de'kn-ship),  «.  [<  arch- 
deacon +  -shiji.]     The  office  of  an  archdeacon. 

archdean  (iirch'deti'),  n.  [<  arch-  -I-  dean.  Cf. 
I).  aart.'i<li<tken,  archdean.]  A  chief  dean;  a  su- 
perior over  other  deans.  [Sometimes  used  by 
Scottish  writers  for  archdeacon.] 

archdeanery  (iirch'de'ne-ri),  «. ;  pi.  archdcanr- 
ries  (-riz).  [<  archdean  +  -cry.]  The  office  or 
jurisiiiction  of  an  archdean. 

archdiocese  (iireh'di'o-ses),  n.  [<  arch-  +  dio- 
cese, after  ML.  archidia'cesis.]  The  see  or  dio- 
cese of  an  archbisiiop. 

archdruid  (iirch'dro'id),  ».  [<  arch-  -I-  drui<l.] 
A  chief  drnid. 

archducal  (iirch'dti'kal),  a.  [<  archduke:  = 
F.  archiducal :  see  ducal.]  Pertaining  to  an 
archduke  or  an  archduchy. 

In  the  .\iistrian  assembly  of  stjites  Vienna  has  as  many 
vote's  as  all  the  other  archducal  towns  together. 

Brouyham. 

archduchess  (iirch'duch'es),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
duchess,  after  F.  archiduchesse.    The  G.  word  is 


archduchess 

ereherznuin.']  Tho  wifo  of  sui  arehduki' ;  a  prin- 
cess of  tlio  roigniiifj  fiunily  of  Austria. 

archduchy  (ilrt/HMiR'h'i),  u.;  ])!.  arcliilucliic.s 
(-iz).  [Konuerly  also  arcluhddii/,  <  OF.  arclt- 
duclic,  mod.  F.  (irchUlurlu',  <  ML.  '(trchiducatux: 
see  arc)i-  aud  duclii/.']  The  territory  or  rank 
of  an  archduke  or  arehduchess. 

archduke  (iireh'duk'),  ».  [<  arch-  +  duke;  = 
OF.  (irclKiliic,  mod.  F.  iirchiduc,  <  ML.  archidux 
(-due-),  <  L.  arclii-,  chief,  +  dux  (due-),  duke: 
see  «rf.7(-  and  dulcv.  The  U.  word  is  c>"licriot/.'] 
A  iitlv  formerly  borne  by  some  of  the  sovereign 
princes  of  Austrasia,  Lorraine,  and  Brabant, 
but  for  several  centuries  held  exclusively  by  the 
ruler  of  the  arcliduchy  of  Austria  (afterward 
emperor  of  Austria,  and  now  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary) ;  now  only  a  titular  dignity  of  the  princes 
of  the  house  of  Austria,  as  arcliduclwss  is  of  the 
princesses — Archduke's  crown.   Heecroum. 

archdukedom  (iircb'duk'dum),  «.  [<  archduke 
+  -</«/».]  The  territory  or  dignity  of  an  arch- 
duke or  arehduchess;  an  archducliy. 

arche't,  "•     Obsolete  form  of  arch^. 

arche'-'t,  ".     See  areh'^. 

arch6  (iir-sha'),  a.  [Heraldic  F.,  pp.  of  *areher  : 
see  arcli'^,  r.]     Same  as  arched,  2. 

archebiosis  (iir"ke-bi-6'sis),  M.  [<  6r.  npx'/, 
beginning  (see  arrh-),  +  iiiuat<;,  way  of  life,  < 
(iio'vv,  pass  one's  life,  <  /j/of,  life.]  The  origina- 
tion of  Uving  from  non-living  matter;  abio- 
genesis  (which  see). 

However  the  (lUestitm  niiiy  eventually  lie  deeided  as  to 
tlie  possibility  of  arclwhiuxin  oecuiTinj;  at  tlie  present  day 
amid  the  artitleial  eireunistaneesof  the  latioratoiy,  it  can- 
not be  denied  tliat  archehntnis,  or  the  origination  of  living 
matter  in  accordance  with  natural  laws,  must  have  oc- 
curred at  some  epoch  of  the  jLost. 

J.  Fitike,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  430. 

arched  (iircht),  ;).  «.  [<  ncc/i l-f--f((.]  l.Made 
with  au  arch  or  curve ;  covered  or  spanned  vpith 
an  arch ;  having  the  form  of  an  arch;  composed 
of  an  arch  or  arches. 

"I'was  pretty,  though  a  plague, 
To  see  him  every  liour;  to  sit  and  draw 
His  arrhed  lirows,  liis  hawliiug  eye,  his  curls. 
In  our  heart's  table.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  1. 

All  liorn  of  our  house  have  that  arched  instep  under 
which  water  can  flow.  Charlntte  Brontf,  .Shirley,  ix. 

Specifically  —  2.  In  her.,  applied  to  an  ordinary 
both  sides  of  which  are  bowed  alilic  in  the  form 
of  an  arch.  Also  archij,  iirchc,  archy-Jiccted,  and 
concaved — Arched  beam,  a  beam  cut,  bent,  or  built  in 


Arched  Beams.—  Grand  Central  Station,  New  Yorlc. 

the  form  of  an  arch,  usu.ally  to  secure  greater  resistance 
or  provide  for  a  longer  sjian  than  a  straight  beam  wonlii 
afford.  The  most  important  type  of  .arched  beam  is  that 
which  is  built  up,  often  calle«I  a  compoinid  arched  beam. 
Such  beams  are  made  in  many  forms,  especially  in  those 
of  sever.al  thicknessi's  of  tind)er  or  planks  laid  upon  or 
alongside  of  one  another  and  bolted  together,  and  of  a 
truss  conatruction  in  iron.  Tlie  ardied-beam  roof  of  the 
St.  I'ancras  railw.ay-statitm,  London,  lias  a  span,  in  tlie 
clear,  of  240  feet ;  that  of  the  (irand  Central  station.  New 
York,  has  a  span  of  l!>9  feet  '2  inches.— Arched-beam 
bridge,  etc,  a  bridge,  etc.,  in  which  one  or  mi'rc  of  the 
principal  members  is  a  compound  arched  beam.  See 
brldii'\  -Arched  double,  having  two  arches  or  bends. 
archediacret,  «•  [ME.,  <  OP.  arccdincre,  arche- 
dlacrt;  mod.  F.  arrhidiaerc,  <  L.  archidiaemiua, 
archdeacon:  sea  arehdc<ieon.'\  An  archdeacon. 
Cliiiur.ir's  Dream. 

archegayt,  ".    See  nx.iafiai. 

archegone   (iir'ke-gon),  n.      English  form  of 

arehci/iiiihint. 
archegonia,  ».     Plm-al  of  archcgonium. 
archegonial  (iir-ke-go'ni-al),  a.    [<  areheqonium 

+  -((?.]     Kelating  or  pertaining  to  anarchego- 

nium. 
The  tlattencd  fronils  .  .  .  lieaiing  upon  tiny  stalks  which 

rose  from  the  middle  vein  of  the  leaf,  the  female  portion 

of  the  plant  —  the  arche^uniai  disks. 

S.  B.  Uerrick,  Plant  Life,  p.  89. 


295 

archegoniate   (iir-ke-go'ni-at),  a.     [<  arehcgo- 
iiiaiit  +  -Hfcl.]     Having  archegonia. 
A  female  (archegoniate)  prothallium. 

Uliq/c.  lirit.,  XX.  429. 

archegonium  (ar-ko-go'ni-um),  «. ;  pi.  arche- 
(jonia  (-ii).  [NL.,  <;  Gr.  apxiyovo^,  hrst  of  a 
race,  original,  <  apxi:-,  npx'-,  first  (see  archi-),  + 
)oi'of,  race:  see-goinj.]  The  pistillidium  or  fe- 
male organ  of  the  higher  cryjitogams,  having 
the  same  function  as  the  pistil  in  flowering 
plants.  It  is  a  cellular  sac,  containing  at  the  bottom  a 
cell,  analogous  to  the  cmliryo-sac  of  pbiciiugamous  plants, 
which  is  iiopi.  iiiijited  by  8pcrmatozo(,ids  fi(,m  the  male 
organ  (aiillieri.liiim).  Fl-oni  this,  after  fertilization,  the 
new  iil.iiit  is  produced  directly,  lus  in  the  ferns  and  their 
allies,  or  a  spore-case  is  develoiied,  as  in  the  mosses,  when 
new  ]p|ant8  follow  upon  the  germination  of  the  s|)ores, 

archegony  (iir-keg'o-ni),  «.  [<  Gr.  as  if  "apxe- 
yovia,  <  ii/)^;()oi'or,  first  of  a  race:  see arehcyoiii- 
«»(.]  The  doctrine  of  the  origin  of  life;  spe- 
cifically, tlie  doctrine  of  spontaneous  genera- 
tion; archebiosis;  abiogenesis. 

He  (Haeekelj  considers  that,  though  the  doctrine  of 
spontaneous  generation  (<ir  archerjonii)  Inis  not  been 
proved,  it  is  (piite  possible,  and  even  probable,  the  argu- 
ments against  it  resting  on  merely  negative  results. 

The  ScotKman  (newspaper). 

Archegosauria  (iir"ke-go-sii'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL. : 
see  Ari-h<</i/sai(ruf,:'i  A  suborder  or  other  group 
of  e.\tinct  labyriuthodont  amphibians,  typified 
by  the  genus  Arche(josauru.<i.  The  name  is  a 
loose  synonym  of  Labyrinlhodontla. 

Archegbsaurus  (iir"ke-go-sa'rus),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  iipx'n&i;,  beginning,  originating  (<  itpx'/,  the 
beginning,  -f  //itwUai,  lead),  -I-  aavpnc,  lizard: 
see  saurian.']  A  genus  of  extinct  reptiles  re- 
lated to  Lahi/riiifhoddii  (which  see),  supposed 
by  some  to  be  a  larval  form  of  another  animal. 

Archelminthes  (iir-kel-min'thez),  «.  2>l-  [< 
Gr.  apx-,  upx'-,  first,  +  e'Afuvdtc,  jil.  of  cA/uix, 
worm.]  A  hypothetical  group  of  primitive 
worms,  the  supposed  progenitors  of  the  Aea- 
lotni;  primitive  acmlomatous  worms,  of  which 
a  prothelmis  is  the  conjectured  parent  form. 
They  are  supposed  by  Haeckel  to  have  been  evolved  in 
the  primordial  geologic  ejioeli  in  thedirect  line  of  descent 
of  the  ancestors  of  the  human  race.  Their  nearest  livin({ 
relatives  ure  considered  by  him  to  be  the  Turhetlaria. 

archelogy  (ar-kel'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  apx'/,  begin- 
ning, first  prinoijile,  4-  -%o-j  ia,  <  'Acyeiv,  speak : 
see  -ology.']  The  science  of,  or  a  treatise  on, 
first  principles. 

Archelufjn  treats  of  principles,  and  should  not  be  con- 
founded with  archceoloifi/,  which  treats  of  antiquities. 

Fteminfj. 

archemastryt,  «.      [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME., 

:dM>  archimastry ;  <  archi- +  mastery ;  perhaps 
confused  with  alchemistry.']  Supreme  skill; 
mastery  of  ajiplied  science  or  applied  mathe- 
matics.    N.  E.  D. 

archemyt  (;ir'ke-mi),  n.     A  variant  of  alcliemy. 

Archencephala  (iir-ken-sef'a-lii),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  upx-,  first,  +  e-)Kt<fia'Ao(,  brain:  see  ciicejili- 
alou.~\  A  name  proposed  by  Owen,  in  1857,  for 
the  highest  one  of  four  subclasses  into  which 
he  divided  the  class  Alammalia  according  to 
the  character  of  the  brain,  in  this  subclass  the 
brain  attains  its  maximtini  development  in  complexity, 
and  especially  in  the  relative  size  of  the  cerebrum,  which 
is  deeply  convoluted,  largely  overlaps  both  the  olf.actory 
lobes  and  the  cerebellum,  and  has  a  well-marked  hippo- 
campus niiiior.  It  includes  man  alone,  and  is  conterminous 
w  ith  the  or.ler  Bimana  of  some,  or  the  family  ilonunidte 
or  .1  it'hropi'la!  of  others.  All  the  cerebral  characters  ad- 
duced are  shared  by  the  anthnipoid  apes,  and  the  t^nu  is 
not  in  use,  except  as  a  synonym  of  a  group  of  the  zoologi- 
cal value  of  a  modern  family. 

archencephalic  (iir'ken-so-farik  or  -sef 'a-lik), 
a.  [<  Arihriic< iihala  +  -/c]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Archencephala :  hence,  characteristic  of 
the  human  brain  alone. 

arch-enemy  (iirch'en'e-mi),  n.  [<  arch-  +  en- 
emy.] A  chief  enemy;  specifically,  Satan,  the 
devil. 

archenteric  (ar-ken-ter'ik),  a.     [<  arehentcroH 
+  -ie.]     Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  au 
archenterou ;  ha-ving  a  primitive   unmodified 
euteron. 
nie  periaxial  portion  of  the  archenteric  space. 

E.  It.  Lankciter,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  548. 

archenteron  (iir-ken'te-ron),  H.  [<  Gr.  apx-, 
first,  primitive,  +  cvrepov,  intestine:  see  enU- 
)■((«.]  The  euteron  (which  see)  in  its  original 
or  primitive  imdifferentiated  state:  opposed  to 
mctentcron. 

The  hollow,  which  we  have  mentioned  above  as  form- 
ing primarily  the  digestive  cavity,  is  known  as  the  archen- 
teron or  primitive  stomach. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.,  Int.,  p.  xi. 

archeo-.     See  archa:o-. 

archer  (iir'chtr),  n.  [<  ME.  archer,  archere, 
archier,  <  OF.  archer,  archicr,  F.  «rc/ier  =  Pr.  ar- 
quicr,  archicr  =  Sp.  arqucro  =  Pg.  arqueiro  =  It. 


archesthetism 

arciere,  <  ML.  arcarius,  also  arcuariux,  a  bow- 
man, <  L.  arctu<,  a  bow :  see  arch^  and  «rcl.]  1. 
One  who  uses  a  bow;  a  bowman;  specifically,  in 
medieval  Europe,  one  who  shot  with  the  long- 
bow (which  see)  and  shaft,  as  distinguished 
from  an  arbalister  or  c^os8bo^vman.  in  Creek  art 
the  archer  is  generally  represented  in  llriental  dress  and 
armor,  and  the  use  of  the  bow  by  a  native  <;rcek  in  war  is 
rarely  mentioned  ;  but  one  of  the  two  bowmen  of  the  .-Egina 
temple  is  dressed  and  armed  as  a  Greek,  ami  on  a  liasili- 
catan  vase  at  .Naples  (Heydeniann,  No.  922),  of  grM.d  (ireek 
work,  a  painting  represents  three  youths,  evidently  I  ireeks, 
shooting  with  bows  and  arrows  at  a  cock  <m  a  column. 
Among  the  It^imans  archers  are  rarely  mentioned. 
Throughout  the  middle  ages  the  archers  formed  an  impor- 
tant part  of  the  armies  of  Knrope;  but,  as  they  were 
drawn  wholly  from  the  peasants  and  townspeople,  the 
nobility  and  their  retainers  were  often  suspicious  of  them, 
and  the  free  use  of  the  bow  among  the  common  people 
was  often  discouraged.  In  8<»nie  countries,  too,  the  arha- 
list  was  so  much  iireferred  that  the  longbow  came  little 
into  use.  In  England  large  bodies  of  archers  were  fm*- 
nislied  by  trjwns  and  counties  to  the  royal  armies,  and 
were  armed  with  some  degree  of  unifonnity  with  the  steel 
cap,  the  gambes<»n  or  hauberk,  and  a  short  double-edged 
sword,  besides  bow  and  quiver.  There  is  no  record  of 
mounted  archers  in  the  English  armies,  but  they  were 
common  on  the  continent ;  the  dukes  of  llurgundy  main- 
tained large  bodies  of  them,  anil  King  Charles  VII.  o( 
France  had  a  body-guard  of  mounted  men  armed  with 
hrigantiiie  or  gambeson,  and  carrying  a  longbow.  From 
this  last  organizjition  the  name  archem  came  to  be  applied 
ti)  the  body-guard  of  one  of  the  later  kings  of  France,  whose 
weapon  was  the  haniuebuse,  which  replaeeil  the  bow  and 
shafts,  and  (until  the  Revolution)  to  the  watchmen  or 
guards  of  the  French  cities. 

2.  Same  as  areher-fish. —  3.   [cap.]     The  con- 
stellation Sagittarius, 
archeress  (iir'ch(ir-es),  n.    [(.archer  + -ess.]    A 
female  archer.     [Rare.] 

She.  therefore,  glorious  archeress  of  heaven. 

Cinf^H't,  Iliad,  ix. 

archer-fish  (iir'cher-fish),  «.  A  name  given  to 
three  species  of  the  genus  Toxotes  and  family 
Toxotida:  (which  see),  occurring  in  the  East  In- 
dian and  Polynesian  seas.    To  this  flsh  has  been 


Archcr-fi:.li  k  Pi  x.us  thatareus). 


ascribed  the  power  of  shooting  drops  of  water  to  the  dis. 
tance  of  3  or  4  feet,  with  sure  aim,  at  insects,  causing  them 
to  fall  into  the  water,  when  it  seizes  and  devours  tliem. 
This  power  has  been  doubted  or  denied  by  several  ichthy- 
ologists.    .Mso  called  archer  and  darter-Jish. 

archeriat  (ar-ke'ri-a),  n.  [ML.,  <  OF.  archiere, 
<  archier,  an  archer.  Cf.  archery.]  In  medieval 
fort.,  an  aperture  through  which  archers  or 
longbowmen  might  discharge  their  arroit's. 
See  lonjihide,  and  compare  balistraria. 

archership  (iir'cher-ship),  «.  Skill  as  an  archer. 

archery  (iir'cher-i),  n.  [<  ME.  areherie,  <  OF. 
areherie,  <  archer,  archier,  bowman.]  1.  The 
use  of  the  bow  and  arrow ;  the  practice,  art,  or 
skill  of  archers ;  the  art  of  shooting  with  a  bow 
and  arrow. —  2.  Ai'chcrs  collectively. 

That  venison  free,  and  Bordeaux  wine. 
Might  serve  the  archery  to  dine. 

Scnit,  L.  of  the  L.,v.  25. 

3.  In  old  law,  a  service  of  keeping  a  bow  for 
tlie  lord's  defense. 

archespore  (ilr'kf-spor),  n.  [<  NL.  archespo- 
rium,  <.  (ir.  apxe-,  first,  +  a-6poc,  a  seed.]  In 
hilt.,  a  layer  of  small  cells  within  the  anther, 
giving  rise  to  the  mother-cells  of  the  pollen  and 
to  the  very  delicate  lining  of  the  anther-cell. 
The  name  is  also  gi\en  to  a  similar  structure  in  some  of 
the  vascular  cryptogams.      Also  called  arclies-jH>rium. 

archesthetic  (iir-kes-thet'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  apx-, 
"I'X'-i  first,  +  aiaHr/Ti'ir,  verbal  adj.  of  aiaOnveaOai, 
perceive:  see  esthetic]  Pertaining  to  or  char- 
acteristic of  archesthetism.  Also  spelled  arch- 
asthrtie. 

archestheticism  (iir-kes-thet'i-sizm),  «.  [< 
arehesthclie  +  -ism.]     Same  us  arche.sthcti.im. 

The  hypothesis  ttf  arefui'sth''tifi.^tn,  then,  maintains  that 
consciousness  as  well  ;is  life  preceded  organism,  aud  has 
been  the  priinum  inobite  in  the  creation  of  orj^nic  struc- 
ture. Science,  IV.  241. 

archesthetism  (iir-kes'the-tizm),  n.  [<  arch- 
esthetic  +  -istn.]  The  hypothesis  of  the  primi- 
tive creative  function  of  consciousness;  the  hy- 
pothesis that  consciousness,  considered  as  an 
attribute  of  matter,  is  primitive  and  a  cause  of 


archesthetism 

evolution:  opposed  to  meksthttism  (which  seo). 
Also  (in-hantlictism,  archcsiluticisin,  archastheti- 
cixm. 

Tho  plncc  iif  the  doctrine  of  archcesthetism,  as  distin- 
guishf  (I  from  the  oj)pu&ing  view  of  metcesthetismt  wliich  is 
held  by  many  inuDists. 

K.  1).  Cope,  Amer.  Naturalist,  XVI.  p.  469. 

archetto  (iii-ket'6),  «.  [It.,  a  small  arch,  an 
aivheil  stick,  liddlcstick,  <  iiixo,  an  arch,  bow: 
seo  arch^.~j  An  impleiueut,  consisting  of  a  wire 
stretched  across  a  forked  or  bent  stick,  used  for 
cutting  away  clay  from  a  molded  piece  of  pot- 
tery. 

archetypal  (iir'ke-ti-pal),  a.  [<  arclietijpe  + 
-«/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  archetj^je;  con- 
Btitutinga  model  orpaltern  ;  original:  as,  "one 
archctyjial  mind,"  Vtuiworlh.  Also  archetypic, 
archetypical. 

(;inritti.-il  eyes  must  see  l»y  tlic  archetypal  Run,  or  tlie 
li^'Iit  nf  tuMl.  Sir  T.  Browne,  i'hiist.  Mor.,  iii.  i:>. 

Archetypal  idea,  a  Platonic  idea.— Archetypal  world, 

an  immati-iial  worUi  supposed  by  sonic  I'latiinists  to  have 
been  ttrst  cicatcd  a.s  a  pattern,  accoidin;;  tn  ^vllich  the 
sensible  wm-M  was  constructeil :  opposed  to  ecfi/pal  world. 
archetype  (iir'kf-tip),  ».  [Formerly  also  iirclii- 
tyi>c ;  =  F.  archetype,<.  L.  archcti/pum,<.  Gr.  apxe- 
TvTTov,  a  pattern,  model,  neut.  of  apxirvirn^, 
first-molded,  as  an  exemplar  or  model,  <  o/),it-> 
a/ixi-,  fii'st,  +  Ti-!TTeiv  (-y/  "tv-),  beat,  stamp,  > 
Tiiffof,  stamp,  mold,  pattern,  type:  see  tyj)e.'\ 

1.  A  model  or  first  form  ;  the  original  pattern 
or  model  after  which  a  tiling  is  made ;  espe- 
cially, a  Platonic  idea,  or  immaterial  preexist- 
ing exemplar  of  a  uatural  form. 

Anioiij^' tile  ancients,  the  co-existence  of  the  Epicurean 
and  stoical  scbodls,  which  offered  to  the  world  two  en- 
tirely different  arclwtiipcs  of  virtue,  secured  in  a  very  re- 
mjirkable  manner  the  recognition  of  different  Icinds  of 
excellence.  Lecktj,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  1C6. 

Man  is  the  archetype  of  the  animal  creation,  the  highest 
manifestation  of  life.     Dawson,  Nat.  and  the  Bible,  p.  39. 

2.  In  coini)i(/,  tho  standard  weight  by  which 
others  are  adjusted  :  now  called  the  j^rotoli/jic. 
— 3.  In  compiir.  aiKit.,  a  primitive  generalized 
plan  of  structure  assumed  to  have  been  subse- 
quently modified  or  lost  liy  differentiation  and 
specialization:  as,  the  vertebrate  archetype. — 
4.  The  original  form  from  which  a  class  of  re- 
lated forms  in  plants  or  animals  may  be  sup- 
posed to  Iiave  descended.     Darwin. 

archetypic  (iir-ke-tip'ik),  a.  [< archetype  +  -ic] 
Same  as  (irchetypal. 

archetypical  (iir-ke-tip'i-kal),  a.  [<  archetype. 
Cf.  lir.  ajixeTvTTLKii^,  adv.]  "Same  as  archetypal. 

archetypically  (iir-ke-tip'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
archetypal  manner ;  after  the  mode  or  plan  of 
an  archetj'pe. 

archetypist  (iir'ke-ti-pist),  n.  [<  archetype  + 
-ist.'\  Una  who  studies  early  tj^pography.  N. 
E.  I). 

archeus,  «.     See  archieus. 

arch-fiend  (iireh'fend'),  n.  [<  arch-  +  fwnd;  — 
G.  cr:fei)id.']  A  chief  fiend;  specifically,  the 
devil. 

archi-.  [L.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  apxi-,  ofX'-y  first,  chief: 
see  arch-,  the  naturalized  E.  form  of  the  same 
prefix.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  the  original 
fonn  of  arch-,  first,  chief.     See  arch-. 

archiamphiaster  (ar"ki-am-ti-as'ter),  «.  Same 
as  nrchamidiiuster. 

archiannelid  (iir-ki-an'e-lid),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Archiannelida. 

H.  n.  One  of  the  Archiannelida,  as  an  annelid 
of  the  genus  Polyt/vrdius.    Also  archiannelidaii. 

Archiannelida  ('ar"ki-a-neri-da),  n.  pi.  [NL., < 
Gr.  apxt-,  first,  +  NL.  Annelida.']  A  subclass 
or  other  leading  division  of  annelids,  supposed 
to  be  the  nearest  living  represeiitati\-cs  of  the 
archety])al  segmented  worms.  The  best-known 
genus  is  ]'(ih/ii(irditis  (which  see). 

archiannelidan  (ar"ki-a-nel'i-dan),  a.  and  n. 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Archiannelida. 
II.  n.  Same  as  archiannelid. 

ardliater  (iir-ki-a'ter),  n.  [=  Russ.  arkhiyn- 
tcrit  =  OHG.  ar;:dt,  MHG.  ar;:et,  G.  arst  =  I). 
arts,  etc.,  a  physician,  <  ML.  archiater,  <  L. 
archiatrus,  <  Gr.  iipx'arpui;  <  apxi-,  chief,  -t- 
iarpdc,  physician.]  A  chief  physician:  a  title 
first  given  by  the  Koman  emperors  to  tlieir 
chief  physicians,  and  now  applied  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe  to  the  first  or  body  physician  of 
a  prince,  and  to  tho  first  physician"  of  some 
cities ;  specifically,  in  Russia,  the  first  imperial 
physician. 

archiblast  (ar'ki-blast),  n.  [<  Gr.  apxi-,  first, 
primitive,  +  il'/nnzor,  germ.]  In  cmbrynl. :  («) 
The  formative  yolk  of  an  egg  ;  that  which  com- 
poses the  germ,  and  in  germination  becomes  the 
embryo,  as  distinguished  from  the  food-yolk  or 


290 

jiarablast.  Wilhelm  His.  (b)  A  name  given 
by  His  t(i  the  epiblast. 

archiblastic  (iir-ki-blas'tik),  a.  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  derived  from  the  arehiblast:  apjilied 
to  those  lioloblastic  eggs  which,  by  equal  or 
palingenetic  as  well  as  total  segmentation  nf 
the  yolk  (vitellus),  produce  an  archigastrula  Ln 
gerininatiiig. 

archiblastula  (ar-ki-ldas'tii-la),  n.;  pi.  arclii- 
blastukc  (-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr' a/<>-,  chief,  +  NL. 
blastula.']  In  cmbryul.,  a  hollow  and  usually 
globular  vesicle,  the  walls  of  which  consist  of  a 
single  layer  of  similar  cells,  and  which  by  in- 
vagination develops  an  archigastrula. 

Yelk-divisi(ui  is  complete  and  rej^ilar,  and  gives  rise  to 
a  vesicular  morula  (archiblastula  of  Ifacckel),  each  cell  of 
which  is  provided  with  a  flagellate  cilium. 

Iluxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  653. 

Archibuteo  (iir-ki-bu'te-o),  n.  [NL.,<  L,  archi-, 
first,  +  i«^fo,  buzzard.]  A  genus  of  liuzzards. 
of  the  family  Falconidw,  having  booted  tarsi. 


Rough-legged  Buzzard  l^Archibuteo  lagopus). 

A.  laf/opus,  the  rougil-legged  buzzard  of  Europe  and 
America,  is  the  best-known  species.  A.  sanrti-johanniJi  is 
the  black  buzzard  of  America,  and  .t,./crr((,'/i«eit^ the  west- 
ern rouu'h-leg  or  Californian  squirrel-hawk. 
archicalt  (iir'ki-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  apxiK^i,  pertain- 
ing to  rule,  <  apx!/,  rule,  first  place,  beginning, 

<  apxcm,  rule,  be  first:  see  arch-.']  1.  Of  tlie 
natm-e  of  government;  ruling. — 2.  Chief;  pri- 
mary ;  primordial. 

archicarp  (ar'ki-kiiip),  ».  [<  Gr.  apxt-,  first,  -t- 
KapTTuc,  fruit.]     In  but.,  same  as  ascof/onium. 

archicercal  (iir-ki-ser'kiil),  a.  [<'  Gr.  iipxi-, 
chief,  -t-  tiipKor,  tail,  +  -«/.]  Having  a  worm- 
like  tail  without  fin-folds,  as  a  fish  ;  exhibiting 
archicercy,  as  a  fish's  tail. 

archicercy  (iir'ki-ser-si),  n.  [See  archicercal.] 
The  state  of  being  archicercal;  the  primitive 
condition  of  a  fish's  taU  when  it  is  archicercal. 
.7.  A.  liyder. 

archiC3rtula  (iir-ki-sit'ii-la),  ».;  pi.  archicytulw 
(-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  lip^v'-,  chief,  -I-  NL.  cyhda.'] 
In  embri/(il.,  the  parent  cell  or  cytnla  which  re- 
sults from  an  archimonerula  by  the  re-forma- 
tion of  a  nucleus,  and  which  proceeds,  by  total 
and  equal  or  palingenetic  segmentation,  to  de- 
velop in  succession  an  archimorula,  archiblas- 
tida,  and  archigastrula. 

Archidesmidae  (iir-ki-des'ini-de),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Archidcsnia  (<  Gr.  apxt-,  chief,  +  dia/ia,  band), 
the  typical  genus,  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  paleo- 
zoic fossil  mjTiapods  of  the  archipolj'podous 
type. 

archidiaconal  (ar"ki-di-ak'on-al),  a.  [<  L. 
(irchidiuciinK.s,  archdeacon:  see  archdeacon.] 
Pertaining  to  an  archdeacon  or  to  his  oflSee: 
as,  an  archidiaconal  visitation. 

This  Prelate  calls  himself  Exarch,  and  claims  Archi- 
diaconal rights  in  the  whole  Dicecese. 

J.  M.  Nealc,  Eastern  Church,  i.  93. 

archidiaconate  (iir'ki-tli-ak'on-at),  ».  [<ML. 
archidiuconutus,<.  L.  archidiaconus :  see  arch- 
deacon and  -a(e3.]  The  office  or  order  of  arch- 
deacons. 

archiepiscopacy  (iir"ki-e-pis'k9-pa-si),  fl.  [As 
(irchicpisciiii-atc  +  -acy.  Cf.  c/nscopacy.]  The 
state  or  dignity  of  an  archbishop. 

archiepiscopai  (iir'ki-e-pis'ko-pal),  a.  [<  L. 
archicjyincojinti,  archbislioji :  see  archbishop.] 
Pertaining  to  an  archbishop  or  to  his  office :  as, 
Canterbury  is  an  archiepiscopai  see. 

A  Frain;iscan  friar  rode  liefore  him,  bearing  aloft  the 

massive  silver  cross,  the  archiepiscopai  standaril  (»f  Toledo. 

Preticvtt,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  til. 

archiepiscopality  (iir"ki-e-pis-k9-pari-ti),  n. 
[<  archicpiscujiul  +  -ity.]  The  dignity  or  state 
of  an  archbishop ;  archiepiscopacy,    Fuller. 


Archil  [Rocceila  tinctoria). 


archimandritate 

archiepiscopate  (iir''ki-e-pis'k6-pat),  n.  [<ML. 
"arrhujiisco/iiilKs,  <  archi-  +  episcopatiis :  see 
archi-  and  rpiscojiatc.]  The  office  or  jurisdiction 
of  an  archbishop ;  an  archbishopric. 

archierey   (iir-ki'o-ri),  «.     [<  Rus.s.  arkhicrdi, 

<  <ir.  iipx"^pi:''l',  a  high  priest,  <  apx-,  "PX'-t 
chief,  first,  -I-  iiptir  (>  Russ.  icrct),  a  priest,  (. 
icpor,  holy,  sacred.]  The  prelacy:  a  collective 
term  for  the  higher  orders  of  ecclesiastics  in 
the  Russian  Church,  including  metropolitans, 
archbishops,  and  bisliojis.     Finkerton. 

archigastrula  (iir-ki-gas'tro-lji),  n. ;  pi.  archi- 
(jiislnilir  (-le)-  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxt.-,  chief,  +  NL. 
yaslrula.]  in  embryol.,  a  bell-gastrula;  a  gas- 
trula  which  is  bell-shaped  or  has  the  form  of  a 
deep  cup,  resulting  from  that  method  of  egg- 
cleavage  and  gastrulation  supposed  to  be  prim- 
itive or  palingenetic.  it  occurs  in  various  animals, 
from  s]»i.ngc.s  up  to  the  Inwest  vertebrates.  See  nietayas- 
tndtt,  and  cut  umler  ;/eistriilatii>ti. 

archigraphert  (iir-kig'ra-fer),  n.  [<  LL.  archi- 
graplius,  <  Gr.  apxt-,  chief,  -f-  ypaipeiv,  wTite.  Cf. 
Gr.  apxtypappaTerf,  of  same  sense  and  same  ulti- 
mate origin.]     A  chief  secretary.     Blount. 

archil  (iir'kil),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  archall, 
archel,  etc.,  corrupt  forms  of  orchil  (cj.  v.),  < 
ME.  orchcll,  <  OF.  orchcl,  orcheil,  orseil,  mod. 
F.  orseille,  <  It.  orcclla,  oriceilo  =  OSp.  orchillo, 
mod.  orchilla  =  Vg.  orxlla ;  origin  luideter- 
mined,]  1.  Arich  riolet, 
mauve,  or  purple  coloring 
matter  obtained  from  cer- 
tain lichens,  especially 
the  Eoccclla  tinctoria  and 
Ii.  fnciforniis. —  2.  The 
lichen  from  which  the  dye 
is  obtained.  See  Soccella. 
It  is  bruised  between  stones, 
moistened  with  putiid  urine, 
and  mixed  with  quicklime  or 
other  alkaline  liquor.  It  first 
becomes  ptu'plish-red  in  color, 
and  then  turns  to  violet.  In 
the  first  state  it  is  called  archil, 
anil  ill  the  second  litmus.  Dyers 
rarely  use  archil  by  itself,  on 
account  of  its  dearness  and  the 
perishableness  of  its  beauty. 
They  employ  it  to  give  a  bloom 
to  other  colors,  as  pinks,  blues, 
and  blacks;  but  tliis  bloom  soon  decays.  Archil  is  used 
for  tinting  the  fluid  employed  in  spirit-thermometers, 
while  litmus  is  employed  liy  chemists  as  a  test  for  acidity 
or  alkalinity. 

Also  wTitten  orchil,  and  formerly  archall,  or- 
cliitl,  iirchrl,  orchella. 

Archilochian  (iir-ki-16'ki-an),  a.  [<  L.  Archi- 
lochtiis,  <  Gr.  ''Apxt'/Mx^toi;,  pertaining  to  'Apxii'^o- 
Xor,  L.  Archilochns,  a  poet  and  satirist  of  Pares, 
who  lived  about  700  B.  c]  1.  Pertaining  to 
Arehilochus,  a  Greek  poet  of  Paros,  noted  for 
the  bitterness  and  severity  of  his  satire. 
Hence — -2.  Severe:  ill-natured:  as,  Archilo- 
chian bitterness. —  3.  In  anc.  j'ros.,  noting  four 
stanzas  —  (1)  A  dactj'lic  hexameter  alternating 
witli  a  penthemim  (called  a  lesser  Archilochian) 
or  (l!)  with  an  iambclegus.  (3)  An  iambic 
trimeter  alternating  with  an  elegiambus.  (4) 
A  verse  consisting  of  foirr  dactyls  and  three 
trochees  (called  a  yrcater  Archilochian)  alternat- 
ing with  an  iambic  trimeter  catalectie. 

archilowe  (ar'chi-lou),  n.  [Sc,  also  archilogh 
and  arcliiliKili,  a  corrupt  word;  according  to  the 
Imp.  Diet.,  <  D.  her-,  again,  -I-  gelag  (OD.  ghe- 
lacgh),  share  of  expense  at  an  inn,  =  Sc.  laugh, 
Itinch,  also  lairin,  lairing,  tavern-shot,  reckon- 
ing: see  lairing  and  laic'^.]  The  return  which 
one  who  has  been  treated  in  an  inn  or  tavern 
sometimes  reckons  himself  bound  in  honor  to 
make  to  tho  company ;  when  he  calls  for  his 
bottle  he  is  said  to  give  his  archiloice.  [Scotch.] 

I  propose  that  this  good  little  gentleman  that  seems 
sair  forfoughteu,  as  I  may  say,  in  this  tuil,vie,  shall  send 
for  a  tass  of  brandy,  and  I'll  pay  for  another  by  way  of 
archilouT.  Scott,  Hob  Itoy,  xxviii. 

archilute  (Jlr'ki-liit),  ».  [<  archi-  +  lute^.  See 
archliiti:]     Same  as  archlute. 

archimage  (ar'ki-maj),  «.  [Formerly  also,  as 
if  It.,  archimago,  and  as  NL.  archiniagits.  q.  v.] 
A  chief  magician  or  enchanter ;  a  wizard. 

The  character  of  sage  and  archima{te  had  fully  imprinted 
itself  Mil  his  countenance.  £nci/c.  Ilrit.,  XIV.  462. 

archimagUS  (iir-ki-ma'gus),  «. ;  pi.  arehiinagi 
(-ji).     [XL.,  <  Gr.  <'!pxi/Ja-)OC,  chief  of  the  magi, 

<  ci/i.t'-,  chief,  +  imyoc,  one  of  the  magi:  see 
magi.]  1.  The  high  priest  of  the  Persian  magi, 
or  worshipers  of  fire. — 2.  A  chief  magician; 
an  archimage. 

archimandritate  (ar-ki-mau'<hi-tat),  n.  [<  ar- 
chimandrite +  -atc'i.]  The  dignity,  office,  or 
province  of  an  archimandrite, 


Grce-.  Aictiiiiiaiidritc. 


archimandrite 
archimandrite  (iir-ki-mau'drit),  ».    [<  ML.  ar- 

chiiiiKiiilrild,  <  LOr.  aiixiliavApiTr/t;  (Epiphanius), 
ehiiil'of  aiiiDiiiistery,  <  Gr. 
apX^-j   t^liici",    +  fidv^fia,   u  ^ 

fold,  inclosurc,  eecles.  a 
mouastory.]  In  tlio  iiVf.s/- 
ent  Church,  au  abbot-gcu- 
eral,  haviug  other  abbots 
()ic(i<)iimciini)  with  their 
monasteries  under  his  su- 
perintendence; also  some- 
times, especially  among 
the  Greeks,  the  abbot  of 
a  single  large  monastery. 
Ill  Kutssiii  the  Ijishop-s  are  se- 
Ioeli-<I  from  anicjnji  the  archi- 
inaiitlrites.  Tlu-  title  lias  Iteeii 
retained  ainoii;;  tlnt^e  wlm  sep- 
arateii  from  the  Kastern  climeli 
ami  sulmiitted  to  the  pope 
whih!  still  observing  the  Greek 
rite  (the  so-ealled  United 
(Jrccks),  ami  their  monasteries 
are  now  suliject  to  one  proto- 
archimandrite.  A  conj^regation 
of  liiU'iilian  monks  existing  in  Sicily  before  the  eleventh 
century  has  been  under  the  care  of  an  archimandrite  ap- 
parently from  that  time.  Its  head  abbey  is  that  of  San 
Salvatore  in  Messina,  and  it  forms  an  exempt  archiman* 
dritate  immediately  dependent  on  the  pope.  In  the  early 
church,  and  sometimes  during  the  middle  ages  in  the 
Western  t'imreh,  the  word  was  used  vaguely  as  equivalent 
U<  iir.liit,: 
Archimedean  (ar"ki-me'de-an  or  -lue-de'an), 
a.  [<  L.  Ari'ltiiiicdcus,  <  Gr.  'Apx'f'/'^'^"'l't  ^  '^I'X'- 
f'i<'i>/i,  h.  Arcliimcdcs.'i  Pertaining  to  Ai'chi- 
medes,  a  celebrated  mathematician,  born  at 
Syracuse  in  the  third  century  B.  c,  or  to  his 
mechanical  inventions.  — Archimedean  drill.  See 
(diV;.— Archimedeau  principle,  or  principle  of  Ar- 
chimedes, (a)  rlie  principle  of  the  ei|nilibrium  of  the 
lever ;  namely,  that  a  lever  loaded  with  two  weights,  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  fulcrum,  is  in  equilibrium  when  the 
weights  arc  inversely  proportional  to  the  length  of  tlie 
arms  at  whose  ends  they  hang,  and  that  the  pressure  on 
the  fulcrum  of  the  lever  is  then  exactly  equal  to  the  sum 
of  the  two  weights.  ('.;)  The  hydrostatieal  princiiile,  also 
discovered  by  Archimedes,  that"  a  body  innnersed  iii  a  Iltiid 
loses  au  amount  of  ueiulit  equal  to  that  of  the  iluid  it  dis- 
places.—Archimedean  propeller,  a  iiriipeikr  coosisling 
of  a  continuous  spiral  vane  on  a  hollow  core  running 
lengthwise  of  the  vessel.  It  is  an  ainplitlcation  and  ex- 
tensitni  of  the  screw. — Archimedean  railway,  a  form  of 
railway  in  which  a  continuous  shaft  rotates  on  pillars  be- 
tween the  lines  of  rails,  and  propels  the  ear  by  means  of  a 
screw  whicli  engages  in  a  pedestal  attached  to  the  car.  — 
Archimedean  screw,  a  device  for  raising  water,  said  to 


Archimedean  Sere 


have  been  invented  by  Archimedes.  It  is  made  by  forming 
a  spiral  tube  within,  or  by  winding  atlexible  tutie  sjiirally 
about,  a  cylinder.  \Vlien  the  cylinder  is  placed  in  an  in- 
clined position,  and  the  lower  end  is  immerscil  in  water, 
its  revcplution  will  cause  the  water  to  move  U]iward  through 
the  spiral  ebamhcrs.  ^\^latever  quantity  of  water  first  en- 
ters the  screw  immediately  deseeTids  by  its  own  weight  to 
the  lowest  point  of  the  spiral ;  but  this  point  being  al\va>s 
shiftcil  higher  ui>  bythe  revolution  ni  the  screw,  the  water 
may  thus  l)e  raised  to  a  considerabh'  height.  Also  railed 
wati-r-sfreii>  and  sj>inil  /oo/(/'.— Archimedean  solid,  one 
of  the  thirteen  stilids  described  by  .Viehinieites.  winch, 
without  being  regular,  have  all  their  s.did  angles  alike,  all 
their  faces  regular,  and  not  less  thaTi  four  faces  of  anyone 
kind:  sometimes  incijrrectly  called  .^nni-naiilar  nullds. 
They  are  t\wtniiirril,il  Irtrahcdrun,  ihi:  culn'ciulinlron,  the 
truncatedoctaliedrnn,  the  trut)rah;fl  rirfn-,  the  rhimihirithiic- 
tahedron,  the  tnnu'ntrd  fubnctah^droii,  the  /r<>.s-(r/o./cc(i- 
hedrun,  the  truncatrd  icomht-droii,  the  truncated  dudt'ca- 
hedrnn,  the  snub-cube,  the  rhombicosidodccahedron,  the 
truncated  icosidodecahedron,  and  the  snub-dodecahedron. 
See  these  terms. 

archimonerula  (iir"ki-mo-ner'g-la),  11. ;  pi.  nr- 
diiiiKnuruld- (-le).  [NL.,<  Gr.  apx'-,  first,  +  NL. 
moiwiula.']  In  cmhriioL,  a  term  invented  by 
Haeckel  tind  defined  by  him  as  a  oytod  in  which 
the  formative  and  the  nutritive  yolk  are  not  dis- 
tinct. It  is  a  special  name  for  the  monerula  stage  of  a 
holoblastic  egg  which  undergoes  palingenetic  or  primitive 
as  well  as  total  deav.age,  and  tlie  several  succeeding  stages 
of  which  are  au  archicytula,  archimorula,  archibl.astnla, 
and  arehig.astrula. 

archimorula  (iir-ki-mor'o-lii),  ». ;  pi.  archimoru- 
hv (-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apx'-,  hi's*,  +  NL.  morula.'] 
In  eiiihrijiil.,  the  morula  or  midberry-mass  which 
results  from  the  total  and  equal  segmentation 
of  the  vitellus  or  yolk  of  au  archicytula ;  a  sol- 
id, generally  globular,  mass  of  cleavage-cells 
which  proceed  to  develop  an  archiblastula  and 
arcliigastrula. 

archinephra,  «.    VhixaX  ol  urchinephron. 


297 

archinephric  (ar-ki-nef'rik),  a.  [<  nrchincpli- 
roil  +  -!(■.]  Pertaining  to  an  archincpliron  or 
|iriiiiitiv(^  kidney:  a.s,  the  iircliimjihric  duct. 

archinephron  (iir-ki-nef 'ron),  «.;  pi.  arclii- 
niplira  (-rii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ii/j,t'-,  first,  +  I'cippui:, 
kidney.]  In  ciubri/ol.,  the  primitive  or  ruili- 
mentary,  as  distinguished  from  the  final  defin- 
itive, renal  e.xcretoiy  organ  of  an  animal ;  the 
primitive  kidney. 

arching  (ilr'ching),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  «rc7ii.] 
Arclicd  work  or  formation;  tho  arched  portion 
of  a  structure. 

archipelagian  (ar"ki-pe-lil'ji-an),  a.  Same  as 
arcliijxiiii/ic. 

archipelagic  (ar'ki-pf-laj'ik),  a.     [<  archipel- 
aijo  +  -ic.\  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  archipelago. 
The  archipclaijic  fringe  of  coast  line. 

Fortuiijhllii  lice..  X.\.\IX.  r>7. 

archipelago  (iir-ki-pera-go),  H.  [Karly  mod. 
10.  iiri-liju  Idijo,  also  iircliipclaf/c  and  (irchijichiijus 
(and  abbr.  archipcl  =  D.  6.  areliijicl,  <  F.  archipd 
=  Pr.  archipd;  cf.  early  mod.  ¥.  archiiiiliiijuc) 
=  OSp.  arcijiicldiio,  Sp.  archijiidtii/o  =  OPg.  ar- 
ccpcliKjo,  Pg.  archijidai/o  (ef.  Dan.  arkipcliiff, 
arkipdaijuii,  Russ.  iirkliipdaiju,  Ntir.  apx'^'^a- 
yn(,  ML.  archipdaf/u.i),  <  It.  arcipdaiio,  orig.  the 
jEgean  sea,  lit.  the  chief  gulf  or  sea  (in  dis- 
tinction from  minor  botlies  of  water  to  which 
the  term  pelaijo,  ML.  pdagus,  was  applied), < 
arci-  (L.,  etc.,  ardii-),  chief,  principal,  +pdaijo 
(=  Sp.  pidayo  =  Pg.  pdaf/o,  pcfio  =  Pr.  pdiij), 
gulf,  abyss,  pool,  sea,  <  ML.  L.  pddfiii.i,  <  Gr. 
^i>-ayoc,sea:  seepelaak.]  1.  [en;).]  Originally 
and  specifically,  the  sea  which  separates  (ireeco 
from  Asia  Minor,  otherwise  called  tho  yEgean 
sea,  studded  with  a  numlier  of  small  islands. 
Hence,  generally — 2.  Ajiy  body  of  water 
abounding  with  islands,  or  the  islands  them- 
selves collectively. 

Archipolypoda  (iir "ki-po-lip'o-dii), «.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  I'i'X'-y  first,  -1-  FoU/poila,  pi.  of  I'oUjpus, 
q.  v.]  A  group  of  fossil  mvi'iapods  from  the 
Carboniferous  formation  of  Illinois  and  Great 
Britain,  related  to  the  Cliilognathd,  but  having 
the  tergites  small  and  armed  with  large  spines, 
the  sternites  proportionally  large  ami  bearing 
crateriform  cups,  supposed  to  bo  possibly  gill- 
supports.  The  Arckipoh/pnda  had  two  legs  to  each  seg- 
ment, as  in  the  extant  Diplopoda,  and  appear  to  have  be- 
come extinct  in  the  Paleozoic  epoch.  Three  fautilies  have 
been  recognized,  Archidcsmidce,  Euphorberiidcr,  and  Ar- 
chiulldiv. 

.Mr.  Scudder  has  proposed  the  name  Archipoliipoda  for 
a  group  of  fossil  myriapods  which,  while  closely  related  to 
the  ChUiifjnatha,  show  several  important  points  of  dilfer- 
euee.  Stand.  S'at.  Ilivt.,  II.  ItiS. 

archipolypodan  (ar"ki-po-lip'o-dan),  n.    One 

of  the  Ardiipiih/iiodd. 

archipolypodous  (iir^ki-po-lip'o-dus),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Archi- 
poljipoda. 

archippus  (iir-kip'us),  «.  [NL.,  in  form  asGr. 
"ApXi'!^^"l\  a  proper  name.]  A  butterfly,  I)a- 
niius  archippus :  the  technical  specific  name 
used  its  au  English  word. 

Archiptera  (iii-kip'te-rii),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
iipxi-,  first,  +  jTTcpoi',  wing.]  In  Haeekel's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  an  order  of  he.vapodous 
nietabolous  winged  insects,  equivalent  to  tho 
l'sciidoncur<)j>t(ra  of  other  authors. 

archipterygium  (iir"kip-t_e-rij'i-um),  «. ;  pi. 
dvchiptcripjid  (-il).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  n/J,f<-,  first,  chief, 
-t-  TTTefii'yiov,  dim.  of  ■^ripvi,  a 
wing,  <  TrTcp6v,  a  wing,  =  E. 
feather.]  The  archetypal  form 
or  pi-iinitive  t_\-|ie  of  the  skele- 
ton of  the  liiuiis  I  if  vertebrates. 
It  was  suplioscd  by  Cegeiibaur  to  be 
most  nearly  aiiproximated  in  nature 
by  the  pectoral  member  or  flu  of  the 
ceratodontids,  but  this  view  h:is  not 
been  generally  accepted ;  Iiy  othci-s 
the  pectoral  member  of  a  primitive 
selachian  is  believed  to  appro.xiniate- 
ly  realize  the  idea. 

I  have  given  the  name  of  Archiple- 
ri/fii'int  to  the  ground-form  of  the  skel- 
eton, which  e\ti  lids  from  the  limh- 
hcaring  girdle  into  the  free  appendage. 
Vc^icnluliir,  Conqi.  .-Vnat.  (tr.),  p.  47.'!. 

archistome  (iir'ki-stom), ».  [< 

Gr.  ufix'-,  first,  +  ard/ia,  mouth.] 
In  zoiil.,  the  primitive  elongat- 
ed blastopore  of  Bilatcralia. 

The  primitively  elongated  mouth  of 
the  larva'  of  iiilateralia,  with  an  ex- 
tended  body-axis,  or  any  derived  form 
of  the  latter,  or  wherever  there  is  formed  a  well-dellned. 
unpaired  incdiau  neural  plate,  or  where  a  pair  of  parallel 
neural  plates  or  cords  are  developed,  I  would  call  the  wliole 
area  thus  embraced  an  nrchi.-ttome. 

J.  A.,  liyder,  Amer.  Naturalist,  18)15,  p.  1117. 


/, 


C..;;,l..,jjM„i..  !,kcl. 
cluii.'f  .iluiibtaictiip* 
terv^iuni)  of  Cera- 
toiius  /orsteri.  the 
large  tipper  piece  ar. 
liciil.-iting  with  the 
liiiili-root. 


architecture 

architect  (iir'ki-tekt),  n.  [=F.  archiiecff  =:lt. 
(irchi/elto,  <  L.  architcctu.i,  also  arehitccton,  <  Gr. 
(i/;,t(r(Krui',  chief  luiilder,  chief  artificer,  <  iipxt-, 
chief,  +  TtKTuv,  a  worker,  esp.  in  wood,  a  car- 
penter, joiner,  builder:  see  Uctoiiic]  1.  A 
jierson  skilled  in  the  art  of  building;  one  who 
understands  arcliitecture,  or  whoso  profession 
it  is  to  form  plans  and  designs  of  buildings  and 
superintend  the  execution  of  them.  Hi'uce  — 
2.  One  who  plans,  designs,  or  consummates  any 
complex  thing:  as,  the  supreme  Architect  of 
tho  universe  ;  ho  is  the  architect  of  his  own  for- 
tunes.— 3.  One  who  contrives,  devises,  or  plots. 

Chief  architect  and  plotter  of  these  woes. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  X 

architective  (iir'ki-tek-tiv),  a.  [<  architect  + 
-in-.]     Used  ill  building;  proper  for  building. 

architectonic  (iir"ki-tek-ton'ik),  «.  and  ii.  [= 
F.  architcctoniijue,  <  L.  architcctonicu.^,  <  Gr. 
apxiTCKToviKur,  pertaining  to  architecture,  fem. 
apxircKToviK!/,  n.,  architecture,  <  apxirenTuv,  chief 
workman:  see  architect.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  architecture;  hence,  pertaining  or  relating 
to  construction  or  design  of  any  kind. 

The  ArclLTologist  cannot  fail  to  remark  how  severe,  in 
a  true  age  of  art,  is  the  observance  of  this  great  Architec- 
tonic law — how  its  influence  pervades  all  design  —  Iiow  the 
pictures  on  Creek  vases,  in-  the  richly  embossed  and  chased 
work  of  the  mediieval  goldsmiths,  arc  all  adjusted  to  tile 
form  and  surface  allotted  to  tlu-m  by  au  external  necessity, 
t'.  T.  Xcwt'ju,  Art  and  .Vielueo].,  p.  :14. 

2.  Skilled  in  architecture;  exjjert  in  designing 
or  constructing. — 3.  Relating  to  the  construc- 
tion of  a  complete  and  scientifically  an-auged 
theory  or  system  of  doctrine. — 4.  Having  tho 
same  relation  to  something  as  that  of  an  archi- 
tect to  his  work ;  designing;  controlling;  gov- 
erning; directive. 

In  the  language  of  Aristotle,  which  of  these  two  [Culture 
ami  Religi<m|  is  the  architcctonicor  master-art  which  iire- 
scribea  to  all  the  other  arts  and  occupations  of  life  their 
functions,  as  the  master-builder  prescribes  their  ihlties  to 
his  workmen?    J.  C.  Sliairp,  Culture  and  Religion,  p.  2S. 

Architectonic  idea.  See  w™.— Architectonic  imlty, 

the  unity  or  union  of  the  parts  of  a  theory  or  .system  which 
springs  from  the  principles  upon  which  the  theory  or  sys- 
tem depends. 

II.)!.  1.  The  science  of  architecture.  Also 
architectonics. — 2.  In  logic,  the  art  of  construct- 
ing systems. 

By  arcltitectonic  I  understand  the  art  of  constructing  sys- 
tems.   Kant,  Critique  of  Ture  Reason  (tr.  by  M.ax  .Muiler). 

Of  these  two  sciences,  .  .  .  that  which  treats  of  those 
conditions  of  knowledge  which  lie  in  the  nature,  not  of 
thought  itself,  but  of  that  which  we  think  about,  .  .  .  has 
been  called  .  .  .  architectonic,  in  so  far  as  it  treats  of  the 
method  of  building  up  our  observations  into  system. 

.S'lV  IC.  Hamilton,  Logic,  App.  No.  I.  (lS(i(>),  H-  230. 

architectonical  (ar"ki-tek-ton'i-kal),  a.     Same 
as  architectonic. 
L:eomctrical  and  architectonical  artists. 

Sir  T.  Brou-ne,  llisc.  Tracts,  p.  6. 

architectonically  (ar"ki-tek-ton'i-kal-i),   adv. 

In  an  arehiteetonic  manner;  according  to  tnie 

structural  principles  or  fitness. 
architectonics  (ar  ki-tek-ton'iks),  n.pl.    Same 

as  drdiitectonic,  n.,  1. 
architectort   (iir'ki-tek-tor),  h.     [MI>.,  for  L. 

architectus,  arehitccton :  see  architect.]     1.  An 

architect. — 2.  A  superintendent. 
architectress  (iir'ki-tek-tres),  H.     [<  architcctor 

+  -isx.]     A  IVmale  architect.     Sir  H.  JVotton, 

K('lii|uiir.     [Rare.] 
architectural  (iir-ki-tek'tiir-al),  a.    [=  F.  ar- 

diiteetural ;  <  architecture  4-  -at]    Pertaining  or 

relating  to  architecture  or  the  art  of  building; 

according  to  the  principles  of  architecture. — 

Architectural  notation.    See  notation. 
architecturalist  (iir-ki-tek'tfir-al-ist),  «.     [< 

drihiticlural  +  -i.-:t.]  A  professed  student  of, 
or  eoiiiiiiisscur  in,  architecture.     X.  E.  I). 

architecturally  (iir-ki-tek'tur-al-i),  adr.  In  an 
architectural  manner;  with  reojard  to  architec- 
tural principles;  from  an  architectural  point 
of  view. 

architecture  (iir'ki-tek-tiir),  n.  [=  F.  archi- 
tecture =  it.  arehitettura,  <  L.  architectitra,  <  ar- 
chitectus, architect :  see  architect.  The  6r.  word 
is  apxiTCKTovia,  <  apxiTiKTov;  also  dpxirenTei'iK'/: 
see  drdiitectonic]  1.  The  art  of  btiilding,  spe- 
cifically of  fine  or  beautiful  building.  Architec- 
ture incindes,  in  the  widest  sense,  (1)  the  principles  of 
design  and  of  ornament  .as  ajiplied  to  building;  (2)  the 
science  of  constrtlction,  including  the  juniierties  of  ma- 
terials and  the  metiiods  of  combining  tlu'iii;  and  (:j)  the 
practice  of  construction,  including  estimates  of  cost  and 
the  directing  of  builders  and  workmen.  The  practice  of 
this  art  reiiuires  skill  in  design,  which  is  the  special  prov- 
ince of  the  architect,  and  skill  in  execution,  which  is  the 
special  province  of  the  workmen  whom  the  architect 
employs  and  directs,  it  is  the  function  of  skill  in  archi- 
tectural design  to  e*unbine  in  a  harmonious  scheme  the 
independent  and  often  hostile  requirements  (1)  uf  use 


architecture 

and  convenience  ns  ilirtali-'l  by  tlit-  coiiditionA  of  the  prob- 
lem In  hami ;  (2)  of  I'onstniutive  m-rcHsity  iiiul  Illness  as 
deteriniiieii  either  Ity  pruetieal  experieiiee  or  Iiy  seientiHc 
tlleory ;  and  (;i)  of  aitistie  exeellenee  hotll  in  the  propor- 
tions of  the  parts  and  in  tlie  decorative  treatment  of  de- 
tails, in  accordance  with  eitlier  the  Keneral  priricijjles  and 
canons  of  good  tjtste  or  the  prescrii>tions  of  custom  or 
tradition.  It  is  the  function  of  skill  iii  execution  practi- 
cally to  carry  out  the  scheme  so  dcsijjtned ;  and  thi.s  skill 
is  exercised  by  draftsmen,  surveyors,  mechanics,  arti- 
sans, and  artist-s,  eacli  in  his  place.  Architecture  is  proj)- 
crly  distinj-'Ui-slied  from  mere  building  by  the  i>resence  of 
the  (iec'irativt-  or  artistic  element.  Tlie  most  importixnt 
styles  in  the  bistoi-y  of  architecture  are  the  Kgyptian,  As- 
syrian, Hellenic,  Komau,  Iiyz:intiue,  Medieval  (including 
Romanesque  and  Pointed),  Itenaissauee,  anil  Arabic.  (See 
tllese  aiul  titlier  adjectives  characterizing  architectural 
styles.)  The  various  later  medieval  styles  are  coinnn)nly 
included  under  the  vague  and  misleading  term  Gothic 
(which  see). 

Architecture,  the  art  of  building,  includes  two  elements, 
theory  and  practice.  Tlie  former  comprehends  the  fine- 
art  side  proper,  the  body  of  general  rules  inspii-ed  by 
taste  and  based  on  tradition,  and  the  science,  which  ad- 
mits of  demonstration  l)y  means  of  invariable  and  abso- 
lute formulas.  I'ractice  is  the  application  of  theory  to 
particular  needs;  it  is  practice  which  causes  the  art  and 
the  science  to  conform  to  the  nature  of  materials,  to 
climate,  to  the  customs  of  a  period,  or  to  the  necessities 
of  the  occasion. 

Violtet-le-Diic,  Diet,  de  I'Architecture  (trans.),  I.  116. 
We  must  consider  Architecture  as  the  great  law  which 
has  in  all  time  regulated  the  growth  and  atfected  the 
form  of  painting  and  sculpture,  till  they  attain  to  a  certain 
period  in  their  development,  and  free  themselves  from  its 
inlluence.  C  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Archteol.,  p.  2'J. 

Architecture  and  eloquence  are  mixed  arts,  whose  end 
is  somethues  beauty  and  sonietimes  use.  Emerson. 

2.  The  buildings  or  other  objects  produced  by 
architecture  as  defined  above. —  3.  The  char- 
acter or  style  of  building:  as,  the  architcclurc 
of  Paris. — 4.  Construction  and  formative  de- 
sign of  any  kind. 

The  formation  of  the  first  earth  being  a  piece  of  divine 
architecture,  ascriljed  to  a  particular  providence. 

T.  Burnet,  Theory  of  the  Earth. 
Civil  axcllitecture,  the  Iirandi  of  architecture  having 
to  do  with  buildings  for  the  purposes  of  civil  life. — Mili- 
tary architecture,  the  branch  of  architecture  which  has 
to  do  with  liuihliugs  for  military  purposes  :  to  some  extent 
coextensive  with  military  engineering. — Naval  archi- 
tecture, the  science  and  practice  of  the  designing' ami  eoii- 
struction  i>f  ships  and  of  their  engines  and  apijurteiiuiices. 

architecture  (iir'ki-tek-tur),  v.  t.     [<  architec- 
ture, «.]     To  constnict;  build.     [Rare.] 
This  w:is  architeetur'd  thus 
r.y  the  great  Oeeanus.         Keats,  Fingal's  Cave. 

Architeuthis  (ar-ki-tu'this),  71.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ai>Xi-,  first,  chief,  +  rnSi^,  squid.]  A  genus  of 
monster  cephalopods,  or  giant 
squids,  of  the  family  Omma- 
strephidw,  and  related  to  Otn- 
mastrephes  except  in  size. 
Several  species  are  described,  as  A. 
princepn.  A,  hareeyi,  and  A.  incifap- 
tera.  Some  specimens  are  said  to 
attain  a  total  length  of  upward  of  50 
feet.  These  animals  furnish  the 
l)asi3  of  fact  for  tile  fabulous  mon- 
sters known  as  devil-fishes. 


Giant  Squid  i,Archi- 
tettlhis  dux).  (From 
Report  of  U.  S.  Fish 
Coniniission,  18S4. ) 


One  of  the  giant  squids,  belonging, 
dimbtless,  to  the  genus  Architeu- 
this. The  whalers  have  long  had  ac- 
counts of  the  sperm  whale  eating 
giant  squid,  portions  of  the  arms 
being  vomited  by  these  animals  in 
tlieir  death  flurry,  but  science  has 
recognized  theexistenceof  these  huge 
monsters  for  only  a  few  years. 

Stand.  Sat.  Hist.,  I.  377. 

architonnerre  (ar-shi- to- 
ner'), n.  [F.,<Gr.  ap,v'-,  chief, 
+  F.  tonricrre,  thunder,  thim- 
derbolt,  chamber  (of  a  gun,  etc.),  <  L.  tonitriis, 
thunder.]  A  fonn  of  steam-gun  described  by 
Leonardo  da  Vinci,  and  supposed  to  have  beeii 
devised  by  Archimedes,  which  discharged  iron 
balls  with  great  noise. 

architrave  (ar'ki-trav),  n.  [=:F.  architrave,  < 
It.  architrave,  <  L.  archi-  (see  archi-),  chief,  + 
It.  trave,  <  L.  trtihcm,  ace.  of  trabs,  a  beam.] 
1.  In  arch. :  (a)  The  lower  division  of  an  entab- 
lature ;  that  member  which  rests  immediately 
on  the  column  and  supports  those  portions  of 
the  struetm-e  which  are  above  it.  See  cut 
under  cntahlature.  (6)  The  ornamental  mold- 
ing running  round  the  extrados  of  an  arch. 
Also  called  rtr<7(ifo?<.  (c)  Sometimes,  less  prop- 
erly, the  molded  enrichments  on  the  faces  of 
the  jambs  and  lintel  of  a  door,  window,  or  other 
opening.  Also  called  aiilcpat/ment. — 2.  In 
fort.,  the  master-beam,  or  chief  supporter,  in 
any  part  of  a  subterranean  fortification.  — Archi- 
trave cornice,  loi  mtublature  in  which  the  cornice  rests 
directly  mi  the  aicliitiave.  the  frieze  being  omitted. 

architroch  (iir[ki-trok),  ii.  [<Gr.  upx'-,  first, 
+  Tpox('>c,  a  disk,  wheel,  lioop:  see  trochi-.l 
In  zool.,  the  specialized  ciliated  girdle  or  band 
surrounding  the  mouth  of  the  pluiiula  in  many 
invertebrate  embryos.     £.  11.  Lankestvr. 


298 

It  [the  oral  ciliated  band]  was  probably  primitively  a 
mouth-organ  of  the  an(;estral  gastrulated  architroch,  simi- 
lar to  tile  circlet  of  cilia  in  the  Trotiizoa  ciliata. 

Hyatt,  I'roc.  Jiost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  1884,  p.  87. 

architypographer  (ar"ki-ti-pog'ra-f<'r),  n. 
[<  (irclii-  +  liijitiijraphcr.']  The  chief  liniversity 
printer  at  ().\tord,  an  office  established  in  16;i6. 
He  is  the  director  of  the  Oxford  press.  By  Lauds  statutes, 
"  He  is  to  be  a  person  well  instructed  in  Greek  and  Latin 
literature,  and  of  great  experience  in  iihilologieal  pur- 
suits;  and  it  will  be  his  dut>' tn  preside  over  the  (jjicra- 
tiinis  of  printing  in  the  university  jirinting  (.nice,  and  to 
take  care  that  the  pl'inting  materials  and  furniture  are  all 
of  the  choicest  in  their  several  kinds.  In  works  issuing 
from  the  public  press  of  the  university,  he  is  to  prescribe 
the  scale  of  the  types,  the  quality  of  the  paper,  and  the 
size  of  the  margins,  and  U^  set  right  the  errata  of  the 
correctors,  and  to  take  diligent  care  in  all  other  particu- 
lars which  concern  the  ornament  and  perfection  of  the 
work."     lie  is  also  ex  ojliciv  upper  bedel  in  civil  law. 

Archiulids  (iir-ki-u'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
chiulua  +  -(■(?(('.]  A  family  of  fossil  archi- 
poh'jiodous  mjTiapods.     Scuddcr,  1868. 

Archiulus  (iir"-ki-u'lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apx'-, 
first,  +  NL.  lulus,  q.  v.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Jrchiuliiiai. 

archival  (iir-ki'va),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  archivum  : 
see  (irchirc.^     Archives. 

The  Christians  were  able  to  make  good  what  they  as- 
serted by  appealing  to  those  records  kept  in  the  Roman 
archiva.  Dr.  //.  More,  Godliness. 

archival  (iir-ki'val  or  iir'ki-val),  a.  [<  arc^iivc.'] 
Pertaining  to  archives  or  records;  contained 
in  records. 

archive  (iir'kiv  or  -kiv),  n.     [<  P.  archives,  pi., 

<  L.  archivum,  also  archium  (pi.  archiva),  a 
place  where  records  are  kejit,  the  records  them- 
selves, <  Gr.  d/jjffioi',  a  public  building,  hence  pi. 
TO,  apxcla,  the  pubUe  records  there  kept,  prop, 
neuter  of  'apxeioc,  adj.,  peiiaining  to  office,  < 
^POTj  office,  government,  rule,  <  apxsiv,  itile,  be 
fii-stiseertccA-.]  1.  A  place  where  public  records 
or  other  liistorieal  documents  are  kept :  now  only 
in  the  plural. — 2.  A  record  or  document  pre- 
served in  evidence  of  something ;  in  the  plural, 
documents  or  records  relating  to  the  rights, 
privileges,  claims,  treaties,  constitutions,  etc., 
of  a  family,  corporation,  community,  or  nation. 

A  most  unpleasaut  archive  or  register. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  116. 
God  hath  now 
Sponged  and  made  blank  of  crimeful  record  all 
My  mortal  archives.       Tennyson,  St.  Simeon  Stylites. 
The  social  conditions  represented  in  the  Homeric  poems 
cannot  be  mere  figments.    By  the  Greeks  they  were  always 
regarded  as  perfectly  real,  as  archives,  so  to  speak,  from 
which  very  definite  claims  and  prerogatives  were  derived. 
Von  Ranke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  121. 
=  Syn.  1.  Record-office,  registry. —  2.  Registers,  chroni- 
cles, annals,  muniments. 
archivist  (iir'ki-  or  iir'ki-vist),  n.     [=  F.  archi- 
■viste  =  Sp.  It.  archivista,  <  ML.  archivista:  see 
archive  and  -ist.'\     A  keeper  of  archives  or  rec- 
ords. 

The  learned  archivist  of  the  Vatican,  whose  researches 
have  led  to  striking  results  in  reference  to  the  foumlation 
<.if  the  University  of  I'aris.      Anier.  Jour.  PhUoL,  VI.  490. 

archivolt  (ar'ki-volt  or  -volt),  n.  [=F.  archi- 
volte, <  It.  archivolto  (cf.  ML.  archivoltum),  appar. 

<  archi',  chief,  +  volto,  votta,  vault,  arch:  see 
archi-  and  vatilt,  and  cf.  architrave ;  but  It.  arco- 
riilto  is  based  on  arco,  arch,  +  roliii.  volta,  vault, 
arch.  ]  An  ornamental  moUling  or  band  of  mold- 
ings on  the  face  of  an  arch  following  the  contour 
of  the  extrados ;  an  arch-molding.    Also  called 

architrave.  Arrhin,lt  is  s..metinies  incorrectly  used  fol- 
soffit.  The  term  is  aitplied  .specirtcally  to  the  arches  of 
any  arched  construction,  upon  which,  as  upon  the  archi- 
trave in  columnar  construction,  rests  the  weight  of  the 
superimposed  portion  of  the  edifice.  Viollet-le-D-uc. — 
Archivolt  of  a  bridge,  the  curved  line  formed  by  the 
exterior  upper  edges  of  the  arch-stones  in  the  face  of  the 
work. 
archlute  (arch'lut),  ».  [<  arch-  +  lutei.']  A 
large  bass  lute,  double-necked  like  the  theorbo 
and  chitarrone,  and  differing  from  them  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  longer  strings.  Also  writ- 
ten archilute. 
archly  (arch'U),  adv.  In  an  arch  manner; 
coyly. 

Ue  bow'd,  and  archly  smiled  at  what  he  said. 
Civil  but  sly.  Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 

And  the  glances  of  the  Creole 
Were  still  as  archhi  deep. 

Whittier,  The  Slave  Ships. 

archmagician  (ilrch-ma-jish'an),  «.  [<  arch- 
+  maiiiciait.  Gt.  archimagc.']  A  chief  magician ; 
a  great  wizard. 

archmarshal  (iirch-mar'shal),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
marshal;  =  G.  cr:marschall.'\  The  grand  mar- 
shal of  the  old  German  empire,  a  dignity  which 
belonged  to  the  Klector  of  Saxony. 

arch-mockt  (iireh-mok'),  «.  [<  arch-  +  mock.'] 
Extreme  mockery  or  bitterest  jest;  deepest 
scorn. 


Archoplites 

O,  'tis  the  spite  of  hell,  the  fiend's  arch-mock .' 

.S/!at.,mhello,  iv.  1. 

arch-molding  (iirdi'mol'ding),  n.  [<  arch^  + 
moliiuKj.]  Same  as  archivolt:  used  especially 
of  medieval  architecture. 

archness  (iirch'nes),  n.  [<  arch^  +  -ticss.']  The 
quality  of  being  arch ;  slyness  without  malice ; 
cunning;  waggisliiicss;  roguishness;  pleasing 
coJ^less :  as, "  dryness  and  archness  of  humour," 
./.  Il'arton,  Pope,  p.  68. 

There  was  a  mixture  of  sweetness  and  archness  in  her 

manner  which  made  it  difficult  for  her  to  affront  anybody. 

Jane  Au.'sten,  Priile  and  Prejudice,  p.  44. 

archology  (ar-kol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  ajixll,  begin- 
ning, origin,  rule,  government  (see  anh-),  -^ 
-Air/ia,  <  '/-iytiv,  speak:  eee-ologi/.]  1.  The  doc- 
trine of  the  origin  of  things.  y.L'.I).  —  2.  The 
science  of  government.  N.  E.  I). —  3.  The  the- 
ory of  first  principles  of  knowledge. 

archon  (ar'kon),  ;(.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apxt^v,  a  ruler, 
orig.  ppr.  of  apxci',  rule,  be  first:  see  arch-.1 

1.  A  chief  magistrate  of  some  states  in  ancient 
Greece,  and  particularly  Athens.  After  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  title  of  king  in  Attica  there  was  chosen  a  single 
archon,  who  exercised  for  life  essentially  royal  jireroga- 
tives.  The  tenn  of  office  was  afterward  reduced  to  ten 
years,  and  in  683  B.  C.  it  was  made  annual,  and  the  duties 
of  the  archonship  were  distributed  among  nine  persons. 
The  first  was  the  archon  eponymos  (name-giving  archon), 
whose  functions  were  executive  and  judicial,  and  whose 
name  was  given  in  official  acts,  etc.,  to  the  year  of  his  ser- 
vice :  the  second  was  the  archon  basileus  (archon  king), 
whose  duties  were  chiefly  religious  and  ceremonial ;  the 
third  was  the  archon  polemarchos  (archon  generalissimo), 
who  wiis,  first  in  fact  and  then  nominally,  commander  of 
the  military  power  ;  and  the  remaining  six  were  the  thes- 
mothetce,  or  ailministrators  of  justice,  whose  most  impor- 
tant duty  it  was  to  pass  carefully  in  review,  each  year,  the 
whole  body  of  laws  of  the  state,  in  order  to  make  sure  that 
no  errors  or  contradictions  had  crept  in,  that  repealed  laws 
had  been  duly  canceled,  and  that  repetition  was  avoided. 
It  rested  witli  the  tliesuiHthetie,  also,  to  see  that  all  the 
laws  of  the  republic  that  were  in  vigor  wei'e  strictly  en- 
forced, and  to  bring  to  trial  any  public  otficial  who  had 
failed  in  his  trust.  At  the  end  of  their  year  of  office,  all  the 
archons,  unless  they  were  found  guilty  of  malfeasance,  by 
virtue  of  their  office  entered  the  council  of  the  -Areopagus. 

2.  In  the  Byzantine  empire:  (o)  One  of  a 
number  of  great  court  officers,  (ft)  A  title  as- 
sumed by  the  Frankish  barons  who  established 
themselves  in  Greece  after  the  fourth  crusade, 
in  the  thirteenth  century. — 3.  In  modem 
Greece,  a  person  in  authority,  as  a  magistrate, 
a  presiding  officer  of  some  societies,  etc. — 4. 
-Ajiy  ruler  or  governor. —  5.  In  various  Gnostic 
systems,  one  of  several  spiritual  powers  su- 
perior to  angels,  believed  to  be  the  rulers  of 
the  several  heavens.  According  to  Basilides,  the 
great  archon  is  the  highest  cosmical  power  and  the  creator 
of  the  ogdoad  or  ethereal  world,  having  below  him  the 
archon  who  created  and  rules  the  hebdomad  or  lower 
planetary  heaven.  See  archontic,  hebdonuid,  and  oyduad. 
6.  [NL.]  In  ro()7.,  the  human  animal;  man,  as 
a  member  of  the  group  Archontia. —  7.  [cap.'] 
[NL.]  Inentom.:  (ii)  jV  genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects.  Hiihncr,  1822.  (6)  A  genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects.     Kirby,  1826. 

archonship  (ar'kon-ship),  H.  [<  archon  -I-  -shij).'] 
The  office  or  the  term  of  office  of  an  archon. 

On  the  expiration  of  the  archonship  of  Ery.xias,  it  was 
resolved  that  the  otfiee  should  be  annual,  and  that  there 
sln>uld  be  nine  persons  to  execute  it. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  475. 

archont  (iir'kont),  h.  [<  NL.  archon{t-),  sing, 
of  Archontia,  q.  v.]  A  member  of  the  zoologi- 
cal group  Archontia  ;  a  man. 

archontate  (iir'kon-tat),  n.  [<  archon{t-)  + 
-»/(3,  ]  The  office  of  an  archon,  or  the  term  for 
which  an  archon  was  elected.     X.  E.  1). 

Archontia  (iir-kou'ti-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,neut.  pi. 
of  archon,  <  Gr.  apxui',  ruling:  see  archon.]  In 
some  zoological  systems,  a  prime  di\ision  of 
mammals,  re]ii'esented  by  man  alone,  it  is  con- 
terminous witll  the  ordel-s  Archencephata  of  Owen,  Bi- 
nmna  of  Blumenliach  and  (""uvier,  and  Dijmda  of  others, 
and  «ith  the  family  Homiutda'  and  genus  Homo. 

Archontic  (iir-kon'tik),  n.  [<  LL.  archonticus, 
<  Gr.  dpxoiTindc,  pertaining  to  archons  (>  LGr. 
01  'ApxovTiKol,  -Archontics),  <  apx^v,  ruler:  see 
0)r7(()«.]  One  of  a  sect  of  the  fourth  century, 
originating  in  Palestuie,  apparently  an  offshoot 
of  the  Ophites:  so  called  fi-om  their  belief,  in 
common  with  other  Gnostic  sects,  in  archons  or 
rulers  of  the  several  heavens.  They  rejected  bap- 
tism ami  the  eucharist.  identitted  the  God  of  the  .Ti-ws  with 
the  devil,  and  used  to  sprinkle  their  dead  with  water  and 
oil  to  make  them  invisible  and  put  them  beyond  the  reach 
of  the  heavenly  powers. 

Archoplites  (iir-kop-li'tez),  ;i.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ap- 
.liic.  a  leader,  -I-  o7r/;-//r,  heavy-armed:  see  hop- 
lite]  A  genus  of  percoid  fishes.  .\  single  species, 
A.  intemtjttus,  occurs  on  the  Paciflc  slope  of  North 
Amerii-a.  It  resembles  the  r()ck-bass.  has  7  brauchioste- 
gal  rays,  and  attains  a  length  of  a  foot  or  more,  GiU, 
1861. 


archpillar 

archpillar  (ilrch'pil'jli),  «.     l<  arch- +  pillar.'] 

A  iiiuiu  or  priiic'iijiil  pillar  ;  a  chief  support. 
Archpillar  aiul  foumliitiuii  <if  himiiui  scicii-ty. 

llaniiar,  tr.  of  IIl-zils  .Scrimms,  p.  21>4. 

archpoet   (iln^h'po'et),  «.     [<.  arch- +  putt :  (r. 
of  NL.  archipoeta.]     1.  A  chief  or  preemineut 
poet. — 2t.  A  poot  lauieate ;  an  official  poet. 
The  title  of  arehipoeta  or  arch-poet, 

i'02>e.  The  Poet  Laureate. 

archpolitician  (ilrch'pol-i-tish'nii),  «.  [<  arch- 
+  piiliticiaii.}  A  chief  or  leading  politician; 
a  great  political  loader.     Bacon. 

archprelate  (iireh'prel'at),  ».  [<  arch- +  prel- 
ate]    .\  eliief  prelate.     Umiiir. 

archpresbyter  (iireh'pres'bi-ter),  )(.  [<  arch- 
+  pr(sti;itcr.  Of.  archpriiat  and  LL.  archipris- 
lii/tir.]     A  chief  presbj-ter.     Aijliffc,  Parerf;oii. 

archpresb3rtery  (iireh'pre.s'bi-tc-i'i),  «.  [(.arch- 
+  prcabi/tcri/.]  The  absolute  dominion  of  pres- 
bytery ;  presbytery  as  exercising  supremo  or 
sovereign  authority.     [Rare.] 

Arch-jiresbtifcrif  .  .  .  claiinin*;  to  itself  -a  lordly  power 
and  8Ui)erintemleney,  both  over  Iloeks  ami  pastors,  over 
persons  ami  eongrcgations  no  way  their  own. 

Milton,  Eikonokhistes,  §  i:i. 

archpriest  (iirch'presf),  n.  [<  late  ME.  arclie- 
]irct:t,  <  OF.  archcprestre,  mod.  1<\  archqirvln: 
(cf.  G.  cr::j)ricster),  <  LL.  archipre.tbi/tcr  (Je- 
rome), <  LGr.  aiixf^p^oiivTepoQ  (Sozomen) :  see 
archi-  and  prcsbijter.  Cf.  6r.  ap,i;«7itef,  arch- 
priest,  chief  priest,  iu  N.  T.  high  priest:  see 
archierey.]  Mccics.,  the  chief  among  the  priests, 
called  by  the  Greeks  protopresbyter,  and  later 
protopope.  As  a  title  it  dates  from  the  fonrth  cen- 
tury, uuii  was  originally  given  to  the  senior  by  ordina- 
tion ill  a  dioeese,  a  rule  long  strictly  observed  in  the 
West.  The  arehpriest  or  dean  of  the  cathedral  assisted 
the  bishop  in  solemn  functions  and  in  his  spiritu.-d  ad- 
ministration, though  without  ordinary  jurisdiction;  the 
rural  arehpriest  or  dean  had  a  limited  suiierinteiidenee 
over  the  parisli  priests  of  his  deanery  or  distriit  of  the  dio- 
cese, and  formed  with  them  thermal  cbaptei-,  astbc  Iiisliop 
with  his  canons  formed  the  eatbedial  ehapter.  For  rela- 
tions with  other  oflfteials,  see  arclntcacon.  At  present,  in 
the  Jtoni.an  Catholic  Church,  archprioit  is,  for  the  nu)st 
part,  a  title  of  honor  only,  the  former  duties  of  the  oHiee 
being  performed  by  the  auxiliary  bishop  or  the  dean  of 
the  cathedral  chapter.  The  duties  of  the  rural  arehpriests, 
since  the  Council  of  Trent,  have  eommoTdy  devolved  on 
the  vicars  forane,  still  sometimes  called  rural  deans,  or 
directly  on  the  bishop's  viear -general.  In  the  rare  ease 
when  rural  arehpriests  and  vicars  forane  are  found  in  the 
same  tliui'ese,  the  latter  have  the  precedence. 

archprimate  (iirch'pri'mat),  n.  [<  arch-  +  pri- 
luaiv.]     A  chief  primate. 

One  arch-primate  or  Protestant  pope. 

Milton,  Church  Oov.,  i.  0. 

archprophet   (iireh'prof'et),  n.     [<   arch-  + 
priiplict.     Cf.  Gr.  hpxi'Tpo(j>>]Tiic,  chief  prophet.] 
A  chief  projihet ;  a  great  prophet.     T.  Il'arton. 
archprotestant  (iirch'prot'es-tant),  II.    [<  arch- 
+  I'rotcstaiit.]    A  leading  or  eminent  Protes- 
tant. 
These  archprotestanis  and  master  ministers  of  Germany. 
Staplcton,  Fortress  of  Faith,  p.  !>. 

archprotopope  (arch'pr6'to-p6p),  )(.  [<  «)•(■/(- 
+  protopope?]  The  chief  of  the  arehpriests  or 
protopopes. 

The  archprotopope  of  .Susa,  where  the  royal  residence  w.as. 
Eiicyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  715. 

arch-see  (iirch'se'),  ».  [<  arch- +  sec".]  The 
f<eo  of  an  archbishop.     Drayton. 

arch-sodality  (areh'so-dal'i-ti),  H.  [<  «(•(■/(-  + 
.tiKtaliti/.]     An  arch-confraternity  (which  see). 

arch-stone  (iirch'ston),  n.  [<  arch^  -i- .stone.] 
1.  A  wedge-shaped  stone  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  an  arch;  a  voussoir.  See  cut  under 
arch. —  2.  A  flat  stone  by  which  the  opening 
info  the  chamber  of  some  furnaces  is  covered. 

archtraitor  (iirch'tra'tor),  n.  [<  arch-  +  trai- 
tor.] A  chief  traitor:  sometimes  applied  spe- 
cilically  to  the  devil.     Hakeirill. 

archtreasurer  (iireh'trez'fir-er),  «.  [<  arch-  + 
trcamircr.  The  G.  word  is  cr::schat::iiieistcr.] 
The  great  treasurer  of  the  German  empire,  a 
dignity  held  by  the  restored  electorate  of  the 
Khino  Palatinate  from  1648  to  1777,  and  later 
by  the  Ele<'tor  of  Hanover. 

archtype  (iirch'tip),  n.  [<  arch-  -I-  type;  sug- 
gested by  archetype,  q.  v,]  An  archetype. 
Cartirrii/ht. 

archvillain  (iireh'vil'an),  n.  [<  arch-  +  villain.] 
A  desperate,  confirmed  villain. 

An  arch-villain  keeps  him  company. 

Shale,  T.  of  A.,  v.  i. 

archvillainy  (iireh'^'il'a-ni),  n.    [<  arch-  -t-  vil- 

laiin/.]     .Vtrocious  villainy.     Beau,  anil  Ft. 
archway  (iiroh'wa),  «.      [<  arch^  +  way.]     An 

entrance  or  a  passage  under  an  arch  or  vault ; 

an  opening  that  is  closed  iu  or  covered  by  an 

arch. 


299 

Through  the  piers  ran  archwaux  in  both  directions,  so 
us  to  open  u  narrow  uisle  ou  each  side  of  the  nave  and 
transept. 

C.  A'.  Norton,  Chureh-buitding  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  53. 

Compound  archway^    See  com/munit  i . 

archwifet  (Jirch'wif),  «.     [<  arch-  +  wife.]     A 

w<jnian  of  strong,  masculine  physique ;  a  hardy, 

masculine  woman  disposed  to  rule  tier  husband. 

Ye  arclieu'tfvejt,  stondeth  at  ilefenee. 

Sin  ye  be  strong  as  is  a  greet  eanniille  [camel); 

Ne  sulfereth  nat  that  men  yow  don  ijifenee. 

Chaucer,  Clerks  Tale,  I.  11-20. 

archwise  (ilrch'wi?.),  adv.  [<  archX  +  tcise^.] 
In  tli(^  form  or  manner  of  an  arch. 

In  tint  fashion  of  a  bow  bent  archunse. 

Ai/tife,  Parergon. 

archyl  (iir'chi),  a.  [<  arch^  +  -i/l.]  Resembling 
anarch;  having  arches ;  arching.     [Rare.] 

Ileneath  the  bljick  and  archi/  brows  sinned  forth  the 
briglit  lamps  of  her  eyes.      Partheiwia  Sacra  (l(l;t;i),  Prrf. 

archy-  (iir'chi),  a.  [<  F.  as  if  'archi';  arched, 
pp.  of  'archer,  v. :  see  arch^,  v.]  In  her.,  same 
as  arched,  2. 

archy-flected  (iir'chi-llek-ted),  a.  In  her.,  same 
as  iirclinl,  '2. 

arcid  (iir'sid),  n.  A  bivalve  mollusk  of  tho  fam- 
ily .ircida: 

Arcidse  (iir'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Area  +  -ida;.] 
A  family  of  asiphonate  acephalous  bivalves, 
or  lamellibraneh  mollusks,  ha\'ing  ei|uivalve 
shells  with  a  long  row  of  transverse  teeth.  The 
family  is  a  large  one  of  world-wide  distribution  at  the 
present  day,  and  dates  back  in  geohigie  time  to  the  Lijwer 
Silurian.  Its  leading  genera  are  Area,  Axina-a  (or  Peelnn- 
ciilus),  .inoimilocardia,  Cucnlliva,  etc.;  but  tint  limits  of 
the  family  vary.  The  species  are  very  numerous.  See  cut 
umler  .\rca.     .Sometimes  wrongly  spelled  Arcailai. 

arcifer  (iir'si-fer),  n.  [<  NL.  arcifer :  see  Ar- 
cifcra.]    An  amphibian  of  the  grou])  Arcifera. 

Arcifera  (iir-sif'e-rii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
arcifer  (cf.  ML.  arcifer,  an  archer),  <  L.  arciis, 
a  bow  (see  «rcl),  -i-  ferrc  =  E.  bcar^.]  A  sec- 
tion of  phaneroglossate  salient  amphibians, 
with  eoracoids  and  precoracoids  connected  by 
an  arched  cartilage  (the  epicoracoid),  that  of 
the  one  side  overlapping  that  of  the  other.  It 
includes  the  true  toads  (Bufonida:),  the  tree- 
toads  {Hylida:),  and  others. 

arciferous  (ar-sif'e-rus),  a.  [As  Arcifera  + 
-oiix.]  In  :oiil.,  pertaining  to  or  of  tho  uatiu'e 
of  the  Arcifera.    Also  arciijerous. 

arcifinious  (iir-si-fin'i-us),  a.  [<  LL.  areifiniits 
(also  arcifinnlui),  <  L.  arx  (arci-),  a  citadel,  de- 
fense,-f /iw/s,  pi.  ./iHC«,  boundary.]  1.  Serving 
both  as  a  boundary  and  a  defense:  applied  to 
rivers,  mountains,  tho  sea,  etc.  War.  Diet.— 
2.  Having  a  frontier  which  forms  a  natural 
defense:  as,  ^'arcifinioua  states,"  Twins,  Law  of 
Nations,  II.  215.     N.  E.  D. 

arciform  (iir'si-form),  a.  [<  L.  arcus,  a  bow, 
-i-  forma,  form.]  Bow-shaped;  curved;  arched. 
—  Arciform  fibers,  in  anat.,  the  arcuate  nerve-Ilbel-s, 
esiteeially  the  supertieial  ones,  seen  on  the  surface  of  the 
npjjer  part  of  the  medulla  oblongata. 

arcigerous  (ilr-sij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  arcns,  a  bow, 
4-  ijerere,  carry.]  "Same  as  arciferous. 

arcitenentt  (iir-sit'e-nent),  a.  [<  L.  arcite- 
nen{t-)s,  hokling  a  bow",  <  arcu.s,  a  bow,  + 
tcnen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  tenere,  hold:  see  arc  and  ten- 
ant.]    Holding  or  carrying  a  bow.     Blount. 

arc-light  (iirk'lit),  «.  An  eleetiic  light  pro- 
ducetl  by  the  voltaic  arc ;  the  electric  cun-ent 
passing  between  a  pair  of  carbon-points  slight- 
ly .separated.     See  electric  and  rollaie  arc. 

afcograph  (iir'ko-graf),  n.  [<  L.  arcus,  arc, 
-I-  Gr.  -jijatpeii',  describe.]  An  instrument  for 
drawing  an  arc  without  the  use  of  a  central 
point.  It  consists  of  a  thin  ami  pliable  strip  of  wooil  or 
metal,  the  ends  of  which  are  attached  to  a  straight  i»ar, 
which  can  be  shortened  or  lengthened  to  form  a  chord  of 
the  reipiiri'd  arc.     It  is  used  as  a  temiilet. 

arcosolium  (iir-ko-so'li-um),  ».;  Tpl.  arcosolia 
(-a).  [ML.,  <  L.  arcus,  an  arch,  +  solium,  a  seat, 
throne.]  A  name  given  to  certain  recesses  for 
dead  bodies  in  the  Roman  cataeomlis,  consisting 
of  a  deep  niche  cut  in  the  rocky  wall  and  arched 
above,  a  sarcophagus  being  hewn  from  the  rock 
under  the  arch.  The  flat  cover  of  the  sarcophagus  nniy 
sometimes  have  been  used  as  an  altar.  Such  tombs  were 
often  richly  ornamented. 

arc-piece  (iirk'pes),  ».  In  niech..  a  piece  serNnng 
to  adjust  the  angle  of  elevation  of  a  cutting-tool. 

arc-secant  (iirk'se"kant),  n.  In  math.,  an  angle 
regarded  as  a  function  of  its  secant. 

arc-sine  (iirk'sin),  n.  In  math.,  an  angle  re- 
garded .as  a  function  of  its  sine. 

arctt  (iirkt),  v.  t.     See  art'i. 

ArctaUa  (iirk-ta'li-ii),  H.  [NL..  <  arctic  +  Gr. 
I'l'riii,  assemblage  (w4th  an  intended  allusion  to 
a'/r,  sea).]  In  :oi)fieoij.,  a  primary  marine  realm 
or  zoological  division  of  the  waters  of  the  globe, 


Arctiidse 

embracing  the  seas  of  the  northern  hemisphere 
as  far  to  the  south  as  floating  ice  descends. 
Gill. 

Arctalian  (ilrk-ta'li-an),  a.  [<  Arctalia.]  Of 
or  ]iertaining  to  Arctalia. 

Arctamerican  (iirk-ta-raer'i-kan),  a.  [<  Arctic 
+  American.]  ln::oiigco!i. , eameAfi  .Ini/hgwan: 
as,  "Anglogoian  or  Arctamerican  realm,"  Gill. 

arc-tangent  (iirk'tau".jent),  n.  In  math.,  an 
angle  regarded  as  a  function  of  its  tangent. 

arctation  (iirk-ta'shon),  «.  [<  F.  arclation,  < 
L.  as  if  'arctatio(n-),  (.arctare,  prop,  artarc,  pp. 
arctatus,  artatus,  draw  close,  ti(»htcn,  <  arctns, 
prop,  artus,  close,  tight:  see  arl^,  article,  arml, 
etc.]  Narrowness  or  constriction  in  any  sense : 
inpathol.,  unnatural  contraction  of  any  luitural 
opening,  as  of  the  anus;  constipation  from  in- 
flammation.    A1.SO  called  arctitude. 

Arctia  (iirk'ti-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apKTor,  a  bear 
(in  ref.  to  the  furriness  of  the  caterpillars:  see 
Areliida;).]  A  genus  of  moths,  typical  of  tho 
family  .Irctiida:  A.  (or  Eiiprrjiia)  cnja  is  the 
comnion  tiger-moth.     See  cut  under  Kuprepia. 

arctian  (iirk'l  i-an),  H.  [<  Arctia  +  -an.]  A  moth 
of  tlie  family  .irctiida: 

arctic  (ark'tik),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  artic, 
artick,  etc.,  <  ME.  artik,<  OF.  artiijuc,  mod.  F. 
aretique  =  Pr.  artic  =  Sp.  Pg.  arctico  =  It. 
arlico,  <  LL.  arcticus,  northern,  <  Gr.  apKriKd;, 
northern,  lit.  pertaining  to  the  Bear,  <  apK-ro^,  a 
bear,  specifically  the  constellation  Ursa  Major; 
sometimes  spelled lipiior,  =  Skt.  rikshas  (for  *ark- 
shas)  =  L.  ursus  (for  'urcsiis)  =  Ir.  art,  a  bear: 
see  ursus.]  1.  Pertaining  or  related  to  the 
northern  constellations  called  the  Great  and 
Little  Bears;  hence,  pertaining  or  relating  to 
tho  north  polo  or  the  northern  polar  regions; 
northern:  as,  tho  arctic  circle,  region,  or  sea. 
Hence — 2.  Cold;  frigid. 

I  warn  the  traveller  who  goes  to  see  the  lovely  Madon- 
n.xs  of  Bellini  to  beware  how  he  trusts  himself  in  winter 
to  the  gusty,  arc((c  magniflcenee  of  the  Church  of  the 
Redentore.  Uuuells,  Venetian  Life,  iii. 

Arctic  circle,  a  small  circle,  parallel  to  the  eiiuator,  dis- 
tant frnni  the  north  pole  by  an  angular  ouantity  equal  to 
the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic,  or  23' 28'J.  This  and  theiT»(- 
arctic  circle  are  called  the  polar  circles,  and  within  these 
lie  the  frigid  zones,  at  every  point  within  which  the 
sun,  theoretically,  on  at  least  one  day  in  sununer,  piLsses 
through  the  north  point  without  setting,  ami  on  at  least 
one  day  in  winter  docs  not  rise;  practically,  allowance 
must  be  made  for  the  semidiametcr  ami  horizontal  re- 
fraction of  the  sun.  — Arctic  fox,  a  small  species  of  fox, 
Vulpeslatjopuii,  of  the  family  Cntnihr,  celebrated  for  the 


Arctic  Fox  l.yulfes  t{isi^fni\. 

beauty  and  fineness  of  its  fur,  which  is  a  valuable  article 
of  commerce.  It  is  2  feet  iu  length,  and  its  t<iil  is  1  foot 
long.    It  is  bhiish-  or  brownish-gray  in  sunnner  and  white 

in  «  inter.  =Syn.   See  jMilar. 

arctic-bird  (iirk'tik-berd),  n.  A  name  origi- 
nally giv(;n  by  Edwards  to  a  species  of  jaeger 
figtned  and  described  by  liim.  It  h.as  been  applied 
to  two  species  of  Lestriti  or  Stocorariu.^,  but  is  idcntlHcil 
as  the  long-tailed  jaeger  or  Bulfon's  skua,  L.  or  S.  tunffi- 
Cauda  of  some,  S.  buffoni  or  .S.  para^ilicu.<  of  others. 

arctician  (ark-tish'an),  H.  [<  arctic  +  -ian.] 
t)no  who  has  investigated  matters  relating  to 
tho  arctic  regions;  an  arctic  explorer.  -V.  A".  D. 

Arctictidinae  (iirk-tik-ti-di'ne),  «.  jil.  [NL.,  < 
Arcticti{il-)s  -H  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  carnivo- 
rous quadrupeds,  of  the  family  J'irerrida',  con- 
taining tho  binturongs,  characterized  by  the 
prehensile  tail. 

Arctictis  (Urk-tik'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apuro^,  a 
bear,  H-  'iKrir.  the  yeUow-breasted  marten.]  The 
typical  and  only  genus  of  t  he  subfamily  Arcticti- 
dinec:  synonymous  with /cfiVJfs.    Seebinturong. 

arctiid  (lirk'ti-id),  rt.  and  H.    I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Areliida-:  as,  an  arctiid  moth. 
II.  H.  Oue  of  thi^  Aretiidir;  an  arctian. 

Arctiidae  tark-ti'i-<ie),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arctia  + 
-ida:]  A  family  of  lopidopterous  insects,  be- 
longing to  the  section  Beterocora ;  the  tiger- 
moths.  The  types  of  the  family  are  distinguished  by 
the  fact  that  thei'r  larv.x'  are  very  thickly  clothed  with  long 
hail-s,  whem-f  they  have  obtained  the  name  nf  uotillii  ticarg. 
They  feed  upon  the  external  parts  of  plants,  and  inclose 
themselves  in  cocoons  «  hen  about  to  undergo  their  tnuu- 
formations.    See  cut  under  t'uprepia. 


Arctipalatales 

Arctipalatales  (iiik  li-pul-a-ta'lez),  n.  pi. 
[N'Ij.J     Sjuiio  lis  ArctipahiUs. 

Arctipalates  (iirk'ti-pa-la'tez),  h.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  <irctu.':,  prop,  artus,  compressed  (see  art3),+ 
pttldtum,  palate.]  lu  SuiiilcvaU's  system  of 
classilicatioii,  a  gi-oup  of  fringillino  and  tana- 
gi'ine  osciiie  passerine  birds,  embracing  six 
families  of  buntings,  3 

crossbills,  rice-birds, 
and  various  other  co- 
nircislral  I'asscrcs. 

Arctisca  (Jirk-tis'kii), 
".  /'/.  [NL.,  dim.  of 
Ur.  apKTog,  a  bear.] 
The  water-bears, 
or  bear-animalciUes, 
otherwise  known  as 
the  Tanligrada,  ila- 
crohiotida,  or  Colpo- 
da,  a  group  of  uncer- 
tain value  and  po-si- 
tiou,  formerly  associ- 
ated with  the  rotifers, 
but  now  usually  con- 
sidered an  order  of 
Arnchnida,  and  lo- 
cated in  the  vicinity 
of  the  AcarkJa.  They 
are  microscopic  aquatic 
creatures,  living  in  moss 
antl  wet  sainl,  often  iu 
company  with  rotifers. 
They  liave  a  verniiform 
body,  with  four  paii-s  of 
very  short  feet  terminat- 
ed l>y  hoolied  claws,  no  diS' 


A  Water-bear,  or  Bear-animalcule 
{.\faerobiotus  schultzei),  one  of 
ihcArclisca  or  Tardigrada,  much 
magnilied. 


1.  2.  3,  4,  the  limbs ;  a,  mouth  with 

tinction  Of  cephalothorax   Sar'pki;^ 


300 

Arctoidea  (iirk-toi'de-ji),  n.  pi.    [NL. :  see  arc- 

toiil.}  One  of  three  supcrfamilies  of  the  fissiped 
or  terrestrial  carnivorous  mammals  (the  otliers 
being  ^/«roH/rn  and  Cijnoidia),  including  the 
bears  and  their  relatives,  as  distinguished  from 
the  feline  and  canine  members  of  the  Ferw  Jin- 
sijtcdid.  They  have  the  following  characters  in  com- 
mon, as  contrasted  with  .'Kluroutea :  a  skull  with  the  par- 
occipital  ju-ocess  luit  closely  applied  to  the  auilit4)ry  bulla  ; 
the  nia.stoicl  pi-nress  piiiiniTifiit.  ]iriije<tin^'  I'rliind  the  ev- 
tenial  aiulitory  nn;itus;  thi-  rariitiil  canal  "iistiiut  and  in 
advance  of  the  fura  men  lacerunii>n.-,teri  us,  wliicli  is<listinct 
from  the  condyloid  foramen ;  the  glenoid  foramen  gen- 
erally well  defined  ;  a  large  os  penis ;  Cowper's  glands  not 
developed  ;  prostate  gland  not  salient;  and  no  intestinal 
cjccum.— Arctoidea  musteliformia,  the  family  Mm- 
telidm  alone.  Arctoidea  typica,  tlie  family  Urmlm 
alone.—  Arctoidea  procyonifomUa,  the  r.icoon-like  sc- 
ries, including  tlie  fantilies  AllurUUi;,  Cerculeptidte,  Pro- 
ci/onidip,  and  Ilaj<saridid(e.  See  these  names. 
Arctomyinae  (ark''t6-mi-i'ne),  iKjil.  [NL.,  < 
Ari'tomija  +  -;»«■.]  One  of  two  subfamilies  into 
which  the  squin-el  family,  Sciurida:,  is  divisi- 
ble, containing  the  terrestrial  as  distinguished 
from  the  arboreal  members  of  the  family,  as  the 
marmots  or  woodchueks,  the  prairie-dogs,  the 
susliks,  the  ground-squirrels  or  spermophiles, 
etc.  They  are  generally  distinguished  by  larger  size, 
stouter  form,  shorter  and  less  bushy  tail,  and  terrestrial 
and  fossorial  habits,  but  offer  a  very  easy  transition 
through  some  forms  into  the  true  squirrels.  The  prin- 
cipal genera  are  Arctumys,  Speruwphilua,  and  Tamia>t ; 
their  species  are  ntlmerous,  and  are  very  generally  dis- 
tributed over  the  northern  hemisphere.  Als4,  called  Arcto- 
iiuiin,  Airfomi/diiui,  and  A  rctoniifina. 

Arctomys  (iirk'to-mis),  n.'   [NL.,  <  Gr.  apKToq, 
a  bear,  -I-  /ii'f  =  L.  intis  =  E.  mouse,  q.  v.]    The 


silt  oral  papilL-e;  *,  eullet,  calcified 
'^  '  "  jlaoi" 


c,  salivary  glands ;  d,  mus- 
arynx  ;  ^,  ovary  ;y,  vesicnla 
seminalis ;  £;  testis. 


stjrlets 

and  abdomen,  and  a  sue 
torial  mouth  with  two 
stylets,  resembling  that  of  a  tick  or  mite.  Tlie  young  usu- 
ally have  the  same  number  of  legs  .is  the  adult.  The 
ArctUca  are  mostly  hermaphrodite,  and  are  oviparous. 
They  .are  represented  by  a  single  family,  Macrobiotid(f,  of 
which  Macrohiotus  is  the  leading  genus. 

Arctiscon  (ark-tis'kon),  n.  [NL. :  see  Arctisca. "l 
The  typical  genus  of  Arctisconidcu. 

arctisconid  (iirk-tis-kou'id),  n.  An  acarid  of 
the  family  Arctisconidw. 

Arctisconidse  (ark-tis-kon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Arcliseoit  +  -idw.^  Afamilyof  atraeheateaca- 
rids  with  all  8  legs  developed,  legs  of  3  joints, 
and  without  caudal  prolongations. 

arctitude  (iirk'ti-tiid),  «.  [<  F.  arctitiide,  equiv. 
to  arctdtiiin,  q.  v.]     Same  as  arctation. 

Arctocebus  (ark-to-se'bus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
hjiKror,  a  bear,  -I-  nijiio^,  an  ape:  see  ape  and  Ce- 
hus.l  A  remarkable  genus  of  lemurs,  having  a 
very  short  tail,  small  fore  and  hind  feet,  the 
digits  partly  webbed,  and  the  index  finger  rudi- 
mentary. A.  caJabarensis,  the  typical  species, 
inhabits  Old  Calabar  in  Africa. 

Arct9Cephalus  (ark-to-sef'a-lus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  u/)\rof,  a  bear,  -t-  Kopa'/li,  liead.]  A  genus 
of  eared  seals,  of  the  family  Otariidce,  suborder 
l^lHUipedia.  The  name  is  used  in  various  senses  by  dif- 
ferent authors;  it  formerly  included  the  northern  as  well 
as  the  southern  fiu--seals,  but  is  now  properly  restricted 
to  the  latter.  The  species  are  commonly  known  as  sea- 
bears. 

Arctocyon  (ark-tos'i-on),  n.  [NT/.,  <  Gr.  apKToc, 
a  bear,  +  kIuv,  a  dog,  =  E.  hound.^  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Arctoeyonidce  of  Cenozoic 
time,  having  all  the  molars  tubereulate.  A.  pri- 
mwvus,  from  the  Eocene  of  France,  is  the  oldest 
known  Tertiary  mammal. 

arctocyonid  (iirk-to-si'o-nid),  n.  A  carnivo- 
rous mammal  of  the  faiiiily  Aretoc>jonid<e. 

Arctocyonidae  (ark'to-si-on'i-de),  n.pl.  [NTj., 
<  ArcUicijon  +  -«>/«■.]  'A  family  of  fossil  carniv- 
orous quadrupeds,  ha\'ing44  teeth,  the  last  up- 
per premolar  tritubereulate,  and  all  the  molars 
tubereulate,  containing  the  genus  Arctociion 
and  its  allies,  placed  by  Cope  in  a  suborder  i'rc- 
oddiitct  (wliich  see). 

ArctOgaea  (ark-to-je'ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxrof, 
the  north  (see  (irctic),  +  yaia,  land.]  In  :<i6(j(:oij., 
a  great  zoological  division  of  the  earth's  land 
surface,  comprising  the  Em-asiau,  Indian,  and 
Ethiopian  regions:  opposed  to  Notoyaia. 

Arctogaeal  (iirk-to-je'al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  zoogeogi-aphicai  area  known  as  .1  rctogwa. 

In  Europe,  North  Ameiica,  and  Asia,  the  Arctoqmal 
province  w:i3  .as  distinctly  characterized  in  tlie  Miocene, 
and  probably  iu  the  Eocene  eiu.ch,  as  it  is  at  present. 

lluxU'ij,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  70. 

Arctogaean  (ark-to-je'an),  a.    Same  as  Arcto- 

t/IKll. 

airctoid  (iirk'toid),  a.  [<  Gr.  apKTociiijc,  bear- 
like,  <  apKTor,  a  bear,  -t-  etAx;,  form.]  Bear-like ; 
ursine;  specifically,  pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Arctoidea, 


Woodchuck  {^ri:tomj/s 


typical  genus  of  the  subt^rmXy  Arctomyinw,  con- 
taining the  marmots  proper  or  woodchueks. 
They  have  the  largest  size,  stoutest  form,  shortest  tail,  antl 
most  completely  terrestrial  and  fossorial  habits  of  any  of 
the  members  of  the  subfamily.  Tlie  leading  old-world 
species  are  -4.  rnarmotta,  the  marmot  of  Europe  and  Asia, 
and  A.  bohac,  of  Russia.  The  American  forms  are  known 
as  woodchueks,  and  are  A.  monax,  of  the  Eastern  States, 
and  A.  ^fiamnentHa  and  A.  pruino^is,  of  the  Western  and 
Xorthern  States. 
Arctopithecini  (ark"t6-pith-e-si'm),  «.  pi. 
[NL..  <  Arctopithecus  +  -ini.']  A  synonym  of 
ilididiv,  used  by  some  as  a  family  name  of  the 
marmosets  of  South  America. 

"^Q  Arctopithecini  .  .  ,  are  small,  thickly  fiured,  long- 
tailed,  habitually  qu.adrupedal.  Squirrel-like  animals, 
which  are  found  only  in  South  .\merica. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  :i92. 

Arctopitliecus  (ark'^to-pi-the'kus),  «.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  apKTuc,  a  bear,  +  Tridt/Ko^,  an  ape.]  A 
genus  of  marmosets,  giving  name  to  the  Arcto- 
pithecini. 

Arctostaphylos  (iirk-to-staf'i-los),  n.      [NL., 

<  Gr.  apuToc,  a  bear,  +  aTaqn'/.rj,  a  bunch  of 
grapes.]  A  genus  of  evergreen  ericaeeous 
shrubs,  nearly  related  to  Arbutus,  and  mostly 
natives  of  California  and  Mexico,  where  the 
larger  species  are  known  as  manzanita,  and 
are  sometimes  from  10  to  20  feet  high.  The  bear- 
berry,  A.  Um-urj^i,  is  a  trailing  plant,  found  in  the  arctic 
and  mountainous  regions  of  the  old  aiul  new  worlds,  ami 
valuable  as  furnishing  an  astringent  ti)nic,  used  chietly  in 
affections  of  the  bladder.  It  is  the  kinnikinic  of  the  In- 
ilians  of  western  America. 

Arctotherium  (ark-to-the'ri-tun),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apuToc,  a  bear,  +  &r/piov,  a  wild  beast.]  A 
genus  of  fossil  bear-like  quadrupeds  from  the 
bone-caves  of  South  America,  representing  a 
generalized  ursine  type. 

arcturid  (iirk-tii'rid),  u.  An  isopod  of  the  fam- 
ily Arcturida: 

Arcturidae  (iirk-tii'ri-de),  «.  i>l.  [NL.,  <  Arctu- 
rus  +  -ida:^  A  family  of  isopod  crustaceans, 
represented  by  the  genera  Arcturus,  Iilotea,  and 
others:  synonymous  with  Idotvidtc  (which  see). 
In  A  rcUtridce  they  [the  young]  are  earned  for  some  time 
clinging  on  to  the  antennai  of  the  mother. 

PaA-coe,  Zool.  Class.,  p.  S4. 

Arcturus  (ark-tu'ms),  v.  [L.  (>  ME.  Ardour, 
Arture,  Artliurus),  <  Gr.  WpK-oiipoc,  Arcturus,  lit. 
bear-ward,  <  -apKroc,  a  bear,  the  Great  Bear,  -t- 
ovpor,  ward,  guard,  keeper,  akin  to  E.  u-orc^, 
ward,  guard,  etc.]      1.  A  yellow  star  in  the 


arena 

northern  hemisphere,  the  fourth  in  order  of 
brightness  in  the  entire  heavens,  it  is  situated 
between  the  thighs  t»f  liootes,  Itehind  the  Great  Bear,  and 
is  easily  found  by  following  out  the  cune  of  the  bear's 
tail.  In  the  southern  hemisphere  it  may  be  recognized 
by  its  forming  a  nearly  eiinilateral  triangle  with  Spica 
and  lienebola.  It  is  called  byastnjnomers  a(a/;Via)  Bootte. 
See  cut  mnler  Ilwite^. 

2.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  isopod  crustaceans,  of  the 
family  Idotcidw  or  Arcluridw.     Latreille,  1829. 

arcual  (iir'ku-al),  a.  [<  L.  arcus  (see  arc'^)  + 
-«/.]     Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  arc. 

Arcuata  (iir-ku-a'ta),  «.  })l.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
L.  orcuatus :  see  arcuate.^  A  group  of  crabs, 
including  those  of  the  tyjiical  genus  Cancer. 

arcuate  (Ur'ku-At),  a.  [<  L.  arcuutus,  pp.  of 
arcuarc,  bend  like  a  bow,  <  arcus,  bow:  see 
Orel,  arc/(l.]  Bent  or  curved  in  the  form  of  a 
bow;  arched:  as,  "oblique  and  arcuate  \me8," 
Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  \  224 — Arcuate  fasciculus,  in 
anat. '.  (a)  The  longitudinal  fibers  of  thegyrus  lornieatus, 
connecting  the  frontal  and  temporosphenoidal  convolu- 
tions of  the  brain  as  well  as  intermediate  iKtints.  Meynert. 
(6)  The  uncinate  fasciculus  of  Mejiiert.  passing  across  the 
bottom  of  the  Sylvian  fissure  to  connect  the  frontal  and 
temiMir-isiili'-noidal  convolutions  of  the  brain.  Quain. — 
Arcuate  fitters,  in  anat..  the  horizontal  arching  fibers  of 
the  niedullaotilongata,  pons  Varolii,  and  tegmentum,  espe- 
cially thdse  seeming  to  originate  in  the  raphe. —  Arcu- 
ate ligament,  in  anat.,  the  tendinous  arch  which  passes 
on  either  bide  of  the  back-bone  over  the  psoas  magnus  and 
ciua<lratus  lumborum  muscles,  and  to  which  the  diaphragm 
is  attached. 

arcuated  (ar'ku-a-ted),  a.    Same  as  arcuate. 
The  inferior  edges  of  the  mesenteries  are  free,  and  arcu- 
ated  in  such  a  manner  as  to  leave  a  central  common  cham- 
ber. Huxley,  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  129. 

arcuately  (ar'ku-at-U),  adv.  In  an  arcuate 
manner. 

arcuatilet  (ar'ku-a-til),  a.  [<  LL.  arcuatilis, 
bow-shaped.  <  arcuare,  bend  like  a  bow :  see 
arciiatc.J     Bent  or  curved. 

arcuation  (iir-ku-a'shou),  H.  [<  LL.  arcua- 
tio{n-),  an  arch,  lit.  act  of  bending  like  a  bow,  < 
arcuare:  seearcuatc.'l  1.  The  act  of  bending ; 
incurvation  ;  the  state  of  being  bent ;  cm-ved- 
ness;  crookedness. —  2.  A  method  of  propagat- 
ing plants  by  bending  branches  to  the  groimd 
and  covering  portions  of  them  with  earth  ;  lay- 
ering (which  see). — 3.  The  employment  of 
arches  in  architectural  work;  arched  work. — 
Epistylar  arcuation.    .See  epistylar. 

arcuaturet  (iir'ku-a-tur),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *arcu- 
atura,  i  arcuarc :  see  arcuate.']  The  curvature 
of  an  arch.     Bailey. 

arcubalist  (iir'ku-ba-list), «.  [<  IjL.  arcubalista, 
more  coiTcctly  arcuballista,  a  ballista  furnished 
with  a  bow,  <  L.  arcus,  bow,  -I-  hallista,  a  military 
engine  for  hurling  projectiles :  see  hallista. 
Coutr.  forms  are  arbalist,  arblast,  etc. :  see  ar- 
balist.]     Same  as  arbalist. 

Richard  was  killed  by  the  French  from  the  shot  of  an 
arcubaliit.  T.  Warlon,  Uist.  Eng.  Poetry,  I.  15& 

arcubalister  (ar"ku-ba-lis'ter),  «.  [<  arcubalist 
+  -crl :  suggested  liy  LL.  arcuballistarius,  one 
who  used  an  arcubalist,  <  arcuballista  :  see  ar- 
cubalist, and  cf.  arbalist,  arblastcr.']  Same  as 
arbalister. 

King  John  was  espied  by  a  very  good  arcubalijiter,  who 
said  that  he  would  soon  despatch  the  cruel  t\Tant. 

Camden,  Remains,  p.  202. 

arcubust,  n.  One  of  the  nimierous  variants 
(simidating  Latin  nre«.«,  a  bow)  of  harqucbuse. 

arcula,  ".     Plural  of  arculum. 

Arculirostres  (ilr'ku-li-ros'trez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  *arculus,  dim.  oi arcus,  a  bow  (cf.  arculum), 
+  rostrum,  a  beak.]  In  Blyth's  system  of  classi- 
fication (1849),  a  group  of  birds,  the  hoopoes, 
Cpupida;  as  distinguished  from  the  Appendi- 
rostres  or  Bucerotidir,  the  hornbills. 

arculum  (ar'lai-lum),  H. ;  pi.  arcula  (-la).  [Ij., 
neut.  dim.  of  arcus,  a  bow.]  A  small  circular 
cushion  used  in  antiquit\"  by  persons  bearing 
weights  on  their  heads,  to  interpose  between 
the  head  and  the  burden.  Similar  cushions  are 
still  in  use. 

arcus  (iir'kus),  n. ;  pi.  arcus.  [L.,  a  bow,  an 
arch,  >  E.  orci.  ark^,  arch'^,  q.  v.]  In  anat.,  an 
arch,  bow,  or  ring.  Arcus  adiposus,  the  arcus 
senilis.— Arcus  bicipitalis,  the  bicipital  arch:  the  ten- 
dinous arch  throULdi  wliich  the  l.tng  head  of  the  biceps 
mtlscle  passes.— Arcus  neuralis,  the  neursil  arch.  See 
neural. — ArcUS  occipitalis,  a  cerebral  gjTUs  bounded 
above  by  the  occipit;il  purliun  of  the  intraparietal  fissure, 
and  emijracing  what  may  be  regarded  as  the  upper  end 
of  the  second  temporal  fissure. — Arcus  palatoglossus, 
the  anterior  pillar  of  the  fauces,  in  front  of  the  tonsil, 
formed  by  the  palatoglossus  muscle  and  the  mucous 
membrane  covering  it  .Also  called  arcn^  patatinus  an- 
terior.— Arcus  palatoptiarsaigeus,  the  posterior  pil- 
lar of  the  fuures,  behind  the  tonsil,  formed  by  the  pala- 
t4ipharynL;cns  muscle  and  the  mucous  membrane  ctivcring 
it.  .Also  called  areu^  y.((/(iri/n/.</>o.v'f'ri".-/-.  —  ArCUS  Senilis, 
the  bow  of  old  jlge ;  an  opacity  occurring  in  advanced  ;ige 
around  the  margin  of  the  cornea.— Arcus  supercillarls. 


arcus 

a  horiimntal  ridge  on  tlu'  tnijitiil  l>niif,  cm  either  side,  just 
alii.vf  tlic  iirbit.  — Arcus  VOlarts,  tliu  superficial  palmar 
anil. 

Arcyidae  (iir-si'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arci/s  + 
-i(l(i'.]     A  family  of  orbitelariaii  spiders. 

Arcys  (iir'sis),  n.  [NIj.,  <  Ur.  d/«wf,  a  net,  a 
lumti-r's  not,  a  hair-net:  see  (train,  Araiwa.'\ 
The  tyi>ical  gouus  of  spiders  of  the  family  Ar- 
ci/idw.     Also  sjielled  Arkt/s. 

-ard.  [< F.  -aid,  <  OHG.'(MnO.  G.)  -hart  (fre- 
quently as  a  suffix  in  proper  iiaiiics  (later  also 
in  eommou  nouns),  as  in  Uiiiiiiliart,  >  OF.  rc- 
(liiant,  F.  rcitiinl,  >  E.  rcijiiard,  q.  v. ),  <  hurt  =  E. 
Ann?.]  A  sulfix  in  nouns  of  French  origin  or 
of  a  French  tj-pe.  in  personal  ncmns  it  usually  has  a 
sinister  iniplii--atiun.  as  in  baKtavd,  coicnrd,  tfntiint,  dullard, 
dnmkant,  iri~ard,  etc.  In  other  nouns  its  foi-ce.  orij;i- 
nally  intensive,  is  nowscareely  felt,  as  in  hilliurd,  hi'inlmrd, 
placaiil,  sUutilard,  tankard,  eti-.  In  ln-<i<i;iin-d  (also  lira-i- 
ffart)  ami  .sUnulard  (tree)  it  has  taken  the  plaee  of  -arl  = 
-erl;  in cockudi-,  originally  n,ii:/iril.  and  in  custard,  miKtard, 
oriKinally  as  if  fL'^tutr,  nnsiatr,  the  sntlixes  -ard  and  -aie^ 
(■fl'/fl)  have  ehan^'ed  Jilaees. 

ardash  (ilr'dash),  n.  [Formerly  also  (irrfn.?,  ar- 
das.-i,  <  F.  ocrfas«e  =  Sp.  ardiisas,  arilu.scs,  <  Pers. 
ariluii,  raw  silk.]  The  European  or  Levantine 
name  for  Persian  raw  silk  of  inferior  quality. 
It  is  called  shirwan  in  Persia.  Benjamin,  Persia 
and  the  Persians. 

ardassine  (ar-da-sen'),  n.  [F.,  pi.  ardassines 
(=  Up.  ardasinas,  ardii::iiias,  pi.),  the  finer  sort  of 
Persian  silk,  prop,  adj.,  (.ardassc:  seeardasli.] 
The  name  under  which  the  finest  Persian  silk 
for  weaving  is  imported  into  France.  It  is 
popularly  called  ahlaquv.     Larousse. 

Ardea  (iir'de-a),  n.  [L.,  a  heron;  cf.  Gr.  epu- 
(Sjcli;,  a  heron.]    The  typical  genus  of  the  family 


Great  Blue  Heron  {ArtUa  herodias), 

ArdeidfF,  and  formerly  coextensive  with  it.  It 
is  variously  ri'striited  to  exrlude  the  bitterns  (Dotaunis) 
and  night-herons  {yit<liard>/a),  or  to  inelude  only  the  large 
species  intimately  related  to  tlie  common  heron  of  Europe, 
A.  ciiwrea,  such  as  A.  gollath  of  Africa ;  ^-1.  herodias,  the 
great  hlue  heron  of  North  America;  A.  occid^ntalis,  tlie 
great  white  heron  of  Horida ;  A .  cocm,  the  large  blue  heron 
of  .South  America,  etc.  The  egrets  are  sometimes  referred 
to  this  genus,  jind  sometimes  made  types  of  several  others. 
ardeb  (iir'deb),  «.  [Ar.  irdab,  urdab  (Mahn).] 
The  principal  Egyptian  measure  of  capacity 
(not  used  for  liquids),  legally  containing  40)t 
imperial  gallons,  or  5.2  United  States  (Win- 
chester) bushels,  or  183.2  liters.  liut  other  ardehs 
are  iu  use,  ranging  from  little  nnu-e  than  half  the  above 
tip  to  2S4  liters:  this,  the  ardeb  of  Kosetta,  was  at  one 
time  tlie  connnonest.     .See  artaha. 

Ardeidae  (iir-de'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ardca  + 
-i(/(('.]  A  family  of  grallatorial  altricial  birds,  of 
the  order  Hcrodioncs  and  suborder  Hirodii :  the 
herons.  They  have  a  eomjiaiatively  small  thin  body, 
very  loug  legs  ami  peek,  long  straight  acute  bill,  aniple 
wings,  short  broad  tail,  naked  lores,  pectinate  middle 
claws,  the  hind  toe  not  elevated,  linear  pervious  nostrils, 
and  2,  3,  or  4  pairs  of  powder-down  tracts  or  pulviplumes. 
The  family  includes  several  genera  and  about  75  species,  of 
most  parts  of  the  world,  ildnibiting  seas.  Likes,  marshes. 
and  rivers,  nesting  usually  in  eonnuunities  in  trees  ami 
bushes,  where  they  perch  with  ease  by  means  of  their  in- 
sessorial  feet,  laying  greenish  whole-colored  eggs,  and 
rearing  their  young  in  the  nest.  The  species  present  a 
wide  range  of  ditference  iu  stjitnre  an<l  coloration,  but 
comparatively  little  in  form  or  structure,  the  family  being 
a  homogeneous  one.  They  are  most  nearly  related  to  the 
storks,  ibises,  and  other  altricial  grallatores,  but  only  dis- 
tantly to  the  cranes.  They  are  (livisible  into  three  sub- 
families: ArdriwT,  the  true  herons;  DotauritKe,  the  bit- 
terns; and  Cancroiiiiiifv,  the  boatbijls.  The  last-named, 
however,  is  often  considered  a  family  apart.  See  cuts  un- 
der Ardi/a,  bittfrn,  and  hoatltitt. 

Ardeinae  (iir-de-i'ne),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ardea  + 
-(»((•.]  The  typical  subfamily  of  Ardcida;  con- 
taining the  herons  projier,  egrets,  etc.,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  bitterns  and  boatbills. 
They  have  12  tail-feathers.  :i  paii-s  of  imwder-dowu  feathei"s 
or  pulviplumes,  the  tibiic  not  feathered  to  the  sulf  rag.t,  the 
outertoe  not  sluu'ter  than  the  inner,  and  moderately  curved 
claws.  The  species  are  numerous,  iidiabiting  nearly  all 
parts  of  the  world,  but  especially  warm  countries.    Lead- 


301 

Ing  (tenern,  besides  Ardea,  are  Herodias,  Oarzelta,  Demi- 
i-;/rrtta,  Ardftiln,  tlntortdr.^,  and  Xftcti'ardfa. 

ardeine  (iir'do-in),  «.  [<  XL.  unlvi  iti.s,<  Ardca, 
(|.  v.]  Heron-like;  having  the  characters  of 
the  Anh'idtf,  or  herons. 

ardeliot,  ardeliont,  ".  [<  L.  ardelio,  a  busy- 
body, meddler,  <  ardcrc,  be  on  fire,  burn,  be 
eager.     Cf.  ardent.']    A  busybody;  a  meddler. 

striving  to  get  that  which  we  had  better  be  without,  ar- 
ddioif,  busybodies  .is  we  are. 

liurtun,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  i.  2.    (.V.  K.  I).) 

ardency  (iir'don-si),  H.  [<.  ardent :  sec -ci/.]  1. 
Intenseheat:  as,  "the  ardency  of  the  sun,"  Sir 
T.  Jlerbcrt,TTavels,  p.  27.  Hence  —  2.  Warmth 
of  passion  or  feeling;  ardor;  eagerness:  as,  the 
ardencij  of  love  or  zeal. — 3.  Xaiit.,  a  tenilency  of 
some  ships  to  come  quickly  to  the  wind.    [Kafe.] 

ardennite  (iir-den'It),  n.  [<  Ardennci,  a  liigh 
wooded  region  of  France  and  Belgium,  -t-  -ite?.'] 
A  silicate  of  manganese  and  aluminium  with  9 
per  cent,  of  vanadium  pentoxid,  fomid  in  or- 
thorhomhic  crystals  of  a  yellow-brown  color 
near  Ottrez,  in  the  ^Vrdennes. 

ardent  (iir'dent),  «.  [<  ME.  ardent,  ardant, 
ardaunt,  <  OP.  ardant.  biu-ning  (l)pr.  of  arder, 
ardoir,  ardrc,  burn),  <  L.  arilen(i-)s,  ppr.  of  ar- 
(ie/r,  burn,  lie  eager.]  1.  Hot;  burning;  red- 
hot;  hence,  figuratively,  causing  a  sensation 
of  btirniug:  as,  an  ardent  ievt^r. — 2.  Inflam- 
mable; combustible:  only  in  the  phrase  «)v/ch< 
spiritu  (which  see,  below). —  3.  Having  the  ap- 
pearance or  quality  of  fire ;  flashing;  fierce. 

With  flashing  flames  his  ardent  eyes  were  filled. 

Dryden,  Theodore  anil  Honoria. 

4.  Having  glowing  or  fiery  passions  or  affec- 
tions :  as  ajiplied  to  the  emotions  themselves, 
showing  vehemence  ;  passionate ;  affectionate ; 
zealous  :  as,  ardent  love  or  vows  ;  ardent  zeal. 
Not  ardent  lovers  roblt'd  of  all  their  bliss. 
Not  ancient  ladies  when  refused  a  kiss,  .  .  . 
E'er  felt  such  rage,  resentment,  ami  despair 
As  thou,  sad  virgin!  for  thy  ravish'd  hair. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  iv.  5. 
His  form  accorded  with  a  mind 
Lively  and  ardent,  frank  and  kind. 

Seott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  25. 

5t.  Naut.,  having  a  tendency  to  grijjo  or  come 
quickly  to  the  wind:  said  of  certain  ships. — 
Ardent  spirits,  distilled  alcoholic  liiiuors,  as  brandy, 
whisky,  gin,  rum,  etc.  They  are  all  produced  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  fermented  vegetable  juices  containing  sugar. 
=  Syil.  3  ami  4-  Fiery,  intense,  eager,  keen,  fervid,  fervent, 
impassioned,  glowing. 

ardently  (iir'dent-li),  adv.  [ME.  ardontliehe ; 
<  ardent  +  -li/".]  In  an  ardent  manner;  with 
warmth  ;  affectionately  ;  passionately. 

ardentness  (iir'dent-nes),  H.  [<  ME.  ardent- 
nesse.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  ardent; 
ardency. 

Ardeoidese  (iir-de-oi'de-e),  «.  2)1.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
dca +  -iiidea:]  A  superfamily  group  of  hero- 
dionine  birds. 

Ardeola  (iir-de'o-lil),  n.  [L.,  a  little  heron,  dim. 
of  ardea,  a  heron.]  A  genus  of  small  tind  some- 
what rail-like  herons,  the  squacco  herons,  of 
the  subfamily  Ardeinw.  The  type  is  A.  cmnata  or 
.1.  ralt'fides,  of  Europe;  hut  there  are  several  other  spe- 
cies.    J.  F.  Uvie,  1S22. 

ardert  (iir'der),  «.  [E.  dial,  (formerly  also  writ- 
ten ardor,  ardour,  ardttre,  as  if  of  Latin  origin), 
prob.  <  Icel.  ardlir,  a  plow.  Cf.  L.  aratriim,  a 
j)low  (see  artitrum  terra");  Corn,  (dial.)  «r(/or, 
a  plow,  ardnr,  a  plowman,  W.  arad,  a  plow, 
Gael.  Ir.  araeli,  a  plowshare;  all  idt.  from  the 
same  root.  See  nr«6/<'and  (((r3.]  1.  The  plow- 
ing or  fallowing  of  ground. 

Arder>i ;  fallowings  or  plowings  of  ground.     This  is  the 
explanation  in  the  Uict.  Bust.,  1726,  in  v. 

HaUitvell,  Prov.  Diet. 

2.  The  state  of  being  plowed. — 3.  Land  plowed 

and  left  fallow. 

Ardetta  (iir-det'a),  H.  [NL.,  dim.  of  Ardca, 
{[.  v.]  A  gi'uus  of  diminutive  herons,  of  the 
family  Arileidm  and  subfamily  ISotaurinw :  the 
dwarf  bitterns.  They  are  scarcely  a  foot  long,  have 
variegated  plumage  dissimil.ir  in  the  two  sexes,  inhalut 
reedy  swamps  ami  luarshes,  and  somewhat  resemble  rails 
iu  appearance  and  mode  of  life.  There  are  several  species, 
as  the  dwarf  biUern  of  Europe.  -1.  uiinuta,  antl  the  least 
bittern  of  America,  .-1.  exiViA-.     G.  Ii.  Uray,  1S42. 

ardish  (tir'dish),  «.  [E.  Ind.]  A  style  of  East 
Indian  decoration  forinteriorwallsand ceilings. 
It  is  made  at  Jey[iore,  British  India,  and  elsewhere,  by 
embedding  pieces  of  glass  in  plaster,  and  cutting  away  the 
plaster  over  the  glass  in  ornamental  pattenis.  The  effect 
reseinhles  a  bleiuliiig  of  white  marble  and  polished  silver. 
ArmM. 

ardluke  (iird'luk),  n.  [Said  to  be  Eskimo.]  A 
name  of  the  grampus,  Orea  (/ladiator. 

ardmaer  (iird-mer  ),  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  ardmhaor, 
a  chief  magistrate,  <  Gaol,  and  Ir.  ard,  high,  -1- 
maor,  a  bailiff,   steward,  officer.]      The  high 


area 

hailiff  or  steward  under  the  ardrigh  or  chief 
king  of  aiii'iciit  Scotland. 
ardor,  ardour  ( iir'dor),  n.  [Second  form  preva- 
lent in  England  ;  early  mod.  E.  ardor,  ardour,  < 
ME.  ardure,  tirdeur,  <  OF.  ardour,  ardor,  ardiir, 
mod.  F.  ardeur  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  ardor  =  It.  ardorc, 
<  L.  ardor,  a  burning,  fire,  heat,  eagerness,  < 
ardcrc,  be  on  lire,  biu-n,  bo  eager.     Cf.  ardent.'] 

1.  Intense  heat :  as,  the  ardor  of  the  sun's  rays. 
—  2.  In  )iatliol.,  a  feeling  of  heat  or  burning. — 
3t.  A  bright  or  effidgent  spirit.     [Poetical.] 

The  winged  saint  .  .  .  from  among 
Thousand  celestial  ardnurH,  where  he  stood 
Veil'd  with  his  gorgeous  wings,  up  s]iringing  light. 
Flew  through  the  midst  of  heaven.    Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  249. 

4.  Warmth  or  heat,  as  of  the  passions  and  af- 
fections; eagerness;  intensity. 

llle  wicked  enchanting  or  ardure  of  this  sinnc. 

Chaueer,  Pai-son's  Tale. 

In  the  heart's  attachment  a  woman  never  likes  a  man 
with  ardour  till  she  has  sulfered  for  his  sake. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  i.  3. 

The  ardour  of  Dunstan's  temper  was  seen  in  the  eager- 
ness with  which  he  plunged  into  the  study  of  letters. 

./.  It.  (rreen,  t'omi.  of  Eng.,  p.  271. 

=  S3^n.  4.  Fervor,  fervency,  vehemence,  intensity,  impetu- 
osity. 

ardrigh  (iir-dre'),  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  ardrigh,  < 
ard,  high,  -1-  rii/h,  a  king,  =  L.  rex  (m/-),  a  king: 
see  rex.]  In  the  early  history  of  Ireland  and 
Scotland,  a  chief  monarch  or  king. 

arduityt  (iir-du'i-ti),  /(.  [<  L.  arduitas,  steep- 
ness,<  tirduu.'i,  steep:  see  arduous.]  Steepness; 
difficulty;  arduousness.     Coekcram. 

arduous  (iir'dti-us),  a.  [<  L.  arduus,  lofty, 
high,  steep,  hard  to  reach,  diffictilt,  laborious, 
=  Gael.  Ii'.  Com.  Man.x  ard,  high.]  1.  Steep, 
and  therefore  difficult  of  ascent ;  hard  to 
climb. 

High  on  Parnassus'  top  her  sons  she  show'd. 
And  pointed  out  those  arduouji  paths  they  trod. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  O."). 

2.  Attended  with  great  labor,  like  the  ascent 
of  acclivities;  difficult. 

In  every  arduous  enterprise  we  consider  what  we  are 
to  lose,  as  well  as  what  we  are  to  gain. 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America. 

Hence  —  3.  Energetic;  laborious:  said  of  per- 
sons or  actions:  as,  an  arduou.s  student;  ardu- 
ous struggles.  =  Sjm.  2.  ViJ/iadt,  Hard,  Arduo<iK,  la- 
borious, toilsome,  herculean,  severe.  Di_^icidt  means  not 
easy,  attended  with  obstacles,  requiring  w'ork,  but  possible 
by  faithful  effort  and  perseverance ;  as.  a  dipeult  problem, 
i|Uestion,  task,  or  case  in  surgery.  Hard  suggests  work, 
like  that  of  digging  up  liard  ground,  or  breaking  through 
hard  rock;  it  is  stronger  than  di^ieult.  It  may  also  apply 
to  passive  suffering :  as,  a  hard  fate.  What  is  arduous 
reipiires  more  energy  and  endurance,  and  is  less  within 
the  reach  of  common  powers,  than  what  is/mrrf.  Its  primi- 
tive meaning  of  steep  eliudiiiig  is  still  felt  in  it,  and  makes 
it  suggestive  of  severe  and  protracted  effort. 

To  explore  the  history  of  any  language  is  a  task  pecu- 
liarly dijieult  at  this  period  of  the  world,  in  which  we  are 
so  remote  from  the  era  of  its  construction. 

S,  Turner,  Hist.  Anglo-Sa-Xons. 

Tlie  hard  causes  they  brought  unto  Moses,  but  every 
small  matter  they  judged  themselves.  Ex.  xviii.  2tJ. 

Faithful  friends  are  hard  to  find. 

SItak.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  I.  403. 

Such  an  enterprise  would  be  in  the  highest  degree  ar- 
duoujt  and  hazardous.  Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eug.,  ii. 

It  is  often  difu-ult  to  control  our  feelings;  it  is  still 
harder  to  subdue  our  will ;  but  it  is  an  arduous  undertak- 
ing to  control  the  contending  will  of  others. 

Crabb,  English  .synonymes,  p.  498. 

arduously   (Ur'du-us-li),   adr.     In  an  arduous 
manner ;  «nth  laboriousness. 
arduousness  (iir'ilu-us-nes),  «.     The  state  or 
quality  of  being  arduous  ;  difficiUty  of  execu- 
tion or  performance. 
arduret,  «•     An  old  form  of  ardor. 
ardurous  (iir'dii-rus),  a.     [<  ardure  for  ardor 
-t- -o((.s'.]     Burning;  ardent.     [Rare.] 
Lo!  further  on. 
Where  flames  th*  ardurous  spirit  of  Isidore. 

Canj,  tr.  of  Dante's  Paradise,  x.  248. 

arel  (iir).  The  present  intlicative  plural  of  the 
substantive  verb  to  be.     See  be. 

are-  (ar  or  iir),  h.  [F..  <  L.  area,  a  piece  of 
level  gromul :  see  area.]  In  the  metric  system,  a 
imit  of  superficial  or  square  measure,  contain- 
ing 100  square  meters,  or  119.6  square  yards. 
Its  abbreriation  is  a. 

a-re  (ii'nl').  [It.:  see  gamut.]  The  note  im- 
mediately above  the  tonic,  «^,  in  the  grave 
hexachord  of  Guide  d'iVrczzo's  musical  scale. 

area  (a're-ii),  ». ;  pi.  areas,  area:  (-iiz,  -e).  [L., 
a  piece  of  level  gi-imiul,  a  vacant  space,  a  court, 
yard,  field,  threshing-floor;  perhaps  allied  to 
arere,  be  dry;  cf.  arid.  In  dial,  and  viUgar 
pron.  a'ri:  see airtfi,  unAcL  airij~  =  aerij^.]  1. 
Any  plane  surface  within  boundaries ;  the  super- 


area 

floies  of  an  inclosed  or  defined  surfaee-spaoe; 
the  superfieiiil  contpnts  of  any  liRnrc  or  surfiiee ; 
8uperlii-ial  I'xtcnt.  liont'O  —  2.  Any  particular 
extent  of  surface;  ri'f;ion;  tract:  as,  tho  set- 
tled area  of  tho  United  States. —  3.  The  space 
or  site  on  wliicli  a  building;  stands ;  the  yard  at- 
tached to  or  suiTOUudinK  a  house;  specifical- 
ly, a  sunken  space  or  inelosuro  before  win- 
dows or  a  door  of  a  basement  story. — 4.  A 
bald  place  on  the  head;  a  disease  of  the  hair 
which  causes  it  to  fall  off  and  leave  Ijald  patches. 
N.  E,  /A— Area  Celsi,  ulopi-cia  areata  (which  see,  llruler 
tUopeem). — Area  cruralis,  in  anat.,  the  crural  area;  a 
term  applied  to  that  i)art  uf  the  siu-faee  of  the  ha.se  of  the 
brain  which  is  ))ouinied  hy  lines  projected  laterally  from 
the  pons  Varolii  and  optic  ehi;isni.  It  may  be  recogilized 
for  convenience,  hut  li.as  no  anatomical  significance. — 
Area  elliptica,  in  anat.,  the  ellii>tical  area;  the  surface 
of  the  olivary  body  of  the  medulla  oblongata.— Area  em- 
bryonalis,  in  fmhriiol.,  the  embryonic  area;  the  central 
thickftied  portion  of  that  part  of  the  blastodennic  vesicle 
of  maiuuialiaii  embryos  which  is  lined  with  hypoblast, 
i'rom  this  the  mainiiMdy^if  the  animal  is  developed,  while 
the  rest  of  the  blastodermic  vesicle  goes  to  form  the  um- 
bilical vesicle.— Area  germinatlva,  in (//ifcrj/oi., the  ger- 
minal area;  the  spot  where  the  first  rudiments  of  an  em- 
bryo ajppear  .as  a  little  heap  of  blastospheres ;  the  germinal 
disk.—  Area intercruralis,  in  anal.,  the intercmral area; 
thespacc  between  the  crura  or  jiedunelesof  the  brain.  Also 
called  the  air/i  uitf'rprdiuu-altn-i.^.^ATeSi  of  a  contour, 
the  area  of  its  maximum  ortho;;imal  jjrojection  on  a  plane. 
— Area  ovalis,  in  auat.,  the  oval  area  ;  an  elevated  space 
on  the  inferolateral  surface  of  the  cerebellum,  on  the  outer 
side  of  the  area  elliptica.— Area  pellucida,  in  embrifoi, 
the  clear  space  ;  the  Huid  interior  of  a  blastula;  a  kind  of 
blastoccele.—  Area  postpontilis,  in  aiuit.,  the  area  of  the 
ventral  aspect  of  the  brain  behind  the  pons  Varolii,  being 
the  ventral  .aspect  of  the  meteneephalon,  iiiehidini;  the 
area  elliptica  and  .area  ovalis. — Area  prfechiasmatica, 
in  anat.,  the  surface  of  the  base  of  tlie  luaiu  in  front  of 
the  optic  chiasm.  -Area  Septalis,  in  aiiat.,  the  septal 
area;  themesal  surtaeeoi  eaeli  lialf  of  the  septum  lucidum. 
— Areas  of  Coimheim,  iu,(y(.(r,tlie  iioIy-^-onal  areas  into 
which  the  cross-section  of  a  muscle-liber  is  seen  to  be  di- 
vided. Also  caWeA  fields  of  Cohnhci in .  —  Area,  vasculosa, 
in  embryoL,  the  vascular  area  about  the  clear  space,  when 
blood-vessels  are  developed  in  the  mesoblast. — Area 
Vitellina,  in  embryol.,  the  yolk-area  be>'iini  tlie  \asrular 
area  in  meroblastic  eggs. — Blind  area,  faunal  area, 
etc.     See  the  adjectives. 

areacht,  >'.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  areche,  ar- 
raach,  aretch  (pret.  draught,  arraught),  Sc. 
areilc,  etc.,  <  ilE.  nreclicn,  <  AS.  drcecan  (= 
OHG.  arrciclion,  JIHG.  G.  crreiclien),  reach, 
reach  to,  get  at,  <  d-  +  riecan,  reach:  see  a-1 
and  reach.}  I.  tr<i>ts.  1.  To  reach;  get  at; 
get;  obtain. —  2.  To  reach,  hand,  or  deliver  (a 
thing  to  a  person). 

To  whom  Y  schal  areche  a  sop  of  breed. 

li'i/clif,  John  xiii.  26. 

H.  intrans.  To  reach ;  stretch  ;  extend. 
areadt,  aredet  (a-red'),  t\  t.  [In  mod.  use  ar- 
chaic, and  of  unsettled  orthography ;  also  writ- 
ten arced,  arreed;  <  ME.  aredcn,  <  AS.  drwdiai, 
aredan  (weak  verb,  pret.  drwdde,  pp.  drdfdcd, 
drSd,  but  orig.  strong),  determine,  decree,  ex- 
plain, interpret,  read  (=  OHG.  urrdtan,  MHG. 
erraten,  G.  errathcii,  guess,  conjecture),  <  d- 
+  rcedun,  determine,  counsel,  read:  see  rt-l 
and  read,  rede.']  1.  To  declare ;  tell;  interpret ; 
explain. 
Arede  my  dremes.       Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  L  289. 

Arede,  good  gentle  swaiue, 

If  in  the  dale  below,  or  on  yon  plaine. 

Or  is  the  village  situate  in  a  grove. 

W.  Browne,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  i.  3. 

Areed  my  counsel  aright,  and  I  will  warrant  thee  for 
the  nonce.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  130. 

2.  To  counsel;  advise;  direct;  teach. 

But  mark  what  I  arreed  thee  now  ;  Avauiit. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  962. 

3.  To  guess ;  conjecture. 

So  hard  this  Idole  was  to  be  arcd, 

That  Florimell  herselfe  in  all  mens  vew 

She  seem'd  to  passe.       Spenser,  F.  Q.,  rv.  v.  15. 

4.  To  read. 

Her  hariUy  opeu*d  book,  which  to  aread  is  easie. 

John  Halt,  Poems,  p.  61. 

areadt,  aredet,  n.  [<  arcad,  v.1  Advice;  dis- 
course; narration. 

Fayre  areedps 
Of  tydinges  straunge.    Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  ix.  28. 

arese,  «.    Plural  of  area  in  its  anatomical  senses. 

areal  (ii're-al),  a.  [<  L.  arcalis,  of  a  threshiug- 
lloor  (ef.  JlL.  arcalis,  arcalc,  n.,  an  area),  <  area, 
an  open  space,  thi'eshing-floor,  etc. :  see  area.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  area:  as, 
areal  interstices. 

The  rapid  stmly  of  the  areal  geology  of  the  country,  iu- 
eluding  the  outlines  of  its  conmiercial  problems. 

.SracHW,  IV.  362. 
Areal  coordinates.    See  coordinate. 
areality  (a-re-ari-ti),n.     l<  area!  + -itji.]    The 
condition  or  relation  of  anvfliiiig  in  respect  to 
area.    X.  E.  D.     [Rare.] 


302 

arear^t  (a-rer'),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  nreare, 
and  erroneously  arrear,  <  ME.  arcrcn,  <  AS. 
drmran,  <  d-  +  rwra>i,  raise,  rear:  see  «-'  and 
rcar^.]  1.  To  raise;  erect;  build;  rear. — 2. 
To  lift  up;  exalt. — 3.  To  arouse;  start;  ex- 
cite; stir  up. 

arear-  (a-rer'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  [<  n3  +  rear-; 
jiractically  equiv.  to  arrear'-^,  ada.]  In  the 
rear;  to  tlic  rear.     [Rare.] 

arear-t,  '"'''•  and  «.     See  arrear^. 

area-sneak  (a're-ii-snek),  n.  A  person  who  lurks 
about  the  areas  of  dwelling-houses  for  tho  pur- 
pose of  stealing;  a  sneak-thief. 

areasont,  ''■  '■     [Early  mod.  E.  also  arraison, 

<  ME.  araisoncn,  arcsonen,  arcsuncn,  <  OF.  are- 
suner,  aresoiier,  araisoiicr  (mod.  F.  arraisoitucr 
=  Pr.  arra::<>iiar  =  l'g.  arrazoar),<,  ML.  arru- 
tionare,  reason  with,  call  to  account,  arraign, 

<  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  rationare,  discourse,  reason: 
see  reason,  and  ef.  arraign^,  a  doublet  of  area- 
son.]     To  question;  call  to  account ;  arraign. 

Love  hym  arenoneth.  Bom,  of  the  Rose,  1.  6224. 

areca  (ar'e-kii),  71.  [Formerly  also  arel-a,  arccka, 
arreqiia,  crecea,  also  arke,  arak,  areek,  areqiic, 

<  Pg.  Sp.  areca,  <  Malayalam  ddekka,  Canarese 
ddike,  ddiki,  Tamil  ddaikdi/,  <  adai,  denoting 
close  arrangement  of  the  cluster,  +  kdi/,  nut, 
frmt  (Bishop  Caldwell,  in  N.  E.  I).).  The  first 
consonant  is  cerebral  d,  variable  to  >•.]  1.  A 
tree  of  the  genus  Jreca  and  its  fruit  (betel-nut). 
See  next  definition,  and  areca-nnt. — 2.  [cap.] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  palms,  natives  of  tropical 
Asia  and  the  Malay  archipelago,  with  pinnate 
leaves  and  soUd,  fibrous-coated  nuts.  There  are 
about  20  species,  the  most  important  of  which  is  the  pinang 
or  betel-palm,  A.  Catechu,  which  furnishes  the  well-known 
betel-nut.  It  is  one  of  the  noblest  palms  of  India,  its 
slender  trunk  rising  to  a  height  of  SO  feet. 

areca-nut  (ar'e-ka-nut),  ».  The  betel-nut;  the 
fruit  of  an  East  Indian  palm,  Areca  Catechu. 
Tlie  ntit  hiis  long  been  used  by  the  Asiatics  as  a  mastica- 
tory, and  is  largely  cultivated  for  this  purp<ise,  the  e.\])orts 
from  Ceylon  to  India  alone  aiiiountinu'  to  nearly  4,'Mhi  tons 
annually.  The  fruit  of  tlie  jiabn  is  of  the  shape  and  size 
of  a  hen's  egg,  consisting  of  a  thick  Iil»rous  rind  inclosing 
a  nut  like  a  nutmeg,  with  hard  white  albumen.  This  is 
used  either  when  young  and  tender  or  after  boiling  in 
water,  and  is  cliewed  with  a  little  liiue  in  a  leaf  of  the 
betel-pepper,  Chat^ica  Betle.  It  is  supjjosed  to  sweeten 
the  breath,  strengthen  the  gums,  ami  promote  digestion. 
The  powder  of  the  nut  is  used  in  pharmacy  .as  a  vermifuge. 

aredet,  areedt,  ''•  and  n.    See  aread. 
areek  (a-rek')i  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  a^  + 
reek^.]    In  a  reeking  condition. 
A  messenger  comes  all  areek.     Swi/t,  To  Peterborough. 
arefactiont  (ar-e-fak'shon),  n.  [=  F.  are/action, 

<  L.  as  if  *arefactio(n-),  <  arcfaccre,  pp.  arefac- 
tiis,  make  di-y,  <  arere,  be  dry,  +  facerc,  make.] 
The  act  of  drying;  the  state  of  being  ilry. 

arefyt  (ar'e-fi),  V.  t.  or  i.  [<  L.  arcfaccre,  but 
with  second  element  modified:  see  aref action 
and  -fij.]     To  make  or  become  dry. 

So  doth  time  or  .age  are/y.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  294. 

areiset,  «'.  t.     [See  araise.]     Same  as  raise. 

arenal  (a-re'nii),  n.  [L.,  sand,  a  sandy  place, 
lieach,  arena;  more  coiTectly  harcna,  OL.  ha- 
sciia,  asena  =  Sabine  fasena,  sand ;  not  related 
to  arere,  be  dry.]  1.  The  inclosed  space  in 
the  central  part  of  the  Roman  amphitheaters, 
in  which  the  combats  of  gladiators  or  wild 
beasts  took  place.  It  was  usually  covered  with  sand 
or  sawdust,  to  prevent  the  gladiators  from  sliiiping  and 
to  absorb  the  blood,  and,  for  the  i-rotection  of  the  sjiecta- 
tors  from  the  beasts,  was  surrouniled  by  a  high  wall, 
which  was  often  surmounted  by  a  strong  grating. 

2.  Figiu'atively,  the  scene  or  theater  of  exer- 
tion or  contest  of  any  kind:  as,  the  arena  of 
•war  or  of  debate. 

Rival  politicians  contending  in  the  open  arena  of  pub- 
lic life. 

.Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  blatters  of  Opinion,  ix. 

3.  In  pathol.,  sand  or  gravel  in  the  kidneys. — 4. 
In  arch.,  the  main  area  of  a  temple,  church,  or 
other  building.     [Rare  and  incorrect.] 

arena-  (iir'nii).  [=  E.  are  no,  i.  e.,  are  not; 
na  =  E.  Hoi,  q.  v.]     Are  not.     [Scotch.] 

Things  .  .  .  arena  keepit  in  mind  ...  as  they  used 
to  be.  Scott,  Antiituary,  xxiv. 

arenaceocalcareous  ( ar  -  e  -  na'sliio  -  kal  -ka'  re- 
us), a.  [<  arenaceous  +  calcareous.]  Of  the  na- 
ture of,  or  consisting  of,  a  mixture  of  sand  and 
carbonate  of  lime. 

Near  Nice,  in  places  where  the  great  cylindrical  cast- 
ings .  .  .  abound,  the  soil  consists  of  very  fine  arenaceo- 
enleareous  hnwn.  Darwin,  Veg.  Mould,  p.  275. 

arenaceous  (ar-f-na'shius),  a.  [<  L.  arenaccus, 
harcnaceus,  sandy,  <  arena,  harcna,  sand:  see 
rt>y;«ol.]  1.  Sandy;  abounding  in  sand;  having 
the  properties  of  sand. —  2.  Figuratively,  tlry  ; 
arid. 


Arenlcoll 

An  arcnaceoMS  quality  in  the  style,  which  makes  progress 
wearisome.  Lowetl,  Ainrmg  my  Hooks,  2d  ser.,  ji.  239. 

3.  Composed  largely  of  sand  or  sandy  par- 
ticles, (rt)  In  iieol.,  applied  to  rocks:  as,  arenaceous 
limestone.  A  rock  is  sai<i  to  be  arenacet/us  when  it  con- 
tains a  considerable  amount  of  quartz-sand,  or  is  largely 
made  up  of  sandy  particles. 
A  reddish,  softish,  somewhat  arenaceous  marly  rock. 

Ijaruin,  Geol.  t)b8ervation8,  ii.  316. 
(/*)  In  zofil.,  specifically  applied  to  those  Foramini/era 
whrise  membranous  ease  becomes  hardened  by  the  atta<-h- 
ment  of  foreign  substances,  as  particles  of  sand  or  shelly 
matters. 

Arenaria  (ar-e-na'ri-ii),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  sing,  of 
h.areiiarius,hnrenarius:  tmearenarious.]  1.  In 
ornith.:  (a)  [I.e.]  A  di.sused  specific  name  of 
several  shore-birds  or  limicoline  species  of 
Scolopacidw,  as  the  redshank,  Totanus  culidris. 
(b)  A  generic  name  of  the  turnstone,  titrejisilas 
interpres.  Brisson,  1760.  (c)  A  generic  name  of 
the  sanderling,  Calidris  arenaria.  Meyer,  1810. 
(rf)  ['.  f.]  The  specific  name  of  the  same.  Li>i- 
ntrus,  1758,  and  most  modern  writers. — 2.  A 
genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  of  the  family  Tel- 
linidw:  synonjTnous  with  Scrohicularia.  MiiM- 
fetd,  1811. — 3.  In  hot.,  an  unimportant  genus 
of  low  herljs,  of  the  natural  order  Vari/ophyl- 
lacca-,  allied  to  the  chickweeds;  the  sand'n'orts. 

Arenariinae  (ar-e-na-ri-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Armaria,  1  (h),  -t-  -ina:]  The  tumstones,  as  a 
subfamily  of  Charadriida;  taking  name  from 
the  genus  Arenaria.  See  Arenaria,  1  (6),  and 
Strepsilas. 

arenarious  (ar-e-nii'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  arenarius, 
harenarius,  sandy,  <  arena,  harcna,  sand:  see 
aroKi^.]  Sandy;  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of 
sand :  as,  arenarious  soil. 

arenated  (ar'e-na-ted),  a.  [<  L.  arenatus,  prop. 
harenatus,  <  arena,  harcna,  sand :  see  arena^.] 
Reduced  or groimd  into  sand;  mixed ■svith  sand. 

arenation  (ar-e-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  arenatio(n-), 
]iarenatio{n-),  a  plastering  with  sand,  <  arena- 
tus, liarcnatus,  sanded,  mixed  with  sand,  < 
arena,  harcna,  sand:  see  orcwfll.]  In  med.,  a 
sand-bath ;  the  application  of  hot  sand  to  the 
body  of  a  diseased  person  as  a  remedy. 

The  practice  of  arenation  or  of  burying  the  body  in  the 
sand  of  the  sea-shore  ...  is  very  ancient,  as  also  that  of 
applying  heated  sand  to  various  parts  of  the  body. 

Eneyc.  Brit. ^  1X1.439. 

arendalite  (a-ren'da-lit),  n.  [<  Arendal -(-  -ite~.] 
A  lime  and  iron  epidote  from  Arendal  in  Nor- 
way, consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  iron  peroxid, 
and  lime.    Also  called  acanticonc.    See  ejndote. 

arendator,  ".     See  arrendator. 

areng,  arenga  (a-reng',  -gS),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A 
valualile  sago-palm  of  the  Indian  archipelago, 
Arenga  saccharifera.  it  yields  a  black  bristly  fiber 
resendjling  horsehair,  which  makes  excellent  cordage,  and 


■rfSfiWf- 


~->i\%3^^^^" 


Arenga  saccharifera,  with  fniit  entire  .ind  in  sectioti. 

is  known  as  gomuto  or  tiomuti  Jiber.  The  trunk  affords  a 
considerable  amount  of  sago  of  good  *[nality,  and  the 
abundant  saccharine  juice  from  the  lltiwer-sheaths  is  col- 
lectcl  for  the  sake  of  its  sugar  and  for  fermentation. 

Arenicola  (ar-e-nik'o-lii),  'I.  [NL.,  <  L.  arena, 
harcna,  sand,  +  colere,  inhabit,  d'svell.]  Tho 
tjiiical  and  jirincipal  genus  of  the  family  Arcni- 
(•o/((/(r  (which see);  the  lobworms  or  lugwonns, 
which  live  in  the  sand  of  sea-coasts.  A.  pisea- 
tciruin,  a  common  European  species,  much  used  by  fish- 
ermen for  bait,  burrows  a  foot  or  two  deep  in  the  sand,  is 
S  or  10  inches  long,  with  an  eyeless  head,  and  arbuscular 
gills  np(Ui  the  segments  of  the  middle  p.art  of  the  body. 

Arenicoli  (ar-e-nik'o-U),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
'arenicolu.-i,  as  Arenicola,  q.  v.]  A  group  of 
scarabaHiid  beetles,  corresponding  to  the  fami- 
lies Geotri/pidw  and  Trogida-  of  Macleay. 


arenicolid 

areniCOlid  (ar-e-nik'o-lid),  «.  A  womi  of  tlip 
family  .Iniiicoliihr. 

Arenicolida  (ar  (Vni-kori-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
An  inriilii  +  -idii,  q.  v.]     Siiine  as  Arenicolida: 

Arenicolidae  (ar'o-ni-kori-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aniiictild  +  -((/«■.]  A  family  of  free  marine 
polychii'tous  or  chiotopodous  autl  notobrauchi- 
ate  aniR'liils,  of  wliicli  the  genus  Arenicola  is 
the  ty]>c'.     Also  Arniicolidii,  Arciiocolidir, 

arenicolite  (ar-e-nik'o-Ht),  H.  [<  Aniiii-olK  + 
-il(-.  I  Tho  name  given  Ijy  some  iialeoiitologists 
to  peculiar  markings  observed  on  various  roeks 
in  Wales  and  Nowfoundlanil,  and  sujjposed  to 
be  bun-ovvs  of  annelids,  or  something  similar. 
Tlu-y  liiivc  rt't-eiitly  In-'t-u  carefully  cxaniineil  by  variciis 
Kcnluyirtt-s  and  imleont^ilogists,  aiul  arc  c(insit"icroil  hy 
tliciii  as  net  IiciiiK  cf  organic  origin,  but  simply  niarkings 
niailc  liy  the  spr-ay  nr  liy  water  in  scinc  utlier  fcnn. 

arenicolous  (ar-e-nik'o-lus),  0.  [<  NL.  'arcni- 
cnliis ;  soo  Arenicola  and  -ous.]  In  zool.,  inhab- 
iting sand,  as  certain  worms.     See  Arenicola. 

arenilitict  (a-ren-i-lit'ik),  a.  [<  'arcnilife,  <  L. 
(in  nil,  liarena,  sand  (see  arenni),  +  Gr.  Ai'Sof,  a 
stone.]  Pertaining  to  sandstone;  consisting 
of  sandstone  :  as,  ((rr;i(7(7ic  mountains. 

arenose  (ar'e-nos),  a.  [<  L.  arenosus,  hareno- 
siis,  full  of  sand,  <  arena,  liarena,  sand:  see 
n)-c««l.]     Full  of  sand ;  sandy. 

arenous  (ar'e-nus),  a.  [As  arenose.']  Sandy  ; 
sand-like. 

arenuloust  (a-ren'tl-lus),  a.  [<  L.  arenula,  lia- 
rcniila,  line  sand,  dim.  of  iinmi,  liarena,  sand: 
see  arcnii^.~\     Like  or  full  of  tine  sand. 

areocentric  (a"re-o-sen'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  "Afm, 
Mars  (tho  planet),  +  Kivrpov,  center,  +  -ic] 
Having  Mars  as  a  center:  as,  areocentric  longi- 
tude. 

areographic  (a-re-o-graf'ik),  a.     [<  nrcograpliij 
+  -ic]     Of  or  pertaining  to  areography. 
The  ayco'iraiihi'.:  lon^itiule  uf  the  center  of  the  Oculus. 
Xnlure,  -\XXIII.  42. 

areography  (a-re-og'ra-fi),  «. ;  pi.  areographies 
(-fiz).  [<  Gr.  "Api'ii;,  Mars  (tlie  planet),  +  -ypaipia, 
<  ypnifieiv,  write.]  A  treatise  on  or  description 
of  the  planet  Mars. 

The  arrnfjraphUs  agree  very  well  vni\\  each  other  in  re- 
spect to  the  planet's  [Mars'sJ  most  important  features. 

I'oiK  Sci.  Mo. .  XXVI.  5.5. 

areola  (a-re'o-la),  n. ;  pi.  areola;  (-le).  [L.,  a 
small  open  place,  dim.  of  area:  see  area.]  1. 
In  en  torn.,  a  small,  generally  angular,  inclosed 
space  on  a  surface,  as  the  spaces  between  the 
veinlets  in  tho  wing  of  a  dragon-fiy,  or  pale 
spaces  between  dark  lines  which  form  a  net- 
work. Also  areolct. —  2.  In  hot.,  a  term  some- 
times used  to  designate  the  meshes  of  cellular 
tissue  or  little  distinct  angular  spaces  on  a  sur- 
face.—  3.  InnHflf. :  («)  Any  little  cell,  area,  or 
space ;  especially,  one  of  the  small  interstices 
in  the  meshes  of  areolar  tissue  and  the  like,  or 
among  minute  interlacing  vessels,  as  capillaries, 
(ft)  The  colored  circle  or  halo  about  the  nipple 
of  the  human  mammary  gland,  pink  in  virgins, 
and  brown  of  various  shades  in  women  who 
have  borne  children,  (c)  The  red  ring  of  in- 
flamed tissue  surrounding  a  pustule.  Hence, 
figuratively — 4.  An  am'eole. 

In  some  legends  of  saints  we  find  that  they  were  born 
with  a  lambent  circle  or  golden  areola  about  their  heads. 
De  fjuiiuvti,  Works,  XV.  S'.t. 
5.  In  decorative  art  and  manufacture,  any 
plate,  tile,  or  Hat  panel.  («)  a  tile  of  earthenware, 
or  a  plate  of  marltle  or  stone  ftn-niing  part  of  a  i>avement. 
(i)  One  of  the  eight  plates,  rectangular,  with  .arched  tops, 
and  richly  jeweled  and  enameled,  which  make  up  the  cir- 
cuit of  the  imperial  crown  of  the  Byzantine  empire  and 
that  of  Charlemagne.  See  crown. 
Also  areole. 

areolar  (a-re'o-liir),  a.  [<  areola  +  -or.]  Per- 
taining to  an  areola  or  to  areola; ;  resembling 
an  areola ;  consisting  of  or  containing  areolae; 
full  of  interstices — Areolar  tissue,  in  aunt.,  the 
light  fleecy  or  tloccuknt  kiml  of  onliriarv  ccjiincctivr  tis- 
sue, such  as  that  usually  found  bciuath  the  skin,  consist- 
ing of  a  line  network  of  white  or  yellow  librous  tissue  so 
intcrhued  as  U>  include  numberless  areoUe  in  its  meshes. 
Also  called  cHhilar  tinsin: 

The  cellular  or  areolar  tiaitne-  is  so  called  because  its 
meshes  .are  easily  distended  and  thus  separated  into  cells 
or  spaces  which  all  open  freely  into  one  another,  and  are 
consequently  easily  blown  up  with  air,  or  permeated  by 
fluid.  .Such  sp.aces.  however,  do  n.)t  exist  in  the  natural 
condition  of  the  body,  but  the  whole  (areolar]  liasue  forms 
one  unbroken  membrane  composed  of  interlacing  fibres. 

//.  Qray,  Anat. 

areolate  (a-re'o-lSt),  a.  [<  areola  ■¥ -ate'^.] 
Characterized  by  areolie;  exhibiting  areola",  as 
the  reticulated  leaves  of  plants  or  the  wings  of 
a  dragon-fly. 

areolated  (a-re'o-la-ted),  a.  [<  areolate  +  -ed^.] 
Marked  by  or  consisting  of  areola);  divided 
into  small  spaces  by  intersecting  lines. 


303 

areolation  (ar'o-o-la'shon),  «.  [<  areolate  + 
-ion.]  1.  Tlu^  state  of  being  areolate  in  charac- 
ter, or  ol'  having  an  areola,  or  of  <livisiou  into 
areola' ;  the  arrangement  and  form  of  areola?, 
as  in  the  leaves  of  mosses. —  2.  A  set  of  an-olaj 
taken  together  as  making  sometliing  areolate. 

areola  (ar'e-61),  n.  [=  F.  arMe,  <  L.  areola.] 
Same  as  areola. 

areolet  (ar'e-o-let),  «.  [<  areole  + -et.]  1.  A 
small  areola.— 2.  Same  as  areola,  1. 

areology  (a-re-ol'o-ji),  H.  [<  ''AprK,  Mars  (the 
planet),  + -P,o;(«,  ^  '/i)fiv,  speak:  see  -(/Idi/if.] 
The  scientific  investigation  of  tho  substance  of 
Mars. 

areometer  (ar-o-om'e-ter),  n.  [=  F.  areomitre, 
<  Gr.  I'liiaiiie,  thin,  not  dense,  +  /nriiiw,  a  mea- 
sure.] An  instrument  for  measuring  the  spe- 
cific gravity  of  liquids;  a  hydrometer.  Also 
spelli'd  iini'omtter. 

areometric  (ar"o-9-met'rik),  a.  [As  arconudcr 
+  -«-.]  I'ertainiiig  to  the  areometer,  or  to  are- 
ometry.     Also  spelled  araionietriv. 

areometrical  (ar"e-o-met'ri-kal),  a.  Same  as 
iiniinirlrif.     Also  spelled  arwit'metrical. 

areometry  (ar-e-om'e-tri),  H.  [As  areometer  + 
-y.]  Tim  measurement  of  the  specific  gravity 
of  fluids  by  means  of  an  areometer.  Also 
spelled  (iriiinnctry. 

Areopagist  (ar-e-op'a-gist),  n.  [As  Areopa- 
ijitv  +  -/.s-/.  J     Same  as  Areopagitc. 

Areopagite  (ar-e-op'a-git),  n.  [<  L.  Arcopa- 
giles,  <  Gr.  'ApcoTraj'/r^f,  later  'ApewirayiTr/i;,  < 
'Apridmiyni':  see  Areopagus.]  A  member  of  tho 
council  of  the  Areopagus.     Acts  xvii.  34. 

areopagitic  (ar-e-op-a-git'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Areo- 
paijitirnx,  <  Gr.  'Apeoira-jiTiKdi;:  see  Areopagus.] 
Pertaining  to  the  Areopagus. 

Areopagus  (ar-e-op'a-gus),  H.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'Apti6- 
'ayite,  not  in  good  use  (but  cf.  'ApcoirayiTt/r,  Are- 
opagite), a  contr.  of  "Apetoc  irdyog,  Mars's  Hill: 
".\.peior,  belonging  to  "ApK,  Mars  (cf.  Ariani,  and 
see  Arcs);  irdyoc,  a  hiU.]  1.  A  rocky  hill  in 
Athens,  situated  immediately  to  the  west  of 
the  Acropolis;  hence,  the  sovereign  tribunal  or 
council  of  elders  which  held  its  sittings  on  this 
hill  from  luirecorded  antiquity.  Though  moilitled 
several  times  in  its  constitution,  notably  by  Solon  and 
Ephialtes,  the  Areopagus  always  retained  the  highest 
reputation  for  dignity,  justice,  and  wisdom.  Its  functions 
were  at  once  religious,  political,  and  judicial ;  the  scope  of 
its  .action  was  thus  much  wider  than  that  of  a  supreme 
court  of  the  present  day,  extending  not  only  to  jurisdiction 
in  c.'ises  of  homicide  and  some  others  in  which  religion 
was  concerned,  and  to  ageneral  censorship  of  all  affairs  of 
state,  but  even  to  the  supervision  of  education,  and  to  cer- 


a  reticelll 
areosystyle,   araeosystyle   (a-rc-o-sis'til),  a. 

[<  Gr.  upaiu(,  thin,  not  dense,  +  ai'aTv'/.nc,  with 
columns  standing  together,  <  nw,  together,  + 
cTTii/Uir,  column:  see  .style-.]  In  nrc/i.,  having 
columns  coupled  or  placed  in  pairs,  with  an  in- 
terval generally  of  one  diameter  and  a  half  be- 
tween the  centers  of  the  coupled  columns,  and 
of  more  than  three  diameters  between  the  ex- 
ternal columns  of  the  pairs,  measiu-ed  from 
center  to  center.     See  ctit  luider  sy.ilijlc. 

areotict,  araeotict  (ar-e-ot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
iipaiLjTiKoe,  of  or  for  rarefying,  <  itpniovv,  rarefy, 
<  iipaiue,  rare,  thin,  not  dense.]  I.  a.  In  mcd., 
attenuating  the  humors;  efficacious  in  opening 
the  pores. 

II.  ?/.  A  medicine  suj)posed  to  attenuate  the 
fluids  of  the  body,  open  the  pores,  and  increase 
perspiration ;  an  attenuaut. 

areret,  v.  t.     See  arear'^. 

Ares  (a'rez),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  "Ai>v<:,  the  god  of 
war ;  perhaps  allied  to  epic,  strife,  (piarrel,  dis- 
cord, personified  'Hpie,  L.  Kris,  a  goddess  who 
excites  to  war,  sister  and  eouipanion  of  Ares.] 


63t;*c--""«Vt4« 


■^■^■(^ 


The  Areopiigus  at  Athens,  as  seen  from  the  Hill  of  the  Nymphs :  the 
Acropolis  in  the  t>.ickgrouiid. 

tain  police  and  sumptuary  regulations.  In  liistoric  tinies 
the  Areop;lgus  was  e(»nstituted  of  all  arclmns,  after  their 
year  of  ortice,  wlio  hud  successfully  proved  themselves 
guiltless  of  malfeasance,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  law. 

The  .-1  rropafjvif,  a  primeval  trihtnial,  hallowed  by  mythic 
associations,  \\  her,'  trials  were  helil  under  primitive  forms, 
secured  to  tlicm  [the  great  familiesj  a  privileged  authority 
under  the  sanction  of  religion. 

Von  linnke,  Ifniv.  Hist,  (trans.)  p.  ];i8. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  body,  company,  or  tribunal  of 
which  the  decisions,  opinions,  or  criticisms  are 
final  or  carry  great  weight :  as,  the  Areopagus 
of  public  opinion. 

The  Enii)eror,  instead  of  drawing  the  sword  for  Luxem- 
burg, submitted  his  case  to  the  Areoftaijutt  of  Europe. 

Lowe,  Hismarck,  I.  43G. 
areopagyt(ar-e-op'a-gi), «.    l< Arcojtagus.]   An 
Areopagus  or  tribimal. 

The  .  .  .  A  reopanit  of  hell.      Sir  T.  Browm',  Vulg.  Krr. 

areostyle,  araostyle  (a-re'o-stil),  a.     [<  L. 

anrosli/los,  <  Gr.  dpainarr/oi;,  with  columns  f:ir 
apart,  <  dpaiiic,  thin,  not  dense,  +  (rrc/of,  a 
column,  ])illar:  see  style"^.]  In  arch.,  having 
columns  placed  foiu?  diameters,  or  more  than 
three  diameters,  apart,  from  center  Jo  center 
of  the  coliunns. 


Ares.—  btatue  m  the  Villa  Ludovjsi.  Kome. 

In  frr.  myth.,  the  god  of  war,  t^-pical  particu- 
larly of  the  \-ioleuce,  brutality,  confusion,  and 
destruction  it  calls  forth.  The  corresponding 
Roman  deity  was  Mars. 

aresont,  v.  t.     See  area.ton. 

arestt,  »■.  and  H.     An  old  form  of  arrest^. 

arett,  arettet,  '•.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arret, 
arrctte,  arreet,  <  ME.  aretten.  <  OF.  areter,  aret- 
ter,  <  a  (<  L.  ad),  to,  +  reter,  <  L.  reputarc,  count : 
see  repute.]  \.  To  reckon;  assign;  ascribe: 
with  to. 

The  charge  which  God  doth  tin(o  me  arrett. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  viii.  8. 

2.  To  charge  ;  impute:  with  to  or  upon. 

He  that  aretteth  upon  Cod,  or  blameth  God  of  thyng  of 
^  hich  he  is  hym  self  gilty.  Chancer.  Parson's  Tale. 

(retaics  (ar-e-ta'iks),  n.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *apcTaiK6g, 
nperij,  virtue.]  In  ethics,  same  as  aretology. 
I  i  rote. 

ar§te  (a-raf),  M.  [F.,  a  ridge,  sharp  edge,  <  OF. 
arestc,<.  Ij.  ariata,  car  of  com,  spine :  see  arrest^ 
and  nri.sta.]  A  sharj)  ridge  or  rocky  spur  of  a 
mountain. 

ArethUSa  (ar-o-thu'sil),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  '.Kptdovaa, 
the  name  of  several  fountains,  the  most  famous 
being  that  in  the  island  of  Ortygia  at  SjTacuse ; 
fabled  to  have  been  a  n\nn])h  of  Arcadia,  who, 
being  pursued  liy  the  river-god  Alpheus,  and 
changed  into  a  stream  by  .iVrtemis,  disappeared 
under  ground,  passed  beneath  the  Ionian  sea, 
and  reappeared  in  Ortygia;  lit.,  the  Waterer; 
fem.  ppr.  of  "apiOeiv  for  apihir.  to  water.]  1.  In 
hot.,  a  genus  of  orchids,  consisting  of  a  single 
species,  A.  bulho.sa,  a  small  swamp-plant  of 
North  America,  with  a  handsome  rosy-puriile 
sweet-scented  fiower  terminating  a  sheathed 
scape. —  2.  In  zoiil.:  (a)  A  genus  of  aealephs. 
(/')  A  genus  of  moUusks.  Mimtfort,  1808.-  (c) 
A  genus  of  reptiles.  Dumeril  aiid  liibron,  1840. 
(d)  A  genus  of  crustaceans. 

a  reticelli  (;i  ra-te-chel'le).  [It.:  o(<  L.  ad),  to, 
with;  reticelli.  pi.  of  reticelli),  masc,  more  com- 
monly reticella,  fem.,  a  small  net,  dim.  of  retc, 
<  L.  rete,  net:  see  retc]  With  reticulations: 
applied  to  glassware  decorated  with  fine  lines  of 
opaque  white  lurried  in  the  transparent  paste 
and  forming  net-like  designs.  The  ilecoration  is 
obtained  by  making  the  body  of  ttie  object  of  two  thick- 
nesses of  gla-ss  in  such  a  manner  that  the  spiral  lines  In 
one  form  an  angle  with  those  in  the  other. 


Aretine 

Aretine  (ar'e-tin),  a.  [<  L.  Arctinus,  <  Arctium, 
the  iincii'iit  name  of  An'Z/.o  in  Tuseany.]  1. 
Of  or  roliitin;;  to  tlie  town  of  Arozzo  in  TuKeany, 
or  to  its  inhabitants. — 2.  Same  as  Arctiniait. — 
Aretine  ware,  a  kind  of  wure  of  whicll  the  paste  is  of 
a  n-d  eiinilliiie  i-olor,  piile  wlien  broken,  ami  does  not  lie- 
eoine  reiUier  when  suljject  to  a  red  heat,  hut  falls,  when 
pronnd,  into  an  orange-red  ealx.  Vases  in  this  ware  are 
coated  with  a  very  slijjilit  glaze,  whieh  is  levigated  and  is 
usually  of  a  red-eoral  color ;  occasionally  it  is  black,  vary- 
ing t<»ward  azure,  and  sometimes  iron-gray,  or  with  a 
bright  metallic  luster,     liirch.  Ancient  Pottery. 

Aretinian  (ar-e-tin'i-an),  a.  [See  Jrctinc.J 
Perliiiiiing  to  or  originated  by  Guido  Aretiuo 
(Guido  d'Arezzo),  a  noted  Italian  inusieiau  of 
the  eleventh  century.— Aretinian  syllables,  the 
syllables  ut,  re,  mi,  /a,  ml,  la  (the  initial  syUuhles  of  the 
lines  of  a  I,atin  hymn  to  .St.  John  the  haptist  which  begins 
"  t't  queaiit  laxis  ").  chosen  by  <;uido  d'Arezzo  to  name  the 
notes  of  the  hexacliord,  C,  £>,  E,  K,  O,  A,  because  in  the 
Gregorian  meloiiy  for  the  hynm  they  f.all  upon  these  notes 
resiH;ctively.  They  are  still  used,  espeeiiilly  in  France,  as 
the  eomnion  names  of  these  six  notes.  Since  the  intervals 
between  these  notes  are  the  same  as  those  between  the  first 
six  tones  of  the  modern  major  scale,  the  syllables  hjive 
also  been  used  extensively  as  names  for  those  tones  and 
as  guides  in  studying  their  relations.  This  application 
is  called  solmizdtion.  When  thus  used,  itt  is  generally 
changed  to  do,  and  the  syllable  ei  (tonic  sol-fa,  te)is  added 
for  the  seventh  tone. 

Aretinist  (ar'e-tin-ist),  n.  [<  Aretino  +  -isf] 
A  profligate  of  the  stamp  of  Pietro  Aretino,  an 
Italian  poet  (1492-1557),  noted  for  his  impu- 
doiiee  and  profligacy,  and  for  the  virulence  of 
his  satire. 

aretology  (ar-e-tol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *ape- 
To/.ij-)ia  (cf.  apeTa?.o}'ia,  discussion  or  praise  of 
virtue,  otherwise  jesting,  <  apeTa'Aoyo^,  a  jester, 
lit.  one  who  talks  about  virtue),  <  apery,  virtue, 
+  -Aoyia,  <  '/Jyciv,  speak :  see  -ology.']  That  part 
of  moral  philosophy  whieh  treats  of  virtue,  its 
nature,  and  the  means  of  attaining  it.  Also 
called  arctaics.     [Rare.] 

arettet,  ''•  f-     See  aret. 

arewt,  j>rej>.  pin:  as  adv.    An  old  form  of  aroir. 

arfvetlsonite  (ar'ved-son-it),  H.  [Named  from 
J.  E.  Arfvedson,  a  Swedish  chemist.]  A  min- 
eral related  to  hornblende,  composed  of  silicates 
of  iron  and  soda  with  a  Uttle  alumina  and  lime, 

arg.     In  Jier.,  an  abbreviation  of  argent. 

argall  (iir'g.al),  «.     See  argoll. 

argal'-t  (ar'gal),  adv.  A  ludicrous  corruption  of 
Latin  ergo,  therefore. 

He  drowns  not  himself :  argal,  he   .   .  .   shortens  not 
his  own  life.  5/(ffi*.,  Hamlet,  v.  1. 

argala  (ilr'ga-la),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  argee- 
lali,  formerly  also  argali,  argiU,  hnrgill,  repr. 
Hind,  haryilii.']  In  ornith. :  («)  The  adjutant- 
bird,  Ardca  argala  (Latham),  now  Leptoptilus 
argala,  of  India,  (h)  A  similar  bird  of  Africa, 
Leptoptilus  cruminifcrus.  Tcnimixck.  Properly 
called  marabou,  (c)  [cap."]  [NL.]  A  generic 
name  of  both  these  birds.  Hodgson,  1838.  See 
adjutant-bird,  marabou. 

argali  (iir'ga-li),  ?(.  [F.,  Russ.,  NL.,  etc.,  after 
the  Mongolian  and  Tungusian  name.]  1.  The 
large  wild  sheep  of  Asia,  Oris  ammoit  (LinuEBus), 
now  Cajtroris  argali,  supposed  to  be  the  origi- 
nal stock  of  the  domestic  sheep,  it  stands  about 
4  feet  high  at  the  withers,  and  is  of  a  very  stout  build,  with 
enormously  thick 
and  long  spiral- 
ly curved  horns, 
which  are  about 
IS  Inches  in  cir- 
cumference at  the 
base,  and  are  some- 
times upward  of 
3  feet  in  length 
measured  along 
the  convexity  of 
the  cxu*ve.  The 
horns  rise  boldly 
from  the  forehead, 
and  curve  back- 
ward and  outward, 
then  downward, 
outward,  and  for- 
ward, coming  to  a 
recurved  point ; 
and  they  taper 
gently  from  base 
to  tip.  The  animal  is  gregarious,  living  in  small  flocks, 
chiefly  in  mountainous  or  northerly  regions  and  on  high 
plateaus. 

Hence  — 2.  Some  other  similar  wild  sheep,  as 
the  following — American  argali,  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain slieep  or  bighorn,  Ofix  iwidana.  See  bi'/hortt.— 
Bearded  argali,  the  Daibary  wiia  sheep  or  aoudad,  .<1hi- 

vtotrwnts  trn/jrhi/ili'i^.     See  ninfilad. 

Argand  gas-burner,  lamp.     See  gas-lunicr, 

lamp. 

Argantidae  (ilr-gan'ti-de),  n.  pil  Same  as  Ar- 
ijdsida: 

argan-tree  (ar'gan-tre).  n.  [Ar.  (Morocco)  nr- 
gdn,  prop,  arjan.']  A  sapotaceous  tree  of  Mo- 
rocco, Argania  Hideroiijlon,  the  only  species 
of  the  genus  Argania.    The  nuts  furnish  an  oil,  simi- 


Arg-ali  i,C>iJ<r(r.^is  argali). 


30-1 

lar  to  olive.oil,  %vhieh  is  an  important  article  of  fond  for 
the  inhabitants.  \i6  wooil  is  remarkable  for  hardness  and 
dur;ibility. 

Argas  (ar'gas), «.  [NL.,prob.  <  Gr.  apybi,  contr. 
of  acp}ur,  not  working,  idle;  ef,  ap}7/ei(;,  Doric 
apyifc,  briglit,  shining.]  A  genus  of  mites,  of 
the  family  Ixodida;  having  no  eyes,  nie  best- 
known  species  is  .4.  refiexux,  a  parasite  of  birds,  especially 
doves,  and  known  as  the  dove-tick.  Other  species  are  A. 
jyenricici  and  A.  niffra. 

Argasidse  (iir-gas'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Argas  + 
-ida:]  A  family  of  ticks,  named  from  the  ge- 
nus Argas.    Also  Argantidw. 

Argean  (iir-je'an),  a.  [<  L.  Argeus,  pertaining 
totheAJ'go:  see  Argo.^  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
ship  Argo,  or  to  the  constellation  of  that  name. 
— 2.  Pertaining  to  Argeia  (Argolis  or  the  dis- 
trict of  Argos)  in  Greece,  or  to  the  Argives,  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  Aj-gos. 

argel,  arghel(iir'gel),  >i.  [Syi-ian.]  The  leaves 
of  the  asclepiadaeeous  plant  Solenostemma  Ar- 
gel, used  in  Egypt  for  the  adulteration  of  senna. 
Also  written  aryucl. 

argema  (iir'je-ma),  n. ;  pi.  argemata  (iir-jem'a- 
tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apycfia,  apycpov,  a  small  white 
speck  or  ulcer, <  dpjof,  white.  Ci.  agrimony .'\  1. 
A  small  white  tdcer  on  the  cornea. —  2.  [_cap.'] 
In  zoid. ,  a  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects. 

Argemone  (Sr-je-mo'ne),  11.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apyepuvrj, 
a  kind  of  pojipy,  named  from  its  supposed 
meiUcinal  qualities ;  <  apyepov  or  apyepa,  a  small 
white  speck  in  the  eye:  see  argema.']  A  small 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Papaveracece. 
The  species  are  all  ornamental,  and  natives  of  America, 
but  are  widely  naturalized.  From  the  seeds  of  A.  Mexi- 
cans the  Mexicans  obtain  an  oil  very  useful  to  pauiters. 
Both  yellow  and  white  varieties  of  this  species  are  often 
cultivated  under  the  name  of  the  horned  or  prickly 
poppy. 

argent  (Sr'jent),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  argent,  <  L.  ar- 
gentum,  silver,  money,  =  Oscan aragetont  =  Skt. 
rajata,  white,  silver;  cf.  Ir.  Gael,  airgiod,  sil- 
ver, money,  connected  with  Ir.  Gael,  arg,  white, 
Gr.  ap-)d(,  white,  bright,  shining;  cf.  Gr.  apyvpo;, 
silver  (with  ditlerent  suffix) ;  Skt.  arjuna,  sil- 
ver-white, <  •/  rij,  shine,  ranj,  color,  be  red.]  I, 
n.  1.  Silver,  or  something  resembling  it;  for- 
merly, in  a  more  general  sense,  money. 

She  shall  bane  the  first  day  a  whole  pecke  of  arf/ent. 

Udall,  Roister  Bolster,  i.  4. 
With  that  she  tore  her  robe  apart,  and  half 
The  polish'd  argent  of  her  breast  to  sight 
Laid  bare.  Tennyson,  F.air  Women. 

2.  In  her.,  the  metal  silver:  represented  con- 
ventionally in  imcolored  drawing  or  engraving 
by  a  plain  white  surface. 

Often  abbreviated  to  a.,  ar.,  or  arg. 
Argent  COmptantt,  ready  money. 

ll.   a.   Made   of  silver;   resembling  silver; 
bright  like  silver ;  silvery- white. 

Pardon  me,  airy  planet,  that  I  prize 

One  thought  beyond  thiue  argent  luxuries! 

Keats,  Endymion,  iii. 

argental  (iir-jen'tal),  a.  [=P.  argental,  <  Ij. 
argentum, silver.^  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling silver —  Argental  mercury,  a  native  amalgam  of 
silver. 

argentan  (ar'jen-tau),  n.  [<  L.  argentum,  sil- 
ver, +  -an.]  1.  An  alloy  of  varying  proportions 
of  nickel,  copper,  and  zinc ;  one  of  the  names 
given  as  a  trade-mark  to  German  silver  (which 
see,  tmder  silver). — 2.  A  species  of  French 
point-lace. 

argentate  (ilr'jen-tat),  a.  and  «.      [<  L.  argen- 
tatus,  silvered,  <  argentum,  silver.]     I.  a.  Sil- 
very, or  of  a  shining  white  color  with  a  tinge  of 
gi'ay.    A.  Gray. 
II.  H.  In  ehem.,  a  salt  of  argentic  acid. 

argentation  (iir-jen-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  argen- 
f((^KA',  overlaid  with  silver:  &ee  argentate.]  An 
overlaying  with  silver. 

argentea  (ar-jen'te-ii),  «.;  pi.  argentcw  (-e). 
[NL.,  fem.  of  L.  argenteus,  silvery:  see  ar- 
genteous.]  A  membrane  which  enters  into  the 
formation  of  the  eyeball  of  some  animals,  as 
Cephalopoda :  so  called  from  its  silvery  color. 
Tliere  may  be  two  such  membranes,  in  whieh  ease  they 
are  known  us  tlie  argentea  externa  and  argentea  interna. 

argentei,  «.     Plural  of  argenteus. 

argenteous  (iir-jen'te-us),  a.  [<  L.  argenteus, 
silvery,  <  argentum,  silver.]     Silvery.     [Rare.] 

argentert,  «.  [Also  wTitten  argcuticr,  <  OF.  ar- 
gentier,<.  L.  argentarius,  a  money-changer,  bank- 
er, LL.  a  silversmith,  prop,  adj.,  <  argentum,  sil- 
ver, money.]  1.  A  money-changer;  a  banker. — 
2.  A  silversmith.     .1.  IVilson,  Hist,  .lames  I. 

argenteus  (;ir-jen'to-us),  ?t. ;  pi.  argentei  (-i). 
[L.  (sc.  nnmmus),  of  silver:  see  argenteous.]  A 
Roman  silver  coin,  weighing  about  80  grains, 
introduced  by  the  emperor  Caraealla,  and  worth 
a  denarius  and  a  half,    it  gradually  supplanted  the 


argentometer 

rtenarins,  from  which  it  may  In-  <listinguished  by  having 
the  head  of  the  enijperor  radiate,  .\fter  a  short  lime  it 
became  only  a  copx)er  coin  waiihed  with  silver. 


obverse.  Revene. 

Argenteus  of  Caracall.-t,  Britbh  Museum.      (Size  of  the  original.) 

argentic  (iir-jen'tik),  a.  [<  NL.  argenticus,  < 
L.  argentum,  silver.]  Containing  silver  in 
chemical  combination.     See  argentous. 

argentiert,  ».     Same  as  urgenter. 

argentiferous  (iir-jen-tif'e-ms),  a.  [<  L.  ar- 
gentum, silver,  -\-  ferre  =  'E.  bear'^.]  Producing 
or  containing  silver:  as,  argentiferous  ore, 
veins,  etc. 

argentifict  (ar-jen-tif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  argentum, 
silver,  -I-  -fieus,  Kfacere,  make:  see  -fic]  Pro- 
ducing silver.     [Rare.] 

argentifyt  (ar-jen'ti-fi),  V.  t.  [<  L.  argentum,  sil- 
ver,-I- -//(r/rc,  make:  see-fy.]  To  turn  into  silver. 

argentilla  (iir-jen-til'a),  n.  [It.,  formed  as  a 
dim.  of  argento,  <  L.  argentum,  silver.]  A 
Genoese  lace,  much  like  point  d'Alentjon. 

Argentina  (Ur-jeu-ti'ua),  «.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L. 
*argcntinus,  pertaining  to  silver:  see  argen- 
tine.] 1.  A  genus  of  malaeopterygian  fishes, 
giving  name  to  the  family  Argentinidw :  so 
called  from  their  sUvery  scales.  A.  sphyrwna, 
of  Enropeau  waters,  is  the  type. —  2.  [/.  c.]  A 
name  given  to  unglazed  porcelain,  coated  with 
gold,  silver,  or  copper  by  a  process  similar  to 
that  of  electroplating. 

argentine  (iir'jen-tin),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  argen- 
tin,  <  L.  *argentinus,  pertaining  to  silver  (as 
noun,  LL.  Argentinus,  thegod  of  silver  money), 
<  fl)Y/f«(Hm,  silver.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  silver ;  silvery ;  argent. 

Celestial  Dian,  goddess  argentine. 

Shah.,  Pericles,  v.  2. 

2.     [cn/).]    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Rio  de  la 

Plata  (Sp.  plata,  silver),  the  estuaiy  of  the 
rivers  Parana  and  Uruguay  in  South  America, 
or  the  country  called  from  it  the  Argentine 
Republic  or  Confederation,  or  Ai'gentina. — 
Argentine  flowers  of  antimony.  See  antimony.— 
Argentine  glass,  an  urnamental  ghissware  having  the 
sheen  of  silver.  It  is  generally  formed  by  inclosing  deli- 
cate white  silvery  incrnst^ations  of  dry  porcelain  clay  in 
solid  and  transparent  ghiss. 

II.  n.  1.  A  silvery-white  slaty  variety  of 
calcite,  containing  a  little  silica  with  laminae 
usually  undulated,  found  in  primitive  rocks  and 
frequently  in  metallic  veins. — 2.  The  tetro.xid 
or  antimoniate  of  antimony. — 3.  Tlie  silvery 
coloring  matter  of  the  scales  of  fishes. — 4.  A 
fish  of  the  family  Seopelithe  or  Alaurolieida: — 
5.  Wliite  metal  coated  with  silver. — 6.  [cnp.] 
A  citizen  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public— Sheppey  argentine,  Scojielus  2>cnnanti,  a tish 
of  tlie  family  Seopettdtp,  counnonly  called  the  pearl-xide. 

argentinid  (iir-jen'ti-nid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Argentinida-,  as  a  caplin  or  enlachon. 

Argentinidae  (iir-jen-tin'i-de),  «.  /;/.  [NL.,  < 
Argentina  -f  -idiv.]  A  family  of  malaeoptery- 
gian fishes,  typifieii  by  the  genus  Argentina.  The 
body  is  fusiform,  covered  with  moderate  or  large  scales; 
the  bratuhiostegal  rays  are  few,  and  pyloric  ca?ca  are  few 
or  wantinii.  The  species  were  universally  referred  to  the 
family  Salmonidte  by  the  older  authors,  and  are  still  re- 
tained in  it  by  many,  but  they  differ  in  the  char.acters 
specified  alul  other  anatomical  peculiarities.  The  chief 
representatives  are  the  genera  Ar'jentina,  Otnnems  (in- 
eluding  the  smelts).  Matlotus  (caplin),  and  llt/pomesue. 
Theyare  chiefly  inhabitants  of  cold  or  temperate  seas,  hut 
some,  .as  the  smelts,  enter  ami  live  in  fresh  water. 

Argentininae  (iir-jen-ti-ni'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Argentina  -1-  -inir.]  A  subfamily  of  fishes,  tj-pi- 
fied  by  the  genus  Argen  tinii,  referred  to  the  fam- 
ily •Siilmanido':  same  as  Argentinida'. 

argentinoid  (Sr-jcn'ti-noid),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  ha\ing  the  characters  of  the  Argentinida;, 

argentite  (iir'jen-tit).  «.  [<  L.  argentum,  sil- 
ver, +  -itc".]  Silver  sulphid,  a  blackish  lead- 
gray  mineral,  oecuning  in  crystals,  in  cnists, 
and  massive.  It  is  a  valuable  ore  of  silver,  found  in 
the  crystalline  rocks  of  many  countries.  Also  called  ar- 
ggrite,  argiirose. 

argentobismutite  (iir-jen-to-biz'mu-tit).  w. 

[i  iirgi  iitiuii  +  hismut(li)  -t-  -ite.]  A  native  suL- 
phid  of  bismuth  and  silver.  Sometimes  called 
bismuth  silrcr. 
argentometer  (iir-jen-tom'e-ter),  H.  [<  L.  ar- 
gentum, silver,  +  (Jr.  pirpor,  a  measure.]  A 
gi-aduated  glass  tube  used  in  ascertaining  the 


argentometer 

quantity  of  silver  iu  a  solution  by  the  admisBion 
of  chloritl  of  sodium. 

By  iiK'iiMs  III'  iiti  ni-'jrnlnmctcr  the  strength  o(  the  l>:itli 
can  easily  he  maintained  at  a  given  point. 

Silver  Sunbeam,  p.  196. 
argentous  (iir-jen'tus),  a.     [<  L.  arycntosus,  < 
arijcntum,  silver.]     Pertaiuinp  to  or  containing 
silver:  applied  to  a  compound  wiiich  contains 
a  larfter  proportion  of  silver  than  the  corre- 
sponding argentic    compound:    as,   argentous 
oxid,  Ag40;  iin/ciitic  oxid,  AgoO. 
argentry  (ar'jeii-tri),  H.    [<  F.  iirycntcric,  plate, 
silver  plate,  <  urgent,  silver:  see  (injent.'i     If. 
Ai'tieles  formed  of  silver;  silver  plate. 
Pawning  hi.s  .  .  .  argentrn  and  jewels. 

lloivclt,  Letters,  i.  'I. 

Z.  Silvery  appearance.     [Rare.] 

And  tliere  tlie  glittering  arfjentry 
RippK's  and  glances  on  the  cuntlueiTt  streams. 

Soutliey. 

argentum  (ar-jen'tum),  n.  [L. :  see  argent.'] 
hiilver.  Iu  clicni.,  abbreviated  .(.'/.-Argentum 
mosaicum,  an  amalgam  of  tin,  Iiismutli,  and  mercury, 
used  for  coloring  images  of  plaster  of  Paris.   J'J.  II.  Kni;iht. 

Axges  (iir'jez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apyl/r,  bright, 
glancing,  ap)6c,  bi-iglit,  white.]  1.  A  genus 
of  South  American  fishes,  tyjiical  of  the  fam- 
ily Arijiihv. — 2.   A  genus  of  trilobites. 

arghel,  «.    See  anjcl. 

arghool  (iir-gor),  n.  An  Egyptian  musical  in- 
strument, consisting  of  two  tubes,  with  a  mouth- 
piece furnished  with  reeds,  .s.mietimes  both  tuhes 
are  pierced  with  lioles,  sometimes  only  one,  the  other  be- 
ing used  as  a  drone. 

argid  (ar',iid),  n.     A  fish  of  the  family  Argidw. 

Argidae  (iir' ji-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Argcs  +  -idte. ] 
A  family  of  neniatoguathous  fishes,  typified  by 
the  genus  Argcs,  related  to  the  Loricariidw,  but 
having  a  naked  body  and  only  maxillary  bar- 
bels. There  are  aboxit  10  known  species,  of  small  size, 
inhabiting  the  upper  Andean  streams  and  derivatives 
therefrom. 

argil  (iir'jil),  n.  [<  F.  argile,  <  L.  argilla,  white 
clay,  <  6r.  apyU.'ka  or  apyO.a,  usually  apyMio^  or 
apyi'^MQ,  white  clay,  <  apjof,  white:  see  argent.'] 
Potters'  clay.  This  word  has  been  used  in  dirtcrcnt 
senses,  and  w:is  proposed  as  a  name  for  alunnna  when  its 
nature  was  flrst  discovered.  It  is  now  used  by  technical 
writers  as  a  distinctive  term  for  clay  whicll  is  fit  for  pot- 
ters' use. 

argillaceous  (iir-ii-la'shius),  n.  [<  L.  argilla- 
c^:us,  <  argilld,  white  clay:  see  argil.']  1.  Of 
the  natiu'e  of  or  resembling  clay. —  2.  Contain- 
ing a  considerable  amount  of  clayey  matter:  as, 
argillaceous  earth.— Argillaceous  rocks,  rocks  of 
sedimentary  oriunn,  soft  in  texture,  deposited  for  the  most 
part  in  tliiti  layers.  Clay  forms  the  basis,  but  with  it  other 
substances  may  be  associated,  as  vegetable  matter  (car- 
bonaceous shale),  iron  (claylmnd  ironstone),  lime  (marl), 
etc.  When  the  shale  is  tolerably  pure  it  is  readily  distin- 
guished by  the  peculiar  odor,  termed  arr/illaceuiix,  which 
it  emits  when  breathed  on.— Argillaceous  slate  or 
schist,  clay  slate,  a  metamorphic  rock  which  in  .Scotland 
is  tharactcristic  of  the  Silurian  forniatioTi. 

argilliferous  (iir-ji-life-rus),  a.  [<  L.  argilla, 
wliitc  clay  (see  argil),  +  fcrrc  =  E.  fcrai-l.] 
Producing  or  containing  clay  or  argil. 

argillite  (ar'ji-lit),  n.  [<  L.  argilla,  white  clay 
(see  argil), +  -itt~.]  Argillaceoiisschistorslate"; 
clay  slate  (whi<di  see,  under  clai/). 

argillitic  (ilr-ji-lit'ik),  a.  [<  argillite  +  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  argillite. 

argillo  (iir-.iil'o),  «.  [<  L.  argilla,  <  Gr.  apyi/lAof, 
white  clay:  see  argil.]  A  name  given  to  a 
vitreous  compound  of  which  tUes,  table-tops, 
door-knobs,  etc.,  are  made. 

argilloarenaceous  (iir-jil'o-ar-o-na'shius),  a. 
[<  argilliius  +  dnnaccous.]  Consisting  of  clay 
and  sand. 

argillocalcareous  (iir-jiFo-kal-ka're-us),  a. 
[<(irgilli)iix  +  culcarcous.]  Consisting'  of  clay 
and  calcarciius  earth. 

argillocalcitfe  (ilr-jil-o-kal'sit),  n.  [<  nrgillous 
+  ailcilc]  A  species  of  calcareous  earth  with 
a  largo  proportion  of  clay;  marl.      ' 

argilloferruginoUS  (ilr-jil"6-fe-ro'ji-nus),  a. 
[<  urgilliiii.s  +  firriiginous.]  Containing  clay 
and  iron,  as  a  niinei'al. 

argilloid  (iir-jiroid),  a.  [<  L.  argilla  (see  argil) 
+  -iiiil.]  Having  an  argillaceous  or  clayey  ap- 
pearance; like  argil  or  clay. 

Argillornis  (iir-ji-16r'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ar- 
gilla, white  clay  (see  argil),  +  Gr.  oprir,  bird.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  birds  from  the  London  clay  of 
Sheppey.  A.  lointiprnnvt  (Owen),  of  tniccrtain  aillnities, 
is  the  typical  species.  Tlie  fossil  remains  imlicate  a  litng- 
winged  bird  larger  than  an  albatross.     It.  Owen.  1878. 

argillous  (iir-.jil'us),  a.  [<  ME.  argillnus,  <  OP. 
argillos,  argillu.i.  mod.  F.  argilnix,  <  L.  argil- 
losus,  abounding  in  clay,  <  argilla,  white  clay: 
see  argil.]  Consisting  of  or  belonging  to  clay; 
clavey. 
20 


305 

argint,  arginet,  ".  [<  It.  arginc,  perhaps  <  L. 
aggerem,  ace.  of  aggrr,  a  mound:  se(^  agger.] 
An  embankment  or  ramjjart  in  front  of  a  fort. 

Argive  (ilr'giv),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Argirus,  <  Gr. 
'A^))«w;,  pertaining  to '!\/)) or,  jVrgos.]  I.  a.  Re- 
•  lating  to  Arfjos,  the  historii^  cajjital  of  Argo- 
lis  or  Argeia  in  Greece,  or  to  its  inhabitants,  or 
to  Aj'golis,  the  territory  of  Argos.  Tlie  Argive 
race  is  rei!rcscnted  in  Homer  as  the  most  powerful  in 
Greece,  and  hence  Anjive  is  often  used  as  equivalent  to 
Grecian  or  Greek. 

II.  «.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Argos 
or  of  Argolis;  a  Greek. 

argle-bargle  (iir'gl-bilr'gl),  r.  i.  [Also  argie- 
liargic,  argli-hargin,  etc. ;  a  varied  reduplica- 
tion of  argue]  To  argue  obstinately;  bandy 
words;  haggle.     [Scotch.] 

ArgO  (iir'go),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'A-pyCt,  name  of  Ja- 
son's ship,  lit.  the  swift ;  also  a  constellation 
named  after  this  ship ;  <  (ipyoc^,  swift,  glancing, 
bright,  white:  see  argent.]  1.  In  <Tr.mi/tli., 
the  name  of  the  ship  in  which  Jason  and  his 
fifty-fom' companions  sailed  to  (Colchis  in  quest 
of  the  golden  flee<'e. —  2.  An  ancient  southern 
constellation,  the  largest  iu  the   heavens.    It 


argosy 

on  the  Euxine  sea  in  ipiest  of  the  golden  fleece. 

This  they  setrured,  and  .la.'-on  also  lioie  back  with  him  and 
his  comrades  Vt  lolcus.  amid  wonderful  adventures,  tlic 
('olc)iian  king's  daughter  .Medea,  the  eiieliantress. 
Hence  —  2.  i>l.  Those  who  emigiated  to  Cali- 
fornia about  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  gold 
there:  as,  tlo'    (/./■■""'«  of '49. 


Ca/iopua. 


Ai^onaut  {Argottaula  arffo).  remate. 

3.  [/.  e.]  A  cephalopod  mollusk,  known  also 
as  the  paper-nautilus  and  paper-sailor.  The  com- 
mon .Mediterranean  species,  Anjimaxaa  an/o,  was  fabled 
to  ean-y  its  velamentous  arms  erect  as  sails,  and  thereby 
to  be  wafted  iiy  the  winds.  The  arms  are  in  fact  com- 
moidy  carried  appressed  to  tlie  shell,  and  progression  is 
effected  chielly  Iwickward,  as  with  other  cuttlefishes,  by 
the  ejection  r)f  water  through  the  siphon. 

Argonauta  (iir-go-na'ta),  «.  [L.,  an  Argonaut: 
see  .trgonaut.]  A  genus  of  cephalopods,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Argonautida: 

Argonautic  (iir-go-ua'tik),  a.  [<  L.  Argo>iau~ 
<it'H.s,  <  .trgnnauta,  Argonaut.]  Of  or  pertaia- 
ing  to  the  Argonauts,  or  relating  to  their  voy- 
age to  Colchis:  as,  the  Argonautic  story.  See 
Argonaut,  1. 

argonautid  (iir-go-na'tid),  n.  A  cephalopod  of 
the  family  .Irgonautida: 

Argonau'tidae  (iir-go-na'ti-de),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Argonauta  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  octopod  cepha- 


The  Constellation  Argo. 


contains  Canopus,  aft«r  Sirius  the  brightest  of  the  fixed 
stars.  By  modern  astronomers  it  is  connnonly  divided 
into  four  parts  ity  adding  the  distinctive  words  navis, 
carina,  puppis,  and  relum,  or  hull,  keel,  stem,  and  sail. 
3.  [/.  c]  In  »or)7..  the  technical  specific  name 
of  the  paper-nautilus,  Argonauta  argo. —  4.  In 
conch.,  a  genus  of  nudibranchiate  gastropods: 
synonymous  with  Doris.  Bohadseh. 
argol^  (ar'gol),  H.  [<  ME.  argoil,  argoyle,  AP. 
(irgoil :  origin  unknown ;  app;ir.  ult.  <  Gr.  npyic, 
white.]  Unrefined  or  crude  tartar;  a  hard 
crust,  consisting  of  potassiiun  bitartrate,  formed 
on  the  sides  of  vessels  iu  which  wine  has  been 
fermented,  it  is  purple  or  white  according  to  the  color 
of  the  wine.  Argol  is  used  by  dyers  to  dispose  the  stuffs 
to  take  their  colors;  and  the  purified  bitartrate,  called 
cream  of  tartar,  is  used  in  medicine,  co<iking,  and  the 
processes  of  tinrnng  and  silvering.  It  is  also  a  constitu- 
ent of  most  baking-powders.  Also  written  argal,  arijull, 
ari/all,  ur'jal. 

argol- (iir'gol),  H.  [Mongol.]  A  cake  of  dried 
camel's  dung,  used  by  the  Mongols  as  fuel. 

argolett,  argoulett,  «.  [OF.  argouM;  origin 
obscure.]  A  nicinl>er  of  a  French  corps  of  light 
cavalry  instituted  liy  liouis  XII.,  similar  to  the 
estradiots,  and  probably  armed  and  drilled  in 
partial  imitation  of  that  corps. 

argoletiert,  ".     [OF.]     Same  as  argolct. 

Argolic  (iir-gol'ik),  a.  [<  L.  ArgoliCH.s,  <  Gr. 
'Ap;o>/A<";.  pertaining  to  'Ap~<i'/.i(,  .(Vrgolis.  See 
Argirr.]  Belonging  to  Argolis.  the  teri'itory 
of  Argos,  a  district  of  Greece,  in  I'olDpiinuesus, 
between  Arcadia  and  the  .^Egeau  sea:  as,  the 
Argolic  Gulf. 

argon  (ar'gon),  H.  [<6r.  rip; (If,  lazy,  inert.]  A 
gaseous  element  liaving  a  density  of  nearly  L'O 
and  an  atomic  weight  of  aliout  40.  It  forms  nearly 
one  per  cent.  <»f  the  atmosphere,  and  is  also  obtained  froiri 
the  gases  yielded  by  the  water  of  some  springs,  and,  with 
helium  (which  see)."  from  certain  minerals  an<l  fri>ni  mete- 
oric iron.  It  was  first  recognized  iii  189.'i  by  Lord  Rayleigh 
and  Professor  W.  Kanisay,  who  seitarated  it  from  the  nitro- 
gen with  which  it  liad  till  then  been  ct,n(oundeil  largely 
because  of  its  chemical  inertness,  it  being  more  indifferent 
to  reagents  than  even  that  element.  Al-gon  is  believed  to 
l»e  monatomic,  but  its  place  in  the  cheinieal  classification 
is  as  yet  uncertain.  It  has  a  boiling-point  of — 187°  C,  ami 
lias  been  solidified  at  a  temperature  of  —190°  C.  It  yields 
two  characteristic  spectra,  marked  respectively  by  certain 
prominent  red  and  blue  lines. 

Argonaut  (tlr'go-uat),  «.  [<  L.  .Irgonauta,  <  Gr. 
\\p)ovarTii<:,  one  who  sailed  in  the  Argo.  <  'ApjiJ, 
Argo,  +  vaiTrK  (=  L.  nauta),  a  sailor,  <  I'oif,  a 
ship:  see  nare^.  nautiral.]  1.  One  of  the  heroes 
who,  according  to  the  ancient  Hellenic  myth, 
sailed  with  Jason  in  the  ship  Argo  to  Colchis 


AreoHaufa  ttrffo  (male),  wth  hcctf>cntytizcd  arm  attached.    (Sev- 
eral times  smaller  than  tlic  (eiii.dc.  though  shown  larger.) 

lopods,  represented  by  the  gepus  .irgonauta, 
with  an  ovoid  finless  body  and  the  two  upper- 
most arms  (in  the  female)  expanded  terminally 


Art^rmauta  ar/ro  (female),  swimming  in  the  direction  of  the  lai^ 
arrow  —  the  smaller  show^ng  the  current  from  the  siphon. 

into  broad  Hattish  velameiita,  which  secrete  a 
papery,  spiral,  single-cliambered,  involute  shell. 
Tlie  f.ainily  is  jiet-uliar  ill  the  development  of  the  shell. 
The  only  known  genus  \%Aritonauta.  The  shells,  popularly 
known  as  thcar'/o/xiuf,  paiter-naiailtig.  and  paiter-eailur, 
and  common  a.s  curiosities,  are  peculiar  to  the  female,  are 
secreted  by  the  velamentous  anns,  and  are  charged  ivith 
the  eggs  in  the  breeding  season. 
argosy  (iir'go-si),  «. ;  pi.  argosies  (-siz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  argosie,  argosei/.  argo:ee,  argosca, 
also  argose.  arguzc,  and  ragosie,  rhaguse,  and 
first  in  the  form  ragusije  (see  first  quot.),  <  It. 
Ragusea,  pi.  liagusee,  lit.  a  vessel  of  Ragusa  (in 
early  mod.  E.  also  Aragonse,  Arrago.<:a),  a  port 
in  Dalmatia  on  the  east  coast  of  the  Adriatic 
sea,  noted  for  its  commerce.]  A  large  merchant 
vessel,  especially  one  carrying  a  rich  freight. 

Furthennore.  how  acceptable  a  thing  this  may  be  to 
the  Jia'jwii/cs,  Hulks.  Caravels,  and  other  forei^  riciL 


argosy 

laden  ships  i>asstii^  \^'itliin  or  by  any  of  tlic  sea-linittfl  of 
llir  M.  s  iDyally. 

Dr.  John  Dee,  Petty  Navy  Royal,  in  Arber's  EnRlisli 
(Garner,  II.  07. 
There,  where  yotir  artjoificx  with  portly  sail, 
Lilie  signiors  ami  ricli  l)ur^:lH'rs  on  tlie  Hood,  .  .  . 
Do  overpecr  the  petty  trallicliers.    67ia*.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  1. 
I!y  tlie  Venetian  law,  no  slave  might  enter  a  Venetian 
ship,  and  to  tread  the  dcclc  (it  an  aiyufjl  of  Venice  became 
the  privilege  and  tile  evidence  ot  freedom. 

Bamraft,  Hist.  V.  R.,  I.  129. 

argot  (ar'go  or  ar'got),  n.  [F. ;  origin  obscure.] 
The  conventional  slang  of  a  class,  originally 
that  of  tliiovos  and  vagaboiuls,  devised  for 
purposes  of  disguise  and  concealment;  cant; 
slang. 

Argot  is  formed  .  .  .  by  the  adoption  of  foreign  words, 
by  the  absolute  suppression  of  grammar,  by  grotesque 
tropes,  wild  cataehresis,  and  allegorical  metonymy. 

Farrar. 
Words  or  expressions  in  an  ancient  language,  if  they 
happen  to  c<)incide  with  some  modern  argot  or  vulgarism, 
take  on  a  grotesque  association  which  is  not  due  at  all  to 
the  phr.ase  itself,  but  wllich  makes  the  phrase  seem  much 
bohler  tlian  it  really  is.  Quarterlg  llcv.,  CLXII.  177. 

argoulett,  «•     See  argokt. 

Argozoum  (iir-go-zo'um),  ji.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr. 
<iii}K,  iJoric  apyac,  a  kind  of  serpent  (ef.  ap})/(, 
bright,  etc.,  <  apyoc,  white),  +  Cuov,  animal.]  A 
genus  of  gigantic  animals,  formerly  supposed 
to  be  birds,  now  believed  to  be  dinosaurian  reji- 
tiles,  known  by  their  footprints  in  the  Triassic 
formation  of  the  Connecticut  valley.  Hitchcock, 
1848. 

arguable   (ar'gu-a-bl),   a.     [<  argtie  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  argued;  admitting  argument. 
Wiienmensay  *'merephilosopIiy,"  they  mean  something 
arguable,  something  deni.able. 

J.  It  Seeky,  Natural  Religion,  p.  1S4. 

argue  (ar'gii),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  argued,  ppr. 
arguing.  [<  ME.  argucn,  arguwcn,  <  OF.  (and 
mod.  F.)  urguer,  <  L.  arguerc,  declare,  show, 
prove,  make  clear,  reprove,  accuse ;  prob.  con- 
nected with  Gr.  apyog,  white,  bright,  etc. :  see 
argent,  and  cf.  declare,  lit.  make  clear.]  I.  ('«- 
trans.  1.  To  bring  forward  reasons  to  support 
or  to  overthrow  a  proposition,  an  opinion,  or  a 
measm-e ;  use  arguments ;  reason :  as,  A  argues 
in  favor  of  a  measure,  B  argues  against  it. 
"With  what  cunning 
This  woman  argues  for  lier  own  damnation  ! 

Beau,  and  FL,  Knight  of  Malta,  iii.  3. 
Yet  I  argue  not 
Against  Heaven's  hand  or  will,  nor  bate  a  jot 
Of  heart  or  hope.  Milton,  Soimets,  x™. 

Paul  argues  that  human  reason  so  seeking  for  God  can 
discover  his  power  and  liis  divinity,  and  holds  that  the 
true  God  is  not  far  from  every  one  of  us. 

Dau'son,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  206. 

2.  To  contend  in  argument;  dispute:  as,  you 
may  argue  with  your  friend  a  week  without 
convincing  him. 

For  e'en  though  vanquished,  he  could  argue  still. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Yil.,  1.  212. 
How  finely  we  argue  upon  mistaken  facts  ! 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  27. 

H,  trans.  1 .  To  debate  or  discuss ;  treat  by 

reasoning ;  state  the  reasons  for  or  against :  as, 

the  counsel  «/■(/««(?  the  cause  before  the  Supreme 

Court ;  the  cause  was  well  argued. 

I  must  submit 
To  the  divine  decree,  not  argue  it ; 
And  cheerfully  I  welcome  it. 
Fletcher  (and  Massingerl),  Lover's  Progress,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  evince ;  render  inferable  or  dedueible ; 
show ;  imply :  as,  the  order  visible  in  the  tmi- 
verse  argues  a  divine  cause. 

Not  to  know  me  argues  yourselves  uiiknown. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  830. 
These  were  words. 
As  meted  by  his  measure  of  himself. 
Arguing  boundless  forbearance. 

Tennpgon,  Aylmer's  Field. 

3.  To  affect  in  any  way  by  argument;  induce 
a  change  in  the  mind  of,  or  in  regard  to,  by 
persuasioi^  or  reasoning:  as,  to  argue  one  out 
of  his  purpose ;  to  argue  away  a  false  impres- 
sion. 

It  is  a  sort  of  poetical  logic  which  I  would  make  use  of 
to  argue  you  into  a  protection  of  this  play. 

Congreve,  Ded.  of  Old  Batchclor. 

4t.  To  accuse  or  charge;  impeach  or  convict: 
used  with  of. 

He  doth  implore, 
You  would  not  argue  him  o/  arrogance. 

B.  Jonson,  Ind.  to  Poetaster. 
I  have  pleaded  guilty  to  all  .  .  .  expressions  of  mine 
which  can  he  truly  argued  of  obscenity,  .  .  .  and  retract 
them.  Dnjden,  Pref.  to  Fables. 

=  S5m.' /Iri/iK",  Dispiae,  Debate,  Discusx,  plead,  expostu- 
late, remonstrate.  To  argue  is  to  defend  one's  opinion,  or 
to  exhibit  reasons  or  proofs  in  favor  of  some  assertion 
or  principle  ;  it  implies  a  process  of  detailed  proof  by  one 
or  more  persons.  To  dispute  may  be  to  call  in  question 
the  statemeuts  or  arguments  of  an  opposing  party  ;  as,  to 


306 

disjmle  about  an  award.  It  often  means  the  alternate  giv- 
ing of  reasons,  especially  by  two  persons.  It  is  often  ap- 
jilietl  to  mere  bickt-ring,  and  is  in  general  less  dignilied 
than  the  other  wdrds.  To  debate  is  to  interchange  argu- 
ments in  a  somewhat  formal  manner,  as  in  debating  soci- 
eties and  legislative  bodies.  To  discuss  is.  by  derivation, 
to  shake  or  knock  a  subject  to  pieces  in  order  to  find  the 
truth,  or  the  best  thing  to  be  done.  A  debate,  therefore, 
may  be  viewed  as  a  discusnivn,  or  a  discussion  as  a  debate. 
Strictly,  a  discussion  is  an  amicable  presentation  of  opin- 
ions, not  limited,  like  the  others,  to  affirmative  and  nega- 
tive sides  <if  a  proposition,  and  with  the  expectation  on  the 
part  of  allthat  theconclusi<»u  will  be  the  adoption  of  in  i  one 
person's  opinion  or  illan  innnodifled.  To  argue  a  point,  to 
dispute  a  position,  Uidisintte  with  a  neighbor,  to  debate  a 
motion,  to  discuss  a  subject  or  a  plan. 

Stubbornly  he  did  repugn  the  truth 
About  a  certain  question  in  the  law, 
Argu'd  betwixt  tlie  duke  of  York  and  him. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 
We  might  discuss  the  Northern  sin 
Wliicli  made  a  selfish  war  begin  ; 
Dispute  the  claims,  arrange  the  chances ; 
Emperor,  Ottoman,  which  shall  win. 

Tennyson,  To  Maurice. 
They  [lawyers]  found  time  to  debate  fully  all  the  points 
of  interest  raised  by  a  ease,  whether  the  solution  of  them 
was  necessary  for  the  actual  decision  or  not. 

F.  Pollock,  Land  Laws,  p.  IOC. 
The  archbishop  was  on  his  way  to  a  synod  where  the 
great  (juestion  wjis  to  he  discussed  whether  gas  might  be 
used  at  the  attar  instead  of  candles. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  43. 
arguel,  «.     Same  as  argcl. 
arguer  (iir'gu-er),  n.     [ME.  arguere;  <  argue  + 
-</■!.]     Oue  who  argues;    a  reasoner;  a  dis- 
jniter. 

argufier  (iir'gu-fi-er),  n.  One  who  argues  or 
argufies.     [CoUoq.] 

I  have  noticed  that  your  people  who  are  pretty  well 
agreed  .ore  always  the  fiercest  argufiers. 

W.  C.  Bussell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  i. 

argufy  (ar'gii-fi),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  argufied, 
ppr.  argufying.  [Improp.  <  argue  +  -/y.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  argue,  commonly  in  a  pertina- 
cious manner,  or  for  the  sake  of  controversj' ; 
■wrangle. 

It  ain't  no  use  to  argerfy  ner  try  to  cut  up  frisky. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  p.  15. 

2.  To  have  weight  as  an  argument ;  import ; 
simify. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  contend  about;  worry  with 
argimient. —  2.  To  signify;  mean. 

But  what  argufies  all  this  festivity?  'Tis  all  vanity  and 
vexation  of  spirit.  Mine.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  \i.  41. 

[In  all  uses  colloquial  or  dialectal.] 
arguitive  (ar-gu'i-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  *arguitus,  pp. 
of  arguere,  argue  (see  argue),  +  -/re.]  Having 
the  character  or  form  of  an  argument.  [Bare.] 
— Argiiitive  descent.  See  descent,  13. 
argulid  (Sr'gu-lid),  n.  A  fish-louse  of  the  fami- 
ly Argulida:. 
AJgulidae  (ar-gu'li-de),  n.  j;?.  [NL.,  <  Arguhis 
+  -('(/(r.]  A  family  of  siphonostomous  entomos- 
tracan  crustaceans,  typified  by  the  genus  Argu- 
lus.  These  fish-lice  have  a  flat  shield-like  body,  the  ce- 
phalothorax  coalesced  with  the  abdomen,  and  the  post- 
abdomen  rudimentary  and  bearing  two  tail-fins.  They  are 
parasitic  on  various  fishes,  especially  fresh-water  species, 
and  sometimes  attack  young  fishes  in  such  numbers  as  to 
cause  their  death.  The  family  with  some  authors  consti- 
tutes ;i  siitMiiiler  Branehiura. 

Argulina  (iir-gu-H'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arguhis 
+  -/«().]     The  Argulidm,  rated  as  a  subfamily. 

arguline  (iir'gu-lin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Argulina. 

Argulus  (ar'gu-lus),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  Gr. 
apyoi;,  contr.  of  atpy6(;,  living  'without  labor,  < 
a-  priv.  +  epyov  =  E.  ico/'i'.]  A  genus  of  fish- 
lice,  or  epizoio  entomostraeans,  the  type  of  the 
family  Argulida;.  it  is  one  of  the  most  singular  modi- 
fications of  these  parasitic  entomostraeous  crustaceans, 
and  is  a  common  parasite  upon  the  stickleback  and  vari- 
ous other  fishes. 

argument  (iir'gu-ment),  n.  [<  ME.  argument, 
<  OF.  argument  (F.  argument),  <  L.  argumentum. 
proof,  evidence,  token,  subject,  contents,  <  ar- 
guere, prove,  argue:  see  argue.']  1.  A  state- 
ment or  fact  tending  to  produce  belief  con- 
cerning a  matter  in  doubt ;  a  premise  or  prem- 
ises set  forth  in  order  to  prove  an  assumption 
or  conclusion. 

It  is  an  argument  the  times  are  sore, 
Wlien  virtue  cannot  safely  be  advanced. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  iii.  1. 
Thicker  than  arguments,  temptations  throng. 

Pojie,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  7.'i, 
Tlie  only  argument  available  with  an  east  wind  is  to  put 
on  your  overcoat.  Lowell,  Democracy. 

(This,  the  familiar  meaning  of  the  word,  probably  origi- 
nated in  Roman  law-courts.  The  usual  definition  given  by 
Cicero  and  almost  all  authorities  is  rati"  reiitubitefaciens 
Jidcm,  a  reason  causing  belief  of  adoulitful  matter.  Boe- 
tius  in  one  place  defines  it  as  a  medium  proving  a  con- 
clusion. The  word  medium  here  means  a  premise,  or 
premises,  according  to  all  the  commentators.  (Petrus 
Ilisp.,  tr.  v.  ad  init.)  But  since  medium  usually  means  the 
mitldle  temi  of  a  syllogism,  some  logicians  have  been  led 
to  give  argument  this  signification.] 


argumentable 

2.  The  middle  term  of  a  syllogism.  [See  pre- 
ceding note.] 

.Argument  is  the  bare  proof  or  mean  term  which  is  in- 
vented by  him  that  dispnteth,  to  prove  the  truth  of  the 
(luestion;  butargnmentati<ni  is  the  whole  reasoning  itself, 
of  what  form  soever  it  be,  comprehending  both  the  ques- 
tion and  also  the  proof  thereof.  Blutuieville,  1619. 

Argument  again,  argumentum, —  what  is  assumed  in 
order  to  argue  something,— is  properly  the  middle  notion 
in  a  reasoning  — that  through  which  the  conelnsion  is  es- 
tablished. &'ir  H'.  Hamilton. 

3.  A  reasoning ;  the  process  by  which  the  con- 
nection between  that  which  is  or  is  supjiosed 
to  be  admitted  and  that  which  is  doubted  or 
supposed  to  need  confirmation  is  traced  or 
tested. 

In  matters  of  wrong  arguments  do  confound  sense,  when 
in  explanation  of  light  they  do  sensibly  approve  it. 

Ford,  Honour  Triumphant,  ii. 

The  probability  which  she  easily  perceives  in  things 
thus  in  their  native  state  would  be  (juite  lost  if  this  argu- 
ment were  managed  learnedly  and  proposed  in  inoi>d  and 
figure.  Locke. 

We  do  not  know  God  by  argument,  by  reading  books  of 
evidences  or  books  of  theology  :  we  know  him  just  as  we 
know  the  external  world, — by  experience. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  162. 

4.  An  address  or  composition  made  for  the  pur- 
pose of  producing  belief  or  conviction  by  rea- 
soning or  persuasion. —  5.  A  series  of  argumen- 
tations for  and  against  a  proposition;  a  debate. 
—  6.  The  subject-matter  or  gi'oundwork  of  a 
discourse  or  writing;  specifically,  an  abstract 
or  summary  of  the  chief  points  in  a  book  or 
section  of  a  book:  as,  the  arguments  prefixed 
to  the  several  books  of  "Paradise  Lost"  were 
an  afterthought. 

That  the  whole  argument  fall  within  compass  of  a  day's 

business, 

B.  Jonson,  Ind.  to  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 
The  abstract  or  argument  of  the  piece  is  shortly  as  fol- 
lows. Jeffrey. 

7t.  Matter  of  contention,  controversy,  or  con- 
versation. 

And  sheath'd  their  swords  for  lack  of  argument. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  1. 

It  would  be  argument  for  a  week,  laughter  for  a  month, 
and  a  good  jest  forever.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 

The  remembrance  of  this  small  vexation 
Will  be  an  argument  of  mirth  for  ever. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  iii.  2. 

8.  In  math. :  (a)  Of  an  imaginary  quantity, 
the  coefficient  of  the  imaginary  unit  in  its  log- 
arithm, (b)  The  angle  or  quantity  on  which 
a  series  of  numbers  in  a  numerical  table  de- 
pends and  -with  which  the  table  is  entered,  if, 
for  example,  a  table  of  the  sun's  declination  were  formed 
corresponding  to  every  degree,  etc.,  of  longitude,  so  that, 
the  longitude  being  known,  the  declination  might  be  found 
opposite  to  it,  then  the  longitude  would  be  called  the 
argiiment  of  the  table.  Tables  of  double  entry  have  two 
arguments.  In  the  Ptolemaic  astronomy,  the  argument, 
without  qualification,  is  the  angular  distance  on  the  epi- 
cycle of  a  planet  from  the  true  apogee  of  the  epicycle  :  and 
tile  equation  of  the  argument  is  the  angulai*  distance,  as 
seen  from  the  earth,  of  a  planet  from  the  center  of  the  epi- 
cycle, the  ct.irreetion  to  the  sect  ind  inetiuality.  See  equa- 
tion.—Aisament  from  enumeration,  a  rude  kind  of 
induction  in  which  tlie  iiiftieiiee  is  nimle  that  something 
is  true  of  a  whole  class,  because  it  is  true  of  certain  mem- 
bers ot  that  class.— Argument  from  example,  ^ee  ex- 
ample.— Argument  from  exclusion,  an  argument  in 
which,  after  showing  that  all  causes  but  one  are  insutfi- 
cient  to  account  fur  "a  phenomenon,  it  is  urged  that  the 
one  reiiiaiiiini:  lause  must  lie  the  true  one.— Argument 
of  the  latitude,  the  are  .'f  the  iiitiit  itekuiud  h"ni  the 
asieiHliiit;  node. -Artificial  argument,  contentious 
argument,  cumulative  argument.  See  the  adjec- 
tives.—DUemmatic  argument,  "ne  which  purports  to 
show  that  a  whole  class  lias  a  certain  character  by  dividing 
it  into  parts,  and  .sliovviiii.'  that  every  pai't  has  that  char- 
acter.- Disjunctive  argument,  a  reasoning  of  the  form  : 
Sis  either  Pori;:  it  is  not  1':  la  lue  it  must  be  Q.— Dissen- 
taneous argument,  extrinsic  argument,  etc.  See 
the  acljeetives.—  Hypothetical  argument,  .an  argument 
one  of  whose  premises  is  a  hvpollutical  or  conditional 
proposition.  It  is  not  identical  v\itli  l'uj:<'l/h!ic  inference. 
See  Ai/;)o(Ai-(i'<-.— Inductive  argximent,  an  argument 
founded  on  an  induction.  — Negative  argument,  an  ar- 
gument which  eoncludestlie  lion  existence  of  a  phenome- 
non from  its  ftot  liavingbeenobserve<l.  (For other I'hrases, 
see  argumentum,  place,  }<riit,f.)  =  Svn.  3.  Plea.  Argument. 
"Plea  should  be  used  of  the  pleauings  or  of  the  arraign- 
ment before  the  trial,  not  of  the  ar;ntment  at  the  triaL 
A  plea  is  alwa,vs  addressed  to  the  court ;  an  argument  may 
be  addressed  either  to  tlie  court  or  to  the  jury."  A.  S. 
Hill,  Rhetoric,  p.  53. 

argumentt  (itr'gii-ment),  !'.  [<  ME.  arguinen- 
ten,  <  L.  argumentari,  adduce  proof,  <  argumen- 
tum :  see  argument,  n.]  I.  ititrajis.  To  argue; 
debate;  bring  forward  reasons.     Chaucer. 

II.  tran.i.  To  make  the  subject  of  an  argu- 
ment or  debate.     -V.  E.  D. 

argumenta,  «.     Plural  of  argumentum. 

argumentablet  (iir-gu-men'tii-bl),  a.  [<  LL. 
arguinentabilis,  that  may  be  proved.  <  L.  argu- 
mentari, adduce  as  proof:  see  argument,  r.,  and 
-able.]  Admitting  of  argument;  capable  of  be- 
ing argued. 


argnmental 

argumental   (iir-gu-moii'tal),  a.      [<  L.  nrgu- 

mvnldlis,  <.    (irf/umciitum :   seo   arffiimciit.}     Be- 
longing to  or  cousiating  in  urgiinicnt. 

llius  tln'y  (lisputi;,  t'liililillK  their  toriK'UfS'  report 
With  iiistuneea  atiil  arf/tnm'ntall  snwes. 

(f.  Mark/iain,  .sir  li.  Uriiiuile  (Arti.  reprint),  p.  49. 

I  am  .itlenstli  reeovereii  from  my  nr7»»«'H(n(  ileliritmi. 

Juhmon,  Kumtjlcr,  No.  U5. 

argumentation  (ar"gu-men-ta'shon),   J).      [= 

F.  (iiyiiiiiciilii/ion,  <  L.  arriumtHtiitio{)i-),  <  riri/it- 

niciittiri,  pj).  i(y(jiii)i<iilfiti(s,  adilui'o  as  proof:  sfo 

arriiimcnl,  i:]     1.  Tiio  .sotting  forth  of  reasons 

together  witli  tlie  eonrhi.sioii  drawn  from  tlioin ; 

also,  tho  premises  and  eonelnsion  so  set  forth. 

Tliose  scholastic  forms  of  discourse  arc  not  less  liable  to 

fallacies  than  the  plainer  ways  of  argmitentation.    Locke. 

Argumentation  or  re:lsoning  is  that  ojjeration  of  tlie 

mind  whereby  we  infer  one  thing,  thatis,  one  iinrposiiinn, 

from  two  or  more  pi'opositionspremi.sed.    Walts,  l.oKJe,  Int! 

2.  A  course  of  reasoning ;  diseussiou;  debate. 

Tlie  relation  of  his  mcaniiiK  to  science  is  essential,  but, 

in  orderly  anfitnifntaiiuii,  snl)sequent. 

Pup.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII,  (ii'J. 
=Syn.  See  rea-tonintj. 
argumentative  (;ir-gu-mcn'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  F. 
iiiiiiiiiiciiffitif,  <  L,  as  if  'ar</iiniciit(itivii.'i,  <  tii(/u- 
meiitatu.'i :  see  arfjumcittatioii.~\  1.  Consisting 
in  argument ;  containing  a  process  of  reason- 
ing; controversial:  as,  an  argumentative  dis- 
eoui'se. 

We  are  not  to  dwell  upon  the  mental  processes  which 
composed  the  proof,  upon  the  arr/uineiitative  part  of  re- 
ligioii ;  but  upon  the  things  proved. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  237. 

2.  Showing  reasons  for.     [Rare.] 
Another  thing  aegunientatim  of  Providence  is,  etc. 

Itai/,  Works  of  Creation. 

3.  Addicted  to  argument;  disputatious:  as,  an 
anjitmoitiifirc-wrUev;  ho  is  very  argumentative. 

argumentatively  (iir-gu-men'ta-tiv-li),  adv.  In 
an  argumentative  manner ;  witli  respect  to  rea- 
soning or  arguments. 

Bowles,  in  losing  his  temper,  lost  also  what  little  logic 
he  had,  and  though  in  a  vague  way  aistlietically  right, 
contrived  always  to  be  arijitmentativety  wrong. 

Lowell,  .Study  Witulows,  p.  430. 

argumentativeness  (ar-gfi-men'ta-tiv-nes),  11. 
The  quality  of  Ijcing  argumentative. 

Thus  was  the  young,  vai;uit  mind  fiiniisiied  with  niueli 
talk  about  Progress  of  tlie  spi-cifs,  j);irk  A^es.  I'lejiidiee, 
and  the  like,  so  that  all  were  (|uiekly  eiiou-^'h  lilowii  nut 
into  a  state  of  windy  aiyuinentarieeneas. 

Carhjle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  73. 


307 

spots.     Tho  general  plumage  is  brown,  variegated  with 
lighter  and  darker  tracery.     The  female  is  a  plain  liird. 


Argus-pheas-int. 

lacking  the  extraordinary  de 
velopment  of  the  wing-  and 
tail-fe.athers. 

4.  A  genus  of  gastro- 
pods. Bohad.ich,  1761. 
—  5.  A  genus  of  lepi- 
dopterous  insects.  <S'eo- 
poU,  1777. —  6.  A  genus 
of  arachnidans.  Walker, 
1837.— 7.  [/.c]  A  name 
of  certain  euryalean 
ophiurians,  or  sand-stars  with 
branching  arms — Shetland  ar- 
gUS,  the  Astrophyton  (or  Eurtjalr) 
ncutatum,  or  gorgiui'sdiead,  a  kimi 
of  basket-fish,  basket-urchin,  or  sea- 
basket,  sometimes  measuring  a  foot 
across.  Tlie  ultimate  ramifications 
of  its  rays  arc  estimated  to  be  some 
80,000  in  number.  See  Astrophyton 
and  baNket-Jish. 

Argus-eyed  (iir'gus-id),  a. 
Vigilant;  watchful;  e.xtreme- 
ly  observant.     See  Argus,  1. 


argumentator  (iir'gu-men-ta'tor),  n.     [LL.,  <      . 
L.  argumentatus :  see  argumentation.']   One  who  argUS-pheasant     (iir'gus-fez''- 
condncts  an  argument;  a  reasoner.     \.  E,  1).      ant),  n.     See  Argus,  3. 

argumentizet  (ar^gii-men-ttz),  V.  i.      [<  aryu-  argUS-shell  (iir'gus-shel),  n.     [< 

argii.s  (with  allusion  to  the  pea- 


cock's tail)  +  shell.']  A  gastro- 
pod of  tho  family  Ci/prtrida;  or 
porcelain-shells,  ('tjprera  aryus, 
beautifully  variegated  with  ocel- 
lated  spots.  It  is  an  inhabitant 
of  tho  Paeilio  ocean. 


ment  +  -izc.]  To  argue;  debate;  rea.son: 
as,  " aryumenti:ing  philosophy,"  Manntjngham, 
Discourses,  p.  34. 
argumentum  (iir-gu-men'tum),  n.  •  pi.  argu- 
mintii  {-t'd).  IL.:  st'etiryuinent.]  An  argument. 
—Argumentum  ad  cnunenam,  an  argument  appealing 

totlie|Miise.or  to  nnes  ilesiri'to  saveliioiiev.  -Argumen- 

KoiS!^°!:n  argomenu;;::;;:,";,^.^^!!^^^!;!^  argutationr(ar:^k'shon),  «.     [<  argute,  q.  V. 
■  '        Lt.  \j.  aryutatio(n-),  a  creaking,  <  aryuiari,  pp. 

aryutatus,  creak,  make  a  noist^,  <  aryutus,  clear, 
shaiii,  shrill:  see  aryute.]  Cavil;  over-refine- 
ment in  arguing ;  quibble;  subtlety:  as,  "friv- 
olous argutations,"  Bp.  Hall,  Myst.  of  Godli- 
ness, 8. 
argute  (iir-gut'),  a.  [<  L.  a)'(7Mfi«,  clear,  bright, 
sharp,  sagacious,  formally  pp.  of  arguerc,  make 
clear:  see  «;v/hc.]  1.  Sharp,  as  a  taste ;  shrill, 
as  a  sound. — 2.  Subtle;  ingenious;  sagacious; 
shrewd;  keen. 

I  will  have  him,  continued  my  father,  .  .  .  vifi;ilant, 
acute,  arffute,  inventive.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shaniiy. 


up. 
igtioniuee  "t  tlie  niattir  m  (lis|iiite.  — Argumentum  ad 
invidiam,  an  ar^umeot  appealing  to  ones  hatieds  or 
prejudires.  -  Argumentum  ad  Judicium,  an  argnment 
.addressed  to  the  jod.,'niiiit  ;  a  pro.if  drawn  from  any  of 
the  fouiidati(ius(if  kje. "ledge  or  pr.ilialiilitv.  — ATgUmen- 
timi  ad  verecundlam  (litemlly,  an  appeal  to  one's  mod- 
esty), an  argiinieiit  frnui  tlie  opijiii.ns  of  men  whose  ^iews 
are  eonimonly  aeeepted  as  :iiithuritati\  e.     Also  ealled  (?/■- 

ffumeii'  /rum  H'l'AonVi/.— Argumentum  baculinum,  an 
appeal  to  force;  club-  or  lynch-law.— Argumentum  ex 
COncessO,  an  argument  based  on  some  previous  admis- 
sion. 

Argus  (iir'gus),  «.  [Ij.,  <  Gr.  "Apyoc,  <  apjdf, 
bright.]  1.  In  Grecian  legend,  a  giant  of  vast 
strength,  held  in  early  times  to  have  foiu-  eyes, 
and  later  to  have  eyes  without  number.  Hera 
set  him  to  guard  the  heifer  lo,  and  after  he  was 
slain  by  Hermes  transferred  his  eyes  to  the  tail 
of  the  peacock.  Hence  —  2.  Any  observant  or 
sharp-sighted  person :  as,  he  is  a"  very  Argus  in 
watchfulness. — 3.  In         ' 


The  active  preacher,  tho  restless  missionary,  the  arrtute 
scliotdinan.  Miltnan,  Latin  Christianity,  x, 

argutely  (iir-git'li),  adv.     1.  Shrilly. — 2.  In  a 
sharji  or  subtle  manner;  sagaciously;  shrewdly. 

Stirne. 


..  ornitli. :  («)  A  gemis  of  ^  ,..      .^,       .  ,     ,,,    .,,  _ 

gallinaceous  birds,  of  the  order  Gallium  and  arguteness  (ar-gut  nes),  «.     1.  Shnlluess.— 2 
family  iVi«.«OH»te,  characterized  by  the  enor-     Acuteness;  wittmess;  sagacity;  shi'ewdness. 
mous  development  of  tho  secondary" feathers  of 
the  wings  and  middlt!  feathers  of  the  tail,  the 
former  being  adorned  with  numerous  ocelli,  lik- 
ened to  the  many  eyes  of  Argus.     The  type  is  the 
argus-phe:usant  {/Voi,vo(/i».s'  ftn/i/s,  or  Arpus  iji'^anteus  or 
paixininiis)  of  the  Malay  arehipclago.     Other  species  or 
varieties  are  the  Aritus  ijraiii  of  Kliiot,  from  lionieo,  the 
Argtis  ocellatus  of  Verreaux,  and  the  Ariiiin  hipiinetnlii.\. 
Other  forms  of  the  word,  as  a  genus  name,  are  .■lr'/'/.v(F/i»/-s- 
and  Argmianm.      ^ft)    [/.  c.]   Any  species  of  the 
genus  Argus;  an  argus-pheasant.    The  common 
species  has  a  body  only  abialt  as  large  !13  that  of  a  barn 
yard  hen   - 
length,  owing 
tail-feathers,     iiie  inner  featliers  of  the  wing 


ThisIScnecaJ  tickles  you  by  starts  with  his  arguteneitt, 
that  [I'lutarch]  pleases  you  for  continuance  with  his  jiro- 
priety.  Dryden,  Plutarch,  p.  US. 

Argynnis  (iir-iin'is),  «.  [NXi.,  appar.  orig.  a 
misprint  for  *arg!/rius  or  'aryyreus,  <  Gr.  a/j;i- 
pfof,  silvery,  <  tip)  I'pof,  silver.]  A  genus  of  l)ut- 
terfiies,  of  the  family  Xi/niplialid(r,  commonlv 
called  fritillaries,  the  several  species  of  which 
have  the  imder  side  of  the  wings  marked  with 
silvery  sjiots.  .(.  paphia,  tho  silver-washed 
fritillarv,  is  a  tvpical  example, 
n,  but  sometimes  meiLsures  5  or  0  feet  m  total   arCVrarithemOUS  (iir-ii-ran'the-mus),«.     [<  Gr. 

ownng  to  the  extraordinary  development  of  the   '•jej^'*"""^'""""  ^ .     -i  • ''      ■,'-,, 

hers.    The  inner  feathers  of  the  wing  are  2  or  :i     [W  'V"^<  ^''^"'•'i'.  +  ."^"^fov,  a  flower.]      In  bot.. 


feet  long,  and  beautifully  occllated  with  metallic  hideaceut     having  silvery-white  flowers.     Craig,  1847. 


aria 

argyranthoua  (;ir-ji-ran'thns),  a.  [<  Gr.  li/)- 
;i7««,  silver,  +  ('ifllnc;,  a  llower.]  In  bot.,  game 
its  ciryfirini lliemnus. 

argyraspid  (iir-ji-ras'pid),  n.  [<  Gr.  apyvpaaiTi- 
iVr,  pi.,  lit.  the  silver-shielded,  <  up)  upof,  silver, 
-I-  ilrr-if  ((iirmr!-),  a  shield.]  A  soldier  of  achoson 
liody  in  the  army  of  Alexander  the  Great,  distin- 
guished l)y  carrying  shields  plated  with  silver, 
as  a  mark  of  honor.  'Jhe  name  was  retained  after 
the  time  of  Alexander  for  soldiers  of  similar  chosen  IxHlies 
in  other  .Macedonian  ami  Greek  armies. 

arg3n:ia  (ar-.jir'i-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ap/iipof,  sil- 
ver. +  -id.]     Siiino  as  aryi/rism. 

argyriasis  (iir-ji-n'a-sis),'«.  [NL.,  <Gr.  apj-upof, 
silvof,  +  -idsis.]     Same  as  aryyrism. 

ar^yric  (iir-jir'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  apyvprnd^,  of  silver, 

<  upyvpiif,  silver,  silver  money;  cf.  L.  equiv.  ar- 
gentum:  seo  argent.]  In  cAcw.,  of  silver:  same 
as  argeutie. 

argyrism  (ilr',ji-rizra),  n.  [(For  form,  cf.  Gr. 
(i/i;  vpinimr,  a  getting  money,  <  apyvpiCenOai,  get 
money)  <  Gr.  ap}vp!(eii',  bo  of  a  silver  color,  < 
apyvpnq,  silver,  money.]  A  discoloration  of  tho 
skin  and  other  parts  of  tho  body  due  to  tho 
medicinal  use  for  a  considerable  time  of  prep- 
arations of  silver.  It  is  caused  by  the  deposition  of 
silver  or  its  coin|)ounds  in  a  state  of  minute  subdivision  in 
certain  tissues.     Also  anjyria,  argt/ria.fiji. 

argyrite  (ar'ji-rit),  «.  [<  Gr.  apyvplnc,  silver 
ore,  fem.  of  (ip)vpiTri^,  of  silver,  <  dpyvpor,  sil- 
ver.]    In  mineral.,  same  as  argcntite. 

argjrrized  (iir'ji-ri/.d),  a.  [<  Gr.  apj  vpo^,  silver, 
+  -i:e  +  -id".]     Exhibiting  argyrism. 

argyrodite  (iir-jir'o-dit),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apyv- 
/Kjih/c,  like  silver,  rich  in  silver  (<  up-,vpoc,  sil- 
ver, -f-  fiMof,  form),  +  -ite".]  A  mineral  con- 
taining silver,  sulphur,  and  the  new  element 
germanium.  It  occurs  in  steel-gray  crystalline 
;ii;gi-ogates  at  Freiberg,  Saxony. 

Argyroneta  (iir'ji-ro-ne'tii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
°/'/  iy"'f,  silver,  -I-  vifTuc,  verbal  adj.  of  velv,  spin.] 
A  genus  of  aepiatic  spi- 
ders, of  tho  family 
Agalenidw  (or  Araneidcc 
in  a  strict  sense).  The 
ty])e  of  the  genus  is  the  well- 
known  water-spiiler  or  div- 
ing-spider, ^.(i7f/((^V(T,  of  Ku- 
rojie,  which  spina  a  tubular 
well  under  water,  like  a  div- 
ing-bell, mouth  downward, 
which  is  then  intlated  with 
air  carried  down  in  bubbles 
UJiou  tile  spider's  lioily  and 
set  free  beneath  the  bell. 

Argjrropelecinae  (ar'ji- 
ro-pel-e-si'ne),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Aryijropelccus  + 
-ina:]  A  subfamily  .1' 
Sternoptijeliida;  repii' 
sented  by  tho  genu- 
Aryijropcleeus,  with  tlic 
abdominal  outline  ab- 
ruptly contracted  in  ad- 
vance of  tho  anal  fin, 
several  produced  neural 
spines  constituting  a 
serrifonu  ridge  in  advance  of  the  dorsal  fin, 
and  about  nine  branchiostegal  riiys. 

Argyropelecus  (iir'ji-ro-pel'e-kus),  H.      [NL., 

<  Gr.  ap)vpnc,  silver,  +  -f/fMf,  hatchet.]  Tho 
typical  genus  of  fishes  of  the  subfamily  Argij- 
ropelecina; :  so  called  from  the  silvery  color  and 
somewhat  hatchet-like  shape. 

argyrose  (iir'ji-ros),  n.  [F.,  <  Gr.  apyvpo^:  see 
aryent.]    In  mineral.,  same  as  argcntite. 

arh-,  in  words  of  Greek  origin.     See  arrit-. 

Arhan  (iir'tum),  «.     Same  as  Arliat. 

arhapedan  (iir-hap'e-dan),  H.  A  Sjn-ian  mea- 
sure of  land,  a  square  of  100  feet  on  the  side. 

Arhat  (iir'hat),  n.  [<  Skt.  arhant,  deseiwing, 
worthy,  fit,  ppr.  of  ■\/  arh,  deserve,  be  worthy.] 
The  highest  rank  of  Buddhist  saintship:  spe- 
cifically, one  of  the  original  five  hundred  disci- 
ples of  Gautama  Ruddha.  Also  Arahat,  Bahat, 
and  Arhan,  Hahan. 

arhatship  liir'liat-ship),  H.  [<  Arhat  +  -ship.] 
The  state  of  an  Arhat.    Also  arahatship. 

Tile  central  point  of  primitive  lluddliism  was  the  doc- 
trine of  Aratiat.ihift,  —  a  system  of  ethical  and  mental  .self- 
culture,  in  which  deliverance  wa^  found  from  all  the  mys- 
teries and  sorrows  of  life  in  a  change  of  heart  to  be  reached 
here  on  eaitli.  Enci/c.  Brit.,  XIV.  22«. 

arhizal,  arhizous,  a.  More  common  but  less 
correct  forms  of  arrhi:al,  arrhizous. 

aria  (a'ri-il  or  a'ri-ii),  n.  [It.,  <  L.  aer,  air:  see 
air'i,  also  ni'rl.]  In  music:  (a)  A  rhythmical 
and  metrical  melody  or  time  for  a  single  voice 
(rarely  for  a  monophonous  instrument),  having 
a  vocal  or  instrumental  accompaniment:  dis- 


'1 

5^ 

^ 

^ 

"^ 

^ 

^Valcr-spidcT 
[Ar^yremeta  aguntica). 


aria 

tinguisUed  from  a  song  bj'  being  less  simple 
ana  less  purely  IjTical.  The  arid  (jrandc  is  the 
next  most  elaborate  species  of  solo  vocal  music 
to  the  sccnu  (which  see).  (/;)  A  ilistinct  fonn 
of  solo  vocal  music,  distinguished  by  a  clear 
division  into  thi-eo  jiaits,  namely,  a  jiiincipal 
section,  a  subordinate  section,  and  a  repeti- 
tion, with  or  without  alterations,  of  the  first 
section  :  otherwise  known  as  the  da  capo  form, 
(f)  A  solo  movement,  whether  in  strict  aria 
form  or  not,  in  an  extended  vocal  work,  like  an 
opera  or  an  oratorio:  as,  the  soprano  aria  "I 
know  that  my  Redeemer  liveth."    See  o»-3,  1. 

Arianl  (ii'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly  also  Ar- 
rian  (AS.  Arrianisc);  =F.  Arien,  <  LL.  Ariaiiiis 
(<  LGr.  'Ai>eiav6(),  <  Arlus.  Alius  (improp.  Ar- 
riits),  <  Gr.  "Apeiog,  a  man's  name,  prop,  adj., 
martial,  warlike,  of  Ares  or  Mars,  <  "Api/c,  Ares, 
Mars:  see  J  res.]  I.  a.  1 .  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  natm'e  of  the  doctrines  of  Arius.  See  II. 
—  2.  Adhering  to  Arius  or  his  doctrines. 

II.  II.  In  theol.,  one  who  adheres  to  the  doc- 
trines of  Arius  and  his  school.  Alius  was  a  pres- 
byter of  the  churcll  of  Alex.indriii  iu  the  fourtli  century. 
He  held  that  the  Son  was  begotten  of  the  Father,  and  tliere- 
fore  not  coeternal  nor  consubstantial  with  tlie  Father,  but 
created  by  arul  subordinate  to  the  Fatlier,  though  pos- 
sessing a  similar  nature.  The  name  Arian  is  given  in  the- 
ology not  only  to  all  those  who  adopt  this  particular 
view  of  the  nature  of  Cltrist,  but  also  to  all  those  who, 
holding  to  the  divine  nature  of  Christ,  yet  maintain  his 
dependence  upon  and  subordination  to  the  Father  in  the 
Godhead.  As  a  class  tlie  Arians  accept  the  Scriptiu'es  as 
a  divinely  inspired  and  authoritative  book,  and  declare 
their  doctrines  to  be  sustained  by  its  teachings.  The  doc- 
trine of  Arius  was  authoritatively  condemned  by  the 
Council  of  Nice  A.  1).  325,  which  decreed  that  Jesus 
Clu'ist  w.as  "  very  God  of  very  God ;  begotten,  not  made ;  of 
one  substance  with  the  Father." 

Arian'^,  a.  and  n.     See  Aryan. 

-arian.  [<  L.  -dri-us  (E.  -(/iv/l,  -ar^)  +  -dii-us, 
E.  -ail.}  A  compound  suffix  of  Latin  origin, 
forming  adjectives,  and  thence  noims,  from  or 
instead  of  adjectives  or  nouns  in  -anj^.  Words 
so  formed  refer  sometimes  to  things,  as  agrarian,  but 
chiefly  to  persons,  either  in  regard  to  pursuit  or  occupa- 
tion, as  antiquarian,  or  to  .age,  as  sezafie}ianan,  octoge- 
narian, centenarian,  etc.,  or  to  religious  or  social  belief 
and  practice,  as  Aqnarian.,  Millenarian.  necessarian,  Su~ 
}iralapsarian.  Unitarian,  humanitarian,  utilitarian,  etc. 
In  the  last  use  the  termination  is  extended  to  words  of 
non-Latin  origin,  as  anythin</arian,  nothingarian. 

Arianism  (a'ri-an-izm),  n.  [=  F.  Ariaiiisme,  < 
Or.  'Apciavia/ii;,  <  'Apeiavil^eiv,  Arianize.]  The 
doctrines  of  the  Arians.     See  Ariaii'^,  n. 

Arianize  (a'ri-an-iz),  i\  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Arianized, 
ppr.  Arianldng.  [<  LGr.  'ApuayiCuv,  be  an  Arian, 
<  a,pE(ai>(if,  Arian :  see  Aria n'^.']  J,,  traits.  To  ren- 
der conformable  to  Arianism;  convert  to  Ai'i- 
anism. 

n.  intrans.  To  favor  or  admit  the  tenets 
of  the  Arians;  tend  toward  Aj-ianism:  as,  an 
Ariani:ing  sect  of  Christians. 

Arianizer  (a'ri-an-i-zer),  It.  One  who  favors, 
tends  toward,  or  converts  others  to  Arianism. 

Arica  bark.    See  biirk^. 

aricari  (ar-i-ka'ri),  n.     See  araeari. 

Aricia  (a-rish'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  prob.  <  L.  Aricia, 
a  town  in  Latium,  now  (It.)  La  Biccia.}  The 
tj-pical  genus  of  the  family  Arieiidtc. 

Ariciidae  (ar-i-si'i-de),  n.  pi.  \KL.,<Arieia  + 
-idte.']  A  family  of  free  marine  annelids,  of  the 
order  Cha-topoda. 

aricin  (ar'i-sin),  n.  [<  Arica,  the  name  of  a  place 
(formerly  in  Peru,  nowinChiU)  whence  the  bark 
is  exported,  +  -iii^.']  An  alkaloid  found  in  the 
bark  of  some  species  of  Ciiicliona.     See  bark^. 

arid  (ar'id),  a.  [<  L.  aridiis,  dry,  <  arere,  be 
dry.]  Dry;  without  moisture;  parched  with 
heat;  hence,  liguratively,  uninteresting,  life- 
less, didl,  pithless,  etc. 

The  arid  abstractions  of  the  schoolmen  were  succeeded 
by  the  fanciful  visions  of  the  occult  philosojihers. 

I.  Disraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  286. 
As  arid  .as  a  tuft  of  moss  (a  thing  whose  life  is  in  the 
shade,  the  rain,  or  the  mountain  dew)  crnmbling  in  the 
sunsliine,  after  long  expectance  of  a  shower. 

llawthoriu;,  Blitliedale  Romance,  xi. 

The  capital  defect  of  cold,  arid  natures  is  the  want  of 

animal  spirits.  Emerson,  Society  and  Solitude. 

aridas  (ar'i-das),  n.     [Native  name.]     A  kind 
of  taffeta,  or  plain  smooth  silk  stuff  without 
pattern,  from  the  East  Indies. 
aridge  (.i-rij' ),  iirtp.  jdir.  as  adc.    [<  «3  +  ridge.} 
In  a  ridge ;  in  or  into  a  ridge-like  position. 
You're  oUers  quick  to  set  your  back  aridne, 
Though't  suits  a  tom-cat  morc'n  a  sober  bridge. 

Lowell,  Monument  to  the  Bridge. 

aridity  (a-rid'i-ti),  «. ;  pi.  aridities  (-tiz).  [=F. 
ariditc,  <  L.  nriditas,  dryness,  <  aridii.i,  dry:  see 
arid.}  1.  The  state  of  being  arid;  dryness; 
want  of  moisture. —  2.  Figuratively,  want  of 
interest;  dryness;  lifelessness. 


308 

The  harsh  ascetic  mode  of  treating  philosophy  by  the 
schnnhnen  generated  a  corresponding  barrenness,  ariditij 
and  repulsiveness,  in  the  rigid  fonns  of  their  tecluiical 
langu.age.  I>c  (Juineey,  .Style,  iv. 

I  have  often  been  reproached  with  the  aridity  of  my 
genius.  Poe,  Tales,  I.  146. 

3.  Dullness  of  mind  or  situation ;  depression ; 
tedium. 

strike  my  soul  with  lively  apprehensions  of  tliy  excel- 
lences, to  bear  up  my  spirit  under  the  greatest  aridities 
and  dejections.  A'orris. 

aridness  (ar'id-nes),  n.     Same  as  aridity. 

Around  and  lictween  the  ruined  cities,  and  reaching  far 
and  wide  to  the  north  and  east,  were  blank  aridnem  and 
desolation.  0' Donoran,  ilerv,  xx. 

-arieae.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.  of  -arieus,  <  L.  -dri-its  -f- 
-e-iis :  see  -on/l  and  -eotts.}  In  bot.,  an  ordinal 
termination,  used  by  some  authors  in  a  very 
few  eases  instead  of  the  more  common  -acetc. 

Ariell  (a'ri-el),  «.  [In  def.  1,  <  LL.  arid,  <  Gr. 
upii/'A,  <  Heb.  ariel,  in  the  passage  cited  of  un- 
certain meaning,  perhaps  'fire-altar  of  God' 
(Gesenius) ;  elsewhere  in  the  Old  Testament  as 
a  man's  name  and  as  an  appellation  of  Jerusa- 
lem, where  it  is  taken  as  '  lion  of  God.'  Hence, 
in  'T.  Heywood  and  Milton,  the  name  of  an 
angel,  and  in  Shakspere  of  an  '  airy  spirit ' 
{X.  E.  D.).  There  is  an  allusion  in  the  poets' 
use  to  aerial,  airy'^ ;  hence  the  application  to  a 
heavenly  body  and  to  birds.]  It.  [_!.  c]  An 
altar.     See  etymology  and  quotation. 

Forsothe  the  ylk  ariel  or  auter  [thilke  ariel,  that  is  the 
hisere  part  (pf  the  auter,  Purv.]  of  foure  cubitis,  and  fro 
ari^l  [the  auter,  Purv.]  vn  to  above,  foure  corners. 

Wydif,  Ezek.,  xliU.  15, 16(0.\f.  ed.). 

2.  The  innermost  of  the  satellites  of  Uranus, 
discovered  by  Lassell  in  1851.  It  revolves 
about  its  primary  in  2J  days. — 3.  [?.  c]  In 
oniith.,  applied  to  sundry  birds  of  buoyant  airy 
flight:  as,  the  ariel  swallow,  Clielidon  arid ;  the 
arid  petrel,  Procellaria  ariel;  the  ariel  toucan, 
Rliamphastos  ariel. 
arieP  (a'ri-el),  «.  [<  At.  aryil,  var.  of  ayyil,  a 
stag,  applied  in  Syria  to  the  gazel  (Dozy) ;  ef. 
At.  also  iydl,  a  stag.]  In  zool.,  an  Arabian 
gazel,  Gaxlla  dama. 

They  are  dainty  little  antelopes,  these  gazelles  and 
Uriels  of  the  Soudan.  Contemporary  Rev.,  XLIX.  854. 

arierbant,  «.     See  arriere-ban. 

Aries  (a'ri-ez),  n.  [<  L.  aries  (ariet-),  OL.  ares 
=  It.  and  Gael,  reith,  a  ram.]  1.  One  of  the 
zodiacal  constellations. — 2.  The  first  sign  of 
the  zodiac  (marked  f),  which  the  sun  enters 


Arimaspian 

She  hastened  to  beseech  their  attention  unto  a  military 
arietle.  Scott. 

aright  (a-rif),  jirep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME.  aright, 
ari^t,  arilit,  etc.,  <  AS.  driht,  earlier  on  riht, 
aright:  on,  E.  «*;  riht,  E.  right:  see  right,  n. 
The  second  sense  is  modern.]  1.  Rightly;  in 
a  right  way  or  form  ;  without  error  or  fault. 

Nor  can  a  num  of  passions  judge  aright. 
Except  his  mind  be  from  all  pa-ssions  free. 

air  J.  iJavies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  iv. 

These  mingled  seeds  thy  hand  shall  set  aright, 
All  laid  in  heaps,  each  after  its  own  kind. 

Willium  .Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  264. 

2.  To  or  toward  the  right  hand.     [Rare.] 

The  affrighted  foemen  scatter  from  his  spear,  aright,  aleft 
Southey,  Joan  of  Arc,  vi.  308, 

Ariina  (ar-i-i'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arius  +  -iiia.} 
In  Giinther's  classification  of  fishes,  a  group  of 
Siluridai  proteroptera,  with  the  anterior  and 
posterior  nostrils  close  together  and  ^vithout 
nasal  barbels:  synonjTnous  with  AriincB. 

Ariinae  (ar-i-i'ne),  n.pl.  [XL.,  <  Arius  +  -i«<E.] 
In  ichth.,  a  subfainily  of  siluroid  fishes,  tj-pified 
by  the  genus  Arius.  They  liave  a  form  resembling 
that  of  the  North  .\mericau  cattishes,  but  the  anterior 
nostrils  are  close  to  the  posterior,  and  the  latter  have  no 
barbels.  Most  species  have  a  bony  occipital  shield,  be- 
tween which  and  the  dorsal  fin  is  a  smaller  antedorsal 
shield ;  the  dentition  is  variable,  but  palatine  teeth  are 


The  Constellation  Aries. 

at  the  vernal  eqxunox,  March  21st,  and  leaves 

April  20th.     Owing  to  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes, 

the  constellation  Aries  has  moved  completely  out  of  the 

sign  of  the  same  name,  which  is  now  occupied  by  the 

constellation  Pisces. 

3.  [NL.]   In  ro67.,  a  genus  of  mammals.  Storr, 

1870. 

arietatet,  r.  i.  [<  L.  arictatus,  pp.  of  arieiarc, 
butt,  as  a  ram,  <  aries  (ariet-),  a  ram :  see  Aries.} 
To  push  or  butt  like  a  ram.     Bailey. 

arietationt  (ar'i-e-ta-shon),  «.  [<  L.  ariefa- 
tio(n-),<.  arictare,  butt :  see  nrietatc.}  1.  The  act 
of  butting  like  a  ram. —  2.  The  act  of  battering 
with  a  battering-ram. 

Ordnance  do  exceed  all  arietations  and  ancient  inven- 
tions. Bacon,  Essays,  No.  58. 

3.  The  act  of  colliding  or  conflicting.    Glanvillc. 
arietiform   (ar-i-et'i-f6rm),  a.     [<  L.  Arici 

(Ariel-),  a  sign  of  the  zodiac   (see  Aries),  + 

forma,  form.]   Having  the  shape  of  the  symbol 

of  the  zodiacal  sign  Aries  (T). 
arietine  (ar'i-e-tin),  a.      [<  L.  arictiiius.  <  aries 

((irirt-),  a  ram:  see  Aries.}   Butting;  pertaining 

to  or  having  the  nature  of  a  ram. 
The  gap  in  the  fence  discovered  by  their  arietine  leader. 
Literary  World.  June,  1871. 
arietta  (a-ri-et'ta),  «.     [It.,  dim.  of  aria,  q.  v.] 

A  sliort  song ;  an  air,  or  a  little  air. 
arietta  (;i-ri-et'),  «.     [F.,  <  It.  arietta,  q.  v.] 

Same  us  arietta. 


Salt-water  Catfish  [Arius/elis). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  rSS^.) 

usually  present.  About  100  species  are  known,  most  of 
which  are  inhabitants  of  the  tropical  or  warm  seas.  The 
males  of  many  species  carry  the  eggs,  which  are  of  large 
size,  in  their  mouth,  and  there  hatch  them.  A  few  reach 
a  length  of  nearly  5  feet. 

aril  (ar'il),  n.  [=  F.  ariJU  =  Sp.  arilla  =  Pg. 
It.  arillo,  <  NL.  arillus,  <  ML.  arilli  (pi.),  dried 
grapes,  <  L.  aridiis,  dry :  see  arid.}  In  hot.,  a 
term  variously  applied  to  the  accessory  cover- 
ings or  appendages  of  seeds.  It  is  sometimes  used 
in  a  general  sense,  without  regard  to  form  or  place  of  ori- 
gin, and  includes  the  strophiole,  caruncle,  and  arillode  (see 
these  words) ;  but  it  is  usually  limited  to  a  more  or  less 
nearly  complete  seed-covering  vvhich  originates  from  the 
funiculus  near  the  hilum,  or  from  the  placenta  when  there 
is  no  funiculus.     Also  arillus. 

ariled  (ar'ild),  a.     Same  as  arillate. 

arillate  (ar'i-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  arillaius,  <  arillus: 
see  aril.}  Furnished  with  an  aril,  as  the  fruit  of 
the  spindle-tree. 

arillated  (ar'i-la-ted),  a.     Same  as  arillate. 

arilli,  ".     Phu'al  of  arillus. 

arilliform  (a-ril'i-form),  a.  [<  NIj.  arillu.%  aril, 
+  L.  forma,  form.]     Ha's'ing  the  form  of  an  aril. 

arillode  (ar'i-16d),  «.  [<  NL.  'ariUodiiim,  <  aril- 
lus, aril,  +  Gr.  eldoc,  fonn.]  In  bot.,  a  false  aril: 
sometimes  applied  to 
a  form  of  aril  wliieh 
originates  fi'om  the 
mieropyle  or  raphe 
instead  of  at  or  be- 
low the  hilum,  as  in 
the  nutmeg.  Also 
spelled  arilode. 

arillus  (a-ril'us),  ». ; 
pi.  arilli  (-1).  [NL.] 
Same  as  aril. 

Arilus  (ar'i-lus),  n. 
[NXi.]  Agenusof  het- 
eropterous  hemip- 
terous  insects,  of  tho 
tamilylieduviiiUv.tor- 
merly  including  the 
species  of  I'rioiiidus, 
as  the  wheel-bug. 

Arimasp  ( ar'i-masp), 
H.  [<  L.  .Irimaspi,  < 
Gr.  'Api/jaa-oi,  pi.,  a 
'  Scythian'  word,  said 

to  mean  'one-eyed';  according  to  Herodotus, 
'Scythian,'  <  apiua,  one,  +  mrov,  eye;  according 
to  Eustathius,  <  apt,  one,  4-  /joo-of.  eye.]  One 
of  the  Arimaspi,  a  mrthical  tribe  of  Scj-thians, 
believed  in  antiquity  to  have  carried  off  a  hoard 
of  gold  which  was  under  the  guardianship  of 
griffins.  Figures  of  .-Vrimasps  occur  sometimes  in  Greek 
art.  represented  in  Oriental  dress  and  fighting  griffins. 

Arimaspian  (ar-i-mas'pi-an),  H.  Same  as  .iri- 
masp. 


Arillodes. 
a.  b,  seed  of  Ricinus  communis; 
c,  seed  of  ChrlutfiHiunt  tuajus:  d.e, 
seed  of  Myrtstica  fragrans,  nut- 
meg .^nd  ni.ice ;  /,  .irillodc.  (rt,  b, 
and  c  magnified. ) 


Arimaspian 

As  wlicn  :i  ^rrypliun  Hijnii;.'h  tin-  wilderncsfl  .  .  , 
i'urslU'S  tlu-  Ariiiianpiaii,  wlin  hy  HtL-iiltli 
Uuil  fnim  liiH  wiikcful  custuily  jniiiuin'd 
Thf  (tuank-il  Ki'lil.  ilitlun.  V.  L.,  ii.  945. 

Goat  or  Ki'iDtu,  Christian  or  Cockney.  Miser  or  Arimas- 
jnan.  Blafku'ijint's  Maff.,XXl.  780. 

Arinae  (ii-ri'ne),  ».  /;/.  [<  Am-  +  -iua:']  A  sub- 
family of  liinls,  of  tlio  family  I'nittiiciila;  includ- 
ing tlio  wodgo-taili-d  mauaws  and  parrakeets  of 
Amoi'ica.  HeeAra'^  and  Vonurus.  Also  written 
Arfiinir. 
ariolation  (ai'"i-o-la'shon),  w.  See  hnrinlation. 
Arion  la-n'on),  It.  [NL.,  <  L.  Arinii,  <  Gr.  'Afii- 
ui>,  a  celebrated  cithara-player,  said  to  have 
been  rescued  fromdrowiiinf^  l)y  a  (lol2)hin.]  A 
genus  of  pulmouate  f,'astropods,  by  some  refer- 
red to  (he  family  LiimiciiUc  and  subfamily  Jrio- 
niiiii;  but  now  generally  considered  as  the  type 
of  a  family  Arioniila;  including  several  species 
of  slugs,  of  which  .1.  (Iter,  the  black  slug,  is  a 
characteristic  example. 

Ill  tlie  principal  genns,  Arimi,  there  in  a  trianioilar  pore 
at  tile  ujiper  posterior  part  of  the  liody,  wlticll  readily  sep- 
arates it  from  Liniax.  Slanii.  Xal.  llisl.,  I.  al'J. 

arionid  (a-ri'on-id),  «.  A  gastropod  of  the  fam- 
ily Aiiiiiiithv. 

Afionidse  (ar-i-on'i-de), «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arion  + 
-ida.}  A  family  of  geophilous  pulmonate  gas- 
tropods, resembling  the  Limacidic,  and  repre- 
sented by  such  genera  as  Arion  and  Ariolimax. 
Its  teclinical  cliaracters  arc  a  sJhII  rcdiui-.i  t"  a  snudl  Mat 
plate  or  granules,  a  small  and  sliicld-lik.'  anterior  maidtc. 
the  jaw  entire  and  transversely  riMud,  and  teeth  of  three 
kinds,  the  laterals  espcrially  ililleriii^i  fiiim  tho.se  of  the 
LiinaciiliV  liy  their  Inw,  w  iiie,  and  ijUa.lrate  form.  They 
are  eoTifmuided  with  tin'  limacids  nndcr  tin-  general  name 
of  slu-s. 

Arioninse  (ar'i-o-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arion 
+  -i«(r.]  The  slugs  of  the  genus  Arion  and  re- 
lated genera,  such  as  Ariolimax,  regarded  as  a 
subfamily  of  the  Limacidie. 

The  Limacidic  .are  divisible  into  three  snhfaniilles.  In 
the  .irioninte  the  shell  niay  he  present,  though  concealed 
by  tile  mantle,  or  it  nniy  he  represented  hy  a  nuraher  of 
calcareous  grains  scattered  through  the  corresponding 
portion  of  the  mantle.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  318. 

ariose  (ar-i-6s'),  (7.  [<  It.  ffrio.so,  q.  v.]  Cliarae- 
terized  by  melody,  as  distinguished  from  har- 
mony.    [Rare.] 

Mendelssohn  wants  the  arioKe  beauty  of  Handel ;  vocal 

melody  is  not  his  forte ;  the  interest  of  his  airs  is  harmonic. 

Fareign  Quarterly  Rev. 

arioso  (a^re-6'so),  a.  [It.,  <  aria,  air:  see  aria 
and  ai>3.]  In  numc,  like  an  air,  as  contradis- 
tinguished from  recitative.  The  word  is  used  espe- 
cially with  reference  to  recitative  pjiasages  which  are 
treated  more  in  the  snu)oth  and  melodious  style  of  airs 
than  in  the  ordinary  style  of  recitatives.  In  instrumental 
music  it  indicates  a  flowing  vocal  style.  Prefl.ved  to  an 
air,  it  denotes  a  sustained  elaborate  style,  appropriate  to 
the  great  airs  of  an  opera. 
-arioUS.  [Accom.  of  L.  -arins:  see  -ary^  and 
-((/(.<.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  another  form 
of  -«rj/i,  but  used  only  in  adjectives,  as  in  ad- 
vcrsariou.'s,  arenarious,  calcarious  (now  errone- 
ously calcarcoK.s),  ciregarious,  vicarious,  etc. 
arisadf,  arisardt,  "•  [Origin  obscure.]  A  long 
robe  or  tunic  girded  at  the  waist,  worn  by 
women  in  Scotland  as  late  as  1740.  PlaucM. 
Also  airisad,  airisard. 

arise  (a-riz'),  r.  i.;  pret.  arose,  pp.  arisen,  ppr. 
arising.  [<  ME.  arisen,  <  AS.  drlsan  (=  ONorth. 
a/TiArt  =  OS.  arisan  =  0H6.  ar-,  ir-,  iir-risan  = 
Goth,  urreisan,  arise),  <  «-  +  rls-au,  rise:  see  a-l 
and  rise''-.}  1.  To  get  up  from  sitting,  Ijing, 
or  kneeling,  or  from  a  posture  or  state  of  re- 
pose, as  from  sleep  or  the  grave :  as,  the  audi- 
ence arose  and  remained  standing. 

I  will  ari.se,  and  go  to  my  father.  I.uke  xv.  IS. 

The  king  arnsc  very  early  in  the  morning.      Dan.  vi.  1!>. 
Ai'we  from  the  dei^,  and  Christ  shall  give  thee  light. 

Eph.  V.  l-I. 
Many  bodies  of  the  saints  which  slept  arme. 

Mat.  x.xvil.  52. 
Arise,  he  said,  to  conquering  Athens  go. 
There  fate  appoints  an  end  of  all  thy  woe. 

Uriitl'ii,  I'al.  and  Arc,  1.  633. 
I  ilub  thee  knight. 
Arise,  Sir  Ralph,  I)e  Wilton's  heir. 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  12. 

2.  To  get  up  from  a  sitting  or  session,  as  of  a 
court;  suspend  sittings  for  a  time;  adjoirrn : 
as,  the  court  aroxe  at  4  o'clock.  [Archaic :  see 
ri.fc.'i — 3.  To  spring  fip  from,  or  as  from,  the 
ground  ;  ascend ;  mount  or  move  from  a  lower 
to  a  higher  place  :  as,  vapors  arise  from  humid 
ground. 

The  forests  were  tilled  with  birds  ;  and,  at  the  discharge 
of  an  arquebuse,  whole  lloeks  w^inld  arixe. 

Bancni/I,  Uist.  V.  S.,  I.  "0. 

tYom  right  to  left  about  the  Hashing  ma-s-s 
Arose  a  spiral  stair,  the  tower  ringing. 

C.  Df  Kai/,  Vision  of  Xirarod,  v. 


sod 

4.  To  come  into  view,  as  from  a  hiding-place  ; 
specifically,  to  ai)pear,  as  the  sun  or  a  star, 
above  the  horizon :  hence,  to  begin,  or  be  ush- 
ered in,  as  the  day. 

.^InVc,  fair  sun,  and  kill  tile  envious  moon. 

Sha/c.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  2. 
While  day  arisen,  that  sweet  hour  of  prime. 

Milton.  V.  L.,  v.  170. 

5.  To  come  into  being  or  action;  come  into 
existence  or  play;  start  into  prominence  or 
activity ;  appear ;  come  upon  the  scene  :  as,  a 
false  prophet  has  arisen  ;  a  great  wind  aroxc ; 
a  cry  arose. 

Now  there  arone  up  a  new  king  over  Egypt,  which  knew 
not  .loseph.  Ex.  i.  8. 

Whence  heavy  per.secution  shall  arise 
On  all,  who  in  the  worship  persevere 
Of  sijirit  ami  truth.  Milton,  I'.  L.,  xil.  531. 

For  the  mighty  wiml  arises,  roaring  seaward,  and  I  go. 
Tennyson,  Lockslcy  Hall. 
The  idea  of  a  universal  and  beneficent  Creator  of  the 
universe  does  not  seem  to  arise  in  the  mind  of  man  until 
he  has  been  elevated  by  Umg-contiuued  eultnre. 

Darwin,  Descent  of  .Man,  II.  377. 

6.  To  have  a  beginning  or  origin;  originate, 
(a)  To  liave  or  take  its  rise,  as  a  river ;  rise,  as  from  a 
source,  (b)  To  result  or  proceed,  as  from  a  cause  :  ;i»,  most 
of  these  appalling  accidents  arise  from  carelessness. 

.411  the  powei"3  and  capacities  of  man,  being  the  work  of 
Ood,  must  have  their  properjilace  in  liis  designs  ;  and  the 
evil  In  the  world  arises  net  fn.m  tleir  iis.-,  hul  fnini  their 
misu.se.  (iladstt.ne,  .Miglit  „f  Right,  p.  110. 

7.  To  come  or  spring  up  incidentally,  as  any- 
thing retpiiring  attention:  as,  other  cases  can 
be  attended  to  as  they  arise. 

Fortunately,  the  contingency  to  whicli  I  allude  [the  ne- 
cessity of  a  coup  d'etat)  never  arose. 

E.  Dieey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  124. 

8.  To  rise  in  hostility;  rebel:  with  ayainM: 
as,  the  men  arose  against  their  officers. 

When  he  arose  against  me,  I  caught  him  by  his  beard. 

1  Sam.  xvii.  ;i5. 

[In  senses  1-4,  6  (a),  and  8,  rise  is  now  more 
common.]  =Syn.  Arise,  Rise.  The  choice  lictween  these 
words  w;us  primarily,  and  still  often  is,  a  matter  of  rhythm. 
The  literal  meanings,  however,  or  those  which  seem  literal, 
have  hec«jme  more  associated  with  rise,  and  the  consciously 
figurative  Willi  (Tnse;  as,  he  roArfriiin  his  (-hair;  the  sun  rose; 
the  ](roviiiris  rose  in  revolt;  trouble  arose ;  "Music  arose 
with  its  voluptuous  swell,"  Byron,  Cliilde  Harold,  iii.  21. 

ariset  (a-riz'),  n.     [<  arise,  v.  j.]     Rising. 
I'pon  the  arise  u\-  descent  of  the  stars. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vi.  3. 

arish  (ar'ish),  )(.  [Pers.]  A  Persian  linear 
measure,  e((ual  to  38.364  English  inches. 

aristt,  ".  [ME. ,  <  AS.  (irist,  erist,  crest  (=  Goth. 
urrists),  arising,  <  «rii,'«H,  arise,  +  -t,  a  common 
noun  formative.]  A  rising,  as  from  a  seat,  a 
bed,  or  the  groimd,  or  from  below  the  horizon: 
as,  "at  the  sonne  ariste,"  Chaucer,  Astrolabe. 

aristt.     A  shortened  form  of  ariseth.     Chaucer. 

arista  (a-ris'tji),  «.;  pi.  arist(C  (-te).  [L.,  the 
awn  or  beard  of  grain.  Cf.  arrest".'\  1.  In 
hot.,  an  awn  (which  see). —  2.  In  >o67.,  an  awn 
or  tactile  filament  at  the  end  of  the  antenna  of 
an  insect,  as  in  some  Diptera. 

The  autennaj  .  .  .  may  ...  he  very  short  and  com- 
posed of  three  joints,  frequently  heju'iug  a  tactile  hair  at 
the  extremity  {arista).  Claus,  Zool.  (trans.),  I.  b~:i. 

aristarch  (ar'is-tiirk),  H.  [<  L.  Aristarchus,  < 
Gr.  WijiaTapx'Kt  a  critic  of  Alexanilria,  noted  for 
his  severity,  especially  in  regard  to  the  Homeric 
poems.]  A  severe  critic:  as,  "the  aristarch 
Johnson,"  .Scott,  Abbot,  Int. 

Aristarchian  (ar-is-tiir'ki-an),  fl.  [<  Gr.  'Api- 
(Tru/.i,lt(Of,  <  'ApiaTapxoi;  or  <  .Iristarchus  +  -/<J«.] 
Like  the  ancient  critic  Aristarchus;  severely 
critical. 

aristarchyl  (ar'is-tiir-ki),  n. ;  j>\.  aristarchies 
(-kiz).  [<  LGr.  apiarapxia,  <  Gr.  apiarapxat;,  best- 
ruling,  <  ufiiCTo^,  best,  +  t'lpxt'"',  rule.  Cf.  aris- 
tocraci/.']  Government  l)y  the  best  men ;  a  body 
of  worthv  men  constituting  a  government. 

aristarcHy-'t  (ar'is-tiir-ki),  ».  [<  Ari.tUirchns.'i 
Severe  crilicisin  like  that  of  the  ancient  critic 
jVristarchus.     [Rare.] 

Uowbeit,  tlie  ground  on  which  I  would  liuild  his  clnef 
praise  (to  some  of  the  Aristarehy  and  sour  censures  of 
these  days)  requires,  tlrst,  an  apology. 

Sir ./.  Ilarinijton,  lirief  View  of  Ch.  of  Eng.,  p.  153. 

aristate  (a-ris'tat),  a.  [<  LL.  aristatus,  <  L. 
(iristii,  awn  or  beard  of  grain.]  Awued;  hav- 
ing a  pointed,  beard-like  process,  like  that  of 
barley.     See  cut  under  barlcij. 

aristocracy  (ar-is-tok'ra-si),  H. ;  pi.  aristocra- 
cies (-siz).     [<  OF.  ari.ftocracic,  F.  aristocratic, 

<  ML.  'arislocratia,  <  Gr.  apiBToapaTia,  the  nile 
of  the  best  (cf.  ainaroKparrinllat,  lie  governed  by 
the  best-born),  <  apin-of,  best,   +  -Kparin.  rule, 

<  KpnTeiv,  be  strong,  rule.]  If.  Government  by 
the  liest  men  in  the  state  ;  a  governing  body 
composed  of  the  best  men  in  the  state. 


AristoIocUa 

He  [Periander]  reikoned  that  iio|uilar  estate  .  .  .  best 
which  came  nearest  unto  an  aristoerac}/  or  regiment  of 
wise  and  noble  senate.       Holland,  tr.  of  I'lutareh,  p.  276. 

2.  A  form  of  government  in  wliiclithe  supreme 
power  is  exercised  by  those  nicmbcrs  of  the 
state  who  are  distinguished  by  their  rank  and 
opulence,  when  the  ruling  power  is  exercised  liy  a 
very  few  of  this  class  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others,  the 
government  becomes  an  oligarchy. 

The  aristocraey  of  Venice  hath  admitted  so  many  aliuflcs 
.  .  .  that  the  peiioil  of  its  duration  seems  to  a])proach. 

Swift. 
Take  a\vay  the  standing  armies,  and  leave  the  noldes  to 
themselves,  and  in  a  few  years  they  w<»nld  overturn  every 
monarchy  in  Europe,  and  erect  aristocracies. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  288. 

3.  A  body  of  persons  holding  exceptional  pre- 
scriptive rank  or  privileges ;  spei-ilically,  a 
class  of  hereditary  nobility;  the  nobles  of  a 
country  and  those  nearly  related  to  them. 

Itetween  the  aristocracy  and  the  working  people  had 
sjirung  up  a  mid<lle  class,  .agricultural  and  commercial. 

Macaulay. 

4.  Persons  noted  for  superiority  in  any  charac- 
ter or  quality,  taken  collectively:  as,  the  aris- 
toeracij  of  wealth  or  of  culture. 

aristocrat  (ar'is-to-krat  or  a-ris'to-krat),  H.  [< 
F.  aristocrats,  a  reverse  formation  from  the 
adj.  aristocrutiquc :  see  aristocratic^  1.  A 
member  of  the  aristocracy  or  men  of  rank  in  a 
community;  hence,  a  person  having  the  traits 
supposed  to  be  characteristic  of  an  aristocracy: 
as,  "a  born  aristocrat,"  Mrs.  lirouning. — 2. 
One  who  favors  an  aristocracy ;  one  who  is  an 
advocate  of  an  aristocratic  form  of  govem- 
raeut. 

aristocratic  (ar'is-to-ki-at'ik),  a.  [<  F.  aristo- 
cratii/ue.  <  Gr.  apiaTOKpariiiog,  pertaining  to  aris- 
tocracy, <  ap/aroKpar/a :  Bee  aristocracy.^  1.  Per- 
taining to  aristocracy  or  a  niling  oligarchy; 
consisting  in  or  pertaining  to  the  rule  of  a 
privileged  class ;  oligarchic:  as.  an  aristocratic 
constitution  ;  an  aristocratic  government. 

Tlie  Areopagus  was  a  body  of  aristocratic  tendencies, 
consisting  of  those  who  had  served  the  office  of  archon ; 
its  function  was  to  maintain  the  laws  in  their  integrity. 
Von  Ranke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  144. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or  befitting  the 
nobility  or  men  of  rank;  resembling  in  man- 
ners or  character  the  aristocracy  or  higher 
classes  in  a  community:  as,  aristocratic  pride; 
aristocratic  in  sentiment. — 3.  Belonging  to  an 
aristocracy. 

aristocratical  (ar''is-to-krat'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
aristocratic. 

aristocratically  (ar  is-to-krat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  aristocratic  manner. 

aristocraticalness  (ar'is-to-krat'i-kal-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  aristocr.atic. 

aristocratism  (ar'is-to-krat-izm  or  ar-is-tok'ra- 
tizm),  H.  [<  aristocrat  +  -wm.]  Aristocratic  rank, 
privilege,  or  character;  the  state  or  condition 
of  being  aristocratic  in  rank  or  feeling;  mem- 
bership of  or  adlierence  to  a  pri\ileged  class. 

Aristoeratism  rolls  in  its  carriage,  while  patriotism  can- 
not trail  its  cannon.  Carlyte,  French  Kev.,  III.  i.  2. 

aristocratize  (ar-is-tok'ra-tiz),  V. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  aristocrali::ed,  ppr.  aristocrati::ing.  [<  F. 
aristocratiser,  <  aristocrate :  see  aristocrat  and 
-I.e.]     I.  trans.  To  render  aristocratic. 

II.  intrans.  To  favor  or  support  aristocracv. 
[Rare.] 
aristocratyt  (ar-is-tok'ra-ti),  n.  Same  as  aris- 
toerac;/. Burton. 
aristodemocracy  (ar'is-to-de-mok'ra-si). «.  [< 
aristo(erarii)  +  dtmocracy.]  Government  by  no- 
bles and  tlie  commonalty;  a  government  com- 
posed of  aristocratic  and  democratic  elements 
combined.  Iniji.  Vict. 
Aristolochia  (ar'is-to-lo'ki-a),  H.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
dpioro'/.iixm,  also  upiaTo'/.6x£i<i,  an  herb  promoting 
chihl-birth,  <  apicror,  best, 
-t-  /o  vf '«,  child-birth :  see 
lochia.]  A  large  genus 
of  apctalous  exogenous 
plants,  the  t\-pe  and  prin- 
cipal genus  of  the  natu- 
ral order  .iri.stolochiaeecr, 
chiefly  woody  climbers, 
and  very  widely  distrib- 
uted. There  are  about  ISO 
species,  of  which  7  are  found 
in  the  I'liited  States.  They  are 
remarkable  for  their  curious 
tlowcrs,  which  vary  greatly  in 
form  and  size,  but  .are  all  so 
constructed  ius  to  imprison  in 
some  way  the  insects  wliicli  visit  them.  The  relative 
position  of  the  anthers  and  stigm:is  prevents  fertilization 
without  the  agency  of  insects,  anil  self-fertilization  even 
hy  their  aid  is.  at  least  In  some  cases,  made  impossible  hy 
proterogyny.     The  llowers  are  usually  of  a  dingy  hue. 


Dutchman's- Pipe 
[,Ariitol.}cbia  Sifha^. 


Aristolocliia 

A.  Goldifana,  of  (ulaliar,  lias  tlu-  largest  that  are  yet 
known,  tlu*  blade  of  which  is  nearly  2  feet  in  breadth.  In 
A,  Clematilig  insects  bringing  pollen  to  the  early  ma- 
tured sti;:iua  are  imprisoned  by  inipedinf:  hairs  which 
wither  after  the  fresh  pollen  is  shed.  This  and  some 
other  European  species  had  formerly  a  reputation  as  em- 
mcnagoguea  and  as  facilitating  i)arturition.  Various 
species  have  had  a  popular  reputation  as  remedies  for 
snake-hites.  as  anthelmintics,  etc.,  and  the  Virginia  snake- 
root^  or  serpentary-root,  A.  Scrpi'ntaria,  is  employed  as  a 
stimulating  tonic  and  diaphoretic.  The  pij>e-vine.  or 
Dutehman's-pipe,  A.  Sipfm,  a  native  of  the  Alleghanies, 
with  vi-ry  large  cordate  leaves,  is  cultivated  as  an  orna- 
mental climber. 

Aristolochiacese  (aris-to-lo-ki-ii'se-e),  >i.  pi. 
[XL..  <  Aiixlolochia  +  -nceri'.]  A  natural  order 
of  apetaloiis  ilicotyledonous  plants,  eharacter- 
izod  by  an  inferior  capsular  niany-seetled  fruit, 
epip;\'nous  st  aniens,  and  a  colored,  usually  in'eg- 
ular,  ealy.v.  The  jpiim-ipal  genera  are  Ari^tnlurfiia  and 
A.'<(intni.  with  altout  -'on  species,  herbs  or  woody  elind)ei-s, 
wiilely  di.striliuted  through  temperate  and  tropical  regions, 
and  possessing  bitter  and  acrid  properties.  See  Ari^olo- 
chin,  and  <Mit  under  Astiruin. 

aristolocMaceous  (ar'is-to-16-ki-a'sliius),  a. 
Belonging  or  pertaining  to  the  Aristolochiacea:. 

aristological  (ar'is-to-loj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taininf;  to  aristology.     J\'.  E.  D. 

aristologist  (ar-is-tol'o-jist),  n.  [<  aiisiolo(/y 
+  -ist.1     One  skilled  in  aristology.     iS'.  E.  I). 

aristology  (ar-is-tol'o-ji),  «.  [<f  6r.  apiarov, 
breakfast,  +  -?M}ia,  <  ^lyeiv,  speak :  see  -oloyy.'] 
The  science  of  dining.     T.  WuJkcr.     [Rare.] 

Aristonetta  (ar"is-to-net'a),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  api- 
(770C,  best,  +  vfiTTa,  a  cluck,  =  L.  anas :  see  Anas.l 
A  genus  of  sea-ducks,  subfamily  FuliffuUiia; 
family  Anat'uhe:  named  from  the  excellence  of 
the  flesh.  The  tyj)e  and  only  species  is  the  can- 
vasback,  A.  vaUisiicria.  S.  F.  Baird,  1858.  See 
cut  under  canvasbacl: 

Aristophanic  (ar  is-to-f an'ik),  a.  and  ii.  [<  L. 
Aristophiiiiicus,  <  Aristophanes,  <  Gr.  'ApiaTO(pai'rjc, 
Aristophanes.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ■writ- 
ings or  style  of  Aristophanes,  the  great  comic 
poet  of  Athens ;  shrewd;  witty. 

II.  H.  [I.e.}  hi  ane.  pros.,  same  a,s  first  Phere- 
crntic.     See  I'herccratic. 

Aristotelean  (ar-is-tot-e-le'an),  a.  Same  as 
Arintohlian. 

Aristotelian  (ar"is-to-te'li-an),  (7.  and  n.  [<  L. 
AristoteUus,  -leus,  <  Gr.  'Apiaroreleio;,  pertaining 
to  'ApiGTorih/c,  L.  Aristoteles,  Aristotle.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Aristotle  (born  at  Stagira  in 
Macedonia,  38-t  B.  c,  died  322  B.  c),  the  father 
of  logic  and  the  most  influential  of  all  philoso- 
phers, or  to  his  works,  school,  or  philosophy. 
See  jycrijjatetic — Aristotelian  logic.  C")  The  logic  of 
Aristotle,  especially  in  the  modified  form  taught  in  the 
middle  ages.  (&)  Formal  h  'gic,  based  on  the  four  propo- 
Eitional  forms  :  -\11  .S  is  P  ;  No  S  is  P  ;  Some  S  is  P ;  .Some 
S  is  not  P.— Aristotelian  sorites,  a  progressive  chain  of 
reasoning  like  tli.'  inlli.wing:  Hewlio  is  prudent  is  temper- 
ate ;  he  who  i.-j  temperate  is  constant ;  he  who  is  constant 
is  unperturbed ;  he  who  is  unperturbed  is  without  son'ow ; 
he  who  is  without  soiTowis  happy ;  therefore,  the  prudent 
man  is  happy. 

The  progressive  sorites  has  been  called  the  common  or 
Aristotelian.  This  latter  denomination  is  an  error,  for 
Aristotle,  though  certainly  not  ignorant  of  the  process  of 
reasoning  now  called  sorites,  does  not  enter  upon  its  con- 
eideration.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

II.  H.  A  follower  of  Aristotle.  See  peripatetic. 
Aristotelianism  (ar'is-to-te'li-an-izm),  n.  [< 
Aristotelian  +  -ism.'\  The  philosophy  of  Aris- 
totle, or  any  later  modification  of  it.  .Aristo- 
telianism is  a  kind  of  metaphysical  evolutionism.  Its 
central  idea  is  the  distinction  of  act  and  power  (actuality 
ami  potentiality).  The  uatme  of  the  world  as  a  whole,  as 
well  as  every  part  of  it,  may  be  illustrated  by  the  analogy 
of  the  growth  of  a  tree  from  a  seed.  The  tree  has  a  sort 
of  being  in  the  seed— a  potential  being:  it  exists  in  it  in 
power  only.  Tliat  which  is  actualized  in  the  perfected  de- 
velopment from  the  seed  —  the  tree  —  exists  in  act  or  ac- 
tuality. Tills  perfected  development  — the  entelechy  — 
is  the  characteristic  nature  of  the  thing  which  places  it  in 
some  natm-al  species,  and  which  is  its  form,  or  that  ele- 
ment of  the  thing  which  makes  it  to  he  the  kind  of  thin" 
that  it  is.  The  other  element,  which  merely  makes  the 
thmg  t<j  he,  is  its  matter,  which,  as  unformed,  is  identified 
by  Arist<jtle  with  the  power  or  potentiality  of  a  germ 
Every  event  is  an  act  of  development.  Most  events  take 
place  uniler  the  influence  of  an  external  efficient  cause 
and  their  character  is  determined  by  an  end.  Matter, 
form,  efficient  cawie,  and  end  are  the  four  Aristotelian 
causes  or  pnniiijles.  But  not  all  events  are  brought  about 
by  external  elhcicnt  causes.  Some  ha]>pen  liy  fortuitous 
siiontaneity,  and  ai-e  not  determined  by  anv  causes  what- 
ever. Other  events  come  to  p.ass  natu'rally.  that  is,  by  a 
self-determined  gl-owtli.  Besides  tliat  wliich  is  moved  but 
does  not  cause  motion,  and  that  which  is  both  moved  and 
causes  motion,  there  must  needs  be  a  tertivm  (/nlil,  which 
is  not  moveil,  yet  causes  nmtion  ;  and  this  i.s  (!iid,  or  ;«(rc 
act  (actuality)  without  undeveloped  potentiality.  The  soul 
is  tile  entelechy,  or  perfect  flower,  of  the  body.  It  has 
three  parts,  the  vegetative  (or  merely  vital),  the  sensible, 
and  the  rational.  The  reason  is  not  a  mere  belonging  of 
the  individual;  it  exists  before  the  body,  and,  as  the  ac- 
tive reason,  is  common  to  all  persons  upon  the  tablets  of 
whose  passive  reason  it  writes  its  dicta.  Space  and  time 
are  mere  logical  elements  of  motion.  Aristotle  is  Justly 
called  tlie  father  of  logic,  althuugli  there  were  some  vague 


310 

logical  doctrines  before  liim,  and  although  his  system  is 
now  largely  superseded.  He  liolds  tlie  only  excellent  rea- 
soning t^i  be  syllogism,  and  all  other  kinds  of  reasoning  to 
be  imperfect  approximations  to  syllogism.  I'articular 
facts  are  first  and  best  known  to  us,  but  general  truths 
are  first  and  best  known  in  themselves.  Science  must  set 
out  with  certain  fixed  first  principles,  which  arc  defini- 
tions. Knowledge  is  a  development  from  impressions  of 
sense,  to  the  formation  of  which  reason  and  experience 
both  contribute.  Things  are  of  ten  classes,  substances, 
relations,  ([uantities,  qualities,  etc.  See  catetforij.  Diffei'- 
ent  genera  are  subdivided  niion  different  principles,  so 
that  there  are  no  cross-divisions  in  the  real  classification 
of  natures.  It  is  possilile  to  so  collate  passages  from  Aris- 
totle as  to  make  him  appear  as  an  inductive  logician ;  hut 
the  whole  cast  of  his  mind  was  such  as  to  lead  liim  to 
underrate  the  importance  of  induction.  He  lays  much 
stress  on  the  principle  of  excluded  middle,  which  he  treats 
as  a  corollary  of  the  principle  of  contradiction  ;  and  he 
has  a  general  leaning  to  hard  and  rather  wooden  distinc- 
tions. The  most  important  of  his  ethical  doctrines  are 
tliat  happiness  lies  in  the  working  out  of  one's  inward- 
ness, and  that  every  virtue  is  a  golden  mean  between  two 
vices. 

Aristotelic  (ar"is-to-terik),  a.  [<  LL.  Arisfo- 
telicus,  <  Gr.  'ApiaTore'/iKoc,  <  'ApicToTe'/.r/t;,  Aris- 
totle.] Pertaining  to  Aristotle  or  to  his  phi- 
losophy. 

Aristotle's  lantern.    See  lantern. 

aristulate  (a-ris'tu-lat),  n.  [<NL.  ari.s<«to;«.5, 
<  aristnia,  dim.  of  L.  arista,  awn  or  beard  of 
grain.]  In  hot.,  having  a  short  beard  or  awn. 
A.  dray. 

arithmancy  (ar'ith-man-si),  «.  [=  Sp.  arit- 
niancia—  Pg.  aritlimancia ;  eontr.  of  arithmo- 
mancy,  q.  v.]     Same  as  aritlimomancy. 

arithmantical  (ar-ith-man'ti-kal),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  arithmancy.     X.  E.  D. 

arithmetic  (a-rith'me-tik  ;  as  adjective,  ar-ith- 
met'ik),  n.  and  a.  [The  ME.  forms  are  cor- 
rupt: arsmetUr,  arsmetrih:  ars  metrikc,  etc.,  in 
simulation  of  L.  ars  metrica,  the  metric  art; 
later  ME.  arismt-tril:  (early  mod.  E.  ariihnic- 
tricke,  arithmetick,  after  mod.  F.  and  L.),  <  OF. 
arismetiqiie,  mod.  F.  arithmctiqiie  =  Pr.  aris- 
metica  =  Sp.  arismetica,  now  iisually  arilmrtica 
=  Pg.  arithmefica  =  It.  aritmetica  =  G.  Sw.  Dan. 
arithmetik,  <  L.  aritlimetica,  <  Gr.  aptSpriTiKi;  (sc. 
rcxit/),  the  science  of  reckoning,  fem.  of  apiO- 
jiTjTiKoc,  of  or  for  reckoning,  <  apidpelr,  reckon, 
number,  count,  <  apSuoc,  number.]  I,  n.  1. 
The  theory  of  numbers ;  the  study  of  the  divisi- 
bility of  whole  numbers,  the  remainders  after 
division,  etc.  Also  called  theoretical  or  higher 
arithmetic. — 2.  Theartof  computation:  the  most 
elementary  branch  of  mathematics.  This  use  of 
the  word  appears  early  in  the  sixteenth  century.  The  art 
of  using  Arabic  numerals  was  first  called  in  English  atiio- 
risfn  (which  see)  or  awrrim,  then  practical  arithnutie, 
lastly  aritlnnetic  simply,  or  clciuiiitanf  arithnietic.  Ab- 
stract arithmetic  teaches  systemsof  nutation  for  numbers, 
the  three  rules  of  direct  computation,  addition,  subtrac- 
tion, and  multiplication,  and  various  rules  of  indirect  com- 
putation, or  computation  by  successive  ai)i)ro.\iniation, 
such  as  division,  extraction  of  the  square  and  cube  roots, 
double  position,  etc.  Practical  arithmetic  teaches  the 
various  kinds  of  computation  employed  in  trade. 
3t  (prou.  ar-itli-met 'ik).  An  arithmetician. 
—Binary  (or  dyadic)  arithmetic,  decimal  arithme- 
tic, duodecimal  arithmetic,  et<'.  See  the  adjectives. 
—Literal  I'r  universal  aritmnetic,  algdira.— Mental 
arithmetic,  the  simiiKr  luanrlns  ,,f  arithmetic  adapted 
for  mental  training,  tlirough  tlie  performance  of  the  ojiera- 
tioiis  in  the  mind,  without  writing  the  figures. —  Political 
arithmetic,  the  application  of  arithmetic  to  politics ;  sta- 
tistics. 
II.  a.  A  less  common  form  of  arithmetical. 

arithmetical  (ar-ith-met'i-kal),  a.  [=  F.  arith- 
mdtique,  <  L.  arithmeticns,  <  Gr.  apiBur/TiKOq:  see 
arithmetic.']  Pertaining  to  arithmetic;  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  or  methods  of  arithmetic. — 
Arithmetical  complement,  the  sum  which  a  number 
lacks  of  10  or  of  the  next  higher  jpower  of  10;  3,  for  ex- 
ample, is  the  arithmetical  complement  of  7;  TiG  of  44. — 
Arithinetical  complement  of  a  logarithm,  the  sum  or 
number  which  a  louuiitlini  lack.s  (jf  In. —  Arithmetical 
mean.  See  wca/i. -Arithmetical  progression,  a  se- 
ries of  quantities  or  numbers  increasing  or  decreasing  by 
a  common  difference,  as  1,  .S,  f>,  7,  etc.  See  series. — 
Arithmetical  proportion,  tlie  eijuality  of  two  ai-iUi- 
nietieal  ratitis  or  ditferences,  as  in  the  numbers  12,  0,  ti, 
where  12  — 9  =  9  — (■— Arithmetical  ratio,  the  differ- 
ence between  any  two  adjacent  terms  in  ai'ithmetical 
progression.— Arithmetical  signs,  the  arbitrary  sym- 
bols used  to  denote  the  o|ieiations  jperfonued  on  numbers 
or  the  relations  sub-i.^tiiiL'  between  them:  as, -i-, — ,  =, 
etc.— Arithmetical  triangle,  tlu-  triangle  formed  by 
the  orderly  urrangciuciit  of  liiiioiiiial  coefficients ;  thus: 

1 

1       1 

1        2       1 

13        3        1 

1         4        G        4        1 

1         0        10        10        6        1 

1         G        15        20        15        0        1 

1         7        21        35        ,W        21        7        1 

etc.,  etc. 

arithmetically  (tir-ith-met'i-kal-i),  adv.  Ac- 
cording to  the  rides,  principles,  or  method  of 
arithmetic. 


ark 

arithmetician  (a-rith-me-tish'an),  «.  [<  F. 
tinllniK  tifiiii,  <  \j.  arilhiiicticus:  see  arithmeti- 
cal.]    One  skillid  in  iiritlimetie. 

arithmetico-geometrical  (ar-itli-met'i-ko-je- 
o-niot'ri-k;il),  a.  Aiithiiietieal  and  geometri- 
cal: a  term  descriptive  of  a  kind  of  mean  be- 
tween two  quantities  obtained  liy  taking  both 
the  arithmetical  and  the  geometrical  means  of 
the  quantities,  then  the  means  of  these  means, 
and  so  on,  until  the  two  results  become  iden- 
tical. Thus,  starting  with  2  and  3,  we  obtain  successive- 
ly the  following  pairs  of  means  : 


Arithmetical. 

Geometrical. 

First  pair, 

2.6 

2.449490 

Second  " 

2.474745 

2.474G15 

Third    " 

2.4746S0 

2.474GS0 

The  numbers  of  the  last  pair  being  sensibly  equal,  2.474680 
is  the  arithmetico-geometrical  mean  of  2  and  3,  Tliis  pro- 
cess, invented  by  Gauss,  is  useful  in  calculating  elliptic  in- 
tegrals. 
arithmocracy  (ar-ith-mok'ra-si),  n.  [<  Gr. 
api6/id(,  number,  +  -Kparia,  rule :  see  -cracy,  and 
cf.  democracy.]  Rule  or  government  by  a  ma- 
jority.    [Rare.] 

A  democracy  of  mere  numbers  is  no  democracy,  but  a 
mere  brute  arithmocracy. 

Kitvjsley,  .Altem  Locke  (ed.  1854),  Pref. 

arithmocratic  (a-rith-mo-krat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
apiOpdc,  number,  +  -upa-tKOc,  <  /ipdrof,  rule.]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  an  arithmoc- 
racy or  nile  of  numbers.     [Rare.] 

American  democracy,  being  merely  arithmocratic,  pro- 
vides no  representation  whatsoever  for  the  more  educated 
and  more  experienced  minority. 

Kinrjsleii,  Alton  Locke  (ed.  1862),  Pref. 

arithmograph  (a-rith'mo-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  apS- 
puQ,  number,  -t-  ipatpeiv,  write.]  A  kind  of  com- 
puting-macliine. 

arithmomancy  (a-rith'mo-man-si),  n.  [Also 
coutr.  arilhinancy,  q.  v.,  <  NL.  arithmomantia, 
<  Gr.  aptOuuc,  a  number,  -I-  iiai-reia,  di^•ination.] 
Divination  by  numbers.     Also  arithmancy. 

arithmometer  (ar-ith-mom'e-ter),  H.  [=  F. 
arithmometre,  <  Gr.  apittud;,  number,  +  pirpov, 
a  measure.]  An  instrument  for  performing 
multipUeation  and  di\asion.  The  multiplicand  is 
made  to  appear  in  one  place  by  setting  certain  stops  or 
wheels.  A  handle  is  then  turned,  and  other  motions  are 
made,  so  as  to  cause  the  multiplier  to  appear  in  another 
place.  Then  the  product  will  lie  found  in  a  third  place. 
Division  and  subtraction  can  be  performed  in  a  some- 
what similar  wa.v.  The  best-known  of  these  mai^hines  is 
by  Thomas  of  C'olmar ;  the  best  is  by  tJrant. 

arithmo-planimeter(a-rith"m6-pla-nim'e-ter), 

n.     [<  Gr.  apiOiiuc,  number,  -I-  plonimeter.]     A 
form  of  planimeter  invented  by  M.  Lalanne. 

a  litorte  (ii  re-tor'te).  [It. :  o  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
with;  ritorie,  pi.  of  ritorta,  band,  tie,  sprig; 
cf.  retort,]  With  bands:  said  of  glassware 
decorated  by  means  of  rods  of  white  or  colored 
glass,  generally  spiral,  sunk  in  a  body  of  trans- 
parent glass,  so  as  to  form  one  mass  with  it. 

-arium.  [L.  -drium.  neut.  of  -ilrins  (see  -ary^, 
-cry),  denoting  a  thing  connected  with,  chiefly 
a  place  for,  something,  as  in  L.  aqiidrinm,  a 
place  for  watering  cattle,  virdrinm,  a  place  for 
live  fish,  etc.,  LL.  herhdrium,  a  collection  of 
dried  plants,  etc.,  such  words  being  transleiTcd 
to  E.  imclianged,  or  with  adapted  suffix  -<iry, 
as  ariary,  estuary,  salary,  etc.]  A  sutlix,  the 
original  Latin  neuter  form  of  -ary'^,  usually  in 
words  denoting  a  place  set  apart  for  something, 
asa</iiariiiiii.  rirariiim,  herhariiim,  also  (as  Latin 
words)  friijidarinni,  caldarinm ;  but  sometimes 
used  differently,  as  in  honorarinm. 

Arius  (a'ri-us),  «.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  aptto^, 
martial,  warlike,  <  "Ap'K,  Mars:  see  Arian^.] 
A  genus  of  marine  catfishes,  giving  name  to 
the  subfamily  Ariincv :  sjTionymous  with  Gale- 
ichthys  (which  see).     See  cut  under  Ariina: 

-arius.     [L. :  see  -arium,  -o;v/i.]     A  Latin  ter- 

t  mination  frequent  in  zoological  and  botanical 
terms:  sometimes  used  unchanged  in  English. 

ark^t,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  arc^,  a  bow,  arch. 

ark2  (iirk),  n.  [<  liE.  ark.  arke.  <  AS.  earc,  ere, 
o)'c  =  ONorth.n)-c,  a'rc—  OFries.  erkc  =  D.  ark  = 
OHG.  «)A((,  archa,  MHG.  G.  oir/if  z=  Icel.  drk  = 
Dan.  Sw.  «rA'  =  (TOth.  nc/.t;  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  area  = 
Pr.  archa  =  0F.  archc  (>  ME.  archc:  see  arch"), 
mod.  F.  archc  =  Gael.  Ir.  aire  =  W.  arch  ;  <  L. 
area,  a  chest,  box,  coffer  (in  Vulgate  of  Noah's 
ark  and  the  ark  of  the  covenant),  <  arcere,  keep, 
=  Gr.  ii/9(c«i',  keep  olT,  sulHce.]  1.  A  chest,  box, 
coifer,  or  other  close  receptacle ;  a  bin  or 
hutch:  as,  a  meal-arA'.  [Obsolete,  poetical,  or 
dialectal.] 

Then  first  of  .all  forth  came  Sir-  SatjTane, 
Bearing  that  precious  relicke  in  an  arke. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  IV.  iv.  15. 
Kich  arks  with  priceless  bones  of  martyrdom. 

Tennyson,  Balin  and  Balan. 


ark 

2.  In  Scrip.:  (n)  Tho  repository  of  tlio  covenant 
or  tables ol'  lh(>  law.  Th.-  ink  «;i.s  ihuiIl-  of  Bliitiim- 
wttutl,  nvtiilaiil  «  itilin  uiiil  witlinut  with  j^ultl.  It  wiusah. mt 
:{,7  fcft  I'ln^,'  l)y  •1\  fL-i't  hijih  ami  ln-ttail,  ami  ovlt  it  wltc 
placud  the  gcihlLMi  c"»vi'i'iliw(irmt'l"fy-.st'ataml  tlic  twochcl'ii- 
liiiii.  The  satiic  name  id  givuii  in  niodcrii  Jewish  syuui^'oKUes 
to  a  repositul'y  for  the  rolls  or  books  used  in  divine  serviee. 
(ft)  The  large  floating  vessel  in  which,  according 
to  the  account  in  the  Old  Testament,  Noah  and 
his  family  wore  preserved  during  the  deluge, 
(c)  The  vessel  of  bulrushes  in  which  tho  infant 
Moses  was  laid. — 3.  In  the  Ethiopie  Cli.,  a  sa- 
cred chest,  called  tho  tahout,  serving  as  an  altar. 

I  must  here  speak  of  that  extraordinary  appurtenance 
of  the  Ethiopie  Chureh,  tlie  tahout,  or  ark.  It  is  the  he- 
lief  of  that  Chureh  that  the  original  ark  is  preserved  in 
tlie  cathedral  of  Axuin,  ami,  in  imitation  of  that,  every 
pariah  church  is  also  furnished  with  an  ark,  which  is  pre- 
served  in  the  sanctuui-y,  atul  forms  the  principal  object  in 
ecclesiastical  processions. 

J.  M.  Neah;  Eastern  Church,  i.  185. 

4.  A  largo  boat  used  on  western  American 
rivers  to  transport  produce  to  market. — 5.  In 
zool.,  a  name  common  to  the  bivalve  moUusks 
of  the  family  J)d(/(c;  an  ark-shell. — 6.  An  Ara- 
bian measure  of  capacity,  equal  to  the  Spanish 
faiwfia,  or  58  quarts ;  also,  a  measure  of  three 
fourths  of  this  capacity,  or  43  quarts. 

ark-t  (iirk),  V.  t.  [<  «)-f-,  H.]  To  inclose  in  an  ark. 

Arkansas  stone.    See  stone. 

arkansite  (iir'kan-sit  or  iir-kan'sit),  n.  [<  Ar- 
kaiisa.i  (one  of  tlie  United  States)  +  -ite^.]  A  va- 
riety of  brookite  from  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas. 

arki  (iir'ki),  «.  [At. 'arqiy :  see  arrack.]  Same 
as  airach: 

arkite  (iir'kit),  n.  and  a.  [<  ari-2  +  -ite^.']  I. 
n.  One  of  the  persons  who  were  preserved  in 
Noah's  ark.     ,/.  lirijunt.     [Kare.] 

II.  a.  Belonging  to  Noah's  ark.  J.  Bryant. 
[Rare] 

arkose(ar-k6s'),»j.  [F.]  Feldspathic sandstone ; 
a  rock  consisting  essentially  of  more  or  less 
consolidated  quartzose  sand  with  grains  or 
particles  of  orthoclase  disseminated  through  it, 
and  frequently  containing  also  some  mica  and 
kaolin.  The  feldspar  seems,  in  some  cases,  to  have 
been  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  rock  containing 
that  mineral ;  in  others,  to  have  resulted  from  the  meta- 
morphism  of  sandstone  containing  argillaceous  material. 
The  rock  to  which  the  name  arkose  has  been  given  occurs 
chietly  in  the  Lower  Silm-ian,  Carboniferous,  and  Triassic 
formations. 

ark-shell  (iirk'shel),  n.  [<  arlfl  +  shell.']  The 
shell  of  a  moUusk  belonging  to  the  family  Ar- 
cUtte  (which  see). 

arksutite  (iirk'sii-tit),  n.  [<  Arlcsut  (see  def.)  + 
-ite-.]  A  tluorid  of  aluminium,  calcium,  and 
sodium,  occurring  with  cryolite  In  the  Arksut 
fiord,  (ireenland. 

Arkys  (iir'kis),  «.     Same  as  Areys. 

arle-penny,  arles-penny  (iirl'-,  iirlz'pen"i),  n. 
[<  arte,  arlcs  +  penny.]     Same  as  arles. 
Here  tak'  this  gowil  and  never  want 
Enough  to  gar  you  drink  and  rant, 
And  this  is  but  an  arlepennjf 
To  what  I  afterwards  design  ye.    Allan  Ramsay. 

arles  (ilrlz),  n.  [North,  and  So.,  Se.  also  arlis, 
erlis,  <  ME.   erles,    appar.   <   OF.   *erle,   'arle, 

<  L.  as  if  *arrhula,  dim.  (cf.  OF.  errc,  arre,  pi. 
errcs,  arres,  mod.  F.  arrlies),  <  L.  arrha,  arra, 
earnest:  see  «)t//«.]  1.  Earnest-money  given 
in  confirmation  of  a  bargain,  contract,  or  agree- 
ment: a  practice  chiefly  connected  ■n'ith  the 
hiring  of  servants  and  with  sales  of  goods  where 
there  is  no  writing  and  delivery  is  postponed. 
[Scotch  and  north  of  England.]  —  2.  An  ear- 
nest or  foretaste. 

This  ure  lauerd  [Lord]  giueth  ham  [them]  as  on  cries  of 

the  eche  mede  [eternal  reward]  that  schal  cume  thrafter. 

Ilali  Meidenhed  (ed.  Cockayne),  p.  7. 

arlienanse(iir"li-a-niin'sa),«.    [Sp.]   Akindof 

Spanish  linen,     li.  II.  h'ni(/Iit. 
arlingt  (iir'liug),  n.    [E.  dial.  (ME.  not  found), 

<  AS.  a'rihlhui,  irtlilinq,  corthling,  a  name  for 
this  bird,  lit",  a  * 'fieldling,'  'earthling'  (cf. 
clodbird,  fallow-smitcr) ;  tho  name  also  means 
a  'farmer':  see  earthling.]  A  species  of  bird; 
the  wheatear. 

Arlimr,  a  bird  that  appeareth  not  in  winter;  a  clot- 
hyrde  ;  a  sniaU-h.  ISaret,  Alvearie.    (.V.  £.  D.) 

arml(arra),  H.  [<ME.  orm,<  AS.  farm  =  ONorth. 
arm  =  OS.  arm  =  OFries.  crm,  arm.  Fries,  arm  = 
CD.  aerm,  D.  arm  =  OHG.  aram,  MHG.  G.  arm, 
arm,  =  leel.  armr  =  Sw.  Dan.  arm  =  Goth,  arms, 
arm,  =  L.  armu.f,  shoulder  (usually  of  a  brute), 
=  Gr.  dp/idr,  joint,  shoulder,  allied  to  apOpov, 
joint,  L.  arfn.v,  limb,  joint;  alK  v/  ""''i  ^t;  j°'"' 
See  arm-,  and  cf.  art'-',  art3,  article,  etc.]  1.  In 
ordinary  language :  («)  The  upper  limb  of  tWe 
human  body,  extending  from  tho  shoulder  to  the 
hand,  and  "includiug  the  latter.    (6)  The  same, 


311 

exclusive  of  the  hand ;  the  upper  limb  from  tho 
shoulder  to  the  wrist.  It  is  divided  into  u|iper 
arm,  or  arm  proper,  from  the  shoulder  to  the  el- 
bow, and  lowerarm,  orforearm,  from  the  elbow 
to  tho  wrist. —  2.  In  human  anal.,  the  anterior 
extremity  fronr  tho  shoulder-joint  to  the  elbow- 
joint,  represented  by  the  e.\ten.t  (^f  the  humerus ; 
the  brachium,  as  distinguished  from  the  forearm 
or  antebrachium. — 3.  In  eump.  anal,  and  row/. : 
(rt)  The  fore  limb  of  any  vertebrate,  especially 
when  tenninating  in  a  prehensile  extremity 
like  a  hand,  more  or  less  removed  from  the 
office  of  locomotion;  the  pectoral  or  thoracic 
limb ;  the  diverging  appendage  of  the  scapular 
arch  or  shoulder-girdle ;  a  fore  leg,  wing,  pec- 
toral fin,  etc.  (6)  Some  diverging  or  radiating 
part  or  organ  like  or  likened  to  an  arm,  as  tho 
arm  of  a  eephalopod,  the  wing  of  a  j)teropod, 
the  brachium  of  a  brachiopod,  aud  tho  ray  of  a 
starfish,  sand-star,  or  crinoid. — 4.  Anything 
formed  on  the  type  of  the  arm,  or  resembling  an 
arm  in  shape,  position,  or  function,  (a)  Any  pro- 
jecting part  from  a  main  Itody,  trunk,  axis,  etc.:  jia,  the 
arm  of  a  lever  or  of  the  yard  of  a  ship ;  an  arm  of  the  sea ; 
the  arm  of  an  anchor.  (6)  A  rail  or  projecting  support  at 
the  sides  of  a  chair,  sofa,  etc. 

5.  Figuratively,  power;  might;  strength;  au- 
thority: as,  the  secular  arm.  [In  this  sense  the 
word  is  often  used  in  the  Scriptures.] 

To  whom  is  the  arm  of  the  Lord  revealed?  Is.  liii.  1. 
Hence  —  6.  That  on  which  one  relies  for  support 
or  assistatiee;  a  prop;  a  stay — Arm  In  arm, 
properly  arm-and-arm,  with  arms  interlinked. 

I  saw  my  companions  passing  arm-in-arm  across  the 
end  of  one  of  the  long-drawn  vistas- 

//.  Janu's,  Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  p.  140. 
Arm  of  a  force,  arm  of  a  couple,  in  mnli.  .See  mo- 
mnit  <>/  a  J'vrcf,  uniier  iiwnu-nt. —  Babe  in  arms,  a  child 
80  young  that  it  has  to  be  carried  in  tlie  arms. —  Better 
armt,  the  right  arm.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  ItlOO. —  Oral 
arms,  in  acalephs.  See  oral. —  To  dagger  or  stab 
armst,  a  practice  once  observed  among  gallants  of  pier- 
cing  their  arms  with  daggers  so  as  to  draw  blood,  which 
they  mixed  with  wine  and  drank  to  the  health  of  their 
mistresses.    Nares. 

Have  I  not  .  .  .  stahb'd  arms,  and  done  all  the  offices 
ol  protested  gallantry  for  your  sake?  Mareton. 

Trailing  arm,  in  mach.,  an  arm  which  follows  the  piece 
to  which  it  is  attached. 

In  adapting  this  wheel  to  nmltiiilex  telegraphy,  a  trail- 
ing arm  is  attached  to  the  revolving  « lu-ci. 

Jour.  Franklin  liut.,  CXXI.  313. 
Witb  open  arms,  cordially ;  w  ith  eager  welcome. 
Even  mitred  Kochester  would  nod  the  head, 
And  St.  .John's  self  (great  Dryden's  friends  before) 
Witk  open  arms  received  one  poet  more- 
Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  14-2. 

arm^t  (arm),  r.  t.     [<  arnA,  «.]    Totako  bythe 
arm;  also,  to  seize  or  hold  in  the  arms. 
Arm  your  prize; 
I  know  you  will  not  lose  her. 
Fletcher  (ami  another),  'I'wo  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  3. 
And  make  him  with  our  pikes  and  partisans 
A  grave.   Come,  »/-//i  him.     .SVkU-.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2. 

ann^  (iirm),  n.  [<  pi.  arms,  <  ME.  armes,  <  OF. 
armes,'\A.  (sing,  armc),  =  Pr.  arnias  =  Sp.  Pg. 
ar;»Hs  (sing,  arma)  =  It.  flr/«((sing.  armc,  some- 
times arma),  <  L.  arma  (neut.  pi.,  in  ML.  some- 
times used  as  fem.  sing.),  arms,  weapons,  prop, 
fittings,  equipments;  from  same  soiu-co  as 
armus,  shoulder,  etc. :  see  oc)«l.  Hence  alarm, 
q.  v.]  1.  ililil. :  («)  A  weapon.  In  this  sense 
most  commonly  used  in  the  plural,  and  when  used  in  the 
singular  for  the  most  part  referring  rather  to  a  particular 
kind  of  weapon  than  to  an  individual  jjiece. 

If  the  citadel  of  poverty  and  ignorance  and  vice  is  to  he 
taken  at  all,  it  nnist  he  besieged  from  every  jKUnt  of  the 
compa.ss,  .  .  .  and  no  kind  of  arm  nmst  ho  neglected 
which  will  teml  to  seciu'e  the  ultimate  victory  of  morality 
and  culture.  JeA'otis,  Social  Keform,  p.  i. 

(h)  pi.  Armor ;  coverings  for  the  l)ody  intended 
as  defenses  agamst  weapons  of  war. 
L<iok,  a  prize ! 
Three  horses  aiul  three  goodly  suits  of  arms, 
And  all  in  charge  of  whom  ?  a  girl :  set  on. 

Ten  Ill/son,  Geraint. 

(c)  A  branch  of  the  military  service,  as  cavalry 
or  artillery :  as,  the  enemy  was  strong  in  artil- 
lery, but  we  were  weak  in  that  arm. 

The  inland  Britons  being  accustomed  to  rely  upon  their 
infantry,  ami  the  Continental  Cauls  being  fonder  of  the 
cavalry  arm.  C.  Elton,  Orig.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  118. 

Hence  —  2.  pi.  The  use  of  weapons;  military 

occupations ;  war. 

By  sea,  by  land,  thy  matchless  worth  was  known. 
Arms  thy  delight,  and  war  was  all  thy  own. 

Dniden,  Abs.  and  Achit.,  I.  841. 

3.  pi.  Deeds  or  exploits  of  war. 

Anns  and  the  man  I  sing.  Dnjden,  .Kneid,  i.  1. 

The  woiuen  crowded  to  the  doors  to  gaze  upon  him  as 
he  passed,  su  much  does  prowess  in  arms  delight  the  gen- 
tle sex.  Irmnfl,  Knickerbocker,  p.  41S. 

4.  In  lau-,  anything  which  a  man  takes  in  his 
hand  in  auger  to  strike  or  assault  another. — 5. 


arm 

pi.  In  hot.,  anirtliing  that  serves  as  a  defense  to 
a  plant,  as  pi-ickles,  thorns,  or  spines. —  6.  pi. 
In  fulconrii,  the  legs  of  a  hawk  from  tlie  thigh  to 
the  foot. — 7.  pi.  The  heraldic  bearings  of  an  in- 
dividual or  a  comnuinity,  consisting  of  some  de- 
vice in  heraldic  tinctures  (see  tincture)  borne  on 
a  shield,  generally  with  tlie  adtlitiou  of  a  crest 
and  sometimes  with  supporters.  A  description  in 
heraldic  terms  of  shield,  crest,  etc.,  is  called  blazoning 
(which  see).  The  right  to  bear  the  arms  of  the  father  is 
inherited  by  the  sons,  but  in  strictness  each  of  the  younger 
sons  should  add  to  the  paternal  shield  a  label  as  a  mark 
of  cadency  ;  the  same  right  descends  to  a  daughter  oidy  if 
she  is  her  father's  heiress.  A  jierson  inheriting  an  estate 
other  than  the  paternal  one  often  assumes  the  arms  of  tho 
former  possessor,  but  should  in  strictness  apply  to  the 
proper  authorities.  Sec  kimj-at-anns,  herald,  jmtl  IteraUis' 
colteije.  Arms  not  paternal  may  be  classed  as  follows:  (n) 
Arms  of  dominion,  or  the  natituuil  arms  borne  by  the 
sovereign,  in  which  generally  the  bearings  inherited  by 
the  prince  as  an  individual  have  come  to  have  a  certain 
national  character.  (';)  Anns  of  eoimnunily,  as  of  a  cor- 
poration, an  eiiiseopal  Bee,  or  the  like.  Arms  assumed  by  a 
republic,  as  by  tho  I'nited  States  or  by  one  of  the  states, 
partake  of  the  nature  of  both  the  preceding,  (c)  Anns  n/ 
fjretension,  as,  specifically,  those  assumed  by  a  sovereign 
in  assertion  of  his  claim  to  a  realm  not  actually  umier  his 
authority,  like  the  ileurs.de-lys  of  Fiance,  which  were 
borne  by  English  sovereigns  until  IfcOl.  ((/)  Anns  o/  sttc- 
cession,  denoting  inlieritJinco  of  an  estate,  as  mentioned 
above,  (e)  Arms  of  assumption,  or  assiimj'tice  arms,  bear- 
ings assumed  or  gi-anted  in  consequence  of  an  exploit,  aa 
the  three  feathei-s  with  the  motto  Jeh  dien  taken  from  the 
slain  King  .Tohii  of  Bohemia  by  Edward  the  Black  Prince 
at  the  battle  of  Cri!cy  (1340),  and  now  borne  by  the 
Prince  of  W«lc8.  (/)  Arms  of  allianee.  as  where  one 
spouse  impales  the  arms  of  tho  other  on  his  or  her  shield. 
(ij)  Arms  of  ogiec,  arms  which  are  the  pertiuisite  or  ap- 
pemlage  of  some  public  position.  In  all  the  above  cases 
except  (o)  and  tb),  a  private  individual  having  a  right 
to  such  arms  charges  them  with  the  paternal  arms, 
whether  by  quartering  or  other" ise.  For  the  i>rigin  and 
history  of  arms,  see  AcraWrv.  — Abated  arms,  ^eeatsttc. 
—Adoptive  arms.  See  o(/op(iii-.— Allusive  arms,  in 
her.,  a  hearing  or  bearings  liaving  immediate  reference  to 
the  wearer's  name :  thus,  the  arms  of  a  person  named  Lamb 
or  Uening  would  be  termeil  atlusiee,  if  they  included 
as  a  itearing  a  figure  of  tho  animal  so  named.  In  this 
way  the  name  De  Ix)upe  may  have  been  given  to  the  first 
earls  of  Chester  because  of  their  bearing  a  wolf's  head,  or 
the  natne  Aruiulel  may  be  derived  from  swallows  (French 
hirondetlfs)  borne  on  the  shield.  The  ai-ms  of  Bolton  are  a 
crossbow-bolt  driven  through  a  tun.  Castile  and  Leon  had 
for  their  chief  hearings  a  castle  and  a  lion  respectively. 
There  are  many  such  cases.  Also  called  allusive  heraldn/, 
cantinif  heraldry,  rebus,  and  armes  parlantes. — Arms- 
carrying  Act.  .See  Bill  if  Jtlnhts,  under  6i'H.— Arms  of 
precision,  lircarms  ritled,  furnished  with  gi-aded  sights, 
aciurafcly  jireparcd  bullets,  and  appliances  calculated 
to  enable  them  to  act  with  precision  and  rapidity,  and 
at  much  greater  distances  than  ordinary  weapons.  The 
Armstrong  gun  and  the  Springfield  and  Maitini-Hemy 
riilis  are  exiimples.— Assize  of  arms.  See  a<.»ize.— As- 
sumptive arms.  See  above,  7  (■ ),  and  asmmplire.—  Coat 
of  arms.  See  ciwf.— Places  of  arms,  in  fort.,  parts  ol 
the  covered  way  opposite  the  salient  and  reentering  an- 
gles of  the  counterscarp.—  Repeating  arms,  arms  that 
can  be  discharged  a  number  of  times  without  being  re- 
loaded.—Rifled  small  arms,  rillcs,  muskets,  carbines, 
pistols,  or  revolvers,  the  bores  of  which  are  cut  with  spi- 
ral gi-ooves  or  "rillcs."- Small  arms,  all  wcaix.ns  not 
requiring  carriages,  as  opposed  to  artillery,  and  includ- 
ing rilles,  muskets,  bayonets,  pistols,  revolvers,  sabers,  and 
swords  :  also,  sporting  weapons. —  Stand  Of  arms,  aconi- 
l)Ute  .set  of  arms  for  one  scddier.  consisting  of  a  musket, 
b.iyonet.  cartriilgc-box,  and  belt,  with  or  without  a  sword. 
— To  arms !  a  warning  equivalent  to  "arm  !  take  to  your 
arms ;  make  ready  for  battle. "  (Compare  ainriii.)— TO 
bear  arms,  to  do  military  service;  serve  as  a  S4>ldier. 

Vou  have  been  a  soldier,  De  Vitry,  and  borne  arms. 

Beau,  ami  Ft.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iii.  2. 
To  be  In  arms,  to  bo  in  a  state  of  hostility,  or  of  readi- 
ness for  war. 

Sir  Edwaril  Courtenay  and  the  haughty  prelate,  .  .  . 

With  many  more  confetienites,  are  in  arms. 

.s'ArtA-.,  Kich.  lll.,iv.  4. 
To  be  imder  arms,  to  be  armed  ami  in  a  state  of  readi. 
ness  lor  lighting.  To  Carry,  order,  present,  etc .,  arms. 
See  the  verbs.— To  take  ("r  take  up)  arms,  to  arm  for 
attack  or  ilefense,  literally  or  llgniatively. 

Ve  will  find  it  a  far  easier  field  to  wage  war  against  all 
the  aniiies  that  ever  were  or  will  be  on  earth,  and  all  the 
angels  of  heaven,  than  to  lake  up  arms  against  any  truth 
of  Cod.  Nathaniel  Ward,  Simple  Colder. 

=  Syn.  1.  (a)  Ann,  Wea/sm.  Arm  is  especially  ai>plied  to 
those  things  which  are  ilcsigncd  for  lighting  ami  reognized 
as  such;  it  inijndes  means  of  defense  lus  well  asofollense. 
ir.'il;«)i»  applies  to  any  means  of  oltense  made  for  the  pur- 
pose or  (as  a  scythe,  chisel,  or  hiimmer)  useil  for  the  nonce. 
arm-  (iirm).  r.  [<  ME.  armcn,  <  OF.  armcr  (F. 
armer)  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  armar  =  It.  armare,  <  L. 
armare,  arm,  furnish  with  weapons,  <  arma, 
arms:  see  arm",  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  furnish 
or  equip  -with  weapons  for  offense  or  defense: 
as,  to  arm  the  militia. 

On  our  return  to  Souhag  we  met  a  party  of  men  on  foot, 
who  were  armed  with  spears,  shields,  and  daggers,  and 
one  or  two  with  guns. 

n.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  119. 

2.  To  cover  or  provide  -with  whatever  will  add 
strength,  force,  or  security:  as,  to  arm  the  hilt 
of  a  sword;  to  arm  a  man-of-war -with  armor- 
plates.— 3.  Toftmiish  with  means  of  defense; 
prepare  for  resistance ;  fortify. 
Arm  yourselves  likewise  with  tlie  same  mind. 

1  Pet  1».  L 


arm 

There  la  no  terror,  CassUis,  in  your  threats ; 
>'or  1  nm  arin'd  so  strong  in  Iionesty. 
Tliat  tliey  pass  by  me  as  tlie  idle  wind. 

Shak.,  J.  0.,  iv.  3. 

T  mil  arming  myself  against  licr  fnvours  witli  all  my 
plliliiscipliy.  Sleelv,  Tiitler,  No.  124. 

4.  To  provide  witli  tho  requisite  appliauees  or 
authority  for  aiiv  work  or  undortaking:  as,  arm- 
ed with  "axes  aiid  alpenstocks,  we  started  out ; 
armd  with  a  warrant.— 5.  To  lit  or  prepare  (a 
thing)  for  any  speuilie  purpose  or  ellective  use : 
as,  to  unit  a  hook  in  angling ;  to  arm  a  dressing 
in  surgery. —To  arm  a  lead,  to  apply  .soaii  or  grease  to 
tile  s.Ji-ket  "ill  till'  lower  eiiil  of  a  sounilin(,'-lead,  so  that  a 
Epf.iiiuii  of  file  bottom  may  lie  lirought  up.-  To  arm  a 
magnet,  to  tit  it  witli  an  armature.  See  ariiMtiirr,  t;.— 
To  arm  a  shot,  t"  roll  rope-yarns  ahoilt  a  cross-l.ar  sliot 
in  order  to  faiililate  niiiiiiiiiig  it  liome,  and  also  to  pre- 
vent the  ends  (roiii  ealcliiiig  any  aecidental  inequalities 
in  tlie  bore.  Wilhflut,  .Mil.  Wiet.  [Fur  other  phrases,  see 
artmd.] 

II.  intrans.  To  provide  one's  self  witli  arms, 
weapons,  or  means  of  attack  or  resistance  ; 
take  arms  :  as,  the  nations  arm  for  war. 

Now  is  it  time  to  arm.  Shak.,  lien.  V.,  iii.  7. 

The  Belgic  tribes,  alarmed  at  the  .approaching  danger, 
arm  against  tlie  univers.al  tyrant. 

ilotleii,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  11. 

armada  (iir-ma'da),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
erroneously  armado  (also  sometimes  as  It.,  ar- 
mata) ;  <  Sp.  armada  =  Pr.  Pg.  armada  =  It.  ar- 
mata  =  F.  armcc  (>  E.  armi/~,  q.  v.),  lit.  an 
armed  force,  army,  ua%'y,  <  ML.  armata,  an 
armed  force,  an  army,  prop.  fem.  of  L.  ar- 
matus,  pp.  of  armarc,  arm:  see  arm^,  v.,  and 
also  army,  which  is  a  doublet.]  1.  A  fleet  of 
war-ships  ;  a  squadron.  The  Spayiish  or  Invincihlc 
Armada,  which  consisted  of  130  lai'ge  ships,  was  sent  liy 
Philip  II.  against  England  iu  15S8,  during  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth,  but  was  repulsed,  and  afterward  almost  en- 
tirely destroyed  by  storms  off  the  Orkney  islands  and  on 
the  western  coast  of  Ireland. 
Awholearj/iadoof  convictedsail.     Shak.,  K.JoIm,  iii. 4. 

2t.  A  single  war-ship. —  3.  Any  ai-med  force  ; 

an  army. 

Kor  was  the  naval  unworthy  of  the  land  armada. 

Bidwer,  Athens,  II.  121.    {N.  E.  D.) 

armadillo  (iir-ma-diro),  n.    [Formerly  also  ar- 
madillio,  urmaditio,  armadilc ;  <  iSp.  armadillo 
(=  Pg.  urma- 
dilho),  dim.  of 
armado,   arm- 
ed, with   ref- 
erence to  its 
Ijonv       shell. 
Cf.  ML.  arma- 
dillus,  a  kind 
of     sea-fish.] 
1 .  An  Ameri- 
can   edentate 
quadruped,  of  the  order  Bruta  (or  Edentata)  and 
suborder  Loricata,  and  of  the  e.xtant  families 
Tutusiidce,  I>as;/iJodUlic,  and  Chlami/dophoridw, 
or  of  the  e.xtinet  family  Gli/ptodontkhc,  having 
a  hard  shell  or  carapace  like  a  coat  of  mail, 
resulting  from  a  peculiar   ossification  of  the 
integument  and  the   confluence  of  numerous 
small  scutes.     lu  the  glyptodons  the  carap.ace  was  en- 
tire and  fl.\ed,  and  even  in  some  cases  covered  the  belly 
as  well  as  the  back ;  but  in  all  the  living  armadillos  the 
shell  is  divided  into  an  anterior,  a  posterior,  and  an  en- 
tire or  variously  divided  middle  part.     When  the  division 
of  the  middle  part  is  complete,  the  animal  can  roll  itself 
into  a  baU.    The  teeth  ai'e  numerous,  but  vai-y  in  number 
and  other  characteristics  with  the  several  ;;eiierii;  in  the 
genus  Prionodontes  they  are  a  hundred  in  number.     The 
poba  is  an  armadillo  of  the  family  TatuMidce,  the  Tatiisia 
7WVfincincta,  the  only  one  of  the  group  found  as  far  north 
as  the  United  States.    There  are  other  species.     The  en- 
couberts  are  the  typical  armadillos  of  the  family  Dasyp'^- 
did(e.    The  peludo  is  Datnfpu.^  vUloaus.     The  kabassous 
constitute  the  genus  X€nuru.t.     The  kabalassou  is  Prio- 
d(mle.i  f/ifja.'^.     Tile  apars  are  the  three-banded  armadillos, 
of  the  genus  Tulijpi'utrs.     "I'he  pieliiciagos  constitute  the 
f&uii\y  Chlainiidaplioridit: ;  they  are  the  smallest  and  must 
peculiar  forms,  being  less  than  a  foot  long,  while  tlie  ka- 
balassou is  three  feet  long  without  the  tail.     All  these 
animals  ai'e  mild,  timid,  and  inoffensive,  subsisting  on 
roots,  leaves,  and  fruits,  sometimes  on  insects  or  flesh. 
They  are  able  to  dig  into  tlie  ground  with  great  rajndity, 
and  escape  from  their  enemies  in  this  way  as  well  as  by 
rolliut;  up  ill  a  ball.    The  llesh  isconsidcreil  good  for  food. 
2.  In  Criisldccd :    (a)  Imp.']    A  genus  of  iso- 
jjods,  of  the  family  Onisrida;  including  the  pill- 
bugs,  wliich  can  roll  tliemselves  into  a  ball 
like   the   mammals  called  iinnadillos.     (ft)  A 
species  of  tliis  genus  ;  a  pill-bfig  or  sow-bug ;  a 
kind  of  wood-louse. —  3.  A  name  given  to  an 
electric  battery  composed  of  cojiper  and  zinc 
elements  riveted  together,  and  tlesigned  to  bo 
worn  as  a  remedy  in  certain  diseases. 
armadot,  "•     An  erroneous  form  of  armada. 
armament  (iir'ma-ment),  n.  [<  L.  armamcntum, 
usually  iu  ]il.   armamciita,   implements,   esp. 
tackle  of  a  ship,  <  armarc,  arm,  equip :  see  arm". 


312 


Armenian 


c]     1.    A  body  of  forces  equipped  for  war:  arm-band  (iirm'baiKl),  m.     A  piece  of  crooked 
used  of  a  land  "or  naval  force.  iron  atlnc  tied  to  a  rail  or  to  a  stone  block  fixed 

The  whole  united  armameni  of  Greece.  Glover,     against  the  walls  in  barrack-rooms,  to  retain 

It  was  necessary  for  him  .  .  .  toproceed  with  his  twenty     the  sol.liers' muskets  when  not  in  use. 
men-of-war  to  the  MediteiTanean,  while  his  superiora,  with   arm-DOard    (arm  bord),    «.     A    graining-board 
tho  restol  the  nnHa/(M!H(,  returned  to  the  channel.  used  in  leaf  lier-workitig.  made  of  the  outer  bark 

Macatdan,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx.     ^,f  ,1,,,  ,.„,.k.„,iij,  without  grooves. 
2.  Munitions  of  war;   especially,  the  number  arm-bone  (iirm'bon),  ii.     A  bone  of  the  arm  or 
and  weight  of  all  the  guns  which  a  ship  ot     j-,„.,.  jj,,,),.  especially,  the  bone  of  the  upper 

arm  ;  the  hunu'rus. 
arm-chair  (iirm'chSr),  «.  A  chair  with  arms  to 
siipiiort  th<'  elbows. 


war  carries.  Within  a  comparatively  short  period  re- 
markable changes  have  occurred  in  the  size  and  weight  of 
the  armament  of  war-vessels.  In  the  United  States,  lie- 
fore  the  civil  war,  the  usual  armament  for  both  forts  and 
vessels  consisted  of  32-poimdei-s.  The  war  led  to  tlie  ion- 
strnc^tion  and  use  of  15-iiich  smooth-bore  guns,  weighing 
.Ml.OOOpounds,  andafterward  of  20-ineh guns,  weighing  KKJ,- 
000  pounds.  Rifling  was  introduced  in  1860,  and  is  now 
universally  employed,  reliance  being  placed  upon  the 
piercing  power  of  elongateil  projectiles  moving  at  a  gleat 


Armadillo,  or  Peludo  {Dasypits  villosus). 


arm-chest  (iirm'chest),  n.  1.  Naral,  aboxplaeed 
on  the  upper  deck,  or  in  the  tops,  to  contain  a 
ready  supply  of  rifles,  pistols,  or  cutlasses. — 

2.  A  .similar  box  or  chest  used  in  the  military 
service  for  the  transportation  of  small  arms. 

'  ,  Bear- 
se  and 
rmed 
rhinoceros,"  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. —  2.  Sup- 
ported by  arms ;  carried  on  or  maintained  by 
force  or  readiness  for  military  action :  as,  an 
armed  inroad ;  armed  peace  or  neutrality. 

I  shall  not  attempt  to  collect  the  duties  and  imposts  by 
any  armed  invasion  of  any  p.art  of  the  country. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  132. 

3.  In  her.,  having  the  beaks,  talons,  horns,  or 
teeth,  or,  of  an  aiTow  or  lance,  having  the  head, 
of  the  color  specified :  as,  a  lion  gides  armed  or. 
The  word  is  not  used  for  the  horns  of  a  hart  or 
buck.  See  attired. —  4.  In  j)/((^«.,  furnished  with 
an  armature  or  a  piece  of  iron  so  as  to  connect 
the  poles,  as  a  horseshoe  magnet. —  5.  In  hot., 
having  prickles  or  thorns — Armed  at  all  points, 
(a)  Completely  equipped  with  otfensive  and  defensive 
arms,  according  to  the  fashion  of  the  time  :  equivalent  to 
the  French  arme  de  pied  en  cap.  See  cuts  under  armor, 
{h)  In  her.,  dressed  in  complete  plate-armor,  but  ha\ing 
the  vizor  open :  said  of  a  warrior  used  as  a  bearing  or 
supporter.— Armed  in  flute.  See/iufc-.— Armed  neu- 
trEdity,  the  maintenance  by  a  nation  of  an  armed  force 
held  ready  to  repel  any  aggi'ession  on  the  part  of  belli- 
gerent nations  between  which  it  is  neutral. — Armed 
peace,  the  condition  of  a  country  which  in  time  of  peace 
maintains  its  military  establishments  on  a  war  footing,  so 
as  to  be  ready  for  war  at  any  moment.— Armed  ship, 
a  merchant  ship  taken  into  the  service  of  a  government 
for  a  jiarticular  occasion,  and  armed  like  a  ship  of  war. — 
Armed  to  the  teeth,  very  fully  or  completely  armed. 

(in  the  ramparts  of  the  fort  stood  Nicholas  Koorn, 
armed  to  the  teeth,  flourishing  a  brass-hilted  sword. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  251. 

Armenian  (ilr-me'ni-an),  a.  and  ii.      [<  L.  Ar- 

metiilis,    <   Gr.   'Ap/imoc,    <   'Apftma,  Armenia.] 

I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Armenia,  a  former  kingdom 

of  Asia  Ijdng  between  the  Black  and  Caspian 

seas,  northeast  of  Asia  Minor,  now  included  in 

-,,..s  ,      rxTT      t   „i   „f  Turkey,  Persia,  and  Asiatic  Kussia,  or  to  its 

a  ta),  n.  pi.     [iML.,  neut.  pi.  ot  .-"^    \-"  '  ...... 

i»<i"  =oo  ;.>-,i),/)7„  1     A  o-,-niin  n(  inhabitants — Armeman  architecture,  a  term  some- 

led.  see  at  '«"««•]      A  gioup  ot  ^.^^^^^^        ,i^j  j^,  ,,,^.  j,„.„^  „j  Kyzantme  eluirch  architec- 


with  4|-ton  guns;  but  the  weight  ot  metal  was  succes- 
sively increased  up  to  the  80-ton  guns  of  the  "  Inflexilde  " 
(1876)  and  the  111-ton  guns  of  the  "Sans  Pareil "  (1887). 
The  "Magnitieent"  (1894),  the  latest  type,  is  armed  with 
four  12-inch  guns,  twelve  6-inch  guns,  and  twenty-eight 
smaller  quick-flre  guns.    The  more  recent  ships  of  other 
nations  have  similar  armaments. 
armamentarium  (ar"ma-men-ta'ri-um),  H.; 
lA.armatiieiiUiria  {-a).    [L.]    An  armamentary. 
The  physiological  investigation  of  new  remedies  for  the 
purpose  of  enriching  the  ammmentarium  of  the  physician. 
Therapeutic  Gazette,  IX.  24. 

armamentary  (iir-ma-men'ta-ri),  n. ;  pi.  arma- 
meiitaries  (-riz).  [<  L.  armamentarium,  an  ar- 
senal, armory,  <  armameiita,  equipments:  see 
armament.2  An  armory;  a  magazine  or  an  ar- 
senal.    Bailey. 

armarian  (iir-ma'ri-an),  ».  [<  ML.  armariits,  < 
«;«i(7/'i«;H,  a  bookcase,  library :  seearmary.']  A 
librarian.     See  extract.     [Rare.] 

Armnrian,  an  officer  iu  the  monastic  liln-aries  who  had 
charge  of  the  books  to  prevent  them  from  being  injured  by 
insects,  and  especially  to  look  after  bindings.  He  had  also 
to  keep  a  correct  catalogue. 

Chambers  s  Journal,  No.  276,  p.  239.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

armaryt,  «.  [<  ME.  armarie  (Wyclif),  <  L.  ar- 
marium, a  chest,  safe,  or  closet,  a  repository, 
in  ML.  esp.  a  bookcase,  library,  lit.  a  place  for 
arms  or  tools.  Cf.  armory^,  and  armory'^,  a  dif- 
ferent word,  of  the  same  ult.  origin,  with  which 
m-niar)/ was  confused.]  1.  A  library:  used  by 
Wyclif  in  the  plural  for  books,  waitings. 

Thou  Shalt  find  wTite  in  armaries  [Vulgate,  in  commen- 
tariii].  Wi/cli/,  Ezra  iv.  15. 

2.  An  armory.  Leland,  Itin.,  IV.  54.    (^V.  E.  D.) 
armata^t  (ar-ma'ta),  n.    Obsolete  form  of  ar- 
mada. 

Armata-  (ar-ma 
L.  armatus,  armed 

gephyreans  having  set»  and  a  double  blood- 
vascular  system:  synonymous  with  Ctia'lifera. 
It  consists  of  the  families  Echiuridw  and  Ster- 
iiasjnda?. 

armature  (ar'ma-tm-),  n.  [=  F.  armature  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  armadura'=  It.  armadura,  armatiira,  < 
L.  armatura,  armor,  equipment,  armed  troops, 
<  armatus,  pp.  of  armare,  arm:  see  or«(2,  r. 
Doublet,  armor,  q.  v.]  If.  Military  equipment ; 
especially,  defensive  armor. —  2.  In  coijl.  and 
anat. :  (a)  Any  part  or  organ  of  an  animal  serv- 
ing as  a  means  of  defense  or  offense. 

Others  armed  with  hard  shells;  others  with  prickles; 
others  having  no  such  armature.  Hay,  On  Creation. 

It  is  remarkable  that  man,  who  is  endowed  with  rea- 
son, is  born  without  armature. 

Derham,  Physico-Theology,  iv.  14. 

(ft)  Any  apparatus  or  set  of  organs  without 
reference  to  defense ;  an  equipment ;  an  appa- 
nage: as,  the  genital  or  the  anal  armature. 
All  the  crayfishes  have  a  complete  gastric  armature. 

UuxU'ii,  Crayfish,  p.  255. 

3.  In  hot.,  the  hairs,  prickles,  etc.,  covering  an 
organ. — 4t.  A  body  of  anned  troops. 

Ground  fit  for  the  archers  and  light  armature. 

Italcigh,  Hist,  of  ^yorld,  v.  6. 

5.  In  arch.,  any  system  of  bracing  in  timber  or 
metal,  as  the  iron  rods  used  to  sustain  slender 
columns,  to  hold  up  canopies,  etc.  The  term  is 
applied  especially  to  the  iron  framework  by  which  lead- 
lights  are  secured  iu  medieval  windows. 

6.  A  piece  of  soft  iron  applied  simply  by  con- 
tact to  the  two  poles  of  a  magnet  or  electro- 
magnet as  a  means  of  maintaining  the  mag- 
netic power  undiminished,  in  dynamo-electric  ma- 
chines (which  see,  under  electric)  the  armature  is  a  cylin- 
der or  ring  of  laminated  soft  inm  wound  with  coils  of 
insulated  copper  wire.  This  armature  is  rotated  rapidly 
in  the  field  of  the  adjacent  electroina;.;iiet«.  In  the  liidtz 
electric  machine  the  armature  is  a  strip  of  varnished  paper 
attached  to  the  cdu'c  "f  the  openings  or  windows  of  the 
fixed  plate.     Also  called  armor. 

armazine,  «■    See  armoseen. 


Armenian  Architecture, 

Typical  Church  Plan.  St.  H"i«psimah.  near  F.tchmiadzin. 

.■IP,  bema,  or  sanctuary:  />',  B,  parabeiuata  :    B,  prolhcsis:   p\ 

diakonikon  :    C,  altar ;  £>,  apse :    FF,  veil  occupying  the  place  of 

the  iconostasis ;    G,  dome  and  choir :  //,  nave ;  /.  /',  anuparabe- 

niata;  A*,  chief  entrance;  L.  north  door:  /.'.  south  door. 

ture  usual  in  Armenia.  The  typic:il  plan  of  such  churches 
maintains  a  strict  symmetry  lutwccn  flic  ajisidnl  jind 
western  ends,  having  antip.arabcmata  t"  c.incsiiund  with 
the  parabeiuata.  and  oniittiuL'  the  iiailbcx.  The  central 
dome  is  often  represented  by  a  lofty  t.ovvr.-  Armenian 

blue.  See /./«.■.— Armenian  bole,  s,,- (,.7.-'.  -Arme- 
nian cement,  a  cement  made  by  snaking- isiiiL'lass  iinvater 
until  it  b.inmcs  sidt,  and  then  mixiiiL'  it  with  spirit  iu 
whicli  a  little  uum  mastic  and  ammoiiiacuiii  have  been  dis- 
solved. It  is  used  to  unite  pieces  of  brnken  ^la.ss.  to  re- 
Iiair  precious  stones,  and  to  ceniciit  them  lo  watch-cases 
and  other  oriianients— Armenian  Church,  the  ancient 
national  church  of  Armenia.  It  niaint:iiiis  that  it  was 
foundeil  as  early  as  A.  li.  :14 :  but  while  traces  of  Christian- 
ity are  found  previously  to  the  fourth  century,  the  con- 
veisiun  of  the  country  as  a  whole  was  the  work  of  St. 
Gregory  tin-  Illuminator,  who  besran  his  evangelistic  la- 
bors ;ib'oiit  the  year  301 :  and  from  his  name  it  is  sometimes 
known  also  .as  the  Gregorian  Church.  The  Armenian 
cliurch  has  for  the  most  part  remained  estranged  from 
the  orthodox  Greek  Church  since  the  hitter  part  of  the 
fifth  century,  when  it  rejected  the  decrees  of  the  Council 
of  Chaleedon  (A.  D,  451).     It  has  therefore  been  credited 


Armenian 

witli  huliliiip  Miiuiiiiliysiir  nr  I'.utycliinn  doctrine,  but 
iiiaiiy  uiUlu»ritifs  liuUI  that  Lhc  tiiirert'nces  nrose  from 
inisuiHifrstiiiniiiiKS  uucasiuiieil  l)y  tlic  iiu-Jiparity  of  tlie 
Armenian  lanmiiiKe  to  express  the  Ihu-r  ilislinctions  of 
Greek  terninnWoKy.  The  Armenian  chnreh  accepts  all 
the  tlrst  seven  eenmenical  councils,  with  the  exception  of 
that  of  Chaleeiion,  the  docti  hies  of  which  they  seem,  how- 
ever, to  hold  nniier  a  ditftTtrnt  iihraseolo^ty.  Their  doc- 
trines and  usuries  closely  rescndde  those  of  tlie  Greek 
t'hurch,  with  the  exception  of  their  use  of  unleavened 
tiread  and  of  an  unndxed  chalice  in  the  eucliarJst.  The 
I)rit'sthood  is  hereditary.  The  hishops  are  governed  by 
four  patriarchs,  the  priauite  being  the  catliolicos,  who 
resides  in  the  mcjiiaatcry  of  Ktchiniadzin,  a  short  distance 
north  of  Mount  Ararat.  Since  the  fifteenth  century  a 
lur^e  nund)fr  of  the  Arnu-nian«  have  joined  the  Roman 
Catiudic  Church  antl  are  known  as  IJniti'd  Armenians. 
A  separate  Armenian  I'rotc.stant  Clmrch  has  also  recently 
been  formed.  — Armenian  era,  liturgy,  etc.  See  the 
nt)uns.  -Armenian  stone,  a  M<>lt  blue  carlimiate  of  cop- 
Iier;  also,  a  cumniercial  n:\\\\v.  for  hijpi-s  lazuli. 

II,  n.  1.  A  native  of  Armenia. —  2.  Ecclcs., 
an  adherent  of  the  Armenian  Church, — 3,  The 
Armenian  hin^uage. 

Armeno-Turkish  (iir-mG'''n6-ter'kish),  n.  The 
Turkisli  hin^uage  as  written  l)y  Armenians  in 
Turkey,  with  letters  of  tlie  Armenian  alphabet. 

armentalf  (Jlr-men'tal),  a.  [<  L.  armentalis, 
<  arutcntum^  old  form  armetita,  cattle  for  plow- 
ing, collectively  a  herd,  drove;  prob.  contr. 
from  *arimcntum,  <  arnrcj  plow:  see  arable.'] 
Of  or  belonging  to  a  drove  or  herd.     Bailey. 

armentinet,  a.  [<  h.  anurntum,  a  herd  (see  ar- 
mcntttl),  +  -(■;((-.]     Same  as  armeiital.     Bailey. 

armentosef  (ar-men'tos),  a.  [<  L.  annentosus, 
abounding  iu  herds,  <  armentani,  herd:  see  ar- 
mental.]  Full  of  gi-eat  cattle;  abounding  with 
herds  or  beasts.     Baileij. 

armer  (iir'mer),  n.     [<  arnfi  +  -eA.]     One  who 
arms  or  supplies  with  arms;  one  who  equips. 
Builders  aud  armcrs  of  vessels  [of  war]. 

Woohfij,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  160. 

armet  (ar'met),  w.  [F.,  OF.  also  armettCj  ar- 
tnerety  dim.  of  amies,  armor.]  The  most  com- 
plete and  perfect 
defensive  head-cov- 
ering of  the  mid- 
dle ages,  introduced 
about  1450,  and  re- 
maining in  use  until 
the  abandonment  of 
the  closed  headpiece, 
more  than  a  century 
later.  it  was  lighter 
tlian  the  Iieaume  aud  even 
the  basinet,  and  was  a 
better  protection  than  the 
sallet.  (See  these  words.) 
It  fitted  the  head  well, 
allowed  of  sume  move- 
ment, and  had  openings 
for  siyht  and  breathing. 
It  was  forged  in  many 
parts,  which  fitted  togeth- 
er accurately  and  were  se- 
cured by  hinges,  hooks, 
and  the  like,  and  when 
chiscd  was  very  rigid  and 
firm. 

armful   (iirm'fiU),   u. 
[<  arm^  -^  full.]     As 
much  as  the  arms  can 
hold;  what  one  holds  iu  one's  arms  or  embrace. 
'Tis  nut  the  wealth  «if  I'lntns,  nor  tlie  gold 
Luck'd  in  the  heart  of  earth,  can  buy  away 
This  arnt/ul  from  me.     lieau.  and  Fl.y  Philaster,  iv.  1. 
I  stood  where  Love  in  brimming  arni^fids  bore 
Slight  wanton  flowers  and  foolish  toys  of  fruit. 

I).  G.  liosni'tti,  Sonnets,  xiv. 

arm-gauntt,  «•      [An    isolated  form,  appar.  < 
armf  {or  arm'^,  arms)  +  (jaunt,  as  if  'with  gaimt 
limbs,'  or '  worn  with  military  service ' ;  in  either 
ease  a  violent  formation.     Perhaps  merely  a 
scribe's  or  printer's  sophistication  of  some  word 
which  must  be  left  to  conjecture.]     An  epithet 
of  disputed  meaning,  applied  by  Shakspere  to  a 
horse,  and  in  some  editions  Q\\'A\\^in\.io  arrogant. 
So  he  noildcd, 
And  soberly  did  mount  an  ann-fraunt  steed, 
Who  neigh'd  so  high,  that  what  I  would  have  spoke 
AVas  beastly  dundi'd  Iiy  him.         Shah:,  A.  and  C,  i.  5. 

arm-greatf,  a.  I'MJ'l.  arm-grct ;  <  arm^ -h  great.] 
As  thick  as  a  man's  arm. 

A  wrethe  of  gidd,  arm-firet,  of  huge  wighte, 
Upon  his  heed.         Cliancfr,  Knight's  Tale,  !.  1287. 

arm-guards  (ilrm'giirdz),  H.  pi.  Ageneralname 
of  i)late-armor  for  the   defense  of  the  arms. 

It  coiTespr)nds  to  hras/iart  (which  see)  and  to  the  lYench 
frnrdv-hran.    See  also  hracclit,  vmnhrare,  and  ri'rehrace. 
armhole  (iirm'lird),  ».    [<  ME.  annhole,  corrupt- 
ly/^/fr»m/e.- <  rr?v»i  -{•  lii>lr.]    1.  The  cavity  under 
the  slioulder;  the  annpit.     [Now  rare.] 

Tickling  is  m<»st  in  the  soles  of  tlie  feet,  and  under  the 
armholen,  nin\  on  tlie  sides.  The  cause  is  the  thinness  of 
the  skin  in  these  parts,  joined  with  the  rareness  of  being 
touched  there.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

2.  A  hole  iu  a  garment  for  the  arm. 


Steel  Armet.  about  A.  D.  1450. 
^,  calotte  or  cap;  a,  neck-guard 
riveted  to  j4,  and  having  a  prolon- 
gation upward  to  the  crown ;  S,  up- 
per vizor,  or  umbril,  with  sight-  or 
eye-hole ;  C,  vizor  with  opening 
for  hre.ithing  ;  />,  aventaile,  opening 
sidewise  on  hinges ;  /t,  rim  of  the 
gorgerin  1  it  has  a  groove  behveen 
two  ridges,  which  groove  receives 
the  lower  edge  of  the  armet  proper) ; 
P,  one  of  two  upright  pins  upon 
which  the  pauldrons  are  adjusted. 
The  gorgerin  is  of  three  pieces, 
movable  upon  one  another,  and  all 
riveted  to  a  leather  band  beneath. 


313 

armiak  (iir'myak),  H.  _[<  Kuss.  armynku,  of 
Tatar  origin.]  i.  A  stiiiT  wo  von  of  caiuol's 
hair  by  tho  Tatars. — 2.  In  Kiissia,  a  plain  caf- 
tan or  ontir  garment,  mailo  of  arniiak  or  a 
similar  nialiM'ial,  woni  by  tho  peasantry. 

armiferOUS  (iir-mil'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  armifcr,  < 
arma,  arms,  +  fcrre  =  E.  ieari.]  Bearing  arms. 
Blount. 

armiger  (iir'mi-jiT),  «.  [L.,  armor-bearer,  < 
(iniKi,  arms,  -I-  ijirvre,  bear,  carry.]  1.  An  ar- 
mor-ljearcr  to  a  kniglit ;  a  sciuiro ;  tho  8econ<l 
in  rank  of  the  aspirants  to  cliivalry  or  knight- 
hood.—  2.  One  who  lias  a  right  to  armorial  bear- 
ings: formerly  nsed  after  th(^  proper  name  by 
a  person  possessing  such  right,  but  no  higher 
title:  thus,  "John  Bolton,  armiijcr,"  is  nearly 
equivalent  to  "John  Bolton,  gentleman."  In 
Shakspere,  armii/cro. 

A  gentleman  born,  master  parsim ;  who  writes  himself 
armigcro;  in  any  hill,  warrant,  ipiittance,  or  (jl)ligation, 
armuiero.  Shak.,  M.  W.  <if  \V.,  i.  1. 

This  younp:  armirjrr  ninst  he  the  too  attractive  cyno- 
snre  to  tmr  i)oor  little  maiilen. 

Jl.  J).  Ulackiiwrc,  Lorria  Doone,  li. 

armigeral  (iir-mij'e-ral),  a.  [<  aniiiycr  +  -«i.] 
Of  the  class  of  squu-es;  genteel. 

I  am  exempted  at  present  from  residence,  as  preacher 
to  tlie  Fonndlin^  Hospital ;  hail  it  been  otherwise,  I  could, 
1  think,  liave  lived  very  happily  in  tlie  euuntry,  in  armi- 
!jL-ral,  priestly,  and  swiiie-feedini;  s'n-iety. 

Sr/'iiit'ii  Sinilii,  to  Francis  JetTrey. 

armigero  (iir-mij'e-ro),  «.  [=  Sji.  armigero,  a 
squire,  =  Pg.  armujcro,  a  jiage,  <  L.  armiger: 
see  armiiicr.'i     Same  as  armiger,  2. 

armigerous  (iir-mij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  armiger 
(later,  but  rarely,  armigerus),  bearing  arms: 
see  armigcr.l  Entitled  to  bear  heraldic  arms. 
They  belonged  to  the  anmijerouK  part  of  the  popula- 
tion. De  y»i'/u-('i/,  Worlis,  VII.  4'>. 

armil  (ar'mil),  «.  [<  late  ME.  armillc,  <  OF.  ar- 
milk;  <  L.  armilla,  a  bracelet,  armlet,  hoop, 
ring,  dim.  proli.  of  armtis,  shoulder,  upjjer  arm: 
see  «)•»(!.]  1.  An  ancient  astronomical  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  ring  fixed  iu  the  plane  of 
the  equator,  sometimes  crossed  at  right  angles 
by  another  ring  fixed  in  the  plane  of  the  me- 
ridian. In  the  first  case  it  was  an  equinoctial  armil,  in 
the  second  a  iolstitkil  armil.  Also  called  armilla.  See 
anniUary. 

\Vitli  tlie  advance  of  geometrical  conceptions  there  came 
the  hi-mi.sphere  of  r.erosus,  the  eiiuinoctial  armil,  the  sol- 
.stitial  anitil,  and  the  quadrant  of  I'tolemy— all  of  them 
employing  shadows  as  indices  of  the  sun's  position,  but  in 
combination  with  angular  divisions. 

B,  Spe7icer,  Universal  rrogrcss,  p.  172. 

2.  Same  as  armilla,  1. 

The  armil,  or  bracelet,  was  looked  upon  Ijy  tho  Anglo- 
Saxons  as  one  among  the  badges  of  royalty. 

Kock,  Church  of  onr  Fathers,  i.  436,  note. 

armilausa  (ar-mi-la'sa),  H. ;  pi.  armilauscE  (-se). 
[LL. ;  origin  imeertaiii ;  said  by  Isidore  to  be  a 
contr.  of  *armiclausa,  <  armits,  shoulder,  -I-  claii'- 
gus,  px).  of  clumhrc,  shut  in:  see  «r/«l,  chiuse, 
and  clusc.]  1.  A  kind  of  Roman  military  timie. 
—  2.  A  garment  worn  iu  England  aud  on  tho 
Continent  during  the  middle  ages,  probably 
differing  in  shape  at  different  times,  .vieyrick 
describes  it  as  "a  body  garment  the  prototype  of  the  sui"- 
eoat " ;  but  it  seems  always  to  have  been  an  outer  garment, 
and  even  worn  over  the  armor. 
armilla  (ar-miril),  «.;  pi.  armilla:  (-e).  [L. :  see 
armil.]  1.  Inn)(7i(ro/.,abraeelet  or  armlet:  as, 
a  Roman  or  Frankish  aniiilla.  Also  called  ar- 
mil.—  2.  In  macli.,  an  iron  ring,  lioop,  or  brace, 
in  which  the  gudgeons  of  a  wheel  move. — 3.  In 
(DKit.,  the  annular  ligament  of  tho  wrist  which 
binds  together  tho  tendons  of  tho  hand. — 4. 
Same  as  armil,  1. —  5.  In  oniitli.,  a  colored  ring 
encircling  the  tibia  of  a  bird  just  above  the 
heel-joint.     [Little  used.] 

armiilarjr  (iir'mi-la-ri),  a.  [<  L.  armilla,  an 
armlet,  ring,  etc.:  sec  armil.]  Resembling  a 
bracelet  or  armil- 
la; consisting  of 
rings  or  circles. — 
Armlllary  sphere, 
an  arraiigeiiietit  of 
rings,  all  circles  of 
a  single  sphere,  in- 
tended to  show  the 
relative  positions  of 
the  principal  celes- 
tial circles.  The 
whole  revolves  upon 
it»  axis  within  a  hori- 
zon divideii  into  de- 
grees and  movable  in 
every  direction  upon 
a  brass  snpiiorter. 
There  arc  two  kinds 
of  armill.iry  sphere, 
one  with  tlie  earth 
and  one  with  the  sun 
.\muiijry  Sphere.  in  the  center,  called 


Arminiaa 

respectively  the  spheir  ..f  I'tolemy  and  the  sphere  of  Co- 
pernieiiB.  since  the  main  use  of  sncli  a  contrivance  is  to 
give  an  aeciirate  reiiresentatioii  of  tile  apparent  motions  o( 
the  solar  i^yhtem,  Ilie  former  istlic  one  most  used,  tlic  lat- 
ter having  little  Jiraetieal  value, 

armillate  (iir'mi-lat),  a.  [<  L.  armiUatus,  <  ar- 
milla, bracelet:  see  armil.]  Wearing  a  brace- 
let.    .\sU. 

armillated  (iir'mi-lil-ted),  a.  Wearing  brace- 
lets,    ('oel.cram. 

armillett  (iir'mi-let),  h.  [<  OF.  armillel,  dim.  of 
armillc:  set;  armil,  armilla.]  A  small  armilla 
or  armlet.    See  armilla. 

armint,  «•  [Of.  armil,  armilla.]  A  kind  of 
ornament  for  the  pike,  it  appcai-s  to  have  been  a 
piece  of  stuff  sewed  around  the  stalf,  perhaps  to  afford  a 
tlrm  hold  for  the  hand. 

armine^t,  "•  [Perhaps  for  "arming  (of  which, 
however,  no  record  is  found  for  400  years  pre- 
ceding), <  early  ME.  e.rming,  <  AS.  carming,  a 
wretched  person,  <  earm,  wretched,  miserable, 
poor,  =0S.  arm  =  OFries.  crm,  arm  =  1).  arm, 
OlIG.  aram,  MH6.  G.  arm  =  li-cl.  armr  =  Sw. 
Dan.  «rm  =  Goth,  arms,  wretched,  miserable. 
See  yearn?.]    A  beggar ;  a  mendicant. 

Luce.  So  young  an  armine  ! 

Flow.  Armine,  sweetheart,  I  know  not  what 

You  mean  by  that,  but  1  am  almost  a  !>eggar. 

Lomion  i'rodi<ial  (1605). 

armine'-'t,  arminedt.   Obsolete  forms  of  ermine, 

erntinal. 

arming  (iir'ming),  «.    [<  ME.  armynij ;  verbal  n. 
of  arm'^,  v.]     1.  The  act  of  taking  arms  or  fur- 
nishing with  arms:  as,  an  extensive  arnting  ot 
tho  people. — 2t.  In  Iter.,  a  coat  of  arms. 
When  the  Lord  Beaumont,  who  their  anningg  knew, 
Their  present  peril  to  brave  Sulfolk  shews.        Drat/ton. 

3.  Xatit. :  (a)  A  piece  of  tallow  placed  in  a 
cavity  at  tho  lower  end  of  a  sounding-lead  to 
bring  up  a  sample  of  the  sand,  mud,  etc.,  of  the 
sea-bottom. 

On  the  anni?i'j  from  an  eight-fathom  east  there  was  a 
perfect  impression  of  an  Astra'a,  apparently  alive. 

Danritt,  Coral  Reefs,  p.  11. 

(6)  pi.  A  kind  of  boarding-nettings,  (c)  j)l. 
Red  dress-cloths  formerly  hung  fore  and  aft 
outside  the  upper  works  on  holidays :  still  nsed 
by  some  nations.  Smyth. 
arming-bucklet(!ir'ming-buk '!),».  1.  Abuckle 
used  in  defensive  armor. —  2.  In  her.,  such  a 
buckle,  generally  having  tho 
shape  of  a  lozenge,  used  as  a 
bearing. 

arming-doublett  ( iir'ming-dub  "- 
let),  H.     A  doublet  used  iu  mili- 
tary dress,  forming  an  essential 
Four  Varieties  of    part  of  the  hamess  of  a  light- 
Heraidic  Arming.   aiTued  foot-soldicr  in  the  middle 

Buckles.  1   ,     . 

ages  and  later,  it  is  probable  that 
it  was  a  very  close-fitting  garment  worn  under  the  corse- 
let. The  general  use  of  it  seems  to  have  suggested  a  style 
or  cut  in  elegant  costume,  as  we  reatl  of  anning-doublets 
of  costly  material. 

That  every  man  have  an  armin/j-doublet  of  fustian  or 
canvas.  Duke  v/  Surjolk'n  Orders,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  36. 

An  armiii'f-'tonhtet  of  crimson  and  yellow  satin  .  .  . 
with  threails  of  Venice  gold. 

Inreiituni  lleimi  VIII.,  VA-2,  (pioted  by  Planchi!. 

arming-pointt  (iir'ming-point),  »i.  A  point 
used  iu  fastening  together  parts  of  a  suit  of 
armor. 

arming-press  (iir'ming-pres),  H.  A  small  hand- 
power  stamping-press  used  by^  bookbinders. 
Its  earliest  employment  was  in  stainpiug  heraldic  arms 
on  the  sides  of  bi'ioks,  whence  its  name.  In  the  I'nitcd 
States  this  form  of  press  is  known  as  a  gtamjnng-pretts 
or  ,  iiilHisyiii'i-pres.^. 

arming-speart  (iir'ming-sper),  ».    A  spear  used 

in  war. 
arming-swordt  (ar'ming-sord),  n.  A  sword 
made  especially  for  use  in  battle,  as  distin- 
guished from  one  worn  as  a  part  of  military 
dress  or  uniform  in  time  of  peace,  aud  from 
that  used  in  tourneys  or  the  like. 

A  helmett  of  proofe  slice  strait  did  provide, 
A  strong  armino-strord  shee  girt  by  her  side. 

Perq/'n  Iteliques. 

Arminian  (iir-min'i-an),  n.  and  a.     [<  NL.  Jr- 

minianii.f,  <  Arminiu.i,  Latinized  from  the  name 
oiHarmcnxen.]  I.  H.  1.  One  of  a  Christiaii  sect 
named  from  James  Arminius  (Jacobus  Harmen- 
sen),  a  Protestant  divine  of  Lcyden,  Nether- 
lantls  (15G0-1G09).  Its  membei^  were  also  called  He- 
muuslraitl.i,  from  a  statement  of  their  views  in  the  form  of 
a  remonstrance  presented  to  the  States-ticneral  in  IdlO. 
They  sep.arateil  from  the  Calvinists.  objecting  to  their 
doctrine  of  predestination.  The  sect  as  a  distinct  organ- 
ization is  ehielly  conltneil  to  the  Netlurlamls,  where  it 
nunibei-s  only  about  twenty  congregations  and  a  few  thou- 
sand adherents. 

2.  A  believer  in  the  Arminian  doctrines.  These 
doctrines  are  :  (1)  Conditional  election  and  reiirobation, 
iu  oppositiou  to  absolute  predestination  ad  taught  by 


Arminian 

Calvin.  (2)  T'nivcrsnl  ri'iUinptUm,  or  tlmt  tho  fltonement 
was  niftilehy  ChrUt  fui-  nil  niarikiiul,  UioukIi  mnie  but  be- 
lievers can  be  partalcers  <>f  it-s  bt-neHts.  (;i)  Tliat  iimii,  in 
order  to  exereise  true  faitli,  luust  be  renenenited  aiul  re- 
newed i)y  the  operation  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  which  is  the 
(lift  of  (Jod.  (4)  Tluit  this  grace  is  notirresistilde.  (f))  That 
believers  are  aide  l)y  tlie  aid  of  tlie  Holy  Sjiirit  to  resist 
sin,  but  that  there  is  always  in  this  life  the  possibility  of 
a  fall  from  grace,  in  opposition  to  the  C'alvinistic  doctrine 
of  the  perseverance  of  the  saints.  Protestants  in  general 
shared  in  the  controversy  excited  by  the  pmni nitration  of 
tiiese  doctrines,  and  all  opponents  of  Calvinistn  are  still 
often  characterized  as  Anninians.  In  the  ("burrh  nf  Eng- 
land Arminianisni  wjis  especially  favored  by  the  liiyh 
Church  party.  The  .Methodist  denoniinatitin  was  divided 
on  tlie  subject,  tlie  followers  of  Wesley  being  Arniiiiiaus, 
and  those  of  Whitelleld  Calvinirits. 

II,  a.  Pertaining  to  Arminius  or  to  his  doc- 
trines. 

Arminianism  (iir-uiin'i-aii-izni),  n.  [iArmini- 
lui  +  -ism  ;  =  V.  anuiiiiatiisme.']  The  peculiar 
doctriiK'S  or  tenets  of  the  Ai-minians. 

Arminianize  (iir-min'i-au-iz),  V. ;  ja-et.  and  pp. 
AnHiiii(uii::e(lj  ppr.  ArminiaHi::in(f.    [<  Arminian 
+ -j-e.]     I.  trans.  To  make  Arminian;  tinge 
or  permeate  with  Arminian  doctrines. 
n.  intrans.  To  teach  Arminianism. 

armipotence  (iir-mip'o-tens),  n.  [<  LL.  armipo- 
tvntiit,<h. armi2)0ten{t~)s:  seearmipotent.']  Puis- 
sance at  arms.     Bailey. 

armipotent  (ar-mip'o-tent),  a.  [<  IIE.  armypo- 
tent,  <  L.  armipoten{t-)s,  powerful  in  arms,  < 
anna,  arms,  +  poten{t-)s,  powerful:  see  j)0- 
tentJ]  Powerful  in  arms;  mighty  in  battle. 
[Rare.] 

The  temple  of  Marz  amnypotente. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1124. 

Tlie  manifold  linguist  and  the  armipotent  soldier. 

Shak.,  Alls  WeU,  iv.  3. 

Who  dost  pluck 
With  hand  armipotent  from  forth  blue  clouds 
The  niason'd  turrets. 

Fletcher  (aiid  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  1. 

armisonantt  (ar-mis'o-nant),  a.     [<  L.  arma, 

arms,  +  sonan{t-)Sj  ppr.  of  sonan;  sound  (see 
fionaut) ;  suggested  by  armisonous,  q.  v.]  Same 
as  armisonous.     Ash. 

armisonousf  (ar-mis'o-nus),  a.  [<  L.  armiso- 
VHs,  <  arma,  arms,  4-  snnare,  soimd:  see  sound^, 
and  cf.  armisonant.l  Somidingor  rustling  with 
arms  or  armor.     Bailey. 

armistice  (iir'mis-tis),  n.  [<  F.  armistice  =  St?. 
Pg.  armisticio  =  It.  armistizio,  <  NL.  armistitinmj 
a  cessation  of  hostilities,  <  arma^  arms,  4-  -sti- 
tinnij  <  status,  a  standing,  pp.  of  sistere,  cause 
to  stand,  fix,  reduplicated  from  stare,  stand: 
see  stafCj  stand.  Of.  solstice,  interstice.']  A 
temporary  suspension  of  hostilities  by  conven- 
tion or  agreement  of  the  parties;  a  truce. 

But,  while  an  armistice  is  an  interval  in  war  and  supposes 
a  return  to  it,  a  peace  is  a  return  to  a  state  of  amity  and 
Intereoui'se,  implying  no  intention  to  recommence  hostili- 
ties. An  armistice  again  leaves  the  questions  of  the  war 
unsettled,  but  a  peace  implies  in  its  terms  that  redress  of 
wrongs  has  been  obtained,  or  that  tlie  intention  is  re- 
nounced of  seeking  to  obtain  it. 

M'oolb'ey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  150. 

annlessi  (arm'les),  a.  {},'[£;.  armies ;  <  arm'^  -f 
-h'ss.'}  Without  arms,  in  zoOl.,  specifically  applied 
to  the  Lipuhrac/nti^  or  those  echinoderms,  as  sea-urehins 
and  sea-cucumbers,  which  have  no  distinct  rays  or  arms. 

armless^  (iirm'les),  a.     [<  arm^  +  -less.]     Des- 
titute of  weapons ;  defenseless. 
Spain  Ijing  armless  and  open.         BoweU,  Letters,  i.  3. 

armlet  (iirm'let),  n.  [<  orm'^  +  -lefj  dim.  suf- 
tix;    suggested  prob.   by  armillct,   q.   v.     Of. 

bracelet.']  1. 
A  little  arm: 
as,  an  armlet 
of  the  sea. — 3. 
An  ornament 
for  the  arm ; 
„  ,       .  specifically,   a 

Persian.  L^vutian.  i     i    t  V 

Armictb.  metal  band  or 

ring  worn  up- 
on the  upper  arm. —  3.  That  3)art  of  a  dress 
wliere  the  sleeve  joins  the  shotdder, 

armoire  (ar-mwor')i  »•  [F. :  see  amlry.']  An 
ambry ;  a  large  wardrobe  or  movable  cupboard, 
with  doors  and  shelves;  especially,  one  which 
is  inclosed  or  shut  in  with  doors  from  base  to 
cornice,  and  is  simple  and  roomy  in  design. 

armoiriet  (iir'mor-i),  n.  [F,]  An  old  form  of 
armory". 

Their  great  aim  was  to  elevate  their  subject  by  tracing 
back  tlie  use  of  armoirirs  to  the  patriarchs  and  heroes  of 
Jewish  and  pagan  anti<iuity.  Kmyc.  Brit.,  XI.  712. 

armoniact,  a.    An  old  corruption  of  ammoniac. 

Chancer. 

armor,  armour  (ar'mor),  n.  [Second  form  now 
usual  m  England ;  <  Mill,  armour,  armonre,  earlier 
and  more  commonly  armurc,  armor  (often  in  pi. 


314 

armurcs,  armurs,  armeris,  ai'vieres,  weapons),  < 
OF.  armure,  armciircy  F.  armurc  =  Sp.  Pg.  arma- 
dnra  =  It.  armadura,  armatura,  armor, <  h.  arma- 
;«/Y/,  armor:  seec/rmr/?«/V'.]  1.  Defensive  arms; 
any  covering  worn  to  protect  the  person  against 
offensive  weapons.  All  available  materials  that  otter 
some  resistance  to  edge  or  point  liave,  at  various  epochs 
and  among  various  peoples,  been  put  to  use  for  this  pur- 


Complete  Armor  of  1195-  Armpr  and  Equipment  for  man  and 

1205.  horse,  about  1290. 

I.  Conical  helmet  set  s.  A  heaunie  or  large  helmet, 
upon  the  hood,  ^4.  hood  of  worn  over  a  steel  cap  (mortier  or 
leather;  if.  camail  of  chain-  secret).  It  had  no  vizor  nor  avent- 
mail  secured  to  the  hood.  aile,  but  was  worn  only  in  fight,  and 
This  is  here  separate  from  rested  directly  upon  the  armor  of  the 
the  hauberk,  though  it  was  neck.  j4,  ailette  ;;oneon  each  shoul- 
often  a  part  of  it.  The  der) ;  5,  rerebrace;  C,  cubilifire,  or  el- 
hauberk  of  mail  reaches  to  bow-guard  ;  D,  genouilli^re,  or  knee- 
the  knees  and  is  divided  be-  guard  ;  E.  grreave,  or  bainberg  ;  F, 
fore  and  behind  :  the  gam-  surcoat  of  stuff  worn  over  the  armor; 
besonhasa  longskirt,  and  is  ;!/,  barbs  of  the  same  make  as  the 
worn  underthenauberk  and  body-armor  of  the  rider;  A',  cham- 
divided  in  the  same  way;  fron  of  hammered  iron;  0,  housings 
the  belt  is  only  a  leather  of  stuff  affording  considerable  pro- 
strap  with  buckle  ;  the  tection.  The  armor  of  the  body  and 
shield  is  triangular  and  very  limbs  of  the  rider  is  of  the  fashion 
much  rounded  or  bowed  called  banded  mail ;  that  for  the  body, 
sidewise,  and  straight  therefore,  is  not  properly  a  bauberlc, 
lengthwise;  the  hose,  or  perhaps  a  broigne. 
chausses,  are  of  mail,   and 

the  shoes  of  leather.  The  broigne  was  often  worn  instead  of  the  hau- 
berk ;  the  closed  helmet,  rarely.  The  chausses  often  covered  the  feet, 
replacing  the  shoes. 

pose,  as  thick  skins,  garments  of  linen  or  of  silk,  stuffed 
with  veuetatilf  fiber,  or  made  of  many  thicknesses  of  ma- 
terial, thin  I'lates  of  horn  or  metal,  sewed  to  some  textile 
fabric  and  hippin-^  over  one  another  like  scales,  etc.  I'su- 
ally  the  headpiece  was  the  first  piece  of  armor  to  he  made 
in  solid  metal.  (See  helmet.)  The  Greeks  had  a  solid  cui- 
rass from  a  very  early  period.  (See  cuirass  and  thorax.) 
This,  with  the  iielniet  and  the  greaves  (see  fireave),  con- 
stituted thewiinU-aiinorof  the  heavy-armed  Greek  warrior 
of  historic  times.  The  Konian  legionary  was  in  general 
similarly  armed,  sometimes  wearing  only  one  greave. 
Chain-mail  was  introduced  in  the  armor  of  the  Roman 
soldiery.  The  Norman  invaders  of  England  in  1066  wore 
a  conical  helmet  with  a  nasal  or  strong  projecting  piece  of 
iron  coming  down  over  the  nose,  and  long  gowns  of  stuff  to 


Complete  Annor.  about  1395.  Complete  suit  of  Plate-Armor, 
3.  ^,  basinet  with  vizor;  B,  "o™  >"  P^"s.  date  about  1440- 
large  camail  of  chain-mail:  C.  the  epoch  of  greatest  perfection 
corselet  of  separate  plates  of  of  defensive  arms, 
iron  or  steel,  each  one  riveted  to  4.  W,  armet ;  S,  gorget  of  three 
an  inner  doublet  or  jacket  of  plates  or  splints  sliding  one  over 
linen,  silk,  or  leather  ( this  corse-  the  other,  the  lowermost  one  pass- 
letcomesnohigherthanthearm-  ing  beneath  the  plastron;  C.  C, 
pits,  and  corresponds  exactly  to  pauldrons,  each  of  three  sliding 
the  later  pansitre);  />,  complete  plates,  the  right-hand  pauldron 
brassart ;  E,  cubitifcre.  which  smaller  than  the  left,  and  its  low- 
is,  however,  included  in  D;  F,  est  plate  capable  of  being  lifted 
gauntlet  of  leather  with  bracelet  to  allow  the  lance  to  be  put  in 
or  wrist-guard  of  Steel,  and  back  rest ;  D.  adjustable  hince-rest ;  E, 
of  hand  covered  with  a  steel  plastron,  or  upper  part  of  corse- 
plate  ;  G,  skirt  of  six  taces  or  let ;  F,  pansifere,  or  lower  part  of 
tassets  sliding  one  over  another  corselet  (these  two  pieces  slide 
like  the  shell  of  a  lobster's  tail  one  upon  the  other  so  that  the 
(each  (asset  is  riveted  to  a  series  body  can  bend  forward,  and  the 
of  vertical  strapsof  stuff  or  leath-  pansi&re  is  so  cut  away  over  the 
er) ;  H,  military  belt  secured  to  nips  that  tl\e  body  can  bend  side- 
the  lowest  tasset  (the  svrord  is  not  wise);  G,  skirt  of  taces  or  tas- 
secured  to  the  belt,  buttoahook  sets;  H,  other  tassets  forming 
or  staple  riveted  to  the  cuishe);  thigh-guards  (the  large  lowest 
/,  cuisne,  or  thigh-piece,  in  two  splint  is  often  called  the  tuille);  /, 

Karts  connectea  by  hinges  and  compleic  brassart  in  many  pieces 
ihtcned  by  hooks  ;  y,  jarab.  or  perfectly  articulated  and  forming 
leg-piece,  in  two  parts  like  the  a  connected  sleeve,  composed  of 
cuishc;  A',  gcnouillifere.or  knee-  rerebrace,  vambrace,  and  cubi- 
guard  :  £.,sollerct  of  small  plates  titre;  y.  gauntlet  having  no  brace- 
sliding  one  over  another.  let,  but  secured  to  vambrace  of 
brassart;  A",  cuishe  ;  /.,jamb;  Af, 

Senouilli&re,  having  two  sliding  splints  above  the  main  knee-guard  ; 
^,  sollcret,  with  the  terminal  splint  removable  when  the  wearer  dis- 
mouDted. 


armorer 

which  were  sewed  rings  nr  plates  of  metal,  an<l  the  leaders 
had  leg-eovering8of  sJinllar  make.  A  century  later  chain* 
mail  wa.'i  in  ennimon  usr.  The  knights  of  the  time  of 
Richard  I.  <tf  Kngland  (C.i-ur  de  Lion,  Ub9-1190)  wore  a 
long  hauherk  of  eliain-niail,  reaching  Uf  the  knee  or  helow, 
with  long  sleeves  elnseil  at  the  ends  w>  as  to  fonn  gloves, 
antl  with  (tpenings  in  the  sides  through  which  the  hands 
could  he  passed,  leaving  the  ploves  hanging  down  from 
the  wrist ;  hose  of  the  same  make,  either  covering  the  feet 
or  woni  with  shoes  of  strong  leather ;  or  sometimes  long 
hose  of  leather  laced  or  buckled  like  modem  long  gaiters. 
A  hood,  called  the  camail,  soim-tinit-s  of  (liaiii-mail.  .S'jme- 
times  of  leather,  covere'l  the  head  uiul  descended  tu  the 
shoulders,  and  upon  this  rested  the  iron  hehnet,  either  of 
conical  form  or  rounded  or  acom-shaped,  without  vizor, 
pressing  on  the  head  at  its  lower  edge,  where  it  was  often 
secured  to  the  camail,  and  rising  above  the  crown  of  the 
head.  Very  rarely  in  this  reign  a  closed  helmet  was  used, 
as  seen  on  a  seal  of  King  Richard  I.;  helmets  of  tliis  form 
became  common  early  in  the  reign  of  Ueni-y  III.  (1216- 
1272).  By  the  time  of  Henry  IV.  (1399-1413)  and  his  inva- 
sion of  France  (1411),  the  knight  was  completely  clothed 
in  armor  of  plates,  chain-mail  being  used  at  the  junction 
of  til--  limbs  with  the  body,  at  the  elbow-  and  knee-joints, 
and  fur  a  hood  covering  the  top  of  the  corselet.  Kinally, 
uud.r  Henry  VI.  (U-32-1461),  at  about  the  time  that  the 
Eiiu'lisli  were  driven  out  of  France  (1453),  the  suit  of  armor 
reuLlied  its  complete  development,  being  forged  of  thin 
steel  to  fit  the  body  and  limbs,  weighing  not  over  00  or  70 
pounds  in  all,  and  allowing  of  free  movement.  This,  how- 
ever, was  extremely  costly.  The  armor  worn  in  jousts  and 
tournaments  was  very  different  after  the  twelfth  century 
from  that  worn  in  war,  being  heavier,  and  neither  allowing 
the  knight  to  dismount  without  assistance  nor  affording 
him  adequate  protection  if  dismounted.  For  war,  in  spite 
of  the  general  adoption  of  firearms,  armor,  though  not  in- 
vesting the  whole  body,  continued  to  be  worn  by  officers 
and  mounted  men  until  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tur>',  in  the  wars  of  Louis  XIV. 's  reign,  and,  indeed,  sur- 
vives to  this  day  in  the  helmets  and  cuirasses  of  certain 
corps  of  cavalry.  (The  cuts  are  from  ^■iollet-le-Duc■s 
"Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran(,ais.") 

2.  The  metallic  sheathing,  intended  as  a  pro- 
tection against  projectiles,  for  a  ship  of  war  or 
the  exposed  face  of  a  fortification. —  3.  Figura- 
tively, a  defensive  covering  of  any  kind ;  that 
which  serves  as  a  protection  or  safeguard;  a 
bulwark:  used  in  ::odU  and  hot.  of  the  protec- 
tive envelop  or  cover  of  an  animal  or  a  plant, 
as  the  scales  of  a  fish  or  the  plates  of  a  croco- 
dile. 

There  is  no  armor  against  fate.  Shirley. 

In  one  species  [hornbills]  the  bill  ar?nor  resembles  some- 
what the  great  recurved  horn  of  the  rhinoceros. 

Sci.  Amcr.,  N.  S.,  LV.  73. 
In  Europe  the  cables  contain  from  five  to  seven  wires, 
each  insulated  with  gutta-percha,  and  the  whole  protected 
with  an  armor  of  iron  wires  or  iron  pipe. 

Greer,  Diet,  of  Electricity,  p.  1G2. 

4.  In  magnetism,  same  as  armature,  6.     [Eare.] 

—  Mascle'd  armor.  See  mascled.—  Submarine  armor. 
a  w;it(r-tij.'ht  mvering  worn  by  a  diver;  a  diving-dress. 
The  tssfiiti;il  I'art  of  the  armor  is  a  metal  lielmet,  large 
enou^'h  to  ]teiniit  free  movement  of  the  head  within,  pro- 
vided with  windows  for  outlook,  and  connected  with  a 
breastplate  wliieh  prevents  any  compression  of  the  lungs. 
The  remainder  of  the  suit  is  of  india-rubber.  Pnre  air  is 
pumped  thmujih  a  tube  opening  into  the  helmet  and  is 
projected  against  the  windows,  removing  the  moisture 
whieh  condenses  upon  them  :  it  tlien  l)ecomes  diffused  and 
is  breathed,  the  impure  air  passinj;  out  through  a  similar 
tube.  Weights  are  attached  to  the  waist,  and  leaden  soles 
to  the  shoes.  A  signal-line  affords  communication  with 
attendants  above. 
armor,  armour  (ar'mor),  r.  t.  [<  armor,  H.] 
To  cover  with  armor  or  armor-plate. 

The  trees  were  yet  growing  and  the  iron  uumined  with 
wliich  a  navy  was  to  be  built  and  armored. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  152. 

armor-bearer  (ar'mor-har  "er),  n.  In  ancient 
antl  feudal  times,  one  who  carried  the  armor  or 
weapons  of  another. 

armored,  armoured  (ar'mprd),  p.  a.  [<  armor 
-f -( f/".]  1.  Equipped  with  arms  or  armor. — 
2.  Covered  with  armor,  as  a  ship  or  the  face  of 
a  fortification ;  armor-plated. 

The  "Stonewall"  was  a  ram  with  armored  sides. 

J.  B.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  221. 

Fishes  [Cephalaspidop]  whose  peculiar  armoured  forms 
indicate  a  low  stage  of  organization. 

Clans,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  177. 

armorer,  armourer  (iir'mor-er).  n.  [Second 
form  now  usual  in  England":  <  ME.  armorer,  ar- 
mercr,  armnrer,  <  AF.  armurer,  OF.  armurier  (F. 
armurier),  <  armure,  annor:  see  armor  and  -er.'] 

1.  Formerly,  a  maker  of  or  an  expert  in  annor; 
hence,  one  who  had  the  care  of  the  arms  and 
annor  of  a  knight  or  man-at-arms,  and  equipped 
him  for  action. 

The  armourers,  accomplishing  the  knights, 
With  busy  hammers  closing  rivets  up, 
Give  dreadful  note  of  preparation. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  (cho.). 

Riding  further  past  an  armorer's. 
Who,  with  back  turn'd.  and  l)ow'd  above  liis  work. 
Sat  riveting  a  helmet  on  his  knee.     Tennyson,  Oeraint. 

2.  In  modern  use,  a  manufacturer  or  custodian 
of  military  arms:  specifically,  one  who  lias  the 
super\isiou  of  any  colloctiou  or  equipment  of 
arms.    The  armorer  of  a  ship  has  charge  of  the  arms, 


armorer 

and  sees  that  they  are  kept  in  acuTKlitionfltforflervice.  In 
the  Hritinh  army  an  armorer  is  attaehed  ti>  each  triioj)  of 
cavah>  aii.i  tii.arli  rnmiiaiiy  of  infantry,  to  clean  tile  arms. 

armor-grating  (ar'raoi--fn-a"ting),  «.  lu  many 
war-sliips,  csiioeiiilly  iii  iruiK'lads,  one  of  sev- 
eral deep  iron  Ki'iitinj;s  whieli  ave  fitted  around 
the  bottom  of  the  funnel  and  across  its  throat,' 
to  protect  the  boilers  and  uptakes  from  shot 
and  shell  during  an  engagement. 

armorial  (iir-mo'ri-al),  a.  and  h.  [=F.  armo- 
rial; <  (irmiirifi  -t-  -«/.]  I.  a.  Belonging  to  her- 
aldry, or  to  heraldic  bearings. 

ArmoHnl  si^ns  of  race  and  birth.  Wordiwvrth, 

Armorial  bearings.    See  amr^,  7. 

He  was  surronntUil  by  his  courtiers,  with  their  stately 
retinues,  glilterini,'  in  wor^eons  panoply,  anil  prouiUy  ilis- 
playinjj  the  annonat  heannfrs  of  their  ancient  lumses. 

Prcscotl,  Fcrd.  and  Isa.,  i.  1.5. 

II.  11.  A  book  containing  heraldic  bearings 
and  deWces ;  a  dictionary  of  the  arms  riglitly 
borne  by  tlie  persons  named  in  it. 

Armoric  (iir-mor'ik),  a.  and  h.  [<  L.  Armorica; 
pi.,  later  Armorial,  sing.,  said  to  be  <  Celtic  «r 
(W.  «)•  =  Ir.  nr  =  Gael,  air),  on,  upon,  -f  mor 
(W.  »i(5c  =  Ir.  and  Gael,  iiiiiir),  the  sea,  =L. 
mare,  sea,  =E.  mere,  lake:  see  Wffrel.]  I.  o. 
Pertaining  to  ancient  Armorica,  the  region  in 
the  western  extremity  of  France  now  called 
Bretagne  or  Brittany.     See  Breton. 

II.  n.  The  language  of  the  inhabitants  of 
lower  Brittany,  one  of  the  Celtic  dialects  which 
have  remained  to  the  present  time,  it  is  a  mcui- 
her  of  the  Cymric  jjroni),  of  which  the  closely  allied  Welsh 
is  the  oidy  other  living  member. 

Armorican   (iir-mor'i-kan),   a.    and   n.    I,   a. 
Same  as  Armoric. 
II.  n.  A  native  of  Armorica  or  Brittany. 

armoried  (ilr'mor-id),  a.  [<  annori/^  +  -cri'-.] 
Decked  with  armorial  bearings. 

armorist  (ar'mor-ist),  H.  [<F.  armoriste,  <  ar- 
moiries.  coat  of  arms:  see  armori/^  and  -ist.'i 
One  skilled  in  armory  or  heraldic  anns. 

armor-plate  (ar'mor-i)lat),  H.  A  metallic  plate, 
usually  of  iron  or  steel,  intended  to  be  attached 
to  the  side  of  a  ship  or  the  outer  wall  of  a  fort, 
with  the  view  of  rendering  it  shot-proof.  A  pro- 
tection of  iron  for  ships  was  jiroposed  in  the  early  part  of 
the  present  century,  but  the  lirst  practical  application  of 
it  was  probably  to  the  Krcnch  lluatin^i  l)attcrics  used  in 
tile  Crimean  war.  The  success  of  these  led  the  l-'rcnch  to 
construct  "  La  Uloire,"  the  llrst  of  tlie  so-called  ironclads, 
completed  in  ISOl.  This  vessel,  which  had  4-incli  wi-iiught^ 
iron  plates  over  a  l«icking  of  about  :i  feet  in  thickness, 
was  speedily  followeil  in  ISM  by  the  "  Warrior  "  and  other 
ships  of  the  same  class  built  by  the  British  government, 
with  4Mnch  plates  over  18  inches  of  teak  backing.  Both 
the  t  liickness  and  protective  power  (sec  Ilarv'  ijize)  of  the 
armor  have  been  increased  as  more  pownfid  'inlnam^e  has 
been  invented,  the  plates  of  tlie  Britisli  battle  ship  "  In- 
flexible "  (1S76)  having. a tnaximuni  thickness tjf  24  inches. 
In  recent  foreign  sbijis  the  ina.vimum  is  about  IS  inches. 
In  the  I'nited  States  navy  the  maximum  thickness  of  ar- 
mor varies  in  the  inonitois  from  10  to  18  inches,  and  in  the 
latest  battleships  (as  the  "Indiiina,"  1893)  is  17  inclies. 
See  /rone^at/.  — Armor-plate  cradle,  a  device  used  for 
bending  armur-plate.  It  is  jiLaeed  near  the  furnace,  and 
the  plate  is  laid  within  it  while  hot.  The  bed  is  fcrnicd 
by  numerous  cross-bars  of  iron,  so  placed  that  their  upper 
edges  correspond  to  the  curve  desired  in  the  hnislied 
plate.  Bars  are  similarly  placed  above  the  plate,  and  the 
bending  is  effected  by  driving  wedges  between  the  upper 
bai-s  and  the  upper  surface  of  the  plate,  which  is  thus 
forced  down  ui>on  the  bed-bars.— Compound  Steel- 
faced  armor-plate,  .armor-plate  made  of  iron  faced  witli 
steel,  it  is  made  np  to  24  inches  in  thickness,  and  the 
largest  plates  weigh  about  .so  tons.  The  steel  face  is 
ordinarily  about  one  third  of  the  thickness  of  the  whole 
plate.  The  two  metals  are  welded  together  liy  heavy 
rolls,  through  which  they  are  passed  while  hot,  and  thus 
make  a  solid  plate. 

armor-plated  (ar'mor-pla"ted),  a.  Covered  or 
protected  by  iron  plates,  as  a  vessel  for  naval 
warfare ;  iron-chid. 

armor-shelf  (iir'mor-shelf),  n.  An  iron  shelf 
or  ledge  projecting  from  the  sides  of  an  armored 
war-vessel,  and  forming  a  support  upon  which 
the  armor-plate  and  armor-backing  rest. 

armoryl  (iir'mor-i),  n. ;  pi.  armories  (-iz).  [In 
England  usually  spelled  armoury;  early  mod. 
E.  armory,  armoury,  armery,  sometimes  «)')««cy, 
<  ME.  armorye,  armerie,  armurie,  <  armure,  ar- 
mor (see  armor  and  -;/),  but  practically  equiv. 
to  and  later  often  written  as  if  arm  +  -cry,  a 
place  for  arms,  arms  collectively:  see  «?■»)-  and 
-cry.  Cf.  OF.  armeurerie,  armoiric,  mod.  F. 
armurerie,  an  armory,  arsenal.  The  word  has 
been  confused  to  some  extent  with  armory-.'\ 
1.  Arms  or  armor  collectively;  a  collection  of 
arms  or  armor. 

Hlue-eyed  maid,  thy  spear  ; 
Thy  club,  .Alcides  ;  all  the  arinuunf 
Of  heaven  is  too  little  !         B.  Jotison,  Sejanus,  iv.  5. 
Celestial  annoury,  shields,  helms,  and  spears. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  550. 

What  a  range  of  abstract  thought,  what  an  armor;/  of 

dialectic  weapons,  .  .  .  do  the  epistles  of  the  learned  Paul 

exhibit !  G.  P.  Marnh,  Lects,  on  £ug.  Lang.,  p.  227. 


315 

2.  A  place  where  arm^  and  instruments  of 
war  are  kept,  in  the  United  Slates  the  State  militia 
are  usually  provided  with  armories,  which  include  also  of- 
tlces,  drill-rooms,  etc. 

3.  A  place  where  arms  and  armor  aro  made ; 
an  armorer's  shop;  an  arsenal.  [U.  S.] — 4. 
The  craft  of  an  armorer. 

armory-  (iir'mor-i),  «.;  pi.  armories  (-iz).  [In 
England  usually  spelled«)VHo«r^;  earlymod.  E. 
armory,  armoury,  armcry,  <  late  ME.  armorye, 
armoiric,  <  OF.  armoiric,  armoicric,  in  pi.  ar- 
moirics,  amis,  cognizances,  scutclieons,  <  ar- 
moicr,  armoyer,  armoicor,  armoircr,  one  who 
blazons  arms,  <  armoicr,  armoyer  (mod.  F.  ar- 
morier  =  It.  armcgijiare),  blazon  anus,  <  armes, 
arms  :  see  «r«(-.  Cf.  flcwyri/l.]  1.  The  science 
of  blazoning  arms;  the  knowledge  of  eoat- 
armor;  heraldry. —  2.  An  armorial  ensign;  a 
crest  or  heraldic  emblem ;  arms. 

Henry  VII.  united,  by  the  marriage  of  Elizabeth  of 
York,  the  white  rose  and  the  red,  the  armories  of  two 
very  powerful  families. 

Sir  n.  Wotton,  Paucgyric  of  Charles  I. 
3t.  Ensigns  of  war;  colors. 

armory^t,  ».  [After  armory^  and  F.  armoire 
(see  armoire),  ult.  <  L.  armarium,  whence  indi- 
rectly aiiiliry  and  directly  armary :  seo  ambry 
and  armary,  and  cf.  armory^.'\  A  cupboard ; 
an  ambry. 

armosiet,  «•    A  variant  of  armozeen. 

armour,  armoured,  etc.    See  armor,  etc. 

armozeen,  armozine  (ar-mo-zen'),  «.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  arituKiuc,  arme«iiic,  <  OF.  armc- 
sin,  F.  armoi.tin  =  It.  ermesino,  <  ML.  crmesi- 
nus;  origin  unknown.]  A  kind  of  taffeta  or 
plain  silk,  used  for  women's  and  also  for  men's 
wear  in  the  eighteenth  century  and  earlier. 

armpit  (iirm'pit),  H.  [<.  ME.  armepytt ;  <  arml 
+  I'it^.j  The  hollow  place  or  cavity  under  the 
shoulder ;  the  axilla. 

arm-rack  (iirm'rak),  H.  A  frame  or  fitting  for 
the  stowage  of  arms. 

arm-rest  (iirm'rest),  n.  Something  designed 
as  a  rest  for  the  arm ;  spetftfieally,  that  portion 
of  a  choir-stall  which  is  designed  to  support  the 
arms  of  the  occupant  when  he  is  in  either  a 
leaning  or  a  standing  postm-e ;  also,  the  carved 
end  of  a  bench,  as  in  a  church-pew. 

arm-saw  (arm'sa),  n.  Same  as  hand-saw.  See 
saw. 

arm-scye  (arm'si),  n.     Same  as  scyc. 

arm's-endt  (iirmz'end),  «.  The  end  of  the  arm ; 
a  good  ilistance  off.     Drydcn. 

arm's-length  (iirmz'length),  «.     A  space  equal 

to  the   length  of  the  arm To  keep  at  ann's- 

length,  figuratively,  to  keep  otf  or  at  a  distance  ;  not  to 
allow  to  come  into  close  contact  or  familiarity.—  To  work 
at  arm's-length,  to  work  disadvantageously  or  awk- 
wardly. 

arm-sling  (iirm'sUng),  n.  A  sling  of  linen  or 
other  fabric  for  supporting  the  forearm  when 
fractured  or  otherwise  injured. 

arm-span  (iirm'span),  «.     The  span  or  reach  of 
one's  arm ;  an  arm's-length. 
Not  too  wide  for  the  arm»paii  of  the  silverer. 

Workshop  Ileceipts,  I.  313. 

arm's-reach  (armz'rech)^  H.  The  reach  of  the 
arm ;  the  distance  to  which  the  arm  can  reach : 
as,  to  be  within  arm's-reach. 

armstrong  (iirm'strong),  «.  [<  arm'^  +  strong.^ 
A  local  English  name  of  the  common  knot- 
grass, J'oJyijonum  ariculare. 

Armstrong  gun.    See  gun. 

arm-sweep  (iirm'swep),  «.  The  length  of  reach 
or  sweep  of  an  arm.    Broicnini).     [Poetical.] 

armulett  (iir'mi'i-let),  «.  A  form  of  armillct  or 
of  iiniilet.     [Kare.] 

armure  (iir'mur),  n.  It.  The  regular  Middle 
English  form  of  armor.  Chaucer.— 2.  A  woolen 
or  silk  fabric  woven  with  a  surface-ridge  form- 
ing a  small  pattern,  as  a  diamond,  etc. 

armyl  (iir'mi),  o.  [<arm\n.,  +  -y^.'\  Consist- 
ing of  or  iibounding  in  arms  or  branches; 
branching;  spreading.     [Rare.] 

Tboiigh  large  the  forest's  monarch  throws 

His  aniuj  shade.  Burns. 

army'-  (iir'mi),  «.;  pi.  armies  (-miz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  armie,  <  ME.  armye,  armcyc, 
armee,  <  OF.  armee,  mod.  F.  armee  =  Sp.  Pg. 
armada  =  It.  armata,  <  ML.  armata,  an  armed 
force,  army,  prop.  fern,  of  L.  armatus,  pp.  of 
armare,  arm,  <  arma,  arms:  seo  arm-,  and  cf. 
armada,  armata,  doublets  of  army.1  If.  -An 
armed  expedition. 

In  the  Gretc  See 
At  many  a  noble  nrmee  liaddc  he  be. 

Ctiaueer,  Cen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  59. 

2.  A  large  body  of  men  trained  and  armed  for 
war,  and  organized  in  companies,  battalions, 


amee 

regiments,  brigades,  or  similar  divisions,  under 
proper  officers,  in  general,  an  army  in  modern  times 
consists  of  infantry  and  cavalry,  with  artillery,  although 
the  union  of  the  three  is  not  essential  in  its  constitution, 
the  two  latter  being  adjuncts  to  the  infantry.  Ariniesaro 
designated,  according  Ut  their  objects,  duties,  field  of  oper- 
ations, etc.,  as  o^l'tmsive  or  it'J'fnjiitv,  coctriwj,  hUickadtnij. 
bcxiajtnif,  xtaiuUmj  or  refjular,  army  of  obslrurlion,  army  of 
observation,  army  of  invasion,  army  of  occupation,  army  of 
reserve,  etc.  The  forces  employed  iti  the  large  war-Heeta 
of  former  times  were  called  nacal  armies. 

1'he  essential  characteristics  of  an  nnni/,  by  which  it  is 
distinguisheil  from  other  as.semblages  of  armed  men,  are 
its  national  character  —  that  is,  it^  representing  more  or 
less  the  will  and  the  power  of  the  nation  or  itj«  rulers — 
and  its  organization.  Kncijc.  Brit.,  II.  559. 

3.  A  gi-eat  number ;  a  vast  multitude. 

The  locust,  .  .  .  the  cankerwonn,  and  the  caterpillar, 
and  the  palmerworm,  my  great  aruty  which  I  sent  among 
you.  Joel  ii.  25. 

The  noble  army  of  martyrs.      Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

Army  Acts,  a  series  of  English  statutes  jiassed  each  year 
to  proviile  for  the  army.— Army  Regulations,  the  title  of 
a  Work  issued  by  the  I'nited  states  government,  containing 
the  acts  of  Congress  and  the  rules  of  the  commander-in- 
chief  for  the  management  of  the  army  both  in  [teace  and 
ill  war.— Grand  Army  Of  the  Republic.  See  rcpuUic. 
—  Salvation  Army.  See  «(i/c(i'iu;i.— Standing  army, 
a  iicrniaucutly  organized  military  force  kept  up  by  a 
coiinti  y. 

army-cloth  (iir'mi-kloth),  n.  Cloth  from  which 
solilicrs'  uniforms  are  made. 

army-corps  (iir'mi-kor),  «.  IK.  army^  +  corps  ; 
a  translation  of  F.  corjis  (Varm^c]  A  corps 
which  is  made  up  of  several  divisions,  and  em- 
braces every  arm  of  the  service,  tlius  foniiing 
an  army  complete  in  itself,  and  placed  under 
the  command  of  a  general  officer  of  higher  rank 
than  a  divisional  officer.  In  the  British  army 
three  divisions  make  an  army-corps.  Some- 
times abbreviated  A.  C.     See  division. 

army-list  (iir'mi-list),  «.  1.  An  English  pub- 
lication (as  title,  Army  List),  issued  periodi- 
cally, containing  a  list  of  the  officers  in  the 
army,  the  stations  of  regiments,  etc.  In  the 
United  States  there  is  a  similar  list,  called  the 
Army  Kegistcr. — 2.  Figuratively,  the  officers 
whose  names  are  recorded  in  the  list. 

They  rideand  walk  with  half  the  «nHi/-ft«(,  .  .  .  andyet 
the  -Miss  O'Gradys  are  Miss  O'Gmdys  still. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xliii. 

army-worm  (iir'mi-werm),  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  larva  of  Leucania  uiiipuneta  (Harris)  on 
account  of  the  immense  numbers  in  which  it 


Anny-»-onn  {Ltucania  unt/uncta  ,  .-\I>out  natur.il  size. 

a.  male  moth;  P,  abdomen  of  fcm.^Ic;  c,  eye;  d,  pup.!;  e,  cater- 

pill.^r. 

sometimes  marches  over  a  country,  completely 
stripping  it  of  all  the  grasses  and  young  grain 
in  its  way.  it  undergoes  transformation  in  the  gromid. 
The  parent  moth  has  a  conspicuous  white  dot  on  the  disk 
of  the  front  wings. 

am  (iim),  H.  [Sc,  perhaps  a  reduction  of 
allcrn,  aldern,  of  alder;  or  else  of  Gael.feani, 
alder,  =  Ir.  fcarn,  alder,  =  W.  gwcrn,  alder- 
trees.]     Tlie  alder,  Ahius  glulinosa. 

arna  (iir'nit),  n.  [lliud.  urnd,  fem.  nniT.]  A 
name  of  tlie  wild  IntUan  buffalo,  Bos  hubalus 
or  Bubalus  ami,  notable  for  its  size  and  the 
length  of  its  horns.     Also  anicc,  ami. 

arnatto  (jir-nat'o),  n.     Same  as  arnotto. 

Arnaut  (Ur-nouf),  n.  [Also  as  F.,  Arnaout  = 
G.  Amaut  =  Serv.  Arnaut.  Arnautin,  Bulg.  Ar- 
nautin,  <  Tui-k.  Arnaut,  <  NGr.  '.Kpva.iirm,  trans- 
posed from  A^,i?ar/r//f  for  ".K'/.fiaviTrjc^,  <  ML. 
Albanus,  an  Albanian,  -1-  -I'nyf,  E.  -ite-.]  A  na- 
tive of  .-Albania  ;  an  Albanian. 

amee,  ami  (ar'ne),  «.     Same  as  arna. 


arnica 


arnica  (ar'ni-ka),  n.  [XL.,  origin  unknown ; 
perhaps  a  perversion  of  I'tnrmirn,  t\.  v.]  1. 
A  plant  of  the  genns  Anihd. —  2.  ['•'//).]  A 
geinis  of  perennial  herbs,  natural  order  Com- 
positm,  natives  of  the  northern  temperate  and 


Mountain-tobacco  (Arnica  motitana). 

arctic  zones,  with  showy  yellow  flowers  and 
opposite  leaves.  The  most  importaut  spedes,  4.  »ic»i- 
frtun,  the  niuuntaiii-tobaceo  of  central  Europe,  has  long 
been  a  popular  remedy  in  Germany.  A.  alplmi  is  found 
in  high  nortliern  regions  in  all  parts  of  the  world ;  one 
species  is  peculiar  to  the  Atlantic  States,  and  a  dozen 
others  are  natives  of  western  North  America. 
3.  A  tincture  of  the  roots  or  flowers  of  A.  m07i- 
tana,  much  used  as  an  external  application  in 
wounds  and  bruises,  and  internally  as  a  stimu- 
lant in  debilitated  states. 

arnicin,  arnicine  (iir'ni-siu),  n.  [<  arnica  + 
-in-.']  An  acrid  bitter  pi-iuciple  in  the  flowers 
and  roots  of  Antica  montana. 

Arnoldist  (iir'nold-ist),  n.  [<  Arnold  +  -ist.'] 
A  diseijile  of  Arnold  of  Brescia,  who  in  Italy  in 
the  twelfth  century  preached  against  the  am- 
bition and  luxury  of  ecclesiastics,  not  sparing 
the  pope  himself.  He  maintained  the  subordination 
of  the  ecclesiastical  to  the  temporal  power,  and  proclaimed 
the  necessity  of  both  a  civil  and  an  ecclesiastical  revolu- 
tion. In  1140  he  put  himself  at  the  head  of  a  temporarily 
successful  insurrection  against  the  temporal  power  of  the 
pope.     He  was  put  to  deatli  in  1155. 

Arnold's  ganglion,  nerve.    See  the  nouns. 
arnot,  arnott,  «.    See  aniut. 

arnottO  (ur-uot'6),  n.  [In  various  other  forms, 
tirndtto,  anatto,  anotto,  anotta,  annatto,  annotto, 
annotta;  prob.  a  native  Amer.  name.]    1.  Bixa 


ArnottO  (Bixa  Orellana). 

Orellana,  a  small  tree,  natural  order  BixacecB,  a 
native  of  tropical  America,  it  is  extremely  common 
in  Jamaica  ami  otlier  parts  of  tlic  West  Indies,  ami  has 
been  introduced  into  tropical  regi<uis  of  tlic  old  world. 
2.  The  dyo  or  coloring  matter  obtained  from 
the  seeds  of  this  plant.  The  seeds  arc  covered  with 
a  reddisli  or  reddish-yellnw  waxy  pulp,  which  is  dissolved 
in  water,  then  ilried  to  the  consistency  of  putty,  and  made 
up  in  rolls  or  folded  in  leaves,  or  dried  still  more  and 


316 

made  into  cakes.  It  is  employed  as  a  dye  for  silltcn,  woolen, 
or  cottiui  stalls,  as  an  auxiliary  in  giving  a  ileeper  shade 
t(>  simple  yellows,  ami  also  as  a  ctdoring  ingredient  for  but- 
ter, clieese,  and  chocolate,  and  for  varnishes  and  I.actiuers. 

arnut,  arnot  (ar'nut,  -not),  «.  [E.  dial.,  = 
eiirlliinil,  <|.  v.  Cf.  arlinti  for  rnrlfilin;/.]  The 
eartlinut  (which  see).     Also  spelled  arnott. 

aroeira  (ar-o-a'rii),  n.  [Braz.]  The  native 
naiiic  of  a  small  anaeardiaeeous  tree  of  Brazil, 
Nchiiin.s  trrdiiiitliifdlin.f,  the  resin  obtained  from 
which,  and  also  the  bark  and  leaves,  are  used  as 
a  remedy  for  rheumatism  and  other  complaints. 

aroid  (ar'oid),  ».  [<  Arum  +  -oid.]  One  of  the 
Aroidca-  or  Aracccc. 

Aroidese  (a-roi'de-e),  n.  j)!.  [KL.,  <  Arum  + 
-diilid.']     Same  as  Araccw. 

aroint,  ar03rat(a-roint'),  r.  [Fotmdonlyinthe 
exiiression  "Aroint  thee,  witch!"  in  two  pas- 
sages of  Shakspere,  and  in  modern  imitations, 
beingprob.Shakspere's  own  adaptation  (nro^H?, 
after  around  (see  below),  or  with  an  unoriginal 
introductory  syllable  due  perhaps  to  forcible 
utterance,  or  perhaps  merely  metrical,  for 
*roynt,  rijnt,  the  diphthong  oij,  oi  being  then 
and  still  dial,  often  equiv.  to  //,  i)  of  an  E.  dial. 
(Cheshire)  proverb,  "^I!t/nt  you,  witch,'  quoth 
Bessie  Locket  to  her  mother,"  so  recorded  by 
Ray  in  1693,  but  prob.  in  use  in  Shakspere's 
time.  (If  original  with  him,  it  could  not  have 
passed  into  popular  speech  so  early  as  1693.) 
The  proverb,  which  bears  the  marks  of  local 
origin,  from  some  incident  long  forgotten,  con- 
tains a  jiarticular  use  of  the  same  verb  that 
occm's  in  E.  dial,  ryntijc  (given  by  Ray  in  con- 
nection with  the  proverb),  ryndta  (Thoresby, 
1703),  rynt  flice,  an  expression  "  used  by  milk- 
maids in  Cheshire  to  a  cow  when  she  has  been 
milked,  to  bid  her  get  out  of  the  way"  (Clark 
and  Wright,  ed.  Shak.,1.  c.,note),  that  is,  round 
ye,  round  thee,  move  round,  tm-n  about;  rynd, 
rynt,  being  a  dial,  form  of  round:  see  round".] 
I,  intrans.  An  interjectional  imperative,  equiv- 
alent, in  the  passages  quoted,  to  uraunt!  be- 
gone!    See  etymology. 

^^Awint  thee,  witch!"  the  rump-fed  ronvou  cries. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  3. 
He  met  the  night-mare  and  her  nine-fold ; 
Bid  her  alight. 
And  her  troth  plight. 
And  aroint  thee,  witch,  aroint  thee ! 

Sftalc,  Lear,  iii.  4. 
II,  trans.  To  say  "aroint"  to;  bid  begone. 

Whiskered  cats,  arointed,  llee. 

J/r&\  Broiming,  To  Flush,  .wiii. 
That  Humbug,  whom  thy  sonl  aroints. 

Browning,  Two  Poets. 

arolium  (a-rd'U-um),  n. ;  pi.  arolia  (-a).  [NL.] 
An  appendage  of  the  tarsus  of  some  insects,  as 
the  Trichoptvra,  or  caddis-flies. 

A  short  cushion  [plautula]  and  two  membranous  arolia. 
Pascoe,  Zobl.  Class.,  p.  120. 

arolia  (a-rol'S),  ?i.  The  Swiss  stone-pine,  Pjn!(s 
Cembra. 

aroma  (a-ro'ma),  «.;  pi.  aromas  (-ma.z),  some- 
times aromata  (-ma-tii).  [Early  mod.  E.  aro- 
mate,  <  ME.  aromat,  <  OF.  aroinat,  mod.  F.  aro- 
mate;  mod.  E.  direetly  <  L.  aroma,  <.  Gr.  apuua 
(apu/iar-),  any  spice  or  sweet  herb ;  perhaps  orig. 
the  smell  of  a  plowed  field,  and  so  identical  with 
apufia,  a  plowed  fleld,  arable  land,  <  apueir,  plow, 
=  L.  ararc,  plow:  see  arable.]  If.  Spice: 
usually  in  the  phu-al,  spices.  X.  E.  D. — 2.  An 
odor  arising  from  spices,  plants,  or  other  sub- 
stances, more  especially  an  agi'eeable  odor; 
fragrance ;  spicy  perfume. 
The  air  had  the  true  northern  aroma. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  276. 
3.    Figuratively,  a   characteristic  but   subtle 
quality;  a  pervasive  charm  or  flavor. 
The  subtle  aromn  of  genius.  Saturday  Bev. 

A  happy  surprise  awaits  those  who  come  to  the  study  of 
the  early  literature  of  New  England  with  the  expectation 
of  finding  it  altogether  arid  in  sentiment,  or  void  of  the 
spirit  and  aroma  of  poetry. 

M.  C.  Tyler,  Hist.  Amer.  Lit.,  I.  264. 
=  Syn.  2.  Perfume,  Frafjranee,  etc.     See  .fmell,  n. 

aromatic  (ar-o-mat'ik),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  aromatick;  -yque,  <  ME.  aromatyk,  <  OF.  aro- 
matique,  <  LL.  aromaticus,  <  Gr.  apuiiariKo^,  < 
apu/jn,  spice,  sweet  herb :   see  aroma.]    I.   a. 

1.  Giving  out  an  aroma;  fragrant;  sweet- 
scented  ;  odoriferous ;  of  spicy  flavor. 

Great  blueberry  bushes  hangitig  thick  with  misty  blue 
spheres,  aroniatie  aiul  sweet  with  a  sweetness  no  tropic 
suns  can  give.    B.  T.  Cooke,  Someboily's  Neighbors,  p.  291. 

2.  Caused  by  an  aroma  or  fragrant  odor. 

Die  of  a  rose  in  aromatic  p.ain. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man.  1.  200. 

3.  In  chem.,  an  epithet  formerly  applied  to  a 
small  group  of  organic  bodies,  of  vegetable 


around 

origin,  whicli  liad  an  aromatic  smell  and  taste; 
now  applied  to  all  those  compounds  which  are 
derived  from  the  hydrocarbon  benzene,  CjjHq. 

They  are  distinguished  from  those  of  the  fatty  series  by 
not  being  tlerived  from  methane,  t_'H  j,  and  by  the  fact  that 
hydrogen  in  the  aromatic  hydrcjcarboiis  is  easily  directly 
replaced  by  aiudhcr  univalent  element  or  radical,  while 
in  compoinids  of  the  fatty  series  it  is  not.  They  generally 
contain  more  carbon,  also,  than  the  compounds  ,d  the 
fatty  series.— Aromatic  vinegar,  a  volatile  and  power, 
fill  perfume  made  by  .-idditig  the  essential  oils  of  lav<-nder, 
cloves,  etc.,  and  '>ftcn  cauipli-ii-.  to  strong  :iretic  acid.  It 
is  an  excitant  in  f.-iinthig,  languor,  and  bculache. 

II.  «.  A  plant,  drug,  or  medicine  wliich 
yields  a  fragrant  smell,  as  sage,  certain  spices 
and  oils,  etc. 

aromatical  (ar-o-mat'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  aro- 
matic. 

aromatically  (ar-o-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  With  an 
aromatic  or  agi'eeable  odor  or  taste ;  fragrantly. 

aromatite  (a-ro'ma-tit),  II.  [<  L.  aromatites,  a 
jirecious  stone  of  the  smell  and  color  of  myrrh, 
aromatic  \%-ine,  <  Gr.  iipuimTlnjc,  aromatic,  < 
apufia,  spice:  see  aroma.]  X.  A  bituminous 
stone,  in  smell  and  color  resembling  mjiTh. — 2. 
A  factitious  wine,  containing  various  aromatics. 

aromatization  (a-r6"ma-ti-za'shon),  n.  [<  aro- 
matize +  -ation.]  The  act  of  rendering  aro- 
matic ;  aromatic  flavoring. 

aromatize  (a-ro'ma-tiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
aromatized,  ppr.  aromatizing.  [<  late  ME.  aro- 
matysen,  <  OF.  aromatiser,  <  LL.  aromatizare,  < 
Gr.  apufiari^eiv,  spice,  <  apuua,  spice,  sweet 
herb:  see  aroma.]  To  render  aromatic  or  fra- 
gi'ant ;  give  a  spicy  flavor  to ;  perfume. 

aromatizer  (a-ro'ma-ti-zer),   n.     One  who  or 
that  which  aromatizes ;  that  which  communi- 
cates an  aromatic  quality. 
Aromatizern  to  enrich  our  sallets.     Evelyn,  Acetaria,  \i. 

aromatous  (a-ro'ma-tus),  a.  [<  aroma{t-)  -t- 
-o».«.]  Containing  an  aromatic  principle ;  aro- 
matic. 

Aromochel3dna  (ar-o-mok'e-li-i'na),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Aromochelys  4-  -ina.]  A  subfamily  of 
tm'tles  (the  stinkpots),  typified  by  the  genus 
Aromochelys,  referred  by  Gray  to  his  family  Che- 
lydradw.  They  have  a  cruciform  plastron  of  11 
shiekls,  of  which  the  gular  pair  is  united  and 
linear.  A.  odorata  is  the  common  stinkpot  of 
the  United  States. 

Aromochelys  (ar-o-mok'e-lis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apuua,  in  mod.  sense  '  sweet  smell,'  -I-  A'*''''?,  a 
tortoise.]  A  genus  of  terrapins,  including  the 
stinkpot  of  North  America,  A.  odorata,  tj-pieal 
of  the  subfamily  Aromnckelyiua. 

arondie,  arondy,  a.    Variants  of  arrondi. 

Aronhold's  theorems.    See  theorem. 

aroomt,  prep.  pkr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME.  aroum, 
a  roume,  on  rum :  a,  on,  E.  «3,  to  or  at ;  roum, 
rum,  space,  E.  room  :  see  a^  and  room.]  To  or 
at  a  distance;  abroad;  ajiart. 

I  aroume  w:is  in  the  felde. 

Cha  ueer.  House  of  Fame,  I.  540. 

aroph  (ar'of),  n.  [Said  to  be  <  ML.  aro(ma) 
ph(Hosophorum),  aroma  of  the  philosophers.] 
1.  A  name  fonuerly  given  to  saft'ron. — 2.  -A. 
chemical  preparation  concocted  by  Paracelsus, 
used  as  a  remedy  for  urinary  calcidus. 

arose  (a-roz').     Preterit  of  arise. 

a  rotelle  (a  ro-tel'le).  [It. :  (7  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
with;  rotelle,  pi.  of  rotella,  a  small  wheel,  disk, 
dim.  of  J'ota,  awheel:  see  rota.]  With  disks, 
roundels,  or  rosettes :  used  in  works  on  decora- 
tive art  in  describing  objects  so  ornamented: 
as,  "an  amphora  mth  handles  a  rotelle"  (Birch), 
that  is,  having  handles  which,  rising  above  the 
lip  of  the  vase,  form  a  circular  ornament,  often 
filled  with  a  mask. 

around  {a.-Tomid'),  pre}),  jihr.  as  adv.  and  prep. 
[ME.  around,  aronde,  a  round;  <  a'^  +  round^, 
n.     Hence  by  aphercsis  n<«»rf-,  adv.  anAprep.] 

1.  adv.  1.  In  a  circle  or  sphere ;  rormd  about; 
on  every  side :  as,  a  dense  mist  lay  around. 

The  gods  of  greater  nations  dwell  arouiui, 
And  on  the  right  and  left  the  palace  bottnd. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metainorph.,  i.  2*23. 
And  naught  above,  below,  arou/ii/. 
Of  life  or  death,  of  sight  or  sound. 

Whittier,  New-England  I.egend. 

2.  From  place  to  place ;  liere  and  there ;  about: 
as,  to  travel  around  from  city  to  city.  [U.  S.] 
— 3.  About;  near:  as.  he  waited  around  tiU 
the  fight  was  over.     [U.  S.] 

II.  prep.  1.  About;  on  all  sides;  encircling; 
encompassing. 

.\  landtent  llame  arose,  which  gently  spread 
Aro}nitl  his  brows.  Dryden,  ^Eneid. 

Aronnd  us  ever  lies  the  enchanted  land, 
In  marvels  rich  to  thine  own  sons  displayed. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  52. 


around 

2.  From  placoto  place;  at  random:  as,  to  roam 
arouiiil  thf  country.     [U.  S.] 
aroura,  ".     See  arura. 

arousal  (a-rou'zal),  «.  [<  arouse  +  -o^]  The 
act  of  arousinf^  or  awakening;  the  state  of  being 
arouseil  or  awakened. 

The  arousal  iiiid  activily  of  our  better  nature.       Ilare. 

CoKllition  of  tllese  relations  [Ijetween  tlie  organism  ami 
some  no\i4iu.s  uKent]  will  determine  the  aroumi  of  some 
ant.-uroiiistic  feeling.  Mind,  IX.  342. 

arouse  (a-rouz'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  aroused, 
ppr.  arousing.  [<«-!  +  rousv^,  after  arise,  rise, 
etc.]  To  e.xcite  into  action ;  stir  or  put  in  mo- 
tion or  exertion;  awaken:  as,  to  arouse  atten- 
tion ;  to  arouse  one  from  sleep ;  to  arouse  dor- 
mant faculties. 

Crying  with  full  voiee, 
"Traitor,  come  out,  yc  arc  trapt  at  last,"  araita&cl 
Lancelot.  Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

They  [the  women  of  Goethe]  satisfy  for  the  present,  yet 
arovue  an  infinite  expeetation. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  129. 

=Syn.  To  rouse,  wake  up,  awaken,  animate,  incite,  stimu- 

hite,  kindle,  warm. 

arouse  (a-rouz'),  II.     [<  arouse,  r.]     The  act  of 

arousing;  an  alarm.     [Rare.]     X.  E.  D. 

arouser  (a-rou'zer),  II.     One  who  or  that  which 

arouses. 
arow  (a-ro'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [ME.  arowe, 
a-rowe,  o  rowe,  arawe  (early  mod.  E.  also  arcie, 
<  ME.  arewe,  areaivc) ;  <  «3  -|-  rou~.]    In  a  row; 
one  after  the  other. 

Her  teeth  arew, 
And  all  her  hones  might  through  her  cheekes  be  red. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  xii.  29. 
And  twenty,  rank  in  rank,  they  rode  arowe. 

Dryden,  Flower  and  Leaf,  \.  249. 
arpeggiation  (ar-pej-i-a'shon),  n.     Playing  in 
arpeKf^idS. 

arpeggio  (ar-pej'o),  K.  [It.,  lit.  harping,  <  ar- 
pciji/iarc,  play  on  the  harp,  <  arpa,  harp,  <  ML. 
arpa,  also  liarpa,  harp:  see  Iiar2>.'\  1.  The 
soimtling  of  the  notes  of  an  instrumental  chord 
in  rapid  succession,  either  upward  or  (rarely) 
downward,  as  in  harp-playing,  instead  of  si- 
multaneously.—  2.  A  chord  thus  sounded;  a 
broken  chord. 

Played. 


WritteD 


Arpeggio. 


Sometimes  written  liarpeggio. 

arpent  (ar'pen),  II.     Same  as  arpciit. 

arpennust  (iir-peu'us),  ». ;  pi.  arpenni  (-i). 
[ML.,  also  arpeniium,  -a,  -is,  etc.:  see  ar2>ent.'] 
Same  as  arpciit.     Bouvicr. 

arpent  (Ur'peut ;  F.  pron.  ar-pon'),  «•  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  arpeu,  arpiuc ;  <  F.  arpciit  =  Pr. 
arpen,  aripiti  =  Sp.  arapeiidc,  <  ML.  arpeiiiius. 
arpeniia,  arpendus,  arpciidium,  etc.,  <  LL.  ara- 
peiiiiis,  L.  arepeiiiiis,  a  word  of  Celtic  origin. 
C'olumella  (5,  1,  6)  says:  "Galli  .  .  .  semi- 
jugenmi  quoque  arvix-nnem  vocant."  The  6"f»(/- 
jupcrum  was  equal  to  14,400  square  feet.]  An 
old  French  measiu'e  for  land.  By  a  royal  edict  of 
Ititit),  it  mu.st  contain  100  perches  of  22  feet  each  (linearly), 
or  48.4(X^  square  feet.  This  was  called  the  arpent  roi/al, 
arpent  d'ordonitaiice,  or  nrpiiit  des  eaux  et  forets.  Tile 
common  arpent  had  40,(H)n  square  feet,  the  arpent  of  Paris 
32, 4(H),  these  being  based  on  perches  of  20  and  IS  feet.  The 
following  are  the  areas  in  ares;  arpent  of  Paris,  34.1SS7; 
connnon  arpent,  42.2083;  royal  arpent,  51.0720;  English 
acre,  40.4078.  The  arpent  is  still  used  in  Louisiana,  and 
in  the  province  of  Quei)ec.  Formerly  also  arpeu,  arpine. 
If  he  be  master 
Of  poor  ten  orpines  of  land  forty  hours  longer. 
Let  the  world  repute  me  an  honest  wimian. 

Weljster,  Devils  Law-Case,  iii.  3. 

arpentatort  (ar'pen-ta-tor),  «.  [NL.,  <  ML.  ar- 
lif'utuiit,  one  of  the  numerous  variants  of  L.  are- 
jieniiis:  see  ariici>t.'\  A  measurer  or  surveyor 
of  land.     Boui'icr. 

arpinef  (Ur'pin),  «.     Same  as  arpent. 

arquata  (ar-kwa'til),  n.  [NL.,  prop,  arcuata. 
fern,  of  L.  arcuatiis :  see  arcuatc.'i  Aja  old  name 
of  the  curlew,  Xumciiiiis arquatiis,  from  its  long 
arcuate  bill.     Also  written  arcuata. 

arquated  (iir'kwa-ted),  ((.  [For  arcuated  :  see 
((/•(■»((/(.]   Sha|ied  like  a  bow;  arcuate.  [Rare.] 

arquebus,  arquebuse,  arquebusier.    See  liar- 

qiiibii^,  Itarqm  hu.mr. 


317 

arquerite  (iir'ke-rit),  n.  [<  Arqueros,  near 
Co(iuinil)o,  a  seaport  town  of  Chili^  +  -i7c2.]  A 
raiiieral  silver  amalgam,  occurring  in  small 
octahedrons  and  in  arborescent  forms,  it  con- 
tains so  per  cent,  of  silver,  and  is  the  chief  ore  of  tlie  ricli 
silver-mines  of  Arqueros. 

arquifoUZ  (iir'ki-fii),  «.     Same  as  alqitifoii. 

arr^  (iir),  «.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  arrc,  crrc,  <  leol. 
ijrr,  (>V=Sw.  «/■)•=:  Dan.  ar,  a  sear.]  A  scar. 
Also  spelled  ar.     [Prov.  Eug.] 

arr^t,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  anen  =  L6.  arren,  vex,  < 
arre  =  AS.  ierrc,  ijrrc,  eorrc,  anger,  as  adj.  an- 
gry; cf.  Dan.  arriii,  angrj',  which,  however,  is 
commonly  associated  with  Dan.  Norw.  Sw. 
arg,  wicked,  bad,  =  G.  arg  =  AS.  earg,  timid, 
cowardly.]  To  anger;  vex;  worry, 
lie  arred  both  the  clergy  and  the  laity. 

N.  liamu.  Hist.  Discourse,  xiv.  210.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

arr^t,  r.  i.  [<  late  MK.  arre;  cf.  E.  dial,  iiarr, 
nurr,  imitative;  cf.  " Jl  is  tlic  dog's  letter,  and 
hurroth  in  the  soimd"  (B.  Jouson) :  see  hurr.] 
To  snarl  as  a  dog. 

A  dog  is  .  .  .  fell  and  quarrelsome,  given  to  orre  and 
war  upon  a  very  small  occasion. 

lliiUaud,  tr.  of  Plutarch's  Morals,  p.  720. 

arrat,  "■     See  aniia. 

arracacha  (ar-a-kach'ji),  n.  [<  Sp.  aracacha 
(>  NL.  Arracacia),  of  S.  Amor,  origin.]  A  name 
given  by  the  natives  of  western  South  America 
to  several  kinds  of  plants  with  tuberous  roots, 
and  especially  to  a  species  of  the  lunbclliferous 
genus  Arracacia,  A.  csculenta,  which  is  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  the  Andes,  and  has  become 
naturalized  in  Jamaica.  The  roots  are  divided  into 
several  lobes  of  the  size  of  a  carrot,  which  when  boiled 
have  a  llavor  between  that  of  the  parsnip  and  tliat  of  the 
chestnut.  It  is  said  to  be  more  prolifle  and  nutritions  than 
the  potato.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  tuber-bearing 
species  of  the  Oxalis,  0.  creuata. 

arrace^t,  v.  t.    See  arace^,  arase^. 

arrace-'t,  ».     See  arras'^. 

arracht,  «.     See  orach. 

arrachet,  c  t.     See  arace"^. 

arrache  (ar-a-sha').  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  arrachcr, 
uproot:  see  oracei.]  In  her.,  torn  up  by  the 
roots :  applied  to  plants  used  as  bearings,  and 
to  whatever  has  the  appearance  of  having  been 
severed  by  violence.  Erased  is  now  in  more 
general  use. 

arrack  (ar'ak),  n.  [Better  spelled  arack,  for- 
merly arak,  arac ;  now  commonly  shortened  to 
rac/,:;  =  P.  arack  =  Sp.  afy(c=:Pg.  araca,  araquc, 

<  Hind,  arak,  Tamil  araku,  aruki,  <  Ai.  'araq, 
sweat,  spirit,  juice,  essence,  distilled  spirits, 
'arqiij,  arrack,  brandy ;  <  'araqa,  sweat,  perspire. 
The  forms  arak,  arki  (Tatar),  and  araki  (Egyp- 
tian) are  from  the  same  som'ce,  the  name  being 
applicable  to  any  spirituous  liquor.]  Originally 
the  name  of  a  strong  liquor  made  in  southern 
Asia  from  the  fermented  juice  of  the  date,  but 
used  in  many  parts  of  Asia  and  eastern  Africa 
for  strong  liquors  of  different  kinds,  it  is  made 
in  Goa  from  the  sap  of  the  eocoa-palm,  and  in  Batavia 
from  rice  ;  and  the  aiTack  of  eastern  and  northern  India 
is  a  sort  of  rum  distilled  from  moKisses.    See  ruki. 

A  servant  lirought  in  a  silver  tray,  upon  which  were 
large  glasses  of  the  abominable  spirit  called  arraek,  each 
of  which  was  supposed  to  lie  emptied  at  a  draught. 

W DoUMVau,  Merv,  xi. 

Arragonese,  ».  and  «.     See  Aragoncse. 
arrah  (ar'ii),  intcrj,    A  common  Anglo-Irish  ex- 
pletive, expressing  excitement,  sm-jirise,  etc. 
arraign^  (a-ran  ),  r.  t,     [<  ME.  arayiien,  arcncn, 

<  AF.  arainer,  areincr,  arener,  <  OF.  aranier, 
earlier  araisiiicr,  arcisuicr  (later  araisoiier,  arei- 
soiicr,  aresoiicr,  etc.,  >  ME.  aresoiieii:  see  area- 
son),  <  ML.  arrationare,  call  to  account,  an'aign, 

<  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  rationale,  reason:  see  reason 
and  ;•«(((>.  Ci.deraigii^.'\  1.  In  ?«»•,  tocall  to  or 
set  at  the  bar  of  a  court,  in  order  to  plead  guilty 
or  not  guilty  to  the  matter  charged  in  an  indict- 
ment or  information.  This  term  is  unkn<iwn  in  the  law 
of  Scotland,  except  in  trials  forliigb  tre;u>(Ui,  in  wbicb  the 
forms  of  procedure  in  ICugland  aini  Scotland  are  the  8.anie. 
Hence  —  2.  To  call  in  question  for  faults,  before 
any  tribunal ;  caU  before  the  bar  of  reason  or  of 
taste ;  accuse  or  charge  in  general. 

They  arraign'd  shall  sink 
Ucneath  thy  sentence.  Milton,  V.  L.,  iii.  331. 

Is  there  not  something  in  the  pleading  eyo 
Of  tlie  poor  brute  that  suffers,  which  arraigns 
The  law  that  bids  it  sulfcr?      O.  H'.  Holmes,  Rights. 
=  Syn.  .ieeuse,  Cfiarije,  Indiet.    See  arcane. 
arraign' (a-ran'),  «.    l<  arraign'^,  r.']    Arraign- 
ment :  as,  tlie  clerk  of  the  arraigns.    lilackstone. 
arraign'-'t   (a-ran'),  c.  t.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 
arraiui,  ariiine,  <  AF.  arraigner,  arainer,  the  lat- 
ter an  eiTor  for  arainer  (>  ML.  arraniarc),  OF. 
aramicr,  aramir=  Pr.  arainir  =  OCat.  areniir,  < 
ML.  ailrainirc,  adhramire,  adchramirc,  agramire, 
arramirc,  etc.,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  'Uramire,  prob.  orig. 


arrangement 

with  a  sense  subsequently  lost  in  the  technical 
use,  <  Goth,  hrainjan,  iis-hrainjan,  crucify,  lit. 
hang  (cf.  OHG.  rama,  MlKi.  ramc,  rain,  G.  rah- 
)«(■«=  D.  raam  =Dan.  to «//«<;=  Sw.  rnm,  frame, 
support),  =  Gr.  Kpe/tav,  Kiii/iavvlvai,  hang.]  In 
old  law,  to  appeal  to;  claim;  demand:  in  the 
phrase  to  arraign  an  assise,  to  demand,  andhence 
to  institute  or  prepare,  a  trial  or  an  action. 
arraigner  (a-ra'nfer),  «.  [<  arraign^  +  -er^.'] 
One  who  aiTaigns  or  accuses. 

The  ordinary  name  for  the  Iconoclasts  is  the  arrairpiert 
of  Christianity.  Mitman,  Latin  Christi.iiiity. 

arraignment  (a-ran'ment),  n.  [<  arraign^  + 
-incut.]  1.  In  law,  the  act  of  aiTaigning;  the 
act  of  calling  and  setting  a  prisoner  before  a 
court  to  answer  to  an  accusation.  Tlie  fonn  usu- 
ally includes  calling  the  prisoner,  sometimes  requiring 
him  to  stand  or  hold  up  bis  Iiaiid  by  way  of  identiUcatioli, 
reading  the  iiidietmeut  to  him,  and  asking  him  wlietller 
be  pleads  guilty  or  not  guilty. 

2.  Accusation  before  any  tribunal,  as  that  of 
reason,  taste,  etc. ;  a  calling  in  question  for 
faults;  accusation. 

But  tins  secret  arraifjnmeul  of  the  king  did  not  content 

the  unquiet  prelate.     Milman,  Latin  Cbristiauity,  viii.  8. 

The  sixth  satire  .  .  .  seems  only  an  arrai^nmc/if  of  the 

whole  sex.  Dryden,  Ded.  of  JCneid. 

-Syn.  1.  Prosecution,  impeachment,  indictment. 

arrameurt,  «.  [AF.,  <  arramcr,  arainer,  <  OF. 
arramir,  arainir  =  Pr.  araniir,  <  ML.  arramirc, 
adhramire,  etc.,  pledge,  promise,  appoint:  see 
arraigifi.]  A  port-oflicer  who  superintended 
the  loading  and  unloading  of  vessels. 

arran  (ar'an),  H.  [E.  dial.:  seenra/H.]  A  spi- 
der.    Also  called  arrand.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

arrand't,  ».     -An  old  fonn  of  errand. 

arrand-t,  «•     -An  old  form  of  arrant. 

arrand-*  (ar'and),  «.  Same  as  arran.  [Prov. 
Eug.] 

arrange  (a-ranj'),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arranged, 
ppr.  arranging.  [<  ME.  arayngen,  arcngen,  < 
OF.  arangier,  arengier,  F.  arranger,  put  into  a 
rank,  arrange,  <  «-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  rangier,  ren- 
gier,  range,  put  into  a  rank,  <  rang,  reng,  rene, 
F.  rang,  a  rank:  see  rank-  and  range.']  I. 
trans.  1.  To  put  in  proper  order;  dispose  or 
set  out  conformably  to  a  plan  or  purpose  ;  give 
a  certain  collocation  to;  marshal:  as,  to  ar- 
range troops  for  battle. 

Arranye  the  board  and  brim  the  glass. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  evil. 
When  we  come  to  arrange  our  shapes  and  our  measure* 
ments  [in  biological  investigations],  we  find  a  certain  num- 
ber of  identities,  anil  a  certain  number  of  variations. 

i,'.  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  290. 

2.  To  adjust ;  settle ;  come  to  an  agreement  or 
tmderstanding  regarding:  as,  to  arrange  the 
terms  of  a  bargain. 

JIatters,  therefore,  were  happily  arranged.  Tlie  baron 
pardoned  the  young  couple  on  the  spot. 

Irciny,  Sketch-Eook,  p.  209. 

3.  In  music,  to  adapt  or  alter  so  as  to  fit  for 
performance  by  other  voices  or  instrimients 
than  those  designed  by  tlie  composer:  as,  to 
arrange  an  opera  for  the  piano.  =syn.  1.  To  array, 
classify,  group,  ilispose,  sort.— 2.  To  Jlx  upon,  determine, 
agree  upon,  draw  up ;  to  devise,  organize,  construct,  con- 
coct. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  preparations;  carry 
out  beforehand  such  negotiations  or  make  such 
disposition  in  regard  to  some  matter  as  maybe 
necessary:  as,  to  arrange  about  a  passport,  or 
for  supplies;  arrange  with  a  publisher. — 2.  To 
come  to  an  agreement  or  tmderstanding  in  re- 
gard to  something;  make  a  settlement. 

We  eaunot  arranye  with  our  enemy  in  tills  conjuncture, 
without  abandoning  the  interest  of  mankind, 

tlurk-e,  \  Regicide  Peace, 
arrangeable  (a-riin'ja-bl),  a.     [<  arrange  + 
-able]     Capable  of  being  arranged. 

Fishes  have  crania  made  up  of  bones  that  are  no  more 
cle.arly  arratujeaUe  into  segments  like  vertebric  than  are 
the  cranial  bones  of  the  higiiest  mammal. 

//.  .Vptiuvr,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  210. 
arrangement  (a-rilnj'nient),  «.  [<F.  arrange- 
ment: see  arrange  and -««•«?.]  1.  The  act  of 
arranging  or  putting  in  proper  order ;  the  state 
of  being  put  in  order;  disposition  in  suitable 
form.  .Specifically,  in  the  fine  arts,  the  combirung  of 
parts  in  a  manner  conformable  to  tlie  character  and  aim 
of  the  design ;  composition. 

The  freedom  of  syntactical  arranyement  which  was  pos- 
sessed by  the  Anglo-Saxon  is  irrecoverably  gone. 

O.  /".  .Varsli,  Origin  of  F.ng.  L.-uig.,  p.  111. 

2.  That  which  is  disposed  in  order;  a  system 
of  parts  disposed  in  due  order;  any  combina- 
tion of  parts  or  materials. 

The  interest  of  that  portion  of  social  arranyement  is  in 
the  hands  of  all  those  who  compose  it.  Burke. 

3.  The  style  or  mode  in  which  things  are  ar- 
ranged. 


arrangement 

The  clouds  passed  slowly  through  several  arrantjemfiiU. 
De  (^uincetit  Confessions  (ed.  1862),  p.  07. 

4.  Preparatory  measiiro  or  negotiation;  pre- 
vious disposition  or  plan;  preparation:  com- 
monl)-  in  the  plural :  as,  we  have  made  arrangc- 
vunts  for  a  journey. 

Previous  to  liis  deimiture  ho  made  all  due  armiiijementa 
with  tlle  holy  fraternity  of  the  convent  tor  tlie  funeral 
suleninities  of  his  friend.  Irvinij,  Slioteli-liooli,  p.  li)8. 

An  clahorate  arramiemdil  was  entered  into  at  the  same 
time  hy  the  Allied  I'o'wei-s,  to  provide  for  a  succession  to 
Parma  in  the  event  of  the  sovereipi  dying  eliildless. 

K.  Diceif,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  74. 

5.  Final  .settlement;  adjustment  by  agreement: 
as,  the  arrangement  ot  a  dispute. — 6.  In  music: 
(n)  The  adaptation  of  a  composition  to  voices 
or  instruments,  or  to  a  purpose,  for  which  it 
•was  not  originally  designed,  (i)  A  piece  so 
adapted;  a  transcription :  as,  an  orchestral  nr- 
rangcmentot  a  song,  an  opera,  or  the  like.=Syii. 
1.  Classitlcation,  distribution.— 2.  Structure,  form. 

arranger  (a-ran'jer),  n.  One  who  arranges  or 
jiuts  in  order. 

arrant  (ar'ant),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arraunt, 
urrand,  a  variant  spelling  of  errant,  erraunt, 
errand,  roriug,  wandering,  which,  from  its  com- 
mon use  in  the  term  arrant  or  errant  thief, 
that  is,  a  roving  robber,  one  outlawed,  pi'O- 
elaimed  and  notorious  as  such,  came  to  be 
used  apart  from  its  lit.  sense  as  an  opprobrious 
intensive  with  terms  of  abuse,  as  rogue,  knave, 
traitor,  fool,  etc.,  but  often  also  without  oppro- 
brious force.  See  errant.'\  If.  Wandering; 
itinerant ;  vagrant ;  errant:  as,  a  knight  arrant; 
an  arrant  preacher:  especially  in  thief  arrant 
or  arrant  thief,  a  roving,  outlawed  robber;  a 
highwaiinnan.  Xow  written  errant. —  2.  Noto- 
rious ;  manifest ;  unmitigated ;  downright :  in 
a  bad  sense  (derived  from  the  noun  qualified) : 
as,  an  nn-fiHt  rogue;  an  (ovonf  coward;  arrant 
nonsense. 
I  discover  an  arrant  laziness  in  ray  soul.  Ftdler. 

As  arrant  a  ".Screw" 
In  money  transactions  .is  ever  you  knew. 

Barfiavi,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  IT.  46. 

It  was  easy  to  see  through  all  Ms  piety  that  he  was  an 
arrant  author  at  the  bottom. 

Smollett,  Gil  Bias,  VIII.  iii.    <,N.  E.  D.) 

3.  Thorough ;  downright ;  genuine :  in  a  good 
sense. 

An  arrant  honest  woman.     Burton,  Anat.  Mel.,  p.  617. 
=  Syn.  2.  rtter,  r<anl<,  consummate,  perfect. 
arrantly  (ar'ant-U),  adr.     In  an  arrant  man- 
ner; notoriously;  impudently:  in  a  bad  sense. 
Funeral  tears  are  as  arranthj  hired  out  as  mourning 
clokes.  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

arras^  (ar'as),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arrace, 
arra-sise,  <  ilE.  arras,  orig.  cloth  (or  cloths)  of 
Arras  (F.  drapsiT Arras)  (=  It.  o/-arro  =  Pr.  rac), 
<  F.  Arras,  the  capital  of  the  department  of  Pas- 
de-Calais,  in  the  north  of  France,  where  this 
article  was  mauufactm-ed.  The  name  Arras  is 
corrupted  from  the  name  of  the  Atrebates  (L.),  a 
peopleof  Belgie  Gaul.]  Tapestry;  specifically, 
that  used  for  hangings  covering  the  walls  of  a 
room.  The  original  expression  cloth  of  Arras  was  prob- 
ably used  with  more  accuracy  to  distinguish  arras  tapes- 
try from  other  sorts.    Sometimes  used  as  an  adjective. 

I'll  not  speak  another  word  for  a  King's  ransom  unless 

the  ground  be  perfumed,  and  covered  with  cloth,  of  arras. 

Marlowe,  Faustus,  ii.  2. 

I  have  of  yore  made  many  a  scrambling  meal, 
In  corners,  behind  arrases,  on  stairs. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Woman  Hater,  iii.  4. 
Arras  was  used  precisely  as  a  curtain ;  it  hung  (on  tenters 
or  lines)  from  the  rafters,  or  from  some  temporary  stay, 
and  was  opened,  held  up,  or  drawn  aside,  as  occasion  re- 
quired.       Dyce,  Note  to  Ford's  Lover's  .Melancholy,  ii.  2. 
In  Arthur's  arras  hall  at  Camelot. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

arras^t,  n.  [Prob.  a  form  of  orris,  q.  v.]  A  kind 
of  powder,  probably  made  of  the  root  of  the 
orris.     HiiUiKvU. 

arrased  (ar'ast),  a.  [<  niTosl  +  -erf2.]  Hung 
wltli  aiTas.     Chapman. 

arrasene  (ar'a-sen),  n.  [<  arras^  +  -ewe.]  A 
sort  of  cord  niade  with  a  central  thread  and  a 
thick  velvet-like  pile  of  wool  or  silk.  It  is  used 
in  raised  embroidery.     Also  spelled  arasene. 

arrastra  (a-ras'trii),  n.     Same  as  arrastre. 

arrastre  (a-ras'tfe),  n.  [Sp.,  lit.  the  act  of 
dragging,  <  arrastrar,  drag  along  the  ground, 
creep,  crawl,  <  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  -I-  rastrar  (obs.), 
drag,  <  rastro,  a  rake,  sledge,  track,  =  Pg.  rasto, 
ra-ftro,  <  L.  rostrum,  a  rake,  mattock,  <  radcre, 
pp.  rasns,  scrape,  scratch.]  A  rude  apparatus 
used  in  Mexico,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  United 
States,  for  gi'inding  and  at  the  same  time  amal- 
gamating ores  containing  free  gold  or  silver. 
It  lias  a  vertical  axis  with  horizontal  arms  attached  to  it. 


318 

To  these  arms  masses  of  rock  are  fastened  hy  chains  and 
dragged  over  the  ore,  which  is  placed  on  a  lied  of  Hat  stones 
laid  within  a  circular  inclosurc,  usually  about  12  feet  in 
diameter.    Also  written  arrantra,  arastra. 


Mexican  Arrastre. 
(From  Pepper's  "  Play-Book  of  Metals.") 

arraswise  (ar'as-wiz),  adr.     Erroneous  form  of 

arrisuise. 

arratel  (ar-rii'tel),  «.  [Pg. :  see  arrel.']  The 
Portuguese  pound,  it  exceeds  the  pound  avoudu- 
pois  by  about  one  per  cent.  The  following  are  the  values 
in  grams  :  Pound  avoirdupois,  453.593;  aiTatel,  in  Lisbon, 
459  ;  in  Funchal,  458.547 ;  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  458.75. 

arraughtt.    For  araugh  t,  preterit  of  areacli. 

array  (a-rii'),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arai/,  ar- 
raic,  <  JIE.  araycn,  araien,  areyen,  <  AF.  araijer, 
araicr,  OF.  areyer,  areicr,  areer,  later  aroycr,  ar- 
royer  =  Pr.  aredar  =  Sp.  arrear  (obs.)  =  Pg.  ar- 
rciar  =  It.  arredare,  <  ML.  arrcdare,  put  in  order, 
order,  array,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -t-  ML.  *rcdum  (>  OF. 
m,  rai,  roi),  preparation,  order,  of  Tent,  origin ; 
cf.  AS.  gerSidc,  gerede,  preparation,  equipment 
(Icel.  reidhi,  rigging,  harness,  reidha,  imple- 
ments, outfit ;  Sw.  reda  =  Dan.  rede,  order).  < 
geraide  =  OFries.  rede,  red  =  Goth,  garaids, 
ready, prepared :  see reaf?)/.  CLcurry'^.)  1.  To 
place  or  dispose  in  order,  as  troops  for  battle  ; 
marshal;  draw  up  in  hostile  order:  often  used 
figuratively. 

They  were  more  ignorant  in  ranging  and  arraying  their 
battles.  Bacon,  Vicissitude  of  'Things. 

The  stronger  our  conviction  that  reason  and  Scripture 
were  decidedly  on  the  side  of  Protestantism,  the  greater 
is  the  reluctant  admiration  with  which  we  regard  that 
system  of  tactics  against  which  reason  and  Scripture  were 
arrayed  in  vain.  Macaulay,  Ranke's  Hist,  of  Popes. 

2.  To  deck  or  dress;  adorn  ■with  dress,  especially 
■with  dress  of  an  ornamental  Idnd. 

Array  thyself  wif^  glory  and  beauty.  Job  xl.  10. 

Mom  hy  morn,  arrayiay  her  sweet  self 
In  that  wherein  she  deem'd  she  look'd  her  best. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
And  there  the  fallen  chief  is  laid. 
In  tasselled  garbs  of  skins  arrayed. 
And  girded  witll  his  wampum-braid. 

Whittier,  Funeral  Tree  of  Sokokis. 

3.  In  law,  to  set  (a  jury)  in  order  for  the  trial  of 
a  cause;  to  call  (the  jury)  man  by  man. — 4. 
To  envelop;  ■wrap.     [Rare.] 

In  gelid  caves  with  horrid  glooms  arrayed. 

Judge  Trumbull. 
=  S3m.  1.  To  arrange,  range,  marshal,  draw  up.— 2.  AJorn, 
Ornament,  Decorate,  etc.  (see  adorn);  clothe,  invest. 
array  (a-ra'),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  aray, 
arraie,  i  ME.  aray,  arai,  araie,  <  AF.  arai,  arrai, 
OF.  arret,  later  aroi,  F.  arroi  =  Pr.  arrci  =  Sp. 
arreo  =  Pg.  arreio  =  It.  arredo;  cf .  ML.  arredium, 
equipment,  fumit'ure;  from  the  verb:  see  ar- 
ray, i'.]  1.  Regular  order  or  arrangement; 
disposition  in  regular  lines ;  specifically,  dispo- 
sition of  a  body  of  men  for  attack  or  defense : 
as,  troops  in  battle  array. —  2.  An  orderly  col- 
lection or  assemblage ;  especially,  a  body  of 
men  in  order  of  battle  or  prepared  for  battle  ; 
hence,  military  force  ;  soldiery ;  troops. 

A  gallant  array  of  nobles  and  cavaliers.  Prescott. 

\\'hat  was  that  mighty  array  which  Elizabeth  reviewed 
at  Tilbury'^  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

3.  A  display ;  an  imposing  series  of  things  ex- 
hibited. 

Nothing  could  well  be  lovelier  than  this  array  of  Doric 
temples  and  ruins  of  temples. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  95. 

4.  Dress;  garments  disposed  in  order  upon  the 
person ;  raiment  or  apparel. 

Emily  ere  day 
Arose  and  dress'd  herself  in  rich  array.     Dryden. 

5t.  Preparation;  special  arrangement  of  things. 

He  had  maad  al  this  array. 

Chancer,  Miller's  T.ale,  1.  444. 

6t.  Situation;  circumstances;  position;  plight. 

Thou  stondest  yet  (ipiod  sche)  in  swiche  array, 
That  of  thy  lyf  hastow  no  sewerte. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  40. 

7.  Inlaw:  (a)Thebodyof  persons  summoned  to 
serve  upon  a  jury,  (b)  Tlie  act  of  impaneling 
a  jury ;  that  is,  the  act  of  the  proper  ollicer  set^ 


arrect 

ting  a  jury  in  order  for  the  trial  of  a  cause,  or 
calling  it  man  by  man.  (c)  The  jury  impaneled. 
Challenges  are  of  two  kinds  ;  first,  to  the  array,  wlicn 
exception  is  taken  to  the  whole  number  impaneled  ;  and 
secondly,  to  the  indls,  when  individual  jurymen  are  ob- 
jected to.    A.  I''onl/lan(jwj,  Jr.,  How  wc  are  (Governed,  xvii. 

8.  Formerly,  in  England,  tlie  muster  of  a  coun- 
ty for  military  purjjoses ;  tlie  men  so  mustered : 
as,  a  commission  of  array.     See  commi.ssion, 

Y*  Parliament  had  c-xtreamely  worried  him  for  attempt- 
ing to  put  in  execution  y  commission  of  aray,  and  for 
which  the  rest  of  his  collegues  were  banged  by  y  rebells. 
Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23, 1646. 

Previous  to  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  in  order  to  protect 
tlie  kingdom  from  domestic  insurrections  or  the  prospecta 
of  foreign  invasions,  it  was  usual  from  time  to  time  for 
our  princes  to  issue  commissions  of  array.  Wharton. 

9.  In  math.,  a  collection  of  quantities  arranged 
in  a  rectangular  block ;  a  matrix —  Challenge  to 
the  array.    See  cliallmgc 

arrayal  (a-ra'al),  n.  [<  array  +  -a/.]  The 
process  of  arra^dng;  muster  of  a  force;  array. 
N.  E.  D. 

arrayer  (a-ra'er),  v.  [<  ME.  araier,  arraiour,  < 
OF.  araieor.  arecor,  <  areer,  araier,  array:  see 
array,  i'.]  1.  One  who  an-ays. —  2.  In  Eng. 
hist.,  an  officer  who  had  a  commission  of  array 
to  put  the  soldiers  of  a  county  in  a  condition 
for  military  service. 

arrayment  (a-ra'ment),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
arraiment,  arayment,  <  ME.  araimcnf,  <  AF. 
aruiement,  OF.  areement,  <  araicr,  etc.,  array: 
see  array  and  -ment,  and  the  abbr.  form  rai- 
ment.'] 1.  The  act  of  arraying. — 2t.  That  in 
which  one  is  arrayed;  raiment. 
Sheep  clothed  in  soft  arrayment.  Quarles. 

arrel,  «.    gee  ar^. 

arre'-t,  t'.  «'.     See  arr^. 

arreacht,  ''.    See  areaeh. 

arrearif,  ''•    See  arear^. 

arrear'-t  (a-rer'),  adv.  [Earlymod.  E. also arear, 
arrere,  <  ilE.  arere,  a  rere,  <  OP.  arere,  ariere, 
mod.  F.  arriere  =  Pr.  areire,  arrcire,  <  ML.  ad 
retro:  L.  ad,  to;  retro  (>  OF.  riere),  backward: 
see  retro-  and  rear^.']  Backward;  into  or  to- 
ward the  rear;  back;  behind. 

Forst  him  back  recoyle  and  reele  areare. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  iv.  5. 

arrear^  (a-rer'),  "•  [ME.  only  in  phr.  in  ariere, 
in  time  past;  <  arrear^,  adv.  The  older  noun 
is  arrearage,  q.  v.]  1.  The  state  of  being  be- 
hind or  behindhand:  as,  his  work  is  in  arrear. 

Spain,  though  at  least  a  generation  in  arrear  of  England, 
was  after  our  own  the  first  modern  European  country  to 
attain  to  ...  a  national  dramatic  literature. 

A.  II'.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  Int.,  .\xvii. 
2t.  The  rear. 

Tlie  arrear  consisting  of  between  three  and  four  thou- 
s.and  foot.  Heytin,  Hist.  Reformation,  p.  92. 

3.  That  which  is  behind  in  payment ;  a  debt 
which  remains  unpaid,  though  due :  generally 
used  in  the  plural  and  implying  that  a  part  of 
the  money  is  already  paid:  as,  arrears  of  rent, 
wages,  or  taxes. 

For  much  I  dread  due  payment  by  the  Greeks 
Of  yesterday's  arrear.  Cotrper,  Iliad,  iii. 

My  approval  is  given  in  order  that  every  possible  facility 
may  be  afforded  for  the  prompt  discharge  of  all  arrears  of 
pay  due  to  our  soldiers  and  sailors. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  332. 
arrearage  (a-rer'aj),  «.  [<  ME.  arerage,  arre- 
rage,  <  OF.  arerage,  arrerage,  arrierage,  mod.  F. 
arriraqes,  pi.,  <  OF.  arere,  ariere,  back:  see 
arreaf",  adr.,  and  -age,  and  cf.  advantage.}  1. 
The  state  or  comlition  of  being  behindhand  or 
in  arrears. 

I  have  employment  for  thee,  such  a  one 
As  shall  not  only  pay  my  services. 
But  leave  me  in  arrearage. 

Shirley,  Grateful  Servant,  i.  2. 

2.  Arrears ;  amoimt  or  amounts  outstanding  or 
overdue ;  any  sum  of  money  remaining  unpaid 
after  previous  payment  of  a  part. 
The  old  arrearages  .  .  .  being  defrayed. 

Howell,  Vocal  Forest. 
Our  pleasure  is.  that  all  arrearages 
Be  paid  unto  the  captains. 

Ma.tsinger,  The  Picture,  ii.  2. 

arrearancet  (a-rer'ans),  n.  [<  arrear^  ■¥  -ance.l 

Same  ;is  arrearage. 
arrectt  (a-rekf ),  V.  t.    [<  L.  arrectus,  pp.  of  arri- 
gere,  set  up,  raise,  erect.  <  ad,  to,  +  regere,  keep 
straight,  direct.]     1.  To  raise  or  lift  up ;  make 
erect. 
Having  large  ears  perpetually  exposed  and  arrected. 

Stcift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  rL 

2.  To  direct. 

Arrecting  my  sight  towards  the  zodiake. 

Skellon.  Poems,  p.  9. 

3.  To  impute. 

Therefore  lie  arrecteth  no  blame  ...  to  them. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works,  fol.  271. 


arrect 

arrect,  arrected  (a-rekf,  a/-rek'to(l),  a.  [<  L. 
arrcctus :  sou  the  verb.]  If.  Erect;  erected. 
— 2t.  Attentive,  as  a  person  listening. 

Ea^er  fur  tliu  event, 
Around  the  beldame  all  arnxt  they  liaiij^. 

AkcntiiiU\  Pleasures  of  IinaKination,  i.  260. 

3.  Til  Imt.,  pointing  upward;  brought  into  an 
u])ri;,'hl  position.  A.  Gray. 
arrectaryt  (a-rok'ta-ri),  h.  [<  L.  arrectarius, 
perpendicular,  neut.  pi.  arrcciaria,  the  upright 
posts  of  a  wall,  <  nrrcctux,  erect:  see  <incct.'\ 
A  beam  or  post  standing  upright,  as  opposed 
to  one  which  is  horizontal. 

The  anrftary  or  beam  of  his  eross. 

Bi>.  Hall,  Works,  II.  •>-«. 

arrector  (a-rek'tor),  H.  [NL.,  <  L.  arrigcrc,  pp. 
arrectus,  set  up  erect :  see  arrect,  v.  ]  That  which 
arreets;  an  erector — Arrector  pill,  in  anal.,  the 
erector  of  the  hair,  a  small  strip  fif  iinstriuted  muscle  run- 
ninjj  from  the  lower  part  of  the  hair-follicle  Ujward  the 
surface  of  the  skin,  and  by  contraction,  un<ler  the  influence 
of  fright  or  cold,  causing  the  hair  ti>  stand  straight  up  or 
*'on  end,"  at  the,  same  time  so  raising  the  surface  just 
ari>und  tlie  orillce  as  to  occasion  goose-flesh  or  horripila- 
tion. 

arreedt,  '■■  t-     See  aread. 

arrel  (ar'cl),  «.  [Sp.,  also  arrclde  (>  Basqtie 
nrraldea,  a  weight  of  10  pounds) ;  Sp.  nrratc, 
Pg.  arrntcl,  a  weight  of  IG  ounces  (see  arrntel); 

<  Ar.  al,  the,  +  rati,  a  weight  of  12  ounces.]  A 
wi'ight  of  4  poiuids,  used  in  Spain. 

Arremon^  ».     See  Arrhemon. 

arrendation  (ar-en-da'shon),  «.     Same  as  ar- 

r<  ntatiim. 
arrendator  (ar'en-da-tor),  n.    [Also  areiidator, 

<  Kuss.  arendatorii,  <  ML.  arrendator,  areiidator, 
a  farmer  of  the  revenue,  <  arrendare,  arendarc, 
arrentare,  let  for  a  rent,  farm  the  revenue :  see 
arren  t.  ]  One  who  farms  the  revenues  in  certain 
Kussiau  governments. 

arrenotokous,  a.     See  arrhenotoVous. 

arrent  (a-renf),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  arrenter,  arcntir 
(ML.  arrentare,  arrendare,  arendare),  <  a  (L.  ad, 
to)  +  rente,  Tent:  see  arrendator  and  rent.}  To 
let  for  a  rent;  especially,  in  old  Jinej.  law,  to 
let  out  for  inelosure,  as  land  in  a  forest.  See 
arrcntation. 

arrentation  (ar-en-ta'shon),  n.  [Also  arren- 
dation, <  ML.  arrentatio(n-),  arrendatio,  <  arren- 
tare, arrendare :  see  arrent.']  In  old  Eng.  law, 
the  action  or  privilege  of  arrenting ;  the  giving 
of  permission  by  the  lord  of  the  manor  to  the 
tenant  of  land  in  a  forest  to  inclose  it  with  a 
small  ditch  and  low  hedge,  in  consideration  of 
a  yearly  rent.     .AJso  written  arrendation. 

arreptibnt  (a-rep'shon),  «.  [<  L.  arreptus,  pp. 
of  arrijiere,  snatch,  seize  to  one's  self,  <  ad,  to, 
+  rapere,  snatch,  seize :  see  rapacious,  rapture.] 
The  act  of  taking  away. 

This  arrt-ption  was  sudden,  yet  Elisha  sees  both  the 
chariot  and  the  horses,  and  the  ascent. 

Bp.  Hall,  Rapture  of  Elijjih. 

arreptitious^t  (ar-ep-tish'us),  a.  [<  LL.  arrejiti- 
eiiis,  arriptitiiis,  seized  in  mind,  inspired,  deliri- 
ous, <  L.  arreptus,  pp.  of  arriperc,  snatch,  seize: 
see  arrejition.]  Snatched  away;  hence,  seized 
or  possessed ;  frantic ;  crack-brained ;  mad. 
Odil,  arn'ptitloii^,  frantick  extravagances. 

Howell,  Letters  (1660),  I.  475. 

arreptitious-t  (ar-ep-tish'us),  a.  [As  if  <  L. 
arrtjiliiK,  pp.  of  arrepere,  creep  toward,  steal 
softly  to  (\ad,  to,  +  repere,  creep:  see  reptile), 
+  -itious;  but  appar.  a  mistaken  def.  of  pre- 
ceding.] Creeping  or  ha^^ng  ci'ept  in  privily. 
Jilouiit;  Bailey. 

arrest'  (a-resf),  c.  t.  [<  ME.  aresten,  arresten 
(also  by  apheresis  rcsten,  >  mod.  dial,  rest),  < 
OF.  arester,  F.  arreter  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  arrestar  = 
It.  arrcstare,  <  ML.  arrestare,  stop,  restrain,  <  L. 
flrf,  to, -I- j-e«<are,  stay  back :  see  j-ra?^.]  1.  To 
stop  forcibly;  check  or  hinder  the  motion  or  ac- 
tion of :  as,  to  arrest  the  current  of  a  river ;  to 
arrest  the  course  of  justice. 

Ascribing  the  causes  of  things  to  secret  proprieties  hath 
anrt^lfd  and  laid  asleep  all  tnie  inquiry.  Bacon. 

\yn\\  the  progress  of  adaptation  each  (human  being]  be- 
comes so  ct)nstituted  that  he  cannot  be  helped  without  in 
some  way  arresting  a  pleasurable  activity. 

H.  .SV>»n»'r,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  96. 

2.  To  take,  seize,  or  apprehend  by  virtue  of  a 
legal  wan-ant  or  official  authority;  take  into 
custody :  as,  to  arrest  one  for  a  crime  or  misde- 
meanor. [Shakspere  most  commonly  constru<'s 
this  verb  with  of,  like  accuse:  as,  "of  capital 
treason  we  arrest  yon  here,"  Rich.  11.,  iv.  1.] 

According  to  law  no  Knglishman  could  be  arri'.vfi'il  and 
detained  in  conhnemcnt  merely  by  the  mandate  of  the 
sovereign.  Afacatttaii. 

3.  To  seize  and  fix  ;  engage ;  secure  ;  catch ; 
take :  as,  to  arrest  the  eyes  or  the  attculiou. 


310 

Kitiif.  If  you  prove  it.  Ml  repay  It  back. 

Or  yield  up  Aqultain. 
rrin.  We  arrfnt  your  wcjrd. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1. 

The  appearance  of  such  a  person  in  the  world,  and  at 

such  a  iicriod,  ought  to  arrest  the  consideration  of  every 

tMi]king  mind.  Duekmimter. 

4t.  To  rest  or  fix. 
We  may  arrest  our  thoughts  upon  the  divine  mercies. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

5.  In  Scots  and  admiralty  law,  to  seize  (prop- 
erty) for  <lebt  or  the  satisfaction  of  a  claim ; 
attach  or  levy  upon.=SjTi.  1.  To  stay,  interrupt, 
delay.  <lctain.  — 2.  To  capture,  lay  hold  of,  take  up,  take 
prisoner. 
arrest'  (a-resf),  m.  [<  ME.  aresi,  <  OF.  arcst, 
stoppage,  delay,  restraint ;  from  the  verb  :  see 
arrest^,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  stopping,  or  the  stato 
of  being  stopped ;  suspension  of  movement  or 
action:  as,  an  arrest  of  the  vital  fiuictions; 
"the  stop  and  arrest  of  the  air,"  Bacon. —  Sf. 
Self-restraint ;  self-command. 

In  noble  corage  oughte  ben  arpjtte, 
And  weyen  everything  by  e(|uytee. 

Chaucer,  Cood  Women,  1.  396. 

3.  Any  seizure  or  taking  by  force,  physical 
or  moral ;  hindrance ;  intemiption ;  stoppage ; 
restraint. 

To  the  rich  man  who  had  promised  himself  ease  for 
many  yeai*.  it  was  a  sad  arrest  that  his  soul  was  surprised 
the  llrst  night.  Jer.  Taylor. 

I  could  .  .  .  mingle  my  teares  with  you,  .  .  .  but  when 
I  consider  the  necessity  of  subnntting  t^)  the  divine  aregtn, 
I  am  ready  to  dry  them  againe,  and  l)e  silent. 

Evelyn,  To  his  Brother,  G.  Evelyn. 

4.  In  mach.,  any  contrivance  which  stops  or  re- 
tards motion. 

The  arrext  consists  of  a  fly  vane,  or  escapement  with 
wings,  mounted  on  one  of  the  arbors  of  the  clock-work 
acting  on  the  wheel.  Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  81>74. 

5.  In  law,  the  taking  of  a  person  into  custody 
of  the  law,  usually  by  virtue  of  a  warrant  from 
authority.  An  arrest  is  made  by  seizing  or  touching  the 
body  or  otherwise  taking  possession  of  it.  By  the  law  of 
some  jurisdictions,  arrest  is  allowed  in  civil  cases  for  the 
purpose  of  enforcing  the  payment  of  debts  or  preventing 
a  defendant  from  eluding  an  obligation.  In  criminal  or 
penal  cases  arrest  is  made  for  the  purpose  of  comi)elling 
the  person  charged  with  a  crime  or  an  <iffcn8e  to  appear 
ancl  submit  to  justice.  In  civil  cases  it  cannot  be  legally 
effected  except  by  virtue  of  a  precept  or  writ  issued  out 
of  some  court,  but  this  is  often  dispenseil  with  in  criniin.al 
cases.  Arrest  in  civil  cases  is  of  two  kinds,  viz.,  that  which 
takes  place  before  trial,  and  is  called  arrent  on  mc^ne  pro- 
cess, and  that  which  takes  place  after  trial  an<i  ju<lgment, 
and  is  called  arre.^t  on  Jinat  process,  or  arrest  in  execution. 

6.  In  admiralty  law,  the  taking  of  a  ship  into 
custody  by  \-irtuo  of  a  warrant  from  a  court. — 

7.  In  Scots  law,  attachment ;  seizure  of  prop- 
erty, funds,  etc.,  by  legal  process,  as  for  debt  or 

the  satisfaction  of  a  claim Arrest  of  judgment, 

in  law,  the  staying  or  stopping  of  a  judgment  after  verdict, 
for  causes  assigned.  Courts  have  at  conmion  law  power 
to  arrest  judgment  for  intrinsic  causes  appearing  upon 
the  face  of  the  record,  as  when  the  declaration  varies  from 
the  original  writ,  when  the  verdict  differs  materially  from 
the  pleading's,  or  when  the  case  laid  in  the  declaration  is 
not  .snrti.i,  nt  in  poiidof  law  to  found  an  action  upon.  The 
niotinn  fnr  this  purpose  is  called  a  motion  in  a rrest  of  jttdfj- 
iiwnt.  .Modern  practice  largely  supei-scdes  these  motions 
by  re<iuiring  such  defects  to  be  ot^jectcd  to  before  judg- 
ment.— Breach  of  arrest.    See  breach. 

arrest^  (a-resf),  n.  [<  OP.  arrestc,  nrcste,  mod. 
F.  arite,  awn,  beard,  fishbone,  arrest,  <  L.  ari- 
sta: see  arista  and  arris.]  A  mangy  tumor  on 
the  back  part  of  the  hind  leg  of  a  horse.  Also 
called  rat-tail. 

arrestable  (a-res'ta-bl),  a.  [<  arrest^  +  -able.] 
1.  Liable  to  be  aiTested  or  apprehended. —  2. 
In  Scuts  law,  attachable;  subject  to  seizure  at 
the  suit  of  a  creditor  of  the  owner,  by  a  process 
in  the  nature  of  attachment  or  garnishment: 
applied  to  jiroperty,  funds,  etc. 

Burgh  customs  still  stand  in  the  peculiiu*  position  of 
being  neither  adjudgeable  nor  arrestable;  they  are  there- 
fore bad  security.  Knryc.  Brit.,  IV.  63. 

arrestation  (ar-es-ta'shgn),  H.  [=  F.  arrcsta- 
tion,  <  ML.  arrestatio{ii'-),  <  arrestare,  arrest: 
see  arrest^,  r.]  The  act  of  arresting;  an  arrest 
or  seizure.     [Rare.] 

The  (irrc.sfndVoi  of  the  English  residing  in  I'rance  wa-s 
decrcccl  by  the  Katiunal  Convention. 

//.  .V.  Williams,  Letters  on  Kraiicc,  I.  i. 

arrestee  (a-rest-e'),  n.  [<  arrest  +  -oel.]  In 
Scoti  law,  the  person  in  whose  hands  an  arrest- 
ment is  laid. 

arrester,  arrester  (a-res't6r,  -tor),  n.  [ME. 
aresli  r ;  <  iirnsll+  -(t1,  -or.  Cf.  ML.  arrcstator.] 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  arrests. —  2.  In  Scots 
law,  .the  person  at  whose  instance  an  arrest  is 
made.  See  arrest,  «.,  7.  [Arrestor  is  the  form 
usual  in  legal  documents.] 

arrestive  (a-res'tiv),  a.  [=0F.  arrestif;  <  ar- 
rc.sfl  -I-  -ire.]  1.  SerNTUg  or  tending  to  arrest. 
—  2.  hi  (/rain.,  marking  an  arrest,  restriction, 


arrliizoas 

or  (lualification  of  thought :  applied  to  conjunc- 
tions like  hut,  yet,  however,  etc.  Bain,  Eng. 
( iraniinar. 

arrestment  (a-resf  ment),  «.  [<  OF.  areste- 
ment,  <  arester,  arrest:  see  arre.ft^,  v.,  and 
-jnent.]  1.  The  act  of  arresting  or  stopping; 
obstruction ;  stoppage. 

The  first  effect  is  arrestment  of  the  functions  of  the 
spinal  cord.  .Sir  It.  Chri^ison,  Poisons,  I.  1.  §  2. 

The  fall  of  man  wnuld  produce  an  arrestment  in  the 
progress  of  the  earth  in  that  last  great  revolution  which 
would  liave  converted  it  into  an  Eden. 

Dawson,  Origin  ol  World,  p.  239. 

2.  In  Scots  law:  (a)  A  process  by  which  a 
creditor  may  attach  money  or  movable  proper- 
ty which  a  third  person  holds  for  behoof  of  his 
debtor.  It  bears  a  general  resemblance  to 
foreign  attachment  by  the  custom  of  London. 
See  attachment,  (fc)  The  arrest  or  detention  of 
a  criminal  till  he  finds  caution  or  surety  to  stand 
trial,  or  the  securing  of  a  debtor  until  he  pays 
the  debt  or  gives  security  for  its  payment. — 
Breach  of  arrestment.    Sec  breach. 

arrestor,  «.    See  arrester. 

arret' t,  c  '.    See  aret. 

arret-t  (a-ra'  or  a-ref ),  n.  [<  F.  arrt't,  <  OF. 
arest,  aiTest :  see  arrest^,  «.]  The  decision  of  a 
court,  tribunal,  or  council ;  a  decree  published ; 
the  edict  of  a  sovereign  prince:  applied  to  the 
judgments  and  decisions  of  courts  and  tribu- 
nals in  France. 

arrha  (ar'a),  n. ;  pi.  arrhee  (-e).  [L.,  also  ar- 
rhaho,  and  later  arra,  arrabo,  <  (Jr.  iipi>ajiuv, 
earnest-money.  Cf.  arles.]  Earnest-money 
paid  to  bind  a  bargain  or  contract;  a  pledge. 
Formerly  also  spelled  arra. 

arrhal  (ar'al),  «.  [<  arrha  +  -al.]  Of  the  na- 
ttu'e  of  earnest-money;  given  as  a  i)ledge. 

arrhaphostic  (ar-a-fos'tik),  a.     [Badly  formed 

<  Gr.  appaipng,  seamless,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  paijir/,  a 
seam,  <  />a77Tcii\  sew.]  Seamless.  Clarke.  Also 
written  riraphostic,  araphorostic.     [Rare.] 

Arrhemon  (a-re'mon),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  appfi/iov, 
without  speech,  silent,  <  a-  priv.  -t-  Mf",  a 
word,  <  peiv,  speak.]  A  genus  of  Central  and 
South  American  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the 
family  Tanayrida:,  including  a  group  of  several 
species  of  tanagers  with  stout  bills,  like  A, 
silens,  the  type.     Also  Arremon,  Buurremon. 

Arrhemonihae  (a-re-mo-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Arrhemon  +  -inee.]  A  group  of  tanagrine  birds, 
named  by  Lafresnaye  from  the  genus  Arrhe- 
mon. 

arrhenotokous  (ar-e-nof  o-kus),  a.  [Better 
'anhciKitoCiius,  <  Gr.  appnoro/ior,  bearing  male 
children,  <  appi/v  {hppcvo-),  male,  -f  rinren',  rc- 
Keiv,  bear.]  Producing  males  only:  applied 
by  Leuckart  and  Von  Siebold  to  those  parthe- 
nogenetic  female  insects  which  produce  male 
progeny :  opposed  to  thclytokous.  jUso  spelled 
arrenotokous. 

Tlie  terms  arrenotokous  and  thelytokous  have  been  pro- 
posed by  Leuckart  and  Von  Siebold  to  denote  those  par- 
thenogenetie  females  which  produce  male  and  female 
young  respectively.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  384. 

arrlienotoky  (ar-e-nof  o-ld),  n.  [As  arrhenoto- 
koHs  +  -;/.]  The  producing  of  males  only:  a 
form  of  parthenogenesis.     See  arrhenotokous. 

arrhephore  (ar'e-for),  n.  [<  Gr.  'A/iptiijiApo^,  com- 
monly in  pi.,  I'i.pp'iipopoi  (see  def.);  of  imcertain 
origin.]  One  of  four  young  girls  of  noble  birth 
who  were  chosen  annually  in  ancient  Athens  to 
dwell  on  the  Acropolis  and  attend  the  priestess 
of  Athena  Polias.  They  played  a  ceremonial  part  in 
the  festival  of  the  Arrhephoria,  on  the  niglit  before  which 
they  bore  baskets  or  vases  of  unknown  contents  from  the 
Acropolis  to  an  underground  sanctuary  neiir  the  periIx>Io9 
of  -\phrodite  in  the  Gardens. 

Arrhephoria  (ar-e-fo'ri-a),  n.pl.  [Gr.  \\ppri<j>6pia: 
see  arrhephore.]  An  ancient  Athenian  festival 
celebrated  ui  the  month  of  Skiroj)horion  (June). 
It  uas  eoiniected  with  the  I'unathcnuic  festival,  and  was 
the  uccjision  of  the  ceremonial  induction  into  their  aniuial 
ofllce,  with  a  sidendid  procession  to  the  Acropolis,  of  the 
four  yoinig  priestesses  of  .\thena  called  arrephoreg. 

arrhinencephalia(ar-in-en-se-fa'U-a),  h.  [NL., 

<  Ur.  li/'P'f  (appiv-),  without  power  of  scenting 
(<  li-  priv.  +  pi(,  pli;  nose),  +  f } A-^^a?.of ,•  the 
brain:  see  encephalon.]  In  teratol.,  congenital 
absence  of  one  or  (usually)  both  sides  of  the 
olfactorj-  lobe  (rhinencephalon),  accompanied 
with  more  or  less  dwarfing  or  absence  of  adja- 
cent structures.     Also  spelled  arhinencephalia. 

arrhizal  (a-ri'zal),  a.  [As  arrhuoits  +  -al.] 
Same  as  arrhi:ous. 

arrhizous  (a-ri'zus),  a.  [<  NL.  arrhi-iis,  <  Gr. 
uppuiir,  without  roots,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  piCa,  a  root.] 
Ha\ing  no  root :  applied  to  parasitical  plants 
which  have  no  root,  but  adhere  to  other  plants 


arrhizous  320 
by  any  part  of  their  surface,  and  derive  their  arrifere-flef  (a-r«r'f6f),  n.    Same  as  nrrih-e-fec. 
nourishment  from  them;   also  to  mosses  and  arri6re-pens6e  (ar-iar"poii-sa'),  n.     IF.,  <  ar- 
lUiMtuu-  which  are  destitute  of  rhizoids.   Also     rierc,  rear,  behind,  +  jiciiscc.  tliought :  see  jicii- 
arhhitl,  ((r/i(-((«.s.                                                         .sivc]     A  thought  kept  back  or  dissembled;  a 
Arriiyiicilia  (a-rin^'ki-a),  H.  pi    [NL.,  neut.  pi.     mental  reservation, 
of  (oWiv/ic/iiH.v,  <  tir.  d-'priv.  +  /»)xor,  snout.]  arri6re-vassal(a-rer'vas''al),  «. 
A  (j;roup  of  the  lowest  proetuehous  Turbcllaria,     sal ;  tlie  vassal  of  a  vassal, 
having  no  frontal  proboscis,  but  provided  with  arri^re-VOUSSUre   (ar-iar"vo-sur'),  «.      A  rear 
Also     vault;   aii  arch  or  a  vault  placed  within  the 


jVn  under-VJis- 


an  anus,  and  presenting  distinct  sexes, 
spelled  Arliijiichia. 

arrhythmia  (a-rith'mi-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ap- 
pvOfiia,  want  of  rhythm,  <  iipin'Ofioc,  without 
rhj'thm:  sea  nrrlnjtlimoits.']  In  pnf/ioJ.,  irregu- 
larity. Also  spelled  urhijtUmia — Arrhythmia 
cordis,  irrci-'uliuity  of  pulse. 

arrhythmic  (a-rith'mik),  a.  [As  arrhtjthmous 
+  -ic:  see  d-'^^  and  rliythmic.1  Not  rhythmic; 
wanting  rhythm  or  regularity:  used  specifical- 
ly, in  jm  fhol. ,  of  the  pulse.  Also  spelled  arhytli- 
inic.    X.  E.  D. 

arrhythmical  (a-rith'mi-kal),  a.    Same  as  ar- 

rlnithiiiir.     Also  spelled  oc7(^W(«i/P«/. 

arrhythmically  (a-rith'mi-kal-i),  adv.    In  a 
style  without  rhythm.     Also  spelled  ari 
calli/. 

arrhjrthmous  (a-rith'mus),  fi.  [<  Gr.  appvS/io;, 
without  rhythm,  out  of  time,  <  "-  priv.  +  pv6/i6i, 
rhythm.]  Same  as  arrhythmic.  Also  spelled 
tirhythiiioKS. 

arrhythmy  (a-rith'mi),  n.  [<  NL.  arrhythmia, 
q.  v.]  Want  of  rhythm.  Also  spelled  nrftyflmi/. 
[Rare.] 

arriage  (ar'Sj),  «.  [Sc,  a  eontr.  of  average^, 
q.  v.]  In  Scots  law,  an  indefinite  service  per- 
formed by  horses,  formerly  required  from  ten- 
ants, but  now  abolished.  Used  chiefly  in  the 
phrase  carriage  a)id  arriage. 

It  [the  monastery]  is  said  to  have  possessed  nearly  two 
thousand  pounds  in  yearly  money-rent,  .  .  .  capons  and 
poultry,  butter,  salt,  carriage  and  arriarie,  peats  and  kain, 
wool  and  ale.  Srolt,  llonastery,  Int. 

arridet  (a-rid'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arrided,  ppr. 
arriding.     [<  L.  arridere,  please,  be  favorable 
to,  smile  at  or  upon,  <  ad,  to,  +  ridere,  laugh: 
see  ridicule.'\     To  please;  gratify. 
Fast.  'Fore  heavens,  hishumour  ari-i<les  me  exceedingly. 
Car.   Ar rides  you  ! 
Fast.   Ay,  pleases  me. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  o£  Ills  Humour,  ii.  1. 

The  flattering  sycophant  is  the  lawning  spaniel,  that 
hath  only  learned  to  fetch  and  carry,  to  spring  the  covey 
of  his  master's  lusts,  and  to  arride  and  deride  him. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  III.  119. 

Above  all  thy  rarities,  old  O\enford,  what  do  most  ar- 
ride and  solace  me  are  thy  repositories  of  mouldering 
learning.  Lamb,  Oxford  in  Vacation. 

arridentt  (a-ri'dent),  a.  [<  L.  arrideti{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  arridere:  see  arride.~\  Pleasing;  gratify- 
ing. 

arri^re  (a-rer';  F.  pron.  ar-iar'),  n.  [F.,  <  OF. 
arierc,  arerc,  >  ME.  arere,  mod.  E.  arrear^.  Ar- 
ricre  is  thus  the  mod.  F.  form  of  arrcar^,  re- 
stored in  E.  from  the  earlier  form,  or  adopted 
afresh,  in  special  phrases:  «ee  arrcar-  and 
rear^.']  AiTear  or  rear.  [Now  rarely  used  except  in 
composition,  as  in  arrii;re-bras,  -/er,  .JU\f,  -jiem^e,  etc.  (See 
these  words,  below.)  In  arriere-ban,  as  shown,  it  is  his- 
torically a  dilferent  word.] 
An  inf  err'd  arri^re  of  such  storms,  such  wrecks. 

W.  Whitman,  in  Academy,  Nov.  IS,  1S82.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

Volant  en  arrifere,  in  her.,  said  of  a  bird  represented  as 
living  upward  and  away  from  the  spectator. 

arriere-ban  (a-rer'ban;  F.  pron.  ar-iar-bon'), 
H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arricr-,  arrear-,  arcrc- 
ban  (also  arrcar-,  rere-hand,  arricr-ran,  simu- 
lating hand'^  and  ran"),  <  F.  arriere-ban,  OF. 
ariirc-han,  a  corruption  (due  to  a  supposed 
connection  with  ariere,  mod.  arrierc,  rear,  be- 
hind) of  OF.  *ariban,  *hcribaii,  <  ML.  hari-, 
heri-,  ari-,  arc-,  arri-,  herebannum,  etc.,  <  OHG. 
*hariban,  *hcriban  (MH6.  herban,  G.  hecrbaim), 
the  summoning  of  an  army,  <  hari,  heri  (iIHG. 
her,  G.  hrcr  =  AS.  here),  army,  +  ban,  a  public 
call,  order,  decree:  see  har-,  harry,  and  ban^.'] 
1.  In  the  early  feudal  state,  the  summons  of  the 
sovereign  to  all  freemen,  calling  them  to  the 
field  with  their  vassals,  equipment,  and  tkree 
months'  i)rovisions.  Neglect  to  obey  the  sum- 
mons brought  fines  or  even  loss  of  the  fief. 
Hence  —  2.  The  military  force  thus  liable  to 
be  called  out.  Formerly  written  (iricWiaH.  [The 
misunderstanding  of  the  first  clL-nicrit  (sec  etyniulngy)  U-il 
to  the  use  of  ban  et  arrii're-bdn,  Englisli  bnn  (or  i'<in)  and 
arrit'r-ban  (or  -van),  with  an  artiticial  distinrti<tn,  the  /»((;i 
being  slipposcd  to  refer  to  the  innnediate  feudatories  of 
the  sovereign,  and  the  arriere-ban  to  the  v;»ssals  of  the 
latter,  or  the  hoMcr.s  of  arriere-/ie/ti.\ 

arri6re-bras  (ar-iar'brii'),  «.   Same  as  rercbrace. 

arrifere-fee  (a-rer'fe),  «.  A  fee  or  fief  de- 
pendent on  a  superior  fee,  or  a  fee  hold  of  a 
feudatory. 


Arri^rc-Voussure. 


vault ;  an  arch  or 
opening  of  a  win- 
dow or  door,  and 
differing  from  it 
in  form,  to  in- 
crease the  size 
of  the  aperture 
internally,  to  re- 
ceive a  charge 
from  above,  or 
to  form  an  ar- 
chitectural junc- 
tion bet'n'een  in- 
terior and  exte- 
rior forms. 
ktni-  arriero  (ar-e-a'- 
ro),  11.  [Sp.'  (= 
Pg.  arrieiro),  a 
muleteer,   <    arre 

(>  Pr.  arri  =  It.  arri),  OSp. /«rrf,  a  cry  used 
to  mules  and  horses;  prob.  of  Ar.  origin.]  A 
muleteer. 

arris  (ar'is),  «.     [Also  ■svritten  aris,  formerly 
arriss,  E.  dial.  (North.)  arridge,  the  edge  of 
anything  that  is  liable  to  hurt  (Halliwell);  < 
OF.  arcstc  (F.  areie),<.  L.  arista,  an  ear  or  beard 
of  grain,  in  ML.  also  a  bone  of  a  fish,  exterior 
angle  of  a  house:  see  arista  and  arrest^.'\     1. 
A  sharp  edge,  as  of  a  squared  stone  or  piece  of 
wood.  Specifically — 2.  In  ore/;.,  the  line,  edge, 
or  hip  in  which  the  two  straight  or  curved  sur- 
faces of  a  body,  forming   an  exterior  angle, 
meet;  especially,  the  sharp  ridge  between  two 
adjoining  channels  of  a  Dome  column, 
arris-fillet  (ar'is-fil''''et),  «.     A  triangular  piece 
of  wooil  used  to  raise  the  slates  of  a  roof  against 
the  shaft  of  a  chimney  or  a  wall,  to  throw  off 
the  rain  more  effectually.      Also  called  tiltiiig- 
fillet. 
arris-gutter  (ar'is-gut"er),  n.      A  wooden  gut- 
ter of  the  form  of  the  letter  V,  iLxed  to  the  eaves 
of  a  building.     Gwilt. 
arrish,  arish  (ar'ish),  n.    [E.  dial.,  =  ersh,  dial, 
form  of  eddish,  q.  v.]     A  corn-  or  wheat-field 
which  has  been  harvested ;  stubble ;   eddish. 
[Devonshire,  Eng.] 
arrisiont  (a-rizh'on),  n.     [<  L.  arrisio{n-),  <  ar- 
risus,  pp.  of  arridere,  smile  upon:  see  arride.'] 
The  act  of  smiling  upon  or  at.     Blount. 
arris-piece  (ar'is-pes),  n.     In  ship-carp.,  one  of 
the  portions  of  a  built  mast  beneath  the  hoops. 
arris-rail  (ar'is-ral),  ».     In  carp.,  a  rail  of  tri- 
angular section,  generally  formed  by  slitting 
diagonally  a    strip    of    square   section.     The 
broadest  surface  forms  the  base. 
arriS'Wise  (ar'is-wiz),  adv.      [<  arris  +  -wise.] 
^ ^    1.   Diagonally:   said  of   an  ar- 
rangement of  tiles  or  slates  so 
that  one  angle  points  downward. 
—  2.  In  ?/«'.,  vrith  one  angle  pro- 
jecting  toward    the    spectator: 
said  of  any  bearing  of  a  rectan- 
gular form  so  placed  that  one 
corner  is  in  front,  and  the  top 
and  two  of  the  sides  are  shown. 
Erroneously  written  arraswisc. 
arrivaget  (a-n'vaj),  «.    [ME.  arryvage,  aryvagc, 
<  (JF.  iinri'iiic,  mod.  F.  arrirage  =  Sp.  arribajc,  < 
ML.  arribuiicum,  arripaticiim,<  *arriparc  (>  OF. 
arivcr),  come  to  shore,  an-ive:  see  «rr[i'c_and 


arrogance 

arri'Vancet  (a-ri'vans),  «.     [<  arrive  +  -ance.] 

1.  The  act  or  fact  of  arriving;  arrival. 

Its  (an  animal's]  sudden  arrivaiice  inttt  growth  and 
matiu'itie.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iiL  9. 

2.  Persons  who  arrive ;  arrivals  collectively. 

For  every  minute  is  expectancy 
Of  more  arrivance  [arrivanfie  in  early  eds.]. 

Sliak.  (ed.  Lc<.pohl),  Othello,  ii.  1. 

arrive  (a-riv'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  arrived,  ppr. 
arriviiiy"  [<  ME.  arivoi,  aryvcii,  <  OF.  arivcr, 
arrivcr,  F.  arriver  =  Pr.  aribar,  arivar  =  Sp.  Pg. 
arribar  =  It.  arrivarc,  arrive,  arriparc,  come  to 
shore,  <  ML.  "arriliare,  'arriparc,  reach,  come 
to  shore,  earlier  adripare,  bring  to  shore,  <  L. 
ad.  to,  -I-  ripa,  shore,  bank.]  I.t  trans.  1.  To 
bring  (a  ship  or  its  passengers)  to  shore ;  laud. 

Some  points  of  wind  .  .  .  may  as  soon  Overturn  as  Ar- 
rive the  ship. 

W.  Brough,  Sacr.  Princ.  (1659),  p.  486.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

When  Fortune  .  .  .  had  arrived  me  in  the  most  joyful 
port.  G.  Cavendish. 

2.  To  reach. 
Ere  he  arrive  the  happy  isle.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  409. 

3.  To  come  to  ;  happen  to. 

Lest  a  worse  woe  arrive  him.  Milton,  Civil  Power. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  come  to  or  reach  a  cer- 
tain point  in  the  course  of  travel:  ■with  at:  as, 
we  arrived  at  Havre-de-Grace. 

WTien  at  CoUatiuni  this  false  lord  arrived. 
Well  was  he  welcomed  by  the  Roman  dame. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  50. 

2.  To  reach  a  point  or  stage  by  progressive 
advance;  attain  to  a  certain  result  or  state: 
with  at,  formerly  sometimes  -with  to :  as,  to  ar- 
rive at  an  unusual  degree  of  excellence;  to  ar- 
rive at  a  conclusion. 

The  Greek  language  was  arrived  to  its  full  perfection. 
Dryden,  Pref.  to  Troilus  and  Cressida. 

They  nrruT  at  a  theory  from  looking  at  some  of  the 
phenomena  ;  and  the  remaining  phenomena  they  strain  or 
curtail  to  suit  the  theory.  Macaulay,  On  History. 

3.  To  happen  or  occur :  with  to. 

Happy  I  to  whom  this  glorious  death  arrives.       Waller. 

The  lot  of  humanity  is  on  these  children.  Danger,  sor- 
row, and  pain  arrive  to  them,  as  (<>  all. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  168. 

arrivet  (a-nv'),  «•     [<  arrive,  v.]    Arrival. 

How  should  I  joy  of  thy  arrive  Ui  hear  I 

Drayton,  Brandon  to  Mary. 
Wonder  at  the  safe  arrive 
Of  this  small  vessel,  which  all  weathers  drive. 

Middleton,  Triumphs  of  Truth. 

arroba  (a-ro'bS),  «.  [Formerly  also  aroba, 
arobe,  arob,  <  Sp.  Pg.  arroba,  <  Ai:  ar-roV,  <  al, 
the,  -1-  rob',  fourth  part  (of  a  hundred-weight), 
a  quarter,  <  arba'a,  fom-.]  1.  A  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  unit  of  weight.  The  following  table 
shows  the  numbtr  of  avoirdupois  and  local  pounds  it  con- 
tains and  its  equivalent  in  kilograms  : 

n.  Local 

Pl*':':^.  Pounds. 

Saragossa 36 

Lisbon,  Rio  de  Janeiro 32 

Barcelona 26 

Valencia  36 

Paraguay 25 

Castile,  Buenos  Ayres,  )  oj 

Chili,  ilexico,  etc.       f 

Alicante 24  and  36 

There  was  also  formerly  in  use  in  Valencia  a  small  arroba 
of  10.CS7  kilograms. 

2.  A  measure  for  wine,  spirits,  and  oil  in  Span- 
ish countries,  arising  from  the  Moorish  prac- 
tice of  weighing  those  licjuids;  the  cantara. 
There  aie  two  measures  of  this  name.  The  commoner,  the 
arroba  mayor,  contains  in  liters  :  in  Castile,  Cadiz,  18.137 ; 
in  Bolivia,  16.073  ;  in  Jlalaga,  15.S6 ;  in  Havana,  15.44  :  m 
Alicante,  11.550;  in  Valencia,  11.482.  The  arroba  menor, 
in  Madrid,  is  equivalent  to '27.25  pounds  of  water  or  12.664 
liters  ;  it  wiis  divided  into  25  libras.  Wine  was  sold  by  a 
b:i 


Av. 
Pounds. 
27.390 
32.381 
22.985 
28.272 
27.410 

25.317 

2S.254 


Kilos. 
12.424 
14.688 
10.426 
12.824 
12.433 

11.484 
12.816 


w  eight  of  o'2  iionnds  to  the  arr 
-,   ..    T       J-  -1     /■!  o"^rri,","t  arrodet  (a-rod'),  I'.  ?.     [<  L.  niTorfcrf,  gnaw  at, 

-aqc]    1.  Landmg:  arrival.    Chaucer. —  2.  that  diiouei  vj.  lu^.  /,  ^  u  .  '  "       ,     j 

wiiich  happens  or  befalls  one  ;  lot  or  fate. 


arrival  (a"-ri'val),  ».  [<  ME.  aryvailc,  arrivailc, 
<  AF.  ai-rivaiiic  =  Pr.  nrrilialh,  arribailh,  arri- 
val :  see  arrive  and  -«/.]  1 .  The  act  of  arriving, 
as  in  coming  to  land  or  to  the  end  of  a  joiu'uey ; 
a  reaching  or  coming  to  a  destination,  or  some 
definite  place. 

Fro  thenne  he  gotli  toward  Italic 
}Jy  ship,  and  there  his  arrivailc 
Hath  take,  and  shopc  him  for  to  ride. 

(Sower,  Conf.  Aniant.,  ii.  4. 

2.  The  person  or  thing  which  arrives :   as,  a 

long  list  of  arrivals. 

Today  the  Lady  Psyche  wnll  harangue 

The  fresh  arrivals.  Tennyson,  Princess,  li. 

3.  The  reaching  or  attainment  of  any  object 
or  state  by  effort,  or  in  natural  course:  as, 
arrival  at  a  just  conclusion. 


<  ad,  to,  at,  -I-  rodcrc.  gnaw:  see  rodent,  and  cf. 
corrode,  erode]  To  gnaw  or  nibble  at.  liailcy. 
arrogance  (ar'o-giins),  «.  [<  ME.  arrogance, 
arrogauncc,  <  ()F.  arrogance,  <  L.  arrogantia,  < 
arroiian{t-)s.  ppr.  of  arrogarc :  see  arrogate.] 
Theconditiou  or  quality  of  being  arrogant;  a 
manifest  feeling  of  personal  superiority  in 
rank,  power,  dignity,  or  estimation ;  the  exalt- 
ing of  one's  owni  worth  or  importance  to  an 
undue  degree;  jiride  with  contempt  of  others; 
presumption. 

Pride  hath  no  other  glass 
To  show  itself,  but  pride  ;  for  supple  knees 
Feed  arrogance,  and  are  the  proud  man's  fees. 

.Shak-,  T.  and  C,  iii.  3. 

=Syn  Pride,  Arrogance,  Presvtnption.  .i.wimption, 
Ila\i<ililiness,  Disdain,  Loftiness,  Suin-rciliousness,  Inso- 
lence, lordliness,  self-importance,  imperiousness,  swagger. 
(See  yride.)  Pride  atnl  disdain  are  the  only  words  in  the 
list  that  may  have  a  good  meaning  when  applied  to  per- 


arrogance 

Bona :  aa,  pride  in  one's  crmntry ;  (iimlain  of  a  baao  suKRca* 
tlon.  Pride  primarily  rosin-cts  tlu*  ti-mpifrnf  the  niiml,  in)t 
being  necessarily  inniiifeated  or  direotfci  toward  ntluirs ;  it 
is  the  general  ti-'rni  for  an  unreasonable  estimate  c)f  utk-'s 
own  superiority  in  any  resjiect.  As  it  comes  into  relatiini 
and  action,  it  may  receive  other  titles.  Thus,  arroijaiice  is, 
at  its  simplest,  pride,  witli  contempt  of  others,  and  is  es- 
sentially the  same  <as  dindain.  In  aetitui,  arroijanrc  is  tin- 
assertion  of  exorbitant  claims  tnraiik.  dignity,  cstimatiun, 
homaRO,  power,  etc.  J're.i>/in/ifiiui  m  nftcti  used  fur  arr». 
gane.e,  but  more  properly  exi>resscs  a  st'lf-rnii.ritt'd  and 
Belf-iniportant  forwardness  to  run  risks,  take  libt-rtics, 
and  cmwd  in  where  one  does  not  deserve  to  be.  Pre- 
nuinption  helps  itself  to  what  it  wants,  while  arror/ancr 
claims  from  others,  and  feeils  its  /*/*/(/(•  by  seeing  tbeiu 
yield.  Presumption  is  less  sclllsh  than  arrmiance,  but 
more  conceited  and  headstrouK.  AsKumjition  has  added 
toitsothcrmcaniiiiisa  bail  svnw,  kindred  iopreaumptiun: 
it  means  a  dispusiti'in  tu  do  what  does  not  belong  to  one 
to  do,  and  soiintinus  to  claim  to  be  more  than  one  is. 
Haughtiness,  like  dis>l>(i/i  ami  loftiness,  dwells  upon  the 
inferiority  of  ntbrrs  (|iiite  as  much  as  upou  its  own  eleva- 
tion ;  it  is  equally  aiH)licable  to  spirit  and  to  manner. 
J)isdain  is  a  mingling  of  lofty  coutempt  with  aversion, 
abhorrence,  or  indiLrnatiou.  Sujierriliousness,  as  befits  its 
derivation,  is  chielly  api)Ued  to  manner;  it  is  a  manifested 
haughtiness.  Insolence  is  exliibited  not  only  in  maimer, 
but  in  conduct  and  langviage  ;  it  is  pride  or  haughtiness, 
shown  in  contemptuous  or  overJiearing  treatment  of  oth- 
ers, especially  by  words;  from  an  eijual  or  an  inferior  it 
is  an  outrageous  kind  of  impertinence.  See  impudence, 
egotism,  and  scorn. 

I  know  you  proud  to  bear  your  name, 
Your  pride  is  yet  no  mate  for  mine, 
Too  proud  to  caro  from  whence  I  came, 

Tcnnijson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere. 

Turbulent,  discontented  men  of  quality,  in  proporti<m 
as  they  are  pulled  up  with  personal  pi'tde  and  arrogance, 
generally  despise  their  own  order.    Burke,  Kev.  in  jVance. 

But  most  it  is  presuinpiion  in  us,  when 

The  help  of  Heaven  wo  count  the  act  of  men. 

Shak.,  Alls  Well,  ii.  1. 

His  usual  air  of  haughty  assumption. 

Scott,  Waverley,  xlix. 

I  own  that  there  is  a  haughtiness  and  fierceness  in  human 
nature  which  will  cause  innumerable  broils,  place  men  in 
■what  situation  you  please.  Burke. 

Good  nature  produces  a  disdain  of  all  baseness,  vice, 
and  folly.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  242. 

The  loftiness  of  man  shall  be  bowed  down.       Isa.  ii.  IT. 

Sometimes,  it  is  true,  the  giraffe  stoops  to  mammalian 
levels;  l»ut  there  is  something  so  lofty  even  in  its  conde- 
scension that  the  very  act  of  bcmlim;  enhances  the  haugh- 
tiness of  itserect  posture,  and  su^'L'cststbat  it  dois  it  from 
policy.  To  be  always  keeping  state,  and  forever  in  the 
clouds,  might  make  shorter  animals  accuse  it  of  acting 
superciliouiilg.  P.  Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  182. 

The  insolence  of  the  aggressor  is  usually  proportioned  to 
the  tauieiicss  of  the  suttcrer.  Ames,  Works,  II.  96. 

arrogancy   (ar'o-gan-si),  n.     [See  arrogance.'] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  an'ogant;  arrogance: 
as,  "presumptuous  arrogaucifj"  Northj  tr.  of 
Plutarch,  p,  77. 

His  arrogancg  and  his  impudence,  in  commending  his 
own  things.  B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  Iv.  1. 

2.  A  piece  of  arrogance ;  an  arrogant  act. 

That  most  odious  of  all  repulsive  nrrovanat's—Phari- 
secism.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXIX.  472. 

arrogant  (ar'o-gant),  «.  [<  ME.  arrogant,  arro- 
gaunt,  <  OF.  arroganty  <  L.  arrogan{t-)s,  assum- 
ing, aiTogant,  insolent,  ppr.  of  arrogarc,  assume, 
etc.:  see  arrogatc.1  1.  Making  or  having  the 
disposition  to  make  unwarrantable  claims  of 
rank  or  estimation;  gi\'inf:c  one's  solf  an  undue 
degree  of  importance;  afx<;rissivrly  haughty; 
full  of  assumption:  applied  to  persons. 

Arrogant  Winchester?  that  haughty  prelate? 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 

2.  Characterized  by  arrogance;  proceeding 
from  an  overestimate  of  one's  importance  or 
superiority  to  others:   applied  to  things:  as, 

arrogant  claims. 

The  speech  of  Themistocles,  the  Athenian,  which  was 
haughty  and  arrogant,  in  taking  so  nuich  to  liimself,  had 
iieen  a  grave  and  wise  observation  and  censure,  applied  at 
large  to  others.  Bacon,  True  Greatness. 

Surely  etiquette  was  never  maintained  in  a  more  arro- 
gant manner  at  the  court  of  Louis  XIV. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  268. 

His  [Lord  Clarendon's]  temper  was  sour,  arrogant,  and 
impatient  of  opposition.  MacaiUap,  Hist.  Eng. 

=  Syil.  Authoritative,  Magisterial.  Dogmatic,  etc.  (seema- 
gisterial),  proud,  assuming,  overbearing,  presumptuous, 
supercilious,  lordly,  cavalier,  important,  swelling,  bluster- 
in--',  grand,  distlainful,  overweening. 
arrogantly  (ar'o-gant-li),  a<U'.  In  an  arrogant 
manner;  \vith  un<"iuo  pride  and  contempt  of 
others;  with  haughty  presumption. 

Godwin  and  his  Sons  bore  themselves  arrogantlg  and 
proudly  towards  the  King,  usurping  to  themselves  equal 
share  in  the  Government.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

arrogantness  (ar'o-gant-nes),  n.     Arrogance. 

arrogate  (ar'o5.gat),  i\  t.;  ])ret.  and  pp.  arro- 
gated^ ppr.  arrogating.  [<  L.  arrogatu.s,  atiro- 
gatiis,  pp.  of  arrogare.  adrogare,  ask  of,  adopt, 
appropriate,  assume,  \ad,  to,  +  rogare,  ask:  see 
rogation.  The  form  adrogatc  isconlined  to  the 
21 


321 

legal  sense.]  1.  To  claim  or  demand  tinduly 
or  presumptuously;  lay  claim  to  in  an  over- 
bearing manner:  as,  to  arroz/ate  power  or  dig- 
nity to  one's  self. 

Who,  not  content 
With  fair  equality,  fraternal  state, 
Will  arrogate,  dominion  undeserved 
Over  his  brethren.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xil.  27. 

A  man  possessed  of  such  warm  Imagination  connnands 
all  nature,  and  arrogatfs  possessions  of  which  the  owner 
has  a  bluntt-r  relish.     Goldsmith,  Tenants  of  the  Leaaowes. 

Even  the  spiritual  supremacy  arrogated  Ity  the  I'ope  was, 
in  the  dark  ages,  productive  of  far  more  good  than  evil. 
Macaulag,  Hist.  Eng.,  1. 

2.  To  lay  claim  to  on  behalf  of  another:  as, 
to  arrogate  to  the  cro\vn  the  privilege  of  issu- 
ing writs. 

To  antiquity  we  arrogate  many  things,  to  ourselves  no- 
thing. Coleridge,  The  Krieini,  I.  12.    (JV.  K  H.) 

3.  In  lioni.  law,  same  as  adrogatc. 
arrogation  (ar-o-ga'shou),  «.'     [<  L.  arroga- 

tio{n-),  a  taking  to  one's  self,  <  arrogare,  take 
to  one's  self:  see  arrogate,  and  of.  adrogation.] 

1.  The  act  of  arrogating,  or  making  imjust  or 
unwarrantable  claims  or  demands;  the  act  of 
taking  more  than  one  is  justly  entitled  to. 

Where  selfness  is  extinguished,  all  manner  of  arrogation 
must  of  necessity  be  extinct. 

Dr.  II.  More,  Song  of  the  Soul,  p.  372,  note. 

2.  In  Rom.  law,  same  as  adrogation. 
arrogative  (ar'o-ga-tiv),  a.    [<  arrogate  +  •dve.] 

Making  undue  claims  and  pretensions;  arro- 
gant.    Dr.  H.  More. 
arrollo  (a-ro'lyo),  V.     Same  as  arroyo. 

arrondi,  arrondee  (a-ron'di,  -de),  a.    [<  F.  ^r- 

rondi  (fern,  arrondie),  roimded,  jip.  of  arrondir, 
make  round,  <  a  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  rond,  round: 
see  round",]  In  her,,  rounded  off:  applied  to  a 
bearing,  es})e('ially  a  cross,  the  extremities  of 
■which  are  rounded.  Also  written  amndir,  aron- 
</'/•- Battled  arrondi.  See  hattled'i.—  'RQn^  arrondi, 
fesse  arrondi,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

arrondissement  (a-roii-des'mou),  n.    [F.,  lit.  a 

rounding,  <  arrondiss-,  stem  of  certain  jiarts  of 
arrondir,  make  round:  see  arrondi.]  In  Franco, 
the  largest  administrative  division  of  a  depart- 
ment. The  87  departments  arc  divided  into  362  arron- 
ilissements.  Each  arrondissement  is  divided  into  cantons, 
and  each  of  the  latter  into  communes. 

arrope  (a-rop';  Sp.  pron.  a-ro'pa),  n.  [Sp.  (= 
Pg.  arrobe),  <  arropar  (=  Pg.  arrobar),  mLv  wine 
in  a  state  of  fermentation  with  boiled  wine,  lit. 
clothe,  <  ar-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  ropa  =  }*g.  roupa, 
OPg.  rouba,  clothing,  robe:  see  robe.]  A  sort 
of  liquor  used  for  increasing  the  body  and  dark- 
ening the  color  of  sherry,  made  by  boiling  down 
must  to  one  fifth  or  one  sixth  of  its  original 
quantity. 

arroset  (a-roz'),  i'-  t-  [<  F.  arroser,  sprinkle, 
water,  ult.  <  LL.  adrorare,  bedew,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
rorare,  distil  dew,  <  ros  {ror-),  dew.]  To  be- 
dew; sprinkle;  wet;  drench. 

The  blissful  dew  of  heaven  does  arrose  you. 
Fletcher  {and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  4. 

arrosiont  (a-ro'zhon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *arro- 
.si<t{n-),  <  arrodcrc'i^i^.  arrosus,  gnaw  at:  see  ar- 
rode.]    A  gnawing  at.     [Kare.j 

This  arrosion  of  the  nailes,  .  .  .  the  property  of  men  in- 
raged  with  cboler.  J.  Bidwer,  Chirologia.  p.  160.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

arrow  (ar'6),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arrou-c, 
arowe,  <  ME.  aroic,  aro,  aru,  arw,  aruice,  artwe, 
arwc,  <  AS.  (1)  arive,  fern.,  (2)  earh,  neut.,  = 
Icel.  or  (gen.  orvar),  an  arrow,  =  Goth,  deriv, 
arhwa^nay  a  dart  (Gr.  (3t?.or),  prob.  orig.  'that 
which  belongs  to  the  bow'  (a  *bow-dart'  as  dis- 
tinguislicd  from  a  missile  thrown  by  hand?),  < 
*arhw  =  h.  arguus,  arcus,  a  bow,  whence  E. 
arc'^jarch'^y  and  deriv.  archer,  q.  v.]  1.  A  slen- 
der, generally  pointed,  missile  weapon  made  to 


arrow-shaped 

with  feathers  nt  tho  nockend  to  steady  the  flight,  and 
with  a  pointed  head  of  various  f^irms,  often  barbed  so  oa 
to  remain  llxed  in  the  (ibject  pierced. 
Those  used  in  the  midtile  ages  rarely 
had  barbed  heads;  sometinicB  the  head 
was  Hat,  Hometimes  conical,  and  llt- 
ted  tn  the  shaft  like  the  ferrule  of  a 
walking-stick.  The  arrow-heads  of  the 
Nortli  American  Indians  were  of  Hint, 
obsidian,  or  nther  hard  stone,  or  of 
bone,  as  well  as  <)f  metal,  and  were 
often  barbed.  They  were  secured  to 
the  shaft  liy  la-shings  of  hide  or  sinew. 
Arrow-heads  Intended  to  be  polstmed, 
as  among  South  American  Imlians,  are 
said  to  be  fastened  lightly,  so  as  to 
leave  the  shaft  and  remain  in  the 
wound.  The  feathers  at  the  butt  of  the 
shaft  seem  to  have  been  generally  u.scd 
In  all  ages,  and  are  so  set,  or  are  of  such 
a  form,  as  to  give  to  the  arrow  a  rotary 
movement,  like  that  of  a  ritle-ball.  The 
arrow  of  the  crossbow  is  called  a  bolt  or 
mtarrel  (which  see). 
2.  Anything  resembling  an  ar- 
row, (a)  In  suro.,  a  small  pointed 
ii'on  rod,  or  a  stick  shod  with  iron, 
stuck  into  the  ground  t*)  mark  a  chain's 
length.  (0)  In  fort.,  a  work  placed  at 
the  salient  angles  of  a  glacis,  communi- 
cating with  the  covert  way.  (c)  A  fig- 
ure used  in  nuips,  architectural  draw- 
ings, etc.,  to  indicate  direction,  as  of 
winds,  currents,  rivers.  In  maps,  an 
arrow  or  half-armw,  puinting  ii'  'rtb,  serves  to  fix  the  points 
of  the  conipiiss.  <</)  An  ;t^t^\\.^baped  ornament,  as  for  the 
hair.— Broad  arrow.  Srr  hn.ud. 
arrow  (ar'6),  v.  i.  [<  arrow,  n.]  1.  To  grow 
up  into  a  long  pointed  stalk  like  an  arrow. 

The  West  Indian  planter  must  prevent  his  sugar-canes 
from  arrowing.  Siinmondit'  Colonial  Mag. 

2.  To  move  swiftly,  as  an  arrow.     [Rare.] 

About  an  hour  ago  did  wo  .  .  .  see  that  identical  sal- 
mon .  .  .  arrowing  uii  the  Tay. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXII.  446. 

arrow-grass  (ar'd-gras),  w.  A  common  name 
of  plants  of  the  genus  Triglochin,  especially 
of  the  common  T,  palustre.  it  is  also  sometimes 
applied  generally  to  the  nu'ml)er8  of  the  tribe  .fnncagi- 
ne<T,  to  whicli  Triglochin  belongs,  now  usually  included  in 
the  natural  <.'riler  Snindacea;. 

arrow-head  (ar'6-hed),  n.  and  rt.  I.  w.  1.  The 
head  of  an  arrow. —  2,  An  aquatic  plant  of  the 
genus  Sagittaria  :  so  called  from  the  sha])0  of 
the  leaves.  See  Sagittaria. — 3.  A  belemnite. 
II,  a.  Written  with  an'ow-headed  characters : 
as,  an  arroir-head  inscription. 

arrow-headed  (ar'6-hed''ed),  a. 


European  (isth  ecu* 
turyj  Arrow. 
It  is  3  feet  A 
inches  lone,  and 
has  three  njathcrs. 
(From  Viollet-lc- 
l5uc's"Dict.<liiMo- 
bilicr  fran^is."} 


t]]]^  TIT^    ^   1 


^^A    ST 


Assyrian  Arruw-hcailcil  Chiiractcrs. 


1 


■-affl 


Arrows- 
1-5.  from  New  Irel.^nd  and  the  Solomon  ffroup  of  islands.  The 
longest  is  4  feet  II  inches.  Uie  shortest  4  fcei  i  inch.  There  arc  no 
fe;iU»crs.  In  3  the  barbs  are  of  thin  shaved  blades  of  bone  ;  in  4,  of 
ratan ;  in  i  and  2  the  barbs  are  made  of  thorns :  in  S  the  head  is  a 
small  piece  of  bamboo,    6-10  are  Japanese  arrows  of  a  late  epoch. 

be  shot  from  a  bow.    Arrows  have  nearly  universally 
been  made  with  a  light,  straight  shaft  of  wood,  fitted 


Shaped  like 
the  head  of 
an  aiTow. — 
Arrow-headed 
characters,  al- 
I'bubetical,  syl- 
labic, and  ideo- 
grapliic  combi- 
nations of  a  tri- 
angular, arrow- 
head -  like,  or 
wedge  -  like  flg- 
txre;  hence,  also 
called  cunei/onn 

(wedge-shaped)  and  nail-headed  characters.     See  cutiei- 

form. 
arrowleaf  (ar'o-lef),  v,     A  South  .^Vmerican 

atjuatii^  plant,  the  Sagittaria  MonteridensiSjVfiXh. 

large,  arrow-shaped  leaves. 
arrowlet  (ar'o-let),   n.     [<  arrow  +   -Jet.]     A 

little  arrow.     Tennyson,     [Poetic.] 
arrowroot   (ar'o-rot),  n.      [<   arrow  +  root^\ 

trom  the  use  of  the  fresh  roots  or  tubers  to 

absorb    poison     from 


wounds  inflicted  b; 
poisoned  arrows.] 
starch  obtained  from 
the  liorizontal  rhi- 
zomes of  several  spe- 
cies of  Maranta.  it  is 
nuich  used  as  food  and  for 
otiier  purposes,  and  is  oh- 
tained  from  the  West  In- 
dies. The  species  from 
which  arrowroot  ia  most 
conuuonly  made  is  M, 
arunditiacea,  hence  called 
the  arrowroot -plaid.  Other 
starches  than  that  of  Ma- 
ranta are  t>ccasionalIy  sold 
under  the  name  of  arrow- 
root. Brazilian  arroicroot, 
or  tapioca-meal,  more  usu- 
ally kiiowH  as  eatfara,  is 
iilttained  from  the  rteshy  root  of  Manihot  utilissima,  after 
the  p.iisonous  juice  has  heen  removed;  Fast  Indian  ar- 
r»irr»ot.  from  the  large  root-stocks  of  Curcuma  angusti- 
fnlin  :  Chinese  arrowroot,  from  the  creeping  rhizomes  of 
\\'elumbium  spcciosum ;  English  arroicroot,  from  the  po- 
tato ;  Portland  arrowroot,  from  the  conns  of  Arum  inacu- 
latum  ;  an«l  Osuvoo  arrowroot,  from  Indian  com. 

arrow-shaped  (ar'o-shapt),  a.     Shaped  like 

an  arrow;  saidttate:  applied  in  botany  to  au- 
rictUate  lanceolate  leaves  which  have  the  basal 
lobes  elongated,  acute,  and  turned  downward. 


Arrowroot-Plant  {yfaranta 
arundinacea).  ■ 
a,  a,  rhizomes. 


arrow-stone 

arrow-stone  (ar'o-ston),  «.    A  bolemnite. 
arrow-tie  (ar'6-ti),  «.     [<  arrow  (in  iillusion  to 
the  sliapo  of  tho  fastening)  -t-  </c]     A  tie  of 
hoop-irou  used  in  baling  cotton. 
arrow-wood  (ar'o-vmd),  H.     A  name  given  in 
the  United  States  to  several  species  of  shrubs 
or  small  trees  used  by  the  Indian*  for  making 
their  an-ows,   as    Vihiirnitm   ilciitatiim   and   V. 
accriJ'uUum,   Kuonijmus   atrupurpurcus,   Coniiis 
fiorida,  and  in  the  western  territories  Tessaria 
borcalis.     Sec  cut  \inder  Cormts. 
arrow-worm  (ar'o-werm),  ".     An  animal  of  the 
genus  SiKjitta  (which  see). 
arrowy  (ar'6-i),  «.     [<  arrow  +  -i/l.]     Resem- 
bling an  arrow  or  arrows,  as  in  shape  or  in  ra- 
pidity and  tlireetuoss  of  motion. 
Iron  sleet  of  arrmmi  shower 

Hurtles  in  tlie  darkened  air.         Gray,  ratal  Sisters. 
The  lambent  homage  of  his  arrotey  tongue. 

Coirpcr,  Task,  vi.  782. 
Tlie  caiTier-bird  released 
Points  to  oue  cherished  spot  his  arruunf  flight. 

J.  Bat'tlk. 

arroyo  (a-roi'6),  «.  [Sp.,  OSp.  arrogio,  =  Pg. 
arroio,  <.  ML.  arroyium ;  cf.  ML.  rogium,  ro- 
gia,  a  stream  for  iiTigation  (Diez) ;  origin  un- 
known.] A  watercourse;  a  rivulet.  [South- 
western United  States.]  Also  arrollo. 
Down  the  arroyo,  out  across  the  mead. 
By  heath  and  hollow,  sped  the  flying  maid. 

Bret  llarte. 

Arsacid,  Arsacidan  (ar-sas'id,  -i-dan),  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Arsacidie,  rulers  of  Parthia 
from  about  250  B.  c,  and  afterward  of  the  Par- 
thian empire  (see  Parthian),  till  A.  D.  226.  The 
Arsacid  dynasty  was  founded  by  a  cliief  named  Arsaces, 
who  revolted  from  .\ntiochus  II.  of  Syria  ;  and  all  his  suc- 
cessors, about  thirty,  added  his  name  to  their  own.  A 
branch  of  the  Ars.acidai  reigned  in  Armenia  from  about 
140  B.  C.  to  A.  D.  428. 

arscllin,  «.     See  arshin. 

arse  (iirs),  n.  [<  ME.  ars,  ers,  <  AS.  ears,  a-rs 
=  OFries.  ers  =  I),  aars,  imars  =  OHG.  MHG. 
ars,  G.  arsch  =  Icel.  ars,  also  rass  =  Sw.  ars  = 
Dan.  ars,  arU  =  6r.  bppo^  for  *bpaoq,  the  rump.] 
The  buttocks  or  hind  part  of  an  animal.  [Now 
only  in  vulgar  use.] 
arse-foott  (iirs'fut),  «.  [<  arse  +  foot,  from 
the  position  of  the  feet  in  birds  of  the  grebe 
family,  which  seem  to  be  inserted  opposite  the 
anus.  Once  used  by  writers  of  repute,  as  by 
Willughby  and  Ray,  1678.]  An  early  British 
name  of  the  great  crested  grebe,  Podiceps  or 
Podicipes  cristatus,  and  of  other  birds  of  the 
same  genus.  Also  spelled  arsfoot. 
arsenal  (ar'se-nal),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ar- 
cenal,  ursiiial,  arcinal,  arzenale,  archinaU,  etc., 
from  It.  and  F. ;  ef.  P.  arsenal,  formerly  arce- 
tial  =  It.  arsenalc,  arzenale,  arzanalc  =  Sp.  Pg. 
arsenal  (MGr.  aparivalrj^),  with  suflix  -al,  -ale,  a 
simpler  form  appearing  in  ML.  arsena.  It.  ar- 
zend,  arzand,  P.  (16th  cent.)  arsena,  arsenac, 
arsenal,  dockyard;  cf.  It.  darsena,  dial.  tirzand  = 
Sp.  darsena  =  Pg.  taracena,  tarazena,  iercena  = 
F.  darse,  darsine,  a  dock;  also  Sp.  atarazann, 
also  atarazanal,  an  arsenal,  rope-walk,  dock- 
yard; <  Ar.  ddr-ag-gind'ali,  lit.  house  of  eonstruc- 
tion,<  ddr,  house, -f-  al,  the,-f  qind'ah,  art,  trade, 
industry,  <  fa«a'rt,  make,  fabricate.]  1.  A  re- 
pository or  magazine  of  arms  and  military 
stores  of  all  kinds,  whether  for  land  or  naval 
service. —  3.  A  public  establishment  where 
naval  and  military  engines  or  warlike  equip- 
ments are  manufactured.  Hence — 3.  Figui'a- 
tively,  a  repository  of  any  kind  of  equipment. 

We  can  find  no  weapon  in  the  whole  rich  arsenal  of 
Comparative  Anatomy  which  defends  the  truth  of  the 
Theory  of  Descent  more  powerfully  than  the  comparison 
of  the  internal  skeletons  of  the  various  Vertebrates. 

Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  276. 
arsenate,  «.     See  arseniate. 
Arsenian  (ar-se'ni-an),  n.     One  of  a  party  in 
the  Greek  Church,  in  the  thirteenth  century, 
named  from  its  leader  Arsenius,  patriarch  of 
Constantinople,  who  excommunicated  the  em- 
peror Michael  Palieologus  for  putting  out  the 
eyes  of  .John  Lascaris,  a  minor  and  heir  to  the 
throne.    The  banishment  of  Arsenius,  the  appointment 
of  a  new  p.atriarch,  and  the  conforming  of  the  emperor  to 
the  Latin  Church  at  the  second  council  of  Lyons  gave  rise 
to  a  schism  between  the  patriarchates  of  Constantinople 
anil  Alexandria  which  continued  more  than  half  a  centiny. 
arseniasis  (ar-se-ni'a-sis),  «.     [NL.,  <  arsen(i- 
i-nm)  -t-  -(V/.v('.s.]    hipatJiol.,  the  morbid  state  pro- 
duced by  the  use  of  arsenic.   Also  called  arseni- 
eisiii. 
arseniate,  arsenate  (iir-se'ni-at,  iir'se-nat),  n. 

[<  nrscii{ic)  +  -i-iitc.']     A  salt  formed  by  the 
combination  of  arsenic  acid  with  any  base. 
arsenic  (as  a  noun,  ilr'se-nik;  as  an  adjective, 
iir-sen'ik),  ii.  and  a.     fl^arly  mod.  E.  also  arse- 


322 

nicl;  arsnicl-,  <  ME.  arscnik,  arsnck,  <  OF.  arse- 
nic, mod.  F.  arsenic=:  Sp.  arsenico  =  Pg.  It.  ar.ie- 
nico,  <  L.  arscnicum,  arrcnicuin,  arrheniriim,  <  (ir. 
ap(7fi'(K(}i', yellow  arsenic,  orpiment,  lit.  'mascu- 
line,' being  neut.  of  apncvmdr,  appevmd;,  mascu- 
line,<  (ipai/v,  iipprjv,  male,  also  strong,  =  Zend  ar- 
slian,  a  man,  male.  The  name  is  said  to  refer 
to  the  powerful  qualities  of  arsenic]  I.  «.  If. 
A  yellow  mineral,  called  specifically  yellow  ar- 
senic; the  trisulphid  of  the  element  to  which 
it  has  given  its  namej  orpiment.  [The  origi- 
nal u.se.] — 2.  Chemical  sjTnbol,  As;  atom- 
ic weight,  7.").  A  chemical  element  having  a 
grayish-white  color,  a  metallic  luster,  and  a 
specific  gravity  of  5.727.  Under  ordinary  pressure  it 
does  not  melt,  but  at  350°  F.  it  passes  from  the  solid  state 
into  vapor  of  a  lemon-yellow  color.  It  tarnishes  rapidly 
in  moist  air  at  orttinaiy  temperature,  and  heated  in  air  is 
oxidized  to  arsenic  tiinxid,  As.jO^.  Arsenic  occurs  in  nature 
uncombined,  but  much  more  commonly  in  combination. 
The  chief  ores  are  the  two  sulphids,  realgar  (AsoSo)  and 
orpiment  (As.j.S..j),  arsenical  pjTites  or  mispickel  (FcSAs), 
and  .arsenides  of  iron,  nickel,  and  cobalt.  M<jst  of  the 
arsenic  of  commerce  is  prepared  in  Bohemia  and  Saxony 
or  in  England.  Arsenic  itself  is  little  used  in  the  arts.  Its 
salts,  however,  ha\-e  great  commercial  importance.  With 
oxygen  arsenic  forms  two  compounds,  the  more  important 
of  which  is  arsenic  trioxid  (AsoO^j),  a  violent  poison,  the 
ratsbane,  white  arsenic,  or  simple  arsenic  of  the  shops.  It 
is  prepared  by  a  process  of  sublimation  from  arsenical 
ores,  and  is  sold  as  a  wliite  crystalline  powder  or  m  glassy 
translucent  masses,  which  are  odorless,  nearly  tasteless, 
and  slightly  soluble  in  water.  The  most  reliable  antidote 
is  freshly  prepared  hydrated  sesquioxid  of  iron,  which 
should  be  given  in  considerable  quantity  after  the  stomach 
has  been  freed  from  the  poison  as  completely  as  possible  by 
an  emetic  given  with  bland  liquids,  such  as  milk,  flour  and 
water,  or  wliite  of  egg  and  water,  which  serve  to  envelop 
the  poison  and  effect  its  complete  ejection  from  the  stom- 
ach. In  the  absence  of  hydrated  sesquioxid  of  iron,  large 
quantities  of  a  paste  made  of  chalk  or  magnesia  and  cas- 
tor-oil may  be  used.  Ai-senic  trioxid  is  used  in  medicine, 
especially  in  the  treatment  of  certain  nervous  and  skin 
diseases,  and  in  the  arts  as  the  basis  for  preparing  arseni- 
cal salts  and  certain  pigments,  and  largely  in  the  manu- 
facture of  glass.  Arsenic  lias  two  oxygen  acids,  whose 
salts  are  the  arseniates  and  arsenites.  Free  arsenious  acid 
is  not  known.  Arsenic  acid  occurs  in  commerce  as  a  thick 
acid  liquid,  and  is  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  ani- 
line red,  and  sodium  arseniate  is  much  used  in  calico- 
printing.  Arsenic  disulphid  (As^So)  occiu-s  native  as  re- 
algar {see  reatya  r),  and  is  made  artificially  under  the  name 
of  ruby  sulpftur.  Both  the  native  and  the  artificially  pre- 
pared sulphids  are  used  as  pigments,  as  is  also  arsenic  tri- 
sulphid (AsoS;i),  or  orpiment,  also  called  kiny's  yellow. 
3.  The  popular  name  of  arsenic  trioxid  ( AS2O3), 
the  preparation  of  arsenic  usually  retailed  in 
trade.     See  above. 

II.  «.  Containing  arsenic ;  specifically,  con- 
taining   arsenic    in  smaller    proportion  than 

arsenious  compounds.     See  arsenious Arsenic 

acid  (H:j,\s<^4),  an  acid  formed  from  arsenic  oxid. — Ar- 
senic oxid,  arsenic  pentoxid  ( AS0O5),  a  compound  of 
oxygen  and  :ir>riii,'  Imviim  a  larircr  jiroportion  of  oxygen 
than  of  arseninus  oxid.  (ifteii  improperly  called  arsenic 
iiiiil. 
arsenical  (ar-sen'i-kal),  a.  [=  F.  arsenical;  < 
arsenic  +  -«?.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  arsenic; 
containing  arsenic .  —  Arsenical  antimony.  See  «/- 
lenwntite. — Arsenical  minerals,  a  family  or  class  of  min- 
erals in  which  arsenic  acts  the  part  of  the  electronegative 
element. — Arsenical  pyrites.  See  arsenopyrite  and  lot- 
linyite. — Arsenical  silver,  an  ore  of  silver  containing 
arsenic. 

arsenicalize  (iir-sen'i-kal-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
arsenicalized,  ppr.  arsenicalizing.  [<  arsenical 
-)-  -izc.~\  To  give  an  arsenical  character  to; 
treat  with  arsenic ;  arsenicate. 

The  preceding  [pitch]  arsenicalized, 

Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  8803. 

arsenicate  (ar-sen'i-kat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
arscnicated,  ppr.  arsenicating.  [<  arsenic  -t- 
-ate^.]  To  combine  with  arsenic ;  treat  with 
arsenic.     Also  arsenicize,  arscnicise. 

arsenic-black  (ar'se-nik-blak),  n.  The  name 
given  in  commerce  to  a  mixture  of  powdered 
arsenic,  charcoal,  iron-filings,  and  lime. 

arsenic-furnace  (ar'se-nik-fer  nas),  n.  A  fur- 
nace for  decomposing  arsenical  pyrites  by  heat 
and  condensing  the  fiunes :  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  white  arsenic. 

arsenic-glass  (Sr'se-nik-glas),  n.  Glass  color- 
ed with  arsenic.  It  is  usually  semi-opaque,  and 
of  an  opaline-white  color. 

arsenicise,  r.  t.     Same  as  arsenicate. 

arsenicism  (iir-sen'i-sizm),  n.  [<  arsenic  + 
-isin.'i     Same  as  arseniasis. 

arsenicize  (iir-sen'i-siz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
arsenicized,  ppr.  arscnicizing.  [(.arsenic  +  -ize.'i 
Same  SiS  arsenicate :  as,  "  arsenici.s'ing  agents," 
Ure,  Diet.,  I.  265.     Also  sjielled  arsenici.'ie. 

arsenicophagy   (iir-sen-i-kot'a-ji),   ».     [<  Gr. 

apntviKot'.  for  mod.  ar.ienie,  +  -(jiayia,  <  (payeiv,  eat.] 
The  i>ractice  of  eating  arsenic. 
arsenide  (iir'se-nid  or  -nid),  n.     [<  arsen{ie)  + 
-i>/<;'.]    A  compound  of  arsenic  and  a  metallic 
base.    Also  called  arseniurvt,  ursenurct. 


arson 

arseniferous  (iir-se-nif'e-rus),  a.  [<  arsen{ic) 
-\-  -i-j'iron.'i.]  Bearing  or  containing  arsenic: 
as,  ar.seniftrou.'i  substances;  arseniferous  zinc. 

arsenillo  (iir-sc-nll'o),  «.  [A  quasi-Sp.  form,  < 
arsenico,  arsenic,  +  dim.  -ilto.']  The  commer- 
cial name  of  a  granular  form  of  atacamite  from 
Chili. 

arsenious (iir-se'ni-us),  a.   [<  arsen{ic)  +  -i-oiis.} 

Pertaining  to  or  containing  arsenic ArBenious 

acid  (HAsO^.),  an  aci<i  formed  from  arsenious  oxid.  — Ar- 
senious oxid,  arsenic  trioxid  (Aso();{).  a  compound  of 
oxjgen  and  arsenic  liaving  a  smaller  i)roportion  of  oxygen 
than  arsenic  <jxid.  Also  called  white  arsenic,  and  often 
improperly  arsenioux  acid.     See  arsenic. 

arsenite  (iir'se-nit),  H.  [<.arsen(ic)  +  -ite'^.']  A 
salt  formed  by  the  union  of  arsenious  oxid  with 
a  base. 

arseniuret,  arsenuret  (iir-se'niu-ret,  ar-sen'- 
u-ret),  n.  [<  ar.-<en{ie)  +  -uret.'\  Same  as  ar- 
senide. 

arseniureted,  arseniuretted  (iir-se'niu-ret- 
ed),  a.  [<  arseniuret  -1-  -c</'-.]  Combined  with 
arsenic  so  as  to  form  an  arseniuret Arseniu- 
reted hydrogen  (.\sH3),  also  called  arsine,  a  gas  gener- 
ated by  fusing  arsenic  with  its  own  weight  of  granulated 
zinc,  and  decomposing  the  alloy  with  strong  hydrochloric 
acid.  It  is  colorless,  has  a  fetid  odor  like  that  of  garlic, 
and  is  exceedingly  poisonous  when  breathed.  The  hydro- 
gen of  this  compound  may  be  replaced  wholly  or  in  part 
by  organic  radicals  forming  bodies  analogous  to  amines 
and  phrpsphines,  as  trimethyl  arsine,  (CH:j):i.As. 

arsenoblast  (ar-sen'o-blast),  H.  [<  Gr.  apcnrv, 
male,  -I-  i3>.aaT6c,  germ.]  In  bioC,  a  male  ge- 
noblast.  Hyatt,  Proc.  Best.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
1884,  p.  147. 

arsenolite  (ar-sen'o-Iit),  n.  [<  arsen{ic)  +  -lite."] 
Native  arsenic  trioxid,  crystallizing  in  isomet- 
ric oetahetlrons. 

arsenopjrrite^iir'se-no-pi'rit),  n.  [_<arsen{ic)  + 
pjyritc.^  A  mineral  containing  arsenic,  sulphur, 
and  iron,  its  color  is  tin-white,  an<l  it  commonly  occurs 
in  a  massive,  though  sometimes  in  a  crystalUzed,  form. 
The  ordinarj'  white  arsenic  is  mostly  obtained  by  roasting 
this  ore.  It  is  common  in  Cornwall,  Sa.\ony,  and  Silesia, 
and  is  also  found  in  Canada.  Also  called  arsenical  pyrites 
and  miypickel. 

arsenuret,  n.     See  arsenide. 

arse-smart  (ars'smart),  n.  [<  arse  -I-  smart,  n. 
See  smartu-eed.}  A  plant.  Polygonum  Hydro- 
piper,  also  called  smartweed  (which  see). 

arsfoott,  n.     See  arse-foot. 

arsheen,  ".     See  arshin. 

arshin,  arshine  (ar-shen'),  «.  [Also  spelled 
arshecn,  Kuss.  arshinu,  Bulg.  Serv.  ar.^hin,  repr. 
Tm'k.  Pers.  arsliin;  of  Tatar  origin.]  A  mea- 
sure of  length  in  Turkey  and  Persia,  and  for- 
merly in  Russia.  The  Turkish  arshin  was  equal  to 
70.865  centimeters,  but  the  name  is  now  given  in  Constanti- 
nople to  the  meter(H;tO  centimeters  =  39.37  inches),  through 
the  influence  of  the  Persian  arshin  of  104  centimeters.  The 
Russian  arshin  was  equal  to  71.119  centimeters,  or  about 
28  inches. 

arsine (ar'sin),  H.  l<  ars(enie)  + -ine-."]  Arse- 
niureted hydi'ogeit  (which  see,  imder  arseniu- 
reted). 

arsis  (ar'sis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apmg,  a  raising,  ele- 
vation, <  aipeiv,  raise,  lift  up.]  1.  In  ^^ros.:  (a) 
Originally,  the  metrically  unaccented  part  of  a 
foot,  as  opposed  to  the  thesis  or  part  which  re- 
ceives the  ictus  or  metrical  stress.  (6)  In  prev- 
alent modern  usage,  that  part  of  a  foot  which 
bears  the  ictus  or  metrical  accent,  as  opposed 
to  the  metrically  unaccented  part,  called  the 

thesis.  According  to  the  original  Greek  usage,  arsis  de- 
noted the  raising  of  the  foot  in  dancing,  or  of  the  hand  in 
beating  time,  and  therefore  the  unaccented  part  of  the 
metrical  foot,  and  thesis  the  fall  of  the  foot  or  of  the 
hand  in  dancing  or  beating  time,  and  therefore  the  ac- 
cented part  of  the  prosodial  foot.  Latin  writers  show 
great  confusion  in  the  application  of  these  tenns,  some- 
times employing  them  m  conformity  with  Greek  usage, 
sometimes  interchanging  their  meaning,  sometimes  assign- 
ing still  other  meanings  to  them.  Some  modern  writers 
have  employed  them  with  their  original  Greek  significa- 
tions, as  given  above  under  (o) ;  but  the  meanings  given 
under  (b),  and  believed  to  be  supported  liy  the  Latin  writ- 
ers, are  those  generally  adopted  at  the  present  time. 
2.  In  physiol.  acoustics,  a  periodical  increase  in 
the  intensity  of  a  sound,  producing  a  rhythmical 
effect. 

arsmetrikt,  ".  A  Middle  English  form  of  arith- 
metic.    Chancer. 

arson^  (iir'son),  n.  [<  OF.  arson,  arsoun,  arsun 
(as  if  <  L.  'iirsio,  *arsion-),  a  biu-ning,  <  order, 
ardoir  (pp.  ars),  bum,  <  L.  ardcre  (pp.  arsus), 
bum:  see  ardent.']  In  law,  the  malicious  burn- 
ing of  a  dwelling-house  or  outhouse  of  another. 
By  the  common  law  it  is  a  felony,  and  if  any  person  be  in 
the  building  at  the  moment  of  firing  it  is  a  capital  offense. 
By  statutes  the  definition  has  been  exteniled  so  as  to  in- 
clinte  tile  bnrning  of  other  property  liesides  that  above 
specified,  ttr  of  one's  own  i)roperty.  In  Si-otland  called 
U'il.fut  fire-raisiny. 

arson-t  (iir'son),  «.  [<  ME.  arsoun,  arsun,  <  OF. 
arcun,  arznn,  archon,  mod.  F.  ar^on  =  Sp.  arzon 
=  Pg.  (i)j(Ty  =  It,  arcione,  <  ML.  arcio(n-),  also 


arson 

arco(n-),  and  corruptly  arctio(n-),  a  saddle-bow, 
<  L.  (irciix,  a  liow:  see  accl,  arcftl.]  A  saddle- 
l)ow;  soiuotimcs,  a  sadiUe. 

arstt,  '"'''•  A  Middle  English  form  of  erst. 
Cliiiuccr. 

arsy-versyt  (itr'se-v6r-si),  adv.  [Also  arse- 
vcnti/,  arsie-ccrsie,  arsy-varsji,  a  humorous  rim- 
ing compound  of  E.  arse  +  L.  rersu.'!,  turned. 
Cf.  t(i]i.ti/-turri/,  etc.]  In  a  reverse  manner  or 
way ;  backward ;  in  a  preposterous  position ; 
upside  down;  topsy-turvy:  as,  "the  world  goes 
arsic-versie,"  Bcnvenuto,  Passengers'  Dialogues. 
I  took  the  pen  first  of  the  lawyer,  ami  turiniiK  it  arxi/- 
veritt/,  lil«e  no  instniineiit  for  a  plouKhiiian,  our  yoiiiiBster 
ami  tile  rest  of  tlie  faction  burst  into  iaugliter  at  the  siin- 
plieity  of  my  fingering. 

Middlelon,  Fatlier  Huiiliaril's  Taies. 

artl  (art),  V.  [<  ME.  art,  crt,  <  AS.  rar<= ONorth. 
art,  artli :  see  ic]  The  second  person  singular, 
indicative  mood,  present  tense,  of  the  verb  he 
(which  see). 

art'-  (iirt),  n.  [<  ME.  art,  arte,  <  OF.  art,  F.  art 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  arte,  <  L.  ar{t-)s,  ace.  artem,  skill, 
prob.  orig.  skill  in  fitting  or  joining;  akin  to 
artus,  a  joint,  anna,  arms,  annus,  shoulder- 
joint,  etc.,  <  v'  "ar,  join:  see  arliclc,  arm'^, 
arm-.]  1.  The  combination  or  modilicalion  of 
things  to  adapt  them  to  a  given  euil;  the  em- 
ployment of  given  means  to  effect  a  purpose. 
Witli  each  gift  of  nature  .and  of  art. 

Pope,  iloral  Essays,  i.  192. 
Mr.  Mill  says,  "Art  is  Ijut  the  employment  of  the  powers 
of  nature  for  an  end."  Yes ;  but  the  employment  is  tlie  art. 
That  use  or  employment  of  the  natural  elements  is  pre- 
cisely the  function  of  tile  intelligence  and  the  will,  wliich 
difi'ers  from  nature,  in  its  proper  sense,  as  the  active  dif- 
fers from  the  passive.  Edinburfjh  lirv. 

2.  Skill;  dextei-ity;  an  especial  facility  in  per- 
forming any  operation,  intellectual  or  physical, 
acquired  by  experience  or  study;  knack. 

There  is  art  in  roasting  eggs.  Old  ada;ie. 

Uusscll  had  the  art  of  writing  letters  that  exploded  like 
bomb-shells  in  tlie  midst  of  some  controversy. 

J,  McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  Times,  x.\. 

8.  Artfulness;  cunning. 

She  hath  no  faults,  who  hath  the  art  to  hide  them. 

Webster,  White  Devil,  v.  2. 
Qiwcn.   More  matter,  with  less  art. 
Pal.  Madam,  I  swear,  I  use  no  art  at  all. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

4.  A  system  of  rules  and  traditional  methods 
for  facilitating  the  performance  of  certain  ac- 
tions; aequaiutauee  i\ith  such  rides  or  skill 
in  applying  them,  as  in  any  manual  trade  or 
handicraft,  teclmical  profession,  or  physical 
accomplishment :  as,  the  art  of  building  or  of 
engraving;  the  healing  art;  the  art  of  music 
or  <if  ilancing ;  the  practical  or  the  elegant  artjs: 
in  this  sense  opiiosed  to  science. 

The  object  of  science  is  knowledge ;  the  objects  of  art 
are  worlvs.  In  art,  truth  is  the  means  to  an  end  :  in  sci- 
ence, it  is  only  the  end.  Hence  the  practical  arts  are  imt 
to  be  classed  among  the  sciences.  Wheirell. 

Theorists,  by  an  observation  of  particulars  and  by  gener- 
alizing on  them,  attempt  to  construct  a  system  of  scientific 
propositions  with  respect  to  a  certain  suliject ;  upon  which 
system  a  set  uf  rules  intended  fur  the  guidance  of  practice 
may  be  fnuiidcd.     These  rules  furm  an  art. 

Nil-  (r,  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  ilattcrs  of  Opinion,  iii. 

5.  [It.  arte.']  An  organized  body  of  men  prac- 
tising a  given  trade,  and  carrying  out  an  estab- 
lished system  of  rules  and  traditions;  a  guild. 

The  city  (Flurence]  was  fii-st  divided  into  arts,  in  the 
time  uf  Charles  I.  .  .  .  Tliese  arts  or  companies  .  .  . 
were  at  first  but  twelve,  lint  afterwards  they  were  in- 
creased to  twenty-one,  and  arrived  at  such  power  and 
authority  that  in  a  few  years  they  wholly  engrossed  tlie 
goveriiineiit  of  the  city.  .  .  .  .Seven  of  them  were  called 
the  greater  arts,  and  fourteen  the  less. 

J.  Adam.s,  Works,  V.  .')4. 

A  portion  of  the  taxes  was  assigned  to  the  work  [bnilil- 
ing  the  Duomo,  1331],  and  the  charge  of  it  w.as  committed 
to  the  Art  of  Wool ;  that  is.  to  the  corporation  of  the  deal- 
el's  in  wool,  the  richest  and  most  powerful  uf  the  Arts  of 
Horencc. 

C.  -£.'.  Xorton,  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  211. 

6.  A  branch  of  learning  regarded  as  an  instru- 
ment of  thought,  oras  somethingthe  knowledge 
of  which  is  to  be  acqmred  in  order  to  be  applied 
or  lu'acfised:  chiefly  in  the  phu-al,  and  in  such 
phrases-as  master  of  arts,  faculty  of  arts,  etc. 
I-'urnierl.N  in  the  universities  the  seven  liberal  arts  nx-re 
the  Human  triviuni,  granim.ar,  lo.gic,  and  rhetoric,  and  the 
I'ythagorcaiuiiiadriviuni,  arithmetic,  music,  geometry,  and 
a-stronuniy.  lint  by  art,  in  the  middle  ages,  w.is  usually 
meant  logic,  that  being  the  principal  study  in  the  faculty 
of  arts. 

7.  Esthetics;  tho  science  and  theory  of  beauty 
in  perception  and  expression. 

-•lr(  is  simply  the  harmonic  exjiression  of  human  emo- 
tion. Xcw  Prinrelon  Her.,  II.  21). 

8.  Artistic  or  esthetic  qtiality;  the  exhibition 
of  tlie  power  of  perceiving  the  beautiful  and  of 
expressing  it  in  artistic  forms:  as,  a  picture 


323 

skilfully  painted,  but  devoid  of  art.— 9.   The 

actual  prodiidion  or  con.struction  of  objects 
beautiful  iu  form,  color,  or  sound;  the  jiracti- 
eal  application  of  esthetic  principles,  as  in  tho 
departments  of  production  specifically  called 
the  .fine  arts  (wuich  see,  below) ;  especially, 
painting  and  sculpture. 

Nothing  is  better  founded  than  tho  famous  aphorism  uf 
rhetoricians,  that  the  perfection  of  art  consists  ill  con- 
cealing f(r^  Ca)npt>ell. 
Art  and  part,  in  Scots  law,  instigation;  aiietment. 

liy  art  is  understooil  the  mandate,  instigation,  or  a<lvice 
that  may  have  been  given  towards  eoinmittiiig  the  crime  ; 
part  expresses  tile  share  that  one  takes  to  hinisclf  in  it  by 
tho  aid  or  assistance  wliicli  he  gives  the  criminal  in  the 
execution  of  it.  Erskine. 

Bachelor  of  Arts.  See  lnMc?or.— Black  art,  necro- 
mancy ;  sorcery  ;  the  f.ancied  poweruf  pcrfurming  wonder- 
ful ft-ats  by  preternatural  means,  especially  means  derived 
from  the  assistance  of  tlie  powers  of  evil :  opposed  to  white 
art  or  white,  majfie,  that  is,  innocent  magic.  \Iltaek  art  is 
a  kind  of  tnuislatioiiof  .Middle  Latin  rii;iroinaittia,  magic, 
a  corruption,  due  to  confusion  with  I-atin  ni<fer,  lilack  (see 
ne'iro),  of  iwcroiiiaitlia,  from  the  <:reek  i-twpo^iai'Ttia,  nec- 
romancy. The  confusion  was  a.sslsted  Ity  the  common 
practice  of  painting  the  devil  black.]— Decorative  art, 
tbatlpranrlu'f  art  ubich  has  for  its  primary  object  merely 
the  pleasure  of  Uic  eye,  especially  in  decoration  wliicli  is 
subservient  to  architectural  features  m-  to  form,  as  in 
ceramics. —  Faculty  of  arts,  tiic  lowest  and  fundamental 
faculty  of  the  four  in  the  ol,l  universities;  the  faculty  of 
philosophy,  which  liad  charge  of  students  njion  their  first 
entrance  and  until  they  took  the  degi-ce  of  ni;i-^ter  of  arts. 
When  a  i)oy  could  read,  write,  and  had  mastered  the  ele- 
ments of  Latin  grammar,  he  was  c<msidercd  re;idy  to  licgin 
his  sthiiics  in  logic  at  the  university.  The  instruction  in 
the  faculty  of  arts  was  sharply  separated  from  the  tests 
preliminary  to  the  confemng  of  degrees.  In  the  middle 
ages  tile  subjects  of  the  onlinary  lectures  were  I'risciau's 
grammar,  the  Isagoge  <if  Porphyi-y,  Aristotle's  Organon, 
and  the  De  Divisione  and  three  l)o(»ksof  the  'I'opies  of 
Boetilis,  while  the  extraordinary  lectures  related  to  rhet- 
oric, ethics,  and, a  little  geometry  and  astronomy.  Fre- 
(lucnt  disputations  constituteil  the  only  exercises  for  the 
scholars;  and  the  masters disputctl  in  piittliconcc  aweek. 
The  degi'ees  conferred  at  the  recuninicniiation  of  the  fac- 
ulty of  arts  were  those  of  bachelor  and  master.  In  Paris 
the  degree  of  licentiate  was  a  distinct  one  intermciliate 
between  the  otliers.  The  baccalaureate  or  ileterniinance 
w;us  not  originally  a  degree.  Upon  the  reform  of  tin*  uni- 
versities in  the  sixteenth  century  logic  gave  jilacc  to  tlie 
hllinani  ties,  and  during  the  present  century  natural  science 
iias  had  a  more  considerable  place  in  the  instrni^tion.— 
Fine  arts,  those  arts  whicli  seek  expression  through 
lieautiful  modes;  specifically,  architecture,  sculpture, 
painting,  and  engraving.  — Hermetic  art.     See  hennetie. 

—Master  of  Arts,  s.e  m.ix'.,-.— Military  art.  Seo/nV- 
itaru,  (I.  — Plastic  art  or  arts,  srnlptuie,  including  all 
subordinate  or  related  arts  by  which  olijccts  are  repre- 
sented in  tile  round  or  inrelief.— Work  Of  art,  anythhig 
in  tlie  formation  or  into  t\\e  aceomplishment  of  which  art 
in  any  sense  has  entered;  specifically,  a  production  of 
any  one  of  the  fine  arts,  but  especially  of  one  of  the  imi- 
tative members  of  tlie  group,  as  a  statue  or  a  painting. 

That  is  best  which  lieth  nearest; 

Shape  from  that  thy  work  of  art. 

Loti'jJ'eUow,  tiaspar  Becerra. 
=  Syn.  2.  Aptitude,  readiness,  address,  tact,  adroitness, 
contrivance.  — 3.  Shrewdness,  subtlety,  cunning,  artifice, 
deceit,  duplicity.— 4.  Art,  Science.  The  essential  ditfer- 
eucc  between  an  art  and  a  science  is  in  aim.  "Science 
and  art  may  be  said  to  be  investigations  of  truth,  but 
science  inquires  for  the  sake  of  knowledge,  art  for  the  sake 
of  production."  (Karsl.ile.)  Hence,  tliey  ditfer  somewhat  in 
that  with  wliicli  they  are  e.  meerncd.  "All  art  directly  and 
immediately  concerns  itself  with  a  faciilt.v.  .  .  .  ItHustens 
upon  tliat,  and  keeps  it  ever  in  its  view  as  it  teaches  how 
that  may  be  developed,  trained,  and  guided.  A  seienee, 
on  the  utlicr  hand,  regards  rather  the  product  of  [a]  facult.v, 
anil,  keeping  its  view  <liiectly  upon  that,  proceeds  to  unfold 
its  nature  and  proper  eliaracteristics."  (//.  .V.  Dai/,  Art  of 
Discourse,  §  1.)  Incidental  to  this  ditference  is  a  dilfer- 
eiice  in  method,  science  being  analytic  and  critical,  while 
art  is  synthetic  and  constructive.  In  the  inatte-r  which 
makes  up  the  body  of  the  two,  an  art  invidvcs  the  means 
of  discipline  in  tlie  use  of  the  knowledge  which  may  have 
been  furnished  by  a  corresponding  science.  The  same 
branch  of  knowledge  may  be  regarded  as  either  a  .science 
or  an  art.  It  may  be  viewed  theoretically,  as  seeking, 
coordinating,  arranging,  and  systematizing  knowledge, 
and  liy  observation,  comparison,  abstraction,  and  general- 
ization deducing  laws;  or  as,  with  more  or  less  reference 
to  such  lueparatory  work,  framing  rules  which  are  the 
lessons  of  experience,  and  are  designed  to  facilit.lte  work 
or  give  it  superior  excellence.  Tlie  more  complete  tlie 
scientific  basis  of  an  art,  tlie  more  perfect  the  art.  There  is 
a  secoiulary  use  of  the  word  science  by  which  it  stands  for 
an  art  that'  thus  rests  upon  a  science,  as  in  the  following: 
Till-  fundanicnt.al  conception  of  the  occupation  of  the 
architect  einliraccs  the  two  ideas  of  seienee  and  art.  Ar- 
chitecture as  ail  art  is  the  work  of  the  skilled  hand;  as  a 
seienee,  it  is  tliat  of  the  infomied  ami  cultivated  brain. 

Kdinttur'.ih  Rev. 

art^t,  I',  t-  [ME.  arten,  erten,  <  OF.  artcr  =  Sp. 
artar  (obs.)  =  Pg.  arctnr  =  It.  artarc,  <  L.  ar- 
tari;  ML.  often  eri'oneously  arctare,  compress, 
contract,  tb-aw  close,  <  arias,  drawn  close,  prop, 
fitted;  pp.  of  "arere,  ■/  *ar,  fit,  join:  see  art-, 
article,  arm-,  etc.]  1.  To  force;  compel;  con- 
strain. 

Love  arted  me  to  do  my  observaunce 

To  his  estate.  Court  o/  Lam,  1.  4C.. 

2.  To  induce;  incite. 

What  to  arten  hilr  to  love  he  sought. 

Chancer.  Troilus,  !.  3SS. 

Also  writteu  arct. 


ArtemlBla 

-art.  A  suffix,  another  form  of  -ard,  as  in  brag- 
i/arl. 

artaba  (iir'ta-ba),  n.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  aprAjiTi.']  A 
measure  of  caiiacity  which  apjpears  to  have 
originated  in  Egypt,  where  it  had  under  tho 
Pharaohs  a  capacity  of  36.176  liters,  a  Persian 
measure  of  the  same  name  had,  according  to  Herodotus, 
about  the  same  capacity.  The  itomans  reduced  its  vol- 
ume to  27.1.32  liters  (according  to  some,  to  20.2:1  or  29..'J6 
liters).  Tile  Anabic  and  modern  Persian  measures  liave 
eviilently  been  doubled,  having  respectively  66.090  and 
65.238  liters. 

Artamia  (iir-ta'mi-a),  n.  [NL.]  Same  as  Jr- 
lanin.'<,  1. 

Artamidae  (iir-tam'i-de), «.  pi.  [K!j.,<  Artamus 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  oscine  passerine  birds, 
tho  swallow-shrikes  or  wood-swallows,  closely 
related  to  the  Dicruridw,  and  by  some  combined 
with  that  family.  TTie  species  are  chiefly  F.ast  Indian 
anil  l'oIyiiesi:in.  I.ea<liiig  forms,  besides  ArtamitJt,  are 
Orivlia,  J'seifduehelidvn,  and  Analeljxis. 

artamockest,  «•  The  mocking-bird,  Minim 
pobjglottus. 

A  rtamockes,  the  linguist,  a  bird  that  iinitateth  and  useth 
the  sounds  and  tones  of  almost  all  the  birds  in  the  conn- 
trie.  Harriott,  Virginia  (loiiS). 

Artamus  (iir'ta-mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiira/ior, 
a  butcher,  a  cook.]  1.  The  ty]iical  genus  of 
the  family  Artatnida;  and  nearly  conterminous 
therewith.  VieiUot,  1816.  Also  called  Artamia. 
—  2.  A  genus  of  arachnidans.  Koch,  ]8."{7. 
artedt  (iir'tcd),  a.  [<  (irC-i  -I-  -cd^.]  Skilled. 
Those  that  are  thoroughly  arted  in  navigation. 

Feltham,  Resolves  (ed.  1670),  I.  xli. 
It  hath  been  counted  ill  for  great  ones  to  sing,  or  play, 
like  an  arted  musician. 

Feltham,  Resolves  (ed.  1670),  I.  Ixxjtviii. 

artefact,  ".  and  a.     See  artifact. 

artefactum  (iir-te-fak'tum),  n.  Same  as  arti- 
fact. 

artelriet,  « •  A  Middle  English  form  of  artillery. 
Chaucer. 

Artemia  (iir-te'mi-a),  n.  [Nli.,  <  Gr.  aprtifia, 
that  which  hangs,  as  an  ear-ring,  etc.,  <  nprav, 
hang  upon,  fasten  to.]  A  genus  of  phyllopod 
or  branchiopod  entomostracous  crustaceans,  of 
the  family  liranchipadidn'.  The  animals  are  notable 
as  inhabiting  saline  waters,  the  other  forms  of  the  group 
licing  found  in  fresh  water.  A.  saUna,  a  common  British 
species,  is  known  as  the  britie-shrinij?  or  brine-icorm. 

Artemis  (iir'te-mis),  H.  [L.,<  Gr.'tV/irfwff.  The 
origin  of  the  name  is  undetermined.]  1.  In 
(Ir.  mi/th.,  one  of  tho  gi-eat  01jmii>iun  deities, 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona), 
and  twin  sister  of  Apollo,  she  may  be  regarded  aa 
a  feminine  form  of  Apollo.  She  chastised  evil  with  her 
keen  shafts  and  with  deadly  sickness,  and  also  pn^tected 
mortals  from  danger  anil  pestilence.  I'niike  Apollo,  she 
was  not  connected  with  poetry  or  divination,  but,  like 
him,  she  was  a  deity  of  light,  and  to  her  was  attributed 


Lou%TC  Museum. 


authority  over  the  moon,  which  belonged  more  particular- 
ly to  her  kinswomen  Uccate  and  Selene.  In  art,  Artemis 
is  represented  as  a  virgin  of  noble  and  severe  beauty,  tall 
and  majestic,  and  generally  bearing  bow  and  ouiver  as  the 
huntress  or  mountain  goddess.  She  w.is  ideiitificil  by  the 
Koinans  with  their  Diana,  an  original  Italian  divinit.T. 
2.  [NL.]  In  ctuil. :  (a)  A  genus  of  siphonate 
lamellibranch  bivalves,  of  the  family  Tcncrida', 
having  the  pallial  margin  sinuous.  {!>)  A  genus 
of  coleopterous  insects.  Mulsant,  1851 — Epbe- 
slan  Artemis,     see  Diana.  T      ^   <-. 

Artemisia  (ar-te-miz'i-a),  H.  [L.,  <  br.  apre- 
/iinui,  nil  lierb  li'ke  woriiiwood;  prob.  <  'Apre/ii- 
am:,  pertaining  to  "ApTeuir:  see  Artcmi.'i.]  A 
very  large  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order 
Compnsita;  abundant  in  di-y  regions,  and  mostly 
of  the  northern  hemisphere.    The  genua  is  allied  to 


Artemisia 

the  tansy  (Tanacelum),  ami  lunsists  of  low  Bhnilis  and 
herbs,  with  small  discoiil,  wfttn  pLiululoiis.  licmls  iianicu- 
lately  arranged,  ami  all  hitter  aruniaties.  There  are  over 
40  spcciea  ill  tlie  I'nited  States,  mostly  eonllned  to  the 
regions  west  of  Ihi'  .Mississijipi.  Of  the  foreiK"  species,  the 
common  wnniiwn.Mi,  .1.  Alisinthiiiin,  was  f.ii-m.ily  much 
used  as  an  anthrliiiiiithif,and  fiuiiishis  a  volatile  "iltliat  is 
the  peculiar  iuKiedieut  in  the  Fremli  liijueur  absinthe.  A. 
fflacialii  and  A.  iii  utclliiui  of  the  Alps  are  used  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  a  similar  liqneur,  gencijii.  Wormseed  or  san- 
tonica  consists  of  tlic  small  nnexpanded  llower-liuds  of  A. 
paucillora.  extensively  eolleeted  on  the  steppes  of  Turkes- 
tan arid  employed  as  an  autlulminlliie.  The  southernwood 
of  gardens,  A.  Ahiulaniuii.  and  the  tarragon,  A.  Dranin- 
nilus.  have  a  fragrant  aromatic  odor.  Of  the  numerous 
North  American  species,  the  best  known  arc  A.  Indentaln 
and  A.  cana,  which  are  tlio  Silge-brush  of  the  western 
plains,  the  first  especially  covering  large  areas  in  the  val- 
leys of  the  Great  Basin.     See  cut  under  Absinlhium. 

artemod  (iir'te-mod),  n.  [<  Artemis,  as  goddess 
of  the  moon,  +  orf,  q.  v.]  Lmiar  od;  the  odie 
force  of  the  moon.     Baron  von  Rcicheithach. 

artert  (ar'ter),  n.  [<  OF.  arirc,  a  moth  ;  artre 
grise  de  bois,  a  wood-louse  (Cotgrave);  also 
arte,  and  artiroii,  artison,  (irtuiso)i,  mod.  F.  ar- 
tison,  a  -wood-worm.  Cf.  art-worm.^  A  wood- 
worm.    Also  called  art-worm. 

arteria  (iir-te'i-i-a), «. ;  pi.  arteriw  (-§).  [L. :  see 
artery.']  In  rtnai.,  an  artery :  now  mostly  super- 
seded by  the  English  form  of  the  word.  Some  of 
the  principal  arteries  in  the  names  of  which  the  Latin  form 
is  still  used  .are :  Arteria  aimstomotka,  one  of  the  branches 
of  the  brachial  or  femoral  artery,  forming  anastomoses 
about  the  elbow  or  knee ;  arteria  ceyitralis  inodiol(e  or 
reliiKs,  the  central  proper  artery  of  the  cochlea  or  of  the 
retina ;  arteria  colica  dextra,  media,  sinistra,  the  artery 
of  the  ascending,  transverse,  and  descending  colon  respec- 
tively; arteria  comes,  a  companion  artery  of  a  nerve,  as 
the  phrenic  and  sciatic ;  ai-teria  coronaria  ventriculi,  the 
proper  gastric  artery,  a  branch  of  the  cceliac  axis ;  arteria 
dorsalifs  hallucis,  itidicis,  liiiguce,  penis,  pedis,  poUicis, 
scapnliS,  the  dorsal  artery  of  the  great  toe,  index  finger, 
tongue,  penis,  foot,  thumb,  and  shoulder-blade  respective- 
ly ;  arteria  fjastro-diwdenaUs,  arteria  fiastro-epiploica,  two 
arteries  of  the  stomach  and  associate  parts ;  arteria  in- 
Twmiiiata,  innominate  artery,  or  anonyma,  the  first  great 
arterial  branch  of  the  arch  of  the  aorta,  on  the  right  side  ; 
arteria  paiicreatica  viagna,  parva,  arteries  paiwreatieo. 
duodenales,  superior  et  inferior,  large  and  small  pancreatic 
arteries,  and  the  superior  iind  inferior  arteries  of  the  pan- 
creas and  duodenum ;  arteria  prineeps  cereieis,  poUicis, 
the  principal  branch  of  the  occipital  artery  for  the  back  of 
the  neck,  and  the  principal  artery  of  the  thumb,  respec- 
tively ;  arteria  profunda  humeri,  superior  et  inferior,  cervi- 
cis,femoris,  the  superior  audinferior  deep  branches  of  the 
brachial  artery,  the  deep  cervical  branch  of  the  first  inter- 
costal artery,  and  the  deep  branch  of  the  fenior<al  artery, 
respectively ;  arteria  sacra  viedia,  the  middle  sacral  ar- 
tery, the  continuation  of  the  abdominal  aorta  after  gi\ing 
off  the  iliac  arteries;  arteria  superficialis  volef,  a  small 
artery  of  the  ball  of  the  thumb,  a  branch  of  the  radial, 
usually  continuous  with  the  superftciiil  palmar  arch ;  ar- 
teria transversalis  colli,  a  brancli  of  the  thyroid  axis  which 
traverses  the  root  of  the  neck  and  ends  in  the  posterior 
scapular  artery. — Arteria  aspera,  the  asper  or  rough 
artery,  that  is,  the  windpipe  or  trachea. 

arteriact  (iir-te'ri-ak),  a.  and  ii.  [<  Gr.  aprripia- 
k6;,  pertaining  to  the  windpipe,  fern,  j?  aprripiani], 
a  medicine  therefor,  <  apn/pia,  windpipe:  see 
artery.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  wind- 
pipe. 

ll.  n.  A  medicine  prescribed  in  diseases  of 
the  mndpipe.     Dunglison. 

arteriae,  «.     Plural  of  arteria. 

arterial  (iir-te'ri-al),  a.  l=F.  arteriel,  <  NL. 
arterialis,  <  L.  arteria,  artery:  see  artery.]  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  artery  or  to  the  arteries  : 
as,  arterial  action. — 2.  Contained  in  an  artery: 
as,  arterial  blood. — 3.  Having  a  main  channel 
and  many  branches  or  ramifications,  like  the 

arteries :  as,  arterial  drainage Arterial  blood, 

blood  as  it  passes  through  the  arteries  after  having  been 
oxygenated  in  the  lungs.  It  is  distinguished  from  venous 
blood  particularly  by  its  lighter  fiorid-red  color,  due  to  the 
presence  of  oxygen.— Arterial  cone,  (n)  Tlie  upper  left 
conical  portion  of  the  ri^tit  \  ciitricle,  from  w  Inch  the  pul- 
monary artery  leads.  Also  called  iiifumlibulum.  (b)  In 
iciith.,  the  elongated  conical  ventricle  of  the  heart,  which 
Is  continuous  with  the  bulbus  arteriosus,  and  is  distin- 
guished therefrom  by  the  presence  of  valves  between  the 
two.— Arterial  duct  (ductus  arteriosus),  the  portion  of 
any  primitive  aortic  arch  which  serves  to  connect  and 
furnish  communication  between  a  branchial  artery  and  a 
branchial  vein.— Arterial  navigation,  navigation  by 
means  of  connected  or  branchiii'4  channels  of  inland  water, 
as  rivers,  deepened  streams,  and  canals. 

arterialisation,  arterialise.    See  arterializa- 

tion,  arttrialize. 

arterialization  (iir-te'ri-al-i-za'shon),  n.  [< 
artcri((li:c  +  -atwn.]  Tlie  process  of  making 
arterial ;  the  conversion  of  venous  into  arterial 
blood,  during  its  passage  through  the  hmgs,  by 
the  elimination  of  carbon  dioxid  and  the  ab- 
sorption of  oxygen  from  the  air.  Also  spelled 
arterialisation. 

arterialize  (ar-te'ri-al-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
arterialiccil,  ppr.  aricriali:iii<j.  [<  arterial  + 
-ize ;  =  F.  artcrialiser.]  To  convert  (venous 
blood)  into  arterial  blood  by  the  action  of  oxy- 
gen in  tlie  lungs.     Also  spelled  arterialise. 

arterially  (ar-te'ri-al-i),  ailr.  In  the  manner 
of  an  artery;  by  means  of  arteries. 


324 


arteriocapillary  (!lr-te"ri-6-kap'i-la-ri),  a. 
[<  artcriiil  +  cajiillary.]  Pertaining  to  arteries 
and  capillaries — Arteriocapillary  fibrosis,  the  in- 
crease of  connective  tissue  in  the  walls  of  arteries  and 
caiiillarics. 

arteriococcygeal  (iir-te"ri-6-kok-sij'e-al),  a. 
[<  arterial  +  eoceyi/eal.]  In  anat.,  pertaining 
to  arteries  and  to  the  coccyx:  specifically  ap- 
plied to  the  glomerulus  arteriococcygeus,  or 
Liischka's  gland.     See  gland  and  ylomerulus. 

arteriogram  (Ur-te'ri-o-gram),  n.  [<  Gr.  apTi/- 
pia,  artery,  +  -,pup/Ja,  a  writing.]  A  sphygmo- 
graphic  tracing  or  pulse-curve  from  an  artery; 
a  sphygmogram  taken  from  an  artery. 

arteriography  (ar-te-ri-og;'ra-fi),  71.  [<  Gr.  aprri- 
pia,  artery.  +  -ypa(j)ia,  <  ypcKpciv,  write,  describe.] 
A  description  of  the  arterial  system. 

arteriola  (iir-tf-n'o-la),  «. ;  pi.  arteriolee  (-le). 

[NL.]     In  rtHoi.,  a  little  artery ;  an  arteriole 

Arteriolse  rectse,  small  straight  arteries  supplying  the 
medullary  jtyramids  of  the  kidneys. 

arteriole  (;ir-te'ri-61),  n.  [=  F.  arteriole,  <  NL. 
arteriobt,  dim.  of  L.  arteria,  artery.]  A  small 
artery. 

The  minute  arteries,  the  arterioles  of  some  distant  organ 
like  the  brain.     B.  W.  Richardson,  Prevent.  Med.,  p.  407. 

arteriology  (iir-te-ri-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  aprripia, 
arteiy,  +  -/oj /a,<  ?JyEn',  speak :  see  -ology.]  The 
science  of  or  a  treatise  on  the  arteries. 

arteriosclerosis  (ar-te"ri-6-skle-r6'sis),  J). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ap-Tipla,  artery,  +  ff/c^.^pumf,  harden- 
ing: see  sclerosis.]  The  increase  of  connective 
tissue  in  the  walls  of  arteries,  especially  in  the 
intima. 

arteriotome  (ar-te'ri-o-tom),  n.  [<  Gr.  as  if 
*apT7/pioT6/wc:  see  arteriotomy.]  In  surg.,  an 
instrument  for  opening  an  artery. 

arteriotomy  (ar-te-ri-ot'o-mi),  n.  [<  LL.  arte- 
riotoniiii,  <  Gr.  apn/pioTopia,  the  cutting  of  an 
artery  (cf.  aprr/pioTopdv,  cut  an  artery),  <  apri/pia, 
artery,  +  rofidc,  verbal  adj.  of  riuveir,  raue'tv, 
cut.]  1.  In  s«r(7.,  the  opening  of  an  artery  by 
the  lancet  or  other  instrument,  for  the  pvu'pose 
of  letting  blood. —  2.  That  part  of  the  science 
of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  dissection  of 
the  arteries. 

arteriovenous  (ar-te"ri-6-ve'nus),  a.  [<  L.  ar- 
teria, artery,  +  vena,  vein:  see  renous.]  Per- 
taining to  an  artery  and  a  vein Arteriovenous 

aneurism.    .See  aneurism. 

arteritis  (ar-te-ri'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aprripia, 
artery,  +  -itis"]  Inflammation  of  an  artery  or 
of  the  arteries. 

artery  (iir'te-ri),  n. ;  pi.  arteries  (-riz).  [<  ME. 
arterie  (early  mod.  E.  also  arter,  artere,  artier, 
artiire,  etc.,  <  OF.  artere,  mod.  F. artere  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  arteria),  <  L.  arteria,  the  windpipe,  an  ar- 
tery, <  Gr.  aprrjpia,  an  artery  as  distinct  from  a 
vein ;  but  commonly  the  arteries  were  regarded 
as  air-ducts  (the  name  being  supposed  to  come 
from  aijp,  air),  because  found  empty  after 
death,  and  seem  to  have  been  conceived  as 
ramifications  of  the  windpipe ;  orig.  the  wind- 
pipe; perhaps  <  aipeiv,  aeipeiv,  raise,  lift  up;  cf. 
aorta,  from  the  same  source.]  If.  The  trachea 
or  windpipe. 

Under  the  artery  or  windpipe  is  the  mouth  of  the 
stomach.  Sir  II.  Holland. 

2.  One  of  a  system  of  cylindrical,  membranous, 
elastic,  and  muscular  vessels  or  tubes,  which 
convey  the  blood  from  the  heart  to  all  parts  of 
the  body  by  ramifications  which  as  they  pro- 
ceed diminish  in  size  and  increase  in  mmiber, 
and  terminate  in  minute  capillaries  which  unite 
the  ends  of  the  arteries  with  the  beginnings  of 
the  veins.  There  are  two  principal  arteries  ;  the  aorta, 
wJiich  rises  from  the  left  ventricle  of  the  heart  and  rami- 
fies through  the  whole  body,  and  the  pulmonan/  arterit, 
which  conveys  venous  blood  from  the  right  ventricle  to  the 
lungs,  to  undergo  arterialization.  Most  arteries  are  com- 
posed of  three  coats :  an  outer  or  fibrous,  of  condensed 
connective  tissue  well  supplied  with  blood-vessels  and 
nerves ;  a  middle  or  elastic,  consisting  chiefly  of  circular, 
non-striated,  muscular  fibers ;  and  an  inner,  thin,  smooth, 
and  dense,  composed,  from  without  inward,  of  an  elastic 
fenestrated  membrane,  a  layer  of  connective  tissue,  and 
a  lining  of  endothelium.  The  outer  coat  is  the  {tunica) 
adi'niitia  :  the  middle,  the  ((»7iicrt)  iHcrfia;  the  inner,  the 
{luitiea)  intima.  The  arteries  in  the  human  body  which 
have  received  special  names  are  about  350  in  number. 
They  range  in  caliber  from  more  than  the  thickness  of  a 
fluger  to  microscopic  dimensions. 

3.  A  main  channel  in  any  ramif}dng  system  of 
communication,  as  in  drainage — Artery-claw, 
a  locking  forceps  for  holding  an  artery.  — Artery  of  the 
bulb,  a  small  but  suru'iially  important  brancli  of  the  in- 
ternal pudic  artery.  supi)l,\  iiii;  the  bulb  of  the  urethra. — 
Axillary  artery,  coronary  artery,  nutrient  artery, 
radial  artery,  etc.     See  the  adjectives. 

artery  (iir'te-ri),  »•.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arteried, 
ppr.  arteryintj.  [<  artery,  n.]  To  sujiply  with 
arteries;  figuratively,  to  traverse  like  arteries. 


Artesian  Well. 
a.  a,  fault  filled  with  clay  and  impcr\-ious 
to  water ;  t>,  />,  iiiipenneable  strata  ;  c,  per- 
meable strata  ;  </,  artesian  tjoring  and  welt. 


arthrocacology 

Great  rivers  that  arteried  every  State. 

-iV.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  491. 

Artesian  (iir-te'zian),  rt.  [<  F.  art^sicn,  prop- 
erly pertaining  toArtois,  OF.  Artcis,  anciently 
Artesium,  in  France.]      Pertaining  to  Artois, 

an  ancient  prov- 
■^^^  inco  of  nort  hem 
France,  corre- 
sponding to  the 
modem  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de- 
Calais.  —  Ari^e- 
Bian  well,  a  name 
(ii.-^ually  without  a 
capital  letter)  given 
to  a  peculiar  kind  of 
bored  well  from  its 
long  use  in  Artois. 
In  an  artesian  well 
proper  the  water  rises  to  the  surface  and  overflows.  The 
geological  conditions  permitting  this  are  not  general,  since 
it  is  necessary  that  the  region  should  have  a  more  or  less 
complete  basin-structure,  and  that  there  should  be  a  series 
of  permeable  covered  by  impermeable  beds.  In  the  I'nited 
.States  any  deep  bored  well  is  called  artesian,  even  if  the 
water  has  to  be  pumped  from  a  considerable  depth.  Ar- 
tesian wells  vary  in  depth  from  less  than  100  to  nearly  4,000 
feet,  some  of  the  deepest  borings  being  for  petroleum. 
artful  (art'ful),  a.  [<  art^  -f-  -/«?.]  1.  Done 
with  or  characterized  by  art  or  skill.  [Rare.] 
Om-  psalms  with  artful  terms  inscribed. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  iv.  335. 

No  one  thinks  when  he  looks  at  a  plant,  what  restless 

activity  is  at  work  within  it,  for  the  cells  perform  their 

artful  labor  in  stillness.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  185. 

2t.  Artificial,  as  opposed  to  natural;  produced 
or  producing  bv  art:  as,  "  too  artful  a  writer," 
Z»n/rfeH,  Life  of  "Virgil.— 3.  Skilful.  («)  Of  per- 
sons, skilful  in  adapting  means  to  ends;  adroit. 
(6)  Of  things,  skilfully  adapted;  ingenious; 
clever.  Hence — 4.  Cunning;  crafty;  practis- 
ing or  characterized  bv  art  or  stratagem:  as, 
''the  Artful  Dodger,"  liickens,  Oliver  Twist. 
Fair  to  no  purpose,  artful  to  no  end. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iv.  116. 
=  Syn.  4.  Cunning,  Artful,  .Slij,  etc.  (see  cunning),  deceit- 
ful, p<ditic,  shifty,  insidious. 
artfully  (art'ful-i),  adv.  In  an  artful  manner. 
(a)  With  art  or  skill :  as,  colors  artfullij  distributed  on  the 
canvas.  [Rare.]  (6)  With  cunning  or  craft ;  craftily ;  cim- 
ningly. 

Whether  this  motion  was  honestly  made  by  the  Oppo- 
sition .  .  .  or  artfulbf  made  by  the  courtiers,  ...  it  is 
now  impossible  to"  discover.         Macaulag,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

artfulness  (iirt'ful-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing artful ;  craft ;  cunning :  address. 

arthent  (iir'then),  a.     An  old  form  of  earthen. 

arthra,  ».     Plural  of  arthron. 

arthral  (Ur'thral),  a.  [<  arthron  +  -al.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  arthron  or  articulation;  ar- 
ticular: as,  ''the  arthral  surface  of  the  Oium," 
IVildcr  and  Gage. 

arthralgia  (iir-thral'ji-a),  ".  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/jSpov, 
joint,  +  (i/jof,  pain.]  Pain  in  a  .iotnt ;  speeifi- 
callv,  neuralgia  in  a  joint. 

arthralgic  (iir-thral'jik),  a.  Pertaining  to  ar- 
thralgia. 

arthrembolus  (ar-threm'bo-lus),  n.  [NL.,< 
Gr.  apOpiii.io/.oi;  an  instrument  for  setting  limbs, 
<  apepov,'a  joint.  +  ipiio'/.l],  a  putting  in  place, 
the  setting  of  a  limb,  <  iuiia'/ltn;  thrast  in:  see 
emholus.]  In  surg.,  an  instrument  formerly  used 
in  the  reduction  of  dislocations.     Dunglison. 

arthria,  «.     Plm'al  of  arthrium. 

arthritic  (iir-thrit'ik),  a.  [(ME.  artctile,  <  OF. 
artetique)  <  L.  arthriticus,  <  Gr.  apOpirmur,  of 
the  joints,  gouty,  <  apOplTii::  see  arthritis.]  Per- 
taining to  the  joints,  or  to  arthritis,  or  specifi- 
cally to  the  gout ;  affecting  the  joints. 
Pangs  arthritic,  that  infest  the  toe 
of  libertine  excess.  Cou-per,  Tlie  Task,  i. 

arthritical  (ar-thrit'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  ar- 
thritic. 

arthritis  (ar-thri'tis),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apBplrig 
(se.  vuaoQ,  disease),  joint-disease,  gout,  prop, 
fem.  adj.,  of  the  joints,  <  apVpor.  a  joint :  see 
arthron.]  Inflammation  of  a  joint — Arthritis 
deformans,  rheumatoid  arthritis  in  which  considerable 
deformity  is  jiroduced.     .Sec  rheumatoid. 

arthrium  (iir'thri-um),  «.;  pi.  arthria  (-a). 
[NL..  <  Gr.  as  if  *apftpliir,  dim.  of  apDpof,  a  joint.] 
In  cntom.,  the  minute  pemdtimate  tarsal  joint 
eif  many  t'olcoptera . 

arthrobranchia  (Ur-thro-brang'ki-a),  V. ;  pi.  ar- 
throbranchia-  (-e).  [XL.,  <  Gr.  apdpov.  a  joint,  + 
ppdyxia,  gills.]  In  Crustacea,  a  distinct  respi- 
ratory appendage  of  the  maxiUipeds.     Huxley. 

arthrocace  (lir-throk'a-se),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ap- 
lifior.  a  jiiiiit,  -f-  Kiikt/,  badness,  \'ice,  imuK,  bad.] 
Caries  of  a  joint.     Billroth. 

arthrocacology  (ar"thro-ka-kol'9-ji),  «.  [<  ar- 
throcace +  -ology.  ([.  v.]  The  sum  of  himian 
knowledge  concerning  cUseases  of  the  joints. 


arthroderm 

arthroderm  (iir'tlirr)-<Urm),  n.  [<  Gr.  ipOpov, 
a  jiiiiit,  +  i>//)//n,  skin.]  The  crust  or  body-wall 
of  an  articulutc  iininiiil,  as  Uic  shell  of  a  oral) 
or  file  integunicnl  of  an  insect.     .(.  S.  I'lickurd. 

arthrodia  (iir-thi'6'di-il),  «.;  \>\.  arlhrodid;  (-e). 
[N'L.,  <  (_ir.  iip()i>(j6ia,  a  particular  kind  of  artic- 
ulation, (.aiiOfx'jih/i-,  articulated,  <  iiplljiiw,  a  joint, 
+  tiiSoi;,  form.]  A  gliding  joint;  a  movable  ar- 
ticulation formt^d  by  piano  or  nearly  plane  sur- 
faces which  slide  upon  each  other  to  some  ex- 
tent, as  in  the  articulations  of  tho  earjraa :  a 
form  of  diai'throsis.  Also  called  adarticulation. 
—  Double  artlirodla.    Samu  as  amji/titUarlhroxiH. 

arthrodial  (iir-thro'di-al),  a.  [<  arthrodia  + 
-«/.]  1.  I'ertaining  to  or  characterized  by  an 
arthrodia. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  arthrosis; 
concerned  in  the  jointing  or  articidation  of 
parts,  especially  of  limbs.  — Arthrodial  apophy- 
sis, in  Crustacea,  that  process  of  an  cnilostcniite  or  enif*)- 
pleurite  which  euter.s  into  thu  formation  of  an  articular 
cavity  of  a  limb. 

Tlic  t'Mili'pIi-nrite  .  .  .  divides  into  three  apophyses, 
one  (lesicinliii^  or  arthrodial,  .and  two  wliiell  pass  nearly 
hiii-i/oNtally  iii\\ard.  Uuxlrii,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  ■2(;i>. 

arthrodic  (iir-throd'ik),  a.     Same  as  arthroiUah 

arthrodynia  (iir-thro-tUu'i-ii),  u.  [NL.,  <  Or. 
d/jHpoi',  a  joint,  +  lidii')/,  pain.]  Pain  in  a  joint; 
arthralgia. 

arthrodynic  (iir-thro-din'ik),  a.  [<  arthrodijnia 
+  -«-.]  Kelating  to  arthrodynia,  or  pain  in  a 
joint;  arthralgie. 

Arthrogastra  (ilr-thro-gas'tra),  /(.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  (iiil)poi;  a  joint,  +  yaari/p,  belly.]  A  division 
of  the  class  Arachiiida,  including  the  scorpions 
and  their  allies,  as  distinguished  from  spiders 
and  mites.      Soo  cut  under  Hcorpionida;. 

The  Arthraf/aiitra,  or  scorpions  and  pseudo-scorpions, 
cxliihit,  in  many  respects,  extraordinarily  close  resem- 
Maiices  to  the  ilerostoniata  amont;  the  Crustacea. 

lluxlini,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  320. 

Arthrogastres  (iir-thro-gas'trez),  m.  ^J?.  [NL., 
as  Arllinii/iistra.']     Same  as  JrihriH/astra. 

arthrography  (iir-throg'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  apBpov, 
a  joint,  +  -) pa(pia,  <  ypiupew,  write,  describe.]  In 
anat.,  a  description  of  the  joints. 

arthrology  (iir-throl'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  apOpnv,  a 
joint,  +  -/ojm,  <  Aiyciv,  speak:  see  -ohx/i/.^  1. 
The  knowledge  of  the  joints  ;  that  part  of  anat- 
omy which  relates  to  the  joints. —  2t.  Finger- 
speech  for  tho  deaf  and  dumb;  dactylology. 

arthromere  (iir'thro-mer),  n.  [<  Gr.  apSpov,  a 
member,  joint,  +  fipot;,  a  part.]  In  rod'/.,  the 
ideal  single  ring  of  a  series  of  which  any  artic- 
ulate animal  is  composed ;  a  zoonule,  zoonite, 
or  somite  of  an  articulated  invertebrate  animal. 
Tho  typical  arthromere  consists  of  a  tergite,  a  pair  itf 
pleurites,  and  a  sternite,  or  an  upper  piece,  two  lateral 
pieces,  and  an  under  piece. 

arthron  (Ur'thron),  n. ;  pi.  artlira  (-thrii).    [NL.', 

<  Gr.  apOpov,  a  joint  (of  the  body) ;  in  grammar, 
the  article;  akin  to  equiv.  L.  artus:  see  artus 
and  article.']  In  anat.,  a  joint  or  an  articula- 
tion of  any  kind. 

arthroneuralgia(;ir''thro-nii-ral'ji-ii), «.   [NL., 

<  Ur.  hpilpin;  a  joint,  +  NL.  ncuraigia.]  Neu- 
ralgia of  a  joint. 

arthropathy  (iir-thi'op'a-thi),  h.  [<.  Gt.  apBpov, 
a  joint,  +  -alloi;,  suffering.]     Diseaseof  a  joint. 

arthrophragm  (iir'thro-fram),  H.  [< Gr.  apOpuv, 
a  joint,  +  ij>iM)pa,  a  fence,  screen,  <  (ppaaacw, 
fence  in,  stop  up.  Cf.  diaphraiim.]  An  articu- 
lar diaplu'agm ;  a  septum  or  partition  between 
certain  articulations,  as  in  the  crawfish.  See 
extract. 

All  four  apiMlcmcs  lie  in  the  ventral  half  of  the  somite 
and  form  a  single  tiaiisverse  series;  consequentl>'  tinn- 
are  two  nearei'  the  Tui'idle  line,  which  are  termed  the  cu- 
dostemites,  and  twit  further  otT,  which  are  the  endoplcu- 
rites.  The  former  lie  at  the  inner,  and  tlie  latter  at  the 
outer  ends  of  the  partitii:)ns  or  artlin>ithragms  .  .  .  Ite- 
tween  the  articular  cavities  for  the  basal  joints  of  the 
limbs,  and  they  spring  partly  frtun  the  latter  and  partly 
from  the  sternum  and  the  epimera  respectively. 

IIuxU'ii,  Crayllsh,  p.  ir>S. 

arthropleura  (iir-thro-ple'ra),  n. ;  pi.  arthro- 
jilnirir  (-re).     [NL.]     ^arae  as  artlirojilciirr. 

arthropleure  (Ur'thro-plor),  «.  [<NL.  artliro- 
jihura,  <  (ir.  aiSpov,  a  joint,  +  -7.n'pd,  side.] 
Tho  pleiu-al,  Isitcral,  or  limb-bearing  porlion 
of  the  arthroderm  of  articulated  animals;  the 
jiortion  of  any  arthromere  between  the  tergite 
and  tho  sternite. 

arthropod  (iir'thro-pod),  n.  andn.  [<  NL.  arthro- 
2IIIS  (-/jorf-),  pi.  arthropoda,  q.  v.,  <  Gr.  ajyilpor, 
a  joint,  +  ffo/'f  (toJ-)  =  E.  foot.']  I.  «.  A 
jointed  invertebrate  animal  with  jointed  legs; 
one  of  tho  .Irihrnpnda. 

II.  a.  Arthrojiodous;  pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Artlinqinda, 

Among  the  t'rustacea  the  simplest  stage  of  the  Arthro- 
pod body  Is  seen  in  the  Nauplius-form. 

GtyaUMur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  234. 


325 

Arthropoda  (iir-throp'o-dji),  h.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  (irt/iroim.'i  (-iii)d-):  see  artlirniiiid.l  1.  One 
of  two  prime  divisions  (.iiiarthriijtoda  being  the 
other)  into  which  a  subkingdom  Annutoaa  has 
been  divided,  it  contains  bilateral  segmented  ani- 
mals with  articulated  legs,  an<l  approximately  corresponds 
to  the  "articulated  animals  witli  .articulated  legs"  of  Cu- 
vier,  aa  ciuitrasted  uitli  his<ither  division  (AniietideK)  of 
Articidata,  or  with  the  Citiubilopoiln  of  Latreille,  or  with 
the  finathi>ito<{a  or  Arthrozoa  of  some  other  naturalists. 
2.  In  more  modern  and  exact  usage,  one  of 
tho  phyla,  subkingdoms,  or  main  tj'])es  of  the 
Metasoa,  containing  tho  articulated,  inverte- 
brate, non-ciliated  animals  with  articulated 
limbs,  a  ganglionic  nervous  system,  oviparous 
reproduction,  and  generally  separate  sexes. 
'the  phyUnn  is  divided  by  nearly  common  consent  into  the 
four  great  classes  inuMta,  Myriapmta,  Araehnuia,  and 
Cru.^iai'''a,  and  contains  the  vjist  majority  (about  fom- 
fifths)  of  the  animal  kingdom,  in  numbers  both  of  species 
and  of  individuals. 

The  Arthropoda.  with  more  than  200.000  species,  vary 
to  such  an  extent  tliat  little  can  be  said  applicable  to  the 
whole  group,  (if  all  Irivertehrata  they  are  the  most  ad- 
vanced in  the  development  c)f  the  organs  peculiar  to  ani- 
mal life,  numifested  in  the  jjowers  of  locomotion,  and  in 
the  instincts  which  are  so  varied  and  so  wonderful  in  the 
insect  ilass.  Paneoe,  Zool.  t-'lass.,  p.  70. 

arthropodan  (iir-throp'o-dan),  rt.  [<  arthro- 
pod +  -ail.]     Same  as  arthropodoiis. 

arthropodous  (ilr-throp'o-dus),  n.  [< arthropod 
+  -ous.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Arthropoda; 
having  jointed  legs  (among  invertebrates);  con- 
dylopodous;  artln'ozoic.     Also  ()nathopodou.9. 

Arthropomata(iir-thro-p6'ma-tii), «.;)/.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  apOpoi',  a  joint,  +  Ttijfia,  pi.  Tvu/m-a,  a  lid.] 
One  of  two  orders  into  which  the  class  Brachio- 
2>oda  is  generally  divided,  the  other  being  iyo- 
pomata :  synonymous  with  Apyijia  and  Articii- 
lata   (h). 

arthropomatous  (iir-thro-po'ma-tus),  «.  [< 
Arthrojioiiiata  +  -ous.']  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Artliropoiiiata. 

Arthropteridse  (iir-throp-ter'i-de).  H.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Arthropterus  +  -idtc]  A  family  of  heterop- 
terous  insects,  chiefly  of  tho  Orient,  Africa, 
and  the  Pacific  islands,  including  a  large  num- 
ber of  flat  wide  forms,  mostly  of  a  polished 
black  color  variously  marked  with  yellow. 

arthropterOUS  (iir-throp'te-ms),  a.  [<  NL.  ar- 
thriiptirii.^,  adj.,  <  Gr.  apftpov,  a  joint,  +  irrtpdv,  a 
wing,  fin.  ]  Ha\ang  jointed  rays,  as  a  fin  of  a  fish. 

ArthropterUS  (iir-throp'te-ms),  n.  [NL. :  see 
arthropterous.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Arthropteridtr.  Madcaij,  1839. —  2.  A 
genus  of  fishes.     Agassi::,  1843. 

arthroses,  «.     Plural  of  arthrosis. 

arthrosia  (iir-tlu'o'zi-ii), «.   [NL.  (cf.  arthrosis), 

<  tir.  uplipoi;  a  joint.]     Arthritis. 
arthrosis  (Ur-thro'sis),  «. ;  pi.  arthroses  (-sez). 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  apOpunn;  a  jointing,  <  npdpikiv,  apdpoiv, 
fasten  by  a  joint,  <  ofidpov,  a  joint.]  In  anat. : 
(a)  A  sutiue;  an  articulation;  a  joining  or 
jointing  of  bones  or  cartilages  otherwise  than 
by  ankylosis.  Arthrosis  is  divisible  into  three  principal 
categories:  (1)  Synarthrosis;  (2)  amphiartiu-osis ;  (:i)  diar- 
throsis.  See  tliese  words.  ( j)  The  result  of  articu- 
lation; a  joint;  an  arthron;  anode. 

arthrospore  (iir'thro-spor),  «.  [<  Gr.  apdpov,  a 
joint,  +  a-'jpoc,  seed.]  In  hot.,  one  of  a  number 
of  spores  united  together  in  the  form  of  a  string 
of  beads,  formed  by  fission,  and  characteristic 
of  various  low  fungi  and  algie. 

arthrosporic  (Ur-thro-spor'ik),  a.  Same  as  ar- 
tliriispiiroHS. 

arthrosporous  (iir-thros'po-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  ar- 
tliro.spiiriis  :  see  arthrospore  a,nd -oiis.]  Produ- 
cing arthrospores. 

arthrosterigma  (iir*thro-ste-rig'ma),  «. ;  pi. 
arthrosteriijmata  (-ra.a-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aptjpov, 
a  joint,  +'  aT//pi)/ia,  a  support,  <  arinii^eiv,  sot 
fast,  support,  prop,  <  ■/  *ora,  stand.]  In  hot., 
the  jointed  sterigma  which  oeeurs  in  the  sper- 
magoniiun  of  many  lichens. 

Arthrostraca  (iir-thros'tra-kii),  «.  pi.  [NTj.,  < 
(ir.  upHpiii',  a  joint,  +  durpaKoi;  a  shoU.]  1.  In 
Gegenbaur's  system  of  classiticat  ion.  one  of  two 
prime  divisions  of  malacostracous  crustaceans 
(the  other  being  Thoraco.itraai),  corresponding 
appro.\imately  to  the  edriophthalmous  or  ses- 
sile-eyed crus"taceans  of  other  authors,  and  di- 
vided into  tho  three  orders  Amphipoda,  Lw- 
modipoda,  and  Isopoda. — 2.  In  Burmeister's 
system  of  classification,  one  of  three  orders  of 
Crustacea  (the  other  two  being  Aspidostraca 
and  Thoracostraca),  divided  into  nine  lesser 
groups. 

arthrostraCOUS  (iir-thros'tra-kus),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  charae'ters  of  the  Arthros- 
traca. 


artichoke 

arthrotome  (ilr'thro-tom),  n.  [<  Gr.  ^ipOpov,  a 
joint,  +  roHiir,  cutting:  m^i^  anatoiiii/.]  A  car- 
tilage-knife ;  a  strong  scalpel,  two-(?dged  for  a 
part  of  its  cutting  length,  and  having  a  rough- 
ened steel  handle  contintious  with  the  blade. 
It  is  used  in  dissectioi]  for  cutting  cartilage,  disarticulating 
joints,  and  other  rough  work. 

Any  thick-bladed  scalpel  may  be  ground  into  atolerablo 
arllinili'iiir.  Wilder  and  Qai/e,  Anat.  Tech.,  p.  63. 

arthrotomy  (iir-throt'o-mi),  «.  [<  Gr.  &iiOpov,a, 
joint,  +  To/ii/,  a  cutting:  see  anatomy.^  In 
siirij.,  incision  into  a  joint. 

Arthrozoa  (iir-thro-zo'a),  H.  ph  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
('i/jOpuii,  a  joint,  +  C^ov,  an  animal.]  Ono  of  six 
series  of  animals  into  which  tho  Mitazoa  have 
been  divided:  equivalent  to  Arthropoda  to- 
gether with  Xcmatoscolices  and  prol)ably  CIub- 
toipiatha. 

arthrozoic  (lir-thro-zo'lk),  «.  Relating  to  or 
having  the  charactersof  the  J)"?7(roron._ Arthro- 
zoic series,  a  gradation  of  animals  represented  Ity  the 
Si'  iiialiiHcnliccsixniX  .\rthropoda,  from  the  lowest  neniatoids 
t<»  the  highest  arthropods.    Ilitxlei/. 

Arthurian  (iir-thu'ri-an),  a.  [<  Arthur,  ML. 
form  Artliuriis,  representing  W.  Arlur.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  King  Arthur,  one  of  the  last  Cel- 
tic chiefs  of  Britain  (the  licro  of  a  gi'eat  Utera- 
turo  of  poetic  fiible,  and  whose  actual  existence 
has  been  questioned),  or  to  the  legends  con- 
nected with  him  and  his  knights  of  the  Kound 
Table. 

Arthurian  legend  is  not,  and  never  has  been,  to  the  Eng- 
lish national  mind  what  the  myths  which  supplied  the  sub- 
jects of  Attic  tragedy  were  to  the  tJreek. 

A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  122. 

artiad  (ilr'ti-ad),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  aprto^,  even, 
+  -flrfl.]  I.  n.  1.  In  chem.,  an  atom  whose 
(luantivalence  is  expressed  by  an  even  number, 
as  the  atoms  of  sulphur,  oxygen,  etc.  See  pe- 
rissad. — 2.  In  zoiil.,  an  even-toed  xmgulato 
quadruped;  a  cloven-footed  ruminant  animal ; 
ono  of  the  Artiodactijla :  opposed  to  perissad. 
See  cut  under  Artiodactyla. 

II.  a.  In  cht'in.,  liaving  tho  nature  of  an  ar- 
tiad: as,  oxygen  is  an  artiad  element. 
artichoke  (iir'ti-chok),  «.  [Introduced  in  the 
ICth  century,  the  two  normal  fonns  (after  the 
It.)  artichocke,  ar- 
chiehock,  mixing 
with  artichon.  ar- 
tichouc.  artichau, 
artichaidt,  etc., 
after  the  F.,  in 
numerous  forms, 
varWng  initially 
arti-,  arte-,  arto-, 
harti-,  harte-,  ar- 
chi-,  archy-,  arch-, 
and  terminal- 
ly -chok,  -choke, 
-chock,  -choak, 
-chough,  -chooke, 
etc.  (simulating 
E.  heart,  L.  hortus, 
garden,  E.  choke, 
as  if  that  which 
'  chokes  '  the  gar- 
den or  the  heart); 
cf.  D.  artisjok, 
Dan.  arliskok,  Sw. 
drtskocka,  G.  ar- 
tischocke,  Russ.  artishokii,  Bohem.  artichok,  ar- 
tychok,  Pol.  karc:ock,  with F.  artichaut  (fonnerly 
also  artichau,  -chault,  -chaud,  -chou,  etc.),  ML. 
articocciis,  articoctiis,  artieactiis,  all  from  Sp.  or 
It.;  <  It.  (north,  dial.)  articiocco,  arciciocco,  ar- 
chiciocco,  arciocco,  also  arcicioffo,  archicioffo,  for 
'alcarciojU'o ;  also  simply  curciocco,  carcioffo, 
mod.  It.  carcioffo,  carciofo,  Sp.  alcarchofa,  now 
alcachofa,  alcacho/era,  Pg.  alcaehoj'ra,  <  Sp.  Ar. 
al-kharshofa  (Pedro  de  AlcaU),  ai-kharshuf 
(Bocthor),  <  Ar.  al,  the,  -t-  khar.ihofa,  kharshuf 
(with  initial  khd,  7th  letter),  a\s6  har.'ihiif  (in 
Bagdad — Newman),  harshaf  (Freytag;  Pers. 
harshaf — Richardson)  (with  initial  hd,  6th  let- 
ter), ail  artichoke.  The  Ar.  ardi-shauki  (liiez), 
crdushaiikc  (in  Aleppo  —  Newman),  Pers.  arda- 
shdhi.  Hind,  hdthi  chak,  are  adaptations  of  the 
Eiu'opean  forms  (appar.  simtilatiug  Ar.  ardh, 
erdh,  Pers.  ard,  ar:,  gi-ound,  earth.  Ar.  shauk; 
thorn,  Pers.  shah,  king,  Hind,  hdthi,  an  ele- 
phant).] Tho  Cynara  Scolymus,  a  plant  of  the 
natural  order  Compositw,  somewhat  resembling 
a  thistle,  with  large  divided  prickly  leaves.  The 
erect  llower-stein  terhiinates  in  a  large  rovmd  head  of  nu- 
merous indu-icated  oval  spiny  scales  wliieh  suiTound  the 
llowers.  The  tlesliy  bases  of  tlie  scales  with  the  large  recep- 
tacle are  used  iii  lood.    Artichokes  were  introduced  into 


/,'  /, 


Artichoke  {Cynara  Scetymus). 
a,  top  of  plant :  t>,  flowering  head. 


artichoke 

Ku rope  early  in  the  sixtei-nth  century.— Jerusalem  arti- 
choke [eorruption  of  It.  tiiramtli-  artu-uiro,  KUiiMuwtr-:ir- 
ticlioke).  tlie  lldianthus  tuhcrosiiJi,  a  sptcus  nf  sunllower, 
native  of  Tanada  and  the  upper  MUsissipjii  vaUey.  It  was 
cultivated  liy  tlie  ahoriKiiies  for  its  sweet  and  fjiriiiaceuus 
tuberous  roots,  and  was  introduced  at  an  early  date  into 
Europe,  wlierc  it  is  raised  in  considerable  quantities  as 
an  article  of  food.  The  phmt  was  long  believed  to  be  a 
native  of  lirazil,  and  it  is  only  recently  that  its  true  origin 
lias  been  ascertained. 

article  (ilr'ti-kl),  v.  [<  ME.  artielOj  <  OF.  arti- 
ck;  F.  article  =  Sp.  artieulo  =  Pg.  arUculo  (in 
annt.  iiud  bot.),  artiijo  =  It.  arik-olo^  artieulo,  < 
L.  articulits^  a  joint,  limb,  member,  part,  divi- 
sion, tho  article  in  j^^rammar,  a  poiiit  of  time ; 
proj).  dim.  of  artus,  a  joint,  akin  to  Or.  apdpov,  a 
joint,  article,  <  -/^/r.  fit,  join:  see  «n»l,  arm^j 
ari^y  etc.]  If.  A  joint  connecting  two  parts 
of  the  body. —  2.  One  of  the  parts  thns  con- 
nected; a  jointed  segment  or  part. 

'  The  first  pair  of  le-cs  [of  the  whip-scorpion)  is  the  long- 
est, and  tlie  tarsal  joiut  is  broken  up  Uito  a  long  series  of 
articles.  Stami.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  V22. 

3.  In  hot.,  the  name  fonuerly  given  to  that 
pai-t  of  a  stalk  or  stem  -which  is  between  two 
joints.  Hence  —  4.  A  separate  member  or  por- 
tion of  anything.  In  particular — (a)  A  clause, 
item,  point,  or  particular  in  a  contract,  treaty, 
or  other  formal  agreement ;  a  condition  or  stip- 
ulation in  a  contract  or  bargain:  as,  articles  of 
association;  articles  oi  apprenticeship. 

'Tis  direct 
Against  our  articles. 

B,  Jonson,  Alchemist,  v.  2. 

(b)  A  distinct  pi-oposition  in  a  connected  series; 
one  of  the  particulars  constituting  a  system: 
as,  the  Thirty-nine  Articles;  the  articles  of  re- 
ligion. 

A  Minister  should  preach  according  to  the  Articles  of 
Religion  Established  in  the  Church  where  he  is. 

SeldeJi,  Table-Talk,  p.  72. 

Cried  amen  to  my  creed's  one  article. 

Broiiming,  King  and  Book,  II.  256. 

(c)  A  separate  clause  or  provision  of  a  statute : 
as,  the  act  of  the  sis  articles  (see  below),  (d) 
A  distinct  charge  or  count:  as,  articles  of  im- 
peachment, (ej  A  distinct  item  in  an  account 
or  a  list.  (/)  One  of  a  series  of  regulations :  as, 
the  articles  of  war, —  5.  A  literary  composition 
on  a  specific  topic,  forming  an  independent  por- 
tion of  a  book  or  literary  publication,  especially 
of  a  newspaper,  magazine,  review,  or  other 
periodical:  as,  an  article  on  war,  or  on  earth- 
quakes and  their  causes. —  6.  A  material  thing 
as  part  of  a  class,  or,  absolutely,  a  particular 
substance  or  commodity :  as,  an  article  of 
merchandise;  an  article  of  clothing;  salt  is  a 
necessary  article. —  7.  A  particular  immaterial 
thing ;  a  matter. 

AVhere  nature  has  bestowed  a  show  of  nice  attention  in 
the  features  of  a  man,  he  should  laugh  at  it  as  misplaced. 
I  have  seen  men,  who  in  this  vain  article,  perhaps  might 
rank  above  you.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  2. 

&i.  A  concern;  a  piece  of  business;  a  subject. 
— 9.  A  point  or  nick  of  time  joining  two  suc- 
cessive periods ;  a  juncture ;  a  moment ;  the 
moment  or  very  moment.  [Now  rare  or  obso- 
lete except  in  the  phrase  in  the  article  of  death 
(which  see,  below).] 

Could  my  breath 
Now  execute  'em,  they  should  not  enjoy 
An  article  of  time.  B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  v.  6. 

This  fatal  newes  coming  to  Hick's  Hall  upon  the  article 
of  my  Lord  Russel's  trial  was  said  to  have  had  no  little  in- 
fluence on  the  jury  and  all  the  bench  to  Ms  prejudice. 

Evelyii. 
An  infirm  building  just  in  the  article  of  falling. 

Wollaston,  Relig.  of  Nat.,  v.  99. 

lOf.  The  number  10,  or  any  number  ending  in 
a  cipher. — 11.  In  gram.,  a  word  used  attribu- 
tively to  limit  the  application  of  a  noun  to 
one  individual  or  set  of  indi\'iduals,  and  also 
to  indicate  M'hether  the  noun  used  signifies 
indefinitely  one  or  any  one  of  the  class  which 
it  names,  or  definitely  a  specific  object  of 
thought.  The  two  articles  are  regarded  as  a  distinct 
part  of  speech.  They  are  in  English  an  (before  conso- 
nant-sounds a)  and  the.  An  was  originally  the  same  word 
as  one,  and  in  meaning  is  an  unpraphatic  any;  it  singles 
out  an  individual  sis  an  example  of  a  class,  any  other 
member  of  the  class  being  capable  of  serving  as  example 
equally  well.  A  or  an  is  accordingly  called  the  indefinite 
article.  The  was  originally  a  demonstrative  pronoun, 
and  in  meaning  is  an  unemphatic  this  or  that;  it  points 
out  a  particular  individual  or  set  of  individuals,  and 
is  consequently  known  as  the  definite  article.  Articles 
may  therefore  be  regarded  as  a  specialized  and  segregated 
class  of  pronouns.  Some  languages,  as  Latin,  have  no 
articles;  others,  as  Hebrew  and  Greek,  have  tlie  definite 
article  only.  Tlie  indefinite  article  is  always  of  later  for- 
mation than  the  definite.  [The  name  article  is  a  trajis- 
lation  of  the  word  dpflpo*-,  joiut,  which  was  applied  by 
the  Greek  grammarians  to  the  one  article  of  that  lan- 
guage (tlie  definite),  on  account  of  its  freijuent  use  after 
the  manner  of  a  relative  to  join  an  adjective  to  a  noun: 


326 

as,  avTip  6  ayafld?,  literally,  man  the  good,  for  (the)  man 
who  (is)  g(tod,  that  is,  the  good  man.]  -Articles  of  as- 
sociation, or  articles  of  incorporation,  tb.-  rtrtiti 

eate  fibd,  in  coTifoniiity  with  a  gcru-ral  law,  by  jiersons 
who  desiie  to  Iiecome  a  corporntinii,  niid  setting  forth  the 
rules  and  conditions  upnn  utiirli  the  association  or  cor- 
poration is  founded.— Articles  of  Confederation,  see 
co/tA'(/''rrt^('*«.  — Articles  of  faith,  the  main  ores.seiitial 
points  of  rcli^'iitiis  belief ;  spi-ciliealiy,  anauthoritatiM-  and 
binding  statement  of  .'^urh  points  jus  held  by  a  partii  iilar 
church  or  dcnninination ;  a  doctrinal  creed,  — Articles 
of  impeachment,  tlic  aiiusations  in  writing;  wtiirU  form 
the  ba^is  of  ail  iiiii.rarliiii.iit  trial.  They  take- t  lie  place 
of  the  iiniirtinriif  in  niiliriary  criminal,  and  of  i\u:  di-rlai-a- 
tiun  or  complaint  in  civil,  actions.— Articles  of  Perth, 
five  articles  agreed  upon  at  a  General  Assembly  of  the 
Church  of  Scotland  convened  by  James  VI.  in  llil;^,  en- 
joining certain  episcopal  obsen-ances,  such  as  the  observ- 
ance of  feast-days,  kneeling  at  the  Lord's  supper,  etc. 
They  were  ratified  by  the  Scotch  Parliament  in  ltj"21.  and 
became  a  subject  of  bitter  controversy  lietween  the  king 
and  the  people.— Articles  of  the  peace,  an  obligation 
to  keep  the  peace  for  a  certain  time,  under  a  penalty,  and 
with  or  without  sureties,  imposed  upon  an  individual 
against  whom  some  one  lias  exhibited  a  complaint  that 
there  is  just  cause  to  fear  that  the  party  complained  of 
will  burn  the  complainant's  house  or  do  him  some  bodily 
harm,  or  procure  a  third  person  to  do  it. — Articles  Of 
Schmalkald,  articles  of  Protestant  faith  drawn  up  by 
Luther,  and  submitted  to  a  meeting  of  electors,  princes, 
and  states  at  Schmalkald  (or  Schmalkalden),  Germany, 
in  1537,  designed  to  show  how  far  the  Protestants  were 
willing  to  go  in  order  to  avoid  a  rupture  with  Rome. 
—Articles  of  war,  a  code  of  regulations  for  the  govern- 
ment and  discipline  of  the  army  and  navj".  In  Great 
Britain  they  are  embodied  in  the  Mutiny  Act,  which  is 
passed  every  year.  ITie  articles  of  war  of  the  United 
States  are  128  in  number ;  anything  relating  to  tlie  army 
not  comprehended  therein  is  inililished  in  general  orders 
or  in  established  regulations,  issued  from  time  to  time 
by  tile  War  Department,  copies  of  which  are  furnished 
and  read  to  the  troops.— City  article.  See  city.—Jji  the 
article  of,  in  the  matter  of;  as  regards. 

As  he  [T.  L.  K.  Oliphant]  views  matters,  we  have  been 
steadily  going  down  hill,  in  the  article  of  our  mother- 
tongue.  F.  Hall,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXIX.  321. 

In  the  article  of  death  (Latin,  in  artieulo  mortis),  at 
the  moment  of  death;  in  the  last  struggle  or  agony. 

//(  the  article  of  death,  I  give  you  my  thanks,  and  pray 
for  you.  "  Stcclf,  Tatkr,  No.  82. 

Lords  of  the  Articles.  See  lord.—  Marriage  articles. 
See  7Hama'/f.— Memorandum  articles,  ^^ce  memo- 
ra7ulum.—  'Ihe  Five  Articles  and  the  Five  Points, 
statements  of  the  distinctive  doctrines  uf  the  Arminians 
and  Calvinists  respectively,  the  former  promulgated  in 
1610  in  opposition  to  the  restrictive  principles  of  the 
latter,  which  were  sustained  by  the  Synod  of  Dort  in 
1619,  and  are  the  following:  pai'ticular  predestination, 
limited  atonement,  natural  inability,  irresistible  grace, 
and  the  perseverance  of  saints.  The  discussion  of  these 
ditferences  at  that  time  is  sometimes  calltMl  the  ijuin- 
quarticular  controversy.^The  Lambeth  Articles,  nine 
articles  drawn  up  in  1505  at  Lambeth,  England,  intended 
to  embody  the  Calvinistic  doctrine  respecting  predes- 
tination, justification,  etc.  They  were  never  approved  by 
the  church  in  any  regular  sjTiod,  and  therefore  pos- 
sess no  ecclesiastical  authority.— The  Six  Articles, 
sometimes  called  the  "whip  with  six  strinirs,  '  articles 
imposed  by  a  statute  (often  called  the  Bloody  statute) 
passed  in  1539,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  They  de- 
creed the  acknowledgment  of  transubstantiation,  the 
sufficiency  of  communion  in  one  kind,  the  obligation  of 
vows  of  chastity,  the  propriety  of  private  masses,,  celi- 
bacy of  the  clergy,  and  auricular  confession.  Acceptance 
of  these  six  doctrines  was  made  oldigatory  on  all  persons 
under  the  severest  penalties.  The  act,  however,  was 
relaxed  in  1544,  and  repealed  by  the  Parliament  of  1549. 
—  The  Thirty-nine  Articles,  a  statement  of  the  par- 
ticular points  of  doctrine,  thirty-nine  in  number,  main- 
tained by  the  Church  of  England,  first  framed  by  an  ec- 
clesiastical commission  in  forty-two  Jirticles  (1552),  and 
revised  and  promulgated  in  thii-ty-nine  articles  by  a  con- 
vocation held  in  London  in  1562-63.  With  some  altera- 
tions they  were  adopted  by  the  Church  of  Ireland  in 
1635,  and  by  the  Scottish  Episcopal  Church  in  1S04,  and, 
with  certain  modifications,  by  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  of  the  United  States  in  ISOl.— The  Twenty-five 
Articles,  the  doctrinal  basis  of  the  Methodist  Ejiiscopal 
Church,  substantially  the  Thirty-nine  Articles  of  tlie  church 
of  England,  with  the  omission  of  the  3d,  Sth,  13th,  15th, 
17th,  ISth,  20th,  21st,  23d,  26th,  29th,  33d,  34th,  and  37th. 
They  were  originally  framed  by  John  Wesley,  and,  witli 
some  modification,  were  adopted,  substantially  as  now 
held,  in  17S4. 
article  (ar'ti-kl),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  articled,  ppr. 
articling.  [<  article,  «.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  state 
in  detail ;  particularize;  specify.  [Rare.] 
If  all  his  errors  and  fcdlies  were  articled  against  him. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living  (ed.  1727),  p.  92. 

2.  To  accuse  or  charge  hy  an  exhibition  of 
articles  or  acctisations.     [Rare.] 

What  I  have  articled  against  this  fellow 

I  justify  for  truth.     Middleton,  Spanish  Gipsy,  v.  1. 

3.  To  hind  by  articles  of  covenant  or  stipula- 
tion :  as,  to  article  an  apprentice. 

n.t  intrans.  To  agree  by  articles ;  stipulate. 

Came  Sir  John  Ki\iet  to  article  with  me  about  his  brick- 
work. Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept  7,  16U7. 

They  have  so  articled  with  us. 

Massinger,  The  City  Madam,  ii.  3. 

Then  he  articled  with  her  that  he  should  go  away  when 
he  pleased.  Selden,  Table-Talk. 

articular  (iir-tik'u-lar),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  articu- 
laris,  pertaining  to  the  joints,  <  articulits,  a 
joint:  see  article.]  I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  or 
affecting  an  articulation  or  joint  j  entering  into 


articulate 

the  composition  of  an  articulation :  as,  the  ar- 
ticular surface  of  a  bone ;  an  articular  cartilage ; 
an  articular  disease. —  2.  In  roo/.,  articulate; 
specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Articulata. 

[Rare.]  -  Articular  bone,  same  as  nrticidare.—Ai- 
ticular  eminence  of  the  temporal  bone,  the  cylindri- 
cal L-U'vatioii  forming  tlie  anterior  root  of  the  zj'goma  in 
front  of  thf  ;:lenoid  fr)ssa;  tlie  prtglcnoid  pnicess.- Ar- 
ticular process  of  the  lower  jaw,  the  process  which 
is  cai)i)eii  b>  the  condyle.  Also  called  ciuulyloid  process. 
II,  )i.  Same  as  articulare. 

articulare  (ar-tik-u-la're),  n.;  pi.  articidaria 
(-ri-a).  [XL.,  neut.  of  L.  articularis :  see  articu- 
lar.'] A  bone  of  the  lower  jaw  of  vertebrates 
below  mammals,  by  means  of  which  the  jaw  or 
mandible  articulates  with  its  suspensorium. 
See  cuts  under  acrodont,  Cyclodus,  and  Oat- 
linoi. 

articular ly  (ar-tik'u-lar-li),  adv.  1.  In  an  ar- 
ticular manner. — 2'.  Articulately;  article  by 
article;  in  detail.     Huhtct. 

articulary  (iir-tik'u-la-ri),  a.     Articular. 

Articulated  by  a  double  artieulari/  head  with  the  mas- 
ti>id  and  i-osterior  frontal.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIL  642. 

Articulata  (ar-tik-u-la'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  ofh.articulatus,  jointed:  see  articulate.]  In 
::odl.,  a  name  variously  applied,  (a)  in  CuWer's 
system  of  classification,  the  third  prime  division  of  the 
animal  kingdom,  including  all  segmented  invertebrates 
in  which  the  body  is  made  up  of  a  series  of  rings  (meta- 
meres),  is  endowed  with  a  ganglionated  nervous  system, 
and  possesses  distinct  respiratory  organs.  It  is  divided 
into  five  classes,  Crustacea,  Arachnida,  Insecta,  3fyria- 
jioda,  and  Annelides.  This  division  corresponds  to  the 
Anmdosa  of  some  zoologists,  but  neither  of  these  terms 
is  now  recognized  by  leading  naturalists.  Cuvier's  first 
four  classes  of  Articulata  are  now  made  the  phylum  Ar- 
thropoda,  while  his  Anm'Udes  are  referred  to  another  phy- 
hmi,  Vermes,  (b)  One  of  two  orders  of  Brachioijoda,  some- 
times styled  the  Arthropomata  (which  see),  the  other  order 
being  called  Inarticidata.  It  corresponds  to  the  arthro- 
pomatous  Brachiopoda,  containing  those  brachiopods  in 
which  the  shell  is  hinged,  the  mantledobesare  not  entirely 
free,  and  the  intestine  is  caecal.  (c)  One  of  two  divisions 
of  cyclostomatous  polyzoans,  containing  the  families  Sali- 
comariidce  and  Cell ulariidte :  opposed  to  I narticulat a.  (d) 
One  of  two  divisions  of  cyclostomatous  polyzoans,  repre- 
sented by  the  family  Crisiidce.  Also  called  Radieata.  (e) 
One  of  two  divisions  of  crinoids,  the  other  being  Tessel- 
lata. 

articulate  (ar-tik'u-lat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ar- 
ticulated, ppr.  articulating.  [<  L.  articulatus, 
pp.  of  articulare,  divide  into  joints  or  members, 
utter  distinctly,  ai-ticnlate,  <  articidus,  a  joint, 
article,  etc.:  see  article.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  joint; 
unite  by  means  of  a  joint :  as,  two  pieces  loose- 
ly articulated  together.     See  articulation,  2. 

Plants  .  .  .  have  many  ways  of  aj-(iV)//a((;i,'7  their  parts 
with  one  another.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  BioL,  §  215. 

The  delicate  skeleton  of  admirably  articulated  and  re- 
lated parts  which  underlies  and  sustains  every  true  work 
of  art,  and  keeps  it  from  sinking  on  itself  a  shapeless  heap, 
he  [Carlyle]  would  crush  remorselessly  to  come  at  the  mar- 
row of  meaning.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  123. 

2.  To  utter  articulately;  produce  after  the 
manner  of  human  speech. 

The  dogmatist  knows  not  by  what  art  he  directs  his 
tongue  in  articidatiny  somitls  into  voices. 

Glanville,  Seep.  Sei. 

3.  To  utter  in  distinct  syllables  or  words. — 4t. 
To  formulate  or  set  forth  in  articles;  draw  up 
or  state  imder  separate  heads. 

These  things,  indeed,  you  have  articulated, 
Proclaim'd  at  market-crosses,  read  in  churches. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.  Pronounce,  Enunciate,  etc.  (see  utter); 
speak. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  form  an  articulation 
(with);  connect  (with):  as,  the  ulna  articu- 
lates with  the  humerus. — 2.  To  utter  articulate 
sotmds  ;  utter  distinct  syllables  or  words :  as, 
to  articulate  distinctly. 

It  was  the  eager,  inarticulate,  uninstructed  mind  of  the 
whole  Norse  people,  longing  only  to  become  articulate,  to 
go  on  articidatiny  ever  farther.  Carlyle. 

3t.  To  enter  into  negotiations;  treat;  come  to 

or  make  terms. 

Send  ns  to  Rome 
The  best,  with  whom  we  may  articulate. 
For  their  own  good,  and  ours.      Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  9. 

articulate  (ar-tik'u-lat).  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ar- 
ticuldtus,  jointed,  distinct  (applied  particularly 
to  utterance),  pp.  of  articulare:  see  articulate, 
v.]  I.  a.  1.  Jointed;  segmented;  articulated: 
as,  an  articulate  limb;  an  articulate  animal. — 
2.  Specifically,  having  the  character  of  the  Ar- 
ticulata.S.  Jointed  by  syllabic  di\ision;  di- 
vided into  distinct  successive  parts,  like  joints, 
by  the  alternation  of  opener  and  closer  sounds, 
or  the  intervention  of  consonantal  utterances 
(sometimes  also  of  pause  or  hiatus)  between 
vowel  sounds :  said  of  human  speech-utterance, 
as  distinguished  from  other  sounds  made  by 


articulate 

human  organs,  and  from  tho  sounds  mado  by 
the  lower  animals.  The  ttrins  articulate,  articuki- 
tion,  etc.,  iLs  itpptii'tl  ti*  hiiiiKiii  uttcrnncc,  arc  not  Bcldolti 
misuiiderstoiMl  arxl  \vr<in^;ly  usoii  Ji«  if  tlie  "jointing"  in- 
tended were  timt  (if  the  physieal  urirntis  of  utterance,  a 
narriiwint;  or  closing  of  the  or^ians  at  some  jpoint  nr  p.tiiit-*. 
Such  action,  liowcvcr,  l)elonKs  to  all  utterance,  uiticiiiate 
or  inartii^ulatu,  whether  of  man  or  of  the  other  animals. 
See  cimitiitMnt,  siiUfiblr,  vmt'i'l. 

Hence — 4.  Clear;  distinct. 

La  Fosseuse's  voice  was  naturally  soft  and  low,  yet  'twas 
an  articulate  voice.  Stcriif,  Tristram  Shandy,  v.  1. 

The  sentiment  of  Right,  oneo  very  low  and  indistin<:t, 
but  ever  more  articulate,  beeause  it  is  the  voice  of  tlie 
universe,  jironounces  l''reedom, 

KmcrsDii,  West  Judian  Emaneipatiou,  p.  VCt. 

5.  Forniulafi'd  or  exju'('ss('<l  in  articles,  or  in 
separate  jiarticulars.     [Karo.] 

Total  ehauges  of  party  and  articulate  opinion.  Carli/le. 
6t.  Consisting  of  tons:  as,  acHcHtate  numbers. 
—Articulate  adjudication.    Sec  adjudicatitm. 

II.  n.  One  of  tlie  Jrticulata. 
articulately  (:ii'-tilv'u-lijt-li),  ((rfv.    1.  In  a  joint- 
ed manner;  li,y -joints:  as,  parts  of  a  boily  »r- 
ticulatdij  united. — 2.  lu  an  articulate  manner; 
with  distinct  utterance  of  syllables  or  words. 

Is  it  for  notliing  the  wind  sounds  almost  articulately 

sometimes  —  sings  as  I  have  lately  heard  it  sing  at  night? 

Charlotte  Brunte,  Shirley,  xxiv. 

3.  Article  by  article ;  iu  detail. 

I  had  articulately  set  down  in  writing  our  points. 

Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  ix.  110. 

articulateness  (ilr-tLk't'i-liit-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
it,v  or  condition  of  being  articulate. 

articulation  (iir-tik-u-la'sUon),  H.  [<  L.  artkii- 
l(itio(>i-),  a  putting  forth  of  new  joints,  as  a  vine, 
a  disease  of  tho  vine  at  tho  jomts,  lit.  a  joint- 
ing, <  articitlare,  joint,  articulate:  see  artieii- 
latc]  1.  The  act  of  articulating,  or  tho  state  of 
being  articulated.  («)  The  act  of  putting  to- 
gether so  as  to  form  a  joint  or  joints,  {b)  The 
uttering  of  articulate  somids. — 2.  In  a  con- 
crete sense:  («)  In  anat.,  a  joint,  as  tho  join- 
ing or  junetiu'o  of  bones  or  of  the  movable  seg- 
ments of  an  arthropod.  The  articulations  of  hones 
are  of  tlu-ee  kiiuis  :  (1)  Diartlu-osi.'^,  or  a  movable  connec- 
tion with  a  synovial  cavity,  including  enarthrosis,  or  the 
ball-and-socket  joint;  arthrodia,  or  the  gliding  joint ;  gin- 
glynnis,  or  the  hinge-joint ;  the  trochoid,  or  the  wheel-and- 
axlc  joint,  otherwise  called  diiirtlimsis  mlittoriuK ;  and  the 
condyloid,  or  saddle-joint.  ('J)  >!yiirtrf/inf.-;i.';,  innnovablo 
connection,  including  suture,  goniphosis,  and  symphysis 
(see  these  words).  (S)  Amphiarthrot{i.-{,  an  articulation  with 
slight  but  not  free  motion,  as  between  the  vertebral  cen- 
tra, (ft)  In  hot.:  (!)  A  joint;  a  place  where 
separation  fakes  place  spontaneously,  as  at  the 
point  of  attachment  of  a  deciduous  organ,  such 
as  a  leaf  or  the  pedicel  of  a  flower,  or  easily,  as 
at  the  divisions  of  the  stem  of  the  horsetail.  (2) 
A  node :  applied  eitlier  to  the  thickened  joint- 
like part  of  the  stem  wliere  a  leaf  is  placed  or 
to  tho  space  between  two  such  points.  (<■)  In 
gram.,  an  articulate  sound  or  utterance  ;  espe- 
cially, a  consonant,  as  ordinarily  affecting  and 
marking  syllabic  division. ~ Acromioclavicular 
articulation.  See  acromwclarieuUir.  -  Articulation 
of  a  science,  the  system  upon  which  its  parts  arc  jiut  tti- 
gctiiei-.  'Articulation  school  or  class,  a  .-icliooi  or  class 
in  wliicli  tile  deaf  and  dumli  are  taught  to  speak. —  Cla- 
vate  articulation.  See  eittrafe.— Harmonic  articu- 
lation.   See  iinruwiiic. 

articulative  (iir-tik'u-la-tiv),  a.  [<  articuhitc 
+  -ire]     I'ertaitiing  or  relating  to  articulation. 

articulator  (iir-tik'u-la-tor).  «.  [<  articulate, 
V.  t.,  +  -or.]  1.  One  who  artieidates.  (a)  One 
who  utters  or  pronoimces  words.  (6)  One  who 
articulates  bones  or  mounts  skeletons. — 2.  An 
apparatus  for  obtaining  the  correct  articulation 
of  artificial  sets  of  teeth. — 3.  A  contrivance 
for  preventing  or  curing  stammering. — 4.  An 
attachment  to  the  telephone,  producing  regu- 
larity nf  vibrations  and  smoothness  of  tone. 

articulatory  (iir-tik'u-la-to-ri),  a.  [<  articu- 
late +  -ory.]  Pertaining  to  the  articulation  of 
speech. 

articulus  (iir-tik'u-lus),  n.;  pi.  artieuU  (-15). 
[L.,  a  joint:  sco  article.']  A  joint ;  specifically, 
one  of  tho  joints  of  the  stem  of  a  crinoid. 

artiert,  "■    An  old  form  of  artery.    Marlowe. 

artifact   (iir'ti-fakt),  ».  and  a.     [<  L.  ar{t-)s, 
art,  +  factit.i,  made:  see /«<■/.]    I.  ».  1.  Any- 
thing made  l)y  art;  an  artificial  product. —  2. 
A  natural  olijoct  modified  by  human  art. 
Also  arUfactutii. 

II.  '(.  Not  nutm-al,  but  produced  by  manipu- 
lation, as  some  micxoscopie  feature  in  a  hard- 
ened tissue. 
Also  spelled  artefact.     [Bare  in  all  senses.] 

artifex  (iir'ti-feks),  n.  [L. :  see  arH/ce.]  An 
artificer.     [Rare.] 

artifice  (iir'ti-fis),  «.  [<  F.  artifice,  skill,  cun- 
ning, <  L.  artificium,  a  craft,  cmijloymeut,  art, 


327 

cunning  (ef.  artifex  (artific-),  artist,  master  in 
any  oceuiiation),  <  «r( (-).<,  art,  skill,  +  faecrc, 
make.]     If.  The  art  of  making. 

Strabo  altlnneth  the  Itritons  were  so  simple,  that  though 

they  abounded  in  milk,  they  had  not  the  arlijice  iif  cheese. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  312. 

2t.  An  ingenious  or  skilfully  contrived  work. 

The  material  utnverse,  which  is  the  artifice  of  God,  the 
artijiee  <jf  the  best  lueehanist. 

Cudworth,  Morality,  iv.  2,  §  13. 

Morality  is  not  the  ard^ic*?  of  ecclesiastics  oritolitieians. 

BiUiotheca  .facra,  S.LUI.  6;i8. 

3.  Skill  in  designing  and  emploj'ing  expedi- 
ents; artful  contrivance ;  address;  ti-ickory. 

Ilis  [Congrove's]  plots  are  constructed  without  much  ar^'- 
fice.  Craik,  Hist.  Eng.  Lit.,  IL  2.'i7. 

4.  A  crafty  device ;  an  ingenious  expedient ; 
trick;  shift;  piece  of  finesse. 

Those  who  were  conscious  of  guilt  employed  numerous 
artijiccd  for  the  purpose  of  averting  inquiry. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxi. 
=  Syn.  Artifice,  Mnnriurer,  Strataycin,  Wile,  Trick,  Ituxe, 
Fiucfise,  device,  contrivance,  cuiniing,  craft,  deception, 
cheat,  fraud,  guile,  imposition,  dodge,  subterfuge,  ihuiblc- 
dealing.  These  words  generally  imply  a  careful  endeavor 
to  compass  an  end  by  deceiving  (ithers,  not  necessarily, 
however,  with  evil  intent.  They  all  imply  nutmigenient 
and  address.  An  artifice  is  preparcil  with  art  or  care;  it 
is  craftily  devised.  Slanaeuvcr  suggests  something  more 
elaborate  or  intricate,  a  carefidly  contrived  movement  or 
course  of  action  fcir  a  defnnte  jiurpose  ;  it  is  the  (piiet  or 
secret  marshaling  of  one's  iutellectuid  <ir  other  resources 
to  carry  a  point.  Stratuyeui  is,  like  luauo'uecr,  a  figura- 
tive terra  drawn  from  war ;  it  is  upon  a  larger  scale  what 
wile  is  upon  a  smaller,  a  device  to  deceive  one  who  is 
the  object  of  an  imagined  warfare,  so  that  we  nmy  catch 
him  at  a  disadvantage  and  discomfit  him,  or,  nuire  gener- 
ally,  a  carefully  prepared  pl.an  to  carry  tine's  point  with 
another  —  to  capture  it  or  him,  so  to  speak.  A  wile  may 
be  peculiarly  coaxing  or  insinuating.  Trick  is  the  lowest 
and  most  dishonoral)le  of  these  words ;  it  nuiy  be  a  low 
or  underhand  act,  in  violation  of  honor  or  propriety,  for 
the  purpose  of  clieating,  or  something  as  bad.  A  ruse  is 
a  deception  of  some  elaliorateness,  inteiuled  to  cover  one's 
intentions,  help  one  to  escape  from  a  predicament,  etc.; 
it  is  a  plausil)le  way  of  bringing  atiout  what  we  desire 
to  happen,  without  apparent  interference  on  our  part. 
Fiiuisse  is  subtlety  in  action  ;  it  is  a  more  delicate  sort  of 
artifice.    See  artful,  evasion,  and/roi«/. 

A  favorite  artifice  [\vith  Venetian  beggars]  is  to  ap- 
proach Charity  with  a  slice  of  polenta  iu  one  hand,  and, 
with  the  other  extended,  implore  a  soldo  to  buy  cheese 
to  eat  with  the  polenta.  Howclls,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 

Pope  completely  sut^ceeded  |in  startling  the  public]  by 
the  most  subtile  'manoeueces  imaginable. 

J.  ir Israeli,  Quar.  of  Auth.,  11.  UK). 
This  gold  must  coin  a  atratagem, 
Which,  cunningly  effected,  will  beget 
A  very  excellent  piece  of  villainy. 

Sliak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  3. 
^\^^o  can  describe 
Women's  hypocrisies  !  their  subtle  wiles. 
Betraying  smiles,  feigned  tears,  inconstancies  ! 

Otwaif,  Orpheus. 
But,  Valentine  being  gone,  I'll  iiuickly  cro.ss. 
By  some  sly  trick,  blunt  Thurii»'s  dull  proceeding. 

•S/mi-.,  T.  t;.  of  v.,  ii.  0. 
The  departure  of  the  Mahrattas  was  a  ruse.  .  .  .  Their 
object  in   leaving  the  Carnatie  was  to  blind  Chunder 
Sahib,  and  in  this  they  fully  succeeded. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  Ind.,  p.  237. 

[Montluc]  was  not  provided  with  the  usual  means  which 

are  considered  most  efficient  in  elections,  nor  possessed  the 

interest  nor  the  splendor  of  bis  poweifnl  i ipetitors:  he 

was  to  derive  all  his  resources  from  diid iliejinemc. 

1.  VIsraeli,  Curios,  of  bit.,  IV.  261. 

artificer  (iir-tif'i-ser),  n.     [<  WE.  artificer  (cf. 

,mod.  I'\  artificicr,  maker  of  fireworks,  <  ML. 
artificiarius,  artist,  artisan),  <  L.  artificium : 
see  artifice  and  -crl.]  1.  A  maker;  a  construc- 
tor; a  skilful  or  artistic  worker;  a  handicrafts- 
man ;  a  mechanic. 

But  till  some  genius  as  universal  as  .'\ristotle  shall 
arise,  who  can  penetrate  into  all  arts  ami  sciences  without 
the  practice  of  them,  I  shall  think  it  reasonable  that  the 
judgment  of  an  artificer  in  his  own  art  should  be  preferable 
to  tile  opinion  of  another  man.  at  least  when  he  is  not 
bribed  by  interest,  or  prejudiced  liy  malice. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  All  for  Love. 

Horrible  ant-heaps,  thick  with  their  artiliecrs. 

11.  h.  Stevenson,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  2.'>1. 

2.  One  who  contrives  or  devises;  an  inventor; 
especially,  an  inventor  of  crafty  or  fraudulent 
artifices:  as,  ^'artificer  of  fraud,"  Milton,  P.  L., 
iv.  121;  "artificer  of  Ues,"  J^n/rffw  ;  "let  you 
alone,  cunning  «r?i^/!Cfr,"  Ii.  Joti.ioii. — 3.  Milit., 
a  soldier-medianic  attached  to  the  artillery 
and  engineer  service,  whoso  duty  it  is  to  con- 
struct and  repair  military  materials. — 4t.  One 
who  uses  artifice;  an  artful  or  wily  person. 
—  Artificers'  knot,  a  knot  ctnisisting  of  two  half-hitches 
that  jam  li-lit  when  pull.d.     See  knot. 

artificial  (iir-li-fish'al),  a.  and  «.  [<  ME.  arti- 
ficial, <  L.  artificiali.'i,  of  or  belonging  to  art,  < 
artificium,  art,  skill,  theory,  system,  etc. :  see 
artifice.]  I.  a.  If.  Of  "or  pertaining  to  art ;  in 
accordance  witli  the  rules  of  art ;  technical. — 
2.  Contrived  with  skill  or  art ;  artistically  done 
or  represented ;  elaborate. 


artificially 

It  [a  picture]  tutors  nature  :  artificial  strife 
Lives  in  these  t^»iu-hes,  livelier  than  life. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1. 
•Some  birds  build  highly  artificial  nests.  Couet. 

3.  Made  or  contrived  by  art,  or  by  human 
skill  and  labor:  oi)posed  to  utitural:  as,  arti- 
ficial heat  or  light;  an  artificial  magnet. 

That  is  the  pattern  of  his  father's  glory: 
Dwell  liut  amongst  us,  iixlustry  shall  strive 
To  make  another  artificial  nature. 
And  change  nil  other  sea.sons  int4»  ours. 

Dekker  and  Ford,  Sun's  Darling,  l^#l. 
All  artificial  sources  of  light  depend  upon  the  develop- 
ment of  light  during  incandescence.     Linmnel,  Light,  p.  2. 

4.  Made  in  imitation  of  or  as  a  substitute  for 
that  wliicli  is  natural  or  real:  as,  c(r/i'/iriV(i  pearls 
or  diamonds  ;  artificial  flowers. — 5.  Feigned; 
fictitious;  assumed;  affecteil;  constrained;  not 
genuine  or  natural :  said  of  things. 

I  can  .  .  . 
Wet  my  cheeks  with  artificial  tears. 
And  frame  my  face  Ut  all  occitsions. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

O  let  them  [the  linnets]  ne'er  with  artificial  imte. 
To  please  a  tyrant,  strain  the  little  bill. 
But  sing  what  Heaven  inspires,  and  wander  where  they  will. 

Beattie. 

The  whole  artificial  tlialect  of  books  has  come  into  play 
as  the  dialect  of  ordinary  life.  I)e  Quineey,  Style,  i. 

6.  Full  of  affectation ;  not  natural :  said  of  per- 
sons. 

Cities  force  growth,  and  make  men  talkative  and  enter- 
taiinug,  but  they  make  them  rtr^7"^'rt'-  Kmerson,  Fanning. 

7t.  Artful ;  subtle ;  crafty ;  ingenious. 
We,  Hermia,  like  two  artificial  gods, 
Have,  with  our  needles,  created  l>oth  one  flower. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

Artificial  argument,  in  rhct.,  an  argument  invented  by 
the  speaker,  in  distinction  from  laws,  authorities,  etc., 
wliicli  ale  called  inartifreiirf  arL'iinicnts  or  jir'tofs.  —  Arti- 
ficial CaOUtChOUC.  s.".  .■.„,„/<;,,,,„  Artlflclal  cinna- 
bar. Sec  .(„/„((«(,-.-  Artificial  classification,  in  out. 
fiist.,  a  mcth'ul  t)f  arrangeinent  !>>  a  fivv  prominent  points 
of  resemldauee  or  difference,  without  reference  to  natu- 
ral afiinities,  the  chief  object  being  convenience  and 
facility  of  determination.— Artificial  day.  Sec  day. — 
Artificial  gems,  imitations  of  gems,  made  nf  a  kind  of 
glass  called  p;Lste  or  strass,  mixed  with  metallic  uxids 
capaide  of  lu-odueing  the  desired  color.— Artificial  har- 
mony. Sec  A.irw.Div.- Artificial  horizon.  See /lori- 
2<oi.  — Artificial  light,  any  light  except  what  proceeds 
fivjiu  the  heavenly  bodies.  — Artificial  lines,  on  a  sector 
or  scale,  lines  so  contrived  as  to  represent  the  logarith- 
mic sines  and  tangents,  wliieh,  by  the  help  of  the  line  of 
numbers,  solvt;  with  tolerable  exactness  iinestions  in 
trigonometry,  navigation,  etc.  — Artificial  marble.  See 
will rWc— Artificial  meerschaiun.    See  i«.,,-,..A,ium.— 

Artificial  Xnineral,  a  mineral  matle  in  tile  l;d>oiat<'ry,  not 
by  processes  of  nature  alone.  —  Artificial  mother.  See 
ftrooAr.— Artificial  numbers,  logaritlims.— Artificial 
person.  See  j/i'/-.«oi.— Artificial  printing,  a  method 
of  printing  from  an  etched  plate  in  which  the  print  owes 
more  or  less  of  its  tone  to  the  way  in  whicli  the  ink  has 
been  spread  over  the  plate,  whetlier  by  playing  over  the 
surface  with  a  soft  inuslin  rag  rolled  together,  by  tinting 
with  a  stifif  rag,  or  l>y  wijiing  with  the  rag  only.  In  arti- 
ficial printing  dilfercnee  of  tone  is  also  obtained  by  in- 
creiusing  or  diminishing  the  pressure,  and  by  variety  of 
texture  in  the  ninslin  rags  used.  Also  called  artistic  print- 
III.'/— Artificial  sines,  tangents,  etc.,  the  logarithms  of 
th«  natural  siius,  taii;:enls,  etc. -Syn.  3.  .Manufactured. 
—  4  and  5.  Sliaiii,  preteiicled,  spurious.— 4-6.  Unnatural, 
etc.     See/«cf/f/ci/.«. 

II.  n.  1.  A  production  of  art.  Sir  W.  Petty. 
[Rare.]  —  2t.  An  artificer;  an  artisan. 

No,  sir,  ye  are  deceived,  I  am  no  peasant ;  I  am  Bunch 

the  botcher :  peasants  be  plouglnnen  ;  I  am  an  artificial. 

Wcltstcr  (?),  Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall,  iii.  h. 

artificiality  (iir-ti-fish-i-al'i-ti),  H.;  pi.  artifi- 
cialities (-tizj.  [<  artificial  +  -ity.]  1.  The 
quality  of  being  artificial ;  appearance  of  art ; 
insincerity. 

It  is  a  curious  coiumentary  on  the  «r/i7ictrt7i/i/  of  our 
lives,  that  men  must  be  disguised  and  masked  before  they 
will  venture  into  the  obscure  corners  of  their  individu- 
ality, and  display  the  true  features  of  their  nature. 

Lowell,  Fireside  T"ravels,  p.  55. 

2.  That  which  is  artificial ;  an  artificial  thing 

or  characteristic. 
artificialize  (iir-ti-fish'al-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
artijiciali:ctl,   ppr.   artificiali:iit;/.     [<  artificial 
+  -i;e.]     To  render  artificial.     [Rare.] 

It  has  artificialized  large  portions  of  mankind. 

J.  S.  Mill,  I'ol.  Econ.,  ii.  12. 

artificially  (iir-ti-fish'al-i),  rt(?i'.  1.  Inanarti- 
fieinl  manner;  liy  art  or  human  skill  and  con- 
trivance. 

Tho  entire  spot,  church,  mansion,  cottages,  and  people, 
fonn  a  piece  of  ancient  England  artificially  presencd 
from  the  intrusion  of  modem  ways. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  233. 

2t.  With  good  contrivance ;  with  skill  or  inge- 
nuity. 

A  grove  of  stately  trees,  amongst  nliich  are  sheepe, 
shepherds  and  wild  beasts,  cut  very  artificially  in  a  grey 
stone.  Erelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  17,  1644. 

The  spider's  web,  finely  and  artificially  wrought. 

TiUoUon,  Sermons,  I.  rv. 


artificially 

8.  Artfully;  craftily.     [Rare.] 

There  was  not,  peiimps.  in  all  Enj^rland  a  person  who 
nnilerstood  more  artijicialh/ 1<)  disguise  her  passions  than 
the  hite  <iueen.  '  Sii\t\,  Change  in  t^ueen's  Ministry. 

artificialness  (iir-ti-fish'al-nes),  n.  The  quality 

of  liciii^'  ;irtilieial. 

artificiOUSt  (iiv-ti-fisU'us),  a.  [<  F.  nrtifidrnx.  < 
\j.  iniitiiiosiis.  iiiail(>  with  art,  artiiieiiil,  <  iirli- 
Jicliim.'  art,  etc.:  see  arlijicc]  Same  as  arli- 
liciiil. 

aJttilizet  (iir'ti-Uz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  artilised, 
ppr.  urtUizing.  [<  OF.  arUaliscr,  make  artificial 
(Cotgi-ave),  as  if  <  "artial,  adj.,  <  art  +  -iaJ  : 
see  art,  -til,  -kc.  and  cf.  }iiitur-al-i:t'.  Cf.  also 
OF.  iirlillcr,  fortify,  equip,  also  prepare  or  do 
with  art:  see  (irtilicr.^  To  give  an  appearance 
of  art  to ;  render  artitiaial.     [Rare.] 

If  I  w.as  a  philosopher,  says  Jlontaigne,  I  would  natural- 
ize art,  instead  of  arlilizinij  nature.  The  expression  is 
odd,  hut  the  sense  is  good.  Bolingbnke,  To  Tope. 

artillert,  "•  [ME.,  also  m-tener,  <  OF.  urUllcr, 
artil/ici;  arteilUrinho  (irticuliii;  after  the  ML.) 
=  Sp.  artillcro  =  Pg.  arliUiciro  =  It.  artiglicrc 
(ML.  reflex  artUlcrus,  etc.),  <  ML.  *articid<iri- 
1(8  (cf.  OF.  ortiUer,  artiUier,  fortifj',  equip,  pro- 
vide with  artillery,  also  prepare  or  do  with  art, 
=  Sp.  (irtilJar  =  Pg.  artiUiar  =  It.  articiUarc, 
pro^^de  with  artillery,  <  ML.  *articularc),  < 
ML.  (irtkida,  art,  articuhuii,  art,  artifice,  skill, 
dim.  of  L.  «)•(/-).«,  art.  Cf.  engine  and  gin*,  ult. 
<  L.  ingeuiunt,  genius,  skill.  The  word  has 
also  been  referred  to  L.  articuhis  (>  OF.  urtcil, 
artoH),  a  joint,  dim.  of  L.  artus,  a  joint,  which 
is  closely  related.]  A  maker  of  implements  of 
war.  especially,  a  bowyer. 

artillerist  (iir-tire-rist),  n.     [<  artillery  +  -/,«(.] 

1.  A  jierson  skilled  in  designing  and  construct- 
ing artillery. 

Our  artiUerijits  have  paid  more  attention  ...  to  the  de- 
structive properties  ...  of  eannon  than  to  .  .  .  range. 
R.  A.  Proctor,  Light  .Seience,  p.  256. 

2.  One  skilled  in  the  use  of  artillery;  a  gun- 
ner ;  an  artilleryman. 

artillery  (ar-til'e-ri),  n.  [<  ME.  artylerye,  ar- 
ti/lric,  (irtilric,  tirtelric,  etc.,  <  OF.  artillcrie, 
arteillerie  =  Pr.  iirtilheria  =  Sp.  artilJcria  =  Pg. 
artilharia  =  It.  artiglicria  (ML.  reflex  nrtilln- 
ria,  artilleria),  <  ML.  as  if  *artici(laria,  tern,  ab- 
sti'act  to  *articularii(S :  see  artiUer  and  -cry.'] 
If.  Implements  of  war :  in  this  sense  formerly 
with  a  plural. 

With  toures  suelie  as  have  castiles  and  other  nianer  edi- 
fices, and  aiTuure,  and  artilries. 

Chaucer,  Tale  of  Melibeus. 
In  particular —  2t.  Engines  for  discharging  mis- 
siles, as  catapidts,  bows,  crossbows,  slings,  etc. 

And  Jonathan  gave  his  artillery  unto  his  lad,  and  said 
unto  him,  Go,  carry  them  to  the  city.  1  Sam.  xx.  40. 

The  Parthians,  having  all  their  hope  in  artillery,  over- 
came the  Romans  of  tener  than  the  Romans  them.  Ascham. 

3.  In  modern  use,  properly,  all  firearms  dis- 
charged from  carriages,  in  contradistinction  to 
small  arms,  which  are  discharged  from  the 
hand;  cannon;  ordnance.  Guns,  howitzers,  and 
mortars  are  the  three  kinds  of  artillery  employed  in  the 
land  service  of  the  United  States.  They  are  elassitied  as 
light  and  ht-avy  artillery,  according  to  their  character,  and 
as  JiHd,  Kiege,  and  sea-coast  artillery,  according  to  their 
principal  use.    See  phrases  below. 

Hence — 4.  The  particidar  troops  employed  in 
the  service  of  such  firearms. —  5.  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  use  and  management  of  ord- 
nance— Artillery  fire.  See  yirc— Field-artillery. 
Same  as  tiglit  artUlcrg,  but  often  used  speritieally  iov  J'not- 
artillerg,  the  heaviest  class  of  field-artilk-ry.  — Flj-ing  ar- 
tillery, artillery  designed  for  very  rapid'evohitinns,  tlic 
gimners  being  either  all  mounted  or  accost  (inn  (1  (■'rideuji- 
on  the  annnuuition-chests  when  the  iiieccs  are  ti  >  Ik  i  ii  a.'^ed 
IroiEi  one  part  of  the  Held  to  another.— Foot-artillery, 
field-artillery  which  is  served  by  artillerymen  on  fmit,  .as 
distinguished  tnrm  linrse-.artilleVv.  It  is  used  in  coiniec- 
tion  with  infantr,\. -Heavy  artillery,  all  artillery  not 
formed  int.)  liatterics  or  ecpiiiPixd  for  field  evolutions;  it 
is  divided  into  siege  and  uta-coast  artillerii. — Horse-ar- 
tillery,  light  field-  or  machine-guns,  of  which  the  can- 
noneers in  manieuvering  or  marching  are  mounted  on 
horseli.uk.  It  generally  accompanies  cavalry.  —  Light 
artillery,  artillery  for  service  in  the  field.  It  is  organized 
into  Ipatteries,  and  is  arined  with  guns  of  ilitterent  cali- 
bers according  to  its  s]icriul  tnuetiun.  and  with  machine- 
guns,  and  includes  llyijig  artillerv,  foot- or  field-artillery, 
horse-artillery,  and  moujitaiu  artillery.  Also  called  field- 
orti/ferj/.— Mountain-artillery,  light  artillery  of  small 
caliber,  used  in  uii.uiitaiu  warfare,  and  mounted'  either  on 
light  carriages  (jr  on  paik-auim,als  for  transp.irtation.— 
Park  of  artiUery.  See  park  —  Royal  regiment  of  ar- 
tillery, a  collei:t]ve  name  for  the  whole  of  the  artillery 
belcMiging  to  the  liritish  army.  This  force  is  divided  into 
a  nundicr  of  l.riga.Us,  which  in  respect  of  size  would  cor- 
respond with  the  r.gimenls  into  which  the  other  forces 
are  divided.—  Sea-COast  artillery,  artillery  consisting  of 
guns  of  the  heaviest  caliber,  used  for  the  anuament  of  per- 
maneTit  wcu-ks.  ehielly  i»n  the  sea-coast.  Their  carriages  do 
not  suliserve  the  ptnpose  of  transportation.  Ft>ur  distinct 
systems  of  mounting  are  used  with  such  artillery,  name- 
ly, the  mye-,  the  casemate-,  the  iMriettc-,  and  the  mortar- 


328 

carria/je. —  Siege-artillery,  artillery  n.sed  !n  attacking 
fortifle<i  places,  and.  when  it  arcompanies  armies  in  their 
operations  in  war,  UKunited  on  carriages  for  transiiorta- 
tion ;  when  employed  in  the  dereiise  of  ik-ld-\Mirlxs  it  is 
sotuctiniescallefI.^mrri.s-<»/(-r(;v ///(■/■//.  Train  of  artillery, 
a  nundpd'  of  piece?,  of  orilmmce,  nioinit<-d  on  carriages, 
Willi  all  their'  Inriiiture,  ami  reaily  for  nuirehing. 

artillery-carriage  (iir-til'e-ri-kar"aj),  m.  See 
giin-rnrriaiji . 

artillery-level  (iir-tire-ri-lev"ol),  n.  An  in- 
strumi'nt  for  indicating  the  angle  of  elevation 
whicli  it  is  desired  to  give  to  a  piece  of  artillery 
in  aiming,  it  is  made  to  stanil  on  the  piece,  and 
marks,  by  means  of  a  pendulous  pointer,  the  angle  made 
by  the  axis  of  the  piece  with  the  horizon. 

artilleryman  (iir-til'o-ri-man),  h.;  pi.  artillery- 
nun  (-men).  [<  artillery  +  man.]  One  who 
serves  a  piece  of  artillery  or  eannon;  a  soldier 
in  the  artillery  corps. 

artillery-plant  (iir-tire-ri-plant),  n.  A  name 
given  to  some  cultivated  species  of  Pilea,  as  P. 
serpyllifoUa  and  P.  museosa,  natives  of  tropi- 
cal Ainerica.  The  name  has  allusion  to  the  forcible 
discharge  of  the  pollen  from  the  antliers  by  the  sudden 
straightening  of  the  elastic  tilameiits. 

artimorantico  (itr-ti-mor-iin-te'ko),}!.  An  alloy 
imitatin.g  old  gold,  composed  of  tin,  bismuth, 
sulphur,  and  copper. 

artiodactyl,  artiodactyle  (ar"ti-9-dak'til),  a. 

and  n.  [<  NL.  artiodaetylii.s,  <  Gr.  apnoc,  even  in 
number,  complete,  perfect,  exact  (<  apri,  just, 
exactly,  just  now,  <  ■/  *''ft  Joiu>  fit?  redupl. 
pres.  apapianeiv:  see  art'i,  arm^,  etc.),  -I-  (!(i/>T«?iOf, 
a  finger,  toe:  see  dactyl.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  A  rtiorlactyla  ;  cloven-footed ;  even- 
toed.     Also  arliodiictyliiKS. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Arliodactyla. 
Artiodactyla  (ilr"ti-6-dak'ti-ia),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
ueut.  ]il.  oi  iirtiodactylus:  see  artiodactyl.]  An 
order  or  a  suborder  of  ungulate  or  hoofed  mam- 
mals which  are  cloven-footed  or  even-toed  and 
have  hoofs  in  pairs  (either  two  or  fotu'),  as  all 
ruminants  (Borida;  Ccrvidw,  etc.)  and  hog-like 
ungulates  (Rippopotamidce,  Suidce,  etc.):  op- 
posed to  odd-toed  ungulates  or  Pcrissodac.tyla, 
as  the  horse,  rhinoceros,  tajiir,  etc.  The  charac- 
ter indicated  in  the  name  i.s  only  <ine  expression  of  a  wide 
difference  which  exists  between  "all  the  living  tuigulates  of 
the  two  series  named,  though  various  extinct  forms  go  far 
toward  bridging  o\'er  the  gaji  between  them.  The  func- 
tional digits  of  tile  Arliiiiliiftiita  are  the  third  and  fourth 
of  the  typical  petitadaetyl  foot,  forming  tlie  i>air  of  large 
true  hoofs,  in  addition  to  which  there  may  be  present  a 
pair  (second  and  fifth)  of  smaller  hoofed  digits,  the  false 
hoofs.  The  metacarpals  and  metatarsals  are  coiTespond- 
ingly  modified,  in  t>'pieal  eases  by  the  reduction  of  the  lat- 
eral cues  (second  anil  fiftlil  and  the  ankylosis  of  the  en- 
larged third  and  fom'th  into  a  stout  single  canon-bone. 


A  Ji  C 

Artiodactyl  Feet. 

j4,  y a\i  {£i}s  ^rituniens).  B,  tJloose  [Alecs  tnaichis).  C,  Peccary 
[Dicotytes  torquatus).  iLeft  fore  foot  of  each,  s,  scaphoid;  /,  lu- 
nar :  c,  cuneiform  :  t,  trapezoid  :  >n,  magnum  ;  ii,  unciform  ;  /, 
pisifonn  ;  //,  ///.  li',  V,  second,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  digits :  i, 
proximal  phalanx  ;  2,  median  phalanx  ;  3,  ultimate  phalanx.  The 
fifth  digit  of  moose  is  moved  outward  to  show  its  length.  In  Bos  and 
AUes  metacarpals  ///  and  IP'  are  fused  in  a  single  canon-bone. 

There  are  also  modifications  of  the  carpal  and  tarsal  bones. 
The  femur  has  a  third  trochanter.  The  dorsttluuibar  ver- 
tebra) are,  in  general,  19;  dorsal  1'2-ir..  lumbar  7-4.  The 
premaxillary  bones  are  more  or  less  llattcned  toward  their 
ends,  and  in  the  ruminants  bear  no  teeth.  The  stomach 
is  more  or  less  sulMlividcd  and  comjilex.  This  gi'oiip  in- 
cludes all  the  ungulate  (Mot  the  solidungnlate,  however) 
animals  domesticated  from  timeimnicmorial.asthc  rumi- 
nants and  the  pigs,  all  the  wild  mini  nan  ts.  as  the  deer  and 
anttdopes,  and  tlie  peccaries  and  hipiiopotamnses. 

artiodactyle,  a.  and  ».     See  artiodactyl. 

artiodactylous  (ar"ti-o-dak'ti-lus),  a.  [As  ar- 
liddiictyl  +  -oKs.]     Sariie  as  artiodactyl. 

artisan  (iir'ti-zan,  in  England  often  iir-ti-zan'), 
«.  [Also  flrfc«H;  <  F.  artimn,  earlier  ncfwicH, 
artist,  =  Sp.  artesayio  =  Pg.  artcmo  =  It.  arti- 
giano  (ML.  reflex  artcsanm),  <  ML.  *artitiantis, 
<  L.  artitn.i,  skilled,  pp.  of  artire,  instruct  in 
arts,  <  ar( <-)»•,  art,  skill:   see  art".]      1.    One 


artless 

skilled  in  any  art,  mystery,  or  trade;  a  handi- 
craftsman; a  mechanic. 

The  painter  wlm  is  content  with  the  praise  of  the  world 
in  respect  to  what  does  not  satisfy  himself,  is  not  an  artist, 
but  an  ar^Vrtn.  Allston. 

The  soldier  was  on  a  sudden  converted  intf>  an  nrtisan, 
and,  instcail  of  war,  the  camp  echoed  with  the  sounds  of 
lu-aceful  labor.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  I.  15. 

2t.  One  skilled  in  a  fine  art ;  an  artist. 

Best  and  liappiest  artisan. 

Best  of  painters.  Guardian. 

artist  (iir'tist),  «.  [<  F.  artiste  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  ar- 
tista,  <  ML.  arti.sta,  <  L.  ar{t-).^,  art:  .see  art-  and 
-ist.]  It.  A  person  of  especial  skill  or  ability 
in  any  field;  one  who  is  highly  accomplished; 
especially,  one  versed  in  the  liberal  arts. 

The  wise  and  fool,  the  artist  and  unread. 

,S7mi.,T.  andC,  i.3. 
Some  will  make  me  the  pattern  of  ignorance  for  mak- 
ing this  Scaliger  [Julius  C.xsar)  the  pattern  of  tlie  general 
artist,  whose  own  son  Joseph  might  have  been  his  father 
in  many  arts.  Fuller. 

2.  One  skilled  in  a  trade ;  one  who  is  master 
of  a  manual  art ;  a  good  workman  in  any  trade : 
as,  a  tonsorial  artist.  [Obsolete,  colloquial,  or 
vulgar.] 

WTien  I  made  this  an  rtrti',s(  undertook  to  imitate  it,  but 
using  another  way,  fell  much  short.  Neuton. 

"  You  shall  have  no  cause  to  rue  the  delay,"  said  the 
smith,  "  for  your  horse  sh.all  be  better  fed  in  the  mean- 
time than  he  hath  been  this  morning,  and  made  fitter  for 
travel."  With  that  the  artist  left  the  vault,  and  returned 
after  a  few  minutes  interval.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  ix. 

3.  One  who  practises  any  one,  or  any  branch, 
of  the  fine  arts ;  specifically,  a  painter  or  a 
sculptor. 

Miss  Sharp's  father  was  an  artist,  and  in  that  quality  had 
given  lessons  of  drawing  in  iliss  P.'s  school. 

Tiiackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  I.  ii. 
Love,  unperceived, 
A  more  ideal  artist  he  than  all, 
Oame,  drew  your  pencil  from  you. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

4.  A  member  of  one  of  the  histrionic  profes- 
sions, as  an  actor,  a  tenor,  or  a  dancer. —  5.  In 
utiiversities,  a  student  in  the  faculty  of  arts. 

—  6t.  One  who  practises  artifice;  a  trickster, 
artiste  (iir-tesf),  n.    [F.,  an  artist:  see  artist.] 

One  who  is  peculiarly  dexterous  or  skilful  in 
the  practice  of  some  art  not  one  of  the  line 
arts;  one  who  makes  an  art  of  his  employ- 
ment, as  a  dancer,  a  hair-dresser,  or  a  cook: 
same  as  artist,  2  and  4. 

artistic  (ilr-tis'tik),  a.  [<  F.  artistique,  <  artiste: 
see  artist  and  -ic]  Pertaining  to  art  in  any 
sense,  or  to  artists  ;  characterized  by  or  in  con- 
formity with  art  or  with  an  art ;  displaying  per- 
fection of  design  or  conception  and  execution  ; 
specifically,  pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
art  in  the  esthetic  sense ;  pertaining  to  one  of 
the  fine  arts. 

To  be  artistic,  that  is,  to  excite  the  feeling  of  beauty 
effeitnally.  the  notes  [of  a  song)  must  not  he  all  forte  or 
all  jiiaiio  ;  and  the  exccnti'.'n  is  the  finer  the  more  numer- 
ous the  eradatioiis  —  supposing  these  are  such  ;is  to  satisfy 
other  retiuiremeiits.  //.  SpeiKer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  537. 
Artistic  printing,  in  etelww,  same  as  artificial  print- 
ing  (which  see,  under  artificial). 

artistical  (iir-tis'ti-kal),  a.    1.  Same  as  artistic. 

—  2t.  Produced  by  art;  artificial, 
artistically  (ar-tis'ti-kal-i),  adv.     In  an  artistic 

manner. 

artist-like  (iir'tist-lik),  a.  1.  Befitting  an  ar- 
tist.—  2.  E.\ccuted  in  the  manner  of  an  artist; 
conformable  to  the  rules  of  art. 

To  this  tlay,  though  we  have  more  finished  drawings,  we 
have  no  designs  that  are  more  artist-like. 

Wheurll,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  xvii.  2. 

artistry  (iir'tis-tri),  n.    [<  artist  +  -ry :  see  -ery.] 

1.  Artistic  pm'suits  collectively.     Browning. — 

2.  Artistic  workmanship  or  effect;  artistic 
quality. 

The  scene  overbowered  by  these  heavenly  frescoes, 
moldering  there  in  their  airy  arttstrg  ! 

II.  ..latnes,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  20S. 

Artium  Baccalaureus  (iir'ti-um  bak-a-la're- 
usl.  [ML.,  XL.]  Bachelorof  Arts.  See  haclielo'r. 

Artium  Magister  (iir'ti-um  ma-jis'ter).  [ML., 
XL.]     Master  of  Arts.     See  master. 

artizet  (iir'tiz),  r.  [<  art-  +  -/,-f.]  I.  trans.  To 
form  by  art. 

II.  inlrans.  To  live  by  or  exercise  an  art. 
7'7()  )•('(). 

artless  (iirt'les),  a.  [<  art"  -)-  -les.9.]  1.  Un- 
skilful ;  wanting  art,  kni^-ledge,  or  skill. 

The  high-shoeil  plowman,  shouW  he  <iuit  the  land,  .  .  . 
Artless  of  stars,  and  of  the  moving  saml. 

Tlniden.  tr.  of  I'crsius,  Satires,  v.  140. 

In  early  times  very  little  that  resembles  modern  joinery 
was  known  ;  every  part  was  rude,  anil  joinetl  in  the  mt>st 
artless  mauner.  £ncyc,  Brit.,  IV.  4S5, 


artless 

2.  Without  knowledgo  of  art ;  ignorant  nf  tlio 
fine  arts.     [Kare.] 

And  us  for  Mr.  Jluskin's  world  of  art  being  a  place 
where  he  may  take  life  easily,  woe  to  the  lnckles.s  mortal 
wlio  enters  it  with  any  sueh  disposition.  .  .  .  The  jioor 
wanilei-er  soon  he^'ins  t<»  look  haek  with  itillnite  loathing 
to  thelo.st  paradise  of  the  artle^tt. 

II.  Jaiiifs,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  I'laeos,  p.  fi8. 

3.  Showing  no  artistic  skill ;  inartistic  ;  nide. 
[Bare.] 

Had  it  been  a  practice  of  the  Saxons  to  set  up  these 
assemblages  of  arlle.^:^  and  nia.ssy  pillars,  more  specimens 
wonld  have  remained.       T.  Wartoii,  llist.  of  KiddiUKton. 

4.  Free  from  guilp,  craft,  or  stratagem ;  simple ; 
sincere;  unatt'cclcd;  uudcsiguing;  uiisopliisti- 
cated:  as,  an  (O^/cs-.s  mind. 

The  little  artless  lloscy  warbled  on  her  pretty  ditties. 
Thacki'-raii,  The  Newcomes,  II.  5S. 

=  Syn.  4.  (luihlcss,  open,  candid,  frank,  natural,  unaf- 
fcrtid,  in^'t  liuous,  sinilile-miniled,  nunc,  Imuest. 

artlessly  (arl'les-li),  adv.  In  an  artless  man- 
ner. («)  Without  art  or  skill.  [Kare.]  (/<)  Witli- 
out  guile ;  naturally ;  sincerely ;  unaffectedly. 

.Some  buds  she  arranj;ed  with  a  va.st  deal  of  care, 
To  look  as  if  artlessly  twined  in  her  hair. 

Lowell,  Fable  for  Critics. 

artlessness  (iirt'les-ucs),  «.  The  quality  cd' 
being  artless;  simplicity;  sincerity;  imallect- 
edness. 

artlyt  (iirt'U),  a.  [<  art^  +  -ly^.']  Artistic; 
skilful;  artful.     [Rare.] 

Tlieir  arth/  and  ple.asins  relation. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  ix.  212. 

artocarpad  (iir-to-kar'pad),  n.     A  member  of 

the  tribe  Artiicarpete.  Limlky. 
Artocarpeae  (ar-to-kilr'pe-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
tdt'aijiHK,  q.  v.]  '  A  tribe  of  trees  or  shrubs 
uiuler  tlie  natural  order  rrticacetc,  but  by  some 
botanists  retained  as  a  distinct  order,  cliarac- 
terized  generally  by  a  milky  juice,  small  uni- 
sexual flowers  mimerous  upon  a  fleshy  recep- 
tacle, erect  anthers,  and  pendulous  ovrdes. 
There  are  about  2.'*  genera,  including  the  tig  {Fiei/.^).  tlie 
co\v-troG(Iirosinium),  the  upas  (Antiaris),  the  iiulia  i  iil'bi  r 
tree  of  Central  America  (Castilloa),  and  the  breadlinit 
(ArtoeariJus).  The  tribe  is  mostly  tropical,  and  is  repre- 
sented in  the  United  States  only  by  a  few  species  of  Ficus 
in  sonthern  Florida. 

artocarpous,  artocarpeous  (ar-to-kiir'pus, 

-pe-us),  (I.  [<  NL.  Arl<jc(ii-ptis  +  -oiis,  -eous,  q.  v.] 
Relating  to  the  Artocarpew,  or  to  the  breadfruit- 
tree. 

Artocarpus  (iir-to-kiir'pus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aiJTur,  bread  (of  unknown  origin),  +  Kap~6(;, 
fruit.]  A  genus  of  tropical  trees,  natural  order 
Vrticacew,  tribe  Artocarpete.  iiany  species  aie 
known,  some  of  which  in  the  forests  of  Bengal  and  Slala- 
bar  yield  valualjle  timber,  called  aiufili-wood.  The  most 
important  species  is  A.  incisa,  the  breadfruit-tree  of  the 
.South  Sea  islands.  See  hreadfruit-tree.  The  jaca.tree  or 
jack-tree,  A.  intefinfoUa,  is  the  breadfniit  of  tropical  Asia, 
where  it  is  extensively  used  for  food,    iiee  jacl-fruU. 

artolatert,  «.  [<  Gr.  apror,  bread,  +  -?mtpk, 
worsliiji.   Seeartolatr;/.']    A  worshiper  of  bread. 

artolatryt  (iir-tora-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  aproc,  bread, 
-f-  AuTpiia,  worship.]  The  worship  of  bread, 
especially  in  the  mass  or  eucharist. 

artole  (iir'to-le),  «.  An  East  Indian  weight, 
equal  to  !•()  grains  troy. 

artophorion  (iir-to-fo'ri-on),  H.;  pi.  artophoria 
(-il).  [Ur.  apTtxiiptov,  a  p>'x,  a  bread-basket 
(cf.  apTo<j>6poi,  holding  bread),  <  a/irof,  bread,  -l- 
-<p6pni;,  <  (fiipnv  =  E.  6e«rl.]  In  the  Or.  Ch.,  a 
]iv.\.     .f.  M.  Xeale,  Eastern  Church,  i. 

artotype  (ilr'to-tip),  h.  [IiTcg.  <  ari^  +  type.'] 
A  form  of  photolithograph  printed  in  ink  from 
a  photographic  plate  in  biehromated  gelatin. 

artotypy  (iir'to-ti-pi),  «.  The  art  or  process 
of  making  artotj'pes. 

Artot3n:ite  (Ur-to-ti'rit),  n.  [<  LL.  Artoiyrita; 
pi.,  <  (ir.  apTOTvpo^,  bread  and  cheese,  <  apror, 
bread,  +  rvpoc,  cheese.  Cf.  hutUr.']  One  of  a 
sect  in  the  primitive  church  who  used  ))read 
and  cheese  in  the  eucharist,  alleging  that  the 
first  oblations  of  man  were  tlie  fruits  of  the 
earth  and  the  produce  of  their  flocks.  They 
admitted  women  to  the  priesthood  and  to  the 
ejiiscopate. 

artsman  (arts'man),  H. ;  pi.  artsnwn  (-men). 
[<  art's,  poss.  of  arf^,  +  man.  Cf.  cra/te»m«.] 
A  man  skilled  in  an  art  or  in  the  arts ;  espe- 
cially, a  learned  man;  a  scholar.     [Archaic] 

The  pith  of  all  sciences  which  maketh  the  arLtiiian  differ 
from  the  inexpert  is  in  the  middle  proposition. 

Bacon,  .\dvancemeut  of  Learning,  II.  xili.  §  2. 
The  triumphs  of  an  artsman 
O'er  all  infirmities. 

Massint/cr,  Emperor  of  the  East,  iv.  i. 

No  artsman  is  literally  without  conscious  and  systema- 
tized, selected  knowledge,  which  is  science  ;  and  no  scien. 
tiflc  man  can  remain  al'solutcly  inoperative. 

Dr.  J.  Brown,  Spare  lloiu-s,  aU  ser.,  p.  195. 


Walcc-robin  ( Arum  maculatu 


329 

art-union  (iirt'u-nypn),  «.  An  a880<'iation  or 
society  the  object  of  which  is  to  cultivate  art, 
to  aid  in  extending  the  knowledge  of  and  love 
for  the  arts  of  design,  or  to  givtt  encouragement 
and  aid  to  artists.  The  method  employed  by  associa- 
tions called  art-unions  luis  been  usually  the  distrilaition 
of  works  of  art  by  lot  among  8Ui)scribers  to  their  funils, 
this  distribution  being  the  chief  indmrenient  for  subscrip- 
tion. Sneli  art-tmious  were  at  one  lime  numerous  in  the 
United  States,  but  they  were  generally  declared  by  the 
courts  to  be  of  the  nature  of  l<,tteries,  ami  therefore  illegal. 

artus  (iir'tus),  «.;  pi.  artiis.  [L.,  a  joint,  a 
limlj:  see rtr((c?e.]  lnrtH«^,  alimb;  a  member; 
an  extremity — Artus  abdomlnalls,  artus  pelvi- 
CUS,  artus  posticus,  the  abd imd,  pell  ie,  or  hind  lindi. 

—  Artus  antlcus,  artus  pectoralls,  tlie  fore  limb,  ur 

pecloiid  linil). 

art-wormt,  »■  [As  art{cr)  +  u-orm.']  Same  as 
tirti  y. 

Arum  (a'rum),  n.  [L.,  also  (iron,  <  Gr.  hpnv, 
tlie  wake-robin.]  1.  Agenus  of  jilants,  initural 
order -Iraccfr,  na- 
tives of  Europe 
and  of  regions 
I)ordering  on  the 
Mediterranean. 
Tile  only  British  spe- 
cies is  ,1.  inaeulat uiit 
(wake-robin,  cuckoo- 
pint,  or  lords-and- 
ladies),  the  root  of 
which  yields  a  starch 
known  as  Portland 
sago  or  arrowroot. 
See  also  cut  under 
.4  raceir. 

2.  [(.  c]  A  name 
given  in  the 
Uidted  States  to 
plants  belonging 
to  the  order  Araccw,  but  not  to  the  genus 
Arum  (although  some  of  them  were  formerly  so 
classed),  as  the  arrow-arum  {I'eltandra  Virqini- 
ca),  the  dragon-arum  (Aristvma  Dracontimn), 
and  the  water-arum  {Calla  2Mlttstris). 
Arundelian  (ar-un-de'lyan),  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  n  Earl  of  Arundel,  particiilarly  to  Thomas  How- 
ard, Earl  of  Arundel  and  of  Norfolk  (1592-164G). 

—  Arundelian  ' t  Arundel  marbles.    See  marble. 
arundiferous  (ai-im-dif 'e-rus),  a.     [<  L.  anm- 

difcr,  harundifcr,  cane-bearing,  <  hariitidOjTaed, 
cane,  +ferre  =  E.  bear^.]  Producing  reeds  or 
canes. 

arundinaceOUS  (a-run-di-nii'shius),  a.  [<  L. 
aruiidiitaccus,  liurtiiidinacciis,  like  a  reed,  <  ha- 
rimdo  {-diti-),  a  reed,  cane.]  Pertaining  to  a 
reed ;  resembling  a  reed  or  cane. 

Arundinaria  (a-nm-di-na'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Aruiiilo  {Aruiidin-)  +  -aria.']  A  genus  of  tall 
woody  grasses,  allied  to  the  bamboo,  ineliid- 
ing  about  25  species  of  America  and  Asia. 
A.  macrosperma,  the  cane  of  the  soutliern  United  States, 
and  A.  tecta,  the  small  or  switch  caTie,  are  the  only  bam- 
busaeeous  species  that  are  fouud  in  North  America  north 
of  Mexico.  The  cane  ranges  from  Texas  to  Kentmky  and 
Virginia,  occupying  rich  river-bottoms  and  fonning  dense 
cane-lirakes.  It  grows  to  a  height  of  from  10  to  -10  feet, 
rarely  proilueing  seed.  It  is  used  for  tishing-rods  and  va- 
rious other  purposes,  and  cattle  and  hogs  are  fond  of  the 
young  plants  and  the  seeds. 

arundineous  (ar-un-din'e-ns),  a.  [<  L.  aruiidi- 
nciix,  lianiiidhicus,  reedy,' like  a  reed,  <  haruiido 
(-dill-),  a  reed.]     Kesembling  a  reed;  reedy. 

Arundinicola  (a-nm-di-nik'o-la),  II.  [NL.,  < 
\j.  iininilti,  hariiiido  (-din-),  reed,  +  eolere,  in- 
hal)it.]  A  genus  of  South  American  claina- 
torial  passerine  binis,  of  the  family  Tyraiiiiida: 
A.  Uucoaiihala  and  A.  domiiiimna  are  two  Bra- 
zilian species.     Lafrcsiiayc,  1839. 

arundinose  (a-run'di-nos),  a.  [<  L.  aniiidiiio- 
««.*,  better  haruiidinosiis,  aboimding  in  retnls,  < 
hariiiido  (-din-),  a  reed.]     Aboimding  in  reeds. 

Arundo  (a-nm'do),  H.  [L.  ariindo,  better  ha- 
rinidn,  a  reed,]  A  genus  of  tall  reedy  grasses, 
with  large,  dense  flowering  panicles.  There  are 
6  or  7  Bjieeies,  widely  distributed  over  the  globe,  of  which 
A.  Donax  is  the  most  common,  a  native  of  the  south  of 
Europe,  Egypt,  and  the  East,  and  also  found  in  the 
wanner  parts  of  America.  It  is  sometimes  cultivated, 
and  attains  a  height  of  !l  or  10  feet,  or  even  naue,  with 
broad  and  long  leaves.  Its  canes  or  stems  are  imported 
from  Spain  and  Portugal  for  the  use  of  weavers  and  for 
llshing-rods.  .,,    , 

antra  (a-ro'rii),  n.  [<  Gr.  apovpa,  tilled  or  arable 
land,  groimd',  a  measvu-e  of  land  in  Egypt,  < 
apijnv,  plow,  =  L.  arare,  plow:  see  arable.]  An 
ancient  Eg>-ptian  measure  of  surface,  accord- 
ing to  Herodotus  the  square  of  100  cubits, 
which  would  l)e  27.n,')  ares,  or  0.G76  of  an  Eng- 
lish acre.  Under  Roman  rule  in  Egypt  another  arura 
was  established,  e(|Ual  to  2  jugera,  which  was -'g'' of  the 
old  iirurii.     .Msi>  spilfcd  aronra. 

aruspex,  aruspice  (a-rus'peks,  -pis),  «.;  pi. 
arii.spiriH  (-pi-sez).     See  liaru.9pex. 
anispicy  (a-rus'pi-si),  n.     See  haritsjncy. 


ary 

arval',  arvel  (ilr'val,  -vel),  n.  and  a.  [Now 
only  dial. ,  also  arvil'nnd  arerill,  formerly  arvall, 
iirri'll,  <  ME.  arvell  (cf.  equiv.  \V.  arui/l,  appar. 
adapted  from  the  E.),  appar.  <  Iccl.  erfiol  =  VHw. 
arriil  =  Dan.  arrciil,  a  ^vake,  a  funeral  feast  (cf. 
Icel.  erfi  and  er/dlia-ijidr,  the  same),  <  Icel.  arj'r 
(=  Sw.  arj'=  Dan.  arv  =  AS.  crfc,  yrfe),  inheri- 
tance, +  (il,  an  ale,  a  feast:  see  ale,  and  cf. 
bridal.]    I,  m.  A  funeral  feast ;  awake. 

II.  a.  Connected  ^vith  or  relating  to  funeral 
celebrations. 
The  maiTiago  and  arval  gatherings  after  the  summer. 
Kncyc.  Brit.,  XII.  «-20. 

arval-  (iir'val),  a.  [<  L.  arvali.'i,  <  arriim,  a  field, 
prop.  neut.  of  arru-f,  that  has  been  ploweil,  < 
arare,  plow:  seo  arable.]  Pertaining  or  relat- 
ing to  arable  or  plowed  land Arval  Brethren  or 

Brothers  {l-atin,  Frntres  Arvales),  a  college  uominally  of 
twelve  priests  in  ancient  Home,  who  ottered  sacrillces, 
with  a  tlxcd  ceremonial,  to  the  rural  goddess  Dia.  Tho 
lists  of  tliem  never  give  more  than  inne  names,  but  the 
college  was  supposed  to  have  been  instituted  by  Komnlus 
with  twelve  members,  consisting  of  himself  and  his  eleven 
foster-brothers,  sons  of  his  mtrse  Aeca  Laurentia.  <^nc  of 
their  priTicijial  duties  wjis  the  animal  performance  of  the 
pui'lic  aTuharvalia  <m  tiu!  borders  of  the  country,  at  tho 
same  time  with  the  privato  ones.  See  ambarvalta.  Tho 
college  existed  till  about  A.  I>.  400. 

arvel,  «.  and  «.    See  arval^. 

Arvicola  (iir-vik'o-lji),  )(.  [NL.,  <  L.  arrum.  a 
field,  aralile  land  (see  anml"),  +  eolere,  inhabit.] 
The  central  and  tj-jneal  genus  of  the  subfam- 
ily Arrieolina;  containing  the  great  Imlk  of  the 
species  which  have  perennial  prismatic  molars, 


Meadow-mouse  {^rvitola  riparim). 

tmgrooved  incisors,  and  no  special  peculiarity 
of  the  tail  or  claws.  The  best-known  species  are  the 
water-vole  and  field-vole  of  Europe,  .1.  amphitiius  and 
A.  a\ireslis,  and  several  ntcadow-mice  of  North  .-Vmerica, 
as  .1.  ripariu.f,  A.  aitsteru.^,  and  -4.  pinetorum. 

arvicolid  (ilr-vik'o-lid),  n.     Same  as  arrieoline. 

Arvicolidae  (iir-vi-kol'i-de),  H.  ;)/.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
rieiila  -I-  -ida:]  The  Arrieolina;  rated  as  a  fam- 
ily.     Uaterlioiise,  1840. 

Arvicolinae  (iir-^•ik-o-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NTj.,  < 
Arrieolii  +  -ina:]  One  of  several  subfamilies 
into  which  the  family  Miirida-  is  divided,  it 
contains  those  nmrinc  rodents  which  (except  Erotomys) 
have  the  following  characters :  perennially  growing, 
prismatic,  rootless  molars,  with  flat  crowns  and  serrato 
periphery;  incisors  usually  broader  transversely  than  in 
the  opposite  direction  ;  the  root  of  the  under  incisor  some- 
times causing  a  protuberauce  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
nnouiibnlar  ramus  between  the  condyloid  process  and 
the  strong  banndate  angle  of  the  mandible,  which  latter 
attains  tlie  level  of  the  molar  crowns;  the  zygoniata  high 
and  wiile.  not  dipping  to  the  level  of  the  arched  palate, 
and  the  na-sal  bones  not  produced  beyond  the  preuuixil- 
larics;  and  the  dent,al  formula  of  10  teeth,  there  lieing  I 
incisor  ami  ;i  nndai-s  on  each  side  of  each  jaw,  without 
any  canines  or  premolars.  The  Arn'rolimT  are  specially 
characteristic  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  are  very 
abundant  in  high  latitudes.  They  include  all  kinds  of 
voles  or  field-mice  properly  so  called,  the  water-rat  of 
Europe,  the  meadow-uuce  of  .\nieriea,  the  lenmiiiigs,  the 
muskrat,  etc.  The  leading  genera  are ;  F>otom;is  (Cones), 
Armenia  (l.ac»-pt-de>  with  its  several  subdivisions,  Si/iiap- 
lomi/s  (Baird),  Miiuiles  (Pallas),  Cunictilii'^  (Wagler),  and 
Filler  (Cuvicr),     The  species  are  very  numerous. 

arvicoline  (iir-vik'o-lin),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  ar- 
rieoli  II  !!.•<:  ace  Arrieolina:]  I.  a.  1.  Inhabiting 
fields. —  2.  In  :o()l.,  having  the  characters  of 
the  Arrieolina: 

II.  «.  A  rodent  of  the  subfamily  Aifiedlince. 
Also  called  arrieolid. 

arvlcolous  (ar-\'ik'o-lus),  a.  Same  as  arrieo- 
line, 1. 

arwet,  ».  A  Middle  English  form  of  arroic. 
Cliaiieer. 

ary  (ar'i  or  er'i),  a.  [Formerly  also  ery,  a  modi- 
fication of  e'er  a  for  erer  a  (with  eirr  m  a  gen- 
eralizing sense)  towanl  any,  of  which  ary  is 
now  regarded  as  a  dial.  form.  Cf.  the  negative 
vary.]  Any:  as,  I  haven't  seen  ary  one  of 
them.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 


-ary 

-ary'.  [L.  -drius  (fom.  -aria,  nout.  -dritim),  >  It. 
-ario,  -njo,  Sp.  Pg.  -ario,  OF.  reg.  -air,  jisually 
-irr,  -rr  (>  MK.  -cr,  E.  -cr,  q.  v.;  in  somo  cases 
-ar",  q.  v.),  later  partly  restored  -aric,  mod.  F. 
-aire.  Cf.  -«ci/-.l  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  oc- 
curring (1)  in  adjectives,  as  in  arhitrunj,  con- 
trari/,  primary,  sccoiidari/,  sumptuary,  etc.,  a!id 
(2)  m  nouns  denoting  either  (n)  per.sous,  as 
antii/uarji,  (ipathicary,  not/try,  secretary,  etc., 
or  (li)  tilings,  ns  books,  -nTitin'gs,  etc.,  as  in  dic- 
tioiuiry,  (jhssary,  breviary,  diary,  vocabulary, 
formulary,  etc.,  or  (c)  places,  repositories,  etc., 
as  in  apiary,  f/raiiary,  piscary,  liln-ary,  reli- 
quary, sanctuary,  etc. 

-ary2.  [L.  -dris  (neut.  -arc),  >  It.  -are,  Sp.  Pg. 
-ur,  OF.  reg.  -cr,  -jcr  (>  ME.  -er,  mod.  E.  restored 
-ar'i,  q.  v.),  later  -aire,  mixed  with  -aire,  E. 
-ary^A  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  another  form 
of  -ar^,  oceiUTing  in  adjectives,  as  auxiliary, 
capilkiry,  cremplary,  military,  salutary,  etc., 
some  of  which  are  also  nsed  as  nouns,  as  auxili- 
ary, capillary,  military, j^ta. 

Arya  (ar'ya),  n.  [Ski.  Arya :  see  Aryan."]  Same 
as  Aryan. 

But  besides  these  An/as  there  were  also  the  Dasyiis, 
of  wliom  we  learn  little  but  that  tlu'y  wtre  dark  in  coni- 
plexi(ui  and  constantly  at  war  with  the  Aritas. 

J.  huhs'Hi,  Hinduism,  p.  13. 

Aryan  (iir'yan  or  ar'ian),  a.  and  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten Arian,  after  L.  Ariaiius,  belonging  to  Ariana 
or  Aria,  Gr.  'Apcia,  'Apia,  or  "Apia,  the  eastern  part 
of  ancient  Persia,  <  Skt.  A  rya,  the  name  by  which 
the  Sanskrit-speaking  immigrants  into  India 
called  themselves,  iu  distinction  from  the  abo- 
rigines of  the  coimtry,  whom  they  called  JDasyu, 
Siidra,  etc.  The  ancient  Persians  gave  them- 
selves the  same  title  (OPers.  Ariya,  Zend  Ai- 
rya) ;  and  it  appears  in  the  name  of  their  coim- 
try, Airyaiia  or  Iran  :  see  Iranic.  There  are  no 
traces  of  the  word  to  be  found  outside  of  these 
two  races.  Its  origin  is  obscure  and  disputed  ; 
there  is  no  probability  that  it  has  anything  to 
do  with  a  root  *ar,  plow.]  I.  a.  Of  or"^ertain- 
ing  to  the  Ai-yans  or  to  their  speech.     See  11. 

Our  faith,  our  customs,  our  language,  were  all  but  frag- 
ments of  the  primitive  Aryan  stock  common  to  Rome  and 
Germany.  E.  A,  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  118. 

II.  »(.  1.  A  member  of  the  eastern  or  Asiatic 
division  of  the  Indo-European  family,  occupy- 
ing the  territories  between  Mesopotamia  and 
the  Bay  of  Bengal,  in  the  two  subdivisions  of 
Persia,  or  Iran,  and  India.  (This  is  the  older,  more 
scientific,  and  still  widely  current  use  of  the  word.  More 
recent,  but  increasingly  popular,  is  the  second  use.] 
2.  An  Indo-European  or  Indo-German  or  Ja- 
phetite ;  a  member  of  that  section  of  the  hu- 
man race  which  includes  the  Hindus  and  Ii-aui- 
ans  (Persians)  as  its  eastern  or  Asiatic  division, 
and  the  Greeks,  Italians,  Celts,  Slavonians,  and 
Germans  or  Teutons  as  its  western  or  Euro- 
pean division.  The  languages  of  all  these  branches 
or  groups  of  peoples  are  akin  ;  that  is  to  say,  they  are  de- 
scendants of  one  original  tongue,  once  spoken  in  a  limited 
locality  by  a  single  community,  but  where  or  when  it  is 
impossible  to  say. 

Many  words  still  live  in  India  and  England  that  have 
witnessed  the  first  separation  of  the  northern  and  south- 
ern Aryans,  and  these  are  witnesses  not  to  be  shaken  by 
any  cross-examination.  The  terms  for  God,  for  liouse,  for 
father,  mother,  son,  daughter,  for  dog  and  cow,  for  heart 
and  tears,  for  axe  and  tree,  identical  in  all  the  Indo-Euro- 
pean idioms,  are  like  the  watchwords  of  soldiers.  We 
challenge  the  seeming  stranger ;  and  whether  he  answer 
vith  thelips  of  a  Greek,  a  German,  or  an  Indian,  we  rec- 
ognize him  as  one  of  ourselves.  There  was  a  time  when 
the  ancestoi-s  of  the  Celts,  the  Germiins,  the  Slavonians, 
the  Greeks  and  Itahans,  the  Persians  and  Hindus,  wire 
liring  together  beneath  the  s.ame  roof,  separab  fr.ijii  the 
ancestors  of  the  Semitic  and  Turanian  races.    Max  MulUr. 

Aryandic  (ar-yan'dik),  a.      Originating  with 

Aryandes,  Persian  satrap  of  Egypt,  condemned 

to  death  by  Darius  for  coining  silver  finer  than 

that  of  the  great  king  himself.— Aryandic  coin, 

a  coin  struck  by  Aryandes. 
Aryanize  (ar'yan-iz  or  ar'iau-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret. 

and  pp.  Aryanized,  ppr.  Aryanizing.     [<  Aryan 

+   -ise.'\     To  render  Aryan   in  character  or 

appearance;   impart    Aryan  peciiliarities    to. 

[Rare.] 
European  artists  who  have  not  lived  among  the  African 

race  sometimes  try  their  hands  at  a  pretty  negress,  but 

they  always  Aryanize  the  type. 

O.  Allen,  Physiol.  ^Esthetics,  p.  241. 
aryballus  (ar-i-bal'us),  ii. ;  pi.  arybalU  (-i).    [< 

Gr.  iipvjia'lAoi,  a  bag  or  purse  made  so  as  to  draw 

close,  a  vessel  so  shaped.]     In 

archccol.,  a  form  of  Greek  vase. 

Probably  in  ancient  times  this  name 

w;is  applied  to  a  large  vase  with  a 

small  neck,  used  for  carrying  water  to 

the  bath.    In  modern  archaeological 

nomenclature,  it  generally  denotes  a 

small  vase  sliaped  like  a  ball,  witli  a 

short  neck  and  a  small  orifice  sur-     Archaic  Aryballus. 


3.30 

rotmded  by  a  I)road  flat  rim,  used  like  the  alab.astruni  in 
anointing  tile  liody  witji  oil. 
aryepiglottic  (ari-ep-i-glot'ik),  (/.      [<  ary(te- 
tioid)  +  cjii(ilottic.']     Same  a,s  arytcno-epiylottic. 

Folds  of  mucous  niendtrane,  extending  from  the  epi- 
glottis  to  the  arytenoid  cartilages,  are  the  aryepij/lottic 
ligaments.  UuxU-y,  Aiiat.  Vert.,  p.  y3. 

aryepiglottidean  (ar-i-ep"i-glo-tid'e-an),  a. 

Same  as  (iri/tcnd-cpii/lottic. 
aryteno-epiglottic  (ar-i-te"n6-ep-i-glot'ik),  a. 
[<  arytcni)(i<l)  -(-  cjii(/lotlic.'\  In  anat.,  pertain- 
ing to  the  arytenoid  cartilages  and  the  epiglot- 
tis— Aryteno-epiglottic  fold,  one  of  two  folds  of  mu- 
cous meinbiarie  passing  from  tlie  tips  of  the  ai-ytenoid 
eartil;i:.^es  ami  the  cornicula  laryngis  to  the  lateral  margins 

of  tlle  el.i;jl..tti<. 

aryteno-epiglottidean  (ar-i-te"n6-ep"i-glo- 
tid'e-an),  /(.  [<  arytcno-cpitjlottidcus  +  -an.] 
Same  as  aryti  no-ejiij/lnttic. 

aryteno-epiglottideus  ( ar-i-te  "n6-ep"i-glo-tid  '- 
O-us),  H. ;  pi.  arytcn(i-cpi<iloltidci  (-i).  [NL.]  The 
name  of  one  of  two  pairs  of  small  muscles  of  the 
larynx  extending  from  the  arytenoid  cartilages 
to  or  toward  the  epiglottis — Aiyteno-eplglotti- 
deus  inferior,  muscular  fiiiers  arising  fr-nn  tlir  .\y\  ti uoid 
cartilages  and  spreading  out  upon  the  lar\ri-eal  pnneh, 
which  is  cunipressed  I'y  the  aetieui  of  the  iniiseb'.  Also 
calleil  ciimpresxur  sarcuii  {riniihiix.—  Aryteno-ejiiglotti- 
deus  superior,  a  few  nniseuiar  filiei^,  extending  from  tlie 
apex  of  tile  ai'jteiinid  cartilages  to  the  aryteno-epiglot- 
tidean fold  "i  uMic'iis  iiieiiibrane. 

arsrtenoglottidean  (ar-i-te"n6-glo-tid'e-an),  a. 
Same  as  aryteno-epiglottic. 

arjrtenoid  (ar-i-te'noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  ary- 
tcenoides,  <  Gr.  apvTatroei<'i>/c A  apiTaiva,  fem.  form 
of  apvTi/p,  a  ladle  or  cup  (<  apveiv,  draw  water),  + 
elSoc,  form.]  I.  a.  Ladle-  or  cup-shaped:  in 
anat.,  applied  to  two  small  cartilages  at  the  top 
of  the  larjTix,  and  also  to  the  muscles  connect- 
ed with  these  cartilages — Arytenoid  cartilages. 
See  cartiia.w.— Arytenoid  gland.  See  yia/ul— Aryte- 
noid muscle.  Same  as  aryte noideus. 
II.  n.  An  arytenoid  cartilage. 

arytenoidal  (ar"i-te-noi'dal),  a.  Same  as  ary- 
tenoid. 

arytenoideus  (ar'-'i-te-noi'de-us),  «.;  pi.  aryte- 
noidei  (-1).  [NL.:  see  arytenoid.]  The  aryte- 
noid muscle,  a  muscle  of  the  larynx  passing 
transversely  behind  the  arytenoid  cartilages 

from  one  to  the  other Arytenoideus  major,  the 

arytenoideus.— Arytenoideus  minor.  Same  as  ar_«(f. 
)ioicie«.s  o6i!'(/«j(s.— Arytenoideus  obUquus,  two  small 
oblique  bundles  of  mus<iilar  libeis  crossing  behind  the 
arytenoid  cartilages,  rei^aided  as  parts  rd  the  aryteno-epi- 
glottidean muscles.— Arytenoideus  transversus,  the 
arytenoideus. 

as^  (az),  adv.,  conj.,  and  2>ron.  [<  JIE.  as,  ase, 
als,  alse,  also,  aha,  alswa,  al  so,  al  swa,  <  AS. 
alsivd,  ealswd,  eal  swd  (=  OS.  also  =  OFries. 
as,  ase,  asa,  als,  alse,  ulsa  =  D.  als  =  OHG. 
also,  MHG.  aho,  alse,  G.  also,  eds),  lit.  '  all  so,' 
whoUy  so,  quite  so,  just  so,  being  the  demon- 
strative adv.  so,  qualified  by  the  intensive  adv. 
all.  As  a  demonstrative,  the  word  retains  its 
full  form  (see  also) ;  as  a  relative  or  coiTelative, 
the  word,  through  weakening  of  force  and  ac- 
cent, has  been  reduced  to  as.  As  is  thus  his- 
torically so  with  an  absorbed  intensive,  whose 
force  has  disappeared ;  and  it  has  all  the  rela- 
tional uses  of  so,  the  difl'erences  being  only  idio- 
matical.  The  peculiar  form  and  uses  of  as  have 
arisen  out  of  the  correlation  so  ...  so  (AS.  swd 
.  .  .  swd,  or,  without  separation,  swd  swd),  in 
which  both  terms  were  orig.  demonstrative. 
The  second  term  passed  into  the  relative  use, 
and  the  first,  remauiing  demonstrative,  was 
strengthened  by  the  adv.  all  (AS.  eal  swd  .  .  . 
swd).  The  second  term,  as  a  relative,  became 
weak  in  accent,  and,  after  asstmiing  the  prefix 
all  in  conformity  to  the  first,  was  gradually  re- 
duced, through  also,  alse,  als,  ase,  to  as,  to  which, 
iu  turn,  the  first  term  in  many  constnictions 
conformed.  The  resulting  eon-elations  so  .  .  . 
so,  so  .  .  .  as,  as  .  .  .  so,  as  .  .  .  as,  through 
involution  of  uses,  transposition  of  clauses,  and 
ellipsis  of  one  or  the  other  term,  extending  often 
to  the  whole  clause,  present  in  mod.  E.  a  com- 
plication of  constructions  which  cannot  be  fully 
exhibited  except  at  great  length,  and  in  con- 
nection with  the  earlier  uses.  They  are  also  in- 
volved with  the  kinilred  correlations  such  .  .  . 
as  (such  being  historically  so,  mth  an  absorbed 
relational  suiBx)  and  same  .  .  .  as,  in  which 
the  relative  conj.  as  varies  with  that,  and  leads 
to  the  use  of  as  as  a  simple  relative  pronoun.] 
I.  adv.  (demonstrative ov  antecedent).  The  ante- 
cedent in  the  correlation  as  .  .  .  .so,  or  as  .  .  . 
as:  In  that  degree;  to  that  extent;  so  far.  The 
correlation  as  ...  so  is  obsolete ;  as  .  .  .  as  is  in  ex- 
tremely common  use,  being,  besides  ti/ce,  the  regular  for- 
mula of  comparison  to  express  likeness  or  equality:  ,as,  as 
black  as  jet,  as  cold  at  ice,  Oi  wise  as  Solomon,  etc. ;  the 


as 

verb  in  the  relative  clause,  wlien  the  same  as  in  the  prin- 
cipal clause,  being  usually  omitted :  as,  it  is  a«  cold  04 
ice  (sc.  is) ;  come  as  soon  as  you  can  (sc.  come). 

He  was  al  so  [var.  also,  als,  as\  fresche  an  is  the  monetb 
of  Mai.  Cliaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  »i 

Lo  !  wliielte  sleightes  and  subtiltccs         % 
In  wonimen  ben  !  for  ay  as  bisy  as  bees 
Ben  they,  vs  sely  men  for  to  <leceyve. 

Cliaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  Prol.,  1.  i. 

We  [Americans]  use  these  words  (faitli  and  hope]  as  if 
tliey  were  as  obsolete  as  Selali  and  Amen. 

L'imrsan,  Man  the  Reformer. 

The  relative  clause  is  often  omitted,  especially  in  collo- 
quial speech,  being  inferred  from  the  antecedent:  as,  this 
will  do  as  well  (sc.  as  that) ;  I  would  as  lief  walk  (sc.  as 
ride). 

The  bad  man  shall  attend  as  bad  a  master. 

Fletctier,  Wife  for  a  Month,  v.  3. 

1  will  be  temperate 
In  speaking,  and  as  just  in  hearing. 

Beau,  anil  FL,  I'hilaster,  iv.  3. 

These  scruples  to  many  perhaps  seem  pretended,  to 
others,  upon  as  good  grounds,  may  seem  real. 

Milton,  Eikonokla£tes,  xi. 

The  appointment  of  a  regidar  wit  has  long  ceased  to  be 
a  part  of  the  economy  of  a  ni'-niing  j.aper.  Editors  And 
their  own  jokes,  or  do  as  well  witbuut  them. 

Lamb,  Newspapers  35  Years  Ago. 

II.  cowj.  (conjunctive  or  relative  adv.).  1.  The 
consequent  in  the  correlations  as  .  .  .  as,  so 
.  .  .  as,  such  .  .  .  as,  same  .  .  .  as,  etc.,  ex- 
pressing quantity,  degree,  proportion,  manner, 
etc.  The  relative  uses  are  as  exhibited  in  I.  (where  see 
examples).  Through  ellipsis  of  the  antecedent,  it  enters 
into  many  peculiar  idiomatic  phrases. 

No,  'tis  not  so  deep  as  a  well,  nor  so  wide  as  a  church- 
door  ;  but  'tis  euough,  'twill  serve. 

Sfiak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

His  resolutions  were  as  fained  as  his  vows  were  frus- 
trate. Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxv. 

The  results  of  this  campaign  were  ajJ  honorable  to 
Spain  as  they  were  disastrous  and  humiliating  to  Louis 
the  Twelfth.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  13. 

Tlie  clauses  may  he  transposed  for  emphasis. 

As  thy  days,  so  shall  thy  strength  be.      Deut.  xxxiii.  25. 

.<lf  it  is  iu  particular  persons,  £0  it  is  in  nations. 

Baton,  Atheism. 

The  antecedent  as  is  often,  and  so  is  usually,  omitted :  as, 
black  a^  jet;  cold  as  ice ;  do  as  you  like. 

The  motions  of  his  spirit  are  dull  as  night, 
And  his  atfections  dark  as  Erebus. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  v.  1. 

I  desire  no  titles. 
But  as  I  shall  deserve  'em. 

Fletclier  (and  another'?).  Prophetess,  ii.  3. 

Black  it  stood  as  night. 
Fierce  as  ten  furies,  teri'ible  as  hell. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  071. 

I  live  as  I  did,  I  think  as  I  did,  I  love  you  as  I  did. 

Sieift. 

It  is  in  criticism,  as  in  all  other  Sciences  and  Specula- 
tions. Addison,  Spectator,  N'o.  291. 

In  parenthetical  clauses  involving  a  concession,  the  rela- 
tive as  (the  antecedent  being  omitted)  may  be  equivalent 
to  though :  as,  late  as  it  was,  we  set  forth  on  our  journey. 

Trite  as  the  counsel  was,  ...  in  this  emergency  it  was 
to  me  as  if  an  angel  had  spoken. 

Lamb,  Amicus  Redivivus. 

Neither  the  arguments  nor  entreaties  of  his  friends, 
backed  as  they  were  by  the  avowed  wishes  of  his  sover- 
eign, could  overcome  his  scruples. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  5. 

In  parenthetical  clauses  involving  a  contrast  or  negation 
as  to  fact  with  the  principal  clause,  as  approaches  an  ad- 
versative sense,  being  nearly  equivalent  to  tntt. 

Had  I  but  time,  (as  this  fell  sergeant.  Death, 
Is  strict  in  his  arrest,)  O,  I  could  tell  you, — 
But  let  it  be.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

I  must  confess  I  lov'd  her ;  as  who  would  not? 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  v.  7. 

In  subordinate  clauses  involving  a  supposition,  as  is  con- 
tlitional,  being  equivalent  to  as  if,  as  though,  which  are 
the  ordinary  forms.  This  use  is  now  rare  or  only  poetical 
except  in  the  independent  phrase  as  it  were.  (See  phrases 
below.) 

It  lifted  up  its  head,  and  did  address 

Itself  to  motion,  like  as  it  would  speak. 

tShak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

And  all  at  once  their  breath  drew  in. 

As  they  were  drinking  all. 

Colerittge,  Ancient  Mariner,  1.  165. 

The  young  lambs  bound 
As  to  the  tabor's  sound. 
Wordsworth,  Intimations  of  Immortality. 

The  clause  introduced  by  n.?  may  be  reduced  by  ellipsis  of 
its  verb  and  other  elements  to  one  or  two  important  words, 
leaving  as  as  a  quasi-connective  :  (a)  Between  an  adverb 
or  adverbial  phrase  in  the  principal  clause  and  an  adverb 
or  aiiverbial  phrase  constituting  tlie  subordinate  clause. 

It  suffices  me  to  say  .  .  ,  that  men  here,  as  elsewhere, 
are  indisposed  to  innovation.  Emerson,  Lit.  Ethics. 

(Ii)  lUtweeii  (he  principal  verb  or  its  subject  and  the  sub- 
ordinate siilijeet  or  object,  which  lieeonies  equivalent  to  a 
predicate  ai*positive  or  factitive  object  after  the  principal 


as 

verb,  as inoaniiiK  ' after  tliouiaimer  of," '  the  same  as,'  'Hkc.' 
'in  the  cliiinu-ter  or  capacity  of,'  etc.:  as,  tlie  audi(Micc 
rose  at(  one  man  :  all  these  things  were  an  nothint;  to  hitu  ; 
he  Iiaa  been  nominated  an  a  can<li(iate.  Henee  in  eon- 
strnctions  where  the  ajipoaitive  elanse  depends  directly 
tipon  tile  noun  :  as,  his  career  an  a  soldier  wjus  brilliant ; 
liis  leimtation  an  a  scholar  stiiiuis  high  :  ami  so  in  naming 
phases  of  a  general  subject :  as,  Washington  an  a  gen- 
eral ;  man  an  a  thinker.  The  construction  as  a  ipuisi- 
predieate  appositive  or  factitive  object  after  a  principal 
verb  is  usual  after  verbs  of  seeming  or  regarding. 

Evil  was  endirac'il  for  good,  wickedness  houour'd  and 
csteem'd  an  virtue.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

That  law  which  euncernetli  men  an  men. 

Ilimker,  Eccles.  Pol. 

This  gentlenum  was  known  to  his  contemporaries  an  a 
man  of  fortune,  and  an  the  author  of  two  successful  plays. 

Macaalay, 

Our  age  is  bewailed  an  the  age  of  Introversion. 

Emerson,  Anier.  Scholar. 

The  subordin;ite  <  lanse  introduced  by  as-  is  often  not  de- 
pendent gi;Mtniiatie;i]iy  upon  the  iiiin<ipid  verb,  t.utservcs 
to  restrict  or  determine  the  »in)pe  of  the  st;ileinent  as  a 
whole.  Such  clauses  are  parenthetical,  and  usually  ellipti- 
cal, some  of  them,  as  «.s'  iininit  ;ind  nt  a  rule,  having  almost 
the  idiomatical  unity  of  an  advcrlpial  phrase. 

Thcstreets  were  narrow,  as  is  usual  in  Moori.sh  and  Arab 
cities.  Irvini/,  firanada,  p.  'J. 

In  eertiiin  emphatic  formulas,  an  ("even  as')  introduces  a 
solenni  attestation  ('  iis  truly  or  surely  as')  or  .adjuration 
{*  in  a  manner  berttting  the  fact  that '),  approaching  a  cau- 
sal sense,  'since,  because.'    (See  2,  below.) 

But  truly  an  the  Lord  liveth,  and  as  thy  soul  liveth,  there 
is  but  a  step  between  me  and  death.  1  Sam.  .\.\.  3. 

>'ow,  an  you  are  a  Roman,  tell  me  true. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 
An  ever  thou  lov'st  valour,  or  wear'st  arms 
To  punish  baseness,  shew  it ! 

Bfan.  and  FL,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  4. 

2.  Of  reason :  Since ;  because ;  inasmuch  as. 
lie  who  would  persuatle  us  of  his  sorrow  for  the  sins  of 

other  men,  an  they  are  sins,  not  as  they  are  sin'd  against 
himself,  must  give  us  ftrst  some  testimony  nf  a  sorrow  for 
ills  own  sins.  Milton,  Eikounklastes,  viii. 

An  the  wind  was  favorable,  I  had  an  opportunity  of  sur- 
veying this  annizing  scene.  Bp.  Berkrlf;/. 

3.  Of  time :  When ;  while ;  during  the  time  that. 

And  whistled  as  lie  went  for  want  of  thought. 

Dryden,  Cymon  and  Iphigenia,  1.  S5. 
An  day  broke,  the  scene  of  slaughter  unfolded  its  hor- 
rors. Irving,  Granada,  p.  !J7. 

4.  Of  purpose  or  result :  The  consequent  in  the 
correlations  so  .  .  .  as,  such  ...  as ;  To  such 
a  degree  that ;  in  such  a  manner  that :  followed 
by  an  infinitive  or,  formerly,  by  a  finite  verb 
(but  in  the  latter  construction  that  has  taken 
the  place  of  as). 

So  many  examples  as  filled  xv.  bookes. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemastcr,  p.  157. 

The  relations  are  so  uncertain  as  they  require  a  gi-eat 
deal  of  examination.  Bacon. 

Indeed  the  prospect  of  affairs  here  is  so  strange  and 
melancholy,  as  would  make  any  one  desirous  of  withdraw- 
ing from  the  country  at  any  rate.  ilatne. 

With  a  depth  no  gi-eat  as  to  make  it  a  day's  journey  from 
the  rear  to  the  van,  and  a  front  so  narrow  as  to  consist  of 
one  giui  and  one  horseman.         Kinglakc,  Crimea,  III.  ix. 

5.  Of  mere  continuation,  introducing  a  clause 
in  e.xplanation  or  amplification  of  a  word  or 
statement  in  the  principal  clause,  especially  in 
giving  examples:  For  example;  for  instance; 
to  wit;  thus. 

Winter  birds,  as  Woodcocks  and  fieldfares.  Bacon. 

A  simple  idea  is  one  idea;  as  sweet,  bitter.  Locke. 

6.  In  dependent  clauses :  That.  Formerly  as 
was  often  attached,  like  that,  to  the  adverbs  there,  then, 
where,  when,  etc.,  to  make  them  distinctly  relative.  'I'hesc 
forms  are  now  obsolete,  except  whereas,  which  remains  in 
a  delleitc-d  sense.  See  whereas.  From  this  interchange 
with  tliai  followed  the  use  of  as  for  that,  in  introducing 
an  object  clause  after  saif,  know,  think,  etc.,  varying  with 
an  that  aiii\  as  hour  only"  in  dialectal  use :  as,  I  don't  know 
as  I  do',  and  I  don't  know  as'  I  do,  the  sense  varying  with 
the  accent,     [t'olloq..  New  Eng.] 

"  Dunnow'zl  know:"  the  nearest  yoiu- true  Yankee  ever 
comes  to  acknowledging  ignorance. 

Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  2d  scr. 

7.  After  comparatives :  Thau.  [Now  only  prov. 
Eng.;  cf.  G.  als,  the  regular  construction  after 
comparatives.] 

Uow  may  the  lierte  be  more  eontryte  and  meke  as  whan 
of  very  contryeiou  ...  we  aske  mercy  and  forgyueness  of 
almyghty  god?  Bp.  Finher,  I.  210. 

Darkness  itself  is  no  more  opposite  to  light  as  their 
actions  were  diametricall  to  their  words. 

Ilouill,  Parly  of  Beasts,  p.  48. 

I  rather  like  him  an  otherwise.    Scott,  St.  Roniui's  Well. 

8.  Before  certain  adverbs  and  adverbial  phrases, 
including  prepositional  phrases:  Even;  just: 
restricting  the  application  to  a  particular  point : 
as,  «.«  now,  ((.s-  then,  as  yet,  as  here,  as  there, 
etc.  [Xow  only  tlialectal,  except  as  yet.  See 
phrases  below.] 

There  is  no  Christian  duty  that  is  not  to  be  seasoned  ami 
set  uU  With  chcerialmess  —  which  iu  a  thousand  outward 


331 

and  intennitting  crosses  may  yet  be  (lone  well,  an  In  this 
vale  of  tcai-9.  Milton. 

heard  ari  to-morrow. 
Warburton. 


liefore  punishment  he  was  to  b< 


Hefore  iirepositioiial  i)hrases  an  becomes  attacheii  in 
thought  to  the  preposition,  imiking  practically  a  new 
prepositional  unit.  Seeaxa/i.'/i^,  as  concernimj,  an  for, vie, 
below.— As  anent,  as  concerning,  as  touching,  more 
eoimnonly  as  for,aa  to,  so  lar  as  it  eoneerns;  as  regards; 
as  respects;  in  regard  to;  in  respect  to;  introducing  a 
particular  point  or  subject  of  thought. 

And  in  regard  of  causes  uow  iu  hand. 
Which  1  have  open'd  Ui  his  grace  at  large, 
An  tonrhinij  France.  Shak.,  lieu.  V.,  i.  1. 

.S'lr  A.  .lack  !  .lack  !  what  think  you  of  blooming,  love- 
breathing  seventeen  'i 

Alls.  An  to  that,  sir,  I  am  quite  indilTerent.  If  I  can 
please  you  iu  the  matter,  'tis  all  I  desire. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  1. 

As  if,  as  though,  a.s  it  would  be  if,  or  supp<isi]ig  that. 

It  seemed  to  the  affrighted  inhabitants  as  if  the  fiends 
of  the  air  had  come  upon  the  wings  of  the  wind,  and  pos- 
sessed themselves  of  tower  and  turret. 

Jrrintj,  Granada,  p.  21. 

I'liiided  alike  from  sunshine  and  from  rain, 

An  thoufjh  a  rose  should  shut  and  be  a  bud  again. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes. 

As  It  were,  as  if  it  were  so ;  in  some  sort ;  so  to  speak :  a 
Iiareiitbetieal  el.-inse  iiidieating  that  a  statt'iuent  or  com- 
parisuTi  is  admitted  t(  1 1 'i-  inexact,  though  substantially  c«jr- 
rect  for  tile  jiiirpose  intended. 

Brutus,  that  expcH'd  the  kings  out  (tf  Rome,  was  for  the 
time  f(U-c't  to  be,  an  it  were,  a  king  hiinself  till  matters 
were  set  in  order  as  in  a  free  ('oimminwealth. 

Milton,  I'relatical  Episcopacy. 

As  much,  what  amounts  to  the  same  thing  ;  the  same. 
But  if  you  l.augh  at  my  rude  carriage 
In  peace,  I'll  do  an  much  for  you  iu  war 
Wheu  you  come  thither. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  1. 

As  ■well (as),  just  as  much  (as);  eipially  (with);  in  addi- 
tion (to);  besides;  as,  that  is  true,  but  it  is  true  of  the 
other  an  well ;  this  is  the  case  with  manufaetm-ing  as  well 
an  with  agricultural  interests. 

Ill  order  to  convict  Pcacham  it  was  necessary  to  flntl 
facts  as  well  as  law.  Macaulaii,  l-ord  Bacon. 

As  who,  as  one  who  ;  as  if  one:  as,  as  who  should  say.— 
As  yet,  so  far ;  up  to  this  time ;  hitherto.— Forasmuch, 
inasmuch.    See  these  words. 

III.  rcl.pron.  That ;  who ;  which :  after  ««c/j 
or  same,  and  iutrodueing  an  attributive  clause : 
as,  he  did  not  look  for  such  a  result  as  that ; 
he  traveled  the  same  route  as  I  did. 

They  tear  religion  with  siieh  a  fear  an  loves  not. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.  3. 

Iln  this  use  also  formerly  after  that,  thin,  what ;  now  dia- 
lectally  or  vulgarly  also  after  a  personal  pronoun,  or,  by 
omission,  as  a  simple  relative  dependent  on  a  noun. 
That  gentleness 
And  show  of  love  as  I  was  wont  to  have. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

I'nder  these  hard  conditions,  as  this  time 

Is  like  to  lay  upon  us.  Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

Here  I  do  bequeathe  to  thee 

In  full  possession  half  that  Kendal  hath. 

And  what  as  Bradford  holds  <if  me  in  chief. 

Old  ;>ia../(l)odsley,  11.  47). 

Take  the  box  as  stands  in  the  first  tire-place. 

Dickens,  Pickwick  Papers.) 

as'-  (az),  r.  'An  obsolete  and  dialectal  or  collo- 
quial form  of  has:  in  colloquial  speedi  often 

further  reduced  to  's :  as,  who's  been  here  f 
As3  (as),  It. ;  pi.  Mtir  (a's6r).      [Icel.  ass,  pi. 

a'sir,  a  god,  demigod,  =  Goth.  *ans  (infeiTed 

from  the  Latinized  plural  form  in  Jornandes, 

about  A.  D.  552:  "Gothi  proceres  sues  quasi 

qui    forttma     vuice- 

baut  non  jiarcs  homi- 
nes scd  semidcos,  id 

est  (in.sc'.v,  vocavere") 

=  AS.  OS,  foimd  as 

the  name  of  the  rune 

for  d,  and  twice   iu 

doubtful  gen.  pi.  esci  : 

otherwise     only     in 

comi)ound        proper 

names,  =  OHG.  'aiis 

in   like   compounds: 

AS.  Oswald.  Oswald, 

Osiic  (=  OHG.   Aii- 

sarlh),  Osric,  Osiciiic, 

Oswin,  _  Osbconi     = 

Icel.     Asbjoni,     Os- 

born,  OIIG.  Anselm, 

Anselm,     etc.]       In 

Xorse    mijth.,  one  of 

the  gods,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Asgard.    See 

.t.<i(iiiril. 
as-*  (as),  ». ;  pi.  asses 

(as'ez).     [I.I.,  a  unit, 

one  pound  of  money, 

etc.,  usually  derived  Rcvcne. 

from  ai'y  said  to  be  the      Roman  as  in  tlie  Bhti^  Museum. 


asarone 

Tarentino  form  of  (ir.  I'le,  one;  but  this  deriva- 
tion is  very  doubtful.  !See  «(■(?.]  1.  In  Latin, 
an  integer;  a  whole  or  single  thing;  especially, 
a  unit  divided  into  twelve  parts.     Thus,  the  ju- 

geruin  was  called  an  as.  Hence  —  2.  As  a  unit 
of  weight,  12  ounces  (L.  nncia;  twelfths) ;  the 
libra  or  pound,  eqttal  to  325.8  grams,  or  5,023 
grains. — 3.  A  copper  coin,  the  unit  of  the  early 
monetary  system  of  Kome.  it  was  llrst  coined  in 
the  fourth  (aeeiuding  to  Monimsen,  the  fifth)  century 
n.  C,  and  was  at  first  nominally  of  the  weight  of  a  libra  or 
pound,  that  is,  12  ounces.  It  was  gradually  reduced  in 
weight,  aliout  '2(1!)  u.  C.  weighing  4  ounces,  ami  abinit  •i''iO 
B.C.  2  ounces.  In  SO  B.C.,  after  having  fallen  t+i  half  an 
ounce,  it  ceased  to  be  issued.  The  smaller  copjier  coins 
forming  the  divisions  of  the  as  were  named  scniis  (half  of 
the  as),  triens  (third),  auadrann  (fourth),  sextans  (sixth), 
anil  iincia  (twelfth).  Tile  constant  obverse  type  of  the  as 
has  the  double  head  of  Janus;  the  reverse,  a  prow.  Its 
subdivisions  bore  various  devices.  Coins  struck  on  the 
same  system  (called  the  libral  system)  were  issued  in  other 
jiarts  of  Italy  from  the  fourth  century  B.  c.  .Sec  «•»  graix, 
under  ten. 

as^,  II.  [ME.  as,  etc.  (see  ace) ;  in  def.  2  =  0. 
aas  =  Sw.  fl.ss  (ess,  ace)  =  G.  ass,  in  technical 
sense  <  L.  as:  see  as*.]  It.  Obsolete  form  of 
ace.  Chaucer. — 2.  An  old  Swedish  and  Dutch 
unit  of  weight,  equal  to  4.8042  centigrams,  or 
aliout  three  qviarters  of  a  troy  grain.  See  as- 
tluea  t  and  ass^. 

As.     Chemical  sj-mbol  of  arsenic. 

A.  S.     An  abbreviation  of  Anglo-Saxon. 

as-'.  [L.  as-,  assimilate<l  form  of  ail-  before  s. 
The  reg.  OE.  and  ME.  form  was  a-,  later  re- 
stored to  as-,  as  in  a.tsent,  assign,  etc.]  An 
assimilated  fonn  of  ad-  before  s,  as  in  assimi- 
late, assert,  assume,  etc. 

as-2.  [L.  ab-,  reduced  in  OF.  and  ME.  before 
a  consonant  to  a-,  eiToneously  restored  to  as- 
before  s.]  An  erroneously  restored  form  of  a-, 
originally  Latin  ab-,  in  assail,  assoilzie,  from 
the  Latin  ahsolvere,  absolve. 

as-*.  [ME.  and  OF.  as-,  var.  of  es-,  <  L.  ex-:  see 
es-,  ex-.]  A  variant  of  es-,  Latin  ex-,  in  a,isart, 
as-^iay,  astonish,  obsolete  asc<ii>e,  ascheic,  a,s.«(«;»- 
j)le,  etc.;  now  represented  also,  or  only,  by  es-, 
as  in  escape,  eschew,  or  «-,  as  in  scape,  sample. 
See  es.l 

asa  (as'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Pers.  aza,  mastic:  see 
asafetida.]  A  name  for  certain  drugs,  origi- 
nally used  separately  with  the  Latin  adjectives 
didcis  and  J'etida  (foeiida),  now  joined  to  them 
as  a  pretix.     See  below.     Also  spelled  assa. 

asadulcis  (as-a-dul'sis),  H.  [NL.,  lit.  sweet 
gum,  <  asa,  gain,  +  L.  dulcis,  sweet.]  The  la.'icr 
or  laser  Cyrenaicum  of  the  ancients,  a  very 
highly  esteemed  drug,  usually  supposed  to  have 
been  a  gummy  accretion  from  Thapsia  Gar- 
go  nica,  an  umbelliferous  plant  of  northern 
Africa  and  southern  Europe.  It  was  believed  by 
some  to  be  the  same  as  benzoin,  to  which  the  name  (asa 
rf)f/c(.s  or '"/"/-rt/a)  is  St  ill  sometimes  applied.  Tile  lirng  uow 
obtaineii  from  this  plant  is  used  as  an  active  irritant. 

asafetida,  asafoetida  (as-a-fet'i-da),  ».  [NL., 
formerly  also  a:afedi<la,  <  asa  •¥  L.  J'etida, 
Jutida,' (i'm.  of  fttidus,  feetidus,  stinking:  see 
asa  and /tf/(?.]  A  fetid  inspissated  sap  from 
Persia  and  iVfghanistau,  the  concrete  juice 
from  the  roots  of  several  large  umbelliferous 
plants  of  the  genus  Ferula,  especially  /''.  Xar- 
thex  (yarthex  .Istijceiida)  and  F.  ^orodosma 
(Scorodosma  fatida).  The  drug  has  a  powerful  and 
persistent  alliaceous  odor  and  bitter  acrid  ta-ste.  and  con- 
sists of  resiu,  gum,  aiul  an  essential  oil  which  contains 
sulphur.  It  is  used  as  an  antispasmodic,  and  in  India  and 
I'ersia  also  ,as  a  condiment.     Also  spelled  anna/oetiiia. 

Asaphes  (as'a-fez),  n.  [NI...,  <  Or.  aaaipi,c.  ob- 
.■^eiiro,  not  clear,  <  o-  priv.  -I-  na(pijr,  clear.]  1. 
.\  genus  of  very  minute  parasitic  ichneumon- 
Hies,  which  prey  on,  and  keep  in  check,  the 
nphids,  so  destructive  to  crops  and  fruits.    The 

1.  male  punctures  tlie  wingless  female  aphids  with  her  ovi- 
duct, auti  lays  an  egg  iu  each  puncture.  The  egg  hatches, 
t'ecomes  a  in:iggot,  and  eats  out  the  inside  of  the  aphid. 

2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Kirby, 
1837. 

asar  (ii'siir),  n.  [Pers.]  A  Persian  gold  coin, 
equal  in  value  to  about  -SI. 60. 

asarabacca  (as'a-rii-bak'a),  «.  [Formerly  also 
(isarahaek,  and eiToneously  asarabeeca,  <  L.  asa- 
rum  (see  Asarum)  +  baeea,  baca,  berry.]  A 
common  name  of  a  European  plant,  a  species 
of  Asarum,  A.  Europanim.  See  Asarum.  Also 
sjirllcd  (isarahaca. 

asarin,  asarine  (as'a-rin),  n.  [<  Asarum.  + 
-in-.]  1.  A  volatile "erystallizable  solid  (Coq 
H.,,,!).-,)  obtained  from  the  plant  Asarum  Furo- 
pii'um,  having  an  aromatic  taste  and  smell  like 
camphor.— 2.  A  bitter  principle  obtained  from 
the  plant  Asarum  Europa-um. 

asarone  (as'a-ron),  n.  [<  Asarum  +  -one.}  Same 
as  asarin,  1. 


Asarum  Europaitm. 


Asarum 

Asarum  (as'a-rum),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aaapnv,  asa- 
laliaciM.]      A  Konus  of  apetalous  exogenous 

jihuils,  iiiil  uniloi'dpr.lfi- 
slolocliidciif,  low,  stem- 
less  lierlis,  with  dull- 
brownish  llowers  aud 
aromatic  root-stoek.  Tin- 
few  spet-ies  !ire  liativt':^  of  tliu 
novtlicrri  temperate  zone.  'J'hc 
asariilmeca,  A.  Kuropifum, 
was  formerly  useil  as  a  jturga- 
tive  ami  an  emetic.  The  eom- 
moii  American  species,  A. 
Canadcnse,  is  known  as  wild 
ginijer  or  snakeroot.  Five 
other  species  are  fomul  in  the 
AlleKhanies  and  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, and  fonr  or  five  in  Asia. 

asbestic  (as-bes'tik),  a. 
[<  iislicslns  +  -ic]  Re- 
lating to  or  containing 
asbestos.  Also  nnhcstoiifi. 

asbestiform  (as-bes'ti-form),  a.  [<  L.  asbestos 
+  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  or  appear- 
ance of  asbestos. 

asbestine  (as-bes'tin),  a.  [<  Gr.  acjicaTivo(;,  < 
oo-ii-drof,  asbestos.]  Pertaining  to  asbestos, 
or  partaking  of  its  nature  and  qualities ;  in- 
combustible. 

asbestinite  (as-bes'tin-it),  n.  [<  asbestine  + 
-iti-.~\  Actinolite  or  strablstein.—Calciferoua 
asbestinite,  a  viiriety  of  steatite. 

asbestoid  (as-bes'toid),  a.  [<  asbestos  +  -otrf.] 
Kcsembling  asbestos. 

asbestos,  asbestus  (as-bes'tos,  -tus),  ».  [Also 
asbcst  (<  F.  asJicxtc),  ahhcst,  abcst  (<  OF.  abestc), 
also,  aud  in  MK.,  asbeston,  abestoii,  abistoii,  al- 
beston,  etc.,  and  in  other  corrupt  forms  (in 
earlier  use  only  in  sense  1),  <  L.  asbestos,  used 
by  Pliny  in  ref.  to  the  mineral  asbestos,  which 
he  believed  to  be  vegetable  (see  def.  2),  <  Gr. 
d(r/3!CTrof,  applied  by  Dioscorides  to  unslaked 
lime,  lit.  inextinguishable,  unquenchable,  <  a- 
priv.  +  B.iscTo^,  verbal  adj.  of  ajiivvivai,  extin- 
guish, quench.]  If.  A  fabulous  stone,  which, 
once  set  on  fire,  could  not  be  quenched:  a  notion 
due  to  observation  of  the  effect  of  cold  water 
in  heating  quicklime. 

Aly  mind  is  like  to  the  Asbeston  stone, 
Wiiich,  if  it  once  be  heat  in  flames  of  fire, 
Denieth  to  liecommen  cold  again. 

Greene,  Alphonsns,  ii. 

2.  A  supposed  kind  of  flax,  alleged  to  be  in- 
combustible. [An  erroneous  notion  of  the 
mineral.  See  3.]  —  3.  A  fibrous  variety  of  am- 
phibole  or  hornblende,  composed  of  separable 
filaments,  with  a  silky  luster;  also,  in  popu- 
lar use,  a  similar  variety  of  serpentine  called 
chrysotil-e.  Its  fibers  are  sometimes  delicate,  flexible, 
and  elastic,  sometimes  stiff  and  brittle,  and  when  reduced 
to  a  powder  are  soft  to  the  touch.  Its  colors  are  various 
shiides  of  white,  gray,  or  gl'een,  passing  into  brown,  red, 
or  black.  It  is  incombustible,  and  is  therefore  used  for 
making  larap-wicks,  paper,  firemen's  clothing,  building 
materials,  twine,  aud  rope  for  packing  steam-joints  and 
pistons;  it  is  also  prepared  as  a  cement  for  protecting 
heated  surfaces,  roofs,  and  floors,  and  ftir  various  fire- 
proofinii  purposes.  It  is  mined  in  Canada.  Vernumt,  Vir- 
ginia, South  Carolina,  and  in  Staten  Island.  New  York. 
Some  varieties  are  compact,  aiid  take  a  tine  jutlLsh  ;  'ithers 
are  loose,  like  fiax  or  silky  wt"il.  Li;itt'/<trm  iisii'sti>s,  or 
mountain-wood,  is  a  variety  jn-esentiiig  an  irie;.'ular  fila- 
mentous structure,  like  wood,  other" vai-ietiis  of  horn- 
blende asbestos  are  rock-cork,  vwuntain-hathrf,  fossil 
j)aprr.  and  fossil  liax.  A  fine  variety  is  called  aminntus 
(whicli   see).— Bliie  asbestos,  the  mineral  crocidolite 

(Uhl.-h  >cr|. 

asbestos-stove  (as-bes'tos-stov),  n.  A  gas- 
stove  with  asbestos  spread  over  the  burners, 
so  as  to  form  an  incandescent  radiator. 

asbestous  (as-bes'tus),  a.  [<  asbestos  +  -om^.] 
Kamp  as  asbestic. 

asbestus,  «.     See  asbestos. 

asbolan,  asbolane  (as'bo-lan,  -Ian),  n.    [<  Gr. 

aa,io/,iir,  also  anjio'/.r/,  soot  (cf.  i{'6^oi,  soot, 
smoke),  +  -««.]  Earthy  cobalt;  wad  contain- 
ing oxid  of  cobalt.  It  is  used  in  the  mauufae- 
tiu'e  of  smalt.     Also  called  a-sbolite. 

asbolin,  asboline  (as'bo-liu),  «.  [As  asbol-an 
+  -(«'-.]  An  oil-like,  nitrogenous  matter,  ac- 
j'id  and  liitter,  obtained  from  the  soot  of  wood. 

asbolite  (as'bo-lit),  «.  [As  asbol-an  +  -ite'^.] 
Same  as  asbolan. 

Ascalabota  (as'ka-la-bo'ta),  «.  pZ.  [NL. :  see 
Ascaltibotcs.~\  One  oi'  the  major  groups  of  tlie 
Lacertilia,  consisting  of  the  geckos  alone.  See 
(iecco  and  Gecconiila:     Also  called  Xiiclisauria. 

Ascalabotes  (as"ka-la-b6'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dnKa/-a,1uri/c,  the  spotted  lizard,  prob.  Lacerta 
gecko.'\  A  genus  of  nyctisaurian  lizards,  of  the 
family  Oecratiibv  or  (l(fC(iniila\  A./iiscicularis  is 
sometimes  known  hy  the  name  tarcntola.  The  genua  was 
originally,  as  used  by  Cuvier,  coextensive  with  the  family, 
or  with  the  modern  suiierfamily  Ascalabvta. 


332 

Ascalaphidae  (as-ka-laf'i-de),  V.  ph  [NX/.,  < 
A.seala/'lni.t  +  -/rfo'.]  A  family  of  planipennine 
ueuroi)terous  insects,  related  to  the  ant-lions 
(Myrmclcontida-),  and  characterized  liy  long 
clavate  antennic  and  a  comparatively  short 
body.  It  coiTesponds  to  the  genus  Ascalajihus 
of  Fabricius. 

Ascalaphus  (as-kal'a-fus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  doxd- 
Aa<poi;,  an  miknowii  bird,  supposed  to  be  a  kind 
of  owl.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Ascatapliithe. —  2.  ['.<".]  The  specific  name  of 
a  horned  owl.  Bubo  ascalaphus,  of  Europe  and 
Africa. 

Ascalopax  (as-kal'o-paks),  ii.  [NL.  Cf.  Gr. 
anHu'/u-nc;  (sic),  a  bird,  supposed  to  be  the  same 
asnuo/o-a;:  see  Scolopax.'\  hi  ornith.:  (a)  An 
old  foinn  of  Scolopax.  (6)  A  synonym  of  Gal- 
tinar/o. 

ascan  (as'kan),  a.  [<  ascns  +  -««.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  an  ascns.     A'.  E.  1). 

ascance^t,  adr.     See  (isl:anee^. 

ascance-t,  ascancest,  eonj.    See  askance^. 

ascantt,  adr.     See  askant. 

ascarid  (as'ka-rid),  «.     One  of  the  Ascaridec. 

Ascaridae  (a.s-kar'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ascaris 
+  -w/rt'.j  A  family  of  worms,  of  the  order  Xe- 
matoda  and  class  Ncmathelmintha,  containing 
several  genera  of  round-worms,  or  thread- 
worms, which  are  intestinal  parasites  of  man 
and  other  animals.  They  have  a  cylindrical  elastic 
body,  tapering  toward  each  end,  and  a  trivalved  head. 
The  leading  genera  are  Ascans  and  Oxyiiris.  See  cut 
under  Oxyuris. 

Ascaris  (as'ka-ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aanapii;,  a 
worm  in  the  iiitestines.]  1.  A  genus  of  roimd- 
worms,  typical  of  the  family  Jscar/d^F,  infesting 
the  small  intestines.  Ilie  best-known  species,  A. 
Itimbncoides,  is  so  called  from  its  resenddance  to  an  earth- 
worm iu  size,  shape,  and  general  appearance.  It  has  a 
cylindrical  body,  with  ends  of  equal  size,  a  somewhat 
eonoidal  head,  with  trilabiate  terminal  mouth,  and  a  fili- 
form penis ;  tlie  genital  pore  of  the  female  is  iu  the  an- 
terior part  of  the  body.  The  female  attains  a  length  of 
from  VI  to  14  inches ;  the  male  is  less  than  half  as  long. 
2.  [/.  c. ;  pi.  osca/rirfes(as-kar'i-dez).]  A  thread- 
worm or  pinworm  of  the  rectum,  formerly 
placed  in  this  genus,  now  referred  to  a  differ- 
ent genus,  Oxyuris  (which  see). 

ascaunce^t,  adr.     See  askance^. 

ascaunce'-t,  ascauncest,  co»j.    See  askance^. 

ascend  (a-send'),  r.    [<  J\IE.  ascenden,  assenden, 

<  L.  ascendcre,  adscendere,  go  up,  climlj  up  to, 

<  ad,  to,  +  scanderc,  climb:  see  scan,  and  cf. 
descend,  transcend.']  1,  inirans.  1.  To  move  up- 
ward; mount;  go  up;  rise,  whether  in  air  or 
water,  or  upon  a  material  object. 

In  our  proper  motion  we  ascend 
Vp  to  oiu"  native  seat :  descent  and  fall 
To  ns  is  adverse.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  75. 

2.  To  rise,  in  a  figurative  sense ;  proceed  from 
an  inferior  to  a  superior  degi-ee,  from  mean 
to  noble  objects,  from  particulars  to  generals, 
etc. 

By  these  steps  we  shall  ascend  to  more  just  ideas  of  the 
glory  of  Jesus  Clirist.  Watts,  Improvement  of  Slind. 

'Tis  sometimes  ciuestioned  whether  morals  have  not  de- 
clined as  the  arts  have  ascended. 

Emerson,  ^Vorks  and  Days. 

3.  To  slope  upward. —  4.  To  go  backward  in 
the  order  of  time;  proceed  from  modern  to 
ancient  times:  as,  our  inquiries  ascend  to  the 
remotest  antiqiuty. —  5.  To  rise,  as  a  star;  ap- 
pear above  the  horizon. 

Higher  yet  that  star  ascends. 
Sir  J.  Luieruui,  Watehnnxn,  Tell  ns  of  the  Night. 

6.  In  music,  to  rise  in  pitch;  pass  from  any 
tone  to  one  more  acute.  =Syn.  To  mount,  soiir,  climb. 

II,  trans.  1.  To  go  or  move  upward  upon; 
climb:  as,  to  ascend  a  hill  or  ladder;  to  ascend 
a  tree. 

We  returned  to  the  great  tower,  and  ascended  the  steep 
flight  of  steps  which  led  to  its  door  of  entrance. 

R.  Curzon,  Monast.  iu  the  Levant,  p.  77. 

2.    To  move  upward  along;    go  toward  the 

source  of:  as,  to  ascend  a  river.  =  syn.  To  mount, 

elindi,  scale. 
ascendable  (a-sen'da-bl),  a.  [<  ascend  +  -able.] 

Capable  of  being  ascended.     Also  written  as- 

cendible. 
ascendance,  ascendence  (a-sen'dans,  -dens), 

H.     Same  as  ascendancy.     [Kare.] 
Fear  had  too  unieh  ascfiidinice  on  the  mind. 

Fieldiiio,  .losejih  .Vudrews,  ix. 

ascendancy,  ascendency  (a-seu'dan-si,  -den- 
si),  «.  l<.  a.-iccndant,  -cut,  +-ancy, -ency.]  The 
state  of  being  in  the  ascendant ;  governing  or 
controlling  influence ;  domination. 

The  great  Latin  war,  the  war  iu  which  the  first  Decius 
gave  himself  for  Home,  marks  the  last  struggle  of  Rome's 
immediate  kiusfolk  against  her  ascendency. 

K.  A.  Freenian,  Amer,  Lecta.,  p.  317. 


ascending 

-Syn.  Influence,  Auihoritti,  Aseemlaney,  etc.  (see aufAor- 
ity),  m.astery,  iloniinion,  superiority,  advantage,  upper 
hand. 

ascendant,  ascendent  (a-sen'dant,  -dent),  a. 
and  n.  [<  HE.  ascendent,  assendent,  ii.  (the 
form  ascendant  being  later,  after  F.  ascendant), 
<  L.  ascenden (t-)s,  ppr.  of  ascendere,  go  up,  rise, 
ascend:  si'e  ascend.]  I.  a.  1.  Proceeding  up- 
ward; rising;  mounting. —  2.  Superior;  pre- 
dominant; surpassing:  as,  "an  a.sccHrfo«<  spirit 
over  him,"  Soutli. — 3.  In  astral.,  rising  over  the 
horizon,  or  nearly  so. 

The  constellation  of  Pegasus  ...  is  about  tbat  time  (M- 
eemlant.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

4.  In  bot.,  same  as  ascending.  —  5.  In  her., 
rising  or  issuing  upward  (the  reverse  of  issu- 
ant):  as,  rays  of  the  sun  ascendant  from  the 
bottom  of  the  shield,  from  a  fesse,  etc. 

II.  n.  1.  In  astral.,  the  point  of  the  ecliptic 
or  the  sign  of  the  zodiac  that  is  situated  on  the 
eastern  horizon  at  any  jiarticidar  moment,  as 
at  the  moment  of  birth  or  of  the  propounding 
of  any  question  ;  the  horoscope.  The  Iwuseo/the 
aseenelant  includes  that  part  of  the  zodiac  which  extends 
from  5°  above  the  horizon  to  2^'  below  it.  The  lord  of  tlie 
ascendant  is  the  planet  that  rules  the  ascendant.  This 
planet  is  generally  the  signiflcator  of  the  querent,  and  the 
<lecision  of  the  question  depends  upon  its  aspects.  Hence, 
to  he  in  the  ascendant  signifies  to  have  connnanding  power 
or  influence,  to  occupy  a  ruling  position:  and  lord  of  the 
ascendant,  one  who  has  possession  of  such  power  or  in- 
fluence :  as,  to  rule,  for  a  while,  lord  of  the  ascendant. 

Tbe  assendent  sothly,  as  wel  in  alle  natiuitez  as  in  ques- 
tiouus  and  elecciouns  of  tymes,  is  a  thing  which  that  thise 
Astrologieus  gl-etly  obseruen  ;  wher-fore  me  semeth  con- 
uenient  sin  that  I  speke  of  the  assendent.  to  make  of  it 
special  deelaratioun.  The  assendent  sothly,  to  take  it  at 
the  largest,  is  thilke  degree  that  assendeth  at  any  of  thise 
forseide  tymes  upon  the  est  Orisonte ;  and  there-fore,  gif 
that  any  planet  assende  at  that  same  tyme  in  thilke  for- 
seide degre  of  his  longitude,  Men  sejTi  thilke  planete  is  in 
horoscope.  Chaucer. 

Sciences  that  were  then  in  their  highest  ascendant. 

Sir  W.  Temple. 

Marlborough  had  not,  when  Popery  was  in  the  ascen- 
dant, crossed  himself,  shrived  himself,  done  penance, 
taken  the  communion  iu  one  kind,  and,  as  soon  as  a  turn 
of  fortune  came,  apostatized  back  again. 

Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

2.  Superiority  or  commanding  influence ;  pre- 
dominance :  especially  in  the  phrase  to  gain  the 
ascendant  over  one. 

\Miat  star  I  know  not,  but  some  star,  I  find, 
Has  given  thee  an  ascendant  o'er  my  mind. 

Driiden,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satires,  v.  66. 

She  had  art  enough  to  gain  an  entire  ascendant  over  the 
king.  Golds^niith,  Voltaire. 

The  secular  authority,  long  unduly  depressed,  regained 
the  asceiuiant  with  startling  rapidity. 

Maeaulay,  Von  Ranke. 

3.  An  ancestor,  or  one  who  precedes  in  geneal- 
ogy or  degrees  of  kindi'ed  :  opposed  to  descen- 
dant. 

•Tlie  succession  of  a.-^eendants  of  the  deceased,  of  his  male 
paternal  ancestors,  if  .any  survived  him. 

Maine,  Early  Law  aud  C'ustom,  p.  ill. 

4.  Inordi.,oneof  the  two  sides  or  vertical  mem- 
bers of  the  chambranle  of  a  door  or  window. 

ascendence,  ascendency,  ascenaent.    See  as- 
cendance, etc. 
ascender  (a-sen'der).  n.    1.  One  who  ascends. 

—  2.  An  ascending  letter.     See  ascending. 
ascendible  (a-sen'di-bl),  a.     [<  L.  ascendibilis 

(also,  from  pp.  ascensus,  LL.  ascensibilis),  < 
ascendcre.  ascend:  see  ascend  and  -ible,  and  cf. 
a.'ieendablc.]  Same  as  ascendable. 
ascending  (a-sen'ding),  p.  a.  1.  Proceeding 
from  a  lower  position  to  a  higher;  rising;  mov- 
ing upward;  figuratively,  proceeding  from  the 
less  to  the  gi-eater  ;  proceeding  from  a  later  to 
an  earlier  time ;  rising  from  grave  to  acute. 

—  2.  In  bot.,  growing  upward,  as  the  stem  of  a 
plant,  wliich  is  called  the  ascendim/  a.ris.  Com- 
monly restricted  to  the  sense  of  urowinj:  up  oliliquely  or  in 
a  curve  from  the  b.ase.  in  distinction  from  'net,  and  from 
decumbent  or  /ionr"«^i/.—  Acute  ascending  paralysis. 

See  7)(irn(,v.si'j.'.— Ascending  latitude,  the  latitmle  of  a 
planet  when  moving  toward  the  nt.>rth  pole.—  Ascending 
letter,  in  type-foundinp,  a  letter  which  reaches  to  the 
extreme  upper  part  of  the  body  of  the  type.  In  Roman 
types  of  the  minuscule  or  "  lower-case  "  form  the  ascend- 
ing letters  are  b,  d,  f.  b.  i.  j.  k,  1.  t.  All  capitals  are 
ascending  letters.— Ascending  node,  that  point  of  a 
planet's  orbit  at  which  it  passes  the  ecliptic  to  pniceed 
northward.  It  is  also  called  the  northern  >ind'\ — Ascend- 
ing ovule,  iu  bot.,  an  o\'nlethat  is  attached  al'i'vethe  base 
of  the  ovary  and  directed  upward. — Ascending  rhythm, 
in  pros.,  a  rhythm  or  movement  composed  of  feet  in 
which  the  metrically  .accented  part  (conmionly  called 
the  arsis)  follows  the  metrically  unaccented  part  (com- 
monly called  the  tfn.^is).  as  an  iambic  or  anapestic  rhythm  ; 
opposed  to  des,-enJu,'i  rhothm,  such  as  the  trochaic  or 
dactylic.  —  Ascending  signs,  the  signs  Caprieonuis.  .\<pia- 
rius,  Hsces,  .\ries,  Taurus,  and  Ceuiiiu:  so  called  because 
the  sun,  while  in  them,  is  approaching  the  mirth  celestial 
pole,  which  is  to  onr  view  elevated.  — Ascending  ves- 
sels, in  anat.,  those  vessels  which  carry  tile  blood  upward 
or  toward  the  superior  parts  of  the  body. 


ascension 

ascension  (a-sen'shon),  «.  [<  AfE.  ascensioiin, 
(iii.iiiisidiin,  i  L.  (in(:cii.ii(){)i-),  a  risinp;,  ascen- 
sion, <  (incoKlcrc,  pp.  asccnsu.i,  rise,  ascend :  sec 
ascend.']  1.  Tlio  act  of  ascendinp;;  a  rising; 
sppcifically,  the  bodily  passing  from  eartli  to 
heaven  of  Cln-ist,  in  tiie  presence  of  his  disci- 
ples (Mark  xvi.  19 ;  Luice  xxiv.  SO,  51 ;  Acts  i. 
1-11). — 2.  [cap.]  The  ilay  on  which  the  ascen- 
sion of  Christ  is  commemorated  in  the  ehurcli ; 
Ascension  day. — 3t.  That  which  rises  or  as- 
cends ;  a  fume. 

Men  err  in  tlie  theory  of  inebriation,  conceiving  tlie 
brain  dotli  only  sulfer  from  vapourous  ancenifwiui  fvtmi 
tbe  stomach.  Sir  T.  liromw,  VuV^.  Err. 

4.  In  aiitroii.,  the  rising  of  a  star  or  point  above 
the  horizon  on  the  celestial  spiiere. —  5.  A  go- 
ing back  in  time,  or  in  the  order  of  genealogi- 
cal succession ;  ascent — Apparent  right  ascen- 
sion, ."^ee  ajipare III. ~  ABCension  day,  tlic  turtietli  ilay 
after  Easter,  on  wliieli  tlu-  as*.<.nsi<tM  of  clirist  is  coni- 
nieniorateil :  sometimes  cailtMi  Ilnh/  YViNr-sv/ff v.  — Oblique 
ascensiont,  of  a  star,  in  antrun.,  an  are  of  the  equator  in- 
tercejitetl  l)etween  the  vernal  equinox  or  first  point  of 
Aries  am!  tliat  point  of  the  e(|uator  wliielt  eomes  to  tlie 
horizon  at  the  same  time  with  the  star.  — Right  ascen- 
sion.   ('0  In  idd  atitron.,  vertical  risinf,'. 

The  signes  of  riht  anseiwioun  ben  fro  the  lieued  of  can- 
cer to  ye  ende  of  sagittare,  and  thiso  signes  arisen  more 
upriht.  Chaitcei: 

(b)  In  mod.  astrcm.,  tlie  rirjht  aKccimmi  of  a  star  or  point  of 
the  sphere  is  the  are  of  the  equator  intereepte<l  tittweru  its 
circle  of  declination  and  the  vernal  eiiuiiinx  .,i  tirst  point  of 
Aries,  reckoned  toward  tlie  cast.  Tliis  mcanini;  is  derived 
from  the  conception  of  an  oli.scrver  at  a  [mint  on  the  earth's 
etiuator  where  all  the  stars  rise  vertically. 

ascensional  (a-sen'shpn-al),  a.  [<  ascension  + 
-»/.]  Kolating  to  ascension  or  ascent;  ascend- 
ing or  rising  up. 

That  idea  [of  the  gun-cotton  rocket]  was  to  place  a  disk 
or  short  cylinder  of  the  gun-cotton  in  the  head  of  a  rocket, 
the  aKceiittioiial  force  of  which  should  be  employed  to  carry 
the  disk  to  an  elevation  of  1,000  feet  or  thereabouts. 

Tymiall,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  281. 
Ascensional  differencei,  in  astron.,  the  difference  be. 
twecn  the  right  and  tlie  olilicpie  ascension  of  the  same 
point  on  the  surface  of  the  sphere :  used  chiefly  as  ex- 
pressing the  ditference  between  the  time  of  the  rising  i  ir 
setting  of  a  body  and  six  o'clock,  or  six  hours  from  its  me- 
ridian passage. 

ascensive  (a-sen'siv),  a.  [<  L.  asceiisus  (pp.  of 
tt.-<cciidere  :  "see  ascend)  +  -ive.]  1.  Character- 
ized by  an  ascending  movement ;  tending  to 
ascend ;  rising ;  tending  to  rise,  or  causing 
to  rise.  Sir  T.  Browne. — 2.  In  (/raw.,  increas- 
ing force  ;  intensive  ;  augmentative.    [Rare.] 

ascent  (a-senf),  n.  [<  ascend ;  formed  like  de- 
scent, F.  desccntc,  <.  descend,  F.  descendre.]  1. 
The  act  of  rising  or  ascending;  upward  move- 
ment: as,  the  ascent  oi  vapors,  or  of  a  balloon. 

To  him  with  swift  aiiccnt  he  up  return 'd. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  ■2-24. 

Hence  —  2.  A  rising  from  a  lower  to  a  higher 
state,  degree,  or  grade  ;  advancement. 

As  to  the  genesis  of  man  and  the  universe,  the  less  cul- 
tured tribes  claimed  to  be  an  accent  from  birds,  fishes, 
snakes.  Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  '202. 

3.  The  act  of  climbing  or  traveling  up ;  the  act 
of  advancing  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  position ; 
a  going  up,  as  up  a  mountain,  river,  stairwaj', 
etc. — 4.  An  eminence;  a  hill  or  high  place. 
Depressed  valleys  and  swelling  ascents.  Bentleit. 

5.  The  way  by  which  one  ascends ;  the  means 
of  ascending ;  acclivity ;  upward  slope. 

It  was  a  rock  .  .  . 
Conspicuous  far;  winding  with  one  ascent. 

llillon,  v.  L.,  iv.  545. 
Next  the  proud  palace  of  Salerno  stood 
A  mount  of  rough  ascent,  and  thick  with  wood. 

Dryden,  Sig.  and  Ouis.,  1.  102. 
Clambering  up  the  very  steep  ascent,  I  took  my  place 
upon  the  ramparts  to  watch  the  sunrise  over  the  plain. 

O'Donoean,  Merv,  xxiv. 

6.  The  angle  made  by  an  ascending  line  or  sui'- 
face  with  the  horizontal  line  or  plane  :  as,  the 
road  has  an  ascent  of  five  degrees. — 7.  A  pro- 
ceeding upward  or  backward  in  time  or  in  logi- 
cal order  of  succession. 

The  wicents  from  particular  to  general  are  all  successive, 
and  each  step  of  this  a.fcfK(  requires  time  and  labour. 

J.  S.  Hill,  System  of  Logic. 
Line  of  ascent,  in  genealogy,  ancestry. 

They  [.-incieiit  Hindu  law-teachers]  say  hardly  anything 
of  Inheritance  as  now  understood,  save  in  the  direct  line 
of  descent  or  ascent. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  112. 

ascertain  (as-er-tan'),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  and 
lato  ME.  ascertmnc,  asscrtaine,  assartainc,  -taijne, 
etc.,  ■with  nsser-,  asccr-,  in  erroneous  simulation 
of  words  like  ((.WCH ?,  ascend,  etc.,  earlier  ME. 
acertainen,  accrtcinen,  <  OF.  accrtiiiner,  acer- 
teiner,  make  certain,  <  a,  to,  +  certain,  certain  : 
see  «-ll  and  certain.  The  word  is  thus  etymo- 
logically  ((-H  +  certain,  and  was  so  pronounced 
in  early  mod.  E.]     L  To  make  certain;  deter- 


333 

mine  ;  define  or  reduce  to  precision  by  remov- 
ing doubt,  oliscurity,  or  ambiguity ;  establish  ; 
prove.     [Archaic] 

The  two  first  lines  of  the  following  book  seem  to  ascer- 
tain the  true  meaning  of  the  eoneliision  of  this.    Cowper. 

In  1695  he  [.Moyle]  was  chosen  to  represent  the  borough 
of  Saltash  in  parliament;  a  circumstance  which  ascer. 
tains  the  piece  before  us  to  have  been  written  subsequent 
to  that  period.      Matone,  note  in  Uryden's  Life  of  Lucian. 

We  must  look  sonu*what  deeper,  would  we  learn  why  a 
book  which  now  tries  our  patience  was  not  undeserving 
of  those  multiplied  editions  which  have  aaeertainetl  its 
popularity.  /.  I)  Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  327. 

2.  To  find  out  by  trial,  examination,  or  o.\peri- 
ment,  so  as  to  know  as  certain;  acquire  an  ac- 
curate knowledge  of :  as,  to  ascertain  the  weight 
of  a  commodity  or  the  purity  of  a  metal. 

To  pass  to  ascertained  facts,  there  actually  are  words 
which  were  ventured  many  generatbuis  ago,  but,  for  some 
reason  or  other,  were  not  taken  nji,  .  .  .  and  yet  are  now 
familiar  to  everybody.      F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  131,  note. 

3.  To  make  sure  of ;  insure.     [Archaic] 

The  ministry,  in  order  to  aseertatn  a  majority  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  persuaded  the  queen  to  create  twelve 
new  peers.  Smulletl. 

4t.  To  make  certain  or  sure;  certify;  assure ; 
inform.     [Rare.] 

I  am  desirous  of  arranging  with  you  such  just  and  prae- 
ticable  conditions  as  will  avcertaia  to  you  the  terms  at 
which  you  will  receive  my  part  of  your  debts. 

Jeferson,  in  Morse,  p.  334. 

Muucer  assured  them  that  the  design  was  approved  of 
by  Heaven,  and  that  the  Almighty  had  in  a  dream  ascer- 
tained him  of  its  etfects.  Hohertsun, 

5.  To  establish  with  certainty ;  render  invari- 
able, or  not  subject  to  caprice;  fix.     [Rare.] 

The  mildness  and  precision  of  their  laws  ascertained  the 
rule  and  measure  of  taxation.  Gibbon. 

ascertainable  (as-cr-ta'na-bl),  a.  [<  ascertain 
-\-  -able.]  It.  Capable  of  being  determined  or 
made  certain. —  2.  Capable  of  being  ascertained 
or  found  out  by  trial,  experiment,  investigation, 
inquiry,  etc. 

ascertainer  (as-i-r-ta'ner),  n.  One  who  ascer- 
tains. 

ascertainment  (as-er-tan'mout),  n.  [<  ascer- 
tain +  -ment.]  1.  The  act  of  fixing  or  deter- 
mining; a  reducing  to  certainty.    [Archaic]  — 

2.  Theact  of  attaining  certainty;  the  acquire- 
ment of  certain  knowledge  concerning  some- 
thing; a  finding  out. 

Our  ancestors  guided  their  course  by  the  stars,  without 
knowing  much  about  the  stars;  the  ascertainntent  of  a 
few  relative  positions  sufficed. 

G.  //.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  1. 1.  §  2. 
We  can  proceed  in  the  ascertainment  of  internal  truths 
as  we  proceed  in  the  ascertainment  of  external  ones. 

//.  Spencer. 

ascetery  (a-set'e-ri),  n. ;  pi.  asceteries  (-riz).  [< 
LGr.  (WKiiTi/i)iov,  <  aamfijc,  a  monk:  see  ascetic] 
Originally,  a  dwelling-place  of  ascetics;  a  mon- 
astery; now,  in  certain  religious  houses,  a  com- 
mon meeting-placo  for  spiritual  exercises  and 
reading. 

ascetic  (a-set'ik),  a.  and  «.  [<  Gr.  aaKtirmog,  as- 
cetic, laborious ;  as  noun,  a  hermit,  an  ascetic ; 
<  aaKriTi/c,  one  who  exercises,  an  athlete,  eccles.  a 
monk  or  hermit,  <  aantiv,  work,  exercise,  eccles. 
mortify  the  body.]  I.  a.  1.  Practising  special 
acts  of  self-deidiil  as  a  religions  exercise;  seek- 
ing holiness  through  self-mortification;  hence, 
rigiiUy  abstinent  and  self -restrained  as  to  ap- 
petites and  passions. 

lie  was  for  his  life  so  exact  and  temperate  that  I  haue 

heard  he  had  never  been  surprised  by  exeesse,  being  ascetic 

and  sparing.  Eveltjn,  Diary. 

Genius  is  always  ascetic;  and  piety  and  love.    Appetite 

shows  to  the  finer  souls  as  a  disease. 

Emerson,  Essays,  Istser.,  p.  210. 

Hence — 2.  Unduly  strict  or  rigid  in  religious 
exercises  or  mortifications ;  severe ;  austere. 

A  constant  ascetic  course  of  the  severest  abstinence  and 
devotion.  South,  Sermons  (ed.  1737),  U.  31. 

A  dominant  religion  is  never  ascetic. 

^facaulay,  Dryden. 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  ascetics. 
II.  H.  1.  In  the  early  Christian  church,  one 

who  practised  unusual  self -denial  and  devotion ; 
in  modern  usage,  also  one  who  retires  from  the 
customary  business  of  life  and  engages  in  pious 
exercises ;  a  hennit ;  a  recluse. 

He  that  preaches  to  man  should  understand  what  is  in 
man ;  and  that  skill  can  scarce  be  attained  by  an  ascetic  in 
his  solitudes.  '       Atterbury. 

2.  pi.  [call.]  The  title  of  certain  books  on  de- 
vout exercises:  as,  the  .-Iscetics  of  St.  Basil. 
ascetical  (a-set'i-kal),  a.  [<  a.icetic  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  the  practice  of  rigid  self-denial 
and  the  mortification  of  the  body  as  a  means  of 
attaining \irtue  and  holiness;  ascetic— Asceti- 
cal meology,  a  name  given  to  the  science  which  treat* 


Ascidia 

of  virtue  and  perfection  and  the  means  by  which  they 

are  to  lie  attained.     C'ath.  Dirt. 
ascetically  (a-set'i-kal-i),  adv.     In  an  ascetical 

manner;  by  the  practice  of  asceticism;  as  an 

ascetic ;  to  or  toward  asceticism :  as,  persons 

axceticalli/  inclined, 
asceticisin  (a-set'i-sizm),  H.     [<  ascetic  +  -ijtin.] 

1.  Till'  life  or  practice  of  an  ascetic;  the  prin- 
ciples and  historic  course  of  the  ascetics.  In  an- 
cient Greece  asceticism  (danTjaw)  meant  the  disripliiie  un- 
<lergone  by  athletes  while  traiidng.  In  tbe  schools  of  the 
.Stoics  the  same  word  was  applied  to  the  controlling  of  tlie 
appetites  aiicl  passions  and  the  praetiee  of  virtue.  Among 
Christians,  tlirough  contact  with  the  Alexandrian  school 
of  jihilosopby,  the  word  early  came  into  use  witll  a  simi- 
lar meaning,  namely,  the  hatdtual  use  of  self-discipline, 
such  03  bad  been  practised  by  individuals  and  even  by 
eoimnuuitics  among  the  .lews.  The  object  of  this  disei- 
jdiiie  was  U}  control  and  subdue  the  Imdily  nature  with 
Its  pa-ssions  and  desires  as  the  stronghold  of  evil  in- 
herent in  man  since  the  fall  of  Adam,  the  means  used 
being  fasting,  celibacy,  poverty,  penaiiee,  and  solitude, 
a  moiie  of  life  which  developed  in  the  course  of  a  few 
centuries  into  monasticlsm.  similar  and  even  greater 
austeritii-s  have  been  practised  from  very  early  times  by 
many  among  various  pagan  nations  and  in  connection 
with  various  religious  systems,  such  .as  Hinduism,  Huddh- 
isin,  etc.,  under  the  infiuence  of  tbe  idea  that  matter  is 
essentially  evil,  and  that  an  approach  to  ideal  good  or  an 
escape  from  the  evils  of  existence  can  be  effected  only  by 
subduing  or  torturing  the  body. 

Asceticism  again  — including  under  this  term  ...  all 
efforts  to  withdraw  from  the  world  in  order  to  eiiltivate  a 
higlii-r  degree  of  sanctity  —  belongs  naturally  to  a  society 
wliich  is  somewhat  rude,  and  in  which  iscdation  is  frequent 
and  easy.  Leehj,  Europ.  .Mollis,  i.  130. 

2.  In  thcol.,  the  theory  or  systematic  exposition 
of  the  means,  whether  negative,  as  self-denial 
and  abstinence,  or  positive,  as  the  exercise  of 
natural  and  Christian  virtues,  by  which  a  com- 
plete conformity  with  the  divine  will  may  bo  at- 
tained.    See  ascetical  thcoUiijij,  under  ascetical, 

=  Syn.    SelJ'-sacriJiee,  Austerity,  etc.    i^ttts  sflf-denial. 

ascnam(as'kiim),  «.  [After  Roger .JsWmm,  who 
in  1545  published  "Toxophilns,"  a  celebrated 
treatise  on  archery.]  A  cupboard  or  case  to 
contain  bows  and  sometimes  arrows  and  other 
implements  of  archerj'.  JCnci/c.  Brit. 
Asclliza  (as-ki'zii),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv. 
-f  (i,V(C«,  a  cleft :  see  schism.]  In  Brauer's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  division  of  cyclorha- 
jihous  dipterous  insects  or  flies,  of  the  suborder 
t'l/eliirliaplia,  containing  the  families  Sijrphida:, 
riati/ji<:i(l<r,  Phorida;  and  I'ipunculida;  thus 
collectively  contrasted  with  Schizophora  (which 
see). 
AschiZOpoda  (as-ki-zop'o-da),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  <i-  priv.  +  o.i'sn,  a  cleft,  +  ^oi%  (~n6-)  =  E. 
foot.]  A  division  of  macrurous  decapodous 
crustaceans,  embracing  most  of  the  group,  as 
distinguished  from  the  Hchizopoda  or  opossum- 
shrimps. 
ascl,  n.     Plui-al  of  ascus. 

ascian  (as'ian),  H.  [<  L.  ascins,  <  Gr.  amio^, 
■nrithout  shadow,  <  a-  priv.  +  anid,  shadow.] 
A  person  who  casts  no  shadow  at  noon.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  torrid  zone  alone  fulfil  this  condition, 
liaving  the  sun  twice  a  year  in  their  zenith  at  noon. 
Ascidia  (a-sid'i-ji),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  .tsridium, 
q.  v.]  1.  A  class  of  animals  connecting  the 
molluscoid  invertebrates  with  the  Vcrtcbrata ; 
the  tunicates,  timicaries,  or  sea-squirts,  other- 
wise called  Tunicata,  Asco:oa,  I'rochorda,  or 
Protovcrtebrata  {m  ■paxi);  the  ascidians.  They 
are  asymmetrical  marine  animals, 
simple  or  compound,  fixed  or  free, 
with  a  monoganglionie  nervous 
system,  tubular  heart,  ami  no  foot. 
'Tile  integument  is  a  leathery  sac, 
with  two  orifices,  oral  and  anal. 
The  young  are  free-swimming  and 
tadpole-like,  and  in  this  larval  con- 
dition show  traces  of  vertebrate 
atllnities  in  the  possession  of  a  uro- 
chord,  or  notocllord  of  the  tail,  a 
condition  retained  pennauently  in 
one  family,  the  .Appeudieidari- 
idev.  They  are  found  at  low. water 
mark  on  the  sea-beach,  and,  at- 
tached to  stones,  shells,  and  fixed 
objects,  are  dretigctl  from  deep 
water.  .\n  asciilian  jireseiits  ex- 
ternally the  appearance  of  a  wine- 
jar  iU'  double-necked  bottle,  the 
one  aperture  'pf  the  bottle  cor- 
responiiing  to  the  mouth  and  the 
other  to  the  vent  or  eseretory 
apertm-e.  \  feature  in  the  or. 
ganization  of  these  animals  is 
that  a  lai-ge  projiortion  of  the 
tough  outer  case  or  test  is  com- 
posed of  cellulose,  a  starchy  sub- 
stance highly  eharacteiistie  of 
plants.  The  nioutbopeiiing  leads 
into  a  large  branchial  sac  or  breath- 
ing-sac :  and  from  the  bottom  of 
this  sac  the  digestive  system,  con- 
sisting of  stomach  and  intestine,  is  continueil.  the  in- 
testine opening  into  a  second  sac,  the  atrial  elianibcr. 
Tliis  latter  cavity  opens  externally  by  the  second  aper- 
ture ul  the  body,  and  also  emits  Uie  etfete  water  which 


Ajcidia  ineMtuIa. 
a,  tcnniiiAtion  of  intes- 
tine: t>,  br.incliial  sac; 
ex,  excurrent  or  anal  ori- 
fice •  f .  ganglion  :  i,  in* 
lestinc :  m,  mouth ;  o, 
tcntactitar  fringe  ;  r,  re- 
productive  organ ;  s, 
stomacii :  /',  test,  or  outer 
tunic  :  /.  inner  tunic  ;  2', 
ventral  sinus:  V,  dorsal 
sinus. 


Ascidia 

has  boon  used  in  lironthing.  A  elnslo  nervous  muss 
or  (lanKlion  iTprt-sonts  tlie  norvniis  systom,  this  mass  hi'- 
inj;  plafi'ii  ln-tui'i-n  tlic  two  aiuTtiin-s  of  tile  body.  Male 
and  female  r<  I'lodiK  live  orjians  exist  in  each  ascidian. 
These  animals  may  lie  sin;itror  .^iiiii'l>\  >iocial,  or  roinpouiul. 
In  social  aseidians  the  peduncles  of  a  iiuinber  of  indi- 
viduals are  united  into  a  connimn  tubular  stem,  with  a 
partial  ecunnion  circulation  of  blood.  The  species  ai'C 
more  or  less  gelatinous,  and  some  are  used  as  food  in 
China  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean.  The 
Aiicidia  are  divisible  int^>  two  orders  not  well  definetl, 
called  liiphitra  and  A.-<n\tii>i(la,  and  by  other  names,  one 
containing  the  Snl/iidii-  and  lhili<ilidit',  l\w  other  the  rest 
of  the  class.  Also  written  Am-idia-.  .See  cuts  under  .1;/- 
pemiiculai-ia,  Dutiidida-,  Stdpa,  and  Tiinicata. 
2.  [Used  as  a  singular.]  Less  proper  form  of 
Asri()iiim. — 3.   [I.  r.}  Plural  of  fl.W(Vf(«»i,  2. 

Ascidiacea  (a-sid-i-a'se-ii),  ii.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ascid- 
ium  +  -ii.Md.']     Same  as  AscidioUla,  2. 

Ascidise  (a-sid'i-e).  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Ascidia, 
-.]  1.  In  Gegenliaiir's  system  of  classification, 
a  di\ision  of  Acopn,  embracing  the  true  ascid- 
ians  as  distinguished  from  the  riirosomatidcv, 
VolioUdiv,  and  Saljiidw.  it  contains  three  groups, 
Simplia'fi,  Sociales,  and  Compositce,  or  the  simple,  social, 
and  compound  aseidians. 
2.  Same  as  Ascidia,  1. 

ascidian  (a-sid'i-an),  «.  and  n.  [<  Ascidium  + 
-««.]  I,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Ascidia  or 
Tunicata. 

U.  71.  One  of  the  Ascidia  or  Tunicata;  a 
sea-squii't. 

ascidiarium  (a-sid-i-a'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  ascidiaria 
(-ii).  ['S\j.,<.  Ascidium  + -arium.^  Acompound 
ascidian,  consisting  of  two  or  more  individual 
aseidiozooids.     See  cut  under  cynthoMoid. 

It  [a  dved  ascidian]  may  remain  simple,  or  it  may  de- 
velop buds  and  give  rise  to  a  compound  organism  or  Ascid- 
iariitm,  consisting  of  many  Aseidiozooids  united  together. 
Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  :">1-1. 

ascidiate  (a-sid'i-at).  a.  [<  Ascidium  +  -ofei.] 
Shajied  like  a  small  bottle,  or  like  an  ascidian. 

Ascidicola  (as-i-dik'o-lii),  n.  [NL.,  (.Ascidium 
+  L.  colere,  inhabit.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Ascidicolida:. 

Ascidicolidae  (a-sid-i-kol'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Js- 
ciilicolti  +  -ilia:  ]  A  family  of  copepod  entomos- 
traoous  crustaceans,  parasitic  upon  aseidians. 

ascidiform  (a-sid'i-f6rm),  a.     [<  Ascidium  +  L. 
forma,  shape.]     1.   Shaped  like  an  ascidian; 
bottle-shaped. — 2.  Having  the  structure  of  an 
ascidian ;  related  to  the  Ascidia. 
Also  asridii/orm. 

ascidiid  (a-sid'i-id),  n.    One  of  the  Ascidiidce. 

Ascidiidae  (as-i-dJ'i-de),  n.  i>l.  [NL.,  <  Ascidia, 
2,  +  -(■(?«•.]  A  family  of  solitary  aseidians, 
typically  with  the  branchial  aperture  8-lobed, 
the  atrial  6-lobed,  the  branchial  sac  not  folded, 
the  tentacles  simple,  and  the  genitalia  in  close 
connection  with  the  mantle,  it  is  the  typical  family 
of  the  a^eiiliaus  proper,  including  the  simple  forms,  as  Mol- 
'jidd,  Cifiithia,  A.^c!dia  or  Phalhma,  etc.,  as  distinguished 
fiMiji  thr  sn,  i:ii  and  compound  forms,  and  contains  many 
sp'  ( ii--^,    s,  r  cut  under  Ascidia. 

ascidiiform  (a-sid'i-i-form),  a.  Same  as  ascidi- 
form. 

ascidioid  (a-sid'i-oid),  a.  [<  Ascidium  +  -nid.l 
Of  or  resembling  an  ascidian :  as,  an  ascidioid 
form.     Huxley. 

Ascidioida(a-sid-i-oi'da),  H.;)?.  I'm,.,  <  Ascidia, 
Ascidium,  +  -oida.'i  li'Same  as  Ascidia,  Asco- 
zoa,  or  Tunicata,  as  a  class  or  phylum  of  ani- 
mals.—  2.  Au  order  of  Ascidia,  conterminous 
with  .4 cojja  (which  see).  Also  called -imrfiaceo. 

ascidiology  (a-sid-i-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Ascidium  + 
-(iliiijy.']  That  department  of  zoology  which 
treats  of  the  aseidians  or  tunicates. 

ascidiozooid  (a-sid"i-o-z6'oid),  n.  [<  Ascidium 
+  :uiiid.^  One  of  the  zooids  or  individual 
organisms  which  collectively  constitute  a  com- 
poimd  ascidian  or  ascidiarium  (which  see). 
See  cuts  under  cyathozooid  and  Doliolidm. 

In  the  compound  or  social  Tunicata,  many  axcidiozooids, 
which  are  united  by  a  common  test  into  an  ascidiarium, 
.-ire  produced  by  gemmation  from  a  solitary  metamor- 
phosed larva.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  .^22. 

Ascidium  (a-sid'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  amiSmv, 
dim.  of  (irrmif,  a  leathern  bag,  a  wine-skin  :  see 
ascns.~\  1.  [Also  less  prop.  ,lscjrfjn.]  A  genus 
of  tunicates,  typical  of  the  principal  family  of 
the  class  Ascidia,  some  of  whose  species  are 
known  as  sea-squirts :  synonymous  with  Pltal- 
lusia.—2.  [l.  c.;p\.  asciilia{-&).'\  In  hot.:  (a) 
Any  tubidar,  horn-shaped,  or"pitcher-like  for- 
mation, arising  usually  from  the  union  of  the 
margins  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ,  or  from  the 
disproportionate  growth  of  some  part.  The  as- 
eiilium  ordinarily  known  as  a  jiitrlier,  jis  in  the  pitcher- 
lil.-int.s  (.V.'/jcnf/o'*-)  and  side-saddle  flowers  (Sarraeenia),  is 
i>ften  ctivered  by  a  lid.  ami  contains  a  secreted  fluid  in 
rthicb  insects  ai-e  drowned  and  macerated.  The  small 
atiuatic  sacs  of  species  of  Utricularia  ore  also  ascidia. 
See  cut  in  next  eoluum.    (ft)  Same  as  ascus,  i. 


Ascidium  of  a  Plant. 
Leaf  of  pitcher-plant  {Xepentltes\ 
with  a  winged  petiole  and  terminating 
in  an  operculate  pitcher.  iFrom  Le 
Maout  and  Decaisne's  "  Traite  gene- 
ral de  Botanique." ) 


334 

asciferous  (a-sif'e- 
riis),  a.  [<  NL.  as- 
cus, q.  v.,  +  L.  fcrrc 
=  E.  fcearl.]  Hav- 
ing asci. 

There  is  a  parallelism 
between  the  fmetiflt^a- 
tion  of  lichens  an<i  the 
a^ei/ermis  section  of 
fungi. 
Kncijc.  Brit,  XIV.  667. 

ascigerous  (a-sij'e- 
rus),  (/.  [<  NL.  as- 
cus, q.  v.,  +  L.  ijc- 
rere,  bear.]  In  liot., 
bearing  asci,  as  li- 
chens and  ascomy- 
cetous  fungi.  See 
ascus,  and  compare 
acrosporous. 

ascites  (a-si'tez), «. 

[L.,  <  6r.  aaniTT/g 
(sc.  f(5(Tof,  disease), 
a  kind  of  dropsy, 
<  d(j«5f,  a  leathern 
bag,  a  bladder:  see 
ascus.']  In  pathol., 
a  collection  of  se- 
rous fluid  in  the  peritoneal  cavity ;  dropsy  of 
the  belly. 

ascitic  (a-sit'ik),  n.  Relating  to  ascites ;  drop- 
sical. 

ascitical  (a-sit'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  ascitic. 

ascititious  (as-i-tish'us),  a.  Same  as  adsciti- 
tious. 

asclent(as-klent'),  adr.  AScotchform of  ««?««<. 

asclepiad  (as-kle'pi-ad),  n.  [<  L.  Asclcpiadeum 
(sc.  mctrum),  <  Gr.  'AaK'/.j/jriddeio^  (sc.  drixoc;.  me- 
ter), the  meter  of  'Aaii'/7i:rid6rj^,  a  Greek  poet,  lit. 
descendant  of  Asclepius,  <  'AcK'/^i-iug,  Asclepius : 
see  Asclepias.]  1.  [cap.]  In  auc.  pros.,  a.n  As- 
elepiadic  (verse  or  line). — 2.  In  hot.,  a  member 
of  the  order  Asclepiadacea: — 3.  [cap.]  One  of 
the  Asclepiads  (which  see). 

Asclepiadaces  (as-kle"pi-a-da'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Asckpias  (-ad-)  +  -ac'ia.]  A'  natural  or- 
der of  gamopetalous  exogenous  plants,  vN-ith  pol- 
len in  waxy  masses,  the  poUinia  attached  in  pairs 
to  glandular  appendages  of  the  stigma,  the  fruit 
a  pair  of  follicles,  and  the  seed  comose.  They  are 
mainly  tropical,  many  of  them  African  and  Indian  twining 
shrubs,  usually  with  milky  juice,  wliich  often  has  strong 
emetic  and  purgative  qualities.  It  includes  the  milkweed 
{.A!idepia*i),  earrion-tlower  (Stapelia),  wax-plant  (Hoya), 
antl  other  handsome  greenhiuise  plants,  the  Indian  sarsa- 
parilla  (Hem  idrsiu  u.-i  Iitdieu.^),  and  several  fiber-plants,  as 
species  of  Calnirupi^;  and  .Vaisdenia,  a  species  of  the  latter 
genus  yielding  atdue  dye  resembling  indigo. 

asclepiadaceous  (as-kle"pi-a-da'shius),  a.  Be- 
longing to  the  Asclcjiiadacea;. 

Asclepiadse  (as-kle-pi'a-de),  n.  jil  [NL. :  see 
Asclcjiiads.]     Same  as  Asclepiads. 

Asclepiadean  (as-kle"pi-a-de'an),  a.  [<  L.  As- 
clcpiadtus  (see  aschjUad)  +  -an.]  In  anc.jiros., 
consisting  or  composed  of  Asclepiadics. 

In  his  combinations  of  the  Asclepiadean  [meter]  we  note 
the  grave  and  thoughtful  temperance  of  tone  which  per- 
vades tliose  in  which  thethree  Asclepiadean  lines  are  com- 
bined with  one  Glyconic.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  165. 

Asclepiadean  strophe,  a  strophe  or  stanza  composed  of 
Asclepiadics  witli  or  without  other  verses,  such  as  Gly- 
conics  and  Pherecraties. 
Asclepiadic  (as-kle-pi-ad'ik),  a.  and  ii.  [<  a.^cle- 
jiiad  +  -)('.]  I.  ((.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  As- 
clepiad or  Asclepiadic,  a  kind  of  verse. 

ll.  «.  In  uric,  pros.,  a  verse  consisting  of  a 
spondee,  two  (or  three)  choriambi,  and  an  iam- 
bus; or,  according  to  other  authorities,  alogaoe- 
dic  verse  consisting  of  a  basis,  three  cyclic  dac- 
tyls, of  which  the  second  is  sjnicopated  (or  five 
cyclic  dactyls,  of  which  the  second  and  fourth 
are  syncopated),  and  a  trochaic  dipody  catalec- 
tic.  The  shorter  form  is  called  the  lesser,  the 
longer  the  greater,  Asclepiadic. 

Masee-  1  nas  atftvis  |  edltd  re-  |  gibiis. 
Msece-  \  nas  ata-  |  vis  |  edlte  |  reglbus. 

Tune  I  (iuffisl6ris  |  scir6  nefas  |  quem  mlhl  quern  |  tlbi. 
Til  ne  ]  quajsle  |  ris  1  scire  ne  |  fas  |  quern  mlhl  ]  quem  tlbi. 

Asclepiads  (as-kle'pi-adz),  n.  pi.  [<  Gr.  ^Aan'/.r/- 
madai,  pi.  of  'Aa0.r/-iaSiic,  a  descendant  of  As- 
clepius.] An  order  of  Greek  physicians,  priests 
of  Asclepius  or  .^Esculapius,  the  god  of  medi- 
cine, whoSe  descendants  they  claimed  to  be. 
They  practised  medicine  under  the  reputed  inspiration 
of  that  tleity,  and  were  bound  by  oath  not  to  reveal  the 
secrets  of  their  art.     Also  Asclep'iadte. 

From  these  prinntive  clinical  records,  the  balf-prirstlv. 
half-pbilo80)dlic  ca.st.-  .d'  llie  .1  M(,7.,<ii;.MoiiLpilid  the  data 
np<»n  which  the  earliest  generalisations  of  medicine,  as  an 
inductive  science,  were  based. 

Uuxley,  iiiol.  Sci.  and  Med. 


ascribable 

Asclepias  (as-kle'pi-as),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  haic?.!!- 
mnc,  an  uncertain  jilant,  <  'Am/^Tridr,  Doric  'Ai- 
Kf.aniur.  Asclepius,  >  L.  .-Esculnpius,  .Aesculapius, 
the  tutelary  god  of  medicine.]  A  large  genus 
of  North  American  lierlis,  natural  order  Asclepi- 
adacccE,  popularly  know^l  as  milkweed  or  silk- 
weed.  The  plants  are  perennial  herbs  with  milky  juice, 
mostly  upright  with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves,  tho 
llowers  in  umbels,  and  the  seeds  tufted  with  hnig  silky 
hairs.  Of  the  more  than  70  species,  nearly  r>o  arc  found 
witliin  the  fnitcd  .states.  The  butterfly-wcVd  ,,r  jdcurisy- 
roi4.  .4.  tuhrritsa,  has  diaphoretic  and  mild  jiin-gative  prop- 
erties. The  bastard  ipecacuanha  of  the  West  Indies,  A. 
curassavica,  is  a  powerful  emetic.  Some  of  the  species 
afford  an  excellent  fiber. 

ascocarp  (as'ko-kSrp),  n.  [<  Gr.  aanoc,  a  bag 
(see  ascu.i),  -f  KOfi-or,  fnut.]  The  developed 
fiiictification  in  Ascomycetes,  consisting  of  asci 
and  ascopliores. 

ascogenOUS  (as-koj'e-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  rimdf,  a 
bag  (see  ascus),  +  -yn'i/c,  producing:  see  -ge- 
>ious.]  In  hot.,  producing  asci:  applied  to  the 
hj-phte  upon  which  asci  are  developed  in  the 
ascomycetous  fungi. 

ascogone  (as'ko-gon),  n.     Same  as  ascof/ottium. 

ascogonium  (as-ko-go'ni-um),  11. ;  pi.  aicogonia 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ogku^,  a  bag  (see  ascus),  + 
-joi»of,  producing:  see  -gony.]  The  female  or- 
gan in  certain  of  the  lower  crj-ptogams,  which 
after  fertilization  develops  asci.  Also  called 
carpogonium  and  archicarp. 

Ascomycetes  (as"ko-mi-se'tez),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  aau'ir,  a  bag  (see  ascus),  +  /irKr/c,  pi.  fiiKr/re^, 
a  mushroom,  akin  to  L.  mucus:  see  mucus.]  A 
family  of  fungi  characterized  by  the  formation 
of  free  spores  within  elongated  cells  (asci), 
often  associated  with  alternation  of  generation. 
It  includes  a  great  vaiiety  of  forms,  such  as  the  micro- 
scopic yeast-fungi  or  ferments,  various  mildews,  ergot, 
the  subterranean  truffles,  the  morels,  helvellas,  etc.,  which 
represent  the  several  orders  .Saccharomycetes,  Perispori- 
acece,  Pyrenomycetes,  Tuberacece,  and  Discomycetes.  Most 
of  the  lichens  are  now  also  generally  considered  as  be- 
longing to  this  family.    See  cut  under  ascus. 

ascomycetous (as'ko-mi-se'tus),  a.  [<  Ascomy- 
cetes +  -ous.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ascomy- 
cetes. 

Ascomyzon  (as-ko-mi'zon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aa- 
i^ui:,  a  bag  (see  ascu,s),  +  /ji-Cuv,  ppr.  of  fiii^etv, 
suck  iu.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Ascomi/Mntida: 

Ascomyzontidse  (as'  ko-mi-zon'ti-de),  u.  pi. 
[NL.,<  .l«(i/Hvr()«(?-)  -t-  -idw.]  A  family  of  para- 
sitic epizoic  crustaceans,  of  the  order  JSipkono- 
stoma. 

ascon  (as'kon),  )).;  pi.  ascoiis,  ascones  (-konz, 
as-ko'nez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  amoc,  a  bag:  see  as- 
cus.] One  of  the  Ascones;  a  sponge  ha\iiig  the 
characters  of  the  Ascones. 

Ascones  (as-ko'nez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  ascon.] 
A  gi-oup  of  the  lowest  and  simplest  chalk- 
sponges,  ha\'ing  a  ventricle  with  walls  so  thin 
that  the  inhalent  pores  open  directly  into  the 
ventricular  cavity :  distinguished  from  Leuco- 
nes  and  iSycones.     See  Olyntlius. 

Asconidse  (as-kon'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  ascon  + 
-id(r.]  A  family  of  Caleispongiw,  the  same  as 
Ascones. 

ascophore  (as'ko-for),  «.  [<  Gr.  aauMpofioc,  bear- 
ing wine-skins,  <  dcrmif,  a  bag  (see  ascus).  + 
-<popo(;,  <  (pepeiv  =  E.  feearl.]  In  hot.,  the  ascus- 
bearing  form  or  stage  of  development  in  some 
groups  of  the  Ascomycetes.  See  cut  under 
ascus. 

ascophorous  (as-kof'o-rus),  a.  [As  ascophore 
+  -ous.]  In  hot.,  bearing  an  ascus  or  asci: 
applied  to  the  hypha?  in  lichens,  which  develop 
asci  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

ascospore  (as'ko-spor),  «.  [<  Gr.  (imdf,  a  bag, 
-i-  (T-cipof,  seed:  see  ascus  and  spore.]  In  hot., 
one  of  a  cluster  of  spores  borne  within  an 
ascus. 

Tlie  characteristic  form  of  reproduction  of  the  Ascomy- 
cetes is  by  ascoi^pijres  formed  within  asci  by  free  cell-for- 
mation. Kncyc.  Brit.,  IX.  833. 

ascosporous  (as-kos'po-rus),  a.  [As  ascospore 
+ -Dus.]  Haring  ascospores:  as,  " ascosjmrous 
fungi,"  Eneyc.  Brit..  IV.  162. 

Ascozoa  (as-ko-zo'ii).  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  daxof,  a 
bag  (see  ascus),  +  Ztjxiv,  an  animal.]  A  name 
of  the  tunicates  or  aseidians :  synonjTnous  with 
Ascidia,  1  (which  see). 

ascozoan  (as-ko-z6'an),  n.  [<  Ascozoa  +  -an.] 
<  >ne  of  the  Asco-oa  }  an  ascidian  or  timicate. 

ascozoic  (as-ko-z6'ik).  a.  [<  Asco:oa  +  -ic] 
Of  or  jiertaining  to  the  Ascosoa;  tunicate;  as- 
cidian. 

ascribable  (as-ki-i'ba-bl),  a.  [<  ascribe  +  -able.] 
Ca))abli>  of  being  ascribed  or  attributed ;  at- 
tributable. 


ascribe 

ascribe  (as-krib'),  ''•  '• ;  prot.  and  pp.  ascribed, 
pj)i'.  (iscrihiii/j.  [Altered  to  nucribe  (after  L.) 
from  early  mod.  E.  (iscrirc,  <  ME.  iiscriven,  < 
OF.  nscrirc  (ascriv-)  =  It.  ascrirvrc,  <  L.  ascri- 
bcrc,  aimex  l)y  nritiiif;,  add  to  a  wTiting,  em'oU, 
enter  in  a  list,  impute,  attribute,  <  <id,  to,  + 
scribcrc,  ^vi'ite:  see  scribr.']  If.  To  add  in  writ- 
ing; append  (one's  name)  to  a  docMiment,  etc.; 
Bubseribe. 

The  ascribing  of  my  imnio  would  .  .  .  have  substraeteil 
from  .  .  .  the  weight  of  those  discourses. 

Ncthenoli;  Self-C<ind.,  p.  3.     (X.  K.  /).) 

Sf.  To  inscribe  or  dedicate. 

The  secound  pillor  called  l)<»rica,  heiUR  ascribed  to  Her- 
cules. Shiil,;  Arcllit.,  C  Ij.  h.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

St.  To  enroll  or  register. 

He  would  long  since  have  heen  nucribctl  a  member  there. 
Anbrcji,  in  Letters  of  Emin.  I'ers.  (Hliss),  II.  632.  (iV.  B.  D.) 

4.  To  attribute,  impute,  or  refer,  as  to  a  cause 
or  source ;  assign ;  set  down :  as,  losses  are  often 
to  be  ascribed  to  imprudence. 

This  Speech  is,  I  think,  the  finest  that  is  ascribed  to 
Satan  in  the  whole  Poem.        Addison,  Spectator,  No.  .321. 

But  many  atrocious  proceediuRs  must,  tloubtless,  be  as- 
cribed to  heated  imagination,  to  perverted  principle,  to  a 
distaste  f'tr  what  was  vulgar  in  morals,  and  a  pa.s.sion  for 
what  was  startling  and  dubious.     Macatdati,  On  History. 

5.  To  attribute,  as  a  quality  or  an  appurte- 
nance ;  consider  or  allege  to  belong. 

I  .  .  .  will  ascribe  righteousness  to  my  Slaker. 

Job  x.\xvi.  3. 

They  have  ascribed  unto  David  ten  thousands,  and  to 
me  they  have  ascribed  but  thousaiuls.  1  Sam.  xviii.  S. 

=  Syn.  Attribute,  Refer,  etc.     See  attribute. 

ascriptt  (as'kript),  fl.  [<  L.  ascriptm,  adseriptus, 
pp.  of  ascribere,  adscribere,  annex  by  writing: 
see  ascribe,  adscript.']     Registered;  enrolled. 

ascription  (as-krip'siion),  n.  [<  L.  ascriptio{n-), 
an  addition  in  writing,  lit.  the  act  of  ascribing, 
<  ascribere,  pp.  ascriptus,  add  to  a  writing:  see 
ascribe]  1 .  The  act  of  ascribing,  imputing,  or 
affirming  to  belong,  to  be  due,  etc. 

Self-abnegations  often  repeated  imply  on  the  part  of  the 
act<ir  a  tacit  ascription  of  relative  seltlshness  to  others  who 
profit  by  the  self-abnegations. 

//.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  OB. 

2.  An  expression  ascribing ;  words  in  which 
one  ascribes. 

Offering  up  the  ascriptions  justly  due  to  Him  for  such 
singular  deliverances  and  blessings. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  391. 

Also  rarely  adscription. 
ascriptitious  (as-krip-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  ascrip- 
tictiis,  enrolled  as  a  citizen,  soldier,  etc.  {ascrip- 
ticii  servi,  slaves  bound  to  the  soil),  <  ascriptiis, 
pp.  of  a.'icribere,  enroll:  see  ascribe,  o.soryjf.] 
1.  Bomid  or  attached  to  the  soil:  applied  to 
villeins  under  the  feudal  system,  wlio  were  an- 
nexed to  the  freehold  and  transferable  with  it. 
— 2.  Added,  as  to  a  list;  enrolled. 

An  ascriptitiom  and  supernimicrary  god. 

Fariiuion,  Sermons,  p.  82. 

Also  rarely  adscriptitiotts. 
ascryt,  c  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  ascrien,  ascnjen, 
(tsknjcn,  <  AF.  'ascricr  (later  ME.  escrien,  <  OF. 
escrier,  mod.  F.  eerier),  <  cs-  (<  L.  ex),  out,  -I- 
cricr,  cry.  Cf.  csertj,  and  by  apheresis  .sen/. 
doublet  of  eiscnj :  see  «*-3,  cs-'^,  and  cry.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  call  forth  or  out;  call  upon; 
challenge. —  2.  To  descry. 

II.  intrans.  To  cry  out,  shout,  or  exclaim. 
ascryt, «.    [.^ascry,  i'.]   Outcry;  clamor;  shout- 
ing. 

Ascrij  aros  at  skarmyssli  al  withonte. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  Gil. 

ascula  (as'ku-lii),  n. ;  pi.  ascida"  (-le).  [NL., 
dim.  of  asciis.]  "  1.  That  stage  of  the  yoimg  of 
sponges  (as  Olynthiis,  Sycon,  HaJiphyscma)  in 
which,  after  ceasing  to  be  a  free-swimming 
embryo,  and  before  it  has  changed  into  adult 
fonn  by  the  development  of  spicula>  in  the 
ectoderm,  or  other  modifications,  it  becomes 
attached  to  some  support.  lIaeclcel.—2.  The 
first  period  of  attachment  of  certain  sponges, 
namely,  that  in  which  the  sponge  has  lost  or  is 
losing  its  collar,  opening  the  primitive  cloacal 
coUar,  and  forming  the  fiirst  central  ca\ity  with- 
out lateral  ampulla?.  It  corresponds  to  the  pro- 
tospougian  stage  of  Haeckel.     Hyatt. 

ascus  (as'kus),  H. ;  pi.  o.s'ct  (as'i).  [ML.,  <  Gr. 
liCTAof,  a  leathern  bag.  bottle,  bladder,  wine-skin : 
see  Ascidiuni,  Ascidid,  etc.]  1.  In  bot.,  the 
spore-case  of  lichens  and  ascomycetous  fungi, 
consisting  of  a  single  cidl,  usually  the  swollen 
terminal  cell  of  a  branch  of  a  hypha,  from  the 
protoplasm  of  which  the  spores  (typically  8)  are 

i>roduced.    Also  called  ascidiiiin  and  thecu. —  2. 
n  urcliao!.,  same  as  a-skos. 


-•/.  Section  I'f  Peziza  com- 
T'fxula,  ni.-L;;iii(icil :  s.  tissue 
of  the  fitiii^is.  5iirTOundin(j  by 
its  iii.ir^in  i^)  the  hynicniuiii 
(A),  wluclt  contains  the  .isci. 
B.  A  group  of  asci  ^a-/\, 
hijjhly  iiiiiynified ;  sh.  sub- 
hynieni.Tl  uycr  of  hyph.'e. 
( From  S.ichs's  "  Lehrbuch 
dct  Bot,inik." ) 


336 
ascyphous  (as'i-fus),  o. 

[<  (jr.  annv^iir,  VNTthout  a 
cup,  <  fl-  priv.  -I-  nui'ipoi;,  a 
cup.]  In  bnt.,  having  no 
scyphi :  applied  to  lichens 
without  cui)-shaped  liod- 
ies  (scyphi)  bearing  the 
organs  of  fructification. 

as-ducat  (as'duk'at),  «. 
An  (lid  (icrman  unit  of 
weight,  used  in  .Saxony, 
equal  to  5.2875  centi- 
grams, or  five  sixths  of  a 
troy  grain. 

asea  (a-se'),  jwej).  phr.  as 
adv.  ■■[<  "^  +  sea.  Cf. 
alaiid^.]  At  sea;  on  the 
sea;  to  the  sea. 

aseel(a-sel'),  n.  [E.  Ind.] 
A  variety  of  the  common 
hen,  similar  to  the  Malay. 
It  is  of  metliinu  size,  and  is  es- 
teemed in  the  East  Indies  for 
its  pnu'iiacity. 

aseismatic  (a-sis-mat'ik), 
a.  [<  a-is  -(-  .'icismatic] 
Not  seismatic ;  free  from 
shock;  mitigating  the 
effects  of  earthquake- 
shocks:  applied  to  certain 
contrivances  designed  to  secfire  stability,  as  of 
lighthouses  and  other  strxietrnvs  during  earth- 
quakes: as,  aseismatic  joints;  a.'icismntic  tables. 

aseity  (a-se'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  ascitc,  <  ML.  a,9eitas, 
the  state  of  being  of  one's  self,  independent  ex- 
istence, <  L.  a  se,  of  one's  self:  a  for  edi,  of, 
from;  sc,  self:  see  «e.]  The  mode  of  being  of 
that  which  is  imderived  from  anything  else ; 
independent  existence ;  existence  by  self -origi- 
nation. 

By  what  mysterious  light  have  you  tiiscovered  thato-^e- 
itij  is  entail'd  on  matter? 

Gentleman  Instructed  (ed.  1732),  p.  425. 

The  absolute  being  and  aseity  of  God.  W.  It  Sniitk. 

Aselli,  ".     Plm-al  of  Asellus,  1. 

asellid  (a-sel'id),  h.  An  isopod  of  the  family 
Asellida: 

Asellidae  (a-sel'i-de),  ?i.  J)?.  [NL.,  <  Asellus  + 
-idw.]  A  family  of  isopodous  crustaceans,  of 
which  the  genus  Asellus  is  the  type,  it  also  con- 
tains the  gentis  Linmoria,  of  which  the  species  L.  tere- 
brans, the  gribble,  is  destructive  to  submerged  wood. 
Other  genera  are  Icera  and  Manna.  Its  various  forms 
inhabit  both  fresh  and  salt  water. 

Asellota  (as-e-16'tii),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Asellus  + 
-iilii.]     A  synonym  of  Asellida: 

Asellus  (a-sel'us),  «.  [L.,  dim.  of  asinu-s,  an 
ass:  .see  a.ssi^.]  1.  [PI.  Aselli  (-i).]  A  name 
given  to  each  of  the  two  stars  y  and  i!  Cancri, 
lying  east  of  the  quadi'angle  of  that  constel- 
lation.—  2.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  .Iscllidw.  A.  aquaticus,  the  water  hog- 
louse,  is  a  common  form  in  fresh  water. 

asemia  (a-se'mi-ii).  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aarinog,  hav- 
ing or  giving  no  sign.  <  o-  priv.  +  aijua,  a  sign.] 
In  patkol.,  the  loss  of  the  power  of  forming  or 
understanding  any  sign  or  sjTubol  of  thought, 
whether  spoken,  written,  or  acted.  Also  called 
nsynibolia. 

asepsis  (a-sep'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  «-  priv.  + 
niirpn;  putrefaction.]  Absence  of  living  germs 
of  disease,  putrefaction,  or  fermentation. 

asepta  (a-sep'tji),  K.  J*?.  [NL.,  ueut.  pi.  of 
ase2>tu^,  <  Gr.  aaii-roi;,  not  liable  to  decay:  see 
aseptic]     Things  not  liable  to  putrefy. 

aseptic  (a-sep'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aar/Trroc,  not  liable 
to  decay,  <  li-priv.  -I-  c7/-r6c,  septic:  see  .tcptic] 
Free  from  the  living  germs  of  disease,  fermen- 
tation, or  putrefaction. 

asepticity  (as-ep-tis'i-ti),  n.  [<  aseptic  +  -ity.] 
The  character  or  quality  of  being  aseptic. 

These  are   absence  of  damp  soil,  a-'<epticiti/  of  the  air, 
and  dryness  of  the  atmosphere.  J/i'((.  .\eic»,  XLVII. 

asepticize  (a-sep'ti-siz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
as(j}tici::cd,  ppr.  ascjiticidiig.  [<  aseptic  +  -ice.] 
To  render  free  from  living  germs  of  disease, 
fermentation,  or  putrefaction. 

asexual  (a-sek'su-al),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  («7-lS) 
+  .■sexual.]  1.  Not  sexual;  not  sexed;  ha\-ing 
no  sex,  as  a  species  or  other  gi-oup  of  animals 
which  have  no  sexual  system  or  organs. — 2. 
Neuter;  being  of  neither  sex,  as  some  indi- 
viduals of  species  in  which  other  individuals 
are  male  or  female,  or  as  some  stages  in  the 
growth  of  individuals  which  later  develop  into 
male  or  female. — 3.  Effected  or  produced  Ijy 
other  than  sexual  ])roeesses;  agamic;  agamo- 
genetic :  as,  asexual  reproduction. 


ash 

Little  colonies  of  these  parasites,  the  funinrc,  iiltlmat«l)r 
develrip  into  medusa'.  Here  is  an  asexual  multiplication, 
but  no  true  alternation  of  generation.    Science,  VII.  2tMa. 

Asexual  reproduction,  any  proces-sof  iiropagation  that 
is  nr)t  effected  by  means  of  sexual  organs,  as,  in  M.,  in 
many  of  the  co'ptogams,  by  cell-division,  etc.,  anil  in  pha- 
nerogams when  propagation  is  caiTied  on  by  bmis,  ofT- 
sl ts.  bidbs,  etc. 

asezually  (a-sek'su-al-i),  adv.  In  an  asexual 
manner;  agamically;  agamogenetically. 

For  what  are  the  phajnomena  of  Agamogencsis,  stated 
generally?  An  impregnatetl  egg  develops  into  an  asexual 
form,  A  :  this  gives  rise  asexuallt/  t<»  a  seeoml  form  or 
forms,  B,  more  or  less  different  from  A.  IJ  may  multiply 
asexually  again  ;  in  the  simpler  eases,  however,  it  does 
not,  but,  acquiring  sexual  characters,  produces  impreg- 
nated eggs  from  whence  A  once  more  arises. 

Iluxlet/,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  311. 

Asgard  (as'giird),  n.  l<.lce\. duf/ardlir,  <  ass,  a 
god,  -I-  (jardlir,  an  inclosure,=  E.  yard^:  neeAs'^, 
garth^,  and  yard".]  In  Xorse  myth.,  the  abode 
of  the  twelve  gods  ami  twenty-six  goddesses, 
and  of  heroes  slain  in  battle,  fonned  of  the  eye- 
brows of  the  giant  Ymer.  In  the  midst  of  Asgard 
were  the  plain  of  Iila  (IilavoUr),  wjiere  the  gods  asscm* 
bled  in  council,  and  Odin's  throne  (Illidskjaip.  The 
several  gods  and  goddesses  had  their  own  dwellings,  and 
Valhalla  (Oclin's  hall).  Olailsheim  (the  special  hall  of  the 
gods),  and  N'ingolf  (that  tif  the  goddesses)  were  common 
meeting-plat^es  for  them  all.  .-V.sgard  w:is  connected  with 
Midgard  (the  earth)  by  the  liriilgc  I'.ifrost. 

ash^  (ash),  H.  and  a.  [<  AIE.  ascli,  assh,  csche, 
etc.,  <  AS.  a-sc  =  I),  cseli  =  OHG.  asc,  MHO. 
ascli,  m.,  G.  esche,  f.,  =  Icel.  a.skr  =  Dan.  Sw. 
ask  =  OBtdg.  yasika  =  Lith.  w.sis,  the  ash.]    I.  «. 

1.  In  bot. :  (a)  The  popular  name  of  trees  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Fraxinus  (which  see).  The 
common  ash  of  Riirope,  K  excelsior,  is  native  throtigh  the 
greater  part  of  Europe,  northern  Africa,  and  some  parta 
of  .\sia.  It  is  a  haiulsome  ornamental  tree,  ami  is  exceed- 
ingly valuable  for  its  timber,  which  is  close-grained  and 
remarkably  tough  and  ela-stic.  It  w.is  therefore  in  early 
times  the  chief  material  in  the  construction  of  br>ws  and 
spears,  and  is  now  largely  used  wherever  these  ipialities 
are  needed.  In  its  younger  state  the  tree  is  called  ground- 
ash,  and  a  variety  is  well  known  in  cultivation  as  weep- 
ing-ash. The  flowering  a.sb,  F.  Ornus,  is  a  small  tree  of 
southern  Europe,  sometimes  cultivatctl  for  ornament.  It 
yields  a  saccharine  exmlatiou,  which  forms  the  best  known 
and  most  important  of  the  various  kinds  of  manna.  lu 
the  United  States  several  species  of  the  genus  are  com- 
monly known  under  the  name,  .as  the  black  ash,  ground- 
ash,  or  hoop-ash,  F.  sambuei/otia  ;  the  IJue  a^h,  F.  quad- 
ranffulata  ;  the  green  ash,  F.  eiridis;  tlfe  red  ash,  F.  pu- 
bescens ;  the  water-ash,  F.  plati/carpa  ;  and  the  white 
ash,  F-  Americana.  The  last  is  the  most  valuable:  its 
wood  closely  resembles  that  of  the  European  ash,  atid  is 
used  for  similar  pm-poses.  (i)  The  name  (with  some 
adjimct)  of  various  trees  or  shrubs  of  otlier  gen- 
era, generally  from  some  resemblance  in  foliage 
or  qualities  of  the  wood  to  the  common  asn. 
(See  below.)  (c)  Also,  in  parts  of  England, 
the  name  of  some  herbaceous  plants,  chiefly 
umbelliferous,  as  the  ground-ash,  or  ashweed, 
^gopodium  I'odagraria  and  Angelica  syhcstris, 
and  the  sweet  ash,  Anthriscus  sylvcstris. — 2. 
The  wood  of  the  ash-tree ;  hence,  something 
made  of  ash,  as  the  shaft  of  a  lance  or  spear. 

My  grained  rt.^■A  a  humlrcd  times  liath  broke. 

S/iak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 
Ash  of  Jerusalem,  an  old  English  name  for  woad  or 
dyer's  weed,  Isatis  tuictoria  aiul  lieseda  luteola. —'Sitter 
ash,  a  West  Indian  name  of  the  (luassia-tree.  Ficreena 
cxeelsa. — Cape  ash,  the  Kkeber'jia  capensis,  alarge  inelia- 
ccous  tree  of  sotithern  Africa,  furnishing  valuable  timber. — 
Poison  ash,  tlie  poison  sumac,  lihus  Cfiienata. — PrlCkly 
ash,  a  name  given  to  species  of  -Xanthortiluin  (.V.  .imcn- 
camnii.X.  Clwit-IIerculis.  the  latter  also  called  A,-rt-rt*7i). — 
Quaking  ash,  in  Scotland,  the  aspen.—  Red  ash,  of  .Aus- 
tralia, the  Atp/iitoiiia  execL^a,  a  tall  rbamiiaceous  tree  with 
very  hard  wood.—  Wild  ash,  an  old  English  name  for  the 
mountain-ash.— Yellow  ash,  a  leguminous  tree  of  the 
United  States,  Cladi-a.-iti.,  tuwturia.  Sec  t/elluic-u-ood.  (See 
also  hoop-ash,  mountain-ash,  ica/er-ash.) 

n.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  the  ash ;  made  of 
ash. 
ash-  (ash),  n.  [E.  ilial.  pi.  axcii,  Sc.  as,  ass,  pi. 
asses;  <  JIE.  ash,  ashe,  asche,  aischc,  csche,  as-ie, 
aske,  axe,  pi.  ashes,  aschcs,  askes,  axes,  and  with 
older  term,  ashen,  aschen,  a,skcii,  axon,  <  AS. 
asce,  cesce.  axe, pi.  ascaii,  ascaii,  axaii,  axan,  —  D. 
asch  =  OHG.  asga,  n.s'ca,  MIKJ.  fl.vc/ic,  csche,  G. 
a.^che  =  Icel.  Sw.  a.ika  =  Dan.  a.skc  =  Goth. 
asgo,  ash.]  1.  AVhat  remains  of  a  body  that 
is  burned ;  the  incombustible  residue  of  organic 
substances  (animal  or  vegetable)  remaining 
after  combustion;  in  common  usage,  any.  in- 
combustible residue  of  materials  usetl  as  fuel : 
usually  in  the  plural.  As  a  commercial  term,  the 
word  generally  means  the  ashes  of  vegetable  substances, 
from  which  .are  extracted  the  alkaline  matters  called  pot- 
ash, pearlash,  kelp,  barilla,  etc. 

The  <i.«/i  of  tobacco.        Donne,  Polydoron  (1631),  p.  142. 

.\  residue  consisting  of  carbon,  orcarbon  and  ash.    Ure. 

2.  PMne  material  thrown  out  of  a  volcano  in 
eruption,  it  is  not,  like  onlinary  ashes,  a  residuum  of 
the  combustion  of  a  substiuice  containing  carlH>nact?ons 
mingled  with  inorganic  matter,  biit  is  finely  pulverized 
lava,  derived  in  part  from  the  actual  tearing  asunder  ol 


ash 

the  lint  fully  consoliilnteil  material  by  the  expansive  force 
uf  the  jjast's  whieh  it  ccnitaius.  aiul  in  part  frnm  nu'ehaiii- 
cal  pulverization  by  frietion  in  the  ihininey  of  the  volea- 
no.  LarBer  iiarticles  are  ealled  capiUi ;  coherent  masses 
of  still  larger  size,  ncorirry  eindem,  ami  hmubs.  If  the 
erupted  asiies  fall  into  water,  they  assunn'  a  stratifled  fonn. 
Koeli3  of  this  eharaeter  have  been  ealled  iiiiim-aiiuemis 
aai  iilillo-ni'iitunian.  See  Inm,  rolrnim,  and  luff. 
3.  ]>1.  The  remains  of  the  Inimaii  body  when 
burned ;  hcnee,  a  dead  body  or  corpse ;  mortal 
remains. 

Poor  key-cold  (Igure  of  a  holy  king  ! 

I'ale  ashes  of  the  house  of  Lancaster  I 

Tliou  Ijloodless  remnant  of  that  royal  blood  ! 

Shak.,  Kieh.  III.,  i.  2. 
Black  ashes,  crude  soda. -Blue  ashes.  See  Hue.— 
Clavellated  ashes.  See  da  rciia!,il.— Dust  and  ashes, 
a  Seriiitural  jihrase  expressive,  wluii  applied  to  one's  self, 
of  deep  humiliation  :  as.  '■  I  whidi  am  but  i/H-ifn/uf  ((.■.■/"'.<,  ' 
Oen.  xviii.  27.— Ultramarine  ashes.  See  ultramamu: 
ash2  (ash),  v.  t.  [<  <<.>7''-,  «.]  1.  To  strew  or 
sprinkle  ■\rith  ashes. 
They  ash  and  powder  their  pericraninnis. 

Howell,  Letters,  iv.  5. 
2.  To  convert  into  ashes. 

The  folded  filter  jiaper  brought  into  a  scorifler  and 
a.-ihiil  in  a  Klowing  muffle.     Aimr.  Cliein.  Jour.,  VIII.  7s. 

ashame  (a-sham'),  ''■  [<  (l)  ME.  ascliamin, 
ashdiiieii,  i  AS.  ascamiaii,  mceamian  (=  MHG. 
irscamcii,  crschemen,  G.  crt!Ch(hii(ii);  mixed  with 
(2)  ME.  yshameti,  yschamcii,  <  AS.  yescamian, 
gcsceamicm, oescomiaii  (=tTOth.  !iaskamaii,re&.), 
and  (3)  ME.  ofschdmen,  <  AS.  "ofscamiaii  (the 
last  two  in  ME.  only  in  pp.) ;  <  AS.  a-  (E.  n-l), 
AS.  ge-  (E.  «-6),  or  AS.  of-  (E.  o-*),  respectively, 
+  scamian,  secoiiiian,  shame:  see  a-l,  a-",  «-■*, 
&nd  shame,  v.^  I.t  iiitrans.  To  feel  shame;  be 
ashamed. 

II.  trans.  To  shame ;  make  ashamed.  [Now 
rarely  used  e.xcept  in  tlie  past  participle 
ashamed,  with  the  force  of  an  adjective.] 

It  should  humble,  askame  and  grieve  us. 

iSarrvu;  Works,  II.  417. 

ashamed  (a-shamd'),  2>-  a.  [<  (1)  ME.  ashamed, 
aschamed,"<  AS.  ascamod,  mixed  with  (2)  ME. 
ysshaiiied,  <  AS.  gescamod,  and  (3)  ME.  of- 
schamed,  <  AS.  *ofscamod;  pp.  of  the  preceding 
verb.]  1 .  Affected  or  totiched  by  shame ;  abash- 
ed or  confu^d  by  guilt  or  a  conviction  of  some 
wrong  action,  indecorous  conduct,  or  other  im- 
propriety: hardly  used  attributively :  followed 
by  of,  or  by  a  dependent  clause  with  that. 

Tliey  shall  be  turned  back,  they  shall  be  greatly  ashamed, 
that  trust  in  graven  images.  Is.  xlii.  17. 

I  feel  sufficiently  my  folly's  penance. 
And  am  asham'd ;  that  shame  a  thousand  sorrows 
Feed  on  continually.        Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  v.  7. 
Those  who  base  their  hopes  for  the  future  on  the  glori- 
ous revelations  of  the  Bible  need  not  be  ashamed  o/  its 
story  of  the  past.      Daivson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  181. 
"Thy  name?"  .  .  . 
"Ashamed  am  I  that  I  should  tell  it  thee. 
My  pride  is  broken :  men  have  seen  my  fall." 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

2.  Reluctant  through  fear  of  shame  :  followed 
by  an  infinitive  :  as,  I  am  ashamed  to  offer  it, 
it  is  so  little. 

I  cannot  dig,  to  beg  I  am  ashamed.  Luke  xvi.  3. 

He  was  not  ashamed  to  answer  that  he  could  not  live  out 

of  the  royal  smile.  Macaulaif,  Hist.  Eng. 

ashamedly  (a-sha'med-li),  adv.    "With  shame. 

ashamedness  (a-sha'med-nes),  m.  The  state 
of  being  ashamed. 

Ashantee,  Ashanti  (a-shan'te),  n.  and  n.  [Na- 
tive name.]    I.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of 
Ashantee,  a  state  in  western  Africa. 
II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ashantee. 

ash-barberry  (ash'bar"ber-i),  )(.  A  name  given 
to  pinnate-leafed  species  of  barberry  (Berberis) 
belonging  to  the  section  Mahonia. 

ash-bead  (ash'bed),  n.  In  the  manufacture  of 
varnish,  a  layer  of  ashes  placed  near  the  fire 
over  which  the  gum  is  melted.  The  pot  containing 
tile  gum  is  plaeed  upon  the  ashes  when  the  heat  becomes 
too  great,  or  wlu-n  tlie  varnish  is  ready  for  mixing. 

ash-bin  (ash'bin),  n.  A  receptacle  for  ashes 
and  other  refuse. 

ash-cake  (ash'kiik),  «.  A  cake  baked  on  or  in 
hot  ashes. 

ash-candles  (ash'kan"dlz),  n.  pi.  Ash-keys: 
an  Englisli  name  of  the  fruit  of  the  Eiu-opean 
ash-tree,  Fraxiuus  excelsior. 

ash-color  (ash'kul"or),  n.  The  color  of  ashes ; 
a  clear,  neutral  gray. 

ash-colored  (ash'kul"ord),  a.  Of  the  color  of 
ashes:  cinorous. 

ashenl  (ash'cn  or  ash'n),  a.  [<  ME.  "asehen,  < 
AS.  *a'seen  (Bosworth),  <  wsc,  ash :  see  as/ti  and 
-en'^.'\  Pertaining  to  the  ash-tree  or  its  tim- 
ber J  made  of  ash. 

His  ashen  si)ear,  that  quivered  as  it  Hew. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  xii.  4ai. 


336 

ashen2  (ash'cn  or  ash'n),  a.  [<  ash^  +  -cb2.] 
Consisting  of  or  resembling  ashes ;  ash-colored : 
as,  "the  aslien  hue  of  age,"  Scott,  Marraion, 
vi.  14. 

ashen^'t,  "■     Obsolete  plural  of  ash^.    f'haveer. 

ashery  (ash'e-ri),  11.;  pi.  ashcries  (-riz).  [< 
asli"  +  -ery.']  1.  A  j)lace  for  ashes;  an  ash- 
hole. —  2.  A  manufactory  of  potash  or  pearl- 
ash. 

ashet  (ash'ct),  n.  [Sc,  earlier  a.^set,  <  F.  a.i- 
sictte,  a  plate.]  A  large  platter  or  dish,  genei'- 
ally  of  an  oval  shape,  on  which  meat  is  brought 
to  the  table.     [Scotch.] 

ash-fire  (ash'fu'),  ».  A  slow  fire  of  live  coals 
l)anked  or  covered  with  ashes,  used  in  chemical 
operations,  and  by  bakers  and  others. 

ash-fly  (ash'fli),  II.  The  oak-fly,  Cynips  qui  r- 
ciisffiiii. 

ash-furnace  (ash'fer  "nas),  H.  A  kind  of  furnace 
or  liven  in  which  the  materials  for  glass-making 
are  fritted. 

ash-hole  (ash'hol),  h.  A  repository  for  ashes; 
the  lower  part  of  a  furnace ;  an  ash-bin. 

ashine  (a-shin'),  jinp.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^ 
+  shine.]     Shining;  bright;  luminous. 

His  lianl  features  ...  all  agrin  and  ashine  with  glee. 
Cliarlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  iii. 

Ashkenazic  (ash-ke-naz'ik),  a.  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  the  Ashkenazim.  EncijC.  Brit.,  XV. 
292. 

Ashkenazim  (ash-ke-naz'im),  H.  pi.  [Heb.] 
German-Polish  Jews,'  as  distinguished  from  the 
Sephardim  or  Spanish-Portuguese  Jews.  They 
form  about  90  jier  cent,  of  the  Jewish  lace,  and  differ  from 
the  Sephjirdim  in  liturgy  and  in  pronunciation  of  Hebrew, 
luit  not  in  doctrine. 

ash-key  (ash'ke),  n.  [<  ««/(!  +  /rfyl.  Cf.  ma- 
ple-key.'] The  key  or  samara  of  the  ash-tree ; 
the  pericarp  of  the  ash;  in  her.  (in  the  plural), 
a  representation  of  the  keys  or 
samaras  of  the  ash-tree,  used  as  a 
bearing.  Also  called  ash-candles. 

ashkoko(ash-kd'k6),«.  Anative 
name  in  Abyssinia  of  the  cony,  a 
species  of  Hyrax.  Bruce.  Also 
called  ganam  and  xcaliber.  See 
cony,  2. 

ashlar,  n.     See  ashler. 

ash-leach  (ash'lech),  n.  A  hopper  in  which 
ashes  are  placed  during  the  process  of  the  re- 
moval of  their  soluble  salts  by  lixiviation. 

ashler,  ashlar  (ash'ler,  -liir),  «.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  astlcr,  asler,  etc.,  <  JIE.  ashelir,  aschcler, 
aehiler,  <  OF.  aisekr,  ashler.  <  OF.  aiselle,  aissele, 
aisselle,  <  ML.  assella,  a  little  board  or  shingle 
(cf.  L.  assula,  a  chip,  shingle),  dim.  of  L.  assis 
(>It.  nsse  =  F.  ais),  aboard,  plank,  also  spelled 
axis,  and  the  same  word  as  axis,  axis :  see  axis 
and»s<e(.]  1.  A  block  of  biulding-stone,  rough 
as  it  is  brought  from  the  quaiTy ;  such  stones 
collectively. — 2.  In  masonry,  a  squared  stone, 


Ash-Keys. 


Ashler. 


OJ- 


a,  random-range  quarry-faced  ashler :  f>,  random-range  dressed-face 
ashler ;  £,  coursed  quarry-faced  ashler ;  rf.  coursed  dressed  ashler  with 
margin-draft,  also  showing  iron  anchor:  e,  bonder  in  ashler:y,  nii> 
ble  filling  back  of  ashler. 

as  distinguished  from  a  stone  which  is  of  irregu- 
lar shape ;  such  stones  collectively. 

Ashlar  stones,  or  ashlars  as  they  are  commonly  ealled, 
are  made  of  various  sizes  on  the  surface,  as  tlie  character 
of  the  edifice  may  retiuire.  Encye.  Brit.,  IV.  471. 

3.  Masonry  constructed  of  ashler,  wnien  the 
courses  are  not  regular,  but  broken  up  l)y  the  use  of  stones 
of  different  thicknesses,  it  is  called  hmk-en  ashler  or  ran- 
dom.ranye  ajthter.  Small  a.^hler  cmphiys  stones  of  less 
than  (Hie'  foot  in  breadth.  Ba,^lard  a.'<hler  is  an  ashler  face 
backed  with  rubble  or  other  inferior  work,  as  in  all  courses 
but  the  lowest  in  the  cut.  Ashler  is  said  to  be  plane 
when  it  is  smt)othed  on  the  exposed  face :  tooled  proper, 
wtien  the  folding  is  in  grooves;  randoni'tooled,  when  cut 
without  regularity ;  chiseled  ur  boasted,  when  wrought  with 


Asiarch 

a  narrow  tool;  pointed,  when  wrought  with  a  tool  still 
narrower ;  ruMlicated,  or  ijuarry.Jnced,  when  the  joints 
only  are  hewn,  the  face  of  the  sUnie  being  left  irregular; 
prison  rustic,  when  pitted  into  deep  holes;  herriny-lKine, 
when  tooled  oblitpiely  in  alternat*;  directions  ;  and  iiiyyed, 
when  dressed  with  a  pointed  hammer. 

The  ashler  buttress  braves  its  force, 
And  ramparts  frown  in  battled  row. 

Scott,  Cadyow  Castle. 

Droved  ashler,  a  Scotch  name  for  ashler  of  inferior 

<|ti;dity.  w  brtber  chiseled  or  random. tooled. 

ashlering  (ash'ler-iug),  n.  [<  a.<ihler  +  -ing^.] 
1.  In  ciirjj,,  short  upright  pieces  to  which  laths 
are  nailed,  extending  from  the  floor-beams  to 
the  rafters  in  garrets. —  2.  In  masonry,  ashler 
used  as  a  facing  to  the  body  of  a  wall ;  bastard 
ashler. 

ashore  (a-shor'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  «3 
+  shorei.]  1.  On  shore;  on  or  to  the  lanil  ad- 
jacent to  water:  as,  bring  the  goods  a.ihore ; 
the  ship  was  driven  ashore. —  2.  On  land:  op- 
posed to  aboard  or  afloat:  as,  the  captain  of 
the  ship  remained  ashore. 

ash-pit  (ash'{)it),  )(.  1.  A  place  of  deposit  for 
ashes  an<l  house-rubbish  generally. — 2.  The 
place  where  the  cinders  fall  under  a  furnace 
or  fireplace. 

ash-plate  (ash'plat),  n.  The  rear  plate  of  a 
fm'nace. 

ashrafl  (ash-raf'i),  «.  [Pers.  a.shrafi.]  A  Per- 
sian gold  coin,  weighing  rather  more  than  53 
grains,  and  worth  about  s2.43. 

ash-shoot  (ash'shot),  n.  A  tube  leading  up- 
ward from  the  stoke-hole  of  a  ship  to  the  deck, 
through  which  the  ashes  are  lifted.  The  shoot 
is  also  utilized  as  a  ventilating  shaft. 

Ashtaroth  (ash'ta-roth),  n.  [Heb.]  Plural  of 
A.'ihttmth. 

Ashtoreth  (ash'to-reth),  n.  [Written  Astoreth 
by  Milton :  a  Heb.,'  orig.  Phenician,  name,  equiv- 
alent to  the  Assyrian  I.shtar.~\    Same  as  Astarte. 

Ashura  (ash'o-rii),  n.  [Ar.  'ashir,  tenth,  <  'ash- 
ara,  ten.]  A  voluntary  fast-day  observed  by 
the  Mohammedans  on  the  10th  day  of  the  month 
Muharram.     Hughes. 

Ash  'Wednesday  (ash  wenz'da).  [JfE.  a.sche-, 
ii.'<l:-,  a.T-iV(dncsiiay ;  asli"  and  U'ednesday.']  The 
first  day  of  Lent.  It  is  named  from  a  custom  in  the 
Western  I'linreh  tif  sprinkling  ashes  on  the  heads  of  peni- 
tents admitted  to  penance  on  that  day.  The  origination 
of  this  ceremony  is  generally  attributed  to  Gregory  the 
Great.  According  to  tlie  present  rite  in  the  Roman  Gath- 
olic  Church,  the  ashes  are  consecrated  on  the  altar,  sprin- 
kled with  holy  water,  signed  with  the  cross,  and  then 
strewn  on  the  heads  of  the  clergy  and  people,  the  priest  re- 
peating, "  Memento 'juoil  cinis  es,  et  in  cinerem  reverteris  " 
(Remember  that  thou  art  dust,  and  wilt  to  dust  return). 

ash'weed  (ash'wed),  n.  [Formerly  also  ashe-, 
ai.-^h-weed ;  <  ash^  -\-  weeiO-.]  The  goutwort, 
JEgoptodium  Podagraria. 

asliy  (ash'i),  a.    [ME.  asshy,  asJcy;  <  ash^  +  -y.] 

1.  Belonging  to,  consisting  of,  or  resembling 
ashes ;  hence,  ash-colored ;  pale. 

A  timely-parted  ghost, 
Of  fwAw  semblance,  meagre,  pale,  ami  bloodless. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iU.  2. 

2.  Sprinkled  with  ashes.     Chaucer. 

Asian  (ii'shian  or  a'zhian),  a.  [<  L.  Asianiis, 
<  Gr.  'Aaiavu'i,  <  'Aaia,  Asia,  a  town  in  Lydia, 
then  the  region  around,  extended  to  mean  what 
is  now  kno\\'n  as  Asia  Minor ;  in  Pliny  Asia  is 
used,  as  now,  for  the  whole  continent.  The 
origin  of  the  name  'Aaia  is  nnkno'mi.]  Pertain- 
ing to  Asia,  a  continent  extending  from  Europe 
eastward  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  from  the 
frozen  ocean  on  the  north  to  the  Indian  ocean 
on  the  south. 

Asianic  (a-shi-  or  a-zhi-an'ik),  a.  [<  Asian  + 
-ic]     1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Asia  Minor. 

A  syllabic  writing,  evidently  of  immense  antiquity, 
which  prevailed  throughout  the  whole  of  Asia  Minor,  and 
which  has  been  designated  by  Professor  Sayce  as  the 
Asianic  syllabary.      Isaac  Taylor,  The  .\lphabct,  II.  116. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  Asianism, 
or  a  florid  and  inflated  style  of  literature. 

Asianism  (a'shiau-  or  a'zhian-izm),  h.  [<  Asian 
-\-  -(,<)«.]  A  florid  and  inflated  style  of  oratory 
or  rhetorical  treatment,  such  as  was  character- 
istic of  the  Asiatic  Greeks  in  the  thi'ee  cen- 
turies preceding  the  Christian  era. 

Asiarch  (a'shi-iirk),  n.  [<  LL.  Asiarcha,  <  Gr. 
'Aaiapx'/c,  K  'Ada,  Asia,  the  province  so  called, 
+  apx^ir,  rale,  govern.]  In  the  Koman  prov- 
ince of  Asia,  one  of  the  presidents  of  the  pro- 
rincial  games.  The  Asiarchs  were  chosen  annually, 
ami  celebrated  the  games  wholly  or  in  part  at  their  own 
expense. 

It  was  probably  the  policy  of  the  Romans  to  encourage 
centralisation  in  the  religious  organisatitm  of  their  prov- 
inces, and  the  titles  "  Archiereus  of  -\sia  "  and  .i^'arcA 
were  probably  introduced  by  them  into  .Asia  Minor. 

C.  T.  Xetrton,  Art  and  Archieol.,  p.  165. 


Asiatic 

Asiatic  (a-slii-orri-zlii-at'ik),  n.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Asiaticus,  <  Gr.  'AnuiTimiij,  <  'Ania,  L.  A-iin,  Asia : 
see -IsJan.]  I.".  1.  Beloiiffius  to  or  character- 
istic of  Asia  or  its  iiihaliitaiits. —  2.  Character- 
ized by  Asiauisiii.  Asiatic  cholera,  sto  cholera. 
-  Asiatic  pills,  iti  nwd.,  pilts  of  arai-iiiuus  oxid  and  black 

II.  n.  A  native  of  Asia. 
Asiaticism  (a-slii-  or  a-zlii-at'i-sizm),  n.  [<  Asi- 
iilic  +  -iaiii.]  Soinetliing  ctiaracteristic  of  Asi- 
atics ;  specilically,  Asiatic,  as  distinfcuished 
from  European,  modes  of  thouglit  and  life. 
[Itaro.] 

'J'lit'  threat  struggle  between  TYotestantism  and  Aiiiati- 
cisin.  Xcw  Ku'j.  Jour,  o.f  Jiducatwn,  XX.  75. 

Asiaticlzation  (ii-slii-  or  a-zhi-af'i-si-za'slion), 
II.     [<  A.iiiitici^c  +  -nli<iii.'\     Tlioactof  reuiler- 
ins  Asiatic,  or  of  porineatiug  with  Asiaticism. 
[Kare.] 
Tlie  Asiatidzatwn  of  European  life. 

J.  Fiiki',  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  117. 

Asiaticize  (a-shi- or  a-zhi-at'i-siz),  v.  t.;  pret. 
and  pp.  A-'iiaHchcd,  ppr.  Af!iiitici.:iiig.  [<  Asi- 
atic +  -ic< .]  To  render  Asiatic ;  tinge  or  imbue 
with  Asiatic  ideas,  customs,  etc.    [Kare.] 

The  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  which  marks  the 

culmination  of  the  A.<!iaticizin!i  tendency  in  Europe,  saw 

despotism,  both  political  and  religious,  tirnily  established 

in  France,  and  Spain,  and  Italy,  and  in  half  of  Germany. 

J.  Fittke,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  111>. 

Asida  (as'i-(l|i),  H.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of 
Ijcclles  of  tiie  suljfamily  Asidiiia;  containing 
numerous  wingless  species  with  ovate  bodies, 
inhabiting  desert  regions  of  Europe  and  North 
America. 

aside  (a-sid'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep.     [< 

MIO.  aside,  a  side,  on  side,  on  sijd  (also  with  ad- 

verlnal  gen.  suffix,  asides,  asidis,  asydis) :  see 

on,  o3,  and«(rf('i.]     I.  adr.  1.  On  or  to  one  side; 

to  or  at  a  short  distance ;   apart ;  away  from 

some  normal  direction  or  position:  as,  to  turn 

or  stand  aside ;  to  draw  a  cmtain  aside. 

Thou  Shalt  set  aside  that  which  is  full.  2  Ki.  iv.  4. 

He  took  him  aside  from  the  multitude.        Mark  \\\.  33. 

The  flames  were  Idown  aside. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1639. 

2.  Apart  or  separately  (from);  in  a  state  of 
withifruwal  or  exclusion  (from).  [A  use  of  Oijrff 
for  ajiart  nearly  or  quite  peculiar  to  the  United 
States.] 

I  give  thee  love  as  God  pives  light, 
Aside  from  merit  or  from  prayer. 

n.  T.  Cvoke,  Poems,  p.  T6. 
That  we  agree  with  him  [Emerson],  or  that  he  always 
agrees  with  himself,  is  aside  from  the  question. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  197. 

3.  Out  of  one's  thoughts,  consideration,  or  re- 
ganl ;  away ;  off :  as,  to  lay  aside  one's  animos- 
ity ;  to  put  one's  cares  aside. 

Without  la>ing  aside  that  dauntless  valour  which  had 
been  the  terror  of  every  land  from  the  Elbe  to  the  Pyre- 
nees. Macautay,  Uist.  Eng.,  i. 

Hooks  can  only  reveal  us  to  ourselves,  and  as  often  as 
they  do  us  this  service,  we  lay  them  aside. 

Thorcau,  Letters,  p.  153. 

No  man  can  put  abstract  notions  more  entirely  aside 
thau  be.  .V.  A.  Iter.,  CXLH.  69(i. 

4.  So  as  not  to  be  hoard  by  some  one  present : 
chiefly  a  dramatic  use.  Tims,  on  the  stage,  to  utter  a 
speech  aside,  is  to  utter  it  in  such  a  manner  tliat  it  is  as- 
sumed not  to  be  heard  by  the  other  characters,  or  to  be 
lieard  only  by  those  for  whom  it  is  intended. 

O  dear,  madam,  you  are  not  to  say  that  to  her  face !  — 
aside,  nta'am,  aside. — The  whole  scene  is  to  be  aside. 

.Slieridaii,  The  Critic,  iii.  1. 

II.  prep.  By  the  side  of ;  beside.  [Rare,  ex- 
cept in  old  English  and  Scotch.] 

Here  slake  your  thirst  aside  their  liveliest  rill.  Landor. 

aside  (a-sid'),  v.  [<  a.mle,  adcj  Something 
spoken  and  not  heard,  or  supposed  not  to  be 
hoard,  by  some  one  or  more  present ;  especially, 
a  remark  uttered  by  an  actor  on  the  stage,  and 
assumed  not  to  be  lieard  by  the  other  charac- 
ters on  the  stage,  or  to  be  lieard  only  by  those 
for  whom  it  is  intended. 

asiderite  (a-sid'e-nt),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -I-  aiih- 
ptTj/(,  of  iron:  seff  «-ls  ami  .^idcritc,]  A  me- 
teoric stone  which  contains  no  metallic  iron. 
See  meteorite. 

Asidins  (as-i-di'ne),  ji.  ;)/.  [NL.,  <  As-ida  + 
-iiKu.]  A  subfamily  of  atraeheliato  hetorome- 
rous  beetles,  of  the  family  Tcncbrionidce,  typi- 
fied l>y  tlie  genus  Asida. 

Asilici  (a-sil'i-si),  n.  )il.  [NL.,  <  Asilus.']  A 
name  given  by  Latreille  to  a  group  of  tetracha^- 
tous  Ijrachycerous  dijiterous  insects,  corre- 
sponiling  most  nearly  to  tlie  modern  family 
Asitida;,  or  hornet-tlies.  Latreille  diviiled  the  I.in- 
nean  genus  Asitus  into  two  groups,  which  he  called  AsUici 
and  Utibotinl. 
'22 


Robber-fly  {Asi.'tis  serieeus,  Say), 
natural  size. 


asinaryt  (as'i-na-ri),  a. 
mis,  an  ass:  see  os,4.] 


Asilids^  (a-sil'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  .f.site  -I-  -idtr.] 
A  family  of  dijilerous  insects,  or  ilies,  belong- 
ing to  the  grou])  Tclraehatw  of  the  suliorder 
Uracil ijee ra  :  tin-  hornet-tlies,  very  active,  ]ire- 
dacioua,  and  voracious,  iireying  ui)on  otiier  in- 
sects, and  making  a  humming  noise  in  lliglit. 
Asilus  (a-si'lus),  H.  [NL.,  <  L.  asilus,  a  gad- 
lly,  horse-tly.]  1.  A  genus  of  two-winged 
Hies,  of  the  family 
.tsilidir,  popularly 
known  as  hornet- 
tlies,  rolilier-flics, 
or  hawk-flies.  They 
are  large,  rather  slen- 
der-bodied Ilies,  having 
strong  legs  and  a  re- 
markably strong  beak 
with  which  they  pierce 
their  prey.  They  de- 
stroy cateriiillars.grass- 
hoi)pers,  and  even 
honey-bees.  Their  lar- 
va; live  uiuler  ground. 
2.  In  oriiitli.:  («) 
[1.  c]  An  old  name 
(Gesiier,  l.i.o!),  to 
Brisson,  17G0)  of 
the  willow-warljler,  rhylloscojius  trocliilus.  (ft) 
A  genus  of  sucli  warblers.  Ilechstciii,  1802. 
Asizuina  (a-sim'i-nii),  n.  [NL.  (cf.  Canadian 
V.  aciiiiiiic,  the  fruit;  acimiiiier,  the  tree),  < 
asimiiiii,  tlie  northern  Algonkin  coiTuption  of 
soutliern  Illinois  rassimiiia  (pi.),  the  name  of 
the  fruit,  prob.,  as  Dr.  Trumbull  suggests,  < 
rassa,  a  sleeve,  +  miii,  pi.  mina,  fruit ;  from 
its  shape.]  An  anonaceous  genus  of  shnilis 
of  the  Atlantic  and  Gidf  States,  including  half 
a  dozen  S])0cies.  of  these  the  most  widely  ilistributid 
is  the  c()mnion  papaw.  .4.  triloba,  which  becomes  a  small 
tree  and  beai-s  a  huv'e  edilde  fruit.  The  others  are  low 
shrubs,  confined  to  tlie  Ciuif  States.  Some  doubtful  spe- 
ies  are  also  credited  to  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies. 

[<  L.  asiiiarius,  <  asi- 
Asinine.  Baileij. 
asinegot  (as-i-ne'go),  «.  [Also  asinico,  Sp.  as- 
nicii,  a  little  ass,  dim.  of  Sp.  Pg.  asiio,  <  L.  asi- 
nus:  see  «ssl.]  1.  A  little  ass. — 2.  A  foolish 
fellow. 

Thou  sodden-witted  lord !  thou  hast  no  more  brain  than 
I  have  in  mine  elbows ;  an  assine^o  may  tutor  thee. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  1. 

Also  spelled  assinego. 
asinine  (as'i-nin  or  -nin),  a.  [<  L.  asiniiins,  < 
asiinis,  an  ass:  see  «ssl.]  1.  Belonging  to  or 
characteristic  of  the  ass. —  2.  Having  the  quali- 
ties attributed  to  the  ass;  stupid;  obstinate; 
obtrusively  silly;  offensively  awkward. 

This  one  act  .  .  .  proclaims  liisrt.^no'/i-' nature. 

13.  Jonson,  The  Devil  is  an  Ass,  i.  C. 
The  gravest  bist<irians  of  the  Netherlands  often  relieved 
their  elephantine  labors  by  the  most  asinitte  gambols. 

llotley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  88. 

asininity  (as-i-nin'i-ti),  n.  [<  asinine  +  -itij. 
Cf.  ML.  asiuitas,  stupidity.]  The  quality  of 
being  asinine ;  obstinate  stupidity. 

The  elephant's  discourse 
Will  neutralize  the  stupid  asininity. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  960. 

asinus  (as'i-nus),  «.  [L.,  an  ass:  see  (7.5x1. ] 
In  :i><H. :  (a)  Specifically,  the  ass.  Rpius  a.'iiniis. 
{h)  [cap.]  GenericaUy,  a  subgenus  of  F.iimis, 
including  the  asses,  as  the  hemione,  onager, 
quagga,  zebra,  etc. 

asio  (a'si-o),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  asio  (in  Pliny,  viith 
var.  reading  axin),  a  homed  owl.]  .iVn  old  name 
of  a  horned  owl.  it  was  made  a  genus  by  I'.risson, 
17G0,  having  as  type  the  common  loiig-earcti  owl  of  Europe, 
A.  otus,  and  the  name  has  been  given  with  little  iliscrinu- 
nation  to  sundry  horned  or  eared  owls.  Now  usually:  ((?) 
[cap.]  A  genus  comprehending  only  .1.  otus  and  its  im- 
mediate relatives,  as  .1.  icitsoiiianus  of  North  America,  A. 
accii'itrinus,  the  short-eared  owl,  etc.  See  cut  under  oui. 
(//)  Tlu'  specific  name  of  the  small  red  or  gray  owl  of  North 
.\niL-rica,  Strix  a.sio  (LinnaMls),  now  Scops  asio. 

Asiphonata  (a-si-fo-na'tji),  n.  ]d.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  asijiliiiiiatus:' fiee  asiphoiiate.']  An  order 
of  acephalous  lamellibranchiato  mollusks,  con- 
taining headless  bivalves  without  respiratory 
tubes  or  siplions  like  tliose  which  in  the 
Siphonata  convey  water  from  tlio  gills,  and 
having  the  lobes  of  the  mantle  free.  Most  of 
the  Asiplwnala  are  fixed,  the  foot  being  small  or  want- 
ing, and  many  secrete  a  byssus.  The  order  includes  in 
general  those  bivalves  best  known  and  most  useful  anil 
valualile  to  man,  as  oysters,  pearl-oysters,  scallops,  mus- 
sels, unios,  etc.,  and  is  now  divided  intoabout  I'ifamilies. 
Synonvmous  with  Atracliia.  Al&oAsipltunia,  Asiphoniata, 
Asiplii.oida. 

asiphonate  (a-si'fo-nat),  a.  [<  NL.  a.-iipho)iatu.9, 
<  Gr.  a-  jiriv.  +  'aiipuv,  siphon :  see  nAS  and 
siphonate.i  Not  possessing  a  respiratory  tube 
or  siphon:  opposed  to  .^iphonate;  specifically, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Asiphonata.  H.  A. 
2ficlwlson.    Also  asiphoniate  and  csiphonate. 


ask 

Asiphonia  (as-i-fo'ni-ii),  «.^)?.  [NL.]   Samo  as 

.isililldlKltll. 

Asiphoniata  (as-i-fo-ni-a'ta),  h.  pi.    [NL.] 

Same  as  A'^i/ihnnata. 
asiphoniate  (as-i-fo'ni-at),  a.    Same  as  asiplio- 

niltr. 

Asiphonida  fas-i-fon'i-dii,),  ii.  pi.   [NL.]   Same 

.'IS  .\sipiionat<t. 

-asis.    See  -iasis. 

asitia  (a-sish'ijl),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aatrla,  want 
of  food  or  of  appetite,  <  aaim^,  without  food,  < 
fi-  priv.  +  cirnr,  food.]  Loss  of  appetite ;  loath- 
ing of  food. 

askl  (ask),  V.  [E.  dial,  also  ax  and  a.s.9  (jiret. 
asl) ;  <  ME.  asken,  c.si-e«,  assiliilated  ashen,  as- 
sen,  cshcn,  cssen,  transposed  axcn,  aescn,  acsien, 
oxivn,  <  AS.  dseian,  often  transposed  dcsian,  dx- 
ian,  dhsian,  =  OS.  escon  =  OFries.  dskia  =  D. 
eischen  =  OHG.  ciseiln,  MHG.  ci.schcn,  G.  eisclien, 
hei.sclien  =  Sw.  d.'.ka  =  Ban.  a:<ike,  ask  (cf. 
Icel.  a;skja,  wish :  see  wish),  =  OBiUg.  iskati  = 
Bohem.  jiskati  =  Russ.  iskati  =  Lith.  jeshkoti 
=  Lett,  eskdt,  seek ;  cf.  Skt.  ■\/  ish,  seek,  de- 
sire.] I.  trans.  1.  To  request;  seek  by  words 
to  obtain ;  petition  for :  commonly  with  of,  in 
the  sense  of  from,  before  the  person  to  whom 
the  request  is  made. 

./I.?i  counsel  .  .  .  o/God.  Judges  xviii.  5. 

2.  To  demand,  expect,  or  claim :  with /or;  as, 
what  price  do  you  ask,  or  ask  for  it  f 

Ask  me  never  so  nmch  dowry.  Gen.  xxxiv.  12. 

3.  To  solicit  from  ;  request  of:  with  a  personal 
object,  and  with  or  without /or  before  tlie  thing 
desired :  as,  I  ask  you  a  great  favor ;  to  ask  one 
for  a  drink  of  water. 

I  came  near,  .  .  .  and  asked  him  the  truth  of  all  tills. 

Dan.  vii.  16. 

4.  To  require  as  necessary  or  useful ;  demand ; 
exact. 

The  exigence  of  a  state  asks  a  much  longer  time  to  con- 
duct the  design  to  maturity.  Addison. 
To  find  the  medium  asks  some  share  of  wit. 
And  therefore  'tis  a  mark  fools  never  hit. 

Cotcper,  Conversation. 

5.  To  interrogate  or  inquire  of;  put  a  ques- 
tion to. 

He  is  of  age,  ask  him.  John  ix.  21. 

6.  To  inquire  concerning;  seek  to  be  informed 
about:  as,  to  ask  the  way;  to  ask  a  question. 

Here  kennell'd  in  a  brake  she  finds  a  hound, 
And  asks  the  weary  caitiff  for  his  master. 

Shak.,  \'enus  and  Adonis,  1.  914. 

7.  To  invite :  as,  to  ask  guests  to  a  wedding 
or  entertainment.— To  ask  In  churcli,  to  publish 
banns  of  marriage.  [The  verb  ask  is  used  in  this  phrase 
because  the  publication  is  really  an  inquiry  whether  any 
one  can  state  any  valid  objecti'»n  to  the  marriage. ]=SyiL 
1  to  4.  Ask,  Hdiuc^t,  Bey,  Dcinaiid,  Claim,  Require,  Solicit, 
Beseech,  Entreat,  Crave,  ."supplicate.  Implore,  Imjsirlune. 
Ask  is  the  generic  wiird  in  this  list ;  it  implies  neither  that 
what  is  .asked  must  be  rendereil,  nor,  on  the  otlier  hahd, 
tliat  it  would  be  a  favor.  Demand,  claim,  and  require  as)!i 
imperatively  or  authorit-atively  ;  the  others  call  for  a  favor 
with  ditferent  degi'ees  of  ul*g'ency  or  humility.  Beseech, 
solicit,  entreat,  importune,  and  sometimes  Ijcy,  imply  great 
urgency ;  crare,  supplicate,  and  implore  imply  great  urgen- 
cy and  great  dejiendence  or  humility.  Bequest  is  a  little 
more  formal  or  carefully  civil  than  ask:  as,  your  atten- 
djince  is  requested.  Bey  is  primarily  to  ask  as  a  beggar ; 
sometimes,  by  the  hyperbole  of  social  usage,  to  ask  as  a 
favor,  real  or  professed  ;  as,  I  hey  your  pardon.  Demand 
and  claim  more  often  refer  to  things ;  reiniire  applies  more 
often  to  action :  as,  he  ditnandeii  his  sliare  ;  he  claimed 
the  whole ;  he  required  me  to  come  :  he  required  some 
proof  to  hack  my  demand  and  substantiate  my  claim. 
Solicit  is  urgent,  but  less  so  than  the  wonis  that  follow  it : 
as,  he  solicited  my  vote.  Beseech  is  nuist  applicable  to  the 
act  of  asking  on  the  ground  of  pure  favor.  Entreat  iniidiea 
continued  appeal  or  representations  of  a  moving  kind. 
Crave  is  almost  or  quite  abject :  like  hey,  it  has  been  taken 
into  polite  forms  of  speech,  and  in  that  use  robbed  of  most 
of  its  force.  Supplicate  and  implore  are,  figuratively, 
modes  of  prayer,  as  to  a  superior  being ;  they  imply  urgent 
or  desperate  appeal,  perhaps  in  many  words.  To  iiuj.or- 
tune  is  genellUly  to  beg  in  a  persistent,  wearying  way, 
with  urgency,  but  perhaps  without  especial  dependence 
or  humility. 

To  ask  and  have,  coimuand  and  be  obeyed. 

ilarluire,  Tamburlaine,  I.  iv.  3. 
To-night  we  hold  a  solemn  supper,  sir. 
And  I'll  request  your  presence.       .SAnA-.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 
These  matters  could  not  be  thus  oarri'd  witliout  a  beyy'd 
and  borrow'd  force  from  worldly  authority. 

Milton,  t'hnrch-Goveniment,*ii.  3. 
It  is  only  when  the  reasonable  and  the  practicable  are 
denied  that  men  demaiut  the  unreasonable  and  impracti- 
cable. LoiceU,  Democracy. 
Since  the  knight 
Came  not  to  us,  of  us  to  claim  the  prize, 
Ourselves  will  send  it  after. 

Tennyson.  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
Tlie  guards  opened  the  doors,  wc  were  U)Id  that  we  could 
proceed  no  further,  and  were  required  to  alight. 

Froiule.  Sketches,  p.  41. 
The  port  .  .  .  was  crowded  with  those  who  hastened  to 
tolicU  permission  to  shore  in  the  enterprise. 

Bancrtift,  Hist,  V.  S.,  L  40. 


ask 

His  eyes,  his  silence,  did  bf^efch 

For  more  and  more  and  more  of  love. 

Il'i((iai/i  Morris,  Eiirtlily  Paradise.  TI.  IH. 
Lest  I  sliiiuld  fear  and  fall,  and  miss  Thee  sii, 
Who  art  not  niisseil  l>y  any  tliat  <'iilmit. 

Mrs.  Jirowniiiff,  Comfort. 

Time,  the  avenger  1  unto  thee  I  lift 

My  hands,  and  eyes,  and  heart,  and  ci-aiii"  of  tlice  a  gift. 

Byron,  C'hilde  Harold,  iv.  i;!0. 

Wchavcix-titicmcd,  wehave  remon.strated,  we  have  .raj)- 

vlientcil,  we  have  prostrattd  ..urs.his  before  the  throne, 

anil  have  imploml  its  inteiiiositi.m  to  arrest  the  tyran- 

nieal  hands  of  the  ministry  and  Parliament. 

J'atrick  Ilcnry. 

Did  they  liear  nic,  would  they  listen,  did  they  pity  nie  sup- 

Sha/l'  I'heed  tliem  in  their  anguish?  shall  I  lirook  to  be 

mpplicaUdf  Tcnm/sun,  Boadicea. 

Implore  your  help  in  these  pathetic  strains. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II. 

Importune  him  for  my  moneys  ;  he  not  oeas'd 

With  slight  denial.  Shak.,  T.  of  A. 

6  and  6.    A  sk.  Inquire,  Question,  Interrogate. 

also  the  generic  word  ;  it  is  simple  and  i"' 

may  be  used  in  tlie  endeavor  to  be  civil, 

a  more  minute  e.vaniination  into  facts :  as,  to  inquire  (into, 

as  to)  the  causes  of  discontent.     To  question  in  this  sense 

implies  the  asking  of  a  series  of  questions,  it  being  sup 

posed  that  the  truth  is  hard  to  get  at,  through  ignorance 


.232. 


,  ii.  1. 


338 

tain  oripin;  perhaps  <  OF.  'ns  canccs:  as,  <  L. 
«(( illds,  to  the ;  canee.%  pi.  of  riince,  iinassibilated 
(Picard)  form  of  cluiincc.  >  ME.  rlidiicc,  cliaunce, 
E.  cliiiiicc.     C(.  prrcliancr.']     I.  (iilr.  Perhaps. 
Ascaunee  that  craft  is  so  lyght  to  lere? 

Chaucer,  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  838. 

II.  conj.  As  if;  as  if  (saying). 

And  wroot  the  names  .  .  . 

Ascauiuv  [var.  usicaunce]  that  he  wolde  for  hem  preye. 
Chaueer,  .Sunnnoner's  Tale,  1.  37. 

Keeping  a  countenance  aseatwes  she  understood  him 
not.  ■'iir  I'-  Sidney,  Arcadia. 

Therewith  he  raysed  his  heavy  head  alight, 
Askaunecs,  Ua  !  indeed  and  thinliest  thou  so. 

Gascoiyne,  Flowers.    (N.  E.  D.) 

askant  (a-skanf).  (idv.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ascaiit,  (liilcaunt,  ascaunt,  later  form  of  askance^. 
Ci.  aslant  or  asquint.']     Sidewise  ;  askance. 
With  au  eye  askant.  Coioper,  Iliad,  xi.  657. 

<  asi-l 
an  in- 


asocial 


Dryden. 


mjate.    .4si  is  here  asker^  (i'ls'ker),  n.     [ME.  askcr,  nsl:ere  ; 
i,tr"uuayi"'^;fs^     +  .-'■'•^■]    O'^'^  ^^°  '^^'^^ '  ^  petitioner; 


quiror. 
To  give  to  every  asker. 


Hammond,  Works,  I.  99. 


Every  asker  being  satisfied. 

Sir  A'.  Dighy,  The  Nature  of  Bodies. 


reluctance,  etc.,  in  the  person  questioned.     Interrogate  is 

essentially  the  same  as  question,  but  more  formal :  as,  to  asker^  (as'ker),  n.     [E.  dial,  also  ascar,  askard, 

question  a  child  or  servant  about  his^conduct  ■■^}^ojnten-o-_     „^.p,„.f,^  askcrd,  askal,  etc. :  see  osk^.]     Same  as 


The  shaft  drove  through  his  neck  atlant. 
As  with  his  wings  ojtlant 
Sails  the  fierce  connorant. 

Long/eltow,  Skeleton  in  Armor. 

II.  I)rep.  Slantingly  across ;  athwart. 
There  is  a  willow  grows  aslant  a  brook. 

Shak,,  Uamlet,  iv.  7. 
Tlie  swelling  upland  where  the  side-long  sun 
Aslant  the  wooded  grove  at  evening  goes. 

l.ung.feWiu;  Spirit  of  Poetry. 

asleep  (a-slep'),  prep.  ])lir.  as  adv.  or  a.  [Also 
on  shop'  (Acts  xiii.  30) ;  ME.  a.-ihjic,  aslape, 
onsUupc,  etc.,  <  AS.  on  .slapc,  in  sleep ;  <  a3  + 
sleep.]  1.  In  or  into  a  state  of  sleep:  as,  to 
fall  asleep. 
He  [Sisera]  was  fast  asleep.  Judges  Iv.  21. 

By  whispering  winds  soon  lull'd  asleep. 

Milton,  L' Allegro,  1.  116. 
And  there  within  the  hollow  lay  .  .  , 
Aslaug  the  golden-headed  child. 
Asleep  and  rosy. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  32. 

2.  Figuratively — (n)  Dead;  in  or  into  a  state 
of  death :  chiefly  in  the  Scriptures  and  religious 
literature. 
Concerning  them  which  are  etslcsp. 


(b)  Dormant;  inactive;  idle. 


sorrow  not. 
1  Thes.  iv.  13. 


gate  a  witness,  an  applicant  for  office,  etc.  Questioning 
or  interroqation  might  be  resented  where  asking,  aslciny 
a  question,  or  inquiring  would  meet  with  a  friendly  re- 
sponse. 

If  we  encountered  a  man  of  rare  intellect,  we  should 
ask  him  what  books  he  read. 

Emerson,  Letters  and  Social  Aims. 

I  promis'd  to  inquire  carefully 

About  a  schoolmaster  for  the  fair  Bianca. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.  i.  2. 


<(sA-2.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
askew  (a-sku'),  adv.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  ashue, 

ascite,  a  skew;  appar.  <  a^  +  skew,  q.  v.     Cf. 

equiv.  Iccl.  a  ska.]     In  an  oblique  position; 

obliquely;  awry;  out  of  the  proper  position  or 

arrangement ;  hence,  askance ;  sidelong. 
Wlien  ye  lowre,  or  looke  on  me  askeiv, 
Then  doe  I  die.  Spenser,  Sonnets,  vii. 


During  this  inquisition  Julia's  tongue 
Was  not  asleep.  liyron,  Don  Juan, 


145. 


He  [Kepler]  found  that  this  planet  [ALars]  moved  in  an 
ellipse  or  oval  ciu-ve  round  the  sun,  which  was  situated 
rather  askew  near  the  middle. 

ir.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  78. 

nskilei,  prep,  jilir.  &s  adv.  [Appar.  <  flS  +  *skile, 
appar.  of  Scand.  origin,  repr.  by  AS.  secolli, 
sceol-,  scijl-  (ef.  in  comp.  sccolh-eeic,  serjl-etjedc 
=  Icel.  skjdleytjr  =  Sw.  skelogd  =  Dan.  skclojet, 
squint-eyed)  =  Icel.  skjdlqr  —  Sw.  dial,  skjalg  = 
D.  sclieel  =  OHG.  scelah  Iscclli-).  MHG.  sclicleh, 
schel,  G.  scheel,  schel,  oblique,  squinting;  henee 
Icel.  ska-la  =  Sw.  skela  =  Dan.  skele,  make  a 
wry  face.]     Askant.     Bp.  Hall. 

asking  (as'king),  n.  [<  ME.  askinge,  axtinqe, 
etc.,  <  AS.  dscuntj,  axmig,  <  asciaii,  ask :  see ask^.] 
1.  The  making  of  a  request;  a  petition:  as,  it 
may  be  had  for  the  asking. — 2.  Proclamation 
or  publication  in  church  of  banns  of  marriage. 
See  to  ask  in  church,  tinder  ask^. 

asktngly  (as'king-li),  adv.  In  an  entreating 
manner;  ■\\ith  expression  of  request  or  desire. 
[Rare.] 

How  askinglu  its  footsteps  toward  me  bend  ! 
It  seems  to  say,  "  And  have  I  tlien  one  friend  ?  " 

Coleridge,  Young  .4ss  (ed.  1796). 

A  Scotch  form  of 


But  since  I  heard  him  make  reply 

Is  many  a  weary  hour ; 
'T  were  well  to  question  him,  and  try 

If  yet  he  keeps  the  power. 

Tennyson,  The  T.ilking  Oak. 

To  question  and  [to]  interrogate  [are]  to  ask  repeatedly. 
and  in  the  latter  case  more  authoritatively  than  in  the 
former.  Crabb,  English  Synonynies,  p.  lo2. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  request  or  petition:  with 
/or before thething requested:  as,  ost/or bread. 

Your  committee  ask  /or  candor  and  justice;  they  do 
not  ask /or  adhesion  to  any  system. 

Sumner,  Prison  Discipline. 

Explore  the  thought,  explain  the  asking  eye. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  412. 

2.  To  inquire  or  make  inquiry  ;  put  a  question : 
often  followed  by  after  or  about,  formerly  also 
by  ()/. 

Wherefore  is  it  that  thou  dost  ask  a/ter  my  name  ? 

Gen.  .x.\xii.  29. 

ask^  (ask),  11.    [E.  dial,  also  asker,  ascar,  askerd, 

askard,  <  ME.  aske,  spelled  once  arskc,  <  AS. 

dthexe  (found  but  once,  in  a  gloss),  appar.  contr. 

from  "agithexc  =  OS.  egithassa  =  OD.  eggedisse, 

egdis,  later  heghdisse,  hacglidisse,  now  luigcdis, 

hdagdis  (simulating  D.  haag  =  E.  hay",  hedge) 

=  OHG.  egidehsa,  MHG.  egedehse,  G.  eidechse,  a  asklent   (as-klenf),    adv 

newt ;  appar.  a  compound,  but  of  tmcertain  for- 
mation; perhaps  <  AS.  *agi,  cgc  =  OS.  egi  = 

OHG.  egi  =  Goth,  agis,  fear  (see  awe),  +  -thcxe, 

OHG.  -dchsa,  repr.  a  Teut.  ■\^*thaks,  make,  fash- 
ion (seen  also  in  OHG.  MHG.  dahs,  G.  daclts,  a 

badger,  OHG.  dehsala,  MHG.  dchsel,  a  hatchet, 

ax,  in  Gr.  tsktuv,  a  carpenter,  artisan,  t6^ov,  a 

bow,  etc.:  see  tectonic,  architect,  toxic),  =  Skt. 

•\f  taksh,  make,  fashion;   the   sense   'awe-  or 

fear-maker'  suiting  the  popular  dread  of  lizards 

and  other  reptiles.]    A  newt.    [Prov.  Eng.  and 

Scotch.] 
aska  (as'ka),  n.     [Kuss.  asika.]     A  warm  cap 

with  a  round  top  and  -without  ear-pieees,  worn 

by  the  Russian  peasantry. 
askance^  (a-skans'),  adv.     [First  in  early  mod. 

E.,  also  written  ascancc,  askaunce,  ascaunee, 

askauns,  askuunse,  asconcc,  a  seance,  a  sconce,  in 

the  earliest  recorded  form  (Palsgrave,  1530)  a 

scanchc ;  with  a  later  variant  u.'ikan  t,  q.  v.  Ori- 
gin tmcertain.     Cf.  asquint,  asklent,  aslant,  and 

askew,  askile.]  Sidewise;  obliquely;  out  of  the 
corner  of  the  eye ;  askant. 

But  Rustum  cy'd  askance  the  kneeling  youth. 

M.  Arnold,  Sohrab  and  llustum. 
So  she,  and  turn'd  askance  a  wintry  eye. 

Tennyson,  The  Princess. 

askance!  (a-skans'),r.  t.;  prct.  anH  \tp.  askanced, 
ppr.  aska'iicing.  [<  askance^,  adv.]  To  turn 
aside,  as  the  eyes.     [Rare.] 

O,  how  are  they  wrapp'd  in  with  infamies 

That  from  their  own  misdeeds  a.'tkanee  their  eyes ! 

Sluik.,  Lucrece,  1.  C37. 

askance-t,  askancest,  adv.  and  conj.  [Early 
mod.  E.  ascances,  askaunces,  <  ME.  ascance,  as- 
kaunce, ascaunee,  ascaunces,  asslcaunce,  of  vmcer- 


3.  Ha\'ing  a  peculiar  numb  feeling,  accom- 
panied by  or  passing  off  with  a  prickly  tingling 
sensation.  This  condition  is  produced  usually  by  pro- 
longed pressure  on  the  nerve-trunks,  and  consequently  is 
most  frequent  in  the  arms  and  legs. 

His  legge  .  .  .  was  all  aslepe,  and  in  a  manner  sterke 
stiff.  Udall,  tr.  of  Erasnuis's  Apophtliegms,  p.  235. 

4.  Naut.,  said  of  sails  when  the  wind  is  just 
strong  enough  to  distend  them  and  prevent 
tliem  from  shaking. 

aslope  (a-sl6p'),  pp.,  or  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  late  ME.  a  slope,  either  <  a3  +  slope,  «.,  or 
else  for  aslope,  aslopen,  'slipped  away,'  <  AS. 
dslopen,  pp.  of  dsliipan,  slip  away,  <  o-  +  slupan, 
slip:  see  ff-l  and  slope,  a.  and  «.,  and  slip.  Cf. 
alight'^,  of  similar  double  formation.]  In  or 
into  au  inclined  or  slanting  position  or  direc- 
tion ;  with  leaning  or  inclination ;  deflected 
from  the  perpendicular ;  with  declivity  or  de- 
scent, as  a  hiU. 

Set  them  not  upright,  but  aslope.  Eaeon,  Essays. 

aslugt  (a-slug'),  adv.  [<  a^  +  slug'^.]  In  a 
sluggish  manner.     [Rare.] 

His  boat 
That  comes  aslug  against  the  stream. 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  ii.  12. 

-asm.  [<  Gr.  -aa/i6c,  <  -aCetv,  after  -i-,  equiv.  to 
-lafiik,  <  -i^civ:  see  -ism,  and  ef.  -asf.]  A  suffix 
of  Greek  origin,  occurring  instead  of  -ism  after 
-!-,  as  in  enthusiasm,  miasm,  etc. 

asmanite  (as'man-it),  n.  A  form  of  silica 
found  in  some  meteorites,  it  has  been  supposed 
to  lie  orthorhomltic  in  ci-ystallizatiou,  but  is  probably 
identical  with  tridyniite. 


K.US;,  H.     [Gr.  (iiTKof,  a -wine-skin:  see     ■ -■■.-. .—   -  ,    .,   .  ^  .  ,         , 

In  classical  archa-ol.,  a  vase  imitating  Asmannshauser  ( as-manz-hoi  zer),  Ji.  A  brand 
less  closely  the  form  of  a  wine-skin,     of  wmes  made  at  Asmannshausen,  in  Nassau 


a.'ilant. 
askos  (as'kos),  n. 

ascus.] 

more  or  less  closely  — „  _ 

Such  vases,  of  Etruscan  or  Greek  workmanship,  are  of  not     on  the  Rhine.   These  wines  are  both  red  and  white,  the 

micommon  occurrence  in  Italy,  and  are  often  provided      former  being  in  especial  repute  for  its  excellent  flavor  and 

with  a  foot  and  a  liandle.     Also  ascii-s.  color,  though  not  keeping  well, 

asla  (as'lii),  «.     An  ancient  Persian  measure  of  asmatographyt  (as-ma-tog'ra-fi),  )!.     [<  LGr, 

laud,  probably  a  plethra  (which  see).  (;c//nro;p(Jfio<:, 

aslaket  (a-slak'),  v.  i.  and  t.      [<  ME.  aslaken,     viTite   songs. 


<  AS.  dsiaeian,  slacken,  loosen,  remit,  <  «-  + 
siocioH,  slake:  see  «-l  and  state.]  1.  To  abate; 
diminish. 

The  water  schal  aslake  and  gon  away. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  367. 

Shiil  .  .  .  thy  hauty  lookes  quench  my  kindeled  lone, 
or  thy  gallant  shew  aslake  my  good  wil? 

Lyhj,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  179. 

2.  To  moderate ;  mitigate  ;  appease  ;  satisfy. 

Atte  laste  aslaked  was  his  mood. 

Chaucer,  Knights  Tale,  1.  902. 
When  mourning  altars,  purgd  with  enimies  life, 
The  black  infernall  Furies  doen  aslake. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iii.  36. 

The  beast  that  prowls  about  in  search  of  blood. 
Or  reptile  that  within  the  treacherous  brake 
Waits  for  the  prey,  upcoiled,  its  hunger  to  aslake. 

Southey,  Paraguay,  i.  14. 

aslani  (as-la'ni),  n.  [Turk.,  <  aslan,  arslan.  a 
lion.]  A  Turkish  silver  coin,  worth  from  115  to 
120  aspers.     See  asper- 

aslant  ta-slant'),  prc2>.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a 


wi-iting    songs,   <    ac/iaro}pa(peiv, 

<  Gr.  acfia{T-),  a   song  (<   giieiv, 

sing,  >  ult.  E.  ode,  q.  v.),  +  -^pdipuv,  -write.] 

The  art  of  composing  songs. 

asmear  (a-smer' ),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  n3 

-I-  smear.]     Smeared  over  ;  bedaubed. 

I  came  into  Sniithfteld,  and  the  shameful  place,  being  all 
asmear  with  filth,  .and  fat,  and  blood,  and  foam,  seemed  to 
stick  to  me.  Dieken.'i,  Great  E.vpectations,  xx. 

Asmonean,  Asmonsean  (as-mo-ne'an),  a.  and 

n.  [<  LL.  JsmiinuHs  or  Jsmoneus.  representing 
Heb.  A7(asmo«.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Asmoneus 
or  Asmonspus,  a  reputed  ancestor  of  Matia- 
thias,  the  first  of  the  Maccabees  and  the  father 
of  Judas  Maccaba>us,  who  lived  about  105  B. 
c. ;  hence,  pertaining  to  the  Maccabees.  See 
Maccahean. 

II.  H.  One  of  the  family  of  Asmoneus;  a 
Maccabean. 

asoak  (a-s6k'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  n3 
-I-  soak.]     In  or  into  a  soaked  or  soaking  con- 
dition; thoroughly  wet. 
and  asocial  (a-s6'shal),  a.     [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  (o-18)  + 


prep.  i'ME.  aslantc,  o  slante,  aslonte,  earlier 
on  slontc,  on  stent;  <  a^,  on,  +  slant.  Cf.  Sc. 
asklent,  asclent.]  I.  adv.  or  a.  In  a  slanting 
or  sloping  direction;  oblique;  obliquely;  not 
perpendicularly  or  at  right  angles. 


social.]     Unsocial ;  antagonistic  tosoeiety. 

.\s  new  morbid  elements  are  formed  in  the  disintegrat- 
ing processes  of  dise;ise.  the  ravages  of  which  they  there- 
upon accelerate ;  so  new  products  of  an  asocial  or  antiso- 
cial kind  are  formed  in  the  retrograde  metamorphosis  of 
the  human  kind.  Maudslcy,  Body  and  Will,  p.  241. 


asomatous 

aSOmatOUS  (a-so'ina-tus),  (I.     [<  Gr.  I'lnuimTor, 
without  a  liDily,  i  a-  priv.  +  r,uiia(T-),  body.] 
WitliDut,  a  iniitcrial  l)0(ly ;  incorporeal.    [Karo.] 
Asopia  (a-so'pi-ii),  H.       [NL.  ;  cf.  .•/,v»/;«.s.]       A 
fjcniis  of   (lyniliil   moths.     ,1.  furiiiutin  is  the 
lucal-tnoth. 
Asopinas  (as-o-pi'no),  n.  pi.     [NIj.,  <  Asnpus  + 
-iiKi:]      A  subfamily  of  netoroptcrous  insects, 
tyjiilieil  liy  the  genus  Asopits.     Also  Asopinn. 
Asopus  (a-s6'pus),  M.      [NL.,  appar.  <  L.  Asi'i- 
pii.i,  (ir.  'AfTurriir,  name  of  several  rivers  ami  of 
a  river-j;o(l.]      A  genus  of   heteropterous   in- 
sects, of  the  family  I'enhitomida: 
asor  (as'or),  II.     [Heb.J     A  ten-stringeil  musi- 
cal instrument  of  the  Hebrews,  jilayed  with  a 
plectrum,  anil  supposed  to  have  borne  snmoro- 
semblance  to  the  iiebel.      .S.  K.  Hainlhiiuk  Mils. 
Iiisl.,  p.  19. 
asp'  (asp),  n.     [<  ME.  as}),  aspc,  c.ipc.  <  AS. 
*<:■.</),  (r.tjic,  nspe,  cspe,  transposed  teps;  =  1).  csji  = 
Ollti.  <i.'<p(i,  MHG.  aspe,  G.  es])e  =  Icol.  iisji,  asp, 
e.spi,  aspen  wood,  =  Dan.  Sw.  asp,  asp;  origin 
unknown.     The  E.  form  aspen  is  proj).  an  adj. : 
see  aspen.']    A  Eiu'opean  tree  of  the  poplar  fam- 
ily, rupillllS   tremula.     in  Amcriai  a  similnr  spi'tiL-s, 
J',  trniuihn'fli:^,  is  known  as  the  (inaliinj;  a.sp,  or  nspi-ri. 
Tile  white  piiplar,  /*.  alha,  is  also  soimtiuK'S  called  the 
vliitr  irv/i.     The  f(inn  aspen  is  also  common. 
asp-  (as))),  II.    [In  ME.  as  L.,  as/iis;  OF.  aspc  = 
Pr.  aspic  (>  F.  aspic,  >  E.  aspiv^,  q.  v.)  =  Sp. 
V  aspiil,  aspide  = 

'\         i/        Pg.    It.   aspide, 
''^   ''  '<-  <  L.  aspis   {as- 

pid-),  <  Gr.  ai7-/f 
(('jaT((i-),an  asp, 
Egj-ptian  vi- 
per.] 1.  Avery 
venomous  ser- 
pent of  Egyjit, 
celebrated  in 
connection  with 
the  story  of 
-<  ''ijit//"-'^-  '®s^^^'™^  Cleopatra's  sui- 
"■■':?^^^^^^^'^^  cide.    it  is  iilenti- 

""'^      ''T^  fled    with   greatest 

Asp(A,.^,.A,yO.  .  probaliility       with 

I  the  horned  viper,  of  the  genus  Ccraste-f,  a  snake  about  15 
iiiclu-s  loii;^.  The  name  lias  also  been  commonly  applied  to 
the  \iija  haje,  a  species  attaining  a  length  of  3  or  4  feet, 
!  related'  to  and  resembling  the  Indian  cobra,  JV'aja  trijm- 
dians.  It  is  of  a  mottled  green 
and  brown  color,  with  the  skin  of 
the  neck  dilatable,  though  less 
so  than  that  of  the  true  cobra. 
This  serpent  is  of  frequent  oc- 
currence along  the  Nile,  and  is 
the  sacred  serpent  of  ancient 
Egypt,  represented  commonly 
in  art  as  a  part  of  the  head- 
dress of  kings  and  divinities. 
and  often  connected  with  their 
emljlenis,  as  a  symbol  of  royal 
power.  In  arclueology  it  is 
usually  known  as  the  ttrtvuit. 
2.  The  common  viper  or 
adder  of  Europe,  a  feebly 
poisonous  serpent,  for- 
merly named  i'ipera  com- 
munis, now  Pclias  bcriis,  of 
the  family  Viperida:  See 
cut  under  addei:-S.  A  syJilS.'-i i".i^^?"a?h;?>'S} 
name  of  sundry  other  poi-  Ramcses  ii. 
Bonous  serpents. 

Aspic  and  aspick  are  obsolete  or  poetic  forms. 
Aspalacidse  (as-pa-las'i-de),  n.  pi.    Same  as 

Spuhiridfr. 

Aspalacinae  (as-pal-a-si'ne),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
SpatiiniKV. 

aspalathus  (as-pal'ii-thus),  n.  [Tj.,  <  Gr.  aa-n-ii- 
Mdhir,  a  prickly  shriib  yielding  a  fragrant  oil.] 
1.  An  unknown  aromatic  thorny  shi'ub  men- 
tioned in  the  Apocrypha  and  by  some  of  the 
old  herbalists. 


1  gave  a  sweet  smell  like  cinnamon  and  aspalathus. 

Ecelus.  xxiv. 


15. 


2.  [cap.']  The  South  African  broom,  a  large 
genus  of  .(Vfrican  plants,  natural  order  Lef/iimi- 
nnsa;  with  small  heath-like  leaves,  and  gener- 
ally with  yellow  flowers. 

Aspalax  (as'pa-laks),  n.     Same  as  Spalax. 

asparagi  (as-p'ar'a-ji),  )i.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  a.1- 
piiiiii/K.^.I  In  boL,  scaly  shoots  from  muler 
ground,  as  in  asparagus.     Also  called  tiirioiis. 

asparagic  (as-pa-raj'ik),  a.  [<  asparagii.i  + 
-ir.]     Same  as  iispartic. 

asparagin,  asparagine  (as-par'ii-jin),  n.  [<  a.t- 
parmjii.-i  +  -in-,  -iiii'-.~\  A  crystallized  sub- 
stance (C4H8N.2O3)  foimd  in  the  juice  of  as- 
paragus, beets,  and  other  vegetables,  in  the 
sprouts  of  cereals,  and  in  leguminous  seeds 
during  germination.    It  is  an  amide  ot  iispiutic  acid, 


339 

antl  forms  compounds  with  Itoth  acids  and  hnscg.  .Some* 
limes  called  nlthfin  or  asparaniitt. 

asparaginous  (as-pa-raj'i-nus),  a.  [<  aspara- 
</iis  -\-  -ill-  -H  -«H.s.]  Belonging  to  asparagus; 
resembling  asparagus ;  specilically,  having  ten- 
der edilile  shoots  like  those  of  asjiaragus :  as, 
<i.^p<iniilinou.i  plants. 

asparagus  (as-]iar'a-^s),  n.  [<  L.  asparagus,  < 
Gr.  uo.Tupa; or,  Attic  ucipdpnynr,  asparagus;  said 
to  be  of  Pers.  origin.  In  ML.  by  apheresis  also 
sparaiiiis,  sparaiji,  >  It.  sparaiiio,  ( )F.  exjieraijc, 
>  early  mod.  E.  spcraijc,  sparai/e,  sprrach.  The 
ML.  form  sparagiiswas  in  E.  alteri'd  by  jiopular 
etymology  into  spai-agrass  ami  spairoir-grass 
(sometimes  simply  grass),  which  were  until  re- 
cently in  good  literary  use.]  1.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Asjiaragiis,  especially  A.  officinalis. — 2. 
Icaj).]  A  largo  genus  of  plants  of  the  old  world, 
natural  order  Liliaceie.  That  which  is  cultivat».'d  in 
ganleiis,  the  common  asparagus,  or  Avparaiius  ojlin'intiiit 
has  a  uiueh-branclied  stem  rising  from  thick  ami  matted 
perennial  root-stocks,  and  small  greenish-yellow  Howers. 
The  narrow  thread-like  so-called  leaves  are  in  reality 
branchlets  growing  in  clustei-s  in  the  axils  of  the  true  but 
scale-like  leaves.  The  roots  have  a  bitterish  mucilaginous 
taste,  and  the  stalk  is  in  some  degree  aperient  and  deoh- 
stnieiit,  but  not  very  efficacious.  The  part  eaten  is  the 
tlirion,  or  young  shoot  covered  with  scales  in  place  of 
leaves.  The  sprouts  contain  the  crystalline  substance 
called  asiMiatjin.— French  or  Prussian  asparagus,  a 
name  in  some  parts  of  Englaiul  for  the  llesliy  spike  of 
Onttthiifiatuiu  Piin'naicum. 

asparagus-bean  (as-par'a-gus-bou),  n.  See 
III  (111^,  1. 

asparagus-beetle  (as-par'a-gus-be'tl),  n.  A 
name  given  to  two  species  of  leaf -beetles  (Crio- 
ceridee)  of  the  genus  Crioceris,  C.  asparagi 
(Linna>us)  and  C.  diiodecimpunctata  (Linnae- 
us), which  prey  upon  the  asparagus-plant, 
llotll  species  were 
imported  into 
the  United  States 
from  Europe. 
Iltith  the  beetles 
and  their  larvro 
feed  upon  the 
asparagus  -  plant, 
hut  the  damage 
is  principally 
done  by  the  lar- 
va;. C.aitparafii  is 
blackish  beneath, 
the  thorax  heing 
reddish  above, 
and  the  elytra 
ornamented  with 
yellowish  spots  of 
varying  extent.  C. 
dtiodicimpuiii-tata  is  nearly  uniformly  reddish,  the  elytra 
having  twelve  small  black  spots.  The  larva;  of  the  two 
species  resemble  each  other  closely ;  they  are  nearly  cylin- 
drical, tapering  somewhat  toward  the  head,  sliining,  and 
of  a  dirty  olive-green  color. 

asparagus-stone  (as-par'a-gus-ston),  n.  A 
yellowish-green  variety  of  the  mineral  apatite, 
occm-ring  in  Spain  in  small  transparent  crys- 
tals. 

asparamide  (as-par'a-mid),  n.  [<  aspar{agin) 
-f-  aiiiidc]     Same  as' asparagin. 

asparginic  (as-piir-jin'ik),  n.  [<  aspar{a)gin  + 
-ic]     Same  as  aspartic. 

asparmate  (as-par'mat),  n.  [<  aspar(a)m(idc) 
-H  -(1/(1.]     Same  as  aspartate. 

aspartate  (as-piir'tat); «.  [<  a^art{ic)  +  -afcl.] 
Any  salt  of  aspartie  acid. 

aspartic  (as-par'tik), a.  l<(ispar(agin)  +  -t-ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  asparagin.  Also 
asparaqic,  a-ijiorginic — Aspartic  acid,  C4II-NO4,  a 
crystalline  acid  derived  from  asp.aragin. 

aspet,  "•     An  old  spelling  of  a.yA  and  asp-. 

aspect  (as'pekt,  formerly  as-pekt'),  n.  [<  ME. 
aspect,  <  L.  aspectiis,  seeing,  look,  appearance, 
countenance,  <  aspiccrc,  look,  behold,  <  (((/,  to, 
-I- «;«?ccre,  look :  see  species  and  spy. 2  1.  The 
act  of  seeing,  or  of  looking  at  anything ;  view ; 
gaze;  glance;  look.     [Archaic] 

Some  other  mistress  hath  thy  sweet  a^iKtls. 

SItak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  2. 
His  aspect  was  bent  on  the  ground.  Scott. 

Meeting  the  cold  aspect  of  Duty. 

O.  H'.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  xl. 

2.  Countenance ;  look  or  particular  appearance 
of  the  face;  mien;  air:  as,  a  mild  or  severe 
aspect. 

Wiser  princes  patron  the  arts,  and  carry  an  indulgent 
aspect  unto  scholars.    Sir  T.  Browne,  Beligio  Medici,  ii.  3. 
Yet,  had  his  asjiect  nothing  of  severe. 
But  such  a  face  as  promis'd  him  sincere. 

Driiden,  Character  of  loiod  I'lU'son,  i.  12- 

3.  Appearance  to  the  eye  or  mind;  look:  as, 
the  physical  aspect  of  the  country. 

And  then  our  arms,  like  to  a  muzzled  bear, 
Save  in  aspect,  liave  all  oITenee  seal'd  np. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 
How  sweet,  how  fair,  and  lovely  her  aspects  are  1 
ller  eyes,  like  bright  Eoan  llames,  shoot  thnuigh  me. 

t'Utcher  (and  anvtiicr!),  I'rophctess,  iii.  3. 


Asparagus-beetic  {Crioceris  aspara^ 
,  t>.  d,  and  e,  beetle.  cg(rs.  and  larva?,  natural 
size  ;  c  andy,  eggs  and  larva,  enlarged. 


aspen 

What  a  collegiate  nspert  has  that  fine  Klizfthethan  hall, 
where  the  fountain  i>lay8  !  Lamb,  Old  ItencherB. 

4.  One  of  the  ways  in  which  a  thing  may  bo 
N-iewcd  or  contemplated:  as,  to  present  an  ob- 
ject or  a  subject  in  its  true  aspect;  in  a  double 
aspect ;  a  favorable  aspect. 

Something  loftier,  more  adorned. 
Than  is  the  common  aspect,  daily  garb. 
Of  human  life.  Wordsworth,  Prelude,  v. 

T'ndoubtedly  we  have  a  right  Ui  make  new  words,  as 
they  are  needed  by  the  fresh  (t.^/ztW*  under  which  life  pre- 
sents itself  here  in  the  New  World;  and,  indeed,  wher- 
ever a  language  is  alive,  it  grows. 

Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Tapers,  Istser. 

5.  Practical  bearing  or  reference.     [Rare.] 

The  aspect  ot  atonement  is  obviously  toward  creatures, 
working  ctlects  on  them,  not  on  Cod. 

J.  (Jillirrl,  Chiist.  Atonement,  p.  107.    (A'.  E.  l>.) 

6.  View  commanded ;  prospect ;  outlook. 
This  town  has  a  good  aspect  toivard  the  hill  from  \vhenco 

we  descended.  Kvelyn. 

I  .Vow  used  in  this  sense  mainly  with  reference  to  the  i>ointa 
of  the  eoinpass  :  as,  a  house  has  a  southern  aspect  or  ex- 
I)osure.  I 

7.  In  asfrol.,  the  relative  positions  of  the  plan- 
ets as  they  appear  at  any  given  time  to  an  ob- 
server upon  the  earth;  the  combined  look  of 
the  heavenly  bodies  from  the  earth.  Tlic  aspects 
are  nine  in  number :  (1)  semLsextile,  a  dilference  of  longi- 
tiule  of  30' ;  ('2)  scinisi|uare,  of  45' ;  (3)  sexlilc,  of  00' ;  (4) 
(|uintile,  of  72' ;  {:>)  squaie  or  quarlile,  of  90' ;  («)  trine,  of 
120" ;  (7)  Besi|Ui<|uadrate,  of  135' ;  (S)  biiiuintile,  of  144" ; 
(»)  opposition,  of  ISO'.  To  these  may  be  added  conjunc- 
tion, which  occurs  when  the  planets  have  the  same  longi- 
tude. 6't»o(/  aspects  are  the  semisextile,  sextile,  (luintile, 
trine,  and  bii|llintile.  Bad  aspects  are  the  semistiuare, 
B<iuare,  sesiiui^iuadrate,  and  opposition.  Mundane  as- 
pects are  suell  as  are  formed  by  the  houses  in  horary  as- 
trology and  by  the  semiarcs  of  the  planets  in  nativities. 

The  gloriinis  planet,  Sol,  .  .  .  whose  med'cinablc  eye 
Corrects  the  ill  asiKcts  of  planets  evil. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  I.  S. 
We,  that  behold  the  sad  aspects  of  heaven. 
Leading  sense-blinded  men,  feel  grief  enough 
To  know,  th'Uigh  not  to  speak,  their  miseries. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iii.  3. 

8.  In  lier.,  the  position  of  an  animal  with  ref- 
erence to  the   spectator Ambulacral   aspect. 

See  rti(iii'?'f)(7^  — Aspect  of  a  plane,  in  math.,  the  direc- 
tion of  its  iKJiiiial.  — In  full  aspect,  same  as  affronts,  2. 
—  In  trian  aspect,  in  a  position  between  ajpronti  and 
7i(i.s.«(ii/f.  — Mesial  aspect,     see  meskd. 

aspectt  (as-pekf),  '■•  '•  [<  L-  aspcetare,  look  at, 
view,  freq.  of  aspieere,  look  at:  see  aspect,  «.] 
To  behold ;  look  upon. 

Happy  in  their  mistakes  those  people  whom 
'I'hc  northern  pole  aspects. 

.Sie  W.  Temple,  tr.  of  Lucan,  in  Heroic  Virtue. 

aspectable  (as-pek'ta-bl),  a.    [<  L.  aspcctabilis, 

that  may  bo  seen,  <  aspectarc,  see,  look  at :  see 

aspect,  1'.]      1.  Capable  of  being  seen ;  visible. 

What  is  in  this  aspectaUe  world  1  Raij,  Creation. 

2.  Fair  or  fit  to  be  seen. 

Via  Vittoria,  the  asjiectable  street 
WHiere  he  lived  mainly. 

Brownin'j,  King  and  Book,  I,  57. 

[Tiare  in  both  senses.] 
aspectant  (as-pek'tant),  a.  [<  L.  aspectan(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  aspectarc :  see  aspect,  «.]  In  her.,  samo 
as  nffronti,  2. 
aspected  (as-pek'ted),  p.  a.  [<  aspect  +  -crf2.] 
It.  Looked  at;  -N-iewetl. —  2.  Having  an  aspect 
or  look.     [Hare.] 

Your  lawyer's  face,  a  contracted,  a  subtile,  and  intricate 
face,  full  of  iplirks  and  turnings,  a  labyrinthean  face,  now 
angularly,  now  circularly,  every  way  nsitectett. 

B.  Juii.son,  Cynthia's  Revels,  ii.  1. 

aspecting  (as-^pek'ting),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  aspcct.1 

Same  as  iiffronte,  2. 
aspectiont  (as-pek'shon),  n.    [^(.li.  aspcctio(n-), 

<  asiiiccre,  look  at :  see  aspect,  «.]  The  act  of 
viewing  or  looking  upon  ;  -view. 

A  Moorish  (|Ueen,  upon  aspection  of  the  picture  of  An- 
dromeda, conceived  and  brought  forth  a  fair  one. 

Sir  T.  Browne. 

aspector  (as-pek'tor),  11.     [<  L.  as  if  *aspector, 

<  aspieere,  look  at :  see  aspect,  h.]  A  beholder; 
a  spectator.     J.  Daries.     [Rare.] 

The  llrst  mentioned  [giilvanism]  may  contract  a  nniscic, 
or  relax  the  rigidity  of  an  eyelid,  but  it  is  the  second 
lanimal  magnetism)  that  throws  the  diligent  asjiector  into 
paroxysms.  Jon  Bee,  Ess.  on  Samuel  Eootc. 

aspen  (ns'pen).  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  aspcn,^  AS. 
'a\sptn  (not  authenticated;  =  OFries.  c.<tpen  = 
D.  espen  =  G.  esjien,  a.),  <  "fl'.«/>,  o'sjie.  asp.  +  -<•"  .• 
see  aspi  and  -cn'-^.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  tree  named  asp. 

Nor  n.v;«ii  leaves  confess  the  gentlest  breeze.  Gay. 

2.  Tremulous,  like  an  aspen-leaf ;  quivering. 
II.  H.     [A  mod.  substantive  use  of  the  adj., 
jirob.  due  to  such  jihrases  as  aspen  leaf,  aspen 
tree,  aspen  icood,  etc.,  regarded  as  compounds; 
of.  linden  for  /iwrf.]    Samo  as  ««/>!.     lAnpcn  is 


aspen 

tho  usual  fomi  in  poetry,  and  is  also  common 
in  proso.] 

Ilis  Imnd  dill  quake 
Aiul  trumhle  liku  a  leufc  uf  Atpin  frrcenc. 

Spenser,  F.  y.,  I.  ix.  M. 

Only  the  pattering  nupen 
Made  a  souml  of  growing  rain. 

Lowell,  Singini!  leaves. 

asper^t  (as'per),  (I.  [<  ME.  asprc,  aspire,  <  OF. 
asprc,  <  L.  «*7»<r,  rousli;  orijjiu  undetermined.] 
liougli ;  rugged ;  harsh ;  cruel ;  savage.  Chaucer. 

All  base  notes  .  .  .  give  an  asiier  sound. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  173. 

asperl  (as'p^r),  h.  [Short  for  L.  spiritiis  aspcr, 
a  translation  of  Gr.  -nvilua  daoi',  rough  breath- 
ing: see  sjjirit  and  aspcr'^,  a.~\  In  Gr.  (/rani.,  a 
sign  (')  placed  before  or  over  an  initial  vowel 
or  p  to  show  that  it  is  aspirated,  that  is,  pro- 
nounced as  if  h  preceded  it ;  the  rougli  breath- 
ing. Thus,  of  =  hos;  f>'i  =  liris.  [In  Latin,  and 
hence  in  nuidern,  words  derived  from  tlie  Greek,  aspirated 
r  is  represented  by  rh,  as  in  rfiinoeero!^,  rhythm,  the  h  be- 
ing silent  in  the  modern  pronunciation.] 

asper^  (as'p6r),  n.  [=  F.  aspre  =  It.  aspcro,  < 
JiL.  asperiis,  as2>riis,  aspcrum,  tisjirum,  <  SlCir. 
aa^imv,  prop.  neut.  of  aa-poc,  white.  In  Tui'k- 
ish  this  coin  is  called  aqclia,  lit.  whitish,  <  aij, 
white,  +  -cha,  -ja,  equiv.  to  E.  -j«7il.]  An  old 
Eg.vptian  and  Turkish  silver  coin:  now  only  a 
money  of  account.  A  piaster  is  considered  equal  to 
100  good  aspers  or  120  current  ones.  One  eiurent  asper 
is  equal  to  four  ninths  of  a  United  States  mill. 

Demanded  of  me, 
For  what  I  valued  at  so  many  aspers, 
A  thousand  ducats. 

Massinf/er,  The  Renegade,  1.  3. 

aspera  (as'pe-ra),  n.  [NL.,  fern,  of  L.  (iS2)er, 
rotigh.]     Same  as  asper-urtcry. 

asper-artery  (as'per-ilr'te-ri),  J).  [<  L.  aspera 
urIcrUi,  or  artcria  aspera,  a  tr.  of  Gr.  aprr/pia  rpa- 
Xiin,  lit.  rough  artery :  see  asper^,  artery,  and 
tracliea.1     The  trachea  or  ■windpipe.     Cones. 

asperate  (as'pe-rat),  r.  t.  [<  L.  asperatus,  pp. 
ot  asperare,  roughen,  <  asper,  rough :  seeasjjer^.] 
To  make  rough  or  uneven  in  surface,  sound, 
etc.     [Rare.] 

The  level  surface  of  clear  water  being  by  agitation  as- 
peraletl.  Boyle,  Works,  I.  083. 

asperation  (a.s-pe-ra'shon),  n.  [<  asperate  + 
-('<>».]     A  making  rough.     Bailey. . 

asperge  (as-perj'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  asperged, 
jjpr.  aspcrgiiitj.  [=  F.  asperger,  <  L.  aspergere, 
sprinkle,  <  ad,  to,  +  spargcre,  sprinkle:  see 
sparse,  and  ef.  aspierse.']     To  sprinkle. 

Each  thing  in  order,  as  before, 

His  pious  hands  array, 
Aspeiye  the  shrine ;  and  then  once  more 

He  takes  his  cheerful  way. 

Butwer,  tr.  of  Schiller's  Fridolin. 

aspergeoiret,  «•  [OF.,  also  aspergoir  (mod.  F. 
aspersoir) ;  ef .  ML.  aspergerium  ;  <  L.  asperge- 
re, sprinkle:  see  asperge,  and  cf.  aspergiUus.'] 
Same  as  aspcrsorium,  1. 

asperges  (as-per'jez),  n.  [LL.,  prop,  second 
pers.  sing,  future  ind.  of  L.  aspergere,  sprinkle : 
see  asperge.}  In  the  Mom.  Cath.  Cli.:  (a)  An 
antiphon,  taken  from  the  Miserere,  intoned  by 
the  celebrant  and  sung  by  the  choir  before  the 
solemn  mass  on  Sundays,  during  which  the 
priest  sprinkles  with  holy  water  the  altar, 
clergy,  and  people.  With  some  modifications, 
the  same  rite  is  practised  in  the  Greek  and  Ori- 
ental chui'ches.  (6)  The  sprinkling  performed 
by  the  priest  during  the  antiphon. 

aspergill  (as'per-jil),  n.  [<  ML.  aspergiUxs, 
q.  v.]     Same  as  aspersorium,  1. 

aspergilla,  ".     Plural  of  aspcrgUhim. 

aspergilli,  ».     Plural  of  a.tpergillKs. 

aspergilliform  (as-per-jil'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  ML. 
aspergill iw,  q.  v.,  +  L.  forma,  shape.]  1. 
Shaped  like  an  aspergiUus  or  sprinkler. —  2. 
In  hot.,  brush-shaped;  made  up  of  numerous 
spreading  hairs. 

aspergillum  (as-per-jil'um),  n. ;  pi.  aspergilla 
(-it).  IMh.:  see  aspergiUus.}  1.  Same  as  «s- 
j/ersorium,  1.— 2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
mollusks,  the  watering-pot  shells,  of  a  fam- 
ily Aspcrgillidw:  a  synonym  of  Brechitcs.  La- 
marcl;,  17i)S). 

aspergiUus  (as-per-jil'us),  «.;  -pX.  aspergilli  {-\). 
[ML.  (in  sense  1),  <  L.  aspergere,  sprinlde  (see 
asperge),  +  dim.  -illus.']  1.  Same  as  aspersnri- 
1011,1. —  2.  [cap.']  [NL.]  A  genus  of  hypbomy- 
cetous  fungi,  including  several  of  the  "common 
molds.  Some  of  the  species  have  been  found  to  be  only 
conidial  forms  of  eorrespiMiding  species  of  Euiutiuiii,  ami 
it  is  probable  that  the  same  is  true  of  all.  Several  have 
been  detected  in  the  human  ear  and  in  dincjised  lungs. 
See  cut  imder  Eurotium. 


340 

Asperifoliae  (as"pcr-i-f6'li-e),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  fem. 
III.  ot  iisjierifolius:  seo  aspcrifolious.']  Same  as 
BoragitKieea'. 

asperifoliate  (as*p6r-i-fo'li-at),  a.  [<  NL.  as- 
perijhliatiis,  <  L.  asjjer,  rougli,  +  folium,  leaf: 
see  asjier^  nud  foliate.]  Having  leaves  rough 
to  the  touch. 

asperifolioUS  (as'per-i-fo'li-us),  a.  [<  NL.  as- 
p(  rijolius  :  see  asj'erifoliatc.']  Same  as  asperi- 
foliate. 

asperity  (as-per'i-ti),  n. ;  \A.  asperities  (-tiz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  asperitie,  <  ME.  asprete,  <  OF. 
aspretc,  mod.  F.  (iprete  and  asperite,  <  L.  a.spe- 
rita(f-)s.  roughness,  <  asper,  rough :  see  a-sper^.} 

1.  Roughness  of  surface ;  unevenness:  opposed 
to  smoothness. 

The  pores  and  asperities  of  dry  bodies. 

Boyle,  'Works,  I.  683. 
Four  thousand  pioneers  were  sent  in  advance  ...  to 
con(iuer,  iu  some  degree,  the  asperities  of  the  road. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  320. 
3.  Roughness  of  sound;  harshness  of  pronun- 
ciation. 

Those  dissonances  and  asperities  wliich  still  adhered  to 
.  .  .  our  diction.      T.  Warton,  Hist,  of  £ng.  Poetry,  iii.  G2. 

3.  Harshness  of  taste  ;  sourness. 

The  asperity  of  tartarous  salts,    Ep.  Berkeley,  Siris,  §  SO. 

4.  Roughness  or  i-uggedness  of  temper ;  crab- 
bedness ;  bitterness ;  severity :  as,  to  chide  one 
with  asperity  ;  "asperity  of  character," Landor. 

It  could  oidy  have  been  the  strong  political  feeling  of 
Warton  which  could  have  induced  him  to  censure  the 
prose  of  Milton  with  such  asperity. 

I.  D'lsraeli,  Quar.  of  Anth.,  p.  201. 
A  royalist,  .  .  .  without  any  of  that  political  asperity 
which  is  as  unwomanly  as  a  long  beai'd. 

Maeaittay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

5.  Disagreeableness ;  unpleasantness;  difficul- 
ty: as,  "the  accli'vities  and  asperities  of  duty," 
Barrow,  Sermons,  III.  xlii. 

The  allm'ements  of  praise  and  the  asperities  of  censure. 

Sumner,  Fame  and  Glory. 

-Syn.  4.  Acrimony,  Harshness,  etc.     See  acrimo7iy. 

asperlyt  (as'per-li),  adv.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 

asjirely,   <    ME.    asperly ;   <    asper'^    +    -ly'^.} 

Roughly ;  shai'ply ;  vigorously. 

Enforced  their  enemies  to  strike  on  land,  and  there  as- 
saulted them  so  a^preUi. 

'Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  i.  17. 

aspermatism  (as-per'ma-tizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  a-tpiia(T-),  seed,  +  -ism.']  1.  Absence 
of  seminal  secretion. — 2.  The  non-emission  of 
semen  in  the  sexual  orgasm,  owing  to  its  re- 
tiux  into  the  bladder. 

aspermatous  (as-per'ma-tus),  a.  Same  as 
aspermous. 

aspermous  (as-per'mus),  a.  [<  Irti.  aspermns, 
<  Gr.  adTTcpuog,  seedless,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  c-ippa,  seed : 
see  sperm.]     In  hot.,  destitute  of  seed. 

aspernationt  (as-per-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  asper- 
natio(n-),  <  aspernari,  pp.  aspernatus,  disdain, 
spurn,  neglect,  <  ah,  from,  +  spernari,  despise, 
spurn.]     1.  A  despising,  etc.    Bailey,  1731. — 

2.  Neglect;  disregard.    Johnson. 
aspernesst,  »•      [ME.   asprenesse;  <   asper"^  + 

-»<'S.s.]     Harshness;  sevei'ity.     Chaucer. 
asperoust  (as'per-us),  a.      [<  L.  asper,  rough 
(see  ««;)CT'l),  + -o«s.]    Rough  to  the  touch ;  un- 
even ;  harsh ;  severe. 
asperse  (as-pers'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  asj>ersed, 
ppr.  aspersing.    [<  L.  aspersus,  pp.  of  aspergere, 
besprinkle,  bespatter :  see  asperge.]     1.  To  be- 
sprinkle ;  scatter  over. 
Asperse  and  sprinkle  the  attendants. 

J.  Heath,  Flagellura,  p.  159. 
The  mourners  returning  from  a  IU»man  funeral,  aspersed 
with  water  and  stepping  over  fire,  were  by  this  double  pro- 
cess made  pure.  E.  B.  Tylor,  I'lim.  Culture,  II.  398. 

2.  To  bespatter  with  foul  reports  or  false  and 
injurious  charges ;  tarnish  in  point  of  reputa- 
tion or  good  name ;  slander;  calumniate. 

With  blackest  crimes  aspersed.  Coivper,  Iliad,  vi. 

"What  perplexed  us  most,  was  to  tllink  who  could  be  so 
base  as  to  asperse  the  character  of  a  family  so  harmless  as 
ours.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xiv. 

=  S3m.  2.  Asperse,  Defame,  Calumniate,  Stamier,  Maliyn, 
Traduce,  Lilxi,  Vilify,  decry,  depreciate,  disparage,  slur, 
rundown,  htnipudn,  Iducken.  These  words  are  all  descrip- 
tive of  attempts  to  injure  reputation  by  false  stjitements. 
They  all  apply  prhnarily  and  chielly  to  persons.  There  is 
often  little  or  no  dilference  between  them.  Asperse  is, 
literally,  to  besjiatter,  as  with  mud  or  dirt;  it  sometimes 
implies  injury  t<i  reputation  by  iiulirect  insinuation.  De- 
fame is,  litemlly,  tci  lower  the  fame  or  repute  of,  to  bring 
toward  infamy,  to  make  cliarges  tliat  are  more  open  and 
w-eighty  than  aspersions.  Calumniate,  slander,  and  ma- 
liyn  represent  the  most  deliberate  and  deadly  assaults 
upon  reputation.  The  calnmniator  is  most  often  the  in- 
ventor of  the  falsehoods  he  circulates.  The  .slanderer  is 
less  inventive  and  more  secret,  his  work  being  generally 
behind  the  back  of  the  injured  person,  'i'tu-  maliiiior  is 
most  mischievous,  malicious,  or  vmtiyn  in  his  motives. 
,  To  traduce  is  to  misrepreseat,  to  show'in  an  odious  light. 


asphalt 

LiM  and  slander  are  the  words  most  used  in  speaking  of 
injury  to  reputation  in  its  relation  Vi  the  possible  recov- 
ery of  damages  at  law.  To  tiOel,  therefore,  often  suggests 
the  iteciniiai-y  loss  by  defamation ;  lihet  is  strictly  eHeeted 
by  publication,  wliile  slander  is  strictly  by  word  of  mouth. 
Vilify  is,  literally,  to  make  one  (seem)  vile  ;  it  suggests  a 
defamation  of  the  coarser  and  more  abusive  soit.  See 
decry. 

I  am  not  sure  .  .  .  whether  I  ought  not  to  call  you  out 
for  aspersiny  the  honour  of  the  fandly. 

Barlnan,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  35. 

Whenever  you  would  ruin  a  perscjn  <)r  a  govenmient, 

you  nuist  t>egin  by  spreading  calumnies  to  defame  them. 

Quoted  l>y  /.  D'lsraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  75. 

One  trade  or  art,  even  those  that  should  be  the  most 

liberal,  make  it  their  business  to  disdain  and  eaiumniate 

another.  Bp.  Sprat. 

Thon  sittest  and  speakest  against  thy  brother;  thou 

slamlerest  thine  own  mother's  son.  Ps.  I.  20. 

Vou  maliyn  our  senators,  for  that 

They  are  not  such  as  you.  Shak.,  Cor.,  L  1. 

If  lam 
Traduced  by  ignorant  tongues,  .  .  . 
'Tis  but  the  fate  of  place,  and  the  rough  brake 
That  virtue  must  go  through. 

.Shnk.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  2. 
His  [Dr.  Kendrick's]  vii-ulent  attack  on  Johnson's  Shake- 
speare may  be  preserved  for  its  total  want  of  literary  de- 
cency. .  .  .  He  libelled  all  the  genius  of  the  age,  and  was 
proud  of  doing  it.  /.  D'lsraeli,  C'al.  of  Auth.,  p.  217. 

"NVlien  I  find  the  first  of  men,  in  rank  and  genius,  hating 
one  another,  and  becoming  slanderers  and  liars  in  orderto 
lower  and  r//*/*/ an  opponent,  .  .  .  I  look  back  iu  vain  on 
any  barbarous  people  for  more  barbarism. 

Lamtor,  Peter  the  Great  and  Alexis. 

aspersed  (as-persf),  P-  a.     In  her.,  same  as 

seme. 
asperser  (as-pfer'ser),  n.     1.  An  aspersorium. 

—  2.  One  who  asperses  or  vilifies  another, 
aspersion  (as-per'shon),  «.     [=  F.  aspersion,  < 

L.  aspersio(n-),  a  besprinkling,  <  aspergere,  be- 
sprinJde:  see  asjierse,  asjierge.]  1.  A  sprin- 
kling, as  of  or  with  water. 

No  sweet  aspersion  shall  the  heavens  let  fall 

To  make  this  contract  grow.    Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

To  season  a  surly  discourse  with  a  more  pleasing  asper- 
sion of  love  matters.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  424. 

Ximenes,  unable  to  administer  the  rite  to  each  individ- 
ually, was  obliged  to  adopt  the  expedient  familiar  to  the 
Christian  missionaries,  of  christening  them  en  masse  by 
aspersion ;  scattering  the  consecrated  drops  from  a  mop, 
or  hyssop,  as  it  was  called,  which  he  twirled  over  the 
heads  of  the  multitude.         Preseott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  it  G. 

2.  The  making  of  calumnious  reports,  imputa- 
tions, or  charges;  a  derogatory  assertion  or 
criticism;  calumny;  censure. 

There,  sir,  an  attack  upon  my  language !  what  do  you 
tllink  of  thafi' — an  aspersion  upon  my  parts  of  speech! 
Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  3. 
Every  candid  critic  would  be  asbanu'd  to  east  wholesale 
aspersions  on  the  entire  body  of  professional  teachers. 

Grote,  Hist.  Greece,  II.  67. 
aspersive  (as-per'siv),  a.     [<  asj>erse  +  -ive.'] 
Tending  to  asperse ;  defamatory ;  calumnious ; 
slanderous. 
aspersively  (as-per'siv-li),  adr.     In  an  asper- 
sive manner;  by  way  of  aspersion. 
aspersoir  (as-per-swor'),  n.     [F.,  <  ML.  asper- 
sorium.]    Same  as  aspersorium. 
aspersorium  (as-per-s6'ri-um),  H.;  \)l.  aspersoria 
(-ii).   [ML.,<  L.  aspergere,  pp.  aspcrsns,  besprin- 
kle: see  eisj'^rse.]    1.  A  brush, 
or  oftener  a  metallic  instru- 
ment, used  by  the  priest  in  Ro- 
man   Catholic    churches    for 
sprinkling  holy  water.     Also 
called  aspergillu.9,  a.ipergillum, 
aspergill.  —  2.    A    holy-Water 
stouji  or  font.   I'arhr,  Concise 
Glossary.       [Not    in   common 
Middle  Latin  use.] 
aspersory  (as-pcr'so-ri),  a.     [<  a.'^jier.ie  +  -ory. 
Cf.  as2>crsorium.]    Tending  to  asperse ;  defama- 
torj'. 
asphalt  (as'falt  or  as-falt'),  "•     [Also  written 
as  F.,  asphalte,  and  as  NL..  asphaltnm,  formerly 
also  asphaltus,  -as,  -a,  and  as  It.,  aspalto;  iu 
ME.  spelled  aspalt,  once  aspaltonn  ;  <  OF.  *as- 
palt  =  Pr.  a.''-jihalt  =  Sp.  asfalto  =  It.  aspalto, 
asfalto,  <  Gr.  aat^ta'/.To^,  asphalt,  bitumen ;  a  word 
of  undetermined  foreign  origin.]     1.  Same  as 
anphaltnm. —  2.   A   bituminous    material,  em- 
ployed for  the  covering  of  roofs  and  arches,  for 
the  lining  of  tanks,  for  pavement  and  flooring, 
and  as  a  cement.    See  asphaltnm.    in  the  I'nited 
StJltes  the  substance  so  nametl  is  connnoidy  made  of  refuse 
t.ar  from  gas-houses,  mixed  with  slaked  liuie  and  gravel. 
Also  called  asphaltic  cement. 

3.  A  thick  solution  of  the  finest  asphaltnm  in 
spirits  of  turjientiue.  used  by  opticians.  It  is  used 
for  making  cells  on  pieces  of  glass.'in  which  objects  may  be 
preserved  in  lit|uid.  for  exandnation  with  the  microscope. 

-  Asphalt-furnace,  a  portable  funeiee  In  which  asph.alt 
eemriit  is  h,  at'd  fi.r  use  in  roofing,  paving,  etc.  — Asphalt 
Stone,  asphalt  rock,  ^eecisiihnitum.-  Asphalt  tillnK, 
a  mosaic  of  china  iir  glass  bedded  in  as|ilialt.  and  n\aiie  la 
the  form  of  flooring-tiles. — Asphalt  varnish,  a  black  var* 


Aspersorium. 


asphalt 

nlsh  compogcfl  of  H  parts  <if  asphalt,  4  of  boiled  linsccd- 
oii,  ami  (rorji  IT)  to  IS  of  oil  of  tiirpfiitiiiu. — Mexican  as- 
phalt.    Same  as  fhapajiotc. 

asphalt  (as-falf),  V.  t.  [<  asphalt,  ii.]  To  cover 
<ir  ti'i'at  with  asphalt. 

asphalter  (as-t';il'ttT),  n.  Ono  who  covers  (as 
a  path  or  a  root)  with  asphalt. 

asphaltic  (as-fal'tik),  «.  l<iisi>li(dt  + -ic.'\  Of 
the  nature  of  or  coutainint;  asphalt ;  Ijitumi- 
iious.— Asphaltlc  cement  or  asphaltlc  mastic.  Sanu 

as  a^iilialt,  2. 

asphalting  (as-fal'ting),  H.  The  process  of 
covering  or  paving  with  asphalt. 

In  Paris  .  .  .  aaithalfin;!  is  still  extensively  practiced  in 
the  more  spacious  tliorouKhfares. 

Farrinv,  Mil.  Encyc,  p.  112, 

asphaltite  (as-fal'tit),  a.  [<  L.  A.ijihalUtvs,  a, 
term  applied  especially  to  the  Dead  Sea ;  < 


341 

ITio  banks  of  atpKodcl  that  border  the  river  of  life, 

0.  ir,  lli'liiif.1.  Autocrat,  iv. 
Bo$-asphOdel.  the  name  of  species  of  ,\ftrtfi>riititt,  A'. 
oxsi/rn'fiiiii  and  .V.  .■l;/».'rw:a»M(;/i.  — False  asphodel,  the 
Aiiin  Iran  ii;iMt>-  I'f  pl;intsof  the  Kenus  jf'o/cWirt.— Scotch 

asphodel,   'l\>lh'l:li:l  jinlu^trUt. 

asphyctic  (tis-lik'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  <'w<l>vKToc,  with- 
out i)ulsati(>n  (see  asjihi/xio),  +  -ic.^  1.  Per- 
taining to  asplij-xia. — 2.  Pulseless. 

asphyxia  (as-fik'.si-ji),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  an(j,v^ia,  a 
st(i|iping  of  the  pufse,  <  aa<pvKTog,  without  pul- 
sation, <  it-  priv.  +  a<pv^civ  (y/  *a(j>v)),  pulsate, 
throb.]  If.  Originally,  absence  of  pulse. — 2. 
The  e.xtremo  condition  caused  by  lack  of  oxy- 
gen and  excess  of  carbon  dioxid  in  the  blood, 
brought  about  by  any  sufficient  interference 
with  respiration,  as  in  choking,  drowning,  or 
paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  respiration.  Also 
aspht/xtf. —  1,003^  asphyxia.    See  liininmul'K  dineane. 


Gr.  auipaATiTK,  of  as])halt,  <  aa^alro^,  asphalt.]  asphyxial  (as-(ik'si-al),  n.     [<  asphiixia  + -at .'] 
Asphaltie;  bituminous.  Kclating  to  asphyxia;  resulting  from  or  indi- 

asphaltost  (as-fal'tos),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  ao^aArof :     cat  ing  asphyxia :  "as,  asphyxial  8>-mptoms. 
see  dtsijliiitt.]     Same  as  asphalt.  _  asphyxiant  (as-flk'si-autj,  n.     [<   asphyxia  + 

asphaltotype  (as-fal'to-tip),  «.     [<  Gr.  aa^l-    ^,„(I.]      Any  poisonous    chemical  substance 
rof,  bitumen,  +  tv-oc,  typo.]  A  negative  photo-    which  produces  asphyxia, 
graph  produced,  by  the  process  of  Niepce,  on  a  asphyxiate  (as-fik'si-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  as- 
plate  coated  with  a  film  of  bitumen,  hecphotog-    j,li,,xiat<<i,  ppr.   o.'tphiixiatiiiii.     [<   asphyxia  + 


raphy. 

asphaltum  (as-fal'tum), )!.  [NL. :  see  asphalt.'] 
Ono  of  the  so-called  bituminous  substances 
which  are  widely  diffused  over  the  earth,  and  are 
of  great  practical  importance.  See  bitumen  and 
hitltminous.     The  asplialtums  of  various  localities  dilfer 

from  each  other  coiisiikial)!)'  in  cluniical  coiji|iosili as 

is  proved  Ipy  their  dilfereiit  chemical  reactions.  They  all 
agree,  however,  ill  hcinix  amorphous,  in  luuiny  the  luster 
and  general  appearance  tif  pitch  (whence  the  name  of  mill 


«(</-.]  To  produce  asphyxia  in;  sullocate,  or 
deprive  of  oxygen  to  the  extent  of  producing 
death  or  very  serious  symptoms. 

The  deprivation  of  oxygen,  and  the  accumulation  of 
carbonic  acid,  cause  injury  long  befcjre  the  aypliyziating 
point  is  reached.      Iluxhjtj  ami  Youmanfi,  Physiol.,  §  12S. 

asphyxiation  (as-fik-si-a'shon),  n.  [<  a.'tphyxi- 
atc  +  -ion.]  The  act  of  causing  asphyxia;  a 
state  of  asphyxia. 


'\iitrli.  often  applicil  to  tliem),  in  melting  .at  about  the   asphyxiative  (as-fik'si-a^tiv),  a.     [<  osphyxiati 
ieruture  of  hoiliie,'   water,  anil  in  taking  Arc  when      +  -ivc]       Suffocating;  jjroducing  asphyxia  01 


eral  i< 

tempi 

heated  and  burning  w  ith  a  la-igllt  but  smoky  ffanie.    They     a,,ff„c.jtinn 

ditfer  essentially  from  coalin  being  more  or  less  soluble  in     suno'^'ino"-  .  . 

various  reagents,  such  as  oil  of  turpentine,  ether,  and  .alco-  asphyxy  (as-hk  si),  it.     bee  asphyxia 

hoi.     Asphaltum  seems,  in  most  cases  at  least,  to  have  aspic^,  aspick  (as'pik).  It.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 

resulted  from  the  hardening  of  the  more  liquid  forms  of  '        ^  .      -^  .      ,,  

bituminous  substances,  namely,   maltha  and  petroleum, 
which  have  oozed  out  upon  the  surface  and  become  in- 


spissated by  oxygenation  or  evaporation  of  their  more  vol- 
atile portions,  or  by  both  causes  combined.  The  most 
interesting  locality  of  asphaltum  is  the  so-called  "  pitch- 
lake  "  in  the  island  of  Trinidad,  about  a  mile  and  a  halt  in 
circumference,  and  filled  with  asphaltum,  which  near  the 
shore  is  quite  solid,  but  nearer  the  center,  in  jdaces,  is  soft 
and  bubbling.  Jlost  of  what  is  called  asphaltum  con- 
sists of  this  material  more  or  less  mixed  with  sand  or 
other  mineral  substances.  Asphaltum  is  extensively  used 
in  a  variety  of  ways,  and  especially  for  pavements,  foot- 
walks,  and  rooting.  For  this  jiurpose  the  material  is  pre- 
pared by  mixing  it  while  hot  vvitli  sand  or  fine  gravel,  or 
by  causing  it  to  be  absorbed  by  paper.  Certain  kinds 
of  asphaltie  rock,  or  asphalts  (V.  Mphnlle),  as  they  are 
frequently  called,  are  peculiarly  adapted  for  pavements 


aspikc ;  <  F.  aspic,  <  Pr.  aspic,  <  L.  aspis  (aspid-), 
an  asp:  see  a.ip-.]     1.   A  venomous  serpent : 
same  as  asp'^,  but  used  chiefly  in  poetry. 
They  shall  find 
Tliat,  to  a  woman  of  her  hojjes  beguil'd, 
A  viper  trod  on,  or  an  a^pic,  "s  niilil. 

Fletcher,  .Spanish  Curate,  iv.  1. 
Thereto  she  pointed  with  a  laugh. 
Showing  the  at^pick'n  bite.      Tennyxon,  Fair  Women. 

2t.  A  piece  of  ordnance  of  small  caliber. 

aspic-  (as'pik),  K.      [Early  mod.  E.  a.>tpickc,  < 

F.  aspic,  in  huilcd'aspic  for  hiiilc  (lcsj)ic  (so  first 

in  E.,  "oil  of  aspicke");  .yiic,  lavender  spike. 

The  great  laven- 


Subangular     Grunii.t. 

siibanfrutata ).   Vertical 
line  sliows  natural  size. 


orig.  spikenard:  see  spike] 

Act,  Lavandula  spica.     See  lavender, 

or  other  'special  purposes.    The  localities  of  Seyssel  in  aspiC^    (as'pik),    «.       [F. ;   perhaps  <  aspic,  an 

France  and  Val  de  Travel's  in  Switzerland  are  the  nujst     ^    ,         aspic^,  with  allusion  to  its  coolness, 

important  of  this  knid.    Ateaeh  of  these  the  asji/mf'c  con-     aoi-.  ^.^  ^  ^.oy        />  ,,.;„„    .ir'^l.l 

'  ■■     there  being  a  French  proverbial  saymg,  "Cold 

as  an  asjiic"  (Littri?) ;  or  perhaps  from  the  (sup- 
posed) custom  of  flavoring  or  seasoning  this 
dish  with  spikes  of  lavender:  see  asjiic'i.]  in 
cookery,  a  side  ilish  consisting  of  a  clear,  savory 
meat-.ielly  containing  fowl,  game,  lish,  etc. 

Same  as  aspicu- 

[<  Gr.  it-  priv.  -I- 


niC-. 


imp' 

sists  of  limesti'ine  impregnated  with  bituminous  nniterial 
to  the  amount  of  from  4  to  10  per  cent.  This  rock,  espe- 
cially that  from  Val  de  Travel's,  has  the  rem.arkable  prop- 
erty of  forming,  without  any  admixture,  an  cxtraordinari- 
lydurable  andehistic  roadway,  and  is,  althouuli  expensive, 
extensively  used  for  that  purpose  in  I'aris  .uid  other  large 

cities  of  Europe.    The  rock  has  only  ti)  he  heated,  when  it     ..--., 

crumliles  to  powder,  in  wliicli  ciuidition  it  is  compressed  asDick    ""     See  a^p 

in  molds  int..  blocUs,  or  simply  spread  over  the  surface  r'o{:;.,,l.j."„   /•.,„  Tiil/',-,J.it1    a 

required  to  I. e  covered,  and  jwcked  or  pressed  by  pestle  or  aSpiCUlaie   ^as-piK  u-iai;,  « 

roller,  when,  after  cooling,  it  assumes  a  condition  closely  lous. 

resembling  that  of  the  original  rock.    See  maltlta,  naph-  aspiculoUS  (as-pik'ii-lus),  rt, 

tha,  a.nd  piii;,i.H:ii.    A\sit>  nx/ihalt.                      ^  h.  siiiculiini,  apointi  see  sjiiculum.]    Uaviug  no 

aspheterism  (as-fet'e-i-izm),  n.     [<Gr.  o-priv.  hard  spicula. 

+  o^tnywr,  one's  own,  -1-  -ism.     Cf.  Gr.  aiprrcpi-  ^gpidisca  (as-pi-dis'kii),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  aaxt- 

cfioi;,  appropriation.]     Denial  of  the  right  of  iiann,  fein.  form  of  ai'-^i6iaiio(,  a  boss,  dim.  of 

private  property ;  the  principle  of  communism,  amrii;  (a<Tir»5-),  a  shield.]     1.   A  genus  of  cili- 

Snuthey.     [Rare.]  ate  infusorians,  t^^pe  of  the  family  Aspidiscida: 

aspheterize   (as-fet'e-riz),  f.  «.;  pret.  and  pp.  Ehrenherg,  1830.— 2.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous 

asphetcri:cd,  ppr.  aspheteri^ing.     [<  Gr.  o-  priv.  injects. 

-1-  aferepng,  one's  own,  -I-  -i:e.     Cf.  spheteri:e.]  AspidiscidsB   (as-pi-dis'i-de),   «.   pi.      [NL.,  < 

To  practise  aspheterism.    Coleridge.    [Bare.]  Asitidisca,\,  + -ida:]    Afamily  of  hypot"chous 

asphodel  (as'fo-del),  «.     [<  L.  asyiAorfe^K*,  <  (Jr.  citiata. 

drrtpnieUg,  king's-spear,  a  jfilaiit  of  the  lily  kind;  ^gpidium  (as-pid'i-um),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  ann-iSmv, 

as    adj.,    aaipodiUc    Xci/juv,   ill  ......,•         «.  ■      -,•       t\  -  _u:_i.] -i 

Homer,  the  asphodel  meadow 


of  the  dead ;  origin  unknown 
The  E.  forms  affodil,  daffodil, 
daffodilly,  etc.,  arc  corrup- 
tions of  asphodel:  see  daffo- 
dil.] A  name  of  various  sjie- 
cies  of  Asphodcliis,  a  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order  Litiacea', 
natives  of  southern  Europe. 
The  yellow  asphodel  or  king's-spciu-, 
A.  litteu-x,  is  the  handsomest  and 
best-known  spi-cies,  though  others  arc 
s<.metimes  cultivated  for  onninn-nt. 
The  aspluniel  of  the  earlier  Knglish  and 
French  poets  is  the  dallodil,  .\<irrlnsiia 
I'«etulo-nfircixs-u.^.  In  tjr.  intjth.  the 
asphodel  w:i3  the  peculiar  plant  of  the  dea. 


Uraiiched  Asphotlcl 
( AsphodettfS  ratxo- 
stts). 


a  Tittle  shield,  dim.  of  atTjri'c  laa-tt'i-),  a  shield.] 

1.  A  genus  of  ferns  variously  limited,  but  in  its 
broad  sense  including  all  those  in  which  tho 
dot-like  sori  are  covered  by  a  roundish,  peltate, 
or  reiiiform  indusiura.  Those  with  a  reiuform  in- 
dusium,  attacllcd  by  the  sinus,  are  often  separated  as  the 
genus  Xephriiilium.  When  tlie  inilusium  is  alnirtivc  or 
obliterated,  the  species  are  not  distinguishable  from  forms 
of  I'uluiKiiliinn.  Tlie  gcmis  is  cosmo|Kdit;»Ti,  including 
nearly  :i(X)  species,  which  vary  gi-eatly  in  size,  texture, 
vcmition,  and  division  of  the  fronds.  About  40  species 
are  foinid  within  the  Unitcil  States.  Theciuninon  species 
arc  usually  known  as  wood-ferns  or  shield-ferns.  See 
sfiietd'feru. 

2.  A  genus  of  hjTnenopterous  insects.     Also 


Asjiidi 
Aspidobranchia  (as'pi-do-brang'ki-a),  n.  pi. 
its  pale  bios-  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aa-ic;  (aarriiS-),  a  .shield,  +  .ipd-. X'o, 
sinus  covering  the'meadows  of  Hades.  It  received  this  at-  gills.]  A  group  of  prosobranchiato  gastropods, 
trihuUon.  perluips,  because  in  lireek  laiuls  it  is  a  very  „„p,oximatelv  equivalent  to  .SV'HfiVjmHWiirt, /I'/ii- 
atourtilmbs':'''  "'"""'"  "'  ''"'''■"" "'         "    »""=«»■"'     Jidoglossa,  oi  Chiastoneura.    It  includes  such 


Aspila 

families  as  Fissiirellida;  Ualiotida,  etc.    .<Uso 
Asiiiilohraiichiata. 

Aspidochirots3(as''pi-do-ki-r6'te),n.i)^  [NL., 
<  Gr.  aa-ir  (iwiriiS-),  a  shield,  -t-  x^'Pt  8,  hand.] 
A  group  of  ordinary  pedato  holothurians  or  sea- 
cucumbers,  with  peltate  tentacles  :  eijuivalent 
to  the  family  Ilololhuriidai:  contrasted  with 
DendrochiroUe  (which  see).  Also  spelled  As- 
pidocheirolw. 

In  the  Anpidochirnlte,  or  holothurians  with  disk-  or 
shield-shaped  tentacles  furnished  with  tentacular  ain- 
pull.-c,  the  left  respiratory  tree  is  bound  to  tlie  body-walls, 
thei'e  are  no  retraet^ir  muscles  to  the  pharynx,  and  Cuvier- 
ian  organs  arc  present.  These  are  the  highest  type  of 
llolothuroidea,  and  are  nminly  tropical  in  tlieir  distribu- 
tion, aiaml.  Nat.  Hint.,  I.  182. 

aspidochirote  (as"pi-d9-ki'r6t),  a.  Pertaining 
or  belonging  to  the  Asjiidochirota:  Also  si)elleQ 
aspiiloclii  irotc. 
Aspidogaster  (as'iii-tlo-gas'ttr),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  lion-if  (litrmi!-),  a  shield,  -t-  yaari/p,  stomach.] 
A  genus  of  Trematoda,  or  fluke-worms,  i)ara- 
sitic  in  tho  pericardial  cavity  of  the  fresh-water 
mussel.  A.  conchicola  is  an  example.  See  cut 
under  Trematoda. 
Aspidoglossa  (as'pi-<lo-glos'ii),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aa-ir  (i;oT((>-),a  shield,  -t-  )/<J(7(Ta,  a  tongue  (ligu- 
la).]  A  genus  of  beetles, 
family  t'arabidw,  of  the  group 
Scaritini.  About  20  species  are 
known,  mostly  from  Central  or 
South  America.  One,  A.  mtbaiifiu- 
lata  (Chandler),  occurs  in  the  more 
southern  portion  of  the  l^idted 
States  cast  of  the  Kocky  .Mountains. 
It  is  an  elongate,  convex,  and  shin- 
ing insect,  nearly  8  millimeters  in 
length,  with  very  stout  fossorial 
legs,  and  deeplycrenulatostriateely- 

/WBKI    \  tra.   Its  color  is  black  with  a  greeli- 

^^r      \  ish  tinge,  hut  the  antemix,  legs,  and 

»  apex  of  the  elytra  are  reddish.  It 
is  fouinl  on  moist  gromtd,  where  it 
preys  on  soft-bodied  insects. 

Aspidonectes  (aspi-do- 
nek'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  atrn-tf 
(aamS-),  a  shield,  -I-  vr/a-rif,  a  swimmer,  <  v?/xetv, 
swim.]  A  genus  of  leather-back  or  soft-shelled 
turtles.  A.  spi- 
ni/er  is  a  com- 
mon carnivorous 
voracious  species 
of  North  Amer- 
ica. 

Aspidophora 

(as-pi-dof 'o- 

rii),       N.      pi. 

[iS'L.,       neut. 

pi.   of   aspido- 

phoriis,    adj. : 

see.]s/)ido^'/io- 

rits.]  1.  InLa- 

treille's  system  of  classification,  a  section  of  his 

phyllopoiious    branchiopods,    containing    the 

genera  A]>us  and  Lepiduriis,  and  equivtilent  to 

the  modem  family  Apodidw  of  the  order  I'hyl- 

lopoda.     Also  Aspidiphorii.     See  Podostomata. 

—  2.  In  AUmtin's  system  of  classification,  a  sub- 
order of  poly zoans  constituted  for  the  reception 
of  llhahdopleura. 

Aspldophorus  (as-pi-dof 'o-rus)^  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aa^ii'iiioujio(;,  shield-bearing,  <  affjr/f  (ac-uS-),  a 
shieldj  +  -<?o(X)r,  <  <?ii)iiv=  E.  6forl.]  A  genus 
of  acanthopterii'gian  fishes  armed  with  shield- 
like  scales:  s>Tion.\inous  with  .(flioHKS. 

aspidorhynchid  (as  pi-tlo-ring'kid),  «.  A  nsh 
of  tlio  family  Aspidorhynchida: 

Aspidorhynchidae  (as*pi-<16-ring'ki-de),  n.  pi. 

l'SL.,<Aspi(tiirhynchus,  l,-l--if/rt'.]  InGiinther's 
system  of  classification,  a  family  of  lepidosteoid 
fishes  with  an  elongated  body  covered  with 
ganoid  scales,  a  series  of  enlarged  scales  along 
the  sides,  jaws  prolonged  into  a  beak,  the  ver- 
tebral column  homocercal,  the  fins  fumiifhed 
with  fidcra,  and  the  dorsal  fin  opposite  tho  anal. 
The  species  are  extinct ;  they  lived  during  the 
Mcsozoic  epoch. 
Aspidorhynchus  (as'pi-do-ring'kus),  n.   [NL., 

<  Gr.  diTTif  (lic-(ii-).  a  shield,  +  l>i'yx'K, »  snout, 
a  beak.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  Aspidorhyn- 
chida:   J;/(i.<fsi-.  1833. —  2.  A  genus  of  rei«iles. 

—  3.  A  genus  of  worms. 
Aspidostraca  (iis-pi-dos'tra-ka),  H.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  lifTTif  ((JnT/(!-).  a  shield,  +  otrrimsuv.  a  shell.] 
In  Burmeister's  system  of  classification,  one  of 
three  orders  of  Crustacea,  tlivided  into  five  sub- 
orders called  rarasila,  I.ophyropoda.  I'hyllopo- 
da,  Cirripedia,  and  Viecilopoda.  See  these 
words. 

aspiet,  '•.  '•    A  Middle  English  form  of  espy. 
Aspila  (as'pi-la),  H.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  hnri^n^,  spot- 
less. <  a-  priv.  +  (TT(/of,  spot,  speck.]   1.  A  genus 


Lc^thcr.twck  Turtle  {Aspidonectes 
spiHi/er). 


Aspila  -'irescens.    ( Nahiral  size. ) 


Aspila 

of  moths,  family  Noclitida;  founded  by  Gu^-n(5o. 
The  larvic  are  smooth,  soft  leaf-feedtre.  A.  vin-jariui 
is  a  )>eautiflll  moth, 
with  olivaceous  fore 
willies,  marked  with 
three  distinct  pale 
lines,  relieved  I»y 
coincident  deeper 
shades. 

2.  A  genus  of 
coleopterous  in- 
sects. 

aspinet  (as 'pin 
or -pin),  n.  [Irrcg.  <  «s;)2  + -intl.]  Of  or  per- 
taiuinK  to  an  asp;  snaky:  as,  "asjnne  venom," 
<,>iinrlis. 

aspirant  (arspir'ant  or  as'pi-rant),  n.  and  a. 
[<  F.  aspirant,  a' candidate  (prop,  ppr.),  <  L. 
aspiran{t-)s,  ppr.  of  aspirare  (>  F.  aspirer),  as- 
pire: see  aspirej]  I.  n.  One  who  aspires;  one 
Tvho  seeks  advancement,  elevation,  or  prefer- 
ence. 

Our  yonns aspirant  to  the  name  and  honours  of  an  Eng- 
lish senator.  ^p.  Ilurd. 
*'  Beauty  and  extraordinary  goodness  "  were  her  dowTy ; 
and  she  was  claimed  by  four  separate  aspirants. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  196. 

H.  a.  1.  Aspiring;  ambitious:  as,  "ourfw- 
pirant  souls,"  Mrs.  Brotrning. — 2.  Ascending; 
mounting  up:  as,  aspirant  flames.  [Rare  in 
both  USPS.] 

aspirate  ^as'pi-rat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  a»pi- 
rateit,  ppr.  a^sjiiratitig.  [<  L.  aspiratus,  pp.  of 
asjiirare,  give  the  /i-sound  to,  breathe  or  blow 
upon:  seeaspire.~\  I.  trans.  1.  To  pronounce 
with  a  breathing  or  an  audible  emission  of 
breath ;  pronounce  with  such  a  sound  as  that  of 
the  letter  li :  as.  we  asjyiratc  the  words  liorse 
and  liouse,  but  not  hour  and  honor;  cockneys 
often  aspirate  words  beginning  with  a  vowel. 

Such  mutes  as  were  originally  a.«7)ir(i^'rf  —  that  is  to  say, 
had  an  audible  bit  uf  an  h  pronounced  after  them. 

Whitney,  Lang,  and  Stndy  of  Lang.,  p.  93. 

2.  To  remove  by  aspiration Aspirating  wln- 

nowing-machine,  one  in  which  aspiration  or  suction 
is  used  instead  of  a  blast.     See  winnower. 

II.  iiitrans.  To  be  uttered  with  an  aspirate 
or  strong  breathing.     [Eare.] 

Where  a  vowel  ends  a  word,  the  next  begins  eitherwith 
a  consonant,  or  what  is  its  equivalent ;  for  our  w  and  h 
aspirate.  Dnjdcn. 

aspirate  (as'pi-rat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  aspiratus, 
pp.:  see  the  verb.]  I.  ((.  Pronoimced  with  the 
aspirate  or  rough  breathing ;  pronounced  with 
the  /(-sound,  or  with  a  strong  emission  of 
breath. 

The  Zend  often  shomng  an  aspirate  mute  where  the 
Sanskrit  has  the  unaspirate,  and  vice  versa. 

J.  Hadtey,  Essays,  p.  172. 

Tlieyare  not  aspirate,  i.  c.,  with  such  an  aspiration  as  ft. 
Holder,  Elem.  of  Speech. 

H.  n.  An  aspirated  sotmd,  or  a  sound  like 
our  /( ;  a  sound  with  which  the  //-sotmd  is  com- 
bined, or  which  corresponds  historically  to  a 
soimd  of  this  nature:  thus,  the  Sanskrit  kh,  gh, 
hh,  etc.,  and  the  Greek  ch,  th,  ph  (x,  S,  ^)  are 
called  aspirates,  as  are  also  the  English  /,  th, 
which  are  more  properly  called  breathings  or 
spirants;  also,  a  character  or  combination  of 
characters  representing  a  sound  thus  described, 
as  the  letter  h,  the  Greek  rough  breathing,  etc. 
aspirated  (as'pi-ra-ted),  p.  a.  Same  as  aspirate. 
aspiration  (as-pi-ra'shon),  ».  [<  L.  aspira- 
tio(n-),  a  breathing  upon,  aspiration  of  a  soimd, 
the  aspirate  letter  h,  <  aspirarc :  see  aspirate, 
t'.]  1.  The  act  of  aspirating  or  breathing;  a 
breath. 

Fanned  with  continued  breezes,  and  gentle  aspirations 
of  wind.  Steele,  Englishman,  No.  2G. 

2.  An  aspirated  sound ;  a  phonetic  breathing. 
The  ft,  the  pure  aspiration,  is  an  expulsion  of  flatus 

through  the  position  of  the  adjacent  letter,  whether 
vowel,  semivowel,  or  nasal. 

Whitney,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  p.  67. 
The  Latin  grammarian  Priscian,  about  500  A.  v..  tells 
US  that  the  sound  then  expressed  by/ was  originally  sig- 
nified by  p  with  an  aspiration  (that  is,  by  ph). 

J.  Uadley,  Essays,  p.  172. 

3.  The  act  of  aspiring  or  ardently  desiring;  an 
ardent  wish  or  desire,  chiefly  after  what  is  ele- 
vated or  spiritual. 

She  .  .  .  feels  neither  inclination  t^  ydeasnre  nor  aspi- 
ration after  virtue.  Johnson,  Rjimbler,  No.  112. 

All  Emerson's  as}nrations  were  toward  greatness  of 
character,  greatness  of  wisdom,  nobility  of  soul. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  92S. 

4t.  Aid;  inspiration;  countenance. 

To  God's  honour,  .  .  .  without  the  aspiration  and  help 
of  whose  especial  grace  no  labours  of  man  can  profit. 

Sir  T.  Mure,  Works,  p.  357. 

5.  The  act  of  remo\nng  a  flniil,  as  pus  or  serum, 
from  some  cavity  of  the  body,  by  means  of  a 


342 

hollow  needle  or  trocar  connected  ■with  a  suc- 
tion-sjTinge. —  6.  Suction;  the  act  or  process 
of  drawing  air  through  (by  some  method  of  ex- 
haustion), as  oi)posed  to  the  act  or  process  of 
forcing  it  through — that  is,  to  a  blast. 

For  cleaning  grain  there  are  other  kinds  of  apparatus  in 
whicli  the  principle  of  aspiration,  or  drawing  currents  til 
air  through  the  grain,  is  now  extensively  employed. 

Encfjc.  lirit.,  IX.  344. 
-Syn.  3.  Longing,  yearning. 
aspirator  (as'pi-ra-tor),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  aspirare, 
breathe  or  blow  upon  :  see  aspirate  and  aspire.^ 

1.  An  apparatus  for  creating  a  vacuum  by  the 
action  of  a  moving  fluid.  A  common  form  is  that  of 
a  simple  vessel  filled  with  water  and  connected  with  the 
receptacle  to  l)e  drained  of  air.  On  permitting  the  water 
to  escape  below,  a  partial  vacuum  is  fornieii  above  it. 

2.  A  surgical  instrument,  consisting  of  a  hol- 
low needle,  or  trocar,  connected  with  a  suction- 
syringe,  used  in  remo\'ing  fluids  from  the  cav- 
ities of  the  body. — 3.  A  form  of  winnowing- 
machine  emploj-ing  aspiration  instead  of  a 
blast.     See  aspiration,  6. 

aspiratory  (a-spir'a-t6;ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *as- 
piratoritis,  (.aspirarc,  breathe  upon:  see  067)1- 
rate  and -on/.]  Pertaining  to  breathing;  suit- 
ed to  the  inhaling  of  air. 

aspire  (a-spir'),  v.:  pret.  and  pp.  aS2nred,  ppr. 
aspiring.  [<  late  ME.  aspire,  <  F.  aspirer  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  aspirar  =  It.  aspirarc,  <  L.  a.^pirare,  ad- 
spirarc,  breathe  or  blow  upon,  desire  to  reach,  < 
ad,  to,  +  spirare,  breathe,  blow :  see  spirit.  Cf. 
conspire,  expire,  inspire,  perspire,  respire,  suspire, 
transjiire.^  I.t  trans.  1.  To  breathe  to  or  into. 
To  sprcade  his  beames  vpon  vs,  and  (7,s;«"re  hys  lireth 
into  vs.  Sir  T.  More,  Apol.,  xlix.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  breathe  forth  or  exhale.    Shenstone. 
AATiose  notes  the  air  aspire 

Of  th'  old  Egyptian  or  the  Thracian  l>Te. 

B.  Jotison,  Golden  Age  Restored. 

3.  To  breathe  after;  seek  with  eagerness  to  at- 
tain to ;  long  or  try  to  reach ;  attempt. 

who  dare  aspire  this  journey?      Donne,  Poems,  p.  1S4. 

4.  [See  II.,  2.]    To  mount  or  soar  to;  attain. 

That  gallant  spirit  hath  aspir'd  the  clouds. 

Shak.,  Pv.  and  J.,  iiL  1. 

Come,  there  was  never  any  great  thing  yet 
Aspired,  but  by  \iolence  or  fraud. 

B.  Jonson,  CatQine,  iii.  3. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  eagerly  desirous;  aim 
ambitiously,  especially  at  something  great  or 
noble ;  be  ambitious :  followed  by  an  object 
•with  to  or  after,  or  by  an  infinitive :  as,  to  aspire 
to  a  crown  or  after  immortality. 

Aspiring  to  be  gods,  if  angels  fell, 
Aspiring  to  be  angels,  men  rebel. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  127. 

He  aspired  to  see 
His  native  Pisa  queen  and  arbitress 
Of  cities.  Bryant,  Knight's  Epitaph. 

2.  [Partly  influenced  by  association -with  67)i>e.] 
To  rise  up  as  an  exhalation,  or  as  smoke  or 
tire ;  hence,  to  mount  or  ascend ;  tower  up  or 
rise  high. 

WTiose  flames  asjnre. 
As  thoughts  do  blow  them,  higher  and  higher. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  V.  5,  song. 

aspiret  (a-spir'),  n.    [<  aspire,  r.]    Aspiration; 

ardent  wish  or  desire. 
Anil  mock  the  fondling  for  his  mad  aspire.      Chapman. 
aspirementt  (a-spir'ment),  n.      [<  aspire  + 

-ment.']     The  act  of  aspiring ;  aspiration. 

By  which  aspiremcnt  she  her  wings  displays. 

Ant.  Brewer  (?),  Lingua,  iii.  8. 

aspirer  (a-spir 'er),  ?!.     One  who  aspires;  an 

aspirant. 
aspiring  (a-spir'ing),  p.  a.     1.  Animated  with 

an  ardent  desire,  as  of  power,  importance,  or 

excellence;  ambitious;  soaring:  as,  "aspiiring 

nobles,"  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

Aspiring  beggary  is  \vretchedness  itself. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

Ere  he  filled  with  loves,  hopes,  longings,  this  a^ri»<;heart 

of  man.  Lotcell,  Anti-.4pis. 

2.  Rising ;  towering  or  soaring. 

To  sore  destruction  dooms  the  aspirini  wall. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xii.  36S. 

aspiringly  (a-spir'ing-li),  adi\  In  an  aspiring 
maniur:  soaringly;  ambitiously. 

aspiringness  (a-spir'ing-nes),  «.  The  state  of 
being  aspiring;  ambitiousness.     [Rare.] 

aspis  (as'pis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  an-ie,  an  asp,  the 
Egjiitian  cobra:  see  asp-.']  1.  Same  as  a.-ip- 
or  a.'ipic^.  Also  used  as  a  generic  term. —  2. 
[to;).]  a  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Ger- 
mar. — 3.  [cap.']  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects.    Treitschkc,  1829. 

aspish  (as'pish),  a.  [<  asp'^  +  -isli.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  asps;  snaky.     N.  E.  D. 


aspnno 

Aspisoma  (as-pi-so'mS),  n.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr. 
an-ir,  a  shield,  -I-  riiua,  body.]  A  genus  of 
South  Amiricaii  fireflies,  of  the  family  Telcpho- 
ridte,  belonging  to  the  malacodermatous  divi- 
sion of  pentamerous  Coleoptcra.  A.  lineatum 
is  the  common  firefly  of  the  Amazon  region. 

Asplanchna  (as-plangk'nji),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dc-/.a;  jior,  without  bowels,  <  o-  priv.  + 
crr/.d;,yi'a,  bowels.]  A  genus  of  free  Rotifera, 
having  a  rounded  sac-like  body,  devoid  of  ap- 
pendages, and  possessing  neither  anus  nor 
intestine,  whence  the  name.  The  genus  is  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Asptanchnida:. 

asplanchnic  (as-plangk'nik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
uij-/a;  Vi'Cf,  without  bowels  (see  Asplnnchna),  + 
-ic]  Haringno  intestine  or  alimeutaiy  canal ; 
anenterous. 

asplanchnid  (as-plangk'nid),  «.  A  rotifer  of 
the  family  Ar^planchnidte. 

Asplanclinidae  (as-plangk'ni-de),  H.  ;)/.  [NL., 
<  Asplanchna  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  rotifers  hav- 
ing the  troehal  disk  rounded,  the  wreath  single 
and  marginal,  the  trophi  incudate,  and  no  in- 
testine, anus,  or  foot.  Asplanchna  is  the  lead- 
ing genus. 

Asplenium  (as-ple'ni-um),  n.  [NL.,  < Gr.  ac-^z'/Ji- 
viov,  also  (j-'/.ipiov,  usually  ho-'/tivov  (>  L.  asplc- 
num),  spleeuwort,  supposed  to  be  a  cure  for 
the  spleen,  <  a-  euphonic  +  ctt'/.i/v,  spleen:  seo 
sj/leen.]  A  genus  of  ferns  characterized  by 
linear  or  oblong  sori  lying  on  the  veins  (which 
are  free  in  most  species)  and  obliquely  to  the 
eosta,  the  involucre  being  conformable  to  tho 
soriis  and  opening  toward  the  costa  when  single. 
It  is  the  largest  genus  of  the  order  {Fitic^)  excepting 
Polypodium,  and  its  species  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the 
world,  wherever  ferns  grow.  It  includes  very  varied 
fonns.  Many  of  the  species  are  evergreen,  and  some  are 
cultivated  for  their  beauty.  Among  the  more  common 
species,  generally  known  as  spleenwort,  are  the  lady-fern 
(.4.  Fitix-faemina),  black  maidenhair  {A.  Trichomanfs), 
distributed  around  the  globe,  wall-rue  (^.  Ruta-Jnuraria), 
and  ebony  spleenwort  (.4.  elteneum). 

aspodilt,  n.  An  obsolete  and  corrupt  form  of 
asphodel  (Asphodelus  ramosus).  Also  aspod- 
floircr.    Holme,  1688. 

asporoUS  (a-spo'ms),  a.  [<  Gr.  c-  priv.  -1-  a-d- 
po;,  seed :  see  spore.]  Without  spores ;  not  de- 
veloping spores. 

In  the  case  of  the  simplest  and  roost  minnte  Schizomy- 
cetes  (Micrococcus,  etc.)  no  definite  spores  have  been  dis- 
covered ;  any  one  of  the  vegetative  micrococci  may  com- 
mence a  new  series  of  cells  by  gi-owth  and  division.  We 
mav  call  these  forms  aspm'ous,  at  any  rate  provisionally. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XXI.  404. 

asport  (as-p6rt'),  ''•  '•  [<  L.  asportare,  carry 
away.  <  abs,  away  (see  ah-),  +  portare,  carry.] 
To  carry  awav ;  especiallv,  to  remove  feloni- 
ously.   "X  E.'l).     [Rare.] 

asportation  (as-por-ta'shon).  H.  [<  L.  asporta- 
tio(n-),  a  carrying  away,  <  asportare,  pp.  aspor- 
tatus:  seo  asport.]  1.  A  carrying  away  or  off. 
[Rare.] 

Aubrey,  whose  "Miscellanies"  were  published  in  1696, 
had  no  doubts  whatever  as  to  the  physical  asimrtation  of 
the  witch.  Loivelt,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser..  p.  115. 

2.  In  criminal  laic,  the  felonious  removal  of 
goods  from  the  place  where  they  were  depos- 
ited. It  may  be  theft,  though  the  goods  bo  not 
carried  from  the  house  or  apartment. 

aspret,  a.     A  Middle  English  form  of  aspcr^. 

Aspredinae  (as-pre-di'ne),  n.  2>l.  [NL.,  <  As- 
ptredo  +  -ina:.]  Same  as  Aspredinina  or  As- 
predinidce.     Sicainson,  1839. 

aspredinid  (as-pred'i-nid),  H.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Asprcdinidcc. 

Aspredinida  (as-pre-din'i-de),  H.  ph  [NL.,  < 
Asprcdo  (-din-)  -t-  -ida:.]  A  family  of  nematog- 
nathous  fishes,  exemplified  by  the  genus  As- 
predo,  containing  a  few  fresh-water  catfishes 
of  South  America.  They  have  no  operctilum.  no  adi- 
pose fin,  no  spine  in  the  dorsal  fin,  reduced  gill-openinga, 
small  eyes  and  mouth,  and  0  to  S  barbels.  I'he  skin  is 
either  smooth  or  tuberculous. 

Aspredinina  (as-pre-di-ni'nli),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Asprcdo  (-din-)  +  -ina.]  In  Giinther's  classifi- 
cation of  fishes,  a  group  of  .Silurida'  protc- 
ropodcs,  with  the  anterior  and  posterior  nostrils 
remote  from  each  other,  the  lower  lip  not  re- 
verted, and  the  humerocubital  process  much 
developed  and  prolonged:  sjmonymous  with 
the  family  Asprtdinida. 

Aspredo  "(as-pre'do),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  asprcdo, 
roughness,  <  aspcr.  rough:  see  asper^.]  A 
genus  of  nematognathous  fishes,  typical  of  the 
family  A.^jircdinido'. 

asprelyt,  adi:     See  asjjerli/. 

asprenesst,  «.     See  asperness. 

asprino  tas-pre'no),  n.  [It.,  prop.  dim.  of  as- 
pro,  sour,  sharp,'<  L.  asper:  see  asper^.]    A 


asprlno 

white  wino  itiado  in  tlio  iioigliliorlirtod  of  Rome. 

The  best-known  quality  is  spiirklinR. 
aspyt,  «•  and  I'.    A  Middle  Knglish  form  of  csjii/. 
asauat  (a-skwof),  prep.  phr.  as  iiilv.  or  n.     [< 

«?  +  squut.'\     In  or  into  a  scjuatting  posture. 

Sittiiifi  anijuat  bt'twtifii  my  mother  ami  Ristt-r. 

Jticlinrttson. 

asquint  (a-skwinf),  i)rcp.  phi:  as  Offc.  or  a.  [< 
ME.  iisquiiU,  asquynte,  appar.  <  a^  +  'squint  (cf. 
l).f:clii(i>itt:  slope,  slant);  but .«(/«(« Hs not  found 
in  ME.,  the  mod.  form  s<it(i)it,  aiir.  and  o.,  hav- 
ing come  by  aphorcsis  from  asquint :  see  squin t. ] 

1.  To  or  out  at  the  comer  or  angle  of  the  eye; 
obliquely ;  toward  one  side ;  not  in  the  straight 
line  of  vision ;  askance ;  furtively. 

Who  look  aitquint  or  shut  their  eyes.  Swift. 

Edifices,  .  .  .  witli  .ill  their  costliness,  looking  some- 
what asijuint  ou  the  visitor,  aa  if  questioning  his  ri;xlit  U> 
enter  tliem.  Atcolt,  Tablets,  p.  70. 

2.  In  the  condition  of  squinting ;  oblique. 
The  eye  is  muddy  and  sometimes  (uitiifint. 

Eiiwrsttn,  Essays,  1st  ser. ,  p.  120.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

asquirm  (.a-skwerm'),  pre2>.  plir.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  (I''  -I-  squirm.']  On  tho  squirm;  squirming. 
Uowclls. 

aSS^  (as),  n.  [<  ME.  as,  ass,  assc,  <  AS.  a.^sa,  m. 
(fern,  asseti,  not  *assc),  an  isolated  form,  perhaps 
adapted  from  ONorth.  assaltl,  asultl,  a^sal  (which 
is  from  the  Celtic),  the  earlier  form,  of  the  com- 
mon Tent,  type,  being  csol,  csul  =  OS.  csil  = 
D.  e:d  (>  E.  V«.st/,  q.  v.)  =  OIIG.  csil,  MHG.  G. 
cscl  (>  liau.  cscl,  a'scl)  =  Goth.  asilu.i  (cf.  Ir.  and 
Gael,  asal  =  Manx  assi/l,  and  OBulg.  osilii  = 
Bohem.  oscl  =  Pol.  osiel,  osiol  (barred  /)  =  Russ. 
osdu  =  Lith.  asilas  =  OPruss.  a-sili^),  prob.  the 
saino,  with  variant  termination,  as  Icel.  asni, 
m.,  asnu,  fern.,  =  Sw.  dsua  =  Dan.  ascn  (ef.  W. 
asyii  =Corn.  ascn  =  Bret.  a::cn);  all  appar.  (the 
Slav,  and  Lith.  forms  through  Tent.)  <  L.  asi- 
ji«s  (>  It.  asino  =  Sp.  Pg.  asno  =  Pr.  asne  =  OF. 
asnc,  F.  dnc)  =  Gr.  opof  (orig.  "oai'orf),  an  ass; 
perhaps  ult.  of  Semitic  origin;  cf.  Heb.  dtlion,  a 
she-ass.  Cf.  G.  ajsscl,  esp.  in  comp.  keller-asscl 
(also  keller-escl),  a  wood-louse,  so  named  from 
its  color,  <  L.  ascllus,  a  little  ass,  dim.  of  asinus ; 
cf.  Gr.  ovnr,  a  wood-louse.]  1.  A  solidungulate 
quadruped  of  the  family  Equidm,  the  Equns  asi- 
31US.  This  animal  has  long  ears,  a  short  mane,  and  a  tail 
covered  with  long  hairs  at  the  end.  It  is  usually  ash-col- 
ored, with  a  black  cross  over  the  shoulders,  formed  by  a 
longitudinal  and  a  transverse  d.ark  streak.  The  tame  or 
domestic  ass  is  patient,  and  carries  a  heavy  burden.  It  is 
slow,  but  very  sure-footed,  and  for  this  reason  very  useful 
ou  rough,  steep,  and  hilly  ground.  The  ass  is  supposed 
to  he  a  native  of  central  Asia  (by  Darwin  and  others,  of 
Abyssinia),  where  vast  troops  roam  over  the  great  deserUs 
in  a  wild  state.  The  wild  ass  is  a  fine  lleet  animal,  and 
is  accounted  the  noblest  game  in  I'ensia,  where  its  flesh 
is  prized  as  venison  is  with  us.  The  domesticated  ass  hiis 
become  the  type  of  obstinacy  and  stupidity.  See  jackit-ts. 
2.  Any  wild  species  of  the  subgenus  Jsinns, 
as  the  dziggetai  or  hemione,  onager,  etc. — 3.  A 
dull,  heavy,  stupid  fellow;  a  dolt;  a  fool;  a 
blockhead. 

If  this  be  not  a  fit  of  some  violent  affeetiou,  I  am  an 
ass  in  understanding.  Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  ii.  2. 

4.  A  post  in  the  bridge  of  a  jiulp-vat  on  which 
the  mold  is  placed  to  drain — Asses'  bridge  (?'"iw 

aaintn-itm),  a  name  humorously  given  to  the  fifth  Jiropo- 
sition  of  the  first  book  of  Euclid's  Elements  of  Geome- 
try, f^ee  ptins  ffshwnim. —  Feast  of  asses.  ^fi.- JVaxf. 
—  The  Two  Asses,  the  stars  -y  and  i  of  the  const<-llation 
Cancer,  on  either  side  of  the  nebula  Praisepe.  See  Andtm. 
N.  E.  D. 

ass^  (as),  H.     [Scotch  form  of  aslfi.]    Ashes. 

asS''  (iis),  H.  A  unit  of  weight  in  use  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  Germany  until  the  adoption  of  tho 
metric  system.  It  was  equal  to  5  centigrams, 
or  three  quarters  of  a  grain  troy. 

assacil  (as'a-ko),  )i.  [Braz.]  A  euphorbiaeeous 
tree  of  South  America,  Hum  crepitans,  the  bark 
and  sap  of  which  contain  a  very  acrid  poisonous 
principle.  Applied  to  the  skin  the  milky  sap  produces 
a  pustular  eruption ;  the  natives  prepare  from  it  a  poison- 
ous drink,  also  used  as  an  anthelmintic.  The  seeds  are 
most  violently  purgative.  A  decoction  of  the  bark  is  used 
as  a  remedy  for  elephantiasis,  and  the  pounded  leaves  are 
used  for  rhcnniatisin. 

assafetida,  «.     See  asafctida. 

assagai  (as'ii-gi),  h.  [Also ^vritten  assegai,  n.s- 
sanni/,  asscj/nii,  and  fonuerly  assaf/aic,  a-af/aia 
(also  ::iiiiiiiti .  -ai/air.  <  F.  ::a(jaii),  and  early  mod. 
E.  arcluiidjic  (<  F.  arclicrjiiic,  <irclii;i<ii<;  (irci(i(i!l(); 
<  F.  azcyniir,  azaijaiic,  <  Pg.  a~aijaia,  Sp.  a:a- 
gaya  (Sp.  formerly  also  without  the  art.,  xraf/ai/a, 
>  It.  zaijaijlia,  F.  :agaic,  above),  <  Ar.  a:-:a<ilid- 
yali,  <  at,  the,  +  :aghdyali,  a  spear:  a  native 
Berber  word.  Cf.  hincegai/.']  A  slender  spear 
or  lance  of  hard  wood,  usually  having  an  iron 
head:  now  most  commonly  upiilied  tothethrow- 
ing-spear  or  javelin  used  in  battle  by  the  ua- 


343 

fives  of  South  Africa,  cspeeially  the  Zulus  and 
Kafirs.     Also  spelled  assegai. 
assagai  (as'a-gi),  t>.  (.    [(.assagai,  n.]   To  strike 
or  kill  with  an  assagai.     ALso  si)elled  assegai. 

l^pon  a  signal  the  Xulns  rushed  upon  their  unarmed 
guests,  and  atunriaied  tlleni  to  the  la-st  man. 

Wesliniiuli-r  liev,,  C.XXVI.  173. 

assagai-'WOOd  (as'a-gi-wiul),  n.  The  wood  of 
a  cornaceous  tree  of  southern  Africa,  Curtisia 
fagincii,  of  which  tho  Zulus  make  their  spears. 

assai^  (as-sii'i),  adv.  [It.,  very,  much,  enough, 
<  ML.  ad  satis:  L.  ad,  to;  satis,  enough.  See 
a.isctli,asset,<i.'i  In  music,  very:  as,  allegro assai, 
very  quick;  adagio  a.isai,  very  slow. 

assai'-'  (a-si'),  n.  [Braz.]  A  native  name  in 
Brazil  of  several  species  of  palms  of  the  genus 
Euterpe  (which  see).  The  amai-rani  (that  is,  false 
euterpe)  is  the  (rconuma  Camana.  Axsai-i  is  a  drink  pre- 
pared from  the  thUs  of  A',  oli-rai-ra. 

assail  (a-sal'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  assailcn,  asailcn 
(later  often  by  aphercsis  s(iilc),  <  OF.  asqillir, 
asdiir,  later  ((.v»'«iWi;'=  Pr.  asalir,  a.'isalhir  =  It.  as- 
salire,  <  ML.  assalirc,  adsalire,  assail,  for  L.  as- 
silirc,  rtrf,s-//(')r,  leap  upon,  <  ad,  to,  +  salirc,  leap, 
jump,  rush  forth:  aci}  salient.  Cf.  a.s.sault.]  1. 
To  fall  upon  with  violence;  assault;  attack. 
"With  greedy  force  he  gan  the  fort  t"  avuail.  Spcmcr. 
The  covert  of  some  enclosed  grouiul  in  the  rear  enabled 
a  party  to  steal  round  and  axxail  them  unexiiectedly  in 
(lank.  li.  W.  Dixiin,  llist.  I'hurch  of  Eng.,  III.  74. 

2.  To  attack  with  reasoning,  arguments,  cen- 
sure, abuse,  criticism,  appeals,  entreaties,  ov 
anything  that  bears  upon  tho  mind  or  feelings: 
as,  to  assail  an  obnoxious  person  with  jeers. 

The  prince  next  a.-<iiaUed  the  baron  upon  the  subject  of 
settling  his  estate  on  his  daughter.  .'^cott. 

The  really  efficient  weapons  with  which  the  philosophers 
asmiletl  the  evangelical  faith  were  borrowed  from  the 
evangelical  morality.  Macaulay,  Von  llankc. 

The  metaphysical  doctrine  nasaited  by  Hume  teniled, 
when  carried  to  its  logical  extreme,  to  identify  reality 
with  reason.  Leslie  Stephen,  Eng.  Thought,  i.  §  64. 

3.  To  fall  upon;  bring  something  to  bear  upon 
or  against;  come  in  contact  with:  as,  the  ship 
was  assailed  by  a  severe  storm. 

sit  d<»wn  awhile. 
And  let  us  once  again  asttait  your  ears. 

Sliatc.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 

When  trouble  did  thee  sore  asmit. 
On  me  then  didst  thou  call.    MiUon,  Vs.  Ixxxi. 

=  Syil.  1.  Atftiek,  Set  upfm.  Fall  nptm,  Ansait,  Afimutt. 
Altaelc,  literally  to  fasten  to,  is  the  most  general  of  these 
words.  Sci  vpini  and  /alt  iipun  have  the  vigor  of  short 
and  familiar  words,  and  they  express  a  sudden,  energetic 
attack.  Assail  and  ast^ault.  literally  to  leap  or  spring  at, 
are  to  attack  vehemently  and  perhaps  suddenly.  Assault 
is  the  stronger  of  the  two,  and  is  especially  used  of  at- 
tacks with  persctual  violence,  as  with  fists,  stones,  etc.  All 
live  of  these  words  may  be  extended  to  warfare,  and  to 
contests  and  struggles  of  any  kind. 

This  king's  I  Meuephtah'sl  flret  experience  in  war  was 
ag.ainst  an  army  of  wider  nationality  than  had  ever  before 
attacked  Egypt.  H.  S.  Osbi:ni,  Ancient  Egj'pt,  p.  74. 

He  look'd,  and  more  amazed 
Than  if  seven  men  had  set  vpnn  him,  saw 
The  maiden  standing  in  the  dewy  light. 

Tennjis'in,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

My  lord  is  weary  with  the  fight  liefore, 
And  they  will  Ml  nptm  him  unawares. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

The  indignation  which  arms  itself  with  secret  forces 
does  not  awaken  until  we  are  pricked  and  stung  and  sorely 
assailed.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

Then  they  assaulted  one  of  the  gates,  which  they  burned: 
but  only  to  find  that  the  defenders  had  raised  a  more 
formidable  ban-icr  behinil  it. 

/;.  II'.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  III.  04. 

assailable  (a-sa'la-bl),   a.     [<  assail  +  -able] 
Capable  of  being  assailed,  attacked,  or  invaded. 
He  lived  among  a  generation  of  sinners,  whose  con- 
sciences were  not  a.vmii'taWe  by  smooth  circumlocutions, 
and  whose  vices  required  the  scourge  and  the  hot  iron. 

ir/ii'/i/ifc,  Ess.  and  Kev.,  II.  S6. 

assailant  (a-sii'lant),  a.  and  n.     [<  F.  assaillant, 

ppr.  of  assaillir :  see  assail  and  -ant^.]    I.  a.  1 . 

Ass.aulting;  attacking;  invading  with -violence. 

Milton. —  2.  In  her.,  same  as  salient. 

H.  n.  One  who  assails,  attacks,  or  assaults. 

nie  wise  man  throws  himself  ou  the  side  of  his  assail- 
ants. It  is  more  his  interest  than  it  is  theirs  to  find  his 
weak  point.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

assailer  (a-sa'ler),  n.  [<  ME.  assailour,  assail- 
i/onr,  <  OF.  as.'<ailleor,  <  assaillir;  see  assail.'] 
One  who  assails. 

assailment  (u-sal'ment),  ».  [<  assail  +  -meiit.] 
An  assault:  lin  attack.     [Kare.] 

His  most  frequent  assailment  was  the  headache. 

Jolinsvn,  Pope. 

assai-palm  (a-si'pilm),  h.     Same  as  assai-. 

assamar  (as'a-mijr).  ».  [<  L.  as.ius,  roasted.  + 
(iniarus.  bitter.]  A  bitter  substance  produced 
by  roasting  in  the  air  such  substances  as  sugar, 


assassinate 

meat,  bread,  grain,  etc.,  until  they  turn  brown. 
Ilarim  ran  K<  iehenbach. 
Assamese   (as-a-mes'  or  -mez'),  a.  and  n.     [< 
Assam  +  -rse.]    I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Assam  or 
its  inhabitants. 

II.  «.  sing,  and  pi.  A  native  or  tho  natives 
of  Assam.  ;iii  eastein  province  of  British  India 
ailjojiiing  Burma  and  Tibet. 

assapant,  assapanict  (as-a-pan',  -ik),  «.  [N. 
Amer.  Ind.  J  'Hie  native  name  of  the  American 
tlying-squirrel,  Sciuropterusvolucclla.  Also  as- 
stipa  n  id;  a.isapha  n . 

assart  (a-siirf),  i-'.  f.  [<  AF.  assarta;  OF.  es- 
sarter,  <  ML.  exartare,  cxsartare  (frcq.  of  'cx- 
sarirc),  grub  up,  <  ex,  out,  +  surtare  for  'sari- 
tare,  freq.  of  L.  .sarire,  sarrirc,  pp.  sarritus,  hoe, 
weed,  grub.]  In  Eng.  law,  to  grub  up  (trees 
and  bushes);  clear  (wood-land). 

assart  (a-siirf),  n.  [Now  also  essart ;  <  AF. 
ii.tsart,  OF.  essart  (>  law  L.  assarta,  assartus, 
cssartum),  <  ML.  exartum,  prop.  neut.  of  'exar- 
tus,  pp.  of  'exarirc,  'exsarirc :  see  assart,  v.]  In 
Eng.  law :  (a)  Tho  act  of  grubbing  up  trees  and 
bushes  in  a  forest.  This  act,  as  destroying  thickets 
and  coverts,  was  in  some  circumstances  forbidden  by  law. 
(fc)  A  tree  grubbed  up  by  the  roots,  (e)  A  piece 
of  land  cleared,  as  by  grubbing. 

In  those  districts,  and  in  many  others  in  the  neighbour- 
hood, the  copyhold  lands  which  have  been  reclaimed  from 
the  forest-waste  are  known  as  "a^j^ai-Mands." 

C.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  102. 

assaryt,  «.  [<  (Jr.  aaadpum.]  The  Roman  cop- 
per coin  called  as. 

assassin  (a-sas'in),  ».  [<  F.  assassin  =  Pt.  as- 
sa.'isin  =  Sp.  asesino  =  Pg.  It.  assassino,  <  ML. 
fl,«,s«.s.vin «*',  prop,  one  of  the  Assassini,  Assasini, 
Assessini,  Aseisini  {ali^n  Asa.'ii,  Uaussasi;  cf.  OF. 
Assaeis,  Massasis,  MGr.  Xaoiaioi,  pi.,  from  tho 
Ar.  sing.),  <  Ar.  Hashshd-shin  and  JIashishiyyin, 
the  order  or  sect  of  the  Assassins,  lit.  hashish- 
caters  (so  called  because  the  agents  selected 
to  do  murder  were  first  intoxicated  with  hash- 
ish), pi.  of  hashshdsh  and  hasliishiyy,  hashish- 
eatcr,< /io.S'/k.v//,  hashish:  seo  hashish.]  1.  [<v';i.] 
One  of  the  Assassins,  a  military  and  religious 
order  in  Syria,  founded  in  Persia  by  Hassan  ben 
Sabbah  about  the  year  1090.  A  colony  migrated  from 
Persia  Uj  Syria,  settled  in  various  places,  with  their  chief 
seat  on  the  mountains  of  J.ebanon,  and  became  remarkable 
for  their  secret  murders  in  blind  obedience  to  the  will  of 
their  chief.  Their  religion  was  a  compound  of  Magianism, 
Jn<iaism,  Christianity,  and  Mohammedanism.  Gne  article 
of  their  creed  w.13  that  the  Holy  Spirit  resided  in  their 
chief  and  that  his  orders  proceeded  from  God  himself. 
The  chief  of  the  sect  is  best  known  by  tlie  denoniination 
old  man  0/  tlie  mountain  (Arabic  slieikh  al-j>t,al,  chief  of 
the  mountains).  These  barbarous  chieftains  and  their  fol- 
lowers spread  terror  among  nations  far  and  near  for  al- 
most two  centuries.  In  the  time  of  the  crusades  they 
mustered  to  the  number  of  fiO.lKio,  ami  presented  a  formi- 
dable obstacle  to  the  arms  of  I  In-  (  lrri^tians.  Tliey  wcro 
eventually  subdued  by  the  sultan  IWbars  about  1272. 

2.  One  who  undertakes,  for  a  reward  previous- 
ly agreed  on,  to  put  another  person  to  death 
by  surprise  or  secret  assault ;  lience,  one  who 
kills,  or  attempts  to  kill,  by  treacherous  vio- 
lence; a  murderer. — 3t.  [With  allu.sion  to  its 
'  killing'  effect.]  A  breast-knot,  or  similar  deco- 
ration worn  in  front.  Ladies'  Vict.,  London, 
1094. 

assassinf  (a-sas'in),  V.  t.    [<F.  assassincr,  assas- 
sinate, worry,  vex,  =  It.  assassinare,  assassinate, 
<  ML.  assassinare ;  from  the  noun.]     To  mur- 
der; assassinate. 
With  him  that  asmsgines  his  parents. 

SlUlingfteet,  Sermons,  p.  502. 

assassinacyt  (a-sas'i-ni>-si),  h.  [i  a.isassiua(le) 
■t- -<■//.]     The  act  of  assassinating.     Hammond. 

assassinantt  (a-sas'i-nant),  «.  [<  F.  assassi- 
nant,  ppr.  of  assassinef:  see  assassin,  v.]  An 
assassin. 

assassinate  (a-sas'i-nat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  as- 
stis:tinat)  d,  ppr.  assassinating.  [<  SIL.  as.'iassi- 
natus,  pp.  of  assas.iinare :  see  as.^as.iin,  v.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  kill  or  attempt  to  kill  by  suri>rise 
or  secret  assault ;  murder  by  sudden  or  treach- 
erous violence. 

Help,  neighbours,  my  house  is  broken  open,  .  .  .  and  I 
am  ravished  and  like  to  be  assassinated.  Dryden, 

2t.  To  assault ;  maltreat. 

Such  usage  as  your  honourable  lords 
Afford  me,  assassinated  and  betray'd. 

.Milton,  S.  A..  1.  1109. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  blight  or  destroy  treacher- 
ously; overthrow  by  foul  or  unfair  means: 
as,  to  assa.i.'iinatc  a  person's  character  or  repu- 
tation.=syn.  1.  Stan.  Murder,  etc.     !f<ec  kill. 

II.  intrans.  To  commit  murder  by  assassina- 
tion. 
Where  now  no  thieves  assassinate. 

Sandys,  Paraphrase  of  Judges,  T, 


^sassinate 

assassinatef  (a-sas'i-nat),  n.     [<  F.  assassinat, 
assastiiuation,  <  ML.  tissasshiatiin,  <  assiissiiiiirc  : 
SCO  (iKsaiSinatc,  c]    1.  Assassination;  murder- 
ous assault. 
If  I  iKiU  luaJe  an  assasKinalc  iipon  your  father. 

Ji.  Jotison,  Epictcne,  ii.  1. 

2.  An  assassin. 

Svi/f  Iiim  fi»r  "lie  of  the  a;fsassiiKitcs.  Vryden. 

assassination  (a-sas-i-na'shon),  n.  [<  assassi- 
nate +  -ion.'\  Tlio  act  of  assassinating;  the 
act,  especially  of  a  hired  emissary,  of  killing  or 
murdering  l)y  surprise  or  secret  assault;  mur- 
der by  treacherous  \noleuce. 

assassinative  (a-sas'i-ua-tiv),  a.  [<  assassinate 
+  -in.\     lueliiied  to  assassinate.     Carlijle. 

assassinator  (a-sas'i-na-tor),  n.  1.  An  assas- 
sin.— 2.  In  cuiion  laic,  one  who  hires  another 
to  hQl  a  third  person  by  surprise  or  secret  as- 
sault. He  loses  the  right  of  sanctuary  and  all  other  ec- 
clusiastical  iiniiiiinity,  and  is  subjected  to  excommunica- 
tion, and,  by  the  letter  of  the  law,  to  confiscation  of  goods 
or  even  to  deprivation  of  personal  riglits,  iiicludiii!;  that 
of  security  of  life:  tliese  penalties  could  \k-  imposed  even 
when  tile  attempted  assassination  fell  sliort  of  its  erfect. 
The  law  was  first  made  against  those  employing  intidels  to 
murder  Christians,  but  almost  immediately  and  a  fortiori 
extended  to  Christians  as  against  any  person,  whether 
Christian  or  not,  who  was  allowed  to  live  in  the  state. 
The  peculiar  malice  of  the  crime  was  placed  in  its  being 
secret  murder  for  hire.  Technically  it  was  unknown  to 
the  civil  law. 

assassinoust  (a-sas'i-nus),  a.  [<  assassin  + 
-oi(*'.]    Miu-derous;  treacherous. 

To  smother  them  in  the  basest  and  most  assnssimus 
manner.  Milton,  On  Ormond's  Letter,  oGl  (Ord  MS.). 

assationt  (a-sa'shon),  n.     [<  F.  asmtioii,  <  ML. 
'assiitii>(ii-),  <  hh.assarc, roast,  < L. assns, roast- 
ed, perhaps  for  arstis,  pp.  of  ardere,  burn,  be  on 
fire.  ]     A  roasting. 
AssatU'n  is  a  concoction  of  the  inward  moisture  by  heat. 
Burton,  .\nat.  ttf  Mel. 

assault  (a-salf),  Ji.  [The  I  has  been  restored, 
as  in  fault,  vault,  etc. ;  <  ME.  assaut,  asaut, 
asautc  (also  by  apheresis  saiit,  later  sault),  OF. 
assaut,  assalt.  asalt,  F.  assaut  =  Pr.  assaut  = 
Bp.  asalto  =  Pg.  It.  assalto,  <  ML.  assaltus,  as- 
sault, attack,  <  nssaUre,  assail:  see  assail.'\  1. 
An  attack  or  violent  onset  with  physical  means ; 
an  onslaught ;  especially,  a  sudden  and  vigor- 
ous attack  on  a  fortified  post. 

Able  to  resist 
Satan's  assaults,  and  quench  his  fiery  darts. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  xii.  -192. 
In  military  art  .  .  .  more  is  oftentimes  effected  by  regu- 
lai-  approaches  than  by  an  open  assault. 

Wanhinffton,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  454. 

Specifically — 2.  In  law,  an  unlawful  attack 
upon  the  person  of  another ;  an  attempt  or  offer 
to  do  violence  to  another,  coupled  ^^^tn  present 
ability  to  effect  it,  but  irrespective  of  whether 
the  person  is  touched  or  not,  as  by  lifting  the 
fist  or  a  cane  in  a  threatening  manner.  If  the 
person  is  struck,  the  act  is  called  assault  and  hutti-nr.  In 
Scotland  this  distinction  is  not  regarded.  AssaiUts  are 
variously  punished. 

3.  An  attack  with  other  than  physical  force, 
as  by  means  of  legislative  measures,  by  argu- 
ments, invective,  appeals,  etc. :  as,  an  assault 
upon  the  constitution  of  government;  an  as- 
sault upon  one's  reputation. 

I  would  have  thought  her  spirit  had  been  invincible 
against  all  assaults  of  affection.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
Assatllt  of  or  at  arms,  the  attack  made  upon  each  other 
by  the  opi>osite  parties  in  fencing  or  in  military  exercises. 
=  Syn.  Charge,  Oiulaught,  etc.  See  onset. 
assault  (a-salf),  V.  t.  [<  late  ME.  assatitc, 
asautc  (and  by  apheresis  saute,  later  sault),  (.OF. 
asauter,  later  assaulter  =  Sp.  asaltar  =  Pg.  as- 
saltar  =  It.  assaltare,  <  ML.  assaltarc,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  upon,  +  saltare,  leap:  see  the  noim.]  1.  To 
attack  1)y  physical  means;  fall  upon  with  \io- 
lence  or  with  a  hostile  intention:  as,  to  assault 
a  man,  a  house,  a  town. 

Look  in  upon  nie  then,  and  speak  with  me. 
Or,  naked  as  I  am,  I  will  assault  thee. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2. 

Specifically — 2.  In  laic,  to  attempt  or  offer  to 
do  violence  to  another,  with  present  ability  to 
accomplish  it.  iiee  as.sault,  n.,  2. —  3.  To  attack 
with  other  than  physical  force ;  assail  with  argu- 
ments, complaints,  hostile  words,  etc. 

The  cries  of  babes  new-born  .  .  . 
Assault  his  ears.  Dnjdcn. 

=  Syil.  Attack,  Set  ujjon,  etc.  (see  att-mit);  to  storm.     Sec 
nllaek. 
assaultable  (a-sal'ta-W),  «.      [Early  mod.  E. 
assautablc;  <  assault  +  -able.']     Capable  of  be- 
ing assaulted. 

The  "isth  tlay  of  October  the  walls  were  made  low,  and 
the  town  assaultable.  Hall.  Mcliry  VIII.,  an.  15. 

Is  the  breach  made  tissaultable  ^ 

JUwitinger,  Maid  uf  Bonour,  ii.  3. 


344 

assaultant  (a-sal'tant),  a.  [<  OF.  assaultant, 
jipr.  oi  ii.ysaultcr :  see  assault,  and  cf.  assailant.'] 
iSanu'  as  as.iaitant,  1. 

assaulter  (a-sul'tcr),  n.  One  who  assaults  or 
violently  attacks;  an  assailant. 

assautt,  «•     Older  spelling  of  a.isault. 

assay  (a-sil'),  "•  [<  ^^^-  assai/,  assai,  asaijc, 
asaic  (and  by  apheresis  say),  <  OF.  assai,  assay  = 
Pr.  assai,  assag  =  Cat.  assatij  =  Sp.  asayo  =  It.  as- 
saggio,  saggio ;  also,  with  variation  of  the  same 
prefix,  OF."  cssai  (>  E.  c.asay,  q.  v.)  =  Pr.  essai  = 
Cat.  cnsatg  =  Sp.  ensayo  =  Pg.  ensaio  (ML.  reflex 
cissagium,  assaia,  essagium,  cssayuni),  <  LL.  ex- 
agium,  a  weighing  (cf.  cidmen  (for  'cxagmen), 
a  weighing,  examination),  <  "cxagere,  exigere, 
weigh,  try,  prove,  measure,  examine :  see  ei- 
amen,  examine,  and  exigent,  and  cf.  the  doublet 
essay.  For  the  prefix,  see  as-^,  f.s-l,  fx-.]  If. 
Examination ;  trial ;  attempt ;  essay. 

Neither  is  it  enough  to  have  taken  a  slender  taste  or 
assay  thereof.  Udall,  Pref.  to  Luke. 

This  cannot  be. 
By  no  assay  of  reason.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

He  hath  made  an  assay  of  her  vii-tue. 

Shak,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

Hence  —  2t.  Trial  by  danger ;  risk;  adventure. 

Through  many  hard  assayes  which  did  betide. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  35. 
3t.  Trial;  tribulation;  affliction. 

She  heard  with  patience  all  unto  the  end, 
And  strove  to  maister  sorrowfull  a.^say. 

Spen.ier,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  27. 

4.  The  trial  of  the  purity,  weight,  etc.,  of 
metals  or  metallic  substances,  as  ores  and  al- 
loys ;  any  operation  or  experiment  for  ascer- 
taining the  quantity  of  a  precious  metal  in  an 
ore  or  a  mineral,  or  in  coin  or  bullion.  See  as- 
saying.— 5.  The  substance  to  be  assayed.  Vrc. — 
6.  In  law,  an  examination  of  weights  and  mea- 
sm-es  by  the  standard.  Cuwell. — 7.  Formerly, 
the  act  or  custom  of  tasting  the  food  or  diink  in- 
tended for  another,  as  a  king,  before  presenting 
it. — 8t.  Value;  ascertained  ptirity:  as,  "stones 
of  rich  assay,"  Sjienser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  x.  15 — Annual 
assay,  an  annual  official  trial  of  gold  and  silver  coin 
to  ascertain  whether  the  standard  of  liiieness  and  weight 
of  coinage  is  maintained. — At  all  assays*,  {a)  At  every 
trial  or  in  every  juncture:  always,  {b)  .\t  all  hazards; 
ready  for  every  event.—  Cup  Of  assay,  the  small  cup  with 
wliicli  the  .assay  of  wine,  etc.,  was  made.  (.See  7.)  — Put  it 
in  assayt,  make  the  trial  or  experiment.  -  Syn.  4.  Asriay, 
Analysis.  Assay  is  the  analysis  of  metals,  and  is  thus  a 
word  of  narrower  signification  than  amilysis  (which  see). 
assay  (a-sa'),  v.  [<  ME.  assayen,  asaycn,  asaicn 
(later  also  by  apheresis  «a)/f,  say),  <  OF.  assayer, 
asaier  =  Pr.  assaiar,  assatjar  =  Sp.  asayar  = 
It.  assaggiarc ;  also,  with  variation  of  the  same 
prefix,  OF.  essayer  (>  E.  essay,  q.  v.)  =  Pr. 
cssaiar,  ensaiar  =  Cat.  cnsajar  =  Sp.  ensayar  = 
Pg.  CHSrt/ar;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
examine  by  trial  ;  put  to  test  or  trial ;  try  the 
effect  or  merit  of :  as,  to  assay  armor.  [Obso- 
lete or  poetical.] 

Soft  words  to  his  fierce  passion  she  assay'd. 

Milton,  T.  L.,  X.  865. 
Here,  too,  our  shepherd-pipes  we  first  assay'd. 

M.  Arnold,  Thyrsis. 

Specifically  — 2.  To  make  trial  of  or  analyze, 
as  an  ore  or  metallic  compotmd,  with  the  view 
of  determining  the  proportion  of  a  particular 
metal  present  in  it. —  3.  To  attempt;  endeavor; 
essay:  often  -svith  an  infinitive  as  object. 

The  first  part  I  have  told  you  in  the  three  sermons  past, 
in  wliich  I  have  assayed  to  set  forth  my  plough,  to  prove 
what  I  could  do.  Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

She  hath  assay'd  as  much  as  may  be  proved. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  608. 
[Hen.  VIII,]  effected  no  more  than  what  his  own  prede- 
cessors desired  and  a^ssayed  in  ages  past. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  5. 

[In  this  sense  essay  is  now  commonly  used.] 

4t.  To  endeavor  to  influence. 

Implore  her  in  my  voice,  that  she  make  friends 
To  the  strict  deputy ;  bid  herself  assay  him. 

Shak.ltA.  forM.,  i.  3. 

5t.  To  affect ;  move. 

When  the  hart  is  ill  assayde. 

Speiiser,  Shep.  Cal..  August. 

II.  intrant.  To  make  an  attempt  or  endeavor; 
try.     [Now  more  commonly  cs'.syo/.] 

assayable  (a-sa'.a-bl),  a.  [<  <(.««//  +  -nWc] 
Capable  of  lieiug  assayed  or  tested. 

assay-balance  (a-sa'bal'ans),  ».  A  very  ac- 
ciu-ate  balance  used  by  assayers. 

assayer  (a-sa'er),  n.  [<  ME.  assayer,  assaior, 
assaiour,  <J  AF.  assaior,  assaiour :  see  assay  and 
-er^.~\  It.  One  who  tries,  tests,  or  attempts. — 
2.  One  who  assays  metals ;  one  who  examines 
metallic  ores  or  alloys  for  the  ]iur|iose  of  de- 
termining the  quantity  of  any  particular  metal, 
particularly  of  gold  or  silver,  present  in  them. 


assemblation 

Specifically — 3.  An  oflieer  of  the  mint,  whose 

duty  is  to  test  Ijullion  and  coin. 

assay-furnace  (a-sa'fer"nas),  n.  A  simple  form 
of  funiaue  and  muffle  for  heating  metals  iu 
cupels. 

assajring  (a-sa'ing),  «.  The  act  or  art  of  test- 
ing metals,'  ores,  or  alloys  in  order  to  ascertain 
the  ((uantitj-  of  gold  or  silver  or  any  other 
metal  present  in  them.  There  are  two  modes  of  as- 
saying, one  of  wliich  is  sometimes  employed  to  corroborate 
the  other.  The  one  is  called  tlie  huiuid  or  wet  process,  in 
which  the  solution  of  the  metals  is  elleeted  by  means  of 
acids,  after  whicil  those  sought  for  are  precipitated  by 
proper  reagents.  The  other  is  called  tile  dry  process,  and 
is  performed  by  the  agency  of  fire.  Tlie  first  is  generally 
employed  for  the  purpose  of  estimating  the  quantity  of  gtdd 
or  silver  in  an  all<iy,  and  the  second  is  eliiefiy  applied  to 
ores.  Tests  are  also  made  by  comparison  of  specific  grav- 
ities, and  by  the  color  of  the  streak  or  trace  made  by  rub- 
bing the  ore  upon  a  rough  surface.  In  Great  Britain  each 
aiiide  of  silver  or  gold  plate  is  assayed  at  Goldsmiths'  Hall 
previously  t<>  being  sold,  in  order  to  determine  the  exact 
ricliiK-ss  of  the  metal  of  which  it  is  made.    Hce  tiall-tnark. 

assay-master  (a-sa' mas "ter),  n.  1.  An  as- 
sayer ;  a  chief  officer  appointed  to  trj'  the  weight 
and  fineness  of  the  precious  metals. —  2.  An 
officer  appointed,  in  the  provincial  period  in 
Massachusetts,  to  test  the  (juality  of  potash  and 
pearlash  intended  for  export,  or  the  composition 
of  the  worms  and  still-heads  used  in  distilling. 

assent,  n.     Obsolete  spelling  of  ass'^. 

asse^  (as),  n.  A  name  of  the  caama,  a  small 
African  fox,  Vulpes  caama. 

assealt,  '■■  t.  [<  ME.  asselcn,  aselen,  var.  of  en- 
schn  :  see  enseal.]     Same  as  enseal. 

ass-ear  (as'er),  ».  An  old  name  for  the  com- 
frey.  Symphytum  officinale. 

assectationt  (as-eli-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  assecta- 
tio{n-),  attendance,  <  asscctari,  pp.  assectatus, 
attend  upon,  <  ad,  to,  +  sectari,  follow,  attend, 
freq.  of  .'cgHf,  follow:  seescejuent.]  Attendance 
or  waiting  upon;  a  following.    Blount :  Bailey. 

assecurancet  (as-f-kfir'ans),  n.  [<  ML.  assc- 
curantia,  assurance,  <  assecurare,  assure:  see 
a.ssecurc.]    Assurance. 

Those  assecwances  wliich  they  give  in  the  Popish 
Church.  Slieldon,  Miracles,  p.  320. 

assecurationt  (as'f-ku-ra'shon),  n.  [<  ML. 
assceuratio{n-),  <  as.securare,  pp.  assecuratus,  as- 
sure :  see  assccure.]  Assurance;  a  making  se- 
cure or  sure. 

How  far  then  reaches  this  assecuration  ?  so  far  as  to  ex- 
clude all  fears,  all  doubting?        Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  xliiL 

assecuret  (as-e-ldir),  1'.  t.     [<  ML.  assecurare, 
assure,  <  L.   ad,  to,  -t-  sccurus,  secure,  sure. 
Doublet,  assure,  q.  v.]    To  make  secirre  ;  make 
sure  or  certain. 
Sin  is  not  helped  but  by  being  assecured  of  pardon. 

Hooker,  Eceles.  Pol.,  vi.  6. 

assecutiont  (as-e-ku'shon),  ».  [<  L.  as  if  *asse- 
cutioin-),  <  assecutus,  pp.  of  assei/ui,  follow  up, 
reach,  obtain,  <  ad,  to,  +  scqui,  follow:  see  se- 
quent.]   An  obtaining  or  acquiring. 

His  first  [benefice]  ...  is  immediately  void  by  his  asse- 
cutiun  <ii  a  second.  Aylijfe,  Parergon,  p.  115. 

assegai,  n.  and  V.     See  assagai. 

asseget,  r.  and  n.     See  assiege. 

asseizet,  ''•  '•     To  seize.     Marlowe.     [Rare.] 

asself  (a-self '),  v.  t.  [<  ns-l  +  self.]  1.  To  take 
to  one's  self;  appropriate;  adopt. — 2.  To  as- 
similate: as,  to  «««c(^' aliment.  [Kare  in  both 
uses.] 

assemblage  (a-sem'blaj),  h.  [<  F.  assemblage,  < 
assembler,  assemble:  see  assemble^  and  -age.] 
1,  The  act  of  assembling  or  the  state  of  being 
assembled;  association. 

In  sweet  assemblaye  every  blooming  grace.  Fenton. 
Z.  A  collection  of  individuals  or  of  particular 
things :  as,  an  assemblage  of  noted  men ;  an  as- 
semblage of  various  materials. — 3.  The  act  of 
fitting  together,  as  parts  of  a  machine ;  in  carp. 
and  joinery,  a  imion  of  parts  or  pieces  by  fram- 
ing, dovetailing,  etc.     See  assembling. 

The  exterior  plank  [/.  e.,  planking]  of  our  large  wooden 
war  ships  was  divided  into  a  number  of  distinct  assem- 
blages, each  having  a  special  liesignation. 

rhearle,  Xav.al  Arch.,  §  212. 

assemblancetf  (a-sem'blans).  «.    [<  OF.  assevi- 

bliinre  =  It.  assemliran'a  :  see  assemble^  and 
-ance.]     An  assemblage  ;  an  assembly. 

To  weete  the  cause  of  their  a.isemblaunce  wide. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  iv.  21. 

assemblance"t  (a-sem'blans).  ».    [<  OF.  as- 

scndjlanci-  (Koquefort).  <  as.icniblcr,  resemble: 
see  assemble'- and -ance.]  Representation;  like- 
ness ;  semblance. 

Care  I  for  the  .  .  .  big  rt««cm6to»re  of  a  ni.in?  Give  me 
the  spirit.  Sliak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

assemblationt,  «•  A  gathering;  a  meeting. 
liogcr  Xortli,  Exameu.     [Rare.] 


assemble 

assemble!  (a-sem'bl),  r. ;  prot.  ami  jip.  assem- 
lilcil,  \i\'\\  (isstiitbliiKj.  [<  MK.  (i.sscinhlcn,  uxiiii- 
blcn,  itssi:ittlni,  uscuiU  ii,  <  f  >F.  itsvnihlfr,  tisst  tnhltr, 
(issiii)ibltr  =  I'r.  ax.iimhldr,  (inciiiliUir,  uxitidar  = 
OSp.  (iscmblftr  =  It.  nsscmblarc,  asscmhrarc,  < 
ML.  assimul'iiv,  briug  toKetlua- (in  L.  the  same 
as  assimilarc :  seo  assemble-),  <  L.  «</,  to,  + 
simul,  togetlier.  Also  by  apheresis  scnibk'^. 
Cf.  ussrmhh'-.]  I.  Jraws.  1.  To  coll<'ct  into  ouo 
j>laco  or  body ;  briug  or  call  togetlior ;  cou veiie  ; 
congregate. 

Thither  he  assemhh'd  all  histruin.  MiUon,  P.  L.,  v.  707. 
2.  To  fit  together.  Spo  (isscmbliii;/,  2. —  3t.  To 
join  or  couple,  us  one  with  another,  or  as  in 
su.\ual  iutereoursc.=Syn.  1.  Tu convene, collcet.'coii- 
greu;ite,  Hiuster,  eiinvoke. 

II.  iiitriiiis.  1.  To  meet  or  coino  together; 
convene,  as  a  number  of  individuals:  as,  "the 
churls ((6'S(H(i/c,"  Dri/dcn,  yKneid,  vii. —  2t.  To 
meet  in  battle;  fight. =Syn.  1.  To  gather,  get  tu- 
{iitlier,  muster,  (■(HI\'l-iu'. 
assembled  (a-scni'bl),  «.    [<  assemble'^,  V.    Cf. 

(issciiibli/.]  An  assembly. 
assembte-t  (a-sem'bl),  v.  t.  [Late  ME.  assam- 
blf ;  <  OF.  assembler;  cf.  Fg.  <(ssemvlhai;  assimi- 
lar  =  It.  ussimi<jUai-e,  resemble;  <  L.  <issimii- 
lair,  risshiiibire,  make  lil<e,  consider  like,  com- 
I)are,  <  ad,  to,  +  similis,  like  (related  to  sinitil, 
together;  cf.  assemble^):  seo  assimilate.  Also 
by  apheresis  semble'^.']  1.  To  be  similar  to; 
resemble. 
For  the  worUI  assemhleth  the  see. 

Caxton,  Golden  Legend,  p.  114.    (A'.  E.  D.) 
2.  To  liken  or  compare. 
Brihes  may  Ijc  (UsfinhUd  to  plteh. 

Lttfiuur,  Sei-mons  before  Edw.  VI.  (Arber),  p.  151. 

assembler  (a-sem'bler),  n.  1.  One  who  assem- 
bles.—  2.  Specifically,  a  workman  who  assem- 
bles or  fits  together  the  different  parts  of  a 
machine,  as  of  a  watch.  See  assembling,  2. — 3t. 
One  who  takes  part  iu  an  assembly ;  a  member 
of  an  assembly. 

assembling  (a-sem'bling),  H.  1.  A  collecting 
or  meeting  together. 

Not  foi-sakhig  the  asisetnblin(j  of  ourselves  together,  :\3 
the  nuinner  of  some  is.  lleb.  x.  2f». 

2.  The  act  of  fitting  together  parts  of  ma- 
chines and  iustiTiments,  such  as  sewing-ma- 
chines, gims,  microscopes,  watches,  etc.,  espe- 
cially when  duplicate  parts  are  so  exactly 
made  as  to  be  interchangeable. 

assembling-bolt  (a-sem'bling-bolt),  11.  A 
screw-bolt  I'or  holding  together  the  several 
jiarts  of  :i  machine  or  tool. 

assembly  (a-sem'bli),  n.;  pi.  assemblies  (-bliz). 
[<  JIE.  assemble,  assemblage,  assemblee,  <  Ol-'. 
lusscmbkc,  F.  assemblee  (=  Sp.  asamblea  =  Pg. 
assemblea),  meeting,  coming  together,  <  assem- 
bler, meet:  see  assemble^.']  1.  The  act  of  as- 
sembling, or  the  state  of  being  assembled  or 
gathered  together. 

A  Triennial  lijll  enforced  the  aMcnthli/  of  the  Houses 
every  three  years,  and  l)ound  the  sheriffs  and  citizens  to 
proceed  to  election  if  the  Royal  writ  failed  to  summon 
them.  J.  It  Greene,  Short  liist.  Eng.,  p.  524. 

2.  A  company  of  persons  gathered  together  in 
tlie  same  place,  and  usually  for  the  same  pur- 
pose, whether  religious,  political,  educational, 
or  social ;  an  assemblage. 

At  length  there  issued  from  the  grove  behind 
A  fair  assembly  of  the  female  kind. 

Drydcn,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  l.*!!. 
Another  aKxemhli/,  composed  of  representatives  chosen 
hy  the  people  in  all  parts,  gives  free  access  to  the  whole  na- 
tion, and  connnunicates  all  its  want^,  knowledge,  project-s, 
and  wishes  to  government.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  •J.SS. 
The  Voimhir Asseinbh/  ami  tlie  Popular  Court  oi  .lustiee 
are  in  principle  the  saine  institution;  they  are  gatherings 
of  tlie  freemen  of  the  community  for  different  puldie 
purposes.  Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  ]>.  17;i. 

3.  Specifically — (a)  [cnp.]  The  name  given 
to  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature  in  sev- 
eral of  the  United  States  and  in  some  of  the 
British  colonies.  (6)  A  company  of  persons 
of  both  se.xes  met  for  dancing ;  a  ball ;  espe- 
cially, a  ball  the  expenses  of  which  are  defrayed 
Toy  the  subscriptions  of  those  who  take  part  in  it. 

Her  girls.  .  .  apjjearedperseveringlyat  the  Winchester 
and  Southampton  nsnt'iniitits ;  they  penetrated  to  Cowes 
for  the  race-balls  and  regatta-gaiet'ic"!  tin  i  e. 

ThaL-kinn/,  \  anity  P'air,  xxxix. 

4.  ^fiUt. :  (a)  The  second  beating  of  the  drum 
before  a  march,  upon  which  the  soldiers  striki' 
their  tents.  (/<)  A  drum-beat  or  bnglc-call  to 
bring  troops  together  at  an  appointeil  place. 

Lagache  .  .  .  thought  it  best  to  test  the  loyalty  of  the 
dragoons  by  sounding  the  asscmbln. 

(Juar'lerty  Rev.,  CLXIII.  100. 

5t.  An  assemblage  or  collection  of  inanimate 
objects. 


345 

To  Venice  herself,  or  to  any  of  tho  little  amemhlii  of 
islands  about  her.  Ilourll,  Letters,  i.  1. 

Assembly  of  Divines  at  Westminster,  c.immonly  call- 
iil  the  H'estininNtrr  .is^'itibt;/.  a  roiivtuation  HUMunoned 
by  tlie  Long  J'arliament  t(j  advLse  "  for  llie  setlliiiK  r,(  tlie 
government  and  the  liturgy  of  the  Cbuivli  of  Kiigland." 
.Most  of  its  inembers  were  PresliyttM'iaiis,  ami  nearly  all 
were  Calvinists.  It  met  July  1,  l(i4.i,  and  continued  its 
sessions  till  I'Vliriiary  22,  1041).  The  cliiet  frilil-s  of  its  la- 
bors were  the  Uirectoiy  of  Public  Worship,  the  Confes- 
sion of  Kaith,  ami  tJie  Larger  and  SlK.rter  Catechisms, 
wliicb  were  ivjcctiil  in  England,  but  established  in  Scot- 
land.—Black  Assembly,  in  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
the  great  conv.icaii..ii.  General  Assembly,  (n)  Tho 
highest  ecclesiastical  tribunal  of  cbunlics.if  the  I'l-esbyte- 
riaii  order,  meeting  aniinally,  ami  composed  of  niinistera 
and  ruling  elders  delegated  by  each  presbytery  within 
their  res|)ective  national  bounils.  (';)  In  many  of  the 
I'liited  States,  the  collective  title  of  the  legislature,  (r) 
In  New  Jersey,  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature.—  Legis- 
lative Assembly.  («)  The  collective  title  of  the  legis- 
lature in  the  Statu  of  (liegon  and  the  territories  of  the 
I  iiited  .states;  alsc^,  the  title  of  the  lower  house  or  of  tho 
single  legislative  lio.ly  in  inanvof  the  Hritish  colonies.  (*) 
In  rrnicli  A/«f..  the  l.gislalive  bodiesof  171)1-2,  1S4<.I-.M,  as 
dis(iIlglli^hl•d  frcini  the  .National  Assembly  of  178!)-1"91.— 
National  Assembly,  in  French  Inst.,  tho  first  of  the 
revolutionary  a.ssemblics,  in  session  178l)-1791.  The  .States 
(ieneral,  elect/jd  iu  1789,  were  opened  May  5, 1780,  and  in 
June  the  third  estate  lussumed  the  title  of  National  As- 
sembly and  absorbed  the  two  remaining  estates.  Its  chief 
W(U-k  was  the  forinati<in  of  the  constitution,  wliencc  it  is 
also  called  tlie  ConjttHuvnt  As^emlily. 

assemblyman  (a-sem'bli-man),  n. ;  pi.  assem- 
bti/nien  {-men).  [<.  assembli/  +  man.']  A  mem- 
ber of  a  legislative  assembly.     [U.  S.] 

assembly-room  (a-sem'bli-rOm),  n.  A  room  in 
which  persons  assiemble,  especially  for  dancing. 
See  iis.i<  mbly. 

assen't,  «.  An  obsolete  plural  of  rt4'«l.    Chaucer. 

assen-t,  ".     An  olisolete  plural  of  ash^. 

assent  (a-senf),  ('.  [<  ME.  asscntcn,  asentcn 
(lateralsobyapheresis«eH?c),  <  OF.  asciitcr,  as- 
.H-nler  (<  L.  assentari,  aeUentari.  irrcg.  frcq.  of 
asscntiri),  also  asseittir,  F.  asseiitir,  <  L.  assenti- 
re,  more  frequently  deponent,  a.'isentiri,  assent 
to,  approve,  consent, <  ad,  to,  H-  sentire,icol,  >K. 
sent,  now  spelled  improp.  .leent:  see  scent  and 
sense,  and  cf.  consent,  dis.'ient,  and  resent.]  I.  /«- 
trans.  To  admit  a  proposition  as  trae ;  express 
an  agi'oement  of  the  mind  to  what  is  alleged  or 
proposed ;  concur ;  acquiesce :  with  to  before 
an  object. 
The  Jews  also  assented,  saying  that  these  things  were  so. 

Acts  xxiv.  9. 
We  cannot  assent  to  a  proposition  without  some  intelli- 
gent apprehension  of  it :  whereas  we  need  not  understand 
it  at  all  in  order  to  infer  it. 

J.  II.  Seipman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  (J. 

=  Syn.  To  agree,  subscribe. 
Il.t  trans.  ToagTeeto;  approve;  determine. 

Here  wyfes  wtdde  it  wel  as.'<ente. 

Chaucer,  tieii.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  I.  :i74. 

assent  (a-senf),  n.  [<  ME.  as.ient,  asent,  <  «.s- 
siiiten,  asentcn,  the  verb :  see  u.i.sent,  c]  1.  Tho 
act  of  the  mind  in  admitting  or  agi'eeing  to  the 
truth  of  a  proposition  proposed  for  acceptance. 

Faith  is  the  assent  to  any  proposition  on  the  credit  of 
the  proposer.  Locke. 

2.  Consent;  concurrence;  acquiescence;  agree- 
ment to  a  projiosal :  as,  the  bill  before  the  house 
has  the  assent  of  a  great  majority  of  the  mem- 
bers. 

Without  the  king's  assent  or  knowledge. 
You  wrought  to  be  a  legate.    Shak..  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

No  parish-business  in  the  place  could  stir. 
Without  direction  or  assent  from  her. 

Crabbe,  The  Parish  Register. 

3.  Accord;  agreement;  approval. 

Virtue  engages  his  assent, 
But  Pleastire  wins  his  heart. 

Cou'per,  Human  Frailty. 
Too  many  people  read  this  ribaldry  with  assent  and  ad- 
miration. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x.x. 

4t.  Opinion. 

Thou  art  con  of  his  absent. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  I.  296. 

Royal  assent,  in  England,  the  apiirobation  given  by  the 
sovereign  in  rarliametit  to  a  bill  which  lias  passeil  both 
houses,  after  which  it  becomes  law.  This  assent  may  be 
given  in  two  ways:  {a)  In  person. when  the  sovereign  comes 
t<»  the  House  of  Peers,  the  Commons  are  sent  for.  and  the 
titles  of  all  the  bills  which  have  passed  are  read.  'I'he  royal 
■assent  is  declared  in  Niu-man-Kreneh  by  the  clerk  of  the 
Parliament,  ib)  By  letters  patent  uinler  the  great  seal, 
signed  by  tlie  sovereign,  and  notilled  in  his  or  her  absence. 
A  money-bill,  or  bill  of  supply,  passeil  by  the  House  of 
Commons,  is  presented  by  the  Speaker  forthe  royal  assent. 
=  Syn.  Assent.  Consent,  Citncttrrence.  Acifuicscence.  accept- 
ance, adherence.  Assent  is  primarily  an  act  of  the  under- 
stjmding :  eon.sent  is  illstinetly  the  act  of  the  will :  aji.  I 
a.'<senr  Ut  that  jiroposition ;  I  consent  to  his  going.  Bax- 
ter speaks  nf  justifying  faith  a.s  the  asscntin'l  trust  of  the 
understanding  and  the  etmsentino  trust  of  tile  will.  As- 
sent is  not  yet  altogether  excluded  from  the  Held  of  the 
will,  but  tends  to  express  a  feebler  action  of  the  will  than 
it  formerly  tliil.  or  than  consent  dties.  Comi>are  Luke  xxiii. 
24  (margin),  "Pilate  assented  that  it  slioubl  be  as  they  re- 
quired," with  the  fonnal  consent  in  the  royal  assent  to  a 


assert  * 

bill.  Coruntrrence  is  a  running  of  minds  in  the  same  chan- 
nel, an  agreement  in  opinion  or  decision.  Acijuicsccncc  ifl 
a  state  or  act  of  (piiet  submission  to  a  decision,  an  act,  or 
the  prevalence  of  an  opinion,  bceailse  It  is  near  enough 
to  one  s  w  ishes,  or  not  worth  resisting,  or  impossible  to  ro- 
Bist,  but  not  because  it  is  entirely  acceptable. 

Assent  I  have  described  to  bo  a  mental  assertion ;  in  it« 
very  nature  then  it  is  of  the  mind,  and  not  of  the  lips. 

J.  II.  Xcwntan,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  11. 

If  any  faction  of  men  will  reijuire  the  assenf  ami  consent 
of  other  men  to  a  vast  number  of  disputable  and  uniiisti. 
tilted  tilings,  and,  it  may  be.  a  niathematieal  falselumd 
among  tlie  llrstof  them,  and  utterly  renounce  all  t'liristian 
communion  with  all  that  shall  not  give  that  assent  ami 
consent,  we  look  iijKin  those  to  be  sejiaratists ;  we  dare 
not  to  be  so  lialTow-spiritcd. 

C.  .Mather,  JIag.  Chris.,  Int.  to  ill. 

The  necessity,  under  which  tho  jury  Is  iilaced.  to  agrco 
nminimoiisly,  in  order  tu  find  a  verdict,  acts  na  the  pre- 
disiiosing  cause  of  concttrrence  ill  some  common  opinion. 
Calhoun,  Works,  I.  (JO. 
Tile  showman  rubs  his  brow  impulsively.  .  .  .  bntlllial. 
ly,  with  the  inevitable  acpiieseence  of  all  public  servants, 
resumes  his  composure  and  goes  on. 

Hawthorne,  Slain  Street, 
assentantt  (a-sen'tant),  a.  and  n.     [<  ME.  as- 
scntuunt,   <  OF.  asicntant,   assentant,  ppr.  of 
asscnter:   see  assent,  v.,  and  -««<!.     Doublet, 
asscntient.]    I.  a.  Assenting;  agreeing. 
II.  n.  One  who  assents  or  agrees, 
assentation  (as-en-ta'shon),  n.     [<  L.  assenta- 
tio{n-),    flattery,    serv'ilo    assent,   <   assentari, 
pp.  as.'ten talus,  flatter,   assent  in  everything, 
iii'eg.  freq.  of  assetiliri,  assent,  agree:   see  as- 
sent, !'.]     The  act  of  assenting;  especially,  ob- 
sequious assent  to  the  opinion  of  another;  flat- 
tery; adidation. 

It  is  a  fearful  presage  of  ruin  when  the  prophets  con- 
spire in  assentation.  Bji.  Hall,  Death  of  Aliab. 

Words  smooth  and  swceter-soundeil  are  to  be  used, 
rather  than  rough  or  harsh,  aa  adore  for  worship,  ossen- 
tali<ni  for  llattery.     Instructions  for  Oratory  (1082),  p.  25. 

assentatort  (as'en-ta-tor),  «.  [<  L.  asscntainr, 
(.assintari,  flatter:  m-o  assentation.]  One  who 
assents  or  consents;  csjiccially,  one  who  as- 
sents obseqiuously;  a  flatterer.     .Sir  T.  IClijot. 

assentatorilyt  (a-sen'ta-to-ri-li),  adr.  In  the 
manner  of  an  assentator ;  with  adulation  or  ob- 
seciiiiousiicss.    Bacon. 

assentatoryt  (a-sen'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  'assen- 
tatorins  (implied  in  aSv.  asscntatorie),  <  a-isen- 
tator,  a  flatterer:  see  a.tsentatnr.]  Pertaining 
to  or  characterized  by  assentation;  flattering; 
adulatory. 

asssnter  (a-sen'ttr),  n.  One  who  assents.  Seo 
«.■.«'«  tor. 

assentient  (a-sen'shient),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  as- 
scnticn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  asscntiri,  assent:  see  assent, 
v.]  I.  a.  Assenting;  yielding  assent.  Qtiar- 
tcrbi  Her. 

li.  n.  One  who  assents ;  an  assenter.  Xorth 
Hritish  Her. 

assentingly  (a-sen'ting-li),  adr.  In  a  manner 
expressing  assent;  by  agreement. 

assentive  (a-seu'tiv),  a.  [<  a.s.ient  +  -ire.] 
Giving  assent;  complying.     iSavaflc.     [Kare.] 

assentmentt  (a-sent'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  n.s.s-eHto- 
nient,  <  ML.  a,ssentinicntum,  assent,  <  L.  asscn- 
tiri, assent :  see  a.'i.scnt,  r.,  and  -mcnt,]  Assent; 
agreement,     fiir  T.  Brotone. 

assentor  (a-seu'tor),  n.  [<  assent  +  -or;  tho 
usual  legal  form;  cf.  assenter.]  One  who  as- 
sents; specifically,  one  of  the  eight  voters  who 
indorse  the  nomination,  by  a  proposer  and  sec- 
onder, of  a  candidate  for  election  to  the  Parlia- 
ment of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  as  required 
by  law. 

assert  (a-serf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  assertiis,  pp.  (ML.  as- 
sertarc,  freq.)  of  asserere,  adserere,  join  to,  ad- 
serere  aliquem  nianu  (or  simply  adserere)  in  libcr- 
tatcm  or  in  serrittitcm,  declare  one  free  or  a 
slave  by  laying  hands  upon  him,  hence  free 
from,  protect,  defend,  lay  claim  to,  assert,  de- 
clare, <  ad,  to,  +  serere,  join,  i-auge  iu  a  row,  = 
Gr.  lipFiv,  bind,  fasten:  see  series  and  serried."] 
It.  To  bring  (into  freedom);  set  (free).  [The 
original  Latin  use,  asserere  in  libcrltitcin.] 

The  people  of  Israel,  being  lately  oppressed  in  Egypt, 
were  asserted  by  God  into  a  state  of  liberty. 

i>;».  Patrick,  on  Num.  xxHi.  2. 

2.  To  vindicate,  maintain,  or  defend  by  words 
or  measures;  support  the  cause  or  claims  of; 
vindicate  a  claim  or  title  to :  now  used  only  of 
immaterial  objects  or  reflexively :  as.  to  a.ssert 
our  rights  and  liberties;  ho  asserted  himself 
boldly. 

1  could  and  would  myself  assert  the  British  from  hia 
scandalous  pen.  Fuller. 

Often,  in  the  parting  hour, 
Victorious  love  asserts  his  power 
O'er  colducss  and  disd.-tin. 

Scott,  Marniion,  v.  7. 


assert 

8.  To  state  as  true ;  iillirm;  assoverato;  aver; 
declare. 

There  is  no  prnnf  ot  wliat  is  so  commonly  (vmerled,  tlmt 
the  lieel  is  lonner  ill  proiioltion  t<i  tlie  foot  in  Nesroes. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  419. 

To  assert  one's  self,  to  a.ssunic  nnd  defend  one's  rights, 
chiinis,  or  nntliority  ;  exert  one's  iiillncnce  ;  sometimes,  to 
thrust  one's  self  forwaril  unduly  or  olitrusively. 

Tlie  nutural  strength  and  tlrraness  of  Ids  nature  liet'an 
to  assert  itself.  Geunje  Kliut,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  iii.  2. 

Wldle  the  strugRle  between  the  Emperor  and  the  Pope 
absorbed  the  strength  of  both,  it  became  possiljle  for  the 
people  to  assert  themselves, 

II,  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  498. 

=  Syn.  2.  Assert,  Defend,  Maintain,  Vindirnlr.  Assert 
supports  a  cause  or  claim  agKressively ;  its  miaiiinfr  is  « ill 
bniu(;ht  out  in  the  expression,  assert  ynirsiil :  that  i;,, 
lualie  your  intluence  felt.  To  defeml  is  primarily  to  diive 
back  assaults.  To  iiminlaiii  is  to  Indd  up  t<)  the  full 
amount,  defending  from  diminution  :  ,is,  to  inetiniain  the 
ancient  customs,  liberties,  riglits.  To  rirulicate  is  to  res- 
cue, as  from  diminution,  dishonor,  or  censure:  as,  to  "  vin- 
dicate the  ways  of  God  to  man,"  Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  16. 
And  as  my  vassals,  to  their  utmost  might. 
Assist  ray  person,  and  assert  my  right. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1,000. 
It  is  time  now  U>  draw  homeward ;  and  to  think  rather 
of  defending  myself,  than  assaulting  others. 

Dryden,  Pi-ef.  to  Mock  Astrologer. 

I  will  nutintain 

My  truth  and  honour  firmly.         Shak.,  Lear,  v.  3. 

If  it  should  at  any  time  so  happen  that  these  rights 

should  be  inv.adcd,  there  is  no  remedy  but  a  reliance  ou 

the  courts  to  protect  and  vindicate  them. 

D.  Webster,  Convention  to  Revise  the  Const.,  1S21. 
3.  Assert,  AJIirm,  Declare,  Aver,  Asseverate  (see  declare), 
allege,  protest,  avow,  lay  down.  (See  protest.)  Assert 
seems  to  expect  doubt  or  contradiction  of  what  one 
says.  Afirm  strengthens  a  statement  by  resting  it  upon 
one's  reputation  for  knowledge  or  v'eracity:  as, "  she  (Rho- 
da)  constantly  afirmed  that  it  was  even  so,"  Acts  xii.  16. 
Declare  makes  public,  clear,  or  emphatic,  especially  against 
contradiction.  Acer  is  positive  and  peremptory.  Assev- 
erate is  positive  and  solemn. 
We  can  assert  without  assenting. 

J.  H.  yeteman.  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  11. 
It  is  a  pure  impertinence  to  affi'nn  with  oracular  assur. 
ance  what  might  perhaps  be  admissible  as  a  suggestion 
offered  with  the  due  ditfldence  of  modest  and  genuine 
scholarship.  Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  23. 

Our  Hebrew  songs  and  harps,  in  Babylon 
"That  pleased  so  well  our  victors'  ear,  declare 
That  rather  Greece  from  us  these  arts  derived. 

Milton,  V.  R.,iv.  33". 

Then  all  averred  I  had  killed  the  bird 
That  brought  the  fog  and  mist. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  ii. 

It  is  impossible  to  calculate  the  good  that  such  a  work 
would  have  done  if  half  which  is  asseverated  had  only  been 
l)r<'ved.  J.  J-  Blunt. 

assertable  (a-ser'ta-bl),  a.  {<.  assert  +  -abXc.'\ 
Capable  of  being  asserted  or  maintained.  Also 
asserVMc. 

assertationi  (as-tr-ta'slion),  ?i.  [< ML.  «s.s<;)'to- 
iio(n-),  <  (isscrtarc,  pp.  as.iertatu.i,  assert:  see 
assert.]     An  assertion.     Sir  T.  More. 

assertati'Ve  (a-ser'tar-tiv),  a.  [<  assert  +  -ative.'] 
Assertive. 

asserter  (a-scr'ter),  n.  1.  One  -who  asserts  or 
niaiiitauis;  a  champion  or  vindicator. 

Harmodius  and  Aristogiton  had  assassinated  Hippar- 
chus  from  mere  pi'ivate  revenge ;  but  they  were  now  called 
assertcrs  of  public  liberty.        J,  Adams,  Works,  IV.  4S8. 

2.  One  who  asserts  or  declares;  one  who  makes 

a  positive  declaration. 

Also  assertor. 
assertible, «.   [<  assert  +  -ible.']   See  assertable. 
assertion   (a-ser'shon),  71.     [<  L.  asscrtio{n-), 

declarationr<  os.st^refc,  assert :  see  as.sert.]     If. 

The  act  of  setting  free;   liberation. —  2.  The 

action  of  maintaining  a  cause  or  a  claim:  as, 

the  assertion  of  one's  rights. — 3.  The  act  of 

stating  something  to  be  true. 
Assertion  unsupported  by  fact  is  nugatory.         Junius. 

4.  A  positive  declaration  or  averment ;  an  un- 
supported statement  or  affirmation :  as,  his  as- 
sertion proved  to  bo  false. 

An  assertion  is  as  distinct  from  a  conclusion  as  a  word 
of  command  is  from  a  persuasion  or  reconmiendation. 

J.  II.  A'ewman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  3. 
The  capacity  of  jelly  [protoplasm]  to  guide  forces,  which 
Professor  Uuxley  says  is  a  fact  of  the  profoundest  signifi- 
cance to  him,  is  not  a  fact  at  all,  but  merely  an  assertion. 
Jlealc,  Protoplasm,  p.  85. 
—  Syn.  2.  Vindication,  defense,  maintenance, — 3  and  4. 
Statemtrit.  asseveration,  piotestatiou. 
assertional  (a-ser'shon-al),  0.     [<  assertion  + 
-fli.]     Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  as- 
sertion; containing  an  assertion.     [Kare.] 
asserti'Ve  (a-ser'tiv),  a.    [<  ML.  'assertirus  (im- 
jilie<l  in  ailv.   assertire),  <  L.   assertiis,  pp.   of 
assercrc :  see  assert  and  -ire.  ]     Positive ;  dog- 
mat  ic;  affirming  confidently;  peremptory;  af- 
firmative. 

Proposing  them  not  in  a  confident  and  assertive  form, 
but  as  probabilities  and  hypotheses.  Glanville. 


34G 

assertively  (a-str'tiv-li),  adv.    In  an  assertive 

niuimcr:  alTirmativoly. 
assertiveness  (a-ser'tiv-nes),  n.     The  quality 
(if  being  assertive,  or  self-assertive. 

As  for  this  assertiveness,  one  should  admire  it;  it  tends 
to  the  vii-tue  of  contentment. 

If.  Shepherd,  Prairie  Experiences,  p.  114. 

assertor  (a-s(T'tor),  «.  [<  L.  assertor,  declarer, 
advocate,  defender,  <  assererc :  see  assert.} 
Sec  a.<<scrter. 

assertorial  (as-^r-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  LL.  njiserto- 
ritis  (see  as-wrtori/)  +  -o?.]  Asserting  a  fact  as 
true,  but  not  holdiag  it  to  be  necessary.  See 
n.'.'sertori/,  the  common  form. 

assertorially  (as-er-to'ri-al-i),  adv.  In  an  as- 
sertorial manner;  as  an  assertion. 

assertoric,  assertorical  (as-er-tor'ik,  -i-kal),  a. 
[<  assertor  +  -ie,  -ie-oL]  Asserting;  assertory; 
assertive :  as,  an  assertoric  judgment.  See  as- 
sertory. 

assertory  (a-s^r'to-ri),  a.  [<  LL.  asscrtoritis,  < 
L.  assertor":  see  assertor.']  Affirming;  main- 
taining; declaratory;  affirmative;  assertive. 

We  have  not  here  to  do  with  a  promissory  oath :  .  .  .it 
is  the  assertory  oath  that  is  now  under  our  hand. 

Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience,  ii.  5. 
An  Assertory  Oath  is  made  to  a  Man  before  God,  and  I 
must  swear  so,  as  man  may  know  what  I  mean. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  7". 
Assertory  proposition,  in  loyic,  a  proposition  stating 
something  to  be  true,  l)ut  not  stating  it  as  necessary. 

assertress  (a-ser'tres),  n.  [<  asserter  +  -ess.] 
A  female  who  asserts. 

asservet  (a-serv'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  asservire,  serve, 
aid,  <  ad,  to,  +  servire,  serve:  see  serve.]  To 
help;  serve;  second.     Bailci/. 

asser'Vilet  (a-ser'vil),  v.  t.     [<  os-l  +  servile.] 
To  render  servile  or  obsequious, 
r  I]  am  weary  otasserviling  myself  to  every  man's  charity. 
Bacon,  v.  240  (Ord  MS.). 

asses,  ".     Plural  of  «.«*  and  of  ass^. 

assess  (a-ses'), )'.  t.  [<  late  ME.  assesse,  also  ac- 
cf.s.sc  (whence  by  apheresis  sess,  cess),  <  OP.  as- 
sesser,  <  ML.  assessare,  fix  a  rate,  impose  a  tax, 
freq.  of  L.  assiderc,  pp.  a^sessus,  sit  beside,  be 
assessor  to  a  judge,  in  ML.  fix  a  rate,  impose  a 
tax,  assess  (cf.  assessor), <.  L.  ad,  to,  +  sedere,  sit, 
=  E.sit.  CL  assise.]  1 .  To  set,  fi^-,  or  charge  a 
certain  sum  upon,  by  way  of  tax :  as,  to  assess 
each  individual  in  duo  proportion. 

His  method  of  raising  supplies  wiis  to  order  some  rich 
courtier  to  pay  a  sum,  and  then  sell  this  order  to  some 
speculator  with  the  power  of  torturing  the  person  assessed. 

Brouyham. 

2.  To  estimate  the  value  or  amount  of  (prop- 
erty or  income)  as  a  basis  for  taxation. — 3.  To 
set,  fix.  or  determine:  as,  it  is  the  province  of 
a  jury  to  assess  damages. 

assesst  (a-ses'),  M.     [<  assess,  v.]     Assessment. 

assessable  (a-ses'a-bl),  a.  [(.assess  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  assessed;  liable  to  assess- 
ment. 

assessably  (a-ses'a-bli),  adv.     By  assessment. 

assession  (a-sesh'ou),  «.  [<  L.  assessio{n-),  a 
sitting  by  or  near,  <  assidere,  sit  by  or  near: 
see  assess,  v.]  A  sitting  beside  or  together ;  a 
session.     [Rare.] 

assessionary  (a-sesh'on-a-ri),  a.  [<  a.ssession 
-y-  -anj.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  assession  or  to 
assessors:  as,  "at  the  asscssionarij  court,"  if. 
Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall.     [Rare.] 

assessment  (a-ses'ment),  H.  [<  ML.  assessa- 
iiii  niiiiit,  <  rt.ysfkw  ;•(',  assess:  see  assess  a,nd-iiient. 
Also  by  apheresis  sessment.]  1.  The  act  of  as- 
sessing, determining,  or  adjusting  the  amount 
of  taxation,  charge,  damages,  etc.,  to  be  paid 
by  an  individual,  a  company,  or  a  community. 
—  2.  The  amount  so  determined;  the  tax  or 
specific  sum  charged  upon  a  person  or  prop- 
erty: as,  an  assessment  upon  stockholders  to 
pay  corporate  debts. — 3.  An  official  valuation 
of  property,  profits,  or  income,  for  purposes  of 
taxation. —  4.  The  value  thus  ascertained  or 
assigned Commissioners  of  estimate  and  assess- 
ment. See  ro//i/;ii.<»/..ii,/'.-  Political  assessments,  in 
the  United  States,  contributions  of  nionty  Kvi.d  liy  po- 
litical ccunmitteis  upon  the  otfice-holders  and  candidatis 
belon^^ing  to  tlu-ir  respective  parties,  in  order  to  defiay 
the  ex|iensiBof  a  political  canv.i.ss.— Unlou  Assessment 

Acts,  Kuiilish  sliilutes  of  l.SIK  (2.1  and  '.'i;  Vict.  c.  103), 
]M^4  (27  and  2s  Vi,  t.  c.  :!',i),  and  1-^so  (4:;  and  44  Vict,  e,  7), 
which  relate  to  the  iioor-rates  and  secure  a  uniform  valua- 
tion of  parislies  in  England.  =Syn.  Impost,  Hates,  etc. 
See  tax. 
assessor  (a-ses'or),«.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  as- 
.le.f.iour,  <  '!ME.  cissessour,  <  OF.  assessotir,  mod. 
F.  as.ies.icur  =  Pr.  asse.'isor  =  Sp.  ascsor  =  Pg.  as- 
sc.ssor  =  It.  assessore,  <  L.  as.?essor,  an  assis- 
tant judge,  in  ML.  also  an  assessor  of  taxes,  lit. 
one  who  sits  by  another,  <  assidere,  sit  by :  see 
assidcnt,  assess.]     1.  One  who  sits  by  another; 


asseveration 

hence,  one  who  sliares  another's  position,  rank, 
or  dignity ;  an  associate  in  office. 

Don  (Quixote,  ...  or  his  assessors,  the  curate  and  the 
barber.  ?'.  Warton,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Poetry,  I.  33«. 

2.  An  inferior  officer  of  justice,  who  sits  to  as- 
sist a  judge  as  a  law  authority ;  in  Scotland, 
the  legal  adviser  of  a  magistrate,  with  judicial 
powers. 

Minos  the  strict  inquisitor  appears, 

Ami  lives  aud  crimes  with  his  assessors  hears. 

Vryd^n,  .4'incid,  vi, 

3.  In  England,  a  person  chosen  to  assist  the 
mayor  and  aldermen  of  a  borough  in  matters 
concerning  elections. —  4.  In  some  universi- 
ties, as  the  Scotch,  the  title  of  the  elected  mem- 
bers of  the  university  court  or  supreme  govern- 
ing body  of  the  university. —  5.  One  appointed 
to  make  assessments,  especially  for  purposes 

of  taxation.  — Assessor  of  the  vice-chancellor,  in 
English  ninversities,  a  deputy  of  the  vice  ,  h:ou  >  Il-ir  ap- 
pointed liy  him  to  hear  causes  and  t<i  be  his  \ire;ierent  in 
court.— Nautical  assessors.     See  nautical. 

assessorial  (as-e-s6'ri-al),  a.  [<  assessor  +  -ial.] 
Pertaining  to  an  assessor,  or  to  a  court  of  as- 
sessors. 

assessorship  (a-ses'or-ship),  n.  [<  assessor  + 
-ship.]     The  office  of  assessor. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  liis  progress  from  the  passive  Auscul- 
tatorship  towards  any  active  Assessorship  is  evidently  of 
tlie  slowest.  Carlyle,  Sartor  Eesartus,  p.  86. 

asset  (as'et),  n.  See  assets. 
assetht,  »■  [ME.,  also  aseth,  aseetli,  asetke,  as- 
setlie,  assets,  etc.  (=  Sc.  assyth),  <  OF.  asset,  aset, 
asez,  a.tses,  in  the  phrase/crc  aset,  asctfere  (<  L. 
(orf)  satis  facere),  make  amends,  lit.  do  enough: 
see  asset,  assets,  the  same  word,  of  later  and  dif- 
ferent use  in  E.]     Satisfaction;  amends. 

AVe  may  noghte  be  assoylede  of  the  trespase  bot  if  make 
assethe  in  that  that  we  may. 

Religious  Pieces  (ed.  Percy),  p.  6. 
Yit  never  shal  make  his  richesse 
Asseth  unto  his  greedynesse. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  5600. 

assets  (as'ets),  n.  pi.,  orig.  sing.  [<  AF.  assets, 
asets  (OF.  asses,  ascs,  asset,  aset,  mod.  F.  assez 
=  Pr.  assats  =  OSp.  asas  =  Pg.  assas,  assas  = 
It.  assai),  enough,  in  the  law  phrase  ater  assets, 
have  enough,  taken  into  E.  as  'have  assets'; 
<  ML.  ad  satis,  lit.  up  to  enough,  equiv.  to  L. 
satis,  enough :  see  satisfy.]  1.  In  laic :  (a)  Suffi- 
cient estate ;  property  sufficient  in  the  hands  of 
an  executor  or  heir  to  pay  the  debts  or  legacies 
of  the  testator  or  ancestor  to  satisfy  claims 
against  it.  (0)  Any  goods  or  property  or  right 
of  action  properly  available  for  the  payment  of 
a  bankrupt's  or  a  deceased  person's  obligations 
or  debts:  generally  used  to  signify  resources 
for  the  payment  of  debts,  etc.  Assets  are  real  or 
personal.  Real  as.^ets  are  lands  such  as  descend  to  the 
heir,  subject  to  the  fulfilment  of  the  obligations  of  the 
ancestor;  personal  assets  are  the  money  or  poods  of  the 
deceased  or  insolvent,  or  debts  due  to  him.  which  come 
into  the  hands  of  the  executor  or  administrator,  or  wliich 
he  is  to  collect  or  convert  into  money. 
2.  Property  in  general ;  all  that  one  owns,  con- 
sidered as  applicable  to  the  payment  of  his 
debts :  as,  his  assets  are  much  greater  than  his 
liabilities. —  3.  [As  a  singular,  asset.]  Any 
portion  of  one's  property  or  effects  so  con- 
sidered: as,  these  shares  are  a  valuable  asset. 
—  Equitable  assets.  See  cgtn'/aWc— Marshaling  as- 
sets.   See  itiar.-^hiil,  v. 

assevert  (a-sev'er),  V.  t.  [<  L.  as-'^trerare,  as- 
sert strongly,  speak  in  earnest,  <  ad,  to,  + 
ser-erns,  earnest,  sei-ious,  severe:  see  severe.] 
To  asseverate. 

Anselnins  .  .  .  not  only  asscvercth  it,  but  also  endea. 
voureth  ...  to  set  out  the  true  .  .  .  proportion  of  it 

Fntherby,  Atheoniastix.  p.  317. 

asseverate  (a-sev'er-at),  r.  t. ;  pret.  aud  pp.  as- 
severated, ppr.  asseverating,      [<  L.  asscverattis, 
pp.  of  asseverare:  see  assevcr.]      To  affirm  or 
aver  positively,  or  with  solemnity. 
Chai'ity  nigh  chokes 
Ere  swallow  what  they  both  asseverate; 
Though  down  the  gullet  faitli  may  feel  it  go. 

Broienin;?,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  85. 
=  Syn.  .issert,  Afinn,  Declare,  etc.  (see  assert);  to  say, 
allege,  jnotest,  insist,  maintain. 
asseveration  (a-sev-e-ra'shon),  «.  [<  L.  assc- 
verutio{>i-),  an  earnest  declaration,  <  asseverare, 
pp.  asscveratus,  assever:  see  asserrr.]  1.  The 
act  of  asseverating;  positive  affirmation  or  as- 
sertion; solemn  declaration. 

"My  God  !  "  cried  the  monk,  w ith  a  warmth  of  asseivra- 
tion  which  seemed  not  to  belong  to  him. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  .Tourney,  p.  21. 

2.  That  which  is  asseverated;  an  emphatic 
assertion. 

He  1  Leeds]  denied  with  the  most  solemn  asseverationt 
that  he  had  taken  any  money  for  himself. 

Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxL 


asseverative 

asseverative  ((i-spv'ri-iX-tiv),  a.  [<  asseverate 
+  -ivv.i  Pertaining  to  or  charactorizod  by 
asseveration. 

Jean  Thompson  looked  at  his  wife,  whose  applause  he 
prized,  and  she  answered  hy  an  anseveratiee  Wsa  of  the 
head.  0.  IC.  C«Wc,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  71. 

asseveratory  (a-.sev'er-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  assever- 
ate +  -onj.]  ( M'  tlin  nature  of  an  asseveration; 
solemnly  or  positively  affirming  or  averring. 

After  divers  warm  anil  rtAwivmfon/  answers  made  by  Mr. 
Atkins,  the  caiit^iin  stepped  short  in  his  walk. 

Jto'jer  A'orth,  Exanicn,  p.  247. 

ass-head  (as'hcd),  n.  One  who  is  dull,  like  the 
ass;  one  slow  of  apprehension;  a  blockhead. 

Will  you  heljt  an  a.^s-lirail,  and  a  coxcomb,  and  a  knave? 
a  thin-facvd  knave,  a  (.'ullV  Sliah:,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

assibilate  (a-sib'i-lat),  r.  ^;  pret.  and  pp.  assib- 
ilatcd,  ppr.  assihiUitiiirj,  [<  L.  *assibilaliis,  pp. 
of  assibilarc,  whisper  at  or  to,  <  arl,  to,  +  sibi- 
late, whisper:  see  sibilant.  The  E.  sense  of 
assibilate  depends  on  that  of  sibilaiit.~\  To  ren- 
der sibilant,  as  a  sound;  ehange  into  a  sibilant 
or  hissing  sound;  alter,  as  a  sound,  by  the 
phonetic  process  called  assibilation.  Tlie  term 
may  be  applied  to  the  whole  word  so  affected :  as,  church 
is  an  assilnlati'd  form  of  kirk. 

assibilation  (a-sib-i-la'shon),  n.  [<  assibilatc.l 
The  act  of  making  sibilant;  specifieally,  in 
philoL,  the  change  of  a  dental  or  guttural  (or  a 
labial)  mute  into  a  sibilant  («,  r,  sli,  ::lt,  eh  =  tsli, 
j  =  (hh ),  or  into  a  sound  approaching  that  of  a 
sibilant,  as  for  instance  a  palatal.  This  cliange 
usually  results  from  a  tendency  to  accommodate  the  mute 
to  an  iinnu'itiat'ly  succeeding  *',  i,  or  y  solutd.  Thus,  ( in 
the  LatiTi  it'ilio  tifcomes  z(  =  fs)  iu  the  Italian  luiziotw,  and 
is  prououncetl  a-  in  the  French  nation  and  ah  iu  the  English 
•nation.  Similarly,  the  English  (  approaches  or  assumes 
the  sound  of  ch  l)efore  the  y-sound  containeil  in  long  u  ia 
nature,  virtue,  etc. 

Assidean  (as-i-de'an),  n.  [Also  Jssido'an,  Asi- 
daaii ;  <  ML.  Assiilei  (confused  with  L.  assidiii, 
as  if  'assiduous,  zealous'),  prop.  Asidwi,  <  Gr. 
'Antfaioi,  rcpr.  Heb.  hasidim,  lit.  pious  ones  (usu- 
ally translated  "saints"  in  the  English  Bible), 
<  hdsad  (initial  lieth ),  be  ])ious.  The  form  Cliasi- 
dean  is  appro.ximated  to  the  Heb.]  1.  One  of  a 
sect  of  orthodox  Jews,  opposed  to  Greek  innova- 
tions. They  were  among  the  first  to  join  Mattathias,  the 
father  of  the  Maccabees,  in  defending  the  purity  of  their 
religion  and  tlie  liberties  of  their  country. 
2.  One  of  a  mystical  sect  of  Polish  Jews  which 
originated  in  the  eighteenth  century. 
Also  called  Chasidean. 

assident  (as'i-dent),  a.  [<  L.  assiden(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  assidcrc,  sit  by  or  near,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  scderc  = 
E.  sit.  See  a.i.scss  and  a.b'siduuus.~\  Accompany- 
ing; concomitant — Assident  or  accessory  signs 
or  symptoms,  in  i>atli<d.,  signs  or  symptoms  sucli  as  usu- 
ally, tllougli  not  invariably,  attend  a  disease  :  distinguished 
fnmi  iHithi>;nii>!in»iic  signs,  which  always  attend  it. 

assiduatet  (a-sid'u-iit),  a.  [<  LL.  *assiduatiis, 
pp.  of  assiduare,  apply  constantly,  <  L.  assidiiiis, 
assiduous:  see  assiduous.'}  Constant;  contin- 
ual; assiduous. 

By  love's  assiduate  care  and  industry. 

Mlddlcton,  Micro-Cynicon,  i.  3. 

assiduity  (as-i-du'j-ti),  «.;  pi.  a.'isiduities  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  tissiduite,  <  L.  assiduita{t-}s,  <  assidiius: 
see  assidiious.~\  1.  Constant  or  close  applica- 
tion to  any  business  or  occupation;  diligence. 

I  have,  with  much  pains  and  assiduity,  qualified  myself 
for  a  nomenclator.  Addition. 

By  marvellous  assiduity,  he  [Pickering]  was  able  to  le.ad 
two  lives,  one  producing  the  fruits  of  earth,  the  other 
those  of  immortality.  Sumner,  Orations,  I.  140. 

2.  Solicitous  care  of  a  person  or  persons ;  con- 
stant personal  attention :  usually  in  the  plural. 

Far  from  their  native  home,  no  tender  ansiduttirs  of 
friendship  .  .  .  relieve  their  thirst,  or  close  their  eyes  in 
death.  li.  Hall,  Modern  Infidelity. 

Hence  —  Sf.  Sycophantic  attention ;  servility. 
The  obsequiousness  ami  attsiduity  of  the  coui't. 

Sir  li.  Xaunton,  Fragmenta  Reg.  (ISOs),  p.  229. 

=  Syn.  1.  InduMry,  Assiduity,  Application,  Diliyencc, 
Constanry,  Perseverance,  Persistence,  care,  attention, 
watchfulness,  sedulousness,  patience.  Diliyenee  in  labor 
often  conveys  the  idea  of  quickness.  Industry  keeps  at 
work,  leaving  no  time  idle,  .{xsiduity  (literally,  a  sitting 
down  tt)  workt  sticks  (piirtiy  to  a  particular  (ask,  with  tile 
determination  to  sucrcrd  in  spite  of  its  ilillicnity,  or  to  get 
it  ilone  in  sjiitr  of  its  Icugtti.  .\i>i>lientiou,  literally,  tieiids 
itself  to  its  work,  and  is,  more  specifically  than  a'usiduitu, 
a  steady  concentration  of  one's  powers  of  body  ami  mind  1 
as,  he  was  a  mati  of  extraori!in.ary  powers  of  apptieatiim  ; 
>"ewton  attributed  all  his  own  success  to  application.  Dili- 
gence is,  literally,  fondness  for  one's  work,  and  so,  by  a 
natural  transfer,  industry  that  ia  alert.  Constancy  is  the 
power  to  continue  unchanged,  as  in  affection,  or  to  hold 
on  iu  any  particular  course  or  work;  it  goes  more  deeply 
into  character  than  the  others.  Perseverance  suggests  ob- 
stacles from  without  or  within  which  ai-e  steadily  met. 
and  is  morally  neutral.  Persisteixce  may  be  good,  but  it 
is  more  often  an  evil  persever.ancc.  as  obstinacy  or  a  de- 
tenuination  to  carry  one's  point  against  unwillingness  or 
refusal  on  the  part  of  others.    We  speak  of  plodding  i'^- 


347 

dustry,  patient  assiduity,  steady  application,  great  dili' 
yenee,  unshaken  constancy,  nntlaunted  j}crscverance,  per- 
sistence that  will  not  take  No  for  an  answer. 

He  [Kichardson]  advanced  rapidly  by  industry  and  good 
conduct,  was  taken  into  jtartncrship,  and  ultimately  be- 
came the  head  of  an  extensive  business. 

Wehh,  Eng.  lit.,  II.  148. 

He  was  distinguished  among  his  fellow  stuilents  ...  by 
the  nnsiduity  with  which  he  often  prolonged  his  studies  far 
into  the  night.  Macaulay,  AddLson. 

A  man  of  judgment  and  nyj^J^'cafi'on  will  succeed  incom- 
paralily  better  in  composing  the  Tables  to  his  own  writ- 
ings than  a  stranger  can.  Buyle. 

Dili'jenee  and  accuracy  are  the  only  merits  which  an 
historical  writer  may  ascribe  to  himself.  Gibbon. 

The  careful  search  .  .  . 
Is  made  with  all  tine  diligence. 

.Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  (cho.). 
True  constancy  no  time,  no  power  can  move.         Gray. 

All  the  perfonuances  of  hinnan  art,  at  which  we  lorik 
with  praise  or  wonder,  are  instances  of  the  resistless  force 
of  perseverance.  Johnmn,  Rambler,  No.  43. 

FuU-arm'd  upon  his  charger  all  day  long 
8at  by  the  walls,  and  no  one  opcu'd  to  him. 
And  i\\\&  persisteiv:e  ttu-n'd  her  scorn  to  wrath. 

Tennyson,  Pelicas  and  Ettarrc. 

assiduous  (a-sid'fi-us),  a.  [<  L.  as.siduus,  sit- 
ting down  to,  constantly  occupied,  unremit- 
ting, <  Ussiderc,  sit  at  or  near :  see  assident.']  1. 
Constant  in  aj)plication;  attentive;  devoted: 
as,  a  person  a.'isiduoiis  in  his  occupation ;  an 
assiduous  physician  or  nurse. 

The  most  assidxious  tale-bearers  .  .  .  arc  often  half- 
witted. Government  of  tlie  Tonyuc. 

2.  Constant;  unremitting:  applied  to  actions. 

In  some  places  the  deep  sand  could  with  difflcidty  be 
forced  by  assiduous  tillage  to  yield  thin  crops  of  rye  and 
oats.  Macaulay,  Frederic  the  Great. 

To  weary  him  with  my  assiduous  cries. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  310. 

His  character,  ...  as  displayed  in  his  works,  repays 
the  most  assiduous  study.     Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  74. 

=  Syn.  1.  Sedulous,  diligent,  active,  busy,  constant,  pa- 
tient, persevering,  laliorious,  unceasing,  indefatigable,  un- 
tiring.    See  nfiSiduity. 

assiduously  (a-sid'u-us-li),  adv.     In  an  assidu- 
ous manner;  diligently;  attentively;  with  ear- 
nestness and  care. 
Many  persons  have  attained  a  marvellous  proficiency  in 

falsehood,  and  tell  lies  as  assiduoitslj/ as  a  friar  does  his 
beads.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  121. 

assiduousness  (a-sid'u-us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  assiduous ;  constant  or  diligent  ap- 
plication. =  Syn.  See  comparison  under  ctssiduity. 

assieget,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  ascgen,<  OF.  asegcr,  as- 
srtjrr,  asegier,  F.  assieger  =  Pr.  asetjar  =  Sp. 
asediar  =  Pg.  asscdiar  =  It.  assediare,<  5IL.  as- 
scdiarc,  besiege,  beset,  <  assedium,  a  siege,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  by,  +  -sedium,  as  in  L.  obsidium,  a  siege 
(o6,  before,  in  front  of),  <  sederc  =  E.  sit.  Cf . 
besiege  and  siege.']     To  besiege. 

The  Grekes  .  .  .  the  cite  long  asseycden. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  GO. 

On  th'  other  sydc,  th'  assicyed  Castles  ward 
Their  stedfast  stonds  did  mightily  m.aiutjiine. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  11.  xi.  15. 

assieget,  n.     [<  assiege,  v.]     A  siege. 

Al  the  asseye  of  Thebes.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  107. 

assiegementt,  «•  \_<  assiege  + -men  t.']  A  siege 
or  state  of  siege ;  a  beleaguering. 

assientist  (as-o-en'tist),  «.  [<  Sp.  asentista,<. 
asien  ti> :  see  ii.'isieii  to.]  One  connected  with  the 
furnishing  of  slaves  by  assicnto.     Baneroft. 

assiento  (as-e-en'to),  n.  [<  Sp.  a.iiento,  for- 
merly assient'o,  a  seat,  seat  in  a  court,  a  con- 
tract, treaty,  <  asentar,  formerly  assentar  (= 
Pg.  assentar  =  lt.  assentare),  place  in  a  seat,  ad- 
just, make  an  agreement,  <  ML.  as  if  *a.<iseden- 
tarc,  cause  to  sit,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -I-  scden(,t-)s,  ppr. 
of  sedere  =  E.  sit.]  Formerly,  an  exclusive 
contract  made  by  Spain  with  foreign  powers  or 
merchants  for  the  supply  of  African  slaves  to 
its  American  possessions.  The  last  assiento,  held 
by  British  merchants  under  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  1713, 
h"jis  abrogatctl  or  relinquished  in  17.''>0. 

assign  (a-sin'),  V.  t.     [<  ME.  assigncii,  asigiten, 

<  OF.  assigner,  asigner,  <  L.  assignare,  mark 

out,  appoint,  assign,  distribute,  allot,  <  ad,  to, 

-t-  signarc,  mark,   <   signuni,  mark,   sign:   see 

sian.]    1.  To  set  apart;  make  over  by  tlistribu- 

tion  or  appropriation;  apportion;  allot. 

The  priests  had  a  portion  assiyncd  thcui.  Gen.  xlvii.  2*2. 

Mr.  Buckle's  fundamental  error  lay  in  the  attempt  to 

assi/jn  distinct  parts  to  elements  of  human  nature  that  in 

reality  cannot  be  separated.    J.  Fiskc,  Evolutionist,  p.  217. 

To  each  [province]  was  assigned  a  governor  experienced 

in  the  law  who  dealt  w  ith  taxation  aiid  finance. 

C.  Ktliot,  Orig.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  336. 

2.  To  point  out ;  show  ;  designate ;  specify. 

All  as  the  Dwarfe  the  way  to  her  a.s-A-i/mf. 

Spenser,  F.  t^.,  I.  vu.  28. 


assignation 

It  is  not  easy  to  asaiyn  a  jieriod  more  eventful. 

Dc  Quincey. 

With  the  help  of  the  scale  of  numbers,  then,  any  as- 
signed continuous  quantity  will  serve  as  a  standard  by 
which  the  whole  scale  of  quantities  may  be  represented. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  338. 
3.  To  give,  furnish,  or  specify :  as,  to  assign  a 
reason  for  anything. — 4.  To  appoint;  select 
for  a  duty  or  otBce  :  as,  the  officer  assigned  to 
the  charge  of  a  military  department. 

Knights  assigned  to  enftu'ce  the  oath  of  peace  and  the 
hue  ami  cry  appear  as  early  as  the  year  IlO.'i.  Their  des- 
ignation as  assigned  seems  i*t  prove  that  they  were  royal 
nominees  and  not  elected  olHcers  ;  but  their  early  history 
is  obscure.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  II.  283. 

5.  To  ascribe  ;  attribute ;  refer. 

There  are  many  causes  to  which  one  may  assifjn  thia 
liglit  infidelity.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  448. 

6.  bi  law :  (a)  To  transfer  or  make  over  to  an- 
other the  right  one  has  in  any  object,  as  in  an 
estate,  chose  in  action,  or  reversion,  especial- 
ly in  trust  for  the  security  of  creditors:  rare- 
ly api)li('d  to  testamentary  transfers.  (6)  To 
show  or  set  forth  with  particularity :  as,  to  aji- 
.■iign  en'or  in  a  writ;  to  assign  false  judgment, 
(c)  To  point  out  or  substantiate  as  a  charge : 
as,  jicrjury  cannot  be  a.'isigned  on  an  oath  taken 
without  tlie  jurisdiction  of  the  officer  adminis- 
tering it.  — To  assi^  dower,  to  allot  or  portion  out 
to  a  widow  the  part  ot  bnni  forming  her  dower  therein; 
to  lix  tlie  Imundarics  of  tlic  widow's  share  in  an  estate. — 
To  assign  in  bankruptcy,  to  transfer  i)ropeily  to  and 
vest  it  iti  assignees  for  the  l)enefit  of  the  creditors.  =  Syn. 
1.  Disjtejlse,  Distribute,  etc.  (see  dispense).  —  3.  Adduce, 
Allege,  etc.  (see  adduce) ;  to  determine,  give,  name,  present. 

assignt  (a-sin'),  H.i  [<  assign,  v.]  X.  Assign- 
ment; appointment. —  2.  Design;  purpose;  ob- 
ject. 

He  aim'd  at  high  designs,  and  so  attain'd 
The  high  assigns  to  whicli  his  spirit  aim'd. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 

assign  (a-sin'),  7^.2  [The  same,  with  loss  of  the 
iinal  syllable,  as  assignee,  <  ME.  assigne  (three 
syllables),  <  OF.  assigne,  prop.  pp.  of  assignor, 
assign :  see  assign,  v.]  1.  A  person  to  whom  tho 
property  or  interest  of  another  is  or  may  be 
transfeiTcd  :  as,  a  deed  to  a  man  and  his  heirs 
and  assigns. 

Scrooge  was  his  sole  executor,  his  sole  administrator,  hia 
sole  assign.  Dickens,  Christmas  Carol,  i. 

The  exclusive  right  of  frequenting  all  the  countries  that 
might  be  found  was  reserved  to  them  [John  Cabot  and  hia 
sons]  and  to  their  assigns.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  8. 

[Assign  is  a  broader  word  than  assignee.  Tlie  assiqnees  of 
a  i>ersoti  are  usually  imderstood  to  mean  those  who  take 
iuuneiliately  from  him.  by  his  assignment ;  the  assigns  of 
a  person  iiirlude  all  who  acquire  title  under  his  transfer, 
imnicdiately  or  remotely.] 

2t.  A  thing  pertaining  to  something  else ;  an 
appurtenance  ;  an  appendage.     [Affected.] 

Six  French  rapiers  and  poniards,  with  their  assigns,  aa 
girdle,  hangers,  or  so.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

assignability  (a-si-na-bil'i-ti),  M.  [<  assigna- 
ble :  soe-liiliti/.]     Capability  of  being  assigned. 

assignable  (a-si'na-bl),  a.  [=  F.  as.signable ;  < 
assign  +  -able.]  1.  Capable  of  being  allotted, 
appointed,  or  assigned :  as.  an  assignable  note 
or  bill. — 2.  Capable  of  being  specified,  shown, 
designated,  or  expressed  with  precision  :  as,  an 
assignable  reason ;  an  assignable  magnitude. 

His  (a  soldier's]  fighting  condition  was  needed  not  on 
one  or  two  days  consecutively,  but  on  many  days,  and  not 
against  a  day  punctually  assignable,  but  against  a  season 
4>r  jteriod  perhaps  of  months.  De  Quincey,  Plato. 

While  on  the  r>ne  hand  industry  is  limited  by  capital,  so 
on  the  other  every  increase  of  capital  gives,  or  is  capable 
of  giving,  additional  employment  to  ituiustry ;  and  this 
witlnuit  a.^signaffte  limits.        J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Ilcon.,  I.  82. 

3.  Capable  of  being  attributed;  attributable. — 

4.  In  laie,  predicable ;  capable  of  being  pointed 
out  or  substantiated :  as,  perjurj'  is  not  assigna- 
ble of  testimony  on  an  immaterial  point. 

assignably  (a-si'na-bli),  adv.     In  an  assignable 
manner. 
assignat  (as'ig-nat ;  F.  pron.  a-se-nyii'),  n.   [F., 

<  L.  assignatus,  pp.  of  assignare,  assign,  allot: 
see  assign,  v.]  1.  One  of  the  notes  forming 
the  paper  currency  issued  in  France  diuing  tho 
revolution  from  1789  to  1796.  The  assignats  were 
based  on  the  security  of  the  confiscated  chtireh  lands,  and 
afterward  of  all  the  national  domains  and  other  priiperty. 
They  were  issued  to  the  amount  of  over  forty-five  billion 
frajics,  and  before  they  were  withdrawn  deterioi'Uted  to 
less  than  one  three-hundredth  of  their  face  value. 

3.  In  French  law,  the  assignment  of  an  annuity 
on  an  estate,  by  which  the  annuity  is  based  on 
the  secui-ity  of  "the  latter:  now  little  used. 
assignation  (as-ig-ua'shon),  H.     [=F.  (issigna- 
tion.  <  L.  a.-<signatio(n-),  assignment,  allotment, 

<  flA-.MV/«rtiT,  pp.  assignatu.'i :  see  as.fign,  c]  1. 
The  act  of  assigning  or  allotting;  the  act  of  fix- 
ing or  specifying. 

The  assignation  of  particular  names  to  denote  particular 
objects.  Adam  Smith,  Origin  of  Languages. 


assignation 

2.  An  appoint  incut  dl'  time  iind  plaeo  for  meet- 
ing: nseil  rhictly  of  lovi'-nici-tinfjs,  and  now 
penenUly  in  a  l)acl  sense. —  3.  The  lepal  trans- 
fer of  a  right  or  title,  or  the  deed  Ijy  wliicli  this 
is  made;  an  assignment. — 4t.  Paper  currency; 
a  liill ;  an  assignat. 

assignee  (as-i-ue'),  n.  [<  F.  assUjnf,  pp.  of  as- 
{^iifiit  r,  assign :  see  assign,  r.]  A  person  to  whom 
a  transfer  of  some  right  or  interest  is  made, 
eitlier  for  his  own  enjoyment  or  in  trust.  An 
assi(;ii«'  may  take  tillc  liy  iict"<it  tliu  pn'vi.ius  cnviuT  iir  liy 
opiTalina  lit  law,  us  in  tliu  case  of  an  administrator.  .Sue 
iioU>  iin.ltr  luwifiii-,  1.— Assignee  In  bankruptcy,  '<'■ 
assignee  in  insolvency,  a  person  to  whom  is  transferred 
the  title  to  tile  estate  of  a  bankrnpt  or  insolvent,  for  the 
pnrpose  of  its  preservation  and  proper  distrilintion  among 
ereditors. 

assigner  (a-si'nor),  n.  One  who  assigns,  ap- 
jioints,  or  allots.     See  assignor.     [Rare.] 

assignment  (a-sin'ment),  ».  [<  ME.  assigne- 
mint,  <  OF.  assigncmcnt,  <  ML.  assignamcntum, 
<  L.  assignnre :  see  assign,  r.,  and  -incnt.'\  1. 
The  act  of  apportioning  or  allotting;  allot- 
ment.—  2.  The  act  of  setting  apart,  appoint- 
ing, designating,  or  specifying. 

The  only  thing  that  niaketh  any  place  public  is  the  public 
(Viitiirn-infiit  thereof  unto  such  duties.  Hooker. 

3.  That -nhieh  has  been  assigned,  as  a  particu- 
lar task  or  duty. — 4.  SpecLfleally,  in  law:  (a) 
The  transference  of  a  right  or  an  interest.  See 
assign,  r.,  6  (a).  (6)  A  pointing  out  or  setting 
forth:  as,  the  assignment  of  error. —  5.  The 
■writing  by  which  an  interest  is  transferred. — 
6t.  Ai  allotment,  allowance,  or  pension;  a 
sum  allowed. —  7.  Formerly,  in  Australia,  the 
allotting  of  convicts  as  unpaid  servants  to  colo- 
nists, in  order  to  relieve  the  authorities  of  the 
expense  of  the  convict  establishments. 

The  expense  of  the  Australian  convict  establishments 
was  enormous,  and  some  change  in  system  was  inevitable. 
These  were  the  eouditions  that  brou^'ht  about  the  plan  of 
tn^sifjnments.  in  other  words,  of  freely  lendinu  the  eiuivicts 
to  any  one  who  \\.uild  relieve  the  authorities  of  the  bur- 
densome charge.  Eficitc.  Urit..  XIX.  750. 

Assignment  of  dower.  See  asss-i:]n,  !•.— Assignment 
of  errors.  See  cnoc— General  assignment  (more 
fully,  a.s.'n^pim^nt  for  bem-Jif  "f  r-j-'i/i"/i*rs).  :ui  assiginiient 
of  all  the  assignor's  property  not  exempt  from  exeeutiou, 
in  trust  to  pay  his  creditors. —  New  assignment,  a 
method  of  pleading  at  common  law  to  which  the  plaintiff 
was  obliged  to  resort  in  his  replication,  for  tlie  purpose 
of  setting  the  defendant  right  where  the  latter,  through 
misapprehension  of  the  real  cause  of  complaint  as  stated 
in  the  declaration,  had  been  led  to  apply  liis  plea  to  a  dif- 
ferent matter  from  that  which  the  plaintiff  had  in  view. 
.Stt'jifieu.     Also  called  novel  a>.vigmnent. 

assignor  (as-i-n6r'),  n.  In  law,  one  who  makes 
an  assignment,  or  assigns  an  interest. 

assilag  (as'i-lag),  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  local  Brit- 
ish name  of  the  petrel,  Proccllaria  pclagica. 
Miintagn. 

assimiiability  (a-sim"i-la-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  assimi- 
lable :  see  -hiliti/.']  The  quality  of  being  assimi- 
lable.    Coleridge. 

assimilable  (a-sim'i-la-bl),  a.  and  ?).     [<  ML. 

assnnilahilis,  that  can  be  made  like,  <  L.  assimi- 

liirc:  see  assimilatc.1     I.  o.  Capable  of  being 

assimilated,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 

II.  H.  That  which  can  be  assimilated.  [Rare.] 

Meeting  no  atmmilablcs  wherein  to  re-act  their  natures. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  En'.,  vii.  19. 

assimilate  (a-sim'i-lat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pj).  inisimi- 
lated,  ppr.  assimilating.  [<  L.  assimilntKs,  pp. 
of  assimilarc,  adsimilarc,  mixed  ■with  assimularr, 
adsimulare,  make  alike,  compare,  more  fre- 
quently imitate,  feign,  simulate;  <  ad,  to,  -I- 
similis,  like  (related  to  simul,  together) :  see 
simulate,  similar.  To  an  erroneous  supposition 
that  the  ancients  used  assimilarc  for  the  sense 
'make  like,'  and««,sMH»;((refor  the  sense  'coun- 
terfeit,' is  due  the  existence  of  the  correspond- 
ing E.  forms  assimilate  and  assimulate,  ■with  the 
same  distinction  of  sense :  see  assimulate.  Cf . 
asseinlile^,  also  ult.  <  L.  assimilare .']    I.  trans. 

1.  To  make  alike;  cause  to  resemble. 

Fast  falls  a  fleecy  shower ;  the  downy  flakes  .  .  . 

AnKimitate  all  objects.  Coifper,  Task,  iv.  328. 

A  mouse's  squeak  assimilates  itself  in  thouglit  with 
Bounds  of  iiigh  pitcli,  and  not  with  sounds  like  the  bellow- 
ing of  a  bull.  //.  Siicncvr,  I'rin.  of  I'syehol.,  §  114. 

2.  In  philol.,  to  render  accordant,  or  less  dis- 
cordant, in  sound;  bring  to  or  toward  agree- 
ment in  mode  of  utterance:  said  of  alpliabetic 
sounds  as  affected  by  otiier  neighboring  sounds, 
generally  (but  not  always)  in  the  same  word. 
See  assimilation,  {d). —  3.  To  compare;  liken; 
class. 

He  assimilated  the  relation  between  teacher  and  pupil 
to  that  between  two  lovers  or  two  intimate  friends. 

Grute,  Hist.  Greece,  II.  r.7. 

4.  To  convert  into  a  substance  suitable  for  ab- 
Borjition  by  an  animal  or  vegetable  system ;  ab- 


348 

8orb  and  incorporate  into  the  system ;  incorpo- 
rate with  organic  tissues :  as,  to  assimilate  food. 
Hence,  in  general,  to  approiiriate  and  incoi  ].iir:iti-,  as  the 
body  (iocs  fooil :  as,  suell  idejis  cannot  be  nssnuilaled  by 
the  mind. 

5.  To  bring  into  conformity ;  adapt. 

liy  religion  the  truths  thus  cddaincd  [from  theology]  are 
tiuneil  over  in  the  mind  and  (rssiniilali'il  by  the  imagina- 
tion and  the  feelings.       J.  A'.  .Seeteij,  Nat.  Keligion,  p.  oU. 

6.  To  conform  to;  make  one's  own;  adopt. 

The  ease  with  which  she  annimilatcs  the  city  life  wlien  in 
it,  nulking  it  a  part  of  her  imaginative  tapestry,  is  a  sign  of 
tile  power  to  wiiicli  she  has  grown. 

Marrj.  Fulkr,  Woman  in  10th  Cent.,  p.  274. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  become  similar;  become 
like  something  or  somebody  else ;  harmonize. 

Do  but  put  them  in  relationship,  and  no  division  into 
castes,  no  dilferences  of  wealth,  can  pit  vent  men  from 
assiniilatimj.  II.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  i.';j4. 

A  people  whose  dilferences  of  religion,  language,  and 
general  habits  made  them  not  only  incajiable  of  asslmttat. 
ing  with  theti*  Christian  neighbors,  but  almost  their  natu- 
ral enemies.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa,.  i.  16. 

2.  To  be  taken  into  and  incorporated  ■with  an- 
other body  ;  be  converted  into  the  substance  of 
another  body,  as  food  by  digestion. 

For  whatsoever  assimilateth  not  to  flesh  tumeth  either 
to  sweat  or  fat.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  si!)0. 

3.  To  perform  the  act  of  converting  anything, 
as  food,  into  the  substance  of  that  which  con- 
verts it:  as,  "birds  assimilate  .  .  .  less  than 
beasts,"  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  J  680. 

No  organs  whicli  are  destitute  of  chlorophyll  can  assimi- 
late. Saelis,  Botany  (tr.ans.),  p.  026. 

assimilateness  (a-sim'i-lat-nes),  n.  [<  'assimi- 
late, a.  (<  L.  assiiuilatus,  pp.),  •+-  -ncss.'i  Like- 
ness.    Bailey. 

assimilation  (a-sim-i-la'shon),  n.  [=F.  assitni- 
lation,  <  L.  assimilatio{n-),  assimulatio{n-),  a 
being  similar,  <  assimilare,  assimulare :  see  as- 
similate.'] The  act  or  process  of  assimilating 
or  of  being  assimilated.  Speeifleally— (a)  The  act  or 
process  of  making  or  becoming  like  or  identical ;  the  act  or 
process  of  bringing  into  harmony :  followed  by  to  or  with. 

It  is  as  well  tlie  instinct  as  duty  of  our  nature  to  aspire 
to  an  assimilation  ti^th  God.  Decaij  of  Clirist.  Piety. 

In  this  long  stillness  the  fusion  of  conquerors  and  con- 
quered, the  Christianization  and  civilization  of  the  Nor- 
man, his  assimilation  in  political  and  social  temper  to  the 
France  beside  him,  went  steadily  on. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  374. 
(6)  In  p/ttjsiol.,  the  act  or  process  by  which  organisms  con- 
vert and  "absorb  nutriment,  so  that  it  becomes  part  of  the 
fluitl  or  solid  substances  composing  them. 

To  these  preparatory  changes,  which  lit  the  crude  food 
materials  for  protoplasmic  food,  the  general  name  of  as- 
ii'»»'iatio7i  has  been  given.  Ile.-<Neti,  Botany,  p.  ITS. 

Plants  and  animals  increase  by  assiontatiini  and  trans- 
formation, minerals  by  attraction  and  aggregation.  Page, 
(c)  In  pathol.,  the  supposed  conversion,  according  to  an 
obsolete  theory,  of  the  Huiiis  of  the  body  to  the  nature  of 
any  niorbifle  matter,  (d)  In  pliilol.,  the  act  or  process  by 
which  one  alphabetic  sound  is  rendered  like,  or  less  un- 
like, another  neighboring  sound  ;  a  lightening  of  the 
effort  of  utterance  by  lessening  or  removing  the  discor- 
danceof  formation  between  dillerent  sounds  in  a  word,  or 
in  contiguous  words.  The  kinds  and  de-rees  of  assimila- 
tion are  very  various,  and  ineluik-  a  large  part  of  the  his- 
torical clianLTes  in  tlieplioiietir  form  of  words.  E.\amples 
are  as-imdul''  froni  L.  ml-.'^iinihfre,  ennretinn  from  L.  con- 
reetio,  iiii/'niil  from  L.  in-penderr,  L.  velii.^  from  rea-fus,  L. 
rex{reH-i  from  reg-s,  E.  /e^s (pronounced  /*,'/-).  rcri/;<(/(pro- 
noniieed  eeajii),  and  so  on.— Little  assimilations,  in 
Oxford,  a  meeting  of  the  masters  and  twi.'  proctors,  called 
by  the  vice-chancellor,  in  the  congregation  house,  on  the 
ringing  of  the  little  bell.  This  meeting  is  authorized  to 
read,  approve,  and  seal  any  letters  concerning  the  public 
laws  of  the  university,  written  conformably  to  the  decree 
of  Convocation,  and  also  to  set  seal  to  decrees  of  Convoca- 
tion, and  to  despatch  minor  matters. 
assimilati'Ve  (a-sim'i-la-tiv),  a.  [=  F.  assimila- 
tif;  <  assimilate  +  -ire.]  Characterized  by  as- 
similation; capable  of  assimilating  or  of  caus- 
ing assimilation:  as,  assimilative  substances  or 
organs. 

The  desei-t  birds  are  still  more  remarkably  protected  by 
their  assimilative  hues.     A.  It.  Wallace,  Nat.  .Selec,  p.  50. 

A  bookishness  as  assimilative  as  that  of  Hunt  or  Lamb. 
Stcdman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  1S4. 

assimilatory  (a-sim'i-la-to-ri),  a.  [<  assimilate 
+  -ori/.]  Tending  to  assimilate;  producing 
assimilation;  assimilative:  as,  assimilatory  or- 
gans. 

The  assimilatory  cells,  though  the  most  important  mcni- 
hers  of  the  society  of  cells,  are  not  the  only  ones,  by  any 
means,  essentiat  to  the  welfare  of  the  body  corporate. 

•S.  IS.  Ilerrick,  Plant  Life,  p.  24. 

Assiminia  (as-i-min'i-a),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
gastropodous  molhi.sks,  giving  name  to  the  fam- 
ily JssiwiwK'rfd',  by  some  referri'd  to  the  family 
Litlorinida;  or  periwinkles.  Also  spelled  Assi- 
minea. 

assiminiid  (as-i-min'i-id),  «.  A  gastropod  of 
t he  family  Assiminiida: 

Assiminiidse  tas'i-mi-ni'i-de),  )i.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
A-fsiminia  +  -irffl;.]     A  family  of  tronioglossato 


assistance 
gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Assiminia. 

The  eyes  are  at  the  tips  of  special  peduncles  wliieli  arc 
connate  with  the  tentacles.  The  sliell  is  conical,  with  aii 
oral  aperture.  Progression  is  effected  by  a  looping  move- 
ment, tile  roiitrum  and  small  foot  being  alternately  applied 
to  the  ground.  The  species  are  of  small  size,  and  lerrea- 
trial  or  amphibious. 

assimulatet  (a-sim'u-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aa- 
simutaldl.  jijir.  assimulating.  [<  L.  a,ssimulatas, 
pp.  of  assimnlare,  adsimulare,  also  a.ssimilare, 
adsimilare,  make  alike,  feign,  coimterfeit,  etc. : 
see  iissimitate.  t'f.  assemble-,  also  ult.  <  L.  assi- 
mulare.]    To  feign  ;  simulate.    Coles,  1717. 

assimulationt  (a-sim-u-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as.n- 
mul<iti<i(n-),  adsimulatio(n-),  <  a.wimidtirr,  etc.: 
see  assimulate.]    A  counterfeiting  ;  simulation. 

assinegot,  »•     See  asinego. 

assis  (as'is;  F.  pron.  a-se'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  a«- 
setiir,  sit:  see  assise.]  In  her.,  sitting;  same  as 
sejant. 

assiset,  «•  and  v.  t.     See  assize. 

assiser,  "•     See  assizer. 

assish  (as'ish),  <).  [<  ass^  +  -ish^.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  an  ass;  asinine;  absurd- 
ly stupid  or  obstinate:  as,  "the  assish  kind," 
I'dall,  Luke  xix. ;  ''an  assish  phrase,"  Mrs. 
Cowden  Clarke. 

assisor,  ».     See  assizer. 

assist  (a-sisf),  !'.  [<  F.  assisier  (=  Sp.  asisiir 
=  Pg.  dssistirz=  It.  assisterc),  help,  attend,  etc., 
<  L.  assisterc,  stand  at  or  by,  <  ad,  at,  to,  + 
sistere,  place,  stand,  a  redupl.  form  of  stare, 
stand  :  see  stand.  Cf.  consist,  desist,  insist,  per- 
sist, resist.]  I.  trans.  1+.  To  attend;  be  present 
at  or  ■with ;  take  part  with. 

The  king  and  prince  at  prayers !  let's  assist  them. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  1. 

2. To  help;  aid;  succor;  give  support  to  in  some 
imdertalong  or  effort,  or  in  time  of  distress. 

Assist  her  iu  whatsoever  business  she  hath  need  of  you. 

Horn.  xvi.  2. 
Soon  after  Christianity  had  achieved  its  triumpli,  the 

principle  which  had  assisted  it  began  to  colTUpt  it. 

Macaulait,  Milton. 

3.  To  be  associated  with  as  an  assistant.  =  Syn. 
2.  To  second,  back,  support,  further,  sustain,  serve;  be- 
friend, relieve. 
II,  intrans.  1.  To  lend  aid  or  help. 

In  every  turn  of  state,  without  meddling  on  either  side, 
he  [Lord  Leicester]  has  always  been  favourable  and  assist- 
i<ig  to  oppressed  merit.     Dryden,  Ded.  of  Don  Sebastian. 

God  .  .  .  constituted  several  ranks  and  qualities  of 
men.  that  they  might  mutually  assist  to  the  support  of 
each  other.  R.  Nelson,  Fasts  and  Festivals. 

2.  To  be  present,  as  at  a  public  meeting;  take 
part,  as  in  a  ceremony  or  discussion.  [A  Galli- 
cism.] 

It  would  require  the  pen  of  Tacitus  (if  Tacitus  had  as- 
sisted at  this  assembly)  to  describe  the  various  emotions 
of  the  senate.  Gibbon. 

In  our  .age  all  the  nation  may  be  said  to  assist  at  every 
deliberation  of  the  Lords  and  Commons, 

Maeanlau,  Hist,  Eng,,  vi. 

3.  In  euchre,  to  order  the  adoption  of  the  suit 
to  which  the  card  turned  up  as  trump  belongs, 
when  this  order  is  given  by  the  partner  of  tlie 
dealer. 

assistance  (a-sis'tans),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  and 
ME.  (issisleiiee,  later,  after  F.,  assistance.  <  JIL. 
assistentia,  <  L.  assisterc:  see  assist  and  fl«.v(«- 
tant.]  1.  (o)  A  being  present ;  presence;  at- 
tendance, (li)  The  persons  present;  specta- 
tors ;  audience.  [In  these  uses  obsolete,  or  in 
conscious  imitation  of  the  French.]  —  2.  Help; 
aid;  furtherance;  succor;  a  contribution  in 
aid,  by  bodilj-  strength  or  other  means. 
Where  we  do  reign,  we  will  alone  uphold. 
Without  the  assistance  of  a  mortal  hand, 

Sliak.,  K,  John,  iii.  1. 

3t.  -An  assistant  or  helper;  assistants  collec- 
tively. 

Wat  Tyler  [was]  killed  by  valiant  Walworth  .  ,  ,  and 
his  assistance  ,  ,  .  John  Cavendish,  FuUcr. 

Hence,  specifically — 4.  In  Eng.  common  late  and 
Amer.  colonial  law,  a  general  name  for  a  some- 
what undetined  body  of  subordinate  parish  or 
town  officers  or  auxiliaries,  apparently  includ- 
ing, as  sometimes  used,  the  ex-officers,  in  their 
customary  function  of  advisers.— court  of  as- 
sistance. Sec  r(/Hl■^— Divine  assistance,  in  cartesian 
philtiso])hy.  the  act  of  tiod  in  nu>ving  the  body  when 
the  soul  forms  a  volition.  Sec  <ieca.^i\<nalism.-  Writ  Of 
assistance,  (a)  -\  writ  commamling  the  sheriff  to  put 
into  possession  the  successful  party  ill  a  decree  of  chan- 
cery awarding  possession  of  land  :  so  called  because  it  was 
in  a.ssistance  of  the  e\ciution  of  the  ilecree,  (b)  In  .imer. 
liist.,ii  writ  issne<l  liy  a  snpciior  colonial  court,  on  alleged 
precedents  of  the  English  Court  of  Exchequer,  authorizing 
any  ofliccrs  of  the  crown,  iu  the  process  of  executing  the 
acts  of  traile,  to  summon  assistance  and  enter  and  search 
any  iwemises.  The  attempt  to  use  such  writs  in  Massa- 
chilsetts,  defeated  in  17111,  was  one  of  the  abuses  wliich  led 
to  tile  revulution.  =  Syn.  2.  Aid,  support,  backing,  relict 


assistant 

assistant  (a-sis'tant),  o.  and  ii,  [Early  mod. 
K.  and  MVil  (isxis'tiiil,  later,  afU^  F.,  assintrnit, 
^  iSp.  iisislcntf  =  \'ii.  It.  assistcntr,  <  li,  ii.snis- 
tcii(t-)n,j>itv.  Ill'  iis^inlrn' :  sco  <{s,iisl  and -»»/', 
-f«(.J  I.  ".  If-  Standing  by;  present;  aeeom- 
panying. 

Christ  Imth  promised  in  both  sacraments  to  be  asgi'Ment 
with  us.  Cranmei;  Sacrament,  p.  45.    (.V.  ii'.  /^.) 

No  prophnne  thinj;  ought  to  have  aeeesse,  notliing  to  be 
assitlaiU  lint  nage  and  Christianly  Ailinonitiou,  brotherly 
Love,  naming  Ciiarity,  and  Zeale.   Milton,  Ref.  in  Fav^.,  ii. 

2.  Present  to  help;  helpful ;  aiding  or  fitted  to 
aid  and  siijiport;  aiLxiliary:  with /«. 

Mutually  and  yreatly  annutuut  In  eaeli  other. 

Ilciillif,  .Moral  Science,  i.  1. 
Assistant  engine,  a  steam  or  hydraulic  motor  u.sed  to 
4-Mnti-ol  till-  reveisiuji-gear  of  a  marine  engine,  or  to  turn 
tbr  shaft  when  the  main  engine  is  at  rest.  .See  en{fine, — 
Assistant  form.    See/orj«. 

II.  «.  It.  One  who  stands  by;  a  bystander; 
one  who  takes  part  in  anything:  usually  in  the 
plural. 

The  growing  circumference  was  observed  with  astonish- 
ment by  the  asshtants.     Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  II.  11. 

2.  One  who  stands  by  to  help ;  one  who  helps ; 
a  helper;  an  auxiliary;  speeiiieally,  one  who  is 
associated  with  another  as  an  aaxiliary  in  car- 
rying on  some  systematic  work  or  undertaking, 
or  in  discharging  the  duties  of  an  office:  as, 
the  harbor-master  and  his  assistiint.'; ;  a  book- 
keeper's assi.'itfint. — 3.  An  official  au.xiliary  to 
the  father-general  of  the  Jesuits.  Erroneous- 
ly called  mljutant-ricncral. — 4t.  [Sp.  asistentc.'^ 
The  chief  officer  of  justice  at  Seville. 

The  aaaixtaiit  sits  to-morrow. 
Fletcher  {and  another),  Spaiush  Curate,  iii.  1. 

5.  In  the  Massachusetts  Bay  and  Plymouth  col- 
onies, one  of  the  elected  councilors  who  consti- 
tuted the  governor's  council  and  the  upper  house 
of  the  legislature.  The  number  of  assistants  in 
the  former  was  eighteen ;  in  the  latter,  origi- 
nally five,  latei'  seven. —  6.  In  ihjcing,  a  sub- 
stance, such  as  tartaric  acid,  acetate  of  lime, 
or  sulphate  of  soda,  added  to  the  dye-bath,  to 
ofTpct  a  brightening  of  the  color Court  of  As- 
sistants.   Si;e  court. 

assistantlyt  (a-sis'tant-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  give  aid.     Ntentliold. 

assistantsMp  (a-sis'tant-ship),  n.  The  office 
or  position  of  assistant. 

assistencyt  (a-sis'ten-si),  n.  Helpfulness ;  as- 
sistance. 

assister  (a-sis'ter),  n.     1.  One  who  stands  by ; 
one  who  takes  part  in  anything,  as  a  public 
ceremony  or  assembly.    [Archaic]  —  2.  An  as- 
sistant. 
Also  spelled  assistor. 

assistless  (a-sist'lcs),  n.  [<  assist  + -less.  Cf. 
rcKistkss.]  "Without  aid  or  help;  helpless. 
[Bare.] 

Stupid  he  stares,  and  all  assistless  stands. 

Pope,  Uia.iT,  xvi.  970. 

assistor  (a-sis'tdr),  n.  [<  assist  +  -or.]  Same 
as  «.s'.si»ter ;  used  in  legal  documents. 

assize  (a-sjz'),  »■  [<  ME.  assi::e.  assi.^e,  asise, 
assys,  also  corruptly  aeise,  accisc  (>mod.  cvci-te, 
q.  V. ),  and  by  apheresis  sise,  stjtic  ( >  mod.  E.  sL-e, 
q.  V.) ;  <  OF.  assise,  asise,  a  sitting,  session,  esp. 
of  a  court,  judgment,  appointment,  settlement, 
assessment,  impost,  tax,  etc.,  prop.  fem.  of 
asi,s,  assis,  pp.  of  aseir,  later  and  mod.  F.  as- 
scoir,  <  L.  a.isidere.  sit  by  as  assistant  or  assess- 
6r,  hence  in  ML.  and  OF.,  etc.,  appoint,  settle, 
assess,  etc. :  see  assident,  assess.]  It.  Origi- 
nally, a  sitting  or  session  of  a  legislative  body 
or  court. 

Frequent  rt.v«(>''.s'  were  held,  and  as  of  old,  when  the  sword 
of  justice  was  sharpened,  the  receipts  of  the  Treasury  in- 
creased. Stubbn,  Const.  Hist.,  §  tiS2. 

Hence — 2t.  An  edict,  ordinance,  or  enactment 
made  at  such  a  session  or  sitting,  or  issued  by 
such  a  body.  Specifically,  in  Eiui.  hift.  :  (a)  An  ordi- 
nance fixing  the  weight,  measure,  and  price  of  articles 
of  general  consumiition  sold  in  market :  as.  the  a.^gize 
of  measures  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  and  tlie  afisizc  of 
luead  and  ale  (51  Hen.  III.).  Hence  — ('))  The  stamlard 
weights  and  measures  appointed  to  be  kept  in  any  ills- 
trict :  as,  the  custody  of  the  a.'i^ize.  (c)  In  a  more  general 
sense,  measurement ;  dimensions ; .  a  measure  of  rating. 

I  saw  a  stately  frame. 
An  hundred  cubits  high  by  just  a.'it.n'ze. 

Sijciufer,  Visions  of  Bellay,  st.  2. 

3.  A  jurj',  or  trial  by  jury:  now  used  only  in 
Scotland  with  reference  to  criminal  causes. 
See  grand  assi::e,  below. — 4t.  A  name  given  to 
certain  writs  commanding  juries  to  be  sum- 
moned for  the  trial  of  causes :  as,  assi~c  of  novel 
disseizin,  the  ancient  common-law  remedy  for 
the  recovery  of  the  possession  of  lands. — 5t. 
The  verdict  of  a  jury  in  such  a  case. —  6.  The 


349 

periodical  session  held  by  royal  commission  by 

at  least  one  of  the  judges  of  the  superior  courts 
directed  to  take  the  ((.v.si.cc.';  or  verdicts  of  a  jiar- 
ticular  jury  (aucicutly  called  the  (/.s.v/,-(),  in  each 
of  the  counties  of  England  and  Wales  (with 
the  exception  of  London  and  the  parts  adjoin- 
ing), for  the  purpose  of  trying  issues  nisi  prius 
and  jail-delivery  for  criminal  cases:  popularly 
called  the  assists.  [This  is  the  only  sense  in  which  the 
word  is  now  used  in  law.)  The  conmiission  by  which  jus- 
sizes  are  held  is  either  general  or  special.  A  general  ccun- 
mi.ssion  is  issued  twice  a  year  to  the  judges  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice,  two  judges  being  usually  assigncd^o  each 
circuit.  A  special  commission  is  granted  to  certain  judges 
to  try  eertiiin  causes  and  crimes. 
7.  In  a  more  general  sense,  any  court  or  session 
of  a  court  of  justice. — 8t.  Situation;  place. — 
9.  Judgment :  as,  tlio  last  or  great  assise  (that 
is,  the  last  judgment  or  last  day). 

Sometimes  spelled  assise. 
Assize  of  arms,  the  name  under  which  reference  is 
often  made  U>  several  statutes  or  ordinances  in  early 
English  history,  requiring  all  freemen  to  provide,  ;iccord- 
ing  to  their  estate  and  degi'ce,  arms  to  enable  tbeni  U> 
keep  the  peace  and  to  serve  in  the  field,  and  also  pinvidiiig 
for  assizes  or  assessments  by  juries  of  the  equipment  re- 
quired of  each  person.  Specifically,  an  ordinance  or  stat- 
ute of  1181  (27  Hen,  II,)  for  this  purpose. 

In  llSl,  he  [Heni-y  II, ]  issued  the  Assize  of  Arms,  by 
which  he  directed  the  whole  of  the  freemen  of  the  coun- 
try U}  provide  themselves  with  armom-  according  to  their 
means,  and  the  inquiry  by  oath  of  legal  juries  to  deter- 
mine the  liability  of  each.  Stuhbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  146. 

Assize  Of  Clarendon,  an  Enelish  ordinance  issued  in 
lliitKl'-  Hen.  II.).  wliiih  iiitriidurcd  cha)iges  into  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice.  — Assize  of  Northampton,  an 
F.nglish  ordinance,  a  reissue  and  expansion  of  the  Assize 
of  Clarendon,  issued  at  Northampton  in  1176(22  Hen,  II,), 
drawn  up  in  the  form  of  instructions  to  the  judges.  The 
new  aitii.les  relate  to  tenure,  reliefs,  dower,  etc— Assize 
of  novel  disseizin.  See  rfwsciriji.— Assizes  Act,  an 
English  statute  of  Ib.iO  (11  Geo,  IV,  and  1  Wm.  IV,  c,  70), 
alfecting  the  constitution  of  the  connnon-law  courts  in 
England  and  Wales  and  the  practice  in  them.— Assizes 
of  Jerusalem,  two  codes  of  laws,  drawn  up  under  the 
authority  of  Godfrey  de  Eouiilon,  the  first  cru.sading 
king  of  Jerusalem,  and  in  force  under  the  Christian  sov- 
ereignty in  Jerusalem  and  in  Cyprus,  One  code  had 
jurisdiction  over  the  nobility,  the  second  over  the  com- 
nuiu  people.  Both  were  conceived  with  a  wisdom  and 
enlightenment  beyond  their  age,  and  were  based  on 
coulcmiiorary  French  law  and  customs,— Grand  assize, 
f<irmerly,  in  England,  a  form  of  trial  in  certain  cases  by  a 
jury  of  sixteen  persons,  which  took  the  jdare  of  tiial  by 
judicial  combat.  It  was  .abolished  in  ivii.  -  Maiden  as- 
size. See  wnii/t'ii. -Maritime  Assizes  of  Jerusalem,  a 
body  of  maritime  laws  constituting  a  part  of  the  .Vssizes 
of  Jerusalem,— Rents  of  assize,  the  established  rents  of 
the  freeholders  and  ancient  copyholders  of  a  manor ;  rents 
which  cannot  be  changed. 
assizet  (a-siz'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  assised,  ppr. 
(/*,v/c(«(/.  [<  ME.  assisen,  <  AF.  assiscr,  from  the 
noun :  see  assize,  «.]  It.  In  a  general  sense, 
to  fix ;  appoint. 

Thou  Shalt  have  day  and  time  assised. 

Goicer,  Conf,  .A.mant. 

2t.  To  fbc  the  rate  of;  assess,  as  taxes. —  3. 
To  fix  the  weight,  measure,  or  price  of,  by  an 
ordinance  or  authoritative  regulation. 

The  liberty  of  assizin^  bread  has  been  used  at  Clyder- 
hon  and  Rochdale  .as  annexed  and  belonging  to  the  mar- 
ket and  fair.    Quoted  in  Baines's  Hist,  Lancashire,  II,  14. 

assizement  (a-siz'ment),  ti.  [<  assize,  v.,  + 
-iiniit.]  An  inspection  of  weights  and  mea- 
sures, and  of  the  quality  of  commodities,  legal- 
ized by  statute. 

assizer  (a-si'zer),  «.  [<  ME.  assisour  (and  by 
apheresis  sisour,  >  mod.  E.  sizar,  q.  v.),  <  AF. 
assi.'iour,  <  ossiser:  see  a'^size,  v.,  and  -eel,  -or.'] 

1.  In  Eng.  hist.,  a  member  of  a  grand  assize 
(which  see,  under  assize). —  2.  In  Scotland,  a 
juror. —  3t.  One  who  had  custody  of  the  assize 
or  standards  of  weight  and  measure  ;  one  who 
fixed  the  assize  of  bread  and  ale,  or  other  arti- 
cles of  general  consumption. 

Also  spelled  assizor,  assiser,  assisor. 
assize-sermon  (a-siz'ser'mon),  n.    In  England, 
a  sermon  preaelied  to  the  judges,  barristers, 
and  others  attending  the  assizes, 
assizor,  ».     See  as.sizer. 

assobert,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  assobren,  <  L.  as-  for  ad- 
-i-  l.,L.  sohriare,  sober:  see  sober,  v.]  To  keep 
or  make  sober. 

And  thus  I  rede,  thou  assobrc 
Thyne  herte,  in  hope  of  such  a  grace, 

Gou'cr,  Conf,  Aniant,,  vi, 

associability  (a-s6-shia-biri-ti)i  "■  i^  associa- 
ble:  see  -bilit)/'.]  1.  Tlio  quality  of  being  asso- 
eiable. 

The  a.'!.ioeiability  of  feelings  with  those  ot  their  own 
kind,  group  withiii  group,  corresponds  to  the  general  ar- 
rangement of  nervous  structures  into  great  divisions  and 
sub-divisions,  //,  .Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol,,  S  11«, 

2.  In pathol.,  the  ])roperty  of  suflfering  changes 
by  sjTnpathy,  or  of  being  affected  by  the  condi- 
tion of  other  parts  of  the  body. 


associate 

associable  (a-so'shi.a-bi),  a.  [=¥.asaociable,< 
L.  as  if  "a.'i.sdciabilis,  <  as.voeiare,  associate:  see 
associate.']  1.  Capable  of  being  joined  or  as- 
sociated; capable  of  forming  part  of  a  com- 
bination or  association. 

DilTerent  classes  of  relations  [feelings]  were  observed  to 
be  revivable  in  ilitferent  degrees,  which  implies  that,  other 
things  equal,  they  are  axsocialde  in  dirFer'-nt  degrees. 

//.  SiKnnr,  I'rin.  of  I'sychol.,  §  117. 

2.  Capable  of  being  made  an  associate;  com- 
panionable; social. — 3.  In  jiathol.,  liable  to  bo 
affected  sympathetically,  or  to  receive  from 
other  parts  like  feelino;s  and  affections. 

associableness  (a-s6'suia-bl-nes),  n.  Associa- 
l.ilily. 

associate  (a-so'shi-at),  1'.;  pret.  and  pp.  associ- 
ated, ppr.  associating.  [<  L.  a.i.mciatiis,  pp.  of 
assiwiare,  join  to,  unite  with,  <  ad,  to,  +  .sociare, 
join,  <  socius,  joined  with,  allied,  following  (as 
a  noun,  a  companion):  see. s')ri«/.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  join  in  company,  as  a  friend,  companion, 
partner,  confederate,  ortho  like ;  join  orconneet 
intimately;  unite;  combine;  linlc:  folio  wet!  by 
■until  (formerly  sometimes  by  to):  as,  to  asso- 
ciate others  viith  us  in  business  or  in  an  enter- 
prise ;  particles  of  earthy  matter  associated  with 
other  substances. 

He  succeeded  in  a.^Kociatinef  his  name  inseparably  with 
some  names  which  will  last  as  long  as  our  language, 

Macaulay. 

Just  as  the  older  female  deities  were  associated  in  their 

wiu'ship  with  heaven  aiid  the  heavenly  bodies,  with  seasons 

of  the  year  and  with  sacred  places,  so  is  the  more  modem 

goddess  [the  Virgin  ilary], 

Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p,  215. 

2t.  To  keep  company  with ;  attend. 

Friends  should  associate  friends  in  grief  and  woe. 

Shak.,  Tit,  And,,  v,  3. 

To-mon*ow  I  will  associate  you  to  court  myself. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  make  an  associate  of;  admit  to  associa- 
tion or  membership :  with  to :  as,  "  ho  was  asso- 
ciated to  the  Koyal  Academy,"  Southey.  [Rare.] 
—  Associated  fimctions.    Heejunetion. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  have  intercourse;  bean  as- 
sociate or  associates  :  implying  intimacy:  as, 
congenial  minds  are  disposed  to  associate. 

It  was  once  degradation  intensified  for  a  Norman  to  asso- 
ciate with  a  Saxon.  jV,  A.  lieu.,  CXX.XI.X.  85. 

2.  To  join  in  or  form  a  confederacy  or  associa- 
tion. 

The  clergy  of  a  district  in  the  diocese  of  Lincoln  asso- 
ciated lately  for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  estimate  of  the 
state  of  religion  witliin  their  own  linuts. 

Sydney  Smith,  in  Lady  Hollauil,  iii. 

3.  In  general,  to  unite,  as  in  action,  with  a 
person  or  thing,  or  to  coexist  in  organic  de- 
pendence, as  the  parts  of  the  body. 

associate  (a-s6'shi-at),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  assoeia- 
tus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  1.  a.  1.  Joined  in  in- 
terest, object  or  purpose,  office  or  employment; 
combined  together;  joined  with  another  or 
others:  as,  an  ««so«n?p  judge  or  professor;  "my 
associate  powers,"  Hilton,  P.  L.,  x.  395. — 2.  In 
pathol.,  connected  by  habit  or  sympathy:  as, 
associate  movements,  that  is,  movements  which 
occur  sympathetically,  in  consequence  of  pre- 
ceding motions:  thus,  convergence  of  the  eyes 
is  associated  with  contraction  of  the  pupils. 

II.  II.  1.  A  companion;  one  who  is  on  terms 
of  intimacy  with  another ;  a  mate ;  a  fellow. 

Sole  Eve,  associate  sole,  to  nie  beyond 
Contpare  above  all  living  creatures  dear ! 

Milton,  P,  L,,  Ix.  227. 

2.  A  partner  in  interest,  as  in  business ;  a  con- 
federate; an  accomplice;  an  ally:  as,  "their 
defender  and  his  associates,"  Hooker. —  3.  One 
who  shares  an  office  or  a  position  of  authority 
or  responsibility ;  a  colleague  or  coadjutor. — 

4.  One  who  is  admitted  to  a  subordinate  degree 
of  membership  in  an  association  or  institution: 
as,  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  orof  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. —  5.  Anything 
usually  accompanjTJig  or  associated  with  an- 
other. 

The  one  [idea]  no  sooner  .  .  .  comes  into  the  mider- 
standing  than  its  associate  appears  with  it, 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  ii,  33. 

=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Associate,  Friend,  Companion,  Comrade, 
Fellow,  Partner,  .Ally,  Colleatjue,  Coadjutor,  Confederate. 
.Associate  is  the  most  general  word  for  persiuis  who  are  con- 
nected in  life,  wiu-k,  etc,:  it  is  special  only  in  suggesting  an 
alliance  «if  some  pcrTuanence,  Friend  is  the  most  general 
word  for  pi  rs.iiis  who,  througli  connuunity  of  lifeorother- 
wise,  have  kindly  feclin^-s  tuvvanl  taeli  other,  Comiianion, 
literally  a  messmate,  applies  where  the  persons  are  much 
thrown  together,  but  are  not  united  by  any  strong  tic; 
hence  it  is  not  a  good  synonym  fi»r  husltand  or  wife. 
''  Many  nten  nuiy  be  admitted  as  companions  who  would 
not  be  altogether  at  as  assodates,"  Crabb,  Eng.  Synonymea, 


associate 

p.  197.  Comrade  denotes  n  elnse  companion;  it  implies 
freedom  of  intereoiirse  iuid  ;i  Kooti  de«ree  (»f  frlenilsliip : 
as,  comradfs  in  arms.  Ffilow  lijis  nearly  l(»st  its  early 
Slgiiilleation  of  agreeahlc  ci>mpanionship,  the  later  mean- 
ings having  ovei-sliadowed  it:  as,  ''a  liettre/<7««vsehulde 
men  noj.cht  fynde,"  Chait&'r.  Compare  /etloic/trUnif,  /ct- 
iow-hitjter,  J'dtowship.  Ft'Uotc  in  this  eonneetion  may 
mean  one  who  naturally  would  be  or  is  a  eonii>iinion :  .as, 
wiiy  do  you  not  go  witli  yom-  /t'ltows^  A  ;>«;■/ m*r  is  one 
who  tjlkes  part  with  otilers,  especially  in  Ijusiness  or  in 
any  kind  of  joint  ownei-ship.  Formerly  «f/r/  was  nearly 
equivalent  in  meanin;.;  to  a-'-sacmlc,  hut  it  i.s  now  applied 
chietly  t<>  states  or  rulers  in  their  pnl)lie  capacity :  as,  the 
ailit's  in  the  t'rimean  war.  A  coUcii;nii'  is  an  associate  fru- 
some  specitle  purpose  or  in  -some  odiee;  it  is,  like  otwljii- 
tor,  properly  api>licahle  oldy  to  one  engaged  in  lah.ir  or 
business  ref,'arded  as  especially  dignified :  as.  Senators  A 
and  B  were  coiiert f/uw ;  Luther  and  his  coadjutors.  A  con- 
federate is  one  somewhat  fiitiiiall>  associated  with  others, 
now  usually,  when  applied  to  j)rivatc  relations,  for  a  bad 
object.    See  accomplice. 

A  nice  and  subtle  happiness,  I  see, 
Thou  to  thyself  proposest,  in  the  choice 
Of  thy  associates,  Adam !    Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  401.* 
Thou  Shalt  never  fijul  a.fncnd  in  thy  young  years  whose 
conditions  and  qualities  will  ple.ase  thee  after  thou  coniest 
to  more  discretion  and  judgment.       italeiiih,  To  his  Son. 
One  that  h.as  well  digested  his  knowledge,  both  of  books 
and  men,  has  little  enjoyment  but  in  the  company  of  a 
few  select  companions.  Hume,  Essays. 

Thus  he  moved  the  Prince 
To  laughter  and  his  comrades  to  applause. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
I  and  my  .fellows 
Are  ministers  of  fate.  Shale,  Tempest,  ill.  3. 

Myself  and  other  noble  .finends 
Are  partners  in  the  business.         S/iak.,  Cymb.,  i.  7. 
The  allies,  after  conquering  together,  return  thanks  to 
God  sepai'ately  each  after  his  own  form  of  worship. 

Macaiday,  Gladstone's  Church  and  State. 
The  patrici-ins  prevailed  upon  some  of  the  tribunes  to 
dissent  from  their  colleagues.     J.  Adams,  \Vorks,  I\'.  534. 
Whose  political  sagacity,  like  that  of  his  illustrious  co- 
adjutor, read  the  fate  and  interests  of  nations. 

Story,  Speech,  Cambridge,  Aug.  31,  1820. 
I  had  forgot  that  foul  conspiracy 
Of  the  beast  Caliban,  and  his  confederates. 
Against  my  life.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

associatesMp  (a-so'shi-at-ship),  71.  [<  associ- 
ate +  -ship.']  The  position  or  office  of  an  asso- 
ciate.    [Rare.] 

association  (a-so-si-a'shon),  n,  [=  F.  associ- 
aliiiii,  <  ML.  associritio(n-),  a  society^  <  L.  asso- 
e;(;rf,  a.ssoeiate:  see  associate,  v.']  1.  The  act 
of  associating  or  the  state  of  being  associated. 

(a)  Connection  of  persons  or  things ;  union. 
Self-denial  is  a  kind  of  holy  association  with  God. 

Boyle,  Seraphic  Love,  iii. 
.  There  are  many  objects,  of  great  value  to  man,  which 
cannot  be  attained  by  unconnected  individuals,  but  nmst 
be  attained,  if  attained  at  all,  by  associativn. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Pittsburgh,  July,  1833. 

The  very  common  association  between  seeing  clearly 

and  seeing  narrowly  is  a  law  or  a  frailty  of  our  nature  not 

sufficiently  understood.     Gladstone,  Might  ()f  Right,  p.  135. 

(b)  A  union  or  connection  of  ideas.  See  as- 
sociation of  ideas,  below. 

The  words  which  we  use  are  so  enwrapped  in  an  atmo- 
sphere of  subtle  a.isociati^ns  that  they  are  liable  to  sway 
the  direction  of  our  thoughts  in  ways  of  which  we  are 
often  unconscious.  J.  Fiske,  Idea  of  God,  p.  151. 

2.  An  organized  union  of  persons  for  a  com- 
mon purpose ;  a  body  of  persons  acting  to- 
gether for  the  promotion  of  some  object  of 
mutual  interest  or  advantage ;  a  partnership, 
corporation,  or  society :  as,  the  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science ;  a,  political  or 
charitable  association. 

The  old  company  .  .  .  was  able,  with  the  help  of  its 
Tory  friends,  to  prevent  the  rival  (i,...n,/,i(i<,/i  from  obtain- 
ing similar  privileges.  Macaulaii,  Hist.  Eng.,  .\x. 
Articles  of  association  or  Incorporation.  See  article. 
—  Association  of  ideas  (an  expression  invented  by 
Locke),  or  mental  association,  in  psychul.,  the  tendency 
of  a  sensation,  perception,  feeling,  volition,  or  thought  to 
recall  to  consciousness  others  which  have  previously  co- 
existed in  consciousness  with  it  or  with  states  similar  to 
it.  Thus,  the  name  of  a  friend  is  associated  with  his  per- 
sonal appearance,  age,  place  of  residence,  and  so  on  ;  and 
the  sound  at  tile  name  brings  into  consciousness  involun- 
tarily one  or  mure  of  these  associated  ideas.  The  special 
laws  of  association,  tliough  variously  stated  by  psycholo- 
gists, are  usually  admitted  to  be  those  of  contiguity  and 
similarity ;  that  is,  ideas  recall  ideas  which  have  occur- 
red along  with  them,  and  also  those  which  are  similar  to 
thera.  'I'hese  are  called  the  principles  of  objective  and 
subjective  association.  The  doctrine  of  association  has 
played  an  important  pai-t  in  the  history  of  modern  English 
psychology  and  philosophy. 

The  phrase,  intrinsic  and  extrinsic  association,  might  be 
introduced  very  appropriately  to  distinguish  associations 
founded  on  intrinsic  resemblances  of  mental  states  from 
those  which  merely  imply  the  extrinsic  accident  of  siuml- 
taneous  occurrence  in  c<)nsciousness.  T.  Clarke  Murray. 
Association  philosophy,  the  doctrine  put  forward  by 
Uohbei,  Hume,  Hartley,  .Tames  Mill,  and  others,  that  the 
operations  of  the  mind  are  h.t  be  explained  chielly  by  the 
assoeiatiiin  of  ideius.  —  Evangelical  Association.  See 
emwKlieal.^Ttee  Religious  Association.  See  free.— 
Indissoluble  or  Inseparable  association,  an  lussocia- 
tion  of  ideas  so  strong  that  we  cannot  tliink  one  without 
also  thinking  the  other.— Voluntary  association,  in 


350 

law,  a  society  which  is  unincorporated,  hnt  is  not  a  part. 
nei"ship,  Iti  that  the  members  are  not  agents  for  one  an- 
other.  =Syn.  2.  Combination,  company,  club,  lodge,  fra- 
ternity. 

associational  (a-so-si-a'slion-al),  «.  [<  asso- 
ciatioii  +  -al.J  1.  Pertaining  to  au  association. 
—  2.  I'crtaining  to  the  psychological  doctrine 
of  as.soeintion  <ir  associalionism. 

associationalism  (a-so-gi-a'shtm-al-izm),  n. 
Same  as  a.ssori(ttioiiism. 

associationalist  (a-so-Sri-a'shon-al-ist),  n.  and 
a.     Same  as  a.-<sociati(Hiisf. 

assoctationism  (a-s6-si-a'shon-izm),  n.  [<  «*•- 
sociation  +  -ism.']  1.  Tlie  psychological  theory 
which  regards  the  laws  of  association  as  the 
fundamental  laws  of  mental  action  and  de- 
velopment. See  association  of  ideas,  under  as- 
sociation.—  2.  Same  as  Fourierisni. 
Also  associationalism. 

associationist  (a-s6-si-a'shon-ist),  n.  and  a.  [< 
association  -h  -isi.]  I.  n.  1.  One  who  advocates 
the  psychological  doctrine  of  associationism. — 
2.  One  who  supports  the  doctrine  of  associa- 
tion advocated  by  Fotu'ier  and  known  as  Fou- 
rierisni (which  see). 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  associationism,  in  either 
sense  of  that  word. 
Also  associationaUst. 

associative  (a-s6'shi-a-tiv),  a.  [<  associate  + 
-ice]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resulting  from  as- 
sociation; capable  of  associating;  tending  to 
associate  or  unite;  characterized  by  associa- 
tion: as,  "the  associative  faculty,"  Uiiijh  Miller. 

Onomatopceia,  in  addition  to  its  awkwardness,  h.as 
neither  associative  nor  etymological  application  to  words 
imitating  sounds. 

J.  A.  II.  Murra'j,  0th  Ann.  Add.  to  Pliilol.  Soc. 

2.  In  math.,  applied  to  an  operation  which 
gives  the  same  result  whether  it  first  unites 
two  quantities  A  and  B,  and  tlieii  unites  the 
result  to  a  third  quantity  C,  or  whether  it  first 
tmites  B  and  C,  and  then  unites  the  residt  to 
A,  the  order  of  the  quantities  being  preserved. 
Thus,  .addition  and  multiplication  are  said  to  be  associa- 
tive, on  account  of  the  general  formulas, 

(a  -f  6)  +  c  =  a  +  (!>  -t-  c) 
(o  X  6)  X  c  =  o  X  (6  X  c). 

In  the  same  sense,  mathematicians  often  use  the  expres- 
sions rt.'.wifm^  tec /orm«^«,  associatice  prineijdi'. — Associa- 
tive algebra,  a  system  of  algebra  in  which  multiplication 
is  associative. 

associativeness  (a-s6'shi-a-tiv-nes),  11.  The 
property  of  beiug  associative,  especially  in  the 
mathematical  sense. 

associator  (a-s6'shi-a-tor),  n.  1.  One  who  or 
that  which  associates  or  connects  together. — 
2t.  An  associate  or  partner  in  any  scheme ;  a 
confederate. 

Our  late  associatoi-s  and  conspirators  have  made  a  third 
copy  of  the  League.         Dryden,  Post,  to  Hist,  of  League. 

assoguet,  «•  [<  F.  assoquc,  <  Sp.  azogue  (in 
same  sense),  lit.  quicksilver:  see  azogue]  A 
Spanish  galleon  transporting  quicksilver  to 
America  for  use  in  the  mines. 

assoill  (a-soil'),  t'.  t.  [<.  M'E.  assoilen,  asoilen, 
assoilien,  asoilien,  assoi/Icn,  etc.,  =  Sc.  assoilzie, 
formerly  assoilyie,  assodge  (where  Iz,  l^,  Jij  rep- 
resent the  F.  II  mouillees),  <  OF.  as.soiler,  assoil- 
licr,  asolier,  also  asoldrc,  assoldre,  assoudre,  etc., 
<  L.  absolvcre,  absolve,  loosen:  see  absolve,  of 
which  assoil  is  thus  a  doublet.]  If.  To  solve ; 
clear  up. 

To  assoil  this  seeming  difficulty. 

Waterland,  Scripture  Vindicated,  iii.  G3. 

2.   To  release;  set  free;  acquit;  pardon;   ab- 
solve.    [Archaic] 
At  my  own  tribunal  stand  assoil'd.  Tukc. 

To  some  bishop  we  will  wend. 
Of  all  the  sins  that  we  have  done. 
To  be  assailed  at  his  hand.       Percy's  Reliques. 

3t.  To  remove ;  dispel. 

Seeking  him  that  should  her  paine  assm/le. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  IV.  v.  30. 

assoil^t  (a-soil'),  ti.  t.  [<  ns-i  +  soif^.]  To  soil; 
stain. 

^^^late'er  he  be 
Can  with  untbankfulness  assoil  me,  let  him 
Dig  out  niiuf  eye.s.  and  sing  my  name  in  verse. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Queen  of  Corinth,  iii.  1. 

assoilmentt   (a-soil'ment),   n.      [<  assoil'l^  + 
-nieiit.]  The  act  of  assoiiiug;  absolution.  More. 
assoilyie,  assoilzie   (a-soil'ye),  v.  t.     Scotch 
forms  of  assoil^. 
(old  assoilzie'him  for  the  sin  of  bloodshed. 

Scott,  Ivanhoe,  II.  vi. 

assonance  (as'o-nans),  n.  [<  F.  assonance  (= 
Bp.  asimancia  =  Pg.  as-mnancia),  <  assonant: 
see  assonant,  a.]     1.  Resemblance  of  sounds. 

The  disagreeable  a^b'una/K'e  of  "sheath'"aud  ''sheathed. " 

SteevcTts, 


ass  s-ear 

The  combination  of  eadeni  ed  sentences  with  antitheti- 
cal alliteration,  interspiirikled  with  assonances  of  every 
kind  and  their  inevitable  ollspring,  the  uncalled-lor  pun, 
was  by  him  [I.ylyJ  first  introduced  into  English  prose. 

.1.  If.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  157. 

Horner,  like  Dante  and  Shakespeare,  like  all  who  really 

counnand  language,  seems  fondof  pbaying  with  assonances. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  327. 

Specifically — 2.  In  pros.,  a  species  of  imper- 
fect rime,  or  rather  a  substitute  for  rime,  espe- 
cially common  in  Spanish  poetry,  consisting 
in  usiiig  the  same  vowel-sound  with  different 
consonants,  and  requiring  the  use  of  the  tame 
vowels  in  the  assonant  words  from  the  last 
accented  vowel  to  the  end  of  the  word:  thus, 
man  and  hat,  penitent  and  reticence,  are  exam- 
ples of  assonance  in  English. 

There  are  some  traces  of  the  employment  of  rhyme  and 
assonance  in  mere  popular  literature  at  a  very  remote 
period.  G.  I'.  Marsh,  Leets.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  505. 

3.  Agreement  or  harmony  of  things.     [Rare.] 

—  Syn.  I'aronooiasia,  etc.    See  y/»n. 

assonanced  (as'o-nanst),  a.  [<  assonance  + 
-ed-.]     Characterized  by  assonance ;  assonant. 

The  lines  are,  in  the  earlier  exanrples.  assonanced, — 
that  is  to  say,  the  vowel  sound  of  tlie  last  syllables  is 
identical,  but  the  consonants  need  not  agree. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  638. 

assonant  (as'o-nant),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  assonant 
(=  Sp.  asonante  =  Pg.  assonante),  <  L.  asso- 
nan{f-)s,  ppr.  of  assonarc,  sound  to,  respond  to: 
see  assonate  and  sonant.]  I,  a.  1.  Ha\'ing  a 
resemblance  of  articulate  soimds. 


Landor's  blank  verse 
sonant,  harmonious. 


is  .  .  .  terse,  yet  fluent,  as- 
Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  46. 


2.  In  pros.,  pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
assonance. 

II.  n.  1.  A  word  resembling  another  in 
sound.  Specifically  —  2.  In  jjroi.,  a  word  form- 
ing an  assonance  with  another  word.  See  as- 
sonance, 2. 

assonantal  (as-o-nan'tal),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  assonance;  of  the  nature  of  an  assonant. 

assonantic  (as-o-nan'tik),  a.  Same  as  asso- 
nautal. 

assonate  (as'o-nat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  asso- 
natcd,  ppr.  assonatintj.  [<  L.  assonarc,  sound 
to,  respond  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  sonare,  sound :  see 
sonant.]  To  correspond  in  sound;  rime  in  asso- 
nance; be  assonant. 

assort  (a-sorf),  V.  [<  late  5IE.  assorte,  <  OP. 
a.^sortcr  =  Olt.  assortare,  <  ML.  assortare  (mod. 
F.  assoriir  =  Sp.  asortir  =  It.  assortire,  <  ML. 
as  if  *assortire,  after  L.  sortiri,  cast  lots,  allot, 
distribute,  select:  see  sort,  v.);  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
sor{t-)s,  lot,  condition,  sort:  see  sort.]   I.  trans. 

1.  To  separate  and  distribute  into  clas.-es, 
sorts,  or  lands ;  part  into  lots ;  an-ange ;  clas- 
sify: as,  to  assort  goods. — 2.  To  furnish  with  a 
suitable  assortment  or  variety  of  goods  ;  make 
up  of  articles  likely  to  suit  a  demand  :  as,  to 
assort  a  cargo;  "well-assorted  warehouses," 
Burhc. — 3.  To  make  of  the  same  sort;  adapt 
or  suit. 

No  way  assorted  to  those  with  whom  they  must  asso- 
ciate. Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  agree  in  sort  or  kind;  be 
accordant  or  matched :  as,  the  two  kinds  assort 
well  or  ill. —  2.  To  associate;  consort. 

Assort  no  more  with  the  menials  of  the  goddess. 

BuUcer. 

assorted  (a-s6r'ted),  J),  a.  1.  Consisting  of 
selected  Idnds ;  arranged  in  sorts  or  varietiesl 

Our  cargo  wjis  an  assorted  one  ;  that  is,  it  consisted  of 
everything  under  the  sun. 

it.  //.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  85. 

2.  Matched ;  fitted ;  stilted :  as,  a  ■weU-^issorted 
pair. 

assortment  (a-s6rt'ment),  n.  [<  assort  +  -ment. 
Cf.  F.  a.ssortiment,  <  assortir.]  1.  The  act  of 
assorting  or  distributing  into  sorts,  kinds,  or 
classes,  or  of  selecting  and  suiting. — 2.  A  col- 
lection of  things  assorted:  as,  an  assortment  of 
goods;  "an  as.^ortment  of  jiaintings,"'  Coxe. — 

3.  A  class  or  group  into  which  objects  are  as- 
sorted. 

Those  classes  and  assortments  .  .  .  called  genera  and 
siiecies.    Adam  Smith.  .Mor.  Sent.,  II.  407  (1797).  (X.  E.  D.) 

assott  (a-sof),  V.     [<  ME.  assoten,  <  OF.  assotcr, 

asoter,  <  a  (L.  ad,  to)  +  sot,  foolish :  see  sot.'] 

I.  intrans.  To  be  or  become  infatuated  or  Mko 

a  fool. 

II.  trans.  To  infatuate  ;  deceive ;  befool. 

That  monstrous  error  which  doth  some  assott. 

Spmscr.F.Q.,  U.  x.  8. 

assoylet,  v.  t.    See  assoil^. 
ass's-ear  (as'ez-er),  «.     A  fine  iridescent  shell, 
Maliotis  asininits,  used  ui  the  manufacture  of 


ass  s-ear 

buttons,  for  inlaying  woodwork,  and  for  other 
piirpos(»s. 

ass's-foot  (as'cz-fut),  H.     Samp  as  colls/not. 

aSSUade  (ii-swiitl'),  r.  I. ;  prot.  and  pp.  (ixKumled, 
ppr.  iissuacliny.  [<  L.  as-  for  ad-  +  suailcre, 
advise  :  see  suasion,  and  cf.  persuade.']  To  pre- 
sent as  advice  ;  nrgo  persuasively.    jV.  Ji.  D. 

assuage  (a-swaj'),  V.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  assuaged, 
j)pr.  assudiiiiif/.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  assicage, 
aswai/c,  aiulliy  aplieresis  .iivafir;  <  ME.  asuaycii, 
aswaiicii,  <OF.  asounf/cr,  asuai/cr,  asoaycr^  Pr. 
assuariar,  asuariar,  <  AIL.  as  if  * assnavian;  < 
L.  ad,  to,  +  sttavis,  sweet :  see  suave  and  siccet. 
Cf.  abndiji;  <  L.  ahbrcviarc ;  allcqc",  <  LL.  allc- 
»mr(',  etc.]  I.  tr'iiis.  To  soften,  in  a  figurative 
sense;  allay;  mitigate,  ease,  or  lessen,  as  pain 
or  grief  ;  moderate  ;  appease  or  pacify,  as  pas- 
sion or  tumult. 

Yet  he  with  strong  perswasions  her  astwagcd. 
And  woiine  lier  will  to  sulfer  him  depart. 

Sliciucr,  V.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  43. 

Kefreshiiig  winds  tlie  Buninier's  heats  aasitage. 

Addison. 

For  the  first  time  in  history,  she  (the  cliiirch]  inspired 
tliousands  to  devote  their  entire  lives,  throu^'h  sacriftee 
and  dan^'er,  to  the  single  object  of  anntuiuinfj  the  suffer- 
ings of  humanity.  Welsh,  Eng.  Lit.,  I.  81. 
=  Syil.  Alleviate,  Relieve,  Mitifjate,  etc.  (see  alleviate) ;  to 
appe.ise,  mollify,  temper  (see  lists  under  alleviate  and 
allniii). 

Il.t  iiitrans.  To  abate  or  subside  ;  grow  less: 
as,  "  let  thin  hert  assuage,"  Ooioer;  "  the  waters 
assivagcd,"  Gen.  viii.  1. 

assnagement  (a-swaj'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  asuagc- 
mciit,  <  asmtgcr :  see  assuage  and  -tiient.]  1. 
The  act  of  assuaging ;  mitigation ;  abatement. 
l!<pciiser. —  2.  An  alleviative  ;  a  sedative. 

assuager  (a-swa'jfrr),  n.  One  who  assuages  or 
allays  ;  that  which  mitigates  or  abates. 

assuasive  (a-swa'siv),  a.  and  n.  [<  as-l  + 
suasivc,  as  in  persuasiec,  with  reference  to  as- 
suage.] I.  a.  Softening;  mitigating;  tranquil- 
izing;  soothing.     [Rare.] 

Music  her  soft  assua.'nve  voice  applies. 

Pope,  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  I.  25. 

II.  H.  A  soothing  medicine  or  application. 
assubjugatet  (a-sub'jo-gat),  v.  t.     [<  ns-l  +  sub- 
jugate.]    To  reduce  to  subjugation ;  put  into  a 
low  or  unworthy  position ;  debase.     [Rare.] 

No,  this  thrice  worthy  and  ri^ht  valiant  lord 

Must  not  .  .  .  aK-suhjui/atehis  nierit  .  .  . 

By  going  to  Achilles,  Sliak.,  T.  and  C,  IL  3. 

assuefactionf  (as-we-fak'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
'a.isuefactio(u-),  <  assui/aene,  pp.  assuefactus, 
make  accustomed  to,  haljituate,  <  assuetus,  pp. 
of  assuescere,  accustom  (see  assucte),  +  facere, 
make.]  The  act  of  accustoming;  the  state  of 
being  accustomed;  use;  habituation. 

Right  and  left,  as  part  inservient  unto  the  motive  facul- 
ty, are  dilferenced  by  degrees,  by  use,  and  a.-^suefaction. 
Sir  T.  Emwiu,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  C. 

assuetet,  a.  [<  L.  assuetus,  pp.  of  assuescere, 
accustom,  habituate,  <  ad,  to,  +  suesccre,  incep- 
tive of  "suere,  be  wont:  see  custom.]  Accus- 
tomed; practised.     Blount. 

assuetudet  (as'we-tiid),  n.  [<L.  assuctudo,  cus- 
tom, <  assuetus,  pp. :  see  assucte.  Cf.  desue- 
tude.]    Custom;  habit;  habitual  use. 

Anxuetitde  of  thiiigs  hurtful  doth  make  them  lose  their 
force  to  hurt.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  67. 

assumable  (a-sii'ma-bl),  a.    [<  assume  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  assumed  or  taken  for  granted. 
assumably  (a-su'ma-bii),  adv.    As  may  be  as- 
sumed; presumably. 

The  Macfarlane  Highlanders,  who  were  armed  assitma- 
bly  with  target  and  broadsword. 

A',  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XII.  40. 

assume  (a-sum'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  assumed, 
ppr.  assuming.  [<  L.  assuniere,  take  to  one's 
self,  take  up,  receive,  accept,  claim,  assume,  < 
ad,  to,  -I-  sUmere,  take,  contr.  from  *subimerc, 
<  sub,  under,  -1-  emere,  take,  buy:  see  emption, 
emptor,  redeem.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  into  rela- 
tion or  association ;  adopt ;  take  in ;  admit :  as, 
"Enoch  and  Elias  were  assumed  up  into  heaven ," 
Abp.  Abbot.     See  assumption,  5.     [Archaic.] 

The  si.xth  was  a  young  knight  .  .  .  assumed  into  that 
honourable  company.  .Scott. 

2.  To  take  upon  one's  self;  undertake:  as,  to 
assume  the  responsibility  of  a  proceeding;  to 
assume  office;  to  assume  an  obligation. 

Assxime  thy  winged  throne,  thou  Vesper  of  our  throng! 
Shcllc!/,  Adonais,  St.  46. 
Among  those  subject  kings  whom  the  Assyrians  had 
established  in  Egypt  the  descendants  of  the  first  Necho 
asstnnM,  after  the  fall  of  Nineveh,  the  position  of  inde- 
pendent sovereigns.   Von  Rankc,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  S3. 

3.  To  take  or  put  on  one's  self;  invest  one's 
self  with:  as,  to  assume  the  garb  of  a  mendi- 


351 

cant,  or  the  figure  of  an  animal ;  to  assume  a 
severe  aspect ;  "to  assume  man's  nature,"  Mil- 
ton, P.  L.,  iii.  303. 

They  say  the  devil  can  assume  heaven's  briglitness, 
And  so  appear  to  tempt  us. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iii.  6. 

Caroline  .  .  .  had  persuaded  Mrs.  Pi-yor  to  o^/n/Hte  her 

bonnet  and  sununer  shawl,  and  to  take  a  walk  with  her. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxl. 

Society  never  assumed  the  military  type  in  England 

which  it  assumed  upon  the  c(»ntinctit. 

J.  Fiskc,  Anicr.  I'ol.  Ideas,  p.  123. 
Wheat  quickly  assumes  new  habits  of  life. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Aninuils  anil  Plants,  p.  333. 

4.  To  apply  to  one's  self;  appropriate. 

Ills  uuijesty  might  well  assume  the  complaint  of  King 
Wavid.  Clarendon. 

His  Holiness  the  Pope,  by  virtue  of  being  Christ's  Vice- 
gerent upon  earth,  piously  assumed  to  himself  a  i-ight  to 
dispose  of  the  territories  of  infidels  as  he  thought  lit. 

A.  Hamilton,  Works,  II.  68. 

Hastings  had  ceased  to  dilTerence  his  arms  as  a  cadet, 
and  (issuuu'd  them  unbroken.  Encijc.  lirit.,  XI.  687. 

5.  To  take  for  granted  or  without  proof;  sup- 
pose as  a  fact ;  postulate :  as,  to  assume  a  prin- 
ciple in  reasoning. 

Generally  it  may  be  assumed  that  rhetoric  will  nrjt  sur- 
vive the  age  of  the  ceremonious  in  manners  and  the  gor- 
geous in  costume.  De  Quiiu^eJ/,  Ithetoric. 

If  the  step  from  mechanics  to  chennstry  is  known,  has 
been  proved,  and  is  admitted,  that  from  chemistry  to  life 
is  assumed,  and  assumed  without  the  slightest  reason. 

Beale,  Protoplasm,  p.  117. 

6.  To  take  fictitiously;  pretend  to  possess; 
take  in  appearance :  as,  to  assume  the  garb  of 
humility. 

Assume  a  virtue,  if  you  have  it  not. 

Shak.,  Handet,  iii.  4. 
7t.  To  claim. 

Like  a  bold  champion  I  assume  the  lists. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  1. 

=  Syil.  6.  To  affect,  feign,  counterfeit. 

II.  intrans.  To  bo  arrogant;  claim  more  than 
is  due ;  presume. 

assumedly  (a-sii'med-li),  adv.  As  is  or  may  be 
assumed  or  taken  for  granted;  i^resumably. 
assumentt  (a-sli'inent),  n.  [<  LL.  assumentum, 
a  piece  sewed  on,  <  L.  assuere,  sew  on,  <  ad,  to,  + 
Sucre,  sew,  =  E.  .sew,  q.  v.]  A  piece  sewed  on; 
a  patch ;  an  addition. 

The  assument  or  addition  Dr.  JIarshall  never  could  find 
anywhere  but  in  this  Anglo-Saxonick  translation. 

J.  Lewis,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Bibles,  p.  9. 

assumer  {a-sti'mer),  n.  One  who  assumes;  an 
arrogant  person. 

These  high  assumers  and  pretenders  to  reason.     Sotith. 

To  swear  at  the  mention  of  assuiners  and  pretenders  to 
baronetcies.  The  Atlantic,  LII.  365. 

assuming  (a-su'ming),  p.  a.  Taking  or  dis- 
posed to  take  upon  one's  self  more  than  is  just; 
disposed  to  attribute  to  one's  self  undue  imjjor- 
tance;  haughty;  aiTogant. 

His  haughty  looks  and  his  assumiwj  air 
The  son  of  Isis  could  no  longer  bear.  Dryden. 

A  virtue  that  might  repress  the  most  assumimj. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  3. 
=  Syn.  r,old,  forward,  presuming,  self-confident. 
assumingt  (a-su'ming),  n.     Presumption. 

The  vain  assumiiir/s  of  some.  B.  Jonson,  Poetaster, 

assumingly  (a-su'ming-li),  adv.  In  an  assum- 
ing manner;  arrogantlj-. 

assumpsit  (a-sump'sit),  »i.  [L.,  he  undertook; 
third  pers.  sing.  perf.  ind.  of  assumcrc,  assume, 
undertake:  see  etssume.]  In  law:  (n)  An  ac- 
tion lying  for  the  recovery  of  damages  sustained 
through  the  breach  of  a  simple  contract  (that 
is,  a  promise  not  mider  seal),  in  which  the 
plaintiff  alleges  that  the  defendant  assunijisit, 
that  is,  promised  or  undertook,  to  perform  the 
act  specified,  in  England  and  in  most  of  the  United 
States  this,  like  the  other  common-law  forms  of  action, 
has  been  superseded  by  statute.  Hence  —  (b)  An  ac- 
tionable promise,  ex]iress  or  implied  by  law. 
assumptt  (a-sumpf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  assumptu.9,  pp. 
of  a.ssumere,  take  up:  see  assume.]  1.  To  take 
up;  raise.     See  assume,  v.  t.,  1. 

She  »  as  assumpted  into  the  cloud. 

Z/aH,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  11. 

2.  To  assume,  as  a  proposition  or  premise. 

Supposition  assumptefi  is  when  a  manifest  supposition 
is  assumpted  to  prove  another  thing  withal,  as  .  .  .  the 
disputer  will  assumpt  this  assertion,  which  saith  that  of 
false  things  there  is  no  certain  knowledge,  and  truth  is 
not  known  but  of  true  things.  ISlundcville,  1619. 

3.  To  assume,  as  a  property,  attribute,  etc. 

I  do  grant  it  to  be  Christ's  true  body  and  flesh  by  a  prop- 
erty of  the  miture  assumpt'-d  t"  tin-  (iodluad  :  yea.  and  we 
do  really  eat  and  drink  His  Ilcsh  and  blood  after  a  certain 
real  property. 
Uidlci/,  in  It.  \V.  DUon's  Hist  Chmch  of  Bug.,  xvi.,  note. 


assurance 

4.  To  take  to  one's  self ;  put  on ;  assume. 

And  assumpted,  or  tooke  U)  his  Arms  ...  a  Croaae  Sil- 
ver, in  a  field  vert.      Bossewell,  Armorie,  p.  22.    (.V.  K.  D.) 

assumptt  (a-sumpf),  H.     [<  L.  assumptum,  neut. 
of  a.isuiiiiitus,  pp.,  assumed:    see  ussunqit,  v.] 
That  which  is  assumed ;  an  assumption. 
The  sum  of  all  your  assumpts. 

Chillimjworth,  lielig.  of  Protestants,  1. 1. 

assumption  (a-sump'.thpn).  n.  [<  JfE.  assump- 
eiduu,  assumjitiiiuu  (of  the  Virgin  Mary),  <  ML. 
assumpti<i{n-},  a  taking  up  (into  heaven);  L.,  a 
taking  up,  adoption,  the  minor  proposition  of 
a  syllogism ;  <  o.s.s^Mmcrc,  pp.  assumptus,  take  up, 
etc. :  see  assume.  ]  1 .  The  act  of  taking  to  one's 
self;  a  taking  upon  one's  self ;  undertaking. 

Since  the  Asxutnption  of  our  flesh,  we  know  what  shape 
to  picture  God  in.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  55. 

An  assu-mption  of  power  not  conferreil  by  the  Constitu- 
tion and  laws.      1).  SVebster,  Speech,  Semite,  May  7,  1834. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  for  granted,  or  supposing 
without  proof;  supposition. 

The  assumption  of  a  final  cause  in  the  structure  of  each 
part  of  animals  and  plants  is  as  inevitable  as  the  assump- 
tion of  an  efficient  cause  for  every  event. 

Wbewell,  Nov.  Org.  Ilenovatum,  p.  105. 

3.  The  thing  supposed;  a  postulate  or  propo- 
sition assumed. 

Let  well-weighed  considerations,  not  Btiff  and  peremp- 
tory assumptions,  guide  thy  discourses. 

Sir  T.  Browiw,  Christ.  Jlor.,  il.  S. 

In  fact,  the  putting  of  limits  to  hnnmn  conception  must 
always  involve  the  assnmjjtiun  that  our  previous  experi- 
ence is  universally  valid  in  a  tlicoretical  sense ;  an  assump- 
tion which  we  have  already  seen  reason  to  reject, 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  155. 

4.  In  }ogic,  the  minor  premise  in  a  categorical 

syllogism. 

still  more  objectionable  are  the  correlative  terras  prop- 
osition and  assumption  as  synonymous  for  the  major  and 
minor  premises.  Sir  W.  Uamilton,  Logic. 

[This  use  of  the  word,  originating  with  Cicero  (Latin  as- 
sumjttio),  was  revived  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  is  com- 
mon in  modem  Latin,  but  is  rare  in  English.] 

5.  The  taking  up  of  a  person  into  heaven; 
specifically,  the  traditional  anticipated  resur- 
rection or  bodily  taking  up  into  heaven  of  the 
Virgin  Mary  after  her  death,  celebrated  by  the 
Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  and  Oriental  churches 
by  the  feast  of  the  Assumption  on  the  15th  of 
August. —  6.  Adoption,  or  making  use  of. 

It  is  evident  that  the  prose  psalms  of  our  liturgy  were 
chiefly  consulted  and  copied  by  the  perpetual  asji-w»ii>(ion* 
of  their  words  and  combinations. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  III.  172. 

7.  In  law,  the  agreement  of  the  transferee  of 
property  to  pay  obligations  of  the  transferror 
which  are  chargeable  on  it. —  8.  A  conceited 
disposition,  characterized  by  a  tendency  to 
claim  more  than  is  one's  due ;  prestimption. 

The  priest,  however  arrogant  his  assumption,  makes  a 
civil  salute.  //.  .Speruxr,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  343. 

Arms  of  assumption.  See  arm-.  7,  and  assumptive 
arms,  under  ai>i(i«j/(i'r,'.  — Assumption  Clause.  See 
daiwc— Deed  of  assumption,  in  .Vur.s-  lair,  a  deed  exe- 
cuted by  trustees  under  a  trust  deed  or  deed  of  st.ttknient, 
assuming  a  new  truster  t>r  trustees.  =Syn.  2  and  3.  Con- 
jecture, hyiiothesis,  theory,  postulate.—  8.  Pride,  Pre- 
sumption, etc.  (see  arroijatwe);  ofhciousncss,  forwardness, 
self-confidence,  self-conceit,  face, 
assumptious  (a-sump'shus),  a.  [<  assumption  + 
-ous.  Cf. presum2>tuous.]  Assuming;  presump- 
tuous. [Rare.] 
assumptive  (a-sump'tiv),  a.  [<L.  assumptivua, 
taken  in  addition,  <  assumptus,  pp.  of  assumere, 
take,  assume:  sea  assume.]  1.  Capable  of  be- 
ing assumed ;  assumed. 

Writing  under  au  assumptive  character. 

Wycherly,  Plain  Dealer.  Pref. 

2.  Marked  or  characterized  by  assumptions. 

Trivial,  scholastic,  ViwA  assuoiptire  methods. 

U.  S.  Hall,  (ierman  Culture,  p.  312. 

Assumptive  arms,  in  her. :  (a)  Formerly,  arms  not  pa- 
ternal, assumed  in  eonse(|Uence  of  an  exploit.  (I/)  Now, 
arms  which  a  person  has  a  right,  with  the  approbation  of 
his  sovereign  and  of  the  heralds,  to  assume,  (c)  Ai'morial 
bearings  improperly  assumed.  [Bare  in  last  use.  ]  Also 
called  anus  nf  assuiitpti''n. 

assumptively  (a-sump'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  as- 
sumptive or  assumed  manner;  by  way  of  as- 
sumpti(m, 

assurable  (a-sh6r'a-bl),  a.  [<  asstire  +  -fj>lc.] 
Capable  of  being  assured;  suitable  for  insur- 
ance :  as,  an  assurable  property. 

assurance  (a-shor'ans),  H.     [<  ME.  assurauiice, 

<  OF.  assciirance,  F.  assurance  =  Sp.  aseguran- 
:a  =  It.  assecuran:a  (=  E.  assccurancc,  q.  v.), 

<  ML.  assecurantia,  <  assecurare,  assure :  seo 
assure  and -ance.]  1.  The  act  of  assuring;  a 
formal  or  earnest  statement  intended  to  pro- 
duce belief  or  convietiou :  a  positive  declara- 
tion intended  to  give  conlideuce :  as,  I  trusted 
to  his  assurances. 


assurance 

night  rac  thc'  full  (issiiriiiirr  of  yonr  faith. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iv.  S. 
2.  Pledge;  guaranty;  surety. 

Yiiu  should  procure  him  hcttcT  assurancf  timn  liar- 
dolpli;  lie  would  nut  taice  llis  bund  and  yours;  lie  liked 
not  the  security.  Shak.,  'J  lien.  IV.,  i.  2. 

3t.  Affiance;  betrothal. 
The  il;iy  of  their  attxiirance  drew  nigh. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia, 
I  am  sure 
I  never  courted  you,  nor  gave  you  tokens 
That  might  concern  ajutitrattce. 

lifim.  ami  FLy  Coxcomb,  iii.  1. 

4.  In  law,  documentary  evidence  of  the  title 
or  right  of  possession  of  jiroperty. —  5.  Insur- 
ance ;  a  contract  for  the  pajinent  of  a  sum  on 
the  occurrence  of  a  certain  event,  as  loss  or 
death. 

Recent  writere  have  souglit  to  establish  distinctions  of 
a  novel  character  between  t\v;m\a8suratu:ea.nAin>ntrance]. 
One  of  these  is  that  a  i)erso:j  insures  his  life,  his  house,  or 
llis  ships,  and  the  office  ikssures  to  him  in  each  of  these 
cases  a  sum  of  money  payable  in  certain  contingencies. 
Another  is  that  axuHi-aiice  represents  the  principle  and 
insm-.mce  the  practice.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  1C9. 

6.  Certain  proof ;  clear  evidence;  positive  dem- 
onstration; undeniable  gi'ounds  for  belief  or 
trust;  assuredness. 

\Miereof  he  hath  given  assuratica  unto  all  men,  in  that 
he  hath  raised  him  from  the  dead.  Acts  xvii.  31. 

A  form,  indeed, 
^Vhere  every  god  did  seem  to  set  his  seal. 
To  give  the  world  ansurance  of  a  man. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 
I  feel  desires 
That  give  assurance  of  their  own  success, 
And  that,  infus'd  from  Heav'n,  must  thither  tend. 

Cowper,  The  Task,  v. 
A  brightness,  like  that  of  the  eyes  of  some  smaller  ani- 
mals, which  gives  assurance  of  life,  but  of  a  life  foreign 
and  unintelligible.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  44. 

7.  Firm  persuasion;  full  confidence  or  trust; 
freedom  from  doubt ;  certain  expectation ;  the 
utmost  certainty. 

Let  us  draw  near  with  a  true  heart,  iu  full  as^tranceoi 

laith.  Heb.  x.  22. 

I'll  make  a.smrance  double  sure. 

And  take  a  bond  of  fate.         Sluik.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

There  have  prevailed  very  widely  .  .  .  among  mankind 

the  sad  tratlition  of  a  lost  or  forfeited  life  of  perfection 

and  happiness,  and  a  dim  expectation  or  the  firm  w-sur- 

ance  of  a  future  life  of  perfection  and  happiness. 

ilaiidsky.  Body  and  Will,  p.  107. 

Especially  —  8.  Firmness  of  miuJ;  undoubting 
steadiness;  intrepidity;  courage. 

Brave  men  meet  danger  with  assurance.  Knollcs. 

He  is  wanting  in  neither  personal  courage,  ossurancc, 
nor  promptitude,  but  he  abuses  these  virtues  by  using 
them  In  the  service  of  vice. 

P.  Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  31. 

9.  Freedom  from  timidity  or  bashfulness;  laud- 
able confidence ;  self-reliance. 

Conversation  with  the  world  will  give  them  knowledge 
and  assurance.  Locke. 

I  have  been  often  surprised  that  you,  who  have  seen  so 
much  of  the  world,  .  .  .  could  never  yet  acquire  a  requi- 
site share  of  assurance. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

10.  Excess  of  boldness;  impudence:  as,  his  os- 
surance  is  intolerable. 

Immoderate  assurance  is  perfect  licentiousness. 

Shenstmie. 

Upon  my  soul.  Jack,  thou  art  a  very  impudent  fellow ! 
to  do  you  justice,  I  think  I  never  saw  a  piece  of  more  con- 
summate assurance!  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 
Chamber  of  assurance.  See  i-ftnmftpr.— Collateral 
assurance.  See  i"//ii(,7vi?.  — common  assurances. 
See  co;/ii«o)i.— Further  assurzmce.  s^-e  further.  =  Syn. 
2.  Pledge,  etc.  See  promise. — 10.  Ellrontery,  presump- 
tion. 

assure  (a-shor'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  assured,  ppr. 
as.iuriny.  [<  ME.  assuren,  asuren,  asscuren,  < 
OF.  a.si-iircr,  mod.  F.  assurer  =  Pr.  assegurar  = 
Sp.  asetjnrar  =  Pg.  assegurar  =  11.  assccurare  (— 
E.  asseciire,  q.  v.),  <  ML.  assecurare,  assure,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +  sccurus  (>  OF.  segur,  seiir),  secure, 
sure:  see  secure,  sure.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
sure  or  certain ;  convince  or  make  confident, 
as  by  a  promise,  declaration,  or  other  evidence : 
as,  to  assure  a  person  of  one's  favor  or  love. 

It  i3  idle  to  propose  remedies  before  we  are  assured  of 
the  disease.  Swift,  Advancement  of  Religion. 

T  is  a  vast  privilege  for  a  Christian  to  be  assured  that 
the  Lord  will  do  this  or  that  imlividual  thing  for  him. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chl-is.,  iv.  1. 
And,  for  I  am  a  man,  I  dare  not  do 
God's  work  until  assureii  I  sec  with  God. 

Dromiiny,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  94. 
2.  To  declare  solemnly  to ;  assert  earnestly  to ; 
endeavor  to  con%nnce  by  assertion:  as,  I  assure 
you  I  am  speaking  the  truth. 

I  dare  assure  thee  that  no  enemy 
Shall  ever  take  alive  tlie  noble  ijrutus. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  V.  4. 

They  are  recommended  by  people  of  consequence,  I  a*. 

rare  you.  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  L  1. 


352 

3.  To  secure  or  confirm ;  make  sure  to  be  or  to 
continue;  give  certainty  or  stability  to:  as,  to 
assure  a  j>erson's  position  or  possessions. 

This  shall  a.tsure  my  constant  loyulty. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  3. 
My  penance  hath  not  slacken'd,  tliough  my  pardon 
No  way  assrtred.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  739. 

So  irresistible  an  authority  cannot  be  reflected  on  with* 
out  the  most  awful  reverence,  even  by  those  whose  jtiety 
assures  its  faV()Ur  to  them.  //.  lUfjcrs. 

4.  To  tree  from  obscurity,  ambiguity,  or  im- 
certainty. 

So  reason's  glimmering  ray 
W.as  lent,  not  to  assure  our  doubtful  way, 
But  guide  us  upward  to  a  better  ilay. 

Vtniden,  Religio  Laid. 

5.  To  embolden;  make  confident. 

And  hereby  we  .  .  .  shall  rtAsure  our  hearts  before  him. 

1  John  iii.  19. 
6t.  To  alEance ;  betroth. 

This  drudge,  or  diviner,  laid  claim  to  me ;  called  me 
Dromio ;  swore  I  was  assured  to  her. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  2. 

7.  To  insure,  as  against  loss. =S3rn.  Insure,  Assure 
(see  inmrc) ;  to  asseverate  to,  encourage,  vouch  to,  walTant. 
Il.t  intraiis.  1.  To  confide;  trust. 

Therfore  as  trend  fullych  in  me  assure. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  GSO. 

2.  To  promise ;  pledge  one's  self.     Chaucer. 
assured  (a-shord'),;).  n.     1.  Certain;  sure;  in- 
dubitable; undoubted:  as,  " an  assiired  experi- 
ence," Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

We  dare  not  leave  his  fortunes. 

Though  most  assured  death  himg  round  about  us. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  i.  1. 
In  history,  as  in  tragedy,  the  master's  hand  has  not  yet 
come  to  its  full  stretch  and  skill ;  its  touch  is  not  yet 
wholly  assured,  its  work  not  yet  wholly  blameless. 

Sieinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  50. 
2.  Bold  ;  confident ;   self-possessed. 

He  looked  frank,  unconstrained,  something  assured,  but 
not  bordering  upon  assurance. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  15. 

He  .  .  .  came  forth  with  an  assured  air  and  bade  defi- 
ance to  the  messenger.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

3t.  Affianced.  ShaV. — 4.  Insured;  having  one's 
life  or  goods  insured, 
assuredly  (a-shor'ed-li),  adv.    1.  Certainly;  in- 
dubitably. 

Assuredly  Solomon  thy  son  shall  reign.  1  Ki.  i.  13. 

2.  With  assurance ;  confidently ;  impudently. 
The  more 
Actions  of  depth  and  danger  are  considered, 
The  less  assuredly  they  are  performed. 

B.  Jomon,  Catiline,  iii.  3. 

assuredness  (a-shor'ed-nes),  «.  The  state  of 
being  assm-ed;  certainty;  full  confidence. 

assurer  (a-shor'er),  H.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  assures,  or  gives  assurance  ;  specifically, 
an  insurer  or  imderwTiter. —  2.  One  who  takes 
out  a  policy  of  insurance ;  one  who  is  assured. 

assurgency  (a-ser'jen-si),  »(.  [<  assiirgenf] 
The  tendency  or  disposition  to  rise.     [Rare.] 

The  continual  assuryetu:y  of  the  spirit  thl'ough  the  bo<ly. 
"Cokridf/e,  Lit.  Rem.  (1S39),  IV.  167. 

assurgent  (a-ser'jent),  a.  [<  L.  asstirge>i{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  assurgere,' rise  up,  ascend,  <  ad,  to,  + 
surgere,  rise:  see  surge.']  Rising;  ascending. 
Specifically  —  (a)  In  her.,  applied  to  a  bearing  when  de- 
picted as  rising  out  of  the  sea,  as  the  sun.  (Ii)  In  bot., 
rising  iu  a  curve  to  an  erect  position ;  ascending.  Also 
arfKi(m.'«(.— Assurgent  leaves,  leaves  first  bent  down, 
but  risinu'  erect  toward  the  apex. 

assuringly  (a-shor'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  assuring 
maimer ;  in  a  way  to  give  confidence. 

ass'waget,  ''.     An  old  spelling  of  assuage. 

Assyrian  (a-sir'i-.an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Assyrius, 
<  Or.  'Aaahpicf;,  pertaining  to  'Aaavpia,  Assyria.] 
1.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Assyria  or  to  its 
inhabitants — Assjrrian  arcliitecture,  the  most  im- 
portant branch  of  the  architecture  of  Mesopotanua,  de- 
veloped in  .\ssyria  during  the  period  of  its  supremacy.  Its 
chief  monuments  were  the  royal  palaces,  which  were  of 
enormous  extent,  and  constructed  of  massive  walls  of  sun- 
dried  brick  on  great  mounds  of  clay,  of  which  they  have  now 
virtually  become  a  part,  owing  to  the  disintegrating  inllu- 
ence  of  time  and  the  elements  upon  their  friable  mate- 
rials. They  were  never  more  than  one  or  two  stories  high, 
owing  to  the  limited  endurance  of  the  inibakcd  bricks,  and 
consisted  chiclly  of  corridors  and  long,  narrow  hall.-^.  either 
arched  over  with  brick  or  closed  in  with  ceilings  of  "uud, 
and  surrounding  open  courts.  The  entrances  were  of  im- 
posing height  and  width,  ornamented  with  colossal  stone 
figures  of  winged  human-headed  bulls  or  lions,  or  other 
mythological  conceptions.  The  interior  walls  were  com- 
monly lined  with  a  revetmeiit  of  soft  alabaster  slabs,  on 
which  were  carved  in  low  relief  the  remarkable  series  of 
sculptures  which  have  preserved  the  record  of  Assyrian 
triumphs,  character,  and  customs.  Cidor  in  soniewhat 
subdued  tints  was  generally  employed  upon  the  sculptures 
and  the  wall-spaces.  The  temple,  in  Assyria,  w:is  sub- 
ordinate to  the  palace,  the  opposite  being  the  case  in  Baby- 
lonia.—  Assyrian  art,  one  of  the  later  branches  of  Meso- 
potamian  art,  parallel  to  the  later  Babylonian.  Its  most 
characteristic  manifestation  is  presented  in  its  lavish 
sculptmed  architectural  decoration  iu  low  relieL    In  its 


Astacidae 

first  period,  culminating'  in  the-  ninth  century  D.  c.,  it  dis- 
played tTeat  vigor  ami  truth  in  itaint<'ri>retati<)nof  nature, 
jtarticularty  in  its  portrayal  of  animal  forms.  I.ater  it  suf- 
lend  a  decline  until  the  close  of  .Assyrian  supremacy,  to- 
ward the  ejiii  <tf  the  heverith  eentury  iJ.  c.  Its  Innnan 
figures  never  ha\e  tile  iiic  and  force  of  its  animals,  but  are 


Assyrian  Sculpture. 

Relief  from  Koyunjilc,  in  the  British  Museum.    King  Assur-bani-pal 

pouring  a  lib.^tion.     About  625  B.  c. 

heavy  and  conventional.  It  is  marked  by  great  minuteness 
of  detail,  ornaments,  texture  of  fabrics,  eto..  being  care- 
fully rendered.  In  metal-work  of  all  kinds  the  Assyrian 
craftsmen  took  a  high  place,  and  they  excelled  also  in 
gem-cngr<aving. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Assy- 
ria, an  ancient  country  of  Asia,  east  of  the  river 
Tigris,  long  at  the  head  of  the  powerful  As- 
syrian empire,  including  Babylonia  and  other 
neighboring  countries. —  2.  The  language  of 
the  Ass!yrians,  which  has  been  preser\-eil  by 
and  largely  recovered  from  their  cuneiform 
inscriptions.  See  cuneiform. 
Assyriological  (a-sir''i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Assyriology. 

The  latest  results  of  Assyrioloyical  research. 

Am^r.  Jour.  Philol.,  IV.  343. 

Assyriologist  (a-sir-i-ol'o-jist),  H.  [<  Msjiri- 
ologij  +  -ist.]  A  student  of  Assyriology;  ono 
versed  in  Assyi-iology. 

Assyriologue  (a-sir'i-o-log).  ».  [=  F.  Assijrio- 
higuc,  <  CTr.  'Aaavpia  +  -'/6-,oc,  <  '/.i}civ:  see  As- 
si/rioiogi/.]     An  Assyriologist. 

Assyriology  (a-sir-i-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  6r.  'Amvpla  + 
-Xoji'a,  <  >.i;f(v,  speak:  see-olog;/.]  The  science 
of  Assyrian  antiquities ;  that  branch  of  know- 
ledge which  includes  the  history,  language, 
etc.,  of  ancient  Assyria. 

assytht,  »■     A  Scotch  foi-m  of  asseih. 

assythment  va-siTH'ment),  n.  [Sc,  also  by 
apheresis  sithenicnt, 
In  Scots  law,  an  in- 
demnification due 
from  a  person  guilty 
of  murder  to  the 
heirs  of  the  person 
murdered.  Where  the 
criminal  has  suffered  the 
penalty  of  the  law,  no 
claim  for  assythment 
lies. 

-ast.  [<  Gr.  -aoTK, 
<  -dCf"',  after  -(-, 
equiv.  to  -ic-f/c,  < 
-i^eiv:  see  -i,it,  -ijc] 
A  suifix  of  Greek 
origin,  occurring  in- 
stead of  -ist  after  -;-, 
as  in  chiliast,  enthu- 
siast, etc. 

astacian      (as-ta'- 

shian),  ii.  [<  Asta- 
cus  +  -/oh.]  Aji  ani- 
mal of  the  genus 
Astaeus  or  family 
Astaeida;  as  a  craw- 
fish or  lobster. 
astacid  (as'ta-sid),  n. 

Ono  of  tlie  Asfncidw. 

Astacidae  (as-tas'i- 
de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Astaeus  +  -ida\]    A 


<  assijth,  sithe,  +  -rnent.'] 


Jil 

«"tfr'  "^"^  'ifa  ■■■-  \\ 


Structure  of  the  Crawfish  (j4sfttcus). 

/.  It,  fif,  sterna  of  first,  second,  and 

third  somites;  C",  heart;  (^.  niembra- 

family  or  maCnirOllS  '»o"^  pan  of  stomach  ;  /*,  labnim  ;  /, 
■3  "^3  .  nietastoina ;   f,   cardiac  ossicle ;  pe, 

deeapOa  crustaceans  pterocardiac  do.:  «..iin>c..nHac  do-: 
c/.  lateral  cardiac  do.;  /,  cardio-py- 
loric  valve ;  fit,  inferior  pyloric  val- 
vular apparatus:  m,  anterior  gastric 
muscle  ;  wt.  insertion  of  posterior  do,; 
fc.  procephalic  process:  A, opening 
of  hepatic  duct;  z\  pyloric  carcuin ; 
»  i,  intestine;  £^,  testis:  j,'*'  .  -C". 
vasdeferens;  ap. ophthalmic  artery; 
fld.antennarj'do.;  a  A.  heiw»tic  da._; 
as.  sternal  do.;  afi,  superior  abdomi- 
nal do.:  /•,  cerebral  ganglia  ;  s^,  azy- 
^us  visceral  aerve. 


represented  by  the 
craw'fisli  and  lobster. 
Among  fluviatile  forms, 
the  liest  known  are  .4.'*- 
/«(■  (w  and  Cambarua,  the 
former  containing  tlie 
rivtr-crawlish.  A.  fhin'a- 
tilis.  and  the  latttr  nu- 
merous species  of  North 


Astacidae 

America,  among  tlu-ni  the  blind  cniwflBh  of  the  Mammoth 
Cave.  CpelluciduD,  TIic  luljstcr  is  lloinantg  marinun,  or 
//.  americamw.  NephrojiH  is  another  genus  of  this  family. 
See  cut  imtler  Antacun. 

Astacina  (as-ta-si'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Astacii.s 
+  -(«((.]  A  group  of  macrurous  decapod  crus- 
tacciiiis  corresponding  more  or  less  nearly  with 
Astiiciiii  or  Astacula: 

astacine  (as'ta-sin),  a.  and  «.     [<  Astacus  + 
-iH(i.|     I.  a.  flavinfr  the  characters  of  a  craw'' 
fish ;  pertaining  to  the  Astiicitkc. 
II.  «.  One  of  the  Astacidtc,  as  a  crawfish. 

The  prolileni  whether  the  crustneean  in  ciuestion  was  a 
marine  Axtaciitc  or  a  true  Homarine  might  be  very  hard 
to  solve.  Hwzley,  Crayfish,  vi. 

Also  astacoid. 

Astacini  (as-ta-si'ni),  n.  2>l.  [NIj.,  <  Astacus 
+  -/«(.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  classification, 
the  third  section  of  macrurous  decapod  crus- 
taceans, containing  a  number  of  forms  now 
distributed  in  several  families  and  at  least  two 
suborders.  His  subsection  of  the  same  name  corre- 
sponds more  nearly  to  the  modern  fannly  Atitacuife  (which 
sec), 

astacite  (as'ta-sit),  «.  [<  Gr.  (iiTTHKOf,  a  lob- 
ster, a  crawfish,  H-  -ite^.^  A  petrified  or  fossil 
crawfish,  or  other  similar  crustaoeous  animal. 
Also  nstacolitc. 

astacoid  (as'ta-koid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Astacus  + 
-()(■(/.]     Same  as  «cs/((c!H<'.     Huxley. 

Astacoidea  (as-ta-koi'de-ji),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  As- 
tacus +  -oidea.}  A  snperfamily  group  or  series 
of  macrurous  decapod  crustaceans. 

astacolite  (as-tak  o-Ut)^  }(.  [<  Gr.  dcrra/cdr,  a 
lobster,  a  crawfish,  -f-  h6ois,  a  stone.]  Same  as 
astacite. 

Astacus  (as'ta-kus),  n.  [NXi.,  <  Gr.  aarandg,  a 
lobster,  a  crawfish.]     The  typical  genus  of  the 


itlcata. 
lor  pedal 


River-Crawfish  i,AstacusJiHviatiits).   (From  Huxley's  "  Crayfish.") 

family  Astacidw,  and  one  of  the  two  leading 
genera  of  tlu\-iatile  crawfishes,  the  other  being 
Cauiljarus. 

astarboard  (a-star'bord),  prep.  plir.  as  adv. 
[<  »•!  -t-  starhoard.l  At  or  to  the  starboard  or 
right-hand  side  of  a  ship  when  looking  forward. 

astare  (a-star'),  pre}),  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3 
-I-  stare'^.']     Staring. 

astartt  (a-starf),  V.  [<  ME.  asterten,  asteorten, 
asturten,  startle,  startup,  escape,  <  a-  (<  AS.  a-) 
+  sterten,  etc.,  start:  see  «-l  and  starJl.]  I. 
trans.  \.  To  escape;  escape  from. 

Every  tere  which  that  Creseyde  antfrti'. 

Chaucer,  Troihis,  iii.  1070. 

2.  To  cause  to  start ;  startle. 

No  daunger  there  the  shepheard  can  aslert. 

.'<pemer,  Shep.  Cal.,  Nov. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  start  up. 

Out  of  her  bed  she  did  astarty 
As  one  with  vew  of  ghastly  feends  affright. 

Spenser,  F.  <J.,  III.  ii.  29. 

2.  To  be  escaped  from. 

.She  hadde  the  herte. 
And  who  hath  that  may  not  asterte. 

Chauecr,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  1153. 

Astarte  (as-tiir'tf),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'Aa-dpT?/, 
representing  Phen."  Ashtaretit :  see  Aslitoreth.'i 

1.  The  principal  female  divinity  of  the  Pheni- 
cians,  properly  a  chaste  deity,  goddess  of  the 
moon  or  of  the  heavens,  but  frequently  eon- 
fotmded  with  the  unchaste  Ashera.  She  was  the 
same  as  the  Assyrian  Istar.  Also  called  Ashtoreth  {A»h- 
tareth.  Aiitnreth),  and,  incorrectly,  Ashtoroth  (Atihtaroth),  a 
plural  form  of  Ashtoreth. 

Mooned  Afiktaroth, 
Heaven's  queen  and  mother  both. 

Milton,  Nativity,  1.  200. 
With  these  in  troop 
Came  Astoreth,  whom  the  I'lucriicians  call'd 
Astarte,  queen  of  heaven,  with  crescent  horns. 

ililtoH,  P.  L.,  i.  439. 

2.  The  moon. 

Astarte'B  bediamonded  crescent, 
Distinct  with  its  duplicate  horn. 

Poe,  Ulalume. 
23 


353 

3.  [Nil.]  A  genus  of  bivalve  shells,  formerly  of 
great  extent  and  referred  to  a  family  Cyprinida:, 
now  restricted  and  made 
the  type  of  a  family  Astar- 
lidir. 
A8tartidae(as-tar'ti-de),  H. 
pi.     [NL.,  <  Astarte,  3,  + 
-id(c.'\    In  some  systems  of 
zoological  classification,  a 
family    of    dimyarian    bi- 
valves, with    solid   equal 
valves,   an   e.xtemal   liga- 
ment, cardinal  teeth,  and 
also  lateral  teeth  on  each         yinan,  sulcata. 
valve,  the  pallial  line  en- 
tire, the  muscular  scars  ovate,  and  a  distinct 
pedal  scar  above  the  anterior  muscular  one. 
The    typical   species    are 
cliiclly  itdiabitants  of  the 
northern  seas,  but  mem- 
bers of  the  same  family  are 
found  in  most  other  seas. 

Astasia  (as-ta'si-a), 
n.  [NL.,<Gr. diTTaffia, 
imsteadiness,  incon- 
stancy, <  aoTaroc,  un- 
steady: see  astatic.'] 
A  genus  of  eustoma- 
tous  flagellate  infuso- 
riaiis,  tyjiical  of  the 
fatmly  Astasiida',  hav- 
ing a  distinct  tubular 
pharynx.  It  contains  such  species  as  A.  tri- 
chnphora,  fotrnd  in  marsh-water. 

astasiid  (as-tas'i-id),  n.  An  infusorian  of  the 
family  Astasiidm. 

Astasiidae  (as-ta-si'i-de),  n.  ])l.  [NL.,<  Astasia 
+  -((/«■.]  A  family  of  animalcules,  mostly  free- 
swimming,  exceedingly  plastic  and  variable  in 
form,  bearing  a  single  terminal  flagellimi,  and 
having  the  oral  aperture  distinct  and  the  endo- 
plasm  colorless. 

astatet,  "•     -An  obsolete  form  of  estate. 

astatic  (as-tat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  auTa-oc,  not  stand- 
ing still,  unstable,  unsteady,  <  d-priv.  +  araToc, 
verbal  adj.  of  (crrdfaf,  stand:  see  a-^^a,nd static] 
1 .  Unstable  ;  unsteady. 

The  house  was  rested,  at  each  of  its  piers,  upon  a  hand- 
ful of  cast-iron  shot,  each  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter.   By  this  means  the  building  has  been  made  astatic. 
Pup.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  666. 

Hence — 2.  In  phys.,  having  no  tendency  to 
take  a  definite  (fLxed)  position  ;  without  direc- 
tive power  :  used  especially  of  a  magnetic  nee- 
dle whose  directive  property  has  been  neutral- 

(»_  ized.    A  needle  may 

^-  ^^■^^■^g^gyy—  '^    be    rendered    astatic 

in  various  ways,  but 
most  simply  Ity  the 
pro.\imity  of  another 
needle  of  the  same  in- 
tensity fixed  parallel 
to  it,  atui  with  the 
pnU-s  reversed,  the 
nortli  jinlr  c.f  the  one 
bein'„'  adjacent  to  the 
Boutli  pole  of  the 
other.  In  this  po»i- 
tion  the  needles  neu- 
tralize each  other, 
and  are  therefore  uu- 
alfected  by  the  mag- 
netism of  the  earth, 
though  they  are  still 
subjei't  to  the  influ- 
ence of  an  electric  current  properly  situated.  Such  nee- 
dles were  formerly  employed  in  the  electric  telegraph,  and 
they  form  an  essential  part  of  the  astatic  galvanometer. 
astatically  (as-tat  i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  astatic 
manner. 
astaticism (as-tat'i-sizm),  11.  [<  a.^tatic  +  -istti.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  astatic. 

The  nominal  sensitiveness  of  a  galvanometer  can  be  in- 
creased to  any  extent  by  increasing  the  astaticism  of  the 
needle.  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXXII.  90. 

astatize  (as'ta-tiz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  astati::cd. 
pjir.  <istati:i»y.  [<  astat-ic  +  -ice.]  To  render 
astatic. 

The  deflexion  of  a  properly  astatized  needle  suspended 
inside  the  globe.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XV.  267. 

astatizer  (as'ta-ti-zer),  n.  A  device  for  ren- 
dering the  needle  of  a  galvanometer  astatic. 

astay  (a-sta'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  aS 
+  stay^.]  Xaut.,  said  of  the  anchor  when,  in 
heaving  in,  the  cable  forms  such  an  angle  with 
the  surface  of  the  water  as  to  appear  to  bo  in  a 
line  with  the  stays  of  the  ship. 

asteatodes  (as-te-a-to'dez).  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  aTearuSijc,  like  tallow  or  fat,  <  ariafi 
{(rrear-),  tallow  or  fat,  +  cMof,  form.]  Same  as 
asteatosis. 

asteatosis  (as-te-a-to'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  artafi  (orear-),  tallow  or  fat,  -1-  -osis.] 


Z-J' 

Astatic  Needles. 


asteriated 

In  pathol,,  defective  secretion  of  sebaceous 
matter  by  the  glands  of  the  skin. 

asteer  (a-ster'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  <i.  [Se., 
=  astir,  q.  v.]  In  or  into  a  state  of  stir;  stir- 
ring.    [Scotch.] 

asteism  (as'te-izm),  }(.  [<  Gr.  aarcia/id^,  clever 
talk,  <  aarciCenffai,  talk  cleverly,  <  dcfTOof,  clever, 
witty,  lit.  of  the  town,  <  aarv,  town.     Cf.  civil, 

<  L.  civis,  a  citizen  ;  urbane,  <  L.  urbs,  a  city.] 
In  rhet.,  polite  irony;  a  jjolite  and  ingenious 
manner  of  deriding  another. 

astel  (as'tel),  n.  [<  ME.  asttUc,  <  OP.  astelle  = 
Pr.  astela,  <  L.  "astclki,  for  astuin,  a  form  of 
assula,  a  thin  board,  a  shingle,  dim.  of  assis,  a 
board:  see  ashler.]  A  ceiling  of  boards  over- 
head in  a  mining-ilrift,  designed  to  protect  the 
men  when  at  work  from  falling  rocks.     [Eng.] 

asterl  (as'ter),  w.  [L.,  <  Gr.  acTi/ji,  a  star  (also 
a  plant,  prob.  Aster  Atticus ;  cf.  aarpov  (>  L.  as- 
trum),  a  star,  a  constellation,  usually  in  pi. 
aarpa,  the  stars),  =  E.  star,  q.  v.]  If.  A  star. 
[Rare.] — 2.  A  plant  of  the  genua  Aster. — 3. 
[cap.']  [NL.]  A  large  genus  of  plants,  natural 
order  Composita;  natives  of  Europe.  Asia,  and 
America,  but  chiefly  of  North  America,  about 
120  species  occurring  in  the  United  States. 
They  are  mostly  perennial,  flowering  in  late  sunnner  and 
autumn,  on  which  accotmt  they  are  often  called  in  Eng- 
land Michaelmas  or  Christmjia  daisies.  The  ray-flowers 
vary  from  white  to  lilac-blue  or  purple,  the  center  being 
yellow,  changing  sometimes  to  piu'ple.  ilany  of  the  spe- 
cies resemble  one  another  closely,  and  in  no  genus  is  the 
satisfactory  determination  of  the  sjiecies  more  difficult. 
4.  A  name  of  j)lanls  of  sonic  allied  genera,  as 
the  Cape  aster  (Af/athtea  amrlloides),  the  China 
aster  {Callistcphus  Chiucnsi.i),  the  false  aster 
(Boltonia),  the  golden  aster  (Chrysopsis),  and 
the  white-topped  aster  (•Sericocarpu.^).  —  5.  In 
bioL,  a  karyokinetic  figure  intervening  in  time 
between  the  rosette  and  the  diaster  during  the 
changes  in  the  nucleus  of  a  cell.  See  diaster 
and  liuryokiuesis. 

Aster^  (as'ter),  n.     In  ornith.,  same  as  Astur. 

-aster.  [L.  -aster,  dim.  sufEx,  as  in  parasitaster, 
a  bit  of  a  parasite,  Antoniaster,  a  little  Antony, 
oleaster,  wild  olive,  piuaster,  wild  pine,  surdaster, 
deafish,  etc.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  forming 
contemptuous  diminutives,  as  in  criticaster, 
poetaster.  It  occurs  •without  recognized  dimin- 
utive force  m  pinaster,  oleaster  (which  see). 

Asteracanthildae  (as'te-ra-kan-thi'i-de),  H.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Astcructinthion  -(-  -ida'.]  A  family  of 
ordinary  starfishes,  of  the  order  Asteroidea. 

Asteracanthion(as''te-ra-kan'thi-on),  H.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  dcri/p,  a  star,  -(-  dnavtia,  a  spine.]  A  genus 
of  starfishes,  typical  of  the  family  Asteracan- 
thiidce.  A.  rubens  is  a  common  British  species. 
the  "  five-finger  "  of  the  oystermen. 

Asteracanthus  (as'te-ra-kan'thus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  darr/p,  a  star,  -i-  Imavda,  a  spine.]  A  genus 
of  placoid  fossil  fishes,  occurring  in  the  OiiUte 
and  Lias  formations. 

Asteracese  (as-te-ra'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Astcr\ 
3,  -I-  -acew.]     Same  as  Compo.sita:. 

asteria(as-te'ri-a),H.  [L.,<Gr.  dor^p,  astar.  Cf. 
Asterias.]  A  variety  of  sapphire,  not  perfectly 
transparent,  but  showing,  when  cut  round,  a 
stellar  opalescence  in  the  direction  of  the  verti- 
cal a-xis  of  the  crystal.     Also  called  oculus  cati. 

Asteriadae  (as-te-ri'a-de),  H.  pi.  [KL.,  <  Aste- 
rias, 1,  +  -adw.]  i.  Same  as  Asteriidw. — 2. 
Some  other  and  major  group  of  starfishes. 

asterial  (as-te'ri-al),  a.     [<  Gr.  aaripwc,  starry. 

<  aarr/p,  a  star.]  "Relating  to  or  connected  with 
the  stars. 

If  the  deep  learn'd  asterial  quacks 
Paint  Time  U»  life  in  almanacks. 
He  has  on  brow  a  lock  of  hair. 
But  all  his  head  beside  is  bare. 

T.  Ward,  England's  Reformation,  p.  298. 

asterialite  (as-te'ri-a-Ut),  «.  [<  Asterias,  1,  -I- 
-lite.]     A  fossil  starfish. 

Asterias  (as-to'ri-as),  «.  [NL..  <  L.  asterias,  < 
Gr.  darepiac,  a  fish,  Mt.  starry,  <  dcrr^p,  a  star.] 
1.  The  genus  of 
starfishes  which 
is  typical  of  the 
family  Asterii- 
(te.— 2.  [I.  c] 
In  ornith.,  an 
old  and  disused 
name  of  the  gos- 
hawk, goose- 
hawk,  or  star- 
hawk.  See  As- 
tur. 

asteriated    (as- 
te'ri-a-ted),      a. 

[<     Gr.     dartptoq,  Comnion  starfish  IMtlrrial/iriatl. 


asteriated 

starry,  +  -ate^  +  -ff/-'.]  Kxliibiting  the  prop- 
erty of  asterism:  as,  asteriated  sapphire.  See 
(i.slirism,  4. 

asterid  (as'te-rid),  «.  l<  Jstchda-.']  A  starfish; 
a  member  of  the  genus  Asterias,  or  family  Js- 
teriirhe,  or  some  other  di^nsion  of  tlie  order  As- 
teriiiiUa.    Also  called  astcriilaii  and  asteridian. 

Asterida  (as-ter'i-dii),  «.  p!.  [NL.,  <  Asterias,  1, 
+  -«/(/.]  In  Gegeiibaxir's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, an  order  of  the  chiss  Asteroida,  including 
the  tyjiical  starfishes. 

Asterid»(as-tcr'i-de),  Ji.;)/.  [KL.,<.  Asteriat:,  1, 
+  -/(/((•.]  1.  Same  s.a  Asteriida: — 2.  Some  su- 
pt'rfamily  jji-oup  of  starfishes,  more  or  less  ex- 
actly equivalent  to  AsterokJea  (which  see). 

asteridan  (as-ter'i-dan),  II.     Same  as  astcrid. 

Asteridea  (as-te-rid'e-ii),  H. pi.  [NL.,<  Asterias, 
1,  +  -idea.^  A  superfamUy  group  of  starfishes, 
(a)  More  or  less  nearly  the  same  as  an  order  Asteroideaf 
distinguishing  the  stai-fishes  collectively  from  other  echi- 
n(tderms.  (h)  More  or  less  nearly  the  same  as  a  class 
Astcrmitea  or  Stelleritia,  distinguishing  the  starfishes  and 
sand-stai-s  (ophiurians)  together  from  other  echinoderms. 

asteridian  (as-te-rid'i-an),  n.  and  a.     [<  asterid 
+  -(((«.]     I.  n.   Same  as  asterid. 
II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Asteriida. 
The  asteridian  affinities  of  the  class  [Brachiopoda]  have 
heen  hinted  at  by  King.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  iss. 

asteriid  (as-te'ri-id),  n.  A  starfish  of  the  fam- 
ily Asteriida:. 

Asteriidse  (as-te-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aste- 
rias, 1,  +  -idcc.'i  A  family  of  echinoderms,  of 
the  order  Asteroidea, 

Mtefof^tttP  s}^      ^^-/f^^^MlLm^ 
rida,  represented  by     }f_j  \  \ 

such  genera  as  As-  /■ — >  ^/\5^  a  kJ 
terias  or  Astropecten 
and  Luidia,  having 
four  rows  of  pedi- 
cellate feet  in  each 
ray.  Also  Asteridcc, 
and,  less  correctly, 
Asteriada:. 

Asterina    (as-te-ri'- 
na),  n.     [NL.,  <!  Gr. 

dar^p,  a  star,  4-  -ina.l  The  typical  genus  of 
starfishes  of  the  family  Asterinidce.  A.  gibbosa 
is  the  gibbous  starlet. 

Asterina  is  a  large  genus,  almost  world-wide  in  its  dis- 
tribution. The  skeleton  is  formed  of  imbricated  or  over- 
lapping and  notched  ossicula.     Stand.  Xat.  Hist.,  I.  I.i9. 


Cross-section  of  ray  ai  Asterias 

aurantiacus. 
a,  a,  ambulacral  or  vertebral  os- 
sicles; *.  adambulacral ;  c,  c,  margi- 
nal ossicles :  d,  paxillas  upon  antam- 
bulacral  surface. 


354 

asterism  (as'te-rizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  amepmiiiq,  a 
marking  with  stars,  a  constellation,  <  aoTipii^civ, 
mark  with  stars,  <  aaTi/p,  a  star,  =  E.  star.'\  1. 
A  group  of  stars :  formerly  equivalent  to  con- 
stellation, but  now  api]ropriateil  to  any  small 
cluster  of  stars,  whether  a  jiart  of  a  constella- 
tion or  not. 

All  set  in  number  and  in  perfect  form, 
Even  like  the  Asterisintf  fl.xd  in  heaven. 

Chapman,  Blind  Beggar. 

Any  one  who  studies  the  heavens  will  recognize  the  fact 
that  the  larger  constellations  have  been  robbed  of  their 
just  proportions  to  form  the  smaller  asteri^im. 

R.  A.  Proctor,  Light  Science,  p.  335. 

2.  An  asterisk,  or  mark  of  reference.  [Rare.] 
— 3.  Three  asterisks  placed  thus,  *„*,  or  thus, 
,*, ,  before  a  passage,  to  direct  attention  to  it. 
— 4.  An  optical  property  exhibited  by  some 
crystallized  minerals  which  show  a  star-shaped 
luminous  figure  when  -viewed  by  reflected  light, 
as  the  asteriated 

light,  as  some  kinds  of  phlogopite.  in  the  former 
case  it  is  due  to  certain  peculiarities  of  internal  structure, 
in  the  latter  to  the  inclusion  of  symmetrically  arranged 
acicular  crystals. 

astern  (a-stern'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
((3  -I-  ster'n^.}  1.  At  or  toward  the  hinder  part 
of  a  ship:  as,  to  go  astern. — 2.  Behind,  at  any 
indefinite  distance:  as,  the  ship  was  far  astern 
of  us. 

Captain  Terry  .  .  .  put  oil  in  his  boat  at  sunset  for  his 
ship,  which  was  now  six  or  eight  miles  astern. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  36. 

3.  In  the  direction  of  the  stem;  backward; 
back;  to  the  rear:  said  of  a  sliip:  as,  the  cur- 
rent drove  us  far  astern — To  back  astern,  to  move 
stern  foremost ;  go  astern :  said  of  a  ship.— To  be  astem 
of  the  reckoning,  to  be  behind  the  position  given  for  a 
vessel  by  the  reckoning.—  To  fall  astern.    See  /all. 

asternal  (a-ster'nal),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -I- 
oTcpvov,  sternum.]  1.  Havingno  sternum  or 
breast-bone,  as  a  serpent. 


asthma 

terinida,  GoniaMeridir.  Linekiidte,  and  Atteriidee,  or  the 
Btarflshes  proper  as  distinguished  from  the  sand-stars  and 
other  echinoderms  of  the  class  Stetlerida  (which  see). 
They  have  a  coriaceous  skin,  in  which  are  implanted  s)niies 
or  tubercles.  'J'he  body  is  expanded  into  arms,  tlie  under 
surface  of  whicli  is  marked  with  grooves,  ratliating  from 
the  cent<'r,  and  pierced  with  rows  of  holes,  whence  issue 
tentacular  feet,  by  means  of  wljieh  tiie  animals  move. 
Most  have  5  arms  or  rays,  but  some  have  more,  varying 
from  8  to  30.  They  have  the  power  of  reproducing  these 
arms  if  they  are  broken  off ;  and  if  an  entire  arm,  with  a 
sm.tll  portion  of  the  body  attached  to  it,  is  torn  off,  it  forms 
a  new  and  perfect  animal.  The  mouth  is  in  the  inferior 
center  of  the  rays,  is  not  provided  with  teeth,  and  leads 
by  a  short  gullet  into  a  large  stomach,  from  which  a  pair 
of  lateral  tubes  are  prolonged  into  each  ray.  A  distinct 
intestine  and  anus  may  or  may  not  be  present.  The  ani- 
mals feed  chiefly  on  moliusks. 

2.  A  class  of  echinoderms,  containing  the 
sand-stars  or  ophiurians  together  with  the 
starfishes,  and  more  or  less  exactly  equivalent 
to  StelUrida  (which  see). — 3.  Same  as  Alcy- 
onaria. 


sapphire,  or  by  transmitted  Asterolepis  (as-te 
ds  of  phlogopite.    In  the  former     ??"/^'  ^  ^*'^?'  +    ,^ 


■rol'e-pis),    n. 


/.e-i^,  a  scale.] 
A  genus  of  gi- 
gantic primi- 
tive fishes,  now 
found  only  in  a 
fossil  state  in 
the  Old  Red 
Sandstone. 
From  their  re- 
mains it  would 
seem  that  these 
fishes  must  some- 
times    have     at- 


I.  hyoid  plate  of  Asterotefiis,  1.9th  natural 


tained  the  length  nf^aT'size^™'  "'^^°  °'  ""'""^  ''""'■  '""^ 

One   of 


asterinid  (as-ter'i-nid),«, 
ily  Asterinida. 
Asterinidae  (as-te-rin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  As- 
terina -f-  -/(?(['.]  A  family  of  starfishes,  contain- 
ing the  starlets  of  the  genera  Asterina,  Asteris- 
CKS,  Goniaster,  etc. 
asterion  (as-te 'ri-ou),  )).  [NL.,<  Gr.  aarepiog, 
neut.  aaripiov,  starry,  starlike,  <  aa-^p,  a  star.] 
In  atiat.,  the  point  where  the  lambdoid,  parie- 
tomastoid, and  occipitomastoid  sutures  of  the 
skull  meet. 
Asteriscus  (as-te-ris'kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aare- 
pinnoQ,  a  little  star:  see  asteri-sh.']  1.  A  genus 
of  starfishes,  of  the  i&\m\j  Asterinidre :  synony- 
mous with  Palmipes.  The  species  are  "known 
as  sea-stars.—  2.  [l.  c .]  An  otolith  lodged,  in 
most  fishes,  in  a  divertieuliuu  of  the  vestibule, 
beneath  the  ampulla  of  the  posterior  canal. 
asterisk  (as'te-risk),  «.  [<  LL.  asteriscus,  <  Gr. 
aty-epicKog,  a  little  star,  an  asterisk,  used  in 
manuscripts  to  mark  passages,  dim.  of  ogti/p,  a 
star:  see  aster'^.']  1.  The  figure  of  a  star  (*), 
used  in  printing  and  writing— («)  as  a  reference 
to  a  passage  or  note  in  the  margin;  (6)  to  dis- 
tinguish words  or  phrases  as  conjectural,  theo- 
retical, unverified,  obscure,  or  as  having  some 
other  specified  character;  (e)  to  mark  the  omis- 
sion of  words  or  letters ;  and  (rf)  arbitrarily,  as  a 
mark  of  classification.— 2.  Something  in  the 
shape  of  or  resembling  an  asterisk. 

The  lanthorn  is  in  the  centre  of  an  asterisk  of  glades 
cut  through  the  wood  of  all  the  country  round,  four  or 
five  m  a  quarter.  Roger  Korth,  Lord  Guilford,  I.  2oS. 

3.  In  the  Gi\  Ch.,  a  frame  consisting  of  two 
arches  of  metal,  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles,  placed  on  the  paten 
and  over  the  prepared  bread 
of  the  eucharist  to  prevent 
contact  with  the  covering 
veil. 

The  rj.<f.i;.si-  .   .   .  folds  and  un- 
I'Ms  for  the  jiuri'oseof  being  more 
niiiveniently  put  away.     Its  use  is 
Asterisk.  to  prevent  the  veil  of  the  disk  from 

disarranging  the  order  of  the  por- 
tions ;  Its  mystical  meaning  ...  is  the  star  which  led  the 
»  ise  Men  to  the  Infant  Saviour. 

J.  il.  Seale,  Eastern  Church,  L  350,  note. 


reaching  to  or  connected  with  the  sternum :  as, 
asternal  libs,  that  is,  floating  ribs,  ribs  which 
do  not  articulate  with  the  breast-bone. 

Asterodactylidse  (as"te-ro-dak-til'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Asterodactyliis  +  -ida:.^  A  family  of 
saUent  amphibians:  synonymous  with  Pi'pidw 
(which  see).  Also  Asterodactyloidce  and  Astro- 
dacti/Iida: 

Asterodactylus  (as'te-ro-dak'ti-lus), »(.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  aari/p,  a  star,  -1-  SaiiTv?.oi;,  finger.]    A  genus 


of  IS  or  20  feet 

asterophrydid   (as"te-rof'ri-did),   «. 
the  Asterojih  ri/didw. 

Asterophrydidae  (as"te-r9-frid'i-de),  n.  2>l. 

[XL.,  <  Asterophrys  +  -tda'.'}    A  family  of  ar- 

ciferous    salient    amphibians  with   maxillary 

[Rare.]  —  2.  Not    teeth,  dilated  sacral  diapophyses  (the  coeej-x 


being  connected  ■nith  one  or  two  condyles  "or 
sacral  vertebra?),  and  opisthoecelian  vertebrae. 
It  is  a  small  group  of  toad-like  animals. 

Asterophrys  (as-te-rof'ris),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aavi/p,  a  star,  +  o'(ppir,  eyebrow :  see  brow.'] 
A  genus  of  areiferous  amphibians  of  New 
Guinea,  typical  of  the  familv  Asterophrydidw. 

asterophyllite  (as  "te-ro-fil'it),  n.  [<  NL. 
AsteriiiiliiiUites.]  A  member  of  the  genus  Aste- 
riiphyllites 


A  starlet  of  the  f  am-     of  salient  amphibians :  synonymous  vrith  Pyw  Asterophyllites   (as'te-ro-fi-li'tez),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  aari/p,  a  star,  +" (pl'/./.ov,  a  leaf,  +  '/.idog. 
a  stone.]  A  genus  of  fossil  plants;  star-leaf: 
so  called  from  the  stellated  disposition  of  the 
leaves  around  the  branches.  They  abound  in  the 
coal-measures,  and  are  believed  to  be  the  branches  of  the 
II.  n.  1.  One  of  the  small  planets,  280  or  more  Jif'^f'"  ^  Cglamodendron. 
in  number,  between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  .Ju-  r'fJS"'^  ''v   ,  fi"      -"!'[■ 


(which  see) 

asteroid  (as'te-roid),  a.  and n.  [<  Gr.  cKjTepoeiii/c, 
star-like,  <  aari/p,  a  star,  -1-  fWof,  fonn.]  I.  a.  1. 
Star-Uke. — 2.  Having  a  flower  liie  that  of  an 
aster. 


piter:  more  accurately  esMed  pilaiietoids. 
2>lanetoid. — 2.  One  of  the  Asteroidea;  a  star- 
fish, in  a  wide  sense. 

Asteroida  (as-te-roi'da),  n.  J)?.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aare- 
poE((i^f,  star-like:  see  asteroid.']  1.  In  Gegen- 
baur's  system  of  classification,  a  class  of  echi- 
noderms, the  sea-stars  or  starfishes,  consisting 
of  the  orders  Asterida,  Brisinc/ida,  Ophiurida, 
and  Euryalida. —  2.  Same  as  Alcyonaria. 

asteroidal  (as-te-roi'dal),  a.  [<  asteroid  (or 
Asteroida)  +  -at.]  1^'  Resembling  a  star.  — 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  asteroids. — 3.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  starfishes. — 4.  Same  as  alcyonarian. 

Asteroidea  (as-te-roi'df-ii),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aarepotiSi/i;,  star-like:  see  asteroid.]  1.  An 
order  of  echinoderms,  the  starfishes:  so  call- 
ed from  their  star-like  form.    They  have  a  more  or 


^   "  asthenia  (as-the-ni'ii), 
V         weakness,  <  aadn-iic,  wi' 


Development  of  Asterid  L-ar^a;. 
W,  echinopasdium  of  the  form  called  bipjnnaria,  ventral  \-iew  ;  S. 
lateral  view :  C.  the  bipinnaria  showing  rudiment  of  the  starfish.  <i. 
mouth:  *,  esophagus:  <r,  stomach  :  (-'.intestine:  c.  anus:  jr>.  ven- 
tral and  dorsal  sides  of  anterior  end  of  body  ;  d,  d  ,  ciliated  bands : 
/(,  ca;cal  diverticulum,  forming  rudiment  of  the  ambulacral  system, 
opemng  externally  at  e- 

less  lobed  or  pentagonal  disk  ;  lobes  continuous  with  the 
disk,  receiving  prolongations  of  the  \iscera,  and  bearing 
tube-feet  with  suckers,  as  locoinotory  organs  ;  anti  an 
aboral  madreporic  body,  'i'hc  group  includes  several 
families,  as  Brisinyida,  Pteraateridoe,  Astropectinida:,  As. 


n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aaBheia, 
without  strength,  <  a-  priv. 
-I-  cdhog,  strength.]  1.  In  pathoL,  debility; 
want  of  strength.  Also  astheny. —  2.  leap.]  In 
cool.,  a  genus  of  insects. 

asthenic  (as-theu'ik),  o.  [<  Gr.  oadevtKdc,  weak, 
<.aa$[rr/g:  see  asthenia.]  Of  the  nature  of  as- 
thenia ;  characterized  by  or  suffering  from  as- 
thenia or  debility ;  weak. 

asthenologyt  (as-the-nol'o-ji),  K.  [<  Gr.  aaBe- 
v'/C,  weak  (see  asthenia),  +  -7.oyia,<.  Akycw,  speak: 
see  -ology.']  The  doctrine  of  diseases  connected 
with  debility. 

asthenopia  (as-the-no'pi-a),  n.  [NL,,  <  Gr.  aadc- 
viic,  weak  (see  asthenia),  +  uii){uir-),  eye.]  Weak- 
ness of  the  eyes.  Two  forms  are  especially  important : 
(rt)  accommodative  asthenopia,  which  is  the  result  of  the  ex- 
haustion of  the  ciliarj*  muscle,  as  in  hypermetropia :  and 
(b)  mti.scular  asthenopia,  which  is  the  result  of  some  ex- 
haustion of  the  external  muscles  of  the  eye,  usually  the 
internal  rectus. 

asthenopia  (as-the-nop'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to, 
resembling,  or  suffering  from  asthenopia. 

i'or  reading,  the  manifest  hypermetropia  should  be  cor- 
rected, the  strength  of  the  glasses  being  increased  as  often 
as  asthenopic  sj-mptoms  reappear. 

Enc!K.  Brit.,  XVU.  7S5. 

Asthenurus  (as-the-nu'ms),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aaOtvi/c,  weak  (see  asthenia).  -(-  oipa,  tail.]  1. 
In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  woodpeckers:  siiniony- 
mous  with  Picumnus.  Stcainson,  1827.— 2.  In 
ichth..  a  genus  of  fishes. 

astheny  (as'the-ni),  n.     Same  as  asthenia,  1. 

asthma  (ast'mii  oras'ma),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  astma.  asma.  <  ME.  dsnia.  asmy.  <  ML.  a.tnia, 
asthma, (.  Gr.  aodua,  asthma,  panting.<  dCf"',  also 
aaZttv,  aldCecv,  breathe  hard,  jiant.  <  affvat  {'Faf/- 
vai),  breathe,  blow,  =  Goth.  «<!i(i«  =  AS.  lodican 
=  OHG.  iidjan.  MHG.  utrjen.  G.  irehen  =  8kt. 
V  va,  blow.    From  the  same  root,  in  Gr.,  come 


asthina 

air\  aura,  aula,  atmo-,  etc.,  and  in  Teut.,  loiinP, 
q.  v.]  A  paroxysmal  disorder  of  rcspiniUoii, 
cbavaeterized  bj'  labored  brcatliiiifc,  Bibilaiit 
rales,  a  foeliug  oi'  constriction  in  the  chest,  and 
COU^h.  The  essential  feature  of  the  attiicks  is  tho  coii- 
traetion  of  the  lironchial  tiUies  throujih  spasm  of  tlie  mus- 
cles in  their  walls.  The  name  is  sonietinu-s  loosely  applied 
to  other  liyspuijeic  conditions. — Hay  astluna.  Same  as 
hail  j>n-r  (winch  see). 
asthmatic  (ast-  or  as-mat'ik),  n.  and  n.  [<  li. 
agtIiiiKi liens, i  Gr.  aaOtiaTiKoi;,  <  a<j0/ia{T-),  asthina: 
see  a.-ithina.']  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  asthma: 
as,  asthmatic  symptoms. —  2.  .iVffected  by  asth- 
ma: as,  an  nsWiHirtf/c  patient. 

lie  reads  from  paper  and  book, 
In  .1  low  and  husky  asthmatic  tone. 

WhiHier,  Demon  of  the  Study. 

II.  ".  .\  person  troubled  with  asthma. 

asthmatical  (ast-  or  as-mat'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  fisthtiHftic. 

asthmatically  (ast-  or  as-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  asthmatic  manner;  as  an  astlimatic. 

Asthmatos  (ast'ma-tos),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  da0- 
iU«(7-),  panting,  astluna:  see  asthma.']  A  ge- 
nus of  eiliotiagellate  infusorians,  having  at  the 
anterior  end  a  single  flagellum  in  the  midst 
of  a  circlet  of  cilia.  A.  cltiaris  is  found  in  the  mucus 
of  the  nose  in  cases  of  hay  fever,  and  is  supposed  to  cause 
the  complaint. 

astichous  (as'ti-kus),  a.  [<  NL.  astich)i.<!,  <  Gr. 
<i-  |ii-iv.  -I-  071  xor,  a  row.]  In  hot.  and  zoiiL,  not 
arrangi'd  in  ranks  or  rows. 

astigmatic  (as-tig-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  aTi)!ia(r-),  a  point,  -f-  -ic:  see  a-^^,  stigma, 
and  stiffmatic]  Pertaining  to  or  exhibiting 
astigmatism. 

astigmation  (as-tig-ma'shon),  n.  Same  as 
astifiiiiatism. 

astigmatism  (as-tig'ma-tizm),  ».  [Also  astig- 
iiiisiii,  q.  V. ;  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -t-  cTiyua(T-),  a  point, 
-1-  -is>ii.'\  1.  In  ophthal.,  a  defect  in  the  refrac- 
tive apparatus  of  the  eye,  the  curvature  of  the 
refracting  sui-faces  being  greater  along  certain 
meridians  than  along  others,  so  that  rays  of 
light  proceeding  from  an  external  point  do  not 
converge  to  a  point  upon  the  retina,  but  to  a 
line. —  2.  A  similar  defect  in  a  lens. 

astigmism  (as-tig'mizm),  H.  [See  astigmatism, 
which  is  "  etjTuologically  the  better  word," 
notwithstanding  the  extract.]  Same  as  astig- 
matism. 

The  late  eminent  scholar,  Dr.  'Whewell,  who  had  origi- 
nally suggested  the  word  astigmatism,  .  .  .  approves  of 
astigmmn  as  being  etymologically  the  better  word. 

Quoted  in  X.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  344. 

astigmometer  (as-tig-mom'e-ter),  n.  [<  astig- 
mintisiii)  +  Gr.  iihpov,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  astigmatism. 

Zehender  describes  a  new  astig-mometer,  cousisting  of 
two  pasteboard  tubes,  one  of  which  fitted  into  the  other 
and  could  I'C  revolved  ai'ound  its  long  axis. 

N.  Y.  Med.  Jour..  XL.  218. 

astigmometry  (as-tig-mom'e-tri),  n.  [<  astig- 
ni{atism )  +  Gr.  -uc-pia, <  uerpov,  a  measure.]  The 
measurement  of  astigmatism. 

astipulatet  (as-tip'u-lat),  v.  [<  L.  astipidatm, 
pp.  (if  (islijiidari,  iidstipidari,  agree  with,  <  ad, 
to,  +  slipi(l{(ri,  stipulate:  see  stijiulate.']  1,  in- 
trans.  To  make  a  stipulation  ;  agi'ee. 

All,  but  an  hateful  Epicurus,  have  astipidntcd  to  this 
truth.  Bp.  Hall,  Invisible  World,  ii.  §  1. 

II,  tnins.  To  assent  or  agree  to. 
astipulationf  (as-tip-u-lii'shon), «.  [<L.  astijui- 
latiti(ii-),  <  astipidari,  adstipulari,  agi-ee  with: 
see  astipulalc.'\    1.  Agreement;  concurrence. 

Gracing  himself  .  .  .  with  the  astipulation  of  our  rev- 
erend Jewell.  Bp.  Hall,  Honour  of  Married  Clergy,  ii.  §  S. 
2.  Assent. 
astir  {B,-steT' ),  pre}),  plir.  as  adv.  or  a.  [=  So. 
nsteer,  earlier  on  steir ;  <  a^  +  stir.']  On  the 
stir;  on  the  move;  stirring;  active. 

For  the  Nantes  youth,  the  .\ngers  youth,  all  Brittany 
was  astir.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I,  iv.  -1. 

Permeated  and  tinged  and  all  astir  with  the  princiiile 
of  equality.  R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  U>2. 

Astoma  (as'to-ma),  n.  [NXi,,  fem.  sing,  or 
neut.  pi.  of  astomus,  <  Gr.  aurofio^,  mouthless: 
%ee  astomous.]  1.  [NL.,  fem.  sing.]  A  spuri- 
ous genus  of  mites,  the  six-legged  larval  form 
of  acarines  of  the  family  Trombidiida:,  retained 
as  a  distinctive  name  of  this  stage. —  2.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.]  In  Cu\'ler's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, a  general  name  for  those  aealephs  or  me- 
di:s!D  which  have  no  central  mouth,  no  rami- 
fications of  tho  peduncle,  and  no  cavities  for 
the  ovaries.     [Not  in  use.] 

Astomata  (as-to'ma-ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  jil. 
of  (isloiiiatus :  see  aitomatoiis.~]  That  one  of  tho 
two  gi'Dups  into  which  the  Protozoa  are  divitled, 
with  reference  to  the  presence  or  absence  of  a 


355 

mouth,  in  which  the  mouth  is  wanting.  The 
group  cfimprises  two  classes,  Grcgarinida  and 
ltlii::oiio(lii.     ,Seo  I'rotozou. 

astomatous  (as-to'ma-tus),  a.  [<  NL.  astoma- 
(«.v,  <  (ir.  11- priv. -f  ofo/ia(T--),  mouth.]  1.  Not 
possessing  a  mouth;  specifically,  belonging  or 
pertaining  to  the  Astomata. — 2.  In  liot.,  with- 
out an  aperture;  specifically,  without  stomata 
or  breathing-pores. 

astomous  ( as'to-mus),  (I.  [<  NL.  astomus,  <  Gr. 
uoro/zoi;,  mouthicss,  <  a-  priv.  +  ard/xa,  mouth.] 
Without  a  stoma  or  mouth;  astomatous:  ap- 
plied to  mosses  in  which  tho  capsule  does  not 
open  regidarly  by  an  operculum,  but  biu'sts  ir- 
regularly, as  in  Phasciim  and  its  allies.  A.  Gray. 

astont,  astonet,  astunt,  v.  t.   [<  ME.  astonen,  as- 

tittii  II,  iistiiiiiicn,  astoiintn  (later  and  rarely  as- 
toijiw),  also  astonicn,  astiuiicn  (whence  later  and 
mod.  astony,  q.  v.,  and  by  extension  astonish,  q. 
V. ),  oftenest  in  thej)p.  astoncd,  astuncd,  astouncd 
(whence  in  mod.  E.  a  new  iiif.  astound,  q.  v.), 
also  astonicd  (see  astony) ;  of  uncertain  origin : 
cither  (1)  in  the  earlier  normal  form  *astiinicn, 
<  AS.  'dstiinian  (not  found),  <  a-  +  slunian,  re- 
sound (not  verified  in  the  later  sense  of  'stun 
with  a  noise,'  stun  in  this  sense  being  possibly 
by  apheresis  from  astun);  cf.  Swiss  stunen,  > 
NHG.  stauncn  (in  comp.  crstauncn  =  AS.  *dstu- 
nianl),  astonish;  or  (2)  <  OF.  estoncr,  cstuncr, 
estonncr,  mod.  F.  etonncr,  stxm,  astonish,  <  L. 
as  if  "extonare,  equiv.  to  attonare,  chiefly  in  pp. 
attonitus,  strike  with  a  thunderbolt,  stun,  as- 
tonish, <  fj,  out  (arf,  to),  +  toHO/r,  thunder:  see 
o«-3,  CX-,  and  thunder.  The  indications  point 
to  an  orig.  AS.  word,  merged  in  ME.  with  tho 
etymologically  different  but  formally  and  no- 
tionally  equiv.  OF.  word.  The  forms  aston, 
astone,  astun,  astony,  astonish,  and  astound  are 
thus  variations  of  the  same  word.  The  normal 
mod.  form  is  astun  (a-stun'),  or  with  fm'ther  de- 
velopment astound,  the  only  form,  besides  «.s- 
toHi's/i,  in  actual  use.]  To  confound;  astonish; 
amaze;  bewilder;  dismay.  Chaucer. 
On  the  solid  ground 
He  fell  rebounding  breathless,  and  astunn'd 
His  trunk  extended  lay. 

SomerviUe,  Hobbinol,  ii.  3S4. 

astoniednesst,  n.  [<  astonicd  +  -ncss.]  The 
state  of  being  astonished. 

astonish  (a-ston'ish),  !■.  t.  [First  in  early  mod. 
E. ;  either  <  aston,  astone,  or  astony,  ■+■  -ish'^^, 
used  (as  in  distinguish  and  extinguish)  in  imita- 
tion of  words  like  abolish,  banish,  cherish,  etc., 
where  -ish  represents  -iss-  in  certain  parts  of 
F.  verbs ;  or  perhaps  from  an  actual  OF.  *eston- 
nir('cstomss-),  indicated  in  estonissemcnt,  aston- 
ishment (Palsgrave).]  If.  To  stun,  as  with  a 
blow;  benumb;  give  a  stupefying  shock  to. 

Or  as  a  thunder-elap,  or  cannons'  noyse, 
The  power  of  hearing  doth  astonish  quite. 

Sir  J.  Dames,  Immortal,  of  Soul. 
Tlie  knaves  that  lay  in  wait  behind  rose  up  and  rolled 
down  two  huge  stones,  whereof  the  one  smote  the  king 
upon  the  head,  the  other  astonished  his  shoulder, 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  xlii.  l."",. 

2t.  To  stun  or  strike  dimib  with  sudden  fear; 

confound. 

It  is  the  part  of  men  to  fear  and  ti-emble, 
When  the  most  mighty  gods,  by  tokens,  send 
Such  tlreadful  heralds  to  astonish  us. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  3. 

3.  To  strike  or  impress  with  wonder,  surprise, 
or  admiration ;  sm^jrise ;  amaze. 

Thou  hast  astonisli'd  me  with  thy  high  terms. 

Shale.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

The  student  of  Nature  wonders  the  more  and  is  aston- 
ished the  less,  the  more  conversant  he  becomes  with  her 
operations.  Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  IJOO. 

What  shall  we  say  of  the  ocean  telegraph,  th.at  exten- 
sion of  the  eye  and  ear,  whose  sudden  performance  aston- 
ished mankind  ?  Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

=  S5T1.  3.  Surprise,  Amaze,  etc.  (see  surjirise);  startle, 
shock. 

astonishablet  (a-ston'ish-a-bl),  a.  [<  astonish 
+  -«/)/(.]     Astonishing. 

astonishedly  (a-ston'isht-li),  adv.  In  an  aston- 
ishcil  manner.     [Rare.] 

astonisher  (a-ston'ish-er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  astonishes. 

astonishing  (a-ston'ish-ing),  /).  a.  Causing  or 
fit  ted  to  catise  astonishment ;  amazing ;  wonder- 
ful. =  Svn.  Ani;izing.  surprising,  womlerful,  marvelous. 

astonishingly  (a-ston'ish-ing-li).  adv.  In  an 
astonisliing  manner;  to  an  astonishing  degree. 

astonishingness  (a-ston'ish-ing-nes),  «.  The 
([uality  of  exciting  astonishment.     [Kare.] 

astonishment  (a-ston'ish-ment),  n.  [<  aston- 
ish -^- -imnt.  Cf.  OF.  e«<o«i«sc«)<,'H( (Palsgrave).] 
1.  The  state  of  being  astonished,  (at)  The  »tate 
of  being  stunned  or  benumbed. 


Astraeacea 

A  coldness  and  astonish  mint  in  his  loins,  as  folk  say. 

Holland. 
(M)  Confusion  of  mind  from  sudden  fear  or  other  emo- 
tion ;  consternation. 

Astonishment  is  that  state  of  the  soul  in  which  all  its 
motions  are  suspended  with  some  degree  of  hoiTor. 

Burke,  Sublime  and  lieautiful. 
(ct)  Passion ;  excitement ;  frenzy. 

Furious  ever  I  knew  thee  to  be, 
Yet  never  in  this  strange  astonishment.      Spenser. 
(rf)  Great  suri>rise  or  wonder ;  amazement. 

We  found,  with  no  less  wonder  to  us  than  astonishment 
to  themselves,  that  they  were  the  two  valiant  and  famous 
brothers.  .fir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  A  cause  or  matter  of  consternation. 

Thou  Shalt  become  an  astonishment,  a  proverb,  and  a 
byword  among  all  nations.  Deut.  xxviii.  37. 

Those  imaged,  to  the  pride  of  kings  and  priests, 
A  dark  yet  mighty  faith,  a  power  as  wide 
As  is  the  world  it  wasted,  and  are  now 
But  an  astonishment. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  iii.  4. 

=  5yTl.  1.  Amazement,  admiration,  awe. 

astony  (as-ton'i),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  astonicd, 

ppr.  astonying.     [<  ME.  astonicn,  rarely  astu- 

nien:  see  aston.']     If.  To  stun,  as  with  a  blow. 

The  captain  of  the  Helots  .  .  .  strake  Palladias  uiKjn 
the  side  of  his  head  that  he  reeled  astonied. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  I.  23. 
2.  To  astonish  ;  terrify  ;  confotmd.  [Obsolete 
or  archaic] 

And  when  I  heard  this  thing,  I  rent  my  garment  and 

my  mantle,  .  .  .  and  sat  down  astonied.  Ezra  Ix.  3. 

Astonying  with  their  suddenness  both  their  friends  and 

.    their  enemies.  Knoltes. 

And  I  astonied  fell  and  could  not  pray.   Mrs.  Browning. 

astoret,  v.  t.     [<  ME.  astoren  (and  by  apheresis 

storen,  >  mod.  E.  store),  <  OF.  estorer,  estaurer, 

<  L.  instaurare,  repair,  renew:   see  instaura- 

tion  and  store.]     To  store ;  furnish  with  stores. 

Fid  riche  he  was  asiored  iirively. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  609. 

Astoreth  (as'to-reth),  n.     [See  Ashtoreth.] 

Same  as  Astarte. 
astoundt  (a-stound'),  p.  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
astoicn'd,  i  ME.  astouncd,  astoncd,  astuncd,  pp. 
of  astounen,  astonen,  astunen,  astonish :  see 
aston,  astony,  and  ef.  astound,  v.]  Astonished; 
confoimded.     See  aston. 

The  elf  therewith  astound 
Upstarted  lightly.  Spenser. 

astound  (a-stound'),  V.  [As  an  inf.  this  form 
is  late,  being  due  in  part  to  the  pp.  astound, 
asloiiiicd.  and  in  part  perhaps  to  the  frequent 
dissimilated  gemination  of  final  -n  into  -nd,  as 
in  .^ound  for  soun,  etc. ;  so  dial,  drownd  for 
droii-n,  pp.  drounded  for  drowned.]  I.  trans. 
To  astonish  greatly ;  strike  dumb  with  amaze- 
ment ;  amaze ;  alarm. 

These  thoughts  may  stai'tle  well,  but  not  astound 
The  virtuous  mind,  Milton,  Comus,  1,  210. 

In  the  architecture  and  embellishments  of  the  chamber, 
the  evident  design  had  been  to  dazzle  and  astound. 

Poe,  Tales,  1.  375. 
=  Syn.  .Surprise,  Astonish,  Antaze,  etc.  (see  stirprise);  con- 
found, stagger,  dumfounder,  stupefy,  shock. 

II.  inirans.  To  cause  astonishment ;  amaze; 
stun. 

The  lightnings  flash  a  larger  cui-ve,  and  more 

The  noise  astounds.  Thomson,  Summer,  1.  1138. 

astounding  (a-stoim'ding),  j;.  a.  Causing  or 
fitted  to  cause  siu'prise  or  wonder;  causing 
amazement;  highly  astonishing. 

The  third  is  your  soldier's  face,  a  menacing  andastound- 
ing  face.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Bevels. 

His  [Comte's]  astounding  self-conceit  was  more  akin  to 
that  which  may  be  seen  in  lunatic  asylums  than  to  any- 
thing which  is  known  to  have  been  manifested  by  persons 
in  a  state  of  health.  J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  142. 

astoundingly  (a-stouu'ding-li),  adv.  In  an 
astounding  or  amazing  manner;  amazingly. 

astoundment  (a-stound'ment),  n.  [<  astound 
+  -mcnt.]     Amazement.     [Rare.] 

To  the  astoundment  of  the  young  urchins,  my  contem- 
poraries. Lamb,  Old  Benchers. 

astraddle  (a-strad'l),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  a'-i  +  straddle:  see  straddle.]  In  a  straddling 
position ;  with  one  leg  on  each  side  of  some- 
thing; astride:  as,  to  sit  a.^traddlc. 

As'trsea  (as-tre'a),  «.  [<  L.  A.9tra:a,  <  Gr.  'Aff- 
rpoi'a,  the  goddess  of  justice,  lit.  starry,  fem.  of 
doTpaiof,  starry,  <  aarpov,  a  star:  see  astral.]  1. 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  sign  Virgo. — 
2.  The  5th  planetoid,  discovered  at  Driesen  by 
Henke  in  1S4.5. —  3.  [NL.]  In  zoiil.,  a  genus  of 
fixed  eoralligenous  zoophytes,  or  stone-corals, 
typical  of  the  family  Astrwida-,  or  star-corals. 
See  star-coral. 
Also  spelled  Astrea. 

Astrseacea  (as-trf-a'sf-a).  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  As- 
traa  +  -acea.]     In  Verrill's  system  of  classifi- 


^} 


Astragal  in  Greek  Architecture. 


Astrsacea 
cation,  the  third  suboidir  of  the  order  Madre- 

poraria.  Tlip  tchni.-Ml  ili«raitirs  arer  iicil>'ps  innstly 
coinpotind,  tithcr  I>y  llssjimiity  "v  viirioiis  nidtit'S  iif  lnul- 
diiiK:  U-ntacU's  usually  \\v\l  tlfvclniu'il.  lont.'.  sutM-yliudri- 
cal,  limitetl  in  nuinln-T,  in  multiples  cf  six.  t  luin-Iiiiu  the 
disk;  tlie  coral  nuiral,  SL-ptal,  and  I'Mdotlu-tal,  with  vciti- 
cal  and  centrifugal  yrowtli.  prndui-int;  tui-l'inatcd  forms 
which  are  often  elongate^!.  Tlic  families  referred  to  tlie 
order  as  tluis <leflned  are 8 :  Lillinpliiiltiila;  Miniulriiiidn; 
EiiJ<millulu;  Caniophylliiice,  SliiliiiMn;  Astra'ida',  Oculi- 
nhtir.  Stiitophorut(e.  Also  written  Antreacca. 
astraean  (as-tre'an),  a.  1.  See  astrean. — 2. 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  genus  Astrccti. 
Imbedded  in  the  base  of  this  cliff  of  coral  limestone 
were  two  ilome-shapeil  masses  of  Astra;an  coral. 

Trans,  lioy.  Soc.  Edin.,  XXXII.  558. 

astraeid  (as-tre'id),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Same  as 
astrwuii,  2. 

The  larKc  astrwid  and  brain  corals  imbedded  in  the  up- 
per portion  of  the  cliff-face  were  only  half  the  size  of  those 
imbedded  some  lo  or  20  feet  below. 

Trans,  limj.  Soc.  Edin.,  XXXII.  651. 
II.  V.  A  coral  of  the  tuTailj  Astra;id(r. 

Astraeidse  (as-tre'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Astrwa 
+  -/(?«■.]  A  family  of  aporose  scleroderma- 
tous stone-corals,  of  the  order  Sclerodermata, 
class  ActinoMa  ;  the  star-eorals :  so  called  from 
the  radiated  or  star-like  arrangement  of  their 
tentacles.  The  family  is  a  large  aiul  important  one, 
containing  several  genera,  the  animals  of  which  largely 
contribute  to  the  formation  of  coral  reefs.  Its  limits 
vary  witli  different  authors.     .\lso  spelled  Antreulte. 

astraeiform  (as-tre'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  NL.  Astrwa 
+  L.  forma,  form.]  Resembling  a  star-coral; 
having  the  characters  of  the  Astrwidw  or  star- 
corals:  as,  "  astraiform  in  shstpe,"  Encyc.  Brit., 
Vl.  383. 

astragal  (as'tra-gal),  n.  [<  astragalus,  q.  v.] 
1.  In  arch.:  (a)  A  small  convex  molding  cut 
into  the  form  of  a 
string  of  beads,  used  ,"  ^ 

in  classical  architec- 
ture, especially  in 
connection  with  the 
egg-and-dart  mold- 
ing and  between  the 
faces  of  fUfferent  pro- 
jection of  Ionic  and 
Corinthian  epistyle 
and  coffering  beams.  (6)  A  small  plain  convex 
molding,  usually  with  a  fiUet  beneath  it,  some- 
times between  two  fillets,  used  between  the 
capital  and  the  shaft  of  classic  orders,  except 
the  Greek  Doric,  and  in  many  other  positions 
in  classic,  medieval,  and  later  styles.  See  cut 
under  cotemji.  Also  called  ftenrf. — 2.  A  convex 
molding  encircling  a  cannon  near  the  mouth: 
not  present  on  modern  guns. — 3.  In  carp.,  one 
of  the  rabbeted  bars  which  hold  the  panes  of  a 
window. — 4.  In  aiiat.,  the  astragalus. 

astragalar  (as-trag'a-lar),  a.  [<  astragaJus  + 
-ar.']     Pertaining  to  the  astragalus. 

astragali,  «.     Plural  of  astragalus. 

Astragalinus  (as-trag-,a-li'nus),  «.  [NL.,  <  as- 
tragalus +  -inus.']  An  old  and  disused  name  of 
some  Em-opean  siskin,  linnet,  or  thistle-bird. 
In  1851  it  was  used  by  J.  Cabanis  as  a  genus  name  of  the 
American  goldfinches,  such  as  A.  trutis,  the  common  gold- 
finch or  thistle-bird  of  the  United  States,  A.  psaltria,  the 
Arliansas  goldflneh,  etc. 

astragalocalcanea,  «.  Plural  of  astragalocal- 
caneum. 

astragalocalcaneal(as-trag"a-16-kal-ka'nf-al), 
a.    Pertaining  to  the  astragalocalcaneum! 

astragalocalcaneum  (as-trag"a-16-kal-ka'ne- 
um),  «. ;  pi.  astragalocalcanea  (-a).  [<  astraga- 
lus -t-  calcaneum.'i  A  bone  of  the  tarsus  repre- 
senting both  the  astragalus  and  the  caleaneum, 
as  in  lizards  and  birds,  it  is  sujiposed  also  to  include 
the  naviculare,  in  some  cases  at  least,  and  thus  to  repre- 
sent the  whole  proximal  row  of  tarsal  bones.  In  some 
lizards,  as  members  of  the  genus  Varamin,  it  is  very  large, 
perfectly  distinct,  extcjided  transversely,  but  little  back- 
ward, and  movalily  articulated  with  the  tibia,  fibula,  and 
distal  tarsal  bones. 

astragaloid  (as-trag'a-loid),  o.  [<  astragalus 
-\--oid.'\  In  anat.jOi  or  pertaining  to  the  as- 
tragalus. 

astragalomancy  (as-trag'ar-lo-man-si),  n.  [< 
Gr.  d<7Tiiaya/MC,  a  die,  -t-  /lavreia,  divination;  cf. 
aarpayaU/iavTi^,  a  diviner  from  tlice  (fidvug,  a 
diviner,  a  prophet):  see  astragalus.^  Divina- 
tion by  moans  of  huckle-bones  or  dice. 

a8tragalonavicular(as-trag"a-16-ua-vik'u-lar), 
a.  and  «.  l<.  astragalus  +  navicular.']  I.  "«.  "An 
epithet  descriptive  of  a  tarsal  bono  of  some  rep- 
tilVs,  as  a  crocodile,  supposed  to  represent  an 
astiwgalus  and  a  navicular  bone  combined. 

The  tarsus  presents,  pro,\imally,  an  astra'/ah-navictdar 
bone.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  220. 

II.  n.  A  bone  of  the  tarsus.     Seel. 

The  distal  end  of  the  aatratjalo-nnvicular. 

Huxley,  Aliat.  Vert.,  p.  221. 


356 

astragaloscaphoid  (as-trag''a-16-8kaf'oid),  a. 
[<  astragalus  -I-  .scaphoid.']  Pertaining  to  both 
the  astrajialus  and  the  scaphoid  or  navicular 
bone;  connecting  these  two  bones:  as,  the  as- 
Iragaloscaplioid  ligament. 

astragalotibial  (as-trag"a-lo-tib'i-al),  a.  [< 
astragalus  +  tibinl.]  Pertaining  to  botli  the 
astragalus  and  the  tibia:  as,  astragalotibial 
articulation. 

astragal-plane  (as'tra-gal-plan),  «.  Injoincn/, 
a  beiicli-plane  of  the  shape  necessary  to  form 
asti-agals. 

astragal-tool  (as'tra-gal-tol),  n.  A  turning- 
chisel  with  a  concave  face  for  cutting  astragals. 

astragalus  (as-trag'a-lus),  ». ;  pi.  astragali 
(-li).  [L.,  <  Gr.  (iarpa; aXof ,  one  of  the  ver- 
tebra^  the  ball  of  the  ankle-joint,  a  die,  an 
architectural  molding,  a  leguminous  plant; 
prob.  from  same  root  as  octfov,  a  bone.  Cf. 
ostco-.]  1.  In  anat.,  the  tibiale,  or  innermost 
one  of  the  proximal  row  of  tarsal  bones,  in 
mammals  it  articulates  with  the  tibia  and  enters  into  the 
titiiotarsal  or  anI<lc-joint ;  in  birds  it  is  ankylosed  with 
the  tibia,  f.jrining  more  or  less  of  the  tibial  condyles,  and 
entering:  into  the  mediotarsal  or  so-called  tibinmetatarsal 
joint  or  heel-joint.  In  man  and  some  other  mammals  it 
is  known  as  the  talus,  huekle-lione,  ankle-bone,  or  sling- 
bone,  being  the  uppermost  bone  of  the  tarsus,  and  chiefly 
or  entirely  receiving  the  weight  of  the  body,  in  so  far  as 
this  is  borne  upon  the  foot  or  hind  foot.  See  cuts  imder 
Drotit(Vioi,  .foot,  and  hock^. 

2.  icaj).]  [NL.]  A  very  large  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Leguminosw,  mostly  low  herbs, 
foimd  in  aU  parts  of  the  world  except  Austra- 
lia and  South  Africa.  Over  1,000  species  are  known 
in  the  old  world,  and  about  200  in  Korth  America,  chiefly 
west  of  the  ilississippi.  Very  few  are  of  any  value.  A. 
ffumtw'ft'r  and  a  group  of  allied  species,  low  spiny  shrubs 
of  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  and  Persia,  are  the  source  of  the  gum 
tragacanth  of  commerce.  Some  of  the  same  species  also 
yield  a  sort  of  manna.  A.  Bieticus  is  cultivated  in  some 
parts  of  Europe  for  its  seeds,  which  are  used  as  a  substitute 
for  coffee.  In  the  United  States  several  species  are  known 
as  loL'oweed,  and  are  poisonous  to  animals  eating  theni. 

astrain  (a-stran' ),  jrrep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  n<* 
+  strain.]     On  the  strain;  straining. 

astrakhan  (as'tra-kan),  m.  [<  Astrakhan  (Russ. 
Astrakhan u),  a  city  and  government  (province) 
of  Russia.]  1.  A  name  given  to  sldns  with  a 
curled  wool  (the  pelts  of  yoting  lambs)  obtained 
from  Astrakhan  in  Em'opean  Russia. —  2.  A 
rough  fabric  with  a  long  and  closely  curled  pile 
in  imitation  of  the  fur. 

astrakhanite  (as'tra-kan-it),  «.  [<  Astrakhan 
-h  -ite".]  A  variety  of  blodite  from  the  salt 
lakes  of  Astrakhan. 

astral  (as'tral),  a.  and  n.     [<  LL.  astralis,  <  L. 
astrunt,  a  star,  <  Gr.  aa-pov,  a  star,  a  constella- 
tion, <  da-rr/p,  a  star,  =  E.  star :  see  aster''-  and 
star.]     I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  the  stars;  starry. 
Astral  showers  covered  the  heavens. 

Palsffravc,  Norm,  and  Eng.,  III.  331.    {.V.  E.  D.) 

2.  Specifically,  in  thcosophy,  an  epithet  descrip- 
tive of  a  supersensible  substance  supposed  to 
pervade  all  space  and  enter  into  all  bodies; 
odic  :  biogenic  — Astral  body,  in  theosophy,  a  living 
form  cnnii-iiscd  of  astral  fluid  ;  a  ghost,  wraith,  or  double; 
an  astral.  Astral  fluid,  od  ;  biogen.  See  these  words. 
—  Astral  lamp,  a  lamp  with  an  annular  reservoir-  for  oil, 
which  is  connected  with  the  wick-tube  by  two  small  tubes. 
These  tubes  offer  the  only  obstrtiction  to  the  passage  of 
all  rays  which  fall  between  the  reservoir  and  the  stem  of 
the  Lamp-stand,  the  shadow  cast  by  lamps  of  the  ordinary 
construction  being  thus  in  great  nieasure  avoided. —  As- 
tral spirits,  spirits  believed,  in  the  middle  ages,  to  peo- 
ple the  stars.  They  were  variously  conceiveil  as  fallen  an- 
gels, souls  of  departed  men,  or  spirits  originating  in  fire, 
and  hovering  between  heaven  and  earth,  and  between 
earth  and  hell. 

II.  n.  In  theosophy,  an  astral  form  or  body. 

Two  or  more  astrals  %vill  make  this  journey  together. 

A.  P.  Simiett. 

astrand  (a-strand'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
((3  +  strand.]     Stranded. 

The  tall  ship,  whose  lofty  prore 
shall  ii-vt-r  stem  the  billows  more, 
Ucscrtcd  by  lur  gallant  band, 
Anud  the  breakers  lies  a.itramt. 

Scult,  h.  of  the  L.,  vi.  13. 

astranget,  v.  t.     An  old  spelling  of  estrange. 

Astrapaeus  (as-tra-pe'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aa- 
Tpa~atO(,  of  lightning,  <  darpaTrf/,  lightning.]  A 
genus  of  brachelytrous  beetles,  of  the  family 
/Stajihi/liiiida: 

astraphobia  (as-tra-fo'bi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
darpa-i;,  var.  of  dcrcpoiri),  'aTcpoTzii,  thunder  and 
lightning,  +  -<pojiia,  <  (fidjiog,  fear.]  In  pathoL, 
morbid  dread  of  thtmder  and  lightning. 

Astrapia  (as-trap'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  darpd-wg, 
var.  of  doTpaTraioi;,  of  lightning.  <  darpaTr//.  light- 
ning.] A  genus  of  sturnoid  passerine  birds  of 
New  Guinea,  sometimes  located  in  the  famil.v 
Sturiiida'  next  to  Manucodia,  sometimes  referred 
to  the  Faradisvida;  having  a  very  long  gradu- 


astrictiveness 

ated  tail,  like  a  mtigjiie's,  paired  lateral  crests 
on  the  head,  and  the  whole  plumage  brilliantly 
iridescent.  ,-l.  niyrn,  or  .1,  yulan's,  is  the  iiarailise-pie^ 
also  known  jis  the  incomparable. 

astraughtt  (as-traf),  p.  a.  [Substituted  for 
dislraiiglil,  q.  v.]  Distracted;  distraught; 
aghast,     (iolding. 

astraunget  (as-tranj'),  v.  t.  An  old  form  of 
(■.'<tr((ngi\ 

astrayt  (a-stra'),  )•.  i.  [<  ME.  astraicn,  only  in 
pp.  astraird  (after  OF.  estraie,  cstruyc,  whence 
also  appar.  the  ME.  adj. :  see  astray,  a.),  or  by 
apheresis  straien  (>  E.  stray),  <  (5f.  estraier, 
stray,  prob.  =  Pr.  estraguar,  <  late  ML.  extrava- 
gare,  <  L.  extra,  without,  out,  +  ragare,  wander: 
see  extravagant.  See  estraij  and  stray,  wliich 
are  doublets  of  astray.]  To  go  out  of  the  right 
way;  go  astra.v;  stray. 

astray  (a-stra'),  adv.  and  a.  [<  ME.  astray, 
astraic,  dstrayc  (also,  and  earlier  in  recorded 
date,  liy  expansion  and  adaptation,  o  strai, 
on  stray,  on  the  strayc ;  mod.  E.  as  if  u'^  + 
stray),  also  astrayey,  <  OF.  estraie,  estraye, 
strayed  (cf.  ME.  astraied),  pp.  of  estraier,  cs- 
trayer,  go  astray:  see  astray,  r.  The  word  is 
thus  orig.  a  p.  a.,  later  assimilated  to  the  form 
of  a  prep.  phr.  like  asleep,  etc.  Cf.  alight^  an<l 
aslope.]  Out  of  the  right  way  or  proper  place, 
either  literally  or  figuratively ;  wandering. 

Thou  Shalt  not  see  thy  brother's  ox  or  his  sheep  go 
astray,  and  hide  thyself  from  them.  Dent.  x.\ii.  1. 

The  guides  would  purposely  lead  the  Castilians  astray, 
and  involve  them  in  morasses.    Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  1. 42. 
With  eyes  astray,  she  told  mechanic  beads. 

Lowell,  Cathedral, 

astret,  "•  [E.  dial,  auster,  in  austerland,  q.  v., 
early  mod.  E.  astire,  *astere,  <  ME.  *astre,  <  OF. 
astre,  aistre  (ML.  astrum),  mod.  F.  dtre,  a. 
hearth;  origin  unknown.]     A  hearth;  a  home. 

Astrea,  n.     See  Astrwa. 

astrean  (as-tre'an),  a.  [<  L.  "astrwus,  <  Gr. 
doTpaiog,  pertaining  to  a  star,  <  dnvpov,  a  star.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  stars.  -AJso  spelled  as- 
trwan.     [Rare.] 

Every  star  in  Heaven  is  coloniz'd  and  replenish'd  with 
Astrean  Inhabitants.  Howell,  Letters,  iii.  9. 

astreated  (as'tre-a-ted),  p.  a.  [<  LL.  as  if 
*  astrea  tus,  pp.  of  *astreare,  only  in  ppr.  astreans, 
gleam  like  a  star,  <  astrum,  a  star :  see  astral.'] 
Furnished  with  star-like  ornaments.  Imp.  Diet. 

Astreidae,  n.pl.     See  Astrwidw. 

astrelabiet,  «■  One  of  various  Middle  Eng- 
lish spellings  of  astrolabe. 

Astrelata  (as-trel'a-ta),  n.     See  (Estrelata. 

astrict  (as-trikf),  i'.  f.  [<  L.  astrictus,  pp.  of 
astringere,  dvuvf  close:  see  astringe.]  If.  To 
bind  fast;  confine.  Hull. —  2.  In  Scots  lau; 
to  limit.  See  astriction, '3. —  3.  To  constrict; 
contract.     [Rare.] 

The  solid  parts  were  to  be  relaxed  or  agtricted. 

Arhuthnot,  Aliments. 

4.  To  constrain;  restrict.     [Rare.] 

The  mind  is  .  .  .  astricted  to  certain  .  .  .  forms  of 
thought.  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Metaph.,  xl. 

Formerly  also  adstrict. 

astrictt  (as-trikf),  a.  [<  L.  astrictus,  pp. :  see 
the  verb.]  Brought  into  small  compass  ;  com- 
pendious ;  concise. 

astricted  (as-trik'ted),  p.  a.  Restricted.  See 
astriction,  3.     Formerly  also  adstricted. 

astriction  (as-trik'shon),  «.  [<  L.  astrictio{n-), 
a  power  of  contracting,  <  astringere,  pp.  astric- 
tus, contract :  see  astringe.]  If.  Restriction  ; 
obligation. 

<tf  marriage  he  is  the  author  and  the  witness ;  yet 
hence  will  not  follow  any  divine  astriction  more  than 
what  is  subordinate  to  the  glory  of  God.  and  the  main 
good  of  either  party.  Milton,  Divorce,  xiii.  (tird  MS.). 

2.  In  med. :  (a)  The  act  of  binding  close  or  com- 
pressing with  ligatures.  (l>)  A  contraction  of 
parts  by  applications  ;  the  stopping  of  hemor- 
rhages, (c)  Constipation. — 3.  In  Scots  law, 
the  obligation  imposed  by  the  servitude  of 
thirlage,  by  which  certain  lands  are  restricted 
to  the  use  of  a  particular  mill  for  the  grinding 
of  grain.  See  tliirlagc. 
Formerly  also  ad,<itriction. 
astrictive  (as-trik'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  astrictus, 
pp.  (see  astrict),  +  -ire:  =  F.  astrictif.]  1. 
Binding ;  obligatory.  —  2.  Tending  to  contract 
or  draw  together;  astringent;  styptic. 

Being  sodden,  it  is  astrictive,  and  will  strengthen  a  weak 
stomach.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xx.  S. 

Formei'ly  tilso  adstrictire. 
astrictiveness  (as-trik'tiv-ues),  n.    [<  astrictire 
+   -ncss.]      The   qtiality  of  being  astrictive. 
Formerly  also  adstricdvcness. 


astrictory 

astrictoiyf  (as-trik'tri-n),  n.  [<  L.  aatrictorius, 
bindiiiK,  <  astnctiix,  \>\t.  of  astrinfierc :  see 
antiini/c.'i     Astringent;  l)in(ling:  apt  to  bind. 

astride  (a-stnil'),  jircp.  j>hr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a* 
+  xtriilc.^  With  one  leg  on  eaeh  side  of  some 
object ;  with  tlio  legs  wide  apart. 

I'lai;e<l  afttridc  upon  the  bars  of  the  palisade.  Scott. 

astriferoust  (as-trif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  astrifcr, 
star-bearing,  <  a.strum,  a  star,  +  ferrc  =  E. 
ftfa/i.]     Bearing  or  containing  stars.     Bhnint. 

astrigeroust  (as-trij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  asiriger, 
star-tiearing,  <  astnim,  a  star,  +  gerere,  bear.] 
Bearing  stars.     Baiky. 

astrild  (as'trild),  n.  [<.  AstriliJd,  Eatrekhi:  seo 
]\stnl(l(i.'\  A  bird  of  the  genus  Extrclda  (which 
8e<'j:  as,  the  gray  ti.'itrikl,  Estrekki  cinerea. 

astringe  (as-trinj'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  astringed, 
ppr.  iistrinciing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  adstringe, 
<  L.  (istringerc,  (iil.itriiiijirr,  draw  close,  eon- 
tract,  <  (td,  to,  +  .striiigcrc,  bind  fast,  strain: 
see  (istrict,  and  stringent,  .strict,  and  strain.'} 
I.  trans.  1.  To  compress ;  bind  together;  con- 
strict.    [Rare.] 

Wliieh  fontraction  .  .  .  astringt'th  the  moisture  of  the 
brain,  and  thereby  sendeth  tears  into  the  eyes. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  714. 

2t.  Figuratively,  to  oblige ;  constrain ;  bind  by 
obligation. 

11.  intrans.  To  become  solid;  congeal.    Hol- 
land. 

astringency  (as-trin'jeu-si),  n.  [=  F.  astrin- 
gciicf :  <  astringent:  see  -ence,  -encij.']  The 
quality  of  being  astringent;  especially,  that 
property  in  certain  substances  by  which  they 
cause  contraction  of  soft  or  rela.xed  parts  of 
the  body:  as,  the  fls(n«(7f)in/ of  acids  or  bitters. 

astringent  (as-trin'jent),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  astrin- 
gnit,<.  L.  astri»gen{i-)s,  adstringen{t-)s,  ppi.  of 
aslriiigere,  rtrfs;n«(/fre,di-aw close,  contract:  see 
astringe.']  I,  a.  Binding;  contracting;  con- 
strictive; styptic. 
A  strengthening  and  astriiKjent  diet. 

Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 
II,  n.  A  substance  which  contracts  the  tis- 
sues and  canals  of  the  body,  condensing  the 
soft  soUds,  and  thereby  checking  or  diminish- 
ing excessive  discharges,  as  of  blood.  The  chief 
astringents  are  tlie  mineral  acids,  alum,  lime-water,  chalk, 
salts  of  copper,  zinc.  iron.  Icaii,  and  silver,  and  among 
vegetables  catechu,  kino,  oak-bark,  and  galls.  Vegetable 
astringents  owe  tlieir  etlicacy  to  the  presence  of  tannin. 
Formerlv  also  adstringcnt. 

astringently  (as-trin'jent-li),  adv.  In  an  astrin- 
gent manner. 

astringer  (as'trin-jer),  n.     See  austringer. 

astrite  (as'trit),  ?i.  [<  IAj.  astrites,  also  astcri- 
tes,  <  Gr.  aarcpirr;(,  a  brilliant  precious  stone,  < 
d<Tr//p,  a  star :  aeeaster^.']  Any  radiated  or  star- 
like fossil,  as  one  of  the  detached  articulations 
of  fossU  encrinites ;  star-stone.  See  enerinite. 
Also  asteritc  and  astroite. 

astro-.  [<  Gr.  aarpo-,  combining  form  of  aorpov, 
a  star:  see  astral  and  aster^.~\  The  initial  ele- 
ment in  many  compound  scientific  terms  of 
Greek  origin,  meaning  star. 

Astrocaryum  (as-tro-ka'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aarpov,  a  star,  +  Kapvov,  a  nut.]  A  genus  of 
palms  from  10  to  40  feet  in  height,  with  beauti- 
ful pinnated  leaves,  inhabiting  the  tropical  parts 
of  America.  The  stems  are  covered  with  stiff  and  sharp 
spines,  often  a  foot  in  lengtll.  The  seed  is  inclosed  in  a 
hard  stony  nut,  and  tliat  is  enveloped  by  a  fleshy  tlbrous 
pericarp.  The  cattle  of  the  upper  Amazon  feed  on  the 
fleshy  pericarp  of  A.  Murumuru.  The  wood  of  A.  Ayri 
is  mucli  used  for  bows  and  for  other  purposes,  and  the  fibers 
of  tlie  leaves  of  A.  Tucuma  are  used  for  tlshing-nets. 

astrofelt,  astrophelt,  "•  [Found  only  in  Spen- 
ser as  quoted.  It  is  in  the  first  instance  appar.  a 
manipulated  form  of  asphodel  {affodil,  daffodil) 
simulating  L.  astrum,  a  star,  and/W,  gall  ('bit- 
ter'). In  the  second  instance  the  name  is 
professedly  taken  from  "■  Astrophel"  (Sir  Philip 
Sidney),  the  subject  of  the  elegy  of  that  name 
and  of  another  elegy  (by  Matthew  Eoydon) 
printed  with  it;  in  the  latter  also  written  As- 
trophill  ("Our  AstrophiU  did  Stella  love"),  as 
if  i  Gr.  aa-rpov,  L.  astriiin,  a  star  ('Stella,'  'star- 
light'), +  ipi'/.oc,  lo%ing.]  A  name  applied  by 
Spenser  to  some  bitter  herb. 

My  little  tlocke,  whom  earst  I  lov'd  so  well. 
And  wont  to  feede  with  llnest  grasse  that  grew, 
Feede  ye  hencefoorth  on  Idtter  Astro/eii, 
And  stinking  .Smallage,  and  unsaverie  Rew. 

."Spenser,  Daphnaida,  1.  346. 
That  hearbe  of  some  Starlight  is  cald  by  name, 
<  >f  others  I'enthia.  though  not  so  well : 
But  thou,  where  ever  thou  doest  flnde  the  same, 
Trom  this  day  forth  do  call  it  Astrophet. 

Spender,  Astrophel,  1.  196. 

astrogeny  (as-troj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  aa-rpov,  a 
star,  -t-  -)ivcia,  generation:   see  -ge)iy.'\     The 


sir  Francis  Drake's  Astrolabe. 
Royal  Naval  College.  England. 


357 

theory  of  the  creation  or  evolution  of  the 
celestial  bodies  ;  stellar  cosmogony.  H.  Spen- 
cer.    Also  astrogony. 

astrognosy  (as-trog'no-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  anrpov, 
a  star,  +  yt't'iair,  knowledge:  see  gnostic.'] 
Knowledge  of  the  stars,  especially  of  the  fixed 
stars,  in  respect  to  their  names,  magnitudes, 
situations,  etc. 

astrogonic  (as-tro-gon'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  astrogony  or  astrogeny. 

astrogony  (as-trog'o-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  aar/iov,  a 
star,  -I-  -yoi'ia,  generation :  see  -gony.]  Same 
as  astrogeny. 

astrography  (as-tro^'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpov,  a 
star,  +  -}iiuipia,  <  ■)pa(pciv,  write,  describe.]  A 
descrijjtion  of,  or  the  art  of  describing  or  map- 
ping, the  stars. 

astroid  (as'troid),  n.  [<  Gr,  aaTpoet^lic;,  star- 
like, <  aarpov,  a  star,  +  clduq,  form,  likeness. 
Cf.  a.steroid]  1.  In  her.,  same  as  mullet. —  2. 
A  plane  curve  of  the  sixth  class  and  fourth  or- 
der, having  two  conjugate  diameters  of  a  conic 
and  the  line  at  infinity  as  intiectional  tangents. 

astroite  (as'tro-it),  «.  [<  L.  astroites  (Pliny), 
an  unknown  precious  stone,  <  Gr.  'narpoirrjc:,  < 
aarpov,  a  star.     Cf.  astrite.]     Same  as  astrite. 

astrolabe  (as'tro-lab),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
astrolaby,  astroloby,  etc.,  <  ME.  astrolabe,  astro- 
labie,  astrelabic,  astrolabre,  etc.,<  OV .  astrelabe, 
mod.  F.  astrolabe,  < 
ML.  astrolahinm,  <  Gr. 
aarpo'^afiov  (se.  opyavov, 
instrument),  an  astro- 
labe, prop.  neut.  of 
*aarpo'Aaiioi;,  lit.  taking 
stars,  <  aarpov,  a  star, -t- 
?.a/i3aveiv,  7.a,idv,  take.] 

1.  An  obsolete  astro- 
nomical instrument  of 
different  forms,  used 
for  taking  the  altitude 
of  the  sun  or  stars, 
and  for  the  solution 
of  other  problems  in 
astronomy.  The  name 
was  applied  to  any  instru- 
ment with  agraduated  circle 
or  circles,  but  more  especial- 
ly to  one  intended  to  be  held  in  the  hand.  Some  astro- 
labes were  jirmillary  spheres  of  complicated  construction, 
while  others  were  planispheres  intended  to  measure  the 
altitude  only.  One  of  the  most  important  uses  of  the  as- 
trolabe was  in  navigation,  for  which  it  was  superseded  by 
Hadley's  quadrant  and  sextant. 

My  art  cannot  err ; 
If  it  does,  I'll  bum  my  iVitrolahe. 

Massinffer,  City  Madam,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  stereographie  projection  of  the  sphere, 
either  upon  the  plane  of  the  equator,  the  eye 
being  supposed  to  be  in  the  pole  of  the  world, 
or  upon  the  plane  of  the  meridian,  the  eye 
being  in  the  point  of  intersection  of  the  equi- 
noctial and  the  horizon. 

astrolabyt,  w.     Same  as  astrolabe. 

astrolatry  (as-trol'a-tri),  n.  [=F.  astroldtrie, 
<  Gr.  aarpov,  a  star,  +  Aarpeia,  worship :  see  la- 
tria.  Cf.  idolatry.]  Worship  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  as  stars,  the  stm,  etc. 

astrolithology  (as'tro-li-thol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aarpov,  a  star,  +  ?.idos,  a  stone,  +  -'Aoyia,  <  ?.f- 
yeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.  Cf.  Uthology.]  The 
scientific  study  of  aerolites  or  meteoric  stones. 

astrologer  (as-trol'o-jer),  n.  [<  ME.  astrolo- 
ger, -ere  (with  sulfls  -er  as  in  astronomer,  etc.; 
cf.  astrologian),  <  L.  astrologtis,  <  Gr.  aarpo'/.d- 
7of,  an  astronomer,  later  an  astrologer:  see 
astrology.]  If.  An  astronomer;  an  observer 
of  the  stars. 

A  worthy  astrologer,  by  perspective  glasses,  hath  found  in 
the  stars  many  things  unknown  to  the  ancients.    linki'jti. 

2.  One  who  professes  to  determine  the  influence 
of  the  stars  on  persons,  events,  qualities,  etc. 
Axtrolo'jern  that  futiu-e  fates  foreshow.  Pope. 

astrologiant  (as-tro-16'ji-an),  n.  [<  ME.  astro- 
logidi,  <  <-)F.  astrologien  =  Pr.  astrologian,  <  LL. 
a.itrologid,  astrology ;  L.,  astronomy:  see  astrol- 
ogy and  -an.]     Same  as  astrologer. 

astrologic  (as-tr9-loj'ik),fl.  Same  as  astrologi- 
cal:  ;is,  "xio  astrologic -Kiz&Td,"  Drydcn. 

astrological  (as-tro-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  aarpo- 
?iO}iKur,  <  darpo/.o} ia ;  see  astrology.]  Pertain- 
ing to  astrology ;  professing  or  practising  as- 
trology-. 

astrologically  (as-trO-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
astrological  manner;  by  means  of  or  according 
to  astrology. 

astrologize  (as-trol'o-jiz),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp. 
astrologi~ed,  ppr.  astrologi-ing.  [<  astrology  + 
-ije.]     I.  intrans.  To  practise  astrology. 


astronomer 

II.  trans.  To  ascertain  by  means  of  astrology. 

Also  spelled  astrologi.ie. 

astrologuet  (as'tro-log),  ?i.  [Early  mod.  K. 
and  ME.  astrolog,  <  P.  astrologiic,  <  L.  astroio- 
gus,  <  Gr.  uarpo'/.uyo^:  see  astrology.]  An  as- 
trologer.    />'  Vrfcy. 

astrology  (as-trol'o-ji),  n.  [<  ME.  astrology, 
astrologic,  <  OF.  astrologie  =  Sp.  astrologia  ■= 
Pg.  It.  astrologia,  <  L.  astrologia,  <  Gr.  aari>o'/o- 
yia,  astronomy,  later  astrology,  <  darpoMyor,  an 
astronomer,  lit.  speaking  about  stars, <  aarpov,  a 
star,  + /if)«i>, speak:  see-ology.]  1. 'Thescience 
or  doctrine  of  the  stars  ;  practical  astronomy; 
astronomy  in  its  earliest  form.  The  term  is  now 
restricted  in  meaning  to  tlie  psemlo-science  or  art  prop- 
erly called  mumtane  a»trulo(jti,  which  assumes  tliat  the 
heavenly  bodies  exert,  accofiling  to  their  relative  posi- 
tions at  certain  times,  a  direct  influence  upon  human 
life  and  destiny,  and  which  proposes  to  determine  in  any 
given  case  what  this  inttuence  is,  and  thus  to  foretell 
the  future.  Thus,  one's  temperament  was  ascribed  Ui  the 
planet  under  which  he  was  born,  as  naturniiu  from  Sat. 
urn,  joviat  from  Jupiter,  mercurial  from  Mercury,  etc. ; 
and  the  virtues  of  herbs,  gems,  and  medicines  were  sup- 
posed to  be  due  to  their  ruling  planets. 
2t.  An  old  name  for  the  plant  bistort,  Poly- 
gonum Bistorta. --Eoraiy  astrology,  that  branch  of 
the  art  which  shous  buw  to  aiisw  t-r  nucstions  by  the  figure 
of  the  heavens  at  the  moment  when  the  <iueslion  arises. — 
Judicial  astrology,  th:it  brunch  r>f  astrology  which  pro- 
fesses to  foretell  buiiian  alfairs.  The  practice  of  judicial 
a-strology  was  forltiddiii  under  the  severest  penalties  by 
the  .lewish,  Roman,  and  canon  laws,  as  implying  idolatry 
■  r  Im  risy  (ciniivalcnt  to  high  treason),  and  falling  under 
iih  -M  ater  ex. nninninicatiiM).— Natural  astrology.  («) 
\-ti..I..gy  applied  to  determining  the  destiny  of  a  person 
from  the  c<uitlgin'atic)n  of  the  planets  at  his  bii'th.  (/j) 
That  branch  of  astrology  which  professes  t'l  predict  nat- 
ural eifects,  as  changes  of  the  weather,  winds,  storms, 

etc. 

Astrolophida  (as-tro-lof'i-da),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aarpov,  a  star,  +  'A6<j>oi,  a  crest,  -I-  -ida.]  A 
genus  of  radiolarians,  representing  a  special 
familv,  the  Astrolopliididie. 

Astrolophididae  (as'''tr6-16-fid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
I  .\L.,  <r  Astrolophida  -t-  -ida:]  A  family  of 
aeantharian  radiolarians  with  a  skeleton  hav- 
ing a  varj'ing  number  of  spicules  irregularly 
distributed,  consisting  of  the  genera  Astro- 
lophida and  Litliolophida :  sj-nonymous  with 
ActincUida.     Hacclccl. 

astromancy  (as'tro-man-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpo- 
/lavreia,  <  aarpov,  a  star,  +  pavrcia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  means  of  the  stars ;  astrology. 

astrometeorological  (as'''tr6-me"te-o-ro-loj'i- 
kal),  (/.     Of  or  pertaining  to  astrometeorology. 

astrometeorologist  (as'tro-me 'te-o-rol'o-jist), 
w.  One  who  believes  in  or  practises  astrome- 
teorology. 

astrometeorology  (as'tro-me'^tf-o-roro-ji),  n. 
[<  Gr.  aarpov,  a  star,  +  pereuipo/.oy  ia,  meteorol- 
ogy; see  meteorology.]  1.  The  pretended  art  of 
foretelling  the  weather  and  its  changes  from 
the  aspects  and  configurations  of  the  moon  and 
stars:  a  branch  of  natural  astrologj-. — 2.  Prog- 
nostication of  the  weather  from  the  appearance 
of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

astrometer  (as-trom'e-t^r),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpov, 
a  star,  -f  pirpov,  a  measure.]  Ail  instrument 
designed  to  measure  the  relation,  brightness, 
or  apparent  magnitude  of  the  stars,  it  was  in- 
vented by  Sir  .Tohn  Herschel.  liy  it  an  image  of  Jupiter, 
the  moon,  or  some  other  object  of  recognized  brightness 
is  brought  into  direct  comparison  with  a  star,  so  that  star 
and  image  are  seen  in  the  same  direction.  By  adjusting 
the  distance  of  the  image  so  that  it  appears  eiiual  in 
brightness  to  the  star,  and  by  measuring  this  distance,  the 
luster  of  the  star  is  readily  detennined. 

astrometry  (as-trom'e-tri),  H.  [<  Gr.  aarpov, 
a  star,  +  -uerpia,  <  pirpov,  a  measure.]  The  art. 
of  dctermiuiug  bv  measurement  the  apparent 
relative  inagnituJe  of  the  stars. 

Astronesthes  (as-tro-nes'thez),  n.    [NL.,  irreg. 

<  aarpov,  a  star,  +  eab>/(,  clothing.]  The  typical 
genus  of  fishes  of  the  family  Astronesthida: 

Astronestllidae(as-tro-nes'thi-de),  n.pl.   [NL., 

<  Astroiiislh(  s  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  fishes,  rep- 
resented by  the  genus  Astronesthes.  They  have  a 
claviform  body ;  the  supramaxillaries  as  well  as  intemi'ax- 
illaries  enter  into  the  upper  arch  of  the  mouth :  a  hyoid 
barbel  is  tleveloped ;  the  dorsal  tin  is  in  advance  of  the 
anal ;  and  there  is  an  adipose  tin. 

astronomer  (as-tron'o-m^r),  Ji.  [<  SIE.  aetron- 
omcr,  earlier  astronomycr  (with  suffix  -cr ;  cf. 
astronomian),  <  L.  astronomia :  see  astronomy 
and  -crl,  and  cf.  astrologer.]  1.  One  who  is 
versed  in  astronomy;  a  scientific  obsen-er  of 
the  stars;  a  student  of  the  laws  of  the  heav- 
enly bodies,  or  the  principles  by  which  their 
motions  are  regulated,  with  their  various  phe- 
nomena.—  2t.  An  astrologer:  as,  "astronomers 

foretell  it,"  !<hak:,  T.  and  C,  v.  1 Astronomer 

Royal,  the  olticial  title  of  the  astronomer  in  charge  of  any 
one  of  the  royal  observatories  of  Great  Britain,  eapeciaUy 
of  the  Greenwich  observatory. 


astronomlan 

aBtronomiant  (ns-tro-uo'nii-an),  71,  [<  JfE.  an- 
troHomitii,  (i.flroiiomi/cn,  <  UF.  (iiitroiiomicii  = 
Pr.  (istniiiomiaii.  <  ML.  as  if  'iistroiiomuniiis.  < 
L.  nstronomia :  seo  astrnnomi/  and  -aw.]  An 
astronomer ;  any  one  having  knowledge  of  the 
stars. 
Aytrniiiiniianii  came  from  the  East.      Wi/di/,  Mnt.  il.  1. 

astronomic  (as-tro-nom'ik),  a.  [=  F.  astrono- 
mi(ii((,  <  L.  astrohomicus,  <  Gr.  aoTpovojimdc^,  < 
iwTfiovoiiia,  astronomy.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
astronomy:  as,  ustronomicisucts. 

astronomical  (as-tro-nom'i-kal),  a.  [<  astro- 
nomic +  -(/'.]  Pertaining  or  felatod  to  astron- 
omy ;  connected  with  or  relating  to  astronomic 
observation  or  research — Astronomlcai  clironol- 
ogy.  See  cArojiodK/.v.— Astronomical  clock,  a  tl"tk 
which  keeps  sidereal  time.— Astronomical  colmnn, 
day,  horizon,  etc.  .See  tlie  nnnns.  -  Astronomical  lan- 
tern, a  limip  liaving  a  glass  or  inipt  r  scni-n  on  wliich  a 
celistial  map  is  drawn.— Astronomical  signs,  the  signs 
of  tlic  zoiliac— Astronomical  year.    .See  near. 

astronomically  (as-tro-uom'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  astronomical  manner;  by  means  of  astron- 
omy, or  according  to  astronomic  principles  or 
methods. 

astronomicont  (as-tro-nom'i-kon),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aariiiU'o/idiov,  neiit.  of  aarpovo/UKd^ :  see  astro- 
Udiiiic.']    A  treatise  on  the  stars. 

astronomies  (as-tro-nom'iks),  71.  [PI.  of  as- 
iruuumic:  see -I'es.]'    Astronomy. 

The  laws  of  Gravitation,  Statics,  Acoustics,  Chemics, 
Optics,  Pneumatics,  Magnetics,  Astronomies  .  .  .  are  all 
reducible  to  numerical  language. 

G.  D.  llijardinan,  Creative  Week,  p.  310,  App. 

astronomize  (as-tron'o-miz),  V.  i.-,  pret.  and 
pp.  ustro>iomi:ed,  ppr.  astronomkimj.  [<  Gr. 
aaTpovoftiCeiv,  study  astronomy,  be  an  astrono- 
mer, <  auTpovofto^,  astronomer:  see  astronomy.'] 
To  study  astronomy;  apply  the  principles  of 
astronomy.    Also  spelled  astronomise. 

They  astronmnized  in  caves. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  ii.  7. 

astronomy  (as-tron'o-mi),  n.  [<  ME.  astrono- 
mic, iistroncmie  (also  contr.  astrony),  <  OF.  astro- 
nomie,  <  L.  astronomia,  <  Gr.  aaTpom/nia,  astron- 
omy, <  aarpoi'd/xog,  an  astronomer,  lit.  '  star-ar- 
ranging' (■n'ith  ref.  to  classifying  or  mapping 
the  stars  or  constellations),  <  aarpov,  a  star,  + 
ve/ieiv,  distribute,  arrange:  see  nome.']  1.  The 
science  ivhich  describes  the  heavenly  bodies 
and  explains  their  apparent  motions,  etc.  That 
part  of  the  science  whicll  gives  a  description  of  the  mo- 
tions, figures,  periods  of  revolution,  and  other  pht-nnmena 
of  the  heavenly  bodies  is  called  dcscriptivf  asirnnmuti;  that 
part  which  teaches  how  to  observe  their  motions,  figures, 
periodical  revolutions,  distances,  etc..  and  how  to  use  the 
necessary  instruments,  is  called  practical  astronotny ;  and 
that  part  which  explains  the  causes  of  their  motions,  and 
demonstrates  the  laws  by  which  those  causes  operate,  is 
termed  physical  astronomy. 
St.  Astrological  skill. 

Not  from  the  stars  do  I  my  judgment  pluck. 
And  yet  methinks  I  have  astronomy. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  .viv. 

Nautical  astronomy.    See  nautical. 
Astropecten  (as-tro-pek'ten),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dcrrpol',  star, -I- L.  ^jecteH,  comb:  see  I'ecten.~\    A 
genus  of  starfishes,  typical  of  the  family  Astro- 

pn'tini't(r. 

Astropectinidae  (as"tro-pek-tin'i-de),  n. pi. 
[NL.,  <  Astropecten  {-tin-)  +  -idee.']  A  family  of 
starfishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Astropecten. 
They  have  a  dorsal  skeleton  formed  of  raised  ossicles  and 
somewhat  irregular,  the  teeth  saiilant  from  the  ventral 
surface,  no  anus,  no  interbrachial  system,  and  the  ambu- 
lacra )iis.'iial  and  conic.  The  family  includes  the  genera 
AiU")"  '■('■„,  Luidia,  and  Ctenodiscus. 

astrophelt,  n.    See  astrofel. 

AstropMura  (as"tr6-fi-u'ra),  ?!.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aoTpov,  a  star,  +  NL.  Opliiura,  q.  v.]  A  genus 
of  sand-stars  representing  a  generalized  form, 
typical  of  the  familj-  Astropliiuridw. 

Astrophiuridse  (as'tro-fi-ti'ri-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Astriipldura  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  sand-stars, 
order  Oplniiroid€a,tjpi&ed'hyAstrophiura.  Tliey 
lyive  arms,  with  an  ophiuroid  disk,  included  in  a  pen- 
tagonal body,  a  very  broad  interbrachial  cavity,  ambula- 
cral  pores  separated  by  septa  i»erpendicular  to  the  rays, 
and  the  oral  armature  without  teeth. 

astrophotography  (as'tv6-fo-tog'ra-fi),  n.    [< 

Gr.  iia-rpov,  a  star,  -f-  pliotoijruphy.]  The  appli- 
cation of  photography  to  the  delineation  or 
record  of  solar  spots,  the  moon's  disk,  the 
planets,  and  the  constellations,  and  to  other 
astronomical  ends. 

astrophotometer  (as"tr6-fo-tom'e-t6r),  n.  [< 
Gr.  anrpuv,  a  star,  +  ^luf  (ifKJr-),  light.  +  phpm; 
a  measure:  see  photometer.]  A  device  fitted  to 
a  telescope  for  comparing  the  brightness  of  a 
star  with  a  standard  light. 

astrophotometrical  (as"tr6-f6-to-met'ri-kal), 
((.  Pertaining  to  the   astrophotometer  or  its 


Oral  Skeleton  of.-lsero- 
phyton,  an  ophiurian, 
seen  from  within. 

(i,  ti,  vertebral  or  axial 
ossicles  of  ray ;  e,  inter- 
ambulacral  pieces ;  /. 
torus  angulans:  A.  posi- 
tion of  nervous  collar  ;  ni. 
peristomial  plates;  o,  pa- 
la  angularis. 


358 

use ;  obtained  or  made  by  means  of  the  astro- 
pliotoineter. 

astrophyllite  (as-tro-fil'it),  n,  [<  Gr.  anrpmi, 
a  star,  +  (^i'/.'/.ov,  a  leaf,  -I-  -i<e~,']  A  mineral  of 
a  bronze-  or  gold-yellow  color  and  micaceous 
structure,  sometimes  found  in  tabular  trielinio 
crystals.  It  is  a  silicate  of  iron  and  manganese,  with 
potassium,  sodium,  and  also  some  titanium.  It  is  found 
in  Norway  and  in  Colorado. 

astrophysical  (as-tro-fiz'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  aaTpov, 
star,  +  ^iwiKtic,  physical:  see  physical.]  Per- 
taining to  astronomical  physics. 

We  need,  and  ought  to  have,  a  continuous  record  of  the 
state  of  the  solar  surface,  such  as  it  is  hoped  m.ay  be  se- 
cured by  the  cooperation  of  the  new  astrophysical  observa- 
tories at  Potsdam  aiid  Meudon. 

C.  A.  Toung,  The  Sun,  p.  166. 

astrophysics  (as'tro-fiz'iks),  n.  Astronomical 
phj-sics. 

Astrophytidae  (as-tro-fit'i-de),  n.j'l  [NL-,  < 
Astrojihyton  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  ophiurians, 
of  the  order  Ophiuroidea,  containing  those  which 
have  branching  arms.  It  corresponds  to  the 
Euryalea: 

Astrophyton  (as-trof'i-ton),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
anrpov,  star,  -t-  (pvTov,  plant.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Astrophytidte, 
containing  the  gorgon's- 
head,  basket-fish,  or  sea-bas- 
ket, Astrophyton  scutatiim. 

Astrorhiza  (as-tro-ri'zii),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aarpov,  star,  -1- 
piCa,  root.]  A  genus  of  fora- 
miniferous  rhizopods,  tj'pi- 
cal  of  the  family  Astrorhizi- 
dee  and  the  subfamily  Astro- 
rhizinw.  The  species  are  of 
considerable  size. 

Astrorhizidse  (as-tro-riz'i- 
de),  n.2d.  [NL.,<  Asirorhiza 
+  -idee.]  A  family  of  rhizo- 
pods with  the  test  invariably 
composite,  usually  of  large 
size  and  monothalamous,  often  branched  or 
radiate,  sometimes  segmented  by  constriction 
of  the  walls,  but  seldom  or  never  tiidy  septate. 
The  polythalamous  forms  are  never  symmetri- 
cal. 

Astrorhizinse  (as'tro-ri-zi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
(.Astrorhiza  + -inee.]  Asubfamily  of  JsicoWfi- 
zicJa',  characterized  by  thick  walls  composed  of 
sand  or  mud  but  slightly  cemented. 

astroscope  (as'tro-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpov,  a  star, 
+  aKoirtlv,  %'iew:  see  astroscopy.]  An  astro- 
nomical instriunent  composed  of  two  cones  on 
the  surfaces  of  which  the  constellations  with 
their  stars  are  delineated.  It  was  formerly 
used  as  a  substitute  for  the  celestial  globe. 

astroscopyt  (as-tros'ko-pi),  n.  [<  MGr.  aarpo- 
OKo-ia,  observation  of  the  stars,  <  Gr.  aa-pov,  a 
star,  +  -aKOTTia,  <  cko-eIv,  view.]  Observation 
of  the  stars. 

astrotheology  (as'tro-the-ors-ji),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aarpov,  a  star,  +  6to?,o}ia,  theology:  see  theol- 
ogy.] Natural  theology  founded  on  the  obser- 
vation of  the  celestial  bodies.    Derham. 

astructivet  (as-truk'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  astructus, 
pp.  of  astrucre,  build  in  addition,  add  (<  ad,  to, 
-I-  struere,  heap  up,  pUe),  -f-  -ire.  Cf.  destruc- 
tire.]  Building  up;  erecting;  constructive: 
opposed  to  destructive. 

The  true  method  of  Christian  practice  is  first  destructive, 

then  astructive.  .  .  .  "Cease  to  do  evil,  learn  to  do  well." 

Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  Kom.  xii.  2. 

astrut  (a-struf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [ME. 
astrut,  (istrout,  astrote,  o  strut,  on  strut ;  <  «3  -1- 
strut.]     Strutting;  pompous.     [Rare.] 

Inflated  and  astrut  with  self-conceit. 

Cuu-pcr,  Task,  v.  268. 

astucious  (as-tii'shus),  a.  [<  F.  astucieux,  as- 
tute, <  astuce,  astuteness,  <  L.  astutia,  astute- 
ness. <  astutus,  astute:  see  astute.]  Astute; 
subtle ;  designing.     Also  spelled  astutious. 

Louis,  .  .  .  like  all  a^tuciou^  persons,  was  as  desirous 
of  looking  into  tlie  hearts  of  others  as  of  concealing  his 
own.  Scutt,  Quentin  Durward,  ix. 

astuciously  (as-tu'shus-li),  adv.    Astutely. 
astucity  (as-tii'si-ti),  71.     [<  astuci-ous  +  -ty.] 
Tlie  quality  of  being  astute ;  astuteness. 
With  astucity,  with  swiftness,  with  audacity. 

Cartyle,  Fl'ench  Rev.,  I.  i.  3. 

astunt,  !'.  t.    See  astoTt. 

Astur  (as'ter),  «,  [LL.  astur,  ML.  also  astor, 
austur,  etc.,  a  goshawk:  see  ausfriufjer.]  A 
genus  of  hawks,  foi-merly  called  star-hawks  or 
goose-hawks,  now  goshawks,  of  large  size,  with 
short  roimded  wings,  long  tail,  moderately  long 
legs,  and  the  beak  festooned  but  not  toothed. 
The  European  goshawk  is  A. palumbarius ;  the  American 


astylar 

is  A.  atricapillut ;  there  arc  other  species,  grading  in  size 
down  to  the  species  of  Accipitcr,  so  that  the  limits  of  the 


American  Goshawk  i.Attur  atrieapittus). 

genus  are  indefinite.  The  word  has  been  used  with  much 
latitude  for  various  hawlis  and  hawk-like  birds.  Also 
spelled  Aster. 

Asturian  (as-tii'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Sp.  Astu- 
riano,  <  Asturias,  Asttrria,  <  L.  Asturia,  tho 
country  of  the  Astures,  in  Hispania  Tarraco- 
nensis,  <  Astur,  an  Asturian.  Cf .  Astura.  a  riv- 
er in  Asturia,  now  the  Esla.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  ancient  Asturia  or  modem  Asturias,  a 
northwestern  province  of  Spain,  on  the  bay 
of  Biscay. 
II.  n.   A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Asturia. 

Asturina  (as-tu-ri'na),  n.  [NL..<  Astur + 
-ina.]  A  genus  of  comparatively  small  Amer- 
ican hawks,  of  the  buteonine  division,  the  adults 
of  which  have  somewhat  the  pattern  of  plumage 
of  the  goshawks,  to  which,  however,  they  are 
not  specially  related :  synonymous  with  Astu- 
risca  (Sundevall,  1872).  One  species,  A.  playiala, 
occtu-s  in  tlie  I'nited  .States,  and  there  are  several  others 
in  the  warmer  parts  of  America. 

Asturinse  (as-tu-ri'ne),  7\.pl.  [NL.,  <  Astur  -\- 
■'inw.]  A  subfamily  or  other  gi'oup  of  hawks 
ha%'ing  the  genus  Astur  as  its  central  figure: 
synonymous  with  Accipitrina:  The  name  is  used 
with  great  latitude,  and  is  incapable  of  exact  ilefinitiou. 
In  Sundevall's  classification,  for  example,  it  is  a  family  of 
his  Hcmeroharpages,  more  than  coextensive  with  Falco- 
iiidte. 

asturine  (as'ter-in),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  asturi- 
71US :  see  Astur  and  -ine^.]  I.  a.  Like  or  lik- 
ened to  a  hawk,  especially  of  the  genus  Astur; 
accipitrine. 

II,  71.  An  American  hawk  of  the  genus  As- 
turina. 
Asturisca  (as-tii-ris'ka),  n.  [NL.,  <  Astur  + 
dim.  -isca.]  Same  as  Asturina. 
astute  (as-tiit'),  a.  [<  L.  astutus,  cunning, 
crafty,  <  astus,  cunning,  craft.]  Of  keen  pene- 
tration or  discernment ;  cimning ;  sagacious. 

Thiit  astute  little  lady  of  Curzon  Street.  Thackeray. 

Mighty  clever  you  gentlemen  think  you  are!    .    .    . 
Acute  and  astute,  why  are  you  not  also  omniscient? 

Charlotte  Bronte,  .Shirley,  xx. 
^Syn.  Sayacious,  Saye,  Knowinn,  Astute,  Subtle.  Saga- 
cious and  saye  are  used  only  in  good  senses,  and  when  ap- 
plied to  persons  generally  suggest  the  wisdom  of  age  or 
experience.  The  knowiny  man  lias  wide  knowledge  and 
often  penetration.  The  word  knuiriny  has  also  a  humor- 
ous cast:  as,  he  gave  me  a  kwnrijiy  «ink:  it  may  be  used 
ironically :  as,  he  is  a  little  too  knouitty,  that  is,  he  thinks 
he  knows  more  than  he  does ;  it  may  be  used  of  knowing 
more  than  one  has  a  right  to  know ;  it  sometimes  suggests 
a  disposition  to  make  ill  use  of  knowledge:  as,  a  knowiny 
leer.  Astute  is  often  the  same  as  sayacious,  but  is  sus- 
ceptible of  an  unfavorable  sense  in  the  direction  of  a  nar- 
row shrewdness,  slyness,  or  cunning ;  it  often  means  a 
saaacitu  that  knows'  how  to  be  silent;  it  is  frequently  ap- 
plied to  luiiks.  Subtle,  in  its  good  sense,  implies  great 
acutencss,  delicacy,  or  refinement  in  mental  action :  as,  a 
subtle  reasoner.    For  its  bad  sense,  see  cunniny. 

Another  effect  of  public  instjibility  is  the  unreasonable 

advantage  it  gives  to  tlie  sayacious,  the  enterprising,  and 

the  monied  few,  over  the  industrious  and  uninformed  mass 

of  the  people.  A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  62. 

Let  time,  that  makes  you  homely,  make  you  saye. 

Parnell,  To  an  Old  Beauty,  1.  35. 

N'ot  every  one,  knnwiny  as  he  may  be,  knows  when  his 
question  is  answered.  Alcott,  Table-Talk,  p.  S4. 

No  ambassadors  to  Western  Courts  were  so  instructed, 
so  decorous,  so  proud,  so  astute  as  the  Veuetiati  ambas- 
sadors. K.  0.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together,  ii. 
A  sut}tle  disputant  on  creeds. 

Byron,  Napoleon  Bonapai-te. 

astutely  (as-tiit  'li),  adv.    In  an  astute  manner ; 
shrewdly;  sharply;  cunningly. 
astuteness  (as-tut'nes),  n.     The  quality  of  be- 
ing astute  ;  cunning;  shrewdness. 

All  so  smooth  and  fair. 
Even  Paul's  astuteness  snilfed  no  harm  i'  the  world. 

Browuiny,  King  and  Book,  I.  145. 

astylar  (a-sti'ljir),  a.  [<  Gr.  aarv^.oc,  without 
pilUirs  or  columns  (<  a-  yriy,  +  arvy.oc.  a  col- 
umn:  see  sty le'^),  +  -ar.]  In  nrc7i.,  having  no 
columns. 


astyllen 

astyllent  (as-til'pn),  «.  [E.  dial.;  etym.  ob- 
sciu'c]  A  small  temporary  dam  or  partition, 
made  either  of  branclu-s  or  twigs  interlaced,  or 
perhaps  sometimes  of  a  simple  piece  of  board, 
and  used  either  to  check  the  flow  of  water 
under  ground  or  to  separate  ore  from  refuse  or 
attle  on  the  surface.     [Eng.] 

asunder  (a-suu'der),  prep,  jilii:  as  adv.  [<  ME. 
a  sundir,  o  siinilcr,  on  giindir,  etc.,  <  AS. on  sitn- 
dran,  apart :  see  ii'-^  and  sunder. 1  1.  In  or  into 
a  position  apart ;  a]iart  or  separate,  either  in 
position  or  in  direction :  said  of  two  or  more 
things :  as,  wide  as  the  poles  asunder. 

The  vanguard  ami  rear-guard  were  above  half  a  league 
asunder,  with  the  cavalgada  between  tliem. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  78. 

2.  In  or  into  a  divided  state;  into  separate 
parts ;  in  pieces :  as,  to  tear,  rend,  break,  bui'st, 
or  cut  asunder. 

The  Lord  .  .  .  hatheutrt*it?uier  the  cords  of  the  wicked. 

I's.  cxxix.  4. 
What  a  plaguing  thing  it  is  to  have  a  man's  mind  torn 
asunder  by  two  projects  of  equal  strength. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  31. 

Ties  the  strongest,  influences  the  sweetest,  seem  falling 

asunder  as  smoking  llax.        /i.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  405. 

3.  Separately;  apart.     [Archaic] 

It  was  impossible  to  know  them  asunder. 

Defoe,  Plague,  p.  264. 

asura  (as'6-ra),  n.  [<Skt.  a«i(ra,  spiritual ;  as 
a  noun,  a  spirit,  later  a  demon  (Hind,  asur); 
<  ■/  as,  be,  with  which  are  connected  E.  am,  are  : 
see  be,  ens.2  In  Hindu  mi/thol.,  one  of  a  class 
of  demons  in  perpetual  hostility  to  the  gods : 
parallel  to  a  Titan  or  an  afrit. 

aswail  (as'wal),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The  native  name 
of  the  sloth-bear  of  India,  Melursus  or  Procliilvs 


Aswan,  or  Sloth-bear  {Prcchilits  labtatus). 

Idbiatus.  it  is  an  uncouth,  unwieldy  animal,  with  veiT 
long  black  hair,  and  inoffensive  when  not  attacked.  Owing 
to  its  excee<ling  sensitiveness  to  heat,  it  confines  itself  to 
its  den  during  the  day.  It  never  eats  vertebrate  animals 
except  when  pressed  by  hunger,  its  usual  diet  consisting 
of  roots,  bees'  nests,  grubs,  snails,  ants,  etc.  Its  flesh  is 
used  for  food,  and  its  fat  is  highly  valued  for  the  lubrica- 
tion of  the  delicate  steel-work  in  gun-locks.  WHien  cap- 
tured young  it  is  easily  tamed,  and  can  be  taught  to  per- 
form niaTty  curious  tricks. 

as'warm  (a-swarm'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [< 
a3  +  swarm.']     In  a  swarm;  swarming. 
Carnival-time, — another  providence  ! 
The  town  a-swarni  with  strangers. 

Browniwj,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  73. 

as'Washt,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [Eaily  mod. 
E.,  also  nswasshe,  a  sosslie,  a.sliossJic ;  <  a^  + 
*swash,  of  obseure  origin.]  Slantingly;  aslant ; 
oblique;  (of  looking)  askant  and  -with  scorn. 
Cotf/rare. 

as'way  {a-s-wa.'),  j)rep.  phr.  a.s  adv.  or  a.  [<  ct^ 
+  swaji.^  In  a  swaying  state ;  rocking  from 
side  to  side. 

as'wevet,  v.   t.     [ME.  asweven,  stupefy,  <  AS. 
dsii-chhan,  soothe,  still,  put  to  death,  <  a-,  in- 
tensive,   +  swebban,  put  to  sleep,   <  swefan, 
sleep:  see  sweven.']    To  stupefy,  as  by  terror. 
So  astonyed  and  asweved. 
Was  every  vertu  in  my  heved. 

Chaucer,  Ilouse  of  Fame,  1.  549. 

aswim  (a-swim'),  jirep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
((3  +  .<»■()«.]    Swimming;  overflowing;  afloat. 

as'Wing  (a-swing'),  prep.  phr.  as  «(/('.  or  a.  [< 
«3  +  string.']     In  a  swinging  state ;  asway. 

aswoon  (a-swon'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
ME.  aswoitn,  aswown,  aswoune,  aswon-ne,  also  a 
swoune,  on  swoune,  in  swoune,  taken,  as  in  mod. 
E.,  as  prop,  with  noun  («•*  +  siroon),  but  origi- 
nating in  aswowen  for  isioowen,  the  fuller  form 
of  aswoice,  isirotce,  orig.  pp. :  see  aswouijh.  Cf. 
aslope,  alight^.]    In  a  swoon. 

And  with  this  word  she  fell  to  ground 
Aswoon.  Goiver,  Conf.  Amant.,  iv. 

Because  I  fell  asu^on, 
I  think  you'll  do  the  like. 
liiitnu  riood  atul  the  'lieijtjar,  in  Child's  Ballads,  V.  203. 
aswooned   (a-swond'),  adv.  or  a.      [<  ME.  a- 
swoncd,  iswouned,  occasional  var.  of  aswoune, 
etc. :  see  aswoon  and  aswonnd.J    Aswoon. 


359 

aswought,  adv.  or  a.,  orig.  p.  a.  [ME.,  also 
asirogh,  nswnwe,  iswowe,  iswogc,  <  AS.  geswogen, 
senseless,  swooned  (cf.  geswogung,  swooning), 
pp.  of  swogan,  overgrow,  choke :  see  sirough.] 
In  a  swoon  ;  aswoon. 

aswoundt,  I'reji.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.     [<  a^   + 
siround  for  sirooti :  see  swound,  and  cf.  aswoon,^ 
asicnoncd.]     In  a  swoon  ;  aswoon. 

asylet  (a-sil'),  ».  [<  ME.  asHe,  <  P.  asile,  <  L. 
asi/liiin  :  see  asi/lum,]     An  old  {orm  of  asylum. 

asylum  (a-si'lum),  «.  [<  L.  asi/lum,  a  sanctu- 
ary, asylum,  <  Gr.  aavyjiv,  an  asylum,  neut.  of 
aavXo^,  safe  from  'violence,  <  a-  priv.  +  aih/, 
also  av'Aov,  a  right  of  seizure,  perhaps  related 
to  (TKii/lov  =  L.  spolium,  spoil:  sec  spoil.]  1.  A 
sanctuary  or  place  of  refuge  where  criminals 
and  debtors  formerly  sought  shelter  from  jus- 
tice, and  from  which  they  could  not  bo  taken 
without  sacrilege. 

.So  sacred  was  the  church  to  some  that  it  had  the  right 
of  an  asylum  or  sanctuary.  Ayliffe,  Parcrgon. 

Hence  —  2.  Inviolable  shelter;  proteetiou from 
pursuit  or  arrest ;  security  of  tlio  person :  as, 
the  right  of  asylum,  that  is,  of  furidshing  such 
protection.  Most  Grecian  temples  had  anciently  this 
right,  and  the  custom,  following  Jewish  analogies,  passed 
into  the  Christian  church.  tYom  the  fourth  century 
the  churches  had  widely  extended  rights  of  asylum,  but 
moderu  legislation  h.as  nearly  everywbei-e  ended  the  cus- 
tom. (See  sanetuarti.)  In  interna/ i'<mal  tan',  the  right 
of  asylum  wjus  fornieVly  claimed  for  the  houses  of  ambas- 
sadors. The  term  now  specifically  signifies  the  right  of 
one  state  to  receive  and  shelter  persons  accused  of  crimes, 
or  especially  of  political  ofi'enses,  committed  in  another. 
See  extradition. 

3.  Any  place  of  retreat  and  security. 

Earth  has  no  other  asylum  for  them  than  its  own  cold 
bosom.  Southey, 

Specifically — 4.  An  institution  for  recei'ving, 
maintaining,  and,  so  far  as  possible,  ameliorat- 
ing the  condition  of  persons  sulTering  from 
bodily  detects,  mental  maladies,  or  other  mis- 
fortunes :  as,  an  orpban-«s^/««i ;  an  asylum  for 
the  blind,  for  the  insane,  etc. ;  a  magdalen 
asylum. 

asymbolia  (as-im-bo'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  -t-  ni<iJiio'Aov,  symbol.]      Same  as  asemia. 

asymmetralt  (a-sim'e-tral),  a.  Same  as  a^ym- 
metroits. 

asymmetric  (as-i-met'rik),  a,  [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 
(((-18)  +  symmetric.  Cf.  asymmetrou^.]  Desti- 
tute of  symmetry;  not  symmetrical — Asym- 
metric system,  in  crystal.,  same  as  triclinic  systerti  : 
so  called  from  the  fact  that  the  crystals  belonging  to  it  are 
without  a  plane  of  synmietry.    See  eryfitullo</rajdiy. 

Many  substances  contain  an  asymmetric  carbon  atom, 
but  are  oi)tii_aIly  inactive.  Encye.  Brit.,  XIX.  314. 

asymmetrical  (as-i-met'ri-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
-pv'iv.  {a-'^^)  + symmetrical.  C't.  asymmetric]  1. 
Not  symmetrical ;  unsymmetrical. 

In  some  Cetacea,  the  bones  about  the  region  of  the  nose 
are  imeiiually  developed,  and  the  skull  becomes  asymmet- 
rical. Huxley,  Anat.  'Vert.,  p.  30. 

2t.  In  math.,  not  having  commensurability ; 
incommensurable. —  3.  Inharmonious;  not  re- 
concilable.    Boyh:     [Rare.] 

asymmetrically  (as-i-met'ri-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
asymmetric  manner ;  without  symmetry. 

asymmetroust  (a-sim'e-trns),  a.      [<  Gr.  acifi- 
fitTpo(;,  ineommensiu'able,  disproportionate,  <  d- 
priv.  +  avfifierpog,  eommensurate :  see  symmet- 
ric]       1.      Incommensu- 
rate ;  incommensurable. — 
2.  Asymmetrical. 
Also  asyntnietral. 

asymmetry  (a-sim'e-tri), 

«.;  pi.  asymmetries  {-tviz). 
[<  Gr.  aavjiiicTpia,  incom- 
mensurability, dispropor- 
tion, <  aavfi/jitTpor:  aeoiisym- 
metrous.  Cf.. <iyminctry.]  1. 
Want  of  symmetry  or  pro- 
portion. 

In  the  Flamshes  (PUuronec- 
tido'),  the  skull  becomes  so  com- 
pletely distorted  that  the  two 
eyes  lie  on  one  side  of  the  body. 
...  In  certain  of  these  fishes, 
the  rest  of  the  skull  and  facial 
bones,  the  spine,  and  even  the 
limbs,  partake  in  this  asymme- 
try.     Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  30. 

2t.  The  want  of  a  com- 
mon measure  between  two 
quantities ;  incommensu- 
rability. Barrow. 
asymphynote  (a-sim'fi- 
not).  II.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 
(0-18)  -)-  symphynote.]  Not 
soldered  together  at  the  back,  that  is,  at  the 
hinge :  the  opposite  of  symphynote  (which  see) : 


asystaton 

applied  to  those  unios  or  river-mussels  which 
have  the  hinge  free  and  the  valves  consequently 
movable,  as  is  usual  in  the  genus  Unio.  Dr. 
Isaac  Lea. 
asymptote  (as'im-tot),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  aaiifi- 
Trrcjroc,  not  close,  not  falling  together,  <  d-  priv. 
-I-  aiv,  together,  -I-  frrurdc,  falling,  apt  to  fall,  < 


Asymmetry  of  Skull  of 
Pl.ltcc  [,Ptattssa  ^ulea. 
ris\.  from  above.  (The  dot- 
ted line  rt  *  is  the  true  mor- 
pholti).ical  median  line.) 

Or,  Or,  position  of  the  two 
eyes  in  tneir  ort)it5 :  /:/*, 
ethmoid  :  /■»/,  prefrontal  : 
Fr,  left,  and  J-'rl.  right 
frontal  ;  Pa,  parietal ;  SO, 
supra-occipital :  f/O.  epi- 
otic- 


<j*,  a6.  Asymptotes. 


TriTTTf^ii,  fall;  cf.  nvinritTTiiv,  fall  together,  meet.] 
I,  a.  m  math.,  approaching  indefinitely  close, 
as  a  line  to  a  curve,  but  never  meeting.  See  II. 
II.  n.  A  straight  line  whose  distance  from  a 
cui-ve  is  less  than  any  assignable  quantity,  but 
which  does  not  meet  the  cm-ve  at  any  finite  dis- 
tance from  the  origin.  The  asymptote  is  often  de- 
fined as  the  tangent  to  the  curve  at  an  infinite  distance, 
and  this  definition  answers  for  Euclidean  space ;  but,  in 
view  of  non-Euclidean  hypotheses,  it  is  preferable  to  de- 
fine it  as  a  common  chord  of  the  curve  and  the  absolute 
(which  see),  and  thus  as  n(>t  necessarily  a  tangent. 

asymptotic  (as-im-tot'ik),  a.  Same  as  asymp- 
totical. 

asymptotical  (as-im-tot'i-kal),  fl.  [<  asymp- 
totic -¥  -((/.]  Belonging  to  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  an  asymjitole ;  approaching  indefinite- 
ly near,  but  never  meeting. 

In  these  perpetual  lines  and  curves  ran  ihc  asymptotical 
negi>tiation  from  heginiiing  to  end  and  so  it  miglit  have 
run  for  two  centuries  without  hope  of  coincidence. 

Motley,  Dutch  Kepublic,  III.  455. 

Asymptotical  lines  or  curves,  lines  or  curves  which 
al'pl-'iach  indefinitely  close,  but  never  meet. 

asymptotically  (as-im-tot'i-kal-i),  adr.  In  an 
asymptotical  manner;  in  a  manner  so  as  gi'adu- 
ally  to  approach  indefinitely  near,  though  never 
to  meet. 

The  theory  is  not  a  thing  complete  from  the  first,  but  a 
thing  which  grows,  as  it  were,  asymptotically  towanls 
certainty.  Tyndatl. 

The  curve  approaches  .  .  .  asymptotically, 

G.  M.  Minehin.  .Statics.  I.  180. 

asynartete  (a-sin'iir-tet),  «.  [<  Gr.  aavvapTTjTo^, 
not  united,  disconnected,  of  differing  meters, 
<  d-  priv.  +  ^mi'dpTi/ro;  (cf.  awapn/nic,  a  jime- 
tion),  verbal  adj.  otavvaprav,  hang  up  with,  con- 
nect, <  ain;  together,  4-  apriv,  join,  fasten,  re- 
lated to  apdpuv,  joint,  L.  artus,  joint,  etc. :  see 
arthritic,  article,  arm"^,  etc.]  1.  Disconnected; 
not  fitted  or  adjusted. —  2.  In  a>tc.  pros.:  (a) 
With  interior  catalexis  at  the  end  of  a  colon ; 
procatalectic  or  dicatalectic:  s.s,&nasynartetic 
verse,  meter,  or  period,  (fe)  Composed  of  cola 
of  different  kinds  of  feet ;  episynthetic.  [tsed 
in  this  latter  sense  (/')by  most  modern  writers  since  Bent- 
ley,  tile  former  sense  (a),  however,  being  restored  by  some 
writers  in  accordance  with  ancient  authority.]  .\\&o  asyti- 
artetic. 

asynchronism  (a-sin'kro-nizm),  «.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (a-18)  -H  synchronis-m.]  Want  of  synchro- 
nism or  correspondence  in  time. 

asynchronous  (a-sin'kro-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (rt-iS)  -t-  synchronous.]  Not  coinciding 
in  time. 

asjmdetic  (as-iu-det'ik),  o.  [<  asyndeton  -t-  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  asjTideton. 

asyndeton  (a-sin'de-ton),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aaiv- 
StTov,  asyndeton,  neut.  of  dai-wSfrof,  uncon- 
nected, without  conjunction,  <  d-  priv.  -I-  ai'vSe- 
TOf,  bound  together,  <  ci'vdclv,  bind  together,  < 
(7iT,  together,  -I-  thiv,  bind.]  In  rhet.,  a  figure 
of  speech  consisting  in  the  omission  of  connec- 
tives, as  in  the  following  passage : 

Heal  the  sick,  cleanse  the  lepers,  raise  the  dead,  cast 
out  devils.  Mat-  x.  8. 

It  is  the  opposite  of  polysyndeton,  which  is  a  multiplica- 
tion of  coimectives- 

asyntactic  (as-in-tak'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aaivraicToc, 
not  ranged  together,  ungrammatical  (<-d-  priv. 
-)-  avvraKTor,  verbal  adj.  of  civraamip,  put  in 
order  together:  see  ,<:yntax),  +  -ic]  Loosely 
put  together;  irregular;  ungrammatical.  -V. 
E.  D. 

asystatont  (a-sis'ta-ton),  H.  [<  Gr.  aciaraToc, 
incoliorent,  incongruous,  <  d-  priv.  -I-  ciaTaTo^, 
verbal  adj.  of  aiviaravai,  hold  together,  <  aiv, 
•with,  +  laravai,  cause  to  stand,  mid.  icrracSai, 
stand.]  The  sophism  of  the  liar  (which  see,  un- 
der liar).    Formerly  eiToneously  assistation. 


asystaton 

Aigi^ation  [asiintatt^n]  is  ii  kind  of  rnvilinR  not  ronsiat- 
Ing  of  any  sure  groiuul,  iia  if  a  man  shcnilii  say  tliat  he  iloth 
hold  liis  peace  or  lyetll  or  knoweth  notliirii;,  anotller  l)y 
and  l>y  niiglit  cavil  thereof  in  this  sort.  Ergo,  He  that 
holiieth  his  peace  speaketh,  lie  that  lyeth  saith  truth,  he 
that  knowoth  nothing  knoweth  something.      BliiiulemlU. 

asystole  (a-sis'to-le),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
<riwro>.v,  systole!]  In  patlioL,  that  condition 
in  which  a  dilated  and  enfeebled  heart  remains 
continuously  filled  with  hlood  on  account  of  the 
inability  of  the  left  ventricle  to  discharge  more 
than  a  small  part  of  its  contents.  Also  called 
asi/stolism. 

asystolic  (as-is-tol'ik),  a.  [<  asystole  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  asystole ;  characterized  by  or  af- 
fected with  asystole. 

asystolism  (a-sis'to-lizm),  n.  [<  asystole  + 
-ism.]     Same  as  aftystolc. 

asyzygetic  (a-siz-i-jet'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
((j-18)  +  sy-ygotic.'i  Not  connected  by  a  syzy- 
getie  relation. 

at  (at),  prej).  [<  ME.  at,  sometimes  att,  atte,  ct, 
<  AS.  a'^  =  OS.  «(  =  OFries.  et  (in  combination 
also  at,  it)  =  OHG.  a:  =  Icel.  at,  mod.  ath  =  Sw. 
6t  =  Dan.  ad  =  Goth,  at  =  L.  ad  (>  It.  «  =  Sp.  a 
=  Pg.  a  =  F.  a),  to,  at,  =  Skt.  adlii,  unto,  on. 
This  prep,  is  most  nearly  equiv.  to  to,  without 
the  orig.  impUcatiou  of  motion.  In  many  con- 
structions the  two  prepositions  interchange. 
In  many  E.  dialects  at  has  partly,  and  in  Seand. 
has  wholly,  displaced  to,  while  on  the  other 
hand  in  G.  to  (;:u)  has  wholly  displaced  at.  In 
L.  and  Rom.  the  form  cognate  with  at  covers 
all  the  uses  of  to  as  well  as  of  at,  and  extends 
partly  over  the  field  of  uitli.']  A  preposition 
of  extremely  various  use,  primarily  meaning 
to,  without  "implication,  in  itself,  of  motion. 
It  expresses  position  attained  by  motion  to,  and  hence 
contact,  contiguity,  or  coincidence,  actual  or  approxi- 
mate, in  space  or  time.  Being  less  restricted  as  to  rela- 
tive position  than  other  prepositions,  it  may  in  different 
constructions  assume  their  office,  and  so  become  equiva- 
lent, according  to  the  context,  to  in,  on,  near,  by,  about, 
under,  over,  through,  from,  to,  toivard,  etc. 
1.  Of  simple  local  position  :  (a)  With  verbs  of 
rest  {be,  live,  etc.):  In,  on,  near,  by,  etc.,  ac- 
cording to  the  context:  denoting  usually  a 
place  conceived  of  as  a  mere  point:  as,  at  the 
center,  at  the  top,  at  the  corner,  at  the  end, 
at  the  next  station,  at  the  bend  of  the  river,  at 
the  north  pole,  at  No.  48  Main  street,  etc.  So 
with  names  of  towns,  etc.;  as,  at  Stratford,  at  Lexington, 
etc. ;  but  if  the  city  is  of  great  size  in  is  commonly  used : 
as,  in  London,  in  Paris,  in  New  York ;  unless,  again,  the  city 
is  conceived  of  as  a  mere  geographical  point :  as,  our  finan- 
cial interests  center  a(  Sew  York.  The  place  Implied  by  at 
may  be  left  indeterminate,  «ith  a  reference  rather  to  con- 
dition than  to  mere  location:  as,  at  school,  at  college,  at 
court,  at  sea,  etc.  At  may  also  express  personal  proxim- 
ity: as,  at  one's  side,  at  one's  heels,  at  one's  elbow,  etc. 
At  kaiid,  near  by,  h.as  lost  its  personal  reference. 

I  don't  believe  there's  a  circulating  library  in  Bath  I 
ha'n't  been  at.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  2. 

Muley  Abu!  Hassan,  at  the  head  of  a  powerful  force, 
had  hurried  from  Granada.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  20. 

He  [Don  Juan  de  Vera]  was  armed  at  all  points,  gal- 
lantly mounted,  and  followed  by  a  moderate  but  well-ap- 
pointed retinue.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  10. 
(6)  With  verbs  of  motion:  (1)  Through,  by  (im- 
plying a  starting-point  or  a  point  where  a  thing 
enters  or  departs):  as,  to  enter  at  the  window, 
to  go  out  at  the  back  door.  (2)  From  (imi>ly- 
ing  a  source  from  which  a  thing  comes  or  where 
it  is  sought):  as,  to  receive  ill  treatment  at 
their  hands.  (3)  To,  toward  (implying  a  stop- 
ping-point, a  position  attained  or  aimed  at): 
as,  to  come  at,  to  get  at,  to  aim  at,  fire  at,  shoot 
at,  drive  at,  point  at,  look  at,  shout  at,  reach 
at,  snatch  at,  clutch  at,  etc.;  also  be  at  when 
it  implies  effort  directed  toward  a  thing. 

No  doubt  but  they  will  soone  answer  that  all  these 
things  they  seeke  at  God's  hands. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonstrants. 
There  is  no  way  of  coming  at  a  true  theory  of  society 
hut  by  inquiring  into  the  nature  of  its  component  indi- 
viduals. //.  Sjiencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  28. 
\'Miat  you  can  drive  at,  unless  you  mean  to  quarrel  with 
me,  I  cannot  conceive  !  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 
In  spite  of  his  former  submissions  and  promises,  Lati- 
mer was  at  it  again. 

n.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  iii. 

"Who  but  Henry  could  have  been  aware  of  what  his  father 

was  at/  Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  172. 

2.  Of  circumstantial  position,  state,  condition, 
manner,  en^-ironment.  etc.,  in  a  great  variety 
of  relations  developed  from  the  local  sense: 
as,  at  dinner,  at  play,  at  work,  at  service,  iit 
right  angles,  at  full  length,  at  odds,  at  ease,  at 
■war,  o<  peace,  of  will,  (((pleasure,  at  discretion, 
etc. 

They  let  her  goe  at  will,  and  wander  waies  unknowne. 
Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  I.  viii.  49. 

I  have  brought  you  a  new  song  will  make  you  laugh. 

Though  you  were  at  your  prayers. 

Fletcher  {and  another),  False  One,  i.  1. 


360 

Really,  sir,  you  have  the  advantage  of  me:  — I  don't  re- 
member ever  to  have  had  the  honour  — my  name  is  Saun- 
derson,  at  yoiu-  service.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  '2. 

Success  would  place  a  rich  town  at  their  mercy. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  35. 

The  ship  in  which  he  IGoldsmith)  had  taken  his  passage, 
having  got  a  fair  wind  while  he  was  at  a  party  of  pleasure, 
had  sailed  without  him.  Macaulaij,  Gtjldsniith. 

3.  Of  relative  position :  implying  a  point  in  an 
actual  or  possible  series,  and  hence  used  of  de- 
gree, price,  time,  order,  occasion,  etc. :  as,  at 
the  beginning,  at  the  third  house  from  the  cor- 
ner, at  nine  years  of  age,  at  seventy  degrees  in 
the  shade,  at  four  dollars  a  yard,  at  ten  cents  a 
pound,  at  half  past  six,  at  midnight,  at  first,  at 
last,  etc. 

I'll  take  them  at  your  ovm  price. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

At  present,  if  you  please,  we'll  drop  the  subject. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  i.  3. 

In  passing  through  the  gate  of  Elvira,  however,  he  ac- 
cidentally broke  his  lance  against  the  arch.  At  this,  cer- 
tain of  his  nobles  turned  pale,  for  they  regarded  it  as  an 
evil  omen.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  lOS. 

[In  all  uses,  especially  in  those  last  mentioned,  at  is  verj- 
frequent  in  idiomatical  phrases:  as,  at  all,  at  most,  at 
least,  at  last,  at  length,  at  any  rate,  at  stake,  at  one,  at 
once,  at  large,  at  present,  etc.,  "for  which  see  the  principal 
words,  all,  most,  least,  etc.l 
4t.  With  the  infinitive :  To. 

Faire  gan  him  pray 
At  ride  thurgh  Ingland. 

Minot,  Poems  (ed.  Ritson),  p.  40. 

[Now  only  dialectal,  but  common  in  Middle  English,  and 
the  regular  use  in  Scandinavian,  to  which  the  English  use 
is  due.  A  relic  of  this  use  remains  in  ado,  originally  at 
do.    See  ado.] 

'at  (at),  pron,  and  conj.  An  obsolete  and  dia- 
lectal form  of  that. 

at-l.  [ME.  at-,  <  AS.  at-,  being  the  prep.  CBt, 
E.  at,  in  comp.  with  a  verb  (vrith  the  accent  on 
the  verb)  or  with  derivatives  of  a  verb  (with  the 
accent  on  the  prefix).]  A  prefix  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin,  meaning  at,  close  to,  to:  common  in 
Middle  English,  but  now  obsolete.  A  relic  of  it 
remains  in  tu-it,  originally  at-icite.  In  atone,  the  at-  is  not 
properly  a  prefix,  but  is  the  preposition  mei-ged  with  its 
object. 

at-2.  [L.  at-,  assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  t; 
in  OF.  and  ME.  reg.  reduced  to  a-,  later  re- 
stored to  at-,  as  in  attain,  attainder,  etc.]  An 
assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  t,  as  in  attract, 
attend,  etc. 

-ata'^.  [L-  -ata,  fern.  sing,  of  -dttis  =  E.  -e(J2 ;  see 
-afel,  and  cf.  -ade'^.']  A  suffix  in  New  Latin  (and 
Italian)  nouns,  some  of  which  are  found  in  Eng- 
lish, as  armata. 

-ata-.  [L.  -dta,  neut.  pi.  of  -dtus  =  E.  -ed^:  see 
-ofi'l.]  A  suffix  in  New  Latin  names  of  zoo- 
logical divisions,  properly  adjectives,  agreeing 
■with  animalia  vmderstood:  as,  Articulata,  joint- 
ed animals;  Annulata,  ringed  animals,  etc. 

atabal  (at'a-bal),  n.  [Formerly  also  attahall, 
ataballe  =  F.  attahale  =  It.  atabalhi,  <  Sp.  ata- 
bal, =  Pg.  atabaU,  <  Ar.  at-tabl,  <  a!,  the,  + 
tabl,  drum:  see  tabor,  tambour,  and  timbal.'\  A 
Moorish  tambour. 

Don  John  gave  orders  for  trumpet  and  atabal  to  sound 
tlie  signal  for  action.  Prencott. 

atacamite  (a-tak'a-mit),  «.  [<  Atacama  +  -ite^; 
having  been  fii'st  found  in  Atacama,  a  province 
of  Chili.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  the  hydrated 
oxychlorid  of  copper,  it  exists  abundantly  in  some 
parts  of  South  America,  as  Atacama,  in  Australia,  near 
Anibriz  on  the  west  co<ast  of  .Africa,  and  in  .Arizona  in  the 
western  United  States.  It  occurs  massive,  or  in  small 
prismatic  crystals  of  a  bright  emerald-green  or  blackish- 
green  color.  A  gi'anular  form  from  Chili  is  called  arse- 
nillo.  It  also  appeal's  on  copper  long  exposed  to  the  air 
or  sea-water. 

atactic  (a-tak'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  araKTO^,  without 
order,  <  a-  priv.  +  ranrdc,  verbal  adj.  of  rdaaciv 
(ra;-),  arrange,  order:  see  taetic.~\  Disconnect- 
ed; -without  arrangement  or  order:  in  gram., 
opposed  to  syntactic:  as,  an  atactic  sentence. 
[Rare.] 

Porcelain  images  of  "Josh"  will  find  niches  in  Protes- 
tant meeting-houses  ;  New  England  ancestral  tablets  will 
be  inscribed  in  perpendiculiir  ccdumns  of  atactic  charac- 
ters. H.  C.  TnnnbuU,  .-Vncestral  Worship. 

at-aftert,  prep.     [ME.,  <at  +  after. '\    After. 

At-a/ter  soper  fllle  they  in  tretee. 

Cliamer,  Franklin's  Tale,  1.  492. 

atagas,  n.     [See  attagas.']     Same  as  attagen. 
a-tagen,  «.     See  attagen. 
atagban  (at'a-gan),  n.     Same  as  yataghan. 
atak  (at'ak),"«.      [Native  name.]     The  harp- 
seal  of  Greenland,  PagnphiUia  qranlandiciis. 
ataket,  v.  t.    [ME.,  <  a-i  +  take.}   To  overtake. 

At  Boughton  under  Blee  us  gan  atake 
A  man,  that  clothed  was  in  clothes  blake. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  L  3. 


ataxia 

ataman  (at'a-man),  n.  [Russ.  atomnn M  =  Pol. 
ataman,  also  hetman :  see  lietman.']  Same  as 
hetman. 

Any  member  could  be  chosen  chief  of  his  kur^n,  and 
any  chief  of  a  kuren  could  be  chosen  Ataman. 

I),  il.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  356. 

atamasco  (at-a-mas'ko),  71.  [Amer.  Ind.]  An 
amaryllidaceous  bidbous  plant,  Zephyranthea 
Atamasco,  of  the  southern  United  States,  with  a 
low  scape  l)earing  a  single  white,  lily-like  flower. 

atamasco-lily  (at-a-mas'ko-lil'i),  n.  Same  as 
atfiitiasco. 

ataraxia  (at-a-rak'si-a),  n.  [<  Gr.  arapaita, 
calmness,  <  ii-fapaKTo^,  calm,  impassive,  <  a- priv. 
+  TapaKToq,  verbal  adj.  of  rapaaasiv,  disturb.] 
Freedom  from  the  passions ;  calmness  of  mind ; 
stoical  indifference  :  a  term  used  by  the  Stoics 
and  Skeptics. 

Their  ataraxia  and  freedom  from  passionate  disturb- 

ances.  Glanville,  Seep.  Sci. 

Gotama's  Ataraxia  is  supreme  and  utter  immobility. 

The  mystic  quietism  which  determines  nothing,  denies 

nothing.  J.  Otven,  Evenings  with  Skeptics,  I.  416. 

atarazy  (at'a-rak-si),  71.     Same  as  ataraxia. 
atastet,  i'.  '•     [ME.,  <  OF.  ataster,  <  a-  +  taster, 

taste  :  see  a-  and  taste.}     To  taste. 
Butnow  is  tyrae  that  thou  drj'nke  and  atast[e]  some  sof te 

and  delitable  thinges.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  ii.  prose  1. 

ataunt  (a-tanf),  adv.  [<  ME.  ataunt,  atount,  < 
OF.  autant,  altant  (mod.  F.  autant),  as  much, 
so  much,  <  al,  another  (thing)  (<  L.  aliud,  neut. 
of  alius,  other),  +  tant,  so  much,  <  L.  tuntum, 
neut.  of  tantus,  so  much.]  If.  As  much  as 
possible. 
A  dronglew  [var.  dronken]  fole  that  sparythe  for  no  dis* 

pence 
To  drynk  a-taunte  til  he  slepe  at  tabille. 

Lydgate,  Order  of  Fools,  I.  92. 

2.  Xaut.,  with  all  saUs  set;  fully  rigged All 

ataunt,  <>t  all  ataunto,  said  of  a  vessel  when  fully  rigged, 
with  all  the  upper  masts  and  yards  aloft. 

ataunto  (a-tan'to),  adi:     Same  as  ataunt,  2. 

atavlc  (a-tav'ik),  a.  [=  F. ataiique;  <  L.  ataviis 
(see  atavism)  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  atarism; 
characterized  by  or  exhibiting  atavism;  re- 
versionary. 

ata'Vism  (at'a-vizm),  n.  [=  F.  atavisme,  <  L. 
atavus,  a  great-grandfather's  grandfather,  an 
ancestor  (<  at-,  an  element  of  undetermined 
origin,  -I-  avus,  a  grandfather),  +  -ism.}  1.  In 
biol.,  reversion,  through  the  influence  of  hered- 
ity, to  ancestral  characters;  resemblance  ex- 
hibited by  a  given  organism  to  some  remote 
ancestor;  the  return  to  an  early  or  original 
type  by  its  modified  descendants;  restoration 
of  structural  characters  which  have  been  lost  or 
obscured.  Atavism,  to  some  slight  extent,  is  witnessed 
in  the  human  race,  when  children  exhibit  some  peculiarity 
of  grandparents,  or  of  still  more  remote  progenitors,  which 
has  skipped  one  or  more  generations. 

Of  the  11.6;;  of  children  born  with  eyes  of  other  than 
the  parental  color,  a  part  must  be  attributed  to  atavistn. 
that  is,  to  intermittent  heredity.  Science,  IV.  367. 

2.  In  paihoJ.,  the  recurrence  of  any  peculiarity 
or  disease  of  an  ancestor  in  remote  generations. 
ata'vistic  (at-a-vis'tik),  <i.  [As  atav-ism  -4-  -ist- 
ic. }  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  ata\-ism ; 
ata^^c. 

Theoretically  we  may  decompose  that  force  which  de- 
termines human  actions  and,  through  them,  social  phe- 
nomena, into  its  two  component  forces,  the  social  and  the 
atavistic  influence.  -V.  A.  Bev.,  CXX.  275. 

ata'vistically  (at-a-vis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
atavistic  manner;  in  atavistic  examples. 

But,  after  the  lapse  of  thousands  of  years,  the  fusions 
are  incomplete,  and  the  ancient  types  crop  out  atavisti- 
cally  everywhere.  iV.  A.  Bev.,  CXXXIX.  253. 

ataxaphasia  (a-tak-sa-fa'zia),  n.  [NL.,  irreg. 
<  Gr.  ara^ia,  disorder  (see"  ataxia),  -^-  aipama, 
speechlessness  :  see  aphasia.}  Same  as  ataxic 
aphasia.     See  aphasia. 

ataxia  (a-tak'si-a),  Ji.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oTa^ia,  dis- 
order, <  uT-a/vToc,  disorderly,  <  d-  priv.  +  raxTdf, 
verbal  adj.  of  Taaaea;  order,  aiTange:  see  tac- 
tic.} In  pathoh,  irregularity  in  the  functions 
of  the  body  or  in  the  course  of  a  disease; 
specifically^  inability  to  coordinate  voluntary 
movements.  Also  ataxy — Friedreich's  ataxia,  a 
form  of  ataxia  usually  affecting  several  memlters  of  a  fam- 
ily and  developing  at  an  ciirly  age.  Usually  it  begins  in 
■  tlie  legs  and  extends  to  the  arms,  is  accompanied  with 
jerky  movements  of  the  head,  disturbance  of  articulation, 
loss  "of  knee  jerk,  and  is  characterized  anatomieally  by 
sclerosis  of  the  posterior  and  lateral  columns  of  the  cord. 
Also  called  hereditary  otnxin.— Locomotor  ataxia,  a 
disease  characterized  clinically  by  want  of  power  to  coor- 
dinate voluntary  movements,  by  violent  shooting  pains, 
especially  in  the  legs,  absence  of  knee-jerk,  atrophy  of 
the  optic  nerve,  parsesthesia  and  anfesthesia  in  certain 
piirts,  dysuria,  and  functional  sexual  disordei-s;  anatomi- 
cally, by  a  sclerosis  of  the  posterior  columns  of  the  spin:U 
cord.  Also  called  progreigive  locomdor  ataxia  and  tabes 
dorsalis. 


ataxic 

ataxic  (a-tak'sik),  a.  [<  ataxia  +  -jc]  In 
jiathiil.,  of  or  portainiug  to  ataxia;  eharaeter- 
izeil  by  irrogularity  iu  fuuctiou  or  course; 
irregular. 

Soon  ataxic  nervous  symptoms  declared  themselves. 

0.  W.  llulmts,  A  llortal  Antipathy,  xiv. 

Ataxic  aphasia.    See  aj)Aoi.in.— Ataxic  fever,  a  term 
apjilifU  liy  I'incl  to  fevers  attended  with  ^reat  weakness. 
ataxy  (a-tak'»i  or  at'ak-si),  «.     [Formerly  also, 
as  !•.,  (itiixie,  <  NL.  ataxia,  q.  v.]     If.  Want  of 
order;  disturbance. 

Three  ways  of  chureh  Kovernmcnt  I  have  heard  of,  and 
no  more;  the  Eiiiscopal,  the  Presbyterial,  and  that  new. 
horn  hastard  Independency  :  .  .  .  the  last  of  these  is  no- 
thing but  a  confounding  afazii. 

Sir  E.  Derinff,  Speeches,  p.  141. 

2.  In  jiathol.,  game  an  ataxia. 
atazirt,  «•    [ME.,  <  Sp.  ata:ir,  atacir,  <  Ar.  *«(- 
tatliir,  <  al,  the,  +  tatlur   (>  Pers.  tasir),   im- 
pression,  effect,    influence,  <  atliara,  leave  a 
mark,  nfftnr,ff/ir,  a  mark, trace, footstep.]  In«s- 
trol.,  according  to  modern  authorities,  the  (evil) 
influence  of  a  star  upon  other  stars  or  men.  But 
the  .\rabian  astroloj^er  llaly  distinctly  states  (Comment, 
on  Ptolemy's  Opus  Quadripartitum,  iii.  10)  that  It  means 
the  direction  of  hyleg.    This,  according  to  the  method  of 
Messahallah,  determines  the  duration  of  life. 
Infortnnat  ascendent  tortuous. 
Of  which  the  lord  is  helpless  falle,  alias  I 
Out  of  his  angle  into  the  derkest  hous. 
O  Mars,  O  Atacir,  a.s  in  this  cas! 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1. 172.    (Skeat.) 

atche  (at'che),  «.  [Turk,  aqcha :  see  under 
asper-.^  A  small  Turkish  coin,  somewhat  less 
than  a  cent  in  value. 
atchison  (ach'i-son),  n.  [Se. ;  also  spelled 
atcheson ;  <  Atchiiun,  a  So.  form  of  Atkinson, 
name  of  an  Englishman  who  was  master  of  the 
Scottish  mint  in  the  reign  of  James  VI.  (James 
I.  of  England).]  A  billon  coin,  or  rather  a  cop- 
per coin  washed  with  silver,  struck  in  Scotland 
in  the  reign  of  James  VI.,  of  the  value  of  eight 
pennies  Scots,  or  two  thirds  of  an  English  pen- 
ny. Jamieson. 
atchorn,  «.  An   obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of 

acorn. 
atel  (at).     Preterit  of  cat. 
Ate^  (a'te),  «.     [<  Gr.  "Atj/,  a  personification  of 
a-r/,  infatuation,   reckless  impulse,  sin,  ruin, 
dial,   ahara,  orig.  *dFdT>i,  <  ddeiv,  orig.   "aFaeiv, 
hm-t,  damage.]     In  Gr.  myth.,  an  ever-present 
evil  genius  leading  men  on  to  crime ;  the  god- 
dess of  blundering  mischief;  a  personification 
of  the  reckless  blindness  and  moral  distortion 
inflicted  by  the  gods  in  retribution  for  pre- 
sumption and  wickedness,  typifying  the  self- 
perpetuating  nature  of  evil, 
-atel.    [ilE.  reg.  -at,  <  OF.  -at,  a  later  "learned" 
form  of  vernacular  -e  (-<*),  fem.  -ee  (,-ee),  =  Sp. 
Pg.  -ado,  fem.  -ada,  =  It.  -ato,  fem.  -«/«,<  L.  -citiis, 
fem.  -dta,  neut.  -dtum  (stem  -dto-),  pp.  and  adj. 
8uifi.x,  being  -tu-s  (=  Gr.  -to-c  =  E.  -d-,  -ed'^), 
added  to  stem  of  verbs  in  -d-re  (It.  -are,  Sp.Pg. 
-ar,  F.  -er).     This  suffi.x  also  appears  as  -adc^, 
-ado,  -ato,  -ee,  -y,  etc.     Latin  adjectives  and  par- 
ticiples in  -dtus  were  usable  as  nouns,  in  masc. 
of  persons,  as  hcjdtus,  one  deputed,  a  legate, 
ML.  prwhitits,  one  preferred,  a  prelate,  etc.,  in 
neut.  of  things,  as  uianddtum,  a  thing  command- 
ed, a  mandate,  etc.     See  -ate"^  and  -atc^.l     A 
suffix  of  Latui  origin:  («)  In  adjectives,  where 
-ate  is  equivalent  to  and  cognate  with  English 
.e(P^  -^2,  .t2,  in  perfect  participles  and  partici- 
pial adjectives,  the  native  English  suffix  being 
often  added  to  -ate  when  a  verb  in  -ate'^  exists, 
as  in  desolate  or  desolat-ed,  accumulate  or  ac- 
cutnulat-ed,  situate  or  situat-ed,  etc.     in  many  in- 
stances the  adjective  is  not  accompanied  by  a  verb  in  -ate, 
as  innate,  ornate,  temperate,  etc.;  this  is  especially  true  of 
botanical  descriptives,  as  acuminate,  crenate,  cmpidate, 
hastate,  laiweulate,  serrate,  etc.     (6)  In  nOUnS,  of  per- 
sons, as  legate,  dclcyate,  reprobate,  etc.,  or  of 
things,  as  mandate,  precipitate,  etc. ;  especially, 
in  chem.,  in  nouns  denotmg  a  salt  formed  by  the 
action  of  an  acid  on  a  base,  as  in  acetate,  nitrate, 
sulphate,   etc.,  the  suffix  being  added  to  the 
stem  (often  shortened)  of  the  name  of  the  acid. 
[The  corresponding  New  Latin  forms  are  acrtatum,  nttra- 
tum.  sidiihatttm,  etc.,  but  often  erroneously  acetas.  nilras, 
sul/ihas,  genitive  acetatis,  etc.,  by  confusion  with  -ate*.] 
-ate-.     [L.  -dtus,  -dta,  -dtum,  pp.  suffix  of  verbs 
in-d-re  (see  -n/cl),  with  supine  in  -dtum  (stem 
-dtu-),  to  which,  instead  of  the  pp.  stem,  such 
verbs  are  often  referred.      In  this  dictionary 
E.  verbs  in  -ate  (and  so  verbs  in  -ete,  -ite)  are 
reg.  referred  to  the  L.  pp.  -dtus  (-etus,  -itus), 
intimating  that  such  verbs  are  taken  from  or 
formed  according  to  the  L.  pp.  stem,  though 
■with  the  force  of  the  inf.     From  L.  participles 
in  -tus  {-d-tus,  of  the  Ist  conjugation,  -e-tus, 


361 

-i-tus,  of  the  2d,  -tus,  -sus,  of  the  3d,  -i-tes,  of 
tlio  4th),  and  from  thence-formed  frequenta- 
tives,  which  became  very  numerous  in  LL.  and 
ML.,  arose  many  verbs  in  OF.  and  ME.,  based, 
or  a])par.  ba.sed,  on  L.  participles,  coinciding 
thus  with  adjectives  and  nouns  from  such  parti- 
ciples. These,  with  verbs  of  other  origin  agree- 
ing in  form  with  adjectives,  have  made  it  a  rule 


Atellane 

plete,  +  lKTaat<:,  extension,  <  emeiveiv,  extend,  < 
en,  ff ,  out,  +  nlveiv,  stretch,  =  L.  extendcre :  see 
extend.}  Imperfect  dilatation,  especially  of  the 
air-cells  of  the  lungs  of  newly  born  children. 

There  is  a  class  of  cases  fn  which  a  child  is  born  alive, 
but  Its  lungs  remain  In  the  tietal  condition,  i.  e.,  they 
present  no  appearance  of  having  received  air  by  the  act 
of  breathing.    These  are  cases  of  atelectagijt. 

A.  S.  Taylor,  Med.  Jour.,  XLV.  464. 


in  E.that  any  adj.  maybe  made  a  verb;  hence  atelectatic  (at'e-lek-tat'ik),  a.     [<  atelectasis 


adjectives  in  -«f)l  are  usually  accompanied  by 
a  verb  in  -atc'^,  and  new  verbs  from  L.  verbs  of 
the  1st  conjugation  are  reg.  formed  in  -ate, 
wliether  a  corresponding  adj.  exists  or  not ; 
and  -ate-,  as  a  recognized  verb-formative,  may 
be  suffixed  to  other  stems  of  any  origin,  as  in 
felicitate,  capacitate,  substantiate,  assassinate, 
camphorate,  etc.,  based  on /cfiC(/.Vi  capacity,  siib- 


(-tiit-)  +  -((■.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
by  atelectasis. 

ateleocephalous  (a-tel'e-o-sef 'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
d-E/J/c,  incomplete,  -t-  Kiijia'/.i/,  head.]  In  2o67., 
having  the  cranium  more  or  less  imperfect: 
said  of  certain  fishes :  opposed  to  tcleoerphalons. 

ateleopodid  (a-tel-e-op'o-did),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  .1  li  h  iipodidw. 


<  Jtcleopus  (-pud-)  +  -idd:]  A  family  of  teleo- 
cephalous  fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Ate- 
leopus.  It  is  characterized  by  an  elongated  tail,  taper- 
ing backward  but  providi^l  with  a  narrow  caudal  tin, 
antemedian  anus,  moderate  suborbitals,  inferior  mouth, 
thoracic  ventral  tins  reduced  to  <louble  or  simple  Hlaments, 
a  short  anterior  dorsal  tin  only,  and  a  long  anal  Bn  con- 
tinuous with  the  caudal. 
Ateleopus  (at-e-le'o-pus),  M.  [NLy  <  Gr.  are- 
Uk,  imperfect,  +  n-ouf  (itoS-)  =  E.  foot.']    The 


stance,  etc.,  of  Latin  origin,  assassin,  camphor,  ^telebpodidae  (a-tel'e-o-pod'i-de), «.  ;>?.    [NL., 
etc.,  of  other  origin.    Owing  to  the  preponder-     .        - '^  --    .  •  ■•    -.      .  »      •,_     /•i-,__ 

ance  of  verbs  iu  -ate  over  adjectives  in  -ate, 
such  verbs  are  in  this  dictionary  placed  before 
the  adjectives,  even  when  the  atljectives  are  of 
earlier  date.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  a  com- 
mon formative  in  verbs  taken  from  the  Latin, 
as  in  accumulate,  imitate,  mililatc,  etc.,  or  formed 
in  English,  either  on  Latin  stems,  as  in  felici- 
tate, capacitate,  etc.,  or  on  stems  of  other  ori- 
gin.    See  etvmology. 

ate-'.  [<  ME.  -at,  <  OF.  -at,  a  later  "learned" 
form  of  vernacular  -e  (-(! )  (as  in  iluche,  E.  duch-y, 
q.  v.),  =  Sp.  Pg.  -ado  =  It.  -ato,  <  L.  -dtus  (stem 
-dtu-),  forming  noims  of  the  4th  declension 
from  nouns,  but  formed  as  if  from  verbs  in 
-d-re,  with  suffix  -tii-,  parallel  with  -to-,  suffix 
of  pp.  (hence  the  similarity  to  pp.  -dtus,  E.  -n<el, 
q.  v.),  as  in  coiisuldtus,  mai/istrdtus,  pimlificdtus, 
scndtus,  LL.  cpiscopatus,  etc.,  with  senses  as  in 
corresiionding  E.  words.]  A  suffix  of  Latin 
origin,  denoting  office,  an  office,  a  body  of  of- 
ficers, as  in  consulate,  pontificate,  decemvirate, 

senate  (Latin  sendtus,  from  senex,  an  old  man),  ateleost  (a-tel'e-ost). 
episcopate,  etc.,  and  sometimes  a  single  officer,  AteUostei. 
as  ma<iistrate  (Latin  nuHjistratus,  properly  ma-  Ateleostei  (a-tel-e-os'te-i),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
gi.stracy,  also  a  magistrate),  the  suffix  in  the  last  drc'/.i/r,  incomplete, -1- offnoi',  a  bone.  See  Tele- 
use  being  equivalent  to -a?el  in  ?e(70te,  etc.,  and  ostci.]  A  subclass  of  fishes  contrasting  with 
to  -ate^  in  primate,  etc.  the  I'eleostei  and  distinguished  by  the  reduction 

■ate*.    [<  L.  -as  (-at-),  as  in  maffnas  (gen.  magna-     of  the  bones  of  the  skull  and  branchial  skele- 
tis)  (parallel  to  magnaius),  jirimas  (prop,  adj.),     ton,  proposed  for  the  order  Lyomeri. 
etc.]   A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  practically  equiv-  ateleosteous  (a-tel-e-os'te-us),  a.     Pertaining 
alent  to  -ate"^  in  nouns,  and  -atc^  (in  magistrate),     to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ateleostei. 
as  in  magnate,  jirimate,  and  (in  Latin  plural)  Ateles  (at'e-lez),  n.     [NL.,  <Gr.  artl'.TC,  incom- 
prnates,  optimates.  plete,  imperfect,  <  a-  priv.  -f  ri'/.oc,  end,  eom- 

ate''.     [<  L.  -dta,  <  Gr.  -arric,  a  noun  suffix,  ult.     pletion.]     A  genus  of  American  platyrrhine 


ji  teltofus  Japon  icus. 


typical  genus  of  fishes  of  the  family  J  teteopo- 
didce:  so  named  from  the  imperfect  ventral  fins. 
A  fish  of  the  subclass 


L.  -dtus,  which  differs  in  the  inflexivo  sylla- 
ble.] A  suffix  of  Greek  origin,  occurring  tm- 
felt  in  pirate  (which  see). 
atechnic  (a-tek'nik),  a.  and  «.  [<  Gr.  drexvoc, 
without  art,  <  d-  priv.  +  rixvi,  art :  see  a-lB 
and  tcehnie.'i  I.  a.  Without  technical  know- 
ledge, especially  of  art. 
II.".^  A  person  without  technical  knowledge,  ^^^-^   (at-e-lya'),  n.     [F.,   formerly  attetier, 

f^^^^f^jlf.^ .  of  disputed  origin.]  A  workshop; 
specifically,  the  workroom  of  a  sculptor  or 
painter ;  a  studio. 


monkeys,  of  the  family  Cebidw  and  subfamily 
Cebinw;  the  spider-monkeys  or  sapajous,  with 
attenuate  bodies,  very  long  slender  limiis,  and 
long  powerfully  prehensile  tails :  so  called  be- 
cause the  thumb  is  rudimentary.  There  are  sev- 
eral species,  among  them  the  northernmost  representa- 
tives of  the  Quadntmana  in  America.  Also  called  Atelo- 
chinis. 


esjjecially  of  art. 

In  every  line  art  there  is  much  which  is  illegible  by 
atechnif-i,  and  this  is  due  to  the  habits  of  interpretation 
into  which  artists  always  fall.  Xorth  British  Rev. 

atechnical  (a-tek'ni-kal),  a.    Free  from  teehni- 

califv;  popular:  as,  atechnical  treatment  of  a 

technical  subject. 
atechny  (a-tek'ni),  n.      [=  F.  atechnie,  <  Gr. 

dzixvia,  <  arfvi'or:  see  ntec/inic]     Ignorance  of 

art';  tinskilfulness.     X.  f- ^-  „om  me  aiLerai.o..oi  tu^  cu 

atees  (a'tes  ,  «.     [E.  Ind.]    The  native  Indian     +  ,.+     (at'e-lit)    n      \<  Gr. 
-    ■         •  ^rousrootof  Jco(ate»W(f(m.-  ateute/at  c  iir;,  «.     LV  ur. 


name  of  the  tuberous 


ilodcrn  sculptors  .  .  .  too  often  e.xecute  colossal  works 
in  cramped  ateliers,  where  the  conditions  of  light  are 
wholly  different  from  those  of  the  site  for  which  the  statue 
is  destined.  C.  T.  Xewton,  .\rt  and  Archajol.,  p.  347. 
ateline  (at'e-lin),  n.  [<  Gr.  dre'/.i/c,  imperfect, 
-h  -iHf'-.]  An  oxychlorid  of  copper  allied  to 
atacamite,  occurring  at  Vesuvius,  and  derived 
from  the  alteration  of  the  copper  oxid  tenorite. 
'  "  ■■'  "      are/.r/c,  imperfect. 


-H  -lit".]     Same  as  ateline. 


phyllum,  which  is  used  as  an  antiperiodic^and  _A.tellan'(a-tel'an),  a.  and  «.     [<  L.  Atellanus, 
""■■-•-  .-   ■»    pertaining  to  Atella,  an   ancient  town  of  the 


Father:  an  ancient 


a  tonic.     In  some  sections  the  same  name  is  given  to  the 

root  of  .4.  Xapellus,  and  to  several  other  drugs. 
atef  (H'tef),  n.     [Egypt.] 

Egyptian  title  and  component  of  proper  names 

Also  written  «(/'.— Atef-crown, 

in  Kn'li't.  antiq..  a  syndiolic  head- 
dress innformly  borne  by  the  <leitie3 

Khnum  and  Osiris,  sometimes  by 

other  gods,  such  as  Sebek,  Thoth, 

H.armachis,  etc.,   and   occasionally 

assumed  liy  kings,  as  the  Kamescs. 

It  consisted    regularly  of  the  tall 

coincal  white  cap  of  upper  F.gj-pt, 

Hanked  with  a  pair  of  long  ostrich- 
plumes,  and  having  the  solar  disk 

and  \n'!eus  in  front,  ami  waa  prob- 
ably emblematic  of  the  sovereignty 

of   Egypt  umler  the   attrilnites  of 

light,  truth,  and  divinity.    The  con- 

ickl   cap   is  sometimes  omitted  in 

works  of  art.    The  atef  is  often  un  ■  1 1 

tinned  in  the  "Book  of  the  Dea.l 

and    is    frequently  represented    ii. 

(rcs.i.s.  bas-reliefs,  ami  statues. 
ategart,  "■     See  atgar. 

atelectasis  _(at-e-_lek'ta-sis), 
n. 


t)sci,  in  Campania;  hvuco  fahula;  (or  fahelUe) 
Atellana:,  Atellan  plays:  see  def.]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  in  character  the  farces 
or  dramas  called /'(fciite -Ue((fl«(5;  farcical;  ri- 
bald.   See  II.    Also  spelled  Atellane. 

Their  .  .  .  Atellan  way  of  wit. 

Sha/tesbuni,  Characteristics,  II.  170. 

These  AteUane  plays  .  .  .  seem  to  have  been  a  union  of 
high  comedy  and  its  parody.  .  .  .  They  were  not  per- 
formed by  regular  actors  (histriones),  but  by  Konian  citi- 
zens of  noble  birth,  who  were  not  on  that  account  sub- 
jected to  any  degradation.  H*  Smith. 

II.  H.  1.  Oneof  a  class  of  farces  or  di-amatic 
pieces  (fabuUc  Atellana)  in  vogue  among  the 
ancient  "Osci,  and  early  introduced  into  Home. 

The  personages  of  these  I)ieces  were  alwajs  the  .same,  and 
the  wit  was  very  broad.  It  is  iirobuble  that  their  per- 
petuation in  rural  districts  was  tlie  origin  of  Punchmello 
and  the  other  Italian  rustic  masks.  .See  I. 
2.  A  satirical  or  licentious  drama :  as,  "Atellans 
and  lasci^^ous  songs,"  Burton,  Aaat.  of  Mel., 
p.  425. 


[NLT<Gr:ar.4,  mcoml  ^'"'^i^^Z'^^'^'  iCtellane  (a-tel'an),  a.    Same  as  Atelian. 


atelocardia 

atelocardia  (at'e-lo-kiir'di-ii),  ».     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

(i7(/.;/f,  iinporfcct,  +  napitlu  ='E.  heart.']    In  tcra- 

toL.  imjiort'ect  development  of  the  heart, 
atelochilia    (ute-lo-kiri-ji),    «.       [NL.,   <   Gr. 

ari'M/f,  imperfect,  +  x"''"(j  ^  I'P-]     I'l  teratol., 

imperfect  development  of  the  liiJ.  Also  spelled 

atihichtilia. 
Atelochirus    (afe-lo-ki'rus),  n.     [NL.,  <   Gr. 

liri/.z/f,    imperfect,   4-   x'''Pt   nand.]      Same  as 

At<l<s.     Also  spelled  Ateloclieirus. 
atelo-encephalia  (at"c-l6-eu-se-fa'li-ii),  n. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  uri/.7)f,  imperfect,  +  e}Kii^a?.o(,  the 
brain:  see  ciwephalon.]  In  teratol.,  imperfect 
development  of  the  eneephalon. 

ateloglossia  (at  c-Io-glos'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
art'/iji;,  imperfect,  +  -j'/.tjaaa,  tongue.]  In  tera- 
tfiJ.,  imperfect  development  of  the  tongue. 

atelognatbia  (at"e-log-na'thi-ii),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  iiTiAi]^,  imperfect,  +  yvaBo^,  the  jaw.]  In 
teratoJ.,  imperfect  development  of  the  jaw. 

atelomyelia  (at"e-lo-mi-e'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ari'/.i/g,  imperfect,  -t-  fjvM;,  marrow.]  In  tera- 
tol., imperfect  de%'elopment  of  the  spinal  cord. 

ateloprosopia  (at  e-lo-pro-s6'pi-a),  «.  [NL.,< 
Gr.  uTe'/.t/i;.  impert'ect,  +  n-p(i(j(j7roi'',' the  face :  see 
Proso2>is.'i  In  teratol.,  imperfect  development 
of  the  face. 

atelorachidia  (at"e-lo-ra-kid'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  riTc/.r/i-,  imperfect,  +  pa,t'C,  back-bone.]  In 
teratol.,  imperfect  development  of  the  spinal 
eohimn. 

Atelornis  (at-e-16r'nis),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  uTe^r/g, 
impert'ect,  +  opivf,  bird.]  A  genus  of  Madagas- 
cau  gi-ound-rollers,  family  Coraciidw  and  sub- 
family Brachyptcraciinai.  A.  pittoidcs  is  a  tj-pi- 
oal  species,  of  gorgeous  colors  and  terrestrial 
nocturnal  habits. 

atelostomia  (at"e-lo-st6'mi-a),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avc'/.i/^,  imperfect, -f  ard/io,  mouth:  see  stomo.] 
In  teratol.,  imperfect  development  of  the  mouth. 

a  tempo,  a  tempo  primo  {a.  tem'po,  pre'mo). 
[It.,  Ut.  to  time,  to  the  first  time :  a,  <  L.  ad,  to ; 
tempo,  <  L.  tempus,  time  (see  tempo) ;  primo,  < 
L.  primus,  first:  see  prime.']  In  music,  a  di- 
rection, after  any  change  of  movement,  as  by 
acceleration  or  retardation,  that  the  original 
time  be  restored.     See  a  hattuta. 

a  tempo  giusto  (a  tem'po  jos'to).  [It.,  lit.  to 
just  time :  a  tempo  (see  a  tempo) ;  giusto,  <  L. 
Justus,  just:  see  just^.]  In  music,  a  direction 
to  sing  or  play  in  an  equal,  just,  or  strict  time. 
It  is  seldom  used  except  when  the  time  has  been  inter- 
rupted, as  during  a  recitative,  to  suit  the  action  and  pas- 
sion of  the  piece. 

AteUchUS  (a-tii'kus),  «.  [NL. ,  lit.  without  ar- 
mor, in  allusion  to  the  absence  of  a  seutellum, 

<  Gr.  areii,Y')f,  unarmed,  unequipped,  <  a-  priv. 
+  rivxo^i  pl-  Tevx^a,  arms,  armor,  prop,  imple- 
ments, <  Tciixeiv,  make,  produce.]  A  genus  of 
lamellicom  beetles,  of  the  family  Scarabwida: 
A .  sacer  seems  to  have  been  the  sacred  beetle,  or  soarabaius, 
figured  on  Egyptian  monuments,  ornaments,  amulets,  etc., 
and  of  which  a  figure,  either  in  porcelain  or  carved  out  of 
stone,  rarely  a  gem,  was  placed  in  the  bosom  of  every 
nuunmy,  as  a  symbol  of  and  prayer  for  resurrection. 

atf  (atf),  n.     Same  as  atef. 

atgart,  n.  [Also  improp.  ategar,  repr.  AS.  (rf- 
gdr,  also  cetgeeru  (only  in  glosses),  (=  OPries. 
etger,  etJcer  =  OHG.  asger,  aziger  =  Icel.  at- 
geirr),  a  spear,  <  cct-,  appar.  the  prep.  a:t,  at,  + 
gar,  a  spear:  see  gar'i-,  garfish,  gore'K]  A  kind 
of  spear  or  lance  formerly  in  use. 

Athabaskan  (ath-a-bas'kan),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Belonging  to  a  certain  great  family  of  North 
American  Indian  languages  and  tribes,  occu- 
pying a  vast  extent  of  eotmtry  south  from  the 
Eskimo  region,  between  Hudson's  Bay  and  the 
Koeky  Mountains,  with  outlying  members  also 
west  of  the  mountains,  as  far  south  as  Mexico, 
including  the  Apaches  and  Navajos. 

II.  n.  A  member  or  the  language  of  this 
family. 
Also  spelled  Athabascan,  AfhapasTcan. 

athalamous  (a-thal'a-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
-f  Od'/.auoc,  bed:  see  thalamus.]  In  bot.,  with- 
out apothecia:  applied  to  lichens,  or  lichenoid 
growths,  the  fructification  of  which  is  unknown. 

Athalia  (a-tha'li-a),  «.  [NL.,  named  with  al- 
lusion to  the  devastation  produced  by  its  larva, 

<  Gr.  a6a?.7/;  or  adaXAi/g,  not  verdant,  withered, 

<  (i-  priv.  -t-  6a?.?.civ,  be  fresh  or  luxuriant.]  A 
genus  of  saw-flies,  or  Tcrebrantia,  of  the  order 
Hifmenoptera  and  family  Tenthredinidtc.  a. 
sphiarum  or  A.  ccnti/olia  is  the  turnip  siiw-fly  of  Europe, 
whose  larvffi  occasionally  devastate  turnip-flelds.  The 
parent  insect  appears  about  the  end  of  ilay,  and  dep<isits 
its  egg  in  the  .substance  of  the  leaf,  and  in  about  si-v  days 
the  larvm  are  hatched.  Within  a  few  days  the  vegetation 
on  which  they  appear  is  laid  waste  by  their  eating  the  soft 
tissue  of  the  leaf,  leaving  only  skeletons  and  stalks. 


362 

athalline  (a-thal'in),  a.  [<  Gr.  n-  priv.  + 
DuA/Mi;,  a  frond  :  see  thallus.]  In  bot.,  without 
a  thallus ;  characterized  by  the  absence  of  a 
thallus. 

athamantin  (ath-a-man'tin),  n.  [<.  Athamanta 
(see  def.)  +  -(«-.]  In  chcm.,  a  substance  (€04 
H30O7)  produced  from  the  root  and  seeds  of 
the  Athamanta  Orcosdnium  and  other  species 
of  the  same  genus  of  European  and  Asiatic  um- 
belliferous herbs.  It  has  a  rancid  soapy  odor, 
and  a  slightly  bitter  acrid  taste.     H.  halts. 

athamauntt,  ».     An  old  form  of  adamant. 

athanasia  (ath-a-na'si-ii),  n.  [<  Gr.  udavaala, 
immortality  (>  ML.  athanasia,  tansy),  <  aOa- 
larof,  immortal,  <  a-  priv.  +  thivaror,  death.]  1. 
Beathlessness  ;  immortality.  Also  athanasy. — 
2t.  The  herb  tansy.     See  tansy. 

Athanasian  (ath-a-na'sian),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL. 
Athanasius,  <  Gr.  'Adavaaiog,  a  proper  name, 
<  adavaroc,  immortal.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Athanasius  (about  296  to  373),  bishop  of  Alex- 
andria—  Athanasian  creed,  a  creed  formerly  ascribed 
to  Athanasius,  but  whose  real  authorship  is  luiknown.  It 
is  an  explicit  assertion  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Trinity  (as 
opposed  to  Arianism)  and  of  the  incarnation,  and  contains 
what  are  known  as  the  "damnatory  clauses"  in  the  con- 
cluding formulas  of  the  two  parts,  viz.:  "Whosoever  will 
be  saved,  before  all  things  it  is  necessary  that  he  should 
hold  the  catholic  faith;  which  faith,  except  every  one  do 
keep  whole  and  undeftled,  without  doubt  he  shall  perish 
everlastingly";  and  "This  is  the  catholic  faith ;  which  ex- 
cept a  man  believe  faithfully  he  cannot  be  saved."  This 
creed  is  retained  in  the  ser\ice  of  the  Church  of  England, 
but  not  in  that  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church. 

II.  n.  A  follower  of  Athanasius  or  a  believer 
in  his  creed. 

Athanasianism  (ath-a-na'sian-izm),  n.  [< 
Athanasian-  +  -ism.]  The  principles  or  doc- 
trines of  the  Athanasian  creed. 

Athanasianist  (ath-a-na'sian-ist),  n.  [<  Atha- 
nnsian  +  -ist.]     An  Athanasian. 

athanasy  (a-than'a-si),  n.  Same  as  athanasia,  1. 
Time  brings  to  obscure  authors  an  odd  kind  of  repara- 
tion, an  immortality  not  of  love  and  interest  and  admira- 
tion, but  of  cxu-iosity  merely.  ...  Is  not  then  a  scholas- 
tic athanasy  better  than  none? 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  346. 

athanor  (ath'a-nor),  n.  [Late  ME.  also  athenor 
(ef.  F.  athanor),  <  Sp.  atanor,  a  siphon  or  pipe 
for  conveying  water,  <  Ar.  at-tannur,  <  al,  the, 
+  tannur,  <  Heb.  or  Aramaic  tannnr,  an  oven  or 
furnace,  <  niir,  fire.]  A  self-feeding  digesting 
furnace  formerly  used  by  alchemists.  It  was 
so  made  as  to  maintain  a  uniform  and  durable 
heat. 

Athecata  (ath-f-ka'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  athecatus,  not  sheathed:  see  athecat-e.]  A 
name  of  the  gymnoblastie  hydroid  hydi-ozoans, 
which  are  not  sheathed,  that  is,  have  no  go- 
nangia  and  no  hydrotheoEe :  a  synonym  of 
Gymnoblastea  (which  see). 

athecate  (ath'e-kat),  a.  [<  NL.  athecatus,  <  Gr. 
(/-  priv.  -1-  6ijKr],  a  sheath:  see  theca.]  Not 
sheathed ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Athecata. 

atheism  (a'the-izm),  n.  [=  F.  atheisme  =  Pg. 
atheismo  =  Sp.  It.  ateismo,  <  NL.  *atheismus,  < 
Gr.  adeoc,  without  a  god,  denying  the  gods,  <  a- 
priv.  +  8c6c,  a  god.  The  Gr.  term  for  atheism 
was  aOeoTT/g.]  1.  The  doctrine  that  there  is  no 
God;  denial  of  the  existence  of  God. 

Attiei^n  is  a  disbelief  in  the  existence  of  God  —  that  is, 
disbelief  in  any  regularity  in  the  universe  to  which  man 
must  conform  himself  under  penalties. 

J.  K.  Seeleij,  Xat.  Religion,  p.  26. 

2.  The  denial  of  theism,  that  is,  of  the  doctrine 
that  the  great  first  cause  is  a  supreme,  intel- 
ligent, righteous  person. — 3.  A  practical  indif- 
ference to  and  disregard  of  God ;  godlessness. 
[In  the  first  sense  above  given,  athei-sm  is  to  be  discrimi- 
nated frompanthei&m,  which  denies  the  personality  of  God, 
and  from  arfnosticism,  which  denies  the  possibility  of  pos- 
itive knowledge  concerning  him.  In  the  second  sense,  athe- 
ism includes  both  pantheism  and  agnosticism.] 
atheist  (a'the-ist),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  atheiste  = 
Pg.  atheista  =  Sp.  It.  ateista,  <  NL.  *atheista, 
<Gr.  adeoc:  see  atlteism.]  I.  «.  1.  One  who  de- 
nies the  existence  of  God,  or  of  a  supreme  in- 
telligent being. 

Well,  monarchies  may  own  religion's  name, 
But  states  are  atheists  in  their  very  frame. 

Drt/d'^n,  I'l'ol.  to  Amboyna,  1.  22. 
By  night  an  atlwist  half  believes  a  God. 

Younr/,  Night  Thoughts,  v.  177. 

2.  A  godless  man ;  one  who  disregards  his  duty 
to  God.=Syn.  Skeptic,  Deist,  etc.    See  injidel. 

II.  a.  Godless;  atheistic:  as,  "the  atheist 
crew,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  370. 
atheistic  (ii-the-is'tik),  o.  l<  atheist  + -ic]  1. 
Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  atheists;  in- 
volving, containing,  or  tending  to  atheism :  as, 
atheistic  doctrines  or  beliefs;  an  atheistic  ten- 


Athenaeom 

deney. —  2.  Denjing  the  existence  of  God;  god- 
less; impious:  applied  to  persons:  as,  ''athe- 
istic gamsayers,"  Hay,  Works  of  Creation. 
=  S3m.  Gttdtess,  l'n(]<idht,  etc.  See  irrcU^iouji. 
atheistical  (a-tiie-is'ti-kal),  a.  Marked  by  or 
manifesting  atheism;  atlicistic. 

I  was  present,  very  seldom  going  to  the  publiq  theaters 
for  many  reasons,  now  as  they  were  abused  to  an  atheiti. 
lical  liberty.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  lb,  loee. 

atheistically  (a-thf-is'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
atheistic  manner;  impiously. 

I  entreat  such  as  are  atlicviticaUy  inclined  to  consider 

these  things.  Tillotaon. 

atheisticalness   (a-thf-is'ti-kal-nes),  «.      The 

quality  of  being  atheistic ;  irreligiousness. 

Purge  out  of  all  hearts  profaneness  and  atheisticalness. 

Hammond,  Works,  I.  500. 

atheize  (a'the-iz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  atheized, 

fpr.  athei:ing.   [<  Gr.  adwq  (see  atheism)  +  -ize.] 
.t  intrans.  To  discourse  as  an  atheist. 
We  shall  now  make  diligent  search  and  intiuiry.  to  see 
if  we  can  find  any  other  philosophers  who  ath>^ized  before 
Deraocritus  and  Leueii)pus. 

Cuduvrth,  Intellectual  .System,  p.  111. 

II.  trans.  To  render  atheistic.     [Rare.] 

Tliey  endeavoured  to  atheize  one  another. 

Bp.  Berkeley,  Minute  Philosopher,  ii. 

atheizer  (a'the-i-zer),  «.  One  who  atheizes,  or 
renders  atheistic.     Cudworth.     [Rare.] 

atheist,  »•  [Early  ME.,  <  AS.  eethelu,  a-thelo,  pi., 
=  OS.  «rf/(fl;?  =  OFries.  ethel-,  edel-  (in  comp.  and 
deriv.)  =  D.  adel  =  OHG.  adal,  MHG.  adel,  race, 
family,  ancestry,  esp.  noble  ancestry,  nobility, 
G.  adel,  nobility,  =  Icel.  adhal,  nature,  dis- 
position, family,  origin,  in  comp.  chief-,  head- 
(mod.  also  nobility,  =  Sw.  Dan.  adel,  nobility,  a 
sense  due  to  the  G.),  =  Goth,  "athal  (as  in  the 
proper  name  *Athalareiks  (>  ML.  Athalaricus) 
=  AS.  JEthelric)  ;  not  fotmd  outside  of  Tent. 
Hence,  atkel^  ancl  athcling,  q.  v.,  and  ethel,  pat- 
rimony (see  ethel).  In  mod.  E.  only  in  proper 
names,  historical  or  in  actual  use,  of  AS.  or 
OHG.  origin,  as  Ethel,  Ethelbert,  Athelbert=: 
Albert,  Ethelred,  Audrey  (St.  Audrey,  >  t-atcdry, 
q.  v.),  etc.]  Race;  family;  ancestry;  noble 
ancestry;  nobility;  honor. 
Her  wes  Arthur  the  king  athelen  bidaeled  [deprived!. 

Layamon.  III.  453. 

athel"t,  "•  and  «.  [ME.,  also  ethel,  (ethel,  and 
prop,  athele,  ethele,  wthele  (in  northern  writers 
often  hathel,  etc.),  <  AS.  cethele,  ethele  =  0S. 
edili  =  OFries.  ethel,  edel  =  D.  edel  =  OHG. 
edili,  MHG.  edele,  G.  edel  =  Icel.  edhal-.  edhla- 
(in  comp.)  =  Sw.  ddel=:  Dan.  a'del  (the  Scand. 
after  G.),  noble,  of  noble  family;  from  the 
noim:  see  athcl^.]  I.  a.  Noble;  illustrious; 
excellent. 

Lutele  children  in  the  cradele, 
Both  chorles  an  ek  athele. 

(Jul  and  Xiyhtinoale,  1.  631. 

II,  n.  A  noble;  a  chief;  often  simply  a 
man. 

His  hathel  on  hors  watz  thenne 

That  bere  his  spere  &  launce. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Grene  Kni[iht  (ed.  Morris).  1.  2065. 

atheling  (ath'el-ing),  H.  [In  mod.  use,  as  a  his- 
torical term,  also  written  etlieling  and  (etheling, 
repr.  ME.  atheling,  <  AS.  a-theling  (=  OS.  edhi- 
ling  =  OFries.  etheling,  edling  =  OHG.  adaling, 
ML.  adalingus,  adelingus),  <  O'thelu,  noble  family 
(see  atheft),  -I-  -ing,  a  patronymic  suflix.  The 
word  survives  in  the  place-name  Athelney,  AS. 
^thelinga  ig,  Ut.  princes'  island.]  In  Anglo- 
Saxon  hist.:  (a)  A  crown  prince  or  heir  appar- 
ent ;  one  of  the  royal  family,  (ft)  A  nobleman. 
Originally  none  but  Anglo-S.axon  princes  were  called 
athelings,  and  the  atheling  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  king 
or  neai-est  heir  to  the  throne,  to  which,  however,  he  did 
not  necessarily  succeed  ;  but  the  terra  was  afterward  ex- 
tended to  aU  who  held  noble  rank.  Also  written  etheling, 
atheling. 

An  English  community  [A.  D.  600-600)  knew  but  two  or- 
ders of  men,  the  ceorl  or  the  freeman,  and  the  eorl  or  the 
noble.  Tlie  freeman  was  the  base  of  the  village  society. 
He  was  the  "  free-necked  man,"  whose  long  hair  tloated 
over  a  neck  which  had  never  bowed  to  a  lord.  .  .  .  But 
the  social  centre  of  the  village  was  the  eorl.  or.  as  he  was 
sometimes  called,  the  cetheling,  whose  homestead  rose 
high  above  the  lowlier  dwellings  of  the  ceorls. 

J.  B.  Green,  Making  of  England,  p.  173. 

One  or  two  rebellions  are  mentioned,  headed  by  Aithe- 
Unys  or  men  of  the  royal  house. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Old  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  71. 

Athena  (a-the'nSl.  )(.     Same  as  Athene,  1. 

A'thenaeuin,  Atheneum  (ath-e-ne'umi,  n.  [L. 
Atlien<eu)n,  <  Gr.  'Adi/vaiop,  a  temple  of  Athene, 
<  iifJ/yw/,  Athene :  see  Athene.]  1.  A  temple  or 
a  place  dedicated  to  Athene,  or  Mineri"a  :  spe- 
cifically, an  institution  founded  at  Rome  by 
Haiirian  for  the  promotion  of  literary  and  scien- 
tifiic  studies,  and  imitated  in  the  provinces. — 
2.   [/.  c. ;  pi.  athencea,  athenea  (-a).]     In  mod- 


Athenaeum 

em  times,  an  institution  for  the  encmirafrpmont 
of  literature  and  art,  often  posscssinK  a  iihrary 
for  till'  use  of  those  entitled  to  its  privilej^'i's.  " 
Athene  (a-the'no),  n.  [L.,  also  Atlntin,\  (ir. 
'Atii/i"/,  Dorie  'AOum,  also  (prop,  an  adj.  form) 
ViOi/valt/,  .cEolic  'Allai'uia,  'AHavia,  Attic  'Aflrfvaia, 
coiitr.  'AH'/vn,  a  name  of  uncertain  origin,  as- 
sociated with  that  of  'ADfiviu,  Athens.]  1.  In 
Gr.  mi/lh.,  the  goddess  of  knowledge,  arts,  gci- 


Atheiie. — The  Mineiva  1-amcac,  Mu6eo  Na^ionale,  Naples. 

enees,  and  righteous  war ;  particularly,  the  tute- 
lary deity  of  Athens :  identified  by  the  Romans 
■nith  Minerva.  She  personifled  the  clear  upper  air  as 
well  as  mental  clearness  and  acuteness,  enii"i(lyiiiL;  the 
spirit  of  truth  and  divine  wisdom,  and  was  cIotlRd  witli 
the  je^ds  symbolizing  the  dark  storm-cloud,  and  armed  with 
the  resistless  spear  —  the  shaft  of  lightning.  Also  Athena. 
2.  [NL.]  In  ocHfWi.,  an  extensive  genus  of  owls, 
related  to  A.  noctita  of  Em-ope,  including  small 
earless  species.  The  name  is  used  liy  different  authors 
witti  threat  latitude,  and  is  not  susceptible  of  exact  deflni- 
tiuii.     It  was  (irst  used  for  a  genus  of  birds  by  Bole,  1822. 

Atheneum,  «.    See  Athenwiim. 

Athenian  (a-the'ni-an),  a.  and  ?i.  [<  L.  as  if 
*Atli( iiiiiniis,  equivalent  to  Athoilcnsis,  <  Athe- 
na; <  Gr.  'AOr/mi,  Athens,  traditionally  named 
after  'AfUjvri,  Athene.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Athens,  anciently  the  metropolis  of  Attica  in 
Greece,  and  now  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Greece. 

II.  H.  A  native  or  citizen  of  Athens. 

atheologiant  (a'the-o-lo'ji-an),  H.  [<  Gr.  ii- 
priv.  (((-18)  -f-  tiKoliKjiiin.]  One  who  is  not  a 
theologian ;  one  who  has  no  knowledge  of  the- 
ology ;  an  ignorant  theologian. 

They  .  .  .  [the  Jesuits]  are  the  only  n^/ic(>/o.'7irt(w  whose 

heads  entertain  no  other  object  but  the  tumiilt  of  realms. 

Sir  J.  Hayward,  Answer  to  Doleman,  ix. 

atheological  (a"the-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  li- 
jiriv.  (((-i!*)  +  tlieological.Ji  Uiitheological ;  con- 
trary to  theology. 

In  the  curt  atlwolor/icaZ  phrase  of  the  Persian  Lucretius, 
"one  thing  is  certain,  and  the  rest  is  lies." 

Swiiibiinie,  Shakespeare,  p.  23.t. 

atheologyt  (a-the-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
((z-18)  +  theology.  Cf.  atheous.'\  1.  Lack  or 
absence  of  theological  knowledge;  opposition 
to  theology. — 2.  Atheism. 

Several  of  our  learned  members  have  written  many  pro- 
found treatises  on  anarchy,  but  a  brief,  complete  body  of 
atheolofjy  seemed  yet  wanting. 

Sitri/t,  On  Collins's  Discourse. 

atheous  (a'the-us),  a.  [=  Pg.  athco  =  Sp.  It. 
citio,  an  atheist,  <  L.  (itheus,  atlieos,  <  Gr.  aOi- 
of,  without  a  god,  godless:  see  athcisitt.'\  If. 
Atheistic;  luigodly. 

The  hypocrite  or  atheous  priest.  Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  487. 
2.  Ha^'ing  no  reference  to  God ;  irrespective  of 
divine  existence  or  power. 

**  All  physical  science,  properly  so  called,  is  compelled 
by  its  very  nature  to  take  no  account  of  the  being  of  God  : 
as  soon  as  it  does  this,  it  ti-enches  upon  theology,  and 
ceases  to  lie  physical  science."  And  so,  coining  a  dis- 
criminating woril  to  express  this,  he  [the  liishoii  of  Car- 
lisle) wimld  say  that  science  was  atheous,  and  therefore 
could  not  lie  atheistic.  Science,  III.  I.'i2. 

Athericera  (ath-e-ris'e-ra),  «.  pi.  [NXi.,  <  Gr. 
aOi/i^,  awn  or  beard  of  an  ear  of  corn,  +  Kspa^,  a 
horn.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  classification, 
the  fifth  family  of  dipterous  insects,  nearly 
equivalent  to  the  dicha>tinis  diWsion  of  bracliy- 
eerous  Diptrra,  but  including  the  Si/rphida: 
The  di%isjon  corrcspoiuled  to  the  Linnean  genera  Ctuioj>s 
and  CEntruf,  with  most  of  the  species  of  Muficn.  including 
the  bot-llies  and  drune-llies  with  the  flies  proper.  [Not  in 
use.] 


363 

athericerous  (ath-f-ris'e-rus),  a.  [<  Athericera 
+  -iHi.s.J  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Athe- 
rieera. 

Atherina  (ath-e-ri'nii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a8cpivr!, 
a  kind  of  smelt.]  A  genus  of  abdominal  acan- 
thopterygian  fishes,  typical  of  the  iamilyAthe- 
rinida;  containing  the  sand-smelts.  A.  imxt>vter, 
the  comin.Mi  liritish  atlierine  or  sand-smelt,  is  a  llsh  about 
li  iiiclus  long,  used  as  food. 

atherine  (ath'e-rin),  n.  [<  Atherina.}  A  fish 
of  the  genus  Atherina;  a  sand-smelt. 

atherinid  (ath-e-rin'id),  n.  A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily .llherinitUE.  " 

Atherinidse  (ath-e-rin'i-de),  Ji.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Atherina  +  -ida:}  The  atherines  or  sand- 
smelts ;  a  family  of  abdominal  acanthopt  erygian 
fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Atherina,  to  which 
varying  limits  have  been  ascribed  by  different 
writers,  in  fiunther's  system  the  AlheriiMm  are  a 
family  of  Acanthoj/tcn/nii  inmjilifonneK,  having  vertcbno 
in  increased  number  and  the  dentition  feeble  or  of  mod- 
erate strength,  and  incliiiling  the  tetragoiiurids  as  well  as 
the  atherinids  proper.  In  more  recent  systems  they  are  a 
family  of  Percenocejt  with  more  than  24  vertebnc,  cyi-loidal 
scales,  dor.sal  tins  two  in  number  and  separate,  and  feeble 
dentition.  Ilie  species  are  mostly  small ;  tliose  found  in 
America  are  known  ns/riarH,  or  are  confounded  with  the 
Oantcri  under  the  name  of  smettg. 

atherinidan  (ath-e-rin'i-dan),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Athcrinidm;  an  atherinid.  Sir  J.  Rich- 
ardson. 

Atherinina  (ath''e-ri-ni'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Atherina  +  -ina.']  "  In  Giintlier's  classification 
of  fishes,  the  first  subfamily  oi  Atherinidce,  char- 
acterized by  feeble  dentition,  cyeloidal  scales, 
the  separation  of  the  first  dorsal  tin  from  the 
second,  the  presence  of  an  air-bladder,  and  the 
absence  of  pyloric  appendages :  same  as  Athe- 
rinidce  of  recent  systems. 

atherinoid  (ath'e-ri-noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Athe- 
rina +  -aid.}  I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of 
the  Atherinida'. 

II,   11.   A  fish  of  the  family  Atherinidee ;  an 
atherinid. 

athermancy  (a-ther'man-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  adipuav- 
Toc,  not  heated :  see  athermanous  and  -cy.}  The 
power  or  property  of  stopping  radiant  heat ; 
impermeableness  to  radiant  heat.  It  corre- 
sponds to  opacity  in  the  case  of  light. 

atnermanous  (a-ther'ma-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  -f-  Oipfiaiviiv  (flep/iav-),  heat,  impart  heat 
(cf.  aOip/iavToc,  not  heated),  <  Oep/i/ir,  hot  (fffp/i?, 
heat):  see  thermo-.}  Impermeable  to  radiant 
heat;  having  the  power  of  stopping  radiant 
heat ;  opaque  to  heat. 

athermous  (a-ther'mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aBepfto;, 
without  warmth,  <  a-  priv.  +  6epfi6(,  hot,  Bipfo/, 
heat.]     Same  as  athermanous. 

atheroma  (ath-e-ro'ma),  n.;  ph  athcromata 
(-ma-tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aHc)p(j//a(T-),  a  tumor  full 
of  gruel-like  matter,  <  iiHI/p?/.  a  form  of  aOdpr/, 
groats  or  meal,  a  porridge  made  therefrom.]  1. 
A  name  given  to  various  kinds  of  encysted  tu- 
mors, the  contents  of  which  have  the  appear- 
ance of  bread-sauce. — 2.  The  formation  of 
thickened  patches  of  the  inner  coat  of  an  ar- 
tery (much  more  rarely  of  a  vein),  constitut- 
ing flattened  cavities  which  contain  a  pasty 
mass  exhibiting  fat-globules,  fatty  acid  crys- 
tals, cholesterin,  more  or  less  calcareous  mat- 
ter, etc.  The  endothelial  film  sejiarating  this  from  the 
Ijlood  maygive  way,  and  an  atheromatous  ulcer  be  formed. 
Also  athcrome. 

atheromatous  (ath-e-ro'ma-tus),  a.  [<  athe- 
riinia(t-)  +  -niis.}  Pertaining  to  or  resembUng 
atheroma ;  having  the  qualities  of  atheroma. 

atherome  (ath'e-rom),  /(.     Same  as  atJieroma. 

Atherura  (ath-e-rii'ra),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ad^p,  the 
lieard  of  an  ear  of  corn,  +  ovpa,  tail.]  A  genus 
of  hystricomorph  rodents,  of  the  family  i?i/«(n- 
cidw;  the  brush-tailed  porcupines:  so  called 
because  the  tail  ends  in  a  pencil  of  flattened 
scaly  bristles.  The  best-known  species  are  A./aeci- 
etdata,  the  Malacca  porcupine  of  India,  and  the  African  A. 
a/ricana.     There  are  several  others.     Wso  At herunts. 

atherure  (ath'e-rOr),  «.  [<  Atherura.']  A 
brush-tailed  porcupine;  a  species  of  the  genus 
Atherura. 

AtherurUS  (ath-e-rO'ms),  It.  Same  as  Athe- 
rura. 

atheticize  (a-thet'i-siz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
athetici^ed,  ppr.  athetici:ing.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  dSerof, 
set  aside,  invalid,  -I-  -ic  +  -ize.  Cf.  atheti::e.'] 
Same  as  athctize.    Beverley. 

athetize  (ath'e-tiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  athe- 
tized.  ppr.  athetising.  [<  Gr.  aBereiv,  set  aside, 
re.iect  as  spurious  (<  ifteroe,  set  aside,  invalid, 
without  {ilace  or  position,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  ftriic, 
verbal  adj.  of  ri-$i-vai,  put,  place:  see  thesi.", 
etc. ),  +  -ize.]    To  set  aside ;  reject  as  spurious. 


athwart 

He  [Walter  Leaf,  in  his  edition  of  the  Iliad]  athelitet 
but  IKi  lines  in  A-Nf.         Amcr.  Jour.  n/Philal.,  VII.  .178. 

athetoid  (ath'e-toid),  a.  Of  or  resembling 
athetosis:  as,  nWictotrf movements. 

athetosis  (ath-e-td'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr-  dSfrof, 
without  ]t\aoe (eee athetize),  +  -o.fis,']  Inpathol., 
a  condition  in  which  the  hands  and  feet  can- 
not be  maintained  in  any  position  in  which 
they  arc  placed,  but  continually  perform  in- 
voluntary, slow,  irregular  movements. 

athinkt,  '••  imuers.  [ME.  athiuke,  reduced  form 
of  ofthinke,  <  AS.  oj'thyncan,  impers..  <  of-  + 
thyncan,  seem:  see  a-*  and  think.]  To  repent; 
grieve — Me  atmnketht,  it  repents  me. 

Me  athiiikcth  that  I  schal  reherce  it  here. 

Chaucer,  I'rol.  to  Millers  Tale,  1.  02. 
athirst  (a-thfersf),  a.  [<  ME.  athurst,  also 
athrestc  and  afur^t,  contr.  from  ofthurst,  of- 
thyrst,  <  AS.  ofthyrsted,  very  thirsty,  jjp.  of  of- 
thyrstan,  thirst,  <  of-  (intensive)  +  thyrstan, 
pp.  thyrsted,  thirst:  see  a-*  and  thirst,  f.]  1. 
Thirsty ;  wanting  drink. 

When  thou  art  athirst,  go  unto  the  vessels,  and  drink. 

Ruth  ii.  9. 
2.  Figuratively,  having  a  keen  appetite  or  de- 
sire. 

Their  bounding  hearts  alike 
Athirtit  for  battle.  Cou'2}er,  Iliad. 

athlete  (ath'let),  n.  [<  L.  athleta,  <  Gr.  aS'/r/- 
ri/i;,  a  combatant,  contestant  in  the  games,  < 
adldv,  contend,  <  iOz-of,  a  contest,  esp.  for  a 
prize  (neut.  Itd'/.ov,  the  prize  of  contest),  contr. 
of  'aFiOloc,  prob.  i  a-  +  -^  'Ftd  (=  E.  «'f(/, 
pledge:  see  lecd)  +  formative  -/o-f.]  1.  In 
Gr.  antiq.,  one  who  contended  for  a  prize  in  the 
public  games.  Hence — 2.  Any  one  trained  to 
exercises  of  agility  and  strength ;  one  accom- 
plished in  athletics ;  a  man  full  of  strength 
and  activity. 

Here  rose  an  athlete,  strong  to  break  or  bind 
All  force  in  bonds  that  might  endure. 

Tenni/8on,  Palace  of  Art. 

athletic  (ath-let'ik),  a.  and  u.     [<  L.  athleticus, 

<  Gr.  atiXr/Tiiiic,  i  aO/.7/Tfy_:  athlete:  see  athlete.} 
I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  athletes  or  to  the  exer- 
cises practised  by  them:  as,  athletic  sports. 
Hence — 2.  Strong;  robust;  \-igorous;  physi- 
cally powerful  and  active. 

That  athletic  soundness  and  vigour  of  constitution 
which  is  seen  in  cottages,  where  Nature  is  cook  and  Ne- 
cessity caterer.  South. 

II.  n.  An  athlete.     [Rare.] 

athletically  (ath-let'i-kal-i),  adr.  In  a  strong, 
robust,  or  athletic  manner. 

athleticism  (ath-let'i-sizm),  n.  [<  athletic  + 
-ism.}  The  act  or  practice  of  engaging  in  ath- 
letic exercises  ;  devotion  to  athletics. 

athletics  (ath-let'iks),  H.  [Plural  of  athletic.} 
The  art  or  practice  of  athletic  games  or  exer- 
cises; the  system  of  rules  or  principles  em- 
ployed for  physical  training,  as  in  running, 
rowing,  boxing,  gjnnnastics,  etc. 

athletism  (ath'le-tizm),  H.  [<  athlete  +  -ism.} 
The  eharaeter  or  profession  of  an  athlete. 

Athole  hrose.    See  brose. 

Athorybia  (ath-o-rib'i-ii),  Ji.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  li- 
priv.  -f-  86pvjio^,  noise,  murmtir,  confusion.]  A 
genus  of  oceanic  hydrozoans, 
type  of  the  family  Athorybi- 
idic.  A.  rosacea  inhabits  the 
MediteiTanean. 

Athorybiadse  (ath  ■  o-ri-bi'a- 
de).  H.  pi.  Same  as  Athnry- 
biida. 

Athorybiidae  (ath'o-ri-bi'i- 
de),  ii.jil.  [NL.,  <  Athorybia 
+  -idee.}  A  famOy  of  phy- 
sophorous  oceanic  Hydro:oa, 
of  the  order  Siphonophora, 
having  a  bundle  of  hydro- 
phyUia  instead  of  a  swim- 
ming-coltrmn,  and  resembling  a  larval  stage  of 
some  other  Physophora. 

athreet,  prep.  pUr.  as  adv.     [ME.,  also  a  thre; 

<  r(3  -I-  three.}     In  three  parts.     Chaucer. 
athrepsia   (a-threp'si-a),    n.      [NL.,   <   Gr.   a- 

Eriv.  -I-  Opul'ic,  nourishment,  (.rpiijiuv,  nourish.] 
<i  pathiil.,  a  profound  disturbance  of  nutrition 
in  children,  due  to  neglect  of  hygiene  and  in- 
sufficient or  improper  food. 
athrob  (a-throb'),  iirep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  «3 
-t-  throb'.'}  In  or  into  a  throbbing  or  palpitat- 
ing state  or  manner ;  throbbing. 

[Language]  is  a  mere  dead  body  without  a  soul  till  some 
man  of  geiiius  set  its  arrested  pulses  once  more  athrob. 

LouvU,  Study  Windows,  p.  25S. 

athwart  (a-thwart),^)rfj).  phr.  as  adr.  and  prep. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  athirt,  Sc.  athourt,  athort, 


Athoryf"'a  rosacea. 
seen  from  above. 

a,  polypiles :  b,  tenta- 
cles, with  c<,  their  sac- 
culi;  ./.  hydrophylha  :y; 
pncuTDatophorc. 


athwart 

<  ME.  athwart ;  <  a^  +  thwart.  Cf .  overthwart.'] 

1.  adv.  1.  Crosswise;  £rom  side  to  side ;  trans- 
versely. 

He  cims'il  to  be  drawn  out  and  pav'd  four  main  roads 
to  the  utmi>st  length  and  breadth  of  the  Ishind ;  and  two 
others  athwart.  Miltim,  Hist.  Eiik.,  i. 

2.  lu  opposition  to  the  proper  or  e.xpeoted 
coiu'se ;  in  a  manner  to  cross  and  perplex ; 
crossly;  ^\Tongly;  wrongfully.    [Rare.] 

The  l>aby  beats  the  nurse,  and  quite  athwart 

Cioes  all  decorum.  Shak:,  JI.  for  M.,  i.  4. 

TT  prep.  1 .  Across ;  from  side  to  side  of. 

A  pine, 
Roek-rooted,  streti;hed  athwart  the  vacancy 
Its  s\vinf;ing  boughs.  ShelUy,  Alastor. 

The  Fosse  Way  was  one  of  the  two  great  lines  of  commu- 
nication which  ran  athwart  Britain  from  the  northeast  to 
the  southwest.  J.  li.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  193. 

2.  yniit.,  across  the  line  of  a  ship's  course. — 

3.  In  opposition  to ;  against ;  contrary  to. 

T  have  seen  this  present  work,  and  find  nothing  afAwnrf 
tlie  Catholick  faith  and  good  manners. 

Miltuii,  Areopagitica,  p.  II. 

Athwart  hawse,  said  of  a  ship  when  she  lies  or  sails 
across  tile  stem  of  another,  whether  near  or  at  some  dis- 
tance. 

"We  soon  saw  two  sails  to  windward,  going  directly 
athwart  our  hawne. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  10. 

Athwart  the  forefoot,  said  of  the  flight  of  a  ciinnon- 
ball  fired  acriiss  u  ship  s  course  before  her  bows,  as  a  com- 
ni:iiid  ti>  her  to  bring  to. 
athwartships  (a-thwart'ships),  jyrep.  plir.  as 
adv.  [<  athwart  +  shij)  +  adv.  gen.  snflis  -s.] 
Athwart  the  ship;  crosswise  of  the  ship. 

The  foretopsail,  which  had  been  double  reefed,  split  in 
two  athwartships,  just  below  the  reef-band,  from  earing 
to  eal'ing.  R.  U.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  2M. 

athymiat  (a-thim'i-ii),  n.  [<  Gr.  adv/jla.  want  of 
courage  or  spirit,  <  a6vuo^.  wanting  courage  or 
sph'it,  <  a-  priv.  +  ttruof,  courage,  spirit,  breath, 

<  ffveii;  rush,  rage,  be  eager.]  Lowness  of  spir- 
its; despondency;  melancholy. 

-aticl.  [<  F.  -ittique  (vernacularly -ot/f,  >E.  -age, 
q.  V.)  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  -atico,  <  L.  -dticus,  a  com- 
pound adj.  suffix,  being  -ic-us,  E.  -ic,  suffixed 
to  a  pp.  stem  in  -at-:  see  -ate'^,  -ic,  and  -age.'] 
A  compound  suffix  of  some  adjectives  of  Latin 
origin,  as  aquatic,  erratic,  iymphatic,  etc.,  some 
of  wliich  are  also  used  as  nouns,  as  fanatic, 
lunatic,  etc.  [See  remark  under  -atic-.'] 
-atic2.  [<  F.  -atique  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  -atico,  <  L. 
-aliens.  <  Gr.  -ar-iK-dr,  being  -ik-6<;,  E.  -ic.  suffixed 
to  a  noun  stem  in  -ar-,  nom.  -a,  or  -ap,  or  -ar-iic. 
see  -n?p5  and  -ic.'\  A  compound  termination 
of  adjectives  taken  from  or  formed  after  Greek, 
as  grammatic,  hepatic,  pneumatic,  some  accom- 
panying English  nouns  in  -yna  or  -m,  as  dra- 
matic,  problematic,  etc.,  or  in  -ate^,  as  piratic, 
etc.  [Most  adjectives  of  this  termination,  and  also  some 
ending  in  -atic^,  may  take  (often  preferably)  the  .addition- 
al syllable  -al,  with  very  slight  if  any  change  of  meaning. 
See  -al  and  -icaL] 
-atile.  [=  F.  -aliJe,  <  L.  -atilif:,  a  compoimd  adj. 
suffix,  being  -His,  E.  -He  or  -le,  suiExed  to  a  pp. 
Stem  in  -at-:  see  -ofcl  and  -I'fc.]  A  suffix  of 
some  adjectives  of  Latin  origin,  as  aquatilc, 
tiurialile.  etc. 
atilt  (a-tilf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  aS  + 
tiW^,  n.']  1.  Tilted  up;  set  on  tilt,  literally  or 
figuratively. 

Speak ;  if  not,  this  stand 
Of  royal  blood  shall  be  abroach,  atilt,  and  run 
Even  to  the  lees  of  honour. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Philaster,  v.  1. 
The  little  bird  sits  at  his  door  in  the  sun, 
Atilt  like  a  blossom  among  the  leaves. 

Lowdl,  Sir  Launfal,  i. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  a  filter;  in  the  position 
or  with  the  action  of  a  man  making  a  thrust: 
as.  to  ride  or  rtm  atilt. 
atimy  (at'i-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  arifiia,  disgrace,  loss 
of  ci\-il  rights,  dishonor,  <  arifiof,  dishonored, 
deprived  of  civil  rights,  <  d-  priv.  -1-  Tifili,  honor, 

<  Tiiii;  honor.]  In  Gr.  antiq.,  disgrace;  sus- 
pension of  the  civil  rights  of  a  person  in  pim- 
ishment  of  grave  offenses  ;  outlawry ;  civil  dis- 
franchisement ;  degradation,  it  was  perpetual  and 
total  (»i  rnietimes  liereilitary),  or  temporary,  or  p,irtial  and 
affecting  only  certain  privileges  of  the  citizen.  It  often  in- 
volved confiscation  of  property. 

-^tion.  [<  F.  -ation  =  Sp.  -acion  =  Pg.  -ucao 
=  It.  -a:ione,  <  L.  -dtio(n-),  ace.  -dtionem,  being 
-tio(n-),  E.  -lion,  q.  v.,  suffixed  to  the  stem  of 
verbs  in  -ii-rc,  or,  in  other  words,  -io{n-).  E. 
-ion,  suffixed  to  the  pp.  stem  -dt-,  E.  -rtfrl,  of 
verbs  in  -d-re :  see  -tion,  -ion,  and  -«tel.  The  reg. 
OF.  form  of  this  suffix  was  -aisun,  -eisun,  later 
-ai.<ion,  etc.  (later  restored  -ation,  ME.  -ation, 
-acion.  -atiouii,  -acioiin),  >  ME.  -aisun,  -cisun, 
-esun,  etc.,  which  exists,  unrecognized,  in  uri- 


364 

son,  venison,  which  have  differentiated  doub- 
lets in  oration,  venation  (obs.).]  A  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  occuiTing  in  nouns  of  action,  etc. 

These  nouns  are  properly  abstract  nouns  equivalent  to 
English  nouns  in  -iuff,  and  are  (a)  taken  directly  from 
tile  Latin,  as  citation,  commendation,  rnntion,  rdiieation, 
liberation,  lite,  and  formed  in  Latin  {roiinnrndatio,  etc.) 
from  the  verbs  represented  in  English  either  by  forms 
without  surtl.x  (from  the  Latin  infinitive),  as  cite,  commend, 
etc.,  or  by  forms  in  -ate  (from  the  Latin  jierfect  partici- 
ple), as  create,  educate,  lihrrnfe  ;  nr  (li)  formed  in  modern 
speech,  whether  from  verbs  without  suttix.  as  in  [ixation, 
(quotation,  etc.,  froni/x,  (jnnle,  etc.,  or  from  vert)s  in  -ate, 
as  concentration,  desiccation,  from  cunc'iitrute,  drsiemte, 
etc.,  or  from  verbs  of  non-Latin  origin.  ;us  stareati"//, 
^flirtation,  these  being  the  earliest  formations  (in  tlie  mid- 
dle of  the  eighteenth  century)  in  -atioit  from  verbs  of 
native  origin  (starve,  jiirt).  Some  words  in  .ation  have  no 
accompanying  verb  in  English,  as  constellation,  lunation, 
neijation,  etc. 

-atious.  [<  -ati{on)  +  -otis,  like  4tious,<.  Mi(on) 
+  -ous.'i  A  compound  adjective  suffix,  con- 
sisting of  -ous  added  to  a  reduced  form  of 
-ation,  and  serving  to  form  adjectives  from 
nouns  in  -ation,  as  disputatious  from  disputa- 
tion. 

atiptoe  (a-tip'to),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
((■' -t-  lijitoe.']  1.  On  tiptoe. —  2.  Figuratively, 
in  a  state  of  high  expectation  or  eagerness. 

-ative.  [=  F.  -atif,  fem.  -alive,  <  L.  -dl-ivus, 
being  -ivus,  E.  -ive,  suffixed  to  the  pp.  stem  in 
-dt-,  E.  -affl,  -ate^.l  A  compound  adjective 
siiffiir  of  Latin  origin,  consisting  of  -ive  added  to 
the  stem  represented  by  -ate^,  and  accompany- 
ing verbs  vrith  suffix  -ate^,  as  in  demonstrative, 
}-clatii-e,  etc.,  from  demonstrate,  relate,  etc.,  or 
verbs  without  a  suffix,  as  in  laudative,  etc.. 
from  laud,  etc.,  or  stantUng  without  coitc- 
sponding  verbs  in  English,  as  in  amative,  horta- 
tive, lucrative,  etc. :  especially  frequent  in  gram- 
matical terms,  as  in  vocative,  locative,  ablative, 
etc.,  all  used  also  as  nouns,  it  is  also  found  in  a 
few  other  nouns,  as  in  prerofjative,  donative.  It  is  added 
rarely  to  verbs  of  non-Latin  origin,  as  in  talkative,  babbla- 
tive, and  used  in  colloquial  or  slang  expressions  like  fjo- 
tthead-ative.  English  formations  in  -ative,  from  verbs  in 
-ate-,  retain  the  accent  of  the  verb,  as  decorative. 

Atlanta  (at-lan'ta),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Atlanticus, 
Atlantic:  see  Atlantic,  a.]  A  genus  of  mol- 
lusks,  typical  of  the  iava.\\y  Atlantida:,  having 
the  twisted  visceral  sac  inclosed  in  a  dextral 
spiral  shell,  and  the  foot  pro%'ided  with  an  oper- 
culum.   A.  peroni  is  a  Mediterranean  species. 

atlantad  (at-lan'tad),  adv.  [<  alias  {atlant-) 
+  -f«P.]  In  anal.,  toward  the  atlas,  or  the 
upper  part  of  the  body. 

atlantal  (at-lan'tal),  a.  [<  NL.  atlantalis,  < 
atlas^,  3,  q.  v.]  In  anal.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
atlas — Atlantal  foramen  (foramen  atlantale).  a  hole 
through  the  fore-border  of  the  atlas  of  many  animals  for 
the  transmission  of  the  suboccipital  nerve  and  vertebral 
.artery.  In  man  it  is  present  only  exceptionally,  and  is 
generally  represented  by  a  groove. 

Atlantean  (at-lan-te'an),  a.  [<  L.  Atlanteus,  < 
Gr.  '\T'/ar-cio<:,  pertaining  to  '!\r/iof,  Atlas;  '.\r- 
'/avrii;,  Atlantis,  is  properlj'  fem.  adj.  <  ".KT/.a^ 
{'\T7avT-):  seeatlas^.']  1.  Pertaining  to  Atlas; 
resembling  Atlas. 

Sage  he  stood. 
With  Atlantean  shoulders,  lit  to  bear 
The  weight  of  mightiest  monarchies. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  306. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  island  Atlantis  of  Plato 
and  Strabo,  fabled  to  exist  in  the  ocean  of  the 
far  West,  or  to 
Bacon's  ideal 
commonwealth  of 
that  name. 

Sometimes  writ- 
ten Atlantian. 

atlantes  (at-lan'- 
tez),n.jd.  [<Gr. 
'lirAairef,  pi.  of 
'!\7/-af,  Atlas :  see 
«Wn«l.]  Inarch., 
figures  or  half  fig- 
ures of  men  used 
in  place  of  col- 
umns or  pilas- 
ters, to  support 
an  entablature. 
They  were  called  tel- 
amones  by  the  Ro- 
mans. Female  figures 
so  employed  are  call- 
ed canjatids  or  carifa- 
tides,    ^eeatlasi.i. 

Atlantian      ( at  - 

lan'ti-an),  a.   See 
Atlantean. 
Atlantic  (at-lan'- 
tik),  a.  and  «.     [< 
L.    Atlanticus,    < 

/-,_  ,,  _1  _    _     .(        otto  Heinnch's  Palace.  Ht 

Ur.  ar/lavr«Of,  Baden. 


idclbeig  Castle, 


atlas 

pertaining  to  Atlas,  <  '!\r/af  ('ArXavr-),  Atlas,  (1> 
the  Titan  (sec  titlasi ),  or  (2)  the  mountain-range 
in  nortlnvisliiii  .Mrira  named  from  the  Titan, 
being  reganioil  ns  tin-  pillar  of  heaven;  rij  'Ar- 
'/.avTiKuv  ;rf/.«)os',  the  Atlantic  ocean,  named  from 
Mount  Atlas.]  I.  a.  X,  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
scended from  Atlas:  as,  "the  seven  Atlantic 
Sisters"  (the  Pleiades),  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.674.— 
2.  Appellative  of  or  pertaining  to  that  division 
of  the  ocean  which  lies  between  Europe  and 
Africa  on  the  east  and  America  on  the  west. 
II.   H.   The  Atlantic  ocean. 

atlantid  (at-lan'tid),  n.  A  heteropod  mollusk 
of  tlic  family  Atlantidie. 

Atlantidae  (at-lan'ti-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
';\7/af  (\\T/air-).  Mount  Atlas,  taken  for  Africa 
(see  Atlantic).  +  -liai,  -idiB.  In  sense  2,  < 
Atlanta  (q.  v.)  -t-  -irfff.]  1.  One  of  the  three 
great  divisions  into  which  some  ethnologists 
di^-ide  the  human  race,  including  the  tribes  of 
-Africa  and  the  Semitic  peoples  of  Asia. — 2. 
A  family  of  heteropodous  mollusks,  typified  by 
the  genus  Atlanta.  They  are  free-swimming  pelagic 
forms,  of  wann  seas,  with  a  small,  thin,  keeled,  spiral 
shell  and  calcareous  operculum.  Besides  the  type,  At. 
lanta,  the  family  contains  the  genus  Oxyf/i/ms. 

Atlantides  (at-lan'ti-dez),  n.  pit.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
'AT/.avridc^,  pi.  of  'Ar/.airic,  fem.  patron.,  daugh- 
terof  "Ar'Aai {'Ar'AavT-).  Atlas :  see  fli/o.s-l.]  1.  A 
name  given  to  the  Pleiades,  which  were  fabled 
to  be  the  seven  daughters  of  Atlas  who  were 
translated  to  heaven. —  2.  The  inhabitants  of 
the  legendaiy  island  of  Atlantis. 

Atlantis  (at-lan'tis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  '.\r/.avTi(: 
see  Atlantic."]  A  mythical  island  of  vast  extent, 
mentioned  by  Plato  and  other  ancient  writers, 
and  placed  by  them  in  the  far  West. 

atlanto-epistropheal  (at  -  Ian  '  to  -  ep  ^  i  -  stro  - 

fe'.nl),  a.  [<  atlas  (atlant-)  -\-  ejiistropha-us  + 
-al."]  In  anat.,  pertaining  to  the  atlas  and  epi- 
strophaeus  or  axis. 

atlanto-occipital  (at-lan"t6-ok-sip'i-tal),  a.  [< 
atlas  (atlant-)  +  occiput  (occipit-)  -{-  -al.~\  In 
anat.,  pertaining  to  the  atlas  and  the  occipital 
bone. 

atlanto-odontoid  (at-lan"t6-o-don'toid).  «.  [< 
atlas  (atlant-)  -I-  odontoid.']  In  anat.,  pertaining 
to  the  atlas  and  the  odontoid  process  of  the  axis. 

atlantosaurid  (at-lan-to-sa'rid),  H.  A  dino- 
sauriau  reptile  of  the  family  Atlantosauridte. 

Atlantosauridse  (at-lan-to-sa'ri-de),  ».  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Atlantosaurus  +  -ida:]  A  family  of 
sauropodous  dinosaurian  reptUes  with  a  pitui- 
tary canal,  the  isehia  directed  downward  and 
meeting  at  the  middle,  a  hollow  sacrum,  and 
the  anterior  and  caudal  vertebrfe  excavated  by 
lateral  cavities.  It  is  a  group  of  gigantic  Juras- 
sic herbivorous  lizards.     0.  C.  JJarsh. 

Atlantosaurus  (at-lan-to-sa'rus),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  "\r/of  (Ar'/air-),  in  allusion  to  their  size,  -f 
aalpoc,  lizard.]  A  genus  of  dinosaurians  the 
species  of  which  were  of  gigantic  size ;  the  type 
of  the  family  Atlantosaurida: 

atlasl  (at'las),  H.  [=  F.  Sp.  Pg.  atlas  =  It.  at- 
lantc  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  atlas,  atlas  (def.  4),  <  L. 
Atlas  (Atlant-),  <  Gr.  "Ar^.a^  (Ar/avz-),  in  myth, 
a  member  of  the  older  family  of  gods,  who 
bore  up  the  pillars  of  heaven ;  later,  one  of  the 
Titans,  condemned  to  bear  up  the  heavens,  or, 
in  other  foi-ms  of  the  legend,  the  earth :  the 
name  was  also  given  to  Mount  Atlas  (see  J?- 
lantic).  to  a  statue  serving  as  a  column  (def.  2), 
and  to  one  of  the  cenical  vertebne  (def.  3); 
appar.  <  a-  euphonic  +  \/  "r'/a  (rh'/vai).  endure, 
=  L.  ■/  *tla,  in  tlatus,  lafus,  pp.  (associated  with 
ferre  =  E.  bear^,  hold  up,  carrj')t  and  in  tollere, 
lift,  tolerare,  endure:  see  ablative  ani  tolerate.] 
1.  [co/).]  One  who  supports  a  heavj' burden ;  a 
mainstay;  a 'pillar.' — 2.  [PI.  of/oHfcs  (at-lan'- 
tez).]  A  male  liuman  figure  ser\-ing  as  a  col- 
umn or  pilaster.  See  atlantes. —  3.  [NL.]  In 
anat..  the  first  cer- 
vical vertebra,  by 
which  the  skull  ar- 
ticulates with  the 
spinal  column:  so 
called  because  it 
supports  the  head, 
as  Atlas  was  fabled 
to  uphold  the  sky. 
It  is  one  of  the  most 
inoilitird  and  special- 
ized I  if  flu-  vertebras  t>f- 
ten  having  no  centrum, 
as  such,  but  a  hypa- 
popbysis  instead,  large 
transverse  jirocesses  or 
lateral  masses,  and  the 
other  processes    small 


Human  Atlas. 
t,  nidiment  of  neural  spine  in  the 
neural  arch ;  .A  tubercular  process,  or 
diapophysis  proper,  and  /.  capitular 
process,  or  parapophj-sis — these  two 
making  the  so-called  transverse  pro- 
cess, and  inclosing  the  vertebrarterial 
foramen  :  /rv,  hypapoph>'sis.  in  place 
of  a  centrum  ;  a,  articular  surface  for 
occipital  condyle. 


atlas 

or  wantinjr.  The  peneral  form  of  tho  bono  is  nnnulnr ;  it 
revolves  aliotit  a  pivot  ftirnislied  )>y  tlie  odootoi*!  jiroi-i'ss 
of  tile  axis,  and  follows  tile  rotatory  movements  of  tile 
head  upon  the  neeit.  It  is  commonly  ani^ylosed  with  tlie 
axis  in  Cftacra.     See  nnkiHogis. 

4.  A  bound  collection  of  maps.  The  word  was  first 
used  in  this  sense  by  Mereator  in  the  sixteenth  eentury, 
in  allusion  to  tlie  Atlas  of  mytholoj^y,  whose  llKUre^  rejire- 
fiented  as  l)earinK  a  ^ilobc  on  his  sliouldcrs,  was  given  on 
the  title-pa^e  of  such  works. 

Hence  —  5.  A  volume  of  plates  or  tables  illus- 
trative or  explanatory  of  some  sulijeet. — 6. 
A  size  of  -svTiting-  or  drawiug-pajicr,  'M  by  33  or 
34  inches. —  7.  [NL.]  In  (■H^(«i.,a  largelamelli- 
corn  beetle  of  the  family  Scnralxriilw ;  the  atlas 
beetle,  Clialcosoma  aHas,  about  3  inches  long, 
and  of  a  brilliant  metallic-green  color. 

atlas'-^  (at'las),  ».  [=  Sp.  atlas  =  G.  atliigs  = 
Sw.  atlan  =  Dan.  atlas,  atlask,  satin,  <  Hind. 
atlas,  <  At.  atlas,  satin,  <  atlas,  smooth,  bare, 
blank,  <  talasa,  make  smooth,  delete.]  A  kind 
of  satin :  a  word  formerly  used  in  the  Levant 
and  in  Inilia. 

atlas-folio  (af'las-fd'lio),  n.  [<aWasl,  6,  -f- 
_/o//o.]     A  large  square  folio  size  of  books. 

a'tlo-axoid  (at"16-ak'soid),  a.  In  aiiat.,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  atlas  and  axis,  the  first  and 

second  cervical  vertebrae Atlo-axold  ligament, 

one  of  three  lii;anients,  anterior,  lateral,  and  posterior, 
connected  with  both  the  axis  and  the  atlas. 

atloid  (at'loid),  ((.  [<  otfos^,  3,  +  -oW.]  In  anat., 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  atlas ;  atlantal :  usually 
as  the  second  element  of  a  compound:  as, 
occipito-atloid  ligaments. 

atmidometer  (at-mi-dom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  ar/i/f 
(firuiiS-),  vapor  (<  arfiur,  steam,  vapor),  -t-  fihpov, 
a  measure.]  An  instrument  invented  by  Bab- 
ington  for  measiu'ing  the  evaporation  from  wa- 
ter, ice,  or  snow.  E.  H.  KiiUjht.  See  atmom- 
ctvr. 

atmo-.  [< Gr.  aTfi6(,  vapor,  steam (=  Skt.  dtman, 
breath,  =  AS.  (etlim  =0S.  dthom  =  OFries.  etli- 
ma  =  D.  (i(?f/K  =  OH6.  actum,  dtum,  MHG.  atcm, 
ateii,  G.  atcm,  atliem,  odem,  also  (prop,  dial.) 
odoi,  breath),  perhaps  from  the  root  repr.  by 
Skt.  -j/  ''«>  Gr.  afjvai  (•)/  *fa),  blow,  and  so  related 
to  a^p,  air,  aadfta,  asthma,  etc.,  and  to  E.  wind^  : 
see  rtifl,  asthma,  and  wind~.]  The  first  element, 
meaning  vapor,  in  some  compound  words  of 
Greek  (U-igin. 

atmological  (at-mo-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  atmology 
+  -ic-al.'\     Pertaining  to  atmologj-. 

A  classification  of  clouds  can  then  only  be  consistent 
and  intelligible  when  it  rests  on  tlieir  atmolorficat  condi- 
tions. Whewell,  llist.  Induct.  Sciences,  x.  2. 

atmologist  (at-mol'o-jist),  n.  [<  atmoJngtj  + 
-/.«?.]  One  skilled  in  atmolog)';  a  student  of 
atmology. 

The  atmolofjiatx  of  the  last  century. 

Whewell,  Nov.  Org.  Renovatuni,  III.  ix.  §  8. 

atmology  (at-mol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  arfioi;,  steam, 
vapor,  +  -y.oyia,  <.' ?J}cn',  speak:  see  -"logi/.l 
That  branch  of  science  which  treats  of  the  laws 
and  phenomena  of  aqueous  vapor. 

The  relations  of  heat  and  nmisture  ^ive  rise  to  anotlier 
extensive  collection  of  law.s  and  jirinciples,  which  I  sliall 
treat  of  in  connection  vvitli  tlu-niit-iics,  and  shall  term  at- 
mvlv'j!/.  Whewell,  Uist.  Induct.  .Sciences,  x.,  Int. 

atmolysation,  etc.     See  atmolysation,  etc. 

atmolysis  (at-mol'i-sis),  H.  [<  Gr.  arfid^,  vapor, 
+  Aioir,  a  loosing,  <  ?Sciv,  loose.]  A  method  of 
separating  mixed  gases  or  vapors  of  imeqiial 
diffusibUity  by  confining  the  mixture  in  a  ves- 
sel of  porous  material,  such  as  graphite,  placed 
in  a  vacuum.  See  atmolyzcr.  Tliis  method  was  first 
made  known  in  lSO:i  by  its  discoverer,  lYofessor  T.  Gra- 
ham, master  of  tlie  English  mint. 

atmolyzation  (at'mo-li-za'shon),  «.  The  sepa- 
ration of  mixed  gases  by  atmolj'sis.  Also  at- 
vtali/satioii. 

atmolyze  (at'mo-liz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  at- 
moU/::ed,  ppr.  atmoly:ing.  [<  atmolysis.  Of.  an- 
alyze, <  analysis.']  To  separate,  as  gases  or  va- 
pors, by  atmolysis.     Also  atmolyse. 

atmolyzer  {at'ino-li-zer),  H.  An  instrument  for 
separating  gases.  It  consists  of  a  porous  pipe  sur- 
rounded l)y  an  air-tight  cylinder  connected  with  an  aspi- 
rator, the  ligllter  gases  passing  through  the  pores  of  the 
pipe,  the  heavier  remaining  in  it.     Also  afinolyser,  _ 

atmometer  (at-mom'e-ttr),  n.  [<  Gr.  arfidc;, 
vapor,  +  filrpov,  a  measure.]  An  instrument, 
invented  by  Sir  John  Leslie,  for  measui-ing  the 
amount  of  evaporation  from  a  humid  surface 
in  a  given  time ;  an  evaporometer.  it  consists  of 
a  thin  lioilow  ballot  porous  earthenware,  to  which  is  joined 
a  graduated  gla-ss  tube.  Tlie  Itall  and  the  tui)e  are  tilled 
witii  water,  the  top  of  the  tube  is  closed,  and  the  instru- 
ment is  cxposeil  to  the  free  action  of  the  air.  As  the 
water  transudes  tlirough  tlie  porous  substance,  and  is 
removed  in  the  form  of  vapor  by  the  air,  the  extent  of 
evaporation  is  shown  by  the  sinking  of  tlie  water  in  tlie 
graduated  tube. 


365 

atmosphere  (at'mos-fer),  n.  [=  F.  atmosphire 
=  Fg.  atmosjihvra  =  Sp.  almdsfcra  =  It.  atmn- 
sfera  =  Sw.  atmasfir  =  Dan.  atmasfarr  =  G.  at- 
mospharc,  <  NL.  atiiiosjihara,  <  Gr.  «"«i5f,  vapor, 
+  nfalpa,  sphere :  see sphirc. ]  1 .  The  aeriform 
fluid  which  sun'oiuids  the  earth,  and  extends  to 
an  undetermined  height  above  its  surface ;  the 
air.  It  is  a  nieclianical  mixture  of  79  parts  by  volume  of 
nitrogen  and  21  of  oxygen,  with  nearly  one  per  cent,  of  ar- 
gon, a  trace  of  carlton  dioxid,  and  a  variable  quantity  of 
aipieous  vapor,  ammonia,  ozrnie,  and  organic  matter.  The 
composition  of  tile  normal  atmos]>tiere  varies  but  slightly 
in  different  localities,  altiiough  near  towns  it  usually  con- 
tains impurities,  sucii  assulpliuricaciil,  hydrocliloricacid, 
etc.  The  movements  of  tlie  atmospliere  constitute  the 
winds,  and  in  it  are  formed  or  produced  clouds,  rain,  and 
snow.  Its  density  is  greatest  at  the  eartli's  surface,  and  de- 
creases as  the  height  above  the  earth  increases.  The  atmo- 
sphere, like  other  bodies,  gravitates  toward  tlie  earth,  arid 
therefore  has  weight  and  exerts  pressure.  Its  average 
weight  at  the  level  of  the  sea  is  aliout  15  pounds  (14.7)  to 
the  square  inch. 

2.  A  conventional  unit  of  atmospheric  pressure. 
An  atmosphere  is  in  F.nglisll  use  tiie  pressure  of  a  vertical 
column  of  ;iO  inches  of  mercury  at  tlie  freezing-point  at 
London;  in  French  use  it  is  tlie  pressure  of  760  milli- 
meters of  mercury  at  the  freezing-point  at  Paris.  For  the 
absolute  atmosphere  in  the  C.  G.  S.  (centimeter-gram- 
aecond)  system,  see  ahmlute.  The  weight  of  the  atmo- 
sphere to  the  square  inch  is  commonly  employed  as  a  con- 
venient unit  for  pressures  arising  from  other  causes,  such 
as  the  weight  of  liquitls,  the  force  of  steam,  etc. :  thus,  a 
pressure  in  a  steam-itoiler  of  '^  atmosidieres  means  a  pres- 
sure equal  to  45  pounds  per  square  inch. 

The  apparatus  .  .  .  was  of  great  simplicity,  all  of  glass, 
capable  of  resisting  the  pressure  of  many  atmospheres. 

Science,  VIII.  50. 

3.  The  gaseous  envelop  surrounding  any  of 
the  heavenly  bodies. 

No  sound,  either  loud  or  soft,  could  be  heard  by  any 
inhabitant  of  the  moon,  because  the  moon  practically  has 
no  atmusph'-re.  J.  N.  Lockycr,  .Siiect.  Anal.,  p.  22. 

4.  Any  gaseous  meilium. 

For  an  atmosphere  of  any  gas  at  uniform  temperature, 
the  height  at  which  the  density  would  be  halved  is  the 
height  of  the  homogeneous  atmosphere  for  that  gas,  mul- 
tiplied by  .69315 ;  the  gas  is  assumed  to  obey  Boyle's  law. 
J.  D.  Everett,  Units  and  Phys.  Const.,  p.  41. 

5t.  -An  assumed  outer  envelop  of  force,  efflu- 
via, etc.,  surrounding  a  body:  as,  an  electrical 
atmosphere. —  6.   Figm-atively,   intellectual  or 
moral  environment ;  pervading  influence. 
By  the  hearth  the  children  sit 
Cold  in  that  atmosphere  of  Death. 

Tennyson,  In  Meraoriam,  xx. 
Absolute  atmosphere.  See  absolute.— Tieciric  at- 
mosphere, ."^ce  dectric  aura,  under  «Mml. 
atmospheric  (at-mos-fer'ik),  a.  [<  atmosphere 
+ -ic.  Cf.  spherical.}  1.  Pertaining  to,  existing 
in,  or  consisting  of  the  atmosphere :  as,  atmo- 
spheric ail'  or  vapors. 

Quarantine  cannot  keep  out  an  atmospheric  diseaae. 

Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 

2.  Dependent  on  the  atmosphere. 

I  am  an  atmospheric  creature.  Pope. 

3.  Caused,  produced,  or  operated  on  by  the 
atmosphere:  as,  rust  is  an  atmospheric  effect. — 
Atmospheric  chum,  a  churn  of  various  fonns,  in  which 
atmospheric  air  is  driven  into  the  milk  in  order  to  agitate 
it,  and  also  in  order  to  obtain  the  specific  effect  of  the  air 
upon  the  milk  in  aggregating  the  oleaginoii.s  yldt.iilcs,— 
Atmospheric  currents,  .See  cu^^(•7^^— Atmospheric 
engine,  a  variety  of  steam-engine  in  which  the  steam  is 
admitted  only  to  the  under  side  of  tlie  piston  and  for  the 


Newcomen's  Atmospheric  Steam-cngine- 
j4.  A,  working-ticain ;  B,  boiler  from  whicli  ste.im  is  admitted 
through  the  ste.^in-cock,  e,  to  the  cylinder  C :  F.  rod.  scp.-iBg  to  lift 
a  small  pump:  t,  inicction.coclc  ;  P.  piston;  .y,  blow-valve,  or  sniftiug- 
valvc  :  T,  tank ;  /*  .  weights. 

up-stroke,  the  down-stroke  being  ellected  by  the  pres- 
sure of  the  atmosphere  caused  by  the  formation  of  a 
vacuimi  under  the  piston  through  the  condensation  of 
the  steam.  This  engine,  invented  by  Papin  in  1695,  was 
first  made  a  practical  success  by  Xewcomen,  and  was 
subseiiucntly  greatly  improved  by  Watt,  through  the  ad- 
dition of  II  .siparatc  coiKlenscr  .ami  air-pump.- Atmo- 
spheric governor,  an  apparatus  for  controlling  the  move- 
ments nf  marhiiiery  by  the  use  of  air  uniier  pressure.— 
Atmospheric  hammer,  (a)  -\  hammer  driven  by  means 
of  compressed  air.  as  the  steam-hammer  is  operated  by 
steam.  See  steatn-hammer.  (6)  A  hammer  in  which  an  at- 
mospheric spring  is  employed.    The  hammer-head  is  con- 


atom 

nected  by  a  rod  with  a  piston  working  In  a  cylinder  to 
which  air  is  admitted  at  the  center  of  ita  length.  A  recip- 
roi-ating  motion  is  given  to  the  cylinder,  and  liy  means 
of  the  air  confined  between  its  other  enil  ami  the  jjiston 
a  corresponding  motion  is  given  to  the  piston-heail  eon- 
nectiil  with  it.— Atmospheric  line.  («)  In  a  diagram  of 
steam-pressure,  a  line  drawn  by  the  pencil  when  the 
steam  is  shut  off  from  the  piston  of  the  indicator,  and 
thus  under  tlie  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  alone.  TTlo 
height  of  the  steam-line  above  this  shows  the  pressure  of 
tile  steam,  and  the  depth  of  the  vacuum-line  below  shows 
the  degree  of  condensation  which  is  then  taking  place 
in  the  engine,  (t)  yf.  Dark  lines  in  the  solar  spectrum 
produced  I)y  the  absor])tion  of  part  of  the  solar  radiation 
by  the  terrestrial  atmosphere.     See  spectrum. 

In  addition  to  the  lines  of  Fraunhofer,  indubitably  he- 
longing  to  the  sun,  there  are  many  other  dark  lines  in  the 
solar  spectrum  which  originate  from  the  absorjitive  ac- 
tion of  tlie  terrestrial  atmosphere,  and  are  therefore  called 
atiiio^pluric  liiu's.  Li'inmel,  Light  (trans.),  p.  166. 

Atmospheric  pressure.  See  aimnHiihere.  2.— Atmo- 
spheric pump,  a  jiiimp  in  which  tile  water  is  forced  into 
the  suction-pipe  Ityatniosplierie  pressure.  —  Atmospheric 
railway,  a  railway  so  constructed  that  the  motive  jiower 
is  derivetl  from  the  pressure  of  tlie  atmosphere  acting  on 
a  piston  working  in  a  continuous  iron  tulie  of  uniform 
bore  laid  from  one  place  to  another,  the  pressure  being 
created  liy  exhausting  the  air  from  that  end  of  the  tube 
toward  which  it  is  desired  that  the  jiiston  should  advance, 
or  by  forcing  in  air  liehind  it,  or  by  botli  methods  at  once. 
The  .system  has  not  been  found  suitable  for  the  ordinary 
purposes  of  a  railway,  though  it  is  successfully  worked 
for  the  conveyance  of  letters,  telegrams,  and  light  pack- 
ages. See  pneumatic  deKpateh,  under  p)teitmatie.  —  At- 
mospheric spring,  a  spring  foniied  by  tlie  elasticity  of 
a  confined  body  of  air.-AtmospheriC  Stamp,  a  stamp 
operated  ill  the  same  manner  as  an  atinospbei-ic  hammer 
(which  see,  above). — Atmospheric  tides,  diurnal  oscilla- 
tions of  the  atmosphere,  produced  liy  the  attractions  of 
the  sun  and  moon,  like  the  tides  of  tlie  ocean,  anil  indi- 
cated by  minute  variations  of  pressure  on  the  barometer. 

atmospherical  (at-mos-fer'i-kal),  a.     Same  as 

atmospheric. 

atmospherically  (at-mos-fer'i-kal-i),  adr.  As, 
or  as  regards,  tlie  atmosphere;  by  atmospheric 
force  or  influence. 

atmostea,  ».     Plural  of  atmosteon. 

atmosteal  (at-mos'te-al),  a.  [<  atmosteon  + 
-al.]  Pertaining  to  an  atmosteon;  pneumatic, 
as  a  lione. 

atmosteon  (at-mos'te-on),  M. ;  pi.  atmostea  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  a-/i6c,  air,  +  bariov,  bone.]  hx 
oruith.,  an  air-bone;  a  seleroskeletal  ossifica- 
tion of  a  membranous  tube  or  canal  convejing 
air  into  the  interior  of  a  bone  of  a  bird. 

Tlie  siphon-like  tube  which  conveys  air  from  the  outer 

ear-passage  to  the  hollow  of  the  mandible  may  ossify,. 

.  .  .  resulting  in  a  neat  tubular  "  air-bone  "  or  nf/awfcon. 

Couo!,  Key  to  N.  A.  Bilds,  p.  16S. 

atocha-grass  (a-to'chii-gras),  «.  [Sp.  atocha, 
espavti>-t.Tnss.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to- 
the  espartii-grass,  Stipa  tenacissima. 

atok  (a-tok'),  H.  [Peruv.]  The  native  name  of 
a  kind  of  skunk,  of  the  genus  Coiiepatus.  found 
in  Peril,  originally  described  by  Humboldt  as 
Gido  quiteitsis.     Also  called  :orra. 

atoll  (a-tol'  or  at'ol),  n.  [Formerly  «?<)Mo»  ;  the 
name  of  such  islands  in  the  Maldive  group;, 
prob.  <  Malayalara  adal,  closing,  uniting 
(Yule).]  A  coral  island,  consisting  of  a  strip, 
or  ring  of  coral  surrounding  a  central  lagoon. 
Such  islands  are  very  common  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  They 
often  present  an  exceedingly  picturesque  appearance,  a. 
comparatively  narrow  strip  of  coral  rock  thinly  coated 
witli  soil,  and  covered  with  a  vigorous  growth  of  cocoa- 
nut-,  pandanus-,  and  breadfruit-trees,  inclosing  a  large  still 
sheet  of  water,  usually  of  considerable  deptli,  and  often 
well  supplied  with  fish.  Tlie  circle  of  coral  is  sometimes- 
coinplete,  showing  no  apparent  comniuniealion  between 
tile  inclosed  lagoon  and  tlie  surrounding  sea ;  but  generally 
it  is  inten'upted,  and  presents  one  or  more  openings  suita- 
lile  for  the  passage  of  boats. 

atollonti  >'■     See  atoll. 

atom  (at'om),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  atome, 
attom  (and  as  L.  atomiis,  atomos,  with  pi.  atomi, 
sometimes  atomic,  >  E.  sing,  atomic,  atoiiiy^,  q. 
v.).  <  ME.  attome,  atome,  <  F.  atmiic=  Sp.  dtomo- 
=  Pg.  It.  atomo  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  atoni,  <  L.  atomiis, 
<  Gr.  arofioc,  an  atom,  prop,  adj.,  indivisible, 
that  cannot  be  cut,  <  a-  priv.  +  touo^,  verbal 
ad,i.  otre/iveiv,  rafidv,  cut :  see  tome.']  1.  An  ex- 
tremely minute  particle  of  matter:  a  tei-m  used 
generally  with  certain  philosophic  or  scientific 
limitations,  (a)  .\  hypothetical  paiticle  of  matter  so 
minute  as  to  admit  of  no  division;  an  ultimate  indivisible 
particle  of  matter.  See  atomic  phito^opht/,  under  flffomtc. 
No  atom.'i  casually  together  linrrd 
Could  eer  produce  so  beautiful  a  world.     - 

Drydcn,  Epistles,  i.  31. 
(6)  A  particle  of  matter  assumed  not  to  be  divided  under 
the  circumstances  considered  ;  a  molecule. 

An  rtfom  means  something  which  is  not  divided  in  cer- 
tain cases  that  we  are  considering. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  186. 
(c)  In  chem.  and  phiisict,  the  unit  of  matter;  the  smallest 
mass  of  an  element  that  exists  in  any  molecule.  The 
number  of  kinds  of  atoms  is  the  same  as  the  number  of 
the  elements.  All  atoms  of  tlie  same  element  have  the 
same  constant  weight.  They  are  for  the  most  part  com- 
bined with  other  atoms,  either  of  the  same  or  of  a  different 
kind,  forniiug  molecules,  and  are  indivisible  by  chemical 


atom 

force.  The  atom  is  sometimes  called  the  chemical  unit, 
In  distinction  from  the  molecule  or  physical  unit,  tlie 
latter  bcinK  the  smallest  particle  of  any  kind  of  matter 
wliicll  can  exhibit  all  the  properties  of  that  nnitter ;  liut 
ati'in  is  also  sometimes  used  as  synonymous  with  vwkculc 
in  this  sense. 

Hence — 2.  Anything  extremely  small;  a  mi- 
nute quantity:  as,  he  has  not  an  atom  of  sense. 

—  3t.  The  smallest  diWsion  of  time,  equal  to 
about  J-  of  a  second.— 4.  Anj-thing  inilivisible ; 
an  individual.  =  Syn.  Mulecule,  etc.    See  particle. 

atomt  (at'om),  V.  t.     [<  atom,  n.]     To  reduce  to 

atoms;  atomize. 

And  atom'd  mists  turn  instantly  to  hail. 

Drayton,  Elegies,  i. 

atomatic  (at-o-mat'ik),  a.     [<  atom  +  -atic.'] 

S:uue  as  atomic. 
atomic  (a-tom'ik),  0.     [<  atom  +  -ic :  =  F.  ato- 
mlqi(C.^  "1.  Pertaining  to  atoms;  consisting  of 
atoms. 
The  atomic  constitution  of  bodies. 

WheiivU,  Hist.  Scientiflc  Ideas. 
The  gods,  the  gods ! 
If  all  be  atoms,  how  then  should  the  gods, 
Being  atomic,  not  be  dissoluble, 
Xot  follow  the  great  law  ?       Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

2.  Extremely  minute — Atomic  or  molecular 
heats  of  bodies,  tlie  product  of  the  specific  lu-at  s .  if  l  mi  1  i<.-s 
intii  tlieir  jituniic  weights.  These  products  arc  nearly  tbu 
same  for  all  elementary  bodies,  and  in  compounds  of  hive 
atomic  composition,  thougii  the  products  of  the  specillc 
heats  into  the  atomic  weights  may  differ  in  different  classes 
of  c.  .iiiiuiunils.  —Atomic  "'■  atomistic  philosophy,  a  sys- 
tem-it  phjln>..|ihy.  fuuiidid  I'V  Lt.Mei]iiius  ami  llcinncritlis, 
wbicli  tau^lit  that  the  ultimate  cun.'^tituciit.s  ..f  all  things 
are  indivisible  particles  or  atoms,  which  differ  from  one 
another  in  form  and  position ;  whether  also  in  quality  of 
material  was  disputed  among  the  atomists.  lYom  the 
diverse  combination  and  motions  of  these  atoms  all  things, 
including  the  soul,  were  supposed  to  arise.  The  atomistic 
philosophy  was  perfected  in  its  details  by  the  Epicureans, 
particularly  by  Lucretius,  and  was  the  first  complete  sys- 
tem of  materialism.  It  is  the  basis  of  the  modern  phys- 
ical atomic  theory,  but,  apart  from  the  numerous  special 
modifications  wliich  the  progress  of  modern  science  has 
rendered  necessary,  it  differs  from  it  essentially  in  this, 
that  the  ancient  atomism  was  a  philosophy  of  the  uni- 
verse, while  modern  atomism  is,  primarily  at  least,  merely 
a  physical  theory  of  the  inner  structure  of  matter,  con- 
structed for  the  convenience  of  physical  researcli.  — Atomic 
theory,  or  doctrine  of  definite  proportions,  in  chem., 
the  hypothesis  that  all  chcniical  cnniliiiiati'in.s  take  place 
between  the  nltiinate  particles  or  atoms  nf  liiHlies,  and 
that  these  unite  either  .-itnni  with  atom  or  in  proportions 
expressed  I>y>imiesinii)le  multiple  of  the  number  of  atoms. 

—  Atomic  volume,  in  cfiem.,  the  space  occupied  by  a 
quantity  of  an  element  in  the  solid  state  prnixirtional  to 
its  atomic  weight,  and  expressed  by  the  quotient  of  the 
specific  gravity  divided  by  the  atomic  weight.  — Atomic 
weight,  in  chem.,  the  number  expressing  the  relative 
weight  of  one  atom  of  an  element  compared  with  the  weight 
of  some  unit,  usually  that  of  the  hydrogen  atom,  vvliich  is 
the  lightest  at  present  known.  The  atomic  weights  of 
the  other  elements,  therefore,  express  how  many  times 
the  atoms  of  these  elements  are  heavier  than  the  atom  of 
hydrogen.    See  element. 

atomical  (a-tom'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  atomic. 

atoraically  (a-tom'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  atomic 
manner;  from  an  atomic  point  of  view;  re- 
garded as  an  atom,  or  as  made  up  of  atoms. 

atomician  (at-o-mish'an),  n.  [<  atomic  +  -iO«.] 
An  adlierent  of  the  atomic  philosophy  or  the- 
ory.    See  atomic. 

atomicismt  (a-tom'i-sizm),  n.  [<  atomic  +  -ism."] 
Atomism. 

atomicity  (at-o-mis'i-ti),  n.  [<  atomic  +  -itij.'] 
In  chem.,  same  as  equivalency  and  quant ivalency. 

The  number  of  bonds  possessed  by  an  element,  or  its 
atomicity,  is  apparently,  at  least,  not  a  fixed  and  inva- 
riable quantity.        E.  Frankland,  E.xper.  in  Chem.,  p.  9. 

atomisation,  etc.     See  atomization,  etc. 

atomism  (at'om-izm),  «.  [<  atom  +  -ism  ;  —  F. 
atomisme  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  atomismo.']  1.  The 
metaphysical  or  the  physical  theory  of  atoms ; 
atomic  philosophy  or  atomic  theory.  See  atomic. 

Atomism  also  is  inconceivable ;  for  this  supposes  atoms, 
minima,  extended  but  indivisible. 

Sir  If.  Hamilton,  Jletaphys.,  II.  62S,  App. 

The  result  of  atomism  in  any  form,  dealing  with  any 
subject,  is  that  the  principle  of  uniformity  is  hunted  down 
into  the  elements  of  things :  it  is  resolved  into  the  uni- 
formity of  these  elements  or  atoms,  and  of  the  relations 
of  those  which  are  next  to  each  other. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  139. 
2.  The  state  of  existing  as  an  atom  or  a  unit,  or 
of  being  composed  of  atoms  or  units;  Lndi\id- 
ualism. 
atomist  (at'om-ist),  n.  and  a.  [<  atom  +  -ist; 
=  F.  atomiste  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  aJomi«ta.]  I.  n. 
One  who  holds  to  or  expounds  the  atomic  phi- 
losophy or  the  atomic  theory. 

II.  a.  Same  as  atomistic. 

The  more  closely  we  f(dlow  the  atomist  doctrine  to  its 
starting-point,  and  S])read  before  us  the  necessary  outfit 
for  its  journey  of  deduction,  the  larger  do  its  demands 
ajipear.  J.  Martineau,  Materialism. 

atomistic  (at-o-mis'tik),  a.  [<  atomist  +  -ic] 
1.  Pertaining  to  atomism  or  the  atomists. 


366 

It  is  the  ol)ject  of  the  mechanical  atomistic  philosophy 
to  confound  synthesis  with  synartesis. 

Colrrid'je,  Friend,  I.  121. 

2.  Consisting  of  atoms — Atomistic  philosophy. 

See  atomic  jthilnmphy,  under  atomic. 

atomistical  (at-o-mis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  ato- 
m istic. 

atomistically  (at-o-mis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  at- 
omistic manner;  as  eomposeil  of  distinct  atoms. 

atomization  (at"om-i-za'shgn),  II.  [<  atomize 
+  -titioii.]  The  process  of  atomizing  or  the 
state  of  being  atomized;  specifically,  in  nwd., 
the  reduction  of  liquids  to  the  form  of  spray  for 
inhalation  or  for  application  to  the  throat  or 
nasal  passages,  and  for  other  purposes.  Also 
spelled  atomisation. 

atomize  (at'om-iz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  atomized, 
ppr.  utomiziiig.  [<  atom  +  -ize.']  I.t  intrans. 
To  si)eculate  respecting  atoms.    Cudworth. 

II.  trans.  To  reduce  to  atoms ;  reduce  to  very 
small  particles,  as  a  liquid ;  spray. 
Also  spelled  atomise. 

atomizer  (at'om-i-zer),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  atomizes  or  reduces  to  atoms  or  very 
small  particles;  specifically,  an  apparatus  de- 
signed to  reduce  a  liquid  to  spray  for  disinfect- 
ing, cooling,  perfuming,  medicinal,  and  other 
purposes.     Also  spelled  atomiser. 

atomology  (at-o-mol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  aro//or, 
atom,  +  -'/oyia,  0Jyrni,  speak:  tee-ology.']  The 
metaphysical  doctrine  of  atoms.     See  atomic. 

atomyi  (at'om-i),  II.;  pi.  atomics  (-iz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  atomic,  attomijc,  <  atomic,  prop. 
atomi,  pi.  of  atomus,  prop,  the  L.  form  then  in 
cmTent  use  along  ynfh  atom,  the  form  atomy 
being  regarded  appar.  as  a  dim.     Cf.  atomy^.] 

1.  An  atom;  a  mote. 

.Should  he  or  hell 
Affront  me  in  the  passage  of  my  fate, 
I'd  crush  them  into  atomies. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  ill.  3. 

From  the  outer  day. 
Betwixt  the  close-set  ivies  came  a  broad 
And  solid  beam  of  isolated  light, 
Crowded  with  driving  atomies. 

Tennyson,  Lover's  Tale,  ii. 

2.  A  tiny  being;  a  pygmy. 

Drawn  with  a  team  of  little  atomies. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  4. 

Epicurus  makes  them  [souls]  swarms  of  atomies, 
Which  do  by  chance  into  our  bodies  flee. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul. 

atomy2  (at'om-i),  n. ;  pi.  atomies  (-iz).  [For- 
merly also  ' atamy  and  natomy,  for  anatomy, 
mistakenly  divided  an  atomy.']  1.  An  anat- 
omy; a  skeleton. —  2.  A  very  lean  person;  a 
walking  skeleton. 

Thou  atonvi,  thou.  Shak.  (ed.  Leopold),  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  4. 

atonable  (a-to'na-bl),  a.  [<  atone  +  -able] 
Capable  of  being  atoned  for ;  reconcilable. 

atonet,  pre}),  phr.  as  adv.  [ME.,  also  attone, 
earlier  atoon,  aton,  at  one,  at  on,  lit.  at  one, 
agreed.  In  mod.  use  written  as  two  words,  at 
one :  see  at  and  one.  In  at-one,  as  in  al-one 
and  on-ly,  one  preserves  its  proper  pronuncia- 
tion (on),  the  usual  pronunciation  (wun)  being 
a  modern  (16th  century)  coiTuption,  which  has 
not  affected  the  compounds.]  1.  At  one;  rec- 
onciled. 

Make  the  wel  at  on  %vith  him  .  .  .  and  dred  the  of  the 

dome.  Early  Eng.  Psalter,  p.  152. 

Aton  he  was  with  the  king.  King  Horn. 

If  gentil  men,  or  othere  of  his  contree. 
Were  wrothe,  she  wolde  bringen  hem  atoon. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  381. 
2.  Together;  at  once. 

All  his  sences  seemd  berefte  attone. 

Spenser,  i\  Q.,  II.  i.  42. 

atone  (a-ton'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  atoned,  ppr. 
atoning!  [(.atone,  adv.,  q.  v.]  I.  intrans.  If. 
To  be  at  one ;  agree ;  be  in  accordance ;  accord. 

He  and  Aufidius  can  no  more  atone, 

Than  violentest  contrariety.     Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  6. 

2.  To  make  reparation,  amends,  or  satisfac- 
tion, as  for  an  offense  or  a  crime,  or  for  an 
offender:  with/oj\ 

The  murderer  fell,  and  blood  atoned. for  blood.       Pope. 

The  ministry  not  atoning  /or  their  former  conduct  by 
any  wise  or  popular  measure.  Junius. 

So  it  sometimes  happens  that  a  single  bright  and  gen- 
erous act  serves  to  atone /or  the  abuse  of  years. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  81. 

3.  To  make  up,  as  for  errors  or  deficiencies; 
be  a  set-off  or  palliative. 

Or  where  the  pictures  for  the  page  atone. 
And  Quarles  is  sav'd  by  beauties  not  his  own. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  i.  139. 

Il.t  trans.  1.  To  bring  into  concord;  recon- 
cile, as  parties  at  variance. 


atonement 

I  would  do  much 
To  atone  them,  for  the  love  I  bear  to  t:a8sio. 

Shak.,  Othello,  Iv.  L 
I  am  just  at  that  hour 
Upon  some  late  conceived  discontents 
To  o(on«  me  to  my  father. 

Webster,  Cure  for  a  Cuckold,  i.  2. 
Tigers  and  lions,  boars  and  raging  bulls, 
Hath  he  alon'd  with  leopards  and  wtdves. 

Ford,  Fame's  ^lemorial. 

2.  To  put  in  accordance ;  hamionize. 

To  atone  your  fears 
With  my  more  noble  meaning. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  5. 

3.  To  unite  in  forming. 

The  Four  Elements,  who  joined 
"With  the  Four  known  Complexions,  liave  aton'd 
A  noble  league,  and  severally  put  on 
Material  bodies. 

Dekker  and  Ford,  The  Sun's  Darling,  v.  1. 

4.  To  conciliate ;  appease. 

So  heaven,  atoned,  shall  dying  Greece  restore. 

Pope,  Iliad,  i.  89. 

5.  To  expiate ;  answer  or  make  satisfaction  for. 

Soon  should  yon  boasters  cease  their  haughty  strife, 
Or  each  atone  his  guilty  love  with  life.  Pope. 

[Although  atone  aa  a  transitive  verb  is  essentially  obsolete, 
it  is  used  occasionally  by  modern  writers  in  several  of  the 
senses  above  given.] 

atone-makert,  «.  [<  atone,  adv.,  +  ma'ker.'] 
One  who  makes  reconciliation  or  atonement; 
a  reconciler;  a  mediator. 

One  God,  one  mediatour,  that  is  to  say,  aduocate,  inter- 
cessor, or  an  atojiemaker,  between  God  and  man. 

Tyndale,  Works,  p.  158. 

atonement  (a-ton'ment),  n.  [<  atone,  v.,  + 
-ment;  but  the  iioun'is  foimd  earlier  than  the 
verb,  arising  perhaps  from  the  phrase  at  one- 
mcnt:  see  onement.]  If.  Reconciliation  after 
enmity  or  controversy ;  settlement,  as  of  a  dif- 
ference; concord. 

Hauying  more  regarde  to  their  old  variaunee  than  their 
newe  attonement.  Sir  T.  More,  Descrip.  of  Rich.  III. 

If  we  do  now  make  our  atonement  well, 
Our  peace  will,  like  a  broken  limb  united. 
Grow  stronger  for  the  breaking. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Satisfaction  or  reparation  made  for  wrong 
or  injury,  either  by  giving  some  equivalent  or 
by  doing  or  suffering  something  which  is  re- 
ceived in  lieu  of  an  equivalent. 

O  when  did  a  mornmg  shine 
So  rich  in  atonement  as  this 
For  my  dark-dawning  youth? 

Tennyson,  5Iaud,  xix.  2. 

3.  In  tlieoL,  the  reconciliation  of  God  and  man 
bv  means  of  the  life,  sufferings,  and  death  of 
Christ. 

For  God  was  in  Christ,  and  made  agi'ement  bitwene  the 
worlde  and  hjm  sylfe,  and  imputed  not  their  SJ^lnes  ^-nto 
them  ;  and  hath  coimuitted  to  vs  the  preachjlige  of  the 
atonement.  Tyndale,  2  Cor.  v.  19. 

^yhen  we  were  enemies  we  were  reconciled  to  God  by 
the  death  of  his  Son ;  .  .  .  we  also  joy  in  God  through  our 
Lord  Jesus  Christ,  by  whom  we  have  now  received  the 
atonement.  Rom.  v.  10,  11. 

This  doctrine  assumes  that  sin  has  made  a  spiritual  sepa- 
ration between  God  and  the  human  sold.  Different  sys- 
tems of  theology  explain  differently  the  method  of  recon- 
cihation,  and  therefore  use  the  word  atonement  with  dif- 
ferent meanings.  The  eaidy  fathers  generally  stated  the 
doctrine  in  the  terms  of  Scripture,  and  it  was  not  until  the 
time  of  the  Refonnation  that  the  differences  in  philosoph- 
ical statement  were  clearly  marked.  The  modem  state- 
ments may  be  grouped  under  four  general  heads,  as  fol- 
lows :  (a)  A  repai-ation  or  satisfaction  for  sm  made  by  the 
sufferings  of  Christ  as  a  substitute  for  the  sinner,  and  in 
lieu  of  the  punishment  to  which  the  sinner  was  justly 
amenable.  Such  satisfaction  is  regarded  as  necessary 
eitlier  (1)  to  satisfy  the  justice  of  God,  and  so  make  for- 
giveness possible,  or  (2)  to  satisfy  the  law  of  God,  pro- 
duce the  puVdic  impression  which  punishment  would  have 
produced,  Jind  so  make  forgiveness  safe.  The  former  is 
known  as  the  satis/action,  the  latter  as  the  governmental 
theory. 

The  word  atonement,  in  its  original  sense,  always  de- 
notes some  amends,  or  satisfaction,  for  the  neglect  of 
some  duty,  or  the  commission  of  some  fault ;  a  satisfac- 
tion with  "which,  when  sujiposed  to  be  complete,  the  per- 
son injured  ought  reasonably  to  be  contented,  and  to 
demand  of  the  offender  nothing  more  on  account  of  his 
transgression.  Duight,  Theology,  Iv. 

Tjiking  the  term  atonement  in  its  technical  signification 
to  denote  the  satisfaction  of  divine  justice  for  the  sin  of 
man,  by  the  substituted  penal  sntferings  of  the  Son  of 
God,  we  shall  fliui  a  slower  scientiflc  unfolding  of  this 
great  cardinal  doctrine  than  of  any  other  of  the  principal 
truths  of  Christianity. 

Shedd,  Hist.  Christian  Doctrine,  v.  1. 
(b)  The  entrance  of  God  into  hunninity.  that  he  may 
thereby  drive  out  siu  and  make  the  human  race  at  one 
with  himself. 

Supposing  the  Father's  will  to  be  a  will  to  all  good ; 
the  Son  of  God.  being  one  with  him.  and  Lord  of  man, 
to  obey  and  fulfil  in  our  Hcsh  that  will  by  entering  into 
the  lowest  condition  into  which  man  had  fallen  through 
theii"  sin;  this  Man  to  be,  for  this  reason,  an  object  of 
continual  complacency  to  his  Father,  and  that  compla- 
cency to  be  fully  drawn  out  by  the  death  of  the  cross  :  — 
his  deatll  to  be  a  sacrifice,  the  oidy  contplete  sacrifice 
ever  offered,  the  entire  surrender  of  the  whole  spirit  and 


atonement  367  atrioventricular 

body  to  God ;  la  not  tiiis  in  tiif  luRhest  sense  (i(on<!m^n(?  of  the  Latin  first  conjugation,  which  have  in  atractenchyma  (at-rak-teng'ki-ma),  n.     [NL., 

Is  not  the  true  root  of  Immanity  revealeil?  is  not  God  in  English  the  suffix  -ate'^.  It  ulso  occurs  In  some  nouns     <  CJr.  (Ir/jaKToc;,  a  spiudle,  +  lyxviia,  an  infusion.] 

him  reconciled  to  man?  J«a!<ruc,theoi.  assays,  derived  from  nouns  without  an  intermediate  verb,  as  j/tot;-     In   boL,   a  tissue  composed  of  spindle-shaped 

It  [tlie  new  theology)  holds  to  tlie  atonement  as  a  divine  iator,  tenatni:  cells 

iictandprocess  of  ethical  and  imutical  import- m)t. us  .g^tQjy      [<  L. -(ftonH*-,  being -il(.5  added  to  nouns   -trampnt  (•at'^a-mPTlt^    n       T^  T.    titrrnniyitiim 

a  mystery  of  the  distant  heavens  and  IS, .luted  from  tlic  .        •?       i-         .     .„_,„:'  „h«,,    of    ■idiectives       j-  aXpmeni  (.at  ra-ment;,  ».      L^  -L^-  «"'(»  c«r«»l, 

struL'Kie  of  the  world,  l)ut  a  comp.eliirisii.lf  force  in  tlie  "'   :"""^-.J  .    ^\    iLTinniation    ol    .iQjtctives,   oi     ijia^k  ink,  <  ((fcr,  black.]     Blacking;  ink;  any 

actual  redemption  of  the  world  from  its  evil.  Latm  origin,  m  lorm  from  nouns  in  -ator,  but     ,,j.,p|.  (i„i,j^  .^j,  (j,,,  j^j^  „£  jj^^  cuttlefish. 

T.  T.  Munger,  The  Freedom  of  Faith,  in  sense  often  to  be  refeiTed  to  the  original  atramentaceoust  (at"ra-men-ta'shius),  a.     [< 

Tlio  majority  of  orthodox  divines,  whether  in  the  Roman  varh,  a»\n  amatory,  accusatory,  (kclamatoiy,  ex-     utrainciit  +     iiccoiis '\    "Of   the  nature  of  ink  • 

Catholic  or  the  Protestant  churehes,  ordinarily  liold  one  ckimaton/,  miqatory,  etc.    When  from  EiiKlish  nouns     ^,^....^.  „^  i,,k      Derham 

of  the  ahove  views  or  a  eombinat.oii  formed    r""     I";"  •  j,,  .„„„,  the  tern  inatio,  is  -ator  +  -iai.  as  .amtorUd.  etc.    „il^'h,2^1^^,AlT^''>f^^^     „         u  nlrnm^nt 

In  Kcneral,  the  former  opinion  (^r)  is  held  in  tlic  <  al-  .  +  -„_i'/„  |=_/^   „_„  „^a  „,Z     re,,    nlc,,  writtoii   atramcntal    (at-ra-men  tal),    a.       L<  atrament 

vini.stie  sLiio.d  „f  tl.eoi„i..y,  tile  latter  opinion  ().)  in  the  atour^  (a-tor  ), prep,  and  a(ti.    I  bc,  also  written     _^_      i -.     j  ,        ^,^p^  jj^^  ^^     ^.j.  j,  ^rotone. 

more  mod.rn  liroad  Church  school,    (c)  In  (/mtariaii  (/«••  allvur,  atoicer,  <  UE.   (hcotoh)  atour,   atoiire,     r,,„„„-'i      AiJr,  „*r„,,,„,,/n>,» 

<,;„.„,.  tlie  ni..ral  result  pr..diiced  by  the  inllucnce  exerted  at-onre,<.at  +  our,  owcr,  over:  see  at und  over ;     Lwaio.j    fH''" '"/^^"''"""t;  .-,  .  „^s  „    n.  ,  t 

on  mankind  by  tlie  life  and  death  of  Christ,  leadiliK  men  to  for  thn  comhinatinii    i-t    nt  nfler -\      T     lirra     1     atramCntanOUS  (at"ra-men-ta  n-US),  n.    [<  LL. 

repeniaiue  and  to  God.    This  is  sometimes  known  aa  the  j^^  "  •=  comwnation,  tt.  rtt-n/Ki.j     1.  jirep.  L.     .„^,.,„,„.„ ,,„.;„.,   used  only  as  neut.  noun  atra- 

,nor,U  uulwme  theory  of  the  atonement.  Of  place,   over.— 2.    Of  number  or  quautit.v ,     ,„^.„,„^,,„     .^^  inkstand,  <  L.  atramentum,  ink : 

Even  though  we  should  reject  all  the  Orthodox  theories  o\("r;  Deyona;  more  tliau.  see  atramentA     Like  ink ;  suitable  for  making 

aljout  atonement,  we  may  accept  the  fact.    We  can  be-         II.  ndr.  Over  and  above;   besides — By  and     ■    ,       _        .^        ,  v  .      t  ■ i.  „..ii„!i 

lieve  that  God  in  Christ  dies  reconcile  the  world  to  liim-  atOUT  {prep,  and  adv.),  also  by  atOUT  (adv.),  over  and     ^^^-     Thus,  the  sulphate  of  iro  i    or  copperas    is  called 

8clf,-does  create  a  sense  of  par.loned  sin,-does  remove  above.     (.Scotch  in  all  iises.l  atramcntarwus  from  its  use  in  the  manufacture  of  ink. 

the  weight  of  transgression,— does  take  away  the  obstacle  atOUT^t,  «.     See  attour'^.  atramentOUS  (at-ra-men'tus),   0.     [<  atramcn 

in  our  cunscience,- does  help  us  into  a  Imng  faith,  hope,  atrabilarian   (at"ra-bi-la'ri-an),  a.  and  n.     [<     +  -<"'«•]     Hume  a.s  atrumental. 

"peace,  joy.  J^. /".  CTarfe,  Orthodoxy,  p.  2oo.  «*"»'»""•**•"»;"    >         >■  t         ,     ■■.  ■,'•      i  i      i     i  .i 

.,..„■       I  ,„      J     ,.       .     N.i    .        L-,         ■  1  MI-',   (ttrdhildnus,   <  L.   atra  liilis,  black    bilo:         Whenever  provoked  by  anger  or  labour,  an  a(ram«n(o«, 

(rf)  In  xVewCA«rcA(Swedenborgian)(/.eo%y  the  union  and  tii,yil,ile  and  hile'i  1       I     a.    ^Vffcctcd  with     quality  of  most  malignant  nature  was  seen  to  distil  from 

accord  of  flesh  and  spirit  in  man,  and  so  the  union  and  ftto  "i/  (o  it   ,iiiu  '""--J       x.   «.    .ivjacntu   nii,i      i        '  "  Suvrt  Battle  of  the  Books, 

accord  of  man  with  God  by  a  spiritual  change  wrought  in  melancholy,  which  the  ancients  attributed  to     "«  "!"■•  *"Y'>  """"-  "' '"«  '""""• 

the  individual.  black  bile ;  atrabilious.  atredt.a.    [<  L.  ate)-,  black,  + -«(^.   Cf.  L.  aJra- 

Thisiswhat  is  understood  in  the  New  Church  by  the         .i.„e    „trahitarian   constitution,  or   a  black,   viscous,     "'*'.  clothed  in  black.]      Tinged  with  a  black 

atonc}nent,  or  at-one-ment,  ...  a  bringing  at  one  of  the  ,iiti.i,y  eonsist<;nce  of  the  fluids.         Arbuthnol,  Aliments.      COlor. 
human  and  tlie  divine,  or,  as  the  apostle  says,  "making  111         __  ,  „  .     -..i-      ^  i  v„ii„w  ^i,„i»t.  «,- ^/^..rf 

himself  of  twain  one  new  man.'' .  And  the  purpose  of  this         II.  «.  A  person  of  an  atrablhar  temperament ;         bellow  choler  or  atr^d  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^  _^ 

a(o/«'i/«';i(  was,  that  the  Lord  might  ever  after  be  alile  1. 1  a  hjlJOchdlltU'iac.      Visracll.  ' 

bring  our  external  or  natural  at  one  witli  our  internal  ..r  atrabilariOUS    (at"ra-bi-la'ri-us),   fl.      [<    ML.  atredet,  V.  t.     [ME.,  <  at-,  from,  +   redcn,  ad- 

'ii';";siSr-ri?tSTomUete  «/,•«;./««««.■  seeatmbmnan.-i    Same  as  atra-    vise:  see  read,  rcdc.:i    To  surpass  in  counsel, 

nieut  with  himself,  hilariaii.  Men  may  the  olde  atrenne,  but  nat  atrcde. 

11.  /•'.  Barrett,  Doctrine  of  the  New  Church.         ciiristopher  Olowi-y,  Esquire,  .  .  .  was  naturally  of  an  Chaucer,  Knight's  Talc,  1.  IMl. 

Doctrine  of  blood  atonement,  the  doctrine,  attributed  nfrnii/iMioiMtemperanient,  and  much  troubled  with  those  ofrent    V   t      r<  ME    atrennen    <  at-   from,   + 

to  tlie  Mormon  Church,  that  the  killing  of  an  apostate  or  phantoms  of  indigestion  which  are  commonly  called  blue  ".',"'•     ''  t  "-  rn_  „,■,*„„,        Chnuppr 

ofoneindangerof  apostasyisadeedoflove.sinceitmakes  .Uvils.  .  Peococt,  Nightmare  Abbey,  i.     )P«"e",  run.J^    lo  outrun.      cnflHCcr. 

atonement  for  the  sin  of  apostasy,  and  so  makes  possible  „t_„v,;iprinnQTiPa<!t    (■nt"ra-bi-la'ri-ns-ne<!l      «    atresia  (a-tresi-a),  H.      L-^^-.  <•  ^f-  <'"P'^"f>  10«; 

God's  forgiveness  of  it.  atrabllariousnesst    (at  ra  oi-ia  "  "s-nes;,    n.      g^orated,  <  d-priv.  -f  -rpnTic,  perforated  (>  tpv- 

atoner  (a-to'ner),  n.     One  who  makes  atone-  Hie  state  or  quality  of  being  atrabihous  or    v^^^  openiilg,  orifice),  verbal  adj.  of  rcrpatrnv 

luent.     "  melaucboly.  ,.         (i/'roo),  bore,  pierce.]    The  state  or  condition 

atonest,  ndr.     [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME.,  prop,  atrablle  ,  «.     [<  Fa<r«?«fe    formerly  «fteWc      ^^^eing  closed  or  imperforate ;  specifically,  ab- 

scparate,  atones:  now  written  at  once:  see  at  =  «p.  «traM,s  =  Pg.  «^™W,6'  ==  It  «<™/  /e,<  K      ^  j  ^^^^^    or  plssage:  chiefly 

ando«ce.]     1.  At  once;  immediately.  L.  (formerly  also  mE)«fmi</«  (tr.  Gr^^t-    „,ed  in  medicine  and  surglry. 

Lovemeal«.,.,  a„„cc,..  Millers  Tale,  1.  0.  ^^■^^^;:^:'^^^^^:^:';^i:^-^:^  atresial  .(a-tre'si-al),  a.      Characterized  by 

2.  At  one  and  the  same  time.  1,;!^.   melancholy:   from  the  supposition  that  ,'i'i.^^'^'  "p,Pflfi°^f  «/r/«,H 

Curious  enditiiig  and  hard  sentence  is  ful  hevy  «(o,«  melancholy  is  due  to  a  preponderance  of  the  ^Yi\^\    };;'L\  tn   n     \<  nirhnn   +    nn     Of  or 
for  swieh  a  child  to  lerne.       Chaxicer,  Prol.  to  Astrolabe.  ,,    .,  u  i,i„„k  i-,iip  »  „,,  imao-ined  secretion  atrial   (a  tri-al),  a.     [<•  atnuin   -f  -n(.J     Ut  or 

of«„i^  ^,  tA„'iV1    n   nnd  «      U  Qv  aTovoc   (a)  ^2^,    '^'^'     ^'^=^<^^ '^\'<^^' ,  an  imapmeci  Secretion    pertaining  to  an  atnum.-Atrlal  aperture,  open- 

atoniC  (a-ton  Ik),  fl.  and  «.     [<.  Ui.  oTovof,  (,«)  ot  the  renal  or  atrabihary  gLands.  ^      or  orilce  the  communication  of  the  atrial  cavity 

not  stretched,   relaxed,   languid,  <,  a-  priv.   -t-  atrabiliar,  atrabiliarv  (at-ra-bil'i-iir, -a-ri),  a.     witA  the  exterior.    It  forms  one  of  the  two  apertures  (the 

TficciP,  stretch;   (6)  -without   accent,  <  a-  priv.  r<  NL   *atroi(7io)'(«6',  <L.  «(ca  fei7/.s,  black  bile:     other  being  the  oral)  with  which  ascidians  or  sea-squirts 

Llo'r'r7l''lL"'Sf''*characferizeVby     «ee  «";?^''-]   Melancholic  or  hjToehonch-iacal ;  -J-^^S-f/i^^l'retiuSarriL^Tit'Ur'te^e 

toiuc.i     1.  «.  1.  in  .;;af;io(.,   cnaracterizea  uj     atrabilious,     hee  atraUle.  mis  uuA^r  Appendicularia,  DolMidm,  mi  Tnnicata.- 

atony,  or  want  ot  tone  or  power :  as,  an  a  time        eomplexion  of  a  multiplex  afraWfior  character,  the  final  Atrial  canal,  the  cavity  of  an  atrium, 

disease.— 2.     In  JjAtJo?.:    (a)  Unaccented.      (/-)      5i,a,k- of  which  may  be  the  pale  sea.p;een.  Each  stigma  leads  into  a  funnel-shaped  a^r,'nif<,.w«. 

Produced  by  the  breath  alone;  surd — Atonic                                             CnWyfc,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  4.  o                        Hui-fc,,,  Auat,  Invert.,  p.  512. 

dyspepsia,  defective  digestion  independent  of  intlannna-     Atrabiliary  capsules,  glands.    See  capmle,  gland.  Atrial  memhrane,  the  third  tunic  of  ascidians;  a  deli- 

tioii  or  othei-  rec.g    ..able  k^oiis  "J  '^^  ''I'f-  '-  :^;;  -   atrabilioUS  (at-ra-bil'ius),  a.      [<  L.  atra  hUis :  ^t?membraue  of  two  layer.,  parietal  and  visceral,  like 

orJLceVciteZnt'orStX     FK^^^^^^                see  «^r-</-<fe,  andcf.  6*:o»«.]     Afieeted  as  if  by  apentonemn,  Immgthe  atnnm. 

organ  e  excitement  or  u'ritation.     l^^^^-i      -=•     ,  ,     ,    -^.,    .'  melanchoUc  or  hvDOehondriacal ;  The  atrial  membrane  forms  a  bilohed  sac,  one  lobe  ex- 

In  philol.:  (a)  A  word  or  syllable  that  has  no     til.iek  one,   meiancnouc  or  nypucuumui<tcii  ,  j^j,,,i„„  „,j  ^jj^.,^  ^.j^^  „,  j^^  pharynx,  and  opens  outward 

accent.                                                                                            splenetic,      bee  atiaoite.  by  the  atrial  aperture  ;  it  communicates  by  the  stigmata 

A  siimle  unaccented  svllable  is  called  an  atunle                       A  hard-faced,  atrabilious,  earnest-eyed  race,  stiff  from  with  the  interior  of  the  branchial  sac  and,  by  the  anal 

A  suigle  unaccented  syuablescaiiert.^^^^^^^                                     wrestling  with  the  Lord  in  prayer,  and  who  had  and  genital  openings,  it  receives  the  fieces  ami  gem  al 

r.  A.  marcn,  An„io  oaxon  c.raiiim.u,  p.  i^^.      ^          ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^  Turitan  hug.  products,                                 Huxlei/,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  Dli. 

(J)    An   elementary  sound   produced    by  the                                                      io«f((,  Biglow  Papers,  ....      i  t'  ■  \."\          i       n<rr      <•  Pi-  n-n,vnr 

breath;  a  sin-d  consonant;  a  l^atWng.               atracheate  (a-tra'ke-at),  a.     [NL.  atraei.eatus,  ^^^'^.^forlw"?  without  hair.  <'<i-  ju-iv.  +  i'l 

atony  (at  o-m)   «.     [=  F.  atome,  <  NL   ato»<a      ^  ^^^  ■     ri^_  („.18)  +  nl.  trachea.J    Having  no  .,    ^^.J_f  i.  ^  division  of  the  Xemato- 

<hT.   «70«a,  languoi^   <    arorof    langmd     see    ^^^^^^^  ^^  spiracles,  as  some  arthropods,  such  .,P;f,,'     containing  those  foi-ms  which  are  de- 

atomc.-]     hipatlwL,  a  want  of  tone,  defect  of     as  crustaceans.                                                  ^  void  of  ciUa,  as  the  genus  licUinodcres.    They 

muscii  ar  power  ;  weakness  ot  any  organ   par-  j^tracheUa  (at-ra-ke'li-a),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  „,«  distinguished  from  Gastrotricha,  which  are  ciliated  on 

ticulai'ly  ot  one  that  is  contractile;  debility.     „-„,;  ,,,,;io(.   without  neck,' <  h-  priv.  +  rpaxvM,  the  ventral  surface  of  the  body. 

-Atony  of  the  bladder,  in  pofft";,,  loss  by  the                    '  j^t      ^  division  of  heteromerous  beetles,  2.  A  name  given   to   certain   protozoans,  or 

}?a"';mdexpeuS'urtL""''^^^                                      hS  the  head  not  exserted  nor  narrowed  bd  lobose  rhizopods   ha^•ing  no  permanent  pro- 

atop  (a-top'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  «»  +     hind,  the  antenna?  Unear  or  subelavate,  and  the  cesses :  an  inexact  synonym  ot  Amceboidea. 

top.1    "On  or  at  the  top.                                             claws  tmdi^^ded,  sometimes  seiTate  or  pecti-  Atricnia  (a-tnk  i-a),  «.      [IsL.,  <.  hr.  arptx<K, 

'Tis  but  to  shew  that  you  can  place  sometimes                nate :  opposed  to  TracheUda.    The  group  is  chiefly  poet,  for  adpii,  without  hair :  see  Atncha.}     1. 

Youi-  modesty  a-toij  of  all  your  viitues.                           composed  of  the  family  Tenebrionida;  which  are  plant-  The  tj-pical  and  only  genus  ot  the  lamily  Atri- 

Beau.  and  FL,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  iv.  1.      eating  terrestri.al  beetles  having  mostly  connate  elytra  chiida:.     A.  elamosa  is  the  scrub-bird  of  Aus- 

Despots  a(oj).  a  wild  clan  below,                            and  no  lower  wings         ,.,,.-,.     ^,       ^,    , ,,.„^,,  .,;„  tralia.    J.  Goidd,  liAi.    M&o  caMed  Atrichomis. 

Such  is  the  Gaul  from  long  ago                         atracheliate  (at-ra-ke  li-at)    fl.     l<Atuteliel>a  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects. 

Lou'cll,  S  Ilia  Franca.     +  .ateK^     Pertammg  to  or  having  the  charac-  ^trj^lliiase  (at-ri-ki'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Atri- 

atopite(at'o-pit),«.    [<  Gr.  aroTrof,  unusual,  out    ^ejii  oixhe  Atraclieha.                             /  r,    A  c/im,  l,  +  -irf(r.]    A  remarkable  family  of  anoma- 

of  place  (<  d-priv.  +  rd-of,  place:  see  topic),  Atrachia   (a-tra  ki-a),   n.  pi.     l^J^-^^  ^f-   °-  lous  oscine  passerine  birds,  foi-ming  with  J/chk- 

+  -,'?e'-'.]     A  calcium  antimonate  said  to  occur    priy.  +  rpa,yia,  traehea:  see  <racA^a.]     A  (U-  ^^i^^,^^  ^.^               ^^  ^i^^,     p„^,,^„.g 

in  Sweden  in  yellow  or  brown  isometric  octa-    ^^sion  of   Lamcimranchiata ;    a   sj-nonym  of  „j„„,„,„,,.,,      ^  ^J^^.^^  the  Australian  scrub-birds 

hedrons.                                                                                  ^si/i/ioiirtm  (wnicn  see;.     ^  of  the  genus  Jfric/nVi,  which  have  the  syrinx  differently 

-ator     [L   -ator,  term,  of  nouns  of  agent,  being  atractaspidld    (at-rak-tas  pi-did),   n.      A   ser-  constructed  from  that  of  normal  oscines.    Also  called 

the  agent-suffix  -?o»- (Gr.  -n7p,  -™^,  Skt.  -^/c,     pent  <>£  the  family  .i?rac(asi>(rfW<(;.  Atrichornithkh,^ 

-tar)  (E.  -or)  added  to  the  stem  in  -a  of  verbs  Atractaspididae  (a-trak-ta-spid'i-de),  «.  pi  AtnchomiS   (at-n-kor'nis),  n.     [NX.  <   Gr. 

in  -d-re.     This  termination  was  reg.  reduced     [NL.,  <  Atracl,i.''pi(d-)s  +  -ida:]     A  family  of  a-pixor,  without  hair  {see  AtrtcJia),  +  bpviu  a 

in  OF.  to  -ear,  -cuur,  whence  in  ME.  -eour  (as    venomous  African  senients,  suborder  ,so?<>ho-  bird.]     Same  as  Atrichia   1.          ^ 

in  sareour,  mod.   E.   saviour),  commonly  -or,     qlypha  (sometimes  refen'ed  to  Tiperxdx),  hav-  Atrichomithldae    (at"ri-kor-nith  i-^e),   «•  i''- 

-our,  raad.  E.  -or,  -er,  a,s  \n  appellor,  arbitror    "ing  extremely  long  venom-fangs.  [\h.,<AtriehorHis{,-ormtli-)  +  -ida.i     bame  as 

or  arUtrer,  accuser,   etc.,   from  L.   nouns  in  Atractaspis   (at-rak-tas'pis),   n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  .Uridiiidir.        ^                                 x^„,^^  -icith 

-atoi;  the  term,  being  merged  with  -er  of  AS.     ;irpaK7n,:.  a.  snindle,  an  arrow,  +  ao-if,  a  ser-  atnchosis  (at-n-ko  sis),  n.    C^  ^^- °'^^'^°f '  T„f" 

origin.]      A   termination   of    nouns   of  agent    pent :  see  fl.v/y-\  ]    A  genus  of  venomous  serpents,  out  hair  (see   Atriclia),  +  -o»(*.J     m  painoi., 

taken  directlv  from  the  Latin,  as  creator,  «/«-    tvpical  of  the  family  .lfrae?«*';>i-/i'/<c.    A.irnyii-  lailure  to  develop  Jiair.     _            tM-'i\  lar>  « 

cator,  liberator,  or  formed  iu  English  or  New     /nn«  and  J.  fo»7)H(c«(iw  are  two  Afi-ican  species,  atrioventricular  (?..  t"-°:^«S:;"^  .^"'j;^^!^- 

Latin,  as  detonator,  corrugator,  etc.,  from  verba    from  Angola  and  Liberia  respectively.  [<  atnum,  d,  +  ventricular.^^    Pertammg  to  tne 


atrioventricular 

atrial,  or  auricular,  and  voiitrieiilar  cavities  of 
the  heart:  as,  the  atrioventricular  valve. 

atrip  (a-trip'),  prep.  jihr.  as  (idv.  or  a.  [<  a3  + 
triiii.  H.]  .Yo«^ :  («)  Just  raised  fi'ora  the 
pround  in  weighing;:  said  of  an  anchor.  {l>) 
Hoisted  from  the  cap,  slieeted  Iiomc,  and  ready 
for  trimmiiif;:  said  of  sails,  (c)  Swayed  up, 
ready  to  have  tlie  stops  cut  for  crossing:  said 
of  yards.  (</)  Having  the  fid  loosed :  said  of 
an  ujiper  mast. 

Atriplex  (at'ri-pleks),  )i.  [L.,  also  atriplcxum, 
a  perversion  of  Gr.  arixicpa^vc,  also  \\Titten  arpd- 
^af(f,  ni^Spa^afff ;  origin  obscure.]  A  large  ge- 
nus of  plants,  natural  order  CUenopoiUacew, 
mostly  mealy  or  sciu'fy  lierbs  or  low  slirubs, 
growing  usually  in  saline  localities,  and  of  very 
little  importance.  The  garden  orach,  A.  hortensis,  is 
cultivated  to  some  extent  as  a  salad,  and  a  variety  with 
crimson  foliage  for  ornament.  A  number  of  shrnbby  spe- 
cies .ire  very  frequent  in  the  dry  and  alkaline  portions  of 
w-estern  North  America,  and  are  generally  known  as 
f7rcas>'imodf  a  term  which  also  includes  some  other  Cheno- 

atrium  (a'tri-um),  n.;  pi.  atria  (-a).  [L.,  in 
senses  1  and  2,  also  a  hall  in  general ;  said  to 
have  been  orig.  the  kitchen,  and  so  called  be- 
cause blackened  with  smoke,  <  ater,  black; 
but  perhaps  the  reference  is  to  the  hearth  or 
fii-ejilaee  in  the  atrium,  the  name  being  con- 
nected with  a'des,  orig.  a  fireplace  (cf.  E.  oast), 
later  a  house,  temple :  see  edifice.']  1.  Inane. 
Rom.  arch.,  the  entrance-hall,  the  most  impor- 


pifeN 

H 

zr-1  ?:'-!!  i^^i".  .^V/.^ 

■•>iiiti7T 

1 . 1  ,_•_ 

'•'•_"<• 

iiniitiiiiMii'iiii-!rr  — _- 

:__ 

"■'v-v,- v';^-  =^ 

'•y'-r   -  - 

-^--i 

■    - 

"    '. "  .-'- 

Atrium. — Restoration  of  a  Porapeiian  interior. 

tant  and  usually  the  most  splendid  apartment 
of  the  house.  At  an  early  period,  and  later  among  the 
poor,  the  atrimn  was  used  not  only  as  a  ceremonial  room, 
but  as  a  reception-room  and  for  general  domestic  pm-- 
poses,  as  cooking  and  dining.  In  it  were  placed  the  ances- 
tral images  and  heirlooms,  the  marriage-couch,  the  /octw 
or  hearth,  and  generally  a  small  altar.  Later,  among  the 
wealthy,  and  when  sepai-ate  apartments  were  built  for 
kitchen  and  dining-room,  chapel  of  the  lares,  etc.,  it  was 
reserved  as  a  general  reception-  and  show-room.  It  was 
lighted  by  an  opening  in  the  roof,  called  the  comphiriwn, 
towjird  wliich  the  roof  sloped,  so  as  to  conduct  the  rain- 
water into  a  cistern  in  the  floor,  called  the  implnvium. 
2.  A  hall  or  court  resembling  in  an-angement 
an  atrium  proper,  as  at  the  entrance  of  some 
classical  or  early  Christian  public  buildings, 
etc. — 3.  [NL.]  In  «««<., anauricleoftheheart, 
or  some  equivalent  venous  cardiac  cavity. 

In  all  the  other  vertebrates  [than  Amphiuxus]  there  is 
a  heart  with  at  fewest  tlu-ee  chambers  (sinus  venosus, 
atrium,  ventricle).  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  67. 

4.  [NL.]  In  -ool. :  (a)  The  chamber  or  cavity 
of  ascidians,  communicating  -with  the  exterior, 
and  with  the  cavity  of  the  alimentary  canal. 
See  atrial,  and  cut  imder  Tunicata. 

The  atrium,  into  which  the  fa:ces  and  genital  products 
are  poured.  Huxley,  An&i.  Invert.,  p.  Bit. 

(ft)  A  membranous  saccular  diverticidum  of  the 
ear  in  fishes:  as,  the  atrium  sinus  imparls,  a 
membranous  sac  given  oif  from  the  sinus  audi- 
torius  impar  of  fishes,  and  connected  in  various 
ways  with  the  air-bladder. 

atrocet,  "•  [<  F.  atroce,  <  L.  atrox  (ace.  atro- 
ccm),  orui'l:  see  atrocious.1     Atrocious. 

atroceruleous  (at-ro-se-ro'lf-us),  a.  [<  L.  atcr, 
black,  -t-  c(cruleuf:,  blue:  see  cerulean.]  Of  a 
deep  blackish-blue  color,  as  an  insect. 

atrocha  (at'ro-kii),  «.  pi.  [NTj..  neut.  pi.  of 
atrarliHs:  see  atrochoti^.]  1.  Ciliated  embryos 
of  the  polychaetous  annelids,  in  which  the  cilia 
form  a  broad  zone  arotmd  the  body,   leav- 


368 

ing  each  end  free  of  cilia,  excepting,  in  some 
cases,  a  tuft  on  the  head.  See  mesotroclia, 
tchtroclKi. — 2.  [cy.]  In  liotifcra,  a  grou})  of 
wheel-animalcides  having  no  cilia  and  the  lobes 
highly  modified  in  shape ;  the  wheelless  roti- 
fers. 

atrochous  (at'ro-kus),  a.  [<  NL.  atrochus,  < 
tir.  (1-  ]iriv.  -I-  Tfiox^i;,  anything  round  or  circu- 
lar, a  wheel,  etc.,  <  rixxiiv,  run.]  1.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  atrocha ;  having  cilia  disposed  as 
in  those  annelidan  larvfe  called  atrocha. —  2. 
WliecUess,  as  a  rotifer. 

atrocious  (a-tro'shus),  a.  [<  L.  atrox  (atroc-), 
cruel,  fierce,  horrible,  <  ater,  black:  see  atroce 
and -OKS.]  1.  Manifesting  or  characterized  by 
atrocity;  extremely  heinous,  criminal,  or  cruel; 
enormously  or  outrageously  wicked. 

Revelations  ...  so  atrocious  that  nothing  in  history 
approaches  them.  De  Quiiicey. 

In  spite  of  the  canon  law,  which  forbade  a  chiuchman  to 
take  any  part  in  matters  of  blood,  the  archbishop  signed 
the  warrant  for  the  atrocious  sentence. 

MacatUay,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

2t.  Very  grievous;  -violent:  as,  atrocious  dis- 
tempers.— 3.  Very  bad;  execrable:  as,  an  a(ro- 
cious  pun.  [Colloq.]=Syii.  1.  Wicked,  Scamlalotis, 
Shocking,  Flayrant,  Heinims,  Infamous,  Outrayeous, 
Atrocious,  Monstrous,  horrible,  villainous,  flagitious,  dia- 
bolical, agree  in  expressing  great  and  intentional  badness, 
calling  for  strong  abhon-ence.  Because  tliey  are  used 
with  feeling,  the  recognition  of  their  differences  is  not  al- 
ways practicable.  Flayrant  and  heinous  are  hardly  appli- 
cable to  persons ;  the  others  apply  to  persons  or  things. 
Wicked  is  the  generic  word,  and  is  the  lightest  where  all 
are  strong ;  it  is  the  one  that  is  most  common  in  a  playful 
use,  yet  it  is  at  times  an  intense  word,  as  forcible  as  any 
of  the  others,  though  less  definite.  Scamialous  means 
offensive  to  decency,  and  so  disgraceful.  That  which  is 
shocking,  literally,  gives  a  sudden  and  heavy  blow,  and 
hence  produces  a  corresponding  feeling  of  horror  or  dis- 
gust, or  both.  That  which  is  flarirant,  literally,  flames 
into  notice,  and  hence  is  glaring,  striking,  and  so  notori- 
ous, enormous  in  badness.  Heinous  means  hateful,  and 
hence  aggravated.  That  which  is  infamous  is  worthy  of  a 
total  loss  of  reputation,  and  hence  has  a  reputation  or 
character  of  the  worst  kind,  especially  for  baseness.  Out- 
rayeous  means  attended  with  outrage,  doing  outrage, 
especially  outraging  decency,  going  beyond  all  bounds, 
like  the  acts  of  a  madman.  Atrocious  is  primarily  fierce 
or  cruel,  savage,  bloody,  and  wicked,  enormously  wicked, 
hence  violating  the  first  principles  of  hmnaiiity  or  of 
human  nature.  That  which  is  monstrous  is  so  bad  as  to 
be  out  of  the  com-se  of  nature ;  a  prodigy  or  miracle  of 
badness.  See  abandoned,  criminal,  irreligious,  and  nefa- 
rious. 

As  even  here  they  talked  at  Almesbiu-y 

About  the  good  King  and  his  wicked  Queen. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 
So  the  king  arose  and  went 

To  smoke  the  scatulalou-^  hive  of  those  wild  bees 

That  made  such  honey  in  his  realm. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 
In  this  dreadful  manner  was  one  who  had  been  till  then 
of  an  excellent  character  hurried  on,  from  a  single,  and 
seenunglysligbt.  indulgence,  into  the  depth  of  the  gross- 
est and  most  sltoektitg  villanies.     Seeker,  Sermons,  I.  xxv. 

The  offenses  which  prompt  strong  invective  have  been 
far  more  numerous  and  Jiagront  in  his  [Sydney  Smith's] 
own  coutitiy  than  in  ours.    Whipple,  Ess.  .and  Kev.,  I.  ISif. 

The  object  of  this  society  [.\bolition]  is  now,  as  it  has 
always  been,  to  convince  our  countrymen,  by  arguments 
addressed  to  their  hearts  and  consciences,  that  slave- 
holding  is  a  heinoits  crime.     IT'.  Phiilips,  Speeches,  p.  9tt. 

There  is  no  crime  more  infavwtis  than  the  violation  of 
truth.  Johnson. 

This  ill  day 
A  most  outrageous  fit  of  madness  took  him. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 
It  is  a  war  base  in  its  object,  atrocious  in  its  beginning, 
immoral  in  all  its  influences.  . 

Sumner,  Speech  against  Mexican  War,  Nov.  4, 184(3. 

Pliny  asstuesusthat  the  most -mmuttrous  of  all  criminals 
was  the  man  who  first  devised  the  luxurious  custom  of 
wearing  golden  rings.  Lecky,  Europ.  Mortils,  11.  157. 

atrociously  (a-tro'shus-li),  adv.  In  an  atro- 
cious manner;  with  great  cruelty  or  wicked- 
ness. 

atrociousness  (a-tro'shus-nes),  «.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  atrocious ;  atrocity. 

The  atrociousness  of  the  crime  made  all  men  look  with 
an  evil  eye  upon  the  cltiim  of  any  privilege  which  might 
prevent  the  severest  justice. 

Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  lit  G. 

atrocity  (a-tros'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  atrocities  (-tiz). 
[Early  mod.  'E."atroei/te,  <  F.  atrocite,  <  L. 
atrocita(t-)s,  cruelty,  hatefidness,  <rt/roj,  cruel, 
etc.:  see  atrocious.]  1.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  atrocious ;  enormous  wickedness ;  ex- 
treme criminality  or  cruelty. 

They  desired  justice  might  be  done  upon  offenders,  as 
the  atrocity  of  ttieir  crimes  deserved.  Clarendon. 

Burke  was  the  only  man  in  England  in  whom  the  prose- 
cution of  Indian  dclin([ui  my  and  atrocity  was  a  fixed  pas- 
sion as  well  as  a  fi\cd  prim  iple. 

Whipple,  Ess.  ami  Rev.,  II.  318. 

2.  A  specific  act  of  extreme  heiuousness  or 
cruelty ;  an  atrocious  deed. 
The  o(roci(te»  which  attend  victory.  Hacaulay. 


Frnltof  Dock  iKutrux).— 
Section  shows  erect  atropal> 
seed.  :.  From  I^c  .Maout  and 
Decaisne's  "  Traitc  general 
de  Botanique."  / 


atropous 

Atropa  (at'ro-pii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  "Arpo-or,  one 
of  the  Fates,  who  cut  the  thread  of  life,  lit.  the 
iufie.xiblc,  <  arpoiror,  unchangeable,  <  <!-  priv.  + 
TpiiTtiv,  turn:  see  trope.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Solanaceer,  of  a  single  species,  A. 
Belladonna,  the  deadly  nightshade,  a  native 
of  Europe  and  western  Asia.     See  belladonna. 

atropal  (at'ro-pal),  a.  [< 
Gr.  dr/joTTof,  inflexible, 
not  to  be  turned:  see 
Atropa.]  In  but.,  erect; 
orthotropous :  said  of  an 
ovule.     Also  atropous. 

atrophiated  (a-tro'fi-a- 
ted),  a.  [<  atrophy  + 
-ate-  +  -ed~.]  Atrophied. 
[Rare.] 

atrophic  (a-trof'ik),  a. 
[<  atrophy  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  atrophy :  char- 
acterized by  atrophy ;  exhibiting  or  lindergo- 
ing  atrophy :  as,  an  atrophic  process;  an  atroph- 
ic organ. 

atrophied  (at'ro-fid),  p.  a.  [<  atrophy  +  -cd^.] 
Exhibiting  or  affected  with  atrophy ;  wasted. 

In  many  instances  special  muscles,  or  sets  of  muscles, 
are  atrophied  from  want  of  use. 

B.  W.  liichardson.  Prevent.  Med.,  p.  232. 
The  distrust  of  one's  own  atrophied  faculties  of  lonng. 
E.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  Gates,  p.  105. 

atrophy  (at'ro-fi),  «.  [=  F.  atrophic,  <  LL.  atro- 
phia, {  Gr.  aTpo(fta,  wasting,  lack  of  nourish- 
ment, <  aTpo<po^,  not  well  fed,  <  a-  priv.  +  rpcipetv, 
noui-ish,  feed.]  1.  A  wasting  of  the  body,  or 
of  a  part  of  it,  owing  to  defective  nutrition. 

There  is  no  demand  for  the  labour  of  the  poor ;  the 
fable  of  Menenius  ceases  to  be  applicable:  the  belly  com- 
municates no  nutriment  to  the  members ;  there  is  an 
atrophy  in  the  body  politic. 

Macaulay,  ilitford's  Hist.  Greece. 

2.  In  bot.  and  zool.,  arrested  development  of  an 
organ  due  to  stoppage  of  growth  at  aiiy  stage 
by  the  operation  of  causes  either  external  to 

or  inherent  in  the  organism Brown  atrophy,  a 

very  common  degeneration  of  muscle  in  a  heart  bvpertro- 
phied  as  a  result  of  valvular  disease  or  of  old  age.  The 
heart,  frequently  of  increased  r,.n~istt-nce.  is  tiark  red- 
brown,  and  its  fibers  contain  piuiiunt.  accumulated  espe- 
cially about  the  nuclei. —  Cruveilhier's  atrophy,  pro- 
gressive muscular  atrophy. 

atrophy  (at'ro-fi),  c.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  atrophied, 
ppr.  atropihyiny.  [<  atrophy,  n.]  To  wast© 
away. 

As  the  fruit  ripens  one  of  them  almost  always  atrophies. 

G-  Allen,  Colin  Clout's  Calendar,  p.  1-21. 

The  tail  gradually  shrinks  and  atrophies. 

Clans,  Zoology  (trans.), 

atropia  (a-tro'pi-a),  «.     [NL.,  <  Atropa.] 
as  atropin. 

atropic  (a-trop'ik),  a.     [<  atropia  +  -ie.] 
or  pertaining  to  atropin. 

atropin,  atropine  (at'ro-pin),  n.  [<  NL.  atro- 
pina,  <  Atropa  +  -ina :  see  -i«2.]  A  crystal- 
line alkaloid  (CJ7H.23NO3)  obtained  from  the 
deadly  nightshade,  Atrojia  Belladonna.  It  is 
very  poisonous,  and  produces  temporary  dila- 
tation of  the  pupil.     Also  atropina  and  atropia. 

atropina  (at-ro-pi'na),  H.     [NL.]     Same  as  at- 

V'tpiu. 

atropine,  ».     See  atropin. 

atropinise,  v.  t.     See  atropini- 

atropinism    (at'ro-pin-izm),    / 
-ism.]     Same  as  atrojiism. 

atropinize  (at'ro-pin-iz),  r.  t. 
atrojiini^ed,   pp.   a1ropini:in(j. 
-i:e.]     To  poison  or  affect  with  atropin 
sometimes  spelled  atropiinise. 

atropism  (at'ro-pizm).  n.  [<  atropia  +  -ism.] 
The  morbid  state  produced  by  atropin.  charac- 
terized by  dilated  pupil,  frequent  pulse,  dry- 
ness of  mouth  and  skin,  hallucinations,  and 
delirium.     Also  atropinism. 

atropization  (at'ro-pi-za'shon),  «.  [<  atro- 
pi:c  -H  -ation.]  That  state  of  the  body,  or  of 
any  of  its  organs,  produced  by  the  introduction 
of  atropin. 

atropize  (at'ro-piz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  atro- 
pized,  ppr.  atropiiing.  [<  atropia  +  -i:e.]  To 
add  atropin  to  ;  affect  with  atropin. 

Atropos  (at'ro-pos),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  Atropos, 
<  Gr.  ''.Krpo-o^,  one  of  the  Fates :  see  Atrojia.] 
1.  A  genus  of  neuropterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Psocidw :  synonymous  with  Troctes.  A. 
pulsatorius  shares  w-itii  certain  beetles  the  popular  name 
of  death-watch,  aiul  is  a  great  pest  iu  entomological  collec- 
tions. 

3.  A  genus  of  venomous  serpents.  TTat/ler, 
1830.  [Not  in  use.] — 3.  A  genus  of  lepidop- 
terous  insects.     Oken,  1815. 

atropous  (at'ro-pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-po-oi;,  not  to 
be  turned:  see  Atropa.]     Same  as  atropal. 


.  p.  120. 
Same 

Of 


[<  atropin   -h 

pret.  and  pp. 
[<  atropin  + 
Also 


atrous 

atrous  (ii'tniR),  a.     [<  L.  atei;  black,  +  -ous.] 

Intensely  bliiek.     [Kare.] 
atry  (iV-tri'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [Appar. 

<  «3  +  try :  see  trysail.']    Naut.,  with  the  sails 

so  arranged  that  the  bow  is  kept  to  the  sea: 

said  of  a  ship  in  a  gale. 
Atrypa  (a-tri'pa),   11.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 

Tfii'-d,  a  hole.]     A  genus  of  brachiopotls,  tyi)i- 

eal  of  the  family  Alrypidw.     Dalma/i,  1828. 
atirypid  (a-tii'pid),  «.      A  brachiopod  of  the 

family  .Itryjiiilw. 
Atrypidae  (a-trip'i-do),  «.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Atrypa 

+  -idii:]    A  family  of  fossil  arthropomatous 


Alrypa  reticularis. 
t.  Dorsal  valve  :  p,  hinge-plate.    2.  Ventral  valve  :  a,  impressions  of 
abductor  muscles ;  c,  cardinal  muscle  ;  /,  pedicle  muscle ;  o,  ovarian 
sinus :  d,  deltidium. 

braeliiopods  with  the  brachial  appendages  rigid 
and  spirally  coiled  toward  the  center  of  the 
shell,  and  completely  supported  by  sjiiral  la- 
melliv,  the  valves  generally  subovato  or  tri- 
lobod,  the  foramen  beneath  a  produced  beak 
comjilotcd  by  a  deltidium,  and  the  shell-sub- 
stance fibrous  and  impunctate. 
Atta  (at'a),  H.  [NL.,  <  L.  Atta,  a  surname  for 
persons  who  walk  on  the  tips  of  their  shoes ; 
cf.  ntta  =  Gr.  drro,  a  childish  word  for  father, 
used  familiarly  in  addressing  an  old  man.  Cf. 
Goth,  atta,  father.]    A  genus  of  hymenopterous 


Texas  Red  Ant  {Atta/ervens). 
a,  queen  ;  b,  worker. 

insects,  of  the  suborder  Heterogyna  and  family 
Formicidw,  or  ants.  They  have  verj-  short  palps,  .ind 
the  heuds  of  the  workers  are  thick.  A.  cepttatotes  is  a 
West  ludiau  species  called  the  visiting  ant,  and  A./ervcns 
is  the  red  ant  of  Texas. 

attaball,  «.     See  atabal. 

attac,  «.     See  adag. 

attacca  (at-tak'ka).  [It.,  impv.  of  attaccarc, 
join,  fasten,  tie,  =F.  attacher :  see  attach  and 
attack.]  In  music,  begin!  a  direction  to  pro- 
ceed vnth  a  succeeding  movement  immediately, 
without  pause. 

attach  (a-taeh'),  v.  [<  ME.  attachcn,  atachen 
(only  in  the  legal  sense,  the  lit.  sense  being  of 
mod.  adoption), <  OF.  ataclier,  atachicr,  later  and 
mod.  F.  attachvr  (also  without  assibilation  OF. 
ataqucr,  mod.  F.  attaqtier,  >  E.  attack,  q.  v.)  (= 
Pr.  attacar^  Sp.  Pg.  atacar  =  It.  attaccarc :  see 
attacca),  fasten,  join,  lit.  tack  to,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad, 
to)  +  *toc(not  found  in  OF.),  Genevese  tache=z 
Sp.  Pg.  tacha  =  It.  tacca,  <  Bret,  tach,  a  nail,  = 
ir.  taca,  a  nail,  peg,  =  Gael,  tacaid,  a  nail,  tack, 
etc.:  see  tack^,  and  et.  detach.]  I.  trans.  1.  In 
lau;  to  take  by  legal  authority.  (,,)  To  take  hoilily; 
arrest  iu  person :  now  applied  only  to  airest  of  a  person 
by  civil  process  to  answer  for  a  contempt  of  court  or  dis- 
regard of  its  mandate,  but  formerly  to  arrests  of  all  kinds  ; 
with /or,  also  formerly  with  o/. 

There  were  two  or  three  attached  for  the  same  robbery. 
Latimer,  4th Sermon  bcf.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

0/ capital  treason  I  attach  yon  both. 

■Slitik.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 
(6)  To  take  (real  or  personal  property)  by  leg.il  warrant, 
t<)  be  held  for  the  satisfaction  of  the  judgment  that  may 
be  rendered  in  a  suit.     See  attachment. 
2t.  To  lay  hold  of;  seize. 

Then,  homeward,  every  man  attach  the  hand 

Of  his  fair  mistress.  Stink.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3. 

3.  To  take,  seize,  or  lay  hold  on,  by  moral 
force,  as  by  affection  or  interest;  fasten  or 
bind  by  moral  influence ;  win :  as,  his  kindness 
attached  us  all  to  him. 

Songs,  garlands,  flowers. 
And  charming  symphonies  attach'd  the  heart 
Of  Adam.  ililtiin,  V.  L.,  xi.  69.1. 

4.  To  tack  or  fix  to;  fasten  in  any  manner,  as 
one  thing  to  another,  by  either  natural  or  arti- 
ficial means;  bind;  tie;  cause  to  adhere. 

24 


369 

Tlio  next  group  consists  of  tliose  Rotifera  which  seldom 
or  never  attach  themselves  by  the  foot,  but  swim  freely 
through  the  water.  W.  B.  Cariienter,  Micros.,  §  4t>:i, 

Such  temperaments  .  .  .  attach  themselves,  like  bar- 
nacles, to  what  seems  permanent- 

Lowetl,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  07. 

5.  Figuratively,  to  connect;  associate:  as,  to 
attach  a  particular  significance  to  a  word. 

lie  nttacticH  very  little  importance  to  the  hivention  of 
gunpowder.  Maraulai/,  Machiavelli. 

6.  To  join  to  or  with  in  action  or  function; 
connect  as  an  associate  or  adjunct ;  adjoin  for 
duty  or  companionship:  as,  an  officer  is  at- 
tached to  such  a  ship,  regiment,  battalion,  etc. ; 
our  regiment  is  attached  to  the  1st  brigade  ; 
this  man  is  attached  to  my  service ;  he  attached 

himself  tome  for  the  entire  journey Attached 

column,  in  arch.,  same  as  C7i(/a;n'fi  cotumn  (which  sec, 
mnier  c<>ttimii).=  Syn.  1.  To  seize,  distrain,  distress.— 3. 
To  win,  gain  over,  engage,  charm,  endear  one's  self  to, 
captivate.— 4.  Add,  Agix,  Annex,  etc.  Seeo<W.  — 5.  To 
attribute. 

II.  iiitruns.  1.  To  adhere;  pertain,  as  a  qual- 
ity or  circumstance ;  belong  or  be  incident : 
with  to. 

'I'he  fame  of  each  discovery  rightly  attachea  to  the  mind 
that  made  the  formula  which  contains  all  the  details,  and 
not  to  the  manufacturers  who  now  make  their  gain  by  it. 

Kiiicrxon,  .Success. 

Ti>  the  healthful  performance  of  each  fuuctioti  of  mind 
or  body  aftacltcA-  a  pleasurable  feeling. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  .Statics,  p.  fl2. 

2.  To  be  fixed  or  fastened;  rest  as  an  appur- 
tenance :  with  OH  or  upon. 

Blame  attached  upon  Lord  Aberdeen's  Cabinet  for  yield- 
ing. Einglake,  Crimea,  I.  4i»l.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  come  into  operation ;  take  or  have  effect. 

.After  tile  risk  [in  marine  insurance]  has  once  com- 
menced, the  whole  premium  is  earned,  even  though  the 
voyage  sliould  not  be  prosecuted.  .  .  .  Hut  if  the  risk 
should  not  c<mnnence  at  all,  or  in  technical  phrase,  if  the 
"  Itoli<-v  sbonld  noi  attach,"  the  premium  must  be  returned 
to  the  assured.  Encyc.  ISrit.,  .XIII.  185. 

attacht  (a-taoh'),  «.  [<  attach,  v.]  1.  An  at- 
tachment. 

I  am  made  the  unwilling  instrument 
Of  your  attach  and  apprehension. 

Heyu'ood,  Woman  Killed  with  Kindness. 
2.  An  attack. 
attachable  (a-tach'a-bl),  a.     [<  attach  +  -nlilc.] 

1.  Capable  oif  being  attached,  legally  or  other- 
wise ;  liable  to  be  taken  by  writ  or  precept. — 

2.  Capable  of  being  fastened  or  conjoined  as 
an  adjunct  or  attribute. 

attache  (a-ta-sha'),  n.  [¥.,  prop.  pp.  of  at- 
tacher, attach:  see  attach.]  One  attached  to 
another,  as  a  part  of  his  suite  or  as  one  of  his 
attendants;  specifically,  one  attached  to  an 
embassy  or  a  legation  at  a  foreign  court. 

George  Gaunt  and  I  were  intimate  in  early  life  :  he  was 
my  junior  when  we  were  attacli^s  at  Pumpernickel  to- 
gether. Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xlvii. 

attachedly  (a-tach'ed-li),  adv.  With  attach- 
ment.    [Rare.] 

attachment  (a-taeh'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  attach- 
ment (iu  sense  1),  <  atiuchen,  attach ;  in  other 
senses  <  F.  attuchement,  <  attacher :  see  attach.] 

1.  The  act  of  attaching;  specifically,  in  laio,  a 
taking  of  the  person,  goods,  or  estate  by  a  writ 
or  precept  in  a  civil  action,  to  secure  a  debt  or 
demand,  or  to  compel  to  appear  in  eoiu-t,  or  to 
punish  for  contempt.  In  American  usage,  attach- 
ment. wliiTi  used  in  reference  to  property,  means  the  taking 
of  the  dcfcMdant's  property  into  custody  by  the  law,  by  a 
.smnniary  pmccss  fnun  a  com't.  in  advance  of  the  trial  of 
the  merits  of  the  case,  as  security  for  the  payment  of  any 
judgment  that  may  be  reeovereil.  The  grounils  of  grant- 
ing it  arc  usually  evidence  of  fraud  or  frandiileut  disposal 
of  property,  or  apprehension  of  absconding,  etc.  When 
used  in  reference  to  tlic  person,  it  means  the  taking  of 
the  person  into  custody  to  answer  to  a  charge  of  contempt 
of  court-  Foreiitn  ailarhment  is  the  taking,  from  the 
hands  or  control  of  a  third  person  within  the  jurisdiction, 
of  the  money  or  gcjods  or  rights  of  action  of  a  debtor 
who  is  not  within  the  jurisdiction.  .\ny  iierson  who  has 
goods  or  elfects  of  a  debtor  is  considered  in  law  as  tlie 
agent,  attorney,  factor,  or  trustee  of  the  debtor;  and  an 
attachment  served  on  such  pei-son  binds  the  projjcrty  in 
his  hands  to  respond  to  tlie  judgnient  against  the  debtor. 
The  pnKCss  of  foreign  attachment  has  existed  from  time 
immemorial  in  London,  l'.rist<d,  Exeter,  Lancaster,  alxl 
some  other  towns  in  England,  and  by  the  Common  Law 
Procedure  Act  of  IS.14  has  been  made  general.  It  is  also 
sometimes  known  as  fjarnifhmcnt,  in  Scotland  as  arrent- 
mcnt.  and  in  New  England  as  tnuttec  procetn. 

2.  The  -writ  or  process  directing  the  person  or 
estate  of  a  person  to  be  taken,  for  the  pui-poses 
above  stated. —  3.  The  act  or  state  of  being 
attached,  fastened  on,  or  connected. —  4.  Close 
adherence  or  affection;  regard;  any  passion  or 
affection  that  binds  a  person  to  another  person 
or  to  a  thing. 

The  attachment  of  the  people  to  the  institutions  and  the 
laws  under  which  they  live  is  .  .  .  at  ouee  the  strength, 
the  glory,  and  the  safety  of  the  land. 

aiadslone.  Might  of  Right,  p.  276. 


attagen 

Cromwell  had  to  det^Tuiinc  whether  ho  would  put  to 
hazard  the  attachment  of  his  party,  the  attarhment  of  bia 
army,  ...  to  save  a  prince  whom  no  engagement  could 
bind.  Maeauinif,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

The  hereditary  attachmentu  of  those  kings  {Englisbj  lay 
In  Anjotl  and  Aquttaine  far  more  than  in  England,  or  even 
in  Normandy.  E.  A.  Frpeman,  Araer.  Leets.,  p.  16!>. 

5.  That  which  attaches  one  thing  to  another, 
or  a  person  to  an  object :  as,  the  attachmcntji  of 
a  muscle  ;  the  attachments  ot  home. —  6.  That 
which  is  attached  to  a  principal  object ;  an  ad- 
junct: as,  the  ffiolian  attachment  to  the  piano; 
an  attachment  to  a  sewing-machine.  — .SoUan 
attachment.    J^ee  .'f'o^'a^ii.— Courtof  Attaohments. 

Sec  ci/r/.  =Syn.  4.  rreditecti'in,  .\Jfection.  .Secfotr.— 6. 
.Vplnini;!^!',  appurtenance,  addition. 

attachment-screw  (a-tacli'ment-skro),  n.  A 
l)inding-screw. 

attack  (a-tak'),  v.  [Formerly  also  attacque^  at- 
tuquc ;  K  ¥.  uttaqner,OV.  afoi/Hcy,  tmas.sibilat- 
ed  form  (jierhaps  <  Pr.  attacar  or  It.  attaccarc) 
of  attacher,  join,  fasten:  see  attach.]    I.  trans, 

1.  To  assault ;  fall  upon  with  force ;  assail,  as 
with  force  and  arms ;  begin  hostilities  against. 

The  strong  tribe,  in  which  war  has  beajme  an  art.  at- 
tack and  conquer  their  neighbors,  anil  teach  them  their 
arts  and  virtues.  Einermm,  War. 

2.  To  endeavor  to  injure,  overthrow,  or  bring 
into  discredit  by  any  act  or  proposal,  or  by  un- 
friendly words  or  writing,  whether  by  satire, 
calumny,  criticism,  or  argument:  as,  to  attack 
a  religious  belief  or  a  legislative  measure;  to 
attack  a  man  or  his  opinions  in  a  newspaper. 

The  people's  interest  is  the  only  object  that  we  have 
any  right  whatever  to  consider  in  deciding  the  tiuestion, 
whether  or  not  the  present  state  of  things  shall  be  sub- 
mitted to  or  attacked.  Brouii/iam. 

3.  To  make  an  onset  or  attempt  upon,  in  a  gen- 
eral sense ;  begin  action  upon  or  in  regard  to ; 
set  about  or  upon :  as,  to  attack  a  piece  of  work 
or  a  problem,  or  (htunorously)  the  dinner. — 

4.  To  begin  to  affect ;  come  or  fall  upon  ;  seize: 
said  of  diseases  and  other  destructive  agencies: 
as,  yesterday  ho  was  attacked  by  fever;  caries 
attaclxed  the  bones  ;  locusts  attacked  the  crops. 
Specifically — 5.  In  chem.,  to  cause  to  decom- 
pose or  dissolve. 

The  bodies  are  of  a  siliceous  character,  for  they  are  not 
destroyed  by  ignition,  nor  attacked  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Science,  VII.  218. 
=  Syn.  1.  Set  upon.  Fall  upon,  etc.  (see  assail),  assault, 
beset,  besiege,  beleaguer,  charge  upon,  engage,  challenge, 
combat. --2.  To  impugn,  criticize,  censure. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  an  attack  or  onset: 
as,  the  enemy  attacked  with  great  boldness. 

Those  that  attack  generally  get  the  victory. 

Cane,  Campaigns. 

attack  (a-tak'),  n.  [=  F.  attaque;  from  the 
verb.]  1.  A  faUing  on  with  force  or  -violence, 
or  with  calumny,  satire,  or  criticism;  an  onset; 
an  assault. 

I  wish  that  he  [ilr.  Simmer]  may  know  the  shudder  of 
terror  which  ran  through  all  this  community  on  the  first 
tidings  of  this  brutal  attack. 

Emerxon,  Assault  upon  Mr.  Stunner. 

2.  Battle  generally ;  fight.     [Bare.] 

Long  time  in  even  scale 
The  battel  hung  ;  till  Satan,  .  .  . 
.  .  .  ranging  through  the  dire  attack,  .  .  . 
Saw  where  the  sword  of  Michael  smote,  and  fell'd 
Squadi'ons  at  once,  Mitton,  P.  L.,  vi.  248. 

3.  An  onset  of  any  kind  ;  the  initial  movement 
in  any  active  proceeding  or  contest,  as  a  game 
of  chess,  cricket,  etc.;  in  music,  specifically, 
the  act  (with  reference  to  the  manner)  of  be- 
ginning a  piece,  passage,  or  phrase,  especially 
by  an  orchestra. — 4.  The  aggressive  part  of 
the  art  of  fencing :  opposed  to  defense. 

.ittackx  are  made  in  thi-ee  ways:-- first,  by  a  quick 
thrust  proceeding  merely  from  the  WTist,  the  arm  at  the 
same  time  being  elevated  and  a<lvanced.  with  the  point 
directed  towards  the  adversary's  breast ;  secondly,  by 
what  is  technically  called  an  extension ;  and  lastly,  by 
longeing  and  recovering.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  70. 

5.  A  seizure  by  a  disease ;  the  onset  of  a  dis- 
ease—Attack of  a  siege,  an  assault  upon  an  enemy's 
field  or  permanent  fortifications,  by  means  of  parallels, 
galleries,  saps,  trenches,  mines,  eniilading-,  counter-,  or 
breacbing-tiatleries,  or  by  storming  parties.— To  deliver 
an  attack.  Sce  deticerl.  —  Syn.  1.  Char<ie,  Onjtlau'jlit,  etc. 
See  ^(/l.v,'^ 

attackable  (a-tak'a-bl),  a.  [<  attack  +  -able; 
=  F.  attaqudble.]  "Capable  of  being  atta(7ked; 
assailable. 

attacker  (a-tak'er),  n.  One  who  attacks  or 
assaults;  an  assailant. 

attagas  (at'a-gas),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  arrayai;  a 
bird  described  as  of  a  reddish  color  and  spotted 
on  the  back ;  prob.  a  kind  of  partridge.  See 
attagcu.]     Same  as  attagen. 

attagen  (at'a-jeu),  n.  [L.,  also  attagena,  <  Gr. 
ar-ayi/r,  also  arro)  f/c,  a  bird  (appar.  different 
from  the  drrnjaf),  prob.  a  kind  of  grouse,  the 
francolin,  classed  with  the  partridge,  pheasant, 


attagen 

ete.]  1.  ("ropprly,  tho  pommon  partridge  of 
Europe,  now  known  as  t'criHx  riticrcit. — 2.  A 
name  given  to  various  other  European  birds. 
(«)  t'scirindiscrimiimtcly  liy  early  writers  mr  suiiilry  gal- 
linaceous birds  of  Europe,  as  grouse,  ptarmigan,  par- 
triilges.  francoliiis,  I'tirudes  alchula,  etc.  (6)  IscJ  by 
MociuinK,  17.'"i2,  for  tile  trigatc-liinl  or  man-of-war  bird, 
Tachtifvlex  ai/uilil,  and  adopted  liyG.  R.  Gray,  1S71,  in  the 
spelling  Ataiieii.  as  the  lieneric  name  of  these  birds: 
whence  Ala'i''niiuv  (Gray)  as  a  snbfaniily  name,  (r)  [ca]).] 
INL.l  Made' by  lirisson  in  17(iO  aii  indotcrTiiinablc  ^enus 
of  cronse,  including,  besiiies  Km-opean  .species,  two  North 
American  birds  called  Altarxn  niiitriniiia  and  Allanen 
petixUmnia.  (J)  .\pplieil  by  Cuvier  (1S17)  to  the  sand- 
grouse  of  the  genus  Siirrhaplrs  (lUiuer.  ISll),  the  only 
species  of  which  known  to  Cuvier  was  I'allas's  sand-grouse, 
S.  parmiuxut:.  a  bird  of  the  suborder  Pteri<chles.  (i)  .Ki>- 
plied  by  Gloger  in  lsl'2  to  the  francolins,  of  which  Pcnlix 
/rancoUnutt  (Linutcus).  now  Fmncoiimis  vuUjarU,  of  Eu- 
rope, etc..  is  the  type. 

Also  iiliificn,  attdffas,  (itagds. 

Attageninse  (at  a-j'e-ni'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <Atta- 
ijtn,  2  (li),  +  -ina:  Ataf/enhia:  is  the  form  used 
by  Gray.]  In  G.  R.  Gray's  system  of  classifica- 
tion (1871),  a  siibfamily  of  totipalmate  birds, 
named  fi'om  Moehring's  genus  Attagen  (1752), 
equivalent  to  the  family  TachypetkUe  of  authors 
in  general;  the  frigate-birds  or  man-of-war 
birds.     See  TachijjH-tidw. 

attaghant,  "■     Same  as  yataghan. 

attain  (a-tan'),  ('.  [<  ME.  attaincn,  atteineii, 
alaiiieii,  ateiiien,  etc.,  <  OF.  ataindrc,  ateindrc 
(ataign-,  atcigti-),  F.  atteindrc  =z  l?i:  atcigner, 
atenhcr  =  \t.  attignerc,  iitthigere,  attain,  <  L.  at- 
tingere,  touch  upon,  attain,  <  ad,  to,  -t-  tangere, 
touch:  see  tangent.  Cf.  attainder  a,nA  attaint.'] 
I.  trans.  If.  To  touch;  strike;  hit.— 2t.  To 
touch  \ipon;  mention. —  3t.  To  convict;  con- 
demn. Compare  attaint,  v.,  3-5. — 4.  To  come 
so  near  as  to  touch;  reach,  achieve,  or  accom- 
plish (an  end  or  object)  by  continued  effort; 
come  into  possession  of ;  acquire;  gain. 

Ends  we  seek  we  never  shall  attain. 

M.  Arnold,  Self -Deception. 

5.  To  come  to  or  arrive  at  (a  place) ;  reach  (a 
place,  time,  or  state). 

Canaan  he  now  attaim.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  135. 

He  has  scarce  attaitwd  the  age  of  thirty. 

Qoldmiith,  Vicar,  iii. 

6.  To  reach  in  excellence  or  degree;  equal. 

So  t!ie  first  precedent,  if  it  be  good,  is  seldom  attaiiwd 
by  imitation.  Bafon. 

7t.  To  overtake;  come  up  with:  as,  "not  at- 
taining him  in  time,"  Bacon. —  8t.  To  come  to 
know;  experience.  Chaucer.  =Syii.  i.  Attain,  Ob- 
tain. Procure,  reach,  achieve,  get  possession  of,  carry. 
(See  lists  under  acquire  and  accomplish ;  also  note  under 
attainable.)  Attain  involves  the  idea  of  considerable  ef- 
fort, wlule  obtain  does  not  necessarily  imply  effort  at  all, 
and  procure  only  a  small  degree  of  it :  thus,  we  may  ob- 
tain property  by  inheritance,  we  may  procure  a  book  by 
pm'chase,  but  we  can  attain  an  end  only  by  exertion. 
Attain  generally  has  higher  or  more  abstract  objects  than 
obtain  or  procure :  as,  to  obtain  an  office  or  a  patent ;  to 
procure  a  chair ;  to  attain  eminence ;  attain  one's  end. 
In  these  cases  it  would  be  ludicrous  to  use  attain  in  place 
of  obtain  or  procure. 

The  Khans,  or  story-tellers  in  Ispahan,  attain  a  control- 
ling power  over  their  audience,  keeping  them  for  many 
hours  attentive  to  the  most  fanciful  and  extravagant  ad- 
ventures. Emerson,  Eloquence. 

Some  pray  for  riches ;  riches  they  obtain ; 

But,  watch'd  by  robbers,  for  their  wealth  are  slain. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  424. 
Have  you  a  catalogue 
Of  all  the  voices  that  we  have  procxir'd. 
Set  down  by  the  poll?  Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  3. 

II.  intrans.  X.  To  reach;  come  or  arrive  by 
motion,  bodily  or  mental  exertion,  or  efforts  of 
any  kind:  followed  by  to  or  unto. 

Such  knowledge  is  too  wonderful  for  me ;  it  is  high ;  I 
can  not  attain  unto  it.  Ps.  cxxxix.  6. 

2t.  To  pertain ;  have  relation.     Chaucer. 
attaint  (a-tan'),  «.     [<  attain,  r.]     Something 

attained.     ClanviUe. 
attainability  (a-ta-na-bil'j-ti),  «.     [<  attuina- 

lih  :  sec  -hilitij.'i    Attainab'leness.     Coleridge. 
attainable  (a-ta'na-bl),  a.     [<  attain  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  attained. 

He  [Plato]  quits  the  normal  for  the  attainable. 

De  Quincetj,  Plato. 
All  that  is  said  of  the  wise  man  by  Stoic,  or  oriental  or 
modern  essayist,  describes  to  each  reader  his  own  idea, 
his  unattained  but  attainable  self.  Kmermn,  History. 
{Attainable  was  formerly  sometimes  used  where  obtainable 
or  procurable  would  now  be  preferred,  as  in  the  follow- 
ing passages : 

The  kind  and  quality  of  food  and  liquor,  the  species  of 
habitation,  furniture,  and  clothing,  to  which  the  conmion 
people  of  each  country  are  habituated,  nmst  be  attainable 
with  ease  and  certainty.  Palcy. 

General  Howe  would  not  permit  them  Iclothes  and 
blanketsl  to  lie  purchiised  in  I'tiiladelphia,  and  they  were 
not  attainable  in  the  country. 

Marxltall,  Life  of  Wasliington.) 
=Sy]l.  Practicable,  feasible,  possible,  within  reach. 


370 

attainableness  (a-ta'na-bl-nes),  n.  The  cjiial- 
il y  of  being  attainable. 

attainder  (a-tan'd^r),  n.  [<  late  ME.  attayn- 
ilrre,  <  OF.  ataindrc,  ateindrc,  attain,  toilch 
upon,  affect,  accuse,  attack,  attaint,  convict; 
the  inf.  used  as  a  noun.  The  idea  of  taint, 
stain,  or  corrujjtion  has  been  erroneously  con- 
nected with  this  word:  seert^ta(«f.]  1.  Theact 
of  attainting,  or  the  state  of  being  attainted ; 
the  legal  consequence  of  judgment  of  death  or 
outlawry  pronounced  in  respect  of  treason  or 
felony:  as,  a  bill  of  attmnder;  to  remove  an 
attainder.  The  consequence  by  the  common  law  in- 
cluded forfeiture  of  lands,  tenements,  and  heredita- 
ments, incapability  of  suing  in  a  court  of  justice,  or  of 
performing  any  of  the  duties  or  enjoying  any  of  the  priv- 
ileges of  a  free  citizen,  and  "  corruption  of  blood,"  render- 
ing the  person  affected  incapable  of  inheriting  property 
or  transmitting  it  to  heirs. 

An  act  of  attainder  was  carried  against  him,  as  one  who 
had  been  indicted  for  piracy  and  murder,  and  had  fled 
from  justice.  Bancro.ft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  188. 

2.  A  bringing  under  some  disgrace,  stain,  or 
imputation;  the  state  of  being  in  dishonor. 

So  to  the  laws  at  large  I  write  my  name : 
And  he  that  breaks  them  in  the  least  degree 
Stands  in  attainder  of  eternal  shame. 

Sliak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 

attaindryt,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  attainder. 
attainduret,   ".     [A  mixture  of   attainder  and 

(tltainture.'\     An  obsolete  form  of  attainder. 
attainment  (a-tan'ment),  «.  [<  attain  +  -ment.'] 

1.  The  act  of  attaining;  the  act  of  arriving  at 
or  reaching;  the  act  of  obtaining  by  exertion 
or  effort. 

The  attaimnenl  of  every  desired  object. 

.Sir  W.  Jones,  Hitdpad^sa. 

2.  That  which  is  attained,  or  obtained  by  ex- 
ertion; acquisition;  acquirement. 

Formerly  the  natural  impulse  of  every  man  was,  spon- 
taneously to  use  the  language  of  life  ;  the  language  of 
books  was  a  secondary  attainment  not  made  without 
effort.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

Smattcrers,  whose  attainments  just  sulRce  to  elevat* 
them  from  the  insignificance  of  dunces  to  the  dignity  of 
bores.  Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

=  Syn.  2.  AcquireTnenti,  Acquisitimis,  etc.  See  acquire- 
inet\t. 
attainort,  «.  [<  attain  +  -or,  after  AF.  attei- 
griour.']  One  of  the  jurors  in  the  process  called 
attaint  (which  see). 
attaint  (a-tanf),  i).  t.  [<  ME.  ataynten,  ateyn- 
ten,  atteinten,  etc.,  an  inf.  due  to  ataynt,  atteint, 
pp.  of  ataynen,  etc.,  after  OF.  ateint,  pp.  of  atein- 
drc: see  attain  and  attainder.  Later  errone- 
ously associated  with  taint,  stain,  corruption, 
to  which  some  of  the  senses  are  due.]  If.  To 
touch;  hit  in  tilting. — 2t.  To  attain;  ascertain. 
—  3t.  To  convict  (a  jtrry)  of  ha\'ing  given  a 
false  verdict. —  4.  To  affect  with  attainder ; 
pass  judgment  on,  as  on  one  foimd  guilty  of 
a  crime,  as  felony  or  treason,  involving  for- 
feiture of  civil  privileges. 

I  dare  undertake,  that  at  this  day  there  are  more  at- 
taynted  landes,  concealed  from  her  Majestic,  then  she 
hath  now  possessions  in  all  Ireland. 

Spenser,  Present  State  of  Ireland. 
I  must  offend  before  I  be  attainted. 

Slialc.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4. 

No  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood, 

or  forfeiture  except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

Constitution  of  C.  S.,  iii.  3. 

5t.  To  accuse:  with  of:  as,  to  attaints,  person 
of  sorcery. 

He  wtis  attainted  .  .  .  c/ high  treason. 

Goldsmitti,  Bolingbroke. 

6t.  To  affect  with  any  passion  or  emotion. 

This  noble  woman  .  .  .  attainted  with  extreme  sorrow. 
Historia  Aiuilica  (trans.). 

7.  To  taint;  disgrace;  cloud  with  infamy; 
stain;  corrupt. 

Lest  she  with  blame  her  honour  should  attaint. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  i.  5. 

That  the  pleasure  is  of  an  inferior  order,  can  no  more 

attaint  the  idea  or  model  of  the  composition,  than  it  can 

impeach  the  excellence  of  an  epigram  that  it  is  not  a 

tragedy.  De  Quincey,  Rhetoric. 

attaint!  (a-tanf),  p.  a.  [The  older  pp.  of  at- 
taint,v. ']  1.  Attainted;  convicted. —  2.  Taint- 
ed; corrupted;  infected;  attacked. 

My  tender  youth  was  never  yet  attaint 

With  any  passion.  Sfiak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

Auterfolts  attaint.    See  auterfoiis. 
attaint  (a-tanf),  n.      [<  attaint,  i.]     If.  The 
act  of  touching  or  hitting;  specifically,  in  tilt- 
ing, a  hit.     [Archaic] 

"You,  reverend  sir,"  said  the  knight,  "have  in  the  en- 
counter of  our  wits  made  a  fair  attaint." 

.'^cott.  Mon.istery,  I.  xvi. 

2.  A  blow  or  wound  on  the  leg  of  a  horse  caused 
by  oveiTeachiug. —  3.  Au  ancient  legal  process 


attask 

instituted  for  reversing  a  false  verdict  given  by 
a  jury ;  con\'iction  of  a  jury  for  giWng  such  a 
verdict. — 4.  In  old  laic:  (a)  A  conviction,  (fc) 
Impeachment. —  5t.  Infection;  injurious  or  del- 
eterious action. 

The  marrow -eating  sickness,  whose  attaint 
Disorder  breeds.  Stiak.,  V.  and  A.,  1.  741. 

6.  Attainder. 

It  was  a  point  of  honour  with  his  [Bismarck's]  Govern- 
ment that  the  captive  royalists  should  at  every  cost  al- 
most be  set  free,  without  attai)it  of  life  or  fortune. 

Lowe,  Bismarck,  I.  220. 

7t.  A  stain,  spot,  or  taint;  hence,  a  disgrace; 
an  imputation  involving  dishonor. 

"What  simple  thief  brags  of  his  own  attaint  > 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  2. 

attaintmentt  (a-tant'ment),  w.  [<  attaint  + 
-ment.']  The  act  or  state  of  being  attainted  or 
affected  with  attainder;  conviction;  arrest; 
impeachment. 

When  this  man  w.ts  attainted  there,  and  they  had  lib- 
erty to  say  nay  to  his  attaintment  if  they  would,  sure  I  am 
the  most  allowed  it,  and  else  it  would  not  have  gone  for- 
ward. I^ntimer,  quoted  in  Dixon's  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  xv. 

attainturet  (a-tan'tijr),  m.     [<  attaint  +  -ure.'] 

1.  Same  as  attaintment. 

Her  attainture  will  be  Humphrey's  fall. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

2.  Imputation;  stain. 

Without  the  least  attainture  of  your  valour. 

Chapman,  Byron's  Tragedy,  iii  1. 

attaket,  r.  t.     See  atal-e. 

attal  (af  al),  n.     Same  as  attle^. 

Attalea  (a-ta'le-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  with  allu- 
sion to  the  beaut.v  of  the  trees,  <  L.  Attains,  < 
Gr.  ';\rraAof,  Attains,  the  name  of  three  kings  of 
Pergamum;  Attains  I.  and  II.  were  noted  for 
their  wealth  and  liberality.]  A  genus  of  palms, 
allied  to  the  cocoanut,  natives  of  tropical 
America,  and  distinguished  by  the  fact  that 
the  nut  contains  three  cells,  each  inclosing  a 
single  seed.  There  are  about  20  species.  The  nuts, 
which  hang  in  great  clusters,  are  egg-shaped,  with  a  very- 
hard  and  thick  pericaip  inclosing  the  edible  oily  kernels. 
The  pinnate  leaves  are  very  large,  and  are  often  used  for 
thatching  and  other  purposes.  The  fibers  of  the  leaf- 
stalks of  A.  .funi'fera  are  made  into  ropes  and  brooms. 
The  seeds  are  nuts  called  coquilla-nuts;  they  are  3  or  4 
inches  long,  brown  in  color,  hard,  and  of  sufficient  thick- 
ness to  Ite  turned  into  door-handles,  small  cups,  etc.  The 
cohune  palm.  .4.  Coh^ine,  is  the  largest  palm  that  is  found 
in  Guatemala  and  Honduras. 

attalica  (a-tal'i-ka),  n.  pi.  [L.,  neut.  pi.  of 
Attalicns,  <  Attalu:i,  <  Gr.  '!\rra/of.]  Cloth  of 
gold :  a  name  derived  from  its  supposed  intro- 
duction under  King  Attains  of  Pergamum. 

attaman  (af  a-man),  H.     Same  as  hctman. 

attameit  (a-tam'),  r.  t.  [<  at-  +  tame,  c]  To 
tame;  overcome.     Syh-cster. 

attame-t,  v-  t.  [<  JIE.  attamen,  atamen,  open, 
broach,  begin,  injure,  <  LL.  attaminare,  touch, 
attack,  dishonor. <L.  (1(7,  to,  -1-  */rt)H('H(jrf,  touch: 
see  contaminatf.]  1.  To  broach  or  open  (a 
cask,  etc.).  Chaucer. — 2.  To  begin;  venture 
upon;  imdertake. 

Ryght  anon  his  tale  he  hath  attamed. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  L  62. 

attaminatet  (a-tam'i-nat),  I',  t.  [<  L.  attami- 
natus,  pp.  of  attaminare,  contaminate:  see  at- 
tame^.]     To  contaminate.     Blount. 

attap  (afap),  H.  [Native  name;  also  written 
atap  and  adap.]  The  Nipa  fruticans.  a  nearly 
stemless  palm  of  the  tidal  forests  of  the  East 
Indian  archipelago,  its  smooth  pinnate  leaves  are 
from  \h  to  :so  feet  long,  very  thick  and  strong,  and  are  ex- 
tensively used  fitr  thatching. 

The  roof  is  thatched  with  the  common  Buttam  attaps 
in  the  same  way  as  Malay  houses. 

Jour.  Anthrop.  In.'<t.,  XV.  293. 

attaquet,  r.  and  n.  A  former  spelling  of  attack: 
attar  (afar),  H.  [Also  -nritten  atar,  ottar.  and 
otto;  <  Pers.  'atar,  Hind,  atr,  <  Ar.  'itr,  fra- 
grance, perfume,  esp.  of  roses  (Pers.  'atar-gul, 
attar  of  roses),  <  'atara.  smell  sweet.]  In  the 
East  Indies,  a  general  term  for  a  perfume 
from  flowers.  In  Europe  it  generally  denotes  only 
the  attar  or  otto  of  roses,  au  essential  oil  made  in  Tin-key 
and  various  other  eastern  countries,  chiefly  from  the 
damask  rose,  Rosa  Damajfcena.  The  yield  is  very  small, 
l.so  pounds  of  rose-leaves  yielding  less  than  an  ounce  of 
attar.  The  principal  source  of  the  attar  of  commerce  is 
in  the  vicinity  of  Eazanlik.  on  the  southern  side  of  the 
Balkan  mountains,  in  Eastern  Rumelia-  The  pure  oil 
solidities  at  a  temperature  between  60  and  65'  F.  It  is  a 
well-known  perfume,  but  the  odor  is  agreeable  only  when 
diffused,  beins  too  powerful  when  it  is  concentrated.  It 
is  largely  used  in  the  scenting  of  snuff.  Also  written  ot- 
tar, otto. 

attaskt(a-task').ti.  <.  [<at-  +  task.']  To  task; 
tax ;  reprove ;  blame.  * 

Von  are  much  nunc  altankd  f.>r  want  of  wisdom. 
Than  prais'd  for  harmful  mildness.      Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 


attaste 

attastet,  "•     [ME.  nUisIf,  <  of.  ataster,  taste,  < 
a-(h.  ad)  +  taster,  taste:  see  taste]    I,  trans. 
To  taste.     Chancer. 
II.  intrans.  To  taste  (of). 

Vf  shulk-n  atantc  both  thowe  and  shee 

Of  tliiike  water.  Lydgate. 

attet.  Middle  English  assimilation  of  at  the. 
(  haiiccr. 

Attelabida  (at-e-lab'i-de),  «.  /)/.  [NL.,  <  At- 
lildhiis  +  -(>/((-.]  A  family  of  rhynehoj)Lorou8 
)ii'i'll('s.     Sco  .itlchihiiia: 

Attelabinse  (at  o-Ia-lii'ne),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Atte- 
liihux  +  -(««■.]  A  subfamily  of  ('urcitlio>tid<e, 
typified  liy  the  t^eiius  .Ittehihns,  containing 
weevils  with  the  abdomen  alike  in  both  sexes, 
the  mandibles  piueer-like,  the  elytra  without  a 
fold  on  th(f  iunor  surfaei^  and  no  labium.  The 
gi'iiuji  is  sometimes  raised  to  the  rank  of  a 
family  under  the  name  Atl(l<ihi(Uv. 

Attelabus  (a-tel'a-bus),  ».  [L.,<  (ir.  arTi^ajlor, 
Ionic  iiTTi'/.Ci-lm;,  a  liinil  of  locust  without  wings.] 
A  genus  of  weevils,  typical  of  the  family  Atlela- 
bUia'.  A.  rhoin  is  a  ivddish  imbescetit  species  with  a 
siinrt  jiroijoscis.  infesting  tllc  hazel  in  the  northeastern 
parts  i»f  the  I'nitcd  .States. 

attemper  (a-tem'per),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  attsmpren, 
all  iiipr<  II,  <  OF.  ati  mprcr,  <  L.  attemperare,  fit, 
adjust,  accommodate,  <  a(t,  to,  +  temperarc, 
control,  moderate,  temper:  see  temper,  v.'\  1. 
To  reduce,  modify,  or  moderate  by  mixture:  as, 
to  attemper  spirits  by  diluting  them  with  water. 
Nobility  attrmpprn  soverci{;nty.  Bacon. 

2.  To  soften,  mollify,  or  moderate:  as,  to  at- 
temper  justice  with  clemency. 

Those  smiling  eyes  aUemp'n'nff  every  ray. 

Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  I.  Sit. 
Those  [influences]  whidi.  in  older  and  more  normally 
constituted  communities,  modify  and  attemper  Mammon- 
worship.  The  American,  IV.  ti.'J. 

3.  To  mix  in  just  proportion ;  regulate. 

God  hath  so  attempcreil  the  blood  and  liodies  of  fishes. 
liaij.  Works  of  Creation. 
Pure  of  blame. 
In  praise  and  in  ilispraise  the  same, 
A  man  of  vmW-attemper'd  frame. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington. 

4.  To  accommodate ;  fit  or  make  suitable. 
The  joyous  birdes.  shrouded  in  cheal'efuU  shade, 
Their  notes  unto  the  voice  attcmpred  sweet. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  71. 
Arts  attempered  to  the  lyre.  Pope. 

(In  all  its  uses  nearly  obsolete,  temper  beinp  generally 
used.] 

attemperament  (a-tem'per-a-ment),  «.  A  tem- 
pering or  mixing  in  due  proportions.  Also  at- 
temperment. 

attemperancet  (a-tem'per-ans),  n.  [<  ME.  at- 
temprriiniia ,  <  OF.  atcmprdnce,  <  ateiiiprer,  at- 
temiicr.     Cf.  temperance.]     Temperance. 

attemperate  (a-tem'per-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  (ittemperated,  ppr.  attemperating.  [<  L. 
attcmperatus,  pp.  of  atttrnperare,  attemper:  see 
attemper.']     If.  To  attemper;  regulate. 

If  any  one  do  .  .  .  attemperate  his  actions  accordingly. 
Barroic,  Math.  Lectures,  iv. 

2.  In  brciciiig  and   distiUiiig,  to  regulate  the 
temperature  of,  as  the  wort. 
attemperatet  (a-tem'per-at),  p.  a.      [<  L.  a«- 
tcmperatiis,  -p]).:  see  the  verb.]    1.  Tempered; 
proportioned;  suited. 

Hope  must  be  proportioned  and  attemperate  to  the 
promise.  Hammond,  Pract.  Catechism. 

2.  Moderate;  equable;  mild:  applied  to  cli- 
mate. 

attemperation  (a-tem-pe-ra'shon),  «.  [<  at- 
temperate. c]  It.  The  act  of  attempering, 
regulating,  adjusting,  or  accommodating.  Ba- 
con.—  2.  The  act  of  regulating  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  wort  in  brewing  and  distilling. 

attemperator(a-tem'per-a-tor),  H.  [<  attempe- 
rate, c,  -t-  -or.]  In  lircuinfi  and  di.<<tilli)i(f,  a 
contrivance  for  regulating  the  temperature  of 
the  wort  during  the  progress  of  fermentation. 

attemperlyt,  adr.     See  attcmprely. 

attemperment  (a-tem'per-ment),"  n.  [<  attfm- 
/irr  -I-  -nil  nt.]     Same  as  attemperament. 

attempret,  a.  [ME.,  also  atcmpre,  <  OF.  atem- 
pre,  pp.  of  atemprer,  attemper:  see  attemper.] 
Temperate. 

/itt'inpre  dicte  was  all  hire  physike.  Chaucer. 

attemprelyt,  adv.  [ME.,  also  attcmperly,  <  nt- 
tenipre  +  -ly,  -ly^.]  In  a  temperate  manner. 
Chaucer. 

attempt  (a-tempf),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  atempter,  at- 
tenter,  mod.  F.  attcntcr  =  Pr.  attcntar  =  Sp. 
atentar  =  Pg.  attenlar  =  It.  attentate,  <  L.  at- 
temptare,  more  correctly  attentare,  try,  solicit, 
<  ad,  to,  +  temptarc,  more  correctly  tcntare,  try: 


.371 

see  tempt.]  1.  To  make  an  efifort  to  effect  or 
do  ;  endeavor  to  jjerform  ;  undertake ;  essay : 
as,  to  attempt  a  bold  flight. 

The  wise  and  prudent  conquer  difllculties  by  daring  Ui 
attempt  them.  liuwe. 

.Sometliing  attempted,  something  done, 
Has  carne<t  a  night's  repose. 

Loiut/etloir,  Village  Itlaeksmith. 

2.  To  venture  upon:  as,  to  attempt  the  sea. — 
3t.  To  make  trial  of;  prove;  test:  as,  "well- 
attempted  plate,"  Fairfax.— Ai.  To  try  with  af- 
flictiims.  .fer.  Taylor. —  5t.  To  endeavor  to  ob- 
tain or  attract. 

This  man  of  thine  attempts  her  love. 

Shah.,T.  (pf  A.i.  1. 

6.  To  try  to  win  or  seduce ;  tempt ;  entice. 
IK*  will  never  .  .  .  attempt  us  again. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  -2. 
It  made  the  laughter  rtf  an  afternoon, 
Tliat  Vivien  should  attempt  the  blameless  king. 

l^'unyson.  Merlin  anil  Vivien. 

7.  To  attack  ;  make  an  effort  against ;  assail: 
as,  to  attempt  the  enemy's  camp;  to  attempt  a 
person's  life. 

Muster 
Our  soldiers  up  ;  we'll  stand  upon  our  guard  ; 
For  we  shall  be  attempted. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Thierry  and  Tlie<jdoret,  i.  2. 

Calumny  never  dared  to  suspect  her  morals,  or  attempt 
her  character.  Gotditmith,  The  Bee,  No.  3. 

=  Syn.  1.  Attempt,  Knmii,  ITndcrtake,  Endeavor,  Strive, 
Stnnjirle,  seek,  aim.  The  italicized  words  agree  in  express- 
ing the  beginning  of  a  task,  physical  or  intellectual,  which 
is  difficult  and  often  impossible.  They  are  arranged  in  the 
order  of  strength,  .\tteiapt  is  to  try  with  sonie  effort. 
Essay  is  sitmetimes  t<i  try  in  order  to  see  if  a  tiling  can  be 
done  or  attained,  and  sometimes  simply  to  attempt :  as, 
"which  the  Egyptians  assayinij  to  do  were  drowned," 
Heb.  xi.  29.  llndertake  is,  literally,  to  take  a  task  upon 
one's  self,  perhaps  formally,  and  hence  to  go  about  a  task 
with  care  and  effort.  En4ea  mr  is  to  try  with  more  ear- 
nestness, labor,  or  exertion.  Strive  is  to  work  hard  and 
earnestly,  doing  one's  best.  Stnii/gle  is  to  tax  one's  powers 
to  the  extent  of  fatigue,  pain,  or  exhausti(ui.  The  first 
three  words  are  more  appropriate  for  a  single  effort,  the 
other  three  for  continuous  or  contiinial  efforts. 

None  are  very  violent  against  it  [writing  plays  in  verse] 
but  those  who  either  have  not  attempted  it,  or  who  have 
succeeded  ill  in  their  attempt. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Ess.  on  Dram.  Poesy. 

Instinct  led  him  [Tennyson]  to  construct  his  machinery 
before  essayin/j  to  build.        Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  l.'j.'i. 

I  will  .  .  .  undertake  one  of  Hercules'  labours. 

Shak.,  .Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 

In  what  I  did  endeavour,  it  is  no  vanity  to  say,  I  have 

succeeded.  Dryden,  Annus  Mirabilis. 

A  certain  truth  possesses  us,  which  we  in  all  ways  strive 
to  utter.  Emerson,  Clubs. 

O  limed  soul,  that,  struoglimj  to  be  free. 
Art  more  engag'd !  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 

attempt  (a-tempf),  «.     [<  attempt,  r.]     1.  A 
putting  forth  of  effort  in  the  performance  or 
accomplishment  of  that  which  is  difficult  or  un- 
certain; essay,  trial,  or  endeavor;  effort. 
The  attempt,  and  not  the  deed, 
Confounds  us.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  '2. 

By  his  blindness  maira'd  for  high  attempts. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  12'21. 

2.  An  effort  to  accomplish  something  by  force 
or  violence  ;  an  attack  or  assault :  as,  an  attempt 
upon  one's  life. 

Foreign  attempts  against  a  state  and  kingdom 
Are  seldom  without  some  great  friends  at  home. 

Ford,  IVrkin  Warbeck,  i.  1. 
3t.  Temptation. 

To  avoid 
The  attempt  itself  int^^nded  by  our  foe. 
For  he  who  tempts,  though  in  vain,  at  least  asperses 
The  tempted  with  dishonour  foul.    .Milton,  V.  L.,  ix.  295. 

4.  In  law,  an  act  done  in  part  exectition  of  a 
design  to  commit  a  crime.  Judge  .May.  Mere 
solicitation  or  preparation,  without  a  step  taken  toward 
the  actual  commission,  is  not  a  criminal  attempt.  =SyTl. 
rnriertaking,  effort,  endeavor,  enterprise,  experiment. 
attemptability  (a-temp-ta-bil'i-ti),  «.  [<  at- 
trmptahle :  see  -bility.]  1.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing attemptable. —  2.  A  thing  that  may  be  at- 
tempted.    [Rare.] 

Short  way  ahead  of  us  it  is  all  dim  ;  an  unwound  skein 
of  possibilities,  of  apprehensions,  altemptabilities,  vague- 
loiuning  hopes.  Cartyle,  Heroes  (IS68).  p.  36. 

attemptable  (a-temp'ta-bl),  a.  [<  attempt  + 
-ahh.f  CapaljTe  of  being  attempted,  tried,  or 
attacked ;  likely  to  yield  to  an  attempt  or  at- 
tack. 

Less  attemptihle  than  any  the  rarest  of  our  ladies  in 
France.  Shak.,  l^ymbeline,  i.  5. 

attemptatet  (a-temp'tat),  n.  [<  OF.  attemp- 
tat,  mod.  F.  attentat:  see  attentate.]  An  at- 
tempt or  endeavor ;  especially,  a  violent  or 
criminal  attempt  or  attack ;  assault ;  outrage. 

He  called  .  .  .  for  redress  of  the  attemptates  committed 
by  the  Grcams.    Strype,  Eccles.  Mem.,  IV.  304.  (.V.  E.  D.) 


Thy  intercepter,  . 
at  the  orchard  end. 


attendance 

For  the  better  defi'nac  of  his  highness  »  loving  subjects 
in  till'  same  shires  in  case  of  any  invasion  or  otlier  attemp. 
tate  hy  foi-i-ign  enemies. 
.Soinervt.  i|uoteil  in  Dixon's  Hist.  Churchof  Eng.,  xv.,  note. 

attempter  (a-temp't6r),  II.  1.  One  who  at- 
tempts, tries,  or  endeavors. —  2.  One  who  at- 
tacks or  assails ;  an  assailant. 

Against  the  attempter  of  thy  Father's  throne. 

MUtun,  P.  R.,  iv.  803. 
3t.  A  tempter.  .Milton. 
attemptive  (a-temji'tiv),  a.  [<  attempt  +  -ive.] 
Ready  to  attempt ;  enterprising ;  venturous. 
Daniel. 
attend  (a-tend'),  r.  [<  OF.  atendre,  F.  attendre, 
wait,  reflex,  e.xpect,  =  Sp.  alender  =  I'g.  atten- 
der=lt.  iittenilere,  <  L.  iittcndere,  stretch  to- 
ward, give  heed  to,  <  nd,  to,  -f  tcndcre,  stretch: 
see  tend,  and  cf.  attempt.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  fi.x 
the  mind  upon  ;  listen  to;  have  regard  or  pay 
heed  to  ;  consider.     [Archaic.     See  II.,  1.] 

The  diligent  pilot  .  .  .  dolli  not  attemt  the  unskilful 
wcjrds  of  a  passenger.  .Sir  P.  Sidney. 

The  crow  doth  sing  as  sweetly  as  the  lark 
When  neither  is  attended,  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1. 

Their  hunger  thus  appeased,  their  care  attends 
The  doubtful  fortune  of  their  ab.<;ent  friends. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  accompany  or  be  present  with,  as  a  com- 
panion, minister,  or  servant,  or  for  the  ftiifil- 
meut  of  any  duty ;  wait  upon. 

The  tlft  had  charge  sick  persons  to  atteiut. 

.Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  41. 
Let  one  attend  him  with  a  silver  bason. 

.V/int.,T.  of  theS.,  Ind.,i. 
You  shall  have  men  and  hcu-ses  to  attend  you. 
And  money  in  your  purse. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  ii.  3. 

3.  To  be  present  at  or  in  for  purposes  of  duty, 
business,  curiosity,  pleasure,  etc. :  as,  to  attend 
a  meeting. — 4.  To  accompany  or  follow  in  im- 
mediate sequence,  especially  with  a  causal  con- 
nection: said  of  things :  as,  a  cold  a^eiirfcrf  with 
fever ;  a  measm-e  attended  with  bad  results. 

A  conespondcnt  revolution  in  things  will  attend  the 
influx  of  the  spirit.  Emerson,  Nature. 

5t.  To  wait  or  stay  for ;  expect,  as  a  person  or 
an  event. 

bloody  as  the  hunter,  attends  thee 
Shak.,  T.  X.,  iii.  4. 
The  trumpets,  next  the  gate,  in  order  plac'd, 
Attend  the  sign  to  sound  the  martial  blast. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1741. 
6t.  To  be  in  store  for ;  await. 
The  state  that  attends  all  men  after  this.  Locke. 

One  fate  attends  us.  and  one  c«»mmon  grave. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  304. 
H.  intrans.    1.    To  gi%'e  attention;   pay  re- 
gard or  heed :   followed  by  to :   as,  my  son, 
attend  to  my  words. 
Attend  to  the  voice  of  my  supplications.      Ps.  Ixxxvi.  6. 
It  will  be  sufficient  for  me  if  I  discover  raany  Beauties 
or  Imperfections  which  others  have  not  attended  to. 

Addison,  Spectat<u-.  No.  262. 

2.  To  be  present,  in  piu-suance  of  duty,  busi- 
ness, or  pleasure ;  especially,  act  as  an  atten- 
dant: absolutely,  or  with  on  or  upon,  or  at:  as, 
who  attends  heref  to  attend  upon  a  committee; 
to  attendat  such  a  church.  Ilence  —  3.  To  fix 
the  mind  in  worship:  with  on  or  lyioii. 
That  ye  may  attend  upon  the  Lord  without  distraction. 

1  Cor.  vii.  35. 

4.  To  be  consequent;  wait:  with  on  or  upon. 
It  is  good  that  a  certain  portion  of  disgrace  should  con- 
stantly attend  on  certain  bad  actions. 

Macaulay,  Moore's  Byron. 
5t.  To  stay;  wait;  delay. 

For  this  perfection  she  must  yet  atterui. 
Till  to  her  Maker  she  espoused  be. 

Sir,f.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul. 

attendt  (a-tend'),  II.    [<  attend,  r.]  Attendance. 
stars  have  made  your  fortunes  climb  so  high. 
To  give  attend  on  Rasni's  excellence. 
Greene  and  Lodye,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 

attendance  (a-ten'dans),  II.  [<  ME.  atten- 
daunce,  <  OF.  atendanee  =  Pr.  atendensa,  < 
ML.  attendentia,  <  L.  attendcn{t-).s,  ppr.  of  at- 
tendere :  see  attend  and  -uncc]  1.  The  act  of 
attending  or  attending  on.  («)  The  act  of  waiting 
on  or  serving ;  the  state  of  being  present  for  purposes  of 
duty,  business,  pleasure,  etc. ;  service  ;  ministry. 

No  man  gave  attendance  at  the  altar.  Heb.  ^ii.  1:J. 

Ijndamira,  a  lady  whose  .  .  .  constant  attendance  at 
church  three  times  "a  ilay  had  utterly  defeated  many  ma- 
licious attacks  upon  her  I'eputatiou. 

Fieldiny,  Joseph  Andrews. 

The  other,  after  many  yeai-s'  attendance  upon  the  duke, 
was  now  one  of  the  bed-chamber  to  the  prince. 

Clarendon. 
(M)  Attention ;  regard ;  careful  application  of  mind. 

Give  atteiviance  to  reading.  I  Tim.  iv.  13, 

(cf )  A  waiting  on,  as  in  expectation. 


attendance 

That  which  causfth  bittirrii'.ss  in  death  is  the  lant^iish- 
iHg  attfiutanrf  uiul  expectation  tluTuot  ere  it  come. 

tlooker. 

2.  The  body  of  persons  attending  for  any  pur- 
pose: as,  a  large  attendance  is  requested. 

The  attfiuiance  of  tlie  Tories  was  scanty,  as  no  impor- 
tant discussion  was  expected.     Macautay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xv. 

3t.  Attendants  collectively;  persons  waitingon 
Olio  t(i  rciiiior  him  service;  a  train;  a  retinue. 
-  To  dance  attendance.    .See  daiu-c. 
attendancyt  (a-ten'dan-si),  H.    1.  Attendance; 
a  train  or  retinue,     i^dhr. 

of  lionour  another  part  is  attctutancy ;  and  therefore, 
in  the  visions  of  the  glory  of  God.  angels  arc  spoken  of  a-s 
his  attendants.  .  .  .  It  slleweth  wliat  honour  is  fit  for  pre- 
lates, and  what  attendance/. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  \i\.  §  20  (Ord  JIS.). 

8.  Relation ;  relative  position. 

To  name  lands  by  the  attemlanc]i  they  have  to  other 
lands  more  notorious.      Bacon,  Maxims  of  tlie  Law,  xxiv. 

attendant  (a-ten'dant),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  atten- 
dant (=  It.  attendentc),  ppr.  of  attendre,  wait: 
see  attend  and  -ant^.'i  I.  a.  1.  Accompanying; 
being  present  or  in  attendance. 

Other  suns  perhaps. 
With  their  attendant  moons,  thou  wilt  descry. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  viii.  149. 

2.  AecompanjTng,  connected,  or  immediately 
following  as  consequential :  as,  intemperance, 
with  all  its  attendant  evils. 

Those  bodily  pains  and  sufferings  which  .  .  .  are  but 
too  frequently  attendant  upon  any  disorder  of  the  fancy. 
Barhaui,  Ingoldsl»y  Legends,  I.  1S3. 

3t.  In  law,  depending  on  or  connected  with 
something  or  some  person ;  owing  duty  or  ser- 
vice  Attendant  keys,  in  »i«*ic,  same  as  relative  keys. 

See  relative. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  attends  or  accompanies 
another,  in  any  character;  especially,  one  who 
belongs  to  a  train  or  retinue  ;  a  follower. 

Brave  attendants  near  him.    Sftak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 

The  Fxuies,  tliey  said,  are  attendants  on  justice,  and  if 
the  sun  in  heaven  should  transgress  his  path,  they  would 
punish  him.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

•2.  One  who  attends  on  or  waits  the  pleasure 
of  another,  as  a  suitor  or  the  like. 
To  give  an  attendant  quick  despatch  is  a  civility. 

T.  Burnet,  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

Specifically  —  3.  In  law,  one  who  owes  a  duty 
or  service  to,  or  depends  on,  another. —  4.  One 
who  is  present,  as  at  a  public  meeting,  for  any 
purpose. 

He  was  a  constant  attendant  at  all  meetings  relating  to 
charity.  Swi/t. 

5.  That  which  accompanies  or  is  consequent 
on  anj-thing. 

He  that  early  arriveth  unto  the  parts  and  prudence  of 
age,  is  happily  old  without  the  uncomfortable  attendants 
of  it.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Letter  to  a  Friend. 

An  extreme  jealousy  of  power  is  the  attendant  on  all 
popular  revolutions,  and  has  seldom  been  without  its 
evils.  A.  Hamilton,  Contiuentalist,  No.  1. 

Master  attendant,  an  officer  of  an  English  dockyard, 
generally  a  staff  commander,  whose  duty  it  is  to  inspect 
moorings,  move  and  secure  vessels,  care  for  ships  in  ordi- 
nary, and  generally  to  assist  the  superiutendent.  =Syn.  1. 
Associate,  escort,  retainer. —  5.  Accompaniment,  concomi- 
tant. 
attender  (a-ten'der),  «.  1.  One  who  attends 
or  gives  heed. 

Attending  to  conduct,  to  judgment,  makes  the  attender 
feel  that  it  is  joy  to  do  it. 

M.  Arnold,  Literature  and  Dogma,  i. 
2.  An  attendant;  a  companion. 
attendingly  (a-ten'ding-li),  adv.     With  atten- 
tion ;  attentively. 
attendmentt  (a"-tend'ment),   ».      [<  attend  + 
-ment.'i    An  accompanying  circumstance :  as, 
"uncomfortable   attendments  of  heU,"  Sir  T. 
BroKue,  Vulg.  Err.,  vii.  16. 
attendresst  (a-ten'dres),  n.    [<  attender  +  -ess.'] 
A  female  attendant.     Fuller. 
attentt  (a-tenf),  1'.   t.     [A  later  form  of  at- 
tempt, after  the  orig.  L.  attentare:  see  attempt.'] 
To  attempt.     Quarks. 
attentt  (a-tenf),  fl.  and  n.     [<  L.  attentus,  pp. 
of  «((f«((ere,  attend:  see  attend.]    I.  a.  Atten- 
tive; intent:  as,  " an  attent  eai,"  Shah.,  Ham- 
let, i.  2. 
Let  thine  ears  be  attent.  2  Chron.  vi.  40. 

Whylest  thus  he  talkt,  the  knight  with  greedy  eare 
Hong  still  upon  Ills  melting  mouth  attent. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  VI.  ix.  26. 

n.   n.    [<  ME.  attcnte,  atente,  <  OF.  atente, 

mod.  F.  attente  =  Pr.  atenta,  prop,  pp.,  <  L. 

attenta,  fern,  of  atlcntuti,  pp.  of  attendcre:  see 

attend.]     Attention. 

So  being  clad  imto  the  fields  he  went 
With  tlie  faire  Pastorella  every  day, 
And  kept  her  sheepe  with  dilligent  attent. 

Spenser,  *'.  (J.,  VI.  ix.  37. 


.372 

attentatet,  attentatt  (a-ten'tat,  -tat),  n.  [<  F. 
attentat,  crime,  <  ML.  attcntatum,  crime,  at- 
tempt, neut.  of  h.  attentatus,  pp.  of  attenta- 
re, attempt:  see  attempt.]  1.  A  criminal  at- 
tempt. 
AlTrighted  at  so  damnable  an  attentate. 

Time's  Storehouse,  p.  154  (Ord  5I.S.). 

2.  In  law :  (o)  A  jiroeeeding  in  a  court  of  ju- 
dicature after  an  inhibition  is  decreed,  (t)  A 
thing  done  after  an  extra-judicial  appeal,  (c) 
A  matter  improperly  innovated  or  attempted 
by  an  inferior  judge. 
attention  (a-teu'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  attcncioitn 
(F.  attention),  <.  L.  attentin{n-),  <  attendere,  pp. 
attentus,  attend,  give  heed  to  :  see  attend.]  1. 
Active  direction  of  the  mind  upon  an  object  of 
sense  or  of  thought,  gi%'ing  it  relative  or  abso- 
lute prominence :  it  may  be  either  voluntary  or 
involimtary. 

AMien  the  ideas  that  offer  themselves  are  taken  notice 
of,  and,  as  it  were,  registered  in  the  memory,  it  is  atten- 
tion. Locke,  Human  Understanding,  ii.  19. 

In  the  relation  of  events,  and  the  delineation  of  char- 
acters, tliey  have  paid  little  attention  to  facts,  to  the  cos- 
tume of  the  times  of  which  they  pretend  to  treat,  or  to 
the  general  principles  of  human  nature. 

Macaulay,  On  History. 

X  trained  pianist  >nU  play  a  new  piece  of  music  at 
sight,  and  perhaps  have  so  much  attention  to  spare  that 
he  can  talk  with  you  at  the  same  time. 

J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  308. 

2.  The  power  or  faculty  of  mental  concentra- 
tion. 

In  the  childhood  of  our  race  and  of  each  one  of  us,  the 
attention  was  called  forth  by  the  actions  upon  us  of  exter- 
nal natiu'e.  Mivart,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  IS. 

3.  Consideration;  obseiTant  care ;  notice:  as, 
your  letter  has  just  arrived,  and  will  receive 
early  attention. — 4.  Civility  or  courtesy,  or  an 
act  of  civility  or  courtesy:  as,  attention  to  a 
stranger;  in  "the  plural,  acts  of  courtesy  indi- 
cating regard:  as,  his  attentions  to  the  lady 
were  most  marked. —  5.  In  milit.  tactics,  a  cau- 
tionary word  used  as  a  preparative  to  a  com- 
mand to  execute  some  manoeuver:  as,  atten- 
tion, company !  right  face !  =  Syn.  1.  Notice,  heed, 
mindfulness,  observance;  study. — 4.  Politeness,  defer- 
ence. 

attentive  (a-ten'tiv),  a.  [<  F.  attentif,  <  L.  as 
i£  *attentirus,  <  attendere,  pp.  attentus,  attend: 
see  attend,  attent,  and -ire.]  1.  Characterized 
by  or  of  the  nature  of  attention ;  heedful ;  in- 
tent ;  observant ;  regarding  with  care ;  mindful : 
as,  an  attentire  ear  or  eye ;  an  attentive  listener ; 
an  attentive  act. 

Like  Cato.  give  his  little  senate  laws. 
And  sit  attentive  to  his  own  applause. 

Pope,  ProL  to  Satires,  1.  210. 
They  know  the  King  to  have  been  always  their  most  at- 
tentive scholar  and  imitator.    Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxiv. 

2.  Characterized  by  consideration  or  obser- 
vant care ;  assiduous  in  ministering  to  the  com- 
fort or  pleasure  of  others ;  poUte  ;  courteous  : 
as,  attentire  to  the  ladies. 

Herbert  proved  one  of  the  most  attentive  guards  on  the 
line.  G.  A.  Sola. 

=  Syn.  P.e;:ardful,  watchful,  circumspect,  wary,  careful, 
tbnu^'htful   alert. 

attentively  (a-ten'tiv-li),  adv.  [<  attentive  + 
-hfi;  ME.  attehtifly  (WycUf).]  In  an  attentive 
manner;  heedfuUy;  carefully;  with  fixed  at- 
tention. 

attentiveness  (a-teu'tiv-nes),  «.  The  state  of 
being  attentive ;  heedfulness ;  attention. 

attentlyt  (a-tent'li),  adv.  Attentively.  Barrow. 

attentort  (a-ten'tor),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  "attentor 
(cf.  ML.  atiensor,  an  observer),  <  attendere,  pp. 
attentus,  attend.]    A  listener. 

Let  ballad-rhymiers  tii-e  their  galled  wits. 
Scorns  to  their  patrons,  making  juiceless  mirth 
To  gross  attentors  by  their  hir^d  writs. 

Ford,  Fajue's  Memorial. 
attenuant  (a-ten'u-ant),  a.  and  «.  [=  F.  at- 
tenuant,  <  L.  attenuan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  attenuare, 
make  thin:  see  attenuate .]  I.  a.  Attenuating; 
making  thin,  as  fluids;  diluting;  rendering  less 
dense  and  \'iscid. 
Things  that  be  attenuant. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  642. 

n.  «.  A  medicine  which  increases  the  fluid- 
ity of  the  humors ;  a  diluent. 
attenuate  (a-ten'fi-at),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  atten- 
uated, ppr.  attenuating.  [<  L.  attenuatus,  pp. 
of  attenuare  (>  It.  attenuare  =  Pg.  attvnuar 
=  Sp.  Pr.  atenuar  =  F.  attenucr),  make  thin, 
weaken,  lessen,  <  ad,  to,  +  tcnuare,  make  thin, 
<  tenuis,  thin,  =  E.  thin,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  make  thin  or  slender;  reduce  in  thickness; 
wear  or  draw  down:  as,  an  attenuated  thread 
or  wire. 


atter 

He  pities  his  long,  clammy,  attenuated  flngers. 

Lamb,  The  Convalescent. 

2.  To  reduce  by  comminution  or  attrition; 
make  small  or  fine:  as,  extremely  attenuated 
particles  of  dust  or  flour. 

This  uninterrupted  motion  must  attenuate  and  wear 
away  the  hardest  rocks.  Ctiaptal  (trans.),  1791. 

3.  To  make  thin  or  rare;  reduce  in  density; 
increase  the  fluidity  or  rarity  of. 

'Hie  earliest  conception  of  a  soul  is  that  of  an  attenuated 
duplicate  of  the  body,  capable  of  detachment  from  the 
body,  yet  generally  resident  in  it. 

Tram.  Amer.  Phitot.  Ass.,  XV.  37. 

The  finer  part  belonging  to  the  juice  of  grapes,  being 
attenuated  and  subtilized,  waa  changed  into  an  ardent 
spirit.  Boyle. 

4.  To  lessen  in  complexity  or  intensity;  re- 
duce in  strength  or  energy ;  simplify ;  weaken : 
as,  the  attenuated  remedies  of  the  homeopa- 

thists. 

To  undersell  our  rivals  .  .  .  has  led  the  manufacturer 
to  attenuate  his  processes,  in  the  allotment  of  tasks,  to 
an  extreme  point.  Is.  Taylor. 

If  correctly  reported,  Pasteur  is  convinced  that  he  has 
discovered  means  l»y  which  the  %Trus  of  hytlrophobia  can 
be  attenuated,  and  that,  by  the  inoculation  of  the  attenu- 
ated virus,  individuals  may  be  rendered,  for  the  time  be- 
ing, insusceptible  to  the  disease.  Science,  VI.  399. 

5.  Figuratively,  to  weaken  or  reduce  in  force, 
effect,  or  value  ;  render  meager  or  jejune  ;  fine 
down. 

We  may  reject  and  reject  till  we  attenuate  history  into 
sapless  meagreness. 

Sir  F.  Palgrave,  Eng.  and  Normandy,  I.  533. 
Men  of  taste  are  so  often  attenuated  by  their  refine- 
ments, and  dwarfed  by  the  overgrown  accuracy  and  pol- 
ish of  their  attainments. 

Busttnell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  181. 

Mentschikof  tried  to  attenuate  the  extent  and  effect  of 

his  demands.  Einylake. 

6t.    To  lessen;    diminish:    said    of    number. 
Hoivell. 
H.  intrans.    1.  To  become  thin,  slender,  or 

fine  ;  diminish ;  lessen. 

The  attention  attenuates  as  its  sphere  contracts. 

Coleridge. 

2.  In  brewing  and  distilling,  to  undergo  the  pro- 
cess of  attenuation.  See  attenuation,  4. 
attenuate  (a-teu'u-St),  a.  [<  L.  attenuatus, 
pp.:  see  the  verb.]  1.  Slender;  thin. —  2.  In 
'but.,  tapering  gi-aduaUy  to  a  narrow  extremity. 
—  3.  Of  thin  consistency ;  dilute;  rarefied. 

Spirits  attenuate,  which  the  cold  doth  congeal  and  co- 
agulate. Bacon. 

A  series  of  captivating  bubbles,  each  more  airy  and 
evanescent,  eacii  more  attenuate  and  fantastic,  than  its 
glittering  brother.         H.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  345. 

attenuation  (a-ten-u-a'shon),  n.  [<  L.  attenu- 
atio{n-),<.  attenuare :  see  attenuate,  v.]  1.  The 
act  or  process  of  making  slender,  thin,  or  lean ; 
the  state  of  being  thin;  emaciation;  reduced 
thickness  or  proportions. 

Age  had  worn  to  the  extreme  of  attenuation  a  face  that 
must  always  have  ijeen  hard-featured. 

JR.  T.  Cooke,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  26. 

2.  The  act  of  making  fine  by  comminution  or 
attrition. 

The  action  of  the  air  facilitates  the  attenuation  of  these 
rocks.  Cttaptal  (trans.),  1791. 

3.  The  act  or  process  of  lessening  in  complex- 
ity or  intensity;  reduction  of  force,  strength, 
or  energy;  specifically,  in  homeopath;),  the 
reduction  of  the  active  principle  of  medicines 
to  minute  or  infinitesimal  doses. —  4.  The  act 
of  making  thin  or  thinner,  as  a  fluid,  or  the 
state  of  being  thin  or  thinned ;  diminution  of 
density  or  ^"iscidity :  as,  the  attenuation  of  the 
humors ;  specifically,  in  brewing  and  distilling, 
the  thinning  or  clarifying  of  saccharine  worts 
by  the  conversion  of  the  sugar  into  alcohol  and 
carbonic  acid. 

The  decrejise  in  density  [of  the  beer-worts]  is  called  at- 
tenuation. Thausing,  Beer  (trans.),  p.  707. 

atterH  (at'er),  n.  [<  ME.  atter,  <  AS.  dttor, 
attor,  more  correctly  dtor,  dtcr,  poison,  =  OS. 
etar,  ettar  =  D.  etter  =  OHG.  eitar,  eitter,  MHG. 
G.  citer,  poison,  pus,  =  Icel.  eitr  =  Sw.  etter  = 
Dan.  edder,  ecilder,  poison,  connected  with  OHG. 
MHG.  ei'j,  a  boil,  sore ;  cf.  Gr.  oMof,  olSfia,  a  tu- 
mor, swelling:  see  cedema.]  Poison;  venom; 
pus.     Holland. 

atter^t  (a-ter'),  r.  t.  [<  F.  atterrer.  <  ML.  atter- 
rare,  prostrate,  cast  down,  caiTV  earth  from 
one  i)laee  to  another,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  terra,  earth. 
Cf.  inter.]  To  place  upon  or  in  the  earth;  cast 
down  to  the  earth;  humble;  subdue.  Also 
written  attcrr. 

Atterrs  the  stubborn  and  attracts  the  prone. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas. 


atterate 
atteratet,  atterationt.    f'po  dttcrratc,  ntterra- 

tioii. 

attercop  (at'6r-kop),  n.  [=  So.  ettarmp ;  <  ME. 
attereoj),  altircoppe,  <  AS.  dtU'rcopjii:  (=  Diiii. 
edderkop),  a  spiiler,  <  dtiir,  poison  (.soc  altir^), 
+  ''coppe,  <  flip,  licad,  round  huiip,  or  i'ii]>p, 
a  cup:  see  cob^,  enhwi h,  ''"P^y  aiul  cnp.^  1.  A 
spider.  [Old  and  prov.  Eur.]  —  2.  Figura- 
tively, a  peevish,  testy,  ill-natured  person. 
[North.  Eng.  ] 

atterlyt  (at'er-li),  a.  [<  ME.  ittterlich,  <  AS.  dtor- 
lic  (=  OHG.  eiUirlih),  poisonous,  <  alar,  poison, 
+  -/«■;  see  «»<'/-l  aud -/(/I.]    I'oisonous;  attery. 

atterminal,  a.    Soo  adtcnuinal. 

atterrt,  v.  t.    See  niter^ 

atterratet,  atteratet  (at'e-rat),  v.  t.    [<  ML. 
uthrratus,  pp.  of  iilUrrure,  carry  earth  from 
one  place  to  another:  see  (itttr".'\     To  till  up 
with  earth,  especially  with  alluvium. 
Attcrati'd  tiy  lain!  lu-uii^^lit  down  Ity  fluixls. 

Hail,  Diss,  of  World,  v. 

atterrationt,  atterationt  (at-e-ra'shon),  n.  [< 
attcrratc,  atterate.}  The  process  of  tilling  up 
with  earth;  especially,  the  formation  of  land 
h\  aUu\ial  deposits.  _ 

atteryt,  attryt,  "•     [<  ME.  attri,  <  AS.  (ettrUj, 
ictriji,  poisonous  {=OHG.  eitariij),  <  wttor,  dtor, 
poison:  see  attcr^.]     Poisonous;  pernicious. 
Tlmn  Cometh  also  of  ire  attnj  anner. 

ClMxlcer,  Parson's  Talc 

attest  (a-tesf),  ii.  [=  F.  attcstcr,  OF.  atester 
=  Sp.  a'iestar=z  Pg.  atteatar  ■=  It.  attcstare,  <  L. 
attestari,  bear  mtness  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  testari, 
bear  witness,  <   testis,  a  witness:   see  tcstifj/.} 

1.  trans.  1.  To  bear  witness  to;  certify;  affirm 
to  be  true  or  genuine;  declare  the  truth  of  in 
words  or  writing ;  especially,  affirm  in  an  official 
capacity:  as,  to  attest  the  truth  of  a  writing; 
to  attest  a  copy  of  a  document. 

The  most  monstrons  faMcs  .  .  .  attested  with  the  ut- 
most solemnity.         Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  .\vi. 

This  sale  of  a  tract,  twelve  miles  square,  was  formally 
attested  at  Manhattan.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II.  44. 

2.  To  make  evident ;  vouch  for ;  give  proof  or 
evidence  of;  manifest. 

The  birds  their  notes  renew,  and  bleating  herds 
Attest  their  joy,  that  hill  and  valley  rings. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  ii.  495. 
The  rancor  of  the  disease  attests  the  strength  of  the  con- 
stitution. Kimrson,  Conduct  of  Life. 

3.  To  call  to  witness;  invoke  as  knowing  or 
conscious.     [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

The  sacred  streauis  wliich  heavens  imperial  state 
Attests  in  oaths,  and  fears  to  violate.  Vryden. 

4.  To  jmt  upon  oath;  swear  in. 

If  a  proposed  rccniit.  when  taken  before  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  .  .  .  should  change  his  mind,  he  is  dismissed  upon 
paying  a  fine  of  twenty  shillings,  popularly  called  smart 
money ;  but  if  he  does  not,  he  is  attested,  and  after  that, 
should  he  abscond,  he  is  considered  and  punished  as  a  de- 
serter. A.  Fonhlanqtie,  Jr. 
Attesting  witness,  a  person  who  signs  his  name  to  an 
instrument  to  prove  it,  and  for  the  i)nr]iose  of  identifying 
tile  maker  or  makers.  =Syn.  1.  To  eontlrra,  eorroliorate, 
sujiport.  authenticate,  pr«jve. 

II,  intrans.  To  bear  witness;  make  an  at- 
testation :  with  to  :  as,  to  attest  to  a  statement 
or  a  document, 
attest  (a-tesf),  ».  [<  att4;st,  v.]  Witness;  tes- 
timony; attestation.  (Now  chielly  used  at  the  end 
of  a  doVunient,  as  intniductory  to  the  name  of  one  au- 
thentieatmg  it  by  bis  signature.] 

There  is  a  credence  in  my  heart. 

An  esperance  so  obstinately  strong. 

That  doth  invert  the  attest  of  eyes  and  ears. 

Sliak.,1.  andC,  v.  2, 

attestation  (at-es-ta'shon),  n.  [<  P.  attesta- 
tion, <  LL.  attestatio(n-),  <  L.  attestari,  pp.  at- 
testatus:  see  attest,  ('.]  1.  The  act  of  attest- 
ing; a  declaration,  verbal  or  written,  in  sup- 
port of  a  fact;  evidence;  testimony. 

The  applause  of  the  crowd  makes  the  head  giddy,  but 

the  attestation  of  a  reasonable  nnin  makes  the  heart  glad. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  1S8. 

I  would  not  willingly  spare  the  attestatioti  which  they 

took  pleiisure  in  rendering  to  each  other's  characters. 

Everett,  Orations,  1. 146. 

2.  The  administration  of  an  oath,  as  to  a  mili- 
tary recruit.  See  attest,  4. -Attestation  clause, 
a  clause  usually  appended  to  wills,  after  the  signature  of 
the  testator  and  liefi>re  that  of  the  witnesses,  reciting  the 
due  iiurtormance  of  the  formalities  reipiired  by  the  law. 

attestative  (a-tes'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  attesttttus, 
pp.  of  attestari  (see  attest,  t\),  +  -I'l'e.]  Of  the 
nafm-e  of  attestation;  corroborative:  as,  n(fc'S- 
tatire  evidence. 

attestator  (at'es-ta-tpr),  n.  [=  It.  attestatorc, 
<  L.  as  if  "attestator,  'i  attestarc,  pp.  attcstatus: 
sec  attest,  r.}     An  attester. 

attester,  attestor  (a-tes'ter,  -tor),  « 


373 

attesti've  (a-tes'tiv),  a.  [<  attest  +  -ire.]  (iiv- 
inj,' attestation;  attesting.     [Rare.] 

attestor,  «.     See  attester. 

Atthis  (at'this),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Wrftir,  Attic,  At- 
tica.]    A  genus  of  diminutive  humming-birds, 


Attic  lluniming-bird  {Atthis  heteisir). 

having  the  metallic  scales  of  the  throat  pro- 
longed into  a  ruff,  as  in  J.  hetnisce,  the  Attic 
hmumiug-bird  of  the  southwestern  United 
States. 
Attici  (at'ik),  a.  and n.  [=  F.  Attie/uc  =  Sp.  Aii- 
co  =  Pg.  It.  Attico,  <  L.  Atticiis,  <  Gr.  'Attik6i 


attire 

atticet,  ''•  '■  [Early  mod.  E.  also  atUse,  <  ME. 
aliscn,  utysen,  <  OF.  atisicr,  aticier,  atiser,  mod. 
F.  attiser  =  Pr.  Sp.  atizar  =  Pg.  ati^ar  =  It. 
atti;care,  <  L.  as  if  'attitiare,  stir  the  fire,  <  ad, 
to,  -t-  titiii{n-),  a  firebrand;  cf.  ML.  titionari  = 
F.  lisonner.  stir  the  (ire.  Cf.  entice.]  To  insti- 
gate ;  alluie;  entice. 

atticementt,  «•  Instigation;  enticement.  Car- 
ton. 

Atticise,  r.     See  Attici::e. 

Atticism  (at'i-sizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  'ATTCKia/i6(,  a  sid- 
ing with  Athi'ns,  Attic  style,  <  'AruKiCeiv,  At- 
ficize:  see  .Ittiei-e.]  1.  A  peculiarity  of  style 
or  idiom  belonging  to  the  Greek  language  as 
used  by  the  Athenians ;  Attic  elegance  of  dic- 
tion ;  concise  and  elegant  expression. 

They  thought  themselves  gallant  men  and  I  thought 
them  fools,  they  nimle  sport,  and  I  laugnt,  they  mispro- 
nounc't  and  I  mislik't,  atui  to  make  up  the  attidsme,  they 
were  out,  and  I  hist.    .Villon,  Apology  for  Smectymimus. 

An  elegant  adiciifiH  which  occurs  Luke  xiii.  9 :  "  If  it  bear 
fruit,  well."     Abp.  .VtMrom.',  F.ng.  iiiblical  Trans.,  p.  '279. 

2.  A  siding  with,  or  favoring  the  cause  of,  the 
Athenians. 

i'ut  to  deatli  by  I'ajdaritns  for  atticism. 

liublxn,  It.  of  Thucydides,  viii.  38. 

Atticist  (at'i-sist),  «.     One  who  affects  Attic 

style. 


Attic,  Athenian,  <  '.Kttik,'/,  Attica,  a  province  of  Attlcize  (at^i-siz)^  v.  ^  pret.  and  pp.^  Atticized, 

Greece ;  supposed  by  some  to  stand  for  *a/i:T«;/,  ...■  ^ r      t       .,< 

fem.  adj.  equiv.  to  aa-aia,  on  the  coast,  <  anTi/, 
coast,  prop,  headland,  promontory;  '/Urz/is  the 
ancient  name  of  the  headland  of  the  Pira5us. 
According  to  others,  Wttikii  stands  for  "'Aot«//, 
<  aarv,  city:  see  asteism.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Attica,  or  to  the  city  or  state  of  Athens;  Athe- 
nian ;  marked  by  such  qualities  as  were  char- 
acteristic of  the  Athenians Attic  base,  in  arch 


ppr.  Attieizinij.  [=  Lf  .ittieissare,  <  Gr.  'Atti- 
KtCetv,  side  -with  the  .\thenians,  speak  Attic, 
<  'Attik6c,  Attic,  Athenian:  see  Attie'^.]  I.  in- 
trans. 1.  To  use  Atticisms  or  idioms  peculiar 
to  Attic  Greek. —  2.  To  favor  or  side  with  the 
Athenians.     Dean  Smith. 

II,  trans.  To  make  conformable  to  the  lan- 
guage or  idiom  of  Attica. 

Also  spelled  Attiei.se. 


an  upper  torus,  a  scotia,  and  a  lower  torus,  sejiarated  by 
fillets.  Sec  cut  under  («.«<•.— Attic  dialect,  the  dial.ct  of 
Greek  used  by  the  ancient  Athenians,  and  regarded  its  the 
st-lndiu'd  of  the  language.  It  w.os  a  subdivision  of  the 
Ionic,  but  is  often  spoken  of  as  a  coordinate  dialect ; 
it  is  distinguished  from  the  Ionic  by  a  more  frequent 
retention  <if  an  original  a  (a)  soun<l,  and  by  its  avoid- 
ance of  Inatus,  especially  through  contraction.  Its  chief 
literature  belongs  to  the  fifth  and  fourth  centuries  B.  c. 
As  written  diu-ing  the  greater  part  of  the  former  cen- 
tury, it  is  known  as  old  Attic;  in  its  transition  to  the 
next  century,  as  middle  Attic ;  and  during  the  greater  part 
of  the  fourtli  century,  as  ncio  Attic.  It  passed  after  this 
into  the  Koine  or  common  dialect,  the  general  Greek  of 
the  Alexanilrine  and  Roman  periods,  departing  more  or 
less  from  its  former  classic  standard.— Attic  faith,  invii>- 
lable  faith.— Attic  hummer,  a  Imnmnng-bird  of  the  ge- 
mis  .l"/o'.<.— Attic  salt,  wit  of  adry,  delicate,  and  retl»ied 
qiialitv.  -Attic  school,  in  ai-t.  See  Hellenic  art,  under 
II.  Ill  ii!c.  —  A\X\C  style,  a  pure,  chaste,  and  elegant  style. 
II.  II.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Attica, 
the  ten-itory  of  the  ancient  Athenian  state, 
now  an  eparchy  of  the  kingdom  of  Greece  ;  an 
Athenian.— 2.  The  Attic  dialect;  Attic  Greek, 
attic-  (at'ik),  «.  [=  F.  attieiue  =  Sp.  dtico  = 
Pg.  It.  attico,  an  attic,  <  L.  Aniens,  Attic:  see 


attests  or  votiches  for.      [.tttestor  is  the  com- 
mon form  in  legal  phraseology.] 


a  base  used  properly  with  the  Ionic  ..riler,  cm'sisting  of  attld  (at'id),  n.    A  jumping-spider;  a  member 

of  the  family  .1 »/(/«'. 

Attidae  (at'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Attu.s  +  -idn-.] 
A  family  of  saltigrade  dipneimionous  araneids 
with  a  short  body,  flattened  eephalothorax,  and 
eyes  usually  in  three  transverse  rows;  the 
juinpiug-spiders.  Their  chief  chaiactcriBtic  is  that  the 
median  f<.ri'most  pair  of  eyes  arc  much  larger  and  the 
llindmost  pair  smaller  than  the  others.  They  spin  no 
webs,  but  capture  their  prey  by  leaping  upon  it.  The 
species  are  very  numerous. 

Attidian  (a-tid'i-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  ancient  town  of  .\ftidium  in  Umbria — At- 
tidian Brethren,  a  corporation  of  twelve  priests  in 
ancient  rml)ria.  who  had  authority  over  a  considemble 
region,  and  who  are  known  only  from  the  Eugul)iiie  tables, 
the  I'mlirian  inscriptions  on  which  are  records  of  their 
arts.     .See  Eugnlnnc. 

attigUOUSt  (a-tig'u-us),  a.  [<  L.  attigutis, 
touching,  contiguous,  <  attiijere,  older  form  of 
attingcre,tovn-'\i:  seeattinge,  andei. contigiimts.] 
Near;  adjoining;  contiguous. 

attiguousnesst  (a-tig'u-us-ncs),  n.  The  quali- 
ty or  state  of  being  attiguous.     Bailey. 

attiha-wmeg  (at-i-ha'meg),  n.  [Amer.  Ind.] 
A  kind  of  whitefish,  of  the  genus  Coregonus 
and  family  Salinonida;  abundant  in  the  great 
lakes  of  North  America,  and  a  delicious  food- 
fish. 

Attila  (at'i-lii),  n.  [NT^.,  named  from  Attila, 
king  of  the  Huns.]  In  ornith.,  a  genus  of 
South  American  t>Tant  flycatchers,  family 
Tyrannida;  sometimes  giving  name  to  a  sub- 
family Attilina:  A.  eincrca  is  the  type,  and 
about  12  other  species  are  included  in  the 
genus. 

attinget  (a-tinj').  r.  t.  [<  L.  aitingere,  older 
form  attigere,  touch,  border  upon,  be  near,  <  ad, 
to,  +  tangere,  touch :  see  tangent.]  To  touch; 
come  in  contact  with;  hence,  affect;  influence. 

attire  (a-tir'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  attired,  ppr. 
attiring.     [Also  by  apheresis  tire  (see  tirt^); 

<  ME.  «((■)•(•«,  atijren,  <  OF.  atirer,  earlier rt finer 
(=  Pr.  atieirar),  put  in  order,  arrange,  dress; 

<  a  tire  (=  Pr.  a  tieira),  in  order,  in  a  row:  a 
(<  L.  ad),  to ;  tire,  tiere  (=  Pr.  tieira,  tiera  =  It. 
tiera),  order,  row,  file,  dress:  see  tier^.]  To 
dress  ;  clothe ;  array ;  adorn. 

With  the  Uuen  mitre  shall  he  [Aaron]  be  attired. 

Lev.-x\i.  4. 
His  slioulders  large  a  matitle  did  attire. 
With  rubies  tliick,  and  sparkling  as  the  fire. 

Dryden,  I'al.  and  Arc.,  1.  1S46. 

Tile  woman  who  attired  her  head. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

attire  (a-tir'),  n.  [Also  by  apheresis  tire  (see 
tire*,  «'.');  <  ME.  atire,  atir,  atyr,  dress,  equip- 
ment;   from  the  verb.]     1.    Dress;   clothes; 

garb;  apparel. 

Earth  in  her  rich  a<(inr 
Consummate  lovely  smiled. 

Miltvn,  P.  L.,  vii.  501. 


Attic  of  St.  Peter's.  Rome. 
A.  attic  of  tlic  main  edifice ;  B,  attic  of  tlie  dome. 

J«/fl,  and  extract  below.]  1.  In  orc/i.,  a  low 
story  surmounting  an  entablature  or  the  main 
cornice  of  a  building.     Also  called  attic  story. 

Tlie  term  [attic]  appears  to  have  been  introduced  by  the 
architects  of  the  seventeenth  century',  witli  the  inUntion 
of  conveying  [falsely)  the  idea  that  the  feature  to  which 
it  alluded  was  constructed  or  designed  in  the  Athenian 
manner.  Amisley,  Diet,  of  .Architecture. 

2.  A  room  in  the  uppermost  part  of  a  house, 
immediately  beneath  the  roof  or  leads ;  a  garret. 
They  stare  not  on  the  stars  from  out  their  attics. 

Byron,  Beppo,  st.  78. 
Attic  order,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  small  pillars  or 
pllastiis  decorating  tlie  exterior  of  .an  attic. 
One  who  Atticalt  (at'i-kal),  a.     [<  Attic}  +  -al.]     Per- 


taining to  Attica  or  Athens ;  Attic ;  pure ;  clas- 
sical.    Hammond. 


attire 

2t.  A  dress  or  costume :  an  article  of  apparel, 
show  me,  my  women,  like  a  queen; — go  fetch 
My  best  attiren.  Shak.,  A.  iind  ('..  v.  2. 

3.  jil.  In  her.,  the  horiis  of  a  hart,  when  used 
as  a  bearing. —  4t.  In  hot.,  the  stamens  collec- 
tively. 

Grew  »peaks  of  the  at/i'rc,  or  the  stamens,  as  being  the 
male  parts.  Enc;/c.  Brit.,  IV.  82. 

=  Syn.  1.   Kainient.  array,  costume,  suit,  toilet,  wardrul.c. 

attired  (a-tird'),  }k  a.  In  licr.,  having  hcirns: 
thus,  "a  hart  gules  attired  or"  means  a  rod  stag 
having  horus  of  gold:  used  only  of  the  hart  and 
buck.     See  iirmcd,  3. 

attirement  (a-tir'ment),  «.  [<  attire  +  -nieiil.'i 
Dnss;  apparel;  attire.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

attirer  (a-tir'i-r),  «.  One  who  dresses  or  adorns 
with  attire. 

attirewoman  (a-tir'wum"an),  n. ;  pi.  attirewo- 
iiitii  (-wim'en).     Same  as  tirewoman. 

attiring  (a-tir'ing),  ».  1.  The  act  of  dressing 
or  deekiug. — 2t.  Attire;  dress;  array. 

Each  tree  in  his  best  attirinfj. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Astrophel  and  Stella. 

Speeitieally — 3t.  A  head-dress.  Huloet. — 4. 
The  attires  of  a  stag, 
attitlet,  f-  t-  [<  ME.  attitlen,  <  OF.  atiteUr, 
later  utitrer,  mod.  F.  attitrer,  <  LL.  attitulare, 
name,  entitle,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -f  LL.  tituJare,  give 
a  title,  <  L.  tituliis,  title:  see  title.  C'f.  entitle.} 
To  name  ;  name  after.  Gower. 
attitude  (at'i-tud),  «.  [<  F.  attitude,  <  It.  attitu- 
diiic,  attitude,  aptness,  <  ML.  aptitudo  (apti- 
tiidin-),  aptitude:  see  aptitude.']  1.  Posture 
or  position  of  the  body,  or  the  manner  in  which 
its  parts  are  disposed ;  especially,  a  posture  or 
position  as  indicating  emotion,  purpose,  etc., 
or  as  appropriate  to  the  performance  of  some 
act. 

The  demon  sits  on  his  furious  horse  as  heedlessly  as  if 
he  were  reposing  on  a  chair.  .  .  .  The  attitude  of  Faust, 
on  the  contrary,  is  the  perfection  of  hoi-semanship. 

Macautay,  Dryden. 
There  sat  my  lords. 
Here  sit  they  now,  so  may  they  ever  sit 
In  easier  attitude  than  suits  my  haunch ! 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  237. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  condition  of  things  or  rela- 
tion of  persons  viewed  as  the  expression  of,  or 
as  affecting,  feeling,  opinion,  intentions,  etc. 

England,  though  she  occasionally  took  a  menacing  alti- 
tude, remained  inactive.  Maeautaij,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

If  we  were  to  estimate  the  attitude  of  ecclesiastics  to 
sovereigns  by  the  language  of  Eusebius,  we  should  sup- 
pose that  they  ascribed  to  them  a  direct  Divine  inspiration, 
end  exalted  the  Imperial  dignity  to  an  extent  that  was 
before  unknown.  Leetcy,  Europ.  Jlorals,  II.  277. 

To  strike  an  attitude,  to  assume  an  emotional  posture 

or  pose  in  a  theatrical  manner,  and  not  as  the  instinctive 

or  natural   expression  of  feeling.  =Syil.  Position,  Pone, 

etc.    .See  posture. 
attitudinal  (at-i-tti'di-nal),  a.     [<  attitude  (It. 

(ittitudiiit)  +  -a?.]     Pertaining  or  relating  to 

attitude. 
attitudinarian  (at''i-tu-di-na'ri-an),  n.    [<  atti- 

tuile  (It.  attitudine)  +  -arian.}    dne  who  studies 

or  practises  attitudes. 
Atlitudinartana   and   face-makers;    these    accompany 

every  word  with  a  peculiar  grimace  and  gesture.    Cuwper. 

attitudinarianism  (at"i-tii-di-na'ri-an-ism),  «. 

The  use  of  affected  attitudes;   insincerity  of 

expression. 
attitudinise,  attitudiniser.    See  attitudinize, 

nttit)tilini::er. 
attitudinize  (at-i-tii'di-niz),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
attitudinized,  ppr.  attitudinizing.    [<  attitude  {It. 
attitudine)  +  -L-e.]    1.  To  pose;  strike  or  prac- 
tise attitudes. 

Maria,  who  is  the  most  picturesque  figure,  was  put  to 
attitudinize  at  the  harp.  Mrs.  II.  More,  Coelebs,  ix. 

2.  To  be  affected  in  deportment  or  speech. 
.Also  spelled  attitudini.ie. 

attltudinizer  (at-i-tu'di-ni-zer),  n.  One  who 
poses,  or  strikes  attitudes.  -Also  spelled  atti- 
tudin  iser. 

attle^  (at'l),  H.  [Also  wi-itten  atttd.  addle,  adall; 
origin  uncertain  ;  perhaps  the  same  as  addle^, 
filth,  mud,  mire:  see  arffftl.]  Dirt;  tilth;' 
rubbish;  specifically,  the  refuse  or  worthless 
rock  which  remains  after  the  ore  has  been  se- 
lected from  the  material  obtained  by  mining: 
a  term  originally  Coniish,  but  extensively  used 
in  otlier  mining  regions  in  both  England  and 
America. 

attle'-'t  (at'l),  r.     An  obsolete  form  of  ettk-t-. 

attole  (a-to'la),  n.  [Mex.]  The  Mexican  name 
of  a  favorite  dish  prepared  from  wheat,  maize, 
and  various  other  nutritious  seeds,  which  are 
parched  and  finely  jiowdered,  and  then  made 
into  a  gruel  with  boiling  water. 


374 

attollens  (a-tol'enz),  ppr.  used  as  «.;  pi.  attol- 

/(■«to  (at-o-len'tez).  [NL.,<  h.  attollens,  ppr. : 
see  attolhnt.J  In  iimit.,  an  attollent  muscle;  a 
levator.  —  Attollens  aurem,  a  mu-scle  which  raises  the 
ear,  or  tends  to  do  so.  — Attollens  ocull,  an  old  name  of 
the  superior  rectus  muscle  of  the  eyi-l)all. 
attollent(a-torent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  attoHen{t-)s, 
p])r.  of  attiiUere,  lift  up,  raise,  <  ad,  to,  +  tol- 
li  re,  lift,  related  to  Uilerare,  bear:  see  tolerate.'] 

1.  ((.  Lifting  up;  raising:  as,  an  a(to?/eH(  muscle. 
II.  ".  A  inuscle  which  raises  some  part,  as 

till'  car:  a  levator;  an  attollens. 
attollentes,  ".     Plural  of  attollens. 
attonable,  ".     See  alonahle. 
attonet,  adr.     See  atime. 
attorn  la-tem'),  V.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  atturn  ; 

<  OF.  attorner,  atorner,  aturner,  atourner  (>  ML. 
atiornare),  transfer  into  the  power  of  another, 

<  a  (<  L.  «<7),  to,  -I-  tourner,  turner,  turn:  see 
turn.  Cf.  attorney.]  I.  tran.\:  1.  To  turn  over 
to  another;  transfer;  assign. — 2.  In  old  Eng. 
law,  to  turn  or  transfer,  as  homage  or  service, 
to  a  new  possessor,  and  accept  tenancy  under 
him. 

II.  intrans.  1.  In /eurfan«ic,  to  turn  or  trans- 
fer homage  and  seirice  from  one  lord  to  another. 
This  was  the  act  of  feudatories,  vassals,  or  tenants  upon 
the  alienation  of  the  estate. 

2.  In  modern  laif,  to  acknowledge  being  the 
tenant  of  one  who  was  not  the  landlord  origi- 
nally, but  claims  to  have  become  such. 

attorney!  (a-ter'ni),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
atturneij,  atturny ;  <  ME.  atturny,  attourney, 
aturneye,  uturne,  <  OF.  atornc,  attorne  (ML.  at- 
tornatus),  pp.  of  atorner,  aturner,  transfer  into 
the  power  of  another:  see  attorn.]  1.  One 
who  is  appointed  by  another  to  act  in  his  place 
or  stead ;  a  proxj-. 

I  will  attend  my  husband,  be  his  nurse. 
Diet  his  sickness,  for  it  is  my  ottice, 
Aud  will  have  no  attorney  but  myself. 

SiMk.,  C.  of  E.,  V.  1. 

Specifically — 2.  In  law,  one  who  is  appointed 
or  admitted  in  the  place  of  another  to  transact 
any  business  for  him.  An  attorney  in  fact,  sometimes 
called  a  pi'ivate  attorney,  is  an  attorney  authorized  to  make 
contracts  and  do  other  acts  for  his  principal,  out  of  court. 
For  this  piu'pose  a  written  authority  is  usual,  but  verbal 
authority  is  in  general  suiUcient.  For  the  performance 
of  some  acts,  however,  as  conveyance  of  land,  transfer  of 
slock,  etc.,  a  formal  power  of  attorney  is  necessary.  An 
attorney  at  law,  sometimes  called  a  public  attorney,  is  a 
person  qualitied  to  appear  for  another  before  a  court  of 
law  to  prosecute  or  defend  an  action  on  behalf  of  such  other. 
The  term  was  formerly  applied  especially  to  those  practis- 
ing before  the  supreme  courts  of  conmion  law,  those  prac- 
tising in  chancery  being  called  mlicitors.  Under  the  pres- 
ent English  system,  all  persons  practising  before  the  su- 
preme couits  at  Westminster  are  called  solicitors.  In 
England  attorneys  or  solicitors  do  not  argue  in  court  in 
behalf  of  their  clients,  this  being  the  part  of  the  barristers 
or  counsel ;  their  special  functions  may  be  defined  to  be  : 
to  institute  actions  on  behalf  of  their  clients  and  take 
necessary  steps  for  defending  them ;  to  fimiish  counsel 
with  the  necessary  materials  to  enaljle  them  to  get  up 
their  pleadings ;  to  practise  conveyancing ;  to  prepare  legal 
deeds  and  instruments  of  all  kinds ;  and  generally  to  ad- 
vise with  and  act  for  their  clients  in  all  matters  connected 
with  law.  An  attorney,  whether  private  or  public,  may 
have  general  powers  to  act  for  another,  or  his  power  may 
be  special,  and  limited  to  a  particular  act  or  acts.  In  the 
United  States  the  term  barrO^ter  is  not  used,  the  designa- 
tion of  a  fully  qualified  lawyer  being  attorney  and  coun- 
selor at  law.  Wben  employed  simply  Ut  present  a  cause 
in  court,  an  attorney  is  termed  counsel.  In  Scotland 
there  is  no  class  of  practitioners  of  the  law  who  take  the 
name  of  attor/icys.     See  advocate,  1. 

3.  The  general  super\'isor  or  manager  of  a 
plantation.  [British  West  Indies.]  —District  at- 
torney. See  district.  — Scotch  attorneys,  a  name  given 
in  Jamaica  to  species  of  Clu.9ia,  woody  vines  which  twine 
about  the  trunks  of  trees  and  strangle  them. 

attomeylf  (a-ter'ni),  r.  ^  l<  attorney^,  n.]  1. 
To  perform  by  proxy. 

Their  encounters,  though  not  personal,  have  been  royally 
attorneyed.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  1. 

2.  To  employ  as  a  proxy. 

I  am  still 
Attorneyed  at  your  service. 

Sliak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

attorney-  (a-ter'ni),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
(ilturney.  <  ME.  atorne,  <  OF.  attornee,  atournee, 
prop.  fem.  pp.  (ML.  'attornata)  of  atourner, 
attorn:  see  attorn,  and  cf.  atturney'^^.]  The 
appointment  of  another  to  act  in  one's  stead; 
the  act  of  naming  an  attorney :  now  used  only 
in  the  following  phrase.  Letter,  warrant,  or 
power  of  attorney,  an  instrument  by  whidi  one  per- 
son authorizes  another  to  do  some  act  or  acts  for  him, 
as  to  execute  a  deed,  to  collect  rents  or  debts,  to  sell 
estates,  etc. 

attorney-general  (a-t^r'ni-jen'e-ral),  n. ;  pi. 
attorneys-general.  [<  attorney^  4-  general,  a.] 
1.  The  first  ministerial  law-officer  of  a  state. 
He  has  general  powers  tti  act  in  all  legal  proceedings  in 
which  the  state  is  a  party,  and  Is  regarded  as  the  official 
legal  adviser  of  the  executive.     In  England  the  attorney- 


attraction 

general  is  specially  a|>pointeil  by  letters  patent.  In  the 
I'nited  States  he  i.-i  a  nieniberof  the  cabinet  ap|Hiinted  by 
the  President,  ha.s  the  general  management  of  the  depart- 
ments of  justice  throughout  the  country,  advises  the  Pres- 
ident and  departments  on  questions  of  law,  and  appears 
for  the  government  in  the  Supreme  Court  and  Court  of 
Claims.  The  individual  States  of  the  Union  also  have 
their  attorneys-general.     See  de.fmrtntrnt. 

2.  In  England,  the  title  of  the  king's  (or  queen's) 
attorney  in  the  duchies  of  Lancaster  and  Corn- 
wall and  the  county  palatine  of  Durham.  ^V. 
E.  I). — 3.  Formerly,  an  attorney  having  gen- 
eral authority  from  his  j)rincipal. 

attorney-generaIsliip(a-ter'ui-jen''e-ral-ship), 

«.  [<  attiirney-gem  nd  +  -ship.]  Tte  office  of 
or  term  of  service  as  attorney-general. 
attomeylsm  (a-ter'ni-izm),  )i.  [<  attorney^  + 
-ism.]  The  practices  of  attorneys;  the  unscru- 
pulous practices  frequently  attributed  to  attor- 
neys or  lawyers.     Carlyle. 

attorneyship  (a-ter'ni-ship).  n.  [<  attorney'^  + 
-ship.]  The  office  of  an  attorney,  or  the  period 
during  which  the  office  is  held;  agency  for 
another. 

Marriage  is  a  matter  of  more  worth 
Than  to  be  dealt  in  by  attorneyship. 

A7iaA:.,"lHcn.  VI.,  v.  .1. 

attornment  (a-tem'ment),  H.  [<  OF.  atiorne- 
ment  (ilh.  attornameni'um),  <  attorner:  see  at- 
torn and  -ment.]  In  old  Eng.  iaic.  the  act  of 
a  feudatory,  vassal,  or  tenant,  by  which  he  con- 
sented, upon  the  alienation  of  an  estate,  to  re- 
ceive a  new  lord  or  superior,  and  transferred 
to  him  his  homage  and  service  ;  the  agreement 
of  a  tenant  to  acknowledge  as  his  landlord  one 
who  was  not  originally  such,  but  claimed  to 
have  become  such. 

The  necessity  for  attornment  was  done  away  with  by 
4  Anne,  c.  16.     Dipii.u,  Real  Prop.,  v.  §  3,  227.    (X.  E.  D.) 

attourl,  prep,  and  adv.     See  atour^. 

attour^t,  atoUT't,  »■  [ME.,  also  aturn.  <  OF. 
atour,  older  form  atourn,  aturn,  dress,  attire,  < 
atourner,  atorner,  turn,  prepare,  same  as  atorner, 
attorn:  see  attorn.]  Attire;  dress;  specifi- 
cally, head-dress:  as.  "her  rich  attuur,"  Bom. 
of  the  Rose,  1.  3718. 

attract  (a-trakf),  v.  [<  L.  attractu,^,  pp.  of 
attrahere,  draw  to,  attract,  <  ad.  to,  +  trahere, 
draw:  see  tract''-.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  draw  in, 
to,  or  toward  by  direct  mechanical  agency  or 
action  of  any  kind. —  2.  To  draw  to  or  toward 
(itself)  by  inherent  physical  force ;  cause  to 
gravitate  toward  or  cohere  with. 
,  It  is  a  universal  physical  law  that  every  particle  of  the 
universe  attracts  every  other  particle  with  a  certain  force. 
W.  L.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  Xature,  p.  21. 

3.  To  draw  by  other  than  physical  influence ; 
invite  or  allure ;  win :  as,  too  ttraet  attention ; 
to  attract  admirers. 

Adorn'd 
She  was  indeed,  and  lovely,  to  attract 
Thy  love.  Milton,  V.  L,  k.  152. 

At  sea,  everything  that  breaks  the  monotony  of  the  sur- 
rounding expanse  attracts  attention. 

Irciny,  Sketch-Book,  p.  19. 
=  Sjni.  3.  To  entice,  fascinate,  charm. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  possess  or  exert  the  power 
of  attraction  :  as,  it  is  a  property  of  matter  to 
attract. —  2.  Figtu'atively,  to  be  attractive  or 
winning:  as.  his  manners  are  calculated  to  at- 
tract. 
attractt  (a-trakf),  n.  [<  attract,  r.]  Attrac- 
tion ;  in  plural,  attractive  qualities  ;  charms. 

What  magical  attracts  and  graces  '. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras.  III.  i.  1037. 
attractability  (a-trak-ta-bil'i-ti),  H.    l<  attract- 
able :    see   -hility.]      The  quality   of  being  at- 
tractable, or  of  being  subject  to  the  law  of  at- 
traction. 

Thou  wilt  not  find  a  corpuscle  destitute  of  that  natural 
attraetabilily.      .Sir  W.  Jones.  Asiatic  Researches,  IV.  17S. 

attractable  (a-trak'ta-bl),  a.  [<  attract  + 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  attracted;  subject  to 
attraction. 

attracter  (a-trak'ter).  H.  One  who  or  that 
which  attracts.     Also  spelled  attractor. 

attractict,  attracticalt  (a-trak'tik,  -ti-kal),  «. 
[<  attract  +  -ic,  -icat.]  Having  power  to  at- 
tract; attractive. 

Some  stones  are  endued  with  an  electrical  or  attracticat 
virtue.  Ray,  Works  of  Creation  (1714).  p.  93. 

attractile  (a-trak'til),  a.  [<  attract  +  -He.] 
Having  the  power  to  attract;  attractive. 

attractingly  (a-trak'ting-li),  adr.  By  way  of 
attraction  ;  so  as  to  attract. 

attraction  (a-trak'shou),  H.  [=  F.  attrac- 
tion, <  L.  aitractio{n-),  <.  attrahere.  attract: 
see  attract.]  1.  The  act,  power,  or  property 
of  attracting.  Specifically —  (n)  In  ;i*i«.,  the  force 
through  which  particles  of  matter  are  attracteil  or  drawn 
toward  one  another ;  a  component  acceleration  of  particles 


attraction 

toward  one  uiiotluT,  act_<»i'iiifj:  Ut  thi-irdistiuice.  Such  at- 
traction is  a  iiiutiml  aitiiHi  vihich  in  t^oiiie  form  all  liudie-s, 
whetlit'i'  ut  I't-st  or  in  iiiotion,  exert  upon  oik*  aiiuther.  Tlif 
attractive  force  witli  which  the  ut^nns  uf  ititfeieiit  bodicH 
in  certain  cases  tenii  to  nnite,  so  as  to  form  a  new  hody  (n- 
ixidiee,  is  called  rlinniral  njlinity;  that  which  liinds  t<> 
Kcther  the  molecules  <»f  the  same  body  is  called  mfu-niim  , 
those  of  different  bodies,  nd/icifion.  (.'onnected  with  the 
liist-nanu-il  forces  is  cajjUlanj  attractioti,hy\\\\\c\\  liijuiils 
tend  to  rise  in  fine  tubes  or  small  intei*8tice8  of  porous 
bodies.  In  all  the  cases  mentioned  the  fiirces  act  only 
through  very  small  ilistances.  When  bodies  tend  to  cunir 
together  from  sensible  distances,  the  force  being  ilirectly 
proportional  to  the  product  of  their  masses  and  inversely 
proportional  to  the  stjuarc  of  the  ilistance  between  them, 
tliL-  attraction  Is  calleti  [/raritnfiou,  as  when  the  earth  at- 
tracts and  isattracteii  by  a  falling  body,  or  attracts  and  is 
attracted  by  the  moon,  etc. ;  or  magtietiinn,  as  when  exerted 
between  the  unlike  poles  of  a  magnet ;  or  eli-etriciti/,  as 
when  dissimilarly  electrified  bodies  attract  one  another. 
See  capiltan/,  chemical,  cohemm,  electricity,  gravitation, 
viaym'tixm.  (&)  The  power  or  act  of  alluring,  winning,  or 
engaging;  allurement;  enticement:  as,  i)\e:  attraction  oi 
beauty  or  eloquence. 

Setting  the  iilt ruction  of  my  good  parts  aside,  I  have  no 
other  charms.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  \V.,  ii.  2. 

2.  That  which  attracts  feeling  or  desire;  a 
charm;  an  allurement. 

She,  ijuesticMiless,  with  her  sweet  harmony, 
And  other  chosen  attractioiui,  wimld  allure. 

Shak.,  i'erides,  v.  1. 
It  Is  probable  that  pollen  was  aboriginally  the  sole  at- 
traction to  insects. 

Ihinrin,  Cross  and  Self  Kertili^:iti"ii.  y.  4o-2. 

Center  of  attraction.  See  center.-  Heterogeneous 
attraction.  See  /it'f.'r«(/em'<»«j<. -Molecular  attrac- 
tion. See  molecular. =  Syn,  2.  Attractiveness,  fascina- 
tion, t-nticement. 
attractionally  (a-trak'shon-al-i),  udr.  By 
means  of  attraction. 

The  advance  and  reti'eat  of  the  w  ater  rcait  attractionallt/ 
upon  the  ])lunnnet  in  a  very  marked  ilegree. 

The  American,  \L  17'1. 

attractive  (a-trak'tiv),  a.  and  ».  [=  F.  aitrac- 
tij\  -irt\  =  It.  (iftrttftivOy  <  L.  as  if  ^ntfractivua: 
see  attract  and  -/Vc]  I.  (i-  If.  Ha\nug  the 
power  or  faculty  of  dra^ving  in,  to,  or  toward 
by  mechanical  agency  or  action. —  2.  Ha\iug 
the  quality  of  attracting  by  inherent  force; 
causing  to  gravitate  to  or  toward  :  as,  the  (tf- 
tractive  force  of  bodies. 

A  repulsive  force  is  positive ;  an  attractive,  which  di- 
nunifihes  the  diatanue  between  two  masses,  is  negative. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  ItiS. 

3.  Having  the  power  of  charming  or  alluring 
by  agreeable  qualities;  inviting;  engaging;  en- 
ticing. 

Kor  contemplation  he  and  valour  forni'd. 
For  softness  she  and  sweet  attractire  grace. 

Milton,  V.  L..  iv.  •»^?^. 
For  hers  was  one  of  those  attraetirc  faces, 
That  when  you  gaze  upon  thein,  never  fail 
To  bid  you  look  again.  Ualleck,  Fantiy. 

ILt  «•  That  which  draws  t»r  incites;  allure- 
ment; charm. 

The  dressing 
Is  a  most  main  attractive. 

B.  Joiuion,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  '1. 
The  gospel  speaks  nothing  but  attractive^  and  invita- 
tion. South,  Sermons. 

attractively  (a-trak'tiv-li),  adv.     In  an  attrac- 
tive manner;  with  the  power  of  attracting  or 
drawing  to:  as,  to  smile  attractiveti/. 
attractiveness  (a-trak'tiv-nes),  M.    The  quality 
of  being  attractive  or  engaging. 
The  same  attract ivcncss  in  riches. 

South,  Sermons,  \'II.  xiv. 

attractivity  (a-trak-tiv'i-ti),  n.  [<  attractive  + 
-/'///.  ]     Attractive  power  or  influence. 

attractor,  ».     See  attracter. 

attrahens  (at'ra-henz),  ppr.,  used  also  as  ;/.; 
pi.  uttraheittes  (at-ra-hen'tez).  [NL.,  <  L.  attra- 
hcHSj  ppr. :  see  attrahcnf.']  In  anttf.,  drawing 
forward,  or  that  which  draws  forward;  attra- 
hent:  the  opposite  of  retrahf)i,s.  cbiL-ily  in  the 
phrase  attrahejtx  aurrni.  the  name  of  a  small  muscle  wliose 
action  tends  U)  draw  the  ear  forward. 

attrahent  (at'ra-hent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  attra- 
lien{t-)s,  ppr.  of  attrahere,  attract:  see  attract.'] 
I.  a.  X.  Drawing  to;  attracting. —  2.  In  f/«(/^, 
same  as  attrahens. 

II.  w.  If.  That  which  draws  to  or  attracts, 
as  a  magnet.  (ilatirilh\^2.  In  uied.,  an  a])- 
plication  that  attracts  fluids  to  the  part  where 
it  is  applied,  as  a  blister  or  a  rubefacient ;  an 
epispastic. 

attrahentes,  n.     Plural  of  attrahens. 

attraplf  (a-trap'),  V.  t.  [<  F.  attrapvr,  (JF.  atra- 
pcr^  trap,  insnare,  <  «  (<  L.  ad)  +  trappc^  trap: 
see  trap^.'\     To  insnare. 

He  [Richard  III.)  w;is  not  attrappcii  either  with  net  or 
snare.  Gra/tnn,  Hen.  VII..  an.  17. 

attrap-t  (a-trap'),  V.  t.  [<«^2  +  trap'-^,  r,]  To 
furnish  with  trappings;  deck. 


375 

For  all  Ids  armour  was  like  salvage  weed 
With  woody  mosse  hedight,  and  all  his  steed 
With  oaken  leaves  attrapt. 

Spejutcr,  F.  Q.,  IV.  iv.  .'iO. 

attrectationt  (at-ri-k-ta'slion),  h.  [<  }j.attrcc- 
hitiit{n-),  <  attrfctarc^  luindJe,  pp.  attrtctatus,  < 
<i<l,  to,  +  tractarc,  iuunile,  freq.  of  trahtre,  pj). 
tntcttts,  draw.  Vt'.attract.]  A  touching;  ahan- 
dlint^;   freiiuent  numipulatifui. 

attributable  (a-trib'ii-ta-bl),  a.  [<  attribute  + 
-<ihlt.]  Tapable  of  being  or  liable  to  be  as- 
cribe<l.  imputed,  or  attnbuted;  ascribable;  im- 
putable: as,  the  fault  is  not  attributable  to  the 
author. 

Hibernation,  although  a  result  of  cold,  is  not  its  ininie- 

iliate  conse<iuenee,  but  is  attritmtable  to  that  deprivation 

of  fond  aiui  other  essentials  which  extreme  cold  occasions. 

Sir  ./.  A'.  Tennent,  Ceylon,  ii.  4. 

attribute  (a-trib'ut),  v.  t, ;  pret.  and  pp.  attrdt- 
utedj  ppr.  attrihittiiuj.  [<  L.  attributuSj  pp.  of 
attribuerc,  assign,  <  ady  to,  +  (ribuere,  give,  as- 
sign, bestow:  see  tributt-.]  To  ascribe;  im- 
pute; consider  as  belonging  or  as  due;  assign. 

The  merit  of  service  is  seldom  attrihuted  to  the  true 
aiul  exact  performer.  Shak.,  AH  s  Well,  iii.  0. 

Narrow  views  of  religion  tend  Ut  attribute  to  Giid  an  ar- 
bitrary and  capricious  action,  not  in  harmony  with  either 
science  or  the  Bible.      Dawson,  Nat.  and  the  Bible,  p.  1".!. 

He  does  not  hesitate  Ut  attribute  the  ilisease  from  which 
they  suffered  t^j  thost-  depressing  moral  intluences  U*  which 
they  were  subjecU'il.     O.  »'.  UolmcA,  i  Hd  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  -1. 

The  burning  of  New  York  was  generally  attributed  to 
New  England  incendiaries.    Leck-if,F.ini.  in  istbCent.,  xiv. 

=  Syil.  Attribute,  Aseritfc,  lie/cr.  Impute,  Charfie,  have 
two  meanings  in  common  :  they  may  assign  some  attribute, 
quality,  or  a[»i»urtcnaiu!e  to  a  person  or  thing,  or  they  may 
connect  different  things,  as  an  effect  with  its  cause.  Hcffr 
is  the  weakest.  Attribute  is  stronger  :  as,  to  attribute  om- 
niscience to  (iod ;  to  attribute  failure  to  incompetence. 
Ancribe,  being  most  manifestly  Hgurativc.  is  the  strongest 
and  most  connnon  ;  it  is  rarely  used  in  a  bud  sense.  That 
which  is  imputed  in  the  Hrst  sense  named  is  generally  but 
not  always  bad :  as,  to  impute  folly  to  a  man.  To  impute 
anything  good  seems  an  archaic  mitde  of  expression.  Im- 
pute  is  not  very  common  in  the  second  sense:  as,  to  im- 
/'(/^' one's  tnnildcs  to  one's  follies.  The  tbenln-^'ical  mean- 
ing of  inijiuf' .  tliut  of  layiTig  to  a  pcr^ou  -s  acroiiiit  .some- 
thing good  or  had  that  does  not  belong  to  bin),  h;us  ulk-cted 
but  little  the  popular  use  of  the  word.  That  which  is 
charged,  in  either  of  the  senses  named,  is  bad:  as,  "  His 
angels  he  charged  with  folly,""  Job  iv,  IS;  I  charged  It  to 
their  youth  and  inexperience.  The  word  is  a  strong  one, 
on  account  of  its  connection  with  legal  processes,  etc. 

The  singular  excellence  to  which  eloquence  attained  at 
Athens  is  to  be  mainly  attributed  to  the  influence  which 
it  exerted  there.  Macaulay,  Athenian  Oratoi-s. 

I  have  never  yet  encountered  that  bitter  spirit  of  big- 
otry which  is  so  fretiuently  aATr*Y>c(f  to  Mohanmiedans, 

R  Taylor,  I^iuls  of  the  Saracen,  p.  24. 

The  salts,  predominant  in  iiuirk  lime,  we  refer  rather 
ti)  lixiviate  than  acid.  Boyle,  (.'olours. 

I  desire  that  what  I  have  said  nniy  not  he  imputed  to 
the  colonies.  I  am  a  private  person,  and  do  not  write  b> 
their  direction.  Franklin,  Life,  p.  :iS7. 

What  you  have  charg'd  me  with,  that  have  I  done, 
And  more,  much  more,  Shak.,  Leai',  v.  3. 

attribute  (at'ri-but),  n.  [<  L.  attribututn,  pred- 
icate, attribute,  lit.  what  is  ascribed,  neut.  of 
aftributus,  jjp.  of  attrihuere,  ascribe,  attribute: 
see  attribute,  c]  1.  In  !<K/ie,  that  which  is  pred- 
icated or  affirmed  of  a  subject;  a  predicate;  an 
accident. 

A  predicate,  the  exact  linnts  of  which  are  not  deter- 
mined, cuTinot  be  used  to  dethie  and  littcrmiuf  a  suliject. 
It  may  he  called  an  iitfeihutr,  and  conveys  not  tlic  wlnde 
nature  of  the  suliject,  but  .some  mul- ijuality  ht-longing  to  it. 
Abp.  ThiniLtun.  Laws  of  Thought,  p.  120. 

The  tenu  attribute  simply  directs  the  attention  to  the 
fact  that  we  attribute  to,  or  athrm  of,  a  being  something 
that  we  distinguish  from  itself. 

A'.  Porter,  Human  Intellect,  §  tui 

2.  A  character  inseparable  from  its  subject. 

Ity  this  word  attribute  is  mcaTit  something  which  is  ini- 
nu)vable  and  insei)arable  fnun  the  essence  of  its  subject, 
as  that  which  constitutes  It,  and  which  is  thus  opposed  to 
mode.  Dettcartex. 

Some  necessary  marks  belong  to  things  as  reasons  of 
other  marks  of  the  same  things,  othera  as  consequences 
of  other  marks,  .  .  .  The  latter  are  called  attributes. 

Kant. 

3.  A  characteristic  or  distinguishing  mark;  es- 
pecially, an  excellent  or  lofty  quality  or  trait: 
as,  wisdom  and  goodness  are  his  attributes. 

Sen:  .  .  .  with  him  the  nuirtal  Venus,  the  heart-blood 
of  beauty,  love's  invisible  st»ul. 

Pan.    Who,  my  cousin  Cre-ssida? 

Sere.  No,  sir,  Helen  ;  could  you  not  find  out  that  by  her 
attributes f'  Shak.,  T.  andC,  liL  1. 

The  term  attribute  is  a  word  properly  convertible  with 
quality,  for  evei-y  quality  is  an  attribute,  and  every  attri- 
bute is  a.  quality:  hut  custom  has  introduced  a  certain 
distinction  in  their  applicatitm.  Attribute  is  considereil 
as  a  won!  of  loftier  signiflcanee,  and  is,  therefore,  con- 
ventionally limiteii  to  qualities  of  a  higher  application. 
Thus,  for  example,  it  would  t)e  felt  as  indecorous  to  speak 
of  the  qualities  of  (JotI,  and  as  ridiculous  to  tidk  <»f  the 
attributes  of  matter.       Sir  \V.  Hamilton,  Metaph.,  1.  I;'»l. 


attrition 

4.  In  the  fitte  arts^  a  symbol  of  ofl&ee,  character, 
or  personality:  thus,  the  eagle  is  the  attribute 
of  Jupiter. 

The  ladder  in  a  striking  (i^(r('6«/(?  for  the  patriarch  Jacob, 
and  the  harp  Utr  King  David.  Fairfiolt. 

rersephonc  is  recognised  by  the  lofty  nuidius,  or  corn- 
measure,  on  her  head,  the  attribute  of  the  Chthonlan 
ileities.  C.  T.  Nejvton,  Art  and  ArehieoL,  p.  87. 

5t.   Heputation ;  honor. 

.Murh  attribute  he  bath  ;  ami  much  the  reason 
Why  we  juscribe  it  t-o  him.        Shak.,  T.  and  ('.,  ii.  3. 

6.  In  (jram.,  an  attributive  word;  a  word  de- 
noting an  attribute —  Symbolical  attributes.    See 

symbiillral.  =SyTl.  1-3.  Property,  f 'tin raeterixticvtc.  See 
quality. 

attribution  (at-ri-bu'shon),  u.  [=  F.  attribu- 
tion, <  \j.  attributio(u-),  <  attribuere,  attribute: 
see  attrdiute^  r.]  1.  The  act  of  attributing,  in 
any  sense ;  ascription. 

His  [(Jod's]  relative  personaUty  is  shadowed  forth  by  the 
attributittn  to  him  of  love,  anger,  ami  other  htnnan  feel- 
ings and  sentiments.  Dawson,  <»rig.  of  World,  p.  12, 

2.  That  which  is  ascribed ;  attribute. 

If  speaking  truth. 
In  this  tine  age,  were  not  thought  tlatteiy, 
Such  attribution  should  the  I)ougla.s  have, 
,\s  not  a  soldier  of  this  sejison's  stamp 
Should  go  so  general  cuiTent  through  the  world. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  iV.,  iv.  1. 

3.  Authority  or  function  granted,  as  to  a  rnler, 
minister,  or  court. 

It  is  not  desiral)le  that  to  the  ever-growing  attributions 
of  the  govi-rnment  so  delicate  a  function  should  be  super- 
adilr.t.  ./.  S.  Milt. 

attributive  (a-trib'u-tiv),  a.  and  h.  [=  F. 
attrihutif,  <  L.  as  if  "attributiru.s,  <  attribuere: 
see  attrtltute.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  character  of  attribution:  as,  tlie  attrib- 
utireiise  or  relation  of  certain  words;  attrib- 
utive qnnht'wH  or  insignia;  an  attributive  judg- 
ment (iji  logic). — 2.  In  (jran/.,  pertauiing  to  or 
expressing  an  attribute;  used  (as  a  word)  in 
direct  description  without  predication:  as,  a 
bad  pen,  a  buniiut/  house,  a  ruined  man.  An  at- 
tributive word  is  to  "be  distinguished  from  a  predicative  : 
as,  the  pen  is  txid ;  the  man  is  ruined  ;  and  from  an  apposi- 
tice :  as,  the  pen,  bad  as  it  is,  might  be  worse  ;  this  man, 
ruined  by  another's  misconduct,  is  in  misery.  All  atljeetive 
words,  as  proper  adjectives,  adjective  pronouns,  and 
participles,  may  he  used  attributively  ;  also  nouns  :  as,  a 
;«He  table  ;  aj/oWring;  my  hunter  fneml;  the  young  W- 

.  (/(V;--boy.  The  relation  of  an  adverb  tfithe  adjective  qual- 
ified by  it  is  also  by  some  called  attributive. 

II,  /(.  In  (/ram.,  a  word  expressing  an  at- 
tribute ;  an  adjective,  or  a  phrase  or  clause 
performing  the  function  of  an  adjective,  which 
describes  a  noun  without  being  part  of  the  as- 
sertion or  ]>retlication  made  about  it. 

attributively  (a-trib'u-tiv-Ii),  adv.  In  an  at- 
tributive manner;  specifically,  in  gram.,  as 
attribute  or  attributive;  in  direct  ascription  of 
quality  or  circumstance  witliout  predication. 

attristt  (a-trisf),  V.  t.  [<  F.  attriater,  sadden, 
<  h  (<  h.  ad,  to)  +  trist€f  <  L.  tristisj  sad.]  To 
grieve ;  sadden. 

How  then  couhl  I  write  when  it  was  impossible  hut  to 
attri^t  ymil  when  I  could  speak  of  nothing  but  unparal- 
leled horrors.  M'alpole,  Letters.  I\',  525. 

attrite  (a-tnf),  a.  [<  L.  attntu,'<j  ])p.  of  at- 
terere,  rub  away,  wear,  <  ad,  to,  +  terere,  rub : 
see  trite.']  If.  Worn  by  ruV)bing  or  friction. 
Milton. —  2.  In  theol.,  imperfectly  contrite  or 
repentant.     See  attrition,  3. 

He  that  was  attrite  being,  by  virtue  of  this  (the  priest's] 
absolution,  made  contrite  and  justified, 

Abp.  Cssher,  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit,  v. 

attritenesst  (a-trit'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
attrite  ;  the  state  of  being  much  worn. 

attrition  (a-trish'on),  H.  [=  F.  attrition,  <  LL. 
attritio(n-j,  a  rubbing,  <  L.  attritus,  pp.  of  atte- 
rere,riih:  Si^e  attrite.]  1.  The  rubbing  of  one 
thing  against  another ;  mutual  fi'iction  :  as.  the 
abrasion  of  coins  by  attrition. —  2.  The  act  of 
wearing  away  by  rubbing  ;  the  state  of  being 
worn  down  or  smoothed  by  friction  ;  abrasion. 

The  change  of  the  aliment  is  effected  by  the  attrition  of 
the  inward  stomach  and  dissolvent  liqnor  assisted  with 
heat.  Arbuthnot,  Alhnents. 

Tliese  were  i>eople  trained  by  attrition  with  many  intlu- 
ences. E.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  (Jates.  p.  11!». 

3.  In  theol.,  imperfect  contrition  or  repentance, 
with  real  detestation  of  sin,  and  a  true  purpose 
of  amendment,  arising  from  those  supernatural 
motives  of  faith  which  are  lower  than  charity, 
or  the  true  love  of  God  for  his  o^^^l  infinite  per- 
fections. Such  motives  are  a  love  of  justice  for  its  own 
sake,  the  intrinsic  shamefulness  of  sin.  the  fear  of  divine 
pnnislunent.  etc.  Attrition  rennts  sin  only  when  comple- 
mented by  the  grace  conferred  through  sacrameiiUl  abso- 
lution.    See  contrition. 


attrition 

Attrition  l)y  >irtue  of  the  keys  is  made  contrition. 

taunted  in  Ahp.  Uxshfr'n  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit,  v. 

attrition-mill  (a-trish'on-mil),  >i.  A  mill. 
usually  ei'utrilugal,  in  wliicli  jjxa,\n  is  pulver- 
ized by  the  luutuiil  uttritiiiu  of  its  particles, 
ami  by  frietioual  eontaot  with  the  sides. 

attritUS  (a-tri'tus),  n.  [I,.,  a  rubbing  on,  an 
intlaiiimatiou  eaused  by  rubbing,  <  nttritus,  pp. 
of  aitcrcrc :  see  uttri'h:  For  the  sense  here 
given,  cf.  detriliis.^  Matter  reduced  to  powder 
by  attrition.     Carhjlc. 

attryt,  "•     See  atUry. 

attune  (a-tiui'),  >'.  ?.;  pret,  andpp.«H«nea,ppr. 

attmuiuj.     [<  o(-2  +  tunc,  q.  v.]     1.   To  tuue  or 

put  in  tune ;  adjust  to  luinuouy  of  sound ;  make 

accordant:  as,  to  attune  the  voice  to  a  harp. 

And  tonjsues,  attmuil  to  curses,  roar'd  applause. 

Crabhe,  The  Borough. 

2.  Figin-atively,  to  an-ange  fitly;  make  accor- 
dant; bring  into  harmony:  as,  to  attune  oiu' 
aims  to  the  divine  will. 

Tlie  landscape  around  .  .  .  was  one  to  attune  their 
souls  to  holy  musings.  Lunufdlow,  Hyperion,  iv.  6. 

Though  my  eai-  was  attmifd,  the  s<>!igster  was  tardy. 

The  Ci'ulury,  XXVII.  776. 

3.  To  make  musical.     [Rare.] 

Vernal  airs. 
Breathing  the  smell  of  field  and  gruve,  attune 
The  trembling  leaves.  Miltnn,  P.  L.,  iv.  265. 

attune  (a-tun'),  n.  [<  attune,  r.]  Harmony  of 
sounds;  accord.     Mrs.  Browning. 

attunement ( a-tiiii'ment), «.  [< attune  +  -rncnt.'] 
The  act  of  attuning.  "  [Rare.] 

atturnt,  '■•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  attorn. 

atturneyt,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  attorney. 

Attus  (at'us),  n.  [NL. ;  ef.  Atta.'i  1.  A  genus 
of  spiders,  typical  of  the  family  Attidce. —  2.  A 
genus  of  hemipterous  insects. 

attypic,  attypical  (a-tip'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  [<  n<-2 
-I-  typic,  -a/.]  In  sool,  of  the  particular  char- 
acter acquired,  or  in  process  of  acquisition,  by 
specialization,  from  a  more  generalized  type, 
as  from  a  prototype  or  archetype :  opposed  to 
etypical. 

Attypical  characters  are  those  to  the  acquisition  of 
which,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  we  find  that  tonus,  in  their 
journey  to  a  specialized  condition,  tend. 

GUI,  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  XX.  293. 

attypically  (a-tip'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  attypic 
manner. 

atumble  (a-tum'bl),  prep.  plir.  as  adr.  [<  a^  + 
tumble.']     In  a  tumbling  condition. 

-atus^.  [L.  -dtus,  fem.  -dta,  neut.  -dtum :  see 
-afcl.]  A  Latin  termination,  the  original  of 
-aicl,  -nte2,  -ade^,  -eel,  etc.,  the  suffix  of  perfect 
participles  of  the  Latin  fii'st  conjugation,  and 
of  adjectives  similarly  formed.  It  occurs  fre- 
quently in  New  Latin  specific  names  in  botany, 
zoology,  etc. 

-atus^.  [L.  -atits  (-atu-),  in  noims  of  the  4th  de- 
clension, <  -at-,  pp.  stem  (see  -atus'^),  +  stem 
vowel  -«-.  The  Eug.  form  of  this  suffix  is  -ate: 
see  -ate^.]  A  termination  of  Latin  nouns,  many 
of  which  have  been  adopted  unaltered  in  Eng- 
lish, as  apparatus,  afflatus,  flatus,  etc.  Such 
nouns,  if  they  have  a  plxu-al,  retain  the  Latin  form  (L. 
•iiluv),  as  apparatus,  or,  rarely,  take  an  English  plural,  as 
apparatuseg. 

atwaint  (a-twan'),  adv.  [<  ME.  atwayne, 
a-tweyne;  <[  a^  -\-  twain.  Cf.  atwin  and  atmo.] 
In  twain ;  asunder. 

A  fickle  maid'full  pale. 
Tearing  of  papers,  breaking  rings  a-twain, 
Storming  her  world  with  sorrow's  ^vind  and  rain. 

Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  6. 

at'Weel  (at-wel').     [Sc,  appar.  contr.  from  / 
wat  weelj  I  know  well:  wat  =  E.  wot;  weel  =  E. 
well.}    I  wot  well.     [Scotch.] 
Atwed  1  woiild  fain  tell  hira.     Scott,  Antitiuary,  x-\xix. 

at'ween  (a-twen'),  j)rep.  and  adv.  [<  ME. 
aticcene,  aiwene;  <  a-  +  -tween,  equiv.  to  between, 
q.  v.]  Between;  in  or  into  an  intervening 
space.     [Old  English  and  Scotch.  ] 

But  he,  right  well  aware,  his  rage  to  ward 
Did  cast  his  shield  atjveent:. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  VI.  xii.  30. 

atwint,  adv.  [ME.,  also  atwinne;  <  aS  +  twin. 
Cf.  utwain.]     Apart;  asunder. 

Tliy  wif  and  thou  most  hangen  fer  a-tuinne. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  40.'!. 

atwirl  (a-twerl'),  prep.  p)hr.  as  adv.  ova.  [<  oS 
+  twirl.']     In  a  twirl ;  twirling. 

Goody  Cole 
Sat  by  her  door  with  her  wheel  ittwirL 

Whittier,  The  Wreck  of  Riverniouth. 

atwist  (a-twisf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  <(^ 
+  twist,'n.]  Awry ;  distorted ;  tangled.  [Rare.] 

at'witet,  '■•  '•  [Early  mod.  E.  also  attwite,  <  ME. 
iitwitcn,  <  AS.  wtwitan,  <  at,  at,  -I-  witan,  blame : 


[ME.  atwix, 
-twixen,  twixt; 
Betwixt;  be- 


Atyfus  sutseri.  (Vertical  line 
shows  natural  size.  \ 


376 

see  wife.    Hence  by  apheresis  mod.  E.  twit.] 
To  blame;  reproach;  twit. 
atwitter    (a-twit'er),  prep.  phr.  as   adv.  or  a. 

[<  ,!■'•  +  twitter.]     In  a  twitter, 
at'wixt,  atwixent,  at'wirtt,  /"'''/'• 
atwixiii,  (itwixe,  ntwixt, etc.;  <  a-  + 
equiv.  to  betwixen,  betmixt,  q.  v.] 
tween. 
Aticixen  Sonne  and  see.  Chaucer,  TYoilus,  v.  bSG. 

at'WOt,  adv.  [ME.,  <  AS.  on  twd,  on  tii:  see  a'-* 
and  two.]     In  two. 

An  axe  to  smite  the  cord  atwo. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  I.  SSi. 

At'wood's  machine.    See  machine. 

atypic  (a-tip'ik),  (/.  [<  Gr.  arv-joc,  conforming 
to  no  distinct  type  (of  illness)  (<  a-  priv.  -F 
Ti'TTOf,  type),  -I-  -ic:  see  a-18  and  typic]  1. 
HaNTng  no  distinct  tj^jieal  character;  not  typi- 
cal; not  conformable  to  the  tyi)e. —  2.  Produ- 
cing a  loss  of  typical 
characters.     Dana. 

atypical  (a-tip'i-kal),  a. 
[<  atypic  -h  -al.]  Same 
as  atypic. 

atypically  (a-tip'i-kal-i), 
adv.  In  an  atj-jjie  man- 
ner. 

Atypinae  (at-i-pi'ne),  n. 
pit.  [NL.,  <  Atypus,  1,  -t- 
-inee.]  A  subfamily  of 
Theraphosidie  or  Myga- 
lidm  distinguished  by  the 
development  of  six  spin- 
ners, typified  by  the  ge- 
nus Atypus. 

Atypus  (at'i-pus),  w. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  dri'jrof,  con- 
forming to  no  distinct 
type,  <  a-  priv.  +  rt'irof, 

type:  see  type.]  X.  A  genus  of  spiders,  of  the 
family  Theraphosidw  or  Mygalidce,  ha"ving  six 
arachuidial  mammillfe  or  spinnerets.  A.  piceus 
is  a  European  species  which  digs  a  hole  in  the  gromid  and 
lines  it  with  silk.  The  genus  with  some  authors  gives 
name  to  a  subfamily  AtypiiUB. 

2.  A  genus  of  fishes,  now  called  Atypichthys. 
OiintJier,  1860. 

aul.  [<  ME.  au,  atv.  or  a  before  a  guttural,  nasal, 
or  ;  (ag,  ah,  al  (aul),  etc.),  of  AS.  or  OF.  or  L. 
origin.]  A  common  English  digraph  repre- 
senting generally  the  soimd  of  "broad  a"  (a), 
but  often  also  ii.  It  occurs  only  exceptionally,  and  by 
conformation  with  Romanic  analogies,  in  words  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  origin,  as  in  auriht,  tau<fht,  dauf/hter,  haultn=halm, 
baulk^balk (and  formerly  as  a  variant,  medially,  with  au; 
as  in  haul,  hank,  etc.,  for  bawl,  hawk,  etc.).  In  words  of 
Old  French  (and  ultimately  Latin)  origin  it  represents  au 
original  al,  now  sometimes  aul  as  in  fault,  assault,  etc., 
or  a  before  a  nasal,  as  in  aunt,  haunch,  launch,  etc.  (but 
in  most  such  words  now  usually  simpllfled  to  a,  as  in 
grand,  grant,  lance,  etc.).  It  is  frequently  of  Latin  origin, 
as  in  audit,  cauae,  laud,  etc.,  or  of  Greek  origin,  as  in  caus- 
tic. In  words  from  recent  French  it  may  have  the  present 
F.  sound  (o)  as  in  hauteur,  au/ait,  etc.  In  words  of  Ger- 
man and  usually  of  other  foreign  origin,  it  has  its  analyti- 
cal value  (a-l-u),  correspunding  to  En'_'lish  ou  in  sour,  as 
in  saiierkraiit,ahlti ut ,  lutihu't.  Foniicrly  ait  and  rtif-were 
used  almost  indifferently;  Imt  now  an  is  never  final  in 
English  words,  while  aw  is  rarely  medial,  except  in  a  few 
familiar  words,  as  in  hawk,  bawl,  but  regularly  final,  as  in 
law,  saw,  claw,  etc.     See  aw. 

av."  (6).  [F.,  <  OF.  au,  0,  ou,  earlier  al,  contr. 
of  a  le  =  Sp.  Pg.  al  =  It.  all,  alio,  <  L.  ad  ilium 
(m.)  or  ad  illiid  (neut.):  ad,  to,  with  ace.  of 
ilk,  that,  in  Rom.  the  def.  art.  'the.'  The  cor- 
resp.  fem.  is  a  la,  q.  v.]  To  the ;  at  the ;  with 
the :  the  dative  of  the  French  definite  article, 
occurring  in  some  phrases  frequently  used  in 
English,  as  aufait,  aufond,  au  revoir,  etc. 

Au.    The  chemical  synnbol  of  gold  (L.,  aurum). 

aubade  (6-bad'),  n.  [F.,  <  aiibc,  dawn  (<  L.  alba, 
fem.  of  albus,  white;  cf.  aube  =  alb'^),  after  Sp. 
albada,  a\ihiii\e,<  alba,  dawn:  see  alb^.]  1.  In 
troubadour  and  similar  music,  a  song  or  piece 
to  be  performed  in  the  open  air  in  the  early 
morning,  ustially  addressed  to  some  special 
person;  a  musical  announcement  of  dawn. 
See  serenade. 

There  he  lingered  till  the  crowing  cock, 
Tlie  -Alectryon  of  the  fanuyard  and  the  flock. 
Sang  his  aiihade  with  lusty  voice  and  clear. 

Luny/ellow,  Wayside  Inn,  Emma  and  Eginhard. 

2.  In  modern  mu,nc,  a  rarely  used  title  for  a 
short  institimental  composition  in  IjTic  style. 

aubain  (6-ban';  F.  pron.  6-ban'),  "■  [F.,  <  ML. 
albanus,  an  alien,  <  L.  alihi,  elsewhere,  -I-  -anus  : 
see  alibi.]  A  non-naturalized  foreigner,  subject 
to  the  right  of  aubaine.     jV.  E.  JJ. 

aubaine  (o-biin'),  n.  [F.,  <  aubain :  see  aubain.] 
Succession  to  the  goods  of  a  stranger  not  nat- 
uralized. 'I'he  droit  d'aubaine  in  Franc^e  wius  a  right  of 
the  king  to  the  goods  of  au  ulicu  dying  within  his  realm, 


auction 

the  king  standing  in  the  place  of  the  heirs.  This  right 
was  abolished  in  Isiy. 

aubet,  ".  [F.,  <  L.  allia,  alb:  see  alb^.]  Obso- 
lete form  of  ((//)1.     Fuller. 

auberge  (a'berj;  F.  jiron.  6-barzh'),  n.  [F.,  < 
OF.  alberge  (=  Pr.  allierc  =  Sp.  alhergue  =  It. 
albergo,  an  inn),  eavMor  helherge,  orig.  herbergc, 
a  military  station,  <  MUG.  herlurge,  (JH(i.  heri- 
hcrga,  a  camii,  lodging,  G.  herl>erge,  an  inn:  see 
harliinger  and  harbor^.]    An  inn.    Beau,  and  Ft. 

aubergine  (a'ber-jin;  F.  pron.  6-Vjiir-zhen'),  n. 
[F.,  dim.  of  auberge,  alberge,  a  kind  of  peach,  < 
Sp.  allirrchigo,  alberehiga  (=  Pg.  alpcrche),  a 
peach,  <  At.  al,  the,  -f  Sp.  jiersigo,  prisco  =  Pg. 
peceyo  =  F.  jieche  (>  E.  ]ieach^),  <  L.  jiersicum  ; 
see  peavh^.  The  Sp.  forms  touch  those  of  apri- 
cot:  see  apricot.]  The  fruit  of  the  egg-plant, 
Solnnum  Melongena ;  the  brinjal. 

aubergist,  aubergiste  (a'ber-jist;  F.  pron.  o- 
bar-zhest'),  ii.  [<  F.  aubergiste,  uin-keeper,  < 
auberge:  see  auberge.]  The  keeper  of  an  au- 
berge; an  inn-keeper;  a  tavern-keeper;  a  land- 
lord or  landladv:  as,  "the  aubergiste  at  Temi,'' 
Smollett. 

aubin  (o-ban'),  h.  [F.,  <  OF.  haubin,  hobin,  an 
ambling  nag:  see  hobby.]  In  the  manege,  a 
kind  of  broken  gait,  between  an  amble  and  a 
gallop,  commonly  called  a  "Canterbury  gal- 
lop,'' and  accounted  a  defect. 

auburn  (a'bem),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  un- 
born, abourne  (also  abroivn,  abroun,  abrune, 
simiilating6TOW»0>  ^  ME-  auburne,  awburne  (de- 
fined  "citrinus,"  i.  e.,  citron-colored,  inPi'ompt. 
Parv.),  <  OF.  auborne,  alborne  =  It.  alburno, 
auburn,  <  ML.  alburnus,  whitish,  <  L.  albus, 
white.  Cf.  alburn,  alburnum.]  I.  a.  Original- 
ly, whitish  or  flaxen-colored;  now,  reddish- 
brown  :  generally  applied  to  hah'. 

That  whitish  colour  of  a  woman's  hair  called  an  ahum 
colour.  Florio. 

II.  H.  An  auburn  color. 

He's  white-haired. 
Not  wanton  wliite,  but  such  a  manly  colour, 
I^ext  to  an  auburn. 
Fletcher  {and  anotfier),  T^vo  Noble  Kinsmen,  iv.  2. 

A.  U.  C.    Abbreviation  of  Latin  ab  urbe  condita 
or  anno  urbis  condita'  (which  see). 
Auchenia  (a-ke'ni-a),  n.     [NL.  (Illiger,  1811), 

<  Gr.  avx'/v,  neck:  in  allusion  to  the  long  neck 
of  the  llama.]  A  genus  of  ruminants,  of  the 
family  Camelidev,  representing  in  the  new  world 
the  camels  of  the  old,  but  ha'ving  no  hump. 
The  genus  includes  four  impoilant  and  well-known  quad- 
rupeds indigenous  to  South  America,  namely,  the  llama 
{A.  llama),  the  guanaco  (A.  huaiutco),  tlie  alpaca  (A.  pacos), 
and  the  vicugna  (A.  vieugna).  The  second  of  tliese  is  by 
some  supposed  to  be  the  wild  stock  of  the  llama,  which 
is  now  known  only  in  domestication.  See  cuts  under 
alpaca,  guanaco,  llamu,  and  vicugna. 

aucheni'Um  (a-ke'ni-um),  n. ;  pi.  auchenia  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avxvv,  neck.]  In  ornith.,  the  lower 
back  part  of  the  neck;  the  scruff  of  the  neck, 
just  below  the  nape.  Illiger  ;  Sundevall.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

Auchenorhynclii  (a-ke-no-ring'H),  n.pl.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  "i',v')i'.  neck,  -\-  piyxo^,  snout.]  A  group  of 
hemipterous  insects:  sjoiouymous 'svith  Homop- 
tera. 

auchlet  (ach'let),  n.  [Sc,  <  aucht,  =  E.  eight, 
-¥■  lot,  part.  Cf.  firlot.]  In  Scotland,  a  mea- 
sure equal  to  the  eighth  part  of  a  l)oll. 

auchtl  (acht),  v.     Same  as  aught-.     [Scotch.] 

aucht^  (acht),  a.  and  n.  Same  as  aught*. 
[Scotch.] 

au  courant  (o  ko-roii').  [F. :  au,  with  the  (see 
au-);  courant,  current  (see  courant,  current).] 
Literally,  in  the  current,  that  is,  of  events; 
well  informed  in  regard  to  any  event  or  subject. 

auctificialt,  a.     Same  as  auctive.     Coles. 

auction  (ak'shon),  n.  [<  L.  auctio(n-),  an  in- 
creasing, a  sale  by  auction,  <  augere,  pp.  auctus, 
increase,  =  E.  eke,  v.,  q.  v.]  If.  The  act  of  in- 
creasing; increase;  growth.  Bailey. — 2.  A 
public  sale  in  which  each  bidder  offers  an  in- 
crease on  the  previous  bid,  the  highest  bidder 
becoming  the  purchaser.  Called  in  Scotland  a  ruii^. 
Goods  may  be  said  to  be  sold  either  at  or  bg  auction,  the 
former  use  prevailing  in  the  riiitcd  States  and  the  latter 
in  Great  Britain. 

The  old  books  would  have  been  worth  nothing  at  an 
auction.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I. 

3t.  The  property  or  goods  put  up  for  sale  at 
auction. 

Ask  you  why  Phryne  the  whole  auction  buys? 

Phryne  foresees  a'  general  excise. 

Poi>e,  Moral  Essays,  iiL  119. 

Auction  by  inch  of  candle,  an  old  mcthoil  of  selling 
by  auction,  still  sometimes  practiscil,  in  which  a  small 
piece  of  candle  i.s  lighted  at  the  beginning  of  a  sale,  and 
the  highest  bid  made  before  the  wick  falls  is  successful.— 
Dutch  auction.    See  Dutch. 


auction 

auction  (fi,k'shon),  v.  t.  [<  auction,  n.]  To 
Bell  by  auction":  coiuiiionly  used  with  off. 

A  cutaloyii*  »ifiil»  with  arlick-s  t<»  l»o  auctimied. 

The  American,  VII.  I;i4, 

auctionary  (ak'shou-a-ri),  a.  [<  Ij.  auctiona- 
rius,  <  iiiictio(>i-),  ill)  auction.  Cf.  aHfiiOHcer.] 
Pertaiuing  or  relating  to  an  auction  or  public 
sale. 

With  atictionan/  ImniiiiLT  in  thy  hand. 

Ifi'ifth'H,  U:  (if  .Tuvcnal'.s  Satires,  vii. 

auctioneer  (ak-shou-er'),  «.  [<  auction  +  -ccr, 
Cf.  Iv.  iiuctionariun,  under  auctionary.']  One 
whose  business  is  to  otTer  goods  or  property 
for  sale  by  auction ;  tlie  crier  who  calls  for 
bids  and  strikes  tln^  bargain  at  an  auction ;  a 
peisdii  lii'cnsod  to  dispose  of  goods  or  property 
liy  pnlilic  sale  to  tlie  highest  bidder. 
auctioneer  (ak-shon-Gr'),  c  t.  [<  auctioneer,  h.] 
To  sell  by  auction. 

Estates  al'e  landscapes,  gaz'd  upon  awhile. 
Then  advertis'd,  and  auelio/u'crd  away. 

Cowper,  Task,  iii.  756. 

auction-pitch  (ilk'shou-pitch),  ».     See  pitcli^. 

auction-pool  (ak'shon-pol),  H.  In  bettin;/,  a 
pool  in  wliich  the  highest  bidder  has  the  first 
choice,  the  second,  third,  etc.,  choices  being 
then  sold,  and  the  remainder,  comprising  those 
most  unlikel}-  to  win,  being  "bunched"  and 
sold  as  "the  field,"  the  winner  taking  the  en- 
tire pool  thus  formed. 

auctivet  (ak'tiv),  «.  [<  L.  auctus,  pp.  of  nu- 
i/ci-c,  increase  (see  auction),  +  -i'rp.]  Increas- 
ing; serving  to  increase.     Colcn,  1717. 

auctort,  "•     An  obsolete  fonn  of  author. 

auctorial  (ak-td'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  auctor  (see 
autlior)  +  -ial.  CLautliorial.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  an  author. 

There  is  more  thati  people  tliink  in  the  gratification  of 
the  anctnrial  eye,  and  the  rcHectiim  that  flood  writiiiii 
will  be  handsomely  placed  before  the  public. 

The  Century. 

auctourt,    «•     An    obsolete    form    of    author. 

I'haiin  r. 

aucuba  (a'ku-ba),  «.  [NL.,  prob.  <  Jap.  aoVi, 
green,  +  ba'=  liii,  a  leaf.]  1.  A  shrub  of  the 
genus  Aucuba. —  2.  [cap."]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Cornaceai,  consisting  of  six  spe- 
cies from  eastern  Asia.  They  are  branching  shrubs, 
with  smootli  ojjposite  leaves  and  small  unisexual  flowers. 
A.  Japonka  h;is  long  been  in  cultivation,  and  is  prized  for 
its  mjiss  of  glossy  leathery  green  leaves,  mottled  with  yel- 
low, and  its  coral-red  berries. 

aucupate  (a'ku-pat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aucu- 
jiatci!,  ppr.  aucujHitini).  [<  L.  aucujmtus,  pp.  of 
aucupari,  go  bii-d-catching,  <  a«cpj).s  (aucup-), 
a  bird-catcher,  eontr.  of  *aviccps,  <  avis,  a  bird 
(see.iiTs),  +  capcre,  take:  i^Q  capable.']  Liter- 
ally, to  go  bird-catching;  hence,  to  lie  in  wait 
for;  hunt  after;  gai)i  by  craft. 
To  aucupate  benefices  by  cajoling  the  Patrons. 

GenttenmHS  Ma<j.,  CIV.  CO.    (X  E.  D.) 

aucupationi  (a-ku-pa'shon),  n.  [<  L.  aucupa- 
tio(n-),<.  aucupari:  see  auciijiatc.]  1.  The  art 
or  practice  of  taking  birds ;  fowling ;  bird-catch- 
ing. Blount. —  2.  Hunting  in  general.  Bullokar. 

aud  (ad),  a.  [Cf.  auhl.]  A  dialectal  form  of 
old.     [North.  Eug.  and  Scotch.] 

audacious  (a-da'shus),  </.  [=  F.  audacieux,  < 
audacc,  boldness,  <  L.  audacia,  boldness,  <  au- 
(lax  {audac-),  bold,  <  auderc,  be  bold,  dare.]  1. 
Bold  or  daring;  spirited;  adventui'ous;  intrepid. 

She  that  shall  be  my  wife,  nmst  be  accomplished  with 
courtly  and  amlacious  ornaments. 

B.  Jotison,  Epiccene,  ii.  3, 

Her  sparkling  eyes  with  manly  vig<uir  shone. 
Big  was  her  voice,  audacinux  was  her  tone. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovids  Iphis  and  lanthc. 
Since  the  day  when  Martin  Luther  posted  hiiaudaeiom 
heresies  on  the  church-door  at  Wittemberg,  a  gi-eat  change 
has  come  over  men's  minds.  J.  Fwiv,  Evolutionist,  p.  268. 
2.  Unrestrained  by  law,  religion,  or  propriety ; 
characterized  by  contempt  or  defiance  of  the 
principles  of  law  or  morality;  presumptuously 
wicked;  shameless;  insolent;  impudent:  as, 
an  audacious  traitor;  an  audacious  calnmny; 
"  audacious  cruelty,"  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 
=  Syn.  1.  Intrepid,  foolhardy,  rash.— 2.  Shameless,  uu- 
abashed,  i>resum]ttuous. 
audaciously  (a-da'shus-li),  adr.  In  an  auda- 
cious manner;  with  excess  of  bohlness  or  in- 
solence. 

T]\e  strongest,  the  best,  the  most  aiulacimtnty  indepen- 
dent of  us,  will  be  conscious,  as  age  assaults  us,  of  our 
weakness  and  helplessness. 

/i.  7'.  Cooke,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  '2(>t). 

audaciousness  (a-da'shus-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  audacious;  boldness;  reckless  daring; 
impudence;  audacity. 

audacity  (a-das'i-ti),  H. ;  pi.  audacities  (-tiz). 
L<  ME.  audacite,<.  L.  as  if  *audacita{t-)s,  bold- 


377 

ness,  <  audax  (audac-),  bold:  see  audaciaus.l 

1.  Boldness;  daring;  confidence;  intrepidity. 

'I'lie  freedom  aud  a  H(f«ri7 1/ necessary  in  the  commerce 
<.f  men.  Tatter. 

No  Homer  sang  these  Noi-se  sea-kings;  but  Agamem- 
non's was  a  small  audacity,  aiul  of  small  fruit  in  the 
world  to  some  of  them-- to  Rolf's  of  Normandy  for  in- 
stance. Carlyle. 

2.  Reckless  daring;  vonturesomeness. 

A  touch  of  audacity,  altogether  short  of  e(frontery,  and 
far  less  approaching  to  vulgarity,  gave  a«  it  were  a  wihl- 
ness  to  all  that  she  ilid.  Scutl,  The  Abbot,  iv. 

3.  Audaciousness;  presumptuous  impudence; 
effrontery:  in  a  bad  sense,  and  often  implying 
a  contempt  of  law  or  moral  restraint :  as,  "ar- 
rogant audariti/,''  -foyc.  Expos,  of  Daniel,  vii. — 

4.  An  audacious  person  or  act.  [Rare.]  =Syn.  2. 
Hardihooil. --3.  Presumption,  coolness. 

Audian  (a'di-an),  H.  A  follower  of  Audius  or 
Audious,  a  Syrian  lajnnan  in  Mesopotamia,  wlio 
in  the  fourth  century  founded  a  sect  holding 
anthropomorphitic  views,  and  was  irregularly 
ordained  a  liishop. 

Audianism  (a'di-an-izm),  )i.  The  peculiar 
doctrinal  system  of  Audius  and  the  Audians. 
In  addition  to  strict  asceticism,  it  eonsiste<l  mainly  in  a 
literal  interpretation  of  Gen.  i.  2(i,  27.  reasoning  from  the 
constitutiiin  of  man  to  the  nature  of  (iod. 

audibility  (a-di-bil'i-ti),  V.  [<  audible:  see 
-bility.]     Tlie  quality  of  being  audible. 

Tbr  note  itself  is  Jiossibly  too  feeble  for  audilfility. 

J.  K.  II.  Gurdun,  Elect,  and  Mag.,  II.  02. 

audible  (a'di-bl),  a.  and  «.  [<  ML.  audihilis, 
that  may  be  heard,  <  L.  audirc,  hear:  see  au- 
dient.]  I.  «.  Capable  of  being  heard;  perceiv- 
able by  the  ear;  loud  enough  to  be  heard:  as, 
an  audible  voice  or  whisper. 
To  man's  cares  not  audible.  Sir  T.  More. 

Even  that  stubborn  church  which  has  held  its  own 
against  so  many  governments,  scarce  dared  to  utter  an 
audilile  nmrmur.  ilacaulay.  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

Il.t  "•  That  which  may  be  heard. 

Visiblcii  are  swiftlier  carried  to  the  sense  than  audibles. 
Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  273. 

audibleness  (a'di-bl-nes),  n.    Audibility. 
audibly  (a'di-bli),  ado.     In  an  audible  manner; 

so  as  to  be  heard. 
audience  (ii'di-ens),  n.  [<ME.  audience,  <  OF. 
audience  (vernacularly  oiance),  mod.  F.  audi- 
ence =  Sp.  Pg.  audiencia  =  It.  audienM,  au- 
dienzia,  <  L.  audientia,  attention,  hearing,  < 
audicn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  audirc,  hear:  see  audient.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  hearing  or  attending  to 
words  or  sounds;  the  act  of  listening. 

His  )ook 
Drew  audience,  and  attention  still  a.s  night. 

Milton,  V.  I..,  ii.  308. 

2.  Liberty  or  opportunity  of  being  heard ;  lib- 
erty or  opportunity  of  speaking  with  or  before, 
as  before  an  assembly  or  a  court  of  law;  spe- 
cifically, a<lmission  of  an  ambassador,  envoy, 
or  other  applicant  to  a  formal  interview  with  a 
sovereign  or  other  high  ofiicer  of  government. 

Were  it  reason  to  give  men  rt»rf''';«c«',  pleading  for  the 
overthrow  of  that  which  their  own  deed  hath  ratified'^ 

lioottcr. 
That  day  Sir  Lancelot  at  the  palace  craved 
Audietice  of  Guinevere. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

3.  A  hearing;  an  interview  or  conference. 
This  conversation  was  not  ended  under  five  audiencex, 

each  of  several  hours.  Swi/t,  Gulliver's  Travels,  ii.  0. 

4.  An  auditory ;  an  assembly  of  hearers. 

still  govern  thou  my  song, 
Urania,  and  fit  audience  find,  though  few, 

Milton,  V.  L.,  vii.  31. 

5.  [Sp.  audiencia,  commonly  used  in  English 
WTiting  without  translation.]  In  Spain  and 
Spanish  countries,  a  name  given  to  certain 
courts,  also  collectively  to  certain  law-officers 
appointed  to  institute  a  judicial  inquiry. 

Amiuig  those  of  the  former  class  was  the  president, 
Deza,  with  the  members  of  the  atulience,  and  the  civil 
authorities  in  Granada.  Prescott. 

6.  In  England,  an  abbreviation  for  audience- 
court  (which  see).=Syn.  4.  Sec  fpcciator. 

audience-chamber  (a'di-ens-cham*ber), «.  An 
apartment  for  an  audience  or  a  formal  meeting. 

audience-court  (a'di-cns-kort),  «.  An  ecclesi- 
astical court,  now  disused,  held  by  the  arch- 
bishops of  Canterbtiry  and  York  or  by  auditors 
in  their  behalf.  That  held  by  the  Arehbishop  of  Can- 
terbury had  equal  authority  with  the  Court  of  Arches, 
though  of  less  dignity,  and  is  now  merged  in  it, 

audiencia  (Sp.  pron.  ou-de-en-tho'a),  «.  [Sp.] 
,Seo  iiiidirnce,  5. 

audiendo  et  terminando  (a-di-en'do  et  ter-mi- 

nan'do).  [^1IJ.,  fiu- hearing  and  decitUug;  dat. 
ger.  of  L.wi/'/ifv,  hear  (see  uudicnt),  mid  ottcrmi- 
nare,  end,  decide  (see  terminate).    Cf.  oyer  and 


audit 

terminer,  under  oyer.']  In  law,  a  writ  or  com- 
mission to  certain  persons  for  ajjpeasing  and 
punishing  any  insurrection  or  great  riot. 
audient  (a'di-ent),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  audicn(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  audire  ( >  It.  udire  =  Sp.  air  =  Pg.  ouvir 
=  Pr.  ausir  =  OF.  odir,  oir  (AP.  oyer^  >  E.  oyer, 
q.  v.),  mod.  F.  ouir),  hear;  cf.  Gr.  uittv,  hear: 
see  Aear  and  carl.]  J_  „.  Hearing;  listening. 
^fr■1.  Browning. 
II.  H.  1.  A  hearer. 

The  audicntu  of  her  sad  story  felt  great  motions  both  r.f 
pity  and  admiration  for  her  misfortune. 

.Shelton,  tr.  of  IJon  Quixote,  iv.  2. 

2.  In  the  early  church :  (a)  One  not  yet  bap- 
tized, but  receiving  instruction  preparatory  to 
baptism;  a  catechumen  of  tlie  first  stage.  .Such 
persons  were  permitted  to  hear  the  psalms,  lessons,  and 
sermon,  but  were  not  present  at  the  more  sacred  services 
which  followed.  (^)  In  the  Eastern  Church,  ac- 
cording to  the  systematic  classification  of  peni- 
tents in  force  at  the  close  of  the  third  cen- 
tury, but  becoming  obsolete  early  in  the  fifth, 
one  of  the  second  class  of  public  penitents, 
occupying  a  station  higher  than  that  of  the 
weepers  and  lower  than  that  of  the  prostrates. 
The  audieuts  were  not  alloweti  to  enter  the  bo<ly  of  the 
church,  but  heard  the  openiiig  prayers  and  sermon  stand- 
ing in  the  narthex,  which  was  also  the  place  of  the  cate- 
chumens, and,  like  them,  had  to  depart  Ijefore  the  olfer* 
tijry  aud  anaphora.    .See  penitent.     Also  called  auditor. 

audile  (a'dil),  n.  [Irreg.  <  L.  audirc,  hear  (see 
audient),  +  -He.]  One  in  whose  mind  auditory 
images  are  predominant,  or  especially  distinct. 
Strieker,  a  nuttile,  declares  that  it  is  impossible  to  rep- 
resent to  ourselves  other  vowels  while  promumeing  any 
particul.ir  one,  say  a:  he  can  only  repi-esent  them  as 
motor  images  which  clash  with  the  nu>U>r  presentation. 
M.  I'aulltah,  an  audile,  declares  he  can  easily  do  what 
Strieker  declares  impossible,  for  he  can  represent  the 
auditory  images  of  i  aud  w  while  the  motor  presentation 
of  a  is  being  presented.  Mind,  XI.  415. 

audiometer  (a-di-om'e-t6r),  ?i.  [Irreg.  <  L.  au- 
dire, hear,  -I-  metrum,  <  Gr.  /itTiior,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  designed  to  gage  the  i)ower  of 
hearing  and  record  it  upon  an  arbitrary  scale. 

audiometric  (a'di-o-met'rik),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  audiometry. 

audiometry  (a-di-om'e-tri),  n.  [As  audiometer 
+  -y.]  The  testing  of  the  sense  of  hearing, 
especially  by  means  of  the  audiometer. 

auaiphorie  (a'di-fon),  »..  [In-eg.  <  L.  audire, 
hear,  -1-  Gr.  ipurt/,  a  sound.]  An  instrument  for 
counteracting  <li'iifni'ss  by  collecting  the  sound- 
waves and  transmitting  th(^  Wbrations  to  the 
auditory  ner\'es  through  the  bony  part  of  the 
head,  it  consists  of  a  diaphragm,  or  plate,  wliieh  is  hehl 
in  contact  with  the  upper  teeth,  and  is  vibrated  by  somid- 
waves. 

audit  (a'dit),  n.  [<  L.  aiiditus,  a  hearing,  <  <i«- 
dire,pp.auditus,'hea,v:  see  audient.]  If.  Audi- 
ence; hearing. 

With  his  Orisons  I  meddle  not,  for  hee  appeals  to  a  high 
Axidit.  Milton,  Eikonoklastcs,  v. 

■\\lioso  seeks  an  ai/(/i/  here 
Propitious,  pays  his  tribute,  game  or  fish. 

Cowpcr,  Task,  iv.  610. 

2.  Official  examination  and  verification  of  ac- 
coimts  or  claims ;  an  examination  into  ac- 
counts or  dealings  with  money  or  property ;  es- 
pecially, an  examination  of  accoimts  by  proper 
officers,  or  persons  appointed  for  that  piu-- 
pose,  who  compare  the  charges  with  the  vouch- 
ers, examine  witnesses,  and  state  the  result. 

The  rule  of  insisting  on  a  proper  audit  of  account  was  a 
corollary  from  the  practice  of  appropriating  the  supjdies 
to  particular  puri)o3es.  htuhbx.  Const.  Hist.,  §  6iM. 

Hence  —  3.  A  calling  to  account;  an  exami- 
nation into  one's  actions. 

Vou  nmst  prepare  against  to-mon-ow  for  your  lost  suf- 
fering here,  and  your  great  audit  hereafter.  Scott. 

4.  An  account  or  a  statement  of  account ;  a  bal- 
ance-sheet. 
And,  how  his  a^idit  stands,  who  knows,  save  heaven  ? 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 

5t.  A  periodical  auditing  or  settlement  of  ac- 
counts; hence,  receipts;  revenues. 

I  knew  a  noblenum  in  Ruglaiul  that  had  the  greatest 
auditji  of  any  man  in  my  time :  a  gi'eat  grazier,  a  great 
sheep-master,  a  great  timber-nnin,  Ac.        Bacon,  Kiches. 

Commissioners  of  audit,  formerly  called  auditors  oj 
tlw  Kxche'iuer.  in  Englaiul,  olticel's  appointed  to.call  on 
all  public  accountants  to  account  for  money  or  stores  in- 
trusted to  them,  and  to  check  the  accounts  of  the  oixi- 
nance,  army,  and  navy,  and  the  land-revcime.  The  es- 
tablishment consists  of  a  chairnum  and  five  commissioners, 
a  secretary,  and  numerous  subordimites. 
audit  (a'dit),  f.  l<  audit,  n.]  I.  t)«HS.  Tomake 
audit  of;  examine  and  verify  by  reference  to 
vouchers,  as  an  aecoiuit  or  accounts:  as,  to 
audit  the  accounts  of  a  treasurer. 

In  140U  the  conmions,  who  objected  to  making  a  grant 
until  the  accounts  of  the  lust  grant  were  audited,  were 
told  by  Henry  that  kings  do  not  render  accounts. 

SfuWw.  Const.  HUt.,  §  694. 


audit 

The  commission  under  tlu-  i-uiiventioii  witli  the  Repub- 
lic uf  New  Granadn  c-lnsed  its  Ht-s^iuii  nithuut  liiiviii^ 
auilitett  and  passed  upon  all  tlie  claims  «hirh  were  suli 
mitted  to  it.  Lincoln,  in  Itaynioiid.  p.  nil. 

II.  intrans.  To  oxamiiio  into  the  t'orreotnoss 
of  an  account;  act  as  an  atulitor. 

Let  lioous  atittit ;  he  knows  lit»M  tlie  nioiiey  w;is  ilis- 
hursed.  Arhullim.l,  .lolni  Bull,  p.  89. 

audit-ale  (a'dit-al),  «.  A  specially  excellent 
kiiiil  uf  ale  brewed  at  certain  colleges  in  the 
F.nglish  universities,  originally  for  use  on  audit- 
day.  It  was  formerly  a  custom  in  all  the  colleges  to  make 
a  great  feajst  on  the  day  on  which  the  college  accounts 
were  audited,  and  the  very  hest  ale  wiis  brought  out  for 
the  occasion.  The  audit-ale  was  first  broached  on  that  day 
every  year. 

Observing  from  the  goose  on  the  tjlhle  and  the  audit- 
ale  which  was  circling  in  the  loving-cup  that  it  was  a  feast. 

Farrar. 

audita  querela  (ft-di'ta  kwe-re'lii).  [L.  (NL.), 
the  complaint  having (Jeen  heard:  auditii,  fem. 
of  aitditus,  pp.  of  amiire,  hear;  querela,  com- 
plaint: see  (ittdient  and  quarrel'^.}  In  law,  a 
form  of  action  in  which  the  judgment  debtor 
strives  to  recall  or  prevent  execution  on  a  judg- 
ment to  which  he  claims  a  valid  defense  ;  the 
writ  Vjy  which  such  action  is  begun.  [Now 
generally  superseded.] 

audit-house  (a'dit-hous),  n.  A  building  or 
room  appended  to  an  English  cathedral,  in 
which  the  business  belonging  to  the  cathedral 
is  transacted. 

audition  (a-dish'on),  H.  [<  L.  auditio{n-),  a 
hearing,  listening,  <  audire,  pp.  auditus,  hear: 
see  aiidieiit.']  1.  The  act  of  hearing;  a  hearing 
or  listening;  the  sensation  from  an  impression 
on  the  auditory  nerve  by  the  \-ibrations  of  the 
air  produced  by  a  sonorous  body. 

It  is  generally  admitted  that  the  audition  of  speech  in 
the  telephone  is  the  result  of  repetitions,  by  the  dia- 
phragm in  the  receiving  instrument,  ...  of  the  vibra- 
tions produced  in  the  transmitter. 

Quoted  in  O.  B.  Pretieott's  Elect.  Invent.,  p.  288. 

2.  The  sense  of  hearing;  hearing,  as  a  physio- 
logical function  or  faculty ;  one  of  the  five  spe- 
cial senses. — 3.  Something  heard.     [Rare.] 

I  went  to  hear  it  |the  Cock-Lane  Gh^ist],  for  it  is  not  an 
apparition,  but  an  audition.         Walpole,  Letters,  II.  333. 

Ossicles  of  audition.  .See  ossicle. 
auditive  (ii'di-tiv),  a.  [<  F.  auditif,  <  L.  as  if 
* anditifus,  <  aitditim,  pp.  of  audire,  hear:  see 
audieitf]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sense  of  hear- 
ing; concerned  with  the  power  of  hearing; 
auditory. 

His  heart  is  fixed  and  busily  taken  up  in  some  object, 
.  .  .  and  the  ears,  like  faithful  servants  attending  their 
master,  the  heart,  lose  the  act  of  that  auditive  organ  by 
some  suspension,  till  the  heart  hath  done  with  them. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  205. 

audit-office  (a'dit-ofis),  H.  An  office  where  ac- 
counts are  audited:  as,  a  railway  audit-office : 
specifically,  in  England,  the  office  where  the 
commissioners  for  auditing  the  public  aceotmts 
of  the  United  Kingdom  transact  their  business. 
The  imperial  audit-office  is  under  the  immedi- 
ate control  of  the  lords  of  the  treasury. 

auditor  (a'di-tor),  n.  [<  ME.  auditour  {AF.  au- 
ditour,  OF.  auditeur — Roquefort),  <  L.  auditor, 
a  hearer,  in  RIL.,  specifically,  a  jtidge,  commis- 
sioner, notary,  examiner  of  accounts,  etc.,  < 
audire,  hear:  see  audient  and  audit.']  1.  A 
hearer;  one  who  listens  to  what  is  said;  a 
member  of  an  auditory. 

What,  a  i>Uiy  toward?    I'll  be  an  auditor ; 

An  actor  too.  perhaps.  Shak.,  M.  X.  D.,  iii.  1. 

I  w.as  infinitely  delighted  with  the  station  of  a  humble 
auditor  in  such  convel'sations. 

Swi/t,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  10. 
2.  Same  as  audient,  n.,  2. —  3.  A  person  ap- 
pointed and  authorized  to  examine  an  aeeoimt 
or  accounts,  compare  the  charges  with  the 
vouchers,  examine  parties  and  witnesses,  allow 
or  reject  charges,  and  state  the  result,  it  is 
usual  with  coiu-ts  to  refer  accounts  invtdvcd  in  litigation 
to  auditors,  in  some  jurisdictions  called  re/crees  uy  rom- 
mi»si<iiiem,  for  adjustment,  and  their  report,  if  received, 
is  the  ba-sis  of  the  judgment.  Sometimes  an  aiulitor  is  a 
standing  otlicer  of  political  or  corporate  bodies.  State  or 
municipal  auiiitors  are  persons  appointed  or  elected  to 
exannne  the  public  accounts  as  tliey  accrue,  or  at  such 
intervals  as  nniy  be  designated.  In  the  t'nited  States  gov- 
ernment there  are  six  auditors  of  the  treasury.  The  first 
auditor  has  chaive  of  the  accounts  of  the  civil  service, 
customs,  judiciary,  public  debt,  etc.;  the  second,  those  of 
Indian  affairs  and  some  of  those  of  the  army;  the  third, 
those  of  the  (inartermaster-gcneral,  engineer  corps,  com- 
missary-general, war  claims,  etc. ;  tlic  fourth,  tliosc  of  the 
navy ;  the  fifth,  those  of  the  internal-revcruie  ofilce,  cen- 
sus, patent-otfice,  and  state  department;  and  the  sixth, 
those  of  the  post-olH(rt'  department. 
4.  (_)ne  of  certain  officers  of  high  rank  at  the 
pai)al  court:  so  called  from  their  connection 
with  business  treated  of  in  audiences  with  the 


378 

pope:  as,  auditor  of  the  apostolic  chamber; 
auditor  of  the  pope;  aitditor.i  of  the  Roman 
rota  (which  see).-  Auditor  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sion, in  Scotland,  a  crown  olbccr  to  whom  ."-nits  in  which 
expenses  are  found  due  may  be  reniiticd  in  ordrr  that  the 
costs  nuiy  be  taxed.— Auditors  of  the  Exchequer.  .See 
ri'iiiini^sifiners  (>f  audit,  nniler  audit. 

auditoria,  «.     Plural  of  auditorium. 

auditorial  (a-di-to'ri-al),  a.  [Cf.  LL.  auditori- 
alis,  pertaining  to  a  school  (auditorium).  ML. 
auditorialis  seliofasticus,  an  advocate;  <  LL. 
auditorius,  auditory,  <  L.  auditor,  a  hearer: 
see  auditor i/.l  1.  Auditory.  >Vc  .1.  Sloihlort. 
[Rare.]  —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  auditor  of 
accounts,  or  to  audits. 

auditorium  (a-di-to'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  auditoriums, 
auditoria  {-umz,  -a).  [L.,  a  com-t  of  justice, 
a  hall  of  audience,  a  school,  assembled  hear- 
ers, in  ML.  also  a  reception-room  in  a  monas- 
tery ;  neut.  of  LL.  auditorius,  of  or  for  hear- 
ing: see  auditory,  o.]  1.  In  a  chiu-eh,  theater, 
public  hall,  or  the  like,  the  space  allotted  to 
the  hearers  or  audience. —  2.  In  monasteries, 
an  apartment  for  receiving  visitors;  a  parlor 
or  reception-rootn. 

auditorship  (a'di-tor-ship),  n.  The  office  of 
auditor. 

auditory  (a'di-to-ri),  a.  [<  LL.  auditorius,  of 
or  for  hearing,  <  L.  auditor,  a  hearer,  <  audire, 
pp.  auditus,  hear:  see  audieut.']  1.  Pertaining 
to  hearing  or  to  the  sense  or  organs  of  hear- 
ing: as,  the  OH(?(to/',y  nerve. —  2.  Pertaining  to 
an  auditorium ;  designed  for  an  audience :  as, 
the  ouditorij  part  of  a  theater.  [Rare.]  —Audi- 
tory artery,  a  branch  of  the  basilar  artery  which  ac- 
companies the  auditory  nerve  and  supplies  the  labyrinth 
of  the  ear.— Auditory  canal,  the  meatus  auditorius  ex- 
ternus  and  internus.  Sec  iitf'atu>!,  and  cut  under  ear. — 
Auditory  crest,  auditory  hairs,  auditory  plate,  in 
cejilialoptids.     See  extracts. 

The  terminations  of  the  auditory  nerves  either  fonu  the 
audilnrii  plate,  which  is  a  thickened  portion  of  the  epi- 
thelium, from  whuli  the  cells  send  hair-like  processes 
(audituiy  hairs)  l^vinii);  or  an  auditory  cretit,  which  gen- 
erally takes  a  curved  direction,  and  which  is  likewise 
covered  by  modified  epithelium. 

Geiienbaur,  C'omp.  .\nat.  (trans.),  p.  357. 
Cells  bearing  or  developed  into  long  auditory  hairs, 
which  are  to  be  regarded  as  the  peripheral  end-organs  of 
the  vestibular  branches  of  the  auditory  nerve. 

Eimjc.  Brit.,  VII.  592. 
Auditory  duct  (ductus  cochlearis  or  ductus  auditorius), 
a  term  applied  to  the  interval  between  the  membrana  tec- 
t<iria  and  the  membrana  basilaris  of  the  human  cochlea. — 
Auditory  nerve,  the  sjiecial  nerve  of  hearing,  which 
entei-s  the  ear-parts  by  the  meatus  auditorius  internus, 
and  is  distributed  to  the  membranous  labyrinth.  In 
Willis's  enumeration  it  was  known  as  the  portio  nwllis 
of  the  seventh  cranial  nerve  ;  now  it  is  uenerally  reckoned 
as  the  eighth  cranial  nerve.  Alsn  called  tlie  acoustic  nerve. 
See  cut  under  t}rain.  —  Auditory  ossicles,  i^ee  ossicle. 
—Auditory  process,  or  external  auditory  process, 

the  I)rnjcctili'.;  liorder  of  the  external  amiitniy  meatus  to 
which  tlie  cartilage  of  the  ear  is  attaihed.  Auditory 
vesicle,  the  vesicle  foiined  in  tlie  eniiiivo  by  tlie  invo- 
lution of  theejiiblast  on  either  si.ie  of  tlie  bead;  tile  rudi- 
ment of  the  membranous  lab>riiith  of  tlu-  car.  -  Internal 
auditory  foramen.  See  /uraiuen. 
auditory  (a'di-to-ri),  n.;  pi.  auditories  (-riz). 
[<  L.  auditorium:  see  auditorium.']  1.  An 
audience ;  an  assembly  of  hearers,  as  in  a 
church,  lecture-room,  theater,  etc. 

He  had  not  the  popular  way  of  preaching,  nor  is  in  any 
measure  fit  for  our  plaine  ami  vulgar  auditorie,  as  his 
predecessor  was.  Evelyn,  Diary,  -Mar.  5, 1673. 

Having  entered  his  court,  he  [Bacon]  addressed  the 
splendid  auditor;/  in  a  grave  and  dignified  speech. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

2.  A  place  for  hearing  or  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  hearers ;  an  auditorium ;  specifically, 
in  a  church,  the  nave,  in  which  the  hearers  or 
congregation  are  assembled. 
When  .\grippa  and  Berniee  entered  into  the  auditon/. 
Wycii/.  Acts  XXV.  23. 
3t.  A  bench  on  which  a  judge  sits  to  hear 
causes. —  4t.  A  lecture-room;  a  philosophical 
school.     N.  E.  D. 

auditress  (a'di-tres),  «.  [<  auditor  +  -ess.] 
A  female  hearer. 

.\dam  relating,  she  sole  auditress. 

Miltun,  P.  L.,  viii.  61. 

auditual  (a-dit'u-al),  a.     [<  L.  auditus  (audi- 
tu-),  hearing  {'see' audit,  n.),  +  -al.]     Relating 
to  hearing;  aiulitory.     Coleridge,     [Rare.] 
auf  t  (af),  «.     The  older  form  of  oaf. 

.\  nicer  changeling,  a  very  monster,  an  am/ imperfect. 
Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  507. 

au  fait  (6  fa).  [F. ;  Mt.,  to  the  point  or  fact: 
au,  to  the  (see  au") ;  fait,  <  L.  factum,  fact :  see 
feat  And  fact.]  Up  to  the  mark;  fullj'  skilled 
or  accomplished ;  expert ;  possessing  or  show- 
ing the  readiness  or  skill  of  an  adept:  followed 
by  at  or  in  :  as,  he  is  quite  aufuit  at  the  game. 

The  natives  (of  llaitea]  seeiiied  quite  au  .fait  in  the 
matter  of  monetiu'y  transactions  ami  exchanges. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  xiii. 


auger 

au  fond  (o  foii).  [F.:  au,  at  the  (see  au2) ; /o»d, 
bottom:  see/»/u/.]     At  bottom;  essentially. 

Petrarch  was  timid.     Laura  was  a  woman  of  sense,  and 
yet,  liktf  all  women,  aujoiul,  a  coquette. 

t\  IK  Warner,  1lonndal>out  Journey,  p.  9. 

auget,  augest,  auxt,  "■  [it.  Sp.  Pg.  auge,  acme, 
summit,  ML.  auges,  aux,  <  Ar.  Pers.  auj,  top, 
summit,  altitude,  zenith,  ascendant  of  a  plan- 
et.] In  oW  astron.:  {a)  Properly,  the  apogee 
of  a  planet,  or  the  longitude  of  the  apogee. 
('')  Either  apsis  of  the  orbit,  (c)  The  culmi- 
Tuition  or  point  of  culmination. 

Augean  (a-je'an),  «.  [<  L.  Augeas,  Augias,  < 
Gr.  Avyiar,  Avyeiac,  king  of  Elis  (see  def.),  ac- 
cording to  one  tradition  a  son  of  the  Sun  and 
Naupidame ;  prob.  <  av}i/,  splendor,  stmlight.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Augeas  or  Augeias,  one  of 
the  Argonauts,  and  afterward  king  of  Elis,  or 
resemliling  his  stables;  hence,  very  filthy. — 
Augean  stable,  in  Gr.  utytlt.,  a  stable  in  which  this  king 
kept  3, (MX)  oxen,  and  which'had  not  been  cleaned  for  thirty 
years,  so  that  the  task  of  cleaning  it  had  come  to  be 
deemed  impracticable.  Hercules  accomplished  the  task 
iu  a  single  day,  by  turning  the  river  Alidieus  through 
the  stable.  Hence,  cleansing  the  Augean  stable  h^  be- 
come a  synonym  for  the  removal  of  long-standing  nui- 
sances, abuses,  and  the  like. 

auger  (a'ger),  n.  [Initial  nhas  been  lost,  as  in 
adder,  umpire,  etc. ;  early  mod.  E.  also  angre, 
augor,  etc.,  and,  with  orig.  >i,  naiiger,  <  ME. 
naugcr,  uaiigor,  earlier  iiaregor,  <  AS.  nafogar, 
nafegdr  (=  D.  avegaar,  ereger,  egger  =  LG.  nor- 
viger,  ndviger  =  OHG.  nahager,  nahiger,  trans- 
posed nagiber,  MHG.  naheger,  negeber,  iieg- 
ber,  (t.  ndber,  neher  =  Icel.  nafarr  (for  *iiaf- 
gcirrf),  Sw.  nafvare  (for  *nafgare);  ef.  Finn. 
uapakaira,  <  Teut."),  <  nafii,  nave,  +  gar,  a 
borer,  spear:  see  nave^,  gar^,  aniX  gore^.]  1. 
An  instmment   for  boring  holes  larger  than 


Cook's  Auger, 


Expanding  Auger. 


those  bored  by  a  bit  or  gimlet.    It  consists  of  an 
iron  shank  ending  in  a  steel  bit,  and  a  handle  placed  at 
right  angles  with  the  shank.    The  augers  formerly  made 
with  a  straight  channel  or  groove  are  called 
pod-auyers ;  augers  of  the  modem  form,  with 
spiral  channels,  are  called  screw-auyers.    The 
ordinary  screw-auger  is  forged  as  a  paralleled 
blade  of  steel,  which  is  twisted  while  red-hot. 
The  end  terminates  in  a  worm,  by  which  the 
.auger  is  gradually  drawn  into  the  work,  like 
.,     ->       the  gimlet.    Another  form  is  that  of  acylindri- 
v/       ^"^^  shaft,  around   which  is  brazed  a  single  fin 
(f^'l        or  rib,  the  end  being  nuide  into  a  worm,  and 
\      j^      immediately  behind  the  worm  a  small  diamet- 
'  ""  rical  mortise  is  formed  for  the  reception  of  a 

detached  cutter,  which  exactly  resembles  the 
chisel-edge  of  the  center-bit.  Expanding  au- 
yers  have  cutters  susceptible  of  radial  adjust- 
ment for  boring  holes  of  different  sizes.  In  the 
slottiuy-auyer,  used  for  channels,  mortises,  etc., 
the  cutting  lips  are  upon  the  side  of  the  auger 
as  well  as  at  the  end,  ami  the  piece  to  be  groov- 
ed is  fed  against  them  laterally.  Mortises  are 
cut  by  causing  the  anger  to  penetrate  to  the 
Slotting-  proper  depth,  and  then  feeding  the  work  later- 
Auger,  ally  to  the  required  length.  I'he  two  rounded 
ends  of  the  mortise  ai-e  then  squared  with  a 
chisel.  The  square.hole  auyer  is  an  auger  revolving 
within  a  rectangular  tube  or  boring,  whose  lower  edge  is 
sharpened  to  cut  away  the  remaining  substance  of  the 
sqiuire  circumscribing  the  round  hole 
which  the  auger  bores  a  little  iu  ad- 
vance. 

2.  All  instrument  for  boring  the 
soil.  Such  an  in- 
strument used  iu 
setting  posts  is 
called  a  post-hole 
auger,  and  one  for 
.ascertaining  the 
nature  of  the  sub- 
soil, the  presence 
or  absence  of  wa- 
ter, etc..  is  called 
specifically  au 
earth-ltorinyaUQer. 
.\ngers  for  the  lat- 
ter use  are  of  va- 
rious kinds,  hut 
they  all  consist  of 
three  parts,  name- 
ly :  a  handle  by 
which  two  or  more 
men  can  work  the  instrument ;  the  bit.  month,  or  cutting 
piece  ;  and  rods  for  connecting  the  handle  with  the  bit  or 
cutting  piece.— Annular  auger.     &ee  annular. 


ft 


'i 


■--4 


% 


Post-hole  Auger. 


Earth-boring' 
Augers. 


auger-bit 

auger-bit  (a'g^r-bit>,  «.  A  small  auger  used 
Willi  ;i  lii'iK'o  or  bit-stoek. 

auger-faucet  ( a'g('r-t'a"set),  n.  A  faucet  with 
an  augi'i'  attacht'il.  By  iiicaiis  o(  the  auger  a  hole  is 
borcit  nc'Li-ly  tlii'uUKh  the  woud  uf  the  cask,  or  the  like,  in 
whii-h  tile  fiiueet  Is  to  lie  inserted,  and  the  faucet  is  then 
llxed  liy  ;i  sini-le  hluw.  The  auger  is  withdrawn  through 
the  i;ui4'rt  Ity  a  rack  and  jiinion. 

auger-gage  (u'^rr-gaj),  n.  A  collar,  sleeve,  or 
clamp  attaclicil  to  the  shank  of  an  auger,  to 
prevent  it  from  penetrating  beyond  the  de- 
sirril  point, 

auger-nole  (a'gfer-hol),  n.  A  hole  made  by  an 
aufjir. 

Mid  ill  an  (lii'ji'r-htilr.  Slulk.,  Maeiieth,  ii.  3. 

auger-shell  (a'ger-shel),  n.  A  shell  of  the  ge- 
nus Tcrehra  and  family  Terebrkla:.  See  cut 
under  Tcrelira. 

auger-stem  (a'g6r-stem),  n.  The  iron  rod  oriiar 
111  which  tlic  bit  is  attached  in  rope-driUiug. 

auger-twister  {^'ger-tnis'ter),  «.  A  machine 
fur  twisting  the  blanks  for  screw-augers. 

augest,  «•     See  aiiijt: 

auget  (a'jet;  F.  pron.  6-zha'),  «.  [P.,  dim.  of 
auije,  a  trough,  <  h.  alvt-us,  a  trough,  channel, 
hollow:  see  alvcus.']  Milil.,  a  small  trough  e.\- 
tending  from  the  chamber  of  a  mine  to  the  ex- 
tremity of  a  gallery,  to  protect  from  dampness 
a  saucisson  or  tube  tilled  with  powder. 

augh  (ii.;  He.  pron.  iich),  interj.  [Cf.  aw,  alt, 
nil.]  An  exclamation  of  disgust.  [U.  S.  ana 
Scotch.] 

aught'  (iit),  )(.  or  jiroii.  [In  two  forms:  (1) 
muilit,  <  ME.  iiitiilit,  aiizlit,  aiilit,  (if/lit,  agt,  iilil, 
<  AS.  awilit,  (iirulit,  with  vowel  shortened  from 
orig.  loug,  dwilit;  (2)  outjlit,  <  ME.  ought,  uulit, 
0!/ht,ogt,tilit,<.  AS.dtcihl,  dwiilit,  contr.  «/<(,  with 
labialized  vowel,  uirilit,  oinilit  (=  OS.  eowilit 
=  OFries.  dwct,  uH  =  D.  ids  =  OHG.  eowilit, 
iowilit,  iciciht,  MH6.  ielit,  Hit,  iewet,  iet),  <  «, 
ever,  in  coinp.  a  generalizing  prefix,  -t-  wiht, 
wight,  whit,  thing :  lit.  '  ever  a  whit ' :  see  ayl 
and  whit,  witiht,  and  cf.  the  negative  tiauyht, 
noui/ht,  'never  a  whit.'  There  is  no  essential 
difference  between  the  two  spellings  augh  t  and 
ought;  the  former  is  now  preferred.]  Any- 
thing whatever  ;  any  part :  used  in  interroga- 
tive, negative,  and  conditional  sentences. 

Is  there  tiiififu  else,  my  friends,  I  can  do  for  you? 

Addiami,  Cato,  iv.  4. 

Uufaith  in  aught  is  want  of  faith  in  all. 

Tt^nnyson,  Slerlin  and  Vivien. 

aught't  (at),  adv.  [<  ME.  aught,  etc. ;  prop, 
ace.  of  tile  noun.]  In  any  respect ;  in  any  way  ; 
at  all ;  by  any  chance. 

fan  he  auijht  telle  a  mery  tale  or  tweye? 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  44. 
Thereon  nmsed  he 
If  that  the  childes  moder  were  aught  she 
That  was  his  wyf. 

CImucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  936. 

aught'-t,  ''•     An  obsolete  fonu  of  oughl^. 

augh't'H  (at),  (;.  [Now  only  in  Sc,  written  aucht 
(iicht).  <  ME.  iiughl.  aiiiili'tc,  iiiiehtc,  aqht,  aiihte, 
ahti;  etc.,  <  AS.  wht,  pi.  d-hta  (=  OHG.  eht  = 
Goth,  aiht.i,  property,  =  leel.  a-tt,  family),  with 
formative  -/,  <  dijau  (pret.  dhte),  have,  hold, 
own:  see  Oi«(/Ar- and  OM'e.]  Possession;  prop- 
erty. 
The  surest  gear  in  their  aught. 

Scott,  yuentin  Durwal'd,  I.  vii. 

aught'^  (at,  iicht),  a.  and  »(.  An  obsolete  or 
dialectal  form  of  eighth. 

aught'Wheret  (at'hwar),  atlv.  [<  aught^,  adv.,  + 
irlini-.]     Anywhere.     Chaucer. 

augite  (a'jit)",  )(.  [=  F.  augite,  <  L.  augitcs,  a 
precious  stone,  <  Gr.  *avyiTri(,  <  av)ii,  bright- 
ness, sunlight.]  The  dark-green  to  black  va- 
riety of  pyroxene  characteristic  of  basic  erup- 
tive rocks  like  basalt.  It  differs  from  other  varieties 
of  pyroxene  in  containing  a  consideraide  proportion  of 
alumina.  The  name  is  sometimes  used  to  include  the 
whole  species.     See  pgroXi'iii'. 

augitic  (a-jit'ik),  a.  [<  augite  +  -ic.l  Pertain- 
ing to  augite ;  resembling  augite,  or  partaking 
of  its  nature  and  characters;  composed  of  or 
containing  augite.  Augitic  porphyry,  a  rock  with 
a  dark-irray  or  greenish  tiasc,  containing  conspicuous  crys- 
tals ..1  atiu'ite  and  Lalirador  feldsp.ar. 

auglettet,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  aglet. 

augment  (ag'racnt),  ».  [<  ME.  augment,  <  OP. 
iiiigiiii  lit  =  Pg.  (iiigmiiito  =  Sp.  It.  aumentu,  < 
L.  uugiuciituiii,  increase,  growth,  <  augere,  in- 
crease: see  auetiou.']  It.  Increase;  enlarge- 
ment by  addition ;  augmentation. 

Tliis  augment  of  the  tree.  /.  irrt^fiiii,  t'oniplete  Angler. 
2.  In  gram.,  an  addition  at  the  beginning  of 
certain  past  indicative  tenses  of  the  verb  in  a 
part  of  the  Indo-European  languages,     in  sau- 


379 

skrlt  it  is  always  d- ;  in  Greek  it  la  i*-  («-)  heforo  a  conso- 
nant (syllabic  augment),  but  an  initial  vowel  is  length- 
ened (»)-,  <i-)  (tempoi'al  augment).  The  same  name  is 
sometimes  given  to  other  iiretl.\ed  liillcclloiial  elements, 
as  to  the  ge-  of  the  Ciernuin  perfect  i>articiple  (gchrachl, 
brought). 

Another  form,  which  we  may  call  the  pretcrito-present, 
unites  the  augment  uf  the  past  and  the  eniling  of  the 
present  tense.  .-imer.  Jiiur.  I'hitul.,  \'II.  :lli4. 

3.  In  jiathiil.,  the  period  of  a  fever  lietween  its 
commencement  and  its  height.  [Kare.] 
augment  (ag-menf),  r.  [<  ME.  augmeuten,  < 
OF.  attgmeuUr,  earlier  aumcuter  =  Sp.  aumen- 
tar  =  Pg.  augmottar  =  It.  aumcutare,  <  LL. 
augmcntarc,  increase,  <  L.  augnicutum,  an  in- 
crease: see  augment,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  in- 
crease; enlarge  in  size  or  extent;  swell:  as,  to 
augment  au  army  by  reinforcement ;  impatience 
augments  an  evil. 

Be  it  your  care 
To  augiiwnt  your  heap  of  wealth. 

Fletcher  (ami  another),  Elder  Brother,  i.  2. 

1'hough  fortune  change,  his  constant  spouse  reniaius: 
Auguientx  his  joys  or  mitigates  his  pains. 

fope,  January  and  May,  1.  42. 
The  general  distress  did  but  augment  the  piety  and  con- 
firm the  fortitude  of  the  colonists. 

llancro/t.  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  284. 

2.  In  gram.,  to  add  an  augment  to. 

-Most  [Greek]  vcrlis  beginning  with  a  consonant  attgiiwnt 
the  imperfect  and  aorist  iiy  prclLviiig  «. 

tjoodiein,  Greek  (!ram.,  §  101. 

3.  In  her.,  to  make  an  honorable  addition  to, 
as  a  coat  of  arms. 

Henry  VIII.  granted  to  the  earl  of  Surrey  to  augment 
his  arms  with  a  demi-lion,  gules,  pierced  through  tlic 
mouth  with  an  arrow.  Knegc.  Brit.,  XI.  600. 

Augmented  interval  Sec  intermd.  —  Augmented  sur- 
face, a  term  ilrst  useti  by  Rankine  to  denote  an  immersed 
^»r  wetted  surface  sutticiently  greater  than  the  actual  sur- 
face of  a  vessel  to  give,  when  substituted  for  the  actual 
fiuantity  in  estimations  of  the  speed  of  a  vessel,  results 
which  conform  to  the  actual  performance. 

II,  intrans.  To  become  greater  in  size, 
amount,  degree,  etc. ;  increase ;  grow  larger. 

The  winds  redouble  and  the  streams  augment. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  i.  4(i«. 

Iler  fears  augmented  as  her  comforts  fled. 

CruMie,  Tales  of  the  Hall. 

augmentable  (ag-men'ta-bl),  a.  [<  augment 
+  -aide.]  Capable  of  being  augmented  or  in- 
creased. 

augmentation  (ag-men-ta'shgn),  ».  [<  MIj. 
uugmeiitatiii(ii-),  <  LL.  augmeniare,pp.  augmen- 
to/«,s',  augment :  see  augment,  c]  1.  The  act 
of  increasing  or  making  larger  by  addition,  ex- 
pansion, or  dilatation;  the  act  of  adding  to  or 
enlarging;  the  state  or  condition  of  being  made 
larger. 

Bacon,  holding  that  this  method  was  insutticient  and 
futile  for  the  augmentation  of  real  and  useful  knowledge, 
publislied  liis  Novum  Organon. 

Wheu-etl,  Nov.  Org.  Kenovatnm,  Pref. 

2.  That  by  which  anything  is  augmented ;  an 
addition:  as,  the  augmentation  amounted  to 
.$500  a  year. 

He  does  smile  his  face  into  more  lines  than  are  in  the 
new  map  with  the  augmentation  of  tlie  Indies. 

.Shuk..  T.  N.,  iii.  -2. 

Specifically  —  3.  In  music,  where  much  repe- 
tition and  "imitation  of  themes  is  required,  the 
modification  of  a  therae 
or  subject  by  systemati- 
cally increasing  the  origi- 
nal time-value  of  all  its 
notes. — 4.  In  her.,  an  ad- 
ditional charge  to  a  coat- 
armor,  granted  as  a  mark 
of  honor  to  an  ai'iniger. 
It  is  tmriic  on  an  ordinary  or 
subordinary  in  such  a  way  as 
to  be  evidently  an  addition  t*) 
the  jiaternal  coat,  and  in  an- 
cient times  was  more  rarely 
used  as  an  addition  to  the  bear- 
ings on  the  tleld.  Also  called 
addition. 

5.  In  patliol.,  same  as 
augment,  3. -Augmenta- 
tion Court,  in  Kn^land,  a  court  established  by  Henry 
N'lll.  to  aiigim-iit  the  reveimes  of  the  crown  t>y  the  sup- 
pression of  mona.'.lcries.  It  was  dissolved  on  the  accession 
of  CJuecn  -Mary.  By  augmentation,  in  F.nglaml,  a  phrase 
formerly  used  in  the  army  pr.imotion  lists  to  signify  that 
an  othccr's  appointment  bad  been  conferred  by  the  crea- 
tion of  a  new  patent,  not  liy  the  pnrclia.<c  of  an  old  one.— 
Process  of  augmentation,  in  s.-.itiand.  a  process  in  the 
teiiid  court,  raised  liv  tlic  iiiiiiister  of  a  iiarish  against  the 
titular  and  heritors,  tor  the  pnrpo.se  of  olitaining  an  aug- 
mentation "f  his  stipend. 
augmentationer  (ag-men-ta'shon-er),  H.  An 
officer  belonging  to  the  Augmentation  Court 
(which  see,  under  augmentation). 

Here  now  I  speak  to  you  my  nnisters,  nunter^,  augin^n- 
tatiomrs.  Latimer,  2d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI..  laao. 


Arms  of  iin,t  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington witli  tile  .tiigliicnta- 
tion  gr.tnted  to  him.  viz..  .In 
Ineicutcheon  .y  lingland. 
(From  Boutell'ii  "Herald- 
ry.") 


augur 

augmentati've  (ag-men'ta-tiv),  «.  and  «.  [=  F. 
aiiytnenliilif,  <  LLj.  as  if  'augmenlaliviw,  <  aug- 
menlan,  pp.  augmentatus :  see  augment,  r.] 
I,  (/.  1.  Having  the  ([ualify  or  power  of  aug- 
menting.—  2.  In  gram.,  expressing  augmenta- 
tion or  increase  in  the  force  of  tlie  idea  con- 
veyed: applied  both  to  words  and  to  affixes 
which  effect  this. 

II.  n.   A  word  formed  to  express  increased 
intensity  of  the  i<lea  conveyed  by  it,  or  au  affix 
which  serves  this  purpose. 
Also  a}ignieiitire. 

augmentaitively  (ag-men'ta-tiv-li),  adv.  So 
as  to  augment  or  increase  ;  in  the  manner  of  an 
augment. 

augmenter  (ag-men't^r),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  iiugments. 

augmentive  (lig-men'tiv),  a.  and  m.  [<  atig- 
miiit  -t-  -(/(.]     8ame  as  augmentative. 

augmentless  (ag'ment-les),  a.  [<  augment  + 
-less.]     Without  an  augment. 

Additional  forms  —  agaslsam,  agisis,  agasit,  and  the 
auomrnth'n.^  gasisus  -are  found  throughout  the  Briih- 
miiyas  and  Ipanishads.  .4i;icr.  ./our.  I'hilol.,  VI.  270, 

augoert,  augret,  «.  Obsolete  spellings  of  auger. 
augrimt,  ".  A  Middle  English  form  of  algorism. 
augrim-stonest,  "•  /''■    Stones  used  as  counters 

in  arithmetical  calculations,  some  standing  for 

units,  others  for  tens,  etc. 

His  angrim-.^txinieti,  leyen  faire  apart. 

Cha  ucer,  M  iller's  Tale. 

Augsburg  Confession.     See  confession. 

augur  (a'ger),  «.  [<  ME.  augur,  <  L.  augur,  ear- 
lier auger,  of  uncertain  origin,  perhaps  <  aris,  a 
bird  (cf.  ()»-.s7)('j  and  au-eu/ntlion),  +  -gur,  con- 
nected with  garrire.  talk,  chatter.]  1.  Among 
the  ancient  Romans,  a  functionary  whose  duty 
it  was  to  observe'  and  to  interpret,  according  to 
traditional  rules,  the 
auspices,  or  n'piited 
nattu'al  signs  concern- 
ing future  events. 
These  auspices  were  stud- 
ied, withatlxedcerenionial, 
in  the  following  classes  of 
phenomena:  (1) signs  from 
the  heavens,  including 
thunder  and  lightning,  and 
other  meteorological  mani- 
festations ;  (2)  signs  froni 
the  direction  of  flight  or 
the  various  cries  of  birds  ; 
(;t)  signs  from  the  manner 
of  eating  of  domestic  hens 
kept  for  this  purpose  ;  (4) 
signs  from  the  movements 
and  attitudes  of  animals  ; 
(5)  evil  omens  from  various 
fortuitous  incidents,  such 
as  the  fall  of  any  oliject. 
the  gn.awin,g  of  a  mouse. 
the  creaking  of  a  chair, 
etc.,  occurring  during  the 
augural  ceremonies,  or 
when  these  were  about  to  begin.  Tile  olflclal  or  public 
augurs,  who  constituted  a  college,  probably  founded  by 
Numa,  were  originally  three  in  number.  By  the  time  of 
Tanpdn  they  had  been  increased  to  six.  After  :mi  b.  o. 
the  numlier  bei-ame  nine,  of  whom  live  nmst  be  plebeians. 
Sulla  made  the  number  flfteen  ;  Jidius  ('resar,  sixteen,  not 
including  his  own  otticial  membership  in  his  character  of 
jierpetual  chief  priest  and  dictator;  and  toward  the  close 
of  the  empire  the  number  was  still  further  increased. 
The  augurs  wore  the  saccrdoteil  jira'texta,  or  toga  with  a 
broad  lunple  border,  and  their  distinctive  emblem  was 
the  curved  rod  called  the  lituux,  with  which  they  marked 
out  the  limits  of  the  templum  or  boundary  within  which 
the  omens  with  which  they  had  U)  do  were  to  Ik- observed. 
Before  any  public  business  or  ceremony  was  undei-taken 
the  augurs  decided  whether  the  auspices  were  propitious, 
or  whether  unfavorable  omens  demanded  interruption  or 
delay;  they  conducted  the  inaiignralion  or  exauguration 
of  priests,  "temples,  and  places,  such  as  new  settlements, 
and  flxed  the  times  of  movable  festivals.  In  the  engrav- 
ing, the  figure  holds  the  lituus  in  his  right  hand,  while 
one  of  the  sacred  fowls  appears  at  his  feet. 
Hence  —  2.  One  who  pretends  to  foretell  future 
events  by  omens;  a  soothsayer;  a  prophet; 
one  who  bodes,  forebodes,  or  portends. 
Augnr  of  111,  whose  tongue  was  never  found 
Without  a  priestly  curse  or  boding  sound. 

Drgden,  Iliad,  i.  155. 

augur  (a'g^r),  r.  [=  F.  augurer  =  Sp.  Pg.  au- 
gitrar  =  It.  augurare,  <  L.  augurari :  from  the 
noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  prognosticate  from 
signs,  omens,  or  indications;  predict;  antici- 
pate: with  a  personal  subject. 

I  did  augur  all  this  to  him  beforehand. 

B.  Jotuion,  Poetaster,  L  1. 

I  a  K.7Mr  everything  from  the  approbation  the  proposal 

~ias  met  with.  Sir  J.  Hemchtl. 

2.  To  betoken;  forebode:  with  a  non-personal 

or  impersonal  subject. 

.Sooth  was  my  prophecy  of  fear: 
Believe  it  when  It  auaurs  cheer. 

Scoff,  L.  of  the  L.,  iv.  11. 

=SyiL  2.  To  portend,  presage,  foreshadow,  be  ominous  of. 


Augur. 
( From  a  Ronuin  bas-r«lief. ) 


augur 

II.  intraiis.  1.  To  loiijeeture  from  signs  or 
omens. 

My  power's  a  crescent,  and  my  auguring  liope 
Says  it  will  come  to  the  (uU.    Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  be  a  sign  ;  bode:  with  weU  or  iU. 

It  awiurs  ill  fur  an  undiTtaking  ...  to  Hnii  such  dis- 
sensiiuis  in  luadquarti'rs.  W.  IteMiani,  llist.  Eng. 

augural  (a'gu-ral).  (I.  [<  L.  (lui/iiralix.  i)crtain- 
ing  to  an  augur,  <  atujur,  augur.]  Pertaining 
to  an  augur,  or  to  tlie  duties  or  profession  of  an 
aufrur :  of  or  pertaininj;  to  divination ;  ominous : 
as.  '•  portents  <»";/«i«/,''  Caliper. 

augurateH  (a'gu-i'iit).  "•  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
aiKjuriited,  ppr.  aiiijiiratinff.  [<  L.  aiKjurdtus, 
pp".  of  au(]iirtiri.  augtir:  see  augur,  v.,  and-ate^.] 
To  eon.ieotui-e  or  foretell  b.v  augury;  predict; 
act  as  an  augur. 

I  auquralcd  truly  the  improvement  they  would  receii-e 
this  wily.  Warburton,  To  Hurd,  Letters,  cii. 

augurate-  (a'gu-rat),  ».  [<  L.  auguratus,  the 
office  of  augur,  <  uiigiir:  see  augur,  «.,  and 
-affS.]     Tlie  office  of  augur;  augurship. 

augurationt  (a-gu-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  augura- 
ti(>(ii-),  <  auijurari,  pp.  auguratus,  augur:  see 
augur,  c]  The  practice  of  augury,  or<he  fore- 
tellin<r  of  events  by  signs  oromeus:  as,  "tri- 
pudiarv  auguratioiis,"  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg. 
Err.,  i."  11. 

augureif,  «.  [For  *auger,  for  *algere,  appar.  < 
D.  aalgeer,  aalger,  elgcr,  <  aal  (=  E.  eel)  +  -ger 
(=  AS.  gar),  a  spear:  see  gar^,  gore^.']  An 
eel-spear. 

augure-'t,  ".  [Also  augur,  <  OP.  augure,  <  L. 
uiiijiirium  :  see  aiujury.'\    Augury. 

augurert  (a'ger-er),  H.     An  augur.     Shale. 

augurial  (a-gtl'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  augurialis,  eol- 
lateral  form  of  OHJrHra/i«:  see  augural.'}  Of  or 
pertaining  to  augurs  or  augury;  augural. 

As  for  the  divination  or  decision  from  the  staff,  it  is  an 
au'jurial  relic.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

augurismt  (a'ger-izm),  n.     [<  augur  +  -ism.'] 

Augury. 
auguristt  (a'ger-ist),  n.     [<  augur  +  -ist.    Cf. 

(iu;iuri:(.}    An  augur. 
augurizet  (a'ger-iz),  V.  t.  or  i.    [<  augur  +  -ice.'\ 

To  augur  ;  act  as  an  augur, 
auguroust   (a'ger-us),   o.      [<  augur  +  -ous.] 

Predicting;  foretelling;  foreboding. 

Presaging  in  their  auguroia;  hearts. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  xviii.  191. 

augurship  (a'ger-ship),  H.     [<  augur  +  -shij).] 

The  office  or  period  of  office  of  an  augiu'. 
augury  (a'gu-ri),  H. ;  pi.  auguries  (-riz).  [<  ME. 
augury,  <  OF.  auguriv  (ME.  also  augure,  <  OF. 
augure)  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  aiigurio,  <  L.  uuguriiim, 
divination,  prognostication,  omen,  <  augur,  au- 
gur: see  augur,  «.]  1.  The  art  or  practice  of 
foretelling  events  by  signs  or  omens. 
She  knew  by  augun/  divine. 

Stci/t,  Cadenus  and  Vanessa. 
The  throne  and  sceptre  of  Ithaca  were  to  be  disposed 
by  augury,  by  the  will  of  Jove,  signified  by  some  omen. 
J.  Adam.9,  Works,  IV.  571. 

2.  That  which  forebodes  ;  that  from  which  a 
prediction  is  drawn;  an  omen  or  significant 
token. 

Sad  auguries  of  mnter  thence  she  drew. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  iii.  441. 

I  hail  this  interchange  of  sentiment  ...  as  an  augury 
tliat  .  .  .  the  peace  and  friendship  which  now  exist  be- 
tween the  two  nations  \vill  be  .  .  .  perpetual. 

Lincoln,  in  Kaymond,  p.  462. 

3.  Figuratively,  indication ;  presage ;  promise. 
His  diligence  at  school  .  .  .  gave  augury  of  his  future 

accomplishments.  Sumner,  John  Pickering. 

=  Syn.  Portent,  Sign,  etc.  See  omen. 
august!  (a-gusf),  a.  [=  F.  auguste  —  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  aitgusto,  <  L.  augustiis,  venerable,  worthy  of 
honor  (assumed  as  a  title  by  Oetavius  Cfesar 
and  Ms  suecessore),  perhaps  orig. '  consecrated 
by  augury,'  <  augur,  augur  (cf.  robust,  <  L.  ro- 
bustiis,  <  robur) ;  but  usually  associated  with 
augere,  increase,  extol:  see  auction.']  1.  In- 
spiring reverence  and  admiration ;  majestic  ; 
solemnly  grand  or  stately;  sublime;  magnifi- 
cent; impo-sing. 

ITiere  is  on  earth  a  yet  auguiter  thing, 
Veiled  though  it  be,  than  parliament  or  king. 

Ifither. 
That  august  face  of  Truth.       n'hittier.  Eve  of  Election. 
This  was  an  extensive  and  magnificent  structure,  the 
creation  of  the  prince's  own  eccentric  yet  au'tu.'it  taste. 

Pm;  tales,  I.  SiS 

2.  Venerable;  worshipful;  eminent.  =syn.  Stale- 
ly, etc.  (see  majestic),  awful,  imposing. 
August^  (a'Rust),H.  [<ME.  August,  Angst,  also 
A  list,  after  OF.  Aoiist,  mod.  F.  Aoiit  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.Agosto  =  D.  Augustus  =  G.  Dan.  .•(m_(/k.s7  =  Sw. 
Augusti  =  Kuss.  'Aegitstii  =  Gr.  AbyuvcTOC,  <  L, 


380 

Augustus  (sc.  mmsis,  month),  Atignst;  so  named 
by  the  emperor  Augustus  Caasar  (see  august'^)  in 
his  own  honor,  following  the  example  of  Julius 
Ctesar.  who  gave  his  name  to  the  ))receding 
month,  July.  The  earlier  name  of  August  was 
Sextilis  (<  sextiis  =  E.  .lirtli.  it  being  tlie  sixtli 
moutli  in  the  old  calendar).]  The  eighth  month 
of  the  year,  containing  thirty-one  days,  reckon- 
ed the  first  month  of  autumn  in  Great  Britain, 
but  the  last  of  summer  in  the  United  States. 
See  month. 
august-  (a'gust),  r.  t.  [=  F.  aoiii^r,  ripen,  = 
Sp.  agostar,  be  parched,  dial,  plow  land  in 
August,  pastiire  cattle  on  stubble  in  sum- 
mer (see  agostadero) ;  from  August'^,  n.]  If. 
To  make  brown  or  sunburnt.  Evelyn. —  2.  To 
ripen;  bring  to  fruition.     [Poetical.] 

He  for  .  .  .  dear  nations  toiled, 
And  augusteil  man's  heavenly  hopes. 

Bailey,  M.vstic,  I.  55.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

augusta  (a-gus'ta),  «.  [See  flM</H«tl.]  A  name 
given  in  Central  America  to  a  valuable  timber- 
tree,  the  botanical  relations  of  which  are  un- 
known. 

augustal  (a-gus'tal),  n.  [<  L.  Augustalis.  relat- 
ing to  Augustus,  the  title  assumed  by  the  em- 
perors, <  ««y«*'"«,  venerable  :  see  august'^.]  1. 
Under  the  ancient  Roman  empire  :  («)  A  priest 
of  the  lares  at  the  cross-roads,  an  office  first 
established  by  Augustus,  (ft)  A  priest  of  a 
college  or  brotherhood  (sodales  Augustales)  of 
members  of  the  imperial  house  and  some  other 
persons  of  high  rank,  whose  duty  it  was  to 
maintain  the  religious  rites  of  the  Julian  fam- 
Dy :  instituted  by  Tiberius,  (c)  A  member  of  a 
private  college  or  corporation,  of  which  there 
were  many  in  Rome  and  throughout  the  prov- 
inces, formed  to  do  reverence,  by  religious 
ceremonies  and  otherwise,  to  the  memory  of 
Augustus,  and,  at  a  later  date,  to  pay  divine 
honors  to  the  reigning  emperor  also.  The  oflice 
of  augustal  became  hereditary,  and  cai'ried  with  it  the 
assessment  of  certain  public  dues,  and  the  gi\'ing  to  the 
public  of  stated  feasts  and  shows.  The  augustals  wore  dis- 
tinctive ornaments,  had  places  of  honor  in  the  theaters, 
and  enjoyed  other  privileges.  (^7)  Under  the  early 
empire,  a  general  name  for  subaltern  officers 
of  the  legion. —  2.  The  name  of  an  Italian  gold 

coin,     weigh- 


aulacanthid 

been  various  congrejratiuns  of  nuns  called  by  this  name; 
and  many  othen*  follow  the  rule  of  St.  Augustine,  as  the 
fUtspital  Sisters  <d  the  liotel-Dieu  in  France,  Canada,  etc. 
2.  In  theol.,  one  who  adopts  the  views  of  St.  Au- 
gustine, especially  his  doctrines  of  predestina- 
tion and  irresistilile  grace,  'r^ee  grace. —  3.  One 
of  a  sect  of  the  sixteenth  century,  which  main- 
tained tliat  the  gates  of  heaven  will  not  be  open 
till  tlie  general  resurrection, 

Augustinianism  (a-gus-tin'i-an-izm),  n.  [< 
Augiistiniun  +  -ism.]  1.  The  doctrines  of  St. 
Augustine. — 2.  The  niles  and  practice  of  the 
Augustinians. 

augUStly  (a-gust'li),  adv.  In  an  august  man- 
ner; ma.iestically. 

augustness  (a-gust'nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  august ;  dignity  of  mien;  grandeur; 
magnificence. 

He  was  daunted  at  the  augustness  of  such  an  assembly. 

.Sha/testjury. 

aufcl  (ak),  n.  [Also  written  airk,  E.  dial,  alk,  < 
Icel.  alka,  dlka  =  Sw.  alka  =  Dan.  alk ;  >  >rL.  Al- 
ea,  q.  v.]  A  di\-ing  bird  belonging  to  the  fam- 
ily ^-I?c(rf<e  and  the  order  Pi/gopodes,  character- 
ized by  haring  3  toes,  webbed  feet,  and  short 
wings  and  tail.  Originally  the  name  was  specifically 
applied  to  the  great  auk,  or  garefowl,  Atca  impennis,  which 
became  extinct  about  1^44,  notable  as  the  largest  bird  of 
the  family  and  the  only  one  deprived  of  the  power  of  flight 
by  reason  of  the  smallness  of  its  wings,  though  these  were 
as  perfectly  formed  as  in  other  birds.  It  was  about  30 
inclies  long,  the  length  of  the  wing  being  only  about  6 
inclies.  Its  color  was  dark-brown  above  and  white  below, 
with  a  large  white  spot  before  the  eye.  It  abounded  on 
botli  coasts  of  the  >"orth  Atlantic,  nearly  or  quite  to  the 
arctic  cii'cle,  and  south  on  the  American  side  to  Massa- 
chusetts. The  name  came  to  be  also  specifically  applied 
to  the  razor-billed  auk,  Alea  or  Vtamania  torda,  a  simi- 
lar but  much  smaller  species,  about  15  inches  long,  with 
a  while  line  instead  of  a  spot  before  the  eye ;  and  finally, 
as  a  book-name,  it  was  made  synon>Tuous  with  Atcidie. 
Several  North  Pacific  species  still  bear  the  name,  as  the 
rhinoceros  auk  (Ci  ratorhina  monoeerata),  the  creste^l  auk 
(Simorhyncku.-!  cri.-itatellus),  etc. ;  but  other  special  names 
are  usually  found  for  most  of  the  birds  of  this  family,  as 
pujUn,  vuirre,  guillemot,  doi'ehie,  aukkt,  etc.  There  are 
about  24  species  belonging  to  the  family.  See  Alca,  Al- 
cidiv. 

auk-t,  a.    Same  as  aivk'^. 

auklet  (ak'let),  n.  [<  auk  +  dim.  -let.]  A  lit- 
tle auk.    Specifically  applied  to  several  small  species  of 


Obverse.  Ki 

Augustal,  in  the  British  Museum, 
original.) 


ing  from  30 
to  40  grains, 
issued  in 

the  thirteenth 
century       by 
the     emperor 
:.t:.^.  Frederick   II. 

(Sizeofthe    as  king  of  Si- 
cily.   It  bears 
a  resemblance  to  gold  coins  of  the  ancient  Ro- 
man empire. 
augustalis   (a-gus-ta'lis),    H. ;   pi.  augustales 

(-lez).  Same  as  augustal,  2. 
Augustan  (a-gus'tan),  a.  [<  L.  Augustaniis, 
pertaining  to  Augustus,  or  to  cities  named 
Augusta:  see  August^.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
Emperor  Augustus  (31  B.  c.  to  A.  D.  14) :  as, 
the  Augustan  age.  The  Augustan  ,ige  was  the  most 
brilliant  period  in  Koman  literature :  hence  the  phrase 
has  been  applied  by  analogy  to  similar  periods  in  the  lit- 
erary history  of  other  comitries.  Thus  the  reign  of  Louis 
XIV.  has  been  called  the  Augustan  age  of  French  litera- 
tiu"e,  while  that  of  Queen  Anne  has  received  this  distinc- 
tion in  English. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  town  Augusta  Vindelico- 
rum,  now  Augsburg,  in  Bavaria:  as,  the  Au- 
gustan Confession,  commonly  called  the  Augs- 
bvirg  Confession.  See  confession. 
Augustin,  Augustine  (a-gus'tin  or  a'gus-tin), 
«.  [<  L.  Augustiiiiis,  a  proper  name,  <  Augu.9- 
iiis,  name  of  Roman  emperors:  see  August^. 
The  name  JM.sfi«  is  a  contraction  ot  Augustin.] 
A  name  formerly  given  to  a  member  of  one  of 
the  monastic  fraternities  following  the  ride 
of  St.  Augustine.  See  Augustinian — Augustine 
disputation,  a  disputation  formerly  held  at  Oxford  on 
the  feast  of  St.  .Vugustine. 
Augustinian  (a-gus-tin'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Augu.-^tinu.i,  Augustine.]  I.  a.  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  St.  Augustine  or  his  doctrines,  or 
to  the  order  of  monks  following  his  nUe. 
II.  H.  1.  A  member  of  one  of  several  reli- 

fious  orders  deriving  their  name  and  rule  from 
t.  Augustine.  The  regular  canons  of  St.  Augustine, 
or  Austin  Canons,  were  inlrodnceil  iiitoiireat  Britain  sooti 
after  HOC,  and  had  houses  at  Pontefract,  Scone,  Holyroo<l, 
etc.  The  hermits  ot  St.  Augustine,  or  Austin  Friars,  now 
known  as  Augustinijins.  form  (»ne  of  the  four  mendicant 
orders  of  the  Homau  Catludic  Church :  they  were  gathered 
into  one  body  from  several  congregations  in  the  middle  of 
the  thirteenth  centiu"y.  A  reformed  branch  of  this  order  is 
known  as  the  barc/outM  Augustinians.    There  have  also 


Crested  Auklet  (Simor/tyHcMus  tristaUttus). 

Aleidtr.  of  the  genera  Simorhyncfius,  Omhria,  and  Pty- 
chorhaiiij'hus,  as  the  crested  auklet,  Simorhyncfius  cris- 
tatellu.9 ;  the  parr.akeet  auklet,  Omhria  pxittacula;  the 
.\leutian  auklet,  Ptychorhamphus  aleuticus. 
aul  (al),  «.  [E.  dial.,  a  reduction  of  alder^.] 
The  alder. 

Wlien  the  bud  of  the  aul  is  as  big  as  the  trout's  eye, 
Then  that  fish  is  in  se.ison  in  the  river  Wye. 

Local  Eng.  proverb. 

aula  (a'la),  n. ;  pi.  aiilee  (-le).  [L.,  a  hall,  a 
com-t,  <  (iv.  ai'/.i/,  a  hall,  a  court,  orig.  an  open 
com-t,  i)rob.  as  being  open  to  the  air,  <  aj/iwf, 
blow:  see  «»■!,  aura,  and  asthma;  ci.ai/6c,  a 
pipe,  flute.]  1.  A  court  or  hall. —  2.  [NL.] 
In  andt.,  the  anterior  portion  of  the  tliird  ven- 
tricle of  the  brain,  corresponding  to  the  cavity 
of  the  primitive  prosencephalon ;  a  mesal  por- 
tion of  the  common  ventricidar  cavity  of  the 
brain;  in  the  amphibian  brain,  the  ventricle  of 
the  unpaired  cerebral  rudiment. —  3.  [NL.]  In 
eool.,  the  ca-vity  of  a  colony  of  infusoiians,  as 
members  of  Volvox  or  Eudorina.  A.  Hyatt. — 
Aula  Regla  or  Regis  (Royal  or  Kings  Coiut),  a  court 
esta^'li^lu■d  by  Willi:im  the  Couiiueror  in  his  t>wn  hall, 
whence  the  haine.  It  was  composed  of  the  great  officers 
of  state  resilient  in  the  palace,  of  the  king's  justiciars,  ami 
the  greater  barons.  It  formed  an  advisory  body  consulted 
by  the  king  in  matters  of  great  importance.  Also  called 
Curia  liegis.     See  curia,  '1. 

Aulacantha  (A-la-kan'tha),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ai'/i'ir.  pipe,  tube,  +  aKnrOn,  a  spine.]  A  genus 
of  radiolarians,  representing  a  peculiar  family, 
the  Aulacanthida:     Haeckel,  1860. 

aulacanthid  (a-la-kan'thid),  «.  A  radiolarian 
of  the  family  Aulacanthida: 


AulacanthldsB 

Aulacanthidae  (iV-lji-kiui'tlii-ile),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  AulaaiiilUd  +  -iila.]  A  family  of  tripylPiins 
or  ac'iiutharian  ratUolarians,  witli  a  gkoletou 
consistiiiK  of  a  superficial  palliiiin  of  livo  taii- 
gontial  tubes  and  a  number  of  strong  radial 
spicules,  simple  or  branched,  which  pierce  the 
mantle.  They  are  deep-sea  organisms,  and  are  divided 
into  a  nunilKT  of  genera,  as  Aulacantha,  Aulottpathh, 
Aidnraj'his,  Aidiiih'iidnim,  etc.  Ilafchel. 
aulacode(a'la-k6d),«.    l<  Aiilarndiis.']    Aspiny 

f;r<iuud-rat  of  the  genus  Aulacodus. 
Aulacodus  (a-la-ko'dus),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  m'/of,  a 
fuiTow,  +  ()(5i//r',' tooth.]    1.  A  genus  of  rodents, 

of  the  family 
OctiKioHtidii' 
and  subfami- 
ly Echimiji- 
iia;  including 
one  African 
species.  A, 
siciiirliri<niiis, 
Swindor's  au- 
lacode,      the 


ground-pig.  It 

Gnand-piglAulncoiiussTi/fHtieriaHMs).         Jg    ^    large    har- 
rowing    animal, 
about  '2  feet  long,  with  a  stout  body,  short  limbs,  ears,  and 
tail,  liattened  aiid  channeled  bristly  hairs  like  spines,  and 
triply  grooved  teeth. 

2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Esch- 
nrlinlL;  1 8:512. 

anise,  ".     Plural  oi  aula. 

aularian  (a-la'ri-an),  a.  and  ii.  [<  ML.  aukiris, 
<  L.  aula,  hall.]  "I.  a.  Relating  to  a  hall. 

II.  >(.  At  English  universities,  especially  Ox- 
ford, a  member  of  a  hall,  as  distinguished  from 
a  collegian. 

aulary  (a'la-ri),  a.  [<  ML.  aularis:  see  aula- 
rian.}   Same  as  aularian. 

aulatela  (a-la-te'la),  ».;  pi.  aulatclm  (-le). 
[NL.,  iiTeg.  <  axhi  (see  aula)  +  L.  tela,  a  web.] 
In  anat.,  the  atrophied  or  membranous  roof  of 
the  aula.     See  aula,  2. 

aulbet,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  alW-. 

auld  (aid),  a.     [So.,  =  E.  old,  q.  v.]     Old. 

Take  thiae  auld  cloak  about  thee. 

Quoted  in  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

Auld  birWe.  .See  (ifrtic.— Auld  lang  ssrae.  [.( tdii  =  E. 
old:  la  nil  =  E.  lonfj :  9yne  =«£.  siiici^ :  see  aiow.]  .\  Sc-oteh 
phrase  denoting  days  or  times  long  since  i)<ist,  especially 
happy  times.  —Auld  Wives'  tongues,  an  old  name  of  the 
asD,  Popidnn  tfrnuda.  "This  tree  is  the  matter  whereof 
women's  tuongs  were  made,  as  the  poets  and  some  others 
report,  which  seldom  cease  wagging."    Gerard. 

Auldana  (al-da'na),  11.  An  Australian  red  wine. 

auld-farand,  auld-farrant  (ald-fii'rand,  -rant), 
((.  \)ie.,  <.  auld  +  farand.'^  Having  the  ways 
or  thoughts  of  an  old  person ;  resembling  an 
old  or  at  least  a  grown-up  person ;  heuee,  saga- 
cious ;  wily ;  knowing  more  than  was  expected : 
most  frequently  applied  to  children.    [Scotch.] 

allien  (a'len),  a.  [E.  dial.,  a  reduction  of  <//- 
deru.  Cf.  ok/.]    Aldem ;  of  alder.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

auletes  (a-le'tez),  w. ;  pi.  auletai  (-ti).  [Gr. 
ai'hiTric,  <  avXfiv,  play  on  the  flute,  <  aiMi;  a 
flute,  a  pipe,  tube,  <  at/vat,  blow.  Cf.  aula.'\  In 
ancient  Greece,  a  flute-player. 

Before  him  on  the  right  stands  an  auletes. 

Cat.  of  ra.vft«  in  Brit.  Mtiseuni,  II.  86. 

auletic  (a-let'ik),  a.  [<  L.  auleticus,  <Gr.  ni';/;/- 
TtKoi:,  of  or  for  the  flute  (ef.  avAtiTK,  a  flute- 
player),  <ar/'-fh>,  play  on  the  flute:  see  fl«7c<es.] 
Pertaining  to  instruments  of  the  flute  kind. 

It  is  true  that  the  ancients  also  had  an  instrumental 
music  separate  from  poclry;  hut  while  this  in  modcin 
times  has  been  coming  mure  and  more  to  be  the  crown  of 
musical  art,  it  was  conflnctl  in  antitiuity  to  the  kitharistic 
and  atdftic  nomes.  J.  Iladleij,  Essays,  p.  yO. 

auletris  (a-le'tris),  «i ;  pi.  aulctridcs  (-tri-dez). 
[Gr.  av/.r/Tpir,  fern,  of  avAtir^c:  see  auletes.}  In 
ancient  Greece,  a  fe- 
male flute-player. 

lu  the  centre  an  ouletri^^ 
looking  to  the  right,  playing 
on  the  double  Hute. 

Cat.  of  Vase.'t  in  Brit. 
[Museum,  II.  15. 

aulic  (a'lik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  auHcus,  <  Gr.  ay/i- 
k6c,  of  the  court,  <  or///, 
coiu't:  see  aula.}  I.  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  a  royal 
court.  In  the  olil  Gennan 
empir-e,  the  Aulie  Council  was 
the  personal  council  of  the 
emperor,  and  one  of  the  two 
supreme  courts  of  the  em- 
pire which  decided  without 
appeal.      It   wa-s    instituted       .  ,     .      „   ,  ., 

nhniit     Tr.tYy      .,n,l     nrtrnn\7f.t\  Aulctns.— Performer    on    the 

anout     l.)OJ,    ana    organweu  ,|„„ble  flute  or  di.lulos.    (From 

under  a  Oetlmtc  constitution  ^  Greek  rctj-tinured  vase  ;  5th 

in  l&Oy,  modilled  iu  1654.     It  century  a.  O 


381 

Anally  comistcd  of  a  president,  a  vice-president,  and 
eighteen  coimeilors,  8i.x  •)!  whom  were  Protestants;  the 
unanimous  vote  of  the  latter  could  not  be  set  aside  by 
the  others.  The  .Atilic  Council  ceased  to  exist  on  the  ex- 
tinction of  the  German  empire  in  1806.  The  title  is  now- 
given  to  the  Council  of  .State  of  the  Emperor  of  Austria. 
-\lso  aulical. 

2.  [<  aula,  2.]  In  anat.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
aula.     Il'ildcr. 

II.  H.  Formerly,  in  the  University  of  Paris, 
the  ceremony  of  conferring  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor in  theology,  including  a  liarangue  by  the 
chancellor  and  a  disputation  upon  a  thesis 
written  and  defeniled  by  the  candidate :  so 
called  because  it  was  held  in  the  great  hall  of 
the  archbishopric. 

aulical  (a'H-kal),  a.     Same  as  aulic,  1. 

aulicism  (a'li-si/.m),  H.  [<  aulic  +  -ism.}  A 
courtly  phrase  or  (s.xpression. 

aulin  (a'lin),  H.  [Also  written  alliu,  alien,  al- 
lan  ;  according  to  Edmonston  (Shetland  Gloss. ) 

<  leel.  "alinn,  a  parasite  "(cf.  the  specific  name 
para.titicus),  jirop.  one  fed,  being  pp.  of  ala, 
bear,  nom-ish,  feed:  see  alie^  and  all.}  The 
arctic  gidl,  Stcrcorarius  parasiticu.^,  also  call- 
ed dirty-alien,  scoutn-aulin  or  aulin-scoutii,  and 
.ihiit-hird.     See  Hcouty-aulin  and  skuit-hird. 

aulin-SCOUty  (a'lin-skou"ti),  n.    Same  as  aulin. 

auliplezus  (a-li-plek'sus),  ».;  pi.  auliphxu.'i  or 
nulipkxu.'ii.s  (-ez).  [NL.,  <  aula,  2,  +  jilexu.t.} 
In  anat.,  the  aulic  portion  of  the  diaple-xiis; 
that  part  of  the  choroid  plexus  which  is  in  the 
aula.  See  aula,  2.  Il'ilder  and  Gage,  Anat. 
Tech.,  p.  47:i. 

aulmonieret,  «.    See  aumdniire. 

aulnt,  «.     See  aune. 

aulnaget,  »•     See  ainage. 

aulna^ert,  «■     See  ainagcr. 

aulophyte  (a'lo-fit),  n.  [<  Gr.  aiMc,  a  pipe, 
tube,  +  (piTov,  a  plant.]  A  plant  living  within 
another,  but  chiefly  for  shelter,  not  parasiti- 
cally,  as  some  minute  algse. 

Aulopora  (a-lop'o-ra),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiiMc,  a 
pipe,  +  irdpof,  a  pore.]  A  genus  of  fossil  sclero- 
dermatous corals,  of  the  group  Tubulosa,  giving 
name  to  a  family  Auloporida: 

aulorhynchid  (a-lo-ring'kid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
f aniil y  A uhirli i/ncli Ida'. 

Aulor'hjmchidae  (a-lo-ring'ki-de),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Aulorhyuchns  +  -idfc.}  A  family  of  hemi- 
branchiate  fishes,  with  an  elongated  subeylin- 
drieal  body,  elongated  tubiform  snout,  sides 
with  rows"  of  bony  shields,  and  subthoracie 
ventral  fins  having  a  spine  and  four  i-ays  each. 

Aulorhynchus  (a-lo-riug'kus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aiiAor,  a  flute,  pipe,  +/)i'/,VOfi  snout.]  A  genus 
of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Aulorhynchida: 
A.  flaridu.<i,  the  only  known  species,  occurs  on 
the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States. 

AulOSphsera  (a-lo-sfe'rS),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avUg, 
a  pipe,  +  oipiiipa,  sphere.]  A  genus  of  radio- 
larians,  typical  of  the  family  Auhisjiha'rida: 

Aulosphaeridae  (a-lo-sfe'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aulmplucra  +  -ida:}  A  family  of  tripylean 
or  aeantharian  radiolarians,  with  a  fenestrated 
shell  composed  in  a  pectiliar  fashion  of  hollow 
tubes.  It  is  a  group  of  several  deep-sea  gen- 
era, as  Aulosphara,  Aulophlegma,  etc.    Haeekel. 

Aulostoma  (a-los'to-ma),  «.  [NL.  (prop.  fern. 
of  Aulustomu.i;  ct.' Auhstomu.s),  <  Gr.  ai'/.6(,  a 
pipe,  +  aroua,  mouth:  see  auletes  and  stoma.} 
A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Aulu- 
.itomida:     Also  .lulostomus. 

Aulostomatida  (a'^o-sto-mafi-de),  n.  111. 
Same  as  Auld.ttomida: 

aillostomid  (a-los'to-mid),  «.  A  fish  of  the 
family  AnlnsUiniida'. 

Aulos'tomidae  (a-16-st6'mi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aulostoma  +  -ida:'}  A  family  of  hemibranchi- 
ate  fishes,   typified  by  the  eenus  Aulostoma, 


Auiosloma  chtnfnsr. 


\ 


with  a  long  compressed  body,  elongated  tubi- 
form snout,  imbricated  ctenoid  scales,  numer- 
ous dorsal  spines,  and  abdominal  spineless 
ventral  fins.  Several  species  are  known  as 
Inhabitants  of  tropical  and  warm  seas.  Also 
Aulostomatida'. 

aulostomidan  (a-16-st6'mi-dan).  a.  and  ».  I. 
fl.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
.iulostoinida'. 

II.  H.  A  fish  of  the  family  Aulostomida: ;  an 
aulostomid.     Sir  J.  Richardson. 

Aulostomus  (a-los'to-mus),  «.  [NL.,  masc: 
see  Aidostuma.}     Same  as  AtUostoma. 


anra 

aum^  (ftm),  n.  A  dialectal  form  of  elm.  [North. 
Eng.] 

aum-  (am),  n.     See  aam. 

auin-'(am),  H.  Adialcetalformof  a(M»i.  [North. 
Eng.] 

aum',  «.    See  om. 

aumailt,  «•  and  ;;.     An  obsolete  form  of  amcl. 

aumbryt,  "•     An  obsolete  form  fif  ambry. 

aumelett,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  omclit. 

aumener't,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  almoner^. 

aumener-'t,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  almoner". 

aumeryt,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  ambry. 

aumone  (a'mon),  n.  [<  F.  aumdne,  <  OF.  al- 
mosne,  <  LL.  eleemosyna,  alms:  see  alms  and 
almoin,}  In  law,  alms.— Tenure  in  aumone,  a  ten- 
ure by  whicli  lands  arc  given  in  alms  to  some  church  or 
religious  house. 

aumonifere,  aulmonieret  (o-mo-ni-ar'),  ».  [F.: 
see  almoner'^.}  A  pouch  or  purse,  often  richly 
embroidered,  carried  at  the  girdle  by  persons 
of  rank  during  the  middle  ages.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  a  bag  or  pouch  similarly  worn  by 
xvomeii  at  the  present  day. 

aumuce,  «.     See  nmice^. 

auncelt,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.  also  anc^l,  <  ME. 
auncel,  auncelle,  aun.sellc,  also  auncerc,  aunscre, 

<  AF.  auncillc,  aunsellc,  appar.  (by  mistaking 
the  initial  /  for  the  article  P,  la)  for  "tauncellc, 

<  It.  lancclla,  a  little  balance,  dim.  of  lance,  a 
balance,  <  L.  lanx,  ace.  lancem,  a  plate,  a  scale 
of  a  balance:  see  hincc'^,  launce'^,  and  balance.} 
A  kind  of  balance  for  weighing  anciently  used 
in  England,  apparently  that  variety  of  the 
steelyard  commonly  known  as  the  Danish  steel- 
yard, which  has  a  movable  fulcnmi  and  a  fixed 
weight,  the  forefinger  often  sei-ving  as  the  ful- 
crum. It  was  very  inaccurate,  and  wils  therefore  prolub- 
itcd  by  statute.  In  many  parts  of  England  the  term  aun- 
cel-weinlit  is  still  used  to  signify  weight,  as  of  meat,  which 
has  lu-en  estimated  by  the  liand  without  scales. 

aundert,  ".     A  dialectal  form  of  uudcrn. 

aundiront,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  andiron. 

aune  (on),  «.  [F.,  <  OF.  alnc,  ell:  see  alnnge 
anil  dl.}  A  French  cloth-measure,  now  super- 
seded as  a  standard  measure  by  the  meter. 
The  use  of  the  auiw.  metriqite,  nouvelle,  or  vnuctle,  equal 
to  U  meters  or  47J  English  inches,  establisheil  in  1812,  was 
forbidden  after  1839.  The  old  measure  of  this  name  varied 
at  different  places :  at  Rouen  it  was  the  same  as  the  Eng- 
lish ell,  46  inches;  at  Paris,  46.?  inches;  at  Lyons,  47i 
inches  ;  at  Calais,  &S,^  inches.     Formerly  written  auln. 

aunget,  aungelt,"".  [ME.,  <  OF.  ange,  angel: 
see  anqcl.}     (Jbsolcte  foi-ms  of  angel. 

aunt  (ant),  «.  [<  ME.  auntc,  aunt,  <  OF.  ante, 
aunte  (F.  tante)  =  Pr.  amda  =  It.  dial,  amida, 
anieta,  <  L.  amita,  aimt ;  cf.  Icel.  annua,  grand- 
mother: see  owmnl.  For  the  change  of  mt 
to  nt,  cf.  o«/l.]  1.  The  sister  of  one's  father 
or  mother;  also,  in  address  or  familiar  use, 
the  wife  of  one's  uncle. —  Sf.  Formerly  used 
by  altunni  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  as  a  title 
for  the  "  sister  university."  X.  E.  D. —  3t.  An 
old  woman ;  an  old  gossip. 

The  wisest  aiiri*  telling  the  saddest  tale. 

Sliak.,  M.  N.  D.,  il  1. 

4t.  A  procuress ;  a  loose  woman. 

Summer  songs  for  me  and  my  a\ints, 
While  we  lie  tumbling  in  the  hay. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  2. 

Aimt  Sally.  («)  in  England,  a  favorite  game  at  race- 
courses an<i  fairs.  .\  wooden  head  is  set  on  a  pole,  and  a 
clay  pipe  is  placed  in  the  mouth  or  nose.  The  game  con- 
sists in  endeavoring  to  smash  the  pipe  by  throwing  sticks 
or  other  missiles  at  it.    (t)  The  head  so  used. 

auntert,  ".  The  common  Middle  English  form 
of  adventure,  n. 

auntert,  auntret,  r.  i.  and  t.  The  common 
Middle  English  forms  of  adventure,  v. 

I  »ol  arise  and  auntre  it  by  my  fay. 

Cliaucer,  Kccvc's  Tale,  1.  290. 
auntie,  ».    See  aunty. 

auntroust,  «•      The  common  Middle  English 
form  of  adventurous.     Chaucer. 
aunty,  auntie  (iin'ti),  n.    Familiar  diminutive 

forms  of  aunt. 

aural  (a'rii),  n.  [L.,  a  breeze,  a  breath  of  air, 
the  air,  (  Gr.  avpa,  air  in  motion,  a  breeze, 

<  affvai,  breathe,  blow.  Cf.  aula,  and  see  airi.] 
1.  A  supposed  influence,  force,  or  imponder- 
able matter  proceeding  from  a  body  and  sur- 
rounding it  as  an  atmosphere  ;  specifically,  an 
imponderalile  substance  supposed  to  emanate 
from  all  living  things,  to  consist  of  the  subtle 
essence  of  I  he  individual,  and  to  be  a  means 
of  manifesting  what  is  called  animal  mag- 
netism, and  also  a  medimn  for  the  operation 
of  alleged  mesmeric,  clairvoyant,  and  somnam- 
bidic  powers.  Also  called  'nerve-aura,  or  ner- 
vaura.  Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  atmosphere; 
air ;  character,  etc. 


aura 

Ho  (Rossettil  appreciaUM  to  a  pcnprnus  rxtont  the 
poetry  of  present  younger  writers,  but  faileil  to  ace  in 
nine-tenths  of  it  any  of  that  originality  anit  individual 
aura  that  characterize  work  that  will  staml  the  stress  of 
time.  If.  .S7i«r;).  I),  (i.  liosselti,  p.  SB. 

Tlie  personal  aura  which  gurroundeil  him  |S.  Rowlcs] 
in  soeiul  intercourse  was  nowhere  more  iiott'iit  than  with 
his  young  men  in  the  office. 

Charli'it  (i.  Wfiitiiifr,  in  Merriani's  Life  of  Bowles,  II.  69. 
3.  A  peculiar  sensation  resembling  that  pro- 
dueed  l)y  a  current  of  air.  See  epileptic  aura, 
below.  Electric  aura,  a  supposed  electric  fluid  ema- 
nating from  an  eleelrilled  hndy.  and  forming  a  sort  of  at- 
mosphere around  it.  .Mso  called  cl.rtrir  ilfi/wsphrre.— 
^lleptlc  aura  (aura  ejiileptiia).  jiT-iinai-ily,  a  sensation, 
as  of  a  current  of  air  rising  from  .■-..me  j.art  of  the  t.ody  to 
the  head,  preceding  an  .attack  of  epilepsy;  in  a  more  gen- 
eral sense,  any  disturhance  of  coTisciousness  (.r  local  mo- 
tor syinjitoms"  immediately  preceding  an  ei>ileptic  spasm. 
—  Hysteric  aura,  a  similar  sensation  preceding  an  at- 
tiick  of  hysteria. 

aura-  (a'rU),  ».  [NL.,  appar.  adapted  (with  ref. 
to  ((«)v/l)  from  a  S.  Amor,  native  name.  The 
form  niiroiifi  is  given  by  Barrere  as  the  native 
name  in  Guiana.]  An  old  native  name  of  any 
South  American  \'ulture  excepting  the  condor ; 
an  urubu,  tzopilotl,  gallinazo,  turkey-buzzard, 
or  carrion-crow,  it  was  early  Latinized  in  the  form 
re;fi>ia  aitrarum,  was  adopted  by  Linnrcus  as  the  speciilc 
name  of  his  Vultur  aura^  and  is  now  used  as  the  specific 
name  of  tlie  turkey-buzzard,  Catharten  aura.  See  cut 
under  Catharfrs. 

auraU  (a'ral),  a.  [<  L.  aura  (see  aura'^)  +  -o'.] 
Pertaining  to  the  air  or  to  an  aura. 

aural^  (a'ral),  ((.  [<  L.  amis,  =  E.  frtj-l,  -I-  -rt/.] 
1.  Relating  to  the  ear:  as,  the  aural  orifice; 
aural  surgery. — 2.  Perceived  .by  the  ear; 
learned  by  hearing ;  auricular. 

That  nirnd  acquaintance  with  Latin  phrases  which  the 
unlearne.l  might  j.ick  vip  from  pulpit  .jin.tations  con- 
stantly interpreted  t.y  tlie  preacher,  could  licli.  them  little 
when  they  saw  written  Latin.    George  Eliot,  liomola,  Ixiii. 

auramine  (a'ra-min),  n.  [<  aurum  +  amine.'] 
A  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  it  is  the  liydro- 
chlorid  of  tetra-methyl-di.amido-benzo-phenon-imide.  It 
jields  a  pure  and  brilliant  yellow  on  cotton,  wool,  and  silk. 

aurantia  (a-ran'shi-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  aurantium, 
an  orange:  see  orange,]  Aooal-tarcolorusedin 
dyeing,  it  is  the  ammonium  salt  of  hexa-nitro-diphenyl- 
amine.  It  produces  shades  of  orange,  but  is  only  applied 
to  wool  and  silk.  It  has  been  said  that  this  dye  has  poison- 
ous properties,  occ.i-sioning  skin-eruptions. 

Aurantiaceae  (a-ran-ti-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
aurantium,  an  orange  (see  orange),  +  -aceie.] 
See  Aurantiew. 

aurantiaceous  (&-ran-ti-a'shius),  a.  [<  NL. 
aurantiaceus :  see  above.]  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  Aurantiaceiv. 

Aurantieae  (a-ran-ti'e-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  auran- 
tium (see  orange)  +  -6(8.]  A  tribe  in  the  natu- 
ral order  Eutacew,  trees  or  shrubs,  distinguished 
from  the  rest  of  the  order  by  their  perfect 
flowers  and  by  their  fruit,  a  large  berry  with 
exalbuminous  seeds,  it  has  often  been  classed  as  a 
distinct  order,  the  Auranti^cece.  There  are  about  a  dozen 
genera,  indigenous  to  tropical  Asia,  of  which  the  most 
familiar  are  Citru-s,  yielding  the  orange,  etc.;  Umonia 
(which  see);  and  jKijle,  the  bhel-tree. 

aurate^  (a'rat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  auratus,  over- 
laid with  gold,  of  gold,  pp.  of  aurare,  overlay 
with  gold,  <  aurum,  gold:  see  aurum  and-afel.] 
I.  a.  Resembling  gold;  gold-colored;  gilded. 
[Rare.] 

II.  ».  1.  A  kind  of  pear. — 2.  A  combination 
of  auric  acid  with  a  base :  as,  potassium  aurate. 

aurate^  (a'rat),  a.  [<  L.  auris,  =  E.  earl,  + 
-r;tei.  Equiv.  to  aieri to?,  q.  v.]  Eared;  having 
ears,  as  the  scallop-shell. 

auratedl,  aurated^  (a'ra-ted),  a.  Same  as 
aurate'^,  aurate^. 

aur6  (6-ra'),  o.  [Heraldic  F.,  =  «!/ratel.]  In 
her.,  sprinkled  with  drops  or  spots  of  gold. 
Otherwise  termed  gutte  d'or.     See  gtttte. 

aureate  (a'rf-at),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  aureat,  < 
LL.  aureatus,  adorned  with  gold,  <  L.  aureus, 
golden,  <  nurum,  gold:  see  aurum.]  Golden; 
gilded ;  golden-yellow,  as  a  flower. 

aurei,  ".     Plural  of  aureus. 

aureity  (a-re'i-ti),  «.  [<  aure-ous  + -ity.]  The 
peculiar  properties  of  gold;  goldenness.  Cole- 
ridge. 

aurelia  (a-re'lya),  M.  [NL.,  <  It.  aurelia,  chrys- 
alis, <  inirrHa.  fern,  oi  aurelio,  golden  (Florio), 
<  L.  'aurelius  (onlyjas  a 
proper  name,  Aurelius, 
earlier  Auselius,  a  Ro- 
man family),  <  aurum, 
gold:  see  rtHrifw.]  If.  In 
entom.,  the  nymph,  chrys- 
alis, or  pujia  of  a  lepi- 
dopterous    insect.      See 

Aurelia  aurita.  clin/salis. 2.       [cOp.]      A 

C.  genital  chamber ;/.,  pro-  genUS  of  pelagic  disCO- 
longed  angle  of  the  moutli ;     „!.„..„,. „  i/..,j", ....„,;....„. 


w.  one  of  the  litliocysts. 


phorous      Uydromcdusw, 


typical  of  the  family  Aureliida;  characterized 
by  having  branched  radial  ve.'isels  and  the  edge 
of  the  disk  fringed  with  small  tentacles.  A.  an- 
rita  is  the  type-species,  found  in  I^uropean  seas,  the  old 
Medu»a  aurita  of  Linnieus.  A.  jtariilii/a  occurs  on  the 
co.'ist  of  North  America.  The  nanu;  is  synonynuuis  with 
MeilUMU  regarded  as  a  genus  and  in  its  most  restricted 
sense. 

In  the  study  of  the  sunfish  {A^trelin)  we  are  able  to  see 
plainly  the  prominent  differences  between  jelly-flshcs  as 
a  group  and  polyps  iis  a  group. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  .Tuly,  1878,  p.  :«». 

3.  The  adult  state  of  any  medusa,  or  the  per- 
fected stage  of  a  medusiform  zooid. 
aurelian  (a-re'lyan),  a.  and  n.  [<  aurelia,  1,  -f 
-""•]  I.t  a.  In  entom.,  like  or  pertaining  to 
the  aurelia:  as,  the  aurelian  form  of  an  insect. 
II.  n.  An  entomologist  devoted  to  the  study 
of  lepidopterous  insects  only. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  Aurelians,  as  the  students 
of  Lepidoptera  were  then  [1853]  termed. 

J.  0.  WestU'ood,  1S8.S. 

Aureliidse  (a-re-li'i-de),  «.  ^jf.     [NL.,  <  Aurelia, 
'2,  -h   -ido".]     A  family  of  pelagic  Discophora, 
ecnitaining  the  genus  Aurelia. 
aureola  (a-re'6-la),  n.     [L.,  fem.  of  aureolus,  of 
gold,  ilim.  of  aureus,  of  gold,  <  aurum,  gold: 
see  aurum.]    1.  In  rep- 
resentations    of      the 
Deity,  tlie  Virgin  Mary, 
saints,  martjTS,  etc.,  a 
radiance    or   luminous 
cloud  emanating  from 
and    surrounding    the 
whole  figure,     if  the  fig- 
ure is  represented  in  an  erect 
position,  the  aureola  is  usu- 
ally oval,   or  of    the   form 
known  as  the   renica  pixels 
(lisb's  blad.lcr);  if  the  figure 
is  sitting,  the  aureola  often 
approaches  a  circular  fi^rni. 
.\urcola,  nimbus,  and  [/lorit 
are  frequently  confounded, 
though  technically  quite  dis- 
tinct.   See  nimbus  and  glonj. 
There     are     some    poets 
whom  we   picture   to    our- 
selves as   surrounded  with 
aureolas. 
Stedman,yict.  Poets,  p.  114. 

2.  Anything  resem- 
bling an  aiU'eola.  Spe- 
cifically—(«)  In  astron.,  the  ring  of  light  seen  around  the 
moon  in  total  eclipses  of  the  sun.  (6)  In  meteor.,  a  kind 
of  halo  surrounding  a  shadow  cast  upon  a  cloud  or  fog- 
bank  or  dew-covered  grass :  often  observed  by  aeronauts 
on  the  upper  surface  of  clouds.  Also  called  a  fftory. 
3.  In  Bom.  Cath.  theoL,  a  higher  reward  added 
to  the  essential  bliss  of  heaven  as  a  recompense 
for  a  special  spiritual  \actory  gained  by  the 
person  to  whom  it  is  attributed:  as,  the  au- 
reola of  virgins,  martyrs,  doctors,  etc. 
aureole  (a're-61),  «.  [<  ME.  aureole  (cf.  F.  au- 
reole), <  L.  aureola  :  see  aureola.  Cf.  oriole.]  A 
luminous  emanation  or  cloud  surrounding  a 
figure  or  an  object ;  an  aureola. 

P^air  shines  the  gilded  aureole 
In  which  our  highest  painters  place 
Some  living  woman's  simple  face. 

D.  G.  Rossetti,  Jenny. 
And  round  the  grisly  fighter's  hair  the  martyr's  aureole 
bent!  Whittier,  Brown  of  Ossawatomie. 

When  the  electric  arc  is  produced  between  carbons  in 
vacuo  a  beautiful  glow  is  obtained,  the  negative  pole  being 
surrounded  by  a  blue  aureole,  and  the  positive  by  a  strat- 
ified pale-blue  light.      A.  Daniell,  Prin.  .if  Physics,  p.  583. 

aureole  (a're-61),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aureoled, 
yypr.  aureoliiig.  [<.  aureole,  n.]  To  surround  or 
invest  with  an  aureole. 

aureolin  (a-re'o-lin),  n.  [<  L.  aureolus,  dim.  of 
(lureus,  golden,  yellow  (see  aureous),  +  -in".] 
A  trade-name  for  the  pigment  cobalt  yellow 
(which  see,  imder  yellow). 

aureosin  (a-re'o-sin),  n.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  -t- 
eosin.]  A  coal-^tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  it  is  a 
chlorinated  fluorescein  (which  see).  It  dyes  light-rose 
shades  on  silk,  giving  a  greenish-yellow  reflection. 

aureous  (a're-us),  a.  [<  L.  aureus,  of  gold,  gold- 
en, <  aurum,  gold:  see  aurum.]  Of  a  golden- 
yellow  color. 

aures,  n.     Plural  of  auris,  1. 

aureus  (a're-us),  n. ;  pi.  aurci  (-i).  [L.,  prop, 
ad.i.  (sc.  nu'mmus,  coin),  of  gold:  see  aureous.] 
A      Roman 


gold  coin 
equivalent 
to  100  ses- 
terces or  25 
denarii, first 
minted  in 
the  first  cen- 
tury B.  c, 
and    issued 


Aureola.— Figure  of  Christ, 
from  t>'mpanum  of  port.-^!  of  St. 
"Frophime.  Aries.  France ;  I2th 
century. 


Aureus  of  Augustus.  British  Museum, 
of  the  original.) 


auricular 

under  the  empire  till  tlie  reign  of  Tonstantine 
I.,  who  substituted  for  it  the  gold  solidus.  in 
the  time  of  Augustus  the  aureus  weighed  about  120  grains 
and  was  worth  about  $.^j.02.  Its  weight  and  standard  were 
afterward  rc.lueed. 

au  re'VOlr  (6  r^-vwor').  [F. :  au  (see  au^);  re- 
voir,  <  L.  rcridere,  see  again,  <  re-,  again,  -1- 
vidcre,  see:  lit.  to  the  reseeing  (inf.  used  as 
n.).]  Tliitil  we  meet  again;  good-by  for  the 
jircscnt. 

auri-argentiferous  (a"ri-ar-jen-tif'e-ru8),  a. 
[<  L.  aurum,  gold,  -t-  argentum,  silver,  +  J'erre  = 
E.  hear^:  see  aurum  and  argeuliferous.]  Bear- 
ing or  containing  both  gold  and  silver. 

Tliere  are  found  in  the  lower  levels  poi-kets  of  aurt- 
arffentiyeroun  ore.      L.  Uarniltim,  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  128. 

auricl  (a'rik),  a.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold  (see  iiurum), 
+  -!>.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  gold.— Auric  oxid, 
or  gold  trloxid,  Auo*);!.  is  a  blackish-brown  powder,  the 
higlii-st  kiKOMi  oxid  of  gold. 

auric"  (a'rik),  rt.  [<  auraX  + -ic]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  aura;  aural.     See  aura^. 

aurichalc  (a'ri-kalk),  n.     See  oricltalc. 

aurichalci'te  (ii-ri-kal'sit),  n.  [<  L.  auriehal- 
cum  (see  oricluilc)  +  -He".]  A  hydrous  carbon- 
ate of  copper  and  zinc  occurring  in  transpar- 
ent verdigris-green  to  sky-blue  needle-shaped 
crystals,  also  in  laminated  or  granular  masses. 
\\iien  reduced  it  yields  a  gold-colored  alloy  of  copper  and 
zinc.  Buratite  is  a  variety  which  was  supposed  to  be 
singular  in  containing  calcium. 

aurichalcum  (a-ri-kal'kum),  «.   See  orichalr. 

auricle  (a'ri-kl),  n.  [<  L.  auricula,  the  external 
ear,  the  ear,  dim.  of  auris z=K.  ear'^,  q.  v.]  1. 
The  pinna  of  the  e-xteriial  ear ;  that  part  of  the 
organ  of  hearing  which  projects  from  the  side 
of  the  head.  See  pinna,  and  cut  imder  ear. 
Also  auricula. —  2.  A  chamber  or  one  of  the 
chambers  of  the  heart  into  which  the  blood 
comes  from  the  veins,  and  from  which  it  passes 
into  the  ventricle  or  one  of  the  ventricles.  In 
the  mamin.alian,  avian,  and  reptilian  heart  there  are  two 
auricles,  the  right  and  the  left.  The  name  is  sometimes 
used  in  a  more  special  sense  to  designate  an  ear-like  por- 
tion or  appendage  (appendix  auriculfe)  of  each  of  these 
chambers ;  the  remainder  is  then  distinguished  as  the 
sinus.  The  riglit  auricle  receives  venous  blood  from  the 
venfe  cava;;  the  left  auricle  receives  arterial  blood  from 
the  lungs  tlirough  the  pulmonary  veins.  See  cuts  under 
heart  and  lunrj. 

3.  Something,  or  somffpart  of  a  thing,  like  or 
likened  to  an  ear:  variously  applied,  chiefly  in 
botany,  zoology,  and  comparative  anatomy. 
Specifically — (a)  In  entom.,  an  appendage  of  the  plantaof 
certain  insects,  as  bees.  (6)  In  echinoderms.  an  auricula. 
See  auiienla,  4.  (c)  In  bot.,  an  ear-shaped  or  ear-like  ap- 
pendage ;  the  inflated  lower  lobe  or  appendage  of  the 
leaves  of  some  Hepatieir. 

4.  An  instmment  applied  to  the  ears  to  assist 
in  hearing;  a  kind  of  ear-trumpet. 

auricled  (a'ri-kid),  0.  l<  auricle -i-  -ed^.]  Hav- 
ing ears  or  auricles ;  having  appendages  resem- 
bling ears;  inhot.,  same  as  auriculate. 

auricomous  (a-rik'o-mus),  a.  [<  L.  aurieomus, 
with  golden  hair,  <' aurum,  gold,  -I-  coma,  hair: 
see  aurum  and  coma".]  Having  golden  hair; 
yellow-haired. 

auricula  (a-rik'ii-la),  n. ;  pi.  auricula'  (-le).  [L., 
the  external  ear,  the  ear:  see  auricle.]  1.  In 
hot.,  a  garden  flower  derived  from  the  yellow 
Primula  Auricula,  found  native  in  the  Swiss 
Alps,  and  sometimes  called  bear's-ear  from  the 
shape  of  its  leaves.  It  has  been  cultivated  for  cen- 
turies by  rtorists.  who  have  succeeded  in  raising  from 
seed  a  great  numlier  of  beautiful  varieties. 
2.  Same  as  auricle,  1. — 3.  [cap.]  [NL.]  In 
zool.,  a  genus  of  phytophagous  or  plant-eating 
pulmonale  gastropods,  typical  of 
the  family  Auriculidw.  A.  judo- 
and  A.  mido"  are  examples.  They 
are  known  as  ear-shells. — 4.  [NL.] 
In  echinoderms,  one  of  the  perfo- 
rated processes  into  which  the 
ambulacra!  and  '  sometimes  the 
interambulacral  plates  are  pro- 
duced, and  which  arch  over  the 
interior  of  the  ambulacra,  as  in 
the  typical  echini,  or  sea-urchins. 
See  cut  under  Eehinoidea. 

auricular  (a-rik'u-lSr),  a.  and  n. 
[<  ML.  auricularis.i  li.  auricula, 
the  ear:  see  o«riWf.]  J.a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  the  ear,  or  to  the  auri- 
cle of  the  ear;  aural:  as,  the  auricular  nerve. 
—  2.  Used  in  connection  with  the  ear:  as,  an 
auricular  tube  (which  see,  below"). — 3.  Ad- 
dressed to  the  ear;  privately  confided  to  one's 
ear,  especially  the  ear  of  a  priest:  as,  auricu- 
lar confession. —  4.  Recognized  or  perceived 
by  the  ear;  audible. 

"i'ou  shall  ...  by  an  auricular  assurance  have  your 
satisfaction.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  2. 


Ear-shell  lAurt'. 
ci*la  Juda). 


auricular 

6t.  Communicated  or  known  by  report;  liear- 
say. 
Auricular  tra<litinnn  and  feigned  testimonies. 

liarnn,  Nnt.  Hist.,  5  320. 
6.  Known  or  obtained  by  the  Kense  of  hearing: 
as,  rt«nc«/or  evidence. — 7.  Ear-sliaped;  auric- 
ulate;  auriform:  a.s,  the  <iiiriciil<ir  articulating 
surface  of  the  human  ilium. —  8.  In  echiuo- 
derms,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  aui-iculni:  as,  au 
internal  niiricuhir  process. —  9.  Pertaining  to 
the  auricle  of  the  heart.-  Anterior  auricular  ar- 
teries, two  or  more  iiruuches  of  tlui  ti'lnpoi-al  artL-ry  .>;ii]i 
plying  tlie  external  ear.  — Anterior  auricular  veins, 
small  veins  from  the  exttTnal  ear  eiiiiityint,'  int.i  the  tctii- 
poral  vein.  -Auricular  feathers,  in  nrniili..  the  speiial 
set  of  feathers,  usually  of  preuliar  t^tiiictnn-,  wliich  overlie 
and  defend  the  outer  o|ifiiini.'of  the  ear.  Auricular  fin- 
ger, the  little  tinner:  so  c'lned  fr till- fact  that  it  isni.ist 

easily  introdneeil  into  the  ear.  -  Auricular  foramen,  thf 
mouth  tif  the  extern.'il  auditory  i  neat  us  of  the  ear. —  Auric- 
ular nerves,  various  Hiuali  iirrvcs  derived  from  the  great 
auricular,  the  anrieulotoniiior.al,  tlir  facial,  the  second  cer- 
vical, the  small  or  .sometinu-s  the  large  occipital,  atjd  the 
vagus  nerves,  which  supply  the  inti-guiuent  and  other 
parts  of  the  external  ear  and  it.'*  vicinity.  — Auricular 
point,  in  aimt..  the  center  of  the  auricular  foramen.— 
Auricular  radii,  in  cranwm.,  radii  drawn  frcun  the  pro- 
jeetion  of  tlie  auricular  point  on  the  median  plane  to  the 
projections  of  otller  points  of  tlie  skull.      See  rrnnimiu'tn/. 

—  Auricular  tube,  a  speakingtuhe,  either  portalde  for 
the  use  of  deaf  persons,  or  extending  hetwein  dilfercnt 
partsofa  luiil-lingior  the  Ciinvcvanceof  tiiessagcs.  AUriC- 
Ular  Witness,  a  witness  whi>  k  latcs  wliat  he  has  liiard. 

—  Deep  auricular  artery.a  small  iinui,  h  from  the  inter- 
nal maxillary  artei  v.  suppI\inK  IIe>  r\tcrn:il  meatus  of  the 
ear.  -Great  auricular  nerve,  tin-  auricnlarisiMagnus,  a 
nerve  arisiut;  from  tin-  second  an<l  third  cervieiil  nerves, 
and  di3tril>nted   to   tlie  external   ear  and   adjacent  parts. 

—  Posterior  auricular  artery,  a  laaneh  "f  theextermil 

carotid  artery,  supfih  lug  part-;  in  the  n-ginn  of  the  ear. — 
Posterior  auricular  vein,  a  vein  which  descending  be- 
hind the  pinna  of  the  ear  fnnn  the  side  of  the  head,  joins 
the  external  jugular  vein. 

II.  n.  1.  pi.  In  ornith.,  the  aiuieular  feath- 
ers.— 2.  Tlie  auricular  or  little  finger.  See 
aiti'icuhtr  fitujer^  above. 

auriculares,  «.     Plural  ot  auricular  is. 

auricularia  (a-rik-u-la'ri-ii,),  11.  [NL.,  <  auricu- 
la, 4,  +  -aria.'i  1.  [PI.  auriculnritE  (-e).]  A 
term  applied  to  an  early  stage  of  the  develop- 
ment of  the  embryo  of  certain  echinoderms,  as 
those  of  the  genera  Holothuria,  Synajita,  etc., 
when  it  is  ciliated.  See  Holothuridea.  [It  is  a 
generic  name  given  by  Miiller  through  a  mis- 
take as  to  the  nature  of  these  larva".] — 2. 
[cap.']  In  conch.,  a  generic  name  variously 
used:  as,  (o)  by  De  Blainville  for  a  genus  of 
acephalous  mollusks ;  (6)  by  Fabricius  for  a 
genus  of  gastropods. 

auriculanan  (a-rik-fi-la'ri-an),  a.  [<  auricu- 
laria +  -an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  auricula- 
ria; echinopa?dic. 

auricularis  (a-rik-u-la'ris),  n.-  pi.  auriculares 
(-rez).  [NL. :  see  auricular.]  Tlie  little  finger. 
See  auricular  finger,  under  auricular. 

auricular ly  (a-rik'u-lar-li),  m/r.  1.  In  an  au- 
ricular manner ;  specifically,  in  a  secret  man- 
ner; by  whispers. 

These  will  soon  confess,  and  that  not  auricularly,  but  in 
a  loud  and  audible  voice.    Decay  qf  Christ.  Piety,  vii.  g  4. 

2.  By  means  of  auricles. 

auriculate,  auriculated  (a-rik'u-lat,  -la-ted), 
a.  [<  NL.  auricuhitus,<,  L.  auricula:  see  au- 
ricle] 1.  Ear-shaped;  like  or  likened  to  an 
auricle;  auriform. — 2.  Ha\ingears;  provided 
with  ears,  auricles,  or  ear-like  parts:  in  bat, 
said  of  a  leaf  with  a  pair  of  small  blunt  projec- 
tions or  ears  at  the  base Aurictilate  antennae, 

in  entom.,  antennm  in  which  one  i>f  the  basal  joints  is  ex- 
panded laterally  in  a  concave  plate,  as  in  certain  aquatic 
beetles.  — Auriculate  elytra,  in  entom.,  elytra  produced 
laterally  at  the  hnnieral  angles  into  a  free  lobe. 

auriculid  (ti-rik'ti-lid),  «.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  A nricnlida'. 

Auriculidse  (a-ri-ku'li-de),  «.  1)1.  [NL.,  <  Au- 
ricula, 3,  -1-  -ifla:]  A  family  of  pulmonato  gas- 
tropods with  contractile  tentacles,  eyes  ses- 
sile at  the  inner  or  hinder  bases  of  the  tenta- 
cles, rugose  teguments,  and  a  spiral  shell  whose 
partitions  are  geucriilly  absorbed,  and  whose 
columella  is  plicated.  The  family  is  divided  into  sub- 
families and  many  genera.  Some  of  the  species  frequent 
banks,  generally  within  tide-limits,  others  marshes  and 
wet  woods,  and  a  few  (of  the  genus  Carychium)  are  almost 
exclusively  terrestrial.     .See  cut  xmAerPi/thia. 

auriculobregmatic  (a-rik''ij-16-breg-mat'ik),  a. 
[<  auricula  +  hrr,ima(t-)  +  -ic]  In  anut.,  per- 
taining to  the  iiiirienlar  point  and  the  bregma. 

—  Auriculobregmatic  line,  a  lim'  drawn  from  the  pro- 
jection of  the  auricular  jioints  on  the  median  plane  of  the 
skull  to  the  bregma.     See  craniovietry. 

auriculo-orbicularis  (a  -  rik'u  - 16  -  6r-bik-ii-la'- 
ris),  II.  [NL.,  <  auricula  +  orbicularis.]  A 
muscle  of  the  hedgehog  connecting  the  pinna 
of  the  ear  with  the  orbicularis  panniculi,  which 
it  antagonizes. 


.^R3 

auriculoparotidean(a-rik"u-16-pa-ro-tid'e-an), 

(/.  l<.  auricula  -i-  iiaroliil  -f  -c(nK]  Pertaiiiing 
to  theaurieloof  the  ear  and  the  i)iirotid  glaiul: 
specifically  ajiplied  to  a  nerve  which  supplies 
tfiosc  parts. 

auriculotemporal  (a-rik"i"t-16-tem'po-ral),  a. 
[<  auricula  -f-  temporal.]  Pertiiining  to  tlie  ear 
and  the  tem])oral  region  :  specifically  applied  to 
a  branch  of  the  inferior  maxillary  nerve  which 
supplies  the  external  ear  and  ad.jacent  regions. 

auriculoventricular  (a -rik' u - 16 - vcn - trik'u- 
liir),  a.  [<  auricula  +  ventricular.]  Pertain- 
ing both  to  the  auricles  and  to  the  ventricles 
of  the  heart:  as,  the  auriculon utricular  ori- 
fice. See  cut  under  /i«'r^- Auriculoventricular 
valves.    See  mine. 

auriferous  (a-rif 'e-ms),  a.  [<  L.  nurifcr,  gold- 
bc'ariiig,  <  aitruni,  gold,  -H  fcrrc  =  K.  Iicar^.] 
Yielding  or  producing  gold  ;  containing  gold: 
as,  aurifcroux  quartz  ;  auriferous  strata. 

Mountains  big  with  mines, 
Whence  m.any  a  bursting  stream  nun'/ennts  i)lays. 

Ttiontsini',  Suuniu-r,  1.  64S. 

aurific    (i"i-rif'ik),    a.     [<    L.    auruiu,    gold,    -t- 
focrrr,  make.]     Capable  of  transmuting  sub- 
stances into  gold  ;  gold-making. 
Some  experinu'uts  made  with  an  aurijir  powder. 

.'^outhey.  The  Doctor,  elxxxvi. 

auriflamma.  auriflamme  (a-ri-fiam'ji,  ii'ri- 

llam),  n.    [<  ML.  auriflamma,  lit.  goldeii  flame, 

<  L.  rt«n(/H,  gold,  -i- flamma,  tisinv.]  The  an- 
cient royal  banner  of  France.     See  oriflaminr. 

auriform  (a'ri-form),  o.  [<  L.  auris,  the  ear. 
-1-  forma,  form.  ]  Ear-shaped ;  having  the  form 
of  the  external  human  ear:  as,  an  auriform 
sheU. 

aurifrisia  (a-ri-friz'i-a),  ».  Same  as  auriphry- 
i/ia. 

aurifrisiate  (a-ri-friz'i-at),  a.  Same  as  nwri- 
plirijiiiate. 

aurify  (a'ri-fi),  1'.  t.  and  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  auri- 
ficd,  ppr.  aurifijinq.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  +  fa- 
ccre,  make:  see  -fy.]  To  turn  into  or  become 
gold. 

Auriga  (a-ri'ga),  H.  [L.,  a  charioteer  ;  as  con- 
stellation, the  Wagoner;  perhaps  <  aurea, 
bridle  (cf.  ore(e,  the  bit  of  a  bridle,  <  os  {or-), 
the  mouth:  see  os^),+  ajrcre,  drive ;  otherwise 

<  "aurus  (not  found,  supposed  to  mean  'a 
horse,'  =  Gr.  av/mc,  swift)  +  agerc,  drive :  see 
act,  v.]     1.  A  northern  constellation  contain- 


Mdcr-i 

Mitcr.  I2lh  century. 
(From  "  I.'Art  pour  Tous.") 


pliryria.  ut  Aunpttrygldtc 
r.  I2lri  cc 


»         \ 


ing  the  splendid  star  Capella ;  the  Charioteer 

or  Wagoner,  it  is  supposed  to  represent  a  charioteer 
kneeling  in  his  vehicle.  He  is  often  represented  with  a  kid 
on  his  left  slioulder,  this  being  doubtless  an  ancient  con- 
stellation-flgnre  coincident  in  position  with  the  t'harioteer. 
2.  [/.  c]  [NL.]  A  name  of  the  fourth  lobe  of 
the  liver.     [Rare.] 

aurigal  (a-ri'gal),  a.  [<  LL.  anri<jali.<i,  <  L. 
auriija  :  see  Auriga.]  Pertaining  to  a  chariot 
or  carriage.     [Rare.] 

aurigation  (a-ri-ga'shon),  «.  [<  L.  auriga- 
tio{n-),  <  aurigare,  pp.  aurigatus,  be  a  driver,  < 
auriga,  a  driver:  see  Auriga.]  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  driving  a  chariot  or  coach.     [Rare.] 

If  a  man  indulges  in  the  vicitnis  habit  of  sleeping,  all 
the  skill  in  auriyatiou  of  Apollo  himself,  with  the  horses 
of  ,\nrnra  to  execute  his  notions,  avail  him  nothing. 

De  Quincey.  Eng.  Mail-Coach. 

aurigerous  (a-rij'e-rus),  fl.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold, 
-I-  iji  ri  rr,  bear.]     Gold-bearing. 

aurigraphy  (A-rig'ra-fi),  «.  [<  ML.  aurigra- 
pliia,  <  aurigraplius,  one  who  writes  in  golden 
characters,  <  L.  aurum,  gold,  -I-  Gr.  }pa<pew, 
write.]  The  art  or  practice  of  writing  in 
golilen  characters.     Blount. 

aurilave  (a'ri-lav),  h.  [<  L.  auris,  the  ear,  + 
lararc,  wash:  see  auricle  and  lace-.]  An  ear- 
brush.     Ji.  U.  Knight. 


aurochs 

aurin,  aurine  (n'rim.  n.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  -I- 
-(«'-'.  ]  The  commereiiil  name  for  impure  rosolic 
acid  (which  see,  imder  rosolic),  one  of  the  coal- 
tar  colors.  In  its  pure  state  It  forms  ruby-rerl  crystals 
with  a  blue  tltioreseenee.  Dwing  to  its  fugitiveness,  it  is 
seldom  used  in  dyeing,  but  it  is  still  used  in  printing  cali- 
coes and  woolens  and  for  pigments.  It  protiuees  orange- 
red  colors. 

A  urine  dyes  shades  more  inclining  to  orange  than  eoral- 
Illle.  WorkKhop  liereijitji,  2d  ser.,  p.  22H. 

auriphrygia  i  a-ri-frij'i-a),  n.  [<  ML.  'auriphry- 
gia,  aurifrigia,  also  spelled  aurifrisia,  auri- 
frcsia,  also  au- 
rifrygium,  also 
simply  phry- 
giuin,  frigium, 
gold  embroid- 
ery, <  L.  aurum 
Plirygium,  lit. 
Phrygian  golil ; 
the  Phrygians 
were  noted  for 
their  skill  in 
embroidering 
with  gold  : 

see  aurum 

anil  Phrygian. 
From  the  same 
source,  through  the  Frencli,  come  nrfrays,  or- 
fray,  orphrcy,  q.  v.]  Properly,  gold  "embroid- 
ery; ecclcs.,  an  ornamental  banil  on  various 
vestments;  an  orphrey:  used  especially  of  the 
orphrey  of  a  miter,  which  is  a  richly  adorned 
band  around  its  lower  edge.     .-Mso  aurifrisia. 

auriphryglate  (ii-ri-frij'i-at),  a.  [<  ML.  'auri- 
phrygiatus,  auriphrigiatus,  aurifri.siatus,  auri- 
friccatns,  etc.,<  'auriphrygia :  see  auriphrygia.] 
Embroidered  with  gold ;  provided  with  an  auri- 
phrygia.    Also  aurifris-iatc. 

Nor  wiire  he  mitre  here,  precious  or  auriphrytriate. 

.So((?/iet/,  Koderick,  xviii. 

auripigment,  auripigmentum  (a-ri-pig'ment, 
a  ri-pig-men'tum),  h.  [L.  auripigmentum,  (au- 
rum, gold,  -(-  pigmentum,  pigment:  see  aurum 
and  jiigment.  From  the  L.,  through  F.,  comes 
orjiiment.]     Same  as  orpiment. 

auris  (a'ris),  H. ;  pi.  aurrs  (a'rez).  [L.,  =  E. 
ear^,  q.  v.]  1.  In  coiil.  and  anat.,  an  ear;  the 
outer  ear  or  auricle. —  2.  [.cap.]  [NL.]  In 
conch.,  a  genus  of  ear-shells:  synonymous  with 
Haliotis. 

auriscalp  (a'ri-skalp),  n.  [<  auriscalpium.] 
An  instrument  for  cleaning  the  ears;  an  ear- 
pick  ;  also,  a  similar  instrument  used  in  surgi- 
cal operations  on  the  car. 

auriscalpium  (a-ri-skal'pi-um),  n. ;  pi.  auri- 
scalpia  {-a.).  [NL.,  <  L.  auris,  =  E.  ear*,  +  scal- 
pere,  scrape,  scratch:  see  scalpel.]  1.  Same 
as  auriscalp. — 2.  [cap.]  In  conch,,  a  genus  of 
bivalve  mollusks. 

auriscope  (ii'ri-skop),  n.  [<  L.  «Krts,  =  E.  ear^, 
+  Gr.  cKoTTtlv,  view,  look  at.]  An  instrument 
for  examining  and  exploring  the  ear. 

auriscopy  (a-ris'ko-pi),  «.  [<  L.  auris,  =  E. 
carl,  -f-  Gr.  -ciKo^rrin,  <  BKOTTciv,  view,  look  at.] 
The  use  of  the  auriscope. 

aurist  (ii'rist),  H.  [<  Ij.  auris,  =  E.  rorl,  +  -ist.] 
One  who  treats  disorders  of  the  ear ;  an  otolo- 
gist. 

In  England  the  njcdical  profession  is  divided  into  phy- 
sicians, surgeons,  apothecaries,  accoucheurs,  oculists,  an- 
riats,  dentists. 

5ir  fr.  C.  Leirig,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  v. 

aurite  (a'rtt),  a.     Same  as  aurited. 

aurited  (a'ri-ted),  fl.  [<  L.  auritus,  =  E.  eared, 
<  auris  z=  E.  focl.  ("f.  aurated".]  In  bot.  and 
xool.,  eared  ;  am'iculate  ;  having  lobes  or  ap- 
pendages like  an  ear. 

aurivorous  (a-riv'o-rus),  ((.  [<  L.  OH»«m,gold, 
-I-  vorare,  devom-.]    Gold-devoming.     Walpole. 

aurocephalous  (A-ro-sef 'a-lus),  a.  [<  L.  aurum, 
gold,  +  Gr.  Kr<pa/!/,  head.]  In  coiil.,  eharacter- 
i/.etl  by  a  gold-colored  head. 

aurochs  (a'roks),  «.  [G.,  also  aucrochsc.<  MHG. 
urochse,  <  0H6.  urohso,  <  ur,  a  wild  ox  (=  AS. 
Mr  =  Icel.  Mrr;  cf.  L.  urus  =  6r.  ovpo^,  from 
Tout.),  -1-  oh.so,  G.  ocksc,  ochs  =  E.  ox:  seeiirox 
and  «»K,?.]  A  species  of  wild  ox  or  buffalo, 
the  bonasos  of  Aristotle,  bison  of  Pliny,  the  Eu- 
ropean bison,  Bos  or  Bison  honasus  of  modern 
naturalists.  This  animal  wj»s  oin'e  abundant  in  many 
parts  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  especially  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  large  forests.  The  spread  of  population  has 
nearly  extermimited  it.  ami  were  it  ii'it  for  the  pri>tection 
afforded  by  the  emperor  of  Kussia  to  a  few  herds  which 
inhabit  the  forests  of  Lithuania  and  of  Kuban  in  the  Cau- 
casus, it  would  soon  become  extinct.  Also  called  urocfu, 
urox,  and.  wrongly,  auroch  and  aurtick.     See  urtm. 

Tile  relationships  of  the  aurnefut  to  the  .American  bison, 
while  very  close,  do  not  warrant  that  specific  identity 


aurochs 


•^■->i-^" -■'^^p^*^^ 

Aurochs  l^Bison  donasus). 

which  some  authors  have  assutued  to  exist.  .  .  .  The 
aurochs  is  rather  larger,  with  a  smaller  thorax,  larger  and 
stronger  pelvis,  longer  anil  thicker  tail,  and  less  shaggy 
fore  parts.  Coitis,  Encyc.  Amer.,  I.  3(i2. 

Aurocores  (a-rok'o-rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  au- 
riiiii,  gold,  +  6r.  liAptQ,  a  bug.]  Literally,  the 
gold-bugs ;  a  group  of  heteropterous  hemipter- 
ous  insects,  the  same  as  Gcocores,  the  name 
Aurocores  being  considered  more  appropriate 
by  Westwood,  who  proposed  it  as  a  substitute. 
See  Oeororcs. 

Aurocorisa  (a"r9-ko-ri'za),  n.  2>Z.  [NL.]  Same 
as  Aiiriicores. 

aurocyanide  (a-ro-si'a-nid  or  -nid),  «.  [<  L. 
aitrum,  gold,  +  E.  cya'nUJr.']  In  chcm.,  a  double 
cyanide,  one  of  the  bases  of  which  is  gold:  as, 
potassium  (iiirociiaiiiilc,  KAuCCN)^. 

aurora  (a-ro'rii),  n.  [L.,  the  dawn,  the  goddess 
of  the  dawn,  earlier  *Ausos(i,  =  6r.  o/tep  (La- 
conian),  amc  (iEolic),  aac  (Doric),  i/uc  (Ionic), 
cug  (Attic),  the  dawn,  goddess  of  dawn  (related 
to  avpinv,  to-morrow),  =  Skt.  tislias,  *iishdsa, 
dawn,  <  ^/  ush,  burn,  =Gr.  avtiv  =  lj.  iirerc,  bm'n. 
To  the  same  soui'ce  are  referred  L.  aurum,  gold, 
auster,  south  \vind,  Gr.  r)A(of,  the  sxm.  E.  east, 
etc. :  see  eaM.  ]  1 .  The  rising  light  of  the  morn- 
ing ;  the  dawn  of  day,  or  morning  twilight. — 

2.  [co^j.]  In  Rom.  myth.,  the  goddess  of  the 
dawn :  called  Eos  by  the  Greeks.  The  poets  repre- 
sented her  as  rising  out  of  the  ocean  in  a  ciiariot,  her  rosy 
fingers  dropping  gentle  dew. 

3.  The  aurora  borealis  or  the  aurora  australis 
(the  polar  lights). 

The  most  probable  theory  of  the  aurora  is  that  origi- 
nally due  to  Franklin,  namely,  that  it  is  due  to  electric  dis- 
charges in  the  upper  air. 
5.  P.  Thompson,  Elem.  Lessons  in  Elect,  and  Mag.,  p.  264. 

4.  A  reddish  color  produced  by  dyeing  with 

arnotto.— Aurora  australis,  the  aurora  of  the  south- 
em  hemisphere,  a  phenomenon  similar  to  the  aurora  of 
the  north.  — Aurora  horealis,  the  boreal  or  northern 
da\vn;  the  nortliern  lights  or  streamers;  a  lumuious  me- 
teoric phenniiifniin  appearing  at  night.  It  usually  mani- 
fests itself  l;iy  streams  of  light  ascending  toward  the 
zenith  from  a  dusky  line  of  cloud  or  haze,  a  few  degrees 
above  the  horizon,  and  stretching  from  the  north  toward 
the  west  and  east,  so  as  to  form  an  arc,  with  its  ends  on  the 
horizon.  Sometimes  itappearsin  detached  places;  atother 
times  it  covers  almost  the  whole  sky.  As  the  streams  of 
light  have  a  tremulous  motion,  tliey  are  called  in  many 
places  "the  merry  dancers. "  They  assume  many  shapes 
and  a  variety  of  colors,  from  a  pale  red  or  yellow  to  a 
deep  red  or  blood-color ;  and  in  the  northern  latitudes 
they  serve  to  illmninate  the  earth  and  ciieer  the  gloom  of 
the  long  winter  night.  The  appearance  of  tlie  aurora  bo- 
realis so  exactly  resembles  the  effects  of  artificial  electri- 
city that  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  their  causes 
are  identical.  When  electricity  passes  through  rarefied 
air  it  exhibits  a  diffused  luminous  stream  which  has  all 
the  characteristic  appearances  of  the  aurfl^a,  and  hence 
it  is  highly  probable  that  this  natural  phenomenon  is  oc- 
casioned by  the  passage  of  electricity  through  the  upper 
regions  of  the  atmosphere,  although  under  conditions  not 
as  yet  entirely  understood.  The  connection  of  the  au- 
roral displays  with  disturbances  of  the  magnetic  needle  is 
now  regarded  as  an  ascertained  fact.  The  aurora  borealis 
is  said  to  be  frequently  accompanied  by  sound,  which  is 
variously  described  as  resembling  the  rustling  of  pieces 
of  silk  against  each  other,  or  the  sound  of  wind  against 
the  flame  of  a  candle.  The  spectrum  of  the  aurora  is  pe- 
culiar in  consisting  of  a  prominent  line  in  the  greenish- 
yellow  (citron  line),  which  has  not  been  identifled  with 
any  known  substance ;  also  occasionally  a  sluirp  line  in 
the  red  and  some  others  less  prominent  have  been  ob- 
served.—Aurora  Polaris,  polar  aurora;  the  amora  of 
either  the  northern  or  the  southern  hemisphere. 
auroral  (a-ro'ral),  a.  [<  aurora  +  -al]  1.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  dawn. 

ITlose  steady  discharges  of  auroral  light  to  the  zenith 
along  innumerable  conducting  lines  come,  it  is  thought, 
to  equalize  the  electric  conditions  of  the  air. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  xiii. 

3.  Resembling  the  dawn  in  color,  beauty,  etc. ; 
hence,  roseate. 

Uer  cheeks  suffused  with  an  auroral  blush. 

Ijoiuj/ellow,  Kalctm  of  Federigo,  1.  Ifil. 

3.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  polar  aurora; 
resembling  au  aurora. 


384 

No  auroral  exhibition  can  be  called  complete  wlthont 
them  [streamers],  and  in  their  fitful  and  flickering  play 
auroral  folklore  has  mainly  originati-il. 

EdinOurr/h  Rev.,  OLXIV.423. 

4.  In  fjcol.,  appellative  of  the  second  of  Pro- 
fessor II.  P.  Rogers's  fifteen  divisions  of  the 
Paleozoic  strata  in  Pennsylvania.  As  applied  by 
him,  it  included  all  the  divisions  of  the  I,ower  .Silurian 
between  the  J'otsdam  sandstone  and  the  Hudson  Jliver 
group,  according  to  the  now  generally  adoi)ted  nomen- 
clature "i  the  .New  York  Geological  Survey. 

aurorally  (a-ro'ral-i),  ofh'.  1.  As  the  dawn; 
roseately:  as,  "  to  hhish  nurorally,"  Brou-niuf/, 
Red  Cotton  Night-cap,  1.  117. — 2.  In  the  man- 
ner of  the  polar  atirora. 

aurora-shell  (a-ro'ra-shel),  n.  The  shell  of  the 
JJdIiotidw  :  an  ear-shell,  sea-ear,  ormer,  or  ab- 
alone  (which  see).     See  also  Haliotis. 

aurorean  (a-ro're-an),  a.  [<  aurora  +  -can.'] 
Belonging  to  or  resembling  the  dawn. 

At  tender  eyedawn  of  aurorean  love. 

Keats,  Ode  to  Psyche. 

aurotellurite  (a-ro-tel'u-rit),  n.  [<  L.  aurum, 
gold,  +  NL.  tellurium.  '+  -tte-:  see  aurum  and 
tellurite.']  An  ore  of  tellurium  containing  gold 
and  silver;  sylvanite. 

aurous  (a'rus),  a.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  +  -ous. 
Cf.  LL.  aurosus,  golden.]  Of  or  pertainmg  to 
gold:  in  chem.,  a  term  applied  to  an  oxid  of 
gold  (AU2O)  whose  moleeiile  contains  two  atoms 
less  of  oxygen  than  auric  osid.     See  aurie^. 

aurum  (a'rtun),  «.  [L.  (=  Sabine  ausum),  in 
colloq.  speech  orum  (>  It.  Sp.  oro  =  Pg.  ouro  = 
F.  or:  see  o)'3),  gold ;  related  to  aurora,  aure- 
lia,  auster,  eta.:  se&  aurora.]  Gold.  Its  chemi- 
cal symbol  is  Au — Aurum  fulminans,  tr.  ild  dissolved 
in  aqua  regia  or  nitrumuriatic  acid,  ami  precipitated  hy 
•annnonia;  fulminating  gold.  This  precipitate  is  of  a 
brown-yellow  or  orange  color,  and  when  exposed  to  a 
moderate  heat,  or  struck,  detonates  with  considerable 
noise.  It  is  probably  an  ammonimn  aurate,  Au(NH4)()o. 
NH;}.- Aurum  graphicum,  the  mineral  sylvanite.— AlT- 
rum  mosaicum  or  musivum,  mosaic  gold,  a  yellow 
gold-like  alloy,  containiiii,'  about  equal  quantities  of  cop- 
per and  zinc,  used  liotli  jij  the  mass  and  as  a  bronzing 
powder. — AUTUm potabile, literally,  "drinkable  gold"  ; 
a  cordial  or  mediciue  formerly  much  esteemed.  It  was 
said  to  consist  of  "Gold  itself,  totally  reduced,  without 
Corrosive,  into  a  blood-red,  gummie  or  Honey-like  sub- 
stance." Phillips  iXQI^).  "  Gold  made  liquid,  or  fit  to  be 
drunk ;  or  some  rich  Cordial  Liquor,  with  pieces  of  Leaf- 
gold  in  it."    Kersey  (1708). 

Mons'.  Roupel  sent  me  a  small  phial  of  his  aurmn  pota- 
bile,  with  a  letter  shewing  the  way  of  administering  it, 
and  ye  stupendous  cures  it  had  don  at  Paris. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June  27,  1653. 

auscult  (as-kulf),  'V-  t.  [<  L.  auscultare,  lis- 
ten: see  auscultate.]  Same  as  auscultate. 
[Rare.] 

auscultate  (as'kul-tat),  r.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp. 
auscultated,  ppr.  auscultating.  [<  L.  ausculta- 
tus,  pp.  of  auscultare,  listen.]  To  listen  to ; 
give  ear  to ;  specifically,  in  pathol.,  to  examine 
by  auscultation. 

auscultation  (as-kul-ta'shon),  «.  [<  L.  auscul- 
tatio{n-),  a  listening,  <  auscultare,  listen :  see 
auscultate.]  1.  The  act  of  listening  or  heark- 
ening.    [Rare.] 

Yon  shall  hear  what  deserves  attentive  auscultation. 

F.  Hicks,  tr.  of  Lucian. 
2.  In  pathol.,  a  method  of  distinguishing  the 
state  of  the  internal  parts  of  the  body,  particu- 
larly of  the  thorax  and  abdomen,  by  observing 
the  sounds  arising  in  the  part,  either  through 
the  direct  application  of  the  ear  to  the  ad- 
jacent external  surface  (immediate  ausculta- 
tion) or  by  applying  the  stethoscope  over  the 
part  and  listening  through  it  (mediate  ausculta- 
tion). See  stethoscope.  Auscultatiim  may  be  used 
with  more  or  less  advantage  in  all  cases  where  morbid 
sounds  are  produced,  but  its  general  applications  are : 
auscultation  of  respiration  ;  auscultation  of  the  voice ; 
auscultation  of  the  cough  ;  auscultation  of  sounds  foreign 
to  all  these,  but  sometimes  accompanying  them :  .auscul- 
tation of  the  action  of  the  heart ;  obstetric  auscultation. 

auscultative  (as-kul'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  auscultate 
+  -ire.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  natm'e  of  aus- 
cultation. 

auscultator  (&s'kul-ta-tor),  «.  [L..  a  listener, 
<  auscultare:  see  auscultate,]  1.  A  listener; 
specificall}',  one  who  practises  auscultation. — 
2.  An  instrument  used  in  listening  to  the  sounds 
within  the  thorax ;  a  stethoscope. — 3.  In  Ger- 
many, a  member  of  a  college  of  officials  who 
attends  its  sessions  as  a  student  but  is  not  en- 
titled to  a  vote  ;  specifically,  in  Prussia,  before 
1869,  one  who  had  passed  the  first  examination 
and  begun  his  judicial  career  at  a  college  of 
judges.     See  rej'ercndar. 

His  first  Law-Examiiuition  he  h.as  come  through  tri- 

innphantly ;  and  can  even  boast  that  the  Examen  Rigoro- 

sum  need  not  have  frightened  him :  but  though  he  is 

hereby  '^  hm  Auscultator  of  respectability,"  what  avails  it? 

Cartyle,  Sartor  Kesartus,  p.  ijS. 


auspicions 

aUSCUltatorship  (as'kul-ta-tor-ship),  H.  [<  aus- 
cultator, I),  +  -.s7((y/.]  The  ofSce  of  or  period  of 
service  as  auscultator.  Carlyle,  Sartor  Resar- 
tus,  p.  86. 

auscultatory  (iVs-kul'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
'auscultatorius,  <  auscultator.]  Pertaining  to 
auscultation ;  auscultative. 

auset,  (tdv-     Obsolete  dialectal  form  of  also. 

ausier,  «.     A  dialectal  form  of  osier. 

auslaut  (ous'lout),  «.  [G.,  <  MIS,  denoting 
completion  or  termination  (=  E.  out),  +  laut, 
asoimd  (=  E.  loud).  Cf.  inlaut,  ablaut,  umlaut.] 
In  philol.,  the  final  sound  of  a  word. 

Ausonian  (a-s6'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Ausonia, poet. 
name  of  Italy,  prop,  applied  to  middle  and 
lower  Italy,  <  Au.iones  (Gr.  Avaoncr),  a  name 
given  to  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  middle 
and  lower  Italy.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Italy  or 
the  Italians.     Lonfffellou'.     [Poetical.] 

auspez  (as'peks),  «.;  pi.  auspices  (as'pi-sez). 
[L.  au.ipex  (anspic-),  a  diviner,  contr.  <  *avi- 
spex,  <  aris,  a  bird,  +  specere  (spicere),  view: 
see  .species.]  One  who  divines  by  observing 
the  motions,  cries,  etc.,  of  birds;  a  diviner  in 
general ;  an  augur. 

auspicalt  (as'pi-kal),  a.  [<  L.  auspicalis,  < 
ausjicx,  a  diviner:  see  au.ipex.]  Auspieatory; 
pertaining  to  omens  or  auspices.     Blount. 

auspicate  (as'pi-kat),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  aus- 
picated, ppr.  auspicating.  [<  L.  au.y/icfitus, 
I>p.  of  aii.spicari,  make  a  beginning  for  the  sake 
of  a  good  omen,  begin,  prop,  take  the  auspices, 
act  as  auspex,  <  a  uspex,  a  diviner :  see  a  uspex. 
Cf.  augurate.]  1.  To  be  an  augury  of;  fore- 
show. 

Long  mayst  thou  live,  and  see  me  thus  appear, 
As  ominous  a  comet,  from  my  sphere, 
Unto  thy  reign,  as  that  did  auspicate 
So  lasting  glory  \m  Augustus"  state. 
B.  Jonson,  King  James's  Coronation  Entertainment. 
Tliere  are  yet  other  special  auguries  of  this  great  change, 
auspicating,  in  the  natural  Progress  of  Man,  the  abandon- 
ment of  all  international  Preparations  for  War. 

Sutmur,  Orations,  I.  111. 

2.  To  initiate  or  inaugurate  with  ceremonies 
calculated  to  insure  good  luck.  This  meaning  of 
the  word  was  borrowed  from  the  Roman  practice  of  tak- 
ing the  auspices  before  undertaking  any  important  busi- 
ness. 

If  we  are  conscious  of  our  situation,  and  glow  with  zeal 
t^  fill  our  place  as  becomes  our  station  and  ourselves,  we 
ought  to  auspicate  all  om-  public  proceedings  on  America 
with  the  old  warning  of  the  Chiu-ch,  Sursum  corda  ! 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America. 

To  auspicate  .  .  .  the  .  .  .  concern  and  set  it  agoing 
with  a  lustre.  Lamb,  KUistoniana. 

3.  To  begin  or  introduce  in  a  favorable  or  aus- 
picious manner.     [Rare.] 

The  London  company  merits  the  praise  of  having  aus- 
picated liberty  in  America.     Banero/I,  Hist  V.  S.,  I.  125. 

auspicator  (as'pi-ka-tor),  H.  [<  L.  as  if  *««sj)i- 
cator,  <  anspicari :  see  auspicate]    An  augur. 

auspieatory  (as'pi-ka-to-ri),  a.  [<  auspicate.'\ 
Of  or  belonging  to  auspices  or  omens. 

auspice  (as'pis),  «.  [<  F.  auspice,  pi.  auspices, 
<  L.  ausjiicium,  diNanation  from  the  flight  of 
birds,  a  sign,  omen,  <  auspex,  a  divinerj  see 
auspex.]  1.  An  augury  from  birds;  an  omen 
or  a  sign  in  general:  as,  to  take  the  auspices; 
an  auspite  of  good  fortime. 

The  tribunes  were  at  first  elected  in  the  curiie,  where 
the  vote  of  the  poorest  citizen  was  equal  to  that  of  the 
most  wealthy.  But.  even  here,  the  patricians,  besides 
their  great  influence,  had  a  negative  on  all  proceedings, 
by  holding  the  auspices.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  524. 

We  then  strive,  as  far  as  our  poor  philosophy  can  do  it, 
to  read  the  comitrys  reverend  auspices. 

Eecrctt.  Orations,  p.  12. 

2.  Protection  or  lead ;  favoring  or  propitious 
influence  ;  patronage  :  especially  in  the  phrase 
under  the  auspices  (of). 

Great  father  Mars,  and  greater  Jove, 

By  whose  high  aus2>ice  Rome  hath  stood 

So  long.  B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  ii.  1. 

3.  A  circimistance  or  conjunction  of  circum- 
stances betokening  success :  as,  his  career  was 
begtm  tmder  the  fairest  a  u.'^pices.  [In  all  senses 
nearly  always  used  in  the  phiral.] 

auspices,  ».     Plural  of  auspex  and  of  auspice. 

auspicial  (as-pisli'al),  a.  [<  L.  auspicium,  aus- 
pice, +  -al.]  1."  Relating  to  auspices  or 
omens:  &s,  aus}>icial  rites.  [Rare.]  —  2.  For- 
tunate: auspicious.     [Rare.] 

auspicious  (as-pish'us),  a.  [<  L.  auspiciutn, 
:ius|)ici',  -I-  -ous.]  1.  Of  good  omen;  betoken- 
ing success,  or  a  favorable  issue ;  prognosticat- 
ing good ;  favorable. 

Auspicious  omens  from  the  past  and  the  present  cheer 
us  for  the  future.         Sumner,  l"rue  Orandem-  <d  N.itions. 

2.  Prosperous ;  fortunate :  applied  to  persons. 


auspicious 

Au^ciow  chief !  thy  vncti-  in  times  to  como 
Shall  spreaii  tliu  cuiuiuebtH  ot  imperial  Home. 

Dri/den. 
3.  Favorable  ;  kind  ;  propitious :  applied  to 
persons  or  things. 

F<)rtune  play  upon  thy  prosperous  helm, 
As  thy  aituj/kiouJi  mistress ! 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iii.  3. 
No  day  could  be  more  aiixpicioujt  to  tlie  uiuiertaiiinp. 
I).  Webntcr,  Speech,  Bunker  Hill  Monument. 

4t.  Stowing  joy  ;  happy.     [Kare.] 

With  one  au»picwtui  ami  one  droppintr  eye. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

=SyTl.  Brijiht,  {.'olden,  lucky,  promising,     i^cc  propitious. 

auspiciously  (as-]iisli'us-li),  adc.     In  an  auspi- 

ciiius  nitnmor;  witli  favorable  omens  ;  happily; 

prosj-ievously  ;  favorably ;  propitiously. 

I  locfked  for  ruin  ;  and  encrcase  of  honour 
Meets  me  aUHpii-ioudtl.      Middlcton,  Witch,  iv.  1. 

auspiciousness  (as-pish'us-nes),  11.  The  quali- 
ty <if  Ijcing  auspicious ;  a  state  of  fair  promise ; 
|ir(isperity. 

auster  (as'ter),  «.  [L.,  tho  south  wind;  akin 
to  aiirnrti,  tho  dawn,  and  iircrc,  Ijurn:  see 
aurora  and  aurum.]  1.  Tho  south  wind  (com- 
monly with  a  capital,  as  a  proper  name):  as, 
"  drizzly  Au.itcr,"  Tlimiisoii,  Castle  of  Indolence, 
Ixxvi.     Hence  —  2t.  The  south. 

austere  (as-ter'),  «.  [<  ME.  austere,  <  OF. 
(tu.'ilerc,  <  L.  austcrus,  harsh,  sour,  tart,  severe, 
<  Gr.  amrripiM^j  dry,  harsh,  bitter,  <  aior,  Attic 
ai'oc,  dry,  withered,  sear;  related  to  E.  sear, 
sere,  dry:  see  sear^,  sere^.]  1.  Sour;  harsh; 
rough  to  the  taste:  applied  to  things:  as,  aus- 
tere fruit  or  wine;  "sloes  austere,"  Cowper, 
Task,  i.  122. 

An  au.ftere  grape 
That  hast  no  juice  but  what  is  verjuice  in  him  ! 

li.  Jotison,  Staple  of  News,  v.  1. 

2.  Severe ;  harsh  ;  rigid ;  rigorous ;  stem :  ap- 
plied to  persons  and  things :  as,  an  austere  mas- 
tor;  an  (iHSfcrc  look. 

A  stern  lady,  and  austere,  not  only  in  her  manners, 
whicli  made  most  people  dislike  her,  but  also  in  the  char- 
acter of  lier  understanding  and  morals. 

De  t^uiiueit,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

liut  what  chiefly  distinguished  the  army  of  Cromwell 
from  otlier  armies  was  the  austere  morality  and  the  fear 
of  God  wliich  pervaded  all  r.inks.  Maeaulay. 

3.  Grave;  sober;  serious:  as,  austere  deport- 
ment. 

There  lived  a  Lady,  wise,  austere,  and  nice, 
Who  show'd  her  virtue  by  her  scorn  of  vice. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 
Priest  and  sage,  with  solemn  brows  au.^itcre. 

Whittifr,  Last  Walk  in  Autumn. 

4.  Severely  simple;  unadorned.  =syn.  2.  Aus- 
tere, Severe,  Stem,  Hard,  Harsh,  Strict,  Rifjorous,  Rigid, 
Btitr,  uncompromising,  relentless,  may  characterize  a  per- 
son's dealings  with  himself  or  with  others.  Austere  is  the 
most  individual  word  in  the  list :  it  still  suggests  the  ety- 
mological sense  of  dryness  and  hardness  of  nature.  As 
applied  to  manner  of  life,  it  implies  self-mortification,  re- 
fusal of  pleasure,  or  the  self-inlliction  of  pain,  for  the 
purpose  of  self-discipline.  Tlu;  au.^tere  man  may  treat 
others  as  he  treats  himself ;  an  austere  manner  is  of  a  cor- 
responding sort.  Tlierc  is  no  suggestion  of  hypocrisy  or 
self-righteousness  in  the  word,  nor  does  it  go  so  far  as 
asceticism  (see  self-denial).  Severe  starts  from  the  no- 
tion of  seriousness  or  freedom  from  levity,  but  extends 
through  a  wide  range,  covering  most  of  the  meanings  of 
the  other  words.  Stern,  while  primarily  meaning  fixed 
in  facial  expression,  applies  to  almost  anything  to  which 
severe  can  apply.  Hard  is  of  the  same  character,  but  starts 
from  the  notion  uf  phjsical  hardness,  proceeding  thence 
to  mean  ditlk-ult  to  endure,  unfeeling,  etc.  Harsh  pri- 
marily expresses  physical  roughness,  .as  a  harsh  touch,  and 
retains  some  figurative  suggestion  akin  to  that  idea.  Strict 
is  drawn  close,  tense,  not  relaxed,  observing  exact  rules 
for  one's  self  or  rei|uiring  such  observance  from  others. 
Rifjorous  means,  literally,  stiff,  and  hence  allowing  no 
abatement  or  mitigation  ;  intlexible  ;  unsparing.  Rii^d  is 
the  same  as  nijurous,  l)ut  with  somewhat  more  of  the  ori- 
ginal flgurativeness  than  in  ri;forous  ;  both  are  opposed  to 
lax  or  induti/ent.  Ri;^id  is  more  often  used  of  unneces- 
sary, overwrought,  or  narrow-minded  strictness  than 
rii/orous.  We  speak  of  austere  morality :  a  severe  aspect, 
treatment,  tone;  a  .ttern  rebuke:  a  hard  master,  voice, 
juilgment ;  har.^h  rnfurccment  of  laws  ;  strict  rules,  disci- 
pline, repression  of  mischief  ;  rifjorous  justice ;  rifjid  ad- 
herence to  petty  icstiirtions.     See  aerimonj/. 

He  [Plutarch]  was  not  so  austere  as  to  despise  riches, 
but  beiiig  iji  possession  of  a  large  fortune,  he  lived,  though 
not  splendidly,  yet  plentifully.  Vryden,  Plutarch. 

For  in  their  looks  divine 
The  image  of  their  glorious  JIaker  shone, 
Truth,  wisdom,  sanctitude  severe  and  pure. 
Severe,  bvit  in  true  filial  freedom  placed. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  293. 
Wrapped  in  his  sad-colored  cloak,  the  Day  like  a  Puritan 

staiuieth 
Stern  in  the  joyless  field,  rebuking  the  lingering  color. 

R.  Taylor,  Home  Pastorals. 
The  conunon  executioner. 
Whose  heart  the  accustom'd  sight  of  death  makes  hard, 
Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5. 
Be  sometimes  lovely  like  a  bride. 
And  put  thy  harsher  moods  aside, 
If  thou  wilt  have  me  wise  and  good. 

Tennuson,  lu  ilemoriani,  li.x. 
25 


385 

Strict  statutes  and  most  biting  laws. 

Shak.,  .M.  for  M.,  i.  i. 
I  have  hearcl 
If  our  grace  hath  ta'en  great  pains  to  qualify 
His  rigorous  course.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  Iv.  1. 

Sternly  he  pronounced 
The  rifrid  intcriliction.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  334. 

austerely  (as-ter'li),  (jr/c.  In  an  austere  man- 
ner; severely;  rigidly;  harshly. 

Whatever  hypocrites  austerely  talk 
Of  purity.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  714. 

In  the  wonder  whether  a  door  .so  grindy  bolted  and 
austerelii  barred  could  possibly  open  into  a  hotel,  with 
cheerful  overcharges  for  candles  and  service. 

Hotvclls,  Venetian  Life,  ii. 

austereness  (as-ter'nes),  n.     [ME.  austernessc 

(Wyclif);   <   austere  +  -ness.']     Tho   state  or 

iiuality  of  being  austere;  harshness  in  taste; 

severity  in  manners;  austerity. 

For  a  subject 
Towards  his  prince,  in  things  indifi'erent 
To  use  th'  austereness  of  a  censuring  Cato 
Is  arrogance,  not  freedom. 

Fletcher  (and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  v.  1. 

austerity  (as-ter'i-ti),  n.;  pi.  austerities  (-tiz). 
[<  MK.  austerite,"<  OF.  austeritc,  F.  austerite, 
<  ML.  austerita(t-)s,  <  L.  austcrus,  austere:  seo 
Ottsfcre.]   If.  Harshnessorastringcncy  of  taste. 

The  sweetness  of  the  ripened  fruit  is  not  the  less  de- 
licious for  the  austerity  of  its  crude  state. 

Horsley,  Sermons,  II.  xxviii. 

2.  Severity  of  manner,  life,  etc . ;  rigor;  strict- 
ness ;  harshness  of  treatment  or  demeanor. 

But  the  austerity  of  Dante  will  not  condescend  to  the 

conventional  elegance  which  makes  the  charm  of  French, 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  'Jd  ser.,  p.  2'S. 

There  is  no  show  of  mercy  in  him.  He  carried  his  aus- 
terity beyond  the  bounds  of  humanity. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  20. 

3.  Severe  or  rigorous  simplicity;  absence  of 
adornment  or  luxury. 

The  Baptist  we  know  was  a  strict  man,  remarkable  for 
austerity  and  set  order  of  life. 

Milton,  Apology  for  Smectynuuius. 

4.  Severe  or  ascetic  practices :  chiefly  in  the 
plural:  as,  the  austerities  of  the  Flagellants. 

The  austerities  and  the  blameless  purity  vf  Ximenes's 
life  had  given  him  a  reputation  for  sanctity  throughout 
Spahi.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  5. 

=  Syn.    Self-saerijice,  Asceticism,  etc.  (see  self-dtmial) ; 
sternness,  harshness.     See  comparison  under  austere. 

austerland  (as'ter-land),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  *austrr 
=  ((.s'/)'<',  hearth  (see  ««fre),-(-  land.']  Land-svhich 
had  a  house  upon  it  in  ancient  times.  Elton, 
Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  191.     [Local  Eng.] 

Austin  (as'tin),  a.  [<  ME.  Austijn,  contr.  of 
Auijustiii,  q.  v.]  Same  as  Augustinian :  as, 
Austin  friars.     See  Augustin. 

austral  (as'tral),  a.  [<  ME.  austral  =  F.  Sp. 
Pg.  austral  =  It.  australc,  <  L.  australis,  south- 
ern, <  auster,  the  south  wind:  see  auster.'] 
Southern;  lying  in  or  pertaining  to  the  south: 
as,  austral  lauds;  the  austral  signs  of  tho  zo- 
diac— Austral  pole,  the  name  given  by  French  authors 
to  that  pole  of  a  magnet  which  points  to  the  nnrth,  and  is 
called  tlie  nortli  pole  by  English  and  American  wiiters.  So, 
also,  what  is  termed  the  south  pole  l)y  the  lattt  i'  is  tcrnicit 
the  biin'fU  \»>W  by  the  former. —  Austral  signs,  the  last 
six  signs  of  the  zodiac,  or  those  soutli  of  the  equator. 

Australasia  (as-tra-la'sha  or  -zha),  n.  [NL.,  < 
austral,  southern  (cf.  Au-stralian),  +  Asia.]  1. 
In  geog.,  a  general  name  for  Australia,  Papua, 
Tasmania,  and  the  neighboring  islands. —  2.  In 
:oogeog.,  a  division  comprising  the  islands  and 
insular  groups  south  of  Asia :  synonymous  with 
Au.^lroii<t(i. 

Australasian  (as-tra-la'shan  or  -zhan),  a.  and 
11.  l<  Australasia  +  -an.]  1.  «.  1.  Kelating  to 
Australasia. —  2.  In  soiigeog.,  of  or  pertaining 
to  that  primary  fauna!  area  of  the  earth's 
land-surface  which  extends  from  Wallace's 
line  (which  separates  Celebes  from  Borneo 
and  Lonibok  from  Bali)  to  Tasmania. 
II.  II.  .\  native  oran  inhabitant  of  Australasia. 

australene  (as'tra-len),  n.  [<  L.  auntralvs,  in 
I'inus  auxtralis,  tlie  American  southern  pine, 
the  chief  source  of  the  turpentine.]  A  liquid 
hydrocarbon  (t'lyHjc),  the  chief  constituent 
of  English  and  American  <iil  of  turpentine,  ob- 
tained by  neutralizing  turpentine-oil  with  an 
alkaline  carbonate,  and  by  subsequent  distil- 
lation.    It  is  dextrogyrate. 

Australian  (as-tra'lian),  a.  and  n.  [<  .lu.'itra- 
lin,  llu>  NL.  term  for  the  earlier  Australi.s  terra, 
lit.  southern  laud:  .see  au.stral.]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Australia,  a  large  island,  often  class- 
ed as  a  continent,  south  of  Asia. —  Australian 
beech.    See  beeehl. 

II.  H.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Australisi ; 
specifically,  a  member  of  the  aboriginal  race  of 
Australia. 


Austromalayan 

Australioid  (as-tra'li-oid),  a.  and  ii.  [<  Auji- 
tralia  +  -mil.]  I.  a.  In  etiinol.,  of  tho  typo  of 
tlio  aborigines  of  Australia  and  of  some  of  the 
native  races  of  the  Deccan.  The  Australioid  races 
form  a  group  of  the  Leiotrichi  (which  see),  having  dark 
eyes  and  skin,  wavy  black  hair,  and  long  prognathous 
skulls  with  well-developed  superciliai-y  ridges. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  tho  Australioid  group 
of  men. 

Also  Austrahiid. 
australizet  (as'tra-liz),  r.  i.    [<  austral  +  -icc] 
To  point  southward,  or  to  tho  soutli  magnetic 
pole,  as  a  magnet. 

They  [steel  and  iron]  do  septentrionate  at  one  extreme, 
and  australize  at  the  other. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  2. 

Australoid  (as'tra-loid),  a.  and  n.   Australioid. 

Austrasian  (as-tra'sian  or  -zian),  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  Of  or  belonging  to  Austrasisi,  tlie  eastern  or 
Teutonic  portion  of  the  Fraukish  empire  under 
the  Merovingians. 

II.  n.  A  native  oran  inhabitant  of  Austrasia. 

Austrian^  (as'tri-an),  a.  and  h.  [<  .-iustria,  a 
ML.  form  of  OHG.5s(rt;-n7i/i/,G.Op.s?<)rc/p/i,  Aus- 
tria, lit.  eastern  kingdom  (so  called  relatively 
to  tho  western  dominions  of  Charlemagne),  < 
OHG.  o.s(rtc,  eastern,  +  rihhi  =  AS.  riee,  king- 
dom, E.  -ric  in  hi.ihoprii;  etc. :  see  east  and  -cic] 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  archduchy  of  Aus- 
tria, or  to  tho  Cisleithan  division  of  the  dual 
Austro-Hungarian  nioiiai-chy,  or  to  the  collec- 
tive dominions  of  the  hcniso  of  Hapsburg. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the 
archduchy  of  Austria,  tho  nucleus  of  the  Haps- 
bm'g  dominions,  comprising  the  crown  lands 
of  Upper  and  Lower  Austria. —  2.  A  native 
or  an  inhabitant  of  the  Cisleithan  division 
of  Austria-Hungary,  which  comprises  all  the 
crown  lands  of  tho  dual  empire  except  Hun- 
gary, Croatia  -ivith  Slavonia,  and  Fiume. — 3. 
A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  any  part  of  the 
dominions  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg,  known 
since  1867  as  Austria-Hungary. 

austrian^t  (as'tri-an),  a.  [<  L.  auster,  the 
south  ■wind,  south  (see  auster),  +  -ian.]  South- 
ern; austral. 

austrinet  (as'trin),  a.  [<  L.  austrinus,  south- 
ern, <  auster,  the  south  wind:  see  auster.] 
South;  southerly;  southern.     liaileij. 

austringer  (as'trin-jer),  n.  [Also  written  (W- 
triiiger  and  astringer,  early  mod.  E.  ostreger, 
<  ME.  ostreger,  <  OF.  ostruchier,  austrucliier 
(autrucier,  autoursicr — Roquefort)  (ML.  refle.x 
astorerius),  <  ML.  ^austrucarius,  one  whose 
business  it  was  to  breed  and  fly  goshawks,  < 
'austructis,  austurcu.^,astrueo,  astiireo,  austurgo, 
asturgo,  asturgiu.^,  iistorius,  etc.,  variations  ([)er- 
haps  due  in  part  to  confusion  with  certain  forms 
of  ostrieh,  q.  v.)  of  austur,  astur,  a»tor,  LL.  astur 
(>  It.  astore  =  Pg.  nfor  =  OSp.  actor,  Sp.  acor 
=  Pr.  austor  =  OF.  austour,  ostor,  hostur,  mod. 
F.  autour),  a  goshawk:  see  Astur.  The  n  is 
inserted,  as  in  porringer,  pas.vnger,  messenger, 
etc.]     A  keeper  ami  trainer  of  goshawks. 

AustrOCOlumbia  (as'tro-ko-lum'bi-a),  h. 
[NL.,  <  L.  auster,  tho  south  wind,  south,  -I-  NL. 
Columbia,  applied  to  America.]  In  :oogcog., 
a  primary  division  of  the  earth's  land-siu'face 
with  reference  to  its  faima,  which  consists  of 
all  the  American  continent  south  of  Mexico. 

Austrocolumbian  (:iS"tr6-ko-lum'bi-an),  (I.  [< 
Austrocolumhia.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Austro- 
colurabia:  as,  the  Austrocolumbian  fauna. 

Austrogsea  (as-tro-ie'ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  auster, 
the  south  wind,  south,  +  Gr.  )aia,  the  earth.] 
In  zoiigcog.,  that  prime  zoological  division  or 
realm  of  the  earth's  land-sm-face  which  com- 
prises Australia  and  its  immediately  outlying 
islands,  and  the  Austromalayan  archipelago. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  Wallace's  line,  and  includes 
I'.apua  or  New  Cuinea  and  the  Solomon  islands  on  the  east 
and  Tasmania  on  the  south. 

Austrogaean  (as-tro-je'an),  a.  [<  Aiistrogwa 
+  -an.]  Of  orpertaining  to  Austroga?a :  as,  the 
Auslroi/irini  I'aiuia. 

Austro-Hungarian  (iis'trO-hung-gii'ri-an),  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Aiistria-Huiigary. 

Austromalaya  (fis'tro-ma-la'ya),  n.  [NL.,  < 
L.  austa;  the  south  wind,  +  NL.  Malaijn.] 
In  zoiiqeoq.,  the  first  subregion  of  tho  great 
Australasian  region,  inchiding  Paptui  aiul  the 
islands  zoologicallv  pertaining  thereto,  on  the 
west  the  boundarv  pa.sses  between  Borneo  ami  Celebes, 
and  thence  along  V\'allaee's  line  between  Lombok  and  Ball ; 
.astward  it  extends  to  include  Sau  Christoval.  It  lies  cn- 
tiiclv  north  of  Australia. 

Austromalayan  (as-'tro-mii-la  yan),  a.  [< 
Austromalaya  +  -an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Austromalaya. 


austromancy 

austromancy  (;Vs'tiii-m.iii-si),  n.  [<  L.  auxtcr, 
the  SDUlli  wind,  +  Or.  //uitik/,  diviniition,  </<«!'- 
Trvtctlai,  divine,  <  /iiivTir,  a  divinci':  sen  Mailli.s.J 
Pivination  from  observation  of  the  winds. 

aut-.     Sfc  inito: 

autacanthid  (a-ta-kan'thid),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrd^, 
self,  +  iiKavOa,  spiiu-,  +  -id.']  In  coiil.,  having 
the  greater  number  of  tlie  interraediiite  spines 
on  speeial  plates  or  local  modifications  of  the 
iutefjnment :  applied  to  a  starfish:  opposed  to 
ti/jHiriiiitliid. 

autaesthesy,  autesthesy  (a-tes'the-si),  n.  [< 
Gr.  ai-Ttir.  self,  +  iiiaOi/aic,  perception:  see  nw- 
tliesui.  r'sthctic.']    ,Self-eouseiousness.     N.  E.  I). 

autamceba  (a-ta-me'ba),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ah- 
Tuc,  self,  +  "Nh'.'  aiiKrhii.]  A  term  applied  by 
Haeckel,  without  exact  zoological  significa- 
tion, to  any  simple  amoeba  form  regarded  as 
the  nearest  living  representative  of  a  hypo- 
thetical primitive  ammba  or  archamceba. 

autantitypy  (a-tan-tit'i-pi),  «.  [<  Gr.  aiTor, 
self.  -I-  ih'TiTt'zia,  resistance:  see  antttypy.']  Ab- 
solute ineompressibility :  attributed  by  many 
inetaiihysicians  to  matter. 

Autarachnae  (a-ta-rak'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
amdg,  self,  -f-  apdxv!/,  spider.]  In  Gegenbaur's 
system  of  classification,  a  division  of  Arachiiidri, 
the  arachnids  themselves,  or  Amchnida  prop- 
er, consisting  of  spiders,  scorpions,  mites, 
etc.,  as  distinguished  from  the  Pscudarachnce 
(Tardigrada,  Pycnogonida).  Gegenbaur divides tlie 
Aiitarai^hnm  into 'four 'groups  :  Arthrorraxtres,  Aran^a, 
Ai-fin'/iit.  ami  LiiujatuUna.     See  these  words. 

autarciy'^  (a'tiir-ki),  n. ;  pi.  autarchies  (-kiz). 
[<  Gr.  aiiTupxiit  absolute  power,  <  alrapxac,  ab- 
solute, <  avTog,  self,  -I-  apx^iv,  rule.]  Absolute 
power;  autocracy;  self-government. 

A  certain  government  called  an  autarchy,  of  which  he 
makes  God  the  only  judge. 

J.  Washiiifiton,  tr.  of  Milton's  Def.  Pop. 

autarchy-t  (a'tar-ki),  n.  [Prop,  "autarcy,  <  Gr. 
uvTi'jpnua,  self-sufficiency,  <  avTdpK?/^,  self-suiE- 
cient,  <  avrdf,  self,  -I-  apKciv,  suffice.]  Self-suf- 
ficiency; independence. 

[Conscience  is]  in  man  the  principal  part  of  God's  image, 
and  that  hy  which  man  resembleth  most  the  autarchy 
.ind  self-sufficiency  of  God.  5.  Ward,  Sermons,  p.  98. 

autemt,  «•     [Obsolete  slang.  ]    A  church. 

aiftert,  «.  Middle  English  form  of  altar.  Cltati- 
{■er. 

auter  droit  (6'ter  drwo  or  (Iroi).  [OF.  (mod. 
F.  autre  droit):  auter,  autre,  altre,  etc.,  <  L. 
alter,  other;  droit,  <  ML.  drictum,  directum, 
right,  neut.  of  L.  directum,  straight,  direct:  see 
alter  and  direct.']  In  laiv,  another  (another's) 
right :  thus,  one  who  acts  not  on  his  own  behalf, 
but  as  trustee  or  representative  of  another,  is 
said  to  act  in  autfr  droit. 

auterfoits  (o-ter-fwo'  or  -foi'),  adv.  [OF.  (mod. 
F.  autrefois),  at  another  time,  <  auter,  autre, 
altre  (see  auter  droit),  +  foits,  fois  =  Pr.  fes 
=  It.  rece,  time,  turn,  <  L.  vice,  in  place  of,  in 
turn :  see  vice'^,  vicnr.]  In  law,  formerly :  a  term 
introduced  into  the  plea  of  former  trial  as  a  bar 
to  a  second  prosecution  for  the  same  offense. — 
Auterfoits  acquit  (formerly  acquitted),  the  plea  of  for- 
mer acquittal.— Auterfoits  attaint  (f<'rmerly  attainted), 
the  pica  of  former  attaint. —  Auterfoits  convict  (former- 
ly convicted),  the  plea  of  former  conviction. 

auter  vie  (o'ter  ve).  [OF.:  auter  (see  auter 
droit);  vie,  <  li.vita,  life:  see  rital.)  In  law, 
another  (another's)  life — Tenant  pour  auter  vie, 
one  who  holds  an  estate  by  the  life  of  another. 

a'Uthentic  (a-then'tik),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  aathsntick,  autentic,  etc.,  <  ME.'oH?e«- 
tike,  auctentyke,  <  OF.  autentique  (mod.  F.  au- 
tliriitifiue,  being  changed,  like  the  E.  word,  to 
suit  the  L.  spelling)  =  Pg.  authcntico  =  Sp. 
autentico  =  It.  autentico,  <  LL.  authenticiis,  < 
Gi.avBeyTiKd;,  warranted,  authentic,  original, 

<  avdevria,  original  authority,  <  ahdivrr/g,  contr. 

<  avToivTT/g  (rare),  one  who  does  anything  with 
his  own  hand,  the  real  author  of  any  act,  <  avTog, 
self,  -1-  "evn/c:  (found  also  in  amnvrj]^,  equiv. 
to  i7TOvp)(ir,  a  fellow-workman),  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  <  *cf:vT-,  <  *anavT-,  orig.  form  of 
Ionic  eirv,  Attic  Irv  (=  L.  cm,  *sciis),  ppr.  of 
iluai,  be :  see  ens,  be^.  Cf.  cffrndi,  also  ult.  <  Gr. 
aiift'vTW.]  I.  n.  If.  Having  authority;  pos- 
sessing inherent  authority;  duly  authorized; 
authoritative. 

.Men  ought  to  lly  all  pcdantisms,  and  not  rashly  to  use 
all  words  that  are  met  with  in  every  English  writer, 
whether  rtH^/itfrt^i'f  or  not.  K.  J'liitlips. 

2.  Real;  of  genuine  origin  ;  being  what  it  pur- 
ports to  l)e:  opposed  to  pretendul  or  imai/iudry, 
Jictitious,  counterfeit,  apocryphal,  or  uiiaulhor- 
ircrf;  as,  authentic  documents. 


386 

As  there  is  hut  one  God,  but  one  hope,  but  one  anchor- 
age for  man  —  so  also  tliere  can  he  hut  one  autlu:ntic 
faith,  but  one  derivation  of  truth,  but  oru-  perfect  revela- 
tion. /^''  Quiitccy,  Ksseiies,  iii. 

3.  In  laiv,  executed  with  all  du(^  formalities ; 
executed  by  the  ])r()pi'r  jx'rson  and  legally 
attestcid  before  tlui  proper  authorities :  as,  an 
authentic  deed. — 4.  Entitled  to  acceptance  or 
belief;  reliable;  trustworthy;  of  established 
credit,  credibility,  or  authority :  as,  an  authentic 
tale,  book,  writer. 
Origen,  a  most  authentic  author  in  this  point. 

lirt'vint,  Saul  and  Sauuiel,  p.  77. 
of  the  manner  in  which    the    ruin  of  Mneveh  was 
bnmgllt  about  we  have  nowhere  any  authentic  record. 

Von  Jiankc,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  32. 
That  this  mere  (h'eam  is  grown  a  stable  truth 
'I'o-night's  feast  makes  authentic. 

Brownintf,  In  a  Balcony. 
5t.  Original;  first-hand,  as  opposed  to  copied 
or  transcribed. —  6.  0\n\ ;  proper ;  properly  be- 
longing to  one's  self.     [Archaic] 

It  were  extreme  partiality  and  injustice,  the  fiat  denial 
and  overthrow  of  herself  [Justice],  to  put  her  own  authen- 
tic sword  into  the  hand  of  an  unjust  and  wicked  man. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  x.xviii. 

Men  are  ephemeral  or  evanescent,  but  whatever  page 
the  authentic  .soul  of  man  has  touched  with  her  immortal- 
izing finger,  no  matter  how  loug  ago,  is  still  young  and 
fair  as  it  was  to  the  world's  gray  fathers. 

Lowell,  Oration,  Harvard,  Nov.  8,  1S86. 

7.  In  music,  having  an  immediate  relation  to  the 
key-note  or  tonic :  in  distinction  from  plagal, 
which  has  a  corresponding  relation  to  the  fifth 
or  dominant  in  the  octave  below  the  key-note. 
—  Authentic  act,  in  civil  law,  an  act  or  deed  performed 
before  and  attested  by  a  notary  or  other  proper  magis- 
trate.—Authentic  cadence,  same  as  perfect  cadeiu-e 
(which  see.  under  ''Y'/./ic.),  —  Authentic  melodies.  See 
?iicio(f;/.— Authentic  modes  or  tones.  Stt  »u«(i'.  =  Syn. 
2  and  4.  Authentie,  tjeunioe,  correct,  trustworthy,  relia- 
ble, credible.  When  applied  to  a  written  document  or  a 
book,  authentic  indicates  tluit  it  is  reliable  as  narrating 
real  facts ;  genuine,  that  we  have  it  as  it  left  its  author's 
hands :  as,  an  authentic  history  ;  a  genuine  text.  Au- 
thentic is  thus  equivalent  to  trustworthy,  reliable ;  gen- 
uine, to  unadulterated.  The  "Memoirs  of  a  Cavalier" 
is  a  genuine  work  of  Defoe's,  for  it  was  written  by  him, 
but  it  is  not  an  authentic  work,  although  so  plausibly  as- 
sunnng  the  tone  of  real  biography  that  it  "  deceived  even 
the  i^reat  Chatham  into  citing  the  volimie  as  an  authentic 
narrative  "  (Backus,  Revision  of  Shaw's  Eng.  Lit.,  p.  250). 
A  genuine  book  is  that  which  was  written  by  the  person 
whose  name  it  bears ;  ...  an  authentic  book  is  that 
which  relates  matters  of  fact  jis  they  really  happened. 
A  book  may  be  authentic  without  being  genuine,  and 
genuine  without  being  authentic.  Bp.  Watson. 

Il.t  "•  [^  LL.  anthenticum,  ^EL.  also  authen- 
tica,  the  original  (of  a  document),  neut.  or  fem. 
ot  authenticus :  seel.]  1.  An  authoritative  or 
genuine  dociunent  or  book. —  2.  An  original, 
as  opposed  to  a  copy  or  transcript. 

Authentic.^  and  transcripts.  Fuller,  Church  Hist.,  I.  42. 
The  Authentlcs,  in  civil  tan;  a  Latin  translation  from 
the  Greek  of  the  novels  or  new  constitutions  of  Justinian, 
made  by  an  anonymous  author.  So  called  as  an  un- 
abridged translation  of  the  novels,  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  ejiitome  made  by  Julian. 
authentical  (a-then'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  authen- 
tic. 

The  hopes  thou  dost  conceive 
Of  thy  quick  death,  and  of  thy  future  life, 
Are  not  authentical.       B.  Jon^on,  Poetaster,  iv.  6. 

His  testimony  will  be  authentical.  Beau,  and  Fl. 

This,  the  squire  confessed,  with  some  little  hesitation, 
was  a  pheasant  pie,  though  a  peacock  pie  was  certainly  the 
most  authentical.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  277. 

authentically  (a-then'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  au- 
thentic manner,  {a)  With  the  requisite  or  gen- 
uine authority.     (6)  With  certainty. 

He  [Coleridge]  was  the  man  of  all  his  generation  to 
whom  we  should  most  unhesitatingly  allow  the  distinc- 
tion of  genius,  that  is,  of  one  authentically  possessed  from 
time  to  time  by  some  influence  that  made  him  better  and 
greater  than  himself.  Lowell.  Coleridge. 

(c)  Actually;  really. 

Not  yet  authentically  decided.   Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

authenticalness  (a-then'ti-kal-nes),  H.    1.  The 

quality  of  being  .authentic  or  trustworthy;  the 

quality  of  being  of  good  authority ;  authenticity. 

They  did  not  at  all  rely  on  the  authenticalness  thereof. 
Barrow,  Works,  I.  357. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  genuine  or  what  it  pur- 
ports to  be;  genuineness;  authenticity. 

Nothing  can  be  more  pleasant  than  to  see  virtuosos 
about  a  cabinet  of  medjils,  descanting  upon  the  value, 
rarity,  and  authenticalness  of  the  several  pieces. 

.-iddison.  Ancient  Medals. 

[In  Vioth  uses  obsolete  or  obsolescent.] 
authenticate  (a-then'ti-kat),  V.  t. ;  pi'et.  and  [ip. 
aulhi  iiticiitcil,  ]i|ir.  authenlicaliuii.  [<  Mli.  ttu- 
thi  iiticatu.i.  pp.  of  authenticiire,  confirm,  <  LL. 
anthinlicus;  authentic:  see  itullicntic.']  1.  To 
render  autlientic ;  give  authority  to  by  the 
proof,  attestation,  or  formalities  reciuired  by 
law  or  sufficient  to  entitle  to  credit. 


author 

The  kingservesoidy  asa  notary  toaM^/wtn^wafe  the  choice 
of  judges.  Burke. 

Precisely  as  our  researches  are  fortunate,  they  authen- 
ticate themselves  as  privileged ;  and  in  such  a  chase  all 
success  justifies  itself.  De  (^uitieey,  Essenes,  i. 

He  [God]  authenticates  this  instinctive  yearning  in  the 
creature  after  selfliood,  in  i»rder  that  the  latter  .  .  ,  may 
elfectu.ally  ai*pirc  to  the  knowledge  and  obedience  of  those 
laws  of  Divine  order  which  alone  give  him  rest. 

//.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  01. 

2.  To  prove  authentic ;  establish  as  correct  or 
genuine. 

I  have  authenticated  two  portraits  of  that  prince. 

Waljtole,  Anecdotes  of  Painting,  I.  ii. 

There  is  little  more  left  for  Biblical  research.  The  few 
places  which  can  be  authenticated  are  now  generally  ac- 
cepted. B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  .Saracen,  p.  72. 

On  June  18,  18.'i8,  about  3,000  vidumes,  and  in  1S58,  265 
other  volumes  of  non-parochial  registers,  were  authenti- 
cated. iV.  ami  (J.,  7th  ser.,  III.  305. 

3.  To  establish  as  true  or  worthy  of  belief:  as, 
to  authenticate  a  statement. 

One  of  the  best  authenticated  ghost  stories  in  existence. 
Mem.  o/  R.  11.  Barhani,  in  Ingoldsby  Legends. 

authenticatet  (a-then'ti-kat),  a.  [<  ML.  au- 
tlicntiriitus,  p]i. :  see  the  verb.]    Authenticated. 

authentication  (a-then-ti-ka'shon),  H.  [<  au- 
thenticate +  -ion.]  The  act  of  authenticating, 
verifjing,  or  establishing  the  authoritative- 
ness,  genuineness,  validity,  credibility,  or  truth 
of  anything ;  specifically,  in  law,  the  official 
attestation  of  a  written  instrument. 

The  authentication  of  every  little  detail  in  the  text. 

Tlic  American,  VIII.  315. 

authenticity  (a-then-tis'i-ti),  n.  [<  authentic 
+  -ity ;  =  F.  autlienticitc.]  'The  quality  of  be- 
ing authentic,  or  entitled  to  acceptance  as  au- 
thoritative, genuine,  true,  or  correct:  as,  the 
authenticity  oi  the  Scriptures  or  of  a  document; 
the  authenticity  oi  a  ijortrait;  the  authenticity 
of  a  statement. 

We  compare  the  narrative  with  the  account  of  the  times 
when  it  was  composed,  and  are  left  satisfied  with  the  au- 
tlicnticity  of  its  leading  anecdotes. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  i.  3. 

authenticlyt  (a-then'tik-li),  adv.  Authenti- 
cally. 

He  could  learn  no  way  so  authenticly  as  from  thistesti- 
ninny.  Whiston,  tr.  of  josephus,  Antiq.,  i. 

authenticness  (a-then'tik-nes),  «.    Authen- 
ticity.    [Hare.] 
The  authenticness  of  that  decree. 

Hammond,  Works,  II.  106. 

author  (a'thor),  «.  [Early  mod.  E. alsoauthour, 
auctour,  aucior,  and  prop,  autor,  <  ME.  autour, 
alitor  (later  auctour  or  aucior,  after  the  L.), 
<  AF.  autour,  OF.  autor,  later  and  mod.  F. 
auteur  =  Pr.  auctor,  actor  =  Sp.  Pg.  autor  =  It. 
autorc,  <  L.  auctor  (in  ML.,  and  hence  in  E., 
corruptly  author,  jirob.  through  the  influence 
of  LL.  authenticus  and  its  derivatives;  cf.  ML. 
authorisare,  authorize,  confirm,  var.  authori- 
care,  synonymous  with  anthenticare,  confirm; 
authorabilis,  synonymous  ■with  authcnticius, 
etc.),  an  originator,  <  augere,  cause  to  grow, 
increase:  see  auction.]  \.  The  beginner, 
former,  or  first  mover  of  anything;  he  to 
whom  something  owes  its  origin;  originator; 
creator;  efficient  cause:  as,  God  is  the  author 
of  the  universe. 
The  law,  the  author  .  .  .  whereof  is  .  .  .  God. 

Hooker. 
The  serpent  autor  was,  Eve  did  proceed; 
Adam  not  autor,  auctor  was  indeed.  Vicars. 

He  was  become  the  Authour  of  a  Sect  ever  after  to  be 
called  Lutherans.  Seidell,  Tablc-Talk,  p.  S3. 

Thus  King  Latinus  in  the  third  degree 
Had  Saturn  author  of  his  family.  Drydcn. 

2.  Cause:  applied  to  things.     [Rare.] 

That  which  is  the  strength  of  their  amity  shall  prove 
the  immediate  author  of  their  variance. 

Shak..  A.  and  C,  ii.  6. 

3.  The  original  composer  of  a  book  or  ■writing 
of  any  kind,  as  distinguished  from  a  compiler, 
translator,  editor,  or  copj-ist. 

.\u  author  has  the  choice  of  his  own  thoughts,  which  a 
translator  has  not.  Drydcn. 

[Often  used  elliptieally  for  the  literary  produc- 
tion itself:  as,  the  statement  occurs  in  Pliny 
and  other  ancient  authors.] — 4t.   An   editor: 
as,  the  author  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine. 
[Rare.]  —  5t.  -V  person  who  authorizes  a  state- 
ment ;  an  authority ;  an  informant. 
JAiok  upon  him; 
Such  holy  men  arc  authors  ol  no  fables. 
Fletcher  {and  .Massingcr'!).  Lovers'  I*rogress,  V.  2. 

6.  Tn  Scots  Itr.r,  one  from  wliom  a  title  to  prop- 
erty is  derived  either  by  inheritance  or  other- 
wise; especially,  one  from  whom  title  is  de- 


author 

rived  by  purchase  or  otherwise  than  by  way  of 
descent, 
authort  (a'thor),  V.  t.      [<   autlinr,  )i.]      1.   To 
occasiou;  effect;  do. 

Execrable  slaii^'htcr!  what  hnii<l  hath  aulhored  it? 

Fletcher  (and  otherit),  Bloody  Brother,  iii.  4. 
Do  you  two  think  much 
That  he  thus  wisely  ami  with  need  consents 
To  what  I  author  for  your  country's  good, 
You  being  my  tutor,  you  my  chanccUorY 

Fletcher  (and  vthers),  Kloo.ly  Brother,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  be  authority  for ;  vouch  for. 
More  of  liini  I  dare  not  author. 

Massinger  and  Field,  Fatal  Dowry,  iv.  2. 
authoress  (a'tlior-es),  n.      [Early  mod.  E.  also 
imthiiKn sx,  tiutJircsSf,  auefrcssc,  ciiictrirc,  <  late 
ME.  aiicloricc:  see  author  and  -ess.]     A  female 
author,  in  any  sense  of  that  word.     [Author  is 
commonly  used  for  both  sexes,  except  in  case 
of  si]<'cial  discrimination.] 
authorhood    (a'thor-hud),    n.      [<   author   + 
-hood.]     The   state  of  being    an    aiithor   (of 
books);   the  province  of   an  author;   author- 
ship, 
authorial   (a-tho'ri-al),   a.     [<   author  +  -ial. 
Cf.    iiiictorial.]     Pertaining  to   an  author  (of 
books).     Also  autorial. 

Must  we  then  bow  to  authorial  dignity,  and  kiss  liands 
because  they  are  inked? 

/.  D'litraeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  14.''». 
Testing  the  autorial  power.  Poc,  Marginalia,  cvi. 

authorisable,  authorisation,  etc.  See  author- 
i:at>li\  etc. 

authorism  (ti'thor-lzm),  «.  [<  author  +  -ism.] 
Authorship;  the  position  or  character  of  an  au- 
thor.    [Kare.] 

He  [Burke]  is  a  sensible  man,  but  has  not  worn  off  his 
authorism  yet,  and  thinks  there  is  nothing  so  charming 
as  writers,  antl  to  be  one.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  90. 

authoritarian  (a-thor-i-ta'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
authority  -k-  -arian.]  I,  a.  J'avoring  the  prin- 
ciple of  authority,  as  opposed  to  that  of  indi- 
vidual freedom. 

The  loyalists,  who  sympathized  most  strongly  with  .  .  . 
his  authoritarian  views.         Athenceum,  No.  3068,  p.  202. 

II.  n.  One  who  supports  the  principle  of 
authority,  as  opposed  to  that  of  individual 
freedom. 

By  looking  only  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  his  career, 
...  an  imaginary  Napoleon  has  been  obtained  who  is  .  .  . 
a  lover  of  liberty,  not  an  authoritarian. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  226. 

authoritative  (a-thor'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [<  authority 
+  -atirc.  Cf.  ML.  auctoritativus.]  1.  Having 
due  authority;  ha^-ing  the  sanction  or  weight 
of  authority ;  entitled  to  credence  or  obedience : 
as,  "««</ior(fe( fee  teaching,"  Barrow. 

The  Law  of  Duty  remains  indeed  autlioritative,  but  its 
authority  seems  scarcely  so  awful  and  unique  as  formerly. 
J.  R.  Seeleii,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  112. 
Anselm  wjis  compelled  to  publish  an  authoritative  edi- 
tion of  his  Monnlonium,  because  so  many  copies  of  it  were 
already  in  circulation  from  notes  of  lectures. 

C.  //.  Pearson,  Early  and  Mid.  Ages  of  Eng.,  xxxv. 

2.  Ha\'ing  an  air  of  authority;  positive;  per- 
emptory ;  dictatorial. 

The  mock  authoritative  manner  of  the  one  and  the  in- 
sipid mirth  of  the  other.  Swi/t,  Examiner. 

Dogmatic  and  authoritative  by  nature  and  education,  he 
hardly  comprehended  the  meaning  of  toleratitiu  in  mat- 
ters of  religion.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  90. 

=  Syn.  2.  -t  uthoritative,  Matjistei'ial,  etc.  (see  magisterial), 
conunanding. 

authoritatively  (a-thor'i-ta-tiv-li),  nrfo.  In  an 
authoritativci  manner.    («)  With  due  authority. 

I  think  it  [the  law  of  repetition]  is  even  more  authnrita- 
tirelif  present  in  the  minds  of  most  great  composers  than 
the  law  of  principality.  Raskin,  Elem.  of  Drawing. 

ill)  With  a  show  of  authority. 

authoritativeness  (a-thor'i-ta-tiv-ncs),  ».  Tlie 
(jiiality  of  being  authoritative;  an  acting  by 
authority ;  authoritative  appearance. 

authority  (a-thor'i-ti),  «. ;  pi.  authorities  (-tiz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  autoritic,  auctoritic,  etc.,  < 
ME.  (lutorite,  auctoritc,  <  OF.  autoritet,  F.  au- 
toritt:  z=  Pr.  auctoritat  =  Sp.  autoridad  =  Pg. 
autoridadc  =  It.  autorita,  <  L.  auctorita{t-)s, 
counsel,  will,  decree,  liberty,  power,  weight, 
authority,  <  auctiir,  author,  originator:  see  au- 
thor.] 1.  Power  or  admitted  right  to  com- 
mand or  to  act,  wliether  original  or  delegated: 
as,  the  authfirity  of  a  prince  over  subjects  and 
of  parents  over  children;  the  authority  of  an 
agent  to  act  for  his  principal,  in  tau;  an  autlioriiy 
is  general  wlu-n  it  extends  to  all  acts,  or  all  connected 
with  a  particular  employment,  and  si)eeial  wlien  contlned 
to  a  single  act. 

By  what  anthonty  doest  thou  these  things,  and  who 
gave  tllec  this  autliurittj  >  Mark  xi.  2». 

If  law,  authority,  and  power  deny  not, 
It  will  go  hard  witii  poor  Antonio. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  2. 


387 

If  his  conscience  were  so  narrow  and  peculiar  to  it  selfe, 
it  was  iu)t  lltt  liis  Autority  stiould  be  so  ample  and  Tui. 
vcrsall  rtver  othei-s.  Milton,  EikonokliLStes,  ii. 

2.  The  power  derived  from  opinion,  respect, 
or  long-established  reputation;  influcnt'O  con- 
feiTed  liy  character,  office,  station,  mental  su- 
periority, or  the  like;  credit:  as,  the  authority 
of  age  or  examiilo  ;  the  authority  of  Aristotle. 

r.ut  the  mortallest  enemy  unto  knowledge,  and  that 
wliicli  hath  done  the  greatest  execution  upon  truth,  hatli 
l)ecnc  a  peremptory  aiibesion  unto  ./lH//jwn7i/,  and  espe- 
cially the  establishing  of  our  beliefe  upon  the  dictates  of 
Antitpiities.  For  (as  every  capacity  may  observe),  most 
men  of  Ages  present,  so  superstitiously  do  look  upon 
Ages  past,  tliat  the  A  uthorities  of  tlie  one  exceed  the  rea- 
sons of  the  other.     Sir  T.  Ilrowne,  Vulg.  Err.  (1840),  i.  20. 

Truth,  wisdom,  sanctitude  severe  and  pure,  .  .  . 

Whence  true  authority  in  men.     Milton,  V.  L.,  iv.  295. 

3t.  Power  in  a  general  sense. 
The  .  .  .  corrigible  autfioriti/  of  this  lies  in  onr  wills. 

Shak.,  Othello,  I.  3. 

4.  A  person  or  persons,  or  a  body,  exercising 
power  or  command :  generally  in  the  plural : 
as,  the  civil  and  military  authorities. —  5.  Tlie 
outward  marks  of  authority ;  esjiocially,  the 
expression  of  authority  in  the  countenance. 

Kent.  You  have  that  in  your  countenance  wlucli  I  would 
fain  call  master. 
Lear.   What's  that? 
AV/i(.    Authority.  Sliak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

6.  That  to  which  or  one  to  whom  an  appeal  or 
reference  may  be  made  in  support  of  any  opin- 
ion, action,  or  course  of  conduct,  (a)  Testimony; 
witness  ;  that  which  or  one  who  testifies. 

.Something  I  have  heard  of  this,  which  I  would  be  glad  to 
find  by  so  sweet  an  authority  eonfinned.      Sir  P.  Sidney. 
Had  seen  .  .  . 
Jesus,  Messiah,  Son  of  God  declared. 
And  on  that  high  authoriti/  had  Ijelieved. 

Milton,  v.  R.,  ii.  D. 
(6)  Weight  of  testimony ;  credibility  :  as,  a  historian  of 
no  authority;  "authority  of  the  Scriptures,"  Hooker. 

The  registers  of  the  English  Peerage  are  of  far  higher 
authority  than  any  other  statistical  documents. 

Macaulay,  Sadler's  Law  of  Population, 
(f )  One  who  possesses  adequate  knowledge  of  a  subject,  and 
whose  opinions  or  statements  may  be  relied  on  ;  an  ex- 
pert :  a  standard  author  or  his  writings :  as,  an  authority 
in  matters  pertaining  to  geology. 

This  practice  we  may  learn,  from  a  better  and  more 
ancient  authority  then  any  heathen  writer  hath  to  give 
us.  Milton,  Church.Govemment,  Pref. 

(rf )  In  law,  a  precedent ;  a  judicial  decision ;  an  official 
declaration  or  opinion,  such  as  ought  to  be  followed  in 
similar  cases,    (c)  Justitication ;  countenance:  warrant. 
Thieves  for  their  robbery  have  authority. 
When  judges  steal  themselves. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  ii.  2. 
Argument  from  authority.  Same  as  ar'jumentnm  ad 
vereeundiuin  (uhieh  see,  under  aryumentuiii).--COTlsti- 
tuted  authorities,  the  magistrates  or  governors  of  a 
nation,  people,  mumcipality.  etc.— General  authority, 
tlie  authority  of  a  general  agent,  intended  to  apply  t-i  all 
matters  which  arise  in  the  com'se  of  business,  as  distin- 
guished from  special  instances,  though  it  may  be  limited 
to  a  particular  business  and  to  a  particular  place.  =  Syn. 
1.  Rule,  dominion,  government;  warrant,  permission,  au- 
thorization.—2.  Iiijiiu'iiee,  Authority,  Aseendaiictf,  Con- 
trol, Stray,  Domination,  may  all  apply  to  persons  or 
things,  biit  seem  primarily  to  belong  to  pei-sons.  Injlu- 
enee  and  authority  imply  moral  power ;  the  others  may 
do  so,  and  are  considered  to  do  so  here.  The  words  are 
arranged  in  the  order  of  their  strength.  Injiuence  may 
be  small ;  it  is  wholly  apart  from  the  power  of  office ;  the 
word  expresses  the  extent  to  which  one  affects  the  con- 
duct or  character  of  others  simply  by  their  deference  to 
him  on  account  of  his  station,  wealth,  ability,  character, 
etc.  Authority  is,  in  this  connection,  inlluence  amount- 
ing to  a  recognized  right  to  command  :  as,  the  autlwrity 
of  age,  wisdom,  experience.  It  is  presumably  rightful, 
wliile  the  other  words  often  express  undue  or  unwhole- 
some weight  or  power.  Ascendancy  is  overmastering  in- 
fluence, supremacy  by  influence  :  the  word  is  often  used 
in  a  bad  sense:  as,  the  a.ieendancy  ot  cunning  over  sini- 
plicity.  Control  is  complete  or  successful  and  continued 
authority:  as,  his  control  over  the  convicts  was  main- 
tained without  resort  to  force.  Stray  is,  by  its  deriva- 
tion, control  over  that  which  may  be  viewed  as  a  weighty 
or  massive  object :  hence,  a  solid  or  powerful  or  control- 
ling inlluence.  Domination,  as  it  may  be  an  al)solute  and 
tyrannical  rule,  may  also  be  an  absolute  and  tyrannical  in- 
fluence or  ascendancy:  as,  he  w.as  really  uniler  the  domi- 
nation of  those  whom  he  thought  his  servants  or  tools. 
Mourn  for  the  man  of  amplest  injtuetKe, 
Yet  clearest  of  ambitious  crime. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington,  iv. 

In  the  absolute  authority  accorded  (by  the  Romans]  to 
the  father  over  the  children  we  may  trace  the  same  habits 
of  discipline  that  proved  so  formiilable  in  the  llelil. 

Lcekjl,  Europ.  .Morals,  I.  181. 

The  application  of  gunpowder  to  the  art  of  war  has  for 
ever  settled  the  long  conflict  for  a.vendancy  between  civ- 
ilization and  barbarism,  in  favor  of  the  former. 

Calhoun.  Works,  I.  88. 

Government  .  .  .  has  a  general  superintending  control 
over  all  the  .actions  ami  over  all  the  publicly  propagated 
doctrines  of  men.  Ilurke,  I'uitarians,  May  11,  1792. 

Horrible  forms  of  worship  that  of  old 

Held,  o'er  the  shuddering  realms,  uniiuestioned  sway, 
liryant.  The  Ages,  xxv. 

niey  rose  and  took  arms  to  resist  Ordogiio,  son  of  Al- 
fonsus  III.,  whose  domination  was  too  severe  for  them. 
J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  310. 


autobiographer 

authorizable  (a'tlior-i-zn-l)!),  a.  [Early  mod. 
E.  aiicliiri^ahlc;  <  ilL.  uuthmisahilis,  auctori- 
:ahilis,  etc.,  <  auctori:are :  see  authorize  and 
-able.]  That  may  be  authorized:  as,  "a  cen- 
sure authoricable,"  Hammond,  Works,  I.  242. 
Also  spelled  authorisahle. 

authorization  (a'tlior-i-za'shon),  H.  [=  F.  au- 
tiirisatiini,  <  'Sl\j.*axietorizatio{n-),  <  auetorizare, 
pp.  auvttiri:atu.s :  see  authorize.]  Tlie  act  of 
authorizing ;  the  act  of  giving  autlioriiy  or  legal 
power;  establishment  by  authority:  as,  "the 
authorization  of  laws,"  Motley.  Also  spelled 
authorisation. 

authorize  (a'thor-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  nii- 
thorizid,  ppr.  authorizing.  [Early  mod.  L.  also 
auctorize,  <  ME.  auctorisen,  autorisen,  <  OF.  auc- 
toriser,  later  authoriser,  mod.  F.  autoriser  = 
Pr.  atdhorisar  =  Sp.  autorizar  =  Pg.  autorisar 
=  It.  autorizzare,  <  SlL.  auctorisare,  auctorizare, 
authori,mre,  etc.,  <  L.  auctor,  author:  see  author 
and  -ize.]  1.  To  give  authority,  warrant,  or 
legal  power  to;  empower  (a  person):  as,  to 
»HW/ori;e  commissioners  to  settle  the  boundary 
of  a  state. — 2.  To  give  authority  for;  approve 
of  and  permit;  formally  sanction  (an  act  or  a 
proceeding). 

The  repiut  of  the  commission  was  taken  into  immediate 
consideration  by  the  estates.  Tliey  resolved,  without  one 
dissentient  voice,  that  the  order  signed  by  William  did  not 
authorize  the  slaughter  of  Glencoe. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxi. 

The  money,  then,  is  borrowed  on  the  credit  of  the  I'nited 
States — an  act  which  Congress  alone  is  competent  to  au- 
titorize.  D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

3t.  To  make  authoritative  or  valid;  legalize; 
validate. 

She  shall  a  uthorize 
Our  undertakings  to  the  ignorant  people, 
As  if  what  we  do  were  by  her  command. 

Fletcher  (.and  another).  False  One,  v.  2. 

4.  To  establish  by  authority  or  usage:  as,  an 
authorized  idiova. —  5.  To  warrant;  vouch  for. 
[Rare.] 

A  woman's  story,  at  a  winter's  fire, 

Authoris'd  by  her  grandam. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

6t.  To  support  (one's  self  )  upon  the  authority 
(of). 

The  Historian  .  .  .  authorizin^f  himself,  for  the  most 
part,  upon  other  histories. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Def.  of  Poesie  (Arber),  p.  31. 

Also  spelled  authorise. 

authoiizer  (a'thor-i-zer),  n.  One  who  author- 
izes.    Also  spelled  authoriser. 

authorlet (a'thor-let),  11.  [<  author  +  dim.  -let.] 
A  iiettv  author"    Jilackirootrs  May.     [Kare.] 

authorling  (a'thor-ling),  n.  [<  author  +  dim. 
-liny.]     A  petty  author.     [Eare.] 

Oh  thou  poor  authorling  !  Reach  a  little  deeper  into  the 
human  heart !  Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iv.  1. 

authorly  (li'thor-li),  o.  [<.  author  + -ly''^.]  Be- 
longing to  an  author ;  authorial.    [Rare.] 

Ue  keeps  his  own  autliarly  secrets. 

Covfper,  Letter  to  Unwiu. 

authorship  (a'thor-ship),  H.    [<  author  +  -ship.'] 

1.  The  source  or  cause  of  anything  that  may 
be  said  to  have  an  author ;  origination  ;  causa- 
tion :  as,  the  authorship  of  an  invention  or  of 
a  political  movement ;  a  book  whose  author- 
ship is  unknown. —  2.  The  state  of  being  an 
author ;  the  occupation  of  writing  books. 

If  the  formalists  of  this  sort  were  erected  into  patentees 
with  a  sole  commission  of  authorship,  we  shoulil  undoubt- 
edly see  such  writing  in  our  days  as  would  either  wholly 
wean  us  from  all  books  in  general,  or  at  least  from  all 
such  as  were  the  product  of  our  own  nation. 

Shaftesbury,  Characters  (ed.  1869),  I.  347. 

auto  (ou'to),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.,  <  L.  actus,  an  act: 
see  act,  n.]     1.  In  Spanish  literature,  a  play. 

The  miracle-plays  of  the  people  attained  a  high  degree 
of  excellence  in  the  autos  or  sacred  Christinas  plays  of 
Gil  Vicente  (1470-1536).  Eneyc.  Brit..  \l\.  556. 

2.  In  Spanish  hi w :  (a)  An  order;  a  decree;  a 
sentence;  a  decision,  (b)  pi.  The  pleadings  and 
proceedings  in  a  lawsuit. — 3.  An  auto  de  fe. 

auto-.  [<  ttr.  ni  70-  (before  a  vowel  air-,  which 
before  a  rough  breathing  becomes  ait)-),  stem 
of  aiVof,  self  (myself,  thyself,  himself,  etc.).] 
An  element  in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin, 
meaning  self,  of  itself  (natural),  of  one's  self 
(independently),  of  nothing  but  ....  etc. : 
very  common  in  English  and  other  modern  lan- 
gtiages,  esiireially  in  scientific  terms. 

autobiographer  (a  to-bi-og'ra-fer),  Ji.  [<  Gr. 
airor,  self,  -I-  hioyraphcr.]  One  who  writes  an 
account  of  his  own  life. 

"  And  yet.  o  man  born  of  Woman,"  cries  the  Autobiog. 
rapher,  with  one  of  his  sudden  whirls,  'wherein  is  my 
case  peculiar  V  "  Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  68. 


autoblograpUc 

autobiographic  (;"i-to-l)i-o-Kiaf'ik),  a.     Of  the 
niitiu'o  of  autobiography. 
The  wiitiiiRS  of  IMiite  ...  arc  all  ..  .  aulohiographic. 
Luinll.  AimiilB  my  Books,  2<1  scr.,  p.  id. 

autobiographical  (ii-to-hi-o-fti-afi-kal),  «•  1. 
Of  or  iicitaiuinf,'  to  autobiography;  character- 
ized by  au  autobiograpliic  tendency. 

It  ever  rcMimins  ilouWful  wlntlu-r  lit-  is  huiKliing  in  Iiis 
sleeve  at  these  Aulubio')raphh-al  times  of  ours. 

Carbjlc,  Sartor  liesartus,  p.  C'l. 

2.  Sanio  as  aiitohioiyraphir,. 
autobiographically  (a-to-bi-o-graf'i -kal-i), 

iidr.     Ill  ;in  :aitol)iographlc  manner, 
autobiographist  (a  to-bi-og'ra-fist),  n.     [_<  au- 

t('lH(H/ri(i>liii  +  -ist.'i     Same  as  autobwgraplwr. 

[Kar'c.l 
autobiography  (:l'to-bi-og'ra-fi),  n. ;   pi.  auto- 

hioqr<U>l'itx  (-hz).     [<  Or.  alrog,  self,  +  liogra- 

phy.~\  A  biography  or  memoir  of  a  person  -nTit- 

ten  bv  himself. 
autocarpian,  autocarpic  (a-to-kar'pi-an,  -pik), 

(/.     Same  as  autiK/iiriKHis. 

autocarpous  (a-to-kiir'pus),  a.  [<  Or.  airiif, 
self  (in  comp.  sometimes,  as  here,  meamng  'of 
nothing  but  .  .  .  /'of  mere  .  .  .'),  +  Kapirdc, 
fruit.  The  Or.  avTunapirog  means  only  'self- 
fruetifyiug.']  In  hot.,  consisting  of  pericarp 
alone ;"  having  no  aduate  parts  (Gray) :  applied 
to  fruits  which  are  free  from  the  perianth. 
8arao  as  superior. 

autocephalic  (a  to-se-fal'ik  or  ii-to-sefa-lik), 
«.  lAfi  autoccx)hal-ous  + -ic.'\  Autocephalous ; 
autonomous. 

autocephalous  (a-to-sef 'a-lus),  a.  [<  LGr.  alro- 
Kiipa'Aoc,  <  Or.  avroc,  self,"+  Ktipa'/.r;,  head.]  1. 
Having  a  head  or  chief  of  its  own ;  independent 
of  jurisdiction :  applied  to  a  church. 

Tlie  Russian  Church  became  autocephalous,  and  its  pa- 
triarch had  immense  power.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XI.  157. 

2.  Acting  as  an  independent  head;  having 
primary  jurisdiction  :  as,  an  autocephaluus 
bishop  or  metropolitan. 

We  have  seen  Greece  proclaim  its  Holy  Governing  Sy- 
nod autocephalous.       J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Churcli,  i.  10. 

autochronograph  (a-to-kron'o-graf ),  n.  [<  Or. 
aurof,  self,  +  chronograjih.']  An  instrument 
for  instantaneously  and  automatically  record- 
ing time, 
autochthon  (a-tok'thon),  «.;  pi.  autoclitlions, 
auhidithiines  (-thons,  -tho-nez).  [<  L.  atitoch- 
tliones,  pl._,  <  G:V."ah-6xSuv,  pi.  avToxBovcQ,  abo- 
rigines, primitive  inhabitants,  lit.  sprung  from 
the  land  itself  (it  was  the  belief  of  the  ancient 
Athenians  and  some  other  Greeks  that  they 
sprang  originally  from  the  soil  on  which  they 
lived),  <  oD7-(5f,  self,  +  A'^iJi',  land,  earth.]  1. 
Literally,  one  sprung  from  the  land  he  inhabits ; 
hence,  one  of  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  a 
country;  a  member  of  the  race  found  in  a 
country  when  first  known;  an  aboriginal  in- 
habitant. 

.  Whoever  the  artist  may  have  been,  it  [a  statue]  is  un- 
.     doubtedly  a  very  .able  conception,  the  figure  seenung  to 
rise  from  the  earth  just  as  an  autuchthoti  would  be  tliouglit 
to  rise.  A.  S.  Murray,  Greek  Sculpture,  I.  'ii-l,  note. 

Their  own  traditions  appear  to  have  made  tliera  (the 
Phrygians]  autochthones,  or  aboriginals,  and  it  would  seem 
tliat  they  believed  tlie  re-peoplillg  of  the  earth  after  tlie 
flood  to  have  begun  in  their  country. 

G.  Jiau'linson,  Origin  of  Nations,  p.  67. 

2.  1)1.  The  primitive  animals  or  plants  of  a 
country  or  region,  especially  in  geological  time. 
[Rare.] 
autochthonal  (a-tok'tho-nal),  a.    [<.  autocltthon 
+  -ah']    Autochthonic  ;  aboriginal:  as,autoch- 
tlioiiiil  peoyiles. 
autochthones,  «.    Fluxa}  oi  autochthon. 
autochthonic  (a-tok-thon'ik;,  a.     [<  autoch- 
thun  +  -ic]     Of  or  pertaining  to  an  autoch- 
thon ;  native  to  or  sprimg  from  the  soil ;  abo- 
riginal; indigenous. 

The  aljorigincs  of  tile  country  [were]  driven,  like  the 
Bheels  .ind  other  autochthonic  Indians,  into  the  eastern 
and  soutlieastern  wilds  bordering  upon  the  ocean. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  20. 
We  may.  however,  venture  the  assertion  that  the  Eskimo 
is  of  autochthonic  origin  in  Asia. 

Arc.  Cruise  of  the  Cortvin,  ISSl,  p.  30. 
autochthonism  (a-tok'tho-nizm),K.    [<  autoch- 
tltun  +  -i.s/H.]     Birth  from  the  soil. 

Acci)rding  to  the  Scythians, Tal'gitaus  lived  just  a  thou- 
sand years  before  the  year  513  n.  c. — a  legend  wjiich,  taken 
with  the  tradition  of  autochthonism,  indicates  a  mucli 
earlier  date  for  the  immigration  of  tlie  Scytliians  than  we 
should  deduce  from  other  narratives. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XXI.  576. 

autochthonous  (a-tok'tho-nus),  a.     [<  axitiich- 

thiiti  +  -(/tix.]     1.  Pertaining  to  autoclitlions: 

indigenous;  sprimg  from  the  soil ;  aboriginal. 

I  speak  here  ...  of  ancient  religions  only,  of  what  are 

sometimes  called  national  or  autochthonous  religions — 


388 

not  of  those  founded  in  later  times  by  Individual  pro. 
pliets  or  refonncrs.  Max  Mailer,  India,  p.  lUi. 

One  would  almost  be  inclined  to  think  from  IJerrStahr's 
account  of  the  matter,  that  Lessing  had  been  an  autoch- 
thonous birtli  of  tile  German  soil,  without  intellectual  an- 
cestry or  helpful  kindred. 

Lowell,  Among  ray  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  301. 

2.  In  palhoL,  not  extraneous;  originating  at 
the  place  where  found. 

autochthonously  (a-tok'tho-nus-li),  adv.  In  an 
autoclithonous  manner. 

The  larger  number  of  maladies  do  not  arise  autochtho- 
nously or  "  under  a  whole  skin."    Kneye.  Brit.,  XVIII.  361. 

autochthony  (a-tok'tho-ni),  «.  [<  autochthon 
+  -i/.]  The  condition  of  being  autochthonous. 
Tlie  practice  of  describing  legendary  heroes  and  men  of 
ancient  lineage  as  earth-born,  YTj-yerfi?,  strengthened  great- 
ly the  doctrine  of  autochthony,  and  nowhere  so  much  as 
in  .Attica.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  141. 

autoclave  (a'to-klav),  n.  [F.,  self-regulating, 
a  digester,  <  Or.  oi'-df,  self,  -i-  L.  clavis,  a  key 
(or  clavus,  a  nail  ?).]  A  kind  of  stewpan,  the  lid 
of  which  is  kept  close  and  steam-tight  by  the 
steam  proceeding  from  the  contents  of  the  pan. 
It  is  an  aijplication  to  culinary  purposes  of  Pa- 
pin's  digester.     See  digester. 

autocracy  (a-tok'ra-si),  ?i. ;  pi.  autocracies (-siz). 
[<  F.  autocratic,  <  Or.  avroKpdreia,  absolute 
power,  <  avTOKpaT!/c,  absolute,  ruling  by  one's 
self:  see  autocrat.]  If.  The  power  of  deter- 
mining one's  own  actions ;  independent  or  self- 
derived  power;  self -government ;  self-rule. 

Man's  will,  that  great  seat  of  freedom,  that,  with  a  kind 
of  autocracy  and 'supremacy  within  itself,  commands  its 
own  actions.  South,  Sermons,  VII.  i. 

It  [the  divine  will]  moves,  not  by  the  external  impulse 
or  inclination  of  objects,  but  determines  itself  by  au  ali- 
solute  autocracy.  South,  Sermons,  VIII.  x. 

2.  Uncontrolled  or  imlimited  authority  over 
others,  invested  in  a  single  person ;  the  govern- 
ment or  power  of  an  absolute  monarch. 

At  least  from  the  days  of  Hildelirand  the  muid  of  Eu- 
rope had  become  familiarized  with  the  assertion  of  those 
claims  which  in  their  latent  significance  amounted  to  an 
absolute  irresponsible  autocrctcy. 

Mibnan,  Latin  Christianity,  L\.  1. 

3t.  In  med.,  action  of  the  ^'^tal  powers  toward 
the  preservation  of  the  indi\'idual.=Syn.  2.  Tyr- 
anny, Absolutism,  etc.     See  desiwtism. 

autocrat  (a'to-krat),  11.  [<  F.  autocrats,  <  Or. 
avTOKpart/c,  ruling  by  one's  self  (cf.  avroKparup, 
an  autocrat:  see  autocrator),  <  avrvc,  self,  -I- 
KpaTog,  power,  <  KparvQ,  strong,  =  Ooth.  hardus 
zzz'E.  hard:  see  hard.']  1.  An  absolute  prince 
or  sovereign ;  a  ruler  or  monarch  who  holds  and 
exercises  the  powers  of  government  as  by  inher- 
ent right,  not  subject  to  restrictions:  as,  "the 
autocrat  of  all  the  Russias,"  a  title  assimied 
by  the  emperor  of  Russia. — 2.  One  who  is  in- 
vested with  or  assumes  unlimited  authority  in 
any  relation:  as,  "  The  Autocrat  of  the  Break- 
fast-Table" (title  of  a  book),  0.  W.  Holmes. 

autocratic  (a-to-krat'ik),  a.  [<  autocrat  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  autocracy; 
absolute;  holding  independent  and  unlimited 
powers  of  government. 

The  Russian  government  is  autocratic,  inasmuch  as  over 
the  larger  part  of  the  country  it  has  simply  succeeded  to 
the  position  of  the  Jlongolian  klians,  who  from  the  tliir- 
teentli  to  the  fifteenth  century  held  tlie  Russian  people  in 
subjection.  J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  43. 

autocratical  (a-to-krat'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  «!/- 

tocratic. 

autocratically  (a-to-krat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
autocratic  manner. 

autocrator  (il-tok'ra-tor),  k,  [<  Gr.  avTOKparop, 
one's  own  master,"au  absolute  ruler:  see  au- 
tocrat.]    An  autocrat;  a  dictator.     [Rare.] 

The  picturesque  spiked  INIaccdonian  helmet  with  a 
goat's  horn  and  cheek-piece  which  occupies  tlie  reverse 
[of  a  coin],  on  which  is  ivritten  after  "  King  lYyplion  '  the 
strange  title  autocrator.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  649. 

autocratorical  (a'to-kra-tor'i-kal),  a.  [<  Or. 
avTOKpaTopiii6c^,  <  avTOKparup:  see  autocrator. "l 
Pertaining  to  an  autocrat  or  autocrator ;  su- 
preme;  absolute:  as,  autocratorical  power. 
[Rare.] 

autocratrice  (ii-tok'ra-tris),  n.  [F.]  Same  as 
aulocratrix. 

autocratrlx (a-tok'ra-triks), «.;  pi.  autocratrices 
(a-tok-ra-tri'sez).  '[NL.  (cf.  MGr.  avroKpajd- 
piaaa),  fem,  of  autocrator."]  A  female  sovereign 
who  is  independent  and  absolute :  a  title  some- 
times ^ven  to  a  reigning  empress  of  Russia. 
[Rare.] 

autocratship  (a'to-krat-ship),  II.  [<  autocrat 
-h  -sliip.]     'I'lie  office  of  autocrat. 

auto  da  fe  (ou'tO  dii  fa) ;  pi.  autos  da  fe  (ou'tos). 
[Pg.  auto  daft:  =  Sp.  auto  dc  fe  (Pg.  ita,  <  tie  a, 
where  a  is  the  fem.  art.,  <  L.  ilia).']    Same  as 


autogenic 

auto  dc  fe,  [This  Portuguese  form,  commonly  written 
auto  da. ft:  or  auto.tla-/i\  was  tlie  Ilret  introduced,  and  has 
been  most  used  in  English  literature.] 

auto  de  fe  (ou'to  da  fa) ;  pi.  auios  dcfc  (ou'tos). 
[Sp.,  lit.  act  (judicial  process,  judgment)  of 
faith:  auto,  <  Ij.  actum,  an  act;  dc,  <  L.  dc, 
from,  of  ;  /e  =  Pg.  /(',  <  L.  ftdcm,  ace.  of  fides, 
faith:  see  act,  n.,  dv'^,fay'^,SMi\  faith.  Cf.  auto 
da  /(?.]  Tlio  public  declaration  of  the  judg- 
ment passed  on  accused  persons  who  had  been 
tried  before  the  courts  of  the  Spanish  Inquisi- 
tion, and  by  extension  the  infliction  of  such 
penalties  as  had  been  prescribed  in  the  sen- 
tence. The  declaration  of  judgment  was  usually  made 
witli  much  solemnity,  in  an  open  place,  and  included  the 
acquittals,  reception  to  retraction,  official  admonition,  and 
sentence  of  punishment  for  the  crimes  within  the  com- 
petency of  the  court.  These  crimes  were  pulilic  profes- 
sion of  lieresy,  aposta-sy,  witchcraft,  seduction  by  ecclesi- 
astics, bigamy,  unnatural  crimes,  church-robbery,  blas- 
phemy, usury,  and,  in  general,  crimes  of  or  against  the 
otlicers  of  tlie  Iniiiiisition  itself.  Those  convicted  were 
brought  from  prison,  dressed  in  the  sanbenito,  or  robe  of 
defamed  criminals,  wliieh  was  worked  with  a  cross  and 
other  designs,  sometimes  witli  grotesque  scenes  of  infernal 
cliaracters  or  torments,  and  varied  in  its  color  and  pattern 
in  accordance  with  the  severity  of  the  sentence  to  be 
passed.  Each  otfender  was  called  by  name,  his  crime  spe- 
cified, and  its  punishment  declared,  after  wliich  all  were 
delivered  up  to  the  civil  officials.  Here  the  auto  proper 
finished ;  but  as  tlie  execution  of  those  penalties  that  were 
of  capital  or  corporal  nature  immediately  followed,  the 
name  was  extended  to  this  part,  as  applied  to  which  it  has 
become  popularly  accepted.  Such  punishments  were  flog- 
ging, the  pillory,  branding  or  maiming,  and  death  by  hang- 
ing or  burning,  according  to  the  prescriptions  of  the  im- 
perial or  Caroline  code. 

autodidact  (a'to-di-dakt*),  n.  [<  Or.  avroSiSaK- 
rnc,  self-taught,  <  avroc,  self,  +  didoKric,  verbal 
adj.  of  A'iu(T/.-f/i',  teach:  see  didactic.']  A  self- 
taught  person.     [Rare.] 

autodidactic  (;V'to-di-dak'tik),  a.  [<  autodi- 
dact +  -ic]     Self-taught.     [Rare.] 

He  [Menzel]  was  from  the  beginning  an  auto-didactie 
realist;  lie  drew  and  painted  as  he  saw  —  not  as  others 
taught  him  how  they  had  seen. 

Contemporary  Rev.,  XLIX.  293. 

autodynamic  (a"to-di-nam'ik),  a.  [<Gr.  avro- 
rfi'i'auof,  powerful  of  itself,  <  nv-oc;,  self,  +  iiva- 
fuQ,  power:  see  dynamic]     Having  power  or 

force  m  itself Autodynamic  elevator,  a  hydraulic 

machine  in  which  the  weight  of  a  falling  column  of  water 
is  made  to  raise  a  smaller  column  to  a  height  exceeding 
tliat  of  the  first. 

autoecious  (a-te'shus),  a.  [<  Or.  avrSc,  self,  + 
fiUoc,  dwelling.]  In  bryology,  ha^-ing  both  male 
and  female  inflorescence  on  the  same  plant; 
monoecious.  Three  modifications  are  cladau- 
toeeious,  goniauta;cious,  and  rhizautttcious. 
Also  written  autoicous. 

autogamous  (a-tog'sy-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrd^, 
self,  +  ;  "I'of,  marriage  ;  cf.  airiyafjoc,  'willingly 
married.]  Self-f ertilized :  applied  to  flowers 
which  are  fertilized  by  their  own  pollen,  in 
distinction  f  rom  «)if»i07y/ii?0!(,'J  and  fHf"»u)/)/ii/ot(s 
flowers,  in  which  one  flower  is  fertilized  by 
pollen  from  another  through  the  intervention 
of  the  wind  or  of  insects. 

autogamy  (a-tog'a-mi),  n.  [<  Or.  avTog,  self, 
-t-  --^auia,  <  ydiwc,  marriage.  Cf.  autogamous.'] 
In  hot.,  close  fertilization,  or  self-fertilization; 
the  fertilization  of  a  flower  by  its  oivn  pollen. 
See  allogatny. 

autogenealt  (a-to-je'ne-al),  a.  [<  Or.  avToyeviic: 
see  autogenous.]  SelJE-begotten;  autogenous. 
IVaterhoH.'ie. 

autogeneous  (a-to-je'nf-us),  a.  Same  as  auto- 
genous. 

autogenesis  (a-to-jen'e-sis),  Ji.  [<  Or.  at'-(5f, 
self,  -I-  jii'EOTf,  production.]  Self -production; 
production  independent,  (a)  in  organisms,  of 
parent  organisms;  (b)  in  tissues,  of  parent 
tissues;  and  (o)  in  disease,  of  previous  cases  of 
zymotic  disease. 

autogenetic  (a'to-jf-nct'ik),  a.  [<  autogenesis : 
see  genetic]  Self -producing ;  pertaining  to  au- 
togenesis. 

Tliere  was  no  doubt  .  .  .  of  the  existence  of  rtMfo^/enffic 
puerperal  fever.  Brit.  Med.  Jour.,  Ko.  1319. 

autogenetically  (a'to-je-net'i-kal-i),  adv.  By 
autogeni-sis,  or  autogenetic  processes. 

Some  septic  poison,  either  from  without  or  autoyencti- 
cally,  might  cause  the  same.     Brit.  Med.  Jour.,  Is'o.  131P. 

autogenic  (a-to-jcn'ik),  a.  [As  autogen-ous 
+  -ic]  Self-produced;  independent  of  a  me- 
dium: specifically  applied  to  a  process  of  sol- 
dering in  which  pieces  of  metal  are  imited 
by  fusing  the  parts  to  be  joined.  See  autoge- 
nous. 

Platinum  workers  .  .  .  have  long  learned  to  unite  two 
platinum  seams  by  the  autoyenie  process  — the  local 
fusing  of  the  two  contiguous  parts  in  the  oxyhydrogen 
flame.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  190. 


autogenous 


389 


autogenous  (a-tojV-nus),  a.     l<.  Gt.  avToycvf/c,  autO-inOCUlable  (ii'to-in-ok'u-la-bl),  rt.     [<  Or. 

SPU'-in'odiiood,  <  niVoi;,  self,  +  jtrar,  kind,  raeo,  niTw;,  self,  +  inoriildblc.']    Possossiiifitho  power 

offsiiriiif^:    see    genus,    -;/<'»o«,s'.]      1.    Self -pro-  of  auto-inoculiition;  eapable  of  Ijeiiif;  propa- 

dueed;  self-Kenerated  ;  coming  forth  indepeu-  Katedhvanto-inoeulatiou:  as,  an««(«-iH«cH/»Wf 

dently.     Sj)ecifk-uny,  in  anat.,  rtnlDpenous:  applied  to  disease. 

Oiosc  piocessia  i)r  pints  i.f  a  Imrju  wliicli  arise  from  an  autO-inOCUlatioU  (a"t6-in-ok-ii-la'sliOn'>,  ii.      [< 

|;;;!s"f;;™^,Hr'«o^^;;^I  o!,;^::;!';^"'-^.;^;^^  ^-^  «',™f.  j^'f. + inocuiauo^.]  ■  Tbo  in<.euiatiou 

epipliyscs  of  a  bone  are  auio.iniui,^ :  apophyses  may  bo     of  a  bealtliy  part  of  tlio  body  with  tlio  virus 

from  a  diseased  part  of  the  same  person,  as  from 
a  ehaneroid. 

auto-insufflator  (a-to-in'suf-la-tor),  n.  [<  Gr. 
oiVoi;,  self,  -t-  iiisiiffliitor.'l  An  instrnment  used 
for  acbninistering  to  one's  self  a  medicinal 
powder. 

autokinesyt,  ».  [<  L6r.  auTOKwi/ala,  Gv.  avroKi- 
v)ini(,  self -movement,  <  avrvKipi/Toi;,  solf-movod : 
see  atilokitictioal.']  Self -movement ;  spontane- 
ous motion.     C'udworth. 

autokineticalt  (a''to-ki-net'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
a'vToKiviiTiKiir,  <  aiiTOKivi/Toc,  self-movod,  <  aiiro^, 
self,  +  Kd'th',  move :  s&e  kinetic.']  Self-moving. 
Dr.  II.  More. 


either  autiKH-iwlut  <pr  t'Xnitr 

I'he  centrum  and  several  of  tlie  apophyses  of  a  vertebra 
are  autot/enuwi,  while  other  apophyses  arc  exogenous. 

Owen. 
2.  Same  as  autogenic. 

Also  autotjeneous. 
Autogenous  soldering,  the  process  of  uniting  pieces  of 
metal  by  the  Iilsioti  of  part  of  their  own  substance,  with- 
out the  use  of  a  special  solder.  It  is  performed  by  means 
of  the  airohydrogen  or  o.xyliydrogen  blowpipe  and  by  elec- 
tricity. 

autogenously  (a-toj'e-nus-li),  adv.    1.  In  an 
aiilogenous  manner. 

The  jinterior,  or  more  properly  inferior,  bar  of  the  trans- 
verse process  of  the  seventh,  and  oeeasionally  of  some  of 
the  other  cervical  vertebrie  in  Man,  is  autoiienously  devel- 
oped, ir.  //.  Flumr,  Osteology,  p.  20.  autolaryUgOSCOpe  (a"t6-la-riiiK'go-sk6p),  «. 
2.  By  the  autogenous  process  of  soldering.  [<  tir.  oiVoi .  self,  -H  ton/Hf/asfoy"'.]     An  instrii- 

This  battery  is  constructed  of  a  ease  of  insulite,  having     ment,  eousistin}^  of  a  combination  of  mirrors, 
a  lid  of  the  same  material  aulofienously  soldered  in.  W  which  one  mav  inspect  his  own  larynx.    E. 

J.  W.  (Jtieen,  Elect.  Catalogue,  1883,  p.  16.      jf  j^„if,l,t  ■>         r  J 

autogeny  (a-toj'e-ni),  n.     l<.  Gr.  av7oyevf/i:  (see  autolar'yngOSCOpy  (a'to-lar-ing-gos'ko-pi),  n. 

|-^  ^,^     ai'ri/r,  self,  +    laryngoscopi/.']     The   in- 


aiitiK/oKiKs):  seo  -f/oii/.']     Autogenesis;  autog- 
ony;  spontaneous  generation. 
autogony  (a-f  ng'o-ni),  /;.     [<  Gr.  avToydvo;,  self- 


speetion  of  one's  own  larynx  by  moans  of  an 
autolaryngoscope. 


produoe.l,  self-producing,  <  oiVof,  self,  +  -;OT■o^(^  autolatry'(a-tora-tri),  ».     [<  Gr.  a^rof,  self,  + 

worship.^     Self-worship 


/(ITjiutr. 

autology  (a-tol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  atiriSf,  self,  + 
•Auyia,  <  Aiyeiv,  'speak:  see  -ulogy.l  The  sci- 
entific study  of  one's  self. 

AutolytUS  (a-tol'i-tus),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ni'ror, 
self,  -f-  /rriii;,  verbal  adj.  of  //tir,  loose.]  A  ge- 
nus of  chaitoijodous  annelids,  of  the  family  Hijl- 


Atttolytus  cornutiis. 


produced :  see  -goiiij.  ]  The  generation  of  simple 
organisms  from  a  lifeless  fluid ;  abiogenesis. 
autograph  (a'to-graf),  n.  and  n.  [<  P.  auto- 
gniplic,  <  L.  aut<igr<i/ilii(f:,  <  (ir.  abT6)imij)0(,  writ- 
ten with  one's  own  baud,  <  airor,  self,  4-  ypuijieiv, 
write.]  I.  a.  AVritten  by  one's  self;  in  one's 
own  handwi-itiug :  as,  an  autograph  letter. 
II.  n.    [<  F.  autographe,  <  LL.  autograpihum.] 

1.  A  person's  own  handwriting;  something 
written  by  a  person's  own  hand ;  an  original 
manuscript  or  signature. 

Autv'jrapha  of  famous  names  were  to  be  seen  in  faded 
Ink  on  some  of  their  lly  leaves,  llatrthanu-,  Old  Manse,  I. 

2.  An  autograpMo  press  (which  see,   under     ,.,  .  „  ,,.„     ,        ,.^    . 

.   ,,v  °     *  ^  ^  '  lldiV :  a,  synonym  Ot  Sl/lM.   ^.  proii/cr  is  an  asexual 

])ns.\).  ,,,..       ...  .       ry       J  J        -I      fonn,  the  opposite  sexual  forms  of  which  have  been  called 

autOgrapn  (a  to-graf),  v.  t.      {<.  autograph,  n.\     PobjImMchm  mid  Saccomre-is. 
1.  To  write  with  one's  own  hand. — 2.  To  write  automat,  «•     An  erroneously  assumed  singular 
one's  autograph  on  or  in. —  3.  To  copy  or  pro-     oi  automata.     Seo  automaton. 
duee  iu  autograph,  or  by  an  autographic  pro-  n  is  .an  nutmim,  runs  under  water, 

cess.     See  autographic.  with  a  simg  nose,  and  has  a  nimble  tail 

Announcements  and  notices  of  various  kinds,  whetlier  Made  like  an  augur  „,     ,      ,  ••         ■  •■  i 

printed,  engraved,  lithographed,  or  auU,<rrapl,ed.  ^-  •/""■w",  S'lP"'-'  "'  J<e«s,  m.  1. 

(J.  S.  Postal  Guide,  Jn\y,lS70.  automallte,  ».     See  automoUtc. 
It  contains  SO  auto;rraphed  pages  out  of  the  1,100  of  automata,  «.     Plural  of  automaton. 
which  the  whole  work  will  consist.  automatalt  (a-tom'a-tal),  a.     [<  automaton  + 

Tn,im.r.Jm.r>oay»uiOne„mJX>(  iJ«ortf,.X.4    \  Same  as  ««(o;«afe.      [Rare.] 

autographalt  (a-tog  ra-fal),  a.     [<  autograph  automath   (a'to-math),   n.      [<  Gr.   airofiaBric, 
+  -al.]     Autographie      iic/iHCi.  self-taught,  <  ahrdr,    self,   +  /mvBdvew,    /laOelv, 

autographic  (a-to-graf  ik)«.     [<  autograph  +     j^^^.,, .    ^^^  ■mathematics.-]      One  who  is  self- 
-,c;  =  V.autograplnque.]     1 .   Pertammg  to  or    ^       ^^^_     j-jj^^.p-, 

of  the  nature  of  an  autogi-aph;  contained  m  automatic  (a-to-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrd/mToc, 
or  furnished  by  one's  own  handwriting:  as,  ^(.u.jaovmg  (see  automaton),  + -ic]  1.  Acting 
autw/raphic  authority;  autographic  evidence.  ^^  ^^^  automaton.  («)  Having  the  power  of  self- 
—  2.  Relating  to  or  used  m  the  process  of  au- 
autograjihic    ink;    autographic 


tography:    as, 

paper.— 3.  Self-recording:  applied  to  a  form  of 
telegraph.  See  below — Autographic  press.  See 
prrss.— Autograplilc  process.  (<')  in  theyiHe  arts,  any 
process  by  means  of  which  an  artist's  work  is  exactly  pre- 
served in  mechanical  reproductions,  as  in  an  autotype  or 
a  photo-enjxraving.  (It)  A  general  term  applied  to  those 
chemical  and  mechanical  processes  in  wliieh  a  writing  or 
drawing  is  made  with  a  i>eenliar  ink,  and  then  transferred 
to  the  stone,  plate,  or  other  matrix  from  which  it  is  to 
be  printed.—  Autographic  telegraph,  an  instrument  for 
transmitting'  a  tL]r;:ra],liic  ^l(■^|^ilt^  h  \Mitten  in  insniatiiii; 
ink  upon  a  nu-tallic  piiper,  and  reprnduriii^'  it  with  abso- 
lute exactness  on  another  jirepared  paper.  Tlie  instru- 
ment may  be  used  for  transmitting  portraits  or  other  fig- 
ures, diagrams,  etc. 

autographlcal  (a-to-graf'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  au- 
tntirapliir. 

autographically  (ii-to-grafi-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
autographic  manner;  by  means  of  autographic 
writings;  in  autograph. 

And  had  '"shaken  hands  auto/jraphicalli/"  with  him 
across  the  .\tlantic.  D.  Uill,  Life  of  Irving,  p.  l.')0. 

autography  (a-tog'ra-fi).  n.  f<  autograph  +  -y ; 
=  F.  aiitiigriipliie.]  I.  The  act  of  writing  with 
one's  own  hand;  autogi-aphic  writing. —  2. 
That  department  of  diijjomaties,  or  the  study 
and  decipherment  of  old  writings,  which  is 
concerned  \vith  autogi'aplis. — 3.  A  process  in 
lithography  by  whiidi  copies  of  a  writing,  draw- 
ing, etc.,  are  produced  in  facsimile. 

autoicous  (a-toi'kus),  a.     Same  as  auta'cious. 

auto-inoculability  (iVto-in-ok'u-la-biri-ti),  «. 
[<  auto-iiioculabic  :  see  -biliti/.']  Capacity  for 
auto-inoculation. 


as  an  automaton,  (n)  Having  the  power 
motion;  self-acting:  as,  n«(oj/ifl(ie  machinery,  (h)  Done 
unconsciously  or  from  force  of  habit ;  mechanical,  as  op- 
posed to  voluntary. 

2.  Conducted  or  carried  on  by  self-acting  ma- 
chinery. 

It  is  in  our  modern  cotton  and  flax  mills  that  automatic 
operations  are  displayed  to  most  advantage. 

t'l-f,  Diet.,  I.  274. 

3.  In  phj/siol.:  (a)  Not  voluntary;  not  under 
the  control  of,  or  not  effected  by,  volition:  said 
of  certain  muscular  actions. 

Let  me  brielly  notice  some  of  our  other  automatic  ac- 
tions. In  the  act  of  swallowing,  which  pioperly  begins  at 
the  back  of  the  throat,  the  "swallow  "  lays  hold  of  the 
food  or  the  drink  broujil.t  to  it  by  the  muscles  of  the 
mouth  and  carries  this  down  into  the  stomach.  We  are 
iiuite  unconscious  of  its  passage  thither  unless  we  have 
taken  a  larger  morsel  or  something'  iKitter  or  colder  than 
ordinary.    This  is  an  instance  of  purely  autmuatic  action. 

»*.  />.  Carpenter. 

In  animals,  too,  to  a  far  greater  extent  than  in  plants,  is 
the  aulomatir.  activity  which  always  resiiles  in  protoplasm 
itself  tran.smitted  by  the  meehanism  of  the  organization 
to  dilfcrent  parts  of  the  orsranism  or  to  the  whole  of  it. 

L.  F.  liar./,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  363. 

(ft)  Not  reflex:  said,  for  example,  of  certain 
activities  of  ganglion-cells — Automatic  brake. 

See 'imJ".  — Automatic  coupling,  .see  cim;<;i/i.;.— Au- 
tomatic mallet.  J^anir  a>  ./..//./(  /oimiiier  (which  see, 
under /.«iyi/;o  I).— Automatic  theory,  Sameasnutona- 
tixiil,  •_'. 

automatical  (a-to-mat'i-kal),  a.  1.  Same  as 
aiitouiatir. —  2.  Having  reference  to  or  con- 
nected with  automatic  things. 

automatically  (a-to-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  1.  In 
an  automatic  manner;  mecnanically ;  uncon- 
sciously. 


automatons 

He  went  on  rowintr  idly,  half  aotomaticalti/. 

(Jeoi-ijc  Kliot,  Mill  on  the  Hos-S,  vi.  13. 

We  know  that  a  frequently  repeat<;d  act  of  nuiseular 
skill  Anally  comes  to  he  done  almost  anUnnaticalbj  and 
w  ith  little  intervention  of  consciousness.    Scifiice,  IV.  473. 

2.  By  automatic  means ;  by  its  own  action. 
An  automatii^atti/  working  machine. 

Sci.  Auirr.,  N.  S.,  LV.  55. 
Automatkalhj  kc*-ping  its  temperature  uniform. 

Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  CXXI.,  Supp.  7. 

automaticity  (a'to-ma-tis'j-ti),  w.  The  state 
of  being  automatic;  automatic  action.  Martin, 
Human  P-ody  (3d  ed.),  p.  23. 

automatism  (a-tom'a-tizra),  ».  [<  automaton  + 
-ism.  Cf.  (ir.  avTo/iaTta/j6(;,  that  which  haiipens 
of  itself,  a  chance.]  1.  Automatic  or  invohm- 
taiy  action:  in  pathol.,  sometimes  speeilically 
applied  to  such  purjioseless  actions  as  are  often 
exhibited  by  patients  after  an  epileptic  fit. 

In  considering  the  body  as  the  instrnment  of  the  minii, 
I  shall  show  you,  Ilrst,  the  large  amount  of  automatism 
in  the  human  body.  IC.  B.  Carpenter. 

The  imperfections  in  sensation,  and  the  inhibition  on 
the  moral  faculties  imposed  by  alcoholic  ana'sthesia,  so 
depress  tlie  mental  powt-rs  as  to  compel  them  to  assume 
the  characteristics  of  automatism ;  but  the  semblances 
of  automatism  are  so  similar  to  conseitnis  rationality, 
that  they  disguise  the  actual  incompetency  of  the  nniral 
powei-s.  Aliint.  and  S'eurol.,  VI.  40. 

2.  The  doctrine  that  animals,  especially  those 
below  man,  are  automata,  in  the  sense  that  all 
the  phenomena  exhibiteil  by  them  are  results 
of  physical  laws;  especially,  tlii^  doctrine  of 
Descartes  that  animals  are  devoid  of  conscious- 
ness.— 3.  The  faculty  of  independently  origi- 
nating action  or  motion.  [From  the  original 
sense  of  automaton.]     X.  E.  D. 

automatist  (a-tom'a-tist),  «.  [<  automaton  + 
-ist.  Cf.  LGr.  avrn/taria-r/r,  one  who  refers  all 
things  to  chance.]  1.  One  who  makes  auto- 
mata.—  2.  One  who  believes  that  animals 
(sometimes  including  man)  are  automata.  Seo 
automatism,  2. 

Though  not  a  declared  automatijit,  however,  Mr.  Spencer 
is  by  virtue  of  his  general  philosophy  a  necessarian. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  708. 

automatize  (a-tom'.a-tiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
automati::ed,  ppr.  automati-ing.  [<  automaton 
+  -ize.  Cf.  Gr.  aiirofiarKciv,  act  of  one's  self, 
introduce  the  agency  of  chance,  happen  by 
chance.]  To  make  an  automaton  or  a  self- 
acting  machine  of. 

A  God-created  man,  all  but  abnegating  the  character  of 
man  ;  forced  to  exist,  automatiacd,  niunimy-wise,  .  .  .  aa 
Gentleman  or  Gigman.         Carlyle,  Diamond  Kecklace,  1. 

automaton  (a-tom'a-ton),  »•;  !>!•  automata, 
automatons  (-tii,  -tonz).  [Formerly  also  autom- 
atum,  <  L.  automaton,  aulomatum,  <  Gr.  aird/ia- 
rov,  neut.  of  avTo/jaroi:,  acting  of  one's  self,  self- 
mo^'ing,  spontaneous,  <  oirof,  self,  +  'fiard^ 
(>  /ia-eiew,  seek,  strive  to  do),  verbal  adj.  of 
V"*/«i  (perf .  fitfiaa),  strive  after,  move.]  1 .  "That 
which  is  self-moving,  or  has  the  power  of  spon- 
taneous movement,  but  is  not  conscious. 

So  great  and  admirable  an  automaton  as  the  world. 

Boyle,  Works,  V.  251. 

Specifically — 2.  A  self-acting  machine,  or  one 
which  is  actuated  in  such  a  manner  as  to  carry 
on  for  some  time  certain  movements  without 
the  aid  of  external  impulse,  in  this  respect  clocks 
and  watches,  witli  a  vast  number  of  other  machines,  may 
be  denominated  automata  ;  but  the  term  more  speeiHcally 
denotes  an  apparatus  in  which  the  purposely  concealed 
power  is  made  to  imitate  the  voluntary  or  mechanical  mo- 
tions of  living  beings,  such  as  men,  horses,  birds,  tishes,  etc. 
A  self-adjusting  machine,  eontainiuK  the  immediate 
conditions  of  its  action  within  itself,  is  what  is  properly 
understood  by  an  automaton.        Iluxb-y,  C'rayflsh,  p.  127. 

3.  A  living  being  acting  mechanically  or  as  a 
mere  machine,  especially  without  conscious- 
ness ;  a  person  or  an  animal  whose  actions  are 
purely  involuntary  or  meclianieal.  See  bestial 
automaton,  below. 

Obedience, 
Eane  of  all  genius,  virtue,  freedom,  truth. 
Makes  slaves  of  men,  and  of  the  human  frame 
A  mechanized  automaton.     S/tetley,  Queen  Mab,  iii. 

4.  A  person  who  acts  in  a  monotonous  routine 
manner,  without  active  intelligence,  especially 
without  being  fully  aware  of  what  he  is  dmng. 
—  Axitomaton  balance,  a  machine  for  weiKhini:  plan- 
cbets  .and  coin,  and  sorting  the  pieces  automatically,  ac- 
cordinj;  to  their  weight,  as  full,  liuht.  or  heavy.  — Bestial 
automaton,  in  the  Cartesian  ]ihilosophy,  a  lirnte,  assup- 
liosed  to  be  devoid  of  consciousness  anil  8ensibilit.v.-^ Spir- 
itual automaton,  a  mind  not  possessing  free  will,  but 
subject  to  necessity. 

automatOUSt  (a-tom'a-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrd/mTtK, 
automatic  (see  automaton),  +  -oiis.]  Auto- 
matic. 

flocks  or  automatou)  organs,  whereby  we  now  distin- 
KUisb  of  time,  have  found  no  mention  in  any  ancient 
wriUrs.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  18, 


autometric  :*90                                                            autostylic 

autometric  (A-lo-nut'iik),  u.    Of  or  pertaining  ami  imrautablo:  opposed  to  heieronotny  (which     companied  with  loss  of  substance  are  repaired 

t(i  aiitiiiiictry.  s('i').                                                                               by  means  of  Ijoaltliy  portions  of  tissue  taken 

autometry  (a-tom'e-tri),  n.     [<  Gr.  avrdc,  self,  autonym  (a'to-nim),  n.     [<  Gr.  avWic,  self,  +     from  aiiotlur  part  of  the  patient,  and  made  to 

+ -iiiTiiKi,  <  ///r/ior,  measure.]      Self-measvire-  oro/zu,  dial,  oiiy/a,  name.]    1.  One's  own  name;  a     sujiply  tlic  clilicitn<'y.     See  Wii«oy)/«.s7i/. 

ment;  self-estimation.     X.E.I).  real  name:  opposed  to /«((«/««//«(  and  ((hohi/iw.  autopolygraph  (a-to-pol'i-graf),  n.  [<Gr.  oiTOf, 

automobile  (li-to-nio'bil),  «.     [<  Gr.  nii-df,  self,  — 2.  Tliat  which  bears  one's  own  name,  as  a     self,  +  //o/yi/'o/'/'.]     An  autographic  printing 

+  L.  mobilis,  mobile.]     Self-moving.  book  published  under  tlie  author's  real  name,     process.     li.  II.  Kiiiijlil. 

An  ni<(o»»*i7.' c:ir.  with  isolated  rails.  —3-  '^^<^  selt-saiue  name;  one  and  the  same  autopsiat  (a-top'si-ii),  «.     [Nli.,<  Gr.  oiTOT/.i'a,  a 

Or.'fr,  Diet,  of  Elect.,  p.  48.  name  for  two  or  more  things;    a  homonym,     seeing  with  one's  own  eyes,  <  airoTrrof,  seen  by 

Our  authorities  are  still  in  the  Uaik  as  to  what  ean  ac-  [Rare.]                                                                                    one's  self,  <  u'vTor,  self.  +  o-rdr^,  seen  (ef.  bijitg, 

tually  be  (lone  with  aiitomoWf  torpedoes.  autopathic  (a-to-path'ik),  a.       [<.  autopathy  +     sight):  see  oyjfic.]     Same  as  ni/to/)*^,  1. 

Scv.  Amer.Supp.,yi\n.9lW.  _,y.  j      i^    pathdl.,    dependent   on    the    original         It  is  no  small  undertaking  for  a  man  ...  to  hegin  a 

automolite  (&-tom'o-lit),  «.     [<  Gr.  avTouo>.og,  a  structure  and  developmental  tendencies  of  the     natural  history  from  his  own  autopsia.        Gilbert  M'hite. 

deserter,  prop,  adj.; going  of  one's_self(<air(if,  individual;  endopathie,  as  opposed  to  exo;;a</i-  autopsic   (a-top'sik),   a.      [<  auU>psia  +   -ic] 

self,  +  iioluv,  go,  or  come),  +  -''«-•]  ^    i^??'?  '■''■  applied  to  certain  forms  of  disease.                  l.  Same  as  autoptic.—  Z.  In  mciL,  pertaining 

sometimes  given  to  gahnite,  from  the  fact  that  it  is  impossible,  says  Simon,  absolutely  to  exclude  au-     to  or  obtained  by  means  of  an  autopsy. 

it  contains    a    large  proportion   of    zinc   oxid,  topathic  diseased  states  ;  there  may  l)e  some  such,  mostly                                                                                * 

though  it  his  no  resemblance  to  an  ore      See  developmental,  which  "are  actual  caprices  and  spontanei-         Undoubtedly  the  late  King  of  P.avaria  was  insane,  and 

1     •(         \^             ii'.^       *  ...^  ;..•(<.                '  ties  of  life,  without  any  exterior  causation  whatsoever."        the  aiitopMc  and  the  combined  ante-mortem  testimony  to 

galiinh.     Also  spenea  n»n>ffl«»£e.  Eim/c- Brit.,  yi\'ll\  362      his  insanity  was  not  more  confirmator>- of  mental  de- 

automprphic  (a-to-m6r'fik)    a.     [<  Gr.  avro,iop.  autopathy  (a-top'a-thi),  n.      [<  Gr.  airorrdfem,      ■■""t'ement  than  that  given  in  the  history  of  Guiteau 

?of,  self-lormed,  natural  (taken  as  'formed  upon  ^^/  ^^^  ^j^^ji^     ^^  ;'       rience,  <  ai.roKoBril         ,  ,      ■      ,      ,           ,  ""Tv, 

To-]  't:^!^r'::2.oi^^^:^{^  ^:i  r^^^^  ^--  -,|«  own  Feeimgo;  e^erience;        ^  "'--  "-"-  «"  ^^  <"  ^^S,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  401. 

LUr  firm  of  one's  self.  ^^^^^^:^"^^:^^!^:;:^^.u!^  ^Utopsical  (a-top'si-k,l),  a.    Same  as  autopsic. 

The  conception  which  any  one  frames  of  another's  mind  sideration.     Ur.  H.  More.      See  extract.                        liasinjr  liis  opinion  on  the  autopsical  examination  of 

is  inevitably  more  or  less  after  the  pattern  of  his  own  „.    ,         -*.,.'    j'           ^.*        *         '             \.      j.x,       fever  patients. 

mind-is  autoimrphic;  and  in  proportion  as  the  mind  of  .^^  ^  have  m  the  word  sympathy  a  term  representing  the                          Ziemssen,  Cyc.  of  Med.  (trans.),  Supp.,  p.  561. 

which  he  has  to  frame  a  conception  differs  from  his  own.  altruistic  sentiments  as  subjective  feelmgs.     >o  corre-   ...^nnQiValW    (^  tnn'^i  V«l  n     nrlv         ^nmp   aq 

hisa«(omorj>AicinterpretationislikeIytobewideof  the  sponding  term  exists  for  the  egoistic  sentiments.     The  aUtOpSlCaUy    (a-top  Sl-kal-l),    adv.        bame   as 

truth                              H  Spencer  Study  of  Sociol    p  114  word  au?o;>rt^/it/,  could  it  be  adopted  in  this  sense,  would      (iHtnptlcillhf. 

automorpMcally  (a-to-m6r'fi-kal-i),  ad.:  In  ''°"''«-'>'^^"""'*'r>.r„r.,Dynam.  socio,.,  II.  sn.  f^}t^::^-^^:^'oi^i^ 

.:^n™b?;m  rTta  nr6;'fifm'?",r"'ks  auto  Autophagi  (a-tof'a-jl),  „.  pi.      [KL.,  pi.  of  au-    ^tfoTlSeeUon'o^eSna  ion    "sScm- 

automorpnism  (a-to-mor  hzm),  n.      LAs  auto-  tophagus,  self-feeding:  see  autophaqous.^      In     „„ii.-J.9    T„  r,nfhnl   htiH  n,,nf    flisspr.Hn>,  an.! 

mori,k-ic  +  -„m.-]     The  ascription  of  one's  own  ornith     a  name  of  the  precocial  birds  which     ■^~--  ^n /'«"'o'.  and  <•/«fl^,  dissection  and 

<.l,.i,'.,,.tr.r;>!ti..=    to    o,intliPr    nv   tl,P   hahit   of  """"'■'  "^  "'''"''  "^  i"**  P''^i-"'-''*^  """""""-"    mspection  of  a  dead  body  to  discovcr  the  cause 

eliaiaetcristics    to   anotner,   oi    tne    nabit   ot  are  able  to  run  about  and  feed  themselves  as     of  , Lath   or  the  site  and  charicter  of  the  dis 

judging  others  or  explaining  their    acts    bv  soon  as  thev  are   hatched-  svnonvmous  with                *  '   u   \°'\,'^"'^  ■'"'^  cnaiactei  ol  tlie  ais- 

rno-fnaof  a,inlr,tr;o<ifi,r!iisl,r.,lhvt)iPkiinwlpdo-B  7?,  ,    ''•"^""J'  "■'*'    uaiLueu.   syuouymous  wim     g^^gg  gf  which  the  pcrson   cbed;  post-mortem 

means  01  analogies  till msneUDy  tne  itnowleage  I'tdopwdes  or  Dasypeedes.                                          examination-  a  post-mortem 

of  ones  sell.  autophagOUS  (a-tof'a-gus),  a.     [<  NL.  rti/toyiAa-  .,,(.„„*,•„  ^a  trm'tikl    n      r<  cir  ni-n—i^nr   <  ni- 

autonomic  (a-to-nom'ik),  a.     [As  autotiom-otts  «,«  selfrfeedine    <  Gr    avrodi^^ic    self-devour-         ^    ^     ,P       •'      i*'-             1         \*^'o 

+  ^>T      RelatiTifr  to   aitonoAiv-   havinir  the  (I''''' f^\^^'^'^^^'^S,  ^/^J-  <'}^<'9a}°i,seii  aevouT      70T7of,  seen  by  one  s  self :  see  axtojwm.]     Seen 

-'  ..^^"'^  *"  autonomy,   having  the  mg.  <  av-o^,   self,  -I-  <payav,  eat,  devour.]      1.     .^^j^  ^     ,    ^                relating  to  or  based  on 

power  of  self-government;  autonomous;  self-     Self-devoiirino- 2    Sell-feeding-    canable  of         l  e^es,  leiaimg  lo  oi  uasiu  uu 

^ovprninir-  JTiflenPTirlpnt  J'"",.""^ ?'"'""■      -*■   oeu  leeujug,    capaoieoi     autopsy  or  personal  observation:  as,  aw/qp^fc 

gojcrmng    independent.                .      .,           ,  feeding  its^elf,  as  a  precocial  bird:  equivalent     evidence.     Also  written  aM^oiwic. 

Reason  is  thus  ever  autonmmc,  carrying  its  own  law  m  application  (but  not  m  meaning)  to  hestlio-  a„+„„fi-.,i  n  (-„„'*;  t„n    „      ao„„  „„  «„Mn«/. 

within  itself.                   Hickok,  Science  of  .Mind,  p.  -207.  ^,„„{,|'  ^^  ptilopmJic,  and  opposed  in  meaning  autoptical  (a-top  ti-k.al),  a.     Same  as  autophc. 

autonomist  (a-ton'6-mist),  Ji.     l<autoiio»ni  +  to  heterojjluif/ous  (^hieh  see).                                         Or.il  tradition  or  aKM^rica?  memoirs 

-«(.]     One  who  advocates  or  favors  the  prill-  autophagy  (a-tof'a-ji),  w.      [_=¥.  mitophagie ;                .     ..                  icftnir,  mst.  uirist.  tn.,  i.  ^  ».. 

cipleof  autonomv;  one  who  desu-es  home  rule,  as  autopkaq-oux  +  -ij.l       The  act  of  feeding  autoptically  (a-top'ti-kal-i),   adv.     In  an  au- 

or  sell-go%'eriimeiit  of  the  community  to  which  upon  one's'sell.                                                            toptio  manner;   by  ocular  view  or  one's  own 

he  belongs,  or  of  any  community.  autophoby  (a'to-fo-bi),  n.     [<  Gr.  abr6<:,  self,  -f     observation.    Also  written  autopsicaUy. 

The  party  of  the  Ii-reconcilables  [in  Alsace-Lorraine)  -ijioj^ia,  fear:  see  -phobia. "l    Fear  of  referring  to         That  the  galaxy  is  a  meteor,  was  the  account  of  Arts- 

had  been  gradually  giving  way  to  the  Ajdojiomists.  or  one's   self;    fear  of  being  egotistical.       Hare,      totle;  but  the  telescope  hath  ni((o/ifi<;a«i/ confuted  it. 

those  who  subordinated  the  question  of  nationality  to  that  [Rare  1                                                                                                                                               Gtanville.  Seep.  Sci.,  p.  174. 

<"  """"^'  ""'^-                             '"'"'''■  Kismarck,-  II.  386.  autophou  (a'to-fon),  n.      [<  Gr.  avTo^oQ,  self-  autort,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  atithor. 

autonomous  (a-ton'o-mns),  a.     [<Gr.avT6vofto(;,  sounding,  <  avrag,  self,  -I-  .^m'^,  voice,  sound.]  autorialt,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  oKfAonn?. 

independent,  of  one's  ovra  free  will,  <  aiTOf,  ^  for^  of  baiTel-organ,  of  which  the  tunes  are  autorityt,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  authority. 

self,  +  I'fufd',  hold  sway, >i'o«of,  law:  see  «o»iC.]  determined  by  perforations  in  a  sheet  of  mill-  autoschediasm  (a-to-ske 'di-azm),  «.     [<  Gr. 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  autonomy  or  an  auton-  board  cut  to  correspond  with  the  desired  notes,  ahroaxeiiaaiia,  work  done  offhand  (cf.  avroaxc- 
omy. —  2.  Independent  in  government;  having  E.  H.  Knight.  ihaaiiog,  extemporaneous  speaking),  <  avroaxt- 
the  right  of  self-government.  autophony  (a-tof'o-ni),  n.     [<  NL.  autophonia    iiaCuv:  see  autoscliedia^e.']     An  offliand  act  or 

The  few  brave  men  who  seven  years  back  first  un-  (in  form  as  if  <  Gr.  avToipuvia,  the  voice  itself),     performance;  something  hastily  impro-i-ised. 

sheathed  their  yataglians  amid  the  hills  of  Herzegovina  <  Q,y._  avTOipuvoc,  self -sounding :  see  autophon.\  autoschediastic  (a' to-ske-di-as'tik).  a.     [<  Gr. 

provincro?EisternZum^^^^^^^^               '  '  '""""<""'"«""  In  auscultatiou,  i\ie  characte?  of  the  sound  of     aiToax<:6iac-iK6c,    offhand,    extemporaneous,    < 

E  A  Freeman  Amer  Lects    p  445  the  auseultator's  own  voice  when  his  head  is     avrocrxc'^KU'TK,  one  who  acts  or  speaks  offhand, 

3.  Subject  to  its  own  laws;  specifically,  in  ftw?.,  placed  against  the  chest  of  the  patient.  When  <  avToaxs6ta;av,  do,  act,  or  speak  offhand:  see 
independent  of  any  other  or/anism;  notaform  ^ere  is  a  large  cavity  this  sound  may  be  ren-  auoschedia.-e.^  blight;  hasty;  not  fully  Con- 
or stage  of  development  of  some  other  organ-  ••"ed  of  greater  intensity  than  is  normal.  sidered:  done  hastily  or  on  the  spur  of  the 
ism     °                      ^                                            "  autophthalmoscope  (a-tol-thal'mo-skop),  n.     ranment. 

autonomously  a-ton'6-mus-U),  adv.    In  anau-  t<  tir-  °''™f.  sell,  +  ophthalmoscope'.-^      An  in-  autoschediastical  (^''to-ske-di-as'ti-kal),  a. 

tonomous  malner ;  fr6m  one's  own  choice.  strument  by  which  one  may  inspect  the  interior     bame  as  autoschedmsttc.     Dean  Martin. 

...         .,             .'     ,             ,      .„  ,    ,„  of  one's  own  eyes.                                                     autoscnediaze  (a-tp-ske  di-az),  »;.  t. ;  pret.  and 

egl'tic'aSo.r endf  arrr,7ly-:m.'endl '""""  "™"  autophyllogeuy  (a"to-fi-loj'e-m),  n.     [<  Gr.  ai-    pp.  a.ttosched.a.ed,  ppr  autoschedia.iug     [<  Gr 

O.  ,S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  183.  Tor,  sell,  +  ipi-'AAov,  leal,  +  -ycvtia,  production :     avToaxcotai,i:iv,    do,    act,    or    speak    offhand,  < 

autonomy    (a-ton'o-mi),    «.;   pi.    autonomies  «,ee  -!l""J-:\     A  term  proposed  by  Mon-en  for     airo<Txe6,oc    offliand,  <    airdc,   seU    -\-  cxiitac, 

(-miz).  r<Gr.aiTox.oL,-a,  independence,  <air<5,.o-  the  abnormal  gi-owtb  of  leaves  from  leaves.          near,   sudden,    offhand:   see  scAerfm^to.]     To 

/.Of,  independent:    see  autofiomous.-]      1.    The  autopisty    (a'to-pis-ti),    h.     [<   Gr.  avro^taror.     improvise  or  extemponze. 

power  or  right  of  self-government,  whether  in  "'edible  in  itself,  <  avTdc,  self,  -1-  niaro;,  credi-  autoscope  (a  to-skop),  ,i.     [<  Gr  orror.  seU,  -f 

a  commmiity  which  elects  its  o^vn  magistrates  ble,  worthy  of  belief,  <  Tre/te..,  Tri&iv,  persuade.  ]     'y^or.av,   view]     An   mstrument   invented  by 

and  makes  its  own  laws,  or  in  an  individual  Worthiness  of  belief  from  internal  evidence;     Coccius  for  the  self-examination  of  the  eye. 

who  acts  accordingto  his  own  will.  the  quality  of  credibility  existing  m  a  state-     tiyd.  hoc.  Lex. 

Th„r„  w,-  „„.i,i„„  j„  o,    »     »      ,KA-        ,    .>   .  ment  itself ,  independently  of  external  evidence  autoscopy  (a-tos  ko-pi),  H.     [<  Gr.  arrdc,  self, 

mere  was  nothing  in  the  treaty  of  Adnanople  that  i,       *•            ro         t                                              -u    ^,.n-;n    <   ^tn-rii.    iHpn-  1     In    m..^      tbp  pt 

really  interfered  with  the  a«(u«om/of  the  Circassians.  or  corroboration.     [Rare.]                                           +  -mo^ia,  <.   (T^o,.(:a',  vien.J     In  mtd.,  the  ex- 

La(/in»t,  Nationalities  of  Europe,  I.  xxxii.  autoplast  (a'to-plast),  «.      [<  Gr.  aiVdn-Jaffror,     amination  of  one's  self,  as  by  the  autoscope  or 

That  which  is  atitnnoimi  objectively  will  be  self-deter-  self-formed,  <  ai>r(5f,  self,  -|-  jrAaorof,  verbal  adj.      the  autolar\TlgosCOpe. 

mination  subjectively.    Maudslnj,  Body  and  Will,  p.  189.  of  7T/.aaaciv,  form.]     In  emhryoh,  an  autogenous  autositarius(a''to-si-ta'ri-us),  H. ;  pi.  autositarii 

2.  A  self-governing  community— 3  An  au-  cell,  that  is,  a  cell  which  appears  to  take  lorm  (-J).  [NL-.  as  autosile,  q.  v.,  +  -arius.']  In 
tonomous  condition;  the  eonctition  of  being  spontaneously  in  the  yolk  of  an  ovum,  not  bv  (frnfo?.,  either  part  of  a  double  monster  which 
subject  only  to  its  own  laws ;  especially,  in  Uol  fission  or  the  regular  process  ol  cleavage  of  the  is  formed  by  the  jimction  of  two  equally  de- 
organie  independence.  vitellus.     See  extract.                                                veloped  individuals,  as  by  means  of  the  umbih- 

The  government  of  the  Ara))s  m!iy  be  called  almost  an  In  addition  to  tlie  layer  of  cleavage  cells  which  consists     <^"S-.                                                  .    ,            ,    .      . 

autonomy                        It   /■'  Uurton   EMIedin-di  p  'Ml  of  more  than  one  stratum  of  cells  in  the  future  embryonic   aUtOSltO  (a  to-Slt),  H.      [<  Ur.  aiTO(7(T0f,  bnnging 

Given  the  basis  of  L'ood  mental  nutrition  md  ri„',irition  ?""  'i  ?PI'"'"*  '°  "',''  y''V\-^''^  '"if'  additional  cells  .are     one's  own  pr6%isions,  <  avrif,  self ,  -f  oiror,  food.] 

in*i":p;Ul;L's;!iK;:;:;i;^;;^!'L;;:ir;eV;;;;:.'^rf^z  '^^^;^:^j::s^.^^:;^j::^^f^^^:^-  m  ^.™,c,?^  that  twin  in  an  imequaidoubie 

time  to  time  spontaneous  vanatii.ns  tistiiying  to  the  (iH-  rate  origin  whence  they  are  termed  a!i(uj;tes(s.                      monster   wluch    turnishes    nutriment    to    the 

tommy  of  the  organism.  MmiiMn,,  liody  and  Will,  p.  147.  £.  /{.  LaT^ester,  Eiicyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  682.     other,  the  latter  being  called  the  parasite  or 

4.  In  the ;)/ii/o.v.  o//u(«/,  the  doctrine  that  the  autoplastic  (a-to-plas'tik),  a.      Pertaining  to     parasitic  tuiii. 

moral  law  is  one  which  reason  imposes  upon  :iuto]ilasty.                                                                      autostylic  (a-to-sti'lik),  a.     [<  Gr.  arrrfffro/of, 

itself  a  priori,  that  is,  independently  of  sense  autoplasty  (a'to-plas-ti),   n.     [As  autojilast  +     resting   on   natural  columns,  <  arrof,   self,    -t- 

and  sense-experience,  and  is  therefore  absolute  -y.J     In  iioi/.,  aii  operation  by  which  lesions  ac-     cTi/.of,  column:  see  s<y?e2.]     In  a«a^,  having 


autostylic 

no  separate  suspoiisoriiim  or  distinct  suspen- 
sory apparatus  iti  tlic  lower  jaw. 

All  autimtj/lic  skull,  tlmt  is,  a  skull  without  scparatt* 
susjieiisui'iuMi.  Mnci/c.  ISrit.,  XII.  OHi. 

The  uhh;st  vt-prL'sfiitutivcs  of  the  .sclarliiiin  order  had 
skulls  which  wci-i-  neither  hyostylie  nor  in/liit(tittu\ 

A.  .S.  H'i«.(/«'«r(/,  I'roc.  Zool.  .Soe.,  I'ssti,  p.  2I». 

autotemna,  ".     I'lural  nf  nututtmiiiin. 

autotemnic  (ii-to-ti'in'iiik),  a.  [<  nutotcmnon  + 
-/r.J     Saiiic  as  tiiitiitcmixiiis.     Jli/att. 

autotemnon  (a-to-tem'nou),  ».:  \i\.  autotemna 
(-nii).  [NIj.,  irrcp.  (better  'antdlomiiu)  <  (ir. 
«i>ror,  self,  -I-  rt/nrn;  Ta/icip,  cut.]  In  liiol.,  a 
cell  considered  as  an  organism  capable  of  self- 
division.     [Rare.] 

AVe  eaTiuot  u.se  tlu'  words  embryo  and  larva,  whleh  be- 
long; to  the  ovum  after  iiupre^uatioii.  and  we,  therefoi-e, 
propose  to  <lesiynate  the  cell  as  an  autotemnon,  in  contrast 
with  the  enilHyo,  which  is  moi-e  .specialized. 

Ilmitl,  I'roe.  Host.  Soe.  Kat.  Uist.,  1SS4,  p.  143. 

autotemnOUS  (a-to-tem'uus),  a.  [Irrcg.  <  Gr. 
avTiii;,  self,  -t-  Tt/ivnv,  rant'iv,  cut,  +  -y«,s.]  Self- 
dividing;  capable  of  spontaneous  fission:  ap- 
plied to  a  cell  or  autotemnon  which  jiropagates 
itself  by  fission  and  not  by  impregnation.  Cum- 
nion  tis.sue-cclls  of  all  kinds  are  autotenniiuis,  as  are 
sperniatoeysts  JUid  spermatozoa,  and  also  ova  that  ilivide 
before  the  union  of  male  and  female  nuclei.  Division 
sulisetiuent  to  such  union  constitutes  an  eml)ry4).  Tlie 
protozoans  are  antotcnnious  while  growini:  by  hssi^in,  but 
are  enihr>'is  or  fonn-spores  thereafter.     .\lso  at/tctnniiir. 

autotheism  (a'to-the-izm),  II.  [<  Gr.  avrulknc, 
very  God,  <  avTv(,  self,  -I-  eedc,  God.]  1.  The 
doctrine  of  the  self-e.\istenee  of  God;  speeiii- 
cally,  the  ascription  of  self-existence  to  the 
second  person  of  the  Trinity.  [Rare.]  —  2. 
Assumption  of  divine  powers;  self -deification ; 
excessive  self-esteem.     XiHCtcciith  Ccnturtj. 

autOtheist  (a'to-the-ist),  n.  [<  aiifotlie-ism  + 
-!s(.]  1.  One  who  believes  in  autotheism. —  2. 
One  who  ascribes  to  himself  the  possession  of 
divine  powers. 

He  begins  to  mistake  more  and  more  the  voice  of  that 
very  Hesh  of  his,  which  he  fancies  he  has  conquered,  for 
the  voice  of  God,  and  to  become  without  knowing  it  an 
autOtheist.  Kinfjsley,  Alton  Locke,  Pref. 

autotomic  (a-to-tom'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ahric,  self, 
+  Toin'ic,  cutting,  <  TCfjyeiv,  rn/ieh',  cut.]  Self- 
intersecting,  as  a  line  or  trace.     X.  E.  D. 

autotype  (a'ta-tip),  «.  [<  Gr.  avrdc,  self,  -I- 
Ti  -or,  a  stamp,  tj-jje.]  1.  The  trade-name  of  a 
certain  photographic  process  for  producing  per- 
manent prints  in  a  carlion  pigment.  It  is  much 
used  for  reproducing  works  of  art. — 2.  A  pic- 
ture made  by  this  process. — 3.  A  copy;  are- 
production  in  facsimile.     Eingdey. 

autotype  (a'to-tip),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  auto- 
ti/jicil,  ppr.  autotyping.  [<  autotype,  ?i.]  To 
reproduce  by  means  of  the  autotype  process, 
or  in  facsimile. 

autotypic  (a-to-tip'ik).  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
autotype,  or  produced  by  the  autotyjie  process. 

autotypography  (a"to-ti-pog'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
QiVof,  self,  -i-  ti/poijrapliy.l  Any  process  by 
means  of  which  dra%vings,  manuscripts,  etc., 
can  be  transferred  directly  to  a  plate  or  material 
from  which  impressions  can  be  taken;  espe- 
cially, a  process  by  which  autographs  executed 
in  a  special  ink  are  transferred  to  a  plate  of 
zinc,  which  is  then  etched  and  prepared  for 
jirinting  on  an  ordinary  press.    See  zincoyraphy. 

autrefois,  adv.     See  autcrfoiis. 

autumn  (a'tum),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ««- 
tome,  <  ME.  autunipiw,  <  OF.  automjinc,  mod.  F. 
autoiiinc  =zfip.  ot(iito=^Vg.  o«<o«o  =  lt.  autunno, 
<  L.  autumnu.'i,  less  correctly  auctumnus,  au- 
tumn, perhaps  related  to  ai-cre,  be  well,  Skt. 
V  av,  satisfy  one's  self.  The  old  derivation 
from  autjire,  increase,  is  not  now  accepted.] 
1.  The  third  season  of  the  year,  or  the  season 
between  summer  and  winter:  often  called  ^'n//, 
as  being  the  time  of  the  falling  of  the  leaves. 
Astroru>niUally  it  begins  at  tlie  autumrud  cipiinox,  al'out 
the  -22(1  of  September,  when  the  sun  enters  Libra,  anil  ends 
at  the  winter  solstice,  about  the  -IXt-l  of  December,  when 
the  sun  enters  Capricorn.  In  jiopular  lan;;u;ige  autunui  is 
rejiarded  in  North  America  jis  comprising'  September,  Oc- 
tober, and  Novemlicr,  but  in  Great  Britain,  .\ugust,  .Scp- 
tendier,  and  October. 

Figuratively  —  2.  A  period  of  maturity,  or  of 
incipient  decay,  abatement,  or  decline  :  as,  the 
autumn  of  life" 

IJr.  Preston  was  now  entering  into  the  autumn  of  the 
duke's  favour.  Fuller. 

autumnal  (li-tum'nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  aiituni- 
milix,  (iiictKmndlis,  <.autumnu.s:  see  autumn  and 
-"'■]  I.  ".  1.  Belonging  to  autumn;  produced 
or  gathered  in  autumn:  as,  autumnal  fruits. 

The  little  stunted  bushes,  on  the  snow. streaked  slopes, 
were  all  dyed  with  autuinnat  purples  and  crimsons. 

//.  Jamejt,  Jr.,  TYans.  Sketches,  p.  249. 


391 

Figuratively  —  2.  Belonging  to  a  period  corre- 
sponding to  autumn  in  the  year;  hence,  past 
tlie  middle  stage  of  life:  as,  "an  autumnal  ma- 
tron," Ilauthoruc.  Autumnal  equinox,  the  time 
when  the  sun  crosses  the  eipialoi-  as  be  proceeds  south- 
ward. This  liap]n  ns  .ihoul  tlic  -IM  of  Scplcinlier.  .Sc 
cijuinnx.-  Autiminal  plumage,  in  umitl,.,  the  plumaiie 
acquired  by  a  iiinl  after  the  llrsl  molt,  when  that  in  which 
the  bn-d  leaves  the  nest  is  exchanged  for  another;  the 
plumage  of  an  annotine  ;  also,  that  subseipiently  acquired 
each  autumn  by  such  birds  as  molt  at  that  sca.son  as  well 
as  in  spring,  or  have  what  is  termcil  the  double  molt.— 
Autumnal  signs,  the  signs  Libra,  Sc(U-pio,  and  .Sagit- 
tarius, through  whieh  the  sun  jtasses  during  the  aiitunin, 
astronomically  considered. 
II.  H.   A  plant  that  flowers  in  autumn. 

autumn-bells  (a'tum-b«lz).  «.  A  name  given 
to  a  European  gentian,  (iintiana  I'ncumonanthc, 
from  its  bell-shaped  flowers  and  their  season  of 
opening. 

autumnian  (a-tum'ni-an),  a.  [<  autumn  + 
•tan.}     Autumnal.     [Rare.] 

Methinks  already 
I  grasp  best  i>art  of  the  autumnian  blessing. 

Middteton,  Michaelmas  Term,  Ind. 

autumnity  (a-tum'ni-ti),  H.     [<  L.  autumnita.i, 
the  season  of  autiuun,  harvest,  <  autumnus,  au- 
tumn.]   The  season  of  autumn;  quality  or  con- 
dition characteristic  of  autumn.     [Rare.] 
Drauglits  of  sweet  autuuuiiti/.     Dp.  Hall,  Satires,  ill.  1. 

autunite  (a'tun-it),  «.  [<  Autun,  a  city  in  Bur- 
gunily,  France,  -1-  -^(e2.]  A  native  hydrous 
phosphate  of  uranium  and  calcium,  occiuTing 
in  tabular  crystals,  nearly  square  in  form,  and 
of  a  citron  or  sulphui'-yellow  color,  it  is  usually 
found  with  other  ui'anium  minerals,  often  as  a  result  of 
the  decomposition  of  uraninite  or  pitch-blende.  It  is 
closely  related  to  the  phosphate  of  uranium  and  copper, 
torbernite  or  cojiper  uranite.  in  distinction  from  which  it 
is  called  lime  uranite,  and  also  simply  uranite. 

auturgy  (a'ter-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  ahrovp-jia,  <  avT6(, 
self,  +  Ipyov,  work.  Cf.  chirurgeon.']  Work 
with  one's  owni  hands ;  self-action.     [Rare.] 

Auvergnat  (F.  pron.  o-var-nyii'),  j(.  [F.,  < 
Anrcrgnc.']  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of 
Auvergne,  a  former  province  in  the  central 
part  of  France,  nearl.y  corresponding  to  the 
modern  departments  of  Cantal  and  Puy-de- 
Dome. —  2.  A  French  wine  of  a  deep-red  color, 
made  near  Orleans:  so  called  from  the  name 
of  the  variety  of  grape. 

auxt,  ».     See  augc. 

auxanometer  (ak-sa-nom'e-ter),  n.  [Irreg.  < 
Gr.  aviuniv,  grow,  4-  /jerpav,  measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring,  or  for  measuring  and 
recording,  the  growth  of  plants,  in  the  <irc  auxa- 
nometer this  is  doiie  with  the  aid  of  an  index  moving  over 
a  vertical  arc  of  a  circle. 

Auxerre  (6-zar'),  «.  [F.]  A  general  name 
often  given  to  the  Bm-gimdy  wines  produced 
near  the  city  of  Auxerre,  in  the  department  of 
Yonne. 

auxesis  (ak-se'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a'v^rjni^,  in- 
crease, amplification,  <  al^tiv,  av^dvcw  (cf.  L. 
augerc),  increase,  =  E.  icax :  see  auction  and 
icna;!.]  1.  In  rhet.,  amplification;  exaggera- 
tion; hyperbole;  the  use  of  a  more  unusual 
and  high-sounding  word  for  the  ordinary  and 
proper  word. — 2.  In  math.,  the  ratio  in  which 
the  element  of  a  figure  lias  to  be  magnified  to 
make  it  conform  to  the  coiTCsponding  element 
of  a  conformable  figure. 

auxetic  (ak-set'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  av^rrrindc,  <  aii^ii- 
Tog,  verbal  adj.  of  ai'idvitv,  increase:  see  auxe- 
sw.]     Pertaining  to  auxesis;  amplifying;   in- 
creasing. 
This  auietie  power  of  the  preposition. 

Dr.  Ilutchiufion,  .Sermon  on  Cerem.  Law,  p.  8,  note. 

auxetically  (iik-set'i-kal-i),  adv.  By  auxesis 
or  amplification. 

auxlliantt  (lig-zil'iant),  a.  [<  L.  auxiUan(t-)is, 
ppr.  of  aujriliari,  help:  see  auxiUatc.']  Auxil- 
iary ;  affording  help  or  assistance. 

auxiliar  (ag-zil'iai)!  "•  ai'd  "•  [^  L.  auxUiaris, 
helping,  aiding,  <  auxiliuni,  help,  aid,  <  augerc, 
increase.]     I.  a.  Helping;  auxiliary. 

Ostorius,  though  yet  not  strengthenM  with  his  Legions, 
causes  the  aujciliar  Bands,  his  Troops  also  allighting,  to 
assault  the  raiiip.irt.  Milton,  Uist.  Eng.,  ii. 

Tliero  Athens  sat,  as  in  the  foretime,  on  her  citadel 
rock,  in  sight  of  her  auxiliur  sea,  crowned,  garlanded, 
wanton.  Ji.  Choate,  Aildresses.  p.  IsU. 

II.   H.    An  auxiliary:  usually  in  the  plural, 

auxiliary  troops. 
My  auxiliars  and  allies. 

Sir  //.  Tai/lor,  Ph.  van  Art,  II.,  v.  1. 
Mighty  were  the  auxiliara  which  then  stood 
Upon  our  side,  we  who  were  strong  in  love  ! 
Bliss  was  it  in  that  dawn  to  be  alive. 
But  to  be  young  was  very  lieaven  I 

Wordsworth,  I'reiich  Revolution. 

[-Archaic  in  both  uses.] 


avail 

auxiliarly  (ag-zil'iar-li),  adv.    By  means  of  aid 

111'  liel]j.  Ciiliridgr. 
auxiliary  (ag  /.il'ia-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  auxi- 
liaiiii.'<,  equiv.  to  aujiUaris,  helping:  see  auxil- 
('"■.]  I.  a.  Helping;  aiding;  assisting;  giv- 
ing support  or  succor;  hence,  suljsidiary;  addi- 
tional: ;vs,  auxiliary  li ps:  «'mv7/(0'(/ engines. 

AuxUiary  bishop,  auxiliary  buffer-spring,  auxil- 
iary chaplain,  etc.  Sec  ihc  nouns.  Auxiliary  circle, 
in  eonic  )iectionj<,  a  circle  having  Its  ceiitei-  at  tlie  center 
of  a  conic,  which  it  touches  at  the  extremities  of  the 
transverse  diameter.— Auxiliary  quantity,  in  math,,  a 
quantity  introduced  to  simplify  or  facilitate  an  opi  ration, 
as  maybe  done  in  equations  <»r  trigonometry.  -  Auxiliary 
scales,  in  munie,  the  six  keys  or  scales,  consisting  of  any 
key  major,  with  its  relative  iiilnor,  and  the  attend.nit  keys 
of  each.— Auxiliary  screw.  See  Kcreu:  -Auxiliary 
verb,  a  verb  that  assists  in  the  conjugation  of  other  verbs. 
See  II.,  3. 

n.  n. ;  pi.  auxiUaries  (-riz).  [<  L.  auxilia- 
rius,  n.]  1.  A  helper;  an  assistant;  a  confed- 
erate in  some  action,  enterprise,  or  undertak- 
ing; an  aid  of  any  kind. 

Ai|uatint  is  sehlom  practiced  by  itself ;  it  is  rather  an 
auxiliarjf  to  line-etching.  P.  G.  liamerlon. 

Specifically — 2.  pi.  Foreign  troops  in  the  ser- 
vice of  a  nation  at  war. 

The  Kleians  often  engaged  as  auxiliarien  in  the  wars  of 

other  states,  on  pretence  of  asserting  the  cause  of  religi<m. 

J.  .l(/n»K.  Works,  IV.  612. 

3.  In  gram.,  a  verb  used  in  forming,  with  the 
infinitive  and  participles  of  other  verbs,  phrases 
having  the  value  of,  or  a  value  analogous  to  that 
of,  modes  and  tenses:  thus,  I  ilo  love,  I  hare 
loved,  I  .shall  love,  I  am  loved. —  4.  In  math., 
an  auxiliaiy  quantity  (which  see,  xmder  I.), 
auxiliatet  (ag-zil'iat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  auxiliatus, 
pp.  of  auxiliari,  help,  <  auxilium,  help:  see 
auxiliar.']     To  aid  or  assist. 

He  [Day]  then  fell  into  a  disputation  with  Cranmer  and 
Goodrich,  in  whieh  he  repeated  his  former  Scripture,  and 
auxiliated  it  with  another. 

/(.  If.  Dixon.  Hist.  Church  of  F.ng.,  xvii. 

auxiliatoryt  (ag-zil'ia-to-ri),  a.  and  n.     [<  L. 
as  if   'auxiliatoriu.s,   <  auxiliator,  a   helper,  < 
auxiliari,  pp.  auxiliatus,  help,  <  auxilium,  help.J 
I.  a.  Helping;  aiding;  auxiliary. 
Masses  both  auxiliatort/  and  expiatory. 

^i>  E.  Sandys,  .State  of  Religion. 
II.  n.  A  help;  an  aid;  in  the  plural,  auxiUa- 
ries. 

There  were  no  such  auxiliatoriex  within  the  walls. 

R.  Watson,  Hist.  Philip  II. 

auxometer  (ak-som'e-ter),  n.  [In-eg.  <  Gr. 
aiifAv,  increase,  +  fihpov,  measure.  Cf.  aiara- 
uometcr.']  An  instnmient  for  measuring  the 
magnifying  powers  of  an  optical  instrument. 

aUXOSpore  (ak'so-spor),  «.  [In-eg.  <  Gr.  al^eiv, 
grow,  +  o-6por,  seed,  offspring.]  In  the  Diato- 
macece,  an  enlarged  individual,  formed  either 
asexually,  by  the  growth  of  Ihe  protoplasm  at- 
tended by  renewal  of  the  silicious  envelop,  or 
sexually,  by  the  union  of  the  contents  of  two 
separate  cells. 

auxotonic  (ak-so-ton'ik),  a.  [IiTeg.  <  Gr.  a'v^ttv, 
gi'ow,  +  Tome,  tension,  tone.]  Determined  by 
growth :  in  hot.,  applied  to  those  movements  of 
plants  which  are  the  result  of  growth,  in  dis- 
tinction from  those  of  matured  organs  influ- 
enced by  stimulation.     See  allassotonie. 

ava'^  (ii'vii),  n.  [Also  called  Icara,  kaira :  a 
native  name.]  A  fermented  tlrink  used  in  the 
South  Sea  islands,  made  from  the  roots  of  the 
Piper  methy.flicum.     See  kara. 

ava-  (a'vji),  n.  A  name  of  the  topaz  humming- 
bird, Topa:a  jiella. 

ava'  (a-va'),  adr.  Scotch  for  of  a',  that  is,  of 
all,  frequently  used  in  the  sense  of  at  all. 

avadavat  (av"a-da-vat')>  "•  Same  as  amada- 
vat. 

avalu(av'a-hi),  H.  [Native  name.]  The  woolly 
lemm-,  or  long-tailed  indri,  of  Madagascar,  Ava- 
/ii.s  lanigvr:  the  ampongue. 

Avahis  (av'a-his),  h.  [NL.,  <  oio/ii.]  A  genus 
of  lemms,  containing  the  ampongue,  avahi,  or 
woolly  lemur  of  Madagascar,  A.  laniger:  a  sj-n- 
onj-m  of  Mierorhynehu.s  (which  see). 

availl  (a-val'),  V.  [<  ME.  arailen,  <  OF.  a-  (for 
L.  ad-)  +  raler,  valoir,  be  of  value  or  use.  <  L. 
ralere,  to  bo  strong,  to  be  worth:  see  value.] 

1.  intrans.  1.  To  have  value  or  use;  be  of 
serv-ice  or  advantage ;  give  profit :  as,  wealth 
aruil.i  little  to  a  castaway. 

The  elfectual  fervent  prayerof  a  righteous  man  availeth 
much.  .fas.  V.  Hi. 

2.  To  have  force  or  efficacy;  serve  for  a  pur- 
pose ;  give  aid  toward  an  end :  as,  his  cries 
availed  to  bring  relief. 

The  thing  to  be  t;iught  has  availed  to  obscure  or  even 
to  annihilate  for  their  eyes  every  anxiety  as  to  the  mode 
of  tcachiiig.  De  Quiiiceij,  Style,  I. 


avail 

St.  To  take  or  draw  advantage ;  make  use  or 
profit. 

But  Iiow  out  (if  this  can  she  avaiU 

6'/iaJ-.,M.  t.ir  M.,  iii.  1. 

II.  tranx.  1.  To  bo  for  tlio  advantage  of; 
assist  or  profit:  as,  what  will  skill  ai'iiil  us 
against  uurabersf 

Yet  all  (his  amili-lk  nu-  ni)thiiig.  Esther  v.  13. 

All  tilt'  s.m;xs  ami  iiews|)a]>ers  ami  nuiney-subscriptions 
anil  vilupiratiiiris  of  sndi  as  do  not  think  with  us,  will 
avaii  nothing  a{;ainst  a  fact. 

•  Kmcmtin^  West  Iniliun  Ennmcipation. 

"God  save  us !"  cried  the  captain, 
"For  naught  can  man  acait." 

Whillicr,  The  Mantle  of  St.  John  Do  Hatha. 

2t.  To  promote;  prosper;  assist:  said  of  thiugs. 

ileantinie  lu^  voy.a^'cd  to  explore  the  will 

Of  ,Tove  on  ImkIi  IJodona's  holy  hill. 

What  meiuis  ini^ht  host  his  safe  return  (tmil.     Pope. 

8.  To  advantage ;  profit ;  give  the  benefit  to  : 
used  refiexively,  \vith  of:  as,  he  araikd  hinisdf 
of  the  opportunity.     [Often  used  eolloquially 
in  the  United  States  without  the  pronoun.] 
Then  shall  they  seek  t'  a\}aU  theuuielves  o/ names. 
Places  and  titles.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  515. 

The  tliejitre  avails  itscif  of  the  best  talent  of  poet,  of 
painter,  and  of  amateur  of  taste,  to  make  the  ensemble  of 
dramatic  effect.  Smerscm,  aiisc,  p.  396. 

To  avail  one's  self  byt,  to  avail  one's  self  of. 

And  my  peculiar  profit  persuaded  me,  sometimes,  to 
avail  tiiiitivl/  bit  their  folly.  Sanford. 

a'vaill  (a-val'),  11.     [<  ME.  iirailc,  <  afailcn  :  see 

arail,  c]     1.  Advantage,  profit,  or  benefit,  in 

a  general  sense;    also,  value  or  estimation. 

[Obsolete  or  archaic.] 

The  avaU  of  a  de.ath-bed  repentance.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Thy  pardon ;  I  hut  speak  for  thine  aiml. 

Tennyson,  Gureth  and  Ljniette. 

2.  Efficacy  for  a  purpose ;  advantage  to  an 
object  or  end:  now  used  chiefly  in  negative 
phrases,  or  sentences  of  negative  import:  as, 
of  little  or  no  avail ;  I  doubt  whether  it  will  be 
of  much  avail. 

But  CranstoUTi's  lance,  of  more  avail, 

Piercetl  through,  like  silk,  the  Borderer's  mall; 

Tlu'ough  shield,  and  jack,  and  acton  passed. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  6. 

3.  pi.  Profits  or  proceeds :  as,  the  avails  of  a 
sale  by  auction — Avail  of  marriage,  in  Scots  lau; 
a  sum  payable  to  the  superior  by  the  heir  of  a  deceased 
■ward-vassal  on  his  becoming  marriageable.  =  Syn.  1  and 
2.  I'se,  utility,  service.— 3.  Returns. 

avail'-t,  '■.     See  avale. 

availability  (ii-va-la-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  available  : 
see  -bilitij.}  The  state  of  being  available; 
suitableness  for  the  accomplishment  of  a  given 
purpose;  capability  of  advantageous  use  or 
employment:  as,  the  availahilitjj  of  a  candidate 
for  office,  or  of  a  proposed  method. 

available  (a-va'la-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  araylaUe;  < 
aviiil^  +  -able.']  1.  Profitable;  advantageous; 
having  efficacy. 

Those  who  will  consult  him  [Fourier]  for  no  otlier  rea- 
son, might  do  so  to  see  how  the  energies  of  Woman  may 
be  made  available  in  the  pecuniary  way. 

Marff.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  124. 

2.  Having  sufficient  power,  force,  or  efficacy 
for  the  object ;  valid. 

Laws  hunum  are  available  by  consent.  Hooker. 

She  knows  no  commendation  is  more  available  with 
thee  than  that  of  proper  virtue. 

B.  Jomon,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

3.  Capable  of  being  used  or  employed  with 
advantage  ;  attainable ;  accessible ;  at  one's 
disposal:  as,  his  resources  were  not  available 
at  the  time. 

The  whole  army  is  called  700,000  men,  hut  of  these  only 
80,000  can  be  reckoned  available.  Brougham. 

We  do  not  choose  our  own  candidate,  no,  nor  any  other 
man's  flret  choice,— but  only  the  available  candidate, 
whom,  perhaps,  no  man  loves.        Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  401. 

Advaihihh:  is  a  rare  and  obsolete  form, 
availableness  (a-va'la-bl-nes),  «.    l.  The  state 
of  being  available ;  capability  of  being  used ; 
power  or  efficacy  in  promoting  an  end  in  \'iew. 
[Rare.] 

The  etlicacy,  or  availableness,  ...  or  suitableness  of 
these  reductives  to  the  end  proposed. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  225. 
2.  Competent  power;  legal  force;  validity: 
as,  tlu"  (iritilableiics.s  of  a  title. 
availably  (a-va'la-bli),  ailr.  In  an  available 
iii;ii]M<>r;  so  as  to  be  used  with  efficacy  ;  profit- 
ably ;  advantagconsly ;  validly ;  efficaciously. 
availingly  (a-va'ling-li),  adv.  In  an  availing 
manner ;  successfully. 

It  [the  Eihlel  is  worshlpjied  with  a  positive  idolatry,  in 

extciunition  of  whose  gross  fanaticism  its  intrinsic  beauty 

pleads  availini/ly  with  the  man  of  letters  and  the  scholar. 

Faber,  iu  Dublin  Rev.,  June,  18S3. 


.392 

availment  (a-val'ment),  n.  [<  avail^,  v.,  + 
-mint.]  Profit;  efficacy;  successful  issue. 
Jiailcy.     [Karo.] 

aval^  (ii'val),  a.  [<  L.  avu.i,  grandfather,  + 
-«?.]     14elating  to  grandparents. 

The  rare  oi>])ortnnlties  of  authentic  verification  of  spe- 
cial iiarcntal  or  aval  recollections.  Science,  III.  :J45. 

aval-  (a-val'),  jj.  [F.,  an  indorsement,  guar- 
anty, <  «  ral,  at  the  bottom:  see  arale.]  In 
Canada,  an  act  of  suretyship  or  guaranty  on  a 
jn'omissory  note. 

avalanche  (av'a-lanch),  n.  [<  F.  avalanche 
(also  aralanyc),  dial,  form  (Swiss  evalanche)  of 
"aimlaiicc  (ML.  aralanlia),  lit.  descent,  <  avaler, 
let  fall  down:  see  «i«/e  and  -ance.]  1.  The 
fall  or  sliding  down  of  a  mass  of  snow  or 
ice  from  a  mountain-slope.  The  sliding  down  of 
ordinary  snow  is,  in  high  snow-covered  mountains,  an 
event  of  frequent  occm-rence,  and  is  iJicMcrally  not  danger- 
ous or  destructive,  since  it  mostly  takes  phue  liigh  above 
haliitations  and  forests.  Partly  consolidated  snow,  or 
neve,  however,  is  sometimes  set  in  motion  in  large  quan- 
tities, and  such  an  occurrence  may  be  productive  of  very 
serious  injury,  especially  tri  the  forests  below.  Small  gla- 
ciers sometimes  (Ictarh  tlieniselves  from  their  rocky  beds 
and  fall  into  the  \alky  below;  sucll  events  are  rare,  but 
have  sometiuu-s  been  aftcinkd  by  very  disastrous  results. 
The  more  terrible  catast replies  which  have  occurred,  and 
by  which,  especially  in  the  .Vljis.  w  hole  villages  have  been 
buried,  have  been  due  to  the  .slitiing  down  of  a  portion  of 
the  rock  itself  of  which  the  niouiitain  was  formed.  These 
'*rock-avalamhes,"  ;Lsttu>  ale  sonu-tiines  called,  are  more 
proiK'ily  denoiniiiated  land-slips  or  landslides,  iiceland- 
slip,  land-slide. 

Around  his  [Mont  Blanc's]  waist  are  forests  braced, 

The  avalanche  in  Ins  hand ; 
But  ere  it  fall,  that  thundering  hall 

Must  pause  at  my  command.    Byron,  Manfred,  i.  1. 

Hence  —  2.  Anything  resembling  an  avalanche 
in  suddenness  and  destruetiveness :  as,  an  aca- 
laiiclie  of  misfortmics. 
avalet  (a-val'),  v.  [<  ME.  aralen,  auvalen,  <  OF. 
avulcr,  arallcr  (=  Pr.  avalar  =  Olt.  avallarv), 
come  down,  let  down,  <  a  val,  do^vnward,  <  L. 
ad  vallem,  lit.  to  the  valley:  ad,  to;  rallein,  ace. 
of  valle.s,  valley,  vale:  see  I'ale.  Cf.  amount,  < 
L.  ad  montcm,  to  the  hill ;  down,  adoum,  <  AS. 
of  rf««e,  from  the  bill.]  I,  intrans.  1.  To  come 
down;  fall. 

A  rayii  from  lievene  gan  avale. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  626. 

2.  To  descend;  dismount. 

They  .  .  .  from  their  sweaty  Coursers  did  attale. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  10. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  lower;  uncover;  take  off,  as 
a  vizor  or  hood.     Chaucer. 

Ilodid  men  were  cleped  thanne  the  Lolardis,  that  wold 
never  avale  here  hood  in  presens  of  the  Sacrament. 

Capyrave's  Chron.,  p.  24.'i,  an.  1387.     Quoted  in  G.  P. 
[Marsh's  Hist.  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  7. 

2.  To  let  down;  lower,  as  a  sail;  cause  to  de- 
scend: as,  "hath his  saiXe avaled,"  Goicei;  Conf. 
Amant.,  viii. 

By  that,  the  welked  Phoebus  gan  availe 

His  weary  waine.  Speiiser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Jan. 

Thou  seest  my  lowly  saile. 
That  froward  fortune  doth  ever  availe. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cat,  Sept. 

3.  To  make  low  or  abject;  depress;  degrade, 
avalite  (av'a-lit),  n.  [<  Avala  (see  def.)  +  -ite".'] 

A  silicate  containing  chromiiun,  oceun-ing  in 
emerald-gi'een  scales  at  the  mercury-mines  of 
Mount  Avala.  near  Belgrade. 

Avallon  (a-va-16u'),  ti.  [F.]  A  French  wine 
of  good  quality,  named  from  the  town  of  Aval- 
lon in  the  department  of  Yonue.  Tliere  are  sev- 
eral varieties,  named  locally  from  the  vaiious  vineyards. 
These  wines  are  free  from  sweetness,  and  are  often  sold 
under  the  name  of  Chablis. 

avancelf,  v.    A  Middle  English  form  of  advance. 

avance-t,  «.     Obsolete  form  of  aveiis. 

avaneh  (a-vii'ne),  «.  A  light  scarf  or  sash, 
generall)'  of  silk,  worn  in  Asia  Minor  and  Syria 
as  a  girdle,  or  twisted  around  the  tarboosh  to 
form  the  turban. 

avania  (a-va'ni-a),  n.  [Formerly  also  avarria, 
(ivaria,  also  avcny,  <  F.  avanie  =  It.  Pg.  avania, 
<  NGr.  apavia,  Turk.  Ar.  aivuni,  also  au-dri,  also 
'aivdn,'airunia  ;  origin  uncertain.]  An  imposi- 
tion by  the  (Turkish)  government;  compulsory 
tax;  government  exaction;  "aid,"  "benevo- 
lence" (Marsh);  specifically  (as  applied  by 
Christians),  an  extortionate  exaction  or  tax 
levied  by  the  Turks.     N.  E.  D. 

avanious  (a-va'ni-us),  a.  [<  avania  +  -ous."] 
Extortionate. 

avantt  (a-viinf),  n.  [Abbr.  of  avant-garde, 
q.  v.]     The  front  of  an  army;  the  van. 

avant-.  [<  F.  amnt  z=Vr.  avant  =zlt.  avanie, 
avunti,  before,  <  LL.  ahantc,  i.  e.,  ab  ante,  from 
before:  see  ab-  and  ante-,  and  cf.  avaunt'^,  ad- 


avast 

ranee,  advantatje,  etc.]  A  prefix  of  French  ori- 
gin, meaning  before,  fore.  Also  shortened  to 
rant-,  ran-. 

avantaget,  "•  A  Middle  English  form  of  ad- 
van  tai/c. 

avant-bras  (a-vou'brii),  n.  A  piece  of  plate- 
armor,  generally  called  in  English  vambrace 
(which  see).     See  hra.ssart. 

avant-courier  (a-viint'ko"ri-(;r;  often,  as  F., 
a-voii'ko-ria'),  n.  [Formerly  avant-coiirrier, 
-currier,  -coureur,  <  F.  arant-coureur,  avant-conr- 
rier,  m.  (ci.  avant-courriere,  f.),  <  avant,  before, 
+  coureur,  courrier,  courier:  see  eourier.]  1. 
One  despatched  in  advance  to  give  notice  of 
the  approach  of  another  or  others. — 2t.  ///.  The 
scouts,  skirmishers,  or  advance-guard  of  an 
aiTuy.     jV.  Ji.  D. 

avariterst,  «.  pi-  [ME.,  also  avaneers,  <  OF. 
avant,  before:  see  avant-.J  Portions  of  the 
numbles  of  a  deer  which  lie  near  the  neck. 

Ryueg  hit  vp  radly,  rigt  to  the  hyjt, 
Voyde3  out  the  a-vanters,  &  verayly  ther-after 
Alle  the  ryraeg  by  the  rybbeg  i-adly  they  lance. 
.Sir  Gawayne  ami  the  Green  Kniyht  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1342. 
Then  dresse  the  noinbles,  fyTste  that  ye  recke, 
Downe  the  auancers  kerue,  that  clength  to  the  neck. 

Boke  o/ St.  AUianv,  sig.  d,  iv. 

avant-fosse  (a-von'fos-a'),  n.  [F.,  <  avant,  be- 
fore, +  fosse,  a  ditch:  see/o«SP.]  In  fort.,  the 
ditch  of  the  counterscarp  next  to  the  country, 
dug  at  the  foot  of  the  glacis,    inihelm.  Mil.  Diet. 

avant-gardet  (a-vant'giird;  F.  pron.  a-von'- 
gard),j(.  [<  F.  avant-garde,  <.  avant,  hefore,  + 
r/arrfc,  guard:  see  i-anguard.]    Advance-guard. 

avantplat  (a-voii'pUl),  n.     Same  as  vamplate. 

avanturin,  avanturine  (a-van'tu-rin),  n.  and 
a.     See  avcnturin. 

avarice  (av'a-ris),  n.  [<  ME.  avarice,  <  OF. 
avarice  (F.  avarice),  <  L.  avaritia,  <  avarus, 
greedy  (cf.  aridus,  avid:  see  avid),  <  avere, 
wish,  desire.]  An  inordinate  desire  of  gaining 
and  possessing  wealth;  covetousness ;  cupidity; 
greediness,  or  insatiable  desire  of  gain. 

So  for  a  good  old-gentlemanly  vice 
I  think  i  must  take  up  with  avarice. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  i.  216. 

=  Syll.  Avarice,  Coveton^tuss,  Cjipidity,  penuriousness, 
closeness,  miserliness,  all  denote  bad  qualities,  con-uptitms 
of  the  natural  instinct  of  possession.  Avarice,  literally 
greediness,  a  strong  desire  to  get  objects  of  value,  has  be- 
come limited,  except  in  figurative  uses,  so  as  to  express 
only  a  sordid  and  mastering  desire  to  get  wealth.  Cor^t- 
ousness  and  cupidity  are  not  limited  to  wealth,  but  may 
have  for  their  object  aii>  tliiiiL'  that  can  be  desired,  cupidity 
being  directed  especiailj  t^waivl  material  things.  Covet- 
ousness longs  to  jtossess  that  which  belongs  to  another; 
hence  the  prohibition  in  the  tenth  commandment  (Ex.  xx. 
17).  Cupidity  is  more  active  than  the  others,  less  grovel- 
ing, and  more  ready  to  snatch  from  others  that  which 
covetousness  may  wish  for  without  trying  to  get.  See  pe- 
nunous. 

There  grows, 
In  my  most  iU-compos'd  affection,  such 
A  stanchless  avarice,  that,  were  I  king, 
I  should  cut  off  the  nobles  for  then-  lauds. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 

I  would  not  have  you  to  think  that  my  desire  of  having 
is  the  sin  of  covetousness.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

When  this  continent  was  first  discovered,  it  Tiecame  an 
object  of  cupiditi/  to  the  ambition  of  many  of  the  nations 
of  Europe.  "        Story,  Speech,  Salem,  Sept.  18,  1828. 

avaricious  (av-a-rish'us),  a.    [<  ME.  avariciotis, 

<  F.  avaricicux,  <  avarice.  Cf.  avarous.J  Char- 
acterized by  avarice ;  greedy  of  gain ;  immoder- 
ately desirous  of  accumulating  property ;  eager 
to  acquire  or  possess. 

Luxurious,  avaricious,  false,  deceitful. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 

Liber,il  of  everything  else,  he  [Walpole]  was  nraricioii* 
of  power.  Macaulay,  Horace  Walpole. 

avariciously  (av-a-rish'us-li),  adv.  In  an  ava- 
ricious manner ;  with  inordinate  desire  of  gain- 
ing wealth ;  covetously. 

Each  is  contented  with  his  own  possessions,  nor  avari- 
ciously endeavours  to  heap  up  more  than  is  necessary  for 
his  own  subsistence.  Goldsmith,  Essays,  xvi. 

avariciousness  (av-a-rish'us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  lieing  avaricious;  insatiable  or  inor- 
dinate passion  for  property. 

avaroust, «.  [ME.  avarous,  arerous,  <  OF.  ave- 
ros,  avcrus  (extended  form  as  if  <  aver,  posses- 
sion:  see  aver^);  cf.  aver,  arar,  mod.  F.  avarc, 

<  L.  avarus,  gi'eedy:  see  avarice.']  Covetous; 
avaricious:  as,  "the  erle  avarous,"  Piers  Plow- 
man. 

avast  (a-vasf),  interj.  [Prob.  <  D.  hou'  vast, 
hand  vast  =  E.  hold  fast,  i.  e.,  hold  on,  wait  a 
while.  Cf.  D.  houva'st  =  E.  holdfast,  a  cramp- 
iron.]  J\'aM<.,  stop!  hold!  cease!  stay!  [Some- 
times used  colloquially.] 
Avast  hailiug!    Don't  you  know  me,  mother  Partlett? 

Cumberland, 


avast 

Avast  heaving  (nnnl.),  the  cry  to  arrest  the  capstan 
when  iiipiiiTs  are  jainnu'd,  or  any  other  impediment  oc- 
riirs  in  IicavinR  the  ealjle. 
avatar  (av-a-tar'  or  av'a-tar),  n.  [<  Skt. avatdra, 
ili'st'oiit,  <  ai'd,  down,  +  ^  tar,  cross  over,  pass 
through.]  1.  In  Hindu  mijth.,  the  descent  of 
a  deity  to  tho  eartli  in  an  incarnate  fonn  or 
some  manifest  shape  ;  the  incarnation  of  a  god. 
Thr<M!  of  the  .-1  vatdrns  or  incarnations  of  Vishnu  are  eon- 
nectetl  with  a  delude,  .  .  .  N'isliim  in  each  caae  rescuing 
mauiiinU  from  destruction  by  water. 

Max  Mulkr,  India,  p.  144. 
Hence  —  2.  A  remarku1>lG  api)earance,  mani- 
festation, or  embodiment  of  any  kind;  a  de- 
scent into  a  lower  sphere ;  an  adorable  or  won- 
derful exhibition  of  an  abstract  idea,  principle, 
etc.,  in  concrete  form:  as,  "The  Irish  Avatar" 
(a  poem  by  Byron  on  a  visit  of  George  IV.  to 
Ireland);  "the  avatar  of  mathematics,"  Alas- 
son,  Milton,  I.  226. 

(Cai'lyle  is]  the  most  shining  avatar  of  wliini  the  world 
has  ever  seen.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  14s. 

avatara  (av-a-til'rii),  n.     Same  as  avatar. 
avauncet,  "•  "  An  obsolete  form  of  advance. 
avaunf^    (a-vUnf  or  -vant'),   adv.  and  intcrj. 

[ME.,  <  OP.  avant,  forward,  <  LL.  aliantc,  lit. 

from  before:  see  acant-.']     I.t  adv.  Forward. 

And  witll  tliat  word  came  Drede  avaunt. 

Rom.  of  the  Ruse,  1.  .■5958. 

II.  intcrj.    Away!   begone!    depart!  an  e.x- 
clamation  of  contempt  or  abhorrence. 

Amunt,  thou  luiteful  villain,  get  thee  gone  I 

.S'AdA.-.,  K.  .John,  iv.  3. 

avaunt^t,  "■     [^  avaunt^,  interj.~\     Dismissal. 
After  this  process 
To  give  her  the  avaunt !   It  is  a  pity 
Would  move  a  monster. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  3. 

avaunt't,  ''•  '■  [A  modification  of  avancc'^  = 
advance,  due  to  inliuenee  of  avaunt'^,  adv.']  To 
advance. 
Avaunting  in  great  bravery.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  6. 
avaunt''t,  ''•  [ME.  avauntcn,  avanicn,  <  OF. 
uruiitcr,  arauntcr,  <,a-  +  vantcr,  vanntcr,  vaunt: 
see  vaunt,  t'.]  I.  trans.  To  praise  highly; 
vaunt ;  make  renowned. 

Do  you  favour  you  to  ava^inte. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  17S8. 

II.    iiitrans.  or  reflexive.     To  boast;  brag; 
speak  or  express  vauntingly. 

"  Tlmnne,"  quod  she,  "  I  dar  me  wel  avaunte, 
Thy  lif  is  sauf."    Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  158. 
Let  now  the  papists  avaunt  themselves .' 

Crannier,  Ans.  to  Gardiner,  p.  333. 

avaunt'^t,  «•  [ME.  avaunt;  <  avauntS,  u.]  A 
lioast ;  a  vatint.— To  make  avaunt,  to  assert  coufi- 
il.-ntly  :  declare  positively.    Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  289. 

avauntancet,  «•  [ME.,  <  avaunten  :  see  avaunt^, 
v.,  an<l  -ance.  Cf.  OF.  vantance,  <  vantcr,  vaunt.] 
Hiiasting. 

avauntert,  avauntourt, ».  [<  ME-  avauntour, 
avaunter,<.  OF.  avantour,  -cor,  <  avanter :  see 
avaunt^,  v.]     A  boaster. 

He  is  not  nyce 
Ne  avauntour.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  724. 

avauntryt,  «.  [ME.,  also  avaimtarie,  <  OF. 
'araiitcne,  found  only  as  I'onterie:  see  avaunC^, 
r.]  Same  as  acauntance. 
avdp.  An  abbre\'iation  of  avoirdupois. 
ave  (a've  or  ii've),  intcrj.  [L.,  hail!  orig.  impv. 
of  avcre,  be  well,  be  of  good  cheer ;  esp.  in  LL. 
phrase  Ave  Maria,  hail  Mary!  in  allusion  to 
Luke  i.  28:  "Ave  IMaria],  gratia  plena."] 
Hail!     Also,  farewell! 

And  "Ave,  Ave,  Ave"  said, 
"Adieu,  adieu"  for  evermore. 

Tennyson,  In  ilemoriam,  Ivii. 

Ave  Maria,  the  Hail  JIary,  a  devotion  or  prayer  used 
in  tile  Western  Cliureh.  In  the  older  form  it  consists  of 
tile  salutation  of  the  angel  Gabriel  to  the  Virgin  Jlary 
when  he  announced  to  lier  the  incarnirtion  (Luke  i.  2S), 
togetlier  with  the  words  of  Elizabeth  to  .Mary  (Luke  i.  42). 
This  form  of  the  Hail  Mary  wa-s  used  as  an  anthem  in  both 
tile  Eastern  and  W'estern  churches  ;is  early  iis  the  seventh 
century.  It  came  into  wide  use  as  a  devotion  in  the  eleventh 
century.  The  concluding  words.  "Holy  Mary,  Mother  of 
God,  pray  for  us,"  etc.,  were  first  introduced  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  and  first  auttiorized  for  daily  use  iu  the  breviary 
in  1568.  Also  called  the  aninUc  salutation.  .See  ontjelus. 
ave  (a've  or  ii've),  n.  [<  dve,  intcrj.]  1.  An 
Ave  Maria  (which  see,  under  ore,  intcrj.). 

Nine  hundred  Pater  nostcrs  every  day. 

And  thrise  nine  hundred  Aves  she  was  wont  to  say. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  I.  iii.  13. 
2.  A  salutation. 

Their  loud  applause  and  aves  vehement. 

Shale.,  M.  for.M.,  i.  1. 

avel  (av'el),  11.  [E.  dial-,  appar.  due  to  a  con- 
fusion of  ME.  avcne  (I'rompt.  Parv.),  iovawene, 
awn  (ef.  Dan.  avnc,  awn),  with  E.  dial.  ni7-,  ME. 
uilc,  cile,  <  AS.  eijl,  awn,  beard  of  grain.    AiP 


393 

and  awn  are  from  the  same  root,  differing  only 
in  the  sufli.x.]     Tho  awn  or  lieard  of  barley. 

aveler  (av'el-er),  n.  A  machine  for  n^moving 
(he  avels  or  awns  of  barley  from  tho  grain;  a 
liuninii'ler.     J'J.  II.  Kiiif/ht. 

avelingest,  adv.  [Early  mod.  E.,<  avclong  + 
adv.  g(^n.  suffi.K  -cs,  tin;  term,  being  assimilated 
to  -lini/s,  <[.  v.]     In  an  oblong  or  oval  shape. 

avell  (a-vel'),  V.  t.     [<  L.  avcllere,  pull  away, 

<  at),  away,  +  vellcrc,  pluck,  tear.]  To  pull 
uwav.     Sir  T.  Browne. 

avellan,  ".     See  avellane. 

avellanarious  (av'el-a-na'ri-us),  a.    [<  L.  Avel- 

laniin  :  sec^  an Itane.]  '  Relating  to  the  filbert, 
avellane,  avellan  (a-vel'an,  -an,  or  av'el-an, 

-an),  «.     [<  OF.  avclanc,  <  L.  Avcllana{sc.  mix, 

nut),  earlier  Abctlana,  the  Al- 
bert, lit.  the  nut  of  Avella,  < 

.llwlla,   a  town    in  Campania 

abounding  in  fruit-trees  and      A 

nuts,  now  Avella.    Cf.  airplc.] 

In  her.,  resembling  a  filbert: 

specifically  said  of  a  cross  each 

of  whoso  arms  resembles  tho 

filbert    in    its    outer    sheath,    ,„^"^.f:'""^"^  , 

,  ,  ,  „       '     (From  *' Berry  s  Diet. 

sometimes  blazoned  as  tour  of  HcraUry.") 
filberts  conjoined  in  cross, 
avelongt,  "■  [E.  dial,  arclanij,  oval,  <  ME.  ave- 
tiiiKjc,  iuiclon(je,  <  leol.  aflanijr  =  Sw.  afldng  = 
Dan.  ajlany  (the  prefix  being  assimilated  to  af 
=  E.  ojf),<.  L.  oblongus,  oblong:  see  olilong.] 
Oblong  or  oval ;  drawn  out  of  a  square  or  circle. 
Ave-Maryt  (a've-ma"ri),  «.  Same  as  Ave 
Maria  (which  see,  under  ave,  intcrj.). 

He  told  of  Saintes  ami  Popes,  aud  evermore 
He  strowd  an  Ave-SIanj  after  .and  before. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  I.  i.  ,35. 
I  could  never  hear  the  Ave-Mar>j  bell  without  an  eleva- 
tion, or  think  it  a  sntlieient  warrant  liccanse  they  erred 
in  one  circumstance  for  me  to  eiT  in  all  — that  is,  in  si- 
lence and  dumb  contempt. 

Sir  T.  Broivne,  Keligio  Medici,  i.  §  3. 

Avena  (a-ve'nil),  «.  [L.,  oats.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  uatiu'al  order  Gramiucir,  characterized 
by  having  large  membranous  outer  glumes, 
which  inclose  two  or  three  perfect  flowers, 
each  with  a  long,  bent,  and  twisted  awn  on  the 
back  of  the  lower  palet.  The  species  are  natives  of 
temperate  and  cold  regions.  Some  are  useful  pasture- 
grasses,  but  by  far  the  most  important  species  is  A.  sativa, 
the  cultivated  oat.     See  oat. 

avenaceous  (av-§-na'shius),  a.  [<  L.  avena- 
ceus,  <  avena,  oats.]  Belonging  to  or  resem- 
bling oats. 

avenage  (av'e-naj),  n.  [<  OF.  avenage,  <  avcnc, 
oats,  <  L.  avena,  oats.]  In  old  law,  a  certain 
quantity  of  oats  paid  by  a  tenant  to  a  landlord 
iu  lieu  of  rent  or  other  duty. 

avenaryt  (av'e-na-ri),  H.  [<  L.  avenarius,  < 
avena,  oats.]     Same  as  avcncr. 

avenauntt,  "•  [ME.,  also  avenant,  avenand, 
etc.,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  F.)  avenant,  comely,  con- 
venient, ppr.  of  avcnir,  come,  suit,  become,  < 
L.  advenire,  come:  see  advene,  and  cf.  eonve- 
nient,  comely,  aud  becoming.]  1.  Becoming; 
well-looking. 

Clere  browne  she  was,  and  thereto  bright 

Of  face,  body  avenaunt.     Rom,  of  the  Rose,  1.  12G3. 

2.  Convenient;  suitable. 

Dyghttes  his  dowblettez  for  dukes  and  eries, 
Aketouns  avenaunt  for  Arthure  hym  selfue. 

Murtc  Arthure  (ed.  Perry,  E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2027. 

avener  (av'e-ner),  n.  [ME.  avener,  avcnere,  < 
OF.  avenier,'<  L.  avenarius:  see  avenary.]  In 
feudal  law,  a  chief  officer  of  the  stable,  whose 
duty  it  was  to  provide  oats.  Also  spelled  ave- 
nor. 

avenge  (a-venj'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  avenged, 
ppr.  avenging.     [<  MB.  avengcn,  <  OF.  acengier, 

<  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  vcngier,  revenge,  take  ven- 
geance, <  h.  vindicarc,  lay  claim  to,  punish: 
see  vindicate,  and  cf.  revenge  and  vengeance] 

1,  trans.  1.  To  vindicate  by  inflicting  pain  or 
evil  on  the  wrong-doer ;  execute  justice  or  ven- 
geance on  behalf  of:  ^Yith  a  person  as  object. 

A  venge  me  of  mine  advers.ary.  Luke  xviii.  3. 

Avenge,  O  Ix)rd,  thy  slaughtcr'd  saints,  whose  bones 
Lie  scatter'd  on  tlie  Alpine  mountains  cold. 

Milton,  Sonnets,  xiii. 

2.  To  take  satisfaction  for,  by  pain  or  punish- 
ment inflicted  on  the  injiu-ing]iarfy  ;  deal  pun- 
ishment on  account  of:  with  a  thing  as  object. 

lie  will  avenge  the  blood  of  liis  servants. 

Deut.  .x.x.\ii.  43. 

Never,  till  Ca;sar's  three-and-thirty  wounds 

lie  well  aveng'U.  Shak.,  J.  C,  v.  1. 

I  thought  ten  thousand  swords  must  have  leaped  from 

their  scabbards  to  avenge  even  a  look  that  threatened  her 

with  insult,    iiat  the  age  o(  chivalry  is  gone. 

Burke,  Kev.  iu  France. 


Aventine 

3t.  To  take  revenge  on  ;  treat  or  deal  with  re- 
vengefully. 

If  Cain  shall  he  avenged  sevenfold,  truly  Lamecli  seven- 
ty and  seven  fold.  Gen.  iv.  24, 
=  SyiL  Avenge,  Revenge.  Until  lately  these  words  were 
used  with  little  or  no  difference  of  meaning  (see  (luota- 
tions  under  each).  Aventfets  nitw  restricted  t(<  the  taking  of 
just  ]nmislniiiiit  or  the  vin<iieation  of  justice.  aii(l  revenge 
to  tilt;  inllietion  of  jiain  or  evil  to  gratify  resentful  feelings, 
or  the  tiesire  of  retaliation  for  some  real  or  fancied  wrong. 
Poetic  use  sometimes  returns  to  the  earlier  freedom  in  the 
meaning  of  a rc/i/?c.    St:ii  revenge,  n. 

I  will  avenge  this  insult,  noble  Queen. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

If  you  poison  us,  do  we  not  die?  and  if  you  wrong  us, 
shall  we  not  revenge  f  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  1, 

II.  inirans.  To  execute  vengeance;  inflict 
retaliatory  pain  or  injury  on  a  wrrong-doer. 

Titou  Shalt  not  avenge  nor  bear  any  grudge  against  the 

children  of  thy  people.  Lev.  xix.  18. 

The  avenging  horror  of  a  conscious  mind. 

Whose  deadly  fear  anticipates  the  blow. 

And  sees  no  end  of  punishment  and  woe. 

Drydcn,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  231. 

avengef  (a-venj'),  «.  [<  avenge,  v.]  1.  Re- 
venge; retaliation. 

That  avenge  by  you  decreed. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  8. 

2.  Punishment ;  vengeance  taken. 

Why  doth  mine  hand  from  thine  avenge  ahstaine? 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  IV.  i.  .52. 

avengeancet  (a-ven'jans),  n.  [< avenge  -^  -ance, 
after  vcugcance.]  The  act  of  avenging;  x-en- 
gcaiice:  as,  "fear  signal  avengcanci,"  f.  Phil- 
ips, Cyder,  ii.  49. 
avengeful  (a-venj'ful),  a.  [<  avenge,  n.,  +  -ful, 
after  revengeful.]  Avenging;  executing  ven- 
geance.    [Rare.] 

avengement  (a-venj'ment),  n.  [<  avenge  + 
-ment.]  The  act  of  avenging;  x'engeance;  pun- 
ishment; satisfaction  taken.     [Rare.] 

Nought  may  thee  save  from  heavens  avengement. 

Spenser,  Muiopotmos. 
God's  avengement  of  Ills  repulse  at  Hull. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes. 

avenger  (a-ven'jfer),  n.    One  who  avenges  or 

takes  vengeance. 
The  Lord  is  the  avenger  of  all  such,  1  Thes.  iv.  6, 

Brutus,  thou  saint  of  the  avenger's  order. 

Beddoes,  Death's  Jest-Uook,  i.  1. 

avengeress  (a-ven'jcr-es),  H,  [<  avenger  +  -ess.] 
A  female  avenger.     [Rare.] 

That  cruell  Queene  avenqeresse. 

Spenser,  F.  Q,,  III,  vili.  20. 

avenlform  (a-ve'ni-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  avena,  oats, 
+  forma,  form.]  Resembling  a  grain  of  oats. 
Thomas,  Med.  Diet. 

avenin  (a-ve'nin),  n.  [<  L.  avena,  oats,  +  -in2.] 
A  nitrogenous  proteid  substance  found  in  oats, 
similar  to  legumin,  and  probably  a  mixture  of 
legumin  and  gluten. 

aveniOUS  (a-ve'ni-us),  a.    Same  as  avenous. 

avenort,  «.     See  avener. 

avenous  (a-\'e'nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -I-  L. 
vena,  x-ein.]  In  hot.,  wanting  veins  or  nerves, 
as  the  leaves  of  certain  plants.    Also  avenious. 

avens  (av'enz),  «.  [<  ME.  avans,  avance, 
avaunce,  avence,  ML.  avancia,  avencia,  avantia, 
avens,  barefoot;  origin  obscure.]  The  popu- 
lar English  name  of  species  of  plants  of  the 
genus  Geum.  The  common  or  yellow  avens.  or  herb- 
bennet,  is  G.  urhu/ttnn;  the  purple  or  water  avens,  G. 
rirale.  -   Motmtain  avens,  Dritas  oetopetala. 

aventaile,  aventail  (av'en-tal),  «. 
avcntaylc,  <  OF.  esventail,  air-hole,  < 
(mod.  F.  evcnter),  <  L.  ex, 
out,  -I-  vent  us,  wind.]  In 
medieval  armor:  (a)  The 
flap  or  ail  just  able  part  of 
the  hood  of  mail,  x\hich 
x\-hen  unfastened  allowed 
tho  hood  to  drop  upon  the 
shoulders,  {b)  The  mov- 
able front  of  the  helmet. 
Aventine  (av' en-tin),  a. 
and  n.  [<  L.  Aventinus.] 
I.  a.  Appellative  of  one  of 
the  seven  hills  on  which 
Rome  was  built.  According 
to  a  legem!,  it  was  called  Mons 
.■Vventinus,  or  the  .\ventine  hill, 
from  an  aboriginal  king  Aventinus  who  was  buried  there. 
Il.t  «■  A  post  of  defense  or  safety ;  security; 
defense. 

Into  the  castle's  tower. 
That  only  Aventine  that  now  is  left  us. 

Beau,  and  Fl. 
ily  strong  A  ventine  is 
That  great  Domitian  .  .  .  will  once  return. 
Who  can  repair,  with  ease,  the  consul's  ruins. 

Massinger,  Roman  Actor,  L  1. 


[<  ME. 
CSV  enter 


Su:-:-wA 


.-/,  Avciit.-ulc  (dcfffl). 
( Hrom      Viollet  -  Ic  -  Due's 
"  Diet.    (Iu    Mobilicr    fran- 
^ais.") 


aventre 

aventret,  ''•  '•  [^  '*•  miintarc,  tlii'ow,  shoot, 
dart,  <  a  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  rento,  wiiul;  cf.  Pr. 
ventar  =  0¥.  venter,  cast  to  the  wind:  see  r<,«/.] 
To  throw,  as  a  spear  or  dart. 

Her  iivirtiill  spi-are 
She  nii;:)itilv  amirnit  tuwurds  one, 
Ami  ilowne'liini  smut.     .S>';i.«r,F.  Q.,  III.  i.  28. 

aventuret,  »•  [Tlie  older  fonu  of  adrentiirc, 
q.  v.]  Adventure;  ehanee;  aceideiit;  specifi- 
cally, in  old  Idir,  a  mischances  eaiisiiiR  a  per- 
son's death  without  felony,  as  disowning  or  fall- 
inf;  from  a  house. 

aventurin,  aventurine  (a-von'tu-rin),  n.   and 

o.  [<  F.  arcnturiiic,  <  It.  arvcnturiiio,  <  avfcn- 
tuni,  chance:  see  adreiiture,  «.]  I.  ".  1-,A 
sort  of  opaque  goldeu-hrown  glass  filled  with 
specks  or  drops  of  a  bright  gold-color  and  of 
different  sizes,  used,  under  the  name  of  gold- 
stone,  for  various  ornaments.  Its  prepai-ation  was 
discovered  at  Mur.ano.  ne.ir  Venice,  by  the  accident  of 
dropping  a  qnantity  of  lirass  filings  into  a  pot  of  melted 
glaiis ;  hence  the  name. 

2.  A  variety  of  feldspar,  usually  oligoclase, 
spangled  with  scales  of  hematite,  gothite,  or 
mica.  It  is  often  called  smistone.  The  most 
highly  prized  variety  is  obtained  in  Russia. — 

3.  A  "similar  variety  of  quartz  containing  span- 
gles of  mica  or  other  mineral. — 4.  A  kind  of 
sealing-wax,  of  a  translucent  brown  color  and 
abounding  in  gold  specks  or  particles — Chrome 
aventurin,  a  glass  made  by  freely  adding  chromate  of  pot- 
ash to  the  other  materials  used,  thus  separating  spangles 
of  o\iil  of  chromium. 

II.  a.   Having  the  appearance  of  aventurin: 

as,  aventurin  lacquer,  etc Aventurin  glaze,  a 

glaze  for  porcelain.   It  is  browniish,  with  crystalline  hinii- 
nce  of  a  golden  luster. 
Also  written  avantnrin,  avanturinc. 

aventuroust  (a-ven'tu-rus),  a.  Obsolete  form 
of  adventurous. 

avenue  (av'e-nii),  n.  [Formerly  also  advcnue, 
avcncn;  <  Y.'ai'enue,  orig.  pp.  fern,  of  avenir,  < 
L.  adrenire,  come  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  venire,  come. 
Cf.  adveiie.'\  1.  A  passage;  a  way  or  an  open- 
ing for  entrance  into  a  place ;  any  opening  or 
passage  by  which  a  thing  is  or  may  be  intro- 
duced or  approached. 

Good  guards  were  set  up  at  all  tlie  avemies  of  the  city, 
to  keep  all  people  from  going  out.  Clarendon. 

2.  A  roadway  of  approach  to  a  country-house, 
particularly  when  straight,  of  considerable 
length,  and  shaded  by  a  row  of  trees  on  each 
side;  a  drive  in  a  private  country-place;  a 
walk  in  a  garden  or  demain  of  some  preten- 
sions as  to  style  or  size. 

A  long  avenue  wound  and  circled  from  the  outermost 
gate  through  an  untrimmed  woodland. 

//.  James,  Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  p.  45. 

3.  A  street;  properly,  a  wide  street  planted 
with  trees  and  often  with  tm'fed  spaces  on 
either  side,  or  a  garden  or  shaded  promenade 
in  the  middle  :  used  in  New  York,  Washington, 
etc.,  in  the  names  of  the  longest  and  general- 
ly the  widest  streets,  as  Fifth  or  Pennsylvania 
Avenue,  but  in  some  American  cities  without 
special  reference  to  the  character  of  the  street. 
— 4.  Figuratively,  means  of  access  or  attain- 
ment. 

There  are  no  avenues  to  the  public  service  opened  for 
talent.  Brougham. 

aver^  (a-ver'),  '••  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  averred,  ppr. 
averring.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  averr,  <  ME. 
averren,  <  OF.  averrer,  averer,  mod.  F.  averer  = 
Pr.  averar  =  It.  avverare,  <  ML.  adverare,  make 
true,  prove  true,  be  true,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  rerus, 
true:  see  verify,  verity,  etc.]  If.  To  assert  the 
truth  of. — 2t.  To  confirm;  verify;  prove  to  be 
true. — 3.  To  affirm  with  confidence;  declare 
in  a  positive  or  peremptory  manner. 

And  I  aver  that,  to  this  day,  I  have  done  no  official  act 
in  mere  deference  to  my  abstract  judgment  and  feeling 
on  slavery.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  481. 

4.  In  ?«!(',  to  avouch  or  verify;  offer  to  verify; 
allege  as  a  fact.  Hee  averment. —  5.  To  assert 
the  existence  of ;  offer  in  evidence.     [Archaic] 

A  vt-rrinff  notes 
Of  chamber-hangings,  pictures,  this  her  bracelet. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  5. 
=SyiL  3.  Affirm,  Declare,  etc.  (see  assert),  say,  allege,  pro- 
test, insist,  maintain, 
aver-  (a'ver),  n.  [Sc.  aver,  aiver  (def.  3);  < 
ME.  aver,  avere,  aveyr  (later  also  avoir,  havoir, 
havor,  havnur,  after  later  OF.),  <  OF.  aver, 
aveir,  later  avoir,  mod.  F.  avoir  =  Sp.  avercs, 
haveres,  pi.,  now  haher,  =  Pg.  liavcrcs,  pi.,  =  It. 
avere  (ML.  averum,  avcrium,  averc,  aver),  sub- 
stance, property,  stock,  lit.  'having,'  being  the 
noun  use  of  the  inf.,  OF.  aver,  aveir,  etc.,  <  L. 
habere,  have :  see  have.     From  its  use  as  a  ool- 


394 

lective  sing,  arose  its  use  in  the  plural,  in  the 
sjiecial  sense  of  stock,  cattle,  whence  a  new 
sing.  (ML.  averia,  averius,  as  well  as  areruni, 
«iYn'«/«),  a  beast  of  burden.]  If.  Substance; 
property;  estate. 

Marchaunt  he  wiu*  of  gret  amir. 
Sfujin  Saf/e-y,  1.  'J20.^,,  in  Weber's  Metr.  Horn.,  III. 

2t.  j>l.  Live  stock;  cattle;  domestic  animals. — 
3.  A  beast  of  burden;  a  draft-ox  or  draft- 
horse  ;  an  old  horse.   [North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

An  inch  of  a  nag  is  worth  a  span  of  an  aver. 

In  Kay,  Proverbs  (1678),  p.  36. 

average!  (av'e-raj),  «.  [=  Sc.  avarage,  contr. 
arriKjt,  aragej  now  arriage,  esp.  in  the  combi- 
nation arriage  and  earriage ;  <  late  ME.  ave- 
rage, earlier  only  in  ML.  averagiutn  or  OF.  ave- 
rage, appar.  the  same,  with  suffix  -age,  as  ML. 
avera,  a  kind  of  service  mentioned  in  Domes- 
day Book:  usually  referred  to  aver,  a  beast 
of  burden,  and  defined  accordingly ;  but  this  is 
doubtful,  avera  being  more  prob.  a  reflex,  simu- 
lating aver,  of  OF.  ovre,  cevrc,  mod.  F.  eeume,  < 
L.  opera,  work:  see  opera,  ure^,  manceuver.l  In 
old  law,  a  kind  of  service  owed  by  tenants  to 
their  superior.  The  nature  of  the  service  is  not  clear. 
It  is  usually  explained  as  service  done  with  beasts  of  bur- 
den, but  this  appears  to  rest  on  a  doubtful  etymology 
(see  alH've). 

average^  (av'e-raj),  «.  and «.  [Earlymod.  E.also 
averige,  averidge,  avaridge,  <  late  ME.  average, 
the  same,  with  suffix  -age  (foimd  only  in  E.  and 
Anglo-L.  averaginm),  as  late  ME.  averays  (for 
averysl),  <  F.  avaris,  "decay  of  wares  or  mer- 
chandise, leaking  of  wines,  also  the  charges  of 
the  carriage  or  measuring  thereon,  also  the  fees 
or  veils  of  a  cook,  etc."  (Cotgrave),  sing.  prop. 
avarie  =  Sp.  averia  =  Pg.  It.  avaria,  in  ML.  ava- 
ria,  averia;  cf.  MD.  avarij,  D.  haverij  =  G.  hafe- 
rei,  haverie  =  Dan.  havari  =  Sw.  haveri,  from 
Bom.  Origin  disputed ;  the  orig.  sense,  '  a  duty 
on  goods,'  suggests  a  connection  with  ML.  ave- 
ria, goods,  property:  see  aver".  Perhaps  ava- 
nia,  through  its  appar.  more  orig.  form  avaria,  is 
to  be  referred  to  the  same  source:  see  avania.'\ 

1.  H.  1.  (of)  A  duty  or  tax  upon  goods.  (6)  A 
small  charge  payable  by  the  shippers  of  goods 
to  the  master  of  the  ship,  over  and  above  the 
freight,  for  his  care  of  the  goods.  Hence  the 
clause,  in  bills  of  lading,  "paying  so  much 
freight,  with  primage  and  noernffe  accustomed." 
((•)  A  small  charge  paid  by  the  master  on  accoimt 
of  the  ship  and  cargo,  such  as  pilotage,  towage, 
etc. :  called  more  specifically  jJeHi/  average, 
(d)  A  loss,  or  the  sum  paid  on  account  of  a  loss 
(such  as  that  of  an  anchor),  when  the  general 
safety  is  not  in  question,  and  which  falls  on 
the  owner  of  the  particular  property  lost: 
called  more  specifically  particular  average. 
(p)  A  contribution  made  by  the  owners  of  a 
ship's  freight  and  cargo,  in  proportion  to  their 
several  interests,  to  make  good  a  loss  that  has 
been  sustained  or  an  expense  incuiTed  for  the 
general  safety  of  the  ship  and  cargo.  Thus, 
when  for  the  safety  of  a  ship  in  distress  any  destruction 
of  property  is  incurred,  either  by  cutting  away  the  masts, 
throwing  goods  overboard,  or  in  other  ways,  all  pei-sons 
who  have  goods  on  board  or  property  in  the  ship  (or  the 
insurers)  contril>ute  to  the  loss  according  to  their  aver- 
age, that  is,  acc(U(Ung  to  the  proportionate  value  of  the 
goods  of  each  on  board.  Average  in  this  sense  isalso  called 
(/enentl  average. 

2.  A  sum  or  quantity  intermediate  to  a  num- 
ber of  different  sums  or  quantities,  obtained  by 
adding  them  together  and  di\'iding  the  result 
by  the  number  of  quantities  added;  an  arith- 
metical mean  proportion.  Thus,  if  four  persons 
lose  respectively  §10,  $20,  §30,  and  .$40,  the  aver- 
age loss  by  the  four  is  |25.  Hence  —  3.  Any 
medial  amount,  estimate,  or  general  statement 
based  on  a  comparison  of  a  number  of  diverse 
specific  cases ;  a  medium. 

A  like  number  of  men,  through  various  kinds  and  de- 
grees of  ill-success,  reveal  a  mental  capacity  that  is  more 
or  less  below  the  average.    J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  177. 

Yet  I  have  no  doubt  that  that  people's  rulers  are  as 
wise  as  the  average  of  civilized  rulers. 

Thoreau,  'Walden,  p.  39. 

Average  bond.    See  domfi.— Upon  or  on  an  average, 

taking  tlie  arithmetical  mean  of  several  uneciual  numbers 
or  ([uantities ;  takipg  the  arithmetical  mean  deduced  from 
a  gi-eat  number  of  examples. 

On  an  average  the  male  and  female  births  are  tolerably 
equal.  Buckle,  Civilization,  I.  iv. 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.  Medium,  etc.     See  mean,  n. 

II.  a.  1.  Equal  in  amount  to  the  sum  of  all 
the  particular  (piantities  of  the  same  sort  di- 
vided by  the  number  of  them:  as,  the  average 
yield  of  wheat  to  the  acre ;  the  average  price  of 
anything  for  a  year. 


Avemian 

I  departed,  .  .  .  rr,nvinc4-d  that,  .  .  .  whatever  the 
ratio  of  population,  the  acrrage  amount  of  human  nature 
to  the  square  mile  is  the  same  the  world  over. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  93. 

Hence  —  2.  Of  7npdium  character,  quality,  etc. ; 
midway  between  extremes ;  ordinary. 

They  all  (the  Palieoeosniic  skeletons]  represent  a  race 
of  granil  physical  ilevelopnient,  and  of  cranial  capacity 
equal  to  that  of  the  average  n]odern  European. 

Dau'non,  Nature  and  the  ilible,  p.  174. 
The  average  intellect  of  five  hundred  persons,  taken  as 
they  come,  is  not  very  high.    O.  \V.  IJahne^,  Autocrat,  vi. 
We  mortals  cross  the  ocean  of  this  world 
Each  in  his  average  cabin  of  a  life  — 
The  best's  not  big,  the  worst  yields  elbow-room. 

Browning,  liishop  lilougram's  Apology. 

3.  Estimated  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of 
average:  as,  the  loss  was  made  good  by  an 
average  contribution.  — Average  curvature.  See 
rt/ryaMfre.— Average  standard,  in  copper-mining,  the 
market  value  of  a  tun  of  tough-cake  copper.  It  formerly 
served  as  a  basis  for  estimating  the  amount  to  be  iiaid  by 
the  smelters  to  the  miners  for  ores  of  copper  puixhased. 
[ Corn wall.]  =  Syn.  ^ee  mean,  n. 
average-  (av'e-raj),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  averaged, 
ppr.  averaging.  [<  average^,  «.]  1.  To  find 
the  arithmetical  mean  of,  as  unequal  sums  or 
quantities;  reduce  to  a  mean. —  2.  To  result 
in,  as  an  arithmetical  mean  term  ;  amoimt  to, 
as  a  mean  sum  or  quantity:  as,  wheat  averages 
56  pounds  to  the  bushel. 

These  spars  average  10  feet  in  length.  Belknap. 

3.  To  divide  among  a  number  proportionally; 
divide  the  total  amount  of  by  the  number  of 
equal  shares :  as,  to  average  a  loss. 

Tlie  permanent  averaged  price  on  all  kinds  of  commodi- 
ties. English  Rec,  VI.  261. 

average^t  (av'e-raj),  n.  [.Also  averaige,  averish, 
prob.  an  expansion  (in  reverse  imitation  of  Sc. 
arriage,  arrage,  for  average^)  of  arrish,  ersh : 
see  arrish,  ersh,  eddish.']  The  stubble  and  grass 
left  in  corn-fields  after  harvest. 

In  these  monthes  after  thecornne  bee  innede  it  is meete 
to  putt  draugbte  horses  and  oxen  into  the  awmft. 

Quoted  in  Arclnrvlogia,  xiii.  379. 

average-adjuster  (av'e-raj-a-jus"ter),  «.  An 
expert  accountant  who  is  employed  in  cases  of 
general  average  to  ascertain  and  state  the  sum 
which  each  of  the  parties  Interested  has  to  pay 
in  order  to  make  up  the  loss  sustained  by  some 
for  the  general  good.  Also  called  average- 
sta tcr,  average-talcer. 

averagely  (av'e-raj-li),  adv.  In  an  average  or 
medial  manner";  iii  the  mean  between  two  ex- 
tremes. 

Which  tends  to  render  living  more  difficult  for  every 
averagely  situated  individual  in  the  community. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Polit.  Econ.,  I.  xiii.  §  4. 

average-stater,  average-taker  (av'e-raj-sta'- 
ter,  -ta"ker),  n.     Same  as  average-adjuster. 

averano  (av-e-ril'no),  n.  [Appar.  S.  Amer.] 
A  name  of  the  birds  of  the  genus  Vhasmorhyn- 
clius  of  Temminck,  including  several  South 
American  fruit-crows  of  the  family  Cotingidw 
and  subfamily  Gyninoderina;  as  C.  variegatus, 
the  averano  of  Buffon,  and  the  arapunga.  See 
cut  under  arapunga. 

avercake, «.    See  haivreal-e. 

avercornt,  ".  [Appar.  <  aver  (repr.  ML.  avera 
(see  average^),  a  kind  of  ser\-iee)  +  corn.]  In 
old  law,  corn  paid  by  a  tenant  to  his  superior 
as  rent  or  in  lieu  of  service.  This  word,  like  aver- 
land  and  averpenny,  is  not  known  in  vernacular  use,  and 
its  technical  sense 'is  uncertain.    See  average^. 

averdant  (a-vcr'dant),  a.  [See  verdant.]  In 
htr.,  covered  with  gi-een  herbage:  chiefly  ap- 
plied to  a  mount  in  base. 

averisht  (av'e-rish),  n.     Same  as  average^. 

averland  (ii'ver-land),  n.  [See  avcrcorn.]  In 
old  law,  land  subject  to  the  service  called  aver- 
age.    See  average^. 

a'Verment  (a-ver'ment),  «.  [<  nro-l  +  -ment.] 
1.  The  act  of  averring;  affirmation;  positive 
assertion. 

Publishing  averments  and  innuendoes. 

Burke,  Powei-s  of  Juries. 

2t.  Verification;  establishment  by  e-vidence. 
Bacon. —  3.  In  lair,  an  allegation  or  statement 
as  a  fact:  commonly  used  of  statements  in  a 
pleading  which  the  "party  thereby  professes  to 
be  ready  to  prove. 

Avernian  (a-ver'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Avcrnus  (sc. 
lacus),  now  (It.)  Lagod'Averno :  usually  referred 
to  Gr.  aopvoc,  without  birds  (<  a-  priv.  +  6pi7f, 
bird) ;  called  aopvo(  ?.ifH-ri  by  Aristotle,  o  "Acpvo( 
by  Strabo.]  Pertaining  to  Avernus,  a  lake  of 
Campania  in  Italy,  looked  upon  by  the  ancients 
as  an  entrance  to  hell.  From  its  waters  me- 
phitic  vajiors  arose,  which  were  supposed  to 
kill  birds  that  attempted  to  fly  over  it. 


averpenny 

averpennyf  (a'vt'T-pcn  i),  «.  [See  avcrconi.'\ 
III  <>l(f  hfu\  money  jKiid  by  a  teniiiit  to  his  lord 
in  litMi  of  ilic  scrvit'O  eallod  (ircraqc, 

averrable  (a-vrr'a-bl),  n,  [<  avcA  +  -ahlr.^  1. 
Cnpablr  of  ln'iri^  verified  or  proved. — 2.  Capa- 
ble oT  bfiii<;  averred,  asserted,  or  declared. 

Averrhoa  (av-e-ro'ji),  n.  [NL.,  named  from 
Ar<rrlHii',s\  Avcrroes:  see  Ar(rroi}<t.'\  A  jx<*nus 
of  small  trees,  natural  order  ihrtntiacca',  Xviha 
Oxtilidcfr,  containing  two  East  Indian  species, 
cultivated  for  their  very  acid  fruit.  The  bilim- 
Li,  .4.  liilimbi,  is  oftun  piukled  or  caiulicd,  and  its  juice 
rcnir)ves  thestiiin  of  inin-nist  and  otlicr  spots  from  lint-n. 
'rill- i!ii;iiiili<il:i.  ,!.  Cuniitifuila,  is  also  ust'd  as  food. 

Averroism,  Averrhoism  (av-e-ro'izm),  «.    [< 

Anrrh</ri>    +    -^sw.]     The    doctrines   held    by 
Averrhoes  and  his  followers.     Hee  Avcrroist, 

The  patriciansof  Venice  and  the  lecturers  of  Padua  made 
Averroism  synonymous  with  doubt  and  criticism  in  theol- 
ogy, and  with  sarcasm  Jigainst  tiie  liit-rarcliy. 

Jiiici/r.  Jirit.,  IIL  151. 

Averroist,  Averrhoist  (av-e-ro'ist),  n,  [< 
Art-rrlKfi's  or  Artrroi's  +  -ist,  Avcrroes  is  a 
Latinized  form  of  Ar,  Ibu-}\<tsh(l.']  A  follower 
of  Averrhoes,  a  celebrated  Ai'abian  philosopher 
and  commentator  on  Aristotle,  who  was  born 
at  Cordova  about  a.  d.  1126,  and  died  1198. 
The  philosophy  of  the  Averroists  was  little  more  than 
an  imperfect  interpretation  of  Aristotle's  doctrines;  but 
Averroism  was  iiaiticiilarly  characterized  by  its  effort  to 
separate  philosophy  and  rclif;ion. 

Averroistic  (av'e-ro-is'tik),  a.  [<  Averroist  + 
-ic]  i  H"  or  pertaining  to  the  Averroists  or  their 
doctrines. 

The  Averroistic  school,  mainly  composed  of  physicists 
and  naturalists,  was  the  most  decided  ojiponent  of  the 
scholastic  system  iu  its  relation  to  theology. 

Prvf.  V.  Botta,  in  Ueberweg's  Hist.  Phil.,  II.  App.  ii. 

averruncatet  (av-e-mng'kat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  (ir<  rruHcated,  ppr.  averrunrating.  [<  L. 
aiwrnincatns,  pp.  of  (iverruucare,  avert,  re- 
move, an  ancient  word  peculiar  to  the  lan- 
guage of  religion,  <  a  for  ab,  from,  +  verruncare, 
turn.  Hence  erroneously  avcrruncatCy  avermi- 
cat€  (Cockeram),  ahenineate  (Bailey  and  John- 
son), "to  weed,"  "to  pull  up  by  the  roots," 
from  an  erroneously  assumed  L.  ^aberuncare, 
as  if  <  (lb,  from,  +  eruncarej  <  e  for  ex,  out,  + 
runcare,  uproot,  weed.]  1,  To  avert  or  ward 
off.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

But  sure  some  mischief  will  come  of  it, 

Unless  by  providential  wit. 

Or  force,  we  averruncate  it. 

5".  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  i.  758. 

2.  [Improp. :  see  etym.]     To  weed;  pull  up  by 
the  roots. 
averruncationt  (av^^e-rung-ka'shon),  }i.     [< 
averruncate.]     1.  The  act  of  averting  or  ward- 
ing off  (evils).     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 
Averruncation  of  epidemical  diseases  by  telesms. 

J.  Robiiison,  Eudoxu  (WM),  p.  82. 

2.  [Improp.]  A  rooting  up;  extirpation;  re- 
moval. 

averruncator  (av'e-rung-ka''''tor),  7i.  [<  aver- 
riDwatc  +  -or;  also  spelled  aberuncaior :  see 
alxr  nil  rate.']  See  aberuncator. 
aversant  (a-ver'sant),  «.  [<  L.  aversan{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  avcrsariy  turn  away,  <  d  for  ab,  away,  + 
versariy  tm-n.  Cf.  averse.']  In  lier., 
turned  to  show  the  back:  said  of  a 
ri^dit  liand.  Also  called  dorscd. 
aversation  (av-er-sa'shon),  n.  [<  L. 
(inrsati<>{n-),<.arersari\  pi^.arcrsatus: 
see  aversant.]  Aversion;  a  tui-ning  .^^.^'^';"^J 
away  from.     [Obsolete  or  rare.]  doS" 

I  had  an  aversation  to  this  voyage 
\\hen  Hrst  my  brother  moved  it. 

C/(rt7'i(tr/»,  Revenge  of  Bussy  d'Ambois,  iii.  1. 

Certainly  for  a  king  himself  to  charge  his  subjects  with 

high  treason,  and  so  vehemently  to  prosecute  them  in  his 

own  cause  as  to  do  the  office  of  a  searcher,  argued  in 

him  uo  great  aversation  from  shedding  blood. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes.  ix. 

Some  men  have  a  natural  aversation  to  some  vices  or 

virtues  and  a  natural  affection  to  others.         Jer.  Taylor. 

averse  (a-vers'),  a.     [<  L.  aversus,  pp.  of  avcr- 
tercy  turn  away:  see  avert.]     1.  Turned  away 
from  anything;  turned  backward  ;  averted. 
Earth  .  .  .  with  her  p:ii't  averse 
From  the  sun's  beam.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  138. 

The  tracks  avtrsf  a  lying  notice  gave, 
And  letl  the  searcher  backward  from  the  cave. 

Drijden,  .*:neid,  viii. 

Hence  —  2,  Specifically:  (a)  In  fcof.,  turned 
away  from  the  central  axis :  opposed  to  adverse 
(which  see),  {b)  In  ornith.y  set  back  or  turned 
away  from :  api)lied  to  pygopodous  or  rump- 
footed  birds,  whose  legs  are  set  so  far  back 
that  the  erect  posture  is  necessitated,  as  in  the 
case  (tf  the  loon,  grebe,  or  auk. — 3.  Disliking; 
imwiUing ;  having  reluctance. 


396 

Averse  alike  tn  llatt^-T,  or  r»ffenil. 

/*(»;«',  Kssay  on  Criticism,  1.  7A^. 
As  Mr.  Wilmiit  knew  that  I  c<iulil  make  a  very  hand.some 
settlement  on  my  son,  he  was  not  awr^c  to  the  match. 

Goidamith,  Vicar,  ii. 

4.  Unfavorable;  indisposed;  adverse. 

Some  much  averse  I  found  an<)  wontlrous  harsh, 
Contemptuous,  proud,  set  on  revenge  and  spite. 

Milton,  S.  A.,1.  Hr.l. 
And  Pallas  n<iw  averse  refused  her  aid.  Dnjilen. 

[This  word  and  its  derivatives  are  m*w  regularly  f(jllowe<l 
by  to,  and  not  by /mm,  although  the  latter  is  used  by  st»me 
moilern  writers.  The  won!  itself  includes  the  idea  of 
from;  but  the  literal  meaning  is  ignored,  the  affection  of 
the  mind  signifled  by  the  word  being  regarded  as  exerted 
toward  the  object  of  dislike.  Similarly,  the  kindred  term.s 
contrary,  repugnant,  etc.,  are  alsn  fnflowcd  by  /o.]  =  Syn. 

3.  Averse,  Reluctant,  disinclined,  backward,  slow,  loatli, 
opposed.  Averse  implies  liabitual  dislike  or  unwilling- 
ness, though  not  of  a  very  strnn^'  ( luiractcr,  and  is  nearly 
synonymous  with  (//.v(yf*7//N(/;  jw,  anrsr  to  study,  to  active 
pursuits.  Relurtant,  litcially.  stru^Kliti'j;  back  from,  im- 
plies some  degree  of  struggle  i-ithcr  with  others  who  are 
inciting  us  on,  or  between  our  own  inclination  and  some 
strt.ing  motive,  as  sense  of  duty,  whether  it  operates  as  an 
impelling  or  as  a  restraining  intUience.     See  antipathy. 

Averse  to  pure  democracy,  yet  Ann  in  his  regard  for  ex- 
isting popular  liberties.  Bancroft,  Ilist.  U.  S,,  I.  277. 

I  would  force  from  the  relurtanf  lips  of  the  Secretary 
t)f  .State  his  testimony  to  the  real  pnwci-  uf  the  masses. 

W.  I'/tillips,  Speeches,  p.  44. 

4.  Adverse,  Inimical,  etc.     See  hostile. 

averset  (a-vers'),  i'-  t.  and  i.  [<  L.  aversus: 
see  the  adj.]     To  turn  away;  avert.     B.Jou- 

san. 

Wise  Vaihis'  shield 
(By  which,  my  face  averse.d,  in  open  field 
I  slew  the  Gorgon). 

B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Queens. 

aversely  (a-vers'li),  adv.  1.  In  the  reverse  or 
opposite  dii'ection;  backwai'd. —  2.  With  aver- 
sion or  repugnance;  rmwillingly.  [Rare  in 
both  senses.] 

averseness  (a-v^'rs'nes),  ».  [<  averse  +  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  averse  ;  opposition  of  mind ; 
dislike;  unwillingness;  backwardness. 

aversion  (a-ver'shon),  n.  [<  L.  aversio{n-)y  < 
avcrtere :  see  averse,  a.,  and  avert.]  If.  A 
tm-niug  away;  a  change  of  application. 

A  figurative  speech  called  apostroidie,  which  is  an  aver- 
sion of  speech  from  one  thing  ...  to  another. 

Bp.  Morton,  Episcopacy  Asserted,  p.  101. 

2t,  The  act  of  averting  or  warding  off. — 3.  An 
averted  state  of  the  mind  or  feelings;  opposi- 
tion or  repugnance  of  mind ;  fixed  or  habitual 
dislike  ;  antipathy :  used  absolutely  or  with  to, 
sometimes  with/rom,/or,  or  toward. 

His  aversion  towards  the  lumse  of  York.  Bacon. 

Adhesion  to  vice,  and  aversion/rom  goodness. 

Bp.  Atterbury. 

A  state /or  which  they  have  so  great  an  aversion. 

Addison. 

An  aversion  to  a  standing  army  in  time  of  peace  had 
long  been  one  of  the  strongest  of  English  sentiments. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent,  iii. 

4f.  Opposition  or  contrariety  of  nature:  ap- 
plied to  inanimate  substances. 

filagnesia.  notwithstanding  this  averswn  to  solution, 
forms  a  kind  of  paste  with  water.  Fourcroy  (trans.). 

5.  A  cause  of  dislike;  an  object  of  repugnance. 
Had  I  no  preference  for  any  one  else,  the  choice  you 

have  made  would  be  my  aversion. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  2. 

=Syn.  3.  Hatred,  Dislike,  Antipathy  (see  antipathy); 
unwillingness,  slirinking,  hesitation,  disrelish,  distaste, 
detestation. 

aversivet  (a-v^r'siv),  a,      [<  L.   avers^tts  (see 
averse,  a.)  +  -ive.]    Averse;  turning  away. 
Those  strong-bent  humours,  which  aversire  grew. 

Daniel,  Civil  Wai-3,  vii.  78. 

aversivelyt  (a-ver'siv-li),  adv.  With  aversion ; 
backwardly.  '  Chapman. 

avert  (a-v^rf),  v.  [<  L.  avertere,  turn  away,  < 
a  for  ab]  from,  away,  +  vertere,  turn:  see  verse, 
version,  averse,  etc.  Cf.  advert,  convert,  divert, 
evert,  invert,  pervert,  revert,  subvert,  etc.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  turn  away;  turn  or  cause  to  turn 
off  or  away:  as,  to  avert  the  eyes  from  an 
object:  now  seldom  with  a  personal  object. 

When  atheists  and  profane  persons  do  hear  of  so  many 

discordant  and  contrary  opinions  in  religion,  it  doth  avert 

them  from  the  church.  Bacon. 

To  associate  Himself  with  some  persons  and  to  avert 

Himself  from  others.     //.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  IbS. 

2t.  To  give  a  turn  or  direction  to;  direct, 

.4rfr/  your  liking  a  more  worthier  way. 
Than  on  a  wretch  whom  Nature  is  asham'd 
Almost  to  acknowledge  hers.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

3.  To  ward  off;  prevent  the  occurrence  or  hap- 
pening of  (evil  or  something  threatened). 

llelieving  in  the  divine  goodness,  we  nnist  necessarily 
believe  that  the  evils  which  exist  are  necessary  to  avert 
greater  evils.  Macaulay,  Sadler's  Kef.  Kefuted. 


Avesta 

4t.  To  oppose;  \new  with  p.verpion. 

The  nature  of  mankind  doth  certainly  avert  both  killing; 
ami  being  kdl'd. 

Decay  Ckriat.  Piety  {Xmi),  vl.  §  9,  251.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

II.  intrans.  To  turn  away.     [Kare.] 

Averiuig  from  our  neighbour's  good. 

Thomson,  Spring,  1.  301. 

avertebrated  (a-v6r'te-bra-ted),  a.  [<  Gr.  h- 
j)riv.  (^/-i")  +  vcrtebrated.]  Evertebratedj  in- 
vertebrate. 

The  Linntcan  classification  of  avertebrated  animals. 

G.  Johnston  (ed.  of  Cuvier,  1»49),  i».  335. 

averted  (a-v6r'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Turned  away  or 
aside. 

When  food  was  brought  to  tliem.  her  share 
To  his  averted  lii)s  the  child  did  bear. 

Sheiln/,  Kevolt  of  Islam,  v.  30. 

2.  Specifically,  in  anat.  drawing,  having  the 
head  of  the  object  turned  to  the  top  of  the  fig- 
ure.    Wilder, 
averter  (a-ver't6r),  n.    One  who  or  that  which 
averts  or  turns  away. 

A  vcrters  and  purgers  must  go  together,  as  tendhig  all  to 
the  same  purpose,  to  divert  tliis  rebellious  humour  [mel- 
ancholy] and  turn  it  another  way. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  407. 

avertible  (a-v6r'ti-bl),  a,  [<  avert  +  -ibJc] 
Capable   of  being  averted;   preventable:  as, 

^"anrfiblr  evils,"  Kinglake. 

avertimentf,  »•  An  erroneous  form  of  adver- 
tiscmenU     Milton. 

Aves  (a've/.),  n,  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  avis,  a  bird;  cf. 
Skt.  ri  =  Zend  vi,  a  bird.  Cf.  also  ovum  and 
egg^.]  Birds;  feathered  animals,  considered  as 
a  class  of  vertebrates,  next  after  mammals: 
sometimes  united  with  Eeptilia  in  a  superclass 
Sauropsida,  distinguished  on  the  one  hand  from 
Mammalia,  and  on  the  other  from  Ichthyopsida, 
or  amphibians  and  fishes  together,  aws  are  de- 
lliied  by  the  following  characteristics:  a  body  covered 
with  feathers,  a  kind  of  exoskeleton  no  other  animals 
possess ;  hijt  blood ;  completely  double  circulation ;  per- 
fectly 4-cliambcred  heart ;  single  and  dextral  aortic  arch ; 
fixed  lungs ;  air-passages  prolonged  into  various  air- 
sacs,  even  into  the  interior  of  some  of  the  bones  of  the 
skeleton;  oviparous  reproduction;  eggs  large  and  mero- 
blastic,  with  copious  food-yolk  and  albumen  and  a  hard 
calcareous  shell ;  limbs  4  in  number,  the  anterior  pair  of 
which  are  modified  as  wings,  and  generally  subserve  flight 
by  means  of  their  large  feathers,  the  distal  segment  of  the 
limb  being  compressed  and  reduced,  with  not  more  than 
3  digits,  usually  not  unguiculate;  the  metacarpals  more 
or  less  ankyloscd  as  a  rule,  and  the  free  carpals  normally 
oidy  2  in  adult  life ;  a  large  breast-bone,  usually  carinate, 
and  great  pectoral  muscles;  imniemns  dorsolumbar,  sa- 
cral, and  nrnsac  ral  vertebrae  ankylosed  into  a  sacrarium ; 
ilia  greatly  produced  forward,  and  ilia  and  ischia  back- 
ward, ntirmally  without  median  symphyses;  perforate 
cotyloid  cavity ;  the  trochanter  of  the  fcnnir  articulating 
with  an  iliac  antitrochanter,  aiul  the  fibula  incomplete 
below ;  the  astragalus  ankylosed  with  the  tibia,  and  assist- 
ing hi  forming  the  tibial  condyles ;  mediotai-sal  ankle- 
joint;  not  more  than  4  metatarsals,  3  ankylosed  together, 
and  not  more  than  4  digits,  the  plialanges  of  which  are 
usually  2,  3,  4,  or  5  in  number;  the  hind  limb  fitted  as  a 
whole  for  bipedal  locomotion  ;  and  no  teeth  in  any  recent 
forms,  the  jaws  lieing  sheathed  in  horn.  Birds  have  un- 
dergone little  modification  since  their  first  appearance  in 
the  Jurassic  age;  tlieir  classification  is  conseciucntly  dif- 
ficult, and  no  leading  authors  agree  in  detail.  Linnseus 
(1766)  divided  them  into  6  orders:  Accipitres,  Piece,  An- 
seres,  Grallce,  Gallin(r,  and  Pasxeres.  Cuvicr's  arrange- 
ment (1817)  was  similar,  with  the  6  orders  Accipitres, 
Passerinff,  Scansores,  GallinfF,  Grallce,  and  J'ahnii>e4€S. 
A  system  said  to  have  been  originally  proposed  by  Kirby, 
and  formerly  nmch  iu  vogue  among  Knglish  ornithologists, 
recognized  A'a/aN/r*"^*.  Grallatorcs,  Cursores,  Basores, Scan- 
sores,  Imessores.  and  Raptores  as  orders.  Tlie  latest  arti- 
ficial system  is  that  of  Sundevall  (1&72'3),  with  the  orders 
Oscine^i.  Volitcres,  Accipitres,  Gallin(v,  Grallatorcs,  Sata- 
tores,  Proceres,  and  Saunirce,  42  subordinate  groups,  and 
1,229 genera.  In  1S67  Huxley  divided  birds  into  3  orders: 
Saurura-,  Ratitce,  and  Carinatfv :  the  latter  into  4  subor- 
ders, Drotna'o;inath(T,  Schizoiinathce,  Desmognathoe,  and 
A^yithoynathiv,  and  16  superfanilly  gi'oups — an  arrange- 
ment very  tlifferent  from  any  preceding  one.  The  dis- 
covery of  Oiinittornithes,  or  toothed  birds,  led  to  another 
primary  division  by  Marsh  into  Odontolc(V.  Odontotormce, 
and  SaururiT,  this  author  not  extending  his  classification 
to  recent  birds.  In  1S84  Cones  divided  all  birds  into  5 
subclasses  :  (1)  Saurxirce,  with  teeth,  amphica'lous  verte- 
br;e.  carinate  sternum,  separate  metacarpals,  and  long, 
lizard-iike  tall ;  (2)  Odoutotormiv,  with  socketed  teeth,  bi- 
concave vertebrro.  carinate  sternum,  ankylosed  metacar- 
pals, aiul  short  tail ;  (3)  Odontolcee,  with  teeth  in  grooves, 
heteroccclous  vertebra;,  rudimentary  wings,  ratlte  ster- 
num, and  short  tail;  (4)  Batita;  without  teeth,  with  het- 
erociclous  vcrtebne.  ratite  stermmi,  nidimeiitary  wings. 
ankylosvcd  tnetacarpals,  and  short  tail ;  (.'))  Carinatce,  ^vith- 
ont  trcth,  with  heteroeadous  vertebra*,  carinate  sternum, 
devcliiptd  wings,  ankyloscd  metacarpals,  and  short  tail. 
TIu-  (\iriintr<f  include  all  living  birds,  except  the  few  stni- 
tiiiousor  ratite  birds.  For  the  carinate  subclass  or  order, 
some  l.S  or  20  ordinal  or  subordinal  groups  are  now  usually 
adoi>ted.  » >ne  of  these,  Passercs.  includes  a  lai-ge  majority 
of  all  birds.  The  genera  or  subgenera  of  birds  in  use  now 
range  from  about  1,200  to  about  2,000.  The  species  are 
usually  estimated  at  about  10,000.  See  bird  and  Savrop- 
>rida.  • 

Avesta  (a-ves'tii),  h.  The  sacred  writings  at- 
tributed to  Zoroaster.     See  Zend-Avesta. 


Wing-shell  (yivicu/a  ht'ntttdo). 


Avestan 

Avestan  (a-ves'tnn),  a.  and  n.  [<  Avcsta  +  -an.] 
I,  n.  liclonRiiiK  to  the  Avpsta. 
II.  II.  The  language  of  tho  Avesta  ;  Zond. 

avestruz  (a-vcs-tiiiz'),  «.  [Pg.,  also  ahe.ttru:,  = 
S|i.  tir(stni-,  ostrich:  soo  ontrirli.']  A  iiaiiio 
of  tli(>  Soutli  Amovican  ostrich,  h'ltea  amcriciina. 

aviador  (av"i-a-d6i''),  n.  [Amer.  Sp.,  <  Sp. 
aviar,  to  provide  articles  for  a  joui-ncy,  pre- 
pare, <  rt  (<  L.  ad),  to,  +  via,  <  L.  via,  way, 
road:  see  na.]  One  who  furnishes  to  the  pro- 
prietor of  a  mine  money  and  supplies  for  work- 
ing it. 

Mineral  aviadores.  or  providers  of  goods  and  provisions, 
which  they  obtained  on  credit. 

Quoted  in  Mmvry's  Arizona  and  Sonora,  p.  126. 

avian  (a'^'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  avis,  a  bird,  + 
-((».]  I.  rt.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Aves,  or  birds ; 
ornitliic. 

The  lurculum  is  distinctly  avian. 

0.  C.  Marsh,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  313. 
Avian  anatomy.    See  anatomy. 

It.  71.  A  member  of  the  class  A'es;  a  bird: 
as,  "this  ancient  avian,"  Coues. 
aviary  (a'vi-a-ri),  11. ;  pi.  aviaries  (-riz).  [<  L. 
aviariiim,  an  aviary,  neut.  of  aviarius,  of  birds, 
<  avis,  bird :  see  Aves."]  A  large  cage,  building, 
or  inclosure  in  which  birds  are  reared  or  kept. 
avicula  (a-'S'ik'u-la),  «.  [L.,  dim.  of  avis,  a 
bird.J  1.  A  little  bird;  hence,  any  ungrown 
bird ;  a  nest- 
ling,   fledgling, 


or     chick. —  2. 

[c«j).]       [NL. : 

in    allusion    to 

the      wing-like 

expansion       of 

the  hinge.]     In 

conch.,  a  genus  of  bivalve  moUusks,  typical  of 

the  faraUy  Avicididic  ;  the  wing-shells.     A.  ki- 

riindn  is  the  t\iie. 

avicular  (a-vik'u-liir),  a.  [<  L.  avicularitis,  n., 
a  bird-keeper,  prop,  adj.,  pertaining  to  birds,  < 
0!'('c!(to,  a  little  bird:  see  oricH^rt.]  Pertaining 
to  birds.     Thomas,  Med.  Diet. 

avicularia,  n.     Plural  of  avimdarium. 

avicularian  (a-vik-u-la'ri-an),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  an  avicularium. 

avicularium  (a-\'ik-u-la'ri-um),  )!.  ;  pi.  avicu- 
laria (-a).  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  aricidariu.':,  adj.: 
see  avicular.']  In  ::ool.,  a  singular  small  pre- 
hensile process,  resembling  a  bird's  head,  with 
a  movable  mandible,  which  snaps  incessantly, 
f  oimd  in  many  of  the  Folysoa.  Compare  flabel- 
larium,  vibracularium. 

In  the  avicularia,  a  large  adductor  muscle  which  takes 
its  origin  from  the  greater  part  of  the  inner  surface  of  the 
liead  is  attached  by  a  slender  tendon  to  the  mandible. 

Huxlcij,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  393. 

aviculid  (a-vik'u-lid),  n.  A  bivalve  of  the  fam- 
ily Aricididw. 

Aviculidae  (av-i-kii'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Avicu- 
la +  -ida'.]  A  family  oi^  lamellibranehs,  with 
oblique  inequivalvo  shells,  having  an  outer 
prismatic  cellular  layer  and  inner  nacreous 
layer,  a  small  byssus-secreting  foot,  and  com- 
pletely open  mantle.  There  are  several  genera  be- 
sides .\viciUa,  the  type,  among  them  Meleagrina.  which 
contains  tile  famous  pearl-mussel,  iV.  ■margaritifera.  of 
tlie  Indian  ocean  and  Persian  gulf  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
See  cut  under  avicula. 

aviculoid  (a-vik'u-loid),  a.  [<  Avicula  +  -oid.] 
Resembling  the  Aviculidie:  as,  "an  aviculoid 
shell,"  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXXI.  140. 

Aviculopecten  (a-vik"ii-lo-pek'ten),  n.     [NL., 

<  Aficula  +  I'ecten.]  A  genus  of  fossil  bivalve 
moUusks:  so  called  because  it  combines  char- 
acters of  the  genera  Aricida  and  Pecten.  Spe- 
cies occm-  in  the  Siliu'ian  and  Carboniferous 
rocks. 

aviculture  (a'vi-kul-tur),  n.  [<  L.  avis,  a  bird, 
+  cuUura,  culture.]  The  care  of  birds;  the 
rearing  or  keeping  of  birds  in  domestication  or 
caj)tivity. 

avid  (av'id),  a.     [<  L.  avidus,  greedy,  eager, 

<  avere,  wish.     Cf.  avarice.]      Eager;  greedy. 
Avid  of  gold,  yet  greedier  of  renown.  Soutkey. 
The  voluptuous  soul  of  Mirabeau  was  not  more  avid  of 

pleasure  than  the  vain,  ambitious  soul  of  Robespierre  was 
I'f  applause.  G.  II.  Lcwf!i,  Robespierre,  p.  1'.24. 

avidioust  (a-vid'i-us),  a.  [Expanded  form  for 
"avidous,  <  L.  avidus:  see  avid.]  Same  as 
avid:  as,  "avidious  greedinesse,"  Sp.  Bale, 
Select  Works  (1849),  p.  418. 

avidiouslyt  (a-vid'i-us-li),  adv.  In  an  a\"id  or 
avidious  manner;  eagerly;  \vith  gi'eediness. 

Nothing  is  more  avidifmdy  desired  than  is  tlie  sweet 
peace  of  (Jod.  />/).  UaU\  Image  of  tile  Two  Clnirches. 

avidity  (a-viil'i-ti),  n.  [<  l'\  avidiW,  <  L.  avidi- 
ta(t-)s,  <  avidus,  greedy,  eager:  see  avid.]     1. 


emulation,  emulously:  see 


300 

flroedine-ss ;  strong  appetite  :  applied  to  the 
senses. —  2.  Eagenioss;  intonseness  of  desire  : 
applied  to  the  mind. 

Avidity  to  know  the  causes  of  tilings  is  the  parent  of 
all  pliilijsophy.  Rcid. 

-Syn.  2.  Earnt'ittnfss,  Zeal,  eic.     9,ktii  eagermuta. 
aviet  (a-vi'),  prep.  jihr.   as  adv.     [<  «•*  +  vie, 
after  V.  a  I'cnvi,  in  oi 
vie.]    Emulously 

They  strive  avic  one  witli  another  in  variety  of  colours. 

Holland. 

aviewt  (a-vii'),  r.  f.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ad- 
view,  advewc,  <  late  ME.  avewc,  <  «-,  ad-,  + 
vewe,  view.  Cf.  OF.  avucr,  aveucr,  follow  with 
the  eye  {aveument,  a  view),  <  a,  to,  +  vuc,  view, 
sight.]  To  view  or  inspect;  survey;  recon- 
noiter. 

avifauna  (a'vi-fa-na),  »!.;  T^\.  avifauna:  (-ne). 
[NL.,  <  L.  avis,  a  bird  (see  Aves),  +  fauna,  q. 
v.]  1.  A  collective  name  for  the  birds  of  any 
given  locality  or  geographical  area  ;  the  fauna 
of  a  region  or  district  so  far  as  conceras  birds. 
— 2.  A  treatise  upon  the  birds  of  a  given  re- 
gion. 

avifauna!  (a'vi-fa-nal),  a.  [<  avifauna.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  avifauna. 

aviform  (a'vi-form),  a.  [<  L.  avis,  a  bird,  -I- 
fornia,  form.]  Bird-shaped ;  having  the  struc- 
ture characteristic  of  the  class  Aves ;  avian,  in 
a  morphological  sense. 

Avignon  berry.    See  bernjK 

avilet  (a-vil'),  V.  t.  [ME.  avilcn,  <  OF.  aviler, 
V.  avilir  =  Pr.  Sp.  avilar  =  It.  avvilire,  avvilare, 
<  L.  as  if  *advilare,  *advilire,  <  ad,  to,  +  vilis, 
vile :  see  vile.]  To  make  vile ;  treat  as  ■^■ile  ; 
depreciate;  debase. 

Want  makes  us  know  tlie  price  of  what  we  avile. 

B.  Joiuson,  Prince  Henry's  Barriers. 

avilementt,  n.  [<  OF.  avilcment  (mod.  F.  avilis- 
scinent):  see  oiv7c  and -me«/.]  The  act  of  ren- 
dering vile,  or  of  treating  as  vile. 

avine  (a'vin),  a.  [<  L.  avis,  a  bird,  +  -ine'^.] 
Same  as  avian. 

avireptilian  (a,"vi-rep-til'i-an),  a.      [<  L.  avis, 
bird,   -t-  rcjitilis,  reptile,  +  -an.]     Combining 
avian  and  reptilian  characters ;  sauropsidan, 
as  a  bird.     [Rare.] 
The  head  is  in  a  stage  of  avi~reptilian  transition. 

R.  W.  Shvfddt,  in  The  Century,  XiXI.  355. 

avist,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  advice. 
avisandt,  rt.     Advising;  gi^ang  advice, 
avisanduin,  ".     See  avizandum. 
aviset,  ».  and  V.    An  obsolete  form  of  advice, 

advise. 
avised  (a-vlsf),  a.     [Sc,  prop.  *viscd,  <  F.  vis, 

face,  -t-  -ed-,  with  unorig.  a-  developed  in  comp.] 

Faced:  only  in  composition:  as,  black-ai'iicr?, 

dark-complexioned;     l&ng-avised,    long-faced. 

[Scotch.] 
avisefult  (a-viz'fiil),  rt.    [Also  avizefidl;  <  avise, 

=  (idrise,  +  -ful.]     Circumspect.     Sj^enser. 
aviselyt,  ade.    Advisedly.     Chaucer. 
avisementt  (a-viz'ment),  n.     Obsolete  form  of 

adfisemcnt. 

I  think  there  never 
Marriage  was  managed  with  a  more  avisenwnt. 

B.  Jonson,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ii.  1. 

avisiont,  "•  [ME.,  also  avisiun,  -oun,  <  OF.  avi- 
sioii,  arisiun  (=  Pr.  avision),  for  vision;  confused 
with  rtc/«,  advice,  counsel.]     Vision.     Chaucer. 

avisot,  (I.     [<  Sp.  rt,CTS0,  advice,  etc. :  seeadvice.] 

1.  Advice;  intelligence. 

I  liad  yours,  .  .  .  and  besides  your  avisos,  I  must  thank 
you  for  the  rich  tlourislies  wherewith  your  letter  was  em- 
broidered. Howell,  Letters,  ii.  OS. 
I  am  no  footpost, 
No  pedlar  of  avisos.        Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  i.  1. 

2.  An  advice-  or  despatch-boat. 

avital  (av'i-tal),  a.     [<  L.  avitus,  pertaining  to 
a  grandfather  (<  anis,  a  grandfather),  +  -nL] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  grandfather;  ancestral. 
I  sneered  just  now  at  avital  simplicity. 

C.  lieade,  Love  me  Little,  etc.,  xi. 

avivage  (a-\'i-viizh'),  n.  In  dijeing,  the  process 
of  clearing  a  fabric  of  superfluous  coloring 
matter  after  it  has  left  the  vats,  and  of  re\'iv- 
ing  and  brightening  the  colors. 

When  the  dyeing  process  is  continued  for  nu)re  than  six 
hours  the  colours  produced  stand  clearing  (avivage)  less 
well  than  when  the  time  has  been  shorter. 

Crookes,  Dyeing  and  Calico-printing,  p.  301. 

avizandum  (av-i-zan'dum),  n.  [Law  L.,  also 
arisandum,  gerund  of  avisare,  <  F.  aviser,  con- 
sider, advise :  see  advise.]  In  Scols  law,  private 
consideration.  To  make  avizandum  witli  a  cause  is  to 
rcnmve  it  fitmi  the  pul)lic  court  tti  tlie  private  considcra- 
i'uni  of  tlie  judge.     Also  spclleii  aeusaiittiDii. 

avize^t)  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  advise. 


Avocado,  or  Allipalor-peal 
{Ptrsea  i.'fatiixima). 


avoid 

Avize-  (a-vez'),  n.  A  sparkling  wine  named 
from  the  village  of  Avize,  in  the  department  of 
Marnc,  Frniico.     See  champnijue. 

avocado (av-o-kii'do),  n.  [Corrupted  from  Mex- 
ican name.]  The  alligator-pear,  the  fruit  of 
I'ersea  fp'alissima,  nat- 
ural order  Lauracew,  a 
tree  common  in  trop- 
ical America  and  the 
West  IniUes.  it  is  from 
1  to  2  pounds  in  weiglit,  is 
pear.sliaped,  of  a  brownisli- 
grecn  or  purjile  color,  and 
is  highly  esteemed,  thougli 
rather  as  a  vegetable  than  as 
afruit.  The  pulp  is  firm  antl 
marrow-like,  whence  the 
fruit  is  sometimes  known  as 
vegetable  marrow  or  mid- 
shipmen's butter.  The  oil 
is  said  to  be  equal  to  palm- 
oil  for  soap.  The  tree  is  sm 
evergreen,  growing  to  the 
heiglit  of  30  feet.  Also  avo- 
cfrto,  avigato. 

avocat  (av-o-kii'),  n. 
[F.,  <  L.  advoculus: 
see  udvocalc,  j?.]     An  advocate;  a  lavryer. 

avocate  (av'o-kat),  1'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  avo- 
catcd,  ppr.  avocaiing.  [<  L.  avncaius,  pp.  of 
avocare,  call  away,  <  a  for  ab,  away,  +  vocare, 
call:  see  I'oice  and  r-ocal.]  If.  To  call  off  or 
away. 

One  .  .  .  who  avocateth  his  mind  from  other  occupa- 
tions. Barrow,  "Works,  III.  xxii. 

2.  To  remove  authoritatively  from  an  inferior 
to  a  superior  court.     [Archaic] 

Seeing  .  .  .  the  cause  avoeated  to  Rome. 

Lord  Herbert,  Hen.  VIII.,  p.  259. 

avocation  (av-o-ka'shon),  n.   [<  L.  avocaiio{n-), 

a  calling  off,  inteiTuption,  <   avocare,  call  off: 

see  arocate.]     If.  The  act  of  calling  aside  or 

diverting  from  some  object  or  emploj-ment. 

God  does  frequently  inject  into  the  soul  blessed  im- 
pulses to  duty,  and  powerful  avocations  from  sin.     South. 

2.  The  authoritative  removal  of  a  ease  or  pro- 
cess from  an  inferior  to  a  superior  court. 

The  pope's  avocation  of  the  process  to  Rome,  by  which 
his  duplicity  and  alienation  from  the  king's  side  were 
made  evident,  and  the  disgl'ace  of  Wolsey,  took  place  in 
the  sunmier  of  1529.  Hallam. 

3t.  The  state  of  being  called,  or  of  wandering 
aside  or  away ;  a  diversion  of  the  thoughts. 
If  not  from  virtue,  from  its  gravest  ways, 
The  soul  witli  pleasing  avocation  strays. 

I'arnell,  To  an  Old  Beauty. 

Hence — 4.  That  which  calls  one  away  from 
one's  proper  business;  a  subordinate  or  occa- 
sional occupation ;  a  diversion  or  distraction. 

Heaven  is  his  vocation,  and  therefore  he  counts  earthly 
employments  avocations.  Fuller,  Holy  State,  iv.  9. 

Visits,  business,  cards,  and  I  loiow  not  how  many  other 
avoentitins  ...  do  succeed  one  another  so  thick,  that  in 
tile  day  there  is  no  time  left  for  the  distracted  person  to 
converse  with  his  own  thoughts. 

Boyle,  Occasional  Reflections,  ii.  6. 
5.  A  person's  regular  business  or  occupation; 
vocation;  calling.  [An  improper  though  com- 
mon use  of  the  word.] 

Does  it  not  require  time  for  an  individual,  thrust  out  of 
one  avocation,  to  gain  admittance  to  another'? 

Godwin,  The  Enquirer,  p.  196. 
Tlie  ancient  avocation  of  picking  pockets. 

Sydney  Smith. 
In  a  few  hours,  above  thirty  thousand  men  left  his  stan- 
dard, and  returned  to  their  ordinary  avocations. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 
The  wandering  avocation  of  a  shepherd. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  II.  i. 

avocativet  (a-vok'a-tiv),  rt.  and  n.    [<  arocate  + 

-ire.    Cf.  vocative.]"  I.  a.  Calling  off.   Smollett. 

II.  n.    That  which  calls  aside;  a  dissuasive. 

Incentives  to  virtue,  and  avocatives  from  vice. 

Barrow,  The  Creed. 

avocato  (av-o-ka'to),  n.     Same  as  arocado. 

avocatory  (a-vok'a-to-ri),  rt.  [<  arocate  +  -ory.] 
Calling  off ;  recalling —  Letters  avocatory,  letters 
by  whicdi  tlie  subjects  of  a  sovereign  are  recalled  from  a 
foreign  state  with  which  he  is  at  war,  or  yhich  bill  tliem 
abstain  or  desist  from  illegal  acts. 

avocet,  ".     See  avoset. 

Avoce'tta  (av-o-sct'a),  II.  [NL. :  see  avoset.] 
1.  A  genus  of  birds,  tlio  avosets:  a  synonjnu 
of  Heeurrirostra  (which  see).  Bris.^on,  1760. 
See  cut  under  aro.trt. —  2.  A  genus  of  hum- 
raing-liirds.    Agassiz.     Also  Avoccttula. 

Avogadro's  law.    See  law. 

avoid  (a-void'),  V.  [<  ME.  avoiden,  arot/den,  < 
AF.  avoider,  OF.  esvuidier,  esveudicr,  empty  out, 
<  fs-  (<  L.  ex,  out)  -f-  ruidier,  veudier,  <  L.  vidiiare, 
empty,  <  viduus,  empty:  see  void,  a.,  which  has 
inllueuccd  avoid  in  some  of  its  senses.]  I. 
Iraiis.  1.  To  make  void;  annul;  make  of  no 
effect:  chiefly  used  in  legal  pkraseology :  as, 


avoid 

this  grant  cannot  be  avoided  without  injustice 
to  the  grantee. —  Z\.  To  empty. 

Avoyd  thou  till  treiichere.  Babces  Book,  p.  2:j. 

3t.  To  eject ;  throw  out ;  drive  out. 

And  yf  he  ntun/iltt  hum  [swhie  Roins  at  larse]  not,  or  put 
hem  in  warde,  at't' w.irning  made,  .  .  .  he  that  is  so  in  de- 
fault to  pave  the  peyne  reherced. 

Unglijih  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  398. 

A  toad  contains  not  tliose  urinary  parts  ...  to  avoiii 
that  serous  excretion.  .iir  T.  linnent,  Vulg.  Err. 

4t.  To  quit;  evacuate;  depart  from. 

And  then  the  both  maires  to  chauriRe  tlieir  places,  then 
to  anoid  the  lialle.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  418. 

Avoid  the  gallery.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIH.,  v.  1. 

That  prince  should  connnand  him  to  avoid  the  country. 

Bacon. 

5.  To  shun;  keep  away  from;  eschew:  as,  to 
ai'Oid  expense,  danger,  or  bad  company. 

The  best  way  to  avoid  controversies  about  words  is  to 
use  words  in  their  proper  senses. 

Macaulay,  Sadler's  Ref.  Refuted. 

6t.  To  get  rid  of;  get  out  or  clear  of. 

I  will  no  longer  endure  it,  though  yet  I  know  no  wise 
remedy  how  to  avoid  it.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  1. 

=  Syn.  5.  To  escape,  elude,  evade,  keep  clear  of. 

Il.t  ill  trans.  1.  To  become  void,  vacant,  or 
empty. 

Bishopricks  are  not  included  under  benefices :  so  that  if 
a  person  takes  a  bishoprick,  it  does  not  avoid  by  force  of 
that  law  of  pluralities,  but  by  the  ancient  common  law. 

Ayliffe,  Parergon. 
2.  To  retire ;  withdraw. 

David  avoided  out  of  his  presence.  1  Sam.  xviii.  11. 

Avoid,  my  soul's  vexation  !    Satan,  hence! 

B.  Jotison,  Case  is  Altered,  iv.  4. 

Let  him  avoid,  then. 
And  leave  our  walk. 

Flvtcher  and  RowUij,  Maid  in  the  Slill,  i.  1. 

a'VOidable  (a-voi'da-bl),  a.     [<  avoid  +  -a1i1c.'\ 

1.  Liable  to  be  annulled  or  to  become  void; 
voidable.  [Rare.] — 2.  Capable  of  being  avoid- 
ed, sliunnod,  escaped,  or  prevented. 

a'VOidably  (a-voi'da-bli),  adv.  In  an  avoidable 
manner. 

a'VOidance  (a-voi'dans),  ».  [<  ME.  aroidauiu'c, 
(ivi}id(iii.s :  <  avoid  +  -aiicc.'\  1.  The  act  of  an- 
nulling or  making  void ;  annulment. 

The  obsequious  clergy  of  J'rance  .  .  .  pronounced  at 
once  the  avoidance  of  the  marriage. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  ix.  4. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming,  or  the  state  of  being, 
vacant;  especially,  the  state  of  a  benefice  when 
it  becomes  void  by  death,  deprivation,  resigna- 
tion, or  preferment  of  the  incumbent ;  vacancy. 

Wolsey,  ...  on  every  avoidance  of  St.  Peter's  chair, 
was  sitting  down  thereon,  when  suddenly  some  one  or 
other  clapped  in  before  him.  Fuller, 

3.  The  act  of  avoiding  or  shunning  anything 
disagreeable  or  unwelcome. —  4t.  A  retiring 
from  or  leaving  a  place. —  5t.  An  emptying 
out;  that  by  which  a  fluid  is  carried  off;  an 
outlet. 

Avoidani;\^  and  drainings  of  water.  Bacon. 

Confession  and  avoidance.  See  confession.—  Plea  in 
avoidance,  in  lau;  a  plea  which,  without  denying  the 
plaintilf's  allegation,  sets  up  some  new  fact  evading  its 
etfcct,  as  where  the  plaintilf  alleges  a  debt  and  the  tie- 
fendant  pleads  a  release  in  avoidance. 

a'voider  (a-voi'dfer),  n.  1.  One  who  avoids, 
shuns,  or  escapes. 

Good  sir,  steal  aw.iy :  you  were  wont  to  be  a  curious 
asoider  of  women's  company. 

Bean,  and  Ft.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  iv.  1. 

2t.  That  which  empties. 

a'VOidless  (.a-void'les),  a.  [<  avoid  +  -less.] 
That  cannot  be  avoided;  inevitable:  a,s,"avoid- 
/f.«  ruin,"  Dennis,  Letters.     [Rare.] 

a'VOir.     .-^n  abbreviation  of  avoirdupois. 

avoirdupois  (av"or-du-poiz'),  «•  [Prop,  arer- 
dcpots,  early  mod.  E.  averdepois,  avcrdupois, 
havcrdiipois,  -poise,  <  ME.  aver  dc  poi:,  avoir  de 
pais,  aver  de peis  (later  also  -paise,  -jia.se),  <  OF. 
aver  de  pes,  avcir  de  peis  (equiv.  to  ML.  averia 
pouderis),  lit.,  goods  of  weight:  aver,  goods  (see 
orei-2) ;  de,  <  L.  de,  of ;  pies,  peis,  later  pois  (mod. 
F.  poids,  by  mistaken  reference  to  L.  pondus, 
weight)  =  Pr.  ^yes,  pens  =  It.  peso,  <  L.  pen- 
sum,  weight,  <  pendere,  weigh:  see  poise,  2>cn- 
dant.]  I.  A  system  of  weight  in  which  one 
pound  contains  16  oimces.  It  was  introduced  into 
England  from  Bayonne  about  A.  P.  130O,  and  is  subst;intial- 
ly  tile  Spanish  system.  In  avoirdupois  weight  7,000  troy 
grains  (formerly,  and  now  in  the  United  States,  approxi- 
mately, but  in  Great  Britain  exactly)  make  a  pound,  while 
in  troy  weight  the  pound  contains  5,700  grains,  the  grain 
being  the  same  in  both  cases ;  hence,  175  iiounds  troy  are 
equal  to  144  pounds  avoirdupois.  The  pound  avoirdupois 
is  tile  standard  weight  of  Great  Britain,  and  is  e<|ual  to 
453.0  grams  in  the  i-'ieiich  metric  system,  .\voirdupois 
weight  is  used  in  determining  the  weights  of  all  commodi- 


397 

tics  except  gems  and  the  precious  metnla.  It  Is  recltoncd 
as  follows : 

Cwt.      Qrs.      Pounds.     Ounces.        Dramii. 
1  ton  =  20  =  80  =  2240  =  36840  =  673440 

1  hundredweight  =    4  =    112  =    1792  =    28672 
1  (luarter  =      28  =      448  =      7108 

1  pound  =        18  =        2.'J6 

1  (Mince  =  10 

In  the  United  States  the  hundredweight  is  now  commonly 
liw  (lounils,  and  the  ton  2,000  pounds,  called  the  short  ton 
in  distinction  from  the  long  ton  of  2,240  pounds. 
2.  TliG  weight  of  anything  according  to  the 
avoirdupois  system  :  as,  his  avoirdupois  was  l.'JO 
pounds.     [Colloq.] 

Also  written  averdupois,  and  often  abbrevi- 
ated to  avoir,  and  avdj). 

avoket  (a-v6k'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  avocare,  call  away: 
see  iivorute.  C'f.  convolve,  evoke,  invoke,  provoke, 
revoke.]     To  call  away  or  back.     ISp.  Burnet. 

avolatet  fav'o-lat),  r.  i.  [<  L.  avolalu.i,  pp.  of 
avolare,  (ly  away,  <  a  for  06,  away,  +  volare,  fly: 
sooro^/H*.]     Tofly off ;  escape;  exhale.    Jloijlc. 

avolationt  (av-o-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  'avola- 
tio{ii-),  <.  avolare :  seeavolate.]  The  act  of  fly- 
ing away;  flight;  escape;  exhalation;  evapora- 
tion. 

The  avolaiion  of  the  faviUous  particles. 

Sir  T.  Ilroinic,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  22. 

avoli  (ii-vo'le),  n.  [It.]  In  <jla,^:s-hlou'ing,  espe- 
cially in  Venetian  work,  the  small  circular  piece 
which  covers  the  junction  of  tho  bowl  and  the 
stem  in  a  drinking-glass. 

avoncet,  v.  Variant  of  avance^,  obsolete  form 
of  advance. 

avoset,  avocet  (av'o-set),  n.  [^Vlso  as  NL. 
avocetla,  avoseUa  ;  <  F.  avocette  =  It.  avoeetta  = 
Sp.  avoceta;  origin  uncertain.]  1.  A  bird  of 
the  genus  Recurvirostra,  family  Rceurviroslrida:, 
and  order  Limicola;  cliaracterized  by  extreme 


European  Avoset  {Keirur^'iroitra  arvcetta"). 

slendemess  and  upward  curvature  of  the  bill, 
and  by  very  long  legs  and  webbed  toes,  in  the 
latter  characteristic  it  differs  from  most  wadiiiu' birds.  Its 
length  is  from  15  to  Is  inches  from  the  tip  of  the  bill  to 
the  end  of  the  tail,  and  its  coloration  is  chielly  black  and 
white,  the  legs  being  blue.  Several  spcides  are  described. 
The  avoset  of  Europe  is  R.  avoeetta;  that  of  the  United 
States  is  R.  americana,  distinguished  by  the  chestnut- 
brown  coloration  of  the  liead.  The  former  is  sometimes 
called  the  scooper  or  scooping  avoset. 
2.  A  humming-bird  of  the  genus  Avoeetta. 
avouch  (a-voucli'),  r.     [<  ME.  avouclicn  (rare). 

<  AF.  advoneher,  OF.  avochicr,  avochcr,  a  part- 
ly restored  form,  after  the  L.,  of  avoer,  avouer, 
aiiirm,  declare,  avow,  orig.  call  upon  to  defend, 

<  L.  advocare:  see  advocate,  avow^,  and  vouch.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  affirm  or  acknowledge  openly ; 
declare  or  assert  with  positiveness;  proclaim. 

Thou  liast  avouched  the  Loni  this  day  to  be  thy  God  : 
.  .  .  And  the  Lord  liatli  awwc/oif  thcc  this  day  to  be  ills 
peculiar  people.  Ucut.  xxvi.  17,  18. 

Neither  indeed  would  I  h.ave  thought  that  any  such  an- 
tiquities could  have  been  avouched  for  the  Irish. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

It  this  which  he  avouches  docs  appear. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  5. 

I  speak  what  history  avouches,  that  the  mechanics,  as  a 
class,  were  prime  agents  in  all  the  measures  of  the  revolu- 
tion. Everett,  Orations,  I.  303. 

2.  To  admit,  confess,  or  avow. 

The  first  time  that  I  have  heard  one  with  a  beard  on  his 
lip  avouch  himself  a  coward.  Scoff,  Hetrolhcd,  iii. 

Jlilton  in  his  prose  works  freiiueutly  ncoi/c/ics  the  pecu- 
liar alfection  to  the  Italian  literature  and  language  which 
lie  bore.  ^ 

Trench.  Eng.  P.ist  and  Present,  iii.  119.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  maintain,  vindicate,  or  justify;  make 
good;  answer  for;  establish;  guarantee;  sub- 
stantiate. 


avowal 

What  I  have  said 
I  will  avouch,  in  presence  of  the  king. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 
We  might  be  disposed  to  question  its  authenticity  if  it 
were  not  avouched  Ijy  the  full  evidence  in  it.s  favour. 

Milnian,  Latin  Christianity,  iv.  7. 

4f .  To  appeal  to,  or  cite  as  proof  or  wan-ant : 
as,  to  avouch  the  authorities  on  any  subject. 

II.  intrans.  To  give  assurance  or  guaranty; 
vouch:  as,  "lean  avouch  for  her  rexiutation," 
Defoe,  Mrs.  Veal. 

avoucllt(a-vouch'),n.  [(.avouch, v.]  Evidence; 
testimony;  assurance. 

Without  the  sensible  and  true  avouch 

(If  mine  own  eyes.  ,Shak.,  Ilamlct,  i.  I. 

avouchable  (a-vou'cha-bl),  a.  [<  avouch  + 
-able.]     Capable  of  being  avouched. 

avoucher  (a-vou'cher),  n.    One  who  avouches. 

avouchment  (a-voueh'mcnt),  n.  [<  avouch  -4- 
-ment.]  Tho  act  of  avouching;  declaration; 
avowal;  acknowledgment. 

By  laying  the  foundation  of  llis  defence  on  the  avouch- 
ment of  that  which  is  so  manifestly  untrue,  he  liatli  given 
a  worse  foil  to  his  own  cause  than  when  his  wlicde  forces 
were  at  any  time  overthrown.       Milton,  Eikonoklaates,  i, 

avou6  (a-vii-a'),  "•  [F.,  <  OF.  avouc  (pp.  of 
avouer,  avoer),  <  Jj.advocatus,  advocate,  patron: 
see  avowee,  advowee,  and  advocate.]  In  France, 
originally,  a  protector  of  a  church  or  religious 
community;  now,  a  ministerial  officer  whoso 
duty  it  is  to  represent  parties  before  the  tribu- 
nals and  to  draw  up  acts  of  procedure, 
avouret,  »■  See  avower'^. 
avoutert,  avouterert,  etc.  See  advouter,  etc. 
avow^  (a-vou'),  !'.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  affBow, 
sifter  the  L. ;  <  ME.  avowen,  avoucn,  <  OF.  avouer, 
avoer  =  Pr.  avoar,  <  L.  advocare,  call  to,  call 
upon,  hence  to  call  as  a  witness,  defender, 
patron,  or  advocate,  own  as  such:  see  avouch 
(from  later  OF.)  and  advoke  and  advocate  (di- 
rectly from  L.),  doublets  of  avotv'^.  This  verb, 
in  E.  and  F.,  was  partly  confused  with  the  now 
olisoleto  avoic- ;  cf.  the  similar  confusion  of  al- 
low^ and  allow^.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  own  or  ac- 
knowledge obligation  or  relation  to,  as  a  per- 
son: as,  he  avowed  him  for  his  sou. —  2t.  To 
sanction;  approve. — 3.  To  declare  openly,  of- 
ten with  a  view  to  justify,  maintain,  or  defend: 
as,  to  avow  one's  principles. 

If  there  be  one  amongst  the  fair'st  of  Greece  .  .  . 

That  loves  his  mistress  more  than  in  confession,  .  .  . 

And  dare  avow  her  beauty  and  her  worth 

lu  other  arms  than  hers  — to  him  this  challenge. 

Shak.,  T.  and  0.,  i.  3. 

"Water,  verdure,  and  a  beautiful  face,"  says  an  old 

Arab  proverb,  "  are  three  things  which  ilelight  the  heart," 

and  the  Syrians  avow  that  all  three  are  to  be  found  in 

Damascus.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  120. 

4.  Specifically,  in  law,  to  acknowledge  and 
justify,  as  when  the  distrainer  of  goods  de- 
fends in  an  action  of  replevin,  and  avoics  the 
taking,  but  insists  that  such  taking  was  legal. 
See  avowri/,  1. — 5.  To  admit  or  confess  open- 
ly or  frankly;  acknowledge;  omi:  «s,  to  avow 
one's  self  a  convert. 

Left  to  myself,  I  must  avow,  I  strove 
From  public  shame  to  screen  my  secret  love.  Drydcn. 
=  Syn.  3.  To  affirm,  assert,  profess.— 6.  Admit,  Con/ess, 
etc.     See  acknowledge. 

II.  intrans.  In  laiv,  to  justify  or  maintain  an 
act  done,  specifically  a  distress  for  rent  taken 
in  one's  own  right.  jV.  E.  D. 
avOW^t  (a-vou'),  «.  [<  aioicl,  r.]  An  avowal; 
a  bold  declaration.  Dryden. 
avow-t  (a-vou'),  r.  [Eai-ly  mod.  E.,  also  advow 
(after  the  L.);  <  ME.  avowen.  avouen,  <  OF. 
avouer,  avoer,  later  advoucr,  <  ML.  as  if  'advo- 
tare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -I-  ML.  votare,  vow,  >  Pr.  vodar 
=  OF.  roer,  voucr,  >  E.  row,  q.  v.  This  verb  was 
partly  confused  with  acoicl,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  bind  with  a  vow. —  2.  To  devote  or  dedicate 
by  a  vow;  vow. —  3.  To  vow  to  do  or  keep; 
promise;  undertake. 

II.  intrans.  To  bind  one's  self  by  a  vow; 
make  a  vow ;  vow. 

avffw'-t  (a-vou'),  n.  [ME.  avoice,  avou ;  from 
tho  verb.]     Avow;  a  promise. 

I  make  avowe  to  my  God  here. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  93. 
I  will  make  mine  avow  to  do  her  as  ill  a  turn. 

Marriage  of  Sir  Gawaync. 

avowable  (a-vou' a-bl),  a.  [<  aroirl  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  "avowed  or  openly  acknow- 
ledged with  confidence. 

avo'wably  (a-vou'a-bli),  adv.  In  an  avowable 
manner.     Imp.  Diet. 

avowal  (a-vou'al),  V.  [<  avow^  +  -al.]  An 
open  declaration;  a  frank  acknowledgment. 

llis  .  .  .  atoiraf  of  such  .  .  .  principles. 

ItwiK,  Uist.  Eng.,  an.  1628. 


avowance 

avowance  (a-vou'ans),  «.  [<  nmw^  +  -ancc.'] 
1.  The  act  of  avowing;  avowal. —  2f.  Justifi- 
cation; defense;  vintlication. 

Tiui  my  arowaucc  of  kiiig-iiuinlering  be  collected  from 
jiiiytliiii^'  Iktc  written  by  me?  Fuller. 

avowant  (a-vou'ant),  n.  [<  nioicl  +  -an/l.]  In 
law,  the  defomlant  in  replevin,  who  avows  the 
distress  of  the  goods,  and  justifies  the  taking. 

avowed  (a-voud'),  7).  a.    Declared;  open. 

I  was  tliine  open,  thine  avoiccd  enemy.  Mtusiiujer, 

avowedly  (a-vou'ed-li),  adv.  In  an  avowed  or 
ii).!!!  iiiaiinor;  with  frank  acknowledgment. 

avoweet,  «•    [Also  adrowcc,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  arowe, 

<  OF.  avoiie  (see  avoue),  earlier  avoe,  <  L.  advo- 
aitiis:  see  advowee,  advocate.']  An  advocate 
or  patron;  in  law,  same  as  advowee. 

avower^  (a-vou'er),  n.     [<  avow'^  +  -erl.]     One 

who  avows,  owns,  or  asserts. 

avower-t,   «•      [Also  advower,  avoure;  <  OF. 

ai'o!(£r,  iii.  usedasanoim:  seenooioi.]  Avowal. 

lie  bad  him  stand  t'  abide  the  bitter  stoure 

Of  liis  sore  vengeauuce,  or  to  make  avoure. 

.Spenser,  F.  Q,,  VI.  iii.  48. 

avowry  (a-vou'ri),  n.  [<  ME.  avowerie,  avou- 
crle,  acknowledgment,  authority,  <  OF.  avouerie, 
avoerie,  <  avoticr,  avoer,  avow:  see  rtiioirl  and 
-rtj.']  1.  In  old  law',  the  act  of  the  distrainer  of 
goods,  who,  in  an  action  of  replevin,  avowed  and 
justified  the  taking  by  maintaining  that  he  took 
them  in  his  own  right :  thus  distinguished  from 
co(ini:ance,  which  was  the  defense  of  one  who 
maintained  that  he  took  them  in  the  right  of 
another  as  his  bailiff  or  ser\'ant. — 2t.  A  patron 
saint  chosen  for  one's  advocacy  in  heaven: 
often  applied  to  a  picture  or  representation  of 
the  patron  saint,  and  hence  the  cognizance  by 
which  a  knight  was  known,  because  the  repre- 
sentation of  his  patron  saint  borne  on  his  pen- 
non became  such  a  cognizance. 

Therefore  away  with  these  avotvrien;  let  God  alone  be 
our  avouTy. 

Latimer,  Sermons  before  Edw.  VI.  (Arber),  p.  193. 
Within  this  circle  and  close  to  the  corpse  were  carried 
the  four  banners  — two  before,  two  behind  —  of  the  dead 
person's  avowries,  wliicli  were  small  scjuare  vanes  lieaten 
out  of  gilt  metal,  painted  with  the  figures  of  his  patron  saints 
and  fastened  flag-wise  upon  staves. 

Rock,  Church  of  oiu-  Fathers,  ii.  488. 

avowtryt,  etc.     See  advoutry,  etc. 
avoyt,  interj.     [<  OF.  avoi,  uvoy,  interj.]     An 
exclamation  of  surprise  or  remonstrance. 
Avoij,  quod  she,  fy  on  yow  herteless. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  88. 

avoyer  (a-voi'er),  ».  [Also  advoyer  ;  <  F.  avoyer, 
prob.  <  \'i.'L.*advocariu.^<,  equiv.  to advocatus,  pro- 
tector, patron ;  cf.  ML.  advocaria,  tribute  paid 
for  protection,  the  protection  itself:  see  advo- 
cate.] In  French  Svritzerland,  the  early  title  of 
the  chief  magistrates  of  the  cantons.  In  Bern 
the  title  was  used  until  1794. 

avulset  (a-vuls'),  r.  t.  [<  L.  avuUiis,  pp.  of  avel- 
lere,  pluck  off :  see  avell.  ]  To  pluck  or  pull  off. 
Shenstone. 

avulsion  (a-'vul'shon),  n.  [<  L.  avulsio(n-),  < 
((i'«/.s'H.5,  pp.  of  avellere,  pluck  off:  see  avcU.] 
It.  A  pulling  or  tearing  asunder  or  off;  a  rend- 
ing or  violent  separation. 

The  thronging  clusters  thin 
By  kind  avulsion.      J.  Philips,  Cyder,  i.  24. 
On  condition  of  everlasting  a mti^oji  from  Great  Britain. 
Jefferson,  Corresi>oudence,  I.  1.^1. 
2t.  A  fragment  torn  off. —  3.  In  law,  the  sud- 
den removal  of  soil  from  the  laud  of  one  man 
and  its  deposit  upon  the  land  of  another  by  the 
action  of  water. 

avuncular  (a-vung'ku-lar),  a.  [<  L.  avunculus, 
uncle,  dim.  of  aius,  grandfather:  see  wide.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  uncle. 

In  these  rare  instances  the  law  of  pedigree,  whether  di- 
rect or  avimcular,  gives  way.  Is.  Taylor. 
Clive  had  passed  the  avuncular  banking-house  in  the 
city,  without  caring  to  face  his  relations  there. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  II.  ii. 

aw^t,  "•  and  V.     See  «wel. 

a'W^,  interj.  [Cf.  augh,  all,  oh.]  An  exclama- 
tion of  surprise,  disgust,  or  remonstrance. 
[Colloq.] 

aw.  [(1)  <  ME.  aw,  au,  ag,  as  (awe,  etc.).  <  AS. 
ag  (aga,  agu,  etc.),  that  is,  a  followed  by  the 
guttural  g;  ('!)  <  ME.  aw,  au  {awe,  etc.),  <  AS. 
aw  (awu,  etc.)  (or  eiw,  cdw),  that  is,  a  (or  «;,  ed) 
followed  by  the  labial  «•;  (3)  <  ME.  aw,  au,  ar, 

<  AS.  (etc.)  af  (nc);  (4)  of  other  origin.]  A 
common  English  digraph  (pron.  a),  formerly  in- 
terchangeable in  most  instances  with  au  (which 
see),  but  now  the  regular  form  when  final,  and 
when  medial  before  k,  I,  and  «.  Historically  it 
represents,  in  older  words.  (1)  a  (a)  witli  an  absorlied  gut- 
tunil,  as  in  haw^,  taiv^,  viaw^,  saw^,  8aw~,  awn,  dawn, 


398 

etc.;  (2),  (3),  a  (ii)  with  an  absorbed  labial  (w  or  v),  as 
in  awl,  claw,  raw,  awkl,  hawki,  crawl,  etc, ;  (4)  a,  au,  or  0 
in  otbi-r  positions  and  of  various  origin,  as  in  yaum,  yawl, 
lawn,  }>awn, pawl,  bawl,  etc.  In  later  words  often  a  mere 
accident  vt  spelling. 

awa  (a-wiV),  adv.     A  Scotch  form  of  away. 

awabi  (a-wa'be),  n.  [.Tap.]  The  Japanese 
alialone,  or  sea-ear,  Haliotis  gigantca,  a  shell- 
fish found  in  great  quantity  on  the  southern 
shores  of  Japan  and  much  used  as  food,  the 
shell  is  extensively  used  for  inlaying  in  lacquer-work,  and 
in  otlier  ornamentation.    See  ahalnne. 

awaitl  (a-waf),  V.  [<  ME.  awaitcn,  awaytcn,  < 
OF.  awnitier,  awaitcr,  later  aguaitiir,  agaitir, 
watch  for,  lie  in  wait,  <  a,  to,  +  wuitirr,  later 
guaitier,  gaitier,  gaiter  (mod.  F.  guetter),  ivatch, 
wait:  see  a-H,  wait,  and  i(y;/c/i.]  I,  trans.  If. 
To  watch  for;  lie  in  wait  for. 

Your  ill-meaning  politician  lords. 
Under  pretence  of  bridal  friends  and  guests. 
Appointed  to  await  me  thirty  spies. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1196. 

2.  To  wait  for ;  look  for  or  expect. 

Betwi.xt  these  rocky  pillars  Gabriel  sat. 
Chief  of  the  angelic  guards,  awaiting  night. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  550. 

All  through  life  I  have  awaited  the  fulfilment  of  a 

piophecy.  Hawthorne. 

3.  To  be  in  store  for ;  attend ;  be  ready  for : 
as,  a  glorious  reward  awaits  the  good. 

Let  all  good  things  await 
Him  who  cares  not  to  be  great. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington,  viii, 

Il.t  intrans.  To  watch ;  give  heed. 
Atvaityriffe  on  the  reyn  if  he  it  heere. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  456. 
Theris  ful  many  an  eye  and  many  an  ere 
A  waityny  on  a  lord,  and  he  noot  wliere. 

Chaiwer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  35-2. 

awaitif  (a-wiit'),  11.  [<  ME.  await,  awayt,  <  OF. 
await,  later  agnail,  agait,  etc.,  mod.  F.  aguets, 
watch,  am busla ;  from  the  verb.]  A  state  of  wait- 
ing; watch;  ambush. 

The  lyoun  sit  in  bis  await  alway 
To  slen  the  innocent,  if  that  he  may. 

Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  359. 
Themselves  they  set 
There  in  axcait  with  thicke  woods  overgrownie. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  v.  17. 
To  have  in  a'waitt,  to  keep  a  watch  on. 

Fortune  was  first  trend  and  sithen  foo. 
No  man  ne  truste  vp-on  hir  fauour  longe. 
But  hane  hir  in  awayt  for  euer-moo. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  732, 

await-t  (a-wat')j  jn-ep.  i)hr.  as  adv.      [<  n3  + 

wait,  n.]     In  wait.     Tyndale. 
awaiter  (a-wa'ter),  n.     [<  ME.  awayter,  awai- 

tinir  (of.  OF.  aguaiteor,  aguetteur):  see  await 

and  -fj'l.]     1.  One  who  awaits. —  2t.  One  who 

lies  in  wait. 

Yef  he  be  a  prive  awaitour  yhid,  and  reioyseth  Iiym  to 
rauysshe  by  wyles,  thou  Shalt  seyne  him  lyke  to  the  fox 
wlielpes.  Chaucer,  Boethius. 

awake  (a-wak'),  «'. ;  pret.  awoke,  awaked,  pp. 
aifdke,  awaked,  ppr.  awaking,  [In  this  verlj  are 
merged  two  orig.  different  but  closely  related 
forms:  {1)'ME. awaken  (strong verb;  pret. awoke, 
awok,  pp.  awaken,  awake),  <  AS.  *dwaean,  only 
in  pret.  dwoc,  pp.  dwacen,  the  pres.  being  sup- 
plied by  dwacnan  'with  formative  -n  (whence 
prop.  mod.  E.  awaken,  q.  v.),  earlier  *onwacan 
(pret.  onwoc,  pres.  onwcccnan,  etc.),  <  a-,  orig. 
on-,  +  *waean,  wcccnan,  wake;  (2)  ME.  awaken, 
awakien  (weak  verb;  pret.  awaked,  pp.  aivaked), 
<  AS.  dwaciau  (pret.  dwacode,  pp.  dwacod)  (= 
OH(i.  arwachen,  MHG.  G.  erwacJicn),  <«--(- 
wacian,  'wake,  watch.  The  above  were  prop, 
intrans.,  the  trans,  form  being  ME.  awecchen,  < 
AS.  dweccan  (=  OS.  awekkian  =  OHG.  arwec- 
chan,  irwecchen,  MHG.  G.  erwecken),  <.  d-  + 
weccan,  trans.,  wake,  arouse.  The  forms  vary 
as  those  of  the  simple  verb :  see  n-2,  o-i,  and 
wal-e.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  cease  to  sleep ;  come 
out  of  a  state  of  natural  sleep. 

Jacob  awaked  out  of  his  sleep.  Gen.  xx\iii.  16. 

2.  To  come  into  being  or  action  as  if  from  sleep. 

Now  with  his  wakening  senses,  hunger  too 
Must  needs  awake. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  P.aradise,  II.  17S. 

3.  To  bestir  or  rouse  one's  self  from  a  state 
resembling  sleep;  emerge  from  a  state  of  inac- 
tion ;  be  invigorated  with  new  life;  become 
alive:  as,  to  aivakc  from  sloth  ;  to  awake  to  the 
consciousness  of  a  great  loss. 

.lirake,  I)  sword,  against  my  shepherd.         Zech,  xiii,  7. 

.1  iriike  to  righteousness,  1  Cor.  xv.  34. 

.\nil  at  bis  word  the  choral  hvmns  awake. 

.S'co«,  I).in  Koilerick,  st.  32. 

4.  To  be  or  remain  awake ;  watch.  [Obsolete 
or  poetical.] 


awald 

.**uch  as  you 
Nourish  the  cause  of  his  awaking. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  U.  3. 
The  purple  flowers  droop  :  the  golden  bee 
Is  lily.cradled  :  I  alone  awake. 

Tennyson,  (Enone. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  arouse  from  sleep. 
I  go  that  I  may  awake  him  out  of  sleep,  .John  xi.  11. 
2.  To  arouse  from  a  state  resemlding  sleep, 
as  from  death,  stupor,  or  inaction ;  put  into 
action  or  new  life:  as,  to  awake  the  dead;  to 
awake  the  dormant  faculties. 

My  master  is  awak'd  by  great  occasion 

To  call  upon  his  own.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  ii.  2. 

Thou  dost  awake  something  that  troubles  me, 
And  says,  I  lov'd  thee  once. 

lieau.  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  4. 
=  Syn  2.  To  wake,  excite,  stir  up,  call  forth,  stimulate, 
spur  (up). 
awake  (a-wak'),  a.  [Formerly  also  awaken,  < 
ME.  awake,  awaken,  <  AS.  dicacen,  pp.:  see 
the  verb.]  Roused  from  sleep;  not  sleeping; 
in  a  state  of  vigilance  or  action. 

It  is  my  love  that  keeps  mine  eye  awake. 

Shak.,  Sonnets.  Ixi, 

awakement  (a-wak'ment),  n.  [<  awake,  r.,  + 
-ment.]  The  act  of  awakening,  or  the  state  of 
being  awake  ;  revival,  especially  revival  of  re- 
ligion.    [Rare.]     Imj).  Diet. 

awaken  (a-wa'kn),  v.  [<  ME.  awakenen,  awak- 
nen,  <  AS.  dwtecnan,  pres.  used  'with  strong 
pret.  dwoc  (see  awake,  r.),  also  dwarnian  (pret. 
dwwcuede,  pp.  dwa-cncd),  awake;  orig.  intrans., 
but  in  mod.  use  more  commonly  trans.:  see 
awake,  v.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  become  awake; 
cease  to  sleep ;  be  roused  from  sleep  or  a  state 
resembling  sleep:  as,  to  awaken  early. 

A  music  of  preparation,  of  aivakeniny  suspense  — a  mu- 
sic like  the  opening  of  the  coronation  anthem. 

De  Quincey. 

2.  To  come  into  being  or  action  as  if  from 
sleep:  as,  hope  awakened  in  his  breast. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  rouse  from  sleep  or  a  state 
resembling  sleep ;  cause  to  revive  from  a  state 
of  inaction. 

Satan  .  .  .  his  next  subordinate 
Awake7iiny,  thus  to  him  in  secret  spake. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  672. 
I  offer'd  to  awaken  his  regard 
For  his  private  friends.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  1. 

2.  To  call  into  being  or  action. 

Such  a  reverse  in  a  man's  life  a  wakens  a  better  principle 
than  ciu'iosity.  Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  77. 

[.■Iwaken  is  chiefly  used  in  figurative  or  transferred  ap- 
pliratioiis.  ft  fake  being  preferred  in  the  sense  of  arousing 

frmii  :irtu:il  >k'ep,] 

awakenable  (a-wa'kn-a-bl),  a.  [<  awaken  + 
-able.]     Capable  of  being  awakened.     Carlyle. 

awakener  (a-wak'ner),  H.  One  who  or  that 
which  awakens  or  arouses  from  sleep  or  inac- 
tion. 

Though  not  the  safest  of  guides  in  politics  or  practical 
philosophy,  his  [Carlyle's]  value  as  an  inspirer  and  awa- 
kener cannot  be  overestimated, 

Lou-ell,  Study  Windows,  p.  149. 

awakening  (a-wak'ning),  «.      1.    The  act  of 

awaking  from  steep. 

Some  minute  ere  the  time 
Of  her  awakeniny. 

Shak.  (some  editions),  R.  and  J.,  v.  3. 

2.  An  arousing  from  what  is  like  sleep ;  a  re- 
vival of  interest  in,  or  attention  to,  what  has 
been  neglected. 

It  was  a  sign  of  a  great  awakenin'i  of  the  human  mind 
when  theologians  thought  it  bntli  tlieir  duty  and  their 
privilege  to  pliikisopliize.     .stitle,  stud.  Med.  Hist,,  p,  3S4. 

Especially — 3.  A  revival  of  religion,  either  in 
an  individual  or  in  a  community:  a  use  of 
the  word  derived  from  the  Scripture  symbol 
of  sin  as  death  or  sleep,  and  conversion  as 
resuiTection  or  awakening.— The  great  awaken- 
ing, tile  great  revival  of  religion  in  New  KtiL^Iand  I'rought 
about  tlirouu'h  tlie  preaching  of  \\'liitefieUi  in  1740. 

awakening  (a-wak'ning),  p.  a.  Rousing;- 
alarming:  as,  an  awakening  sermon. 

awakeningly  (a-wak'ning-li),  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner to  awaken. 

awakenment  (a-wa'kn-ment),  n.  [<  awaken 
+  -ment.]  The  act  of  awakening,  or  the  state 
of  being  awakened  ;  specifically,  a  religious  re- 
vival.    [Rare.] 

awald,  await  (ii'wald,  il'walt),  a.  and  n.  [Sc, 
also  written  awelled,  awart  (and  by  simulation 
awkwtird);  origin  uncertain.  Cf.  AS.  wraltan. 
wa^lt^ln,  roll,  *dwa-ltan.  pret.  dwaltc.  roll:  see 
waiter,  iralty,  welter.]  I.  «.  l-jniig  helplessly 
on  the  back :  said  of  a  sheep  when  imable, 
through  sickness  or  fatness,  to  get  up. 
H.  H.  A  sheep  so  lying. 


awane 

awane  (a-wan'),  prcj).  pitr.  as  ndr.      [<  «•'  + 

wdiir.']     (In  the  wane;  waning, 
awanting   (a-wan'ting),  (I.     [Prop,  a  pliraso, 

a  wantiiKj  ;  vL  iiminsiiiii.J    Wanting:  deficient; 

absent;  missing:  not  usoJ  attrilmtivcly. 
In  either  t-aae  criticism  was  requirc<l,  lunl  criticism  was 

aimntiiiff.  Sir  W,  Hamilton. 

awapet,  '••  t.     See  awhape. 
awardl  (a-ward'),  )'.  t.     [<  ME.  awarden,  <  AF. 
iiiidrdir,  OF.  ciwardcr,  ixwardcir,  later  esv/«)v/- 
cr,  tsguarder,  c!«inrdHr  z=  Sp.  tsijniirdar  (obs. ) 
=  It.  syunrdurc,  look  at,  eonsider,  decide,  ad- 
judge, <  ML.  *cj:ic<irdurc,  <  1j.  cx,  out,  +  ML. 
leardure,  (juardnre,  observe,  regard,  guard  :  see 
ward,  ijitard,  and  regard.']     1.    To  adjudge  to 
be  due  ;  assign  or  bestow  as  of  right;  give  by 
judicial  determination  or  deliberate  judgment, 
especially  upon  arbitration  or  umpirage :  as, 
to  award  the  prizes  at  a  school  examination; 
the  arbitrators  aioardcd  liim  lieavy  damages. 
A  pound  of  tliat  same  merflianfa  flesh  is  thine  : 
The  court  awards  it,  and  the  law  dutli  give  it. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 

To  the  woman  who  could  con<iuer,   a  triumph  was 

awarded.  Mart/.  Fuller,  Woman  in  U)th  Cent.,  p.  47. 

2t.  To  sentence ;  adjudge  or  determine  the 
doom  of. 

Lest  .  .  .  the  supreme  King  of  kings  .  .  .  award 

Either  of  you  to  be  the  other's  end. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  1. 

The  extremity  of  law 
Awards  you  to  be  branded  in  tlie  front. 

if.  Jfxnson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 

3.  In  a  general  sense,  to  permit  the  possession 
of ;  allow ;  allot ;  yield. 

The  child  liad  many  more  lu-xuries  and  indulgences 
than  h.ad  been  awarded  to  his  father.  Thackeray. 

awardl  (a-ward'),  n.  [<  ME. award, <.AF. award, 
OF.  eswart,  esgiiart;  from  the  verb.]  1.  A  deci- 
sion after  examination  and  deliberation ;  a  ju- 
dicial sentence;  especially,  the  decision  of  ar- 
bitrators on  points  submitted  to  them,  or  the 
document  containing  such  a  decision. 

\Vc  cannot  expect  an  equitable  award  where  the  judge 
is  made  a  party.  GlanviUe. 

2.  That  which  is  awarded  or  assigned  by  such 
a  decision,  as  a  medal  for  merit,  or  a  sum  of 
money  as  damages,  etc — Geneva  award.  See  Ala- 
haina  claims,  under  claim. 

award-'t, «'.  t.  [<  o-H  -I-  ward.']  1.  To  guard. 
—  2.  To  ward  off.     Evelyn. 

awarder  (a-war'der),  II.  One  who  awards  or  as- 
signs as  of  right ;  a  judge,  arbitrator,  or  umpire. 

aware  (a-war'),  a.  [<  ME.  aware,  iwar,  iware, 
ywar,  <  AS.  gcwmr  (=  OHG.  giwar,  MHG.  gcwar, 
G.  gcwahr),  <.  ge-  +  M'(rc,  wary,  cautious:  see 
o-C,  (/e-,  and  icocel.]  If.  Watchful;  vigilant; 
on  one's  guard. 

I  have  laid  a  snare  for  thee,  and  thou  art  also  taken,  O 
Babylon,  and  thou  wast  not  aware.  Jer.  1.  24. 

Are  you  all  aioare  of  .  .  .  tale-bearing  and  evil-speak- 
ing? Westei/,  Works  (1872),  Xllt.  19.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

2.  Apprised;  cognizant;  in  possession  of  in- 
formation: as,  he  was  aware  of  the  enemy's 
designs. 

I  was  so  distinctly  made  aware  of  the  presence  of  some- 
thing  kindred  to  me  .  .  .  that  I  thought  no  place  could 
ever  be  strange  to  me  again.         Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  143. 

Specifically — 3.    Informed  by  sight  or  other 

sense. 

Then  Enid  was  aware  of  three  tall  knights 

On  horseback,  wholly  arm'd,  behind  a  rock, 

In  shadow,  waiting.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

~  Syn.  2.  Aware,  Conjicious  (see  conscioiis),  mindful,  ac- 
quainted (with),  sensible,  observant. 
awareness  (a-war'nes),  n.     The  state  of  being 
aware. 
Kecugnition  of  reality  in  our  view  is  not  awareness. 

Mind,  X.  52.'). 
This  consciousness  I  speak  of  is  not  a  direct  perception 
of  the  Absolute,  but  a  general  aieareness  that  it  exists. 

New  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  178. 

awarnt  ( a-w^rn' ),v.t.    [<  a-  -t-  warn .]   To  warn. 
Every  bird  and  beast  awarned  made 
To  shrowd  themselves.        SiKnser,  Y.  Q.,  III.  x.  4(>. 

awash  (a-wosh'),  prep.  phr.  as  a.  or  adv.  [<rt^ 
-I- »v(.s7(.i  Naut.:  («)  Just  level  wither  emerg- 
ing from  the  surface  of  the  water,  so  that  the 
waves  liivak  over  it,  as  wreckage,  or  an  anchor 
when  hove  up  to  the  surface,  or  rock,  spit,  or 
bank  just  appearing  above  the  water. 

The  wrecks  are  lloating  almost  awash,  presenting  little 
surface  for  the  wind  to  blow  upon.  Science,  III.  ;l(l.'{. 

(6)   Covered   with   water;   kept  wet:   as,  tlio 
decks   were    constuntly    awash,     (o)   Washing 
about;  tossed  about  by  the  waves. 
awaste  (a-wasf ).  jirf/i.  jilir.  as  adv.     [<  a^  + 
wa.ilr.]     NVastiriir:  going  to  waste  or  decay. 

Awata  ware,  pottery.    See  ware. 


399 

awater  (a-w8,'t6r),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  n^''  + 

waltr.]     On  the  water. 
awave   (a-wav'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.      [<  «•'*  -I- 

wave.]     On  till' wave  ;  waving. 
away  (a-wa'),  jirrp.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  ME.  away, 

awry,  awri,  invay,  o    wry,   on   way,  etc.,  <  AS. 

aweg,  earlier  on  weg,  lit.  on  way:  see  n^  and 

way.]      1.    On  the  way;  onward;   on;  along: 

as,  come  away. 

Mistress,  you  nmst  come  away  to  your  father. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 

2.  From  this  or  that  place;  ofif:  as,  to  go,  run, 
flee,  or  sail  away. 

He  rose  and  ran  away.  Skak.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  iv.  14. 

And  we  kiss'd  the  fringe  of  his  beard  and  we  pray'd  as  we 

heanl  him  pray, 
And  the  Holy  man  ho  assoil'd  us,  and  sadly  we  sail'd  aivay. 
Tennyson,  Voyage  of  Maeldune. 

3.  From  one's  own  or  accustomed  place ;  ab- 
sent :  as,  lie  is  away  from  home ;  I  found  him 
away  on  a  vacation. 

Thyself  away  art  present  still  with  me  ; 

For  thou  not  farther  than  my  thoughts  canst  move. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  xlvii. 

4.  From  contact  or  adherence;  off:  as,  to 
clear  away  obstructions ;  cut  away  the  broken 
spars. 

Before  the  golden  tresses  of  the  dead 

.  .  .  were  sliorn  away.       Shak.,  Somiets,  Ixviii. 

5.  Kemoved;  apart;  remote:  as,  away  from 
the  subject. 

Quite  away  from  aught  vulgar  and  extern. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  122. 

6.  From  one's  possession  or  keeping:  as,  to 
give  away  one's  books  or  money ;  throw  aiDay 
a  worn-out  or  discarded  thing. 

O  there,  perchance,  when  all  our  wars  are  done, 
The  brand  Excalibur  will  be  cast  away. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

7.  From  one's  immediate  presence,  attention, 
or  use  ;  aside  :  as,  put  or  lay  away  your  work ; 
put  away  yom*  fears ;  the  things  were  laid  away 
for  the  summer. 

Put  away 
These  dispositions,  wliich  of  late  transport  you 
From  what  you  rightly  are.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

8.  From  this  or  that  direction ;  in  another  or 
the  other  du-ection:  as,  turn  your  eyes  away  ; 
he  tui-ned  away. 

Often,  where  clear-stemm'd  platans  guard 

The  outlet,  did  1  turn  away 

The  boat-head  down  a  broad  canaL 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

9.  At  or  to  such  a  distance ;  distant ;  off :  as, 
the  village  is  six  miles  away. 

Mirthful  sayings,  children  of  the  place. 
That  have  no  meaning  half  a  league  away. 

Tennyson,  lloly  Grail. 

.\\\  hour  away,  I  pulled  up,  and  stood  for  some  time  at 
the  edge  of  a  meadow. 

//.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  136. 

10.  From  one  state  or  condition  to  another; 
out  of  existence ;  to  an  end ;  to  nothing :  as, 
to  pass,  wear,  waste,  fade,  pine,  or  die  away; 
continual  dropping  wears  away  stone ;  the  im- 
age soon  faded  away ;  the  wind  died  away  at 
sunset;  she  pined  away  with  consumption. 

The  new  philosophy  represented  by  Locke,  in  its  i-iuifl- 
dence  and  pride  taking  a  parting  look  at  the  old  philoso- 
phy, represented  by  the  scholiistic  discussions,  passing 
away  in  the  midst  of  weakness  and  ridicule. 

McCosh,  Locke's  Theory  of  Knowledge,  p.  16. 

Without  adducing  one  fact,  without  taking  the  trouble 
to  perplex  the  ciuestion  by  one  sophism,  he  [Mr.  Mill] 
placidly  dogmatises  away  the  interest  of  one  half  of  the 
human  race.  Macauiay,  Mill  on  Government. 

11.  Gone;  vanished;  departed:  as,  here's  a 
health  to  them  that's  away.  [Chiefly  prov.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.]  — 12.  On;  continuously;  stead- 
ily ;  without  inten-uption :  as,  he  worked  away  : 
he  kept  pegging  away  ;  and  hence  often  as  an 
intensive:  as,  to  fire  away,  eat  aivay,  laugh 
away,  snore  aivay. 

As  if  all  the  chimneys  in  Great  Britain  had,  by  one 
consent,  caught  fire  and  were  blazing  away  to  their  dear 
hearts'  content.  Dickens. 

13.  Often  used  elliptically,  -with  a  verb  (as  go, 
(/rO supjiressed,  and  .simulating  an  imperative: 
as,  (go)  away.'  (get)  away!  wo  must  away; 
whither  away  so  fast? 

Away,  old  man  !  give  me  thy  hand,  away! 

Shak.,  Lear,  v.  2. 
Love  liath  wings,  and  will  away.         Wallfr. 
Aivay,  away,  there  is  no  danger  in  him. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Philaster,  v.  4. 
Away  back,  far  back  ;  long  ago  :  as,  away  back  in  the 
years  before  the  war  :  away  back  in  1844.  IColIoq.  often 
'way  liack.]  Awa.y  with,  (a)  Used  as  an  imperative 
phrase,  connnaiuliug  the  removal  of  an  object. 
Aimy  with  this  man,  and  release  unto  us  Barabbsis. 

Luke  xxiii.  18. 


aweel 

Away  with  yon!  .  .  .  I'll  put  everybody  under  an  ar- 
rest that  stays  to  listen  to  her.  .Sheridan,  The  Camp,  i.  1. 
(/>)  An  elliptical  expression  for  *'  get  away  with,"  that  is, 
get  on  with;  accommodate  one's  self  to;  endure.  [Ar- 
chaic. ) 

Some  agayne  aflirtue  that  he  retorned  into  his  countrey, 
but  partly  lor  that  he  coulde  not  away  with  the  fashions  of 
his  conntrcy  folk,  and  partly  for  that  his  minclc  and  affec- 
tion was  altogether  set  and  tlxcd  upon  t'topia,  they  say 
that  he  hathe  taken  his  voyage  Ihetherwarde  agayne. 

Sir  T.  .More,  Itopia  (Arber),  p.  165. 
Shal.  She  never  could  away  with  me. 
Fat.  Never,  never  ;  she  would  always  say  she  could  not 
abide  M.Tster  .Shallow.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

I  could  never  away  unth  that  stiff-necked  generation. 
Ii.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 
Far  away,  far  and  away,    (a)  At  a  great  distance. 
('<)  By  far.     H'olloq.l 

of  all  the  men  wluun  she  had  ever  seen,  he  was/ar  away 
the  iiitcst  and  best.  Trotlope. 

Right  away,  straightway  ;  at  once  ;  immediately  ;  forth- 
witli.-  Say  away,  say  on;  i»rocee(l  with  your  reniurks. 
H'.  s.  and  iJiov.  l.MK.i  To  tjear  away,  explain  away, 
fire  away,  make  away,  etc.  See  the  verbs.— To  make 
away  with.  .See  make. 
away-going  (a-wa'g6''ing),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Go- 
ing away;  departing;  leaving:  as,  an  away- 
going  tenant.— Away-going  crops,  crops  sown  during 
the  last  year  of  a  tenancy,  but  not  ripe  until  after  the  ex- 
luratinn  of  it. 
II.  n.  A  going  away;  departure, 
awaywardt  (a-wa' ward),  adv.  [ME.,  also  atcei- 
)(■«(•(/,  etc. ;  K  away  '+ -ward.']  Turned  aside. 
Gutvcr. 
awbert,  "•  [<  F.  auhour,  OF.  aubour,  also  au- 
Ixiurt  (Cotgrave),  laburnum,  appar.  <  L.  albur- 
iiitm:  see  alburnum  and  laburnum.]  The  la- 
burnum-tree, Cytisus  Labnrnum.  Increase  Ma- 
ther. Remark.  Provid.,  p.  232.  (X  £.  D.) 
awe^  (a),  n.  [Also,  more  prop.,  aiv  (like  law, 
haw,  etc.),  <  ME.  «ir,  awe,  agh,  aghc,  a^e,  <  Icel. 
agi  =  Dan.  ave  =  AS.  as  if  *aga,  the  same  >vith 
diff.  formative  as  AS.  cge,  ME.  e^e,  eghe,  eye, 
aye,  ay,  =  OHG.  agi,  egi,  MHG.  ege  =  Goth,  agis, 
fear,  <  *agan,  fear  (in  ppr.  'agands,  with  nega- 
tive unagands,  unf  earing) ;  perhaps  akin  to  Gr. 
axoc,  anguish.  Cf.  ask^.]  1.  Dread;  fear,  as  of 
something  evil. 

I  had  as  lief  not  be  as  live  to  be 
In  a  ice  of  such  a  thing  as  I  myself. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

In  every  fonn  of  government,  the  rulers  stand  in  some 

awe  of  the  people.  Macauiay,  Mill  on  Government. 

2.  Fear  mingled  with  admiration  or  reverence; 
reverential  fear ;  feeling  inspired  by  something 
sublime,  not  necessarily  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  fear  or  dread. 

Stand  in  awe,  and  sin  not.  Ps.  iv.  4. 

The  [Egj-ptian)  deities  representing  the  great  forces  of 
nature,  and  shrouded  by  mysterious  symbols,  excited  a 
degree  of  awe  which  no  other  ancient  religion  approached. 
Lecky,  Elu-op.  Morals,  I.  345. 
To  feel  once  more,  in  placid  awe. 
The  strong  imagination  roll 
.\  sphere  of  stars  about  my  soul, 
In  all  her  motion  one  with  law. 

Tennyson,  III  Meraoriam,  cxxii. 

3.  Overawing  influence. 

By  my  sceptre's  awe  I  make  a  vow. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  L  1. 
=  Syn.  Reverence,  Veyieration,  etc.  See  reverence,  n. 
awe^  (a),  t'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  awed,  ppr.  awing. 
[<oiret,H.]  1.  To  inspire  with  fear  or  dread; 
terrify ;  control  or  restrain  by  the  influence  of 
fear. 

Nor  think  thou  with  wind 
Of  aery  threats  to  awe  whom  yet  with  deeds 
Thou  canst  not.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  283. 

Never  be  it  said 
That  fate  itself  could  atce  the  soul  of  Richard. 

Cibb,-r,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 

2.  To  strike  with  awe,  reverence,  or  respect ; 
influence  by  exciting  profound  respect  or  rev- 
erential fear. 

awe-(a),f.<.  [Sc.,=E. oii'c]  Toowe.  [Scotch.] 
awe*  (a),  n.     [Sc.  also  ave,  early  mod.  E.  also 
aw,  auc,  ave,  alvc :  origin  obscure.]     1.  One  of 
the  float-boards  of  an  undershot  water-wheel, 
on  which  the  water  acts. — 2.  One  of  the  sails 
of  a  wondmill. 
aweary  (.a-wer'i),  a.     [<  a-  expletive  -I-  weary.] 
Weary;  tired.     [.(Vrchaic  or  poetical.] 
She  said,  "  I  am  aweary,  aweary, 
I  would  that  I  were  dead  !  " 

Tennyson,  Mariana. 
And  all  his  people  told  him  that  their  horses  were 
aweant,  and  that  they  were  awean/  themselves. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  66. 

aweather  (a-weTH'(>r),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  aS  +  weather.]  On  the  weather  side,  or  to- 
ward the  wind:  as,  the  lielni  is  awcather:  op- 
posed to  alee. 

aweel  (a-wel'),  adv.       [Sc,  <  a  for  ah,  oh,  + 

wecl  =  E'.  well.]     Oh  well ;  very  well ;  well  then. 

Aweel,  if  your  honour  thinks  I'm  safe  —  the  story  is  just 

this.  Scott,  Uny  Mannering,  II.  63. 


aween 

aweent, ''.  t.    [<  ME.  aiccmn,  <  (I-  +  wenen,  <  AS. 
ireiiait,  think,  weon:  see  n-1  and  jccch.]    To 
ween ;  suppose. 
The  J uwcs  uut  of  Jurselcm  aweiidcn  he  were  \v(uie  [nmd]. 

Jid.  Ant.,  I.  144. 

aweigh  (a-wa'),  prep.phr.  as  aiJxi.  or  a.  [<  a^ 
+  U'cigh."\  Xaiit.,  atrip.  Tlie  .inchor  is nimr/A  "licn 
it  is  just  drnwii  frum  its  liuld  in  the  grouiui  and  liangs 
perpenilii'ulaiiy.     .Sfc  aln'p. 

aweless  (il'les),  a.  [<  ME.  atvJcs,  etc. ;  AS.  cge- 
/(•«,s-,  <  iije,  awe  (see  awc^),  +  -kids,  -less.]  1. 
Wanting  awe  or  reverence ;  void  of  deferential 
fear. 

Lordes  bene  lawles, 

Chyldere  lH;ne  awleg. 

A  Prophecy,  etc.,  I.  l(i  (E.  E.  T.  S.,  extra  sen,  VIII.  i.  85). 

The  anvlats  lion  could  not  wage  the  fight. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

2.  Wanting  the  power  of  inspiring  reverence 
or  awe. 
The  innocent  and  awless  throne.    5Aflfc.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  4. 
Also  spelled  awless. 
awesome  (a'sum),  a.   [North.  E.  and  Se. ;  <  ««'<  1 
+  -some.']     1.  Inspiring  awe;   awful:   as,   an 
awesome  sight. 

"An  awsome  place,"  answered  the  blind  woman,  "as 
ever  living  creatitre  took  refuge  in." 

Scott,  Old  Jlortality,  xliii. 
The  Wizard,  on  his  p.art,  manfully  stuck  up  for  his 
price,  declaring  that  to  raise  the  Devil  was  really  no  joke, 
and  insinuating  that  to  do  so  was  an  awesotne  crime. 

Kiwjlake,  Eothen,  p.  16S. 

2.  Evidencing  or  expressive  of  terror. 

He  did  gie  an  awesome  glance  up  at  the  auld  castle. 

Scott,  Guy  Manuering,  I.  xi. 
Also  spelled  awsome. 
awe-strike  (a'strik),  v.  t.     To  strike  with  awe. 

[Rare.] 
awe-struck  (a'struk),^.  a.  Impressed  or  struck 
with  awe. 
awful  (a'fid),  a.  [<  ME.  nwfuJ,  agheful,  aghfid ; 
AS.  egeful,  <  ege,  awe  (see  awe"^),  +  -Jul.}  1. 
Striking  or  inspu-ing  with  awe ;  filling  with 
dread,  or  dread  mingled  with  profoimd  rever- 
ence :  as,  the  awful  majesty  of  Jehovah;  the 
awful  approach  of  death. 

Her  fathers'  God  hefore.her  moved, 
An  aitiftit  guide  iii  smoke  and  flame. 

Scott,  When  Israel,  of  the  Lord  beloved. 
The  aw/iil  mysteries  of  the  world  unseen.         J.  Caird. 
2.  Of  a  dreadful  character;    causing  fear  or 
horror;  terrible;  appalling:  as, an «i(/Ki disas- 
ter; I  heard  an  auful  shriek. 

Or  if  she  slept,  she  dream'd 
An  awful  dream.  Tennyiion,  Guinevere. 

3t.  Inspiring  or  commanding  respect,  rever- 
ence, or  obedience. 

An  awful  rule  and  right  supremacy. 

Skak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  2. 
A  parish  priest  was  of  the  pilgrim  train ; 
An  awful,  reverend,  and  religious  man. 

Drydcn,  Ciiar.  of  Good  Parson,  1.  2. 

She  would,  upon  occasions,  treat  them  with  freedom ; 

yet  her  demeanour  was  so  awful,  that  they  durst  not  fail 

in  the  least  point  of  respect.  Swift,  Death  of  Stella. 

4.  Expressive  of  or  indicating  deep  awe,  as 
for  the  Deity. 

Towards  him  they  bend 
With  auful  reverence  prone.      Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  478. 
Awful  prostration,  like  Pascal's,  before  the  divine  idea. 
Dc  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

5t.  Impressed  -with  or  exhibiting  respect  or 
reverence,  as  for  authority;  law-abiding;  re- 
spectful in  the  extreme. 

Thrust  from  the  company  of  auful  men. 

Shak.,  1.  G.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 
How  dare  thy  joints  forget 
To  pay  their  awful  duty  to  our  presence? 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  3. 

6.  Having  some  character  in  an  extreme  or 
noticeable  degree ;  excessive ;  very  great ;  ex- 
traorilinary ;  preposterous:  as,  he  is  an  awful 
dandy;  that  is  an  a!t/j(?  bonnet.  [Colloq.  and 
vulgar.] 

Pot-pie  is  the  favorite  dish,  and  woodsmen,  sharp-set, 
are  a  wful  eaters. 

Carleloii,  New  Purchase,  I.  1S2.  (Bartlelt.) 
=Syn.  1  and  2.  Awful,  Dreailful,  Fearful,  Friifhtful,  sol- 
emn, imposing,  majestic ;  dre.id,  dire,  dieadfiil,  terrible. 
The  fli-st  four  of  thi-se  words  are  often  loosely  or  col- 
lofpiially  used  to  express  dislike,  detestation,  or  horror, 
hut  should  in  the  main  retain  the  same  distinctions 
of  meaning  as  the  nouns  from  whicli  tlit-y  are  derived. 
Thus,  aw.ful  is  full  of  awe,  full  of  that  whicli  in.spircs  awe, 
e-vcitiug  a  feeling  of  deep  solenniity  and  reverence,  often 
Kith  a  certain  admixture  of  fear,  acting  especially  upon 
the  imagination  (sec  revfircnce,  ■».) ;  the  suggestion  may 
shift  in  all  ilegrees  from  awe  Ut  horror :  as,  an  aw.ful 
st*'amboat  exfdosion.  Dreadful  is  applied  to  wliat  in- 
spires dread,  that  is,  an  oppressive  fear  of  coining  evil, 
and  loosely  to  what  is  very  bad.  Fearful,  full  of  fear, 
impressing  fear:  as.  "a  certain  fi'arful  looking  for  of 
judgment, "  Ueb.  x.  27.     Friijhtful,  not  full  of  fright,  but 


400 

Inspiring  fright  or  sudden  and  almost  paralyzing  fear.  An 
auful  sight ;  a  dreadful  ilisaster ;  a  fearful  leap ;  a  fright- 
ful chasm. 

Abash'd  the  Devil  stood. 
And  felt  how  auful  goodness  is. 

Milton,  P.  I,.,  iv.  84(1. 
Tlie  smoothness  of  flattery  cannot  save  us  in  this  ruggnl 
and  awful  crisis,        Chatham,  Speech  on  American  \\  ar. 
O  I.c)r(l !  niethought  what  pain  it  was  to  drown  ! 
What  dreadful  noise  of  waters  in  mine  ears  I 
What  sight.s  of  ugly  death  witliin  mine  eyes ! 
Methought  I  saw  a  thousand/car/i//  wTacks. 

.Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  4. 
There  was  a  fearful,  sullen  sound  of  rushing  waves  anrl 
broken  surges.  Irving,  Sketch-iiook,  p.  21. 

Their  niwzic,  frightful  as  the  serpents'  hiss. 

Shak.,  2  Hen,  VI.,  iii.  2. 

a'wfully  (a'fiil-i),  adv.  In  an  awful  manner, 
(n)  Dreadfully ;  terribly.  (?>)  With  solemn  impressiveness ; 
sublimely;  majestically,  (c)  With  a  feeling  of  awe  or 
reverential  fear;  reverently,  (tf)  Excessively;  extreme- 
ly ;  very ;  as,  an  awfully  joUy  man ;  an  awfully  pretty  girl. 
[Slang.] 
You'll  be  aufully  glad  to  get  rid  of  me. 

W.  Black,  Green  Pastures,  ii. 

awfulness  (a'fvd-nes),  n.  1.  The  quality  of 
being  awful,  or  of  striking  or  inspiring  with 
awe,  fear,  or  hoiTor;  impressive  solemnity  or 

'sublimity;  dreailf ulness ;  terribleness  :  as,  the 
awfulness  of  the  sacred  place,  or  of  a  casualty. 
Contrasts  which  move,  now  our  laughter  at  their  incon- 
gruity, and  now  our  terror  at  their  a uf  ulness.      J.  Caird. 

2t.  The  state  of  being  full  of  or  inspired  ■nith 
awe;  reverence;  awe. 

.\  help  to  prayer  producing  in  us  reverence  and  awful- 
7U^^■y.  Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living. 

awgrimt,  «•  A  Middle  English  form  of  o?<7c>- 
rism. 

awhapet,  ''.  '.  [Revived  by  Spenser  from  a 
ME.  verb  found  only  in  pp.  awhaped,  awaped, 
terrified,  confounded;  a  word  of  uncertain 
origin.  Cf.  Goth,  nfhwapjan,  choke,  suffocate.] 
To  confound;  terrify.    Also  awapc. 

Not  fuUiche  alle  au'haped. 
Out  of  the  temple  alle  esiliehe  he  wente. 

Chauc-er,  Troilus,  i.  316. 
A  wilde  and  salvage  man,  .  .  . 
All  overgrowne  with  hair,  that  could  aiehape 
An  iLardy  hart.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vii.  5. 

awheels  (a-hwelz'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  flS  -f 
tiiicds.]     On  wheels.     B.  Jonson. 

awhile  (a-hwil'),  adv.,  prop.  adv.  phr.  [<  ME. 
awliilr,  (lue  while ;  the  adv.  ace.  of  a-  +  while.'] 
For  a  space  of  time ;  for  some  time ;  for  a  short 
time. 

Counsel  may  stop  awhile  what  will  not  stay. 

Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  159. 
The  company  were  all  sorry  to  separate  so  soon,  .  .  . 
and  stood  a-while  looking  back  on  the  water,  upon  which 
the  moonbeams  played.  Dn/den,  Essay  on  I)ram.  Poesy. 
[.iwhile  is  properly  two  words,  as  it  has  to  be  written 
when  an  adjective  is  used,  as  a  little  while,  aud  as  it  is 
conmionly  and  should  be  always  written  when  preceded 
by /or.] 

a'widet,  prej).  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a^  +  wide,  after 
afar,  etc.]     Wide  ;  ■nddely. 

They  opened  their  mouth  awidc  [wide  in  authorized  ver- 
sion] upon  me.  Ps.  x.xxiv.  21  (Douay  version). 

a'wing  (a-wing'),  prep.  phr.  as  a.  or  adv.  [<  a^ 
-h  wing.]     On  the  ■wing. 

'lis  time  his  fortune  be  a-wing;  high  time,  sir. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  i.  1. 

Moving  specks,  which  iie  thought  might  be  ships  in  flight 
or  pursuit,  or  they  might  be  white  birds  awing. 

L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  IGl. 

awk^  (ak),  a.  [<  ME.  awl-e,  owte,  <  ONorth. 
*afuh  (in  nfuUc,  perverse)  (=  Iccl.  iifugr,  djigr 
(for  "afugr)  =  Sw.  (if rig  =  OS.  abhuh,  abhoh  = 
OHG.  'abtih,  ahah,  abeh,  MHO.  ebich,  ebeeh,  G. 
dial,  abicht,  abech,  abiich,  dbich,  iibig  =  MD. 
ave.sch,  aefseh,  awlnvard,   contrary,    perverse, 

D.  aafsch,  crafty,  artfid),  lit.  '  ofjward,'  <  af 
AS.  ()/,  E.  off,  away,  ■nith  a  suffix  of  variable 
form  and  obscure  origin.  Cf.  Goth,  ibuls,  back, 
backward,  in  which  ib-,  like  the  prefix  in  ib- 
dalja,  descent,  deeli'vity,  is  perhaps  a  var.  of 
"ab,  af  thus  making  ibuks  =  OS.  abhuh,  etc.,  = 

E.  OH'A'l.]  It.  Turnedin  the  opposite  direction; 
directed  the  wrong  way;  backhanded:  as,  "an 
aicfc stroke, "J'afcy/rare. —  2t.  Left;  left-handed. 

On  the  awk  or  left  hand. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  717. 

3t.  Wrong;  erroneous;  perverse:  as,  the  awk 

end  of  a  rod. 
Confuting  .  .  .  the  awk  opinions  of  the  Stoics. 
Qvlding,  tr.  of  l)e  ilornay's  Tmeiiess  of  Christ.  Religion. 

4.  Awkward  to  use;  clumsy:  as,  an  awk  tool. 
[Prov.  Eng.] — 5t.  Strange;  singular;  distin- 
guished. 

Off  elders  of  aide  tyme  and  of  theire  awke  dedys. 
How  thev  were  lele  in  theire  lawe,  and  lovede  God  Al- 
juyghty.     Murte  Arthurc  (ed.  Perry,  K  E.  T.  S.).  1. 13. 


awkwardly 

awk^t  (ak),  adv.  [<  oir/.l,  a.]  Awkwardly; 
wrongly. 

l*rofessors  ringing  as  awk  as  the  hells. 

.Sir  R.  L'Kntrangc,  Fables,  ceci. 

awk-,  «.     Sec  C(»i-1. 

awkerd,  awkert  (a'kerd,  -kert),  a.  A  dialec- 
tal form  of  awkward.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

awklyt  (iik'li),  adv.  [JIE.  awkelij ;  <  airfcl  + 
-If-.]  In  the  wrong  ilirection;  loft-  or  back- 
handedly.  Hence  —  («)  Awkwardly ;  clumsily. 
(b)  Perversely,     (c)  Untowardlv;  unluckily. 

awklyt  (ak'li),  o.  [<  awk^  +' -ly^.  Cf.  AS. 
(ONorth.)  afidk;  perverse:  see  nicA'l.]  Per- 
verse; untoward. 

awknesst  (ak'nes),  H.  [<  awk^  +  -ncss.]  The 
state  of  being  .awk  or  awkward. 

awkward  (ak'wiird),  adv.  [Early  mod.  E.  or 
dial,  also  aukward,  awkwart,  awkard,  awkerd, 
awkert,  etc.,  ME.  awkwarde,  aukward,  etc., 
transversely,  sidewise,  perversely;  <  atik^  -i- 
-ward.]  If.  In  the  wrong  direction;  in  the 
■wrong  way;  backward. 

The  cmperour  thane  egerly  at  Arthure  he  strykez, 
Awkivarde  on  the  umbrere  [vizor]  and  egerlv  liym  hittez. 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.'l.  S.),  1.  2247. 

2t.  Asquint. —  3.  Awkwardly ;  clumsily.  [Now 
only  prov.  Eng.] 
awkward  (ak'wiird),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  or  dial. 
also  aukward,  awkicart,  awkard,  awkerd,  etc.; 
<  awkward,  adv.]  If.  Turned  the -wrong  way; 
backhanded. — 2t.  Perverted;  perverse. 

They  with  awkward  judgment  put  the  chief  point  of 
godliuess  in  outward  things.  Udall,  Mat.  v. 

'Tis  no  sinister  nor  no  awkward  claim. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  i. 
3t.  Untoward;  adverse. 

Twice  by  awkward  wiud  from  England's  bank 
Drove  back  again  unto  my  native  clime. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

4.  Ill  adapted  for  use  or  handling;  unhandy  in 
operation;  clumsy:  as,  awkward  instruments 
or  contrivances. —  5.  Wanting  dexterity  or  skill 
in  action  or  movement;  clumsy  in  doing  any- 
thing, as  in  using  tools  or  implements;  bun- 
gling- 
So  true  that  he  was  awkivard  at  a  trick.  Dryden. 

6.  Ungraceful  in  action  or  person;  ungainly; 
imcouth:  as,  awkward  gestures;  the  aivkward 
gambols  of  the  elephant. 

Drop'd  an  awkward  court 'sy  to  the  Knight. 

Dryden,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale. 

7.  Embarrassed;  not  at  ease:  used  in  relation 
to  persons:  as,  an  awkward  feeling. —  8.  Not 
easily  dealt  with ;  troublesome ;  vexatious ;  re- 
quiring caution:  as,  an  awkward  predicament. 
[Colloq.] 

Between  the  weir  and  the  trees  it  is  an  awkward  spot, 
but  difficulty  is  the  charm  of  fly-flshing. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  241. 
9t.  Unlucky. 

The  beast  long  struggled  as  being  like  to  prove 

An  aickward  sacrifice.  Marlowe. 

=  Syil.  5  and  6.  Awkward,  Clum.ty,  Ungainly,  Uncouth, 
Bungling,  unhandy,  inexpert,  unskilful, "inapt,  lubberly; 
uncourtly,  inelegant,  constrained,  clownish.  Awkward  is 
generally  applied  to  want  of  ease  and  grace  or  skill  in  bodi- 
ly movement,  especially  of  the  arms  or  legs  :  as,  aiiawkieard 
gait;  awkward  in  the  use  of  a  tool.  Clumpy  starts  from 
the  notion  of  heaviness,  and  consequent  uuwieldiness  or 
awkwardness  in  use ;  it  is  applicable  to  the  whole  body  or 
to  any  part  of  it,  even  when  still:  as.  a  clumsy  figtu-e; 
clumsy  hands.  This  diflference  is  also  found  in  the  figura- 
tive use  of  the  words  :  a  clumsy  excuse  is  one  that  is  put 
together  badly;  an  awkicard  excuse  is  one  that  may  be 
good,  but  is  not  gi-acefully  presented.  Ungainly,  literally 
unhandsome,  not  pleasing  to  the  eye,  is  applied  generally 
to  awkwardness  of  appear:mce.  Uncouth,  literally  un- 
known, uncommon,  and  so,  by  a  bit  of  human  conceit, 
uninstructed,  untrained,  unrefined,  sometimes  even  rude, 
barliarous :  as,  uncouth  phrases,  manners.  Bungling, 
awkward  in  doing,  handling  awkwardly,  spoiling  by  awk- 
wardness, in  either  hter.al  or  figiuative  use ;  as,  he  made 
bungling  work  of  it. 

With  ridiculous  and  (iirfrirflnf  action  .  .  . 
He  pageants  us.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 

Besides  Hepzibah's  disadvantages  of  person,  there  was 
an  uncouthness  pervading  all  her  deeds;  a  clunt.fy  some- 
thing, that  could  but  ill  adapt  itself  for  use.  anil  not  at  all 
for  ornament.  Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  tx. 

■Who  would  have  preilicted  that  the  prince  of  Grecian 
chMiuence  should  have  been  found  in  a  stammering  orphan, 
<►!  feel'le  lungs  ami  ungainly  carriage,  deprived  of  educa- 
tion by  avaricious  guardians'?       Ecerctt,  l)rations,  II.  213. 

Many  uncouth  phrases  and  forgotten  words  seemed  to 
her  no  less  available  than  etmimon  forms. 

Slcdman,  Viet.  Poets,  p.  126. 
He  must  be  a  bungling  gamester  who  cannot  win. 

Macaulay. 

awkwardly  (ak'wjlrd-li),  adv.  In  an  awkward 
nianiicr.  (a)  Clumsily;  \yitliout  dexterity  or  grace  in 
action;  in  a  rude  or  bungling  manner;  inelegantly,  (h) 
Embarrassingly;  inconveniently:  as,  awkicardly  fixed  or 
situated. 


awkwardness 

awkwardness  (ak'«iiril-ncs),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  bfirif,'  awkwanl.  (n)  cinmshirss;  un- 
wiuhiiness  ;  unsuiliiTilciH'SH  :  ns,  the  aH'kiriinhfss  of  ;i  li.i.l, 
or  of  11  pliin  of  opci'utioiis  ;  the  aw/,-wantti':^yni:i  hunille  nti 
neeount  of  its  size  orshnpe.  (h)  Lnelt  of  skill  or  ilrxtriity 
ill  action,  (c)  Laek  of  ease  in  aetinn  ;  nnt^rioefiLlness. 
(rf)  An  awkward  cirenmstanee  or  feeling ;  eniliarrassment ; 
unpleasantness ;  ineonvenieiiee. 

awl  (al),  «.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  aul,  all,  and  by 

misdivision  (a  iiinvl  for  m\  nirl)  nnirl,  tmul,  nnll, 
ME.  iial.     The  earlier  forms  arc  of  four  types: 
(1)  ME.  ((«/<■,  ciiuit;  out,  <  AS.  awcl,  awitl;  (2) 
ME.  oiilc,  oucl,  owcl,  owiil,  <  AH.dwcl,  dwul ;  (3) 
ME.  cl,  cic,  <  AS.  iel;  (4)   ME.  allc,  al,  <  AS. 
al,  cal  =  OLG.  acl^OlKi.  ala,  MHG.  ale,  G. 
ahlc  =  Icel.  ah,  an  awl;  with  added  formative, 
OH(ji.  iilinifia,  aliinna,  "ahisiid  (>  ML.  akmta,  > 
It.  li.iiiKi  =  Sp.  les)ia,  abulia  =  Pr.  alcna  =  OF. 
atcsiir,  l'\  alenc)  =  OD.  aclticnc,  cisene  (mod.  D. 
eh),  >  Se.  elsiii,  elsmi,  Shetland  alison,  an  awl. 
Cf.  Skt.  drd,  an  awl.]     1. 
A  pointed  instrument  for    r^^^;-— t~^ 
piereing    small    holes    in    ^^-=^  a 
leather,  wood,  etc.,  as  the 
bent-iioiuted    awl    of    the 
shocmalceraud  saddler  and        „    .     ,    ,^    . 

.,  4       ■    1  i         ■     i     1    )        J        "■  Brad-awl;  &,  Sewing- 

tne  straif^lit-poiuted  brad-  awi. 

awl  of  the  joiner. — 2.  The 

jiopinjay  or  green  woodpecker,  Picus  or  Gecinus 

viridis.     [Local,  British.] 

awl-bird  (al'berd),  H.  Same  as  ait'/,  2.  Montagu. 

awl-clip  (al'klip),  n.  A  device  for  hohling 
blanks,  memoranda,  etc.,  consisting  of  an  awl 
or  pin  fixed  to  a  stand.  The  papers  to  be  kept 
on  file  are  thrust  upon  the  pin. 

awless,  ".     See  awcless. 

awl-shaped  (al'shapt),  CT.  1.  Having  the  shape 
of  an  awl. —  2.  In  hot,  slender  and  tapering 
toward  the  extremity  from  a  broadish  base,  as 
a  leaf;  subulate. 

awl-tree  (al'tre),  n.  [<  awl,  repr.  Hind,  dl  (see 
(//I,  (il-root),  +  tree.'\     Same  as  «/!. 

awlwort  (al'wert),  n.  The  popular  name  of  the 
Siihiildria  aquatica:  so  called  from  its  awl- 
shaped  leaves  (Latin  .iiibula,  an  awl),  it  is  a  very 
small  stemless  aquatic  plant,  natural  order  Cntci/erce, 
found  in  Eunjpe,  siluiia,  and  North  Alneriea. 

awm  (am),  n.     Same  as  aam. 

awmbryt  (am'bri),  )i.     Same  as  anibry. 

awmous  (ii'mus),  h.     A  Scotch  form  of  alm^. 

awnl  (an),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  any;  <  ME.  aw)ie, 
aiiiic,  awinc,  earlier  ayuii,  <  AS.  *aijun  (not  re- 
corded; the  ME.  may  be  from  the  Scand.)  = 
OHG.  aganu,  MHG.  aijcne,  agne,  ane,  G.  ahne 
(also  agcn),  awn,  =  Icel.  iign,  pi.  agnar,  =  Sw. 
agn,  only  in  pi.  agnar,  =  Dan.  avne  =  Goth. 
ahatui,  chaff,  =  Gr.  axvtj,  Doric  axva,  chaff;  cf. 
(with  diff.  formative)  Gr.  axvpov,  chaff,  L.  aciis 
(accr-),  chaff,  and  AS.  egl,  E.  ail",  a^vn,  and  AS. 
ear  (eontr.  of  *ahiir  =  ONorth.  eher,  a'hher),  E. 
ear^  (of  corn)  (see  ail",  avcl,  accrosc,  and  ear"); 
lilt.  <  *a}c,  be  sharp.  But  it  is  possible  that 
two  orig.  different  words,  meaning  'awn'  and 
'chaff'  respectively,  have  here  run  together.] 
In  bot.,  a  bristle-shaped  terminal  or  dorsal  ap- 
pendage, such  as  the  beard  of  wheat,  barley, 
and  many  grasses. 

awn^,  a.  and  v.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 
of  own. 

awned  (and),  a.  [<  rtwwl  -I-  -6^2.]  Having  awns : 
applied  to  leaves,  loaf-stalks,  etc.,  bearing  a 
long  rigid  spine,  as  in  barley,  etc. 

awner  (a'ner), )(.  A  machine  for  removing  the 
avels  or  awns  from  grain;  an  aveler;  a  hian- 
meler.     See  hummcling-machine. 

awning  (a'ning),  H.  [First  recorded  in  the  17th 
century,  in  naut.  use;  of  undetermined  origin, 
but  appar.  (with  suffix  -ing")  <  "awn,  prob,  a 
naut.  reduction  of  F.  aurent,  "a  penthouse  of 
cloth  before  a  shop-window"  (Cotgrave),  OF. 
aid'ant,  ML.  anrunna  (also  spelled  aurentus, 
appar.  in  simulation  of  L.  renins,  wind),  of 
unkno^vn  origin.]  A  movable  roof-like  cover- 
ing of  canvas  or  other  cloth  spread  over  any 
place,  or  in  front  of  a  window,  door,  etc.,  as 
a  protection  from  the  sun's  rays. 

A  court 
Compact  with  lucid  marbles,  boss'd  with  lengths 
Of  classic  frieze,  with  ample  awniiiffft  gay. 

Tfiiii'ison,  l*rincess,  ii. 

It  was  verj'  hot.  and  sitting  under  the  aivning  turned 
out  to  lie  the  pleasantest  occupation. 

Lit'i>i  lirax!<t'y,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  i.  1. 

Backbone  of  an  awning.    See  backbom.—'Vo  house 

awnings.     See  hmm-,  I'. 

awnless  (an'les),  a.  [<  «i(«l  -I-  -tes.]  With- 
out awns  or  beard. 

awny  (a'ni),  a,    [<  aiiKl  +  -.V^-]    Having  awns ; 
bearded;  bristly. 
20 


401 

awoke  (a-w6k').     Preterit  and  past  participle 

of  (iwakc. 

aworkt  (a-w6rk'),  prep.  pkr.  as  ailv.  [<  ME. 
awcrku;  K  a'^  +  work.]  At  work;  in  a  state  of 
labor  or  action. 

Twere  n  good  mirth  now  to  sot  him  a-work 
To  make  her  wedding-ring. 

Middklon,  Chaste  Maid,  i.  1. 

The  bad  will  have  but  small  matter  whereon  to  set  their 

niischiefc  a  mirk.  .Villon,  Ap<d<igy  f»ir  Sincctymnuiis. 

aworking  (a-w6r'king),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a'^ 
+  working."]  At  work ;  in  or  into  a  state  of 
working  or  action. 

Never  met 
Adventure  which  might  them  a  wnrkiiuj  set. 

SiH'mer,  Mother  Hub. 'Tale,  1.  2'J4. 

awreakt,  v.  t.     [<  ME.  awrekcn,  <  AS.  dwrccan, 

<  a-  +  wrecan,  wreak:  see  o-l  and  wreak.]    To 

wreak;  take  vengeance  on;  avenge. 

Me  were  lever  than  al  this  toun 

Of  this  dispit  aurokfii  for  to  be. 

Chancer.  Miller's  Tnio,  I.  566. 

awrongt  (a-rong'),  prep.  phr.  as  orfc.  [<  n^  + 
wrong.  Cf.  aright,  a  much  older  word.]  In  a 
wrong  manner ;  wrongly. 

If  I  aim'd 
.iwrot>fr,  'twas  in  an  envy  of  thy  goodness. 

Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  iii.  3. 

a'Wry  (a-ri'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME. 
awry,  awryc,  on  wry ;  <  «3  -I-  ion/.]  1.  Turned 
or  twisted  toward  one  side;  not  in  a  straight 
or  true  direction  or  position;  as(iuiiit:  as,  to 
glance  or  look  awry ;  the  lady's  cap  is  awry. 

If  she  steps,  looks,  or  moves  awn/.       Sprctalor,  No.  66. 
2.  Figuratively,  away  from  the  line  of  truth 
or  right  reason ;  perverse  or  perversely. 
Much  of  the  soul  they  talk,  but  all  awni. 

Milton,  P.R.,  iv.  3i:i. 
The  prince's  counsels  all  awry  do  go. 

Sir  J.  Dames,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxxii. 

To  go  (nm,  step,  tread,  walk)  awry,  (a)  of  persons : 
To  fall  into  error ;  do  wrong,  (j/)  I  if  tilings  :  To  turn  out 
badly  or  untowardly  ;  go  wrong. 

awsk  (ask),  n.     A  dialectal  form  of  ask^. 

awsome,  a.     See  awesome. 

axi,  axe"^  (aks), «.  [The  reg.  mod.  spelling  is 
ax,  <  ME.  ax,  also  axe,  ex,  a;x,  <  AS.  a-x,  also 
eax,  =  ONorth.  acasa,  acase  =  OS.  accus  =  OD. 
aires,  D.  aks,  aaksc,  aak«,  =  OHG.  acehus,  ackus, 
MHG.  ackes,  ait,  G.  ax,  axt  =  Icel.  ox,  dxi  = 
Sw.  yxa  =  Dan.  dxe  =  L.  aseia,  ax,  mattock, 
akin  to  Gr.  df/w?,  ax.]  An  instrument  used 
for  hewing  timber  and  chopping  wood,  and  also 


,  /.  Bro.ui-ax,  for  hewing ;  B,  Ax  for  chopping. 

as  a  weapon  of  offense.  The  modem  ax  consists 
of  a  head  of  iron,  with  an  arching  edge  of  steel,  and  a 
helve  or  handle.  "The  edge  is  in  the  plane  of  the  sweep  of 
the  tool,  thus  ditfering 
from  the  adz,  in  wliicli 
the  edge  is  at  right  .-ingles 
to  I  be  plane  of  the  sweep. 
As  a  weapon,  the  ax  w;ls 
in  very  eonuiioii  use  from 
the  earliest  times  until 
the  genera!  adoption  of 
flrearins.  It  was  used  by 
the  Egyptians,  hy  the 
Greeks  it  was  looked 
upon  .as  a  weapon  of  their 
own  ancestors  and  of  the 
Asiatic  nations,  and  so 
ligured  in  works  of  ( Jreek 
art.  The  northern  na- 
tions who  overthrew  the 
Komau  empire  used 
in.any  varieties  of  this 
weapon,  and  its  use  pre- 
vailed tbroiighont  the 
middle  ages  in  Europe. 
A  light  ax  was  conimon 
among  the  Arabs  and  Moors.  Axes  of  various  kinds  of 
stone,  or  entirely  of  copper  or  bronze,  are  found  among 
prehistoric  and  ancient  remains,  and  in  use  by  barbarous 
races.  Sec  cell-.— An  ax  to  grind  (in  allusion  to  a  story 
told  by  Franklin),  some  iiri\ate  jiurpose  to  subserve,  or 
selfish  end  to  attjiin.-  Bullhead  ax,  a  pole  ax  with  a 
small  hainmer-liead  at  the  back,  used  in  slaughter-houses. 

Sacred  ax,  a  name  given  by  col- 
lectors of  Chinese  jiorcelain  to  an  em- 
blem or  mark  supposed  to  resemble 
an  ax,  and  found  either  alone  or  as 
forming  part  of  the  decoration  of  cer- 
tain pieces  said  to  be  assigned  (o  war- 
riors. To  put  the  ax  In  tlie  helve, 
to  solve  a  doubt;  tind  out  a  puzzle. 
ax^,  axe^  (aks),  f.  t.;  pret.and 


azll 

(ixa,  ax ;   from  the  noun.]     To  shape  or  trim 

with  an  ax. 
ax'-'t,  axe"t  (aks),  ».     [<  ME.  ax,  axe  (in  comp.), 

ex,  exv,  also  as,  <  AS.  eax,  wx  =  OD.  a8.ie,  D.  as 

=  OHG.  ahsa,  MHG.  ah.se,  G.  achse  =  Dan.  axe 

=  L.  axis  =  Gr.  dfwv  =  (jBulg.  osi,  Bulg.  Serv. 

OS  =  Pol.  OS  =  Buss.  o.«j  =  Lith.  aszis  =  Skt. 

aksha,  axis,  a.xle.     Hence  axle,q.  v.]     An  axle; 

an  axis. 
ax',  axe-*  (aks),  v.  t.   Obsolete  or  dialectal  forms 

of  ((A'A'l. 

For  T  wol  axe  if  it  hir  wille  be 

To  be  my  wyf.  Chaucer. 

axal  (ak'sal),  a.     Same  as  axial. 

axel,  H.  au'd  ,._    f^ee  ^j-i. 

axe'-'t,  n.     See  0x2. 

axe-*,  r.     See  ax3. 

axe'*  (aks),  n.  -An  English  name  of  a  native 
species  of  Lobelia,  L.  urejw. 

axed  (akst),  a.  [<  ax^  +  -cd^.]  In  masonry, 
dressed  with  a  stone  hammer  to  a  smooth  sur- 
face. 

Good  effect  is  obtained  by  the  contrast  of  azed  and  pol- 
ished surfaces.  Ennje.  Brit.,  IV.  474. 

axes,  n.     Plural  of  ax  and  of  axis. 

axfitcht,  «.  [Also  written  axvitch,  axfeteh;  < 
«.('!  -1-  filch.  This  and  the  other  names  axseed, 
axwort,  hatchet-filch,  smd  NL.  Seeurigera,  refer 
to  tho  ax-shaped  seed.]  A  leguminous  plant, 
Securigera  coronilla.     Cotgrave. 

ax-form  (aks'fonn),  a.     Same  as  ax-shaped. 

ax-head  (aks'hed),  n.  Tlio  head  or  iron  of  an 
ax.  Ancient  ax-heads,  formed  of  stone  and 
sometimes  of  bronze,  are  called  celts. 

axial  (ak'si-al),  n.  l<.  axis  + -al.]  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  axis. 

From  central  development  we  pass  insensibly  to  that 
higher  kind  of  development  f<ir  which  axial  seems  the 
most  appropriate  name.     //.  .^prnct-r,  Prin.  of  liiol.,  §  50. 

2.  Situated  in  an  axis  or  in  the  a.\is. —  3.  In 
anat.,  pertaining  to  the  somatic  as  distingtiished 
from  the  membral  portions  of  the  body ;  not 
appendicular.  Axial  parts  or  organs  are,  in  general, 
divnled  into  ppaxial,  hijpaxial,  and  paraxial,  according 
as  they  are  situated  over,  under,  or  alongside  the  spinal 
column. 

4.  In  geoh,  forming  the  axis,  central  domi- 
nating portion,  or  crest  of  a  mountain-range. 


An  of  jadcile  from  Nc 


I      I 


'  .  •  r  T        1         ulcni  c 

pp.  axed,  ppr.  axmg.   [=  Icel.    cciiin, 


Sacred    Ax.  —  Em- 
blem on  Chinc!>c  por- 


Section  of  mountain  showing  anticlinal  structure  with  axial  mass 
of  eruptive  or  metamorphic  rock. 

The  centra!  or  axial  portions  of  many  mountain-ranges 
consist  of  crystalline,  azoic,  or  arcluean  rocks ;  this  is  espe- 
cially true  of  the  numerous  ranges  of  the  Korth  -Anicriean 
Cordilleras. 

Sometimes  axal. 
Axial  canal,  in  erinoids,  the  central  canal  within  the 
hard  perisoma  of  the  stem,  extending  the  length  of  the 
latter  and  tilled  with  a  soft  solid  substance.— Axial  cav- 
ity, in  Aftinozoa,  the  cavity  common  to  the  gastric  sae 
and  intermeseiiteric  chambers.  See  Actinozoa. — Axial 
Circle,  a  circle  having  its  center  on  the  axis  of  a  curve. — 
.Axial  line,  the  name  given  by  Faraday  to  the  line  in 
whicii  the  magnetic  force  pa-sses  from  one  pole  of  a  horse- 
shoe magnet  to  the  other.— Axial  plane,  in  crj/ftal.,  a 
jtlane  containing  (1)  two  of  the  crystallographic  axes,  or 
(•J)  the  optic  axes  in  the  case  of  a  biaxial  crystal.  —  Axial 
rotation,  rotation  upon  an  axis.— Axial  skeleton,  the 
skeleton  of  the  trunk  and  head  and  tail,  as  distinct  from 
the  sikeleton  of  the  limbs. 
axially  (ak'si-al-i),  adv.  In  a  line  with  or  in 
the  direction  of  the  axis;  ■with  reference  to  the 
axis. 

There  are  many  Transparent  Objeet-s,  however,  whose 
jieculiar  features  can  only  lie  made  out  when  they  are 
viewed  by  light  transmitted  through  them  obliquely  in- 
stead of  axialh/.  H'.  11.  Carpenter,  Micros..  §  145. 

axiferous  (ak-sif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  axis,  axis,  -t- 
ferre  =  E.  bearK']  In  bot.,  consisting  of  an 
axis  only,  without  leaves  or  other  appendages : 
applied  by  Turpin  to  fungi  and  alga?,  consid- 
ered as  consisting  essentially  of  an  axis  merely. 

axiform  (ak'si-form),  a.  [<  L.  axis,  axis,  -t- 
forma,  shape.]     In  the  fonn  of  an  axis. 

a^fugal  (ak-sif'u-gal),  a.  [<  L.  axis,  axis,  -I- 
fugcrc,  flee,  -I-  -al.]     Centrifugal.    [Rare.J 

axil  (ak'sil),  n.  [<  L.  axilla,  dim.  (cf.  dia  for 
'axla,  dim. )  of  axis,  axis,  armpit :  see  ala,  aisle, 
axis'^,  ana  axle.]  1.  The  arm- 
pit, or  axilla  (which  see). 
[Eare.]  —  2.  In  bot.,  the  an- 
gle formed  between  the  up- 
per side  of  a  leaf  and  tho 
stem  or  branch  to  which  it 
is  attached  ;  in  cryptogams, 
the  angle  formed  by  the 
branching  of  a  frond.  j.  «.  axiu. 


azile 

axile  (ak'sil),  ((.  [<  L.  lis  iC  'arilis,  <  axiK:  see 
rtx/sl.]  1.  Oi  or  bolonpng  to  an  axis  or  tho 
axis;  axial. — 2.  Sitiiatcdin  anaxis  or  theaxis, 
OS  an  embryo  which  lies  in  tho  axis  of  a  seed. 

A  large  sinus,  wliich  separates  tile  axUf  portion  of  tlie 
stem  of  tile  proboscis  from  its  investing  coat. 

Ihixletl,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  655. 

3.  In  zool.,  axial,  with  reference  to  ovarian  or- 
gans or  ova :  opposed  in  this  sense  to  periph- 
eral. 

This  mass  becomes  diflerentiated  into  an  axih'  cord  of 
protoplasmic  substance,— tbc  rhacliis,— and  peripheral 
masses,  .  .  .  which  are  the  developing  ova. 

lluxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  .548. 

axilla  (ak-sil'a),  11.;  pL  axillm  (-§).  [L.:  see 
ar//.]  In  anal.,  the  armpit;  a  region  of  the 
body  in  the  recess  between  the  upper  arm  (or 
in  birds  the  upper  part  of  the  wing)  and  the 
side  of  tho  chest  beneath  the  shoulder,  it  is 
pjTaniidiil  in  sliapc,  its  apex  corresponding  to  the  inter- 
val )>etween  the  scaleni  muscles  opposite  the  first  rili.— 
Axilla  thermometer,  a  clinical  thermometer :  so  named 
because  it  is  placed  in  tile  axilla  in  observing  the  temper, 
ature  of  a  person. 

axillant  (ak-sil'ant),  a.  [i  axil  +  -antX.^  Foi-m- 
ing  an  a.xil,  as  a  leaf  with  another  leaf  in  whose 
axil  it  is.     [Rare.] 

For  him  the  tree  is  a  colony  of  phytons,  each  being  a 
biid  with  its  axillant  leaf  and  fraction  of  the  stem  and 
root.  Encyc.  Brit.,  X\a.  841. 

axillar  (ak'si-lar),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  axillaris, 
<  L.  axilla,  axil :  see  axil.']  I.  a.  Same  as  ax- 
illary. 

II.  n.  In  ornitk.,  one  of  the  under  wing-cov- 
erts of  a  bird,  growing  from  the  axilla  or  arm- 
pit, and  distinguished  from  the  under  coverts 
in  general  by  being  the  innermost  feathers  lin- 
ing the  wing,  lying  close  to  the  body,  and  al- 
most always  longer,  stiffer,  and  naiTower  than 
the  rest.    "Commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

axillary  (ak'si-la-ri),  a.  and  n.  [As  axillar: 
see  -arS,  -«n/2.]  I.  a.  1.  In  anat.,  pertaining 
to  the  axilla;  contained  in  the  axilla:  as,  the 
axillary  boundaries;  the  axillary  vessels. — 2. 
in  the  arthroiiod  animals,  pertaining  to  an 
articulation  or  joint :  said  of  parts  which  are 
attached  to  the  point  of  union  of  two  joints 
or  other  movable  parts  of  the  body. —  3.  In 
hot.,  pertaining  to  or  gi'owing  from  the  axil  (of 
plants).  See  cut  under  axil —  Axillary  arches,  in 
aiiat.,  muscular  slips  which  sometimes  pass  from  the  latis- 
simus  dorsi  (broadest  muscle  of  tlie  l)aclc),  near  its  inser- 
tion, across  the  axilla,  to  terminate  in  the  tendon  of  the 
pectoralis  major  (gi'eater  pectoral  muscle),  in  the  coraco- 
brachialis,  or  otherwise.  —  Axillaxy  artery,  the  contin- 
uation of  the  subclavian  artery,  after  it  h:is  passed  the 
lower  border  of  the  first  rib,  as  far  as  the  lower  border  of 
the  axilla,  where  it  takes  the  name  of  brachial  artery. 
It  is  divided  into  three  portions,  that  above,  that  behind, 
and  that  below  tlie  pectoralis  minor  (smaller  pectoral) 
muscle,  and  gives  off  numerous  branches,  thoracic,  sub- 
scapular, and  circumflex. — Axillary  feathers,  in  omith., 
the  axillars.  See  axittar,  Ji .  —  AjClllary  nerve,  the  cir- 
cumllex  nerve  of  the  arm.  —  Axillary  vein,  in  ayiat.,  the 
continuation  through  the  axilla  of  tlie  basilic  vein  rein- 
forced by  the  venai  comites  of  the  brachial  artery  and 
otlier  veins,  and  ending  in  the  subclavian. 
II.  n.  Same  as  axillar. 

axine  (ak'sin),  a.  and  H.     [<  axis^  + -ine'^.l     I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  group  of  deer  of 
which  the  axis,  or  spotted  Indian  hog-deer,  is 
the  type. 
II,  H.  A  deer  of  the  axine  group. 

axinite  (ak'si-nit),  H.  [<  Gr.  afm/,  ax  (see  ax^, 
+  -ife'2.]  A  mineral  occun'ing  commonly  in 
crystals,  whose  general  form  is  that  of  a  very 
oblique  rhomb,  so  flattened  that  .some  of  its 
edges  become  thin  and  sharp  like  the  edge  of 
an  ax  (whence  its  name),  also  sometimes  found 
in  lamellar  masses.  It  is  a  silicate  of  aluminium, 
iron,  and  manganese  and  calcium,  with  5  per  cent,  of  boron 
trioxi<l,  and  is  commonly  of  a  clove-brown  or  plum-blue 
color. 

axinoxuancy  (ak'sin-  or  ak-sin'o-man-si),  n. 
[<  L.  axinomanlia,  <  Gr.  *a^ivouavTda,  <  ofiV^, 
ax,  -1-  jiavrtia,  divination:  see  Mantis.']  An 
ancient  kind  of  iliriuation  for  the  detection 
of  crime  by  means  of  an  ax  or  axes.  One  form 
consisted  in  poising  an  ax  on  a  bar,  and  repeating  the 
names  of  persons  suspected.  If  the  ax  moved  at  the  name 
of  any  one,  he  was  pronounced  guilty.  For  another  form, 
see  extract. 

|Jet]  was  moreover  employed  in  the  fomi  of  divination 
called  axinomaiicii.  Laid  on  a  hatchet  made  hot,  it  was 
stated  not  to  c<uisuiue  if  the  desires  of  the  consulting  party 
were  destuied  to  be  fultiUrd. 

Arcluvotogia,  XLIII.  517.     (Davits'  Sup.  Gloss.) 

axinometry,  «.     See  axonometry. 

axiolite  (ak'si-o-Ut),  n.  [<L.  axis,  axis,  +  Gr. 
>.iWof,  stone.]  An  aggregation  of  rudimentary 
crystal-fibers  and  products  of  de\'itrificatioii, 
occurring  in  certain  rocks  like  rhyolite.  Axio- 
lites  resemble  spherulitcs,  except  tli;it  their  arrangement 
li  divergent  from  a  line  instead  uf  from  a  point. 


Axiolite. —  Specimen  of  rhyolite  from  Virginia  Range,  Nevada, 

magnified  loo  diameters. 

(From  Zirkel's  "  Microscopical  Petrography.") 

axiolitic  (ak"si-o-lit'ik),  o.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  cif  tlie  nature  of  axiolite. 

axiom  (ak'si-om),  n.  [<  L.  axioma,  <  Gr.  a^luua, 
that  which  is  thought  tit,  a  requisite,  that  which 
a  pupil  is  required  to  know  beforehand,  a  self- 
evident  principle,  <  a^ioim,  think  fit  or  worth_v, 
require,  demand,  <  dfrar,  worthy,  fit,  lit.  weigh- 
ing as  much  as,  of  like  value,  <  aytiv,  drive, 
lead,  also  weigh,  =  L.  agere,  drive,  do,  etc. :  see 
act,  v.,  agent,  etc.]  1.  A  self-evident,  un- 
demonstrable,  theoretical,  and  general  propo- 
sition to  which  every  one  who  apprehends  its 
meaning  must  assent.  The  Greek  word  was  prob- 
ably applied  by  Plato  (though  it  does  not  occur  in  his 
dialogues  in  this  sense)  to  certain  first  premises  of  mathe- 
matics ;  and  this  continues  to  be  the  ordinary  use  of  the 
tenu.  It  was  extended  by  Aristotle  to  similar  principles 
supposed  to  underlie  other  branches  of  knowledge.  The 
axioms  or  "common  notions"  of  Euclid,  as  given  in  Eng- 
lish translations,  are  twelve  in  number,  viz.:  (1)  Things 
which  are  equal  to  the  same  are  equal  to  one  another.  (2) 
If  eiiuals  be  added  to  equals,  the  wholes  are  equal.  (3)  If 
equals  be  taken  from  equals,  the  remainders  are  equal.  (4) 
If  equals  be  added  to  unequals,  the  wholes  are  unequal. 
(5)  If  equals  be  taken  from  unequals,  the  remainders  are 
unequal.  (6)  Things  which  are  double  of  the  same  are 
equal  to  one  another.  (7)  Things  which  are  halves  of  the 
same  are  equal  to  one  another.  (8)  Magnitudes  which 
coincide  with  one  another,  that  is,  which  exactly  fill  the 
same  space,  are  equal  to  one  another.  (9)  The  whole 
is  greater  than  its  part.  (10)  Two  straight  lines  cannot 
inclose  a  space.  (11)  All  right  angles  are  equal  to  one 
another.  (12)  If  a  straight  line  meets  two  straight  lines, 
so  as  to  make  the  two  interior  angles  on  the  same  side  of 
it  taken  together  less  than  two  right  angles,  these  straight 
lines,  being  continually  produced,  shall  at  length  meet 
upon  that  side  on  which  are  the  angles  which  are  less 
than  two  right  angles.  Only  the  first  three  of  these  are 
universally  acknowledged  to  be  authentic,  though  the 
latest  editor,  Heiberg,  allows  the  eighth  and  ninth  also. 
Euclid  gives  besides  a  list  of  postulated,  which,  as  given 
in  English  translations,  are  :  (1)  Let  it  be  granted  that  a 
straight  line  may  be  drawn  from  any  one  point  to  any 
other  point.  (2)  That  a  terminated  straight  line  may  be 
produced  to  any  length  in  a  straight  line.  (3)  And  that  a 
circle  may  be  described  from  any  center,  at  any  distance 
from  that  center.  What  the  English  editions  give  as 
the  eleventh  and  twelfth  axioms  formed  originally  the 
fourth  and  fifth  postulates,  and  in  the  best  M.S.  the  tenth 
axiom  appears  as  the  si.xth  postulate.  It  would  thus 
seem  that  he  understood  by  "postulate"  a  geometrical 
premise  which  was  asked  to  be  taken  for  granted,  and 
by  "axiom"  or  "common  notion,"  a  not  specially  geo- 
metrical principle  with  the  use  of  which  the  learner 
would  be  already  familiar.  This  agrees  with  Aristotle's 
definition  of  an  axiom  as  a  principle  which  he  who  would 
learn  must  bring  of  himself.  The  Leibnitzians  distin- 
guish a  postulate  as  a  self-evident  practical  principle 
from  an  axiom  as  a  self-evident  theoretical  principle.  Ac- 
cordiiiL-'  to  Kant,  an  axiom  is  a  necessary  and  general  syn- 
thetical iirnjiusitiim  which  declares  a  property  of  pure 
space  or  time  and  rests  directly  on  intuition,  and  is  thus 
self-evident.  He  refused  the  name  t"  the  genuine  "com- 
mon notions"  of  Euclid,  holding  these  ti)  be  analytical 
propositions.  Modern  mathematicians  seem  to  reg.ard  the 
axioms  of  geometry  as  an  analysis  of  the  independent 
properties  of  space,  so  that  the  longer  the  list,  provided 
the  propositions  are  really  independent,  the  more  per- 
fectly Ikis  the  design  been  fulflllid.  -Many  eminent  mathe- 
maticians hold  that  there  is  no  reason  to  think  these 
axioms  to  be  exactly  true,  but  that  they  must  be  assumed 
to  be  slightly  erroneous  one  way  or  the  other;  although 
exijerience  shows  that  they  approximate  so  nearly  to  the 
truth  that  it  may  be  doubted  whether  it  will  ever  be  pos- 
sible to  measure  the  amount  of  their  error.  A  similar 
doctrine  is  lield  by  some  thinkers  concerning  metaphysi- 
cal axioms,  such  as  the  axiom  tliat  every  event  is  deter- 
mined by  causes. 

2.  Any  higher  proposition,  obtained  b.y  gen- 
eralization and  induction  from  the  observation 
of  indi\-id>ial  instances;  the  enunciation  of  a 
general  fact;  an  empirical  law.  This  use  origi- 
nated with  Bacon,  infinenced  probably  by  the  employ- 
ment of  axiom  by  the  Stoics  to  me.on  any  proposition. 
3t.  In  logic,  a  proposition,  whether  true  or  false : 
a  use  of  the  term  which  originated  with  Zeno 
the  Stoic.  =Syn.  1.  Maxim,  Truism,  etc.   Hec  aphorism. 

axiomatic  (ak"si-o-mat'ik),  o.  [<  Gr.  aSiuffTino^, 
<  (l^'/(j//a(7-),  an  axiom:  see  axiom.']  1.  Of  the 
nature  of  an  axiom,  self-evident  truth,  or  re- 
ceived principle ;  self-evident. 


axis 

Many  controversies  arise  touching  the  axiomatic  charac- 
te-r  of  the  law.  .Sir  ]V,  Ilamilton,  Logic,  I.  88. 

2.  Full  of  axioms  or  maxims;  aphoristic. 

The  nnist  axiomatic  of  English  poets. 

Southey,  Doctor,  p.  381. 

axiomatical  (ak"si-o-mat'i-kal),  a.  1.  Of  the 
nature  of  an  axiom;  axiomatic. —  2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  axioms  or  received  first  principles: 
as,  "materials  of  axiomatical  knowledge,"  Bo- 
linghrokc. — 3t.  In  logic,  of,  pertaining  to,  or 
of  the  nature  of  a  proposition,  whether  true  or 
false. 

axiomatically  (ak"si-o-mat'i-kal-!),  adv.  In 
an  axiomatic  manner,  (a)  By  the  use  of  axioms; 
as  an  axiom  or  axiomatic  truth,  (if)  In  logic, 
in  the  form  of  a  simple  jiroposition.  See  axiom,  3. 

axiometer  (ak-si-om'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  axis,  axis, 
-I-  mctrum, avaeasure.]  An  instrument  for  show- 
ing the  position  of  the  tiller  of  a  vessel  which 
uses  a  steering-wheel. 

axiopistyt  (ak'si-o-pis-ti),  H.  [<  Gr.  alioTnaria, 
<  a^ioKiGToc,  trustworthy,  <  af/of,  worthy,  -|- 
TTiardc,  verbal  adj.  of  neldcoDai,  trust,  believe.] 
Worthiness  to  be  believed;  trustworthiness. 
Imp.  Diet. 

axis'^  (ak'sis),  n. ;  pi.  axes (-sez).  [L.,  axle,  axis, 
pole  of  the  earth;  poet.,  the  heavens;  also,  a 
board  or  plank  (see  a,')hler) ;  =  AS.  cax,  E.  ax"^, 
axle :  see  ax",  axle.  ]  1 .  The  motionless,  or  rela- 
tively motionless,  imaginary  line  about  which 
a  rotating  body,  such  as  the  earth,  turns:  spe- 
cifically called  in  this  sense  the  axis  of  revolu- 
tion or  rotation  (which  see,  below). 

On  their  own  axis  as  the  planets  rim. 

Yet  make  at  once  their  circle  round  the  sim. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  313. 

2.  The  axle  of  a  wheel ;  the  cylindrical  portion 
of  any  mechanical  piece  intended  to  turn  in 
bearings:  as,  the  axis  of  a  transit  instnmient. 

The  weightines  of  the  wheele  doth  settle  it  vpon  bis 
Axis.  Fotherby,  Atheonuisti.x,  xi.  §  1.    (S.  E.  D.) 

3.  Juanitt.:  (a)  The  second  cervical  vertebra: 
so  called  because  the  atlas  turns  upon  it  as 
about  a  pivot  or  axis,  bearing  the  head^\'ith  it. 


Human  Axis  ( upper  figure,  right  side  ;  lower  figure,  left  side). 
a,  body :  *.  odontoid  process ;  c,  articulatory  surface  for  atlas ;  rf, 
foramen  for  vertebral  artery :  f ,  superior  articulating  surface  :  y,  spi- 
nous process ;  £,  inferior  articulating  surface  ;  A,  transverse  process. 

It  is  usually  distinguished  from  the  other  vertebra?  liy  hav- 
ing an  odontoid  or  tooth-like  process,  furnishing  the  pivot 
about  which  the  .atlas  turns :  hence  called  the  toothed  ver- 
tebra (vertelira  dentata).  or  the  odontoid  vertebra  (vertebra 
odontoidea).  (J,)  The  odontoidprocess  of  the  axis. 
(g)  The  entire  vertebral  column,  (d)  The 
central  or  axial  nervous  system  of  a  vertebrate : 
as,  tlie  cerebrospinal  axis.  (<■)  The  colimiella 
or  modiolus  of  the  cochlea.  (/)  A  short  thick 
artery  which  immediately  di\ndes  into  several 
branches:  as.  tho  celiac  axis:  the  thyroid  axis, 
(g)  Thea.xis-e^-linderof  a  nerve.  {Ii)  Same  its 
axon. —  4.  The  central  line  of  a  solid  of  revo- 
lution; the  central  line  of  any  sjTumetrical,  or 
nearly  symmetrical,  body:  as,  the  axis  of  a  cyl- 
inder, of  the  eye,  etc. —  5.  .\ny  line  with  refer- 
ence to  which  the  physical  properties  of  a  body, 
especially  its  elasticity,  are  sj-mmetrical. —  6. 
In  Trilobita,  specificiiliy,  the  tergum;  the  me- 
dian convex  portion  of  a  thoracic  somite,  inter- 
vening between  the  pleura  or  flattened  lateral 
portions  of  the  tliorax.    See  cut  under  Trilobita. 

—  7.  In  conch.,  the  imaginary  line  or  space 
around  which  the  whorls  of  a  spiral  shell  turn. 

—  8.  In  liot.,  the  stem;  the  central  part  or 
longitudinal  support  on  which  organs  or  parts 
are  arranged.  The  root  has  sometimes  been 
called  the  descending  axis.     A.  Gray. 

In  many  cases  the  Iloral  axis  is  imdonged  beyond  one  or 
more  circles  of  Iloral  <»rgans,  and  the  stem  again  assumes 
the  urdlnary  leaf-beoring  form.  Science,  III.  302. 


axlB 

9.  In  ^7^0*7.  and  geol.,  tho  central  or  dominat- 
ing rof^ioii  of  a  mouutain-chain,  or  tho  lino 
which  follows  tho  crest  of  a  range  and  thus  in- 
dicates tho  position  of  the  most  conspicuous 
portion  of  the  uplift,    in  a  folded  region,  or  one  In 


Section  of  mountain  showine  position  of  axis  of  synclinatly 

folded  strata. 

whicli  the  strata  have  been  bent  into  anticlinals  and  syn- 
clinals, the  axis  of  (^ach  fold  is  tlie  plane  indicatin^^  the 
directioti  paralh-l  tn  which  tbt-  folding  has  taken  plaee,  or 
toward  wliicli  thr  .--trata  incline. 

10.  In  lumhjtk'nl  (fcom.j  any  fixed  lino  of  refer- 
ence used  to  determine  the  position  of  a  point  or 
series  of  points  (line,  surface)  in  space.— Anti- 
clinal axis,  ill  'i'-»l.  See  anticlinal.— Axes  Of  an  ellip- 
soid, its  iiiaxiituitn  and  mininiuin  dianu'teisatid  the  •liaiii- 
etcr  iKTpciidiinlar  to  these.— AxCS  Of  coordinates,  or 
coordinate  axes,  in  anali/dcal  ^cont.,  fixed  lines  on 
whiili  or  paialhl  to  which  an  element  (abscissa  or  ordi- 
nate) (if  the  iKisition  of  a  point  is  measured.— Axes  Of 
light-elasticity,  the  three  directions  at  right  angles  to 
OIK-  another  in  a  I>iaxial  crystal  in  which  the  elasticity  of 
the  liuht-ether  has  its  maximum,  minimum,  and  mean 
value.  In  a  trinictric  (iirtli.iiii..mbie)  crystal  they  coin- 
cide with  the  crystallo^raphtc  axes  ;  in  a  nionoelinic  crys- 
tal one  coincides  with  tht^  oitlmdiagonal  axis,  the  others 
lie  in  the  plam-  of  symmetry.  In  a  triclinie  crystal  there 
is  no  necessary  rehitinn  between  the  two  sets  of  axes. — 
Axis  of  a  beam  of  light,  the  middle  ray  of  the  beam. 
— Axis  of  a  cone,  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the  vertex 
to  the  center  of  tlie  base.— Axis  Of  a  COnic,  a  diameter 
perpcndiciUar  to  the  chords  it  bisects.— Axis  Of  a  crys- 
tal, in  crystal.,  one  of  three  or  four  imaginary  lines  as- 
sumed for  convenience  to  define  the  position  of  the 
planes  of  the  crystal,  and  to  exhibit  its  synmietry.  See 
cnfstalln./rai-hn.—Axls  of  a  CtlTVe,  a  right  line  dividing 
it  into  tuu  syiiuiutiieal  parts,  so  as  to  bisect  every  chord 
perpendicular  to  it,  as  in  ai)arai»)la,  ellipse,  or  hyperbola. 
-Axis  of  a  cylinder,  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the 
center  of  the  one  end  to  tliat  of  the  other.— Axis  Of 
affinity,  the  axis  of  liuniology  of  figures  homnlogieal  by 
afiiiiity.  — Axis  of  a  gun  or  piece,  the  middb-  line  <.f  the 
bore  of  the  gun.— Axis  of  a  lens,  a  straight  line  drawn 
through  the  oj)tical  center  of  tlie  lens,  and  i)erpendicular 
to  both  its  surfaces.  — Axis  Of  a  magnet,  the  imaginary 
line  which  coiniccts  the  north  and  south  ptdes  of  the 
magnet.— Axis  of  a  sphere,  any  straight  line  drawn 
through  the  center  and  terniinated  botli  ways  by  the  sur- 
face of  the  sphere.- Axis  of  a  spherical,  concave,  or 
convex  mirror,  a  straiglit  line  wliich  pjisses  through  the 
geometrical  and  optical  centers  of  the  nnrror. — AxiS  Of 
a  telescope,  a  straight  line  passing  through  the  centers 
of  uU  the  glasses  in  the  tuljc.  — Axis  Of  COlllneation,  in 
inath.,  a  line  which  corresponds  to  itself  in  a  projective 
transformation.  —  Axis  of  direct  elasticity,  a  direction 
in  asvtlid  l)ody  such  that  a  longitudinal  strain  in  that  di- 
rection produces  a  stress  precisely  opposed  to  the  strain. 

—  Axis  of  elasticity,  a  direction  in  a  solid  body  witli 
respect  to  wliich  some  kind  of  synnnetry  exists  in  the 
relation  of  strains  and  stresses. —  Axis  of  homology,  the 
line  upon  which  coiTcsponding  lines  of  twi>  figures  in 
homology  intersect  each  other.- Axis  Of  Oscillation  Of 
a  pendulum,  a  right  line  passing  tliiongh  the  center 
altont  which  it  viljrates,  aiid  iierpendicular  to  the  plane 
of  viluatiou.- Axis  Of  perspective,  the  line  in  which 
the  plane  of  a  ]ierspective  representation  cuts  anyplane 
represented.— Axis  Of  reflection,  in  the  method  of  in- 
version in  geometry,  any  line  considered  as  perpendicular 
to  and  bisertio'j,  tlie  distance  between  two  inverse  points. 

—  Axis  of  refraction,  a  straight  line  drawn  perpendicular 
to  the  surface  of  the  refracting  medium,  through  the  point 
of  incidence  of  the  refracted  ray.  Some  crystals  have  two 
axes  of  refraction.— Axis  of  rotation,  the  imaginary  line 
about  which  all  the  parts  of  a  rotating  body  turn.- Axis 
of  similitude  of  three  circles,  a  line  passing  through 
two  intersections  of  corresin>nding  pairs  of  common 
tangents  of  two  pairs  out  of  the  three  circles.  The  axis 
of  similitude  also  necessarily  passes  through  a  third  such 
point,  but  this  fact  is  not  essential  to  its  definition. — 
Axis  of  symmetry,  a  line  on  both  or  all  sides  of  which 
the  parts  of  a  body  or  magiutude  are  symmetrically  dis- 
posed.—  Axis  Of  tlie  earth,  the  straight  line  connecting 
its  two  poles,  and  about  wbieli  it  jierfornis  its  diurnal  ro- 
tation.—Axis  Of  the  eye,  a  straight  line  pa.ssing  through 
the  centers  of  the  ]uipil  and  crystalline  lens;  the  ojitic 
axis. —  Axis  Of  the  Ionic  capital,  a  line  passing  peri»en- 
dieularly  tbrom;b  the  middle  of  tlie  eye  of  the  volute. — 
Axis  of  the  world,  the  imaginary  axis  i)assing  through 
the  celestial  I'obs.  — Axis  of  vision.  See  vtMial  axi'<.  be- 
low. Basicranial  axis,  a  straight  line  drawn  fmni  a 
point  midway  between  the  itcclpital  cun<iyles,  through  the 
median  plane  of  the  skull,  to  the  junction  of  the  ethmoid 
and  presphenoid,  in  the  fiour  of  the  cerebral  ca\ity. 
IJuxl'')/.  See  cut  under  cra/i/o/ncmZ.- Basifacial  axis, 
or  facial  axis,  a  straight  line  ih-awn  from  the  anterior 
extremity  <if  the  premaxilla  to  the  anterior  extremity  i)f 
the  basicranial  axis  (which  see,  above):  not  t^i  be  con- 
founded  with,/W<'m/  lino.  See  cranunnHnj.  and  cut  under 
era  niu  facia  I.  ~  Ce\i2iC  axis,  (a)  A  short."  thick  bramli  of 
the  altdoniinal  aorta,  given  off  just  below  the  diaphragm, 
and  immediately  diviiling  into  the  gastric,  hepatic,  and 
splenic  arteries,  (b)  I'bc  symiiathetie  jdexus  which  sur- 
rounds this  artery.— Cerebrospinal  axis.  See  cerebro- 
spinal.^ COJl\'\lga,tG  or  minor  axis,  in  'jeom.,  an  axis, 
especially  of  a  h>perl'ola.  jierpendieubir  to  the  transverse 
axis.  The  term  was  originally  used  in  the  jdural  for  a  pair 
of  conjugate  diameters  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  As 
now  useil,  it  is  an  abbreviated  exi)ressiou  for  axis  couju- 
gale  to  tiie  transverse  axis.—  Facial  axis.     See  bas\facial 


403 

axis,  above.— Harmonic  axis.  See  Affrmontc— Instan- 
taneous axis,  the  axis  uhout  which  a  body  is  rotating  ut 
any  instant  ;  an  expres.sion  applicable  when  motion  is 
considered  in  only  two  dimensions  or  when  a  point  of  the 
body  is  fixed  ;  in  other  cases  it  would  be  ;ui  inaccurate 
abbreviation  of  the  following:  Instantaneous  sliding 
axis,  tlmt  line  about  which  a  body  is  rotating  and  along 
which  it  is  simultanecmsly  sliding  at  any  instant.  Kvery 
rigid  body  at  every  instant  of  its  motion  has  such  an  in- 
stantaneous sliding  axis.— Macrodiagonal  axis,  mag- 
netic axis.  Sec  the  ailjectivcs.—  Neural  axis,  iu  anot., 
the  eerebro.spinal  axis;  the  axis  or  central  trunk  of  the 
cerebrospinal  system.- Neutral  axis,  in  incch.:  {a)  of  a 
beam,  the  plane  in  which  the  tensile  and  eompressinu 
forces  terminate,  and  in  which  the  stress  is  tbcreloie  no- 
thing. (/.)  Of  a  dertected  bar,  the  line  along  whieli  there  is 
neither  extension  nor  coini)ression.  — Optic  axis,  the  axis 
of  the  eye  (which  see,  above).- Orthogonal  or  principal 
metatatlc  axes,  three  axes  in  a  body  such  that,  it  a  cube 
be  cut  out  having  its  faces  normal  to  these  axes,  and  if 
there  be  a  hnear  clongati<m  along  one  of  them  and  an 
equal  linear  compression  along  a  second,  no  tangential 
stress  will  result  round  the  third  axis  on  planes  normal 
to  the  first  two.  — Radical  axis  of  two  circles,  the  line 
joining  their  points  of  intci-scetion.  This  liii'*  is  real  even 
when  the  circles  do  not  really  intersect,  tbr  dilt.n-iiee  ui 
its  distance  from  the  two  centers  being  propoitii.iial  t  » tb^- 
difference  of  the  areas  of  the  two  circles.—  Spiral  axis, 
in  arch.,  the  axis  of  a  twisted  column  spirally  drawn  in 
order  to  trace  the  circumvolutions  without.  — Synclinal 
axis,  in  fjcol.  See  *"3/«'7i/(f/;. —Tectonic  axes,  in  cri/.s- 
tal.,  the  lines  along  which  the  nnnute  crystals  are  ar- 
ranged iu  the  formation  of  a  complex  crystalline  growth. 
Thus,  dendritic  crystallizations  of  gold  and  coi)per  often 
branch  at  angles  of  m\  their  directions  b.ing  i)arallel 
to  the  sides  of  an  octahedral  face.— The  principal  axes 
of  inertia  of  a  boily,  those  lines  passiiiL'  tbr<ui^h  its  cen- 
ter of  mass  about  which  its  moments  of  inertia  are  a  maxi- 
mum and  a  niinimuni,  together  with  the  third  line  per- 
pendicular to  these  at  their  intersection.- The  princi- 
pal axes  Of  Stress  in  a  body,  the  directions  of  the  tliree 
conjugate  normal  stresses.- Thyroid  axiS,  a  short,  thick 
branch  from  the  suliclavian  artery,  dividing  almost  im- 
mediately into  the  inferii^r  t!i>r.iid.  supraseapular,  and 
transversalis  colli.— Transverse  or  major  axis,  in  conic 
sections,  the  diameter  whic  h  jtavst  s  throULdi  the  foci.  In 
the  ellipse  it  is  the  longest  diaiii<-trr ;  in  the  hyjtcrljola  it 
is  the  sliortest;  and  in  the  jiarahnja  it  is,  like  all  the  other 
diameters,  infinite  in  length.— Visual  axis,  in  j'tii/sioL, 
the  straight  line  passing  througli  the  center  of  the  i)Upil 
and  the  middle  of  the  macula  lutea.  It  does  not  coincide 
with  tlic  ojitic  axis.  Also  called  victual  line,  or  axis  of 
vi.siou.—Zone  axis.    See  zone. 

axis-  (ak'sis),  n.  [L.  axis  (Pliny);  perhaps  of 
E.  Ind.  origin.]  1.  A  kind  of  East  Indian 
deer,  Ccrvus  axiSj  of  which  there  are  several 
varieties,  perhaps  species.  The  body  is  spotted 
with  white.  Also  called  axis-deerj  spotted  (her, 
and  hog-deer. — 2.  [cap.']  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
sueh  deer.     Ham.  Smith,  1827. 

axis-cylinder  (ak'sis-silin-der),  n.  In  anaU^ 
the  central  part  of  a  nerve-fiber;  the  core  of 
white  nerve-tissue  in  a  nerve-fiber,  it  is  the  es- 
sential part  of  the  nerve,  and  is  the  only  j)art  found  at 
its  origin  and  termination.  In  cross-section,  a  bundle  vi 
nerve-fibers  appears  like  a  bunch  of  lead  pencils,  the  axis- 
cylinder  corresponding  to  the  lead.  Also  called  band-axis 
and  axi<-baiid. 

axis-deer  (ak'sis-der),  n.     Same  as  aocis^,  1. 

axisymmetric  (ak^si-si-met'rik),  a.  Symmetri- 
cal with  reference  to  an  axis. 

axle  (ak'sl),  71.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  axel^  axellj 
axilCj  <  ME.  axel,  axil  (cliiefly  in  comp.  axel- 
trcCj  q.  v. ;  not  in  AS.,  where  only  the  primitive 
a'x,  cax  occtu's:  see  ax'^)  =  leel.  oxully  m.,  = 
Sw.  Dan.  axel,  axle;  not  found  in  this  sense  in 
the  other  languages,  where  its  place  is  supplied 
by  the  primitive  ax",  but  ult.  =  ME.  axl,  cxl,  < 
AS.  eaxl,  exel  =  OHG.  ahsaUiy  MHG.  ahsel^  G. 
achsel  =  Icel.  oxl,  f.,  =  Sw.  Dan.  axel  =  Norw. 
okfil,  aksl,  axel,  the  shoulder,  =  L.  dla  (for  *ar- 
la),  shoulder-joint,  wing  (see  ala,  aisle,  and  of. 
axilla);  M-ith  fonnative  -I,  <  ax^  (L.  axis,  etc.), 
axle  (the  shoulder-joint  being  tho  axle  or  axis 
on  which  the  arm  tiu-ns):  see^J^.]  i.  The  pin 
or  spindle  on  which  a  wheel  revolves,  or  whieli 
forms  the  axis  of  the  wheel  and  revolves  with  it. 
Properly,  the  axle  of  a  carriage-,  cart-,  or  wagon-wheel  is 
the  round  arm  of  the  axletree  or  a.\le-bai'  which  is  insertcil 
in  the  hub  or  nave,  but  the  name  is  sometimes  extended  to 
the  whole  axletree. 
2t.  ^Vn  axis,  as  of  tho  earth. 

Whether  .  .  . 

He  [the  sun]  from  the  east  his  flaming  road  begin. 

Or  she  |the  earth]  from  west  her  silent  course  advance, 

\\  ith  inoffensive  pace  that  spinning  sleeps 

On  lier  soft  axle.  Hilton,  P.  L.,  viii.  105. 

Axle  stop-key,  a  plate  upon  the  end  of  the  axle  of  a  rail- 
road-ear. nitcnded  to  i)revent  excessive  lateral  motion  and 
.  to  take  the  wear.— Blind  axle,  an  axle  that  does  not  com- 
municate power  ;  a  dead  axle.—  CoUinge  axle,  in  cuach- 
buildinrj,  an  axle  the  box  of  which  is  secured  upon  the 
arm  by  two  nuts  screwed  right  and  left.— Compound 
axle,  an  axle  having  two  parts  connected  by  a  sleeve  or 
-some  otherlocking arrangement.— Dead  axle,<me  which 
does  not  impart  motion  ;  a  blind  axle  :  opposed  to  a  ^"rc  ((j/c 
or  dricinij-axle.-  Dipping  the  axle,  in  coach-buHdin<i, 
bending  the  end  of  the  axle  so  that  the  wheel  shall  strike 
squarely  upon  the  giound.—  Drlving-axle,  iu  locomotive 
engines,  tlie  axle  which  receives  the  power  from  the 
steam-piston  transmitted  through  the  piston-rod  and  con- 
necting-rod. The  rear  end  of  the  latter  is  connected 
either  with  cranks  ft»rmed  in  thisiule,  or  more  generally 
with  crank-pins  upon  the  driving;- wheels  at  its  ends.— 


azle-tootli 

Leading  axle,  in  r.ritish  locomotives,  an  axlo  of  a  wheel 
in  front  of  the  driving- wheels.— Mall SLXle,  in  coach-build- 
inf),  an  axle  which  is  secured  by  a  plate  at  its  back  inst«ad 
of  a  nut  on  the  end. 

The  commonest  kind  of  oil  axle  is  called  the  mail,  be- 
cause the  peculiar  mode  of  fastening  was  fii-st  used  in 
the  mail  coaches.      J.  W.  Burgess,  Coach-Building,  p.  72, 

Telescopic  axle,  an  extension-axle  which  permits  the 
running-wlieels  of  a  railroad-car  ti>  be  slipjied  in  or  out, 
thus  making  them  a'laptalile  to  tiarks  ot  different  gage. 
—  Trailing  axle,  the  rear  axle  of  a  Id.nniotive.  In  Eng- 
lish enu'iues  it  is  usually  placed  under  the-  foi>t-plate. 

axle-adjuster  (ak'sl-a-jus*ter),  n.  A  machine 
for  straiglitcning  axles;  amachine  used  in  giv- 
ing to  the  spindle  its  proper  line  of  direction 
relatively  to  tho  axletree. 

axle-arm  (ak'sl-iirm),  n.  The  spindle  on  tho 
end  of  an  axle  on  which  the  box  of  the  wheel 
slips,  or  one  of  the  two  pivots  on  which  tho 
axle  itself  turns.  See  second  cut  under  axlc- 
hox. 

axle-bar  (ak'sl-bilr),  n.  The  bar  of  an  axle- 
tn-e. 

axle-block  (ak'sl-blok),  h.  Tho  block  placed 
upon  tho  axle  of  a  vehicle  to  form  a  seat  for 
tho  spring  when  it  is  depressed. 

axle-box  (ak'sl-boks),  H.  The  box  which  con- 
tains the  bearings  for  the  spindle  of  an  axle,  or 
tiie  journal  of  an  axle, 
as  of  a  carriage-wheel,  a 
railroad-ear  wheel,  etc. ; 
tho  bushing  or  metal 
lining  of  the  hub  which 
forms  the  rotatory  bear- 
ing of  tho  axle  of  a  ve- 
hicle—  Axle-box  guides, 
the  guides  for  the  bl■as^es  of 
an  axle-box.  — Radial  axle- 
box,  in  a  railroad-car,  a  slid- 
ing axle-box,  so  arranged  that, 
with  its  fellow,  it  maintains 
the  axle  in  a  position  radial  to 
the  curve  of  the  track,  how- 
ever its  direction 
may  change. 

axle-clip  (ak'sl- 

klip),     n.  A 

clevis  or  bow 
wliich  unites 
some  other  part 
of  a  vehicle  to 
the  axle.— Axle- 
clip  tie,  the  cross- 
bar which  joins 
and  secures  the 
ends  of  the  bow- 
clip  (which  see). 

axle-collar 

(ak'sl-kol '  jir), 
«.      The   collar 


Railroad-car  Axle-box. 
a,  axle  ;  l>,  journal ;  c,  sad- 
dle, by  means  of  which  the 
weight  of  the  car  rests  on  the 
journal ;  rf,  chamber  for  a  lu- 
bricating substance,  having  its 
lid  at  <. 


Miller's  Rubber-cushioned  Ax!e-boz. 
*4,  hub:  B,  .ixlc-lxtx  ;  C,  axle-arm;  D, 
rublier  cushions ;  H.  compression-nut ;  F, 
cavities  in  compression-nut  admitting  points 
of  the  wrench  when  compressing  cushions; 
G,  slotted  retaining-slecve  :  //.  spuron  axle- 
box  ;  y,  space  twtwcen  axle-box  and  hub. 


on  an  axle  which  receives  the  lateral  pressure 
from  the  wheel  or  bearing. 

axled  (ak'sld),  a.  Furnished  with  an  axle  or 
with  axles. 

axle-gage  (ak'sl-gaj),  n.  A  wheelwi-jght's  in- 
strument for  givinj^'  to  the  spindle  of  an  axle  its 
l)roper  swing  and  gather. 

axle-gnard  (ak'sl-giird),  h.  Those  parts  of  a 
railroad-car  in  whieh  the  axle-box  plays  verti- 
cally under  the  yield  and  reaction  of  the  car- 
springs —  Axle-guard  stays,  the  iron  rods  or  straps 
which  are  bolted  to  the  frame  and  to  all  the  ends  of  tho 
axlegnarils,  to  strengthen  tliem. 

axle-hook  (ak'sl-huk),  n.  A  hook  in  front  of 
the  axle  of  a  carriage,  to  which  is  attached  the 
stay-chain  connecting  the  axle  and  the  double- 
tree. 

axle-nut  (ak'sl-nut),  n.  A  screw-nut  fitted  to 
the  end  of  the  arm  of  an  axle  to  keep  the  wheel 
in  place. 

axle-packing  (ak'sl-pak''ing),  n.  The  guard 
or  niaterial  placed  about  an  axle  to  exclude 
dust. 

axle-pin  (ak'sl-pin\  i\.     Same  as  Jineh-pin. 

axle-saddle  (ak'sl-sad  1),  ».  A  saddle-shaped 
clip,  used  in  securing  a  spring  to  an  axle. 

axle-seat  (ak'sl-set),  n.  The  hole  in  a  rail- 
road-ear wheel  which  receives  the  arm  of  the 
axle. 

axle-skein  (ak'sl-skan),  «.  A  band,  strip,  or 
thimble  of  metal  placed  on  a  wooden  axle-arm 
to  prevent  the  wood  from  wearing  rapidly. 

axle-sleeve  (ak'sl-slev),  n.  A  sleeve  placed 
round  a  railroad-car  axle  in  order  to  hold  up 
the  ends  shotild  the  axle  be  broken. 

axle-tooth  (ak'sl-toth),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  assle-, 
azzle-,  assiil-toothy  early  mod.  E.  axcl-j  axill- 
tooth,  <  late  IIE.  axylto'the  (=  Dan.  axcl-tand); 
<  *axel  (Shetland  i/acl-le)  (<  Icel.  jaxl  =  Norw. 
jaksky  Jakle  =  Sw.  dial,  jtikkel,  Jdksl  =  Dan. 
axel),  a  jaw-tooth,  grinder,  +  tooth.']  A  grind- 
er; a  molar.     [Pro v.  Eug.] 


azletree 

azletree  (ak'sl-tro).  ».  [<  ME.  axel-tree,  axil- 
Ire,  ote.  (=IceI.  iixiil-tre),  <  axe!  +  tree.  ("f.  ax- 
tree.]  1,  A  bar  or  beam  fixed  crosswise  undci- 
tho  body  of  a  carriage,  liaviiig  rounded  axles  at 
the  ends  for  a  pair  of  wlieels  to  revolve  on. 

lie  lieiu  turnethe  nlle  the  Ih'iu.inicnt,  right  as  dothe  a 
wheel,  that  turnetli  be  liis  axille  tree. 

Maundevitle  (cd.  Halliwell),  p.  182. 
2t.  An  axis. 

axle-yoke  (ak'sl-yok),  h.  A  plate  beneath  an 
axk-  through  whiVh  the  ends  of  the  saddle-elip 
pass.  It  serves  as  a  washer-plate  for  the  nuts 
upon  the  ends  of  tho  saddle-clip. 

axman,  axeman  (aks'man),  «.;  pi.  axmen,  axe- 
nun  (-mm).  1.  One  who  wields  an  ax ;  one  em- 
ployed in  chopping ;  a  woodman. 

Axemen  were  put  to  work  gettiiis  out  timber  tor  bridges, 
and  cutting  fuel  for  the  locomotives  wlien  the  road  was 
completed.  U.  S.  Grant,  in  The  Century,  XXXI.  13C. 

2.  Formerly,  a  soldier  whose  weapon  was  an  ax. 
We  hear  nothing  ot  any  pri.^oner.s  being  taken,  nothing 
of  any  of  the  axemen  takinu  ti»  Jliglit. 

E.  A.  Fnrmuii,  (lid  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  336. 

ax-master  (aks'mas"ter),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Honduras  to  a  tree  with  very  hard  wood.  Its 
genus  is  not  known. 

Axminster  carpet.    See  carpet. 

axoid  (ak'soid),  a.  [<  oj-f'sl  -I-  -oid.}  Of  or 
pertainingto  the  axis :  used  in  anatomical  terms, 
chief!}'  in  composition:  as,  the  oceqnto-axoid 
ligament.     See  axis'^.  3. 

Axolotes  (ak-so-16'tez),  n.  A  Latinized  form 
ot  axolittl,  used  as  a  generic  name.  See  Sire- 
don. 

axolotl  (ak'so-lotl),  n.  [Mex.]  A  urodele  or 
tailed  amphibian  found  in  Mexico,  which  is 
supposed  not  to  imdergo  metamorphosis,  but 


AxototI  {Ambtystomau 

to  retain  its  gills  throughout  life,  breeding  in 
the  larval  state.  From  this  circumstance  the  ani- 
mal was  made  the  tyiie  of  a  distinct  genus,  Siredon, 
and  was  placed  with  Proteus,  Siren,  etc..  In  the  family 
Proteidce,  under  the  name  of  Siredon  pUciforme.  An- 
other species  has  been  named  Siredon  lichenoides.  Later 
observations,  however,  have  shown  that  the  axolotl,  or 
siredon,  is  simply  a  prolonged,  sometimes  permanent, 
stage  like  that  which  all  the  species  of  salaniandrines 
of  the  family  Anihhjstomida:  pass  through,  and  that  the 
animal  is  referable  to  the  genus  Amblmtoma.  Axolotis 
are  common  in  lakes  and  lagoons  in  Jlexlco,  like  the  vari- 
ous species  of  Amblystoma  known  in  the  United  States 
as  mud-puppie.'i,  ivater-dogs,  etc.  They  have  the  appear- 
ance of  gigantic  tadpoles  about  to  turn  into  frogs,  being 
from  6  to  9  inches  long,  with  a  large  compressed  tail,  4 
legs,  gill-tufts  on  each  side  of  the  neck,  and  obtuse  flat- 
tened head.  They  are  marketable  in  Mexico,  where  they 
are  said  to  be  deemed  a  luxury  as  an  article  of  food. 

axometer  (ak-som'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  axis  (Gr. 
iiiur),  axis,  -(-  metrum  (Gr.  fihpor),  measure.] 
An  instrimient  used  in  adjusting  the  height  of 
the  bridge  of  a  pair  of  spectacles,  to  bring  the 
centers  of  the  lenses  in  line  horizontally  with 
the  centers  of  the  pupils  of  the  eyes. 

axon  (ak'son),  n. ;  pi.  a.rones  (-ez).  [<  Gr.  afui', 
axis:  see  axis^,  ax-.]  In  anat.,  the  body-axis; 
the  mesal,  longitudinal,  skeletal  axis  of  the 
body,  represented  in  Branchiostoma  and  em- 
bryos by  a  membranogelatinous  notochord,  and 
in  most  adult  vertebrates  by  the  cartilaginous 
or  osseous  centra  of  the  vertebriB  and  the  base 
of  the  skull.  Wilder,  N.  Y.  Med.  Jour.,  Aug. 
2,  1884,  p.  113.     Also  called  axis. 

Axonia  (ak-so'ni-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  afuu, 
axis.]  Organic  forms,  animal  or  vegetable, 
having  definite  axes :  the  opposite  of  Anaxonia. 
The  Axonia  are  divided  into  Iloniaxonia,  having  all  axes 
equal,  as  spherical  and  polyhedral  forms,  and  Protaxonia, 
having  one  main  axis  about  which  other  axes  are  arranged. 
The  latter  are  again  subdivided  iuU)  Monaxonia  ami  Stan- 
raxouia.     .^ee  these  words. 

axonometry  (ak-so-nom'e-tri),  n.  [IiTeg.  <  Gr. 
afuii',  axis,  -f  ftirpov,  measure.]  The  art  of 
making  a  perspective  representation  of  figures 
when  the  coordinates  of  points  in  them  are 
given.     Also  writtrn  axinonietry. 

axospermous  (ak-so-sp6r'mus)",  a.  [<  L.  axis, 
axis,  -1-  Gr.  cirlpiia.  seed.]  In  hot.,  an  epithet 
descriptive  of  compoimd  fruits  which  have  an 
axilc  placentation,  the  attachment  of  the  seeds 
being  toward  the  axis. 

axotomous  (ak-sot'o-mus),  a.  [<  Ij.  axis  {Gr. 
uion'),  axis,  +  Gr.  ranor.  <  ri/iveiv,  -aiteiv,  cut.] 
In  mineral.,  dcavable  in  a  direction  perpcndic- 
tdar  to  the  axis. 

axseedt,  n.     [<  ax^  +  seed.]    Same  as  axfiich. 


404 

ax-shaped  (aks'shapt),  a.  In  hnt.,  shaped  like 
an  ax  or  a  hatchet;  dolabriform. 

ax-stone  (aks'ston),  n.  A  mineral  found  chiefly 
in  New  Zealand  and  the  South  Sea  islands,  and 
used  by  tho  natives  for  axes  and  other  cutting 
instruments,  whence  tlie  name.  Also  called 
neplirite  and  jade. 

axtree  (aks'tre),  «.    [Sc.  also  aixtree,  extree,  < 

ME.  axtre,  cxtre,  axtreo,  <  AS.  *caxtre6w,  <  eax, 

E.  ax-,  +  treow,  E.  tree,  beam.     Of.  axU-trec.] 

An  axletree.    [Obsolete,  except  in  Scotland.] 

A  large  pyn  in  raaner  of  an  cxtre. 

Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  p.  8. 
Thunder  and  earthquakes  raging,  and  the  rocks 
Tumbling  from  down  their  scyts  like  mighty  blocks 
RowVd  from  huge  mountains,  such  a  noise  they  make, 
As  though  in  sunder  heav'ns  huge  axtree  brake. 

Drayton,  Poems  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  219. 

axunge  (ak'sunj),  H.     [<  p.  axunge,  now  axonge, 

<  ]j.  (ixumjid,  grease,  fat,  wagon-grease,  <  axis, 
axle,  +  iinijire,  grease:  see  unguent.]  The  in- 
ternal fat  of  the  body,  especially  of  pigs  and 
geese  ;  fat ;  lard. 

axungious  (ak-sun'ji-us),  a.  [<  axunge  -h  -ious.] 
Lard-like;  fat;  greasy.     Sir  T.  Browne. 

axvitcht,  axwortt,  «.     Same  as  axfiteh. 

ay^ayel  (a),  adv.  [<  ME.  ay,  aye,  ai.ei  (in 
Onmdum  asS),  prop,  a  northern  form  (<  Icel.o, 
ey),  the  native  form  being  ME.  oo,  o,  earlier  a, 

<  AS.  d  (orig.  *du;  with  added  adv.  formative 
dwa,  diro)  =  OS.  eo,  io,  gio  =  OFries.  a-,  e-  (in 
comp.),  =  OHG.  io,  eo,  MHG.  ie,je,  G.  je  =  Icel. 
ei,  ey  (as  above)  =  Goth.  o«c  =  Gr.  aei,  Ionic  aki, 
poet,  or  dial,  a'lig,  aUr,  ai(,  ale,  at,  aiv,  aiii,  ai, 
all,  altv,  ah',  ijt,  orig.  a'iFei,  ever,  always,  prop, 
ace.  (in  Gr.  locative)  of  a  noim,  AS.  <?,  me  (orig. 
*dw),  existence,  law,  marriage,  =  OS.  eo,  law,  = 
OFries.  a,  e,  ewe,  ciea,  law,  =  OHG.  ewa,  MHG. 
ewe,  e,  eternity,  law,  marriage,  =  G.  ehe,  mar- 
riage, =  Goth,  aiws,  an  age,  a  long  period,  eter- 
nity, =  L.  (erum,  OL.  aevom  (whence  ult.  E.  age, 
eternal,  q.  v.)  ;■  ef.  Gr.  a'luv,  ^aiFuv  (with  unorig. 
formative  v),  an  .age,  an  eon  (see  eon);  orig. 
appar.  a  going,  a  course,  with  formative  -ra, 

<  ■/  *»,  Skt.  i,  Gr.  l-evai  =  L.  i-re,  go :  see  iter 
and  go.  This  adv.  was  much  used  as  a  general- 
izing prefix  (somewhat  like  the  related  suffix 
ever  in  tehoever,  whaterer,  etc.),  and.  ftised  with 
ge-,  exists  unrecognized  in  each,  either.  With 
the  negative  it  exists  in  nay  and  wol,  which  are 
related  to  each  other  as  the  simple  ay  and 
(obs.)  0.  The  spelling  ay,  like  nay,  is  histor- 
ically and  analogically  the  proper  one.]  1. 
Ever;  always;  for  ever;  continually;  for  an 
indefinite  time.  [Now  onlv  poetical  and  North. 
E.  dial.] 

Care  for  the  Conscience,  &  kepe  it  ai  clene. 
The  A  B  Co/ Aristotle (E.  E.  T.  S.,  extra  ser.,  VIII.  i.  6.5). 
Let  this  pernicious  hour 
Stand  aye  accursed  in  the  calendar  ! 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

2t.  Ever :  indefinitely,  after  if. 

Behold  the  man  !  and  tell  me,  Britomart, 
If  ay  more  goodly  creature  thou  didst  see? 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  iii.  32. 
For  ay,  for  ever :  sometimes  strengthened  by  combination 
— /or  ever  and  ay. 

The  soul,  though  made  in  time,  survives  /or  ay; 
And  though  it  hath  beginning,  sees  no  end. 

•S/r  ,/.  Da  vies.  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxLx. 

ay2  (a),  interj.  [Also  aye,  eigli  (and,  in  this  use, 
eh),  <  ME.  ey,  ei :  a  mere  interj.,  of  no  definite 
history,  but  it  may  be  regarded,  formally,  as  a 
variant  of  ME.  a,  E.  ah.  oh.  In  the  poetical 
ay  me,  prob.  in  imitation  of  OF.  aymi,  Sp.  ay 
de  mi.  It.  ahime;  of.  F.  ahi,  ai.  Sp.  ay.  It.  ahi, 
ah:  see  aii,  <>,  oh,  and  cf.  eli.]  Ah!  0!  oh! 
an  exclamation  expressing  surprise,  interest, 
regret,  etc.,  according  to  the  manner  of  utter- 
ance. [North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.]— Ay  me!  ah 
nie!  an  expression  of  regret  or  sorrow.  (Poetical.] 
Ay  7ne !  that  thankes  so  much  should  faile  of  meed. 

Spenner,  Virgil's  Gnat,  1.  363. 

ay^,  adv.  or  interj.     See  ayeS. 

ay^,  «.     See  aye^. 

ayit,  n.    See  cyi. 

Ay5  (a),  H.  A  sparkling  wine  taking  its  name 
from  the  town  of  Ay  in  the  department  of 
M.arne,  France.     See  champagne. 

ay".  [(1)  <  ME.  ay,  ai,  ey,  ei,  fj,  etc.,  <  AS.  o'g, 
eg,  iSg,  eg,  etc. ;  (2)  of  other  origin:  see  tinder 
ai.]  A  common  English  tligraph  (pron.  a), 
formerly  interchangeable  in  most  instances 
with  ai,  but  now  the  regular  form  when  final, 
occtirring  medially  only  in  certain  positions, 
lli.storically  it  represents,  (1)  in  words  of  Anglo-Saxon  ori- 
gin, a  (*p)or  e  with  an  alisorbed  guttural,  as  in  elo}i,  ihniK 
lay^,  mayl,sa)/i,stay^.  etc.;  (2)  in  wonlsof  Scandimivian, 
Uomanie,  Latin,  or  other  i)rigin,  various  diphthongs,  ai. 
ei,  etc.,  as  m  oyl,  nay,  raj/l,  ray'',  »(«!/-,  etc.    In  recent 


ayen 

words  it  Is  the  ordinarj'  representative  of  the  sound  a 
when  final.     See  further'under  ai. 

ayah  (ay'a),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Hind.,  etc.,  dya, 
dyd,  <  Pg.'  aia  (=  Sp.  aya  —  It.  aja),  nurse,  gov- 
erness, fern,  of  aio  (=  Sp.  ayo  =  It.  ajo),  tutor; 
of  uncertain  origin.]  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
native  waiting-woman  or  lady's-maid;  a  nurse. 

ayapana  (ii-ya-])ii'nii),  «.  [Braz.]  The  native 
name  of  Enpatnrium  triplinerre,  a  Brazilian 
plant,  natural  order  Composit(e,  at  one  time  be- 
lieved to  be  a  panacea.  It  is  still  considered 
to  have  some  valuable  medicinal  properties. 

ayaya,  n.     See  aiaia. 

aye^  (ii),  adv.     ,See  «_(/!. 

aye-  (a),  interj.     See  ai/2. 

ayC'^,  ay3  (ili  ori),  adv.  or  interj.  [Formerly  also 
ai,  ey,  but  at  its  first  appearance,  in  the  Eliza- 
bethan period,  invariably  printed  /  (often  asso- 
ciated in  puns  with  the  pronoun  I).  Earlier 
history  unknown;  possibly  orig.  a  dial,  form 
of  ay,  ever,  always,  worn  down  to  a  mere  parti- 
cle of  assent.  Hardly,  as  commonly  supposed, 
a  corruption  of  yea.  The  spelling  aye  is  pre- 
feiTed,  as  making  a  distinction  like  that  in  eye 
from  words  in  -ay,  -ey  with  the  reg.  pron.  a,  as  in 
hay,  hey,  gray,  grey,  etc.]  1.  Yes;  j'ea:  a  word 
expressing  assent,  or  an  affirmative  answer  to 
a  question:  opposed  to  no.  it  is  common  in  dia- 
lectal and  nautical  language,  and  is  the  regular  word  used 
in  voting  "yes"  in  Congress,  the  House  of  Commons,  and 
other  legislative  bodies.  In  Congress  the  ofhcial  terms, 
.IS  in  the  Constitution,  are  i/ea  and  nay;  bvit  the  more 
sonorous  aye  and  no  are  preferred  in  making  response. 

2.  Yes;  yea;  even  so;  truh':  indicating  as- 
sent to  what  has  been  said,  and  introducing  a 
further  or  stronger  statement. 

What  I  am  I  not  your  king? 
If  ay,  then  am  I  not  to  be  obeyd? 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Philaster,  iv.  2. 

The  champions,  ay,  and  exemplars  too,  of  classical 

learning.  Story,  Speech,  Cambridge,  Aug.  31,  1826. 

3.  Indeed :  suggesting  slight  surprise,  inteiTO- 
gation,  anger,  or  reproach,  or  simple  atten- 
tion, accctt'ding  to  the  mode  of  pronimeiation. 
— Aye,  aye,  naut.  :  (a)  The  phrase  by  which  comprehen- 
sion of  an  order  is  expressed  on  board  ship,  (b)  An  answer 
to  a  sentry's  hail  or  to  a  call. 

aye*,  ay3  (iii  ori),  H.  [^<.  aye,  adv. or  interj.]  An 
affirmative  answer  or  vote  in  deliberative  bod- 
ies—  The  ayes  and  noes,  the  yeas  and  nays,  (a)  The 
attirmative  and  negative  votes.  (6)  Those  who  so  vote. 
Hence  —  The  ayes  have  it,  in  deliberative  bodies,  the 
phrase  employe<l  by  the  presiding  officer  in  declaring 
that  the  affirmative  votes  are  in  a  majority. 

Another  was  the  late  Speaker  Trevor,  who  had,  from  the 
clniir,  put  the  question,  whether  he  was  or  was  not  a  rogue, 
and  had  been  forced  to  pronounce  that  the  Ayes  had  it. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiiL 

aye^t,  «■     See  eyi. 

aye-aye  (I'i).  »■  [^  F.  aye-aye,  <  Malagasy  aiay, 
also  dial,  ahay,  haihay,  prob.  of  imitative  origin 
(cf.  ai  and  ai-ai).  Reduplication  is  characteris- 
tic of  imitative  names,  particularly  in  native 
languages.]     A  name  of  a  remarkable  lemuriue 


Aye-aye  { ryattbeHtcmia  mada^ascarifnsis). 

quadruped  of  Madagascar,  of  the  suborder  Pro- 
simia',  family  Dauhcntoniidce  (or  Chiromyidw), 
the  Dauhentonia  (or  Chiromys)  madagascari- 
ensis,  which  combines  a  rodent-like  dentition 
with  the  general  characters  of  the  lemurs. 
It  was  originally  referred  to  the  Rodentia,  and  was  de- 
scribed as  a  species  of  Sciurus.  or  squirrel.  It  is  a  small 
squirrel-like  animal  (so  far  as  its  long  bushy  tail,  general 
configuration,  and  arboreal  habits  may  wiu-rant  the  com- 
parison), with  large  thin  ears  opening  forward,  great  eyes 
looking  forward,  a  very  peculiar  physiognomy,  and  an 
.attenuated  middle  finger,  which  seems  as  if  withered. 
The  thumb  is  not  .apposable,  in  which  respect  it  is  unlike 
the  inner  digit  of  the  foot.  The  animal  is  nocturnal,  arbo- 
real, and  peculiar  to  Madag.ascar.  Its  economy  is  still 
imperfectly  known.  The  meaningless  name  aye-aye  was 
in  1S02  or  1S03  made  a  barbarous  generic  name  by  Ijic6- 
pede.  The  genus  is  usually  called  by  the  name  Chiromys, 
given  by  Ciivicr  in  ,  1800,  but  this  is  antedated  by  Dau- 
hentonia, applied  hy  Etienne  Geoffroy  St.  Hilaire  in  1798. 
See  Daubenlonia. 

ayeint,  adv.  and  prej).     An  old  form  of  again. 

ayelt,  "•     See  ai/le. 

ayelp  (a-yelp').  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  o*  -f-  yelp.') 
Ontlieyelp;  yelping.     Uroirning. 

ayent,  adv.  and  jire^).    Aa  old  form  of  again. 


ayenbite 

ayenbitet,  "•  [MK.,  <  <i>jcii,  again,  +  hitc  (a 
translation  of  LL.  nmorsiiis,  remorse) :  see  agam 
anil  ii7<'.]  Remorse.  [Tlie  "Ayenbite  of  Inwyt" 
(IIiMiuisf  <if  ('(lusciencf)  is  tlio  title  nf  a  well-known  old 
l:iiL,'li.^li  reli^iious  worlt  adapted  from  the  Frcneh.) 

ayenee  {ii-ye-uC),  «.  [E.  lud.]  Angili-wood 
(which  sec). 

ayenst,  ayenstt,  pre}>.  Obsolete  forms  of 
(Kja  ins  I. 

ayenwardt,  «''i'-  An  obsolete  form  of  (Kjain- 
tViinl. 

ayenyeftet,  "•  [ME.,  <  mjen,  again,  back,  + 
yiftr,  f;if t :  See  (Kjuin  and  ijij't.']  A.  recompense. 
Aiiviibilv  (if  litwiif. 

ay-green,  'aye-green  (a'gren),  «.    [<  an^  + 

(irccii.  a.  ertrijnoi  and  sempcrvivent.']  The 
houseleek,  Scmiiereifitin  Icctorum. 

aygulett,  "•     Au  obsolete  form  of  aglet. 

aylet,  ayelt,  ".  [<  MK.  aid,  ayd,  <  AF.  aylc, 
UF.  a'ul,  aidi,  F.  aicid  =  Pr.  aviol  =  Sp.  abuc- 
lo  =  It.  avulu,  <  LL.  "aciolus,  dim.  of  acius,  for 
L.  avKS,  grandfather.]  A  grandfather.  See 
hcsaylc. 

I  aiu  tliiii  ayd,  ready  at  thy  wille. 

Chauc-r,  Knights  Tale,  1.  1619. 

aylet  (a'let),  «.  [Cf.  aileltc.']  In  her.,  a  bird 
represented  as  sable,  beaked  and  legged  gules. 
Also  knowii  as  the  sea-swallow  and  as  the 
Contislt  chough. 

aymantt,  ayinontt,  ".    [<  OF.  aymant,  almant 

=  Pr.  iiiiiiKiii,  ((,~(/«i(»,  <idiinan,  <  ML.  'adimas 
(ailimaiit-),  var.  of  L.  adaman  (adamant-),  ada- 
mant, diamond:  see  adamant,  diamond.}    Ada- 
mant; a  diamond. 
aymet,  intoj.     See  ay  me!  under  ay^. 

Aiimiex  and  hearty  lieigh-hoes 
.\rc  sallads  tit  for  soldiers. 

Fletcher,  Bonduca,  i.  2. 

aymerst,  "•  pi-    Obsolete  form  of  embers. 

aymontt,  «.     See  aymant. 

ayni-WOOd  (i'ni-wiid),  n.     The   timber  of  the 

Terminalia  tomcntosa,  a  combretaceous  tree  of 

southern  India. 
ayont  (a-yonf),  prep.     [Se.,  =  E.  beyond,  -with 

prefix  ({-"instead  of  ()t- :  see  beyond.'i    Beyond. 

Some  wee  sliort  hour  ayont  the  twal. 

ISuriii^,  Death  and  Doctor  Hornbook. 

ayr  (Sr),  «.  [Sc,  also  air,  <  Icel.  eijrr,  mod. 
(■;/(•(,  the  gravelly  bank  of  a  river,  a  small  tongue 
of  laud  i-unning  into  the  sea  (=  Sw.  or  =  Dan. 
ore,  seen  in  place-names,  as  in  Elsinore,  Dan. 
Selsingor,  Icel.  as  if  ' IleUingja-eyrr),  <  aurr, 
clay,  mud,  =  Norw.  aur  =  AS.  ear,  earth, 
ground,  used  also  as  the  name  of  the  runic 
character  for  f n'.]  An  open  sea-beach ;  a 
s.ind-bank.     Also  spelled  air.     [Scotch.] 

ayrant  (ar'ant),  a.  [Also  eyrant,  a  ppr.  form,  < 
ME.  'aire,  eyre,  etc.,  aeiy:  see  aery-  and  -ant^.'i 
In  her.,  seated  on  its  nest  or  aery:  said  of  a 
bird  of  prey  when  thus  represented  as  a  bearing. 

Ayr  stone.     See  stone. 

ayuntamiento  (il-y6n"tii-mi-en't6),  n.  [Sp.,  < 
OSp.  ayuntar,  <  ML.  "adjunctare,  <  ad,  to,  -I- 
*junctare  (>  Sp.  juntar,  join),  <  L.  jungere,  pp. 
juncius,  join:  see  join.  Vt.  junta.}  In  Spain 
and  Spanish  America,  a  corporation  or  body  of 
magistrates  in  a  city  or  town;  a  town  council, 
usually  composed  of  alcaldes,  regidors,  and 
other  municipal  officers. 

ay-wordt  (a' werd),  n.  [A  form,  appar.  an  error, 
appearing  in  some  editions  of  Shakspere,  spe- 
eitically  in  "Twelfth  Night."  ii.  3,  where  others 
give  nayword,  q.  v.]     A  byword. 

az.     In  her.,  an  abbreviation  of  a::urc. 

azale  (a-zal'),  H.  [Appar.  <  n^a/ea.  Ci.  azalein.} 
A  coloring  matter  obtained  by  extracting 
' '  madder-flowers  "  with  wood-naphtha  at  a  boil- 
ing temperature.     It  is  no  longer  used. 

Azalea  (a-za'!e-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Ur.  dCaAfor,  dry 
(in  allusion  to  tlie  dry  habitat  of  the  plant),  < 
Gs'en',  dry  up,  parch.]  1.  A  genus  of  erica- 
eeous  plants,  now  referred  to  Rhododendron. — 
2.  [I.  c]  A  plant  or  fiower  belonging  to  this 
genus.  See  libododendron. — 3.  [l.  c.~\  A  name 
of  a  species  of  plants  of  the  genus  Loiscleuria, 
the  Aljiine  azalea,  L.  procumbens. 

azalein  (a-za'le-in),  n'.  [<  azalea  +  -i«2.]  Same 
as  rosaniUne. 

azan(a-z!in'),  K.  [Ar.]  In  Mohammedan  coun- 
tries, the  call  to  public  prayers,  proclaimed  by 
the  crier  fi'om  the  minaret  of  the  mostjue. 

\Vlien  their  crier,  a  small  wizenfaeed  man,  began  the 
Azan,  we  received  it  witli  a  sliout  of  derision,  and  some, 
hastily  snatcliinfi  up  their  weai)ons,  offered  him  an  oppor- 
tunity of  m.artyrdoin.     R.  F.  Burluit,  El-Medinah,  p.  133. 

azarin  (az'a-rin),  H.  A  coal-tar  color  of  the 
azo-group  usetl  in  dyeing.  It  is  applied  only  to  cot- 
ton, and  is  fairly  fast  to  light.    It  is  a  compoimd  of  iiaph- 


405 

thol.azo-dichlor.phenol  and  ammonium  bisulphite.  It  dyes 
a  Ijrilliant  red  inclining  to  crimson. 

azarole  (az'a-rol),  «.  [Also  azerole ;  <  F.  aza- 
role,  a:erole=li. azzeruolo  =  Sp. acerolo, azarolo 
=  Pg.  azarola  (NL.  azarolus),  <  Ar.  a:-zu'rur,  < 
al,  the,  -I-  zu'riir,  azarole.]  The  Neapolitan 
medlar,  a  species  of  thorn,  Craticgus  Azarolus, 
which  bears  a  rather  large,  pleasant  fruit. 

azedarach  (a-zed'a-rak),  H.  [<  F.  azedarac  = 
Sp.  (icedaritijiie,  prob.  through  Ar.,  <  Pers.  azdd 
dirukht,  lit.  free  (noble)  tree:  dzdd,  free;  di- 
rakht,  tree.]  1.  An  ornamental  East  Indian 
tree,  Metia  Azedarach,  cultivated  in  southern 
Europe  and  America,  and  also  known  as  bead- 
tree,  pride  of  India,  etc.  See  Melia. — 2.  A 
drag,  consisting  of  the  bark  of  the  root  of  the 
azedarach.  It  is  an  emetic  and  a  cathartic, 
and  is  used  as  a  vei-mifuge. 

aziam  (az'iam),  ti.  [Russ.  azyamii.}  A  full 
long  outside  gaiment,  without  plaits,  made  of 
a  coarse  gray  cloth ;  at  Astrakhan,  a  sheep- 
skin coat  covered  with  cloth.     [Russian.] 

azimuth  (az'i-muth),  H.  [<  ME.  azymuth,  azimut, 
<  i)V .  azimut  =  S\i.  azimut :='Pq. azimuth  =  li.  az- 
zituutio,  <  Ar.  as-sumut,  <  al,  the,  -1-  sumiit,  pi.  of 
.WJH  t,  way  or  path,  point  or  quarter  of  the  horizon. 
From  the  same  word  is  derived  rcni^/i,  q.  v.]  In 
astron.,  an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted  be- 
tween the  meridian  of  a  place  and  the  vertical 
circle  passing  through  the  center  of  a  celestial 
object.  The  azimuth  and  altitude  of  a  star  give 
its  exact  posi- 
tion in  the  sky. 
—  Altitude  and 
azimuth  circle. 
See  circle.—  Azi- 
muth compass, 
a  compass  placed 
in  some  convenient 
part  of  a  ship  on  the 
midship  line,  and 
provided  with  vanes, 
screws,  and  other 
apparatus  for  ■ 
serving  the  beai  i 
of  heavenly  and  i- 
restrial  objects.— 
Azimuth  dial,  a 
dial  whose  style  or 
gnomon  is  at  right 
angles  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 


I^^IHimiBJii^ar.  ..-fe„ 


Aznnuth  Compass. 


The  shadow  marks 
the' sun's  azinnith.— Azimuth  or  vertical  circles,  great 
circles  intersecting  one  another  in  the  zenith  and  nadir, 
and  cutting  the  horizon  at  right  angles.  — Magnetic  azi- 
muth, an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted  between  the 
azimuth  or  vertical  circle  passing  through  the  center  of 
any  heavenly  body  and  the  magnetic  meridian.  This  is 
found  by  observing  the  object  with  an  azimuth  compass. 

azimuthal  (az'i-muth-al),  a.  [<  azimuth  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  the  aziniuth;  used  in  taking  azi- 
muths. 

azimuthally  (az'i-muth-al-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  an  azimuth ;  in  the  direction  of  the  azi- 
muth. 

Turning  azimutkatty  in  either  direction. 

Nature,  XXX.  625. 

azo-.  A  curt  form  of  azote  in  compounds. — 
Azo-COmpoimd,  a  compound  intermediate  between  a 
nitro-  an<l  an  amido-compound,  made  from  the  former 
by  partial  reduction,  or  from  the  latter  by  partial  oxida- 
tion :  .as,  azohcnzene,  CgUc,  —  N  =  N  —  C,;!!^.— Azo-dyes, 
a  well-dellned  group  of  the  coal-tar  colors,  all  containing 
the  diatomic  group  — N  =  N— ,  bound  on  either  side  to 
a  benzene  radical.  They  may  be  prepared  by  reduction  of 
the  nitrocompounds  in  alkaline  solutions  or  by  acting  on 
diiizo-cunipounds  with  phenols  or  amines  of  the  aromatic 
series.  Simple  azo-compounds  are  for  the  most  part 
brightly  colored  bodies  ;  but  they  are  not  coloring  mat- 
ters, since  they  do  not  possess  the  property  of  combining 
with  cither  acids  or  Inises.  The  .azo-dycs  are  the  amido- 
or  hydroxjl-dcrivatives  of  simple  azo-conijiounds,  and  arc 
distinguisiied  as  amidoazo-  and  o.\yazo-dyes.  In  dyeing, 
the  aniidoazo-dyes  can  either  be  used  as  such  or  in  the 
form  of  their  sulphonic  adds,  while  the  oxyazo-dyes 
ncaily  always  contain  sulpho-groups. 

azobenzene  (az-o-ben'zen),  n.  [<  azo(te)  -(- 
benzene.]  A  crystalline  substance,  (C(;H5)2N2> 
obtained  by  the  action  of  reducing  agents  upon 
nitrobenzene.  Also  called  azobenzol  and  azo- 
l/(  n:ide. 

azobenzol  (az-o-ben'z61),  n.  l<azo{te)  -1-  ben- 
zol.]    Same  as  azobenzene. 

azo-blue  (az'o-bl6),  «.  A  coal-tar  color  used  for 
dyeing  cotton,  and  fast  to  soap  and  acids,  it  is 
a'dark-blue  powder  soluble  in  water,  and  is  formed  hy  the 
action  of  tctraza-ditolyl  chlorid  on  betanaphtholsulpho- 
natc  of  pot.ash. 

azodiphenyl  (az  o-di-fen'il),  n.  Same  as  Cou- 
jii<r's  blur  (which  see,  under  blue). 

azo-erythrin  (az"9-e-rith'rin),  n.  [<  azo(te)  + 
erylhriu.]  A  coloring  principle  obtained  from 
the  archil  of  commerce. 

azogue  (Sp.  prou.  a-tho'ga),  H.  [Sp.,  =  Pg. 
azougue,  quicksilver,  <  Sp.  Ar.  azaouga,  <  Ar. 
azzdfig,  <  al,  the,  +  zdug.  <  Pers.  zhiuah,  quick- 
silver.   Cf.  assogue.]    Quicksilver. 


azotlzed 

All  the  different  kinds  of  silver  are  called  [in  Mexico] 
azi'fjuett,  or  quicksilvers.  Sci.  Amer.  (N.  S.),  LVI.  260. 

azoic  (a-z6'ik),  a.  ^<  Gr.  afuof,  lifeless,  <  d- 
j)riv.  +  (ut/,  life,  <  tiaiiv,  C'/i',  live.]  Destitute 
of  organic  life:  in  geol.,  applied  to  rocks  which 
are  destitute  of  any  fossil  remains  or  other 
evidence  of  the  existence  of  life  at  the  period 
of  their  deposition.  The  "azoic  system"or  seriesof 
Foster  and  \V  hitney  includes  the  stratified  rocks,  together 
with  the  associated  unstratilled  or  ina.ssivc  ones,  which 
underlie  uncomformahly,  or  are  otherwise  shown  to  be 
older  than,  the  Potsdam  sandstone,  or  the  lowest  group 
of  rocks  which  has  up  to  the  present  time  been  proved  to 
eontJiin  traces  of  a  former  organic  life. 

The  dredge  was  sent  down  at  each  successive  station, 
hut  with  very  poor  result;  and  Dr.  Carpenter  was  driven 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  bottom  of  the  .Mediterranean  at 
depths  beyond  a  few  hundred  fathoms  is  nearly  azoic. 

Sir  C.  \V.  Thomson,  Depths  of  the  Sea,  p.  192. 

Tlie  enonnously  thick  azoic  slaty  and  other  rocks,  which 

constitute  the  Laurentiau  and  Caudirian  formations,  may 

be  to  a  great  extent  the  metamorphosed  products  of  Kora- 

minifcral  life.  lluiiey,  .\nat.  Invert.,  p.  82. 

azolitmin  (az-o-lit'min),  n.  [<  azo(te)  +  litmus 
+  -i«2.]  A  deep  blood-red  coloring  matter  ob- 
tained from  litmus. 

azonic  (a-zon'ik),  0.  [<  Gr.  dCwvof,  confined  to 
no  zone  or  region,  <  a-  priv.  -t-  Cuw/,  a  zone.] 
Not  confined  to  any  particular  zone  or  region ; 
not  local.     Jimerson. 

azoospermatism  (a-z6-o-sper'ma-tizm), «.    [< 

(jr.  lis'uof,  lifeless  (see  azoic),  -\-  aizipfialj-),  seed, 
-I-  -/.sm.]     Same  as  azoospermia. 

azoospermia  (a-zo-o-sper'mi-a),  w.  [NL. :  see 
azoospermatism. ]  Iii  pathol.,  loss  or  diminution 
of  vitality  of  the  spermatozoa,  or  their  absence 
from  the  semen. 

azor  (ii'zor),  «.  A  kind  of  beaver  cloth,  made 
in  Stv-ria,  Austria. 

Azorian  (a-z6'ri-an),  o.  and  n.  [<  Sp.  Azores, 
Pg.  A^'ores,  so  named  from  the  abundance  of 
hawks  or  buzzards  there,  <  Sp.  azor,  Pg.  amr, 
:l  hawk:  see  Astur  and  austringer.]  I,  a.  Be- 
longing or  relating  to  the  Azores,  or  to  their 
inhabitants. 

II.  K.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  Azores, 
a  group  of  islands  situated  in  the  Atlantic  ocean 
about  800  miles  west  of  Portugal,  to  which 
country  they  belong. 

azorite  (az'o-nt),  n.  A  mineral  crystallizing 
in  tetragonal  crystals,  found  in  a  granitic  rock 
in  the  Azores.  Its  chemical  nature  is  doubtful ; 
it  may  be  identical  with  zircon. 

azotatet  (az'o-tat),  n.  [<  azot-ic  4-  -«<(!. ]  A 
compoimd  formed  by  the  union  of  nitric  or 
azotic  acid  with  a  base  ;  nitrate. 

azote  (az'ot),  n.  [=  F.  azote,  <  NL.  azotum,  < 
Gr.  d-  priv.  -i-  *kutuc,  assumed  verbal  adj.  of 
^uciv,  var.  of  Cd£(i',  Olv,  live.]  A  name  formerly 
given  to  nitrogen,  because  it  is  unfit  for  respi- 
ration. 

Lavoisier  suggested  the  propriety  of  giving  to  this  foul 
kind  of  air  [air  robbed  of  its  oxygen]  the  name  of  Azote, 
...  a  name  which  it  still  retains  in  France,  but  which 
has  been  superseded  elsewhere  by  the  term  yitroyen, 

Huxley,  Physiog..  p.  79. 

azoted  (az'o-ted),  a.  [<  azote  +  -ciP.]  Nitro- 
genized. 

As  animals  are  fed  on  aniuial  iliet  or  on  azoted  sub- 
stances. Aitkin,  -Med.  Diet.  (Bth  ed.),  II.  1061. 

azotbt  (az'oth),  n.  [Also  azot  and  azook;  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  Al'.  original  of  azogue,  q.  v.]  1. 
In  alchemy,  mercury,  as  the  assumed  fii'st  prin- 
ciple of  all  metals. —  2.  The  universal  specific 
or  panacea  of  Paracelsus. 

azotic  (a-zot'ik),  a.  [<  azote  -f  -ic]  Pertain- 
ing to  azote;  fatal  to  animal  life — Azotic  acid. 
Same  as  nitric  acid.  See  nitric. —  AzOtlC  gas,  nitrogen, 
or  nitrogen  gas. 

azotide  (az'o-tid  or  -tid),  n.  [<  azote  -f-  -irfe^.] 
An  azotized  body.     See  azotized. 

azotin  (az'o-tin),  n.  [<  azote  ■\r  -i«2.]  An  ex- 
plosive compound  consisting  of  15.23  parts  of 
carbon,  11.41!  of  sulphur,  69.05  of  saltpeter,  and 
4.29  of  petrolciun. 

azotise,  azotised.     See  azotize,  azotized. 

azotite  (az'o-tit),  ».  [<  azote  +  -ite'^.'\  A  salt 
formed  by  a  combination  of  nitrous  acid  with  a 
base:  sjTionpnous  with  hi (n7c. 

azotize  (az'o-tiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  azotized, 
ppr.  azotiziiig.  [<  azote  +  -ize.'i  To  nitro- 
genize.     Also  spelled  azotise. 

azotized  (az'o-tizd),  ;;.  a.  Imbued  with  azote 
or  nitrogen.     Also  spelled  azotised. 

It  has  been  maintained,  on  the  basis  of  carefully-con- 
ducted experiments,  .  .  .  that  the  amount  of  work  done 
by  an  animal  may  be  greater  than  can  he  accounted  for  by 
the  ultimate  ntetaniorphosis  of  the  azotized  constituents 
of  its  food. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  in  Corr.  and  Conseri'.  of  Forces,  p.  431. 
Organic  compounds  which  coiituin  nitrogen  are  fre- 
uuently  termed  azotised  substances. 

ir.  A.  Miller,  £lem.  of  Chem.,  §  339. 


azotometer 

azotometer  (az-o-toin'c-tii),  n.  [<  n-o^c  +  fir. 
fiirpoi;  measure.]     Saino  as  nitrometer. 

An  azotomflfr  containing;  n  concentrated  solution  of  jjo- 
tossium  hydroxide  where  tlic  nitrogen  was  nic.isuretl. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  .Sd  ser.,  XXX.  57. 

azotous  (a-z6'tus),n.  [<.  a:ntc  + -oiis.']  Nitrous: 
as,  (Indians  (=  nitrous)  acid. 

azoturia  (az-o-tu'ri-ji),  n.  [Nil.,  <  azote  +  L. 
«r-iHn,  mine :  see  «)ea.]  lujin^Ao/.,  a  condition 
in  wiiich  there  is  an  excess  of  urea  excreted. 

Azrael,  Azrail  (az'ra-el,  -il).  n.  [Hob.  Azradl, 
lit.  lielji  of  fiod.]  In  MoliammcdriHisili,  the  an- 
gel of  death,  whose  function  it  is  to  separate 
men's  souls  from  their  bodies. 

Tlic  second  tnunpet  lila.>it  will  be  lliat  of  "Extermina- 
tion," at  tile  sonnd  of  which  tile  lives  of  all  creiitnres  .  .  . 
will  in  an  instant  he  extinguished,  the  last  to  die  being 
Azrael,  tlie  angel  of  death.     Iit:liinoiu  of  the  ^yorld,  p.  3G4. 

Aztec  (az'tek),  n.  and  a.  [<  Axteca,  the  native 
name.  Cf .  A:tlan,  the  legendarj'  but  unknown 
region  from  wliich  the  Aztecs  came ;  said  to  be 

<  a:tail,  heron,  +  tlnii  or  titlan,  place.]  I,  )). 
A  member  of  one  of  the  leading  aboriginal 
tribes  of  Mexico,  which  was  dominant  on  the 
central  table-land  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish 
invasion  under  Cortes  in  1519. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aztecs. 
Aztecan  (az'tek-an),  a.   Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Aztecs;  Aztec. 

Specunens  of  Aztecan  aboriginal  workmanship. 

Science,  VIII.  403. 

azulejo  (Sp.  prou.  a-tho-la'ho),  v.  [Sp.,  <  «,:«/, 
blue:  see  a:tirc.'\  An  earthenware  tile  of  Span- 
ish manufactm'e,  painted  and  enameled  in  rich 
colors,  especially  one  having  a  metallic  luster. 
(This  use  of  the  word,  which  is  general  among  English  col- 
lectors and  writers  on  decoration,  is  apparently  founded 
on  the  assvunption  that  the  word  in  the  original  Spanish 
means  a  tile  of  any  kind.] 

azulene  (az'u-len),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  azid,  blue, 
azuie,  +  -e»e.2  A  vegetalile  principle  which 
impai'ts  a  blue  color  to  many  of  the  volatile  oils. 
It  is  a  volatile  liquid,  with  an  intensely  blue  vapor.  The 
formula  L'leH^.uO  has  been  given  to  it.'  Also  called  cent- 
leln, 

azulin  (az'u-lin),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  azul,  blue, 
azure,  +  -i)fi.'\   A  coal-tar  color  formerly  used 

in  dyeing,  it  w.ts  prep.ared  by  heating  coralline  and 
aniline  together,  and  produced  blue  colors. 

azulmin  (az-ul'min),  n.  [<  (iz(nrc)  +  idm{ic)  + 
-!/(-.]  A  name  given  to  the  brown  ulmic  ni- 
trogenous substance  which  is  formed  by  the 
spontaneous  decomposition  of  hydrocyanic 
acid. 

azumbre  (Sp.  pron.  a-thom'bra),  n.  [Sp.]  A 
Sjiauish  liquid  measure,  equal  to  about  half  a 
g.allon. 

azure  (azh'ur  or  a'zhur),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME. 
azure,  asurc',' asm;  <  OF.  azur,  amr,  F.  azur  = 
Pr.  azur  =  OSp.  azur,  Sp.  Pg.  azul  =  It.  azzurro, 
azzuolo,  <  MIj.  azura,  azurum,  etc.,  also  laziir, 
luzurius,  lazulus,  an  aziu'e-colored  stone,  lapis 
lazuli,  also  azm'e,  MGr.  'AaZovpiov,  <  Ar.  liizward, 

<  Pers.  lazhward,  lapis  lazuli,  azui-e:  said  to  be 
named  from  the  mines  of  Lajwurd.  The  initial 
I  is  supposed  to  have  been  lost  in  the  Romanic 
forms  through  confusion  with  the  definite  arti- 
cle, F.  le,  r,  etc.]    I.  n.  If.  Lapis  lazuli. 

But  natheles  this  mjirkis  hath  doon  make 
Of  gemmes  set  in  gold  and  in  asure, 
Broches  and  ringes,  for  Grisildis  sake. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  254. 

2.  The  fine  blue  color  of  the  sky:  as,  "her 
eyes  a  bashful  azure,"  Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

If  .  .  .  the  air  were  absolutely  pure  and  devoid  of  mat- 
ter foreign  to  it,  the  azure  of  the  sky  would  no  longer  be 
seen  and  the  heaven  would  appejir  black. 

^puttisu^oode,  Polarisation,  p.  82. 

A  little  speck  of  azure  has  w  idened  in  the  western  heav- 
ens. Mawtliome,  Twlce-Iold  Tales,  I. 


Azurt;  ;  liLr.ildic 
tiuctuiej. 


406 

3.  A  name  formerly  ai)plied  to  several  sky- 
colored  or  blue  pigments,  but  now  used  for 
cobalt  blue  (which  see,  under  blue),  it  lias  been 
applied  to — (a)  that  made  fr<un  lapis  lazuli,  called  genu- 
ine ultramarine  ;  (Ij)  that  nunle  by  fusing  glass  with  oxid 
of  cobalt,  and  reiiucing  this  to  a  powder:  in  grains  the 
size  of  sand,  this  is  called  smalt ;  (c)  an  artificially  pre- 
pared carbonate  of  coj>per. 

4.  The  sky,  or  blue  vault  of  heaven. 

Not  like  those  steps 
On  heaven's  azure.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  207. 

5.  In  her.,  the  tincture  blue,  which  in  imcol- 
ored  drawings  or  engra'vings  is 
represented  by  shading  in  hori- 
zontal lines.  Often  abbreviated 
to  az. 

II.  a.   Resembling  the  clear 
blue  color  of  the  sky ;  sky-blue. 

—  Azure    blue.      See   Wne.— Azure 
copper  ore.    See  azurile,  1. 

azure  (azh'ur  or  a'zh-iir),  v.  t.; 
pret.  and  pp.  eizured,  ppr.  azur- 
ing.     [<  azure,  a.}     To  color  blue. 
Who  azur'd  the  firmament?  Gentleman  J?uitructed,  p.  394. 
"I'wixt  the  green  sea  and  the  azur'd  vault. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
azure-stone    (azh'tir-ston),    «.     Same   as  azu- 
rile, 1. 
azurine  (azh'u-rin),  a.  and  «.    [<   ML.  azuri- 
■iius,  <  azura.  azm'e:  see  azure.~i     I.t  a.  Azure. 
Ualluijt. 

II.   ".   1.  An  English  book-name  of  a  fish 
which  is  a  variety  of  the  rudd ;  the  blue  roach. 

—  2.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Malurus  (which  see). 

—  3.  A  bluish-black  shade  produced  in  print- 
ing with  aniline  black,  foi-med  by  treating  the 
fabric  with  ammonia  after  the  black  is  com- 
jiletfly  developed. 

azurit'e  (azli'u-rit),  n.  [<  azure  +  -itc'^.']  1. 
A  blue  mineral,  a  hydrous  carbonate  of  copper. 
It  has  been  used  as  a  pigment,  under  the  name  of  moun- 
tain-blue. Azurite  occurs  finely  crystallized  at  Chessy, 
near  Lyons,  France,  whence  it  has  been  called  ehessidite 
and  Chessy  copper;  it  is  also  obtained  in  fine  ci-ystals  at 
sevei-al  mines  in  Arizona  and  Utah.  Also  cidled  azure  cop- 
per ore,  azure-stone,  blue  copper  ore,  and  blue  malachite. 
2.  Same  as  lazulite. 

azurnt  (azh'um  or  a'zhui'n),  a.  [<  azure  +  -en2. 
Gf.  yolden.']     Of  a  blue  color. 

The  azurn  sheen  of  turkis  blue. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  893. 

azury  (azh'ii-ri  or  a'zhu-ri),  a.  [<  azure  +  -//!.] 
Of  an  azure  or  bluish  color;  blue. 

Azygobranchia  (az"i-go-brang'ki-ii),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  (iCi'jof,  not  joined  (see  azygous),  + 
[ipayxia,  gills.]  A  di^'ision  of  streptoneirrous 
gasti'opods,  by  which  the  Seutibranchia,  the  C'te- 
ru)branchia,  and  the  Heteropoda  are  collectively 
contrasted  with  the  Zygobranchia.  See  extract. 
All  the  remaining  Gasteropoda  contrast  with  the  Zygo- 
branchia in  the  fact  that  the  torsion  of  the  body  has 
caused  the  obsolescence  or  abortion  of  one  of  the  true 
gills,  and  for  this  reason  Dr.  Lankester  has  an-anged  them 
under  one  ordinal  head,  Azygobranchia. 

Staiul.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  32-2. 

azygobranchlate  (az"i-go-brang'ki-at),  a.  [< 
.izi/giihrdiicliid  +  -rtffl.]  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing tlie  characters  of  the  Azi/gobranchia. 

azygomatOUS  (az-i-gom'a-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
jiriv.  ("-18)  -t-  zygomaUe.']  Ha'ving  no  zygo- 
mata ;  destitute  of  zygomatic  arches,  as  the 
skull  of  a  shrew.     Coues. 

azygOS  (az'i-gos),  n.  [<  Gr.  aCvjoc,  -impaired: 
see  azygous.}  An  azygous  part,  as  a  muscle, 
vein,  etc.  AzygOS  pharyngis,  a  small  muscle  arising 
from  the  plKiryiiL'r;il  >iiiiie  of  ttu-  basilar  process  of  the 
occipital  bone,  and  l,\i!iu'  alnn^-  the  middle  line  of  the 
back  of  the  pharynx  and  inserted  into  the  raphe. — Azy- 
gOS uvulae,  the  fleshy  substance  of  the  uvula,  supposed 
to  be  a  single  syinmetrical  muscle,  but  really  composed 
of  paired  halves, 

azygospore  (a-zi'go-sp6r),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
(,a-ls)  +  zygospore.']    A  spore  exactly  resem- 


azzy 

bling  a  zygospore,  but  produced  parthenoge- 
netically  by  an  isolated  reproductive  organ  in 
some  members  of  the  order  Zygomycetes  of  the 

lower  fungi. 
azygous  (az'i-gus),  a.     [<  Gr.  a^vyoc,  unpaired, 

<  li-  priv.  +  ^vydv  =  E.  yoke.]  Having  no  fel- 
low; not  being  one  of  a  pair;  single  :  in  anat. 
applied  to  several  parts,  as  mu.scles,  veins, 
bones,   etc.,   that    are    apparently    single,   or 

have  no  symmetrical  fellow Azygous  artery, 

an  artery  of  the  knee-jomt,  usually  coming  from  the 
popliteal,  but  sometimes  from  one  of  the  snijerior  articu- 
lar arteries.— Azygous  veins,  three  \eius  of  the  trunk, 
<ine  on  the  right  side  and  two  on  the  left.  The  ritfht  or 
large  azggous  vein  arises  in  small  branches  from  the  up- 
per lumbar  vertebra;,  passes  up  into  the  thorax  to  the 
right  of  the  aorta,  and,  receiving  the  eight  inferior  right 
intercostal  veins,  the  lesser  azygous  veins,  the  left  snpe- 
rior  intercostal  vein,  the  right  bronchial  vein,  and  some 
esophageal  and  mediastinal  branches,  empties  int^  the 
superior  vena  cava  just  above  the  pericanlinm.  The  le/t 
lower  or  small  azygous  vein  begins  in  the  upper  lumbar 
veins,  enters  the  thorax,  receives  the  f<jur  or  five  lower 
left  intercostal  veins  and  some  esophageal  ami  medias- 
tinal liranehes,  and  empties  usually  into  the  right  azygous 
vein,  but  sometimes  into  the  left  innominate  vein.  The 
le/t  upper  azygous  vein  is  derived  from  the  left  intercostal 
veins,  which  lie  between  those  that  empty  into  the  left 
superior  intercostal  trunk  and  those  that  empty  intc>  the 
left  lower  azygos.  They  are  usually  two  or  three  in  num- 
ber. It  communicates  above  with  the  left  superior  inter- 
costal vein  and  below  with  the  right  azygous  vein. 

az3an,  azyme  (az'im),  ».  [<  LL.  azymus,  also 
azymon,  unleavened  bread,  <  Gr.  afi'/jof,  neut. 
a^vfiov,  imleavened,  <  a-  priv.  +  f  I'.u^,  leaven, 

<  fciv,  boU,  bubble,  ferment.]  Unleavened 
bread,  or  a  loaf  of  unleavened  bread;  espe- 
cially, the  bread  eaten  among  the  Jews  at  the 
time  of  the  Passover,  or  that  used  in  part  of 
the  Christian  church  for  consecration  in  the 
eucharist :  generally  iu  the  plural,  in  the  West- 
ern Church  azyms  seem  to  have  been  used  as  far  back  as 
positive  testimony  goes,  but  the  evidence  either  for  or 
against  their  use  iu  the  eai-lier  centuries  is  very  scanty. 
In  the  Eastern  Church  consecration  of  leavened  bread 
seems  to  have  been  the  univei-sal  rule  since  the  earliest 
times,  but  some  early  Oriental  sects  used  azyms.  The 
Latin  Church  does  not  hold  that  the  use  of  leavened 
bread  invalidates  consecration,  llie  controvei-sy  between 
the  Eastern  and  Western  clnu'clies  as  to  azyms  turns 
mainly  on  the  question  whether  the  Last  Supper  was  with- 
in the  period  of  unleavened  bread,  and  whether  therefore 
the  holy  communion  was  instituted  with  azjTus  or  not. 

We  have  shunned  the  obscurity  of  the  papists  in  their 
azvmcs,  tunick,  &c. 

The  Translators  o/  the  Bible  to  the  Header. 
Eome  prescribes  nothing  to  other  nations  on  the  point, 
merely  laying  down  that  the  blessed  Sacrament  may  more 
conveniently  be  consecrated  in  Azymes. 

J.  M.  yeale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  1055. 

azymic  (a-zim'ik),  a.  [<  azym  +  -ie.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  ■unleavened  bread ;  unleavened ; 
azjTuous. 

Azymite  (az'i-mit),  «.  [<  ML.  azymita,  <  MGr. 
a^vuin/g,  <  a^v/joc,  imleavened :  see  azym  and 
-!te2.]  A  member  of  a  chiu'ch  which  uses  un- 
leavened bread  for  consecration  in  the  eiicha- 
rist ;  especially,  a  designation  applied  by  con- 
troversialists of  the  Greek  Church  to  a  member 
of  the  Latin  or  Western  Chm'ch,  or  to  an  ad- 
herent of  the  Armenian  or  of  the  Maronite 
Chm-ch,  which  also  use  azyms.  See  azym.  The 
terms  Fernienfonans  and  Prozymites  have  sometimes 
been  applied  in  it-turn  to  members  of  the  Greek  Church  by 
Latin  coiitrt  ^^■el■sialists, 

azymous  (az'i-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aCv/ioc,  unleav- 
ened: see  «-_(/»;.]  Unleavened:  unfei-mented : 
as,  sea-biscuit  is  azymous.     [Rare.] 

azzimina  (iit-si-me'na),  n.  [It.]  Decoration 
liy  damaskeening  of  the  finer  sort,  especially 
in  gold  or  silver  and  in  elaborate  designs.  Also 
called  agemina. 

azzle-tobth  (az'l-tijth),  n.  [See  axle-tooth.] 
Same  as  axle-tooth.  HalliwcU ;  Vumjlison. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

azzy,  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  wayward  child.  Ualli- 
well.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorksliire).] 


l-ViJ-U-J-^'JUJA 


ik 


m 


.^iaTil.vh-uiii.ir/;i.>,\v«i.Mj|- 


■V 

.llll|..<011.'..i.V,.|...„( 


J^»    IIUIIHl,    II      HI     ll.ll     ■■l^^jJ|\ 


'.■'u: 


m 


■:;.''-',SM;.:-:;-:ii;2m« 
'"■-'"■'""f7i»iiri'ii"vSir' 


cian.  (See  A.)  The  lumu: 
of  tliu  Phenician  character  was 
Utb,  meaning  house ;  from  this 
eonies  the  Greelc  name,  be/a. 
The  i'heniciail  beth,  with  some 
early  Oreek  and  Latin  fi>nns  of  h,  and  witli  tlie  ancient 
Egyptian  characters,  liieratic  and  liieroulyphic,  f rum  wliich 
tl»e  utliers  are  by  many  authorities  supposed  to  be  ulti- 
mately derived,  are  given  below : 


1.   The   second  letter  in  ba^  (M),  r.  ^    [Imitative  of  the  sound.]    To  lull 

order  in  th<!  English  al-     asleep  by  a  continuous,  inarticulate,  musical 

|ihabet,  as  it  was  in   the     hum.     [Scotch.] 

Pheniciaii,  and  lias  been  ju  (,„  the  bairns  wi'  an  unkenned  tune. 

in   most  other   alphal)ets  It'.  Nicholson. 

derived  from  the  Pheni-  Bg,.     The  chemical  symbol  of  barium. 

ba'  (ba),  n.     [Sc,  =  E.  bain.    Cf.  aS,]    A  ball. 

[Scotch.] 
B.  A.  An  abbreviation  of — (a)  Bachelor  of  Arts. 
See  A.  Ji.  and  bachelor.  (6)  Bachelor  of  Agri- 
culture: same  as  B.  Agr.  (c)  British  Associa- 
tion (for  the  Advancement  of  Science):  used  in 
such  phrases  as  B.  A.  unit.  See  unit. 
baa  (ba),  V.  i.  [Imitative  of  the  sound.  Cf.  L. 
bee,  the  sound  made  by  a  sheep  (Varro),  L. 
balare,  bleat,  Gr.  li^^tx^/,  Doric  li'Mix'h  a  bleat- 
ing; G.  bd,  bleating,  Cat.  be,  a  sheep,  with  simi- 
lar forms  in  many  languages.]  To  cry  or  bleat 
as  a  sheep. 

Like  a  lamb  whose  dam  away  is  set 
The  value  of  the  character  is  the  same  m  all  these  alpha-  uu  treble  baas  for  help.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

bets.     It  is  a  labial  sonant  (or  voiced)  mute  (or  stop,  or  -.     „,,  t,      i-  c 

check) ;  that  is,  it  is  made  with  the  lips  alone,  by  a  com-  baa  (ba),  «.     [<  baa,  V.]     The  cry  or  bleating  ot 
plete  closure  cutting  off  all  exit  of  breath  from  the  mouth,      a  sheep  or  lamb. 

baag-nouk,  ».  A  weapon  for  secret  attack  used 
among  the  Mahrattas  in  India,  consisting  of 
short,  sliarp,  curving  steel  blades,  secured  to  a 
strap  or  plate  passing  across  the  palm  of  the 
hand,  and  so  arranged  as  not  to  wound  the 
user.  An  apparently  friendly  movement  of 
the  hand  inflicts  a  terrible  wound. 
mht.  In  the  gag,!  (ba'al),  n.  [LL.  Baal,  Gr.  BriaA,  Bad?.,  < 
krit^'as  W,"in     Heb.  Ba'al,  orig.  'lord,'  or  'owner,'  applied  to 


4 


i  B 


H^ptian.  Fheni- 

Hicroglypnic.        Hieratic.  cian. 


Early 
Greek  and  L»ittn. 


but  with  accompanying  sonant  vibrations  of  the  vocal 
chords,  the  current  of  air  necessary  to  produce  this  being 
driven  from  the  lungs  into  the  closed  cavity  of  the  montli. 
The  eorrispoiiding  surd  (or  voiceless)  mute  is  p.  (See  /'.) 
Ji  has  iicitbiiig  of  that  variety  of  pronunciation  shown  by 
most  Knglisli  letters  ;  but  it  is  sometimes  silent,  as  when 
final  after  m,  in  lamb,  limb,  tomb,  thumb,  and  in  a  few 
other  cases,  as  debt,  doubt.  In  most  of  these  cases  b  is  a 
modern  graphic  insertion,  and  was  never  pronounced  (in 
the  English  forms):  e.  ff.,  limb,  thumb,  debt,  doubt 
fuiidariicntal  or  Germanic  part  of  our  language 
from  a  more  original  aspirate  found  in  Sanskri 
Greek  as  (()  ^pli),  in  Latin  usually  as  /.  Examples  are : 
E.  brother  =  Skt.  bhratar  =  Gr.  ipirrjp  =  L.  /rater ;  E. 
beari  (v.)  =  Skt.  ]/  bhar  =  Gr.  4ieptit'  =  L.  ferre.  With  the 
English  b  corresponds  that  of  most  of  the  other  Germanic 
dialects.  In  the  original  Indo-European  or  Arj-an  lan- 
guage b  was  nearly  or  altogether  wanting. 

2.  As  a  numeral,  B  was  used  by  the  Hebrews 
and  Greeks,  as  now  by  the  Arabians,  for  2. — 

3.  Asa  symbol :  (a)  In  mu.^ic,  the  seventh  tone, 
or  "leading  tone,"  of  the  model  diatonic  scale, 
or  scale  of  C.  B  was  the  last  tone  to  be  adopted  into 
the  modern  major  scale.  It  was  the  first  note  to  be  modi- 
fied by  lowering  its  pitch  a  semitone :  its  two  forms,  the 
b  rotumtum  or  B  flat  (fj)  and  the  b  (/uadratum  or  B  natu- 
ral (fl)  (see  below),  afterwanl  iKcaine  conventional  signs 
which  were  applied  as  accidentals  to  all  the  notes  of  the 
scale.  See  accidental,  n.,  1.  In  Italian  and  French  the 
same  note  is  called  si.  In  German  use  B  denotes  B  fiat, 
while  B  natural  is  represented  by  H,  and  is  called  ha. 
(b)  In  chcm.,  the  symbol  of  boron,  (o)  In  ornith., 
the  accessory  femorocaudal  muscle,  one  of  the 
chief  elassifieatory  muscles  of  the  leg.  A.  H. 
Garrod.    {(I)  In  math.,  see  A,  2  (c).    (e)  In  ab 


any  deity,  then  to  a  particular  deity;  pi. 
ba'aUm.]  The  name  of  a  Semitic  solar  deity 
worshiped,  especially  by  the  Phenieians  and 
their  descendants  the  Carthaginians,  with  much 
license  and  sensuality.  Baal  was  derived  from  the 
Babylonian  Bel,  a  deity  of  a  much  higher  type,  and  was 
merged  in  the  Tyrian  Melkarth.  In  its  original  generic 
sense  of  'lord,' the  name  was  applied  to  many  different 
divinities,  or,  with  qualifying  epithets,  to  the  same  divin- 
ity regarded  in  ditferent  .aspects  and  as  exercising  differ- 
ent functions.  Thus  in  Hos.  ii.  16  it  is  apidied  to  Jehovah 
himself,  wliile  Baal-herith  (the  covenant-lord)  was  the  god 
of  the  Shechemites,  and  Baal-zebub  (the  fly  god)  the  idol  of 
the  Philistines  at  Ekron.  Baal-peor  (lord  of  the  opening) 
was  a  god  of  Moab  and  Midian,  probably  the  same  as  Che- 
mosh.  The  word  enters  into  the  composition  of  many  He- 
brew, Phenician,  and  Carthaginian  names  of  persons  and 
places,  as  Jerubbaal,  Ilasdrubal  (help  of  Baal),  Hannibal 
(grace  of  Baal),  Baal-Ilammon,  Baal-Thamar,  etc. 
Baalism  (ba'al-izm),  H.  [<  Baal  + -ism .']  The 
worship  of  Baal ;  gross  idolatry  of  any  kind. 

His  seven  thousand  whose  knees  were  not  suppled  with 
the  Baalism  of  that  age.  Fuller. 

straet  reasoning,  suppositions,  etc.,  the  second  Baalist  (ba'al-ist),  «.  [<  Baal  +  -ist.'\  Awor- 
or  other  person  or  thing  mentioned  :  as,  if  A  shiner  of  Baal ;  a  Baalite. 
strike  B.  (/)  In  general,  the  second  in  any  se-  Baalite  (ba'al-it),  n.  [<  Baal  +  -ite'-.]  A  wor- 
ries :  as,  Company  B  (of  a  regiment),  schedule  shiper  of  Baiil ;  hence,  a  worshiper  of  heathen 
B,  etc.;  in  the  form  i,  or  b,  the  second  column  gods  in  general;  an  idolater,  or  idolatrous 
of  a  page,  in  a  book  printed  in  columns. — 4.  As    worshiper. 

an  abI)re\-iation,  B.  stands  for— (a)  Bachelor        These  Baaliles  of  vM.  Keats,  Isahel. 

(or  Middle  Latin  Bjccalajtrms),  in  B.^A.  or  A.  ■^a.anite  (ba'an-it),  k.     [<  Baanes  +  -ite^.l     A 

follower  of  Baanes,  a  Pauliciau  of  the  eighth 

century. 


B.,  B.  C.  E.,  B.  D.,  B.  L.,  B.  M.,  etc.     See  t°hese  Baanite  (ba  W),  «.  ^<Baa,ws 
abbreviations,    (b)  In  dates,  before,  as  in  B.  (.'. 

or  B.  c,  and  born,  as  in  6, 

log-book,  in  the  form  b 
drometric  measurements 
Baume's  hydrometer,  underhyd. 
— B,  or  B  flat,  an  English  humorous  euphemism  for  bUff 
(Cimi'j-(tT(u(iini(!.-)-— BcanceUatum,iii  xh/.mV,  tlic-lmrp: 
socalleil  because  it  was  oiit;inaliy  iij.luated  hy<i<»sing  or 
canceling  the  symbol  of  i'.  quadratuni.— B  quadratum, 
in  mu.yic,  literally  square  )i,  a  modilied  form  (5)  of  the 
black-letter  6  used  before  the  invention  of  accidentals 


and  E.  dial.,  =  E.  bob^,  q. 
tassel ;  cockade.     [Scotch.] 
A  cockit  hat  with  a  bab  of  blue  ribbands  at  it.       Scott. 
2.  A  bob,  as  used  in  fishing. 

Besides  these  ccl-sets.  however,  the  Norfolk  Broadmen 
also  fish  for  eels  with  babs,  which  can  hardly  be  called 
sport  in  any  sense  of  the  term.    J'op.  .Sri.  Mo.,  XXIX.  258. 


to  denote  Ii  natural  in  distinction  from  B  Hat :  now  used  \)g,'\)l  (bab),  V.  i.      [E.  dial.,  =  bob^,  !'.]      To  fish 

as  the  natural.    See  flcc(■(/t•«fn^  «.,  1.  — B  rotundum,  in     with  a  bob      See  hob^. 

niitsiV,  literally  round  B,  a  modified  fomift)  of  the  Kniuan   ,  „,  .7  ,.  .  ,  >  '„       rp.   ,i:„|     _  i,,,;,-.   n    v1    A  Viibo 

IctUT  b  first  used  to  denote  B  flat,  as  distini;uislMd  fr"Ta  bab-  (bab),  H.     L^.  Oial.,  _  OaOe,  q.  V.J   A  DaDe. 

B  quadratum  :  it  is  now  the  c.nventional  sign  of  tin'  flat.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

See  accidental,  n.,  1.-  Not  to  know  B  from  a  bull'3  Bab'*  (biib),  H.     [At.  Pers.  bab,  a  gate  or  door ; 

foot,  or  a  broomstick,  or  a  battledore,  u<  be  very  il      fo^^^jug  part  of  manv  eastern  place-names,  as 


literate  or  very  ignorant:   popular  alliterative  compari- 
Bons,  the  first  dating  from  the  Mi. Idle  Englisli  period. 
ba^t,  V.  t.     [Perhaps  a  humorous  imitation  of  a 
smack ;  but  cf .  OF.  baer,  beer,  open  the  mouth, 
gape  (see  bay^),  and  bass^,  kiss.]     To  kiss. 

Let  me  t>a  thy  cheke. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  ot  Baths  Tale,  1.  JXi. 


Bab-el-mandeb.J  1.  The  title  assumed  by  the 
founder  of  Babism. — 2.  ABabist;  an  adherent 
of  or  a  believer  in  Babism. 

babal  (bii'bii'),  n.    A  chiUi's  variant  ot  papa. 

baba-'  (b'l-^a'),  n.  [F.]  A  light  kind  of  fruit- 
cake, of  Polish  origin. 

407 


Baba'*  (bii'bii),  n.  [Turk,  and  Ar.  bdhd, 
fatlier.  (M.b('ibu.'\  An  Oriental  title  of  respect 
applied  (a)  by  tributary  Arabs  to  the  Turks, 
(/()  to  the  usliers  of  the  seraglio,  and  (c)  to 
the  Patriarch  of  Alexandria. 

babacoote,  ».     Same  as  babakoto. 

babakoto  (bii-bii-ko'to),  «.  [Native  name.]  A 
name  of  the  indri  or  short-tailed  woolly  lemur 
of  Madagascar,  Indris  or  Lichanotus  brevicau- 
datus. 

babber  (bab'er),  «.  [E.  dial.,  =  &oi6erl.]  One 
who  tishes  with  a  bob ;  a  bobber. 

Norfolk  babbers  frequently  catch  four  stone  weight  of 
eels  to  a  boat  per  night,  especially  in  the  spawning- 
grouri.ls.  J'ojK  Sci.  .^fo.,  XXIX.  269. 

babbint,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  ftaiiKl. 

babbitting  (bab'it-ing),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  'bab- 
bitt, v.,  <  Babbitt  (metal).']  1.  The  operation  of 
lining  shells  or  bushings  for  a  bearing  with 
Babbitt  metal ;  hence,  commonly,  the  similar 
use  of  any  antifriction  alloy. — 2.  Babbitt  metal. 
—  Babbitting  jig,  a  to(d  used"  to  hold  bearing-boxes  in 
position  about  the  journals  of  shafts,  etc.,  while  any  box- 
lining  metal,  as  the  Babbitt,  is  being  ponred  in.— Bab- 
bitting ladle,  an  iron  ladle  used  to  pour  the  Babbitt 
metal  or  any  antifriction  alloy  upon  the  bearings  of  ma- 
chinery. 

Babbitt  metal.    See  metal. 
babblative  (bab'la-tiv),  a.    [Formerly  also  bab- 
lative ;<  babble  + -ative.    Ci.  talkative.]     Given 
to  babbling. 
Argumentative,  babblative,  and  unpleasant  to  nie. 

Carltjle,  in  Frcmile,  I.  119. 

babble  (bab'l),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  babbled,  ppr. 
babbling.  [<  ME.  babelcn,  bahlen  =  D.  babbe- 
len  =  lJji.  babbelen  =  Icel.  babbla  =  T>mi.  bable 
=  G.  bappeln,  bappern,  babble  (cf.  F.  babiUer, 
chatter) ;  all  perhaps  imitative,  with  freq.  suf- 
fix-/, from  the  redupl.  syllable  ia  :  see  6a2.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  utter  words  imperfectly  or  in- 
distinctly, as  children  do ;  prattle ;  jabber. 
I  babbled  for  you,  as  babies  for  the  moon, 
Vague  brightness.  Tenny.'.on,  Princess,  iv. 

2.  To  talk  idly,  irrationally,  or  thoughtlessly; 
chatter  or  prate  heedlessly  or  mischievously. 

A  babbled  of  green  fields.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  3. 

The  people,  when  they  met,  .  .  . 
Began  to  scoff  and  jeer  and  babble  of  him. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

3.  To  make  a  continuous  murmuring  sound, 
as  a  stream  ;  repeat  a  sound  frequently  and  in- 
distinctly. 

The  babbling  echo  mocks  the  hounds. 

Shak.,'i:  of  A.,  ii.  3. 
The  babbling  runnel  crispeth.  Tennyson,  Claribel. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  utter  incoherently  or  with 
meaningless  iteration ;  repeat ;  prate. 

These  [words)  he  used  to  babble  indifferently  in  all  com- 
panies. Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  utter  foolishly  or  thoughtlessly ;  let  out 
by  babbling  or  prating:  as,  to  babble  a  plot  or 
a  secret. 
babble  (bab'l),  n.  [<  babble,  v.]  Inarticulate 
speech,  such  as  that  of  an  infant;  idle  talk; 
senseless  prattle ;  murmur,  as  of  a  stream. 

Making  merry  in  odd  tones,  and  a  babble  of  outlandish 
words.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  II, 

An  extraordinary  incessant  babble  of  rapid  prayer  from 
the  priests  in  the  stalls.  Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  64. 
=  Syn.  See  prattle,  n. 
babblement  (bab'1-ment),  n.  [<  babble  + 
-ment.]  Idle  talk;  senseless  prate;  unmean- 
ing words. 

Deluded  all  this  while  with  ragged  notions  and  babble- 
tnents.  MUton,  Education. 

babbler  (bab'ler),  «.  1.  One  who  babbles;  an 
idle  talker;  an  irrational  prater;  one  who  says 
things  heedlessly  or  mischievously. 

Cunn.   No  blabbing,  as  you  love  me. 
Sir  Greg.   None  of  our  blood 
Were  ever  babblers. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  iv.  1. 
Great  babblers,  or  talkers,  are  not  lit  for  trust. 

Sir  /;.  Lf  strange. 

2.  In  ornith.:  (a)  A  name  of  various  old-world 
dentirostral  oscine  passerine  birds  more  or  less 
nearly  related  to  thrushes.     (6)  pi.  The  family 


babbler 

Timaliida-  or  subfaniily  TimaUinct  of  Turdidat, 
ail  uni'oi-tain  Krou|i  of  gpuorally  short-'n'ingoa 
atul  short-tailed  birds,  definable  l)yiio  common 
characters,  it  contains  :i  j^'reut  numbtr  of  bii-ds  not 
satisfactorily  located  elsewhere,  and  has  been  called  "the 
ornithological  \vaste-l)a5ket."' 

3.  In  hunt  111(1,  a  dog  that  yelps  or  gives  tongue 
too  much  wheu  in  the  lield. 

After  a  fox  lias  been  found,  tlie  hahhler  announces  the 
fact  for  tlie  next  ten  minutes,  and  repeats  liis  refrain 
whenever  the  least  opportunity  presents  itself. 

Jincijc.  Jlril.,  XII.  .Sir.. 

babblerylf,  ".  [<  babble  +  -ry.  Cf.  V.  babil- 
/</■((■  ((Jotgi-ave),  babble.]  Babbling;  ehatter- 
iiii;;  idle  talk.     Stubbcs. 

babblery-t,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.  biibblerie,  bab- 
leric,  appar.  for  bahcrtj  or  baublcry.J  Some- 
thing worthless;  worthless  things  collectively. 
Naves. 

Other  toyes,  fantasies,  and  bablerien,  whereof  the  world 
is  lul,  are  suffered  to  be  printed.  Stubbed,  Anat.  of  Abuses. 

babbling  (bab'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  babble, 
v.]     Foolish  talk. 


408 

triclinie  crystals  in  beds  of  magnetic  iron  ore 
iiiid  in  veins  of  quartz  and  feldspar.  It  is  a 
silicate  of  iron,  manganese,  and  calcium. 

Babington's-CUTSe  {bab'ing-tonz-k6rs),«.  The 
water-weed,  Khidea  Canadensis :  so  called  in 
England  from  the  false  supposition  that  it  was 
introduced  there  by  the  botanist  Charles  Bab- 
ington  (born  about  1808). 

babiont,  »•     See  babian. 

babir  (bil'ber),  n.  A  Syrian  name  for  the  papy- 
rus. 

babirussa,  babiroussa  (bab-i-ro'sii),  n.  [Also 
formerly  babirnxa,  barhiruusa,  etc.  (NL.  babirus- 
sa), <  Malay  bdhi,  hog,  -f-  rfwa,  deer.]  1.  The 
East  Indian  wild  hog  or  horned  hog.    The  upper 


Avoiding'  profane  and  vain  babblintis. 


1  Tim.  vi.  20. 


babblingly  (bab'ling-ll),  adv.  In  a  babbling 
mniiner;  with  babblement ;  pratingly. 

babblishlyt  (bab'lish-li),  adv.     Babblingly. 

babbly  (bab'li),  a.  [<  babble  +  -tj.'i  Full  of 
bablile ;  chattering. 

babby  (bab'i),  n.  [E.  dial.,  =  baby,  q.  v.]  A 
baby.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

babe  (bab),  n.  [<  ME.'  babe,  prob.  abbr.  of 
earlier  baban  :  origin  obscure,  perhaps  ult.  imi- 
tative; cf.  Iia'~.  The  Celtic  words  (W.  Gael. 
Ii'.  Corn,  baban  =  Manx  baban,  bab,  a  babe, 
child;  regarded  by  Skeat  after  Williams  (Lex. 
Cornu-Brit.)  as  a  mutation  of  *inaban,  dim.  of 
W.  mab,  a  son,  =  Gael.  Ir.  Man.x  mac,  a  son, 
=  Goth,  magus,  a  boy,  =  AS.  maiiu,  a  son, 
related  to  may'^,  may'^,  might)  are  late,  and 
may  be  from  E.]  1.  An  infant;  a  young  child 
of  either  sex.— 2t.  A  child's  doll. 

All  as  a  poore  pedler  lie  diil  wend, 
Bearing  a  trusse  of  trytles  at  hys  liaeke, 
As  bells,  and  babes,  and  glasses,  in  hys  paoke. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cat.,  itay. 
8.  One  who  is  like  a  babe  in  any  respect ;  a 
person  of  infantine  or  childish  character  or 
ability:  as,  he  is  a  mere  babe  in  that  man's 

hands.  -  Babe  in  arms.   .See  or»(i.— Babe  in  Christ, 
a  rercnt  ntiiveit  to  (.'liristianity  (1  Cor.  iii.  1). 
babehood(bab'hu(l),  H.  [^<.babe  +  -hood.'\    Same 

as  habi/liood.  Udall. 
Babel  (ba'bel),  )(.  [LL.  Babel,  <  Heb.  Babel,  re- 
ferred in  Genesis  to  the  notion  of  'confusion'; 
but  perhaps  <  Assyrian  biib-ilu,  lit.  gate  of  God, 
or  bab-ili,  gate  of  the  gods,  <  bab,  gate,  -f-  ilu 
=  Heb.  el,  God:  see  Klohim  and  Allah.']  1. 
The  Semitic  name  of  the  city  (Babylon)  where, 
according  to  Gen.  xi.,  the  construction  of  a  tower 
that  would  reach  to  heaven  was  attempted,  and 
where  the  confusion  of  tongues  took  place.  See 
Babylonian.  Hence — 2.  A  lofty  structure. — 
3.  A  visionary  scheme. —  4.  A  scene  of  noise 
and  confusion,  as  a  gi-eat  city  or  a  riotous  as- 
semblage. 

'Tis  pleasant,  tlu'ough  the  loopholes  of  retreat, 
To  peep  at  such  a  world  —  to  see  the  stir 
Of  the  great  Babel,  and  not  feel  the  crowd. 

Cowper,  Tlie  Task,  iv.  90. 
5.  [cop.or?.  c]  A  confused  mixture  of  sounds; 
confusion;  disorder. 
That  babel  of  strange  heathen  languages. 

Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  50S. 
Babel  quartz.    See  quartz. 
baberyt  (ba'ber-i),  »i.     [<  ME.  babery,  earlier 
babeurie,  babeumrie,  etc.,  appar.  corrupt  forms 
of  babwynrie,  baboonery  (see  baboonery) ;  but 
in  later  use  <  babe  +  -ery.]     1.  Grotesque  or- 
namentation in  art  or  architecture,  as  carved 
human  figures  or  other  decorations. 
Many  subtile  compassinges, 
As  babeuwryes  and  pynacles, 
Yniageries  and  tabernacles, 
I  saugh.      Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1189. 

2.  Finery  to  please  a  child ;  any  trifling  toy  for 
children:  as,  "painted  baberyt"  Sir  P.  Sidney, 
Arcadia,  x.  181. 

babiant,  babiont,  n.  [jVlso  baboyne,  etc.,  vari- 
ant forms  of  baboon,  q.  v.]  A  baboon.  B. 
Jonson :  Massinger. 

babillard  (bab'i'-Uird),  n.  [F.,  <  baUller,  chat- 
ter: see  babble.}  The  chatterer:  a  name  bor- 
rowed from  the  French  by  Rennie  for  the  lesser 
white-throat,  Sylvia  eurrnca  of  Europe,  laj'au- 
rettc  habillarde  of  Buffoii.     [Rare.] 

babingtonite  (bab'ing-ton-it),  n.  [jVfter  tho 
ininiTulogist  William  Babinglon  (1756-1833).] 
A  vitreous  dark-green  or  black  mineral  of  the 
pyroxene  group,  occurring  in  small  brilliant 


East  Indian  Wild  Hog  ^Babirussa  a!/urus). 

canines  of  the  boar  are  sometimes  12  inches  in  length,  and 
nearly  reach  the  forehead ;  the  lower  pair  partake  of  the 
same  unusual  development  and  direction,  but  not  to  the 
same  extent,  nor  do  they  pierce  the  lips.  The  tusks  of  the 
sow  are  much  smaller.  The  general  appearance  of  the  ani- 
mal is  that  of  a  hog,  but  the  legs  are  longer  and  the  pelage 
is  less  bristly.  The  babirussa  is  gregarious  and  herbivo- 
rous, like  the  rest  of  the  jiig  tribe,  and  its  flesh  is  used  for 
food  ;  it  is  sometimes  domesticated. 
2.  [eap.']  A  genus  of  setiferous  pachyderma- 
tous ungulate  quadrupeds,  of  the  order  Artiodae- 
tyla,  or  even-toed  tmgulates,  and  family  Suidw, 
containing  only  the  babirussa. 
Also  spelled  babynissa,  babyi-oussa. 
babisht  (ba'bish),  «.  [<  6a6e  + -iV/il.]  Like  a 
babe ;  babyish. 

If  he  be  bashful  and  will  soon  blush,  they  call  him  a 
babish  and  ill  brought  up  thing. 

Asctiam,  The  Scholeniaster,  i. 

babishlyt  (ba'bish-li),  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
liabe ;  babyishly. 

babishnesst  (ba'bish-nes).  K.  Babyishness; 
eliildishuess. 

Babism  (biib'ism),  «.  [<  Pers.  Bdbi,  Babism  (< 
hub,  a  gate,  the  name  assumed  by  the  foimder 
of  the  sect,  who  claimed  that  no  one  could  come 
to  know  God  except  through  him :  see  Bah^), 
+  -ism.']  A  religious,  political,  and  social  sys- 
tem founded  in  Persia  about  1843  bj'  Seyd  Mo- 
hammed All,  a  native  of  Shiraz,  who  pretended 
to  be  descended  from  Mohammed,  it  is  a  p.™- 
theistic  offshoot  of  ilohaminedanism,  tinctured  with  Gnos- 
tic, Buddhistic,  and  Jewisli  ideas.  It  inculcates  a  hig)i  mo- 
rality; discountenances  polygamy;  forbids  concubinage, 
asceticism,  and  mendicancy ;  recognizes  the  equality  of 
the  sexes  ;  and  encourages  the  practice  of  charity,  hospi- 
tality, and  .abstinence  from  intoxicants  of  all  kinils. 

Babist  (bab'ist),  «.  [<  Pers.  Bdbi  (see  Babism) 
+  -ist.]     A  believer  in  Babism. 

bablah  (bab'lil),  n.  [See  babul.]  The  pod  of 
several  species  of  Acacia,  especially  of  A.  Ara- 
bica,  which  comes  from  the  East  and  from  Sene- 
gal under  the  name  of  neb-neb.  it  contains  gallic 
acid  and  tannin,  and  lias  been  used  in  dyeing  cotton  for 
producing  \  arious  shades  of  drab.  The  seeds  are  said  to 
contain  a  red  f<doring  matter,  and  to  be  used  in  India  and 
Egypt  for  dyeing  morocco.  Also  called  babool,  babul,  and 
babulah.     See  cut  under  acacia. 

bablativet,  a.     See  babblative. 

bable't,  bable-ti  "•     ^^^  bauble'^,  bauble". 

Bable'*  (liii'bla),  n.  A  dialect  of  Spanish,  spo- 
ken in  Asturias.     Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  824. 

baboo,  ".     See  babu. 

babool,  n.     Same  as  liablah. 

baboon  (ba-biin'),  ?i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ba- 
boone,  babounc,  babouiid  (also  babion,  babian  (< 


Baboon  ( Cynocephaiiu  tnainun). 


baby 

F.  babion),  and  bavian,  after  D.  baviaan,  LG. 
barian,  >  Dan.  bavian,  G.  pavian),  <  ME.  babe- 
tvyne,  babwyn,  babwen,  baboyne,  etc.,  <  OF.  6a- 
buin,  baboin,  babouin,  babion,  mod.  F.  babouin 
=  Sp.  Pg.  babuino  =  It .  b(diliuino  ;  ML.  babe- 
ui/nus,  liabervynus,  bahuynus,  habouinus.  The 
OF.  forms  ajipear  to  be  the  oldest.  Tho  origin 
of  the  name  is  unknown.  The  Ar.  maimin  is 
prob.  from  tho  European  word.]  A  quadruma- 
nous  animal  of  the  old  world,  of  the  subfamily 
Cynopithecinw,  and  especially  of  either  of  the 
genera  Cynocejihalus  (or  Fapio)  and  Mandrilla 
(or  Mormon).  The  baboon  has  a  large  prominent  muz- 
zle and  a  low  facial  angle,  constituting  a  physiognomy 
to  which  the  term  "dog-faced"  has  been  applied.  It 
lias  cheek-pouches,  large  canine  teeth,  tail  usually  short 
(whence  the  term  "  iiig-taileil  "  applied  to  some),  and  lai-ge 
bare  ischial  callosities,  often  gayly  colored.  Its  fore  and 
hind  limbs  are  proportionate,  so  that  the  animal  can  go 
upon  all-fours  like  ordinary  quadrupeds,  or  sit  upright  like 
most  other  monkeys.  Baboons  are  generally  large,  heavy 
animals,  some  equaling  a  mastirt"  in  size  and  weight,  and 
are  among  the  most  sullen,  intractable,  ferocious,  and  lilthy 
brutes  of  the  order  to  which  they  belong,  ilost  of  them 
are  African,  and  they  are  usually  gregarious,  going  in  large 
troops,  and  feeding  on  fruits,  roots,  bii-ds"  eggs,  insects, 
etc.  Among  those  which  have  special  names  are  the  aiiu- 
bis,  cliacma,  mandrill,  drill,  etc.  Some  of  the  (Juadru- 
mana  which  belong  technically  to  the  same  group  as  the 
baboons  do  not  usually  take  the  name,  as  the  black  ape 
of  Celebes,  Ci/nopithectcs  nUjer,  and  the  Barbary  ape,  /nu- 
us  ecaudaUt..! ;  while  somenionkeys  of  other  groups  are 
occasionally  called  baboons. 

baboonery  (ba-bbn'e-ii),  «.;  pi.  babooneries 
(-riz).  [{baboon  + -e'ry.]  If.  Same  as  irtiery, 
1. — 2.  A  collection  of  baboons. —  3.  Baboonish 
conduct  or  condition. 

baboonish  (ba-bijn'ish),  o.  [<  baboon  +  -ish'^.] 
Like  a  baboon ;  characteristic  of  baboons. 

A  series  of  baboonish  chuckles  and  grins. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXIX.  660. 

baboosh  (ba-bosh'),  n.  [Also  ?)flioi(c?ie,  after  P. 
haliouche  (usually  pi.,  bahouchcs)  =  Sp.babucha 
(pi.  babuehas),  <  Ar.  babiZsh,  <  Pers.  pdp>6sh,  a 
slipper,  <  pa,  =  'E.  foot,  +  posh,  covering;  cf. 
poshidun,  cover.]  A  kinil  of  slipper  without 
quarters  or  heel,  worn  in  Turkey  and  the  East. 

Babouvlsm  (ba-bii'vizm),  n.  [<  F.  babourisme, 
<  Babeuf  (Babifuf)  +  -isnie.]  'The  communistic 
system  promulgated  by  the  French  socialist 
Francois  Noel  Babeuf  during  the  revolution. 
Its  fundamental  jiriiK-iples  were  summed  up  in  the  sen- 
tence:  "The  aim  of  society  is  the  happiness  of  all,  and 
happiness  consists  in  equality."  By  "  equality  "  was  meant 
absolute  uniformity  in  dress,  food,  elementary  education, 
etc.  The  property  of  corporations  was  to  be  seized  at  once, 
and  that  of  individuals  at  their  death.  Officers  chosen  by 
the  people  were  to  have  unlimited  powers  to  divide  the 
product  of  the  industry  of  all,  according  to  the  needs  and 
reiiuirements  of  each.  A  great  conspiracy  was  organized 
by  Babeuf  and  his  foUowei-s  for  the  establishment  of  a  new 
government  based  on  these  principles,  but  it  was  betrayed 
to  the  Directory  in  May,  1796,  and  Babeuf  was  executed 
in  May,  1797.     Also  nafoaism. 

Babouvist  (ba-bo'^-ist), «.  [<  F.  babouviste:  see 
Babourisni.]  A  follower  of  the  French  social- 
ist Babeuf,  or  an  adherent  of  Babouvism. 

babu  (ba-b(5'),  n.  [Also  (as  E.)  baboo;  <Hind. 
bdbu,  a  title  of  respect ;  in  Canarese  it  means 
father.  Cf.  haba.]  A  Hindu  title  of  address, 
equivalent  to  sir  or  J/r.,  given  to  gentlemen, 
clerks,  etc.:  formerly  applied  in  some  parts  of 
Hindustan  to  certain  persons  of  distinction. 
"In  Bengal  and  elsewhere,  among  Anglo-Indians,  it  is  of- 
ten used  with  a  slight  savor  of  disparagement,  as  charac- 
terizing a  superficially  cultivated  but  too  often  effemi- 
nate Beng.ali ;  and  from  the  extensive  employment  of  the 
class  to  which  the  term  w;is  applied  as  a  title  in  the  ca- 
pacity of  clerks  in  English  offices,  the  woril  has  come  often 
to  signify  'a  native  clerk  who  writes  English."'  Yule  and 
Biirndl.  Anglo-Ind.  Gloss. 

babuina  (bab-ii-i'na),  n.  [NL..  fem.  of  babui- 
nus:  see  baboon.]    A  female  baboon. 

The  depravity  of  an  old  babuina,  or  female  Bhunder 
baboon.  Pop.  Sci.  -Wo.,  X.\.  39S. 

babul  (ba-bol'),  n.  [Also  written  babool,  babu- 
lah, repr.  Hind.  bdbUl,  a  species  of  Acacia.] 
Same  as  bablah. 

baby  (ba'bi),  «.  and  a.  [Also  dial,  babby ;  early 
mod.  E.  also  babie,  <  ME.  babee,  babi^  dim.  of 
balie.]  I.  ".:  pi.  babies  (-biz).  1.  An  infant  or 
young  child  of  either  sex;  a  babe. 
1  knew  them  all  .as  babieti,  and  now  they're  elderly  men. 
Tcnnu.wn,  The  Graudmother. 
2t.   A  doll. 

The  archduke  saw  that  Perkin  would  prove  a  runagate  ; 
and  it  was  the  part  t)f  children  to  fall  out  about  babies. 

Bacon. 
These  [boxes]  are  to  have  Folding-Doors,  which  being 
open"d,  you  are  to  behold  a  Bahit  dress'd  out  in  some 
Fashion  which  has  llourish'd,  and  standing  upon  a  Pedes- 
tal, where  the  Time  of  its  lleigu  is  niark'd  down. 

.Sltcclator,  No.  478. 

3t.  [Cf.  E.  pupil,  <  L.  pnpilla,  a  girl,  the  pupil 
of  the  eye.]  The  minute  reflection  which  a 
person  sees  of  himself  in  the  pupil  of  another's 
eye.    There  lue  many  allusions  to  this  in  our  older  poeta ; 


baby 

hence  such  phrases  as  to  look  babies  in  one's  eyes,  used  with 
regard  to  a  lover. 

No  more  fool, 
To  look  piy  habtrs  in  your  I'ljcs,  young  Roland, 
Anil  hung  iihout  your  "pretty  neck. 

Fli'tchcr,  Woman's  Prize,  v.  1. 

But  wee  cannot  so  passe  the  centre  of  the  Eye,  wliich 

wee  call  Pupilla,  quasi  i'lipiia,  the  babie  in  the  eye,  the 

Sight.  Purchas,  Mierocos.  (1019),  p.  90. 

4.  One  who  is  like  a  baby ;  a  childish  person. 

Tiiough  he  be  grave  with  years,  he's  a  great  baby. 

Ftete/ter  (^aiut  atwltur'),  KUler  Brother,  iii.  5. 
Baby  act,  a  coUunuiul  name  for  the  legal  defense  of  in- 
fancy. lU  lice  ^  To  plead  the  baby  act.  (a)  To  plead 
that  a  c(intr;ict  is  void  because  maiie  during  one's  minor- 
ity, (b)  'I'o  :ittciiii)t  to  excuse  excessive  or  feigned  igno- 
rance or  .stui)iility  on  the  ground  of  professed  inexperience. 
[CoIloc|uial  in  lioth  uses.  ]  — Bartholomew  baby,  a  kind 
of  doll  sold  originally  at  Bartholomew  fair  in  Loudon,  and 
celebrated  as  the  best  then  known. 

It  also  tells  farmers  what  maimer  of  wife  they  shall 
choose;  imt  one  trickt  ujj  witli  ribl)cns  and  knots  like  a 
Bartholomew  baby,  J'lior  iiobin's  Almanac,  1695. 

II.  a.  1.  Babyish;  infantine;  pertaining  to 
an  infant. 

Ve  conscience-stricken  cravens,  rock  to  rest 
Your  baby  hearts.  Shelley,  The  Cenci,  iv.  2. 

Moulded  thy  baby  thought.  Tennyson,  Eleanore. 

2.  Small,  or  comparatively  small:  as,  a  iaby 
engine.     [CoUoq.] 
baby  (ba'bi),   c.  (.;  pret.  and  pp.  Jrnbicd,  ppr. 
biiliiiiiKj.     [<  baby,  ?(.]     To  treat  like  a  young 
child. 

At  best  it  babies  us  with  endless  toys, 
And  keeps  us  chihiren  till  we  drop  to  dust. 

Yuuny,  Night  Thoughts,  vi.  521. 
baby-farm  (ba'bi-farm),  n.   A  place  where  chil- 

divn  arc  reeeived  and  cared  for. 
baby-farmer  (ba'bi-far'mer),  «.     One  who  re- 
ceives and  contracts  to  care  for  the  infants  of 
those  who,  for  any  reason,  may  be  unable  or 
unwilling  to  bring  up  their  own  childi-en. 
baby-farming  (ba'bi-far'niing),  n.    The  busi- 
ness carried  on  by  a  baby-farmer. 
babyhood  (ba'bi-hud),   «.      [<  haby  +  -hood.] 

The  state  of  being  a  baliy ;  infancy. 
baby-house  (ba'bi-hous),  ii.    A  toy  house  for 

cliildren's  dolls. 
babyish  (bii'bi-jsh),  a.    [<  baby  +  -isftl.]    Like 
a  baby ;  childish. 
bab3rishness  (ba'bi-ish-nes),  n.    The  quality  of 

being  like  a  baby;  extreme  childishness. 

babjrlsm  (bii'bi-izm),  «.     [<  baby  +  -ism.]     1. 

The  state  of  being  a  baby ;  babyhood.    Jeffrey. 

—  2.  A  childish  mode  of  speech ;  cliildisliness. 

Babyisms  and  dear  diminutives. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

The  egotism,  the  babyism,  and  the  inconsistency  of  this 

transaction  have  no  parallel.       The  Century,  XXIV.  14s. 

baby-jumper  (ba'bi-jum'per),  n.  [<  baby  + 
JuiniHi:]  A  basket  or  sling  iu  which  a  small 
child  may  be  fastened,  ha\'ing  an  adjustable 
elastic  cord  which  permits  a  dancing  motion 
when  the  child's  feet  touch  the  Hoor. 

Babylonian  (bab-i-16'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
iiabylon,  <  Or.  HiiiivAuv  (the  city),  or  L.  Baby- 
lonia, <  Gr.  Majivlwia  (the  province),  the  Gr. 
form  of  the  Semitic  name  Babel  or  Bdbilu 
(Heb.  Babel).  See  Babel.  The  original  Acca- 
dian  name  of  the  city  was  Ca-dimirra.]     I.  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to  Babylon,  the  capital  of  the 
ancient  kingdom  of  Babylonia,  or  to  the  king- 
dom itself.  Ruins  of  the  city,  in  the  form  of  three 
large  mounds,  exist  near  Hillah  on  the  Euphrates,  about 
&4  nules  south  of  Bagdad  on  the  Tigris. 

2.  Like  the  confusion  of  tongues  at  Babel  (= 
Babylon) ;  mixed  ;  confused. 

This  formal  error  [of  applying  the  word  "force"  to  all 
kinds  of  power,  living  or  dead]  h:is  become  a  Pandora's 
box,  whence  has  spnuig  a />a''i/A'/(u(/(  confusion  of  tongues. 
Quoted  in  W.  Ji.  (Jmee's  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  3'3S. 
3t.  [From  a  former  common  identification  by 
Protestants  of  the  "scarlet  woman,"  "Baby- 
lon the  great,  the  mother  of  harlots  and  abomi- 
nations "  (Rev.  x\-ii.  5),  with  the  Papacy.]  (a) 
Popish.  (6)  Scarlet Babylonian  art,  a  subdivi- 
sion of  Mesopotamian  art ;  the  later  development  of  Chal- 
dean art  as  practised  at  Bal)ylon,  both  prior  to  the  Assyrian 
domination,  which  began  in  the  eleventh  century  a.  C.  and 
enliniiialcil  in  the  nintli  century,  .and  after  the  restoration 
of  tliL- liabylouiaii  kiiiudtim,  unilcr  Nabopolassar,  about 
600  b.  c.  Tlie  architecture  of  Babylon,  like  that  of  As- 
syria, of  which  it  w;us  tlui  modil,  employed  .as  its  chief 
material  of  construction  the  sun-dried  l)riek,  and  held  in 
general  to  the  thick  walls  and  massive  forms  which  were 
uuposed  by  this  friable  material.  Stone  was  nulch  more 
scarce  in  Babylonia  than  in  Assyria;  hence  Babylonian 
decoration  adhered  in  the  main  to  i>ainting  on  a  surface 
of  pla--5tcr  fnr  intcrit)rs,  and  to  lirilliantly  enameled  tiles, 
often  forming  pictorial  subjects  of  great  size  and  variety, 
for  exteriors.  In  iSabylonia,  contrai'y  to  Assyrian  prac- 
tice, the  temple,  rising  pyramidally  in  stages,  each  as- 
cended by  broad  flights  of  stej)s.  and  eaell  of  a  distinct 
coKir,  was  the  nupst  important  development  of  architec- 
ture, the  royal  palace  being  subordinated  to  it.  Hie  scar- 
city ui  stoue  rendered  sculpture  scanty  ;  but  the  gem-cut- 


409 

ter's  art  produced  cylinders  or  seals  In  great  plenty  and  of 
much  rnirit,  and  pottery,  metal-work,  and  textile  faltrirs 
attained  great  perfection,  i^oe  Mesiipntannan  urt.  and  com 
]nire  ClKihfrini  urt  and  /Ixifi/rm/j  a/f,  under  tlie  adjectives. 
—  Babylonian  quartz,   'same  as  Hnbri  .jiuirt:  (wbi.-li 

see,  under  ■iiuirl.').  Babylonian  scale,  tie  sexagesimal 
scale  of  inimciatiun,  \\liicli  originated  in  Babylonia. 


II.  II.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  Babylonia ;  a 
Chaldean. —  2.  An  astrologer:  so  used  from 
the  fact  that  the  Chaldeans  were  remarkable 
for  the  study  of  astrology. —  3t.  A  Papist.    See 

Babylonic  (bab-i-lon'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Babyloiiicus, 
<.  Babylon:  aee  Babylonian.']  1.  Pertaining  to 
Babylon,  or  made  there :  as,  Babylonic  gar- 
ments, carpets,  or  hangings. —  2.  Tumultuous; 
disorderly.     Sir  J.  Uaringlon. 

Babylonicalt  (bab-i-lon'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
Bahylonif. 

Babylonish  (bab-i-16'nish),  a.  [<  Babylon  + 
-isli.]  1.  Belonging  to  or  made  at  Babylon. — 
2.  Babel-like;  confused. 

Words  which  were  a  perfect  Babyloniah  jargon  to  the 
bewildered  Van  Winkle.  Irviny,  Sketch-Book,  p.  Ct'.l. 

3t.  Popish.     See  Babylonian,  a.,  3. 

Babylonite  (bab'i-lon-it),  «.  [<  Babylon  + 
-(7f'-.]  The  ari'ow-shapcd  Babylonish  charac- 
ter.    See  arrow-headed  and  cuneiform. 

baby-pin  (ba'bi-pin),  71.    A  safety-pin. 

babyrussa,  babyroussa,  «.    See  babimssa. 

babyship  (ba'bi-sliip),  n.  [<  baby  +  -ship.] 
Tlie  state  of  being  a  baby ;  babyhood. 

baby-walker  (ba'bi-wa"ker),  n.  Aframe,  mov- 
Lug  on  casters,  in  which  a  child  may  be  sup- 
ported while  learning  to  walk. 

bacH,  «.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  back^. 

bac-,  ".     See  baclc^. 

bacaba-palm  (ba-kii'ba-pam),  «.  [<  S.  Amer. 
bucaba  +  E.  pahn.]  A  palm  of  northern  Bra- 
zil, (Enocarpns  dititichiis,  with  a  tall  trunk  ami 
widely  spreading  pinnate  leaves.  The  dru]>aeei>us 
fruits  are  used  by  the  natives  for  making  a  pleasant  drink, 
and  the  kernels  furnish  an  oil  resembling  that  of  the  olive. 

bacbakiri  (bak-ba-ke'ri),  H.  [Native  name.] 
A  name  of  an  African  shrike,  Tclephonus  giittii- 
ralis. 

baccalaurean  (l>ak-a-la're-an),  a.  [<  ML.  bac- 
culaiireio< :  see  baccalaureate.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  beStting  a  bachelor. 

That  quiet,  comfortable,  baccalaurian  habitation,  over 
against  the  entrance  into  Bishopsgate  Street. 

lie.  J.  Brown,  Spare  Ilom'S,  3d  ser.,  p.  ^rl. 

baccalaureate  (bak-a-la're-at),  n.  and  «.  [< 
ML.  NL.  baccalaurcaiiis,  <  baecalanreii.t,  a  cor- 
ruption (simulating  L.  bacca,  beiTy,  and  laurii.-;, 
laurel)  of  ML.  baccalarius,  a  bachelor,  one 
who  has  attained  the  lowest  degree  in  a  uni- 
versity: see  bachelor.]  I.  n.  1.  The  imiversity 
degree  of  bachelor. —  2.  A  baccalaureate  ser- 
mon (which  see,  below). 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  university  degree  of 
badielor Baccalaureate  sermon.a  farewell  sermon 

dclivi'rcd  in  some  American  colleges  to  a  graduatingelass. 
Baccanarist  (bak-a-nilr'ist),  n.  In  the  Bom. 
Cath.  ('/(.,  a  member  of  a  society  founded  in 
Italy  by  one  Baccauari  after  tlie  suppression 
of  the  Jesuits  in  1773,  with  the  object  of  restor- 
ing that  order  under  a  new  name  and  form. 
Tlie  society  was  merged  in  the  reestablished 
order  of  .lesuits  in  1814. 

baccara,  baccarat  (bak-a-rii'),  «.  [P.;  origin 
unknown.]  A  French  game  of  cards  played  by 
any  number  of  betters  and  a  banker,  and  with 
one  or  more  packs  of  cards,  according  to  the 
number  of  players.  Each  better  deposits  a  stake, 
an<i  all  stakes  are  duplicated  by  the  banker,  after  winch 
the  latter  deals  two  cards  to  each  player,  including  him- 
self. The  aim  is  to  decide  each  individual  bet  by  com- 
parison of  the  total  count  held  by  each  better  with  that 
held  by  the  banker.  The  court-cards  each  count  10,  smd 
the  others  acconling  to  the  spots.  The  counts  range  in 
value  by  series  of  »,  19,  29,  8.  18,  28,  etc.,  9  beating  any 
other  count.  A  player  may  call  for  more  cards,  but  at 
the  risk  of  exceeding  '29  in  count,  which  excess  forfeits 
his  bet.  If  a  player's  cards  count  9  he  declares  it.  when 
all  wliu  bold  liauds  superior  to  that  ul  the  banker  may 


bacchante 

claim  the  amount  of  theii-  bi.-ts.  and  the  banker  takes  the 
stakes  of  the  others.  In  .Vmerica  the  game  is  slightly 
dilleri-nt.  court-cards  and  tens  not  counting. 

baccaret,  interj.     See  backarc. 

baccarinine  (ba-kar'i-niu),  n.  [<  Baccharis  + 
-iiie'^.]  All  alkaloid  obtained  from  Baccharis 
ciirdifotia. 

baccate  (bak'at),  a.  [<  L.  baccaius,  hacaius,  set 
with  pearls,  lit.  berried,  <  bacca,  bdca,  a  berry, 
a  pearl:  see  bay'^.]  In  liot.:  (a)  Pulpy  and 
berry-like:  applied  to  fruits.  See  berry'.  (6) 
Bearing  berries ;  berrie<l. 

baccatedt  (bak'a-ted),  a.  [<  baccate  +  -ed^.] 
1.  Set  or  adorned  with  pearls.  Bailey. — 2. 
Having  many  benies.     Bailey. 

Baccha  (bak'ii),  «.  [NL. ;  cf.  Gr.  ftaxxn,  a  kind 
of  pear.]  A  genus  of  tctraelia;tous  brachyce- 
rous  <lipterous  insects,  of  the  family  Sijiphidce. 

bacchanal  (bak'a-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  baccha- 
iKilis,    pertaining  to   Bacchus:    see   Bacchus.] 

1.  a.  1.  Characterized  by  intemperate  drink- 
ing; riotous;  noisy:  as,  '^ bacchanal  feasts," 
Crowley,  Deliberate  Answer,  fol.  2G  (1587). — 

2.  Relating  to  or  resembling  a  bacchanal  or 
the  bacchanalia. 

II.  «.  1.  One  who  celebrated  the  bacchanalia; 
a  votary  of  Bacchus.  Hence  —  2.  One  who  in- 
dulges in  cb^^llkeu  revels ;  one  who  is  noisy  and 
riotous;  a  drunkard:  as,  "each  bold  baccha- 
nal," Byron,  Don  Juan,  iii.  8C. 

Each  with  the  merry  wink  of  a  practiced  bacchanal. 

T.  Winlhroii,  Cecil  Dreeine,  x. 

3.  i>l.  Same  as  bacchanalia. 

In  this  masquerade  of  mirth  and  hfve, 

Mistook  the  bliss  of  heaven  for  bacchanals  above. 

Dryden,  liind  aud  Panther,  1.  387. 
Also  bacchanalian. 
bacchanalia  (bak-.a-na'lia),  «.  jil.  [L.  (OL. 
bac(inalia),  neut.  pi.  of  biiechanalis,  pertaining 
to  Bacchus:  see  bacchanal.]  1.  [_cap.]  hi  Kom. 
antiq.,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Bacchus.  These 
festivals  became  the  occasion  of  gi'eat  excesses, 
and  were  forbidden  by  tlie  senate  in  186  B.  c. 
—  2.  Any  festivities  characterized  by  jollity 
and  good-fellowship,  particularly  if  somewhat 
boisterous,  and  accompanied  by  much  wine- 
drinldng. 

The  morning  after  the  bacchanalia  in  the  saloon  of  the 
palace.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  283. 

3.  Drunken  orgies;  riotous  disorders;  ruthless 
and  shameless  excesses;  unbounded  license. 

Phmging  without  restraint  or  shame  into  the  Baccha- 
nalia of  despotism,  the  king  [Jidm]  continued  to  pillage, 
to  banish,  and  to  slay.    Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  110. 

bacchanalian  (bak-a-na'lian),  a.  and  n.  [< 
bacchanalia  +  -an.]  Same  as  bacchanal.  [The 
more  common  foi-m  of  the  adjective.] 

Ev'u  bacchanalian  niadiiess  has  it^  charms. 

Cuu'pcr,  Progress  of  Error,  1.  56. 
Sculptures  of  the  bacehanaliang.  Stukeley. 

bacchanalianism  (bak-a-na'lian-izm),  II.    [< 

baechaniilian  +  -ixin.]  The  practice  of  baccha- 
nalian rites;  drunken  revelry;  riotous  festivity. 

bacchanalianly  (bak-a-na'iian-li),  adv.  In  a 
ljacchanali;in  manner. 

bacchant  (bak'ant). a.  aud  n.  [<  L. bacchan{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  bacchari,  celebrate  the  feast  of  Bacchus, 
<  Bacchus,  Bacchus.  Cf.  bacchante.]  I.  «. 
^Yorshipiug  Bacchus ;  reveling. 

Over  his  shoulder  with  a  bacchant  air 
Presented  the  o'erflowing  cup. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  iii.  43. 

II.  w.  1.  A  priest,  priestess,  or  votary  of 
Bacchus;  a  bacchanal. 

They  appear  in  a  state  of  iuto.\ication,  and  are  the  bac- 
chants in  a  delirium.  Bees,  Cye.,  under  Alme. 

2.  One  addicted  to  intemperance  or  riotous 
revelry. — 3.  A  name  given  in  Germany,  in  the 
fourteenth,  fifteenth,  and  sixteenth  centuries, 
to  wandering  scholars  wlio  traveled  from  one 
institution  of  learning  to  another,  niese  bac- 
chants frequently  had  younger  stutlents  under  their  pro- 
tection and  instruction,  who  waited  upon  them,  begged 
for  them.  etc. 

bacchante  (bak'ant,  ba-kant',  orba-kan'te),  h.  ; 
pi.  bacchantes  (bak'antz;  usually,  as  if  L..ba- 
kan'tez).  [<  F.  bacchante  =  Sp.  bacante  =  Pg. 
bacchante  =  It.  baccante,  <  L.  bacchan{t-)s  {ace. 
bacchantem),  pi.  bacchantes,  used,  as  a  noun, 
only  in  fem.  (equiv.  to  Baccha-),  prop.  ppr.  of 
bacchari,  celebrate  the  feast  of  Bacchus.  In 
mod.  use  also  inasc:  see  bacchant.  The  E.  form, 
prop,  bacchant,  usually  follows  the  F.  spelling, 
aud  often  the  F.  accent  (ba-kanf).  The  pi. 
is  usually  in  tlie  L.  form,  wlienee  the  irreg. 
sing,  in  3  syllables  (ba-kan'te).]  1.  In  antiq., 
a  priestess  of  Bacchus,  or  a  woman  who  joined 
in  the  celebration  of  the  festivals  of  Bacchus; 


bacchante 

a  woman  inspired   willi   the   bacehie   frenzy. 
See  maiuid. 

Guide  the  revel  of  frenzJcil  Bacchantes. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  it  2. 


Bacchantes. —  Mythological  festival  of  Bacchus,  from  an  ancient 
sarcophagus  in  the  Vatican  Museum. 

2.  A  woman  ailtlieted  to  intemjieranee  or  riot- 
ous revelry ;  a  female  bacchanal, 
bacchantlc  (ba-kan'tik),  a.     [<  bacchant  +  -ic] 
Of  or  resembling  a  bacchant  or  bacchanal ;  bac- 
chanalian ;  riotous ;  jovial. 

It  is  tlie  feeblest  liand  [of  music] ;  ami  yet  it  is  subject 
to  spurts  of  hacchantic  fervor. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Winter  on  the  Nile,  p.  103. 
I  hardly  know  what  of  bacchantic  joyousness  I  had  not 
attributed  to  them  [the  Italians]  on  their  liolidays. 

Huivells,  Venetian  Life,  x\iii. 

baccharict,  "•     A  corrupt  form  of  Bacliarach. 
Baccharis  (bak'a-ris), «.  [NL.,  <  L.  hacchar, bet- 
ter spelled  haccaris,  haccar,  <  Gr.  i3(i™ap(f  (some- 
times spelled  jiuKxapK:,  as  if  related  to  BdK,vof, 
Bacchus),  an  unkno-svn  plant  with  an  aromatic 

root  yielding 
an  oil :  said 
to  be  a  Lydi- 
an  word.]  A 
very  large  ge- 
nus of  plants 
of  the  natural 
order  Com- 
posita',  some- 
what nearly 
allied  to  Eri- 
fferon,  but 
with  dios- 
cious  whitish 
or  yellowish 
flowers,  and 
the  leaves 
often  coated 
with  a  resin- 
oussecretion. 
Tliey  are  most- 
ly  shrubs,  some- 
times small 
trees,  chielly 
tropical  and 
South  Ameri- 
can. About  20 
species  occur 
in  the  Tnited 
States.  In  the 
Andes  extensive  plateaus  are  covered  with  them.  Sudor- 
ific and  tonic  properties  are  ascribed  to  several  of  the  more 
resinous  species.  A  decoction  from  the  groundsel-tree 
of  the  West  Indies  and  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America, 
B.  hfilimifolia,  is  occasionally  used  as  a  remedy  in  diseases 
of  the  lungs  and  as  a  demulcent. 
baccharoid  (bak'a-roid),  a.  [<  Baccharis  + 
-Old.']  Resembling  in  some  respect  the  group 
of  composite  plants  of  which  the  genus  Bac- 
charis is  the  type. 
bacchiac  (ba-ki'ak),  a.  [<  Gr.  jiaKxiaK6(,  also 
(iaKxetoKu^,  <  ficiKxioc:,  (MkxeIoc,  a  bacchius:  see 
bacchius.]  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  bao- 
ehii. 
Bacchic  (bak'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Bacchicus,  <  Gr.  Ba^- 
XiK-'k,  <  Bti/tjtfor,  Bacchus :  see  Bacchus.']  1 .  Re- 
lating to  or  in  honor  of  Bacchus ;  connected 
with  bacchanalian  rites  or  revelries.  [Often 
without  a  capital.] 

The  bacchic  orgia  were  celebrated  on  the  tops  of  iiills 
and  desolate  wild  places. 

Slukelffi,  Pateogi'aphia  Sacra,  p.  39. 
2.  Jovial;  drunken;  mad  with  intoxication:  as, 
a,  Bacchic  vcvelev. — 3.  [I.e.]  Suvac  as  bacchiac. 

—  Bacchic  amphora  or  vase,  in  archcrnl.,  a  Greek  or 
Roman  aniplioru  or  \  use  decorated  with  scenes  relating  to 
the  myths  or  the  festivals  of  Bacchus.  Also  called  Diony- 
giac  amphara  or  va.^e.  An  example  is  shown  in  the  cut  of 
a  decorated  amphora,  untler  amphora. 

Bacchicalt  (bak'i-kfil),  a.  Same  as  Bacchic: 
as,  '•  haccliical  entliusiasm,"  J.  Spencer,  Vul- 
g.Tr  Prophecies,  p.  78. 

bacchius  (ba-ki'us),  «.;  pi.  bacchii  (-i),  [L. 
(sc.  j.>t'S  =  E.  foot),  <  Gr.  Ba/c^fiof  (sc.  ffotf  =  L. 


Bacchus  and  Eros  ( Love).— 
Nazionale,  Naples. 


Groundsel-tree  i.Batrkaris  halimi/alia). 


410 

pes),  a  metrical  foot:  so  named,  it  is  said,  from 
its  use  in  hymns  in  honor  of  Bacchus.]  In 
pros,,  a  foot  composed  of  one  short  and  two 
long  syllables,  with  tlie  ictus  on  the  first  long, 
as  in  ava'ri,  iibove'board.  See  antibacchius 
and  hcmiolic.    [liefore  the  Alexandrine  period  Boxxeroj 

nu-iuit  tlie  'IwciKo?  ( w  *•  or  w  .^ )  (.see  Ionic)  or  the 

Xopia^^o?  (—  ^  ^  — )  (see  choriamb).  Beginning  with  that 
Jteriod,  the  Ba»txeios  was  —  —  ^,   and  VTto&a.K^ff.a-;  (ai-Ti- 

^aKX^'°^<  7raAiM^a*cx<to?)  ^ .     Hephrcstion,  (jiiintilian, 

and  other  writers  invert  tliis,  and  make  the  Ba»cxe(09w , 

and  TTiiXt.tj.^aK\fio<;  (etc.) .-..] 

Bacchus  (bak'us),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'RaKxo<;,  an- 
other name  of  Dionysus,  the  god  of  wine  ;  also 
one  of  his  followers  or  priests.  Also  called 
'lanxor,  prob.  related  to  \axeiv,  shout,  with  allu- 
sion to  the  noisy  manner  in  which  the  festival 
of  Dionysus  was  celebrated.]  Inclassical  myth., 
a  name  of  Diony- 
sus, tlie  son  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  and 
Semele,  and  the 
god  of  wine,  per- 
sonifying both  its 
good  and  its  bad 
qualities.  It  was  the 
current  name  of  this 
god  among  the  Ro- 
mans. The  orgiastic 
worship  of  Bacchus 
was  especially  diarac- 
teristic  of  Bceotia, 
where  his  festivals 
were  celebrated  on  the 
slopesof  Slount  Cith:e- 
ron,  and  extended  t(.> 
those  of  the  neighbor- 
ing Parnassus.  In  -At- 
tica the  rur.-il  and 
somewhat  savage  cult 
of-Bacchus  underwent 
a  metamorphosis,  and 
reached  its  higliest  ex- 
pression in  the  rlin- 
ragic  literary  ci>iit'  -t- 
in  which  ori.^iij.it- d 
both  tragedy  and  com- 
edy, and  for  which  were 
written  most  of  the 
masterpieces  of  Greek 
literature.  Bacchus 
was  held  to  have  taught 
the  cultivation  of  the  grape  and  the  preparation  of  wine. 
In  early  art,  and  less  commonly  after  the  age  of  Phidias, 
Bacchus  is  represented  as  a  bearded  man  of  full  age,  usu- 
ally completely  tlraped.  After  the  time  of  Praxiteles  he 
appears  almost  universally,  except  in  archaistic  examples, 
in  tlie  tj-pe  of  a  beardless  youth,  of  graceful  and  rounded 
form,  often  entirely  undraped  or  very  liL.'litly  draped. 
Among  his  usual  attributes  are  tlie  vine,  the  ivy,  tile  thyr- 
sus, the  wine-cup,  and  tlic  pantller.  See  L)i'-'n}i.\-ia,  incenad, 
and  thia.'ftft;. 

bacciferous  (bak-sif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  baccifer, 
bacifcr,  <  bacca,  bdca,  beiTy  (cf.  baccate),  -i- 
ferre  =  E.  lear^.]  Bearing  or  producing  ber- 
ries. 

bacciform  (bak'si-foi'm),  a.  [<  L.  bacca,  bdca, 
a  berry,  -I-  forma,  shape.]    Shaped  like  a  berry. 

baccivorous  (bak-siv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  bacca, 
bura,  berry,  -I-  rorarc,  eat,  devour.]  Eating  or 
subsisting  on  berries:  as,  baccivorous 'buAs. 

bacet,  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  base,  in  various 
senses. 

Bacharach  (bak'a-rak),  n.  A  brand  of  Rhine 
wine  made  at  Bacharach,  a  small  town  in  Rhe- 
nish Prussia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  23 
miles  south  of  Coblentz.  Formerly  also  baclia- 
rach, bacirack,  backrati,  baccharic,  etc.  [In  the 
old  forms  generally  without  a  capital.] 
I'm  for  no  tongues  but  dry'd  ones,  such  as  will 
Give  a  fine  relish  to  my  backrag. 

Jasper  Mayne,  City  Match. 

Good  backraclc  ...  to  drink  down  in  healths  to  this 
day.  Fletcher,  Beggars  Bush,  v.  2. 

bachel  (bak'el),  11.  [See  bacHe.]  A  grain-mea- 
strre  used  in  parts  of  Greece,  varying  in  capacity 
from  J  of  a  bushel  to  li  bushels,  according  to 
the  locality.     Also  bacile. 

bachelert,  ".     -An  obsolete  form  of  bachelor. 

bacheleriat,  ".  [ML.,  also  bacellcria,  etc. :  see 
bachehrij.]  In  old  records,  the  commonalty  or 
yeomanry,  in  contradistinction  to  the  baron- 
age. 

bacheleryt,  «.     [ME.,  also  bachelerie,  bachelry, 

-rie,  etc.,  <  OF.  bachelerie  (ML.  bacheleria,  etc.), 

<  bacheler:  see  bachelor  and  -y.]     1.  The  body 

of  young  aspirants  for  knighthood. 

And  of  his  retenue  the  bachelnie. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  214. 

2.  The  whole  body  of  knights. 

This  Phebus  that  was  Hour  of  bachilrie. 

Chaticer,  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  21. 

bachelor  (bach'e-lor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bacheler,  batcheler,  "hatchelor,  -ar,  -our,  batchler, 
etc.;  <  ME.  bacheler,  baehilir,  baehler,  etc.,  < 
(a)  OF.  bacheler  =  It.  baccalare  =  Pr.  bacalar, 


bachelorism 

<  ML.  baccalari.'< ;  (b)  latir  OF.  bachelier,  ha- 
chilier,  etc.,  F.  bachelier  =  Pr.  hachallier  =  Sp. 
bachillcr  =  It.  baecallierc,  <  ML.  baccalarius, 
hacchalarius,  etc.  (later  baccalaurcii.'i :  see  bac- 
calaureate), a  bachelor.  Origin  uncertain; 
supposed  by  some  to  bo  orig.  connected  with 
ML.  baccalarius,  the  holder,  as  vassal  of  a 
superior  vassal,  of  a  farm  calleil  baccalaria, 
perhaps  <  bacca,  for  L.  vacca,  a  cow.  By 
others  the  OF.  bacheler,  in  the  assumed  orig. 
sense  of  'a  yormg  man,'  is  connecteil  with 
OF.  bacelc,  bacelle,  bacheic,  bachelle  (mth  dim. 
bacelette,  bachclole),  a  yotmg  woman,  a  female 
servant,  bachelerie,  youth,  bacelaye,  appren- 
ticeship, courtship,  etc.,  words  erroneously  re- 
ferred to  a  Celtic  origin  (W.  bach,  little,  bechan, 
a  little  girl,  bachgen,  a  boy,  a  child).  The  his- 
tory of  the  forms  mentioned  above  is  not  clear. 
Perhaps  several  independent  words  have  be- 
come confused  in  form.]  1.  Formerly,  a  per- 
son in  the  first  or  probationary  stage  of  knight- 
liood;  a  knight  not  powerful  enough  to  display 
liis  banner  in  the  field,  and  who  therefore  fol- 
lowed the  banner  of  another;  a  knight  of  low 
rank.     See  knight  bachelor,  under  knight. 

I  seke  after  a  segge  [man]  that  I  seigh  ons, 
A  fill  bolde  bacheler  I  knew  him  by  his  blasen. 

Piers  Plou-man  (B),  xvi.  179. 
With  him  ther  was  his  sone,  a  yong  Squyer, 
A  lo\-yere,  and  a  lusty  bacheler. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Pro),  to  C.  T.,  L  79. 
"Community  of  the  bachelors  oi  England,"  that  is,  no 
doubt,  the  body  of  knights  —  the  tenants  in  chivalry,  the 
landowners  below  the  rank  of  the  baronage. 

Stubbs.  Const.  Hist.,  §  176. 

2.  In  universities  and  colleges :  (o)  Before  the 
fifteenth  century,  a  yomig  man  in  apprentice- 
ship for  the  degree  of  master  in  one  of  the 
higher  faculties,  that  is,  of  theology,-,  law,  or 
medicine,  (b)  In  modern  use,  a  person  who 
has  taken  the  fii-st  degree  (baccalaureate)  in  the 
liberal  arts  and  sciences,  or  in  divinity,  law, 
medicine,  etc.,  at  a  college  or  univereity:  as, 
a  bachelor  of  arts;  a  bachelor  of  science.  See 
baccalaureate.  Oiiginally,  a  bachelor  had  not  neces- 
sarily taken  any  degree  whatever ;  but  after  the  fouiteenth 
century  the  word,  without  ceasing  to  caiTy  this  signiHca- 
tion,  was  also  applied  to  a  determinant,  or  young  man  who 
had  taken  the  lowest  degi-ee  in  the  faculty  of  arts.  This 
degree  seems  to  have  been  conf  en^d  not  by  the.  chancel- 
lor nor  by  the  faculty,  but  only  by  the  *' nation."  It  was 
not  accompanied  by  any  regular  diploma,  but  testimonial 
lettere  were  furnished  if  desired.  In  order  to  be  admitted 
to  the  degree,  it  was  retiuisite  for  the  candidate  to  be  four- 
teen years  of  age,  to  have  followed  a  three  years'  course  in 
logic  in  the  university,  and  also  to  sustain  a  disputation, 
called  the  detemutiance.  There  were  in  the  middle  ages 
three  orders  of  bachelors  of  theologj\  The  lower  order 
consisted  of  the  ordinary  biblic^  and  cursor.^,  the  duty  of 
the  former  being  to  read  and  expound  the  Bible  from  be- 
ginning to  end,  and  that  of  the  latter  to  give  one  course 
of  lectures  upon  a  book  of  the  Old  and  another  upon  a 
book  of  the  New  Testament,  which  books  they  cliose  at 
pleasure.  Bachelors  of  the  second  order  of  theology  were 
called  sententiary  bachelors,  because  they  publicly  read 
and  expounded  the  Book  of  the  Sentences  of  Peter  the 
Londiard.  It  was  not,  however,  till  late  in  the  thiiteenth 
century  that  any  bachelor  was  permitted  to  lecture  on  the 
Sentences.  .According  to  the  law.  the  lectures  of  the  sen- 
tentiary  bacheU'rs  had  to  include  the  reading  of  the  text  of 
the  auttior,  and  the  explanation  of  it  phrase  by  plirase ; 
and  they  were  forbidden  to  trench  upon  questions  of  logic 
and  metaphysics.  They  also  made  certain  acts  called 
principia.  See  priiieipium.  As  soon  as  the  sententiary 
had  completely  finished  tlie  exposition  of  the  Sentences, 
he  became  a  h>niu'd  bachelor  {baccalarius  /oniiatu.s),  and 
had  still  to  continue  his  theological  studies  for  three  years 
longer  before  lie  could  be  licensed  to  preach  and  to  teach 
as  a  master. 

3.  A  man  of  any  age  who  has  not  been  married. 
It  was  my  turquoise  :  I  had  it  of  Leah  when  I  was  a 

bachelor :  I  would  not  have  given  it  for  a  wilderness  of 
monkeys.  Shak.,  if.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

4t.  A  woman  who  has  not  been  manied. 
He  would  keep  yini 
A  bachelor  still,  by  keeping  of  your  portion  ; 
And  keep  you  not  alone  without  a  husband. 
But  in  a  sickness.  B.  Joti.^on,  Magnetick  Lady,  ii.  1. 

5.  In  London  livery  companies,  a  person  not 
yet  admitted  to  the  livery. — 6.  A  local  name 
in  the  United  States  of  a  fish,  Pomoxis  annu- 
laris, of  the  Mississippi  valley :  a  crappie. 
Sometimes  incoiTectly  spelleil  batch/lor. 
Budge  bachelors.     See  Inidye-.—  Sjdght  baclielor. 

See  kni'jht. 

bachelorhood  (baeh'e-lor-hvid),  H.  [<  bachelor 
+  -hood.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being  a 
bachelor  or  unmanied  man. 

I  can  fancy  nothing  more  cruel  after  a  long  easy  life  of 
bachelorhood  than  to  have  to  sit  day  after  day  with  a  dull 
handsome  woman  opposite.    Thackeray,  Newcomes,  II.  ii. 
Keeping  in  bachelorhood  those  least  likely  to  be  long- 
lived.  //.  Sifncer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  95. 

bachelorism  (bach'e-lor-izm),  n.  [<  bachelor 
-t-  -i.siii.]  1.  The  state  of  being  a  bachelor; 
bachelorhood. —  2.  A  trait  or  habit  peculiar  to 
a  bachelor. 


bachelor's-buttons 
bachelor's-buttons  (iwili'c-ldiv.-lmf'nz),  n.  pi. 

[Said  to  bi'  so  iiamtMl  bcoause  eountiy  youths 
used  to  fiiny  tlio  flowiT  in  tlieir  pockets  to 
divino  thoir  success  witli  their  swootliearts.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  several  plants,  as  the 
doublo-tiowered  variety  of  Lychnis  diurna  (the 
red  eaiupion),  Ccnttntrca  nigra  (knapweed), 
but  chietly  the  double-llowered  varieties  of 
Itanunciihtu  acoiiitifolius  (white  bachelor's-but- 
tons) and  lianunctdus  acris  (yellow  bachelor's- 
buttons).  The  naini'  h  also  kIvuii  to  the  niK'k'cd -riilihi 
(Ltichnix  Flas-cuciiti),  t.i  the  i;lc>hc-am!iraiith(fi'o/H;y/iro«i 
aMmm),  t"  tile  Senlii:,xii  siirn'm,  and  in  acinie  |)art.s  iif  the 
llnited  States  to  I'liliiijidn  lutiii  ami  to  other  plants. 

2.  A  name  for  the  seeds  of  Stnjchiios  Nux- 
vnmicd,  formerly  us<h1  for  poisoning  rats.    Dun- 

f/lisdll. 

bachelorship  (baeh'p-lor-.ship),  n.  [<  bachelor 
+  -Kliip.]  'rhe  state  or  condition  of  being  a 
Ijaehelor  in  any  sense;  the  rank  or  degree  of  a 
bachelor;  the  unmarried  state  of  a  man. 

bachle',  «.     Sec  hauchle'^. 

bachle-t,  ''.  t.   An  obsolete  Scotch  form  of  baffle. 

bacile  (l)a-che'le),  H.  I  pi.  baciU  (-lo).  [It.,  < 
ML.  bdcili;  bcicciti',  bachite,  a  basin,  a  dry  mea- 
sure; cf.  bacillus,  baccimis,  bacchinus,  ba'chiniis, 
a  basin,  a  dry  measure:  see  busiii.'\  1.  In 
ccram.,  a  basin  or  deep  dish:  in  use  in  English 
for  an  ornamental  vessel  of  Italian  make  and 
of  that  shape,  especially  for  a  vessel  of  enam- 
eled and  lustered  pottery. —  2.  In  metrology, 
same  as  bachel. 

bacillar  (bas'i-lSr),  a.  [<  L.  baciUum  or  NL.  fcrt- 
fi7/«.s,  q.  v., -f- -(((•.]  1.  Belonging  or  pertaining 
to  the  genus  Bacillus. —  2.  Kesembling  in  foi'm 
a  short  rod  or  bacillus;  bacillifoi'ra.  As  applied 
to  the  valves  of  diatoms,  it  indieates  that  their  greatest 
dimension  is  in  a  direction  parallid  to  the  line  of  juncture 
of  the  two  valves ;  that  is,  they  are  longer  than  broad,  and 
therefore  rod-like.     Sec  cut  uiuier  l/m-iUiui. 

Bacillaria  (bas-i-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  bacillus  + 
-arid.]  A  genus  of  mieroseopic  algre,  belong- 
ing to  the  class  Diatomacea:  They  consist  of  slen- 
der rectangular  segments,  arranged  in  tabular  or  oblique 
series.  The  compound  segments  of  frustules  are  inces- 
santly slipping  hackwaril  and  forward  over  each  other. 
They  arc  frequent  <in  the  coasts  of  Great  Britain. 

Bacillariacese  (bas-i-Ia-ri-a'se-e),  n.  jil.  [NL., 
<  llacillaria  +  -ocew.]     Same  as  l)iatomacc(c. 

bacillary  (bas'i-la-ri),  a.  [<  bacillus  +  -«n/.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  bacilli;  char- 
acterized by  the  presence  or  agency  of  bacilli. 

—  2.  Having  the  form  of  small  rods Bacillary 

layer,  the  layerofrodsand  cones  of  the  retina.  Seere(ma. 

bacilli,  II.     Plural  of  bacillus. 

bacillian  (ba-sil'i-an),  a.  [<  bacillus  +  -in«.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  bacillus: 
as,  "/)'«v7/(rtn  parasites,"  iJ.  W.  liichardson. 

bacillicide  (ba-sil'i-sid),  «.  [<  NL.  bacillus  + 
L.  -cida,  <  cwdcre,  kill.]  A  substance  em- 
ployed to  kill  bacilli  or  infectious  germs;  a 
germicide. 

A  comhiiiation  of  lime  with  chlorine,  perhaps  the  best 
of  all  the  bacilllcideti,  is  very  generally  emjiloyed. 

Dinin/fctants,  p.  19. 

bacillicidic  (ba-sil-i-sid'ik),  a.  [<  bacillicide  + 
-/c]     Destructive  to  bacilli. 

bacilliculture  (ba-sil'i-kul-tur),  «.  [<  NL.  hd- 
cillus  +  L.  cullura,  culture.]  The  cultivation 
of  bacteria  in  vegetable  or  animal  infusions  or 
otherwise,  for  purposes  of  investigation. 

bacilliform  (ba-sil'i-form),  d.  [<  NL.  bacillus 
+  L.  forma,  form.]  Of  the  form  of  a  small 
roil;  rod-shaped;  bacillar  in  form. 

bacillus  (ba-sil'us),  «.;  jil.  bacilli  (-i).  [NL., 
a  particTilar  use  of  LL.  bacillus,  L.  bacilluiii,  a 
little  rod  or  staff,  dim.  of  L.  baculus,  baculum, 
a  stick,  staff;  cf.  Gr.  flaKTpov,  a  staff,  perhaps 
akin  to  jiaiwiv,  go,  = 
L.  venire  =  E.  ciimc.'] 
1.  In  aiiat.,  a  Utile 
rod  or  rod-like  body, 
as  one  of  the  rods  of 
the  retina. — 2.  An 
individual  of  the 
genus  Bacillus. —  3. 
[c(y).]  A  so-called 
genus  of  the  micro- 
scopical vegetable 
organisms  known  as 
bacteria,  ha\'ing  the 
form  of  very  slender 
straiglit  filaments, 
short  or  of  moderate 
length,  and  consist- 
ing of  one  or  more 
elongated  cylindri- 
cal joints.  Several  „  „  . .  . ,  ,  .  ,, 
fonns,  or  species,  are  ree-    ^I'l^-'J.r.B^^T^lL'S^^f'S^r.Z 

OgniZed.    Ul  these,  B.  sub-     uro,  coniina  tiacillus. 


411 

lilU  la  found  in  rennet,  and  is  the  agent  in  butyric  fer- 
mentatir»n  ;  />.  anihracit  causes  the  disease  known  as  an- 
thrax or  eharbon  ;  and  B.  amijlttbacter  is  one  of  the  species 
which  produce  putrefaction.  Other  siu-cies  arc  believed 
to  cause  tuberculosis,  leprosy,  and  cholera.  The  comma 
bacillus,  wliieh  is  lusserted  to  be  always  present  in  tlie 
course  of  the  last-named  disease,  is  iieeuliar  in  having  a 
more  or  less  curved  form.  .See  Bacterium  and  Si-him- 
mi/ceten. 

4.  [c((/).]  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  orthopterous 
gi'cssorial  insects,  of  the  family  I'hasmidw ;  the 
walking-sticks. —  5t.  Medicine  made  up  into  a 
long  roinid  figure  like  a  stick.     Kcrseij  (1708). 

bacint,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  basin. 

bacinett,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  basinet. 

bacino  (ba-ch6'n6),  v.;  pi.  bncini  (-ne).  [It.,  a 
basin  :  see  basin.']  In  ccram.,  one  of  the  dishes 
of  richly  eoUu-ed  pottery  whidi  are  fomid  built 
into  the  walls  of  certain  medieval  buiklings  in 
Italy,  especially  at  Pesaro,  Pisa,  liomo,  and 
Bologna. 

backf  (bak),  H.  [<  ME.  ftoA-,  <  AS.  ba;c  =  OS. 
bak  =  OFries.  bek  =  MD.  bak  (D.  bak-  in 
comp.)  =  LG.  bak  (also  in  corap.,  bak-,  >  G. 
back-  in  comp.,  also  separately,  back,  fore- 
castle) =  Icel.  Sw.  bak  =  Dan.  bag,  back. 
Cf.  AS.  hrijcg,  back,  E.  ridge.]  1.  The  wliole 
hinder  part  of  the  human  body,  opposite  the 
front  and  between  tlie  sides,  or  the  u))))er  part 
of  the  body  of  most  animals;  technically, 
the  spinal,  dorsal,  or  tergal  portion,  surface, 
or  aspect  of  the  trunk,  extending  from  the 
scruff  of  the  neck  between  the  shoulders  to  tlie 
buttocks,  hams,  or  bifiu'cation  of  the  body  at 
the  legs;  the  tergum;  the  dorsum;  the  nota^- 
um. — 2.  The  corresponding  or  related  portion 
of  any  part  or  organ  of  the  body ;  the  posterior 
aspect  of  a  thing ;  the  part  0|iposite  to  or  fur- 
thest from  the  front,  or  in  any  way  con'elated 
with  the  back  of  the  trunk :  as,  the  back  of  the 
head,  neck,  ai-m,  leg;  the  back  of  the  hand; 
the  back  of  the  mouth. — 3.  Anything  resem- 
bling the  back  in  position,  (io'as  being  behind 
or  furthest  from  the  face  or  front,  liice  the  back  in  man : 
as,  the  back  of  a  house. 

Ti'ees  set  upon  the  backs  of  chimneys  do  ripen  fniits 
sooner.  Bacon,  -Mat.  Hist. 

(6)  As  being  behind,  or  in  the  furthest  distance,  with  ref- 
erence to  the  spectator,  speaker,  scene  of  action,  etc. :  as, 
the  back  of  an  island  ;  the  back  of  a  wood ;  the  back  of  a 
village,  (c)  .As  being  the  part  which  conies  behind  in  the 
ordinary  mi)Vements  of  a  thing,  or  when  it  is  used :  as, 
the  back  of  a  knife,  saw,  etc.  (d)  As  forming  the  upper, 
and  especially  the  outer  and  upper,  portion  of  a  thing, 
like  the  back  of  one  of  the  lower  animals:  as,  the  back  of 
a  hand-rail ;  the  back  of  a  rafter,    (e)  The  ridge  of  a  liill. 

The  mountains  huge  appear 
Emergent,  and  their  broad  bare  backs  upheave. 

Ititlon,  P.  L.,  vii.  286. 
O'er  the  long  backs  of  the  bushless  downs. 

Tcitiufyoit,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
(/)  As  being  that  which  supports  the  ribs :  as,  the  back  of 
a  ship  (namely,  the  keel  and  keelson).  See  broke n-backeit. 
(f/)  The  upright  hind  part  of  a  chair,  serving  as  a  support 
for  the  back,  (h)  In  but.,  the  outer  side  of  an  organ,  or 
the  side  turned  away  from  the  axis  :  as,  the  back  of  a  leaf 
or  of  a  carpel. 

4.  By  synecdoche,  the  whole  body,  with  refer- 
ence to  clothing,  because  the  back  is  usually 
most  fully  covered:  as,  he  has  not  clothes  to 
his  back. 

I  bought  you  a  dozen  of  shirts  to  your  back. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

5t.  Clothing;  a  garment  to  cover  the  back. 

And  owre  bakkes  that  moth-eaten  be. 

Piers  Pliiwuiaii  (IS),  x.  :!62. 

6.  pi.  In  the  leather  trade,  the  thickest  and 
best -tanned  hides. —  7t.  The  address  of  a  let- 
ter, formerly  wiitteu  on  the  back  of  the  letter 
itself.  Scott. —  8t.  A  reserve  or  secondary  re- 
source. 

This  project 
Should  have  a  back,  or  second,  that  might  hold, 
If  this  slioulil  blast  in  proof.        Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 

9.  In  ship-building,  a  timber  bolted  on  the 
after  end  of  the  rudder,  to  complete  its  form. 
—  10.  In  metal-mining,  the  portion  of  the  lode 
which  lies  between  any  level  or  stope  and  the 
one  next  above  it,  or  the  surface.  Generally, 
the  backs  are  tlie  xmstoped  portions  of  the  lode, 
as  far  as  laid  open,  and  ready  to  be  mined  or 
sloped. — 11.  Incoal-iniuing :  («)  Sameas/«(r. 
(It)  The  inner  end  of  a  lieading  where  woi-k  is 
going  on. — 12.  In  foot-hall,  a  position  behind 
the  line  of  rushers,  or  a  player  in  this  position  : 
called  quarter-back,  half-hack,  three-quarters- 
back,  or  full-hack,  according  to  the  distance 

from  the  rushers. -Back  and  belly,  (n)  Heforc  and 
beliind  ;  all  over  :  as,  to  heat  a  person  Jiack  andbctlii.  (b) 
With  clothes  and  food  ;  as,  to  keep  a  person  back  and  In-lly 
(to  keep  him  in  clothes  and  food).  [Vnlgar.l—  Back  and 
breast,  the  usual  term  in  the  seventeenth  century  for 
the  liody-.irnior  of  the  period.  It  consisted  of  a  solid 
breastplate    in  one  piece,  generally  considered   bullet- 


back 

proof,  and  a  lighter  backiiiece,  the  two  secured  together 
under  the  arms,  UBually  by  straps  and  buckles. 
Armed  with  back  ami  breast,  head  piece  and  bracelets. 
.SVyf(,  Legend  of  Montrose. 
Back  and  edget,  wholly ;  complefcly. 
They  have  engaged  themselves  ours  back  and  edge. 

Lady  Aliunjny,  iiL 
Back  of  a  book,  that  part  of  the  cover  to  which  the  two 
sides  ale  attacheti  and  on  which  the  title  is  usually  printed. 

—  Back  of  a  bow,  in  archery,  the  exterior  side  of  a  how, 
which  is  convex  \shcn  the  bow  is  bent.  In  nmdern  Euro, 
pean  hows  this  jiart  is  flat.  See  belly,  8  (,'()•— Back  Of  a 
hand-rail,  tlu-  ii|.p.r  surfuce  :  the  under  side  is  the  breast. 

-Back  of  a  hip-rafter,  the  upper  edge  of  the  rafter 
shaped  to  the  aii'.:le  u  hii  h  the  adjoining  sides  make  with 
each  other.  See  cut  under  hip.  -Back  Of  an  arch  or 
vault,  the  cxtrados,  or  outer  curve  or  fact-.  See  llrst 
cut  unrler  n;cA.— Back  Of  a  roof-rafter,  its  upper  sur- 
face.—Back  of  a  slate,  in  roojiny,  the  upper  or  weather 
side- Back  of  a  window,  the  wainscoting  below  the 
sash-frame,  extending  to  the  floor.— Backs  and  Cutters, 
a  miners'  name  for  jointed  rock-structures,  the  backs  run- 
ning in  lines  more  or  less  parallel  to  the  strike  of  the 
strata,  and  forming  the  "back"  of  the  iiuarry,  ami  the 
cutters  crossing  them  at  right  angles. —  Behind  one's 
back,  in  secret,  or  when  (jue  is  absent. 

I  confess.  Mr.  Surface,  I  cannot  bear  to  liear  jieople  at- 
tacked ><ehiint  their  backs ;  and  when  ugly  circumstances 
come  out  against  our  actiuaintance,  I  own  I  always  love 
to  think  the  best.  SIteridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

Lazy-back,  a  high  back-bar  in  a  carriage-seat.  It  is  sonie- 
tiioes  made  so  as  to  he  removable  at  will.     A'.  //,  Knight. 

—  Mltered  back,  in  bookbinding,  a  h.ack  having  lines, 
usually  in  gold,  connected  and  initered  in  square  jianels 
by  means  of  cross-lines  between  the  bands.—  Run-up 
back,  ill  bookbinding,  a  hack  having  two  lilies,  usually  in 
gold,  on  its  outer  edges,  running  off  at  top  and  bottom. 
Distinguished  from  the  ntitered  back  (which  see).— Small 

Of  the  back,  the  l.iins ;  the  reins  —  The  back  of  beyond. 

Sei:  lieyond.  -  TO  be  On  another's  back,  to  l,e  severe  on 
one  for  any  fault  or  foolish  act;  chide  ;  riili(  ule.    |('olloi|.| 

—  To  be  on  one's  (own)  back,  tcj  be  at  the  end  of  ones 
resources;  I.e  agr.mn.l.  |('oIloi|.]  — TO  bOW  down  the 
back,  to  submit  to  oppression.  Itoni.  xi.  lo.— To  break 
the  back.  See  break.— To  cast  behind  the  back,  in 
Scrip.:  ((/)  To  forget  and  forgive.  Is.  xxxviii.  17.  (h)  I'o 
treat  with  contempt.  Ezek.'xxiii.  :i.'t :  Nch.  ix.  '26.— To 
get  one's  back  up,  to  resist;  be  <ihsliiiate.  .Sec  to  put 
one's  liuek  Ul',  below.  H'olloq.]  — TO  give  a  baCk,  to  bend 
the  back  and  keep  it  firm  so  as  to  allow  another  to  leap 
over  one  by  placing  his  hands  upon  the  b;ick,  or  to  mount 
up  to  anything.  (rolloc|.  |  —To  make  a  back.  Same  as 
to  give  a  back.— To  put  or  get  one's  back  up,  to  show 
antipathy  or  aversion;  resist;  be  aii^ij  or  iudi^inant;  a 
metaphor  prohaldy  taken  from  the  hahi'tsof  friglitf  ncd  or 
angry  cats.  I('<dlo<|.| -To  see  the  back  of,  toget  n.iof. 

—  To  turn  the  back  on  one,  to  forsake  or  neglect  him. 
back>^  (hak),  a.    [<  back^,  n.,  and  irtcA-l,  adr.,  the 

attributive  use  of  the  noun,  as  in  backbone, 
mingling  witli  that  of  the  adv.,  as  in  back  yard, 
the  yard  which  is  back,  hack  .■ijiring,  a  spring 
backward,  etc.  As  with /ore,  hind,  after,  etc., 
there  is  no  definite  dividing  line  between  the 
separate  ad,j.  use  and  the  use  in  composition.] 
1.  Lying  or  being  behind ;  opposite  toihe  front; 
hinder ;  rear :  as,  the  back  part  of  anything ;  a 
back  door  or  window ;  back  stairs ;  the  back  side 
of  a  field. 

I  will  take  away  mine  hand,  and  thou  shall  see  my  back 
parts  :  but  my  face  shall  not  be  seen.  Ex.  xxxiii.  23. 

Hence  —  2.  Away  from  the  front  position  or 
rank;  remote  in  place  or  condition;  far  in  the 
rear,  literally  or  figuratively :  as,  the  back  set- 
tlements of  a  country. 

In  December  we  had  two  insurrections  of  the  back  in- 
habitants of  our  province.         Franklin,  .\utobiog.,  p.  315. 

3.  In  a  backward  direction ;  returning  in  the 
direction  whence  it  came:  as,  a  back  stroke; 
back  water.  [In  this  sense  properly  witli  a 
hj7)hen.] — 4.  Inarrear;  overdue :  as, /if/c/,- pay 
or  rents — Back  action.  Seencfiou.—  Back  cylinder- 
bead,  that  head  of  a  cylinder  through  whi.h  the  piston- 
rod  passes  in  loconiotivea  :  the  opposite  head  in  stationary 
engines. 
backl  (hak),  adv.  [By  apheresis  for  aback,  < 
ME.  abak,  <  AS.  on  bwc:  see  aback  and  back'^, 
n.]  1.  To  or  toward  the  rear;  backward;  in 
the  reverse  direction:  as,  to  step  or  shrink 
back;  the  tide  flowed  back. 

All  shrank  back  aghast,  and  left  the  denouncer  of  woe 
standing  alone  in  the  centre  of  the  hall. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  23. 

2.  From  forward  motion  or  progress;  from  ad- 
vancing or  advancement ;  in  a  state  of  restraint, 
hindrance,  or  retardation :  with  such  verbs  as 
keep  and  hold :  as,  he  was  hehl  back  with  diffi- 
culty ;  the  jiolico  kept  back  the  crowd. 

The  Lord  hath  kept  thee  back  from  honour. 

Num.  xxiv.  11. 

3.  To  or  toward  one's  (its  or  their)  original 
starting-point,  place,  or  coii<Iition:  as,  to  go 
back  to  the  city,  to  one's  old  occupation,  to 
one's  former  belief. 

I  must  bear  answer  back 
How  you  excuse  my  brother.    Shak.,  As  you  Like  it.  iv.  3. 

Each  successive  wave  rushes  forward,  breaks,  and  rolls 
back.  Macaulay,  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

4.  From  a  present,  usual,  or  natural  position; 
in  a  direction  opposite  to  some  other,  expressed 


back 

or  understood;  backward:  as,  to  bend  had- 
one's  finger ;  to  force  back  the  bolt  of  a  door. 

The  iiiiK^l  of  the  Lonl  .  .  .  came  ami  rolUnl  back  the 
stone  from  the  dour.  Mat.  x.vviii.  2. 

5.  To  or  toward  times  or  things  past;  back- 
ward in  time :  as,  to  look  bach  on  former  ages. 

oil,  that  constant  Time 
WouUi  hut  KO  back  a  week  ! 

Flftcher  (and  another),  Love's  Cure,  v.  3. 

Volumes  of  this  form  dated  back  two  hiuidred  years  or 

more.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse. 

The  existence  of  this  huiKuage  [Singhalese]  has  been  talcen 

back  at  least  two  tliousami  years  by  the  inscriptions  found 

by  Goldschmidt  of  the  .\rcli!L'ologieal  .Survey. 

;.'.  .V.  Ciisl,  Mod.  Lang.  E.  Indies,  p.  C2. 

6.  From  the  proper  destination  or  purpose: 
as,  to  keep  hack  despatches. 

A  certain  man  named  Ananias,  with  Sapphira  his  wife, 
sold  a  possession,  and  kept  back  part  of  the  price. 

Acts  V.  1,  2. 

7.  Away  from  an  undertaking,  engagement,  or 
promise. 

I've  been  surprised  in  an  unguarded  hour. 

But  must  not  now  go  back.  Addison. 

8.  In  a  position  of  retirement  or  withdrawal ; 
off ;  aloof :  absolutely  or  with  from :  as,  the 
house  stands  a  little  back  from  the  road. 

Somewhat  hack  from  the  village  street 
Stands  the  old-fashioned  country-seat. 

Lonafdlow,  Old  Clock. 

9.  Behind  in  position,  literally  or  figiu'atively, 
or  as  regards  progress  made :  absolutely  or 
witho/;  as,  the  hills  back  of  the  town ;  the  feel- 
ing back   of  his  words;    a  few  pages  back. — 

10.  Past  in  time ;  ago ;  since :  as,  a  little  back. 
[Colloq.] 

This  precaution,  still  more  salutary  than  offensive,  has 
for  some  years  back  been  omitted. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  106. 

11.  Again;  in  return:  as,  to  answer  back;  to 
pay  back  a  loan. 

"Ruth  —  daughter  Ruth  !  "  the  outlaw  slirieks. 
But  no  sound  comes  back — he  is  standing  alone. 

Whittier,  Jlogg  Megone,  L 
To  and  backt,  forward  and  backward  ;  to  and  fro. 
This  common  body, 
Like  to  a  vagabond  flag  upon  the  stream. 
Goes  to  and  back,  lackeying  the  varying  tide. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  4. 
To  beat,  draw,  fall,  hang,  etc. ,  back.  See  the  verbs. 
back^  (bak),  V.  [In  senses  I.,  1-8,  <  back'^,  n.; 
in  senses  I.,  9-11,  and  II.,  <  back'^,  adv.']  I. 
trans.  1.  To  furnish  with  a  back  or  backing; 
strengthen  or  support  at  the  back:  as,  to  hack 
a  book ;  to  hack  an  electrotype-plate ;  to  back 
the  armor-plates  of  a  war-vessel  with  teak. — 
2t.  To  cover  the  back  of;  clothe. 

To  breke  beggeris  bred  and  hakkcn  hem  with  clothis. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  xi.  185. 

3.  To  support  or  aid,  as  with  practical  assist- 
ance, money,  authority,  influence,  etc. ;  second 
or  strengthen ;  reinforce :  often  with  up :  as, 
in  his  efforts  he  was  backed  by  many  influen- 
tial men ;  he  backed  up  Ms  argument  with  a  bet. 
Success  still  follows  him  and  hacks  his  crimes. 

Addison. 
The  men  of  the  northern  Danelaw  found  themselves 
hacked,  not  only  by  their  bretliren  from  Ireland,  but  by 
the  mass  of  states  around  them. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  243. 

Hence — 4.  In  sporting,  to  recognize  and  sup- 
port by  standing  or  dropping:  said  of  dogs 
which  follow  the  lead  of  a  dog  on  point. 

Both  dogs  went  off  finely ;  soon  after  being  put  down 
Foreman  pointed  and  was  backed  by  Oath. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXI.  418. 

5.  To  act  or  wager  in  favor  of;  express  con- 
fidence in  the  success  or  superiority  of :  as,  to 
back  a  horse  in  a  race,  or  one  of  the  parties  in 
an  argument. 

I  hack  him  at  a  rebus  or  a  charade  against  the  best 
rhymer  in  the  kingdom. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

They  ( Bedouins]  are  fond  of  hacking  themselves  with 
wagers,  and  will  shoot  fur  a  sheep,  the  loser  inviting  his 
friends  to  a  feast.  R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  336. 

6.  To  get  upon  the  back  of;  mount:  as,  to 
hack  a  horse. 

We  both  will  hack  the  winds. 
And  hunt  the  phoenix  tbroui;li  the  Arabian  deserts. 

Shirteij,  Grateful  Servant,  iv.  5. 
And  he  has  reached  the  northern  plain. 
And  hacked  his  llrc-Hy  steed  again. 

,/.  /(.  Drake,  Culprit  Kay,  p.  69. 

7.  To  ■write  something  on  the  back  of ;  address, 
as  a  letter;  indorse. — 8.  To  lie  at  the  back 
of;  adjoin  in  the  rear;  form  aback  or  back- 
ground to. 

That  length  of  eloistral  roof. 
Peering  in  air  and  hacked  by  azure  sky. 

M'ordvworth,  Near  Aquapendeute. 


412 

Tliat  Bnug  and  comfortable  retreat  which  generally  backs 
the  warernoms  of  an  English  tradesman.  Rulwer. 

9.  To  carry  on  the  back.     [Collof].] 

If  the  men  are  expected  to  bark  the  tr.-ips  for  any  consid- 
erable  distance,  the  only  atlniissilile  articles  are,  etc. 

R.  R.  Rvijseeelt.  liame-Kish,  p.  306. 

10.  To  cause  to  move  backward;  propel  back- 
ward :  as,  to  back  a  horse ;   to  buck  a  boat. — 

11.  To  reverse  the  action  of:  as,  to  back 
a  stationary  engine.  — 12.  In  coal-mininy,  to 
throw  back  into  the  gob  or  waste,  as  the  small 
slack  made  in  holing  or  undercutting  the 
coal.  Grcslcij.  [Leicestershire,  Eng.]— To  back 
a  chain  or  rope,  to  attach  a  preventer  to  it  so  as  to 
reduce  the  strain  upon  it. — To  back  an  anchor.  See 
anchor'^,  n. — TO  back  a  saU,  to  brace  the  yards  so 
that  tlie  wind  will  press  on  the  forward  surface  of  the 
sail.  — To  back  a  warrant,  to  sign  or  indorse  a  warrant 
issued  in  anothiT  county  tn  apprehend  an  offender. —  TO 
back  (a  si.iiidK*  off,  in  cctlcn-spiiiniii:/,  to  reverse  the 
motion  of  niulc-siHiidks  at  the  end  of  a  stretch,  in  un- 
winding the  last  few  coils  of  the  thread  about  tlie  cop,  in 
order  to  prepare  for  its  proper  distril>ution  upon  the  cop 
when  the  mule-carriage  returns. — To  back  the  oars,  to 
row  backward  so  a.s  t>>  eheek  theboafs  headway  or  to  gain 
sternway.— To  back  the  worming,  in  ropi'makimi,  to 
fill  the  interstices  In.twt  i  n  the  >t  rands  oi  a  rope,  thus  mak- 
ing the  surface  even.  — To  back  up.  (a)  To  lend  support, 
aid,  or  assistance  to ;  stand  by  ;  give  countenance  to :  as, 
to  back  up  one's  friends,  (h)  Tn  move  or  force  backward : 
as,  to  hack  up  a  caiTiage.  (e)  To  reverse,  as  an  engine  or 
a  press,  (rf)  In  electrotyping,  to  strengthen,  as  the  thin 
shell  or  electroplate  obtained  from  a  wax  mold  of  a  form 
of  type,  an  engr.aved  plate,  etc..  by  depositing  upon  its 
back  type-metal  to  a  certain  thickness,  (f)  In  base-ball 
and  similar  games,  to  stunil  Iieliind,  as  another  player,  in 
order  to  stop  and  return  any  balls  tliat  may  pass  hiin :  as, 
the  center-field  backs  up  the  second-base. —  TO  back 
water,  to  propel  a  boat  in  the  opposite  direction  to  that 
in  which  the  prow  is  pointed,  by  reversing  the  action  of 
the  rowing  in  the  case  of  a  rowboat,  or  of  the  machinery 
in  the  case  of  a  steamboat. 

II.  intrans.  [<  tocA'l,  flrfc]  1.  To  move  or 
go  backward:  as,  the  horse  backed;  the  train 
hacked. —  2.  To  move  in  the  reverse  direction: 
said  specifically  of  the  wind,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  haul  (which  see),  when  it  changes  in  a 
manner  contrary  to  the  usual  circuit,  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  on  the  polar  side  of  the  trade-winds, 
the  usual  circuit  of  changes  in  the  wiiid  is  from  east  by 
the  south  to  west,  and  so  on  to  the  north.  In  the  same 
latitudes  in  the  southern  heriusphere  the  reverse  usually 
takes  place.  The  backing  of  the  wind  is  regarded  .as  an 
indication  of  bad  weather. — To  back  and  fill,  (a)  To  get 
a  square-rigged  vessel  to  windward  in  a  narrow  channel, 
when  the  wind  is  iigainst  the  tide  and  there  is  no  room  for 
tacking,  by  alternately  filling  and  backing  the  sails  so  as 
to  make  the  ship  shoot  from  one  side  of  the  channel  to 
the  other  while  being  carried  on  by  the  tide.  Hence  — 
(b)  To  be  vacillating  or  irresolute  ;  shilly-shally.— To  back 
astern.  See  astern. —  TO  back  down,  to  recede  from  a 
position  ;  aljandon  an  argument  or  opinion  ;  give  in. —  To 
back  out,  to  retreat  from  a  difl[iculty  or  withdraw  from 
an  eiiLia^'einent. 

back'-'t,  ".     The  earlier  form  of  bat^. 

back'^  (bak),  n.  [<  D.  bak,  a  bowl,  tray,  = 
Dan.  bakke,  a  tray,  <  F.  bac,  a  trough,  basin, 
a  brewer's  or  distiller's  back,  also  a  feiTy- 
boat;  cf.  Bret,  bak,  hay,  a  boat,  ML.  bacus, 
baccus,  a  ferry-boat,  bacca,  a  bowl  ('vas  aqua- 
rium'); origin  imcertain.  Cf.  hasiii,  fi-om  the 
same  source.]  1.  A  large  flat-bottomed  fer- 
ry-boat, especially  one  adapted  for  eaiTying 
vehicles,  and  worked  by  a  chain  or  rope  fas- 
tened on  each  side  of  the  stream. —  2.  A  large 
cistern  or  vat  used  by  brewers,  distillers,  dyers, 
etc.,  for  holding  liquids;  a  large  tub  or  trough. 
—  3.  A  kind  of  wooden  trough  for  holding  or 
caiTying  fuel,  ashes,  etc.;  a  coal-scuttle:  com- 
monly in  the  diminutive  form  hakey.    [Scotch.] 

Narrowly  escaping  breaking  my  shins  on  a  turf  hack. 

Scott,  Rob  Roy,  III,  13. 

backache  (bak'iik),  n.  Any  dull  or  eontinuotts 
]iain  in  the  back. 

backache-brake  (bak'ak-brak),  «.  A  name  of 
the  lady-fern,  Asjilciiium  FUix-foemina. 

backache-root  (bak'ak-rot),  «.  The  button 
snakeroot,  Liafri.s  sj>icata. 

back-action  (bak'ak"shgn),  a.  In  marine  etiffin., 
having  the  connections  between  the  piston-rod 
and  crank  reversed:  as,  a  back-action  steam- 
engine.     See  action. 

backarack,  «.     See  Bacharach. 

backaret, '" 'f  O-  [Perhaps  for  6ocA- (Aere.  The 
spelling  haceare,  orig.  bacare,  in  the  passage  of 
Shakspere  has  led  to  the  fancy  that  the  word 
is  dog-Latin,  based  on  E.  back.}  Stand  back! 
go  back! 

Ah,  backare,  quod  Mortimer  to  his  sowe. 

Udall,  Roister  Doister. 

Backare,  quoth  Mortimer  to  his  sow,  see 
Mortimer's  sow  speaketh  as  good  Latyn  as  hee. 

Heywood. 

(A  proverbial  saying,  derived  apparently  from  some  local 
anecdote.] 

Baccare !  you  are  mai'vellous  fi)rward, 

Shak.,  T.  ot  the  S,,  ii.  1. 


backbone 

back-balance  (bak'ljal'aus), «.  Aweightused 
as  a  counterbalance  for  an  eccentric,  or  an  ec- 
centric pulley  or  gear. 

back-band  (ijak'band),  ».  A  broad  strap  or 
chain  passing  over  the  saddle  of  a  cart-  or  car- 
riage-horse, and  used  to  support  the  shafts. 
(,'alled  in  Scotland  a  riguiddie. 

back-bar  (bak'bjir),  n.  The  horizontal  bar  in 
the  old  English  open  fire])lace,  on  which  the 
heavy  kettle  was  hung  over  the  fire. 

backbeart  (bak'bSr),  «.  In  old  Enrj.  forest  law, 
the  act  of  caiTying  on  the  back  venison  killed 
illegally.    See  backcarrij. 

backbite  (bak'bit),  v. ;  pret.  backbit,  pp.  hack- 
hitten,  backbit,  ppr.  hackhiting.  [<  ME.  buk- 
bitcn,  earlier  bachitcn  (=  leel.  bakbita  (Haldor- 
sen),  ajjpar.  from  E.),  <  hac,  bak,  n.,  the  back, 
or,  more  prob.,  <  huk,  adv.  (though  this,  the 
apheretic  form  of  abak,  aback,  is  not  found  in 
ME.  except  in  comp.  and  deriv.),  +  biten,  bite: 
see  irtci'l  and  6i?e.]  I.  <)'««.s-.  To  injure  moral- 
ly in  a  manner  comparable  to  biting  from  be- 
hind ;  attack  the  character  or  reputation  of  se- 
cretly; censure,  slander,  or  speak  evil  of  in 
absence:  rarely  with  a  thing  as  object. 

And  eke  the  verse  of  famous  Poets  witt 

He  does  hackebite.  Sjienscr,  V.  Q.,  I.  iv.  32. 

Most  untruelye  and  maliciously  doe  these  evill  tonges 

backbite  and  slaunder  the  sacred  ashes  of  that  personage. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

II.  intrans.  To  slander  or  speak  evil  of  the 
absent. 

To  be  prynces  in  pryde  and  pouerte  to  dispise. 
To  hakbite,  and  to  bosten  and  here  fals  witnesse. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  iL  80. 
He  that  backbiteth  not  with  his  tongue.  Ps.  XV.  3. 

They  are  arrant  knaves,  and  will  backbite. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  i. 

backbiter  (bak'bi''ter),  n.  One  who  slanders, 
calumniates,  or  speaks  ill  of  the  absent. 

Satirists  describe  the  age,  and  backbiters  assign  their  de- 
scriptions to  private  men.  Steele,  Tatler,  Ko.  242. 
Nine  tithes  of  times 
Face-flatterers  and  backbiters  are  the  same. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

backbiting  (bak'bi  ting),  «.      [ME.  bacbiting, 
hachitung;  verbal  n.  of  backbite.]     The  act  of 
slandering  the  absent ;  secret  calumny. 
Envyings,  wraths,  strifes,  hackbitings,  whisperings. 

2  Cor.  xii.  20. 

backbitingly  (bak'bi'''ting-li),  arfr.  'Withback- 
l.iitiug. 

back-block  (bak'blok),  n.  In  piano-making,  see 
wre.^t-hloek. 

backboard  (bak'bord),  n.  [< back'^,  n.,  +  board. 
The  AS.  hacbord  (=  D.  LG.  hakhoord  (>  G.  back- 
bord,  P.  hubord)  =  Dan.  bagbord  =  Icel.  bak- 
bordli,  also  hakbordki)  means  'larboard.']  A 
board  for  the  back;  a  board  placed  at  the  back 
or  ser'ving  as  the  back  of  something.  Specifically— 
(ff)  A  board  placed  across  the  stern-sheets  of  a  boat  to  sup- 
port the  backs  of  the  occupants,  (h)  A  small  strip  of  wood 
used  to  support  the  back  and  give  erectness  to  the  figure. 
A  cai-eful  and  undeviating  use  of  the  tnci-^oarrf  ...  is 
rccomniended  as  necessary  to  the  acquirement  of  that 
dignilied  depcu'tment  and  carriage  so  requisite  for  every 
young  lady  of  fashion.  Thackeray. 

(c)  A  board  used  in  a  lathe  to  sustain  the  pillars  support- 
ing the  puppet-bar.  (d)  In  Englij<h  [Yorkshire]  coal-min- 
ing, a  thirl  or  cross-hole  communicating  with  the  return 
air-course.     Gre.'^ley. 

back-bond  (bak'bond),  n.  In  Scots  law,  a  deed 
attaching  a  qualification  or  condition  to  the 
terms  of  a  conveyance  or  other 
instnmient. 

backbone  (bak'bou'),  n.    [ME. 

hakhone,  bakbon,  hachon ;  <  hack'^ 
+  JoHcl.]  1.  The  bone  of  the 
midiUe  line  of  the  back;  the 
spine;  the  vertebral  column; 
the  vertebriB  collectively. —  2. 
Something  resembling  a  back- 
bone in  appearance,  position, 
or  office :  as,  the  Apennines  are 
the  backbone  of  Italy. 

The  plutocrats,  shippers,  merchants 
and  others  who  are  the  backbone  of  the 
Conservative  party. 

R.  J.  Ilinton,  Eng,  Had.  Leaders, 
(p,  202. 

3.  Figuratively,  firmness;  sta- 
bility of  piu'pose ;  decision  of 
character;  resolution;  moral 
principle. 


The  civilization  is  cheap  and  weak 
which  has  not  the  backbone  of  con- 
science in  it, 

J.  /•'.  Clarke.  Self-Culture,  p,  202. 

Backbone  of  an  awning,  a  rope 
scweil  totbe  niidfllc  nf  a  ship  s  awning, 
and  c\ tending.' fore  and  aft,  ti-'  strengtli- 
en  it  and  afford  it  support.— To  the 


Cola 


Human  Backbone. 

c",i.  first  cervical 
vertebra ;  D.j.  first 
dorsal  vertebra ;  L.t. 
first  lumbar  vertebra; 
.'1.1,  tirst  S3.:ral  ver- 
telira;  ci,!.  lirst  coc- 
cygeal vertebra. 


backbone 

backbone,  to  the  ntmoftt  fxtiMit  of  one's  power  or  nature ; 
out  ami  out ;  thorouijlily  ;  entirely. 
Jolly  old  Burbo,  staunch  tti  tkf  hackhone. 

Huluvr,  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  ii.  1. 
A  true-blue  Tory  to  the  backbone.  T.  Uufjfies. 

Game  to  the  backbone.  Trollopc. 

backboned  (buk'bond'),  rt.  Vertebrated ;  fur- 
iiislinl  with  :i  biiekboue. 

backcap  (bak'kaii),  V.  t.  To  depreciate  or  dis- 
pai:it,'i'.     [U.  S.  slaiifc.] 

backcarryt  (bak'kur"i),  «.  In  old  Eng.  forest 
luic,  the  iTime  of  liaviiig  game  on  the  back,  as 
doer  unlawfully  killed.     See  backhciir. 

back-casing  (bak'ka'sing),  n.  In  mininrj,  a 
wall  or  liniiiK  of  dry  Vjricks,  used  in  sinking; 
through  sand  or  gravel.  Within  it  the  permanent 
wall  of  the  shaft  is  built  uj),  after  the  bed-rock  or  stone- 
lu'ml  has  been  reached. 

back-cast  (bak'kast),  /(-  [<  harJA,  adi'.,  + 
cii.it,  11.}  1.  A  cast  or  throw  back. —  2.  A 
backward  stroke,  or  a  stroke  di'iving  one  back ; 
hence,  figin-atively,  any  discouragement  or 
cause  of  relapse  or  failure.     [Scotch.] 

back-cast  (bak'kast),  a.  [<  biick^,  adv.,  + 
i-d.it,  pjt.]  Cast  or  thrown  back:  as,  '^ back- 
cast  tlioughts,"  Joanna  liaillic. 

back-center  (bak'sen"ter),  n.  In  a  lathe,  the 
point  of  the  back  or  dead  spindle  of  the  tail- 
stock.  It  supports  that  end  of  the  piece  which  is  to  be 
turned.  The  front  center  is  that  part  of  the  live  spiniUe 
winch  is  in  the  headstock.— Back-center  screw,  in  a 
lathe,  the  screw  which  gives  lonjjitudinal  motion  tit  the 
back-ceflter. 

back-chain  (bak'chan),  H.  A  chain  that  passes 
over  the  sa(ldle  of  a  horse's  harness  to  supjiort 
the  shafts  of  a  cart  or  wagon. 

back-cloth  (bak'kloth),  H.  1.  In  calico-priiil- 
inij,  a  reinforcing  cloth  used  to  support  a  fab- 


413 

one  for  cftrryinc  ashes  or  cinderi?;  a  hod  or 
coal-scuttle.  [Scotch.] 
backfall  (bak'fal),  n.  1.  In  wrcitluig,  a  fall  or 
triji-up  in  which  a  wrestler  is  thrown  upon  his 
back. — 2.  In  mit.iic,  an  obsolete  melodic  deco- 
ration, nearly  like  the  modern  long  appoggia- 
tiua:  called  a  double  backfall  when  prolonged. 


^^E^ 


3E^ 


riayeil. 


ra^ 


m 


Double  Backfall. 


ric  which  is  being  printed. —  2.  Xauf.,  a  tri- 
angular piece  of  canvas  fastened  in  the  middle 
of  a  topsail-yard  to  facilitate  the  stowing  of 
the  Vjunt  of  the  topsail. 

back-down  (bak'doun),  ».  The  act  of  backing 
down.     See  back^.  v. 

backed  (bakt),  p.  a.  [<  back'^.  n.  or  v.,  +  -crf2.] 
In  compositioi),  having  a  back  (with  the  qual- 
ity or  characteristic  noted  in  the  first  part 
of  the  word):  as,  a  high-backed  chair;  hump- 
backcd ;  'broai-backed. 
Ohl  rickety  tables  am!  chairs  broken-6acfc't/.    Thackeray. 

backen  (bak'n),  r.  <.  l<bnck'^,adr.,  +  -en^.'i  To 
hold  back ;  retard.  JIalliwell.  [Local  in  Eng. 
and  U.  S-] 

back-end  (bak'end),  n.    The  latter  end  or  part ; 

especially  (Scotch),  the  latter  part  of  autumn. 

The  hedges  will  do,  I  clipped  them  wi'  my  ain  hands 

last  hack-end.  J.  ^Xilmn. 

backer^  (bak'^r),  «.  [<  Imck^,  r.,  -t-  -fi-l.]  1. 
Olio  who  backs  or  gets  on  the  back:  as,  a  backer 
of  untamed  horses. — 2.  One  who  backs  or  sup- 
ports, or  who  aids  and  abets,  another  in  an 
undertaking,  especially  in  any  trial  of  skill, 
agility,  or  strength;  also,  one  who  bets  or 
"lays  "  his  money  in  favor  of  a  particular  per- 
son, horse,  etc.,  in  a  contest;  one  who  indorses 
the  notes  or  sustains  the  credit  of  another. — 
3.  In  arch.,  a  narrow  slate  laid  on  the  back  of 
a  broad  square-headed  one,  where  the  slates 
begin  to  diminish  in  width. —  4.  Xaut.,  a  strap 
of  rope  or  sennit  fastened  to  a  yard-arm  to  se- 
cure the  head-earings  of  a  sail. 

backer-t,  ndf.  [<ftncA-i,  arfi'.,  + -er^.]  Same  as 
hackcniiorc. 

backermoret,  adr.  [ME.,  a  double  compar.,  < 
bdcki  r-  +  -iiKirc.  Ct-  fiirllicntiorc,  hindcrmo.tt, 
etc.]     More  or  further  back. 

With  that  aiioti  1  went  me  backirmore. 
La  Belle  Dauic  sanji  Mcrcie,  1.  85.    (Halliwell.) 

backermostt,  "•  •<«/«'■/.     [<  backer-  +  -most.'] 

Biu-kiiK.st. 
backet  (bak'et).  H.     [<  F.  hiK/itet.  trough,  dim. 

of  bac :  see  fcacA-3.]     A  trough  or  box,  especially 


3.  In  organ-building,  a  lever  wliose  front  end 
is  raised  by  the  motion  of  a  digital  or  pedal 
transmitted  through  a  sticker  (which  see),  its 
back  end  being  correspondingly  depressed :  a 
device  for  transforming  upward  motion  into 
downward. 

backfallert  (bak'fa,"16r),  «.  [<  baeky,  adv.,  -f 
filler.  VL  backslider.]  A  backslider;  a  rene- 
gade. 

Onias.  with  many  lyke  hackfallcra  from  God.  fled  into 
Kgypte.  -/e.v.  E.vpos.  of  Daniel,  .\i. 

back-fillet  (bak'fil"et),  «.  '  The  return  of  the 
margin  of  a  groin,  or  of  a  door-  or  window-jamb, 
when  it  projects  beyond  the  face  of  the  wall. 
Such  margins  are  said  to  lie  hack-filleted. 

back-flap  (bak'flap),  ».  That  part  of  a  window- 
shutter  which  folds  into  a  recess  made  for  it 
in  the  window-casing. 

back-frame  (bak'fram),  n.  An  internally  gear- 
ed wlieel  supporting  the  twisting  pinions  or 
whirlors  of  a  rope-making  machine. 

back-friend  (bak'frend),  H.  [<  back^,  a.,  + 
friend.]  If.  A  false  or  pretended  friend;  a 
secret  enemy. 

Let  him  take  heed  I  prove  not  his  back-Srirnd. 

Massinficr,  Virpin-Martyr,  ii.  1. 
Far  is  our  church  from  incroaching  upon  the  civil  pow- 
ers, as  some  who  are  backfriends  to  both  would  mali- 
ciously insinuate.  South. 
2.  A  friend  at  one's  back;  a  backer.     [Eare.] 

back-game  (bak'gam),  «.    [<  back^,  a.,  +  game.] 

1.  A  game  at  backgammon  or  chess.— 2.  A 
rotiirn-game. 

backgammon  (bak-gam'on),  n.  [Also  formerly 
haggammon ;  <  back^,  a.,  +  gammon^,  game 
(see  gammon'^  andf/owci);  appar.  so  called  be- 
cause in  certain  circumstances  the  pieces  are 
obliged  to  go  back  and  reenter.  The  reason  of 
the  name  is  not  certain,  but  the  fonnation  is 
clear.  Cf.  buck-game.]  1.  A  game  played  by 
two  persons  upon  a  table  or  Ijoard  made  for 
the  purpose,  with  pieces  or  men,  dice-boxes, 
and  dice.  The  board  is  in  two  parts,  usually  hinged  to 
gether,  on  which  twenty-four  spaces,  called  points,  art- 
marked.  Eacli  player  has  fifteen  men,  with  which  mo\'e- 
ments  are  made  in  accordance  with  the  numbers  turned 
up  by  tlie  dice,  the  object  of  each  player  beim.'  to  advaiue 
his  men  to  the  last  six  points,  and  then  "throw  them  ott,"' 
or  remove  them  entirely  from  the  board. 

2.  A  single  bout  at  backgammon  won  by  a 
player  before  his  opponent  has  advanced  all  of 
his  men  from  the  first  si.x  points. 

backgammon  (bak-gam'on),  v.  t.  To  beat  by 
winning  a  backgammon.  See  backgammon, 
n.,  2. 

backgammon-board  (bak-gam'on-bord),  h. 

The  board  or  talilc  on  which  the  game  of  back- 
gammon is  played. 

back-gear  (bak'ger),  n.  The  variable  speed- 
gear  in  thi>  headstock  of  a  power-lathe. 

background  (bak'ground),  «.  1.  The  ground 
at  the  back  or  behind,  as  opposed  to  the  front; 
situation  in  the  rear  of  those  objects,  considera- 
tions, etc.,wliich  engage  the  attention  ;  subordi- 
nate or  secondary  position  ill  contradistinction 
to  principal  or  important  position ;  place  out  of 
sight:  used  both  literally  (of  physical  objects) 
and  figuratively:  as,  there  were  mountains  in 
the  background :  the  tnie  reasons  for  this  action 
were  kept  in  the  background. 
A  husltand  somewhere  in  the  baekrtrouml.  Thackerai/. 
Korbearancc  and  mercy  to  enemies  are  not  unknown 
to  the  old  Testament  :  but  they  arc  ill  the  backijrounri. 

G.  I'.  Fi.iher.  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  22. 
Specifically — 2.  The  part  of  a  picture  repre- 
sented as  "furthest  from  the  sjioctator's  eye: 
opposed  to  foreground.  In  pictures  of  which  the 
foreground  possesses  the  chief  interest,  the  background  is 
so  designed  as  to  enhance  the  ctfect  of  objects  in  the  fore- 
ground, to  which  it  is  kept  subordinate  in  color,  etc.,  often 
serving  no  other  purpose  than  that  of  a  mere  screen  or 
scttiug  behiud  the  objects  iu  which  the  iuterest  is  conceu- 


backing-boards 

trated:  as,  n  portrait  with  a  lanrlscape  liackgrouitd ;  a 
group  of  figures  with  buiiiliiigs  in  the  linrhrround.  In 
landscapes,  when  no  such  evident  itjiposition  is  intended, 
or  when  the  chief  interest  lies  in  the  backgi'oumi,  the  term 
dintance  is  properly  used  to  denote  the  more  distant  planes 
in  the  picture,  as  distinguished  from  the  foret/rouiid  and 
the  middle  dktaiu:e. 

Here  we  see  the  rude  and  simple  expedient  by  which, 
to  atone  for  the  want  of  aerial  jjerspeetive,  the  vase- 
painters  indicated  the  baekfrrouud  of  tlieir  compositions. 
Figures  more  distant  from  the  eye  are  always  represented 
seated  or  standing  on  a  higher  level  than  llgurcs  in  the 
foreground.  C.  T.  Xcwlon,  Art  and  Areha:ol.,  p.  388. 

The  leafless  trees  become  spires  of  flame  in  the  sunset, 
w  itli  the  blue  east  for  their  background. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  23. 

3.  Inpltotog.,  the  plain  or  decorated  screens, 
properties,  etc.,  placed  behind  the  subject  in 
taking  portraits,  especially  in  regular  gallery- 
work,  in  order  to  form  an  appropriate  setting 
in  tlio  finished  jiicture. 
backhand  (bak'liand),  H.  and  rt.  I.  n.  1.  Writ- 
ing which  slopes  liackward  or  to  the  left:  as, 
he^Tites  backhand. — 2t.  In  tennis,  the  posi- 
tion behind  the  principal  player. 

No,  faith,  that's  odils  at  tennis,  my  lord ;  not  but  it 
your  ladyship  pleases,  Ml  endeavour  to  keep  your  ttack- 
hand  a  little,  tho'  upon  my  soul  you  may  safely  set  me  up 
at  the  line.  Cibljer,  Careless  Husband,  iv. 

n.  a.  Backhanded;  unfavorable;  unfair:  as, 
a  hdckhand  inUuence. 
backhanded  (bak'han"ded),  a.  1.  With  the 
back  of  the  hand:  as,  a  backhanded  h\ow. — 2. 
Done  or  effected  with  the  hand  turned  back- 
ward, crosswise,  or  in  any  oblique  direction; 
marked  by  a  backward  slope,  direction,  or  ef- 
fect: as,  backhanded  -writing;  a  backhanded 
stroke  in  sword-play  or  lawn-tennis,  in  the  lat- 
ter game  a  baekhandecl  stroke  is  <uie  that  causes  the  ball 
to  rotate  so  as  to  have  a  tendency  on  striking  the  ground 
to  bound  backward  in  the  direction  of  the  striker. 
Hence  —  3.  Figuratively,  oblique  in  meaning; 
indirect;  equivocal;  ambiguous;  sarcastic:  as, 
a  backhanded  compliment. —  4.  Twisted  in  the 
opposite  way  from  the  usual  method :  said  of  a 
rope. 

One  part  plain-laid  and  the  other  backhanded  rope. 

Luce,  .Seamanship,  p.  252. 

backhandedly  (bak'han"ded-li),<jrfc.  With  the 
hand  directed  backward:  as,  to  strike  back- 
handedbj. 

backhandedness  (bak'han''''ded-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  backhanded;  unfairness. 

backhander  (bak'han"der),  H.  A  blow  with 
the  back  of  tho  hand:  as,  to  strike  one  a  back- 
hander. 

backhead  (bak'hed),  n.  1.  The  back  part  of 
the  head:  opposed  to  forehead. —  2t.  False  hair 
worn  on  the  back  of  the  head. 

backhouse!  (bak'hous),  n.  [<  back^,  a.,  + 
hoiwc.]  A  building  behind  or  back  from  the 
main  or  front  building;  hence,  in  country 
places,  especially  in  New  England,  a  pri\'7. 

backhouse'-t,  "•     Same  as  bakehouse. 

backing  (bak'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  back\  v.] 
1.  Support,  physical  or  moral;  supporters  or 
backers  collectiVely. — 2t.  The  address  of  a  let- 
ter.—  3.  Something  placed  at  or  attached  to 
the  back  of  something  else  to  support,  strength- 
en, or  finish  it ;  the  act  of  providing  anything 
with  such  a  support.  E.specially— (n)  A  layer  or  lay- 
ei-s  of  timber,  generally  teak,  on  which  the  iron  plates  of 
armor-clad  ships  arc  bolted.  (If)  A  heavy  plating  of  wood, 
or  wood  and  iron,  supporting  the  anuor-plates  of  fortifica- 
tions or  of  targets  from  behind  ;  a  thick  bed  of  rammed 
sand  or  concrete  placed  behind  armored  works  or  targets. 
The  concrete  might  be  faced  with  a  comparatively  thin 
steel  plate  which  would  explode  the  shell,  ami  so  save  the 
baclcinij.  London  Engineer. 

(c)  In  bookbindinff,  the  curving  of  the  back  of  sewed  sheets 
intended  for  a  book,  with  introt  (I)  to  spread  the  thread 
so  that  the  book  will  not  be  tllieker  at  the  back  than  at  the 
fore  edge ;  (2)  to  make  a  secure  rest  in  the  arched  gr(»ove 
at  either  side  for  the  cover ;  (;j)  to  make  the  back  flexible, 
so  that  the  leaves  of  the  boolc  shall  be  flat  when  open. 
Backing  is  done  by  beating  with  a  hammer  or  rolling  with 
a  mat^hine.  (d)  111  iceavinrj,  the  web  of  coal^ser  or  stronger 
material  at  the  back  of  such  itiled  fabrics  as  velvet,  plush, 
satin,  Brussels  carpet,  etc.  (e)  In  photoff.,  a  coating  of  a 
dull,  dark  pigment,  placed  on  the  back  of  the  sensitized 
plate  in  some  classes  of  work  to  absorb  light  that  might 
otherwise  pass  through  the  film,  be  reflected  again  upon 
it  from  the  back  of  the  gl:iss.  and  cause  an  effect  of  lilur- 
ring.  Such  a  backing  is  useful  in  taking  pictures  in  the 
direction  of  the  chief  light,  or  those  in  which  some  por- 
tions of  the  field  are  very  highly  illuminated  while  others 
adjoining  them  are  dark.  (.0  in  printino,  the  ftrinting  of 
the  second  side  of  a  sheet.  (,17)  In  electrotiipimj,  the  metal 
used  to  back  up  or  strengthen  an  electrotype.  (/*)  In 
theat.,  that  portion  of  a  scene  on  a  stage  which  is  revealed 
through  an  open  door  or  window.  Backing  of  an  arch, 
the  course  of  masonry  which  rests  upon  tlie  extrados  of 
an  arch. 

backing-boards  (bak'ing-bordz),  «.  pi.  In 
houkhinding,  boards  of  hard  wood,  faced  with 
steel,  which  are  used  in  pairs  for  the  purpose 
of  clamping  together  the  sewed  sheets  of  an 


backing-boards 

unbound  book  while  tlic  buck  is  being  rounded 
with  ii  liiimiuor. 

backing-deals  (bak'ing-dolz),  n.  pi.  In  E)i{i- 
/i.v/i  ciKil-iiiiiiinij,  boards  or  planks  placed  bi'- 
hiiid  the  curbs  of  a  shaft,  to  keep  the  eartli 
behind  in  place. 

backing-hammer  (biik'iiig-ham''er), «.  A  ham- 
mer used  ill  lieatiiig  into  shape  the  backs  of 
books. 

backing-iron  (bak'ing-i'ern),  n.  An  iron  block 
huA'iuj;  upon  fom'  sides  longitudinal  grooves  of 
different  widths  anil  depths,  suitable  todiffereut 
sizes  of  books,  and  used  in  shaping  their  backs. 

backing-metal  (bak'ing-met'al),  «.  A  compo- 
sition of  type-metal,  in  which  load  is  the  chief 
ingredient,  which  is  poured  into  an  electrotype- 
shell  of  cojiper  to  form  the  backing  of  the  olee- 
trot\']ie-plate. 

backing-pan  (bak'ing-pan),  H.  A  pan  in  which 
eU'ctrotyiie-shells  are  placed  face  downward, 
while  the  molten  metal  with  which  they  are 
backed  is  poured  over  them. 

backings  (bak'ingz),  ».  jil.  The  refuse  of  wool 
or  Hax  after  it  is  dressed;  the  tow  thrown  off 
by  the  second  hackling  of  flax. 

back-joint  (bak'joiut),  «.  In  manotiry,  a  rebate 
such  as  that  made  on  the  inner  side  of  a  ehim- 
ne\"pieee  to  receive  a  slip. 

backlash  (bak'lash),  n.  1.  In  mecli.,  the  jar- 
ring reaction  of  each  of  a  pair  of  wheels  upon 
the  other,  produced  by  iiTegidarities  of  velocity 
when  the  load  is  not  constant  or  the  moving 
power  is  not  uniform. —  2.  In  coal-mining,  the 
backward  suction  of  the  air-current  after  an  ex- 
plosion of  fire-damp — Backlash  of  a  screw,  the 
phiy  Ijetwcen  ;i  screw  i^nd  its  nut  when  the  hitter  is  loosely 
titted.  —  Backlash-spring,  a  spring;  fitted  to  a  macliine  to 
keep  the  inovinjjc  parts  in  contact  and  prevent  backlash. 

backless  (bak'les),  a.     [<  hack^,  n.,  +  -less.'\ 
AVitliout  a  liack:  as,  hacldcfuihenches. 
backling,  backlings  (bak'ling,  -liugz),  adv. 

[ye.  bacUins,  <  AS.  bccrlin;/,  in  adv.  jihrase  nn 
bieclinff,  back,  behind ;  <  Ixrc,  back,  -I-  -li)i;i,  adv. 
suffix.     Cf.  darllinfi,  hcadlOHij.']     Backward. 

back-lining  (bak'li"ning),  n.  In  windows,  a 
piece  of  sash-frame  parallel  to  the  pulley- 
piece  and  next  to  the  jamb  on  each  side. 

back-link  (bak'lingk),  n.  In  engines,  one  of 
the  links  in  a  parallel  motion  which  connect 
the  air-pump  rod  to  the  beam. 

backlog  (bak'log),  H.  A  large  log  placed  at  the 
back  of  an  open  wood-fire  to  sustain  combus- 
tion and  concentrate  the  heat. 

Few  people  know^  how  to  make  a  wood  fire,  but  every- 
body thinks  he  or  she  does.  You  want,  Urst,  a  larfe  back- 
log, wliich  does  not  rest  on  the  andirons. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  0. 

backlook  (bak'luk),  n.  Eetrospeotive  view: 
as,  to  take  a  hiicMook.     [Rare.] 

back-lye  (bak'li),  n.  [<  6(io7,'l  -f-  li/c  for  Z/fl.] 
In  cndl-itiiniiKj,  a  siding  or  shunt  on  an  under- 
gi-ound  railway.     Gresley.     [North.  Eng.] 

back-mill  {bak'mU),  H.  A  fulling-mill.  Ure, 
Diet. 

back-mold  (bak'mold),  n.  In  reversing  mold- 
ing, that  part  of  the  mold  which  conforms  to 
the  back  of  the  pattern  or  model. 

backmost  (bak'most),  a.  sujicrl.  [<  ftacA-l,  adv., 
+ -most.  Ci.haekermore.'}  Hindmost:  opposed 
to  foremost.     [Rare.] 

back-overman  (bak'6"ver-man),  n.  In  coal- 
mininy,  a  man  whose  duty  it  is  to  see  to  the 
safety  of  a  district  of  imderground  workings, 
and  of  the  men  working  in  it,  during  the  back- 
shift.     Gresk;/.     [North.  Eng.] 

back-painting  (bak'pan"ting),  «.  A  method 
of  applying  varnish  colors  to  mezzotint  prints 
affixed  to  glass,  in  such  a  manner  that  they 
appear  as  ii  painted  on  the  glass. 

backpiece  (bak'pes),  «.  A  piece  at  the  back 
of  something;  speciiioally,  a  piece  of  armor 
which  covered  the  back  and  was  connected 
with  the  breastplate  by  straps  and  buckles, 
hooks,  and  the  like.  See  hack  and  breast,  im- 
dcr  /'((I'A'l,  n. 

backplate  (bak'pliit),  «.     Same  as  backpiece. 

back-pressure  (bak'presh'ur),  n.  Pressure 
backward  or  in  the  reverse  of  the  normal  direc- 
tion;     specifically, 


the  resistance  of 
the  atmosphere  or 
of  waste  steam  to 
the  action  of  the 
piston  of  a  steam- 
engine.  -  Back-pres- 
sure valve,  in  ifiii</i.,  a 
valve  jilaeed  within  a 
supply-pipe  or  over  au 
inlct-orillce,  to  prevent 


liack-prcssurc  Valve. 


414 

the  backward  flow  of  a  fluid  or  cas  when  the  pressure  in 
tile  normal  direction  falls  below  that  in  the  reservoir  or 
cliandici-  to  wliich  the    lliiid  is  supplied. 

backrackt,  backragt,  ".    See  Bacharach. 
back-rackett  (bak'iak'et),  «.     The  return  of  a 

ball  in  tennis;  hence,  figuratively,  a  counter- 
charge. 

Ihm.  "Why,  are  not  debts  better  than  words,  sir? 
Wit.   Are  not  words  promises,  and  are  not  promises 
debts,  sir? 
lioa.   He  phiys  at  back-racket  with  nie. 

Middlctun,  Triek  to  Catch  the  Olil  One,  iv.  ^. 

back-raking  (bak'ra"king),  )(.  In /arn'rry,  an 
ojieration  by  which  hardened  faaces  are  with- 
drawn from  the  rectimi. 

back-rent  (bak'rent),  n.  1.  Arrears  of  rent. — 
2.  In  Scots  law,  a  rent  paid  subsequently  to 
reaping.  Thus,  when  a  tenant  entering  with  a  lease 
is  allowed  to  reap  and  sell  his  first  crop  before  paying  his 
rent,  the  rent  in  this  case  is  termed  a  back-rent,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  fore-rent,  a  rent  payable  before  the  first 
crop  is  reaped. 

back-rest  (bak'rest),  «.  A  guide  attached  to 
the  slide-rest  of  a  lathe  and  placed  in  contact 
with  the  work  to  steady  it  in  turning. 

back-returnt  (bak're-tem"),  ».  A  going  or 
coming  back ;  return. 

H.arry's  hack-retum  again  to  France. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  (cho). 

The  back-return  of  Charon's  boat.  Marlowe. 

backrope  (bak'rop),  «.  Xaut.-.  (a)  The  rope 
or  ehuin-stay  extending  from  the  lower  end  of 
the  dolphin-striker  to  each  side  of  the  bows  of 
a  ship.  (I))  A  small  rope  attached  to  the  hook 
of  the  cat-block  or  fish-hook,  to  facilitate  hook- 
ing it  on  the  anchor — Martingale  backropes. 

See  }nartin'rale. 

back-saw  (bak'sa),  n.  A  saw  the  web  of  which 
is  stiffened  by  a  metallic  back  of  greater  sub- 
stance. Such  saws  have  specific  names  ac- 
cording to  theii-  use,  as  tenon-saw,  dovetail- 
saw,  carcass-saiv,  etc. 

back-scraper  (bak'skra"per),  n.  Same  as  back- 
scralclicr. 

back-scratcher  (bak'skrach"er),  n.  1.  An  im- 
plement for  scratching  the  back,  generally 
made  of  bone  or  ivory,  in  the  form  of  a  small 
hand  fLxed  to  a  long  slender  handle. 

A  back-scratcher  of  which  the  hand  was  ivory  and  the 
handle  black.  Soutlteif,  The  Doctor,  iv. 

2.  A  toy  of  wood  or  bone  having  a  thin  tongue 
which  presses  upon  a  toothed  wheel,  on  the 
principle  of  a  watchman's  rattle:  when  it  is 
rubbed  on  the  back  of  a  person,  it  produces  a 
sound  like  the  tearing  of  cloth, 
backset  (bak'set),  V.  [<  back'^,  adv.,  +  set^, 
»'.]     I.t  trans.  To  set  upon  in  the  rear. 

The  Israelites  .  .  .  [were]  back:<et  with  Pharaoh's  whole 
pttwer.       Anderson,  Expos,  of  Benedietus,  fol.  71  b  (liJTS). 

II.  intrans.  To  plow  again,  in  the  autumn, 
prairie-land  which  has  been  plowed  for  the 
first  time  in  the  preceding  spring.  [Western 
U.S.] 
backset  (bak'set),  n.  [<  back^-,  a.  or  adv.,  -I-  set^, 
I',  or  «.]  1 .  A  setting  back  or  backward,  as  the 
residt  of  some  untoward  circumstance  or  op- 
posing agency;  a  check  to  progi'ess;  retarda- 
tion, or  the  losing  of  ground ;  a  relapse :  as,  he 
suffered  more  than  one  serious  backset;  a  back- 
set which  appeared  to  be  fatal. — 2.  An  eddy 
or  coimter-eiuTent  in  flowing  water. 

Of  course  much  of  tliis  was  slack  water,  or  the  backset 
caused  liy  tlie  overflow.  Harper's  Matj,,  LX^^  til2. 

back-settler  (bak'sef'ler),  n.  One  inhabiting 
the  liaek  settlements  of  a  country. 

backsheesh,  «.    See  bakshish. 

back-shift  (bak'shift),  n.  [<  back^,  a.,  -f  shift.] 
In  coal-niininij,  a  second  shift  or  relay  of  hewers 
who  begin  cutting  the  coal  after  another  set 
have  begun  to  draw  it,  at  the  same  place. 

backside  (bak'sid'),  n.  [<  ME.  baksidc;  <  back^, 
a.,  -t-  side.']  1.  The  back  part  or  aspect  of  any- 
thing ;  the  part  opposite  to  the  front,  or  behind 
that  which  is  presented  to  a  spectator.  [Prop- 
erly two  words  in  this  use.  See  back,  a.,  1.] 
Specifically  —  2.  The  hind  part  of  an  animal ; 
the  rump  :  often  (vulgarly)  in  the  plural. —  3. 
The  back  premises,  back  yard,  or  out-buildings 
attached  to  a  dwelling ;  also,  the  privy.  [Obso- 
lete or  dialectal.]     A^.  E.  I). 

back-sight  (bak'sit),  «.  1.  In  surveying,  the 
reading  of  a  leveling-rod,  taken  when  looking 
back  to  a  station  which  has  been  passed.  All 
other  readings  are  called  foresi(jlits.—  2.  The 
rear  sight  of  a  gun. 

back-skin  (bak'skini.  It.  A  leather  dress  used 
by  miners  when  at  work  iu  wet  places. 


backstay 

back-slang  (bak'slang),  n.  [<  hark'^,  a.  or  adv., 
-\- sl<iiig,  (  {.  jiiiliiidnimc.]  A  species  of  slang 
in  wliich  the  words  are  pronouticed  or  written 
backward,  or  as  nearly  so  as  the  skill  of  the 
speaker  or  wTiter,  or  the  possibility  of  pro- 
nouncing the  word,  will  jiermit:  thus,  penny 
becomes  yennep ;  woman,  namow,  and  go  on. 

backslide  (bak-sUd'),  v.  i. ;  pret.  liackslid  (some- 
times backflided),  \>\>.  hack.'ilid,  liackslidden 
(sometimes  liackslided).  ppr.  backsliding.  [< 
back^,  adi.,  -¥■  slide.]  To  slide  back,  iu  a  figu- 
rative sense;  apostatize;  turn  from  the  faith; 
depart  from  or  abandon  religious  principles  or 
practices. 

I  have  fallen  back  to  my  carnal  temper,  from  the  holy 
ways  of  God,  and  have  again  baekstided. 

Up.  IJopkiiis,  "Works,  p.  535. 

"When  persona  have  been  professors  of  religion,  and 
have  for  various  reasons  backslidden  and  declined  into  a 
carnal  and  secular  life.  U.  W.  lieecher. 

backslider  (bak-sU'der),  n.  One  who  back- 
slides, (a)  An  apostate;  one  who  falls  from  the  faitli 
and  iiractiie  of  religion.  Prov.  .\iv.  14.  (6)  One  who 
iir-]<i  t.v  bis  religious  vows  and  falls  into  habits  of  sin. 

backsliding  (bak-sli'ding),  n.  A  falling  back 
in  jirinciple  or  practice  ;  a  lapse  in  or  abandon- 
ment of  religious  obligation  ;  apostasy. 

Our  backslidings  are  many :  we  have  sinned  against 
thee.  Jer.  .\iv.  7. 

backslidingness  (bak-sli'ding-nes),  «.  The 
state-  of  backsliding. 

back-spear,  r.  t.     See  back-speer. 

back-speed  (bak'sped),  n.  In  mech.,  a  second 
speetl-gear  of  a  lathe,  which  can  be  brought 
into  action  on  the  fore-speed,  so  that  second 
series  of  speeds  of  the  spindle  are  thereby 
obtained. 

back-speer  (bak'sper),  v.  t.  [Se.,  also  written 
back-spear,  -spcir,  <  back'^,  adv.,  +  si)ecr,  ask, 
question.]  To  reexamine  or  cross-examine. 
[Scotch.] 

back-splinting  (bak '  splin  *  ting),  ».  In  coal- 
mining, a  system  of  working  coal  over  the  goaf 
and  across  the  packs  of  a  lower  one  got  in  ad- 
vance upon  the  long-wall  method.     Gresley. 

back-spring  (bak'spring),  H.  1.  A  spring 
formed  in  the  bolt  of  a  lock  by  cutting  a  longi- 
tuilinal  slit  near  its  upper  edge,  thus  leaving  a 
strip  of  imsupported  metal  which  by  elastic 
pressm-e  springs  the  bolt  into  its  place  when  it 
is  left  by  the  key. — 2.  The  spring  at  the  rear 
of  the  body  of  a  vehicle ;  specifically,  a  C-spring 
which  rides  up  at  the  back  of  the  carriage,  the 
body  of  the  latter  being  suspended  from  the 
forward  end.  —  3.  A  spring  backward. 

back-staff  (bak'staf),  n.  An  instrument  for- 
merly used  for  measming  the  sun's  altitude  at 
sea :  so  calleil  because  in  using  it  the  observer 
turned  his  back  to  the  siui. 

backstair,  backstairs  (bak'star,  -starz),  n. 
and  a.  I.  «.  A  stair  or  stairs  in  the  back 
part  of  a  house  ;  private  stairs.  [Properly  two 
words.     See  back^,  a.,  1.] 

II.  fl.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  stairs  in  the  back 
part  of  a  house  :  as,  a  backstair  entrance. —  2. 
Indirect;  underhand;  unfair;  intriguing:  as, 
backstair  influence. 

He's  like  a  backstair  minister  at  court,  who,  whilst  the 
reputed  favourites  are  sauntering  in  the  bed-chamber,  is 
ruling  the  roast  in  the  closet.       Vanhruffh,  Relapse,  ii.  1. 

Is  he  not  a  backstairs  favourite  — one  that  can  do  what 
he  iileases  with  those  that  do  what  they  ide.ise"? 

Goldsmith,  tlood-Natnred  Man,  ii. 

back-stall  (bak'stal),  H.  The  thief  who  walks 
behind  the  chief  operator  in  a  garrote-robliery 
to  conceal  him  when  at  work  and  make  off  with 
the  booty.     [Thieves'  slang.]     See  garrotc. 

backstandt  (.bak'stand),  H.  Support;  some- 
tiling  to  fall  back  upon. 

X  sure  staye  and  a  stedfast  backstaiide  at  home. 

Uall,  Hen  VII. 

backstay  (bak'sta),  n.  1.  In  printing,  a  strap 
of  leather  used  to  check  the  carriage  of  a 
printing-press. —  2.  In  eoal-mining,  a  forked  bar 
of  wrought-iron  attached  to  the  back  of  the 
mine-car  when  ascending  an  inclined  jilane, 
for  the  purpose  of  stopping  the  car  in  case  of 
accident.  [Yorkshire,  Eng.] — 3.  A  rod  extend- 
ing from  the  perch  to  the  outer  end  of  the  rear 
axle  of  a  carriage. — 4.  One  of  the  flaps  of  a 
carriage-top. —  5.  In  purchase-shears,  a  power- 
fid  spring  jilaced  at  the  back  of  the  moving 
blade  to  keep  the  two  cutting  edges  in  contact. 
—  6.  In  metiil-tiirnirig.  an  aiijustable  suiiport  for 
any  very  long  or  slender  article. — 7.  jd.  Nant., 
long  ropes  extending  backward  from  the  heads 
of  all  masts  above  the  lower  mast  and  fastened 


backstay 

on  each  gido  of  tlio  slii|i  to  the  chain-plates, 
serviug  to  support  tho  masts — Backstay-stools, 
Iilankilifj;  or  pieces  of  iruii  projeetiiif:  from  tin-  side  of  :i 
Bliip,  to  wliieh  tile  baekstiiys  ari*  uiaile  fast.  They  serve  the 
sanio  purpose  fort  lie  backstays  tliat  tlie  cliannelsilo  for  tile 

slirouils.— Traveling  backstays,  backstays  flttcrl  with 
u  traveler  which  slides  up  and  down  with  the  topsail-yard. 
The  principal  support  for  the  nuiat  is  thus  kept  at  that 
part  which  is  just  above  the  yard.     [Not  now  in  use.] 

back-step  (bak'step),  «.  A  rearward  movement 
of  a  si)uail  or  body  of  troojjs,  without  change 
of  front. 

backsterH,  »•    See  baiter. 

backster-  (bak'stor),  «.  [Etym.  uncertain.] 
A  flat  piece  of  wood  or  cork  fastened  on  the 
feet  for  walking  over  loose  beach.     N.  E.  D. 

backstitch  (bak'stich),  ».  A  method  of  sewing 
in  wliich  each  stitch  overlaps  or  doubles  back 
on  tlie  preceding  one,  the  noodle  entering  be- 
hind the  thread  at  the  end  of  the  stitch  already 
made  and  coming  out  in  front  of  it. 

backstitch,  (bak'stich),  V.  t.  and  i.  To  sew 
witli  stitches  which  overlap  each  other.  See 
Ixickxtitch,  «. 

backstone  (bak'ston),  n.  [E.  dial.,  =  bakestone, 
<  bake  +  stonc.'\  The  heated  stone  on  which 
oat-cake  is  baked.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

back-stop  (bak'stop),  n.  In  base-ball,  a  fence 
jilaced  a  short  distance  behind  the  catcher  to 
stop  the  ball  if  he  fails  to  catch  it. 

back-strap  (bak'strap),  n.  A  broad  strap  pass- 
ing along  the  middle  of  a  horse's  back  from  the 
upper  hame-strap  to  the  crupper  or  a  point  of 
junction  with  the  hip-straps  in  a  wagon-har- 
ness, and  in  a  can'iage-harness  from  the  gig- 
saddle  to  the  crupper.     E.  11.  Kniyht. 

back-strapped  (bak'strapt),  p.  a.  Carried  by 
head-winds  to  the  back  of  a  cape  or  promontory : 
said  of  a  ship. 

back-stream  (bak'strem),  n.  A  current  run- 
ning against  the  regular  course  of  the  stream; 
an  up-stream. 

back-string  (bak'string),  n.  A  leading-string 
by  which  a  child  is  supported  or  guided  from 
behind. 

Tile  back-st riu'j  and  the  bib.  Coicpcr,  Task,  iv.  22S. 

back-stroke  (bak'strok),  «.  1.  A  blow  or 
stroke  in  return. —  2.  A  backhanded  stroke; 
a  back-hander. 

My  uncle  Toby  never  took  this  hack-stroke  of  myfather's 
at  his  hobby-horse  kindly. 

iVcr/ic,  Tristram  Shandy,  vi.  31. 

back-swimmer  (bak '  swim  "  er),  n.  Same  as 
hoat-fh/. 

back-sword  (bak'sord),  II.  1.  A  sword  with 
one  sharp  edge,  used  for  cutting  rather  than 
thrusting,  sometimes  curved,  and  frequently 
straight,  it  usually  had  a  b;isket-hilt,  and  was  the 
coinnioli  weapon  of  citizens  and  country  people  when  the 
rapier  and  afterward  the  sniall-sword  were  worn  by 
gentlemen. 

2.  A  cudgel  fitted  ■svith  a  basket-hilt,  used  for 
a  particular  kind  of  single-stick  play. — 3.  A 
cudgel-play  in  which  the  baok-sword  (in  sense 
2)  is  used,  peculiar  to  certain  counties  of  Eng- 
land, and  still  kept  up  at  festivals  and  the  like 
in  the  attempt  to  presei-ve  old  customs.  The 
puard  is  with  the  left  arm,  and  the  object  of  each  player 
is  to  break  the  skin  of  his  adversary's  forehead  so  as  to 
draw  blotnl. 

back-tack  (bak'tak),  H.  In  Scots  law,  a  tack 
or  lease  connected  with  wadsets  or  mortgages, 
by  which  the  possession  of  the  land  is  retm-ned 
to  the  proprietor  on  payment  of  a  rent  corre- 
sponding to  the  interest  of  the  money  advanced. 
See  icadset. 

back-tool  (bak'tol),  ?(.  Any  tool,  either  fillet 
or  roll,  used  by  bookbinders  in  decorating  the 
curved  surface  of  the  back  of  a  book. 

back-trickf  (bak'trik),  11.  A  caper  backward  in 
dancing. 

I  have  the  1>nrk-lrirk  simply  .as  strong  as  any  man  in 
lllyria.  Shak.,  T.  N.,i.3. 

backward,  backwards  (bak'wiird,  -wardz), 
H(lr.  [<  ME. /)rtAi(Y(r(^, /lacH-rt/v?,  adv.,by  apher- 
esis  for  nbaekward,  <  abak,  adv.,  back,  -I- 
-leard, -wards.]  1.  In  the  direction  of  the  back : 
as,  to  throw  the  arms  backward. —  2.  With  the 
back  first  in  the  direction  of  motion :  as,  to 
walk  backward:  to  fall  l/ackward. 

lie  [Eli]  fell  from  olf  the  seat  backward,  .  .  .  and  his 

neck  brake.  1  Sam.  iv.  18. 

Thou  wilt  fall  backxmrd.  Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  i.  3. 

3.  In  the  direction  from  which  one  has  come ; 
toward  that  which  is  or  has  Vieen  left  behind : 
as,  he  glanced  backward. — 4.  Toward  bygone 
times  or  events;  towanl  that  which  is  past  in 
time :  as,  to  look  backward  to  the  last  centiu-y. 

The  lights  of  memory  backward  stream. 

WhUticr,  Memoritis. 


415 

5.  In  or  by  reflection ;  reflexively. 

The  niin<l  can  backward  cast 
Upon  Iicrself  her  underatandiin;  liKht. 

Sir  J.  David/,  Introd.  to  Immortal,  of  Soul. 

6.  In  time  past ;  ago. 

.Some  reigns  backward.  Locke. 

7.  In  an  opposite  or  contrary  direction. 

For  every  two  steps  they  made  forwards  and  upwards 
they  slipiied  one  backwards. 

Lady  lirajssey,  Voyage  of  .Sunbeam,  I.  ii. 

8.  In  an  opposite  or  reverse  order;  from  the 
end  toward  the  beginning ;  in  an  order  contrary 
to  the  natural  order:  as,  to  read  or  spell  back- 
ward;  hence,  perversely;  in  a  wrong  or  per- 
verse manner. 

I  never  yet  saw  man, 
llow  wise,  how  noble,  young,  how  rarely  featur'd, 
But  she  would  spell  him  backward. 

Stiak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  1. 
The  gospel  of  Christ  is  read  backivardu,  when  that  world 
which  he  came  to  save  is  regarded  as  a  world  which  it  is 
a  merit  to  abandon. 

C.  B.  Norton,  Travel  and  .Study  in  Italy,  p.  47. 

9.  From  a  better  to  a  worse  state;  retrogres- 
sively. 

The  work  went  backward  ;  and  the  more  he  strove 

T'  advance  the  suit,  the  farther  from  her  love.  Vrydcn. 

Backward  and  forward,  to  and  fro.— To  ring  bells 

backward,  to  give  an  alarm  by  ringing  the  bells  of  a 

chime  in  the  wrong  order,  beginning  with  the  b.as3  l)ell. 

The  belts  they  ring  backivard,  the  drums  they  are  beat. 

Scott,  I^onnie  I>un<lee. 

backward  (back'ward),  a.     [<  backward,  adv.'] 

1.  Du'ectod  to  the  back  or  rear:  as,  "a  back- 
ward look,"  Shak.,  Sonnets,  ILx. —  2.  Eeversod; 
returning;  directed  to  or  toward  the  original 
starting-point :  as,  a  backward  movement  or 
journey. 

And  now  they  do  re-stem 
Their  backward  course.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

3.  Done  in  reverse  order;  done  in  an  order 
contrary  to  the  natural  order,  as  in  repeating 
a  sentence  from  the  end  to  the  beginning. 

Without  his  rod  reversed, 
And  backward  mutters  of  dissevering  power, 
We  cannot  free  the  lady.  Milton,  Comus,  1.  817. 

4.  Being  in,  or  placed  at,  the  back. 

Four  legs  and  two  voices.  .  .  .  His  forward  voice  now 
is  to  spealt  well  of  his  friend ;  his  backivard  voice  is  to 
utter  foul  speeches,  and  to  detract.    Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

5.  Slow ;  sluggish ;  unprogressivo ;  unadvanced; 
behind  in  progress:  as,  a  backward  learner. 

Brigandage  survives  only  in  out-of-the-way  corners  of 
the  most  backivard  countries  of  Christendom,  such  as 
Spain  .and  Sicily.  J.  Fiskc,  Evolutionist,  p.  229. 

6.  Late ;  behind  in  time ;  coming  after  some- 
thing else,  or  after  the  usual  time :  as,  backioard 
fruits ;  the  season  is  backward. 

A  dry,  cold,  backward  spring,  easterly  winds. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  April  15,  1688. 

7.  Holding  back;  averse;  reluctant;  hesitat- 
ing. 

The  mind  is  backward  to  imdergo  the  fatigue  of  weigh- 
ing every  argument.  Watts. 
For  wiser  brutes  were  backward  to  be  slaves. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  50. 

8.  Timid;  bashful;  retiring  in  disposition; 
modest. — 9.  Beaching  back  into  the  past; 
already  past. 

Flies  unconscious  o'er  each  iMCkxcard  year. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  ii.  24. 

backward!  (bak'ward),  n.  [<  backward,  a.} 
The  things  or  state'behind  or  past. 

What  see'st  thou  else 
In  the  dark  backward  and  abysm  of  time  ? 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

backwardt  (bak'ward),  ('.  t.    [<  backward,  adv.] 
To  obstruct ;  keep  back ;  retard ;  delay. 
Doth  clog  and  backward  us.      Ilamviond,  Sermons,  xv. 

backwardation  (bak-wiir-da'shon),  H.  [<  back- 
waril.  I'.,  +  -at ion.]  On  the  London  Stock  Ex- 
change, the  premium  paid  by  a  seller  of  .stock 
for  the  jirivilege  of  postponing  its  delivery  to 
the  buyer  until  the  next  fortnightly  settling- 
day.     See  cnntanffo, 

backwardly  (bak'ward-li),  adv.  1.  In  a  back- 
ward direction. 

The  mandible  is  extremely  massive  and  has  a  backwardly 
produced  angle.  Huxley,  .\nat.  Vert.,  p.  320. 

2.  Un-willingly ;  reluctantly;  aversely;  per- 
versely; ill. 

I  was  tha  fli"st  man 
That  e'er  receiv'd  gift  from  him ; 
And  docs  he  think  so  backwardlif  of  me  now, 
That  111  requite  it  last?         Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  3. 

backwardness  (bak'wSrd-nes),  H.  The  state 
or  qiuvlity  of  being  bactward.  (a)  Backward  state 
as  regards  progress;  slowness;  tardiness:  as,  the  back- 


Baconian 

wardness  of  the  spring,    {h)  tnwllllngness;  reluctance; 
dilatoriness  or  dullness  in  action. 

Our  liacJcwardnciis  to  good  works.  Bp.  Atterbury. 

(c)  r.iishfulncss ;  shyness. 

backwards,  adr.    See  backward. 

back-washed  (bak'wosht),  a.  Cleansed  from 
oil,  as  wool  after  combing. 

back-water  (bak'wa'ter),  n.  It.  Water  flow- 
ing in  from  behind. — 2.  Water  thrown  back  by 
the  turning  of  a  water-wlieel  or  the  patldles  of 
steamboats,  etc. — 3.  Water  held  or  for(;ed 
back,  as  in  a  mill-race  or  in  a  tributary  stream, 
in  consequence  of  some  obstruction,  as  a  dam 
or  flood. — 4.  An  artificial  accumulation  of  wa- 
ter obtained  at  high  tide  and  reserved  in  reser- 
voirs, to  be  discharged  at  low  tide  for  clearing 
off  deposits  in  channel-beds  and  tideways. —  5. 
A  creek  or  arm  of  the  sea  which  runs  parallel 
to  the  coast,  having  only  a  naiTow  slip  of  land 
between  it  and  the  sea,  and  communicating 
with  the  latter  by  barred  entrances. 

Entering  tlie  mouth  of  the  Morcdab,  an  extensive  back- 
water into  which  fall  the  I'iri-Bazaar  and  other  streams, 
we  come  alongside  a  fairly  construct*;d  (piay. 

O'Donovan,  Jlerv,  viii. 

backwood  (bak'wiid),  «.  That  portion  of  a 
carpenter's  plane  which  is  immediately  behind 
the  plane-iron — To  drive  the  backwood  up,  to 
drive  the  wedge  of  a  plane  too  tightly.  \\'lu-n  this  is  (lone 
the  pressure  of  the  i)Ianc-iron  raises  a  bur  ur  slight  ridge 
at  the  angle  of  the  mouth  and  sole. 

backwoods  (bak'wiidz'),  «.  pi.  Wooded  or  par- 
tially uncleared  and  unsettled  districts  in  the 
remote  parts  of  a  new  country;  hence,  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  any  rough  or  thin- 
ly settled  region  far  from  the  centers  of  popu- 
lation. 

The  very  ease  with  which  books  containing  the  world's 
best  literature  were  obtainable  in  the  tiackwood-s  made  our 
early  writers  copyists.     Stedman,  Poets  of  ,\nierica,  p.  14. 

He  [Count  Tolstoi]  put  into  my  hands  a  letter  from  some 

man  living  in  a  village  in  the  backwixxis  of  rennsylvania. 

The  Century,  XXXIV.  201. 

backwoodsman  (bak'wud/.'man),  «. ;  pi.  back- 
icoiidsmcn  (-men).  An.  inhabitant  of  the  back- 
woods. 

The  General  Boone,  backjcoodstnan  of  Kentucky, 
Was  h.appiest  among  mortals  anywhere. 

Byron,  Don  .Tuan,  viii.  61. 

backworm  (bak'wferm),  w.  A  small  worm  gen- 
erally found  in  the  thin  skin  about  the  reins  of 
hawks.     See  filandcr'i. 

backwort  (bak'wert),  n.  The  comfrey,  Sijm- 
jdii/tuiti  officinale. 

back-wounding  (bak'won"ding),  a.  Wounding 
at  the  back  or  behind  one's  back;  backbiting; 
injming  suireptitiously :  as,  "backwounding 
caliminy,"  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  2. 

bacon  (ba'kon  or  -kn),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bakon,  baken,  <  ME.  bacon,  baeoun,  bakoun,  < 
OF.  bacon  =  Pr.  bacon,  <  ML.  baco(n-),  bacon, 
side  of  bacon,  shoulder,  ham,  also  a  swine,  < 
OHCt.  bahho,  bacho,  MHG.  bachc,  side  of  bacon, 
ham,  G.  bache,  a  -n-ild  sow  (obs.  or  dial.,  a  ham), 
=  MD.  bake,  bacon,  ham,  a  swine,  <  OHG.  *bah, 
etc.,  =  AS.  Ihvc,  E.  baek'^  :  see  back^.]  1.  Hog's 
flesh,  especially  the  back  and  sides,  salted  or 
pickled  and  dried,  usually  in  smoke. —  2t.  Pork. 
—  3t.  A  hog;  hence,  a  grossly  fat  person. — 4t. 
A  rustic  ;  a  clown :  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that 
swine's  flesh  was  the  meat  chiefly  eaten  by  the 
rural  population.    A'.  E.  D. 

On,  bacons,  on  !  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 

To  save  one's  bacon,  to  preserve  one's  self  from  harm. 
But  here  I  say  the  Turks  were  much  mistaken, 
\N  ho,  hating  hogs,  yet  wished  to  save  their  bacoti. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vii.  42. 

bacon-beetle  (ba'kon-be'tl),  n.    A  species  of 

the  genus  Dermcstes,  I),  lardarius,  family  Der- 

mestida;  order  Cole- 

optera,  whose  larvse 

are  very  destructive 

to    stuffed    animals 

in    museums.      The 

lar\-!e  are  hairy,  and 

whitish-brown       in 

color. 
Baconian  (ba-ko'ni- 

an),  a.   and  n.     [< 

Francis  Bacon,  born 

15G1.  died  IGL'C]  1.(7. 

Pertaining  to  Fran- 
cis   Bacon,     Baron 

Verulam,  commonly 

called  Lord  Bacon : 

as,  the  Baconian  phi- 
losophy. -  Baconian  lD<rmiu^.'Ji"JSri..,). 

method,  a  term  often,  ,^„^   ^  „„,  „,  j^  ^,^j  ^^ . 

though   incorrectly,    ap-     f,  beetle.    (Hair-lines  show  natuiml 

pUed  to  the  method  of    sizes.) 


Baconian 

Induction  (which  see)  (is  developeil  by  modern  science,  on 
the  supposition  that  Il:ii'<m  wjus  mainly  instrumental  in 
hrinK'inj;  this  nu'tluxt  into  nent-ral  nse. 

II,  H.  1.  An  adherent  of  the  Baconian 
philosopliy. —  2.  One  wlio  ]ioliis  the  theory 
that  Baeon  wrote  tlio  phiys  nsiially  attributed 
to  Slinkspere. 
Baconism  (ba'kon-izm),  n.  [<  Bacon  +  -ism.'] 
The  jihilosophy  of  Francis  Bacon,  or  the  gen- 
eral spirit  of  hjs  writings. 

These  societies  are  schools  of  Bacoiiistn,  designed  to 
embody  all  that  was  o(  value  in  llif  thoniiht  .'iiicl  spirit  of 
Bacon  —  namely,  a  protest  afj.iiHst  tniililioiial  aulhority 
in  science,  with,  of  course,  a  recoininemlntion  of  induction 
and  of  the  inductive  sciences  for  their  value  in  the  arts  of 
life.  n'riciht, 

baconize  (ba'kpn-iz),  r.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  baeon- 
(><■(/,  ppr.  liitconhiiitj.  [<  Jjacon  +  -i:c.'\  To  make 
into  or  like  baeon ;  smoke,  as  baeon. 

baconweed  (ba'kon-wed),  n.  The  pigweed, 
Chcnopodium  album. 

bacony  (bii'kon-i),  a.  [<  bacon  +  -)/l.]  Like 
liaodii;  lurdaceous. 

bacteria  (bak-te'ri-a),  11.  [NL. :  see  bacterium.^ 
1.  l'\m-ii\  oi  bacterium,  \. —  2.  [cap.]  A  genus 
of  gressorial  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Phasmidw ;  the  stiek-insects  or  walking-sticks. 
B.  sarmeiitosa  is  about  10  inches  long.  See 
Phaxmi<hr. 

Bacteriacese  (bak-te-ri-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bacterium  +  -acea;.']  A  group  of  the  simplest 
mieroseopie  fungi,  more  usually  called  Schizo- 
mijcctes,  the  achlorophyllous  division  of  the 
Schizosporem  of  Cohn,  or  of  the  Schizophyta  of 
more  recent  authorities.  They  exhibit  a  great  va- 
riety of  forms,  and  are  suljdivided  accordingly  into — (1) 
Sphtprobacteria,  which  are  spherical,  as  in  Micrococcus; 
(2)  Microhacteria,  which  are  elliptical  or  shortly  cylindri- 
cal, as  in  Bacterium,  the  only  geims;  (3)  Dexmohacteria, 
which  consist  of  straight  filaments,  as  in  Bacillus;  (4) 
Spirobncteria.  in  which  the  filaments  are  more  or  less 
coiled,  as  in  S])irilluin. 

bacterial  (bak-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  bacterium  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  bacteria;  of  the 
nature  of  or  caused  by  bacteria :  as,  a  bacterial 
parasite  in  the  blood ;  bacterial  orgamsms;  bac- 
terial infusions. 

The  issue  of  a  bacterial  affection  is  eitlier  the  death  of 

the  patient,  or  the  death  and  elimination  of  the  bacteria. 

Zieffler,  Pathol.  Anat.  (trans.),  I.  287. 

bacterian  (bak-te'ri-an),  a.     Same  as  bacterial. 

bactericidal  (bak-te'ri-si-dal),  a.  [<  bacteri- 
cide +  -o/.]     Destructive  to  bacteria. 

bactericide  (bak-te'ri-sid),  n.    [<  NL.  bacterium 
+  L.  -eida,  <  ca-dcre,  kill.]     A  substance  that 
has  the  property  of  destroying  bacteiia. 
A  bactericide  of  great  activity. 

Therapeutic  Gaz.,  VIII.  661. 

Bacterides  (bak-ter'i-dez),  «.  J)/.  [NL.,  prop. 
*Bacterid(V,  <  Bacterium.  +  -ides,  -ida;.]  A  name 
sometimes  given  indefinitely  to  a  gi'oup  of  mi- 
crobes referable  to  the  genera  Bacillus  and  Bac- 
terium (which  see). 

bacteriform  (bak-te'ri-form),  a.  [<  NL.  bac- 
terium +  L.  forma,  form.]  Of  the  form  of 
bacteria ;  resembling  Ijaeteria. 

bacterioid  (bak-te'ri-oid),  a.  [<  bacterium  + 
-oid.]  Resembling  or  closely  alUed  to  bac- 
teria. 

bacteriological  (bak-te"ri-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  bacteriology. 

bacteriologist  (bak-te-ri-ol'o-jlst),  n.  [<  bac- 
teriolofiji  +  -ist.]     One  skilled  in  bacteriology. 

bacteriology  (bak-te-ri-ol'o-ji),  ».  [<  NL.  bacte- 
rium +  Gr.  -'Ao}ia,  <  Xeyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
That  department  of  biology  which  investigates 
bacteria  and  other  microbes,  especially  their 
life-history  and  agency  in  disease;  the  scien- 
tific study  of  bacteria. 

Bacteriotoffrt  is  now  a  natural  science  of  sufficient  im- 
portance and  completeness  to  take  its  proper  place  in 
hygiene,  etiology,  and  pathological  anatomy. 

ScieTice,  VI.  77. 

bacterioscopic  (bak-te'ri-o-skop'ik),  a.  [<  bac- 
trrioscnjii/  -i-  -ic.  ]  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the 
discovci'v  or  oViscrvation  of  bacteria. 

bacterioscopy  (bak-te-ri-os'ko-pi),  n.  [<  NL. 
bacterium  -r  Gr.  -aKOjria,  <  CKOTTciv,  view.]  Mi- 
croscopic investigation  of  bacteria. 

bacteriotherapeutic  (bak-te"ri-o-ther-a-pii'- 
tik),  a.  [<  bacterium  -h  therapeutic.']  Pertain- 
ing to  bacteriotherapy. 

Dr.  Ballagi  has  carefully  followed  the  bacteriotkerapeutic 
details  advised  by  Cantani  in  eight  cases  of  advanced  phthi- 
sis with  moderate  fever.  Medical  News,  XLIX.  il. 

bacteriotherapy  (bak-te'ri-o-ther'a-pi),  n.  [< 
NL.  bacterium  +  (Jr.  flciimreia,  medical  treat- 
ment.] In  med.,  the  introduction  of  bacteria 
into  the  system  for  the  cure  of  disease.   Thus  in 

ghthisLs    inhalations   containing   Bacterium  termo  have 
een  employed,  witli  the  idea  that  the  bacterium  de- 


416 

etroyed  the  Badllut  tuberculorif  which  is  characteristic  of 

the  disease. 

bacteritic  (bak-te-rit'ik),  a.  [<  bacterium  +  -it- 
ie:  see -iVfs.]  C'fiaracterized  or  caused  by  the 
presence  of  bacteria. 

bacterium  (b.ak-te'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  bacteria  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  jiaKTijpim;  a  little  stick,  dim.  of  liim- 
Tij(na,  a  staff,  stick,  <  flaKTjmv,  a  staff,  stick,  akin 
to  L.  baculum,  a  staff:  see  baculus.]  1.  One 
of  the  micro-organisms  which  are  concerned  in 
the  putrefactive  processes,  and  are  known  as 
Schizomycctes,  or  fission  fungi,  in  distinction 
from  Saccliaromycetes,  or  budding  fungi,  which 
produce  alcoholic  fermentation.  Their  true  charac- 
ter was  long  in  doubt,  but  they  are  miw  generally  regarded 
as  the  lowest  forms  of  vegetable  life,  and  are  l<nown  to  mul- 
tiply, in  some  species  at  least,  by  the  formation  of  spores 
and  even  of  true  sporangia.  They  consist  of  exceed- 
ingly minute  spherical,  oblong,  or  cylindrical  cells,  with- 
o\it  Vblorujibyl,  multiply  by  transvei^e  division,  and  may 
be  fnond  aiiywlifre.  Tlieir  origin  and  the  part  they  take 
in  putrefaetinn,  fermentation,  and  disease  have  been  the 
subject  in  recent  years  of  much  study  and  discussion. 
Very  much  remains  in  doubt,  but  there  is  no  question  of 
the  importance  of  these  investigations  from  a  sanitary 
point  of  view.  It  also  .appears  to  have  been  demonstrated 
that  the  bacteria  which  exist  in  the  soil  are  active  in 
elianging  otherwise  inert  substances  into  matter  suitable 
for  the  food  of  plants,  converting  the  nitrogenous  matter 
of  organic  origin  into  soluble  nitrates.  The  genera  and 
species  have  been  variously  defined,  and  are  necessarily 
based  on  slight  characters.  The  groups  and  principal 
genera  usually  recognized  are  M  icrococcus,  with  spherical 
cells,  concerned  in  certain  fermentations  and  found  in 
connection  with  special  contagious  diseases ;  the  rod-bac- 
teria, Bacterium  ;  the  straight  filiform  bacteria.  Bacillus, 
etc. ;  and  the  spiral  filiform  bacteria.  Vibrio,  .Spirillum, 
etc.  Of  the  genus  Micrococcus,  M.  dijyhtheriticus  is  con- 
sidered to  be  tile  special  cause  of  diphtheria,  and  J/,  vac- 
ciiice  of  smallpox.  See  Bacteriacefe,  and  cut  under  bacillus. 
2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  microscopic  fungi,  con- 
sisting of  a  single  short  cylindrical  or  ellipti- 
cal cell,  or  of  two  such  cells  united  end  to  end, 
and  capable  of  spontaneous  movement.  The 
best-known  species,  B.  termo,  is  the  prime  cause  of  putre- 
faction, occurring  early  in  all  infusions  of  animal  and  vege- 
table substances  and  multiplying  \vith  great  rapidity. 
The  indi\iduals  of  this  species  are  about  one  ten-thou- 
sandth of  an  inch  in  length. 

Bactrian  (bak'tri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Bactri- 
anus  (Gr.  BaKipiavog),  <  Bactria,  <  Gr.  Banrpia 
(also  BoKTpa,  <  Pers.  Baihtar),  a  province  so 
called.]  I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bactria  or 
Bactriana,  an  ancient  country  of  central  Asia, 
with  its  capital,  Bactra,  on  the  site  of  the  mod- 
em Balkh.  It  became  a  province  of  the  Persian  empire 
under  Cyrus,  and  from  about  "255  to  about  126  B.  c.  was 
a  separate  kingdom  under  a  Greek  dynasty. — Bactrian 
camel.  .See  ca  met. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bactria. 

BactriS  (bak'tris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jianTpov,  a 
staff :  see  bacterium.]  A  genus  of  slender 
palms,  consisting  of  about  40  species,  found 
about  rivers  and  in  marshy  places  in  America 
within  the  tropics.    The  stems  are  generally  covered 


■?  /^ 

Portion  of  Baculitei 
/aujasii. 


'^'W 


Bnetris  acanthccarfia.w'nh  fniit,  and  nut  deprived  of  its  husk, 
the  dots  upon  the  latter  showing  position  of  embryos. 

with  spines,  and  the  leaves  are  piimate,  though  occasion- 
ally simple  or  2-lobed.  The  fruit  is  small,  ^vith  a  thin 
fibrous  pulji  inclosing  a  hard  black  nut.  The  kernel  of  B. 
majnr  is  eaten  in  Cartagena.  The  stems  of  B.  minor  are 
used  for  walking-sticks,  under  the  name  of  Tobago  canes. 

baculi,  ».     Plural  of  baculus. 

baculine  (bak'ii-lin),  a.  [<  L.  baeulmn,  a  rod, 
+  -(Hfi.]  Of  or  pertainingto  the  rod,  or  to  its 
use  in  punishment  by  flogging., 

baculite  (bak'ii-lit),  «.  and  n.  [<  XL.  Baculitcs, 
>1.  v.]  I.  H.  A  fossil  cephalopod  of  the  genus 
Baculitcs ;  staff-stoue. 


bad 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  baculites. 
Also  haeulitic.  Baculite  limestone,  a  name  given  to 
tin- chalk  of  Norinanilj  ,  fn-ro  tin-  ai'undance  of  baculitea 
wliirh  it  contains. 
Baculites  (bak-u-li'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  baculum, 
a  staff,  +  -ite ;  see  -ite^.]  A  genus  of  poly- 
thalamous  or  many-chambered 
cephalopods,  belonging  to  the 
family  Ammonitida:  The  species 
are  known  only  in  a  fossil  state,  having 
become  extinct  at  the  close  of  the  Cre- 
taceous period.  The  shell  is  straight, 
more  or  less  compressed,  conical,  and 
very  much  elongated,  llie  chambers 
are  sinuous  and  pierced  by  a  marginal 
siphon.  The  external  chamber  is  con- 
siderably larger  than  the  rest.  There 
are  about  20  species,  found  from  the 
Neocomian  to  the  Chalk  formation. 

baculitic(bak-u-lit'ik),a.  Same 
as  haenlife. 

baculometry  Cbak-u-lom'e-tri), 

n.  [<  L.  baculum,  a  staff,  -f  Gr.  -perpia,  <  /icrpov, 
a  measure.]  The  measurement  of  heights  or 
distances  by  means  of  staves.    Phill>}ys. 

baculus  (bak'u-lus),  n.;  pi.  baculi  (-15).  [L., 
more  commonly  neut.  baculutn,  a  stick,  staff, 
scepter,  etc.;  cf.  LL.  dim.  bacillus  (see  bacil- 
lus); akin  to  Gr.  j3aKrpov,  a  rod,  staff:  see  bac- 
terium.] 1.  A  di\'ining-rod. —  2.  A  long  staff 
or  crutch  upon  which  worshipers  were  formerly 
allowed  to  lean  during  long  offices,  such  as  the 
psalms. — 3.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  crusta- 
ceans. 

badl  (bad),  a.  and  «.  [<  ME.  bad,  badde,  bad, 
worthless,  wicked,  prob.  a  generalized  adj. 
use  (with  loss  of  -/,  as  in  ME.  iiiuclte  for  muchel, 
<  AS.  mycel,  much ;  ME.  hjte  for  lytel,  <  AS. 
lytel,  little;  ME.  u-cnche  iov  ire>tclul,<  AS.  tcen- 
cel :  see  7iiuch,  mickle,  lite,  lyte,  little,  and  nench) 
of  a  noun,  "baddel,  <  AS.  ba-ddel  (twice,  in  gloss- 
es), with  equiv.  deriv.  ba^dling  (suffi.x  -ing^), 
an  effeminate  person,  a  hermaphrodite,  with 
formative  -el,  <  *b(ed  =  OHG.  "bad,  }>ad,  a 
hermaphrodite  (Leo).  This  word  appears  to 
exist  also  in  some  AS.  local  names,  but  traces 
elsewhere  are  slight;  cf.  AS.  *bede,  "jjede, 
immatura,"  negative  "or-bede,  "  or-pede,  adul- 
tus,"  in  glosses.  This  etjTnology,  first  sug- 
gested by  Leo,  is  uncertain,  but  it  is  the  only 
one  that  fairly  satisfies  the  phonetic  and  his- 
torical conditions ;  the  word  can  have  no  con- 
nection, as  suggested,  with  Goth,  baulks,  deaf 
and  dumb,  with  6.  bose,  bad,  or  with  Com. 
bad,  Ir.  Gael,  baodk,  foolish,  etc.  The  orig. 
word,  AS.  beeddel,  ilE.  *baddel,  on  account  of 
its  sinister  import,  is  scarcely  found  in  litera- 
ture, but,  like  other  words  of  similar  sense,  it 
prob.  flourished  in  vulgar  speeeli  as  an  indefi- 
nite term  of  abuse,  and  at  length,  divested  of 
its  original  meaning,  emerged  in  literary  use 
as  a  mere  adj.,  badde,  equiv.  to  the  older  evil. 
(Cf.  the  similar  development  of  the  adj.  icicA'erf, 
ME.  wicked,  uikled,  earlier  uicke.  wikke,  from 
the  noun  AS.  wicca,  m.,  a  witch,  wizard,  lience 
an  e\"il  person :  seeicicked^.)  The  adj.  first  ap- 
pears at  the  end  of  the  13th  century,  and  does 
not  become  common  till  the  loth  century.  In 
high  literary  use  it  is  comparatively  rare,  as 
against  evil,  till  the  18th  century.  In  the  Eng- 
lish Bible  bad  occurs  but  rarely,  and  only  in  the 
familiar  antithesis  with  good.  Bad  was  former- 
ly compared  reg.  badder,  baddest.  but  has  now 
taken  from  evil  the  irreg.  comparison  worse, 
icorst.]  I.  a.;  compar.  worse,  superl.  worst 
(formerly  badder,  baddest).  1.  Evil;  ill;  vi- 
cious; ■«-icked;  depraved:  applied  to  persons, 
conduct,  character,  influence,  etc. :  as,  a  bad 
man;  bad  conduct;  a  bad  life;  a  bad  heart; 
bad  influence,  etc. 

Wisest  men 
Have  err'd,  and  by  betd  women  been  deceived. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  211. 

2.  Offensive  ;  disagi'eeable ;  troublesome  ;  pain- 
ful; grievous:  as,  bad  treatment;  a  bad  tem- 
per ;  it  is  too  bad  that  you  had  to  wait  so  long. 

The  old  soldiers  of  James  were  generally  in  a  very  bad 
temper.  Macaul^iif. 

3.  Hurtful;  noxious;  having  an  injurious  or 
unfavoralile  tendency  or  effect :  witli  for :  as, 
bad  air  or  bad  food ;  late  hours  are  bad  for  the 
health ;  this  step  would  be  bad  for  your  reputa- 
tion or  prospects. 

Reading  was  bad  for  his  eyes ;  writing  made  his  head 
ache.  Addiifon. 

4.  Ill;  in  ill  health;  sick;  in  imsound  condi- 
tion :  as,  to  feel  bad ;  to  be  bad  with  rheum.a- 
tism;  a  ?"((/ hand  or  leg.     [CoUoq.] 

I  have  been,  three  days  ago,  bad  again  with  a  spitting 
of  blood.  Sterne,  Letters,  cri. 


bad 

6.  Not  good  ;  defective ;  worthless ;  poor ;  of 
no  value  :  as,  bad  coin ;  bad  debts ;  a  h(id  soil ; 
a  bad  crop  ;  a  bad  piece  of  work;  bad  health. 

Perjuries  are  common  as  bad  pence. 

Cowpcr,  Expostulation, 

6.  Incorrect;  faulty:  as,  aftacJaim;  6ad  Eng- 
lish; a  bad  pronunciation. 

Call,  if  you  will,  bad  rliyniiiiK  a  (U.sease. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  ii.  IS'i. 

7.  Not  valid;  not  sound:  as,  a  bad  claim;  a 
had  plea, 

"  You  haii  better  get  a  porter's  knot,  ami  carry  trunks." 
Nor  was  tlie  advice  bad ;  for  a  porter  was  likely  to  be  as 
plentifully  fed,  and  aa  comfortably  lodged,  as  a  poet. 

Macaulay,  Samuel  Johnson. 

8.  Unfavorable;  unf ortimate :  as,  bad  news; 
bad  success. 

Perplex'd  and  troubled  at  his  bad  success 
The  tempter  stood,  nor  had  wliat  to  reply. 

ililtm,  1'.  &.,  Iv.  1, 
[Bad  is  the  ordinary  antithesis  of  (jowl,  in  all  its  senses, 
wlii-tlur  positively,  'evil,'  'harmful,'  or  negatively,  'not 
guild,'  'not  satisfactory,' and  whether  substantively,  'being 
evil,'  or  causally.  "causiLig  harm.'  'I'lif  sliiscs  run  into 
one  another,  the  preci-se  applii  ation  hehi'..'  ikterniined  by 
the  context.)  — Bad  blood,  bad  conscience,  etc  ,Sce  the 
nouns.  — Bad  form,  conduct  not  in  accorilancc  with  good 
taste  or  propriety,  or  not  in  keeping  with  the  present 
conventional  usage;  slightly  vulgar;  not  very  refined. 
[Slang.) 

They  are  taught  that  to  become  emotional  or  enthusi- 
astii'  over  anything  is  bad. form.  N.  A.  lice.,  CXLII,  6'21, 
In  bad  Odor,  SeeoJor,— 'With  a  bad  grace,  See  grace. 
II.  n.  That  which  is  bad,  (a)  A  bad  condi- 
tion :  as,  to  go  to  the  bad  (see  below).  (6)  A 
bad  thing :  as,  there  are  bads  and  goods  among 
them.— To  the  bad.  («)  To  ruin,  financial  or  moral ;  aa, 
he  and  his  affairs  soon  went  to  the  bail,  {b)  To  the  wrong 
side  of  the  account ;  in  arrear  or  deficit :  as,  I  am  now  SlOO 
to  the  bad. 

bad2  (bad).     Preterit  of  bid. 

badak-tapa  (bad'ak-tap'ii),  ".  [Malay.]  The 
Malay  name  of  the  rhinoceros  of  Sumatra. 

badaneh  (ba-dii'ue),  h.  The  tunic  worn  by  the 
Egyptian  califs,  made  of  the  very  iinest  quality 
of  linen.  The  weight  of  the  garment  was  only  '2  ounces, 
and  it  is  said  to  have  cost  1,000  dinars  (.about  ?'2,600). 

baddam  (bad'am),  n.  A  species  of  bitter  al- 
mond imported  into  some  parts  of  India  from 
Persia,  and  used  as  money,  -with  a  value  of 
about  half  a  cent. 

baddert  (bad'er),  a.     Old  comparative  of  bad. 
See  bad^. 
Lewed  peple 


demen  gladly  to  the  barider  ende. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  216. 


Were  it  badder,  it  is  not  the  worst.  Lylii,  Euphues. 
badderlocks  (bad'er-loks),  n.  [Supposed,  with- 
out evidence,  to  stand  for  Balder's  locks.  Cf. 
baUkr-brae.']  A  name  given  in  Scotland  to 
the  edible  seaweed  J?((i'/((  csculmta.  iii,.-  plant  is 
olive-green,  belonging  to  the  order  l,aoiioiirlae,;p,  and  has 
a  lanceolate  frond  borne  upon  a  stipe  which  is  continued 
into  a  midrib.  The  stipe  bears  ribless  leaflets  along  its 
sides.  Also  called  hemcare,  and  in  the  Orkney  Islands 
hoiieii-icare ;  in  parts  of  Irelauii,  nuirlitv!. 

baddestt  (bad'est),  a.  Old  superlative  of  bad. 
See  ftarfi. 

The  baddest  among  the  cardinals  is  chosen  pope. 

Sir  E.  Sandiis,  State  of  Religion. 

baddish  (bad'ish),  a.     [<  ftarfl  +  -j's/il.]     Some- 
what bad;  of  inferior  character  or  quality. 
He  wrote  baddUh  verses.  Jeffrey. 

A  snuffy,  babbling,  baddish  fellow. 

Carlyle,  The  Century,  XXIV.  24. 

baddock  (bad'ok),  )i,  [E,dial,  Cf.  tnrfocfc.]  A 
Idi'al  English  name  of  the  coalfish. 

bade  (bad).     Preterit  of  6irf. 

badelaire  (ba-de-lar'),  »•  [F.,formeriy  baude- 
laire:  see  badclar.']  In  her.,  a  curved  sword 
or  cutlas  used  as  a  bearing. 

badelart,  »■  [<  F-  badelaire  (ML.  badelarc, 
badarcllm).  Cf.  baselard,  baslard-l  A  short 
curved  sword.      Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais. 

badgel  (baj),  n.  [<  ME.  badge,  baggc,  hage 
(also  bagi.i,  early  mod.  Sc.  bagie,  hadgie,  bawgy), 
later  in  ML.  bagca,  bagia.  OF,  bagc  (rare). 
Origin  unknown ;  perhaps  <  ML.  baga,  a  ring, 
<  OS.  bag,  bug  =  AS.  bcdg,  bedh.  a  ring,  orna- 
ment, ME.  be's,  beigli,  etc.,  mod.  E.  6«'-,  q.  v.] 
1.  A  token  or  cognizance  worn  in  allusion  to 
the  wearer's  occupation,  position,  preferences, 
or  achievements.  The  badge  in  the  middle  ages  was 
not  necessarily  heraldic,  though  in  m;uiy  cases  it  was  se- 
U-t  led  from  one  or  more  of  theheraldie  bearings,  and  it  is 
not  l.ionnd  l>y  heralds'  rules.  Tlnls,  the  white  hart  of 
Kichanl  II.  is  represented  in  different  attitudes,  and  is  not 
described  in  the  langmige  of  blazon.  A  figure  for  a  bailge 
might  also  be  chosen  arbitrarily,  as  the  boar  of  Kichard 
III.  Badges  selected  as  personal  tokens  have  often  become 
heraldic  bearings,  as  the  three  feathers  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales. 

His  gorgeous  collar  hung  adown, 

■Wrought  with  the  badye  of  Scotland's  crown. 

Scott,  Marmiou,  v,  8, 
27 


417 

2.  A  mark,  token,  or  device  worn  by  servants, 
retainers,  partizans,  or  followers,  as  a  sign  of 
their  allegiance,  or  a  similar  token  worn  by 
members  of  an  association  to  indicate  their 
membership. 

On  his  breast  a  bloodie  Crosse  he  bore. 
The  deare  remembrance  of  his  dying  Lord  ; 
For  wlioae  aweete  sake  that  glorious  badye  ho  wore, 

Spenser,  F.  tj.,  I.  i.  2. 

3.  The  mark  or  token  of  anything. 

Sweet  mercy  is  nobility's  true  badye. 

Shttk.,  Tit,  And,,  i,  2, 

Zeal  for  orthodoxy  became  a  badge  of  Spanish  patriot- 
ism after  the  long  struggle,  first  with  Arians,  and  then 
with  Moors,  //.  JV,  Oxenham,  .Short  Studies,  p,  3S7, 

4.  Xaut. :  (a)  A  carved  ornament  formerly 
placed  on  ships,  near  the  stern,  and  often  con- 
taining tlie  representa- 
tion of  a  window,  {b)  A 
mark  of  good  conduct 
awarded  in  the  United 
States  naval  service  to 
seamen  distinguished 
for  sobriety  and  obedi- 
ence— Badge  of  Ulster,  in 
her.,  the  ancient  distinctive 
ensign  of  the  order  of  baro- 
nets, (.See  baroiu-t.)  It  is  the 
ancient  badge  of  the  Irish 
kingdom  of  Ulster,  and  is  thus 
blazoned:  arg.,  a  sinister  hand 
appaunnie,  couped  at  the 
wrist,  gules.  This  may  be 
borne  upon  a  canton  or  an  in- 
escutcheon,  and  on  that  part 
of  the  bearer's  armorial  sliield 
which  is  most  convenient. 
Sometimes  called  the  bloody 
hand  o.f  Ulster,—  Corps 
badges,  tokens  worn  by  the 
different  I'liited  States  amiy- 
ciirps  during  the  civil  war  of 
lsiil-(J5,  to  distinguish  them 
one  from  another.  ,       ,,   .- 

badgei  (baj),r.  t;  pret.    Nfv'^^-IpTnd'k".  o?iS=k'.Yu>!; 

and     pp.      badf/cd,      ppr.  edges,    blue ;    second    stripes. 

,       J     .*  '■         r^i'      J1-1  white:   center,  red.     Medal  of 

badgilig.       [(.badge'-,)!.]  bronze,    a  clasp  with  n.ime  of 

To  mark  or  distinguish  ^hip  given  for  each  succeeding 

.  e>  recommendation  for  good  con- 

Wlth  a  badge  or  as  with  duct,  to  be  wom  on  the  pendant 

a  badge.     [Rare.]  asm  the  cut. 

Their  hands  and  faces  were  all  bado'd  with  blood, 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  3. 

badge-t  (baj),  v.  i.  [Early  mod.  E,  also  bagge  ; 
appar.  the  source  of  badger^  as  a  noun  of  agent 
(<  badge-  +  -er^),  but  the  verb  appears  later 
than  the  noun  and  is  prob.  a  reverse  deriv.  of 
it,  like  peddle  from,  peddler  or  pedlcr,  etc. :  see 
badger^.']  To  hawk  for  sale ;  buy  up,  as  pro- 
visions, for  the  purpose  of  selliug  again;  re- 
grate, 

badgeer,  «.    See  badgir. 

badgeless (baj'les),  a.  [<  badge^  +  -less.']  Hav- 
ing no  badge. 

Some  badgeless  blue  upon  his  back. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  iv.  B, 

badgeman  (baj'man),  n.;  pi.  badgcmcn  (-men). 
[<  bailge^  +  /«a«.]  A  man  who  wears  a  badge ; 
specifically,  in  England,  an  almshouseman :  so 
called  because  a  special  dress  or  badge  is  worn 
to  iiiiiicate  that  the  wearer  belongs  to  a  par- 
ticular foundation. 

He  iiuits  the  gay  and  rich,  the  young  and  free, 
Among  the  badyemen  with  a  badge  to  be,        Crabbe. 

badgerl  (baj'^r),  «.  [<  badge^,  «.,  +  -rrl.]  A 
badgeman ;  one  entitled  or  required  by  law  to 
wear  a  badge,  as  the  police,  licensed  porters, 
and  others. 

badger'-^  (baj'er),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bad- 
gent,  baf/eard  {mod.  dial,  also  budget,  q.  v. ),  prob. 
<  badi/e^  (in  allusion  to  the  white  stripes  on  its 
forehead)  +  -ard  (reduced  to  -er)  or  -eri  (ex- 


European  Badger  (.MeUs  vulgaris). 

tended  to  -ard,  as  in  braggard,  braggart,  for 
braqqer,  standard,  a  tree,  for  stander,  etc.), 
being  thus  identical  with  badger^.  Cf.  F.  blai- 
rcaif,  a  badger,  OF.  blariau,  a  badger,  <  OFlem. 


badget 

OD.  blaer,  bald,  blan,  blaere,  D.  hlaar,  a  white 
spot  on  the  foreliead ;  cf .  also  the  equiv.  name 
bauson.}  1.  A  fossorial  plantigrade  carnivo- 
rous mammal,  of  the  family  Mustelidie  and  sub- 
family Melilia'.  (For  its  technical  characters,  see  Afeli- 
ttcp.)  The  coninion  European  apeeies,  to  whicli  the  name 
was  first  applied,  is  .Mele,i  imlyari.i  or  Metef  taxug;  it  in 
about  2  feet  long,  of  heavy  and  clumsy  shape,  low  on  the 
legs,  with  a  short  thick  tail,  a  long  snout,  and  long  claws 
fitti-d  for  digging.  The  general  color  is  grizzled  gray,  with 
dark  limbs,  and  black  and  white  stripes  on  the  head.  Tllis 
animal  inlnibits  temperate  and  northerly  portions  of  Eu- 
rope and  Asia.  Its  llesli  is  used  as  food,  its  pelt  in  fun-i- 
ery,  and  its  hair  for  making  shaving-brushes  and  the  kind 
of  artists'  brushes  called  badgers.  In  a  state  of  nature 
the  animal  is  less  fetiil  than  some  of  the  other  sjieciea. 
The  American  badger,  Taxidea  amerieana,  resembles  the 
foregoing,  but  differs  in  the  dental  formula  and  some  other 
technical  cliaractera ;  it  is  a  common  animal  in  the  western 
States  and  Territories,  and  iu  some  regions,  aa  the  M  issouri 
watershed,  it  is  very  abundant.  The  Indian  badger  is 
.1  rctomix  collaris ;  it  is  also  called  sand-bear  and  bear-pig. 
The  Javanese  akunk  (so  called  from  ita  extreme  fetidneaa), 
the  teledu  or  telego,  Mydaus  inelieeps,  is  a  true  badger. 
See  cut  under  teledu.  The  ratel,  honey-badger,  or  Cape 
badger,  Mellivora  capeiuiis,  is  nearly  related,  though  be- 
longing to  a  dilferent  subfamily,  the  iletUcorinte.  The 
wombat  is  often  called  badger  in  Australia.  It  is  a  wide- 
spread vulgar  error  that  the  legs  of  the  badger  are  shorter 
on  one  side  than  on  the  other;  hence,  "the  unecen-legg'd 
badger,"  Drayton. 

We  are  not  badgers. 
For  our  legs  are  one  as  long  as  the  other. 

Lyly,  Midas,  i.  2. 

2.  (a)  An  artists'  brush  made  of  badgers'  hair, 
used  for  blending  or  causing  the  pigments  to 
melt  or  shade  into  one  another  and  for  impart- 
ing smoothness.  (/;)  A  flat  brush  used  for  re- 
mo\'ing  dust  from  a  polished  surface  in  some 
photogi'aphic  and  other  chemical  operations, 
etc. —  3.  The  Lutraria  rtdgaris,  a  common  con- 
chiferous  or  bivalve  moUusk  of  northern  Eu- 
rope. It  is  especially  used  as  liait  for  the  cod. 
— 4.  A  sobriquet  of  a  resident  of  Wisconsin, 
called  the  Badger  State,  in  allusion  to  the  abun- 
dance of  badg:ers  in  it — Drawing  the  badger. 
Same  as  badger-baiting. 
badger2  (baj'&r),  v.  t.  [<  badger^,  h.]  1.  To 
attack,  as  the  badger  is  attacked  when  being 
drawn  or  baited ;  bait ;  worry ;  pester. 

Inconsistent  professors,  who  aeeined  to  have  badgered 
him  [Thomas  Cooper)  out  of  Methodism  into  scepticism. 
Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  64'2. 

■When  one  has  to  be  badgered  like  this,  one  wants  a  drop 
of  something  more  than  ordinary.    TroUope,  Orley  Faim. 

2.  To  beat  dovni  in  a  bargain.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
Halliicell.=SyTi.  Pester,  \\'orr;i.  He.    See  tease. 

badger^  (baj'er).  It.  [<  late  ME.  bager,  of  ob- 
scure origin,  perhaps  an  assibilated  form  (aris- 
ing from  its  legal  use,  in  an  AF.  or  L,  form)  of 
bagger  (which  does  not  occur  in  the  lit.  sense 
till  much  later),  in  allusion  to  the  hawker'sbag, 
<  bag'^  +  -er''-.  Ci. pedder,  jtedkr, peddler,  <  ped, 
a  basket,  pannier.]  One  who  buys  com  and 
other  provisions  to  sell  them  elsewhere ;  a 
hawker ;  a  huckster ;  a  cadger.  Badgers  were  re- 
quired to  take  out  a  license,  and  were  under  certain  legal 
restrictions  as  to  regrating  or  forestalling  the  market. 
[Now  only  prov.  Eng.) 

badger-baiting  (baj'^r-ba"ting).  ».  A  barba- 
rous sport  formerly  common,  and  still  practised 
to  some  extent,  generally  as  an  attraction  to 
public  houses  of  the  lowest  sort,  a  badger  is  put 
into  a  barrel,  and  one  or  more  dogs  are  put  in  to  drag  him 
out.  When  this  is  effected  he  is  returned  to  his  barrel, 
to  be  similarly  .assailed  by  a  fresh  set  of  dogs.  The  badger 
usually  makes  a  most  determined  and  savage  resistance. 
Also  called  dratcio'i  the  badger. 

badgering  (baj'i-r-ing).  n.  [<  badger^  +  -ing^.'] 
In  England,  the  practice  of  bupng  coi'n  or  vict- 
uals in  one  place  and  selling  them  in  another 
for  profit :  once  restricted  by  statute. 

badger-legged  (baj'cr-legd),  a.  [<  badger^  + 
leg  -t-  -((f-,]  Having  one  leg  shorter  than  the 
other :  in  allusion  to  the  common  but  erroneous 
supposition  that  the  badger's  legs  on  one  side 
are  shorter  than  those  on  the  other. 

His  body  crooked  all  over,  big-bellied,  badger-legged,  and 
his  complexion  s»  arthy.  Sir  i{.  L  Estrange. 

badgerly  (baj'^r-li),  a.  [<  badger-  -1-  -?i/l,] 
Badger-like  ;  grizzled  or  gray  in  color. 

badger-plane  (baj'er-idan),  ».  [<  badger-  (ap- 
par, in  allusion  to  its  snout)  -f-  plane.]  \\i  join- 
erg,  a  hand-plane  the  mouth  of  which  is  cut 
obliquely  from  side  to  side,  so  that  it  can  work 
close  up  to  a  corner  iu  making  a  rabbet  or 
sinking, 

badger's-bane  (baj'trz-ban),  n.  A  variety  of 
wolf's-bane,  .tconitum  li/eoctoniim. 

badget  (baj'ct),  ».  [E.'dial. ;  aiipar..  like  bad- 
ger-, <  bad(/e^,  in  allusion  to  the  white  stripes 
on  the  badger's  forehead.  The  same  allusion 
holds  for  a  cart-horse  ;  cf.  ball^.}  1.  Same  as 
badtier-,  1, —  2.  A  common  name  for  a  cart- 
horse.    Halliicell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


'ba.dgix 

badgir  (biid'ger),  ».  [Pors.  batlflir,  <  bad,  wind, 
+  ;/()•,  soizing,  patching.]  A  wind-catcher  or 
wind-tower  projecting  above  tlie  roof  of  a 
dwelling,  used  in  Persia  and  northwestern  In- 
dia. 'I'hc  Iiadgirs  are  built  like  large  cliiinneys.  of  wicker- 
work  ami  plaster,  with  opeiiiiiira  toward  the  i|uarter  of  the 
prevailiiiu  wind  ;  they  are  sometimes  also  made  movable 
or  adjustable.     See  mnil-sail.     Also  written  baiigeer. 

'badiaga  (bad-i-a'gii),  n.  [Kuss.  badi/af/a,  also 
hudi/anii.]  A  small  sponge  {S)>o>igill<i)  com- 
mon in  the  north  of  Europe,  the  powder  of 
which  is  used  in  removing  the  livid  marks  of 
bruises. 

badian,  badiane  (ba'di-an,  -an),  n.  [<  F.  ba- 
diuiw,  said  to  be  so  named  from  the  color  of  the 
capsules,  <  L.  biidius,  iJay: 
seefin^".]  The  fruit  of /W- 
ciitm  anisatum,  the  Chinese 
anise-tree,  it  abounds  in  a  vol- 
atile oil  whicli  gives  it  an  aro- 
matie  flavor  and  odor.  On  this 
account  it  is  much  used  in  China 
and  India  as  a  condiment,  and  is 
imported  into  France  for  flavor-  Badian 

iu^'. 

badigeon  (ba-dij'on),«.  [F.:  origin  unknown.] 
1.  A  mixture  of  plaster  and  freestone,  gi'ound 
together  and  sifted,  used  by  sculptors  to  fiU  the 
small  holes  and  repair  the  defects  of  the  stones 
used  by  them. —  2.  A  mixture  of  sawdu.st  and 

tlue,  or  of  whiting  and  glue,  used  by  joiners  to 
U  up  defects  in  their  work. —  3.  A  prepara- 
tion or  wash  for  coloring  houses,  or  for  giving 
plaster  the  appearance  of  stone,  consisting  of 
powdered  stone,  sawdust,  slaked  lime,  aliun, 
and  other  ingredients. — 4.  A  preparation  of 
tallow  and  chalk  used  by  coopers. 
badinage   (bad-i-niizh'  or  bad'i-naj),  n.      [F., 

<  badhier,  jest,  make  merry,  <  bddin,  jesting, 
frivolous,  <  Pr.  badar  (=  F.  baijer),  gape,  <  ML. 
badare,  gape  :  see  6aj/*.]  Light  playful  banter 
or  raillery. 

He  seems  most  to  have  Indulged  himself  only  in  an  ele- 
gant badinage.  Warburion. 

=  Syn.  Raillerj-,  banter. 
badinerie  (ba-de'ne-re),  n.    [F.,  <  badiner,  jest: 
see   budinage.~\      tight  or  playful  discourse ; 
nonsense ;  badinage.     [Bare.] 

Tlie  fund  of  sensible  discourse  is  limited ;  that  of  jest 
and  badinerie  is  infinite.  Shenstont\  Works,  II.  2-10. 

badineurt  (bad-i-ner'),  »•  [F.,  <  badiner,  jest : 
see  badinage.^  One  who  indulges  in  badinage ; 
a  trifler. 

Rebuke  him  for  it,  as  a  divine,  if  you  like  it,  or  as  a 
badineur,  if  you  think  that  more  effectual. 

Pope,  To  Swift  (Ord  MS.). 

badious  (ba'di-us),  o.  [<  L.  badiiis,  bay:  see 
baifi.]  Of  a  bay  color;  reddish-brown;  "chest- 
nut.    [Rare.] 

badling  (bad'ling),  «.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  <  bad'L 
+  -?(/i(/l,  and  not  connected  directly  with  AS. 
bwdliug :  see  iurfl.]  If.  An  effemiiiate  or  wo- 
manish man.  X.  E.  D. —  2.  A  worthless  per- 
son.  HalliwcU.     [North.  Eng.] 

badly   (bad'li),    adr.     [ME.  bctdbj,  baddeliche; 

<  bad^  + -l)j~.'\  In  a  bad  manner.  («)  Wickedly; 
wrongly:  in  an  evil  or  an  improper  manner;  as,  the  boys 
behaved  badhf,  (b)  Grievously  ;  dangerously ;  severely : 
as,  badltj  wounded,  (c)  In  a  manner  which  falls  below  a 
recognized  stamlard  or  fair  average  of  excellence ;  unskil- 
fully ;  imperfectly  ;  defectively ;  poorly ;  not  well ;  as,  the 
work  was  badly  done,  (rf)  Incorrectly;  faultily:  as,  to 
speak  French  badlii.  (e)  Unfortunately;  unsuccessfully: 
as,  tlu-  army  fared  drirfii/.— Badly  Off.    See  off. 

badmash,  «.     Same  as  biidmash. 

badminton  (bad'min-ton),  II.  [<  Badminton, 
in  Gloucestershire,  England,  a  seat  of  the  duke 
of  Beaufort.]  1.  An  English  outdoor  game, 
similar  to  lawn-tennis,  but  played  with  shuttle- 
cocks.—  2.  A  summer  beverage,  properly  a 
claret-cup  made  with  soda-water  instead  of 
plain  water  and  flavored  with  cucumber. 
[Eng.] 

Soothed  or  stimulated  by  fragrant  cheroots  or  beakers 
of  Badminton.  Disraeli,  Lothair,  x.\x.    (.V.  £.  D.) 

[With  or  without  a  capital  in  either  sense.] 
badness  (bad'nes),  n.  [<  Irtrfl  -f-  -ncss.'i  The 
state  of  being  bad,  evil,  -s-icious,  depraved, 
wrong,  improper,  cri'oueous,  etc. ;  want  or  de- 
ficiency of  good  qualities,  physical  or  moral: 
as,  the  badness  of  the  lieart,  of  the  season,  of 
the  roads,  etc.     See  bad^. 

"  Tlie  badness  of  men,"  a  .lewish  writer  emphatically  de- 
clared, "is  better  than  the  goodness  of  women." 

Lechj,  F.urop.  Morals,  II.  357. 

badoch  (bad'oth),  n.  [Se.  Cf.  baddocl;.']  A 
Scotch  and  local  English  name  of  one  of  the 
jaegers  or  skua  gulls,  Stercorariits  parasiticus,  a 
predatory  marine  bird  of  the  family  Larida:. 


418 

bads  (badz),  «.  pi  [E.  dial.]  The  husks  of 
walnuts.     HaUiweU.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bael,  «.     See  /)</-^. 

baeta  (ba-a'tii),  n.  [Pg.  bacta,  haicta  =  Sp.  6a- 
ijcta,  Ijaize :  see  baizc^  A  jilain  woolen  stuff 
manufactured  in  Spain  and  Portugal.  *'f»i- 
)nonds. 

Bsetis  (be'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  liaitis,  Gr.  'Bairic, 
a  river  in  Spain,  now  called  Guadalquivir.]  A 
genus  of  agnathous  neui'opterous  insects,  of  the 
family  EpIiemcridK,  or  gi\'ing  name  to  a  group 
Batida,  containing  numerous  species  with  4 
■s\"ings  and  2  setee. 

bsetyl  (be'til),  v.    Same  as  bati/Uis. 

baetylus  (be'ti-lus),  n.  [L.,  also  baitidus,  betu- 
liis,  <  Gr.  /3ai'ri'/'iOf,  also  jiaiTvAiov,  a  meteoric 
stone.]  In  classical  antiq.,  a  stone,  whether 
meteoric  or  artificially  shaped,  which  was 
venerated  as  of  divine  origin,  or  honored  as  a 
synibol  of  divinity.  Such  stones  were  preferably  of 
conical  form,  and  sometimes  bore  certain  natural  symbols, 
as  at  Emesa ;  but,  especially  when  meteoric,  the  form  was 
not  considered  material.  Thus,  the  stone  preserved  on  the 
omphalos  at  Delphi,  reputed  to  be  the  one  swallowed  by 
Kronos  (Saturn)  through  Rhea's  stratagem  in  place  of  the 
infant  Zeus  (Jove),  was  of  spherical  shape.  Among  the 
most  celel>rated  of  these  sacred  stones  were  those  of  Pa- 
phos  in  Cyprus,  of  Zeus  Kasios  at  Seleucia,  and  of  Zeus 
Teieios  at  Tegea  in  .\rcadia.  .See  abadir.  Also  written 
betvhis,  bcetyl,  and  hnifiil".^. 

baffif,  V.  i.  [<  WE.'biiffcn  =  T>.  and  L6.  baffen  = 
MH(j.  baffen,  bcff'en,  G.  baffen,  bdfien  =  Dan. 
bjwff'e  =  ,Sw.  bjcliba,  bark ;  appar.  imitative.  Cf . 
dial,  buff,  bark,  and  i/aff.}  To  bark;  yelp. — 
To  say  neither  baff  nor  bufft,  to  say  nothing. 

baff-  (baf ),  V.  i.  [Sc,  also  beff.  Cf.  OF.  baffe, 
a  blow  with  the  back  of  the  hand:  see  baffle.^ 
To  beat ;  strike ;  specifically,  in  the  game  of 
golf,  to  hit  the  ground  with  the  club  when  strik- 
ing at  the  ball.     [Scotch.] 

baff-  (baf),  n.  [Se. :  seethe  verb.]  A  blow; 
a  heaN-y  thump. 

baff-ends  (baf'endz),  n.  pi.  [<  baff  (dial.),  per- 
haps for  haft,  behind  (see  baft^),  +  end.]  In 
coal-mining,  long  wooden  wedges  for  adjusting 
tubbing-plates,  or  cribs,  in  sinking  shafts  dur- 
ing the  operation  of  fixing  the  tubbing.  Gi'cs- 
letj.     [Eng.] 

baflfert,  n.     [<  baff'^  +  -erl.]     A  barker. 

Houndes  for  the  hank  beth  fljters  and  grete  baffers. 

Bodl.  MS.,  646.    iHalliwell.) 

baffeta  (baf 'e-ta),  n.     Same  as  baft^. 

baffle  (baf'l),  i'. ;  pret.  and  pp;  baffled,  ppr. 
baffling.  [First  in  the  16th  century,  also  written 
baff'ul,  baff'ol ;  origin  uncertain.  The  senses 
point  to  two  or  more  independent  sources:  cf. 
(1)  Se.  bauchle,  bachle,  disgrace,  treat  with  con- 
tempt (see  bauchle'^) ;  (2)  F.  bafotier,  earlier  baf- 
fotier,  disgrace,  revile,  scoff  at,  deceive,  hefler, 
also  beffer,  deceive,  mock,  =  Pr.  bafar  =  Sp.  be- 
far  =  It.  befare,  mock,  deride ;  cf.  OF.  befe, 
beffc  =  Pr.  'bafa  =  OSp.  bafa,  Sp.  befa  =  It. 
bejfa,  bcffe,  mockery;  cf.  Pr.  baf,  an  interj.  of 
disdain;  cf.  Sc.  baffle,  a  trifle,  nonsense,  appar. 
<  OF.  befe,  trifling,  mockery  (see  above).  Cf. 
MHG.  b'effen,  bark:  see  baff"^.']  I.  trans.  If. 
To  disgrace ;  treat  with  mockery  or  contumely ; 
hold  up  as  an  object  of  scorn  or  contempt ; 
insult;  specifically,  to  subject  to  indignities, 
as  a  recreant  knight  or  traitor. 

The  whole  kingdom  took  notice  of  me  for  a  baffled, 
whipped  fellow.      Beau.  andFl.,  King  and  No  King,  iii.  2. 

You  on  your  knees  have  curs'd  that  virtuous  maiden, 
And  me  for  loving  her;  yet  do  you  now 
Thus  baffle  me  to  my  face. 

Middleton  and  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl,  i.  1. 

Justice  [in  "Measure  for  Measm-e"]  is  not  merely  evad- 
ed or  ignored  or  even  defied :  she  is  both  in  the  older  and 
the  newer  sense  of  the  word  directly  and  deliberately 
baffled  ;  buffeted,  outraged,  insulted,  struck  in  the  face. 
Surinburnc,  Shakespeare,  p.  203. 

2t.  To  hoodwink ;  cheat. 

.\las,  poor  fool !  how  have  they  baffled  thee ! 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

3.  To  circumvent  by  interposing  obstacles  or 
diflBculties ;  defeat  the  efforts,  purpose,  or  suc- 
cess of ;  frustrate ;  check ;  foil ;  thwart ;  lUs- 
eoncert ;  confound:  as,  the  fox  baffled  his  pm-- 
suers ;  to  baffle  curiosity  or  endeavor. 

To  paint  lightning,  and  to  give  it  no  motion,   is  the 
doom  of  the  baffled  artist. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  239. 

Calculations  so  difBcult  as  to  have  ftajHsd  .  .  .  the  most 
enlightened  nations.  Prescolt. 

I  never  watched  Robert  in  my  lite  but  my  scrutiny  was 
presently  baffled  by  flnding  he  was  wat€hing  me. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shii'ley,  .\v. 

4.  To  beat  about,  as  the  wind  or  stray  cattle 
do  standing  grain  or  grass;  twist  iiTegularly 
together.  =  Syn.  3.  Foil,  Thicart,  etc.    See  frustrate. 


bag 

n.  intrans.  If.  To  practise  deceit;  shuffle; 
quibble. 

Do  we  not  palpably  baffle  when,  in  respect  to  God,  we 
pretend  to  deny  ourselves,  yet,  upon  urgent  occasion,  al- 
low him  nothing?  Barrow.  Works,  I.  437. 

2.  To  struggle  ineffectually;  strive  in  vain: 
as,  the  sliip  baffled  with  the  gale. —  3.  In  eoal- 
mining,  to  brash  out  or  mix  fire-damp  T\ith  air, 
to  such  an  extent  as  to  render  it  non-explosive. 

baffle  (baf'l),  n.  [<  baffle,  ?•.]  If.  Disgrace; 
affront. — 2t.  Defeat;  discomfiture. 

It  is  the  skill  of  the  disputant  that  keeps  off  a  baffle. 

South. 

3.  Same  as  baffler,  2. 

bafflement  (baf'l-ment),  «.  [<  baffle  +  -ment.} 
The  state  of  being  baffled,  frustrated,  or 
thwarted  in  one's  endeavors ;  want  of  success 
after  repeated  attempts.     [Rare.] 

Associated  in  his  mind  with  bafflement  and  defeat. 

J.  S.  Blaekie,  Self-Culture,  p.  99. 

baffle-plate  (baf 'l-plat), «.  A  metal  plate  used 
to  direct  the  flames  and  gas  of  a  furnace  to  dif- 
ferent parts  of  a  steam-boiler,  so  that  all  por- 
tions of  it  will  be  evenly  heated ;  a  deflector, 
baffler  (baf 'ler),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
bafBes. 
Experience,  that  great  baffler  of  speculation. 

Government  of  Tongue. 

2.  A  partition  in  a  furnace  so  placed  as  to  aid 
the  convection  of  heat;  a  baffle-plate.  J?a)i- 
tiHC,  Steam  Engine,  ^  30-t.  Also  baffle. — 3.  In 
coal-mining,  the  lever  with  which  the  throttle- 
valve  of  a  winding-engine  is  worked.  [North 
Staffordshire,  Eng.] 
baffling  (baf 'ling),  J),  a.  Frustrating ;  discon- 
certing; contusing;  perplexing:  as,  a  baffling 
wind,  that  is,  one  which  frequently  shifts  from 
one  point  to  another. 

Those  are  the  true  6a j^i«<7 prejudices  for  man,  which  he 
never  suspects  for  prejudices.        De  Quincey,  Herodotus- 

bafflingly  (baf 'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  baffling 
manner. 

bafflingness  (baf'ling-nes),  «.  The  quality  of 
baffling. 

baff-week  (baf 'wek),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  baff,  per- 
haps for  baft,  behind  (see  baff^),  +  week.']  In 
coal-mining,  the  week  next  after  pay-week, 
when  wages  are  paid  once  a  fortnight.     [Eng.] 

bafti  (baft),  adv.  and  prep.  [<  ME.  baft,  bafte, 
baftcn,  biaften,  <  AS.  baf  tan,  bcieftiin,  be  a-ftan, 
<  be,  by,  +  a-ftan,  aft :  see  ic-"-  and  aft,  and  cf. 
abaft.l  I.  adv.  Behind;  in  the  rear;  naut., 
abaft.  [Archaic] 
Il.t  prep.  Behind. 

baft'-,  bafta  (baft,  baf'ta),  n.  [Formerly  also 
baf  tall,  baff'cia,  boffeta ;  <  Hind,  bafta,  a  kind  of 
cotton  cloth,  baft,  wea'iTng,  a  web,  <  Pers.  baft, 
wrought,  woven.]  A  fine  cotton  fabric  of  Ori- 
ental manufacture ;  especially,  a  plain  muslin, 
of  which  the  Surat  manufacture  is  said  to  be 
the  best.  The  bafts  of  Dacca  in  British  India  are  an 
inferior  <iuality  of  the  muslins  made  in  that  district,  and 
are  said  to  be  inanufactured  from  European  thread.  The 
name  is  also  given  to  similar  fabrics  made  in  Great  Britain. 
.\lso  bafeta. 

bagl  (bag),  n.  [<  ME.  bag,  bagge,  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  <  Icel.  baijgi,  a  bag,  pack,  bun- 
dle (cf.  the  older  hiiggr,  a  bag),  appar.,  with 
assimilation,  <  *balgr,  belgr,  skin,  bellows.  ^ 
Goth,  balgs,  a  wine-skin,  =  OHG.  balg.  MHG. 
bale,  G.  balg,  a  skin,  =  D.  balg,  skin,  belly,  = 
AS.  ba-lg,  belg,  ba^lig,  hclig,  a  bag,  >  mod.  E.  belly 
and  belloivs :  see  belli/,  where  other  forms  are 
given,  and  bellows.  Cf.  OF.  bague  =  Pr.  bagua 
=  It.  dial,  haga,  a  bundle,  baggage,  ML.  baga, 
a  bag,  chest,  baggage,  belongings,  appar.  from 
the  Teut.  or  the  similar  Celtic  forms.]  1.  A 
small  sack;  a  portable  receptacle  or  reposi- 
tory of  leather,  cloth,  paper,  or  other  flexible 
material,  capable  of  being  closed  at  the  mouth ; 
a  wallet ;  a  pouch:  as,  a  fioycc-bag :  a  carpet^6n<? 
or  traveling-6n(7  ,•  a  mail-ftHjr.  Specifically — 2. 
A  purse  or  money-bag. 

He  was  a  thief,  and  had  the  bag.  John  xii.  6. 

3t.  A  small  silken  pouch  in  which  the  back  hair 
of  the  -n-ig  was  em-led  away. 
A  bob  wig  and  a  black  silken  bag  tied  to  it.      Addison. 

4.  What  is  contained  in  a  bag;  in  hunting,  the 
animals  bagged  or  obtained  in  an  expedition 
or  a  day's  sport. 

The  baff  is  not  the  sole  aim  of  a  day  afield. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXI.  2. 

5.  A  sac  or  receptacle  in  animal  bodies  con- 
taining some  fluitl  or  other  substance  :  as,  the 
honey-6fl_7  of  a  bee. —  6.  An  udder. 

The  cow  is  sacrificed  to  her  bag,  the  ox  to  his  sirloin. 

£merson,  Eng.  Traits,  p.  99. 


bag 

7.  pi.  Tho  stomach.  [Sfotoh  and  north.  Eng.] 
— 8.  pi.  Trousoi-s.  [Vulgar.]  —  9.  Tho  middle 
part  of  a  largo  liaul-seino :  tho  two  parts  on  tho 
sides  are  called  wiiiiis. — 10.  A  flue  in  a  porce- 
lain-oven which  ascends  on  tho  inner  side,  and 
enters  the  oven  high  up,  so  as  to  heat  the  ui)per 
part. — 11.  A  customary  measure  of  capacity, 
generally  from  12  to  4  bushels. — 12.  In  coal- 
tniniiif/,  a  quantity  of  fire-damp  suddenly  given 
off  from  tho  coal ;  also,  the  ca\'ity  from"  which 
the  gas  is  emitted :  foriru'rly  used  to  include 
cavities  containing  a  largo  amount  of  water. 
— Bag  and  baggage,  all  one's  bolougings  or  property : 
originally  u  military  jiliruse. 

Come,  shepherd,  lot  us  make  an  honourable  retreat; 
thnufjh  not  witli  bai/  and  bar/mfie,  yet  with  scrip  and 
seripiKt^e.  .Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 

Bag  and  spoon,  an  arrangement  used  in  dredging  for 
river-sand.  It  consists  of  a  bag  attaehi'd  by  the  mouth 
to  an  iron  hoop  wliich  is  fastened  to  a  b)ng  pole,  by  means 
of  which  it  is  sunk  to  the  bottom  of  the  river  and  dragged 
olimg  so  that  tlie  liag  is  tilled.  — Bag  Of  bones,  a  very 
lean  person  or  aninml.    [Ilumorons.] 


Such  a  limping  ba^i  of  hones  as  I  was ! 


Dickens. 


Bag  of  foulness,  in  a  eoalscam,  a  cavity  filled  with  Arc- 
damip.  — To  bear  the  bag,  to  carry  tlie  purse  ;  liave  com- 
mand of  the  money. 

These  are  conrt-admirers. 

And  ever  echo  him  tlnit  bfarn  th>'  hart. 

Fletcher  {and  another),  Elder  Brother,  i.  2. 

To  bring  to  bag.    See  brinn.—To  give  one  the  bag. 

See  to  give  one  the  sack,  under  sack,  (at)  To  leave  one  with- 
out warning,  (b)  To  dismiss  one  from  (Uie's  service,  llun- 
yan.  [C'olloc|.  or  dial.)  (ct)Tocheat.  Webster.— To  \ea,ve 
or  give  one  the  bag  to  bold,  to  leave  one  in  the  lurch.— 
To  let  the  cat  out  of  the  bag.  See  ca(i. 
bagi  ('jag),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hfifidcd,  ppr.  haq- 
giitg.  [<  ME.  htiggcn,  intrans. ;  from  the  noun.] 
I,  intrans.  1.  To  swell  or  bulge. — 2.  To  hang 
loosely  like  a  bag. 

His  frill  and  neck-cloth  luing  limp  under  his  hagginfj 
waistcoat.  Thacieray. 

St.  To  grow  big  with  child. 

Then  Venus  shortly  baypcd,  and 
Ere  long  w.as  t'upid  bred. 

Warner,  Albion's  England,  vi.  148. 

II,  trans.  1.  To  put  into  a  bag:  as,  to  bag 
hops. —  2.  To  distend  like  a  bag;  swell. 

How  doth  an  unwelcome  dropsy  baft  up  his  eyes, 

lip.  ilall.  Works,  II.  408. 

8.  To  secure  as  game ;  shoot,  entrap,  or  other- 
wise lay  hold  of:  as,  to  hag  thirty  brace  of 
grouse. 

The  disputes  of  Italians  are  very  droll  things,  and  I  will 
accordingly  baj  the  one  which  is  now  imminent  as  a 
specimen.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  245. 

4.  To  make  off  with ;  steal.     [CoUoq.] 

bag-  (bag),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bagged,  ppr. 
bagging.  [E.  dial.,  also  haggc,  badge;  origin 
obscure.]  To  cut  with  a  reaping-hook  or  scythe : 
used  especially  of  cutting  pease.     SaUiwell. 

bagana  (ba-gil'nji),  n.  [Abyssinian.]  An 
Abyssinian  lyi-e  with  ten  strings,  sounding 
five  notes  and  their  octaves. 

bagara  (bag'a-rji),  ".  [Cf.  Bagarius.']  A  seia)- 
noid  fish  of  California,  Mcnticirrus  undulatus, 
related  to  the  kiugfish  of  the  eastern  United 
States. 

Bagariinse  (ba-ga-ri-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [Nil.,  <  Baga- 
riu.-i  +  -(««•.]  A  subfamily  of  SHuridai,  having 
the  head  naked  above,  and  the  anterior  and 
posterior  nostrils  close  together  with  a  barbel 
between  them,  it  contains  about  20  species  of  Asiatic 
and  East  Indian  catftshes,  mostly  of  small  size,  some  of 
which  are  provided  with  a  sucking-disk.  Also  written 
Ba'jarina. 

Bagarius  (ba-ga'ri-us),  H.  [NL.  Cf.  Bagrus.'\ 
A  genus  of  catfishes,  typical  of  the  subfamily 
Bagariina'. 

The  first  appearance  of  Siluroids  is  indicated  by  some 

fossil  remains  in  the  tertiary  deposits  of  the  highlands 

of  Padang,  in  Sumatra,  where  Pseudotropius  and  Bayarius, 

types  well  represented  in  tho  living  fauna,  have  been  found. 

Vr.  A.  ildnther.  Study  of  Fishes. 

bagasse  (ba-gas'),  ".  [=  F.  bagasse,  also  bagace, 
<  Sp.  baga:o  (=  Pg.  bagaqo),  the  refuse  of  sugar- 
cane, gi-apes,  olives,  etc.,  which  have  been 
pressed,  prol).  a  dial.  var.  of  bagage,  trash, 
lumber,  baggage:  see  baggage^  and  baggage".^ 
The  sugar-cane  after  it  has  been  crushed  and 
the  juice  extracted  ;  cane-trash,  it  is  used  as  fuel 
in  heating  the  boilers  and  pans  in  the  sugar-manufactory, 
atiii  sometimes  as  mamu'e.  Also  called  bayazo,  vieyass, 
and  ine;in^^e. 

Wlu^n  they  have  finished  grinding  tho  cane,  they  form 
the  refuse  of  tho  stjilks(which  they  call  6a</rt,-,-o.v)into  great 
piles  and  set  fire  to  them. 

.^.  L.  Clemens,  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  p.  136. 

"bagatelle  (bag-a-tel'),  «.  [Formerly  also  baga- 
1(1.  h(i;ii/iitcUc  (also  bagatiUo),  <  F.  bagatelle  = 
Sp.  bagatela  =  Pg.  hagatiUa.  <  It.  bagattcUa,  dim. 
of  dial,  bagatta,  bagu  tu,  a  trifle,  prob.  <  JIL.  baga 


419 

(It.  dial,  baga,  OF.  bague),  a  bundle:  see  bag^ 
and  baggage^.]  1.  A  trifle;  a  thing  of  no  im- 
portance. 

Heaps  of  hair  rings  and  cypher'd  seals ; 
Kicli  trilles,  serious  bayateUen.  Prior. 

There  is  a  pleasure  arising  from  the  perusal  of  the  very 
bayatelles  of  men  renowned  for  their  knowledge  and  ge- 
nius. Goldsmith,  Criticisms. 
The  [cremation]  fin-mice  can  not  be  erected  in  this  coun- 
try for  less  than  from  three  to  five  thousand  dollars  —  a 
mere  Itaiiatelte  compared  witli  the  cost  of  some  of  our 
ecmeteries.                                      Pop.  Sci.  .Mo.,  X.XII.  803. 

2.  A  ^ame  played  on  a  table  having  at  one 
end  nme  holes,  into  which  balls  are  to  be 
struck  with  a  billiard-cue. 

bagatelle-board  (bag-a-tel'bord),  n.  A  porta- 
ble board  on  which  i>agatcllc  is  j)layod. 

bagatelle-table  (bag-a-tcl'ta"bl),  n.  A  table 
on  which  bagatelle  is  played, 

bagatinet,  «.  [<  it.  bagattino:  see  bagattino.] 
Same  as  bagattino. 

Expect  no  lower  price,  for  by  the  banner  of  my  front,  I 
will  not  bate  a  bayatine.  B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 

bagattino  (bag-at-te'no),  n. ;  pi.  baggalini  (-ne). 
[It.,  dim.  of  dial,  bagatta,  a  trifle:  see  bagatelle.'] 
A  copper  coin  of  Venice,  worth  about  half  a 
cent. 

bagaty  (bag'a-ti),  «.  [Also  baggctif :  origin  not 
ascertained.]  A  name  of  the  female  lumpfish, 
( 'i/cliiptcriis  lunijjus. 

bagazo  (Sp.  pron.  bii-git'tho),  n.  [Sp.,  =  Pg. 
txtgaco  :  see  bagasse.]     Same  as  bagasse. 

bag-Clasp  (bag'klasp),  «.  A  clasp  for  closing 
tlie  mouth  of  a  bag;  a  bag-fastener. 

bag-fastener  (bag'fas"ner),  H.  A  device  made 
of  wire,  twine,  rope,  etc.,  for  closing  the  mouths 
of  bai^s. 

bag-filler  (bag'fil"er),  n.  A  funnel  used  in  fill- 
ing bags. 

bag-filter  (bag'fil'ter),  n.  A  filter  used  in 
sugar-refining  to  clear  saccharine  solutions  of 
feculencies  and  impurities  suspended  in  them. 
It  consists  of  a  series  of  sieves  or  straniers  through  which 
the  solutions  pass  into  one  or  more  fiaiiuel  bags,  whence 
the  juice  drii)s  into  a  receiver. 

bag-fox  (l)ag'foks),  «.  A  fox  kept  in  confine- 
ment, and  slipped  from  a  bag  when  no  other 
game  for  a  hunt  can  be  had. 

To  have  a  sort  of  bay-fox  to  turn  out,  when  fresh  game 
cannot  be  had.  Miss  Ferrii'r,  Inheritance,  I.  .\. 

bagful  (bag'ful),  n.  [<  6af/l  -!-./'«//.]  As  much 
as  a  bag  will  hold,  of  whatever  size :  as,  three 
bag/ids  of  wool. 
baggage!  (bag'aj),  h.  and  a.  [<  ME.  baggage,  bag- 
age,  <  OF.  bagage,  baggage,  esp.  of  an  army,  also 
the  baggage-train,  including  the  attendants, 
mod.  F.  bagage,  baggage  (=  Pr.  bagatge  =  Sp. 
bagage,  baggage,  esp.  of  an  army,  a  beast  of 
burden,  formerly  also  refuse,  lumber,  trash,  = 
Pg.  hagagein,  baggage,  carriage ;  cf.  It.  bagaglia, 
bagaglie,  baggage),  <  OF.  bagiier,  tie  up,  pack 
up,  truss  up  (mod.  F.  bagiicr,  baste),  <  bague,  a 
bundle,  pack,  usually  in  pi.  bagiies,  baggage,  be- 
longings: see  i»(/l  and -of/c.  Ci.  baggage'.^,]  I.  h. 
1.  Tho  bags,  trunks, valises,  satchels,  packages, 
etc,  and  their  contents,  which  a  traveler  re- 
quires or  takes  with  him  on  a  journey :  now  usu- 
ally called  luggage  in  Great  Britain,  in  law,  bag- 
gage includes  w'liatever  the  passenger  takes  with  hini  for 
his  personal  use  in  convenience,  according  to  the  habits  or 
wants  of  the  particular  class  to  wliieh  lie  belongs,  with 
reference  either  to  the  immediate  necessities  or  to  the  ulti- 
mate purpose  of  the  journey.    {Chief  Justice  Cockburn.) 

Jlounting  the  baronet's  baggage  on  the  roof  of  the 
coach.  Thackeray. 

Ilaving  dispatched  my  baggane  by  water  to  Altdorf. 

Coxe. 

We  were  told  to  get  our  baggage  in  order  and  embark 
for  quarantine.       ii.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  18. 

Specifically — 2.  The  portable  equipment,  in- 
cluding the  tents,  clothing,  utensils,  and  other 
necessaries,  of  an  ai-my  or  other  moving  body 
of  men;  impedimenta. —  3t.  Trash;  rubbish; 
refuse. 

In  the  stomacke  is  engendered  great  abundance  of 
naughty  baygaye  and  hurtfuU  phlegme. 

Touchstone  of  Complexions,  p.  118. 
Baj;  and  baggage.  See  bagt. 
Il.t  "•  Trasliy;  rubbishy;  refuse;  worthless, 
baggage-  (bag'aj),  «.  and  a.  [Prob.  a  particu- 
lar uso  of  baggage^  in  sense  3;  but  the  form 
and  sense  agree  closely  with  F.  bagasse,  strum- 
pet, also  bajasse,  baias,sc  =  Pr.  bagna.ssa.  proli. 
<  Sp.  bagasa  (obs.)  =  Pg.  baga.xa  =  It.  bagii.'^cia, 
a  strumpet;  of  uncertain  origin;  associated 
with,  and  perhaps  a  particular  use  of,  OF.  ba- 
gasse,  Sp.  buga:o,  etc.,  refuse,  trash,  which  is, 
again,  prob.  a  var.  (in  Sp.)  of  bagage.  baggage: 
see  baggage'^  and  bagasse.  Btit  there  are  indi- 
cations of  two  or  more  independent  sources.] 


baggie 

1,  H.  1.  A  worthless  person,  especially  a  worth- 
less woman ;  a  strumpet. 

A  spark  of  indignation  did  rise  in  her  not  to  suffer  sucli 
a  baggage  to  win  away  anything  of  hers.      Sir  P.  Sidney. 
Vou  are  a  baggage,  and  not  worthy  of  a  man. 

Shirley,  Love  Tricks,  i.  1. 

2.  A  playful,  saucy  young  woman;  a  flirt: 
usually  in  conjunction  with  such  qualifying 
words  as  cunning,  sly,  saury,  etc.    [Familiar.] 

Tell  them  they  are  two  arrant  little  baggages,  and  that 
I  am  this  moment  in  a  most  violent  passion  with  them. 

(joUtsmith,  Viear,  xxviii. 
Il.t  a.  Worthless;  vile:  said  of  persons:  as, 
a  baggage  fellow. 

baggage-car  (bag'aj-kiir),  «.  A  railroad-car 
built  for  heavy  loads  and  high  speed,  and  used 
for  caiTying  tho  baggage  of  the  passengers  on 
a  train.     [U.  S.  and  Canada.] 

baggage-check  (bag'aj-chek), «.  A  tag  or  label 
to  bo  attached  to  each  article  of  a  traveler's 
baggage,  indicating  its  destination,  and  also 
usually  the  point  of  de|>artm-e  and  the  company 
which  issues  it.  A  duplicate  is  given  to  the  traveler, 
on  the  presentation  of  which  the  baggage  can  be  reclaim- 
ed.    [U,  S.  and  Canada.) 

baggaged  (bag'ajd),  a.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  <  bag- 
gage^ + -ed-.]   Mad;  bewitched.    [Prov.  Eug.] 

baggageman  (bag'nj-man),  n.;  pi.  baggagemen 
(-men).  A  man  who  handles  baggage;  espe- 
cially, one  who  canies  or  throws  it  into  a  bag- 
gage-car. 

baggage-master  (bag'aj-mas'ter),  n.  An  offi- 
cer of  an  express,  railroad,  or  steamship  com- 
pany whose  duty  is  to  look  after  the  baggage 
intrusted  to  the  company's  care. 

baggagert  (bag'aj-er),  n.  [<  baggage^  +  -<•)•!.] 
One  who  carries  baggage;  specifically,  one  who 
assists  in  carrjing  the  baggage  of  an  army. 

The  whole  camp  fled  amain,  the  victuallers  and  bay- 
yagers  forsaking  their  camps. 

Ilaleiyh,  Hist,  of  World,  III.  x.  §  3. 

baggage-truck  (bag'aj-truk),  n.    A  hand-truck 

for  transferring  baggage  at  a  railroad  station, 

passenger  wharf,  etc. 

baggala,  baglo  (bag'a-la,  bag'16),  H.    [At.]    A 

two-masted  Arab  boat  used  for  trading  in  the 


Baggala.— From  ;;.    1_,  ,     :..  j.^ „_..  :  : :.;.  L,ondon. 

Indian  ocean,  between  the  Malabar  coast  and 

the  Red  Sea.    Large  numbers  of  baggalas  trade  between 
Muscat,  the  Ked  Sea,  and  India,  making  one  voyage  each 
way  annually  with  the  monsoons.     Tliey  are  generally  of 
from  200  to  250  tons  burden,  are  exceedingly  weatheVly, 
and  are  remarkable  for  the  elevation  of  the  stern,  which 
is  highly  ornamented.     Also  bagla  and  buygalow. 
bagget,  I',  i.     [ME.,  found  only  twice,  in  the  ap- 
parent sense  of  'squint,'  or  'look  aside';  adv. 
baggingly,  q.  v.     Origin  obscure.]     A  word  of 
doubtful  meaning,  probably,  to  squint  or  look 
aside. 
False  fortune  .  .  .  that  baijaeth  foule,  and  looketh  falre. 
Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  621. 

bagged  (bagd),  p.  a.     1.  Hanging  in  bags  or 
slack  folds. 
In  a  robe  of  russet  and  white  niixt,  full  and  bagged. 

B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Beauty. 

2.  Provided  with  bags. — 3.  Retained  is  the 
bags  after  filtration:  applied  to  crude  speim 
or  other  matter  remaining  in  the  filtering-bags 
after  the  process  of  bagging, 
bagger  (bag'er).  H.     [<.  bag^,  v.,  +  -frl.     Onlv 
iniHlern :  see  et\Tn.  of  beggar,  and  cf.  badger'^.^ 
<  Ine  who  bags  or  incloses  in  a  bag. 
baggety  (bag'e-ti),  «.     Seo  bagaty. 
baggie  (bag'i),  ».   [Sc,  dim. oif  fcaj/l.   CLbelli/.} 
The  belly. 

.\  guid  New-year  I  wish  thee,  Maggie ! 
Hae,  there's  a  ripp  to  thy  auld  banirie. 

Burns,  Faimer  tu  bis  Auld  Mare  Maggie. 


baggily 

baggily  (bag'i-li),rtrfc.    In  a  loosp  or  baggy  way. 
bagginess  (bag'i-nes),  II.     [<  haiigy  +  -ncss.'] 
Tiie  .stato  or  quality  of  being  baggy. 

There  was  a  baqijiiwys  about  the  trousers  which  indi- 
cated the  work-a-clay  costume  of  a  nuiu  of  miclit. 

Aalionat  llaiilisi,  .XVIII.  6. 

baggingl(bag'iiig),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  fcm/l.]  1. 
The  act  of  putting  into  bags.— 2.  Filtration 
through  canvas  bags. 

Separation  of  "  browu  paraflin  scale  "  is  effected  by  !ki<7- 
ffinri  anil  prcssiuR.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  511. 

Tlie  first  operation  needed  to  fit  spermaceti  for  use  is 
tcchnicully  termed  haqninn.  The  crude  sperm  oil,  as 
brouclit  iii  liy  tlie  wlialcrs,  is  placed  in  a  reservoir,  at  tlie 
bottom  of  whicli  are  a  numlier  of  pipes  Icadinfc'  into  long 
bags  lined  with  linen,  and  temporarily  closed  at  the  bot. 
torn  by  tying  cords  round  tlie  nioutlis. 

If.  L.  Carpenter,  Soap  and  Candles,  p.  241. 

3.  Any  coarse  woven  fabric  of  hemp,  etc.,  out 
of  which  bags  are  made,  or  which  is  used  for 
covering  cotton-bales  and  for  similar  purposes. 
— 4.  In  the  northern  counties  of  England,  food 
eaten  between  regular  meals;  now,  especially 
in  Lancashire,  an  afternoon  meal,  "afternoon 
tea  "  in  a  substantial  form.     N.  E.  D. 

bagging^  (bag'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bag-.']  A 
method  of  reaping  corn  or  pulse  by  chopping 
it  with  a  hook. 

bagginglyt,  "dr.  [ME.,  <  hagge,  q.  v.]  With  a 
leering  expression.     Horn,  of  the  Rose. 

bagging-time  (bag'ing-tim),  «.  [E.  dial.,  < 
hiii/ijiiiii  +  tiiiic.~\     Lunch-time. 

baggit  (bag'it),  II.  [Sc,  prop.  p.  a.,  =  E. 
hiiggcd-i    A  female  salmon  after  spawning. 

baggy  (bag'i),  a.  [<  io(/l  4-  -^l.]  Ha\ing  the 
appearance  of  a  bag;  bulging  out  loosely  lilie  a 
bag ;  ptiffy :  as,  a  baggy  umbrella ;  a  baggij  face. 

We  untwisted  our  turbans,  kicked  off  our  harjenj  trow- 
sers.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  106. 

He  looked  like  a  Hindoo  idol,  with  his  heavy-lidded  orbs 
and  baggy  cheeks. 

T.  B.  Aldrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  204. 

bag-holder  (bag'h61"der),  n.  A  contrivance 
for  supporting  a  bag  and  holding  it  open  dur- 
ing the  process  of  filling  it. 

Bagimonf  s  Roll.    See  roll. 

baglo,  bagla,  «.     See  baggala. 

bag-machine  (bag'ma-shen"),  n.  A  machine 
for  making  paper  bags. 

bagman  (bag'man),  n. ;  pi.  bagmen  (-men). 
One  who  carries  a  bag;  especially,  one  who 
travels  on  horseback  carrying  samples  or  wares 
in  saddle-bags :  a  name  formerly  given  to  com- 
mercial travelers,  but  now  used  only  as  a  term 
of  moderate  contempt. 

bagne  (F.  pron.  bany),  n.  [F.]  Same  as 
bagnio,  3. 

bag-net  (bag'net),  n.  An  interwoven  net  in 
the  form  of  a  bag  for  catching  or  landing  fish. 

bagnet  (bag'net),  «.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal 
form  of  bayonet. 

bagnio  (ban'yo),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bagno, 
banio,  <  It.  bagno  (>  F.  bagne  in  sense  3)  =  Sp. 
i«n«  =  F.  bain  (see  bain-),  <  L.  balneum,  a  bath: 
see  balneum.'i  1.  A  bath ;  a  house  for  bathing, 
cupping,  sweating,  and  otherwise  cleansing  the 
body. — 2.  Abrotliel;  a  stew. —  3.  In  the  Turk- 
ish empire,  a  prison  in  general;  in  France,  for- 
merly, one  of  the  great  prisons  (bagnes)  substi- 
tuted for  the  galleys,  now  superseded  by  trans- 
portation :  perhaps  so  called  from  the  former  use 
of  aneicTit  baths  in  Constantinople  as  prisons. 

Bagnolian  (bag-no'li-an),  II.  [From  Bagiiols, 
in  the  department  of  Gard,  France,  where  the 
heresy  had  its  rise.]  One  of  a  sect  of  French 
heretics  of  the  eighth  century,  who  rejected 
the  whole  of  the  Old  and  part  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament, and  generally  held  the  doctrines  of  the 
Manicheans.  The  name  was  again  applied  in 
the  thirteenth  century  to  some  of  the  Cathari. 
They  were  also  called 
Bagnolenses. 
bag-nut  (bag'nut),  n. 
The  bladder-nut  of  Eu- 
rope, Stajihi/lca  pin- 
na ta. 

bagonet  (bag'o-net),  n. 
[Cf.  bagnet.']  An  ob- 
solete or  dialectal  form 
of  haijoiiet. 

bagpipe  (bag'pip),  n. 
[Jlij.  baggejiipc;  <  60171 
+  pipe.]  A  musical 
■wind-instrument  con- 
sisting of  a  leathern 
bag,  which  receives  the 
air  from  the  mouth,  or 
from  bellows,  and  of 
pipes,  into  which  the 


420 

air  is  pressed  from  the  bag  by  the  performer's 
elbow.  It  originated  in  the  East,  was  known  U*  the 
(Greeks  and  Konians,  Wiis  popular  in  Europe  throughout 
tlic  middle  ages,  and  is  still  used  in  many  e.astem  coun- 
tries, as  well  as  among  tlie  country  people  of  Poland, 
Italy,  the  soutti  of  France,  and  in  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
Though  now  often  regarded  as  the  national  instrument  of 
Scotland,  especially  Celtic  Scotland,  its  origin  and  use 
seem  Ui  belong  to  the  Celtic  race  in  general.  In  it.s  best- 
known  form  it  lias  four  pipes.  One  of  these,  called  tlie 
chanter,  has  a  dovilile  reed  and  eiglit  finger-holes,  so  that 
melodies  may  be  jilayed  upon  it.  Its  compass  may  be  ap* 
pro.ximately  indicated  thus : 


bahnt 

tection,  and  moves  with  it  hanging  downward  ;  it  has 
also  received  the  names  hattket-n-orm,  drop-u-orm,  etc.  The 
male  insect  has  weIl-develope<i  wings,  but  the  female  is 
apterous,  and  lays  her  eggs  within  tlie  puparium. 


zi=f=ki 


-r^E^^E^ 


There  are  three  other  pipes,  called  drones,  with  a  single 
reed,  which  give  a  continuous  sound,  and  are  tuned  in 
various  ways.  There  are  several  kinds  of  bagpipes,  as 
the  Scotch  (Highland  and  Lowland),  wliich  is  the  most 
important,  most  characteristic,  liest  known,  and  perhaps 
tlie  oldest ;  the  English,  or  perhaps  more  properly  North- 
uniliriaii,  a  feeble  instrument,  no  longer  in  use  ;  and  the 
Irish,  wliich  is  the  most  elaliorate  and  most  in  accordance 
witli  modem  ideas  of  musical  accuracy.  The  word  is  now 
used  (iiiefly  in  the  plural,  especially  in  Scotland. 

bagpipe  (bag'pip),  c  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bagpiped, 
ppr.  bagpiping.  [<  bagpipe,  n.]  To  cause  to 
resemble  a  bagpipe — To  bagpipe  the  mizzen 
[nant.X  to  lay  it  aback  by  bringing  the  sheet  to  the  niiz- 
zeii-slirouds. 

bagpiper  (bag'pi"per),  n.     [ME.  baggepipere  ;  < 

bagpipe  +  -erl.]     One  who  plays  on  a  bagpipe. 

Laugh,  like  parrots,  at  a  bagpiper.    Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  1. 

bag-press  (bag'pres),  n.  A  press 
in  which  the  materials  to  be 
pressed  are  inclosed  in  sacks  or 
bags  of  linen  or  hair,  it  is  used  in 
various  manufacturing  processes,  as  in 
the  expressing'  of  tiil  from  seeds. 

bag-pudding  (bag'pud"Lng),  n.  A 
pudding  boiled  in  a  bag. 

bag-pump  (bag'purap),  n.  A  form 
of  bellows-ptmip  in  which  there 
is  an  elastic  bag,  distended  at  in- 
tervals by  rings,  fastened  at  one 
end  to  the  bottom  of  the  piston 


old  EogU&h  Bagpipe. 


Bag.pump. 

chamber,  and  at  the  other  to  the  which  takes  the 
valve-disk.  gj.'^'t'et.  °'     ""^ 

B.  Agr.     An  abbreviation  of  Bach- 
elor of  Agriculture,  a  title  conferred  by  agricul- 
tural colleges.     See  bachelor. 

bagrationite  (ba-gra'.'ihon-it),  n.  [After  P.  E. 
Bugration :  see  -ite~.]  A  mineral  from  the 
Ural,  resembling  some  forms  of  aUanite,  of 
which  it  is  probably  a  variety. 

bag-reef  (bag'ref),  «.  The  lowest  reef  of  a 
fore-and-aft  sail,  or  the  first  reef  of  a  topsail. 

Bagrinse  (ba-gri'ne),  «.  2>l.  [NL.,  <  Bagrus  + 
-iiia\]  A  subfamily  of  catfishes,  of  the  family 
Silurielec.  They  have  the  anterior  and  posterior  nos- 
trils remote  from  one  another,  tlie  latter  being  provided 
with  barbels ;  palatal  teeth  ;  gill-membranes  free  from  the 
isthmus ;  a  short  anal  fin ;  a  long  adipose  fin  ;  and  a  short 
dorsal  fin  in  front  of  the  ventral  fins.  There  are  many 
species,  mostly  .-Xsiatic  and  East  Indian. 

bag-room  (bag'rom),  n.  A  room  on  a  man-of- 
war  where  the  clothing-bags  of  the  crew  are 
stored.     Luce. 

Bagrus  (bag'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Sp.  Pg.  bagre, 
a  tish,  Sihirus  bagre.]  The  typical  genus  of 
catfishes  of  the  subfamily  Bagrince.  Two  spe- 
cies, attaining  a  length  of  5  or  6  feet,  are  found 
in  the  Nile. 

Bagshot  beds.    See  bed^. 

bag-trousers (bag'trou"zerz),n.  pi.  Thecover- 
ing  for  the  legs  worn  by  men  in  the  Levant,  and 
to  a  certain  extent  by  all  Mohammedan  peoples. 
It  consists  of  an  undivided  bag  with  two  holes  in  the  bot- 
tom, through  which  the  feet  are  passed.  It  is  drawni  up 
with  a  cord,  and  tied  around  the  waist  and  around  the 
ankles,  or  above  them,  and  is  commonly  so  full  as  nearly 
to  reach  the  ground  in  falling  over  the  feet.  The  trousers 
of  the  women  are  more  commonly  made  with  two  legs, 
like  Eui.>j,L;in  drawers  or  trousers.  ?^i;t: petticoat.trousers 
and  shiiitiiiiiii. 

baguet,  baguette  (ba-gef),  n.  [<  F.  baguette, 
a  wand,  rod,  stick,  <  It.  bacchetta,  a  rod,  stick, 
dim.  of  bacchio,  a  rod,  pole,  <  L.  baculum,  a 
rod,  stick:  see  baculus.]  In  arch.,  a  small 
convex  semicircular  molding :  usually  called 
when  plain  a  bead,  when  enriched  with  foliage 
a  chajilet. 

bag-wig  (bag'wig),  n.  A  wig  the  back  hair  of 
which  was  inclosed  in  a  bag.     See  bag^,  3. 

E.vpect  at  every  turn  to  come  upon  intriguing  spectres 
in  bag-  iciga,  ininielise  hoops  and  patches. 

Hoivellx,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

bagwigged  (bag'-n-igd),  a.     Wearing  a  bag-wig. 

bag-worm  (bag'w&rm),  n.  The  lar\a  of  a 
lepidopterous  insect,  Thiiridoptirijx  ephemera- 
fiirinig  (Hanis),  common  throughout  the  more 
northern  part  of  the  United  States.  The  larva  is 
called  bag'Wonu  because  it  spins  a  silken  bag  fur  its  pru- 


Bag-woim  (  Thyritiopteryx  efhemera/ormis\,  lar\'3  and  moths, 
natural  size. 

a.  lar\'a ;  b,  male  chrysalis ;  c,  female  moth ;  d,  male  moth  ;  e,  fe* 
male  chrysalis  in  bag  (sectional  viewljy,  caterpillar  and  bag;  f, 
very  young  caterpillars  in  their  bags. 

bagwynt,  ".  In  her.,  a  fabtilous  beast,  like  an 
antelope  with  a  horse's  tail.     Vussnns. 

bah  (bii),  interj.  [<  F.  bah,  interj.  of  contempt.] 
An  exclamation  expressing  contempt,  disgust, 
or  incredulity. 

Twenty-five  years  ago  the  vile  ejaculation  bah  !  was  ut- 
terly unknown  to  the  English  public.  De  Quinceg. 

bahadur (ba-ha'dor),  II.  [Hind.  bahadur,hTSiVe, 
gallant;  as  a  noun,  a  hero,  champion.]  A 
title  of  respect  commonly  affixed  to  the 
names  of  European  officers  in  Indian  docu- 
ments, or  used  in  ceremonious  mention  by  na- 
tives :  as,  Jones  Sahib  Bahadur,  it  may  be  com- 
pared to  the  phrase  "gallant  officer"  of  parliamentary 
courtesy,  or  the  "  illustrissinio  signore  "  of  the  Italians. 
It  was  conferred  as  a  title  of  honor  by  the  Great  Mogul, 
and  by  other  native  princes.  Yule  and  Burnell,  Anglo- 
Ind.  Glossary. 

Bahama  grass,  sponge,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

bahar  (ba-hiir' ),  n.  [Also  baar,  barr,  barre;  <  Ar. 
bahdr.]  An  Eastern  measure  of  weight,  vary- 
ing considerably  in  different  localities  and  ac- 
cording to  the  substances  weighed,  in  Mozam- 
bique it  is  about  250  pounds,  in  Mocha  450  P'Hinds,  in  Su- 
matra and  Ceylon  440  pounds.  It  is  also  used  as  a  mea- 
sure of  capacity. 

bahrainga  (bii-ring'gii),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  name 
of  an  East  Indian  deer ;  the  spotted  deer  of  the 
Sunderbunds  or  swampy  parts  of  the  Ganges 
delta;  the  RiicervHS  duraiicelli. 

bahutl  (ba-hof),  n.  [F.,  formerly  also  bahu, 
bahu.9,  bahuce  (=  Pr.  bane  =  Pg.  bahii,  bahiil  = 
Sp.  baul  =  lt.  b(iule),  a  chest,  trunk,  with  arched 
top,  prob.  <  MH(j.  behunt,  behut,  a  keeping, 
guarding,  a  magazine,  <  behuoten,  behiieten.  G. 
behiiten,  keep,  guard,  <  be-  (=E.  6f-l)  +  OHG. 
huoten,  MHG.  hiieten,  G.  hiiten,  keep.  =  E.  heed, 
q.  v.]  1.  A  chest,  often  with  an  arched  or  con- 
vex top,  and  frequently  covered  with  leather, 
richlv  carved,  or  otherwise  ornamented,    such 


From  ■■  L'.\rt  p.iur  Tous.") 


chests  were  a  universal  and  very  important  article  of  fur- 
niture during  the  medieval  and  Renaissance  periods. 
2.  An  ornamental  cabinet,  especially  one  hav- 
ing doors.  See  cabinet. —  3.  Inarch.:  (a)  The 
convex  crowning  course  of  a  wall  or  parapet. 
Victor  Ga;/.  (h)  In  great  medieval  buildings, 
a  low  wall  supporting  the  roof  behind  the  gut- 


bahut 

ter  and  balustrade  or  parapet  crowning  the 
main  walls.  This  wall  serves  both  to  prevent  hiflltra- 
tion  fit  Milter  fniiu  heiivy  storms  and  to  i>rotect  the  lower 
part  of  the  roof-coveriiiK  from  daiiiaKe  whieh  the  use  of 
the  ;:utters  as  i)assageH  would  he  likely  to  cause.     Viollft- 

bahut-t,  ".  [<V.haliuttc.  Of.  6a/iK(l.]  Adress 
I'cir  ma.s(Hieradin<;;  a  domino.     X.  IC.  I). 

Baianism(b!i'yan-izra),  «.  [From  Michel  liaius, 
or  lie  Bill/,  its  author.]  A  system  of  religious 
opinions,  regarded  as  an  anticipation  of  Jan- 
senism, found  in  part  or  constructively  in  tlie 
WTitings  of  Baius  (Michel  de  Bay,  1513-1589) 
of  the  University  of  Louvain.  As  condemned  by 
Pius  V.  and  Gregory  XIII.,  its  chief  points  are :  that  ori- 
ginal righteousness  was  an  integral  part  of  human  nature 
before  the  fall,  not  an  adilitional  gift  of  God  ;  that  Adam 
could  luive  merited  etermil  life  as  a  matter  of  strict  jus- 
tice; that  man  as  fallen  was  unitilated  in  nature  and  capa- 
ble of  sin  only ;  and  that  all  works  are  sinful  unless  done 
from  pure  love  of  God.  Baius  submitted  to  the  condem. 
nation  of  his  doctrines. 

baicht,  ".  -An  obsolete  form  of  batch^.  Eaii 
(IluUiwell). 

baid  (bad).  [North.  Eng.  and  Sc,  =E.6orfc3.] 
A  jireterit  of  hide. 

baidak  (bi'dak),  H.  [Russ.  fiaWoH.]  A  river- 
boat  used  on  the  Dnieper  and  its  affluents,    it 

is  from  Um  to  150  feet  long,  and  will  carry  from  175  to  '250 
tons.  It  has  generally  one  mast  and  one  large  sail. 
baidar  (bi'diir),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  canoe 
used  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  Aleutian  and 
Kurile  islands  in  the  pursuit  of  otters  and 
wliales.  It  is  from  18  to  25  feet  long,  covered  with  hides, 
and  propelled  by  from  G  to  12  paddles. 

baiet,  «•  and  a.    Obsolete  form  of  hay^,  bay^, 

etc. 
baierine  (bi'e-rin),  n.     [<  G.  Baieni,  Bavaria, 

+  -i«('2.]     A  name  given  by  Beudant  to  colum- 

l)ite  obtained  in  Bavaria, 
baiest,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  baize.       , 
baignet,  n.  and  r.     See  &ai«2. 
baignoire  (ba-nwor'),  n.    [F.,  a  bath-tub,  a  box 

in  a  theater,  <  baiijner,  bathe  :  see  6ai«2.]     A 

box  in  a  theater  on  the  same  level  as  the  stalls. 

Sometimes  written  baiijnoir. 

The  twelve  Itaii/noii-.f  and  the  thirty-six  boxes  of  the 
second  tier  are  left  at  the  disposal  of  the  manager. 

Ilariier's  Maij.,  LXVII.  884. 

baikalite  (bi'lval-it),  «.  [<  Baikal  (Bai'aklial, 
said  to  mean  'abundant  water'),  a  lake  in  south- 
ern Siberia,  +  -('fe'2.]  A  dark-green  variety  of 
pjTO.xene,  occurring  iu  crystals  with  a  lamellar 
structure  like  that  of  salite  near  Lake  Baikal 
in  southern  Siberia. 

baiP  (bal),  n.  [Sometimes  improp.  bale;  early 
mod.  E.  ImH,  bai/le,  <  ME.  baiilc,  bcyl,  prob.  <  AS. 
'begei,  *bi/ffcl  (not  recorded;  ef.  bi/ge,  a  bend, 
turn,  bcdli  (>E./«'t>'-),aring)  (=D.  bcuffel, a,  hoo^p, 
ring,  bow,  stirrup,  handle,  =  MLG.  bogel,  bog- 
gel,  LG.  IjiJijel,  a  bow,  ring,  =  G.  bicgct,  biigcl,  a 
bow,  bent  piece  of  wood  or  metal,  stirrup,  = 
Dan.  bojle,  a  bow,  bar,  boom-iron,  =  Sw.  bogel, 
bygel,  a  bow,  hoop,  riug,  stirrup,  =  Icel.  bygill,  a 
stirrup) ;  with  formative  -cl,  <  biigaii  (pp.  bogen) 
(=  G.  bicgeii  =  Icel.  bjiiga,  etc.),  bow,  bend,  iu 
part  from  the  causative  lujgnn,  began,  ME.  bei- 
gen,  beieii,  etc.,  mod.  E.  dial,  bai/  (=  G.  beugcn 
=  Icel.  beygja,  etc.:  see  hay'-'),  l)end:  see  hoir'i, 
v.,  and  cf.  bow^,  ».]  1.  A  hoop  or  ring;  a  piece 
of  wood,  metal,  or  other  material  bent  into  the 
form  of  a  circle  or  half-circle,  as  a  hoop  for  sup- 
porting tlie  tilt  of  a  boat,  the  cover  of  a  wagon 
or  cradle,  etc.  Specifically  —  2.  The  hoop  form- 
ing the  handle  of  a  kettle  or  bucket. — 3.  One 
of  the  iron  yokes  which  serve  to  suspend  a  life- 
ear  from  the  hawser  on  which  it  runs. — 4.  A 
stout  iron  yoke  placed  over  heavy  guns  and  fit- 
ting closely  over  the  ends  of  the  trunnions,  to 
whieh  it  is  attached  by  pins  in  the  axis  of  the 
trunnions :  used  to  raise  the  gim  by  means  of 
the  gin.  Farrow,  Mil.  Encye. —  5.  An  arched 
support  of  a  millstone. —  6t.  A  wooden  canopy 
formed  of  bows,     llalliwcll. 

baili  (bal),  V.  t.  [<  /)«i71,  H.]  To  provide  with 
a  bail ;  hoop. 

bail-  (bal),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  "baylen,  <  OF.  bailler, 
liaillirr,  liailicr  =  Pr.  huilar,  carry,  conduct,  con- 
trol, receive,  keep  in  custody,  give,  deliver,  < 
L.  bajitlarc,  bear  a  burden,  caiTy,  ML.  also 
conduct,  control,  rule,  <  l>aji(lus,  a  bearer,  car- 
rier, porter,  in  ML.  ( >  It.  bailo,  balio  =  Pg.  hailio 
=  Sp.  Pr.  baiie  =  OF.  bail,  with  ML.  reflex 
baillus,  baliii.t,  etc.)  a  governor,  administrator, 
tutor,  guardian,  fem.  hajiila  (>0P.  bailie,  etc., 
ML.  refle.x  baila).  a  governess,  nurse.  In  E.  the 
verb,  in  its  customary  senses,  is  rather  from 
the  noun:  see  bail-,  ii.]  1.  Inlaw:  (n)  To  de- 
liver, as  goods,  without  transference  of  owner- 
ship, on  an  agreement,  expressed  or  implied. 


421 

that  they  shall  be  returned  or  accounted  for. 
See  bailment. 

If  cloth  be  delivered  (or  in  our  legal  dialect,  baited)  U^  a 
tailor  to  make  a  suit  of  clothes.    Iltaekntnur,  Com.,  II.  452. 

(b)  To  set  free,  deliver,  or  liberate  from  arrest 
and  imprisonment,  upon  security  given  that  the 
person  bailed  shall  ajtpear  an<i  answer  in  court 
or  satisfj'  Die  judgment  given:  a|iplied  to  the 
action  of  the  magistrate  or  the  surety.  The  ma- 
gistrate is  said  to  O'tit  a  person  (or  to  ailinit  him  tit  hail) 
w-hcn  he  liberates  him  from  arrest  or  iniprisonincnt,  ujion 
bond  given  with  sureties.  Tlie  surety  is  also  said  to  bait 
the  person  whose  release  lie  procures  by  giving  the  bond. 

Tit.  Let  me  be  their  bail.  .  .  . 

Sat.  Thou  Shalt  not  bait  them. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  4. 

^\Tien  they  [the  judges]  had  baitnt  the  twelve  bishojis, 

the  House  of  Commons,  in  great  indignation,  caused  them 

immediately  to  lie  recoinmitted.  Ctarendoti. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  release ;  liberate. 

No  none  there  was  to  reskue  her,  ne  none  to  baitr. 

Sfwunrr,  K.  it.,  IV.  ix.  7. 

3.  To  be  seciu'ity  for;  secure;  protect. 

We  can  bait  him  from  the  cruelty 
Of  misconstruction.  Ford,  Fancies,  v.  2. 

To  ball  out,  to  procure  the  release  of  (a  person)  by  acting 
as  liis  ijail.     To  ball  over  to  keep  the  peace,  to  recfuire 
scrurity  from  (a  person)  that  lie  will  kei  p  tlie  jicace. 
bail-  (bal),  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  liaiile,  bale, 
<  ME.  baylc,  baill  (ML.  balliitm,  balium),  <  OF. 
hail,  power,  control,  custody,  charge,  .iurisdic- 
tion,  also  delivery,  <  bailler,  bailicr,  coniluct, 
control,  etc.,  deliver.     The  noun  is  tlius  his- 
torically from  the  verb,  though  in  E.  the  verb 
in  some  of  its  senses  depends  on  the  noun:  see 
bail^,  v.'\     If.  Power;  custody;  jurisdiction. 
So  did  Diana  and  her  maydens  all 
Use  silly  Kauiius,  now  within  their  baitc. 

Speiiser,  V.  Q.,  VII.  vi.  49. 

2.  The  keeping  of  a  person  in  nominal  custody 
on  security  that  he  shall  appear  in  court  at  a 
specified  time.  The  person  is  said  to  lie  admitlM  ti, 
bail,  in  which  phrase,  however,  bait  is  now  commonly 
thought  of  as  the  security  given.     See  3. 

3.  Security  given  to  obtain  the  release  of  a 
prisoner  from  custody,  pending  final  decision 
in  the  action  against  him.  in  civil  cases  a  person 
arrested  has  always  the  right  to  give  sufficient  bail,  and 
thereupon  be  released  from  custody.  In  criminal  cases 
the  difeiulant  has  also  this  right,  as  a  rule,  when  the 
crime  clKii'gcd  is  a  mere  misdemeanor.  Whether  to  bail 
one  i'liai'gfd  with  treason  or  felony  is  usually  in  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  judge,  and  in  some  states  bail  is  always  de- 
nied to  one  held  for  a  crime  punishable  with  death.  The 
security  is  in  the  form  of  a  bond  executed  l)y  responsible 
sureties,  iiroviding  that  the  defL-ndaiit  .shall  ajipcar  at  the 
order  of  tlie  court  under  penalty  of  fortriturc  of  the  sum 
named  in  the  bond.  The  person  bailed  i^  regarded  as  but 
transferred  from  the  custody  of  the  law  to  that  of  his 
sureties,  wlio  may  therefore  seize  and  surrender  Iiini  at 
any  time.  In  civil  cases  there  are  several  kinds  of  bail  at 
common  law,  the  chief  being  common  bail  ami  special  bait. 
Common  bail,tivbaitbdow,  which  is  now  disused,  was  given 
to  the  sheriff  on  a  bail-bond  entered  into  by  two  pel-sons, 
on  condition  that  the  defendant  appear  at  the  day  and  in 
such  place  as  the  arresting  process  commands.  Special 
bait,  bail  above,  or  bait  to  the  action,  is  given  by  persons 
who  undertake  generally,  after  appearance  of  a  defen- 
dant, that  if  he  be  condemned  in  the  action  he  shall  satisfy 
the  debt,  costs,  and  damages,  or  render  himself  to  the 
proper  person,  or  that  they  will  do  so  for  him.  {Wharton.) 
In  Scotland,  hail  in  civil  cases  is  called  fai/^"e«  (which  sec). 

4.  Figuratively,  security;  guaranty. 
Doubtless  this  man  hath  bait  enough  to  be  no  Adulterer. 

Milton,  Tetrachordon,  Works  (17:iS),  I.  251. 

5.  Liberation  on  bail:  as,  to  grant  bail. — 6. 
The  jierson  or  persons  who  ]irovide  bail,  and 
thus  obtain  the  temporary  release  of  a  prisoner. 
Persons  who  make  a  business  of  furnishing  hail  on  pay- 
ment of  a  fee  often  frequent  law-courts.  Formerly  such 
persons  wore  straws  in  their  shoes  as  a  sign  of  their  occu- 
pation; hence  the  terra  «^r(i?v  t)ait,  used  to  designate  fic- 
titious or  iiTesponsible  professional  bail. 

The  bail  must  he  real  substantial  bondsmen. 

Blackntone. 

The  attorney  whispered  to  Mr.  Pickwick  that  he  was 
only  a  hail.  "  A  baitf"  "Yes,  my  dear  sir,  half-a-dozen 
of  'em  here.  Hail  you  to  any  amount  and  only  charge 
half-a-crown."  Dickens,  Pickwick  Papers. 

Where  those  mysterious  personages  who  were  wont  in 
the  old  times  to  jM-rambulate  the  great  saloon  of  the  futile 
footsti-ps,  Wcstiiiiiister  Hall,  with  straws  iu  their  shoes, 
and  whose  occupation  is  not  by  any  means  gone  now-a- 
days,  arc  always  in  attendance  in  a  philanthropic  eager- 
ness to  render  service  to  suffering  humanity  —  or  in  other 
words,  to  become  bail  where  bait  is  wanted,  for  a  gratuity 
of  half-a-crown  to  twelve  and  sixpence.  6.  A.  Sola. 

[Bait,  being  an  abstract  noun  applicable  to  persons  only 
by  ellipsis,  is  not  used  in  the  plural.]  — Ball  k  longues 
ann^es,  in  Canadian  taw,  a  lease  for  more  than  nine 
years,  termed  also  an  em/ftnifeiitic  t,'a.ie,  whereby  the  les- 
see eiijo>s  for  tile  term  all  tile  rights  attached  to  the  ipial- 
ity  of  proprielor.  ami  can  dispose  of  the  property  subject 
to  the  rights  of  the  lessor.— On  ball,  on  guaranties  duly 
given  for  tlie  appearance  or  production  of  a  prisoner  iu 
court  at  the  proper  time :  as,  lie  was  liberated  on  bait. 

His  (Somerset's)  friemls  attempted  to  obtain  his  reletise 
on  bait.  .Sliiliki,  Const.  Hist.,  §  672. 

To  admit  to  ball,  or  to  take  bail  for,  to  release  upon 
security  given.  See  above.  2.  To  find  bail,  to  procure 
persons  to  act  as  bail.— To  go  bail   I")  To  act  as  bail  or 


bailed 

surety,  (b)  To  vouch  (t..r  a  thing):  as,  I'll  ffo  bail  for 
that.  — To  hold  to  ball,  t"  oblige  to  tlml  bail  or  go  to  jail. 
To  perfect  or  Justify  bail,  to  jirove  by  the  oath  of  the 
person  funiisbiiig  bail  lliat,  over  and  above  his  debts,  he 
is  wortli  tlie  sum  for  which  he  is  about  to  become  security. 
baiP  (bal),  H.  [Early  mod.  E,  also  baylc  (still 
sometimes  used  arcliaically  in  det.  G),  <  ME. 
baylc,  baile,  bail,  a  baiTJer,  palisade,  prob.  also 
a  bar  (=  D.  Flcm.  balic,  a  bar,  rail),  <  OF.  bail, 
baile,  baiilc,  a  barrier,  palisade,  prob.  also  (as 
in  mod.  F.  dial,  bail)  a  bai-,  cross-bar  (cf.  Icel. 
hagall,  an  episcopal  staff,  crozier),  prob.  <  L. 
haculum,  baciilit.^,  a  stick,  rod,  staff  (see  bacu- 
lus,  and  cf.  bail'^,  <  ML.  "baeitla) :  see  bail^,  v., 
and  ef.  deriv.  bailey^.  The  noun  bail'^  in  some 
senses  may  be  from  the  verb,  but  all  senses  ap- 
pear to  depend  ult,  on  that  of  a  bar,  or  cross- 
bar.]    It.  A  bar;  a  cross-bar. 

Set  them  uppoii  some  iiearche  or  bar/te  of  wood  that 
they  maye  by  that  meanes  the  better  kcepe  their  feathers 
unbroken  and  eschue  the  dragging  of  their  traines  upon 
the  ground. 

Turbervitle,  liooke  of  Falconrie,  p.  358.    (!f.  E.  D.) 

2.  In  cricket,  one  of  the  two  little  bars  or  sticks, 
about  4  inches  long,  which  are  laid  on  the  tops 
of  the  stumps,  one  end  resting  in  the  gi-oove  of 
one  stump,  and  the  other  in  that  of  the  next. 
Since  they  fall  with  the  lightest  blow,  they  serve  to  indi- 
cate when  the  stumps  have  been  struck. 

Old  Bailey  gravely  sets  up  the  middle  stump  again,  and 
puts  the  bailH  on. 

T.  HuiflieK,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  ii.  8. 

3.  A  bar  or  pole  to  separate  liorses  in  a  stable. 
— 4.  A  framework  for  securing  the  head  of  a 
cow  while  she  is  being  milked.  [Australia.] — 
5.  [The  earliest  use  in  E.]  Milif.:  (n)  j}l. 
The  outer  wall  or  line  of  defenses,  originally 
often  made  of  stakes;  ban-iers;  palisades.  See 
jiiilisade.  Hence  —  {!>)  The  space  inclosed  by 
the  outer  wall ;  the  outer  court  of  a  castle  or  a 
fortified  post :  in  this  sense  usually  called  bailey. 
See  bailey'^. —  6.  A  certain  limit  in  a  forest. 

baiP  (bal),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bale;  appar. 
<  OF.  baillier,  inclose,  shut  in,  bar,  appar.  < 
bailie,  a  bar,  cross-bar,  ban'ier;  in  the  second 
sense,  directly  <  bail3,  n.,  5.]  1.  To  bar  in; 
confine.  [Rare.]  —  2.  To  provide  with  a  bail. 
—  To  ball  up.  (a)'l'o  secure  the  head  (of  a  cow)  in  a  bail 
^vhile  she  is  being  milked.  Hence  —  (6)  To  disarm  prepar- 
atory to  robbing ;  order  to  throw  up  the  arms.    [Australia.  ] 

bail^t  (bal),  n.  [<  ME.  heyle,  *hayle  =  D.  balie 
=  MLG.  balge,  balligc,  balleic,  LG.  haljc,  a  tub, 
bucket,  =  G.  Dan.  haljc  =  Sw,  balj<i,  a  tub,  = 
It.  haglia,  a  tuli,  bucket,  <  F.  baiilc,  naut.  a  tub, 
bucket,  pail,  prob.  <  ML.  'baciila,  a  bucket  or 
tub  (ef.  bacula,  a  small  boat),  dim.  of  baca, 
hacca,  a  tub :  see  back'-^.  Cf.  bail'^,  jirob.  <  L. 
baculum.']  A  bucket;  a  pail;  especially,  a 
bucket  or  other  small  vessel  used  to  dip  water 
out  of  a  boat. 

bail*  (bal),  r.  [Also  less  prop.  6«/<>;  early  mod. 
E.  haile,  baylc  (=  D.  balien,  nit-balien) ;  from 
the  noun.]  I.  trans.  To  remove  (water),  or  free 
(a  boat,  etc.)  from  water,  with  a  bail,  bucket, 
basin,  or  other  small  vessel :  usually  with  out. 
II,  intrans.  To  remove  water,  as  from  a  boat 
or  the  like,  with  a  liail  or  bucket. 

baiFt,  etc.  Obsolete  and  less  proper  spelling 
of  halc^,  etc. 

bailable  (ba'la-bl),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
baleable,  baileahlc ;  <  bail-,  r.  and  n.,  +  -able.'] 

1.  Capable  of  being  delivered;  deliverable. — 

2.  Capable  of  being  set  free  upon  gi\'ing  bond 
with  sureties ;  capable  of  being  admitted  to 
bail:  used  of  persons. — 3.  Admitting  of  bail: 
as,  a  hailable  offense. 

bailage  (ba'Iaj),  «.  [Also  hailiage,  balliage,  as 
if  <  AF.  *bailiage,  ML.  balliagium :  see  bail'^, 
v.,  and  -age.']  A  duty  imposed  upon  the  de- 
livery of  goods ;  an  ancient  duty  received  by 
the  city  of  London  for  all  goods  and  merchan- 
dise brought  into  or  can-led  out  of  the  port. 
Chambers. 

bail-bond  (bar  bond),  «.  A  bond  or  obliga- 
tion given  by  a  prisoner  and  his  surety  to  in- 
sure the  appearance  of  the  former  in  court  at 
the  return  of  the  writ. 

bail-dockt  (biil'dok),  n.  [Prob.  <  bail3  +  docks.] 
Formerly,  at  the  Old  Bailey  in  London,  a  small 
room  taken  from  one  of  tlie  corners  of  the 
court,  and  left  open  at  the  top,  in  which  cer- 
tain malefactors  were  placed  during  trial.  Also 
spelled  bale-dock. 

Penn  and  Mead,  for  Jheir  stout  defence  at  their  trial, 
were  dragged  into  the  bate.doek.  and  the  Recorder  pro- 
ceeded to  charge  the  jury  iliiring  their  detention  there, 
urging  for  an  excuse,  that  they  were  still  within  hearing 
of  the  Court.  -V.  and  v.,  Cth  ser.,  XI.  87. 

bailedt  (bald),  p.  a.  [<  bain  -h  -erfs.]  Pro- 
vided with  a  bail ;  hooped  and  covered,  as  a 
wagon. 


bailee 

bailee  (ba-le'),  H.  [<  h(iil'^,i:,  +  -rr^.'\  Inlaw, 
the  porson  to  whom  goods  are  committed  in 
baihni'ut.  Ho  has  a  temporary  possession  of 
them  and  a  riualilied  property  in  them  lor  such 
]>urpose  only. 

bailer',  «.     [<  baiP  +  -tA.']     See  bailor. 

bailer-  (ba'ler),  n.  [<  haiH  +  -e;-i.]  1.  One 
who  bails  out  water,  or  frees  a  boat  from  water. 
—  2.  A  vessel  used  for  bailing  water. 

For  river  or  Inke  work  a  sponge  and  baler  may  be  suf- 
flcient,  but  for  sea  cniisint'  an  effective  pump  sliould  be 
fitteil.  Qualtroiigh,  Boat  Sailer's  Manual,  p.  194. 

Also  halcr. 

baileyl  (ba'li),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  haily, 
i(((7(V',<  JIE.  haiUi,  bailie,  baiUie,  baitly,  baili,  etc., 
an  extended  form  (prob.  after  the  ML.  balium, 
balliiim,  a  reflex  of  the  OF.  bail)  of  hai/le,  bail, 
mod.  E.  bail,  a  barrier,  etc. :  see  bails.]  l.  The 
external  wall  of  defense  about  a  feudal  eastle 
(see  bailS) ;  by  extension,  any  of  the  circuits  of 
wall  other  than  a  keep  or  donjon,  that  is,  any 
line  of  defense  other  than  the  innermost  one. 
— 2.  As  used  by  later  writers,  the  outer  coui-t 
or  base-eom-t  of  a  castle;  by  extension,  any 
court  of  a  defensive  post  used  with  a  distinctive 
epithet.  Tlie  inner  bailey  contained  the  stables  and  often 
the  chapel,  etc.,  and  communicated  directly  with  the  keep ; 
the  outer  bailey,  when  there  were  only  two,  more  commonly 
contained  the'chapel  and  sometimes  a  tilt-yard,  exercise- 
ground,  or  the  like.  Tlie  entranceway  to  a  castle,  after 
passing  the  defenses  of  the  barbican,  led  first  into  the  outer 
bailey  and  thence  into  the  inner  bailey ;  but  it  was  usual 
for  the  keep  to  have  also  a  separate  communication  with 
the  exterior.  [The  word  is  still  retained  in  some  pri;iper 
names,  as  in  the  Old  Baileii,  the  seat  of  the  central  erinii- 
nal  court  of  London,  so  called  from  the  ancient  baiU>i  of 
the  city  wall  between  Lud  Gate  and  New  Gate,  withlii 
which  it  was  situated.] 
Also  balliuni. 

bailey-t,  "■     See  bailie". 

bailiage',  «.     See  bailage. 

bailiage'-,  bailliage  (ba'li-aj),  n.  [Formerly 
also  bailhuje,  baVuKje,  and  bailiage  (ef.  ML.  bal- 
liagium,  baillayiitiii,  b<diaticum),  <  F.  bailliaije 
(=Pt.  bailiatge  =  S\i.  bailiage),  <  baiUi,  abailiff, 
bailie,  +  -age.'}  The  jurisdiction  or  district  of 
a  bailiff  or  baU  11 ;  a  bailiwick:  now  used  chiefly 
(in  the  form  bailliage)  with  reference  to  old 
French  or  to  Swiss  bailiwicks.  • 

At  fu-st  four  baiUiaries  were  created.  Brougham. 

The  several  orders  [in  France)  met  in  their  baiUiages  in 
17S9,  to  choose  their  representatives  [m  the  Assembly] 
and  draw  np  their  grievances  and  instructions. 

John  Morley,  Burke,  p.  IGl. 

bailiary,  n.     See  bailienj. 

bailie't,  ".     -Aji  obsolete  spelling  of  bailey'^. 

bailie-  (bii'li),  ».  [Now  onl}'  as  Sc,  also  spelled 
haillie,  baily,  early  mod.  E.  also  baily,  bailey,  bay- 
ley,  etc.,  <  ME.  b'aylie,  bai/ly,  haillie,  baili,  bail'li, 

<  OF.  bailli,  earlier  baillif,  >  E.  bailiff,  of  which 
hailie^  is  thus  a  doublet:  see  baiUl}'.']  If.  A 
bailiff. —  2.  In  Scotland:  (rtf)  The  chief  magis- 
trate of  a  barony  or  part  of  a  county,  having 
fimetions  equivalent  to  those  of  a  sheriff,  {b) 
A  municipal  officer  or  magistrate,  corresponding 
to  an  alderman  in  England.  He  possesses  a  certain 
jurisdiction  by  common  law  as  well  as  by  statute.  The 
criminal  jurisdiction  of  the  provost  and  bailies  of  royal 
burghs  extends  to  breaches  of  the  peace,  drunkenness, 
adulteration  of  articles  of  diet,  thefts  not  of  an  aggra- 
vated chjiracter,  and  other  offenses  of  a  less  serious  na- 
ture. Formerly,  a  person  appointed  by  preceptgf  sasine  to 
give  infeftment  in  land  (a  legal  fonnality  now  abolished) 
was  also  called  a  bailie. 

bailie^t,  ".     See  bailyS. 

bailiery,  bailiary  (bii'li-e-ri.  -a-ri),  ».  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  baillierie,  etc.,  <  Fi  as  if  "baillerie, 

<  bailli :  see  bailie^  and  -ery.'j  In  Scots  Ian;  a 
bailie's  jurisdiction.  Also  bailliery,  bailliary. — 
Letter  of  bailiery,  a  commission  by  which  a  heritable 
proprietor,  entitled  to  grant  such  a  commission,  appoints 
a  baron  bailie,  with  the  usual  powers,  to  hold  courts,  ap- 
point iifiic-ers  uniler  him,  etc. 

bailiff  (ba'lif),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baijliff, 
baliffe,  bailii-e,  etc.,  <  ME.  bailif,  baillif,  bali/f, 
etc.  (ML.  6fl/«)-K.s),  <  OF.  bail'lif  (Inter  bai'lli, 
E.  bailie^,  q.  v.),  <  ML.  "bajulinus,  prop,  adj.,  < 
bajulun,  an  administrator,  manager,  guardian, 
tutor,  etc.,  in  L.  a  can'ier,  porter:  see  bail",  r.] 

1.  A  subordinate  civil  officer  or  fimetionary. 
There  are  in  En^'land  several  kinds  of  l)aililfs,  whose  oflices 
differ  widely,  but  all  agree  in  this,  tliat  tlic  keeping  or  pro- 
tection of  something  lielofigs  to  them.  The  sheriff  is  the 
sovereign's  bailiff,  and  his  coimty  is  a  bailiwick.  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  the  chief  magistrates  of  some 
towns,  to  keepers  of  royal  eastles,  iis  of  Dover,  U>  persotis 
having  the  conservation  of  the  peace  in  hundreds  and  in 
some  special  jurisdictiotis,  as  Westfninster,  and  to  the 
returning-offlcers  in  the  same.  But  the  offlcials  common- 
ly  desigiuiteil  by  this  name  are  the  bailijff;  of  sheriffs,  or 
sheriffs'  officers,  who  execute  processes,  etc.,  and  baililTs 
of  liberties,  appointed  by  the  lords  in  their  respective 
jurisdirtioTis  I"  j»erform  similar  functions. 

2.  An  overseer  or  under-steward  on  an  estate, 
appointed  to  manage  forests,  direct  husbandry 
operations,  collect  rents,   etc.     Also  called  a 


422 

bailif  of  forests,  or  bailiff  in  hvsbandry. —  3.  An 
officer  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jcnisalem. 
—  Bailiff  of  forests,  or  bailiff  in  husbandry.  See 
above,  -2.  -High  bailiff,  in  England:  (n)  The  chief  offi- 
cer of  certain  e<u-porations.  (h)  The  oflicer  of  a  county 
court,  (rr)  Tlie  ofhcer  who  serves  writs  and  the  like  in 
certain  franchises  not  subject  to  the  ordinary  jurisdiction 
of  the-sheriff.— Special  bailiff,  a  person  named  liy:i  party 
in  a  civil  suit  for  tlie  puipose  of  executing  sonic  imrti.  ul;ir 
process  therein,  and  a[ipointed  liy  tlie  sheriff  on  tie- appli- 
cation of  such  party.  — Water-bailiff,  in  Englanil,  an 
officer  enijiloyed  in  protecting  a  river  from  poachers  and 
from  being  fished  at  other  times  or  in  other  ways  than 
those  permitted  by  law. 

bailiffryt  (ba'lif-ri),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bailirery:  <  bailiff  +  -r^.]  The  office  or  juris- 
diction of  a  bailiff. 

bailiffsbip  (ba'lif-ship),  n.  [<  bailiff  +  -sliij).'] 
The  office  of  bailiff. 

bailiffwickt(ba'lif-wik),H.  [<  bailiff  + -wick.  Cf. 
bailiwich:']  The  office  of  a  bailiff  or  a  sheriff,  or 
the  district  under  his  jurisdiction ;  a  bailiwick. 

bailing-machine  (ba'Ung-ma-shen'''),  n.  A 
form  of  bail-seooj^  (which  see). 

baili'Wick  (ba'li-wik),  n.  [<  ME.  baiUe-,bayly-, 
etc.,  +  -wike,  etc. ;  <  bailie"  +  -wicl:'\  The  comi- 
ty within  which  a  sheriff  exercises  his  office ; 
the  precincts  in  which  a  bailiff  has  jurisdiction ; 
the  limits  of  a  bailiff's  authority,  as  (in  Eng- 
land) a  hundred,  a  liberty,  or  a  forest  over 
which  a  bailiff  is  appointed. 

There  is  a  proper  officer  allreadye  appoynted  for  these 
turnes,  to  witt  the  sheriff  of  the  shire,  whose  peculiar  office 
it  is  to  walke  continuallye  up  and  downe  his  balywick,  as 
ye  would  have  a  niarshall.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

bailliage,  «.    [F.]    See  bailiage'^. 

baillieH,  "•     See  bailey'^-. 

baillie-t,  »•     See  bailie^. 

baillieSf,  «.     See  baily^. 

baillie-brushkie  (ba  li-bmSh'ki),  n.  [Native 
name  in  Alaska.]  The  parrakeet-auklet,  Pha- 
hri.'i  or  Oiiihria  iisittactda.    H.  TT.  Elliott. 

bailliery,  bailliary,  ".    See  bailiery. 

baillon  (P.  pron.  ba-ly6u'),  n.  [<  F.  baillon,  a 
gag,  of  uncertain  origin;  either  (1)  dim.  (as  if 

<  L.  *baciilo,  *baeulon-)  of  OF.  baiUc,  bail,  a  bar, 
barrier  (see  baii3)  ■  or  (2),  written  baillon,  <  bdil- 
ler,  OF.  baailler,  baailer  =  Pr.  badaiUar  =  Cat. 
badallar  =  It.  sbadigliare,  gape  (cf.  ML.  badal- 
lum,  a  gag),  <  ML.  badare,  gape,  open  the 
mouth:  see  bayi.'\  A  gag;  specifically,  a  piece 
of  cork  or  other  material  used  to  keep  the  mouth 
open  dm-ing  operations,  dental  or  surgical,  in 
the  mouth. 

baillone  (ba-lyo-na'),  a.  [<  F.  bdillonne,  pp.  of 
bdillonncr,  gag,  <  bddlon,  a  gag:  see  baillon.'} 
In  her.,  holding  a  stick  between  the  teeth:  said 
of  an  animal  used  as  a  bearing. 

bailment  (bal'ment),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
hailement,  <  OF.' baillement,  <  bailler,  deliver, 
bail:  see  bail",  v.,  and  -ment.']  1.  The  contract 
or  legal  relation  which  is  constituted  by  the 
delivery  of  goods  without  transference  of  own- 
ership, on  an  agreement  expressed  or  implied 
that  they  be  returned  or  accounted  for,  as  a 
loan,  a  consignment,  a  delivery  to  a  carrier,  a 
pledge,  a  deposit  for  safe  keeping,  or  a  letting 
on  hS'e. —  2.  The  act  of  bailing  a  prisoner  or 
an  accused  person ;  also,  the  record  of  or  doc- 
uments relating  to  such  a  baiUng. 

bailo  (ba'i-16),  H.  [It.,  <  ML.  bajidus,  a  mana- 
ger, administrator,  guardian, etc. :  seebail^,  r.] 
The  title  of  the  Venetian  Eesident  at  the  Ot- 
toman Porte.     X.  E.  D. 

bailor,  bailer'  (ba'lgr,  -ler),  n.  [<  bail",  v.,  -\- 
-or,  -f)'l.]  In  law,  one  who  delivers,  goods  to 
another  in  bailment.     See  bailment,  1. 

bail-piece  (bal'pes),  n.  In  law,  a  certificate 
issued  to  a  person  by  a  court  attesting  his  ac- 
ceptance as  a  sm-ety  in  a  case  before  it. 

bail-scoop  (bal'skop),  ».  [<  bail*  +  scoop.']  A 
scoop  pivoted  at  one  end,  fitted  with  valves, 
and  so  arranged  that  a  large  quantity  of  water 
may  be  raised  by  it  through  a  short  distance : 
used  in  draining  and  irrigating. 

bailsman  (balz'man),  H. ;  yl.  bailsmen  (-men). 
[<  baiVs,  poss.  of  bail^,  n.,  +  man.']  One  who 
gives  bail  for  another ;  a  sm-ety  or  bail. 

bailylf  (ba'li),  n.    Obsolete  spelling  of  bailey^. 

baily^t  (ba'li),  n.  The  regidar  English  spell- 
ing of  the  word  now  used  only  in  the  Scotch 
spelling  bailie.     See  baUie^. 

I-ausanne  is  under  the  canton  of  Berne,  governed  by  a 
baily,  sent  every  three  years  from  the  senate  of  Berue. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

baily^t  (ba'U),  «.  [Also  badie,  <  ME.  bailie, 
bayly,  baly,  badly,  badlye,  haillie,  baili,  <  OF. 
bailie,  baillie  =  Pr.  hailia  =  Sp.  badia  =  It.  balia 
(ML.  balia,  ballia,  bailia,  baillia.  baylia,  hayllia), 

<  ML.  hajulia,  the  jurisdiction  or  office  of  a  bai- 


bairman 

lift, <  bajuhts, an  admiuist rator,  governor,  bailiff: 
see  bail"  and  bailiff,  bailie'^.]  1.  The  jurisdic- 
tion, authority,  or  office  of  a  bailiff  or  bailie; 
hence,  jurisiliction  or  authority,  especially  as 
delegated;  stewardship. — 2.  The  district  of  a 
bailiff  or  bailie ;  a  bailiwick. 

Baily's  beads.    See  bead. 

bain'  (ban).  «.  [Now  only  E.  dial.,  also  written 
banc,  <  ME.  bayne,  hai/n,  bcyn,  <  Icel.  bcinn, 
straight,  direct,  hospitable,  =  Norvv.  hein, 
straight,  direct,  easy  to  deal  ■with.]  1.  Direct; 
near;  short:  as,  that  way's  the  &«(««»■<  (fcaiiest)- 
[Prov.  Eng.] — 2t.  Ready;  -vrilliug. 

Be  thou  buxom  and  right  bayn. 

Tmmieley  Mysteries,  p.  16S. 

3t.  Limber;  pliant;  flexible. 
bain'  (ban),  ade.     [E.  dial.,  also  banc,  <  ME. 
bayn,  bain;   from  the   adj.]     1.  Near  by;   at 
hand.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2t.  Readily;  willingly. 

The  heme  besily  and  bane  blenkit  hem  about. 
Gawan  and  Goloyras,  i.  6  (in  Pinkerton's  .Scottish  Poems). 

bain-t  (ban),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bane,  <  ME. 

bayne,  baine,  <  OF.  and  F.  bain  =  Pr.  bank  =  Sp. 

bafio  =  Pg.  banho  =  It.  bagno  (>  F.  bagne,  E. 

bagnio,  q.  v.),  <  L.  balneum,  a  bath,  bath-house : 

see  balneum.]    1.  A  bath,  in  any  of  the  senses 

of  that  word. —  2.  A  bagnio  or  brothel, 
bain^t  (ban),  V.     [<  ME.  baynen,  <  OF.  baigner  = 

Pr.  Pg.  banliar  =  iip.  banar=:lt.  bagnare,<.'Mlj. 

balnearc,  bathe,  <  L.  balneum,  a  bath :  see  bain'^, 

«.]     I.  trans.   To  bathe;  wash. 

He  that  in  Eurotas'  silver  glide 
Both  bain  Ills  tress.         Greene,  Pahner's  Verses. 

II.  intrans.  To  bathe  one's  self ;  take  a  bath. 
bain'*t,  etc.  Obsolete  spelling  of  bane,  hone,  etc. 
bainbergt  (ban'berg),  n.    [Appar.  F.,  <  G.  "bein- 

berg  (not   found)  =  AS.    bdnbeorij,   bdnherge, 

bdngtbeorg,  also  called  scancgebeorg,  lit.  'bone- 

or  leg-guard'  (cf.  cinberge,  'chin-guard';  heals- 

beorh,  'neck-guard,'  hauberk : 

see  hauberk),  <  ban,  bone  (= 

G.  bein,  leg),  oiscanca,  shank, 

leg,  +  beorgan,  protect.]     A 

name  given  to  the  plate-armor 

of  the  leg  below  theknee,  when 

first  introduced.    It  was  worn 

over  the  ehain-maU,  to  pro- 
tect the  shin. 
Baines's  act.    See  act. 
bainie  (ba'ni),  o.   Scotehform 

of  bony. 

bain-marie  (F.  pron.  bah- 
ma-re' ),  n.  [F.,  formerly  bain 
de  Marie,  <  ML.  balneum 
ilarice,  lit.  bath  of  Mary;  a 
fanciful  name,  perhaps  in  al- 
lusion to  the  'gentle'  heat. 
The  second  element  is  some- 
times eiToneously  refeiTed 
to  L.  mare,  sea.]  A  vessel  of  any  kind  contain- 
ing heated  water,  in  which  another  vessel  is 
placed  in  order  to  heat  its  contents  gently,  or 
with  more  regidarity  and  evenness  than  if  the 
heat  were  applied  directly  to  the  second  vessel : 
used  in  some  operations  of  cooking,  manufac- 
tm'e,  chemistry,  etc.  Also  called  water-bath. 
bainst,  ».  pi.  Another  spelling  of  baties,  obso- 
lete form  of  banns.  t>penser. 
baiocco,  bajocco  (bil-yok'ko),  «. ;  pi.  baiocehi, 
bajocchi  (-ke).     [Formerly  in  E.   baiock,  byok 

(after  F.  bal- 
ocqne,  bai- 
ogue).  <  It. 
haiocco,  ba- 
jocco. a  small 
coin,  so  call- 
ed from  its 
color,  <  baip, 
bajo.  brown 
bay :  see 

ba'y^.]  A 

small  coin  of  the  former  Papal  States,  struck  in 
both  silver  and  copper,  worth  about  a  cent. 
Bairam  (bi-riim',  Wriim),  n.  [Formerly  bay- 
ram,  beyram,  <  Turk,  bairam,  hayrdm,  beiram,  < 
Pers.  hairdm.]  The  name  of  two  festivals  in  the 
Mohammedan  year,  distinguished  as  the  lesser 
and  the  i/reafer.  The  lesser  Bairam  follows  immedi- 
ately after  fhe  fast  strictly  kept  during'  the  ninth  month 
Ramadan,  in  th«  first  three  days  of  tlie  tenth  nioiitb.  and 
is  devoted  to  feasting,  rejoicinu',  visiting,  and  ^ifts.  very 
much  as  our  Christmas  bolid;iy  season  is  spent.  The 
yreater  Bairam  occurs  on  the  tenth  day  of  the  twelfth 
month,  and  is  everywhere  observed  with  the  slaughter  of 
sheep  and  general  "festivity  Ijy  those  at  home,  simultane- 
ou.sIy  witli  the  great  sacrificial  feast  at  .Mecca  concluding 
the  ceremonies  of  the  annual  pilgrimage  by  the  hadjis. 
Also  siielled  Beiram. 

bairmant,  "•    See  iareman. 


Bainbe,^  worn  over 
cllausses  of  ctiain-mait- 
( From  \'ioliet-le-Diic's 
"Diet-  du  Mobifier 
fran^ais.") 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Baiocco  of  Pope  Pius  VI.,  Britisfi  ^f^lseum. 

I  Size  of  ttie  original.) 


bairn 

bairn  (bam),  n.  [Se.  form  of  tho  rpg.  E.  hartfi 
(now  only  liiiiL),  <  ME.  ham,  hcni,  <  AS.  bvani 
(=  OS.  ham  =  OFries.  barn  =  01).  barcn  = 
OHG.  MHG.  ham  =  leel.  Sw.  Dan.  ham  =  Goth. 
bam),  a  fhild,  <  bcran,  E.  6f «»■!.]  A  ehild;  a 
son  or  (laughter.  See  barifi.  [North.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 
Think,  like  good  Christians,  on  your  bairiLn  and  wivi-s. 

Drijdcn. 
As  slio  annunciated  to  her  batrnn  tlie  iipshot  of  lu-i- 
practical  experience,  she  pulled  from  her  pocket  tho  por- 
tions of  tajic  whicli  sliowed  tho  length  and  breadth  of  the 
various  rooms  at  the  hospital  house.  Trotlojte. 

Balms'  part  of  gear.    In  Scota  iaiv,  same  aa  terntini. 

bairnliness  (biirn'li-ncs),  «.  [<  *haimJij  (<  haim 
+  -///I)  +  -ncss.]  Childisliness;  tho  state  of 
being  a  child  or  like  a  child.     [Scotch.] 

bairntime  (bSm'tiiu),  n.  [Sc,  <  ME.  ham- 
ham,  bam-tciii,  eto.,<  AS.  beam-team  (=  OFries. 
barn-tam),  a  family,  <  beam,  child,  bairn,  + 
team,  family:  see  baim  and  tca>ii.'\  A  family 
of  children.     [Old  Eug.  and  Scotch.] 

Thae  bonnie  bairntinn:  Uoav'n  has  lent. 

Burns,  A  Dream. 

bairnwort  (bam'wert),  «.  A  name  for  the 
ciiinmcjn  English  daisy,  BcUis pcrciiiiif!. 

baisemaint  (baz'man),  «.  [F.,  <  haiser,  kiss 
(<  Ij.  hasiare,  kiss,  <  basium,  a  kiss),  +  mctin, 
<  L.  maims,  hand.]  A  kissing  of  the  hands;  in 
the  plural,  compliments  ;  respects,     tipenser. 

baisementt,  »•     Same  as  baisemain. 

bait^  (bat),  V.  [<  ME.  haiten,  beiten,  haytcn, 
bcijtcn  (=  OF.  beter,  bait,  in  comp.  abcter,  urge 
oil,  abet,  >  E.  abet,  q.  v.),<  leel.  beita,  feed,  hunt, 
as  with  hounds  or  hawks,  bait,  as  a  hook  (= 
Sw.  beta  =  Dan.  hede,  bait,  =  AS.  bdtan,  also 
gehStan,  bridle,  curb  (ef.  bdtiaii,  bait,  <  bat, 
bait),  =  MD.  heeteii  =  OHG.  beixii,  bei;:zcii, 
MHG.  G.  bcicen,  bait),  lit.  cause  to  bite,  <  bita 
=  AS.  iftaH,  E.  bite:  see  bite.  In  senses  .5  and 
6  tho  verb  is  from  the  noun.  Cf.  bate^.'\  I. 
trans.  If.  To  cause  to  bite ;  set  on  (a  dog)  to 
bite  or  worry  (another  animal). —  2.  To  pro- 
voke and  harass  by  setting  on  dogs ;  set  a  dog 
or  dogs  to  worry  or  fight  with  for  sport,  as  an 
animal  that  is  hampered  or  confined :  as,  to  bait 
a  bull  or  a  bear. 
We'll  bait  thy  bears  to  death.      Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

3.  To  set  upon,  as  a  dog  upon  a  captive  animal ; 
hence,  to  harass  in  anyway;  annoy;  nag;  bad- 
ger ;  worry. 

As  chained  beare  whom  cruell  dogs  doe  bait. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xii.  35. 

How  oft  have  I  been  baited  by  these  peers, 

And  dare  not  be  revenged. 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  ii.  2. 
Baited  thus  to  vexation,  I  assum'd 
A  dulness  of  simplicity.      Ford,  Kancies,  iv.  2. 

4.  To  feed;  give  a  portion  of  food  and  drink  to, 
especially  upon  a  journey:  as,  to  bait  horses. 

The  Sunne,  that  measures  heaven  all  d.iy  long. 
At  night  doth  baite  his  steedes  the  Ocean  waves  emong. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  i.  32. 

5.  To  put  a  bait  on  or  in :  as,  to  bait  a  hook, 
line,  snare,  or  trap. 

Many  sorts  of  flshes  feed  upon  insects,  as  is  well  known 
to  anglers,  who  bail  their  hooks  with  them.  Rmj. 

6t.  To  allure  by  a  bait ;  catch ;  captivate :  as, 
"to  bait  fish,"  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

Do  their  gay  vestments  his  affections  bait? 

Shak.,  V.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 

But  this  day  she  baited 
A  stranger,  a  grave  knight,  with  her  loose  eyes. 

B.  Joti^on,  Volpone,  iv.  -2. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  act  in  a  worrying  or  har- 
assing manner. —  2.  To  take  food;  feed. —  3. 
To  stop  at  an  inn,  while  on  a  jom-ney,  to  feed 
the  horses,  or  for  rest  and  refreshment. 

Thence  bnitini]  at  Newmarket,  stepping  in  at  Audley 
Enil  to  see  that  house  againe,  I  slept  at  Bishops  Strotford, 
and  the  next  day  home.         Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  13,  1077. 

baitl  (bat),  H.     [<  ME.  bait,  bai/te,  beite,  beijtc, 

<  Icel.  beita,  i.,  bait  (cf.  hcit,  neut.,  a  pasture), 
(=  AS.  hat,  bait,  =  MHG.  bei::,  bci:c,  hunting), 

<  beita,  feed,  bait:  see  the  verb.  The  E.  noun 
is  in  part  directly  from  the  E.  verb.]  1.  Any 
substance,  as  an  attractive  morsel  of  food, 
placed  on  a  hook  or  in  a  trap  to  allure  fish  or 
other  animals  to  swallow  the  hook  or  to  enter 
the  trap,  and  thereby  be  caught ;  specifically, 
worms,  small  fishes,  etc.,  used  in  fishing.  Hence 
—  2.  An  allurement ;  enticement ;  temptation. 

I  do  not  like  that  ring  from  him  to  her, 
I  mean  to  women  of  her  way ;  such  tokens 
Rather  appear  as  baits  than  royal  bounties. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  ii.  2. 

Their  riper  years  were  knowne  to  be  unmovM  with  the 

baits  of  preferment.      Milton,  Apology  (or  Snicctymnuus. 


423 

The  chief  bait  which  attracted  a  needy  sycophant  to  the 
court  was  the  hope  of  olitaining,  ns  the  reward  of  servil- 
ity and  Ilattery,  a  royal  letter  to  an  heiress.       Macuula}!. 

3.  A  portion  of  food  and  drink;  a  slight  or 
informal  repast,  (o)  Refreshment  taken  on 
a  journey,  by  man  or  beast. 

If  you  grow  dry  before  you  end  your  business,  pray  take 
a  bait  here  ;  I've  a  fresh  hogshead  for  you. 

Ii.  Jonson,  Scornful  Lady. 
(h)  A  luncheon ;  food  eateir  by  a  laborer  dur- 
ing his  shift.  [I'rov.  Eng.]  — 4.  A  halt  for  re- 
fi'cshment  or  rest  in  tho  course  of  a  jonrney. 

The  tediousness  of  a  two  hours"  bait  at  Petty  France,  in 
which  there  was  nothing  to  bo  done  but  to  eat  without 
being  hungry,  and  loiter  about  without  anything  to  see, 
next  followed.      Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  123. 

5t.  A  refreshment  or  refresher. 
A  pleasaunt  comp.'uiion  is  a  bait  in  a  jouniy. 

L<llij,  F.uphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  198. 
6t.  A  hasty  meal ;  a  snack. 

He  mthcr  took  a  bait  than  made  a  meal  at  tlie  inns  of 
court,  whilst  he  studied  the  laws  therein. 

Puller,  Worthies  (ed.  1840),  II.  607.    (.V.  E.  U.) 
7.  Short  for  trhitcbait. 

bait-t,  etc.     An  obsolete  form  of  bate'^,  etc. 

bait-box  (biit'boks),  n.  1.  A  small  box  in 
which  anglers  carry  worms  or  small  bait  for 
fish. —  2.  A  tank  in  which  bait  for  fish  is  taken 
to  the  fishing-ground. 

baiter  (bil'ter),  ».  One  who  baits  or  worries 
(animals);  hence,  a  tormentor;  a  tease. 

baith  (bath),  o.,  pron.,  or  conj.  A  Scotch  form 
of  both. 

baiting  (ba'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  baitinf/,  baijtiiig, 
etc. :  verbal  n.  of  6oi<l.]  1.  The  act  of  worry- 
ing a  chained  or  confined  animal  with  dogs. 
Hence  —  2.  The  act  of  won-yingand  harassing; 
persistent  annoyance. — 3.  The  act  of  halting 
on  a  joui'uey  for  rest  and  food  for  either  man 
or  beast. — 4.  The  act  of  furnishing  a  trap, 
hook,  etc.,  with  bait. 

bait-mill  (bat'mil),  «.  A  mill  used  by  Ameri- 
can fishermen  for  cutting  mackerel,  salted  her- 
rings, etc.,  into  small  pieces  for  bait,  it  consists 
of  a  roller  armed  with  knives  and  inclosed  in  an  upright 
wooden  box,  and  is  worked  by  a  crank  on  the  <nitside. 

bait-poke  (bat'pok),  n.  In  coal-mivintj,  the 
bag  in  which  bait  or  luncheon  is  carried  into 
the  mine. 

baittle  (bii'tl),  a.    A  Scotch  form  of  battle^. 

baitylos,  n.     See  ha-tylus. 

baize  (baz),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hays,  hayes, 
lieane,  bates,  <  OF.  bates  (Godefroy),  pi.,  also 
in  sing,  baye  (Cotgrave),  baize  (whence  also  D. 
baai,  LG.  baje  (>  G.  boi)  =  Sw.  boj  =  Dan.  baj 
=  Euss.  baika,  baize;  cf.  dim.  Sp.  bayeta  =Pg. 
haeta  =  It.  hajetta,  baize),  <  bai  (=  Sp.  bayo  = 
Pg.  haio  =  It.  haju),  bay-colored.  The  word  is 
thus  prop.  pi.  of  baijS,  formerly  used  also  in  the 
singular:  see  hay^.'i  1.  A  coarse  woolen  stuff 
with  a  nap  on  one  side,  and  dyed  in  plain  colors, 
usually  red  or  gl-een.  Baize  (or  bay)  was  tirst  manu- 
factured in  England  in  1561,  under  letters  patent  issued 
to  certain  refugees  from  the  Netherlands,  wli,.  bad  settled 
at  Sandwich  and  other  places  and  were  skilled  in  weaving. 
Baize  is  now  chiefly  used  for  linings,  table-covers,  curtains, 
etc. ;  but  when  first  introduced  it  was  a  much  thinner 
and  finer  material,  and  was  used  for  clothing.  See  6af/8. 
2.  Any  article,  as  a  table-cover,  a  curtain,  etc., 
made  of  baize;  specifically,  in  theaters,  the 
plain  curtain  lowered  at  the  end  of  a  play. 

baize  (baz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bailed,  ppr. 
baiciiig.  [<  bai.:e,  «.]  To  cover  or  line  witli 
baize. 

bajadere,  w.    See  bayadere. 

bajdarka,  ».     Same  as  bidarkec. 

Bajimont's  Roll.  See  BagimonVs  Roll,  under 
roll. 

bajjerkeit  (baj'er-kit),  n.  [<  Beng.  bajrakit 
(Hunter).]  Anaiae otthe Manis pentadactyla  or 
scaly  ant-eater,  an  edentate  mammal  of  Africa. 

bajocco,  ».     See  haioeco. 

bajra^  (buj'rii),  n.  [Hind,  and  Beng.  hajrd.'] 
Same  as  biidi/ei'o. 

bajra-',  bajri  (baj'ra,  -re),  11.  [Also  written 
bajree,  bajeree,  bajiiry,  repr.  Hind,  bdjra  or  bdjri, 
also  bdjrd;  bdjri  prop,  denotes  a  smaller  kind, 
which  ripens  earlier.]  A  species  of  millet, 
Pennisetum  typhoideum,  much  used  in  the  East 
Indies,  especially  for  feeding  cattle  and  horses. 

bajulatet  (baj'u-lat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  bajidatiis,  pp. 
of  bajidare,  bear  a  burden :  see  bail".']  To 
can-y  to  some  other  place,  as  in  badgering 
(which  see). 

bake  (bsik),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  baked,  ppr.  bak- 
iiiq.  [<  JIE.  hakcit,  <  AS.  haeaii  (jiret.  hoc,  pp. 
bacen)  =D.  hakkeii  =  LG.  bakkcii  =  Fries,  backe 
=  OHG.  haechan,  MHG.  hacheii,  G.  backcn  = 
Icel.  baka  =  Sw.  haka  =  Dan.  bage,  bake,  prob. 
=  6r.  ipayctv,  roast,  parch.]     f.  trans.  1.  To 


bakey 

cook  by  dry  heat  in  a  closed  place,  such  as  an 
oven :  primarily  used  of  this  manner  of  cooking 
bread,  but  afterward  applied  to  potatoes,  ap- 
ples, etc.,  and  also  flesh  and  fish:  to  be  distin- 
guished from  roast  (which  see). 

I  have  baked  liread  upiui  the  coals.  Isa.  xliv.  ID. 

2.  To  liardeu  by  heat,  either  in  an  oven,  kiln, 
or  furnace,  or  by  tho  sun's  heat:  as,  to  hake 
bricks  or  pottery. —  3t.  To  harden  by  cold. 
They  bake  their  sides  upon  the  cold  hard  stone. 

Spenser. 
The  earth 
When  it  is  bak'd  with  frost. 

Sliak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  do  tho  work  of  baking. 

I  keep  his  house ;  and  I  wash,  wring,  brew,  b<tke,  .  .  . 
and  do  all  myself.  Shak.,'iL  W.  of  W.,  i.  4. 

2.  To  ini<lergo  the  process  of  baking, 
bake  (bak),  «.     l<hake,i\    Cf.  batch^.]    A  bak- 
ing. 

After  this  Esau  finished  the  oven,  and  accomplished  a 
bake  (if  bread  therein.  Three  in  Nortmij,  p.  126. 

bakeboard  (bak'bord),  ».  A  board  on  which 
dough  is  kneaded  and  rolled  out  in  making 
Ijrcad. 

baked-apple  (bakt'ap'I),  ».  A  name  given  in 
Labrador  to  the  dried  fruit  of  the  Suhtis  Chamte- 
moms,  or  cloudberry. 

baked-meatt,  bake-meatt  (bivkt'-,  bak'met),  jj. 
[Prop,  tidked  meat;  <  baked  +  meat.]  1.  Food 
prepared  by  baking;  a  dish  of  baked  meat  or 
food. 

In  the  uppermost  basket  there  was  of  all  manner  of 
bake-nieats  for  Pharaoh.  Gen.  xl.  17. 

Thrift,  thrift,  Horatio  1  the  funeral  bak'd  intats 
Did  coldly  furnish  forth  the  marriage  tables. 

Sluik.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 
2.  A  meat-pie. 

You  speak  as  if  a  man 
should  know  what  fowl  is  cottiu'd  in  a  bak'd-meat 
Afore  you  cut  it  up.  Webster,  White  Devil,  iv.  1. 

bakehouse  (bak'hous),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  hack- 
kiiii.se:  <  ME.  bak-house,  bacliouse  (=  LG.  baek- 
Inis),  <  AS.  bccchus,'^  (*««(«, bake,  +  hiis,  house.] 
A  building  or  an  apartment  used  for  the  pre- 
paring and  baking  of  bread,  etc. 

bake-meatt,  ".    See  baked-meat. 

bakent  (l)a'kn).  An  obsolete  past  participle  of 
liiikr. 

baker  (ba'k^r),  n.  [<  ME.  baker,  hakere,  <  AS. 
bacere  (=  OS.  bakkcri  =  D.  bakker  =  G.  backer, 
beeker  =  leel.  bakari  =  Sw.  bagare  =  Dan.  ba- 
ger),<,  hacan,  bake:  see  bake  and  -eel.  Hence 
bakester,  backster^,  baxter.]  1 .  One  who  bakes ; 
specifically,  one  whose  business  it  is  to  make 
bread,  biscuit,  etc. — 2.  Asmall  portable  tin  oven 
used  in  baking.    [U.  S.]  —  3.  The  popular  name 

of  the  flesh-fly,  Sarcophaga  camaria Bakers' 

dozen,  thirteen  reckonetl  ;ui  a  dozen.  It  was  customary 
for  linkers,  like  some  other  tradesmen,  to  give  13  for  12, 
tho  extra  piece  being  called  among  bakers  the  in-bread  or 
to-bread.  Brewer  says  the  custom  originated  when  heavy 
penalties  were  inflicted  for  short  weights,  liakers  giving 
the  extra  bread  to  secure  themselves. — Bakers'  itCh.  a 
species  of  ])soriasis,  so  called  when  it  is  confined  to  the 
back  of  the  hand.  It  often  appears  in  bakers.  — Bakers' 
salt,  subciu-bonate  of  ammonia,  or  smelling-salts,  so  called 
from  its  being  used  by  bakers  as  a  substitute  for  yeast  in 
the  manufacture  of  some  of  the  finer  kinds  of  bread. 

baker-foot  (ba'kcr-fut),  n. ;  pi.  baker-feet  (-fet). 
[(_'f.  hakrr-k-gged.\  An  ill-shaped  or  distorted 
foot:  as,  "bow-legs  and  baker-feet,"  Jer.  Tay- 
h,r  (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness  (1662),  p.  79. 

baker-kneed  (ba'ker-ned),  a.  Same  as  haker- 
h.i.j.d. 

baker-legged  (bii'kfer-legd),  a.  Disfigured  by 
having  crooked  legs,  or  legs  that  bend  inward 
at  the  knees. 

bakery  (ba'ker-i),  n. ;  pi.  bakeries  (-iz).  [<  hake 
+  -ery.]  1.  The  trade  of  a  baker.  [Rare.]  — 
2.  A  place  used  for  making  bread,  etc.,  or  for 
tho  sale  of  bakers'  goods;  a  bakehouse  or  ba- 
ker's establishment ;  a  baker's  shop. 

bakesterf,  »•  [Also  backster,  hajcter  (whence 
the  proper  name  Baxtcr),<'M'E.  bakcstere,  bacster, 
baxtcr,  usually  masc,  <  AS.  haecestre  (fem.  in 
form,  but  masc.  in  use),  a  baker,  <  hacan,  bake, 
+  -r.s-?re,  E.  -stcr.']  A  baker;  properly,  a  female 
baker:  as,  "hrewesteres  a.n(i  bake.tteres,"  Tiers 
riowmati.  In  Scotland  commonly  written  bax- 
tcr:  as,  haxtcr  wives. 

bakestone  (bak'ston),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  back- 
stoin  .]  A  flat  stone  or  slate  on  which  cakes  are 
baked.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bakey  (ba'ki),  n.  [Sc,  also  hak-ic  and  baikie, 
dim.  of  back'^i,  «.]  A  square  wooden  vessel, 
naiTower  at  the  bottom  than  at  the  top,  and 
with  a  handle  on  each  of  two  opposite  sides, 
u.sed  for  carrying  coals,  ashes,  etc. ;  a  wooden 
coal-scuttle.  Also  spelled  iaAic  and  iaifcic.  See 
backi,  3.     [Scotch.] 


bakhshish 

bakhshish,  «.     See  hakshish. 

baking  (ba'king),  It.  [Verbal  n.  of  6aAr.]  1. 
The  act  of  bakiug. —  2.  The  quantity  baked  at 
ont'O :  as,  a  bakiiiy  of  bread.  Also  called  htihr 
and  brtlcli. 

baking-powder  (ba'kiiig-pou''d6r),  «.  Any 
powder  used  as  a  substitute  for  yeast  in  raising 
bread,  cakes,  etc.  Kiikiiin-po»clei-s  are  composed  <>( 
bicarboiiiUc  ni  sodium  <)r  potJlssium  mixed  witli  a  dry 
po\v<ier  ,-ap:ilde  of  si-ttuig  carlnmic  acid  fl"ee  when  llie 
liuxture  is  inoisteiu'd. 

bakshish,  bakhshish  (bak'shesh),  «.  [Also 
buckshish,  bdckxliei'.'ili,  bukslni<h,  etc.,  <  Tui-k.  Ar. 
Hind,  hiikhshwli.  <  Pers.  bakhshish,  a  present, 
<  hitkhsliirhui,  give.]  In  the  East,  a  present  or 
gratuity  in  money. 

We  promised  liim  backsheesh  for  a  sight  of  the  sacred 
book.  Jl.  Taylor,  Lauds  of  the  Saracen,  p.  94, 

"Bakhshish,"  says  a  modern  writer,  "is  a  tee  or  present 
whicll  the  .Arabs  (lie  licre  means  the  Egyptians,  who  got 
the  word  from  the  Persians  through  tlie  Turks)  claim  on 
all  occasions  for  services  you  render  them,  as  well  as  for 
serrices  thi-y  have  rendered  you.  This  bakhshish,  in  fact, 
is  a  sort  of  alms  or  tribute,  which  the  poor  Arab  believes 
himself  entitled  to  claim  from  every  respectable-looking 
person."  R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  23. 

bakufu  (bak'u-fo),  n.  [<  Jap.  baku,  curtain,  + 
fu,  office.]  Ciu'tain-govemment,  that  is,  the 
government  or  eotmeil  of  the  foimer  shogtins  of 
Japan:  so  called  in  allusion  to  the  eui'tain  used 
in  time  of  war  to  screen  off  that  part  of  the 
camp  occupied  by  the  general  or  shogun.  See 
shogun. 

On  the  3rd  of  June  the  Shdgun  had  an  audience  of  the 
Mikado.  His  majesty's  speech  on  the  occasion  was  as 
follows:  "The  duties  of  the  bakttfu  are  on  the  one  hand 
to  goveru  the  empire  in  peace,  and  on  the  other  to  subju- 
gate the  barbarians."  F.  0.  Adams,  Japan,  I.  3St. 

bal  (bal),  H.  [Formerly  also  hall,  <  Com.  bal,  a 
mine  (Pryce),  a  cluster  of  mines  (Borlase).]  A 
mine.  [Cornwall.] 
bal.  An  abbre^•iation  of  balance. 
balaam  (ba'lam),  n.  [In  allusion  to  Balaam 
and  his  ' '  dumb  ass  speaking  with  man's  voice  " 
(Num.  xxii.  28-30;  2  Pet.  ii.  16).]  1.  Matter 
regarding  marvelous  and  incredible  events  in- 
serted in  a  newspaper  to  fill  space.  [English 
printers'  cant.] 

Balaam  is  the  cant  name  for  asinine  paragraphs  about 
monstrous  productions  of  natiu"e  and  the  like,  kept  stand- 
ing in  t>'pe  to  be  used  whenever  the  real  news  of  the  day 
leave  an  awkward  space  that  must  be  filled  up  somehow. 
Lockhart,  Life  of  Scott,  Ixx. 
2.  Same  as  balaam-box. 
Erinir  in  Balaam,  and  place  him  on  the  table. 

./.  Wilson,  Xoctes  Ambros.,  II.  xxvi. 

balaam-box,  balaam-basket  (ba'lam-boks, 
-bas  ket),  ii.  An  editor's  depository  for  worth- 
less matter,  rejected  writings,  ete. 

Who  can  doubt  that  ...  an  Essay  for  the  Edinburgh 

Review,  in  "the  old  unpolluted  English  language,"  would 

have  been  consigned,  by  the  editor,  to  his  balaaiit-basket  ? 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  17. 

Balaamitet  (ba'lam-it),  n.      [<  Balaam  (Num. 

xxii. )  -I-  -ite~.  ]     One  who  makes  a  profession  of 

religion  for  the  sake  of  gain:  in  allusion  to  the 

prophet  Balaam. 
Ealaamiticalt  (ba-lam-it'i-kal),  a.    Pertaimng 

to  or  characteristic  of  a  Balaamite. 
Bala  beds.    See  6«?i. 

balachan  (bal'a-chan),  n.    Same  as  balachoiig. 
balachong  (bal'a-chong),  n.     [<   Malay   bala- 

c/ioH.]     A  substance  composed  of  small  fishes 

or  shrimps  pounded  up  with  salt  and  spices, 

and  then  di-ied.     It  is  much  used  in  the  East 

as  a  condiment 

for  rice.     Also 

balachan,    Ixila- 

choung,       bala- 

chauii. 
baladine, ".  See 

balladine. 
Balaena  (ba-le'- 

na),  n.     [L.,  < 

Gr,  tpn'/.atva, 

more    correctly 

^7.Aatva,  a 

whale.]         The 

typical      genus 

of      whaleboni- 

whales,   of   tli' 

family    Hdliim 

die,  haviufr  tli. 

cer^acal     vim-- 

bne  ank\I(i-r,l, 

the   fore    limli- 

pentadactyl,tli 

head  enormous. 

with  long  black 

elastic    baleen, 

the  throat  with- 


424 

out  furrows,  and  no  dorsal  fin.  It  contains  the 
Greenland  or  arctic  whale,  B.  mysticetus,  and  several 
other  .species  found  in  all  seas.  See  cuts  under  ankr/losis 
and  Ilalimidfv. 

Balaeniceps  (ba-le'ni-seps),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ba- 
hvna,  a  whale,  -1-  -cvp.s,  <  cajmt,  head.]  A  genus 
of  grallatorial  altricial  birds,  of  which  the  type 
and  only  known  member  is  the  shoebill  or 
whalehead  of  Africa,  B.  rex,  comparatively 
lately  discovered  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
White  Nile.  The  geims  is  the  tyiie  of  a  family  Baler- 
nieipidte,  of  somewhat  uncertain  position,  probably  near 
the  storks.  The  bu-d  is  remarkable  for  its  enormous 
vaulted  beak,  which  is  much  longer  than  the  head.  Lit- 
tle is  known  of  its  habits  and  economy.  It  is  a  large 
species,  standing  upward  of  3  feet  high.  The  bill  some- 
what resembles  that  of  the  boat-billed  heron,  Cancroma 
eochlearia.     See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

Balsenicipidse  (ba-le-ni-sip'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bakniiccps  (-cip-)  +  -lY/rp.]  A  family  of  birds, 
of  which  the  genus  Balaeniceps  is  the  t^-pe  and 
only  known  representative,  it  belongs  to  the  altri- 
cial or  herodionine  series  of  wading  birds,  and  is  probably 
nearly  related  to  the  Ciconiida;,  or  storks. 

balsenid  (bal'e-nid),  n.  A  cetacean  of  the  fam- 
ily Bahrnida- ;  any  right  whale. 

Balaenidae(V'a-le'ni-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Bala^ia  + 
-(■</«'.]  A  family  of  right  whales,  or  true  whale- 
bone whales,  typi- 
fied by  the  genera 
BaUrna  and  Ba- 
Iwnoptera,  having 
baleen  instead  of 
teeth.  Teeth  are, 
however,  present  in 
the  fetus,  though  they 
never  cut  the  gum. 
The  Baltem'da;  maybe 
divided  into  two  sec- 
tions, the  ^looth 
ichales,  characterized 
by  smoothness  of  skin 
and  the  absence  of  a 
dorsal  fin,  as  the 
Greenland  or  right 
whale,  Balcena  vnjsti- 
cetus ;  and  the  far- 
rowed whales,  inwliich 
the  skin  is  fiurowed 
and  the  dorsal  fin  is 
present,  as  the  finners 
iPhysaluji),        Immp- 


Shoebill  ox  Wbalcbead  (Balanieefs  rex). 


SkuU  of  Fetal  \Vhale  {Baltztta  ausfriz/is),  side  and  top  view. 

£a,  exoccipital :  Ar.  frontal ;  Gi,  glenoid  ;  Mn,  mandible :  .I/at. 
maxilla:  jVa,  nasal :  /'a.  parietal ;  Ptnx,  piemaxilla:  Sij,  squamo- 
sal :  So,  5upraK)Ccipital ;  Ty,  tympanic. 

backed  whales  Qfegaptera),  and  rorquals  or  piked  whales 
(Baleenoptera).  The  term  is  sometimes  restricted  to  the 
first  of  these  sections,  the  other  wlialebone  whales  then 
constituting  a  separate  family,  Balcetwpteridee.    See  whale. 

Balaeninse  (bal-f-ni'ne),  n.  j)l.  [NL.,  <  Balwna 
+  -(«(!'.]  A  subfamily  of  Bala:mdw,  typified  by 
the  genus  Balwna,  containing  only  the  smooth 
right  whales.     See  Balwnidce. 

Balxnoidea  (bal-e-noi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Balccna  +  -oidca.'}  One  of  the  three  primary 
groups  into  which  the  Cctacea  are  divisible, 
the  other  two  being  the  Delphinoidea  and  the 
Phocodontia.  It  embraces  the  right  whales 
(Bahrna)  and  the  fin-whales  {Balwnojttera, 
etc.). 

Bal8enopteTa  (bal-e-nop'te-rii),  H.  [NL.,  <  L. 
bahrna,  a  whale,  +  Gv.  ■^repov,  a  wing.]  A  ge- 
nus of  whalebone  whales,  containing  the  sev- 
eral species  of  piked  whales,  rorquals,  fiimers, 
finbacks,  or  razor-backs,  so  called  from  their 
long,  sharp,  falcate  dorsal  fin.  They  are  found  in 
all  seas.  Some  are  very  large,  as  B.  sibbaldi,  which  attains 
a  length  of  80  feet.  The  tiippei-s  have  4  digits ;  the  baleen 
is  short  and  coarse ;  the  skin  of  the  throat  is  folded  ;  the 
head  is  small,  fiat,  and  pointed ;  the  body  is  long  and  slen- 
der; and  the  cervical  vertebra*  are  free.  Common  Atlan- 
tic .-prries  ;iil-  B.  niusculus  and  B.  barealis.  The  whale- 
]k.ii.  ].  ..f  r.iiiiparatively  little  value. 

balaenopterid  (bal-e-nop'te-rid),  n.  A  cetacean 
"t  tlif  family  Balicnopteridee. 

Balsenopteridse  (bal'f-nop-ter'i-de),  7i.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Balo'noptera  4-  -kite.']  The  furrowed 
whalebone  whales;  a  family  of  mysticete  ceta- 
ceans, typified  by  the  genus  Balicnoptera,  hav- 
ing the  throat  pUcated,  the  dorsal  fin  developed, 
the  cervical  vertebrse  free  or  incompletely  anky- 
losed,  the  flippers  ^vith  only  4  digits,  and  the 
baleen  short  and  coarse,  it  contains  the  humpbacked 
and  the  finner  whales,  sometimes  respectively  made  types 
of  the  aubfamiliea  Meyapteriiux  and  Balcenopterimx, 


balance 

Balaenopterinae  (bal-e-nop-te-ri'ne),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  liitUitiiiptera  +  -i'ikt.]  "A  subfamily  of 
whalebone  whales,  typified  by  the  genus  Bal<E- 
llOjitcra.  (a)  A  suljfamily  of  Bateenidie,  including  the 
furrowed  as  distinguished  from  the  smooth  right  whales 
or  Bal(Fninft'.  {b)  A  subfamily  of  Bahrnoptr-rida',  in- 
cluding the  llnner  whales  as  distinguished  from  the  hump- 
bitcked  whales  or  MeiiapUrinw.  having  a  high,  erect,  fal- 
cate dorsal  fin,  and  4  digits  of  not  more  than  0  phalanges. 

balafo  (bal'a-fo),  11.  [Native  name.]  A  musi- 
cal instrument  of  the  Senegambian  negroes, 
consisting  of  graduated  pieces  of  wood  placed 
over  gourds  to  increase  their  resonance.  Its 
compass  is  two  octaves. 

balalaika  (bal-a-li'ka),  n.  [=  F.  balaleika  =  G. 
balalaika,  repr.  Kuss.  balalaika,'\  A  musical 
instniment  of  veiy  ancient  Sla\ic  origin,  com- 
mon among  the  Russians  and  Tatars,  and,  ac- 
cording to  Niebuhr,  also  in  Egypt  and  Arabia. 
It  is  of  the  guitar  kind,  and  has  two,  three,  or  four  strings, 
giving  a  minor  chord.  (Mendel.)  It  is  now  most  used  by 
the  gipsies  of  eastern  Europe. 

The  dances  of  the  gipsies,  accompanied  by  the  music  of 
the  balalaika,  and  clapping  of  hands. 

A.  J.  C.  Hare,  Studies  in  Kussia,  vi. 

Bala  limestone.    See  limestone. 

balance  (bal'ans),  «.  [<  ME.  balance,  baUtunce, 
early  mod.  E.  also  ballance,  belaunce,  etc.,  <  OF. 
balance,  F.  balance  =:  Pr.  balansa  =Sp.  balama, 
balance  =  Pg.  balanca  =  It.  bilancia,  <  LL.  *bi- 
lancia,  a  balance,  <  bilanx  (ace.  bilancem),  adj., 
in  libra  bilanx,  a  balance  having  two  scales, 
<  L.  bi-,  bis,  twice,  -1-  lanx,  a  dish,  scale  of  a 
balance.  See  ii-2,  lancc^,  launce-,  and  auncel.l 
1.  An  instrument  for  determining  the  weight 
of  bodies  as  compared  \N-ith  an  assujned  unit- 
mass.  In  its  simplest  and  most  scientific  form  it  con- 
sists of  a  horizontal  lever,  having  its  fulcrum  (which  is  a 
knife-edge)  just  above  the  center  of  gravity  of  the  whole 
balance,  and  carrying  two  pans  suspended  as  delicately  as 
possible  (preferably  from  knife-edges)  at  equal  distances 
on  the  right  and  left  of  the  fulcrum.  It  also  canies  a 
tongue-pointer  or  index  (a  slender  rod)  rigidly  attached  to 
the  middle  of  the  beam  or  lever,  and  extending  vertically 
up  or  down.  Except  in  coarse  balances,  there  is  a  divided 
scale,  over  which  the  end  of  the  tongue  moves  in  the  oscil- 
lations of  the  balance.  M\  delicate  balances  are  protected 
from  currents  of  air  by  glass  eases,  and  they  have  contri- 
vances for  steadying  the  pans,  and  often  for  removing  the 
knives  from  their  bearings  and  for  replacing  them.  Ex- 
ceedingly delicate  balances  ai'e  sometimes  inclosed  in 
vacuum-chambers,  and  have  machinerj'  for  changing  the 
weights.  In  using  the  balance,  the  substance  to  be  weighed 
is  placed  in  one  pan  or  scale  and  the  weights  are  put  in 
the  other,  and  different  combinations  of  weights  are  tried 
until  the  pointer  oscillates  at  equal  distances  to  one  side 
and  the  other  of  the  position  it  has  when  the  scales  are 
empty.  In  chemical  balances  the  last  adjustment  is  ob- 
tained by  moving  a  minute  weight,  or  rider,  to  different 
points  on  the  decimally  graduated  beam.  The  figure  shows 
the  beam  of  a  bal.ance  of  precision.  It  is  so  formed  as  to 
combine  stiffness  with  lightness,  and  there  are  various  ad- 
justments for  moving  the  center  of  gravity,  the  knife-edges, 
etc.    Other  things  being  equal,  the  greater  the  length  of 


Beam  and  neighboring  parts  of  a  Balance  of  Precision. 
A  A,  beam  :  5.  knife-edge  on  which  it  turns;  C.  C,  knife-edges  fixed 
to  the  beam  on  which  the  pans  are  hung :  D.  D.  the  bearing-pieces  o( 
the  pans ;  £,  tongue,  the  lower  extremity  of  which  moves  over  a  scale  : 
F,  screw  Avith  a  nut  for  raising  and  lowering  the  center  of  gravity  : 
this  has  no  connection  with  the  horizontal  rod  //,•  O.  screw  with  a 
nut  for  carrying  the  center  of  gravity  toward  one  or  the  other  pan;  //, 
a  rider,  or  little  weight,  whose  value  depends  on  its  position  on  the 
beam,  which  it  straddles :  /  /.  rod  sliding  horizontally,  with  a  hook  to 
take  up  and  set  down  the  rider  :  A'  A',  piece  which  raises  and  lowers 
the  levers,  L,  L  ;  L,  l^  levers  to  take  the  beam  and  p.^ns  simultane- 
ouslv  off  tlieir  bearings  when  the  weights  are  to  be  changed  :  .V.  .\f, 
knobs  supporting  the  beam  when  the  levers,  L,  L,  are  raised ;  jV.  .V, 
Y*s  supporting  the  pans  when  the  levers,  /..  /.  are  raised.  Many  bal- 
ances have  arrangements  for  adjusting  the  relative  positions  of  the 
three  knives,  but  these  are  discarded  in  the  larger  balances. 

the  arms  and  the  smaller  the  distance  of  the  center  of 
gravity  below  the  center  of  suspension,  the  greater  will  be 
the  sensibility  of  the  balance  or  the  angular  amount  of 
the  deviation  produced  with  a  given  slight  addition  to 
either  scale.  The  degree  of  sensibility  to  be  desired  de- 
pends upon  the  use  toVhich  the  instrnment  is  to  be  put. 
Such  a  balance  as  is  employed  in  accurate  chemical  analy- 
sis will  indicate  a  difference  of  weight  of  a  tenth  or  him- 
dredth  of  a  milligram. 

I  have  in  equal  balance  justly  vveigh'd 

What  wrongs  our  arms  may  do,  what  wrongs  we  suffer. 
Shak.,  i  Hen.  IV.,  Iv.  1. 

2.  Any  apparatus  for  weighing,  as  a  steel- 
yard or  a  spring-balance. —  3.  One  of  the  scales 
of  a  balance ;  in  the  plural,  scales. 

And  I  beheld,  and  lo  a  black  horse  ;  and  he  that  sat  on 
him  had  a  pair  of  balances  in  his  hand.  Rev.  \i.  5. 

Take  a  pinte  of  air ;  and  weigh  it  against  a  pinte  of  wa- 
ter.  and  vou  will  see  the  ballance  of  the  last  go  down  a 
main.      "  /)i';;6;/,  Nat.  Bodies,  iii.  19.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

4.  The  act  of  weighing  mentally ;  the  act  of 
comparing  or  estimating  two  things  as  in  a  bal- 
ance. 


balance 

Upon  ;i  fjiir  I'lilann-  of  tht-  advantages  on  cither  side. 

Jip.  Atterbxiry. 
6,  An  equivalent  or  equalizing  wei{?ht ;  that 
■which  is  put  into  ouo  scale  to  offset  the  weight 
in  the  other;  the  weight  necessary  to  make  up 
the  difference  between  two  unequal  weijjjhts;  a 
counterpoise,  literally  or  iiguratively.  8peei(i- 
cally  —  6.  In  minimj,  a  countcriioise  orcounter- 
weight  used  in  such  a  way  as  to  assist  the 
engine  in  lifting  the  load. —  7.  The  part  of  a 
clock  or  watch  which  regulates  the  beats :  for- 
merly, a  jnn  oscillating  on  its  center,  and  thus 
resembling  the  beam  of  a  balance ;  now,  a  wheel. 
8ee  bahince-whccl. —  8.  The  arithmetical  differ- 
ence between  the  two  sides  of  an  aceoimt :  as, 
to  strike  a  balance. —  9.  The  sum  or  amount 
necessary  to  balance  the  two  sides  of  an  ac- 
count, usually  spoken  of  as  a  dehit  or  a  credit 
balance:  as,  I  have  still  a  balance  at  my  bank- 
er's; a  ?*rt/a/(ce  still  due. —  10.  A  surplus;  a  re- 
mainder; the  rest;  the  residue  ;  what  remains 
or  is  left  over:  as,  he  bequeathed  the  balance 
of  his  estate  to  A.  B. ;  the  balance  of  a  meal. 
[A  colloquial  use,  of  commercial  origin.]  — 11. 
A  balanced  condition ;  a  state  of  equilibrium 
or  equipoise :  as,  to  lose  one's  balance. 

His  credit  now  in  douI)tfull  ballaunce  hong. 

Speiifier,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  3. 
12.  Harmonious  arrangement  or  adjustment; 
just  proportion,  especially  in  the  arts  of  design. 
— 13.  [cap.']  In  astron.j  a  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
called  in  Latin  Libra,  which  the  sun  enters  at 
the  equinox  in  September.- Aerostatic  balance. 
Set-  f7rM.\^f/(V.— Automaton  balance.    s>-,-  >iutnui<ifi>N. 

—  Balance  of  power,  in  i"i-  niaimnid  l>t>i\  a  dislril.utioTi 
and  an  (ip|i..siti.>ii  of  fi.ni.s  ain-.n;;  natinns  furinin-  i-art  "f 
one  system,  siicli  tliat  no  state  sliall  be  in  a  jjosition,  either 
alone  or  nnited  «itii  otliers,  to  impose  its  own  will  on  imy 
other  state  or  interfere  with  its  independenee.  {Ortolan.) 
The  leadin;.'  rule  by  which  it  has  been  sought  to  effect  this 
in  Europe  has  been  to  oppose  every  new  arrangement 
which  threatens  either  materially  to  augment  the  strength 
of  one  of  the  greater  powers  or  to  diminish  that  of  another. 

The  meaning  of  the  balance  of  potver  is  this  :  that  any 
European  state  may  be  restrained  from  pursuing  plans  of 
aciinisition.  or  making  preparations  looking  towards  fu- 
ture acquisitions,  which  are  judged  to  he  hazardous  to  the 
independence  and  national  existence  of  its  neighbors. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  43. 
fialance  of  probabilities,  the  excess  of  reasons  for  be- 
lieving one  of  two  uUerhati\es  over  tlie  reasons  for  be- 
lieving the  other.  It  is  measured  by  the  logarithm  of  the 
ratio  of  the  chances  in  favor  of  a  proposition  to  tlie  chances 
against  it.— Balance  of  trade,  the  difference  between 
the  amount  oi- value  uf  the.  cumiuodities  exported  from 
and  imported  into  a  country.  The  balance  is  said  to  be 
favorable  /or  or  in  favor  of  a  country  when  the  value  of 
its  exports  exceeds  that  of  its  imports,  and  rutfavorable 
when  the  value  of  its  imports  exceeds  that  of  its  exports.— 
Bent-lever  balance.  See  tanmnt-hiihinr. .  Compen- 
sation balance.  See  compensation.  —  Danish  balance^ 
a  weighing'  apparatus  somewhat  resembling  the  steelyard, 
but  differing  from  it  in  liav- 
ing  the  fulcrum  movable, 
the  weight  being  at  one  end 
and  the  load  at  the  other ; 
the  loop  by  which  it  is  sus- 
pended is  shifted  aloTig  the 
beam  until  equilibrium  is  es- 
tablished. The  weight  of  the 
substance  in  the  seale-pau  is 
indicated  by  the  point  at  which  the  fulcrum  is  placed  when 
the  instrument  is  in  equilibrium.  —  Electric  balance.  See 
absolute  electrometer,  n\u\t'rtl<rf  n-ni'tt  I- :  iliih'r'-niia}  nalra- 
TWineter,  nndev  fjalminometir;  ui'iiirfioti-l>ul<iiiC'' :  iV/i'Ut- 
stone's  bridge,  under  resistance.  — Expajisive  balance,  a 
compensation-balance  in  watches,  consisting  of  a  com- 
pound rim  whose  outer  and  imier  portions  are  made  of 
metals  having  dilfei'ent  rates  of  expansion  by  heat.  This 
an'an'_'emfnt  serves  to  counteract  the  effects  of  variations 
of  teMiper;iture  upon  thespecd  of  the  watch.  — False  bal- 
ance, a  balance  having  arms  of  uneciual  length,  or  of 
equal  length  and  uncipial  weiulit,  so  that  its  positions 
when  empty  and  when  iarr\inu  eipi:d  weights  in  the  two 
pans  are  different.  — Hydraulic  balance.    See  hydraxdic. 

—  Hydrostatic  balance.  See  ////-/^...s^^^v-.— Hygromet- 
rlc  balance,  see  /lynrowrtn'r.  —  Roberval's  balance,  a 

Vialuiiee  iiu\iiii;  two  Imrizotitid  beams -nic  over  the  otlier, 
connected  at  their  extremities  by  joints  to  vertical  pieces, 
so  tliat  tile  wliole  lormsa  linked  purallelonram.  The  scales 
are  at  the  top.  Tlie  advantage  ..f  the  contrivance  is,  that 
it  makes  it  a  matter  of  indilferenee  at  what  point  on  the 
pan  the  object  to  be  weighed,  or  the  counterpoise,  is 
placed.  An  improved  form  of  this  balance  is  commonly 
useil  to  weigh  articles  sold  by  druggists.— Roman  bal- 
ance, a  steelyard  (which  see).— Spring-balance,  ji  con- 
trivance for  determining  the  weight  of  any  article  by  ob- 
serving the  amount  of  delleetiou  tir  eomprcssi'm  which  it 
pM>duces  upon  a  helical  steel  spring  proi)erly  adjusted  and 
fitted  with  an  index  working  against  a  ^-aduated  scale. 
Another  form  of  spring-balance  is  made  in  the  shape  of 
the  letter  C,  the  upper  end  being  suspended  by  a  ring. 
and  the  lower  end  affording  attachment  for  the  hook 
whereby  the  ol>jeet  is  ^uspendcd.  As  the  bow  opens  a  fin- 
ger travei-ses  a  L'taduated  are  and  registers  the  weight.— 
Thermic  or  actinic  balance,  same  as  bolometer.— To 
cast  the  balance,  to  tmn  tlie  scale;  cause  one  scale  to 
prepomierate  :  often  used  ttu'iratively.  South  ;  Dryden.— 
To  hold  in  balance,  to  keep  in  a  state  of  uncertainty  or 
suspense . 

She  wolde  not  fonde 
To  kolde  no  wight  in  balauiice 
By  halfe  worde  ne  by  countenaunce. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  L  1020. 


Ilanish  Balance. 


^ 


425 
To  lay  In  balance,  U>  put  up  as  a  pledge  or  security. 

Vu  wnldf  nut  for^'.m  his  iiqiu-yiitaTico 
For  mnclu'l  i^'oml,  I  ilar/f  f/''  in  hittaunce 
Al  that  I  have  in  my  pnMsrssitiun. 
Chinicrr,  I'rcil.  tn'i'anim's  ViMirnan's  Talo,  1,  58. 
To  pay  a  balance,  to  pay  the  ilillcrenci'  ami  nnike  twn 
accnnnts  I'cinal.  Toralon-balance,  an  instrument  for 
measuring  certain  electrical  forces  anil  the  intensity  of 
magnets.  It  consists  of  a  magnetic  needle  susjiended  by 
a  silk  thread  or  a  very  tine  wire  in  a  gla-ss  cylinder,  of 
which  the  circumference  is  graduated,  the  force  or  mag- 
net to  be  nieasurett  is  applied  to  one  side  of  the  cylinder, 
either  inside  or  outside,  and  its  intensity  is  indicated  by 
the  amoinit  of  deflection  of  the  suspended  needle,  which 
is  caused  to  exert  a  force  of  torsion  on  the  thread  or  wire 
which  supports  it.  (Sec  also  alloy -balaiicc,  asuay-biil- 
ttiici',  cni ti-halance,  microtneter-balancn,  millstojie-balaiice.) 
—  Syn.  10.  See  remainder. 
balance  (bal'ans),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  balnncctl, 
ppr.  hiiliincinr;.  [=  1«\  balancer  =  I'r.  halansar 
=  Sp.  baliiiKar  (obs.),  balanccar  =  I'g.  balanqar 
=  It.  bilaiiciarc,  balance;  from  tho  unun.]  I. 
trniis.  1.  Towoifih;  especially,  to  weigh  or  con- 
sider in  the  mind ;  ponder  over. 

Iti  the  mean  while  I  will  go  for  the  said  Instrument, 
and  'till  my  Return  you  may  t/allaiicc  this  -Matter  in  your 
own  Discretion.  Congrcoe,  Way  of  the  World,  v.  U. 

She  balanced  this  a  little, 
And  told  me  she  would  answer  us  to-day. 

Tenni/non,  Princess,  iii.  149. 

2.  To  estimate  the  relative  weight  or  impor- 
tance of,  as  two  or  more  things;  make  a  com- 
parison between  as  to  relative  importance, 
force,  value,  etc. 

Balance  the  good  and  evil  of  things.  Sir  R,  L'Estraiif/e, 

3.  To  l)ring  into  a  state  of  equipoise  or  equi- 
librium ;  arrange  or  adjust  (the  several  parts  of 
a  thing)  symmetrically:  as,  to  balance  the  sev- 
eral parts  of  a  machine  or  a  painting. —  4. 
To  keep  in  equilibrium  or  equipoise;  poise; 
steady:  as,  to  balance  a  pole  on  one's  chin. 

I  cannot  give  due  action  to  my  words. 
Except  a  sword  or  sceptre  balance  it. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

The  maids  of  Nazareth,  as  they  trooped  to  till 
Their  balanced  urns  beside  the  mountain  rill. 

O.  ir.  HoUnes,  The  Mother's  .Secret. 

5.  To  serve  as  a  counterpoise  to ;  coimter- 
balance ;  offset :  as,  the  ups  and  downs  of 
life  balance  each  other. 

One  expression  in  the  letter  must  check  and  balance  the 
other.  Kent. 

In  the  case  of  a  precision  steel-yard,  it  is  best  so  to  dis- 
tribute the  mass  of  the  beam  that  the  right  arm  balances 
the  left  one.  Enci/c.  Brit.,  III.  262. 

6.  To  bring  into  a  state  of  equality;  make 
equal ;  offset  (one  thing  with  another). 

To  balance  fortune  by  a  jiist  expense. 

Join  with  economy,  magniflcence ; 

With  splendour,  charity ;  with  plenty,  health. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iii.  223. 
Like  souls  that  balance  joy  and  pain. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Guinevere. 
Weariness  was  balanced  with  delight. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  246. 

7.  To  use  as  a  counterpoise  or  set-off. 

Is  it  a  rule  of  oratory  to  balance  the  style  against  the 
subject,  and  to  handle  the  most  sublime  truths  in  the  dull- 
est language  anil  the  driest  manner? 

Sydney  Smith,  in  Lady  IloUand,  iii. 

The  .  .  .  wisdom  which  balanced  Egypt  against  AssjTia. 

Pusey,  Slinor  Prophets,  p.  47- 

8.  To  sway  up  and  down,  like  the  arms  of  a 
balance. 

Henley  stands. 
Tuning  his  voice,  and  balanciny  his  hands. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iii.  200. 

9.  To  settle  by  pajang  what  remains  due  on  an 
aecoimt ;  equalize  or  adjust. 

Though  I  am  very  well  satisfied  that  it  is  not  in  my 
power  to  balance  accounts  with  my  Maker,  I  am  resolved, 
however,  to  turn  all  ray  endeavours  that  way. 

Addiaon,  Spectator. 

10.  To  examine  or  compare  by  summations, 
etc.,  so  as  to  show  how  assets  and  liabilities  or 
debits  and  credits  stand:  as,  let  us  balance  our 
accounts. —  H.  Xaiit.,  to  steady  (a  ship  in  bad 
weather)  by  reefing  with  a  balance-reef Bal- 
anced copula.  See  copula.— To  balance  books,  to  dose 
or  adjust  eadi  personal  or  general  account  in  a  ledger. 

II.  intrann.  1.  To  have  an  equality  or  equiv- 
alence in  weight,  parts,  etc.;  be  in  a  state 
of  equipoise;  be  evenly  adjusted:  as,  the  two 
things  exactly  balance;  I  cannot  make  the  ac- 
count balance. —  2.  To  oscillate  like  the  beams 
of  a  balance;  waver;  hesitate.     [Rare.] 

He  would  not  balance  nor  err  in  the  determination  of 
his  choice.  Locke. 

3.  In  dancing,  to  move  forward  and  backward, 
or  in  opposite  directions,  like  the  arms  of  a 
balance;  especially,  to  set  to  a  partner. —  4.  To 
be  employed  in  tinding  tho  balance  or  balances 
of  an  account  or  accounts. 


balance-plo'w 

Oh !  who  would  cast  and  balance  at  a  desk, 

Perch'd  like  a  crow  upon  a  three-legg'd  stool. 

Till  all  his  juice  is  dried'?     Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 

balance-bar  (bal'ans-bUr),  n.    Same  as  SataHce- 

hcani,  2. 

balance-barometer  (baran8-ba-rom''e-t6r),  n. 
A  barometer  consisting  of  a  beiim  balanced  on 
a  pivot,  and  formed,  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
pivot,  of  materials  differing  greatly  in  specific 
gravity.  The  Imlk.s  of  the  parts  on  either  side  of  the 
fulcrum,  and  consequently  the  volumes  of  air  displaced 
by  them,  thus  differ  greatly.  If  the  air  increases  in  den- 
sity, its  effective  buoyancy  on  the  nujre  bulky  arm  con- 
siderably exceeds  its  etfect  upon  the  smaller ;  the  former 
tliereforc  rises.  If  the  air  becomes  lighter,  the  reverse 
happens.     The  vibrations  are  noted  upon  a  scale. 

balance-beam  (bal'ans-bem),  M.  1.  The  beam 
of  a  balance. —  2.  A  long  beam  attached  to  a 
drawbridge,  the  gate  of  a  canal-lock,  etc.,  serv- 
ing partially  to  counterbalance  its  weight,  and 
used  in  opening  and  closing  it.  Also  called 
balance-bar. 

balance-bob  (bal'ans-bob),  «.  A  beam,  bent 
lever,  or  bob,  rocking  or  oscillating  on  an  axis, 
and  having  at  one  end  a  counterpoise,  wliile 
the  other  is  attached  to  the  rod  of  a  Cornish 
pumping-enguie.  It  is  ilesigmd  to  relieve  the  strain 
on  the  engine  and  rod  resulting  from  lifting  a  heavy  load. 
Also  called  oscillatiwj  or  rockiny  bob.     See  6o6l. 

balance-book  (bal'ans-biik),  n.  In  cmn.,  a 
book  in  which  the  adjusted  debtor  and  credi- 
tor accounts  have  been  posted  from  the  ledger. 

balance-bridge  (bal'ans-brij),  n.  A  bridge  in 
which  the  overhang  beyond  an  abutment  is 
counterbalanced  either  by  means  of  hea'vy 
weights  connected  with  it  by  chains  running 
over  pulleys,  or  by  a  portion  of  the  roadway 
which  extends  backward  from  the  abutment. 
See  ba.scule-briihjc. 

balance-crane  (bal'aus-kran),  n.  A  crane  In 
which  the  load  is  counterbalanced  In  whole  or 
in  part  by  a  weight,  swinging  with  the  load,  but 
placed  upon  the  opposite  side  of  the  pintle  or 
post. 

balance-djrnamometer  (bal'ans-di-na-mom'e- 
ter),  «.  A  form  of  djTiamometer  in  'which  the 
principle  of  the  steelyard  is  used  to  estimate 
the  number  of  foot-pounds  of  power.  The  ap- 
paratus is  attached  between  two  pulleys,  of  which  one  re- 
ceives and  the  other  transmits  the  motive  force,  and  is 
operated  by  means  of  loose  pulleys,  upon  which  the  belts 
are  shifted  when  it  is  desired  to  test  the  power.  Also 
called  bevel-frear  transmitting  dynamometer.  See  cut  un- 
der di/namomctcr. 

balance-electrometer  (bal'ans-e-lek-trom'e- 
ter),  n.  A  form  of  absolute  electrometer.  See 
electrometer. 

balance-engine  (bal'ans-en'jin),  n.  A  steam- 
engine  which  has  two  pistons  acting  in  oppo- 
site directions  in  the  same  cylinder. 

balance-fish  (bal'ans-tish),  ji.  A  name  of  the 
hammerhead,  or  hammer-lieaded  shark,  Sphyr- 
na  malleus:  so  called  because  the  sides  of  the 
head  resemble  the  arms  of  a  balance.  Also 
called  hammer-fish.  See  cut  under  hammer- 
head. 

balance-frame  (Iml'ans-fram),  n.  One  of  two 
frames  of  a  ship  which  are  of  equal  weight  and 
at  equal  distances  from  its  center  of  gravity. 

balance-gate  (bal'ans-gat),  n.  1.  Agate  either 
so  supported  in  the  middle,  or  so  counter- 
weighted,  that  its  weight  may  rest  vertically 
upon  the  gate-post  instead  of  hanging  upon  one 
side  of  it. —  2.  In  hi/dranlias;  a  gate  having  equal 
areas  upon  each  side  of  the  supporting  post,  so 
that  the  action  of  a  current  may  not  impede  its 
movement. 

balance-level  (bal'ans-lev'el),  n.  A  builders' 
or  surveyors'  instrument,  consisting  of  a  bar 
exactly  balanced  and  suspended  by  a  cord,  and 
carrying  two  sights  which  show  the  line  of 
level.  Sometimes  the  bar  is  jjlaced  at  right  angles  to  a 
roll,  the  whide  beijig  allowed  to  bang  like  a  pemlnlum.  A 
telescope  is  sometimes  t^ubstitiited  for  the  bar  and  sights. 

balancement  (bal'ans-ment),  H.  [<  balance,  r., 
+  -ment.']  The  act  of  balancing,  or  the  state 
of  being  balanced.     [Rare.] 

The  law  of  compensation  or  balancement  .  .  .  would 
tend  to  cause  the  pistil  to  be  reduced  in  those  individuals 
in  which  the  stamens  were  greatly  developed,  and  ^o  be 
increased  in  length  in  those  which  had  their  stamens  but 
little  developed. 

Danrin,  Different  Forms  of  Flowers,  p.  262. 

balance-pit  (bal'ans-pit),  h.  In  mining,  tho 
shaft  or  excavation  in  which  the  balance  or 
counterpoise  moves. 

balance-plo'w  (bal'ans-plou),  «.  A  plow  in 
which  two  sets  of  plow-bodies  and  colters  are 
attached  to  an  iron  frame  mo\ing  on  a  fulcrum, 
one  set  at  either  extremity,  and  pointing  in 
different  directions.     The  balance-plow  is  intended 


balance-plow 

to  be  uscil  without  turiiiiii,',  ;inil  is  so  nrrftnged  as  to  cast 
aii  thf  furrows  in  tlic  siiiuf  (iircctlon,  tlie  one  part  of  the 
frame  lieins  raised  out  of  the  Krounil  when  niovinff  in  one 
direction,  and  the  otlier  wlien  moving  in  tile  opposite.  It 
is  the  front  part  of  tlie  frame,  or  that  furtlieat  from  wliere 
the  driver  sits,  which  is  elevated,  tlie  plowint;  apparatus 
connected  witli  the  after  part  heiuR  always  inserted  in  tlio 
ground  and  doinj;  the  work.  Balance-plows  are  used  in 
steani-plowinK.  Generally  two,  three,  or  four  setsof  plow- 
bodies  and  colters  are  attached  to  cither  e.\tremity,  so 
that  two,  three,  or  four  furrows  arc  made  at  once.    See 

balancer  (bal'an-sfer),  n.    1.  One  who  balances 

or  weighs;  a  weigher  of  things  in  or  as  in  a 

balance. 

The  nicest  of  our  modem  critical  balmufrx. 

Dawson,  Orig.  of  World,  p.  69. 

2.  An  acrobat ;  one  who  balances  himself. — 

3.  One  who  or  that  which  keeps  a  thing  or 
things  in  equilibrium;  that  which  maintains 
or  helps  to  maintain  something  in  a  state  of 
balance  or  equipoise. — 4.  Specifically,  in  ch  torn., 
a  halter  (which  see) ;  a  poiser ;  the  small  organ 
supposed  to  be  useful  in  balancing  the  body ; 
one  of  a  pair  of  slender  processes  with  clubbed 
ends  placed  near  the  insertion  of  the  wings, 
especially  of  dipterous  insects. —  5.  In  herpet., 
an  elongate  cylindrical  rod  protruding  from 
each  side  of  the  head  of  larval  salamanders,  in 
front  of  the  gills :  permanently  retained  in  cer- 
tain forms,  as  the  cfficilias  and  some  sala- 
manders.    E.  D.  Cope. 

balance-reef  (bal'aus-ref),  «.     Naut.,  a  reef- 
baud  crossing  a  sail  diagonally.     A  balance-reef 


Balance-rudder. 


Balance-reef. 
a,  sail  before  reefing  ;  b,  balance-reefed  sail. 

is  generally  placed  in  all  gaff-sails,  the  band  running  from 
the  throat  to  the  clew.  Either  the  upper  or  the  lower  half 
of  the  sail  may  be  reefed. 

balance-rudder  (bal'ans-nid"er),  n.  A  rudder 
supported  on  a  skeg 
or  projection  from 
the  keel,  about  one 
third  of  its  surface 
being  forward  of  and 
two  thirds  abaft  its 
vertical  axis  of  mo- 
tion. See  rudder. 

balance-rynd  (bal'- 
ans-rmd), ».  An  iron 
bar  stretched  across 
the  eye  of  a  revolv- 
ing millstone,  to 
support  the  stone 
upon  the  top  of  its 
spindle. 

balance-sections  (barans-sek"shonz),  n.2)l.  In 
tihip-buildiiiji,  a  pair  of  sections,  one  near  each 
end  of  the  vessel,  which  are  not  designed  till 
after  the  midship  section  and  the  water-line 
are  determined. 

balance-sheet  (bal'ans-shet),  «.  A  statement 
made  by  merchants  and  others  to  show  the 
true  state  of  a  particular  business.  A  balance- 
sheet  should  exhibit  all  the  balances  of  debits  and  credits, 
also  the  value  of  the  merchandise,  and  the  result  of  the 
whole.  (Boumer.)  A  statement  designed  to  show  the  as- 
sets and  liabilities  and  the  profits  and  losses  of  a  com- 
pany.   (Marvh,  Bank  Book-keeping.) 

Many  banks  publish  balance-sheets  professing  to  show 
the  reserve  of  ready  money. 

./(•t'u«,v,  Jloney  and  Mech.  of  Exchange,  p.  320. 

balance-step  Cbal'ans-step), «.  In  9))ilit.  tactics, 
an  exercise  in  sq'uad-ilrill  intended  to  teach 
the  principles  of  marching. 

balance-thermometer  (bal'ans -ther-mom"e - 
ter),  M.  A  device  in  which  mercury  inclosed  in 
a  balanced  tube  is  caused  to  make  one  or  tlie 
other  of  the  ends  preponderate,  thereby  open- 
ing or  closing  a  window  or  damper,  or  touch- 
ing an  alarm. 

balance-valve  (bal'ans-valv),  n.  A  valve  in 
which  the  fluid  is  admitted  to  both  sides,  and 
acts  with  nearly  equal  pressure  in  opposite 
directions,  but  with  an  excess  in  the  direction 
of  the  seat  sufficient  to  keep  the  valve  in  con- 
tact with  it  when  closed.     It  is  a  construction  de- 


426 

signed  to  permit  the  operation  of  a  valve  by  a  slight 
force.  The  balance  jntppet-valve  has  two  disks  upon  a 
single  stem,  the  JUiid  being  admitted  either  between  the 
two  disks  or  above  tlie  upper  and  below  the  lower.  <  Ine 
disk  is  made  larger  than  the  other,  that  there  may  be  a 
slight  excess  of  iiressure  tending  to  close  the  valve,  or  to 
keep  it  pressed  to  its  seat. 

balance-vise  (bal'ans-vis),  n.  A  small  tail- 
vino  used  by  watchmakers. 

balance-wHeel  (bal'sins-hwel),  n.  1.  A  wheel 
in  a  watch  or  clironometer  which  by  the  regu- 
larity of  its  motion  determines  the  beat  or 
strike. —  2.  Figuratively,  whatever  serves  for 
tlie  regidation  or  coordination  of  movements. 

These  are  in  themselves  very  objectionable ;  the  true 
regulators,  the  proper  balance-wheels,  are  those  which 
have  been  described.  Broufjhavi. 

Balance-wheel  engine,  a  watchmakers'  instrument, 
n.sed  in  the  construction  of  the  balance-wheel. —  Bal- 
ance-wheel file,  a  watclimakers'  file  with  three  sides, 
one  L"ii\-i\  iiii'i  cut.  the  otlurs  idane  and  smooth.  It  is 
used  ill  workiuL'  in  the  sect' iroitt-nings  of  a  balance-wheel. — 
Compensation  balance-wheel,  a  balance-wheel  whose 
rim  is  formed  of  two  metals  of  diJterent  expansive  powers, 
so  arranged  tliat  the  change  of  size  of  tlie  wheel,  as  the 
temperature  rises  or  falls,  is  compensated  for  by  the 
change  in  position  of  the  parts  of  the  rim. 

balandra  (ba-lan'dra),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  haJandra 
=  F.  beliDidre,  <  D.  hijlander,  >  E.  hUander:  see 
hilander.']  A  small  coasting  vessel  used  in 
South  America. 

balandrana  (ba-lan'dra-nil),  n.  [MX.;  OF. 
balaitdnui,  P.  bahuidras  =  Sp.  balandran  =  It. 
pxdandrano,  paUtndrana ;  origin  unknown.]  A 
wide  cloak  or  mantle  tised  as  an  additional  gar- 
ment by  travelers  and  others  in  the  twelfth 
and  thirteenth  centuries.  Also  called  siiper- 
totus. 

balanidCbal'a-md),  n.  Acirriped  of  the  family 
Balanidce. 

Balanidse  (ba-lan'i-de),  n.  2>l.  [NL.,  <  Balanns 
+  -idw.'i  A  family  of  sessile  thoracic  eirripeds, 
of  which  the  genus  Balaiiiis  is  the  type.  The 
peduncle  is  aljseut  t)r  rudimentary,  the  operculum  is 
present,  and  the  scuta  and  terga  are  movably  articu- 
lated. The  species  are  commonly  called  acorn-shells  or 
sea-aconis,  and  often  share  the  name  barnacle  with  the 
species  of  Lepas.  They  are  found  all  over  the  world,  ad- 
heriiiu'  closely  to  sultmerged  rocks,  timber,  etc.  Also 
Ilaliiiinuh'a.     .See  cuts  under  Balaniis. 

balaniferous  (bal-a-nif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  balamis 
(<  6r.  l3d?.avoc),  an' acorn,  +  ferre  =  E.  fteaci.] 
Bearing,  yielding,  or  producing  acorns. 

Balaninus  (bal-a-ni'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  balanus 
(<  Gr.  jia'/avoc),  an  acorn,  -1-  -inus.1  A  genus  of 
rhynchophorous 
beetles,  of  the 
family  CiircuU- 
OHidw  or  weevils ; 
the  nut^weevils. 
B.  nuciim  is  the 
weevil  of  hazels 
and  filberts;  B. 
glandiiim  and  B. 
rectKS,  of  acorns. 

balanism  (bal'a- 
uizm),  n.  [<  Gir. 
jid/.avo(,  an  acorn, 
a  suppository,  -t- 
-ism  ;  cf .  Gr.  fta7.a- 
vii^civ,  administer 
a  suppository.] 
In  med.,  the  application  of  a  suppository  or 
pessary. 

balanite  (bal'a-nit),  «.  [<  L.  balanites:  see 
Balanites.]  It.  A  kind  of  precious  stone. — 2. 
A  fossil  cirriped  of  the  family  Balanida:. 

Balanites  (bal-a-ni'tez),  H.  [L.,  <  Gr.  jia'AaviTric, 
a  precious  stone,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  7.itioQ),  acom- 
shaped.  <  ;W?ai'Of,  an  acorn.  Ct.  Balanus.']  1. 
[?.  c]  A  kind  of  precious  stone;  balanite. — 2. 
[NL.]  Asimarubaceous  genus  of  plants,  includ- 
ing two  species,  spiny  shrubs  or  small  trees,  na- 
tives of  the  drier  parts  of  India,  western  Asia, 
and  tropical  Africa.  The  fruit  is  a  one-seeded  drupe, 
the  pulp  of  which  is  sometimes  used  in  India  in  cleaning 
silk.  The  oily  seeds,  as  well  as  the  bark  and  subacid  leaves, 
of  the  Indian  species,  B.  lioxburf/hii,  :irccinpluyc<l  in  native 
medicine,  and  the  hard  woody  nut  is  made  into  a  kind  of 
fireworks.  The  African  species  is  U.  -E'^i/i'tiaca. 
3.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  fossil  eirripeds,  of  the 
family  Balanidir. 

balanitis  (bal-a-ni'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iSiuavoc, 
acorn,  glans  penis,  +  -itis.}  In  pathol.,  in- 
flammation of  the  glans  penis. 

balanoglOSSid  (bal"a-n9-glos'id),  «.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  family  Balanoglossida: 

Balanoglossidae  (bal"a-no-glos'i-de),  n.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  BalaHOf/lossus  +  -«(«•.]     The  family  of 

invertebrates  represented  by  the  genus  Bala- 

nofilossus. 
Balanoglossus  (bal"a-no-glos'us),  «.     [NL.,  < 

Gr.  (ia/.acof,  an  acorn,  +  y'/.i>aaa,  tongue.]   1.  An 


Balanus 

extraordinary  genus  of  invertebrate  animals, 
the  type  not  only  of  a  family,  Balnnnglnssidtr, 
but  also  of  an  order  or  even  a  distinct  class  of 
animals,  Enteropneusta  (which  see),  it  is  related 
in  its  mode  of  development  to  the  echinoderms,  in  some 
respects  to  the  ascidiaiis,  and  is  usually  classed  with  the 


Balnnoghssus, 
I.  The  Tortiaria  lar\-a.  about  1-12  of  an  inch  long,  enlarged,  side 
view,  a,  anus :  b,  vessels  leading  to  the  dorsal  pore,  li,  from  sac  of 
the  water-vascular  system,  rt'/  rt'  ,  prolongation  of  the  sac  ;  A.  heart : 
i,  intestine;  J,  stomach  :  o,  esophagus;  m.  mouth;  «,  «,  lobes  of 
alimentary  canal ;  mf>,  muscular  band  from  eye-speck,^,  to  water-vas- 
cular sac.  II.  Young  balanoglossus.  Letters  as  before,  except  ^,  the 
tirst-formed  branchial  stigmata.  III.  Balanoglossus.  more  advanced. 
c,  collar ;  /,  proboscis. 

Vermes.  The  members  of  this  genus  are  elongated,  foot- 
less, soft-bodied  worms,  with  the  mouth  at  one  end  of  the 
body  and  the  anus  at  the  other.  The  fore  part  of  the  body- 
presents  a  kind  of  collar  surrounding  a  constriction  from 
which  springs  a  long  hollow  proboscis-like  organ,  whence 
the  name  Balanoiilossus,  this  organ  being  like  a  tongue 
somewhat  acorn-shaped,  proceeding  from  within  the  col- 
lar like  an  acorn  from  its  cup.  On  the  portion  of  the  body 
from  which  the  proboscis  springs  there  is  a  flattened  are.a 
vrith  a  longitudinal  series  of  branfliial  apertures,  commu- 
nicating with  branchial  sacs  conuectetl  with  the  alimen- 
tary canal;  h^avQ  the ierrw Enteropneusta.  Inconseijuence 
of  this  relation  of  the  respiratory  to  the  alimentary  canal, 
Huxley  associates  Balanoqtus.^u.^  witli  Titnicala  (or  ascidi- 
ans)  as  members  of  a  pharyngopueustal  series.  The  larval 
form  of  Balanofflossns  was  formerly  called  Tornaria,  and 
regarded  as  an  echinoderm  from  its  great  resemblance  to 
the  larva  of  a  starfish. 
2.  [?.  c]  A  member  of  the  genus  jBo?flnofl/osSH«. 

balanoid  (bal'a-noid),  a.  and  )i.  [<  Gr.  jia/.a- 
i'Of((!//f,  like  an  acorn,  <  jja/avoc,  an  acorn,  -1" 
fWof,  form.]  I.  a.  Resembling  an  acorn :  spe- 
cifically applied  to  the  acom-shells  of  the  fam- 
ily Balanidrc.     See  cut  under  Balanus. 

"II.  II.  An  acorn-shell;  a  cirriped  of  the  fam- 
ily lUthtnidrc. 

Balanoidea  (bal-a-noi'de-a),  ji.jji/.  [NL..<  Ba- 
lanus + -oidea.  Ct.  balanoid.']  Same  as  .Sa2a- 
nidrr. 

Balanophoracese  (bal'a-no-fo-ra'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  lia'f.avor,  an  acorn,  +  -oii/jof,  bearing 
(<  6ipctv  =  'Ei.  bear'^),  -f-  -acece.]  An  order  of  cu- 
rious apetalous  leafless  plants,  related  to  the 
mistletoe,  but  parasitic  upon  the  roots  instead 
of  the  branches  of  otherplants.  From  their  simple 
structure,  they  were  fornieiiy  tliouyht  to  be  allied  to  the 
fungi.  There  are  about  40  known  sjiecies,  grouped  into  14 
genera,  natives  of  the  tropics.     They  are  generally  of  a 


Nut-weevil  [Balaninus  rectus.  Say). 

a,  dorsal  view;  *,  lateral  view.  (Verti- 
cal line  shows  natural  size,  including  pro- 
boscis.) 


Balanophoracea.     Cynomoriutn  coccineunt,  growing  upon  the  root 

of  a  salsola.  1-15  natural  size  ;  a,  inflorescence.  ;4  size. 
(From  Le  Maout  and  Decaisne's  "Trait,; general  de  Botanique.") 

bright  yellow  or  red  color.     Their  small  flowers,  in  most 
cases  unisexual,  are  aggregated  into  dense  masses.    The 
fruit  is  one-celled,  with  a  single  seed. 
balantt  (ba'lant),   a.     [<  L.  balan(t-)s.  ppr.  of 
balair,  bleat."  Cf.  baa.]     Bleating. 

The  balant  and  latrant  noises  of  that  sort  of  people. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Christ,  (ed.  Is.'r2),  App.,  p.  620. 

Balanus  (bal'a-nus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  f3d7.aroc,  an 
acorn.  Ct.^j.  i/lans,  an  aeovn:  see  ffland.]  The 
tyijical  genus  of  sessile  eir- 
ripeds of  the  family  Bala- 
nidw;  the  aeorn-shells  or 
sea-acorns,  called  barna- 
cles, except  in  Great  Bri- 
tain, where  the  petluncu- 
lated  Lepadidm  have  that 
name.  B.  tintinnabulum  is  the 
representative  species.  The  shell 
consists  of  (i  plates,  with  an  oper- 
culunt  of  4  valves.  Colonies  are  to  be  found  on  rocks  left 
dry  at  low  water,  tin  ships,  on  timber,  on  lobsters  and  other 
crustaceans,  ami  on  the  shells  of  conchifers  and  other  mol* 
lusks.  They  differ  from  the  members  of  the  genus  Lei>as 
in  having  a  symmetric:!]  shell  and  in  being  ilestitute  of  a 
flexible  stalk.    They  pass  through  a  larval  stage  of  ejds- 


Bataftus  forcatus. 


Balanus 


Diagrammatic  section  of  Acoru-sliell  {Batamis 
a,  cavity  of  the  sac  lying  over  the  labrum  ;  b,  prosoma  ;  c,  carina  : 
£tt  carinolatcral  compartment :  i,  lateral  compartment ;  r,  rostrum  ; 
J,  scutum  :  r,  terguin  ;  /,  penis ;  f  ,  gut-fonneti  gland  :  A,  duct  con- 
necting ^  ivitjt  I,  peduncular  or  ovanan  tubules,  and  fc,  cement-duct 
and  glands;  /'.antenna:;  wi,  ovigerotis  fra;num  ;  i:f,  anus. 

teiu-e,  at  which  period  thfy  nro  not  fixed,  but  move  ahont 
iiy  int--ans  of  swiiiiniiiii:  iLrt.  itii.l  possess  lni-f?e  stiUked  eyes, 
liotli  feet  aiul  eyes  clis.iiijieaiiiii;  wiieu  they  attach  them- 
selves to  their  lliial  place  of  repose. 

balasl,  balass  (bal'as,  ba-las'),  it.  [Earlymod. 
E.  also  haUu.-i,  cte.,'<  ME.  hahis,  balace,  balays, 
etc.,  <  OF.  bdldin,  biihn  =  Pr.  balays,  bahich 
=  Sp.  halax  =  Pg.  balache  =  It.  balaseio,  < 
ML.  hnl<iscii(y,  biildscitx,  <  xVr.  bahiMish,  a 
kiuil  of  ruby,  <  Pers.  ISadaklishdii,  a  country  iu 
central  Asia  north  of  the  Hindu  Kush  moun- 
tains (called  lialdsiiiii  by  Marco  Polo),  wliere 
this  ruby  is  found.]  A  variety  of  spinel  ruby, 
of  a  pale  rose-red  color,  sometimes  inclining  to 
orange.    See  spinel.    Usually  called  balas-rubij. 

William  of  Wykeham  .  .  .  bequeathed  to  his  successor 
in  the  bishopi-ic  of  AViiicliester  .  .  .  his  larger  gold  pon- 
tifical ring,  with  .1  sapphire  stone,  surrounded  witli  four 
balas-rubks.  ami  two  small  diamonds  and  eleven  pearls. 
Quoted  in  Hock's  Clmrcll  of  our  Fathers,  ji.  171. 


balas2  (bal'as),  n.  [Turk.]  A  long  dagger  in- 
tended for  thrusting  rather  than  cutting,  used 
by  the  Turks ;  a  Turkish  yataghan.  B.  F.  Bur- 
ton. 

balase^t,  "•    See  hdlds^. 

balase-t,  "■     See  bdllast. 

balass,  ".     See  bdlnA 

balata  (bal'a-ta),  H.    Same  as  hnlnta-gwm. 

balata-gum  (bal'a-tii-gum),  i(.  The  inspissated 
juice  of  a  sapota'cemis  tree,  Mininxops  ijlobosa, 
of  tropical  America  from  the  Antilles  toUuiana. 
It  is  intermediate  in  cliaracter  between  caoutchouc  and 
gutta-percha,  and  from  its  great  strength  is  especially 
suited  for  belting  and  similar  uses. 

balata-tree  (bal'a-tii-tre),  n.  A  large  sapota- 
ceous  tree  of  the'W'cst  Indies,  Biiinelia  retusa, 
the  wood  of  which  is  very  hard.  See  buUy- 
Ircc. 

balatront  (bal'a-tron),  )).  [<  L.  b(tlatro(n-),  a 
babbler,  jester,  buffoon,  prob.  for  *blatero{n-),  < 
bIdUnire, habhle.'i     A  buffoon.    Cockeram. 

balatronic  (bal-a-tron'iU),  «■  Of  or  pertaining 
to  buffoons.     Hdld.     [Rare.] 

balausta  (ba-his'ta),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  halaustium  : 
see  Bahiitsfion.]  A  fruit  like  the  pomegranate, 
succulent  within  and  many-seeded,  with  a  firm 
rind,  and  tippedwith  the  persistent  lobes  of  the 
calvx. 

balaustine  (ba-las'tin),  a.  [<  L.  halaustium  (< 
tir.  iu/inarioi>,  the  flower  of  the  wild  pome- 
granate) +  -i«cl.]  Pertaining  to  the  wild  pome- 
granate-tree  Balaustine  flowers,  the  dried  flowers 

of  the  pomegi-auate,  nseil  in  imciicine  as  an  ivstringent. 

Balaustion  (ba-las'ti-on),  H.  [NL. ;  cf.  L. 
tidldiisiiuin,  <  Gr.  jia'/.ai'C-iov,  the  flower  of  the 
wild  pomegranate.  Cf.  baluster.']  A  genus  of 
myrtaceous  plants,  of  a  single  species,  B.  pul- 
clierrimum,  a  shrub  inhabiting  southwestern 
Australia.  It  bears  numerous  flowers  resembling  in 
shape  and  color  those  of  the  dwarf  pomegranate. 
balaustyt  (ba-las'ti),  n.     [<  L.  halaustium:  see 

Jidldusfion.]     Same  as  balaustine  flowers. 
balayeuse  (bal-a-yez'),  n.    [F.,  fem.  of  balayeur, 
a  sweeper,  <  ba'lai/er,  sweep,  <  balai,  OF.  halei, 
haleis,  a  broom,  dial,  the  broom-plant,  >  ME. 
hahis,  a  rod.]     A  strip  of  plaited  muslin  or  lace 
placed  inside  of  the  bottom  of  women's  dresses 
to  protect  them  from  the  lloor. 
bala3nit,  «■     An  obsolete  fonu  of  baleen. 
balayst,  »■     An  obsolete  form  of  balds'^. 
bal-boy  (bal'boi),  H.     A  boy  working  in  a  mine. 
I'n;  Diet.,  I.  2S0.     [Cornish.] 

Balbriggan  hosiery.    See  hosicn/. 

balbusard  (barbu-siird),  JI.  [F.,  also  balhu- 
-fdv/.]  A  name  of  the  osprey  or  bald  buzzard, 
I'antiiun  lialidetus.  It  was  Utken  in  1  Sis  by  Fleming 
as  a  genus  name  iu  the  form  lialOusardui.    [Sot  in  use.] 


427 

balbutiatet  (bnl-bfi'.shi-at),  r.   i.      [<  L.  as   if 

'tialliutiarc    for   balhutire,    stammer,  <  balbus, 

stammering.]     To  stammer  in  speaking. 
balbutientf   (bal-bti'shi-ent),   a.     [<  L.   halbu- 

ticn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  balbutire,  stammer:  see  balbu- 

liati.]     Stammering. 
balbuties  (bal-bu'shi-ez),  JI.     [XL.,  <  L.  balbus, 

slaninH'ring.     Cf.  balhudalc.']     1.  Stammering. 

—  2.  A  vicious  and  incomplete  pronunciation, 

in  which  almost  all  the  consonants  are  replaced 

by  ')  and  l.     Dunf/lison. 
bal-captain  (bal'kap'tan),  JI.    A  mino-captain. 

[Conusli.] 
balcont,  balconet,  "•    [<  F.  baleon,  <  It.  balconc, 

a  lialcony :  see  bdlcontj.']    A  balcony  or  gallery. 

balconet  (bal-ko-nef),  H,  [Also  lialconette,  < 
hdlcon,  Ijalconyi  -I-  -ct,  -elte.  Cf.  It.  dim.  bal- 
conatd.']  Alow 
ornamental  rail- 
ing to  a  door 
or  window,  jiro- 
jecting  but 

slightly  beyond 
the  threshold  or 
sill. 

balconied  (bal'- 
ko-nid).  a.  Hav- 
ing a  balcony  or 
balconies. 

The    house     was 
donl)le-l/rt/<:o;tiV(/, 
Kfiijrr  North,  Ex- 
[amen,  iii.  7. 

balcony  (bal'- 
ko-ni,  until  re- 
cently bal-ko'- 
ni),  Ji.;  pi.  bal- 
conies (-niz). 
[Formerly  also 
balconc,  balco- 
nic,  halconi/,  etc. 
(sometimes  bal- 
eon, after  F. 
baleon),  <  It.  bal- 
conc, <  balco,  a 
beam,  scaffold, 
<  OHG.     bdlto. 


Balder-brae 

He  [Milton]  could  stoop  !(■  a  plain  style,  sometimes  even 
to  a  bald  style;  but  false  brilliancy  was  his  utter  aversion. 

Macautay,  Milton. 
Gh.astly  thro'  the  drizzling  rain 
Ou  the  bald  street  breaks  the  blank  day. 

Tfiiitt/son,  in  ^lemoriani,  vii. 

6.  Bare;  open;  undisguised. 

A  bald  egotism  which  is  (pnte  above  and  beyond  selfish- 
ness. Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  314. 

7.  Having  white  on  the  face  or  head:  specifi- 
cally applied  to  several  birds :  as,  the  bald  buz- 
zard, eagle,  etc. 

II.  H.  A  natural  meadow  or  grassy  plain  oc- 
curring on  the  rounded  summit  of  a  high  moun- 
tain: a  tenn  in  use  in  the  southern  extension 
of  the  Appalachian  ranges,  where  a  nimiber  of 
the  highest  knobs  have  their  dome-shaped  tops 
entirely  bare  of  trees. 

baldlf  (bald),  )•.  t.  [<  bald^,  a.]  To  make  bald ; 
deprive  of  hair. 

bald-'t,  a.    An  obsolete  and  dialectal  form  of 

bold.  It  is  retained  in  this  spelling  as  an  element  in 
certain  proper  names  of  Anglo-Saxon  or  (lid  HightJennaii 
origin:  as,  Bakbrhi,  Archibald,  Ethclbald,  etc. 
baldachin  (bal'da-kin),  II.  [In  def.  1  also  for- 
merly hiddakin,  biddekin,  and  earlier  baudekin, 
q.  v.";  in  def.  2  also  baldaijuin,  and,  as  It.  or 
Sp.,  Ixdddccliino,  baldarjuino;  <  F.balilar/uin  = 
Sp.  haldaquino  =  Pg.  baldaquim,  <  It.  lialdac- 
chino  (ML.  baldakinus,  etc.),  a  canopy,  < 
Baldacco,  It.  form  of  Bagdad  (xVr.  liai/hdad), 
where  a  rich  cloth  used  for  such  canoines  was 
manufactured.]  If.  Same  as  baudekin. —  2.  A 
canopy  of  various  kinds,  (n)  a  iiortable  decorative 
covering,  borne  in  ceremonial  processions  as  a  sign  of  rank 
or  dignity  ;  particularly,  the  dais-like  canopy  carried  over 
the  pope,  which  is  supported  on  eight  i)oles  ami  carried  by 
li-tiiiuuinliid  personages,  (b)  in  the  Jtuiii.  Cnlh.  Ch.,  a 
pnrtal.le  canopy  borne  over  the  eucharist  carried  proces- 
sioiially,  as  on  the  feast  of  Corpus  fliristi.  (c)  .\  stationaiy 
covering,  of  baudekin,  silk,  or  other  rich  stuff,  stretched 
above  the  seat  of  a  dignitary  ;  in  general,  the  canopy  of  a 
dais ;  sometimes,  that  of  a  bed  with  curtains.    (</)  A  fixed 


A  Venetian  Balcony. 


balctio,  a  scaffold,  =  E.  balk,  a  beam,  etc.:  see 
balk''-,  n.}  1.  A  stage  or  platform  projecting 
from  the  wall  of  a  building  within  or  without, 
supported  liy  columns,  pillars,  or  consoles,  and 
encompassed  with  a  balustrade,  railing,  or 
parapet.  Outer  balconies  are  common  before 
windows,  and  inner  ones  in  ball-rooms,  jiublie 
halls,  etc. 

The  flourish  of  trumpets  and  kettledrums  from  a  high 
balcumi,  which  overlooked  the  hall,  announced  the  en- 
trance'of  the  maskers.  Scolt,  Kenilworth,  II.  xvni. 

2.  In  theaters,  a  gallery  occupying  various  po- 
sitions. In  some  theaters  it  is  a  raised  tier  of  seats  sur- 
rounding the  paniuette ;  in  others  it  takes  tlie  place  of  the 
dress-circle ;  and  in  others  still  it  is  the  gallery  immedi- 
ately lichimi  tu-  aliove  the  dress-circle. 
baldi  (bald),  a.  and  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
hdldc,  lidiihlc,  hdl'd,  baWd,  <  ME.  balde,  belde, 
earlier  balled,  hallid,  ballcdc,  baU;  of  uncertain 
oiigin,  (1)  by  some  regarded  as  identical  with 
the  rare  early  ME.  ballede,  in  the  apparent 
sense  of  rotund,  corpulent,  applied  to  the 
body,  lit.  'balled,'  round  like  a  ball  (<  bdin  + 
-cd'^),  and  hence,  perhaps,  of  the  head,  smooth, 
hairless;  otherwise  (2)  perhaps  <  ball,  a  white 
streak  or  spot  (a  word  of  Celtic  origin  not  f  otmd 
in  ME.,  but  prob.  then  existent :  see  ball^),  + 
-ede,  an  adj.  suffix  connected  with  -I'd-.l     1.  a. 

1.  Wanting  hair,  as  the  head,  in  some  part 
(usually  the  top,  or  front  and  top)  where  it 
naturally  grows ;  partly  or  wholly  deprived  of 
hair  on  the  head,  as  a  person. 

Ilis  heed  was  hallid  and  schon  as  cny  glas. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Vn>\.  to  0.  T.,  I.  lOS. 

Crcsar,  .  .  .  because  his  head  was  bald,  covered  that  <le- 
lect  with  laurels.  Addinon. 

2.  Without  the  natural  or  usual  covering  of 
the  head  or  top;  bareheaded:  as,  aiaWoak;  a 
bald  mountain. 

No  (inestion  asked  him  by  any  of  the  senators,  but  they 
stand  baid  before  him.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv,  :,. 

Thy  bald,  awful  head,  O  sowan  Blanc ! 

Coleri.df]c,  Chamouni. 

3.  Destitute  of  beard  or  awn:  as.  bald  wheat. 
— 4.  Wanting  force  or  meaning;  meager;  pal- 
try: as.  a  bald  sermon;  a  ?«(Wtniism. — 5.  Des- 
titute of  appropriate  ornament :  too  bare,  plain, 
or  literal;  unadorned;  inelegant:  as,  "'a  bald 
translation,"  Longfellow,  H\-perion,  iii.  6. 


Double  Baldachin.— Shrine  of  the  Crown  of  Thorns,  high  altar  of 

the  Sainte  Chapcllc,  Paris;  i3lh  ccnturj*. 

(From  Viollet-lc-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  1" Architecture."  i 

canopy,  often  of  metal  or  stone,  above  the  isolated  high  altar 
in  many  churches,  especially  in  Italy  and  the  F.nst.  From 
its  center,  according  to  tlie  old  ritual,  usually  hung  by  a 
chain  the  vessel  containing  the  Host ;  but  this  usage  has 
now  been  superseded.  Balilachins  also  occur  in  other  po- 
sitions than  over  altars,  as  over  tombs,  shrines,  etc.  Also 
spelled  bdldO'iutn.     Also  called  ciboriuiti. 

baldachino  (bal-da-ke'no),  j(.      [<  It.  baldac- 

chinii.']     Same  as  biddacliin. 
baldaquin  (bard;i-kin).  n.    Sep  baldachin. 
baldaret,  ".     [Origin  obscure;  some  suppose  an 

allusion  to  the  gotl  Balder  and  his  restoration 

to  life.]    An  old  name  of  the  amaranth,  Jjjin- 

rantus  caudatus. 
bald-coot  (bald'kot).  JI.     See  baldicoot. 
baldekint,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  btddachin. 
balden  (bal'denl,  r.  t.  and  i.     [<  bald^  +  -<;il.j 

To  make  or  become  balil.     [Rare.] 

Balder-brae,  Balder 's-brae  (bal'der-.  bal'- 
derz-bra),  n.  [North.  E.,  <  Icel.  Baldcrs-brd 
(Cotula  fetida)  =  Nonv.  baldur-braa,  ballebraa 
(Pi/rcthrum  inodorum),  that  is.  as  also  in  E., 
Bcilder's  brow;  also  coiTuptly  bald  eyebrow . 
From  Balder,  a  Norse  divinity,  sou  of  Odin.] 
An  old  name  for  the  mayweed,  Anthemis  Cotula. 


balderdash 

balderdash  (liariltT-ilasli),  ».  [First  in  sense  1 ; 
o£  obscure  origin,  appiir.  dial,  or  slang:  ac- 
cording to  one  conjecture,  <  Dan.  biilder,  noise, 
clatter  (from  a  verl)  repr.  by  Sw.  dial,  hallni, 
Norw.  haltlra,  bellow,  prattle,  =Ieel.  rell.  Iml- 
(trasl,  l)(illr(i.st,  clatter;  cf.  U.  LG.  baldcrcii,  roar, 
thunder),  +  dauli,  repr.  Dan.  daskc,  slap,  llap: 
see  ddsli.  But  the  word  may  be  merely  one  of 
the  numerous  popular  formations,  of  no  defi- 
nite elements,  so  freely  made  in  the  Elizabethan 
period.]  If.  A  jumbled  mixtui'e  of  frothy  li- 
quors. 

To  drink  sui'li  batdenlash  or  bonny-clabber. 

]i.  Jvnsoii,  Is'ew  Inn,  i.  2. 

2.  Senseless  prate;  an  unmeaning  or  nonsen- 
sical jiunble  of  words;  trashy  talk  or  writing. 
I  lifiii-il  him  cliarge  tliis  publication  with  ribaldry,  scur- 
rility, billingsgate,  and  balderdash. 

Home  Touke,  Trial,  p.  25. 
=  Syn.  2.  See  prattle,  n. 
balderdash  (bal'd^r-dash),  r.  t.  [<  baldcrdanh, 
II.]  To  jumble  and  adulterate  (liquors) ;  hence, 
to  mix  with  inferior  ingi'edients ;  adulterate: 
with  icitJi  before  tlie  adulterant:  as,  to  balder- 
dash wine  with  cider.     [Rare.] 

The  wine-merchants  of  Nice  brew  and  balderdash  and 
even  mix  it  with  pigeon's  dung  and  quicklime. 

Smollett,  Travels,  xix. 

Balder's-brae,  «.    See  Balder-brae. 

bald-faced  (bald'fast),  a.  Having  a  white  face 
or  wliite  on  the  face:  said  of  animals:  as,  a 
bahl-faced  stag. 

baldhead  (bald'hed),  «.  1.  A  man  bald  on  the 
head.  2  Ki.  ii.  23. —  2.  The  name  of  a  breed  of 
domestic  pigeons. — 3.  A  name  of  the  fruit- 
crows  {Cotinyida)  of  South  America,  of  the 
genus  Gijiiiiiiicephalus.  G.  calvun  is  the  capu- 
chin baldhead. 

bald-headed  (bald'hed'ed),  a.  Having  a  bald 
head.  — Bald-headed  eagle.    See  eayle. 

baldicoot  (bal'di-kot),  II.  [Also  baldecoot,  bald- 
coot,  <  bald^  -I-  coot;  the  syllable  -('-  is  mean- 
ingless.] 1.  The  common  coot,  Ftdica  atra. 
Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  a  monk,  on  aceoimt 
of  his  somber  raiment  and  shaven  crown. 

Princesses  that  .  .   .  demean  themselves  to  hol>  and 
nob  witli  these  black  baldicoots. 

Kinf/sley,  Saint's  Tragedy,  iii.  4. 

baldly  (bald'li),  adv.  So  as  to  be  bald,  in  any 
sense  of  that  word. 

baldmoney  (bald'mun''i),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  ImliUiiioiiic,  buudmoneij,  etc.,  <  ME.  bakl- 
monij,  baldemoijn,  baldeiiioijne,  baldemoin,  an 
early  name  of  gentian ;  origin  unknown.]  If. 
A  name  of  various  species  of  gentian. —  2.  A 
name  for  the  mew  or  spignel,  an  umbelliferous 
plant  of  Europe,  Meitiii  athanianticum. 

baldness  (bald'nes),  n.  [<  ME.  ballediiesse ;  < 
balil^  H-  -iiess.']  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
bald,  (a)  Lack  of  hair  or  natm-al  covering  on  the  head 
or  top ;  absence  or  loss  of  hair,  {b)  Deficiency  of  appro- 
priate ornament,  as  in  writing ;  meanness  or  inelegance ; 
want  of  ornament :  as,  baldneas  of  style. 
Baldness  of  allusion  and  barbarity  of  versification. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  III.  74. 

baldpate  (bald'pat),  n.  1.  A  person  with  a 
bald  head. 

Come  hither,  goodman  baldpate. 

Shak.,  JI.  foril-,  v.  i. 
2.  In  ornitli.,  a  kind  of  duck  with  white  on  the 
head ;  a  widgeon,  ilareca  pcnelope  and  M.  aiiicri- 
caiKt.     See  cut  under  ividfjeoii. 

baldpate,  bald-pated  (bald'pat,  -pa'^ted),  a. 
Lacking  hair  on  the  pate ;  shorn  of  hair. 
■Vou  bald-pated,  lying  rascal.         Sliak  ,  JI.  for  51.,  v.  1. 

baldrib  (bald'rib),  11.  1.  A  joint  of  pork  cut 
from  nearer  the  rump  than  the  spare-rib,  and 
consisting  of  a  rib  from  which  the  fat  has  been 
removed. 

lialdrtb,  griskin,  chine,  or  chop. 

Southey,  To  A.  Cunningham. 
Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  a  lean,  lanky  person. 
[Rare.] 

Faitli.  thou  art  such  a  spring  baldrib,  all  the  mistresses 
ill  the  t'lwn  will  never  get  thee  up.  Middletvn. 

baldric  (bal'drik),  w.  [Formerly  also  baiidrick, 
etc.,  <  ME.  baiidrik;  baicdrik;  baudcrik,  etc., 
earlier  baudrij,  <  OF.  buiidrci,  baldrci.  lialdrct 
(later  baiidroi/  and,  with  added  siiiBx,  baudrier) 
=  Pr.  l>audrat(ML.  baldrimjun),  appar.  <  MHG. 
baUlericli,  a  girdle,  perhaps  <  OHG.  bal:  =  E. 
belt,  <  L.  baiteiis:  see  belt.]  1.  A  belt,  or  an 
ornament  resembling  a  belt. 

A  palmer's  amice  wrapt  him  round, 
With  a  wrought  Spanish  baldrick  bound. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  ii.  19. 
In  particular— (ot)  A  belt  worn  round  the  waist,  as  the 
Koman  cingulum,  or  military  belt,  {b)  A  jeweled  orna- 
ment worn  round  the  neck  liy  both  ladies  and  gentlenuu 
to  the  sixteentli  century.    J{.  ilorrit.    (ct)  Figuratively, 


428 

the  zodiac.  Spensfr.  (rf)  A  belt  worn  over  the  right  or 
left  shoulder,  crossing  the  body  diagonally  to  the  waist  or 
below  it,  either  simply  as  an  ornament  or  to  suspend  a 
sworil,  dagger,  or  horn.  Such  belts,  in  medieval  and  Re- 
naissance times,  were  sometimes  richly  decorated  and 
garnished  with  bells,  precious  stones,  etc. 

.\thwart  his  brest  a  liauldrick  brave  he  ware 
Thatshind,  like  twinkling  stars,  with  stones  most  pretious 
rare.  .Spenj^er,  F.  IJ.,  I.  vii.  2'J. 

And  from  liis  blazon'd  baldric  slung 
.\  mighty  silver  bugle  hung. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott,  iii. 

2t.  The  leather  thong  or  gear  by  which  the  clap- 
per of  a  chm'ch-bell  was  formerly  suspended. 

In  the  earliest  accounts  the  baldricks  of  the  bells  are 
always  referred  to  eo  nomine,  but  later  on  they  are  called 
"leathers."  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  495. 

Also  spelled  baldrick. 
baldric-'Wise  (bal'drik-wiz),  adv.     [<  baldric  + 
wise-.]     After  the  manner  of  a  baldric;  over 
one  shoulder  and  hanging  down  to  the  waist. 
balductumt,  «.     [Also  baldiicktum,  <  5IL.  bal- 
ducta,  curd,  hot  milk  curdled  with  ale  or  wine, 
a  posset.]     Balderdash;  trash. 
Bald-win  bit.    See  bit^. 

baldy  (bal'di),  II.  [<  bald^  -¥  dim,  -y.]  A  nick- 
name for  a  bald-headed  person.  [Colloq.] 
balel  (bal),  H.  [<  ME.  bale,  balwe,  balw,  baliiw, 
btdii,  etc.,  <  AS.  balii,  bealii,  bealo  {bealic-,  bea- 
low-)  =  OS.  6rt?H  =  0Fries.  bain-,  bale-  (incomp.) 
=  OHG.  6n?o  =  Ieel.  biil  (not  in  mod.  G.  Sw. 
Dan.),  evil,  calamity;  prop.  neut.  of  the  adj. 
found  only  in  AS.  balti,  bcalu  (balic-,  liealw-)  = 
MLG.  bal-  (in  comp.),  Goth,  balws  (in  comp. 
and  deriv.),  evil,  dire.]  Evil;  woe;  calamity; 
misery;  that  which  causes  nun, destniction,  or 
sorrow.  [Long  obsolete  until  recently  revived 
in  poetry.  It  occurs  especially  in  alliterative 
antithesis  to  boot  or  bliss.] 

For  now  this  day  thou  art  my  bale. 
My  boote  when  thou  shold  bee. 

Robin  lloud,  in  Percy's  Reliques. 
Yett  still  he  strove  to  cloke  his  inward  bale. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  ix.  16. 
Brought  hither  from  their  homes  to  work  our  bale. 

Southey. 
A  touch,  and  bliss  is  turned  to  bale. 

C.  Thaxter,  The  Pimpernel. 
bale^  (bal),  n.     [So.  also  beal,  bail;  <  ME.  bale, 
bade,  belle  (chiefly  northern;  the  reg.  southern 
ME.  would  be  *helc,  *bcl,  giving  mod.  E.  *beal  or 
*beel,  like  deal''-  or  eel),  <  AS.  ba'l  =  leel.  bal  = 
Sw.  6d/  =  Dan.  baal,  a  gi-eat  fire,  a  blazing  pile, 
funeral  pyre ;  cf .  Skt.  blidlas,  luster,  Gr.  (pa^.o^, 
shining,  white:  see  ,ball3.]     A  large  fire  built 
out  of  doors  and  burning  freely ;  a  bonfire.   Spe- 
cifically—(«)  ,\  funeral  pile  or  pyre.     [Obsolete  and  poet- 
ical.]   (?<)  .\  signal-fire ;  a  beacon,    ^ee  Ijeacon  and  bale-Jire. 
On  Penchryst  glows  a  bale  of  fire, 
And  three  are  kindling  on  Priesthaughswire. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  27. 
bale3  (bal),  71.  [<  ME.  bale,  <  OF.  bale,  balle  = 
Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bala  =  It.  balla,  <  ML.  bala,  balla.  a 
ball,  a  round  bundle,  a  package,  <  OHG.  balla, 
palla,  MHG.  balle,  a  ball :  see  ball^,  of  which 
bale  is  a  doublet.]  1.  A  large  bimdle  or  pack- 
age of  merchandise  prepared  for  transporta- 
tion, either  in  a  cloth  cover,  corded  or  banded, 
or  without  cover,  but  compressed  and  secured 
by  transverse  bands,  wires,  or  withes  and  lon- 
gitudinal slats.  The  chief  articles  of  merchandise  that 
are  baled  are  cotton,  wool,  and  hay.  The  weight  of  a  bale 
of  American  cotton  is  between  400  and  500  pounds,  vary- 
ing with  the  season  of  production.  A  bale  of  cochineal  is 
Ii  hinidredweight,  a  bale  of  Spanish  wool  '2.\  hundred- 
weight, a  bale  of  caraway-seeds  3  hundredweight,  a  bale 
of  Mocha  coffee  303  pounds,  a  bale  of  thread  100  bolts. 
2t.  A  pair  or  set  of  dice. 
It  is  a  false  die  of  the  same  bale,  but  not  the  same  cut. 

Sir  T.  Overbury,  Characters. 
I  have  a  crew  of  angels  prisoners  in  my  pocket,  and 
none  but  a  good  bale  of  dice  can  fetch  them  out. 

Miildleton,  Bliu-t,  Master-Constable,  ii. 

bale^  (bal),  V.  1. ;  pret.  and  pp.  baled,  ppr.  baling. 

[<  bule^,  «.]     To  make  up  into  a  bale  or  bales. 

bale*t,  bale^t,  balefif,  bale''.    See  bail^,  bail% 

?((/(73,  bail^. 
Balearian  (bal-f-a'ri-an),  a.  Same  as  Balearic. 
Balearic  (bal-e-ar'ik),  «.  [<  L.  Baleariciis, 
better  Baliaricus  (Gr.  'RaliapiKor,  also  BaleapiKo^ 
and  BaXhapiKoq),  <  Baleares,  better  Baliares, 
Gr.  Ba?aapi:h;,  the  ancient  luime  of  the  islands 
and  of  their  inhabitants,  lit.,  according  to  the 
common  tradition,  the  slingers,  <  Gr.  Bd?.?.en', 
throw,  sling.]  Pertaining  to  the  islands  Major- 
ca, Minorca,  Iviza,  etc.,  in  the  Mediterranean 
sea,  called  the  Balearic  islands Balearic  crane. 

.See  liidearira. 

Balearica  (bal-e-ar'i-ka),  «.  [NL.,  fem.  sing, 
of  L.  Baleariciis :  see  Balearic]  A  genus  of 
cranes,  family  Griiidw,  including  the  crowned 
cranes,  B.  jiaroiiiiia  and  B.  regulorum.  They 
have  a  faatigiate  fau-sliaped  erect  crest  of  modified  yel- 


balin 

lowlsh  feathers  resemliliug  a  miniature  wlsp-broom.  The 
head  is  also  variegated  with  black  feathers  and  red  naked 
spaces,  and  the  tlU'oat  is  wattte<l ;  the  general  plumage  is 
blackish,  with  much  white  on  the  wings.  The  total  Icugtli 
is  about  4  feet.  These  cranes  occtu*  in  various  parts  of 
Africa,  iis  well  as  in  the  islands  to  which  tliey  owe  their 
name,  an<i  one  .sijecies  h:ts  occasionally  been  found  in  F.u- 
ropc.  The  getms  ha.H  also  been  nanied  lialearias  (Kafl- 
ncs'inc,  l.sl.'i)  and  GerannrckuH  iij\o^b\-,  1842). 

balearican  (bal-e-ar'i-kan),  II.  [<  Balearica.] 
A  crane  of  the  genus  Balearica. 

baleen  (ba-len'),  «.  [<  ME.  balenc,  baleyne,  a 
whale,  <  OF.  balciic,  F.  baleiiie,  <  L.  balirna,  a 
whale:  see  Balwnn.]  If.  A  whale.— 2t.  The 
sea-bream. — 3.  Whalebone  in  its  natural  state; 
a  name  given  by  whale-fishers. 

The  horny  "teeth  "  of  the  Lampreys,  and  of  Ornithorhyn- 
chus,  appear  to  be  ecderonic  structures,  hom<dogous  with 
the  iialecn  of  the  Cetacea,  with  the  palatal  plates  of  the 
Sirenia,  or  the  beaks  of  Birds  and  Reptiles,  and  not  with 
true  teeth.  iluzley,  .Anat.  Vert.,  p.  80. 

baleen-knife  (ba-len'nif ),  n.  A  double-handled 
knife  with  a  curved  blade,  used  for  splitting 
whalebone. 

bale-fire  (bal'fir),  n.  [<  ME.  balefyre,  <  AS. 
bwlfjr,  <  bwl,  bale,  +  Jijr,  fire:  see  baJe"  and 
fire.]  1.  A  large  fire  in  the  open  air;  partic- 
ularly, the  fire  of  a  funeral  pile. 

The  festival  [of  the  death  of  the  earth  in  winter]  was 
.  .  .  kept  by  the  lighting  of  great  fires,  called  bale-fire«. 

Keary,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  227. 
2.  A  beacon-  or  signal-fire. 

Sweet  Teviot!  on  thy  silver  tide 
The  glaring  bale-fires  blaze  no  more. 

.Scott,  L.  of  L.  JI.,  iv.  1. 

baleful  (bal'fiil),  a.  [<  ME.  baleful,  baliifid,  < 
AS.  bealiifidl,  bealofull,  <  bealii,  bealo,  bale,  + 
-full,  -fuf:  see  ba'lel-  and  -/«/.]  1.  Full  of 
hurtful  or  malign  influence ;  destructive ;  per- 
nicious; no.xious;  direful;  deadly:  as,  "baleful 
breath,"  Dryden;  "baleful  drugs,"  Milton,  Co- 
mus,  1.  225. 

And  when  he  weeps,  as  you  think  for  his  vices, 
'Tis  but  as  killing  drops  from  bale/ul  yew-trees. 
That  rot  their  honest  neighbour. 

Fletcher,  Valentinian,  UL  1. 
This  lustful,  treacherous,  and  bale/ul  woman. 

Edinburgh  Rev. 
He  reminded  him  that  the  bale/id  horoscope  of  Abdal* 
lah  had  predicted  the  downfall  of  Granada. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  I.  xiv. 

2.  Fraught  with  bale  ;  full  of  calamity  or  mis- 
fortune; disastrous;  wretched;  miserable. 

Ah  I  lucklesse  babe,  borne  under  cruel  starre, 
And  in  dead  parents  bale/ull  ashes  bred. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ii.  2. 
That  baleful  burning  night, 
■\\Tien  subtle  Greeks  surpris'd'King  Priam's  Troy. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  S. 

balefully  (bal'ful-i),  adr.     [ME.  balfiillij.  baill- 

fullij :  <  baleful  +  -ly-.]     In  a  baleful  manner. 

(a)  Calamitously;  perniciously:  no.xiously.    (6) 

jliseralily  ;  unha])])ily  ;  painfully. 
balefulness   (bal'ful'-nes),    It.    "The   state  or 

quality  of  being  baleful. 

Their  blisse  he  tm-n'd  to  balcfulnesse. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  S3. 

bale-hook  (bal'hiik),  n.  1.  A  large  hook  sus- 
pended from  the  chain  of  a  crane  or  winch,  for 
use  in  lifting  bales. —  2.  A  smaller  hand-hook 
used  in  handling  tmwieldy  bales,  boxes,  and 
packages. 

baleine  (ba-lan'),  »•  [F.,  lit.  a  whale :  see 
baleen.]  A  movable  platfoi-m  for  the  support 
of  dumping-wagons,  used  in  France  in  building 
railroad  embankments. 

baleist,  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  balys,  <  ME.  baleys, 
balcis,  <  OF.  ba'leis,  balei.  mod.  F.  balai,'  a 
broom,  besom,  dial,  also  broom,  genesta:  cf. 
Bret,  balaeii,  a  broom,  besom,  balan,  broom, 
genesta.]     A  rod ;  a  tnig. 

baleless  (bal'les),  a.  [<  Me.  baleles,  <  AS.  bealii- 
leus,  bealoleds,  <  bealn,  bealo,  bale,  4- -?f  rfs, -less : 
see /m/c1  and -/(■»>'.]     Harmless;  innocent. 

baler"^  (bii'ler),  n.  [<  baleS,  r.,  -t-  -crl.]  One 
who  bales,  or  makes  up  bales  or  bundles. 

baler-,  n.     See  bailer-. 

balest,  ».     A  Middle  English  form  of  balas^. 

balestert,  »•    See  balister^. 

bale-tie  (bal'ti),  n.  A  contrivance  for  joining 
the  ends  of  the  straps  used  in  baling  cotton^ 
hav,  etc. 

baliki  (ba-le'ke),  «.  [Russ.]  The  back-pieces 
of  the  sturgeon,  salted  and  smoked  in  Russia 
for  home  use  and  exportation. 

balint,  «.  [Irreg.  <  L.  balin,  ace.  of  balis,  <  Gr. 
,.i(j>>(';,  an  unknown  plant:  see  def.]  An  un- 
known plant,  supposed  to  have  wonderful  me- 
dicinal virtues.     X.  E.  D. 

Having  th'  lierbe  balin  in  his  wounds  infus'd. 

Great  Britaines  Troy  (1609). 


1)aline 

ballne  (ba-len'),  "•  [F.,  packing-cloth;  cf.ba- 
liii,  winnowinp-elotli.]  A  coarse  kind  of  can- 
vas used  for  packing. 

balingert  (barin-jtr),  ».  [<  ME.  haliiiflcr,  bnl- 
ciii/ir,  etc.,  <  OF.  biilciipicr,  hallenjer,  halciiiier, 
orif,'.  a  whale-ship  (=  I'g.  balcciru,  a  whaler,  a 
■wlialc-ship,  =  It.  balciiicni,  a  pinnace),  <  baleine, 
a  wliale  :  see  baleen.']  A  small  sea-going  war- 
vessel  in  use  in  tlie  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
centuries,  and  supjioscd  to  have  been  a  kind 
of  sloop  without  forecastle. 

Ill  February,  1417,  the  king  possessed  six  great  ships, 
eiglit  l^argL'S,  and  ten  balini/ers. 

ShMs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  650. 

baling-press  (ba'ling-pres),  ?i.  A  power-press 
employed  for  compressing  soft  or  fibrous  ma- 
terials, as  raw  cotton,  hay,  and  cotton  and 
woolen  goods,  into  bales  for  transportation. 

balisaur  (bari-siir),  11.  [<  Hind,  trfteuc,  sand- 
hog,  <  hCtla  (Beng.  bdii),  sand,  +  sCo;  a  hog  (cf. 
Skt.  silkara,  a  hog).]  The  common  Indian 
badger,  Arctonijx.  colUiris,  of  the  family  Miistc- 
lidiv  and  subfamily  Meliiia;.  it  resemWes  the  com- 
mon European  badtier  of  tlie  genus  Mt'tfK,  but  is  larger, 
and  is,  from  its  teehnical  cluu'aeteristics,  placed  in  a 
different  genus.  It  is  a  true  badger,  one  of  several  mem- 
bers of  the  MeHnte.    See  haiUjer'^.    Also  spelled  balysmtr. 

balise,  ».    See  balisc. 

balista,  n.     See  ballista. 

balisterlf  (bal'is-ter),  11.  [<  ME.  balester,  <  OF. 
bi(k\itky,  <  LL.  bdllintnrius,  one  who  makes 
crossbows,  a  crossbowman,  <  L.  bdllista,  a 
crossbow.     Cf.  arcnbali^tcr.']    A  crossbowman. 

balister-t  (bal'is-ter),  n.  [<  OF.  bakstre,  <  ML. 
bdlistra,  a  var.  of  L.  ballista,  a  crossbow  (cf. 
ML.  baliatarius  arctis,  a  crossbow) :  see  ballista.'] 
An  arbalist  or  crossbow.    Also  spelled  ballister. 

Balistes  (ba-lis'tez),«.  [NL.,  <  L.  balista,  bet- 
ter liallista,  the  military  engine ;  so  called  for 
the  same  reason  as  they  are  called  trigger-fish: 


Trigger-fish  {Balistes  capriscus). 

see  def .]  A  genus  of  plectognath  fishes,  t}T)ical 
of  the  family  Balistida;,  containing  such  species 
as  B.  capriscus.  They  are  known  as  Irigrier-jish,  be- 
cause one  large  and  sharp  first  ray  of  the  dorsal  fin  cannot 
be  pressed  down  until  the  sec(uul  ray  is  depressed,  when 
the  first  shuts  down  as  does  tlie  hammer  of  a  gun  when  the 
trig-rer  is  pulled. 

balistid  (ba-lis'tid),  «.      A  fish  of  the  family 

Biilistidic. 

Balistidse  (ba-lis'ti-de),  M.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balistes 
+  -idle.]  A  family  of  fishes,  typified  by  the 
genus  Balistes,  adopted  by  different  authors 
with  various  limits,  (a)  In  Bonap.irte's  early  system, 
1832,  a  family  embracing  the  Balt'stulie,  Triacanthidce,  and 
Ostraciontnin',  and  tliiis  eciuivalent  to  the  .Sclerodenn*'s  of 
CuWer.  (b)  In  I'.'iiiaiKirte  s  lati-r  systems  (1S40,  etc.),  a  fam- 
ily embracing  the  ll'di-^tnhr  and  Triacanthidw,  thus  equiv- 
alent to  the  suborder  Sdrri'ilenni  of  Gill,  (c)  In  Swain- 
son's  system,  a  family  including  all  the  plectognath  fishes. 
(d)  In  Gill's  system,  a  family  of  sderodcrm  plectognaths 
with  reduced  rliombiform  or  more  or  less  spiniforni  der- 
mal appendages  ;  a  compressed  ijody  ;  teeth  few  in  number 
and  more  or  less  compressed;  a  long  pelvis,  compressed 
and  arcuate,  witli  the  tip  sometimes  prominent  and  some- 
times concealed  ;  and  no  paired  ventral  fins  or  spines. 
The  species  are  numerous  in  tropical  and  subtropical  seas, 
and  are  divided  into  tliree  subfamilies,  the  Balistina:, 
Monacanthiiuv ,AnA  Psiloci'plialititv.  .See  these  words.  Spe- 
cies are  known  .as  trifjui'r-fixli,  jUt--jisit,  etc. 

Balistina  (bal-is-ti'na),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balistes 
+  -ilia.]  In  Giinther's  classification  of  fishes, 
the  second  group  of  his  family  ,Scleroderm  i,  iden- 
tical withthefamilyii«/i'.siirf<eof  recent  authors. 

Balistinse  (bal-is-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balistes 
+  -iiice.]  1.  A  subfamily  of  balistoid  fishes 
having  few  vertebrte  (17),  an  anterior  dorsal  fin 
consisting  of  3  (rarely  2)  spines,  of  which  the 
first  is  enlarged  and  the  second  locks  it  in 
erection,  branchial  apertures  behind  the  eyes, 
a  compressed  ovate  form,  and  rliombiform 
scales.  The  most  comnnui  Knglish  names  of  the  species 
are  fdc-Jiati  and  tnii^rfr-risti.  Tlie  ficsli  is  generally  luit 
little  esteemetl,  and  may  even  be  poisonous ;  but  in  some 
places,  as  in  Bermmla,  one  of  the  species  of  the  genus 
BalL^tes  is  highly  esteemed  and  locally  called  lurbot.  The 
skill  is  used  for  filing  and  as  a  substitute  for  sandpaper. 
See  cut  under  Batistes. 

2.  In  early  systems  of  classification,  a  sub- 
family embracing  the  Balistida;  and  Triacan- 


429 

thida^,  and  equivalent  to  the  suborder  Sclera- 
rieniii  of  Gill. — 3.  In  some  systems,  a  subfam- 
ily e(|uivalent  to  the  family  Balistidw  of  Gill. 

balistine  (ba-lis'tin),  n.  A  fish  of  the  subfamily 
lUilisliiiir. 

balistoid  (ba-lis'toid),  a.  and  n.     [<  Balistes  + 
-aid.]     I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  char- 
acters of  the  Halistidw. 
II.  H.  A  balistid. 

balistraria  (bal-is-tra'ri-S,),  n.  [ML.,  <  balis- 
tra,  a  form  of  ballista,  a  crossbow :  see  bal- 
ister'i.]  In  aid  fort. :  (a)  A  loophole  or  aperture 
in  the  wall  of  a  fortification,  or  in  a  wood- 
en hoarding  temporarily  put  up  for  defense, 
through  whicli  crossbo^vmen  might  discharge 
their  bolts.  See  loophole,  and  comi)aro  archeria. 
(b)  A  room  in  which  balisters  or  crossbows 
were  kept. 

balize,  balise  (ba-lez'),  n.  [<  F.  baUse  =  Sp. 
Pg.  /*(//(.-(/,  Sp.  also  balisa,  vali:a,  a  beacon, 
buoy,  sea-mark;  origin  unknown.]  A  sea-mark 
or  beacon  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  or  the  en- 
trance to  a  harbor;  a  barrel-buoy,  a  pole  sur- 
mounte<l  by  a  peculiar  fiag  or  other  oliiect,  etc. 

balkl,.baulk  (bak),  n.  [<  ME.  balk,  balke,  <  AS. 
balca,  a  ridge,  =  OS.  balco  =  OFries.  balka  = 
OD.  balke,  D.  balk  =zMhG.  balke,  a  beam,  bal- 
ance, corn-loft,  LG.  balke,  eom-loft,  =  OlIG. 
balclio,  baiko  (>  It.  balco,  a  beam,  >  balcone,  >  E. 
balcony,  q.  v.),  JIHG.  balke,  G.  balke,  balken,  a 
beam,  bar;  also,  with  diff.  formative,  AS.  bale 
(once),  a  ridge,  =  Icel.  bdlkr,  bolkr  —  Sw.  balk 
=  Norw.  balk,  bolk,  beam,  bar,  partition,  divi- 
sion, =  Dan.  balk,  ridge,  partition ;  AS.  bolca, 
gangway,  =  Icel.  bjdlki  =  Sw.  bjdlke,  bjclkc  = 
Dan.  bjwikc,  a  beam ;  cf.  AS.  beelc,  covering ;  per- 
haps akin  to  Gr.  <pa'/.ay^,  a  beam,  pole,  log,  trunk, 
block:  see  j)/in/oH.r.]  1.  A  ridge;  especially,  a 
ridge  left  unplowed  in  the  body  of  a  field,  or 
between  fields;  an  imeidtivated  strip  of  land 
serving  as  a  boundary,  often  between  pieces  of 
ground  held  by  different  tenants.  Tlie  latter  use 
originated  in  tlie  open-field  system  (wiiich  see,  underyicW). 
[Common  in  provincial  English  and  Scotch.] 

Dikeres  and  delueres  digged  vp  the  balkfs. 

Piers  Plotitman  (B),  vi.  109. 
Green  balks  and  furrow'd  lands. 

Coipper,  Retirement. 
The  property  consisted  of  2,752  acres,  which  were  di- 
vided into  3,509  strips  of  land  set  at  every  possible  angle, 
from  nine  to  thirty  feet  wide  and  about  nine  or  ten  chains 
long,  with  a  grass  path  called  a  balk  between  each. 

Nineteenth  Centuni,  XIX.  902. 

2.  A  piece  missed  in  plowing.  Hence  —  3t. 
An  omission  ;  an  exception. 

The  mad  Steele  about  doth  fiercely  fly, 
Not  sparing  w-ight,  ne  leaving  any  batke. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  xi.  16. 

4.  A  blunder;  a  failure  or  miscarriage:  as,  to 
make  a  balk;  you  have  made  a  bad  balk  of  it. 
[Now  chiefly  coUoq.]  Hence  —  5.  In  liu.<<e-ball, 
a  motion  made  by  the  pitcher  as  if  to  pitch  the 
ball,  but  without  actually  doing  so. —  6t.  A 
barrier  in  one's  way;  an  obstacle  or  stumbling- 
block. —  7.  A  check  or  defeat;  a  disappoint- 
ment. 

A  balk  to  the  confidence  of  the  bold  undertaker.  Sotith. 
8.  In  coal-mining,  a  more  or  less  sudden  thin- 
ning out,  for  a  certain  distance,  of  a  bed  of 
coal;  a  nip  or  want. — 9.  A  beam  or  piece  of 
timber  of  considerable  length  and  thickness. 
Specifically  —  (a)  A  cross-beam  in  the  roof  of  a  house  which 
unites  and  supports  tlie  raftei-s;  a  tie-beam.  In  old-fash- 
ioned one-story  houses  of  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  the  North 
(»f  England  these  tie-beams  were  often  exp<ised,  and  boards 
or  peeled  s.aplings  called  cabers  were  laid  across  tlieni, 
forming  a  kind  of  loft  often  called  the  balks.  From  these 
exposed  tie-beams  or  from  the  cabers  articles  were  often 
suspended.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Tubbes  hanging  in  the  balkes. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  4-10. 

The  stiffest  balk  bends  more  or  less ;  all  joists  creak. 

Carlyle,  French  llcv.,  II.  i,  12. 

(&)  Mint.,  one  of  tlie  lieams  connecting  the  successive  sup- 
ports of  a  trestle-bridge  or  bateau-bridge,  (c)  In  carp.,  a. 
s<iuared  timber,  long  or  short ;  a  large  timber  in  a  frame, 
Hoor,  etc.;  a  scpiare  log. 

10.  The  beam  of  a  balance.  [Obsolete,  except 
in  dialectal  usage.]  — 11.  In  hilliant.%  the  space 
between  the  cushion  of  the  table  and  the  balk- 
line.  A  ball  inside  this  space  is  said  to  be  in 
l)(ilk. — 12.  A  long  wooden  or  iron  table  on 
which  paper  is  laid  in  the  press-room  of  a  print- 
ing-office.— 13.  A  set  of  stout  stakes  sur- 
rounded by  netting  or  wickerwork  for  catching 
fish.  .V.  IC.  J).  [Prov.  Eug.]  — 14.  The  stout 
rope  at  the  top  of  fishing-nets  by  which  they 
are  fastened  one  to  another  in  a  fleet.  [In 
Cornwall,  balch.]  \.  E.  D. 
balk^,  baulk  (bak),  i\  [<  ME.  bidken,  make  a 
balk  in  land,  that  is,  leave  a  strip  or  ridge  of 


ball 

land  unplowed,  <  balk,  a  ridge :  see  balk'^,  n.  Cf. 
Norw.  balka,  do  clumsy  work.]  I.  trans.  If. 
To  make  a  balk  or  ridge  in  plowing ;  make  a 
ridge  in  by  leaving  a  strip  unplowed. 

To  tille  a  felde  man  must  have  diligence, 

And  balk  it  not. 

Palladim,  llushondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  8. 

Hence  —  2t.  To  leave  untouched  generally ; 
omit;  pass  over;  neglect;  shun. 

Balk  logic  with  acfiuaiutance  tliat  you  have. 

Sliak.,  T.  of  theS.,  L  L 

By  reason  of  y  contagion  then  in  Lomlon.  we  baulked  the 
funs.  Keetyn,  Uiary,  (Jet.  10,  l&ll. 

3.  To  place  a  balk  in  the  way  of;  hence,  to 
hinder;  thivart;  frustrate;  disappoint. 

My  Sport  is  always  (itt/A:(,  or  cut  sliort—  I  stumble  over 
the  game  1  would  pursue.     Congrevc,  Old  Batchelor,  iv.  5. 

Alike  to  the  citizen  and  to  the  legislator,  home  experi- 
ences daily  supply  proofs  that  the  conduct  of  human  be- 
ings balks  calculation.    //.  Spencer,  Sins  of  Legislators,  ii. 

4t.  To  miss  by  error  or  inadvertence. 

You  cannot  fcrtwf^ your  Koad  without  the  hazard  of  drown- 
ing.        Feltham,  Low  Countries  (1077),  p.  4G.     (.V.  B.  D.) 

5t.  To  heap  up  so  as  to  form  a  balk  or  ridge. 

[Rare.] 

Ten  thousand  bold  Scots,  two-and-twenty  knights, 

Balk'd  in  their  own  blood,  did  Sir  Walter  see 

On  Holmedon's  plains.  Situk.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

[Some  editors  read  bak'd  in  this  passage.] =syn. 
3.  Foil,  Thwart,  etc.     Sec/r»*7m^'. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  stop  short  in  one's  course, 
as  at  a  balk  or  obstacle :  as,  the  horse  balked; 
ho  balked  in  his  speech.  Spenser.  [Obsolete  in 
England,  but  in  common  use  in  the  United 
States.]  —  2t.  To  quibble;  bandy  words. 

But  to  occasion  him  to  further  talke, 

To  feed  lier  humour  with  liis  pleasing  style, 

Her  list  in  stryfull  termes  with  him  to  balke. 

Spetuer,  K.  V.,  III.  ii.  12. 
Tliey  do  not  divide  and  l)aulk  with  Goti. 

Manton,  Works  (1053),  IV.  227.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

balk2  (bak),  r.  i.  [Prob.  <  ME.  'balken  (not 
foundinthis  sense,  but  cf.  balken,  var.  of  belkcn, 
belclien,  belch,  vociferate),  <  AS.  ba'leian,  shout, 
=  Fries,  balckicn  =  Flem.  and  D.  bidken,  bawl, 
bray;  cf.  Flem.  and  D.  bulken  =  LG.  bolken, 
low,  bellow,  =  G.  bolken,  bliiken,  bleat,  low, 
bellow.  The  AS.  fonn,  which  occurs  but  once 
in  this  sense,  is  by  some  identified  with  the 
closely  related  bealcan,  or,  with  an  added  fonn- 
ative,  bealcettan,  belccttan,  >ME.  balken,  belkcn, 
belchen,  E.  belk,  belch,  used  also,  in  AS.  chiefly, 
like  L.  ernctarc,  as  a  transitive  verb,  and  with- 
out offensive  implication,  belch  out,  vociferate, 
utter  (words,  hymns,  etc.) ;  so  ME.  bolken.  mod. 
dial,  bouk,  boke,  bock,  etc.:  see  belch,  belk,  bolk. 
All  these  words  are  prob.  based  on  the  same 
imitative  root;  e{.  bawl,  bellow,  bleat.]  To  sig- 
nify to  fishing-boats  the  direction  taken  by  the 
shoals  of  herrings  or  pilchards,  as  seen  from 
heights  overlooking  the  sea:  done  at  first  by 
bawling  or  shouting,  subsequently  by  signals. 
N.  E.  D.     [Local,  Eng.] 

Balkan  (bal-kan'  or  bal'kan),  a.  [Formerly 
also  Balcan  ;  =  F.  Balcan  =  G.  Balkan,  etc.,  a 
name  appar.  of  Slavic  origin.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Balkans,  a  mountain-range  crossing 
Bulgaria  from  west  to  east,  or  to  the  peninsula 
embracing  European  Turkey,  Greece,  Bulgaria. 
Rumania,  Servia,  and  the  regions  westward  to 

balkerl  (ba'ker),  H.  [<6o/Al,r., -l--trl.]  On© 
who  balks,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb. 

balker'-^  (ba'ker),  71.  [<  balk-  +  -er^.]  A  man 
stationed  on  a  cliff  or  an  eminence  to  look  out 
for  shoals  of  heiTings  or  pilchards,  and  signal 
the  direction  taken  oy  them.     [Local,  Eng.] 

The  pilchards  are  pursued  by  a  bigger  fish,  called  a 
plusher,  who  leapeth  above  water  and  bewrayeth  them  to 
the  balker.  B.  Careic,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

balkisht   (ba'kish),   a.      [<  bam,  n., -i- -ish.] 
Fun-owy;  ridged;  uneven. 
That  er.aggj-  and  &n/A-),>7i  way. 

Stanihurst,  Ded.  of  Htdinshed's  Chronicles,  II. 

balk-line  (bak'lin),  h.  In  billiards,  a  diagonal 
line  cutting  off  a  comer,  or  a  straight  line  cut- 
ting off  a  uniform  space  on  each  side  (generally 
14  inches),  from  the  main  field  of  the  table. 

balk-staff  (bak'staf ),  «.     A  quarter-statT. 

balky  (ba'ki),  a.  [<  i«/A'l,  r.,  -t-  ->/.]  Given  to 
balking;  apt  to  stop  abrujitly  anil  obstinately 
refuse  to  move:  as,  a  balky  horse.     [V.  S.] 

balll  (bal),  «.  [Earlv  mod.  E.  also  balle,  some- 
times banle,  bank.  <"ME.  bal.  ball,  balle,  either 
from  Icel.  (see  below)  or  <  AS.  "beallii  or 
'bealla  (not  found,  but  evidenced  by  the  dim. 
bcalluc,  E.  ballock,  lit.  a  little  ball :  see  ballock) 
=  D.  bal  =  Flem.  bal,  MLG.  bal,  LG.  baU,  a 


ball 

ball,  =  OHU.  "lift},  m.,  ballo,  pallo,  m.,  balla, 
palla,  f.,  MHG.  hal,  balk,  m.,  G.  ball,  m.,  a  ball, 
balleii,  m.,  a  bale,  package,  =  Icel.  6o7/)=  Norw. 
ball,  ball.  =S\v.  hull,  ball,  bill,  bale,  =  Dan.  bdl, 
billiaril-l>all,  bdlile,  ball  (in  anat.),  Ixilli;  bale, 
/)!//(/.  Iiliiying-ball;  not  found  in  tSoth.  Ilenco 
(from  oilG.)  ML.  bdllii,  jialla,  bula,  a  ball,  a 
bale,  yiX.bulUtfpolhi,  aball  (novvdistinguished: 
bulla,  a  bale,  ixtlla,  a  ball),  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  bala,  a 
ball,  a  bale,  =  P.  balli;  OF.  buUc,  bale,  o.'ha.W,  a 
bale,  >  1).  biitil  =  OFlem.  bale,  Flem.  hal,  MLG. 
6«/<'  =  JIE.  hale,  E.  idfc,  pi'op-  a  round  bundle: 
see  bah'i.  Appar.  a  native  Tent,  word,  akin  to 
60//I,  bon-l^,  q.  v.,  and  to  L.Jhllis,  a -Jviud-bag, 
an  inflated  ball  for  playing,  >  ult.  E.  fool :  see 
foon  and  follicle,  etc.  The  Or.  TruUa.  a  ball,  is 
appar.  a  d'ift'erent  word,  but  it  may  be  the  source 
of  ML.  and  It.  ;)a//o.  See  balloon,  biillot.^  1. 
A  spherical  or  approximately  spherical  body;  a 
sphere ;  a  globe :  as,  a  ball  of  snow,  of  thread, 
of  twine,  etc.  Specifically — 2.  A  round  or 
nearly  round  body,  of  different  materials  and 
sizes,'  for  use  in  various  games,  as  base-ball, 
foot-ball,  cricket,  tenuis,  billiards,  etc. — 3.  A 
game  played  with  a  ball,  especially  base-ball 
or  any  modification  of  it. —  4.  A  toss  or  throw 
of  a  ball  in  a  game :  as,  a  swift  ball;  a  high  or 
low  ball. — 5.  In  bane-ball,  a  pitch  such  that  the 
ball  fails  to  pass  over  the  home-plate  not  high- 
er than  the  shoulder  nor  lower  than  the  knees 
of  the  striker:  as,  the  pitcher  is  allowed  four 
balls  by  the  rules  of  the  game. — 6.  A  small 
spherical  body  of  wood  or  ivory  used  in  voting 
by  ballot.  See  6«HoA  and  blackball.— 7.  The 
missile  or  projectile  thrown  from  a  firearm  or 
other  engine  of  war;  a  bullet  or  cannon-ball, 
whether  spherical  (as  originally)  or  conical  or 
cylindrical  (as  now  commonly);  in  artillery,  a 
solid  projectile,  as  distinguished  fi'om  a  hollow 
one  called  a  shell  (which  see). —  8.  Projectiles, 
and  more  particularly  bullets,  collectively:  as, 
to  supply  a  regiment  with  powder  and  ball ;  the 
troops  were  ordered  to  load  with  ball. — 9.  In 
printing,  a  rounded  mass  or  cushion  of  haii-  or 
■wool,  covered  with  soft  leather  or  skin,  and  fas- 
tened to  a  stock  called  a  ball-stock,  used  (gen- 
erally in  paii's,  one  for  each  hand)  before  the 
invention  of  the  roller  to  ink  type  on  the  press: 
still  in  use  by  wood-engravers,  but  made  of 
smaller  size,  and  with  a  silk  instead  of  a  lea- 
ther face.  A  similar  ball  is  used  in  inking  the  blocks  in 
calico-printing.  That  used  by  engravers  in  spreading  an 
etching-gi-ound  is  called  a  dabber. 
10.  A  clew  or  cop  of  thread,  twine,  or  yam. — 
lit.  A  spherical  piece  of  soap. 

Then  she  said  to  her  maids,  bring  me  oil  and  washing 
balls,  and  shut  the  garden  doors,  that  I  may  wash  me. 

Susanna  (Apocrypha),  i.  17. 

For  my  part,  I'll  go  and  get  a  sweet  hall,  and  wash  my 
hands  of  it.         Middleton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  ii.  1. 

12.  A  rounded  package;  a  bale. — 13.  In 
metal.,  one  of  the  masses  of  iron,  weighing 
about  80  poimds,  into  which,  in  the  process 
of  converting  pig-iron  into  wrought-iron  by 
puddling,  the  iron  in  the  reverberatory  fur- 
nace is  made  up  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  as- 
sume a  pasty  condition.  As  fast  as  the  iron  is 
balled  it  is  taken  out  of  the  furnace,  and  is  fu'st  ham- 
mered or  squeezed,  and  then  rolled  into  bars  of  any 
desired  form. 

14.  In  med.,  a  bolus ;  a  large  pUl :  now  only  in 
veterinary  medicine. — 15.  In  pyrotechnics,  a 
globular  mass  of  combustible  ingredients,  or  a 
case  filled  with  them,  designed  to  set  fir'e  to 
something  or  to  give  forth  light,  etc.;  a  fire- 
ball.— 16.  In  cabinet-work,  the  composition  of 
shoemakers'  was  used  in  waxing  black-work. 
— 17.  Any  part  of  a  thing,  especially  of  the 
human  body,  that  is  rounded  or  protuberant : 
as,  the  ball  of  the  eye;  the  ball  of  the  thtimb; 
the  hall  of  a  dumb-bell ;  the  ball  of  a  pendulum, 
that  is,  the  bob  or  weight  at  the  bottom. 
Is  the  ball  of  his  sight  much  more  dear  to  him  ? 

Lamb,  My  Relations. 

18t.  The  central  hollow  of  the  palm  of  the 
hand. — 19.  The  central  part  of  an  animal's 
foot. — 20.  A  testicle:  generally  in  the  plural. 
[Vulgar.]  —  21.  A  hand-tool  with  a  roimded  end 
arranged  for  cutting  hollow  forms. —  22.  A 
round  valve  in  an  inclosed  chamber,  operated 
by  the  flow  of  the  liipiid  througli  the  chamber ; 
a  ball-valve. —  23.  In  lajiiiliirii-work,  a  small 
spherical  grinder  of  lead  used  in  hollowing  out 
the  under  side  of  certain  stones,  as  carbuncles, 
to  make  them  thinner  and  thus  more  transjiar- 
ent. —  24.  The  globe;  the  earth.  [Now  rare.] 
Julius  and  Anthony,  those  lords  of  all, 
Low  at  her  feet  present  the  conquered  ball. 

Granville. 


430 

Ye  gods,  what  justice  rules  the  ball  ? 
PYeedom  and  arts  together  fall. 

Pope,  Chorus  to  Brutus,  1.  25. 

fA  globe  representing  the  earth  is  a  common  symbol  of 
sovi'it-igiity ;  hence  Bacon  has  the  plinise  to  bold  the  ball 
of  a  kinudnm.  in  the  sense  of  to  bear  sovereignty  over  it.  1 
—  A  ball  fired,  in  tier.,  a  globe  with  lire  i.ssuing  from  the 
top.  When  it  is  intended  to  represent  the  lire  issuing  in 
more  phaces  than  one,  it  is  so  expressed  in  tlie  blazon  :  as, 
a  ball  J'urd  in  four  places. — Ball  and  socket,  an  in- 
strument made  of  brass,  witli  a  universal  screw,  to  niove 
horizontally,  obliiiucly,  or  vertically,  useil  in  matiaging 
surveying  and  astronomical  instruments.  —  Ball-and- 
socket  coupling,  a  balliuid-socket  jnint  nsetl  for  a  re- 
volving iiid  or  s]i;ilt.  piiniipalh  to  change  the  direction  of 
the  line  of  transmission  ol  nuttion,  Imt  sometimes  to  allow 
for  any  yielding  of  the  sui'in'it^  vliieli  \\ould  bring  the 
shafting  out  of  line.— Ball-and-socket  hanger,  a  hanger 
in  which  the  box  or  bearing  16  attached  to  the  bracket  or 
pendant  by  a  spherical  segment-joint,  to  allow  for  a  spnng 
of  the  shaft  or  rod,  or  other  cause  which  may  bring  the 
shaft  out  of  line  and  thus  occasion  excessive  friction  and 
wear.  — Ball-and-socket  joint,  a  natural  or  an  artificial 
joint  formed  liy  u  ball  or  knob  working  in 
a  socket.  In  anat.  it  is  a  kind  of  articu- 
lation technically  called  enartkrosis,  e\ 
emplifted  in  the  hip-joint  and  slioul 
der-joint.  .Also  called  rup-and-ball  joint 
—Ball-and-socket    pillow-block,   m 

mech.,  a  pillnw-l.lork  wliicli,  witllin  cer-  Ball-and-Socket 
tain  limits,  can  accommodate  itself  to  the  Joint, 

line  of  the  shafting.— Ball  of  a  pendu- 
lum, a  bob.  See  6o()i.— Ball  of  the  eye.  See  eyeball.— 
Ball  of  the  foot,  the  protuberant  part  of  the  sole  at 
the  base  of  the  great  toe,  with  the  smaller  eminences  at 
the  bases  of  the  other  toes,  upon  which  the  body  rests 
when  the  heel  is  elevated. — Ball  Of  the  thumb,  the 
fleshy  mass  at  the  base  of  the  thumb  on  the  side  of  the 
palm  ;  the  volar  or  thenar  eminence. — Ball  soda,  crude 
soda.— Golden  baUs.  See  i/ofrif  11.— Venetian  ball,  in 
fdass-tiiami/..  a  tiligree  work  inclosed  in  a  transparent 
ball.  =  Syn.  .S^jAtrc,  etc.  See  globe. 
balll  (bal),  V.  [<  bam, )(.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
into  a  ball.  Speciflcally  — (n)  In  the  numufactme  of 
cotton,  to  wind  into  balls,  (b)  In  metal.,  to  heat  in  a  fur- 
nace and  then  form  into  balls  for  rolling. 
2.  To  surround  in  a  compact  cluster,  as  bees 
when  they  suiTound  the  queen  bee. 

This  is  more  apt  to  happen  when  a  strange  queen  is 
introduced  to  a  colony,  but  sometimes  a  colony  will  ball 
their  own  queen  if  unusually  excited  or  disturbed.  ...  If 
not  soon  releiised,  the  queen  dies  and  is  thrown  out  of 
the  liive.  Dzieron  tells  us  that  bees  sometimes  ball  their 
queen  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  her  from  the  attacks 
of  strange  bees.  Phin,  Diet.  Apicultui'e,  p.  10. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  form  or  gather  into  a  ball, 
as  snow  on  horses'  hoofs,  or  mud  on  the  feet. — 
2.  To  remain  in  a  solid  mass  instead  of  scat- 
tering: said  of  shot  discharged  from  a  gun. — 
To  ball  up.  ('0  In  a  puddling-  or  balling-furnace,  to 
form  the  ball  preparatory  to  rolling.  (6)  To  fail ;  mis- 
carry. [Slang.] 
ball-  (bal),  n.  [First  in  the  17th  century,  = 
D.  Sw.  Dan.  hal  =  G.  hall,  <  F.  hal  =  Pr.  hal  = 
Sp.  Pg.  baile  =  It.  hallo  (ML.  halltis).  dancing, 
a  dance ;  from  the  verb,  F.  bailer,  OF.  baler  (> 
ME.  balen,  rare)  =  Pr.  hallar  —  Sp.  Pg.  haihir 
=  It.  ballarc,  <  LL.  hallare,  dance,  <  Gr.  (in  Sicily 
and  Italy)  jSaMiCeii',  dance,  jump  about,  appar. 
<  l^aTAuv,  throw.  Hence  ballad,  ballet-.']  If.  A 
dance ;  dancing. 

They  had  got  a  Calf  of  Gold  and  were  Dancing  about  it. 
But  it  was  a  Dismal  Ball,  and  they  paid  dear  for  their 
Junket.  Penn,  Add.  to  Prot.,  p.  1:).     (X  E.  D.) 

2.  A  social  assembly  of  persons  of  both  sexes 
for  the  purpose  of  dancing. 

In  vai-ious  talk  th'  instructive  hours  they  pass'd, 
Who  gave  the  ball,  or  paid  the  visit  last. 

Pope,  K.  of  the  L,,  iii.  12. 

She  began,  for  the  first  time  that  evening,  to  feel  her- 
self at  a  ball :  she  longed  to  dance,  but  she  had  not  an  ac- 
quaintance in  the  room. 

Jane  Att^ten,  >"orthanger  .Abbey,  p.  8. 

To  open  the  ball,  io  begin  the  dancing;  hence,  figura- 
tively, to  begin  operations;  lead  off,  as  in  a  discussion  or 

a  battle. 

ball2  (bal),  r.  i.  [<  baW^,  «.]  To  take  part  in 
aball;  dance.     [Rare.] 

It  is  the  temperature  that  sets  people  dancing  and  batl- 
inij.  Harper's  Mag.,  X.  S21. 

balFt  (bal),  11.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  but  per- 
haps existent,  as  the  possible  source  of  the 
adj.  ballede,  hailed,  baldc,  E.  hald^,  q.  v.,  and  of 
ballard^,  q.  v. ;  <  W.  bed,  having  a  white  streak 
on  the  forehead,  as  a  horse,  ball,  a  white  streak, 
=  Bret,  bed,  a  white  mark  on  an  animal's  face, 
=  Ir.  Gael,  bal,  a  spot,  mark,  freckle.  Cf.  Gr. 
<pa?MC,  shining,  white,  (pa'Aioc,  white,  <(ia?Mpd(,  ^a- 
?.apoc,  having  a  spot  of  white,  as  a  dog,  (pa?aKf)6(, 
bald-headed,  perhaps  ult.  connected  with  E. 
bale%  a  fire.     Hence  prob.  bald^  and  ballard^.} 

1.  A  white  streak  or  spot. 

The  ii.  propertyes  of  a  bauson  [badger].  The  f)TSte 
is  to  haue  a  whyte  rase  or  a  ball  in  the  foreheed ;  the 
seconde,  to  haue  a  whyte  fote. 

Pil:lierbert,  Husbandry,  §  7:i.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

2.  A  horse  or  nag  (originally,  white-faced) : 
used  appoUatively,  like  dun,  hai/ard. 

ball*t,  i'.    An  obsolete  form  of  bawl^. 


balladry 

ballot,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  hal. 

balla  (buriii),  n.  [It.,  a  bundle,  package,  bale: 
see  bale^.']  In  lace-makimj,  a  sort  of  cushion 
useil  by  the  Maltese  lace-makers. 

ballacet,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  ballast. 

ballad  (liul'ad),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ballade, 
also  (after  It.)  hallat,  hallatt,  ballet,  iallette, 
bulette  (with  tenn.  conformed  to  -et ;  cf.  salad, 
formerly  sallel),  Sc.  con'uptly  ballanl ;  <  ME. 
balade,  <  OF.  balaitc,  mod.  ballade,  a  dancing- 
song,  <  Pr.  Pg.  hallada  =  OSp.  halada  =  It.  baU 
lata,  a  dance,  a  dancing-song,  <  hallare,  dance: 
see  ball-.']  If.  A  song  intended  as  an  accom- 
paniment to  a  dance. — 2t.  The  tune  to  which 
such  a  song  is  sung. — 3.  A  short  narrative 
poem,  especially  one  adapted  for  singing;  a 
poem  partly  epic  and  partly  lyi-ic.  As  applied  to 
the  minstrelsy  of  the  borders  of  Englanil  and  Scotland,  and 
of  Scandinavia  and  Spain,  the  ballad  is  a  sort  of  minor 
epic,  reciting  in  verse  more  or  less  rude  the  exploits  of 
warriors,  the  adventures  of  lovers,  and  the  mysteries  of 
fairyland,  designed  to  be  rehearsed  in  musical  recitative 
accompanied  by  the  harp. 
Roundel,  balades,  and  virelay.  Gower,  Conf.  Amant 
The  ballad  ...  is  the  lyrically  dramatic  expression  of 
actions  and  events  in  the  lives  of  others. 

W.  Sharp,  D.  G.  Eossetti,  p.  35.=>. 

4.  In  music,  originally,  a  short  and  simple 
vocal  melody,  often  adapted  to  more  than  one 
stanza  of  poetry  and  having  a  simple  instru- 
mental accompaniment.  The  term  is  sometimes 
applies!  to  instrumental  melodies  of  a  similar  character, 
and  more  loosely  to  more  elal)orate  compositions  in  which 
a  narrative  idea  is  intended  to  be  expressed. 
balladt  (bal'ad),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hallat, 
ballet;  from'the  notm.]  I.  intrans.  To  make 
or  sing  ballads. 

These  envious  libellers  ballad  against  them. 

Donne,  Juvenilia,  i. 

II,  trans.  To  celebrate  in  a  ballad. 

Rhymers  ballad  us  out  o'  tune. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 

She  has  told  all :  I  shall  be  hallated, 
Sung  up  and  downe  by  Minstrells. 

Heywood,  A  Challenge,  iiL  1. 
I  make  but  repetition 
Of  what  is  ordinary  and  Kyaltu  talk, 
And  ballated,  and  would  be  pla\'  d  o'  the  stage. 

W'ebster,  White  Denl. 

ballade  (ba-lad'),  ».  \F.:  see  ballad,  n.']  1.  A 
poem  consisting  of  one  or  more  triplets  each 
formed  of  stanzas  of  seven  or  eight  lines,  the 
last  line  being  a  refrain  common  to  all  the 
stanzas. —  2.  A  poem  divided  into  stanzas  hav- 
ing the  same  number  of  lines,  commonly  seven 
or  eight — Ballade  royal,  a  ballade  in  which  each  line 
consists  of  ten  syllatiles. 

ballader  (bai'ad-er),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
hallater,  halletter ;  <  ballad,  r..  -i-  -er^.]  A  writer 
or  singer  of  ballads ;  a  balladist. 

balladic  (ba-lad'ik),  a.  [<  ballad  +  -ic]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  ballads. 

balladical  (ba-lad'i-kal),  (I.     Same  as  balladic. 

balladiert,  «.  [<  ballad  -h  -ier:  see -eer.]  A 
public  liallad-singer. 

balladine  (bal'a-den),  n.  [Foi-merly  also  6a?- 
ladin,  recently  also  baladine;  <  F.  balleidin.  now 
baladin,  m.,  baladine,  f.,  <  ballade,  a  ballad:  see 
ballad.]  If.  A  theatrical  dancer. —  2.  A  fe- 
male public  dancer.     [Rare.] 

The  tll-st  breathing  woman's  cheek, 
First  dancer's,  gipsy's,  or  street  baladine's. 

Broicniny,  In  a  Balcony. 
3t.  A  ballad-maker. 
balladism  (bal'ad-izm),  n.     [<  ballad  +  -ism.] 
The  characteristic  quality  of  ballads.   JV.  £.  D. 
balladist   (bal'ad-ist),    n.     [<   ballad   +   -ist.] 
A  writer  or  singer  of  ballads. 
balladize  (bal'ad-iz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ballad- 
ized, ppr.   balladizing.      [<   ballad  -f-   -ize.]     I, 
trans.  To  convert  into  the  form  of  a  ballad ; 
make  a  ballad  of  or  about. 
II.  intrans.  To  make  ballads. 
balladling  (bal'ad-ling),  H.     [<  ballad  +  -li)ig.] 
A  little  ballad.  " Southei/. 

ballad-maker  (bal'ad-ma'k^r),  m.    a  writer  of 

ballads.     .■<hak. 
balladmonger  (bal'ad-mung'ger),  n.    A  dealer 

in  ballads ;  an  inferior  poet ;  a  poetaster. 

I  had  rather  be  a  kitten  ;uul  cry  mew, 

Thau  oue  of  these  same  metre  ballad-monaers. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 

To  make  herself  the  pipe  and  balladmonger  of  a  circle ! 
to  soothe  her  light  lieart  with  catches  and  glees ! 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  ii.  1. 

ballad-opera  (bal'ad-op'e-ra),  M.  An  opera  in 
which  ballads  or  popular  songs  are  siuig. 

balladry  (bal'ad-ri),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
balletrii.  hallatni :  <  ballad  +  -ri/.]  Poetry  of 
the  ballad  kind ;  the  style  of  ballads. 


balladry 


431 


Wlliit  tli.iUKh  tlu'  Klwdy  frj- 

lie  t;ikfii  with  fulse  baits 
Of  w.ii.l.  .1  l,„ll,i,lni. 
And  tliiiilv  it  inifHj'V 

li.  Joiuton,  Underwoods,  xli. 
The  vlllaees  also  must  have  tlieir  visitors  tu  inquire 
what  lectures  the  bagpipe  and  the  rebec  reads,  even  to  the 
ballatnj  and  the  gamut  of  every  niunleipal  fiddler. 

Milton,  Areopagitlca. 
ballad-singer  (bal'ad-sing"t"'r),  «.     A  person 
wliiisc  <>iiiiiloynieut  consists  iu  singing  ballads 
in  jiiililii-'. 
ballahou(bal'a-ho),  «.    [Prob.  of  native  origin.] 
1.    A  last-sailing  two-masted  vessel,   rigged 
with  high  foro-and-aft  sails,  much  used  in  the 
West  Inilies.     The  foremast  rakes  forward,  the 
mainmast  aft. —  2.  A  term  of  derision  applied 
to  an  ill-conditioned,  slovenly  ship. 
ballam  (bal'am),  )(.    [Native  name,  prob.  same 
as  Malayiilamfa7/«Hi,  a  large  basket  for  storing 
grain,  ti'dam.]     A  sort  of  canoe  hollowed  out 
of  timber,  in  which   Singhalese  pearl-lishors 
wash  out  the  pearls  from  pearl-oysters. 
ballan  (bal'an),  II.     [Ajipar.  <  Gael,  and  Ir.  hal- 
lacli,  Kiiotteti,  speckled,  <  ( Jael.  audlr.  bal,  a  spot, 
si)eek:  see  hiiU'-^.']     A  lish,  the  ballan-wrasse. 
balland  (bal'and),  H.     [Origin  unknown.]     In 
iniiiiiKi,  jiulverized  lead  ore,  after  separation  ballastt  (bal'ast),  p;^, 
from  its  giingue.     [North.  Eng.] 
ballant  (Imrant),  «.     [Sc,  a  corruption  of  6aZ- 
lad.'\    A  ballad. 

They're  dying  to  rhyme  ower  prayers,  and  hallants,  and 
charms.  Scott. 


ballast  (lial'ast),  )'.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
biikist,  and,  with  loss  of  t,  haUus  (pret.  and 
pp.  hdUdxcil,  sometimes  hallasi,  ppr.  halla.<<inii), 
baUd.ssr,  l/altim;  halanc,  etc.,  =(i.  I).  Flem.  L(l. 
liaUa.-<kii  =  Dan.  ballastc,  buijUiah-  =  Sw.  biir- 
lastn ;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To  place  ballast 
in  or  on ;  furnish  with  ballast :  as,  to  balhist  a 
ship;  to  tiaUii.ll  » balloon;  to  ballast  the  bed  of 
a  rtiilroad.     See  the  noun. 

'the  road  was  so  perfectly  hallanled  with  stone  that  we 
had  no  dust.       C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  .Journey,  p.  3. 

2.  Figuratively :  (a)  To  give  steadiness   to ; 
keep  steady. 
'Tis  charity  must  ballast  the  heart. 

Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  611. 

(li)  To  serve  as  a  counterpoise  to ;  keep  down 

by  counteraction. 

Now  you  have  given  me  virtue  for  my  guide. 

And  with  true  honour  ballasted  my  pride.      Dtyden. 

3t.  To  load;  freight. — 4.  To   load  or  weigh 

When  his  belly  Is  well  baUaced,  and  his  brain  rigged  a 
little,  he  sails  away  withal. 

B.  Joumn,  Ind.  to  Every  Man  In  his  Humour. 

These  yellow  rascals  [coins]  must  serve  to  ballast  my 
purse  a  little  longer.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  ix. 

Ballasted. 
Who  sent  whole  armadas  of  carraeks  to  be  ballast. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ill.  2. 
Hulks  of  burden  gl'eat, 
Which  Brandlniart  rebated  from  his  roust, 
And  sent  them  home  ballast  with  little-  wealth. 

Grcnw,  Orlando  Furioso. 


ballan-'Wrasse  (bal'an-ras),  II.     The  most  gen-  ballastage  (bal'as-taj),  n.     [<  ballast  +  -age.} 

1.  An  old  right' of  the  admiralty  in  all  the 
royal  rivers  of  Great  Britain  to  levy  a  rate 
for  supplying  ships  with  ballast. —  2.  The  toll 
paid  for  the  privilege  of  taking  ballast,  as  from 
a  gi'avel-bed,  etc. 


l-iir-  I.  Cistern  with  ti.ill-coclc  at- 
t.ictied.  Fi(?.  2.  Section  of  ball-cock 
on  l.-irgcr  scale  :  a.  valve  shown  open 
so  as  to  adinit  water;  *,  arm  of  the 
lever  which  being  raised  shuts  the 
valve. 


eral  English  name  of  the  Labrus  maculatus,  a 
fish  of  the  family  Liibrida'. 
ballaragt,  ''•  '•     An  obsolete  form  of  lullyray. 
Vou  vainly  thought  to  baltaraij  us. 

f.  M'arton,  Newsman's  Verses.      _ 

liallard^t,  «.     [ME.,  also  balard;  prob.^  <  balP  baflast-engine  (barast-en"jin),  n.    A  steam 

engine  used  for  dredging  a  river  or  drawing 
earth  and  ballast  on  a  railroad. 
ballas't-getter  (bal'ast-get  "er),  n.    One  who  is 
employed  iu  procuring  ballast  for  ships. 

I  now  come  to  the  nature  of  the  ballast  labour  itself. 
This  is  divisible  Into  three  classes :  that  performed  by  the 
ballatt-sietters,  or  those  who  are  engaged  In  raising  It  from 
the  bed  of  the  Thames;  by  the  batlast-liiikfcrs,  or  those 
■who  are  engaged  In  carrying  It  from  the  getters  to  the 
ships  requiring  It;  and  by  the  ballast-ht'avcrs,  or  those 
who  are  engaged  In  putting  It  on  board  of  such  ships. 

Mayhew,  London  Ljlbour,  III.  278. 


+  -ard.']  '  A  bald-headed  person ;  a  baldhead. 

And  scorneile  to  hym  saying,  stye  up,  ballard!    ["Go 
up,  thou  baldhead,"  iu  authorized  version.) 

Wiiclif,  2  Kl.  li.  23. 

ballard-t,  »•  [Origin  unknown.]  A  kiiyi  of 
musical  instrument.  Furchas,  Pilgrims.  (N. 
E.  D.) 

ballast,  ballaset,  "•  and  v.     See  ballast. 

ballast  (bal'ast),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  balast, 
balist,  balist,  and,  with  loss  of  t,  ballas,  ballass, 
ballasse,   ballace,   ballesse,   balase,  etc.  (not  in 


ME.),  =  F.  balast  =  G.  ballast  (>  Pol.  balast  =  ballast-hammer  (barast-ham"er),  n.  Adouble- 
'Russ.bala.itii,ballastu},<0}jG.hGr.Fvies.J).bal-  faced,  long-handled  hammer  used  in  laying 
last,  Flem.  ballas,  Dan.  ballast,  Sw.  ballast,  bar-     railroad-tracks. 

to<,  OSw.  ODan.  6«c?«.s-/,  the  last  being  appar.  ballast-heaver  (bal'ast-he''' v6r),  ii.  1.  One 
theorig.  form,  <  6(()'=  E.fi((ce,  mere,  +  ?rtsi=:E.  who  is  employed  in  putting  ballast  on  board 
ias(,  load  or  weight ;  but  the  first  element  is  un-  ships.  See  extract  xmder  liallast-f/etter. —  2. 
certain.  The  Dan.  baijlast,  'back-load,'  D.  obs.  A  dredging-machine  for  raising  ballast  from  a 
balglast,  'belly-load,'  apiiear  to  be  due  topopu-  river-bed;  a  ballast-lighter, 
lar  etymology.  The  explanation  of  baUast  as  <  ballast-hole  (bal'ast-hol),  n.  Same  as  ballast- 
MLG.'  bal-,  =  AS.  balii,  bad,  evil  (see  bale^),  +     imrt. 

last,  load,  that  is,  uniirofltable  cargo,  is  not  ballasting  (bal'as-ting),  n.  1 .  The  act  of  fur- 
satisfactory.]  1.  Weight  carried  by  a  ship  or  nishing  with  ballast,  as  a  ship  or  raOroad. — 
boat  for  the  purpose  of  insuring  the  proper  sta-     2.  Ballast;  that  which  is  used  for  ballast,  as 


bility,  both  to  avoiti  risk  of  capsizing  and  to  se- 
cure the  gi'eatest  effectiveness  of  the  propel- 
ling power.  ,\  usual  modern  form  of  ballast  is  water, 
which  Is  pumped  in  or  out  of  compartments  arranged  to 
receive  It ;  lead  Is  also  much  used,  especially  for  eraft  of 
moderate  size,  and  is  often  run  into  a  space  left  for  it  be- 
tween the  plates  of  the  keel,  or  cast  Into  plates  of  appro- 
priate form  and  bolted  to  the  exterior  of  the  keel.  Gravel, 
stones,  plgiron,  and  other  weighty  materials  are  In  com- 
mon use  as  ballast.  In  cases  where  the  requisite  weight 
cannot  be  found  In  the  regular  cai-go  itself. 

So  rich  shall  be  the  rubbish  of  our  barks, 
Ta'en  here  for  ballass  to  the  ports  of  France, 
That  Charles  liimself  shall  wonder  at  the  sight. 


gravel  or  broken  stones,  cinders,  or  other  ma- 
terial tised  for  the  covering  of  roads  or  to  form 
the  upper  works  or  permanent  way  of  a  rail- 
road. 
ballast-lighter  (bal'ast-li"ter),  11.  [<  ballast  -t- 
ligliter'i.'\  J.  A  person  employed  in  convej'- 
iiig  ballast  for  ships.  See  extract  imder  bal- 
last-getter.— 2.  A  large  ilat-bottomed  barge 
for  receiving  and  transporting  ballast,  or  for 
removing  sand,  silt,  ashes,  or  other  deposits 
dredged  from  the  beds  of  rivers  and  the  bot- 
toms of  harbors,  docks,  etc 


ballimong 

If  necessary,  ball  l/earin'/s  can  be  placed  upon  the  crank- 
ptn.  '      Set.  Amer.  (N.  S.),  LIV.  105. 

ball-block    (bal'blok),   n.      In    printing  with 

balls,  the  slab  or  plate  which  holds  the  ink. 
ball-blue  (bal 'bio),  «.    Same  as  soluble  blite 

(which  see,  tinder  blue). 
ball-caliber  (bal'kal'  i-btr),  n.    A  ring-gage  for 

ditermininK  the  diameter  of  gun-shot, 
ball-cartridge  (bal'kar'trij),   «.     A  cartridge 

containing  a  ball,  in  contradistinction  to  asliot- 

cartridgc  or  a  blank  cartridge. 
ball-caster  (ba'rkas'''t6r),  n.    A  caster  for  the 

legs  of  furniture,  etc.,  having  a  ball  instead  of 

an  ordinary  roller. 
ball-cock  (bal'kok),  «.    A  hollow  sphere  or  ball 

of  metal  attached  to  the  end  of  a  lever,  which 

turns  the  stop-cock 

of  a  water-pipe  and    ,- -£3! 

regulates  the  supply 

of    water.     The  ball, 

lloating  In  the  water  of  a 

tank  or  cistern,  rises  and 

falls  with  it,  shutting  otf 

the  flow  when  the  water 

has    reached    a   certain 

level,  and  letting  it  on 

when  it  falls  below  this 

level. 

balledt,  a.  An  obso- 
let(!  form  of  bald^. 

balleri  (ba'ler),  «. 
[<  bain,  v.,  +  -erl.] 
One  who  or  that 
which  forms  any- 
thing into  balls. 

baller-t  (ba'ler),  n.  [<  ball"^,  v.,  +  -ei-l.]  One 
who  takes  part  in  a  ball  for  dancing. 

ballerina  (bal-la-re'nii),  n. ;  pi.  ballerinas,  baU 
hrine  (-naz,  -na)'.  [It.',' fem.  of  ballerino (pi.  baU 
leriiie),  a. daneeT,  (.ballare,  dance:  see  hall-.}  A 
female  ballet-dancer. 

balletl  (bal'et),  «.  [<  OF.  balette,  a  little  baU, 
dim.  of  bale,  balle,  a  ball:  see  bain  and  -et.'\ 
A  little  ball :  in  her.,  a  bearing  in  coats  of  arms, 
denominated,  according  to  the  color,  bezants, 
plates,  hurts,  etc. 

ballet^  (bal'a,  formerly  and  still  sometimes 
bal'et),  n.  [First  in  the  17th  century,  also 
ballat,  ballette,  balette,  balet,  <  F.  ballet  (=  It. 
balletto),  dim.  of  bal  =  It.  ballo,  a  dance :  see 
balP  and -et.'}  1.  A  spectacular  dance,  more 
or  less  elaborate  in  steps,  poses,  and  costumes, 
in  which  a  nimiber  of  performers,  chiefly  fe- 
males, take  part,  it  is  led  or  conducted  by  one  or 
more  chief  dancers  or  coryphees,  and  is  usually  incidental 
to  an  operatic  or  other  draniatie  representation. 
2.  A  complete  pantomime  or  theatrical  repre- 
sentation, in  which  a  story  is  told,  and  actions, 
characters,  and  passions  are  represented,  by 
gesttu'es  and  grouping,  accompanied  by  char- 
acteristic or  illustrative  music,  dancing,  and 
often  rich  scenery  and  decorations. —  3.  The 
corps  of  dancers  who  perform  ballets. 

ballet'-  (bal'a),  V.  i.  [<  ballet-,  n.'i  To  express 
by  dancing  or  in  a  ballet.     [Rare.] 

He  ballets  to  her :  "  Will  you  come  down  here  and  dance?" 
Mayticw,  London  Labour,  III.  155. 

ballet-'t,  »•  and  v.     An  obsolete  form  of  ballad. 
balletryt,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  balladry. 
ball-flower  (bal'tlou'er),  H.     In  arch.,  an  orna- 
ment resembling  a  ball  placed  in  a  circular 


^at^iul. 


Greene,  Orlando  Furioso,  ballast-port  (bal'ast-port),  n.  A  large  square 
2.  Bags  of  sand  placed  in  the  car  of  a  balloon  port  in  the  side  of  a  merchant-ship  serving  for 
to  steady  it  and  to  enable  the  aeronaut  to  light-  the  reception  and  discharge  of  baUast.  Also 
en  the  balloon,  when  necessary  to  effect  a  rise,     called  ballast-hole. 

by  throwing  part  of  the  sand  out. —  3.  Gravel,  ballast-trim  (bal'ast-trim),  «.     The  state  of  a 
broken  stones,  slag,  or  similar  material  (usually    ship  when  she  is  merely  in  ballast  or  has  no 
called  road-metal),  placed  between  the  sleep-    cargo  on  board:  as,  she  is  in  ballast-trim. 
ers  or  ties  of  a  ra,ilroad,  to  prevent  them  from  ballatt,  "•  an'I  ''•     An  obsolete  form  of  ballad. 
shifting,  and  generally  to  give  solidity  to  the  ballatK)0n  (bal-a-ton'),  n.    A  heavy  boat  em- 
road.     The  name  is  also  given  to  the  stones,  burnt  clay,     ployed  in  Russia  in  the  transportation  of  tim- 


etc,  used  as  a  foundation  In  midilng  new  roads,  layln: 
concrete  Hoors,  etc. 

Depressions  frequently  occur  in  concrete  flooring  when 
the  baUast  has  been  badly  stamped  down. 

ThaiKing,  Beer  (trans.),  p.  298. 

4.  Figuratively,  that  which  gives  stability  or 
steadiness,  mental,  moral,  or  political. 

Those  that  arc  of  solid  and  sober  natures  have  more  of 
the  ballast  tliau  of  the  sail.  Bacon,  Vain  Glory. 

These  men  have  not  Ixtllaat  enough  of  humility  and  fear. 
Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  (jl'i 


ber,  ospeciiiUy  from  Astrakhan  to  Moscow. 

ballatorium  (bal-a-to'ri-um),  «. ;  pi.  ballatoria 
(-a).  [ML.,  <  *bdllare,  <  Gr.  $a/2civ,  throw. 
Cf.  balista,  ballista,  etc.]  The  forecastle  or 
the  stem-castlo  of  a  medieval  ship  of  war: 
so  called  because  it  was  a  position  of  vantage 
from  which  missiles  were  discharged. 

ballatryf,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  balladri/. 

ball-bearmg  (bal'bar'ing),  «.  In  mec'h.,  a 
method  of  lessening  friction  by  causing  a  shaft 


Ballast-plants,  plants  that  grow  upon  the  ballast  of  a  ^q  j.gg^  upon  or  to  be  surrounded  by  balls  pjirtlv 
shipalter  it  has  been  diseharged.  from  the  seeds  that  may  „.,,*„:„,']  ;„  m,nl;ets  e-ich  ball  beins'  loose 
acci.lentallv  be  brought  with  it.     In   baUast,  without     contaiiaa  in   soCKeis,   edcn    uaii    viiiiy   loose, 

and  turning  with  the  shaft. 


cATgo:  said  of  a  ship  laden  w-ith  ballast  only. 


flower,  the  three  petals  of  which  form  a  cup 
round  it.  This  ornament  is  usually  found  inserted  In  a 
hollow  molding,  and  is  generally  characteristic  in  F.ng- 
land  of  tile  decorated  style  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
Some  variations  of  form  occur,  as  four  petals  instead  of 
three  (York  cathedral),  and  balls  of  dltferent  sizes  and 
shapes. 

ball-grinder  (bal'grin'der),  H.  A  pulverizer 
or  disintegrator  formed  by  balls  of  mefiil  in- 
closed in  a  rotating  cylinder.  The  material  to 
be  crushed  is  broken  by  the  attrition  of  the 
rolling  balls. 

ball-gudgeon  (bal'guj'on),  n.  A  spherical 
gudgeon,  permitting  a  lateral  deflection  of  the 
arbor  or  shaft,  while  still  remaining  itself  in 
the  socket.     £.  H.  Knight. 

balliage,  n.     See  bailage. 

balliardst,  ".  ;>'•    Billiards.    Spen.ier. 

ballimongi  (bal'i-mong),  «.  [Origin  unknown.] 
A  dredge.     Holland. 


balling 

balling*  (bii'linp),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  hriW^,  i.] 
The  act  or  process  of  making  into  balls ;  the 
act  of  assuming  the  fonn  of  a  ball ;  sjiccilii-ally, 
in  the  process  of  puddling,  the  forming  of  the 
iron  into  balls  or  rounded  masses  of  a  size  eon- 
venii'ut  for  handling. 

balling-  (ba'ling),  II.  [Verbal  ii.  of  hull^,  r.] 
The  fnMi\ienting  of  balls;  dancing.     [Kare.] 

balling-furnace  (ba'ling-f6r*nas),  11.  [<  liall- 
iiiii,  verbal  n.  of  6«Hl,  v.,  +  fmnticc]  1.  A 
fiimace  in  which  piles  or  fagots  of  metal  are 
placed  to  be  heated  preparatory  to  rolling.  It 
resembles  a  puddling-furnace. —  2.  A  reverbe- 
ratory  furnace  used  in  alkali-works. 

ballirig-gnn  (ba'ling-gun),  n.  An  Instrument 
for  administering  to  horses  medicme  roiled 
into  balls.  It  consists  of  a  tube  from  which  the  air  is 
partially  i-xhaustcil ;  tlio  ball  is  held  on  the  end  of  the 
tube  b.v"atmosplieiic  iircssuie,  and  is  released  by  a  piston 
when  fairly  within  the  esophagus.     £.  II.  Kniciht. 

balling-iron  (ba'ling-i'em),  n.  A  hook-shaped 
tool  for  removing  snow  from  the  feet  of  a  horse. 

balUng-machine  (ba'liug-ma-shen"),  ».  A  ma- 
chine fiu'  balling  cotton  thread. 

balling-tool  (bii'ling-tol),  «.  The  tool  used  in 
collecting  into  a  mass  the  iron  in  a  puddling- 
furnace  preparatory  to  taking  it  to  the  hammer 
or  squeezer ;  a  rabble. 

ball-ironstone  (bari'em-ston),  h.  In  English 
miiiiiHi,  nodular  iron  ore.  Also  called  ball-mine 
and  baU-rcin. 

balUsedt,  «•  [Appar.  for  *pallise(l,  <  F.  palisse, 
pp.  of  j;o?(SSfr,  surround  with  pales  :  see  pali- 
sade.'\  Inclosed  with  a  railing  or  balustrade. 
Wolfoii.     (X.  E.  I).) 

ballismus  (Im-lis'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (iaTJiia- 
fioc,  a  jumping  about,  dancing,  <  jiaAAiL,£iv, 
jump  about,  dance:  see  6a(/2.]  In  patliol.,  a 
name  which  has  been  given  to  chorea,  to  pa- 
ralysis agitans,  and  to  other  forms  of  tremor. 

baliist  (bal'ist),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bcilist, 
<  ME.  balist,  <  L.  baUi.i!ta,  balista  :  see  ballista.^ 
Same  as  b(il!i>:ta.     [Rare.] 

ballista,  balista  (ba-lis'ta),  n.;  pi.  btiUistce,  ba- 
listw{-te).  [L.,  occasionally  (in  gloss.)  6aHiS(ra, 
appar.  formed  on  a  Greek  model,  <  Gr.  fid'A/ieiv, 
throw.]  1.  An  ancient  military  engine  used 
for  thro^\'ing  missiles.  The  different  references  to 
it  are  contradictory,  as  it  is  described  as  acting  by  means 
of  a  bow,  but  also  as  throwing  large  stones  rather  than 
darti  An  attempt  has  been  made  to  reconcile  these 
statements  by  representing  the  engine  as  composed  of  a 
strong  shaft,  rotating  on  one  of  its  ends,  and  having  at 
the  other  end  a  receptacle  for  the  missile ;  this  shaft  would 
be  thrown  forward  by  the  recoil  of  a  steel  bow,  and  stopped 
suddenly  against  a  trausom,  thus  releasing  the  missile. 
Throughout  the  middle  ages  the  term  is  used  in  Latin 
\vritings  for  military  engines  of  different  kinds.  .See  tri^- 
6w<'Af(,  liiftiifioiiel,  caable,  jn^troiwl,  piirriirc,  and  catapult. 
^\^len  used  as  a  bearing  in  heraldry,  tlie  Imllista  is  repre- 
sented so  simplified  as  to  be  hardly  recognizable.  It  has 
generally  two  upright  posts  with  a  movable  bar  between 
them,  shown  loaded  at  one  end. 


432 

ballont,  "•     [<  F-  ballon,  baton,  dim.  of  balle, 

bale,  a  bale;  in  def.  2,  obs.  fonn  of  balloon  :  see 

balloon'^.']     1.  A  bale  of  paper,  etc. —  2.  Same 

us  balUnnA,  1,  2.  .  .  r^  i    .,       i  j.    •     i  i 

balloonl  (ba-lou'),  «.       [In  some  senses  also  ballooning (ba-lo  ning),n.  [(.balloon^  + -ing^.i 


ballot 

and  thus  of  blowing  itself  up  into  a  nearly  spherical  shape 
like  a  halloon.  The  ivory-like  tips  of  the  jawbones  cleft 
above  and  below,  a-s  in  Ti'trfioiiort.  give  the  fish  the  appear- 
ance of  having  four  teeth,  two  above  and  two  below.  See 
tlt/ifiniMl'intiilte. 


tious  favorable  re- 
ports. 

Ballooning       indeed 
goes  on. 

Jefferson,  Correspon- 
(dence,  I.  323. 


ballon,  after  i\  ;  early  mod.  E.  baloon,  baloiinc, 

buhine,  baUonc,  <   It.  hallonc,  pallone,   a  large 

ball,  a  foot-ball  (now  distinguished:  ballone,  a 

large  bale,  pallonc,  a  foot-ball,  balloon)  (=  Sp. 

halon,  a  foot-ball,  a  largo  bale,  =  Pg.  balao,  a 

balloon,  =  F.  ballon,  a  fardlo  or  small  pack, 

balon,  "  a  little  ball  or  pack,  also  a  foot-ball  or 

balloon"  (Cotgrave),  uovf  ballon  (after  It.),  a 

foot-ball,  balloon,  swelling  hill),  aug.  (in  F. 

prop,  dim.)  of  bulla,   etc.,   a  ball,   bale:    see 

ball^,bak^.^    1+.  A  large  inflated  ball  of  leather, 

used  in  playing  certain  games ;  a  game  played  balloonist  (lia-lo'- 

with  such  a  ball.    It  was  tossed  to  and  fro  by  either     nist),    n.        [< 

hand  or  foot,  the  hand  being  defended  by  a  guard  (bal- 

loon-brasser).    .See  /oot-ball. 

'Tis  easier  sport  than  the  baloon.  Heywood. 

It  was  my  envied  lot  to  lead  the  winning  party  at  that 
wondrous  match  at  ballon,  made  betwixt  the  divine  As- 
trophel  (our  matchless  Sidney)  and  the  right  honourable 
ray  very  good  Lord  of  Oxford.        .Scott,  Monastery,  II.  iii. 

2.  In  cltcm.,  a  round  vessel  with  a  short  neck, 
used  as  a  receiver  in  distillation;  a  glass  re- 
ceiver of  a  spherical  form. —  3.  In  arch.,  a  ball 
or  globe  on  the  top  of  a  pillar. —  4.  In  pijro- 


1.  The  art  or  practice  of  ascending  in  and  of 
managing  balloons. —  2.  In  political  ami  stock- 
exchange  slang,  the  operation  of  booming  a 
candidate,  or  of  inflating  the  money-market, 
by  means  of  ficti- 


bal- 
looni  +  -ist.']  One 
who  ascends  in  a 
balloon ;  an  aero- 
naut. 

balloon-jib       (ba- 
lon'jib),  n.    A  tii-  - 
angidar  sail  made 
of     light     canvas, 
used  only  by  yachts 

and  in  light  winds,  set  between  the  foretop- 
mast-head  and  the  end  of  the  jib-lioom. 


a.  Balloon-jib. 


technics,  a  liall  of  pasteboard  or  a  kind  of  bomb  balloon-net  (ba-lon'net),  n.  A  kind  of  woven 
stuffed  with  combustibles,  which,  bursting  like  j^ce  in  which  the  weft-threads  are  twisted  in  a 
a  bomb,  exhibits  sparks  of  fire  like  stars. —  5.  peculiar  manner  round  the  warps.  E.H.  Knight. 
In  trcaviiig,  a  cylindrical  reel  oii  which  sized  balloonry  (ba-lcin'ri),  n.  [<  balloon'^-  +  -ry.'i 
woolen  yarn  for  warp  is  wound  in  order  to  be     The  art  or  practice  of  ascending  in  a  lialloon. 


diued  by  rapid  revolution  in  a  heated  chamber 
— 6.  A  bag  or  hollow  vessel  filled  with  hydro- 
gen gas  or  heated  air,  or  any  other  gaseous 
tiuid  lighter  than  common  air,  and  thus  caused 
to  rise  and  float  in  the  atmosphere.  It  is  made 
of  silk  or  other  light  material,  \  aritislied  with  caoutchouc 
dissolved  in  tm-pentine.  Anetwnrkof  twine  envelops  the 
balloon,  and  is  tied  to  a  circular  Im,,].  :i  little  below  it.  from 
which  a  car,  usually  consisting  of  a  large  wicker  basket,  is 
suspended.  A  valve  in  the  bottom  of  the  balloon  can  be 
opened  and  closed  at  pleasure  by  means  of  a  string,  and 
the  basket  is  furnished  with  sand-bags  as  ballast.  If  the 
aeronaut  wishes  to  ascend,  he  throws  out  some  of  the  bal- 
last; if  to  descend,  he  opens  tlie  valve.  Balloons  have 
been  successfully  used  for  military  purposes  (see  captive 
balloon,  below),  .and,  in  the  c:isr  nl  In  sieged  cities,  as  a 
medium  of  communication  witli  the  outside  world. 
7.  In  comic  engravings,  a  figure  shaped  like  a 
balloon  and  inclosing  words  which  are  repre- 
sented as  issuing  from  the  mouth  of  a  speaker. 
—  Captive  balloon,  a  balloon  anchored  or  attached  to 
the  ground  liy  means  of  a  rope,  which  may  be  either  per- 
manently fixed  or  connected  witli  an  anchor  which  can 
be  raised  at  pleasure.  Such  b:dli«ins  have  been  employed 
for  military  reconnoissance. — Steering  balloon,  a  bal- 
loon capable  of  being  steered.  One  such  was  invented 
by  M.  Dupuy  de  L6me  during  the  siege  of  Paris  in  1871. 
The  rudder  is  said  to  be  able  to  detlect  the  machine  11"  to 
either  side  of  the  direct  line  in  wliicli  the  wind  is  blow- 
ing, so  that  a  balloon  leaving  Paris  «itli  the  wind  straight 
for  Brussels  could  be  landed  at  either  London  or  Cologne. 


Quarkrhi  Rev. 

balloon-sail  (ba-lon'sal),  n.  Light  canvas  used 
in  yachts,  as  the  balloon-jib,  the  spinnaker, 
balloon-topsails  and  -foresails,  and  the  shadow- 
sail  and  water-sail. 

balloon-vine  (ba-lon'vin),  ».  A  herbaceous 
climbing  plant,   Canliospiermum  Ealicacabum, 


„  ~~UV    T  V  V     i; 1  1  -u  c     for  Brussels  could  ue  iandeu  at  eitner  Lonoon  or  i^oiogue. 

2    [NL.]  In  anat.,  the  astragalus,  a  bone  of  balloon^   (bal'o-on),  n.     [Also   balloen,   baton, 


the  tarsus, 

ballistic  (ba-lis'tik),  a.  [<  ballista  +  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  ballistics,  or  the  scientific  construc- 
tion and  use  of  projectiles Ballistic  ctirve,  the 

actual  path  of  a  projectile,  as  distiiignislicd  troin  tlie  tlieo- 
retical  or  parabolic  path.—  Ballistic  galvanometer. 
See  (7a^('a»o(/ie/cr.— Ballistic  pendulum,  an  apparatus 
invented  by  Benjamin  Kobins  for  ascertaining  the  velocity 
of  military  projectiles,  and  consequently  the  explosive 
force  of  gunpowder.     A  piece  of  ordnance  is  fired  against 


a  cast-iron  case  filled  with  bags  of  sand,  which  forms  the  ,     ,,  ,     .i^_    ,,      i..    f-u^-//ix„\ 

baU  of  a  pendulum,  and  the  percussion  causes  the  pendu-   DallOOn-DOller   (ba-lon  Doi  ler;. 


ballong  =  Sp.  baton  =  Pg.  batSo  ;  from  the  native 
name.]  A  state  barge  of  Siam,  made  in  fanci- 
ful imitation  of  a  sea-monster,  and  having  70  to 
100  oars  on  a  side. 
balloon-ballt  (ba-lon'bal),  n.  Same  as  bal- 
loon^, 1. 

Ill  make  him  the  balloon-ball  of  the  churches. 
And  both  the  sides  shall  toss  him. 

Miildleton,  Game  at  Chess,  ii.  2. 

A  steam- 


lum  to  vibrate.    Tlie  distance  througli  which  it  vibrates 
is  measured  on  a  copper  arc  by  an  index  carrying  a  ver- 


boiler  having  a  form  somewhat  resembling  that 
of  a  balloon. 


nier,  and  the  amount  of  vibration  forms  a  measure  of  the  -Uon-n.,  Kraooort    «       r<  bnllnnnl  +  hraiier    a 
force  or  velocity  of  the  ball.    The  ballistic  pendulum  is   Dalloon-brassert,   n.     \\  oauoon    f  orasser,  a. 


velocity  of  the  ball.    The  ballistic  pendulum  is 

now  nearly  superseded  by  various  forms  of  appai-atus  for 

measui-ing  the  time  occupied  by  the  p.assage  of  the  shot 

from  one  screen  or  wire  to  anotlier.     See  HectroballiMic. 

ballistics  (ba-lis'tiks),  ».     [Vl.  ot  ballistic :  see 

-ics.']     1.  The   science  or  art  of  discharging  ballooned  (ba-lond'), 
large  missiles  by  the  use  of  the  ballista  or  other     balloon. 
engine.— 2.  The  science  of  the  motion  of  pro-  ballooner    (ba-lo'n6r),    n. 


jectiles. 

ballium  (bal'i-um),  «.  [MTj.  :  see  ioi73and  6«/- 
/f.'/i.]    \.  Same  as  ftartSj  5. — 2_  Sameas  ftai7f!/i. 

ball-joint  (bal'joint),  n.  A  jointed  connection 
in  which  one  of  the  connected  pieces  has  a  baU- 
shaped  extremity,  fitting  a  cup-shaped  socket 
in  the  other. 

ball-lever  (bariev"er),  «.  The  lever  of  a  ball- 
cock. 

ball-mine  (bal'min),  n.   Same  as  ball-ironstone. 

ball-mounting  (bal'moun'ting),  n.  A  kind  of 
harness-mounting  ha\Tng  a  ball  where  a  ring 
is  fastened  to  the  base. 

ballock  ( bal'ok),  n.  [<  ME.  ballok,  baUuk,  balok, 
<  AS.  bealhicW  "bealtu  or  *licalla,  a  ball,  -(-  dim. 
-!(c.- see /(C(/;i,  20,  and -oci'.]  A  testicle.  [Ob- 
solete or  vulgar.] 


form  of  bracer,  after  F.  brassard,  also  brassal 
(Cotgrave):  see  def.]  A  brace  or  guard  of 
wood,  used  by  balloon-players  (see  balloon'^-,  1) 
to  protect  the  hand  and  arm. 

a.     Swelled  out  like  a 

A  balloonist;   an 


aeronaut. 
balloon-fish  (ba-16n'fish),  n.     A  globefish;  a 

lish  of  the  order  Plectognathi  and  suborder  Gi/ni- 

nodontcs,  as 
thetropicalTc- 
traodon  linea- 
ttis,  or  striped 
spine-belly,  or 
a  species  of 
one  of  the  gen- 
era Triodon 
and  THodon.  So 

r:ilkd  because  it 
h;(S  the    pi>wer  of 

swallowing      air. 

^-         which  is  retained 

.  _   "_:■  :  --'-  -  -    — ^  in  a  dilatation  of 

Balloon-lish  [  Tclraodan  linetxtus).  the         eSOpllagUS, 


Balloon-Nine  [Cardiosfermum  Naticac.ibuw  . 


a   inflatedcapsule  or  pod,  aboutone  half  natural  size.       FroroGray's 
■*  Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  United  States." , 

natural  order  Sapindacece,  found  in  all  tropical 
countries.  It  Iiears  a  large,  3-eelled,  bladder- 
like  pod.  Also  called  heartseed. 
ballotl  (bal'ot),  n.  [First  in  the  16th  century, 
<  It.  baltolta=  F.  batlotte,  balotte,  a  little  baU, 
esp.  as  used  for  voting,  a  vote,  suffrage.  =  Sp. 
balota,  a  liallot  (ML.  ballottu),  dim.  of  batla,  a 
ball:  see  bain  and -of.]  1.  A  little  ball  used 
in  voting.  Hence — 2.  A  ticket  or  slip  of  pa- 
per, sometimes  called  a  roting-jiaper,  used  for 
the  same  purpose,  on  which  is  printed  or  writ- 
ten an  expression  of  the  elector's  choice  as  be- 
tween candidates  or  propositions  to  be  voted 
for. — 3.  A  method  of  secret  voting  by  means 
of  small  balls,  or  of  printed  or  written  ballots, 
which  are  deposited  in  an  um  or  a  box  called 
a  Viallot-box,  In  the  former  case,  each  person  who  is 
entitled  to  vote,  having  the  choice  of  two  balls,  .me  white 
and  one  black,  places  a  white  ball  in  the  box  if  he  is  in 
favor  of  the  resolution  proposed,  as  the  admis-sion  of  a 
person  to  membership  in  a  club,  or  a  black  ball  if  he  is  op- 
posed to  it.  Hence,  to  blackball  a  pei-son  is  to  vote  against 
bis  election.  In  the  latter  case,  the  ballots  or  voting- 
jiapers  are  so  folded  as  to  prevent  the  voter's  preference 
fKim  being  disclosed,  and  are  usually  handed  to  an  au- 
thoiiirctl  "fficer  called  an  inspector  of  elections,  to  be  de- 
posited iTi  the  box  in  the  voter's  presence.  The  ballot  is 
now  employed  in  all  pojiular  elections  in  the  Inited 
States(except  in  the  State  cbi  ticuis  of  Kentucky,  in  which 
the  voting  is  viva  voccl,  thiougbout  the  I'nited  Kingdom 
and  the  British  colonies,  ami  in  the  national  or  parliamen- 
tary elections  in  Germany,  France,  Belgium,  Italy,  and 
most  other  countries  of  continental  Europe. 
4.  A  casting  of  ballots ;  a  vote  by  ballot ;  also, 
the  whole  number  of  votes  cast  or  recorded: 


ballot 

as,  a  hallot  was  taken  on  the  resolution ;  there 
was  a  larRo  hiiltof. —  5.  A  method  of  drawiii);; 
lots  by  taking  out  small  balls,  or  tlii>  lik(>,  from 

a  box  ;  liouee,  lotKlravving.    X.  Ji.  I) Tlasue- 

ballots,  ))iitlt>t»  iH-intfcl  uii  thill  tissuc-pnper,  to  the;  end 
that  ;i  lurKL-  numlier  of  fruiululeilt  votes  foMod  toyetliL-r 
may  \n:  smu^'^'h'd  into  tin-  liallut-hox  without  (ii'ti'(-tioii.— 
To  cast  a  ballot,  to  ilcpcjsit  in  a  liallot-hox,  or  prust-rit 
for  deposit,  a  Ijallot  or  \oIiiiK  liaper.  -  TO  cast  the  bal- 
lot, to  record,  as  If  ascertained  hy  Ijallot,  tlie  vote  of  an 
asaeniidy  or  nieetiiiR.  The  secretary  is  often  instructed 
to  "cast  tile  liallot"  wlicn  for  convenience  tile  actual 
process,  as  icipiircd  Iiy  rule,  is  dispensed  witli. 
ballot!  (bal'ot),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  biillal, 
b<iilit :  <  It.  hiilloltiirc  =  F.  Iinllolln;  earlier  IhiIdI- 
tcr,  =  8p.  httlotar,  vote  by  ballot;  from  the 
noun.]  I.  iiitrans.  1.  To  decide  upon  a  ques- 
tion, proposition,  or  oandidaey  liy  eastins;  bal- 
lots; take  a  ballot  or  a  vote  by  ballot:  often 
with  for  in  the  sense  of  'in  relation  to':  as,  to 
halhiifor  members  of  a  club.     Se('  the  noun. 

'I'lie  judges  .  .  .  would  never  tal\e  tlieir  l)alls  to  baUot 
against  liini.  A'urth,  tr.  of  Pliitarcli,  p.  927. 

Tile  eonveiiti<ui  did  not  ballot  until  its  tliird  ilay. 

G.  S.  MnTiain,  S.  Howies,  II.  185, 

2.  To  bound,  as  in  tho  bore  of  a  cannon :  as, 
spherical  projectiles  ballot  in  the  bore  of  the 
piece. — 3.  To  select  by  lot;  draw  lots  (for): 
as,  to  ballot  for  places. 

Il.t  trans.  1.  To  vote  for  or  against  by  bal- 
lot; choose  or  elect  by  ballot. 

None  of  the  competitors  arriving  at  a  suHicient  iiumhcr 
of  balls,  they  fell  to  ballot  some  others. 

Sir  //.  Woltaii,  Reliquia!,  p.  202. 

2.  To  choose  by  lot;  select  by  drawing  lots 
for. 

Peasants  .  .  .  who  will  not  be  ballotetf  for  soldiers. 

Carli/l'',  French  Kev.,  III.  i.  1, 

ballot^  (bal'ot),  H.  [<  F.  ballot,  a  bale,  proji. 
a  small  bale,  iiim.  of  hallr,  a  bale:  see  balc^  and 
-ot,  and  cf.  the  nit.  identical  battot^.'\  A  small 
bale,  weighing  from  70  to  120  pounds. 

Alpaca  is  imported  in  ballots,  bales  of  aliont  70  lbs. 
weight.  Drapers'  Did.,  p.  4. 

Ballota  (ba-lo'tii),  «.     [NL.  (L.  ballute),  <  Gr. 

iia'/.'/.uT'/,  a  plant  believed  to  be  black  hoar- 
lound,  origin  unknown.]  A  genus  of  labiate 
plants,  of  about  '25  species,  mostly  natives  of 
the  Mediterranean  region.  The  black  hoarhonnd, 
B.  niffra,  sometimes  used  in  medicine,  is  found  through- 
out Knropc  and  Ilnssiau  .\sia. 

ballotade,  ballottade  (bal-o-tad'  or  -tiid'),  n. 
L<  l'\  hdltiittiulc  (.Sp.  balotacia),  <  haltotter,  toss, 
prob.  <  liallottr,  a  little  ball:  see  ballot'^,  «.] 
In  the  maiicifc,  a  leap  of  a  horse  in  which  all 
four  legs  are  bent  without  jerking  out  tho  hind 
ones.     Also  spelled  balotade. 

ballotantt  (bal'ot -ant),  II.  [<  F.  ballottant,  pp. 
of  hallotlcr,  ballot :"  see  ballot^,  c]  A  voter  by 
ballot,     .r.  Harrington.     [Rare.] 

ballotationt  (bal-o-ta'shou),  n.  [<  ballot^  + 
-alion,  after  It.  balhtta:ioi>e.']  A  voting  by  bal- 
lot; a  balloting.     [Rare.] 

The  election  of  the  luike  of  Venice  is  one  of  the  most 
intricate  and  curious  forms  in  the  world,  consisting  uf  ten 
several  ballolatiiois.  Sir  II.  W'ollon,  lleliipliie,  p.  2(i0. 

ballot-box  (bal'ot-boks),  n.  A  box  for  receiv- 
ing ballots. 

For  all  except  those  who  before  1787  had  already  ac- 
quired the  elective  franchise,  color  barred  the  way  to  the 
ballol-bnx.  Banerujt,  Hist,  (.'oust.,  II.  12'.l. 

balloter  (bal'ot-er),  n.  1.  One  who  ballots  or 
votes  by  ballot. — 2.  A  mechanical  device  for 
rcceivini;,  counting,  and  recording  ballots. 

ballotint,  ".  [<  ballot^  +  -in,  irreg.  used.]  The 
carrier  of  tho  ballot-bo.x ;  the  takerof  the  votes 
by  ballot.     ./.  Harrington.     [Rare.] 

balloting  (bal'ot-ing),  w.  [Verbal  n.  of  ballot^, 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  casting  or  taking  a  ballot: 
as,  tho  balloting  began  at  li  o'clock. —  2.  A  spe- 
cific instance  in  which  a  ballot  is  taken ;  a  vote. 
From  the  result  of  the  baUolinfjs  yesterday,  I  deem  it 
hi-.ihly  improbable  that  I  shall  receive  the  iKUUination. 

Bdrhatmii.  in  Curtis,  ii.  2. 

ballotist(bal'ot-ist),  H.     [<fe(//o/l  +  -(»7.]    .tVn 

advocate  of  voting  byballot. 
ballottade,  «.  See  ballotade. 
bailottement  (ba-lot'ment),  n.     [F.,  a  tossing, 

<  hallotlrr.  toss:   see  ballotade.']     In  obstct.,  a 

method  of  testing  pregnancy. 
ballow't,  ".    [Appar.  <ME.  balowe,  balwe,  bulge, 

halgh,    round,    rounded,  smooth,   appar.  <  AS. 

btelg,  ha-lig,  a  bag:  see  bellows  nnd  belli/.]     An 

epithet  of  uncertain  meaning,  in  the  following 

passage:     tho  apparent    etymology    suggests 

'round,'  'pot-bellied.' 
The  hallow  nag  outstrips  the  winds  in  chase. 

Draiiton,  Polyolbioii,  iii.  4U.     (If.  K.  D.) 

ballow^  (bal'o),  w.    [Etym.  unknown.]    Xaut., 
dee])  water  inside  a  shoal  or  bar,     Snii/th,  Sail- 
or's Word-liook.     (X.  Ji.  1>.) 
28 


433 

balloW'^,  M.  A  word  used  only  by  Sliakspere 
in  the  passage  cited,  in  the  fcdio  of  1G23,  where 
the  ijuarto  editions  have  battcro  hud  liiit :  it  is, 
like  battcro,  a|iparently  a  misprint  for  ballon, 
balloon,  or  baltoun,  a  stick,  cudgel.  See  hal- 
ton,  butoon,  baton,  and  bat'^. 

Kcepc  out,  ...  or  ice  try  whither  your  (Costard  or  my 
Ballon)  be  the  harder.  Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  tJ(H)23). 

ball-proof  (bal'prot),  a.  Capable  of  resisting 
bulls  from  firearms;  impenetrable  by  Indicts. 

ball-rack  (bal'rak),  n.  In  printing^  the  rack 
wliicli  liilcl  the  balls  formerly  used  in  inking. 

ball-room  (bal'riim),  ».  A  room  expressly  de- 
signed for  balls  or  dancing  parties,  or  a  room 
in  which  such  entertainments  are  given. 

ball-screw  (biil'skro),  n.  A  screw  which  can 
be  attached  to  the  end  of  the  ramrod  of  a  gun, 
for  the  purpose  of  extracting  a  bullet  from  the 
barrel. 

ball-seater  (bal'se'tfer),  u.  A  tool  used  in 
fitting  the  ball  of  a  cartridge  accurately  in  line 
with  the  axis  of  the  shell. 

ball-stock  (bal'stok),  n.  In  printing,  formerly, 
a  stock  somewhat  hollow  at  one  en<l,  to  which 
tho  ball  was  attached,  and  which  served  as  a 
handle.     See  ball\,  9. 

ball-train  (lial'tran),  ?!.  A  set  of  rolls  for  roll- 
iiii;  puddlers'  balls  or  loops  into  bars. 

ball-trimmer  (bal'trim' er),  n.  A  lathe  for  fin- 
ishing musket-balls. 

ball-trolly  (bal'trol'i),  n.  A  small  iron  truck 
used  in  conveying  the  balls  of  puddled  iron 
from  the  puddling-furuace  to  the  tilt-hammer 
or  siiueezer.     E.  H.  Knight. 

ballustredt  (bal'us-terd),  a.  Same  as  balustered. 
Dn/di  n. 

ball-valve  (bal'valv),  ji.  a  valve  formed  by  a 
globe  resting  upon  a  concave  circular  seat. 
It  is  lifted  by  tlie  upward  pressure  of  the  lluid,  and  de- 
scends by  gravity  when  that  pressure  is  removed.  .See 
ltoll-rnck\ 

ball-vein  (bal'van),  n.     Same  as  ball-ironstone. 

bally  (bal'i),  n.  [Repr.  Ir.  Gael,  baile,  Manx 
haUeij,  a  town,  village.]  A  town :  an  element 
in  niany  place-names  in  Ireland:  as,  fialli/wtO- 
ter,  upper  town;  iJrt^ff/castle,  castle-town; 
Jiallijmoney,  town  on  the  moss,  etc. 

The  old  tribal  liivision  of  the  ballys  into  "quarters  "and 
"  tatcs  "  has  left  distinct  and  numerous  traces  in  the  names 
of  the  present  townlands  in  Ireland. 

Seebohni,  Eiig.  Vill.  Cmuniunities,  p.  22.'J. 

balm  (bjim),  ».  [The  spelling  has  been  altered 
to  biing  it  nearer  balsam;  early  mod.  E.  also 
banlin,  baum,  <  ME.  baume,  baieme,  basme,  bame, 
< OF.  bausme,  basme,  mod.  F.  baume  =  Pi',  basme 
=  Sp.  bdlsamo  =  Pg.  It.  balsamo,  <  L.  balsamum, 
<Gr./i(i?.an//oi',  balsam:  see  ftateom.]  1.  An  oily, 
aromatic,  resinous  substance,  exuding  si)onta- 
neously  from  trees  of  the  genus  Batsanioden- 
dron ;  hence,  by  extension,  any  aromatic  or  odo- 
riferous exudation  from  trees  or  shrubs,  whether 
spontaneous  or  after  incision  ;  balsam. 
And  sweetest  breath  of  woodland  balm. 

Wliillwr,  Flowers  in  Winter. 

2t.  -Aji  aromatic  preparation  used  in  embalm- 
ing the  dead.  See  embalm. — 3.  Any  aromatic 
or  fragi'ant  ointment,  whether  for  ceremonial 
or  for  medicinal  use,  as  for  healing  wounds  or 
soothing  pain.  (For  the  ecclesiastical  use,  see 
bal.fiim.) 

Thy  place  is  tlll'd,  thy  sceptre  wrung  from  thee, 
Tliy  baluL  wash'd  olf,  wherewith  tliou  wast  anointed. 
Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 

4.  Aromatic  fragrance  ;  sweet  odor. —  5.  Any- 
thing which  heals,  soothes,  or  mitigates  pain. 
Sleep,  tliat  knits  up  the  ravelld  slcave  of  care. 
The  death  of  each  days  life,  sore  labour's  liath. 
Balm  of  hurt  minds,  great  nature's  second  course. 

Shak.,  ilacbeth,  ii.  2. 
Ileal  the  wounded  spirit  with  tlie  balm 
Of  pity.  Bn/an?,  Better  Age. 

6.  A  tree  that  yields  balm  ;  especially,  a  tree 
of  the  genus  ISalsamodendron. —  7.  One  of  sev- 
eral aromatic  plants  of  the  natural  order  Labi- 
atcF,  particularly  plants  of  the  genus  Mcli.ssa. 
I'he  garden-  or  lemon-balm,  bee-balm,  or  balm-mint  is 
.1/.  ojicinatix.  i'lants  of  4ither  genera  so  named  ai'e  the 
bastard  balm,  Mrliltis  iioli^s"i:h;illuio  :  the  bee-balm  of 
.American  gardens,  .Munarda  'liihtina  :  the  horse-balm.  Col- 
tiit.-ioriia  Ciinatlrn.-iU ;  the  tlcld-balm,  yrprta  Calaria  :  the 
Mcducca  balm,  .Volu(\>'l/'f  hfi-i^:  and  the  sweet  balm,  .sonic- 
tilncs  called  balm  of  (:ilca<l,  Dracorri-fiahno  t'onaroo^i-. 
—  Abraham'S-balm,  an  old  name  for  an  Italian  willow.— 
BalmofGUead.  (u)  Halm  or  balsam  of  Mecca,  omfSyria, 
an  olco  resin,  once  of  great  repute  and  still  esteemed  in 
the  East  for  its  fragrance  and  medicinal  properties.  Mixed 
with  oil,  it  constitutes  the  chrism  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Chureli.  It  is  the  product  of  a  tree  or  shrub,  Commi- 
phorn  (Bal.^amoth'o'lron)  Opohaifamnm,  which  also  yields 
myrrh.  It  is  now  i)rodnced,  so  far  as  is  known,  only  in 
.\raltia.  (b)  A  fragrant  resin  from  South  America.  See 
carauna.  (c)  In  North  .\merica.  the  balsam-poplar,  r»i;»- 
ulus  balsami/era,  the  buds  ot  which  are  coated  in  spring 


balneary 

witli  an  odorous  balsam  ;  alsr>  ocrcasionally  tho  halsara-flr, 
.ibi)'s  bnlsnmt'a,  which  yicbls  the  ('ana<la  balsam,    ((f)  Tho 

sweet  li.'lllii,  hnii"f>'i>lH'luot  Vnnat  it'osi:  (see  above), — 
Balm  of  heaven,  one  of  the  many  names  given  in  Cali- 
fornia to  the  C oihrlUtlaria  Cali.loinica,  a  lauraeeous  treo 
with  very  strongly  aroniatit;  fr)liage. 
balm  (biim),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  banmen,  bamcn,  < 
baume,  balm.  Cf.  OF.  embaumer,  embalm:  see 
embalm.]    1.  To  embalm. 

Shrouded  in  cloth  of  state  ! 
Balni'd  and  entreasur'd  with  full  liags  of  spices  I 

.'^/.</^•.,  Pericles,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  anoint  as  with  balm  or  with  anything 
fragrant  or  medicinal. 

Balm  Ills  fcMil  head  in  warm  distilled  waters. 

Shak.,  T.  of  tin-  S.,  Ind.,  i. 

3.  To  soothe;  mitigate;  assuage;  heal. 

Oppressed  nature  sleeps :  — 
This  rest  might  yet  have  balm'd  thy  broken  senses. 

p      Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  6. 

[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  all  uses.] 
balmaiden  (bal'ma'du),  «.     [<  bal  +  maiden.] 
A  girl  or  young  woman  employed  in  the  mines 
of  ("ornwall,  England. 

Tlie  smock-frock  is  a  survival  of  a  ploughman's  dress, 
and  tlie  Cornish  miner  and  mine-girl  (or  luihnaidrn)  have 
a  sort  of  peasant  dress.  .V.  and  (J.,  (Itli  ser.,  I.\.  50S. 

balm-cricket  (biim'krik 'et),  n.  [Earlier  haum- 
eriekel,  appar.  a  lialf  translation  of  G.  baum- 
grille,  tree-cricket,  <  baum,  a  tree  (=E.  beam), 
+  grille,  a  cricket:  see  GrijUus.]  Tho  field- 
cricket,  Gryllus  campestris. 

The  bal)o-crickt!t  carols  clear 
111  the  green  that  folds  thy  grave. 

Tf  it  Ill/son,  A  Dirge. 

balmert  (bii'mer),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
embalms. 

lilood  must  be  my  body's  only  balmer, 
No  other  balm  will  there  be  given. 

Rale-l'jh,  The  Pilgrimage. 

balmify  (ba'mi-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  jip.  balmi- 

fied,  ppr.  balmifying.    [<  balm  +  -i-Jij :  see  -fy.] 

To  render  balmy.     [Rare.] 

The  fluids  have  been  entirely  sweetened  and  bulinijied. 

G.  Chr;/.i,;  l-;ng.  Malady,  ji.  :foe. 

balmily  (ba'mi-li),  adv.     In  a  balmy  manner, 
balminess  ( bii'mi-nes),  )i.     The  state  or  quality 

of  being  balmy. 
balm-mint  (biim'mint),  n.     Same  as  garden- 
halm.     See  halm,  7. 
balmony  (bal'mo-ni),  n.    [Appar.  a  var.  of  bald- 
money.]  A  name  sometimes  given  in  the  United 
States  to  the  plant  snakehead,  t'helone  glabra. 
Balmoral  (bal-mor'al),  «.or  h.     A  name  given 
(usually  with  a  capital  as  an  ad.iective  and  with- 
out as  a  noun)  to  various  articles  of  dress  pos- 
sessing unusual  strength  and  weight,  in  imi- 
tation of  the  materials  or  style  of  those  'woni 
out  of  doors  by  Queen  Victoria,  or  the  mem- 
bers of  her  family,  during  visits  to  the  royal 
residence  at  Balmoral,  in  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land  Balmoral  boots,  shoes  or  ankle-boots  that  lace 

up  in  front,  worn  by  Imth  men  anil  wi>nien.     Also  called 
/»(6ioini/.«.~ Balmoral  petticoat,  a  wocden  petticoat, 
originally  red  with  black  stripes,  intended  to  be  displayed 
lid.iw  the  skirt  of  the  ilrcss,  which  was  looped  lip. 
balmy  (bii'mi),  rt.     [<  balm  + -y'^ .]     1.   Having 
the  qualities  of  balm;  aromatic;  fragrant, 
o  bnliixi  breath,  that  doth  almost  persuade 
.lustiee  to  break  her  sword  !      Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2. 
And  I  would  be  the  neeklafte. 
And  all  day  long  to  fall  and  rise 

i'pon  her  balimi  bosom. 
With  her  laughter  or  her  siglis. 

TiiiioiKon,  Miller's  Daughter. 

2.  Producing  balm  :  as,  "the  ?«//»«// tree,'"  7'ope, 
Windsor  Forest,  1.  30. —  3.  Soft;  soothing;  as- 
suaging ;  refreshing. 

Now  with  the  drops  of  this  most  balmi/  time 

.My  love  looks  fresh.  Shak.,  Sonnets,  evil. 

Tired  nature's  sweet  restorer,  balmii  sleep. 

yooo'j.  Night  Thoughts,  v.  ]. 

4.  Of  healing 'virtue ;  healing:  as,  6a7iMy  medi- 
cines. 

balnea,  ».     Plural  of  balneum. 

balnealt  (barue-al),  a.  [<  L.  balneum,  a  (warm) 
bath  (see  balneum),  +  -al.  The  L.  adj.  is  bal- 
nearis  or  balneariiis.]  Of  or  jiertaining  to  a 
bath:  as,  "balneal  heat,"  Howell,  Letters,  I. 
vi.  35. 

balneary  (bal'nf-a-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  balnea- 
)■(».<,  pertaining  to  a  bath  (neut.  pi.  balnearia,  a 
bathing-room),  <  balneum,  a  bath:  see  balneum.] 
I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  baths  or  bathing. 

The  French  do  not  treat  their  beaches  as  we  do  ours- 
,as  places  for  a  glance,  a  dip.  or  a  trot,  ]>laces  animated 
simply  during  the  haliieari/  hom-s. 

//.  .fames,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  142. 

II.  »■ ;  pl.  balnearies  (-riz).    A  room  or  pro- 
vision of  any  kind  for  bathing. 
The  balntariis  and  bathing-plaees. 

Sir  r.  Brouiu,  Vnlg.  Lit.,  i1.  7. 


balneation 

balneationt  (Vml-ne-iX'shon),  )!.  [<  ML.  halnc- 
tin,  jip.  btiliicntiis,  bathe,  <  L.  halitcum,  a  bath: 
see  hiiliiciiiii.'\     The  act  of  bathiug. 

Haliu-atiom,  washings,  ami  fcmu-iitations. 

Sir  r.  JSroime,  Vulg.  F-it.,  ii.  6. 

balneatory  (Viarne-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  hahica- 
torius,  <  babwtitor,  a  batli-keeper,  <  haliicum,  a 
bath:  see  fc«/)if «/«.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bath 
or  bath-keeper. 

All  the  reliiiutnonts  of  the  antique  balnealoi'^  art, 

L.  Ufani,  tr.  of  Gautier's  C'leop.  Nights,  p.  45. 

balneot,  w.  [For  bagnio,  after  L.  balneum.'] 
.Same  as  bagnio,  1. 

Then  hegan  Christian  churches  ...  to  outshine  .  .  . 
the  Balneos  anil  Theatres  of  free  Cities. 

Up.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  351. 

balneography  (bal-ne-og'ra-fi),  n.  [<  L.  bal- 
neum, a  bath  (^e  balneum),  +  Gr.  -ypa(pia,  < 
yptupciv,  write.]  A  description  of  baths.  Dun- 
glison. 

balneological  (bal-nf-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining; to  balneology. 

balneology  (bal-ne-ors-ji),  «.  [<  L.  balneum, 
a  bath,  +  Gr.  -/oyia,  <./.e)cn;  speak:  nee  balneum 
and  -ohiijji.']  A  treatise  on  baths  or  bathing  ; 
the  use  of  baths  and  bathing  as  a  department 
of  therapeutics. 

Among  our  medical  schools  balnenlorry  as  a  subject  of 
systematic  study  is  entirely  neglected. 

Haiyirs  Blari.,  LXIX.  438. 

balneotherapeutics  (bal"ne-6-ther-a-pii'tiks), 
n.  [<  L.  /)((/»( «/«,batli  (see  balneum),  +  tliera- 
pnitics.'\     Balneotherapy. 

balneotherapia  (bal"ne-6-ther-a-pi'a),  n.  [NL., 

<  L.  balneum,  a  bath  (see  balneum),  +  Gr.  thpa- 
ncia,  medical  treatment :  see  therapeutic.']  Same 
as  balneotherapy. 

balneotherapy  (bal"ne-6-ther'a-pi),  H.  [Eng- 
lished from  balneotherapia.]  The  treatment  of 
disease  by  baths ;  ■water-cui-e. 

Balti^otkerapy,  or  bathing,  and  treatment  by  medica- 
ments. ^  Sci.  Amer.  (N.  S.),  LIV,  4. 

balneum  (bal'ne-um),  n. ;  pi.  balnea  (-a).  [L., 
fuller  form  balineum,  <  Gr.  l3a?.av€iov,  a  bath,  < 
lia/.avtveiv,  bathe.  From  L.  balneum  come  bag- 
nio and  bain",  q.  v.]  In  chem.,  a  vessel  filled 
■with  water  or  sand,  in  which  another  vessel  is 
placed  to  be  heated  ;  a  bath.     See  bath'^,  8. 

balolo  (ba-16'16),  n.  A  sea-worm  found  in  the 
South  Pacifie  ocean.     See  palolo. 

The  halvlo  is  a  small  sea-woi-m,  long  and  thin  as  ordi- 
nary vermicelli.  Some  are  fully  a  yard  long,  others  about 
an  inch.  It  has  a  jointed  body  and  many  legs,  and  lives 
in  the  deep  sea, 

C,  F.  Gordon-Cuinmiiiff,  At  Home  in  Fiji,  p.  66. 

balont,  balonet,  n.    See  ballooni-. 

balonea  (ba-16'ne-a),  Ji.  [See  ralonia.]  A  name 
for  an  oak,  Quercus  JEgilops,  large  quantities 
of  the  cups  of  which  are  exported  from  the 
Mediterranean  basin  for  tanners'  use.  See 
ralonia. 

baloot,  intcrj.  and  n.     See  balow. 

balotade,  »,     See  ballotade. 

balowt,  baloot,  interj.  and  n.     [Niu-sery  sylla- 
bles.]    I.  interj.  An  utterance  used  in  lulling 
to  sleep. 
Hee  balou !  my  sweet  wee  Donald,  Bums,  Rong. 

II.  n.  1.  A  lullaby. —  2.  A  song  containing 
this  word.     ^\  E.  D. 

bals.  An  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  balsamum, 
tliat  is,  balsam,  used  in  medical  prescriptions. 

balsa,  balza  (bal'sa,  -za),  «.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  balsa  ( > 
F.  balse,  baize),  <  Periiv.  balza,  a  kind  of  light 
porous  wood  used  in  Peru  for  ^constructing 
rafts.]  1.  The  native  name  of  the  Ochroma 
Lagojius,  a  bombaceous  tree  common  in  the 
forests  upon  the  coasts  of  tropical  America. 
The  wood  is  very  soft  and  light,  and  is  used  for  st"j>ping 
bottles,  as  well  as  in  the  construction  of  rafts  which  take 
its  name. 

2.  A  kind  of  raft  or  float  much  used  on  the 
west  coast  of  .South  America  for  crossing  lakes 
or  rivers,  for  landing  through  the  surf,  and  by 
fishermen,  it  is  there  formed  of  two  inflated  cylinders 
of  seal-skin  or  bullocks  hide,  joined  by  a  sort  of  platfonn 
on  which  the  passengers  or  goods  are  placed.  In  the 
United  States  the  name  is  given  to  two  or  more  inflated 
cylinders  of  iniiia-rubliir,  or  long  casks  of  metal  or  wood, 
secured  together  in  jiairs  by  a  framework,  and  used  as  a 
life-saving  raft  or  for  crossing  heavv  surf.     See  life-raft. 

balsam  (biil'sam),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bal- 
sem,  Intl.sum,  balsome  (in  ME.  only  as  balm,  q.  v.), 

<  AS.  baham,  balznm,  <  L.  bahdmum,  <  Gr.  /?«/.- 
aaiiov,  the  resin  of  the  balsam-tree,  tlie  tree  it- 
self; fiii'Aaa/ior,  a  balsam-tree;  prob.  of  Semitic 
origin:  seefco^m.]  1.  An  oily,  aromatic,  resinous 
substance,  e.xuding  spontaneously  from  trees 
of  the  genus  Balsnmoflentlron ;  hence,  by  e,\- 
teusion,  any  aromatic  or  odoriferous  exudation 


434 

from  trees  or  shrubs,  whether  spontaneous  or 
after  incision ;  balm.  A  gicat  variety  of  substances 
pass  under  this  name  ;  but  in  chemistry  the  term  is  con- 
fined to  vegetable  juices,  whether  they  renuiin  li(inid  or 
spontaneously  become  solid,  which  consist  of  resins  mixed 
with  gums  or  volatile  oils,  the  resins  being  produced  from 
the  oils  by  oxiilation,  A  balsam  is  thus  intermediate  be- 
tween a  volatile  oil  and  a  resin.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol 
and  etlior,  and  capable  of  yielding  benzoic  acid.  The  bal- 
sams are  either  liquid  or  solid :  of  the  former  are  the  balm 
of  (Jilead  and  the  balsams  of  copaiba,  Peru,  and  Tolu  (see 
below);  of  the  latter,  benzoin,  dragon's  blood,  and  storax. 
The  balsam  used  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Clnu'ch  in  the  con- 
feet  ion  of  chrism  is,  Ity  tlie  rubrics,  that  of  SyTiaor  Alecca; 
but,  frnmditliLUltyitii'ljtainiiigthis,  concessions  have  been 
made  Ity  the  popes  for  the  use  of  the  balsams  of  Brazil, 
Tolu,  I'eiai,  etc. 

Many  of  the  resins  occur  in  plants  dissolved  in  ethereal 
oils.  Should  the  vessels  which  contain  this  solution  be 
injured,  it  flows  out,  and  becomes  thick,  or  even  solid, 
on  exposure  to  the  air,  partly  from  evaporation  of  the 
solvent  oil,  and  partly  by  its  oxidation.  Such  mixtures 
of  oils  and  resins  are  termed  balsams. 

Strieker,  Organic  Chemistry,  p.  732. 

2t.  An  aromatic  preparation  used  for  embalm- 
ing the  dead, —  3.  Any  aromatic  fragrant  oint- 
ment, whether  for  ceremonial  or  for  medicinal 
use,  as  for  healing  wounds  or  soothing  pain. — 
4.  Figuratively,  any  healing  or  soothing  agent 
or  agency. 

Is  this  the  balsam  that  the  usuring  senate 
Pours  into  captains'  wounds?    Shak.,T.  of  A,,  iii,  5. 
Was  not  the  people's  blessing  .  .  .  a6aZ«am  tothy  blood? 
Tennyson,  Becket,  1.  24. 

5t.  In  alchemy,  a  healthful  preservative  essence, 
of  oily  penetrative  nature,  conceived  by  Para- 
celsus to  exist  in  all  organic  bodies.   .iV.  E.  D. — 

6.  A  tree  yielding  an  aromatic,  oily  resin.  In 
the  t'nited  States  the  name  is  often  applied  generally  to 
the  flrs  (species  "f  Al'ir>^),  and  sometimes  ignorantly  to  the 
spruces  also.     Sec  butsain-tree. 

7.  Thelnqjatiensbalsamina,  a  familiar  flowering 
annual,  of  Eastern  origin,  cultivated  in  many 


Flowering  branch  of  Balsam  [fmfatifns/iltva), 
( From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  United  States," ) 

varieties,  often  called  garden-balsam,  and  in  the 
United  States  lady' s-slipper ;  also,  the  native  Eu- 
ropean species,  I .  Noli-me-tangerc,  and  the  Amer- 
ican/./«/ra.  See  Impa  lien.?  and  jewel-weed. 
In  medical  prescriptions  abbreviated  to  bals. 
Balsam  of  Mecca,  tialm  of  liilead.  See  brtl III.— 'B&lsa.m 
of  Peru,  the  pindtiit  of  Myn'XyU'U  Pereira;  alegunnmms 
tree  of  San  Salvador,  It  is  employed  in  perfumery  and 
the  mannfactuie  nf  soaps,  and  in  medicine  as  a  stimulat- 
ing ointment  and  for  the  relief  of  asthma  and  coughs,— 
Balsam  of  Saturn,  a  sidution  of  lead  acetate  in  turpen- 
tine, cuncciitrated  liy  evaporation  and  mixed  with  cam- 
plii.r,  furnurly  nscil  to  hasten  the  cicatrization  of  wounds, 
—  Balsam  of  Tolu  (from  Tolu,  a  seaport  in  the  United 
States  uf  I'uluinlua),  a  product  of  Mi/roxylim  Tolui/era  of 
A'eneznela  and  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  a  species 
closely  allied  to  .1/.  Pereiree  (see  above)  It  has  an  agree- 
able flavor,  and  is  used  in  medicine  as  an  expectorant  and 
stinmlant,  though  its  properties  arc  not  important. — 
Brazilian  balsam,  the  product  of  Myroxylfii  /u-ni  ifemm. 
It  cl( isely  leseiiiMcs  I'ulsam of  Peru, — Broad-leafed  Ijal- 
sam,  of  the  West  Indies,  a  sm.ill  tree  bil..n;;iiig  t"  the 
natural  order  .\raliaee(p,  Sciatb.'i'IniUiitii  cir/.itfilinn,  yiebl- 
ing  an  aromatic  balsam,  wlucli  is  derived  chietly  from  the 
berries, —  Canada  balsam,  a  tiansjiarent  liiinid  resin  or 
turpentine  obtaineil  by  iniiiitiiriim  the  vesicles  which  form 
under  the  bark  of  Hie  balsam  tir,  .ihi.'s  hai^inne>i  of  North 
America.  It  is  much  valued  fi.r  mounting  objects  for  the 
microscope,  as  it  remains  permanently  transparent,  and 
it  is  also  used  in  making  vaniish.  The  principal  supply  is 
from  Canada,  Other  forms  of  turpentine  from  European 
coniferous  trees  are  sometimes  called  balsams. — Copalm 
balsam,  a  balsam  obtained  from  the  sweet-gum,  Li'iitiil- 
ainbar  Sti/racijlua,  very  similar  to  storax  and  used  for 
similar  purposes. — Yellow  balsam,  of  Jamaica,  Croton 
Jtairns,  an  aromatic  eiiphnrbiaceous  shrub,  covered  with  a 
yellow  wool.  (For  other  kinds  of  balsam,  see  acouclii-resin, 
copaiba,  tjurjun,  and  layam.) 
balsam  (bal'sam),  V.  t.  [<  balsam,  n.  Cf.  ML. 
bal.samare.]  1.  To  apply  balsam  or  balm  to; 
anoint  with  balm  or  balsam. 

The  gifts  of  our  young  and  flourishing  age  are  very 
sweet  wheu  they  arc  balsamed  with  disiTetion. 

Bp.  Ilackct,  Abp.  Williams,  i.  5T, 


balsamy 

2.  To  embalm.     [Rare.] 

We  had  him  bnUnnwd  and  sent  home. 

Molly,  Duleh  Republic,  I.  222. 

balsam-apple  (bal'sara-ap'l),  n.  An  annual 
cucurbitaceous  jjlant  of  tropical  regions,  Mo- 
mordica  Balsamina,  he&ving  a  small  warty  fruit 
of  a  red  or  orange  color,  iv.th  the  fruit  and  the 
root  are  actively  purgative.— Wild  balsam-apple,  of  the 
United  States,  an  annual  vine,  J'^efiijiocyslis  Uibala,  of  the 
order  Cueurliitacece,  bearing  numerous  white  flowers  and 
a  fibrous  fruit  opening  at  the  summit. 

balsamation  (bal-sa-ma'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  bal- 
samati(j{n-),  <  baUamare,  pp.  lMtUamatu.1,  to  bal- 
sam, <  L.  balsamum,  balsam.]  The  act  of  ren- 
dering balsamic.     [Rare.] 

balsam-bog  (bal'sam-bog),  n.  A  curious  um- 
belliferous jilant  of  the  Falkland  islands,  form- 
ing hard  hemispherical  hillocks  often  from  2 
to  4  feet  in  height.  It  jields  a  gum  which  has 
been  used  in  medicine. 

balsam-herb  (bal'sam-erb),  n.  A  name  given 
in  Jamaica  to  Dianthera  reptans,  an  acantfaa- 
ceous  plant. 

balsamic  (bal-  or  bal-sam'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  6aJ- 
sani -i- -ic.]     I,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  balsam :  as,  inkom/c  juices. —  2.  Yield- 
ing balsam:  as,  6otea»iic  pine. —  3.  Having  the 
fragrance  of  balsam  ;  aromatic  ;  balmy. 
Tlie  newdeaved  butternut 
And  quivering  poplar  to  the  roving  breeze 
Gave  a  balsamic  fragrance. 

Bryant,  Old  Plan's  Counsel. 

4.  Having  the  healing  or  soothing  qualities  of 
balsam;  healing;  soothing;  mild:  as,  balsamic 
remedies. —  5t.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  balsam 
of  the  alchemists.     See  balsam,  5. 

H.   n.    Any  warm,   stimulating,   demtdcent 
medicine,  of  a  smooth  and  oily  consistence, 
balsamicalt  (bal-  or  bal-sam'i-kal),  a.     Same  as 
balsamic. 
The  balsa inieal  humour  of  my  blood. 

Sir  .V.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  L  1. 

balsamically  (bal-  or  bal-sam'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
a  balsamic  manner;  as  a  balsam. 

balsamiferous  (bal-  or  bal-sa-mif'e-rus),  a. 
[<  L.  balsamum,  balsam,  +  ferre  =  £.  bear^.] 
Producing  balm  or  balsam :  said  of  those  trees 
and  shrubs  which  jield  balsam. 

balsamina  (bal-sa-mi'nii),  M.  [NL. :  see  bal- 
saniine.]     Same  as  balsamine. 

balsamine  (bal'sam-iu),  »i.  [<  F.balsa}nine  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  balsamina,  <  NL.  balsamina  (<  Gr. 
jia'Acaiiivri),  balsam-plant,  prop.  fem.  of  L.  balsa- 
minus,  <  Gr.  * i3a?.(ja/jivoc,  pertaining  to  balsam, 

<  fia?.nafior,  balsam.]  A  name  given  to  the 
garden-balsam  and  to  some  other  species  of 
the  genus  Inqiaticns  (which  see). 

balsamitict  (bal-sa-mit'ik),  a.  [<  ML.  "balsa- 
niiticus  (cf.  ML.  balsamaticus),  <  L.  balsamum.] 
Balsamic. 

balsamito  (bal-sa-me'to),  n.  [In  form  Sp.  or 
Pg. ;  cf.  Sp.  balsainita  (=  Pg.  bakamita).  tansy, 

<  bdlsamo,  balsam:  see  balm.]  A  liquid  ha\'ing 
a  bitter  taste,  the  odor  of  the  Tonquin  bean,  and 
a  light  sherry-color,  produced  by  digesting  the 
frtiit  of  the  balsam  of  Peru  in  rum.  it  is  used  as 
a  iiiediiiiie,  and  also  as  au  application  to  sloughing  sores, 
t  sp,(ially  t'l  those  caused  by  the  chigoe, 

balsamize  (bal'sam-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bal- 
samizcd,  ppr.  balsamizing.  [<  balsam  +  -ize.] 
To  render  balsamic. 
balsamous  (bal'sam-us),  a.  [<  balsam  +  -otis.] 
Having  tlie  qualities  of  balsam ;  abounding  in 
balsam;  consisting  of  balsam. 

Now  the  radical  moisture  is  not  the  tallow  or  fat  of  ani- 
mals, but  an  oily  and  balsaynons  substance. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  v.  36. 

balsam-root  (bal'sam-rot),  n.  A  name  given 
in  California  to  species  of  Balsamorrhiza,  a  ge- 
nus of  low,  coarse,  perennial  composite  plants, 
allied  to  the  simflower.  Tliey  have  deep  thick  roots 
wliich  contain  a  tercbinthinate  balsam.  These  roots  are 
eaten  by  tlic  natives  after  being  peeled  ami  baked. 

balsam-tree  (bal'sam-tre),  11.  A  name  given 
to  many  of  the  balsam-bearing  trees  of  the 
tropics  (see  balsam),  and  to  the  mastic-tree, 
Pistacia  Lentiscus.  in  North  America  it  is  applied 
to  Popultis  balsamifera,  and  on  the  western  coast  to  P. 
triehoearpa.  It  is  also  given  especially  to  the  balsam- 
bearing  conifers,  Abies  bulsaniea  and  .4.  Fraseri  in  the 
ea,st  (the  latter  tree  being  distinguished  as  the  she-balsam), 
and  in  the  Kocky  Mountains  and  westw.ard  to  .4.  concolor 
and  .1.  subalp'ina.  The  balsam-tree  or  balsam-fig  of  Ja- 
maica is  the  Clnsia  rosea. 

balsam-'Weed  (bal'sam-wed),  ?i.  A  name  of  the 
common  everlastings  of  the  United  States, 
Unajihnlium  dccurrens  and  G.  polycephalum. 
Tliey  are  also  called  sweet  balsam,  on  account 
of  their  balsamic  fragrance. 

balsamy  (bal's.im-i),  «.  [<  balsam  +  -yl.] 
Balsam-like;  balmy. 


baltei 

baltel,  «■  Plural  of  hahciis. 
baiter,  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  hanUrr,  hnltrr  (in 
bldoil-holtcrril,  q.  v.),  now  only  tliiil.  hiinln;  < 
ME.  bdltirvii,  prob.  of  Scanil.  origin;  ef.  Dan. 
baltrc,  var.  of  bultrc,  roll,  tumble,  gambol.]  I, 
intrans.  If.  To  tumble;  dance  clumsily. 
So  blythe  of  liis  wodliync  hu  haltnrx  thvr  viulefrl. 

Alliterative  J'lu'inn  (i^d.  Morris),  iii.  459. 

2.  To  become  tangled  or  matted.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
It  (n  Kof^t's  hfiirill  hnltereth  anil  cluttrrcth  into  knots 
nnd  l),ills.  IliiUaiul,  tr.  of  I'liny,  xii.  17.    (A'.  A'.  D.) 

II.  trniis.  1.  To  tread  downi  in  a  clumsy  man- 
ner. [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2t.  To  tangle;  clot;  mat, 
as  the  hair. 

balteilS  (bal'te-us),  n.;  pi.  baltei  (-i).  [L.,  a 
belt:  according  to  Varro,  a  Tuscan  word,  but 
perhaps  of  Celtic  origin:  see  belt.}  1.  In  I{ii- 
vian  antiq.,  a  belt:  either  a  girdle,  or  a  baldric 
worn  over  the  shoulder  to  support  a  sword, 
shield,  or  quiver. —  2.  In  arch.:  (a)  A  band 
perpendicular  to  the  a.\is  in  the  lateral  part  of 
the  volute  of  an  Ionic  pulvinated  capital,  (ft) 
One  of  the  passages  dividing  the  auditorium 
of  ancient  Eoman  theaters  and  amphitheaters 
horizontally  into  upper  and  lower  zones,  and 
affording  access  to  the  different  cunei,  or  wedge- 
shaped  divisions  of  the  auditorium,  without  dis- 
turl)ing  persons  occupying  seats.  Such  a  pas- 
sage had  usually  the  form  of  a  wide  step. 

Baltic  (bal'tik),  a.  [<  NL.  Balticiis,  prob.  < 
Lith.  baltas,  white,  balti,  bo  white.]  Appella- 
tive of  or  pertaining  to  the  sea  which  separates 
Sweden  from  Denmark,  (iermany,  and  Russia; 
situated  on  or  bordering  the  Baltic  sea:  as,  the 
7)V///(' islands ;  the  Hiillic  coasta. 

Baltimore  bird,  oriole.    See  oriole. 

baltimorite  (bil'ti-mor-it),  n.  [<  Baltimore,  the 
chief  city  in  Maryland,  -I-  -He-.']  A  variety  of 
serpentine  from  Bare  Hills,  Maryland. 

balu  (ba'lo),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  kind  of  wild- 
cat, Fclis  siimatraiia,  native  in  Sumatra. 

Baluchi  (ba-lii'che),  II.  [Pers.  BiiUichi,  Bdu- 
chl.^  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Balu- 
chistan, a  country  Ijiug  to  the  east  of  Persia 
and  between  Afghanistan  and  the  Arabian  sea ; 
specifically,  a  member  of  one  of  the  tribes  of 
Baluchistan,  a  distinct  race  from  the  present 
dominant  tribe,  the  Brahoes. —  2.  The  language 
spoken  by  the  Baluchis  and  by  over  300,000 
British  subjects  inhabiting  Sind  and  the  Pan- 
jab.  It  l)elongs  to  the  Iranic  hranch  of  tlie  .\ry.in  family 
of  languages.  It  has  no  littiatiiri.'  utkI  written  eliaraetei-s 
of  its  own,  Arabic  eliaractrrs  Iiaviii',;  been  used  for  sucii 
works  in  Balnchi  as  have  ri'c<;ntly  appeared. 
Also  written  Beloochce  and  Belooch. 

baluster  (bal'us-t6r),  II.  [Also  baUuster,  halJis- 
ter  (and  corruptly  bannister,  banister,  q.  v.), 
formerly  also  ballcster ;  <  F.  Iialiistrc,  <  It.  ba- 
laiL^tro  (=  Sp.  Pg.  b<ilaiistre),  a  baluster,  small 
pillar,  so  called  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to 
the  flower  of  the  wild  pomegranate,  <  balaiisto, 
balausta,  halanstra  =  Sp.  balatistra,  balaiistria 
=  Pg.  balaustia  =  F.  bulanstc,  formerly  also  ba- 
lustre,  <  L.  balaiistinm,  <  Gr.  liaAavariov,  the 
flower  of  the  wild  pomegranate -tree.  Cf.  Ba- 
laiistion.']  1.  In  arch,  and  building,  a  small 
upright  member  made  in  a  great  variety  of 


435 

At  the  bottom  is  ji  parterre ;  tho  upper  terrace  ncero 
half  a  mylo  In  lengtli,  w'h  dou)>le  declivities,  arched  nnd 
linlutiter'tl  w'h  stone,  of  vast  and  royal  cost. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Feb.  27,  1044. 
baluster-shaft  (bal'us-tfir-shaft),  n.  A  form 
of  pillar  occurring  in  so-called  Anglo-Sa.\on 
architecture,  and 
in  work  influenced 
by  it  as  late  as  tho 
twelfth  century. 
It  serves  especially  us 
ft  separation  of  win- 
dow-lights and  other 
openings,  and  is  named 
from  its  rude  resem- 
blnnco  in  shape  to  a 
baluster  of  the  conven- 
tional type. 

baluster-stem 

(barus-tcr-stem), 
n.  Tho  stem  of  a 
goblet,  chalice,  or 
other  similar  vessel  when  of  the  bulging  shape 
characteristic  of  a  baluster. 
balustrade  (bal-us-trad' ),  «.  [<  F.  balustrade,  < 
It.  balauslrata  (=  Sj).  Pg.  balaustrndii),  a  balus- 
trade, prop,  adj.  fem.,  furnished  with  balusters, 
<  balaustro,  a  baluster.]  In  arch.,  strictly,  a 
barrier  or  railing  consisting  of  a  horizontal 


Baluster-shafts. 
St.  Albans  Cathedral.  England. 


Balusters. 
A,  from  church  of  Santa  TriniCi  del  Monte.  Rome ;  B,  from  pulpit- 
stairs,  Diiomo  of  Siena ;  C  {bronze  '.  from  Casa  de  Pilatos,  Seville. 

forms,  but  typically  strongly  swelled  outward 
at  some  point  between  the  base  and  the  top  or 
capital,  and  commonly  vase-  or  urn-shaped, 
used  in  series  to  support  the  rail  of  a  railing  or 
balustrade.  The  balu.ftir.a-idistiriyiiisbcil  from  a  small 
column  serving  tbesatiie  purpose,  uiiginatcil  in  the  archi- 
tecture of  the  KfUaissatici-.      Now  itfteu  called  banister. 

2.  In  arch.,  tlu!  lateiiil  i)art  of  the  volute  of  the 
Ionic  capital.     Also  liol.Kti'r. 
balustered  (barus-tertl), «.   [<  baluster  +  -e^'^.] 
Furnished  with  balusters. 


Balustrade.— From  the  Villa  d'Este,  Tivoli.  Italy. 

member  resting  on  a  series  of  balusters;  but, 
commonly,  an  ornamental  railing  or  pierced 
parapet  of  any  kind,  whether  serving  as  a  bar- 
rier or  merely  as  a  decorative  feature,  and 
whether  composed  of  balusters  or  not. 

Kriiail-basi  (i  tlitrlits  of  marble  stairs 

Kan  up  with  giililen  haluMraile. 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

balustraded  (bal-us-tra'ded),  a.  [<  Imlnstradc 
+  -erf^.]  Furnished  with  a  balustrade  or  bal- 
ustrades. 

I  like  the  balustraded  terraces,  the  sun-proof  laurel 
walks,  the  vases  and  statues. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  321. 

balustrading  (bal-us-tni'ding),  «.  [<  balus- 
triidr  +  -/".'/'.]  A  balustraile  or  balustrades; 
balustrade-work. 

The  upper  [lloorj  was  terraced  and  ilefended  by  strong 
hnbislradimj.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Ilur,  p.  O'L 

balysaur,  n.     See  balisaur. 

balza,  n.     See  balsa. 

balzant,  «■  [F-,  ^  It-  iahano.  white-footed, 
white-spotted,  =  OF.  baiisan.  bausaiit :  see  bau- 
soiid,  liauson.']    A  horse  ha\-ing  four  white  feet. 

balzarine  (bal-^'i-i'eu'),  n.  [Origin  obscure.] 
A  light  mixed  fabric  of  cotton  and  wool  for 
women's  dresses,  commonly  used  for  summer 
gowns  before  the  introduction  of  barege. 

bam  (bam),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  Iiammed,  pi>r. 
banimiiKj.  [.\  slang  word,  formerly  also  bamb, 
either  an  abbr.,  or  the  source  of  the  first  syl- 
lable, of  bamboode,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  To  bam- 
boozle; cheat;  hoax;  wheedle.     [Slang.] 

This  is  senile  conspiracy,  I  suppose,  to  ham,  to  chouse 
me  out  of  my  money.  Foote. 

II.   intrans.  To  practise  hoaxing  or  imposi- 
tion.    [Slang.] 

bam  (bam),  n.  [<  bam,  r.]  A  cheat;  a  hoax; 
an  iiu position.     [Slang.] 

It  wxs  all  a  haii\,  madam,  a  scene  we  thought  proper  to 

act.  -4.  Murphy. 

To  relievo  the  tedium  he  kept  pl>1ng  them  with  all 

manner  of  /*fimA'.  J.  Wilson. 

bamalip  (bam'a-lip),  n.  [An  artificial  tenu.] 
In  liKjic,  a  mnemonic  word  denoting  a  mood  of 
the  fourth  figure,  containing  syllogisms  with 
universal  affirmative  premises  and  a  ])articiilar 
affirmative  conclusion :  as,  All  greyhounds  are 
dogs;  but  all  dogs  are  quadi'upeds;  therefore, 
some  ([uadrupeds  are  greyhounds,  six  of  the 
seven  letters  c.iiiiimsiiig  the  word  arc  signitleant.    li  shows 

that  the  n d  is  to  be  reduced  to  ^/irr^^rrd  (which  see);  a. 

tliat  the  major  premise  is  a  universal  altirmative  ;  m.  that 
tile  premises  are  to  be  transposed  in  reducing  it  to  the 
first  tlgure ;  a,  that  the  minor  premise  is  a  universal  af- 


bamboo-brier 

flmiativc ;  i,  that  the  conclusion  is  a  particular  nfnnnatlve ; 
ami  j>,  that  the  oiuiidtmion  of  harbara  has  in  the  reduction 
to  1)0  converted  per  accideiis  to  give  the  oonclusion  of 
bamalip.  This  iinioil  was  originally  called  baralipton  Iiy 
Petrus  Hispaiius.  English  logicians  more  cmnmonly  call 
the  mood  bramantip,  in  order  to  make  the  hexameter 

r.raniantip,  cftmenes,  dimaris,  fesapo,  freslson. 

See  nui«'t. 

bamalipton  (bam-a-lip'ton),  n.  [An  artificial 
term.]  A  mood  of  syllogism,  differing  from 
baraliiiton  only  in  having  the  names  of  the  ma- 
jor and  minor  jircmises  transposed.  The  name 
was  inventcil  by  .Jotioc  Trutfeder  of  Eisenacli,  a  teacher  of 
Luther,  who  ilied  in  l-fjlft. 

bambara  (bam'ba-rii), )(.  [An  artificial  tei-m.] 
A  moiiil  (if  sylliigism,  differing  from  barbara 
tmly  ill  having  the  names  of  tho  major  and 
minor  jiremises  transposed.  The  name  was  in- 
vented by  .loiliic  Trutfeder.     See  bamalipton. 

bambino  (bam-be'no),  n. ;  pi.  bambini  (-n§). 
[It.,  a  cliild,  dim.  of  banibo,  childish,  simple; 
cf.  bimbo,  a  child,  Sp.  bambarri<i,  a  child,  a 
foolish  man,  Austrian  hams,  child.  Prob.  of 
imitative  origin,  and  so  far  related  to  Gr.  iia/i- 
jiaiveiv,  chatter  with  the  teeth,  also  stammer; 
jiajifiaKvCeiv,  iia/i,ia'/.'Kecv,  ftuii,ia'/.iCeiv,  stammer. 
Cf.  babble.']  A  child  or  baby;  specifically,  a 
figm'e  of  tho  Child  Je.sus.  It  is  commonly  repre- 
senteil  a-s  in  the  manger  at 
Bethleliem,  and  is  expiiscii 
in  many  Konian  Catholic 
churches  tlir<jugliout  the 
Wiuid  from  Christmas  to 
Epiphany,  the  effect  being 
often  hcighti-ned  by  figures 
of  angels,  of  tliesbeiilierds, 
of  the. Magi, eti-.  The  whole 
together  is  ci'iiimonly  call- 
ed in  English  the  erih.  As 
a  subject  of  popular  devo- 
tion, it  owes  its  origin  to 
St.  Francis  of  Assist  in  the 
early  pai-t  of  the  tbirteeiith 
century.  The  famous  liam- 
bino  in  the  church  of  Ara 
Coeli  at  Rome  is  of  olive- 
wood,  and  was  made  in  Pal- 
estine by  a  Franciscan  lay 
brother  some  time  before 
the  seventeenth  century; 
it  is  in  repute  for  miracu- 
lous healing,  ami  has  been 
richly  deeorateil  by  the 
faithful.  In  the  line  arts 
this  subject  h:is  been  often 
treated,  notably  in  the 
glazed  terra-cotta  reliefs  of 
Luea  della  Hotibia. 

bambocciade  (bam-boch-i-iid'),  n.  [Also  6fl»i- 
biicciate,  and  liambDeeiata  (afterlt.);  <  F.  bam- 
bochade,  <  It.  Immbocciata,  gi'otesque  painting, 
caricature,  <  bamboccio,  a  little  child,  puppet, 
simpleton  (likt^  bambino,  a  dim.  of  bamho,  child- 
ish, simple:  see  bambinn);  said  to  have  been  a 
nickname  given  to  I'ietcr  van  Laer  (17th  cen- 
tury), a  painter  of  such  scenes.]  In  paintinp, 
a  grotesque  scene  from  common  life,  as  rustic 
games,  a  village  festival,  rollicking  peasants 
drinking  and  smoking,  and  kindred  subjects. 
Teniers  is  the  great  nuuster  of  this  style,  and  in  British  iirt 
Wilkie  is  probably  it-s  best  representative. 

bamboo  (bam-bo'),  11.  [.^Iso  bandiu,  and  for- 
merly also  bamboii,  bainboir,  bnnibo,  and  (after 
D.)  Immbou.'ie,  Iximbiis;  =  D.  bamboes  =  G.  Dan. 
bainbus  =  Sw.  bambii  =  Pol.  Bohem.  bambus  = 
Kuss.  bambul'u  =  F.  bambou  =  Sp.  baiiibii  =  Pg. 
bambii  (first  recorded  as  inambii)  =  It.  banibii 
(NL.  bambu.'ia) ;  from  the  native  E.  Ind.  name, 
Malay  and  .Tav.  banibii,  CdnaresebanbKovbaniin. 
The  orig.  language  is  uncertain.]  1.  (a)  The 
common  name  of  the  arborescent  grasses  be- 
longing to  the  genus  JSiimbnsa  (which  see)  and 
its  allies,  (ft)  In  the  West  Indies,  a  tall  climb- 
ing grass  of  tho  genus  Vanicnm,  P.  diiarira- 
tuin.  (c)  In  Queensland,  a  coarse  grass,  Stipa 
mierantha. —  2.  A  stick  or  cane  from  the  stem 
of  the  bamboo. — 3.  In  potterii,  a  name  given  to 
a  cane-colored  bisctiit  made  by  Wedgwooil. — 
4.  An  Eastern  measure  of  length,  equal  in 
Pondicherrj'  to  3 J  meters. —  5.  In  Sumatra,  a 
measure  of  capacity :  in  Bencoolen,  equal  to  the 
United  States  (Winchester)  gallon ;  in  Achin, 

to  5  pints.  — Bamboo  books,  a  collection  of  ancient 
Chinese  wTitings.  cliietly  historical,  said  to  liave  been  dis- 
covered in  the  tomb  of  a  prince  of  Wei,  -t.  I).  279.  Tlie 
writings  were  engi'avetl  on  slips  of  bamboo,  as  w.as  cus- 
tomary in  China  before  the  invention  of  paper.--  Sacred 
batnbOO,  the  Xamliua  dome.ftica,  a  handsome  evergi-een 
berbcriilaccons  shrub,  bearing  red  berries,  and  extensively 
cultivateii  in  China  and  .Tapail.  It  is  chiefly  used  for  dec- 
oration. 

bamboo  (bam-bo'),  !'.  t.  [<  bamboo.  «.]  To 
beat  with  a  bamboo  ;  punish  by  flogging  with 
a  smooth  lath  of  bamboo  ;  bastinado. 

bamboo-brier  (bam-bii'bii'^r),  «.  The  green- 
brier  of  the  United  States,  Smilax  rotundifolia, 
a  tall  thorny  climber. 


bamboo-partridge 
bamboo-partridge  (bam-l'ii'iiiii"  trij),  >i.    A 

mt'inluT  of  tlu-  ;;c»ms  Jidmhu.sicftld. 

bamboo-rat  (bam-bii'rat),  H.  A  .sj)ecics  of  ro- 
dent aiiiiiiiil  of  tho  size  of  a  ralilut,  ln-longiug 
to  llio  goiiiis  lUii-oiin/.i,  found  in  Malacca. 

bamboozle  (bam-bO'zl),  v.;  prct.  a7id  pp.  hani- 
boiizlai,  ppr.  bambiiodinij.  [itontioncd  by  Swift 
in  1710  among  "  eortain  word.s  invented  by  some 
pretty  fellows,  su<'h  as />««/*■)■,  bamboozle,  country 
put,  .  .  .  some  of  which  arc  now  struggling  for 
the  vogue"  (Tatlor,  No.  2I!0) ;  apjiar.  a  slang 
■word,  of  no  deiiuito  origin,  connected  with 
(prob.  abbreviated  to)  bamb,  ham,  which  ap- 
pears a  little  later:  see  Ixtm.  Cf.  .Se.  bomha:fi, 
humba:c,  confuse,  stupefy,  bazed,  bused,  busit, 
confused,  stupid.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  hoax;  de- 
ceive ;  trick ;  impose  upon. 

All  tlie  people  upon  earth,  excepting  these  two  or  three 

worthy  geutlcnien,  are  imposed  upon,  cheated,  bnljhled, 

abused,  bamboozfed !  Addison,  Drummer,  i.  1. 

Americans  are  neither  to  be  dragooned  nor  bamboozled 

out  of  their  liberty.  Franklin,  Life,  p.  514. 

It's  supposed  by  this  trick 

He  bamboozled  Old  Nick. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  203. 
2.  To  perplex ;  mystify. 
II.  intraiis.  To  use  trickery;  practise  cheating. 
bamboozler  (bam-bii'zler),  n.     One  who  bam- 
boozles ;  a  cheat ;  one  who  plays  tricks  upon 
another. 
'       There  are  a  set  of  fellows  they  call  banterers  and  bani- 
hoozlers,  that  play  such  tricks. 

Arbuthnot,  John  Bull  (1755),  p.  5S. 

bambosh  (bam'bosh),  n.  [<  bam  +  bosh,  prob. 
with  ri'f.  to  bamboozle.']  Humbug.  [Slang.] 
N.  E.  IK 
bamboula  (bam-bo'lii),  «.  [Creole  F.,  <  F. 
hambou,  bamboo.]  1.  A  small  drum  consist- 
ing of  a  section  of  bamboo  covered  at  one  end 
with  sheepskin,  formerly  in  use  among  slaves 
in  Louisiana. —  2.  A  dance  performed  to  the 
accompaniment  of  such  a  tlrum. 
Bambusa  (bam-bii'sa),  n.  [NL.,  through  D. 
bamboes,  G.  bambus,  etc.,  <  E.  Ind.  bambu:  see 
bamboo.]  A  genus  of  arborescent  grasses,  of 
the  tribe  Bambusew  (which  see),  of  about  25  well- 
known  species, 
natives  of  south- 
em  and  eastern 
Asia,  one  species 
only  being  cos- 
mopolitan. This 
species,  the  common 
bamboo,  J5.  vttl- 
itaris,  is  nowhere 
known  as  indige- 
nous, but  is  natural- 
ized in  many  places, 
and  is  cultivated 
extensively  in  the 
old  world,  the  West 
Indies,  and  South 
America.  Some  of 
the  species  are  spi- 
nose  at  the  joints, 
others  are  climbers. 
The  steins  attain  a 
height  of  20,  50,  or 
even  120  feet,  with 
a  diameter,  in  the 
larger  species,  of 
from  4  to  8  inches. 
The  uses  that  are 
ma<le  of  the  stems 
and  leaves  of  the 
various  species  of 
bamboo  in  the  East 
Indies  and  eastern 
Asia  are  innumerable.  Houses  and  their  furniture,  the 
masts,  sails,  and  rigging  of  ships,  rafts,  bridges,  fences, 
carts,  palanquins,  water-pipes,  cordage,  paper,  boxes,  bas- 
kets, mats,  pipe-stems,  and  in  fact  nearlv  all  articles  of  or- 
dinary use,  are  made  entirely  or  in  part  from  tliis  material. 
The  seeds  and  young  shoots  are  used;isfuocl,  anil  the  leaves 
furnish  tmlilsr  for  cattle. 
bambusaceous  (bam-bu-sa'shius),  a.  [<  Bam- 
busa +  -(iccous.]  Resembling  the  bamboo ;  be- 
longing to  the  gramineous  tribe  Bambusew. 
Bambuse8e(bam-bii'se-e),  n.2]l.  [NL.,<  Bambti- 
sa  +  -e(B.]  Atribeof  grasses,  of  great  economic 
importance,  including  nearly  200  species  in 
about  20  genera,  of  which  Bambusa  (which  see) 
may  be  considered  the  tj-pe.  Th.y  are  mostly  con- 
fined to  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  though  some  are 
there  found  at  an  altitude  of  from  10,fK^)t..  iri,<HHi  feet  above 
the  sea.  'I'bey  arc  giegarious  in  iiabit,  inid  bave  woody, 
tall,  and  often  arliorescent  stems,  bollnw  between  tlie 
joints,  the  taller  species  reaching  an  extreme  height  of  120 
feet,  with  a  diameter  of  (;  or  ,s  inches.  .Most  of  the  species 
flower  but  rarely,  but  the  flowering  of  any  species,  when 
it  occurs,  is  usually  general,  and  the  conseriucnt  harvest 
of  seed  has  at  times  prevented  fannne  in  India.  The 
Itamboos  of  tropical  Amelica  belong  to  several  genera 
(chiefly  Arlhiv.iliilhliiiio,  C7ii«i;ii<-n,  and  Qiindiin),  some 
species  attainim;  neai-ly  the  .size  of  tllosc  of  the  old  world, 
the  genus  tiiimlua  scarcely  tiirtering  from  Uainhnxa,  Sev- 
era!  of  the  Indian  genera  are  berry-bearing,  the  species 
jnost  remarkable  in  tliis  respect  being  SUlocanna  bambu- 


4:^0 


I,  Bamboo  {Bambusa  -vtiig^aris],  show- 
ing its  mode  of  growtli ;  a,  fluwers,  leaves, 
and  stem  on  a  larger  scale. 


Clump  of  Gi.int  B.iii 


soides,  which  produces  an  edible,  fleshy,  pear-shaped  fruit 
from  3  to  5  inches  long.  The  same  species,  as  also  some 
others,  yields  the  tabasheer  (which  see),  a  secretion  in  the 
joints,  mainly  silicious,  which  is  used  as  a  medicine. 

Bambusicola  (bam-bu-sik'o-la),  n.  [NL.,  < 
bambusa,  bamboo,  -f  L.  colerc,  inhabit.]  A  ge- 
nus of  gallinaceous  birds  of  .Asia,  the  bamboo- 
partridges.  B.  thoracica  is  a  Chinese  species ; 
B.  sonorivox  is  foimd  in  Formosa. 

bambusicoline  (bam-bu-sik'o-lin),  a.  [<  NL. 
bambusieoUnus,  <  bambusa,  bamboo,  -1-  Ij.eolere, 
inhabit:  see  -jhcI.]  Inhabiting  cane-brakes; 
living  in  bamboo-grass :  said  of  sundry  animals, 
as  certain  partridges,  rats,  etc. 

bamia  (ba'mi-S),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  iSihi- 
rkhv,  taken  in  the  Bed  Sea.  In  a  dried  state 
it  is  much  used  as  food  by  sailors. 

bamlite  (bam'lit),  «.  [<  Bamle  +  -)7el.]  A  va- 
rietj-  of  fibrolite  from  Bamle,  Norway. 

banl  (ban),  i'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  banned,  ppr.  banning. 
[<  ME.  bannen,  <  AS.  barman,  hunnan,  summon, 
iucomp.  dbannan,  summon,  (jebannan,  simimon, 
command,  proclaim,  =  OFries.  banna,  bonna, 
command,  proclaim,  =  OD.  bannen,  prohibit, 
mod.  D.  banish,  e.xile,  exorcise,  trump,  =  OHCt. 
bannan,  MHO.  G.  bannen,  banish,  e.xpel,  exor- 
cise, =  Icel.  banna,  forbid,  curse,  refl.  swear,  = 
Sw.  banna,  reprove,  chide,  reii.  ciu'se,  swear,  = 
Dan.  bande,  cm'se,  swear,  =  Goth,  "bannan  (not 
recorded),  orig.  appar.  '  proclaim  or  announce,' 
subsequently '^command  or  forbid  imder  a  pen- 
alty,' prob.  akin  to  L.  fari,  say,  speak  ( >  ult. 
H.  fable,  fame,  fate,  etc."),  =Gr.  (pdvat,  speak,  say 
(>  ult.  E.  aphasia,  aphemia,  euphemism,  etc.); 
ef.  Skt.  -j/  bhan,  speak.  Cf.  also  Gr.  (paivetv, 
make  appear,  show,  shine,  Skt.  ■\/  bhd,  appear, 
shine.  The  ML.  verb  bannire,  summon,  pro- 
claim, banish,  is  formally  from  the  noun:  see 
banish.  The  sense  of  'curse'  is  appar.  due  to 
Seand.  use.]  I.  trans.  1+.  To  simimon ;  call  out. 
He  .  .  .  bamwde  his  cnihtes.  Layamon,  I.  324. 

Ph.ar.aon  bnmude  vt  his  here.  Gen.  and  Ex.,  1.  3213. 

2.  To  anathematize;  pronounce  an  ecclesias- 
tical curse  upon;  place  under  a  ban. 

It  is  hard  to  admire  the  man  [Henry  VIII. ]  who  was 
burning  .and  bannini]  Lutherans  at  hoiue,  while  lie  was 
trying  to  ally  himself  with  them  abroad. 

R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  iii. 

3.  To  curse ;  execrate. 

Here  upon  my  knees,  striking  the  earth, 
I  ban  their  souls  to  everlasting  pains. 

Marlowe,  Jew  of  Malta,  i.  2. 
lie  cursed  and  banned  the  Christians.  Knolles. 

4.  To  prohibit;  interdict;  proscribe. 

The  religion  of  the  immense  majority  .  .  .  was  banned 
and  proscribed. 

Lechy,  Rationalism  (1878),  II.  41.    (JV.  £.  D.) 
Working  his  best  with  beads  and  cross  to  ban 
The  enemy  that  comes  in  like  a  flood. 

Byowninrj,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  46. 
II.  in  trans.  To  curse;  utter  curses  or  male- 
dictions. 

And  ciu-st,  and  band,  and  blasphemies  forth  threw. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  V.  xi.  12. 
ban^  (ban),  n.  [<  ME.  ban,  banne,  bane;  partly 
identical  with  iban,  <  AS.  gebann,  proclamation, 
decree,  =  (without  prefix)  OS.  ban  =  OFries. 
ban,  bon  =  OD.  ban  =  OHG.  MHG.  ban,  bann, 
G.  bann,  proclamation  (of  command  or  prohibi- 
tion), =:Ieel.  /)<!«»  =  Sw.  bann  =Dan.  ban,  band, 
prohibition,  interdict,  excommunication;  and 
partly  (in  the  form  ban,  bane)  <  OF.  ban  =  Pr. 
ban  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  bando,  <  ML.  bannnm,  bannics, 
also  bandnm,  proclamation,  summons,  edict, 
proscription,  banishment,  excommunication, 
etc.,  from  the  Teut.  (OHG.)  foi-m,  which  is  from 


banana 

the  verb:  see  6anl,  v.,  and  cf.  bavi-ih.]  1.  In 
feudal  times:  (a)  A  p>il)lie  proclamation  or 
edict;  especially,  it  proclamation  summoning 
to  arms,  (b)  The  array  or  body  so  summoned. 
See  arrih-c-ban,  2. 

Tlie  i«i7i  was  sonietimcs  convoked,  that  is,  the  possessors 
of  the  flefs  were  called  upon  for  military  services  in  sub- 
scfiuent  ages,  Ilatlam,  Middle  Ages,  ii.  2. 

((•)  A  jiroclamation  made  at  the  head  of  a  body 
of  troops,  or  in  the  cantonments  of  an  army,  by 
beat  of  drum  or  sound  of  trumpet,  to  announce 
the  appointment  of  an  officer  or  the  punishment 
of  a  soldier,  to  enforce  discipline,  etc.  in  mod- 
ern times  these  proclamations  are  i>ublished  in  the  writ- 
ten orders  of  the  day. 

2.  A  proclamation  or  notice  given  in  a  church 
of  an  intended  mamage :  generally  used  in  the 
plural,  bans,  usually  spelled  banns  (which  see). 
—  3.  An  edict  of  interdiction;  a  sentence  of 
outlawTy.  Thus,  to  put  a  prince  under  the  ban  of  the 
empire  was  to  divest  him  of  his  dignities,  and  to  interdict 
all  intercourse  and  all  offices  of  humanity  with  the  offend- 
er. Sometimes  whole  cities  have  been  put  under  the  ban, 
that  is,  deprived  of  their  rights  and  privileges. 
4.  Interdiction;  authoritative  prohibition. —  5. 
A  formal  ecclesiastical  denunciation;  curse; 
excommimication  ;  anathema. — 6.  A  maledic- 
tion ;  expressioo  of  execration ;  cm'se. 
Her  fyrie  eyes  with  ftuious  sparkes  did  stare. 
And  with  blasphemous  baiines  high  God  in  peeces  tare. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  39. 

7.  A  pecuniary  mulct  or  penalty  laid  upon  a 
delinquent  for  offending  against  a  ban. — 8.  A 
mulct  paid  to  the  bishop,  in  addition  to  other 
penalties,  for  certain  crimes  connected  with  sa.- 
cred  things,  chiefly  sacrilege  and  perjury. 
ban-  (ban),  H.  [Croatian  ban  =  Bidg.  Serv.  ban, 
Himg.  ban,  <  Pers.  ban,  a  lord,  master.]  A 
title  formerly  given  to  the  military  chiefs  who 
guarded  the  southern  marches  of  Hungary  (the 
Banat),  but  now  only  to  the  governor  of  Croatia 
and  Slavonia,  who  is  appointed  by  the  emperor 
of  Austria  as  king  of  Hungary,  and  is  respon- 
sible to  the  landtag  of  Croatia  and  Slavonia. 
ban3  (ban),  ».  [Cf.  banana.]  A  fine  sort  of 
muslin  made  in  the  East  Intiies  from  the  leaf- 
stalk fibers  of  the  banana, 
banal^  (ban'al),  ((.  [Formerly  also  bannal,  < 
F.  bannal  (Cotgrave),  now  banal  =  Pr.  banal, 
<  ML.  bannalis,  pertaining  to  compulsory  feu- 
dal service :  applied  especially  to  mills,  wells, 
ovens,  etc.,  used  in  common  by  people  of  the 
lower  classes,  upon  the  command  of  a  feudal 
superior;  hence,  common,  commonplace;  <  ban- 
num,  command,  proclamation:  see  6«h1,  h.] 
1.  Subject  to  manorial  rights;  used  in  com- 
mon: as,  a  banal  mill  or  oven.  See  banal- 
ity.—  2.  Common;  commonplace;  hackneyed; 
trite;  stale. 

Too  much  of  what  [England]  gives  us  from  her  painters 
ol  modern  life  is  familiar,  tawdry,  batml. 

FortniriMltj  Kee.  (N.  S.),  X.XXIII.  76. 
banaP  (ban'al),  a.  [<  ban^  +  -ed.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  ban,  or  provincial  governor:  as, 
the  royal  banal  court  at  Agram.  See  ban'^. 
banality  (ba-nal'i-ti),  «. ;  pi.  banalities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  banalite,  <  banal :  see  banal^.]  1.  In  old 
French  and  French-Canadian  law,  the  right  by 
which  a  lord  compelled  his  vassals  to  giind  at 
his  mill,  bake  at  his  oven,  etc. :  applied  also  to 
the  regions  within  which  this  right  was  exer- 
cised.—  2.  The  state  of  being  banal,  trite,  or 
stale;  commonplaceness;  triviality. — 3.  Any- 
thing common,  trite,  or  trivial;  a  commonplace. 
He  has  a  good  sense  that  enables  him  to  see  through 
the  banalities  of  English  political  life  and  to  shrink  from 
involving  his  own  existence  in  such  littleness. 

Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  253. 

banana  (ba-nan'ii),  «.     [Also  formerly  banano 

(tree) ;  =  F.  banane,  <  Sp.  Pg.  banana,  the  fruit 

of  the  banana-tree,  Sp.  banano  (Pg.  bananeira, 

F.  bananier),t\i6  tree  itself;   cited  in  the  16th 

century  as  the 
native  name  in 
Guinea,  but  the 
plant  is  prob- 
ably a  native 
of  the  East  In- 
4^  dies.]  An  endo- 
genous plant  of 
the  genus  ilu- 
sa,  M.  sapien- 
tum,  now  culti- 
vatedforitsfruit 
evervwlier(>  in 
the  tropics.  The 
stem -like  trunk, 
fonned  of  the  eom- 
pact  sheathing  leaf- 
stalks.  gri>ws   to  a 

Banana  {AfHsa  safieHtum\,  height    usually  of  S 


banana 

or  10  feet,  bearing  its  oliloiit;  fruit  in  n  dense  cluster  2  or 3 
feet  long  and  suniotinu-s  wei^diiriK  70  or  80  ptMiuds.  The 
Indt  is  soft,  sweetish,  not  highly  Hiivored,  and  without 
seeds.  It  is  eaten  either  raw  or  eooked.  Several  varieties 
arc  cultivateil.  ditfering  in  size,  color,  and  flavor.  After 
fruiting  the  stem  decays,  or  is  cut  down,  and  new  shootJi 

spring  from  the  i t  and  produce  a  new  crop  in  a  few 

months.  The  llherof  the  stem  UTul  leaves  is  of  little  value. 
The  phintain,  M.  paradUiaca,  is  probably  only  a  variety 
of  the  same  species.  Sec  J/u.sa  anil  plantain. —  Banana 
essence,  an  artificial  fruit-essence  used  for  llavoring  jel- 
lies, ices,  and  confectionery.  It  is  a  mixture  of  nmyl 
acetate  and  butyric  ether. — Mexican  banana,  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  a  species  of  Yarra,  Y.  Itarrala,  of 
nortlierti  Mexico  and  the  adjacent  United  States,  which 
bears  a  large,  juicy,  edible  fruit. 
banana-bird  (ba-uau'S-bi'Tcl),  v.  A  name  givoii 
by  early  wrifci's  to  sevoral  Wost  Indian  and 
troi)i(!al  Aiiu'rican  speeies  of  the  largo  genus 
Icterus,  wliieh  contains  the  American  orioles  or 
hangnests,  more  or  less  nearly  related  to  the 
Baltimore  bird,  Icterus  (jaWula.  iims,  umler  this 
name,  Edwards  dcscrilies  a  species,  afterward  the  Xan- 
thoniHS  mt'xicanuft  ot  lirisson  (17110).  and  the  Orinlus  ba- 
naiuiot  Liima)us(170«).  The  /c^'rI/.^  ^■fo•f»;»^'r^/.rof  .Janulii-a 
is  also  one  of  the  species  which  have  borne  the  mime. 
One  section  of  the  genus  Icterus  has  ln'cn  named  lianani- 
wr(w  from  the  implied  habit  (of  banana-eating)  of  the 
birds  composing  it;  the  type  of  this  is  tlie  common  or- 
chiird-oriole  of  the  I'nitetl  states.  Iftrrus  .•^purin.-^. 

banana-eater  (ba-nan'a-e"ter),  n.  A  plantain- 
eater;  a  bird  of  the  genus  Musophaga. 

banana-quit  (ba-nan'ii-kwit),  «.  A  name  of  the 
black  and  yellow  honey-creeper,  Ccrthtola  Jlii- 
rcold,  and  other  species  of  birds  of  the  same 
gonus. 

bananist  (ba-nan'ist),  n.  [<  hannna  +  -ist.'] 
A  banana-bird :  a  name  given  to  various  birds 
besides  those  of  the  genus  Ictirus,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, to  Ci  rthidhi  bananivora  of  Han  Domingo. 

bananivorous  (ban-a-niv'o-rus),  (I.  [<  baiKiiKi 
+  h.  i-iirari;  eat.]     Feeding  upon  bananas. 

banat,  banate  (ban'at,  -at),  n.  [Also  bannat ; 
<  /)(()(■-  -1-  -lit,  -(iti'^.'\  1.  In  Hungary,  a  border 
province  ruled  Ijy  a  ban  ;  the  territory  or  juris- 
diction of  a  Ijan ;  specifically,  the  Temesvar 
banat  in  southeastern  Himgary,  distinctively 
called  the  Banat,  formally  reunited  to  Hungary 
in  18G0. —  2.  The  office  of  a  ban. 

banatite  (ban'a-tit),  «.  [<  Banat  +  -itc-.']  A 
name  given  by  Von  Cotta  to  a  variety  of  dio- 
rite  occurring  in  tlie  Banat,  Hungary. 

banausic  (lia-na'sik),  a.  [<  Gr.  /iavavamo;,  of 
or  for  mechanics,  <  liuvavcia,  the  practice  of  a 
mechanical  art,  the  habits  of  a  mechanic,  < 
Bdvavaoi;,  mechanical,  <  iiaipor,  a  furnace,  forge.] 
Merely  mechanical ;  characteristic  of  mechan- 
ics or  a  mechanic.     [Rare.] 

By  this  terra  tAmericanisms)  he  |Du  Bois-Reymond) 
desigmites  nuiterialistic  and  banausU  tendencies  in  gen- 
eral, which  are  nuu'e  specitically  expressed  in  making 
money  .getting  the  prime  object  of  life,  in  love  of  display, 
and  in  public  ami  i)rivate  corruption. 

(J.  S.  Hall,  Ccrman  Culture,  p.  149. 

banc  (bangk),  n.  [<  AF.  and  F.  banc  (ML.  baii- 
CK«),  bench:  seebiuik^.'\  In /((if,  a  seat  or  bench 
of  justice.— A  court  in  banc,  a  coin-t  in  which  the  full 
bench  of  judges  is  present  :  as,  before  the  court  in  banc.^ 
A  sitting  in  banc,  a  session  of  court  held  by  all  the  judges 
or  by  a  quorum  of  them.  — Days  in  banc.    See  rf«i/l- 

bancaU  (bang'kal),  n.  [F.,  prop,  adj.,  bandy- 
legged.] A  saber  more  curved  than  usual,  as 
if  in  imitation  of  the  simitar;  specifically,  the 
saber  of  this  form  worn  by  officers  of  the  first 
French  reiiublic  and  emiiire,  during  1792-1810. 

bancal-  (bang'kal),  II.  [E.  Ind.]  A  -weight 
equal  to  about  1  poimd,  used  in  India. 

banco  (bang'kO),  II.  [It.,  a  bank,  bench,  coun- 
ter, <  ML.  Iiaiu-iis:  see  baiik^-l  In  com.,  the 
money  in  wliicli  the  banks  of  some  countries 
keep  orkept  their  accounts,  in  contradistinction 
to  the  cuiTent  money  of  the  place.  The  distinc- 
tion was  more  necessary  when  the  currency  consisted,  as 
it  ofteti  did,  of  clipped,  worn,  and  foreign  coins. — Banco 
marlC     Sce  mark  banco,  UTider  }nark. 

band.!  (band),  II.  [<  ME.  hand,  handc,  also 
bond,  fc((«(fc  (>  mod.  E.  bond,  the  same  word, 
now  partly  discriminated  in  use),  <  AS.  "band 
=  0S.  ;)«Hf?  =  OFries.  bnnd^V).  band=OnO. 
MHG.  bant,  G.  band  =  Icel.  Sw.  band  =  Ban. 
iaand,  a  band,  a  tie,  a  neut.  noun  (in  D.  and  G. 
also  masc),  developing  in  later  use  a  great 
variety  of  particidar  senses,  ami  tuerged  in  ME. 
with  the  synonymous  briiil,  bende,  ba-ndc,  <  AS. 
bend,  rarely  band,  in  mod.  E.  prop,  bend,  and 
with  the  sliglitly  ditTorent  biindc,  E.  baiid~,  a 
strip,  hoo)>,  etc.,  derived  flirougli  the  F.  from 
the  same  ult.  source,  namely.  Tent.  (AS.,  etc.) 
bindaii  (pret.  bund),  E.  binil:  see  hind,  hcnd'^, 
heniV",  hcnd'-^,  and  cf.  bond^,  band^,  band'i.~\  1. 
Anything  wliich  binds  the  iierson  or  the  limbs, 
and  serves  to  restrain  or  to  deprive  of  liberty; 
a  shackle,  manacle,  or  fetter:  usually  in  the 
plural. 


437 

And  Vharaoh-ni'choli  jnit  him  in  bands  at  Kiblah. 

2  Ki.  xxiii.  3:!. 

And  sndtleuly  tllere  was  a  great  eartlniuake.  so  that  the 

foundations  of  the  prison  were  shaken  :  and  immediately 

all  tile  dooi-s  were  opened,  and  every  one's  bandji  were 

loosed.  Acts  xvi.  26. 

Dot.    In  chains  of  adamant? 

Mam.  Yes,  the  strongest  bands. 

B.  Jonsun,  Alchemist,  iv.  1. 

2.  That  by  which  loose  things  of  the  same  or  a 
similar  kind  are  bound  together.  Specitically-  («) 
The  tic  of  straw  used  in  binding  sheaves  of  wheat  or  other 
grain.  (/»)  In  bookbindia't,  one  of  the  cords,  tapes,  or 
strips  of  parchment  which  hold  together  the  several  sec- 
tions of  the  sewed  liook.  The  thread  is  drawn  from  with- 
in each  section  ai-ound  or  over  the  bands. 

3.  That  which  connects ;  a  connecting  piece, 
or  means  of  connection;  that  which  connects 
or  unites  the  several  parts  of  a  complex  thing. 

The  body,  by  joints  and  bands  .  .  .  knit  together,  in- 
creaseth  with  the  increase  of  God.  t'ol.  ii.  lU. 

He  ihope]  is  a  flatterer, 
A  parasite,  a  keeper-back  of  death. 
Who  gently  Wimid  dissolve  the  bands  of  life. 

fihak.,  Kich.  11.,  ii.  2. 
Specifically  —  (at)  In  Imjic,  the  copula.    [Rare.] 

A  simple  Axiome  is  that,  the  band  wliereof  is  a  Verbe. 
T.  Silencer  (1628),  Logick,  p.  lUO.  (.V.  £.  D.) 
(b)  The  metallic  sleeve  which  binds  the  barrel  and  stock 
of  a  musket  together,  (c)  One  of  two  pieces  of  iron  fas- 
tened to  the  bows  of  a  saddle  to  keep  them  in  place,  (it) 
A  Icailen  came.     Sce  came-,    {ef)  A  hyphen. 

4.  A  binding  or  uniting  power  or  influence :  as, 
a  band  of  union.     [Now  usually  hand.} 

I  drew  them  with  cords  of  a  man,  with  bands  of  love. 

Hos.  xi.  4. 
Land  of  my  sires !  what  mortal  hand 
Can  e'er  untie  the  filial  band 
That  knits  me  to  thy  rugged  strand? 

.S'ci)((,  L.  of  L.  If.,  vi.  2. 

5.  An  obligation  imposing  reciprocal,  legal,  or 
moral  duties:  as,  the  nuptial  hands.  [Now 
usually  bond.'] 

Here's  eight  that  must  take  hands, 
To  join  in  Hymen's  bands. 

Sliak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  4. 
6t.  A  binding  promise  or  agreement;  a  bond 
or  security  given. 

Adr.  Tell  me,  was  he  aiTested  on  a  bamif 
Dro.  S.   Not  on  a  hand,  but  on  a  stronger  thing. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  2. 
You  know  my  debts  are  many  more  than  means, 
My  bands  not  taken  in,  my  friends  at  hi»me 
Drawn  dry  with  these  expenses. 

Fletcher  (.and  another),  >'oble  Oentleinau,  i.  1. 

7t.  A  surety;  a  bondsman. 

Since  faith  could  get  no  credit  at  his  hand, 
I  sent  him  witrd  to  come  and  sue  my  band. 

C/iiircAi/ard,  Challenge  (ed.  1778),  p.  152. 

8t.  A  covenant  or  league.  [Scotch.]  -  False 
bands,  in  biwkbitidin;i,  strips  of  leather  or  strands  of 
twisted  ciu-il,  pasted  across  the  inner  side  of  the  backs  of 
books,  and  aftcrw;ird  molded  in  high  relief  to  give  the 
aii|»carance  nf  liauds  nf  unusual  tbickui'ss  or  streTtgtli.  - 
Raised  bands,  ill  bn,,kh;nflina,  stripsof  kathcmr  braided 
cord  of  unusual  thickness,  fastened  on  the  outside  of  the 
sewed  sheets  of  a  book-l)aek,  making  a  noticeable  projec- 
tion on  the  back,  and  intended  to  give  increased  strength 
to  sewing. 
band2  (band),  n.  [<  ME.  bandc,  <  OF.  hande, 
earlier  bciide,  mod.  F.  bande  =  Pr.  bcnda  =  Sp. 
banda,  rendu  =  Pg.  banda  =  It.  banda  and 
bcnda,  dial,  binda,  a  band,  strip,  side,  etc., 
in  various  particular  senses,  <  OHG.  bindn. 
binta,  MHG.  G.  binde,  f.,  a  band,  fillet,  tie, 
cravat  (cf.  D.  bind,  neut.,  a  crossbeam,  joint, 
z=  Dan.  bind,  neut.,  a  band,  tie,  etc.),  <  OHG. 
binlan,  MHG.  G.  binden,  etc.,  =  AS.  bindan,  E. 
hind.  The  word  is  thus  ult.  cognate  with 
fcffxrfl  and  with  bmd^,  with  which  it  has  been 
mixed,  but  it  differs  in  its  orig.  formation:  see 
hrtHf/l,  bcnd'^,  and  the  doublet  bend-.']  1.  A 
flat  strip  of  any  material,  but  especially  of  a 
flexible  material,  used  to  bind  roinul  anything; 
a  fillet:  as,  a  i-ubber  band;  a  hand  around  the 
head;  a  hat-6«Hrf. 

A  single  band  of  gold  about  her  hair. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  band  in  form  or  fimc- 
tion.    (a)  A  bandage;  specifically,  a  swaddling-band. 
Henry  the  Sixth,  in  infant  bands  crown'd  king 
Of  France  and  England-  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

(b)  .V  border  or  strip  on  an  article  of  dress  serving  to 
strengthen  it  or  to  conflne  it,  as  at  the  waist,  neck,  or 
wrist:  as.  a  waistfca/uf;  a  vivistband;  a  neek-6anrf.  (c) 
Saut. :  (i)  .\  strip  of  canvas  sewed  across  a  sail  to 
strengthen  it.  (-2)  An  iron  hoop  round  a  spar,  (d)  In 
much.,  a  belt,  cord,  or  chain  for  transndtting  power.  Such 
bands  g<'n.  rally  pass  over  two  iinllcys.  wheels,  or  drums, 
commuuicatiiij  motion  from  •me  to  the  other,  (e)  In 
arch.:  (1)  .Viiy  Hat  or  lubcr  or  molding,  broad  but  of  small 
projection:  also  called .;>i«ci<i,.Mc<',  or  plinth.  (2)  A  tab- 
let or  string-course  carried  around  a  ttiwer  or  other  part 
<if  a  building.  (,f)  In  decoralire  art,  a  horizontal  strip  of 
decoration  separated  from  the  general  wall-surface  by 
l)arallcl  iiiirs.  ('/)  .V  umre  or  less  broad  space  crossing  a 
surface,  and  distinguished  from  it  by  ditference  of  color 
or  aspect :  as.  absorption-6rtmf«  in  the  spectrum,  (ft)  In 
zout.,  a  transverse  stripe  of  any  color.    Also  called /a«cta. 


band 

3.  The  form  of  collar  commonly  worn  by  men 
and  women  in  the  seventeenth  century  in  west- 
ern Europe.  It  was  originally  starched,  and  fixed  in  a 
half-erect  position,  nearly  like  the  rnlf.  which  it  suiier- 
seded,  and  was  often  of  lace  ami  of  iumicnsc  size.  After- 
ward it  was  ttu'ned  down  over  the  shoulders,  and  called  a 
/aUiiiff-bamt. 

This  baiid 
Shews  not  my  neck  enough. 

II.  .Jtntson,  Volpone,  iii.  2. 

Kissing  your  finger  that  hath  the  ruby.  «tr  playing  with 
some  string  of  your  band.  II.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  ii.  1. 

The  next  that  mounted  the  Stage  was  an  Cnder-Citizen 
i>f  the  Bath,  a  Person  i-cmarkabic  among  the  inferior  Peo- 
jile  of  that  Place  for  his  great  Wisilom  ami  his  Broad 
Hand.  Steele,  in  Dobson,  p.  452. 

4.  The  linen  ornament  worn  about  the  neck, 
witli  the  ends  hanging  down  in  front,  by  certain 
Protestant  clergymen,  it  was  iin-scribed  by  Queen 
Elizabeth  as  a  palt'of  the  cvcry-iiay  dress  of  Anglican 
ecclesiastics-     [Now  only  in  the  plural.] 

5.  In  mining,  a  layer  of  rock  interstratified  with 
the  coal;  sometimes,  as  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, the  coal  itself.  — Band  of  rock,  a  jihrase  some- 
times used  for  bed  of  rock.    Sec  blaekband.     Gastroparle- 

tal  band,  bypopbar3mgeal  band,  Uloparletal  band, 

lllotlbial  band,  etc.     see  the  adjectives. 

band-'  (liand),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  lirnd,  < 
late  ME.  bande,  also  lien'de,  <  OF.  and  F.  bande 
=  Pr.  Sp.  It.  banda  (ML.  banduni.  haiidiis ;  so 
G.  bande,  D.  bande,  now  bcndc,  Dan.  bande,  Sw. 
band,  after  Rom.),  a  band  or  company,  <  OHG. 
bant,  OS.  OFries.,  etc.,  band,  a  band  or  tie, 
the  sense  of  'company'  being  developed  first 
in  Rom. :  see  hand^,  liand",  and  cf .  the  doublet 
bciidS.]  1.  A  company  of  persons,  especially 
a  body  of  armed  men  ;  a  company  of  soldiers, 
or  of  persons  united  for  any  piir])Ose. 

We  few,  we  happy  few,  we  band  of  brothers. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  3. 
Jly  lord  of  Somerset,  unite 
Your  troops  of  horsemen  with  his  bands  of  foot. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VL,  iv.  1. 

Originally  there  were  usually  in  each  considerable  society 
[of  Methodists]  four  bands,  the  members  of  which  were 
collected  from  the  various  society  classes  —  one  band 
comi)osed  of  married  and  another  of  tnimarried  men.  one 
of  married  and  another  of  unman'icd  women.  All  the 
members  of  society,  however,  were  not  of  necessity  mem- 
bers of  bands.  Encyc.  lirit.,  XVI.  188. 

Did  not  Sefior  Felipe  tell  you  that  he  had  positively  en- 
gaged the  same  band  of  shearers  we  had  last  autumn, 
Alessiindro's  baiul  from  Temecula? 

Mrs.  II.  Jackson,  Kamona.  i. 

2.  In  music,  a  company  of  musicians  playing 
various  instruments  in  combination,  in  the 
manner  of  an  orchestra:  most  frequently  ap- 
plied to  a  company  of  musicians  playing  such 
instruments  as  may  be  used  in  marching. —  3. 
A  collection  of  animals  of  any  kind,  as  a  drove 
of  cattle  or  horses,  or  a  flock  of  shaep.  [West- 
ern U.  S.] 

In  California  every  collection  of  animals  of  any  seal  is 
called  a  band.  A  herd  of  cattle,  a  flock  of  sheep,  a  party 
of  Indians  —  anything  ami  everything  that  w-alks  —  when 
seen  in  numbers  is  known  as  a  band,  and  it  is  regarded  as 
a  sure  sign  of  being  a  "  tenderfoot "  to  use  any  other  term. 
N.  Y.  Emning  Post  (letter),  Dec,  1886. 

Knights  of  the  band.  See  in i.-^ftf.— Military  band, 
a  body  i>f  musicians  enlisted  and  attached  to  a  regiment 
or  military  post. 

band-'  (band),  V.  [<  hands,  n.]  J,  frans.  To 
unite  in  a  troop,  company,  or  confederacy: 
generally  reflexive. 

They  band  themselves  with  the  prevalent  things  of  this 
world  to  oveiTun  the  weak  things  which  Christ  hath  made 
choice  to  work  by.  .Vitton,  Church-Government,  it  3. 

Among  the  sons  of  morn,  what  multitudes 
Were  lianded  to  oppose  his  high  decree. 

.Milton,  P.  L.,  T.  717. 
Band  them  into  pueblos ;  make  them  work ;  and,  above 
all,  keep  peace  with  the  whites. 

Mrs.  H.  Jackson,  Ramona,  v. 

n.  intrans.  To  unite;  associate}  confederate 
for  some  common  jmrpose. 

With  them  great  Ashur  also  bands. 
And  doth  confirm  the  knot. 

Milton,  Vs.  Ixxxiii.  29. 
The  great  lords 
Banded,  and  so  brake  out  in  open  war. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 

The  weak  will  baiut  against  her  when  she  becomes  too 
strong.  B.  II.  Stoitdard,  Guests  o^ State. 

band''  (band),  n.  [Local  E..  perhaps  a  particu- 
lar use  of  band-,  a  strip,  or  jiossibly  of  early 
mod.  E.  bande,  <  ME.  bande,  var.  of  boiide,  a 
boimd,  limit:  see  hound.']  A  ridge  of  a  hill: 
commonly  ap)>lied  in  the  English  lake  district 
to  a  long  ridge-like  hiU  of  minor  height,  or  to 
a  long  narrow  sloping  offshoot  from  a  higher 
hill  or  mountain.     A.  E.  D. 

band'''t.   An  obsolete  or  Scotch  preterit  of  hind. 

bandit  (baud),  v.  t.  [Same  as  6n«l,  after  ML. 
and  It.  bandire,  a  foi-m  of  ML.  bannirc,  banish, 


band 

■ban:  see  ban^,  hiinish.    Otliorwisc  takcii,  in  the 

passage  quoted,   as  band"',  for  bandy'^.'i    To 

luterclict;  banish. 

Sweete  lovo  such  lewdncs  hcmds  from  liisfairecompanee. 

Spauer,  F.  Q.,  III.  ii.  i\. 

1>and''t,  "•    Same  as  bandy^. 

band**  (band),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  weiglit 
ecjual  to  about  2  ounces  troy,  in  use  in  western 
Africa  for  weigliing  gold-du"st.     :Simmoiids. 

bandage  (ban'daj),  «.  [<  F.  hiimUuic,  <  biindc, 
a  li:ind,  strij):  see  hand'^  and  -age J]  1.  A 
strij),  l)and,  or  swatlie  of  cotton  clotli,  or  other 
soft  woven  material,  used  in  dressing  and  l)ind- 
iug  up  woumls,  stopping  hemorrhages,  joining 
fractured  and  dislocated  bones,  etc. — 2.  A 
band  or  ligature  in  general ;  that  which  is  bound 
over  something  else. 

Zeal  too  liail  a  place  ainontr  tlie  rest,  with  a  humlage 
over  iK-r  eyes.  AddUon. 

3.  In  nrch.,  an  iron  ring  or  a  chain  bound 
around  the  si)ringing  of  a  dome,  the  circum- 
ference of  a  tower,  or  some  similar  part  of  a 
building,  to  tie  it  together. 

bandage  (ban'daj),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ban- 
ddijcd,  ppr.  handayiny.  [<  bciiidnge,  n.]  To 
bind  up  or  dress,  as  a  wound,  a  fractured  limb, 
etc.,  with  a  roller  or  baudage;  cover  with  a 
bandage  for  the  purpose  of  binding  or  con- 
cealing: as,  to  hundagc  the  eyes. 

bandager  (ban'dSj-er),  n.  One  who  bandages 
or  liii\ds  up  wounds,  etc. 

bandagist  (ban'daj-ist),  n.  [<  F.  bandagistc,  < 
hundiiiic:  see  handngc  and  -«»•/.]  A  maker  of 
banilages,  especially  for  hernia. 

bandal,  ».    See  baudle'^. 

bandala  (ban-dii'la),  «.  [Native  name.]  The 
strong  outer  fiber  of  the  abaca  or  Musa  tcxtiUs 
of  Manila,  made  into  cordage,  especially  into 
the  well-known  Manila  white  rope. 

bandalore,  bandelore  (ban'da-16r,  -de-16r),  n. 
[Urigiii  obscure.  Of.  bandore'^.']  1.  A  kind  of 
toy  very  much  used  at  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century.  See  qui:. —  2.  Same  as  ban- 
dori'^. 

bandana,  bandanna  (ban-dan'a),  n.  [First  in 
form  hiindiDiiKi,  later  bandanna,  prob.  through 
Pg.,  <  Hind,  hdndknu,  "a  mode  of  dyeing  in 
which  the  cloth  is  tied  in  difl'erent  places  to 
prevent  the  parts  from  receiving  the  dye" 
(Shakspear,  Hind.  Diet.),  <  handh,  or  preferably 
bandit,  a  cord,  ligature,  tie,  band,  lilt.  =  E. 
fcoHf?!.]  1.  A  large  handkerchief,  dyed  blue, 
yellow,  or  red,  -ndth  small  spots  left  white, 
where  the  stuff  has  been  pressed  to  prevent 
it  from  receiving  the  dye. —  2.  A  style  of 
calico-printing  in  imitation  of  bandana  hand- 
kerchiefs, white  spots  being  produced  on  a 
red  or  dark-colored  ground  by  discharging  the 
color. 

band-axis  (band 'ak"  sis),  11.  Same  as  axis- 
Ci/lindcr. 

band-bird  (band'berd),  J!.  A  name  of  the 
African  collared  finch,  Amadina  fasciata. 

bandbox  (band'boks),  71.  A  light  box  made 
of  pasteboard  or  thin  flexible  pieces  of  wood 
and  paper,  for  holding  caps,  bonnets,  or  other 
light  articles  of  attire :  so  called  because  origi- 
nally made  to  contain  the  starched  bands  com- 
monly worn  in  the  seventeenth  century.  See 
bMuP,  3. 

She  deposited  by  her  side  a  capacious  bandbox,  \i\  wliich, 
as  is  tlic  custom  among  travelers  of  lier  sex,  she  carried  a 
great  deal  of  valuable  property.  Uawthorne. 

bandboxical  (band'bok"si-kal),  a.  [<  bnndhox 
+  -icnl.~i  Of  the  size  or  appearance  of  a  band- 
box: •.la,  bandboxical  i-imms.     [Colloq.] 

band-brake  (band'brak),  n.  A  form  of  brake 
used  to  jirevent  or  to  control  the  revolution  of 
a  shaft.  It  consists  of  a  pulley  secured  upon  tlie  shaft, 
the  circumference  of  winch  is  embraced  by  a  strap  or 
band,  usually  of  metal,  which  is  capable  of  being  adjusted 
to  any  ilesired  dcuree  of  tightness. 

band-coupling  (baud'kup"ling),  n.  Any  device 
for  uniting  together  the  ends  of  a  band. 

band-driver  (band'dri'ver),  n.  A  tool  used  for 
correcting  irregularities  in  the  bands  of  ma- 
chinery.    E.  H.  Knight. 

band6  (bon-da'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  bander,  band: 
see  hanil-,  r.]  In  licr.,  bendy  dexter,  as  dis- 
tiTiguished  from  bendy  sinister.     See  barri. 

bandeau  (ban-do'),  n. ;  pi.  Jiandcanx  (-doz'). 
[F.,  <  OF.  bandel,  m.,  dim.  of  bande,  band:  see 
hand-,  and  cf.  bandnrc-.']  1.  A  iillet  worn 
round  the  head ;  a  head-band ;  especially,  a 
ribbon  worn  by  girls  and  women  "above  the 
forehead. — 2.  A  horizontal  band  or  ring  form- 
ing a  i)art  of  the  headpiece  of  armor. 


438 

Around  the  edge  of  this  cap  was  a  stiff  hatuieau  of 
leather.  iicott,  Ivaidioe. 

bandedl    (l)an'ded),  y>.  a.     [<  fcnwf/l  +  -ed2.] 
liound  or  fastened  with  a  baud. 

banded-'  (ban'ded),  ;>.  «.  [<  band'i  +  -prf2.] 
Having  V>ands;  cro.ssed  or  encircled  liy  a  band 
or  bands;  specifically,  in  /icr.,  encircled  with  a 
band,  often  of  a  different  color  from  the  sheaf 
or  bundle  which  it  suiTounds  :  as,  a  bundle  of 
lances  proper,  fca«rf(v/ gules,  or  the  like.-  Banded 
column.  See  ciiluwn.  Banded  mail,  a  kind  of  mail 
armor  shown  in  works  of  art  of  the  thirteenth  century,  in 
which  the  rings  are  arranged  in  banils  runniTiii  around  tin- 
arms,  body,  etc.  Between  the  rows  of  rings  tlu-re  art- 
ridges  like  slender  bars,  havnig  apparently  the  same  thick- 
ness as  the  rings.  This  mail  is  found  represented  not  only 
in  the  mini.atures  of  manuscripts,  but  also  in  life-size 
ertlgics  in  stone;  but  it  is  not  definitely  known  how  it 
was  made. —Banded 

structure.     (")  In  _^=i^^ 

HfoL,  the   structure  .^r^^^'^-'  T^'f^=^^ 

of  a  rock  which  is 
more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly divided  into 
layers  of  diJferent 
color,  texture,  or 
composition.  The 
term  implies,  ordi- 
narily, something 
dilferent  from  true 
stratification,  and  is 
apidicable  chiefiy  to 
volcanic  masses,  (t) 
In  inineral.,  the 
structure  of  a  min- 


Banded  Structure  (*).— Onyx. 


eral  made  up  of  a  series  of  layers,  usually  parallel  and  dif- 
fering in  color  or  textin'e,  as  onyx. 
banded'^  (ban'ded),  2>-  a-     United  as  in  a  band. 
Though  banded  Europe  stood  her  foes  — 
Tlie  star  of  Brandenburg  arose. 

Scott,  Jfarniion,  iii.,  Int. 

bandelt,  bandleif,  ".  [<  OF.  bandd,  m.,  han- 
dclc,  baiitktlc,  f.,  dim.  of  bandc,  a  strip:  see 
hand".     Cf.  bandeau.']     A  swaddling-band. 

bandelet,  «.     Same  as  bandlct. 

bandeliert,  n.     See  bandoleer. 

bandelore,  «.     See  bandalore. 

bandert  (ban'der),  n.  One  who  bands  or  as- 
sociates with  others;  a  member  of  a  band  or 
confederacy. 

Yorke  and  his  banders  proudly  pressed  in 
To  challenge  the  ero\vn  by  title  of  right. 

Mir. /or  Mags.,  p.  35-2. 

You  are  to  watch  every  attempt  which  is  made  ...  to 

open  any  communication  with  any  of  the  lords  who  nuiy 

have  become  bander.^  in  the  west.  .Scott,  Abbot,  I.  XX. 

banderet  (ban'de-ret),  n.  [Swiss  F.,  =  F.  ban- 
neret, E.  banneret^,  q.  v.]  A  Swiss  army  com- 
mander. 

banderilla  (ban-de-rel'ya),  n.  [Sp.,  dim.  of 
handera,  banner:  see  banner.']  A  small  dart- 
liko  javelin  ornamented  with  a  banderole,  used 
iu  Indl-fights  to  goad  and  infuriate  the  bull. 

banderillero  (bau-de-rel-ya'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  <  ban- 
derilla :  see  handeriUd.']  A  bidl-fighter  who 
uses  banderillas. 

banderole,  banderol  (ban'de-rol,  -rol),  «. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bandrol,  bandroll,  etc., 
bannerol,  banerol,  etc.,  <  F.  banderole  (OF. 
banerolle),  <  It.  banderuola,  banderola  (=  Sp. 
banderola),  a  little  banner,  dim.  of  bandiera 
(=  Sp.  banelera  =  F.  banniere),  a  banner:  see 
banner.]  1.  A  small  tJag  or  streamer.  Specifi- 
cally—  (rt)  A  small  ornamental  streamer  carried  on  the 
shaft  of  a  lance,  near  the  head. 

Then  take  my  banderol  of  red ; 
ilino,  and  none  but  mine,  shall  honour  thee, 
.\nd  safe  conduct  thee.      Greene,  Orlando  Furioso. 
From  the  extremity  .  .  .  fluttered  a  small  banderole  or 
streamer  bearing  a  cross.  Scott, 

(b)  In  Iter.,  a  streamer  afftxed  immediately  beneath  the 
crook  on  the  top  of  the  staff  of  a  bishop,  and  folding  over 
the  staff,  (o)  A  long  narrow  streamer  with  cleft 
ends,  carried  at  the  masthead  of  ships,  as  in 
battle,  etc. 

2.  A  band  of  various  form  adapted  to 
receive  an  itiscription,  used  in  deco- 
rative sculpture  and  other  decorative 
art,  especially  of  the  Renaissance  pe- 
riod. 

Also  written  bannerol. 

band-fisb  (band'fish),  it.    An  English  name  of 

((()  the  Cejxda  rubescens,  a  species  of  the  family 

Cepolidte,  more  specifically  called  red  band-Ush  ; 

(h)  the  oar-fish,  Begaleeus  glesne.    Also  called 

snal'c-fish. 

bandful  (band'fid;  by  miners,  bon'tl),  n.     [< 

band-  -1-  -./«/-.]     In  coal-mining,  a  load  of  men 

carried  up  or  dowTi  in  the  mine  by  sitting  on 

chain-loops  attached  to  the  hoisting-rope,  as 

was  customary  before  the  introduction  of  the 

cage  and  man-engine.     [S.  Staffordshire,  Eng.] 

bandicoot  (ban'di-kiJt),  II.     [Cf.  G.  bandikut, 

from  E. ;  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  the  Telugu 

name  j)aHdi-A.oWH,  lit.  pig-rat.]    1.  The  Anglo- 


Henildic 
Baiiderole. 


bandoleer 

Indian  name  of  the  J/h.s  giganttu.i  of  Ilard- 
wicke,  a  large  Indian  rat,  upward  of  2  feet 
long  including  the  tail,  and  weighing  2  or  3 
])OUnds.  It  is  very  abumlant  in  some  regions,  a  great 
Ifcst  in  the  rice-fields  and  gardens,  and  is  said  to  be  good 
eating. 

2.  The  Anglo-Australian  name  of  any  marsu- 
pial animal  of  the  family  reramelida:.  Also 
called  bandicoot  rat. 

bandie  (ban'di),  n.  [Local  Sc]  The  stickle- 
back: a  name  current  around  Moray  Frith, 
Scotland. 

bandikai  (ban'di-ka),  n.  One  of  the  names  of 
the  Jhi hniisclius  eseulenlus.     See  Abchno.ichus. 

bandileer  (lian-di-ler'),  n.     Same  as  bandoleer. 

banding-macbine  (ban'ding-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
bloekiug-maeliino  for  forming  the  band  of  a 
hat. 

banding-plane  (ban'ding-plau),  ji.  A  plane 
used  fur  cutting  out  grooves  and  inlaying 
strings  and  bands  in  straight  and  circular  work. 
It  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  the  plane 
called  a  jdow. 

banding-ring  (ban'ding-ring).  n.  In  hat-mak- 
ing, a  ring  which  jiasses  over  the  body  of  a  hat, 
keeping  it  pressed  to  the  hat-block.  Its  lower 
edge  is  at  the  band,  or  angle  formed  by  the  body 
and  the  brim. 

bandit  (ban'dit),  H. ;  pi.  bandits,  banditti  (ban'- 
dits,  ban-dit'i).  [Early  mod.  E.  bandctto,  later 
banditto,  bandito,  bunditc,  etc.,  pi.  bandetti.  ban- 
ditti, banditi,  banditlfi,  and  with  added  E.  pi.  bnn- 
ditties,  etc.;  <  It.  bandito  (jil.  bamliti),  a  bandit, 
pp.  of  bnndirc,  <  ML.  bandire,  bannire,  banish, 
outlaw:  see  ban'^,  banish.]  If.  An  outlaw;  one 
who  is  proscribed.  Hence  —  2.  A  lawless  or 
desperate  fellow;  a  brigand;  a  robber;  espe- 
cially, one  of  an  organized  band  of  lawless  ma- 
rauders. 

The  Ripon  men  brought  down  the  half-outlawed  bandits 
from  the  Archbishop's  liberty  of  Tynedale. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  695. 

=  Syn.  2.  Brifiaiui,  etc.     See  robber. 
banditt  (ban'dit),  )'.  t.     To  outlaw;  proscribe; 

banish. 
banditti,".     1.   Plural  of  (;(/«f//7,  t»)«/(7(o. —  2t. 

[Used  as  a  singular.]     A  band  or  company  of 

bandits.     Sometimes  written  banditti/. 
bandittot  (ban-dit'6),  n. ;  pi.  banditti  (-i).    [It. 

bandito:  see  bandit.]     A  bandit. 

A  Roman  sworder  and  6a;a?(7f(*  [originally  printed  (»fl?uff»o] 

slave 
llurtherd  sweet  Tully.  Shalt.,  2  Hen,  VI,,  iv.  1. 

That  ruthless  hearse  of  her  dear  spouse. 
Slain  by  6an</i7foc.<,      CArt/>»Han,  "Widow's  Tears,  iv.  2, 

band-lacing  (band 'la "sing),  «.  Strips  of 
leather  used  in  fastening  together  the  ends  of 
a  band  or  belt  used  in  di-iviug  machinery. 

bandlelf,  "•     See  bandel. 

bandie'-  (ban'di),  n.     [Also  sometimes  bandal, 

<  Ir.  and  Gael,  bannhimh,  a  cubit,  <  liann,  a 
measure,  +  lainh,  hand,  arm.]  A  lineal  mea- 
sm'e  or  cloth-measure  somewhat  more  than 
half  a  yard  in  length,  used  in  the  southern  and 
western  parts  of  Ireland. 

bandle-linen(ban'dl-lin'''en),  )i.  Acoarse home- 
made Irish  linen  of  narrow  width. 

bandlet  (band'lct),  n.  [<  F.  bandclette,  dim.  of 
OF.  bandel,  a.  hand..  Cf.  bandeau.]  1.  Inarch., 
any  little  band  or  flat  moUling,  as  that  which 
crowns  the  Doric  architrave :  a  fillet  or  listel. 
—  2.  A  small  band  for  encircling  anjihing:  as, 
an  india-rubber  bandlet. 
Also  bandelet. 

band-master  (band'mas"ter),  n.  The  leader  or 
director  of  a  band  of  music. 

band-mounting  (band'moun'''ting),  n.  In  har- 
ness-making, a  style  of  haruess-motmting  in 
which  the  rings  are  broad  and  flat  with  square 
edges. 

band-nippers  (band'nip'erz),  n.  sing,  and  jil. 
An  instrument  used  in  bookbinding  to  dra-n  the 
leather  on  the  back  close  to  the  sides  of  the 
bands. 

bandog  (ban'dog),  )i.     [ME,  band  dogge,  etc.; 

<  bandi  -f-  (/<);/.]  A  largi-,  tierce  kind  of  dog, 
iu  England  generally  a  mastiff,  usually  kept 
chained. 

They  imiy  us  that  it  would  please  us  to  let  them  still 
hale  us,  and  worry  us  with  their  band-dofts,  and  Ptirsui- 
vants,  Milton,  ilef,  in  Eng,,  ii. 

The  keeper  entered  leading  his  bandotf,  a  large  blood- 
hcuind,  tied  in  a  learn  or  band,  from  which  he  takes  his 
name,  Scott. 

bandoleer  (ban-do-ler').  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  banihdeer,  bandeleer,  bandileer,  -ier,  etc.,  < 
F.  bandouillerr,  now  bandonliire.  <  It.  bandotiera 
(=  Sp.  bandolcra),  a  shoulder-belt,  <  *bandola 


bandoleer 

(cf.  lamlolo,  head  of  a  8koin),  dim.  of  banda 
(=  Sp.  baiida  =  F.  Uiuuh),  a  baixl,  sash:  see 
}i(ui(l".\  it.  A  broad  Ijelt  or 
baldric  worn  overtho  sho\i!der 
and  across  the  breast,  and 
used  for  suspending  a  wallet 
by  the  side. 

I  threw  mine  iiniis,  like  a  si-avf  or 
handiliry,  cruss  the  lieutenant's  mel- 
ancholy bosom. 

MidiUelon,  Tlie  Black  Book. 

Tile  Bjiillie  now  came  bustling  in, 

dressed  in  his  blue  coat  and  Itanda- 

liffti,  and  attended  hy  two  or  three 

hallierdiers.      Scott,  ilonustery,  I.  x. 

Specifically — 2.  Such  a  belt 
worn  by  soldiers;  a  shouldor- 
belt  from  which  cartridges 
are  suspended. 

The  d.i^'iiii-  is  stuck  in  the  sasli.  and 
a  baiit/nt, ,  r  sliMiK  "vcr  the  slumlders 
carries  their  rjlltridge-ease,  powder- 
flask,  Hint  and  steel,  i)rimin;j:-horn. 
Bandoleer.  and  other  ni-cessaries. 

n.  F.  Vurton,  Kl-.Medin.ah,  p.  Ifil. 

Hence  —  3.  A  nearly  cylindrical  case  of  copper 
or  other  matei-ial  fomierly  used  to  contain  a 
charge  of  powder,  a  number  of  these  were  slun;;  to 
a  baldric  or  shoulder-l)elt,  and  form(-d  the  eomiuon  means 
of  eliarging  the  harquebuse,  or  in  modem  times  the 
musket. 

And,  as  Sym  Hall  stood  by  the  fire. 
He  lighted  the  match  of  his  Ijandetrer. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  21. 

Also  spelled  bandilcer,  batidalier,  bandelier. 
bandoleer-fruit  (han-do-ler'frot),  «.     The  ber- 
ries of  /.(iiiiniid  Iiulica,  an  Indian  cuciu'bita 


4.S9 


cutting  edge  like  a  plane-iron,  which  is  held  against  the 
wheel  while  the  latter  is  revolving,  thus  scraping  off  its 
surface.  A  narrow  upright  cutter  at  the  same  time  forms 
a  slight  shtnilder. 
bandsman!  (bandz'man),  n. ;  pi.  bandsmen 
(-men).  [<  haiuTs,  poss"  of  band",  +  ninii.'\  In 
miiiin/j,  a  miner  who  works  in  connection  with 
the  band  or  fiat  rope  by  which  the  coal  or  other 
,        .  J-    ,     J,     -i.       ii,      •        1     mineral  is  hoisted, 

ceous  vme  bearing  a  fleshy  fruit  with  winged  ijandsman^    (liandz'man),    n. ;    pi.    bandsmen 
seeds.  r^  .   .       ,  (-men).     [<  banrrs,  imss.  otband^  +  man.]    A 

bandoline   (ban'do-hn),  n.      [Origin  obscure ;     ^ugieian  who  plays  in  a  band, 
appar.  a  trade-name  perhaps  based  on  band^^.]  feand-spectrum  (band'spek"tnim),  h.     A  spee- 
A  gummy  perfumed  substance,  originally  ob-     ^^,^^  consisting  of  a  number  of  bright  bands, 
tained  mainly  from  quince-seeds,  used  to  im-     ^^^  xnectnim 

part  glossiness  to  the  hair,  or  to  fix  it  in  any  ^jandster  (band'ster),  n.     [<  bandl,  v.,  +  -ster.1 

In  England,  one  who  binds  sheaves  after  reap- 
ers.    2\\  E.  D. 

band-string  (baud'string),  n.  One  of  the  laces 
used  in  securing  the  bands  formerly  worn 
round  the  neck.  They  were  usually  tied  in  a  large 
bow  in  front,  and  often  had  rich  tassels  and  even  jewels 
at  the  ends. 

If  he  should  go  into  Fleet  street,  and  sit  upon  a  Stall, 

andtwiilaCn/iitorini/,  .  .  .  then  all  the  Boys  in  the  Street 

would  laugh  at  him.  Sdden,  Table-Talk,  p.  80. 

I  went  away,  and  with  Mr.  Creed  to  the  Exchange,  and 

bought  some  things,  as  gloves,  and  bandstriiiiii.  Ac. 

Pepijs,  Diarj-,  I.  173. 

band-wheel  (band'hwel),  n.  1.  In  mach..  same 
as  band-pulleij. —  2.  A  small  wheel  with  a 
gi'ooved  face  or  rim,  driven  by  a  round  belt  or 
cord ;  also,  a  -wheel  round  which  a  band-saw 
turn 


particidar  form. 

bandoline  (ban'do-lin),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bando- 
liiied,  \q)T.  bandiilining.  l<  bandnline,  n.}  I. 
trans.  To  apply  bandoline  to,  as  the  hair;  ren- 
der stiff,  as  the  mustache,  by  applying  bando- 
line. 

II.  in  trans.   To  apply  bandoline  to  the  hair. 
Dicl'i  ns. 

bandont,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bandon, 
banddun,  bandnn,  etc.,  <  OF.  bandon,  <  ML. 
'band(){n-)  for  banditm,  banniim,  proclamation, 
command,  edict,  ban:  see  ban^,  n.,  and  cf.  aban- 
(lon.2  Jurisdiction ;  power  of  disposal ;  dis- 
cretion. 

bandont,  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  late  ME.  ban- 
diine,  liy  apheresis  for  abandon,  q.  v.]  To 
abandon 


bandorel(ban.d6r'),«.    [Also  formerly ''"."rfo™.  ^and-work  (band'w6rk),  «.    Cooperation;  work 

bandunun,  alter  Sp.  or  Pg. :  Sp.  banditrna  and  "^""auds  or  companies 

IrmandlnuV'F  C"^ore)'^vuM'(^m          The  practice  of  Oand-.corK  or  comradeship,  the  organic  bandy-ball  (ban'di-bal),   ».     [<  bandyl,  «., 
It.  mando)  a  (>^i:.  ma  nil(i)()  ana  manaoia  (Lum.      „ptiy„^(su^iety,  bas  so  moulded  the  nature  of  man  as  t -      -     ~ •  " 


bane 

4.  To  give  and  take ;  exchange,  especially  con- 
tentiously :  as,  to  bandy  compliments;  to  bandy 
words,  reproaches,  etc. 

Do  you  baiuly  looks  with  me,  you  rascal? 

SItak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

I'll  not  baud;/ 
Words  with  your  mightiness. 

Matfsinijer,  Emperor  of  the  East,  iv.  3. 

Mischief,  spirit,  and  glee  sparkled  all  over  her  face  .18 
she  thus  Iximlifd  words  with  the  old  Cossack,  who  almost 
equally injoyed  the  tilt.        Charlotte  Bronti;  Shirley,  xil. 

5t.  To  discuss ;  debate. 

O,  what  a  thing  Is  man. 
To  l/nndii  factions  of  distemper'il  piusslons 
Against  the  sacred  Providence  above  him  ! 

Ford,  I.over's  Melancholy,  v.  I. 

6t.  To  band  together ;  league :  chiefly  reflexive. 

All  the  kings  of  the  earth  liandil  themselves  to  fight  with 

him.  llu'jhes,  .Saints  I.osse  (IKri),  p.  :«.     (.V.  E.  D.) 

II.  intran.1.  It.  To  bound,  as  a  ball  that  is 
struck. —  2t.  To  foi-m  a  band  or  league. — 3. 
To  contend;  strive,  whether  in  emulation  or 
in  enmity. 

One  tit  to  handv  with  thy  lawless  sons. 

.««<•-.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  1 

bandy!  (ban'di),  «.  [<  handy'i,  r. ;  appar.  for 
bandy-dub,  club  used  at  bandy ;  but  see  bandy\ 
a.]  It.  A  particular  manner  of  playing  tennis, 
the  nature  of  which  is  not  now  known. — 2t. 
A  stroke  -with  a  racket,  or  a  ball  so  struck; 
a  retm'n  at  tenuis.  -V.  E.  I). —  3.  A  game 
played  with  a  bent  club,  better  Imowii  as 
hockey,  and,  in  the  United  States,  shinny 
(which  see). — 4.  A  club  bent  at  the  end,  used 
in  the  game  of  hockey  or  bandy-ball ;  a  shinny 
or  shinty. 

bandy!  (ban'di),  a.  [Appar.  attrib.  use  of 
bandy'^,  n.,  a  bent  club,  but  some  refer  both  to 
F.  bande,  pp.  of  bander,  bend  a  bow,  <  bande,  a 
band.  The  second  sense  seems  to  rest  on 
bcnd^.']  1.  Ha-ving  a  bend  or  crook  outward: 
said  of  a  person's  legs:  as,  his  legs  are  quite 
bandy. 

>'or  make  a  scruple  to  e.xpose 
Your  6am/,t/leg,  or  crooked  nose. 

Swift,  Furniture  of  a  Woman's  Mind. 

St.  Limp;  without  sufiicient  substance:   said 

of  bad  cloth. 
bandy2  (ban'di),  a.     [<  band'2  +  -y ;  but  cf.  P. 

bande,  pp.  of  bander,  bend,  and  bendy."]   Marked 

with  bands  or  stripes. 
bandy3   (ban'di),   71.      [Anglo-Ind.,   <   Teiugu 

bandi,  Tamil  randi,  vandil.']     A  kind  of  cart  or 

buggy  much  used  in  India.     See  extracts. 

A  I'uugy  being  a  one-horse  vehicle  .  .  .  (at  Madras  they 
call  it  a  I'niidii). 
SlociueUr,  ilaudbook  of  Brit.  India,  p.  109.  (N.  E.  D.) 
The  framework  of  handks  is  nnnle  of  light  wood,  hut  of 
wood  as  strong  as  possible.  Above  it  is  spread  a  semicir- 
eulai'awning  of  bamlioos  supporting  matsof  cloth  or  can- 
vas. 'The  handy  is  a  cross-country  vehicle,  and  as  a  rule 
possesses  no  springs  of  any  kind.  The  convey.auee  is 
dragged  by  oxen. 


CaldwelL 


mandvlino,  >  E.  mandoline),  and  pandora,  pan-     'create  inittwospeciallyhumautaeulties  —  theconseienee 
dura  ;  variously  corrupted  (as  also  E.  banjo,  q.     and  the  intellect.  If.  A'.  Cll/ord,  Lectures,  II.  ■2S3. 

\.),  (.IAj.  pandtira,  pandiirinm,  <  Gr.  ■^ravihvpa,  jjandy!   (ban'di),   r. ;    j)ret   and  pp.   bandied, 


also  (pdv6ovpa,  a  musical  instrument  with  tlrree 
.strings.]  An  old  variety  of  the  zither.  Also 
called  bandalore. 

Sound  lute,  bandora,  gittem. 

Viol,  virginals,  and  cittern. 

Middhtun,  Your  Five  Gallants,  v.  2. 

bandore^t,  ».  [For  'bando,  i.  e..  bandeau,  <  F. 
bandeau,  a  band,  in  the  particular  sense  of  a 
widow's  head-dress :  see  bandeau.']  A  widow's 
veil  for  covering  the  head  and  face.     I'rior. 

band-pulley  (band'piil'i),  «. 
A  fiat  or  slightly  crown-faced 
pulley.  Also  called  band- 
wheel. 

band-robin  (liand'rob"in),  n. 
in  Itat-niitkinfi,  a  piece  of  cloth 
saturated  with  cement,  boimd 
and  ironed  around  the  body 
of  a  hat  to  hold  the  brim  firm- 
ly in  its  place. 

bandrolt,  ».  An  obsolete  form 
of  ifimilerole. 

band-sa'W  (band'sa),  «.  An  endless  narrow 
band  or  ribbon  of  steel  with  a  serrated  edge, 
passing  over  two  large  wheels,  which  give  a 
continuous  uniform  motion  instead  of  the  re- 
ciprocating action  of  the  jig-saw.  It  was  in- 
vented by  William  Newberry  of  London.  Also 
called  bi'lt-sau-  and  endless  saw. 

band-setter  (band'set'er),  «.  A  tool  used  for 
shaving  off  the  siuface  of  a  band-wheel  so  that 
the  baud-saw  can  be  forced  ou.    It  has  a  bruod 


p\n:'bandying.  [First  in  Elizabethan  E.,  also 
WTitten  bandie,  and  less  commonly  but  more 
reg.  band  (the  term,  -ie,  -y  being  irreg.,  and  duo 
perhaps  to  the  Sp.  Pg.  bandc-ar),  <  F.  bander, 
bandy  at  tennis,  refl.  Ijand  together,  join  in  a 
league  (=  Sp.  Pg.  bandear,  reU.  band  together, 
foi-m  a  party  or  side,  =  It.  bandore,  ''to  side  or 
bandy" — Florio),  appar.  the  same  as  bander, 
tie  with  a  band,  <  bande  (=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  banda),  a 
band,  side,  party,  E.  band^,  mixed  with  bande  = 
Sp.  It.  banda.  a  band,  company,  troop,  E.  bands. 
The  senses  'throw  from  side  to  side'  (from 
band-)  and  'baud together' (from i)rt«rf3) appear 
to  meet  in  the  sense  'contend,  strive.']  I.  trans. 
1.  To  thi'ow  or  strike  to  and  fro,  or  from  side 
to  side,  as  a  ball  in  play. 

Tenuis  balls  iw;u/in(  and  struck  upon  us  .  .  .  hy  rackets 
from  without.  Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  845. 

To  fly  silblime 
Thro'  the  courts,  the  camps,  the  schools, 

Is  to  he  the  ball  of  Time, 
BamH*-d  by  the  hiuids  of  fools. 

Tt'nnitnon,  Vision  of  Sin. 

2t.  To  toss  aside ;  drive  or  send  off. 

If  the  Earth  had  been  bamlifd  out  of  one  Vortex  into 
another.  Dr.  //.  More,  Div.  Dial.,  i.  17.    (.V.  K  D.) 

3.  To  toss  about,  as  from  man  to  man ;  pass 
fi-om  one  to  another,  or  back  and  forth. 

Let  not  .  .  .  known  truth  ...  be  bandUd  in  disputa- 
tion. H'atts. 
But  now  her  wary  ears  did  hear 
The  new  king's  name  Itamlu-d  from  mouth  to  mouth. 
William  itorria,  Earthly  paradise.  III.  275. 


baW^'.]     1.  The  ball  used  in  the  game  of  bandy 

or  hockey.  —  2.  The  game  itself. 
bandy-jig  (ban'di-jig),  n.    [<  bandy\  a.,  +.iig^.] 

A  biu'les(iue  dance  performed  with  the  toes  and 

knees  turned  in.     Maylieic. 
bandy-legged  (ban'di-legd  or  -leg'ed),  a.     [< 

fcoiirfi/i,  a.,  +  ley  +  -cd-.]    Having  bandy  or 

crooked  legs;  bow-legged. 
bandjrman   (ban'di -man),   «.;    pi.    bandymcn 

(-men).     [<  bandy'^  +  man.]     In  British  India, 

a  man  engaged  in  driving  a  bandy. 

^^^len  also,  .as  all  over  India,  our  white  kinsmen  speak 

of  bandintuni  and  bandies,   the  word  thus  anglicized  is 

simply  the  old  Tamilian  one.  Caldweit. 

bane!  (ban),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also,  less  prop., 
bain,  bainc;<.yiE.  bane,  <.  AS.  bona,  bona,  a 
slayer,  murderer,  =  OS.  bono  =  OFiics.  bona  = 
OHG.  bono,  MHG.  bane,  ban  =zlcel.  bani  =  S\r. 
Dan.  banc,  death,  murder  (not  in  Goth) ;  akin 
to  AS.  benn  =  Icel.  ben  =  Goth,  banja,  a  wound, 
Gr.  ijidvor,  (jmrii,  killing,  murder,  ^ovcic,  a  slayer, 
murderer,  ■\/  *(pcv  (aor.  c-e<)ivoi',  Trecjiyifiev),  slay ; 
cf.  ■»/  *<l>a,  slay,  ^arcir,  verbal  adj.  in  comp., 
slain.]  It.  A  "slayer  or  miu-derer;  a  worker 
of  death,  as  a  man  or  an  animal. 

lie  overcame  this  beeste  and  was  his  ?Min<*. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  I.  2147. 

Lest  Rome  herself  be  bane  unto  herself, 

And  she  .  .  . 

Do  shameful  execution  on  herself. 

Shak..  Tit.  And.,  v.  3. 

2.  That  which  causes  death  or  destroys  life; 
especially,  poison  of  a  deadly  quality. 

A  sword  and  a  dagger  he  wore  by  his  side. 

Of  manye  a  man  the  banc. 

Mubin  Uood,  lu  Percy's  Keliques. 


bane 

Hence  —  3.  Any  fatal  cause  of  mischief,  injury, 

or  liestnictiou:  as,  vice  is  the  liaiie  of  society. 

Ilane  of  the  poor !  it  wounds  their  weaker  iniiul 

To  miss  one  favour  wliicli  tlieir  nciglihoiirs  (Itnl. 

CrahOr,  The  Parisli  Kegister. 

Thouslits  will)  Ijetter  tliou^lits  at  strife, 
Tile  most  familiar  haiw  of  life. 

Wurd»itvrth,  Sequel  to  Beggars. 

4.  Ruin;  destruction. 

The  eup  of  deception  spiced  and  tempered  to  Uieir  bane. 

Milton. 

5t.  Death :  usually  with  such  verbs  as  catch, 
get,  take:  as,  to  catch  one'6  bane. 

She  catcli'd  lier  ban<^  o'  tli'  water. 

ilkldlctuu,  Clia.sti-  JIaid,  v.  2. 

6.  A  disease  in  sheep,  more  commonly  called 
the  rot.=SYn.  3.  IVst.  cm-se,  scourpe, 
banelf  (ban),  v.  t.     l<  ham^,  «.]     1.   To  kill; 
poison. —  2.  To  injiu'e;  ruin. 

Kor  minors  have  not  only  baned  families  but  mined 
realms.  Fuller. 

bane-  (ban),  n.     Scotch  form  of  ione^. 

banC'^t,  ".  An  obsolete  form  of  ftawl,  especially 
in  ))lui'ul  banc.^,  now  baiiiis  (which  see). 

bane'*!,  a.    An  obsolete  form  of  baiii^. 

bane"t,  ".  and  r.     An  obsolete  form,  of  bain^. 

baneberry  (buii'ber'i),  «.  [<.  bane^  +  bcn-i/'^.'] 
The  common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Aetata:  so  called  because  of  their  nauseous 
poisonous  berries.  Also  called  hcrb-chriiit<i])her. 
See  Acta-a. 

baneful  (ban'fid),  a.  [<  i«H(l  +  -/«/.]  De- 
structive; pernicious;  poisonous:  as,  "baneful 
wi'ath,"  Chupnia)!.  Iliad,  i.  1;  '' baneful  hem- 
lock," Garth,  The  Dispensary,  ii. 

Like  baiie/ul  herl)S  the  gazer's  eye  they  seize, 
Kush  to  the  head,  and  poison  where  they  please. 

Crabbe,  Tile  Kewspaper. 

=  Syn.  Hurtful,  harmful,  mischievous,  deadly. 

banefully  (ban'ful-i),  adv.  In  a  baneful  man- 
ner; perniciously;  destructively. 

banefulness  (bau'fid-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  baneful  or  hurtful ;  poisonousness. 

banewort  (ban'wert),  n.  A  name  applied  to 
two  plants:  («)  Atropa  BelUidonna,  or  deadly 
nightshade ;  (h)  Saiiiiiiciiliis  Flammula,  or  lesser 
spearwort.  from  the  supposition  that  it  is  a 
bane  to  sheep. 

bangl  (bang),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  banguc ; 
not  found  in  ME.,  but  prob.  existent ;  of  native 
or  Scand.  origin,  z=  LG.  baiu/eii,  freq.  baitgelii, 
strike,  beat  (cf.  D.  betitfcl,  a  bell,  bcnt/clen,  ring 
a  bell,  MHG.  bengel,  a  club,  G.  bciu/'el,  a  club, 
clown),  =  leel.  banga  =  OSw.  bdng'a,  hammer, 
=  Norw.  banka  =  Dan.  bankr,  beat.  In  popu- 
lar apprehension  the  word  is  imitative.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  beat,  as  'with  a  club  or  cudgel; 
thump;  cudgel. 

He  having  got  some  iron  out  of  the  earth,  put  it  into  his 
servants'  hands  to  fence  with,  and  banff  one  another. 

Locke. 
2.  To  beat  or  handle  roughly  in  any  way; 
treat  with  'sioleuce;  knock  about;  drub;  de- 
feat: often  with  about:  as,  to  bang  the  furni- 
ture about. 

The  desperate  tempest  hath  so  banti'd  the  Turks 
That  their  designment  halts.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

What  galleys  have  we  bamj'd.  and  sunk,  and  taken, 
Whose  only  fraughts  were  Are  and  stern  defiance. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  ii.  1. 

S.  To  produce  a  loud  noise  from  or  by,  as  in 
slamming  a  door,  and  the  like :  as,  he  went  out 
and  banged  the  door  behind  him. 
Twa  unlucky  redcoats  .  .  .  bmvied  aff  a  pm  at  him. 

Scott,  Waverley,  II.  .vwiii. 
4.  To  beat  in  any  quality  or  action ;  stirpass; 
excel.     [CoUoq.] 

The  practical  denial  of  the  common  brotherhood  of  the 
same  family  banijs  heathenism.  J.  Mill. 

That  6n;i<7s  lianagher,  and  Banagher  bangs  the  world. 

Irish  saying. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  strike 'violently  or  noisily ; 
thump :  usually  ^vith  against. 

Now  there  are  certain  particles  or  small  masses  of  mat- 
ter which  we  know  to  bang  against  imc  another  accorduig 
to  certain  laws.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  177. 

2.  To  resoimd  with  clashing  noises. 

The  maid  and  p.age  rcnen'd  their  strife, 
The  palace  bangd  and  buzz'd  and  clackt. 

Tcnni/san,  Day-Drcani. 

3.  To  spring  or  move  'ndth  sudden  energy  or 
impetus ;  bounce :  as,  he  banged  up  at  once. 

bangl  (bang),  «.  [==  Icel.  bang  =  Sw.  bdng,  a 
hammering,  =  Norw.  Dan.  ftawt,  abeating;  from 
the  verb.]  1.  A  hea'vy,  i-esounding  blow;  a 
thump,  as  with  a  club. 

The  very  lli-st  blow  that  the  forester  gave, 
He  made  his  broad  weapon  cry  twaug ; 


440 

Twas  over  tlic  head,  he  fell  down  for  dead, 
O,  that  was  a  damnalilc  bang,' 
Robin  lloinl  and  the  Hanger,  in  Child's  ISallads,  V.  209. 
I  heard  several  bangs  or  butfets  .  .  .  given  to  the  eagle 
that  held  the  ring  of  my  box  in  his  beak. 

Swi/t,  tJulliver's  lYavcls. 

2.  A  loud,  sudden,  explosive  noise,  as  tlie  dis- 
charge of  a  gun  or  cannon,  the  slamming  of  a 
door,  etc. 

The  steps  of  a  fine-belozenged  carriage  were  let  down 
with  a  Imng.  Thackerag,  Newcomes,  II. 

3.  A  sudden,  impetuous  movement;  an  ener- 
getic dash  or  botmoe :  as,  he  got  up  with  a  bang. 
— 4.  A  stick;  a  club.     [North.  Eng.]  =  Syn.  1. 

See  thinnj). 

bangl  (bang),  adi:  [Adverbial  use  of  bang'^,  r. 
or  11.1  Witli  a  sudden  or  violent  blow  or.clap; 
all  of  a  sudden;  abruptly:  especially  with  come 
or  go:  as,  bang  went  the  guns. 

A  321b.  shot  struck  us  bann  on  the  quarter. 

Tom  Cringle's  Log,  P.lackwood's  Hag.,  XXXII.  31. 

bang'-  (bang),  r.  t.  [<  bang'^,  adv. ;  to  cut  the 
hair  'bang  off.']  To  cut  across:  iised  of  hair, 
(o)  To  cut  (the  hair)  so  as  to  form  a  fringe  over 
the  forehead:  a  common  fashion  ■with  girls  and 
young  women. 

He  was  bareheaded,  his  hair  banged  even  with  his  eye- 
brows in  front.  the  Centtiry,  XXV.  192. 

(6)  To  dock  (a  horse's  tail). 

bang-  (bang),  n.  [<  bang",  r.]  The  front  hair 
cut  so  as  to  hang  evenly  over  the  forehead: 
often  in  the  plural :  as,  to  wear  bangs. 

bang'',  n.     See  bhang. 

bang-beggar  (bang'beg'''ar),  K.  [<  bang'^,  v.,  + 
oh},  beggar.^  1.  A  strong  staff. —  2.  A  consta- 
ble or  beadle.     [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

banger  (bang'^r).  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
bangs.  Specifically  — (a)  Something  very  large;  espe- 
ciaUy,alie.  (Slang.]  (&)  Al.-u-ge.  heavy  cane.  [Slang, U.S.I 

bangerts  (ban'gerts),  n.  [E.  dial.,  possibly 
connected  'with  bank'>-.~\  In  mining,  a  coarse 
kind  of  stopping  used  to  hold  up  the  earth. 
[Eng.] 

banghy  (bang'i),  n.  [Hind,  hanghi.'}  1.  In 
the  East  Indies,  a  sort  of  bamboo  pole  or  yoke 
carried  on  a  person's  shoulder  -with  a  load  sus- 
pended at  each  end.  Hence  —  2.  A  parcel- 
post  ;  a  carrier. 

banghy-post  (bang'i-post),  n.  Same  as  bang- 
hi/.  2. 

bangby-'wallah  (bang'i-wal'ii),  )(.  [<  Hind. 
bitnglii  (see  baiighi/)  +  -trala  (incomp.),  -man.] 
In  British  India,  one  who  carries  a  banghy. 

banging  (bang'ing),  a.  [Prop.  ppr.  of  h'ang'^. 
Cf.  tliuinping,  u'hojipiiig.~\  Huge;  great;  sur- 
passing in  size.     [Vulgar.] 

banglelf  (bang'gl),  v.  [Prob.  freq.  of  ftaMj/l,  v.J 
I.  trans.  1.  To  beat  about  or  down,  as  com  by 
the  'wind.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  To  waste  by  lit- 
tle and  little ;  squander  carelessly;  fritter. 

If  we  bangle  away  the  legacy  of  peace  left  us  by  Christ, 
it  is  a  sign  of  our  want  of  regard  fur  him. 

Whole  Dutg  of  Man. 
II.  intrans.  1.  In  falconry,  to  beat  about  in 
the  air ;  flutter :  said  of  a  hawk  which  does  not 
rise  steadily  and  then  swoop  down  upon  its 
prey. —  2.  To  flap  or  hang  do\NTi  loosely,  as  a 
hat-brim  or  an  animal's  ear. 

bangle'-  (bang'gl),  n.    [<  Hind,  bangrl,  a  brace- 
let of  glass.]      1.  An  ornamental  ring  worn 
^^jj..^j^  upon  the  ai-ms 


banish 

to  the  riiristian  ministry.  Convocation  declared  that 
Iloadly's  teaching  tended  to  subvert  all  goverrnnent  in 
the  clmrch  of  Christ,  reducing  his  kingdom  U>  anarcliy, 
and  it  was  about  to  i)roceed  against  liini  when  the  king 
save<l  him  by  proroguing  Convocation,  and  renewing  the 
prorogatir)n  as  often  as  it  had  to  be  summoned  again. 

S.-i-  r:,nr'iriilli, II. 

bang-pitchert  (bang'pich"er),  71.  [<  bang'i-,  t,.^ 
-I-  ohj.  jiilcher.l     A  drunkard. 

bangsring  ibangz'ring),  n.     Same  as  banxring. 

bangster  (baug'ster),  n.  [<  bang'i-,  r.,  -+■  -ster.^ 
A  violent  fellow  who  carries  everything  before 
him  ;  lience,  a  ^^etor  or  champion.     [Scotch.] 

bang-stra'W  (bang'stra), «.  A  thresher.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bangue,  n.     See  bhang. 

bang-up  (bang'up),  (7.  or  adv.  [<  bang^,v.  or 
adr.,  implying  energy  or  dash,  +  up,  implying 
completeness.]  In  fine  style;  in  the  best  man- 
ner; complete;  perfect:  as,  a  bang-up  enter- 
tainment; "task  banr/-up,"  .Scott,  Diary,  Sept. 
8,  1826  (in  Lockharfs'Life).     [Slang.] 

bangy,  «.     See  banghy. 

baniani,  banyan i"  (ban'ian),  «,  [Formerly 
also  bainiian,  liannyan,  banianq:  =  F.  banian,  < 
Pg.  banian,  prob.,  through  Ar.  banyan,  <  Hind. 
banya  (also  banik),  Beng.  bauiya,  banya,  benya, 
a  trader,  merchant,  Gujarati  raniyo,  a  man  of 
the  trading  caste,  <  Skt.  ranij,  a  merchant, 
possibly  <  \/ pan,  buy,  bargain.]  1.  A  Hindu 
trader  or  merchant,  espeeiallj'  of  the  province 
of  Guzerat;  one  engaged  in  commerce  gener- 
ally, but  more  particularly  one  of  the  great 
traders  of  western  India,  as  in  the  seaports  of 
Bombay,  Kurrachee,  etc.,  who  carry  on  a  large 
trade  with  the  interior  of  Asia  by  means  of  cara- 
vans, and  with  Africa  by  vessels.  Tliey  form  a 
class  of  the  caste  \'aisya,  wear  a  peculiar  dress,  and  are 
strict  in  the  observance  of  fasts  and  in  abstaining  from 
the  use  of  tlesh. 

The  Banians  would  eat  nothing  that  had  life.  Their 
priests  were  called  verteas,  and  wore  white  clothes,  which 
they  never  took  off  until  worn  to  rags.  They  lived  upon 
charity,  and  kept  nothing  till  the  next  day. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Hist.  India,  III.  421. 

2.  In  British  India,  originallj-,  a  cotton  shirt 
worn  by  the  Hindus.  Hence  —  («)  Any  under- 
garment, even  of  the  elastic  web  made  in  Eng- 
land, (b)  Any  loose  or  easy  dress  worn  in  the 
house,  especially  one  modeled  on  the  native 
dress  of  the  Hindus — Banian  days,  originally  two 
days  in  the  week,  and  afterwai'd  one.  in  which  sailors  in  the 
British  navy  had  no  flesh-meat  served  out  to  them.  Ban- 
ian days  are  now  abolished,  but  the  tenn  is  still  applied 
to  days  of  poor  fare. 
banian'-,  banyan^  (ban'ian),  n.  [For  banian- 
or  banyan-trcr,  that  is,  banians'  tree,  tree  of 
the  banians  or  Hindu  merchants ;  orig.  applied 
to  an  individual  tree  of  this  species  at  Gom- 
broon, a  port  of  the  Persian  gtdf,  and  then  ex- 
tended to  all  trees  of  the  species,  from  their 
frequent  use  as  market-places.  The  native 
Hind,  name  for  the  tree  is  bar,  <  Skt.  rata 
(cerebral  t),  the  banian-tree.]    An  East  Indian 


Bangles  from  East  India  Museum,  L.ondon. 


and  ankles  in 
India  and  Af- 
rica. Hence  — 
2.  A  bracelet 
without  a  clasp; 
a  ring-bracelet, 
generally    with 

small  ornaments  suspended  from  it. 
We  hear  too  often  of  Bertha's  various  dresses,  and  a 

great  deal  too  nmch  of  lier  bangles. 

The  American,  \l.  124. 

3.  Xaut.,  a  hoop  of  a  spar. 

bangle-ear  (bang'gl-er),  n.  [<  bangle'^  -i-  c«rl.] 
A  loose,  hanging  ear,  as  of  a  dog.  It  is  re- 
garded as  an  imperfection. 

bangle-eared  (bang'gl-erd),  a.  [Also  hanglcd- 
earcd :  as  bangle-car  +  -crf'^.]  Flap-eared,  like 
a  spaniel. 

banglingt  (baug'gling),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  ban- 
gle'-, c]     Contention;  squabbling. 

Bangorian  (bang-go'ri-au),  a.  [<  Bangor,  a 
bishop's  see.  The  name  is '\V.,  lit.  'high  peak,' 
<  ban,  peak,  prominence,  -t-  g<ir,  high.]  Kelat- 
ing  to  Bangor,  a  bishop's  see  in  North  Wales. — 
Bangorian  controversy,  a  i(intr.i\rrsv  stirred  up  bv  a 
sennon  i>rc;i.lnil  bcfon  i;i..r._-f  I.  im  March  :il,  1717.  bv 
Dr.  Hoa.lly,  l.ii.li,i|,  ,,f  l;aii:_-..r.  from  tlic  text  "  .My  kingdom 
is  not  of  this  World,"  from  wliicli  the  liishop  argued  tliat 
Christ  had  not  delegated  judicial  and  disciplinai'y  powers 


fig-tree,  Ficus  Bengalcnsis,  natural  order  Crti- 
caccte,  remarkable  for  the  area  which  individ- 
ual trees  cover  through  the  development  of 
roots  from  the  branches,  which  descend  to  the 
groimd  and  become  trunks  for  the  support  and 
nouiishment  of  the  extending  cro'\\Ti.  it  is  ex- 
tcnsivelj'  i)lanted  throughout  India  as  a  shade-tree,  and  is 
of  rapid  growth,  fre<juently  covering  a  space  100  yards  in 
diameter  and  reaching  a  licight  of  SO  or  100  feet.  The 
fruit  is  of  the  size  of  a  cherry.  As  in  some  other  tropical 
species  of  the  genus,  the  seeds  rarely  germinate  in  the 
gn  mud.  lint  usually  in  the  crowns  of  palms  or  other  trees, 
where  they  have  been  deposited  by  birds.  Roots  are  sent 
down  to  the  ground,  and  they  embrace  and  Anally  kill  the 
nurse-palm.  The  tree  furnishes  lac,  the  hark  is  made 
into  cordage,  the  nulky  juice  yields  a  birddime.  and  the 
leaves  are  fashioned  into  jdatters.  Tlie  wood  is  soft  and 
of  little  value. 

banie  (ba'ni),  a.     A  Scotch  fonn  of  bony. 

banish  (ban'ish),  r.  t.  [<  JIE.  banish'rn.  ban- 
ysi  n.  <  OF.  banir,  bannir(banis-''-).  mod.  F.  bannir 
=  OSp.  Pg.  bandir  =  It.  bandire,  ML.  bannirei 


banish 

handircj  proclaim,  biui,  banish,  <  hannum^  6an- 
dum^  ban :  seo  hati^j  n,  aud  v.]  If.  To  outlaw; 
put  under  ban. 

When  lie  luid  in  Lough-leven  been 
Miiiiy  a  iiiontti  and  iiiuiiy  a  day: 
To  tlie  roKciit  the  lonj  warden  sent, 
Tliat  banninhi  earl  for  Ut  betray. 

Percy')*  Heliqurs,  p.  IDO. 
For  I  miiste  to  tlie  greiie  wudc  goo, 
Alone,  u  hain/.ished  man. 

Till-  Siifhrou'iii'  Maid,  in  {'hild's  liallads. 

2,  To  condoinu  to  oxile  by  j)oliti(:al  or  judicial 
authority;  expel  from  or  relepate  to  a  country 
or  a  place,  either  permanently  or  for  a  time: 
often  witli  objectives  of  both  i)erson  and  place : 
as,  he  was  l)a)ii:^hc(t  the  kingdom;  Ovia  was 
banished  to  Tomi. 

We, 
From  this  instant,  banish  liini  our  city. 

Sliak.,  ('or.,  ili.  3. 

Six  years  we  batiish  liini.  Shuk.,  Kieh.  II.,  i.  3. 

Thon  knowest  wliat  it  is  to  be  baniKheii  thy  native 

country,  to  be  over-ruled,  as  well  as  to  rule  and  sit  ujKin 

the  tlirone.  B.  Barclay,  I'ref.  to  An  Apology. 

3,  To  send  or  di'ive  away;  expel;  dismiss: 
with  a  person  or  thing  as  object:  as,  to  banish 
sorrow;  to  banish  an  obnoxious  person  from 
one's  presence  or  thoughts. 

These  evils  thou  repeat'st  upon  thyself 
Have  banisit'd  me  from  Scotland. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
You  have  already  banished  slavery  from  this  eouimon- 
wealth.  Sumner,  Arg.  against  Sep.  Colored  Schools. 

=  SyTL  Banish,  Exile,  Expel,  expatriate,  put  away,  are  all 
used  of  removal  by  physical  or  moral  eompuUion;  they 
all  have  a  figurative  as  well  as  a  literal  use.  To  bani/ih  is, 
literally,  to  put  out  of  a  eommuuity  or  country  by  ban  or 
civil  interdict,  and  indicates  a  complete  removal  out  of 
sight,  perhaps  to  a  distance.  To  exile  is  simply  to  cause 
to  leave  ones  place  or  country,  and  is  often  used  rellex- 
ively  ;  it  emphasizes  the  idea  of  leaving  home,  while  ban- 
ish empliasizes  rather  that  of  ln-ing  forced  by  some  au- 
thority to  leave  it:  as,  the  liitterness  of  exile;  banished 
to  Siberia.  Expel,  literally,  to  drive  out,  means  prima- 
rily to  cast  out  foreilily  and  violently,  and  secondarily 
with  disgrace  :  as,  to  expel  from  the  chamber,  or  from  col- 
lege ;  he  was  expelled  the  country. 

Banished  from  Rome  !  what's  banished  but  set  free 
From  daily  contact  with  the  things  1  loathe? 

Croly,  Catiline. 

The  intrigues  of  Richelieu  compelled  her  [Mary  of  Me- 
dicis]  to  exile  herself,  and  live  an  unhappy  fugitive. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Curius.  of  Lit.,  I.  SfiG. 

When  the  French  Revolution  of  February,  1S4S,  broke 
out,  Marx  was  expelled  witbout  circumstance  from  Brus- 
sels. Bae,  Contemp.  Socialism,  p.  132. 

banisher  (ban'ish-er),  n.     One  who  banishes. 

To  be  full  quit  of  those  my  bani-shers 

Stand  I  before  thee  here.  Shak.,  Cnr.,  iv.  5. 

banishment  (ban'lsh-ment),  n.  [<  banish  + 
-Hunt,  after  F.  bannisscment.']  1.  The  act  of 
banishing  or  compelling  a  citizen  to  leave  his 
country  or  place  of  residence  by  political  or 
judicial  authority. 

He  secured  himself  by  the  banishment  of  his  enemies. 

Johnson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  banished ;  enforced  ab- 
sence; expulsion;  exile,  in  either  a  legal  or  a 
general  sense:  as,  feawis/iwien^  from  thy  presence 
is  worse  than  death. 

Six  frozen  winters  spent, 
Keturn  with  welcome  home  from  banijihment. 

Shak,  Rich.  H.,  i  3. 
Fields  whose  thrifty  occupants  abide 
As  in  a  dear  and  chosen  hnnishnient. 
With  every  semblance  of  entire  content. 

Wordtiworth,  Sonnets,  iii.  21. 

3.  The  act  of  driving  away  or  dispelling:  as, 
the  banishment  of  care  from  the  mind. 

banister,  bannister  (ban'is-ter),  n.  Corrupt 
forms  of  baluster. 

He  struggled  to  ascend  the  pulpit  staii-s.  holding  hard 
on  the  banistrrs.  Se«tt,  Woodstock,  1.  i. 

banister-cross  (ban'is-ter-kr6s),  H.  In  her. J  see 
rross-banistrr. 

banjerf  (ban'jer),  71.     See  banjo, 

banjo  (ban'jo),  n.  [Negro  pron.  of  banjore,  a 
corruption  (in  another  form  banjcr)  of  ban- 
dore^f  q.  v.]  1.  A  musical  instrument  of  the 
guitar  class,  having  a  neck  with  or  without 
frets,  and  a  circular  body  covered  in  front  witli 
tightly  stretched  parchment,  like  a  tamboui-ine. 
It  has  front  live  to  nine  string's,  of  wbieb  the  melody- 
string,  the  highest  in  pitrli,  Init  phued  outside  <if  the  low- 
est of  the  others,  is  played  by  tin-  thumb.  As  in  the  gui- 
tar, the  pitch  of  the  strings  is  fixed  by  stopping  them  with 
tlie  left  liiiud,  while  the  right  band  pro.hi<-.s  tlie  t^me  by 
plucking  or  .sttiking.  It  is  a  favcirite  iiistvununt  among 
the  negroes  of  the  southern  United  States,  and  is  nmcl» 
used  by  other  persons. 
2.  A  banjo-frame  (which  see). 

banjo-frame  (ban'jo-fram),  «.  A  rectangular 
franm  of  metal,  fitted  in  the  stern  of  a  ship, 
for  canying  and  hoisting  or  lowering  a  two- 
bladed  screw-propeller,    it  works  in  guides  iu  the 


Banjo-fr.^mc. 

a.  two-bladed  screw;  fi.  pur. 
ch.xse  for  raising;  screw ;  r, 
coupling  connectintj  screw  with 


441 

fltem-poBt  and  rudder-post,  and  enables  the  screw  to  lie 
lifted  ovit  of  the  water  when  it  is  (lesired  to  proceed  under 
sail,  and  t()  be  lowered  and 
connected  to  the  shaft  when 
ateamint,'  is  resumed. 
banjoist  (ban'jo-ist),  n. 
[<  hiiiijo  +  -ist.'\  One 
wlio  iil;iys  tli<^  banjo. 

bank'  (baiigk),  «.  [< 
ME.  bunk;  hiuic,  hanke, 
also  bonk,  bone,  honke, 
<  AS.  'banco  (found  only 
once,  in  a  gloss,  in  comp. 
hO-bonai,  a  couch,  lit. 
'  hoel-bcncli ':  see  hock^ ), 
tho  ME.  being  perliajis 
from  tho  cognate  led. 
'banki,  assimilated  bak- 
ki,  a  bank  (of  a  rivor, 
of  a  chasm,  of  clouds, 
etc.),  ridge  or  eminence, 

^     h)W,     bockc     ^     JJan.     coupling  connectintj  sere 

hokkr,  a  hill,  hillock,  ris-  ^^^'," 'haft;  j,  rud Jcr ;  ^ si=r... 
ing  ground,   eminence; 

with  weak  suf[i.\,  cognate  with  AS.  bene,  etc., 
E.  bench,  with  orig.  strong  suffix:  see  bench. 
Some  senses  of  6o«Al  are  due  to  the  F.  bone,  a 
bench,  etc.,  from  Teut. ;  so  the  distinct  bank^, 
ult.  a  doublet  of  bench.']  1.  A  mound,  pile,  or 
rid^e  of  earth  raised  above  tho  surrounding 
plain ;  an  artificial  embankment,  especially  for 
military  use. 
They  cast  up  a  hank  against  the  city.         2  Sam.  xx.  15. 

2.  Any  steep  acclivity,  as  one  rising  from  a 
river,  a  lake,  or  the  sea,  or  fonuing  the  side  of 
a  ravine,  or  the  steep  side  of  a  hillock  on  a 
plain. 

Tiber  trembled  underneath  her  banks.    Shak.,  J.  C.,i.  1. 
Muoreil  against  the  grassy  bank  of  the  brimming  river, 
the  black  ships  were  taking  in  hides  and  furs. 

G.  W.  Cable,  Creoles  of  L<juisiana,  p.  104. 

3.  An  elevation  or  rising  ground  in  the  sea  or 
the  bed  of  a  river,  composed  of  sand  or  other 
soil,  and  either  partly  above  water  or  covered 
everywhere  with  shoal  water;  a  shoal;  a  shal- 
low: as,  the  banks  of  Newfoundland;  the  Cog- 
ger bank  in  the  North  Sea. — 4t.  A  bench  or 
long  seat;  also,  a  stage  or  platform  to  speak 
from.     See  mountebank. 

Per.   Who  be  these,  sir?  .  .  . 

Sir  P.  Fellows,  to  mount  a  6a;i*.  Did  your  instructor 
In  the  dear  tongues  never  discourse  to  you 
Of  the  Italian  mountebanks?  li.  Jomon,  Volpone,  ii.  I. 
The  heads  of  the  couches  were  towards  the  walls ;  and 
so  far  as  one  can  gather  from  the  vague  descriptions  which 
have  come  down  to  us,  the  ends  of  them  towards  the  fire 
served  iis  a  bank  to  sit  upon. 

W.  K.  SulUran,  Int.  to  O'Curry's  Anc.  Irish,  p.  cccxlix. 

5.  A  bench  in  a  galley  for  rowers;  hence,  tho 
number  of  rowers  seated  on  one  bench.  A  galley 
was  double-banked  when  there  were  two  tiers  or  rows  of 
benches,  one  above  the  other,  triple-banked  when  there 
were  three  tiers,  and  so  on.  In  modern  phraseology,  a  boat 
is  .single  banked  when  the  oars  are  i>nlled  each  by  one  man, 
the  nu-n  sitting  one  upon  a  seat  and  alternately  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  a  boat ;  it  is  double-banked  when  two  men  sit 
upon  one  seat,  each  man  with  an  oar.  An  oar  is  single- 
banked  when  worked  by  one  man,  and  double-banked 
when  worked  by  two  men. 

Meantime  the  king  with  gifts  a  vessel  stores, 
.Supplies  the  banks  with  twenty  chosen  oars.   Dryden. 

6t.  In  law,  the  bench  or  seat  upon  which  tho 
judges  sat.  Seo  bane. — 7.  A  bench  or  row 
of  keys  in  an  organ  or  similar  instrument. — 
8.  In  carji.,  a  long  piece  of  timber,  especially 
of  fir-wood  unslit,  from  4  to  10  inches  square. 

—  9.  In  coal-mining :  (a)  The  surface  around  the 
mouth  of  a  shaft :  in  this  sense  nearly  s>aiony- 
mous  with  the  Cornish  grass,  to  bank  being  the 
same  as  to  grass,  (ft)  In  England,  the  whole  or 
one  end  or  side  of  a  working-place  under  grormd. 
(f)  In  Pennsylvania,  a  coal-working  opened  by 
water-level  ilrifts.  I'enn.  (ieol.  iSiirc.  Glo.':sar!/. 
(d)  In  England  (Cumberland),  a  large  heap  or 
stack  of  coal  on  the  surface.  Gresleij. — 10. 
The  support  of  the  mo\nng  carriage  of  a  print- 
ing-press.— 11.  In  the  fire-chamber  of  a  glass- 
furnace,  one  of  the  banked-up  parts  which  sup- 
port the  melting-pots. — 12.  In  printing:  (a) 
Tho  table  used  by  a  hand-pressman  for  his  uu- 
printed  paper  and  his  printed  sheets.  '  (6)  A 
frame,  with  sloping  top,  on  which  are  placed 
the  galleys  for  use  iu  collecting  and  pro-sing  tho 
tyiie  set:  mainly  used  iu  newspaper  compos- 
ing-rooms.— 13.  In  thread  or  yarn  manufac- 
ture, a  creel  in  which  rows  of  bobbins  are  held. 

-  Bank  of  clouds,  a  m.ass  of  cloutls  ajipearing  as  if  piled 
up  iTi  the  form  of  a  bank.— Bank  Oil,  nienhaden-oil. — 
Spoil  bank,  in  elvil  ewjineerin^j,  earth  tilttahied  from  dis- 
tant points  in  the  line  of  a  work,  or  purchased  for  u.se 
where  a  sntheient  quantity  for  the  needed  llllliigs  is  not 
furnished  by  the  cuttings. 


bank 

bank^  (bangk),  v.  [<  bank\  n.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  raise  a  mound  or  dike  about;  inclose,  de- 
fend, or  fortify  with  a  bank;  embank:  as,  to 
bank  a  river. — 2.  To  form  into  a  bank  or  heap; 
lieap  or  pile :  with  up :  as,  to  bank  up  tho  snow. 
—  3.  To  lie  aroimd  or  encircle,  as  a  bank;  con- 
stitute a  bank  around;  form  a  bank  or  border 
to;  hem  in  as  a  bank. 

Bnniing  sanils  that  hunk  the  shrubby  vales. 

Tltitmsun,  sunnner,  1.  6C0. 

4t.  To  pass  by  tho  banks  or  fortifications  of. 
Have  I  not  heard  these  islanders  shout  out 
*'  Vive  le  roy  "  aa  I  have  bank'il  their  ttjwns? 

.Sliak.,  K.  John,  v.  2. 
To  bank  a  fire,  to  cover  up  a  tire  with  a.shes,  and  uso 
otlier  tiieans,  .i-s  closing  the  dampers  and  ash-pit  door,  to 
make  it  Iturn  hiw  and  at  the  same  time  to  prevent  its  be- 
connng  extinguished. 

Towards  the  afternoon  a  nice  breeze  sprang  up,  and  we 
were  able  to  (ia/iA: /irc^and  sail. 

Ladr/  Brassetf,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  i. 
To  bank  out,  in  cnal-mininti,  to  stack,  as  coal,  on  the 
surfaie.  ill  ih-fjiuU  of  means  for  removing  it.     [Kng,] 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  border  upon. —  2.  To  im- 
pinge upon  the  banking-pius  of  a  watch:  said 
of  tho  escapement. 
bank-  (bangk),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bankc, 
banque,  <  late  ME.  bankc,  <  F.  banque,  <  It. 
banca  (=  F.  banche  =  Pr.  Sp.  I'g.  banca,  <  ML. 
banco,  f.),  a  bench,  esp.  (in  It.  and  thence  in 
other  languages)  a  money-changer's  bench  or 
table,  later  a  bank  ;  cf.  It.  Sj).  Pg.  banco  =  Pr. 
F.  banc,  <  ML.  bancus,  m.,  a  bank,  bench,  < 
MHG.  banc,  U.  bank  =  E.  bank^,  a  bench:  see 
bank^.']  If.  A  money-dealer's  table,  counter, 
or  shop. 

Exchangers  of  Money  made  the  temple  to  be  the  market 
aud  the  banke.  Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar,  ii.  11. 

These  established  their  banks  or  tables  in  the  foruni, 
like  ordinary  bankers. 

Arnold,  Hist.  Kome,  II.  xxvii.  72.    (JV.  E.  D.) 

2t.  A  sum  of  money,  especially  a  simi  to  draw 
upon,  as  in  a  loan-bank. —  3.  In  games  of 
chance,  the  amount  or  pile  which  the  proprie- 
tor of  the  gaming-table,  or  the  person  who 
plays  against  all  the  others,  has  before  him: 
the  funds  of  a  gaming  establishment ;  a  fund 
in  certain  games  at  cards  :  as,  a  faro-6rt«A-. — 4. 
An  institution  forrecei\'ing  and  lending  m(mey. 
The  banking  institutions  of  tlie  I'liiteii  States  may  be 
classed  as  nati»nal  and  State  banks,  saviii^ts-ljanht,  jiri- 
rail'  haiika  or  bunkers,  and  loan  and  trust  companies. 
NatioiKil  bunks  were  first  authorized  by  a  law  of  the 
Inited  States  enacted  in  1863,  for  a  term  of  twenty  years. 
In  law  another  act  was  adopted  (allowing  the  like  term 
of  twenty  years),  which  was  thereafter  known  as  the 
A'atitinal  Bank  Act.  In  1883  they  were  authorized  to 
continue  twenty  years  longer.  They  receive,  lend,  and 
transmit  money,  and  issue  notes  which  are  used  as  money, 
and  buy,  sell,  and  collect  bills  of  exchange.  Their  circu- 
lating notes  are  secured  by  Inited  States  I'onds  deposited 
with  the  government,  and  their  <.iniati-iiis  ju<-  subject  to 
the  inspection  and  supervision  of  the  i'oniptroller  of  the 
Currency.  State  banks  perform  the  same  functions  except 
that  of  issuing  notes.  The  notes  of  the  State  banks  were 
taxed  10  per  cent,  by  Congress  in  16(35,  in  order  to  cause 
tlieir  retirement,  which  was  speedily  accomplished.  Pri- 
vate banks  and  bankers  carry  on  the  same  business  aa 
State  banks.  Sometimes  one  person  constitutes  a  iirivate 
bank,  but  generally  sevrral  persons  associate  togctlier  aud 
form  a  ijartiersliip.  Loan  and  trust  c'-nipaiiies  ;irr  incor- 
porated institutions,  and  receive  licin-sits,  usually  for  a 
fixed  iierioii,  and  loan  them  on  the  ]iU(lge  of  sto<ks,  bontls, 
and  other  securities,  while  national  and  State  banks  leml 
largely  on  the  promises  of  the  borrowei-s;  tliey  have  also 
a  capital  which  is  subscribed  and  paid  by  the  stockholders. 
Savings. banks  receive  money  and  lend  it  chietly  on  the 
security  of  real  estate.  See  sarinffs-bank.  In  Europe 
several  great  national  banks  are  intimately  associated 
with  the  llseal  departments  of  tlie  governments  of  their 
respective  eonntries,  as  the  Bank  of  England  and  the  Bank 
of  France.  Banks  of  issue  are  such  as  issue  notes  that  cir- 
eulate  as  currency.  In  London  and  for  sixty-flve  miles 
around  no  bank  having  more  than  ten  partners,  save  the 
Bank  of  England,  is  allowed  to  issue  its  own  notes. 
5.  The  office  in  which  the  transactions  of  a 
banking  company  are  conducted — Bank-charter 
Act,  ail  English  statiite  of  1844 (7  and  8  Vict.,  c.  ;f2)  detluiiig 
the  jiowers  of  the  Bank  of  England  in  respect  to  the  i.ssue 
of  notes  and  the  amount  of  bullion  reserve.  Its  object 
was  to  avoid  the  danger  of  the  over-issue  of  circulating 
notes,  which  it  accomplished  by  llxing  a  limit  to  the 
amount  of  bullion  held  by  the  bank.  It  also  regulated 
the  is-sne  of  notes  bv  other  banks.  ,\lso  known  as  the 
Peel  Act,  and  Sir  liohert  Peels  Jit.— Bank  discount. 
Sec  (/I'scoi/iif.  — Bank  men,  in  IT.  S.  hist.,  supporters  of 
the  second  I'liited  Slates  r.iiiik  in  its  contest  with  Presi- 
dent .laek.son.  Two  instituliinis  have  been  chai'tered  by 
Congress  under  the  title  Bank  of  the  United  States,  having 
their  seat  in  Philadelphia,  and  intimately  ciuiueeted  with 
tho  national  finances.  The  charter  of  the  tlrst,  granted 
in  1791,  expired  in  1811,  its  renewal  having  been  refused. 
The  second  lasted  from  1816  to  18.S0  under  the  national 
charter,  and  was  continued  for  a  time  as  a  State  bank. 
The  opposition  of  President  .Tackson  to  the  renewal  of  its 
i-harter,  and  his  removal  of  the  government  deiHisits  from 
it  in  ls;t:i,  led  to  a  violent  political  contest,  in  which  his 
course  was  ultimately  sustained.  — Bank  of  Issue,  a  bank 
or  Itanking  conipany  iluiy  aiitliorized  liy  law  to  issue  bank- 
notes of  its  own.— Bank  post-bill,  see  ;.i7/:).—  Days  In 
banc,  scerfav'.  — National  Bank  Act,  an  act  of  Con- 
gress of  1884,  proridiug  for  the  organization  throughout  the 


lank 

rnited  SUtes  of  banks  whose  circulatinf;  not«9  were  re- 
quired ti»  lie  BCfured  by  a  deposit  of  United  States  lionds, 
which  resulted,  as  was  intended,  in  proviiling  a  market 
for  a  very  large  poverninent  loan,  ami  at  the  same  time  a 
secure  currency  etiually  acceptable  in  all  parts  of  the  covni- 

try.— Penny-banks  Act,  an  i;n[;iit.li  siaiuie  of  issii  (22 

and  2;J  Vict.,  e.  bS)  autliol-i/in^,'  the  iiivcstiiiK  of  the  funds 
of  penny  savin;^-banks,  charitable  societies,  etc.,  in  the 
money  of  established  savings-lianks.  —  To  break  the 
bank,  to  win,  as  in  faro,  from  the  management  a  certain 
sum  which  has  been  tlxed  npon  as  the  limit  wliiili  the 
hank  is  willing  to  lose  in  a  single  day.— To  play  against 
tbe  bank,  to  take  the  risks  of  a  game,  as  rouge-et-noir  vr 
faro,  in  opposition  to  its  manager. 
bank-  (bangk),  r.  [<  hntik",  »i.]  I.  intrans. 
To  liavo  an  account  with  a  banker;  deposit 
monoy  in  a  bank ;  transact  business  with  a  bank 
or  as  a  bank ;  e.\ereise  the  trade  or  profession 
of  a  banker. 

I  hank  with  one  of  my  sons'  fathers-in-law,  and  the  other 
ioilA-s  with  me.  Thackeray. 

II.  trans.  To  lay  up  on  deposit  in  a  bank : 
as,  he  banked  §500. 

banka  (bang'kii),  n.  [Native.]  A  passenger- 
boat  without  outrigger,  used  on  the  river  and 
harbor  at  Manila.  It  is  hewn  from  a  single  log  of 
wood  from  16  to  23  feet  long,  and  carries  three  or  four 
passengers.     Imp.  Diet. 

bankable  (bang'ka-bl),  a.  [<  hanl-^,  r.,  +  -ahle.'] 
Keceivable  as  cash  by  a  bank,  as  bank-notes, 
checks,  and  other  securities  for  money. 

bank-account  (bangk'a-kount"),  H.  A  sum  de- 
posited in  a  bank  to  be  drawn  out  on  the  writ- 
ten order  of  the  depositor. 

bank-bait  (bangk'bat),  «.  A  name  of  May-flies. 

A  gi-eat  many  fall  into  the  water  a  prey  to  fishes,  and 
at  that  time  [May],  especially  at  Dordrecht,  the  roach  is 
notetl  as  being  peculiarly  fat  and  good.  Hence  the  name 
ba}ik-bait  (in  some  parta  of  France,  la  manne). 

E.  P.  Wriijht,  Anim.  Life,  p.  485. 

bank-bill  (bangk'bil),  n.  1.  A  note  or  bill 
drawn  by  one  bank  on  another,  and  payable 
either  on  demand  or  at  some  future  specified 
date. —  2.  In  the  United  States  and  some  parts 
of  England,  a  bank-note  (which  see). 

bank-book  (bangk'biik),  n.  The  pass-book  in 
which  an  officer  of  a  bank  enters  the  debits  and 
credits  of  a  customer.  The  initials  of  the  teller  or 
accountant  of  the  bank  affixed  to  the  sums  entered  in  the 
hank-book  to  the  credit  of  the  customer  constitute  a  valid 
receipt. 

bank-credit  (bangk'kred"it),  n.  A  credit  with 
a  bank,  by  which,  on  proper  security  given  to 
the  bank,  a  person  receives  liberty  to  draw  to 
a  certain  extent  agreed  upon :  in  Scotland  also 
called  a  casli-nccount.  Such  credits  were  long 
a  distinctive  feature  of  Scotch  banking. 

banker^  (bang'ker),  V.  [<  banl-'i-,  n.  or  v.,  in 
various  senses,  +  -f/'l.]  1.  A  vessel  employed 
in  the  cod-fishery  on  the  banks  of  Newfound- 
land. J.  Q.Adams. — 2.  The  bench  or  table  upon 
which  bricklayers  and  stone-masons  prepare 
and  shape  their  material ;  a  banket- — 3.  In 
sculp.,  a  modeler's  bench  provided  with  a  cir- 
cular platform  turning  on  wheels  so  that  the 
work  can  be  revolved  to  expose  any  portion 
to  the  light. — 4.  A  covering  for  a  bench  or 
seat,  made  of  tapestry,  rich  stuff,  or  embroi- 
dered cloth. —  5.  A  hanging  for  a  church  wall 
or  screen;  specifically,  the  curtains  placed  at 
the  ends  of  an  altar. —  6.  A  ditcher;  one  en- 
gaged in  embanking. 

The  discovery  was  made  by  some  bankers  (men  who 
work  in  the  fens)  from  Lincolnshire. 

J.  Freeman,  Life  of  W.  Kirby,  p.  155. 

7.  In  Imntinq,  a  horse  which  can  jump  on  and 
off  field-banks  too  large  to  be  cleared.  N.  M. 
I). — 8.  In  Australia,  a  river  full  to  the  brim. 
j\".  E.  D. 

banker'-^  (bang'ker),  n.  [<  bank^,  v.,  -l--e)l.] 
1.  One  who  keeps  a  bank ;  one  who  traffics  in 
money,  receives  and  remits  money,  negotiates 
bills  of  exchange,  etc. —  2.  The  holder  of  the 
fimds  of  a  gaming  establishment ;  in  games  of 
chance,  that  player  who  deposits  a  certain  simi 
of  money  against  which  bets  are  made,  or  that 
player  who  for  the  sake  of  convenience  receives 

and  pays  out  bets  won  and  lost Banker's  note, 

a  promissory  note  given  by  a  private  banker  or  an  unin- 
eorporatcii  bank. 

bankeress  (bang'kOr-es),  n.  [<  banker^  +  -ess.} 
A  female  banker;  a  banker's  wife.  Thackeray. 
[Rare.] 

The  late  Countess  of  Jersey  was  only  received  on  suffer- 
ance in  some  houses  in  Vieima,  because  she  was  a  bank- 
eress. The  American,  V.  200. 

bankerless  (baug'kfer-les),  a.  [<  banker^  + 
-Icis.]     Without  bankers.     Quartcrh/ J}ev. 

bankeroutt,  ".,  «.,  and  r.  An  obsolete  form  of 
bankmiit. 

banket^t,  ji.  and  r.  An  obsolete  form  of  ban- 
quet. 


442 

banket^  (bang'ket),  «.  [<  bank^,  a  bench,  + 
dim.  -et.]  A  piece  of  wood  on  which  brick- 
layers cut  their  bricks  to  the  size  proper  for 
the  place  into  which  they  are  about  to  lay 
them.     [Eng.] 

bank-fence  (bangk'fens),  n.  A  fence  made  of 
a  bank  of  earth. 

bank-game  (bangk'gam),  n.  In  biUiards,  a 
game  in  which  only  bank-shots  count. 

bank-head  (bangk'hed),  )(.  In  coal-mining,  the 
upper  level  end  of  an  inclined  plane  next  the 
engine.     [Eng.] 

bank-holiday  (bangk'hol'1-da),  n.  In  Great 
Britain,  a  secular  day  on  which  the  law  ex- 
empts the  parties  to  negotiable  paper  from  the 
obligation  of  presentment,  payment,  etc.,  and 
consequently  allows  banks  to  be  closed.  Its 
effect  on  such  paper  differs  from  that  of  Sunday  in  tlie 
fact  that  the  laws  establishing  such  holidays  usually,  if 
not  always,  provide  that  paper  falling  due  on  such  day  is 
payable  on  the  next  following  secular  day,  while  paper 
entitled  by  connnercial  usage  to  days  of  grace,  and  falling 
due  on  Sunday,  is  payable  on  Saturday.  By  a  statute  of 
1S71,  the  bauk-Iitdidays  in  England  and  Ireland  are  Easter 
Monday,  Whit  Monday,  the  first  Monday  in  August,  and 
the  20th  of  December  (boxing-day);  in  Scotland,  New 
Year's  day,  the  first  Monday  in  May,  the  first  Monday  in 
.August,  and  (.'hristmas  day.     See  holidaij. 

bank-hook  (bangk'huk),  n.  1.  A  large  foiTu 
of  fish-hook  for  catching  cod,  used  on  the  banks 
of  Newfoundland. —  2.  In  coal-mining,  the  iron 
hook  with  which  the  banksman  draws  the  loaded 
tubs  off  the  cage.     [Eng.] 

banking!  (bang'king),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  bank'^, 
i'.]  1.  The  act  of  raising  a  mound  or  bank,  or 
of  inclosing  with  a  bank. — 2.  The  bank  or 
mound  raised ;  anything  piled  up  to  serve  as  a 
bank,  as  a  raised  edging  of  wax  on  a  plate  that 
is  to  be  treated  with  acids  for  etching. — 3.  A 
general  term  for  fishing  as  practised  on  the 
banks  of  Newfoundlanii. — 4.  In  coal-mining, 
the  sorting  or  loading  of  coals  ''at  bank,"  or  at 
the  mouth  of  the  shaft.     [Eng.] 

banking"  (bang'king),  91.  and  a.  I.  «.  [Verbal 
n.  of  Ixink'^,  »■.]  The  business  or  employment  of 
a  banker ;  the  business  carried  on  by  a  bank. 

The  term  banking  was  then  [1742]  applied  only  to  the 
issue  of  notes  and  the  taking  up  of  money  on  bills  on  de- 
mand. If'.  Bariehot,  Lombard  Street,  p.  98. 

II.  ".  Pertaining  to  or  conducted  by  a  bank: 
as,  bankinfi  operations. 

banking-file  (bang'king-fil),  n.  A  file  with 
parallel  edges  and  a  triangular  section. 

banking-pin  (bang'king-pin),  H.  In  a  watch, 
one  of  two  pins  serving  to  confine  the  move- 
ments of  the  escapement. 

banking-'wax  (bang'king-waks),  n.  A  compo- 
sition of  beeswax,  common  pitch,  Burgimdy 
jiiteh,  and  sweet  oil,  melted  in  a  crucible  and 
poured  into  cold  water,  used  in  etching  to  form 
a  border  around  the  plate,  to  prevent  the  over- 
flow of  the  acid. 

bankless  (bangk'les),  a.  [<  iank^  +  -less.'} 
Without  banks  or  limits:  as,  "the  batiMe.^s 
sea."  Davies. 

bank-level  (bangk'lev'el),  n.  In  coal-mining, 
the  level  heading  from  which  the  bank  is  worked. 
[Yorkshire,  Eng.] 

bank-martin  (bangk'mar"tin),  n.  Same  as 
hank-su-allon: 

bank-note  (bangk'not),  n.  A  promissory  note 
payable  on  demand,  made  and  issued  by  a 
bank  authorized  by  law,  and  intended  to  cir- 
culate as  money.  In  the  United  States  fre- 
quently called  6««7i'-6i7/.  — Bank-note  paper,  paper 
used  for  bank-notes  and  government  bonds.  It  is  made 
in  such  a  way  that  it  is  very  dilficult  to  imitate  it,  and 
such  imitation  is  a  felony.— Bank-note  press,  a  machine 
for  pressing  bank-notes  and  arranging  them  in  packages. 

banko-'Ware  (bang'ko-war),  n.  A  Japanese 
unglazi'd  stoneware  made  near  Kuwana  on 
the  Tfikaido.  It  is  very  light  and  durable,  is  made  in 
molds  of  irregular  shapes,  and  decorated  with  figures  in 
relief.    So  called  from  Nunami  Banko,  the  original  maker. 

bank-plate  (bangk'plat),  «.  In  coal-mining, 
one  of  the  cast-iron  plates  'with  which  the  sur- 
face at  the  mouth  of  the  shaft  or  the  bank  is 
floored.     [Eng.  ] 

bank-post  (bangk'post),  n.  [<  bank^  +  post^, 
»!.]  A  large  size  of  letter-paper,  ranging  in 
weight  from  5^  to  10  pounds  to  the  ream. 

bankroutt  (bangk'rout),  n.,  a.,  and  v.  One  of 
the  older  forms  of  bankrupt. 

Being  bank-rout  both  of  wealth  and  worth. 

Chapman.  B.vron's  Tragedy,  v.  1. 

For  these  modern  languages  will  at  one  time  or  other 

play  the  bank-rowtea  with  books:  and  since  I  liave  lost 

much  time  with  this  age,  I  would  be  glad,  as  God  shall 

give  rae  leave,  to  recover  it  with  posterity. 

Bacon,  Letter,  in  Spedding,  VII.  430. 

bankrupt  (baugk'rupt),  w.  and  a.  [Early  mod. 
E.  bunkrout,  bankerout,  baiiqutraute,  etc,  later 


bankruptcy 

banqueroupt,  and  finally  bankrupt  (in  imitation 
of  Ij.  rufitn.H),  <  F.  hani/uerouttr,  now  hanque- 
route  (>  banqucroutticr,  a  bankrupt),  orig.  in  E. 
bankc  rota  (def.  1),  <  It.  banca  rotta  (ML.  as  if 
"banca  rupta),  bankruptcy,  lit.  broken  bank  or 
bench:  banca,  <  ML.  banca,  <  MHG.  banc,  a 
bank  (see  bank'^,  bank^) ;  rotta,  fern,  of  rotto, 
broken,  wrecked,  <  L.  ru/ilus,  broken  (in  ML. 
also  as  a  noun,  a  bankrupt).  It  is  said  to  have 
been  the  custom  in  Italy  to  break  the  bench  or 
coimter  of  a  money-changer  upon  his  failure  ; 
but  the  allusion  is  prob.  figurative,  like  break, 
cr<iiW(i,.f»irt.s7i,  similarly  used  in  English.  See 
bankl,  bank-,  rupture,  rout-.]  I.  «.  If.  The 
breaking  up  of  a  trader's  business  due  to  his 
inability  to  meet  his  obligations;  bankruptcy. 

—  2.  An  insolvent  person  whose  property  is 
administered  for,  and  distributed  among,  his 
creditors  in  accordance  with  the  pro\asions  of 
a  system  of  laws  called  bankrujit,  bankruptcy,  or 
insolvent  laws.  See  haukruptcij.  In  particular— (ot) 
In  old  law,  a  trader  who  secretes  Inmself,  or  does  certain 
other  acts  tending  to  defraud  his  ereditoi-s.  Blacknioite. 
(it)  A  fugitive  from  his  creditors ;  one  who  by  extrava- 
gance and  reckless  expenditure  had  brought  himself  into 
a  state  of  insolvency  and  had  absconded,  or  retired  into 
a  place  of  sanctuary,  (c)  In  mod.  law,  any  person  who 
upon  his  own  jtetition  or  that  of  his  creditors  is  adjudged 
insolvent  by  a  bankruptcy  court.  His  estate  may  be  ad- 
miinstered  by  an  assignee  or  trustee,  under  the  direction 
of  the  court,  for  the  benefit  of  the  creditors. 

3.  In  popular  language,  a  hopelessly  insolvent 
person;  one  who  is  notoriously  unable  to  pay 
his  debts;  hence,  one  who  is  unable  to  satisfy 
just  claims  of  any  kind  made  upon  him. 
"What  a  bankrupt  1  am  made 
Of  a  full  stock  of  blessings.  Ford. 

Cessionary  bankrupt.    See  cessionary. 

II.  a.  1.  Inthestateof  onewhohasconmiitted 
an  act  of  bankruptcy,  or  is  insolvent ;  subject 
to  or  imder  legal  process  because  of  insolvency. 

—  2.  Unable  to  pay  just  debts,  or  to  meet  one's 
obligations;  insolvent. 

Willo.  Theking'sgrownfcfl«iv»^f,likeabrokenman.  . . . 
Ross.  He  hjith  not  money  for  these  Irish  wars, 
His  burthenous  taxations  notwithstanding. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 

The  beggared,  the  bankrupt  society,  not  only  proved 
able  to  meet  all  its  obligations,  but  .  .  .  grew  richer  and 
richer.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xix. 

3.  Figuratively,  at  the  end  of  one's  resources: 
as,  to  be  bankrupt  in  thanks. 

Do  you  see  ?  he  has  tears 
To  lend  to  him  whom  i>rodigal  expence 
Of  son-ow  has  made  bankrupt  of  such  treasure. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iv.  2. 
Bankrupt  laws.  Same  as  bankruptcy  laws  (which  see, 
uniler  bankruptcy). 
bankrupt  (bangk'rupt),  «'.  [(.bankrupt,  n.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  make  insolvent;  render  imable  to 
meet  just  claims. 

We  cast  off  the  care  of  all  future  thrift  because  we  are 
already  bankrupted.  Hammond. 

Iron-clads,  more  than  anything  else,  bankrupted  Turkey. 
X.  A.  Bev.,  CXLIII.  214. 

2t.  To  reduce  to  beggary;   exhaust  the  re- 

soiu'ces  of. 

Fat  paunches  have  lean  pates ;  and  dainty  bits 
Make  rich  the  ribs,  but  bankerout  the  wits. 

.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  become  bankrupt;  fail  or 
become  insolvent. 
bankruptcy  (bangk'rupt-si),  n.  [<  bankrupt  + 
-cy.l  1.  'The  state  of  being  bankrupt  or  in- 
solvent ;  inability  to  pay  all  debts ;  failure  in 
trade,  in  law,  specifically,  the  status  of  a  person  or  cor- 
poration that  by  reason  of  insolvency  has  been  adjudi. 
eated  a  bankrupt. 

2.  Figuratively,  utter  wreck;  ruin.  — Act  of 
bankruptcy,  in  law,  an  act  the  commission  of  which  by 
a  debtor  rendei-s  him  liable  to  be  adjudged  a  bankrupt. 
Among  acts  of  bankruptcy  are  the  assignment  of  his  prop- 
erty by  a  debtor  to  a  trustee  for  the  benefit  of  his  cred- 
itors ;  the  making  of  a  transfer  of  any  of  his  property  in 
fraud  of  his  creditors,  or  the  concealment  or  removal  of 
it  to  evade  legal  process  ;  departing  from  the  country,  or 
reniaining  out  of  it,  in  order  to  defeat  or  delay  creditors ; 
tlic  Illiiig  in  court  of  a  declaration  of  inability  to  pay  debts  ; 
non-p:i,\  incut  of  debts  under  certain  other  circumstances 
delincd  by  the  law  as  indicating  insolvency.  — Assignee 
In  bankruptcy.  Sce  o-sm//!..-.— Bankruptcy  commis- 
sioner, .u-  register  In  bankruptcy,  a  judicial  oihcer 
cnipovvcnd.  -^uliject  tn  the  .'^tipiivision  of  the  court.  t4>  in- 
vcstiLMte  and  adjudicate  upon  the  affairs  <r(  bankrupts.— 
Bankruptcy  laws,  the  statutory- regulations  under  which 
the  pvojicrty  of  an  insolvent  may  l>c  <iistributed  among 
hi.s  crtilitors,  with  the  douMc  object  of  enforcing  a  com- 
plete discovery  and  .an  equitable  ili>trit'ntion  of  the  prop- 
erty, and  of  discharging  the  debtor  from  his  obligatiims 
and  from  future  nedestation  by  his  creditors.  Formerly, 
only  a  trader  could  lie  made  a  bankrupt  under  the  bank- 
ruptc\'  laws,  otlier  pci-stms  who  were  iniablc  to  meet  their 
((bligafions  \>eU\'4  iii.^t>trents.  The  distinction  was  altoli^be.l 
in  tile  I'liitcd  States  in  1841  antl  in  (ircat  Hritain  in  l^ti;). 
In  the  fnitcil  States.  I'onu'r.-s-^  lias  the  jiower  of  enacting 
bankruptcy  laws  which  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the 
country.     These  laws  ai-e  administered  by  the  federal 


bankruptcy 

courts.  Laws  Imviiiu  siniilar  <jliji-itta,  Imt  leas  cfllcaclous 
in  respfct  of  (lischtuKiii^,'  Um  (lul)tiir,  iiru  nmiiituiiied  liy 
muiiy  "1  tlic  Sl:itt's,  luit  can  operftte  to  give  ii  diacharKo 
iiTespL'ctiveof  nclitors'  iLssent  only  when  tluMc  is  no  fetl- 
erul  bankruptcy  law.  TiiesL'  are  tfiined  iiiti»lvcnt  laws.  In 
England  bankruptcy  laws  have  t'xisti-d  frmn  tlu;  time  of 
Ht'in-y  VIII.  Till?  principal  acts  are:  ;i4  aiid;jij  Hen.  VIII., 
c.  4,  directed  against  fraudulent  debtni-s,  and  einpoweriUK 
tile  Inni  (ham  i-llor  an<l  other  liigh  oJllcers  to  seize  tlieir 
estates  and  divide  them  among  tlic  ereditoi-s  ;  13  EIlz.,  c. 
7,  restricting  liankruptcy  to  traders,  and  prcsciiliing  <:er- 
t^in  aet^  Ity  committing  which  a  trader  became  a  bank- 
rupt ;  4  Anne,  c,  17,  and  10  Anne,  c.  15,  removing  tin-  rriin- 
inal  character  borne  by  bankruptcy  proceedings  up  to  that 
time,  and  permitting  a  debtor  to  obtain  a  eertitlcatc  of 
having  conformed  to  the  requirements  of  the  bankrupt 
law;  (t  Geo.  IV.,  c.  16,  allowing  a  <lel)tor  to  procure  his 
own  liankruptcy,  and  introducing  the  principle  of  private 
settlements  l)etween  delitors  anil  creditors;  1  and  2  \Vm. 
IV.,  c.  5U,  establishing  a  court  of  bankrujitcy,  consisting  of 
six  commissioiieis  along  with  fi»ur  judges,  as  a  court  of  re- 
view, and  making  provision  f{)r  oMlcial  assignees.  By  the 
Bankruptr.iiHoliilatiiiii  Act  of  \\V.},  proceedings  might  bo 
begun  by  peiilioii  to  tlieCotiit  ol  Hankrniitey,  and  the  enm- 
niiasionLis were  aulbori/ed  to  award  eeititirates  aeeoriling 
to  the  merit  of  the  banki  iiptey.  'I'ln-  liankruptev  act  of 
1861(24  and  25  Viet.,  c.  1;14)  abolishe<l  special  legislation 
relating  to  insolvent  debtors,  and  permitted  persuns  other 
than  trailers  to  avail  themselves  of  the  relief  arforded  by 
tlie  bankrniitcy  court.  In  ls(l'.»  (;;:i  and  ;i.{  \ict.,  e.  71)  the 
cominissionerships  and  oltieial  assiu'iiees  wt-ie  aludisbed, 
a  new  Court  of  liankrnptey  was  cstal'lisbed,  and  provision 
was  made  for  the  appointment  of  trustres  who  should 
be  creditoi-s.  The  Court  of  liankruptcy  w;us  also  stripped 
of  its  criminal  jurisdiction,  the  criminal  clauses  being 
placed  in  another  statute,  the  Debtors'  Act,  which  abol- 
ished imprisonment  for  debt  except  in  certain  cases.  In 
liiy;i  (4(i  and  47  Vict.,  c.  .^2,  taking  effect  Jan.  1,  ISM)  the 
English  bankruptcy  acts  were  amended  and  consolidated. 
In  the  United  States  the  .subject  has  been,  except  iluring 
the  periods  of  the  operation  of  the  Inited  states  bank- 
ruptey  acts,  left  to  the  imperfect  regiilalinn  of  diverse 
State  laws.  Such  a  law  in  any  particular  State  may,  when 
there  is  no  ruited  states  act  conllictin^,  piovide  f.-r  tlie 
distribution  of  an  insolvent  s  pinp.  ity.  may  discbarue  liiin 
from  imprisoTinunt  for  debt,  and  nia>'  discharge  him,  il  a 
citizen  of  such  state,  from  indebtectmss  to  another  citi- 
zen thereof  contrarted  wliili-  such  State  law  was  in  force, 
8o  fai-  as  to  make  the  discbarge  a  pnite.-ti.in  in  the  couils 
of  the  same  State.  The  hrst  Initid  States  )>ankrnpt  law, 
known  as  the  act  of  1800  (2  Stat,  at  I...  p.  IM),  was  based 
on  a  consolidation  of  then  existing'  Knglish  statutes,  and 
was  in  force  from  Jime  2,  1800,  till  Dec.  19,  1803.  The  sec- 
ond, the  act  of  1841  (5  Stat,  at  L.,  p.  440),  was  in  force 
froni  Feb.  1,  1842,  till  March  3.  1843.  The  third,  the  act 
of  1867  (14  Stat,  at  L.,  p.  517),  repeatedly  atnen.led,  and 
finally  revised  in  the  United  States  Itevised  statutes,  tit. 
LXl.,  and  reenacted  with  modillcations  in  1874  (IS  Stat, 
at  L.,  p.  178),  was  in  force  from  June  1,  1867,  till  Sept.  1, 
1878.  In  general,  debts  contracted  by  fraud,  or  in  a 
fiduciary  capacity,  are  not  discharged  by  the  bankruptcy 
laws.— Cotnmisslon  of  bankruptcy,  a  conunission  for- 
merly issned  by  the  English  lord  chancellor,  appointing 
and  empowering  certain  persons  to  examine  into  the 
facts  relative  to  an  alleged  bankruptcy,  and  to  secnre 
the  bankrupt's  property  for  the  creditors. —  Dischaxge 
in  bankruptcy,  see  (f/.vrArtm**.— Fiat  in  bankruptcy. 
See /ia^— Fraudulent  bankruptcy.  See  fi-audnhnt. 
—  Involuntary  bankruptcy,  bankruptcy  adjudged  on 
the  petition  of  creditors,  showing  cause  why  the  bank- 
rupt should  not  be  allowed  to  continue  in  possession  of 
his  assets.— Voluntary  bankruptcy,  bankruptcy  ad- 
judged on  the  petition  of  the  debtor,  indicating  his  desire 
to  suiTender  his  assets  and  be  discharged. —Syn.  I^isol- 
vency,  etc.     ^&e  failure. 

bankruptismf  (ItangjU'rup-tizm),  n.  [<  hanJ:- 
rupf  +  -isnt.^     Bankruptcy. 

bankruptlyt  (baugk'rupt-li),  adv.  Like  a  bank- 
rujd. 

bankruptshipt  (bangk'rupt-sMp),  n.    [<  ha^tk- 

rufif  +  -.shijt.]     Bankruptcy. 

bankrupturet  (bangk'rup-tur),  n.  [<  bankrupt 
+  -urc:  ?iUev  rupture.^     Bankruptcy. 

bankshall  (bangk'shal),  n.  [Auglo-InJ.,  for- 
merly also  hanksall,  ,-saulj  -soil,  repv.  Malay 
hamfsdl,  Beng.  hauk^dl^  banhi^dla,  lit.  hall  of 
trade,  <  Skt.  ranij  (>  Beng.  Hmd.,  etc.,  banik, 
a  trader:  see  banian'^)  +  <;dla,  a  hut,  house 
(=  Gr.  Ka?.id  =  E.  hall:  see  hall);  or  perhaps  < 
Skt.  bhdnda^dla,  a  storehouse,  ihlidiida^  wares, 
ware,  a  vessel,  pot,  +  (^-dla,  as  above.]  1.  In 
the  East  Indies:  (a)  A  warehouse,  {b)  Tlie 
office  of  harbor-master  or  other  port  author- 
ity.—  2.  In  Java,  a  large  hall  of  amlience  in  a 
princely  residence,  without  regular  walls,  but 
supported  by  wooden  pillars.     Yule  and  Buruvll. 

bank-shot  (bangk'shot),  )i.  In  billiardSy  a  shot 
which  makes  the  cue-ball  touch  the  cushion 
before  hitting  any  other  ball. 

Banksia  (bangk'si-ii).  H.  [NL.,  named  after 
Sir  .Toseph  Banks  (174:i-1820).]  A  genus  of 
shrubs  or  trees,  for  the  most  part  of  small  size, 
of  the  natural  order  I'rotcarra'j  natives  of  west- 
ern extra-tropical  Australia  and  Tasmania, 
where  with  other  shrubs  of  the  same  order  they 
constitute  most  of  the  so-called  "scrub."  The 
foliage  is  hard  and  dry,  and  extremely  variable  in  fi>rni, 
and  tile  flowers  form  close  cylindrical  heads  resembling 
hottlc-brushes.  Many  species  have  been  cultivated  in 
European  cuiservattiries  and  gardens. 

banksman  (baugks '  man),  «. ;  pi.  banksmen 
(-men),  libank^s,  poss.  of /*rt«A'l,  +  man.']  In 
coal-mining,  a  man  in  attendance  at  tiie  mouth 


443 


Pea-blossom    with    ex- 


Baiik-swaUow  ( Cottle  riparia 


Flowering  lir.inch  of  Banksia  tricifolia. 

of  tho  shaft,  who  superintends  tlie  sorting  and 
loailiiiK  of  tlie  eoal.     [Eng.J     (Insley. 
bank-stock  (baugk'stok),  n.     Tho  capital  of  a 
bank,     in  Eiifilainl  tin-  term  is  applied  ehielly  to  tlie 
stnc'l<  of  the  Hank  v(  England.     Tlic  stock  of  otlier  Kiigli.sli 
joint-stcK'k  tmiiks  is  cliviileil  into  sliares. 
bank-swallow    (Viangk'swol"6),    n.       Iliriitiild 
or  i'littli-  rqnirin,  a  very  common  bird  of  Eu- 
rope,     Asia, 
and     Ameri- 
ca,    of     the 
family       Hi- 
ruinJinidw :  so 
called     from 
its    habit    of 
liun'owiiig  in 
baukstobuild 
its  nest,    it  is 
a    small    swal- 
low, mousc-jjray 
above  ami  white 
below,    with    a 
Ki-ay  collar.     la 
placeswhereitia 
numerous,  hnn- 
dretls    or   thou- 
sands gather  to 
breed    in    com- 
pany,andasand- 
bank  may  be  Hddled  with  their  holes,  whicli  are  exca- 
vated to  the  depth  of  a  foot  or  more.    Also  called  sand- 
sicaltoiv  and  bank-martin.     See  Cottle. 
bank-work  (bangk'-n-erk),  n.      In  coal-mining, 
a  method  of  working  coal  in  use  in   South 
Yorkshire,  England,  and  in  some  of  the  North 
Welsh  collieries,  combining  some  of  the  pecu- 
liarities of  the  pillar  system  with  those  of  the 
long-wall  system. 
banky  (ban'g'ki),  n.     [<  iank^  +  -y.]     Full  of 

banks  or  ridges;  ridgy;  hilly.     [Rare.] 
banlieue  (ban'lu),  n.      [F.  (in  ML.  hanhuca, 
hininum  loicii),  <  ban,  command,  jurisdiction, 
-f-  licuc,  league,  also  an  indefinite  extent  of  ter- 
ritory.    Of.  G.  bann-meilc  in  same  sense:  see 
ban^  and  /<■(«/«(•'-.]      The  territory  without  the 
walls,  but  within  the  legal  limits,  of  a  town  or 
city.     Sometimes  erroneously  spelled  banlicu, 
as  if  from  French  iicii,  a  place. 
bannat^  (ban'at),  n.     Scotch  form  of  bonnet. 
bannat-',  n.     See  banat. 

banner  (ban'^r),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  baner,  ban- 
crc,  <  OF.  bancrc,  banierc,  F.  bannierc,  bandiire 
z=  Pr.  bamlicira,  bannitira  =  Sp.  hiintltra  = 
Pg.  baiitlcira  =  It.  bandiera,  <  JIL.  *bandaria 
(biiiidcria  after  Rom.),  <  handum,  a  standard, 
<  Goth,  bandwa,  bandtco,  a  sign,  token,  prob. 
akin  to  E.  bind  and  band^,  q.  v.]  I.  n.  1.  The 
piece  of  cloth,  attached  to  the  upper  part  of 
a  polo  or  staff,  which  in  former  times  served 
as  the  standard  of  a  sovereign,  lord,  or  knight, 
after  which  ho  and  his  followers  marched  to 
war,  and  which  served  as  a  rall.ving-point  in 
battle ;  hence,  the  flag  or  standard  of  a  coun- 
try, army,  troop,  etc. ;  a  standard  or  ensign. 
Terrible  as  an  army  with  banners.  Cant,  vi,  4. 

Ilanj;  out  our  banners  on  the  outward  walls; 
The  cry  is  still,  "  They  come  ! "  Onr  castle's  streneth 
Will  laugh  a  siege  to  scorn.  Hhak.,  Macbeth,  v.  5. 

2.  In  her.,  a  square  flag  which  in  the  middle 
ages  was  the  ensign  of  a  knight  banneret. 
Instances  are  related  of  a  knight  companion  being  made 
a  knight  banneret  on  the  Held  of  battle,  the  mark  of  his 
promotion  being  the  tearing  otf  of  the  points  of  his  peinion, 
leaving  the  Hag  stjuare.  In  modern  usage,  any  scimire  flag 
is  termed  a  baniw-r  when  it  bears  beraliiic  devices.  The 
most  familiar  instance  is  the  royal  banner  of  England, 
commonly  called  the  royal  standard;  but  other  heraldic 
banners  are  used  in  the  funeral  ceremouiea  ol  kuitfUts  uf 
the  l^arter  and  the  higher  uoblUty. 


banner-Btone 

3.  An  ensign  or  flag  bearing  a  badge  or  em- 
blem, as  of  a  society  or  order,  and  borne  in 
processions.  liamicrs  were  early  used  in  the  proces- 
sions uf  the  Christian  church,  usually  of  the  form  adopted 
by  Constantine.  It  consisted  of  a  s(iuare  cloth  suspended 
from  a  cross-bar  near  the  top  of  a  gilt  pole,  bearing  or 
surmounted  by  the  sacred  symbol  ^,     See  laharum. 

4.  Figuratively,  anything  displayed  as  a  pro- 
fession of  principles. 

Thou  hast  given  a  banner  to  them  that  fear  thee,  that  It 
may  be  displayed  because  of  the  truth.  Ps.  Ix.  4. 

See  ensign,  flag,  jimnon,  and  standard. 
6.  In  liot.,  the  vexilhim  or  upper  petal  of  a 
papilionaceous  flower.  Also 
called  the  standard. — 6.  One 
of  eight  divisions  into  which 
the  Manehus  are  mtirshaled, 
each  with  distinguishing  tlag 
or  banner.  Four  i>f  the  Hags  are 
plain  (red,  yellow,  white,  or  blue), 
the  other  four  having  a  margin  of  a 
dillercnt  color.  Hence,  the  Man- 
ehus are  known  collectively  as  the 
Kitrlil  Bannern  and  ii^  fiannennen.        ^_ ^ 

II,  O.   Leading  or  foremost    p-indedTlanner.    "a.'ban- 

in  regard  to  some  particular  ""■  '■•^'•''  ^■''"'■ 
cause   or  matter,  such  as  giving  the  largest 
majority  to  a  ])olitical  party,  etc. 

I  am  reminded  that  there  is  an  Alleghany  City  as  well 
as  an  Alleghany  County,  the  former  the  banner  town, 
ami  the  latter  the  banner  county,  perhaps,  of  the  world. 
Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  84. 

banneralt,  »■    A  coiTupt  form  of  bannerol,  2. 
bannered  (ban'erd),  «.     [<.  banner  + -ed".]    1. 
Furnished  with  or  bearing  a  banner;  display- 
ing banners. 

A  banner'd  host 
Vnder  spread  ensigns  marching. 

ililtun,  P.  L.,  ii.  885. 
Bothwell's  bannered  hall.  .Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  8. 

2.  Borne  or  blazoned  on  a  banner. 
bannerer  (ban'er-er),  n.  A  standard-bearer; 
one  who  carries  a  banner. 
banneret^  (ban'er-ct),  u.  [Also  bannerette,  < 
ME.  banneret,  banerett,  <  OF.  baneret,  banerette, 
dim.  of  banere,  banner  :  see  banner  and  -et.]  A 
little  banner;  a  banderole. 

The  scarfsand  the  banniri'l.^  about  thee  did  manifoldly 
dissimde  me  from  believing  thee  a  vessel  of  too  great  a 
burthen.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 

banneret^  (ban'6r-et),  n.  [<  ME.  baneret,  <  OF. 
baneret,  banneret,  <  banere,  a  banner  (see  ban- 
ner), +  -et,  <  L.  -atus  (see  -afcl)  =  E.  -ed^;  lit., 
one  bannered:  see  banner  and  -ed~.'i  1.  One 
.who  is  bannered  or  entitled  to  a  banner ;  spe- 
cifically, a  knight  of  a  certain  grade  in  the  mili- 
tary hierarchy  of  tho  middle  ages,  originally  the 
right  to  display  a  banner  (;is  <listingnished  from  a  pennon) 
was  limited  to  those  who  could  bring  a  certain  array  of 
followers  into  the  held,  and  who  had  also  been  dubbed  or 
accoutred  knight.  As  the  military  distinctions  of  earlier 
feudalism  became  couftlsed  by  the  employment  of  paid 
soldiers,  the  right  of  liisplaying  a  banner  became  more  and 
more  a  reward  for  distinguished  prowess  in  battle.  .After 
a  victory  or  a  notalde  achievement  a  banneret  elect,  carry- 
ing his  pennon  in  his  hand,  was,  it  is  said,  conducted  be- 
tween two  knights  of  note,  and  presented  to  the  king  or 
general,  who  cut  oIT  the  point  or  ends  of  his  pennon,  making 
it  square.  He  was  then  called  a  knight  of  the  square  fiag. 
Also  called  knif/ht  banneret. 

.Sir  Richard  Croftes,  who  was  made  banneret  at  .  .  . 
Stoke,  was  a  wise  man.    Cauiden.  Remains  (ed.  1G37),  p.  271. 

'2.  Formerly,  the  title  of  magistrates  of  the 
second  rank  in  some  Swiss  cantons,  and  also  of 
certain  officers  of  some  of  the  Italian  republics. 
Melchior  Sturmthal,  .  .  .  Banneret  of  Berne. 

Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein,  I.  vii. 

[In  Solothum)  on  the  death  of  an  avoyer,  the  banneret 

succeeds  to  his  place.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  335. 

bannerless  (ban'er-les),  a.  [<  banner  +  -le^.'i 
Having  no  banner.     ./.  H.  Jesse. 

bannerman  (han'er-man),  n. ;  pi.  bannermen 
(-men).  1.  A  standard-bearer;  a  bannerer. — 
2.  A  person  belonging  to  one  of  the  eight  ban- 
ners into  which  the  Manehus  are  marshaled. 
See  banner,  6. 

bannerol  (ban'e-rol),  ji.  [See  banderole.  This 
is  the  u.sual  spelling  in  sense  2.]  1.  Same  as 
banderole. —  2.  In  England,  a  banner,  about  a 
yard  square,  borne  at  the  funerals  of  prominent 
men,  and  placed  over  the  tomb.  It  bears  the 
arms  of  tho  ancestors  and  alliances  of  the  de- 
ceased, painted  on  silk.  Also  erroneously  -nrrit- 
ten  banner-roll  and  bannerol. 

banner-plant  (ban'er-plant),  n.  A  name  given 
to  some  cultivated  species  of  Anthurinm.  natural 
order  .()■(((•< «',  in  which  the  bright-scarlet  spathe 
is  liroadly  expanded  at  right  angles  to  the  sjjadix. 

banner-roll  (ban'er-rol),  H.  An  erroneous  form 
of  bannerol,  2. 

banner-stone  (ban'&r-ston),  n.  A  name  some- 
times given,  not  very  aptly,  to  certain  stone 
objects  shaped  like  a  small  two-edged  as,  which 


banner-stone 

are  supposed  to  have  been  worn  as  ornaments 
in  preiiistorie  times,  or  held  in  the  hand  as 
badges  of  authority.  Tliey  have  an  eye  for 
the  insertion  of  a  handle. 

Some  baniifr-HtonrK  of  stripc<i  slate  Imve  l)eeu  found  in 
Caraillus,  and  one  on  SkaneaU'les  Lake  [New  York}. 

Smithsonian  Hep.,  1881.  j).  f).'>7. 

banner-vane  (ban'er-viin),  n.  A  weather-vane 
h;ivini;  the  shape  of  a  banner,  balanced  by  a 
woifiht  (in  the  other  side  of  the  staff. 

bannet(ban'ct),  ».    [Se.,  =  E.  ftoHHf/.]    Abon- 

Mct.        Scolt. 

bannimust,  «•  [<  ML.  hatinmu.i,  we  banish, 
1st  pers.  pi.  pres.  ind.  of  hannirc,  banish:  see 
haiii.th.'i     Same  as  b(timitin)i. 

banning  (bau'iug),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  6onl,  f.] 
The  ai't  of  uttering  a  ban  or  curse;  an  execra- 
tion or  cursing  of  another. 

Especially  when  the  names  of  the  infernal  fiends  or  un- 
lucky soules  are  used  in  such  banninfjs. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xxvii.  2. 
bannitiont(V>a-nish'on), )(.  [<ML.  han>utio{n-), 
<  binuiirr,  banish:  see  banish,  and  cf.  dban- 
■nition.']  The  act  of  banishing  or  the  state  of 
being  banished;  expulsion,  especially  from  a 
university. 

You  will  take  order,  when  he  comes  out  of  the  castle, 
to  send  him  out  of  the  university  too  hy  bannitioiu 

Ahp.  Laud.  Kemains,  II.  191. 

bannock  (ban'ok),  n;  [Se.,  <  ME.  bamtoJc,  <  AS. 
baiiHui.;  <  Gael,  bannach,  also  botuiach.  =  Ir.  boin- 
neog,  a  cake.]  A  thick  cake  made  of  oatmeal, 
barley-meal,  or  pease-meal,  baked  on  the  embers 
or  on  an  iron  plate  or  griddle  over  the  fire. 
Bannok.s  is  better  nor  na  kin  bread. 

Bails  Scottish  Proverbs  (1678),  p.  364. 

bannock-fluke  (ban'ok-tlok)^  n.  [Sc,  <  ban- 
nock +  fliikf-.'i  A  Scotch  name  of  the  com- 
mon turbot. 

banns  (bauz),  «.  2>l.  [Formerly  bannes,  often 
banes,  mod.  more  correctly  bans,  pi.  of  6aHl, 
q.  V.  The  spelling  banns  is  now  usual  in  this 
sense.]  1.  The  proclamation  of  intended  mar- 
riage in  order  that  those  who  know  of  any  im- 
pediment thereto  may  state  it  to  the  proper 
authorities.  Banns  were  made  a  part  of  ecclesiastical 
legislation  by  the  fourth  Council  of  the  Lateran,  A.  Ii. 
1215,  whose  decrees  were  confirmed  by  the  Council  of 
Trent.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Chm-cli  the  celebration  of 
marriage  without  previous  proclamation  of  the  banns, 
mdess  by  special  dispensation,  is  gravely  illicit,  but  not 
invalid.  The  proclamation  is  mjide  by  the  parish  priest 
of  each  contracting  party,  on  three  consecutive  festivals 
during  public  mass.  The  proclamation  of  banns  is  no 
longer  required  in  order  to  a  valid  civil  marriage  in  Eng- 
land, Scotland,  or  the  United  States. 
2t.  The  proclamation  or  prologue  of  a  play. 
Bancs  or  Prologue  [to]  the  Fall  of  Lucifer. 

I'orA-  Plat/n,  Int.,  p.  Ixii. 
To  bid  or  ask  the  bannst,  to  publish  the  banns. 
If  all  parties  be  pleased,  ask  their  banns,  'tis  a  match. 
Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  661. 
To  forbid  the  banns,  to  make  fonnal  objection  to  an 
intended  marriage. 

A  better  fate  did  Maria  deserve  than  to  have  her  banns 
forbid.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.\.  24. 

bannut  (ban'ut),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  ban- 
net,  <  late  ME.  bannenote  (in  comp.  bannenote- 
tre,  glossed  aretana,  filbert);  <  "ban,  *banne 
(origin  unknown)  +  «»?.]  A  walnut,  the  fruit 
of  Jnf/lans  regia  (baunut-tree).  [Obsolete  oP 
dialectal.] 

banquet  (bang'kwet).  «.  [Earlier  banket,  <  F. 
banquet  (z=  It.  hanchetto  =  Sp.  banquete),  a 
feast,  orig.  a  little  bench  or  table,  dim.  of  banc 
(=  It.  Sp.  banco),  a  bench  or  table:  see  bank'^ 
and  banquetf<;.'}  1.  A  feast;  a  rich  entertain- 
ment of  food  and  drink, 

A  napkin  of  fine  linen  to  be  laid  on  the  table  at  the 
coronation  banquet.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

2t.  A  Ught  entertainment  at  the  end  of  a  feast; 
a  dessert;  a  refection  at  which  wine  is  drunk. 
We'll  dine  in  the  great  room ;  but  let  the  music 
And  banquet  be  prepared  here. 

Massin^/er,  Unnatural  Combat,  iii.  1. 

There  were  all  the  dauities,  not  only  of  the  season,  but 

of  what  art  could  add,  venison,  plain  solid  meate,  fowle, 

bakd  and  boilil  meats,  banquet  (desert)  in  exceeding 

plenty,  and  exiiuisitely  dress'd. 

Etehjn,  Diary,  Oct.  27,  IGSS. 
3t.  A  slight  repast  between  meals :  sometimes 
called  running  banquet.     X.  E.  I). 
Tile  running  banquet  of  two  beadles. 

Shak.,  Uenry  VIII.,  v.  3. 
4t.  In  fort,  same  as  banquette,  1.— 5.  A  small 
rod-shaped  part  of  a  horse's  bridle  coming  un- 
der the  cye.=Syn.  1.  Feast,  festieal,  etc.     Hua/cast 

banquet  (bang'kwet),  1'.     [Earlier  banket,  <  F. 
banqueter;  from  the  noun.]     I.  trans.  To  treat 
with  a  feast  or  rich  entertainment. 
Y'ou  exceed  in  entertainment ; 
Banquet  our  eyes  too'/    Shirley,  The  Traitor,  iii.  2. 


444 

•Tnst  in  time  to  banquet 
The  illustrious  conipany  assembled  there.     Cnleridfje. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  feast;  regale  one's  self 
with  good  eating  and  drinking;  fare  daintily. 

The  mind  shall  banquet,  thiuigh  the  body  pine. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 
Were  it  a  draught  for  .luno  when  she  banquets, 
1  would  not  taste  thy  treasonous  otfer. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  701. 

2t.  To  take  part  in  a  light  refection  after  a 
feast.     See  banquet,  «.,  2. 

Then  was  the  banqueting.chamber  in  the  tilt-yard  at 
Greenwich  funiished  for  the  entertainment  of  these 
strangers,  where  they  did  both  sup  and  banquet. 

G.  Cavetulish. 

banquetantt  (bang'kwet-aut),  n.  [<  F.  ban- 
quetant,  ppr.  of  banqueter:  see  banquet,  r.] 
One  who  banquets ;  a  banqueter. 

Are  there  not  beside 
Other  great  banquetants^ 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  xx. 

banqueter  (bang'kwet-er),  ti.  1.  A  guest  at 
a  banquet ;  a  feaster. 

Great  banqueters  do  seldom  great  exploits.  Cutr/rave. 
2t.  One  who  provides  feasts  or  rich  entertain- 
ments. 
banquet-hall  (bang'kwet-hal).  n.  A  hall  in 
which  banquets  are  held.  Also  called  banquet- 
ing-kall. 
The  fair  Peleian  banquet-hall.  Tennyson,  (Enone. 

banquet-house  (bang'kwet-hous),  n.     A  ban- 

quetiug-house. 
A  banquet-house  salutes  the  southern  sky.  Dryden. 

banqueting  (bang'kwet-ing),  n.  The  act  of 
feasting;  luxurious  living;  rich  entertainment ; 
a  feast. 

Excess  of  wine,  revellings,  banquetinrjs.         1  Pet.  iv.  3. 
banqueting-hall  (bang'kwet-ing-hal),  n.    Same 

as  banqiii  t-li(iU. 
banqueting-house  (bang'kwet-ing-hous),  n.    A 
house  where  banquets  are  given. 

In  a  banquetinfhhouse,  among  certain  pleasant  trees,  the 
table  \v;is  set.  Sidne;/. 

banquette  (bong-kef),  n.  [F.,  fem.  dim.  of 
banc,  a  bench:  see  bank-,  and  cf.  banquet.']  1. 
(a)  In  fort.,  a  raised  way  or  foot-bank,  run- 
ning along  the  inside  of  a  parapet  breast-high 
above  it,  on  which  riflemen  stand  to  fire  upon 
the  enemy,  (b)  In  medieval  fort.,  an  advanced 
earthwork  or  palisaded  defense  outside  of  the 
ditch.  The  space  between  the  ditch  and  the  parapet 
was  wide  enough  for  a  line  of  soldiers,  but  too  narrow  to 
allow  of  its  bein,g  fortified  if  occupied  by  the  besiegei'S. 
Formerly  sometimes  written  banquet,  as  English. 
2.  The  footway  of  a  bridge  when  raised  above 
the  carriageway. —  3.  A  bench  for  passengers, 
or  the  space  occupied  by  benches,  on  the  top 
of  a  French  diligence,  and  hence  of  any  public 
vehicle. —  4.  A  sidewalk.  [Common  in  the 
southern  and  southwestern  United  States.] 

Standing  outside  on  the  banquette,  he  bowed  —  not  to  Dr. 
Mossy,  but  to  the  balcony  of  the  big  red-brick  front. 

G.  \V.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  144. 
Banquette  slope,  in  .fort.,  an  incline  connecting  the 
banquette  tread  with  the  terreplein  or  interior  of  the 
work.  —Banquette  tread,  the  level  surface  of  the  ban- 
quette on  which  the  soldiers  stand  while  tiring  over  the 
crest  of  the  parapet ;  the  tread. 

bans,  «.  pi.     See  banns. 

banshee  (ban'she),  n.  [<  Gael,  ban-sith,  Ir.  bean- 
sklhe,  lit.  woman  of  the  fairies,  <  Gael,  ban, 
Ir.  bean,  woman,  +  sith,  h.:  sigh,  siyhe,  sighidh 
(the  final  consonant  being  scarcely  sounded), 
fairy.]  A  type  of  female  fairy  believed  in  Ire- 
land and  some  parts  of  Scotland  to  attach  her- 
self to  a  particular  house,  and  to  foretell  by 
each  appearance  the  death  of  one  of  the  family. 
Also  benshie,  benslii. 

Tlie  banshee  is  a  species  of  aristocratic  fairy,  who,  in  the 
shape  of  a  little  hideous  old  woman,  has  been  known  to 
appear,  and  heard  to  sing  in  a  mournful  supernatural  voice 
under  the  windows  of  great  houses,  to  warn  the  family 
that  some  of  them  were  soon  to  die.  In  the  last  century 
every  great  family  in  Ireland  had  a  banshee,  who  attended 
regularly,  but  latterly  their  visits  and  songs  have  been  dis- 
continued. Miss  Edfjeworth. 

banstickle  (ban'stik-1),  n.  [Sc.,<  ME.  banstiekle, 
<  bane,  <  AS.  ban,  bone,  q.  v.,  -t-  stickle,  <  AS. 
s<ie<'te,  prickle.  Cf.  stickleback.]  A  name  of  the 
three-spined  stickleback. 

bant  (bant),  r.  i.  [Ludicrously  formed  from  the 
phrase  '■  the  Banting  system,"  the  proper  name 
being  taken  as  banting,  ppr.  and  verbal  noim 
of  an  assumed  verb  bant.}  To  practise  bant- 
ingism  (which  see). 

bantam  (ban'tam),  «.  and  a.  [So  named,  prob., 
from  ii((Hto»i,  in  Java.]  I.  n.  1.  Ageneralname 
for  a  number  of  varieties  of  the  common  hen 
possessing  the  characteristic  of  very  diminu- 


Banta 

tive  size.  Many  of  these  varieties  are  the  exaot  connt«r- 
l»arts,  except  in  size,  of  the  corresponding  breeds  of  full 
size,  and  were  originally  reduced  in  weight  by  careful 
selection  and  breetling  of  small  specimens  from  these 
full. sized  ITreeds.  There  are  other  varieties,  however,  aa 
the  .fapanese  and  the  Sebright  bantams,  which  do  not  re- 
semble any  of  the  large  breeds.  The  chief  varieties  are 
tile  .\frican,  game  (in  the  several  colors),  Japanese,  Pekin, 
Pcdish,  and  Sebright  bantams. 
2.  Same  as  Bantam-work. 

H.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  ban- 
tam; of  the  breed  of  the  bantam;  hence,  dimin- 
utive; puny;  absurdly  combative,  or  fussy  and 
consequential. 

Bantam-'WOrk  (ban'tam-werk),  n.  An  old  name 
for  carved  work,  painted  in  party-colors,  im- 
ported from  the  East  Indies;  "a  kind  of  Indian 
painting  and  carving  on  wood,  resembling  Ja- 
pan-work, onlj-  more  gay.''  Chambers's  Cyc., 
Supp.,  173.3. 

banteng(ban'teng),H.  [Native name;  alsospell- 
ed  ban  ting.]  A  species  of  ox,  Bf/s  banteng  or  B. 
siindaicus,  a  local  race  in  the  Malay  archipelago. 

banter  (bau'ter).  r.  t.  [Fii-st  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  17th  century;  regarded  then  as  slang.] 

1 .  To  addi'ess  good-humored  raillery  to ;  attack 
with  jokes  or  jests;  make  fun  of;  rally. 

The  magistrate  took  it  that  he  bantered  him,  and  bade 
an  otiicer  take  him  into  custody.  Sir  Ji.  L' Estrange. 

Not  succeeding  in  banterinfj  me  out  of  my  epistolary 
proprieties.  Blackwood's  May.,  XXIII.  384. 

So  home  we  went,  and  all  the  livelong  way 
With  solemn  jibe  did  Eustace  banter  me. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

2.  To  impose  upon  or  cheat,  originaUyina  jest- 
ing or  bantering  way;  bamboozle.     [Archaic] 

Somebody  had  been  banterinff  him  with  an  imposition. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  11 

3.  To  challenge;  invite  to  a  contest.  [South- 
ern and  western  U.  S.]=S3m.  Banter,  Rally,  quiz, 
tease,  joke.  We  banter  another  in  good  humor  chiefly  for 
something  he  or  she  has  done  or  neglected  to  do,  whether 
the  act  or  omission  be  faulty  or  ridiculous  or  not,  if  it 
only  affords  a  subject  for  a  laugh  or  smile  at  his  or  her 
expense,  or  causes  a  blush  not  altogether  painful.  Rally, 
literally  to  rail,  generally  implies  some  degree  of  sarcasm 
or  pungency,  and  is  aimed  at  some  specific  fault,  offense, 
or  weakness. 

The  sort  of  mock-heroic  gigantesque 
With  which  we  banter'd\iti\e  Lilia  first. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  Conclusion. 
Lest  you  think  I  rally  more  than  teach, 
Or  praise  malignly  arts  I  cannot  reach. 

Pojie,  Iniit.  of  Horace,  i.  2. 

banter  (ban'ter),  n.  [<  banter,  v.]  1.  A  joking 
or  jesting;  good-humored  ridicule  or  raillery; 
wit  or  humor;  pleasantry. 

'\^'heu  wit  has  any  mixture  of  railler)',  it  is  but  calling 
it  banter  and  the  work  is  done. 

Su<i.ft,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Author's  ApoL 

Mr.  Adams  made  his  contribution  to  the  service  of  the 
table  in  the  fonn  of  that  good-humored,  easy  banter 
which  makes  a  dinner  of  herbs  more  digestible  than  a 
stalled  ox  without  it. 

Josiah  Quinry,  Figures  of  the  Past,  p.  62. 

2.  A  challenge  to  a  match  or  contest ;  the 
match  or  contest  itself.  [Southern  and  west- 
em  U.  S.] 
banterer  (ban'ter-er),  n.  1.  One  who  banters 
or  assails  with  good-humored  jests  or  pleas- 
antry.—  2.  One  who  cheats  or  bamboozles. 
[Archaic] 

His  dress,  his  gait,  his  accent,  .  .  .  marked  him  out  as 
an  excellent  subject  for  the  operations  of  swindlers  and 
banterers.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng..  iii. 

ban'tery  (ban'ter-i),  a.  Full  of  banter  or  good- 
humored  raillery.     Carlyle. 

banting^,  ".     See  banteng. 

banting-  (ban'ting).  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  bant,  r.] 
The  practice  of  bantingism  (which  see)  :  as,  to 
go  through  a  course  of  banting. 

t^ntingism  (ban'tiug-izm),  n.  [Named  after 
\\'illiam  Banting.]  A  course  of  diet  for  re- 
ducing coi-pulenee,  adopted  and  recommended 
in  1863  by  William  Banting,  a  merchant  of 
London.  The  dietary  recommended  was  the  use  of  lean 
meat  principally,  and  abstinence  from  fats,  starches,  and 
sugars. 

bantling  (bant'liug).  n.  [Perhaps  a  con-uption 
of  "handling,  meaning  a  child  in  swaddling- 
clothes,  <  hand-,  a  ^Tapping,  +  -ling.  dim.  suffix, 
as  in  foundling,  fondling,  nurseling,  etc.;  more 
prob.  for  *bankling,  <  G.  hdnkling,  a  bastard,  < 
bank,  bench,  +  -ling:  cf.  equiv.  G.  bankert, 
LG.  bankert,  <  bank,  bench.  +  -crt  =  E.  -ard.] 
A  young  child ;  an  infant :  a  term  carrying 
with  it  a  sliade  of  contempt. 

It's  a  rickety  sort  of  bantliny,  I'm  told. 
That'll  die  of  old  age  when  it's  seven  years  old. 

James  Smith,  Rejected  Addresses. 

Bantu  (ban'tij),  «.  [.\  native  name.  lit.  '  peo- 
ple,' J    A  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  South 


Bantu 

African  family  of  tongues.  The  most  marked  pe- 
culiarity of  tlu-sf  laiiKUa^fs  is  tlieir  prevailing  use  ol  pru- 
Itxea  instead  u(  suttlxcs  in  derivatiuti  ami  intleotion. 
Tlluse  of  tlu-m  tliat  liorder  on  tliu  Hottentot  enipl<jy 
elieks  or  clnrks  as  alpliabetic  elements.  Also  called  CVi«- 
titnt  ami  ZliKilail. 

banzring  (bangks'ring),  ».  [Native  name.] 
A  iiaiuo  of  a  stiuirrt'l-liko  inscjctivorous  mam- 
mal of  Java,  tlio  TiipaiajtiruiiU-a.  Also  (.•allc<l 
biini)sriii<i  anil  siiiyriiii/.     St'o  Tujxiiidai. 

banyan',  ".    ^'I'o  hdiiinni. 

banyan",  banyan-tree,  «.    See  banian^. 

baobab  (ba'o-bab),  II.  [Formerly  also  baho- 
hab ;  a  native  African  name.]  An  African  tree, 
tlie  AdiiiifKinlii  ilii/itata,  bcliinKing  to  the  tribe 
Boiiihdi'cir,  natural  order  Miilriicca;  also  called 
the  Ethiopian  sour-goiu'd,  anil  in  South  Africa 
the  eream-ot-tartar  tree,  it  is  a  native  of  tropical 
Africa,  and  has  been  introduced  and  naturalized  in  various 
parts  of  the  Ka-st  and  West  Indies.  It  is  one  of  the  largest 
trees  in  the  world,  being  often  found  .'io  feet  in  diameter, 
though  it  grows  to  a  height  of  only  from  40  to  70  feet.  The 
branches  shoot  out  from  60  to  70  feet,  bearing  a  dense 


Baobab  of  Madagascar  {,A^ansania  Madiigascariensis), 

mass  of  deciduous  leaves,  soniewbat  similar  to  those  of 
the  horse-chestnut.  Tbf  white  III avers  are  from  4  to  6 
inches  broad,  and  the  tiblmi^'  i,'i>unl-like  fruit,  about  a 
foot  in  lengtli,  is  eaten  by  monkeys,  and  iu-nce  is  called 
tnoi\key-bTead\y<'\\\v\\  see).  The  juice  of  the  fruit  nii\c.l 
with  sugar  is  much  esteemed  as  a  beverage  ;  and  the  pulp, 
whicli  is  pleasantly  acid,  is  eaten,  aiul  is  employed  as  a 
remedy  in  Egyptian  d.vsentery.  The  dried  and  powdered 
mucilaginous  bark  and  leaves  are  used  by  the  negroes, 
under  the  name  of  lalo,  on  their  food,  like  j)cpper,  to  dimin- 
ish perspiration  ;  and  the  strong  lUirr  of  the  bark  is  made 
into  ropes  and  cloth.  The  oidy  other  known  species  of 
this  genus  arc  the  .Australian  sour-gourd  or  cream-of-tartsir 
tree,  Adansniiiti  (ji-i'^rnrii,  which  dilFers  chiefly  in  its 
smaller  fruit,  and  the  Madagascar  baobab,  A.  Nadagas- 
carii'tuig,  whicli  has  red  flowers. 
bap  (bap),  II.  [Sc;  origin  unknown.]  A  roll 
of  bread  of  various  shapes,  costing  generally  a 
halfpenny  or  a  penny. 
The  young  baker  who  brings  the  baps  in  the  mornings. 
Blacheood's  Mag.,  XXV.  392. 

baphe  (ba'fe),  «.  [<  Gr.  (ia^>i,  a  dye,  dyeing, 
dipping  in  dye,  a  dipping,  <  (ia-^T£iv,  dip:  see 
baptize.']  The  brilliant  red  color  used  in  illu- 
minating ancient  manuscripts. 

Baphomet  (baf'o-met).  It.  [F.  Bophomct;  Pr. 
lUifiimcf,  OSp.  .)i(ifomat,  regarde<l  as  a  corrup- 
tion of  MiOiDiiut.  Cf.  ilahound  and  Mammct.] 
The  imaginary  idol  or  symV>ol  which  the  Tem- 
plars were  accused  of  worshiping.  By  some  mod- 
ern writers  the  Tcniplurs  are  charged  with  a  depraved 
Gnosticism,  atld  the  word  liaphonict  hius  had  given  to  it 
the  signification  of  ttaptism  uf  wisdom  (as  if  <  Gr.  ^a^ij, 
baptism,  -t-^^ns,  wisdom),  baptisniof  tire;  in  otherwords, 
the  Gnostic  baptism,  a  .species  of  sjiiritual  illumination. 
But  this  and  the  otii.r  '_'Ucsscs  arc  of  no  value.  The  word 
may  be  a  manipulated  Innii  of  MnUnmet,  a  name  which 
took  strange  shajics  in  the  middle  ages. 

Bapbometic  (baf-o-met'ik),  a.  [<  Baphomet.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Baphomet,  or  to  the  rites 
in  which  it  was  supposed  to  be  employed. 

It  is  from  this  liour  that  I  incline  to  date  my  spiritual 
new-birth  or  Bapluniwtic  Fire-baptism  ;  perhaps  I  directly 
thereupon  began  to  be  a  man. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  117. 

Bapta  (bap'tii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  flaTrrdc,  dipped, 
dyed,  verbaladj.  of  liaTTTcn;  dip.]  A  genus  of 
geometrid  moths.  The  white  pinion-spotted  moth 
is  /?.  tiiiitnculata ;  the  clouded  silver-moth  is  B.  punctata. 

baptise,  r.  t.     See  baptize. 

Baptisia  (bap-tiz'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /Jdn-Tifffr,  a 
tlippiug  (dyeing?  cf.  /iairTOf,  dyed),  <  jia-KT'i^civ, 


445 

dip,  dye.]  A  genus  of  legtrminous  plants  of 
the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi. 
They  are  herbaceous,  anil  turn  black  in  drying.  'Ihe 
wilil  indigo,  /;.  lifu'tvria,  luis  been  used  for  dyeing,  and  its 
root  in  medicine  as  a  laxative,  and  in  larger  doses  as  a  ca- 
thartic aiul  emetic.  Some  species,  especially  the  blue-flow- 
ered it.  austrati^,  are  occasionally  cultivateil  in  gardens. 
baptism  (baji'tizm),  II.  [<  MK.  hapli.ime  (usu- 
ally uud  ciirlicr  bapfim,  hdjilym,  bdjilcm),  <  OF. 
b(iiil):ninc,  biipttme,  biitcs'iiir,  hutimc  (mod.  F. 
baptime),  <  hh.  bapti.wia,  <  (ir.  liuTrTin/ja,  also 
(ia-Tiniii'i^,  <  jia-jrriCniv,  dip  or  plunge  in  or  under 
water,  sink  (a  ship),  drench,  soak,  draw  (wine) 
by  dipping  with  a  cup;  in  N.  T.  and  eccl., 
biiptize.]  1.  A  sacrament  or  ordinance  of  the 
t'hristian  church,  instituted  by  Christ  as  an  ini- 
tiatory rito,  consisting  in  the  immersion  of  the 
person  in  water,  or  in  the  application  of  water 
to  the  person  by  affusion  or  by  sprinkling,  by  an 
authorized  administrator,  "in  the  name  of  the 
Father,  and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost." 
The  proper  signitlcation  of  the  rite,  the  proper  subjects 
of  it,  and  the  proper  mctbndsof  adnunistering  it,  are  mat- 
ters of  dispute  in  the  Christian  church,  in  Protestant 
churches  it  is  generally  regarded  as  a  symbol  of  puriflca- 
tion,  a  rite  of  iintiation  into  the  visible  church  of  Christ, 
and  a  sign  ratifying  God's  covenant  with  his  people.  In  the 
Roman  Catholic  elm reh  baptism  is  the  sacrament  of  initia- 
tion into  the  church  of  Christ,  consisting  essentially  in  the 
application  of  water  to  the  person  baptized  by  one  having 
the  intention  of  conferring  the  sacrament,  and  who  pro- 
nounces at  the  same  time  the  words,  '"N,,  I  baptize  thee 
in  the  name  of  the  Father,  and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy 
Ghost."  TheGreek  formula,  "The  servant  of  God  is  baptized 
in  the  name,"  etc.,  is  also  recognized  as  valid.  In  all  branches 
of  the  church  a  layman  may,  in  case  of  necessity,  admtiuster 
baptism.  In  the  Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  and  nutst  Protes- 
tant chiu-ches,  infant  children  are  admitted  to  baptism ; 
but  among  the  various  Baptist  denominations  only  those 
are  admitted  who  give  credible  evidence  of  possessing  a 
I  hi  ist  ian  e.vperience.  Among  them,  also,  it  is  generally  per- 
formed liy  immersion,  which  they  regard  as  the  Scriptural 
moda  This  is  also  the  common  mode  in  the  Eastern 
churches;  in  the  Western  churches  sprinkling  or  pouring 
is  commonly  substituted.  The  Friends  reject  all  baptism 
with  water,  regarding  Christian  baptism  as  spiritual  only. 

Baptimn  is  not  only  a  sign  of  profession,  and  mark  of  dif- 
ference, whereby  Christian  men  are  discerned  from  others 
that  be  not  christened,  but  it  is  also  a  sign  of  Regenera- 
tion or  New-Birth,  whereby,  as  by  an  instrument,  they  that 
receive  Baptism  rightly  are  grafted  into  the  Church ;  the 
promises  of  the  forgiveness  of  sin,  and  of  our  adoption  to 
be  the  sons  of  God  by  the  Holy  Ghost,  are  visibly  signed 
and  sealed ;  Faith  is  confirmed,  and  Grace  increased  by 
virtue  of  prayer  unto  t;od. 

Articles  of  Reliijion  of  Ch.  of  Bng.  and  Prot.  Epis.  Ch. 

We  believe  in  .  .  .  baptism  to  be  administered  to  be- 
lievers and  their  children,  as  the  sign  of  cleansing  from 
Bill,  of  union  to  Christ,  and  of  the  impartation  of  the  Holy 
.Spirit.  Congregational  Creed,  18sa. 

2.  Any  ceremonial  ablution  intended  as  a  sign 
of  purification,  dedication,  etc.:  as,  the  baptism 
administered  by  John  the  Baptist,  or  that  ad- 
ministered to  proselytes  by  the  ancient  Jews; 
the  baptism  or  christening  of  bells,  ships,  and 
other  objects  in  the  Roman  Catliolie  Church,  etc. 

The  publicans  juatlfled  God,  being  baptized  with  the 
baptijnn  of  John.  Luke  vU.  29. 

Baptism  for  the  dead,  the  baptism  of  a  living  person 
instead  of  and  for  tlic  s:ike  i>f  one  who  has  died  unbaptized. 
The  performance  of  such  a  ceremony,  although  disapproved 
by  the  church,  is  on  record  in  a  nundjcr  of  imhviiiual 
cases  among  the  early  Christians,  and  is  also  said  to  have 
been  a  custom  of  several  ancient  sects,  the  Ebionites,  Mar- 
cionites,  and  others.  In  modern  times  it  has  been  revived 
by  the  SIornu>ns.  This  practice  has  been  supposed  by 
many  to  be  alluded  to  in  1  Cor.  xv.  29,  but  other  expla- 
nations of  the  passage  have  been  given.— Baptism  Of 
blood,  martyrdom  for  the  sake  of  Christ,  regarded  as  sup- 
plying the  absence  of  the  sacrament  of  baptism. — Baptism 
of  desire,  the  virtue  or  grace  of  baptism  received  by  a 
person  who  dies  earnestly  desiring  that  sacrament,  but 
unable  to  obtain  it.  — Baptism  of  fire.  (")  The  gift  or 
gifts  .if  the  HmIv  Sjiirit;  the  grace  of  baptism  c.msidered 
separately  from  tlic  oiiI,t  form.  (())  Martyrd"Mi.-  CUnlc 
or  clinical  oaptlsm,  baptism  on  a  sick-bed.  in  the  early 
church  this  w;ui  allowed  only  ill  case  of  impending  death, 
and  Wiis  sometimes  refused  even  then,  except  U>  persons 
already  candidates.  Such  baptism  wius  recognized  as 
valid  ;  but  a  person  so  baptized  was  not  ordinarily  eligible 
to  orders,  perhaps  because  it  was  judged  that  fear  bad 
induced  the  rccciition  of  the  sacrament.  Conditional 
baptism  (also  called  hiipnthflirnl  h<ti,tisi,i\  in  the  lioioan 
Catholic  and  .Anglican  clinrcbes,  baldism  administered  to 
persons  in  respect  to  wliom  it  is  doubtful  whether  they 
have  been  baptized  or  not,  or  whose  known  baptism  is  of 
doubtful  validity.  ITie  condition  is  then  regularly  insert- 
ed in  the  formula:  "If  thou  art  not  baptized, '  etc.— Pri- 
vate baptism,  baptism  conferred  in  the  home  or  else- 
where, without  the  ceremonies  prescribed  for  the  rite  of 
solemn  baptism  in  the  church.— Seal  of  baptism.  («) 
The  rite  of  uuition  in  baptism.  (M  Same  as  baptismal 
cAurncd'c  (which  see,  under  baptismal). 

baptismal  (bap-tiz'mal),  a.  [<  baptism  +  -al ;  = 
F.  baptismal.]  Pertaining  to  baptism :  as,  "the 
baptismal  vow,''  Hammond — Baptismal  charac- 
ter, a  spiritual  and  indelible  mark  attaching  to  the  souls 
of  I'aptizcd  Christians  from  their  reception  of  the  sacra- 
ment. This  term  is  used  olBcially  by  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church,  and  also  by  theologians  of  the  Greek,  Ori- 
ental, and  Anglican  churches,  to  express  the  doctrine  of 
those  churches  that  a  baptized  person  can  for  good  or  for 
evil  never  be  as  one  unbaptized,  and  that  the  sacrament 
cannot  be  repeated  without  sacrilege.      Also  called  the 


baptlstlc 

sral,  or  the  Sfat  of  baptism.  See  ttaptism. — Baptismal 
name,  the  peisonal  or  I'liiiHtian  name  given  at  baptism. 
—  Baptismal  regeneration,  the  <loctrine  of  the  remis- 
sion of  original  and  actual  sin,  and  the  new  birth  into  the 
life  of  sanctifying  grace,  in  and  through  the  sacrament 
of  baptism.— Baptismal  shell,  a  real  shell  polished,  or 
a  small  metal  vessel  in  ibc  sb.ipe  of  a  scallop-shell,  used 
to  take  water  Ironi  the  font  and  pour  it  upon  the  liead  of 
the  candidate  in  baptism.—  Baptismal  vows,  the  prom-  ' 
ises  made  at  baptism  by  the  jierson  baptized,  or  by  the 
sponsors  in  his  name. 

baptismally  (bap-tiz'mal-i),  adv.  Inorthrough 
baptism;  by  means  of  baptism. 

baptist  (bap'tist),  n.  [<  ME.  baptist  (only  in 
rcforcnce  to  John  the  Baptist),  <  LL.  baptista, 
<  Gr.  liartTia-lic,  one  who  baptizes,  <  jiaiTTiC,civ, 
baptize:  see  baptize]  1.  One  who  adruinisters 
baptism:  the  title  (with  a  capital  letter)  of 
John,  the  forerunner  of  Christ. 

Ilini  the  Baptist  soon  descried.  Milton^  P.  R-,  i.  25. 
2.  [cap.]  A  member  or  an  adherent  of  one  of 
those  Christian  denominations  which  maintain 
that  baptism  can  bo  administered  only  upon  a 
jiersonal  profession  of  Christian  faith.  Gener- 
ally, though  not  always,  Baptists  are  immersionists.  This 
doctrine  has  been  held  from  a  very  early  age  of  the  Chris- 
tian church ;  but  the  Baptists  as  a  distinct  denomina- 
tion date  from  the  epoch  of  the  Refonnation,  and  were 
originally  called  Annliaptists  by  their  opponents.  In  the 
Vnited  States  the  Baptists  owe  their  origin  to  Roger 
Williams,  who  was  originally  a  minister  of  the  Church  of 
England.  The  principal  liaptist  denominations  are  the 
Itaptists,  sometimes  calld  t'rihiitist  Jla/>ti.-<ts,  from  their 
Calvinistic  theology  ;  Fr"  iriff  luiptisis,  who  are  Anninian 
in  theology  and  open  communionists  in  practice;  German 
llaj'tists,  popularly  called  Ihntkers;  General  Baptists,  a 
party  of  English  Bajitists  who  are  Anninian  in  theology 
and  hold  to  a  general  atonement  (opposed  t^i  Partictdar 
Ilaptists,  who  are  Calvinistic);  Old-Scltool  Baptists,  some- 
times called  Auli-Mission  or  Uard-Shell  Baptists,  from 
their  extreme  Calvinism,  which  leads  them  to  oppose  all 
active  measures  for  the  c,,ii\ci^iou  of  the  world  (a  sect 
numbering  40,000);  Scventh-Daij  Baittists,  who  keep  the 
seventh  day,  instead  of  the  first,  as  the  sabbath ;  Six- 
Princiide  Baptists,  so  Called  from  the  six  principles  which 
constitute  their  creed  (they  practise  "  laying  on  of  hands," 
and  refuse  communion  to  all  who  do  not);  Disciples  of 
Ciirist,  also  called  Christians  or  Campbellites,  an  American 
denomination  growing  out  of  the  labors  of  Alexander 
Campbell,  and  separately  organized  in  1827;  iVinebren- 
nrriaus,  or  Church  of  God  (organized  in  1830  by  John 
Winebrenner),  who  maintain  the  washing  of  feet  as  an 
ordinance  of  perpetual  obligation ;  and  Christians,  or  the 
Ciiristian  Connection,  an  .\merican  sect  of  Unitarian  Bap- 
tists founded  about  181K).  The  Baptists  are  congi-egational 
in  polity,  and  generally  Calvinistic  or  semi-Calvinistic  in 
theology.  Those  of  Great  Britain  do  not  generally  regard 
baptism  by  immersion  as  a  prerequisite  to  communion,  and 
therefore  commune  with  other  churches;  but  the  opposite 
position  is,  with  few  exceptions,  adopted  by  the  Baptists 
of  the  United  States.  The  former  are  popularly  called  open- 
conumniionisis,  the  latter  close-communionisls. 

baptistery,  baptistry  (bap'tis-tfer-i,  -tri),  n. ;  pi. 
baptisteries,  bajilislries  (-iz,  -triz).  [<  L.  baptis- 
tcriiitii,  a  place  for  bathing  (LL.  in  eccl.  sense), 
<  Gr.  fiaTTTiariipiov,  <  liaTTTiieti;  baptize:  see  6ay- 


Baptisteiy  of  the  Duomo.  Pisa,  Italy. 

tize.]  A  building  or  a  portion  of  a  building  in 
which  is  administered  tlie  rite  of  liaptism.  In 
the  early  Christian  church  the  baptistery  was  dl^tinct  from 
the  church-building,  and  was  situated  near  its  west  end  ; 
it  was  generally  circular  or  octagonal  in  form,  and  dome- 
roofed.  About  the  end  of  the  sixth  century  the  baptistery 
began  to  he  absorbed  in  the  church,  w  ithin  which  the  font 
was  placed,  not  far  from  the  western  door.  The  detached 
baptistery  was,  however,  often  preserved,  especially  in 
Italy;  and  many  such  baiitisteries  still  remain  in  use,  as 
that  of  St.  John  I«iteraii  in  Rome,  and  those  of  the  cathe- 
drals of  Pisa.  Florence,  etc.  As  a  separate  building  the 
baptistery  was  often  of  consideralile  size  and  great  archi- 
tectural beauty  ;  that  of  Florence  is  lOS  feet  in  external 
diameter.  In  the  West,  baptisteries  were  in  early  times 
commonly  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptist.  See/on<l 
and  baptismal. 
baptlstlc,  baptlstlcal  (bap-tis'tik,  -ti-kal),  a. 
[<  Gr.  /JoTrnoTiMif,  <  jia-^iarii^,  baptist:  see  bap- 


baptistlc 

Hsf]  Pertaining  to  baptism,  or  (with  a  capital) 
to  the  doctrine  of  the  Baptists. 

Tliis  liaplMical  pnif<'ssii>n,  wlikh  he  iKnorantly  laiighcth 
nt,  is  atti'stcil  \'y  fathri-s.  I>y  louiuils,  liy  litiii'Bies. 

.!(>;<.  Uramhall,  Schism  Uuardcd,  p.  205. 

Baptistically  (bap-tis'ti-kal-i),  ndv.    Accord- 
ing to  Baptist  doctrine;  in  the  manner  of  the 
Baptists. 
baptizable  (hap-ti'za-bl),  a.      [<  baj)ti:e  + 
-dliU.]     That  may  bo  baptized.     [Rare.] 

As  for  the  condition  limititiE  persons  baptimhle,  which 
is  actual  liclievinR,  this  also  the  Church  of  Clirist  under- 
stood in  a  limited  and  temporary  sense. 

Up.  anwli-n,  Tears  of  the  Ohurch,  p.  284. 

baptizationt  (bap-ti-za'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  bnpti- 
::atio(>i-),  <  ltaj>ti:a)r,  baptize :  see  baptizc.'\  The 
act  of  baptizing ;  baptism.     [Rare.] 

It  they  had  heen  lay  persons,  their  baptimtums  were 
null  and' invalid.  Jer.  Taylor,  Clems  Domini,  iv. 

baptize  (bap-tiz'),  ''•  t- ;  pret.  and  pp.  baptized, 
j.pr.  baptizing.  [<  WE.  baptizcn,  <  LL.  bap- 
tisarc,  <  6r.  liaKTiCen;  dip  in  or  under  water, 
baptize,  <  /Joirrf/v,  dip  in  water.  See  etym.  of 
baptism.']  1.  To  administer  the  rite  of  bap- 
tism to.     See  baptism. 

None  [in  Yucatan]  might  marry  who  had  not  heen  bap- 
tised. Faiths  0/  the  World,  p.  248. 

2.  To  christen ;  name ;  denominate :  with  al- 
lusion to  the  naming  of  infants  at  baptism. 

Call  me  hut  love,  and  I'll  he  new  baptiz'd; 
Henceforth  I  never  will  be  Romeo. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  2. 

Sometimes  spelled  baptise. 

baptizement  (bap-tiz'ment),  n.     [<  baptize  -t- 

-ment.]  The  act  of  baptizing ;  baptism.  [Rare.] 

baptizer  (bap-ti'zer),  n.     One  who  baptizes. 

i)i\  the  part  of  the  baptizer,  baptism  was  a  form  of  re- 

eeption  Xn  instruction.  Rees,  Cyc.,  Baptism. 

baquet(ba-ka'),  "•  [F. :  see  fcacfcei.]  A  small 
tub  or  trough. 

barl  (biir),  n.  [<  ME.  barr,  barre,  <  OF.  barre, 
F.  barre  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  barra,  <  ML.  barra, 
of  unknown  origin.  The  Celtic  words,  Bret. 
barren,  a  bar,  a  branch,  W.  bar,  a  bar,  rail, 
Gael,  and  Ir.  barra,  a  bar,  spike.  Com.  bara  (v. ), 
bar,  as  well  as  MHG.  bar,  barre,  a  barrier,  G. 
barre,  Dan.  barre,  a  bar,  ingot,  Russ.  barii,  bar 
(of  a  harbor),  are  from  the  ML.,  Rom.,  or  E. 
Hence  barrier,  barrister,  barricade,  barrace,  em- 
bar,  embarrass,  debar,  debarrass,  etc.]  1.  A 
piece  of  wood,  metal,  or  other  solid  matter, 
long  in  proportion  to  its  thickness,  used  for 
some  mechanical  purpose;  a  rod:  as,  a  cap- 
stan-tar; the  bars  of  a  grate;  the  splinter-6nr 
of  a  vehicle ;  especially,  such  a  piece  of  wood 
or  metal  used  as  an  obstruction  or  guard:  as, 
the  bars  of  a  fence  or  gate;  the  bar  of  a  door 
or  window. — 2.  Anything  which  obstructs, 
hinders,  or  impedes ;  an  obstruction ;  an  ob- 
stacle ;  a  barrier. 
Must  I  new  bars  to  my  own  joy  create  ?  Drydm. 

The  incapacity  to  breed  under  confinement  is  one  of  the 
commonest  bars  to  domestication. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  I.  21. 

3.  A  barrier — (a)  At  the  entrance  to  a  city,  or 
between  the  city  proper  and  its  suburbs;  hence, 
the  gate  at  which  the  barrier  was  placed  in 
former  times,  as  Tejnjilc  Bar  in  London,  now 


446 

mouth  of  a  river  or  harbor,  obstructing  entrance  or  ren- 
derliiK  It  dlfHcuU. 

He  rose  at  dawn,  and,  fired  with  hope. 
Shot  o'er  the  seething  harbour  bar. 

Ti'nrn/solt,  The  Sailor  Boy. 
(i>)  A  narrow  point  of  land  jutting  out  into  the  wat<T.  (<■) 
In  placer-mining,  an  accumulation  of  .sand  orpravel  in  or 
near  tlie  bed  (pf  a  stream. 

5.  In  laie :  (a)  The  railing  inclosing  the  place 
which  counsel  occupy  in  courts  of  justice. 
[Hence  the  phrase  at  the  bar  of  the  court  signi- 
fies in  open  court.] 

Some  at  the  bar  with  subtlety  defend. 

Or  on  the  bench  the  knotty  laws  untie.     Dryden. 

(b)  The  place  in  court  where  prisoners  are  sta- 
tioned for  aiTaignmeut,  trial,  or  sentence. 

The  great  duke 
Came  to  the  bar;  where  to  his  accusations 
He  pleaded  still,  not  guilty.  S/iafc.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  1. 

(c)  The  practising  members  of  the  legal  pro- 
fession in  a  given  community;  all  those  who 
have  the  right  to  plead  in  a  court ;  counsel  or 
barristers  in  general,  or  those  present  in  court. 

It  is  the  bench,  the  magistracy,  the  bar  —  the  profession 
as  a  profession  ...  —  a  class,  a  body,  of  whicli  I  mean 
exclusively  to  speak.  R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  137. 

The  storm  of  invective  which  burst  upon  him  from  bar, 
bench,  and  witness-bo.x.  Macaulag,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

(d)  A  stoppage  or  defeat  in  an  action  or  suit 
by  countervailing  the  alleged  right  of  action. — 

6.  In  England,  a  railing  or  barrier  which  sep- 
arates a  space  near  the  door  from  the  body 
of  either  house  of  Parliament,  beyond  which 
none  but  members  and  clerks  are  admitted.  At 
these  bars  counsel  stand  when  pleading  before  the  house, 
and  to  the  same  bar  witnesses  and  such  as  have  been 
ordered  into  custody  for  breaches  of  privilege  are  brought. 
In  the  houses  of  Congress,  the  bar,  for  the  latter  purpose, 
is  tlie  area  in  front  of  the  presiding  officer. 

7.  Figuratively,  any  tribunal:  as,  the  bar  of 
public  opinion;  the  "fear  of  God. — 8.  That  por- 
tion of  a  tavern,  inn,  coffee-house,  or  the  like, 
where  liquors,  etc.,  are  set  out;  the  counter 
over  which  articles  are  served  in  such  an  es- 
tablishment. 

I  was  under  some  apprehension  that  they  would  appeal 
to  me  ;  and  therefore  laid  down  my  penny  at  the  bar,  .  .  . 
and  made  the  best  of  my  way  to  Cheapside. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  403. 

9.  A  band  or  stripe :  as,  a  bar  of  light. 

The  long,  slender  bars  of  cloud  float  like  fishes  in  the 
sea  of  crimson  light.  Eyntrson,  Nature. 

10.  la  farriery,  the  upper  part  of  the  gums  of 
a  horse  between  the  grinders  and  tusks,  which 
bears  no  teeth,  and  to  which  the  bit  is  fitted. — 

11.  In  music,  a  line  drawn  perpendicularly 
across  the  staff,  di\-iding  it  into  equal  measures 
of  time  and  marking  the  place  of  the  strong 


i 


w 


^ 


1 


Temple  Bar,  London. —  Founded  1670,  demolished  1878. 

removed,  and  the  existing  medieval  bars  of 
York,  (ft)  At  a  toll-house;  a  toll-gate.  ."Vlso 
called  toll-bar. — 4.  An  accumulation  forming 
a  bank  obstructive  to  navigatiou  or  to  the  flow 
of  water,  (a)  A  bank  of  sand,  gravel,  or  earth  forming 
Ik  shoal  in  any  body  of  water ;  a  bank  or  shoal  at  the 


accent;  hence,  the  space  and  notes  included 

between  two  such  lines ;  the  portion  of  music 

represented  by  the  included  notes.     See  also 

double  bar,  below. 

Whistling  a  random  bar  of  Bonny  Doon. 

Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

12.  In  com. :  (a)  An  ingot,  a  lump,  or  a  wedge, 
as  of  gold  or  silver,  from  the  mines,  run  in  a 
mold,  and  unwrought.  {b)  A  short  piece  of 
bar-iron  about  half  a  pound  in  weight,  used  as 
a  medium  of  traffic  with  African  negroes. — 13. 
In  printina :  (a)  The  lever  by  which  the  pres- 
sure is  applied  in  a  hand-press.  (6)  The  middle 
cross-piece  of  a  printers'  chase. — 14.  In  her., 
a  horizontal  stripe  crossing  the  field,  narrow- 
er than  the  fesse,  and  occupying 
usually  one  fifth  or  less  of  the 
field :  one  of  the  nine  ordinaries. 
It  is  rare  that  one  bar  only  is  used; 
bars  may  be  borne  in  any  number,  and 
the  blazon  always  names  the  number; 
but  when  more  than  four,  as  they  are 
smaller,  they  are  called  barrulets.  See 
barry-  and  itanrise.  ».^. ...... ^ 

15.  In  a  bridle,  the  nionthpiece  —•-■--- 
connecting  the  checks. — 16.  In  a  rifle-sight,  a 
plate  in  the  form  of  a  segment,  with  its  upper 
or  chord  edge  horizontal,  and  secured  in  a  ring. 
If  the  plate  has  a  vertical  slot  in  it,  it  is  called  a  slil  bar- 
si'iht;  if  it  has  an  annulus  or  smiiller  ring  attached  to  it,  it 
is  a  bar-sinht  or  open  bead-sifjht. 
17.  In  .saddlery,  one  of  the  side  pieces  connect- 
ing the  pomniel  and  cantle  of  a  saddle.  -  Ac- 
cented parts,  of  a  bar.  See  aeeent,  c.  f.— Bar  of 
ground,  a  term  used  in  Cornwall,  England,  and  else- 
where t«>  designate  a  stratimi  or  mass  of  rock  coming 
near  to  or  crossing  the  lode,  and  of  a  dilferent  character 
from  that  adjacent  to  it.  -  Bar  Sinister,  a  phrase  erro- 
neously used  for  bend  sinister.    See  bend-. 


baraket 

Thackeray  falls  into  the  common  error  of  describing  "a 
bar. sinister  "  as  a  mark  of  bastardy.  A  bar  in  heraldry,  be- 
ing horizontal,  cannot  be  dexter  or  sinister ;  a  bend  may 
he  either.  A',  and  (J.,  7th  ser..  III.  Hi. 

Bar  super,  in  apirulture,  a  case  or  crate  in  which  the 
honeycomb  is  hung  froio  Itars,  instead  of  being  built  in  sec- 
tions or  boxes.  I'lun,  Diet.  Apiculture,  p.  70.— Bastard 
bar.  Same  as  baston,  1  (c).— Blank  bar,  in  law,  a  plea 
in  bar  which  in  an  action  of  trespass  is  put  in  to  comin:! 
the  plaintiff  to  assign  the  certain  place  where  the  trespass 
was  committed  ;  a  common  bar.  It  is  most  used  by  the 
practisers  in  the  Common  Bench,  for  in  the  King's  Bench 
the  place  is  commoidy  ascertained  in  the  declaration. 
/i(oH«(.— Branchial  bar.  See  trancAinf.— Double  bar, 
in  music,  two  bars  placed  together  at  the  conclusion  of  a 
movement  or  strain.  If  two  or  four  dots  are  added  t'»  it, 
the  strain  cjn  that  side  should  be  repeated.— Equalizing- 
bar.  (")  Iti  a  ear-truck,  a  wrought-iron  beam  w  iiirh  hi  ara 
upon  the  top  of  the  journal-boxes  on  the  same  side  of  the 
truck.  The  springs  which  sustain  the  weight  of  the  body 
of  the  car  upon  that  side  rest  upon  the  center  of  this  bar. 
which  distributes  the  weight  upon  the  two  journals,  (d) 
In  a  vehicle,  a  bar  to  each  end  of  which  a  whippletrec  is 
attached.  It  is  pivoted  at  the  middle,  and  is  u.sed  to 
equalize  the  draft  of  two  horses  harnessed  abreast.  Also 
called  err,i.T  and  d,,iibl,lr,e.—  Fa.theT  of  the  bar.  .See 
father.—  Horizontal  bar,  a  rounil  l^ar  placed  horizontal- 
ly at  some  distant''  above  the  g[oiind,  on  which  athletes 
exercise.  —  Landing-bar,  in  lare-makinfi,  sl  nhnttXe-hox; 
a  receptacle  for  tlie  sliuttle  at  the  end  of  each  cast.— 
LOOsening-bar,  in  mxhlinfi,  a  pointed  steel  wire  which  is 
driven  into  the  pattern  and  struck  lightly  with  a  hammer 
to  loosen  it  from  its  mold,  so  that  it  can  be  withdrawn. 
—  Parallel  bars,  a  pair  of  bars  raised  about  4  to  0  feet 
above  the  ground  and  placed  about  a  foot  and  a  half  apart, 
used  in  gymnastics  to  develop  the  muscles  of  the  arms, 
chest,  etc.— Plea  in  bar,  in  law,  a  plea  of  matter  of  such 
a  nature  that  if  sustained  it  would  defeat  not  merely  the 
present  action,  but  any  other  for  the  same  cause.  See 
abatement. —  Splinter-bar,  in  coach-buildin'j,  the  bar  of 
a  carriage  to  which  the  traces  are  attached. — TO  call 
to  tbe  bar.  See  caii— Trial  at  bar,  a  trial  in  one  ot 
the  superior  courts  before  all  the  judges  of  the  court  in 
which  the  action  is  brought,  or  a  quorum  sufficient  to 
make  a  full  court.  =  Syn.  2  and  3.  Barricade,  etc.  See 
ba  rrier. 

bar!  (biir),  II.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  barred,  ppr. 
barring.  [<  ME.  barren,  <  OF.  barrer  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  barrar,  <  ML.  barrare,  bar;  from  the 
noim.]  1.  To  fasten  with  a  bar,  or  as  with  a 
bar. 

Every  door  is  barr'd  with  gold,  and  opens  but  to  golden  keys. 
Tennyson,  Locksley  HalL 

Now  to  all  hope  her  heart  is  barred  and  cold. 

Longfellow,  Blind  Girl  of  Castel-Cuill*,  iL 

2.  To  hinder;  obstruct;  prevent;  prohibit; 
restrain. 

If  you  cannot 
Bar  his  access  to  the  king,  never  attempt 
Anything  on  him.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

The  houses  of  the  country  were  all  scattered,  and  yet 
not  so  far  off  as  that  it  barred  mutual  succour. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Though  the  law  of  arms  doth  bar 
The  use  of  venom'd  shot  in  war. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 

3.  To  except ;  exclude  by  exception. 

Nay,  but  I  bar  to-night ;  you  shall  not  gage  me 

By  what  we  do  to-night.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  2. 

4.  To  provide  with  a  bar  or  bars ;  mark  with 
bars ;  cross  with  one  or  more  stripes  or  lines. 

A  Ceynt  she  wered,  barred  al  of  silke. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  I.  49. 

He  bars  his  surfaces  with  horizontal  lines  of  colour,  the 
expression  of  the  level  of  the  Desert.  Buskin. 

5'.  To  make  into  bars.     [Rare.]  — To  bara  vein, 

in  farriery,  to  open  the  skin  above  a  vein  in  a  horse's  leg, 
disengaging  it,  tying  it  both  above  and  below,  and  strik- 
ing between  the  two  ligatures:  an  operation  intended 
to  stop  malignant  humors.  Johnson.— To  bar  dOWer, 
See  dower-. —  TO  bar  an  entail.    See  entail. 

barl  (biir),  prep.  [Prop,  irapv.  of  fertrl,  t'.,3;  cf. 
barring.]  Except;  omitting;  but:  as,  to  offer 
to  bet  two  to  one  against  any  horse  bar  one. 

bar-  Cbiir),  H.  [<  F.  fear,  '"'the  fish  called  a 
base"  (Cotgrave):  see  feasfS.]  An  acanthopte- 
rygian  European  fish,  ficitrna  aqiiila.  Also 
called  maigrc. 

bar-^,  a.  An  obsolete  (Middle  English)  or  dia- 
lectal form  of  bare^. 

bar-'t.     A  Middle  English  preterit  of  brar^. 

bar'"' O'iir),  ".    A  dialectal  form  of  fecar'-.    [U.S.] 

bar'H,  ".     A  Middle  English  form  of  baron. 

baracan,  ».     See  barracan. 

barassthesiometer,  «.     See  baresthesionwtrr. 

baragouln  (ba-rii-gwan'  or  -gwin'),  n.  [F., 
said  to  be  <  Bret,  bara,  bread,  -f-  gicin,  -wine,  ol- 
giccnn,  white,  "in  reference  to  the  astonish- 
ment of  Breton  soldiers  at  the  sight  of  white 
bread":  but  this  reads  like  a  popular  etj-mol- 
ogy,  with  the  usual  fictitious  anecdote  ajipend- 
ed.  Tlie  word  may  be  merely  imitative.]  Un- 
intelligible jargon;  langiuige  soalteredinsoimd 
or  sense  as  not  to  be  generally  understood. 

baraket  (bar'a-ket),  ».  [Heb.]  In  .Icwish 
anliij..  the  third  jewel  in  the  first  row  in  the 
breastplate  of  the  high  priest:  it  is  thought  to 
be  the  garnet. 


barallpton 

baralipton  (bar-a-lip'ton),  n.  [An  artificial 
torin.J  1.  In  lotjir,  a  mnemonic  name  of  an 
indirect  inood  of  the  first  fif;nre  of  syllogism, 
in  which  llie  two  premises  are  universal  affir- 
matives and  the  conclusion  is  a  particular 
affirmative  :  as,  Every  animal  is  a  substance  ; 
every  man  is  an  animal;  therefore,  some  sub- 
stance is  a  man.  The  name  was  proliably  in- 
vented by  Petrus  Hispauus.  See  bamalip  and 
inoo(ft. — 2.  [co/).]  [NL.]  In  ro67.,  a  genus  of 
coleopterous  insects. 

baranco  (ba-rang'ko),  n.     Same  as  harranca. 

baranee  (bar-a-ne'),  n.  [Anglo-lnd.,  repr. 
Hind.  Iidrdni,  lit.  keeping  off  the  rain,  <  bdrdii, 
rain.]  A  cloak  made  of  felted  woolen  cloth, 
used  in  India. 

baraniline  (ba-rau'i-lin),  h.  [<  Gr.  (iapir, 
heavy,  +  aiiilitw.']  A  name  given  by  Reimann 
to  heavy  aniline  oil,  to  tlistinguish  it  from  the 
light  aniline  oil  or  kuphaniliue. 

barathea-cloth    (bar-a-the'a-kl6th),  n.      1.   A 
woolen  cloth  made  at  Leeils,  England.  —  2.  A 
silk,  either  plain  or  twilled,  made  in  England. 
Also  spelled  harralhca-clolh. 

barathrum  (bar'a-thrum),  ». ;  pi.  barathra 
(-tlirii.).  [L.,  <  (j'r.  jiapaHpov,  Ionic  ftipeBpov, 
contr.  piHpov,  a  gulf,  pit.]  1.  A  rocky  place 
or  pit  outside  the  walls  of  ancient  Athens,  into 
which  criminals  were  thrown. —  2t.  The  abyss  ; 
hell. 

lie  will  eat  a  leK  of  mutton  while  I  am  in  my  porridge, 
.  .  .  Ins  l)elly  is  like  Barathrum. 

B.  Jtinson,  Poetaster,  iii.  1. 

3t.  Anything  that  swallows  up  or  devours ;  the 
belly ;  an  insatiable  glutton  or  extortioner. 

You  come 
To  scour  your  dirty  maw  with  the  good  cheer, 
Wliieh  will  be  damn'd  in  your  lean  barathrum^ 
That  kitchen-stutE  devourer. 

Shirley,  The  Wedding,  ii.  .■!. 

You  barathrum  of  the  shambles  ! 
Maxsingir,  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  iii.  2. 

barato  (bil-rii'to),  n.  [Sp.,  as  in  def.,  lit.  cheap- 
ness, low  price,  bargain,  harato,  cheap :  see 
bnrrat.]  A  portion  of  a  gamester's  winnings 
given  ''for  luck"  to  the  bystanders.     N.  E.  1). 

barbl  (biirb),  n.  [<  ME.  harbc,  <  OF.  barbc,  F. 
barbc  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  barba,  <  L.  barba,  beard : 
see  beard.']  1.  A  beard;  anything  which  re- 
sembles a  beard  or  grows  in  the  place  of  it. 

The  barbel,  so  calleil  liy  re.Tson  of  his  hnrbK,  or  wattles 
in  his  mouth.  /.  Waltun,  Complete  Angler. 

2.  In  bot.,  a  terminal  tuft  of  hairs;  a  beard; 

more  usually,  a  retrorse  tooth  or  double  tooth 
terminating  an  awn  or 
prickle. — 3.  In  ornith., 
one  of  the  processes,  of 
the  first  order,  given  off 
by  the  rachis  of  a  feather. 

The  vane  [of  a  feather)  con- 
sists of  a  series  of  appressed, 
flat,  narrowly  linear  or  lance- 
linear  lamina)  or  plates,  set  ob- 
liquely on  the  rhachis  by  their 
bases,  diverging  out  from  it  at 
a  varying  open  angle,  ending  in 
a  free  point ;  each  such  narrow 

^_^^_  acute  plate  is  called  a  barb.  ■ 

"""'  Cmte^.  Key  to  N.  A.  Ilirds,  p.  84. 

4.  One  of  the  sharp  points  projecting  backward 
from  the  jionetrating  extremity  of  an  arrow, 
fish-liook,  or  other  instrument  for  piercing,  in- 
tended to  fl.K  it  in  place ;  a  beard. 

Uaving  two  points  or  barbs. 

Ascham,  Toxophilus  (Arber),  p.  l;i.'>. 

5.  A  linen  covering  for  the  throat  and  breast, 
sometimes  also  for  the  lower  part  of  the  face, 
worn  liy  women  through- 
out the  middle  ages  in 
western  Europe.  It  was 
at  times  peculiar  to  nims 
or  women  in  mourning. 

Do  wey  your  barbr  and  shew 
yourc  face  bare. 

Chaurrr,  Troilns,  ii.  110. 

6.  A  band  or  small  scarf 
of  lace,  or  other  fine  ma- 
terial, worn  by  women 
at  the  neck  or  as  a  head- 
dress.—  7.  Same  as  bar- 
bil,  3. — 8.  In  her.,  one  of 
the  five  leaves  of  the 
calyx  which  iiro.ject  be- 
yond and  between  the 
petals  of  the  heraldic 
rose.  See?)flW)crfi,  3. — 9. 
A  bin'  or  roughness  pro- 
duced in  the  course  of  metal-working,  as  in 
coining  and  engraving. — 10.  A  military  term 


It.irb,  middle  of  14th  cen- 
tury. (1-miii  Viollct-lc-Diic's 
"Diet.  <Iii  Mobilicr  fr.utt;.u.s.") 


447 

used  in  the  phrase  tofre  in  barb,  in  barbette,  or 
en  barbe,  that  is,  to  fire  cannon  over  the  para- 
pet instead  of  through  the  embrasures. 
Also  siielled  barbe. 
barbl  (biirb),  v.  [<  OF.  barlier,  shave,  <  barbe, 
beard.  In  E.  the  verb  is  now  generally  re- 
garded as  formed  from  barber,  like  peddle  from 
peddler,  and  is  used  only  colloquially.]  I. 
tran.^.  1.  To  shave;  dress  the  beard.  [Now 
only  coUoq.]  —  2t.  To  pare  or  shave  close  to  the 
surface;  mow. 

The  Btooping  scytheman,  that  doth  barb  the  flelii. 

Marston  arul  Web)tti'r,  Malcontent,  iii.  2. 

3t.  To  cUp,  as  gold.  B.  Jonson. — 4.  To  fur- 
nish with  barbs,  as  an  arrow,  fish-hook,  spear, 
or  other  instrument. 

Il.t    intrans.   To  shave. 

To  Sir  ff.  .Smith's,  it  being  now  night,  and  there  up  to 
Ids  chamber,  and  sat  talking,  and  I  barhin<i  against  to- 
morrow. Pepyi,  Uiary,  II.  32fl. 

barb'-t  (barb),  n.     [A  corruption  of  bard",  per- 
liaps  Ijy  confusion  with  harIA,  a  beard,  or  barb^, 
a  Barbary  horse.]     Same  as  bard-,  n. 
He  left  his  loftie  steed  with  golden  sell 
And  goodly  gorgeous  barbes. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ii.  11. 
Their  horses  were  naked,  without  any  barbs,  for  albeit 
many  brought  barbs,  few  regarded  to  put  them  on. 

Str'J.  liayward,  Edw.  VI.,  p.  .'i2. 

barb'-t  (biirb),  V.  t.  [<  6ar62,  jj.]  Same  as 
bard^,  v. 

A  brave  courser  trapped  and  barbrd. 

HaUand,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  1179. 
Barbed  with  frontlet  of  steel,  I  trow, 
And  with  .Tedwood-axe  at  saddle-bow. 

Sciitt,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i.  .I. 

barb^  (barb),  11.  [<  F.  barhe,  a  Barbary  horse 
(ML.  eavallus  de  barba,  indicating  a  supposed 
connection  with  L.  barba,  a  beard),  <  Barliarie, 
Barbary:  see  barbary.']  1.  A  horse  of  the 
breed  introduced  by  the  Moors  into  Spain  from 
Barbary  and  Morocco,  and  remarkable  for  speed, 
endurance,  and  docUity.  in  Spain  this  noble  race 
has  degenerated,  and  true  barbs  are  rare  even  in  their  na- 
tive country. 

The  iinpnitance  of  improving  our  studs  by  an  infusion 
of  iifw  blood  w;id  strongly  felt;  and  with  this  view  a  con- 
siderable iiimdjer  of  barbs  had  lately  been  brought  into 
tile  country.  Macautay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

2.  A  breed  of  domestic  pigeons  having  a  short 
broad  beak,  classed  by  Darwin  with  the  ean'iers 
and  runts.  Also  called  barb-pigeon,  Barbarij 
pif/eon,  and  Barbary  carrier. —  3.  A  scia;noid 
fish,  Men  tieirrus  alburnus,  better  known  as  king- 
f.'ih.     See  kingjish. 

barbacant,  «•     See  barbican'^. 

barbacou  (biir'ba-ko),  n.  [<  F.  barbacou,  irreg. 
i((  ciif,  a  barbet, +  (f«r)rtcoi(  or  (co«)co«,  cuckoo.] 
A  name  given  by  Le  Vaillant  to  the  American 
barbels  of  the  family  Bucconidw,  to  distinguish 
them  from  the  barbets  proper  of  the  family 
Capitonida;.  The  South  American  barbacoiis 
are  the  birds  of  the  genera  Monasa  and  Vheli- 
diiptera. 

barbacue,  «.     See  barbecue. 

Barbadian  (biir-ba'di-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Barba- 
dos, the  Barbados,  a  name  said  to  be  duo  to  Pg. 
as  barbailas,  the  bearded,  applied  by  the  Portu- 

rese  to  the  Indian  fig-trees  growing  there.] 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Barbados  (also  spell- 
ed liarhadtHfi). 

II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Barbados,  the  most 
eastern  island  of  the  West  Indies,  belonging  to 
Great  Britain. 
Barbados  cherry,  leg,  nut,  tar,  etc.    See  the 

nimiis. 

Barbados-pride  (bar-ba'doz-prid),  ?i.    1.  A 

prickly  leguminous  shrub,  Vajsitlpinia  piilelier- 
rima,  of  tropical  regions,  planted  for  hedges  as 
well  as  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers.  Also 
called  Barbados  Jlower-fenee. —  2.  In  the  West 
Indies,  a  handsome  flowering  leguminous  tree, 
Adennnthera  paronina,  introduced  from  the 
East  Indies. 

barba  Hispanica  (bar'bii  his-pan'i-ka),  H. 
[NL.,  lit.  Spanish  beard.]'  A  name  given  to 
the  plant  Tillandsia  usneoides.     See  long-moss. 

barbaloin  (biir'ba-lo-in  or  -loin),  n.  A  neu- 
tral substance  (C34H360j4^+H20)  crystallizing 
in  tufts  of  small  yellow  prisms,  extracted  from 
Barbados  aloes. 

barbart   (biir'biir).  a.  and  n.     [Early  mod.  E. 
also  barbare,  <  "AIE.  barbar,  OF.  barbnre,  <  L. 
barbarm :  see  barbarous.']    I.  a.  Barbarous. 
II.  n.  A  barbarian. 

barbara  (biir'ba-ra),  «.  In  logic,  a  mnemonic 
name  of  a  syllogism  of  the  first  figure,  all 
whoso  parts  are  universal  affirmative  proposi- 
tions :  as,  All  men  are  mortal ;  all  the  patri- 


barbarianism 

archs (Enoch,  Elijah,  etc.)  are  men;  hence,  all 
patriarchs  are  mortal.  It  is  the  type  of  all  syllo- 
gism. This  name  is  believed  to  have  been  invented  by 
Petrus  Ilispanus  (Pope  John  X.KI.,  died  1277),  although 
Prantl  thinks  the  work  of  William  of  .Shyrwode  (died 
124!»)  iti  wliirh  it  is  found  is  earlier.  See  uwod-. 
barbaresque  (biir-ba-resk'),  a.  and  n.  [<  F. 
Iiiirhorc.ti/iii',  of  BarLary,  Sp.  Pg.  barharesco  = 
It.  Iiiirhare.ieo  (obs.),  of  Barbary,  barbarous: 
see /)(/(■/»;)■  and -rar/KC.  C(.  barbary.]  I.  a.  1. 
t'hiiractcristic  of  or  appropriate  to  barbarians; 
barbarous  in  style.     [Karo.] 

Our  European  and  East  Indian  coins  are  the  basest  of  all 
base  products  from  rude  barbaresfjue  handicraft. 

De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

2.  [can.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Barbary  in  north- 
ern Africa. 

II.  n.  [cap.]  A  native  of  Barbary.  Jefferson. 
[Rare.] 
barbari  (bitr'ba-ri),  n.  In  logic,  the  mnemonic 
name  of  a  kind  of  syllogism  the  premises  of 
which  are  those  of  a  syllogism  in  harbara 
(which  see),  while  the  conclusion  is  only  a  par- 
ticular Instead  of  a  universal  affirmative:  as, 
All  men  are  mortal;  all  kings  are  men;  hence, 
some  kings  are  mortal.  This  kind  of  syllogism  was 
noticed  by  (IccaMi,  and  tlie  name  was  invented  by  one  of 
Ids  followers,  .Allicrt  ..f  Saxony.  See  vutwl-. 
barbarian  (biir-ba'ii-an),  n.  and  rt.  [<F.  bar- 
barien,<.  barbaric,  <  h"barbaria,  barbarousness 
(see  barbary),  <  bnrbarus,  barbarous,  a  barba- 
rian: see  barbarous  and  -ian.]  I.  n.  1.  A  for- 
eigner; one  whose  language  and  customs  differ 
from  those  of  the  speaker  or  writer.  [This  is 
the  unifonn  meaning  of  the  word  in  the  New 
Testament.] 

Therefore  if  I  know  not  the  meaning  of  the  voice,  I  shall 
be  unto  him  that  speaketh  a  Ijarbarian,  and  he  that  speak- 
eth  sliall  be  a  barbarian  unto  me.  1  i-'or.  xiv.  11. 

It  is  M  ell  known  that  many  of  the  Roman  Emperors 
were  barbarians  who  had  been  successful  soldiers  in  the 
Imperial  army.  StilU,  Stud.  Sled.  Hist.,  p.  50. 

IWith  the  Greeks,  one  not  a  Greek  was  a  barbarian ;  with 
the  Romans,  one  outside  the  pale  of  the  Roman  empire 
or  its  civilization,  and  especially  a  person  belonging  to 
one  of  the  northern  nations  who  overthrew  the  empire; 
with  the  Italians  of  the  Renaissance  period ,  one  of  a  nation 
outside  of  Italy.  Among  the  Chinese,  one  who  is  not  a 
Chinaman,  and  especially  a  European  or  an  American,  is 
conminnly  spoken  of  as  a  western  barbarian.  The  treaties 
Willi  the  I'liinese  government,  however,  stipulate  that  the 
Chinese  Urni  (i/e)  thus  translated  shall  not  be  used  in 
documents  of  any  of  the  treaty  powers,  or  of  their  sub- 
jects or  citizens.] 

2.  One  outside  the  pale  of  Christian  civiliza- 
tion.—  3.  A  man  in  a  rude,  savage  state;  an 
uncivilized  person. 

There  were  his  young  barbarians  all  at  play, 
There  was  their  Dacian  mother  — he,  their  sire, 
Butcher  il  to  make  a  Roman  holiday  I 

Byron,  Childe  Harcdd,  i,v.  141. 

4.  An  xmcultured  person ;  one  who  has  no  sym- 
pathy with  culture ;  a  philistine. —  5.  A  cruel, 
savage,  brutal  person  ;  one  destitute  of  pity  or 
humanity:  as,  "thou  fell  fcorftonnw,"  i'/ii7i;)s. — 
6t.  [cop.]  -A  native  of  Barbary. =Syn.  Heathen, 
etc.    See  gentile,  n. 

II.  a.  1.  Foreign  ;  of  another  or  outside  na- 
tion ;  hence,  non-Hellenic,  non-Koman,  non- 
Christian,  non-Chinese,  etc. 

Thou  art  bought  and  sold  among  those  of  any  wit,  like 
a  barliarian  slave.  Shnk.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  I. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  savages ;  rude ;  uncivil- 
ized.—  3.  Cruel;  inhuman;  barbarous. 

The  stormy  rage  and  hate  of  a  barbarian  tjTant. 

Macaiday,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

4t.  [c«p.]  Of  or  belonging  to  Barbary.  =syn. 

tlarliarian,  Barbarous,  Barfwn'c,  unlettered,  uncultivated, 
untutore*!.  ignorant.  Barbarian  applies  to  whatever  per- 
tains t<i  the  life  of  an  uncivilized  people,  without  special 
reference  to  its  moral  aspects.  Barbarous  properly  ex- 
presses the  batl  side  of  barbarian  life  ami  character,  espe- 
cially its  inhumanity  or  cruelty  :  as,  a  barbarous  act.  Bar. 
baric  expresses  the  characteristic  love  of  barlmrians  for 
adornment,  magnificence,  noise,  etc.,  but  it  is  not  com- 
monly applied  to  persons ;  it  implies  the  lack  of  culti- 
vated taste :  as,  ^rtrfcnnV  nnisic;  /»«W>rtr(V  splendor.  Bar- 
barian and  liarbaric  are  now  strictly  confined  to  the 
meanings  named  above. 

This  barbarian  tongue  raises  him  far  above  what  he 
could  have  become  had  he  never  learned  to  speak  at  all. 
Whitney,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  ii. 
The  boast  of  the  barbarian  freeman  was  that  a  true 
equality,  founded  on  the  supposed  common  possession  of 
honor,  courage,  devotion,  had  always  been  recognized 
among  them  as  their  most  precious  inlicritance. 

Stille,  Stud.  Jled.  Hist.,  p.  47. 
()  barbarous  and  bloody  spectacle! 
Ilis  body  will  I  bear  unto  the  king. 

S/ia*.,  2  Hell.  Vr.iv.  1. 

Something  of  Indescribable  barbaric  magnificence. 

llou-elh,  Venetian  Life,  il. 

barbarianism  (bar-ba'ri-an-izm),  M.  [<  barba- 
rian ■¥  -i.<m.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
a  barbarian. 


barbarianlze 

barbarianize  (biir-ba'ri-aii-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and 

|i)).  Ii(iiii(iri(iiii:til,  jipr.  barharianisiug.  To  make 

liarbiirian:  barbarize. 

barbaric  (biir-bar'ik),  a.     [<  L.  harbaricuK,  < 

Gr.   iiaf).iapiKuf,  foreign,   barbaric,  <  liapjiapo^, 

barbarous:   see  barbiiroii/:.]     If.  Foreign. 

The  gorgeous  cast  with  richest  hand 

Showers  on  lier  kings  Barbaric  pearl  ami  gold. 

ililli'u,  V.  L.,  ii.  4. 

2.  Uncivilized;  barbarian:  as,  '' barbdric  or 
Gothic  invaders."  T.  Wtirton,  On  Jlilton's 
Smaller  Poems.— 3.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
characteristic  of  barbarians  or  their  art ; 
hence,  ornate  without  being  in  accordance  with 
cultivated  taste;  wildly  rich  or  magnificent. 

We  arc  by  no  means  insensible  ...  to  the  wild  and 

barbaric  melody.  Macaulay. 

His  plans  were  bold  and  fiery,  and  his  conceptions 

glowed  with  barbaric  lustre.  Poc,  Tales,  1.  341. 

=  Syn.  Barbarian,  Barbarous,  Barbaric.    See  barbarian. 

barbarically  (biir-bar'i-kal-i),  adr.  In  a  bar- 
baric manner;  after  the  fashion  of  barbarians 
or  uncivilized  persons. 

barbaris  (bar'ba-ris),  H.  In  lor/ic.  a  mnemonic 
name  for  the  syllogistic  mood  baralipton :  used 
by  some  later  nominalists.     See  nioo(P. 

barbarisation,  barbarise.  See  harbarization, 
barhari'c. 

barbarism  (biir'ba-rizm),  «.  [=  F.  bfirbarisme, 
<  L.  btirbarismus.  <.  Gr.  /iop,fe/)H7//of,  the  use  of 
a  foreign,  or  misuse  of  one's  native,  tongue,  < 
(iap,iapiZen;  speak  like  a  foreigner  or  barbarian: 
see  barbari:c.']  1.  An  offense  against  purity 
of  style  or  language ;  originally,  the  mixing  of 
foreign  words  and  phrases  in  Latin  or  Greek; 
hence,  the  use  of  words  or  forms  not  made  ac- 
cording to  the  accepted  usages  of  a  language  : 
limitetl  by  some  modern  ■\viiters  on  rhetoric  to 
an  offense  against  the  accepted  rules  of  deri- 
vation or  infection,  as  hisn  or  hern  for  his  or 
her,  gooses  for  grese,  goodest  for  best,  pled  for 
pleaded,  proven  ior  proved. —  2.  Awordorfoi-m 
so  used ;  an  expression  not  made  in  accordance 
with  the  proper  usages  of  a  language. 

The  Greeks  were  the  first  that  branded  a  foreign  term 
in  any  of  their  writers  with  the  odious  name  of  barbarism. 

G.  Campbdt. 

A  barbarism  may  be  in  one  word ;  a  solecism  must  be 
of  more.  Johnson. 

3.  An  uncivilized  state  or  condition ;  want  of 
civilization ;  rudeness  of  lite  resulting  from 
ignorance  or  want  of  culture. 

Times  of  barbarism  and  ignorance. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy's  .\rt  of  Painting,  Pref. 

Divers  great  monarchies  have  risen  from  barbarism  to 
civility,  and  fallen  again  to  niin. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  State  of  Ireland. 

4t.  An  act  of  barbarity ;  an  outrage. 

A  heinous  barbaristn  .  .  .  against  the  honoui-  of  mar- 
riage. Miltan. 
=  Syn.  1.  Barbarism,  Solecism,  etc.  See  impropriety. 
baroarity  (bar-bar'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  barbarities (-X\z). 
[<  biirhiirous.'i  1.  Brutal  or  inhuman  conduct; 
barbaroii^iness ;  savageness;  cruelty. 

Aniitlicr  gnamd  of  violent  tmtcry against  the  Indians  is 
their  barbarity  to  the  vanquished. 

Jrcinp,  Sketch-Book,  p.  34S. 

2.  An  act  of  cruelty  or  inhumanity ;  a  barba- 
rous deed:  as,  the  barbarities  of  war  or  of  sav- 
age life. — 3t.  Barbarism. 

The  tjarbarity  and  narrowness  of  modem  tongues. 

Dryden. 

barbarization  (bar-ba-ri-za'shgn),  n.  [<  bar- 
barize +  -ation.'i  Tlie  act  of  rendering  bar- 
barous; a  reduction  to  barbarism,  or  to  a 
barbarous  state :  said  of  language,  and  of  per- 
sons and  communities.  Also  spelled  barbarisa- 
tion. 

barbarize  (bar'ba^riz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
barized, ppr.  barharizing.  [=  F.  barbariser,  < 
LL.  barbarizarc,  <  Gr.  jiapjiapii,uv,  speak  like  a 
foreigner  or  barbarian,  hold  with  the  barbari- 
ans, <  iidpSapor,  foreign,  barbarian.  See  bar- 
barous.'] I.  itttrans.  1.  To  speak  or  write  like 
a  barbarian  or  foreigner;  use  barbarisms  in 
speech  or  writing. 

The  ill  habit  which  they  got  of  wretched  barbarizing 
against  the  Latin  and  Greek  idiom.        Milton,  Education. 

2.  To  become  barbarous.     [Rare.] 
Tile  Roman  Empire  was  barbarizintt  rapidly. 

Dc  Quincey,  Philos.  of  Rom.  Hist. 

H.  trans.  1.  To  corrupt  (langtiage,  art,  etc.) 
by  introducing  impurit  ies,  or  by  departing  from 
recognized  classical  standards. 

He  (Inigo  Jones]  barbariscd  the  ancient  cathedral  of 
St.  Paul  in  London,  by  repairing  it  according  to  his  notions 
of  I'ointeil  architecture.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  443. 

2.  To  render  barbarous. 


448 

Hideous  changes  have  barbarized  France. 

Burke,  To  a  Noble  Lord. 

To  habitual  residents  among  the  Alps  this  absence  of 
social  duties  and  advantages  may  be  barbarisiny,  even 
brutalising.  J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  301. 

Also  sjiclled  barbarise. 
barbarous  (V>!ir'ba-rus),  a.  [Earlier  barbar, 
q.  V. ;  <  L.  barbanis,  <  Gr.  jiapjiapog,  foreign,  un- 
civilized: applied  orig.  to  one  whose  language 
was  unintelligible.  C'f.  Skt.  barbara,  stammer- 
ing, in  pi.  foreigners;  L.  balhu.'t,  stammering: 
see  balbuties  and  boobij :  cf.  babble.}  1.  For- 
eign ;  not  classical  or  pure ;  abounding  in  bar- 
bari.sms;  of  or  pertaining  loan  illiterate  peo- 
ple: applied  to  language,  originally  to  lan- 
guages which  were  not  Greek  or  Latin.  See 
barbarism. 

.\  wholly  barbarous  nse  of  the  word. 

liustcin,  Pol.  Econ.,  Art.  ix. 

2.  Speaking  a  foreign  language ;  foreign ;  out- 
landish: applied  to  people.  [Archaic]  See 
barbarian,  n.,  1. 

The  island  was  called  Melita.  And  the  barbarous  people 
shewed  us  no  little  kindness :  for  they  kindled  a  fire  and 
received  us  every  one.  Acts  .x.\viii.  1,  2. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  showing  ignorance  of 
arts  and  civilization ;  uncivilized ;  rude ;  wild ; 
savage:  as,  barbarous  peoples,  nations,  or  coun- 
tries; barbarous  habits  or  customs. 

Thou  art  a  Roman  ;  be  not  barbarous. 

Sliak.,  Tit.  And.,  L  2. 
What  we  most  require  is  the  actual  examination  by 
trained  observers  of  some  barbarous  or  semi-barbarous 
community,  whose  Aryan  pedigree  is  reasonably  pure. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  233. 

4.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  barbari- 
ans ;  adapted  to  the  taste  of  barbarians ;  bar- 
baric ;  of  outlandish  character. 

Emetrius,  king  of  Inde.  a  mighty  name, 
On  a  bay  courser,  goodly  to  behold. 

The  trappings  of  his  horse  emboss'd  withbarbarous  gold. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  .\rc.,  iii.  65. 

Pyrrhus,  seeing  the  Romans  marshal  their  army  -with 

some  art  and  skill,  said,  with  surprise,  "These  barbarians 

have  nothing  barbarous  in  their  discipline." 

Hume,  Refinement  in  the  Arts. 

5.  Cruel;  ferocious;  inhuman:  as,  barbarous 
treatment. 

By  their  barbarous  usage  he  died  within  a  few  days,  to 
the  grief  of  all  that  knew  him.  Clarendon. 

6.  Harsh-sounding,  like  the  speech  of  barbari- 
ans: as,  wild  and  6ac6nro!i5  music. 

A  barbarous  noise  environs  me.  Milton,  Sonnets,  vii. 
=  S3TL  Barbarian,  Barbarous,  Barbaric  (see  barbarian); 
ruthless,  brutal,  fierce,  bloody,  savage,  truculent. 
barbarously  (bar'ba-rus-li),  adv.  In  a  barba- 
rous manner;  as  a  barbarian,  (n)  Imperfectly; 
without  regard  to  purit.v  of  speech  ;  with  admi.\ture  of 
foreign  or  unclassical  words  and  phrases. 

How  barbarously  we  yet  speak  and  write,  your  lordship 
knows,  and  I  am  sufficiently  sensible  in  my  own  English. 
Dryden,  Ded.  of  Troilus  and  Cressida. 

Modem  French,  the  most  polite  of  languages,  is  barba- 
rously vulgar  if  compared  with  the  Latin  out  of  which  it 
has  been  corrupted,  or  even  with  Italian. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  Int. 
(&)  .\s  an  uncivilized,  illiterate,  or  uncultured  person,  (c) 
Savagely ;  cruelly ;  ferociously ;  inhumanly. 

The  English  law  touching  forgerj'  became,  at  a  later 
period,  barbarously  severe.      Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

barbarousness  (bar'ba-ms-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  barbarous,  (n)  Rudeness  or 
incivility  of  manners,     {b)  Impurity  of  language. 

It  is  much  degenerated,  as  touching  the  pnreness  of 
speech ;  being  overgrown  with  barbarousness.  Brerewood. 
(<■>  ('"ruelty;  inhumanity;  barbarity. 

barbaryt  (biir'ba-ri),  «.  [<  ME.  barbary,  bar- 
ber n,  barbar ie.  <  ()F.  barbarie=  Sp.  It.  barbaric, 
<  h.  barbaria,  barbaries  (MGr.  iiap,iapia),  a 
foreign  country,  barbarism,  <  barbanis,  <  Gr. 
jMpiiapo^,  foreign,  barbarous.  Hence,  specifi- 
cally, Barbary,  a  collective  name  for  the  coun- 
tries on  the  north  and  northwest  coasts  of 
Africa.  <  F.  Barbarie,  <  ML.  Ilarharia  ;  G.  Ber- 
berei :  Ar.  Barbarii/an,  <  Barbar,  Berber,  the 
Berbers,  people  of  Barbary  in  northern  Af- 
rica, ult.  <  Gr.  jSapSapoc,  foreigner.]  1.  For- 
eign or  barbarous  nationality;  paganism;  hea- 
thenism.—  2.  Barbarity;  barbarism. —  3.  Bar- 
barous speech. —  4.  A  Barbary  horse ;  a  barb. 
See  barb^,  1. 

They  are  ill-built, 
Pin-buttocked,  like  your  <iainty  barbaries. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Cliase. 

Barbary  ape,  gtun,  etc.    See  the  notms. 
Barbary  horse.    Same  as  barb^,  i. 
barbastel,  barbastelle  (bar'bas-tel  or  biir-bas- 

tel'),  n.    [<  F.  barbastelle  =  It.  barba.-itello,  <  L. 

barba,  beard.]     A  common  European  species 

of  long-eared  bat,  Barba.itellus  communis,   B. 

daubcntoni,  or  I'lecotus  barbastellus. 


barbel 


"^T^^fc- 


Long.eared  Bat  {Barbastfllns  rtnnmunis). 

barbate  (bar'bat),  a.     [<  L.  harbatus.  bearded, 

<  barba,  beard:  see  barlA.]  1.  Furnished 
^^^th  barbs. —  2.  In  bol.,  bearded;  furnished 
with  long  and  weak  hairs. — 3.  In  roci7. ,  bearded ; 
having  a  tuft  of  hair  or  feathers  on  the  chin ; 
in  entoni..  bordered  by  long  hairs. 

barbatedt  (bUr'ba-ted),  a.  Barbed  or  bearded; 
barbate:  as,  "a  dart  uncommonly  barbated," 
T.  Warton,  Hist,  of  Kiddington,  p.  63. 

Barbatula  (biir-bat'u-la),  h.  [XL.,  fern,  of  L. 
barbatulu.-i,  dim.  of  barbatus,  bearded:  see  bar- 
bate.] A  genus  of  African  scansorial  barbels, 
the  barbions,  of  the  family  Alegaleemida  or 
Capitonidee. 

barb-bolt  (barb'bolt),  H.  A  bolt  whose  edges 
are  jagged  to  prevent  it  from  being  withdrawn 
from  that  into  which  it  is  driven ;  a  rag-bolt. 

barbel,  «.     gee  barb"^. 

barbe'-'t,  ".     Same  as  bard-. 

barbe^  (biirb),  n.   [F.,  It.,  and  Eumonsch  barba, 

<  ML.  barba,  barbas,  barbanus,  uncle,  Ht.  hav- 
ing a  beard,  <  L.  barba,  beard:  see  ftorftl.] 
A  superior  teacher  or  ecclesiastic  among  the 
Vaudois. 

barbecue  (biir'be-ku),  n.  [Also  barbaeue,  and 
formerly  barbicu'e,  barbecu,  borbceu  =  Sp.  barba- 
coa,  <  Haytian  barbncoa,  a  framework  of  sticks 
set  upon  posts.  In  Cuba  barbacoa  designates 
a  platform  or  floor  in  the  top  story  of  country 
houses  where  fruits  and  grain  are  kept.]  1.  A 
wooden  framework  used  for  supporting  over  a 
fire  meat  or  fish  to  be  smoked  or  dried. —  2.  An 
iron  frame  on  which  large  joints  are  placed 
for  broiling,  or  on  which  whole  animals  are 
roasted;  a  large  gridiron. —  3.  The  carcass  of 
an  O-X,  hog,  or  other  animal,  roasted  whole. 

X  kid  that  had  been  cooked  in  a  hole  in  the  ground,  with 
embers  upon  it.  .  .  .  This  is  called  a  "  barbacoa  "  —  a  6rtr- 
becue.  Tylor,  Anahuac,  iv.  9.5.    (.V.  E.  />.) 

4.  A  large  social  or  political  entertainment  in 
the  open  air,  at  which  animals  are  roasted 
whole,  and  feasting  on  a  generous  scale  is  in- 
dulged in.  [U.  S.]  —  5.  An  open  floor  or  ter- 
race smoothly  covered  with  plaster  or  asphalt, 
on  which  to  dry  coffee-beans,  etc. 
barbecue  (biir'bf-kii),  !'.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
becued, ppr.  barbecuing.  [<  barbecue,  «.]  1. 
To  cure  by  smoking  or  drying  on  a  barbecue 
(which  see). —  2.  To  dress  and  roast  whole, 
as  an  ox  or  a  hog,  by  splitting  it  to  the  back- 
bone, and  roasting  it  on  a  gridiron. 

Rich  puddings  and  big,  and  a  barbecued  pig. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  228. 

barbed^  (barbd),  p.  a.  [<  fearfil,  v.  or  n.,  + 
-ed-.]  It.  Shaved;  trimmed;  having  the  beard 
dressed. — 2.  Furnished  with  barbs,  as  an  ar- 
row, the  point  of  a  fish-hook,  and  the  like :  as, 
"arrows  barbed  with  fire,"  Hilton,  P.  L.,  vi. 
546;  •' a,  barbed  prohoseis,'' Sir  £.  Tennent,  Cey- 
lon, ii.  7. 

And,  with  the  same  strong  hand 
That  flung  the  Ixtrbt-d  spear,  he  tilled  the  land. 

Bryant,  Christmas  in  1S75. 

3.  In  her. :  (a)  Having  barbs:  said  of  the  rose 
used  as  a  bearing.  The  barbs  are  commonly 
colored  green,  and  the  blazon  is  a  rose  gules 
barbed  proper.  (,!>)  Haxing  gills  or  wattles,  as 
a  cock:  as,  a  cock  sable,  barbed  or  (that  is,  a 
black  cock  having  golden  gills).  Also  called 
wattled,  (c)  Ha\-ing  the  ends  made  with  barbs 
like  those  of  an  aiTow-head :  said  especially  of 
a  cross  of  this  form.  Also  called  bearded. — 
Barljed  bolt.  See  io((i.  — Barbed  shot,  a  shot  having 
barbs  or  grapnels.  It  is  t\i\-tl  from  a  mortar  to  carry  a 
life-line  to  a  wreck. —  Barbed  wire,  two  or  more  wires 
twisted  together,  with  spikes.  lUK»ks.  or  jioints  clinched  or 
woven  into  tlie  strands,  or  a  single  wire  furnished  with 
sharp  points  or  barbs:  used  for  fences,  and  so  made  for 
the  restraint  of  animals. 

barbed- (biirbd)./).  a.  [^<barlfi.t:,  +  -ed-.  Prop. 
barded,  q.  v.]     Same  as  barded. 

barbel  (biir'bel),  «.  [ME.  barbclle,  harbylle,  < 
OF.  barbel  (F.  barbeau),  <  ML.  barbfllus.  dim. 
of  barbus,  a  barbel  (fish),  <  barba,  beard:  see 
harl)^.  In  tlie  sense  of  an  appendage,  barbel 
is  rather  <  NL,  barbcllu :  see  barbella,  and  cf. 


barbel 

barbule.']  1.  The  common  English  name  of  tho 
fish  Sarbux  vulf/aris,  also  extended  to  other  spe- 
cies of  tlio  fieniis  liarlnia. —  2.  A  small  cylin- 
drical vermiform  proecss  appended  to  the  mouth 
of  certain  fishes,  serving  as  an  organ  of  touch. 
— 3.  A  knot  of  superfluous  flesh  growing  in  the 
channel  of  a  horse's  mouth.  Also /;nr/)fc  and  6ar6. 

barbella  (biir-berii),  n.;  pi.  harhrlUr  (-e).  [NL., 
dim.  of  ]j.  barba,  a  beard.  Of.  bnrhiilc  and  bar- 
bel, 2,  .3.]     A  small  barb  or  bristle. 

barbellate  (bilr-bcl'at),  a.  [<  NL.  barbellattts, 
<  NL.  barbella,  q.  v.]  Having  small  bristles  or 
barbules :  used  chiefly  in  botany.  Also  barbti- 
tatr. 

barbellula  (bar-bel'u-la),  n. ;  pi.  barbellula: 
(-le).  [NL.,  dim.  ot' barbella,  q.  v.]  A  very 
small  barb  or  bristle. 

barbellulate  (biir-bel'u-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  barbel- 
ItilatuK,  <  barbellula,  q.  v.]  Having  very  small 
bristles  or  barbules. 

barber  (bilr'lier),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bar- 
bour,  <  (a)  ME.  harbour,  barbor,  barhur,<.  AF. 
harbour,  OF.  barbeiir  (<  L.  as  if  *barbator,  < 
'harharc,  shave:  .see  i«rtl, »'.) ;  mixed  with  (?)) 
ME.  barber,  <  OF.  barbier,  F.  barbier  =  It.  bar- 
hUre,  <  L.  as  if  'barbariun,  <  L.  barba.  a  beard  : 
see  barb^,  «.]  1.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
shave  the  beard  and  cut  and  dress  the  hair. — 
2.  Same  as  surgeou-Jlsli. —'Baxbei's  basin,  a  hasin 
or  bowl  formerly  used  in  shaviii};,  having  a  broad  rim 
with  a  semicircular  opening  to  lit  the  neck  of  tlie  cus- 
tomer, who  lieUl  it,  while  the  barber  made  the  lather  witli 
his  hand  and  applied  it  directly :  still  in  use  in  some  parts 
of  Europe  as  a  barber's  sign.— Barber's  pole,  a  pole 
striped  spirally  with  alternate  Itaruis  of  coloi-s,  generally 
red  or  black  and  white,  and  often,  in  Europe,  liaving  a 
brass  basin  at  the  endj  placed  as  a  sigu  at  the  door  of  a 
barber's  shop.  The  striping  is  in  imitation  of  the  ribbon 
with  which  the  arm  of  a  person  who  has  been  bled  is 
tiound  lip,  and  uriginally  indicated  that  the  barber  com- 
Ipined  minor  suitiical  operations  with  his  other  work. 

barber  (biir'ber),  v.  t.  [<  barber,  n.]  To  shave 
and  dress  the  hair  of. 

Our  courteous  Antony,  .  .  . 
Being  barber'd  ten  times  o'er,  got^  to  the  feast. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 

barbera  (biir-ba'ra),  n.  [It.]  An  Italian  red 
wine,  made  in  Piedmont  from  a  variety  of 
grapes  so  called. 

barber-boat  (bilr'ber-bot),  n.  A  small  boat 
like  a  canoe,  in  use  at  Canton  in  the  south  of 
China :  probably  so  called  because  in  the  early 
days  of  trade  with  China  native  barbers  used 
such  boats  in  going  about  among  the  shipping. 

barber-chirurgeont  (bar'ber-ki-rer''''jon),  n.  A 
barber-surgeon. 

He  put  himself  into  a  harber-chirurfjpon's  hands,  who,  by 
unfit  applications,  rarefied  the  tumoiu". 

)Yiseumn,  Surgery. 

barberess  (biir'ber-es),  «.  [<  barber  +  -ess.'] 
A  female  barber;  a  barber's  wife. 

barber-fish  (biir'ber-fish),  M.  In  ichth.,  Teuthis 
carukus  or  some  other  fish  of  the  family  Teu- 
thiilida: 

barbermongert  (bar'b6r-mimg"ger),  n.  A  man 
who  frequents  the  barber's  shop,  or  prides  him- 
self on  being  dressed  by  a  barber ;  a  fop.  Shale, 
Lear,  ii.  2. 

barberry  (biir'ber-i),  n. ;  pi.  barberries  (-iz). 
[Also  berberry,  early  mod.  E.  also  barber;/,  bar- 
bary,  berberij  (the  term,  simulating  6crn/l),<  ME. 
barbere  (cf.  F.  berberis,  formerly  berbere)  =  Sp. 
berberis  =  It.  berberi,  <  ML.  berberis,  barbaris, 
of  uncertain  origin.  The  Ar.  barbaris,  Pers. 
barbdri,  are  from  the  ML.]  1.  A  shrub  of  the 
genus  Berberis,  B.  vulgaris,  bearing  racemes  of 
yellow  ill-smelling  flowers,  which  produce  red 
elongated  berries  of  a  pleasantly  acid  flavor,  a 
native  of  Europe  and  extensively  naturalized 
in  New  England.  From  the  root  of  the  barberry  a  yel- 
low coloring  matter  is  obtained,  which  when  rendered 
brown  by  alkalis  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  morocco 
leather.  In  England  also  called  pepperidge  or  pipraje. 
See  Berberis. 
2.  The  fruit  of  this  shrub. 

barberry-fungus  (biir'ber-i-fimg"gtis),  n.  A 
fungus  which  attacks  the  leaves  of  the  common 
barberry,  formerly  known  as  JEcidium  Ber- 
heridis,  "but  now  proved  to  be  the  recidiospore 
stage  of  the  red  and  black  rust  {Puccinia  gra- 
minis)  which  is  found  upon  wheat,  oats,  other 
kinds  of  grain,  and  various  species  of  grass. 
Also  called  barberrij-rust  or  barberry-cluster- 
cups.     See  cut  under  Puccinia. 

barber-surgeon (bar'ber-ser'.ion), «.  Formerly, 
one  who  united  the  practice  of  surgeiy  with 
that  of  a  barber ;  hence,  an  inferior  practitioner 
of  surgery. 

Those  deep  and  public  brands. 
That  the  whole  company  of  barber-surtiemis 
Should  nut  take  off  with  all  their  arts  and  plaisters. 

B.  Jomon,  Poetaster,  To  the  Reader. 
29 


449 

barber-surgery  (biir'b6r-s6r''j6r-i),  n.  The 
occupation  or  practice  of  a  barber-surgeon; 
hence,  l)ungliiig  work,  like  that  of  a  low  prac- 
titioner of  surgery. 

Slits  it  into  four,  that  he  may  the  better  come  at  it  w-ith 
his  iKtrber-mtrtjerrj.  Milton,  ('olasterion. 

barbery!  (bjir'b('>r-i),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
hdrhanj  (ME.  Iiarli<ir<ry),  <  OF.  barberie,  <  bar- 
bit  r,  a  barber :  see  barber  and  -ery.]  If.  A 
barber's  shop. — 2.  The  occupation  or  craft  of 
a  barber.     [Rare.] 

The  union  of  surgery  and  barbery  was  partially  dissolved 
in  ir>40  (;i'2  Henry  VIII.,  e.  4'2),  the  barbera  being  contlned 
l>y  that  Act  to  their  own  business,  plus  blood-letting  an<l 
tooth-drawing.  A',  and  Q.,  7th  scr.,  II.  llKi. 

barbery-t,  «•     See  barberry. 

barbet't  (bar'bet),  n.  [<  P.  barbette,  OF.  bar- 
licte,  dim.  of  barbe,  <  L.  barba,  a  beard:  see 
barbl.]  1.  A  small  beard. —  2.  A  part  of  the 
helmet  in  use  in  the  sixteenth  ocntiuy;  either 
(a)  the  fixed  beaver  or  mentoimiere,  or  (b)  the 
loworpart  of  the  vizorwhen  made  in  two  pieces, 
so  that  either  could  be  raised  without  the  other. 
Compare  barhute.     Also  spelled  barbett. 

barbet-  (biir'bet),  h.  [<  F.  barbct  (prob.  for 
barbe),  <  OF.  barbet,  <  L.  barbatus,  bearded. 
Cf.  barhute.]  1.  A  variety  of  dog  Inmng  long 
curly  hair;  a  poodle. —  2.  In  oruith.,  any  bird 
of  the  families  Capitonidai  (or  Megaleemidee)  and 
Bueeonidee.  it  is  a  book-name  which  has  followed  the 
generic  names  Capita  and  Buceo  in  tlieh-  vai-inns  applica- 
tions to  numerous  zygodactyl  birds  witli  lar;;i-  lu'a<is,  stout 
bills,  and  prominent  rictal  vibrissa?,  inliat)iting  lioth  the  old 
anil  the  new  world,  and  li:is  i-unscijut-ntlj  no  exact  techni- 
cal meaning.— Flsstrostral  barbels,  til''  pull  lords;  the 
birds  of  the  family  l:u,;:,niil,i'  (which  set).  'Ihey  are  con- 
lined  to  America,  bcluig  to  tbt;  three  leading  genera, 
Btieco,  Afonasa,  and  Chetidoptera,  and  include  the  birds 
known  as  barbacous,  taniati;i-s.  or  monascs.  (See  these 
words.)  They  are  closely  rclat.-.l  tn  the  jacamars  or  Gal- 
bulidee,  but  have  no  spct  ial  atlinity  with  the  scansorial 
barbets.— Scanaorial  barbets,  the  barbct-s  proper;  the 
birds  of  the  family  fdininnidm  (ivbich  see).  They  are 
cllielly  birds  of  the  uM  wmld,  of  the  leading  genera  Po- 
gonias  (or  Piffjtimirhiinchas),  Megalceiiia,  Catorhamphus, 
Trachyphmiujt,  Psilf)jiotion,  etc.,  including  the  African 
birds  known  as  barbio'ns  and  barbicans;  but  they  alsti 
iiKlurte  the  South  American  genua  Capita. 

barbettt,  »•    See  barbet^,  2. 

barbette  (biir-bef),  «■  [F-,  fem.  dim.  of  barbe, 
<h.  barba,  heard.  Ci.  barbe t^.]  Theplatfonn 
or  breastwork  of  a  fortification,  from  which 
cannon  may  be  fired  over  the  parapet  instead 
of  through  embrasiu'es — Barbette-carriage,  a  car- 
riage which  elevates  a  gun  sufficiently  to  enable  it  to  be 
tired  over  the  parapet,  and  lowers  it  again  behind  the 
parapet  after  the  discharge.  See  (;im-cam'o7e.  — Bar- 
bette gun,  or  battery,  one  gun,  or  several,  mounted  in 
barbette.— Barbette  ship,  a  war-vessel,  generally  an 
ironclad,  carrying  lieuvy  guns  which  are  fired  over  thf 
bulwiirks  and  nnt  through  port-holes.— To  fire  in  bar- 
bette.    See  baHA,  10. 

barb-feathers  (biirb'feTH'''erz),  ».  pi.  The 
feathers  under  the  beak  of  a  hawk. 

barbican^  (biir'bi-kan),  II.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  barbacan,  etc.,  <"ME.  barbican,  berbikaii, 
barbygan,  etc.,  <  OF.  barbicane,  barbaquenne, 
mod.  F.  barbicane  —  Pr.  Sp.  barbicana  =  Pg. 
barhicao  =  It.  barbicane,  <  IML.  barbicana,  bar- 
bacana,  'barbacamis,  a  barbican:  supposed  to  be 


.o>i<^ 


': ]U\ 


Barbican.— Plan  of  Castle  of  Carcassonne,  France;  Ijth  and  I3lh 

centuhcs- 
^,  C,  barbican  protcctinK  the  approach  on  Ihe  side  of  the  town  ;  F, 
sally-port ;  D,  iiiain  barbican  without  the  walls ;  E.E  .  Z,  F,  H,  forti. 
tied  way  between  the  castle  and  the  barbican  :  /,  postem-^ate.  de- 
fended by  machicolations,  drawbridge,  a  bcrsc.  etc. ;  L.  interior  court 
of  castle  ;  M,  secondary  court ;  A'.  A',  covered  galleries  affording  ac- 
commodations in  case  of  siege  ;  O,  O,  chief  ^te  of  the  castle  and 
bridge  over  the  moat :  P,  Q.  Q.  permanent  lodgings,  three  stones  high  ; 
R,  R.  double  donjon,  or  keep ;  .J,  watch-tower  ;  T,  guard-post  be- 
tween the  double  walls  of  the  city ;    /'.  barriers  carried  across  the 


BarbuB 

of  Ar.  or  Pers.  origin,  introduced  into  Europe  by 
the  crusaders;  cf.  jVt.  Pers.  bdb-hhdnnh,  a  gate- 
house, gateway  with  a  tower.]  1.  h\  medieval 
fort.,  an  outwork  of  a  castle  or  fortified  place. 
(a)  Properly,  a  post  in  which  a  force  could  be  sheltered  so 
as  to  be  ready  for  a  sortie  to  protect  connnniucations,  etc. 
Sucll  a  work  frequently  supplied  an  advantageous  means 
for  taking  .an  iissailant  in  the  Hank,  and,  while  communi- 
cating with  the  main  post,  seldotn  cunlaincd  the  chief 
entrance  to  it.  (b)  An  outpost  of  any  nature,  ;ts  a  bridge- 
tower,  or  a  defense  outside  of  the  moat  protecting  the  ap- 
proach to  the  drawbridge  ;  also  a  gateway-tower  through 
which  the  main  entrance  was  carried. 

Within  the  Barf/ican  a  Porter  sate, 

Day  and  night  duely  keeping  watch  and  ward. 

Spenser,  ¥.  ().,  II.  Ix.  25. 

He  leads  a  body  of  men  close  imder  the  outer  hairier  of 
the  barbican.  Scott,  Ivanhoe,  II.  vi. 

2.  A  loophole.     [Rare  and  obsolete.] 

He  caused  certain  barbacans  or  loop-holes  to  be  pierced 
through  the  walls.  Holland,  tr.  of  Livy ,  xxiv.  34. 

3.  A  channel  or  scupper  in  a  parapet  for  the 
discharge  of  water. 

barbican'-^  (bar'bi-kan),  H.  [Appar.  a  made 
word,  Ijased  (like  bdrbion,  q.  v.)  on  F.  barbe, 
a  beard.]  A  scansorial  barbet  of  the  family 
Capitonidai  and  subfamily  Pogonorhynehintc,  or 
the  genus  Pogonias  in  a  broad  sense.  The  bar- 
bicans are  all  jVfrican,  like  the  barlnons. 

barbicel  (bar'bi-sel),  «.  [<  NL.  'bnrbicella, 
dim.  of  L.  barba,  a  beard.  Cf.  barbel.']  In 
ornitli.,  a  fringing  process  of  the  third  order  of 
a  feather ;  a  fringe  of  a  barbule ;  one  of  the 
processes  with  which  a  barbule  is  fringed,  dif- 
fering from  a  hamulus  or  booklet  in  not  being 
recurved. 

barbiers  (biir'berz),  n.  [Seedef.]  A  paralytic 
disease  formerly  very  common  in  India,  and 
believed  to  be  identical  with  beriberi  (which 
see),  or  to  be  another  form  of  that  disease. 

barbigerOUS  (biir-bi.j'e-iais),  a.  [<  L.  barbiger 
(<  barba,  beard,  -I-  gcrere,  carry)  -f-  -ous.] 
Bearded;  wearing  a  beard:  In  hot.,  applied  to 
petals  that  are  hairy  all  over. 

barbion  (bar'bi-on),  «.  [<  F.  barbion  (?),  < 
barbe,  a  beard.  Cf.  barbet^.]  An  African  scan- 
sorial barbet  of  the  genus  Barbatula,  family 
Mcg<il(emid(C  or  Cajiitonida: 

barbiton,  barbitos  (biir'bi-ton,  -tos),  n.;  pi. 
barbila  (-tii).  [<  Or.  jidpihrov,  earlier  jiap^tro^, 
a  word  prob.  of  Eastern  origin.]  An  ancient 
Greek  musical  instrument  of  the  lyre  kind. 

barbie,  «.     See  barbel,  3. 

barbolet,  «■     A  very  heavy  battle-ax. 

barbotine  (biir'bo-tin),  n.  [F.,  wormwood,  se- 
meu-contra,  <  barbiiter,  dabble.]  1.  An  East 
Inilian  vegetable  product,  the  chief  constituents 
of  which  are  wax,  gum,  and  bitter  extract. 
Simmonds. — 2.  Worm-seed.  S'lmnwnds. —  3.  In 
rirnm.,  same  as  slip. 

barb-pigeon  (barb'pij'on),  «.   Same  as  barhS,  2. 

barbret,  <'•     See  barbur. 

barbu  (biir'bu),  H.  [F.,  <  barbe :  see  barb^.] 
1.  A  name,  derived  from  Buff  on  and  other 
French  naturalists,  equivalent  to  barbet  in  any 
of  the  senses  of  the  latter,  as  applied  to  birds 
either  of  the  family  Bueconidtc  or  family  Capi- 
tonidec.  See  these  words,  and  barbet-. —  2.  pi. 
The  birds  of  the  family  Cajiitonida:  alone,  as 
distinguished  from  the  Bueconidw. 

barbula(bar'bu-la),«.  ;  pi.  barbulw{-le).  [L.,  a 
little  beard,  a'  small  barb:  see  barbule.]  1. 
Same  asbarbule,  1. —  2.  [_ceip.]  [NL.]  A  large 
genus  of  true  mosses  characterized  by  termi- 
nal, erect  fruit,  and  a  peristome  of  long  fili- 
form segments  spirally  twisted  to  the  left. — 
3.  leap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks. 

barbulate  (biJr'bu-lat),  a.     Same  as  barbellate. 

barbule  (bar'bul),  n.  [<  L.  barbnla,  dim.  of 
/)»)•//(/,  beard.]  1.  A  small  barb,  as  of  a  plant; 
a  little  beard.  Also  6orJH(n. 
—  2.  In  ornitli.,  one  of  a 
series  of  pointed,  barb-like 
processes  fringing  the  barbs 
of  a  feather. 

As  the  rhachis  [of  a  feather] 
bears  its  vane  or  series  of  barbs, 
so  (iocs  each  barb  bear  its  vanes  of 
the  second  order,  or  little  vanes, 
called  barbules. 

Cones,  Key  to  }J.  A.  Birds,  p.  84. 


3.    The  part  of  a  helmet   <^i 

which    protects    the   cheeks  «.«.  Barbs ;  ».».Barholes. 
and  chin.  (H,ghlymagn,fied.) 


Barbus  (biir'bus),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  barbiis.  a  bar- 
bel, <  barba.  beard :  see  barbel.]    An  extensive 

„  .  genus  of  cyprinoid  fishes,  containing  the  bar- 

?y^^JS^.Tf.^'-,Z'rcSlSll':'-DU^^^^^^  beU,  typified  by  the  common  barbel  of  Europe, 


Barbus 


Darbcl  i^Bartut 


B.  rulfiaris :  used  with  varying  latitude  by  dif- 
ferent wniters. 

barbutet,  «•  [OF.,  orig.  fem.  of  'hurhnt,  harhu, 
mod.  F.  liarhH,  beai-ded,  <  harhc,  beard.]  1.  A 
steel  cap  without  -s-izor,  but  coveriug  the  cheek.s 
and  ears,  used  in  the  fifteenth  century  and 
later  by  foot-soldiers,  archers,  etc.,  and  by  the 
common  people  in  times  of  danger. —  2.  A  man- 
at-anns :  fi-om  the  name  of  the  helmet  worn  by 
heavily  amied  men. 

barcal  (bar'ka),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Ophio- 
crphalidw  (Oj'liioccjiluilun  harca),  living  in  the 
ficsh  watere  of  Bengal. 

barca^  (bar'kji),  «.  [It.,  Sp.,  bark:  see  ?"(»-A-3.] 
A  boat,  skiff, "or  barge.  N.  E.  1) — Barca  longa 
Oit.  loiij;  lio.it).  a  tisliiiif-boat,  i-oiuiiiim  in  the  ilediterra- 
iicaii.     Finchnm,  .slii|).|iuildiiig,  iv.  11. 

Barcan  (biir'kan),  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to  Bar- 
ca, a  -i-ilayet  of  the  Turkish  empire,  in  northern 
Afi-ica,  lying  to  the  north  of  the  Libyan  desert, 
aud  between  Egypt  and  the  guH  of  Sidra. 
Take  the  wings 
Of  moruing,  pierce  tile  Barcan  wiliierness. 

Bniunt,  Thanatopsis. 

barcarole  (bar'ka-rol),  n.  [<  It.  harcarolo,  bnr- 
caruolu,  a  boatnian  (fem.  barcriruola,  >  F.  har- 
caroUc,  >  E.  barcarole,  a  boatman's  song),  < 
harca,  a  bark,  barge  :  see  &«)•/,•'.]  1.  An  Ital- 
ian boatman. — 2.  A  simple  song  or  melody 
simg  by  Venetian  gondoliers. —  3.  A  piece  of 
insti-umental  music  composed  in  imitation  of 
such  a  song. 

Also  spelled  liarcarolk. 

barce  (biirs),  «.  [Another  spelling  of  harse, 
q.  v.]  An  English  (Yorkshire)  name  of  the 
stickleback. 

barcelonat  (bjir-se-16'na),  n.  [Named  from  Bar- 
cthina,  a  city  in  fepain!]  A  neek-cloth  of  soft 
silk. 

Tlie  autlior  of  Waverley  cntereil ; .  .  .  artoiilile  harceloim 
protected  liis  ueeli.  ScotI,  Peveril  of  tlie  Peali,  Pref. 

barcenite  (bar'se-nit),  n.  [After  Prof.  Mari- 
ano liiircciui,  of  Mexico.]  A  hytli-ous  antimo- 
niate  of  mercmy  from  Huitzuco,  Mexico,  de- 
rived from  the  alteration  of  livingstonite. 

B.  Arch.  An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Archi- 
tecture, a  degree  granted  by  some  colleges  and 
schools  in  the  United  States. 

Barclayite  (liar'kla-it),  n.    Same  as  Berean,  2. 

barcon,  barcone  (bar'kon,  bar-ko'ne),  )i.  [<  It. 
IntrtiiHi,  aug.  of  barca,  a  bark:  see  ftocA-S.]  A 
trading-vessel  used  in  the  Mediterranean. 

bar-cutter  (bar'kuf'er), «.  A  shearing-machine 
which  cuts  metallic  bars  into  lengths.     £.  M. 


450 

bard-  (biird),  M.  [Also  comiptly  barb^,  formerly 
bardr,  <  F.  bardc  (=  It.  Sp.  Pg.  harda),  the 
trappings  of  a 
horse,  the  de-  "SK-..^' 
fensive  armor 
of  a  war-horse. 
Cf.  OF.  bardcUc 
(see  bardfllc),  F. 
dial.  aubardc, 
Sp.  Pg.  albarda, 
a  pack-saddle,  < 
Ar.  ul-bardn'ah, 
<,  al,  the,  +  har- 
da'ali,  a  pad  of 
wool  placed  un- 
der a  saddle, 
a  pack-saddle. 
But  the  meaning 
seems  to  have 
been  influenced 
by  leel.    bardli, 


Horse-ajmor  of  Maximilian  I.  of  Germany. 
a,  chamfron  ;  /',  criniftre ;  c,  poitrcl ;  d, 
croupifere,  or  buttock-piece. 


bare 

Here,  in  the  open  air  —  In  "the  eye  of  light  and  the  face 
nf  the  sun,"  to  nse  tlie /xirtiic style  —  the  decrees  were  pro- 
nounced, and  the  Druids  haranifued  the  iM-ople. 

/.  D'lfraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  20. 

barding  (biir'ding),  H.  [<  iar(V-  +  ■Uig^.'] 
Horse-armor  in  general :  usually  in  the  plural. 
See  bard",  1. 

bardish  (biir'dish),  n.  [<  bann  +  -/.s/il.]  Per- 
tuiiiiiigto  or  characteristic  of  bards:  as,  "bard- 
ish impostures,"  .Seidell,  Drayton's  Polyolbiou. 

bardism  (biir'dizm), »(.  [<in(Yn -t- -wm.]  The 
scii  nee  of  bards;  bardie  principles  or  methods. 

bardlet  (bard'let),  n.  [<  bardl  +  -kt.'i  A  bard- 
liiig. 

bardlillg(b;ird'ling),  ».    [<bard^  + -liiiy'^.']  An 
infirior  bard;    a  mediocre   or  inexperienced 
poet, 
llie  forte  of  bardliuffn  is  the  foible  of  a  hard. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  160. 

bardocucullus  (biir"do-ku-kurus),  H. ;  pi.  bar- 

dociiculli  (-1).     [XL.]'  A  kind  of  cowled  cloak 

anciently  worn  by  some  Gallic  peasants,  and 

adopted  by  Romans  and  monks.     See  cucullm. 

cf.  F.  barbate,  an  eel- 


the  beak  or  prow  of  a  ship  of  war,  the  brim  of 

a  helmet,  orig.  a  beard,  =  E.  beard  (see  beard) ;  -^-^"^-^^1^.    „      r«„ 

hence  the  variations  of  form,  ;.»v/c  and  6.n^r.]  I'ardS^C^^'-d^^^^^^^^^ 

pout,  Zoarccs  virijiariis. 


1 .  -Any  one  of  the  pieces  of  defensive  armor  used 

in  medieval  Em-ope  to  protect  the  horse.  There  is  -Jl"^'-^'-^ 

no  record  of  any  general  use  of  such  armor  in  anticiuity  or   "^f**"™? 

among  Oriental  peoples,  or  in  tlie  European  middle  ages 

hefcpie  tlie  fifteenth  century.     Housings  of  different  kinds 

of  stuff.  SMinetiines  quilted  and  wadded  in  exposed  parts, 

the  saddle  with  its  appurtenances,  and  occasionally  a 

chamfron,  were  all  the  defense  provided  for  horses  until 


(biird'sliip),  H.  [<  bard^  -t-  ->7i(;).] 
The  oflice  of  bard;  position  or  standing  as  a 
bard. 

The  Captain  .  .  .  showed  a  particular  respect  for  my 
banhkip.  Burn*,  Border  Tour,  p.  .^60.    (S.  E.  D.) 

that  time.'  Tlie  piece  of  armor  most  commonly  used  after  IjardT  (bar'di),  a.  [<  b<ir<V-,  in  the  depreciative 
the  chamfron  (which  see)  was  the  l.ai;d  of  the  breast.  See  spj,4>o  c^efs  2  and  4)  +-«!.]  Bold-faced:  de- 
mitrd.    The  croupiere.  or  part  covering  the  haunches,  was     Senses  (.ueib.- ana  ■*;,  t-^  .j     ±>uiu    ut      , 

^  -     " fiant;  audacious.     [Scotch.] 

barel  (bar),  a.      [<ME.  bare,  bar,<  AS.  bar  = 
OS.  6flr=0Fries.  bcr  =  'D.  baar  =  OHG.  MHG. 


poitrel.    The  croupiere, 

added  at  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century ;  but  aft«r  the 
wars  of  the  Roses  the  bards  reached  their  fullest  develop- 
ment, and  the  upper  p.art  of  the  body  of  the  horse  was 
covered  as  completely  with  steel  as  tlie  body  of  his  rider. 
.See  croupltTe, 

Hence  —  2.  7)?.  The  housings  of  ahorse,  used 
in  tourneys,  justs,  and  processions  during  the 
later  midcile  ages.  They  were  most  commonly 
of  stuff  woven  or  embroidered  with  the  arms 
of  the  rider. 
The  bases  and  bardes  of  their  horse  were  grene  sattj-n. 
Hall,  Henry  VIII.,  an.  1  (l.'i48). 

3.  pi.  Armor  of  metal  plates,  worn  in  the  six- 
teenth century  and  later.     See  armor. 

A  compleat  French  mun-at-armes  with  all  his  bards. 

Flm-io,  tr.  of  Jlontaigne,  II.  i.\.  226.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

bard-  (liiird),  r.  t.  [<  hard",  h.]  To  caparison 
witli  bards,  as  a  horse  ;  to  furnish  or  accoutre 
witli  armor,  as  a  man. 

Fifteen  hundred  men  .  .  .  terrifd  and  richly  trapped. 
Stoiv,  Edw.  IV.,  an.  14V1. 

Above  the  foaming  tide,  I  ween, 
Scarce  half  the  charger's  neck  was  seen ; 
For  he  was  barded  from  counter  to  tail, 
And  the  rider  was  armed  complete  in  mail. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i.  29. 

bard^  (bard),  H.  [<  F.  barde  (=  Pg.  harda  =  Sp. 
albarda),  a  strip  of  bacon;  a  particular  use  of 
6nrA',  trappings:  see  hard-.}  A  strip  of  bacon 
used  to  cover  a  fowl  or  meat  in  roasting. 

bard-^  (liard),  r.  t.  [<  bard^,  ».]  To  cover  with 
thin  liaeou,  as  a  bird  or  meat  to  be  roasted. 


Kidaht.  ,       ,       1      „    7     ^1    bardasht  (bar'dash),  H.     [<  F.  hardache,  <  Sp. 

bardl  (bilrd).  ».    ^Formerly  also  barth,  hardh  Xinhua  =  It.  harda.ehi.  <  Ar.  bardaj,  slave, 


captive.]     A  boy  kept  for  unnatural  purposes, 
bardei,  barde^,  n.    See  /kov/i,  bard^. 
barded  (bar'ded),  p.  a.     [<  hard-^  +  -ed^.     Cf. 

harbed-.'i     Furnished  with  or  clad  in  armor: 

said  of  a  war-horse. 


(<  W.),  and  Sc.   haird  (<  Gael.);=  F.  barde 

=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  bardo,  <  LL.  bardu.s,  Gr.  fiapdoc, 

of  Celtic  origin:   W.   bardd  =  Ir.    and  Gael. 

bard  =  Com.  hardh  =  Bret,   harz,  a  poet.] 

1.  A  poet  and  singer  among  the  ancient  Celts ; 

one  whose  occupatii 

verses  in  honor 

of  pi-iuces  and  bra 

jects,  generally  to  the  accompaniment  of  the     ^j^^  ^^^^.^  tightlv  witli  pack-tliread. 

harp.    The  Welsh  bards  fornied  a  hereditary  order  regu-  Bardesanism  (bar-dcs'n-nizm),  11.      [<  Barde- 

lated  by  laws,  and  held  stated  festivals  for  competition,  j."** ^^^i****^       v      rm  „  .^i'A..i-,.:„«i  o..T-+/^n,    ^f  tv,« 

called  cirfcM.fods,  which  after  a  long  suspension  were  re'     sanrn  -|-   -ism.}      The  doctrinal  system  ot  the 

vivcd  in  the  eighteenth  century.    (Hee  eislcdd/od.)    There     Bardesanists. 

was  .Hlso  a  hereditary  gild  of  bards  in  Ireland,  many  of  BardeSanist  (bar-des'a-nist),  «.        One  of  the 

whnn,  attained  L-reat  skill  foUowcrs  of  Bardcsanes,  of  Edessa,  in  Meso- 


bar,  G.  bar,  baar  =^leel.  6en-=Sw.  Dan.  bar 
=  OBulg.  Jo.SK  =  Lith.  ha.'iiis,  bosus,  bare;  orig. 
meaning  prob.  'shining';  cf.  Skt.  1/  hhas, 
shine.]  1.  Naked;  without  covering:  as,  bare 
arms;  the  trees  are  bare. 
Thou  wast  naked  and  bare.  Ezek.  ivi.  7. 

Envy  finds 
More  food  in  cities  than  on  mountains  bare. 

Lfnvett,  Dara. 

2.  With  the  head  uncovered.  In  numismatic  de- 
scriptions, said  of  a  head  on  a  coin  or  medal  when  uncov- 
ered or  devoid  of  any  adornment,  such  as  a  diadem  or 
laurel-wreath. 

^Mien  once  thy  foot  enters  the  church,  be  bare. 

Herbert,  Church  Porch. 

Tliou  staudest  bare  to  liim  now,  workest  for  him. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  >Iel.,  p.  357. 

3.  Opento^•iew;  unconcealed;  undisguised. 

Bare  in  thy  guilt,  how  foul  must  thou  appear ! 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  902. 

4.  Lacking  in  appropriate  covering  or  equip- 
ment;  unfurnished:  as,  i«re  walls. —  5t.  Plain; 
simple ;  unadorned  ;  without  polish. 

Yet  was  their  manners  then  but  hare  and  plain. 

Speniter. 

6.  Threadless;  napless. 

It  appears,  by  their  bare  liveries. 
That  they  live  by  your  bare  words. 

Sliak.,  T.  O.  of  v.,  ii.  4. 

7.  Poor ;  destitute ;  indigent ;  empty ;  unfur- 
nished; unprovided  with  what  is  necessary 
or  comfortable :  absolutely  or  with  of. 

I  have  made  Es.iu  bare.  Jer.  xli-X.  10. 

I'pon  her  death,  when  her  nearest  friends  thought  her 

very  bare,  her  executors  fouud  in  her  strong  Imx  about 

£160  in  gold.  Siri/t,  Death  of  Stella. 

Tho'  your  \1olence  should  leave  them  tore 

0/"gold  aud  silver,  sworiis  and  darts  rem.aln. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenals  .Satires. 

8.  Empty;  valueless;  paltry;  worthless. 

Not  what  we  give,  but  what  we  share  — 
For  the  gift  without  the  giver  is  bare. 


whom  attained  great  skill 

There  is  amongest  the  Irish  a  certayne  kind  of  people 
calleil  Bards,  which  arc  to  them  instccde  of  poetts,  whose 
profession  is  to  sett  foortli  the  prayses  and  disprayses  of 
men  in  theyr  poems  and  rimes.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

2t.  Formerly,  in  Scotland,  a  strolling  musician ; 
a  minstrel :  classed  mth  vagabonds,  as  an  ob- 
ject of  penal  laws. 

All  vagabtimlis,  fulis  [fools],  hardis,  scudlaris,  and  sicllke 
idiU  pejiill,  sail  lie  brint  in  the  eheek. 


9. 


Louvll,  Sir  Launfal. 
Mere ;  scarcely  or  just  sufficient :   as,  the 


potamia,  in  the  second  and  third  centuries. 
He  is  said  t<i  have  taught  doctrines  resembling  those  of 
the  Gnostic  Valentinus,  namely :  a  self-existent  principle 
of  evil ;  that  the  soul  is  imprisoned  in  the  body  by  way 
of  punishment ;  and  that  therefore  a  body  was  not  assumed 
by  Christ  in  his  incarnation,  and  is  not  to  be  raised  at  the 
resurrection.  Recent  discussions  have  shown,  however, 
that  the  true  nature  of  his  doctrines  remains  an  open 
question.  There  are  still  extant  .Syiiac  hymns  aud  prose 
works  ascrilied  to  Bai'desanes. 

[<  Bardcsancs 


iren»W/is.S7«t.,inSir  J.  Dalfoiirsl'ractick, 6S0.  (A^£Z).)  BardesanitC  (bar-des'a-nit),  «. 

3.  In  modem  use,  a  poet :  as,  the  hard  of  Avon  +  -'''-•]  A  Bardesanist. 
~  He  [Maui]  looked  upon  what  he  considered  to  lie  Chris- 
tianity proper,  that  is,  Christianity  as  it  had  been  devel- 
oped among  the  sects  of  the  liasilidians,  ilarcionites,  and 
perhaps  Bardenanites,  as  a  comparatively  valuable  and 
s.iiiiHi  religion.  Enctic.  Brit.,  XV.  4S5. 

4.  [See  def.  2  and  hardy,  and  cf.  skald,  scald,  bardic  (bar'ilik),  a.  [<  bard^  +  -ic.}  Of,  per- 
a  poet,  as  related  to  seo'ld.']  A  scold;  applied  taining  to,  or  of  the  character  of  a  bard  or 
only  to  women.     [Shetland.]  bards. 


(Shaksperc);  the  Ayrshire  hard  (Burns). 

Bard,  who  with  some  diviner  art 
Haat  touched  the  bard's  true  lyre,  a  nation's  heart. 

Li/tvett,  To  Lamartiiie 


hare  necessaries  of  life ;  a  bare  subsistence. 

Pray  you,  cast  off  these  fellows,  as  unfitting 
For  your  bare  knowleilge,  and  far  more  yoiir  comp.any. 
Beau,  and  Ft.,  Scornful  l.ady,  iv.  2. 

10.  Unaccompanied;  -without  addition;  sim- 
ple. 

It  was  a  bare  petition  of  a  state.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v,  1. 

11.  Unailorned;  without  literary  or  artistic  ef- 
fect ;  bald ;  meager. 

much  has  yet  to  be  done  to  make  even  the  bare  ann.ils 
of  the  time  coherent.  AthcntFum,  So.  306",  p.  170. 

12.  In  heer-maliiiii,  not  completely  covered  by 
the  bubbles  formed  in  fermentation :  said  of  the 
surface  of  beer.— 13t.  Raw;  excoriated. 

How  many  flyes  in  whottest  soniiners  liay 
Do  seize  upou  some  beast,  whose  flesh  is  bare. 

Sptnser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  xi.  48. 

14t.  Lean;  spare. 


bare 

Fal.  For  their  hnvf'iH'ss,  I  uiii  sure  thoy  never  lenmo{t 
that  of  inc. 

Prim'e.  .  .  .  UnluHsyoueaU  tliree  llnKcrson  the  ril)s/»rtfr. 
Shut.,  I  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 
Bare  contract,  in  law,  an  nncdnilitiDiial  pruniise  or  sur- 
render. -  Bare  windt,  lunit.,  a  wind  tliat  is  seant,  nr  too 
mneli  allead  In  1111  llie  sails.— The  baxe.  (u)  In  arl,  tlie 
nude.  [Itare.J  (^t)  The  uncovered  or  unhidilen  surface; 
the  hody ;  the  aulistanee.    [Kare.] 

You  liave  touched  the  very  bare  of  truth.  MnrttUm. 

To  lay  bare,  to  uncover;  expoao  to  view  (U*  to  know- 
IctiKc,  as  sninething  hidtleu  or  a  secret  of  any  kind.  — 
Under  bare  poles  (naitt.),  said  of  a  sliip  with  no  sail  set, 
in  :i  ^'ale  <>t  wind.-SyiL  See  merr. 

bare'  (bar),  r.  t. ;  jiret.  and  p]).  harcd,  ppr. 
bariuff.  [<  ME.  hunn,  <  AS.  hurinn  (in  co:n|). 
dbttridii),  also  herian  (=  OHl!.  harun  =  led. 
bvra),  mako  bare,  <  bwr,  bare:  soe  harc^,  «.] 

1.  To  iiiako  bare  ;  tincovor;  divest  of  covering: 
us,  to  iHirc  one's  head  or  one's  breast. 

lie  bared  an  ancient  oak  of  all  her  IioukIls,  Di'ifden. 

That  cry  .  .  .  that  seemed  to  bitn: 
A  wretcheil  life  of  every  softeniiiK  veil. 

Witliain  Murris,  Earthly  I'araiiise,  II.  l&O. 

2.  To  disclose  ;  make  manifest ;  lay  bare :  as, 
to  lidi-c  the  secrets  of  the  grave.     [Archaic] 

bare-  (bar).     Old  preterit  of  irafl. 

Barea  (ba're-a),  II.  pi.  [dr.,  ueut.  ]>1.  of  ii"iii(, 
jiaiiia,  heavy.]  An  Aristotelian  pn'onp  of  birds, 
corresponding  to  tho  Linneau  (Inlliiia;,  includ- 
ing the  gallinaceous  or  rasorial  birds. 

bareback  (bar'bak),  a.  and  ado.  I.  a.  Using 
or  performing  ou  a  barebacked  horse :  as,  a 
barcbdck  rider. 

II.  adv.  Ou  a  barebackeil  horse :  as,  to  ride 
bareback. 

barebacked  (bar'bakt),  a.  Ha\'iug  the  back 
uncovered;  uusaddled,  as  a  horse. 

barebind,  ».     See  bcarbiuc. 

barebone  (bSr'bon),  n.     A  very  lean  person. 
[Kare.] 
Here  comes  lean  Jack,  here  comes  barc-boiie. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

bareboned  (bSr'bond),  a.  Having  tho  boues 
bare  or  scantily  covered  with  flesli;  so  lean 
that  the  boues  show  their  forms. 

But  now  that  fair  fresh  mirror,  dim  and  old. 
Shows  me  a  bareboned  death  by  time  outworn. 

Shak.,  Lucreee,  1.  1701. 

barefaced  (bar'fast),  a.     1.  With  the  face  im- 
covered ;  not  masked. 
Then  you  will  play  bare-faeed.         .S/mt.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  2. 

2.  Undisguised;  unre.served;  without  conceal- 
ment; open:  in  a  good  or  au  indifferent  seuse. 
[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  this  use.] 

It  [Christianity!  iliil  not  peeii  in  dark  corner's,  .  .  .  but 
with  a  barefaced  contldence  it  openly  proclaimed  itself. 

Barnno,  Works,  II.  418. 

3.  Undisguised  or  open,  in  a  bad  sense ;  hence, 
shameless;  impudent;  audacious:  as,  a  bare- 
faced falsehood. 

See  the  barefaced  villain,  how  lie  cheats,  lies,  perjm-es, 
robs,  nnirders !  Stcriu\  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  17. 

A  wretch,  .  .  .  guilty  of  .  .  .  hare.faeed  inconstancy. 

Goldiimith.  Citizen  uf  the  World,  -wiii. 

barefacedly  (bar'fast-li),  «(/i'.  In  a  barefaceil 
mauuer;  without  disguise  or  reserve;  openly; 
shamelessly;  impudently. 

Some  profli^'ate  wretches  own  it  too  barefacedly.    Lneke. 

Ikirefaceillii  \nijust.       Carliile,  Fred,  the  Cit.,  IV.  xii.  11. 

barefacedness  (bar'fast-nes),  H.    1.  Openness. 

—  2.  Effrontery;  assurance;  audaciousness. 

barefit   (bar'fit),  a.     Barefoot   or  barefooted. 

[Scotcli.] 
barefoot  (bSr'fut),  a.  and  adv.  [<  JfE.  harc- 
fiih;  barfot,  <  AS.  ha-rfot  (=  OFries.  bcrfot  = 
\y.  biinrniet  =  Icel.  bcrfaitr),  <  birr,  bare,  -l- 
fiit,  foot.]  I.  «.  Having  the  feet  bare;  with- 
out shoes  and  stockings. 

Goiufl  to  Hud  a  bareftmt  I)rothcr  ()ut. 

One  of  4)ur  order.     '  Shak.,  K.  and  ,F.,  v.  L'. 

KlessiuKS  on  thee,  little  man, 
Barcfmt  hoy   with  clleek  of  tan  ! 

ll7ii((iVr,  Barefoot  Boy. 

n.  adv.  With  the  feet  bare. 

1  must  dance  barefoot.  Shak.,  T.  of  tlio  S.,  ii.  1. 

barefooted  (bar'fiit-ed),  a.    [<  barefoot  +  -f(/l.] 

Having  the  feet  bare.  -  Barefooted  Augustinians. 

See  .inc/Ksftftian.— Barefooted  Carmelites.     .->.•.■('«/■- 

lltelite. 

barege  (ba-razh'),  n.  [<  V.  harcgc,  so  called 
frciin  Biiriges,  a  watering-place  in  the  Pyrenees. 
See  def.]  A  thin  gauze-like  fabric  for  women's 
dresses,  usually  made  of  silk  and  worsted,  liut, 
iu  the  inferior  sorts,  with  cotton  in  place  of  silk. 
In  reality  bareges  were  never  nnide  iu  tile  villiige  from 
whieii  tliey  have  their  name,  the  seat  of  tlie  manufacture 
beiiijr  at  F.a'-nuTes-de-Biu'orre  in  the  I'yrenees, 

baregin,  baregine  (lia-ra'zhin).  n.  [<  Sardtjes 
(see  bureije),  the  springs  of  which  yield  the  sub- 


4B1 

stance,  -I-  -)»2.]  A  transparent,  gelatinous, 
mucus-like  substaTu>e,  tho  product  of  certain 
algal  growing  in  thermal  sulplmr-springs,  to 
wliich  they  impart  the  flavor  and  odfpr  fit  tiesh- 
liroth.  llaregin  is  itself  odorless  and  tastelc.ss.  It  eon- 
tains,  wlien  dry,  from  ;io  to 80  percent,  of  mineral  matter, 
chielly  silica.  I'lie  organic  matter  contains  no  sulphur  ami 
from  '.)  to  VI  per  cent,  of  nitrogen. 

bare-gnawnt  (bSr'nan),  a.  Gnawed  or  eaten 
liare.     Sliiil:,,  Lear,  v.  3. 

barehanded  (bar'han"ded),  a.  1.  With  un- 
covered hands. —  2.  Destitute  of  means ;  with 
no  ai<l  but  one's  own  hands :  as,  he  began  life 
barrhiiHilid. 

bareheaded  (bar'hed"ed),  a.    Having  the  head 
uncovered,  especially  as  a  token  of  respect. 
First,  yon  shall  swear  never  to  n.ame  my  lord, 
Ov  hear  him  nam'd  liereafter,  Imt  bare-heiuteil. 

Fleteher  (jxnd  another'l).  Queen  of  Corintli,  iv.  1. 

(In  being  first  brought  before  the  eotu't,  Ridley  stouii 

bareheaded.  Froude,  Hist.  F.ng.,  x.\.\iii. 

bareheadedness  (bar'hed'ed-nes),  h.     Tho 

state  of  being  bareheaded. 

/larebeadednes^tvias  in  Corinth,  as  also  in  all  (Jreeceand 
Home,  a  token  of  honour  and  superiority. 

Bp.  Halt,  Uiunains,  ii.  'i'i7. 

barely  (bar'li),  adv.  [<  6o»<;l  +  -?.'/-.]  1.  Na- 
kedly ;  openly;  without  disguise  or  conceal- 
ment.—  2.  Scantily;  poorly:  as,  a  man  bnnhj 
clad,  or  a  room  barely  furnislied. —  3.  Only 
just;  no  more  than;  with  nothing  over  or  to 
spare :  as,  she  is  barely  sixteen. 

In  paying  his  del)ts  a  man  barely  does  liis  liuty. 

Guidsmith,  The  Dee,  No.  3. 

KoK  himself  bareli/  succeeded  in  retaining  his  seat  for 
Westminster.  "  Leekij,  Eng.  iu  ISth  Cent.,  xv. 

4.  Merely ;  only.     [Archaic] 

It  is  not  barebi  a  man's  abridgment  in  his  external  ac- 
commodations which  makes  him  miserable,  .'^nuih. 

baremant  (bSr'man),  n.     [Sc,  also  bairman;  < 

/»(/'(!  -I-  man.']  A' bankrupt.  [Scotch.] 
bareness  (bar'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being  bare. 
((/)  \N'ant  nr  detieiency  of  clothing  or  cr)vering  ;  naked- 
ness. {())  lielieiency  of  appropriate  covering,  e<]nipment, 
flU'uitnre,  ornament,  etc.;  as,  "old  December's  bareness," 
Shak.,  Sonnets,  xevii. 

To  make  old  bareness  pictnresqne, 
And  tuft  with  grass  a  feudal  tower. 

Tennyson,  In  MenKiriam,  rxxviii. 

(c)  Leanness.    [Rare.]    00  Poverty;  indigence. 

Striptof  .  .  .  its  Priveleges,  and  made  like  the  primitive 
church  for  its  Bareness.  South,  .Sennons,  I.  'J'JO. 

bare-picked     (bar'pikt),     a.      Picked    bare; 

striiipeil  of  all  flesh,  as  a  bone. 

Thi-  hnee-piekid  bone  of  majesty.     Shak.,  K.  .lohn,  iv.  3. 

bare-pump  (biir'pump), «.  A  pimip  for  drawing 
liquor  from  a  cask:  used  iu  \'inegar-works, 
wine-  ami  beer-cellars,  in  sampling,  etc.  Also 
called  biir-iiiimj). 

bare-ribbed  (bar'ribd),  a.  With  bare  ril)s  like 
a  skeleton:  as,  "bare-ribbed  death,"  Shak.,  K. 
.lohn,  V.  '2. 

bares,  ".     Plural  of  baris,  ]. 

baresark  (biir'siirk),  u.  [<  bare^  +  .sark;  a 
lit.  translation  of  berserker,  Icel.  bemcrkr,  in 
tho  supposed  sense  of  'bare  shirt';  but  see 
berserker.]     A  berserk  or  berserker. 

Many  of  Harold's  brothers  in  arms  fell,  anti  on  his  o^vii 
ship  every  man  before  the  m:ist,  e.xeept  his  band  of  Bare- 
sarks,  was  either  wounded  or  slain.  Kdint>ur<jh  liev. 

baresark   (bSr'siirk),   adv.      In   a  shirt  only; 
without  armor. 
I  will  go  hare.iark  to-morrow  to  tlie  war. 

Kingsleij,  Hercward,  p.  169. 

baresthesiometer  (bar-es-the-si-om'e-tir),  n. 
[<  til',  linpm:,  weight,  -I-  ala0!/rTii:,  perception,  -I- 
/uT/mv,  measure.]  An  instrument  for  testing 
the  sense  of  presstu'c  -Also  spelled  barwstlie- 
.^ioitirter. 

baret,  ».    See  barrel. 

bare-worn  (biir'worn),  a.  Worn  bare;  naked: 
as.  "the  bare-worn  common,"  Goldsmith,  Des. 
Vil. 

barf  (biirf),  H.     Same  as  bargk. 

bar-fee  (biir'to),  «.  In  Eiujlish  law,  a  fee  of  20 
pence,  which  every  prisoner  acqtutted  (at  the 
bar)  of  felony  formerly  paid  to  the  .iailer. 

bar-fish  (biir'fish),  «.     Same  as  calico-bass. 

bar-frame  (biir'fram),  «.  The  frame  support- 
ing the  ends  of  the  grate-bars  in  furnaces. 

barful  (bar'fiil),  a.     [<  har^  +  -fid.]     Full  of 
obstructions  or  impedfimeuts.     [Kare.] 
I'll  ilo  my  best 
To  woo  your  lady  :  [Aside]  yet,  a  barful  strife  I 
Whoe'er  I  woo,  myself  would  be  his  wife. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  4. 

bargain  (bilr'gan),  n.  [<  ME.  bargain,  bar- 
gaynt,  bari/eiin,  bargcn,  etc.,  <  OP.  bargaiiie, 
bdrijaigne  =  Pr.  harganh,  bunjanha  =  Pg.  bar- 


bargain-chop 

iiaiiha  =zlt.    luirgiigmt   ( I'r.    also   barganh  =  lt. 
bari/agiiii),  <  ML.  'barciiiiiii,''barcaiiiiim,  ahar- 
gain,  trallic;  cf.  bargain,  r.     Origin  unknown  ; 
supposed  by  Diez  and  others  to  be  from  ML. 
barca,  a  Ijoat,  bark,  or  barsre,  but  evidence  is 
wanting.]     If.  The  act  of  discussing  the  terms 
of  a  proposed  agreement ;  bargaining. 
I'll  give  thrice  so  much  land 
To  any  well-deserving  friend  ; 
But  in  the  way  of  Imrifain,  mark  ye  me, 
111  cavil  on  the  ninth  part  of  a  hair. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 

2t.  A  contention  or  contest  for  the  mastery  or 
upper  hand;  a  struggle. 

( hi  lirndns  side  the  lietter  of  that  iiloudie  bargaine  went. 
Il'anicr,  Albion's  Eng.,  XIV.  xc.  Sttl.    (AT.  K.  I).) 

3.  A  contract  or  an  agreement  between  two  or 
more  parties;  a  compact  stittliug  that  some- 
thing shall  be  done;  specifically,  a  contract  by 
which  one  party  binds  himself  to  transfer  the 
right  to  some  projierty  for  a  consideration,  and 
the  other  party  binds  himself  to  receive  the 
property  and  pay  tlie  consideration. 

To  clap  this  royal  bargain  up  of  peace. 

Shak.,  K-  John.  iii.  1. 
Itos.     Hut  if  you  do  refuse  to  mai-ry  me, 
You'll  give  yourself  to  this  most  faithful  shepherd? 

I'he.     So  is  the  tarvai'n.      .S'Anfc., -As  you  Like  it,  v.  4. 

"Our  fathei-s,"  said  one  orator,  "sold  their  king  for 

southern  gold,  and  we  still  lie  under  the  reproach  of  that 

foul  barijain."  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

4.  The  outcome  of  an  agreement  as  regards 
one  of  tho  parties;  that  which  is  acquired  by 
bargaining;  the  thing  jiurchased  or  stipulated 
for:  as,  lookat  my  i'(/'.7«'H/  ahud  bargain ;  "a 
losing  bargain,"  Junius,  Letters,  v. 

She  was  too  fond  of  her  most  filthy  barqain. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2. 

5.  Something  bought  or  sold  at  a  low  price ; 
an  advantageous  pvirchase. 

If  you  have  a  tast«  for  piiintings,  egad,  you  shall  have 
'em  a  bargain.  Slieridan,  Schofd  for  Scandal,  iii.  3. 

Bargain  and  sale,  or,  more  fully,  deed  of  bargain  and 
sale,  in  law,  the  form  of  deed  now  in  common  use  for  the 
conveyance  of  lautl :  so  called  because  it  is  expressed  as  a 
sale  for  a  pecuniary  ciuisideratiou  agreed  on,  being  thus 
distinguished  on  the  one  hand  from  a  quitclaim,  wbieli  is 
a  release,  and  on  the  other  hanil  from  the  old  conveyance 
by  covenant  to  stand  seized  to  uses.  — Dutch  or  wet  bar- 
gain, a  bargain  sealed  l)y  the  parties  drinking  over  it.— 
Into  the  bargain,  over  and  above  what  is  5tii>ulated ; 
moreover ;  besides. 

Faith,  Charles,  this  is  the  most  convenient  thing  you 
could  have  found  for  the  business,  for  'twill  serve  not  only 
as  a  hammer,  luit  a  catalogue  iittet  the  bargain. 

Sheridan,  Schoul  for  Scambal.  iv.  1. 
To  beat  a  bargain,  to  bargain  ;  hag;:le.— To  buy  at  a 
bargain,  to  buy  cheaply.— To  buy  the  bargain  deari, 
tip  pay  dearly  for  a  thing.—  To  make  the  best  of  a  bad 
bargain,  to  do  the  best  one  can  in  untoward  ciicum- 
stauces. 

I  am  sorry  for  thy  misfortune  ;  however,  we  must  make 
the  best  of  a  bad  bargain.  Arbuthnot,  Hist,  of  John  Bull. 
To  sell  a  bargaint,  to  entrap  one  into  asking  innocent 
iinestions,  so  as  to  give  an  unexpected  answer,  usually  a 
coarse  or  indelicate  one. 

The  boy  hath  sold  hiiu  a  bargain.    Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  Iii.  1. 
I  see  him  ogle  still,  and  hear  him  chat ; 
Selling  facetious  bargaiitjt,  and  propounding 
That  witty  recreation  eall'd  dunifounding. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Prophetess,  L  46. 
No  maid  at  court  is  less  asham'd, 
Howe'er  for  selling  bargains  fam'd.  Svjift. 

To  Strike  a  bargain,  to  complete  or  ratify  a  bargain 
or  an  agreement,  originally  by  .s/WVoi.'i  or  shalong  bands. 
=  Syll.  3.  Covenant,  mutual  engagement. 
bargain  (biir'gan),  r.  [<ME.  bargainen,bargay- 
nen,  etc.,  <  OF.  biirgaigner  (F.  barguigner)  =  Pr. 
Pg.  bargaiihar  =  It.  bargagnare,  <  ML.  burca- 
iiiare,  traffic,  trade,  <  *barcaiiia,  traffic:  see  tho 
noun.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  treat  about  a  trans- 
action ;  make  terms. 

The  thrifty  state  will  bargain  ere  they  fight.  Drgden. 
2.  To  come  to  or  make  an  agreement ;  stipu- 


late; make  or  strike  a  bargain:  with  a  person, 

the 
dueers/oc  a  daily  sujiply. 


for  au  ob.iect:  as,  he  bargained  with  the  pro- 


So  worthless  peasants  bargain  for  their  wives 
As  market-men /or  oxen,  sheep,  or  horse. 

Shai.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 
I  alighted,  and  having  bargained  with  my  host  /or  '20 
crownes  a  moneth,  I  caused  a  giMtd  fire  to  lie  made  iu  my 
chamber.  Hixlyn,  Diary,  Nov.  4,  1644. 

n.  trans.  1.  To  arrange  beforehand  by  nego- 
tiation and  agreement. 
"Tis  Jmnrain'd  .  .  . 
That  she  shall  still  be  curst  in  company. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

2t.  To  agi'ce  to  buy  or  sell — To  bargain  away, 
to  part  with  or  lose  as  the  result  of  a  bargain. 
'I'lie  luir  .  .  .  had  someliow  6rtr'/fli'nc(i  airrt.v the  estate. 
George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  Int. 

bargain-chop  (bilr'gan-chop),  n.  A  kind  of 
gambling  • '  option  "  oil  opium  to  arrive,  formerly 
common  among  foreigu  traders  iu  China. 


bargainee 

bargainee  (biir-ga-nc'),  h.  [<  Imrijain,  v.,  +  -cc ; 
OF.  hurijaigne,  pp.  of  hnniaiflncr.}  In  law,  the 
party  to  whom  a  bargain  and  sale  is  made. 

bargainer  (bar'gan-tr),  n.  [ME.  harganar; 
<  btirqnin,  v.,  +  -eel.]  One  who  bargains  or 
stipulates;  specifically,  in  Uiw,  the  party  in  a 
contract  who  stipulates  to  sell  and  convey 
property  to  another  by  bargain  and  sale.  In 
the  latter  sense  also  sp"elled  in»-(7«i«or. 

Though  a  generous  giver,  she  [Nature]  is  a  hard  bar- 
riainer.  W.  Mathews,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  33',i. 

bargainman  (l>;ir'gan-man),  «. ;  pi.  Umjmnmen 
(-men).  In  <•««/-;«/'«(«;/,' a  man  who  does  bar- 
gain-work.    [North.  Eng.] 

bargainor  (biir'gan-or),  ».  In  kiw,  same  as 
barquincr. 

bargain-work  (bar'gan-w^rk),  n.  In  coal-min- 
iitq.  anv  underground  work  done  by  contract. 
[North".  Eng.] 

bargander  (biir'gan-der),  n. 
England)  form  of  bcrgander. 


452 


bark 

been  removed  for  the  purpose  of  getting  at  the 
underlying  rock. 

bar-iron  (biir'i'ern),  n.  Wrought-iron  rolled 
into  the  form  of  bars.     See  iron. 

baris  (bar'is).  n.\  pi.  baren  (-ez).  [<  Gr.  /3a/wr, 
a  boat:  see  fcrt/A-3.]  1.  In  Egypt,  antiq.:  (a) 
A  flat-bottomed  boat,  used  for  transporting 
merchandise,  etc.,  on  the  Nile:  the  Greek 
term  for  the  EgjiJtian  maklioi.     {b)  The  sacred 


11  LrL:<'-l<oar<l5. 
■ved  example  from  Warwick,  England ;  B.  cusped  ; 
C,  openwork.  New  Vork. 


decorated,  being  cusped,  feathered,  paneled,  pierced  with 

a  series  ot  trefoils,  quatrefoils,  etc.,  or  carved  with  foliage. 

After  the  medieval  period  barge-boards  gradually  become 

less  hold  and  rich  in  treatment.     Also  calUd  <iaf>h-buard. 

A  local  (Norfolk,  barge-COUple(barj'kup"l),  n.   [Cf.  bitrgc-haard.'] 

In  arch.,  one  of  the  rafters  placed  under  the 

bargarett,  «■     A  variant  of  bergeret.  barge-course,  which  serve  as  grounds  for  the 

bargel  (barj),  n.     [<  ME.  barge,  <  OP.  barge    barge-boards,    and    caiTy    the    plastering    or 

(ML.  reflex' fcan/Zfl)  =  Pr.  barga,  <  Mh.barga,     boarding  of  the  soffits.    Also  ealledbarge-rafter. 

appar.  a  var.  of  LL.  barca,  a  bark:  see  iort'S.]  barge-COUrse  (barj'kors),  n.    [Cf.  barge-board.'] 

1.  A  sailing  vessel  of  any  sort.  In  bricklaying:  (a)  Apart 

His  hariK  ycleped  was  the  llaudeleyne.  projects  beyond  the  principal  rafters  in  build- 

CAnucfr,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  410.     ings  where  there  is  a  gable.     (6)  The  coping  of 

2.  A  flat-bottomed  vessel  of  burden  used  in  a  wall  formed  by  a  course  of  bricks  set  on  edge, 
loading  and  unloading  ships,  and,  on  rivers  and  bargee  (biir-je'),  «.  [<  barge'>- + -ec]  One  of 
canals,  for  conveying  goods  fi-om  one  place  to     the  crew  of  a  barge  or  canal-boat 


Bans. — Temple  of  Set 


Al.ydo: 


boat,  represented  in  art  as  bearing  an  enthroned 
deity  or  some  symbolical  or  venerated  object. 
—  2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  rhynchophorous 
beetles,  of  the  family  Cttrcidionid<e,  or  weevils. 
B.  Ugiiariits  feeds  upon  the  elm. 
In'brickkn/iiig:  (a)  Apart  of  the  tiling  which  Barita  (ba-ri'ta),  h.  [NL.]  In  oni)*fc.,  a  generic 
""     '     '    '  ■      ■     '       "■         .,-,■,       name  variously  used,    (n)  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classi- 

Hcatioa  (1817),  a  genus  ot  shrikes  or  Laniida;:  a  synonym 
of  Crncfwus  (Vieillot),  of  prior  date.  IDisused.)  (6)  Trans- 
ferred byTemminck  in  lS20to  the  Australian  and  Papuan 


another, 

By  the  margin,  willow-veil'd, 
.Slide  the  lieavj'  barf/eg  trail'd 
By  slow  horses.     Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott. 

3.  A  long,  double-banked  boat,  spacious  and 
of  elegant  construction,  for  the  use  of  flag- 
officers  of  ships  of  war. — 4.  A  practice-boat 
used  by  crews  in  training  for  a  race.  It  is  com- 
monly a  long,  narrow,  lap-streak  boat,  somewhat  .    .  

wider  and  stronger  than  a  shell,  and  thus  better  barge-rafter  (barj  rafter),  «.     SamQ  as  barge- 


bargeman  (biirj'man),  ;(. ;  pi.  bargemen  (-men). 
A  man  employed  on  a  barge  ;  an  oarsman. 
And  backward  yode,  as  Banjemen  wont  to  fare. 

Spetiser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vii.  35. 

barge-master  (barj'mas"ter),  )).     The  master 

or  owner  of  a  barge  convepng  goods  for  hire. 
barger  (bar'jer),  H.    A  bargeman.     [Rare.] 
The  London  bargers.         J1.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 


fitted  for  rough  water.  [U.  S.]  —  5.  A  boat  for 
passengers  or  freight,  two-decked,  but  without 
saUs  or  power,  and  in  service  towed  by  a  steam- 
boat or  tug:  used  for  pleasure-excursions  and 
for  the  transportation  of  hay  and  other  bulky 
merchandise.  [U.  S.]  —  6.  A  pleasure-boat; 
in  former  times,  a  vessel  or  boat  of  state,  often 


couple. 

bargerett,  «.     See  bergeret. 

bargh  (barf),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  barf,  < 
ME.  bergh,  <  AS.  beorg,  beorh,  >  mod.  E.  bar- 
rofi'l,  of  which  bargli  is  a  dial,  form:  see  bar- 
row^.] 1.  A  low  ridge  or  hUl. —  2t.  A  road  up 
a  bill.  i?«//.—3t.  Amine.  [Prov.  Eng.  in  all 
senses.] 

bargbmotet,  «•     See  barmote. 

bar-gown  (bar'goun),  n. 
of  a  lawyer. 

barguest  (bUr'gest),  n.  [Also  bargkest,  largest, 
Sc.  barghaist;  perhaps  <  G.  berggeist,  moun- 
tain (or  mine)  spirit,  gnome.  Cf.  barghmote, 
barmote.  Ritson  says  the  ghost  was  so  called 
fi'om  appearing  near  bars  or  stiles.]  A  kind  of 
hobgoblin,  spirit,  or  ghost  believed  in  in  the 
north  of  England,  whose  appearance  to  any 
one  is  supposed  to  prognosticate  death  or  some 
great  calamity. 

He  understood  Greek,  Latin,  and  Hebrew,  and  there- 
fore, according  to  his  brother  Wilfrid,  needed  not  to  care 
for  ghaist  or  bar-nhaUt,  devil  or  dobbie. 

Scott,  Roh  Roy,  I.  223. 

barhal  (bar'hal),  n.    [E.  Ind.]    Same  as  ftwrWie?. 

The  barhal,  or  blue  wild  sheep  [inhaljits  the  Himalayas]. 
Enrijc.  Brit.,  XII.  742. 

magnificently  adorned,  furnished  with  elegant  bari^  (ba're),  n,  [It.]  That  part  of  a  roofing- 
apartments,  c'anopied  and  cushioned,  decorated  slate  which  is  exposed  to  the  weather.  JTeale. 
with  banners  and  draperies,  and  propelled  by  Bari'- (ba're),  ».  [It.]  A  wine  grown  near  Ban, 
a  numerous  body  of  oarsmen:  used  by  sever-     on  the  Adriatic  coast  ot^^Italy^ 


state  Baiffe. 


eigns,  officers,  magistrates,  etc 
pageants,  as  the  marriage  of  the  Adriatic  at 
Venice  and  the  Lord  Mayor's  parade  at  London. 
The  bai-f!e  she  sat  in,  like  a  burnish 'd  throne. 
Burnt  on  the  water.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 


To  carry  or  transport 
A  book-name  of  the 


7.  In  New  England,  a  large  wagon,  coach,  or 
omnibus  for  carrying  picnic  parties  or  convey- 
ing passengers  to  and  from  hotels,  etc. 

Marcia  watched  him  drive  otf  toward  the  station  in  the 
hotel  barije.  Uowdls,  Modern  Instance. 

barge^  (I>arj),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  barged,  ppr. 
barging.     [<  bargt^,  «.] 
by  means  of  barges. 

barge'-^  (barzh),  n.     [F.] 
godwit. 

barge-board  (biirj'bord),  n.  [Hardly,  as  has 
been  suggested,  a  corruption  of  verge-board, 
which  is  also  used.  Cf.  ML.  bargtis,  a  kind  of 
gallows.]  In  arch.,  a  board  placed  in  ad- 
vance of  a  gable  and  underneath  the  barge- 
course,  where  the  roof  extends  over  the  wall, 
either  covering  the  rafter  that  would  otherwise 
be  visible,  or  occupying  its  place.  The  earliest 
barge-boards  date  from  the  fourteenth  century  ;  many 
examples  of  this  and  the  fifteenth  century  are  beautifully 


andin"various  bariat  (ba'ri-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  liapvg,  heavy. 
Cf.  baryta,  barytes.]     Same  as  baryta. 

baric  (bar'ik),  a.  [In  sense  1,  <  Gr.  p'dpof, weight, 
<  papvi,  hea%'y;  in  sense  2,  <  barium  +  -ic]  1. 
Same  as  barometric. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
barium;  derived  from  barium:  as,  baric  iodide. 

barilla  (ba-ril'a),  n.  [=  F.  barille,  <  Sp.  barril- 
la  =  Pg.  barriiha,  impure  soda,  also  the  plant 
from  which  it  is  derived.]  The  commercial 
name  of  the  impure  carbonate  and  sulphate  of 
soda  imported  from  Spain  and  the  Levant,  and 
obtained  from  several  fleshy  plants  growing 
by  the  sea  or  in  saline  localities,  mostly  belong- 
ing to  the  chenopodiaceous  genera  Salsola,  Sali- 
cornia,  and  Cheuopodium.  The  plants  are  dried  and 
burned,  and  the  incinerated  ashes  constitute  barilla.  This 
was  once  the  chief  source  of  carbonate  of  soda,  but  is  now 
used  principally  in  the  maiuifacture  of  soap  and  glass. 
British  barilla  is  the  crude  soda-ash  left  from  common 
salt  in  the  maiuifacture  of  carbonate  of  soda. 

barillet  (bar'i-let),  »!.  [F.,  dim.  of  baril,  a 
barrel.]  1.  The  barrel  or  case  containing  the 
mainspring  of  a  watch  or  spring-clock. —  2. 
The  fvmnel  of  a  sucking-pump. 

baring  (bSr'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  barei,  v.] 
In  mining,  soil  or  surface  detritus,  which  has 


manucodes.  See  Manueodia.  [Disused.]  (c)  Transferred 
by  Swainson  in  1S37  to,  and  used  iiy  Vigors  and  others  for, 
the  Australian  and  Papuan  cassicans,  or  corvine  birds  of 
the  modern  genera  Giimnorhina  and  Strepera,  of  which 
the  piping-crow  of  Austr.alia  {Gymnorldna  or  Barita 
tibicen)  is  the  best-known  species.  This  is  the  usual  sense 
of  the  word,  and  the  above-noted  transfei-s  of  the  name 
account  for  the  common  statement  that  the  genus  Barita 
is  sometimes  classed  with  the  Laniidw,  sometimes  with 
the  Corrider.     (Not  now  in  use.] 

baritab  (ba-ri'tii),  n.  A  name  of  the  Austra- 
lian birds  of  the  genus  Barita. 

barite  (ba'rit),  ».  [<  bar{ium)  -i-  -ite^.]  Native 
barium  sulphate :  also  called  barytes  and  heary- 
spar,  because  of  its  high  specific  gravity,  it  oc- 
curs in  orthorhombic  crystals,  commonly  tabular,  and 
with  perfect  prismatic  and  basal  cleavage.  It  is  often 
transparent,  and  varies  in  color  from  white  to  yellow,  gray, 
red,  blue,  or  brown.  There  are  also  massive  varieties, 
columnar,  granular,  and  compact,  resembling  marble.  It 
is  a  common  mineral  in  metallic  veins  and  beds.  It  is 
sometimes  mined  and  ground  in  a  mill,  and  used  to  adul- 
terate white  lead.     Also  baroselenite,  ban/tine. 

baritone,  ».  and  a.  See  barytone. 
The  gown  or  dress  barium  (bii'ii-um),  «.  [NL.,  <  bar{ytn)  or  ()«- 
r{ytes)  +  -ium,  as  in  other  names  of  metals;  so 
named  by  Davy.]  Chemical  symbol,  Ba;  atomic 
weight,  137.1.  A  chemical  element  belonging 
to  the  gi'oup  of  metals  whose  oxids  are  the  alka- 
line earths,  it  is  obtained  as  a  silver-white  powder, 
which  oxidizes  quickly  and  burns  when  heated  in  air.  Its 
melting-point  is  about  that  of  east-iron.  It  does  not  occur 
native,  but  is  found  abundantly  In  combination  in  the 
minerals  barite,  barium  sulphate,  and  witheiite  or  ba- 
rium carbonate,  and  less  commonly  in  several  other  min- 
erals. Barium  combines  with  most  acids  to  fonu  salts 
which  are  more  or  less  soluble  in  water,  and  these  soluble 
salts,  tnLn-tlur  witli  the  carbonate,  are  active  poisons.— 
Barium  chromate,  a  yellow,  insoluble  salt,  BaCr04, 
formed  by  precipitating  any  soluble  salt  of  barium  with 
chromate  of  potassium.  It  finds  a  limited  use  as  a 
pigment  both  for  painting  and  for  calico-printing,  under 
the  name  of  yellow  ultramarine, —  Baxlum  hydrate, 
Ba(OH>i,  a  eaiistic  alkaline  powder,  soluble  in  water, 
formerly  used  in  sugar-reflning  to  form  an  insoluble  sac- 
charine compound,  — Barium  nitrate,  Ba(N'(>:i)2,  a  sub- 
stance used  extensively  in  pyrotechny  to  produce  green 
Are,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  manufacture  of  explosives. 
—Barium  oxld.  See  tia ryta. —  Baimm  sulphate,  or 
hcnni-xpar.  IkiSi  I4,  the  commonest  of  the  liarium  minerals, 
almost  i.elfictly  insoluble  in  water.  Artificially  piepared 
barium  sulphate  is  used  as  a  pigment,  under  the  name  ol 
per}naneiit  irhite.     See  ban/tea. 

barfcl  (biirk),  V.  [<  ME.  barken,  berken,  borken, 
<  AS.  beorcan  (strong  verb,  pp.  borcen,  >  bor- 
eian,  bark,  weak  verb)  =  Icel.  berkja  (weak 
verb),  bark,  bluster.  Supposed  by  some  to  be 
orig.  another  fonn  of  AS.  brecan  (pp.  brocen), 
break,  snap.  Cf.  Icel.  bra-kta,  bleat,  =  Norw. 
bra-kta,  breeka  =  Sw.  brdka  =  Dan.  ftrnv/f,  bleat.] 
I,  in  trans.  1.  To  utter  an  abrupt  explosive  cry : 
said  of  a  dog,  and  hence  of  other  animals. 
No  dog  shall  rouse  thee,  though  a  thousand  hark. 


Shak.,  Venus  and  .Adonis.  1. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  clamor;  pursue  with  un- 
reasonable clamor  or  reproach:  usually  fol- 
lowed by  at. 

Vile  is  the  vengeaunce  on  the  ashes  cold, 
And  envy  base  to  barke  at  sleeping  fame. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  viii.  13. 
The  lank  hungry  belly  barks  for  food. 

B.  Juiuiun,  Every  Man  out  ••f  bis  Humour,  i.  1. 

3.  To  cough.     [CoUoq.]— To  bark  at  the  moon, 

to  clamor  or  agitate  to  no  purpose.— TO  bark  up  the 
wrong  tree,  to  mistake  one's  object;  attack  or  jiursue 
another  than  the  person  or  thing  intended,  as  when  a  dog 


bark 

by  barking  brings  the  luniter  to  a  tree  other  thiin  that  In 
which  the  game  has  really  taken  refuge.  [CoIIiki.,  V.  S.) 
Il.t  tmtis.  X.  To  utter  or  pivo  fortli  witli  a 
bark. —  2.  To  break  out  with:  as,  to  harJ:  otit 
flaino. 

bark^  (bilrk),  u.  [<  bark^^  r.]  The  ahnipt  ex- 
plosive cry  of  a  (lo}:^;  houoe,  a  cry  rosemblingr 
that  of  the  dog,  uttered  by  some  other  animals. 
—His  bark  is  worse  than  his  bite,  little  hm m  is  pur- 
tt'inltMi  by  his  angry  threats,  fiiultrtmling,  etc.,  as  by  the 
threatening  hark  of  a  <iog  wliieh  rarely  or  never  bites. 

bark-  (bilrk),  71.  [<  ME.  harJcCj  ha)%  harc^  <  late 
AS,  ban;  <  Icel.  btirkr  (gen.  barkar)  =  Sw.  hark 
=  Dau.  bark  =  MLG.  LG.  borke  (>  G.  borke), 
bark.  Possibly  connected  with  Icel.  hjarga  — 
A8.  b^organ  =  G.  berfjen,  etc.,  cover,  protect: 
Beeburi/'-^.  TheolderE.  word  for  'bark*  is  r^/u/.] 

1.  Generally,  the  eoverinjjjof  the  woody  stems, 
branches,  and  roots  of  plants,  as  distinct  and 
separable  from  the  wood  itself,  in  its  strictest 
scientific  sense  it  is  limited  to  the  dry  and  dead  portion 
of  this  covering,  as  found  on  exogenous  plants,  whicli 
usually  ct)usi8ts  of  parenchyma  or  soft  cellular  tissue,  cork, 
and  bast,  in  varying  proportions.  See  foa^M,  corAri,  and 
epidermis.  It  is  very  diverse  and  often  eomjilirated  in 
structure, varying  in  these  respecta  with  tin-  speiies  upon 
which  it  is  found;  but  it  is  usually  arraii;,'ed  in  antmlar 
coTici'iitrie  layers.  As  these  lieinme  cii^ten<led  by  the 
tlilrkriiiiiL'  of  the  stem,  the  outer  layers  ufteii  crack  and 
are  gradually  ea.st  olf.  In  the  bark  the  medicinal  and 
other  jieeuhar  i)rnpertics  of  the  plant  are  usually  abun- 
dant, especially  tannin  and  many  alkahtids.  The  younger 
and  softer  layer  lying  next  to  the  young  wood  is  called 
inner  bark,  liher,  or  bast.     See  cut  under  haM. 

2.  Specifically  —  (a)  In  phar.,  Peruvian  or 
Jesuits'  bark  (see  Cinchona),     (/>)  In  tanning, 

oak  and  hemlock  barks Alstonia  bark,  a  bitter 

bark  obtained  from  the  ALstonia  acholaris,  an  apocyna- 
ceous  f.irest-tree  of  the  tropics  of  the  old  World.  It  is 
used  ill  India  as  a  tonic  an<l  antiperiodic.  The  Alstonia  or 
Queensland  fever-bark  of  Australia  is  the  product  of  Al- 
stonia cotistricta. — Angostura  <'r  Cusparia  bark,  the 
product  of  a  rutaceous  shrub,  HiiHi'in  rusparia,  of  the 
mountains  of  Venezuela,  a  valualtle  tonic  in  dyspepsia, 
dysentery,  and  chronic  diarrhea.  It  was  formerly  prized 
as  a  febrifuge,  and  is  now  nuich  used  in  making  a  kind 
of  bitters.  Its  use  in  medicine  was  discontinued  for  a 
time,  because  of  the  introduction  into  the  markets  of  a 
false  Angostura  bark,  obtained  from  the  nux-vonnca  tree, 
which  produced  fatal  etfects.  Also  Amjustura  hark.— 
Arica  bark.    Same  as  Cu^co  6(/rt.— Ashy  crown  bark, 

the  bark  of  Cinchona  marrocahtx. — Bebeeru  or  biblru 
bark.  See  6t'/>tvru.— Bitter  bark.  See  Gmmia  hark.— 
Bogota  bark,  the  bark  nf  C<'nr/,»ua  ill nri/uli'i.  — Zoldo 

bark.    See  /^"/(/.>.— Bolivian  or  callsaya  bark,  tiu-  bark 

of  i'iii'-h'uin    Calisaiia. —  CaneUa  bark.    See  f'a/i-V^il.— 

Carabaya  bark,  the  iiark  .«f  dnvhoiut  riiiptica.—  Carib- 
bean or  West  Indian  bark,  tlie  bark  of  a  rnbiaecnus 
tree,  tJxcstriiinta  Carihh,niiii.  nearly  allied  tti  the  ^enus 
Cinchona,  used  in  making  tonic  bitters  and  in  medicine 
as  a  sut)stitute  for  eincliona  )»ark.— Carolina  bark.  See 
Gt'orr/('(i  6a/-fc.— Carthagena  bark,  a  general  name  for 
varieties  of  einchona  Itark  lnou^lil  from  tlie  northern  ports 
of  South   America,   t:entrally  of  inferior  tpiality.  — Cas- 

caraamarga  or  Honduras  bark,  a  I'itterbark,  said  to  be 

obtained  from  I'irrainnia  anf  iiU:<iiut,  u  siinaruliaceous  tree 

of  trojiical  Anin  ic;i.  -  Cascara  sagrada  bark,  the  bark  of 
Hhamntt.t  Pursfiianits  of  California,  used  as  a  tonic  aperi- 
ent.— Cascarilla,  sweetwood,  or  Eleuthera  bark,  the 
bark  of  CrotonEleuteria,  a  eujdiorliiaeeousshiubof  the  Ba- 
hamas. It  is  an  anunatio,  I'itter  toine.  — Cassia  bark. 
See  Caama.—Chma.  bark,  Peruvian  bark.  U')  See  Cin- 
chona, (b)  The  bark  of  CasrariHa  {nwnd)  hrrandra,  a 
rubiaceous  tree  of  the  western  coast  of  South  America, 
which  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  cinchona. — ClOVe-bark. 
Same  as  dore-ca.<!.fia  (which  see,  under  cof^ssm).  — Colom- 
bian bark,  the  bark  of  Ciit\-hona  pitayensis,  C.  lanci/oHa, 
an<l  C.  CO  r  di/- ill  a.  ^Couessi  bark,  a  Iiark  obtained  from 
Hotarrht'iia  antidyfientcriva.  an  apoeynaceous  tree  of  In- 
dia, where  it  is  of  considerable  repute  as  a  remedy  for 
dysentery  and  as  a  tonic  febrifuge.  Sometimes  called 
Tellivhurry  bark.  —  Coquetta  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona 
latudfolia.  —  Crown  bark,  same  a^  loxa  bark. —  CulUa- 
Wan  bark,  a  valuable  aroTuatic,  pungent  hark,  the  pro- 
duce of  Cinnainoniiun  or  Lanrii.'!  Culilawan,  a  tree  of  the 
Moluccas,  useful  in  indigestion,  diarrhea,  etc.  Sometimes 
written  culilarvan;/.  -  Cuprea  bark,  a  bark  obtained  from 
several  species  of  "the  luhiaccuns  genus  luuu'jia,  of  tropi- 
cal South  America,  largely  imported  into  England  for  the 
manufacture  of  quinine.^  CUSCO  bark,  the  bark  of  Cin- 
chona puhisceiis,  variant  Pellctcriana.  Also  called  Arica 
fcrtrA:.  — Cusparia  bark,  see  Anjoatura  6«/-fc.— Doom 
bark,  the  l)ark  of  EnfthrophUeum  Guinccnse.  —  J)OWl- 
dak6  bark,  the  name  of  several  barks  obtained  from  the 
west  cojLst  of  Africa,  possessing  tonic,  febiifugal,  and  other 
medicinal  properties.  Tlie  best-known  kind  is  the  pro- 
duct of  a  rvihiaceous  plant,  Sarcocephalu.'i  ci<culentuj<. — 
Eleuthera  bark.  See  cascarilla  bark.—  EX^  bark,  the 
bark  of  Mn'ut'dia  ^hiura.  Also  called  Imlian  bark.— 
Essential  salt  of  bark,  an  aqueous  extract  of  cinchona 
hark.  — False  loxa  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  Hum- 
boldt iana.—FloridSi  bark.  See  (xcorifia  6rtr^^— French 
Guiana  bark,  a  bark  i)l>tained  from  Contarca  speci<'S(i. 
a  rubiaceous  tree  of  tropical  South  America,  having:  feb- 
rifug;il  properties.^ Fusagasuga  bark,  avariet>  of  r;n- 
thagena  bark.— Georgia,  bitter,  Carolina,  or  Florida 

bark,  the  bark  of  the  Pinrkii'i/n  pnhnts,  a  small  rntiia- 
ceous  tree  of  the  southern  Initci  states,  having  tlie  >aijic 
properties  as  French  Guiana  l)ark.  Honduras  bark. 
See  casmrrt  amanfa  &rtrfc.  -Huamilies  bark,  tlie  bark 
of  Cinchona,  jnirpurea.  -india.n  barberry  bark,  the 
root-bark  of  several  Kast  Indian  species  of  liirbtri^,  used 
as  a  tonic  ami  in  the  treatment  of  fevei-s,  diarrhea,  etc. — 
Indian  bark,  the  bark  of  MaimoUa  iflauca.  Also  called 
elk  bark.  —  Iron  bark,  the  bark  of  Eucah/ptutt  resini/era. 
—  Jaen  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinch«na  Iliiniholdtiann. 
Jamaica  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona   Carihhaa.—  Jes- 

uits'  bark.  Peruvian  baxk.  —  Jesuits'  Bark  Act,  an 


453 

English  statute  of  1808  forbidding  the  exportation  of 
Jesuits"  (Peruvian)  bark,  except  to  Ireland.— Lima  bark, 
tlic  bark  of  Cln'-himn  Prmriana,  C.  nitida,  and  C.  mi- 
crantha. —  Loxa  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  officinalis. 
Also  called  crown  '->a/A'.  — Malambo  bark,  an  aromatic 
bark  obtahied  from  the  Croft, n  Malambn,  a  euphorbia- 
ceousshrubof  Venezuela  and  New  Granada.  Itisein])loyed 
as  a  remedy  for  diarrhea  and  .as  a  vermifuge,  and  is  said 
to  be  largely  used  in  the  I'lntrd  states  for  the  adulter- 
ation of  spices.— Mancona  bark,  the  bark  of  Enithro- 
phlfpitm  Gninccn^c.  —  yia,T3LCa.ibo  bark,  the  bark  of  Cin- 
chona tucujenyi.i.-  Margosa  or  Nlm  bark,  the  l)ark  of 
Mdia  Indica,  used  in  India  ;i3  a  tonic  and  antiperiodic. — 

—  Mezereon  bark,  the  bark  of  iMphnc  Mczcrcum.  It  ia 
acrid  and  irritant,  and  is  used  in  liniments  and  as  a  rem- 
edy in  vi-ncreal,  rheumatic,  and  scrofulous  complaints. 

—  Neem  bark,  the  bark  of  Azadirachta  7w/(V«.— New 
bark,  tlio  t)ark  of  Cancarilla  obloni/i/olia. —Nim.  bark, 
See  Alari/osa.  bark.  —  Oak  bark.  Sec  QHtrcu.'<alba,  under 
Quercttn.  — Ordeal  bark,  the  bark  of  Enjthrophlivnnt 
Gttineenne.—  'Pa.le  bark,  a  name  applied  to"  the  barks  of 
Cinchona  ojfirinnli.-i,  C.  nitida,  C.  inicrantha,  C.  purpurea, 
and  C.  llu inholdtiana. —  TaJton  bark,  the  bark  of  Cin- 
chona macrocahix,  variant  i'df/^'/i.— Peruvian  bark.  See 
china  hark.  Pltaya  bark,  tlie  bark  of  Cinchona  jn'tai/cn- 
m.— Quebracho  bark,  the  bark  of  Anpidonp-rma  (Jiic- 
bracho,  an  apoeynaceous  tree  of  Brazil.  It  contains  several 
peculiar  alkaloids,  and  is  said  to  be  efficacious  in  the  cure 
of  dysprnea.- Red  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  f^urciruhra. 

—  Red  Cusco  bark,  the  Ijark  of  Cinchona  scrohiculata.  — 
Robun  bark, a  I'itter  iustringent bark, from. S'"i/""'<?«/'/7ri- 
fu'ja,  a  meliaceous  tree  of  India,  where  it  is  used  as  an  ils- 
tringent.  ti>rne,  and  antiperiodic—  Royal  bark,  the  bark 
of  Cinchitna  cordit'(tlia.—  St.  Lucla  bark,  the  bark  of  Ex- 
ostonma  florihuiiila.  —  Sajngiderdi,  bark,  the  inner  Itark  of 
a  tree  bejini^inu'  to  the  Sini'iruhan'-r.  giowin;;  in  Ceylon. 
It  is  iTitensely  Ititter.- Santa  Ana  bark,  the  bark  of  Cin- 
chona srrnhi.-o/nfif.—Sajita,  Martha  bark,  a  eindi-tna 
bark  shipped  fn-ui  Santa  ^ia^thH.—  Sassy  bark,  tlic  haik 
of  Eriithrnphhfinn  't'"/;(('-wi,sr.  — SweetWOOd  bark.  See 
cascarilla  '"wA;,  — West  Indian  bark.  See  Caribbean 
tar*.  — Wild-cherry  bark,  the  bark  of  Prunm  ge.ro- 
Una. — Winter's  bark,  an  astringent  pungent  bark  ob- 
taine<l  from  a  magnoliaceous  tree, />n;;i?/6-  H  inti-ri,  native 
of  the  mountains  of  western  America  from  .Mc\i(o  to 
t'apc  Horn.  It  is  a  stimulating  tonic  and  antiseorhutie. 
ParatUilo  bark  is  a  variety  of  it.  Most  of  the  so-called 
Winters  hark  of  commerce  is  the  product  of  Cinnanw- 
demlron  cortico.fu»i  and  Caiiella  alba  of  the  West  Indies. 

bark-  (bark),  r.  t.  [=  Sw.  barka  =  Dan.  barke, 
tan;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To  stiip  off  tbebark 
of,  or  remove  a  circle  of  bark  from,  as  a  tree ; 
peel;  spoeifically,  to  scrape  off  the  outer  or 
dead  bark  of.     See  barking^j  1. 

This  pine  is  barked 
That  overtopp'd  them  all. 

Shak.,  A.  andC,  iv.  10. 

Hence  —  2.  To  strip  or  rub  off  the  outer  eov- 
erinf?  of  (anj'thing,  as  the  skin):  as,  to  bark 
one's  shins. 

So  after  getting  up  [the  tree]  three  or  four  feet,  down 
they  came  slithering  to  the  ground,  harking  their  arms 
and  faces.  T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  it.  4. 

3.  To  cover  or  inclose  "with  bark :  as,  to  bark 
a  house. — 4t.  To  cover,  as  the  bark  does  a 
tree ;  incnist. 

A  most  uistant  tetter  hark'd  about. 
Most  lazar-like,  with  vile  and  loathsome  crust, 
AH  my  smooth  body.  Shak.,  Uandet,  i.  5. 

5.  To  apply  bark  to,  as  in  the  process  of  tan- 
ning; tan. —  6.  To  color  \yith  an  infusion  or  a 
decoction  of  bark  :  as,  to  bark  sails  or  cordage. 

—  7.  To  kill  (game)  by  the  concussion  of  a 
bullet  "which  strikes  the  bark  of  a  limb  at  the 
spot  on  whi</h  the  animal  is  crouched,  or  by 
the  flying  bark. 

Barking  otf  squirrels  is  a  delightful  sport,  and  in  my 
opinion  requires  a  greater  degree  of  accuracy  than  any 
other.  I  first  witnessed  this  near  Frankfort.  The  per- 
former was  the  celebrated  Daniel  Boone. 

J.  J.  Audubon,  Oruith.  Biog.,  I.  293. 

bark^  (bark),  n.  [Also  barque,  after  F. ;  <  late 
ME.  barkv,  barque,  <  F.  barque  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
barca  =  D.  bark  =  MHG.  G.  barke  =  Dan. 
bark  =  Icel.  barki,  <  LL.  barca  (ML.  also  barga, 
>  OF.  barge,  >  E.  barge^,  q.  v.),  regarded  by 
some  as  a  syncopated  form  of  an  assumed  LL. 
*barica,  a  quasi-adj.  formation,  <  L.  baris,  < 
Gr.  fiaptg,  <  Egypt.  (Coptic)  bari,  a  flat-bottomed 
boat  used  in  Egypt;  but  more  prob.  of  Celtic 
or  even  of  Tent,  origin.]  1.  Naut.,  a  three- 
masted  vessel,  fore-and-aft  rigged  on  the  miz- 
zenmast,  the  other  two  masts  being  square- 
rigged. —  2.  A  vessel  of  any  kind,  especially  a 
sailing  vessel  of  small  size. 

O  steer  my  hark  to  Erin's  Isle, 

For  Erin  is  my  home.  Moore. 

barkantine,  barkentine  (biir'kan-ten.  -ken- 
ten),  //.  [<  bark^y  on  type  of  hrigantine'^.'}  A 
three-masted  vessel,  with  the  foremast  square- 
rigged,  and  the  mainmast  and  mizzenmast  fore- 
and-aft  rigged.     Also  barquautine,  barquciitine. 

bark-bed  (bUrk'bed),  n.  In  hort.,  a  bed  formed 
of  the  spent  bark  that  has  been  used  by  tan- 
ners. The  bark  is  placed  in  a  brick  pit  in  a  glazed  house 
constructed  for  forcing  or  for  the  growthof  tender  plants. 
Artificial  warmth  and  dampness  are  producetl  by  the 
fermentation  of  the  bark.     Also  called  bark-ntove. 

bark-bound  (biirk' bound),  (7.  Hindered  in 
growth  by  having  the  bark  too  firm  or  close. 


bark-mill 


barkeeper  (biir'ke^p^r),  w.  One  who  has  charge 
of  the  bar  of  an  inn  or  otlier  place  of  public 
entertainment;  a  bartender. 
barken^  (bar'kenor-kn),t'.  [Se.;  <bark^-^  -ett^y 
as  in  harden,  stiffen,  etc.]  I,  intrans.  To  be- 
come hard;  form  a  crust. 

The  best  way's  to  let  the  blood  barken  on  the  cut  — 

that  saves  plaisters.  Scott,  Ouy  Mannering,  I.  171. 

II.  trans.  To  tan  (or  dye)  with  bark. 

Ertie  used  to  help  me  tumble  the  bundles  o*  barkened 

leather  up  and  duwn.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian,  v. 

barken-  (biir'ken  or  -kn),  a.  [<  bark'^  +  -ch2,] 
Consisting  or  niiide  of  bark :  as, "  barken  knots," 
U'hittier.     [Rare.] 

barkentine,  n.     8ee  barkantine. 

barker^  (bar'ker),  n.  [<  bark^,  v.,  +  -<?rl.]  1. 
An  animal  that  barks ;  a  person  who  clamors 
fin  reasonably. 

They  are  rather  enemies  of  my  fame  than  me,  these 
barkers.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

2.  The  spotted  redshank,  Totanus  fuscus.  AU 
bin;  Montagu.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  3.  Apersonsta- 
tioned  at  the  door  of  a  house  wliere  auctions 
of  inferior  goods  are  hehl,  to  in\ite  strangers 
to  enter;  atouter;  a  tout.  [Cant.] — 4.  A  pis- 
tol.    [Slang.] — 5.  A  lower-deck  gun  in  a  ship. 

barker^  (bar'ker),  71.  [<  bark'^,  v.,  +  -eri.]  1. 
One  who  strips  trees  of  their  bark.  —  Sf.  A  tan- 
ner. 

Barker's  mill.    See  ?h?7?i. 

barkery  (bar'ker-i),  n. ;  pi.  barkeries  (-iz).  [< 
hark'-^  -\-  -eri/.']  A  tan-house,  or  a  place  where 
bark  is  kejit. 

bark-feeder  (biirk'fe^d^r),  n.  A  bark-eating 
insect  or  animal. 

barking^  (bar'king),  v.  [Verbal  n.  of  bark^,  r.] 
The  uttering  of  an  abrupt  explosive  crj-,  as  that 
of  a  dog. 

barking'^  (bar'king),  v.  [Verbal  n.  of  bark",  r.] 
1.  The  process  of  stripping  bark  from  trees,  of 
removing  a  ring  of  bark  from  a  tree  so  as  to 
kill  it,  or  of  scraping  dead  bark  from  fruit-trees 
to  promote  their  growth. — 2.  The  operation  of 
tanning  leather  ^ith  bark ;  also,  the  operation 
of  dyeing  fabrics  with  an  infusion  of  bark. 

barking-ax  (bUr'king-aks),  n.  All  ax  used  in 
scraping  bark  from  trees, 

barking-bill  (biir'king-bU),  H.  A  sharp-point- 
ed instniment  used  to  make  transverse  cuts 
through  the  bark  of  trees,  preparatory  to  the 
process  of  stripping  them. 

barking-bird  (bjir'king-berd),  71.  [<  barking, 
ppr.  of  bark^,  +  binl^.'\  The  name  of  a  rock- 
^vren,  Pteroptoehus  or  Hylactes  tarni,  of  the 
island  of  Chiloe :  also  said  to  be  applied  to  an- 
other and  smaller  species,  P.  rubeeula.  The  name 
is  due,  in  either  case,  to  the  similarity  of  the  cry  of  the 
liirds  to  the  yelping  of  a  puppy.  Darwin.  Also  called 
guid-rniid. 

barking-iron^  (biir'king-i*em),  n.  [<  barking^ 
ppr.  of  bark^.  v.,  +  iron.']  A  pistol.  Alarryat 
[Slang.] 

barking-iron*^  (bar'king-i'^m),  n.  [<  barking^ 
+  iron.]  An  instrument  for  remo\ing  the  bark 
of  oak  and  other  trees,  for  use  in  tanning.^ 

barking-mallet  (bar'king-mal''et),  n.  A  ham- 
mer with  a  wedge-sha]>ed  edge,  used  in  bark- 
ing trees. 

barklak  (bar'klak),  n.  A  myrtaeeous  tree  of 
Venezuela. 

barkless  (biirk'les),  a.  [<  bark^  +  -less.]  Des- 
titute of  bark. 

bark-louse  (biirk'lous),  h.  A  minute  insect  of 
the  genus  Aphis  that  infests  trees;  an  a^hid. 

bark-mill  ibiirk'mil),  n.  A  mill  for  gnnding 
bark  for  tanners'  and  dyers'  uses,  or  for  medi- 
cinal purposes. 


barkometer 

barkometer  {biir-kcun'i'-tri). ».  [IiTeg.  <  htirk" 
+  -o-mckr,  <  (ir.  fiirpoi;  a  moasure.]  A  liy- 
(Iroiueter  used  by  tanners  in  ascertaining  the 
strength  of  infusions  of  bark,  or  ooze. 

bark-paper  (biirk'jm'per).  )i.  Pa  ]ier  made  from 
bark;  specifically,  paper  made  from  the  l)ark 
of  lirouxsunclid  jHtpiirifira,  a  tree  eommon  in 
southeastern  Asia  and  Oceaniea.  Most  of  the 
p:iper  used  in  Japan  is  of  this  kind. 

bark-pit  (biirk'pit),  H.  A  tan-jiit,  or  pit  for 
iMiinini;  or  steepin<;  leather. 

barkstone  (biirk'strm),  «.  The  concrete  musky 
secretion  taken  from  the  eastor-glaiids  of  the 
biavcr;  castor;  castoreum. 

bark-stove  (bilrk'stov),  n.    Same  as  harlc-hed. 

bark-tanned  (bark'tand),  a.  Tanned  by  the 
slow  action  of  oak,  hemlock,  or  other  barks, 
as  leather,  in  contradistinction  to  that  tanned 
wholly  or  in  part  by  chemicals. 

barky"  (bUr'ki),  a.     [<  hark"  +  -i/l.]     Consist- 
ing of  bark;   containing  bark;   covered  with 
bark. 
Till-  harkii  fingers  of  the  elm.         Shale,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

bar-lathe  (biir'laTH),  n.  A  lathe  with  a  single 
))eam,  usually  having  a  triaugular  section,  on 
which  the  heads  or  puppets  slide. 

barley^  (biir'li),  ».  [Karly  mod.  E.  also  barli/, 
barhjc,  Sc.  haiiick ;  <  ME.  harJi/,  berlcy,  har- 
licli,  <  late  AS.  liwrlic,  barley,  appar.  <  ben;  E. 
hciir^,  barley,  +  -He,  E.  -?//l ;  the  word  appears 
first  as  au  attiib.,  being  fonnally  an  adj.  The 
leel.  barlalc,  and  W.  bnrhjs, 
barley  (as  if  <  barn,  bread, -1- 
Ujisiati,  Ui/saii,  plants,  herbs), 
Corn,  barli::,  are  from  E.] 
The  name  of  a  grain,  and  of 
the  plant  yielding  it,  belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Hordcum, 
natural  order  Gramiiiea'. 
This  grain  has  been  cultivated 
from  the  very  earliest  times,  when 
it  formed  an  important  article  of 
food,  as  it  still  does  where  other 
cereals  cannot  be  raised.  It  is 
largely  employed  for  feeding  ani- 
mals, but  its  chief  use  is  in  the 
manufacture  of  fermented  liquors, 
as  beer,  ale,  and  porter,  and  of 
whislty.  No  other  grain  can  be 
cultivated  through  so  great  a  riinge 
of  climate,  for  it  matures  in  Lap- 
land, Norway,  and  Iceland,  in  65° 
and  70"  north  latitude,  and  at  an 

-  altitude  of  11,000  feet  in  the  Andes 
and  Himalaya.  The  only  cultivat- 
ed species  that  lias  been  found 
wild  is  the  two-rowed  or  long-eared 
barley,  //.  distichon,  a  native  of 
western  Asia,  but  in  cultivation  in 
prehistoric  times,  as  was  also  the 
sL\-rowfiU]M-(  ies,  or  winter  barley, 
H.  h>xasli<-luut.  Oi  later  origin 
is  the  conniioii  four-rowed  species, 
spring  or  sumimi'  ItiirU-y,  //.  vulftare.  Fan-shaped  bar- 
ley, also  called  I'nttkdore-  or  sprat-barley,  II.  zeocriton, 
is  perhaps  only  a  culti\iited  foim  of  the  t\\n-rt>wcd  species. 
Several  varieties  of  these  sjut  ies  :ire  found  in  cultivation. 
The  gi-ain  dilfers  generally  finni  wheat  in  retaining  closely 
its  husks;  it  is  also  somewhat  less  nutiitinus  and  palata- 
ble as  an  ai-ticle  of  food.  See  Horde uia.  —  Ccinstic  bar- 
ley, an  early  name  for  the  seeds  of  Sr/ninornu/fn  ojlu'i' 
naie.  called  in  nn-dicinc  .■^nftii'liUa,  ;ind  used  as  a  snnrre  of 
veratrin.  — Mouse,  wall,  way,  or  wUd  barley,  //"c- 
dniw  iituritnnii,  a  grass  of  little  value.— Patent  barley, 
thefarimiolitairiedbygrindingpcarl-harliy.— Pearl-bar- 
ley, the  grain  deprived  of  husk  and  pcllicli  and  completely 
rounded  by  grinding.  It  is  n.scd  in  making  lirntbs  and 
in  soups.— Scotch,  pot,  or  hulled  barley/the  grain  de- 
prived of  the  husk  in  a  null. 

barley^  (bar'li),  «.  [A  coiTuptiou  of  pfirlei/, 
q.  v.]  A  cry  \ised  by  children  in  certain  gtinies 
when  a  truce  or  temporary  stop  is  desired. 
[Scotch.] 

barley-bigg  (bar'li-big),  n.    Same  as  Ingg. 

barley-bird  (bar'li-bdrd),  n.  [<  barUy^ '+  bird ; 
applied  to  various  birds  which  appear  about 
the  time  of  sowing  barley.]  1.  A  name  of  the 
European  wryneck,  Tnnx  Inrquilla. — 2.  A 
name  of  some  small  bird:  said  to  be  either 
the  siskin  (Cliriis<imiUi.'<  .tjniiii):)  or  the  nightin- 
gale {Dauliiis  ])hiliiiiiel(i).     [Eng.] 

barley-brake,  barley-break  (biir'li-brak),  n. 

[Sc.  hinli ii-liraek^,  b<irUi-breikh ;  <  barky  (un- 
certain whether  barleii'^  or  barley'^,  orfroui  some 
other  source)  +  break.']  An  old  game  played 
by  six  persons,  three  of  each  sex,  formed  into 
couples.  Three  contiguous  plots  of  gromni  Were  chosen, 
and  one  couple,  placed  in  the  nnddlc  iilot,  attcni|>tcd  to 
catch  the  others  as  they  passed  through,  'i'he  middle 
Idot  was  called  hell,  whence  the  allusions  in  old  plays  Ui 
"  the  last  couide  in  hell." 

She  went  abroad  thereby 
At  barley-brake  her  sweet  swift  feet  to  try. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 
A  thousand  agues 
Play  at  barU'ii-breuk  in  my  botn-s. 

Manainijcr,  I'ui'liauient  of  Love,  iv.  f). 


Barley. 

Spike  of  Hfirdtum  ztitl- 

gare. 


454 

barley-bree,  barley-broo  (biir'U-bre,  -brii),  n. 
Liquor  macle  from  malt,  whether  by  brewing 
or  distillation;  ale  or  whisky.     [Scotch.] 

barley-broth  (biir'li-broth),  H.  l.  Broth  made 
by  boiling  barley  and  meat  with  vegetables. 
[Scotch.] — 2.  Ale  or  beer:  used  jocosely,  and 
also  in  contempt,  as  in  the  extract. 

Can  sodden  water, 
A  drench  for  sur-rcin'd  j.adcs,  their  barley  broth, 
Decoct  their  ccdd  blood  to  such  valiant  heat? 

Shale.,  Ilcn.  v.,  iii.  .'J. 

barleycorn  (biir'li-koni),  «.  l.  A  gi-ain  of 
barU'y. —  2.  A  measure  equal  to  the  third  part 
of  an  inch ;  originally,  the  length  of  a  gi-ain  of 
barley.  A  st.itnte  of  Eilward  11.  (.\.  P.  l:i24)  makes 
"  three  barley-corns  round  and  dry  "  the  definition  of  an 
inch. 
3.  A  measure  equal  to  the  breadth  of  a  fine 

gi-ain  of  barley,  about  0.155  inch John  or  Sir 

John  Barleycorn,  a  Immorous  personification  of  the 
spirit  of  barley,  or  nuilt  liquor:  a  usage  of  considerable 
antiquity. 

John  Barleycorn  was  a  hero  bold 

Of  noble  enterprise, 
For,  if  you  do  but  taste  his  blood, 
'Twill  make  your  coTirjige  rise. 

liurn.t,  .John  Barleycorn. 

barley-fever  (bar'li-fe"ver),  n.  [<  barley^  (as 
a  source  of  strong  drink)  -I-  ferer.]  Illness 
catised  by  intemjierance.     [North.  Eng.] 

barley-fork  (biir'li-fork),  v.  A  hand-fork  with 
a  guard  at  the  root  of  the  tines,  used  for  gath- 
ering up  stalks  of  barley. 

barleyhood  (bar'li-hiid),  n.  A  fit  of  drimken- 
ness,  or  of  ill  humor  brought  ou  by  drinking. 
[Chiefly  Scotch.] 

barley-islandt  (biir'li-i"land),  n.  An  ale- 
house. 

barley-meal  (biir'li-mel),  «.  Meal  or  flour 
made  from  barley. 

barley-milkt  (bar'li -milk),  n.  Gruel  made 
witli  liarlcy  or  barley-meal. 

barley-sick  (biir'li-sik),  a.  [<  barley^  (see  bar- 
ley-ferer)  +  tiicl:']     Intoxicated.     [Scotch.] 

barley-sugar  (bar'li-shug"er),  »(,  Sugar  boiled 
(formerly  in  a  decoction  of  barley)  till  it  be- 
comes lirittle  and  candied. 

barley-water  (biir'li-wa'''ter),  n.  A  decoction 
of  barley  used  as  a  demulcent  nutritious  drink 
in  fevers,  and  in  inflammations  of  the  air-pas- 
sages and  of  the  alimentary  canal. 

barley-wine  (bar'li-wln),  «.     Ale  or  beer. 

bar-lift  (bar'lift),  H.  A  short  metal  bar  fas- 
tened to  a  heavy  window  as  a  convenience  in 
lifting  it. 

barlingt,  «.  [North.  E.  and  Sc,  <  Sw.  bdrjiiui, 
a  pole,  <  bfira  =  E.  bear^,  q.  v.]     A  pole. 

bar-loom  (biir'lom).  It.     A  ribbon-loom. 

barmlf,  »■  [ME.  barme,  barm,  berm,  <  AS. 
bearm  (ONorth.  barm  =  OS.  OFries.  OHG. 
bann  =  Icel.  bariiir  =  Sw.  Dan.  barm  =  Goth. 
barms),  the  bosom,  with  formative  -m,  <  beran, 
E.  bear"^,  q.  v.]     The  bosom  ;  the  lap. 

barm^  (barm),  n.  [<  ME.  barme,  berme,  <  AS. 
beorma  =  Fries,  berme,  barm  =  MLG.  berm, 
barm,  LG.  borme,  barme,  barm  (>  G.  barme)  = 
Sw.  biirma  =  Dan.  bo'rme :  prob.  akin  to  L.  fer- 
mentum,  yeast,  <.  ferrere,\mi\:  see  ferment,  »).] 
The  scum  or  foam  rising  upon  beer  or  other 
malt  liquors  when  fermenting;  yeast.  It  is  used 
as  leaven  in  bread  to  make  it  swell,  causing  it  to  become 
softer,  lighter,  and  more  delicate.  It  may  be  used  in 
liquoi"s  to  make  them  ferment  or  work.  It  is  a  fungus, 
.Saccharoinyces  cerevisiee.    See  yeatft  vin\\  ferine ntation. 

barm^  (l)iirra),  n.     Same  as  berm. 

Barmacide,  «.  and  a.     See  Barmecide. 

bar-magnet  (bilr'mag"net),  )(.  An  artificial 
steel  magnet  made  in  the  form  of  a  straight 
and  rather  slender  bar. 

barmaid  (biir'mad),  «.  A  maid  or  woman  who 
attends  the  bar  of  an  inn  or  other  place  of  re- 
freshment. 

barman  (bilr'man),  n. ;  pi.  barmen  (-men).  If. 
A  barrister. —  2.  A  barkeeper  or  bartender. 

barmaster  (b;ir'mas"ter),  II.  [Reduced  from 
earlier  liiirylimaster,  barije  master,  prob.  <  G. 
bcrgmeister,  a  surveyor  of  mines,  <  berij.  a  hill, 
a  mine  (=  E.  barrow:  see  barnurT-  and  Iianjli), 
+  meister  =  E.  master.  A  numlier  of  E.  min- 
ing terms  are  of  G.  origin.  Cf.  barmote.']  In 
mining,  the  title  of  an  oSicer  who  acts  as  man- 
ager, agent,  and  surveyor,  representing  the  in- 
terests of  the  proprietor  or  '  lord,'  and  at  the 
same  time  looking  after  those  of  the  miner. 
Also  called  bailiff,  bergmaster,  and  burghmas- 
ter.     [Derbyshire,  Eng.] 

barmbrack  (biirm'brak),  n.  [A  eoiTuption  of 
Ir.  bdirigen  breae,  sj>eckled  cake :  bairigen, 
biiirghian,  bairin,  a  cake ;  lirtiie.  speckled, 
spotted.]    A  cwraut-biui.     [Anglo-Irish.] 


bamaby 

barm-clotht,  n.     .\n  apron.     Chaucer. 
Barmecidal  (b;ir'nie-si-dal),  a.    Same  as  Bar- 

nirrub  . 

Barmecide,  Barmacide  (biir'me-sid,  -ma-sid), 
/(.  and  a.  [<  one  nf  the  liarmeeidw  (a  Latin- 
ized form,  with  patronymic  HuOix  -ida)  or  Bar- 
mecides, a  noble  I'ersian  family  founded  by 
Barinek  or  Barmak,  and  having  great  power 
tmder  the  Abbassitle  califs.]  1.  )/.  One  who 
oilers  imaginary  food  or  illusory  benefits :  in  al- 
lusion to  tlio  story,  told  in  the  Arabian  Nights, 
of  a  member  of  the  Barmecide  family  of  Bag- 
dad, who  on  one  occasion  placed  a  succession  of 
empty  dishes  before  a  beggar,  pretentliug  that 
they  contained  a  sumpttious  repast,  a  fiction 
which  the  beggar  humorously  accepted. 

II.  a.  Like,  or  like  the  entertainment  of, 
the  Barmecide  of  the  story;  hence,  unreal, 
sham,  illusory,  etc.:  as,  "my  .Bnr)«eciV?e friend," 
Thackeray  ;  a  Barmecide  feast  or  repast. 

It  is  a  Uarmecide  Feast ;  a  pleasant  field  for  the  iniagi- 
natir)n  to  rove  in.  Dickens,  Araer.  Notes. 

barmilian  (biir-mil'yan),  n.  [Origin  unknown.] 
An  old  name  for  akind  of  fustian  goods  largely 
exjiorted  from  England.  E.  H.  Knight. 
bar-mining  (b!ir'mi"ning),  n.  In  placer-min- 
ing, the  w  ashing  of  the  sand  or  gravel  in  the  Ijed 
of  a  stream,  when  laid  bare  liv  the  diminution  of 
the  stream  at  low  water,  or  by  building  a  flume, 
and  thus  carrying  the  water  to  one  side  of  the 
channel.  The  latter  method  is  more  commonly 
called  lliiming.  [California.] 
barmkin  (biinn'kin),  it.  [Also  spelled  barm- 
kyii,  barnekin,  barnkyn  :  <  ME.  harmeken.  barne- 
kyiich ;  origin  uncertain;  possibly  <  barm'i  = 
berm,  brim,  border,  edge  (the  forms  in  barn- 
being  then corniptions),  -1-  -kin :  but  more  prob. 
all  corruptions  of  barbican.1  The  rampart  or 
outer  fortification  of  a  castle.  [Lowland  Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 

And  broad  and  bloody  rose  the  sun. 
And  on  the  harmki/ii  shone. 
Old  ballast,  in  Bouclier's  llordcr  Minstrelsy,  ii.  341. 
Lcu'd  Soulis  he  sat  in  Hermitage  Castle, 

And  Kedcap  was  not  by  ; 
And  he  called  on  a  page,  who  w.is  witty  and  sage, 
To  go  to  the  barmkin  high. 
J.  heyden,  Lord  Soulis,  in  N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XI.  386. 
Battlements  and  bannkin^  and  all  the  other  appurte- 
nances of  Strength,  as  such  places  wel'e  calle<l.  Lever. 

barmote  (bllr'mot),  n.  [A  reduction  of  earlier 
hirgemote,  also  barghmote  and  berghmote,  <  G. 
berg,  a  hill,  mine,  +  E.  mote,  meeting.  Cf .  bar- 
master.']  A  court  established  in  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward III.  and  held  twice  a  year  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  in  which  matters  connected  with 
mining  are  considered.    Also  ■m'itten  bergmote. 

barmy  (bar'mi),  o.  [<  barm"  +  -y^.]  Contain- 
ing or  resembling  bann  or  yeast;  fi'othy. 

of  windy  cider  and  of  barmy  beer. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  iii. 

A\1iy,  thou  bottle-ale, 
Thou  barmie  froth ! 

Marnton,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  vi. 

barmy-brained  (biir'mi-brand),  a.  Light- 
headed ;  giddy. 

barnl  (biirn),  ».  [<  ME.  barn,  bern,  <  AS.  bern, 
a  contr.  of  berern,  bere-ern,  as  in  ONorth.,  < 
bere,  barley  (E.  bcar'^),  +  em,  a  place.]  A 
covered  building  designed  for  the  storage  of 
grain,  hay,  flax,  or  other  farm-produce.  In 
America  barns  also  usually  contain  stabling 
for  horses  and  cattle. 

barnl  (biirn),  r.  t.  [<  6flr«l,  «.]  To  store  up 
in  a  bam.     ,Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  859. 

Men  .  .  .  often  barn  up  the  chaff,  and  burn  up  the 
grain.  Fuller,  Good  Thoughts,  p.  110. 

barn-t,  "•  [Early  mod.  and  dial.  E.,<  Sc.  bairn, 
q.  v.,  <  ME.  bee'rn.  bern,  <  AS.  beam,  a  child. 
See  bairn.']     A  child. 

Mercv  on 's,  a  barn;  a  very  pretty  barn!  .\  bov  or  ft 
child,  Iw,.nder?  .shak.,  \\ .  T.,'iii.  3. 

barnabee  (biir'na-be),  «.  [E.  dial.  (Suffolk); 
prob.  in  allusion  to  Barnaby  day.  See  £ar- 
naby-bright.]     The  lady-bird. 

Barnabite  (biir'na-bit),  «.  [=F.  Bamabite.< 
LL.  Jlarnabas,  <  Gr.  I!aprii;5ar,  a  Hebrew  name 
translated  "son  of  consolation"  (Acts  iv.  :i(i), 
more  accurately  "son  of  exhortation"  or  "son 
of  prophecy."]  In  the  Iioin.  Cath.  I'h.,  a  mem- 
ber of  a  religious  congregation  properly  styled 
"Regular  Clerks  of  the  Congregation  of  St. 
Paul,"  but  having  their  popular  designation 
fi-om  the  clnn-ch  of  St.  Barnabas  in  Milan,  which 
was  granted  to  them  in  1545,  soon  after  the 
foundntiiin  of  the  congi'egation.  Their  princi- 
pal house  is  now  in  Rome. 

barnabyt  (biir'na-bi),  n.  [Prob.  connected 
with  tho  celebration  of  Barnaby  day,  <  Barna- 


barnaby 

by,  formerly  also  lianiabic,  <  F.  BaniaM,  <  LL. 
liarnahiiii,  Baniabas:  seo  Jiarnabitc.^  An  old 
danuti  to  a  quick  movement. 

liuuiicu  !  criua  the  purt-hule  —  nut  they  lly, 
Aud  make  the  world  dauce  Banuibij. 

Cotton,  Virgil  Travestie. 
Barnaby-brigllt  (bilr'na-bi-brit),  it.  [Also 
Uiinidhi/  hri(/ht,  Ijaniuhii  the  briijlil,  aud  (Scott, 
L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  4)  >St.  liarnubriyht;  also  called 
LdiKj  Ilaniabi/,  iu  ref.  to  the  eoincideuco  of 
Baniaby  day  with  the  summer  solstice.]  Tho 
day  of  St.  IJaruabas  tho  Apostle,  the  11th  of 
June,  which  iu  old  style  was  the  day  of  tho 
summer  solstice. 

Baniabij-bri^ht,  tlie  longest  day  and  the  shortest  night. 

Old  ritiie. 
Tliis  day  tlie  sunno  is  ill  liis  ehiefcst  hight. 
With  Baniaby  the  bHiiht. 

Sprmrr,  Epitllalaniion,  1.  20C. 

Barnaby  day.     Same  as  bamabij-bright. 

barnacle^  (biir-ua-kl),  n.  [Also  bainictc,  bcr- 
uaclc;  <  ME.  barnukijUc,  bcrnakiU,  bcrnaclc,  ap- 
par.  .1  dim.  of  the  earlier  bcnitikc,  hcrnak,  bcr- 
iiiick,  hcnickke;  cf.  OP.  bcniiKjiw  (Mli.  bvnturd, 
bcrmha),  later  F.  bcritdcln',  mod.  bitriKukc, 
barnacle  =  Sp.  hcrnachc  =  I'g.  bcniaca,  bcnia- 
cha,  bernicha=:lt,  birmieUi,  later  ML.  or  NL. 
bcniicla,  bcrnccla,  bcrnacula ;  U.  bcrnikel-gans, 
Dau.  bcrnakel-yaas.  Ultimate  origin  unknown. 
Tho  word  seems  to  have  arisen  in  England. 
The  oldest  ME.  form,  bentckkc,  could  bo  simiily 
'bare-neck,'  with  a  possible  allusion  to  the 
large  white  patches  on  tho  bird's  neck  and  head. 
If  this  were  a  popular  ilesi^jualion,  it  could 
easily,  when  taken  into  book-language  and  Lat- 
inized, assume  tho  above  and  tho  other  numer- 
ous corrupt  forms  (ML.  benticha,  bcrncclui,  bcr- 
nvscha,  berncsta,  etc.)  in  which  it  appears.  The 
loss  of  a  knowledge  of  its  meauiug  would  assist 
the  growth  of  the  fables  connected  with  the 
word.]     1.  A  species  of  wild  goose,  Anser  ber- 


Baruacle  (Ltpas  anali/era). 


Barn.icle-^Imj^  { /tertttcltz  ifiuo/'sis]. 


nicla  or  Bcniicla  leucopsls,  also  called  barnaclc- 
gooac  or  bcrnacle-goose.  It  is  one  of  several  species 
of  the  genus  Bernida,  inhal)itin^  tlie  noi-tliern  partes  of 
Europe,  and  occasionally  appearin;;  as  a  straggler  in  North 
America.  It  is  smaller  than  tlie  various  wild  geese  of  the 
genus  Atiser  proper,  has  diu-k-brown  or  blackish  xipper 
parts,  and  a  lilack  ueek  and  head,  with  lai-ge  white  patches. 
It  is  related  to  the  common  wild  goose  of  North  America, 
B.  canail^'iisis.  and  still  more  closely  to  the  brent-  or  brant- 
goose.  H'Tnirla  hrf/itti,  'I'bis  l)ii'd,  which  was  known  inlhe 
Britisli  islands  only  as  a  visitor,  became  the  subject  of  a 
curious  popiUar  faijlo,  not  yet  extinct,  Iwing  believed  to  be 
bred  from  a  tree  growing  on  the  sea-shore,  either  from  tho 
fruit  of  the  tree  or  as  itself  the  fruit  (hence  called  trre- 
ffooae),  or  from  a  shell-Ilsli  which  grew  on  this  tree  (see 
def.  2),  or  from  rotting  wood  in  the  water. 

,So  rotten  planks  of  broken  ships  iXo  change 

To  liania^U'ti,  .  .  . 

'Twas  fli-st  a  green  tree,  then  a  broken  hull, 

Lately  a  Mushroom,  now  a  Hying  CJull. 

Si/ivetitei;  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  i.  G. 
2.  A  species  of  stalked  eirriped,  Lcpas  anuti- 
fcra,  of  the  family  Lcpadida;  foun<l  hanging  in 
clustei's  by  the  long  peduncle  to  tlio  bottoms  of 
ships,  to  floating  timljer,  or  to  submerged  wood 
of  any  kind;  the  goose-mussel,  fabled  to  fall 
from  its  support  and  turn  into  a  goose  (see  def. 
1).  llie  name  is  sonu'times  extended  or  transferred  to 
various  other  cirripeds,  as  the  sessile  acorn-shells  or  sea- 
acorns  of  the  family  Ijaliinithi;  such  as  Balanu«  tintinna- 
bulum.  .See  Balan  un.  This  is  the  usual  sense  of  the  word, 
except  iu  (ii'eat  Britain. 

A  banuicte  may  be  said  Ut  be  a  crustacean  fixed  by  its 
head,  and  kicking  the  food  into  its  mouth  with  its  legs. 

Uuxtt'i/^  .\nat.  Invert.,  p.  '^^>0. 


455 

3.  Anything  resembling  a  barnacle  (in  sense  2). 
(a)  Any  anonnilous  growth  or  extraneous  adhering  matter 
orarrangemeut  tend* 
ing  to  impede  pro- 
gress. 

Compiilsory  pilot- 
age, the  three 
niontlls'  extra  pay  to 
crews  disciiargeii  iu 
foreign  lauds,  and 
the  obligattiry  cm- 
phiymeiit  rjf  govern- 
ment olticials  for  the 
flhiinneiit  of  sailors 
in  Americajl  ports, 
are  all  b<triiacU'!t  .  .  . 
which  impede  tho 
progi-ess  of  our  com- 
mercial marine. 
V.A.  Wetls,ilcrchtxTii 

[.Marine,  p.  181. 
(6)  A  person  holding 
on  tenaciously  to  a 
place  or  position  ; 
one  who  is  a  useless  or  incompetent  fixture  in  an  olfleo 
or  employment;  a  follower  who  will  not  be  dismissed  or 
shaken  off. 

4t.  [Cf.  bnninrd.']  A  decoy  swindler.  [Cant.] 
barnaclel  (b;ir'na-kl),  v.  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
iKicUd,  ]ipr.  buniucliiig.  [<  barnacle^,  «.]  To 
ii.f  or  attach,  as  a  barnacle  upou  tho  bottom 
of  a  ship.     [IJare.] 

lie  hanuicled  himself  to  Gei-shon,  now,  and  shipped  with 
him  always.  Mrs.  Wkitnvij,  Gayworthys,  xxiv. 

barnacle-  (1>iir'na-kl),  n.  [Also  harniclc,  bcr- 
tiictv ;  <  ME.  bantaki/llc,  bi/niaclc,  bcrnaclc  (<  (.)F. 
bernick,  an  iustrumontof  torture),  appar.  adim. 
of  the  earlier  bcrnakc,  bernak,  bcrnac,i  OF.  hcr- 
nac,  a  barnacle  (def.  1) ;  origin  unknown.  Tlie 
word  bra)iks,  q.  v.,  has  a  similar  meaning,  but 
no  connection  can  be  made  out.  The  sense 
of  '  spectacles '  easily  arises  fi-om  the  original 
sense ;  but  some  connect  barnacles  iu  this  sense 
with  OF.  bcricle,  mod.  F.  beside,  eye-glass  (< 
ML.  *bericuliis,  dim.  of  berillus,  benjlliis,  beryl : 
seo  beryl  aud  brills),  or  with  mod.  F.  dial,  bcr- 
niques,  spectacles.]  1.  Akindof  bit  or  muzzle 
used  to  restrain  an  unruly  horse  or  ass;  now 
(usually  in  the  plural),  an  instrument  consist- 
ing of  two  branches  joined  at  one  end  with  a 
hinge,  jilaced  on  a  horse's  nose  to  restrain  him 
while  being  shod,  bled,  or  dressed. 

A  scourge  to  an  hoi-s  and  a  bernacle  [bridle,  A.  V'.J  to  an 
asse.  Wijcli/,  I'rov.  xxvi.  3. 

Hence — 2.  An  instrument  of  torture  applied  iu 
a  similar  way  to  persons. —  3.  pi.  Spectacles. 
[CoUoq.] 

What  d'ye  lack?    What  dye  lack?   Clocks,  watches,  (mr- 
naclfs!    What  d'ye  lack,  sir?    What  d'ye  lack,  unidam? 
Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel. 

barnacle^  (bilr'na-kl),  v.  t. ;  pret.  aud  pp.  bar- 
nacled, ppr.  bariiacliiiff.  [<  barnacle-,  «.]  To 
ajiply  bariuieles  to :  as,  to  barnacle  a  horse. 

barnacle-goose  (biir'na-kl-giis),  n.  [Fonnerly 
also  abbr.  bargonse;  <  barnacle^,  1,  +  guosc.] 
Same  as  barnacle^,  1. 

barnardt  (bilr'niird),  n.  [Also  hernard;  per- 
haps f<u-  bcrncr,  q.  v.]  One  of  a  gang  of  swin- 
dlers who  acted  as  a  decoy. 

Barnburner  (biirn'ber'''ner),  n.  [In  reference 
to  the  stiu-y  of  a  farmer  who  burned  his  barn 
to  get  rid  of  tho  rats.]  A  member  of  tho  more 
progressive  of  the  two  factions  into  which  the 
Democratic  party  in  the  State  of  New  York 
was  long  lUvided,  the  other  faction  being  called 
the  Hunkers.  The  Barnburners  opposed  the  ext<;itsiou 
<if  the  canal  system,  and  after  1846  they  opiiosed  the  ex. 
tension  of  slavery  in  tho  Territories.  Iu  a  few  years  most 
of  them  joined  the  new  Free-soil  piirty. 

The  internal  reform  of  a  party  cannot  be  carried  out  by 
corrupt  leaders.  One  of  the  main  objects  of  the  reform- 
crs  was  to  break  the  influence  of  the  latter,  and  to  this 
they  owed  their  appellation  of  banilmnirrs,  their  enemies 
ciiarging  them  with  a  readiness  Ut  burn  the  Iiuilding  witli 
the  venuin,  in  default  of  a  less  radical  means  of  jiurilU-a- 
tion.  //.  von  Hoist,  Const.  Hist.  (trans.X  111.  300. 

barncock  (biim'kok),  w.  A  local  Scotch  name 
of  the  turbot :  so  called  on  account  of  its  round 
shape.     Day. 

barn-door  (biirn'dor'),  n.  The  door  of  a  bam. 
—  Bam-door  fowl,  a  mongrel  or  cross-bred  specimeu  of 
the  common  hen  ;  a  duTighill  or  barn-yard  fowl. 

bar-net  (biir'net),  n.  A  net  placed  across  a 
stream  to  guide  fish  into  a  wing-pond. 

barney  (biir'ni),  n.  [Perhaps  from  the  proper 
name  Harney  for  Barnaby,  fonnerly  very  com- 
mon as  a  Christian  name,  and  still  common 
among  the  Irish.  But  in  3d  sense  cf.  blarney.^ 
1.  In  mining,  a  small  car  used  in  the  anthracite 
regiou  of  Pennsylvania  on  inclined  planes  and 
slopes  to  push  the  mine-car  up  the  slope. — 2. 
A  prize-fight.     [Slang.]— 3.  Humbug. 

barney-pit  (biir'ni-pit),  h.  In  the  anthracite 
mines  of  Pennsylvania,  a  pit  at  the  bottom  of 


baroco 

a  slope  or  plane  into  which  the  barney  runs, 
in  order  to  allow  the  mine-car  to  run  in  over 
it  to  the  foot  of  the  plane. 

barn-gallon  (biirn'gar''on),  n.  A  measure  con- 
taining two  imperial  gallons  of  milk;  a  double 
gallon. 

barn-grass  (bjim'gras),  n.  The  common  cock- 
s]iur-grass,  I'anie.um  Crus-galU. 

bamhardtite  (biim'hi'ir-tit),  n.  [<  Barnhanlt, 
name  of  the  owner  of  land  in  North  t'arolina 
where  it  is  found,  +  -itc-.']  A  sulphid  of  cop- 
per and  iron  occurring  massive  and  of  a  bronze- 
yellow  color  in  North  Carolina  and  elsewhere. 

barnman  (biirn'man),  k.  ;  pi.  i(()'H»(f«  (-men). 
A  laljuier  iu  a  barn;  a  thresher. 

Ilaruiiian,  sower,  haywaril,  anil  woodward  were  alike 
SI  1(3.  J.  B.  Gnvn,  Xliort  Hist,  of  F.rig.,  p.  50. 

barn-owl  (biirn'oul),  n.  1.  The  common  white 
owl,  Slrix  Jlammcd  or  Aluco  flam  mens :  so  called 
from  being  often  foimd  in  bams,  where  it  is 
useful  as  a  destroyer  of  mice.  Its  conspeeies  or 
varieties  inhatiit  nearly  all  temperate  regions  of  the  globe. 
The  variety  found  in  the  United  States  is  Atiuo  pratin- 
cola.    Also  culled  church-owl. 


B.irn-o,vl  iyiltti:o Jt.tinmeuj). 

2.  pi.  The  owls  of  the  barn-owl  typo,  genera 
tutrix  or  Aluco  and  I'liodilu.'!,  which  differ  so 
decidedly  from  all  other  owls  that  naturalists 
now  consider  them  tyjies  of  a  distinct  family. 
See  oni  and  Aluennida: 
barns-breaking  (bilrnz'bra''king),  n.  [Sc,  in 
allusion  to  tho  act  of  breaking  oi)en  a  barn  to 
steal  grain.]  Any  mischievous  or  injurious 
action;  an  idle  frolic. 

There  is  blood  on  your  hand,  ami  your  clothes  are  torn. 
What  bai'n^-breakhiff  have  you  been  at?  You  have  been 
drunk,  Richard,  and  fighting.  Scott. 

barn-stormer  (bjirn'stor'nier),  n.  A  strolling 
player;  an  actor  who  plays  "in  the  provinces." 

barn-storming  (biiru'stor'ming),  n.  [In  allu- 
sion to  "taking  by  stonn  "  the  barns  in  which 
strolling  actors  often  played.]  The  practice  of 
acting  in  barns,  as  strolling  players;  hence, 
the  practice  of  playing  "upou  the  road  "  or  "  in 
the  provinces." 

bam-S'WallO'W  (biim'swol'6),  n.  The  common 
swallow  of  the  United  States,  Hirundo  hnrreo- 
rum  or  H.  erytliro- 
gastra :  so  called 
because  it  habit- 
ually breeds  in 
bams.  The  upper 
parts  are  dark  steel-  ^H^^^^^^^k  W 

the  parts  ^H^^^^^^^^      ^r^ 

chestnut  with  an  im-  ^-^  -^^^^^^^^^^» 
perfect  collar,  and  the 
tail  deeply  forked  and 
spotted  with  white. 
It  is  the  American 
representative  of  the 
similar  //.  ru^tica  of 
Europe. 

bam-yard  (bam'- 

yiird),  n.  A  yard 
surroimdiugoraii- 
joining  a  barn. — 

Bam-yard  fowl,  any    B.ini-sw.->Uow  \.UiruMdo  erylltrocaslra  \. 

specimen  of  the  t-oin- 

mon  domestic  fowl,  including  hens,  geese,  ducks,  guineas, 
and  turkeys  ;  specifically,  a  mongrel  or  cross-bred  speci- 
men of  these  fowls ;  a  barn-door  fowl. 

baro-.  [<  Gr.  iiapoc,  weight,  <  ^aph^,  heavy,  = 
L.  gravis,  heavy:  see  (/rarc^.]  jVn  element 
in  certain  compound  scientific  terms,  implying 
heaviness. 

barocol  (ba-ro'ko),  H.  [An  artificial  name  in- 
vented  by  Pctrus  Hispanus.]     In   logic,  the 


ie 


baroco 

mnemonic  name  of  a  mood  of  synogism  in  the 
secoud  fif^ire,  Imving  a  universal  affirmative 
major  premise,  a  partit'ular  negative  minor, 
and  a  particular  negative  conclusion:  as, 
Every  true  patriot  is  a  friend  to  religion ;  some 
great  statesmen  are  not  friends  to  religion ; 
therefore,  some  great  statesmen  are  not  true 

patriots.  Five  of  the  six  U-tt^'rs  tliat  compose  the  word 
&TV  signiHcant.  B  ine:iiis  that  it  is  to  be  reduced  U^  bar- 
bara :  a,  that  the  major  premise  is  universal  affirmative  ; 
o,  that  the  minor  premise  is  particular  negative;  c,  that 
the  syllogism  is  to  be  reduced  per  impossibile  (see  reduc- 
tion)'; and  o,  that  the  conclusion  is  particular  negative. 
See  mooil'^.     Also  spelled  btnyko. 

baroco-,  barocco  (ba-ro'ko),  a.    [It.  harocco.'\ 

Same  as  baroque. 
barogram  (bar'o-gi-am),  n.     The  record  traced 

by  a  l):ii-(igi'apb. 
barograph  (bar'6-gi-af),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3dpoc,  weight, 
+  7/jd^ar,  Avrite.]  A  self -registering  iustnmient 
for  recording  variations  in  the  pressure  of  the 
atmosphere,  it  is  made  by  attaching,'  to  the  lever  of  a 
counterpoised  barometer  an  arm  with  a  pencil  in  contact 
M-ith  a  sheet  of  paper,  and  moved  uniformly  by  clockwork. 
The  result  is  a  continuous  trace,  whose  changes  of  form 
correspond  to  the  variations  of  pressure.  In  another  form 
a  ray  of  light  is  made  to  traverse  the  upper  part  of  the 
barometer- tube  and  fall  on  a  moving  ribbon  of  sensitized 
paper,  the  rising  and  falling  of  the  mercury  in  the  barome- 
ter causing  the  beam  of  light  to  be  increased  or  dimin- 
ished in  width,  tlnis  sh<  'wiiiL'  the  changes  in  the  barometer 
by  the  contiimous  pti-'to^raphic  record  of  the  paper.  In 
still  another  form  tlie  movement  of  the  mercury-eoluran 
is  used  to  close  an  electric  circuit  and  thus  report  its 
movements.  Also  called  barometrograph. 
barographic  (bar-o-graf'ik),  a.  [<  barograph 
H-  -/(•.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  barograph  ;  fur- 
nished by  the  barograph:  as,  barographic  rec- 
ords. 

baroko,  «.    See  baroco'^. 

barolite  (bar'o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  papog,  -weight,  4- 
AiHoc,  stone.]  Barium  carbonate.  See  witherite. 
barology  (ba-rol'o-ji),  h.  [<  Gr.  i^dpoc,  weight, 
+  -/.o}ta,  <  >i}fn',  speak:  see  -ology.']  The  sci- 
ence of  weight  or  of  the  gravity  of 
bodies. 

baromacrometer  (bar^o-mak-rom'- 
e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  iiapoi,  weight,  + 
paKp6g,  long,  +  fierpov,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  invented  by  Pro- 
fessor Stein  for  ascertaining  the 
weight  and  the  length  of  new-bom 
infants. 
barometer  (ba-rom'e-ter),  11.  [< 
Gr.  [Sdpog,  weight,  +  perpov,  a  mea- 
sure.] An  iustnmient  for  measur- 
ing the  weight  or  pressure  of  the 
atmosphere,  invented  by  Evange- 
lista  Tonieelli,  an  Italian  mathe- 
matician and  physicist,  in  1643. 
The  simijlest  form  of  this  iustnmient  is  a 
glass  tube  over  30  inches  long,  sealed  at  one 
end,  and  then  filled  with  mercury.  Wlien 
the  tube  is  inverted,  with  the  open  end 
dipping  into  a  cup  or  cistern  of  mercury, 
the  column  sinks,  leaving  a  vacuum  at  the 
top,  till  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  on 
each  miit  of  surface  of  the  mercury  in  the 
cistern  equals  the  weight  of  the  column  in 
the  tube  over  each  unit  of  sm-face  of  the 
horizontal  section  at  the  level  of  the  mer- 
curj'  outside,  when  the  pressure  of  the 
column  of  mercury  just  balances  that  of 
the  atmosphere. 
The  rise  and  fall 
can  be  measured 
on  a  graduated 
scale.  Barome- 
ters of  this  form 
are  called  m- 
terti  barometers. 
They  are  the 
commonest  of 
r'  >ugh  mercurial  barometers. 
For  scientific  piu-poses,  the  most 
frequently  used  is  Fortin's  ba- 
rometer, in  which  the  cistern  is 
adjustable,  the  zero  of  the  scale 
coincitling  with  the  extremity 
of  an  ivory  pointer  (a  in  second 
flgiu-e)  which  projects  down- 
ward from  the  top  of  the  cis- 
tern-box. The  bottom  of  the 
eistern  is  made  of  leather,  and 
by  a  screw  working  against 
a  wooden  button  the  mer- 
cury can  be  raised  or  low- 
ered until  its  surface  just 
touches  the  point  of  the  index; 
this  operation  must  be  per- 
formed before  each  observa- 
tion. The  ftiphon  barometer  con- 
sists of  a  bent  tube,  generally 
of  miiform  bore,  having  two 
uneiiual  legs.  The  longer  leg, 
which  must  he  more  than  30 
inches  long,  is  closed,  while  tlie 
shorter  leg  is  open  ;  the  differ- 
ence of  tfie  levels  in  the  twu 
Ctttcm  of  Fotiin'-.  Barom-  l^.^^  represents  the  pressure  of 
^rn,7r'';nrrS'Sc''U';o3  the  atmo.sphere.  The.MeWta- 
the  scale.  rotiieter  usually  consista  of  a  si- 


456 

phon  barometer  having  a  float  resting  on  the  surface  of 
the  mercur>'  in  the  open  l>ranch,  and  a  thread  attached  to 
the  float  passing  over  a  pulley,  and  having  a  weight  at  its 
extremity  as  a  counterpoise  to  the  float.  As  the  raercurj' 
rises  and  falls  the  thread  turns  the  pulley  which  moves 
the  index  of  the  dial.  The  liarometer  is  used  in  many 
pliysical  and  chemical  determinations,  but  its  most  ordi- 
nary applications  are  (1)  to  the  prediction  of  changes  in 
the'ueather,  and (2) to  the  dettrminatiitn  of  the  ehvatinii 
of  stations  above  the  sea-level.— Aneroid  barometer,  a 
portable  instrument,  invented  by  Jl.  Vidi  of  Paris,  for  in- 
dicating the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  without  the  use  of 
mercury  or  otlier  fluid.  It  consistsof  a  circular  metallic  box 
which  is  exhausted  of  air,  ami  of  which  the  corrugated  dia- 
phragms are  held  in  a  state  of  tension  by  powerful  springs. 
The  varying  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  causes  a  variation 
of  the  surface  of  the  diaphragm,  which  variation,  being 
multiplied  by  delicate  levers  and  a  fine  chain  wound  around 
a  pinion,  actuates  an  index-pointer  which  moves  over  a 
graduated  scale.  Bourdon's  metallic  barometer  is  an  ane- 
roid barometer  oonsisting  of  a  flattened,  curved  tube,  ex- 


Fortin's 
Barometer. 


Bourdon's  Metallic  Barometer. 
j4.  front  view,  showing  hand   or  indicator,  a,  and  the  scale ;  i,  f, 
mercurial  thermometers.   £,  back  view  :  d,  d,  tube  secured  at  its  mid- 
dle, e,  and  having  its  ends  connected  by  links,  /.  /,  to  two  short  levers, 
g-,  g;  on  the  same  axis  as  the  band,  a  ;  h,  open  plate. 

hausted  of  air  and  having  one  end  fixed  and  the  other  geared 
to  an  index-pointer  which  traverses  a  graduated  arc.  The 
curvature  of  the  tube  is  affected  by  variations  in  the 
atmospheric  pressure,  and  the  pointer  is  moved  corre- 
spondingly on  the  dial.— Marine  barometer,  a  cistern 
barometer  adapted  to  the  conditions  of  a  ship's  motion, 
being  suspended  by  gimbals,  and  having  a  stricture  in 
the  tube  to  lessen  the  oscillations  of  the  mercury.- 
Pumpmg  of  the  barometer,  an  unsteaiiines^  in  the 
barometric  column,  due  to  a  gusty  wind.—  Self-rcfflster- 
mg  barometer,  a  barograph  (which  see).— True  height 
of  the  barometer,  the  height  of  the  barometer  corrected 
to  thr  >tandard  density  of  mercury  (that  is,  its  density  at 
the  fieezing-puint  of  water),  for  variations  of  gravity,  for 
the  effect  of  capillarity,  index-error,  expansion  of  the 
scale,  etc.  The  United  States  Signal  Office  also  corrects 
for  the  elevation  of  the  station  above  the  sea-leveL  See 
atinn.fphere  and  .^i/mj/i^someter. 

barometer-flowers  (ba-rom'e-ter-flou''''erz),  w. 
pi.  Artificial  flowers  colored  with  chlorid  of 
cobalt.  In  dry  air  they  are  blue,  and  in  moist 
air  they  tnm  pink. 

barometer-gage  (ba-rom'e-ter-gaj),  n.  An  appa- 
ratus attached  to  tlie  boiler  of  a  steam-eugiuej  to 
a  condenser,  or  to  some  other 
chamber  in  which  a  more  or 
less  perfect  vacuum  is  liable 
to  be  formed,  to  indicate  the 
state  of  the  vacuum,  in  one 
form  a  reversed  U-tube  has  one  end 
plunged  in  a  basin  of  mercm-y  and 
the  other  connected  with  the  vacu- 
um-chamber. Another  common 
form  is  a  U-tube  partially  filled 
with  mercury,  and  ha\ing  one  end 
open  to  the  air  and  the  other  con- 
nected with  the  vacuum-chamber. 
Any  exhaustion  in  the  chamber 
causes  the  mercury  to  rise  in  the 
leg  connected  with  it  and  to  fall  in 
the  other.  The  fluctuations  are 
noted  upon  a  scale  placed  between 
the  two  legs  of  the  tube. 

barometric  (bar-o-met'rik), 
a.  Pertaining  to,  made  with, 
or  indicated  by  a  barometer: 
as,  barometric  eiTors;  baro- 
metric  ex]jeriments  or  mea- 
surements ;  barometric  changes.  Also  baric. — 
Barometric  depression.  See  rf»*^^^«o«.— Barometric 
trough,  an  area  of  low  liarometer.     See  barometer. 

Tornadoes  are  more  frequent  when  the  major  axes  of 
the  barometric  troughs  trend  north  and  south,  or  north- 
east and  southwest,  than  when  they  trend  east  and  west. 

Science,  III.  767. 

barometrical  (bar-o-met'ri-kal),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  barometer;  baro- 
metric—  Barometrical  aerometer.    See  aerometer. 

barometrically  ibar-o-met'ri-kal-i),  adv.  By 
moans  of  a  barometer. 

barometrograph  (bar-o-met'ro-graf),  «.  [< 
Gr.  fidpor.  weight,  +  perpovy  a  measure  (see  ba- 
rometer), +  }pd<pFiv,  write.]   Same  as  barograph. 

barometrography  (bar^''6-met-ro^'ra-fi),  n. 
[As  barometrograph  +  -y.']  The  science  of  the 
barometer  ;  also,  the  art  of  making  barometric 
observations. 

barometry  (ba-rom'e-tri),  )i.  [As  barometer  + 
-y.]     The  art  or  operation  of  conducting  baro- 


\^ 


Two  forms  of  Barome- 
ter-gage.—a,  bent  glass 
tube ;  t,  mercury-cis- 
tern ;  c,  c,  points  at 
which  tubes  connect  with 
condensers ;  d,  bend  of 
tube  containing  meicuiy. 


baronet 

metric  measurements,  experiments,  observa- 
tions, or  the  like. 

A  scrap  of  parchment  hung  hy  Reometry, 
(A  great  rcflnement  in  barometry), 
Can,  like  the  stars,  foretell  the  weather, 

Stci/f,  Oral)  Street  Elegy. 

barometz  (bar'o-mets),  «.  [Appar.  an  errone- 
ous transliteration  of  Euss.  haranet.su,  club- 
moss,  connected  with  huranii,  a  ram,  sheep.] 
The  decumbent  caudex  of  the  fern  Dichsonia 
ISaromet:,  also  called  Agnus  Scythicus,  the 
Sej-thian  or  Tatarian  lamb.  See  Agnus  Scythi- 
cus, imder  agnus.     Also  written  horamez. 

baromotor  (bar'o-mo-tor),  11.  [<  Gr.  fiapo^, 
weight,  4-  L.  mnt«r.~^  A  portable  hand-  and 
foot-power  haring  two  treadles  connecting 
with  cranks  on  a  fly-shaft.     E.  H.  Knight. 

baron  (bar'on),  II.  '  [Early  mod.  E.  also  barron, 
<  ME.  baroii,  hariin,  baroiin,  <  OF.  haron,  barun 
(orig.  ace.  of  ber)  =  Pr.  bar,  ace.  baron,  baro 
=  Sp.  raron  =  Pg.  larSo  =  It.  barone,  prop, 
a  man  (It.  now  a  vagabond),  then  specifically 
one  who  was  a  '  man '  or  vassal  of  the  king  or 
other  superior,  whence  the  later  use  of  the 
term  as  a  title,  F.  baron,  fern,  baronne,  whence, 
from  F.  or  E.,  in  other  languages,  Sp.  baron, 
Pg.  barao,  It.  barone,  G.  Dan.  Sw.  haron,  Icel. 
barun,  Russ.  haronii,  etc. ;  <  ML.  haro(n-),  a  man 
(L.  homo  or  )•/)•),  hence,  in  particular  uses,  vas- 
sal, servant,  freeman,  husband.  Origin  un- 
certain; by  some  connected  through  'servant' 
with  L.  baro(n-),  a  simpleton,  blockhead, 
dimce.]  1.  In  Great  Britain,  the  title  of  a  no- 
bleman holding  the  lowest  rank  in  the  peer- 
age ;  a  member  of  the  baronage :.  as,  Baron 
-Aiimdell  of  Wardour ;  a  Scotch  haron.  The 
children  of  harons  have  the  title  "Honorable."  Origi- 
nally the  barons,  being  the  feudatories  of  princes,  were 
the  proprietors  of  laud  held  by  honorable  ser\ice.  Hence 
in  ancient  records  the  word  baronis  comprehends  all  the 
nobility.  All  such  in  England  had  in  early  times  a  right 
to  sit  in  Parliament.  Anciently  barons  were  greater, 
such  as  held  their  lands  of  the  king  in  cajjite,  or  leaser, 
such  as  held  their  lands  of  the  greater  barons  by  military 
service  in  capite.  "The  present  barons  are — (1)  Barons 
bii  prescription,  for  that  they  and  their  ancestors  have 
iinmemorially  sat  in  the  Vpper  House.  (2)  Barons  by 
patent,  ha^-ing  obtained  a  patent  of  this  dignity  to  them 
and  their  heirs,  male  or  otherwise.  (3)  Barons  try  tenure, 
holding  the  title  as  annexed  to  land."  (Wharton.)  For- 
merly, when  all  barons  were  not  simimoned  to  sit  in  Par- 
liament, the  name  of  barons  by  writ  was  given  to  those 
who  actually  were  so  summoned.  Barons  in  the  peerages 
of  Scotland  and  Ireland  have  seats  in  the  British  Parlia- 
ment only  when  elected  by  their  order. 
See  peer.  The  word  baron  was  not 
known  in  the  British  isles  till  intro- 
duced from  the  continent  under  the 
Norman  princes.  The  coronet  of  a 
baron  of  England  consists  of  a  plain 
gold  circle,  with  six  balls  or  large  pearls 
on  its  edge,  and  with  the  cap,  etc.,  as 
in  a  >iscoimt's.  ^         t    f       E 

2.  A  title  of  the  judges  or  offi-  "'"uSi  BarJS.  °^' 
cers  of  the  English  Court  of  Ex- 
chequer, hence  called  hannis  of  the  Exchequer, 
the  president  of  the  court  being  called  chief 
baron. —  3.  In  ?oir  and /icr.,  a  husband:  as,  6rtro» 
and  feme,  husband  and  wife. — 4.  On  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe,  especially  in  France  and  Ger- 
many, a  member  of  the  lowest  order  of  heredi- 
tary nobility :  in  Germany,  same  as  Freiherr. — 
Baron  of  beef,  in  cookery,  two  sirloins  not  cut  asunder. 
—  Barons  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  members  of  the  British 
llou-Sf  of  ri>nnni>ns  fnrnierly  elected,  two  for  each  of  the 
seven  (iiri:_'tiially  tivt-)  t'inqne  Ports — Dover,  Sandwich, 
Komiicy,  Hastings,  llythe,  Winchelsea,  and  Rye. 

baronage  (bar'on-aj),  «.  [<  ME.  baronage, 
barunagc,  bantage,  i.  OF.  barnagc,  barnaige,  F. 
baronnagr  =  'Pt.  barnatge  =  lt.  barniiaggio,  bar- 
naggio  (ML.  reflex  baronagium),  <  ML.  'barona- 
tiotiin,<  baro(n-):  see  baron  and -age.'\  1.  The 
whole  body  of  British  barons ;  formerly,  the 
nobility  or  peerage  in  general. 

The  baronape  is  di\ided  so  narrowly  that  the  summons 
or  exclusion  of  half  a  dozen  members  changes  the  fate  of 
a  ministry  or  of  a  dyniisty.        Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  666. 

2.  The  dignity  or  rank  of  a  baron. — 3t.  The 
land  which  gives  title  to  a  baron ;  a  barony. 

baron-court  (bar'on-kort),  n.     See  court-haron. 

baroness  (bar'on-es),  «.  [<  ME.  baronesse. 
baronys,  <  OF.  harnesse,  haronnesse  =  Pr.  It. 
harone.9sa  (ML.  baronis.ia):  see  baron  and -ess.'} 
The  wife  of  a  baron,  or  (in  a  few  cases  in  Eng- 
land) a  lady  holding  a  baronial  title  as  a  peer- 
ess in  her  own  right. 

baronet  (bar'on-et),  n.  [<ME.  baronet,  baro- 
nete  (ML.  baronettns,  F.  baronnet,  G.  baronet, 
Russ.  baronetu.  after  E.),  <  baron  +  -<■?.]  If.  A 
lesser  or  inferior  baron,  in  this  use  the  word  had 
not  tlie  specitie  sense  that  it  received  in  the  time  of  James 
I.  "  According  to  Spenser  ('  State  of  Ireland  '),  originally 
applied  to  gentlemen,  not  barons  by  tenure,  summoned 
to  the  House  of  Lords  by  Edward  III. ;  perhaps  to  the 
heirs  of  barons  summoned  by  wTit  in  their  fathers'  life- 


«     •    « 


baronet 

time.  Applied  in  Irrlrtinl  In  the  hoMcrof  a  smnH  barony. 
Often  syriunymous  witli  bannfret."     N.  K.  I>. 

He  had  sue  many  Barrolls  in  his  Parliament,  as  were 
alile  to  waigli  downe  tlie  t'leartrye  ami  t!n\vr  frendes ;  tlio 
which  BaiTona,  they  say,  were  mtt  af  tcrwariles  hordes,  hnt 
only  Barrviietts,  as  sumJrye  of  thnii  di>e  yt  retayne  the 
name.  .s'/"'"-^"' ''.  •'^tate  of  Ireland. 

2.  A  British  title  of  hereditary  rank  or  degi-eo 
of  honor  next  below  that  of  a  baron,  and  thus 
not  conferring  a  peerage ;  the  only  title  of 
hereditary  knighthood.  A  baronet  is  designated  Sir 
So-and-sif,  Bart.  (Christian  name  andBorname  heinf^Kiven), 
and  ranks  above  all  knights  exeept  those  of  the  fiarter. 
There  is  noceremony  of  in\'estiluie,  the  til  le  Itein^- j;ivenby 
patent.  The  ortler  was  fonnded  i)y  .lames  I.  in  IGll,  pro- 
fessedly to  promote  the  Knjilish  and  Seoteh  colonisation 
of  lllster,  for  which  each  liarunet  paid  £1,080.  The  ori- 
ginal limitation  of  the  order  to  200  members  was  set  aside 
and  tlie  payment  remitted  at  an  early  date.  (For  the 
badge  of  the  order,  see  hatlffe  of  Uhtp.r,  nnder  hadgf-A.) 
Tlie  title  is  abbreviateii  Bart,  after  a  name.  — Baronet's 
band,  the  bloody  hand  of  ll.'^ler.  .s.e  lnuliie  of  Ulxlfi; 
under  ia<?,(7i'l.-  Baronets  of  Ireland,  an  order  of  knights 
baronets  founded  by  .lames  I.  of  r.ntiland,  in  the  seven- 
teenth year  of  his  i-ei^ni  (IIJIO),  for  the  same  purpose  antl 
with  the  same  privileges  in  Ireland  a.s  had  been  confeiTe4i 
on  the  order  created  in  England  in  mil.— Baronets  Of 
Scotland,  an  order  instituteil  by  I'harles  I.  of  England 
in  l(i2;'>.  The  nominal  object  was  the  settlement  of  Xova 
Scotia,  and  patents  were  granted  under  the  great  seal  of 
Scotland,  as  those  of  the  ("Ister  baronets  Inul  been  granted 
under  the  great  seal  of  England.  After  the  union  of  the 
crowns  in  1707  the  b.aronets  of  Scotland  charged  their 
arms  with  the  badge  of  Ulster,  antl  became  baronets  of 
the  United  Kingdom.  The  baronets  of  Scotland  are  often 
calle<l  Nova  Scotia  baronets.  None  have  been  created  since 
the  vmion. 

baronet  (bar'on-et),  r.  t.  To  raise  to  the  rank 
of  baronet:  generally  in  the  passive:  as,  he 
expects  to  be  baroneted. 

baronetage  (bar'on-et-a.j),  «.  [<  baronet  + 
-aiie,  on  t\-pe  of  bariin<i<ie.'\  1.  The  baronets 
as  a  body. —  2.  The  dignity  or  rank  of  a  bar- 
onet. 

baronetcy  (bar'on-et-si),  w.  [<  baronet  +  -n/.] 
The  title  and  dignity  of  a  baronet. 

baronial  (ba-ro'ni-al),  a.  [<  baron  +  -ial.  Cf. 
ML.  baronaUs.'\  Pertaining  to  a  baron  or  a 
barony,  or  to  the  order  of  barons:  as,  baronial 
possessions;  the  ?)«tohk)(  dignity. 

baronism  (bar'on-izm),  );.  [<  baron  +  -ism.'] 
Feudalism;  the  baronial  system. 

The  spirit  of  Norman  harontum  on  one  side,  and  the 
spirit  of  Anglo-Saxon  freedom  on  the  other. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXIX.  422. 

baronnette  (bar-on-ef),  »•  [P-i  dim-  of  barctnne, 
fem.  of  baron,  baron.]  A  little  baroness;  a 
baron's  daughter :  sometimes  used  for  the  wife 
of  a  baronet.     X.  E.  1). 

baronryt  (bar'on-ri).  11. \  pi.  baronries  (-riz). 
[<  ME.  barunri'e,  <  OF.  baronncrie :  see  baron 
and  -ri/.]  1 .  A  barony ;  the  domain  of  a  baron. 
—  2.  The  rank  or  dignity  of  a  baron. — 3.  Bar- 
ons eollectively. 

barony  (bar'gn-i),  «.;  pi.  baronies  (-iz).  [< 
ME.  haronie,'<  OF.baronie,  barunie  (F.baron- 
nie),  <  ML.  baronia,  <  baro(tt-),  a  baron.]  1. 
The  rank  or  dignity  of  a  baron. — 2.  The  do- 
main of  a  baron ;  the  territory  or  lordsliip  of  a 
baron. — 3.  In  Scotland,  a  large  freehold  estate, 
even  though  the  proprietor  is  not  a  baron. — 4. 
In  Ireland,  a  territorial  division  corresponding 
nearly  to  the  English  huiubed,  and  supposed  to 
have  been  originally  the  district  of  a  native 
chief.     There  are  ,'il6  baronies  in  the  island. 

Whatever  the  regular  troops  spared  was  devoured  by 
bands  of  marauders  who  overran  almost  every  barony  in 
the  island.  Macauiay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xii. 

5.  Formerly,  the  tenure  by  which  a  baron  held 
of  his  superior,  namely,  military  or  other  hon- 
orable service. —  6t.  The  body  of  barons  and 
other  peers;  the  baronage — Burgh  of  barony. 
See  bHr(jh. 
baroque  (ba-rok'),  a.  and  n.  [Also  baroco ;  =  G. 
Dan.  barol;  <  F.  baroque,  barroque  =  It.  barocco, 
<  Pg.  barroco  =  Sp.  barrneco,  irregular,  bizarre, 
esp.  in  architecture,  orig.  irregular-shaped,  as 
applied  to  a  pearl.  Origui  uncertain ;  perhaps, 
with  some  confusion  with  other  words,  <  L.  icr- 
rtica,  a  steep  place,  a  height ;  hence,  a  wart,  an 
excrescence  on  precious  stones.]  I,  a.  1.  Odd; 
bizarre ;  corrupt  and  fantastic  in  style. 

The  Oncidium  leucochilum  is  l>y  nu^means  the  most  ec- 
centric or  baroque  member  of  the  family  of  orcllids. 

Eiicyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  5S0. 

Happy  the  artist  whose  women-friends  or  relatives  are 
able  tolielp  him  avoid  Ibc  baroque  developments  of  female 
attire  which  characterize  so  many  of  our  native  cajivases, 
especially  in  genre  subjects.  Tlie  Century,  XXV.  575. 

2.  Specifically,  in  arch.,  applied  to  a  stylo  of 
decoration  which  prevailed  in  Em'ope  during  a 
great  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  may 
be  considered  to  have  begim  toward  the  close 
of  the  seventeenth  century.  It  is  nearly  cipiivalent 
to  the  Louis  XV.  style,  and  is  distinguished  by  its  clumsy 


457 

forms,  particularly  in  church  architecture,  and  Ms  con- 
torted ornamentation,  made  up  in  great  part  of  meaning- 
less scrolls  and  inorganic  shell-work.  Also  called,  some- 
times, tlie  ./eifuit  ittyle,  from  the  many  and  remarkably 
ugly  examples  supplied  by  churches  founded  by  the 
.fesnit  order.  This  word  is  often  used  interchangeably 
witil  rocoeo ;  but  rueoeo  is  preferably  reserved  for  ornament 
of  the  same  iterioil.  particularly  in  France,  which,  though 
overcharged  and  inor^-'anie,  still  retains  some  beauty  and 
artistic  i|Ualily  :  buroqic  implies  tlie  presence  of  ugly  and 
repelh-nt  iiualities. 

Sometimes  written  baroco,  barocco,  barock. 
Baroque  pearl,  a  rough  pearl  of  irregular  or  contorted 
form.     Such  pearls  are  freciuetitly  utilized  to  fiu*m  bo<lies 
of  birds  or  the  like,  the  extremities  being  made  of  gold,  etc. 

II,  »i.  1.  An  object  of  irregular  and  peculiar 
form,  especially  in  ornamental  art. 

On  the  scroll  handle  is  a  pearl  baroque  of  Neptune  rid- 
ing on  a  dolphin.  S.  K.  Loan  Kxhibition,  1801. 
2.  Ornament,  design,  etc.,  of  the  style  and  pe- 
riod called  baroque.     See  I.,  2. 

The  mad  extravagances  of  the  baroque,  a  style,  if  style 
it  can  be  called,  which  declared  war  against  the  straight 
line,  erased  logic  in  construction  fnim  its  grammar  of  art, 
and  overloaded  buildings  with  meretricious  ornament. 

C.  C.  J'erklns,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  364. 

baroscope  (bar'o-skop),  H.  [<  Gr.  [idf>o<;,  weight, 
+  nkit-uv,  view'.]  1.  An  instrument  u.sed  to 
indicate  changes  in  the  pressure  of  the  atmo- 
sphere without  measiuing  its  absolute  weight. 
See  weathcr-j/lass  and  storm-glas.'i. —  2.  A  piece 
of  physical  apparatus  used  to  demonstrate  the 
upward  pressm-e  of  the  air.  it  consists  of  a  large 
body  of  small  density  attached  to  the  beam  c)f  a  balance, 
and  exactly  balanced  by  a  small  weight.  When  this  is 
placed  under  the  receiver  t)f  an  air-pump  and  the  air  is 
exhausteil,  the  arm  of  the  balance  to  whicli  the  large 
body  is  attached  tips  down,  since  the  upward  pressure 
now  taken  from  it  is  greater  than  that  removed  from  the 
small  counterpoise. 

baroscopic  (bar-o-skop'ik),  a.  [<  baroscope  + 
-«'.]  Pertaining  to  or  determined  by  the  baro- 
scope. 

baroscopical   (bar-o-skop'i-kal),   a.     Same   as 

haro.'<rojtic. 

baroselenite  (bar-o-sel'e-nit),  «.  [<  Gr.  pdpoc, 
weight  (or  liapvg',  heavy),  -t-  selenite,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  barite. 

Barosma  (ba-ros'ma),  n.  [NL.,  also  Baryosma, 
<  Gr.  jiapi'oa/ioc,  also  papiod/jof;,  of  oppressive 
smell,  <  liapvc,  heavy,  oppressive,  -I-  ba/ty,  older 
form  66fif/,  smell,  odor,  <  bCni;  smell,  akin  to  L. 
odor,  odor.]  A  genus  of  shrubs,  natural  order 
Rutacea;  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  pos- 
sessing a  strong,  heavy  odor.  The  leaves  of  several 
species,  as  B.  creuulata,  B.  nerrati.folia,  and  B.  betulina, 
are  largely  used  in  medicine  under  the  name  of  bucliu, 
chiefly  in  disorders  of  the  nrinogenital  organs.  In  Cajje 
Colony  they  are  employed  as  a  stimulant  and  stomachic. 

barouche  (ba-rosh'),  «.  [Spelled  as  if  F.,but 
taken  directly  <  G.  dial,  barut.fche,  <  It.  baroccio, 
biroccio  (with  term,  assimilated  to  that  of  car- 
roccio,  a  chariot)  =  Sp.  barrocho,  orig.  a  two- 
wheeled  vehicle,  <  LL.  birota,  a  cabriolet,  orig. 


Barouche. 


,-/.  body:  B,  perch;  C,  lee-spriog :  A  dummy:  I-,  under-spring ; 
^,  thorough-brace :  O,  rocker:  //.hub,  or  nave;  /,  spoke;  y.  rim. 
when  Ihe  whole  circumference, is  composed  of  two  pieces,  and  felly, 
when  it  is  composed  of  several  pieces. 

fem.  of  the  adj.  birotu.9,  two-wheeled,  <  L.  bin, 
double,  +  rota,  a  wheel.]  A  large  four-wheeled 
eaniage  with  a  falling  or  folding  top  over  the 
back  seat,  and  the  seats  an-anged  as  in  a  coach. 

barouchet  (ba-ro-sha'),  n.  [As  if  F.;  dim.  of 
bnriiiichi'.']     A  small  kind  of  barouche. 

baroxyton  (ba-rok 'si -ton),  «.  [<  Gr. /Japif, 
heavy,  +  bivrovoc,  sharp-somiding.]  A  brass 
instrument  of  music  invented  in  18.53,  having  a 
compass  of  three  and  a  half  octaves,  beginning 
nearly  three  octaves  below  middle  C:  occasion- 
ally used  in  military  bands. 

bar-post  (biir'post).  H.  One  of  the  posts  driven 
into  the  groimd  to  form  the  sides  of  a  field- 
gate. 

bar-pump  (bar'pump),  n.    Same  as  bare-pump. 

barquantine,  barquentine, «.   See  barl-antinr. 

barque,  »•     See  barl'-K 

barrH,  »•     obsolete  spelling  of  6nrl. 

barr-  (biir),  v.  i.  [Also  bary ;  <  F.  barrir,  <  L. 
Iiarrirc,  cry  as  an  elephant.]  To  cry  as  an  ele- 
phant. 

barrel  «•    See  bahar. 


barrad 

barra't  (bar'ii),  n.  [ML.,  a  bar:  see  6arl.]  A 
bar  or  tower  placed  at  the  end  of  a  bridge. 
Weale. 

barra'-^  (bar'a),  n.  [Pg.,  a  particular  use  of 
liarra,  a  bar  (cf.  E.  nard,  rod,  perch,  similarly 
used) :  see  ft«rl.]  A  Portuguese  linear  measure, 
equal  to  1.25  yards,  used  for  cloths  of  various 
kinds. 

barrable  (bar'a-bl),  a.  [<  /«((1,  v.,  +  -able.']  In 
/air,  capable  of  being  baiTed  or  stayed. 

barra-boat  (bar'ii-liot),  «.  [Named  from  the 
island  of  liarra  in  the  Hebrides.]  A  vessel  car- 
rying ten  or  twelve  men,  used  in  the  Hebrides. 
It  is  extremely  sharp  fore  and  aft,  and  has  no  floor,  the 
sides  rising  straight  from  the  keel,  so  that  a  cross-section 
represents  the  lettci"  V. 

barracan  (bar'a-kan), )).  [<  F.  barracan,  bara- 
can,  now  bouracan  =  Pr.  barracan  =  Sp.  barra- 
yan  (whence  also  E.  barrayan)  =  Pg.  barrerjana 
=  It.  haracane  =  D.  barkan  =  MHG.  barchant, 
barchat,  G.  barchent,  fustian,  bcrkan,  barracan, 
=  Pol.  barclian,  barakan  (ML.  barcanu.s),  <  Turk. 
barrakan,  <  Ar.  barrakun,  barkdn,  a  kind  of 
black  gown,  <  Pers.  barak,  a  stuff  made  of 
camel's  hair.]  A  thick,  strong  stuff  made  in 
the  Levant,  properly  of  camel's  hair.  Tlie  name 
is  used  throughiHil  iti<-  Mediterranean  countries  ;  the  use 
of  it  by  Byrctn  (■■ttie  striped  white  gauze  baracan  that 
botind  her,"  I>on  ,/uaii,  iii.  70)  and  others  to  denote  a  del- 
icate materi;il  is  appjircntly  an  error.  Also  written  bara- 
can, barrakan,  barraijon,  and  liarrayan. 

barracet,  "•  [ME.,  also  barrais,  barres,  barrax, 
<  OF.  barras,  a  barrier,  <  barre,  a  bar:  see  barl, 
and  cf.  cmbarra.'i.s;  debarra.s.f.]  1.  A  barrier  or 
outwork  in  front  of  a  fortress. —  2.  The  bar  of 
a  tribunal.  [Kare.]  —  3.  A  hindrance  or  ob- 
struction. [Rare.]  —  4.  The  iuclosure  within 
which  knightly  encounters  took  jilace.  Hence 
—  5.  Hostility;  contention;  strife.     X.  E.  D. 

barrack  (bar'ak),  n.  [=  D.  barak  =  G.  baracke, 
barake  =  Dan"  barakke,  <  F.  baraque,  <  It.  ba- 
racca  =  Sp.  Pg.  barraca,  a  tent,  soldier's  hut: 
of  uncertain  origin.  Some  compare  Gael,  and 
Ir.  barrachad,  a  hut  or  booth;  Gael,  barrach, 
top  branches  of  trees;  Bret,  barrek,  full  of 
branches,  <  bar,  a  branch:  see  6«)l.]  1.  A 
building  for  lodging  soldiers,  especially  in  gar- 
rison ;  a  pennanent  building  or  range  of  build- 
ings in  which  both  officers  and  men  are  lodged 
in  fortified  towns  or  other  places. 

He  [Bishop  Halll  lived  to  see  his  cathedral  converted 
into  a  barrack  and  his  palace  into  an  alehouse. 

T.  Wai-ton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  IV.  2. 

2.  A  large  buililing,  or  a  collection  of  huts  or 
cabins,  especially  within  a  common  inclosure, 
in  which  large  ntimbers  of  men  are  lodged. 

Most  of  the  quarrymen  ai-e  Bretons,  and  live  in  wooden 
barracks.  Ansted,  Channel  Islands,  L  6. 

The  railway  has  come  close  under  the  walls  of  the  chateau, 
while  an  ugly  barrack  has  sprung  up  tm  the  other  side. 

Contemporary  Bee.,  L.  329. 

[In  both  senses  generally  in  the  plural.]  —  3. 
A  straw-thatched  roof  supported  by  four  posts, 
under  which  hay  is  kei>t,  and  wMch  is  capa- 
ble of  being  raised  or  lowered  at  pleasure. 
In  Maryland,  and  perhaps  elsewhere,  the  word  is  used  for 
a  building  of  any  kin<l  intended  for  tlie  storage  of  straw 
or  hay.  lU.  S.]— Barraclt  allowance,  a  speciflc  quan- 
tity of  bread,  beef,  wood,  coal,  etc.,  issued  by  authority  to 
British  regiments  stationed  in  ban-acks.— Barrack  case- 
mate, a  bomb-proof  casemate  for  shelter  and  supplies. 
Also  called  .•<tore  ea.'^euiate. 

barrack-master  (bar'ak-m&s't^r),  n.  The  of- 
ficer who  suiieriiifi-iids  the  barracks  of  soldiers. 
— Barrack-master  general,  an  oihcer  who  superintends 
the  eonstrncti"!!  ;uiil  repairs  of  barracks,  and  adapts  the 
accommodation  to  the  requirements.     [Eng.] 

barraclade  (bar'a-klad),  n.  [<  D.  baar,  =  E. 
ftrtCfl,  -I-  kleedz=E.  cloth.]  A  home-made  woolen 
blanket  without  nap.  [Peculiar  to  those  parts 
of  New  York  originally  settled  by  the  Dutch, 
and  now  little  used,  if  at  all.] 

barracoon  (bar-a-kon'),  n.  [<  Sp.  harracon 
(used  in  the  West  Indies)  =Pg.  "barracao,  aug. 
of  Sp.  Pg.  barraca,  barrack:  see  barrack.]  A 
barrack  or  an  inclosiu-e  containing  sheds  in 
which  negro  slaves  were  temporaiily  detained; 
a  slave-pen  or  slave-depot.  Barracoons  formerly 
existed  at  v;irious  point.s  on  the  west  coast  of  .\frica,  also 
in  Cuba,  Bi-azil,  etc.  .African  barracoons  were  composed 
of  large  but  low-roofed  wooden  sheds,  and  wefe  sometimes 
provided  with  defensive  works,  ill  order  to  resist  attack 
from  the  British  forces  engaged  in  breaking  up  the  slave- 
trade. 

barracouta  (bar-a-ko'ta),  «.  A  corrupt  form 
of  barracuda. 

barracuda  (bar-a-kii'da),  n.  [Native  name.] 
A  large  voracious  fish.  Sphi/ro'na  pieuda,  of  the 
West  Indian  and  neighboring  seas.  It  belongs 
to  the  perch  fauuly,  and  is  from  6  to  10  feet  m 
length. 

barrad, barraid  (bar'ad,  -ad),  «.  [<  Ir.  bairread, 
baireud,  <  E.  barret-,  q.  v.,  or  from  the  F.  origi- 


rraS^a  (b^;^  nu'da;  n.  [Native  Aus-  barred  (b^i^d),  p  a.  1.  Secured  wUh  a  bar  or 
r™.  J  An  A,.stralia,i  Ush  CcnUodus  forsteri,  \'^l^  ■  ?«>  "  the  elose-harred  portal,"  ,S«  »  Ab- 
,f  the  order  Dip,,,,!,  representative  of  a  sub-    ^»^',  ^'^T^-  F»™.shed  or  made  vvitli  bars: 


barrad 

nal.]     A  conical  cap  of  very  ancient  origin, 

worn  by  the  Irish  till  as  late  as  the  seventeenth 

century, 
barragant  (bar'a-gan),  H.     Same  as  harracan. 
barrage  (biir'ajji  «.      [F.,  a  bar,  barrier,  dam, 

<  hurnr,  bar,'  obstruct,  <  barrc,  liar,  obstruc- 
tion :  see  ha  A  and  -«;/('.]  1 .  The  act  of  Ijarring ; 
specifically,  the  formation  of  an  artificial  ob- 
struction in  a  watercourse,  in  order  to  increase 
the  depth  of  tlio  water,  to  facilitate  irrigation, 
anil  for  otliir  purposes.— 2.  The  artificial  bar 
tlius  formed;  osjiecially,  one  of  those  on  the  barr6  (ba-ra'),« 
river  Nile  in  Egypt. 

barragont  (bar'a-gon),  «.     Same  as  harracan. 
lUi  rrwiiins  —  a  Kcntcfl  coi'ilf  il  stuff  iiiucli  in  vogue  at  that 
liTiu-  fi.i-  suniuiir  wear.  Gilhrrt  Whlli-.  Sellinnie,  v.  14. 

barragudo  (bar-a-gii'do),  n.  [S.  Araer.]  A  na- 
tive liiilian  nanVo  of  a  large  South  American 
moiikev  of  the  genus  Lagothrix. 

barraid,  ".    Se(!  bamid. 

barrakant,  ".     See  ban-acan 

barramunda 
t 

of  the  order  Dipnoi,  rej 

order  Monojntciimoiia.    It  attains  a  lengtli  of  6 

feet,  and  its  flesh  is  esteemed  for  food.    See 

Ceratodtis. 
barranca  (ba-rang'kii),  u.     [Sp.,  also  burranco 

=  Pg.  l)arraiico.'i  A  deep  ravine,  mountain- 
gorge,  or  defile:  a  word  frequently  used  by 

writers  on  Mexican  and  South  American  geog- 
raphy and  travel. 
Only  in  the  viilleys  of  erosion,  true  barancos,  into  wliich 

the  fire  cannot  penetrate.  ./.  J.  Heiii,  Japan  (trans.),  p.  83. 
barras^t (Ijar'as), «.   [Origin obscure.]  Acoarse 

Unen  fabric  originally  imported  from  Holland. 

The  word  was  in  use  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
barras-  (bar'as;  F.  pron.  ba-ra'),  n.      [F.,  < 

barrc,  a  bar,  in  ref.  to  its  appearance  on  the 

tree.]     The  French  name  for  the  turpentine 

obtained  in  tlie  south  of  France  from  rinus 

I'itiastfr.     Also  called  f/nlipot. 
barratt,  «.     [<  MK.  barrat,  barret,  harat,  haret, 

<  OF.  harat  (=  Pr.  harat  =  Sp.  harato  (obs.)  = 
It.  haratto),  m.,  also  harate  =  Pr.  harata  =  Sp. 
barata  (obs.),  f.  (ML.  haratus,  harutum,  and  ha- 
rata), of  uncertain  origin;  orig.  appar.  trafiic, 
dealing  (as  in  the  E.  deriv.  barter,  q.  v.),  then 
fraudulent  dealing,  fraud,  etc.  In  sense  3,  cf. 
Icel.  l>ardtta,  fight,  strife,  trouble.]  1.  Fraud; 
deception. — 2.  Trouble;  distress. 

How  he  has  in  greate  Ijarett  bene  sitlien  he  was  borne. 

Yoric  Plmjs,  i>.  179. 
3.  Contention;  strife. 

barratt,  ''.  i.  [Also  barret;  <  harrat,  »i.]  To 
(juarrel ;  brawl. 

barrathea-cloth,  «.     See  barathea-cloth. 

barrator  (bar'a-tor),  n.  [<  ME.  harator,  haritor, 
hareter,  haraiourjbaratur,  etc.,  <  AP.  *baratour, 
OF.  barateor  (=  Pr.  baratador  =  It.  barattatore ; 
ML.  harratator),  <  harater,  barter,  cheat,  de- 
ceive, <  harat,  etc.,  barter:  see  harrat.']  If.  In 
old  law,  one  who  buys  or  sells  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferment; a  simonist. —  2.  In  .Scots  law,  a  judge 
who  takes  a  bribe. — 3.  One  who  buys  or  sells 
offices  of  state. — 4.  One  who  commits  baiTatry ; 
one  who,  being  the  master  of  a  ship  or  one  of  its 
officers  or  seamen,  commits  any  fraud  or  frau- 
dulent act  in  the  management  of  the  ship  or 
cargo,  by  which  tho  owner,  freighters,  or  in- 
surers are  injured,  as  by  running  away  with 
the  ship,  sinking  or  deserting  her,  wilful  devi- 
ation fi-om  the  fixed  course,  or  embezzlement 
of  the  cargo. —  5t.  A  quarrelsome,  brawling 
person;  a  rowdy.  —  6.  One  who  frequently  ex- 
cites others  to  lawsmts  or  quarrels ;  a  common 
mover  and  maintainer  of  suits  and  controver- 
sies; an  encourager  of  litigation  between  other 
persons :  ehiefiy  in  the  phrase  common  barrator. 
See  barratri/,  4. 

Will  it  not  rullect  as  much  on  thy  character,  Nic,  to  turn 
barrator  in  thy  old  days,  a  stirrer  up  of  (jnarrels  amongst 
thy  neighl)ours?  Arbutfmot,  Hist,  of  .Tohn  Bull. 

Also  spelled  harratcr,  and,  especially  in  the 
last  sense,  harretor. 
barratoust  (bar'a-tus),  a.     [<  ME.  haratous,  < 
OF.  liaraliiis,  <  barat:  see  barrat.']     Conten- 
tious; quarrelsome. 
The  wiirM  is  tim  full  of  litigious  anil  harratmix  pennes. 
O.  Niinr;/,  CiL-nes  Supererogation,  p.  !)".    (iV.  K.  I).) 

barratrous  (bar'a^trus),  a.  [<  barratri/  +  -otis.] 
Of  the  nature  of  or  characterized  by  barratry; 
fraudident.     Also  s])clled  harretrous. 

barratrously  (bar'a-trus-li),  adr.  In  a  barra- 
trous or  fraudulent  inaimer;  by  barratry.  Also 
spelled  liarri  IroKsli/. 

barratry  (liar'a-tri),  n.  [<  ME.  harratrie,  < 
OF.  haraterie,  harterie  =  Pr.  haraiaria   (ML. 


468 

barataria),  <  barat:  see  barrat  and  -ry.]  1. 
The  jxu'cliase  or  sale  of  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ments or  of  offices  of  state.  See  barrator,  1,  3. 
—  2.  In  old  Scots  law,  the  taking  of  bribes  by  a 
judge. — 3.  The  fraud  or  offense  committed  by 
a  barrator.  See  barrator,  i. —  4.  A  vexatious 
and  persistent  inciting  of  others  to  lawsuits 
and  litigation;  a  stii-ring  up  and  maintaining 
of  controversies  an<l  litigation.  This  is  a  crim- 
inal offense  at  common  law. 
Also  harretry,  especially  in  tho  last  sense. 

[F., pp.  of  fcnncr,  bar,  < '<«rre, 
bar:  see  har^.]  1.  In  her.,  di\aded  by  a  bend 
sinister:  the  reverse  of  bendwise  or  bandc.  [This 
French  temi  is  used  because  English  heraldry  lias  no  single 
term  for  benilwise  in  a  sinister  sense.] 
2.  In  music  for  the  guitar  or  lute,  barred :  con- 
veying a  direction  to  press  with  the  forefinger 
of  the  left  hand  across  all  the  strings,  in  order 
to  raise  their  pitch,  and  thus  facilitate  a  tempo- 
rary change  of  key. 


as,  a  fLwe-barred  gate. — 3.  Oljstructed  by  a  bar, 
as  a  harbor. — 4.  Striped;  streaked:  used  espe- 
cially of  textile  fabrics:  as,  "barred  al  of  silk,' 
CVmHCcr,  Miller's  Tale. —  5.  In  muaic:  (a)  Mark- 
ed off  by  bars,  (ft)  Same  as  barre,  2. — 6.  In  her., 
same  as  harry^. 
barrel  (bar'ei),  «.  [<  ME.  hard,  harele,  harayl, 
<  UF.  b((reil,  baril,  mod.  F.  baril  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
harril  =  It.  harile  =  G.  bard  =  OBulg.  Serv. 
Russ.  barito  =  Pol.  baryla  (ban-ed  I)  =  Ntir. 
(iapi'/i,  <  ML.  harile,  harillus,  harcllus,  haiirilin, 
aban'el.  Origin  imcertain ;  perhaps  connected 
with  ft«»-l.  The  Celtic  words,  W.  baril  =  Gael. 
baraill=\v.  bairile  =  'M.anx  barrel z=Coru.  bal- 
liar,  are  of  E.  origin.]  1.  A  vessel  or  cask  of 
a  cylindrical  form,  generally  bulging  in  the  mid- 
dle, usually  made  of  wooden  staves  bound  toge- 
ther with  hoops,  and  having  flat  parallel  heads. 
—  2.  As  a  measure  of  capacity,  the  quantity  of 
anything,  liquid  or  solid,  which  a  barrel  should 
contain.  In  English  metrology  there  were  four  prin- 
cipal kinds  of  barrels :  tlie  wine-ljarrel  of  Sli  wine  gallons  ; 
the  London  ale-b.arrel  of  32  beer  gallons ;  the  ci  ■\nitry  ale- 
antl  beer-barrel  of  34  beer  gallons;  and  the  London  beer- 
barrel  of  36  beer  gallons.  The  wine-barrel  was  legalized 
in  the  reign  of  Richard  HI.,  the  others  under  Henry  VIII. 
I'niUr  (Je.irge  III.  the  barrel  of  ale  or  beer  for  town  and 
en\nitry  was  made  3(i  gallons.  Oil,  spirits,  tar,  and  pork 
were  niea-sureil  by  the  wine-barrel ;  vinegar,  by  the  barrel 
of  34  gallons.  A  barrel  of  eels  or  herrings  contained  iiO 
gallons  by  a  statute  of  Henry  VI.,  but  by  another  of  Eti- 
ward  IV.  this  was  made  42  gallons,  Salmon  and  spruce 
Ijeer  were  also  measured  by  barrels  of  42  gallons.  A  bar- 
rel of  beef,  wet  eodfisli,  or  lii'ney  contained  32  wine  gal- 
lons ;  but  honey  was  sometimes  sold  by  barrels  of  42  gal- 
lons of  12  pounds  each.  By  a  statute  of  George  III.,  a 
barrel  of  flsh  was  made  38  wine  gallons ;  but  a  Ijan-el  of 
s.alt  pilchards  or  mackerel  measured  50  gallons.  The  bar- 
rel of  apples,  coal,  or  nuts  contained  3  Winchester  Imsh- 
els,  each  of  8  gallons,  dry  measure.  The  barrel  of  ancho- 
vies contained  10  pounds  ;  of  gunjiowdcr,  100  pounds  ;  of 
raisins,  1  liiunlied\\ei\;lit ;  of  ciuidles,  120  pounds;  of  ba- 
rilla, potasli,  or  butter,  2  hundredweight  (but  only  106 
pounds  of  Essex  butter,  and  156  of  Sussex) ;  the  ban-el  of 
soap,  256  pounds.  A  barrel  of  plates,  by  a  statute  of 
Charles  II.,  contained  300  pounds.  There  were  besides  a 
great  variety  of  other  barrels  in  Scotland  and  Ireland.  In 
Eu;ilaiid  ttie  barrel  is  no  longer  a  legal  measure.  In  the 
I'nited  States  the  barrel  in  liquid  measm'e  is  commonly 
3U  gallons,  and  for  solid  substances  it  is  generally  a  unit 
of  weight,  a  barrel  of  floiu-,  for  example,  being  106  pounds, 
and  a  baiTel  of  beef  or  pork  200  pounds.  In  Maine  a  bar- 
rel of  fish  is  by  law  20O  pounds.  In  Louisiana  a  baiTel  in 
dry  measure  is  S\  bushels.  The  bushels  vary  in  different 
States.  On  the  continent  of  Em-ope,  ijrevious  to  the  in- 
troduction of  the  metric  system,  there  were  many  barrels. 
In  eacli  state  of  Italy  the  barite  for  wine  wixs  a  little 
smaller  than  that  for  oil ;  they  were  about  30  to  60  liters. 
The  barril  of  .Normandy  was  about  Wi  P.aris  pintes.  The 
baral  of  Montpellier  was  'l^'^  liters ;  the  barralloii  of  Bar- 
celona, 30f  litei^  ;  the  lifirtl  of  Kiga,  137|  liters.  The  bar- 
rique  was  commonly  larger  than  the  tjaril.  The  abbrevi- 
ation is  hhl.,  pi.  bbl^. 

3.  The  contents  of  a  barrel :  sometimes,  like 
bottle,  used  to  signify  intoxicating  drink. — 4. 
The  money  (especially  when  the  sum  is  large) 
supplied  by  a  candidate  in  a  political  cam- 
paign, for  campaign  expenses,  but  especially 
for  corrupt  purposes:  hence,  a  fcnrrci  campaign 
is  one  in  which  money  is  lavishly  employed  to 
bribe  voters:  in  this  sense  often  written  and 
pronounced  bar'l  (barl),  in  humorous  imitation 
of  vulgar  speech.  [U.  S.  jiolitical  slang.]  — 
5.  Anything  resembling  a  baiTel;  a  drum  or 
cylinder,  in  particular  — (a)  The  drum  or  roller  in  a 
crane,  about  winch  the  rope  or  chain  winds,  {b)  The  main 
portion  of  a  capst.an,  about  which  the  rope  ^vinds,  between 
tile  drundiead  at  the  top  and  the  pawl-rim  at  ttu'  bottom. 
See  cut  inider  capstan,  (r)  In  the  steering  apparatus  of 
a  ship,  the  cylinder  on  which  tile  tiller-ropes  or  -chains 
are  wound.  ((')  't'he  rim  in  a  ilnnii  or  i»ulU-y  almiit  which 
the  belt  works,  (c)  The  cylinder  stinided  with  pins  uliich 
in  the  barrel-organ  opens  the  key-valves,  and  in  the  nni- 
Hical  box  sets  in  vihrutiou  the  teeth  of  the  steel  comb  by 


barrel-organ 

which  the  sotmrl  is  produced.  (.0  The  cylintlrical  portion 
of  a  boiler  between  the  tire-box  and  the  smoke-box,  cou- 
taiiniig  the  tubes  or  tines.  (;/)  The  body  or  trunk  of  a 
(piadruped,  especially  of  a  horse,  ox,  etc. 

Lofty  is  hig  neck. 
And  elegant  his  head,  liis  Itairel  short. 

SiHf]lfton,  tr.  of  Virgil,  1. 151. 
(It)  The  cylindrical  ease  in  a  watch,  within  which  the 
mainspring  is  coiled,  and  round  which  the  chain  is  wound. 
(0  'the  chamber  of  a  pmnp,  in  which  the  piston  works. 
ij)  The  tube  in  a  lock  into  wliich  the  key  enters.  (A-)  The 
vibrating  portion  of  a  bell  between  the  lower  thickened 
part  or  sound-bow  and  the  top  or  canncui.  (0  The  hard, 
horny,  hollow  part  of  the  stem  of  a  feather,  the  calamus 
proper,  or  <|UilI.  See  cut  under  ajtvrt^ttajt.  (in)  That 
p,art  of  the  hilt  of  a  sword  which  is  grasped  by  the  hand. 
(n)  The  metal  tube  of  a  gun.— Barrel  Of  the  ear,  the 
tyiiiparmniorear-iliuio.  See ^'///'y"""""-  — Rolling-bar- 
rel, tumblmg-barrel,  atuml)ling-ho\,  or  vessel  i inted 

on  a  shaft  and  made  to  levcdve,  for  the  i>urposi-  of  polish- 
ing orcb-aiiiriL'  l'\'  attritii>n  materials  placed  within  it,  and 
for  cutting  shell.-ic,  etc— Slack  barrel,  a  coo|,cred  vessel 
shaped  like  a  cask,  but  not  made  water-tight,  being  in- 
tended for  dry  substances. 
barrel  (bar'ei),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  barreled  or 
barrelled,  jipr.  barreliny  or  harrellinfi.  [<  barrel, 
«.]  To  put  or  pack  in  a  banel  or  banels:  as, 
to  barrel  beef,  pork,  or  fish. 

stale  .  .  .  butter,  and  such,  I  fear,  it  is  by  the  being 
barrfUi'tl  np  so  long.  li.  Jt'uson,  Staple  of  News,  iL  1. 

barrel-bayonet  (bar'el-ba"o-net).  «.  A  bayo- 
net, formerly  used,  fitted  to  a  haft  which  was 
inserted  into  the  barrel  of  the  gun.  See  plug- 
bayonet. 

barrel-bellied  (bar'el-bel"id),  a.  Having  a 
round  and  protulierant  or  baiTel-shaped  belly. 

barrel-bolt  (bar'el-bolt),  n.  A  door-bolt  mov- 
ing in  a  cylindiieal  casing. 

barrel-buik  (bar'el-bidk),  n.  Xaut.,  a  measure 
of  capacity  for  freight,  equal  to  5  ctibic  feet. 
Eight  baiTcl-bidks,  or  40  cubic  feet,  are  equiva- 
lent to  one  ton  by  measurement. 

barrel-curb  (bar'ei-kerb),  )(.  An  open  cylin- 
der, 3i  or  4  feet  in  length,  fonued  of  strips  of 
wood  nailed  on  horizontal  circular  ribs  of  elm, 
used  as  a  mold  in  well-sinking  to  keep  the  ex- 
cavation cylindrical. 

barrel-drain  (bar'el-dran),  n.  A  cylindrical 
drain  of  nuisonrv. 

barreled,  barrelled  (bar' eld),  p.  a.  1 .  Packed, 
stowed,  or  stored  away  in  barrels:  as,  barreled 
butter. —  2.  Inclosed  in  a  cylinder  or  baiTel: 
as,  barreled  ho\t>i. —  3.  Having  a  barrel  or  bar- 
rels of  a  kind  or  number  indicated:  used  chief- 
ly in  composition:  as,  a  double-6nrrf?frf  gtin. — 
Barreled  crossbow.    See  cragsbou: 

barrelet,  «.     See  bamdct. 

barrel-filler  (bar'cl-fil'er),  n.  An  apparatus 
for  filling  barrels,  provided  with  an  automatic 
aiTangement,  generally  in  tlie  nature  of  a  float, 
for  cutting  off'  the  supply  of  liquid  in  time  to 
prevent  overflow. 

barrel-fish  (bar'el-fish),  H.  A  name  of  the 
log-fish  or  rudder-fish  (which  see).  Lints  xjerci- 
fonnis,  of  the  family  Stroniatcidw. 

They  are  almost  always  found  in  the  vicinity  of  floating 
baiTels  and  spars,  and  sometimes  inside  of  the  barrels. 
Hence  the  fishernien  call  them  bam-l-tisli,  th"  >ngh  the  most 
usual  name  is  rudder-ttsh.         Staiul.  yat.  Hist.,  III.  1!)1. 

barrel-gage  (bar'el-gaj),  n.  An  automatic 
device  to  indicate  when  a  barrel  is  full,  or  to 
shut  off  the  supply  and  prevent  overflow. 

barrel-hooks  (bar'el-hukz),   n.  pi.     A  pair  of 
iron  hooks  for  lifting  bar- 
rels by  tlie  chines. 

barrelled,  p.  a.      See  bar- 
reled. 

barrel-lifter  (bar '  el  -  lif  '- 

ter),  n .  A  hand-tool  f or  Uft- 
iiig  a  barrel  by  the  chines. 

barrel-loom  (bar'el-lom), 
n.  1.  A  loom  in  which 
the  pattern  of  the  fabric 
to  be  woven  is  determined 
by  a  chain  of  perforated 
cards  passing  over  a  drum 
or  barrel.  See  Jacijitaril 
loom,  under  loom. —  2.  A 
loom  in  wliich  pins  pro- 
jecting from  a  revolving  barrel  detenuine  the 
elevation  and  depression  of  the  warp-threads. 

barrel-organ  (Tiar'el-6r"gan),  «.  An  organ 
with  a  eylinder  or  barrel  tiu'ued  by  a  crank 
and  furnished  with  pegs  or  staples,  which, 
when  the  barrel  revolves,  open  a  series  of 
valves  admitting  currents  of  air  from  a  bellows 
.actuated  by  the  sjune  motion  to  a  set  of  pipes, 
thus  jiroducing  a  time  either  in  melody  or  in 
harmony.  In  another  form  of  the  instrument  wires  like 
those  of  the  piano  lU'e  acted  on  iusteiul  of  pipes.  Many 
large  instruments  have  been  made  on  this  principle,  but 
it  is  ehietly  applied  to  the  himd-oi'gaus  carried  about  by 
street  musicians. 


B.irTel-hooks. 


barrel-pen 

barrel-pen  (l)ar'el-p(>M),  ».  A  pon  with  a  oy- 
limlrical  shauk  adaptiug  it  to  slip  upon  a  rouii(i 
liolili'i-. 

barrel-pier  (bar'd-per),  «.  A  support  for  a 
military  bridgo  t'orracil  of  empty  (basics  or  bar- 
rels joined  together  in  a  raft,  in  the  absence  of 
pontoons  or  boats.  ti,,.  mfts  of  hani-ls  f.n-  tlu'  :il>ut. 
nu'iits  aru  iiiii<li'  fast  tii  the  slime  mi  caili  siili'  uf  tlu^ 
stream  yr  body  of  water  to  lie  crossed,  and  thosi-  fonniii;; 
the  piers  are  andiored  at  in-<ipei-  intervals  iietweeri  the 
two  bunks.  These  rafts  are  eonneeted  tiy  sleepers  or  tim- 
bers, whielt  are  bushed  to  tliem  and  support  tlie  i>1anks 
fiTiiiin;:  the  r<nidway  of  the  bridge. 

barrel-plate  (bar' el-plat),  ?(.  A  plate  employed 
in  niaeiiinc-guns  to  assemble  and  hold  the 
barrels  in  place  about  the  a.xis.  Th<:  Catling  K"n 
liius  a  front  and  a  rear  barrel-phite,  the  i»arrels  passini/ 
tlni.ni;b  l».Ui  jilates. 

barrel-saw  (bar'el-sa),  n.  A  cylinder  with  a 
serrated  edge,  or  a  band-saw  bent  into  a  eirele 
and  fitted  to  a  eylinili-ieal  frame,  used  for  eut- 
tiug  baiTel-staves,  fellies,  the  curved  work  in 
furniture,  etc. 

barrel-screw  (bar'el-skr6),  n.  A  powerful  ap- 
paratus consisting  of  two  large!  poppets  or 
male  screws,  moved  by  levers  inserted  into 
their  heads  upon  a  bank  of  jilank,  with  a  female 
screw  at  each  end :  of  great  use  in  starting  a 
launch.     Also  called  bed-screw. 

barrel-setter  (bar'el-set  "er),  n.  A  cylindrical 
mniidrel  used  for  straightening  the  barrel  or 
truing  the  bore  of  a  firearm. 

barrel-shaped  (bar'el-shapt),  a.  Having  the 
form  of  a  barrel,  that  is,  of  a  short  cylinder 
with  bulging  sides :  used  especially  in  describ- 
ing the  eggs  of  certain  insects. 

barrel- vault  (bar'el-valt),  n.  A  plain,  semi- 
cylindrical  vault,  much  used  by  ancient  archi- 
tects, and  employed  generally  by  medieval 
btiilders  before  the  reai>pearance  of  groined 
vaulting  at  the  close  of  the  eleventh  century. 

barrel-vise  (bar'el-\'is),  «.  A  bench-vise  whose 
.laws  are  grooved  longitudinally,  adapted  for 
holding  a  gun-barrel  or  other  similar  ob,ject. 

barrel- work  (bar'el-werk),  n.  In  iiiiiiiiiff,  pieces 
of  native  copjier  large  enough  to  be  sorted  out 
by  hand  and  shipped  in  liarrels,  but  not  large 
enough  to  come  under  the  head  of  mass  copper. 
Tlie  latter  is  sent  to  the  sineltin'^'works  after  l)eing  cut,  if 
necessary,  into  pieces  of  niananr.-itile  size,  and  is  sliipped 
witliont  beiiif^  barreled.     [Lake  Superior.) 

barren  (bar'en),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
liiuriiiiw,  <  ME.  harcin,  hariiiii,  <  OF.  *haniiii, 
braliain,  hrchuing,  fem.  barainc,  baraii/iie,  hrc- 
haieine,  mod.  P.  brehaujne,  barren :  oiigin  un- 
known.   The  Bret,  hrechaijn,  sterile,  is  fi'om  F.] 

1.  ((.  1.  Incapable  of  producing  or  that  does  not 
produce  its  kind :  applied  to  animals  and  plant  s. 

There  shall  not  be  male  or  female  barren  among  ymi. 

Dent.  vii.  14. 
In  particular  — (a)  Sterile;  castrated:  said  of  male  ani- 
mals,   {h)  Without  fruit  or  seed:  said  of  trees  or  plants. 

(c)  Hearing  no  children  ;  childless  ;  without  issue  ;  said  of 
a  woman. 

The  name  of  Abr.am's  wife  was  Saral,  .  .  .  but  .Sarai  was 
barren ;  she  liad  no  child.  Gen.  xi.  29, :«). 

For  aye  to  be  in  shady  cloister  mew'd. 
To  live  a  barri^n  sister  all  yotu-  life. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  1. 

(d)  Not  bearing  or  pregnant  at  the  usual  season  ;  said  of 
female  animals:  as,  barren  heifers. 

2.  Producing  little  or  no  vegetation;  unpro- 
ductive; unfruitful;  sterile:  applied  to  land. 

Another  rocky  valley  yawned  beneath  us,  and  another 
barren  stony  hill  rose  up  beyond. 

H.  Curz'tn,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p-  Hi. 

8.  In  mininft,  unpro<luctivo ;  unprofitable :  aji- 
plied  to  rocks. — 4.  Void  of  vital  genns. 

It  is  particularly  ditficult  to  protect  a  liquiil  from  all 
germs,  or  to  destroy  all  those  which  have  penetnited  it ; 
however,  it  is  possible,  and  the  liquid  is  llu-u  .said  to  lu- 
barren.  .Scienee,  111.  r>. 

5.  Mentally  unproductive ;  lurresponsive ;  dull; 
stupid.     [Rare.] 

There  be  of  them,  that  will  themselves  laugh,  to  set  on 
some  quantity  of  barren  spectators  to  laugh  too. 

Shak:,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

6.  Devoid;  lacking;  wanting:  with  of:  as,  a 
hill  barren  o/ trees;  a  mind  barren  «/ ideas. 

Our  latest  letters  from  America  are  of  the  middle  of 
April,  and  are  extremely  barren  of  news. 

Je^ertmn,  Correspondence,  I.  212. 

It  is  impossible  to  look  without  amazement  on  a  mind 
so  fertile  in  combinations,  yet  so  barren  of  inniges. 

Maea idaii,  Petrarch. 

7.  Not  producing  or  leading  to  anything;  prof- 
itless ;  fruitless :  as,  barren  tears ;  a  barren  at- 
tachment.—  8.  Destitute  of  interest  or  attrac- 
tion; unsuggestive ;  uninstructivc;  bald;  bare: 
as,  a  barren  list  of  names. 


459 

But  it  [Duomo  of  Florence]  is  impressive  within  from 

it,s  vast  open  spaces,  and  from  the  stately  anil  simple, 

though  harren,  grandeur  of  its  piers  and  vaults  and  walls. 

C.  K  Niirinn,  Church-building  in  -Middle  Ages,  p.  2211. 

Barren  flowers,  sucdi  as  for  any  reason  produce  no  seed. 
Barren  ^ound,  unproductive  beds  of  rock :  usetl, 
cspcijally  u  itb  regard  to  coal,  for  areiis  where  there  is  no 
coal-sc;im  of  snilicicnt  thickness  to  be  worked  with  prollt, 
-Barren  measures,  in  tie»L,  tho.se  portions  of  coal- 
mcjLsnrcs  which  contain  no  workable  seams  of  coal. 
Barren  signs,  in  a«inl.,  Ocmini,  Uo,  and  Virgo.-  Bar- 
ren stamens,  in  &u/.,  such  as  proiluee  no  pollen  in  the 
anther 

II,  H.  A  tract  or  region  of  more  or  less  un- 
productive land,  partly  or  entirely  treeless. 
The  term  is  best  known  in  the  I'nited  States  as  the  name 
of  a  <listrict  in  Kentucky,  "  the  Barrens,'"  underlaid  by 
the  subcarbonifer<ni3  limestone,  but  possessing  a  fertile 
stjil,  which  was  nearly  or  ipiite  treeless  when  that  .State 
began  to  be  settled  by  the  whites,  but  which  at  present, 
where  not  cultivated,  is  partly  covered  with  trees.  In 
northeastern  Canada  the  name  barreim  is  given  to  tree- 
less, gi'ass-covered  areas,  once  the  beds  of  lakes,  but  in)W 
desiccated  anil  in  most  cases  the  exact  counterpart  of  va- 
rious tracts  existing  in  the  western  United  States,  and 
there  generally  called  i>rffiV(>*',  hut  sometimes  fiulej;.  The 
pine-barrens  of  the  southern  Atlantic  States  are  sandy 
plains  on  which  is  a  valuable  growth  of  southern  or  long- 
leafed  pine,  rinttji patu-stris. 

The  "pine  barren"  is  traversed  by  several  excellent 
ro.ads.  and  a  morning  ride  or  drive  while  the  ilelicateliaze 
still  lingers  among  the  forest  of  stems,  and  the  air  is  full 
of  the  fresh  scent  of  the  pine  woods,  is  not  eiLsily  for- 
gotten. Forlnhjhilu  Keij.  (.V.  ».),  .\.\.\I.\.  178. 

To  fertilize  especially  the  barrens  of  Surrey  ami  Berk- 
shire. KiMjdeij,  Life,  II.  100. 

barrent  (bar'en),  v.  t.  [<  barren,  o.]  To  ren- 
der barren  or  rmproduetive. 

barrener  (bar'cn-er),  n.  [<  barren,  a.,  1  ((/).J 
A  cow  not  in  calf  for  the  year. 

barrenly  (bar'en-li),  adv.     Unfruitfully. 

barrenness  (bar'en-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  bnrcyncsse, 
banjnts,  etc. ;  <  barren  +  -«ras.]  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  barren.  («)  incapability  of  pro- 
creation ;  want  of  the  power  of  eonceptioll. 

I  pray'd  (or  children,  and  thought  barrenness 

In  wedlock  a  reproach.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  3r)2. 

(6)  Want  'if  b  rtility  ;  total  or  partial  sterility ;  infertility: 
as,  till-  hureeiiite^x  of  the  land,  (c)  Want  of  the  power  of 
produritiu'  anylbing  ;  want  of  instructiveness,  suggestive- 
ness,  interest,  or  the  like;  want  of  matter:  as,  "barren- 
)t.'.s>'  <if  invention," />n/(irti. 

And  this  leads  me  to  wonder  why  Lisideius  and  many 
others  slxnild  cry  up  the  barrenness  of  the  French  plots, 
above  the  variety  and  copiousness  of  the  FiUgltsh. 

Dryden,  Ess.  on  Dram.  Poesy. 
The  barrenness  of  his  fellow  students  forced  him  gener- 
ally into  other  company  at  his  hours  of  entertainment. 

Johtison,  Kamhler,  Mo.  19. 

(»/)  Defect  of  emotion,  sensibility,  or  fervency. 

The  greatest  saints  sometimes  are  fervent,  and  some- 
times feel  a  barrenness  of  devotion.  Jer.  Taijlnr. 

barren-spirited  (bar'en-spir'i-ted),  a.  Of  a 
pfiiir  or  mean  spirit.     Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  1. 

barrenwort  (bar'en-wert),  71.  [<  barren  + 
leorl^.]  The  common  name  of  Epimedium,  a 
genus  of  low  herbaceous  plants,  natural  order 
Berberidacca;  having  creeping  roots  and  many 
stalks,  each  of  which  has  three  flowers.  The 
only  Ein-opean  species  is  A',  atpiituin.  Species  occur  also 
in  central  Asia  and  Japiin.— American  barrenwort, 
Vanciiuveria  hexandra,  a  nearly  allied  speiics  found  in 
Oregon. 

barret't,  «■  [<  F.  barrette  (=  Sp.  barreta),  dim. 
of  Ixirrv,  a  bar:  see  6«rl.]     A  little  bar. 

barret-  (bar'et),  n.  [Also  baret,  <  F.  barrette 
=  Pi',  barreta,  berrcta  =  Sp.  birrcta  =  It.  hir- 
retta:  see  biretta  and  birru.s.']  1.  Same  as  bi- 
retla. —  2.  A  sort  of  ancient  military  cap  or 
headi)ieco.     Scott.    Also  called  barret-cap. 

barret'H,  "•     See  barrat. 

barret-cap  (bar'et-kap),  n.   Same  as  barrefi,  2. 

(Hd  England's  sign,  St.  George's  cross, 
liis  barret'Cap  did  gr.ice. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  10. 

barretero  (bar-e-ta'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  <  barreta, 
dim.  of  Inirra,  a  bar,  crowbar:  see  barrel^  and 
&«)•!.]  A  miner  who  wields  a  crowbar,  wedge, 
or  pick. 

The  ores  .  .  .  are  so  soft  that  a  single  barretero  can 
throw  down  many  tons  a  day. 

L.  Hamilton,  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  73. 

barretor,  barretry,  etc.    See  barrator,  etc. 

barr-flsh  (biir'fish),  m.  [Cf.  bar'^.]  A  name  of 
the  crappio,  Pomoi-ys  annularis,  a  ceutrarchoid 
fish.     See  cut  imder  crappie. 

barricade  (bar-i-kiid'),  n.  [First  in  the  form 
harricado  (after  Sp.),  <  F.  barricade  =  It.  Iiar- 
rieata,  <  Sp.  Pg.  barricada,  a  barricade,  lit. 
made  of  barrels,  <  liarrica  (=  F.  barri(jue),  a 
barrel,  prob.  <  barra.  a  bar:  see  bar''-,  and  cf. 
barrel.]  1.  A  hastily  made  fortification  of 
trees,  earth,  paving-stones,  palis;ides,  wagons, 
or  anything  that  can  obstruct  the  progress  of 
au  enemy  or  serve  for  defense  or  security. 


barrier 

F.v'n  tho'  thrice  again 
The  red  foi)l-fury  of  the  Seine 
Should  pile  her  barricades  with  dead. 

Tennyson,  In  Mcmoriam,  cxxvii. 

2.  A  temporary  baiTier  of  any  kind  designed 
to  obstruct  passage  into  or  through  a  space  in- 
tended to  be  kept  free  for  a  particular  use. — 

3.  Any  bar  or  obstruction ;  that  which  defends. 
There  nmst  be  such  a  barricade  as  would  greatly  annoy 

or  alisolutely  stijp  the  currents  of  the  atmosphere. 

Derham. 
4t.  In  naval  arch.,  a  strong  wooden  rail,  sup- 
ported by  stanchions,  extending  across  the  fore- 
most part  of  the  ([uarter-tleck,  in  ships  of  war, 
and  bucked  with  ro|)es,  mats,  piecesof  old  cable, 
and  full   hammocks,  as  a  protection   against 

small  shot  in  time  of  action.  =Syii.  liar,  etc.    Heo 

barrier. 

barricade  (bar-i-kfid'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
ricaded, ii\ii:  barrieadinf/.  [<  barricade,  «.]  1. 
To  obstruct  or  block  (a  ]>ath  or  passage)  with 
a  barricade. —  2.  To  block  or  render  impass- 
able. 

Now  all  the  pavement  sounds  with  trampling  feet. 
And  the  mix'd  hurry  barricades  the  street. 

(jait.  Trivia,  iii. 
3.  To  shut  in  and  defend  with  a  barricade; 
hem  in. 

Ue  is  so  hetrricado'd  in  his  house, 
And  arm'il  with  guard  still. 

Ctia/nnan,  Kevenge  of  Bussy  D'Ambois,  i.  1. 
Also  formerly  barricado. 
barricader   (bar-i-ka'der),  n.     One  who  barri- 
cades. 
barricadot  (bar-i-kii'do),  n.  and  r.     Same  as 
barricade:  the  oUkir  form  in  English  use. 

shall  I  have  a  barricado  made  against  my  friends,  to  be 
barred  of  any  pleasure  they  can  bring  in  ttt  me? 

/>.  Junson,  Epiciene,  iii.  2. 

barricot,  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  barrica,  a  cask,  barrel : 
see  barricade.]    A  small  barrel  or  keg. 

barrier  (bar'i-er),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bar- 
ter, harijcr  (with  teiTU.  accom.  to  mod.  F.), 
<  ME.  barrere,  barvre,  <  AF.  barrere,  OF.  bar- 
riere,  F.  barriire  =  Pr.  It.  barriera  =  Sp.  bar- 
rera  =  Pg.  barreira  (ML.  refle.v  barrera),  <  ML. 
*barraria,  a  ban-ier,  <  barra,  a  bar:  see  6nrl.] 
1.  In  fort.,  anj-thiug,  as  a  palisade  or  stock- 
ade, designed  to  obstruct  entrance  into  a  for- 
tified place. —  2.  j)l.  The  palisades  or  railing 
surrounding  the  ground  where  tourneys  and 
justs  were  carried  on  ;  hence,  the  sports  them- 
selves (formerly  sometimes  with  the  plural  in  a 
singular  sense). 

Deny  me  not  to  stay 
To  see  a  barriers  prepared  to-night- 

Webster,  White  Devil,  iv.  4. 

The  young  Earl  of  Essex  and  otheis  among  them  enter- 

taineil  her  majesty  with  tiltings  and  tourneys,  barriers, 

mock  lights,  and  such  like  arts.        Ohhjs,  Sir  W.  Kaleigh. 

3.  Any  obstruction ;  anything  which  hinders 
approach,  attack,  or  progress;  anything  stand- 
ing in  the  way ;  an  obstacle :  as,  to  build  a 
wall  as  a  barrier  against  trespassers ;  consti- 
tutional barriers. 

Constantly  strengthernng  the  barriers  opposed  to  our 
pjuisions.  lip.  I'vrteons,  Works,  II.  iv. 

A  barrier  to  defend  us  from  popery. 

ISp.  Unmet,  Hist.  Own  Times,  an.  16S5. 

4.  A  fortress  or  fortified  town  on  the  frontier 
of  a  country. 

The  ipieen  is  guarantee  of  the  Dutch,  having  possession 
of  the  barrier,  and  the  revenues  thereof,  before  a  peace. 

Sm/t. 

5.  A  limit  or  boundary  of  any  kind ;  a  line  of 

separation. 

I  w:is  jicrsuadcd  that  when  once  that  nice  ftnmVr  which 
marked  the  boundaries  of  what  we  owed  to  each  other 
should  be  thrown  ilown,  it  might  be  propped  again,  but 
could  never  bo  restored.  A.  Hamilton,  Works,  I.  213. 

6.  The  gate,  in  towns  on  the  continent  of  Eu- 
rope, at  which  local  revenue  duties  are  collected. 
—  7.  In  China,  a  subordinate  customs  station 
placed  on  an  inland  trade-route  for  the  collec- 
tion of  duties  on  goods  in  transit. — 8.  In  coal- 
mining, a  solid  block  of  coal  left  unworked 
between  two  collieries,  for  secm-ity  against  the 
accidents  which  might  occur  in  consequence  of 
communication  between  them.  [Eiig.] —  Bar- 
rier Act,  the  name  given  to  an  act  pjisjieil  by  the  iJcneral 
Assembly  of  the  church  of  Scotland  in  lt)i)7,  providing 
tliat  no  change  can  be  made  in  the  laws  of  the  church 
without  lirst  being  submitted  to  all  the  presbyteries  for 
their  judg7nent,  ;inii  having  received  the  approval  of  at 
leiust  a  nmjnritv  of  thcni.  The  Banier  Act  is  held  both 
by  the  Established  ami  by  the  free  Church  as  of  high  im- 
portance, and  analogous  regulations  have  been  adopted 
by  other  Picsbyterian  chnrches.  — Barrier  reef.  See 
r*-*:/".— Barrier  system,  in  North  of  Kn^zhiml coal-tnininp, 
a  liiethoilof  working  a  cial-miue  by  pillar  and  stall,  when 
siiliil  masses  or  barriers  of  coal  are  left  between  the  work- 
ing places.  -  Barrier  treaty,  a  treaty  living  the  frontier 
of  a  eounti7 ;  especially,  tile  treaty  signed  at  .\ntwerp, 
Nov.  15,  1715,  by  Austria,  Great  Britain,  and  the  Nether- 


barrier 

lands,  determininp  the  reliiti<ins  of  the  Dutch  and  the 
Austrinns  in  the  strate^'ic  towns  of  the  Low  ConntriL's. 
=  Syil.  3.  Bar,  liarrifr.  Barricade.  Bar  is  the  must  pen- 
eml,  and  takes  ahnost  all  the  many  IlKurative  nieiuiings. 
Barrier  is  also  full  in  Ilgurative  nieaniuK.  Barricade  is 
confined  strictly  to  obstructituis  set  with  tlie  specific  inten- 
tion of  stopping  passage,  as  in  streets  and  narrow  passes. 
My  spirit  beats  her  mortal  harf. 

Trniufsoiit  Sir  Galahad. 

Tlie  barriers  which  they  hullded  from  the  soil 

To  keep  the  foe  at  hay.  Briiniit.  The  i'rairies. 

The  .Milanese  threw  up  itarricades  at  their  leisure,  and 

still  the  Austrian  government  reniaineil  passive  sjiectators 

of  this  defiance  of  the  Imperial  authority. 

E.  Diceij,  Victor  Kmmannel,  p.  77. 

barrier  (bar'i-i^r),  r.  1.  [<  barrier,  ».]  To  shut 
ill  or  off  with  ;i  barrier. 

barrier-gate  (bar'i-er-gat),  n.  A  gate  which 
closes  the  entrance  through  a  stockade  or  bar- 
rier. 

barrigudo  (bar-i-go'do),  «.  [Sp.  Pg.,  big-bel- 
litnl,  <  Ixirrhja,  bcfly ;  of  uncertain  origin.]  The 
Brazilian  name  for  several  monkej's  of  the  ge- 
nus Lagothrix.  They  .%re  the  largest  of  South  Amer- 
ican monkeys,  one  measuring  ."iS  inches  in  length,  of  which 
the  tail  c.uistituted  26. 

barring!  (bSr'ing),  K.  [Verbal  n.  of  Jarl.]  In 
viining.  timber  used  for  supporting  the  roof  or 
sides  of  shafts.     [Eng.] 

barring^  (biir'ing),  ppr.  as  iirep.  [Prop.  ppr.  of 
fca/'l.]  Excepting;  leaving  out  of  the  aecoimt; 
apart  from:  as,  barring  accidents,  I  shall  be 
there.     [Colloq.] 

Little  writing-desks,  constructed  after  the  fashion  of 
those  used  by  the  judges  of  the  land,  barring  the  French 
polish.  Dickens. 

barring-out  (bar'ing-ouf),  h.  Exclusion  from 
a  place  by  means  of  locks  or  bars ;  speciiifally, 
the  act  of  excluding  a  schoolmaster  from  school 
by  banieading  the  doors  and  windows :  a  bopsh 
sport  indulgeii  in  at  Christmas  in  Great  Britain, 
now  nearly  obsolete,  and  sometimes  practised 
for  mischief  in  parts  of  the  United  States. 
Revolts,  republics,  revolutions,  most 
No  gi-aver  than  a  schoolboys"  harrinfj-mit. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  Conclusion. 

barris  (bar'is),  ».  A  name  given  on  the  Guinea 
coast  to  the  chimpanzee,  and  also  to  the  man- 
driU. 

barrister  (bar'is-ter),  n.  [First  in  the  16th 
ceutm-y,  written  barrester,  barester,  later  bar- 
raster,  barrister  (NL.  barrasterius),  <  barre,  bar 
(6arl,  n.)  +  -ster,  the  term,  being  appar.  assim- 
ilated to  that  of  sophistcr,  etc.]  A  counselor 
or  an  advocate  learned  in  the  law,  admitted  to 
plead  at  the  bar  in  protection  and  defense  of 
clients :  called  in  full  a  barrister  at  law.  The  term 
is  more  especially  used  in  England  and  Ireland,  the  cor- 
responding term  in  Scotland  being  advocate  and  in  the 
United  States  counselor  at  law.  In  England  barristers 
alone  are  admitted  to  plead  in  the  superior  courts.  They 
must  previously  have  belonged  to  one  of  the  inns  of  court, 
and  are  di\ided  into  utter  or  outer  ba>'risters,  who  plead 
without  the  bar,  and  tjueen's  (or  kintj's)  counsel  or  Ser- 
jeants at  taw,  who  plead  within  the  bar. 

After  applying  himself  to  the  study  of  the  law  Bacon 
was  admitted  in  his  twenty-second  year  (1582)  as  an  ftter 
Barrister  of  Gray's  Inn.  E.  A.  Abbott,  Bacon,  p.  15. 

Inner  barrister.    Same  as  bencher,  I. 

bar-roll  (biir'rol),  n.  A  bookbinders'  tool,  of 
circidar  form,  that  makes  a  broad,  flat  line  on 
the  sides  or  backs  of  books. 

bar-room  (bar'rom),  11.  A  room  in  a  public 
house,  hotel,  restam-ant,  or  other  place  of  re- 
sort, containing  a  bar  or  counter  where  liquors 
or  other  refreshments  are  served. 

barrow^  (bar'o),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baroic, 
barroiigh  (mod.  dial,  bargli,  barf,  q.  v.,  also 
berry-);  <  ME.  berw,  bcrug,  berg,  beryh,  beoriih 
(also,  with  vowel  appar.  affected  by  association 
■with  other  words,  borw,  borgh,  burgh,  etc., 
whence  the  mod.  form  with  differentiated 
meaning  burrow-,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  bcorg,  beorh 
=z  OS.  berg  =  OFries.  berg,  berch  =  D.  bei-g  = 
0H6.  berg,  MHG.  bcrc,  G.  berg  (>  E.  berg  in  ice- 
berg) =  Sw.  berg  =  Dan.  bj(Erg  =  Goth,  "bairgs 
(in  deriv.  bairgahei,  a  motmtainous  district),  a 
hUl,  mountain,  =  Ieel.  berg,  bjarg,  a  rock,  preci- 
pice, =  Olr.  brigh,  Ir.  bri  =W.  bre  =  Bret,  bre,  a 
motmtain,  hill  (cf.  W.  bri/,  high),  =  OBulg.  bregH 
=  Serv.  brijeg  =  Bohem.  breh  =  Pol.  br~eg  = 
Russ.  beregu,  shore,  bank ;  cf.  Zend  berc~anh,  a 
height,  bcrezant,  high,  =  Skt.  brihant,  strong, 
mighty,  lofty,  ppr.  of  vf  brih,  barh,  be  thick,  be 
strong.  The  orig.  notion  is  that  of  a  height, 
and  there  is  no  connection  with  AS.  beorgan, 
etc.,  cover:  see  6Hn/l.]  If.  A  hill  or  motm- 
tain: originally  applied  to  hills  or  moiuitaiiis 
of  any  height,  even  the  greatest,  but  later  re- 
stricted to  lower  elevations.  In  this  sense  the 
word  survives  only  in  provincial  use  or  as  a 
partot  local  names  in  England. —  2.  A  mound; 
a  heap.     [Prov,  Eng.]     In  particular — 3.  A 


460 

mound  of  earth  or  stones  raised  over  a  grave; 
a  sepulcliral  mound;  a  tumulus.  Harrows  are 
among  the  most  important  monumciits  of  primitive  an- 
tiquity.    'J'hcy  are  found  in  Great  Hritain  and  other  dis- 


Bowl  Barrow. 

tricfs  of  Europe,  and  in  North  America  and  Asia.  They 
are  distinguished,  according  to  their  peculiarities  of  form 
anil  construction,  ;is  lowj,  broad,  bowl,  bell,  coiw,  etc.,  bar- 
rows.  In  the  more  ancient  barrows  tlie  bodies  are  found 
lying  extended  on  the  gr-iund,  with  ini])lements  and  weap- 
ons of  stone  or  hone  beside  thcni.  In  barrows  of  later 
date  the  implements  arc  of  lironzc,  and  sometimes,  though 


Long  Barrow. 

rarely,  of  iron,  while  the  remains  are  often  inclosed  in  a 
stone  or  earthenware  cist  and  doubled  up.  Where  the 
body  was  burned  the  ashes  were  usually  deposited  in  an 
urn.  Barrow-burial  is  supposed  not  to  have  been  aban- 
doned in  Great  Britain  until  the  eighth  century.  In  Eng- 
land, Wilts  and  Dorset  are  the  counties  in  which  barrows 
most  abound.  Stone  b.arrows  in  Scotland  are  called  cairns. 
The  numerous  barrows  of  North  America  are  generally 
classed  along  with  other  ancient  earthworks  as  mounds, 
or  distinguished  as  burial-mounds. 

\Miilst  the  term  tumulus  is  almost  exclusively  used  in 
speaking  of  the  sepulchral  mounds  of  the  ancient  Greeks, 
and  the  conical  mounds  fonned  by  the  Komans,  adjoining 
their  camps  and  stations,  to  serve  as  land-marks  and 
watching-stations,  it  is  used  inditferently  with  the  word 
barrow  to  designate  the  sepulcliral  mounds  of  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  this  and  other  northern  countries. 

Audsley,  III.  18. 
A  long  street  climbs  to  one  tall-tower'd  mill ; 
And  high  in  heaven  behind  it  a  gray  down 
With  Danish  barrows.  Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

4.  A  burrow  or  warren.     See  burrow'^,  berry". 
The  coney-6arroiO  of  Lincoln's  Inn  is  now  covered  by 

smooth  lawns.  Blackwood's  Mofj.,  XXII.  5S7. 

barrO'W^  (bar'o),  n.  [<  ME.  barrow,  barow, 
barowe,  harewe,  barwe,  <  AS.  "bearire  (a  form 
*berewe  is  cited  but  not  authenticated),  a  bar- 
row (cf.  D.  berrie,  MHG.  bere,  a  hand-barrow, 
MHG.  rade-ber,  G.  radberge,  radbiirge,  dial,  rade- 
berre,  a  wheelbarrow,  leel.  barar,  mod.  borur, 
pi.,  a  bier,  Sw.  bdr,  barrow,  bier,  Dan.  baare, 
bier,  AS.  bwr,  E.  bier;  also  L.  feretrum,  <  Gr. 
<j}cpcTpov,  a  litter,  bier,  all  from  the  same  ult. 
source),  <6ernrt, bear:  see  6carl  and  6(C)-.]  l.A 
frame  used  by  two  or  more  men  in  carrying  a 
load ;  formerly,  any  such  frame,  as  a  stretcher  or 
bier;  specifically,  a  flat  rectangular  frame  of 
bars  or  boards,  with  projecting  shafts  or  han- 
dles (in  England  called  trams)  at  both  ends,  by 
which  it  is  carried:  usually  called  a  hand-bar- 
row.— 2.  A  similar  frame,  generally  used  in  the 
form  of  a  shallow  box  with  either  flaring  or  up- 
right sides,  and  supported  in  front  formerly  by 
two  wheels,  now  by  a  single  small  wheel  in- 
serted between  the  front  shafts,  and  pushed  by 
one  man,  who  supports  the  end  opposite  to  the 
wheel  by  means  of  the  rear  shafts:  usually 
called  a  wheelbarrow. — 3.  A  frame  or  box  of 
larger  size,  resting  on  an  axle  between  two 
large  wheels,  and  pushed  or  puUed  by  means 
of  shafts  at  one  end;  a  hand-cart:  as,  a  cos- 
termonger's  barrow.  [Local  Eng.  (London)  and 
Scotch.] — 4.  A  barro-n-f ul ;  the  load  canied  in 
or  on  a  barrow. 

Have  I  lived  to  be  carried  in  a  basket,  like  a  barrow  of 
butcher's  offal ;  and  to  be  tlirown  in  the  Thames  ? 

SItak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  i. 

5.  In  salt-works,  a  wicker  case  in  which  the 
salt  is  put  to  drain. — 6.  The  egg-ease  of  a 
skate  or  a  ray :  so  called  from  its  resemblance 
to  a  hand-barrow. 

barrO'W^   (bar'o),  v.  t.      [<   barrow^,  ?i.]      To 

wheel  or  convey  in  a  barrow:   as,  to  barroio 

coal  in  a  pit. 
barrow^  (bar'o),  n.      [<  ME.  barow,  barowe, 

burn,  <  AS.  bearq,  bcarh  =  Pries,  baerg  =  D. 

barg,  berg  =  OHG.  barg,  barug,  MHO.  bare,  G. 

barch  =  Icel.    borgr,    a  castrated  boar.      Not 

connected,  as  sometimes  suggested,  with  L. 

verres,  a  boar,  Skt.  vardha,  a  boar.     Cf.  hog, 

of  the  same  orig.  sense.]     A  castrated  boar. 

Also  called  barrow-pig  or  barrow-hog.     [Now 

chiefly  prov.  Eng.] 

I  say  "gentle,"  though  this  barrow  grunt  at  the  word. 
Milton,  Colasteriou. 


bars-gemel 

barrow^  (bar'o),  «.  [<  ME.  berwe,  <  AS.  beam, 
a  grove  (=  Icel.  borr,  a  kind  of  tree) :  perhaps 
orig.  a  fruit-bearing  tree,  <  beran  =  Icel.  bera, 
bear.]  A  wood  or  grove :  a  word  8urvi\'ing 
only  in  English  local  names,  as  Jiarrow-in- 
Fumess,  Btirrow&eld. 

barrO'W'''  (bar'o),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  barry,  bar- 
ri( .  Origin  obscure,  perhaps  ult.  <  AS.  beor- 
gan, coviT,  protect.]     Same  as  barrow-coat. 

barrcw-coat  (bar'6-k6t),  «.  [E.  dial.,  also  bar- 
rivoat ;  <  barrow^  +  coat.']  A  square  or  oblong 
piece  of  flannel,  ^Tapped  round  an  infant's 
body  below  the  arms,  the  part  extending  be- 
yond the  feet  being  tm-ned  up  and  pinned. 
Also  called  barrow  and  barry. 

barro-wman  (bar'6-man),  n. ;  pi.  barrowmen 
(-men).  A  man  emploj-ed  in  wheeling  a  bar- 
row; sjiecifically,  in  coal-mining,  one  who  con- 
veys the  coal  in  a  wheelbarrow  from  the  point 
where  it  is  mined  to  the  troUeyway  or  tram- 
way on  which  it  is  carried  to  tlie  place  where 
it  is  raised  to  the  surface. 

barrcw-pig  (bar'6-pig),  «.     Same  as  barrow^. 

.-V  barrou'-piq,  that  is,  one  which  has  been  gelded. 

iJniden,  Plutarch,  II.  397. 

barrO'W-punip  (bar'6-pump\  n.  A  combined 
suction-  and  force-pump  mounted  on  a  two- 
wheeled  barrow. 

barrcw-tram  (bar'6-tram),  n.  The  tram  or 
shaft  of  a  wheelbarrow;  hence,  jocularly,  a 
raw-boned  fellow. 

Sit  down  there,  and  gather  your  wind  and  your  senses, 
ye  black  barrow-trani  o'  the  lark  that  ye  are.  Are  ye  fou 
or  fasting?  Scott,  Guy  llannering,  II.  xiii. 

barrcw-truck  (bar'6-truk),  )i.     A  two-wheeled 
hand-truck ;  especially,  such  a  truck  for  use  in 
moxing  baggage  or  freight. 
barro-wway  (bar'd-wa),  n.     In  coal-mining,  an 
underground  road  on  which  coal  is  transported 
from  the  place  where  it  is  mined  to  the  tram- 
way.    [Eng.] 
barnilee  (bar-o-la'),  a.   In  her.,  same  as  barruly. 
barrulet  (bar'6-let),  n.     [Also  barrulette,  dim. 
of  AF.  *barride,  dim.  of  OF.  barre,  a  bar :  see 
J«rl.]     In  her.,  a  diminutive  of  tlie  bar,  gen- 
erally considered   as  being  one  fourth  of  its 
width.     It  is  never  used  alone.     Also  written 
bnrrelet.     See  barruletty. 
barruletty  (bar'6-let-i),  a.     [<  bamdet.']     In 
her.,  ili\ided  into  barnilets:  said  of  the  heral- 
dic field.     See  barry-  and  barridy, 
barr'uly  (bar'o-li),  a.     [<  AF.  barruUe,  <  *bar- 
rule,  dim.  of  OF.  barre,  a  bar:  see  6orl.]     In 
her.,  di\'ided  into  bars  or  barrulets:  said  of  the 
field  when  di'vided  into  not  less  than  eight  parts  ;■ 
if  the  number  is  much  gi'eater,  it  is  called  bar- 
ruletty.   Also  barrulee. 
barryl  (bar'i),  n.    Same  as  barrow-coat.    [Prov. 
Eng.] 
barry-  (bii'ri),  a.     [<  F.  barre,  pp.  of  barrer, 
bar:  see  6ori,  r.]    In  her.,  divided  into  bars: 
said  of  the  heraldic  field.    The 
number  of  divisions  is  always  even  and 
is  always  mentioned,  as  6am/  of  /our 
pieces,  barry  of  six,  etc.;  if  there  are 
not  less  thaii  eight  divisions,  the  words 
barruly   and   barruletty   may    be    em- 
ployed.   Also  barred.—  Barry  bendy, 
divided  into  lozenges  by  the  intersection 
of  lines  drawn  barwise  and  bendwise. 
This  is  always  supposed  to  he  bendy 
Barry  of  six.  dexter;  when  ttendy  sinister,  it  is  writ- 

ten barry  bendy  sinister.  .Wso  bendt/ 
barry. — Barry  paly,  divided  both  barwise  and  palewise, 
and  therefore  either  cheeky  or  billety.  See  these  words.— 
Barry  pily,  divided  both  barwise  and  diagonally,  the 
division  forming  piles  across  the  field.  It  is  more  prop- 
erly blazoned  as  of  I'ites  ftarwise,  the  number  being  men- 
tioned.—  Barry 'wavy,  divided  into  waving  b.-iiids  of  gen- 
erally horizontal  direction  :  s:iid  of  the  field.  This  charge 
is  used  to  represent  water  in  e;ises  where  a  ship  or  tlie 
like  is  to  be  depicted  as  afloat. 
Barsac(bar'sak),  fl.  [F.]  A  general  name  for 
the  white  wines  made  in  Barsae,  department 
of  Gironde,  France.  All  the  Barsae  wines  are  sweet- 
ish; but  they  have  a  certilin  bitterness,  and  sometimes  a 
tarry  or  resinous  flavor,  which  prevents  their  being  lus- 
cious. 
barse  (bars),  «.  [The  original  form  of  the  word 
now  corrupted  to  bass  (see  6o.s'.fl) ;  <  ME.  barse, 
<  AS.  ba-rs,  bears,  ]ierch,  =  D.  baars  =  MHG. 
bars,  G.  barsch,  OHIt.  (with  added  formative) 
bersich,  a  perch;  prob.  aldn  to  birse,  tjristle,  q.  v. 
Cf.  Sw.  and  Dan.  aborre,  perch.]  The  com- 
mon perch.  [Local  Eng.  (West- 
morelnnd).] 
bars-gemel  (biirz'jem'el),  «.  pi. 
[<  liars  +  gi  niel,  q.  v.]  In  her., 
two  bars  placed  very  near  to- 
gether, ha\ing  more  of  the  field 
above  and  below  them  than  be- 
tween them.  Bari.eeniel. 


bar-shear 

bar-shear  (biir'slipr),  n.  A  maohino  for  cutting 
metal  bars,  u  rmisists  «t  a  very  stronu  frame  havliiK* 
a  fixed  Idwei-  lilniit'  riml  a  vertically  reciprocating  tipper 
blade,  between  wliieb  tile  bar  is  cut. 

bar-shoe  (biir'sho),  n.  A  kind  of  horseshoe 
liiiviiit;  11  bar  across  tlie  usual  opening  at  the 
liecl  tci  pnitoct  a  tender  frog  from  injury. 

bar-shooting  (bilr'sh()"ting),  n.  The  practice 
(if  sluKiliiig  wild  fowl  from  the  bars  of  rivers 
unci  Ijays. 

bar-shot  (biir'shot),  H.  1.  Double-headed  shot, 
consisting  of  a  bar  with  a  half-ball  or  round 
head  at  each  end,  for- 
merly used  for  destroy- 
ing masts  and  rigging  in 
naval  warfare. —  2.  In 
her.,  two  bullets  or  balls 


Q—O 


connected  by  a  short  bar  like  a  dumb-bell. 

bar-sight  (biir'sit),  n.  A  form  of  rifle-sight. 
.See  /»(;■),  10. 

barsowite  (biir'so-wit),  n.  [<  Barsow{skni}  + 
-it(~.]  A  mineral  occurring  as  the  ganguo  of 
blue  corimdum  at  Barsowskoi  or  Barsovskoi  in 
the  Ural.  Its  trae  nature  is  uncertain,  but  it 
may  be  identical  with  anorthite. 

Bart.  The  contraction  of  baronet  appended  to 
H  name :  as.  Sir  John  Doe,  Bart. 

bar-tailed  (biir'tald),  a.  Having  the  tail  barred 
crosswisi'  with  dilYcront  colors :  as,  the  bar- 
tailcil  godwit,  Limosa  laj/ponica.  See  cut  un- 
der Liiiiosa, 

bartender  (bitr'ten'dfer),  ».  A  barkeeper;  a 
waiter  in  a  bar-room  who  serves  out  drinks  and 
refreshments. 

barter  (biir'tfer),  r.  [<  late  'ME.  bartrcn  for 
*liart(>i,  'hareteu  (the  inserted  r  being  due 
perhaps  to  the  suflLx  of  the  OF.  infinitive,  or  to 
dependence  on  the  noun  barator,  bareter,  etc. : 
see  barrator),  <  OF.  bareter,  barater,  barter, 
truck,  cheat,  <  barat,  barate,  barete,  barter, 
cheating:  see  barrnt.\  I.  intrans.  To  traffic 
or  trade  by  exchanging  one  commodity  for  an- 
other, in  distinction  from  buying  and  selling  for 
money. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  give  (one  thing  or  com- 
modity) for  another  of  equivalent  or  supposed 
equivalent  value :  with  a  person,  for  (formerly 
icitli)  a  thing:  as,  to  barter  one's  jewels  for 
broad. 

As  my  faith  has  once  been  civen  to  you,  I  never  will 
barlcr  it  zi-ilh  another.  Sheridan,  The  Kivals,  v.  1. 

Rude  people  who  were  willing  to  barter  costly  furs  /or 
trifles.  Bancro/t,  Hist.  V.  S.,  I.  91. 

2.  To  exchange,  in  general To  barter  away,  to 

dispose  of  by  barter,  especially  in  an  unwise  or  dishonor- 
able way ;  bargain  away  :  as.  to  barter  away  human  rights 
for  the  patronage  of  the  great. 

He  ii\&o  bartered  aieai)  \Anius  .  .  .  for  nuts.  Locke. 

barter  (bilr'ter),  n.  l<barter,  v.'\  1.  The  act 
of  exchanging;  sjiecitically,  the  act  or  practice 
of  traffickiug  by  exchange  of  commodities. 

AH  g(»veriimeiit,  indeed  every  human  benefit  and  enjoy- 
ment, every  virtue,  and  every  prudent  act,  is  founded  on 
compromise  and  ba}'ter. 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America,  ITT.i. 

Article  is  exchanged  for  article  without  the  use  of  money 
or  credit.    This  is  simple  barter. 

D.  Webster,  .Speech,  Senate,  JIarch  18,  1834. 

2.  The  thing  given  in  exchange. — 3.  An  arith- 
metical rule  by  which  the  values  of  different 
goods  are  ascertained  and  compared.  =  Syn.  1. 

liealing.  trade,  trartic,  truck,  interchange. 

barterer  (biir'ter-er),  n.  One  who  barters  or 
traffics  by  exchanging  commodities. 

barteryt  "(biir'ter-i),  n.  [<  barter  +  -)/.]  Ex- 
change of  commodities  in  trade ;  barter. 

It  is  a  received  opinion  that,  in  most  ancient  ages,  there 
was  only  (/rtr^cry  or  exchange  of  .  .  .  commodities  amongst 
most  nations.  Camden,  Remains,  Honey. 

barth  (biirth),  H.     [E.  dial.,  of  obscure  origin. 

Cf.  berlh'^.l  A  warm  inclosed  place  of  shelter 

for  young  cattle. 

Bartholomew  baby,  day,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
Bartholomew-tide  (bilr-thoro-mu-tid),  n.  The 

season  near  St.  Bartholomew's  day  (August 

24).     See  day^. 

Like  flies  at  Bartholomew-tide,  blind. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  i. 

Eartholomite  (bar-thol'o-mit),  n.  [<  BarthoUi- 
miir  +  -III  ■-'.]  1.  A  member  of  the  community 
of  Basiliau  monks  of  the  Armenian  rite  who 
took  refuge  in  the  West  and  were  assigned  the 
chm-ch  of  St.  Bartholomew,  in  Genoa,  in  1307. 
The  community  was  finally  suppressed  in  1G50. 
— 2.  One  of  a  congregation  of  secular  jiriests 
following  a  rule  drawn  up  by  Bartholomew 
Holzhausen,  in  Germany,  in  l&iO.  They  spread 


m 


^3^^ 


Bartizan. —  Carcassonne,  France. 
-^,  merlon  ;  B,  embrasure  ;  C,  loophole  : 
/>,  machicolation.     (From  Viollet-le-Uuc's 
"  Diet,  dc  r Architecture.") 


461 

to  Hunftary,  Poland,  and  Spain,  btit,  under  this 
name,  became  extinct  after  1700. 
bartizan  (biir'ti-zan),  n.  [Not  found  before 
Sir  \V.  Scott, 
who  uses  the 
word  frequently : 
prob.  adapted 
from  a  con-upt 
Sc.  spelling  {lier- 
iisene)  of  bretti- 
cing,  bratiicinii : 
see  bratticinij.l 
Inarch.,  a  small 
overhanging  tur- 
ret, pierced  with 
loopholes  or  em- 
brasures, or  with 
both,  and  pro- 
jecting general- 
ly from  an  an- 
gle at  the  top  of 
a  tower,  or  from 
the  parapet  of  a 
building  or  medieval  fortification-wall. 

On  battlement  and  bartizan 
Gleamed  axe,  and  spear,  and  partisan. 

Scott,  L.  of  I,.  M.,  iv.  20. 
He  pass'd  the  court-gate,  and  he  ope'd  the  tower-grate, 

And  he  niniuited  the  narrow  stair 
To  the  Itarliniiir^rdt,  where,  with  maids  that  on  her  wait, 
He  found  his  lady  fair.  Scott,  Eve  of  .Saint  John. 

bartizaned  (bar'ti-zand),  a.  Furnished  With 
a  bartizan  or  bartizaiis.     Scott. 

Bartolist  (biir'to-list),  «.  A  student  of  Bar- 
tulo,  a  famous  Italian  jurist  (1314-57);  one 
skilled  in  the  law. 

bartonf  (biir'ton),  «.  [<  AS.  (ONorth.)  bere-tun, 
courtyard,  manor,  threshing-floor,  <  berc,  bar- 
ley, -I-  tiin,  inclosiu-e:  see  bear'^,  barley^,  and 
town,  and  cf.  6on(l.]  1.  The  domain  lands  of 
a  manor,  not  rented,  but  retained  for  the  use 
of  the  lord  of  the  manor.  Also  called  bcrwiek. 
—  2.  A  farm-yard. 

Spacious  bartons,  clean,  well-wall'd  around, 
Where  all  the  wealth  of  rural  life  was  found. 

Southey,  Poet's  Pilgrimage,  iii.  41. 

bartram,  n.     See  bertram. 

Bartramia  (biir-tra'mi-il),  n.  [NL.,  after  the 
naturalist  William  Bariratn  (1739-1823).]  A 
genus  of  sandpipers  the  type  of  whicli  is  Tringa 
bartraniia  of  Wilson,  now  Bartramia  longicau- 


Bartram's  Sandpiper,  or  Upland  Plover  {Bartramia  ion^icauda). 

(la,  a  common  species  of  North  America,  va- 
riously called  Bartram's  sandjiiper,  upland 
plover,  prairie  pigeon,  and  (luailly.  it  belongs  to 
the  family  Senlnp/iri,/,!'  and  sul.tfamily  Potaniiup,  and  is 
peculiar  for  the  length  and  graduati<ui  of  its  tail. 

baru(ba-ro'),  H.  [Malay  name.]  A  fine  woolly 
substance,  used  for  calking  ships,  stuffing 
cushions,  etc.,  found  at  the  base  of  the  leaves 
of  the  Arenga  saccharifera,  a  sago-palm  of  the 
East  Indies. 

baniria  (ba-ro'ri-ji),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iSaplr, 
hea.v\,  +  oi'fmv,  urine.]  In  pathol.,  a  morbid 
condition  of  the  body  characterized  by  the 
passage  of  urine  of  a  high  specific  gravity. 

barutine  (bar'o-tin),  «.  [Prob.  of  Pers.  origin.] 
A  kind  of  silk  manufactiured  in  Persia.  Sim- 
mond^. 

barvel,  barvell  (biir'vel),  n.  [E.  dial.,  per- 
haps a  corruption  of  'barm-fell,  <  barnA,  lap, 
-1-  /(■/'•*,  a  skin.]  A  kind  of  leather  apron. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

barways  (biir'waz),  adv.  In  her.,  same  as  bar- 
irisi  . 

bar-weir  (biir'wer),  ».  A  weir  which  rises  and 
falls  with  the  tide,  placed  in  a  stream  to  pre- 
vent the  return  seaward  of  any  fish  which  may 
have  passed  it. 

barwin  (biir'win),  H.  [Cf.  It.  Gael,  bar,  the 
sea.]  A  name  applied  in  County  Antrim, 
Ireland,  to  the  common  sea-bream,  Pagellus 
centrodontus. 

barwise  (biir'wiz).  adr.  [<  6nrl  -I-  -irise2.]  In 
her.,  in  the  direction  of  the  bar,  that  is,  hori- 


barytone 

zontally  across  the  field  :  said  of  the  divisions 
of  the  field,  and  also  of  any  bearing;  thus,  a 
sword  liarwisc  is  a  sword  borne  horizontally. 
Also  banrai/s. 

barwood  (biir'wud),  H.  [Prob.  so  called  be- 
cause exported  in  bars;  c(.  logwood.]  A  red  dye- 
wood  obtained  from  Sierra  Leone  and  Angola, 
Africa.  It  is  the  product  of  the  tree  Baplila  nitida,  and 
is  found  in  commerce  aa  a  roiigli  red  powder,  pnaliiced 
by  rasping  the  logs.  Its  coloring  matter  is  insoluble  in 
water,  but  yields  about  '2:1  per  cent,  to  alcoliolie  infusion. 
It  is  used  for  dyeing  cotton  yarns  the  lirilliant  orange-reil 
known  as  mock  Turkey  red  or  harivinnl  r/'f/.  —  Barwood 
spirits.    Same  as  tin  >ipiritH  (which  see,  under  tin). 

bary-.  [L.,  etc.,  <  dr.  i'iapi^,  heavy,  =  L.  gravis, 
lioavy,  >  E.  graved,  q.  v.]  An  element  in  many 
wolds  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  heavy,  dull, 
hard,  dillicult,  etc. 

barycentric  (bar-i-sen'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  liaphr, 
licavy,  -f  wiTpov,  center.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  center  of  gi'avity.  — Barycentric  calculus,  an 
application  to  geometry  of  the  mechanical  tlieory  of  the 
center  of  gravity,  executed  in  two  distinct  ways,  according 
as  metrical  or  descriptive  geometrical  properties  are  to  bo 
investigated.  — Barycentric  coordinates.  See  coordi- 
nate. 

baryecoia  (bar-i-e-koi'il),  «.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  [iapvri- 
Koia,  hardness  of  hearing,  <  iiapvljKoo^,  hard  of 
hearing,  <  papl^,  hard,  -t-  ukovciv,  hear:  see 
acoustic.']  In  pathol.,  dullness  of  hearing; 
deafness. 

baryglossia  (bar-i-glos'i-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
jitipir,  lieavy,  -1-  y'/.ixjna,  tongue.]  In  pathol., 
difficulty  of  speech  ;  baryphonia.     Vnnglison. 

barylite  (bar'i-lit),  ».  i<^Gr.  fiapir,  heavy,  -t- 
/i"o(,  stone.]  A  silicate  of  aluminium  and 
barium  occvuTing  in  white  cleavable  masses  in 
Sweden. 

baryphonia  (bar-i-fo'ni-a),  11.  [NL.  (cf.  Gr. 
jiapvipuvia,  a  deep  voice,  <  liapiipuvoc,  with  a  deep 
voice),  <  Gr.  iSapl'c,  heavy,  hard,  -I-  iptjvr/,  voice.] 
In  pathol.,  difficulty  of  speech. 

baryta  (ba-ri'ta),  «.  [NL.,  formerly  also  ba- 
rila,<.  barytes,  q.  v.]  Barium  o.xid,  BaO:  also 
called  heavy  earth,  because  it  is  the  hea\iest  of 
the  earths,  its  specific  gravity  being  4.7.  it  is 
a  gray  powder  having  a  sharp,  caustic,  alkaline  taste,  and 
a  strong  aflinity  for  water,  with  w  liieli  it  combines  to  form 
barium  hydrate.  It  foniis  salts  with  the  acids,  all  of 
which  are  poisonous,  except  the  sulphate,  which  is  quite 
insoluble  in  the  juices  of  the  stomach.  The  carbonate 
of  baryta  is  much  used  in  the  preparation  of  beet-root 
sugar,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  plate-glass  and  of  eolora. 
Formerly  called  dnna.  —  Barsrta- water,  a  solution  of  the 
hydrate  of  baiium  in  water,  used  as  a  reagent  in  chemical 
analysis. 

barytes  (ba-ri'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fiapimK, 
weight,  hea\-iness,  <  i^apir,  heavy;  the  term. 
being  associated  with  that  of  minerals  in  -itcs, 
-itei.]  If.  Baryta.— 2.  The  native  sulphate  o£ 
barium,  BaSOi,  a  common  name  for  the  min- 
eral barite  or  heavy-spar,  it  is  sometimes  mined 
and  ground  in  a  mill,  and  used  to  adulterate  white  lead, 
to  Meight  paper,  etc.    .See  barite. 

barytic  (ba-rit'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to,  formed 
of.  or  containing  baryta. 

barytine  (bar'i-tin),  «.  [<  barytes  -h  -inc'^.] 
Same  as  hiirite. 

barytocalcite  (ba-ri-to-kal'sit),  n.  [<  baryta 
•f  i-itlcilc]  A  mineral  consisting  of  the  carbo- 
nates of  barium  and  calcium.  It  occurs  in 
moiioclinic  crystals,  also  massive,  of  a  white, 
grayish,  greenish,  or  yellow  color. 

barytocelestite  (ba-ri"t6-se-les'tit),  n.  [<  ba- 
ryta -t-  eelestite.]  A  variety  of  celestite  con- 
taining some  barimu  sulphate. 

barytone  (bar'i-ton),  a.  and  ti.  [Also  baritone; 
<  It.  baritoiio,  <  Gr.  jiapi-rovoc,  deep-toned,  with 
grave  accent,  <  liapvc,  heavy,  deep,  grave,  -t- 
roiof,  tone:  see  tone.]  I.  a.  1.  Having  the 
quality  of  a  voice  or  instrument  intermediate 
between  a  bass  and  a  tenor:  as,  a  barytone 
voice.     See  II. 

The  voice  [of  the  Hejazi]  is  strong  and  clear,  but  rather 
ban/tone  than  bass :  in  anger  it  becomes  a  shrill  chattering 
like  the  cry  of  a  wild  animal. 

B.  F.  Burton,  El-Mediuall.  p.  318. 

2.  In  Gr.  gram. :  (n)  Pronoimced  with  the 
(theoretical)  grave  accent  on  the  last  syllable 
(see  grave,  a.);  having  the  last  syllable  unac- 
cented :  as,  a  barytone  word,  such  ag  riivoc.  (6) 
Causing  a  word  to  be  without  accent  on  the 
final  syUablo:  as,  a  barytone  suffix. 

n.  n.  1.  In  mu-^ic:  («)  A  male  voice,  the 
compass  of  which  jiartakes  of  the  bass  and  the 
tenor,  but  which  does  not  descend  so  low  as  the 
one  nor  rise  so  high  as  the  other,  its  range  is 
from  the  lower  G  of  the  bass  stall  lo  the  lower  K  of  the 
treble.  The  quality  is  that  of  a  high  bass  rather  tlnm  that 
of  a  low  tenor.  Frequently  ajiplied  to  the  i)erson  possess- 
ing a  voice  of  this  quality  :  as,  Sigiior  S.  is  a  great  barytone. 

Haunting  haliiionies  hover  ruound  us,  deep  and  eternal 
like  the  undying  ban/tone  of  the  sea. 

ioi«H,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  2tOl 


barytone 

(h)  A  ptringod  instrumriit  jilayod  with  a  how, 
rescnibtiuf;  tho  viola  ilii  f;amliii,  oiiUotl  in  Italian 
riolii  ili  hartlonc  or  hnrdoiic.  it  h-M  somitiinfs  (;, 
lisuully  7,  gut  striilKS,  stippincl  liy  tlie  !1iikc'1-s  of  thu  loft 
liiiiul,  ami  from  9  to  21  s.viii|i;itliilu-  striiii.'s  of  liiiiss  or 
sti-cl,  runniui;  under  tin-  liimcr-lwiiiiil.  Tlu'sc  wen-  s<ime- 
tinu-s  i)luik«l  with  tin-  tliunili  of  the  left  Imllil.  The  m- 
stnnnent  was  a  great  favorite  in  the  ei;;liteenth  century, 
and  niueh  music  was  eouii'osed  especially  for  it.  It  is 
now  ohsidete.  ((•)  Tho  name  usually  griven  to  tho 
smaller  brass  sax-horn  in  Bb  or  C. — 2.  In  (Ir. 
qram.,  a  word  which  has  the  last  syllable  un- 


462 

northeast  const  of  Ireland,  and  FinRal's  fave  in  the  islaml 
of  Stafla.  Se.il1.iiid.  Basalt  ware,  a  liiml  ot  stoneware 
niadel'\  .l"-i:di  \\ .  du'«"udancl  his  successors.  It  is  usually 
hlacli,  eolond  llir.tuKhoiit  llie  jKistcanil  h;u<  a  ilull  gloss: 
hence  also  ealleil  black  ware.  Articles  made  of  it  are  much 
admired,  ami  those  maile  hy  Wedgwood  himself  are  rare 
and  costly. 

basaltic  (ba-sal'tik),  a.  [<  hamJt  +  -ic]  Pcr- 
tainiuK  to" basalt;  formed  of  or  containing 
basalt ;  of  the  natiu'o  of  or  resembling  basalt : 
as,  l/iisiiltic  lava. 

basaltiform  (ba-sai'ti-form),  a.  [<  L.  hasal- 
tes,  basalt,  +  forma,  shape.]    Of  the  form  of 


'ISillt 


-inij^ 


barytone  (bar'i-ton),  r.  ?.;  pret.  and  pp.  hary-    pnsmatic  basalt    columnar 
tom^Lwv.hanitoniny.    [<  i«n/to,o,  «.]    In  (ir.  basalting  (ba-sal  ting),  h.     [<  fc«.' 
flVnm,  to  pronounce  or  %1-Tite  without  accent  on     A  process  ot  making  paving-   and   buikling- 
?he  last  svUablo :  as,  to  barytone  a  word.  ''looks  from  the  scon^  of  blast-  urnaces. 

harvtroTip  rbar'i-trot)')  n     K  Gr.  Bapix,  heavy,  basaltoid  (ba-siil  toid),  a.     [<  basalt  +  -ouh^ 
*+T?I?o^ff i  tiiingrsee  trop^i    A^c^irve  Z^     Allied  in  appearance  or  nature  to  basalt;  re- 
fined by  the  comUtion  that,  if  a  heavy  body     sembling  basalt. 

sUdes  down  an  incline  having  this  form,  the  basan,  basane  (baz   an,  ba-zan  ),  n       [Also 
pressure  on  the  incline  will  foUow  a  given  law.     bazan,  bajin,  basin,  and  more  corruptly  hasil, 


basal  (ba'sal),  a.  and  n.  [<  base^  +  -al.'i  I.  a. 
1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  base;  constituting 
the  base ;  fundamental. 

The  biuial  idea  of  Bishop  Butler's  prof  ound  treatise,  The 
Analogy  of  Keligion. 

G.  D.  Eoardman,  Creative  Week,  p.  28, 


bazil;  <  F.  basane,  basane  (Cotgrave),  <  8p.  Pg. 
badana  (ML.  bedanc),  a  tanned  sheepskin,  <  Ar. 
hitanah,  lining.]  Sheepskin  tanned  in  oak-  or 
lareh-bark,  and  used  for  bookbinding,  etc.  It 
is  distinguished  from  roan,  which  is  tanned  in 
sumac. 


2.  Pertaining  to  the  base  of  a  part  or  organ,  basanite   (bas'a-nit),  n.      [<  L.  hasanitcs  (sc. 


lapis,  stone),  <  Gr.  * .Haaavm/c;  (sc.  'Aido^,  stone), 
<  lUaarm:,  a  touchstone,  a  dark-colored  stone  on 
which  pure  gold  when  rubbed  makes  a  peculiar 
mark;  origin  uncertain.]  A  silicious  rock  or 
jasper,  of  a  velvety-black  color,  used  as  a  touch- 
stone for  determining  the  amount  of  alloy  in 
gold.  The  touchstone  was  formerly  extensive- 
ly used,  but  is  now  much  less  common.     See 

_ touchstone  and  touch-needle. 

winiil.t'tween  the  second  andflfthorsecoml  bas-blCU  (b.a-ble'),  »•      [F.,  blue-stocking:  bas, 

alibr.  of  bas  de  chausses,  nether-stock,  stock- 
ing (see  base^) ;  bleu,  blue :  a  translation  of  the 
E.  term.]  Same  as  blue-stockinff,  1. 
bas-chevaliert,  «■  [A  fictitious  term,  based  on 
a  false  et}^nologJ'  of  bachelor;  <  P.  bas,  low, 
inferior  (see  basei),  +  chevalier :  see  chevalier.'] 
One  of  a  class  of  low  or  inferior  knights,  by 
bare  tenure  of  a  military  fee,  as  distinguished 
from  bannerets  and  baronets.  PhiUips,  170G. 
[A  spurious  term,  without  historical  support.] 


(a)  On  or  near  the  base:  as,  a  basal  mark,  {b) 
Nearest  the  base :  as,  the  basal  joint,  or  the  four 
fcds-fl?  jointsof  aninseet'santenna. — 3.  In  ichth., 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  basalia.     See  husale. 

The  Ehasmohranchii  possess  three  hasal  cartilages,  which 
articulate  with  the  pectoral  arch. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  3S. 
Basal  cell,  (o)  A  cell  at  the  base  of  the  segmented  ovum 
of  some  enihryos,  as  sponges  :  the  opposite  of  aincal  cell, 
(h)  In  the  wings  of  Di'rtera,  one  of  the  elongate  cells  near 
theliase  uf  tile  wini;  l.ctweer 

and  sixth  lon-itudiiial  veins ;  they  .ire  numbered,  the  first 
being  the  cjue  neurcst  the  costul  margin.— Basal  Cleav- 
age in  ci-«.<(n(.,  ck'av:ii;e  iu  the  direction  of  ;i  liasiil  iihino. 

—Basal  iaeld,  area,  or  space,  a  porti.ni  of  an  insect's 
wing  lying  at  the  base,  but  very  diversely  defined  in  the 
different  groups.  In  the  Lepiiloptera  it  occupies  the 
whole  width  of  the  wing  tor  about  one  fourth  of  its  length, 
and  in  the  fore  wings  of  the  yocluldo!  is  limited  exter- 
nally by  the  .anterior  or  extra-basilar  cross-line.  Iu  the 
dragon-flies  it  is  a  small  space  at  the  extreme  base  of  the 
wing,  between  the  median  and  submedian  veins,  and 
bounded  exteriorly  by  the  arc  or  arculus,  a  small  cross- 
'        '  "   '    generally  an  indetenninate 


vein.    In  other  gi'oups  it  is  ^cuewwij  .m  iiiutminini.^      -       .-     ,  a       ?      •     * 

p(.rtion  occupviiig  about  one  third  of  the  wing.— Basal   DaSCinet,  n.     >>ev  liasinet. 

ganglion.   See  .;<i/i'/;i"/i.— Basal  half-line,  in  the  m.c-  Bascuencet,  «•     The  Basque  language. 

tuidm..tbs,  aline  extending  from  the  costal  b(.rdcr  of  the   yjasculation  (bas-ku-la'shon),  «.      [<  F.  bascu- 

anteri.u-  ving,  near  the  biise,  half  way  across  the  surface.      ^^^.^  ^^^^^  see-saw,'<  basclile  :  see  bascule.]    In 


rdcrof  the 

:ir  the  biise,  half  way  ai  ross  the  surface.  „.™rio- 

—  Basal  plane,  in  crv.«M(.,  a  phiiic  parallel  to  the  lateral  «;(,»»  mg,                    , 

or  hori/.oiTtal  axes.— Basal  valve,  that  valve  in  bivalves  pathol.,  the  movement  by  which  a  retroverted 

by  wliich  they  adhere  to  other  substances.  uterus  is  SWimg  back  into  position. 

n.    «.    1.    One  of  the  basal  joints  of  the  bascule   (bas'kiil),   n.     [<    F.   ba-^cule,   swing, 

l>ranohes  of  a  crinoid,  bearing  the  radials. — 2.  poise,  balance,  see-saw,  formerly  baeule,  appar. 


In  iehth.,  the  basisjihenoid.     [Rare.] 

basale  (ba-sa'le),  n. ;  pi.  basalia  (-li-a).    [NL., 

<  E.  basal,  q.  v.]     1.  In  ichth.,  one  of  several 

cartilages  which  may  compose  the  basis  of  the 


<  hattre,  beat,  bump  (or  bas,  low),  +  cul,  the 
posteriors.]  1.  An  aiTangement  in  bridges 
by  which  one  portion  balances  another. — 2. 
A  form  of  bailing-sooop. 


pectoral  limb  of  a  fish,  and  to  which  the  series  bascule-bridge  (bas'kul-brij),  n.   A  drawbridge 


of  radialia,  or  radial  cartilages,  is  attached :  as 
the  propterygial  basale;  the  mesopterygial  and 
metupterygial  basalia.  See pteri/giutn,  and  cut 
imder  scapulncoracoid. —  2.  One  of  the  bones 
which  form  the  base  for  the  pectoral  fin;  an 
actinost. —  3.  In  crinoids,  same  as  basal,  1. 

A  central  piece,  wluch  probably  represents  the  basalia 
of  other  crinoids.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  500. 

basal-nerved  (ba'sal-nervd),  a.  In  bot,  de- 
scriptive of  leaves  the  nerves  of  which  all 
proceed  from  the  base. 

basalt  (ba-salt'  or  bas'alt),  n.  [First  iu  E.  as 
L.,  basaltcs;  =  F.  basaltc,  <  L.  basaltes,  a 
dark  and  very  hard  species  of  marble  in  Ethi- 
opia; said  to  be  an  African  word  (Pliny).]  A 
volcanic  rock  occurring  widely,  and  consisting 
of  a  triclinic  feldspar,  together  with  augite  and 
magnetite  or  titauiferous  iron. 
Olivin  and  nephelin  are  also  often 
found  iu  the  b.xsalts,  especially  the  for- 
mer. Apatite,  leucite,  and  haiiyne  are 
occasiiuially  present.  The  b;isalts  have 
been  variously  classed  by  ditfcrcut 
writers.  Basjilt  proper  is  the  dark, 
compact  variety,  breaking  with  a 
splintery  fracture.  Under  the  name 
duterite  are  inchided  all  the  more 
coarsely  crystallizeil  varieties  in  which 
the  component  minerals  can  be  made 
out  with  the  naked  eye,  while  anam- 
ettite  is  the  name  given  to  those  varie- 
ties which  have  a  finely  granular  tex- 
ture. In  the  modern  eruptive  regions 
basalt  lias  almost  always  been  the  last  rock  to  be  e 
from  the  volcanic  orifice.  The  cooling  of  lava  often  gives 
rise  to  the  formation  of  hexagonal  j>risms  or  colunms, 
which  are  occasionally  extremely  regular  in  fonu  and  of 
great  size.  Basalt  displays  this  structure  more  fre<iuently 
and  iu  greater  perfectness  than  any  other  rock  ;  lieuce 
this  kind  of  structure  is  freiiuently  called  batialtU.  (See 
cut.)  Kemarkaltle  formations  of  columnar  b:isalt  exist  in 
various  parts  of  the  world,  as  the  Giant's  Causeway  ou  the 


Bascule-bridge  at  Brussels. 


lifted 


arranged  with  a  counterpoise,  so  that,  as  the 
floor  of  the 
bridge  is  raised, 
the  counter- 
poise descends 
into  a  pit  pre- 
pared for  it : 
the  commonest 
form  of  me- 
dieval draw- 
bridge. See  bal- 
ance-bridge. 
basel  (bas),  a. 
and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baee;  <  ME.  base, 
bass,  baas,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  b((s,  masc,  bas-'ic, 
tern.,  =Pr.  60s  =  Sp.  bajo  =  Pg.  bai.eo  =  It.  ba.s- 
so,  low,  <  LL.  bassus,  low,  short,  thick;  in  clas- 
sical L.  found  only  as  a  cognomen,  Bassus, 
'  Short.'  Perhaps  of  Celtic  origin ;  cf.  "W.  bas,  = 
Com.  bas  =  Bret,  bas,  shallow ;  W.  basu,  make 
shallow,  lower;  Corn,  ftossc,  fall,  lower,  abate; 
but  the  Celtic  terras  may  be  from  the  L.  In  mu- 
sic, now  generally  bass :  see  bass^.  As  a  noun, 
fto.w  of  this  origin  (the  lower  part)  is  confused 
with  base'"  (the  supporting  part).]  I.  a.  1.  Low; 
of  small  height :  applied  to  things.  [Archaic.] 
The  cedar  stoops  not  to  the  base  shrub's  foot. 

Shnk.,  Luerece,  1.  604. 

Hence  —  2.  In  60*.,  of  low  or  lowly  growth:  as, 

base  broom;    6(i.w  rocket. — 3.  Low  in  place, 

position,  or  degree.     [Archaic] 

By  that  same  hole  an  entraunee.  darke  and  bace, 
W'ith  smoake  and  sulphur  hiding  all  the  place. 
Descends  to  hell.  Si>enser.  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  31. 

Men  acting  gregariously  are  always  iu  extremes;   as 

they  are  one  moment  capable  of  higher  courage,  so  they 

are  liable,  the  next,  to  baser  dcjiression. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  161. 


base 

4.  Of  little  value ;  coarse  in  quality ;  worth- 
less, absolutely  or  comparatively:  as,  the  base 
metals  (so  called  in  contrast  with  the  noble  or 
precious  metals). 

The  harvest  white  plumb  is  a  base  plumb. 

Itacun,  Nat.  Hist,  5  509. 

Often  has  the  vein  of  gold  displayed  itself  amid  the 
baser  oTvs.         Mary.  Fuller,  Woman  in  IDth  Cent.,  p.  15. 

Hence  —  5.  Fraudulentl)'  debased  in  value; 
spurious ;  false :  as,  base  coin. 

They  were  compelled  to  accept  base  money  in  exchange 
for  those  commodities  they  were  forced  to  sell. 

Gfildsinith,  Uist.  Eng.,  X. 

6.  Low  in  scale  or  rank ;  of  humble  origin, 
grade,  or  station  ;  wanting  dignity  or  estima- 
tion ;  mean;  lowly:  as,  fcd.vc  menials. 

Base  tilings  of  the  world,  and  things  which  are  despised, 
hath  Uod  chosen.  1  Cor.  i.  28. 

'Tis  the  plague  of  great  ones  ; 
Prerogatived  are  they  less  than  the  base. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

7.  Suitable  to  or  characteristic  of  a  low  con- 
dition; depressed;  abject:  as,  6a.5e  servility. 

I  am  fire  and  air ;  my  other  elements 

I  give  to  6o.?er  life.  Shot.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 

8.  Of  mean  spirit ;  morally  low ;  without  dig- 
nity of  sentiment :  said  of  persons. 

Base  is  the  slave  that  pays.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  1. 

The  base  and  abject  multitude.  Junittt. 

9.  Showing  or  proceeding  from  a  mean  spirit: 
said  of  things. 

Him  that  utter'd  nothing  ba^e. 

Tennyson,  To  the  Queen. 

Tho  one  base  thing  in  the  universe  — to  receive  favors 

and  Ui  render  none.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

10.  Of  illegitimate  birth ;  bom  out  of  wedlock. 
^\liy  bastiu-d?  wherefore  base!  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  2. 
I  din'd  with  .S'  Eob'  I'aston,  since  Earle  of  Yarmouth, 

and  saw  the  Duke  of  Verneuille,  ba^e  brother  to  the  Q. 
Mother.  Eeiiyn,  Diary,  June  23,  1665. 

11.  Deep;  grave:  applied  to  sounds:  as,  the 
base  tones  of  a  viol.     See  bass^. 

The  silver  sounding  instruments  did  meet 
With  the  base  murmui'e  of  the  waters  fall. 

Spen.ier,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  71. 

12.  In  old  Eng.  law,  not  held  or  holding  by 
honorable  tenure :  as,  a  base  estate,  that  is,  an 
estate  held  by  services  not  honorable  nor  i» 
cajiitc,  or  by  \-illeinage.  Such  a  tenure  is  called 
fto.s-e  or  low,  and  the  tenant  a  base  tenant. — 

13.  Not  classical  or  refined:  as,  " Sow  Latin," 
Fuller. 

No  Muses  aide  me  needes  herebM  to  call ; 
Base  is  the  style,  and  matter  nieane  withall. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  L  44. 
Base  bullion.  See  ;/i//?i'"/i.  — Base  court.  See  base- 
c<.">(  — Basefee,lnfeftment,riglat,  etc.  .See  the  nouns. 
—  Base  metals.  Si  c  nhl,d.  =  Syn.  Ignoble,  vulgar,  ple- 
beian, mean,  contemptible,  despicable,  abject,  sordid, 
groveling,  servile,  slavish,  menial,  rascally,  villainous. 

II.  «.  It.  A  plaited  skirt,  reaching  from  the 
waist  to  the  knee,  worn  during  the  first  half  of 
the  sixteenth 
century.  In  civil 
costume  it  was  ap- 
pended to  the 
doublet,  or  secur- 
ed to  the  girillc ; 
it  was  also  worn 
over  armor. 
2t.  A  skirt  of 
plate  -  armor, 
corrugated  or 
ribbed  vertical- 
ly, as  if  in  imi- 
tation of  the 
preceding.  See 
land)oiis.  —  3t. 
The  skirt  of  a 
woman's  outer 
garment.  The 
word  ■nas  used 
throughout  the  seventeenth  and  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century. — 4t.  -An  apron. 

"With  gauntlets  blue  and  bases  white. 

i'.  Bulhr,  Hudibras,  I.  ii.  769. 

Bakers  in  their  linen  bases.  Marslon. 

5t.  The  housing  of  a  horee :  used  in  the  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  centuries. 

The  bases  and  bardes  of  their  horse  were  grene 
Hall,  Hen.  VII 
<lr  to  describe  races  alul  games.  .  .  . 
Ii:i.''es  :uid  tinsel  trappings,  gorgeous  knights 
At  jinist  ami  tournament.  .Miilun,  1'.  L.,  ix.  36. 

6.  In  wn.s-ic,  same  as  bas.^^. 
baself  (biis),  r.   t.      [<  fto.s-t'l.  a.,  but  in   first 
sense  <  F.  baisscr,  lower,  <  bas,  low,  base.    Cf. 
abase.]     1.  To  let  down;  abase;  lower. 

Tile  great  warrior  .  .  .  based  his  arms  and  ensigns  of 
state.  Holland. 


Base  of  rich  stuff,  the  border  embroiiicreil : 
lieginning  of  lOth  century.—  From  tomb  of 
Maximilian  I.  at  Innspnick. 


sattyn. 
[.,  an.  1. 


base 

2.  To  lower  in  (■hiiractcr,  cniidition,  or  rank; 
degrado  ;  dobase. —  3.  To  rcduco  tlio  valup  of 
1)V  tlio  admixtiu-e  of  meaner  elements ;  debase, 
[kiiro.] 

Mrtula  which  wc  cannot  baxc.  [Innni. 

base-  (bas),  ji.  [<  ME.  hasr,  htis,  hnnx,  <  OF. 
biisc,  V.  hdsc,  <  L.  hnsis,  <  (ir.  /Iriir/f,  a  goinp,  a 
stepping,  a  step,  iwdestal,  foot,  base,  <  ■/  *jin, 
in  llaiveiv,  go,  =  L.  venire,  fOni(%  =  K.  come] 
1.  The  bottom  of  anyfliiiif,',  considered  as  its 
support,  or  tlio  jjart  of  the  tiling  itself,  or  a 
separate  feature,  on  wliicli  the  thing  stands  or 
rests:  as,  tlio  hanc  of  a  eoUimn;  tlio  base  of  a 
mountain. 

¥ttv  wiiiit  like  thine — a  hog  without  a  base  — 
Ingulfs  all  Kains  I  Katliur  fur  tlic  place.         Crabbc. 
Against  the  base^  of  the  soutliern  hills. 

Lowrtl,  Uiuler  the  Willows. 

Honeo  —  2.  A  fundamental  i)riueipleorground- 
work ;  fovmdation ;  basis. 

Antonio  never  yet  w.-us  thief,  or  pirate, 
TlioiiKh,  I  confess,  on  bust:  anil  gronnil  cnou(;h, 
Orsino's  enemy.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

Herehy  he  umiemiiiicth  the  bme  of  reli^'ion. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

3.  In  nrrli.,  specifically  —  {a)  The  lowest  mem- 
ber of  a  wall,  either  projecting  beyond  tlie 
face  of  the  portion  of  tint  wall  aliove  it,  or  dif- 
fering otherwise  from  it  in  construction,  and 
often  resting  on  a  plinth,  with  or  without  in- 
tervening moldings.   ( h)  The  member  on  which 


in      ^i§i| 


UK  '.''■'•«flS'l  /^ 


1 

Bases. 

1,  from  nave  of  I-yons  cathctlriil.  iglh  century ;  2.  frini  eastern  porch 
of  Erechtheum,  Athens,  5th  Lciitiiry  li.  C. ;  3.  from  nave  of  Orvicto 
cathedral.  13th  ccniury.  j,  Attic  base:  ./.  (  . /f.  fillets;  B,  upper 
torus;  /),  Scotia  ;  F,  lowertorus;   (^", plinth, orstylobatc. 

the  shaft  rests  in  eolmnus  of  nearly  all  styles. 
It  appeal's  in  most  EKyptiaii  f<»rnis,  liut  is  not  pivsLiit  in 
the  (Jreek  I>(iric  column,  of  whiL-li  tlio  shaft  ivats  diiectly 
on  the  stylol):ite.  In  i)urfly  HoUeiiic  uxainpKs  (.if  the 
Ionic  an-l  Cuiinthian  the  bu^^o  ronsistsof  various  comhina- 
tiipiis  of  MK'MiiiLrs  on  a  ciniilar  plan,  \vith"Ut  the  awk- 
wani  sqiiai'-'  iiliiitli  \\liicli  was  uiiiv(.rsally  aUojitt-d  hy  the 
Romans,  and  w;is  generally  retained  in  the  elaborately 
molded  bases  of  Byzantine  and  medieval  architecture. 
Set'  cut  under  column. 

4.  (a)  In  roo7.  and  hot.,  tho  extremity  opposite 
to  the  apex;  the  point  of  attachment,  or  the 
part  of  an  or{;;an  which  is  nearest  its  point  of  at- 
tachment: as,  the  hdsc  of  a  leaf;  tho  base  of  a 
shell.  The  point  of  attachment  of  an  anther, 
however,  is  sometimes  at  the  apex,  (b)  InzooL, 
also,  that  part  or  extremity  of  anything  by 
which  it  is  attached  to  another  of  higher  value 
or  signilicancc. —  5.  In  chcnt.,  a  compound  sub- 
stance which  nnites  vdth  an  acid  to  form  a  salt. 
The  term  is  applicil  to  the  liydroxids  of  the  metals,  to  cer- 
tain metallic  oxids,  and  to  }^"oupsof  atoms  containing  one 
or  more  liydroxyl -n'oups  (Oil)  in  which  liydrugeii  is  re- 
placeable by  an  acid  radical. 

6.  In  phar.y  tho  principal  ingredient  of  any 
comjiound  preparation. —  7.  In  crtf.sfttL,  same 
as  basal  plane  (which  see,  under  basal). —  8.  In 
pctroff.,  the  amorphous  or  isotropic  portion  of 
the  ground-mass  of  a  rock.  This  may  possess  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  strmtiue,  rendering  it  distinct  from  gliiss, 
while  not  cry.stallinc,  when  it  is  known  as  a  niicri'/''lsit>r 
Oom:  If  a  tria-  glass,  it  may  be,  accfU'fling  to  the  ami'unt 
of  devitrification  products  present,  microlitu',  <jlnbulifi<\  or 
Ijlajitni.  In  some  recent  andcsltic  Iav;LS  it  possesses  a  jic- 
L'uliar  appearance,  so  similar  to  felt  that  it  is  known  as  a 
/elt-like  baite.  The  term  ina;;iiin  (which  see)  has  also  been 
used  by  some  writei*s  as  cipiivaleiit  to  bnsi'. 

9.  In  (leutistry,  tho  setting  for  artificial  teeth. 
— 10.  In  (li/rintj,  a  substance  that  has  an  affin- 
ity for  both  the  cloth  and  tlie  coloring  matter; 
a  mordant. — 11.  In  fort.,  the  cxti-rior  side  of 
tho  polygon,  or  tliat  imaginary  line  which  is 
drawn  from  the  point  or  salient  angle  of  one 
bastion  to  the  i)oint  of  the  next. —  12.  In  <je(nn., 
the  lino  or  surface  forming  that  part  of  a  figure 


463 

on  which  it  is  supposed  to  stand;  the  side  op- 
p08it(^  to  tiic  apex.  The  biise  of  a  hyperbida  or  a 
paralicda  is  a  tine  f.irtued  by  tlie  efunmoii  iuterset^tioii  of 
the  Hccant  plane  ami  thi-  base  of  the  cone, 

13.  In  arith.  and  alf/thra,  a  number  from  the 
diiTcrcnt  powers  of  which  all  numhers  are  con- 
ceived as  produced.  Tlie  base  of  a  system  of  arith- 
metical notation  is  a  number  the  multiides  of  whose 
jMiwere  are  ailded  together  to  express  any  imml)er;  thus, 
10  is  the  base  of  the  Ueeiuml  system  of  arithmetic.  In 
the  theory  of  numbers,  the  base  of  an  index  is  a  number 
which,  being  raised  to  the  power  represented  by  the  in- 
dex, gives  a  number  congruent  to  the  number  whoso  index 
is  spoken  of.  'I'he  base  of  a  system  of  logarithms  is  the 
nundier  wliieh,  raiseti  to  the  power  indicated  by  the  log- 
arithm, gives  the  number  to  which  the  logarithm  belongs. 
The  yapifriait  bam',  or  base  of  the  Napierian  system  of 
higarithius,  is  the  umuber  represented  by  tlio  iullnitu 
series, 

'  +  ^  +  »  +  o  +  2ir4  +  2:0:5  +  »'"• 

It  is  2.7lS2S18284rii>  + 

14.  In  her. J  the  lower  part  of  the  field,  the 
charges  in  wliich  are  said  to  bo  in  base,  it  is 
sometimes  considered  ;is  divided  int^»  dexter,  sinister,  and 
middle  base,  and  the  charges  arc  blazoned  accordingly. 
See  tli'xter  and  tn'nintrr. 

16.  Militr.  («)  A  tract  of  country  protected  by 
fortifn-ations,  strong  bynatnral  advantages,  or 
for  any  other  reason  comparatively  secure, 
from  which  tho  operations  of  an  army  pnx'eed, 
or  from  which  supplies  are  obtained:  called 
distinctively  the  ba^se  of  operations  or  the  base 
of  supply. 

Bant',  in  military  operations,  is  simply  a  secure  starting- 
point,  or  rather  tract  of  eounti-y  behind.  In  which  an 
army  is  in  comparative  safety,  and  in  which  the  stores  ami 
reserves  of  men  for  the  force  are  situated.     Saturtiay  Rev. 

(h)  The  rounded  hinder  portion  of  a  gun,  gen- 
erally ('alle<l  the  base  of  the  breeeh.  (c)  A  small 
light  cannon  used  in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries. — 16.  In  surv.,  same  as  base- 
line.— 17.  The  place  from  which  racers  or  tilt- 
ers  start;  a  starting-post. 

To  their  appointed  base  they  went. 

Drifdfn,  ./Kneiil,  v. 

18,  An  old  game,  played  in  various  ways,  in 
807ne  of  which  it  is  still  practised,  and  in  all  of 
which  there  are  certain  spaces  marked  out,  be- 
yond or  off  which  any  player  is  liable  to  Ik? 
touched  with  the  hand  or  struck  >vith  a  ball  by 
a  player  on  the  enemy's  side.  Forms  of  this  game 
are  known  umler  the  names  of  pri^oiwrs'  base,  roumlcrs, 
and  banf-ball,  under  which  last  name  it  lias  become  the 
national  game  of  the  United  States. 

After  a  course  at  Barley-break  or  JJa^ie. 

B.  Joiuion,  Sad  Shepheril,  i.  2. 

19.  One  of  the  spaces  marked  off  in  the  game  of 
base  or  prisoners'  base.  See  18. — 20.  In  base- 
ball, one  of  the  four  comers  of  the  diamond. 
See  base-ball. —  21.  That  part  of  an  electro- 
magnetic apparatus  which  contains  the  helix, 
switch,  and  tirst  and  secondary  binding-posts. 

Altem  base,  Attic  base,  etc.  See  the  adjectives.— 
Organic  bases,    see  "c./a/iM-.— Prisoners' base.    See 

jirifiiu'r.—  lo  bid  the  or  a  baset,  tiiehallenge  to  a  game 
of  base,  and  henee,  froTn  the  popularity  of  tlie  game,  to 
challenge  to  a  trial  of  dexterity,  skill,  or  strength,  or  to  a 
trial  of  any  kind  ;  challenge  generally. 

To  bid  the  wind  a  have,  he  now  prepares. 

Skak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  303. 
We  will  find  comfort,  money,  men,  and  friends, 
Ere  long  to  bid  the  English  king  a  base. 

Marlinvc,  Edw.  II.,  ii. 

base^  (bas),  r.  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  based,  ppr.  btis- 
ing.  [<  base'^y  n.\  1.  To  form  a  foundation 
for.  [Rare.]  —  2.  To  use  as  a  groundwork  or 
foundation  for;  ground;  found;  establish:  with 
on  or  upon  :  as,  all  sound  paper  cun*ency  must 
be  based  on  coin  or  bullion ;  he  bases  his  argu- 
ments upon  false  premises. 

It  is  on  the  understanding,  and  not  on  the  sentiment,  of 
a  nation  that  all  safe  legislation  must  be  based. 

Lowell,  Study  Wintlows,  p.  lt;.'i. 

base**  (bas),  n.  Another  form  of  bass^  and  barse. 
[Local  Eng.  (Cimiberland).] 

base-bag  (bas'bag),  n.  In  base-ball,  one  of  the 
bags  often  used  to  mark  first,  second,  and  third 
base. 

base-ball  (bas'bal'),  h.  1.  A  game  of  ball 
played  by  eighteen  persons,  nine  on  a  side,  a 
square  plot  of  groimd  called  tlie  ^liainond,  w  ith  sides  '.Hi 
feet  long,  is  marked  olf,  at  the  ci>rnei'8  of  which  are  the 
i>ascs,  known  as  htnne  or  home  base  (li),  first  base  (U),  nee 
and  base  (E),  an<l  third  base  (F).  Tlie  players  on  one  side 
take  their  positions  in  the  tteld,  the  frt^•/Je■^•(A>  just  behirn! 
the  home  base,  the  pifchcr{C)  at  a  distance  of  t'.o  feet  from 
tile  liome  base  on  tlie  line  from  home  to  seenud  base,  the 
tliree  basemen  near  first,  second,  and  third  base,  the  short- 
slop  (ti)  between  second  and  third,  and  three  Jidders, 
known  as  rif/ht  (H),  center  (t),  and  le/t  (J),  at  some  dis- 
tance behiiui  ami  on  each  side  of  the  second  biise.  The 
pitcher  pitches  the  ball  over  the  home  plate  to  the  catcher. 
One  of  the  other  side,  which  is  said  to  be  in,  or  at  the  bat, 
takes  a  position  by  the  home  base,  an<l  tries  to  strike  tlie 
ball  a3  it  passes  him.    If  he  knocks  it  into  the  air,  and  one 


ff 


base-line 

of  tho  otlier  aide  ratehes  it  before  it  reaches  the  ground, 
the  striker  is  <>iit  or  cawiht  nut,  that  is,  retires  from  the 
bat,  and  another  takes  his  place.    Should  the  tiall  pass 
outside    the    line     from 
home    to    first    or    tmni  £ 

home  to  third  base  coii- 
tinned  indefinitely,  it  is  a 
/mil,  and  does  not  count 
at  all,  unless  it  is  caught 
before  it  t^tuelies  the 
ground,  in  which  case  the 
striker  is  out.  ShouM  it 
strike  insi<le  these  lines, 
the  batter  runs  to  first 
base,  anil  then  or  later  t«» 
second,  third,  and  home 
ba-HC.  If.he  reaches  home 
biwe  lie  scores  a  ru  n. 
Should  tlie  hall  be  thrown 
to  and  caught  by  a  player 
standing  on  first  base 
before  the  batter  suc- 
ceeds in  reaching  it,  or 
should  tho  batter  be 
touched  with  the  ball  in 
the  hands  of  any  of  his 
adversaries  while  running 
from  one  base  to  amither, 

he  is  <nit.  One  player  after  another  of  the  shie  which  is 
'Mn"  goes  to  the  bat  until  three  men  have  been  put  out. 
This  constitutes  an  innin^j.  Nino  innings  for  each  side 
make  a  game,  and  that  si<ie  which  succeeds  in  making  the 
greater  number  <pf  runs  wins  the  L'ame. 

2.  The  ball  with  which  this  game  is  played. 
base-board  (bas'bord),  n.     A  line  of  boarding 

around  Uie  interior  walls  of  a  room,  next  to 

the  floor. 
base-born  (bris'bom),  a.    Of  base  or  low  birth ; 

born  out  of  wedlock ;  of  low  or  mean  parentage 

or  origin;  spurious. 

Tliy  ba.se-lj<n-n  child,  thy  baljc  of  shame.  Gay. 

It  is  justly  expected  that  they  should  bring  forth  a  basC' 
horn  issue  of  divinity.       Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Kemonst. 

base-bred  (bas'bred),  a.  Of  low  or  base  breed- 
ing; mean;  of  discreditable  origin. 

As  little  souls  their  hasc-hred  fancies  feed.       J.  BaUlie. 

base-broozn  (bas'briim),  «.  A  name  given  to 
(Uuista  iinctoria,  with  reference  to  its  low 
stature. 

base-burner  (bas'bt'r^n^r),  «.    A  stove  or  fui-- 

nace  constructed  on  the  base-biu'ning  principle. 

base-burning  (bas'ber''''ning),  a.  Burning  at 
the  base.— Base-burning  furnace  or  stove,  a  fur- 
nace or  stove  in  wbieli  tlie  fuel  burns  at  the  I'ottom,  and 
is  renewed  fmni  a  sell-acting  Jiopper  or  chamlier  above. 

base-court  (bas'kort),  ».  1.  A  secondary  or 
inferior  court  or  yard,  generally  at  the  back  of 
a  house,  opposed  to  tho  chief  court  or  main 
quadi-angle;  a  farm-yard. — 2.  In  £nff.  law,  sm 
inferior  court  of  justice,  but  a  court  of  record, 
as  a  court-baron,  court -leet,  etc. 

basedt(bast),  a.  [<  base^^  n.,  +  -ed^.']  Wear- 
ing or  clothed  in  a  base  or  skirt. 

Bas.-d  in  lawny  velvet.  Hall,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  6. 

base-dance  (bas'dans),  h.  A  slow  dance  in  J 
time,  resembling  the  minuet. 

When  the  said  Mon-is  is  doone,  then  the  geutillmen  to 
com  unto  the  women  and  inaki'  their  obeisaunee,  and 
cvei-y  of  them  to  taike  oon  by  thaud,  and  daunce  sucho 
base  dattnces  as  is  apointed  theym. 

Quoted  in  J.  P.  Collier's  Eng.  Dram.  Poetry,  I.,  notes. 

Basedow's  disease.    See  disease. 

base-hearted  (has'hiir^ted),  «.  Havingabase, 
treacherous  heart;  deceitful. 

baselardf,  w.     Same  as  bastard. 

baseless  (bas'les),  a.  [<  base'^  +  -less.l  With- 
out a  base ;  having  no  foundation  or  support. 

Like  the  ^a-s'/'NA"  fabric  of  this  vision. 
The  cloutl-cappd  towei-s,  the  g()rgeous  palaces. 
The  solemn  temples,  the  gieat  globe  itself, 
Yea,  all  which  it  inherit,  shall  dissolve; 
And,  like  this  insubstantial  pageant  faded, 
lA-ave  not  a  rack  behind.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

baselessness  (bas'les-nes),  h.  The  quality  of 
being  baseless,  or  without  foundation  ;  ground- 
lessness. 

base-level  1  bas'lev-el),  n.  In  geoL,  the  level  at 
which  the  erosive  action  of  a  stream,  in  a  given 
area,  ceases. 

base-line  (bas'lin),  n,  1.  A  lino  adopted  as  a 
base  or  foundation  from  which  future  opera- 
tions are  carried  on,  or  on  which  they  depend 
or  rest,  (a)  In  pers-pect.,  the  bottom  line  of  a  picture, 
in  which  the  foremost  vertical  plane  of  delineation  cuts 
the  grtiund-plane,  on  which  the  objects  represented  in 
the  ideture  stand,  (ft)  In  snrr..  any  me;isured  line  form- 
ing a  siile  of  a  triangle,  the  ailjacent  aii;;les  of  which  being 
measured,  the  relative  iM>sition  of  the  third  vertex  is 
determined;  espetially,  in  m'odesi/,  a  line  measured  with 
the  utmost  preeisiou  to  serve  as  the  origin  of  a  system  of 
triangles,  and  ;ls  the  foundation  for  the  computation  of 
the  length  of  their  sides.  In  the  pntcess  of  triangulation, 
the  angles  of  these  triangles  and  the  length  of  a  single  side 
(the  base  or  base  lim)  being  known,  the  lengths  of  all  can 
be  computed.  In  every  uTeat  survey  a  number  of  liase-lines 
arc  measured,  each  being  from  J  to  10  miles  iu  length. 


base-line 


(c)  Mint.,  a  line,  as  of  frontier,  sea-coast,  or  forts,  taken 
by  an  army  as  tlie  liase  of  operations,  from  whicii  inove- 
meuts  have  their  origin,  and  sui'i>lits  of  foixl.  amnuiiiition, 
and  men  are  sent  to  the  front,  and  t"  « liiili  the  army  may 
retreat  in  case  of  disaster.  Also  called  ha^i-. 
2.  A  line  traced  roiuid  a  cannon  behind  the 
vent. —  3.  In  the  game  of  la^vn-tennis,  the  end 
line  of  the  court;  the  line  from  which  the 
player  serves  the  ball. —  4.  In  basc-baU,  the  line 
coiinecting  one  base  with  the  next. 
basely  (bas'li),  adv.  1.  In  a  base  manner; 
meanly;  dishonorably. 

Warr'd  he  hath  not, 
But  ha^phj  yielded  upon  compromise 
That  which  his  ancestors  achiev'd  with  blows. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 

2.  In  a  base  or  mean  condition ;  illegitimately ; 
in  bastardy. 

Two  Mitylene  brethren,  basely  born.  KnoUes. 

Si.  At  a  low  rate  ;  cheaply. 

Them  that  desire  to  look  big.  and  to  live  basely. 

Vernier,  Via  Recta,  iii.  62.    (JV.  B.  D.) 

baseman  (bas'man),  «. ;  pi.  basemen  (-men). 
Any  one  of  the  three  players  who  in  the  game 
of  base-ball  are  stationed  at  first,  second,  and 
third  bases. 

basement  (bas'ment),  «.  [=  MLG.  basement, 
baslnitiit,  hasnieiii',  base,  pedestal;  cf.  F.  sou- 
ba^sement,  formerly  sous-bassenient,  <  sons,  im- 
der  (<  L.  siibtns,  <  sub,  under),  +  *bassemcnt  (in 
form  after  It.  bassamento,  abasement) :  see  fcasel 
and  -ment.']  1.  The  lower  or  fimdamental  por- 
tion; abase.     [Bare.] 

Up  from  its  deep  reservoirs,  from  the  mysterious  base- 
ments of  the  mountain,  wells  the  silent  stream. 

J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  322. 

2.  In  arch. :  (a)  The  portion  of  the  elevation 
of  a  structure  which  performs  the  function  in 
the  design  of  constituting  a  support  to  those 
portions  which  come  above  it;  especially,  the 
substructure  of  a  columnar  or  arched  construc- 
tion, but  also  the  lowest  member  in  the  design 
of  a  wall,  etc.    Compare  base"^,  3. 

It  [the  tomb]  consisted  of  a  square  basement  surrounded 
by  a  Doric  peristyle  with  engaged  columns,  and  surmounted 
by  a  pyramid,  on  the  apex  of  which  was  placed  the  lion  as 
the  epithema,  or  crowning  ornament. 

C.  T.  Xewton,  Art  and  Archa;ol.,  p.  S3. 

(6)  A  floor  or  story  which  is  wholly  or  in  part 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  but  is  usu- 
ally, as  distinguished  from  a  cellar,  well  lighted, 
and  fitted  up  and  used  for  household  or  other 
usual  pTirposes. — 3.  The  act  of  basing,  or  the 
state  of  being  based.  [Rare.]  —  Basement  mem- 
brane, in  anat.,  a  delicate  membrane,  formed  of  flat- 
tened cells,  which  underlies  the  epitlu-liuni  of  mucous 
membraues,  and  covers  that  of  senctiiiL'  ;;lands.  Also 
called  vumbrana  propria. — Basement  tissue,  the  sub- 
stance of  basement  membrane. — English  basement,  the 
entrance-story  of  a  city  house  when  it  is  on  the  level  of 
the  street.    [U.  S.J    See  extract. 

But  the  most  conspicuous  importation  from  Britain 
was  the  house  New  Yorkers  call  the  En;jlisk  basement  — 
the  house  which  has  its  entrance  at  the  level  of  the  street 
and  its  drawing-ro(mis  upstairs,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Dutch  type  with  its  "high  stoop"  giving  immediate  ac- 
cess to  the  chief  apartments.       The  Century,  XXXI.  549. 

basement-story  (bas'ment-std*ri),  n.  Same 
as  JniKcmciit,  2  (/<). 

base-minded  (b!is'm5n"ded),  a.  Of  a  low  spirit 
or  mind;  mean;  dishonorably  inclined. 

base-mindedly  (bas'min"<led-li),  wlv.  In  a 
basc-niindeil  or  fli^;li(inorablo  manner. 

base-molding  (bas'mol'ding),  «.  In  areh.,  an 
ornamental  molding  at  tlie  base  of  any  archi- 
tectiu-al  feature,  as  a  column,  pedestal,  or  espe- 
cially a  wall. 

basent,  "•  f  Appar.  one  of  Spenser's  made  words. 
Cf.  Si!,  bazed,  stupefied;  V).  rcrbazen,  astonish.] 
Extended  as  with  astonishment. 


464 

stare  on  him  with  big  lookes  hmen  wide. 

Siienser,  Mother  Huh,  Talc,  1.  670, 

baseness  (biis'nes),  H.     [<  base'^  +  -»r.is.'\     1. 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  base  or  low  in 
scale ;  meanness  of  grade ;  lowliness,  as  of  birth 
or  station. 
Baseness  of  birth  is  a  great  disparagement  to  some  men. 
Burtftn,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  347. 
He  mixing  with  his  proper  sphere, 
She  finds  the  l/asemss  of  her  lot. 

Tennymn,  In  Memoriam,  1\. 

2.  That  which  is  base  or  low;  anything  of  an 
ignoble  grade  or  quality;  meanness,  as  of  re- 
lation or  employment. 

Some  kinds  of  bajieness 
Are  nobly  undergone.         Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  1. 
I  once  did  hold  it  a  baseness  to  write  fair. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

3t.  Illegitimacy  of  birth ;  bastardy. 
Why  brand  they  us 
With  base?  with  baseti£ss,  bastardy? 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  2. 

4.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  morally  mean 
or  vile  ;  \'ileness;  worthlessness. 

Villains, 
Whose  ba.'^eness  all  disgraceful  words  made  one 
Cannot  express ! 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  4. 
Equal  baseness  lived  in  sleeker  times. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

5.  Of  metals:  (a)  Liability  to  rust:  opposed 
to  nobleness,  (b)  Inferior  or  debased  quality, 
the  result  of  having  been  alloyed  with  a  cheaper 
metal ;  spuriousness. 

We  alledged  the  fraudulent  obtaining  his  patent,  the  base- 
ness of  his  metal,  and  the  prodigious  sum  to  be  coined. 

Sm/t. 
6t.  Deepness  of  soimd. 
The  baseness  or  trebleness  of  tones. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  184. 

basenett,  "-     See  basinet. 

baseology  (ba-se-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3a(Wf,  base, 
+  -'/.oyia,  <  '/i^civ,  speak:  see  -ology.  Cf.  phrase- 
oioffif.'i     Fundamental  philosophy.     Eratith. 

base-plate  (bas'plat),  n.  1.  The  fotmdation- 
plate  of  metal  on  which  a  hea\'}'  piece  of  ma- 
chinery, as  a  steam-engine,  stands ;  the  bed- 
plate.—  2.  In  base-ball,  one  of  the  plates  for- 
merly often  used  to  mark  the  bases;  hence,  by 
extension,  one  of  the  bases. 

base-ring  (bas'ring),  n.  A  projecting  band  of 
metal  directly  in  front  of  the  base  of  the  breech 
in  old  pieces  of  ordnance,  connected  with  the 
body  of  the  gun  by  a  concave  molding. 

base-rocket  (bas'rok"et),  n.  A  species  of  mi- 
gnonette, Heseda  lutea :  so  called  from  its 
rocket-like  leaves  and  low  stature. 

base-running  (bas'run"ing),  «.  In  base-ball, 
the  act  of  running  from  base  to  base. 

bases,  ».     Plural  of  basis. 

base-spirited  (bas'spir'i-ted),  a.  Having  a 
ba.se  or  mean  spirit;  mean;  cowardly. 

bash^  (bash),  V.  [E.  dial,  orcolloq. ;  in  popular 
apprehension  regarded  as  imitative  (cf.  bang, 
dash,  smash,  etc.),  but  prob.  of  Scand.  origin, 
assibilated  form  of  bask'^  (now  obs. ;  cf.  dial. 
basking,  a  sound  thrashing),  <  Dan.  baske,  slap, 
drub,  Sw.  basa,  whip,  drub,  beat.]  I.  trans. 
To  strike  with  a  heavy  blow;  beat  violently; 
knock  out  of  shape.     [Colloq.  and  prov.  Eng.] 

A  woman,  a  whelp,  and  a  walnut-tree. 
The  more  you  bash  'em  the  better  they  be. 

Proverbial  saying. 
[The  above  proverb  refers  to  the  practice  of  beating  wal- 
nut-trees when  in  bud  with  poles,  or  beating  off  the  fruit, 
a  proceeding  wlxich  was  thought  to  increase  their  produc- 
tiveness.] 

II.  intrans.  To  strike;  knock.  [Colloq.  and 
prov.  Eng.] 
bashl  (bash),  n.  [Cf.  Dan.  bask,  a  blow,  Sw. 
bas,  whipping,  beating;  from  the  verb.]  A 
blow  that  knocks  out  of  shape,  or  leaves  a  dent. 
[Colloq.  and  prov.  Eng.] 
bash-t  (bash),  V.  [<  ME.  hasshen,  baschen,  bai- 
sen,  by  apheresis  for  nbashen,  etc.,  abash:  see 
abash.'\  I.  trans.  To  daunt;  dismay;  abash; 
confound;  confuse. 

She  that  bask'd  the  sun-god  with  her  eyes. 
Greene  and  Lotlye,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  daunted,  dismayed,  or 
confotinded. 

His  countenaunce  was  bold,  and  bashed  not 
For  Guyons  lookes,  but  scomef  ull  eyeglaunce  at  him  shot. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  37. 
Make  Venus'  leman,  arm'd  in  all  his  pomp, 
Bash  at  the  brightness  of  your  hardy  looks. 
Greene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Ix>ud.  and  Eng. 

2.  To  be  abashed  or  ashamed ;  be  put  out  of 
countenance. 
basb^  (bash),  V.  t.     [E.  dial. ;  perhaps  another 
use  of  bash^.']     In  coal-mining,  to  fill  with  rub- 


bashlyk 

bish  (space  from  which  coal  has  been  taken). 
[S.  Wales.] 
bashaw  (ba-sha'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bns- 
sair,  ba.'^ha,  baeha  (F.  baeha.  It.  bassa,  ba.icia, 
ML.  bassa),  etc.,  <  Turk,  biisha  (Pers.  bdshd, 
bdd.ihdh),  another  form  (perhaps  after  bash, 
head,  chief)  of  jtdshd,  <  Pers.  jtddshdh,  a  gov- 
ernor, prince,  king:  see  jmsha.l  1.  Same  as 
pasha. —  2.  A  grandee;  an  important  person- 
age; a  bigwig.  [Colloq.  ] -Bashaw  of  three 
tails,  a  bashaw  or  piLslia  of  the  rank  irulicated  by  that 
number  of  horse-tails  borne  upon  his  standard. 

'Tis  a  very  flue  thing  to  be  father-in-law 
To  a  very  magnificent  three.failed  Bashaw  ! 

G.  Colman  the  Younger,  Blue  Beard,  ii.  5. 

bashful  (bash'ful),  a,  [<  bash^  +  -/»/.]  If. 
Wautiug  in  self-possession ;  fearful ;  dismayed. 

And  banh/ul  Henry  depos'd,  whose  cowardice 
Hath  made  us  bywords  Ui  our  enemies. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

2.  Easily  put  to  confusion ;  modest  to  excess ; 
diffident;  shy;  sheepish.  [Formerly used  also 
in  the  sense  of  modest,  unassuming,  as  a  term 
of  comnaendation.] 

Come,  you  pernicious  ass  [to  the  page],  you  bctsh/tU  fool, 
must  you  be  blushing?  wherefore  blush  you  now? 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 

3.  Indicative  of,  accompanied  with,  or  proceed- 
ing from  bashfulness. 

Tlie  refusal  which  his  cousin  had  steadfastly  given  him 
would  naturally  flow  from  her  bashful  modesty  and  the 
genuine  delicacy  of  her  character. 

Jane  Attsten.,  Pride  and  Pre]'adice,  p.  95. 

4t.  Exciting  bashfulness  or  shame. 

A  woman  yet  must  blush  when  bashful  is  the  case. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  59. 

bashfully  (bash'ful-i),  adv,  1+.  Without  self- 
possession;  with  misgivings. —  2.  In  a  bashful, 
modest,  or  shy  manner. 

bashfulness  (bash'fui-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  basliful;  excessive  or  extreme  modesty; 
timorous  shyness;  want  of  confidence.  [For- 
merly, like  bashful,  a  term  of  commendation, 
equivalent  to  modesty. 

He  full  of  bashf}tlni'ss  and  truth. 
Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso's  Godfrey  of  Bulloigne,  iL] 
We  have  in  England  a  particular  bashfulness  in  every- 
thing that  regards  religion.    Addison,  Spectator,  No.  458. 

=  Syn.  Bashfiibie^s,  Modesty,  Di^deime,  Shyness,  Coy- 
ness, timidity,  sheepishness.  Bashfulness,  literally  readi- 
ness to  be  abashed,  designates  timidity  and  a  disturbed 
state  of  feeling  at  meeting  with  others,  or  being  brought 
into  any  prominence.  It  is  natural  and  not  unbecoming 
to  the  young,  but  with  advancing  years  seems  a  defect; 
it  is  often  a  transient  state  of  feeling.  Modesty  goes 
deeper  into  the  character ;  it  is  either  a  proper  and  be- 
coming distrust  of  ones  self  and  one's  powers,  or  a  high- 
minded  freedom  from  assurance  and  assumption ;  it  is 
always  an  excellence,  unless  explicitly  said  to  be  excessive. 
Diffi-dence  is  a  defect ;  it  is  an  undue  distrust  of  self,  with 
fear  of  being  censured  for  failure,  tending  to  unfit  one  for 
duty.  Shyness  is  simply  a  constitutional  shrinking  from 
contact  with  others ;  it  is  the  result  of  sensitiveness. 
Coyness  is  shjTiess  where  advances  are  made  by  others ;  a 
shrinkiug  from  familiarity,  perhaps  in  a  coquettish  way. 
Yet  unask'd, 

His  bashfulness  and  tenderness  at  war, 

He  set  himself  beside  her. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  modesty  in  a  man  is  never  to  be 

allowed  as  a  good  (juality,  but  a  weakness,  if  it  suppresses 

his  Wrtue,  when  he  has  at  the  same  time  a  mind  to  exert 

himself.  Sir  R.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  52. 

As  an  actor,  Mr.  Cunningham  obtained  little  reputa- 
tion, for  his  dip.dence  was  too  great  to  be  overcome. 

Johnson. 
For  the  verj'  cause  of  shyness  is  an  over-anxiety  as  to 
what  people  are  thinking  of  you;  a  morbid  attention  to 
your  own  appearance. 

Whately,  Bacon's  Essay  of  Discourse. 
The  laugh  that  guides  thee  to  the  mark, 
AMien  the  kind  nymph  would  coyness  feign, 
And  hides  but  to  be  found  again. 

Drydcn,  tr.  of  Horace,  I.  ix.  36. 

bashi-bazouk  (bash'i-ba-zok'),  n.  [Turk. 
bashi-ho~i(q,  one  who  is  in  no  particular  dress 
or  uniform,  an  in-egular  soldier  or  civilian, 
<  bash  i J  head,  head-dress,  dress  and  appear- 
ance, 4-  bozuq,  spoilt,  disorderly,  bad,  <  ?joc, 
spoil,  damage,  destroy.]  A  volunteer  and  ir- 
regular atixiliary,  serWng  in  connection  with 
the  Turkish  army  for  maintenance,  but  with- 
out pay  or  uniform.  Bashi-bazouks  are  generally 
mounted,  and  because  unpaid  frequently  resort  to  pillage. 
They  are  also  at  the  command  of  municipal  governors, 
and  when  detailed  to  accompany  travelers  or  expeditions 
through  the  country  they  expect  not  only  to  be  "found," 
hut  to  be  suitably  rewarded  with  bakshish. 

bashlesst  (bash'les),  a.  [<  hosh"^  +  -less.  Cf. 
bashfni.l     vShameless;  imblushing.     Spenser. 

bashlyk  (bash'lik),  u.  [Also  bashlik.  repr.  Russ. 
bashtuikii,  a  Caucasian  hood  or  cowl.]  A  sort 
of  hood  or  head-covering  with  long  ends,  usu- 
ally made  in  one  piece,  worn  iu  Russia.  The 
besl  qualities  are  of  a  Hue  light-browu  camels-hair  cloth 


bashlyk 

omamentefl  witli  silver  r)r  silvcr-jjilt  palldnn,  A  similflr 
article  to  whicli  tliis  naiiic  lias  liccn  givoii  is  worn  l>y 
women  in  tlie  United  States  as  a  Itgiit  covering  for  tlie 
head. 

Tlniieitif?  l)ctween  the  shoulders,  ami  linotted  around  tlie 
ncL-ktnf  tile  Da^hestuui]  is  the  haxldik,  nr  )i 1,  wnrn  dur- 
ing bad  weather,  this  liui>d  iteing  of  a  eiiniHon  rnh.r. 

O'Otmovan,  Alcrv,  ii. 

I  considered  that  a  light  fur  and  a  hajthlyk  —  sx  cloth 
hood  which  protects  the  ears  —  would  he  qufte  sufficient 
to  keep  out  the  cold.  D.  il.  Wallwi;  Russia,  p.  21. 

Bashmuric  (bash-mo'rik),  n.  A  dialect  of  Cop- 
tic, uamed  from  the  district  Bashmur  of  Lower 
Egypt,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Delta:  as,  the 
llaalniiuric  version  of  the  New  Testament.  Also 
/i((.sm  «;■/(■. 

basi-.  The  combining  form,  in  various  scien- 
tific terms,  of  Latin  basis  (Gr.  paai^),  base.  See 
basis. 

basia  (ba'zi-a),  n.  pi.  [Lit.  kisses;  pi.  of  L. 
basium,  a  kiss.]  A  name  for  erotic  verses  or 
amorous  writings  of  any  kiml;  anacreontics; 
sajjphics:  as,  the  basia  oi  Bonnefons  and  Se- 
cundus. 

basial  (ba'zi-al),  a.  [<  L.  basinm,  a  kiss,  +  -n/.] 
Kelatiug  to  or  consisting  of  a  kiss.     [Rare.] 

The  innocent  gaiety  of  his  sister-in-law  expressed  itself 
in  the  "funny  answers  "  and  the  basial  Siilutation. 

(Juarterbj  ii?*t\ 

basi-alveolar  (ba"si-al-ve'6-lar),  a.  [<  basion  + 
alnolar.']  In  craniom.,  pertaining  to  the  basion 
and  tlie  alveolar  point.  Also  hasio-aU'colar. — 
Basl-alveolar  length,  the  distance  lietweeTi  the  b.isiou 
an<  it  lie  aUcolariioint.— Basi-alveolar  line,  thcliiicjuin- 
iiiv,"  ttic  basion  and  the  alveolar  point.     .Sec  crtniituiu'fr'i. 

basiation  (ba-zi-a'shgn),  «.  [<  L.  basi<itio(»-), 
<  basiarc,  pp.  basiattits,  kiss,  <  ba»ium,  a  kiss.] 
Kissing.     [Rare.] 

basiator  (ba'zi-a-tor),  II.  [NL.,  <L.  basiator,  a 
kisser,  <  basiarc,  kiss:  see  basiation.']  The  or- 
bicular muscle  of  the  mouth.  Also  called  or- 
biniliiris  oris  and  oscularis. 

basibrachial  (ba-si-bra'ki-al), 
ti.  In  some  mollusks,  a  piece 
like  an  inverted  T,  which 
forms  a  support  to  the  base 
of  the  "  arms  "  of  the  fore  foot. 

basibracteolate    (ba-si-brak'- 

te-o-lat),   a.       [<  L.   basis,   a 

base,     4-     NL.     bracteola     + 

-rtfel.]     In  bot.,  having  bracts 

at  the  base :  applied  especially 

to  the  involucre  of  a  compo- 
site   flower    when   it    is   siir- 

roimded  at  the  base  by  a  series 

of  bracts,  as  in  the  dandelion. 
basibrancbial   (ba-si-brang'ki-al),   a.   and    n. 

[<  L.  basis,  a  base,  -1-  braitchite,  gills,  +  -al.~\ 

1.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  base  or  bony  basis  of 
gills  or  braucliiie,  or  to  the  corresponding  vis- 
ceral arches  of  abranchiate  vertebrates. 

II.  H.  A  bono  or  cartilage  forming  the  base 
of  a  Ijranchia,  gill-arch,  or  visceral  arch,  in 
birds,  the  basibrancbial  is  the  single  median  piece  of  the 
hyoid  apparatus  usually  called  urohyal.  In  typical  fishes 
there  are  three  basibranehials  in  a  longitudinal  row,  be- 
neath the  foremost  of  which  is  the  urohyal,  and  in  front 
the  glossohyal. 
basic  (ba'sik),  a.  [<  base"^  +  -ic.']  1.  Relat- 
ing to  a  base;  of  the  nature  of  a  base;  funda- 
mental. 

This  basic  principle  runs  through  the  literature  of  the 
past  from  the  days  of  the  Zend  Avesta. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXLIII.  373. 

2.  In  cliem.:  (a)  Performing  the  office  of  abase 
in  a  salt,  (b)  Having  the  base  in  excess;  hav- 
ing more  than  one  equivalent  of  the  base  for 
each  equivalent  of  acid. —  3.  In  ffcoL,  contain- 
ing a  relatively  small  amoimt  of  silica:  ap- 
plied to  crystalline  rocks,  as  basalt :  opposed 

to  acidic. —  4.   In  aunt.,  basal;  basilar Basic 

alum.  See  aium. — Basic  blue.  See  6^(/f.— Basic  line, 
in  the  spectrum,  a  name  given  by  Lockyer  to  those  lines  in 
the  spectrum  of  an  element  wbicil,  as  thespeetnnii  c!ian-is 
under  increase  of  temperature,  become  more  conspicuous 
while  the  others  disapjiear.  Certain  of  these  lines  being 
common  to  the  spectra  of  two  substances  ((',•/.,  cadmium 
and  iron),  it  is  inferred  that  they  may  belong  to  a  common 
element  present  iti  Imth  and  lilierated  at  tlie  highest  tem- 
perature.—Basic  lining,  a  linin;-:  lltted  to  the  intelior  of 
a  Bessemer  converter,  having  a  tendency  to  absorb  the 
phosphorus  in  the  melted  metal.  — Basic  process,  a  pro- 
cess of  making  steel  or  homogeneous  inm.  e^uisisting  in 
introducing  into  the  lining  composition  of  the  Bessemer 
converter  and  into  the  ehai-ges  lime  or  other  earthy  base, 
which  absorbs ,  phosphorus  and  other  impurities  in  the 
pig-iron,  and  permits  the  use  <d  cheap  grades  of  metal  for 
conversion  into  steel.  Also  called  the  Thomas-GitchHvt 
process. — Basic  water,  water  when,  as  in  some  cases,  it 
appears  to  act  as  a  base. 

basicerite  (ba-sis'e-rit),  n.   [<  Gr.  iinair,  base,  + 

kf/iiii;,  horn.]     In  i'ru.stacea,  the  second  joint  of 

the  antenna,  or  long  feeler,  succeeding  the  coxo- 

cerite.   in  the  crawQsU  (Aatacus)  it  bears  the  suapbucerite 

30 


Head  of  Dandelion, 
showing  basibracteo- 
late involucre- 


465 

(considered  to  represent  an  exopodlte)  and  Ischlocerite. 
See  Pi'dnfililhnljina, 

basicity  (ba-sis'i-ti),  n.  [<  basic  +  -it;/.']  In 
cluiii. :  {a)  'I'ho  state  of  being  a  base,  or  of  play- 
ing the  ])art  of  a  base  in  combination,  (b)  The 
power  of  an  acid  to  unite  with  one  or  more 
atoms  of  a  base. 

Another  way  in  which  acids  may  he  classifled  has  refer- 
ence to  their  buKicitit:  they  may  l>e  divided  into  mono- 
basic, dibasic,  and  tribasic  acids. 

//.  Walts,  Diet,  of  Chem.,  I.  46. 

basicranial  (ba-si-kra'ni-al),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  NL.  erauium  +  -<//.]  Pertaining  to  the 
base  of  the  skull — Basicranial  axis.   .See  axisi. 

basidia,  ».     Plural  of  ba.mlium. 

basidigltal  (ba-si-dij'i-tal),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  -t-  ili(jiti(s,  finger,  +  -al.]  In  aiiat.,  of  or 
pertaining  to  tlie  bases  of  the  digits:  applied 
to  the  metacarjial  and  metatarsal  bones. 

Each  digit  has  a  jiro.vim.il  hasi-dinital  .  .  .  hone,  upon 
which  follows  a  linear  series  of  phalanges. 

Uuxlfii,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  .'11. 

basidigitale  (ba"si-dij-i-ta'le),  II. ;  pi.  basidigi- 
talia  (-li-ii).  [NL. :  see  basidigital.]  One  of 
the  basidigital  bones;  a  metacarpal  or  meta- 
tarsal bone. 

Basidiomycetes  (ba-sid'i-o-mi-se'tez),  ».  pi. 
[NL..  <  lidsidiiim  +  Cfr.  n'vKri^,  pi.  /ivKr/Tix,  mush- 
room.] The  group  of  fimgi  in  which  the  spores 
are  borne  on  basidia,  including  the  Hi/menomy- 
cetcs,  Oastcromi/cetcs,  and  most  of  tile  larger 
fungi  known  as  mushrooms  and  toadstools. 
See  cut  under  basidiiim. 

basidiomycetOUS  (ba-sid"i-9-mi-se'tus),  a.  [< 
liasidioiin/ri  trs  +  -oiis.'\  Belonging  to  or  hav- 
ing the  ciiaracters  of  the  Basidiomycetes. 

basidiospore  (ba-sid'i-o-sp6r),  «.  [<  NL.  basi- 
diiim +  tir.  nrropa,  seed.]  A  spore  borne  on  a 
basi<liura. 

basidiosporous 
(ba-sid-i-os'po- 
rus),  a.  [<  ba- 
sidiosjiore  + 
-o««.]  Produ- 
cing spores  by 
means  of  ba- 
sidia. 

basidium    (ba- 

siil'i-uin),      «.; 

pi.  basidia  (-ii). 

[KL.,    dim.  "of 

Gr.  ,<u(T((,-,  a  base.]     In  bot.,  an  enlarged  cell  in 

basidiomycetOUS  fimgi,  arising  from  the  liymc- 

nium,  and  producing  by  abstriction  spores  Ijome 

upon  slender  projections  at  its  summit. 

basifacial  (ba-si-fa'shial),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  base, 
+  fades,  face,  +  -o?.]  Relating  to  the  base  of 
the  face,  or  of  the  facial,  as  distinguished  from 
the  proper  cranial,  part  of  the  whole  skull:  ap- 
plied to  an  anterior  evertebral  region  of  the 
base  of  the  primordial  skull,  corresponding  to 
the  situation  of  the  trabeculae  cranii,  and  con- 
sequently in  advance  of  the  notochordal  region 
knowTi  as  the  basicranial.  See  cut  under 
waniofacial. 

This  section  of  the  primordial  skull  may  he  conveniently 
termed  the  basi-faciut  region,  the  trabecular  forming  a 
support  for  the  forebrain, 

Sulton,  I'roc.  Zool.  .Soc.,  188,1,  p.  677. 
Basifacial  axis.    .See  aj-i«i. 

basification  (ba"si-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  basify  : 
see  -atioii.]     In  clicm.,  the  act  of  basifying. 

basifier  (ba'si-fi-er),  n.  In  chciii..  that  which 
basifies,  or  converts  into  a  salifiable  base. 

basifixed  (ba'si-fikst),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  base,  + 
Jixiis,  fixed,  +  -ed".]  In  bot.,  attached  by  the 
base  or  lower  end,  as  an 
anther  upon  the  filament. 

basifugal(ba-sif'ii-gal),  a. 
[<  L.  basis,  a  base,  +  fii- 
</(•)•<',  flee.]  Keceiliug  from 
the  base:  in  bot.,  said  of 
the  growth  of  leaves  which 
are  developed  from  the 
base  upward. 

Two  e.vtreme  cases  may  there- 
fore be  distinguished  in  leaves, 
although  closely  connected  by  in- 

termc.liate  forms:  the  predom-    „,^„^  ,  From  LcM.iout  and 
inantly  hiiMfinl'll  or  apical,  and     Decaisne's  "Traitc  general 
the  predominantly  basal  growth,     de  Uotaatquc") 
.sVie/i.v,  liotany  (trans.),  p.  13S. 

basify  (ba'si-fi),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  basified, 
ppr.  basijijiiifi.  [<  L.  basis,  a  base,  +  facere, 
make :  see  -/y.]  In  chem.,  to  convert  into  a 
salifiable  base. 

basigynium  (ba-si-jin'i-um),  «.  ;  pi.  basi- 
ijynia  (-ii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iiaaa;,  a  base,  +  yvvi/, 
a  female.]  In  bot.,  a  stalk  rising  above  the 
base  of  the  flower,  and  bearing  the  ovary  at  its 


Basidi.i. 

^.basidium  oi Ctatltrtts  eancftlatus ;  b,oi 

Agarictts ;  c,  of  LycDferdon  cepir/orme. 


n.^ifixcd  Anthcn. 
anthem;    b,  b,  fil,a. 


Basilian 

summit,  as  in  plants  of  the  genus  Clenme.  Also 
called  podoiiyiiium,  or  more  frequently  gyno- 
2)liorc  (whicli  see). 

basibyal  (ba-si-hi'al),  11.  and  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  Jiy(oid)  +  -at.']  I.  n.  1.  In  vertebrate 
anat.,  the  distal  bony  element  of  the  second  post- 
oral  visceral  arch,  or  hyoidean  apparatus,  rep- 
resented in  human  anatomy  by  the  so-called 
body  of  the  hyoid  bone,  bearing  two  pairs  of 
horns  or  cornua  ;  in  general,  the  basis  or  body 
proper  of  the  hyoid  arch  ;  the  basihyoid.  See 
cut  under  sladl. —  2.  In  ichth.,  the  segment  of 
the  branehiostcgal  arch  next  to  the  basibran- 
cbial and  urohyal.  It  is  generally  double,  or 
coinposed  of  two  pieces  on  each  side. 

ir.  a.  Relating  to  the  basis  or  body  of  the 
hyoid  bono  or  hyoid  arch. 

basihyoid  (ba-si-hi'oid),  a.  and  ».     [<  L.  basis, 
a  base,  +  E.  hyoid.']    I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  basihyal. 
II.  ".  Same  as  basihyal. 

basiU  (baz'il),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bazil,  bas- 
set, <  ME.  basilc,  <  OF.  bnsile,  mod.  F.  basilic  = 
It.  basilico,  <  ML.  basilicitm,  basilicon  (cf.  L.  ba- 
silisca,  a  plant,  also  called  regiila,  mentioned  as 
an  antidote  for  the  bite  of  the  basilisk :  see 
basilisk),  <  Gr.  [iaci'/uKOv  (sc.  /.dxavov,  herb), 
basil,  neut.  of  l3aai?uK6(,  royal,  <  /?am?^if,  king, 
a  word  of  unknown  origin.]  A  name  of  several 
labiate  plants,  especially  of  the  genus  Ocymum. 

0.  basiticuiii,  a  native  of  India,  is  much  used  in  cotikery, 
especially  in  France,  and  is  known  as  sweet  or  common 
basil.  Bush  or  lesser  hasil  is  O.  inimnium.  The  holy  basil 
of  India,  0.  sanctum,  is  considered  sacred  to  Vishnu,  and 
rosaries  are  made  of  its  wood,  for  the  wild,  stone,  or 
field  basil  of  Europe,  see  basil-weed.  In  the  United  States 
the  name  is  given  to  other  aromatic  labiates,  especially 
to  species  of  Pycnanthemuni. 

The  ancients  had  a  curious  notion  relative  to  the  plant 
basil  (O.  basilicum),  viz.,  that  there  is  a  i)roperty  in  ba^it 
to  propagate  scorpions,  and  that  by  the  smell  thereof 
they  are  bred  in  the  brains  of  men. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  1st  ser.,  VIII.  10. 
lie  once  called  her  his  basil  plant ;  and  when  she  asked 
for  an  explanation,  saiil  th.at  Jjasit  was  a  plant  which  had 
Hourished  wonderfully  on  a  murdered  man's  brains. 

Georfje  Eliot,  Middlemareh,  Finale. 

Basil-oil,  an  aromatic  oil  obtained  from  the  roots  of  the 

Inusil.     McElrath. 

basiPt,  «■     [Early  mod.  E.  (def.  1)  bassil,  <  OF. 

basilc,  rand.  P.  basilic,  a  basilisk:  see  basilisk.] 

1.  A  large  cannon  throning  a  hea^'y  shot.  See 
basilisk,  4. —  2.  [Perhaps  in  allusion  to  a  can- 
non-ball.] Aniron  or  fetter  fastened  round  the 
ankle  of  a  prisoner. 

basiF   (baz'il),  n.     A  corruption  of  bezel. 

basil'l  (baz'il),  n.     A  corruption  of  basan. 

basilad  (bas'i-lad),  adv.  [<  NL.  basil(ari.f)  (see 
basilar)  +  -ad^.]     To  or  toward  the  base. 

basilar  (bas'i-lar),  a.  [=  F.  basilaire,  <  NL. 
basilaris,  <  L.  basis,  a  base.]  Relating  to  or  sit- 
uated at  the  base,  especially  of  the  skull. — 
Basilar  angle.  Seecranio»(r/rv.— ^Basilar  artery,  the 
artery  formed  hy  the  junction  of  the  vertebral  arteries, 
and  lying  on  the  basilar  process  of  the  occipital  hone. — 
Basilar  groove,  a  sui< loth  dejiressicni  on  the  upper  siiie  of 
the  basilar  process.—  Basilar  membrane  of  the  cochlea, 
a  delicate  membrane  stretching  from  the  lamina  spiralis 
to  the  outer  wall.  It  forms  the  tloiir  of  the  canal  of  the 
cochlea,  and  supports  the  organ 
of  Corti.— Basilar  process, 
that  portion  of  the  occipital 
hone  which  lies  in  front  of  the 
foramen  magnum.— Basilar 
segment,  the  compound  and 
otherwise  modified  segment  of 
the  body  of  a  eentiped  immedi- 
ately succeeding  the  cephalic 
segment.  It  bears  several  pairs 
of  appendages,  and  has  been 
considered  to  be  comiiosed  of 
four  morphological  somites. — 
Basilar  sinus,  or  basilar 
plexus,  the  tr.ansvcrse  sinus. 
—  Basilar  suture,  in  anat., 
the  suture  between  the  biLsilar 
process  of  the  occipitjil  hone 
and  the  body  of  the  sphenoid. —  Basilar  'vein,  a  vein 
ascending  from  the  base  of  the  brain  on  the  outer  side  of 
the  ems  cerebri  and  emptying  into  the  vena  Galeni. 

basilary  (bas'i-15-ri),  a.     Same  as  basilar. 

basilateral  i;ba-si-lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  L.  fcn.vi.s-,  a 
base,  +  latiis  {later-),  side,  +  -al.]  Situated 
at  the  side  of  the  base.     Also  basolateral. 

Basileuterus  (lias-i-li'i'te-ms),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
daai?.eiTcpoi,  more  kingly,  compar.  adj..  <  jiaai- 
?.f  if,  king.]  A  large  genus  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical American  osciiie  passerine  birds,  of  the 
family  Mnioliltidie  and  subfamily  .•<!  tojdiiii/inir  : 
a  group  of  prettv  fly-catching  warblers  related 
to  the  common  American  redstart.  Several  of  the 
Mexican  species  reach  the  lower  KioiJrande,  but  most  are 
more  southerly.     /?.  ruji/ron.'t  is  a  characteristic  example. 

Basilian  (ba-sil'i-an)",  a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  Basilitis, 
Basil  the  Great  (died  A.  D.  379),  <  Gr.  jiaaileio^, 
lit.  kingly,  <  fiaai/.cbi:,  king.]  I.  a.  Relating 
to  St.  Basil  the  Great,  a  (ireek  father  of  the 


F,  Basil.ir  Segment  of  a 
ccntipetl  i  ScohfeHdra ):  a, 
antenna  bonie  upon  cephalic 
segment. 


Basilian 

Christian  chm-eh  in  tlio  fourth  contury,  or  to 
the  monastic  nilo  (jivcn  Ijy  liira.     BaslUan  llt- 

Xirgy,  tiR*  lltmK.V  of  St.  l;;i.siL      Sut-  liUirijil. 

II.  n.  1.  Ainouk  ornun  bolonfcinfc  to  one  of 
the  religious  congregations  following  the  rule  of 
St.  Basil.  These  ei)ni|irise  m^iiily  nil  the  (ireek  anil 
Orielltiil  nioiinsteries,  and  arc  founil  in  eeniinnnion  with 
Home  in  Sieily,  and  in  the  (ireenRuthenian  aiul  Arme- 
nian rites.  Several  IJjisilian  nion.isteries  in  Spain  were 
sni)j)ressed  in  1S.'I5. 

2.  One  of  a  congregation  of  priests  devoted 
to  the  education  of  young  men  for  the  priest- 
hood, founded  in  1800  by  the  archbishop  of 
Vienne,  Franco.  Their  name  is  derived  from  their 
Drat  house,  in  the  ]iarish  of  St.  Basil  in  Yivarais.  They 
have  estahlishmeiits  in  Fratiec,  England,  and  Africa. 

basilic  (ba-sil'ik),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly  also 
basilick,  <  F.  basiliquc,  <  L.  hasiUcus,  <  Gr.  jia- 
gcIik6c,  kingly,  royal,  <  jiacrdnx,  king.]  I.  a. 
1.  Kingly;  royal. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
basilica ;  basilican.— Basilic  vein,  the  largest  of  the 
veins  of  the  arm,  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  ulnar 
veiiLS  with  the  median  basilic  vein,  piercing  the  deep  fascia 
a  little  above  the  elbow  on  the  inner  side  of  the  arm,  as- 
cending in  the  course  of  the  brachial  artery,  and  ending 
in  the  axillary  vein,  before  or  after  receiving  the  vcn;c 
comites  of  the  brachial  artery.— Median  basilic  vein, 
a  short  venous  trunk  at  the  bend  of  the  elbow,  crossing 
the  track  of  the  brachial  artery,  from  which  it  is  separat- 
ed by  the  bicipital  fascia,  and  terniinathig  in  the  basilic. 
Also  hasiiical. 

II.  II.  1.  A  basilica  (which  see). — 2.  In 
(iniit.,  the  basilic  vein.     See  I. 

basilica^  (ba-sil'i-kii),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  ftaatliKt/, 
a  basilica,  proji.  fem.  (sc.  aroa,  stoa,  or  o'mia, 
house)  of /3amA(/i(if,  royal:  seeliusHic.  In  sense 
5  for  basilislc,  4,  basil'-^.']  1.  Originally,  the 
stoa  in  which  the  kiug-archon  dispensed  jus- 
tice in  Athens;  hence,  in  (,';■.  antiq.,  a  frequent 
distinctive  name  for  a  stoa  or  portico. — 2.  In 
Rome,  where  such  buildings  were  introduced 
about  two  centuries  before  Christ,  a  portico  or 
hall  recalling  in  plan  or  use  the  Athenian  royal 
portico.  Many  of  these  halls  of  justice  were  appro- 
priated for  Christian  churches,  and  new  chm-ches  were 
built  upon  a  similar  plan,  whence  basilica,  became  a 
usual  name  for  a  church.  The  typical  plan  of  the  basil- 
ica is  an  oblong  rectangle,  with  a  broad  central  nave  sep- 


Basilicas. 


1,  S.  Pietro  in  Vincoli,  Rome ;  a  typical  plan  with  ttie  addition  of 
a  transept  and  of  secondary  apses.  2.  S.  Godeliard.  Hildeslieim  :  a 
German  form  illustratmg  tjie  western  apse  and  other  important  varia- 
tions from  ttic  typical  plan.  AD,  apse  :  B,  £  ,  secondary  apses;  C, 
higli  altar;  D,  bishop's  tlirone  :  G,  transept ;  H,  nave  :  /,  /',  towers; 
y,  ?,  aisles  ;  J/,  western  apse  ;  A';  aisle  surrxjunding  the  chief  apse ; 
O,  0,  apsidioles. 

artited  from  two  side-aisles  by  rows  of  columns.  Over 
the  aisles  are  galleries.  At  the  extremity  of  the  building 
furthest  from  the  chief  entrance  is  a  raised  tribune,  wliere 
sat  originally  the  Roman  pretor  or  judge  and  his  assess- 
ors, and  which  naturally  became  the  sanctuary  of  the 
Christian  church.  This  tribune  usually  constitutes  an 
apse  of  the  width  of  the  n;ive,  projecting  from  the  main 
body  of  the  buihling,  and  covered  with  a  vault  on  a  semi- 
circular plan.  The  Christian  hiuh  altar,  which  has  re- 
placed the  throne  of  the  iloman  pretor,  stands  properly 
in  the  center  of  the  chord  of  this  apse.  Variations  from 
the  typical  plan  ;ire  of  very  common  occurrence,  such  as 
the  absence  of  an  arcliitectural  jijise  ;  the  presence  of  an 
apse  at  each  end  —  a  favorite  arrangement,  especially  in 
early  German  churches  of  basilican  plan  ;  the  duplication 
of  the  side-aisles  ;  the  carrying  of  an  aisle  around  the 
apse  ;  the  presence  of  a  transeiit  hetwcen  aisles  and  apse, 
or  of  minor  apses  on  each  side  of  the  chief  apse ;  and 
many  others,  often  suggested  cither  by  accidents  of  posi- 
tion or  by  the  exigencies  of  the  Christian  ritual. 
3.  Liturgieall.v,  in  the  Horn.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  title 
conferred  by  the  pope  on  a  church  without  ref- 
erence to  its  architectural  aiTangement,  and 
carrying  with  it  certain  honors  and  privileges. 
In  addition  tti  the  five  major  or  patriarchal  basilicas  and 
the  eight  minor  basilicas  at  Rome,  the  title  is  borne  in 
this  sense  by  other  churches  in  :ill  p.arts  of  the  world, 
as  the  cathedrals  of  Paris  and  lUieims  in  France,  anil  the 
cathedral  of  Notre  Dame  at  IJuebee. 


406 

4t.  In  the  middle  ages,  a  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  elaborate  structures  raised  over  impor- 
tant tombs,  as  that  over  the  tomb  or  shrine  of 
Edward  the  Confessor  in  Westminster  Abbey: 
so  called,  according  to  Ducange,  because  these 
structures  bore  a  resemblance  to  diminutive 
churches. —  5\.  A  largo  piece  of  ordnance: 
probably  same  as  basilisk;  4. 

The  breaching  artillery  consisted  rif  sixty-three  guns, 
the  smallest  <tf  which  threw  a  ball  of  fifty-six  pounds,  and 
some  few,  tei-nietl  ba,ttili^a>i,  carried  marble  bullets  of  a 
hundred  and  twelve  pounds  weight.  Vrcucutt. 

Basilica"  (ba-siri-kii),  «.  pi.,  also  used  as  sing. 
[ML.,  <  LGr.  jiam/aiid,  neut.  pi.  of  Gr.  pani'XiK6^, 
ro.yal  (or,  less  prob.,  relating  to  Basil  I.).]  A 
code  of  laws  of  the  Byzantine  empire,  atlapted 
from  the  laws  of  Justinian  in  the  ninth  century, 
by  order  of  the  emperor  Basil  I.   Also  Basilics. 

basilical  (ba-sil'i-kal),  a.  [<  basilica^  +  -o/.] 
Same  as  btisilic. 

basilican  (ba-sil'i-kan),  a.     [<  ML.  husilimnus, 

<  L.  liasiUcii,  basilica.]  I'ertaining  to  or  resem- 
bling a  basilica;  basilic — Basilican  ointment. 
S;inie  as  basillciui. 

basilicanism  (ba-sil'i-kan-izm),  n.  Adherence 
to  the  basilican  type  of  church. 

basilicokt,  "•  [ME.,  also  basiliscolc,  basclycoc,  < 
OF.  basilicoc  (with  appar.  aug.  term.,  prob.  con- 
fused with  coq,  cock;  cf.  cockatrice),  <  basilic,  a 
basilisk.    Cf.  basilisk.']     A  basilisk.    Chaucer. 

basilicon  (ba-sil'i-kon),  II.  [L.,  <  Gr.  (Saailmdv, 
neut.  (sc.  ifiiipnaKov,  remedy)  of  panOuKoi;  royal : 
see  batfil^  and  basilic.']  An  ointment  named 
from  its  supposed  "sovereign"  virtues.  It  con- 
sists of  yellow  wax,  bl.ack  pitch,  and  resin,  of  each  one 
part,  and  of  olive-oil  four  parts.  Also  called  basilican 
ointment. 

Basilics  (ba-sil'iks),  n.  pi.  [E.  pi.,  eqmv.  to 
ML.  basilica :  see  Basilica^.']  Same  as  Basil- 
icrfi. 

Basilidian  (bas-i-lid'i-an),  n.     [<  L.  Basilicles, 

<  Gr.  I>fKT;Af(i57/f,  a  proper  name,  in  form  a 
patronjTnic,  <  liaailtvi;,  king.]  A  follower  of 
Basilides,  a  teacher  of  Gnostic  doctrines  at 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  in  the  second  century.  The 
Basilidians  discouraged  mai'tyrdom,  kept  their  doctrines 
as  secret  as  possible,  were  much  given  to  magical  prac- 
tices, and  soon  declined  from  the  asceticism  of  their 
fouiidri'  into  ;:russ  immorality.     See  lla.'^'ititlianisin. 

Basilidianism  (bas-i-lid'i-an-izm),  n.  [<  Basi- 
lidian +  -ism.']  The  doctrines  of  Basilides  and 
the  Basilidians.  Basilides  tauglit  that  from  a  universal 
seed-mass  containing  the  germs  of  all  things  aiul  created 
by  non-existent  I'city  (that  is,  the  Absolute)  were  sepa- 
rated a  sulttile  soiisliip  mounting  at  once  to  the  Deity,  and 
a  coarse  sonsliiiiattahiing;!  place  near  to  hut  short  of  the 
liighest  by  aid  of  the  Holy  .spirit,  ^\hich  acts  as  the  firnni- 
ment  sci)arating  sniicrmuiHlane  things  front  mundane. 
A  third  soiisliiji,  that  ncciling  pnrilication,  remained  in  the 
m;iss,  from  whicll  alM)  cmelgcd  the  arclmnsof  the  ogdoad 
andlielidoniad.  See  arclxm.  'Jlte  gospel  ilium inat lull  came 
first  to  the  son  of  tlie  great  arclioii,  wlio  instructed  his 
father.  From  hiin  it  passed  to  the  archon  of  the  hebdo- 
mad through  Ills  son,  andfn-ni  tlie  In  bdomad  to  Jesus,  the 
son  of  -Mary.  Tlie  spirit  of  .icstis  ascnideil  atliis  death  to 
the  higliest  God,  leaving  his  .soul  in  tlie  lu  Ixloniad.  When 
the  whole  of  the  sonsliip  tli:it  remains  in  this  lowcrworld 
lias  mounted  after  .Tesus  to  the  highest  place,  the  consum- 
mation of  all  things  will  come,  and  an  oldi\ion  called  the 
great  ignoiance  will  descend  on  the  whole  world,  even 
upon  the  two  great  archons,  that  all  may  remain  in  their 
natural  place  and  not  aspire  after  the  unattainable.  The 
gospel  is  the  knowledge  of  these  doctrines,  and  the  spirit- 
ual are  those  only  who  are  capable  of  understanding  them. 
An  exceedingly  different  system,  known  as  spurious  Basi- 
lidianism-, was  developed  among  the  followers  of  Basilides. 
According  to  jthis  there  are  a65  generations  of  angels  occu- 
pying 365  heavens,  each  with  its  own  archon,  the  lowest 
being  the  God  of  the  Jews.  Christ  was  the  first-horn,  the 
Nous  or  intellect  of  the  highest  God,  the  unbcgotten 
Father.  All  his  work  on  earth  is  mere  appearance  or  out- 
ward show,  a  docetic  feature  found  in  many  earlier  here- 
sies. 

basiliscine  (bas-i-lis'in),  a.  [<  L.  basiliscus,  a 
basilisk,  +  -utfl.]     Pertaining  to  a  basilisk. 

basiliscus  (bas-i-lis'kus),  n.  [L.,  a  basilisk: 
see  basilisk.]  If.  A  basilisk. — 2t.  [NL.]  In 
ornith.,  an  old  and  disused  name  of  the  small 
crested  or  golden-crowned  wren  of  Europe, 
Begiilits  cristatiis.  it  is  known  in  many  languages 
by  names  coiresponding  to  "little  king,"  as  kinfflrt, 
roitt'lrt,  hiniolrin,  rrijitlo,  rcfjaliolus,  rrailhis,  etc.  ;^also 
rex,  senator,  presbys,  troehiluSt  orehiUus,  calendula,  etc. 
See  liei/ulns. 

3.  [<•"/'.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  saurian  reptiles, 
or  LaccrtiUa,  of  the  family  JijuuniihE  (formerly 
held  to  be  of  greater  extent  than  now),  charac- 
terized essentially  by  the  presence  of  a  contin- 
uous median  dorsal  crest  along  the  back  and 
tail,  erectile  at  will.  There  are  no  femm-al  pores,  and 
no  gular  sac,  hut  a  dilatable  pouch  on  the  head  ;  the  den- 
tition is  pleurodont.  The  mitered  or  hooded  basilisk,  li. 
mitratus,  is  especially  remarkable  for  a  membranous  bag 
at  the  back  of  the  head,  of  the  size  of  a  small  hen's  egg, 
which  can  be  inflated  with  air  at  pleasure,  and  the  func- 
tion of  which  is  analogous  to  that  of  the  air-hlailder  of 
fishes.  The  other  species  have  such  hoods  also,  but  of  a 
smaller  size.    To  this  organ  they  owe  their  name,  which 


basin 


Hooded  or  Mitered  n.tsilisl:  (/iajiiijcits  r'li/rittus). 

recalls  the  basilisk  of  fable,  though  in  reality  they  are 
harmless  and  exceedingly  lively  creatures.  'I'he  species 
are  inhabitants  chiefly  of  Central  America  and  Mexico, 
and  peculiar  to  America,  although  one  of  the  A<janiidie  of 
Amtitiyiia  lias  been  erroneously  rcfelTeil  to  the  genus. 

basilisk  (bas'i-lisk),  n.  and  fl.  [Also,  until  re- 
cently, as  L.,  basiliscus;  <  ME.  ba-silisk  (cf.  also 
basilicok  and  F.  basilic),  <  L.  basili.^ois,  <  Gr. 
fiam'/.ioKoc,  a  little  king,  a  kinglet  (bird),  also  a 
kind  of  serpent,  so  named  from  a  white  spot 
resembling  a  crown  on  the  head ;  dim.  of  (iaac- 
Pifi'f,  a  king.]  I.  n.  1.  A  fabulous  creature 
formerly  believed  to  exist,  variously  regarded 
as  a  kind  of  serpent,  lizard,  or  dragon,  and 
sometimes  identified  with  the  cockatrice,  it  in- 
habited the  deserts  of  Africa,  and  its  breath  and  even  its 
look  were  fatal.  In  heraldry  it  is  represented  as  an  ani- 
mal resembling  the  cockatrice,  with  its  tail  terminating  in 
a  dragon's  head;  hence  formerly  also  called  aniphisien 
cockatrice,  as  having  two  heads.  See  amphisien. 
Like  as  the  Basili^ke,  of  serpents  seede, 
From  powrefuU  eyes  close  venim  doth  convay 
Into  the  lookers  hart,  and  killeth  farre  away. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  viii.  39. 
There  is  not  one  that  looketh  upon  his  eyes  hut  he  dieth 
presently.  The  like  property  has  the  basilij'k.  A  wliite 
spot  or  star  it  carieth  on  the  head  and  settith  it  out  like  a 
coronet  or  diadem.  If  he  but  hiss  no  other  serpent  dare 
come  near.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  viii.  21. 

2.  In  lierpet.,  a  lizard  of  the  old  genus  Basilis- 
cus (which  see)  in  the  widest  sense. —  3t.  In 
ornith.,  the  golden-crested  wren  or  kinglet. 
See  basiliscus,  2. — 4t.  A  large  piece  of  ord- 
nance: so  called  from  its  destructive  power. 
It  varied  greatly  in  size  and  style  at  different  times.  In 
the  fifteenth  century  it  is  spoken  of  as  throwing  stone 
halls  of  the  weight  of  200  pounds,  and  was  therefore  of 
prodigious  caliber.  D'.-Vubign6  in  his  History  speaks  of 
them  as  carrying  stone  b<all3  of  300  pounds,  but  it  is  not 
certain  which  standard  he  has  in  view.  In  the  seventeenth 
century  it  was  a  smaller  gun,  but  still  one  of  the  largest 
then  in  use.    See  basilica,  5. 

Awake,  ye  men  of  IMemphis ! — hear  the  clang 
Of  Scythiim  trumpets  !  — hear  the  basilisks. 
That,  roaring,  shake  Damascus'  turrets  down  ! 

Marlowe,  Tamburlaine,  I.,  iv.  1. 
A  basilisco,  bore  in  inches  5,  weight  in  pouiuls  40(X). 

Capt.  J.  .S'»i/t/(,  Seaman's  Grammar. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  the 
basilisk:  as,  a  basilisk  eye  or  look  (a  sharp, 
penetrating,  malignant  ej'e  or  look,  like  that 
attributed  to  the  basilisk). 
basilosaurid  (bas'''i-lo-sa'rid),  71.  A  cetacean 
of  the  family  Basilosaiirida: 

Basilosauridae  (bas'i-lo-sa'ri-de),  n.  pil.  [NL., 
<  Basilosaurus  +  -ida:.]  A  family  of  extinct 
zeuglodont  cetaceans,  typified  by  the  genus 
Basilosaurus  (or  Zeuglodon),  having  the  parie- 
tal, the  frontal,  and  especially  the  nasal  bones 
elongated,  and  the  anterior  nares  opening  for- 
ward. [According  to  the  rules  of  zoological  nomencla- 
ture, the  operation  of  the  law  of  priority  reiptires  reten- 
tion of  the  name,  though  the  creatures  were  not  saurialts.I 

Basilosaurus  (bas'i-lo-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fhai/-{ic,  king,  +  aai-poc,  lizard.]  A  genus  of 
large  fossil  cetaceans  from  the  Eocene  of  the 
southern  United  States.  The  name  was  given  under 
the  erroneous  imi»ression  that  the  creatures  were  reptiles, 
and  was  afterward  changed  to  Zevglod'in .  .\lso  called 
Pohii>t>iel"ifli'ii  and  IltulrareJius.     .See  X'oolodontia. 

basil-thjraie  (baz'il-tim),  n.  [<  basil'^  +  thi/me.] 
A  British  plant,  the  Calamintha  Acinns  of  bota- 
nists. It  has  hluish-imrple  flowers  and  a  fragrant  aro- 
matic smell,  "so  excellent,"  Parkinsim  s.ays,  "that  it  is 
tit  for  a  kiiiu^'s  hotise." 

basil-weed  (baz'il-wed),  n.  [<  basiU  +  icecd^.] 
Wild  basil,  or  field-basil,  the  common  name  for 
Calamintha  Cliiiopodium,  a  European  labiate 
plant  common  in  woods  and  copses. 

basin  (ba'sn),  II.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bason, 
bascn,  <  ME.  basin,  bacin,  <  OF.  bacin,  mod.  F. 
fcflA'i'tH  =  Pr.  Sp.  bacin  =  \t.  bacino  (JIL.  reflex. 
bacinns,  hassinns)  =  OHG.  bccchin,  bccchi,  MHG. 
becken,  becke,  G.  hccken  (>  Dan.  ba'kkcn  =  Sw. 
bdckeii),  <  ML.  bachiniis,  bacchinus,  hacchinum, 


basin 

appar.  for  'baccimis,  'baccimim,  prop,  an  adj. 
form,  <  haccn,  a  bowl  ('vas  aquanura':  soo 
bdcli'^),  p('i'liai)s  (if  ('cllio  origin;  cf.  Gael.  b(u; 
a  hollow,  a  hook,  crook,  =  W.  bdcli,  a  hook,  = 
Bret,  hdk,  bai/,  a  shallow  boat :  soo  bcick'^. 
Heiico  btis-i>ui.'\  1.  A  circiilar  dish  or  vessel 
of  (rreatcr  width  than  depth,  contraeting  to- 
ward the  bottom,  and  usedehieflyto  hold  water 
or  other  liquid,  espeeially  for  washing,  but  also 
for  various  other  purposes. 

Let  one  attoinl  lum  with  a  silver  baiwn, 
J?"ull  of  rost'-wiitur,  ami  bestrew'd  with  (lowers,  .  ,  . 
Ami  siiy,  Wiirt  pleaso  yuiu*  lordship  cool  yuiir  liaiuls? 
Shnk.,  T.  of  the  S.,  liiU.,  1. 

2.  As  much  as  a  basin  will  hold ;  a  basinful. — 

3.  In  thoHcfc'aud  iiiniuif.:  (a)  In  liat-mdkhitj,  a 
vessel  fdled  with  boiling  water  iu  which  the 
loose  mat  of  felted  fur  formed  on  tho  cone  fur 
a  hat-body  is  dipped  in  tho  process  of  basining 
(see  b(t,sin,  v.  t.),  in  order  to  shrink  it  to  the 
proper  size.  Also  called  si:infi-l;ctUc.  (h)  A 
concave  )iiece  of  metal  on  which  glass-grinders 
form  their  convex  glasses,  (e)  Tho  scale  or 
scale-dish  of  a  balance  when  concave. —  4t.  A 
pair  of  hollow  metal  dishes  clashed  togetlier 
like  cymbals  to  produce  sound:  formerly  beat- 
en when  infamous  persons  were  exposed  in  a 
cart  as  a  punishment. —  5.  A  basin-shaped  ves- 
sel himg  by  chains  from  the  roof  of  a  chm'cli, 
with  a  pricket  in  the  middle  for  the  serges.  See 
Cirijc.  When  of  silver,  such  vessels  usually  had 
a  brass  or  latten  basin  within  to  catch  tho  wax- 
droppings. — 6t.  The  hollow  part  of  a  plate  or 
dish. 

Silver  dishes  and  plates  ...  in  the  edges  and  basiiia  of 
whiull  was  placed  .  .  .  gold  medals. 

PeinjK,  Di.ary,  July  21, 1802.    {N.  E.  D.) 

7.  A  natural  or  artificial  reservoir  for  water. 
(a)  A  purul;  a  bay;  a  dock  for  shii»s.  {fi)  In  a  canal,  a 
space  which  enalilcs  boats  to  turn,  or  to  lie  and  unload, 
without  obstructing  the  passage  of  other  boats,  (o)  The 
space  between  the  gates  in  a  dock. 

8.  In  gcog. :  (a)  The  area  drained  by  a  river. 
The  term  is  oriliu.irily  used  only  when  speaking  of  a 
large  river,  and  then  includes  the  entire  area  drained  by 
the  main  stream  and  ita  tributaries.  The  line  separating 
two  river-systems  from  each  other  is  the  watershed.  A 
clasf'd  basin  is  an  area  which  has  no  outlet  to  the  sea.  In 
tile  United  States,  the  Great  Basin  is  that  portion  of  the 
Cordilleran  region  which  h.as  no  such  outlet,  comprising 
an  area  of  about  22.'j,(Xio  sc^nare  miles.  (^)  A  basin- 
shaped  depression  or  hollow ;  a  circular  or  oval 
valley. — 9.  In  (/eol.,  an  area  over  which  the  strat- 
ified formations  are  so  disposed  as  to  show 
that  they  wero  deposited  in  succession  within 
a  basin-shaped  depression  of  the  original  sm-- 
face,  thus  giving  rise  to  a  series  of  beds  which 
have  a  general  dip  toward  a  common  center, 
especially  near  the  edges  of  the  area.  In  some  in- 
stances thi'  li;isin  structure  is  very  marked,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  Forest  of  Dean  and  Inde  coal-llelds.  Sometimes,  how- 
ever, a  mere  synclinal  depression  of  the  strata  is  called  a 
basin;  and  this  is  especially  tlie  case  in  the  Appalachian 
coal-field,  where  any  smaller  area,  separated  by  erosion 
from  the  main  body  of  the  coal-bearing  strata,  may  be 
called  a  basin.  The  geological  basins  of  London  and  Paris 
are  especially  known  and  interesting.  The  rocks  of  both  are 
chietiy  Lower  Tertiary,  or  Eocene  and  Oligocene,  the  name 
sometimes  given  to  that  part  of  the  series  which  is  inter- 
mediate iu  age  between  Eocene  and  Miocene.  The  impor- 
tant incnil)er  of  the  London  basin  —  the  "Lond<Hi  clay" — 
is  absent  from  the  Paris  basin.  The  Sliddle  Eocene  is  rep- 
resented in  the  Paris  liasin  by  an  extremely  fossiliferous 
rock,  the  Calrairc  fironsicr  (which  see).  The  Tertiary  of 
the  Paris  basin,  like  th.at  of  the  London  b.osin,  rests  on  a 
thick  mass  of  white  cluiik.  This  has  been  coin[tIcteIy  bored 
through  at  various  points,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
water,  which  rises  al)ove  the  surface  in  large  quantities  at 
the  wells  of  Orenelle  ami  Fassy,  and  at  other  jioiiits. 
10.  In  aunt.:  (a)  The  third  ventricle  of  the 
brain,  (b)  [Cf.  F.  hassin  in  same  sense.]  The 
pelvis. — 11.  In  cutom.,  a  large  concavity  in  a 
sm'face ;  sjiccitically,  a  concave  portion  of  the 
metathoracio  segment  over  the  base  of  the 
abdomen.  'I'he  b,a.sin  of  the  antenna  is  a  concavity  iu 
which  the  antemia  is  inserted,  ofti-n  limited  on  the  imier 
side  by  a  carina,  as  in  the  ants. 

Formerly  also  spelled  bason. 

Barber'S_  basin.     Sua  barber. 

basin  (ba'sn),  r.  t.  [<  basin,  «.]  In  hnt-making, 
to  harden  or  shrink  to  the  proper  size,  as  a  hat- 
body  in  tho  process  of  felting,  by  dipping  in  the 
basin  of  hot  water,  wrapping  in  the  basining- 
cloth  (which  see),  and  rolling  on  a  table.  iVlso 
spelled  bason. 

The  hat  is  basoned,  or  rendered  tolerably  tlnn. 

Ure,  Diet.,  II.  7S4. 

basinasal  (ba-si-na'zal),  a.  [<  basion  +  nasion 
+  -«i.]  In  cranioni.,  pertaining  to  the  basion 
and  the  nasion Basinasal  length,  the  distance  be- 
tween the  l>:ision  ami  the  luision.    See  eranintnetnj. 

basined  (ba'snd),  n.  Inclosed  in  a  basin. 
[Kare.] 

Thy  basiiu!d  rivei-s  and  imprisoned  seas. 

I'uunij,  ^ight  Tlioughts,  ix.  »ls. 


467 

basinerved  (ba'si-n(^rvd),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
l)asc,  +  ncrvns,  nerve,  +  -CfP.]  In  liot.,  htiving 
the  nerves  all  siiringing  from  the  base  :  applieil 
to  leaves. 

basinet,  basnet  (bas'i-net,  bas'net),  n.  [Also 
baxxiiict,  liiisi-iiiit,  <  ME.  basinet,  basviwt,  basuil, 
baccncti,  banjnct,  <  OF.  bacinct  (F.  bassinet  =  Pr. 
Ixicinvt  =  Sp.  Pg.  bacinete  =  It.  bai-initto),  dim. 
of  hacin,  a  basin,  a  helmet  in  the  form  of  a 
basin :  see  basin  and  -<;<.]    A  steel  cap,  original- 


I,  Basinet  of  1310.    9,  Italian  Basinet  of  1380. 
( From  VioIlct-lc-Duc's  "  Diet-  da  Mobilier  fran^ats." ) 

ly  of  very  simple  form,  named  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  little  basin,  it  was  ordinarily  worn 
aloiu? ;  but  iu  battle  the  heavy  helmet  or  heaume  was 
placed  over  it.  resting  upon  the  armor  of  the  neck  and 
shouhlers.  Wlien  tlio  heaume  came  to  be  abandouid.  on 
accoimt  of  iu  great  weight,  the  basinet  was  fin-iiishcd 
with  a  vizor.  It  was  the  comm<mest  form  of  hea<lpiece 
during  the  thirteentli  and  fourteenth  centuries,  and  so 
continued  until  the  introduction  of  the  armet.  See  hel- 
Viet,  vizar,  aventaile,  camait,  and  annor. 

"So,  youngster,"  s.aid  he,  looking  at  Glendiiming,  and 
seeing  his  military  dress,  "thou  hast  ta'en  the  basnet  &t, 
last?  it  is  a  better  cap  to  live  iu  than  die  in." 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  21.X 

basinful  (ba'sn-fiJ),  n.  As  much  as  a  basin 
will  huld. 

basining-cloth  (bas'ning-kloth),  n.  [<  basin- 
ing, verbal  n.  of  basin,  v.,  +  doth.']  In  hat- 
malcing,  the  cloth  in  which  a  hat-body  as  taken 
from  tho  cone  is  wrapped  after  dipping  in  tho 
basin,  and  rolled  on  a  table,  to  complete  the 
process  of  felting. 

basin-trap  (ba'sn-trap),  n.  A  seal  or  trap 
placed  in  tho  waste-pipe  of  a  set  basin  to  pre- 
vent the  escape  of  sewer-gas. 

basin-wrench  (ba'sn-rench),  n.  A  plumbers' 
wrench,  having  the  jaws  presented  on  one  side, 
for  working  in  contracted  spaces. 

basio-alveolar  (ba'si-o-al-ve'o-liir),  a.  [<  ba- 
sion +  alriolar.]     Same  as  basi-iilvcohtr . 

basioccipital  (ba"si-ok-sip'i-tal),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  basis,  a  base,  +  occiput  {occipit-),  occiput,  + 
-at.']  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  base  of  the  occi- 
put, or  to  the  basilar  process  of  tho  occipital 
bone Basioccipital  tooth,  a  tooth  attached  to  a  pro- 
longation downward  of  the  basioccipital  bone,  as  in  the 
carp  and  tench. 

II.  n.  The  centrum  of  the  first  (hindmost) 
cranial  segment,  forming  the  basis  of  tho  com- 
pound occipital  bone,  called  in  human  anat- 
omy the  basilar  process  of  the  occijiital,  which 
anteriorly  articulates  or  ankyloses  with  the 
basisphenoid,  and  posteriorly  circumscribes  in 
part  the  forniuen  magnum.  Its  normal  union  with 
t«'o  cMiccipitals  and  a  snpraoccipital  constitutes  the  thus 
c*)inponiid  occipital  bone.  See  cuts  under  craniofaeial, 
Crotnliis,  A'x./.r,  and  Galtiiice. 

basioglossus  (ba"si-o-glos'us),  n.  [<  L.  basis, 
a  base,  +  Gr.  y'/.uana,  tongue.]  That  portion  of 
the  hyoglossus  muscle  which  arises  from  the 
body  of  the  hyoid  bone. 

basion  (bfi'si-on),  n.  [NX/.]  In  anat.,  the  mid- 
dle of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  foramen 
magnum.     See  ctit  under  craniometry. 

basiophthalmiteC  ba'si-of-thal'mit), «.    [<  Gr. 

iiduir,  a  base,  +  otpHaljiuc,  eye.]  The  proximal  or 
basal  joint  of  the  movable  two-jointed  ophthai- 
mite  or  peduncle  of  the  eye  of  a  stalk-eyed 
crustacean,  the  other  joint  being  the  podoph- 
thalmite.     See  cut  under  stalk-cijcd. 

basipetal  (ba-sip'e-tal),  a.  [<  1j.  basis,  a  base 
-f  jirtcrc,  seek,  +  -nV.]  Directed  toward  the 
base;  in  hit.,  developing  from  the  apex  down- 
ward: applied  to  growth  in  the  leaf  when  tho 
rachis  or  midvein  is  developed  first,  then  the 
leaflets  or  lobes  in  succession  from  the  top 
downward. 

basipodite  (ba-sip'o-dit),  n.  [<  Gr.  Saan:,  abase, 
-t- -o/r  (Toi(-)'=  E. /oof.]  In  crustaceans:  (a) 
The  proximal  joint  of  the  limb  of  an  arthropod 
animal,  by  which  the  limb  is  articulated  with 
the  body.  Vunman.  (b)  The  second  joint  of 
a  developed  cndopodite,  between  the  coxopo- 
dite  (protopodite)  and  the  ischiopodite.    Milnc- 


basisylvian 

Edwards  ;  Hiixtnj.    See  also  cut  imder  endopo- 

di/r. 
basipoditic  (ba-sip-o-dit'ik),  a.     Pertaining  to 

or  of  t]iv  nature  of  a  basipodito.    Huxley,  Cray- 

lish,  ],.  Hi). 
basipterygial  (ba-sip-te-rij'i-al),  a.   [<  L.  hcuiis, 

a  base,  +  jitcri/f/ialT]     Situated  at  the  base  of 

tho  fin,  as  of  a  cephalopod. 
Iu  Sepia,  along  the  whole  base-line  of  each  lateral  An  of 

the  uuiutle,  is  a  ^^liasi-pteni<iial  cartilage." 

K.  Ji.  Lanh-ster,  Eneyc.  lirit.,  XVl.  675. 

basipterygoid  (ba-sip-ter'i-goid),  a.  and  w.  [< 
L.  I)asis,  a  l>ase,  -I-  pterygoid.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing  or   related   to   the   base  of  th(^  pterygoid 

bone,  or  tlie  sjihenoid Basipterygoid  processes, 

in  the  anatomy  of  birds,  processes  wliieli  arc  or  may  be 
situated  upon  the  body  or  beak  of  the  sphenoid,  and  ar- 
ticulate, or  may  articulate,  with  the  pterygoid  bones.  See 
cuts  uniler  dritiiinijnatltoiin  and  drujiuroijuatttoas. 

II.  n.  A  lateral  bone  or  process  of  bone  at 
the  base  of  the  skull,  developed  in  connection 
or  relation  with  sphenoidal  and  pterygoid  ele- 
ments. 

basirbinal  (ba-si-ri'nal),  a.  [<  Gr.  Panic,  abase, 
+  p/f,  /Ml',  nose,  +  -«/.]  Situated  at  tlie  base 
of  the  rliinencephalon:  api>lied  to  a  fissure  of 
tlie  brain  ciiUed  hy  W'ildvr postrhinal.    (hcen. 

basirostral  (bii-si-ros'tral),  a.  [<  Ij.  basis,  a 
base,  +  rostrum,  beak,  +  -at.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  situated  at  the  base  of  the  beak  or  bill 
of  a  bird :  as,  basirostral  bristles. 

basis  (ba'sis),  «. ;  pi.  ba.<)cs  (-sez).  [L.,  <  Gr. 
jiaaic,  a  going,   step,    foundation:    see  6«.«'2.] 

1.  The  foundation  of  anything;  that  on  which 
a  thing  stands  or  on  which  anything  is  reared; 
a  foundation,  groundwork,  or  sui))>orting  ])rin- 
ciple:  now  most  commonly  used  of  immaterial 
things. 

Build  me  thy  fortunes  upon  the  basis  of  valom-.  Chal- 
lenge me  the  Count's  youth  to  tight  with  hitn ;  hurt  him 
in  eleven  places.  Shah.,  T.  N.,  iii.  2. 

Who  builds  a  monument,  the  basis  jasper, 
And  the  main  body  brick? 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  iv.  4. 

Good  health  is  the  basis  of  all  physical,  intellectual, 
moral,  and  spiritual  development. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  ii. 

2.  In  arch.,  same  as  base^,  3. — 3t.  A  pedestal. 

(H)serviug  an  English  inscription  upon  the  ba^s,  wo 
real!  it  over  several  times.  Addison. 

4.  Tho  principal  constituent  of  a  compound; 
a  fimdamental  ingredient. —  5.  Alilit.,  same 
as  base'^,  15  (n). —  6.  In  crystal,  and  pctrog., 
same  as  basal  plane  (which  see,  under  ba.tal). 
—  7.  In  hot.  amX  conch.,  same  as  base-,  4. — 8. 
[NL.]  In  anal.,  the  base;  the  fundamental  or 
basilar  part  of  anything:  as,  basis  crauii,  the 
base  of  the  skull. —  9.  In  pros.,  a  trochee 
or  its  substitute  preceding  the  dactyls  of  a 
logaa?dic  series.  An  apparent  spondee  or  iambus, 
a  long  -syllable  of  three  times,  or  even  a  pyrrhie,  tri- 
brach, oranapest,  may  be  used  as  a  bJisis,  and  an  anacrusis 
may  be  prellxed  to  it.  The  basis  is  stnnetimes  double. 
(This  meaning  of  the  word  is  of  modern  introduction 
(Gottfried  Hermann).  In  ancient  Greek  writers  on  met- 
rics the  meaning  of  jSotriT  is :  (a)  That  part  of  the  foot 
which  takes  the  aTj^iaffia  (ictus);  the  ff^ai^.  (//)  .\  series  of 
syllaldes  united  under  one  principal  ictus,  whether  con- 
stituting a  single  foot  or  a  dipody  ;  a  measure. )  — iEollC 
basis,  a  bjlsis  at  the  beginning  of  a  dactylic  line. 

basiscopic  (ba-si-skop'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  /iao'f,  a 
base,  +  (T^oTfa',  view,  +  -ic]  Looking  toward 
the  base ;  on  the  side  toward  the  base. 

basisolute  (ba-sis'o-hit),  a.  [<  L.  &«.<(!.*,  a  base, 
+  solutKs,  free,  loosed:  see  solution.]  In  bot., 
pr(>longe<l  at  the  base  below  the  point  of  origin  : 
said  of  leaves. 

basisphenoid  (ba-si-sfe'noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  ba- 
sis -(-  Sjilietioid.]  I.  a.  In  anat.,  pertaining 
to  the  body  or  basis  of  the  compound  sphenoid 
bone. 

II.  ».  In  atiat.,  the  centrum  of  the  second 
cranial  segment,  or  basis,  of  tho  compound 
sphenoiil  bone,  represented  in  human  antitomy 
by  the  greater  part  of  tho  body  of  the  sphenoid 
(all  that  part  behind  the  sella  turcica),  as 
distinguished  from  its  wings  and  ptei-j'goid 
processes,  situated  iu  the  basicranial  axis  of 
the  skull,  between  the  basioccipital  and  the 
prespheuoid.  It  is  always  combined  with  other  sphe- 
noidal elements,  and  freiiuently  atikybises  also  with  the 
b.asioccipital.    See  cuts  umlerC'r"(ii(i(.v.  Ksojr,  ami  spheiwid. 

basisphenoidal  (ba'si-sfe-noi'dal),  «.  Same 
as  ln[si.\-phen'>id. 

basistt  (ba'sist),  n.  [_<ba^e^  +  -ist.]  A  singer 
of  bass. 

basisylvian  (ba-si-sil'vi-an),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  Sylrius,  an  anatomist  after  whom  the 
aqueduct  of  Svh-ius  in  the  brain  is  named.] 
Appellative  of  "one  of  the  lateral  fissures  of  the 
brain. 


basitemporal 

basitemporal  (bil-si-tcm'po-ral),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Ij.  biisix,  a  base,  +  tenijiora,  temples.]  I,  «. 
Situated  at  the  base  of  the  temporal  region  of 
the  skull. 

II.  ti.  A  membraiie-bone  developed  at  the 
base  of  the  skull  of  mauy  vertebral  t's,  as  birds, 
opposite  the  temporal  region,  underlying  the 
true  basis  oranii  (which  is  developed  from  car- 
tilage), and  on  the  same  plane  as  the  parasphe- 
noid.     (r.  A'.  Parker. 

basivertebral  (ba-si-v^r'te-bral),  a.  [<  basis 
+  icrtcbral.]  Pertaining  to  the  body  or  cen- 
trum of  a  vertebra ;  central  in  a  vertebra :  as, 
basivertebral  veins. 

bask'  ( bask),  i:  [<  ME.  baslen.  <  leel.  'badhasl.; 
now  badliast,  bathe  one's  self,  <  badlia,  =  E. 
bathe,  +  sik  =  G.  sieh,  reflex,  pron.,  one's  self; 
less  prob.  <  leel.  'bakasl;  now  bakaxt,  warm 
one's  self  at  the  fire,  <  baka,  =  E.  bake,  +  sik, 
as  above.  Cf.  Sw.  dial,  basa  sip  i  solen,  bask  in 
the  sun ;  badtisk,  fishes  basking  in  the  sun ;  LG. 
sich  bakeii,  warm  one's  self  in  the  sun,  lit.  bake 
one's  self;  North.  E.  and  Sc.  beak,  bask,  Ut. 
bake.  For  the  form,  ef.  busk^.]  I.  intrans.  If. 
To  bathe,  especially  in  warm  water  (and  hence 
in  blood,  etc.). 

Basked  and  baththed  in  their  wylde  burblyng  .  .  . 
blode.  Skellon,  Works,  I.  209.    (X  E.  D.) 

2.  To  lie  in  or  be  exposed  to  a  pleasant 
warmth ;  luxuriate  in  the  genial  heat  or  rays 
of  anything :  as,  to  bask  in  the  sunshine. 

She  desires  no  isles  of  the  blest,  no  quiet  seats  of  the  just, 
To  rest  in  a  golden  grove,  or  to  605*  in  a  summer  sky. 

Tenmtson,  Wages. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  be  at  ease  and  thriving  under 
benign  or  gratifying  influences:  as,  to  bask  in 
the  favor  of  a  king  or  of  one's  lady-love. 

Merely  to  hwsk  and  ripen  is  sometimes 
The  student's  wiser  business. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

H.  trans.  To  expose  to  genial  warmth ;  suf- 
fuse with  agreeable  heat. 

As  I  do  live  by  food,  I  met  a  fool, 

Who  laid  him  down,  and  bask'd  him  in  the  sun, 

And  rail'd  on  lady  Fortune. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 
Basks  at  the  lire  his  hairy  strength. 

MiUon,  L' Allegro,  I.  112. 

basfcl  (bask),?!.  [< 5asi-l, II.]  Emitted wai-mth ; 
a  genial  radiation  or  suffusion.     [Rare.] 

Milton  and  La  Fontaine  did  not  write  in  the  bask  of 
court  favor.  /.  D'lsra^U,  Calam,  of  Auth.,  I.  7S. 

basket,  a.  [Sc,  prop,  baisk,  <  ME.  bask,  baisk, 
<  leel.  beiskr  =  Sw.  Dan.  beak,  bitter,  acrid.] 
Bitter.     [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

basket  (bask),  r.  [E.  dial.,  obs.:  see  bash^.] 
Same  as  basis'^. 

basket  (bas'ket),  n.  [<  ME.  basket;  of  un- 
known origin.  "The  Celtic  words,  W.  basged. 
Com.  basced,  h.:  basceid,  Qael.  bascaid  (ef.  W. 
basg,  a  netting  or  piece  of  wickerwork),  are 
mod.  and  from  Eng.  The  supposed  original, 
L.  bascauda,  which  is  mentioned  by  Martial  as 
directly  of  Celtic  origin,  is  defined  as  a  wash- 
ing-tub or  brazen  vessel,  and  is  prob.  not  con- 
nected with  basket.~\  1.  A  vessel  made  of 
twigs,  rushes,  thin  strips  of  wood,  or  other  flex- 
ible materials,  interwoven  in  a  great  variety  of 
forms,  and  used  for  many  purposes. 
Rude  baskets  .  .  . 
Woven  of  the  flexile  willow.     Dyer.  The  Fleece,  ii. 

2.  The  contents  of  a  basket;  as  much  as  a  bas- 
ket will  hold :  as,  a  basket  of  fish. 

Do  ye  not  .  .  .  remember  the  five  loaves  of  the  five  thou- 
sand, and  how  many  baskets  ye  took  up  ?  Mat.  xvi.  9. 

3.  A  measure  for  fruit,  equal  in  the  United 
States  to  three  fifths  of  a  bushel,  and  in  Great 
Britain  to  about  two  bushels. — 4.  Figuratively, 
that  which  is  gathered  or  placed  in  a  basket  or 
baskets;  provision  for  sustenance  or  use. 

Blessed  shall  be  thy  basket  and  thy  store.    Deut.  xxviii.  6. 
Making  baby-clothes  for  a  charitable  basket.      Dicifcc>i,s-. 

5.  In  old  stage-coaches,  the  two  outside  seats 
facing  each  other  behind. 

Its  [LondonsI  fopperies  come  down  not  only  as  inside 
passengers,  but  in  the  very-  basket. 

Gold.9mith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  i.  1. 

6.  In  hat-making,  a  wickem-ork  or  wire  screen 
of  an  oval  shape,  for  recei^dng  the  filaments  of 
hair  which  are  deposited  on  it  in  the  operation 
of  bowing. —  7.  Milit.,  a  gabion  (which  see). — 
8.  A  protection  of  wickerwork  for  the  handle 
of  a  sword-stick. — 9.  In  arch.,  the  echinus  or 
bell  of  the  Corinthian  capital,  denuded  of  its 
acanthus-leaves. — 10.  In  ichth.,  the  gill-sup- 
port in  the  lamprey  (Petromy:on).  it  consists  of 
cartilaginous  arcs  depending  from  the  soft  representative 


Cartilaginous  Branchial  Basket  of  lam. 
prey  ( Pelromyzon], depending  from  verte- 
bral column. 


468 

of  the  backlwne  and  connected  by  rrosshars.  — Basket- 
handle  arcb.    See  arcA  1 .  —  Cartllaelnous  branchial 

basket.    ««■  .Mar- 

ket,  the  llncst  of 
tile  wliolc  lot  or 
liuniber.  —  TO      be 

left  in  the  bas- 
ket, to  rciiKiiii  mi- 
cliHseli    or     to    Hi.- 
1.1st.  like  the  Worst 
appl.-s.  ct..  — Togo 
to  the  basket  t,  to 
go  to  prison,  with 
special  reference  U>  the  alms-basket  on  which  prisoners  in 
the  public  jails  were  formerly  dependent  for  support. — 
To  pin  the  basket*,  tu  conclude  or  settle  the  matter. 
basket  (bas'ket),  V.  t.     1.  To  put  in  a  basket. 
All  that  come  shall  be  basketed  in  time,  and  conveyed 
to  your  door.    Cowper,  Correspondence,  p.  2.^9  (Ord  MS.). 

2.  To  cover  or  protect  with  basketwork. 

Basketed  bottles  of  Zem  Zera  water  appeared  standing  in 
solid  columns.  R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  4.'i4. 

basket-ball  (bas'ket-bal),  h.  A  game  played 
with  a  ball  resembling  a  foot-ball,  in  which  "the 
object  is  to  throw  the  ball  into  one  of  two  bas- 
kets (the  goals)  placed  at  opposite  ends  of  the 
field.  It  is  played  by  any  number  of  persons  (five  or  nine 
are  preferred  for  championshiii  games)  upon  a  held  (out 
of  doors  or  within)  of  any  convenient  size.  The  rules  are 
designed  especially  to  eliminate  the  roughness  of  foot-balU 
It  was  invented  by  Mr.  James  Naismith. 

basket-beagle  (bas'ket-be"gl),  n.  A  beagle 
used  in  hunting  a  hare  that  was  slipped  from 
a  basket  to  be  coursed. 

Gray-headed  sportsmen,  who  had  sunk  from  fox-hounds 
to  basket-beaffles  and  coursing.    Scott,  St.  Konan's  Well,  i. 

basket-button  (bas'ket-but"n),  «.  A  metal 
button  with  a  pattern  resembling  basketwork. 
Dickens. 

basket-carriage  (bas'ket-kar"aj), «.     Alight 
caniiigc  made  of  wick- 
erwork. 

basket-coucliing(bas'- 

ket-kou'ching),  n.  A 
kind  of  embroidery;  a 
stitch  used  in  embroi- 
dery.    See  conchinij. 

basket-fern  (bas'ket- 
fern),  n.  The  common 
male  fern,  Aspidiiim 
Filix-mas,  from  the  bas- 
ket-like fonn  of  its 
growth. 

basket-fish  (bas'ket- 
fish),  H.  A  kind  of  Me- 
dusa's-head  or  ophiurian,  Astrophi/ton  agassizi ; 
a  euryalean  sand-star  of  the  family  Astrophij- 
tid^,  found  on  the  coast  of  New  England:  so 
named  by  Governor  John  Winthrop  of  Connec- 
ticut, about  1670.  The  name  is  given  to  other  species 
of  the  same  genus,  all  alike  remarkable  for  the  extraordi- 
nary subdivision  of  the  rays  into  minute  tendrils,  which 
have  been  estimated  t*^  number  80,000.  Astrophyton  sat- 
tatum  is  also  called  the  Shetland  argus.  Also  called  bas- 
ket-urchin and  sea-basket. 

basketful  (bas'ket-fid),  n.  As  much  as  a  bas- 
ket will  hold. 

basket-grate  (bas'ket-grat),  n.  A  grate  with 
bars  at  bottom,  front,  and  sides. 

basket-hare  (bas'ket^har),  H.  A  captive  hare 
slipped  from  a  basket  to  be  coursed  in  the  ab- 
sence of  other  game. 

basket-hilt  (bas'ket-hilt),  n.  A  hilt,  as  of  a 
sword,  which  covers  the  hand,  and  defends  it 
from  injury. 

basket-hilted  (bas'ket-hil"ted),  a.  Furnished 
with  a  basket^ldlt. 

basket-hoop  (bas'ket-hop),  n.  A  name  in  Ja- 
maica of  Croton  lucidus,  an  aromatic  euphorbia- 
ceous  shrub. 

basket-lizard  (bas'ket-liz'ard),  n.  A  book- 
name  of  lizards  of  the  genus  Gerrhosauriis,  hav- 
ing a  coloration  resembling  wickerwork. 

basket-of-gold  (bas'ket-ov-gold'),  «.  The  yel- 
low alyssuiii,  AJijssum  saxatile. 

basket-palm  (bas'ket-piim),  11.  The  talipot- 
palm  of  the  East  Indies.  Cori/pha  umbraciili- 
fcra. 

basketry (bas'ket-ri),n.  [(.basket  + -ri/.']  Bas- 
ketwork or  basketware ;  basket-making. 

basket-urchin  (bas'ket-er  chin),  H.  Same  as 
bd.fkit-Jisli. 

baskefr-withe  (bas'ket-with),  «.  A  twining 
shrub  of  tropical  America,  Tourne/ortia  volu- 
bilis,  natural  order  Boraginacea:. 

basket-wood  (bas'ket-wiid),  n.  A  tall  woody 
climber  of  the  West  Indies,  Serjania  jioliiphylla, 
the  slender,  supple  stems  of  which  are  used 
for  basketwork. 


Basket-fish 
{Astrofhyton  a^assizi). 


BasQulsh 

basketwork  (h&s'ket-w^rk).  n.  Wickerwork; 
anything  made  in  the  form  or  manner  of  a  bas- 
ket; specifically,  iu  fort.,  work  comjioscd  of 
withes  and  stakes  interwoven,  as  in  wicker  con- 
structions of  gabions,  fascines,  hurdles,  etc. 

basket-worm  (bas'ket-werm),  n.  Same  as 
lt(iti-uiirin. 

baskingt  (bas'king),  n.  [E.  dial.,  verbal  n.  of 
/"i.s7.s.]     A  sound  thrashing.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

basking-shark  (bas'king-shark),  n.  A  popular 
nameof  the  Cctorliinus maximus  (orSelachc  max- 
ima), one  of  the  largest  of  the  sharks,  it  is  an 
inhabitant  of  the  northern  seas,  and  has  been  known  to 
reach  the  length  of  40  feet.  It  frequently  comes  Ui  the  sur- 
face and  basks  in  the  sunshine.  Its  food  consists  chiefly  of 
small  animals,  which  are  strained  from  the  water  by  a  pe- 


Basking-  or  Bone-shark  ( Ceterhinus  maximus). 

culiar  development  of  the  gill-structures.  The  liver  is  very 
large  and  yields  a  great  quantity  of  oil,  as  much  as  twelve 
b.'irrels  having  been  obtained  from  a  single  individual. 
Other  popular  names  are  bone-shark  (by  which  it  is  gen- 
erally known  along  the  American  coast),  homer  or  hoe- 
mother,  .^aitli.'ih,  and  .mn/ish.  See  Cetorhinid(e. 
baslard  (bas'lard),  n.  [<  ME.  baselard,  bastard, 
basclarde,  <  AF.  baselard,  <  OF.  basalart  (ML. 
bassilardiis,  basalardu.',),  appar.  <  base,  a  short 
knife  or  saber;  but  cf.  OF.  baselaire,  ba:elaire, 
badelaire,  a  short  sword:  see  badelaire.1  An 
ornamental  dagger  worn  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, hanging  at  the  girdle  in  front.  Baslards 
were  considered  indispensable  to  all  having  claim  to  gen- 
tility. In  a  satirical  song  of  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  we  are 
told  that 

There  is  no  man  worth  a  leke, 

Be  he  sturdy,  be  he  meke. 

But  he  here  a  baselard. 

Basmuric,  ».     See  Bashmuric. 

basnet,  ».     See  basinet. 

basolateral  (ba-so-lat'e-ral),  a.     Same  as  basi- 

htterul. 
Tlie  Baso-lateral  angle  [of  the  scutum].  Danrin. 

Basommatophora   (ba-som-a-tof'o-ra),   n.  pi. 

[XL.,  <  Gr.  ;iaaiQ,  base,  +  6ii/ia{T-),  eye,  +  -^6po(, 

<  i^spciv  =  E.  ftfflfl.]  A  di\-ision  of  pulmonale 
gastropodous  moUusks.  including  those  which 
have  the  eyes  at  the  base  of  the  tentacles,  as 
in  the  families  Aurieiilida;  Limnceiciw,  etc. :  op- 
posed to  Stylommatophora.  See  cut  under  Lim- 
naida;. 

basonunatophorous  (ba  -  som  -  a  -  tof  'o  -  rus),  a. 
in  concli.,  having  eyes  at  the  base  of  the  ten- 
tacles, as  a  pond-snaU  ;  specifically,  pertaining 
to  the  Basommatopluira. 

bason,  ".  and  r.  t.     Same  as  basin. 

Basque^  (bask),  n.  and  a.  [Also  Bask ;  <  F. 
Basque  =  Sp.  Pg.  Basco;  ult.  =  F.  Gascon  (see 
gasconade),  <  LL.  Vasco{n-),  one  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Vasconia,  Gascony.  The  Basques  call 
their  language  Eskuara.'\  I.  n.  1.  One  of  a 
race  of  unknown  origin  inhabiting  the  Basque 
provinces  and  other  parts  of  Spain  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Pi,Tenees,  and  part  of  the  de- 
partment of  Basses-Pyrenees,  France. —  2.  The 
language  of  the  Basques,  supposed  to  represent 
the  tongue  of  the  ancient  Iberians,  the  primi- 
tive inhabitants  of  Spain.  Xo  connection  between 
it  and  any  other  language  has  as  yet  been  made  out.  Like 
the  tongues  of  America,  it  is  highly  polysynthetic.  It  is 
supposed  to  represent  the  tongtie  of  a  race  existing  in 
southwestern  Europe  before  the  immigration  of  the  Indo- 
European  tribes. 

II.   a.   Pertaining  to  the  Basques  or  their 
language. 

basque'-^  (bask),  «.  [<  F.  basque,  appar.  Tvith 
rcf.  to  the  Basque  people.  Cf.  basquine.']  1. 
(«t)  The  short  skirt  of  the  body-garment  worn 
by  both  sexes,  (h)  A  kind  of  short-skirted 
jacket  worn  by  women,  forming  the  upper  part 
of  a  dress :  probably  so  called  because  it  was 
worn  by  the  Basques. —  2t.  A  dish  of  minced 
mutton,  mixed  with  bread-crumbs,  eggs,  etc., 
seasoned  and  baked. 

baSQUed  (baskt),  a.  Furnished  with  or  having 
a  basijue,  as  a  woman's  dress. 

basquine  (bas-ken'),  n.  [<  F.  basquine.  <  Sp. 
bii.iquind,  <  Basco,  Basqtie.]  An  outer  petti- 
coat wiini  by  Basque  and  Spanish  women. 

Basquisht  (bask'ish),  a.  and  n.    [=  G.  Baskisch  ; 

<  Basque  +  -iVil.]  Basque;  the  Basque  lan- 
guage. 


bas-relief 

bas-relief  (ba-r6-lef',  his-re-lef ),  n.  [For- 
merly h<i!<c  relic/:  <  l*'.  bax-'rvUcf,  <  It.  haxsa- 
riliero  (also  used  iu  K.),  <  hanxa,  low,  -I-  rilirro, 
relief:  see  hnsr^  and  relief. '\  l>iiw  relief;  iu 
scalp.,  a  form  nl'  relief  in  wliich  the  figures  or 


469 

singer  having  such  a  voice. — 4.  A  musical  in- 
strument of  any  elass  having  a  deep,  grave 
tone,  excelled  in  gnivity  oidy  by  the  eontra- 
bass. —  5.  Same  as  bass  clef  (vihivh  see,  under 
clef) — Albertl  baes,  a  bass  consisting  of  arpuBgios  or 
brolieii  chords ;  so  called  from  its  reputed  inventor,  Do- 
inenico  Albcrti  of  Venice,  wlio  died  in  1739. 


Bassia 


Bas-reliet'. —  ioinbstoiic  of  Heneso,  daughter  of  I'roxenos,  from  the 
Sacred  Way,  Athens;  4lh  century  B.  c. 

other  objects  represented  project  very  slightly 
from  the  ground.  The  most  artistic  exain]>lcs  of  bas- 
relief  often  present  to  the  observer  the  illusion  tliat  tlicir 
carviny;  has  considerable  projection.  A  bas-relief,  or  a 
work  in  bus-relief,  is  a  piece  of  sculpture  in  this  form. 
Compare  alto-riUem  and  tuezzv-rilievo.  Also  batis-relirf, 
bas/fi>- til  leva,  and  bagso-rflitvo. 
bass^  (bas),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  haSj  hasCj  <  ME. 
iasc,  have,  a  corruption  of  harse :  see  hnrsc.'] 
Originally,  the  perch,  but  now  restricted  to 
fishes  more  or  less  like  the  true  perch,     {a)  In 


j^r^ 


Striped-bass,  or  Rockfish  [Roccus  Ii'neafus). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

England,  the  Labrax  lupu^run  acanthopterygian  fish  with 
a  compressed  fusiform  contour,  two  dorsal  fins,  the  first 
with  9  spines,  the  second  with  from  12  to  14  rays,  a  general 
grayish  or  pTPPiish  color,  relieved  by  small  black  spots,  and 
a  whitish  belly.  It  is  an  esteemed  food-fish.  ('^)In  other 
EnKlish-speakinji;  countries,  the  nanit;'  of  various  fishes, 
generally  distintiuisheti  by  a  (inalifyinr(  prefix,  as  black- 
bass,  brass-bcMt!,  calico-bas.\\  cfnuini'lha.'^s,  </^((\.s'-6a5S,  Os- 
loefjo  bass,  red-bass,  rock-has.^,  .s>(r-6^.s.v.  stn'pt'ii-lm.s-s,  and 
wfiite-bass.  See  the  compounded  words.  Uf  tliese  the 
nearest  American  relation  of  tiie  European  bass  is  the 
striped-bass  or  rocktish,  lioccus  lineatus.  Also  spelled 
ba.'isi'. 
bass-  (bas),  n.  [A  corruption  of  hasf^,  q.  v.] 
1.  Same  as  hast^. — 2.  The  American  lindeu 
or  lime-tree,  Tilia  Americana.  See  hasswood. — 
3.  A  mat  made  of  bass  or  bast;  a  bass-mat; 
hence,  any  thick  mat  or  matting;  formerly,  a 
straw  hassock  or  cushion. 

Targets  consist  of  straw  basses  with  painted  canvas 
faces  sewed  on  them.  Enci/c.  Brit.,  II.  370. 

bass^  (bas),  a.  and  n.  [Also  and  more  prop. 
base  {the  spelling  bass  being  mod. ,  after  It.  bassoy 
and  the  pron.  bciug  that  of  base),  <  ME.  base, 
bare,  bas,  <  OF.  bas,  fem.  basse,  low:  see  base'^.^ 

1,  a.  In  mitsic,  low;  deep;  gi*ave.— Bass  clari- 
net, clef,  cornet.  See  the  nouns.— Bass  counter,  tiie 
lowf  r  or  under  liass  ;  that  part  of  a  coinposition  having' 
two  bases  which  is  taken  by  voices  or  instruments  of  the 
lowest  ran^e,  as  the  second-bass  voices  (bansi  pro/undi) 
and  the  violoncellos.— Bass  or  Turkish  drum.  See 
(//■('ml.- Bass  hom,  staff.  See  the  nouns.— Bass 
string,  tb''  name  popularly  f^iven  to  the  lowest  string;  in 
strin^'cd  instninicnts.  -  Bass  vlol.  See  m»i.  — Bass  voice, 
a  voiit-  ad;iptcd  lor  siiiyiiiu'  liass;  the  lowest  male  voice, 
the  extreme  conipiiss  of  which  is  from  D  below  the  bass 
staff  to  U  or  K  uliove  it,  tlie  ordinary  compass  being  from 
V  below  the  bass  staff  to  middle  C,  the  note  on  the  first 
ledger-line  above  it. 

II.  H.  1.  In  ?HW5(t',  the  lowest  part  in  the  har- 
mony of  a  musical  composition,  whether  vocal  or 
instrumental.  According  to  some  it  is  the  fundamen- 
tal or  most  important  part,  while  others  regard  the  mel- 
ody or  highest  part  in  that  light.  Next  to  the  melody,  the 
bass  part  is  the  most  striking,  the  freest  and  boldest  in  its 
movements,  and  the  richest  in  elfeet. 

2.  A  male  voice  of  the  lowest  or  gravest  kind, 
having  a  compass  of  about  two  octaves  from 
the  second  F  below  middle  C,  or  lower. — 3.  A 


P 


Supposed  Bii: 


Albcrti  Ba&s. 

Double  bass.  Sec  (fo«i?c-4(i»K.— Drone  bass.  See  drone- 
baKg.  -  Figured  bass,  :i  imsa  part  having  the  accompany- 
ing ellonis  >ii-;,'cstL-(l  iiy  tlgvires  written  above  or  below 
the  notes:  ttie  most  sntH-essfnl  sys- 
tem of  sliortliand  scoring  at  pres- 
ent in  nso  among  organists  and 
pianists.  Also  called  caiitiitu*!d 
h(t.';s  (>ia.-ist)-ciiuiinui>).  —  Funda- 
mental bass.  .See  /iiiiilamnital. 
—  Ground  bass,  a  fimilameutul 
bass  consisting  of  4  or  8  bars, 
which  are  continually  repeated 
during  tlie  whole  movement.  Also 
called  ba.s.w-i>.\tiniilit.  —  Murky 
bass.  See  ■//(»» /ri/.  —  Supposed 
bass,  in  music,  the  lowest  note  in  an  inverted  chord,  as  K 
in  the  Hrst  inversion  of  the  maj»jr  common  chord  of  (',  in 
contradistinction  to  C,  which  is  consiflei-ed  the  real  Imss, 
root,  or  eciicrator  of  the  chord.  (.See  also  thorotiffh-bas.^.) 
bass''  (biis),  i:  [<  biiss3,  v.']  I.  trans.  1.  To 
sing  or  play  the  bass  part  of;  aeeompany  with 
the  bass.  [Rare.]  —  2.  To  sound  m  a  deep 
tone.     [Rare.] 

The  thunder, 
That  deep  anil  dreadful  orf,'an-pipc,  pronounc'd 
The  name  of  i'rosper;  it  did  6«.ss  my  trespass. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  .■!. 

II,  intrans.  Totako  the  bass  part  in  a  concert- 
ed piece  of  music :  as,  he  6«.sse,s-  very  steadily. 

bass*  (has),  ?i.  [Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps  for 
base  (formerly  also  has),  coal.]  In  coal-mining, 
black  carbonaceous  shale. 

basset  (bas),  V.  t.  [<  late  ME.  basse;  at.  OF. 
baisicr,  mod.  F.  baiscr,  <  L.  basiare,  kiss,  <  hasi- 
tim,  a  kiss.     Cf.  ba^  and  6««ssl.]     To  kiss. 

basset  (bas),  M.  [<  ME.  6a«sp,  a  kiss ;  prob.  from 
the  verb;  cf.  1j.  basium,  a  kiss.]  A  kiss;  a 
buss.     Court  of  Love. 

Bassalia  (ba-sa'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  LL.  hassus, 
low,  deep  (see  busc^),+  Gr.  a/.ia,  an  assemblage, 
with  an  intended  allusion  to  a/f,  sea.]  In  -oo- 
geog.,  the  deep-sea  realm;  a  zoological  divi- 
sion, iu  a  vertical  direction,  of  the  waters  of  the 
globe.  The  depth  is  not  fixed,  but  depends  upon  temper- 
ature and  consequently  upon  latitude,  Bassalia  being  deep- 
est in  tropical  regions,  and  more  shallow  or  even  super- 
ficial toward  or  at  either  pole. 

Bassalian  (ba-sa'li-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
deep-sea  realm  called  Bassalia. 

The  iehthyological  peculiarities  of  the  Banmlian  realm, 
as  he  has  proposed  to  call  the  deep-sea  region. 

Scietlce,  III.  50.'). 

Bassano  ware.    See  majolica. 

Bassaricyon  (bas-a-ris'i-on),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
jSaanaiiir,  a  iox  (see  li(issari.'i),  +  kiui',  a  dog.] 
A  genus  of  proeyoniform  quadrujjeds,  relatetl 
to  Bassaris,  resembling  the  kiukajou  in  exter- 
nal form,  but  having  the  skull  and  teeth  more 
like  those  of  the  racoons  and  coatis.  li.  gnbbi 
of  Costa  Rica  is  the  tj-pe.  Another  species 
from  Ecuador  is  B.  allciii. 

Bassaricyonidae  (bas-a-ris-i-on'i-de),  )(.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Battdiirici/on  +  -Ida:}  Another  name  of 
the  family  BassaridiiJa;.    Coues. 

Bassari(iidaB(bas-a-rid'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<Ba.s- 
sari{d-)s  +  -»/«'.]  '  A  family  of  American  car- 
nivorous quadnipeds,  of  the  arctoid  series  of 
the  order  Fcrw,  suborder  Fissipcdia,  and  section 
Arctoidea  procyoiiiformia,  most  nearly  related 
to  the  racoons  {Vrocyonidiv),  ha\dng  some  sti- 
perfici.al  resemblance  to  the  civets  and  genets, 
and  therefore  long  stipposed  to  represent  in  the 
new  world  the  numerous  \-iverriue  quadrupeds 
of  the  old.  It  is  constituted  by  the  genera  Bas- 
.'idris  (or  Bassariseus)  and  Bassarici/on. 

Bassaris  (bas'a-ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  (jr.  fiaaaapii;, 
a  Thracian  bacchanal,  lit.  a  fo.x,  equiv.  to  liaa- 
aapa,  a  fox,  a  Thracian  bacchanal.]  1.  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  /)«.v»Y((7(/(rfa"(whieli 
see).  B.  anttita  is  the  type-species,  inhabiting  the  sotith- 
western  United  States  ami  Mexico,  where  it  is  called 
mountain-cat  anil  cacotttixl.  It  is  a  pretty  and  intelli- 
gent creature,  about  as  large  as  a  eat,  resendding  the  ra- 
coon in  some  respects,  but  slenderer,  and  with  a  long 
furry  tail  marked  with  black  and  white  rings,  as  in  the 
common  lennir.  It  is  fretiuently  tamed,  and  makes  an 
interesting  pet.  .\lso  called  Ba>inan'sciis. 
2.  [/.  c]  An  animal  of  this  genus:  as,  the 
ring-tailed  bassari.-:.  Also  called  bas.'iarisl: — 3. 
A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects.  [The  use  of 
the  word  in  entomology  antedates  that  in  mam- 
malogy.] 


King-t.Tilc(I  Bass-iris  (Jiassari's  as/uta). 

Bassariseus  (bas-a-ris'kus),  n.  [NL.  (Coues, 
1887),  <  (ir.  jianaaiiic,  a  fox  (see  Bassari.i),  with 
dim.  suflix.]     Same  as  Bassaris,  1. 

bassarisk  (bas'a-risk),  «.  [<  NL.  Bassarisciui.'] 
Same  tts  bassaris,  2.     Coues. 

bass-bar  (bas'biir),  h.  In  instruments  of  the 
violin  class,  an  oblong  wooden  bar,  nmning 
lengthwise  within  the  instrument,  designed  to 
strengthen  it  ami  enable  it  to  resist  the  pres- 
sure of  the  bridge  and  the  tension  of  the  strings. 

basse,  ".    See  i«,s-4i. 

bassePt,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  basil^. 

bassel'-'t,  "•     Same  as  basan. 

basse-lisse  (bas-les'),  a.  [F.,  low  warp,  <  basse, 
fem.  of  bit.s,  low  (see  ftosc-l),  -f  lisse,  also  lice, 
warp,  <  L.  liciuiu,  the  thrum  or  leash,  a  thread 
of  the  web.]  Wrought  with  the  warp  in  the 
usual  horizontal  position,  as  distinguished  from 
that  which  is  wrought  with  the  warp  placed  in 
a  perpendicular,  and  described  as  hautc-lissc: 
applied  to  tapestry. 

bassenett,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  basinet. 

basset!  (tas'et  or  ba-set'),  «.  [<  F.  bassette,  < 
It.  bassetta,  basset,  orig.  fem.  of  bassetto,  some- 
what low,  dim.  of  i«.s.S(),  low:  see  6«.sy'1.]  A 
game  of  cards  resembling  faro,  invented  in 
Venice,  and  popular  throughout  Eiu-ope  during 
the  eighteenth  century  and  the  latter  part  of 
the  seventeenth. 

We  went  to  the  Chetto  de  .San  Kelice,  to  see  the  noble* 
men  and  their  ladies  at  baitset,  a  game  at  cards  which  is 
nmch  used,  but  they  play  not  in  public,  and  all  that  Iiave 
inclination  to  it  are  in  masquerade,  without  speaking  one 
word.  Evelyn,  Diary,  June,  1645. 

Some  dress,  some  dance,  some  play,  not  to  forget 
Your  piquet  parties,  and  your  dear  basket. 

lioivc,  Koyal  Convert,  Prol.,  1.  8. 

basset^  (bas'ct),  «.  and  a.  [Origin  obscure; 
perhaps  <  OF.  ba.isct  (=  It.  bas.fetto),  somewhat 
low,  dim.  of  ba.<!,  low:  see  basset'^.}  J.  n.  In 
gcol.  and  mining,  an  outcrop. 

II.  a.  In  gcol.  and  mining,  outcropping Baa- 
set  ed^es,  the  outcrop,  or  outcropping  edges,  of  a  seriea 
of  stratified  beds. 

The  insiile  [ridge  in  .St.  Helena]  is  much  steeper,  and  is 
almost  precipitous ;  it  is  formed  of  the  basset  edi/cs  of  the 
strata,  whiclt  gently  decline  outwards. 

Dancin,  Geol.  Observations,  i.  4. 

basset^  (bas'et),  v.  i.  [<  basset-,  «.]  In  geol. 
and  mining,  to  appear  at  the  surface;  crop 
out :  stiid  of  the  edges  of  strata. 

basset-horn  (bas'et-h6rn).  H.  [<  ba.'<.iet,  for  It. 
bas.n-tto,  somewhat  low  (see  basset^),  +  horn; 
tr.  It.  eorno  di  bassetto.^  A  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  clarinet  class,  having  a  single  reed 
and  a  long  twice-bent  wooden  tube ;  reaUy  the 
tenor  clarinet,  being  intermediate  between  the 
clarinet  proper  and  the  bass  clarinet.  Its  com- 
pass is  four  octaves  and  two  tones  from  the 
second  F  below  middle  C. 

basseting  (bas'et-ing),  p.  a.  and  n.  [<  basset^ 
+  -ing.]  I,  p.  a.  In  geol.  and  mining,  outcrop- 
ping. 

n.  n.  The  cropping  out  or  appearance  of 
rock  on  the  surface  of  a  stratum,  or  series  of 
strata. 

bassetto,  bassette  (ba-set'o,  ba-set'),  h.  [<  It. 
(j<(,w(7?o,  soraewliat  low:  see  ba.-<set^.}  A  small 
bass  viol  with  three  strings:  now  obsolete. 

Bassia  (bas'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  namedin  honor  of  Fer- 
dinando  Bassi  {died  1774),  an  Italian  physician 
and  writer  on  botany.]  A  genus  of  tropical 
trees  foimd  iu  the  East  Indies  and  Africa,  natu- 
ral order  Sapotaeece.  Several  species  .we  valuable  for 
the  oil  yielded  by  the  seeds  and  for  their  fleshy  flowers, 
whicli  are  largely  used  as  food  in  central  India,  and  yield 
a  coarse  spirit  by  distillation.  The  mahwa-tree,  B.  lati- 
.Mia,  is  cultivated  tliroughout  India  for  these  purposes. 
The  mee  or  illupi,  /;.  lowiijoUa.  is  a  large  evergreen  tree 
of  Intlia.  is.  butiiracca  yields  a  solid  white  oil  known  as 
lulwa-liutter.    The  bark,  leaves,  and  oil  of  these  trees  are 


Bassia 

used  in  rheumatic  ami  i-utaiu-Mus  iliseases  ftn'l  the  timiier 
is  imrd  and  verj*»i>iral>le.  — Bassia  Oil,  an  aromatic  oil  or 
imttt-r  ot)taine(i  from  tlie  si-i-tis  of  tlie  liaxnia  ltm;n/nlia, 
used  for  illumination  and  in  the  niannfaelure  of  soap. 
bassie  (bas'i),  «.  [Sc,  prob.  dim.  var.  of  ba.siii.'] 
A  basin-shaped  wooden  vessel  for  holding  meal. 

bassinet  (bas'l-net),  V.  [< OF.  hacinct,  a  basuiet ; 
i\\*o.  lis  in  defs.  2  and  :i,  mod.  F.  bassinet,  dim. 
of  in.vsiH.  basin:  see  basin,  basinet.']  If.  Same 
a.s  basinet. —  2.  A  wicker  basket  with  a  covering 
or  hood  over  one  end,  sen-ing  as  a  cradle  for 
yoting  children. —  3.  A  name  given  to  several 
common  European  species  of  Ranunculus. — 4t. 
The  jian  of  a  harquebuso  or  musket.    See  pan. 

bass-mat  (bas'mat),  h.  A  mat  made  of  bass 
or  bast ;  specifically,  a  matting  made  of  bast, 
used  for  packing  furniture,  etc.,  and  for  sugar- 
bags  in  sugar-producing  cotmtries :  in  the  lat- 
ter sense,  usually  in  the  plural. 

basso^  (bas'o),  a.  or  «.  [It.,  =  E.  bass^.}  1. 
In  m  u.9ic,  the  Italian  word  for  bass. —  2.  One  who 
sings  bass. 

basso-t,  ".  An  obsolete  form  of  bashaw.  Mar- 
It  nn. 

bassockt,  »•  [Cf.  "bass,  bassnck."  bracketed 
as  synonyms  in  Bailey,  1731  and  later,  where  in 
earlier  editions,  as  also  in  Phillips  and  Kersey, 
1706  and  1708,  the  second  form  is  printed  has- 
sock. Bassoci;  though  a  possible  dim.  of  bass-, 
is  prob.  a  mere  misprint  for  hassock.}  A  has- 
sock.    See  etymology. 

basso-continuo  (bas'o-kon-te'no-o),  h.  [It.: 
basso  =  E.  bass'^ ;  con  tin  uo,  <  L.  con  tinuus,  con- 
tinuous.] Same  as  figured  bass  (which  see,  un- 
der basfSy 

basso-di-camera  (bas'o-de-kam'e-ra),  n.  [It. : 
basso  =  E.  bass^;  di,  <  L.  de,  of;  camera,  <  L. 
fa?K<;n/,  chamber:  see  camera.']  A  double-bass 
or  contra-basso,  reduced  in  size  and  power, 
but  not  in  compass,  and  thus  adapted  to  small 
or  private  rooms.  It  has  four  strings,  of  the  same 
(juality  as  those  of  the  violoncello,  Init  all  proportionally 
thidier. 

basson  (ba-s6n'),  n.  The  French  form  of  bas- 
soon—  Basson  qulnte  (iiant).  a  double-reed  instrument 
of  which  the  pitch  is  one  fifth  higher  than  that  of  a  bassoon. 

bassoon  (ba-son'),  n.  [<  F.  basson,  <  It.  bas- 
sone,  a  bassoon,  aug.  of  basso,  low:  see  &fl.«fl, 
fca**'*,  ftfwsol.]  1.  A  musical  instrument  of  the 
oboe  class,  having  a  double  reed,  a 
long,  curved  metallic  mouthpiece, 
and  a  doubled  wooden  tube  or  body. 
Its  compass  is  about  three  octaves  rising 
from  1%  lielow  the  bass  stafi.  Its  diameter 
at  the  bottom  is  about  2  inches,  and  for  con- 
venience of  caiTiage  it  is  divided  into  two  or 
more  parts,  whence  its  Italian  name /a'jottu, 
a  bundle.  It  serves  for  the  bass  among  wood 
wind-instruments,  as  hautboys,  flutes,  etc. 

2.  A  reed-pipe  stop  in  an  organ. 
ha^•ing  a  quality  of  tone  resembling 
that  of  the  bassoon. 

bassoonist  (ba-son'ist),  n.  [<  bas- 
soon -\-  -ist.]  A  performer  on  the 
bassoon. 

basso-ostinato  (bas'o-os-ti-na'to),  n. 
[It.,  lit.  obstinate  bass:  basso  =  E. 
bass^;  ostinato  =  E.  olistinate,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  ground  bass  (which  see, 
under  ?)rt.s.s3). 

basso-profondo  (bas'o-pro-fon'do), 
n.  [It.:  basso  =  E.  bass^;  profondo, 
<L.  profunelus,  deej),  profound  :  see  profound.] 
In  music:  (a)  The  lowest  bass  voice,  having  a 
compass  of  about  two  octaves  rising  from  D 
below  the  bass-staff.  (6)  One  possessing  a 
voice  f>f  this  compass. 

Bassora  gum.    See  gum^. 

basso-rilievo  (bas'6-re-lya'v6),n.  See  bas- 
reliif. 

bassbrin  (bas'o-rin),  «,  [<  Bassora,  also  written 
Bassorah,  Bussorah,  or  Basra,  a  city  in  Asiatic 
Tui-key.]  A  gum  (CgHiQOs)  insoluble  in  water, 
the  essential  constituent  of  gimi  tragacanth  and 
of  cherry  and  plum  gtmis.  Also  called  tragan- 
thiii  and  ndraganthin. 

bass-relief  (lias're-lef),  n.     Same  as  bas-relief. 

bass-rope  (bas'rop),  «.  [<  bass^  +  rope.]  A 
rope  or  cord  made  from  bass  or  bast,  used  for 
tying  cigars  and  for  other  purposes. 

basswood  (lias'wud),  «.  [<  ba.<!s^  -f-  wood.] 
The  common  name  of  the  American  linden  or 
lime-tree.  Tilia  Americana.  The  white  bass- 
wood  is  T.  hetcrophi/Ua.     Also  called  bass. 

bast^  (bast),  V.  [Also  cormptlv  bass'^,  q.  v. ; 
<  ME.  bast,  <  AS.  ba-st  =  D.  MHO.  G.  bast{m.) 
=  Icel.  Sw.  bast  (neut.)  =  Dan.  bast;  origin  im- 
certain;  perhaps  connected  with  besom,  q.  v.] 
1.  The  strong  inner  fibrous  bark  of  various 


Portions  of  Bast-fil^r.  showing  oblique  and 
transverse  striation  of  the  cell-walls.  (From 
Sachs'i  "  Lehrbuch  tier  Botanik." ; 


470 

trees,  especially  of  species  of  linden  (Tilia),  of 
which  the  Russia  matting  of  commerce  is  made. 
CutM  tHitit,  used  for  tying  »])  cigars,  etc.,  is  the  inner  baric 
of  a  malvaceous  tree,  Paritittm  datum. 

2.  In  bot.,  a  tissue,  otherwise  called  the  liber 
or  plilocm.  formed  of  or  containing  verv' 
narrow,  .long,  and  tough  flexible  cells,  called 
bast-cells  or  bast-fibers,  and  occm-ring  most 
abundantly  in  the  inner  bark  of  dicotyledons. 
The  younger  and 

softer  portion  ly- 
ing nearest  to 
the  cambium  h.is 
been  called  soft 
&a.v(.  Bast-cells 
are  the  essential 
constituents  of  all 
textile  fibers  that 
are  derived  from 
the  bark  of  plants, 
as  fla.\,  hemp, 
jute,  ramie,  etc. 

3.  A  rope  or 
cord  made  of 
the  inner  bark 

of  the  lime-tree,  or  the  bark  made  into  ropes 
or  mats.     See  bass^,  3. 

bast'-t,  ».  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bast, 
baste,  <  OF.  bast,  mod."  F.  bat  (cf.  bati,  hat- 
horse,  etc.)  =  Pr.  bast  =  Sp.  It.  basto,  <  ML. 
bastum,  a  pack-saddle  (see  bastard),  prob.  < 
MHG.  bast  =  E.  bast^,  bass'^.  Cf.  bass^,  a  cush- 
ion.] I.  )(.  Bastardy — Son  of  bastt,  a  bastard. 
II.  ((.  Bastard;  illegitimate. 

bastai  (bas'tii),  intcrj.  [It.,  =  Sp.  basta,  orig. 
impv.  of  It.  bastare,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bastar,  suf- 
fice, satisfy,  <  Sp.  Pg.  basto,  copious,  thick, 
gross.]  Enough!  stop !  (a  term  not  uncommon 
in  old  dramatists). 

Lttfita  ;  content  thee  ;  for  I  have  it  full. 

.%(?*.,  T.  of  tlieS.,i.  1. 

basta^  (bas'ta),  n.  [Appar.  a  fern,  form  of  6ns- 
to,  the  ace  of  clubs :  see  basto.]  In  the  game 
of  solo,  the  queen  of  spades,  which  is  always 
the  third  trump. 

bastantt,  a.  [<  F.  hastant,  <  It.  bastante  (= 
Sp.  Pg.  bastante),  ppr.  of  bastare,  suffice:  see 
tiasta''-.]     Sufficient;  able  (to  do  something). 

bastard  (bas'tiird),  «.  and  a.  [<  ME.  bastard  (= 
OFries.  bastcrd  =  Cr.  bastard  =  Icel.  bnstnrdhr), 
<  OF.  bastard,  'bastart  (F.  bdtard  =  Pr.  bastard 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  basta rdo  :  ML.  bastardus).  a  bas- 
tard, prob.  <  bast  (F.  bdt  =  Pr.  bast  =  Sp.  It. 
basto:  see  6a.sf2),  a  pack-saddle,  +  -ard ;  equiv. 
to  OF.  fils  de  has,  fls  de  bast,  a  bastard,  lit. 
son  of  a  pack-saddle :  see  hasf^  and  -ard,  and 
cf.  bantling.  The  first  known  application  of 
the  word  was  to  William  the  Conqueror,  who 
was  called  William  the  Bastard  before  the  con- 
quest, and,  indeed,  called  himself  so  ("Ego 
Wilhelmus  cognomine  bastardus").]  I.  «.  1. 
A  natural  child ;  a  child  begotten  and  born  out 
of  wedlock;  an  illegitimate  or  spurious  child. 
By  the  civil  and  canon  laws  (a  rule  adopted  also  in  many 
of  the  United  States),  a  bastiu-d  becomes  a  legitimate 
child  by  the  marriage  of  the  parents  at  any  future  time. 
But  by  the  laws  of  England  a  child,  to  be  legitimate, 
must  at  least  be  born  .after  the  lawful  marriage ;  it  does 
not  require  that  the  child  shall  be  begotten  in  wed- 
lock,  but  it  is  iiidispensable  that  it  should  Ije  born  after 
marriage,  no  matter  how  short  the  time,  the  law  presum- 
ing it  to  be  the  child  of  the  husband.  The  only  legal  in- 
capacity of  a  liastard  is  that  he  cannot  be  heir  or  next  of 
kin  to  any  one  save  his  own  issue.  Inheritance  from  the 
mother  is  allowed  in  some  jurisdictions.  In  England  the 
maintenance  of  a  bastard  in  the  first  instance  tlevolves  on 
the  mother,  while  in  .Scotland  it  is  a  joint  burden  upon 
both  parents.  The  mother  is  entitled  to  the  custody  of 
the  child  in  preference  to  the  fatlier.  In  the  United  States 
the  father  may  be  compelled  to  pro\ide  support. 
2.  In  sugar-refining :  (a)  A  large  mold  into 
which  sugar  is  drained.  (6)  An  impure,  coarse 
brown  sugar  made  from  the  refuse  syrup  of 
previous  boilings. — Sf.  An  animal  of  inferior 
breed ;  a  mongrel. —  4t.  A  kind  of  woolen 
cloth,  probably  of  inferior  quality,  or  of  imu- 
snal  ■s\-idtli,  or  both. —  5t.  A  kind  of  war-vessel 
used  in  tlie  middle  ages,  probably  of  unusual 
size. —  6t.  In  the  sev-enteenth  cen"tm-y,  a  small 
cannon,  otherwise  known  as  a  bastard  cuhcrin 
(which  see,  under  culccrin). — 7t.  A  sweet  Span- 
ish wine  resembling  muscadel ;  any  kind  of 
sweetened  wine. 

We  shall  have  all  the  world  drink  brown  ,ind  white 
bailard.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  2. 

\Vliy,  this  now,  which  you  account  so  choice,  were 
counted  but  as  a  cup  of  ba^stard  at  the  Groyne,  or  at  Port 
St.  JIary's.  .Scolt,  Kenilworth,  I.  i. 

8.  la  falciinnj,  a  kind  of  hawk. — 9.  [Sp.  bas- 
tardo,  a  bastard,  a  short,  thick-bodied  snake, 
etc.]  A  local  name  of  Kemp's  gulf-turtle, 
Thalassochchjs  (Colpochelijs)  kcmpi,  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico — Special  bastard,  a  child  bora  before  the 
marriage  of  ita  parents. 


baste 

H.  n.  1.  Begotten  and  bom  out  of  wedlock ; 
illegitimate:  as,  a  bastard  child. — 2t.  Mongrel; 
hybrid:  as,  a  bastard  brood. —  3t.  Unauthor- 
ized; unrecognized:  as,  "bastard  officers  be- 
fore God,"  £nox,  First  Blast  (.Arber),  p.  48. 
(.V.  E.  I).) — 4.  Spurious;  not  genuine;  false; 
supposititious ;  adulterate :  as,  bastard  hope," 
Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iU.  5;  "bastard  honours," 
Temple. 

[They]  at  the  best  attain  but  to  some  b<utard  piece  of 
fortitude.  Sir  T.  Browne,  R«ligio  Medici,  i.  25. 

5.  Having  the  appearance  of  being  genuine ; 
resembling  in  some  degree :  an  epithet  applied 
especially  in  botany,  zoology,  medicine,  etc., 
to  things  wliich  resemble,  but  are  not  identical 
with,  the  things  named :  as,  bastard  mahogany, 
bastard  pimpernel,  bastard  caddis,  bastard  mar- 
ble, bastard  measles,  etc.  See  phrases  below. 
-Also  bastardly. — 6.  Of  abnormal  or  irregular 
shape  or  size ;  of  unusual  make  or  propor- 
tions: applied  to  guns,  sliips,  swords:  as,  bas- 
tard eulverin,  bastard  galle\',  etc.  See  phrases. 
—Bastard  Baltimore*,  bastard  oriolet,  the  orchard- 
oriole,  Icft'rus  sj'unu.<. —  Bastard  bar,  in  her.,  same  as 
baston,  1  (c). —  Bastard  branch,  a  shoot  or  sucker  spring- 
ing up  of  its  own  accord  from  the  roi.it  of  a  tree,  or  where 
it  is  not  wanted. — Bastard  breadnut.    See  hrendnut. — 

Bastard  cod.  Same  .as  :rm  n  -cud,  i.—  Bastard  culverint. 
See  c»Z(crwi.— Bastard  file,  a  tile  of  a  grade  ttetween 
smooth  and  rough. —  Bastard  limestone,  an  impure  sili- 
cious  limestone,  incapatile  of  licing  converted  into  quick- 
lime by  i)urning. — Bastard  manchineeL  See  man- 
fA('/i'.(7.  — Bastard  musket.  See  mu^^ht.  —  Bastsjrd 
plover,  a  name  for  the  lapwing,  Vatu-tfuM  erij^taluK. — 
Bastard  saltie,  a  local  Scutch  name  (about  .\berdeen)of 
tile  rouu'h   dab,  Ilij'i'Ofdcs^'ndc.t   lhnand,:idt:-i. —  Bastard 

senna,  same  .as  bladd.'r.sf'nna. —  Bastard  sole.  (")A 
local  i^nglish  name  of  the  smear-dab,  C!iniroffto.<^a  micro- 
cephala.  (b)  A  local  English  name  (in  We>Tnonth)  of 
the  variegated  sole,  .Solea  variefiata.—  Bastard  StUCCO, 
in  plastering.  See  stucco. — Bastard  sugar.  Same  as 
bastard,  n.,  2  (b). —  Bastard  title,  in  yriiiting,  an  ab- 
breviated title  of  a  book  iiu  an  otlierwise  blank  page 
preceding  the  full  title-page. — Bastard  turbot,  the  t>rill. 
[Local  Scotch  (about  Moray  Frith). ]  — Bastard  type, 
in  printing,  type  with  a  face  larger  or  smaller  than  that 
proper  to  the  size  of  the  body,  as  bourgeois  on  a  brevier 
body. —  Bastard  wheel,  in  macti.,  a  flat  bevel-wheel,  or 
one  which  is  a  near  approach  to  a  spur-wheel. — Bas- 
tard wine+,wine  which  is  neither  sweet  nor  sour.— Bas- 
tard wing.    Same  as  alula. 

bastardt  (bas'tard),  r.  1.  [<  bastard,  n.]  To 
declare  to  be  a  bastard ;  stigmatize  as  a  bas- 
tard; bastardize.     [Rare.] 

Have  I  ever  cozened  any  friends  of  yours  of  their  land? 
bought  their  possessions?  .  .  .  bastarded  their  issue'i 

B.  Jotvion,  Epioene,  ii.  1. 
To  bastard  our  children.    Bp.  Burnet,  Kecords,  II.  ii.  3. 

bastardicet  (bas'tiir-dis),  «.  [<  F.  bastardise 
(16th  century),  now  bdtardise,  <  OF.  bastard, 
bastard.]     Bastardy.     Chapman. 

bastardise,  r.  t.     See  bastardize. 

bastarfiismt  (bas'tar-dizm),  >i.  [<  bastard  + 
-ism.]     Bastardy. 

bastardize  (bas'tar-diz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bas- 
tardizKl,  ppr.  bastardi::i>ig.  [<  bastard  +  -i:e.] 
I,  trans.  1.  To  declare  or  prove  to  be  a  bas- 
tard ;  stigmatize  as  a  bastard. 

The  law  is  so  indulgent  as  not  to  bastardise  the  child  if 
bom,  though  not  begotten,  in  lawful  wedlock. 

Btaekstone,  Com.,  I.  xri. 
2t.  To  beget  out  of  wedlock.  Shak.— 3.  To 
render  mongrel  or  hybrid ;  make  degenerate ; 
debase:  as,  "a  bastardized  race  of  the  Ro- 
mans," /.  D'Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  260. 
II.  in  trans.  To  become  degenerate. 
Also  spelled  bastardise. 

bastardlyt  (bas'tard-li),  a.    [<  bastard  +  -ly^.] 

1.  Bastard;  base-bom. 

Thou  bastardly  rogue  !  Shak.,  '2  Hen.  IV.,  iL  1. 

2.  Spurious;  cotmterfeit. 

X  furtive  simulation,  and  a  bastardlt/  kind  of  adoption. 
Jer.  Taylor  (?),  .-Vrtif.  Handsomeness,  p.  96. 

3.  Degenerate;  debased. — 4.  Same  as  bas- 
tard, a..  5. 

bastardy  (bas'tSr-di),  n.    [<  bastard  +  -;/.    Cf. 
bastardicc.]     1.  The  state  of  being  a  bastard, 
or  begotten  and  bom  out  of  lawful  wedlock. 
Bom  in  bastard;/.  Sftak..  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

They  blot  my  name  with  hateful  bastardy. 

Drayton,  Rosamond  to  K.  Henry. 
2.  The  act  of  begetting  a  bastard. —  3.  A  ju- 
dicial proceeding  to  determine  the  paternity 
of  a  bastard  child  and  compel  its  father  to 
support  it — Declarator  of  bastardy,  in  .?fof.«  lair,  an 
action  instituted  in  the  fourt  of  Session  by  the  donatory 
in  a  gift  of  bastardy,  for  the  purpose  of  having  it  declared 
that  the  land  or  the  citects  which  belonged  to  the  deceased 
bastard  belong  to  the  donatory,  in  virtue  of  the  gift  from 
the  irown.  — Gift  Of  bastardy,  in  Scots  law,  a  gift  from 
the  ciMwn  i>f  the  heritable  or  movable  effects  of  a  bastard 
who  h;is  died  without  lawful  issue,  and  without  having 
disposed  of  his  property  in  liege-poustie. 

bastei  (bast),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  basted,  ppr. 
basting.     [First  known  in  pret.  or  pp.  baste, 


baste 

baist,  haxit,  porhajis  with  orig.  inf.  'base,  <  Sw. 
basa,  strike,  bent,  wliip  (ef.  hanh^,  Ixtslc'') ; 
some  compare  Icel.  hci/sta,  bn/rsia  =  Sw.  bos- 
tu  =  Dan.  fias'fc,  boat,  drub,  generally  associat- 
ed with  hiirsic  (=  Sw.  borsta),  brush,  <  biirstt; 
a  brush,  liristlc,  =  S\v.  barstr,  n  lirush,  bnrst,  a 
bristle.  Utlicrs  take  basted  to  be  a  fig.  use  of 
bri.slr~;  cf.  (iiiuiiit  in  sense  of  bastc^.']  To  beat 
with  a  stick;  thrash;  cudgel. 

Mine  liad  stnu'k  down  Creed's  boy  in  tlie  dirt,  with  Iiis 
new  suit  on,  and  the  boy  ,  .  .  was  in  a  pitiful  taking  and 
pickle,  but  I  banted  my  rogue  soundly. 

Pejnjs,  Diary,  I.  372. 
Would  now  and  tlieu  seize  .   .  . 
A  stick,  or  stotd,  or  anything  tliat  round  did  lie. 
And  baxtc  her  lord  and  niaat^r  most  confoundedly. 

Liarhain,  Ingold-sliy  Legends,  I.  100. 
baste-  (bast),  V.  t. ;  jiret.  and  pp.  busted,  ppr. 
busliiifi.  [Origin  unknown ;  the  word  tirst  oc- 
curs in  the  IGth  century.  Cf.  /w.s7(l.]  1.  To 
moisten  (meat  that  is  being  roasted  or  baked) 
with  melted  fat,  gravy,  etc.,  to  improve  the 
flavor  or  prevent  buraiug. 

The  fat  of  roasted  mutton  falling  on  the  birds  will  serve 
to  baste  them.  Suift. 

Down  ran  the  wine  into  the  road. 

Most  piteous  to  be  seen. 
Which  made  his  horse's  flanks  to  smoke 
As  tlley  hjid  haslt'il  been.    Cuirper,  John  Gilpin. 

2.  To  mark  (sheep)  with  tar.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
baste-*  (bast),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  basted,  ])pr. 
bastiiiij.  [<  ME.  basten,  <  OF.  b<istii;  F.  bdtir 
=  Sp.  bastcar  =  It.  imbastire,  baste,  sew  (cf. 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  hiista,  basting),  prub.  <  OHG.  bcstan, 
patch  (MIKJ.  bcstcn,  lace,  tie,  OFries.  bcstoi, 
baste),  <  bast,  bast,  the  fibers  of  which  were 
used  for  thread:  see  biist^.']  To  sew  slightly; 
fasten  together  with  long  stitches,  as  the  parts 
of  a  garment,  for  trying  on  or  fitting,  or  for 
convenience  in  handling  during  the  process  of 
making. 

The  body  of  your  discourse  is  sometime  ^'iiarded  [trim- 
med] with  fragments,  and  the  guards  |tiimiriiii:_'^t  are  but 
slightly  hasted  on  neither.  Shak:,  Much  .Vdo^  i.  1. 

baste*  (bast),  n.  [Another  s])olling  of  licast,  re- 
taining the  former  pronunciation  of  that  word.] 
In  cdril-pliiii'nui,  same  as  beast,  7. 

bastel-houset,  »•  [<  ME.  bastel,  bastele,  bastile 
(see  banlile)  +  hnuse.~i  A  fortified  house,  espe- 
cially one  built  in  an  outlying  and  exposed  po- 
sition.    See  border-tower. 

basterl  (bas'ter),  n.  [<  bastc'^  +  -c»-l.]  1.  One 
who  bastes  or  beats  with  a  stick. —  2.  A  blow 
with  a  stick  or  other  weapon.    [Colloq.] 

baster'-^  (bas'ter),  n.  [<  baste'^  +  -cri.]  One 
who  bastes  meat. 

baster-*  (bas'ter),  H.  [<  basle^  +  -fjl.]  One 
who  bastes  or  joins  the  parts  of  a  garment 
loosely  with  long  stitches;  also,  an  attachment 
to  a  sewing-machine  used  for  basting. 

basterna  (bas-ter'na),  n.  [LL.]  1.  A  sort  of 
litter  or  sedan,  borne  1>y  two  mules,  used  by 
the  Romans. — 2.  An  ox-eart  or  wagon  used 
by  the  early  French  kings. 

bastida  (bas-te'dii),  n.  [ML.,  also  bastita:  see 
txistide.']     Same  as  bastide. 

bastide  (bas-ted'),  n.  [P.,  a  farm-house,  a 
fortress,  <  Pr.  bastida,  <  SiL.  bastida,  prop,  bas- 
tita, lit.  a  building,  prop.  fem.  of  bastitiis,  pp. 
of  bustire,  build,  >  OF.  bastir  =  Pr.  bastir, 
build:  see  liastilc,  bastion.^  If.  A  small  forti- 
fied building,  often  of  timber,  eoiTesponding 
nearly  to  a  modern  blockhouse. —  2t.  A  tem- 
porary or  movable  hut  or  tower  erected  for  be- 
sieging puri^oses.  See  bantile,  4.-3.  A  small 
farm-house  or  country  dwelling  in  the  south  of 
France,  especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mar- 
seilles. 

bastile,  bastille  (bas-tcl'), «.  [In  spelling  and 
pron.  conformed  to  mod.  F.;  <  ME.  liastile.  1/as- 
tille,  bastile,  bastel,  etc.,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  F.) 
bastille,  <  ML.  bastile,  pi.  bastilia,  a,  tower,  for- 
tress, <  bastirc  (>  OF.  bastir,  F.  biitir=  Pr.  OSp. 
bastir  =  It.  bastire),  build,  of  unknown  origin  ; 
referred  by  Diez  to  Gr.  jiaa-<Kciv,  raise,  support.] 
1.  A  bridge-tower,  gate-tower,  outlying  de- 
fense, or  citadel. 

At  vch  brugge  a  berfray  on  hanteles  wyse. 
That  seuen  sytiie  vch  a  day  a.sayled  the  gates. 

Alliterative  Poema  (ed.  Monis),  ii.  lis". 

8.  In  French  hist.,  a  fortress  used  as  a  state 

prison.  Many  French  cities  had  bastiles  of  this  kind  in 
feudal  times,  but  the  one  especially  known  is  that  of 
Paris,  called  specitleally  the  Iia.^tille.  It  commanded  the 
Porte  St.  .-Vntoiue,  and  its  erection  was  begun  by  Charles 
y.  in  130!).  This,  being  of  peculiar  strength,  remained 
after  the  other  medieval  fortifications  of  the  city  had 
been  removed,  and  its  use  as  a  prison  for  persons  con- 
fined at  the  arbitrary  will  of  the  king  or  liis  ministers 
gave  it  celebrity  as  a  reputed  stronghold  of  royal  des- 
potism and  cruelty.  It  was  stormed  with  much  blood- 
shed by  the  populace  July  14,  1789,  and  was  demolished 


471 

shortly  afterward.  There  were  delivered  from  the  prison- 
cells  four  forgers,  two  lunatics,  and  a  nobleman  who  had 
been  confined  at  the  demaiul  of  his  fandly. 

Tu  Paris  la  Jiantile  is,  as  our  Tower,  the  chief  prison  of 
the  kingdom.  Cott/rave. 

That  rock-fortress,  T>Tanny's  stronghold,  which  they 
name  tiantille.  Carlylc,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  3. 

Hence  —  3.  By  extension,  any  prison,  espe- 
cially one  conducted  in  an  arbitrary  or  op- 
pressive way. 

The  modern  hospital  for  the  insane,  especially  the  many 
private  and  corporate  homes,  conducted  as  they  are  with 
the  utmost  humanity  and  skill,  are  not  iMmtileti  or  prisons, 
furnishing  oidy  restraint  behind  the  bars. 

Alien,  awl  Neurol.,  VII.  706. 

4.  A  movable  tower  used  by  the  besiegers  of 
a  strong  place,  'whether  for  approaching  the 
walls  (see  belfrif)  or  as  a  defense  and  protec- 
tion for  the  besiegers. 
bastile,  bastille  (bas-tel'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bastiled  or  bastilled,  ppr.  bastiliny  or  bastillinij. 
[<   bastile,  )!.]     To  confine  in  a  bastile;  im- 
prison. 
bastilliont   (bas-til'yon),  ».     [<  OF.  bastillon, 
dim.  of  bastille :  see  bastile.^     A  small  fortress 
or  castle. 
bastimentt  (bas'ti-ment),  n.     [<  OF.  bastiment 
(F.   bdtiment  =  Sp.  '  bastimcnto),    a  building, 
structure,  ship,  <  t«s/ir,  build:  see  bastile.'i    1. 
Military  supplies. —  2.  A  rampart. — 3.  A  ship 
of  war. 
bastimentot  (bas-ti-men'to),  H.     [Sp.]     Same 
as  basliiiieiit,  3. 

Then  the  hastimentos  never 

Had  our  foul  dishonour  seen, 
Kor  the  sea  the  sad  receiver 
Of  this  gallant  train  had  been. 

Glover,  Hosier's  Ghost,  st,  7. 

bastinade  (bas-ti-nad'),  n.  and  v.  Same  as 
bastinado. 

bastinado  (bas-ti-na'do),  n.  [Formerly  also 
bastonado  (-ada,  -ade)  =  F.  bastonnade,  <  Sp. 
beistonada,  also  bastona:o  (=  It.  bastonatu),  a 
beating  with  a  stick,  <  Sp.  baston  =  OF.  bastoii 
=  It.  bastone,  a  stick,  cudgel :  see  baston,  baton.'] 

1.  A  blow  or  beating  with  a  stick  or  cudgel, 
especially  on  the  soles  of  the  feet  or  on  the 
buttocks ;  a  cudgeling. 

He  brags  he  will  gi'  nu^  the  hastiiiado,  as  I  hear. —  How? 
he  the  baxtinaih^  How  came  he  by  that  word,  trow?  — 
Nay,  indeed,  he  said  cudgel  me;  I  termed  it  so  for  my 
more  grace.  B.  Jtin.mu. 

2.  A  mode  of  punishment  in  some  Oriental 
countries,  especially  Turkey,  Persia,  and  China, 
in  which  blows  with  a  stick  or  lath  of  bamboo 
are  inflicted  on  the  soles  of  the  feet  or  on  the 
buttocks. — 3.  A  stick  or  cudgel;  the  imple- 
ment used  in  administering  the  bastinado. 

bastinado  (bas-ti-na'do),  r.  t.  [<  bastinado,  «.] 
To  beat  with  a  stick  or  cudgel ;  specifically,  to 
beat  on  the  buttocks  or  the  soles  of  the  feet, 
as  a  judicial  punishment. 

The  Sallce  rover,  who  threatened  to  bastinado  a  Chris- 
tian captive  to  death.  Maeaulaif,  Hist,  Eng, 

bastingl  (bas'ting),  »(.  [Verbal  n.  of  bastc^.'] 
A  cudgeling;  a  beating. 

A  i^ood  baling  .  .  .  was  a  sovereign  remedy  for  sea-sick- 
ness, Marryat,  Peter  Simple,  p.  04. 

basting^  (bas'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  haste'-.'] 
1 .  The  moistening  of  meat  that  is  being  roasted 
with  its  own  fat,  butter,  etc. —  2.  The  gi'aN'y, 
melted  fat,  butter,  etc.,  used  in  moistening 
roasting  beef,  etc. —  3.  In  candlc-niakintj,  the 
process  of  pouring  melted  wax  over  the  'wicks. 

basting'*  (bas'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  ba-sti^.] 
1.  The  act  of  sewing  together  witli  long,  loose 
stitches. — 2.  The  stitches  themselves. 

basting-machine  (bas ' ting-ma -shen"),».    A 

sewing-machine  used  for  basting  together  pieces 
of  fabrics,   to  make   a  continuous  piece  for 
blenching,  dyeing,  etc. 
bastion  (bas'tion),  M.     [<  F.  bastion,  <  It.  ba.i- 
tionv  (=  Sp.  liaslion),  <  bastire  =  OF.  bastir, 

etc.,  build:  see 
bastile.]  In 

fort.,  a  mass 
of  earth,  faced 
with  sods,  brick, 
or  stones,  stand- 
ing out  from 
a  rampart,  of 
which  it  is  a 
principal  part. 
A  b;istiou  consists 
of  two  Jtankx,  each 
commaniling  and 
defeniiing  the  adja- 
eentcjfrfrtUi.orthat 
portion  of  the  wall 
extending  from  one 
bastion  to  another,  and  two/aeeji  making  with  each  other 
an  acute  aiij^le  callcil  the  salient  angle,  and  cunnuauiling 


basylous 


(7,  a,  airtain'Ongles;  d,  t,  shouldcr-an- 

fics;  £-, salient  angle:  d  d, a  A,  flanks ;  dc, 
c,  faces;  a  a,  gorffe ;  a  d,  a  d,  parts  of 
curtoinS' 


the  ontwftrkf?  and  (O'oiind  tioforc  the  fortification.  The 
inner  s|mce  lietwuen  tin;  two  Hunks  is  the  i/orf/^,  or  entrance 
int't  the  bastion.  The  use  of  the  bastion  ist^j  bring  every 
point  at  the  (o(»t  of  the  rampart  as  niiirh  as  possible  under 
tliu  gnns  of  the  phice.     Formerly  called  bulwark. 

And  topples  round  the  dreary  west, 
A  looming  baation  fringed  with  fire. 

TennyHon,  In  Memoriimi,  xv. 

To  nur  right  was  a  long  embattleil  line,  with  many  a 
bastiaii  square  and  round.  O'Doywvan,  Merv,  xviii. 

Center  pf  a  bastion,  a  point  at  the  middle  of  the  gorRe, 
wlninc  the  capital  line  proceeds.  It  is  in  Kt-tu-ral  at  the 
angle  of  the  innt-rptdygon.  — Detached  bastiOD,  iit/oj-f., 
a  liastion  whieh  is  separated  from  the  cneelnte  by  a  ditch. 
Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc. 

bastionary  (bas'tion-a-ri),  a.     [<  bafttion  + 

-arif^.]    PortaiiiinptooiM'oiisistinjj^of  bastions: 
as,  systems  of  bastionary  fortification. 
bastibned  (bas'tiond),  a.     [<  bastion   +  -cd^S\ 
I'rovidcd  with  or  tlefendcd  by  bastions. 
His  palace  bright, 
BaMion'd  with  jiyramids  of  glowing  gohl, 

Keatu,  Hyperion,  L 
From  the  bantion'd  walls, 
Like  threaded  spiders,  one  by  one,  wc  dropt, 
And  flying  reached  the  frontier:  then  wecrost 
To  a  livelier  land  ;  and  so  by  tilth  and  grange. 
And  vines,  and  blowing  bosks  of  wilderness, 
We  gained  the  niother-eity  thick  with  towers, 
And  in  the  imperial  palace  found  the  king. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  L 
BaBtiOned  fort,  a  fort  having  two  or  more  bastions  con- 
nected by  curtains:  a  term  connuonly  restricted  to  field- 
works.— Bastioned  ftont.     See//o»if. 

bastionet  (bus'tion-et),  n.  [<  bastion  +  -ct.'] 
Infoit.y  a  stuiill  bomb-proof  chamber  placed  in 
a  position  Hanking  tlie  ditch  of  a  lunette  or 
redoubt.  Bastionets  are  usually  placed  at  the  salient 
angles  of  redoubts,  and  are  furnished  with  loopholes  for 
small  arms,  and  sometimes  are  pierced  for  one  or  two  gun.'*. 

bastite  (bas'tit),  n.  [<  Bofitc  (see  def .)  +  -i7r2.] 
A  scrpontinous  mineral  occnrrinf^  embedded  in 
serpentine  at  Baste  in  the  Harz  and  elsewhere, 
and  probably  derived  from  the  alteration  of  a 
variety  of  enstatite  (bronzite).  it  often  shows  a 
metallic-pearly  luster,  or  schiUer,  in  the  cleavage-face,  and 
is  htiiie  called  sckilU'r-Kpar. 

bastnasite  (bast'na-sit),  «.  [<  Sdstnas  (see 
def.)  +  -//r2.]  A  fluocarbonate  of  cerium, 
lanthanum,  and  didymium  from  the  Bastniis 
mine,  Sweden.  It  also  occurs  as  an  alteration 
product  of  tysonite  near  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado. 

basto  (bas'to),  n.  [<  It.  Sp.  Pg.  bastOj  ace  of 
clubs  ;  cf.  It.  bastone  =  Sp.  baston  =  Pg.  hastSo^ 
a  stick,  club  :  see  basion.\  In  card-playing,  the 
ace  of  clubs  in  quadrille  and  ombre. 

In  Spanish  cards  clubs  are  really  represented  by  "clubs," 
for  which  basto  is  the  Spanish  wonl.  In  certain  games, 
e.  g..  Ombre,  the  ace  of  clut)s  plays  an  important  part, 
and  is  empliatically  called  baxio. 

N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  115. 

bastont  (bas'ton),  n.  [<  ME.  baston^  basfmi^  < 
OP.  baston,  F.  baton  =  Sp.  baston  =  Pg.  bastao 
=  It.  basfon(\  <  ML.  *baf>to{n-),  a  stick,  club, 
cudgel.   Origin  unknown.  The  word  appears  in 

.    E.  also  as  baton,  batoon,  hattoUj 

batten-:  see  these  forms.]  1.  A 
stick,  staff,  or  cudgel;  a  baton. 
Specitleally —(rt)  A  mace  of  wood  used  in 
at()urney,  instead  of  the  mace  of  metal 
used  in  war.  It  was  usually  shaped  into 
a  handle,  and  had  a  guard  like  a  sword. 
(b)  A  leading-stalf  or  ensign  of  command. 
Baiton.  See  baton,  1.   (c)  In  krr.,  a  hendlet  sinis- 

ter cut  o(f  at  each  end,  so  as  not  to 
reach  the  edge  of  the  field  :  it  is  generally  considered  in 
English  heraldry  a  mark  of  illegitimacy.  [.Still  used  in 
this  sense.]     Also  hatim  and  bastard  bar. 

2.  In  arch.,  a  segmental  molding  used  espe- 
cially in  the  bases  of  columns;  a  torus. —  3.  A 
servant  of  the  warden  of  tlie  Fleet,  wlio  attend- 
ed the  king's  courts  as  an  officer,  carrying  a 
red  truncheon,  it  was  his  duty  to  take  t^)  ward  such 
prisoners  as  hail  been  committed  by  the  court,  and  also  to 
attend  those  sutfered  t<i  go  at  large  by  license.  Hence,  to 
ffo  out  •>/  jirisiiii  hit  IhisIkii  was  to  go  at  lai-ge  in  the  custotly 
of  a  servant  of  tlie  warden  f)f  Fleet  i)rison.    lUinilon,  Eng.] 

bast-palm  (bast'piim).  ».  Two  species  of  Bra- 
zilian palms  which  yield  the  piassaba  fiber,  a 
coarse  fiber  from  the  sheathing-bases  of  the 
leaf-stalks,  used  for  cordage,  brooms,  etc.  The 
Hahia  bast-iiahii  is  the  Attal'-a/uni/era  (see  Attaiea);  that 
of  I'ani  is  tile  /.rujiiliiinia  I'lU-^saba. 

bast-tree  (bast'tre),  n.  [ME.  bostc-trc;  <  bast^ 
+  ir(f.\  A  tree  furnishing  bast,  in  Europe  espe- 
ciallv  the  linden,  Tilia  Europa-a.    See  bast^. 

basyl,  basyle  (ba'sil).  n.  [<  Gr.  iiiwi^,  a  base, 
+  t >v,  substance.]  In  chem.f  a  name  given  by 
Graham  to  the  electropositive  constituent  of  a 
salt. 

basylous  (bii'si-lus),  a.  [<  basyl  +  -ous.l  In 
clu/n.,  of  the  nature  of  or  relating  to  a  basyl, 
or  electropositive  constituent  of  a  salt. 

Hie  name  of  the  electro-negative  ingredient  .  .  .  being 
that  which  is  placed  first  jis  the  generic  term,  whilst  that 
of  the  electro-positive  or  fcax;//«)r(«  element  fidlows  as  indi- 
cating tlic  species.      IT.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  SSL 


bat 

batl  (bat),  II.  [<  ME.  hat,  hnttc,  lotic,  tlio  ear- 
liest recorded  forms  being  dat.  sing,  hutlc,  iiom. 
pi.  hottcH  (nom.  sin;;.  'Init,  "botf),  iiointiiit;  to 
an  AS.  *hat  (gen.  dat.  "hattc),  given  by  Sonmcr, 
but  not  authenticated,  appar.  <  Ir.  Gael,  bat, 
lata,  a  staff,  cudgel.  But  in  part  at  least  tho 
word  rests  on  C)l'\  hatic,  F.  hattc,  a  rammer,  a 
■wand,  appar.  (.hatlrc,  beat:  seebattcr^.  Some 
of  the  noun  senses  are  from  the  verb  (see  hat^, 
r.),  while  others  are  perliaps  from  orig.  diff. 
sources.]  1.  A  heavy  stick  or  club;  formerly, 
a  ■walking-stick. 

A  liandsiinio  bat  he  held, 
On  which  he  leaned,  lus  one  fai-re  in  tide. 

Spemi-'r,  Jlother  Huh.  Tale,  1.  217. 

2.  The  wooden  club  ■with  ■which  the  players  in 
base-ball,  cricket,  and  similar  games  bat  or 
drive  tlie  ball.  That  used  in  base-hall  is  a  round  ta- 
pering stick  of  vjirying  size  and  weight  to  suittlie  strength 
of  the  player ;  tliat  used  in  cricket  is  shaped  somewhat  like 
the  broad  end  of  an  oar,  and  is  pro\ided  with  a  round 
liandle. 

3.  A  batsman  or  batter. 

V>',  is  the  best  hat  left. 

T.  Ilucihes,  Tom  Bro^vn's  School-Days,  ii.  8. 

4.  A  blow  as  ■with  a  bat  or  baton:  as,  he  re- 
ceived a  6ai  in  the  face.  [Colloq.]  —  5.  A  tool 
made  of  beech,  used  by  plumbers  in  dressing 
and  flatting  sheet-lead. —  6.  A  rammer  used 
by  founders. —  7.  A  blade  used  for  beating  or 
scutching  hemp  or  tlax. —  8.  A  piece  of  brick 
ha^viug  one  end  entire ;  hence,  any  portion  of 
a  brick;  a  brickbat. —  9.  A  kind  of  sun-dried 
brick.  Southey. — 10.  Shale;  hardened  clay, 
but  not  fire-clay:  same  as  hind,  2.  Pcnn.  Surv. 
Glossary.  Also  spelled  i^if^ — 11.  Inhat-mak- 
ing,  a  felted  mass  of  fur,  or  of  hair  and  wool. 
Two  such  masses  are  required  to  form  the  body 
of  a  hat.     Also  spelled  6a  H. 

One  half  of  tlie  intended  hat,  called  a  bat,  is  bowed  at  a 
time.  J.  Tftoinmn,  Hats  and  Felting,  p.  39. 

12.  A  continuous  ■wad  of  cotton  from  the 
batting-machine,  ready  for  carding;  also,  a 
sheet  of  cotton  ■wadding  or  batting.  See  bat- 
ting.— 13.  In  ceram.:  (a)  A  flexible  sheet  of 
gelatin  used  in  transferring  impressions  to  the 
biscuit. 

Batt  or  hat  is  ...  a  plate  of  gelatine,  used  in  printing 
on  to  pottery  or  porcelain,  over  tlie  glaze.  In  bat-print- 
ing, the  impression  is  transferred  from  an  engraveil  cop- 
per plate  to  a  bat  of  gelatine  or  glue,  whence  it  is  printed 
on  the  glaze,  in  oil  or  tar.  Enamel  powder  being  tlien 
dusted  over  the  print,  adheres  to  the  oiled  surface,  and 
the  porcelain  is  then  fired  at  a  low  temperature, 

Ure,  -Diet.,  I.  293. 

(J)  A  shelf  or  slab  of  baked  clay  used  to  sup- 
port pieces  of  biscuit  which  have  been  painted, 
and  are  being  fired  again.  See  enamcl-kilii. — 
14.  Rate ;  speed ;  style.  [Scotch  and  prov. 
Eng.  ]  -  At  the  bat,  in  the  position  of  the  batter  or 
striker  in  base-ball  and  sinnlar  games ;  having  the  right 
to  wield  the  bat.  — To  Carry  one's  bat.  See  canij.—  To 
go  on  a  bat,  to  go  otf  for  a  drunken  carousal  or  spree, 
[Slang.] 

batl  (bat),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hatted,  ppr.  batting. 
[<  late  ME.  batten,  beat  ■with  a  stick,  <  batte,  a 
bat,  stick:  see  batT-,  n.,  and  cf.  battel.  In  part 
perhaps  regarded  as  imitative  of  a  heavy,  dull 
blow;  ef.jjaf.]  I.  trans.  To  beat ;  hit ;  strike. 
Especially  — (a)  In  base-ball  and  similar  games,  to  knock 
or  drive,  as  the  ball,  (/j)  In  ceram.,  to  flatten  out  to  the 
required  thickness,  as  unbaked  clay,  preparatory  to  mold- 
ing on  the  block  or  tin-owing  on  the  wheel. 
II.  intrans.  In  base-hall  and  similar  games, 

to  strike  the  ball:  as,  he  bats  -well To  bat  at, 

to  attempt  unsuccessfully  to  knock,  as  a  ball  ;  strike  at 
l)ut  miss, 

bat"  (bat),  n.  [A  corruption  of  earlier  bad; 
bal;  Se,  back,  hak  (also  bakic-bird,  baiokie-bird), 
a  bat,  <  ME.  bakke,  bncke,  <  Dan.  bakki;  incomp. 
aftenhakke,  eveniug-bat,  =  (_)Sw.  hakka,  in  comp. 
natt-bakka,  night-jar,  Sw.  dial,  naitahatta,  natt- 
blacka,  =  Icel.  blaka,  in  comp.  ledhr-hlaka,  bat, 
Ut.  leather-flapper,  <  blaka,  flutter,  flap.  The 
orig.  form  is  uncertain.  Cf.  ML.  blatta,  blacta, 
batta,  a  bat,  another  application  of  L.  blatta, 
an  insect  that  shuns  the  light,  a  cockroach :  see 
Blatta^ .  For  the  change  of  k  to  t,  cf .  E.  make"  = 
mntel,  andE.  craHe  =  Dan.  «ro«e,  Sw.  trann,  Icel. 
trani.  The  AS.  name  of  the  bat  is  Itrercmus, 
>  E.  rcrrmouse.  Tho  (>,  name  is  fledcrmaus;  cf . 
E.  Jliltcnnoiise.'i  A  wing-handed,  -wing-footed 
flying  mammal,  of  the  order  Chiroptera  (which 
see).  The  species  are  upward  of  450  in  number,  nearly 
cosmopolitan,  but  largest,  most  varied  in  cbarai-ter.  and 
most  abundant  in  individuals  in  ti-<ipic:d  and  sulitropical 
countries.     The  species  of  teniper;it<-  fuiinti-ies,  :ls  of  the 

United  States  and  Europe,  are  i iparatinlv  few,  small, 

and  of  such  uniform  characters  tliat  tlu-y  give  little  idi-:i 
of  the  extent  and  diversity  of  the  order  in  warrmr  re- 
gions. Uats  are  the  most  aerial  or  volitantnf  all  animals, 
even  more  so  than  birds  or  insects,  for  tlu-y  have  s(-arcely 
any  other  means  of  locomotion  than  Hying.    They  are 


472 

nocturnal  and  crepuscular,  pa-ssing  most  of  the  daytime 
iit  dusky  retreats,  where  they  gather  sometimes  in  almost 
incredible  nuiltitudes,  and  generally  repose  hanging  heail 
downward  by  their  Iiiiul  feet.  In  size  they  range  from  less 
than  the  size  of  a  mouse  to  large  forms  with  some  five  feet 
spread  of  wing.  The  body  is  usually  softly  furry ;  the 
wings  are  membrauous  and  naked.    The  great  majority 


Hoary  Bat  l,Lnsiurits  fruinosui). 

are  insectivorous  and  carnivorous,  and  constitute  the  sub- 
order .iniinab'eora  or  Insectivora ;  of  these,  a  few  prey 
upon  otlier  liids,  and  some,  of  the  genera  Dcsmodns  and 
Dipli.'tUa,  su(-k  the  blood  of  large  animals  ;  but  the  great 
bats  of  South  America  called  vampires  are  chieliy  fru- 
givorous.  See  Desmodontes,  Vampyri.  The  old-world 
fruit-bats,  flying-fo.xes,  or  roussettes  are  mostly  large  spe- 
cies, constituting  the  family  Pteropodidce  and  suborder 
Frugimra.  See  cut  unA':r  jlyiiui-fox.  The  physiognomy 
of  many  of  the  bats  is  grotesque,  owing  to  the  extraordi- 
nary appendages  of  the  snout,  especially  in  the  families 
Rtiinoloptiidcn  and  Phtillostomalidce,  or  horseshoe  bats 
and  leaf-nosed  bats.  The  ears,  too,  are  often  of  gi-eat  size 
and  ranch  complexity  of  detail,  and,  like  the  various  .ip- 
pendagesof  the  face,  and  the  wihl; -membranes  themselves, 
serve  as  tactile  organs  of  extreme  delicacy,  even  to  the  ex- 
tent of  sensing  objects  without  actual  contact.  The  wings 
of  bats  are  commonly  given  to  representations  of  evil  ge- 
nii and  demons,  as  those  of  birds  are  attaclied  to  good 
angels.  The  large  bat  represented  on  Egyptian  monu- 
ments is  one  of  the  fruit-bats,  the  Cipionycteri^  a^oyptiaca. 
The  Hebrew  name  of  the  bat  of  the  Old"  Testam'eiit,  atal- 
lepti,  is  now  used  in  the  form  Atalapha  for  a  genus  of 
American  bats.  The  commonest  species  of  the  United 
States  are  thesmjiU  brown  I)at,  Ve!<p'rtilio  guhulatus,  and 
the  red  bat,  Lasii'rtis  norih.^nimiKis.  Among  Eui-opean 
species  may  be  noted  tlie  .s.rotine  {Vespertilio  semtinus), 
the  pipistrelle  (P,  jiijiislrilhii.),  the  barbastel  (Barhastcl- 
lus  mniimitiisX  the  urL-illard  (I'lirutus  auritu^,  and  the 
horseshoe  bats  {lUiinnb^j.tm^  lu/>j'oskleros  ami  B.  /erruc- 
quinuiti).  In  heraldry  the  bat  is  always  represented  dis- 
played, that  is.  with  the  \vin;,4s  opened,"  and  is  of  ten  called 
by  its  older  name  reivmtitisf. —  But's  Wing,  in  aiiat.  See 
ala  ecujurtlliuinx,  under  n/ri,— Bat's--wlng burner.  See 
i)«rjk'/-,— Bulldog  bats,  the  mi  dossoid  chiropterans.  See 
jV<.;o,s,s-h.«,— Harlequin  bat,  ti<_-e  harle.jvin. 
bat3  (Ijat),  r.  t.  [Variant  of  fcafpl,  prob.  now 
taken  in  allusion  to  the  eyes  of  a  bat.]  To  bate 
or  flutter,  as  in  the  phrase  to  hat  the  eyes,  that 
is,  ■wink.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

You  hoi'  yottr  head  high;   don't  you  hat  your  eyes  to 
please  none  of  'em.  The  Century,  "XXVU,  140. 

bat''  (bat  or  ba),  n.  [<  F.  hdt,  <  OF.  bast,  a 
pack-saddle :  see  hastS.~\  A  paek-saddle :  only 
in  composition,  as  6o(horse,  batmnu,  etc. 

bat^t  (bat),  n.    See  bat::. 

bat^  (bat),  n.  [Hind,  bat,  a  weight,  a  measure 
of  weight.]     Same  as  tical. 

baf^,  n.  A  measure  of  land  formerly  used  in 
South  Wales;  a  perch  of  11  feet  square. 

bat**t,  11.     Same  as  hatlfi. 

batablet(ba'ta-bl),  a.    [Also  bateable;  short  for 

debatable,  as  bateS  for  debate.     See  debatable.} 

A  shortened  form  of  debatable,  as  in  batable 

ground,  batable  land.     See  debatable. 

As  we  crossed  the  Batable  land.  Border  ballad. 

batailet,  bataillert,  etc.  Obsolete  forms  of 
hattW^,  battler^,  etc. 

batara  (ba-til'ra),  ».  [S.  Amer.]  A  name  of 
sundry  bush-shiikes  or  formicaroid  passerine 
birds  of  South  America,  of  the  subfamily  Tliam- 
nophilinte  and  family  Formicariidce;  specifically, 
the  Thamnophilus  cinereus  (Vieillot).  it  was  >tsed 
as  a  generic  name  by  Lesson  in  1831,  and  by  Sclater  in  1858, 
to  distinguish  the  last-named  species  generically  from 
other  ThamnophilincE,  under  the  name  Batara  clmrea; 
also  by  Temnnnck,  1820,  as  a  generic  name  of  species  of 
Ttiaionophilus  proper, 

batardeau  (ba-tar-do'),  «.;  pi.  hatardeaiix 
(-doz').  [F.,  dike,  dam,  coffer-dam,  formerly 
bastardcau,  dim.  of  OF.  bastard,  dike,  perhaps 
connected  ■with  fcaA'rtr,  build.]  1.  Acoffer-dam; 
a  casing  of  piles  made  water-tight,  fixed  in  the 
bed  of  a  river  to  exclude  the  water  from  the 
site  of  the  pier  or  other  work  while  it  is  being 
constructed. — 2.  In  fort.,  a  wall,  generally  fur- 
nished with  a  sluice-gate,  built  across  a  moat 
or  ditch,  to  retain  the  water  in  those  parts  of 
the  ditch  which  require  to  be  inundated. 

batata  (ba-tii'ta),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  batata,  <  Haytian 
batata,  tho  native  name  of  the  s-weet  jiotato; 
>ult.  E.^w'n'o,  applied  to  a  different  plant :  see 
potato.']     The  sweet  potato. 

The  pi-oducts  of  both  t'liina  and  Japan  are  here  [Ixjo- 
clioo]  cultivated,  especially  liatatax  and  the  sugar-cane. 
J.  J.  Rein,  Japan  (trans,),  p,  532. 


bate 

Bata'Vian  (ba-ta'vi-an),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  Bata- 

ria,  tlie  country  of  the  Batavi,  a  people  an- 
ciently inhabiting  an  ishmd  {Batarorum  In- 
sula or  Bataria)  formed  by  the  livers  Rhine, 
Waal,  and  Maas,  and  the  ocean.]  I.  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  ancient  Batavia,  or  by  ex- 
tension to  the  Netherlands  or  their  inhabi- 
tants, the  Dutch. —  2.  Pertaining  to  Batavia, 
the  chief  city  of  the  island  of  Java,  and  the 
capital  of  the  Dutch  possessions  in  the  East. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  the  Netherlands;  a 
Dutchman. —  2.  A  native  of  Batavia  in  Java. 

bat-bolt  (bat'bolt),  n.  [<  bail  +  io?;l.]  A 
liolt  Ijarljed  or  jagged  at  its  butt  or  tang  to 
give  it  a  iirmer  hold. 

batcbl  (bach),  n.  [<  ME.  hacclie,  halche,  <  AS. 
as  if  *bwcce,  <  bacan,  bake ;  cf .  Dan.  heegt,  G. 
gehciek,  a  batch:  see  hake.']  1.  A  quantity 
produced  at  one  operation ;  specifically,  the 
quantity  of  bread  made  at  one  baking. —  2.  The 
quantity  of  material  prepared  or  required  for 
one  operation.  Specifically  — (a)  In  glass-malcing,  the 
frit  ready  for  the  glass-pot.  Hee  frit.  (6)  The  quantity  of 
flour  or  dough  to  be  used  at  one  baking,  (c)  The  quantity 
of  grain  sent  at  one  time  to  the  mill  to  be  gi-ound  ;  a  grist, 
3.  An  aggregation  of  individuals  or  articles 
similar  to  each  other ;  especially,  a  number  or 
aggregation  received,  despatched,  etc.,  at  one 
time:  as,  a  batch  of  letters;  a  batch  of  pris- 
oners. 

The  Turkish  troops  are  being  hurried  to  the  front  in 
batches  of  40,000  at  a  time.  Tiiues  (London). 

When  he  had  her  all  to  himself,  ...  he  would  pull  out 
his  last  Ijatrh  of  sonnets,  aTul  read  them  in  a  voice  tremu- 
lous with  emotion,  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxviL 

4t.  Kind,  sort,  or  lot. 

One  is  a  rimer,  sir,  of  your  own  batch,  your  own  leaven. 
B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Hmnour,  i,  1. 

batchl  (bach),  V.  t.     [<  bateh'^,  n.]     To  mass; 
bring  together  in  a  batch  or  the  quantity  re- 
quired. 
The  w-hite  calico  is  hatched.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  IV.  685. 

batch^ (bach),  n.  [E.  dial.,formerlyalso6aicAe/ 
<  ME.  bache,  bacehe,  perhaps  for  *hecche,  <  AS. 
heee,  hwee,  a  brook:  see  beek'^.  For  the  trans- 
fer of  sense  from  '  stream '  to  '  bank,  mound, 
vale,'  cf.  dike  and  ditch.]  1.  A  bank;  a  sand- 
bank.—  2.  A  field  or  patch  of  ground  lying 
near  a  stream ;  the  valley  in  which  a  stream 
flows:  especially  in  local  English  names.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.] 

batch-  (bach),  r.  t.  [E.  dial.,  <  bateh'^,  n.]  To 
protect  (the  bank  of  a  river)  by  facing  it  with 
stones,  so  as  to  prevent  the  water  from  eating 
into  it.     [Local,  Eng.] 

batch^t,  )'.  [Appar.  an  assibilated  form  of 
haek''i.]     A  vessel  used  in  brewing.    X.  E.  D. 

batchelor,  n.     See  baehelnr. 

bate!  (bat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bated,  ppr.  bating. 
[Also  bait;  <  ME.  haten  (only  intrans.),  <  OF. 
batre,  mod.  F.  hattre,  beat,  flap  (hattre  les  ailes, 
beat  the  wings,  flutter ;  retlex.,  se  hattre,  flutter), 
=  Pr.  batre  =  Sp.  batir  =  Pg.  hater  =  It.  bat- 
tere,  beat,  etc.,  <  ML.  (IjL.)  batere,  hattcre,  for 
L.  battierc,  battuere,  beat,  strike,  whence  also 
ult.  E.  batter'^;  battle^,  etc.,  and  prob.  in  part 
the  simple  ftoA,  i'. :  see  these  words.  The 
orig.  sense  '  beat '  is  covered  by  bate^,  for  abate, 
and  batter^.]  I.+  ?;•«»«.  To  beat:  in  the  phrase 
to  bate  the  wings,  to  flutter,  fly.  [In  the  passage 
quoted,  there  is  an  allusion  to  bate-  for  abate.'] 
Till  the  Soule  by  this  nieanes  of  overbodying  herselfe 
.  .  .  hated  tier  winq  apace  downeward, 

'Milton,  Church  Discipline,    (.V,  E.  D.) 

U.  intrans.  1.  In /(j/co»n/,  to  beat  the  wings 
impatiently ;  flutter  as  preparing  for  flight,  par- 
ticularly at  the  sight  of  prey ;  flutter  away. 

I  am  like  a  hawk  that  bates  but  cannot  fly,  because  I  am 
ty'd  to  another's  fist.  Bacon. 

These  kites 
That  hate  and  beat  and  will  not  be  obedient. 

.shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

2t.  To  flutter;  be  eager  or  restless. —  3t.  To 
flutter  or  fly  down.  [With  allusion  to  bate'^ 
for  abate.] 
bate-  (bat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bated,  ppr.  bating. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bait;  <  ME.  baten,  by 
apheresis  for  ahaten,  abate,  which  thus  be- 
comes in  form  and  in  some  senses  identical 
with  the  orig.  simple  form  represented  by 
bate^ :  see  abate  and  hatc^.]  I.  trans.  If.  To 
beat  down  or  away ;  remove  by  beating. 

.•\bout  autumn  bate  the  earth  from  about  the  mots  of 
olives,  and  hiy  them  bare,     Holland,  tr,  of  Pliny,  II,  521. 

2t.  To  beat  back,  or  blunt. 

Sjiite  of  cormorant  devouring  Time, 
Th'  endeavour  of  this  i)resent  breath  may  buy 
That  honour  which  shall  t/ate  his  scythe's  keen  edge. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  1. 1. 


bate 

St.  To  weaken ;  impair  the  strength  of. 

These  griefs  and  losses  liave  sn  hatt'd  !iiu, 
That  1  shall  liardly  spare  a  poitiui  of  tlesh. 

Sluik.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  a. 

4t.  To  losseu  or  decrease  in  amount,  weight, 
estimation,  etc.;  lower;  reduce. 

Who  batt^s  miue  houour,  shall  not  know  my  coin. 

S/io*.,T.  of  A.,  iii.  3. 


Head  of  Perpendicular  Window. 

*.  batement.lights :  a,  a,  angel-lights. 


6.  To  strike  off;  deduct;  abate. 

There  is  twelve  shillings  to  pay,  and,  as  I  am  a  true 
knight,  I  will  not  half  a  penny. 

lietiii.  and  /•'/.,  Knijihtof  Burning  Pestle,  iii.  2. 

I  would  rather  half  him  a  few  strokes  of  his  oar,  than 
not  employ  an  lionest  man  that  has  been  wounde<i  in  tin- 
Queen's  service.  Addison,  Sir  Itoger  at  Vauxhall. 

I  bale  no  jot  of  trust  that  this  noble  trial  of  self-govern- 
ment will  succeed.  W.  PhUlipn,  Speeches,  p.  320. 

6.  To  lessen  in  force  or  intensity ;  moderate ; 
diminish :  as,  to  hate  one's  breath,  or  with  bated 
breath  (see  phrases,  below) ;  to  hate  one's  or  a 
person's  curiosity. —  7t.  To  rob  or  deprive  of. 

When  baaeness  is  cxalteii,  do  not  bate 

The  place  its  honour  for  the  person's  sake. 

G.  Herbert,  Church  Torch,  xlv. 

8t.  To  leave  out ;  except ;  bar. 

Hate  me  the  king,  and,  bo  he  flesh  and  blood. 
He  lies  who  said  it. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  1. 

To  bate  oft,  to  make  a  reduction  in  or  an  abatement  from ; 
lessen  or  moderate. 

Abate  thy  speed,  and  I  will  bate  of  mine. 

Dnjden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  i. 

To  bate  one's  breath,  to  check  one's  breathing ;  breathe 
restrainedly,  as  from  fear,  humility,  or  deference.— With 
bated  breatb,  with  subdued  or  restrained  breathuig,  as 
from  fear  or  awe. 

Shall  I  bend  low,  and  in  a  bond-mans  key, 

With  bated  breath  and  whisprinj;  humbleness. 

Say  this?  Sliak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3  (1623). 

Il.t  iiitraiis.  To  decrease  or  fall  away  in  size, 
amount,  force,  estimate,  etc. 

Bardolph,  am  I  not  fallen  away  vilely  since  this  last 
action'/  do  I  not  bate  J  do  1  not  dwindle  ? 

Shal!.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

I  know  'twiis  tliis  which  made  tile  envy  and  pride 

Of  the  great  Roman  blood  bate  and  give  way 

To  my  election.  B.  Joiumn,  Catiline,  iii.  1. 

bate-'t  (bat),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  baten,  by  apheresis  for 
(idnitvn,  debate:  see  rfeiate-l,  ?>.]  To  contend; 
strive;  quarrel. 

bate-'t  (bat),  11.     [<  ME.  hate,  hat,  by  apheresis  bat-fish  (bat'fish),  n. 
for  rfcftate,  rfpfcifY,  debate  :  see  deftafcl,  n.]  Con- 
tention ;  strife ;  debate. 

Ilreeds  no  Ijale  with  telling.        Shalt.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  I. 

bate'*!  (bat),  r.  and  n.  Obsolete  and  less  cor- 
rect spelling  of  haif^. 

bate"  (bat),  c.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  haUd,  ppr.  hat- 
iny.  [Prob.  a  particular  use  of  hatf*,  properly 
spelled  halt;  ef.  Sw.  heta,  tan,  bait,  =  G.  hei- 
zett,  steep  in  lye,  macerate,  bait,  lit.  cause  to 
bite  :  see  6«i'<l.]  1.  To  steep,  as  a  hide,  in  an 
alkaline  lye.  See  hate°,  n. —  2.  Iwjute-mamif., 
to  separate  (the  raw  material)  into  layers,  and 
then  soften  by  sprinkling  with  oil  and  water. 

bate^  (bat),  H.  [<  hatc^,  c]  The  alkaline  solu- 
tion in  which  hides  are  steeped  after  being 
limed,  in  order  to  remove  or  neutralize  the  lime. 

bate*'t.     Obsolete  or  dialectal  preterit  of  bite. 
Vet  there  the  steel  stayd  not,  but  inly  bate 
Deepe  in  liis  flesh,  and  opened  wide  a  red  floodgate. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  II.  v.  7. 

bate''  (bat),  ".     [Also   hait;   origin  unknown. 

Hence   em.'is-hatcd.']      The  grain  of  wood  or 

stone.     [Scotch.] 
bate^t,  n.    [<  LL.  hatus,  <  Gr.  ftaToi;,  <  Heb. 

bath  :  see  hatJfi.']     Same  as  hat)fi. 
batea  (bat'e-a),  «.     [Sp.  Pg.]     A  wooden  ves- 
sel  in  the  form  of  a  very  flat  hollow  cone, 

about  20  inches  in  diameter  and  2  or  3  inches 

deep,  used  by  Mexican  and  Californian  miners 

for  washing  auriferous  sands  and  pulverized 

ores  of  various  kinds. 


473 

This  sour  informer,  this  Imte-breedinfj  spy, 
This  canker  that  cats  up  Ixjve's  tender  spring. 
This  carry-tale,  dissentious  Jealousy. 

SImk.,  v.  and  A.,  1.  655. 

batefult  (bat'ful),  a.  [<  hate^  +  -ful.'i  Con- 
tentious; given  to  strife  ;  exciting  contention. 
It  did  hall-fill  question  frame.  .Sir  P.  Sidneij. 

batelesst  (bfit'les),  n.  [<  hate-  +  -/f.s.s.]  Not  to 
be  abated ;  not  to  be  dulled  or  blunted.   [Rare.] 

Haply  that  name  <if  "chaste  '  unhappily  set 
This  batetess  edge  on  his  keen  appetite. 

Shak.,  Lucrcce,  1.  0. 

bateleur  (bat'e-ler),  n.     [Appar.  a  ])articular 
application  of  F.  bateleur,  a  juggler,  bufl'oon.] 
A  name  of  an  African  eagle,  the  Ilelotarsus 
ccaiidatiis. 
batellatet,  v.  t.     [<  ML.  as  if  "hatcUatus,  pp. 
of  "batcllarc,  assuined  from  OF.  hatuUlkr,  or 
E.  lidttrl,  battle,  fortify :  see  battle".']     ililit.,  to 
fortify  oi-  make  defensible,  as  a  dwelling-house. 
batementt  Omt'meut),  «.      [By  apheresis  for 
(iliatciiii  lit :  see  baie'^  a.nd  -mciit.l    Abatement; 
diminution;  lessening;  specifically,  among  car- 
penters, the  portion  to  bo  cut  off  from  a  piece 
of  timber  to'  bring  it  to  a  desired  length. 
batement-light  (bat'ment-lit),  «.     In  arch.,  a 
vertical  light  in  the  upper  part  of  a  window  of 

the  Perpendie- 
tilar  style,  of 
which  the  nor- 
mal rectangular 
form  at  the  bot- 
tom is  altered 
or  abated  so  as 
to  fit  in  the 
arched  head  of 
a  light  below. 
Compare  angel- 
li(jht. 
ba'testone  (b.at'- 

ston),».  [ibati-' 
+  stone.']  A 
curved  scour- 
ing-stone  used 
in  bating  hides. 

When  the  hides  have  been  properly  worked  with  tlie 

balestoiie,  they  are  placed  in  a  wa.sh-wheel  and  worked 

for  about  twenty  minuteS.       C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  686. 

[<  ft«<2  +  fishT-.']      1.   A 


bath 

bath^  (biith,  pi.  baTnz),  ».  [<  ME.  hath,  <  AS. 
bath,  pi.  bathu,  =  OS.  l,ath  =  1).  had  =  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  had,  bath,  =  leel.  hadh  =  Sw.  Dan. 
bad;  prob.,  with  formative  -th  (-d),  from  tho 
verb  represented  by  OHG.  bajaii,  MIKJ.  ha'jeit, 
6ar«,  G.  bdhcn  =  LG.  bdcn,  foment,  =  ME.  hw- 
locn,  cleanse,  prob.  =  Jj.  fnvere,  foment:  sco  fo- 
ment.'] 1.  A  washing  of  tho  body  in,  or  an  ex- 
posiu'e  of  it  to  the  action  of,  water  or  other 
fluid  agent,  for  cleansing,  refresliment,  medi- 
cal treatment,  etc. :  as,  to  take  a  bath;  to  ad- 
minister a  bath  to  a  patient. —  2.  A  pro\nsion 
or  arrangement  for  bathing:  as,  to  prepare  a 
bath;  a  hot  or  cold  bath;  a  yiipoT-bath ;  an 
electric  hath.  There  are  many  kinds  of  baths,  all  of 
which  may  be  illviiled  into  four  cla-sses:  (a)  according  to 
the  medium  in  whicli  tlie  h.idy  is  immersed,  as  a  water-,  oil-. 
or  vtud-bath,  a  aiiii/ir':^si'd-uir  bath,  a  medicated  or  7;ji';i- 
eral  bath,  etc.;  {h)  according  to  manner  of  application  or 
use,  as  a  ptuni/c-,  shower-,  vajfir-,  dmielte-,  ifpraih,  or  switii- 
niinii-bath,  etc.;  (c)  according  to  tlie  parts  bathed,  as  a 
/ooi-  xilz-,  or  eye-iiath,  etc. ;  (if)  accoriling  to  temperature, 
as  a  hot,  tepid,  wann,  or  entd  hath. 
3.  A  vessel  for  holding  water  in  which  to 
plunge,  -wash,  or  bathe  the  body. — 4.  More  gen- 
erally, an  apartment  or  apparatus  by  means  of 
which  tlie  l)ody,  or  a  part  of  it,  may  be  bathed 
in  any  medium  differing  in  nature  or  teinper- 
atm'e  from  its  natural  medium. —  5.  An  edilice 
containing  apartments  fitted  uj)  for  batliing;  a 
bath-house;  particularly,  in  tlio  jilural,  one  of 
the  elaborate  bathing  establishments  of  the 


fish  of  the  family  Maltheidie  (which  see).    The 
best-known  species  is  Malthe  veapertilio.     It  has  a  heart- 


<^»^ 


In  tlie  rubbish  whicli  was  thrown  out  of  the  old  mine,  a 
comfortable  subsistence  is  gained  by  washing  in  bateas. 
Moiery,  Arizona  and  Sonora,  p.  44. 


Dorsal  view. 
Bat-fish  {M_altke  vespertitio\. 

shaped  trunk,  produced  anteriorly  in  a  prolonged  snout, 
a  short  foniform  tail,  a  small  inferior  mouth,  ami  a  rostral 
tentacle  under  the  snout.  It  inhabits  the  Atlantic  ahuig 
the  southern  loast  of  the  I'nited  States. 
2.  A  name  of  the  flying-fish  or  flying-robin, 
Crjihahican  th  «.?  rolitans. 
bat-fowler  (bat'fou'ler),  «.  [<  ME.  battfoal- 
cre,  <  battfouien:  see  bat-fou-llmj.]  1.  One 
wlio  practises  bat-fowling. — 2t.  A  s'windler. 
[Slang.] 


bateau,  batteau  (ba-to'),  h.  ;  pi.  hateaur,  hat-  bat-fowling  (bat'fou"ling),  H.  [JYSbattefoicl- 


teaiu-  (-toz').  [<  F.  bateau,  OW.  batel  =  Pr. 
hatilh  =  Sp.  Pg.  batel  =  It.  battello,  <  ML.  ba- 
tellu.s,  dim.  of  ML.  hatus,  hattus  (>  It.  hatto), 
a  boat,  prob.  <  AS.  bat,  a  boat :  see  boat.']  1. 
A  light  boat  for  river  na-vigation,  long  in  pro- 
portion to  its  breadth,  and  wider  in  the  middle 
than  at  the  ends. — 2.  A  pontoon  of  a  floating 
bridge. 


bateau-bridge  (ba-to'brij),  n.   Milit.,  a  floating  batfult  (bat'ful),  a.     [<  bat-  in  battle^,  batten^, 

bridge  supported  by  bateaux  or  boats.  etc.,  +  -fid;  possibly,  like  batwell.  a  perversion 

bateaux,  » .     Plural  of  hatfau.  of  battle  or  battel,  fertile :  see  battle-i,  a.]    Rich ; 

bate-breedingt  (l>at'bre"ding),  a.     [<  hate3  +  fertile,  as  land:  as,"  hatjut  xi&sture.s,"  Drayton, 

breedinij,  ppr.  of  lireed.]     Breeding  sU'ife.  Polyolbion,  in. 


aLiiiia 


ancients,  as  the  Baths  of  Caraealla  at  Rome. 
See  thcaiuv. — 6.  In  science  and  the  arts,  any 
vessel  OTntaining  a  liquid  for  treating  any  ob- 
ject by  imraeiipon.  (a)  In  photon.,  the  ve.isel  in  which 
a  collotlioiiiaed  pl^te  is  submitted  to  the  action  of  a  solu- 
tion of  nitrate  of  silver,  or  the  tray  in  which  an  exposed 
dry  plate  is  immersed  in  the  developing  solution,  (b)  In 
etehimj,  the  pan  of  acid  into  which  the  plate  is  plunged  to 
be  Ijitten. 

7.  An  aiTangement  or  preparation  for  immers- 
ing anything,  as  the  silver-bath  in  jihotography. 
— 8.  In  chein.,  an  apparatus  for  modifying  and 
regulating  the  heat  in  various  cliemical  pro- 
cesses, by  interposing  a  quantity  of  sand,  wa- 
ter, or  other  substance  between  the  fire  and  tho 
vessel  intended  to  be  heated,  when  a  liipiid  bath 
of  a  higher  temperature  than  21'2  is  reiiuired.  saturated 
srdution.s  are  employed  in  which  the  b.iiling-point  is 
higher  than  that  of  water.— Companions  of  the  Bath, 
tile  third  or  lowest  cla.-^s  of  tlic  members  of  the  onler  of 
the  liatb.  — Compressed-air  bath,  a  bath  cimsisting  in 
remaining  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time  in  a  chamber  tilled 
witli  compressed  air.  Such  liatbs  have  been  recommended 
as  useful  in  certain  diseases,  in  which  an  increased  expan- 
sive force  is  reiiuired  to  cause  the  air  to  intlate  the  more 
delicate  air-pa.>*sages  of  the  lungs.— Dung-bath,  a  bath 
tlsed  in  calico-printing,  i^e  dinifiin;i. —  Knights  Of  the 
Bath,  an  order  of  knighthood  supposed  to  have  been  insti- 
tuted at  the  coronation  of  Henry  IV.  in  13'.l'.).  It  receiveil 
this  name  from  the  fact  that  the  candidates  for  the  honor 
were  ]iut  into  a  bath  the  preceding  evening,  to  denote  a 
purillcatioli  or  .aijsolution  from  all  former  stain,  ami  that 
they  were  now  to  Ijegin  a  new  life.  Tlie  present  order  of 
tlie  Itath,  however,  was  instituted  by  George  I.  in  172.'),  as 
a  military  order,  consisting,  exclusive  of  the  sovereign,  of 
a  grand  master  and  thirty-six  companions.  In  1815  the 
order  was  greatly  extended,  and  in  1847  it  was  opened  to 
civilians.  It  is  now  composed  of  three  classes,  viz.:  mili- 
tary ami  civil  knights  grand-crosses,  G.  C.  B.  ;  knights 
"'    '  "    and  knights  companious,  C.  B.  The 


commanders. 


!/iii/e,  <  hattfoiflen,  snare  bii'ds,  <  batte,  by  some 
supposed  to  refer  to  the  bat  or  stick  on  which 
tho  nets  were  fastened,  -t-  fimlen,  v..  fowl.  The 
fh-st  element  is  now  often  associated  with  bat".] 
A  mode  of  catching  birds  at  night  by  holding 
a  torch  or  other  light,  and  beating  the  bushes 
or  trees  where  they  roost.  The  birds  fly  toward 
the  light,  and  are  caught  'with  nets  or  other-wise. 


I.  Badge  wom  suspended  fromthecollajof  a  knight  of  the  Bath. 
2.  Staiof  the  Grand  Cross. 

badge  (fig.  1)  is  a  golden  Maltese  cross  of  eight  points, 
witll  the  lion  of  Englaml  in  the  four  prim  ipal  angles,  and 
having  in  a  circle  in  the  center  the  rose.  Ihislle.  ami  sham- 
rock (reiircsenting  respectively  England,  Scotland,  and  Ire- 
land), between  tlxree  imperial  crowns ;  motto,  Tria  jtincta 


bath 

in  «Ji/>.  Stars  are  also  worn  by  the  first  two  cl.iascs. 
That  of  thu  kni};hts  griiiid-iTosscs  (flj;.  2)  is  of  silver,  with 
eight  points  of  rays  wavy,  on  whiuli  is  aj;oM  cross  bearint; 
three  crowns,  cncirclcii  by  a  ribbon  displayinj;  the  motto 
of  the  order,  wliile  beneath  is  a  scroll  inscribed  Ich  di^tn 
(I  serve),  the  motto  of  tlie  Prince  of  Wales.  The  star  of 
the  knights  cormnandcrs  dilfei-s  chictly  in  lacking  the 
wavy  rays. — Medicated  bath,  a  batli  of  liquid  or  vapor 
designed  to  produce  a  curative  clfcct  I>y  vil'tue  of  some 
medicine  mixed  in  it.— Mercurial  batli,  a  bath  used  in 
the  pneumatic  trough  to  collect  fvueli  ;;;ises  as  are  readily 
absorbed  by  water. — Metal-bath,  a  bath  used  in  chemical 
operations  requiring  a  higlier  temperature  than  can  be 
produced  by  means  of  a  water-batli.  Mercury,  fusible 
metal,  tin,  and  lead  are  employed  for  such  baths.— Rus- 
sian bath,  a  kinil  of  bath  employed  in  Russia,  and  in- 
troduced thence  in  other  countries.  It  resembles  in  prin- 
ciple the  ancient  and  the  Turkish  baths,  but  differs  from 
the  latter  in  that  the  subject,  after  eximsure  to  the  in- 
tluenee  of  very  hot  vapor,  with  the  attendant  kneading, 
lathering,  etc.,  is  suddenly  and  violently  cooled  by  means 
of  a  jet  of  ice-c()ld  water.  It  is  said  to  be  of  service  in 
alleviating  rheumatism.—  Sour  bath,  in  tanniiuf,  an  acid 
liquid  made  of  bran  and  refuse  malt.  It  is  employed  to 
remove  the  lime  used  in  a  previous  process,  and  also  to 
soften  the  skin  to  render  it  more  absorbent  of  the  tanning 
materials. — Tin-bath,  molten  tin  covered  with  melted 
tallow  to  prevent  the  o.xidation  of  the  metal.  It  is  used 
in  giving  a  coating  of  tin  to  other  metals,  as  sheet-iron, 
to  form  the  so-called  tin-plate. — Turkish  bath,  a  kind  of 
bath  introduced  from  the  East,  in  which  the  subject,  after 
having  undergone  copious  perspiration  in  a  heated  room, 
is  subjected  to  various  processes,  as  soaping,  washing, 
kneading  (shampooing),  etc.,  and  ultimately  proceeds  to 
an  outer  apartment,  where  he  is  placed  on  a  couch  to 
cool.  Turkish  baths,  or  modifications  of  them,  are  pro- 
vided in  all  hydrother.apeutie  establishments,  and  are  to 
be  found  in  most  towns  of  considerable  size. — White 
bath,  a  bath  used  in  dyeing ;  an  enmlsion  formed  by  Gal- 
lipoli  oil  and  the  carbonates  of  alkalis. 

bathl  (bath),  tK  t.  [Later  form  for  bathe,  di- 
rectly from  the  noun.]  To  put  into  a  bath; 
Tvash  in  a  bath.     [Rare.] 

bath-  (biith),  II.  [Earlier  in  E.,  as  LL.,  iatus,  or 
else  hat,  liati;  <  LL.  butii^,  <  Gr.  ,3d7or,  <  Heb. 
ha  til. 'i  A  Hebrew  liquid  measure  =  72  logs  = 
6  bins  =  "iV  eor,  and  corresponding  to  the  dry 
measure  the  ephah  =  72  logs  =  18  cabs  =  3 
saths  =  Xs  cor.  There  were  two  measures  of  this 
name,  one  equal  to  about  two  thirds  of  the  other,  as  is  seen 
by  comparing  1  Ki.  vii.  26  with  2  Chron.  iv.  5.  The  larger 
bath  seems  to  have  contained  about  36  liters  =  9i  United 
States  gallons  =  S  British  gallons.  The  smaller  bath  seems 
to  have  contained  about  2S  litei"s  =  7^  United  States  gal- 
lons =  6  liritish  gallons. 

Bath  brick,  bun,  chair.    See  the  nouns. 

bath-chops  (bath'chops),  n.  pi.  The  cheeks  or 
face  of  the  hog  cured  or  smoked. 

bathe  (baTu),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bathed,  ppr. 
hulliing.  [Also  in  var.  form  (now  only  dial.) 
beath,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  hathit-n,  <  AS.  bathia'n  (=  D. 
baden  =  OHG.  badon,  MHG.  G.  badcn  =  Icel. 
badha  =  Sw.  bada  =  Dan.  bade),  <  btcth,  bath : 
see  bath^.'i  I.  trans.  1.  To  place  in  a  bath; 
immerse  in  water  or  other  fluid,  for  cleanli- 
ness, health,  or  pleasure. 

Chancing  to  hattie  himself  in  the  river  Cyduus,  ...  he 
fell  sick,  near  unto  deatli,  for  three  days.  South. 

Others,  on  silver  lakes  and  rivers,  bathed 
Their  downy  breast.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  437. 

2.  To  apply  water  or  other  liquid  to  with  a 
sponge,  cloth,  or  the  like,  generally  for  thera- 
peutic purposes. — 3.  To  wash,  moisten,  or  suf- 
fuse with  any  liquid. 

Her  bosom  battled  in  blood.  Dniden. 

4.  To  immerse  in  or  suiTOund  with  anything 
analogous  to  water:  as,  bathed  in  sunlight. 

One  sip  of  this 
Will  bathe  the  drooping  spirits  in  delight. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  812. 
Thy  rosy  shadows  bathe  me.  Tennyson,  Tithonus. 

The  sun  was  past  the  middle  of  the  day. 
But  bathed  in  flood  of  light  the  world  still  lay. 

Wiiliam  Morri.^,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  221. 

5.  In  co67.,  to  tint;  tinge  in  a  uniform  man- 
ner, giving  the  appearance  of  one  color  seen 
through  another:  as,  black  bathed mth  purple, 
brown  bathed  with  rosy,  etc. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  take  a  bath;  be  in  water 
or  other  liquid ;  go  into  water  to  bathe  one's 
self. 

They  bathe  in  summer,  and  in  winter  slide.  Waller. 

2.  To  be  immersed  or  suiTounded  as  if  with 
water. 
bathe  (baTH),  ».  [<  bathe,  v.'\  The  act  of 
bathing;  the  immersion  of  the  body  in  water: 
as,  to  take  one's  usual  hathe.  Edinburgh  Rev. 
[Confined  almost  entirely  to  Scotland,  where  a  distinction 
is  made  between  a  tjathe  and  a  bath,  the  former  being  ap- 
plied to  an  inunersiou  in  the  sea,  a  river,  or  a  lake,  and 
the  latter  to  a  bath  lor  which  artificial  conveniences  are 

useil.) 

batherl  (ba'THer),  n.    1.  One  who  bathes;  one 

who  immerses  himself  in  water. — 2.  One  who 

bathes  another, 
bather^  (baTH'er),  r.  i.    [E.  dial.]    To  scratch 

and  rul)  in  the  dust,  as  birds  do.     Ualliwcll. 

[Prov.  Eug.] 


474 

bathetic  (ba-thet'ik),  a.  [<  bathos,  on  type  of 
jialhelic,  <  iiathos.l  Kelating  to  or  character- 
ized by  bathos ;  sinking  rhetorically,  or  in  style. 
Coleridge. 

A  fatal  insensibility  to  the  ludicrous  and  the  bathetic. 
The  Academy,  July  3,  1876,  p.  6. 

bath-house  (bath'hous),  n.  1 .  A  house  fitted  up 
with  conveniences  for  bathing,  as  bath-rooms, 
tubs,  sometimes  a  tank  or  swimming-bath,  etc. 
—  2.  A  small  house,  or  a  house  divided  into  a 
number  of  small  rooms,  at  a  bathing-place, 
or  place  for  open-air  bathing,  where  bathers 
change  their  dress. 

bathing-box  (ba'THing-boks),  n.  A  covered 
shed  or  l)ath-house  in  which  open-air  bathers 
change  their  dress.     [Eng.] 

bathing-dress  (ba'THing-dres),  n.  A  partial 
or  loose  costume  used  by  open-air  bathers,  as 
on  a  sea-lieach. 

bathing-house  (ba'THing-hous),  n.  A  bath- 
house.    [U.S.] 

bathing-machine  (ba'THing-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
covered  vehicle  used  at  the  seaside  resorts  of 
Great  Britain,  in  which  bathers  dress  and  un- 
dress. It  is  driven  into  the  water  to  a  sufficient 
distance  to  suit  the  convenience  of  the  bather. 

bathing-tub  (ba'THing-tub),  m.    Same  as  bath- 

tuh. 
bath-kol  (bath'kol),  >i.  [Heb.,  <  bath,  daugh- 
ter, +  h-til,  voice.]  A  kind  of  oracular  voice 
frequently  refeiTed  to  in  the  Talmud,  the  later 
Targums,  and  rabbinical  writers,  as  the  fourth 
grade  of  revelation,  constituting  an  instrument 
of  di^•ine  communication  throughout  the  early 
history  of  the  Israelites,  and  the  sole  prophetic 
manifestation  which  they  possessed  during  the 
period  of  the  second  temple. 

From  the  death  of  H.aggai.  Zechariah,  and  Malachi,  the 
Holy  Spirit  [which,  according  to  the  Jewish  distinction, 
is  oidy  the  second  degl-ee  of  the  prophetical  gift]  was 
withdi-awn  from  Israel ;  but  they  nevertheless  enjoyed 
the  use  of  the  liath  Kol. 
The  treatise  Sanhedrim,  quoted  in  Kitto's  Bib.  Cyc.,  1. 316. 

Bath  metal.     See  metal. 

bathmic  (bath'mik),  a.    [<  Gr.  .iaOfiur  (see  bath- 

mi.-iiii)  +  -((■.]     Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nattu-e 

of  bathmism. 

I  compared  the  transmission  of  batliniic  force  to  that  of 
the  phenomenon  of  combustion,  which  is  a  force  conver- 
sion transmitted  from  substance  to  substance  by  contact. 
E.  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  229. 

bathmism  (Irath'mizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  ;3a0u6(,  also 
jkiaiwc,  a  step,  threshold  (<  jiaimiv  (-(/  *,te),  go), 
+  -!«»(.]     See  extract. 

It  is  here  left  open  whether  there  be  any  form  of  force 
which  may  be  especially  designated  as  "vital."  Many  of 
the  animal  functions  are  known  to  be  physical  and  chem- 
ical, and  if  there  be  any  one  which  appeal's  to  be  less  ex- 
plicable by  reference  to  these  forces  than  the  others,  it  is 
that  of  nutrition.  Pi'obably  in  this  instance  force  has 
been  so  metamorphosed  through  the  influence  of  the  origi- 
native or  conscious  force  in  evolution,  that  it  is  a  tiistinct 
species  in  the  category  of  forces.  Assuming  it  to  be  such, 
I  have  given  it  the  name  of  Bathmism. 

E.  D.  Cope,  lleth.  of  Creation,  p.-26. 

Bathmodon  (bath'mo-don),  n.  [NL.,  <  6r.  /Sad- 
fio^,  a  step,  +  b6oi%  =  E.  tooth.1  A  genus  of 
fossil  hoofed  quadrupeds  named  by  Cope  in 
1872,  subsequently  identified  by  him  with  Cory- 
phiidon  (which  see). 

batbmodont  (bath'mo-dont),  a.  [<  Bathmn- 
diiii(t-).']  In  odoiitog.,  notinga  pattern  of  denti- 
tion in  which  the  posterior  pair  of  tubercles  of 
the  upper  molars  are  approximated,  connected 
together,  and  compressed  and  suberescentie 
in  section,  and  the  anterior  outer  tubercle  is 
connected  with  the  anterior  inner  one  by  an 
oblique  crest  forming  a  V.  Such  dentition  is 
characteristic  of  the  genus  Bathmodon. 

Bath  note.     See  7iote. 

bathometer  (ba-thom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3doOf, 
depth,  -I-  /if-pov,  a  measure.]  An  apparatus, 
consisting  of  a  spring-balance  of  peculiar  con- 
struction, used  for  ascertaining  the  depth  of 
water. 

Bath  oolite.    See  Bath  stone,  under  stone. 

bathorse  (bat'-  or  ba'hors),  «.  [<  bat*  (F. 
but),  a  pack-saddle,  -f-  hor.ie.1  In  the  British 
army,  a  horse  for  carrying  baggage  belonging 
to  an  officer  or  to  the  baggage-train.  Also  writ- 
ten baichor.fe. 

bathos  (ba'thos),  «.  [Gr.  /WSor.  depth,  <  jiadi^, 
deep.  In  def.  2,  orig.  an  antithesis  to  vi^, 
height,  the  sublime.]  1.  Depth;  lowest  part 
or  stiige;  bottom.  [Rare.]  —  2.  A  ludicrous 
descent  from  the  elevated  to  the  commonplace 
or  ridiculous  in  writing  or  speech;  a  sinking; 
anticlimax. 


Bathymaster 

In  his  fifth  sonnet  he  [Petrai-chJ  ni.ay,  I  think,  be  said 
to  have  sounded  the  lowest  chasm  of  the  Bathon. 

Macaiilay,  Petrarch. 
-Syn.  2.  I-'untinn,  Turtjidnexg,  eXc.    i^nc  boniltant . 

bath-room  (bath'rom),  n.  A  room  for  bathing 
in. 

bath-sponge  (bath'spunj),  n.  A  sponge  used  in 
bathing,  etc.  .sponges  suitable  for  this  use  all  lielong 
to  the  genus  Sjion;/ia,  of  which  there  are  six  connnercial 
species  or  varieties,  deriving  their  value  from  the  fineness 
and  elasticity  of  the  skeletal  fibers.  The  bath-sixuige  of 
the  Mediterranean  is  S.  equinox,  resembling  the  wool- 
sponge,  .S".  yons-^ipina,  of  the  United  States,  other  species 
are  the  zimocca,  .S'.  zimocca ;  the  cup-sp<»nge,  5.  adriatiea, 
of  Turkey  and  the  I.evant ;  the  American  yellow  sponge, 
5-  mrlo^ifi :  and  the  American  liard-head,  S.  dura. 

Bath  stone.    See  stone. 

bath-tub  (bath'tub),  n.  A  tub  to  bathe  in:  in 
the  usual  form,  appro.ximately  of  the  length  of 
the  body,  and  often  permanently  fixed  in  a 
bath-ronm.     Also  called  hnthing-tub. 

bathukolpian,  a.     See  bathycoipian. 

bathvillite  (bath'vil  it),  «.  [<  Bathville  (see 
def.)  -I-  -ite~.^  A  brown,  dull,  amorphous  min- 
eral resin,  occurring  in  torbanite,  or  boghead 
coal,  on  the  estate  of  Bathville,  near  Bathgate, 
Linlithgowshire,  Scotland. 

bathwort  (bath'wert),  n.  [Con-uption  of  Wr^/i- 
iciirt.  after  io//(l.]     Same  as  hirthroot. 

bathybial  (ba-thib'i-al),  a.  [<  bathijhius  +  -«?.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  bathybius  or  the  depths 
at  which  it  is  found;  bathybian:  as,  "bathybial 
fauna."  Encijc.  Brit.,  XXI.  774. 

bathybian  (ba-thib'i-an),  a.  [<  bathybius  + 
-««.]  Pertaining  to  bathybius ;  composed  of 
or  resembling  bathybius. 

The  use  of  the  dredge  resulted  in  finding  the  usual  ba- 
thybian  forms  that  have  been  already  described  in  works 
relating  to  Arctic  voyages. 

.4rc.  Cruise  of  the  Corwin,  ISSl,  p.  14. 

bathybius  (ba-thib'i-us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iSoBlc, 
deep,  -I-  liiiic,  life.]  A  name  given  by  Huxley 
to  masses  of  so-called  animal  matter  said  to 
have  been  found  covering  the  sea-bottom  at 
gi-eat  depths  (over  2,000  fathoms),  and  in  such 
abimdance  as  to  form  in  some  places  deposits 
upward  of  30  feet  in  thickness.  It  was  descril)ed 
as  consisting  of  a  tenacious,  viscid,  slimy  substance,  ex- 
hibiting under  the  microscope  a  network  of  granular, 
mucilaginous  matter,  which  expands  and  contracts  spon- 
taneously, fonning  a  very  simple  organism,  and  corre- 
sponding in  .all  respects  to  protoplasm  (which  see).  Em- 
bedded in  it  were  calcareous  bodies  with  an  organic 
structure,  called  discolitlis,  coceolittis,  and  coeeot^pheres, 
which  seemed  to  belong  to  bathybius  as  such.  The  exis- 
tence of  any  such  living  substance  is  now  generally  denied. 
bathycolpian  (bath-i-kol'pi-an),  a.  [Also  less 
prop,  hatliukolpian ;  <  Gr.  jiaOi-Ko'/.TToc,  <  fiaOi;, 
deep,  -I-  KoA-oQ, breast,  bosom.]  Deep-bosomed: 
as,  "bathycol2>ian  Here,"  O.  jr.  Holmes. 
Bathyerginae  (bath  i-er-ji'ue),  n.  pi.  [XL..  < 
Jliifhi/trijiis  +  -intu.'i  A  subfamily  of  Ethi- 
opian mole-like  rodents,  of  the  family  Spala- 
cidw,  or  mole-rats,  differing  from  SpalaciiKF  in 
ha\'ing  the  mandibular  angle  arising  beside  the 
socket  of  the  lower  incisors.  There  are  three 
genera,  Bathyergus,  Georychus,  and  Ueliopho- 
hiiis. 
bathyergue  (bath'i-erg),  n.  A  rodent  quadru- 
pcil  of  the  genus  Bathijergus. 
Bathyergus  (bath-i-er'gus).  n.  [NL.,  after  Gr. 
liatlvei>;En;  plow  deep,  <  ,iaHic,  deep,  -f-  epyov, 
work.]  A  genus  of  mole-rats,  of  the  subfamily 
Bathyergina;  having  grooved  upper  incisors. 

/>.  vtaritimus  is 
a  large  species 
burrowing  in 
the  sand-dunes 
of  the  Cape  of 
Go<hI  Hope,  and 
called  coast-rat 
and  Zand-  or 
sand-mole  ;  it  is 
vei-y  abundant, 
and  in  some 
places  tliesandy 
soil  is  honey- 
combed with  its  extensive  excavations.  Tile  fur  is  grayish- 
brown,  and  might  possess  commercial  value. 

Bathymaster  (bath'i-mas-ter),  n.  [NL..  <  Gr. 
liiiHir,  deep.  +  uaaTi/p,  a  seeker.]  A  genus  of 
fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Bathymastcridee. 


Coa!A-r2A  {Bathyergus  marttimus 


Konquil  {Eat'.; 


irtts). 


Tlie  only  known  species  inhabits  water  of  moderate  depth 
about  rocks  along  the  northern  Pacific  coast  south  to 
Piiget  Sound,  aud  is  popularly  known  as  the  ronquU  or 
nnchiL 


Bathymasteridae 
Bathymasteridae  (iiath'i-iiiiis-tpr'i-de),  n.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  Itiillijiniiislir  +  -i(l<('.'\    A  family  of  iican- 

tli"))ti'i'yfiiau  lislios,  represented  liy  tlio  K''i"S 

linlliijiiiiistir,  und  scareoly  tUstiuct  from  Latili- 

(la-  (wliicli  seo). 
bathymeter  (ba-thim'e-tfir),  n.    [<  Gr.  (iaflh^, 

deep,  +  //tTiioi',  a  measure.]    Au  instrument 

for  tiikiiifi  si)iiiidiiij,'s  at  sea. 
bathymetric  (batli-i-met'rik),  ft.     [<  hathyme- 

tnj  +  -ic]     Pertaiuiiif;  to  bathymetry  or  the 

measurement   of   depths,  especially  at  sea. — 

Bathymetric  zone,  in  **"v/('"!/..  ""«  of  tlie  liorizimtul 

bflts  ot  ttic  (li-ptlis  of  tlui  si-ii  vtjrticiilly  separuteil  liy  tlicir 

cliar;ict-ciistic  (anna  and  Ilora.     Five  sucli  zones  are  reck- 
oned: (I)  tlie  litlorat,  between  tide-marks;  (2)  the  lami-  .-j    .    .,    .,,      .    ./,--, 

narian,  from  low  water  U>  alwiiit  ir>  fathoms;  (3)  the  isatOiaei  (oa-toi  i».'-i;. 

Cf)rrt/^';»',  from  tliat  t*)  abont  50  fathoms ;  (4)  tile  (/(,'t7;-»ea, 

from  tliat  to  about  30O;  (5)  the  abyssal,  from  that  to  the 

lowest  del>tlis. 

bathymetrical  (bath-i-met'ri-kal),  a.    Same  as 

hiifhifnu'ti'ir. 


476 

the  Pers,  man :  see  mauml^.'\  A  Turkish  woicht 
varyinj^  in  amount  in  dilTerent  localities,  'llu- 
lialman  formerly  leual  throuuhout  the  empire,  now  used 
in  Constantinople  and  Smyrna,  is  17  pounds  avoirdupois. 
The  Kreat  batman  of  Constantinople  is  22.5  pounds;  tile 
little  batman  is  6.8  pounds.  The  batman  of  Tabriz  is  0,4 
pounils  ;  tlie  batman  of  Sliir.az  is  12.7  pounds  ;  the  batnian- 
r.-i  of  Trbiian  is  2s.;i  pounds. 

bat-money,  baw-money  (bat'-^or  ba'-,  ba'- 

niuu  i),  «."■■'' 
a  batman. 
batoid  (bat'oid),  o.  and  «,      [<  jBafe  (a  genus 
of  fishes)  +  -did.']    I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 

liiiloUki. 
II.  ti.  One  of  the  Batoidci. 

11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balis  (a 
genus  of  iishes)  +  -nidcus,  pi,  -oidci.']  In  tiiin- 
ther's  system  of  classification,  a  suborder  of 
plagiostomatous  fishes  having  ventral  gill- 
(ipeniugs:  syuon>^nous  with  Bald: 


batster 

batrachian  (ba-tra'ki-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Batra- 
chid  +  -an.]  I.  (I.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ba- 
trachia,  especially  frogs  and  toads. 

The  balrachidii  hymns  from  tile  iieiKhboring  swamp. 

0.  ir.  lifolmes.  Autocrat,  ix. 


iiuwiniHinr.  X,  • ,   ,  -N     J      A    Batolites  (bat-6-ll'tez),  v.     [NL.,  <  F.  bdh 

bathymetncally  (bath-i-met'ri-kal-i),  ad«.   As     stairisee /;«/o»),  +  Gr.  >.%,  astoiie,]    A  g( 

regards  bathymetry ;  by  deep-sea  measurement       -     ^   .  .         .■" '.       -      .,-■,,, 

or  soimding. 
bathymetry  (ba-tliim'e-tri),  n.     [<  Gr.  /3a(?i'f, 

deep,  -I-  -iicTpia,  <  jiiTiinv,  a  measure,]     The  art 

of^sounding  or  of  moasiiring  depths  in  the  sea.  ijatgiogigt  (),a-tol '  6 - jist) 
bathyphon  (bath'i-ton),  «.     A  musical  mstru-     ,"..     Tf.  ,.    ..  i i,i„  t,.„i. 


ment  of  the  clarinet  class,  having  a  single 
reed  and  a  wooden  tube,  and  a  compass  of 
nearly  three  octaves  from  the  third  D  below 
middle  C.  It  was  invented  in  18'29  in  Berlin, 
but  was  sfion  sup]ilanted  by  the  tuba. 
Bathythrissa  (bath-i-thris'ji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/(«"rf,  deep,  -I-  (Ijiiaaa,  Attic  HpirTa,  a  certain  fish, 
otlierwise  called  Tiiixinc,  <  f^l'iS  {Tpix-),  hair.] 
The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Bathythrissida:, 
containing  one  known  species  (Jlatliytlirissa 
dors(dis)  of  deep-water  fishes  with  some  resem- 
blance to  a  herring  or  whitefish,  found  off  the 
coast  of  Japan. 
Bathythrissidae(bath-i-thris'i-de),n.j)?.  [NL., 
<  B(itliylliii.ssii  +  -iitti:]  A  family  of  malacop- 
terygiau  iishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Batliy- 
tlirissa.  They  have  an  oblons;  boily  ami  roundeil  abdo- 
men, covered  with  cycloid  scales  ;  tlie  murt;in  of  the  upper 
jaw  formed  by  the  intcrmaxillaries  mesially  and  by  the 
maxillaries  laterally  ;  complete  opercular  ajiparatus ;  very 
elong.ate  dorsal  flu ;  a  short  anal  tin  ;  the  stomach  with  a 
blind  sac;  numerous  pyloric  appendages;  and  ductless 
ovaries. 
batiator-root  (bat'i-ri-tor-rot'),  "•  The  root  of 
an  undetermined  Brazilian  plant,  used  as  an 
emetic  and  in  dysentery. 
Batides  (bat'i-dez),  ii.jil.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Biifis  (a 
genus  of  fishes),  <  Gr.  jiuTk;  a  Hat  fish,  perhaps 
the  skate  or  ray.]  The  rays,  as  an  order  of 
selachians.  L.  Aijassi:.  See  Itaicc. 
batingl  (ba'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  Ja(el,  v.'] 
The  act  of  beating  the  wings;  fluttering;  flut- 
tering away. 
bating'-^  (ba'ting),  pnp.  [Orig.  ppr.  of  hate", 
for  idiate ;  now  regarded  as  a  prep.]  Abating; 
taking  away ;  deducting ;  excepting. 

liiitiiui  the  outward  respect  due  to  his  birth,  they  treat- 
ed him  [the  Prince  of  CondtM  very  hardly  in  all  his  preten- 
sions. Bp.  Bitnut,  Hist,  (-)wn  Times,  an.  1077. 
bating^  (ba'ting),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  iatc^,  v.] 
The  process  of  steeping  hides  and  skins  in 
an  alkaline  hath,  to  separate  the  lime,  oil,  and 
glutinous  matter,  and  render  them  soft  and 
pliable,  and  fit  for  tanning. 
batiste  (ba-tesf),  H.  [<  F.  iHitinte,  <  OF.  l>ap- 
linte ;  so  called,  it  is  said,  from  its  inventor, 
one  Bapiistc,  a  linen-weaver  of  Cambrai  (see 
cnmhric)  in  French  Flanders.]  A  fine  linen 
cloth  made  in  Flanders  and  Picardy,  of  three  dif- 
ferent kinds  or  thicknesses ;  a  kind  of  cambric. 
batler^t  (bat'ler),  v.  [,\ppar.  for  battler",  q.  v. 
Found  only  in  Shakspere,  with  a  var.  batJct.']  A 
small  bat  or  beetle  for  beating  clothes  in  wash- 
ing; a  clothes-pounder.  Also  oaMed  ballet,  bat- 
tler, battril. 

I  remember  the  kissing  of  her  batter  [so  in  early  edi- 
tions, but  in  most  modern  editions  linllet],  and  the  cow's 
dujjs  that  her  pretty  chopped  hands  had  milked. 

SItalc.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 
batler^t.     See  battder. 

batlett  (bat'let),  n.  [<  ball  -t-  dim.  -let;  but 
perhaps  an  error  for  batlcri,  q.  v.]  Same  as 
ha  tteri. 
batman!  (bat'-  or  bil'man),  n.;  pi.  batmen 
(-men).  [Formerly  i\,\so"batema>i ;  <  bati  (F. 
lidl),  a  pack-saddle,  +  »»««.]  A  person  al- 
lowed by  the  government  to  every  company  of 
a  regiment  on  foreign  service,  ills  duty  is  to  take 
charge  of  the  cooking  utensils,  etc.,  ot  the  company. 
There  is  in  the  charge  of  the  batman  a  hathorse  for  each 
company  to  convey  the  cooking  utensils  from  place  to 
place.  Imp.  Did.  [Great  Britain.  1 
batman-  (bat'man),  «.  [=  Russ.  batmauii,  < 
Tuik.   batman,  batman,  a  wciglit,  the  same  as 


II.  «.  One  of  the  Batrachia. 
batrachid  (bat'ra-kid),  n.    A  fish  of  the  family 

[<  Oat*  Tinoncy.j    Money  paid  to  Batrachid'ae  (ba-trak'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Ba- 

tracliua  +  -»/'(■.]  A  family  of  acanthopterygian 
fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Batrachus,  with  un- 
armed cheeks,  a  dorsal  fin  developed  and  com- 
posed of  a  few  sharp  spines,  and  jugular  and 
imperfect  ventral  iins.  The  species  are  mostly  inhabi- 
tants uf  sulitiopie.'d  or  temperate  seas,  and  are  known  ill 
Norlli  .Vtmriia  as  liiad-lisltes.     See  cut  under  toad-ftslt. 

batrachite  (bat'ra-kit),  n.  [<  L.  batrachites,  < 
Gr.  liaTpax'niir,  a  trog-green  stone,  <  [iarpaxor,  a 
frog.]  1.  A  fossil  or  stone  in  color  resembling 
a  frog;  toadstone. — 2.  A  mineral  identical 
■with  the  Vesuvian  montieellite  (which  see),  be- 
longing to  the  chrysolite  group. 

batrachoid  (bat'ra-koid),  a.  [<  Gr.  *^aTpaxoet- 
<)»/£•,  contr.  liarpaxui'irir,  frog-like,  <  jBaTpaxor,  a 
frog,  +  fMof,  fonn.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
frog  ;  pertaining  to  the  Batrarhia. 

batracholite  (ba-t rak'o-lit),  n.  [< Gr.  i3(iTpax'iC, 
a  frog,  -I-  '/iiliM-,  a  stone.']     A  fossil  hatracliian. 

batrachomyomachy  (bat  "ra-ko-mi-om'a-ki),  n. 

[<  L.  Balraclioiinjoiiiaclda,  <  Gr.  jiarpaxouvoimxia, 
name  of  a  mock-heroic  poem  traditionally  as- 
cribed to  Homer,  <  jUrpaxoc,  a  frog,  -t-  pvr,  = 
E.  moii.fe,  -I-  paxv,  a  battle.]  A  battle  hetween 
the  frogs  and  mice  ;  specifically  (cap.),  the  title 

Iliad. 


<  F.  bdton,  a 
genus 
of  straight  cylindrical  bivalve  fossil  shells,  al- 
lied to  the  hippurites.  Some  are  of  great  length, 
and  form  masses  of  rock  in  the  high  Alps.  Also 
wTitten  BatoUtheii  and  BatoUthnii. 

[<  "batolngy  (< 


Gr.  .iiiror,  a  bramble-bush,  +  -'Aoyia,  <  'Aiyeiv, 
speak:  see  -oloijy)  +  -ist.']  A  botanist  who  has 
made  a  special  study  of  the  genus  liubm,  or  the 
bramljles,  the  numerous  European  species  of 
which  are  very  variable  and  exceedingly  difli- 
cult  to  determine. 
baton  (bat'on,  ba-ton',  or,  as  F.,  bii-ton'),  n. 
[This  word " appi^ars  in  E.  in  various  forms; 
first)  as  baston  (<  OF.  baslon  =  Sp.  bastau  = 


of  an  ancient  Greek  parody  on  the  . 


Pg.  bastdo  =  It.  bastone,  <  ML.  bast<j{n-),  a  stick,  batrachophagOUS  (bat-ra-kof'a-gus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
stail,  of  unknown  origin),  then  baton  (<  F.  bd-  iinrpaxor,  a  frog,  -t-  <pa;av,  eat.]  Feeding  on 
ton),  with  accent  on  fii'st  syllable,  also  spelled  frogs;  frog-eating;  ranivorous. 
batton  and  batten  (see  batten"),  and  with  F.  ac-  Batrachophidia  (bat  ra-ko-fid'i-a), «.  j;i.  [NL., 
cent  baton',  also  spelled  batann,  battoon  (see  <  Gr.  iSdTpaxnr,  a  frog,  +  oi^ir,  a  seri)ent:  see 
bato(in),  and  recently,  esp.  in  the  musical  use,  ophidian.)  An  order  of  Amphibia  represented 
pronounced  as  F. :  see  baston,  battoon,  batten'^.]  hy  the  family  Cacdiidw :  same  as  Ophiomorpba. 
1.  A  staff  or  club ;  a  truncheon :  carried  either    Aho  Bat  ra  eh  oph  id  ii. 

(a)  for  use  as  a  weapon,  as  a  policeman's  bat-  batrachophobia  (bat'ra-ko-fo'bi-a),  n.     [<  Gr. 
on;  (/))  as  a  mark  of  authority,  as  the  baton  of     jiaTpaxoc,    a    frog,    -I-    -(pojllaj    <   ^jiriv,    fear.] 
-  ■  "  ■    •  '  '  ,    i      1  -     Dread  of  batraehians ;  aversion  to  toads,  frogs, 

etc.     [Rare.] 
Batrachopsida  (bat-ra-kop'si-dii),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  iit:rp(:\o<:,  a  frog,  -1-  oi/vr,  appearance,  -t- 
£Mof,  form,]  -A.  primary  gi'oup  or  superclass  of 
Fertebrata,  conterminous  with  the  class  Am- 
phibia, contrasted  with  .Saiiropsida. 
Jatrachospermeae  (bat  "ra-ko-sper'me-e),  >i.  ph 
[NL.,  <  Batraehospermum  +  -ta.]  A  small 
group  of  fresh-water  alga;  classed  with  the  red 
seaweeds,  consisting  of  articulated  filaments 
with  whorls  of  necklace-like  branches.  The 
principal  genus  is  Batraehospermum,  sparingly 
represented  in  the  United  States. 

To  strike  Batraehospermum  (bat  ra-ko-sper'mum),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  liiTpaxni:,  a  frog,  +  airippa,  seed.] 
A  genus  of  algie,  belonging  to  the  order  of  red 
seaweeds,  Floridca;  and  family  Batrachosper- 
Viete.  Bati-achospcrmuni  woniti/unite  is  the  commonest 
of  the  few  red  alga;  which  are  found  in  fresh  water.  It 
consists  of  iiecklaee-like  branching  filaments  tinged  with 
some  shade  of  red  or  sometimes  only  grass-green,  aud 
prows  in  ditches  and  springs. 

batrachostomous  (bat-ra-kos'to-nms),  a.  [< 
Gr.  ,idrpaxor,  a  frog,  +  cTO/ia,  mouth.]  Frog- 
mouthed  ;  having  a  mouth  like  a  frog :  spe- 
cifically applied  to  birds  of  the  genus  Ba- 
trtfeho.stomns. 

Batrachostomus  (bat-ra-kos'to-mus),  n.    [NL., 

<  (ir.  lidTpax'K;,  a  frog,'  +  ct^/iu,  mouth.]  A 
genus  of  East  Indian  tissirostral  piearian  birds, 
of  the  family  VapriniuUjida,  or  goatsuckers, 
sometimes combineil  witli  I'odargiisin  a  family 
I'odare/idw,  the  frogmouths,  or  frog-mouthed 
goatsuckers:  so  called  from  tlie  enormous  ex- 
tent of  the  moutil.  The  genus  includes  a  number  of 
species  of  India,  Java,  Borneo,  Ceylon,  M  alacca,  etc.,  which 
are  among  the  very  largest  and  most  mdable  of  the  capri- 
mulgine  series.  11.  jaratu^n.'.-i-i  is  a  leading  species.  Botn- 
ht/n.'!t>.>ma  and  nvmbiifi^luinus  are  synonyms. 

Batra,chus  (bat'ra-kus),  H.  [L.,<  Gr.  Snrpax'K,  a 
frog:  see  Batrachia.']  A  genus  of  fishes,  tj-pi- 
eal  of  the  family  Batrachida;  containing  the 
toad-fish,  B.  tan,  of  the  North  Atlantic,  and 
several  closely  related  species.     See  toad-fi.ih. 

bat-shell  (bat'shel).  «.  [<  6a«2  -f  shell.]  A 
mollusk,  a  species  of  rolutu,  V.  vespertilio,  of  a 
duskv-brown  color. 

batsman  (bats'man),  n.\  pi.  batsmen  (-men). 
[<  liat's,  poss.  of  batX,  +  man.]  One  who  wields 
the  bat  in  base-ball,  cricket,  aud  similar 
games;  a  batter. 

batster  (bat'ster),  «.  [<  bat^,  v.,  +  -ster.]  A 
batsman  or  batter. 


a  field-marshal ;  or  (c)  as  a  warrant  to  do 
something,  as  the  baton  or  stafE  earned  in 
Great  Britain  liy  the  engineer  of  a  train  on  a 
single-track  railway,  as  his  authority  to  pro- 
ceed.— 2.  In  music :  (a)  The  stick  or  wand  used 
by  the  leader  of  a  chorus  or  an  orchestra  in  di- 
recting the  performance. 

WHleil  I  went  home  I  made  myself  a  4a<o?i,  and  went  BatraCnOSpermeae  ( t 
about  the  lields  conducting  an  orchestr.a.  Diclcens. 

(6)  A  rest  of  two  or  more  measures. — 3.  In 

her.,  same  as  baston,  1  (c). 
Also  spelled  batton. 

To  wield  a  good  baton,  to  conduct  a  musical  perform- 
ance well. 
baton  (bat'on),  v.  t.     [<  baton,  n.] 

with  a  bato'n ;  cudgel. 
baton-cross  (bat'on-kros),  H.    In  her.,  same  as 

emss  jiotent  [which  see,  under  cross^). 
batoont  (ba-ton'),  n.     [An  older  form  of  baton, 

<F.  bdton :  see  baton.]    1.  A  club  or  truncheon; 

a  baton. 

Although  his  shouMers  with  batoan 
Be  claw'd  and  cudgell'd  to  some  tunc. 

S.  Dutltr,  Hudibras,  II.  ii.  719. 

2.  A  staff  of  office.  SeeJatoii,  1.— 3.  In/ier., 
same  as  baston,  1  (c). — 4.  In  arch.,  same  as 

baston,  2. 
A  fine  linen  bat-printing  (bafprin^ing),  n.  In  ccram.,  a 
mode  of  printing  patterns  m  color  upon  glazed 
ware.  An  engraving  on  copper  is  made  with  line  lines, 
from  which  an  impression  is  taken  in  linseed-oil  on  a  thin 
slabof  gelatin.  This  impression  is  trausferreil  to  the  glazed 
ware  and  over  it  is  then  dusted  a  metallic  color,  which 
clings  to  the  oil,  aud  is  afterward  melted  aud  lUeu  by  fir- 
ing.' See  bati,  13. 
Batrachia  (ba-tra'ki-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  prop. 
Batrachia,  <  Gr.  liaTpaxf-ia,  neut.  pl.  (se.  C^a. 
animals)  of  ,ia-paxeto^,  fi-og-like,  <  liarpaxoc,  a 
fro^',  with  numerous  dialectic  variants,  (idpaKoc, 
fjparaxiK,  /3p"rn,vof,  li'rrpaxoc,  Aji'T(,tor,  (iipdaiioe, 
jUUpaHoc,  etc.,  indicating  an  imitative  origin.] 
1.  Formerly,  as  in  Cuvier's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, an  order  of  reptiles,  containing  the  frogs, 
toads,  newts,  salamanders,  etc.,  and  coc-vten- 
sive  with  the  modem  class  Amphibia  ;  the  am- 
jihibians,  or  those  vertebrates  which  breatlie 
at  first  by  gills,  and  then,  generally,  lose  the 
gills  and  breathe  by  lungs. —  2.  Now,  an  order 
of  .tmphibia,  synonymous  vrith  J HHca'-  (which 
see),  containing  the  frogs  and  toads  only,  or 
those  amphibians  which  lose  the  tail  as  well  as 
the  gills.  The  leading  families  are  the  Pipiilu;  or  Suri- 
nam toads;  the  Kuniitce,  frogs;  the  BufoniilcT.  ordinary 
toads ;  and  the  Uylidee,  tree-frogs.     See  cut  under  Anura. 


batt 


476 

foirrth  in  resen'e  from  which  losses   in  the  others  are 
flilej.     formerly  the  repimeiita  of    the   Liiited    States 
army,  then  consisting  of  twelve  companies,  were  divided 
into'three  battalions ;  but  now  each  reKiment  of  ten  com- 
panies constitutes  a  single  battalion, 
battalioned  (ba-tal'yond),  a. 
-('/'-'.]     Fonned  into  battalions. 
See  bateau. 

See  battle^. 


batternl  a.  and  v.     See  battle^. 

battel*  (bat'l),  n.  [Usually  in  pi.  battels,  also 
battles,  battells,  first  found  in  the  16th  centtiry, 
Latinized  batUli,  batellw;  a  peculiar  eoUetje 
use,  of  uncertain  origin.     The  sense  of  'provi- 


batt,  n.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  bat'^,  still  ooca- 
sioually  used  in  some  senses.    See  /mC,  10,  11. 

batta^   (bat'ii),  n.     [Anglo-lnd.,  formerly  also 
battee  (ef.  baity-),  Pg.  bala  (later  in  Hind.,  etc., 
bhutd,  blidtd,  allowance  for  maintenance),  per- 
haps <  Canarese  bhatta,  rice  in  the  husk  (sec 
6n«j/2),  generalized  to  '  subsistence.']    In  Brit-  batteau,  " .     Se 
ish   India:    (a)    Subsistence-money  given    to  battel't,  «•  and 
soldiers,  witnesses,  prisoners,  and  others.    (/')  battel-t,  »'.     See  battle-. 
An  allowance  in  addition   to  their  pay  origi- 
nally  made   to  troops   ser\-ing  in    the    field. 
"Military  hatta.  oriuinallv   .an  nicasional  allowance,  as 
defined,  grew  U<  \k  a  constant  adilition  to  the  p.ay  of  offi- 
cers in  India,  and  cnnstitutcil  the  chief  i>art  of  the  excess 
of  Indian  over  Enu-lish  Tiiilii^ny  emohmients."    (I'tde  and 
Biirnell.)    It  was  n-duccd  ..nc  half  by  the  governor-gen- 
eral Lord  William  llcntinck  in  1S2S. 

batta^  (bat'a),  ».  [Anglo-lnd.  Hind,  batia, 
Beng.  6a»«  "(cerebral  t).}  In  British  India, 
agio ;  discount ;  difference  of  exchange. 

battablet  (bat'a-bl),  a.  [<  but-  in  battle^,  bat- 
ten'^, etc.,  +  -aiile;  perhaps,  like  batfiil,  a  per- 
version of  battle^,  «.]  Fattening  ;  serviceable 
as  pasture.    Also  spelled  ba  table. 

Jlasinissa  made  many  inward  parts  of  Barbary  and  Ku- 
midia  in  Africk  (before  his  time,  incult  and  horrid)  fruit- 
ful and  battable  by  this  means. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Jlel.,  To  the  Reader. 

battage  (ba-tazh'),  )i.     [F.,  <  battre,  beat:  see 

bafel.]     1.  Beating;  the  operation  of  beating. 

—  2.  ln«sfn.,  threshing.— 3.  The  operation  of  v^^'il'ip""' 

pulverizing  or  incorporating  the  ingredients  of  "f'^Trsf  r^l 

gimpowder  by  the  old  method  of  stamping  with 

pestles. 

Also  wi'ongly  spelled  batage. 
battailantt,  a.  and  «.     [Also  batteilant,  battel- 

lant,  <  F.  bataillant,  ppr.  of  Imtailler,  combat: 

see  battle^  r.]    I,  a.  Combatant. 

I  saw  an  Elephant, 
Adorn'd  ivith  hells  and  bosses  gorgeouslie, 
That  on  his  baeke  did  beare  (as  batteilant) 
A  gilden  towTe,  which  shone  exceedinglie. 

Spenaer,  Worlds  Vanitie,  st  8, 

II.  H.  A  combatant, 
battailoust  (bat'e-lus),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
Imttekms,  battellous,  hattlous,  etc.,  <  IIE.  hatai- 
lous,  batelouse,  batellous,  <  OF.  bataillnus, 
bateillous,  warlike,  <  bataille,  battle.]  War- 
like ;  bellicose  ;  ready  for  battle. 

In  sunbright  amies,  and  battailous  array. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  2. 
The  French  came  foremost,  battailous  and  bold. 

Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  i.  37. 
Thoughts  and  images  like  stately  fleets,  .  .  .  some  deep 
with  silk  and  spicery,  some  brooding  over  the  silent  thun- 
ders of  their  battailous  armaments. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  ii.  241. 
battaliat  (ba-ta'lia),  i>.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  6a- 
talia,  batallia,  batiagho,  etc.,  <  It.  battaglia  (= 
Sp.  batalla  =  Pg.  Pr.  bataiha  =  OF.  bataille,  > 
E.  battle^,  battle,  squadron:  see  battle^.]  1. 
Order  of  battle ;  battle  array. 

1  have  made  all  his  troops  and  companies 
Advance,  and  put  themselves  ranged  in  battalia. 

Cliapman,  Revenge  of  Bussy  D'Ambois,  iii.  1. 
2.  Milit. :  {a)  A  large  body  of  men  in  order  of 
battle  or  on  the  march,  whether  a  whole  army 
or  one  of  the  great  divisions  of  it ;  a  host ;  an 
army. 

K.  Ricli.   Who  hath  descried  the  number  of  the  traitors? 
Not.   SLx  or  seven  thousand  is  their  utmost  power. 
K.  Rich.   Why,  our  battalia  trebles  that  account. 

SItak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 
[This  is  the  reading  of  the  folios ;  the  quarto  editions  read 
battalion.] 

In  three  battalias  does  the  king  dispose 
His  strength,  which  all  in  ready  order  stand. 
And  to  each  other's  rescue  near  at  hand. 

May,  Edward  III. 

(6)  The  main  body  or  center  of  an  army. 

Wee  <piickly  plat'd  .Tockey  in  tlie  right  wing.  Sir  John 
in  the  left  wing,  and  tild  Nick  in  the  Battalia. 

Sacr.  Decretal,  14.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

battalion  (ba-tal'yon),  71.  [Formerly  also  ba- 
tallioii,  butaillon,  etc.,  <  F.  bataillon,  <  It.  bat- 
taglione,  battalion,  aug.  of  hiittuglin,  a  battle, 
squadron:  see  battalia,  battle^.']  If.  An  army 
in  battle  array. 

He  through  the  armed  files 
Darts  his  experienced  eye,  and  soon  traverse 
Tlie  whole  tiattalion  views.         Milton,  P.  L.,  L  569. 

2.  In  general,  any  distinct  portion  of  an  army 
or  minor  body  of  troops  acting  together:  as, 
God  is  on  the  side  of  the  largest  battalions  (a 
saying  attributed  to  Turenue);  a  battalion  of 
infantry,  cavalrj-,  grenadiers,  voltigeurs,  etc.  In 
the  I'nited  States  two  or  more  dct,ached  conipanics  of  in- 
fantry, squadrons  of  cavalry,  or  batU-ries  of  artillery  serv- 
ing together  are  called  a  battalion,  sinijily  for  convenience. 

3.  Technically,  a  body  of  infantry  composed 
of  two  or  more  companies  forming  part  of  a 
regiment,  or  sometimes  constituting  a  whole 
regiment.  In  European  armies  an  infantry  regiment  is 
usually  divided  into  three  battalions,  sometimes  with  a 


[<  battalion  -t- 


batter 

way,  to  prevent  leaking  in  stormy  weather,  (e)  A  wooden 
bar  or  cleat  nailed  to  the  lieam  of  a  ship,  from  which  the 
seamen's  hammocks  are  slung.  (/)  One  of  the  long  slips 
used  in  the  molding-loft  of  a  shipyard  in  tracing  lines 
and  setting  fair  the  shear  of  a  ship  in  molding. 

2.  In  com.,  squared  timber  of  6  or  more  feet 
in  length,  7  inches  in  width,  and  2A  inches 
in  thickness,  used  in  carpentry  and  house- 
building for  various  purposes.  Pieces  less 
than  6  feet  long  are  known  as  batten-ends. — 

3.  In  weaving,  the  beam  for  striking  the  weft 

home;  a  lathe — Louvered  or  loovered  battens, 

battens  fitted  in  frames,  or  between  stanchions,  in  parti- 
tions, etc.,  at  such  an  angle  as  to  admit  air,  and  yet  to  pre- 
vent dirt  from  entering.     Fincliam,  Shipbuilding,  iv.  S3. 
Sec  tuiiver. 
sions'  appears  much  later  than  that  of  'charges  batten^  (bat'n),  r.  t.     [<  batten^,  n.]     To  form 

therefor,' but,  if  original,  suggests  a  connection     or   fasten  -with   battens To  batten  dcwn  the 

■with  battel^,  battle^,  r.,  feed :  see  battle^.'i    1.  pi.     hatches  of  a  ship,  to  cover  them  with  tarpaulins  and  nail 
At  the  university  of  Oxford  in  England :  («)  Col-     battens  over  their  edges,  so  as  to  prevent  water  from  leak- 

^^^^^Z^^:!^^^;^^^^^  ^^ii^^;:^p:^^:^^.    a  door  made  of 

naiTow  boards  held  together  by  means  of  cross- 
battens  nailed  to  them. 

[He]  stepped  cautiously  up  to  one  of  the  batten  doors 
with  an  auger,  and  succeeded,  without  arousing  any  one, 
in  boring  a  hole.     G.  W.  Cable,  The  Grandissimes,  p.  407. 

battening  (bat'ning),  h.  [Verbal  n.  of  bat- 
ten-.] 1.  The  operation  of  fixing  to  a  wall  bat- 
tens, to  which  are  to  be  nailed  laths  to  receive 
plastering. — 2.  The  battens  fixed  to  a  wall  for 
this  purj)Ose. 
batter!  (bat'er),  V.  [<  ME.  bateren,  batren, 
with  freq.  formative  -er,  <  bat-  (repr.  in  ME.  by 
baten  (only  intrans. )  in  the  sense  of  bate  or 
flutter  as'a  hawk  (see  bate^);  in  later  ME. 
and  mod.  E.  regarded  as  freq.  of  bat  (late  ME. 
batten),  from  the  noun  baf^,  which  may  be  of 
the  same  ult.  origin),  <  OF.  batre,  F.  battre  = 
Pr.  batre  =  Sp.  batir  =  Pg.  bater  =  It.  battere, 
<  ML.  (LL.)  batere,  battere  for  L.  batuere,  bat- 
tiiere,  beat,  strike:  see  bate^,  battle'^,  etc.  Not 
connected  •with  E.  6e«^l.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  beat 
upon  or  against ;  strike  with  repeated  blows ; 
pound  violently,  as  -with  the  fist,  a  hammer  or 
bludgeon,  a  battering-ram,  cannon-shot,  etc.: 
as,  to  batter  a  door  for  admittance;  to  batter 
the  walls  of  a  city  (with  or  without  effect). 
The  thunderer,  w-hose  bolt,  you  know, 
Sky-planted,  batters  all  rebellious  coasts. 

Sliak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  4. 
[The]  whole  artillery  of  the  western  blast, 
Battering  the  Temple's  front,  its  long-drawn  nave. 
Smiting  as  if  each  moment  were  their  last. 

Wordsuorth,  Cave  of  Staffs. 

2.  To  bruise,  break,  or  shatter  by  beating ;  in- 
jure the  substance  of  by  blows ;  pound  otit  of 
form  or  condition:  as,  to  batter  a  person's 
countenance;  a  ftaHfrfd  wall  or  tower;  to  bat- 
ter type  (that  is,  bruise  the  face  of  it). 

Now  were  the  walls  beaten  with  the  rams,  and  many  parts 
thereof  shaken  and  battered.    Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  397. 

3.  la  forging,  to  spread  outwardly,  as  the  ends 
of  a  metal  bar  or  rod,  by  hammering;  upset. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

II.  intrans.  To  act  by  beating  or  striking; 
use  repeated  blows  ;  practise  pounding :  as,  to 
batter  away  at  a  door;  to  batter  upon  a  wall; 
battering  cannon. 

With  all  her  battering  engines  bent  to  rase 

Some  capital  city.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  923. 

Besiegers  break  ground  at  a  safe  distance,  and  advance 
gradually  till  near  enough  to  batter. 

Abp.  Wtiatelt/,  Elem.  of  Rhetoric,  I.  iii.  §  5. 
To  batter  at,  to  make  attacks  upon ;  try  to  overthrow  or 
destroy. 

The  t^Tant  has  not  batter'd  at  their  peace? 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
To  batter  in  breach,  (a)  To  direct  a  heavy  cannonade 
from  a  breaching  battery  against  a  selected  part  of  the 
wall  or  rampart  inclosing  an  enemy's  fortification,  in 
order  to  level  or  destroy  it,  and  make  an  effective  breach 
or  opening  through  which  an  assault  in  force  may  be 
made,  (d)  Specifically,  to  attempt  to  breach  an  enemy's 
works  by  means  of  a  battery  mounted  in  the  third  paral- 
lel. To  batter  in  breach,  a  sufficient  number  of  guns 
should  be  employed  to  maintain  a  practically  continuous 
fire,  so  as  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  repairing  the  Jam- 
age,  and  to  obtain  the  cumulative  effect  due  to  hea\-y 
firing  against  a  single  point.  Breaching  is  sometimes  ac- 
complished by  fii-ing  simultaneous  or  alternate  volleys 
from  two  or  more  batteries. 
batter!  (bat'er),  «.  [<  batter^,  r.]  1.  A  heavy 
blow. —  2.  In  printing,  a  blur  or  defect  in  a 
sheet  produced  by  battered  tj-pe  ;  a  spot  show- 
ing the  broken  state  of  the  type.— 3.  In  ceram., 
a  mallet  used  to  flatten  out  wet  clay  before 
molding.  See  batting-block. 
batter^  (bat'er),  r.  (.  [Origin  unknown:  per- 
ha]>s  connected  in  some  way  with  batter^,  or 
with  F.  abattre,  beat  down.]  "  To  incline  from 
the  perpendicular:  said  of  a  wall  whose  face 
recedes  as  it  rises:  opposed  to  overhang. 

Retaining  and  breast  w.ills  hatter  towards  the  bank. 

£.  U.  Knvjtit,  Amer.  Mcch.  Diet,  I.  247. 


from  the  kitchen  and  buttery.  (6)  The  whole 
of  the  college  accounts  for  board  and  lodgings, 
rates,  tuition,  and  contributions  to  various 
funds. —  2.  At  Eton  college,  a  small  allowance 
of  food  which,  in  addition  to  the  college  allow- 
ance, the  collegers  receive  from  their  dames. 
Richardson. 

battel*  (bat'l),  V.  i.  [<  batteli,  n.]  To  stand 
indebted  in  the  college-books  at  Oxford  for 
provisions  and  drink  from  the  buttery. 
lattelert,  «•  [Also  batteller,  battler,  batter;  < 
batfeli,  battle*:,  +  -erl.]  1.  A  student  at  Oxford 
indebted  in  the  coUege-books  for  provisions 
and  drink  at  the  buttery. —  2.  One  of  a  rank  or 
order  of  students  at  Oxford  below  commoners ; 
a  poor  student. 

Pierce  Pennyless,  exceeding  poor  scholar,  that  hath  made 
clean  shoes  in  both  universities,  and  been  a  pitiful  battler 
all  thy  lifetime.  Middleton,  The  Black  Book. 

battement  (bat'ment;  F.  pron.  bat-e-mon'),  n. 
[F.,<  battre,  beat:'  see  bate'^,  6a<l,  and  -ment.] 

1.  A  beating;  striking;  impulse. — 2.  In  music, 
a  trill-Uke  ornament,  consisting  of  a  slow  shake 
of  a  tone  ivith  the  next  tone  below,  beginning 
■with  the  latter :  common  in  old-fashioned  music. 

batten!  (bat'n),  v.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  but 
prob.  existent  dialectally;  <  Icel.  batna,  gi'ow 
better,  improve,  recover,  =  Goth,  ya-batnan,  be 
bettered,  profit,  avail,  a  neut.  passive  fonn  from 
the  pp.  'batans  of  a  lost  strong  verb,  *batan 
(pret.  *bdt),  be  useful,  profit,  boot,  represented 
secondarily  by  D.  MLG.  LG.  baten,  profit,  avail, 
help,  and  "in  E.  by  the  derived  forms  bef^,  bct- 
terf,  and  boot^ :  see  bef^,  better'^,  and  boot^.  A 
noim,  'bat,  improvement,  profit  (cf.  Icel.  bati. 
improvement,  advantage,  D.  boat,  MLG.  LG. 
bate,  advantage,  profit,  gain),  is  implied  as  the 
formal  base  of  the  adjectives  batful,  battable, 
but  these  are  appar.  manipulated  forms  of  the 
orig.  adj.  battle^,  ft'om  the  verbal  root.]  I.  i«- 
trans.  1.  To  become  better;  improve  in  condi- 
tion (especially  by  feeding) ;  grow  fat ;  thrive. 

It  makes  her  fat,  you  see ;  she  battens  with  it. 

B.  Jonson,  Burlholomew  Fair,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  feed  gluttonously;  figuratively,  gratify 
a  morbid  appetite  or  craving;  gloat:  absolute- 
ly, or  with  on  or  upon. 

Have  you  eyes  ? 
Could  you  on  this  fair  mountain  leave  to  feed, 
And  batten  on  this  moor?  SItak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

Her  savage  birds 
O'er  human  carcasses  do  scream  and  batten.    J.  Baillie. 
The  moths,  that  were  then  battening  tipon  its  obsolete 
ledgers  and  day-books,  have  rested  from  their  depreda- 
tions. Lamb,  South-Sea  House. 
Melancholy  sceptics  .  .  .  who  batten  on  the  hideous 
facts  in  history.       Emerson,  Society  and  Solitude,  x.  220. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  thrive ;  prosper ;  live  in 
ease  and  luxury,  especially  at  the  expense  or 
to  the  detriment  of  others :  -with  on,  formerly 
also  with:  as,  to  batten  on  ill-gotten  gains. 

And  mth  these  thoughts  so  battens,  as  if  fate 
Would  be  as  easily  cheated  on  as  he. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  i.  1. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  improve  by  feeding;  fat- 
ten ;  make  fat  or  cause  to  thri's-e  ■with  plenteous 
feeding. 

Battening  our  flocks  with  the  fresh  dews  of  night. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  29. 

2t.  To  fertilize  or  enrich  (the  soil). 
batten-  (bat'n),  n.  [A  more  English  spelling 
of  hatton,  baton,  prevailing  in  the  non-literary 
uses  of  the  word:  see  baton,  batoon,  baston.} 
1.  A  strip  or  scantling  of  wood.  Specifically  — 
(a)  A  bar  nailed  across  parallel  boards  (as  those  forming  a 
door,  shutter,  etc.)  to  keep  them  together.  (*)  One  of  the 
strips  used  as  supports  for  the  laths  of  a  phistered  wall, 
or  for  nailing  over  the  cracks  between  boards,  (c)  One  of 
the  narrow  strips  nailed  tti  a  mast  or  spar,  at  a  place  ex- 
posed to  friction,  to  prevent  chafing,  (if)  .\  narrow  strip 
used  to  nail  down  the  edges  of  a  tarpaulin  over  a  hateh- 


batter 


it  tliiii,  <  batrc,  beat;  ef.  Su.hatidu,  hatter,  < 
lir,  bent:    see  batter'^.     Vt.  hntturc.]     1.  A 


batter'*  (bat'er), );.    [<  ME.  hatrr,  hntrrp,  hatnur, 
hutiirc,  <  OF.  baturc,  a  beatiiij^,  metal  beaten 
out 
hati 

mi.Kturo  of  several  ingredients,  as  flour,  eg^s, 
salt,  etc.,  beaten  togctlier  ■with  some  liquid, 
used  in  cookery. —  2.  Flour  and  water  made 
into  paste ;  specifically,  the  paste  used  in  sizing 
cloth.     [Scotch.] 

batter^  (bat'er),  f.  t.  [Sc.,  <  bathr^,  n.,  2.]  To 
paste  together;  cover  with  things  pasted  on: 
as,  to  bittlcr  the  walls  with  placards.    [Scotch.] 

batter*  (bat'er),  n.  [<  btitl,  v.,  +  -cr^.]  One 
who  bats;  especially,  in  base-ball  and  cricket, 
one  who  wields  the  bat ;  the  batsman. 

He  [the  bowler]  l)u\via  a  b.ill  almost  wide  to  the  off;  the 
batter  .steps  out,  and  exits  it  beiflitifully  to  where  cover- 
point  is  standing. 

T.  lltt<^h€s,  Tom  Browns  School-Days,  ii.  8. 

battered  (bat'erd),  p.  a.  [<  batter''-  +  -erf2_] 
Beaten  down  or  bruised ;  worn  or  impaired,  as 
by  beating  or  long  service :  as,  a  battered  pave- 
ment; battered  type;  a,  battered  jado. 

The  Tory  pjirty,  according  to  those  perverted  views  of 
Toryism  unhappily  too  long  prevalent  in  this  country, 
was  helil  to  he  literally  defunct,  except  by  a  few  old  bat- 
trriul  crones  of  olflce.  Disraetu 

batterer  (bat'er-er),  n.  One  who  batters  or 
bents. 

batterfangt,  r.  t.  [Appar.  <  batttr'-  +  fang.] 
To  assail  with  fists  and  nails;  beat  and  beclaw. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.  ]     N.  E.  1). 

batter-head  (bat'er-hed),  «.  That  head  of  a 
drum  wliieh  is  beaten. 

batteriat  (ba-te'ri-a),  n.  [ML.:  see  battery, 
i;i.]  Beaten  metal,  or  metal  prepared  for  Ijeat- 
ing:  a  term  used  fi-om  the  fourteenth  to  the 
seventeenth  century  for  the  thin  plate-metal  of 
which  vessels  and  utensils  were  made.  See  bat- 
ienj,  13. 

batterie  (bat'6r-i),  n.  [F.,  a  beating,  etc. :  see 
hattcnj.'^  1.  A  roll  upon  the  side-  or  snare- 
drum. —  2.  A  method  of  playing  the  guitar  by 
striking  the  strings  instead  of  plucking  them. — 
3.  An  obsolete  designation  for  a  staccato  ai-peg- 
giation  of  the  chords  of  an  accompaniment. 
Compare  AJtierti  bass  (under  bass^)  and  arpeefgio. 

battering  (bat'er-ing),  ;).  a.  [Ppr.  of  batter'^.'] 
Sloping  upward  and  inward,  as  a  terrace  or 
bank. 

The  system  of  its  construction  is  that  known  as  pyram- 
idal or  hallrriiKj.  Athenmim,  No.  a067,  p.  182. 

battering-charge  (bat'er-ing-charj),  n.  The 
maximum  charge  of  powder  prescribed  for  use 
in  heavy  guns ;  a  charge  used  in  battering  an 
enemy's  works. 

battering-gun  (bat' er-ing-gim),  n.  Same  as 
hatieriini-jiieee. 

battering-piece  (bat'er-ing-pes),  n.  Milit.,  a 
cannon  of  heavy  caliber  adapted  for  demolish- 
ing defensive  works. 

battering-ram  (bat'er-ing-ram),«.  1.  An  an- 
cient military  engine  consisting  of  a  large  beam 
shod  with  metal,  sometimes  with  a  head  some- 
what resembling  the  head  of  a  ram  (whence  the 
name),  used  to  batter  or  beat  down  the  defenses 
of  besieged  places,  in  its  simplest  form  it  was  car- 
ried and  forcibly  driven  against  the  w.all  liy  tlie  hands  of 
the  soldiers,  but  more  commonly  it  was  suspemled  by  ropes 
from  a  beam  which  was  sujiported  by  posts,  anil  balanced 
so  as  to  swing  backward  and  forward,  being  in  this  way 
impelled  against  tlie  wall  with  iiiurli  more  ease  and  effect. 
It  was  also  often  niountfd  on  w  licels  and  worked  under 
cover,  the  assailants  i)eiTig  protecteil  by  a  movable  shed 
from  the  missiles  of  the  besieged. 
2.  A  heavy  blacksmiths'  hammer,  suspended, 
and  worked  horizontally. 

battering-rule,  ».     See  batter-nde. 

battering-train  (bat'er-ing-tran),  H.  Milit.,  a 
train  of  heavy  ordnance  for  siege  operations. 

batter-level  (bat'er-lev'el),  «.  .An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  inclination  of  a  slope.  See 
eliinuttrltr. 

batter-rule,  battering-rule  (bat'er-rcil,  -ing- 
rijl),  II.  An  instrument  fur  regulating  the  bat- 
ter or  inclination  in  building  a  sloping  wall. 
It  consists  of  a  i)lumb-linc  attached  to  a  triangular  frame, 
one  side  of  which  is  fixed  at  the  reiinired  angle  with  the 
line,  the  phnnniet  hanging  \ertieally, 

Battersea  enamel.    See  rnamcL 

battery  (bat'er-i),  H. ;  pi.  batteries  (-iz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  batcri/,  halterie,  <  F.  batterie  (=  Pr. 
bfitaria  =  Sp.  Pg.  batrria  =  It.  batteria;  ML. 
batteria),  a  beating,  battery,  <  battre,  beat:  see 
ftnftej-l  and -cry.]  "it.  Tho'aet  of  battering;  at- 
tack or  assault,  with  tlio  \-iewof  beating  down, 
as  by  a  battering-ram  or  by  ordnance. 

At  one  place  above  the  rest,  by  contimnil  batterie  there 
was  such  a  breach  as  the  towne  biy  open  and  naked  to  the 
enemic.  JJuUaiul,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  397. 


477 

Brine  therefore  all  the  forces  that  ye  may. 
And  lay  im-essant  battery  to  her  heart. 

Spetuter,  .Sonnets,  xlv. 
Long  time  you  fought,  redoubled  Imttery  bore, 
But,  after  all,  against  yourself  you  Rw<ire, 

Dryden,  Hind  ami  I'auther,  1,  fi2«. 

2.  In  laxo,  the  unlawful  beating  of  another. 

The  least  ilegree  of  violence,  or  even  the  touching  or  spit- 
ting in  the  face  of  another,  in  anger  or  insolence,  consti- 
tutes a  batteiy.  Kvci-y  battery  includes  an  assault,  though 
an  assault  does  not  necessarily  imply  that  it  must  be  such 
as  to  threaten  a  battery.     See  axxautt. 

3.  The  instruiucnt  or  agency  employed  in  bat- 
tering or  attacking:  as,  a  liatterij  of  guns;  a 
6o Wen/ of  abuse.  Specifically — 4.  Milit.:  (a) 
A  body  of  cannon  for  field  operations,  consist- 
ing generally  of  from  4  to  8  guns,  with  com- 
plement of  wagons,  artillerjTnen,  etc.  ('')  The 
armament  of  a  ship  of  war:  as,  the  Colorado's 
battery  consists  of  46  nine-inch  guns. —  5.  The 
personnel  or  complement  of  officers  and  men 
attached  to  a  military  batteiy. —  6.  In  fort.,  a 
parapet  thrown  up  to  cover  the  gunners  and 
others  from  the  enemy's  shot,  with  the  guns 
employed;  a  fortified  work  mounting  artillery. 

Admiral  Karragnt  had  run  the  batteries  at  J'ort  Hudson 
with  the  Hagship  Hartford  and  one  iron-clad  and  visited 
me  from  below  Vicksburg, 

U.  S,  Grant,  PersoTial  -Memoirs,  I.  4&4. 

7.  In  base-ball,  the  pitcher  and  catcher  together : 
as,  the  work  of  the  battery  was  excellent. — 

8.  (a)  Infrictioiial  elect.,  a  number  of  Leyden 


Lcyden-jar  Batteiy. 

jars  usually  arranged  with  their  inner  coatings 
connected  together,  and  their  outer  coatings 
also  connected,  so  that  they  may  all  be  charged 
and  discharged  at  the  same  time.  If  arranged  so 
that  the  iimer  coating  of  one  is  in  coimeetion  with  the 
outer  coating  of  the  lie.\t,  and  so  on,  they  are  said  to  he 
charged  (or  discharged)  in  cascade,     (ft)    In   voltaic 


Voltaic  Plunge-b.ittery. 

elect.,  a  voltaic  cell,  or  more  properly  a  num- 
ber of  voltaic  cells  (see  cell)  arranged  together 
so  as  to  give  a  powerful  current  of  electricity. 
The  way  in  which  the  cells  are  coupled 
depends  upon  the  nature  of  the  cur- 
rent which  is  desired  and  the  relation 
between  the  external  and  internal  re- 
sistance. (See  re-ti-ttanee.)  For  example, 
if  the  cells  are  arranged  in  series,  the 
copper  of  the  first  with  the  zinc  of  the 
next,  and  so  on,  the  result  is  to  give 
the  maximum  electronuitive  force;  on 
the  other  hand,  if  arranged  abreast,  all 
the  zincs  being  etuineetetl  together, 
and  all  the  copper  plates  ttigetlier,  the 
electromotive  ft>ree  is  the  same  as  for 
a  single  cell,  but  the  internal  or  bat- 
tery resistance  is  diminislied,  and  hence 
the  strength  of  the  current  or  the  quan- 
tity of  electricity  may,  under  certain 
coniiitions,  be  much  incre;ised.  The 
first  method  is  sometimes  spoken  of 
in  popuLar  language  as  the  arrange- 
ment for  inteimti/,  the  second  for 
(juantitv.  An  early  form  of  battery 
was  Volta'g  pile,  and  another  his  euit- 
ronne  iies  tatiitejt,  or  "crown  of  cups." 
The  different  kinds  of  battery  are 
named  according  to  the  materials  or  the  form  of  the  cells 
of  which  they  are  composed,  or  the  way  in  which  the  cells 
are  arranged.  Some  of  the  commoner  kinds  are  the 
Daniell,  Grove,  Buji-ien,  Le  Clanctte,  i/raviti/,  biehromate, 
etc.  For  a  description  of  these  and  others,  see  celt. 
9.  In  optics,  a  series  of  lenses  or  of  prisms, 
as  in  the  spectroscope,  combined  iu  use. — 10. 


Volta's  Pile  or  Bat. 

tcry. 

/,  positive  wire :  n, 

negative  wire. 


battery 

In  mnch.y  an  assrniblapo  of  similar  construc- 
tions or  parts:  as,  a  battcrij  of  boilei'S ;  a  battery 
of  stamps  in  a  stamping-mill;  a  battery  of 
sugar-kettles. 

The  <ljirk  suKar-hoiise ;  the  battery  of  liuRe  caMroiis,  with 
their  yellow  juice  hoiline  like  a  sea,  half-hidden  in  cloiiila 
of  steam.  (J.  If.  CrrW*-,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  112. 

11.  In  the  manufacture  of  nitric  acid,  a  com- 
bination of  largo  bottles  and  carboys  serving 
as  a  condensing  apparatus  for  the  acid  vapors. 
— 12.  In  hat-m(fkitt(/,  a  largo  open  boiler  con- 
taining water  to  which  some  sulphuric  acid 
has  been  added.  It  is  surrounded  by  planks 
which  slope  toward  the  center,  and  is  used 
in  felting. — 13.  Metals,  or  articles  of  metal, 
especially  of  brass  or  copper,  wrought  by  ham- 
mering; hammered  metals  or  utensils;  espe- 
cially, apparatus  for  preparing  or  serving  meals ; 
all  metallic  utensils  of  service  for  the  kitchen. 
Compare  batteria. 

Soon  our  tea  hatten/  came  in,  and  she  [the  maid-servant] 
was  forced  to  surrender  the  table  for  our  use.  The  first 
instruments  of  the  aforesaid  batten/  looked  like  prepara- 
tions for  scrubbing  the  floor.     Harper's  Mag.,  1X\'I.  (195. 

There  are  [in  Middelbui^  Town-liall  museum],  among 
other  things,  the  ^aiid  old  feasting  batteries  of  the  vari- 
ous guilds  and  corporati<»ns.      Harper's  Mag.,  LXIX.  334. 

14.  An  oblong  box  submerged  to  the  rim  in  the 
water,  used  as  a  boat,  and  for  concealment,  by 
persons  engaged  in  shooting  wild  fowl;  a  sink- 
boat. 

One  of  the  commonest  and  most  successful  methods  of 
killing  fowl  along  the  seaboard  is  from  batteries. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXIII,  441. 

15.  In  coal-mining:  {a)  A  structure  built  of 
timber,  to  keep  the  coal  in  the  breast  or  pre- 
vent it  from  sliding  down  the  shute.  (&)  A 
platform  on  which  miners  stand  while  work- 
ing in  thin  and  steeply  pitching  beds  of  coal. 

[Pennsylvania.]— Ambulant  battery,  a  battery  of 
heavy  siege-guns  provided  with  truvfliiiti-i-iniam-a  to 
transport  tliem  from  point  to  point.  — Anderson  bat- 
tery, a  galvanic  battery  using  zinc  and  carbon  in  baths 
of  muriate  of  ammonia,  nxalate  of  cluomium,  and  po- 
tassium.—Barbette  battery.  See  6rtr6<:»c.— Battery 
amalgamation,  in  mining,  amalgamation  effected  by 
placing  mercury  in  the  battery  or  mortai-s  while  the 
metalliferous  mck  is  being  stamped.- Blinded  bat- 
tery, a  battery  in  which  the  guns  are  protected  I>y  an 
armored  parapet,  by  bomb-proof  blinds  or  ca.srni:itts.  or 
by  embrasure-casings  or  mantelets.— Breaching-bat- 
tery,  a  battery  so  placed  that  its  fire  is  perpentlicular,  or 
nearly  so,  to  a  line  of  wall  or  parapet  to  be  breached.  It 
is  used  for  making  an  opening  in  the  enemy's  works 
through  which  an  assaulting  column  may  enter.— Cava- 
lier battery,  a  battery  mounted  in  the  cavalier  (which 
see),  and  arranged  to  deliver  a  plunging  fire  into  the 
works  of  an  assailant.— Clearing -battery,  in  lireweries, 
an  arrangement  for  straining  tlu^  wort  from  the  vat.  It 
includes  a  device  for  cutting  otf  the  flow  when  the  wort 
has  attained  a  suflicient  depth.—  Counter-battery,  (n) 
A  battery  intended  to  silence  and  overthn-w  t:uns  of  the 
defense  which  bear  upon  the  brenchinu-batttTies.  Its 
guns  are  generally  so  pliirt-fl  as  to  fire  along  the  ditches 
of  the  work.s.  ('<)  -\iiy  Imttrry  opposed  to  another.  Tid- 
ball.^  Covered  battery,  a  l)attery  concealed  from  the 
enemy,  an-l  intcndnl  to  deliver  a  vertical  fire.  Tidball. — 
Crosa-batteries,  two  or  m«ire  batteries  whose  lines  ol 
fin-  iiitfrscrt.—  Direct  battery,  a  battery  whose  fire  is 
perpendicular  to  the  line  of  worKs  attacked.— Enfilading 
battery,  a  battery  which  sweeps  the  length  of  an  t  nemy  s 
line,  or  takes  him  on  the  flank.  — Fascine  battery,  a 
battery  of  which  the  parapet  is  wholly  or  partially  made 
of  fa.scines :  iisrd  wbt-re  tlio  earth  is  loose  or  sandy. — 
Floating  battery,  a  battery  erected  either  on  a  simple 
raft  or  on  a  ships  hull,  f<»r  the  defense  of  the  coast  or 
for  the  bombardment  <.»f  an  enemy's  ports.  The  name  is 
sometimes  given  to  a  type  of  ship  w  hich,  though  it  may  be 
provided  with  independent  propelling  jM-wer,  is  designed 
primarily  not  for  navigation,  but  merely  to  atlurd  support 
and  cover  to  heavy  guns.— •  Gabion  battery,  a  battery 
with  a  parapet  formed  of  gabions  filled  with  earth  or 
sand.— Galvanic  battery,  a  pile  or  series  of  plates  of 
copper  and  zinc,  or  of  any  materials  susceptible  of  gal- 
vanic action.  See  (/a/crt/n'c.— Grove's  gas-battery,  a 
battery  in  which  the  cell  consists  of  two  gbi.^?-  tulu  >  partly 
filled  with  wat<T,  and  the  remainder  with  ..xyu't-n  and 
hydrogen  resitectively  :  in  these  tubes  two  platinum  elec- 
trodes are  immersed.—  Horizontal  battery,  a  battery 
the  interior  or  terreplein  uf  which  is  on  tlie  natural 
level  of  the  ground.  Tidhall.-  Indented  battery,  or 
battery  ^  cr^maillfere,  a  I'attery  constrm  t-d  with  sa- 
lient and  reentrant  angles  for  obtaining  an  i>l>ln|ue  a.s  well 
as  a  direct  fire,  and  to  atford  slu  Iter  from  the  enfilade  fire 
oftheenemy.  TidbalL-- 30\XiX  batteries,  batteries  whose 
fire  is  directed  against  the  same  object.- Latiiner-Clark 
battery,  an  ilei'tric  battery  intended  as  a  standard,  the 
electromotive  forte  biiiiL:  constant.  It  isa  combination  of 
zinc  in  sulpliateof  zinc  and  mercury  in  sulphaKM)fmercur>-. 
E.  U.  Knight.  -Light  battery.  («)  A  mounted  ticld-bat- 
tery.  {b)  A  battery  conipnse<l  of  guns -of  small  (alilter.— 
Magnetic  battery.  .Sec  tnagnrtir.  —  Masked  battery,  a 
battery  artificially  concealed  until  rciiuired  to  npen  upon 
the  enemy.  Tidball.  —  Mortar -battery,  a  battery  having 
an  annament  of  mortars.  Such  batteries  are  constructed 
with  a  parapet  with. 'Ut  embnisures,  an  interior  slope  not  re- 
vetted, but  ntaitiincthe  natural  slope  of  the  soil,  and  plat- 
forms horizontal  instead  of  inclining  slightly  toward  the 
front.  :is  in  tiun-batteries.  Sec  cut  on  next  page.— Moun- 
tain battery,  a  battery  of  light  gims,  so  fitted  that  the 
pieces  and  their  carriages  may  be  transported  upon  the 
backs  of  mules  or  pack-horses.  — Oblique  battery,  a  bat- 
tery whose  line  of  fire  makes  au  angle  of  20'  or  more  with  the 


battery 


§E!]^a[|l\\E 


Pl.in  and  Section  of  Mortar-b.ittery  for  four  mortars. 
/•.parapet:  H,  /■■,  cpaulmcnts;  T  T,  terrcplein;  F,  F.  ditches  to 
provide  earth  for  epaulmciits  ;  M.  Af,  mortar-platforms;  C  D',  section 
on  CD. 

perpendicular  to  the  interior  crest  of  the  enemy's  werks: 
so  called  in  eontradistinetion  to  a  direct  battery.— Open 
battery,  a  batt(.-r\'  nitiivly  exposed,  tliat  is,  unproteeted 
by  a  paraput.— Piunge-battery,  an  electric  battery  so 
arran^'cd  tliat  the  uutals  can  be  removL-d  from  the  liiinid 
when  not  in  ii^e.—  Raised  battery,  a  battery  wliusc  tcrre- 
plein  is  elevated  r<insidrnd)ly  almv.- tlif  ^q-ound.  TitUmll. 
—  Redan  battery,  a  battLiy  ,L:ivin^'  a  fiM^.s  or  thinking 
flre  from  a  salient  or  reentrant  ;in!_'lt;  uf  a  fnrtitication.— 
Reverse  battery,  a  liattcry  Nvliich  hrus  dirt-ctly  or  ob- 
liquely upon  thLi  TL-ar  of  a  work  or  lint-  of  troops. —  Rico- 
chet battery,  a  liattery  whieh  fires  horizontally  or  at  alow 
an^'b-  I  if  rkvatii  -n.  so  tliat  the  projectiles  graze  and  Iponnd 
along  the  surface  of  the  prouiid  or  water.  Smooth-bore 
guns  tiring  split-rical  projectiles  are  most  effective  for 
ricochet  fire.— Siege-battery,  a  battery  for  siege  opera- 
tions. Such  liattcrics  are  i:\W\ev  fixed,  eomprising  siege- 
guns  ami  mortars  ..f  tht-  lica\iest  caliber  and  largest  size, 
or  /nuraf'lr,  r. insisting'  of  titld-guns  and  small  mortars. — 
Storage  battery,  or  secondary  battery,  in  elect. ,  a  com- 
bination of  secondary  cells  or  accunnilat<irs  which  when 
once  charged  may  be  nsed  for  a  considt-rable  time  after 
as  a  source  of  an  electrieal  current.  The  Plantt^  cell  con- 
sists essentially  of  two  plates  of  metallic  lead  (C,  C)  rolled 
into  a  spiral  form,  and  in  the  improved  Faiire  form  covered 


Storage  or  Secondary  Cell,  or  Accumulator,  Plants  form. 
C,  C,  lead  plates  rolled  in  a  spiral  and  separated  by  pieces  of  rub- 
ber; G, //,  wires  from  the  primary  or  charging  battery ;  A,A',-po\Q5 
of  secondar>-  cell. 

with  red  oxid  of  lead ;  the  primary  current  with  which  the 
cell  is  charged  (by  the  wires  G  and  //)  serves  to  peroxi- 
dize  and  reduce  this  coating,  respectively,  on  the  sheets 
connected  with  the  two  poles ;  the  chemical  energy  thus 
stored  up  is  given  bn.ck  in  the  form  of  a  continuous  and 
regular  electric  current  when  the  poles  of  the  charged  cell 
{A,  A')o.vc  connected  and  the  chemical  action  is  reversed. 
—  Sunken  battery,  a  battery  in  which  the  sole  of  the 
embrasure  is  on  a  level  witli  tlie  ground,  and  the  platform 
is  consetjuently  sunk  below  it.  {Tidball.)  The  parapet  is 
formed  from  the  earth  cxciivjtted  from  the  site  constitut- 
ing the  platform.— Half-sunken  battery,  a  battery  of 
which  the  parapet  is  formed  partly  fr(un  earth  taken 
from  the  inside  or  terrei>lein,  and  partly  from  a  ditch 
outside.— Urticating  batteries,  in  zi>"i. .  the  nematoeysts 
or  thread-cells  of  hydroid  polyps.— Water-battery,  an 
electric  battery  in  which  the  liijuid  employed  is  water.  It 
is  useless  as  a  source  of  a  current,  because  t.f  the  high  re- 
sistance of  the  water,  but,  by  having  a  large  number  of  zinc- 
copper  couples,  a  high  and  constant  ditlerence  of  poten- 
tials is  obtained  at  the  two  poles ;  it  is  thus  valuable  in 
many  eleetrostatie  e\jieriTncnts. 

battery-box  ()'at'er-i-l)oks),  n,  A  square  cliest 
or  box,  lilU'd  with  earth,  used  for  luakiug  para- 
pets for  batteries  where  gabions  or  saud-bags 
are  not  to  bo  had.     Farrow,  Mih  Eucyc. 

battery-gun  (bat'er-i-gun),  Ji,  A  machine-gun 
(which  see). 


478 

battery-head  (bat'6r-i-hed),  ??.  The  extreme 
cn(l  oi  :i  railroad  embankment  over  which 
earth  is  tipped  during  the  process  of  construc- 
tion. 

battery-shooting  (bat'er-i-sho''''ting),  «.  The 
sliootiiig  of  wild  fowl  from  a  battery.  See  bat- 
tvry,  14. 

It  would  be  far  better,  however,  to  decide  upon  some 
I)lan  of  action  by  which  bntte'nj-^hootin{]  coxiiA  be  wholly 
done  awa.v  with.  Forest  and  Stream,  XXIII.  441. 

battery-wagon  (bat'er-i-wag^'on),  n.  Milit.j  a 
vehicle  ac*  com  panning  each  field-battory  to  car- 
ry tools,  paints,  oils,  veterinary  supplies,  etc., 
to  be  used  for  repairs  and  the  service  of  the 
battery. 

Battey's  operation.    See  operation, 

bat-tick  (bat'tik),  n.  A  small  wingless  tick-like 
insect,  of  the  order  Diptcra  and  iixraWy  NycterU 
hiidw  (which  see):  so  called  because  it  infests 
bats.  The  name  is  given  to  all  the  species  of 
the  family. 

battilt,  battillt,  «.    Variant  spellings  of  battle^. 

batting  (bat'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  baf^,  r.]  1. 
The  act  or  process  of  washing  or  smoothing 
linen  with  a  bat. — 2.  The  process  of  beating 
raw  cotton  with  hazel-  or  holly-twigs,  on  a  frame 
made  of  cords,  for  the  piu'pose  of  opening  the 
matted  locks,  or  of  beating  out  impiu-ities. — 3. 
Cotton  or  wool  prepared  in  thick  but  light  mat- 
ted sheets  for  quilts  or  bed-covers,  the  quilting 
of  garments,  etc.  Also  called  hat,  batts. — 4. 
The  act  or  manner  of  using  a  bat  in  a  game  of 
ball:  as,  their  batt'nu}  was  good. 

batting-block  (bat'ing-blok),  n.  In  crram.,  a 
block  of  wet  plaster  upon  which  clay  is  flattened 
out  by  a  batter  before  it  is  shaped  on  the 
pottei-^s  wheel  or  by  a  mold  and  templet.  See 
batUr^,  3. 

batting-machine  (bat'lng-ma-shen'Oi  n.  A 
machine  in  which  cotton  taken  from  the  wil- 
lowing-machiue  is  scutched,  blown,  and  lapped 
to  prepare  it  for  the  carding-machine. 

batting-staff  (bat'ing-staf),  n,  [Cf.  battler*^ 
and  batht.^  A  small  mallet  sometimes  used 
in  laundi'ies  for  beating  linen;  a  beetle. 

battish  (bat'ish),  a.  [<  bat"^  +  -ish^.']  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  resembling  a  bat.     [Rare.] 

She  clasp'd  his  limbs,  by  impious  labour  tired, 
With  battish  wings. 

Vernon,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  viii. 

battle^  (bat'l),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  battel  (a 
si)elling  still  often  used  archaically,  as  in  wager 
of  battel).  <  ME.  batvl,  batelle,  baUa/Jcy  bataile, 
bataille,  <  OF.  bataiUe  =  Pr.  Pg.  bataiha  =  Sp. 
hatalla  =  It.  battaglia,  <LL.  battalia,  battualia, 
the  fighting  and  fencing  exercises  of  soldiers  and 
gladiators,  <  batterer  L,  battuere,  batuere,  beat, 
fight,  fence:  see&«7/erl  andfia^el,]  1.  A  fight, 
hostile  encounter,  or  engagement  between  op- 
posing forces  on  land  or  sea;  an  important  and 
systematic  engagement  between  independeut 
annies  or  fleets.  Actions  and  «/ai>s  are  engagements 
of  less  magnitude  than  battles,  and  are  often  unpremedi- 
tated, the  result  of  surprises,  or  the  meeting  of  armed  re- 
connnrtering  parties,  though  the  latter  is  usually  termed 
a  shinnisk.  Battles  are  classed  as  parallel  or  oblique,  ac- 
cording to  the  relative  jiositionsof  the  contending  armies 
in  order  of  b;ittle;  t^fnttnilc,  when  fought  upon  an  objec- 
tive point  selected  in  planning  a  campaign,  as  were  the 
battles  of  Marengo  and  Nashville  ;  general,  when  tlie 
whole  or  the  gi-eater  part  of  both  armies  are  engaged ; 
partial,  when  only  brigades,  divisions,  or  army  corps  are 
brought  into  action ;  offensive,  when  an  army  seeks  the 
enemy  and  attacks  him  wherever  he  is  encountered ;  de- 
fensive, when  a  position  is  selected  with  the  design  of 
awaiting  and  repelling  the  enemy ;  mixed  or  defensive- 
offensive,  when  an  army  selects  and  occupies  a  position  in 
advance,  awaits  the  approach  of  the  enemy,  and  at  the 
proper  moment  moves  out  to  engage  him. 
2.  An  encounter  between  two  persons;  a  duel 
or  single  combat. — 3.  A  tight  or  encounter  be- 
tween animals,  especially  when  pitted  against 
each  other  for  the  amusement  of  spectators. 
If  we  draw  lots,  he  [Ca;sai"]  speeds  : 
His  cocks  do  win  the  battle  still  of  mine, 
When  it  is  all  to  nought ;  and  his  quails  ever 
Beat  mine,  inhoop'd,  at  odds. 

Shah,  A.  and  C,  ii.  3. 

4.  Warfare;  hostile  action;  actual  conflict 
■^ith  enemies:  as,  wounds  received  or  honors 
gained  in  battle. 

Who  is  this  King  of  glory  ?  The  Lord  strong  and  mighty, 
the  Lord  mighty  in  battle.  I's.  xxiv.  S. 

5.  Any  contest  or  conflict ;  struggle  for  mas- 
tery or  victory :  as,  the  battle  of  life. 

Of  the  six  genera.  Drosera  has  been  incomparably  the 
most  successful  in  the  battle  for  Ufe ;  and  a  large  part  of 
its  success  may  be  attributed  to  its  manner  of  catching 
insects.  Dann'n,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  S^>~. 

6t,  An  army  prepared  for  or  engaged  in  fight. 
Fire  answers  fire,  and  through  their  paly  flames 
Each  battle  sees  the  other's  umbcr'd  face. 

Siiak.,  ilcu.  v.,  iv.  (cho.). 


battle 

7t.  A  body  of  forces,  or  division  of  an  army; 
a  battalion. 

The  king  divided  his  army  into  three  toffies,  whereof  the 
vanguard  only  with  wings  came  to  light.  Bacon. 

Then  the  liattrls  were  etaied,  and  set  in  sucli  order  as 
they  should  light. 

■/.  Brcnde,  tr.  of  tjuintus  Curtius,  iii.  32. 

8t.  More  specifically — (a)  The  main  or  middle 
body  of  an  army  or  fleet,  as  distinguished 
from  the  van  and  rear. 

Angus  led  the  avant-guard,  himself  followed  with  the 
battle  a  good  distance  behind,  and  alter  came  the  arricr. 

Sir .}.  Ilai/ward. 

The  centre,  or  battle  as  it  was  called,  consisting  of  sLxty- 
three  galleys,  was  led  by  John  of  Austria.  Prescott. 

The  van  outsailed  before,  by  him  had  nm 
E'en  as  he  stayed  for  us,  and  now  indeed 
Of  his  main  battle  must  he  lake  ltouiI  Iieed. 

William  M or rix,  Kai'thly  I'aradise,  I.  17. 

{b)  That  portion  of  the  army,  wherever  placed 
and  of  whatever  consisting,  which  is  regarded 
as  of  main  importance. 

The  cavalry,  by  way  of  distinction,  was  called  the  battle, 
and  on  it  alone  depended  the  fate  of  every  action. 

RohcrtHon. 

9t,  A  formidable  array  similar  to  an  army  in 

battle  order. 

On  his  bow-back  he  [the  boar]  hath  a  hatG^  set 

Of  iiristly  pikes,  that  ever  threat  his  foes. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  619. 

Battle-range,  tlie  range  best  suited  to  firing  on  an  ene- 
my's line  of  battle.  Upon  tlie  rear  sights  of  the  latest 
military  rifles  the  elevation  corresponding  to  that  range 
is  designated  by  stamping  the  letter  "B"  opposite  the 
battle-range  elevation.  This  range  is  262  yards,  corre- 
sponding to  a  continuous  dangerous  space  of  337  yards, 
for  the  Springfield  rifle,  caliber  .45,  used  against  foot- 
troops.—  Battle  royal,  {a)  A  battle  with  fists  or  cudgels, 
in  which  more  than  two  combatants  are  engaged ;  a  free 
fight,  {b)  A  fight  of  game-cocks,  in  which  more  than  two 
are  engaged.  — Drawn  battle,  a  battle  in  which  neither 
party  gains  the  victory.—  Order  of  battle.  See  order. — 
Pitched  battle,  a  battle  in  which  the  armies  are  pre- 
viously drawn  ui>iu  form,  with  a  regular  disposition  of  the 
forces!— To  give  battle,  to  attack  an  enemy.— To  join 
battle,  properly,  to  meet  the  attack;  commonly,  to  begin 
a  battle. ^Trial  by  battle.  Same  as  xvager  of  battle. — 
Wager  of  battle  or  battel,  in  laxi\  a  species  of  trial  for 
tlie  decision  of  controversies  used  among  the  rude  mili- 
tary peoples  of  Europe.  It  was  introduced  into  England 
by  William  the  Conqueror,  and  practised  in  three  cases 
only :  in  the  court  martial,  or  court  of  chivalry  or  honor; 
in  appeals  of  felony  ;  and  in  issues  joined  upon  a  writ  of 
right.  The  contest  was  held  before  the  judges  on  a  piece 
of  ground  inclosed,  and  the  combatants  were  bound  to 
fight  till  the  stars  appeared,  unless  the  death  or  defeat 
of  one  party  sooner  decided  the  contest.  The  weapons 
used  were  batons  or  staves  an  ell  long.  Women,  priests, 
men  above  sixty,  and  lame  and  blind  persons  might  appear 
by  champions.  Though  long  fallen  int<i  desuetude,  it  was 
a  valid  and  legal  mode  of  trial  in  England  down  to  1818, 
and  was  then  formally  abolished  in  consequence  of  the 
demand  by  the  defendant  in  a  suit  for  this  mode  of  ar- 
bitrament, and  of  the  fact  that  this  demand  could  not 
legally  be  denied  him.  =SyTL  1.  Battle,  Engagement,  Con- 
fiict.  Fight,  Combat,  Contest,  Action.  Battle  is  a  general 
term,  and  the  most  common.  It  is  the  appropriate  word 
for  great  engagements :  as,  the  battle  of  Waterloo.  A  battle 
may  last  merely  a  few  hours  or  for  days :  as,  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg  lasted  three  days.  Engage^jnent  is  in  techni- 
cal military  usage  practically  e<iuivalent  to  battle,  but  it  is 
a  less  forcible  word.  Conjiict,  literally,  a  clashing  togetlier, 
isastrong  word,  implying  fierce  physical  encounter.  Fight 
has  the  energy  of  a  monosyllable  ;  it  denotes  actual  conflict. 
A  man  may  take  part  in  a  battle  without  actually  fighting. 
A  battle  may  include  many  X'''''5  •  ^^-  t\\Q  fight -At  the  flag- 
staff in  the  battle  of  the  Alma ;  or  it  may  itself  be  described 
as  a.  fight.  Combat,  like  conflict,  is  a  word  of  more  dignity 
thaii  fight  ;  it  is  by  its  history  suggestive  of  a  struggle  be- 
tween two,  as  persons,  animals,  squadrons,  armies.  Con- 
test is  a  very  general  word,  of  uncertain  strength,  but  often 
joined  with  a  strong  adjective  :  as,  a  stubborn  contest. 
An  action  is  a  minor  or  incidental  act  of  war,  a  single  act 
of  fighting  :  as,  the  whole  action  lasted  but  an  hour.  All 
these  words  apply  equally  to  operations  by  land  or  by  sea. 
See  encounter  and  strife. 

The  distant  battle  fiash'd  and  rung. 

Tennyson,  Two  Voices. 

Two  thousand  of  the  enemy  were  slain  and  taken  in  the 
engagement,  which  lasted  only  a  short  time. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  15. 

About  100,000  men  were  engaged,  and  the  conflict  raged 
with  great  furj'  from  daylight  till  dark. 

World's  Progress,  Autietom. 
My  lord  is  weary  with  the  fight  before, 
And  they  will  f^  upon  hiiu  unawares. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
Numerous  were  the  combats  which  took  place  between 
the  high-mettled  eavaliers  on  both  sides,  who  met  on  the 
level  arena,  as  on  a  tilting  grtmud. 

I'rescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  15. 

The  whole  plan  of  the  Italiati  campaign  had  been  based 
upon  the  assumption  that  the  contest  between  the  two 
great  Teutonic  States  would  prove  a  not  uneipial  one. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  284, 
How  many  gentlemen  have  you  lost  in  this  action  ? 

Shak.,  :\Iueh  Ado,  i.  1. 

battle^  (bat'l),  V, ;  pret.  and  pp.  battled,  ppr. 
baiilnuj.  [<  ME,  batailen,  batailkn,  <  OF.  bo- 
iailler,  <  bataille,  a  battle:  see  battle'^,  «.]  I, 
intrans,  1.  To  join  or  engage  in  battle;  con- 
tend in  fight;  fight :  as,  to  battle  with  wolves. 


battle 

'Tis  ours  by  crixft  and  by  sntprise  to  (ynin ; 

'Tib  yours  tt)  liifi't  in  arniH  :in>l  hatltr  in  tbf  plain.   Prior. 

2.  To  strufjt^k' ;  conteiid  ;  strive  for  mastery: 
oitlii'v  iilisolutcly  <>r  with  for,  icitli,  or  (uiiiimt: 
as,  to  liHlllr  with  tlio  winds;  to  hiittli;  for  (rvc- 
dora,  or  0(/(;iH.s<  adversity ;  to  battle  with  ifjno- 

ranco. 

Wild  lialltal/ur  the  True,  the  Just. 

Tennymn,  In  Mcmoriam,  Ivi. 

Regret,  resolve,  n»e,  .and  joy,  every  high  human  emo- 
tion excepting  fear,  battled  about  us. 

E.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  Gates,  p.  94. 

II.  tniiif!.  If.  To  embattle;  put  into  battle 
aiTay. — 2t.  To  fight  for. 

Whom  tliei  have  seyn  alwey  bataiten  and  defenden 
goode  men.  Chaucer,  Uoethius,  i.  prose  4. 

3.  To  fn^'c  battle  to;  fight  against;  contend 
with;  fight.     [Rare.] 

He  can  liattle  theologians  with  weapons  drawn  from  an- 
tiiiue  armories  unknown  to  themselves. 

Whipple,  Rss,  and  Rev.,  1. 15. 

battle'-'t  (bat'l),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  battled,  ppr. 
batttintj.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  battel;  <  ME. 
batai/lni,  batailoi,  <  OP.  bataiUicr,  batcillicr  (= 
Pr.  bataUiiir),  fortify  with  battlements,  <  ba- 
tailli',  battlement,  appar.  identical  with  bataille, 
battle;  but  in  later  OF.  the  verb  was  merged 
in  balilliir,  bitstillicr,  <  bastille,  a  fortress:  see 
bantile.  liiittb^,  and  battlement,  and  cf.  embattle^, 
embattle-.']  To  furnish  or  strengthen  with  bat- 
tlements; embattle. 

Lest  any  tyme  it  were  assayed, 
Ful  wel  al)oute  it  was  liattniled. 

Horn,  o/lhc  Rose,l.  4161. 

battle^  (bat'l),  a.  [Appears  first  In  the  16th 
century,  in  Scotch  and  North.  E.,  also  ^vritten 
battel,  batlil,  battill,  baittlc,  bettle,  batwcll,  etc.; 
in  form  <  'bat,  a  verbal  root  appearing  in  the 
verb  batten^,  improve,  etc.,  +  -el,  -Ic,  an  adj. 
formative  suffi.xed  to  verbal  roots,  as  in  brittle, 
fickle,  etc. :  see  batten'^,  and  cf.  the  later  adjec- 
tives battablc  and  batfid,  appar.  modifications 
of  battleS.]  In  agri'.:  (a)  Improving;  nutri- 
tious; fattening:  as,  battle  grass;  battle  pas- 
ture, (b)  Fertile;  fruitful:  as,  battle  soil;  battle 
land.    [Now  only  North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

A  battel  soil  for  grain,  for  pasture  good,  Fairfax. 

battiest  (bat'l),  r.      [So.  and  North.  E.,  also 

written  battel,  battil,  etc.,  from  the  adj.      Cf. 

batten'^,  r.]    I.  trans.  1.  Tonouri.sh;  feed.— 2. 

To  render  fertile  or  fruitful,  as  the  soil. 

Ashes  are  marvellous  improvements  to  battel  barren 
land.  Ray's  Proverbs. 

II,  intratis.   1.  To  grow  fat;  thrive. 

Sleepe,  they  sayd,  would  make  her  battill  better. 

.Spen-vr,  F.  Q.,  VI.  viii.  38. 

2.  To  become  fertile  or  fruitful,  as  soil. 

battle 't,  "-  find  !■.     See  battel*^ 


479 

battledl  (bat'ld),  p.  a.  1.  Ranged  in  battle 
array;  disposed  in  order  of  battle. —  2.  Con- 
tested; fought. 

•Soldier,  rest !  thy  warfare  o'er, 
IJream  of  battled  flclds  no  more. 

Scott,  I.,  of  the  L.,  i.  SI. 

battled^  (bat'ld),  a.  1.  Furnished  or  strength- 
cued  with  battlements. 

liatailled  as  it  were  ft  castel  wal. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  40. 

The  battled  tower.  Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

2.  In  her.,  broken  in  the  form  of  battlements: 

said   («)   of  any  horizontal  line  dividing  the 

field;  (/<)  of  a  bar  or  fesse,  when  one  side  only 


battue 

Tlic  walls  of  Babylon,  ...  so  broad  that  six  chariots 
conlcl  well  drive  together  at  the  top,  arni  so  tiattlcmented 
that  they  could  not  fall.      Sir  T.  Ilerliert,  Travels,  p.  228. 

The  old  battlemenled  walls  of  the  city. 

Harper's  May. ,  LXV.  563. 

battle-piece  (bat'1-pes),  n.    A  painting  which 

represents  a  battle. 

I.(>oking  at  Crimean  battle-piccett,  in  which  French  sol- 
diers arc  shown  to  have  achieved  everything,  we  see  ex- 
cmpIiHed  a  national  sentiment. 

//.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  214. 

battlerl  (bat'lfer),  n.  [<  battle^  +  -crl ;  appar. 
not  descended  from  ME.  Iiatelur  (<  OF.  batail- 
Icor),  batailler,  <  OF.  bataillier.]  One  who  bat- 
tles or  fights;  a  warrior  or  contender. 


is  broken  in  this  way.     iUso  embattled.     See  battler^t  (bat'ler),  h.     [<  battle!^  +  .^rl.]     1. 


cut  under  embattled — Battled arrondl,  in /ler., hav- 
ing- the  lua.ls  of  the  battlements  curved  or  rounded.— 
Battled  counter,  in  l>er.,  same  as  counter-emtmttlr:!.— 
Battled  embattled,  in  her.,  doubly  battled,  or  b;ittled 
ill  sti'iis.     Also  rallid  laadif  and  battled  qrady. 

battledore,  battledoor  (bat'l-dor),  n.    [<  ME. 
balijUbire,  -doure,  -dure;  appar.  a  modification 

(simulating»ft««/(',  asif  dim.  of  &a/l;  ef.  battle^)     ^  _  ^__^  .,^„„„,.^.„ 

of  Pr.  hatcdor{=^\->.  batidnr,  a  beater,  formerly  v,''Vno'''Qbmif  "fhVt'rshout")  '« 

also  batador,  a  bat  for  beating  clothes-Min-  battle-ShOUt  (bat  l-shout),  n 

sheu),  <  batrc  =  Sp.  batir,  beat:  see  batter'^. 
For  the  term.,  cf.  .stevedore.  Cf.  E.  dial,  battle- 
ton,  in  sense  1.]  1.  A  bat  or  beetle  used  in 
washing  clothes,  or  for  smoothing  them  out 
while  being  laundered. — 2.  An  instrument 
shaped  like  a  racket,  but  smaller,  used  in 
playing  the  game  of  battledore  and  shuttle- 
cock.—3t.  A  paddle  for  a  canoe.— 4.  In  (/lass- 
maldng,  a  flat  square  piece  of  polished  iron  -with 
a  wooden  handle,  used  for  flattening  the  bot- 
toms of  tmnblers,  or  for  similar  puqjoses. — 


(Jno  who  beats  with  a  bat  or  battledore. —  2. 
A  bat  or  beetle.— 3.  See  bailer^. 
battler-'t,  »■     ^ee  hatteler. 
battle-scarred  (bat'l-skard),  a.    Scarred  -with 
wounds  received  in  battle. 

The  appeal  of  a  Roman  soldier,  battle-scarred  in  the  ser- 
vice of  his  country,  could  arouse  to  vengeance  the  populace 
of  the  great  ancient  republic.        A'.  A.  Rev.,  C.X.WI.  CO. 

A  shout  raised 
ill  hiitUc 
battle-song  (bat'l-s6ng),  n.    A  song  stuig  on 
the  battle-field,  or  relating  to  battle ;  a  martial 
song. 

The  chivalrous  battle-song 

That  she  warbled  alone  in  her  joy. 

Tennymn,  Maud,  x.  4. 

battleton  (bat'1-ton),  «.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  a 
var.  of  battledore.}  Same  as  battledore,  1. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

battletwig  (bat'1-twig),  n.  [E.  dial.]  An  ear- 
[Prov.  Eng.]     Halliwell. 


__  .._ -,                               .      .  wig.     ,.                 „  ^ 

5.  A  kind  of  paddle -with  a  long  handle,  used  battle-'writhen  (bat'l-riTH'en),  a.     [<  6«(«el 
for  placing  loaves  in  a  baker's  oven.— 6t.  A  -H  writhen,  old  pp.  of  writhe.]     Twisted  or  dis- 
kind  of  horn-book :  so  called  from  its  shape.—  torted  by  stress  of  battle.     [Poetic] 
Battledore-boyt,   an   abecedarian.-  Battledore-bar-  „jg  i,attU-icrithen  arms  and  mighty  hands, 
ley,  a  species  of  cultivated  barley,  Uordeum  seocrWm.mth  Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
.sbnrt,  liroad  ears.     Also  called  syra(-6(trfcy.     A .  E.  D.  s    „   „    j  „ 
The  scene  of  a  battlingt  (bat  Img),  n.  and  h. 


battle-field  (bat'l-feld),  n. 
battle. 

Oh  '.  who  would  fight  and  march  and  countennarch, 
Ki^  shot  for  sixpence  in  a  battle-Jield  ? 

Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 

battle-flag  (bat'1-flag),  n.    A  military  flag ;  a 
flag  earned  in  battle. 

Till  the  war-drum  throbb'd  no  longer,  and  the  hattte-fia;is 
were  furl'd.  Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

battle-ground  (bat'1-gi-ound),  «.   A  battle-field. 


[Also  batteling; 


battle^  (bat'l),  V.  t.    [Freq.  of  baf^  (cf.  batter^),  battlement  (bat'1-ment),  n.     [<  ME.  hatelment, 


ppr.  and  verbal  n.  of  battle^,  c]    I,  a.  1.  Nour- 
ishing ;  fattening. 

■The  meads  environ'd  with  the  silver  streams, 
Wliose  batt'Uny  pastures  fatten  all  my  Hocks. 

Greene,  Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay. 
2.  Fertile. 

II.  «.  1.  A  growing  fat,  or  the  process  of 
causing  to  grow  fat;  a  fattening. —  2.  That 
which  nourishes  or  fattens,  as  food,  or  feed  for 

„ „  .,  ,  ,     .  animals,  or  manure  for  soil. 

battle-lantern  (bat'1-lan  tem),  n.     A  lantern  battological  (bat-6-loj'i-kal),  a.     [<  battology 
jihiced  at  eachgunonthe  gim-deek  of  a  ship  ot      •      ■     ■"-     -•         ■■  -•'-        -- —    -^  i.-^ 

war,  to  light  up  the  deck  dm-ing  an  engagement 
at  niglit. 
battle-mace  (bat'l-mas),  n.  A  mace  designed 
for  use  in  war;  specifically,  a  name  given  to  the 
spiked  heads  for  clubs,  usually  of  bronze,  which 
are  found  among  ancient  remains  in  the  British 
islands  and  elsewhere. 


or  perhaps  a  var.  of 
beetle^,  r.,  sinmlating 
ball,  r.  (cf.  ball,  r.), 
or  perhaps  from  bat- 
tledore, 1 ,  q.  v.]  To 
beat  (clothes)  with  a 
battler  or  beetle  in 
washing. 

battle-ax  (bat '  1- 
aks),  n.  An  ax  used 
as  a  weapon  of  wai'. 
It  w.os  in  almost  universal 
use  before  the  introduc- 
tion of  llreai'ms,  and  is 
still  employed  among  un- 
civilized peoples.  In  lier- 
aldry  it  is  always  repre- 
sented with  a  blade  on  one 
(usually  the  dexter)  side 
and  a  point  on  the  other, 
the  stalf  terminating  in  a 

battie'-bislt  (bat'l-bolt),  », 
of  any  kind  used  in  battle. 

The  rushing  battle-bolt  sang  from  the  three-decker. 

Tennyson,  .Maud,  i.  13. 

battle-brand  (bat'l-brand),  n.    A  sword  used 

in  battle. 

I  by  fatlur's  battlc-bramt.  Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  15. 

battle-club  (bat'1-klub),  n.  A  club  used  in 
battle,  especially  by  barbarians,  as  the  South 
Sea  islanders. 

The  cursed  Malayan  crease,  and  battle-clttbs 
From  the  isles  of  palm. 

Tennyson,  Prol.  to  Princess. 

battle-cry  (bat'1-kri),  n.     A  cry  or  shout  of 
troops  engaged  in  battle. 
It  was  evident  that  their  battle-cry  was  eoiii|Uer  or  die. 
Thoreau,  Waldeu,  p.  247. 


-f  -ical.]  Given  to  or  of  the  nature  of  bat- 
tologv. 
battologist  (ba-tol'o-jist),  11.  [<  battology  + 
-int.]  One  who  talks  idly;  one  who  needlessly 
repeats  the  same  thing  in  speaking  or  writing. 
A  truly  dull  battoloTist. 

Whitloeli,  ilanners  of  Eng.  People,  p.  209. 

battologize  (ba-tol'6-jiz),  r.;  pret.  and  pp. 
battologi-ed,  ppr.  battologizing.  [<  battology  + 
-ice.]  I.  trans.  To  repeat  needlessly ;  iterate. 
.Sir  T.  Herbert. 

II.  intratis.  To  repeat  words  or  phrases  with 
needless  iteration. 


batiilment,  of  uncertain  origin ;  perhaps  due  to 
an ' unrecorded  OF.  *bastillement,  <  bastiller, 
fortify:   see  bastile  and  bastiment.    The  word 

was  popularly  associated  with  battle'^;  hence     ^ _ 

ME.  bataybjnge,  battlement,  and  battle"^,  q.  v.]  battoiogy  (ba-tol'o-ji),  n.     [<  Gr.  jiazToT^o) ia,  < 


Persian  Battle-ax,  i8th  century. 

A  bolt  or  missile 


1.  In  /("•'.,  an  indented  parapet,  formed  by  a 
scries  of  rising 
members  called 
cops  or  mer- 
lons, sei>arated 
by  openings 
called  crenelles 
or  embrasures, 
the  soldier  shel- 
tering himself 
behind  the  mer- 
lon while  he 
fires  through 
the  embrasure 
or    through    a 

loophole    in  the        Battlement.— Fortified  Church  of  Royat, 

1    „         ..   .^,  Puy-de-D6me,  France, 

merlon.       Bat  le-       ^,  ..,,  ^erlL  ;  .S.  £.  embr-asurcs  l  C, 
menus,        altnougn    i(,<,p|,„ies ;  J>,  D.  machicolation.^.       I  From 
originally       purely    VJollet-le-Duc's  '•  Diet,  dc  r  Architecture." ) 
military,  and  used 

from  the  earliest  times  in  Egypt,  AssjTia,  and  Greece, 
were  also  employed  freely,  generally  in  reduced  size,  dur- 
ing the  midille  ages,  especially  in  England,  upon  ecdesi 
astieal  and  civil  buildings  by  way  of  mere  ornament,  •■ii 
both  parallels  and  cornices,  and  on  tabernacle-work,  tran- 
soms of  windoAvs,  etc. 

Hence  — 2.  Any  high  wall  for  defense. 

This  was  the  valley  of  the  pools  of  Oihon,  where  Solo- 
mon was  crowned,  and  the  battlements  which  rose  above 
it  were  the  long  lookedfor  walls  of  Jerusalem. 

R.  Curzon.  Monjv-t.  in  the  Levant,  p.  144. 

battlemented  (bat'l-men-ted),  a.  Furnished 
with  battlements,  as  tlie  ramparts  of  a  city  or 
castle. 


.  c. 


/feTTo/o)of,  a  stammerer,  <  ,J(irrof,  a  stammerer 
(used  only  as  a  proper  name),  +  /.iyciv,  speak: 
see  -ology.]  Idle  talk  or  babbling;  a  needless 
rejietition  of  words  in  speaking.  [With  refer- 
ence to  Mat.  'vi.  7.] 
That  heatheuish  battolom  of  multiplying  words. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Uumb.  Kemonst. 
Mere  surplusage  of  battoloyy. 

Prynne,  Treachery  and  Disloyalty  of  Papists,  ii.  67. 

battont,  »•  -Aji  obsolete  form  of  baton  and  bat- 
tiii'-^. 

battoont,  »•     Same  as  batoon. 

battoryt  (bat'o-ri),  «.  A  factory  or  warehouse 
established  abroad  by  the  Hanse  towns. 

battoule-board  (ba-tol'bord),  ».  A  spring- 
board tised  for  jumping  —  particularly,  in  cir- 
cuses, for  vaulting  over  horses,  elephants,  etc. 
It  consists  of  a  few  planks  fastened  at  one  eml  to  a  pole 
supporteil  by  two  uprights,  the  other  end  resting  upon  a 
tlucir  or  other  surface. 

battrilt  (bat'ril),  n.  [E.  dial.  Cf.  hatOer^,  bat- 
he'^.]    Same  as  fcn'/crl. 

batts  (bats),  «.  pi.     Same  as  batting,  3. 

battue  (ba-tii'),  n.  [F.  (=  Pr.  batuda  =  It. 
battuta),  prop.  fem.  pp.  of  battrc,  beat:  see 
bate'i^,  batter^.]  1.  A  method  of  hunting  in 
which  the  game  is  driven  from  cover  by 
beaters  toward  a  point  where  the  sportsmen 
are  in  wait. 

He  has  not  a  word  to  say  against  battue  shooting,  though 
for  his  own  part  he  greatly  prefers  shooting  over  a  well- 
trained  dog  to  having  the  game  put  up  in  droves  bya  ser- 
ried line  of  beaters.  Weatminsttr  Sev.,  CiiV.  300. 


battue 

Henoe  —  2.  Any  beat-up  or  thoroTiRh  spareh, 
or  undiscrimiiiiitiiig  slaughtor,  psiiociully  of  de- 
fenseless or  unresisting  orowils. — 3.  Tliegame 
driven  from  cover  by  the  battue  method, 
batture  (ba-tur'),  «.  [F.,  a  saiul-bank,  a  shoal, 
<  hiiltrc,  beat,  beat  as  waves:  see  hiitc^,  hatter''; 
and  of.  hiittcr'^.]  An  alluvial  elevation  of  the 
bed  of  a  river;  in  particular,  one  of  those  por- 
tions of  the  bed  of  the  Mississippi  river  which 
are  di'y  or  submcrfjcd  according  to  the  season. 
In  September,  1807,  onuneil  tlie  '•Imtturc  riots."  Tlie 
batture  was  the  salidv  liepusit.s  made  liy  the  Jlississippi 
in  front  of  the  Faubourg  Sl,>.  Marie  (in  >.'ew  (Irleans). 
The  noted  jurist,  Edward  i.ivinpston,  represcntint;  private 
claimants,  tooli  possession  of  this  timund,  and  was  opposed 
by  tlie  public  in  two  distim-t  outbreaks. 

6.  »'.  CcMf,  I'reoles  of  Louisiana,  x.\iii. 

battuta  (bat-to'tii),  n.  [It.,  <  hattere,  beat.  Cf. 
lidttuc.']  Jnmiisic:  (a)  A  beat  in  keeping  time. 
(6)  A  bar  or  measure.  See  a  hattuUi  and  a 
tempo,  (c)  In  TOcAa'a^  >«M,sic,  a  forbidden  pro- 
gression of  the  outer  voice-parts  of  a  harmony 
from  a  tenth  on  the  up-beat  to  an  octave  on 
the  down-beat. 

battyl  (bat'i),  a.  [<  hat"  +  -yl.]  Of  or  resem- 
bling a  bat ;  battish. 

Till  o'er  their  brows  death-counterfeitiug  sleep 
With  leaden  legs  and  hatty  wings  doth  creep. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

batty"  (bat'i),  n. ;  pi.  batties  (-iz).  [Anglo-Ind., 
used  in  southern  India  for  northern  paiUtij, 
rice;  <  Canarese  hatta,  hliatta,  rice:  see  batta'^ 
and  paddy'^.  Cf.  6«^,  a  weight.]  1.  Eiee  while 
growing. —  2.  A  measure  for  rice  in  India, 
equal  to  120  poimds.     McElrath,  Com.  Diet. 

batweed  (bat'wed),  n.  The  burdock,  Arctium 
Lajijia. 

batz,  batzen  (bats,  bat'sen),  «.  [Formerly 
also  hats,  taken  as  plural,  with  an  assumed 
sing.,  hat,  <  MHG.  h(it~e,  G.  batxii,  ba;en,  the 
coin  so  called,  <  MHG.  bet::,  G.  bdt^,  pets,  a 
bear,  the  bear  being  the  arms  of  Bern,  where 
the  coin  was  first  issued.]     A  s^iall  bUlon  coin 


tt:S*> 


480  bavardage 

q.  v.]  Primarily,  a  sort  of  scepter  or  staff  of 
office,  the  attribute  of  Folly  personified,  car- 
ried by  the  jesters  of  kings  and 
great  lords  in  the  middle  ages, 
and  down  to  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. It  is  generally  represented  as 
crowned  with  the  head  of  a  fool  or  zany, 
wearing  a  party-colored  hood  with  a.s8e3' 
ears,  and  with  a  ring  of  little  bells,  like 
sleigh-bells.  At  the  other  end  there  was 
sometimes  a  ball  or  bladder  inflated  with 
air,  with  which  to  belabor  people.  Also 
spelled  bawble. 

The  kynges  foole 

Sate  by  the  fire  upon  a  stoole, 

As  he  that  with  his  baubli'  plaide. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  vii. 
Fools,  who  only  wanted  a  party-col- 
oured coat,  a  cap,  and  a  bauble,  to  pass 
for  such  amongst  reasonable  men. 

Dn/den,  Post,  to  Hist,  of  League. 

baubleryt,  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 

hahhrie,  habelry ;  <  haiihW^   +  -ry.'] 

trilling;  a  trifling  matter. 
baublingt  (ba'bling),  a.  [<  ha%Me^,  v.,  +  -ing'^.~\ 

Contemptible ;  paltry. 
A  baubling  vessel  was  he  captain  of.    Sftak.,  T.  N,,  v,  1, 

bauch,  baugh  (biieh).  a.  [Sc,  perhaps  <  leel. 
bchjr,  uneasy,  poor,  hard  up  ;  cf.  bagr,  awkward, 
clumsy.]     Weak;  pithless;  shaky.      [Scotch.] 

bauchee-seed  (ba'che-sed),  n.  Same  as  baw- 
diiiH-fici'd. 

bauchle^,  bachlel  (bach'l),  «.  [Sc ;  origin  un- 
known. Cf.  bauch.~\  1.  An  old  shoe  worn 
down  at  the  heel,  or  one  with  the  counter 
turned  do'ivn  and  "worn  as  a  slipper. —  2.  A 
slovenly,  pithless,  or  shiftless  person ;  a  sham- 
bling good-for-nothing.     [Scotch.] 

Hell  be  but  a  bauchle  in  this  world,  and  a  backsitter  in  baulk,  ».  and  V.     See  batk^. 
thoneist.  i/o,7J,  Shep.  fal.,  II.  195.    (-V.  £.  D.)  jjaulmet,  «.     See  balm. 

bauchle^t,  !'.  ^   [Sc. :  see  6a^e.]    To  maltreat ;  baultert, ''•     See  halter. 
baffle.  baumt,  «.     See  balm. 

bauchly  (biieh'li),  orfr.     [Sc,  <  hauch  +  -ly^.]  baunscheidtism  (boun'shit-izm),  H 


Fool's  Bauble. 


Childish 


Btretrhinq  from  tree  to  tree  like  cables.    The  tough  flbrou* 
Itark  of  tile  .Maloo  elimtjer,  H.  Vattlii,  of  India,  is  used  for 
making  ropes  and  bridges,  and  is  suitalde  for  paper-mak- 
ing,    llle    wood   of   II. 
variegata  is  r,ne  of  the 
varieties  of  ebony,  and 
itji  bark  is  used  in  dye- 
ing and  tanning.   Other 
.species  arc  equally  use- 
ful. 

Bauhinian  (ba^ 
hiu'i-an),  a.  Re- 
lating to  the  S-wiss 
anatomist  and  bot- 
anist Gaspard  Bau- 
hin  (l.%0-1624).— 
Bauhinian  valve, 
valvula  Bauhlnl,  the 
ileocajcal  valve.  .See 
ileoctecal, 

bauk  (bak),  «.    A 

Scotch     form      of 

ham. 
bauld  (bald),  a.    A 

Scf>tcli  form  of  bold. 

bauldricket,  «•  See 

baldric. 

baulea  (ba'lf-a),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  romid-bot>- 
tomed  passenger-boat,  having  a  mast  and  sail, 
but  generally  propelled  by  oars,  used  on  the 
shallower  parts  of  the  Ganges. 

baulite  (ba'lit),  n.  [<  Baula,  a  mountain  in 
Iceland,  +  -ite^.  The  mountain  prob.  derives 
its  name  from  Icel.  haula,  a  cow,  an  imitative 
name;  cf.  mod.  Icel.  baula,  low  as  a  cow:  see 
Jnw/l.]  A  white  transparent  mineral,  found 
in  the  matter  ejected  by  the  volcano  of  Krabla 
in  Iceland.  It  is  a  variety  of  glassy  feldspar 
or  sanidiiie.     Also  called  kruhlitc. 


Bauhinia. —  Inflorescence. 


Ob\erse.  Reverse. 

Batz  of  St.  Gall,  Switzerland. —  British  Museum,    I  Size  of  original.) 

■worth  four  kreutzers  (about  three  cents),  first 
issued  toward  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  eentmy 
by  the  canton  of  Bern,  and  afterward  by  other 
Swiss  cantons,  which  placed  their  respective 
arms  upon  it.  The  name  came  to  be  applied 
also  to  certain  small  German  coins. 

baubee,  n.    See  bawbee. 

bauble^  (ba'bl),  n.  and  a.  [Earlvmod.  E.  bahle, 
babel,  <  ME.  bahle,  habylle,  bahulle,  hahel,  <  OF. 
babel,  bauhel  (with  dim.  batihelet,  heuhelet,  > early 
ME.  heaiihelet),  a  child's  toy,  plaything,  trinket. 
Origin  doubtful;  cf.  mod.  F.  babiole,  a  toy, 
gewgaw,  It.  hahbola,  a  toy,  appar.  connected 
■with  It.  bahbco,  a  fool,  blockhead  (hahhaiio, 
silly),  =  Pr.  haban,  a  fool,  <  ML.  habulus,  a  bab- 
bler, fool.  Cf.  babble.  The  forms,  if  from  the 
same  source,  sho^w  imitative  variation.  Bauble^ 
in  this  sense  was  early  confused  ■with  hauhle", 
appar.  of  different  origin.]  I.  ii.  H.  A  child's 
plaything  or  toy. —  2.  A  trifling  piece  of  finery ; 
that  which  is  gay  or  showy  ■without  real  value ; 
a  gewgaw. 

0,  trinkets,  sir,  triukets — a  bauble  for  Lydia ! 

Stieridan,  The  Klvals,  v.  2. 
Are  all  these  worlds,  that  speed  their  circling  flight, 
Dumb,  vacant,  soulless  —  baiebte.t  of  the  night  ? 

0,  W,  Holmes,  The  Secret  of  the  Stars, 

3.  A  trifle;  a  thing  of  little  or  no  value;   a 
childish  or  foolish  matter  or  affair. 
Il.t  a.  Trifling;  insignificant;  contemptible. 

The  sea  being  smooth, 
How  many  shallow,  bauble  boats  dare  sail 
Upon  her  patient  breast !         Sliak.,  T.  and  C,  i,  3, 

Also  spelled  baxeble. 
baubleH,  ''.  ».     [<  bauble^,  «.]     To  trifle, 
bauble'-' (ba'bl),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  bahle,  babil, 

<  ME.  bahle,  bahulle.  bahcl,  a  fool's  mace,  also 

(appar.  the  same  word)  a  stick  ^vith  a  heavy 

weight  at  the  end,  used  for  weit;hing,  <  ME. 

bahelen,  bablen,  waver,  swing  to  and  fro,  appar. 

a  freq.  form  from  same  source  as  hab^,  hoh^. 

Bauble  may  thus  be  regarded  as  for  'hohhle. 

Rut  the  word  was  early  confused  with  bauble^, 


Weakly;  indifferently;  poorly.     [Scotch.] 

baud^t,  n.    See  hau-d^. 

baud-t,  «'■  t-     See  bawd^. 

baud^t,  n.    See  bawd^. 

baud*  (bad),  n.  [Origin  obsenre.  Cf.  hawd^.'] 
The  fish  othei-wise  called  the  rocMing.  [Local 
Eng.  (Cornish).] 

baudet,  a.  [ME.,  <  OF.  baud,  <  OLG.  bald, 
bold,  lusty,  =  E.  bold.  See  bawd^.J  Joyous; 
riotously  "gay.     Enm.  of  the  Ilosc. 

baudekin,  baudkin  (ba'de-kin,  bad'kin),  n. 
[Obsolete,  except  in  historical  use ;  early  mod. 
E.  also  irreg.  bodkin  ;  <  ME.  baudkin,  baudekin, 
etc.,  <  OF.  baudekin,  haudequin  (ML.  baldaki- 
nus),  <  It.  baldaccliino,  >  also  E.  heddakin,  bal- 
dachin: see  baldachin.']  A  rich  embroidered 
or  brocaded  silk  fabric  woven  originally  ■with  a 
warp  of  gold  thread,  and  properly  called  cloth 
of  baudekin.  it  was  used  for  garments,  sacred  vest- 
ments, altar-cloths,  canopies,  etc,  and  is  first  mentioned 
in  English  history  in  connection  with  the  knighting  of 
William  of  Valence  in  124"  by  Henry  III,  It  was  proba- 
bly known  on  the  continent  before  that  date.  Later  the 
name  was  applied  to  any  rich  l)rocade,  and  even  to  shot 
silk.  It  is  not  found  in  use  after  the  middle  of  the  sL\- 
teenth  century.    Also  called  baldachin. 

There  were  no  fewer  than  "  Thii-ty  albs  of  old  cloth  of 
bau'dhin,"  that  is,  cloth  of  gold,  at  Peterborough. 

Quoted  in  Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  i.  431. 

bandekynt,  «.     See  baudekin. 
baudelairet,  ".    See  badelaire. 
baudkin,  «.     See  baudekin. 
baudreyt  (bad'ri),  n.   A  variant  form  of  baldric. 
baudrickt,  »•     See  baldric. 
baudrons  (bad'ronz),  n.      [Sc,  also   badrans, 
bathrnns  ;  of  unknown,  perhaps  Celtic  origin.] 
A  name  for  the  cat  (like  reynard  for  the  fox, 
bruin  for  the  bear,  etc.).     [Scotch.] 
Auld  baudron-t  by  the  ingle  sits, 
An'  wi'  her  loof  her  face  a  washin'. 

Burns,  Willie  Wastle. 

The  neebor's  auld  baudrons. 
T.  Martin,  tr.  of  Heine's  "  Mein  Kind,  wir  waren  Kinder." 

baudylt,  baudy^t,  a.     See  baiody'^,  hawdy^. 

baufreyt,  "•  [Origin  obscure  ;  perhaps  a  form 
of  helfn/.'\     A  beam. 

bauge  (bozh),  n.  [F. ;  of  uncertain  origin.] 
1.  A  kind  of  coarse  drugget  made  in  Burgundy, 
France. —  2.  Mortar  made  of  clay  and  straw. 

baugh,  a.     See  bauch. 

Bauninia  (ba-hin'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  named  in  hon- 
or of  Jean  and  Gaspard  Bauhin,  eminent  Swiss 
botanists  (died  in  1613  and  162-1  respectively), 
because  the  leaves  generally  consist  of  two 
lobes  or  parts,  and  were  thus  taken  as  sym- 
bolic of  the  two  brothers.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Leguminosw.  The  species  are  usually 
twining  plants,  foun'd  in  the  woods  of  hot  countries,  often 


[From 
the  inventor,  Karl  Baunscheidt,  a  German 
mechanician.]  A  form  of  acupuncture,  in 
which  about  25  needles,  set  in  a  metal  disk  and 
dipped  in  an  irritant  oO,  are  thrust  into  the  skin 
by  a  spring.  Its  action  seems  to  be  accordant 
with  that  of  ordinary  counter-irritants. 

bauset,  r.  t.  [Appar.  a  var.  of  bass^,  q.  v.]  To 
kiss.     Morsfon.     [A  doubtful  sense.] 

bauson  (ba'sn),  «.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bauson,  bauson,  etc.,  and  corruptly  boson,  bore- 
son,  <  ME.  bauson,  bauson,  baucyn,  bausen,  a 
particular  application  of  the  adj.  bauson, 
white-spotted,  in  ME.  bausand,  mod.  bausond, 
etc. :  see  bausond.  The  adj.  is  rarely  found  in 
ME.,  but  must  have  preceded  the  noim  use. 
The  badger  has  received  other  names  in  allu- 
sion to  the  white  mark  on  its  face :  see  bad- 
ger".] I.  11.  An  old  name  of  the  badger:  some- 
times applied  ludicrously  or  in  contempt  to  a 
fat  or  pertinacious  person. 

His  mittens  were  of  baipson'g  skin. 

Drayton,  Dowsabell,  St.  10  (1593). 

II,  n.  Same  as  bausond. 
bausond  (ba'snd),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baw- 
sonde,  hausatid,  mod.  dial,  bau'sont,  bawsand, 
also  (erroneously  written  as  if  a  participle) 
bauson'd,  hassen'd,  baws'nt,  etc.;  <  ME.  bausand 
(also,  as  a  noun,  bauson,  bauson,  bausen,  etc.),  < 
OF.  bausant,  baussant,  bau.'ieut,  bausant,  baugant, 
halcent,  bauchant,  etc  (■with  appar.  unorig.  -t), 
also  bausan,  bausen,  bausain  (>  ML.  bausendus, 
bausennus)  =  Pr.  hausan  =  It.  balsano,  white- 
spotted;  cf.  mod.  F.  (fi'om  It.)  halsan,  a  black 
or  bay  horse  ■n-ith  white  feet.  Origin  irn- 
known ;  possibly  connected  ■with  the  equiv. 
Celtic  words  mentioned  as  the  source  of  E. 
ball3,  q.  v.]  Ha^ing  white  spots  on  a  black  or 
bay  groimd ;  ha\'ing  a  white  strip  down  the 
face,  or  a  patch  on  the  forehead :  applied  to 
animals.     [Scotch.] 

His  honest,  sonsie,  baws'nt  face 
Aye  gat  him  friends  in  ilka  place. 

Bums,  The  Twa  Dogs,  1.  31. 

bauson-faced  (ba'sn-fast),  a.  Ha^-ing  a  white 
mark  nil  the  face,  like  a  badger;  bausond. 

bauteroll,  n.     See  botcrol- 

bauxite  (bo'zit),  n.  [<  Baux  (see  def.)  +  -itc-.'] 
A  clay  found  at  Les  Baus,  near  Aries  in  France, 
and  elsewhere,  in  concretionary  gi'ains  or  ooUt- 
ic.  It  contains  about  one  half  of  its  weight  of  alumina, 
with  iron  and  water,  and  silica  as  an  irapuritj'.  It  is  used  as 
a  source  nf  alum,  of  the  metal  aluminium,  and  to  some  ex- 
tent in  the  preparation  of  crucibles,    .\lso  spelled  Uauxite. 

bavardage  (ba-var-dSzh'),  n.  [F.,  <  bavarder, 
chatter,  <  barard,  talkative,  <  hare,  drivel,  sa- 
liva:  see  feawtfe.]    Idle  talk;  chatter.    [Rare.] 


bavardage 

ReplyiiiK  only  by  monosyllables  to  the  Ray  bavardapr 
of  the  knight.  Ihilwff,  Ki<-nzi,  II.  18;{. 

bavarettet  (bav-a-rof),  «.     Samo  as  harcllc. 

Bavarian  (ba-va'ri-an),  a.  ami  ii.  [<  Jiavaria, 
NL.  form  of  Si  I  J.  YimVaid,  the  country  of  the  Uiiii 
(0.  Iliiieni),  whoso  iianio  is  also  found  in  Jln- 
licmi.i,  tho  country  of  tlic  lliiinni  or  linhrmi 
((■.  lUiliiiioi).]  I.  <i.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ba- 
varia, a  kingdom  of  southern  ticrmany.  — Bava- 
rian bronze,  a  l)ron;it;  runuin;;  in  color  from  :i  bri^lit 
yellow  to  a  eopperreii.  The  yellow  bri  nze  eontains  about 
8:;,',  per  eent.  <if  eoi)per  to  ]7i  per  cent,  of  tin;  the  red 
aimtit  !i7  per  eent.  of  copper  to  ;i  jier  eent.  of  tin. 
II.  H.  A  uativc  or  an  inliabitant  of  Bavaria. 

bavaroyt  (bav'a-roi),  11.  [<  F.  Bavarois,  Bava- 
rian.J     A  kind  of  cloak. 

Let  the  loop"d  bavaroy  the  fop  embrace. 

(jaij.  Trivia,  i.  63. 

Baveno  twin.    See  twin. 

bavert,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  bcnvcr^. 

bavette  (ba-vef),  «.    [F.,  with  dim.  term,  -die, 

<  have  =  Pr.   It.   biiia  =  Sp.  Pg.   baba  (ML. 

b(ira),  drivel,  slaver,  saliva.]      1.  A  bib. — 2. 

Tho  upper  part  of  a  child's  apron  turned  over 

to  serve  as  a  bib. 
baviant  (ba' vi-an),  «.   A  variant  form  of  baboon. 
baviert,  ».     Aii  obsolete  form  of  beaver^. 
bavin'  (bav'in),  «.  and  a.     [E.  dial,  bariii,  bar- 

cii,  also  babbitt ;  of  ob.scuro  origin;  cf.  OF.  baffc, 

a  bundle.]     I.    ".    1.  A  fagot  of  brushwood; 

light  and  combustible  wood  used  for  kindling 

fires.     [Now  rare.] 

The  Bauiii,  thovigh  it  burne  brijjiht,  is  bvit  a  blaze. 

Lilly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  73. 

If  he  outlasts  not  a  hundred  such  crackling  bavins  as 
thou  art,  God  and  men  neglect  industry. 

Marston,  Jojinun,  and  Chapman^  Eastward  Ho,  i.  1. 

About  two  in  the  morning  they  felt  themselves  almost 
choked  with  smoke,  ami  rising,  did  find  the  fire  coming 
up  stairs ;  so  they  rose  to  save  themselves ;  but  that,  at 
that  time,  the  bavins  were  not  on  lire  in  the  yard. 

Pepys,  Diary,  III.  73. 
2t.  Milit.,  a  fascine. 

II,  a.  Resembling  bavin.     [Poetic.] 

Shallow  jesters,  and  ra.sli  bavin  wits, 
Soon  kindled  and  soon  buru'd. 

SA«t.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

bavinlf  (bav'in),  v.  t.  [<  batnn,  n.]  To  make 
up  into  fagots. 

Kid  or  bavin  them,  and  pitch  them  upon  their  ends  to 
preserve  them  from  rotting,  Evelyn,  .Sylva,  p.  538. 

bavin^  (bav'in),  n.    [E.  dial. ;  origin  obscure.] 

Impure  limestone.     Ualliiiril.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
bavin^  (bav'in),  n.    [Origin  obscure.]    A  name 
on  t  he  northeastern  coast  of  Ireland  of  the  bal- 
laii-wrasse. 
Bavouism  (ba-vii'izm),  n.     Same  as  Bahouvism. 
liammism.  as  BabtEuf's  system  was  called,  was  thus  en- 
abled to  play  a  role  in  French  history  from  1830  to  1S39. 
R.  T.  Ely,  Fr.  and  Uer.  Socialism,  p.  34. 

bawl  (b.a),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  Se.  (Se.  also  ba'), 
=  hiiin.']     A  ball.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

baw-  (ba),  )'.  i.  [E.  dial.,  =  batfl^.  In  def.  2, 
cf.  L.  batibari,  bark.]  1.  To  bawl.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  — 2t.  To  bark.     To]tscU. 

baw*  (ba),  ink-rj.  [<  ME.  bair,  baioe;  a  natural 
exclamation  of  disgust,  like  buh.'\  An  ejacu- 
lation of  disgust  or  contempt,     (ioldsiiiitli. 

bawbee,  baubee  (ba-be'),  n.  [Sc,  formerly 
also  ban'bic,  baitbic,  rarely  babie :  first  mentioned 
in  pi.  baiibeiJi.  Of  uncertain  origin;  prob.  an 
abbr.  of  the  name  of  the  laird  of  tSillebatrbti,  a 
mint-master  mentioned  at  the  date  of  the  issu- 
ance of  the  bawbee,  in  connection  with  Afcliisoii, 
another  mint-master  whose  name  was  applied 
to  the  coin  called  atchisott ;  cf.  also  boille,  bod- 
dlc,  said  to  be  named  from  a  niiiit-niaster  Bod- 
well  or  Bitthtrcll.]  1.  A  Scotch  billon  coin, 
weighing  about  29  grains  troy,  first  issued  in 


Obverse. 
Dawbce  of  James  V.- 


Revcrse. 

( Size  of  Ihc  original. ) 


1542  by  James  V.  of  Scotland,  and  worth  at 
that  time  lj(f.  Scotch.  A  haltbawbee,  worth  iil. 
Scotch,  was  coined  at  the  same  time  and  liad  similar 
types.  In  Scotland  tlie  name  is  now  given  to  the  bronze 
halfpenny  current  throughout  the  P.ritish  islands. 
2.  pi.  Money;  cash.     [Scotch.] 

bawble',  «.    See  baubk^. 

bawble",  «.    See  bauble^. 


481 

bawchan-seed  (ba'chan-sed),  n.  [E.  Ind. ;  also 
written  liiiiultcc-sccd.]  The  seed  of  I'sornlca 
cortjlifttlia,  a  leguminous  plant  of  the  East  In- 
dies, used  by  the  natives  as  a  tonic  and  in  skin- 
<liseases,  and  exported  as  an  oil-seed. 

bawcock  (lia'kok).  It.    [<  F.  beau  cnq,  fine  cock : 

see  teu«  and  cocfcl.]    A  fine  fellow.    [Archaic] 

How  now,  my  batvcock/  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

bawd'  (bad),  Ji.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baud,  < 
MK.  liairilc,  baude,  in  the  earliest  instance 
varying  with  batedstmt,  of  which  batrd  is  pro)), 
an  abbr.,  being  thus  (prob.)  indirectly,  and  not, 
as  commonly  supposed,  directly,  derived  from 
tho  OF.  hand,  bold,  lively,  gay.  The  OF.  ailj. 
is  not  used  as  a  noun,  and  does  not  have  the 
sense  of  the  E.  word.  See  baird.strot,  and  cf. 
baicdi/^,  liatrdy'^.]  A  procurer  or  procuress  ;  a 
person  who  keeps  a  house  of  prostitution,  and 
conducts  illicit  intrigues:  now  usually  applied 
only  to  women. 

IIo  [Pandarus]  is  named  Troilus'  bawd. 

Sketlon,  Poems,  p.  235. 

bawdH  (bad),  V.  i.  [<  bawd^,  n.]  To  pander; 
act  as  procurer  or  procui-ess. 

I.eucippe  is  agent  for  the  king's  lust,  and  iaierf.?  .  .  . 
for  tilt'  whole  court.  .'Spectator,  ,\o.  20(i. 

bawd-t  (bad),  r.  t.  [Also  spelled  baud;  <  bawdy^, 
q.  v.]     To  foul  or  dirty. 

Her  shoone  smered  with  tallow, 
fJresed  upon  dyrt 
That  baudeth  her  skyrt. 

Skelton,  Poems,  p.  126. 

bawd''  (bad),  K.  [Earlymod.  E.  also  baud,  per- 
haps abbr.  from  baudrons,  or  perhaps  a  var.  of 
ME.  biidde,  a  cat,  the  name  being  transferred 
to  the  hare.]  A  liare.  [In  the  extract  there  is 
a  play  on  bated  in  this  sense  and  ftaicrfl.] 

Mer.     A  bautl,  a  bau'd  !  so  hoi 

Kom.   What  hast  thou  found? 

Mer.     No  hare,  sir.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4. 

bawd-born  (bad'bom),  a.  Bom  of  a  bawd ;  a 
ba\v<l  from  birth,     ^hak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  2. 

bawdekynt,  «.     See  baudekin. 

bawdily  (ba'di-li),  adv.  In  a  bawdy  manner; 
obscenely ;  lewdly. 

bawdiness  (ba'di-nes),  re.  [<  bawdy^  +  -ncss.'] 
Obscenity;  lewdness. 

bawdmoney,  «.     See  baldmoney. 

bawdrickt  (bad'rik),  n.     See  baldric. 

bawdry  (bad'ri),  «.  [<  ME.  bauderye,  <  baude, 
bawd,  +  -ry.  Cf.  OF.  baudcrie,  boldness, 
gayety.  See  Johy/i.]  1.  Tho  business  of  a 
bawd  or  procuress. —  2.  Illicit  intercourse; 
fornication. 
We  must  be  married,  or  we  must  live  in  baiodry. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  3. 

3.  Obscenity;  lewd  language ;  smuttiness. 

It  is  most  certain  that  barefaced  baivdry  is  the  poorest 
pretence  to  wit  imaginable.  l)ryden. 

4t.  Eawds  collectively.     UdaU. 

bawdship  (bad'ship),  «.  [<  ftott'rfl  +  -ship.'] 
The  ollict^  or  employment  of  a  bawd.    Ford. 

bawdstrott,  "■  [ME.,  also  baudatrot,  bau.'ifrot, 
baUltstnit,  baldystrot,  <  OF.  "baude-strot.  *biil- 
destrot,  found  only  in  later  form  haudetrat, 
prob.  a  cant  name,  and  as  such  of  obscure  ori- 
gin ;  possibly  <  OF.  baud,  bald,  bold  (<  OLtl. 
bald  =  E.  bold).  +  *strot,  <  OLG.  stroiten,  'strut- 
ten  =  Dan.  strnttc  =  MHG.  G.  strotzen  =  E.  strut; 
cf.  LG.  G.  strutt,  stiff.]  A  bawd;  a  pander. 
I'iers  I'hnttnan. 

bawdyi  (ba'di),  a.  [<  6a!fdi  + -j/1.]  Obscene; 
lewd;  indecent;  unchaste. 

bawdy'-t  (ba'di),  a.     [Earlymod.  E.  also  haudy, 

<  ME.  lian-dy,  baudij,  dirty,  appar.  from  a  sim- 
ple form  'baud,  which  is  not  found  till  much 
later,  and  only  as  a  verb  (see  baicd^) ;  origin 
unknown;  cf.  W.  batcaidd.  dirty,  <  bate,  dirt, 
mire;  F.  boue,  mud.  Not  connected  with 
baicdy^,  though  the  two  words  are  commonly 
associated.]     Dirty;  filthy. 

His  oversloppe  .  .  .  is  al  baudy  and  to-tore  also. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Talc,  L  82. 

Slovenly  cooks,  that  .  .  .  never  xvashtheirdrtierft/ hands. 
Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  II.  3'23. 

bawdy-house   (ba'di-hous),    ».     A  house  of 
lewdness  and  prostitution;  a  house  of  ill-fame. 
bawhorse  tbii'hurs),  w.     Same  as  batltor.<ie. 
bawU  (bill),  r.      [Early  mod.  E.  also  ball,  haid, 

<  ME.  batrliii,  bark,  proV>.  <  ML.  haularc,  bark 
(cf.  L.  baid>ari,  bark);  cf.  mod.  Icel.  baula  = 
Sw.  bola,  low  as  a  cow  (leel.  bauhi,  a  cow); 
cf.  also  Sw.  bdla.  roar,  G.  bailen,  bark,  and  see 
6(7/'-,  litlloie,  balk-,  etc.,  all  prob.  orig.  imitative.] 
I.  infrans.  If.  To  bark  or  howl,  as  a  dog. —  2. 
To  cry  out  with  a  loud  full  sound;  make  vehe- 


bay 

ment  or  clamorous  outcries,  as  in  pain,  exulta- 
tion, etc.;  shout. 

That  ftaivt  f<ir  freedom  in  their  senseless  mood. 
And  still  revolt  when  truth  would  set  them  free. 

Milton,  Sonnets,  vfi. 

Passing  mider  Ludgat«  the  other  day,  I  heard  a  voice 

bawliny  for  charity.  .Steele,  Spectator,  No.  82. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  utter  or  proclaim  by  outcry; 
shout  out. 

still  must  I  hear?  — shall  hoarse  Fitzgerald  bau-t 
His  creaking  eonjilets  in  a  tavern  hall'^ 

liyrtin,  English  liards  and  .Scotch  Reviewers. 

2.  To  cry  for  sale,  as  a  hawker. 

I  saw  my  labours,  which  had  cost  me  so  much  thought 
and  watching,  baivled  about  by  the  common  hawkers  of 
Grub  Street.  Sti;i/t,  BiekerstalF  Papers. 

bawU  (bal),  re.  [<  bawU,  v.]  A  shout  at  tho 
top  of  one's  voice;  an  outcry:  a.s,  the  childi'en 
set  up  a  loud  baifl. 

bawl'-t,  "•     Obsolete  spelling  of  ball^. 

bawla  (ba'lii),  n.  [Native  term.]  A  matting 
made  in  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  from  tho 
leaves  of  the  cocoauut-palm,  used  for  thatching. 

bawler  (ba'lir),  «.     One  who  bawls. 

bawmet,  «.  An  obsolete  form  of  balm.    Chaucer. 

baw-money,  ".     See  bat-inatiry. 

ba'wn  (ban),  «.  [<  Ir.  baliltnn  =  0:ie\.  babhunn 
(pron.  nearly  as  baiett),  an  indosure  for  cattle, 
a  fortification.]  1.  Formerly,  an  outer  in- 
dosure of  an  Irish  castlo :  nearly  equivalent 
to  bailey  and  outer  bailey.  In  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury grants  of  government  land  iti  Ireland  were  made  on 
the"c'>ndition  that  the  grantee  sboidd  build  a  castle  and 
bawn,  tlie  latter  for  the  protection  of  the  cattle  of  tho 
tenants. 

2.  In  modem  times,  in  some  parts  of  Ireland  — 
(a)  The  eattle-yard  near  a  farm-house,  (b)  A 
large  house,  including  all  its  aifpurtenances, 
as  offices,  courtyard,  etc.     iSirift. 

bawn  (b;Vn),  t:  t.  [<  batrn,  h.]  In  Ireland,  to 
surround  or  inclose  with  a  bawn. 

ba'wrelt,  "•  [A  corresponding  mase.  bawret  is 
found;  appar.  of  F.  origin.  Cf.  bockercl,  bock- 
eret.']     A  kind  of  hawk,     rhillips. 

bawsin,  ".  and  a.     See  bauson. 

bawsint  (ba'siut),  a.     See  bausond. 

bawson,  «.  and  <i.     See  bauson. 

ba-wtie,  bawty  (ba'ti),  H.  [Ha.  Ct.hawd^.'}  In 
Scotland,  a  name  for  a  dog,  especially  one  of 
large  size,  and  also  for  a  hare. 

baxa,  bazea  (bak'sii,  -se-a),  h.  [L.]  In  Mom. 
ait  lit].,  a  sandal  or  low  sfioo  of  various  forms, 
often  plaited  from  jiapyrus  or  palm-leaves; 
generally,  an  inexpensive  foot-covering  worn 
by  the  poorer  classes,  but  also  referred  to  as 
occurring  in  rich  materials  and  workmanship, 
and  specifically  as  the  shoe  of  comic  actors,  as 
distinguished  from  the  cothurnus  used  by  tra- 
gedians. 

baxter  (bak'stcr),  «.  [Also  backsfer,  <  ME. 
b(i.rtir,  hae^ter,  bakestre,  <  AS.  beccestre,  a  baker: 
see  bakester.  Hence  tlie  proper  name  Baxter, 
equiv.  to  iJoAcr.]  A  baker;  properly,  a  female 
baker.     [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Bazterlan  (baks-te'ri-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
propounded  by  Kichard  Baxter,  a  celebrated 
English  nonconformist  diN-ine  (1615-1691):  as, 
B<t.Tlerian  doctrines. 

Baxterianism  (baks-te'ri-an-izm),  n.  The 
doctrines  of  Kichard  Baxter,  who  amalgamated 
the  Arminian  doctrine  of  free  grace  with  the 
Cahinistic  doctrine  of  election. 

bayl  (ba),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baije,  bate,  < 
ME.  bay,  bale,  a  beiTy,  esp.  that  of  the  laurel- 
or  bay-tree,  perhaps  <  AS.  bey,  berry,  occurring 
only  in  pi.  betjer,  begir,  glossed  baccinia,  i.  e. 
vaccinia,  ' blueben-ies '  (see  Vaccinium),  and  in 
conip.  bef/bedm,  lit.  'berry-tree,'  applied  both  to 
the  mulberry-tree  (Gr.  /jopla)  and  to  the  bram- 
ble or  blackberry-bush  (Gr.  /Jd-oi).  But  the 
ME.  form,  like  MD.  beye,  baeije,  a  berry,  a  lau- 
rel-berry, agrees  also  with,  and  may  have  come 
directly  from,  OF.  bale,  baijc,  mod.  F.  bate  =  Pr. 
haia  =  Sp.  br.ya,  OSp.  baca  =  Pg.  barja,  baca  = 
It.  baeca,  a  berry,  <  L.  baca,  less  correctly  bacca, 
a  berry;  cf.  Lith.  bajika,  a  laurel-berry.]  If. 
A  berry,  especially  of  the  laurel-tree. 

The  bays  or  berries  that  it  beareth. 

llMaiui,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xv.  30. 

2.  The  latrrel-tree,  noble  laurel,  or  sweet-bay, 
Laurus  nobilis.  See  laurel.  The  name  bay  is  also 
given  t4)  a  nmnber  of  trees  and  shrubs  more  or  less  re- 
sembling the  noble  hmrel.  See  plira.ses  below. 
Hence  (like  laurel,  and  in  reference  to  the  an- 
cient use  of  the  laurel)— 3.  An  honorary  garland 
or  crown  bestowed  as  a  prize  for  \-ictory  or  ex- 
cellence ;  also,  fame  or  reuo^vn  due  to  achieve- 
ment or  merit:  in  this  sense  used  chiefly  in  the 


bay 

plural,  with  roforoncp  to  tho  leaves  or  branches 
of  laurel.     Also  calkd  bay-leaf. 

Yet  aa  you  liope  licreafter  to  see  playa, 
Eucoiinige  us,  ami  nive  our  poet  Imi/s. 

Ilmu.  and  Ft.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  Epil. 
1  playM  to  please  myself,  on  rustiek  reed, 
Mor  sought  for  bai/,  the  U-arned  shepherd's  meed. 

M .  liruiriu-,  Britannia's  i'.istorals,  i.  1. 

[In  the  following  (piotation,  the  olllce  of  poet  laureate: 
formerly  a  not  uneommon  use. 

If  yon  needs  luust  write,  write  C'lesar's  praise. 
Vuu'll  pun  at  least  a  knighthood,  or  tlie  tKii/n. 

Pupe,  Irnit.  of  Horace,  Satire  i.  22. 
Days  was  sometimes  used  as  a  singular  (compare  bays, 
baize,  as  singular). 

Do  plant  a  sprig  ot  cypress,  not  of  bays. 

Robert  Randolph. 
A  greener  bays  shall  crown  Ben  Jonson's  name. 

Felthain,  Jonsonus  Virljins.] 

4.  [Cf.  hai/~.'i  A  piece  of  low,  marshy  gi'ouud 
proilucing  large  niunbers  of  bay-trees.  [N. 
Carolina  and  i'lorida.]    Bartlctt Bull-bay,  the 

M<i:iii"li'i  ,'7'v/  li/lirttn-a.  —  Cherry-bay,  P'-u  n  u.<  La  u  ixurra- 
y[/-<.  —  Dwarf  bay,  of  Kurt.ip^',  the  Daphne  L<uimila. — In- 
dian or  royal  bay,  haurui  huiica. — Loblolly-bajr,  or 

tan-bay.  the  Gord»uia  Litsianthun, — Red  bay,  tile  Per- 
sea  Canuinen.^is. — Rose-bay,  a  name  given  (a)  to  the 
wiliow-herb,  Eidlahiuui  awjaaiifoliuut ;  {h)  in  the  United 
Stiites,  to  the  i^reat  laurel,  Jihoitoffntdrnn  maximum. — 
Sweet-bay.  see  above,  2.— Sweet-bay,  or  white  bay, 
of  the  United  States,  the  Manniilin  <ihtuca. 
bay-  (b;i),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bayc,  <  ME. 
bai/c,  <  OP.  bnie,  baije,  mod.  F.  haic  =  Pr.  baia 
=  Sp.  bahia,  formerly  also  baia.  baija  (>  Basquo 
baia,  baiya),  =  Pg.  bahia  =  It.  baja  (cf.  G.  bai.  < 
D.  baai,  MD.  baeye  =  Dan.  bai,  <  E.  bay'i),  <  LL. 
baia,  a  bay,  iirst  mentioned  by  Isidore,  and  said 
to  have  its  gen.  in  -as,  implying  its  e.xistenee  at 
a  much  earlier  period;  perhaps  connected  with 
L.  Baiw,  pi.,  a  noted  watering-place  on  the 
coast  of  Campania,  hence  applied  also  to  any 
watering-place.  Bay  in  tliis  sense  has  been 
confused  in  E.  and  Eora.  with  bay'^.l  1.  A  re- 
cess in  the  shore  of  a  sea  or  lake,  differing  from 
a  creel:  in  being  less  long  and  narrow ;  the  ex- 
panse of  water  between  two  capes  or  head- 
lands. 

The  sea  winding,  and  breaking  in  bays  into  the  land. 

Gray,  Letters,  I.  265. 

2t.  An  anchorage  or  roadstead  for  ships;  a 
port ;  a  harbor. 

A  bay  or  rode  for  ships.  Cotgravc. 

I  prithee,  good  lago. 
Go  to  the  bav,  and  disembark  my  cotters. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

3.  A  recess  of  land,  as  in  a  range  of  hills ; 
a  level  space  partly  surrounded  by  heights. 
[Rare.] — 4.  An  arm  of  a  prairie  extending 
into  woods  and  partly  sm-rounded  by  them. 
[U.  S.]  Bartlclt. —  5.  A  kind  of  mahogany 
obtained  from  Campeachy  Bay  (whence  the 
name). 

bay3  (ba),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baye,  bale,  < 
ME.  bay,  hiujc,  <  OF.  bnee,  an  opening,  gap, 
mod.  F.  bale,  a  bay  (<  JIL.  as  if  *badata),  on 
type  of  fem.  pp.,  <  baer,  beer,  bayer,  mod.  F. 
bayer,  <  LL.  badarc,  gape  (cf.  E.  gap,  n.,  fjape, 
v.):  see  bay^.  This  word  has  been  confused 
ivith  bay'-.}  1.  A  principal  compartment  or  di- 
vision in  the  arehiteetm'al  arrangement  of  a 
building,  marked  by  buttresses  or  pilasters  on 
the  walls,  by  tho  disposition  of 
the  main  ribs  (arcs  doubleaux) 
of  the  interior  vaulting,  by 
the  placing  of  the  main  arches 
and  pillars  or  of  the  principals 
of  the  roof,  or  by  any  other 
leading  features  that  separate 
the  design  into  corresponding 
parts.  Oxford  Glossary. — 2. 
The  part  of  a  window  included 
between  two  mullions ;  a  light. 
Also  called  window-bay. — 3.  A 
bay-window. 

Some  ladies  walking  with  me,  see- 
ing my  lather  sitting  at  his  .'iingular 
writing  estalili.<hnieiit  in  the  bav, 
went  in  througii  hh  glorified  wiii- 
dows,  and  established  themselves 
round  his  tabh;. 

LaUy  Holland,  Sydney  Smith,  \ii. 

4.  A  compartment  in  a  bam 
for  the  storage  of  hay  or 
grain. — 5.  In  carp.,  a  portion 
of  a  compound  or  framed  floor 
included  between  two  girders, 
or  between  a  girder  and  the 
wall. — 6.  In  j)la.ftiri»ij,  the 
space  between  two  screeds. 
feee  screed. — 7.  Naut.,  that 
part  of  a  ship  between  decks 
which  lies  forward  of  the  bitts, 


Architectural  Bays. 
—  Nave  of  Notre 
Dame,  Dijon. 

/^,  C^.bays;  F,P, 
wi[Klow-bays;  C,  tri- 
foriuni;  A,  arcti  of 
.lisle.  ( Fiorn  Viollet- 
le-Duc's  "  Diet,  dc 
r  Architecture.") 


48a 

on  either  side ;  in  a  ship  of  war,  the  foremost 
messing-place  between  docks.  See  sick-bay. — 
8.  In  brid<)e-huiUU)i(i,  the  portion  between  two 
piers. — 9.  In  coal-miiiiiii/ :  (a)  An  open  space 
for  the  gob  or  waste  in  a  long-wall  working. 

(b)  The  space  between  two  frames  or  sets  in  a 
level :  synonymous  with  board.  [Leicester- 
shire, Eng.]  -Bay  of  joists,  the  joists  lietween  two 
binding-joists,  or  betwi-eu  two  gn-ders,  in  a  framed  lloor. 
—  Bay  of  roofing,  tiie  .small  ratters  and  their  supporting 
piiiliiis  between  two  jirinripal  rafters. 

bay't  (ba),  r.  i.  [<  t)F.  bayer,  beer,  haer,  gape, 
<  LL.  badarc,  moil.  F.  bayer,  dial,  bader  =  Pr. 
badar  =  Cat.  badar  =  It.  badarc,  <  LL.  ba- 
darc, gape,  be  open.  Cf.  bay'^  and  bay^.}  To 
open  the  mouth,  as  for  food ;  seek  with  oijen 
mouth. 

Bayer  tl  la  inamclle,  to  seeke  or  baye  for  the  dngge. 

Uollybaml,  Treasurie  of  the  French  Tongue. 

bayS  (ba),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bayc,  <  ME. 
bayeii,  <  OF.  bayer  =  It.  bajarc  (also  in  comp., 
ME.  abaycn,  <  OF.  abayer,  ahuier,  abbayer,  mod. 
F.  aboycr  =  It.  ubbajare),  bark ;  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  imitative  (ef.  E.  bawl''-,  bark, 
L.  baubari,  ML.  bunlarc,  O.  bailot,  bark,  and  E. 
baw",  bow-wow),  but  prob.  associated  in  earlier 
use  with  OF.  baer,  beer,  bayer  =  It.  badarc,  < 
LL.  badarc,  gape :  see  bay^,  and  cf.  bay^,  n.,  in 
which  the  two  notions  unite.  In  some  senses 
tho  verb  is  from  tho  noun.]  I.  intrans.  To 
bark,  as  a  dog;  especially,  to  bark  with  a  deep 
prolonged  sound,  as  hounds  in  the  chase. 

The  hounds  at  nearer  distance  hoarsely  bayed. 

Dnjden,  Theodore  and  Houoria,  1.  279. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  bark  at;  beset  ■with  deep 
prolonged  barking. 

I  had  rather  be  a  dog,  and  bay  the  moon. 

Than  such  a  Roman.  Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 

2.  To  express  by  barking. 

'Tis  sweet  to  hear  tlie  watch-dog's  honest  bark 
Bay  deep-mouthed  welcome  as  we  draw  near  home. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  i.  123. 

3.  To  drive  or  pursue  so  as  to  compel  to  stand 
at  bay ;  chase  or  hunt. 

They  bay'd  the  bear 
"With  hounds  of  Sparta". 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

4.  To  hold  at  bay. 

For  we  are  at  the  stake, 
And  bay'd  about  with  many  enemies. 

.•i/ioi-.,  J.  C,  iv.  1. 

bayS  (ba),  71.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baye,  beyc,  < 
ME.  bay,  bale,  of  different  origin,  according  as 
it  stands  («)  for  bay,  a  barking,  <  bay,  ME.  bay- 
en,  bark;  (6)  by  apheresis  for  abay,  <  OF.  abai, 
abay,  abbay,  dboy,  mod.  F.  abai,  a  barking,  < 
abayer,  bark  (see  bay^,  v.),  esp.  in  the  phrase 
to  be  or  stand  at  bay  (or  at  a  bay,  which  is  per- 
haps always  to  be  read  at  abay),  tohrintj  to  bay; 

(c)  in  the  phrase  to  hold  at  bay,  repr.  OF.  teiiir 
a  bay,  It.  tenerc  a  bada,  hold  in  suspense  or  ex- 
pectation, lit.  on  the  gape:  OF.  bay  (=It.  bada), 
suspense,  lit.  gaping,  <  6rter  =  It.  badare,  gape,  a 
verb  prob.  in  part  connected  with  bay^,  bark: 
see  above.]  1.  Thedeep-toned  barking  of  a  dog 
in  pm-suit  of  game ;  especially,  the  barking  of 
a  pack  of  hounds. —  2.  The  state  of  being  so 
hard  pressed,  as  a  hunted  animal  by  dogs  and 
himters,  as  to  be  compelled,  from  impossibility 
of  escape,  to  turn  and  face  the  danger:  with  at 
or  to:  as,  to  be  at  bay,  stand  at  bay,  hold  at 
hay  (formerly  also  at  a  bay),  bring  to  bay,  etc. : 
often  used  figuratively,  in  these  and  other  con- 
structions, with  reference  to  persons  beset  by 
enemies  or  held  at  a  disadvantage :  strait ; 
distress. 

Unhappy  Squire  I  what  hard  mishap  thee  brought 
Into  tills  bay  of  perill  and  disgrace  ? 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  YI.  i.  12. 
Nor  flight  was  left,  nor  hopes  to  force  his  way : 
Emboldened  by  despair,  he  stood  at  bay.  Dryden. 

3.  The  state  of  being  kept  off  by  the  bold  at- 
titude of  an  opponent ;  the  state  of  being  pre- 
vented by  an  enemy,  or  by  am-  kind  of  resist- 
ance-, from  making  further  advance  :  with  at. 

We  have  now,  for  ten  years  together,  turned  the  whole 
force  and  expense  of  the  war  where  the  enemy  was  best 
able  to  hold  us  at  bay.  Swl/t. 

The  barriers  which  they  builded  from  the  soil 

To  keep  the  foe  ttt  bay.  Bryant,  The  IVairies. 

bay*'  (ba),  a.  and  n.  [I.  a.  Early  mod.  E.  also 
baye,  bale,  <  ME.  bay,  baye,  <  OF.  bai.  mod.  F.  bai 
=  Pr.  bai  =  Sp.  bayo  =  Pg.  baio  =  It.  bajo,  <  L. 
badius  (>  E.  badio'iLi),  bay,  in  ref.  to  a  color  of 
horses.  II.  n.  1.  Karcly  in  sing,  bay  (=  D. 
baai  =  MLG.  baic,  LG.  baje  (>  G.  boi)  =  Dan. 
bai  =  Sw.  boi),  usually  in  pi.  bays,  early  mod. 
E.  bayes,  bales,  baize  (whence  the  mod.  sing. 


bayard 

bai:c,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  baies,  pi.  of  hnic,  fem.  of  bai, 
adj.]  I.  n.  Reddish  or  brownish-red,  inclining 
to  chestnut;  rufous;  badious;  castaneous:  ap- 
])licd  most  frequently  to  horses,  but  also  to 
other  animals  displaying  the  same  color. 

II.  «.  It.  A  light  woolen  fabric  (originally 
of  a  bay  color),  tho  manufacture  of  which  was 
introdiK^ed  into  England  in  1.561  by  refugees 
from  France  and  the  Netherlands:  usually  in 
plural  bays,  now,  as  singular,  baisc  (which  see). 
— 2.  A  bay  horse. 

Tile  plinighman  stopped  to  ga7c 
Whene'er  his  chariot  swept  in  view 
liehind  tlie  sinning  bay^. 

O.  W.  Ifnbnes,  Agnes, 
bay"  (ba),  V.     [Origin  uncertain ;  the  ME.  "  bay, 
or  withstondjiige,  obstaculum,"  may  possibly 
be  a  use  of  bay't  jn  jq  stand  at  bay,  etc.:  sco 
bay'^,  r.]     A  dam;  a  pond-head;  an  embank- 
ment.    [Eng.] 
bay"  (ba),  !'.  t.    [Perhaps  from  the  related  noun 
(hayl),  or,  as  the  source  of  that,  <  Icel.  bwg- 
ja,  push  back,  hinder,  <  bd{ir,  ojiposition,  colli- 
sion; ct.fara  i  bag,  come  athwart.]     To  dam: 
as,  to  hay  back  the  water. 
bayS  (ba),  «.     [Short  for  fcoy-n«f/er.]    The  bay- 
antler  or  bcz-antler  of  a  stag. 
bay9  (ba),  v.  t.     [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  beien,  bcighen, 
bei^cn,  bien,  biiycn,  hu^cn,  <  AS.   began,  bicgan, 
blgan,   hygaii  (=  OFries.  beja  =  MD.  hoghcn  = 
MLG.  bogen   =  OHG.   bougen,   MHG.  biiugen, 
G.  hcngcn  =  Icel.  beygja  =  Sw.  hi'ija  =  Dan.  hdje 
=  Goth,   bangjan),  trans,  bend,  causative   of 
hngan  (=  Goth,  biugan,  etc.),  E.  bow^,  intrans. 
bend:  soe&oji'l,  andcf.  fcoiil.]  To  bend.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 
bayl^'t,  r.     [Only  in  Spenser,  who  also  uses  em- 
hay  for  emhathc,  in  most  instances  for  the  sake 
of  rime.]     A  poetical  perversion  of  bathe. 
Hee  feedes  upon  the  cooling  shade,  and  bayes 
His  sweatie  forehead  in  the  breathing  wynd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  3. 

baya  (ba'yii),  n.  [Hind.]  The  weaver-bird, 
I'toeeKS  j>hilippinns,  an  East  Indian  passerine 
bird,  somewhat  like  the  bulfinch,  remarkable 
for  its  extremely  curious  nest.  See  weaver- 
bird. 

baya-bird,  ».     .Same  as  baya. 

bayadere,  bayadeer  (ba-ya-der'),  n.  [Also 
spelled  bajaderc  (<  F.  bayadere);  formerly  bal- 
liadere,  balliadera,  <  Pg.  bailadeira  (fem.  of  bai- 
lador  =  Sp.  bailador),  a  dancer,  <  bailar  =  Sp. 
bailor,  dance:  see  ball'^.l  An  East  Indian  dan- 
cing girl. 

bayal  (ba'al),  ?i.  A  fine  kind  of  cotton.  Sim- 
nionds. 

bayamo  (bii-ya'mo),  «.  [Cuban.]  A  violent 
blast  of  wind,  accomjianied  by  vi\-id  lightning, 
blowing  from  the  land  on  the  south  coast  of 
Cuba,  and  especially  from  the  Bight  of  Bayamo. 

bay-antler,  ".     See  be::-antler. 

bayardl  (bii'ard),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  haycrd,  baiard,  bayart,  <  ME.  bayard,  bay- 
art,  <  OF.  bayard,  baiard,  haiart(=FT.  baiart), 
bay,  a  bay  horse,  <  bai,  bay:  see  bay^  and  -ard. 
The  adj.  came  to  be  a  general  appellative  of  a 
bay  horse,  esp.  of  Renaud's  (Rinaldo's)  magic 
steed  in  the  Charlemagne  romances;  later  of 
any  horse,  esp.  in  alliterative  proverbial  use, 
bold  bayard,  blind  bayard,  often  with  reference 
to  reckless  or  stupid  persons,  perhaps  associated 
in  the  latter  sense  with  OF.  bayard,  gaping, 
staring,  one  who  gapes  or  gazes,  <  bayer,  baer, 
gape,  gaze :  see  bay*.']  I.t  a.  Bay ;  of  a  bay 
color:  applied  to  a  horse. 

II.  «.  1.  A  bay  horse;  generally,  any  horse : 
formerly  frequent  in  proverbial  use,  especially 
with  the  epithet  blind  or  bold. 

Blind  bayard  moves  the  mill.  Philips. 

Who  so  bold  as  blind  bayard  ?  Prorerbial  sayiny. 

2.  A  person  who  is  self-confident  and  ignorant: 
usually  with  the  epithet  blind  or  bold. 

The  more  we  know,  the  more  we  know  we  want : 
What  Bayard  boulder  then  the  ignorant? 

llarstun.  What  you  Will,  Ind. 
Phillip  the  second,  late  king  of  Spain,  perceiving  that 
many  Blitid  Dayards  were  overbold  to  undertake  the  vvork- 
ing  of  his  mines  of  silver  in  the  West  Indies,  etc. 

Gerard  Malyne^t,  Le.\  Mereatoria  (1C22),  p.  ISO. 

M^hat  are  most  of  our  papists,  but  stupid,  ignorant  and 
blind  bayard.i.'  Burton,  Auat.  of  ilel.,  p.  609. 

[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  all  uses.] 
bayard'-t,  ».  [<  OF.  baiard,  bayart,  a  basket 
useil  for  the  can-.N-ing  of  earth  and  fastened 
about  the  neck;  perhaps  a  fanciful  application 
of  bayard,  a  horse :  see  bayard^.]  A  kind  of 
hand-barrow  tised  for  carrying  heavy  loads, 
especially  of  stones. 


bayardly 


[<  bmjnr<n  +  -/^l.] 


bayardlyt  (ba'iinl-li),  a. 

BliiiU  ;  stupid. 

A  liliiul  credulity,  a  hn;iardbj  Cdiiflilcnoe,  or  an  imperious 
iiisoluncf.  Jvr.  Ta;ilur(;'.),  Artif.  Hunilsoun-iu'ss.  p.  us. 

bayberry  (ba'bor"i),  n. ;  pi.  hai/hfrrirs  (-iz).  [< 
luiyl  +  Ijirri/i.]  1.  Thi«  fruit  of  tlio  bay-tree, 
or  Luiirua  iiohilit:. — 2.  The  wax-myrtle,  Mi/rim 
ccrifvm,  and  its  I'ruit.  xiu-  coatiiiK  of  wax  upon  tlic 
hcnifs  i.s  liriowii  as  Ifiiiihcrni-laUoio  or  myrtle-wax.  .See 
Mtjrii'ix.  Also  called  cmullcberrii. 
3.  In  Jamaica,  the  rimcnta  acris,  fi-om  which 
an  oil  is  obtained  which  is  used  in  tho  manu- 
facture of  bay-rum. 

bay-birds  (bri'berdz),  «.  j,l.    a  eollectivo  name 
of  numerous  small  wading  birds  or  shore-birds, 


chietly  of  tho  snipe  and  plover  families,  whieb  bavonit"'fbii"o"neti    „ 
nuddy  shores  of  the  bays  an<l  es-  ^^y?"??,,    „  ,t.' .1^' .".' 


483 

binort  knifo  and  Iwyonet  nrranRcd  to  fit  the  mnzzlo  of  a 

rille,  carried  wlien  rjot  in  use  in  a  slieatll  attaclicd  to  tho 
waistiiclt.— Kod-bayonet,  a  louu  steel  rod  with  triansu- 
lar-shaped  end,  used  as  a  ba.vonet.  It  is  attached  to  Hie 
rille  hy  a  sprin^-catih,  and  may  also  lie  used  as  a  wipiuK- 
rod.  It  was  i>ertccted  liy  l.ieut.-Col.  A.  K.  Kumnntiin, 
U.  S.  A.— Spanish  bayonet,  a  common  name  t;iveM  to 
plants  lu'h.nL;inK  to  several  species  of  Yiirra,  with  narrow, 
riKid,  spiric-tippcd  leaves,  especially  to  1'.  iihii/Mia,  Y. 
rniiiihriiluiii,  :iiid  )'.  (/iicrafd.  — Sword-bayonet,  a  short 
sword  with  a  cnttini;  edge  and  sharp  point,  made  to  fasten 
hy  a  spriun-Kitch  to  the  harrel  of  a  rille  or  carhine.  It  is 
carried  in  a  scahhard  when  not  tlxcil  to  the  i.iecc.  This  is 
now  the  usual  form  of  military  hayonet.-  Trowel-bayo- 
net,  a  form  of  hayonet  with  a  short  and  hroa.l  lint  sliaTp- 
pointeil  lilade,  intended  to  serve  in  case  of  need,  after  the 
manner  of  a  trowel,  as  an  iutrcnehijie  tool.  It  was  ijivent- 
1  hy  Col.  Eiinnind  Rice,  U.  S.  A.,  anil  has  done  good  ser- 


frequent  tho  m        . 

tuaries  along  tho  Atlantic  coast  of  tlio  United 

States. 
bay-bolt  (bil'bolt),  n.    A  kind  of  barbed  bolt. 

Hee  /)o//l. 
bay-breasted  (ba'bres"ted),   a.      Having  the 

breast  bay  in  color:  as,  tho  /)«//-ftreaste(/ warbler, 

JJcndracii  castaiiea,  one  of  the  commonest  birds 

of  tho  United  States, 


<.  [<  hayonet,  m.]  To 
stab  with  a  bayonet ;  compel  or  drive  by  the 
bayonet. 

You  send  troops  to  sahrc  and  to  Imtimu'l  us  into  a  suh- 
"iissi""-  Burke,  Ilev.  in  France. 

bayonet-clasp  (ba'o-net-klasp),  «.  A  movable 
ring  of  metal  about  the  socket  of  a  bayonet, 
which  serves  to  strengthen  it  and  to  prevent 
its  tiisengagement. 


bay-cod  (ba'kod),  ».  '  The  name  of  a  fish  of  the  bayonet-clutch  (ba'o-net-kluch),  n.    In  macJi. 


family  OiiUidiiiliv,  dcni/iitcnis  hiacmlcs,  of  Now 
Zealand,  also  called  cloudy  haij-cod  and  ling. 
bayed  (bad),  ((.  l<  bnyi  + -ccP.]  1.  Having  a 
bay  or  bays,  as  a  building:  as,  "the  largo  hay'd 
hiun," Drnytoii,  Polyolbion,  iii. — 2.  Formed  as 
a  bay  or  recess. 

A  handsome  and  substantial  mansion,  the  numerous  pa- 
ble-eiuls  and  bat/ed  windows  of  which  bespoke  the  owner 
a  man  of  worship.        liarham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  119. 

bayest,  ».    See  baicc. 

bayeta  (bii-ya'tii),  n.     [Sp.,  baize:  see  6oj>e.] 

A  common  kind  of  coarso  baizo  inanufactnretl 

in  Spain. 
Bayeux  tapestry.    See  tapestry. 


a  form  of  clutch  armed  usually  with  two  jirongs  .,      , . 

(n  n),  which  when  in  gear  act  on  tho  ends  or  bay-yarn  (ba'yam),  n. 

lugs  of  a  friction-strap  (//),  .  r  .     .. 

fitted  on  a  side-boss  of  the 


Bdella 

however,  also  often  apfilied  to  a  how-window,  which  prop- 
erly forms  in  plan  the  s(  gment  of  a  circle,  or  to  an  oriel- 
window,  which  is  supported 
on  a  console  or  corbeling, 
and  is  u.sually  <in  the  first 
II.  .or. 

bay  -  winged  (ba'- 
wingd),  a.  Having 
chestnut  color  on  the 
wings.  —  Bay  -  winged 

bunting,  the  t:niss-llneli  or 
vesper-liird,  I'nneete^  <ir<i- 
»it;ir»,v,  one  of  the  com- 
mcinest  sparrows  of  Norlh 
America.  —  Bay  -  Winged 

lOngSpur,  Jtliilil<-li<,])liilnes 
vuieeowiit,  a  eonnnon  frin- 
gilline  bird  of  the  western 
prairies,  related  to  the 
Lapland  lon'.i.".piir.— Bay- 
Winged  summer-fincb, 
J*etteiea  eiirjutli.^'  of  Ari- 
zona. 

bay-wood  {bii'wud),  n. 
[<  6a//2  -1-  jcoorfl.]  The 
lighter  and  coarser 
kind  of  mahogany, 
coming  especially  from 
British  Honduras.  See 
maliogaiiy. 


wheel  to  bo  driven,  tho  lat- 
ter being  loose  on  the  same 
shaft.  The  clutch  is  att.ached  to 
the  shaft  hy  a  feather-key,  and 
when  drawn  back  or  out  of  gear 
with  the  strap  the  wheel  remains  at 
rest,  and  the  clutch  continues  to  re- 
volve with  the  shaft.  When  it  is 
required  to  set  the  machinery  again 
in  motion,  the  clutch  is  thrown  for- 
ward by  the  fork  c,  and  its  prongs,  engaging  with  the 
strap,  gradually  put  the  wheel  in  motion. 


BayoneKlutch. 


bay-gall  (ba'gal),  n.    A  watercourse  covered  bayonet-joint  (ba'o-net-joint),  n.    A  form  of 

with  spongy  earth,  mixed  with  matted  fibers,  coupling  or  socket-joint  resembling  the  mode 

and  impregnated  with  acids.     See  gaW^,  5.  of  attachment  commonly  adopted  for  fixing  a 

bay-leaf  (bfi'lef),  »i. ;  yl.  bay-leares\-ievz).     1.  bayonet  on  a  musket. 

The  leaf  of  tho  sweet-bay  or  laurel-tree,  Laurus  bayou  (bi'o),  n.     [A  corrupt  form  of  F.  boyau, 

nobilis.    Bay-leaves  are  aromatic,  are  reputed  stimulant  ^  g^'t'i  ^  loiig,  narrow  passage  (cf .  a  similar  use 


and  narcotic,  and  are  used  in  medicine,  cookery,  and  con- 
fectionery. 
2.  Same  as  bayl,  n.,  3. 

baylerbay  (ba'ler-ba),  n.     Same  as  beylerbei/. 

baylet  (ba'Iet),  n.  [<  bay^  +  -fc<.]  A  little 
bay. 

bay-mahogany  (bii'marhog'a-ni),  «.  Same  as 
biiy-wood. 

baymanl  (ba'man),  «.;  pi.  baymcn  (-men).  [< 
i((//-  -I-  «(««.]  1.  One  who  lives  on  a  bay,  or 
who  fishes,  shoots,  or  pm-sues  his  occupation  in 
or  on  a  bay. 

When  the  birds  are  traveling  with  the  wind,  or  as  bai/- 
7ne«  call  it,  a  "  tree  wiml."  Shore  Birds,  p.  43. 

2.  Specifically,  in  British  Honduras,  a  mahog- 
any-cutter of  the  coast. 

bayman'-^  (ba'man),  «. ;  pi.  bayincn  (-men).  [< 
b<iy3  +  man.']  A  sick-bay  attendant;  a  nurse 
for  sick  or  wounded  men  on  a  vessel  of  war. 

bay-oil  (ba'oil),  n.  An  oil  manufactured  from 
the  ripe  berries  of  tho  bay-tree  of  Italy,  used 
in  veterinary  medicine.     McElrath. 

bayonet  (ba'o-net),  «.  [<  F.  baioiuwtte,  for- 
merly buyonnctlc,  a  small  flat  pocket-dagger, 


of  E.  (/lit),  <  OF.  hoyct,  boel,  a  gut,  >  E.  bmcel,  q. 
v.]  In  tho  southern  United  States,  the  outlet 
of  a  lake,  or  one  of  the  several  outlets  of  a 
river  through  its  delta ;  a  sluggish  watercourse. 
For  hours,  in  fall  days,  I  watched  the  ducks  cunningly 
tack  and  veer  and  hold  the  middle  of  the  pond,  far  from  tiie 
sportsman  ;  tricks  which  they  will  have  less  need  to  prac- 
tise in  Louisiana  baijoits.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  254. 
Under  the  shore  his  boat  was  tied, 

And  all  her  listless  crew 
Watched  the  gray  alligator  slide 
Into  the  still  bayou.    Lonyfcttow,  Quadroon  Girl. 


[<  bay>i,  a.,  +  yarn.] 

Woolen  yarn  used  in  the  manufacture  of  baize. 

baza  (biL'zii),  11.  [E.  Ind. ;  cf.  Ar.  Id::,  a 
hawk.]  In  ornith,,  tho  name  of  an  East  Indian 
kite.    It  is  also  used  as  a  generic  name. 

bazaar,  bazar  (b.a-zar'),  ».  [Fonnerly  also 
basar,  fc»c,-nc,  buss'ar,  also  bazarro  (cf.  It.  baz- 
zarro,  traffic,  Olt.  ba::arra,  a  market-place),  <  F. 
ba:ar,  <  Ar.  //(L-ar,  Turk.  pd~dr.  Hind,  iu.-ar,  < 
Pers.  bd:dr,  a,  market.]  1.  In  the  East,  an  ex- 
change, market-place,  or  place  where  goods  are 
exposed  for  sale,  consisting  either  of  small 
shops  or  stalls  in  a  narrow  street  or  series  of 
streets,  or  of  a  certain  section  in  a  town  under 
one  roof  and  divided  by  narrower  passage- 
ways, in  which  all  or  most  of  the  merchants  and 
artisans  in  a  certain  material  or  metal,  or  any 
single  class  of  goods,  are  gathered  both  for 
manufacture  and  traffic.  These  bazaar-streets  are 
frequently  shaded  by  a  light  material  laid  from  roof  to 
roof,  and  are  sometimes  arched  over.  Marts  bearing  the 
name  of  bazaars,  for  the  sale  of  miscellaneous  articles, 
chielly  fancy  goods,  are  now  to  he  found  in  most  Euro- 
pean anil  American  cities;  and  the  term  has  been  ex- 
tended to  structures  arranged  as  marketplaces  for  spe- 
ciflc  articles :  as,  a  horse-bazaar. 

The  streets  of  the  town  are  narrow,  terribly  rough,  and 
very  dirty,  but  the  bazaarsarc  extensive  and  well  stocked. 
B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  .'>aracen.  p.  40. 
2.  A  sale  of  miscellaneous  articles  in  further- 
ance of  some  charitable  or  other  purpose;  a 
fancy  fair.  The  articles  there  sold  are  mostly 
of  fancy  work,  and  contributed  gratuitously. 


bay-porpoise  (ba'p6r"pus),  n.    A  typical  por- 
poise, as  of  the  genus  Phucmna;  a  puffing-pig:     ,^„^  i^ue^  >.uiiv   ouu 

so  called  fi'om  the  frequent  appearance  of  the  bazaar-maund  (ba-zar'mand'),  ,1  [<  bazaar  + 
ammals  m  bays  or  estuanes  maundy  n.]    An  East  Indian  weight,  differing 

bay-rum  (ba  rum  ),  n.     [<  bay^  +  rurnK]    A    in  different  localities:  equal  in  Calcutta  to  82? 
tragrant  spirit  much  used  as  a  cosmetic,  etc.,     pounds  avoirdupois.     So  called  in  contradis- 
e^pecially  by  barbers,  obtamed  by  distilling    tinction  to  factory-mannd.     See  mamid*. 
the  leaves  of  the  Fimenta  acris  (see  baybcrry.  bazan,  n.    Same  as  basan. 
3),  of  the  natural  order  Myrtacew,  with  rum,  or  bazar   w.     See  ba~aar 

by  mixing  the  volatile  oil  procured  from  the  bazaras'(ba-zil'ra"s),  u.  [E.  Ind.]  A  large  flat- 
leaves  by  (Ustillatiou  with  alcohol,  water,  and  bottomed  pleasure-boat  used  on  tho  Ganges, 
acetic  ether.     It  is  the  spiritus  myrcia:  ol  the    propeUed  with  sails  and  oars. 

or  aknife  hun<r  at  the  rirdlp  'lil-e  n  dnr^rop'  V        ,  1-  X  ro'™^''"P*^'i';     i  -.     o      ,     i    bazet,  c  ^     [Also  written  ftaire,  appar.  <  D.  ifl- 

or  a  Kuiie  nung  at  me  giutic,  like  a  dagger,  bays^  (baz),  n.     [Prop.  pi.  of  bay^.]     See  bay^.     ~cn   rerba-e>i   astonish   stntipfvVef  «A««;,>  •  nf 
now  a  bayonet,  =  Sp   bayoncta  =  It.  balo>utta,  bays-'t,  «.     [Prop.  pi.  of  ?.«yG.]     See  baize.  G    obs  )  6^^«  rav^  1    To  Ft,  netV-  SlVn 

a  bayonet,  usually  derived  from  Bayonne,  in  bay-salt  (bk'salt'),  n.      [j^^rmeriy  sometimes  baz  ers  (bl^^rzTl  i" J  of,  ^ Vco^i^^^^^^^ 
France,  because  bayonets  are  said  to  have     bai  salt,  base-salt,  <.\a<^"  "^^^  7„..,„  .,,,;» .  „e  t>„„     OAZieis  (im /.iiTZ),n.  sing,  ot pi.    L<-orruption  ot 


been  first  made  there  (Bayonne,  Sp.  Bayona,  is 
said  to  mean  'good  harbor,'  <  Basque  baia, 
harbor  (see  bay~),  +  ona,  good) ;  but  cf.  F. 
"bayiinnier,  as  arbalcstirr  [see  arbalistcr];  an 
old  word"  (Cotgi'avo),  <  bayon,  baton,  the  arrow 


:  late  UE.ba  ye  salt;  c|.  Dan.     leaf's  ears.]     The  plant  bear's-ears,  I'rimtda 


jm 


baisalt=G.  baisalz,  after  E. ;  appar.  <  bay-  (some     Auricula :  used  in  some  parts  of  England, 
suppose  orig.  in  ref .  to  tho  Bay  of  Biscay)  +  j,,,  ^„^„  „,  ,„,^t  i„  ^^^  ^^  ^, 

sain.]     Coarse-gramed  salt:  properly  applied  Buoko/ Day^.l.  &i7. 

to   salt  obtained  by  spontaneous  or  natural  bazil  (baz'il),  n.     Same  as  basan. 

or  shaft  of  a  crossbow  1      it     A  short  flot  rlntr    v..-.,  V.4-..'ii    /\^^'  *-i\    ,        t        ..  i.     *i      v         t  Tanned  with  bark.  .  .  .  [sheep-skins]  constitute  6a;a«, 

ui  snail  "^  -^  ""^^°0";J     _^t.   ^  snort  U.it  dag-  bay-stall  (ba  stal),  n.     In  arch.,  the  bay  of  a  and  are  used  for  n.aking  slipper? and  as  bellows-leather. 

epr.--.i.  A  dagger  or  short  stabbing  instru-     window;  a  window-seat.  C.  r.  Dam,  Leather  p.  42 

ment  of  steel  for  infantry  soldiers,  made  to  bo  baytt,   c  and  n.     Obsolete  spelling  of  bait^.  B.  B.     A  common  abbreviation  in  mineralogi- 

attached  to  the  muzzle  of  a  gun.    in  its  original     ftpct^-^cr.  cal  works  for  before  the  blowpipe  :  as,  quartz 

fo.mithasasbarp  bay-tree  (ba'tre),  ».     [<  ME.  baytre  (whence  is  infusible  B.  B. 

edges.  Tilt   other    "PP^i'"-  MD.  bacijtcre);  <  bay^  +  tree.]     1.  The  bbl.,  bbls.    Abbreviations  of  barrel  and  barrels 

laurel-tree,  Laurus  nobilis,   a  native  of  Italy  respectively:  as,  1,000  66k.  Hour, 

and  Greece,  growing  to  tho  height  of  30  feet.—  B.  C.     An  abbreviation  of  before  Christ,  used 

2.  In  the  eastern  United  States,  a  name  of  the  in  noting  dates  preceding  the  Christian  era: 

Magnolia  glauca,  and  in  California  of  the  Vm-  as,  tho  battle  of  Thermopylo)  was  fought  480 

belliilaria  Californica.  B.  C. ;  Julius  Cssar  invaded  Britain  55  B.  C. 

bayur  (ba-yOr'),  n.    Javanese  namo  of  the  tree  B.  C.  E.     An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Civil 

I'ternspermum  Javanicum.  Enqincerina.     See  bachelor. 

bay-window  (ba'win'do),  )i.  [<  601/3,  a  recess,-!-  g   J)      An  abbreviation  of  i'odic/oc  o/Z>iiiHiCy. 

ivindoii-.]    In  arch.,  properly,  a  window  forming  Bdella  (del'ii),  «.     [XL.,  <  Gr.  /?clf//a,  a  leech.] 

a  recess  or  bay  in  a  room,  jirojecting  outward,  1.  A  genus" of  leeches,  of  the  family  Hirtidi- 

and  rising  from  the  ground  or  basement  on  a  nidw  or  (hiathobdellida:     Also  written  Bdellia. 

plan  rectangular,  semi-octagonal,  or  semi-hex-  [Not  in  use.]— 2.    The  typical  genus  of  the 

agonal,  but  always  straight-sided.    The  term  is,  family  Bdellida;.     B.  loiigicornis  is  an  example. 


llFiff# 


re 


forms    have    been 
introduced.       (See 
below.)    It  was  at 
fll-st  inserted  in  the 
barrel  of  the  gnu, 
after    the    soldier 
had     fired,    hy     a 
wooden  handle  fitted  to  the  bore ;  but  it  was  afterward 
made  with  an  iron  socket  and  ring  passing  over  the  nniz- 
and  attached  to  the  blade  hy  a  shoulder,  so  that  the 


,  Common  Dayonet ;  a.  Sword-Bayoiict. 


zl 


soldier  might  fire  with  his  bayonet  fixed. 
3.  In  maeh.,  a  pin  which  pl.ays  in  and  out  of 
holes  made  to  receive  it,  and  which  thus  serves 
to  connect  and  disconnect  jiarts  of  tho  machin- 
ery.   See  bayonet-clutch  .--Kmie-bSijonet,  a  com- 


bdellatomy 

bdellatomy  (Jo-liit'y-ini).  >i.  [<  Gr.  (}i(Ua,  a 
leooh,  +  rofiij,  a  cuttiiiii.]  1.  The  act  or  oper- 
ation of  incising  a  leech  while  sucking,  so  that 
the  ingested  blood  may  escape,  and  tlie  leech 
continue  to  suck. —  2.  The  application  of  the 
hdellometer. 

Bdellia  (del'i-ii),  n.  [NL.:  see  Bdella.']  Same 
as  llilillii,  1. 

Bdellidae  (ilel'i-de),  «.  }>l  [NL.,  <  IMrUa  + 
-iilii .]  A  family  of  trachoate  mites,  of  the  or- 
der Amrida,  class  Arachnida.  having  the  head 
distinct  from  the  thorax  and  elongated  into  a 
proboscis,  chelate  chcliceres,  long  thin  rap- 
torial pcdipalps,  cursorial  legs  of  six  or  more 
joints,  stigmate  near  the  rostrum,  and  skeleton 
composed  of  selerites  embedded  in  soft  skin. 
Tile  animals  are  fouml  creeping  in  (ianip  places.  Besides 
Ijdelln.  tlio  family  eontaiiis  the  senus  Scinis. 

Bdellinse  (de-ii'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  ndella  + 
-»(((.]  A  subfamily  of  traeheate .^IcanHd.  See 
UiliUiiUr. 

bdellium  (del'i-um),  n.  [In  ME.  bdeli/iim,  bidcl- 
liitiii,  <  LL.  bdellium,  <  Gr.  jidc?Mov,  a  plant,  a 
fragrant  gum  which  exudes  from  it  (Dioscori- 
des,  Pliny) ;  used  (also  in  the  form  ji6i'A'/.a)  to 
translate  Heb.  Vdolakh,  a  precious  article  of 
merchandise  mentioned  along  with  gold  and 
precious  stones  (Gen.  ii.  12).  The  opinion  of 
the  rabbins,  which  Bochart  supports,  is  that 
h'dolakh  signifies  orig.  a  pearl,  and  as  a  collec- 
tive noun  pearls,  which  may  be  compared  to 
grains  of  manna ;  hence  its  secondary  sense  of 
a  gum.]  A  name  given  to  two  aromatic  gum- 
resins,  similar  to  myrrh,  but  weaker.  Indian 
bdellinm  is  believed  to  be  the  product  of  Balsamodendron 
Mukul,  and  African  bdellium  of  B.  A/rtcamnn.  They  are 
used  for  the  same  purposes  as  myrrh,  but  chiefly  as  an 
ingredient  in  plasters  and  as  a  perfume.  An  Egyptian 
resin  .also  called  bdellium  is  obtained  from  the  douiu-palm, 
Hriphwm  Tkabaica,  of  Upper  Egypt. 

Bdelloida  (de-loi'da),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (}tU?Ja,  a 
leech.  +  -Oirf«.]  A  family  of  rotifers  that  swim 
and  creep  like  a  leech,  with  the  foot  retractile, 
jointed,  telescopic,  and  forked  at  the  end. 

bdellometer  (de-lom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  fidDJa, 
a  leech  (<  pi^dl'Aeiv,  milk,  suck),  +  /isrpov,  a 
measure.]  An  instrument  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  the  leech.  It  consists  of  a  cupping-glass,  to 
which  a  scarificator  and  an  exhausting  syringe  are  at- 
tached.    Dun{rti^oii. 

Bdellostoma  (de-los'to-ma),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/Jiitv/.a,  a  leech,  -I-  aroua,  mouth.]  A  genus  of 
eyelostomous  or  marsipobranchiate  fishes,  or 
myzonts,  referred  to  the  family  .)Ji/.iiiiid(c,  or 
made  the  type  of  a  family  BdcUoihimidcE :  so 
called  from  the  comparison  of  the  suctorial 
mouth  to  that  of  a  leech.  There  are  7  branchial 
apertures  or  openings  of  the  branchial  sacs.  B.  heptatve- 
ma  is  found  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  genus  is  the 
same  as  Ileptafrema. 

bdellostomid  (de-los'to-mid),  n.  A  myzont  of 
the  family  Bdellostomidw. 

Bdellostomidas  (del-os-tom'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Bdellostoma  +  -(<?«>.]  A  family  of  hj'pero- 
tretous  mj'zonts,  represented  by  the  genus 
Bdellostoma :  synonymous  with  Heptatremidce 
(which  see). 

bds.  An  abbreviation  of  boards,  in  use  among 
bookbinders  and  booksellers. 

bei  (be),  J).  }.,  substantive  verb;  pres.  am,  art 
(sometimes  bcest),  is,  are  (sometimes  be) ;  pret. 
was,  wast,  were;  subj.  be,  toere,  wert ;  impv.  be; 
pp.  been;  ppr.  being.  [Under  the  verb  be  are 
classed,  as  identical  in  sense,  the  stirviving 
forms  of  three  orig.  independent  verbs,  which, 
supplementing  each  other's  defects,  serve  to- 
gether to  make  up  the  substantive  verb  or  cop- 
ula; they  are  represented  by  the  forms  be,  am, 
and  was.  1.  Be,  inf.,  early  mod.  E.  also  bee,  < 
ME.  be,  bee,  been,  ben,  beon,  <  AS.  beon,  bion; 
pres.  ind.  sing.  1st  pers.  be,  early  mod.  E.  also 
bee,  <  ME.  be,  bee,  beo,  <  AS.  bed,  rarely  beam, 
biom  (retaining  the  suffix  -m,  which  appears 
also  in  am)  =  OS.  bium  =  OPries.  bem  =  OHG. 
pirn  (him),  MHG.  G.  bin;  2d  pers.  beest,  be'st, 
dial,  bist,  <  JIE.  beest,  best,  beost,  bist,  <  AS.  bist 
=  OS.  bist  =  OHG.  pis,  pist,  MHG.  G.  bist;  3d 
pers.  be,  dial,  also  becth,  bes,  <  ME.  beth,  beoth, 
north,  bes,  <  AS.  bitli;  pi,  6c,  archaic  and  dial. 
been,  ben,  bin,  also  beth,  <  ME.  been,  ben,  bin, 
etc.,  prop,  (as  ind.)  beeth,  beth,  beoth,  <  AS. 
beoth  (in  all  three  persons)  =  OHG.  1st  pers.  pi- 
rumes,  2d/)irM<(MHG.  birnt,  bint)  (3d »-iH();  with 
similar  forms  in  subj.,  etc. ;  all  from  a  common 
Teut.  y/  *bcu  =  L.  /«-  in  perf .  J'ui-sse,  have  been 
(ind.  fiii,  I  was,  I  have  been),  fut.  part,  fn- 
turu.i,  about  to  be  (see  future),  fut.  ini.  forejho 
about  to  be,  =  Gr.  <picaHai,  be,  become,  grow 
(act.  (pi'eiv,  produce)  (>  ult.  E.  iihysir,  ph;/sieal, 
etc.),  =  Skt.  •/  bhu,  become,  come  into  being. 


484 

take  place,  exist,  be ;  the  sense  'become'  being 
still  evident  in  AS.,  and  giving  the  present  gen- 
erally a  future  implication.  2.  Am,  etc.,  pres. 
ind.  (without  inf.):  1st  pers.  am  (often  contr. 
'm  in  J'm),  <  ME.  am,  amm,  em,  <  ONorth.  eam, 
am,  AS.  eom  =  Icel.  em  (mod.  usually  er)  =  Goth. 
im  (orig.  'ism)  =  L.  sum  (orig.  *csum)  =  Gr.  ei/ii, 
dial,  ifif'i  (orig.  "eo/xi),  =  OBulg.  ijesmi  =  Bohem. 
jsem,  etc.,  =  Lith.  esnti,  etc.,  =  Skt.  as7ni;  2d 
pers.  art,  <  ME.  art,  crt,  <  AS.  cart,  ONorth.  arth 
=  Icel.  ert  =  Goth,  is  =  L.  es  =  Gr.  el,  dial,  iaci, 
=  OBulg.  yesi,  etc.,  =  Skt.  usi :  3d  pers.  is,  <  ME. 
is,  es,  <  AS.  is  =  OS.  ist  =  OPries.  ist  =  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  ist  =  Icel.  cr,  earlier  es.  =  Sw.  ar  = 
Dan.  cr  (extended  in  Sw.  Dan.  also  to  1st  and 
2d  pers. )  =  Goth,  ist  =  L.  rsf  =  Gr.  lari  =  OBulg. 
ycsti,  etc.,  =  Skt.  eisti;  pi.  are,  <  ME.  are,  aren, 
arne,  ere,  cren,  erne,  <  ONorth.  aron,  earon  (in  all 
three  persons)  =  Icel.  1st  crum,  2d  crnth,  3d  eru, 
=  Sw.  1st  (iro,  2d  drcn,  3d  dro,  =  Dan.  ere:  a 
new  formation  from  the  stem  as  seen  in  the 
sing,  art,  etc.,  taking  the  place  in  Seand.  and 
ONorth.,  etc.,  of  the  older  form,  namely,  AS. 
sind,  also  in  double  pi.  sindon  (in  all  three  per- 
sons), =  OS.  sind,  sinden  =  OFries.  send  =  OHG. 
MHG.  3d  T^X.sint,  G.  sind  =  Goth.  3d  pi.  sind  = 
L.  1st  sumus,  2d  estis,  3d  sunt,  =  Gr.  1st  iaucv,  2d 
ccri,  3d  c'lci,  dial,  laai,  =  Skt.  1st  smas,  2d  stha, 
3d  santi;  also  in  subj.  (lost  since  early  ME.), 
AS.  1st  pers.  si,  pi.  sin,  =  OFries.  se  =  OS.  «  = 
OHG.  MHG.  si,  G.  sei  =  Icel.  se,  earlier  sjd,  = 
Goth,  sijau,  etc.,  =  L.  sim,  OL.  siem  =  Gr.  eirrv  = 
Skt.  sydm,  etc.,  with  similar  (in  AS.  identical) 
forms  for  the  other  persons;  all  from  a  com- 
mon root  represented  by  Skt.  •/  as,  be,  exist.  3. 
Was,  pret.  ind.  (without  inf.  in  mod.  E.):  sing., 
1st  and  3d  pers.  was,  <  ME.  teas,  lems,  tees,  <  AS. 
wees  =  OS.  !('«6'  =  OPries.  Jtas  =  D.  was  =  OHG. 
was,  MHG.  G.  war  =  Icel.  rar,  earlier  vas,  =  Sw. 
Dan.  rar  =  Goth,  teas;  2d  pers.  wert,  earlier 
teere,  <  ME.  were,  <  AS.  wiere ;  pi.  were,  <  ME. 
icere,  wercn,  <  AS.  lewron  (go  subj.  tcere,  <  ME. 
were,  <  AS.  wiere,  etc. ;  AS.  impv.  wcs,  of  which 
a  relic  remains  in  E.  wassail,  q.  v.),  with  similar 
forms  in  the  other  tongues;  pp.,  AS.  {/cwcsen 
(usually  beon,  E.  been),  etc.:  prop.  pret.  (and 
pp.)  of  the  strong  verb,  AS.  inf.  ipesan  =  OS. 
tcesan  =  OFries.  wcsa  =  D.  icc;:cn  =  OHG.  tecsan, 
MHG.  leesen  (G.  jccsoi,  n.,  being,  a  being)  = 
Icel.  vera,  earlier  vesa,  =  Sw.  vara  =  Dan.  rwre 
=  Goth,  wisan,  be,  =  Skt.  •/  ^'as,  dwell,  abide, 
live.  To  the  same  root  are  referred  Gr.  acrv,  a 
city,  dwelling-place  (see  asttism),  L.  rcrna  (for 
*vesna),  a  household  slave  (see  vernacular). — In 
mod.  literary  E.  the  form  be  in  the  ind.  is  only 
archaic  or  poetical,  but  it  still  flotu-ishcs  in  dial, 
use.]  1.  To  exist;  have  existence  or  being; 
possess  reality ;  be  the  case ;  be  true  or  real. 

To  6c,  or  not  to  be,  that  is  the  question. 

Sha!t\,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

Creatures  which  only  are,  and  liave  a  dull  kind  of  being 
not  yet  privileged  with  life. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  34. 

Time  ioas,  Time  is,  and  Time  shall  he  no  more. 

Southey. 

2.  To  take  place ;  occur ;  happen ;  come  about : 
as,  the  wedding  will  he  to-morrow ;  his  birth- 
day was  last  week;  it  was  to  be. — 3.  Usually, 
be  is  a  mere  copula,  or  sign  of  predication,  a 
link  between  a  subject  and  a  predicate.  As  such 
it  asserts,  or  expresses  as  fact,  the  inclusion  of  the  subject 
among  the  things  denoted  by  the  predicate',  or  the  posses- 
sion by  the  subject  of  the  characters  signified  by  the  pred- 
icate ;  and  this  it  does  with  temporal  and  modal  niodili- 
cations,  wliile  the  whole  substance  of  the  predication,  or 
all  that  is  predicated,  is  expressed  separately,  in  noun  or 
adjective  form,  or  the  equivalent  uf  such :  thus,  I  am 
good,  he  was  a  hero,  they  will  be  there,  we  should  have 
bee7i  beloved.  Hence,  every  other  predicating  yvord  or 
verb  may  be  analyzed  into  a  form  of  be,  expressing  the 
predication,  and  an  adjective  or  noun  expressing  what 
is  predicated  :  thus,  he  loves  into  he  is  toriyur,  or  he  is  a 
loirr,  and  so  on.  Such  a  copula  is  possessed  by  many 
languages,  being,  as  in  English,  reduced  to  that  value  by 
gradual  attenuation  of  an  originally  substantial  meaning; 
as  in  modern  French,  itait,  '  w.is,'  from  Latin  stabat,  or 
nearly  as  eri.-<t,  literally  '  stand  forth.' 
4.  In  metaph.,  to  subsist  in  a  state  not  neces- 
sarily amoimting  to  actual  existeuce  ;  have  the 
rudiments  of  existence.  See  being. —  5.  An 
auxiliary  verb  denoting  subsistence  in  or  sub- 
jection to  the  mode  of  action  or  being  ex- 
pressed by  the  principal  verb,  (a)  Joined  with  a 
present  participle,  it  has  the  grammatical  construction 
of  a  predicate  adjective  (jualifying  the  subject,  to  make 
a  continuous  or  progressive  or  imperfect  present :  thus, 
/  am  toviitg,  etc.,  beside  /  lotv,  etc.— to  match  which 
the  language  hits  rather  recently  acquired  a  correspond- 
ing passive,  /  am  lieiwj  toml.  beside  /  nm  loved.  (6)  It 
is  joined  with  a  p.ast  participle  (liaving  the  same  con- 
struction ;is  above),  to  make  jibrases  equivalent  with  the 
passive  verb-forms  or  verb-i>hra.ses  of  other  languages : 
thus,  he  w  loved,  Latin  amatur,  German  er  icird  gelicbt. 


beach-birds 

Hence  such  phrases  are  onlinarily  viewed  as  making  a 
passive  conjugation  of  the  English  verb.  They  are  un- 
distinguished in  form  from  mere  combinations  of  be 
with  a  predicate  i)articiple:  thus,  he  is  bvaten  is  i>assivc 
wlien  it  means  'somebody  is  beating  him,'  tmt  not  when 
it  mcan.H  '  he  is  a  beaten  man,'  or  '  somebody  has  beaten 
him."  (r)  Fonnerly,  as  still  to  a  very  limited  extent  (much 
more  in  other  related  languages,  as  Gennaii  and  French), 
be  waft  the  auxiliary  used  in  making  the  past  tenses  of  in- 
transitive verbs,  as  have  of  transitives:  thus,  he  is  come, 
they  were  gone  (German  er  ist  (jekom  men,  French  ils  etaient 
alles),  and  so  on.  At  present,  ha<e  has  come  to  be  the 
auxiliary  almost  universally  used  in  this  sense. 

The  heathen  are  perished  out  of  his  land  [that  is,  have 
perished  and  now  no  longer  exist  in  the  land).     Ps.  x.  16. 

((/)  An  infinitive  with  to  after  be  forms  a  sort  of  future, 
often  with  a  certain  implication  of  obligation :  thus,  he 
is  to  C(jme,  they  were  to  appear,  she  wonld  have  been  to 
blame  or  to  be  blamed.  [Be,  with  to,  in  perfect  t«nses 
(have  been,  had  been,  etc.),  is  used  in  the  sense  of  tjo,  yet 
hardly  except  in  colloc|uial  style :  thus,  he  has  been  to 
Paris;  we  had  been  to  see  her.]  —  Been  and,  a  commou 
vulgarism  introduced  pleona-stically  into  the  perfect  and 
pluperfect  tenses  of  other  verbs;  sometimes  extended  to 
been  and  ijone  and. 

.Sir  Pitt  h;is  been  and  proposed  for  to  marry  Miss  .Sharp. 
Thacfcerait,  Vanity  Fair,  I.  xv. 
Let  be,  to  omit  or  leave  untouched ;  let  alone  ;  cease. 

Let  be,  said  he,  my  prey.  Dryden, 

Let  be  thy  wail  and  help  thy  fellow-men. 

Tennyson,  Ancient  Sage. 
There  is,  etc.     See  there. 

be2  (be),  n.  [<  ME.  be,  <  AS.  be  =  D.  G.  Dan. 
Sw.,  etc..  be  =  F.  6e'=Sp.  Pg.  It.  6e,  <  L.  be, 
shortened  from  beta  (<  Gr.  fjrjra:  see  beta),  or 
formed  from  b  +  e,  the  usual  assistant  vowel 
in  the  names  of  the  letters.]  The  name  of  the 
second  letter  of  the  alphabet,  usually  written 
simply  6  or  B.     See  B. 

be^t,  prep.     Obsolete  form  of  by.     Chaucer. 

Be.  In  chem.,  the  symbol  for  beryllium  (the  same 
as  glueinnm). 

be-1.  [ME.  be-,  in  early  5IE.  commonly  bi-,  < 
AS.  be-,  bi-,  =  OS.  bi-  =  OFries.  be-,  bi-,  =  D. 
be-,  MLG.  bi-,  be-,  LG.  be-  =  OHG.  bi-,  be-, 
MHG.  G.  be-  =  Goth,  bi-  (lengthened  under 
stress,  as  in  comp.  with  a  noun,  AS.  bi-,  big-, 
D.  bij-,  OHG.  MHG.  bi-,  G.  bei-),  an  insepa- 
rable prefix,  orig.  the  same  as  the  prep.,  AS. 
be,  bi,  E.  by,  meaning  primarily  'about,' being 
prob.  =  L.  -bi,  Gr.  -(pi,  in  L.  ambi-,  Gr.  a/Kpi, 
about  (see  ambi-,  amphi-):  see  by^  and  be-~.'\ 
An  inseparable  prefix  of  verbs,  and  of  nouns 
thence  derived.  Itmeansprimarily 'about,  "around," 
as  in  beset,  bc^iird,  whence  the  more  general  sense 
'around,'  'all  over,'  leading  to  a  merely  intensive  use, 
as  in  besmear,  bespatter,  besprinkle,  etc.  It  is  also  used 
to  form  transitive  verbs  from  nouns,  as  ber/em,  bedew,  be- 
Joy,  bemire,  etc.,  or  from  intransitive  Aerbs,  as  belie,  be-% 
'howl,  besinn,  etc.,  verbs  of  either  class  often  conveying 
slight  contempt,  as  6c^rai*v,  beplaster,  bepowder.  etc.,  and 
are  hence  often  made  for  the  nonce.  In  a  few  verbs,  all 
obsolete  except  behead,  be-  assumed  a  privative  force; 
while  in  many  verbs  this  prefix,  through  loss  of  the  simple 
verb,  or  a  deflection  of  its  sense,  or  by  mere  dilution,  has 
now  no  assignable  force,  as  in  beqin,  bequeath,  become,  be- 
hold, etc. 

be-2.  [ME.  and  AS.  be-,  bi-,  or  separately  be, 
bi,  being  the  prep,  with  following  adv.  or  noun: 
see  if-l.]  An  inseparable  prefix  of  adverbs, 
which  may  also  be  used  as  prepositions  or 
conjunctions.  It  is  properly  the  preposition  b;i.  Mid- 
dle English  6c,  bi,  (a)  used  adverbially,  as  in  be.fore,  behind, 
between,  beticixt,  below,  etc.,  contmcted  in  above,  about ; 
or  (6)  merged  with  the  governed  noun,  as  in  l^caase,  be- 
side, that  is,  'by  cause,'  'by  side';  so  also  in  behal.f,  origi- 
nally a  prepositional  plu'ase,  now  taken  as  a  noun.  See 
the  words  cited. 

beach  (bech),  n.  [Formerly  also  beech,  beatch, 
baich,  baiche,  bache ;  fii'st  in  early  mod.  E..  ap- 
par.  dial.,  with  the  meaning  first  given.  Origin 
unknown.]  1.  The  loose  pebbles  of  the  sea- 
shore; shingle.  [Eng.] — 2.  That  part  of  the 
shore  of  the  sea  or  of  a  lake  which  is  washed 
by  the  tide  and  waves ;  the  strand,  it  may  be 
sometimes  used  for  the  shore  of  lai-ge  livere.  It  usually 
means  the  tract  between  high-  and  low -water  mark. 
Only  the  long  waves  as  they  broke 
In  ripples  on  the  pebbly  beach. 

Lowifetlow,  Building  of  the  Ship. 

Raised  beach,  in  nn'l.,  a  shelf  or  teirace  of  shingle, 
gravel,  and  san<l,  elevated  above  the  sea-level,  and  indi- 
c;iting  a  pause  in  the  upheaval  of  the  land,  ora  depression 
and  siibseiiuent  upheaval ;  the  margin  of  an  ancient  sea, 
now  inland. 
beach  (bech),  r.  [<  beach.  «.]  I.  trans.  To 
run  or  haul  up  (a  ship  or  boat)  on  the  beach. 

%Ve  rowed  ashore,  dressed  in  our  uniform,  beached  the 
boat,  and  went  up  to  the  fandango. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  2S1. 

II.   intrans.   To  land  upon  a  beach. 

All  that  afternoon  we  drifted  between  sea  and  shore, 
and  beached  at  sunset  in  a  new  land. 

('.  If.  .Stoddard,  South-Sea  Idyls,  p.  344. 

beach-birds  (bech'berdz),  «.  pi.  A  collective 
name  of  simdry  sandpipers  or  other  small  wad- 
ing birds  foimd  iu  llocks  on  beaches. 


beach-clam 

beach-clam  (bcrh'klam),  II.     A  popular  iiamo 

of  tlic<  Miirlrn  xiilidisHima.  [Tjoeal,  LI.  S.] 
beach-comber  (bech'komei),  n.  1.  A  long 
wave  rolling  in  from  the  ocean.  Bnrtlru. 
[U.  S.] — 2.  A  poafaring  man,  generally  of 
vagrant  and  ilrunkcu  habits,  who  iillrs  about 
the  wharves  of  soaporta :  used  most  froqnenlly 
in  eountrics  bordering  on  Iho  Pacilic  ocean. 

Tllis  is  a  spt'i'iiiicn  of  tlic  lifo  of  half  of  the  Anu-ricans 
and  Knjrhah  wiio  are  aiirift  aliniK  the  t-oa-sts  of  the  I'ucillc 
anil  its  ishmtls,  commonly  called  /jeach-comhers. 

It.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  2'.n. 

beached  (becht),  ;).  a.  1.  Ha\'ang  a  beaeli ; 
bordered  by  a  beach;  formed  by  or  cousistLug 
of  a  beach.     [Karc.] 

Timon  hath  made  his  ovcrlastim^  tn.ansion 
Upon  tile  beached  verge  of  the  salt  tlood. 

Slink.,  r.  of  A.,  V.  2. 

2.  T{nn  on  a  lioaeh ;  stranded. 

beach-flea  (bech'fle),  «.  A  name  of  simdry 
small  amphipod  cnistaeoans.  Also  called  saiid- 
happer,  shiirc-jiiiiijK'r,  and  sand-Jlra. 

beach-grass  (boch'gras),  n.  Tho  sand-reed, 
AminiipliiUi  tirundiimcca,  a  coarse  grass  with 
stout  niiming  root-stocks,  growing  on  sandy 
beaelies  and  protecting  them  from  the  winds. 

beachman  (beeh'man),  II. ;  pi.  beachmcn  (-men). 
A  person  on  tho  coast  of  Africa  who  acts  as  in- 
terpreter to  ship-masters,  and  assists  in  con- 
ducting the  trade.     Imp.  Diet. 

beach-master  (bech'mas'tor),  n.  1.  Naut.,  a 
uaval  officer  appointed  to  superintend  the  dis- 
embarkation of  an  attacking  force. — 2.  Anamo 
used  in  somo  places  for  a  male  seal. 

beach-wagon  (beeh'wagon),  H.  A  light  open 
wagon  witli  two  or  more  seats,  used  on  beaches. 

beachyt  (bO'chi),  a.    [<  hcach  +  -yl.]    Covered 
with  beach  or  shingle ;  pebbly;  shingly. 
The  6('ar/i.v  girdle  of  the  ocean.    Shak.,  2  lien.  IV.,iii.  1. 

beacon  (be'kon  or-lui),  n.  [<  ME.  hclccn,  bckciw, 
<  AS.  bcdccii,  beccn,  been,  a  sign,  signal-standard, 
=  OS.  bokan  =  OFries.  bckeit,  btlhcii  =  D.  buak  = 
LG.  bake  (>  G.  bake)  =  OHG.  bouhhan,  MHG. 
bnuchcn  =  Icel.  bain  (after  AS.),  a  sign.  Hence 
beckon  and  beck".']  1.  A  guiding  or  warning 
signal;  anj'thing  fixed  or  set  tip  as  a  token; 
especially,  a  signal-fire,  either  in  a  cresset 
and  placed  on  a  pole,  or  lighted  on  a  tower  or 
an  eminence.  Such  heacons  were  formerly  much  used 
to  signal  the  approach  of  an  enemy  or  to  spread  a  call  or 
warning  for  any  purpose,  a  chain  of  them  often  conveying 
intelligence  to  great  distances. 

Modest  doubt  is  call'd 
The  beaeoii  of  the  wise.        Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  2. 
Uncertain,  troubled,  earnest  wonderers  beheld  his  intel- 
lectual fire  as  a  beacon  burning  on  a  hill-top. 

llaifthonte.  Old  Jlanse,  I. 

2.  A  tower  or  hill  formerly  used  for  such  pur- 
poses. Various  hills  in  England  and  the  older  parts  of 
the  I'nited  States  have  the  name  of  fkacoti,  from  the  fact 
that  signal-flres  were  formerly  lighted  on  tliem. 

3.  A  lighthouse  or  other  oljject  placed  conspic- 
uously on  a  coast,  or  over  a  rock  or  shoal  at 


_iii 


sea,  to  givG  notieo  of  danger,  or  for  tho  guid- 
ance of  vessels. — 4.  A  painted  staff  about  9 
feet  lon^,  eaiTyiug  a  small  square  flag  at  the 
top,  used  in  camps  to  indicate  an  angle  of  the 
quarters  assigned  to  a  regiment  or  company. 
—  5t.  In  England,  formerly,  a  division  of  a 
■wapentake;  probably  a  tUstriet  throughout 
which  a  beacon  could  bo  seen,  or  whicli  was 
bound  to  furnish  one.  X,  E.  1). 
beacon  (be'kon  or  -kn),  V.  [<  beacon,  v.  Cf. 
beckon.']  I,  trans.  1.  To  illumine  or  light  up 
as  a  beacon. 

Tliat  bt'acoiis  the  darkness  of  heaven. 

Campbell,  Locliiel's  Warning. 

2.  To  afford  light  or  aid  to ;  lead ;  guide  as  a 
beacon. — 3.  To  fui'uish  or  mark  Avith  beacons  : 
as,  to  beacon  a  coast  or  a  boundary:  sometimes 
with  <>^'. — 4t.  To  use  as  a  beacon ;  make  a  bea- 
con of. 

No,  if  other  tliincrs  as  preat  in  tlie  Ohurrh  and  in  the 
rule  of  life  hoth  economical!  and  polltieall  be  not  lonkt 
into  and  reforni'd,  we  luive  lookt  so  lunf;  npon  the  bhize 
that  Zwinyhus  and  Calvin  liatli  tteacon'd  up  tons,  that  wu 
aie  stark  blind.  Milton,  Areupa^atica,  p.  44. 


485 
II,  iniraiia.  To  servo  or  shino  as  a  beacon. 

The  Boul  i>f  Atloiials,  like  a  star, 

lieamus  from  tiie  abode  where  the  Eternal  arc. 

Shcileif,  Adonais,  Iv. 
Where  the  lighthonse  beacoim  bright 
Far  in  the  hay.     M.  Arnold,  A  Southern  Night. 

beaconage  (be'kon-aj),  n.     [<  beacon  +  -atjc.'] 

Money  jiaid  for  tho  maintenance  of  beacons. 
beacon-blaze  (be'kon-blaz),  n.     A  signal-light 

or  -lire.      T(  nni/son. 
beaconed  (be'koud),  a.     Having  a  beacon. 
The  foss  that  skirts  tho  beaconed  hill. 

T.  Warton,  Odes,  x. 
beacon-fire  (bo'kon-fir),  n    A  fire  lighted  up  as 
a  beat-on  or  signal;  a  signal-fire. 

beacon-tower  (be'kou-tou'er),  «,    A  tower  on 
which  a  beacon  is  raised. 

A  bcacDn-tower  ahuvc  the  waves.  Tennt/iton,  Princess,  iv. 
bead  (bed),  «.  [<  MK.  hcdcj  a  prayer,  also  (in 
jicirc  ofbedcs,  a  pah*  of  beads)  a  bead  used  in 
coimting  prayers,  <  AS.  bcdu  (rare,  and  tho 
nom.  is  uot  found),  in  comp.  bed-  (=  OS.  hcda 
=  OFries.  bcdc  =  1).  bcde  =  OHG.  beta,  MHG. 
bctej  G.  bittc  =  Goth,  bida),  fem.  (also  gcbcd 
=  OS.  gibed  =  OHG.  gabct,  MHG.  G.  //t^cf, 
neut.),  a  prayer,  <  biddan,  etc.,  pray:  see  bid. 
Beads  are  used  by  Roman  Catholics  to  keep 
them  right  as  to  the  number  of  their  prayers, 
one  bead  of  the  rosary  being  dropped  every 
time  a  prayer  is  said  ;  hence  the  transference 
of  tho  name  from  tliat  which  is  coimted  (tho 
prayers)  to  that  which  is  used  to  count  with. 
Cf.  Sp.  cucntaSj  Pg.  contas,  the  beads  of  a 
rosary,  <  Sp.  Pg.  contar,  count.]  If.  Prayer;  a 
prayer;  specifically,  a  prayer  of  the  list  or 
bead-roll,  read  at  public  church-services  by  tho 
preacher  before  his  sermon,  or  by  the  curate 
(see  bead-roll) :  usually  in  the  plural.  Hence,  in 
this  sense,  to  bid  (/wu^Vs)  bcadSy  to  say  (one's)  prayers.  See 
plirases  below. 

Wlien  holy  and  devout  religious  men 

Are  at  their  beads,  'tis  much  to  draw  them  thence ; 

So  sweet  is  zealous  contemplation. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 
S.  One  of  the  littlo  balls,  of  wood,  eocoanut- 
shell,  pearl,  glass,  jewels,  or  other  material, 
strung  in  a  prescribed  order,  which  form  the 
chaplet  or  rosary  in  use  in  the  devotions  of 
Roman  Catholics,  Buddhists,  etc.,  to  keep  count 
of  tho  number  of  prayers  said.  See  pair  of 
beadsj  below. 

The  roinnionest,  though  not  the  only,  appliance  for 
recktniiii'-,'  tlnse  prayers  was,  and  still  is,  a.  strins of  beads 
so  ijut  togetlii-T  tliat  every  set  of  ten  smaller  ones  for  the 
"  Hail  Marys"  is  parted  by  a  larger  bead,  to  tell  when  tlie 
*'  Our  Father  "  must  be  recited. 

Jiock,  Clmrch  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i.  320. 

3.  Anything  resembling  a  rosary-bead,  stnmg 
with  others  for  ornament,  as  in  necklaces  or 
beadwork:  as,  glass,  amber,  metal,  coral,  or 
other  beads. 

With  scarfs,  and  fans,  and  double  change  of  bravery, 
With  amber  bracelets,  beads,  aiid  all  this  knavery. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  3. 

4.  Any  small  globular,  cylindrical,  or  annular 
body,  as  the  small  projecting  piece  of  metal  at 
the  end  of  a  gun-barrel  used  as  a  siglit,  a  drop 
of  liquid,  etc. 

Beads  of  sweat  have  stood  npon  thy  brow. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  3. 
He  raised  his  piece  gradually,  until  the  6frtf/  .  .  .  of  the 
barrel  was  brought  to  a  Hue  with  the  spot  which  he  in- 
tended to  hit.  J.  J.  Aiidnbon,  Ornith.  Biog.,  I.  2D3. 

5.  One  of  the  circular  markings  of  certain  dia- 
toms.—  6.  The  bubble  or  mass  of  bubbles  ris- 
ing to  the  top  or  resting  on  the  surface  of  a 
liquid  when  shakeil  or  decanted:  as,  the  bead 
of  wines  or  spirits. 

Give  me  the  wine  of  thought  whose  bead 
Sparkles  along  tho  piige  I  read. 

Whifticr,  Lines  on  a  Fly-Leaf. 
Pleasure,  that  immortal  essence,  the  beauteous  bead 
sparkling  in  the  cup,  effervesces  soon  ami  8ul>sides. 

Alcott,  Table-Talk,  p.  75. 

7.  A  glass  globule  for  trying  the  strength  of 
alcoholic  spirits.  Heads  are  numbered  according  to 
their  specillc  gravities,  and  the  strength  of  the  spirit  is 
denoniiiiatrd  by  the  number  of  that  one  wliich  remains 
susptiidi  d  in  it,  and  neither  sinks  to  tlie  bottom  nor  floats 
on  the  surlaie.  IJeads,  in  det<.'rmining  the  strength  of 
sjdrits,  are  now  for  the  most  part  superseded  by  the 
hydrometer. 

8.  In  mineral.,  in  the  blowpipe  examination  of 
minerals,  a  globule  of  borax  or  other  flux  M'hich 
is  supported  on  a  platiuum  wire,  and  in  which 
the  substance  under  examination  is  dissolved 
in  the  blowpipe  flame. —  9.  Tn  arch,  and  ./o/h- 
rr//.  a  small  convex  molding,  in  section  a  semi- 
circle or  gi'eater  than  a  semicircle;  properly, 
a  idain  molding,  but  often  synonymous  with 
astragal,  which  is  better  reserved  for  a  small 
couvex  molding  cut  into  the  form  of  a  stiing  of 


^EAO 


Ucad  as  used  l>cneath  a  capitAl. —  Abbey- 
church  of  Vifzclay,  Voniic,  Fmncc;  iiUi 
ccnlury.  ( From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  dc 
rArchitcctuic") 


bead-furnace 

beads.  The  be:id  is  a  wry  frequent  ornament,  used  to 
mark  a  junction  or  a  separation,  as  between  the  shaft  and 
the  capital  of  a 
colunm,  to  dress 
an  angle,  etc.  It 
is  much  used  in 
woodwork  of  all 
kinds,  from  car- 
penitrs"  work  to 
tlie  tinest  kinds  of 
joinery  and  cai)i- 
nct-work.  Among 
joiners  the  bead 
is  variously  in- 
troduced ;  as :  (a) 
bead  and  butt  (tig. 
1),  framed  work  in 
wiiich  the  panel 
is  Hush  with  the 
framing  and  liaa 
a  bead  run  on  two 
edges  in  the  di- 
reetitm  of  the 
grain  oidy,  while 
the  ends  are  left 
plain  ;  (/»)  bead 
and  jiush  (tig.  2), 
framed  work  in 
wliich  a  bead  is 
run  on  the  edge  of 
the  framing ;  (r) 
bead  and  gnirk 
(fig.  3),  the  edge  of  a  piece  of  stuff  on  which  a  head  is 
formed,  or  stuck,  as  it  is  called,  flush  with  the  surface; 
id)  be(ul  and  double  quirk,  or  return  bead  ((ig.  4),  the 

angle  t-f  a  piece 
of  stulf  <m  which  a 
bead  is  stuck  and 
quirked  orrelieved 
on  both  surfaces ; 
(c)  bead,  btat,  and 
square  work,  a 
I)anel  which  ha3 
beads  iin  two  of  its 
edges  on  one  side 
only,  while  the 
other  side  is  plain. 
(.f)f'ead,jfvfth,  and 
square,  framing 
which  is  beaded 
on  one  side  only, 
10.  \n  bookbinding,  shoemaJcing,  etc.,  any  cord- 
like prominence,  as  the  roll  on  the  head-band 
of  a  book,  the  seam  of  a  shoe,  etc.— Bally *a 
beads,  appearances  resembling  a  row  of  bright  beads,  seen 
at  the  moon's  limb  in  a  total  solar  eclipse  about  the  instant 
of  internal  contact.  The  phenomenon  is  due  to  ditfrac- 
tion  and  uxadiation,  and  is  much  exaggerated  in  case  the 
telescope  is  imperfect  or  out  of  focus.  So  called  from  the 
English  astronomer  Francis  Baily,  who  observed  these  ob- 
jects in  the  annular  eclipse  of  May  15,  lb36.— Druidical 
bead.  Same  as  adder-stone.— Voir  of  beads  [ME.  jmre 
0/  bedes],  that  is,  "set  of  beads"  {Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ilL  S), 
a  rosary ;  now,  speciflcally.  a  chaplet  of  five  decades,  that 
is,  a  third  part  of  the  rosary.  A  chaplet  or  pair  of  beads, 
as  thus  restricted,  is  the  foi-m  in  common  use  under  tlie 
name  of  tlte  beads.  The  large  beads  between  the  decades 
were  formerly  called  fjaudies  (see  gaud,  goudy);  each 
separate  bead,  or  grain,  as  it  is  now  tenued,  Tyudale  calls 
a  stone. 

Of  smal  coral  aboute  hir  arm  she  bar 
A  peire  of  bedes  gauded  al  witli  grene. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  I.  159. 
The  beads  for  saying  the  rosai-y  went  by  several  names, 

—  *'a  2^(f^'r  of  beads";   "a  pair  of  Pater  nosters";  "ave 
beads";  but  never  were  they  called  a  rosary. 

tJuot«d  in  /JorA-'jf  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i.  327,  note. 
St.  Cuthbert's  beads,  or  fairy  beads,  the  small  perfo- 
rated joints  uf  the  stents  <>f  Inssil  tMurinites,  formerly 
much  used  in  rosaries.— To  bid  (one's)  beads  (formerly 
also  in  singular,  to  bid  a  bead)  [ME.  bidden  or  beden  a  bede 
or  bede.t],  literally,  to  offer  (one's)  prayers  ;  hence  the  later 
ecjuivalent  phrases  to  say  or  recite  {one's)  beads,  now  with 
reference,  as  literally  in  the  phrd.se  to  tell  (one's)  beads,  to 
counting  off  prayers  by  means  of  the  beads  on  the  rosary. 
The  phrases (ocou7i(  and(o  7iumber  (one's)beads  are  merely 
literary. 

A  peire  of  bedis  eke  she  here 
Upon  a  lace,  alle  of  white  threde, 
On  which  that  she  hir  bedes  bede. 

Hoin.  of  the  Rose,  }.  7372. 
To  draw  a  bead  on,  to  take  deliberate  aim  at,  with  a 
muskft'T  other  tireurm.    (See  def.  4.) 
bead   (bed),  r.  t.      [<   beady  ».]     To  ornament 

with  beads;  raise  beads  upon. 
beaded  (be'ded),  p.  a.     [<  bead  +  -€rf2.]     x.  In 
the  form  of  a  bead  or  of  a  collection  of  beads. 
With  beaded  bubliles  winking  at  the  brim. 

Keats,  Ode  to  a  Nightingale. 
With  woolly  breasts  and  beaded  eyes. 

Tennt/son,  In  Meraoriara,  xcv. 
2.  provided  vdih  or  formed  of  beads,  or  of 
small  bodies  having  the  appearance  of  beads: 
as,  a  />fY/(7f^/ necklace  or  bracelet. —  3.  In  bot.j 
moniliform:  said  of  vessels  thatr  are  deeply 
constricted  so  as  to  resemble  strings  of  beads. 

—  4.  Having  a  bead:  as,  beaded  ale Beaded 

lace,  lace  through  which  beads  are  woven  in  the  pattern. ^ — 
Beaded  wire,  wire  omantented  with  bead-like  swellings. 

header  (be'der\  n.  A  tool  for  raising  orna- 
mental beadwork  on  metal  boxes. 

bead-furnace  (hed'f^r'nas),  v.  A  furnace  in 
Avliiidi  the  .small  glass  cylinders  from  which 
l)eads  are  made  are  rounded.  The  cylindtrs  arc 
placed  in  a  drum  over  a  fire  sutlit  lently  hot  ti»  s<_»ften  the 
glass,  and  the  rounding  is  effected  by  revolving  the  drum. 


beadhook 

beadhookt  (l>6<riiuk).  ».     [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bccillidol;  (niiut.),  corruptly  liiilliook ;  <  IkiuI  {\u\- 
uertaiu)  4-  hook.']     A  kind  of  boat-hook. 
2ti  Lt:     Arm'dnien?  Willi  druiu  aiul  cnltnii-s? 
Se.  >"".  my  lord, 

But  bright  in  arms,  yet  Ix'ur  half  pikes  «ir  Ixadh'i'ks. 

Chapman,  C'aisar  ant!  roiupuy,  v.  1. 

beadhouse  (bcd'hous),  n.  [Also  ari-haieally 
lii'diliuKsi',  north,  dial.  hra(Jiis  (not  found  in 
ME.),  <  AS.  bedims,  <  hrdu,  prayer,  +  liiis, 
house:  see  bead  and /«>««■.]  Formerly,  a  hos- 
pital or  an  almsliouse  for  the  fomidcrs  and 
benefactors  of  which  prayers  were  reiinired  to 
lie  said  by  the  benoliciaries.    Also  spelled  bcde- 

hon^r. 

beadiness  (be'di-nes),  n.    The  quality  of  being 

bcadv. 

beading  (be'ding),  n.  [<  bead  +  -tJiffi.]  1.  In 
tircli.  iindjuiiici-i/.  a  bead ;  collectively,  the  beads 
used  in  oi'uanieutin^;  a  f;ivcn  structiu-e  or  sur- 
face.—  2.  In  buukbindiiKj,  see  bcud,  n.,  lU. — 3. 
In  com.,  a  preparation  added  to  weak  spiritu- 
ous liquors  to  cause  them  to  carry  a  bead,  and 
to  hang  in  pearly  tb'oiis  about  the  sides  of  the 
bottle  or  glass  when  poiu'ed  out  or  shaken,  it 
being  a  popular  notion  that  spirit  is  strong  in 
proportion  as  it  shows  such  globules.  A  very 
small  quaTitity  of  oil  of  vitriol  or  oil  of  almonds  mixed 
with  rcrtitii'd 'spirit  is  oft^-ii  used  for  this  purpose. 

beadle  (be'dl),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bedlc, 
becdbiSa.  bcddaJ),  <  IIE.  bcdcl,  bidel,biidcl  (with 
accent  on  first  syllable),  <  AS.  bi/dcl  (=D.  btul 
=  OHG.  butil,  una.  biilcl,  G.  biittcl),  a  beadle, 
<  bcodaii,  announce,  command,  bid:  see  bid. 
The  word  merged  in  ME.  with  bedel,  bedell, 
with  accent  on  the  last  syllable  (whence  the 
mod.  forms  bedel,  bedell),  <  OF.  bedel,  mod.  F. 
bedeidi  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bedel  =  It.  bidello  (ML. 
bedcllii.s.  liidellii.i),  from  Tent.  The  reg.  mod. 
form  from  ME.  bidel,  <  AS.  bijdel,  would  bo 
mod.  biddlc ;  it  so  exists  in  the  proper  name 
Biddle.]  It.  One  who  makes  proclamation; 
a  herald. — 2.  A  crier  or  messenger  of  a  court; 
a  serWtor;  one  who  cites  persons  to  appear  and 
answer.  [Rare.]  —  3.  In  universities,  a  sub- 
altern official  or  servant,  properly  and  usually 
termed  a  bedel  (which  see). 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  faculty  to  appoint  a  college 
headlc,  who  shall  direct  the  procession  on  Commencement 
day,  and  preserve  order  during  the  exhibitions. 

Laies  of  Yale  College,  1837. 

4.  In  England,  a  parish  officer  having  various 
subordinate  duties,  such  as  keeping  order  in 
chiu'ch,  punishing  petty  offenders,  waiting  on 
the  clergyman,  attending  meetings  of  vestry  or 
session,  etc. 

And  I,  forsooth,  in  love  !  I,  that  have  been  love's  whip  ; 

A  vei-y  beadle  to  a  humorous  siu'h, 

A  critic ;  uay,  a  night-watch  constable. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ill.  1. 
Bread  and  a  slavish  ease,  with  some  assurance 
From  the  base  beadle's  whip,  erown'd  all  thy  hopes. 

Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  v.  3. 

5.  The  apparitor  of  a  trades  guild  or  company. 
Also  spelled  bedell  and  bedel,  in   senses  2 

and  3. 

beadledom  (be'dl-dum),  n.  [<  beadle  +  -dom.l 
Beadles  collectively,  and  their  characteristics 
as  a  class ;  stupid  officiousness. 

beadleism  (be'dl-izm),  n.  [<  beadle  +  -ism,'] 
The  character  or  peculiarities  of  beadles;  bea- 
dledom.    Dickens.     [Kare.] 

beadlery  (be'dl-ri),  n.  [<  beadle  +  -ry.']  The 
ollice  or  jurisdiction  of  a  beadle. 

beadleship  (be'dl-ship),  «.  [<  beadle  +  -ship.] 
Tlio  oliicc  of  beadle. 

bead-loom  ( bed'lOm),  n.  A  gauze-loom  for  mak- 
ing beadwork,  the  threads  used  being  strung 
with  beads. 

beadman  (bed'man),  «.;  pi.  headmen  (-men). 
[<  ME.  l)edeman,<.  fccrte, bead,  a  j^rayer,  +  man.] 
The  original  form  of  beadsman. 

They  lade  the  lips  of  their  headmen,  or  chaplains,  with 

so  many  masses.  TyndaXe. 

Having  thus  owned  the  continuing  sovereignty  of  the 

king,  before  whom  they  presented  themselves  as  bedemen. 

Bancio/t,  Hist.  V.  S.,  V.  12. 

bead-mold  (bed'mold),  «.  A  name  given  to 
various  species  of  mucedinous  fungi,  in  which 
the  spores  are  in  necklace-like  chains.  They 
t)elong  to  Penicillium,  Asiiertnltiis,  and  similar  genera, 
and  arc  found  on  various  vegetable  kinds  of  food  and 
ottu  r  substances,  eansing  decay, 

bead-molding   (bed'mor'ding),   ».      In  arch., 

same  as  brad,  9. 
bead-plane  (bed'plan),  «.    A  form  of  plane  used 

for  cutt  ing  a  bead.    The  cutting  edge  of  the  plane-iron 

is  a  semicircle  with  a  diameter  equal  to  the  diameter  of 

the  required  molding. 
bead-proof  (bed'prof),  a.     1.  Of  such  a  nature 

or  (juality  that  a  crown  of  bubbles  formed  by 


486 

shaking  will  stand  for  some  time  on  the  sur- 
face :  said  of  spirituous  liquors,  and  errone- 
ously su))posed  to  indicate  strength. —  2.  Of  a 
certain  standard  of  strength  as  ascertained  l)y 
beads.  See  bead,  «.,  7. 
bead-roll  (bod'rol),  n.  [<  bead,  a  prayer,  -I- 
roll,  a  list.]  1.  A  list  of  prayers;  specifically, 
before  the  Keformation,  tiio  list  of  the  persons 
and  objects  for  which  prayers  were  said,  read 
out  by  the  preacher  before  the  sermon,  in  "an 
order  (of  Henry  VIII.,  A.  1).  lt)'M]  taken  for  preaching  and 
bidding  of  the  beads,  in  all  sermons  to  be  m.atle  within  this 
realm."  mention  is  matle  of  the  church  catholic,  c.si)ecial!y 
in  England,  of  the  king  and  royal  family,  of  the  bishops 
and  clergy,  of  the  nobility  and  entire  temporally  (laity)  of 
the  kingdom,  partieuLarly  of  such  as  the  preacher's  devo- 
tion may  prompt  him  to  name,  and  of  the  souls  of  the 
faithful  departed.  The  bead-roll  was  prohibited  by  Ed- 
ward VI.  in  154S.  It  has  often  been  supposed  by  later 
writers  to  have  had  sometlniig  to  do  with  the  recital  of 
the  beads  or  rosjiry. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  list  or  catalogue ;  a  long 
series. 

Dan  Cliaucer,  well  of  English  undefyled. 

On  Fames  eternall  headroll  worthie  to  be  fyled. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  32. 
Neither  is  the  Scripture  without  a  pitiful  beadrow  of 
miserable  torments. 

Bidlinger's  Decades,  1587  (trans.  Parker  Soc). 
The  bead-roll  of  her  vicious  tricks.         Prior,  Alma,  iii. 

3.  A  rosary. —  4.  [<  bead,  a  dot,  +  roll,  a  cyl- 
inder.] In  bookbindinfi,  a  brass  roll  with  the 
edge  cut  in  dots  or  beads,  used  in  gilding. 

Also  called  bead-row. 

bead-sight  (bed'sit),  «.  A  sight  on  a  firearm 
consisting  of  a  small  round  bead  on  a  thin 
stem,  placed  in  the  liue  of  sight  at  the  end  of 
the  barrel.  Sometimes  a  small  ring  or  perfo- 
rated bead  is  used,  forming  an  open  beud-sight. 

beadsman  (bedz'man),  u. ;  pi.  beadsmen  (-men). 
[Also  bedesman,  earlier  bedeman,  <  ME.  bedc- 
nian,  <  bcde,  a  prayer  (see  bead),  +  man.]  1.  A 
man  employed  in  praying;  especially,  one  who 
prays  for  another,  in  this  sense  the  word  was  used 
in  former  times  at  the  conclusion  of  petitions  or  letters  to 
great  men,  as  we  now  use  "servant  "or  "humble  servant." 

"Whereby  ye  shall  bind  me  to  be  your  poor  beadxmein 
for  ever  unto  almighty  God.  Fuller, 

We  your  most  humble  subjects,  daily  orators,  and  beads- 
men, of  your  Clergy  of  England. 

tjunted  in  R.  W.  Dixon's  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  ii. 

2.  In  England,  a  man  who  resides  in  a  bead- 
house  or  almshouse,  or  is  supported  from  its 
funds. 

In  all  our  old  English  foundations  for  the  sick,  the  old, 
and  destitute,  the  beads  —  that  is  to  say,  prayers  for  bene- 
factors living  and  dead  —  were  said  every  day  by  the  in- 
mates, who  were  hence  also  called  beadsmen. 

Quoted  in  Rock's  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i.  136,  note. 

3.  Formerly,  in  Scotland,  a  public  almsman ; 
one  who  received  alms  from  the  king,  and  was 
expected  in  return  to  pray  for  the  royal  wel- 
fare and  that  of  the  state ;  a  privileged  or  li- 
censed beggar.  In  this  sense  usually  spelled 
bedesman. 

A  long  blue  gown,  with  a  pewter  badge  on  the  right 
arm  ;  two  or  three  wallets  for  holding  the  ditferent  kinds 
of  meal,  when  he  received  his  charity  ;  ...  all  these  at 
once  marked  a  beggar  by  profession,  .and  one  of  that  privi- 
leged class  which  are  called  in  Scotland  the  King's  bedes- 
men, or,  vulgarly.  Blue-gowns.        Scott,  Antiquary,  I.  iv. 

4t.  A  petitioner. 
bead-snake  (bed'snak),  «.     [<  6ea<f  (in  allusion 
to  its  coloring)  -(-  snake.]    A  name  of  the  coral- 
snake,  Elaps  fidriiis,  of  the  United  States. 
bead-stuff  (bed'stuf ),  «.     The  thin  wood  out  of 
which   are  formed  the  beadings  for  cabinet- 
work. 
beads'WOman   (bedz'wum*an),   n. ;    pi.  beads- 
women (-wim'en).     [Also  'bcdeswoman,  earlier 
bedewoman,  <   ME.  bede,   a  prayer,  +  woman. 
Cf.   beadsman.]     1.  A  i^raring  woman:  some- 
times used  as  an  equivalent  to  "humble  Ser- 
vant."   See  beadsman. 

Honour  done  to  your  poor  beadsivoman. 

B.  Jowson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  6. 
My  humblest  service  to  his  grace, 
I  am  his  beads-won\nn. 

Shirleij,  Grateful  Servant,  iii.  1. 

2.  In  England,  a  woman  who  resides  in  an  alms- 
house. 

bead-tool  (bed'tol),  «.  1 .  A  turning-tool  which 
has  its  cutting  face  ground  to  a  concave  curve, 
so  tliat  it  may  produce  a  convex  molding  when 
applied  to  the  work. — 2.  In  seal-en ijra fine/,  a 
tool  ^vith  an  end  adapted  for  cutting  the  balls 
and  beads  of  coronets  and  other  designs. 

bead-tree  (bed'tre),  «.  1.  The  ilelia  J:eda- 
rach,  natural  order  Meliacew.  its  nuts  are  used  for 
the  beads  of  rosaries,  especially  in  Spain  and  Portugal. 
See  .Melia. 

2.  The  name  in  Jamaica  of  a  leguminous  tim- 
ber-tree, Ormosia  dasijcarpa,  with  red  globose 


beak 

seeds.— Black  bead-tree,  of  Jamaica,  ruhccnlobium 

Cnfons-eiiti. 

beadwork  (bed'werk),«.  1.  Ornamental  work 
formeii  of  beads  by  embroidering,  crocheting, 
etc. — 2.  In  joincri/,  beading  (which  see). 

beady  (beMi),o.  l<.bead  +  -ij^.]  1.  Bead-like; 
small,  round,  and  glittering:  applied  especially 
to  eyes. 

Miss  t'rawlcy  could  not  look  without  seeing  Mr.  Bute's 
beady  eyes  eagerly  fixed  on  her. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  I.  xix. 
The  titmouse  turiLs  his  beady  eye 
Upon  me  as  I  wander  by. 

Joel  Benton,  December  Woods. 

2.  Covered  with,  or  full  of  beads;  having  a 
bead,  as  ale  or  other  liquor. 

beagle  (be'gl),  «.  [Formerly  begelc,  begle ;  < 
late  ME.  begle;  origin  unknown.  The  F.  bigle 
is  from  the  E.]  1.  A  small  hound,  formerly 
kept  to  himt  hares,  now  almost  superseded  by 
the  harrier,  which  is  sometimes  called  by  this 
name.  The  beagle  is  smaller  than  the  harrier,  coini)actly 
built,  smooth-haired,  and  has  pendulous  ears.  The  small- 
est beagles  are  little  larger  than  lap-dogs. 

To  plains  with  well-breathed  beofjles  we  repair, 
And  trace  the  mazes  of  the  circling  hare. 

Pojje,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  121. 

Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  one  who  makes  a 
business  of  scenting  out  or  hunting  down  (a 
person  or  thing) ;  a  spy ;  a  bailiff  or  sheriff's 
officer. 

There  heayles  flew 
To  hand  the  souter  lads  in  order.        J.  Mayne. 

3.  A  local  name  for  several  species  of  the 
smaller  sharks. 

beak^  (bek),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beeke,  and, 
preserving  the  orig.  short  vowel,  beck,  hecke,  < 
ME.  beeke,  beke,  bek,  bee  =  D.  bek,  <  OF.  bee,  F. 
bee  =  Pr.  bee  =  Sp.  Pg.  bico  =  It.  bccco,  <  LL. 
beccus,  a  beak,  of  Old  Celtic  (Gaulish)  origin; 
but  the  mod.  Celtic  words,  Gael,  beic,  Ir.  bee, 
Bret,  bek,  are  from  E.  or  F.  The  word  is  no- 
tionally  associated  with  E.  peak,  jicck,  pike,  and 
pick,  q.  v.]  1.  In  zoiil.,  the  rostrum,  snout, 
muzzle,  jaws,  mandibles,  or  some  similar  part  of 
an  animal.  Especially  — (n)  In  ornith..  the  homy  bill 
or  neb  of  a  bird,  (b)  In  mammal.,  the  horny  jaws  of  the 
duck-billed  members  of  the  genus  Platypus,  (c)  In  her- 
pet..  the  horny  jaws  of  a  turtle  or  other  ehelonian.  (ti)  In 
iehth.,  the  prolonged  snout  of  sundry  fishes,  (e)  The  homy 
jaws  of  a  cephalopod.  (/)  In  enfom.:  (1)  the  rostrum  or 
snout  of  a  rhynchophorous  beetle,  or  weevil ;  (2)  the  ros- 
trum or  sucking  mouth  of  a  hemipterous  insect;  (3)  the 
piercing  and  suctorial  mouth  of  a  mosquito,  or  other 
blood-sucking  fly,  consisting  of  lancet-like  mandibles, 
niiixill.'e,  and  lingua  inclosed  in  the  elongated  and  grooved 
labium.  (See  cut  under  mos'iuit".)  This  term  is  also  ap- 
plied to  any  unusual  prolongation  of  the  anterior  part  of 
the  head,  such  as  that  observed  in  many  Culeoptera  and 
Diptera.  (fi)  In  eoneh. ;  (1)  the  umbo  or  apex  of  a  bivalve 
shell ;  (2)  the  prolonged  lip  of  a  univalve  shell,  containing 
the  canal. 

2.  Anj'thing  ending  in  a  point  like  a  beak. 
(a)  Xaiit.,  a  powerful  construction  of  metal,  as  steel, 
iron,  or  brass,  or  of  timber  sheathed  with  metal,  forming 


Bealcs  of  Ships. 
T.   French    ironclad   Magent.-i  ;    2,  Amiral    Duperre   (Frcncll):   3, 
H.  M.  S.  Dreadnought;  4.  H.  M.  S.  Polyphemus  , torpedo-ram),    a. 
water-line. 

a  part  of  the  bow  of  many  war -ships,  and  extending  be- 
low the  water-line,  for  the  purpose  of  striking  anil  break- 
ing in  the  sides  of  an  enemy's  ship.  Also  called  ram 
(which  see).  For  a  cut  of  the  be.ak  of  an  ancient  war- 
galley,  see  acrostolium.  (b)  The  horn  of  an  anvil,  (r)  In 
farrienf.  a  little  shoe  about  an  inch  long,  turned  up  and 
fastened  in  upon  the  fore  part  of  the  hoof.  ((/)  In  areh., 
a  little  pendent  fillet  with  a  channel  behind  it  left  on  the 
edge  of  a  larmier,  to  form  a  drip  and  thus  prevent  the 
water  from  trickling  down  the  faces  of  lower  architcitnral 
members.  Ic)  In  bot.,  a  naiTowcd  or  prolonged  tip.  (.0 
In  earp.,  the  crooked  end  of  the  holdfast  of  a  carpenters 
bench.  {'/)  The  lip  or  spoilt  uf  a  vessel,  as  a  pitcher, 
through  w  hicb  the  contents  are  poured.  (A)  In  ehem.,  the 
rostrum  of  an  alembic,  which  conducts  the  vapor  to  the 
worm.  (0  The  long  point  of  the  peculiar  boot  or  shoe 
w»»rn  from  about  1475  to  1.S20;  also,  the  point  of  the  clog 
worn  at  the  same  period,  which  was  often  longer  than  the 
shoe  itself.     See  sotleret. 

3.  A  gas-burner  having  a  round  smooth  hole 
jV  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  a bird's-mouth. —  4. 
A  beak-iron  (which  see). 
beak^  (bek),  e.  t.    [<  beak'^,  n.]    In  cock-fighting, 
to  seize  or  strike  with  the  beak. 


beak 

beak^  On^k),  ».  [Samo  as  hcrkC';  of  obscure 
orij>,'iii.J  A  magistrate ;  a  judge;  a  policeman. 
[SlaiiR.] 

beaked  (bdkt),  o.  [<  bcah-t^  + -etl^.]  Having  a 
beak,  or  soinctliing  resembling  a  beak;  bealv- 
sbapotl.  (ii)  lliivin;;  a  long  beak-like  mouth,  as  some  in- 
seetj.  ('/)  111 ''"'..  rostrate;  cnilim:  i"  a  lieak-like  point, 
(c)  In  Iwr.,  apiJieil  to  l)lrils,  and  used  only  wlien  the  beak  ia 
of  a  dirferent  tinuturo  from  the  rest  ot  the  bird  ;  thus,  an 
caslc  salile,  bealeed  or,  means  a  black  eaj,'le  having  a  gold 
beak.  When  beaks  and  daws  are  of  the  same  tincture,  the 
term  aniiM  (which  see)  is  used.  ((/)  Ending  iu  a  point, 
like  a  beak. 

Each  beaked  promontory.  Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  94. 

Beaked  helmet,  a  helmet  of  which  the  vizor  wus  worked 
to  a  sharp  proj.riiiig  ]ioint  in  front,  in  use  about  l;i4o-7o. 
The  linatiiiou-holes  were  in  the  beaked  part,  or  only  on 
the  rik'lit  side  of  it.  Tile  cxtrem:dy  pointed  form  gave  to 
tile  lance  of  the  assailant  no  hold  and  no  opportunity  of 
t'literiiig  the  openings. 

beaker  (be'lcir),  «.  [=  So.  bick-cr,  <  ME.  biker, 
hiil.ri;  <  leel.  bikarr,  a  cup,  =  Sw.  biigarc  = 
liaii.  buyer  =  OS.  bikcri  =  D.  bcker  =  OHG. 
bekltur,  bchhdri,  MHO.  G.  bcchr,  <  ML.  bicn- 
rium  (also  prob.  "hiccurium,  >  It.  bicchiere, 
pecchero  =  OF.  picker,  pichicr,  >  ME.  pieher, 
E.  jiitclicr,  wiiich  is  thus  a  doublet  of  beaker), 
a  wine-cup,  <  Gr.  as  if  * jiiKapmv,  dim.  of  jHno^, 
an  earthen  wine-vessel;  of  Eastern  origin.] 
1.  A  largo  drinking- vessel  with  a  wide  mouth. 
11  for  a  InahT  full  of  the  warm  south. 
Full  of  tlio  true,  the  blushful  Ilippocrenc! 

Keals,  Ode  to  a  Nightingale. 

S.  A  glass  vessel  used  by  chemists,  usually  for 

making  solutions.  It  is  made  of  thin  glass  to  with- 
stand heating,  and  has  a  llat  bottom  ami  iierpcndicular 
sides,  with  a  lip  for  pouring,  and  vai-ies  in  cap.aeity  from 
1  to  30  lluidounces. 

He  used  a  niodltication  of  Thomson's  electrometer,  and 
connected  it,  with  suitable  precautions,  with  twelve  large 
leakers  which  were  covered  with  tinfoil  and  were  filled 
with  ice.  Science,  III.  260. 

beak -bead  (bek'hod),  n.  1.  An  ornament  ro- 
sH-nibling  the  head  and  beak  of  a  bird,  or,  often, 
a  grotesque  human  head  terminating  in  a  beak, 


-^?»3(rv>3^"> 


Beak-irons. 
a,  tool  with  long  beak  used  for  rounding 
sections  of  stove-pijjc,  etc.  ;  *,  tool  witn 
shorter  and  cylindrical  beak ;  c,  tool  with 
two  beaks  which  act  as  stakes  or  anvils  in 
the  interior  of  ware ;  rf,  a  conical  beak  in- 
tended to  be  grasped  in  a  vise. 


Beak  heids  —  I  rom  St   blLcslHf  rl    L   ^'and 

used  as  an  enrichment  of  moldings  in  Roman- 
esque architecture. — 2.  That  part  of  a  sliip 
before  the  forecastle  which  is  fastened  to  the 
stem  and  supportoil  by  the  main  knee. 

beaking-joint  (be'king-joint),  n.     [<  beaUng, 
verbal  n.  of  heak'^,  +  joint.']     A  joint  formed 
\>y  the  junction  of  several  heading-joints  iu  a 
continuous  line, 
as  sometimes  iu 
folding     doors, 
doors,  etc. 

beak-iron  (bek'- 

I'ern),  ii.  [A 
further  corrup- 
tion, simulating 
bcdk^  +  iron,  of 
bickiron,  a  cor- 
ruption of  hick- 
em,  q.  v.]  An 
anvil  with  a 
long  beak  or 
liorn  adapted  to 
reach  the  interior  surfaces  of  sheet-metal  ware; 
a  biekern.  I'scfl  in  various  forms  by  blacksmiths,  cop- 
pcrsniiths.  and  workers  in  sheet  metal.  Also  called  beak 
and  hickiftin. 

beakmentt,  «.  [E.  dial,  also  erroneously  bcat- 
incnt;  appar.  <  F.  bccqucr,  peek,  -1-  -nient:  see 
peck,  a  measure.  J  A  measure  of  about  a  quar- 
ter of  a  peck.     llalliwcU. 

beak-rusn  (bek'rush),  n.  A  common  name  for 
species  of  Ilhiinchospora,  a  genus  of  cyperaceous 
plants  with  conspicuously  bealicd  aehenes  or 
seed-vessels.     Also  called  heak-sedije. 

beak-sheath  (bek'shoth),  h.  In  entom.,  the 
rostral  siieath  or  jointed  extension  of  tlie  la- 
bium, inclosing  the  mouth-organs  of  a  hemip- 
terous  insect. 

beaky  (be'ki),  a.  [<  beak  +  -//!.]  Furnished 
with  or  distinguished  by  a  bealv. 

beaU  (bel),  H.  [<  ME.  beel,  bele,  a  variant  of 
bile,  biilc,  >  E.  fc(7('l,  now  corrupted  into  boil^: 
see  h(7fl  and  /w(7l.]  A  small  inrtammatory  tu- 
mor; a  pustule.     [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

beal^  (bel),  r.  I.  [<  beull,  «.]  To  gather  mat- 
ter ;  swell  and  come  to  a  head,  as  a  pimple ; 


487 

fester ;  suppm'ato.  [Obsolete  except  in  Scot- 
land.] 
bear-  (bel),  n.  [So.,  also  spelled  Ucl,  <  Gael, 
and  Ir.  heul,  earlier  bcii!,  mouth,  >  Gael,  and  Ir. 
bealdeh,  a  dolile,  a  mountain-i)ass.]  A  mouth; 
an  opening,  as  between  hills ;  a  narrow  pass. 
[Scotch.] 

Angus  M'Aulay  mumbled  over  a  number  of  hard  Gaelic 
names  descriptive  of  the  ditferent  pji«8cs,  precipices,  cor- 
rics,  and  beaU,  through  which  ho  said  the  road  lay  to  lii- 
vcrary.  .S'ciiif,  Legend  of  Montrose,  viii. 

Beale  light.    See /(V/A^i. 

Beale's  ganglion-cells.    See  cell. 

bealingt  (be'ling),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  fcea/l.]  A 
boil  or  gathering;  a  suppuration  or  suppurat- 
ing part. 

be-all  (be'al),  n.  All  that  is  to  bo  ;  the  whole 
being. 

Tliat  but  tins  blow 
Slight  be  the  licall  and  the  end-all  here. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

beam  (bem),  n.  [<  ME.  bcem,  heme,  etc.,  <  AS. 
bedm,  a  tree,  a  piece  of  timber,  a  ray  of  light, 
=  0S.  So«t  =  OFries.  bdm  =  T>.  boom(>'E.boom'^) 
=  MLG.  bom,  LG.  boom  =  OHG.  MHG.  bourn, 
G.  haum,  and  prob.  =  Icel.  hndhmr  =  Goth. 
hagms  (the  leel.  and  Goth,  presenting  unex- 
plained variations  of  form),  a  tree;  perhaps 
akin  to  Gr.  iphim,  a  growth,  and  Skt.  bhuman, 
earth,  <  ^/  blifi,  grow,  become:  see  ftcl,  bowcr'^, 
boor,  bigS  =  bigg'^,  etc.,  and  cf.  the  doublet 
hoom".  The  sense  of  'ray  of  light'  is  peculiar 
to  AS.  and  E.,  appar.  tr.  L.  columna  (liicis),  a 
column  or  pillar  of  light :  cf.  L.  radius,  a  spoke 
of  a  wheel,  a  rod,  a  ray;  G.  strahl,  an  arrow, 
a  spoke,  a  ray  or  beam.]  1.  In  arch.,  a  long 
piece  of  stone, 
wood,  or  metal,  or 
a  construction  of 
wood  or  metal,  or 
combining  wood 
and  metal,  used  in 
a  horizontal  posi- 
tion, usually  in 
combination  with 
others  like  it,  all 
being  generally 
laid  parallel  to 
one  another,  and 
at  regular  inter- 
vals,   to    support 

weight,  or,  as  a  tie-beam  or  a  collar-beam,  to 
resist  two  opposite  forces  either  puDing  or  com- 
pressing it  in  the  direction  of  its  length. —  2. 
A  long  piece  fixed  or  movable  in  a  structure, 
machine,  or  tool:  often  equivalent  to  girder. 
The  word  beani  is  used  in  a  number  of  more  or  less  specilie 
senses;  as:  (a)  Any  large  piece  of  timber  long  in  propor- 
tion to  its  tliickness.  prepared  for  use.  (b)  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal horiz..ntiil  timlnis  ill  a  Imilding,  especially  one  con- 
necting two  ojiposit  era  ft  ei-s  ;  a  timber  serving  tostrengtlien 
any  piece  of  «  uudeii  frame-work,  (c)  The  jiart  of  a  balance 
from  the  ends  of  wliich  the  scales  are  suspended. 

The  doubtful  bea)n  long  nods  from  side  to  side. 

Pope,  K.  of  the  L.,  v.  73. 

(lit)  The  pole  of  a  carriage  which  runs  between  the  horses. 

(e)  A  cylindrical  piece  of  wood,  making  part  of  a  loom, 
on  which  weavers  wind  the  warp  before  weaving;  also, 
the  cylinder  ou  which  the  cloth  is  rolled  as  it  is  woven. 

The  staff  of  his  spear  was  like  a  weaver's  beam. 

1  Sam.  jn'ii.  7. 

( f)  The  straight  part  or  shank  of  an  anchor,  (ij)  One  .if 
the  strong  transverse  pieces  of  timber  or  iron  stretching 
across  a  ship  from  one  side  to  the  other,  to  support  the 
decks    and    re- 

"''      OP 


Medieval  Floor-beams. 

( From  Viollet-Ie-Duc's  "  Diet,  de 

r  Architecture.") 


tain  the  sides  at 
their  proper  dis- 
tance, (h)  The 
main  piece  of  a 
I)low,  in  which 
the  plow-tails 
are  fixed,  and 
by  which  it  is 
drawn.    (0  The 

oscillfttinp  lever  of  a  stcam-enpine  recip- 
rocating npon  a  center,  and  forniinj;  the 
medium  of  communication  between  the 
pistnii  rod  and  the  crank-shaft.  Also 
called  irorkinff-beam  or  ival!cin<j-beam. 
Sec  cut  under  atmospheric. 
3.  The  widest  part  of  a  sliip^s 
hull;  the  extreme  breadth  of  a 
ship:  from  the  beams  extending  ^^'f^^^^.S^,^"*^ 
quite  across  the  vessel  where  it  /^^  frame;  op. 
is  broadest :  as,  a  steamer  of  fifty  J^.^'f^^j^Jfl'S^^'S: 

inj:;  ^.deck-DiEam; 

DP,  deck-plank- 
inc;  5".  shelf  to 
which  the  beam- 
end  is  coaked ;  M', 
thick  waterway ; 
thin  w.iterw 


beamed 

antler.  See  antler. — 5.  A  ray  of  light,  or  more 
strictly  a  collection  of  parallel  rays  of  light, 
emitted  from  (he  sun  or  other  luminous  body. 
The  middle  ray  is  the  a-xis.  In  heraldry,  beams  of  the  sun 
arc  commonly  represented  .as  radiating  from  some  other 
charge,  which  is  then  said  to  be  radiant  or  rayomiant. 

The  existence  of  an  isolated  ray  of  light  ia  inconceivable. 
.  .  .  However  small  a  i>ortion  of  the  wave  surface  may  lie 
roprescnted,  it  contains  innumerable  rays,  which  collec- 
tively form  a  beam  or  fasciculus  of  rays. 

Loiiimel,  Light,  p.  '23'2. 

Yon  silver  l/eamg. 
Sleep  they  less  sweetly  on  the  cottage  thatch 
Than  on  the  dome  id  kings'/  ShelUy. 

Hence  —  6.  Figuratively,  a  ray  or  emanation 
of  splendor:  as,  "beams  of  majesty,"  'iiUotton, 
Works,  I.  iii. — 7.  Same  as  rood-beam — Abaft 
the  beam.  Sie  ahnfi.-  Arched  beam.  See  animi.— 
Axis  of  a  beam  of  light,  see  «u-/«i.-  Beam  and 
scales,  a  balaiuc— Beam-center,  the  fulcrum  or  pin  on 
which  a  working-beam  vibrates.  Also  called  hcam-'iud- 
,(7i'')?i.— Beam  of  a  car-truck,  a  crossbeam  carrying  the 
weight  of  the  supported  car.— Before  the  beam.  See 
before.— 'R\3M\f  beam,  a  beam  formed  of  sniadcr  lieanis 
notched,  scarf.-il,  and  bolted  together.— Cellular  beam, 
a  beam  fonued  of  wrought-irou  jilates  riveted  with  angle- 
irons  in  the  form  of  longitiulinal  cells,  with  occasional 
cross-struts.— Composite  beam,  a  bcnni  composed  of 
wood  and  metal,  or  of  two  dilferent  metals.- Curriers' 
beam,  an  inclined  jiost  over  which  a  hide  is  stretched 
to  be  shaved.— Fished  beam.  See  Jish,  c— Kerfed 
beam,  a  beam  with  slits  sawed  in  one  side  to  facilitate 
bending  in  that  direction.  — On  the  beam,  naut.,  on  a 
line  with  the  lieams,  or  at  riglit  angles  with  the  keel. — 
On  the  beam-ends,  in  the  position  of  a  ship  which  in- 
clines so  much  to  one  side  that  her  beams  approach  a 
vertical  position  ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  be  on  one's  beam- 
ciuls,  to  be  thrown  or  lying  on  the  ground ;  be  in  bad  cir- 
cuiiL^taiiccs ;  be  at  one's  last  shift. — On  the  weather- 
beam,  oil  the  weather  side  of  the  ship.—  To  kick  or 
Strike  the  beam,  to  rise,  as  the  lighter  scale  of  a  bal- 
ance, so  as  to  strike  against  the  licam ;  hence,  to  be  of 
comparatively  liglit  weight  or  little  conseiiuence. 
In  these  he  put  two  weights. 
The  sequel  each  of  parting  and  of  right: 
The  latter  quick  upilew  and  kiek'il  the  beam. 

Milton,  I'.  L.,  iv.  1004. 

beam  (bem),  v.  [<  ME.  bcenien,  hemen,  <  AS. 
"bcdmian  (Somner),  radiate;  from  the  noun.] 
I.  trans.  If.  To  shed  rays  of  light  upon ;  ir- 
radiate.—  2.  To  shoot  forth  or  emit,  as  or  like 
beams  or  rays:  as,  to  beam  love  upon  a  person. 

God  beams  this  light  into  men's  understandings. 

South,  Sermons,  I.  8. 

3.  To  furnish  or  supply  with  beams  ;  give  the 
appearance  of  beams  to. 

The  bell-towers,  again,  are  ribbed  and  l>eamfdwHh  black 
lava.  J.  A.  Sifuionds,  Italy  and  tJreece,  p.  197. 

4.  In  currijing,  to  stretch  on  the  beam,  as  a 
hide. —  5.  In  loeaviiig,  to  put  on  the  beam,  as  a 
chain  or  web. 

II.  intrans.  To  emit  beams  or  rays  of  light; 
shed  or  give  out  radiance,  literally  or  figura- 
tively; shine. 

A  mighty  light  flew  beaming  every  way. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  xv. 
More  bounteous  aspects  on  me  beatn. 
Me  mightier  transports  move  and  thrill. 

Tennuson,  Sir  Galahad. 

beam-bird  (bem'berd),  n.  1.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  the  spotted  flycatcher,  Musci- 
capa  grisola,  because  it  often  builds  its  nest 
on  the  projecting  end  of  a  beam  or  rafter  in  a 
building. —  2.  A  provincial  name  for  the  petty- 
chaps  or  garden-warbler,  Sylvia  hortensis. 

beam-board  (bcm'bord),  «.  The  platform  of  a 
steelyard  or  balance.  Also  called  bcam-plat- 
f or  III.     E.  B.  Knight. 

beam-caliper  (bem'kal''i-per),  n.  An  instru- 
ment similar  in  construction  to  a  beam-com- 
pass, but  with  the  points  ttu-ned  in  so  as  to  be 
used  as  calipers. 

beam-center  (bem'sen'tcr),  n.  The  pin  upon 
wliich  the  working-beam  of  a  marine  engiua 
reciprocates. 

beam-compass  (bem'kum''''pas),  n.  An  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  wooden  or  brass  beam, 


feet  beam. 
Broad  in  the  beam 
With  graceful 


but  sloping  aft, 
■iirvi'  and  .^low  degrees. 
Lnn;i/>lloit;  Duiiding  of  Ship. 

4.  The   main  stem   of  a   deer's 

horns  bearing  the  snags  or  ant^  ,■",'■'• '"Icllh^gSn' 

lers.  One  of  the  snags  themselves  sir.ikc;  a',  forked 

..  ,1  "  1      ii  1  ir"ii  knee.    Dotleil 

IS   sometimes   called   the   beam-  imcsshowuiebQits. 


Beam-compass. 

ha'ving  sliding  sockets  that  carry  steel  or  pencil 
points,  used  for  describing  large  circles  and 
for  laving  off  distances. 

beamed  (bemd),  a.     Having  beams  or  horns; 
having  all  its  antlers  put  forth,  as  the  head  of 
a  stag. 
There  were  manv  great  beamed  deer  in  it. 

J.  P.  Campbell,  Pop.  Tales  of  West  HiglUands. 


beam-engine 

beam-engine  (beiu'in  jin).  ».  A  Btpam-cngine 
iu  which  the  motion  of  tlie  piston  is  transmit^ 
ted  to  the  crank  by  means  of  an  overhead-  or 
working-beam  and  conne('tin<r-roil,  as  distinct 
from  a  direct-action  engine  and  a  sidi-lever 
engine,  in  which  the  motion  is  oommunieatcd 
by  two  side-levers  or  beams  Ijelow  the  level  of 
the  piston  eross-liead.  — compound  beam-engine, 

n  lieiuu-eilgilie  liaving  conipouini  cylinders,  in  which  the 
steam  is  used  tlrst  at  a  higher  and  tlieti  at  a  lower  tem- 
perature. 

beamer  (b§'m6r),  n.  l.  In  wcmnng,  a  person 
wliose  business  it  is  to  put  warps  on  the  beam. 
—  2.   Same  as  bcamiiuj-nuuhiiic. 

beam-feather  (bem'f'cTii  er),  n.  One  of  the 
long  featliers  in  a  bird's  wing,  particularly  that 
of  a  liawk  ;  one  of  the  remiges  or  tlight-feathers. 

beam-filling  (bem'lil'ing),  n.  1.  Brickwork 
or  masonry  carried  up  from  the  level  of  the 
under  side  of  a  beam  to  the  level  of  the  top. — 
2.  yaiit.,  that  portion  of  the  cargo  which  is 
stowed  between  the  beams. 

beamful  (bem'fiil),  o.  [<  feeoOT  -f- -/!(?.]  Emit- 
ting beams;  beaming;  bright:  as,  "beamful 
lamps,"  Drayton.  Noah's  Flood  (Ord  MS.). 

beam-gudgeon  (bera'gu,i"on),  n.  One  of  the 
bearing-studs  on  the  center  of  a  working-beam, 
or  the  central  pivot  upon  which  it  oscillates. 

beamily  (be'mi-li),  adv.  In  a  beamy  or  beam- 
ing manner;  radiantly. 

Thou  thy  griefs  dost  dress 
With  a  bright  halo,  sliiniug  beamibi. 

Keats,  To  BjTon. 

beaming  (be'ming),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  beam,  r.] 
1.  In  cloth-manuf.,  the  operation  of  winding 
the  warp-yarn  on  the  beam  of  a  loom. —  2.  In 
leathcr-maldng,  the  operation  of  working  hides 
with  a  slicker  over  a  beam,  or  with  a  beam- 
ing-machine. 

beaming  (be'ming),  p.  a.  Characterized  by  ra- 
diance ;  bright ;  cheerful. 

beamingly  (be'ming-li),  adv.  In  a  beaming 
manner  ;  brightly ;  radiantly. 

beaming-machine  (be'ming-ma-shen"),  ".  1. 
A  machine  for  winding  yarn  upon  the  beams 
of  looms. — 2.  An  apparatus  for  working  hides 
with  a  slicking-tool  or  slicker,  it  consists  of  a 
table  on  which  the  hide  is  placed,  and  an  oscillating  beam 
for  moving  the  tool  over  it. 
Also  called  beamer. 

beam-knife  (bem'nif),M.  A  double-edged  knife 
with  a  straight  handle  at  one  end  of  the  blade, 
and  a  cross-handle  lixed  in  the  plane  of  the 
blade  at  the  other.  It  is  used  in  shaving  off 
the  thick,  fleshy  parts  of  a  hide  and  evening  its 
thickness. 

beamless  (bem'les),  a.  [<  beam  +  -less.l  Emit- 
ting no  rays  of  light;  rayless. 

The  beamless  eye 
No  more  with  ardour  bright. 

Thomson,  Siunmer,  1. 1045. 

beamlett  (bem'let),  n.  [<  beam  +  -let.^  A  lit- 
tle beam,  as  of  light. 

beam-light  (bem'Ut),  ».  The  light  formerly 
kept  biu'ning  in  chm-ches  in  front  of  the  re- 
served sacrament :  so  called  because  suspended 
from  the  rood-beam.     [Rare.] 

beam-line  (bem'lin),  «.  In  ship-huUding,  a 
line  showing  where  the  tops  of  the  beams  and 
the  frames  intersect. 

beamlingt  (bem'ling), ».  [<.beam  +  -Ung^.'\  A 
little  beam,  as  of  light. 

beam-platform  (bem'plaf'form),  n.  Same  as 
beam-board. 

beam-roll  (bem'rol),  «.  In  cloth-manvf.,  the 
spool-shaped  roll  upon  which  the  warp-threads 
are  wound. 

beam-room  (bem'rom),  n.  The  room  or  shed 
in  a  currier's  establishment  where  the  beaming 
or  slicking  of  hides  is  carried  on. 

But  for  unsavory  odors  a  beam-room  might  pass  for  a 
laundry.  Harpers  Mai].,  LXX.  274. 

beamsomet  (bem'sum),  a.  [<  beam  -I-  -some.] 
fSlii'dilirig  beams;  radiant.     N.  E.  D. 

beamster  (bem'ster),  «.     [<  beam  +  -ster.']    A 
workman  engaged  in  beaming  or  slicking  hides. 
The  beainsters  bending  to  their  t.isks. 

Harper's  Ma;;.,  LXX.  274. 

beam-trawl  (bem'tral),  »i.  A  trawl-net  the 
miiutli  of  which  is  kept  open  bv  a  beam. 

beam-tree  (bem'tre),  «.  [Shoi-t  for  uhitebeam- 
^  t(.]  A  tree  of  the  pear  kind,  Pijrus  Aria  of 
Europe  (also  called  irhitebeam),  and  closely 
allied  species  of  central  Asia,  it  is  of  moderate 
size,  liearing  an  abundance  of  white  flowers  and  showy 
red  fruit.  The  wood  is  Iiard  and  tough,  resembling  that 
of  the  ap])le  and  pear,  and  is  used  for  axletrees. 

beam-truss  (bem'tms),  «.  A  compound  beam, 
formed  generally  by  two  main  parallel  mem- 


488 


Drench  of  Beam-tree  {Pyrtts  Aria), 

bers  which  receive  the  stress  of  a  load  and  re- 
sist it,  the  one  by  compression  and  the  other 
by  tension.  Tlicy  are  coiuiected  by  braces  and  ties, 
which  serve  to  keep  them  apart,  bind  the  whole  firmly 
together,  and  transmit  the  stress  due  to  a  Inad  upon 
any  one  part  to  the  points  of  support.  Sec  iru.'ts. 
beamy  (be'mi),  a.  [<  ^lE.  bcmij ;  <  beam  -\r 
-yl.]  1.  Resembling  a  beam  in  size  and 
weight;  massy:  as,  "his  .  .  .  beamy  spear," 
Drifden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1756.  —  2.  Having 
horns  or  antlers:  as,  "beamy  stags,"  Drydeit, 
tr.  of  Virgil. —  3.  Xaiit.,  having  much  beam  or 
breadth;  broad  in  the  beam:  said  of  a  ship 
whose  beam  is  more  than  one  tenth  of  its 
length. 

The  speed  of  beamy  vessels  has  too  often  been  demon- 
strated. The  Centurij,  XXIV.  071. 

4.  Emitting  rays  of  light ;  radiant ;  shining. 

The  sun  .  .  . 
Brightening  the  twilight  with  its  bea  my  gold. 

Tickell,  Koyal  Progress. 
He  bears 
In  a  field  azure  a  sun  proper,  bea mif. 

B.  Joiison,  .Staple  of  News,  iv.  1. 

5.  Figuratively,  radiant ;  joyous;  gladsome. 
Read  my  pardon  in  one  bcamij  smile.  J.  Baillie. 

beanl  (ben),  «.  [<  ME.  bene,  ben,  <  AS.  hedn 
=  D.  boon  =  MLG.  bone  =  OHG.  bona,  MHG. 
bone,  G.  bohne  =  Icel.  baun  =  Sw.  bona  =  Dan. 
bonne,  bean.  Cf.  W.  ffaen,  pi.  ffa;  Xi.  faba  = 
OBulg.  Russ.  bobu  =  OPruss.  babo,  a  bean.] 
1.  Originally  and  properly,  a  smooth  kidney- 
shaped  seed,  flattened  at  the  sides,  borne  in 
long  pods  by  a  leguminous  plant,  Vicia  Faba  ; 
now  extended  to  include  the  seed  of  the  allied 
genus  Pliaseolus,  and,  with  a  specific  epithet, 
of  other  genera.  —  2.  The  plant  producing 
beans.  The  bean  known  to  the  aucients  from  prehistoric 
times  was  the  Victa  Faba  (or  Faba  vuli/arui).  a  native  of 
western  Asia,  and  the  same  as  the  field-,  hoi-se-,  or  tick- 
bean,  and  the  broad  or  Windsor  bean,  still  largely  culti- 
vated iu  the  fields  and  gardens  of  the  old  world.  It  is 
used  when  green  as  a  t:ible-vcgetable,  and  wlien  dry  as 
feed  for  horses  and  sheep.  The  nunu  rous  ittlicr  kinds  nt 
cultivated  beans  are  of  American  origin,  and  bcl.niu'cliiclly 
to  the  genus  Phaseolus.  To  P.  vubjitris  iH-lciig  the  ciini- 
mon  kidney-beau,  and  the  haricot  and  French  beans,  tlie 
string-bean,  and  the  pole-bean;  to  P.  lunatus,  the  Lima 
and  Carolina  beans,  the  sugar-bean,  and  the  butter-bean; 
and  to  P.  nanus,  the  dwarf,  field-,'hush-,  navy-,  pea-,  and 
si.\-weeks  beaus.  To  the  same  genus  belong  the  wild  kid- 
ney-bean, P.  perennis  ;  the  scarlet-runner  bean,  P.  vtulti- 
Jloru.^,  cultivated  for  its  scarlet  flowers ;  and  the  prairie- 
bean  of  Texas,  P.  retn-sxts.  The  asparagus-beau.  Dolichos 
ses'iaipedaUs,  with  very  long  cylindrical  pods,  frequently 
cultivated  in  Europe,  is  a  native  of  tropical  America. 
Beans  as  an  article  of  food  are  very  nutritious,  contain- 
ing much  starch  and  a  large  percentage  of  a  nitrogenous 
compound  called  legimiin,  analogous  to  the  casein  in 
cheese.  The  name  bean  is  also  given  to  many  leguminous 
seeds  which  are  not  cultivated  or  used  as  food,  such  as 
the  al'jarroba.  Calabar,  and  coral  beans,  and  to  certain 
other  plants  and  their  seeds  which  are  not  leguminous  at 
all,  as  the  cojfee-bean. 

3.  A  small  oval  or  roundish  seed,  berry,  nut, 
or  lump :  as,  a  QoSee-bean. — 4.  pJ.  In  coal-min- 
ing, small  coals ;  specifically,  coals  which  will 
pass  through  a  screen  with  half-inch  meshes. 
[North.  Eng.]  —  5.  ;>?.  Money.  [Slang.]— Algar- 
rolia,  carob,  or  locust  bean,  tiie  fruit  of  the  camb- 
tree.  Ceratonia  .vfVo/fo/.— Buck-,  bog-,  t-'r  brook-bean. 
See  i<o.'/-(/inii.— BrazUian  or  Plcliurim  bean,  tlie  fruit  of 
a  lauraceous  tree  of  Brazil,  Xcctandra  Piichurii.  —  Cala- 
bar or  ordeal  bean,  the  seed  of  an  African  leguminous 
climber,  Phijsostifjma  ven^nosum,  a  violent  poison,  used 
as  a  remedy  in  diseases  of  the  eye,  tetanus,  neuralgia, 
and  other  nervous  affections.  In  some  parts  of  Africa  it 
is  administered  to  persons  suspected  of  witchcraft :  if 
vomiting  results  and  the  poison  is  thrown  otf,  the  inn<i- 
cence  of  the  suspected  person  is  regarded  as  established. 
—  Castor-bean,  the  seed  of  a  euphorbiaceous  i>I:int. 
Bie'iKis  rnnnmuu.-,'.  yicMinu'  cast4u-i>ii.— China  bean, 
J)uluh<'^  y/rnnyis.  Tile  M;i,k-eyed  bean  is  one  of  its  \  arie- 
ties.  —  Coffee-bean,  a  name  given  in  commerce  to  the 
cotfee-berrj.  — Coral  bean,  of  Jamaica,  the  seed  of  a 
leguminous  shrub,  Enith  rina  fflauea  ;  but  the  large  coral 
bean  is  obtained  from  the  bead-  or  necklace-tree,  Ormn- 
sia  daifi/carpa.  The  coral  bejin  of  Texas  is  Sophora  secun- 
d?7!ora,— Cujumary  beans,  the  seeds  of  a  lauraceous 
tree  of  Brazil.  Aiidimh;:n  Ciiiumnrii,  an  esteemed  tonic 
and  stimulant.  — Egyptian,  hyacinth,  or  black  beans, 
the  seeds  of  Dolkhus  Lablac,  cultivated  in  India.  — Goa 


bean-shot 

beans,  the  seeds  of  Psnphorarpus  tetrafjorwlnbitJt,  cuUU 
vated  for  food  in  India.  -  Horse-  or  sword-bean,  of 
.Jamaica,  the  Canavalia  ijladiata.  a  legume  widely  dis- 
tributed through  the  tropics.  —  Indian  bean,  a  name 
given  in  the  Tnited  States  to  Cutalpa  bi'fiwiiioides. — 
John  Crow  or  Jequirity  beans,  ■  f  .Jamaica,  the  seeds 
of  Al'i-it^  /'/■''cf/Zori I/.-'.— Malacca  bean,  or  marking-nut, 
tin-  Milt  of  all  I^iLst  Indian  tree,  ."^ini.  eurjtus  Aiiacardium. 

—  Mesquite  bean,  of  IVxius  and  .s..nthward,  the  fruit  of 
/'/..7,;xi»/.rf.,r<i.— Molucca  beans,  or  nickernia»,  the 
seed^  of  a  tntiiical  leguniiiiuus  climber,  C\rsalpinia  Bondu- 
fe//rt.  — Not  to  know  beans,  a  colloquial  American  as- 
sertiiin  of  a  persons  ignorance,  equivalent  to  "not  to 
know  B  from  a  bull's  foot."'— Oily  bean,  *»r  hene-plant, 
the  Sesamuni  Indiium. —  Ox-eye  or  Lorse-eye  bean. 
the  seed  of  Mucuna  urcns,  a  leguminous  climber  of  the 
tropics.— Pythagorean  or  sacred  bean,  of  the  Egyptians 
and  Hindus,  the  Iruitoftiie  lotus,  Seluinbiinn  s-jiecioxttrn. 
See  .Ve/Hi/i/;ii(//i.— Sahuca  or  soy  beans,  the  seeds  of 
Gbieine  Soja,  largely  cultivated  in  India  and  China,  from 
which  the  sauce  known  as  sotj  is  made. —  St.  Ignatius' 
beans,  the  seeds  of  Strychnos  I;niaiii,  coutaiiiiiig  strych- 
nine ami  highly  poisonous.- Ecrew-bean,  the  twisted 
pod  of  Piotopis  pnbeseens. —  Seaside  bean,  a  name  given 
to  some  creeping  leguminous  plants  of  the  tropics,  Cana- 
valia obtusi/olia  and  Vl'ma  l"f'"bt,  eoninion  on  rocky  or 
sandy  sea-shores. — To  find  the  bean  in  the  cake,  to 
succeed  in  defeating  one  s  aihersaries :  an  allusion  to  the 
old  custom  of  coiic-ealiiig  a  bean  in  the  Twelfth-night 
cake  and  naniin:.'  tlie  ji  rson  who  found  it  as  king  of  the 
festival. — Tonquin  or  Tonka  beans,  the  fragrant  seeds 
of  Diptenjz  odorata,  a  legnminous  tree  of  (iuiana,  used 
in  perfumery  and  for  scenting  snulf. — Vanilla  bean, 
the  fragrant  pod  of  a  climbing  orchid  of  tropical  America, 
Vanilla  planifolia.  used  for  liavoring  confectionerj-,  etc. 

—  Wild  bean,  of  the  I'nited  states,  the  Apios  tuherosa. 

—  Yam-bean,  a  leguminous  twiner,  Paehyrrhizus  angu- 
lattts,  with  large  tuberous  roots,  cultivated  throughout 
the  tropics. 

bean-  (ben),  a.     See  bein. 

bean-belly  (ben'bel'i),  n.  A  great  eater  of 
beans :  a  %'ulgar  nickname  for  a  dweller  in  Lei- 
cestershire, England. 

bean-brush  (ben'brush),  n.  The  stubble  of 
beaus. 

bean-cake  (ben'kak),  n.  A  large  cheese-shaped 
compressed  cake  of  beans  after  the  oil  has  been 
expressed,  used  largely  in  northern  China  as 
food  for  cattle,  and  in  the  sugar-plantations 
of  southern  China  as  manure. 

bean-caper  (ben'ka"per),  n.  Zygophyllum  Fa- 
bago,  a  small  tree,  a  native  of  the  Levant.  The 
flower-buds  are  used  as  capers. 

bean-cod  (ben'kod),  H.  1.  A  bean-pod. —  2.  A 
small  fishing-vessel  or  pilot-boat  used  in  the 
rivers  of  Portugal.  It  is  sharp  forward,  and 
has  its  stem  bent  above  into  a  great  ctirve  and 
plated  with  iron.     Imp.  Vict. 

beancrake  (ben'krak),  n.  A  bird,  Crex  pra- 
/f'H.svx;  the  corn-crake. 

bean-curd  (ben'kerd),  H.  A  thick  white  jelly 
resembling  blanc-mange,  made  of  beans,  much 
eaten  by  the  natives  of  northern  China,  Corea, 
and  Japan. 

bean-dolphin  (ben'dol"fin),  n.  The  aphis  or 
jilaut -louse  which  infests  the  bean. 

bean-feast  (ben'fest),  H.  1.  A  feast  given  by  an 
employer  to  those  whom  he  employs.  Brewer. 
— 2.  A  social  festival  originally  observed  in 
France,  and  afterward  in  Germany  and  Eng- 
land, on  the  evening  before  Twelfth  day,  or,  as 
the  Germans  call  it.  Three  Kings'  day.  -\lthough 
confounded  with  the  christian  festival  of  tlie  Epiphany, 
which  occurs  on  the  same  day,  it  is  supposed  that  this 
custom  can  be  traced  b,ack  to  the  Roman  Saturnalia. 
See  bean-k'inq  and  tirel/th-cake. 

bean-fed  (ben'fed),  a.    Fed  on  beans.     Shak. 

bean-fly  (l)en'fli),  «.  A  beautiful  fly  of  a  pale- 
purple  color,  produced  from  a  maggot  called 
mida,  and  found  on  bean-flowers. 

bean-goose  (ben'gos),  n.  [So  named  from  the 
likeness  of  the  upper  nail  of  the  bill  to  a  horse- 
beau.]  A  species  of  wild  goose,  the  Anscr 
scgetum,  which  arrives  in  England  in  autumn 
and  retires  to  the  north  in  the  end  of  April. 
Some  consider  it  a  mere  variety  of  the  Euro- 
pean wild  goose,  J .  fcrti^. 

bean-king  (ben'king),  «.  [So  called  because 
the  honor  fell  to  him  who,  when  the  Twelfth- 
night  cake  was  distributed,  got  the  bean  buried 
in  it.]  The  person  who  presided  as  king  over 
the  Twelfth-night  festivities. 

bean-meal  (ben'mel),  n.  Meal  made  from 
beans,  tised  in  some  parts  of  Europe  as  feed 
for  horses,  and  for  fattening  hogs,  etc. 

bean-mill  (ben'mil),  «.  A  mill  for  splitting 
beans  for  eattlo-feeding. 

bean-sheller  (ben'shel  er),  n.  A  machine  for 
removing  beans  from  the  pods. 

bean-shooter  (ben'sho'ter),  n.  A  toy  for 
shooting  beans,  shot,  or  other  small  missiles; 
a  pea-shooter. 

bean-shot  (beu'shot),  n.  Copper  grains  formed 
))y  pouring  melted  metal  through  a  perforated 
ladle  into  warm  water.  If  cold  water  is  used, 
flakes  are  formed,  called  feather-shot. 


(T.  Rcaii-vvccvii  {lirnchus /aba's,  b.  Dean 
from  which  the  beetles  have  issued.  (Small 
figure  shows  natural  size.) 


bean-stalk 

bean-stalk  (bru'stilk),  n.  Tho  stom  of  ji  bean, 
<ir  tlic  wlioU*  j)l:int:  as,  ..lack  and  Wiobcdu-staifc. 

bean-tree  (ln'n'tre),  «.  A  name  i;iv<'ii  t(i  tho 
i'ijruH  inter  tut.  <lia  of  northern  Kuropo,  and  to 
spocios  of  Banhmia;  in  Australia,  to  the  Moro- 
ton  Bay  chestnut,  ('(istduosjx-niiun/  .titsfnih- :  in 
the  United  StatoK,  sonu'timos,  to  ('atnljxt  hitjiia- 
vioUk'.-t;  and  in  Jamait-a,  to  Erythriua  ('orrallo- 
(JviKh'on. 

bean-trefoil  (hen'tTe''foil),  «.  1.  The  labur- 
num, Ci/tisits  LabKrmnH,  a  lep^uminous  shrub 
with  trifoliate  leaves.  See  labarmnu. —  2.  Tho 
Atiatftftis  fwtida,  a  similar  shrub  of  southern 
Eur()p(\  whoso  violet-eolorcd  seeds  are  said  to 
be  ])oisonous  lik(^  those  of  the  laburnum. —  3. 
The  bu'-kbcan,  Mrnifonfltcs  trifoUntn,     [Rare.] 

bean-weevil  (ben'wevil),  ».  An  American 
spocios  of  the  genus  liruchuSy  which  attacks 
beans,  it  lias 
l)eeM  descrilit'd  a-j 
Biuchnx  J'ltbie  (Ri- 
It-y),  lint  is  lu'M 
by  lliprri  to  but 
iilt'iitii'iil  witii  the 
U.  t>hx„l,-tus  (Say). 
The  spL'cits  avtr- 
apes  H  inillimetfi-s 
iiilen;;th,  with  the 
genera!  color  dark 
ami  jiiecnus,  the 
whoh-  h.Miy  hfin- 
covereil  with  rath- 
er clciiHe  <:iiu'reons 
piil)es(i'iuf,  ami 
the  elytra  being 
indistinctly  mottled  by  transvei-se  bands  of  darker  pubes- 
cence. It  infests  stored  luans,  and  tin  re  ari-  usually  sev- 
eral, sometimes  as  many  as  1:".,  s[K*eiuirii.-'  in  a  sin^'le  bean. 

beany  (be'ni),  a.  [<  hran^  +  -//!.]  In  good 
condition  (like  a  bean-fed  horse);  spirited; 
fresh.     [Sla^K-]     ^^'  i-^-  I*' 

bear^  (I'ilr),  v. ;  pret.  bore  (formerly,  and  still  in 
the  arcliaie  style,  barc)^  pp.  bornv^  born  (now only 
in  a  single  sense :  see  note  at  end),  ppr.  bearing. 
[<  ME.  beren  (pret.  bar,  bare,  pi.  bore,  bere^  be- 
renj  pp.  borcn,  rarely  born),  <  AS.  beran  (pret. 
ba-r,  pi.  bicroHy  pp.  boreu)  =r  OS.  beron  =  OFries. 
bcra  =  D.  baren  =  OIICI.  beran  =  Icel.  bera  = 
Sw.  biira  =  Dan.  bwrc  =  Goth,  bairon^  bear 
(also  in  comp.  OS.  ijibcran  =  AS.  tjeberan  = 
OH(t.  (jeberen,  MHG.  efebern^  G.  (jebiircn  =  Goth. 
flabitir'an,  bear^  in  MHG.  and  G.  bring  forth),  = 
h.  ferre  =  ijv.  (^it'/jc^' =  Skt.  -)/ bhar,  bear,  caiTy. 
A  very  prolific  root  in  all  the  languages,  both 
in  form  and  senses.  From  tho  AS.  come  bar- 
roiv'^,  bier,  barm'^,  barn'^,  bairn,  birtlA,  hitrtlicn^, 
burden^,  etc.;  from  the  li.ferlile,  confer,  defer, 
differ,  infer,  etc.,  Lucifer,  conifer,  etc.,  aurifer- 
ous, vociferous,  etc.,  and  other  words  in  -fcr, 
-feroHs:  from  the  Gr.  semaphore,  hiidrophorc, 
phosphorous,  electroj>horns,  etc.,  andothorwords 
in  -phorc,  -phorous,  etc.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  sup- 
port;  holdup;  sustain:  as,  a  i)iUar  or  a  girder 
bears  the  superincumbent  weight. 
Saj-'e  he  stood, 
With  Atlantean  shoulders  ttt  to  bear 
The  weight  of  mightiest  monarchies. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  306. 

2.  To  support  in  movement ;  carry ;  convey. 
Whither  do  these  b>^ar  the  ephah?  Zech.  v.  10. 

From  the  unshaken  rock  the  torrent  hoarse 
Sears  off  its  broken  waves,  and  seeks  a  devitms  course. 
Soitf,  Vision  of  Don  Roderick,  Conclusion,  st.  3. 
And  down  a  rocky  pathway  from  the  place 
There  eame  a  fair-hair'd  youth,  that  in  liis  liand 
Bare  victual  for  tlie  niowei-s.  Teunymn,  Geraint. 

3.  To  suffer ;  endure ;  undergo :  as,  to  bear  pun- 
ishment, blame,  etc. 

Alas,  how  many  hear  such  shameful  blows, 
Which  not  themselves  but  he  that  gives  them  knows ! 
Shak,,  Lucrece,  I.  S3'2. 

4.  To  endure  the  effects  of;  take  the  conse- 
quences of;  be  answerable  for. 

lie  shall  bear  their  iniquities.  Isa.  liii.  11. 

Sir,  let  her  tiear  her  sins  on  her  own  head  ; 
Vex  not  yourself. 

Beau,  ami  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  i.  1. 

5.  To  support  or  sustain  without    sinking, 
yielding,  shrinking,  or  suffering  injiuy. 

A  wounded  spirit  who  can  bear?  Prov.  xviii.  14. 

Console  if  you  will,  I  can  bear  it ; 
'Tis  ft  well-meant  alriis  of  breath. 

Lowell,  After  the  Burial. 

Anger  and  jealousy  can  no  more  bear  to  lose  sight  of 
their  objects  than  love. 

Gevrffe  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  10. 

6.  To  suffer  or  sustain  without  violence,  in- 
jury, or  change;  admit  or  bo  capable  of. 

In  all  ei-iminal  cases  the  most  favourable  interpreta- 
tion should  be  put  on  words  that  they  can  possibly  bear. 

Sirijt. 

The  motives  of  the  beat  actions  will  not  bear  too  strict 
an  inquiry.  Swi/t,  Thoughta  on  Various  Subjects. 


489 

7.  To  RufTor  without  resentment  or  effort  to 
prevent;  endure  patiently. 

It  wius  not  an  enemy  that  rejiroached  me;  then  I  could 
have  bitrnf  it.  Ps.  Iv.  12. 

With  yotu'  long-practis'd  patience  bear  aftlictions. 

Fletcher,  .Spanish  (.'urate,  i.  2. 

8.  To  sustain,  as  expense;  supply  the  means 
of  paying. 

Soitiewliat  that  will  hear  your  charges.  Driiden. 

9.  To  hav(»,  or  have  a  right  to ;  bo  entitled  to ; 
have  the  rightful  nso  of,  as  a  name,  a  title,  a 
coat  of  arms,  and  the  like. 

We  are  no  enemies  to  what  arc  commonly  called  con- 
ceits, but  authors  bear  tliem,  as  hei'ulds  say,  with  a  ililler- 
ence.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  'i'M. 

Who  in  the  Lord  God's  likeness  hearx  the  keys 
To  bind  or  loose.  Swinburne,  /«ans  Veneris. 

10.  To  cany,  as  in  show;  exhibit;  show. 

Lear  welcome  in  your  eye.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  G. 

Which,  like  a  waxen  imajie  'gainst  a  lire, 
liear.-<  no  impression  of  tlie  thing  it  w.is. 

Shak.,  T.  tJ.  of  v.,  ii.  4. 

11.  To  bring  forward;  render;  give;  afford: 
as,  to  bear  testimony. 

Thoushalt  not  bear  false  witness  against  thy  neighbour. 

Ex.  XX.  111. 

12.  To  carry  in  the  mind;  entertain  or  cherish, 
as  love,  hatred,  envy,  respect,  etc. 

If  I  can  catch  him  once  upon  the  hip, 

I  will  feed  fat  the  ancient  grudge  I  bear  him. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  .-J. 
The  reverent  care  T  bear  unto  my  lord 
Made  me  collect  these  dangers  in  the  duke. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
The  great  and  guilty  love  he  fiare  the  <iueen. 

Tenuiisim,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

13.  To  possess,  as  a  property,  attribute,  or 
characteristic  ;  have  in  or  on  ;  contain :  as,  to 
bear  signs  or  traces ;  to  bear  an  inscription ; 
tho  contents  which  tho  letter  bears. 

What,  think  you  much  to  pay  two  thousand  cro^vns. 
And  bear  the  name  and  port  of  gentleman? 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

14.  To  possess  and  use,  as  power;  exercise; 
be  charged  with ;  administer :  as,  to  bear  sway. 

Here's  another  letter  to  her :  she  bears  the  purse  too  ; 
she  is  a  region  in  Guiana,  all  gold  and  bounty. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  3. 

Russia  soon  showed  that  she  was  resolved  to  Itear  a 
part  in  the  quarrels  as  well  as  the  negotiations  of  her 
neighbours.  Lrow/ham. 

15t.  To  carry  on  ;  deal  with. 

This  can  be  no  trick :  The  conference  was  sadly  borne. 
Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
BL'ware 
Of  entrance  to  a  quarrel ;  but,  being  in, 
Bear  't,  that  the  opposed  may  beware  of  thee. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

16.  To  manage  ;  direct ;  use  (what  is  under  the 
immediate  control  of  one's  will). 

Bear  your  body  more  seeming. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  4. 

Hence,  with  a  reflexive  pronoun,  to  behave; 
act  in  any  character:  as,  ho  bore  himself  mMy. 
— 17.  To  sustain  by  vital  connection ;  put  forth 
as  an  outgrowth  or  product ;  produce  by  natu- 
ral growth  :  as,  plants  bear  leaves,  flowers,  and 
finiit ;  tho  heroes  borne  by  ancient  Greece. 
Can  the  fig-tree  .  .  .  bear  olive-berries?  Jas.  iii.  12. 
Here  dwelt  the  man  divine  whom  Samos  bore. 

Dnjden. 
Life  that  bears  immortal  fruit. 

Ti:nn!i,s(>n,  In  Memoriain,  xl. 

18.  To  bring  forth  in  parturition;  give  birth 
to,  as  young;  figuratively,  give  rise  or  origin 
to.  [The  past  participle  born  is  now  used  only 
in  this  sense.     See  remarks  below.] 

An<l  she  conceived,  and  bare  Cain,  and  said,  I  have  got- 
ten a  man  from  the  I^ord.  Gen.  iv.  1. 
I  can  tell  thee  where  that  saying  was  born. 

Shak.,T.  X..i.  5. 

19.  To  conduct;  guide;  take:  as,  he&orehim 

off  to  liis  quarters. 

Bear  me  forthwith  tmto  his  creditor. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  Iv.  4. 

20.  To  press;  thrust;  push;  drive;  urge:  with 
some  word  to  denote  the  <Ureetion  in  which  the 
object  is  driven:  as,  to  bear  down  a  scale;  to 
bear  back  the  crowd. 

The  residue  were  so  disordered  as  they  could  not  con- 
veniently fight  or  fly.  and  not  only  jostled  and  bore  down 
one  aifother.  but.  in  their  confused  tumbling  back,  brake 
a  part  of  the  avant-guard.  Sir  J.  Iltii/wnrd. 

Confidence  then  lore  thee  on ;  secure 
Either  to  meet  no  danger,  or  to  find 
Matter  of  gloiiims  trial.        Milton,  V.  L.,  ix.  1175. 
How  the  rushing  waves 
Bear  all  before  them. 

Bryant,  Flood  of  Years. 

21.  To  gain  or  win:  now  commonly  with  aww/ 
or  off ;  formerly,  sometimes,  with  an  indefinite 
itiov  the  object. 


bear 

Some  think  to  bear  it  by  speaking  a  great  word. 

Baeon,  Of  Seeming  Wise. 

22.  In  the  game  of  backgammon,  to  throw  off  or 
remove,  as  the  men  from  the  board. — 23,  To 
purport;  imply;  import;  state. 

1'he  letters  bore  that  succour  was  at  hand.  Scott. 

[Bear,  signifying  to  bring  forth,  when  used  passively,  espe- 
cially as  an  adjective,  li;is  the  p;tst  participle  born  {Mm), 
but  when  usetl  after  the  verb  hare,  or  followed  by  by,  bonm 
(born),  the  latter  having  a  more  direct  reference  to  the  lit- 
eral sense.  Thus,  a  child  was  born;  but,  she  has  home  a 
child.  In  all  the  other  senses  both  participles  are  spelleil 
borne:  as,  I  have  home  the  expenses;  the  expenses  nmst 
he  bttrne.  The  regular  form,  liistorically,  is  bom  (born), 
like  torn,  ttworn.     The  distinction  is  artificial  and  recent 

iafter  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century).!  -  To  bear  a 
Land,  to  lend  a  hand  quickly ;  take  hold  ;  give  aid  or  as- 
sistance.    (Naut.  and  colloq. | 

All  hands  ahoy  !  bear  a  hand  and  make  sail. 

B.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  liefore  the  Mast,  p.  69. 

To  bear  arms.   See  «rm-'.  — To  bear  away  the  bell. 

See  /-'//'.  —  To  b8ar{a  person)  company.     Sie  <■(*//(/«/;;;/. 

—  To  bear  date,  to  have  the  mark  ot  tone  wlitn  written 
or  c.vecuted :  as,  the  letter  bear.';  date  .Sei>t.  30,  lbS7. 

A  public  letter  which  hears  date  just  a  month  after  the 
admission  of  Krancia  Bacon  [to  Trinity  College]. 

Maeatday,  Loid  Bacon. 
To  bear  down,  to  force  do«*n  ;  figiuativcly,  to  overcome ; 
vanquish  :  as,  to  bear  down  all  opposition. —  To  bear  In, 
in  coal-minuiff,  to  hole,  umlercut,  •)r  kirvc.  See  hole,  r.  t. 
[Pennsylvania  anthracite  region.]  —To  bear  in  handt, 
to  keei>  in  h<ipe  or  expectation;  amuse  with  false  pre- 
tenses ;  deceive. 

A  rascally  yea-forsooth  knave!  to  i»ear  a  gentleman  in 
hand,  and  then  stand  upon  security ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 
Still  hearing  them  in  hand. 
Letting  the  cheiry  knock  against  their  lips, 
And  draw  it  by  their  mouths,  and  back  again. 

B.  Jonaon,  V'olpone,  i.  1. 
What  I  take  from  her,  I  speiul  upon  other  wenches; 
bear  her  in  hand  still :  she  has  wit  enough  to  rob  her 
husband,  and  I  ways  enough  to  consume  the  nn)ney. 

Mi'ddleton  and  iJckker,  Koariug  Girl,  ii.  1. 
To  bear  in  mtnd,  to  keep  in  remembrance;  have  fixed 
in  the  memory. 

With  reference  to  the  effects  of  intercrossing  and  of 
competition,  it  should  be^or^f-  in  nundWx^X  most  animals 
and  plants  keep  to  their  i>ropcr  lunnes.  and  do  not  need- 
lessly wander  about.  Danrin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  94. 
To  bear  off.    («t)  To  sustain  ;  endure. 

Do  you  suppose  the  state  of  this  realm  to  be  now  so 
feeble  that  it  cannot  bear  ojn  greater  blow  than  this? 

Sir  J.  Hayxcard. 

(b)  yniit.,  to  remove  to  a  distance  ;  keep  clear  from  rub- 
bing :ucainst  anything :  :i.s,  to  bear  of  a  boat,    (c)  To  gain 
ami  carry  olf :  as,  he  bore  off  the  prize.— TO  bear  one 
hardt,  to  cherish  a  grudge  toward  a  per.^on. 
Though  he  bear  me  hard, 
I  yet  nuist  do  him  right.  B.  Jonson. 

To  bear  out.   (")  To  give  support  or  countenance  to. 

Company  only  can  bear  a  man  init  in  an  ill  thing.  South, 
(b)  To  defend  ;  support ;  uphold  ;  second  :  with  a  personal 
object. 

If  I  cannot  once  or  twice  in  a  quarter  bear  out  a  knavo 
against  an  honest  man,  I  have  but  a  very  little  credit 
with  your  worship.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  I\'.,  v.  1. 

I  never  suspected  him  to  be  a  man  of  resolution  or 
courage  sufficient  to  hear  him  out  in  so  desperate  an  at- 
tempt. Su'iJ't,  Change  in  Queen's  Ministry. 

.^ischines  by  no  means  bears  liim  ottt ;  and  Plutarch 
directly  contradicts  him. 

Macaulay,  Mitford's  Hist,  of  GreecCL 

(f)  To  confirm;  corroborate;  establish;  justify:  with  a 
thing  for  the  object. 

That  such  oscillations  [of  climate]  occurred  during  the 
Tertiary  period  seems  to  be  borne  out  by  the  facts  of  ge- 
ology and  paltcontology. 

J.  Crull,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  160. 

((/t)  With  a  more  or  less  indefinite  it  for  the  object:  (1) 
To  last  through ;  endure. 

Love  alters  not  with  his  [Time's]  brief  hours  and  weeks. 
But  hears  it  out  even  to  the  edge  of  doom. 

Shak.,  Soimcts,  cxvi. 
If  that  the  Turkish  fleet 
Be  not  enshelter'd  and  embay'd,  they  are  drtiwn'd  ; 
It  is  impossible  to  bear  it  out.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

(2)  To  enable  to  endui-e  ;  render  supportable. 

Many  a  good  hanging  prevents  a  bad  marriage :  and  for 
turning  away,  let  summer  bear  if  tuit.      Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

Tobearthcbag.  see/wr/i.— Tobearthebell.  SceWn. 

-  To  bear  the  gree.  See.'/ra-'.— Tobearthrought.  (a) 

To  run  through  with  a  sword  or  rapier,  {b)  To  conduct  or 
manage. 

]Hy  hope  is, 
So  to  bear  thntiiyh,  and  out,  the  consulship, 
As  spight  sh.ill  ne'er  wound  you,  though  it  may  me. 

B.  Jonjion,  Catiline,  iii.  1. 

To  bear  up.    (a)  To  support ;  keep  from  sinking. 

A  religious  hope  does  not  only  hear  up  the  mind  under 
her  snlferings,  but  makes  her  rejoice  in  them.  Addison. 
ib\)  To  arrange  ;  contrive  ;  devise. 

Imb.  I  have  made  him  know 

I  have  a  servant  comes  with  me  along, 
That  stays  upon  me,  whose  persuasion  is 
I  come  about  my  brother. 
Duke.  'Tis  well  borne  up. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  iv,  1. 

n.  in  trans.  1.  To  be  capable  of  supporting 
or  carrying:  as,  the  floor  would  not  bear. 


bear 

Wyld  rorlns  Btils  Iio  would  him  mnko 
To  tome,  hikI  lyilc  tluir  buckts,  nut  ninili'  to  Ijmrf. 

Speiixrr,  V.  i).,  1.  vi.  24. 

2.  To  lean ;  -weigh ;  rest  fixedly  or  burden- 
Bonioly:  as,  tlie  sides  of  two  inclining  objects 
bear  upon  or  iigainst  one  another. 

Ill  the  iiiiportant  inatter  of  taxiUion,  the  point  in  which 
the  pressure  of  ever.v  government  bears  the  most  ci'ii- 
stantly  upon  tlie  wliole  people.  limiyluiin. 

3.  To  tend;  bo  directed  in  a  certain  way, 
•whether  with  or  without  violence:  as,  to  hear 
away ;  to  hear  back ;  to  hear  in  ;  to  hear  out  to 
sea;  to  hear  upon;  to  hear  down  upon;  the 
fleet  horc  down  upon  the  enemy. 

Spinoln,  Willi  liis  sliot,  did  hear  upon  those  within,  who 
appeared  upon  the  walls.  Sir.  J.  Ilayward. 

Wio's  there  1  bear  back  there !    Stand  from  the  door ! 
li.  Jomon,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 

The  party  soon  set  sail,  and  binx  for  England. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  89. 
Down  upon  \\\xtibare  the  bandit  three. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

Hence — 4.  To  have  reference  (to) ;  relate  (to); 
come  into  practical  contact  (with) ;  have  a  bear- 
ing :  as,  legislation  hearing  on  the  interests  of 
labor. 

There  was  one  liroad  principle  which  bore  equally  upon 
every  class,  that  the  lands  of  England  must  provide  for 
the  defense  of  England.  Fronde,  .slietches,  p.  144. 

5.  To  bo  situated  as  to  the  point  of  the  com- 
pass, with  respect  to  something  else:  as,  tho 
land  horc  E.  N.  E.  from  the  ship. — 6.  To  suffer, 
as  with  pain ;  endure. 

They  bore  as  heroes,  but  they  felt  as  men.  Pope. 

I  can  not,  can  not  bear.  Dryden. 

7.  To  be  patient.  [Rare.]  —  8.  To  produce 
fruit;  bo  fruitful,  as  opposed  to  being  barren: 
as,  the  tree  still  continues  to  hear. 

Then  Abraham  fell  upon  his  face,  and  laughed,  and  said 
in  his  heart,  Shall  a  child  he  born  unto  him  that  is  an 
hundred  years  old?  and  shall  Sarah,  that  is  ninety  years 
old,  bear.'  Gen.  xvii.  17. 

9.  To  take  effect ;  succeed. 

Having  pawned  a  full  suit  of  clothes  for  a  sum  of  money, 
which,  my  operator  assured  me,  was  the  last  he  should 
want  to  bring  all  our  matters  to  bear.  Guardian. 

To  bear  against.  See  aijove,  2.— To  bear  away  (naut.), 

to  change  the  coui"se  of  a  ship  more  aw.ay  from  the  wind. 
—  To  bear  In  with,  to  run  or  tend  toward :  as,  a  ship 
bears  in  with  the  land  ;  opposed  to  bear  off  or  keep  at  a 
greater  distance. — To  bear  on  or  upon.  See  aliove,  2, 3, 
and  4. —  To  bear  up.  (a)  Xaut.,  to  put  the  helm  up  so  as 
to  liring  the  vessel  into  the  wind,  (h)  To  be  firm;  have 
fortitude. 

[If]  we  found  evil  fast  as  we  find  good 

In  our  first  years,  or  think  that  it  is  found. 

How  could  the  innocent  heart  bear  up  and  live ! 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  viii. 
To  bear  up  ioxinaut.),  to  sail  or  proceed  toward  :  as,  we 
made  all  sail  and  bore  up  .for  Hong  Kong. — To  bear  up 
With  or  under,  to  sustain  with  courage;  endure  without 
Buccumbmg ;  be  firm  under :  as,  to  bear  up  under  artlictiou. 
So  long  as  nature 
Will  bear  up  with  this  exercise,  so  long 
I  daily  vow  to  use  it.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  ill.  2. 

He's  of  a  nature 
Too  bold  and  fierce  to  stoop  so,  but  bears  up, 
Pi'esuming  on  Ills  hopes. 

Fletclier,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 
To  bear  up  Witht,  to  keep  up  with ;  be  on  the  same  foot- 
ing as. 

Wliat  shoulde  he  doe?  Fain  he  would  have  the  name 
to  be  religious,  fain  he  would  be^r  up  udth  his  neighbours 
in  that.  Milton,  Ai-eopagitica,  p.  39. 

To  bear  with,  to  endure ;  be  indulgent  to ;  forbear  to 
resent,  oppose,  or  punish. 
Reason  would  that  I  should  bear  with  you. 

Acts  xviii.  14. 
If  the  matter  be  raeane,  and  meanly  handled,  I  pray  you 
beare  both  with  me  and  it. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  22. 
To  bring  to  bear.  See  brint. 
bear'-  (bar),  H.  [<  ME.  here,  <  AS.  iera  =  D.  hccr 
=  LG.  haar  =  OHG.  hero,  MHG.  her,  G.  hdr,  m., 
=  Icel.  hera,  f .,  a  bear.  Cf.  Icel.  Sw.  Dan.  hjor)i, 
a  bear  (appar.  =  AS.  heorn,  a  man,  a  waiTior, 
orig.  a  bearf  —  see  bern^),  an  extended  form 


490 

of  the  same  word.  Perhaps  ult.  =  L.  .fmis, 
wild,  fera,  a  wild  beast:  see  Jicrec.]  1.  A 
large  plantigrade  carnivorous  or  omnivorous 
mammal,  of  the  family  I'rsida:,  especially  of 
the  genus  Ursus.  The  teeth  of  the  true  bears  are  42, 
and  none  of  the  molars  are  sectorial.  Tlic  animals  arc  less 
truly  carnivorous  than  most  of  the  order  to  which  they 
belong,  feeding  largely  upon  roots,  fruits,  etc.,  as  well  .is 
honey  and  insects.  The  tail  is  rudimentary,  and  the  muz- 
zle is  prominent,  with  mobile  lips  and  a  slender,  some- 
times very  extensile,  tongue.  The  best-known  species  is 
the  brown  or  black  bear  of  Europe  and  Asia,  Ifrstm  arctos, 
found  chielly  in  nortlierly  regions,  of  which  several  varie- 
ties are  disirilpcd,  diifcring  much  in  size  and  cohir,  and 
to  some  extent  in  shape  ;  it  is  ordinarily  aliout  4  feet  long 
and  2i  feet  liigli ;  its  llesli  is  eaten,  its  pelt  is  used  for 
robes," and  its  fat  is  in  great  demjind  a.s  an  unguent  known 
as  bear's  grease.  The  grizzly  bear  of  North  America,  C. 
horribilis,  is  as  regards  specific  cl.assiflcatitm  hardly  sepa- 
rable from  the  last,  and  like  it  runs  into  several  vaiieliis, 
as  the  cinnamon  bear,  etc.  It  is  ordinarily  larger  tlian  the 
European,  and  is  noted  for  its  ferocity  and  tenacity  of  life. 
It  inhabits  the  mountainons  portions  of  western  North 
America.  The  common  black  bear  of  North  America  is  a 
smaller  and  distinct  species,  U.  americanus,  usually  black 
with  a  tawny  snout,  but  it  also  runs  into  a  cinnamon  va- 
riety. See  cut  under  Ursus.  The  polar  bear  or  white 
bear,  Ursus  or  Thalassarctos  maritimus,  is  very  distinct, 


rm^gi^ 


Gri2zly  Bear  ( Vrjus  herriiilis). 


Polar  Bear  iUrsus  maritimus). 

of  great  size,  peculiar  sh.ape,  and  white  or  whitish  color, 
marine  and  maritime,  and  piscivorous  to  some  extent, 
though  seals  constitute  much  of  its  food.  The  Syrian 
IJear,  IT.  syriacus,  and  the  Himalayan  bear,  U.  himalaya- 
nns,  respectively  inhabit  the  regions  whence  they  take 
their  names.  The  spectacled  bear,  Ursu.^  or  Tremaretos 
ornatus,  is  the  sole  representative  of  the  Ursidcc  in  South 
America:  so  called  from  the  light-colored  rings  around  the 
eyes,  which  have  exactly  the  appearance  of  a  pair  of  spec- 
tacles, the  rest  of  the  face  and  body  being  black.  The 
M.alayan  bear  or  bruang,  U.  malayanus,  is  a  small,  black, 
close-haired  species,  with  a  white  mark  on  the  throat,  with 
protrusile  lips  and  slender  tongue,  capable  of  being  taught 
a  variety  of  amusing  tricks  in  confinement.  The  sloth-bear 
or  aswa'il  of  India  is  distinct  from  the  other  bears,  and  is 
usually  placed  in  a  different  genus,  Melursus  labiatm.  See 
Ursidrf,  and  cut  under  a.ftvail. 

2.  The  Anglo-Australian  name  of  a  marsupial 
quadruped,  the  koala,  Phascolarctos  cincreit.^. 
See  hoala. —  3.  [cap.']  The  name  of  two  con- 
stellations In  the  northern  hemisphere,  called 
the  Great  and  the  Little  Bear.  Both  these  figures 
have  long  tails.  The  principal  stars  of  the  Great  Bear 
compose  the  figure  of  Charles's  Wain,  or  the  Dipper.  In 
the  tail  of  the  Little  Bear  is  the  pole-star.     See  Ursa. 

4.  A  rude,  grtiff,  or  uncouth  man. 

You  are  a  great  bear.  I'm  sure,  to  abuse  my  relations. 
Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

5.  [Prob.  in  allusion  to  the  proverb  "  to  sell  a 
bear's  skin  before  one  has  caught  the  bear." 
(There  is  a  similar  proverb  about  the  lion's  skin.) 
One  who  sold  stocks  in  this  way  was  formerly 
called  a  bearskin  jobber,  later  simply  a  hear;  now 
usually  explained,  in  connection  ■with  its  cor- 
relative hull,  as  in  allusion  to  a  bear,  "which 
pulls  down  ■with  its  paws," 
as  opposed  to  a  bull,  "which 
tosses  with  its  horns."]  In 
exchanfjcs:  («t)  Stock  which 
one  contracts  to  deliver  at  a 
futnre  date,  though  not  in  the 
possession  of  the  seller  at  the 
time  the  contract  is  made :  in 
the  phrases  to  hiaj  or  seH  the 
bear.  (6)  One  who  sells  stocks, 
gi'ain,  provisions,  or  other 
commodities  neither  owned 
nor  possessed  by  him  at  the 
time  of  selling  them,  but 
which  he  expects  to  buy  at  a 
lower  price  before  the  time 
fixed  for  making  delivery.  (<■) 
One  who  endeavors  to  bring 
down  prices,  in  order  that  he 
may  btiy  cheap :  opposed  to  a 
bull,  who  tries  to  raise  the 
price,  that  he  may  sell  dear. 

Every  one  who  draws  a  bill  or  is- 
sues a  note  unconseituisly  acts  as  a 

bear  upon  the  gold  market.  ^ „.. u..^t 

t  «.  ,^.,       r  r.  Common  Yellow  Bear 

Jevons,  Money  and  Mech.  of  Ex-    (s/tuscma    rirgtnt- 

Lchange,  p.  315.         ca),  natural  sue. 


bearbine 

6.  A  popular  name  for  certain  common  eater- 
pillars  of  the  family  Arciiidee,  which  are  dense- 
ly covered  with  long  hair  resembling  tho  fur 
of  a  bear.  They  undergo  their  transformation  under 
old  boai-ds  or  other  slieltererl  places,  forming  a  sliglit 
cocoon  composed  chielly  of  their  own  hair.  Sj/iiosoma 
Vir!tiniea  (F.abricius)  is  a  coinmrin  example;  the  moth  is 
white  with  a  few  black  spots,  the  abdomen  orange-colored, 
banded  witli  white,  and  ornamented  with  tlircc  rows  of 
black  dots.     See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

7.  In  metal.,  one  of  the  names  given  to  the 
metallic  mass,  consisting  of  more  or  less  mal- 
leable iron,  sometimes  found  in  the  bottom  of 
an  iron  furnace  after  it  has  gone  out  of  blast. — 

8.  Xaut.,  a  square  block  of  wood 
weiglited  with  iron,  or  a  rough-mat 
filled  with  sand,  dragged  to  and  fro 
on  a  ship's  decks  instead  of  a  holy- 
stone (which  see). —  9.  In  mctal- 
worldnr/,  a  portable  punching-ma- 
ehino  foriron  plates.  E.  H.  Kniejht. 
—  Bear's  grease,  the  fat  of  bears,  exten- 
sively used  U:>  promote  the  growth  of  hair. 
The  unguents  sold  under  this  name,  how- 
ever, are  in  a  great  measure  made  of  hog's 
lard  or  veal-fat,  or  a  mixture  of  both,  Punchiutj-Bear. 
scented  and  slightly  colored.— Order  of 

the  Bear,  an  order  of  knights  instituted  by  the  emperor 
Frederick  II.  of  Germany,  and  centered  at  the  abbey  of 
St.  Gall,  in  what  is  now  Switzerland.  It  perished  when 
the  cantons  became  independent  of  the  house  of  Austria, 
—Woolly  bear.   See  woniiy. 

bear-  (bar),  !•.  t.  [<  hear'^,  n.,  5.]  In  the  stock 
exchange,  to  attempt  to  lower  the  price  of :  as, 
to  bear  stocks.     See  bear'^,  n.,  5. 

bearS,  bere^  (ber),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beer, 
<  ME.  here,  <  AS.  here,  barley,  =  Icel.  harr  = 
North  Fries,  herre.  bar,  bar  =  Goth.  *haris  (in 
adj.  barizeiiis),  barley,  =  L.  far,  com.  See  bar- 
%l  and  farina.]  Barley:  a  word  now  used 
chiefly  in  "the  north  of  England  and  in  Scotland 
for  the  common  four-rowed  barley,  Hordeum 
vulgare.  The  six-rowed  kind,  H.  hexastichon, 
is  called  big. 

Malt  made  from  bere  or  bigg  only,  in  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land, for  home  consumption. 

G.  Seamell,  Breweries  and  Malting,  p.  136. 

bear*  (ber),  n.  [Also  written  beer,  and  archai- 
cally here,  <  ME.  here  =  LG.  biire,  >  G.  biihrc,  a 
pillow-case.]  A  pillow-case:  usually  in  com- 
position, pillow-hear.     [Now  only  dialectal.] 

Many  a  pylowe  and  every  bere 
Of  clothe  of  Revnes  to  slepe  softe. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  254. 

bearable  (bar'a-bl),  a.  l<  hear'^  + -eihle.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  borne;  tolerable;  endurable; 
supportable. 

bearably  (bar'a-bli),  adv.  In  a  bearable  man- 
ner. 

bearance  (bar'ans),  v.  [<  Zicarl  +  -ancc.  Cf. 
forbearance.']  1.  Endurance;  patient  suffer- 
ing.    [Archaic]  —  2.  In  mndi.,  a,  bearing. 

bear-animalcule  (bar'an-i-mal'kul).  «.  A  gen- 
eral name  for  one  of  the  minute  arachnidans  of 
the  order  Arctisea  or  Tardigruda.  and  family 
Macrohiotida;.  Also  called  water-hear.  See  cut 
under  Aretisca. 

bear-baiting  (bar'ba'ting),  «.     The  sport  of 
setting  dogs,  usually  mastiffs,   to   fight  with 
captive  bears.    Tho  practice  was  prohibited  in 
Great  Britain  by  Parliament  in  1835. 
Let  him  alone:  I  see  his  vein  lies  only 
For  falling  out  at  wakes  and  bear-baitings. 
That  may  express  him  sturdy. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  iv.  3. 

Bear-baitinri,  then  a  favourite  diversion  of  high  and  low, 
was  the  abomination  ...  of  the  austere  sectaries.  The 
Puritans  h.ated  it,  not  because  it  gave  pain  to  the  bear, 
but  because  it  gave  pleasure  to  the  spectators. 

Macaxday,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

bearbane  (bar'ban),  n.    A  variety  of  the  wolfs- 
bane, .teonitum  Li/coctonum. 
bearberry  (bar'beri),  h.  ;  pi.  hearberries  (-iz). 

1.  A  trailing  evergreen  erieaeeous  shrub,  Arc- 
tiistaphi/los  ura-ursi,  fotmd  tliroughout  the  arc- 
tic and  mountainous  portions  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  and  bearing  small  bright-red 
drupes.  The  leaves  are  very  astringent  and  slightly  bit- 
ter, and  under  the  name  xtva-ursi  al'e  used  in  medicine  as 
an  a.stringeiit  tonic,  chiefly  in  affections  of  the  bladder.  It 
is  the  Icinnikinic  which  the  Indians  of  western  America 
mix  with  their  tobacco  for  smoking.  Also  called  bear's- 
biUierrtj.  bear's-!jrai>e,  iwui  .foxlierrji. 

2.  In  the  Pacific  States,  a  species  of  Bhamnus, 
R.  I'ur.'ihiana,  named  from  the  fonilness  of  bears 
for  its  berries.  Also  called  bearwood — Alpine 
or  black  bearberry,  a  dwarf  arctic-alpine  species  of  tlie 
genu-  .lr<■^|^^l/'/o//",v.  ,4,  utfinn. 

bearbine,  bearbind  (ber'bin.  -bind),  n.  [<  bearS 
-H  bine,  bind :  see  hine^.]  The  name  in  England 
of  several  common  species  of  Vonrolruhis,  as  C. 
arrcnsi.s.  ('..■<ei>ium,  and  C.  Soldanella,  from  their 
twining  about  and  binding  together  the  stalks 
of  barley.     Also  incorrectly  ^Titten  harebind. 


bearbine 


Tllc  hmrUinc  witli  tin-  lil.ii 

llimil. 


•  interlaced. 
Ilaiiiitrd  Hdiiso,  i.  24. 

bear-caterpillar  ())ar'kiit"('r-j)il-iir),  h.  A  larva 
of  one  of  ^l<^  boiiibycid  moths:  so  calleil  from 
its  iKiii'im'ss.     JSco  cut.  tmder  hcar'^. 

bear-cloth  (bar'kloth),  n.  Same  as  hcuriny- 
rhitl(. 

beard  (bord),  «.  [<  HE.  bcrdc,  herd,  <  AS. 
Iictird  =  1).  hmird  =  OFrips.  herd  =  OIKt. 
MHG.  G.  hurt  =  Icel.  -btirdhr,  in  comp.  (cf. 
neut.  h(irdh,\m\xi,  beak  of  a  ship  (sen  hariV'^): 
the  ordinary  ti'rni  for  'beard'  is  sht'i/ff  =  E. 
shag)  =  OBuIg.  Serv.  Bohcm.  bruda  =  Pol. 
broda  =  Kuss.  bnrndd  =  Lith.  b(ir:dn,  bnr:<i  — 
Lett,  biirilit  =-Ul'riiss.  biiidii.s,  and  prob.  = 
L.  barbii  (>  E.  hiirli^),  W.  and  Corn,  barf,  a 
beard.  Tlie  afrrecment  in  spelling  between 
mod.  E.  and  AS.  biard  is  merely  accidental : 
800  CO.]  1.  The  close  {growth  of  hair  on  tho 
chin  and  j>arts  of  tho  face  normally  character- 
istic of  an  adult  man;  more  siiocilically,  the 
hair  of  thp  face  and  chin  when  allowed  to  re- 
main wholly  or  in  part  unshaved,  that  on  the 
upper  lip  being  distinguished  as  tho  mustache, 
and  the  remainder  as  the  irliislccrs,  or  the  side- 
wkiski'rs,  rhiii-ichinl.crs  ov -beard,  etc.,  according 
as  the  beard  is  trinnued:  as,  to  wear  a  beard, 
or  a  full  beard. — 2.  In  .-o/iV.,  some  part  or  ap- 
pendage likened  to  the  human  beard,  (n)  In 
maininal.,  Unv^  hiiirs  aliout  the  lu-ad,  a.s  nn  a  ;;nat's  chin, 
etc.  (h)  In  ornilh.,  a  cluster  cif  line  feathefs  at  the  base 
of  the  beak,  as  ill  the  heanied  vulture  and  bearded  tit. 
In  some  breeds  of  the  common  lieu,  as  the  bearded  I'olisli, 
the  Uuudan,  aud  the  Russian,  this  apijetula-^'e  has  been 
made,  by  selection,  very  full.  I'lie  feathei-sare  supported 
by  a  pendulous  fold  of  skin,  ami  often  extend  ni>  tei  the 
eyes,  (c)  In  wkth.,  the  barbels  of  a  (Isli,  as  the  loach  and 
catfish.  ((/)  In  ranch. :  (1)  The  byssus  of  some  bivalves, 
as  the  mus.sel.  (2)  The  gills  of  some  hiv.alves,  as  the  oyster. 
((■)  In  t'liloin.,  one  of  a  pair  of  small  fleshy  bodies  of  some 
lepidopterous  anil  dipterems  insects.  (/)  Whalebone. 
3.  In  bot. :  (a)  A  crest,  tuft,  or  covering  of 
spreading  hairs,  (b)  The  awn  or  bristle-like 
appendage  upon  the  chafiE  of  grain  and  other 
grasses.  See  cut  under  barley,  (c)  With  some 
authors,  a  name  given  to  the  lower  lip  of  a 
ringeut  corolla. —  4.  A  barb  or  sharp  process 
of  an  aiTow,  a  fish-hook,  or  other  instrument, 
bent  backward  from  the  point,  to  prevent  it 
from  being  easily  drawn  out. —  5.  The  hook 
for  retaining  the  yarn  at  the  extremity  of  the 
needle  in  a  knitting-machine. — 6.  In  orijan- 
huildinej,  a  spring-piece  on  the  back  of  a  lock- 
bolt  to  hold  it  moderately  lirm  and  prevent  it 
from  rattling  in  its  guides. — 7.  The  part  of  a 
horse  which  bears  the  curb  of  a  bridle,  under- 
neath tho  lower  mandible  and  above  tho  chin. — 

8.  The  train  of  a  comet  when  the  comet  is  reced- 
ing from  the  sun  (in  which  case 
the  train  precedes  the  head). — 

9.  In  ;in« //«(/,  the  outward-slop- 
ing part  of  a  tyjie  which  con- 
nects the  face  with  the  shoulder 
of  the  body.  It  is  obsolete,  type 
being  now  made  with  high 
square  shoulders,  to  lighten  the 
work  of  the  electrotyjier. — 10. 
The  sharp  edge  of  a  board. — 
False  beard,  in  Kiriif'.  antit/.,  as'ui^u- 
hir  aitilieial  bearii,  often  represented 
on  mouunieuts  and  nuliuiuy-cases,  held 
niuler  the  eliin  by  bands  attached  to 
the  wearers  casi|ue  or  bead-ilress.— To 
make  one's  beardt.  literally,  to  dress  S^ruf'^star "  of 
one  s  beard  ;  hence,  to  play  a  trick  up-  KamesesII.  at  Abou- 
on ;  deceive;  cheat.  Simbei. 


False     Beard, 


Yet  can  a  miller  make  a  clerkes  Wrd, 
J'or  al  his  art.        Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale, 


175. 


Mo  bi'r<tcs  in  two  hoiires 
(Withoute  ras<nir  or  sisoures) 
I'madc,  then  greynes  be  of  sondes. 

Chaucer,  Uoiise  of  Fame,  1.  181. 
To  one's  beard,  to  one's  face ;  in  defiance  of  one. 
Kail'd  at  their  covenant,  and  jeer'd 
Their  rev'rend  persons  to  mif  heard. 

.S'.  Lutlrr,  niidibr.as. 

beard  (berd),  r.  [<  lato  ME.  berdc;  from  the 
noun.]  I.  traii.i.  1.  To  take  by  the  beard; 
seize,  pluck,  or  ]iull  tho  beard  of,  in  contempt 
or  anger.  Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  to  oppose 
to  the  face;  set  at  defiance. 

It  is  to  them  most  disgracefull.  to  be  Itcardcd  of  such  a 
base  varlctt.  .s';<,H.srr,  .state  of  Ireland. 

Dar'st  thou  then 
To  heard  the  lion  in  bis  den. 
The  Douglas  in  his  hall  ? 

S'cftfl,  Marmion,  vi.  14. 

3.  To  furnish  with  a  beard,  in  any  sense  of  the 
■word. — 4.  In  earji.,  to  chip,  plane,  or  otherwise 
diminish  from  a  given  line  or  to  a  given  curve: 
as,  to  beard  clamps,  plank-sheers,  etc. ;  in  .shij)- 
biiddiiiii,  to  round,  as  the  adjacent  parts  of  the 
rudder  aud  stern-post,  or  tho  dead-wood,  so  us 


491 

to  adapt  them  to  tho  shape  of  the  vessel. —  5. 
To  remove  the  beard  or  fringe  from,  as  from 
oysters. 

II.    intrans.    To  grow  a  beard,  or  become 
bearded.     [Rare]. 

Nor  laugbinK  girl,  nor  hcardiwt  hoy. 

Nor  full-pulsed  luanhood,  lingering  liere, 
Shall  add,  to  life  s  abounding  jciy. 
The  charmed  repose  to  sutferiiig  dear. 

Whifficr,  Summer  l>y  Lakeside. 
bearded  (bor'ded),  o.     [<  ME.  bcrded;  <  beard 
+  -1(1-.']     1.  Having  a  beard. 

Then  a  soldier, 
Full  of  strange  oaths,  anil  heardal  like  the  pard. 

Shaff.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 
It  is  good  to  steal  away  from  the  soidi'ty  of  hcardad  men, 
and  even  of  gentler  woman,  ami  spend  an  hour  or  two  with 
children.  lluwUmnw.  Twice-Told  Tales,  I. 

2.  In  her. :  («)  Same  as  barbed^,  3.  (b)  Having 
a  train  like  that  of  a  comet  or  meteor  (which 
sec). —  3.  Incntom.:  («)  Having  a  tuft  of  hairs 
on  the  clyjjeus,  overhanging  the  tuouth.  (b) 
Covered  on  one  side  witirshort  and  thickly  set 
hairs:  said  of  antenna; — Bearded  argall.  See  nr- 
,(7f'/i'.  — Bearded  griffin.  See  .'?">«.— Bearded  tit, 
bearded  titmouse,  the  Pununts  6iar7;it(:u».— Bearded 

vulture,  the  (ininjlux  hilrhalu.l. 

beard-grass  (lierd'gras),  ».  The  common  name 
of  ((()  some  species  of  I'ali/pof/on,  especially  1'. 
Mdii.yielien.^is  and  /'.  littondi.'i,  from  tho  dense- 
ly bearded  appearance  of  the  close  patiicles; 
(b)  some  common  species  of  Andropogem,  as  .(. 
nutanx,  A.  scoparius,  etc.— 'WooUy  beard-grass,  a 
name  given  to  species  of  Kriaiithit.-^.  —  ifa^ed  beard- 
grass,  a  name  of  species  of  Ginnnopti'ioti. 

beardie  (ber'di),  ».     Same  as  beardi/,  2. 

bearding  (bcr'ding),  n.  [<  beard  +  -('»;/!.]  1. 
Tlie  line  of  tlie  intersection  of  the  keel,  dead- 
wood,  stem,  and  stem-post  of  a  ship  with  the 
outer  surface  of  the  frame-timbers.  Also  called 
bearditig-li)ie  and  stepping-point. —  2.  The  dimi- 
nution of  the  edge  or  surface  of  a  j'ieee  of  tim- 
ber from  a  given  line,  as  in  the  stem,  dead- 
wood,  etc.,  of  a  ship.     Hamersli/. 

bearding- line  (ber'ding-lin),  n.  Same  as  beard- 
ing, 1. 

beardless  (berd'les),  a.  [<  ME.  bcrdle.s,  <  AS. 
beardleds,  <  beard,  beard,  +  Irds,  -less.]  1. 
Without  a  beard ;  hence,  of  persons  of  the  male 
sc.x,  immature;  adolescent:  as,  a  beardle.ss 
youth. — 2.  In  ornith.,  having  no  rictal  vibris- 
sa;: as,  the  beardless  flycatcher,  Ornithium  im- 
berbe. —  3.  In  i'c/iWi.,  having  no  barbels. — 4.  In 

bot.,  without  beard  or  awn Beardless  drum,  the 

redfish  or  branded  drum,  Sciaiia  occUatu,  wliieli  has  no 
barbels.     See  cut  under  redJiJth. 

beardlessness  (berd'Ies-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
condition  of  being  beardless. 

beardleted  (berd'Iet-ed),  «.  [<  "beardlet,  dim. 
of  beard  (ef.  barbide),  +  -ed^.]  In  hot.,  having 
little  awns.     I'axton. 

beardling  (berd'Iing),  v.  One  who  wears  a 
beard ;  formerly,  in  contrast  with  shaveling,  a 
layTnan.     [Hare.] 

beard-moss  (berd'mos),  n.  A  name  of  the 
lichen  I'snea  barbata,  which,  often  intermixed 
with  others,  clothes  forest-trees  with  the 
shaggy  gray  fleece  of  its  pendulous  thread-like 
branches;  the  "  idle  moss  "  of  Shakspere  (C.  of 
E.,  ii.  '2). 

bear-dog  (bSr'dog),  «.   A  dog  for  baiting  bears. 
True.    You  fought  high  and  fair.  .  .  . 
Daup.   Like  an  excellent /«'ar-(/fi//. 

B.  Jonson,  Epicrene,  iv.  1. 

beard-tongue  (berd'tnng),  «.  A  name  given 
to  plants  of  the  genus  rcntstemon,  with  refer- 
ence to  the  bearded  sterile  stamen. 

beardy  (ber'di),  «.;  pi.  beardies  (-diz).  [Dim.  of 
beard.']  1.  A  name  of  the  white-throat,  iS'v/oVn 
ciiterca.  Macgillivray.  [Local,  British.] — 2.  In 
Scotland,  a  name  of  the  loach,  Nemaehdns  bar- 
batidus,  a  small  fresh-water  malacopterygian 
fish,  fiimily  Ci/prinida' :  so  called  from  the  six 
barbules  that  hting  from  the  mouth.  Also  spell- 
ed beardie. 

bearer  (bar'er),  n.  [ME.  berer,  bererc;  <  bear^  + 
-()•!.]  1.  One  who  bears,  carries,  or  sustains; 
a  carrier;  specifically,  one  who  ctirries  any- 
thing as  tho  attendant  of  anotlier:  as,  St.  Chris- 
topher, or  the  C\vT\st-bearer  (the  meaning  of 
the  name) ;  a  sword-dearer,  an  armor-fceorer,  a 
palanquin-ftearer,  etc. 

His  armour-6ear»'  said  unto  him.  Do  all  that  is  in  thine 
heart.  1  Sam.  xiv.  7. 

Forgive  the  hearer  of  unhappy  news : 
Y'our  alter'd  father  openly  jiursues 
Y'our  ruin.  Dnjden. 

2.  One  who  carries  a  body  to  the  grave;  a 
pall-bearer. — 3.  In  India:  (a)  A  palanquin-car- 
rier, (ft)  A  domestic  servant  who  has  ch.argo 
of  his  master's  clothes,  f lu'niture,  etc. —  4.  In 


bearing 

banl-ing  and  rnm.,  one  who  holds  or  presents 
for  iiaymcnt  a  <'heck  or  order  for  money,  pay- 
ment of  which  is  not  limited  by  the  drawer 
to  a  specified  individual  or  firni.  Checks  pay- 
able to  bearer  need  no  indorsement.— 5.  One 
who  wears  anything,  as  a  badge  or  sword;  a 
wearer. 

Thou  (the  crown],  most  fine,  most  honour'd,  most  re- 

iiown'd, 
H.ist  lat  thy  hearer  up.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

6.  In  nld  law,  one  who  bears  down  or  oppresses 
others  by  vexatiously  assisting  a  third  party  in 
maintaining  a  suit  against  them ;  a  maintainor. 
— 7.  Any  ])art  of  a  structure;  or  machine  that 
serves  as  a  support  to  some  other  part  («)  a 
sniiport  for  the  fire-bars  of  a  furnace,  {h)  The  support  of 
the  puppets  in  a  lathe,  (r)  pi.  In  a  nUinq-milt,  the  hous- 
ings (U-  standards  in  which  the  roller-giidgeons  turn,  (rf) 
One  of  the  strips  which  extend  over  a  molding-trough  and 
serve  to  sup[iort  the  llask. 

8.  In  printing  :  (a)  A  strip  of  wood  or  metal, 
type-high,  put  in  any  exposed  place  in  a  form 
of  type  or  on  a  [jress,  for  the  pnriiose  of  liearing 
off  impression  and  )ireventing  injury  to  type  or 
woodcut.s.  ill)  pi.  Tyjie-high  pieces  of  "metal 
phiced  in  tho  very  open  spaces  and  over  the 
heads  of  pages  to  be  stereotyped,  and  also  t,ype- 
high  strips  of  metal  placed  around  pages  or 
forms  to  bo  electrotyped,  to  jirevent  injury  to 
the  fjice  of  tho  tyjie  or  the  plates  in  the  subse- 
quent processes,  and  cut  away  from  the  plates 
before  printing. — 9.  In  her.,  a  supporter. — lOf. 
A  roll  of  padding  forming  a  kind  of  bustle,  for- 
merly woMi  by  women  to  support  and  distend 
their  skirts  "at  their  setting  on  at  the  bodies." 
Fairholt. — 11.  In  an  organ,  one  of  the  tlun 
pieces  of  wood  attached  to  the  upper  side  of  a 
sound-board,  to  form  guides  for  the  register- 
slides  which  command  the  openings  in  the  top 
of  a  wind-chest  leading  to  the  pijies  of  the  sepa- 


rate svstems  of  pipes  which  form  the  stops. 
E.  n.  Knight.— 12.  A  tre 
fnut  or  flowers. 


ree  or  plant  that  yields 


This  way  of  procuring  autumnal  roses,  in  some  that  are 
good  bearers,  will  succeed.  liot/lc. 

bearer-bar  (bar'er-bar),  n.  One  of  the  bars 
which  support  tho  grate-bars  in  a  furnace. 

bearer-pin  (liar'er-i>in),  n.  A  pin  separating 
tho  strings  of  a  piano  at  the  point  where  the 
length  is  determined,      ll'or.  Unpj). 

bear-garden  (bar'gar''dn),  n.  1.  A  place  where 
bears  are  kept  for  the  diversion  of  spectators. 
The  bear-garden  in  London  in  Elizabeth's  reign 
was  also  called  Paris-garden  and  bear's-college. 

Hurrying  ine  from  the  playhouse,  and  the  scenes  there, 
to  the  bear-garden,  to  the  apes,  and  asses,  and  tigers. 

S:Miivjjiect. 

2.  Figuratively,  anyplace  of  ttrmult  ordisorder. 

Those  days  when  slavery  turned  the  Senate-chamber  into 
a  brar.'jurden.  X.  A.  lieih,  CX.WI.  11. 

bear-grass  (bSr'gras),  «.  A  name  given  to  the 
eamass,  Camas.iia  esculenta,  of  Oregon;  also, 
in  Texas,  to  Dasylirion  Tciamim,  the  young 
pulpy  stems  of  which  are  much  eaten  by  bears; 
and  to  species  of  the  genus  Yncca,  for  the  samo 
reason. 

bearherd  (bar'herd),  «.  A  man  who  tends 
bears;  a  bearward. 

Virtue  is  tif  so  little  regard  in  these  costemionger  times, 
that  true  valour  is  turned  bearherd. 

.Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

bear-hound  (biir'hound),  71.  A  hound  for  himt- 
ing  or  baiting  the  bear. 

Few  years  more  aud  the  \Volf-hounds  shall  fall  sup- 
pressed, the  Jlear-Itouml*;  the  Falconry. 

Carliflc,  French  Rev.,  I.  iii.  1. 

bearing  (bar'ing),  n.  [<  ilE.  hering,  bcryng ; 
verbal  n.  of  bear^.]  If.  Support,  as  of  a  prin- 
ciple or  an  action  ;  maintenance  ;  defense. 

I  speak  against  iXw  heariwj  oi  blooilshetl:  i\i\^  bearing 
must  be  looked  upon. 

jMtimcr,  5th  Serni.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

2.  The  act  of  enduring,  especially  of  enduring 
ptitiently  or  without  complaining;  endurance. 

The  two  powers  which  constitute  a  wise  woman  are 
those  of  bcarin'j  and  forbearing.  Kpiclctu^  (traBS.X 

3.  The  manner  in  which  a  person  bears  or 
comports  himself ;  carriage;  mien i  behavior. 

A  mau  of  good  repute,  carriage,  bearin'j.  ami  estimation. 
Sliak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 

I  hiid  reason  to  dread  a  fair  outside,  to  mistrust  a  pop- 
ular bcarintj,  to  slmdder  before  distinction,  grace,  aud 
courtesy.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxiv. 

4.  The  mutual  relation  of  the  parts  of  a  whole; 
mode  of  connection. 

But  of  this  frame  the  bearinifs  aud  the  ties, 
The  strong  connections,  nice  dependencies. 
Gradations  just,  has  thy  pervading  soul 
Look'd  tlirough'^  Pope,  Essay  on  Mau,  L  29. 


bearing 

Transactions  whicli  Iiavc  .  .  .  direct  hi'arinim  on  frop- 
doni,  on  liealtli,  on  morals,  on  tlie  (icrniancnt  wdl-lning 
of  tlio  nation,  can  never  be  nioially  nulilfeient. 

liae,  Contemp.  Socinlisni,  p.  213. 

5.  Tho  special  meaning  or  application  of  any- 
thing saiii  or  written. 

To  chungu  the  lieariwj  of  n  word. 

Tennamn,  In  Menioliani,  cxxviii. 

6.  The  act  or  capability  of  jirodiicing  or  bring- 
ing forth :  as,  a  tree  past  hearing. 

In  tr.ivail  of  his  hearing,  his  mother  was  first  dead. 

Jtohrrt  or  GlouceMer. 

7.  In  arch.,  the  space  between  the  two  fixed 
extremes  of  a  beam  or  timber,  or  between  one 


492 

2.    Heavy  and  falling:  applied  on  tlio  stock- 
exelumgo  to  j)rices. 

bearishness  (bar'ish-nes),  «.  The  state  or 
i[uality  of  being  bearish  in  nature,  appearance, 
or  manner. 

bear-leader  (bar'le'dfer),  n.  1.  A  person  who 
leads  about  a  trained  bear  for  exhibition. 
Hence  —  2.  A  tutor  or  governor  in  charge  of  a 
youth  of  rank  at  the  mii versify  or  on  liis  trav- 
els, or  one  in  a  similar  relation.  [Humorous.] 
Young  gentleman,  I  am  the  hear-leader,  being  appointed 
youi*  tntor.  Colman  the  youn;/cr. 

They  pounced  upon  the  stray  nobility,  and  seized  young 
lords  travelling  with  their  bear-leaders. 

Thackeratj,  Book  of  .Snobs,  vii. 


extreme  and  a  supporter:  titat  is,  its  unsup- 
ported span.-8.  In  mack.,  the  part  in  c^on-  ^^  (bar'mos),  n.  Same  as  hcr's-hcd. 
tact  w>t!i  which  a  journal  moves ;  that  i.u t  of  ,^  mo^g^  (Mv'moL),  n.  A  book-name  of  a 
a  shatt^or  au  axle  which  is  in  conflict  with  its  ^^,^^^^^  ^^  ^  woodchuck,  translating  the  ge- 
8upports;_in  general  the  part  of  an.V  piece  ^^ric  name  Jrefowy^.  Se4  cut  under  Jrctom^.5. 
where  it  is  supported,  or  the  part  of  another  ^^_  J  ^^.^.^^ ^ ^^^,^2  ^_-,  j^ 
piece  on  which  it  rests.— 9.  Same  as  hetuinij-  "^?^-V  >  .  '\  .  ,,„Vr» 
Lte.-lO.  pi.  In^/,y)-6«;W/«<7,  the  widest  part  ^1°' j^  a,^-°- 
nf  n  vpssel  below  the  iilank-shcer :  the  lino  of  Dear-pig  (bar  i» 


obsolete  form  of  "bairn. 
of  a  vessel  below  the  plank-sheer;  the  lino  of  --^-jt,-—  Arctcliyx  collar  is.     See  hadocr-i,  1 


n.     The  Indian  badger  or 


flotation  wmeii  is  lormeti  oy  uie  waxei  on   lei  ^  j^.  ,tar'pit),  n.    A  pit  prepared  for  the 

sides  when  upright,  witn  pro^^Slons  s  ore^s  etc      "^^f '  F*  ^j  ^^^\^  ^  zoological  garden.    i„  the 
on  board  m  proper  trim.—  1 1 .  In  7(f ) . ,  any  sin-     ^^^^^i  ^.  ^1^^,,^^  ^^^^^^  ,^jj,^  cross-bars  or  steps  at  proper  dis- 
gle  charge  of  a  coat  ot  arms ;  any  one  ot  the     t-uices,  is  set  up  to  enable  the  bear  to  indulge  in  his  in- 
ordinaries,  or  any  heraldic  bird,  beast,  or  other     stinctive  habit  of  climbing, 
figure  (see  charijc);  hence,  in  the  plural,  the  bearst,  "•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  ftirrae. 
whole  heraldic  display  to  which  a  person  is  en-  bear's-bed  (barz'bed),  )/.      The  hair-cap  moss. 


titled.  Seearm^ 


-12.  The  direction  or  point 


a  species  of  Pobjtriclnun  which  grows  in  broad, 
of  the  compass  in  which  an  object  is  seen,  or     soft  mats.     Also  called  hear-moss. 
the  direction  of  one  object  from  another,  with  bear's-bilberry  (barz'bil"ber-i),   «.     Same  as 
reference  to  the  points  of  the  compass,    in geol.     hiarbirrij,  \. 

and  mining,  used  in  speaking  either  of  the  outcrop  of  the  bear's-breecb  (barz'brech),  n.      1.  The  English 
strata  or  of  the  direction  ot  any  metalliferous  lode  or  de-     name  of  Acanthus  spinosus.     See   Acanthus.— 


posit,  whether  under  ground  or  at  the  surface :  nearly  sy 
nonynious  with  run,  course,  and  strike. 

"Before  the  sun  could  go  his  own  length,  the  little  wa- 
ter will  be  in  the  big."  .  .  . 

"I  thought  as  much,"  returned  the  scout,  .  .  .  "from 
the  course  it  takes,  and  the  bearings  of  the  mountains." 

Cooper,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  xxxii. 
Antifriction  bearing.  See  aii(i/rii(!o».— Conical  bear- 
ing, an  end-bearing  for  the  spindle  of  a  machine-tool, 
formed  by  abutting  the  spindle-end  against  the  end  of  a 
screw.  One  of  these  ends  is  brought  to  a  conical  point, 
and  the  other  is  correspondingly  countersunk.  The  screw 
serves  to  adjust  the  bearings  for  wear. — Continuous 
bearings.  See  cMituiuoiw.— Sand-bearings,  in  »".(,/- 
in'r,  the  supports  for  the  core  in  the  sand  of  a  mold. 


2.  The  cow-parsnip,  Heracleum  fiphondijlium : 
so  called  on  account  of  its  roughness. 
bear's-colleget  (barz'kol"ej),  n.     See  bear-gar- 
den, 1. 
The  students  in  bear's-cottege. 

B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Gypsies. 

bear's-ear  (barz'er),  ».  The  common  name  in 
England  of  the  auricula.  Primula  Auricula, 
from  its  early  Latin  name,  ursi  auricula,  given 
in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  its  leaf. 

bear's-foot  (barz'fut),  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
See  Uelleborus. 


JJelhhorus,  3.  fectidus. 
Side  bearings  of  a  car-truck,  plates,  blocks,  or  roUei-s  hear's-garilc  (barz'gar"lik),  n.     A  species  of 
placed  on  cacli  side  of  the  center-pni  to  prevent  a  too  great      ,^„-    „  ^..//,„,,,  „,.o;,,„,,, 
rocking  motion.-  To  bring  a  person  to  his  bearings,     oi"","-  -' '"  "  "'  "'«"'""•_ 

to  put  him  in  his  proper  place;  take  liini  down. —To  lose  bear  S-grape   (barz  grap),    «.     Same    as   bcar- 
One's  bearings,  to  become  uncertain  or  confused  in  re-      bcm/,  1. 

bearskin  (bar'skin),  ».  1.  The  sldn  of  a  bear. 
—  2.  A  coarse  shaggy  woolen  cloth  for  over- 
coats.—  3.  A  tall  cap  made  of  black  fur  form- 
ing part  of  the  uniform  of  some  military  bodies, 
as  of  the  Guards  in  the  British  army  and  of 
soldiers  of  various  organizations  elsewhere. 

The  brarsk-irjs  of  the  French  grenadiers  rose  above  the 
crest  of  the  hill.  Yonge,  Life  of  Wellington,  xxxiiL 

BearsMn  jobber.    See  iicnrS,  ji.,  5. 
bear's-paw  clam,  root.    See  clam,  root. 
bear's-weed  (barz'wed),  n.     The  yerba  santa 

of  ('alifornia,  Eriodiction  glutinosum. 
bearward  (bar'ward),  n.     A  keeper  of  bears. 
We'll  bait  thy  bears  to  death. 
And  manacle  the  beanvard  in  their  chains. 

Shale,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

Those  who  worke  with  them  co'mand  them  as  our  beare- 
ivnrds  do  the  beares,  with  a  ring  through  the  nose,  and  a 
cord.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  21,  1G44. 

I  entreated  a  bearward  one  day  t«  come  down  with  the 
dogs  of  some  four  parishes  that  way. 

B.  Jonson,  Epictene,  i.  1. 

bear-whelp  (bar'hwelp),  ».   [<  ME.  bcre-hwelp; 
<  bcar"^  +  whelp.']     The  whelp  of  a  bear. 
An  unliekcd  bear-whelp.  .Shale,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

bearwood  (bar'wiid),  n.  The  Bhamnus  I'ur- 
shiana,  a  shrub  or  small  tree  of  the  Pacific 
States.     See  bcarberrii,  2. 

—  bald- 
money,  Meum  uthamanticum. 

beast  (best),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  6ees^  < 
ME.  heeste,  best«,  <  OF.  leste,  F.  bete  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  bcstia  =  D.  LG.  beest,  <  L.  bestiri,  an  animal, 
including  all  animals  except  man.]  1.  A  liv- 
ing being;  an  animal:  in  this  extended  sense 
now  only  in  dialectal  or  colloquial  use. 

These  ben  the  eyryssh  (airish)  bestes,  lo. 

Chancer,  House  of  Kanie,  1.  932. 

To  keepe  this  worlde  bothe  more  and  lesse 
A  skylfuU  heeste  [man]  than  will  y  make. 

York  Plugs,  p.  lli. 

2.  Any  four-footed  animal,  as  distinguished 
from  fowls,  insects,  fishes,  and  man :  as,  beasts 
of  burden;  beasts  of  the  chase;  beasts  of  the 
forest.     It  is  applied  chiefly  to  large  animals. 

The  beasts,  the  fishes,  and  the  winged  fowls. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 


gard  to  one's  position  ;  become  bewildered  or  puzzled. — 
To  take  bearings,  to  ascertain  on  what  point  of  the  com- 
p.ass  an  object  lies.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  ascertain- 
ing the  situation  or  direction  of  any  object  estiniated  with 
reference  to  some  part  of  a  ship,  as  on  the  litani,  licfore 
the  beam,  abaft  the  beam,  etc.  Hence,  to  determine  one's 
position ;  make  one's  self  acquainted  with  the  locality  in 
which  one  is ;  discover  how  matters  stand ;  get  rid  of  be- 
wilderment or  misunderstanding. 

The  best  use  that  we  can  now  make  of  this  occasion,  it 
seems  to  me,  is  to  look  about  us,  take  our  bearin/js,  and 
tell  the  fugitives  .  .  .  what  course,  in  our  opinion,  they 
should  pursue.  W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  70. 

bearing  (bar'ing),  a.  1.  Supporting;  sustain- 
ing: as,  a  bearing  wall  or  partition  (that  is, 
a  wall  or  partition  supporting  another). —  2t. 
Solid;  substantial:  as,  "a  good  bearing  din- 
ner," Fletcher,  Women  Pleased,  ii.  2. 

bearing-cloth   (bar'ing-kloth),   »i.      The  cloth 

■with  which  a  child  is  covered  when  carried  to 

chm-ch  to  be  baptized.    Also  called  bear-cloth. 

Thy  scarlet  robes,  as  a  child's  bearing-cloth, 

I'll  use  to  caiTy  thee  out  of  this  place. 

Sltak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 

bearing-feeler  (bar'ing-fe"ler),  n.  Au  auto- 
matic alarm  for  signaling  the  overheating  of 
a  jom-nal-bearing.  a  plug  of  fusible  material  con- 
nected with  the  bearing  melts  at  a  given  temperature, 
anil  by  snitalde  connections  is  made  to  sound  an  alarm. 

bearing-neck  (bSr'ing-nek),  «.  The  part  which 
tm-ns  within  the  brasses  of  the  pedestal  of  a  _l  /i  ~  /     •^%"         m, 

car-truck,  and  sustains  the  strain;  the  iom-nal  bear'WOrt  (bar  wert),   n.     the 
of  a  shaft. 

bearing-note  (bar'iug-not),  «.  In  tuning  tem- 
pered instruments,  like  the  pianoforte,  one  of 
the  notes  that  are  first  carefully  tuned  as  a  ba- 
sis in  tuning  the  others.     Also  called  bearing. 

bearing-rein  (bar'ing-ran),  «.  The  rein  by 
wliieh  tlie  head  of  a  horse  is  held  up  in  driving. 

bearing-robe  (bar'ing-rob),  n.  A  garment  an- 
swering the  same  purpose  as  a  beariug-cloth. 
It  was  formerly  customary  for  the  sponsors  to 
present  such  a  robe  to  the  child, 
bearish  (bilr'ish),o.  [<ic«r'^ -f- -/.s/il.]  1.  Par- 
taking of  tlio  (jualities  of  a  boar ;  morose  or  un- 
couth in  manner. 

In  our  (»wn  language  we  seem  to  allude  to  this  degen- 
eracy of  human  nature  when  we  call  men,  by  way  of  re- 
proach, sheepish,  bearish,  etc. 

Harris,  Three  Treatises,  I^otes,  p.  344. 


beast's-bane 

One  deep  cry 
Of  great  wild  beasts.     Tennyson,  P.alaco  of  Art. 
Beasts  of  chase  are  the  buck,  the  doe,  the  fox,  the  mar- 
ten, and  the  roe.     Beft-^ts  of  the  fimst  are  the  hart,  the 
hind,  the  hare,  the  boar,  and  the  woU.     lieasts  o/  warren 
are  the  hare  and  cony.  CowcU,  Law  Dictionary. 

3.  Any  irrational  animal,  as  opposed  to  man, 
as  in  the  phrase  man  and  bcasi,  where  beast 
usually  means  horse. 

O  heaven  !  a  beast,  that  wants  discoui'se  of  reason. 
Would  have  mourn 'd  longer.  Shak.,  Handet,  i.  2. 

4.  ]>l.  In  rural  economy,  originally  all  domestic 
animals,  but  now  only  cattle ;  especially,  fat- 
ting cattle  as  distinguished  from  otiier  animals. 
—  5.  In  a  limited  specific  U8e,"a  horse:  as,  my 
beast  is  tired  out.  [Local,  Scotland  and  U.  S. 
Compare  creature,  critter,  similarly  used.] — 6. 
Figuratively,  a  brutal  man;  a  person  rude, 
coarse,  filthy,  or  acting  in  a  manner  unworthy 
of  a  rational  creature. 

What  an  afflicted  conscience  do  1  live  with. 
And  what  a  beast  1  am  growni ! 

Fletcher,  Valentinian,  iv.  1. 

7t.  [In  this  use  also  spelled  as  orig.  pron.,  haste, 
<  F.  beste,  now  bete,  in  same  sense.]  (n)  An 
old  game  of  cards  resembling  loo.  (6)  A  pen- 
alty or  forfeit  at  this  game,  and  also  in  ombre 

and  quadi'ille Beast  royal,  the  lion:  used  also  of 

the  constellation  Leo. 

And  yet  ascending  was  the  beste  roiat. 

The  gentil  Leon  with  his  Aldiran. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  256. 

Blatant  beast.    &ee  blatant. 
beasted  (bes'ted),  a.     [<  beast,  ».,  7,  -I-  -crf^.] 

Beaten  at  ombre  or  quadrille, 
beastee,  ».    See  bheesty. 
beast-hlde   (best'hid),  n.     Sole-leather  which 

has  not  been  hammered.   It  is  used  for  glaziers' 

polishing- wheels. 
beasthood   (best'hud),  n.     [<  beast  +  -hood.'] 

The  nature  or  condition  of  beasts.     Carlylc. 
beastie^  (bes'ti),  u.     [Dim.  of  beast.]     A  little 

animal.     [Scotch.] 
beastie-  (bes'ti),  n.    See  bheesty. 
beastily  (bes'ti-li),  arff.    As  a  beast;  bestially. 

Shelley. 
beastings,  ".  sing,  ot  j'l.     See  beestings. 
beastisn  (bes'tish),  a.     [<  ME.  bestish;  <  beast 

+  -(6'/(i.]     Like  a  beast;  brutal. 

It  would  be  but  a  kind  of  animal  or  beastish  meeting. 

Milton,  Divorce,  xiii.  (Ord  JIS.). 

beastliness  (best'li-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  or' 
quality  of  being  beastly;  brutality;  coarseness; 
vulgarity ;  filthiness. 

Kank  inundation  of  luxuriousness 

Has  tainted  him  with  such  gross  beastliness. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villainie,  ii.  7. 

2t.  Absence  of  reason ;  stupidity. 
Beastliness  and  lack  of  consideration.  North. 

beastly  (best'li),  a.  [<  ME.  beestely,  bestely, 
beastliche ;  <  beast  +  -ly'^.]  It.  Natural;  ani- 
mal: the  opposite  of  sjiiritual. 

It  is  sowun  a  beestli  bodi ;  it  shal  ryse  a  spiritual  bodi. 
tt'gclif,  1  Cor.  XV.  44. 

2.  Like  a  beast  in  form  or  nature ;  animal. 
Beastly  divinities  and  droves  of  gods.  Prior. 

3.  Like  a  beast  in  conduct  or  instincts ;  brutal ; 
filthy;  coarse. 

Thou  art  the  benstli^st,  crossest  baggage  that  ever  man 
met  withal !  Middleton  (and  others).  The  Widow,  i.  2. 

4.  Befitting  a  beast ;  unfit  for  human  use ;  filthy ; 
abominable. 

Lewd,  profane,  and  beastly  phrase.  B.  Jonson. 

Thrown!  into  beastly  prisons.    Dickens,  Hist,  of  Eng.,  xvi. 

5.  Nasty;  disagreeable:  as,  beastly  weather. 
[Slang.] 

By  laying  the  defeat  to  the  account  of  "  this  bexistly 
English  weather,  you  know. "  .-Iih erica n,  VI.  245. 

=  Syn.    Brutal.  Bestial,  etc.     See  bnite. 
beastlyt  (best'li),   adv.     [<  beast  -I-  -ly^.]     In 
the  maimer  of  a  beast;  filthily;  abominably. 

Fie  ou  her !  see  how  beastly  she  doth  court  him. 

Slrnk.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  2. 

I  have  seen  a  handsome  cause  so  foully  lost,  sir. 
So  beastly  cast  away,  for  want  of  witnesses. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  (.'urate,  iii.  1. 

beastlyheadt  (best'li-hed),  n.  [<  hea.^tly  + 
-head  =  -hood ;  one  of  Spenser's  artificial  words.] 
The  character  or  quality  of  a  V>east ;  beastli- 
ness: used  by  Spenser  as  a  greeting  to  a  beast. 

Sicke,  sicke,  alas!  and  little  lack  of  dead. 
But  I  be  relieved  by  your  Wastlyhead. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

beast's-bane  (bests'ban),  n.  A  variety  of  the 
wolf's-bane,  Aconitum  Lycoctonum. 


beat 

beat^  (bet),  V. ;  prot.  beat,  pp.  bcntciij  hcaty  ppr. 
beating.  [<  ME.  bctcn^  <  AS.  hc<it<ni  (pret.  Ixot^ 
pp.  hvdtvn)  —OWiii.  bocau,  MIKt.  hoc<:n  =:  U-o\. 
bauta,  bt'iit.  Tho  superficial  rcsf^'uiblance  to  F. 
battrcj  E.  6</^l,  batUr^^  is  accidental,  but  has 
perhaps  inlluenced  some  of  tho  meanings  of 
6cfl/i.  Henee />«;(/(i.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  strike 
repeatedly;  lay  repeated  blows  upon. 
Whs  beat  me  twicu.  ami  beat  inc  to  :i  ctiwiinl. 

Fk'trhn^  Huiiu»ruu3  Lk-utenant,  11.  4. 

The  eagles  of  Mcxitli  shall  beat  the  air  no  more. 

Whittirr,  The  ('I'isis. 

2.  To  strike  in orderto produce  a  sound;  sound 
by  percussion:  as,  to  beat  a  drum  or  a  tam- 
bourine. 

Come,  heat  all  the  drums  up, 

And  all  the  noble  instruments  of  war. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  v.  5, 

3.  To  play  (a  particular  call  or  tattoo)  upon 
the  drum:"  as,  to  tmii  a  chavfje;  to  beat  a  re- 
treat. [The  last  phrase  often  means  simply 
to  retire  or  retreat.] 

The  enemy  was  driven  hack  all  day,  as  we  had  been  the 
day  before,  until  Hnally  he  heat  a  precipitate  retreat. 

U.  S.  Gnmt,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  350. 

4.  To  break,  bruise,  comminute,  or  pulverize 
by  beating  or  pounding,  as  any  hard  substance. 

Thou  shalt  beat  some  of  it  very  small.  Ex.  X-\x.  36. 

5.  To  extend  by  beating,  as  gold  or  other  mal- 
leable substance,  or  to  hammer  into  any  form; 
forge. 

They  did  beat  the  gold  into  thin  plates.        Ex.  xxxix.  3. 

The  hammer  which  smote  the  Saracens  at  Tours  wjis  at 

last  successful  in 6<'«(i7ii/ the  Xetheriauds  into  Christianity. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  21. 

6.  To  separate  by  concussion ;  strike  apart ; 
remove  by  striking  or  threshing:  "with  out. 

So  she  .  .  .  beat  out  that  she  had  gleaned:  and  it  was 
about  an  ephah  of  barley.  Ruth  ii.  17. 

7.  To  mix  by  a  striking  or  beating  motion; 
whip  into  the  desired  condition :  as,  to  bent  or 
beat  up  eggs  or  batter. —  8.  To  dash  or  strike 
against,  as  water  or  wind. 

Beyond  this  flood  a  frozen  continent 

Lies,  daik  and  wild,  beat  with  perpetual  storm. 

Millon,  P.  L.,  ii.  588. 

9.  Tostrikewiththefeetin  moving;  tread  upon. 

Pass  awful  gulfs  and  beat  my  painful  way. 

Sir  R.  Dlackmore. 
Along  the  margin  of  the  moonlight  sea 
We  beat  with  thundering  hoofs  the  level  sand. 

Wonlt^ivorth,  Prelude,  x. 
Amiil  the  sound  of  steps  that  beat 
The  nmrmuring  walks  like  autumn  rain. 

Bryant,  The  Crowded  Street. 

10.  To  range  (fields  or  woods)  with  loud  blows 
or  other  noise  in  search  of  game. 

To  beat  the  woods  and  rouse  the  bi'unding  prey.   Prior. 
Together  let  us  beat  this  simple  field, 
Try  what  the  open,  what  tlie  covert  yield ! 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  9. 

11.  To  overcome  in  battle,  contest,  or  strife; 
vanquish  or  conquer:  as,  one  beats  another  at 
play. 

Pyrrhus  ,  .  .  &eaf  the  Carthaginians  at  sea.  Arbuthnot. 

12.  To  surpass ;  excel ;  go  beyond :  as,  he  beats 
them  all  at  swimming.     [OoUoq.] 

Many  ladies  in  Strasburg  were  beautiful,  still 
They  were  beat  all  to  sticks  by  the  lovely  Odille. 

Barhain,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  239. 
There  is  something  out  i>f  common  here  that  beattt  any- 
thing that  ever  came  in  my  way.  l)ickens. 

13.  To  be  too  difficult  for,  whether  intellectu- 
ally or  physically;  baffle:  as,  it  beats  me  to 
make  it  out.  [Colloq.]  — 14.  To  harass;  ex- 
ercise severely;  cudgel  (one's  brains). 

Sirrah,  lay  by  your  foolish  study  there. 
And  beat  y(»ur  brains  about  your  own  affairs. 

Fli'tfher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  ii.  1. 

\Vliy  should  any  one  .  .  .  beat  his  head  about  the  Latin 

grannnar  who  does  not  intend  to  be  a  critic?  Locke. 

15.  To  exhaust :  as,  the  long  and  toilsome  jom*- 
ney  quite  beat  him.     [Colloq.] 

They  had  been  beaten  out  with  the  exposure  and  hard- 
ship. Ii.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  ^Go. 

16.  To  flutter;  flap:  as,  to  ?>^a(the  wings:  said 
of  a  bird.  See  bate^. — 17.  In  medieval  embroi- 
dery, to  ornament  with  thin  plates  of  gold  or 
silver. 

Hur  clothys  wcyth  bestes  and  byrdes  wer  bete. 
Ail  abowte  for  pryde. 

Quoted  in  Hock's  Textile  Fabrics. 
One  coat  for  my  lord's  body  heat  with  gold. 

Dwjdale,  Baronage. 

18.  }n  printing:  (a)  To  ink  with  beaters,  (b) 
To  impress  by  repeatedly  striking  with  a  mal- 
let a  proof-planer  pressed  against  the  paper: 
a.Sf  beat  ix  proof  of  that  form. — 19.  To  obtain 


493 

an  unfair  advantage  of;  defraud:  as,  to  beat  a 
hotel.     [Slang,  U.  S.] -To  beat  a  bargain.    See 

baryaiJi.-  TO  beat  a  parley,  tn  notify  thi'  t-m-my  by  :i 
drum  or  trumpit  signal  lliat  nrnfi-n  mi-  is  di*siri-il  under  a 
Hai;  of  truce-  TO  beat  awav,  in  iiiiiiin'i,  to  excavate; 
usually  applied  to  bard  ^'roiiml.  -To  beat  back,  t<>  cnm- 
pcl  to  retire  i>r  return.  To  beat  COCk-fightlng.  See 
coch-jiyktiny.— To  beat  dOWn.  (n)To  break,  destroy,  or 
throw  down  by  beating  or  battering,  as  a  wall,  (b)  To 
press  down  or  lay  Hat  (gra.ss,  grain,  etc.)  by  any  prostrat- 
ing action,  as  that  of  a  violent  wind,  a  current  of  water, 
or  the  piiasageof  persons  or  animals,  (r)  To  cause  to  lower 
(a  price)  by  importunity  or  argument ;  sink  or  lessen  the 
l)rice  or  value  of;  make  lower,  as  price  or  value. 

It  [usury]  heats  douni  the  price  of  land.  Bacon,  Usury. 
(d)  To  depress  or  crush  :  as,  to  beat  donni  opposition.—  To 
beat  into,  to  teaeb  or  instil  by  repetition  of  instruction. 
—To  beat  off,  to  rej>ei  ordrive  back.— To  beat  out.  (a) 
To  t'xtenti  liy  banniiering ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  work  out 
fully;  amplify;  expand. 

A  man  thinking  on  his  legs  is  obliged  to  beat  md  Ids 
thought  for  his  own  sake,  if  not  for  the  sake  of  his  hearers. 

Cornhiil  May. 
{h)  To  perform  or  execute,  as  a  piece  of  music,  by  or  as 
if  by  beats  with  the  bands  or  feet. 

The  child's  feet  were  busy  beatiny  out  the  tune. 

Cornhiil  May. 
Perplext  in  faith,  but  pure  in  deeds, 
At  last  he  beat  his  nuisic  out. 

Ten7iysoii,  In  Memoriani,  xcvi. 

(c)  To  drive  out  or  away. 

Intermediate  varieties,  from  existing  in  lesser  numbers 
than  the  fornis  which  they  connect,  will  ger.erally  be 
be'tten  out  an<l  exterminated  during  the  course  of  further 
modifleatiou  and  improvement. 

Partvin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  26G. 

To  beat  the  air,  to  fight  to  no  puri>ose,  or  against  no  an- 
tagonist or  opposition. 

I  therefore  so  run,  not  as  uncertainly;  so  flglit  I,  not  as 
one  that  bcutvth  the  air.  1  Cor.  ix.  2G. 

To  beat  the  bounds.  See  tounrfi.— To  beat  the  dust, 
in  the  inaniye:  («)  To  take  in  too  little  ground  witli  the 
forelegs,  as  ahorse,  (h)  To  curvet  too  precipitately  or 
too  low,  as  a  horse.— To  beat  the  general,  to  sound 
the  roll  of  the  drum  which  calls  the  troops  to;.i.thcr.  — TO 
beat  the  tattoo,  to  sound  the  drum  for  evening  roll-call, 
when  all  soMiei-s  except  those  absent  with  permission 
are  expected  to  be  present  in  their  quarters.  — To  beat 
the  wind,  to  make  a  few  flourishes  in  the  air,  and  thus 
be  entitled  to  all  the  advantages  of  a  vict^ir,  as  was  done 
under  tiic  medieval  system  of  trial  by  battle  when  the 
other  combatant  failed  to  appear. — TO  beat  time,  to 
measure  or  regulate  time  in  music  by  the  motion  of  the 
hand  or  foot.— To  beat  to  a  mummy,  ■'^ee  iinujumj.— 
To  beat  up.  (a)  To  attack  suddenly;  alarm  or  disturb; 
hence,  to  come  to  or  upon  unexpectedly :  as,  to  heat  up  an 
enemy's  quarters. 

A  distant  relation  left  him  an  estate  in  Ireland,  wliere 
he  had  resided  ever  since,  making  occasional  visits  to  the 
Continent  and  heatiny  up  his  old  quarters,  but  rarely  com- 
ing to  England.  Latprcnce. 
(b)  To  summon  or  bring  together  as  by  beat  of  drum :  as, 
to  beat  up  recruits,  (c)  In  huntiny,  to  rouse  and  drive 
(game)  by  ranging. 

They  beat  up  a  little  game  peradventure. 

Lamb,  Imperfect  Sympathies. 

(d)  In  enyraviny,  to  remove  (a  dent  or  mark)  from  the 
face  of  a  plate  by  striking  the  back  with  a  punch  while 
the  face  rests  <ui  a  sheet  of  tin-foil  on  an  anvil  or  a  stake. 
In  this  way  engravers  can  remove  marks  too  deep  to  be 
obliterated  by  the  scraper  or  burnisher.  =Syn.  1.  To 
pound,  bang,  Imffet,  maul,  drub,  thump,  thwack,  baste, 
thrash,  pommel.— 11.  Di.^^eomfit.  Rout,  etc.    i^ee  defeat. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  strike  repeatedly;  knock, 
as  at  a  door. 
The  men  of  the  city  .  .  .  beat  at  the  door.    Judges  xix.  22. 

2.  To  move  with  pulsation;  throb:  as,  the 
pulse  beats. 

A  thousand  hearts  heat  happily. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  21. 

With  unused  thoughts  and  sweet 
And  hurrying  hopes,  his  heart  liegan  to  beat. 

Williaui  Morri-s,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  408. 

3.  To  act,  dash,  or  fall  with  force  or  \'iolence, 
as  a  storm,  flood,  passion,  etc.:  as,  the  tempest 
beats  against  the  house. 

And  the  sun  beat  upon  the  head  of  Jonah,  that  he 

fainted,  and  wished  in  himself  to  die.  Jonah  iv.  8. 

Rolling  tempests  vainly  beat  below.  Ih-yden. 

For  the  noon  is  coming  on,  and  the  sunbeams  fiercely  beat. 
Bryant,  Damsel  of  Peru. 

4.  To  be  tossed  so  as  to  strike  the  ground  vio- 
lently or  frequently. 

Floating  corps  lie  heatiny  on  the  shore.  Addison. 

5.  To  give  notice  by  beating  a  drum;  also,  to 
soimd  on  being  beaten,  as  a  drum. 

But  Linden  saw  another  sight 
When  the  drum  beat  at  dead  of  night. 

Campbell,  Hohenlinden. 

6.  To  contain  beats  or  pulsations  of  sound,  as 
a  tone  formed  by  sounding  together  two  notes 
whieh  are  nearly  in  unison.  See/>frt^,  n.,1. —  7. 
To  ponder;  be  incessantly  engaged;  be  anx- 
iously directed  to  something ;  be  in  agitation 
or  doubt. 

If  you  be  pleas'd,  retire  into  my  cell, 

.Vnd  there  repose  ;  a  turn  or  two  111  walk. 

To  still  my  beatiny  mind.      Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 


beat 

Thy  heaven  is  on  earth  ;  thine  eyes  and  thoughts 
Beat  on  a  crown,  the  treasure  of  thy  heart. 

Shak.,  '>  lien.  VI.,  ii.  1. 

8.  Xnut.,  to  make  progress  against  the  wind 
by  alternate  tacks  in  a  zigzag  line,  a  good 
square-rigged  vessel  will  make  a  direct  gain  to  windward 
of  three  tenths  of  the  distance  she  has  saib'd  while  beat- 
ing, while  the  gain  to  windward  of  an  average  fore-and-aft 
rigged  vessel  will  be  equal  to  five  or  six  tenths  of  the  dis- 
tance sailed. 

We  took  a  pilot  on  board,  hove  up  our  andior,  and  be- 
gan heatiny  down  the  bay. 

R.  //.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  3. 

Many  yachtsmen  had  pronoimccd  it  to  be  an  impossi* 
bility  for  our  vessel  to  beat  tnit  in  so  light  a  breeze. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  i. 

To  beat  about,  to  search  by  various  means  or  ways; 
make  efforts  at  discovery. 

To  find  an  honest  man,  I  beat  about. 

Pope,  Epii.  to  Satires,  ii.  102. 

To  beat  about  the  bush,  to  approach  a  matter  in  a 
muutlahout  or  cin  unilocutory  way.-  To  beat  tO  quar- 
ters, t<»  sunuuon  the  crew  of  a  man-of-war  by  beat  of  drum 
to  their  stations  for  battle.  — To  beat  up  and  down,  in 
huniiny,  to  run  first  «»no  way  and  then  anotbtr:  said  of  a 

stag.— To  beat  up  for  recruits  or  soldiers,  t<»  yo  aiiout 
to  enlist  men  int4»  the  army  :  a  iilnas.-  oriiiinatint;  in  the 
fact  that  a  recruiting  party  was  oit-  n  prerr,|r.l  hya  <Irum- 
mer  with  his  instrument.— To  beat  upont,  ttienforce  by 
repetition  ;  reiterate. 

How  frequently  and  fervently  doth  the  Scripture  heat 
ujion  this  cause.  Jiakemll. 

beat!  (bet),  n.  [<  bcat^j  v.]  1.  A  stroke;  a 
striking;  a  blow,  whether  with  the  hand  or 
with  a  weapon.    [Rare.] 

The  Smith  Divine,  as  with  a  careless  heat. 
Struck  out  the  mute  creation  at  a  beat. 

Dryden^  Hind  and  Panther,  i.  253. 
Thus  we  get  but  years  and  beatn. 

Fleteher,  Valentinian,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  recurrent  stroke ;  a  pulsation ;  a  throb : 
as,  the  beat  of  the  pulse ;  the  heart  makes  from 
sixty  to  seventy  beats  a  minute. —  3.  The  sound 
made  by  the  foot  in  walking  or  nmning ;  a 
footfall. 

The  heat  of  her  unseen  feet, 

Which  only  the  angels  hear. 

Shelley,  The  Cloud. 

4.  A  round  or  course  which  is  frequently  gone 
over:  as,  a  watchman's  ^('«/;  a  milkman's  6e«t. 
We  had  to  descend  from  the  sea-wall,  and  walk  under 
it,  until  we  got  beyond  the  sentry's  heat. 

Howetia,  Venetian  Life,  lil 

Hence  —  5.  A  course  habitually  traversed,  or 
a  place  to  which  one  habitually  or  frequently 
resorts. —  6.  In  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  the 
principal  subdi\ision  of  a  county ;  a  voting-pre- 
cinct.—  7.  In  music:  {a)  The  beating  or  pul- 
sation arising  from  the  interference  of  two 
musical  notes  differing  but  slightly  in  pitch. 
See  interference.  The  number  of  beats  per  second  is 
equal  to  the  difTerence  between  the  numbers  of  vibrations 
of  the  two  notes.  Thus,  two  notes  having  256  and  255 
vibrations  per  second  respectively,  if  sounded  simultane- 
ously, will  give  rise  to  one  beat  each  second,  because  once 
in  each  second  the  two  wave-systems  (see  sound)  will  coin- 
cide and  produce  a  maximum  sound,  and  once  they  will 
be  half  a  wave-length  apart,  and  the  sound  will  almost 
disappear.  Also  caWcd  heatiny.  (^fj)  The  motion  of 
the  hand,  foot,  or  baton  in  marking  the  divi- 
sions of  time  during  the  perfonnance  of  a  piece 
of  music,  (c)  Used  vaguely  by  various  English 
writers  to  denote  different  kinds  of  ornamt-ntal 
notes  or  graces. —  8.  The  third  operation  in 
paper-making,  in  whieh  the  pulp  is  still  further 
divided  and  torn  apart  in  the  beating-engine. 
—  9.  The  blow  struck  by  a  valve  when  falling 
into  its  seat. — 10.  The  bearing  part  or  the 
facing  of  a  valve. 

The  inlet  and  outlet  valves  in  the  covers  of  the  air-cyl- 
inders are  of  brass  provided  with  leather  beats. 

Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  740. 

11.  Aworthless,  dishonest,  shiftless  fellow;  a 

knave.     [Slang.]- Beat  of  a  watch  or  clock,  the 

stroke  made  by  the  action  of  the  escapement.  A  clock  is 
said  to  be  in  beat  or  out  of  heat  according  as  the  stroke  is 
at  equal  or  unequal  intervals.— Beat  or  tUCk  of  drum 
(milit.),  a  succession  of  strokes  on  a  drum,  varied  in  dilter- 
ent  ways  for  particular  purposes,  as  to  regulate  a  march, 
to  call  soldiers  to  their  amis  or  quarters,  to  direct  an  at- 
tack or  a  retreat,  etc.— Dead  beat,  (a)  Formerly,  a  i)erson 
without  money  or  resources  ;  now,  one  who  never  pays, 
but  lives  by  evasions  ;  an  utterly  dishonest,  wortldess  fel- 
low :  an  intensilled  expression  of  heat,  11,  above.  [Slang.] 
(b)  A  stroke  or  blow  without  recoil,  as  in  the  dead-beat 
escapement.  See  esc/ipnnent.—  T)ouh\e  beat,  in  vnitnc,  a 
beat  repeated.— Out  of  one's  beat,  not' in  one's  sphere 
or  department.  [Colloq.] 
beat^  (bet),  pp.  [Shorter  form  of  beaten,  which 
is  the  only  form  used  attributively.]  Exhaust- 
ed by  exertion,  mentally  or  bodily;  fatigued; 
worn  out  by  toil.     [OoUoq.] 

Quite  heat  and  very  much  vexed.  Dickens. 

Dead  beat,  completely  exhausted  or  worn  out,  so  as  to 
be  incapable  of  further  exertion;  utterly  baftled.  as  by 
the  difficulty  of  a  task ;  thoroughly  defeated  iu  a  contest 
or  struggle.    [CoIloq.J 


beat 

beats  (bot),  M.  [Also  heet,  bait,  <  ME.  bctc; 
origin  uiikuown,  perliaps  <  bcat^,  v.,  or  perhaps 
connected  with  bait,  bale,  steep  :  see  bate".]  A 
bundle  of  llax  or  hemp  made  up  ready  for  steep- 
ing. 

beat^  (bet),  n.  [Also  bait,  bate;  origin  un- 
known. Cf.  beit~,  make  a  fire.  Peat  is  appar. 
a  different  word.]  Tlie  rough  sod  of  moorland, 
or  the  inalteil  growth  of  fallow  land,  wliieli  is 
sliced  or  pared  off,  and  burned,  when  the  land 
is  about  to  bo  plowed.  See  beat^,  v.  N.  E.  I). 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

beat3  (bet),  I',  t.  and  ».  [See  beat^,  ?i.]  To 
slice  off  (the  beat  or  rough  sod)  from  unculti- 
vated or  fallow  ground  with  a  beat-ax  or  breast- 
plow,  in  order  to  burn  it,  for  the  purpose  at 
once  of  destroying  it  and  of  converting  it  into 
manure  for  the  land.     N.  E.  1).     [Prov.  Eng.  ] 

beatse  memoriae  (bf-a'te  mf-mo'ri-e).  [L., 
gen.  of  Ijcdta  iiiriiKiria,  blessed  memory:  see 
bralifi/  iind  inciuori/.'i  Of  blessed  memory :  said 
of  tlie  dead. 

beat-ax  (bet'aks),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  bidax, 
bidix;  <  beat^  +  ax^."]  The  ax  or  adz  mth 
which  the  beat  is  pared  off  in  hand-beating. 
See  beats,  ,-.    X.  E.  D.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

beaten  (be'tn),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  beten,  <  AS. 
bctiten,  pp.  of  bidtaii,  beat:  see  beai^,  !•.]  1. 
Wrought  upon  by  beating;  formed  or  affected 
in  any  way  by  blows  or  percussion :  as,  bea  ten 
work  (which  see,  below). 
This  work  of  the  candlesticks  was  of  beaten  gold, 

Num.  viii.  4. 
Speeifieally — 2.  Worn  by  beating  or  treading; 
much  trodden ;  hence,  common  from  frequent 
use  or  repetition ;  trite :  as,  to  follow  the  beaten 
course  of  reasoning. 
A  broad  and  beaten  way.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  1026. 

lYuth  they  profess'd,  yet  often  left  the  true 
And  beaten  prospect,  for  the  wild  and  new. 

Crabbe.  Tales. 

3.  Conquered;  vanquished. 

I  suppose  everything  is  right,  even  to  Wooler's  being 
conqueror  and  I  the  beaten  man.  6'.  Tytler. 

4.  Exhausted ;  worn  out. —  5.  BaiHed,  as  by  the 
difficulty  of  a  task,  intellectual  or  physical. 

—  Beaten  work,  ('t)  Metul  shaped  by  being  hamniere>l 
on  an  anvil  or  a  block  of  the  retjuisite  form.  Hand-made 
vessels  of  metal,  especially  those  of  rounded  form,  are  com- 
monly shaped  by  this  process,  (&)  Repousse  work.  See 
repousse. 

beater  (be'ter),  «.  l.  One  who  beats:  as,  a 
carpet^fteafcr;  a  drum-6eater. 

Euen  the  wisest  of  your  great  beaters  do  as  oft  punishe 
nature  as  they  do  correcte  faiUtes, 

Aseliam,  The  Scholemaster,  p,  32, 

2.  In  hunting,  one  who  rouses  or  beats  up  game. 
_  When  the  beaters  came  up  we  found  that  the  bag  con- 
sisted of  five  red-deer — namely,  one  small  stag  anil  four 
hinds.  J.  Baker,  Turkey,  p,  309, 

3.  That  which  beats  or  is  used  in  beating. 
Specifically  — (n)  In  basket-makint),  a  heavy  iron  used  for 
beating  the  work  close,  or  compacting  it,  (b)  In  eutton 
vianii/.,  a  machine  lor  cleaning  and  opening  the  cotton 
preparatory  to  carding.  This  is  accomplished  by  beat- 
ing the  cotton,  as  it  is  fed  through  rolls,  by  horizontal 
blades  attached  to  an  axle  revolving  with  great  rapid- 
ity, (c)  The  jack  of  a  knitting-machine,  (rf)  A  niallet 
used  in  hat-making,  (e)  .\  tool  for  packing  powder  in  a 
blast-hole,  (./)  .\  scutching-blade  for  breaking  fla.\  or 
hemp,  (g)  In  iKavltur,  the  lathe  or  batten  of  a  loom : 
so  named  because  it  drives  the  weft  into  the  shed,  and 
makes  the  fabric  more  compact, 

beater-press  (be'ter-pres),  n.  A  machine  for 
compacting  materials  for  baling,  by  beating 
them  down  by  a  weight,  and  also  by  direct  and 
continued  pressure. 

beath  (beTn),  v.  t.  [Now  only  E.  dial.,  <  ME, 
bcthen,  <  AS.  bctJiian,  a  parallel  form  of  batlii- 
an,  >  E.  bathe,  q.  v.]     1.  To  bathe;  foment. 

—  2.  To  heat  (unseasoned  wood)  for  the  piu-- 
poso  of  straightening  (it). 

A  tall  young  oake  .  .  . 
Beath  d  in  Are  for  Steele  to  be  in  sted. 

Speiuier,  F,  Q,,  XV.  vii,  7, 

beatific  (l)e-a-tif'ik),  a.    [<  LL.  beatiUcus,  <  bea- 
tiis,  hai>py,  +  facere,  make;  ef.  beatify.]     1. 
Blessing  or  making  happy;  imparting  "bliss. 
The  greatness  and  strangeness  of  the  beatijic  vision, 

2.  Blessed;  blissful;  exaltcdly  happy. 
He  arrived  in  the  most  beatific  frame  of  mind, 

Ttiree  in  iVoncai/,  p,  176, 
Beatific  vision,  in  tlieol.,  the  direct  vision  of  God,  sup- 
pose.1  to  constitute  the  essential  bliss  of  saints  and  unguis 
ill  Iit-avtri. 

beatifical  (be-a-tif'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  beatific. 
[Kare.]  "  "  "^ 

beatifically  (be-a-tif 'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  beatific 
niiinnor. 

beatiflcatet  (be-a-tif'i-kat),  r.  t.     To  beatify. 

beatification  (be-at  i-li-ka'shon),  «.  l=zF.bc- 
atijication,  <  LL,  bcatijicarc:  "see  beatify.']    1. 


494 

The  act  of  beatifying  or  of  rendering  or  pro- 
nouncing happy;  the  state  of  being  bjessed; 
blessedness. 

The  end  of  a  Christian,  .  ,  ,  the  rest  of  a  Christian,  and 
the  beatification  of  his  spirit,      Jer.  Taylor,  .Sermons,  xx, 

2.  In  the  Horn.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  act  by  which  a 
deceased  person  is  declared  to  be  beatified,  or 
one  of  the  blessed,  and  therefore  a  proper  sub- 
ject of  a  certain  degree  or  kind  of  public  reli- 
gious lionor.  This  is  now  an  exclusive  prerogative  of  the 
pope,  but  for  several  centuries  it  w.is  also  exercised  by 
local  bishops  or  metropolitans.  It  is  usually  the  second 
step  toward  canonization,  ami  camiot  take  place  till  fifty 
years  after  the  death  of  the  pci"son  to  be  beatified,  except 
in  the  case  of  martyrs.  The  i)rocess  is  an  elaborate  one, 
consisting  of  thirteen  or  fourteen  stages,  and  extending 
over  many  years,  during  which  the  claims  of  the  rei)uted 
saint  are  carefully  and  strictly  investigated.  If  the  final 
result  is  favorable,  the  pope's  decree  is  publicly  read  in 
the  pontifical  church,  the  image  and  relics  of  the  newly 
beatified  are  incensed,  etc.    See  canonization. 

Ximenes  has  always  been  venerated  in  .Spain,  Philip 
IV,  endeavored  to  procui-e  his  beatification. 

G.  Tick'nor,  .Span,  Lit,,  I,  424, 

beatify  (be-at'i-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beati- 
fied, ppr.  beatifying.  [<  F.  beatifier,  <  LL.  beati- 
ficare,  make  happy,  bless,  <  bcatifieus,  making 
happy,  blessing,  <  L.  bent  us,  happy,  blessed  (pp. 
of  beare,  make  happy,  akin  to  henus,  bonus,  good, 
bene,  well),  +  facere,  make.]  1.  To  make  su- 
premely hapjiy ;  bless  with  the  completion  of 
celestial  enjoyment :  as,'' beatified  spirits,"  IJry- 
den. —  2.  To  pronoimee  or  regard  as  happy,  or 
as  confeiTing  happiness.     [Rare.] 

The  common  conceits  and  phrases  which  so  beatify 
wealth,  Barrow,  Works  (ed.  1686),  III.  161, 

Specifically — 3.  In  the  Mom.  Cath.  Ch.,  to  de- 
cree beatification. 

The  right  of  beatifying,  that  is,  declaring  a  holy  person 

a  saint,  and  decreeing  that  due  honour  might  be  paid  him, 

within  a  particular  diocese,  continued  to  be  exercised  in 

England  and  everj-where  else  by  the  bishops  of  the  church. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i,  490. 

Hence — 4.  To  ascribe  extraordinary  x-irtue  or 
excellence  to ;  regard  as  saintly  or  exalted. 

His  heroine  is  so  beatified  with  description,  that  she 
loses  all  hold  upon  sympathy, 

Whipple,  Ess,  and  Kev,,  I,  128, 

beating  (be'ting),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  beat^,  v.] 

1 .  The  act  of  striking,  or  operating  by  blows  ; 
any  process  of  working  bj'  percussion.  Specifi- 
cally—  (a)  A  process  in  the  dressing  of  flax  and  hemp  by 
which  they  are  made  soft  and  pliable,  {b)  The  process  of 
hammering  gold  and  silver  into  leaf.  The  sheets  are 
placed  between  pieces  of  parchment,  and  hammered  on  a 
marble  block,  (c)  In  bnokbinding,  the  process  of  flatting 
out  with  a  hammer  the  leaves  of  a  book  wluch  have  been 
badly  pressed,  or  which  have  been  buckled  or  twisted  by 
bad  sewing  or  uneven  dampening, 

2.  Punishment  or  chastisement  by  blows;  a 
flogging. — 3.  The  state  of  being  beaten  or  out- 
done ;  a  defeat. 

Our  American  rifle-team  has  had  its  beating,  but  not  a 
bad  beatinfj.  Tlie  American,  VI.  245. 

4.  Regular  pulsation  or  throbbing. 

The  beatings  of  my  heart,     Wordsworth,  Tintern  Abbey, 

5.  In  music,  same  as  beat,  7  (a):  but  in  this 
form  more  frequently  applied  to  the  beats  of 
the  strings  of  a  piano  or  the  pipes  of  an  organ, 
—  6.  Xaut.,  the  act  of  advancing  in  a  zigzag 
line  against  the  wind. 

beating-bracket  (be'ting-brak'et),  n.  The 
batten  of  a  loom. 

beating-engine  (be'ting-en"jin),  n.  1.  A  ma- 
chine with  rotating  cutters  for  preparing  rags 
in  paper-making. —  2.  Same  as  beating-machine. 

beating-banuner  (be'ting-ham'er),  «.  Aham- 
mer  hax-ing  two  slightly  rounded  faces,  used  in 
shajiing  the  backs  of  books. 

beating-machine  (be'ting-ma-shen"), «.  A  ma- 
chine for  opening  and  beating  cotton,  to  loosen 
it  and  remove  the  dust.  Also  called  u-illowing- 
machine,  opener,  beating-engine,  etc. 

beatitude  (be-at'i-tiid),  n.  [<  F.  beatitude,  < 
L,  bcalitudo,  <  beatus,  hajipy,  blessed:  see  be- 
atify.] 1.  Supreme  blessedness;  felicity  of 
the  highest  kind;  consummate  bliss;  hence,  in 
a  less  restricted  sense,  any  extreme  pleasure  or 
satisfaction. 

True  beatitude  groweth  not  on  earth. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ,  Mor,,  iii.  11. 
About  him  all  the  sanctities  of  heaven 
Stood  thick  as  stars,  and  from  his  sight  received 
Beatitude  past  utterance.  Milton,  P,  L.,  iii.  62. 

Thousands  of  the  Jews  find  a  peculiar  beatitude  in  hav- 
ing themselves  interred  on  the  opposite  slope  of  the  Mount 
of  Olives,  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p,  75, 

2.  One  of  the  eight  ascriptions  of  blessed- 
ness to  those  who  possess  particular  virtues, 
pronounced  by  Christ  in  the  Sermon  on  the 
Mount,  Mat.  v.  3-11 :  so  named  from  the  word 


beaupere 

"blessed"  (in  the  Latin,  beati),  with  which 
each  declaration  or  ascription  begins,  —  Formal 
beatitude,  the  iKjssession  of  the  highest  good.— Objec- 
tive beatitude,  the  highest  good, 

beattle  (bc-at'l),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.  (Exmoor  and 
Scilly  Gloss,)  and  U.  S. ;  appar.  <  be-l  +  attic  for 
addle.]  To  addle  the  brain  of;  make  a  fool  of. 
[I'rov.  U.  S.  (Massachusetts).] 

beau  (bo),  a.  and  n.  [As  an  adj.  long  obsolete; 
early  mod.  E.  bcu;  <  ME.  beu,  biiu,  beau,  <  OF. 
beau,  biiiu,  earlier  bel,  beat,  bial,  mod.  F.  beau, 
bcl,  fem.  belle,  <  L.  bcllu.f,  fair,  beautiful,  fine: 
see  6c/l,  bell^.  The  noun  is  mod.,  and  follows 
the  F.  in  pron. ;  the  ME.  adj.  if  still  existent 
would  be  pronounced  as  in  its  deriv.  beauty,  q. 
v.]  I.t  a.  Good;  fair:  used  especially  in  ad- 
dress: as,  "6eaM  sir,"  t'Aaucer,  House  of  Fame, 

1.  643.     See  beausire,  beaupere,  etc. 

II.  ". ;  pi.  beaus  or  beaux  (boz).  1.  One  who 
is  very  neat  and  particular  about  his  dress,  and 
fondof  ornaments  and  jewelry;  a  fop;  a  dandy: 
now  most  often  said  of  a  man  of  middle  age  or 
older :  as,  he  is  an  old  beau. 

Besides  thou  art  a  beau  :  what's  that,  my  child? 
A  fop,  well-dressed,  extravagant,  and  wild, 

Dryden,  tr,  of  Persius,  Satires,  Iv,  42. 

He  is  represented  on  his  tomb  by  the  figure  of  a  beau, 
dressed  in  a  long  periwig,  and  reposing  himself  upon  vel- 
vet cushions  under  a  canopy  of  stat*, 

Additon,  Thoughts  in  Westminster  Abljey. 

2.  A  man  who  is  suitor  to  or  is  attentive  to  a 
lady ;  a  lover;  a  swain.  [Xow  chiefly  coUoq.  or 
rustic] 

Her  love  was  sought,  I  do  aver. 
By  twenty  beaux  and  more. 

Goldsmith,  Elegj-  on  Mrs,  Ttlsjy  Blaize, 

The  rural  beaux  their  best  attire  put  on. 

To  win  their  nymphs,  as  other  nymphs  are  won, 

tyabbe,  The  Village. 

=  SyiL  1.  Dandy,  Exquisite,  etc.    See  co2-com6, 

beau  (bo),  c.  t.  [<  beau,  n.]  To  act  the  beau 
to  ;  attend  or  escort  (a  lady). 

beauceantt,  «.     See  beauseant. 

beanclerkt  (bo'klerk  or  -kliirk),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  heauclarl;  <  ME.  beauclcrk.  <  OF.  beau, 
fine,  -I-  clerc,  clerk,  scholar.]  A  good  scholar; 
a  learned  man :  known  especially  as  a  surname 
of  Henry  I.  of  England  (Henry  Beauclerk). 

beaufet,  ».     An  eiToneous  form  of  bujfit-. 

beaufin  (bif'in),  n.  [A  forced  spelling  of  biffin, 
as  if  <  F.  beau,  beautiful,  +  fin,  fine.]  Same 
as  biffin. 

beaufreyt,  n.     Same  as  baufrey.     Weak. 

beau-ideal  (bo'i-de'al  or  bo'e-da-al'),  ».  [F., 
te  beau  ideal,  the  ideal  beautiful:  le  beau,  the 
beautiful;  id^al,  adj..  ideal.  Hence  in  E.  often 
taken  as  beau,  adj,,  qualifying  ideal,  n.,  an  ex- 
cellent (one's  best)  ideal:  see  beau  and  ideal.] 
A  mental  conception  or  image  of  any  object, 
moral  or  physical,  in  its  perfect  typical  form, 
free  from  all  the  deformities,  defects,  and 
blemishes  accompanying  its  actual  existence; 
a  model  of  excellence  in  the  mind  or  fancy; 
ideal  excellence. 

ily  ambition  is  to  give  them  a  beau-ideal  of  a  welcome. 
Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  .xxxiv. 

beauish  (bo'ish),  a.  [<  beau  +  -is/il.]  Like 
a  beau;  foppish;  fine:  as,  '"a  beauish  young 
sjiark."  Byron,  Beau  and  Bedlamite. 

Beaujolais  (bo-zho-la'),  «.  [F.  Beaujolais,  a 
former  division  of  France,  now  chiefly  com- 
prised in  the  department  of  Rhone,]  A  kind 
of  red  wine  made  in  the  department  of  Rhone, 
in  southeastern  France. 

beau  monde  (bo  mond).  [F. :  beau,  <  L.  bel- 
luc,  fine  ;  monde,  <  L.  mundus,  world.  See  beau 
and  mundane.]  The  fashionable  world ;  people 
of  fashion  and  gayety,  collectively. 

beaumontite  (bo'mou-tit),  n.  [After  Prof. 
Elio  de  Beaumont,  of  France.]  In  mineral.,  a 
variety  of  heulandite  from  Jones's  Falls  near 
Baltimore,  Maryland. 

beaumont-root  (bo'mont-rot),  Ji.  Same  as 
hoirman's-root. 

Beaune  (bon),  «.  [F.]  A  red  wine  of  Bur- 
gundy. The  name  is  given  to  wines  produced  in  a  large 
district  around  the  city  of  Beaune,  and  varying  greatly  in 
([uality. 

beauperet,  beaupeert,  «.    [Early  mod.  E.,  also 

bewjicer,  etc.  ^in  the  sense  of  'companion,' 
sometimes  spelled  bcauphcre,  by  confusion  with 
phcre,  an  erroneous  spelling  of  ME../i')r,  a  com- 
panion :  see /erf),  <  ME.  bcicpere,  beaupere,  beto- 
pyr,  etc.,  <  (1)  OF.  beau  pere,  'good  father,'  a 
polite  form  of  pere.  father  (mod.  F,  beau-pere, 
father-in-law.  or  stepfather),  <  beau,  fair,  good, 
-I-  pere,  F.  pcrc,  <  L.  jiater  =  E.  father ;  (2)  OF. 
beau,  fair,  good,  +  2)er,  peer  (mod.  F.  pair), 


beaupere 

peer,  equal.]  1.  Atormof  courtesy  for' fathor,' 

used  especially  in  addressint;  di-  speaking  of 

priests. —  2.  A  companion,  compeer,  or  friend. 

Now  leaiiiii;^  him  itlti)  a  sfcret  shade 

From  his  llcaupcrex,  ami  from  lirijjlit  heavfiis  vew. 

SpciiKcr,  K.  IJ.,  III.  i.  35. 

beauperst,  bewperst,  ".    [Also  hoirpres:  pev- 

liups,  liko  tii;uiy  utlirr  fabrics.  ii:iiiio<t  from  tli(^ 
place  of  its  original  7nauufactiirc,  coujecturcd 
in  this  case  to  bo  Ilcnii]ir<!au,  a  town  in  Franco 
with  manufactures  of  linen  and  woolen.]  A 
fabric,  apparently  of  linen,  used  in  tlie  si.\- 
tecnth  and  seventeenth  centuries.  Flags  were 
made  of  it. 

With  my  cozen  Riehard  I'epys  upon  tlie  'Change,  about 
supplyin^'iis  with  bcti'pers  from  Norwieli,  wliicli  I  sliouhl 
Ik-  j;l;iil  .jf.  it  rlii'ap.  J'epys,  Diary,  II.  130. 

beau-peruket,  "•  A  name  given  to  periwigs  of 
exaggerated  length  worn  in  the  reign  of  Wil- 
liam III. 

beau-pot  (bo 'pot).  ».  [An  erroneous  form 
(simulating  F.  beau,  beautiful)  of  buwjiot  for 
hiHifihpDt,  q.  v.]  A  large  ornamental  vase  for 
cut  flowers. 

beauseantt,  beauceantt,  «•    [OF.  bauceant,  a 

flag  (see  def.),  perhaps  <  bmiqent,  baucent,  etc. 
(>  E.  bausiiiKl,  q.  v.),  orig.  black-and-white  spot- 
ted, but  later  written  beamt'dtit,  bciiucennt,  as  if 

<  F.  beau,  fine,  liandsorae,  comely,  +  scant,  suit- 
able, lit.  sitting,  ppr.  of  seoir,  sit:  see  seance.'] 
The  flag  of  the  order  of  the  Templars,  half 
black  and  half  white,  and  bearing  the  inscrip- 
tion, "Non  nobis,  Domine,  non  nobis,  sed  no- 
mini  tuo  da.  gloriam." 

beau-semblantt, «•  [F-:  beau,i&vc;  semblant, 
appearance:  se6  semblance.']  Fair  appearance. 
Court  of  Lm-e,  1.  1085. 
beauship  (bo'ship),  )i.  [ibeau  + -ship.]  The 
character  and  quality  of  a  beau ;  the  state  of 
being  a  beau :  used  sometimes,  as  in  the  ex- 
tract, as  a  title. 

Vou  laugh  not,  uallants,  as  by  proof  appears, 
At  wliat  liis  beauship  says,  but  what  he  wears. 
Congre  I'c,  Prol.  to  Dryden  Jr.  's  Husband  liis  own  Cuckold. 

beausiret,  «•     [ME.  also  beausir,  bewsher,  etc., 

<  OF.  beau  sire,  fair  sir :  see  beau  and  sir,  and 
cf.  bcau/ierc.  See  also  belsirc.]  Fair  sir:  an 
ancient  formal  mode  of  address. 

beauteous  (bu'te-us),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bcaulious,  beutcuus,  beictious,  beuteus,  <  ME. 
bcwteous,  etc.,  <  bewte,  bcaute,  beauty,  +  -ous.] 
Possessing  beauty ;  sensuously  beautiful. 
[Chiefly  poetical.] 

1  can,  Petruchio,  help  thee  to  a  wife, 

With  wealth  enough,  and  younj;,  and  beauteous. 

Sliak:.r.  of  theS.,1,  2. 

=  Syn.  IIn>»1si)tti'\  Pn-ftii,  etc.     See  bcaitfi/td. 
beauteously  (bti'te-iis-li),  af(i'.     [<  JAE.bcwfj/- 
osely,  <  ;«ir///(W,  bewtious,  beauteous,  +  -ti/'^.] 
In  a  beauteous  manner ;  in  a  maimer  pleasing 
to  the  senses ;  beautifully. 

Looli  upon  pleasures  not  upon  that  side  that  is  next 
the  sun,  or  where  they  loolc  bcnittcfmt^bj. 

Jcr.  Taiilor.  Holy  Living,  ii.  §  1. 

beauteousness  (im'tf-us-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
(piality  of  I  icing  beauteous;  beauty. 

beautification  (bt"i"ti-fi-ka'shon),  «.  [<  beauti- 
fij:  see  -Jicdtiou.]  The  act  of  beautifying  or 
rendering  boautifid;  decoration;  adornment; 
embellishment. 

This  thing  and  that  necessary  to  the  bcaulijication  of 
tile  r.miii,  Mrs.  Craih. 

beautified  (bu'ti-fid),  j).  a.  Adorned ;  made 
beautiful;  in  her.,  ornamented  with  jewels, 
feathers,  or  the  like  :  said  of  a  croivn,  a  cap,  or 
any  garment  used  as  a  bearing.  The  blazon  should 
state  in  what  way  the  bearing  is  beautitled,  as,  for  e.v- 
ample,  with  jewels. 

beautifier  (bii'ti-fi-er),  11.  One  who  or  that 
which  makes  beautiful. 

Seniiramis,  the  founder  of  Babylon,  according  to  Justin 
and  Stralto ;  but  the  enlarger  only  and  beautifier  of  it, 
according  to  Herodotus. 

Vofitard,  Astron.  of  t!ie  Ancients,  p.  102. 

beautiful  (bu'ti-fiU),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beutiful,  hewtiful,  buti/ful,  etc. ;  <  beauty  +  -fuL] 
Full  of  beauty ;  possessing  qualities  that  de- 
light the  senses,  especially  the  eye  or  the  ear, 
or  awaken  admiration  or  approval  in  the  mind. 
bee  beauty,  1. 

It  was  moated  round  after  the  old  maimer,  but  it  is  now 
dry,  and  turfed  witli  a  beautiJ'uU  carpet. 

Evetijn,  Diary,  July  14, 1G75. 
Idalian  Aphrodite  beautiful. 
i'resh  as  tlie  foam,  new-bathed  in  Paphian  wells. 

Tennyson,  tEnone. 
Silence,  beautiful  voice ! 
Be  still,  for  you  only  troulile  the  mind 
With  a  joy  in  which  I  cannot  rejoice. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  v.  3. 


495 

It  is  a  beautiful  necessity  of  our  nature  to  love  some- 
tliing.  /-*-  .Jerruld. 

\Vi-  are  clearlv  conscious  of  the  propriety  of  applying 
till-  i-inllKt  itr.iiilifut  to  virtues  such  as  charity,  reverence, 
or  lit  voii.in.  lint  we  cannot  apply  it  with  the  same  pro- 
priety to  duties  of  perfect  obligation,  such  as  veracity  or 
integrity.  />«*y,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  &i. 

■me  beautiful,  that  which  possesses  beauty ;  beauty  in 
tlie  abstract :  ;us,  the  beautiful  in  nature  or  art;  the  good, 
the  true,  and  the  beautiful. 

Can  we  conceive  of  a  period  of  human  development  at 
which  religion  is  the  worship  of  tin'  ln-autifuU  J.  Caird. 
It  is  very  old,  tliis  an-hitecture  [Duonio  at  MuranoJ; 
but  tlie  eternal  youth  of  the  beautiful  lielongs  to  it,  and 
there  is  scarce  a  stone  fallen  from  it  that  1  would  re- 
place, llowells,  Venetian  Life,  xii. 
=  Syn.  Beautiful.  Benuteoiut,  Ilandsinne.  Pretty,  Fair, 
Liwebi.  Comely,  charming,  all  apply  to  tliat  which  is  highly 
pleasing,  especially  to  the  eye.  Beautiful,  the  most  gen- 
eral of  these  words,  is  also  often  the  noblest  and  most 
spiritual,  expressing  that  which  gives  the  highest  satis- 
faction to  eye,  ear,  mind,  or  soul.  Beauteous  is  c-liieHy 
jioi'tie,  and  covers  the  less  spiritual  part  of  beaiaiful. 
Ilaudsooxe  is  founded  upon  the  notion  of  proportion,  .sym- 
metry, as  the  result  of  cultivation  or  work  ;  a  handsome 
figure  is  strictly  one  that  has  been  developed  by  atten- 
tion to  physical  laws  into  the  right  proportions.  It  is 
less  spiritual  tlian  btai/llfid ;  a  hoiulaotne  face  is  not 
necessarily  a  beaiitifi'l  face.  Ilandsmoe  applies  to  larger 
or  more  important  tilings  than  jortry:  as,  a  Itaudsoine 
house  ;  a  pretty  cottage.  It  is  opposed  to  houiely.  Pretty 
applies  to  that  which  has  symmetry  and  delicacy,  a  dimin- 
utive beauty,  without  the  higher  qualities  of  graceful- 
ness, dignity,  feeling,  purpose,  etc.  A  thing  not  small  of 
its  kind  may  be  called  pretty  if  it  is  of  little  dignity  or 
coiiseiiuenee:  as,  a  pretty  dress  or  shade  of  color;  but 
prello  is  not  used  of  men  or  their  belongings,  except  in 
cniitcmpt.  Fair  starts  from  the  notion  of  a  brightness 
tliat  catches  the  eye;  it  notes  tliat  sort  of  beauty  which 
delights  the  eye  by  complexion  and  feature  ;  in  this  sense 
it  is  now  less  common  in  prose.  Lovely  is  a  strong  woid 
for  that  which  is  immediately  pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  it  ap- 
plies primarily  to  that  which  excites  ailmiration  and  love. 
Comely  applies  rather  to  the  human  llgiiic,  chielly  in  its 
proportions;  it  is  used  less  commonly  tlian  hatuisome  to 
express  the  result  of  care  or  training.  .See  elegant. 
The  moon  was  pallid,  but  not  faint ; 
And  beautiful  as  some  fair  saint. 

Longfellou',  Orion. 
And  there  a  vision  caught  ray  eye  ; 
The  reflex  of  a  beauteous  form. 

Tennyson.  Miller's  Daughter. 
A  handsome  house,  to  lodge  a  friend  ; 
A  river  at  my  garden's  emi. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Hor.ace,  Satires,  II.  vi.  3. 
Nothing  more  beautiful — nothing  jyrettier.  at  least  — 
was  ever  made  than  I'lu'ebe.    Hawthorne.  Seven  Gables,  ix. 
The  lamps  shone  o'er  fair  women  and  brave  men. 

Byron,  Cliilde  Harold,  lii.  21. 
Sweet  Auburn,  loveliest  village  of  the  jilain. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  1. 
I  doubt,  indeed,  if  the  shepherds  and  shepherdesses  of 
his  day  were  any  comelier  and  any  cleaner  than  these 
their  descendants. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Eoundabout  Journey,  p.  lU. 

beautifully  (bii'ti-ful-i),  adv.    In  a  beautiful 

manner. 

Fine  by  degrees  and  beautifully  less. 

Prior,  Henry  and  Emma,  I.  323. 

beautifulness  (bu'ti-ftil-nes),  «.  The  quality 
of  being  lieautifnl ;  elegance  of  form  ;  beauty. 
beautify  (bii'ti-fi),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beautified, 
ppr.  btautifiiiuij.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beutifij, 
heuUjfii,  Ix'ivtifii,  -fie;  <  beaulij  +  -fi/.]  I.  trau.s. 
To  make  or  render  beautiful;  adorn;  deck; 
grace;  decorate;  embellish. 
The  arts  tliat  beauti.fy  and  polish  lite.  Burke. 

Mid  creeping  moss  and  ivy's  dai'ker  green, 
How  nmch  thy  i>resence  beautifies  the  ground  ! 

Clare.  The  Primrose. 
=  Syn.  Aderrn,  Ornament,'  etc.     See  adorn  and  dceorate. 

II.  iiitrans.  To  become  beautiful ;  advance  in 
beauty.     [Rare.] 

It  must  be  a  prospect  pleasing  to  Cod  himself,  to  see 
his  creation  for  ever  beautifying  in  bis  eyes. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  111. 

beautiless  (bu'ti-les),  a.     [<  Iwauty  +  -less.] 

Destitute  of  beauty. 

Unainiablc,  .  .  .  beautiless,  reprobate. 

Hammond.  Works,  IV.  7. 

beauty  (bii'ti),  «.;  pi.  beauties  (-tiz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  beiity,  bewty,  <  ME.  beirty,  bewte, 
benic,  beautc,  earliest  foi-m  bealte,  <  OF.  biautc, 
bealtet,  beltet,  F.  bcaute,  =  Pr.  belt-at.  beutat  = 
Sp.  beldad  =  Pg.  bcldade  =  It.  belta,  <  ML. 
hellita{t-)s,  beauty.  <  L.  bcllus.  beautiful,  fair: 
see  beau  and  bell^.]  1.  That  quality  of  an  ob- 
ject by  virtue  of  which  the  contemplation  of  it 
directly  excites  pleasurable  emotions.  The  word 
denotes  primarily  tliat  which  pleases  the  eye  or  ear,  but 
it  is  applied  also  to  that  quality  in  any  object  of  thought 
which  awakens  admiration  or  approval :  as,  intellectual 
beauty,  moral  beauty,  the  beauty  of  holiness,  the  beauty 
of  utility,  and  so  cm. 

He  hatll  a  daily  beauty  in  his  life 

That  makes  me  ugly.  Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

A  thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  for  ever. 

Keats,  Endyniion,  I.  1. 
The  homely  beautu  of  the  good  cdd  cause  is  gone. 

yfordswmth,  National  Independence,  i. 


beaver 

If  eyes  were  made  for  seeing, 

Then  Ijcauty  is  its  own  excuse  for  being. 

Emerson,  To  the  Rhodom. 
Beauty  results  from  adaptation  to  our  faculties,  and  a 
perfect  state  of  health,  physical,  moral,  and  intellectual. 

C.  A',  yorton. 
The  sense  of  beauty  and  the  affection  that  follows  it  at- 
tach themselves  rather  to  modes  of  enthusiasm  and  feel- 
ing than  to  the  course  of  simple  duty  which  constitutes  a 
merely  truthful  and  upright  man. 

Leeky,  Enrop.  Alorals,  I.  84. 

2.  A  particular  grace  or  charm ;  an  embellish- 
ment or  ornament. —  3.  Any  particular  thing 
which  is  l)eautiful  and  iileasiug;  a  ]iart  which 
surpasses  in  pleasing  (lualities  tliat  with  which 
it  is  united:  generally  in  the  plural:  as,  the 
beauties  of  an  author;  the  beauties  of  nature. 
Look  ill  thy  sonl,  anil  thou  .shalt  benulies  find. 
Like  tiiosc  which  ilrown  d  Narcis.sus  in  tlie  flood. 

Sir  .1.  Varies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxxiv. 

4.  A  beautiful  person;  specifically,  a  beauti- 
ful woman;  collectively,  beautiful  women:  as, 
all  the  beauty  of  the  place  was  present. 

This  lady  was  not  onely  a  grcate  beauty,  but  a  most 
virtuous  and  excellent  creature. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  8, 1675. 

And  I  have  shadow'd  many  a  group 

Of  beauties,  that  were  born 
In  teacup-times  of  hood  and  hoop, 

Or  while  the  patch  was  worn. 

Tennyson,  The  Talking  Oak. 

5t.  Prevailing  stylo  or  taste ;  rage ;  fashion. 

She  stained  her  hair  yellow,  which  was  then  the  lieauty. 

Jer.  Taylor. 
Camberwell  beauty,  the  Vanessa  Antiopa,  a  beautiful 
butterlly.  rare  in  (ircat  llritain,  but  often  found  in  some 
parts  of  the  I'nitcd  st.'itcs  :  so  named  from  having  been 
found  sonictiincsat  I'aiiilicrwell,  a  suburb  of  London.  The 
wings  arc  deep,  rii  h,  velvety  brown,  with  a  baud  of  black, 
containing  a  row  of  large  blue  spots  around  the  brown, 
and  an  outer  baud  or  margin  of  pale  yellow  dappled  with 
black  spots.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on  the  willow.  — Curve 
of  beauty,  Une  of  beauty.  See  ci/rr?.— Dependent 
t)eauty,  that  beauty  which  does  not  appear  when  the  ob- 
ject is  contemplated  in  itself,  but  only  when  it  is  consid- 
ered in  its  adaptation  to  its  end. 

What  h,as  been  distinguished  as  dependent  or  relative 
beauty  is  nothing  more  than  a  beautified  utility  or  utilized 
beauty.  Sir  W.  llarnilton. 

Ideal  beauty,  the  standard  of  esthetic  perfection  which 
the  mind  forms  and  seeks  to  express  in  the  tine  arts  and 
in  the  rules  which  govern  those  arts.— Mixed  beauty, 
the  character  of  an  object  which  is  beantitiil  and  at  the 
same  time  affords  pleasure  of  another  kind.  =  Syn.  1. 
Loveliness,  fairness,  comeliness,  attractiveness;  elegance, 
gracefulness,  adornment. 
beautyt  (bu'ti),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bcwtyen,  <  bcii-ty, 
etc.,  beauty:  see  beauty,  «.]  To  render  beau- 
tiful; adorn,  beautify,  or  embellish. 

The  hai-lofs  cheek,  beautied  with  plast'ring  art. 

.Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

beauty-of-the-night  (bii'ti-ov-the-nit'), «.  The 

four-o'clock,  Mirabili.'i  Jalapa. 

beauty-sleep  (bii'ti-slep),  n.  The  sleep  taken 
before  midnight,  popularly  regarded  as  the 
most  refreshing  portion  of  the  night's  rest. 

beauty-spot  (bu'ti-spot),  «.  1.  A  patch  or 
spot  placed  on  the  face  to  heighten  lieauty, 
as  formerly  practised  by  women ;  hence,  some- 
thing that  heightens  beauty  by  contrast;  a 
foil. 

The  tilthiness  of  swine  makes  them  the  beauty-spot  of 

the  animal  creation.  Grew. 

The  numberless  absurdities  into  which  this  copyism 

h.as  led  the  people,  from  nose-rings  to  car-rings,  from 

painted  faces  to  beauty. spots. 

II.  .Speneer.  Universal  lYogress.  p.  90. 

2.  An  especially  beautiful  feature  or  thing. 
Iluniinu. 

beauty-'washt  (bii'ti-wosh),  n.    A  cosmetic. 

beaux,  «.     Plural  of  beau. 

beauxite,  ».     See  bauxite. 

bea'Ver'  (be'vi^r),  n.  and  a.  [Eariy  mod.  E. 
also  bcaror,  hcvcr,  <  ME.  bever,  <  A8.  beofer, 
liefer  =  D.  LG.  bevcr  =  OHti.  bibar,  MHG.  G. 
biher  =  leel.  bjorr  =  Sw.  biifrer  =  Dan.  beerer 
=  h.  fiber,  OL.  biber  (>  It.  berero  =  Sp.  bibaro 
=  Ft.  fibre  =  F.  bieere)  =  Gael,  beabhar  =  Com. 
befr  =  OBulg.  bcbrit,  bibrii,  bobrii,  Bohem.  Pol. 
bobr  =  Russ.  bobrt'i  =  Litb.  bebrus  =  Lett,  bebris, 
OPruss.  bebrus,  a  beaver,  =  Skt.  babltru,  a  large 
ichneumon;  as  adj.,  brown,  tawny;  perhaps  a 
redupl.  of  ■/  'bliru,  the  idt.  root  of  AS.  brim, 
E.  brown:  see  browu.]  I.  ".  1.  A  rodent 
quadruped,  about  two  feet  in  length,  of  the 
family  Castorida-  and  genus  Castor.  C.  fiber,  at 
one  time  common  in  the  northern  regions  of 
both  hemispheres,  now  found  in  considerable 
numbers  only  in  North  America,  but  occurring 
solitary  in  central  Europe  and  Asia.  It  has  short 
ears,  a  'blunt  nose,  small  fore  feet,  large  webbed  hind 
feet,  with  a  Hat  ovate  tail  covered  with  scales  on  its  upper 
surface.  It  is  valued  for  it5  fur  (which  used  U<  be  largely 
eniplovcd  in  the  manufacture  of  hats,  but  for  which  silk 
is  now"  for  tlie  most  part  substituted)  anil  for  an  odorife- 
rous secretion  named  castor  or  castoreum  (which  seeX 


beaver 

Its  food  consists  of  tlie  liark  of  trees,  leaves,  roots,  and 
berries.  Tlie  favorite  luiuiits  of  the  beavers  are  rivers 
and  lakes  whieli  are  l)orderc<i  by  forests.  When  they  (Ind 
a  stream  not  sulllciently  deep  l«)r  their  purpose,  they  tlirow 
across  it  a  dam  constructed  witli  preat  injjenuity  of  wood, 
stones,  and  mud,  fniawing  down  small  trees  for  tlie  pur- 
pose, and  e<inipactinp  the  nmd  by  blows  ()f  their  jiower* 
ful  tails.  In  winter  they  live  in  houses,  wliich  are  from  3 
to  4  feet  IiiKh,  are  luiilt  on  tlic  waters  edj-e  with  snliaipie- 
ous  enti-ances.  and  alford  them  protection  from  wolves  and 
other  wild  animals.  They  formerly  aljonnded  throu','hiiut 
northern  .Vmeriea,  but  :ue  now  foinul  only  in  miseltled  or 
thinly  populateil  regious.  Several  slightly  dilferent  varie- 
ties of  the  Kuropea]i  beaver  have  received  special  names. 
The  North  American  l)caver  is  somewhat  larger  than  the 
European,  and  exhibits  some  slight  cranial  peculiarities ; 


490 


Beaver  {Caslor  Jiber). 

it  is  commonly  rated  as  a  distinct  species  or  conspecies. 
under  the  name  of  Cantor  canadensis.  The  so-called  fossil 
beaver,  Ca-^toroides  ohinensis.  belongs  to  a  different  family, 
Castttroulidfe  (which  see).  See  also  Castoridcc. 
2.  Tho  fiir  of  the  beaver. — 3.  (o)  A  hat  made 
of  beaver  fur. 

This  day  I  put  on  my  half  cloth  black  stockings  and  my 
new  coate  of  the  fashion,  which  pleases  me  well,  and  with 
my  bever  I  was,  after  office  was  done,  ready  to  go  to  my 
Lord  Mayor's  feast.  Pepy^,  Diary,  I.  230. 

Henee  —  (6)  A  hat  of  the  shape  of  a  beaver  hat, 
but  made  of  silk  or  other  material,  in  imitation 
of  the  fur.  The  modem  stiff  silk  hat  was  com- 
monly called  a  heaver  imtil  recently. —  4.  A 
glove  made  of  beaver's  fur.  Miss  Austen. —  5. 
A  thick  and  warm  cloth  used  for  garments  by 
both  sexes.  The  thickest  quality  is  used  for 
overcoats. 

II.  a.  Made  of  beaver  or  of  the  fur  of  the  bea- 
ver: as,  a  hearer  hat ;  hearer  gloves. 
beaver-  (be'ver),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hever, 
heevor,  etc.,  altered,  by  confusion  with  heaver^, 
in  "beaver  hat,"  from  earlier  harcr,  harier,  < 
late  ME.  haviere,  <  OF.  baviere  (=  Sp.  bahcra  = 
It.  haviera),  beaver  of  a  helmet,  prop,  a  bib,  < 
hare,  foam,  froth,  saliva:  see  havettc.'\  In  medi- 
eval armor,  originally  a  protection  for  the  lower 


I,  Beaver  fixed  to  the  corselet:  B,  vizor:  C,  beaver.  2,  Beaver 
working  on  pivots  and  capable  of  being  raised  to  cover  the  face  :  B, 
beaver.  Both  are  examples  of  the  middle  of  the  I4lh  century.  (From 
VioUet-le- Due's  "Diet-  du  MobUier  fran^ais."; 

part  of  the  face  and  cheeks,  fixed  securely  to 
the  armor  of  the  neck  and  breast,  and  suffi- 
ciently large  to  allow  the  head  to  turn  behind  it. 
In  this  form  it  was  worn  throughout  the  flfteenth  century 
with  headpieces  other  than  the  armet.  In  English  armor 
it  was  the  movable  protection  for  the  lower  part  of  the 
face,  while  the  \izor  covered  the  upper  part ;  it  is  there- 
fore nearly  the  same  as  the  aventaile  (which  see).  In  the 
sixteenth  century  the  movable  beaver  was  confounded 
with  the  vizor. 

So  beene  they  both  at  one,  and  doen  upreare 
Their  bevers  bright  each  other  for  to  greet. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  29. 
He  wore  his  beaver  up.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

Their  armed  staves  in  charge,  their  bearers  down. 
Their  eyes  of  fire  sparkling  through  sights  of  steel. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 
beaver'^t,  ".  and  r.     See  beverS. 
beavered    (be'verd),  a.     [<   beaver^   +   -ecP.'i 
Provided  with  or  wearing  a  beaver. 

His  beaver  d  brow  a  birchen  garland  wears. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  141. 

beaver-poison  (be'vi^r-poi'zn),  n.  The  water- 
hemlock,  I'iruta  maodata. 

beaver-rat  (be'v6r-rat),  n.  1.  Tlie  name  in 
Australia  of  the  murine  rodents  of  the  family 
Murkla:  and  genus  Hydrnmijs  (which  sec).  tIr'v 
are  aiiuatic  itnimals  i.f  .\uVtialia  and  'rasiiiania,  inhabitini; 
the  banks  bordering  both  salt  and  fresh  water,  swiinniiiiL; 
and  diving  with  ease,  and  iu  general  economy  resembling 


Beaver-rat  {Hydromys  ckrysegasterY 

the  water-vole  of  Europe,  ArvKOla  amphibiits,  or  the  musk- 
rat  of  America. 

2.  A  name  of  the  ondatra,  muskrat,  or  mus- 
quash of  North  America,  Fiber  eihethicus. 

beaver-root  (be'ver-rot),  «.  The  yellow  pond- 
lily,  Xiiphar  adrena. 

beaverteen  (be'ver-ten),  ».  [<  heaver'^  +  -teen, 
after  nirctec II. '\  1.  A  cotton  twilled  fabric  in 
which  the  warp  is  drawn  up  into  loops,  form- 
ing a  pile,  which  is  left  imcut. —  2.  A  strong 
cotton  twilled  fabric  for  men's  wear.  It  is  a 
kind  of  smooth  fustian,  shorn  after  being  dyed.  If  shorn 
before  dyeing,  it  is  called  mote-skin.     E.  //.  Knifiht. 

beaver-tongue  (be'ver-tung),  «.  Same  as  cost- 
mar  i/. 

beaver-tree  (be'ver-tre),  n.  The  sweet-bay  of 
the  United  States,  Magnolia  g'tauca. 

beavor^t,  beavor-t,  «•  Obsolete  forms  of  ftea- 
(■<')'l,  heater'". 

beballyt,  «•  [Late  ME.,  a  corruption  of  OF. 
(AE.)  *hii>aUe,  <  hi-,  two,  t'wice,  +  "palle, 
party  par-pale :  a  term  of  blazon"  (Cotgrave).] 
In  her.,  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  vertical 
line  ;  party  per  pale :   said  of  an  escutcheon. 

bebeastt  (be-besf),  r.  t.  [<  6f-l  -t-  beast.'\  To 
make  a  beast  of;  consider  as  a  beast;  treat  as 
a  beast. 

bebeeric  (be-be'rik),  a.  [<  bebeeru  +  -»c.]  Of 
or  derived  from  be'beerin.  Also  •written  bebiric. 
—  Bebeeric  acid,  a  white,  crystalline,  volatile  aciil  ex- 
tracted from  the  seeils  of  Xi-i-taudra  liodufi. 

bebeerin,  bebeerine  (be-be'rin),  n.  [<  bebeem, 
q.  v.]  The  active  principle  of  the  bark  of  the 
bebeeru  or  greenheart-tree  of  Guiana.  It  is  said 
to  be  identical  with  buxine,  CisHoNO,-^,  and  is  used  as  a 
bitter  tonic  and  febrifuge,  chiefly  in  the  form  of  the  crude 
sulphate.  Also  written  bebearine,  biberine,  biMrine,  bc- 
beeria,  etc. 

bebeeru  (be-be'ro),  n.  [Native  name,  also 
spellcil  behearu,  hibiru.']  A  tree  of  British  Gui- 
ana, Xectandra  liodiai,  natural  order Lauracea:, 
the  timber  of  which  is  known  to  wood-mer- 
ehants  by  the  name  of  grecuhcart,  and  is  large- 
ly imported  into  England  for  the  building  of 
ships  and  submarine  structures,  being  remark- 
ably hard  and  durable,  and  not  subject  to  injury 
from  the  ship-worm  ( Teredo  naralis).  Its  bark 
contains  bebeerin,  and  is  used  as  a  febrifuge. 

bebization  (be-bi-za'slign),  n.  In  music,  the 
system  of  indicating  the  tones  of  the  scale,  for 
reference  or  practice,  by  the  syllables  la,  be, 
ce,  de,  me,  fe,  ge,  proposed  in  1628  by  Daniel 
Hitzler,  and  apparently  applied  not  to  the 
scale  in  the  abstract,  but  to  the  scale  beginning 
on  A.     See  hohi:ation,  ,snlmi~ation,  etc. 

bebleedt  (bf-bled'),  v-  t.  [<  ME.  hebleden;  < 
fce-l  +  hleed.'\  To  make  bloodv.  Chaucer, 
Knight's  Tale,  1.  1144. 

beblott  (be-blof),  V.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  blotl-.'i  To 
blot  all  over;  stam. 

Beblotte  it  with  thi  teeris  eke  a  Ijte. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1027. 

beblubbered  (bf-blub'erd),  a.     [<  he-'^  +  blub- 
bered.']    Befouled  or  bleared,  as  ■with  weeping. 
Her  eyes  all  beblubbered  with  tears. 

Shetton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  I.  iii.  13. 

beblurt,  >'.  t.    [<  fce-l  -I-  blur.']   To  blur  all  over. 

bebung  (ba'bung),  n.  [G.,  a  trembling,  <  lic- 
hen, tremble.]  A  certain  pulsation  or  trembling 
effect  given  to  a  sustaineil  note,  in  either  vo- 
cal or  instrumental  music,  for  the  sake  of  ex- 
pression.    Grove. 

becif,  "•    -An  obsolete  form  of  bed'': 

bee-  (bek),  n.  [F.,beak:  see  beck*,  beal-^.']  A 
beak ;  in  music,  a  mouthpiece  for  a  musical  in- 
strument. 

becafico,  becafigo  (bek-a-fe'ko,  -go),  n.  Same 
as  beccaHco. 

becall  (be-kal'),  »■  t.  [<  ME.  hicallcn,  hil-al- 
Icn,  <  bi-,'be-,  +  callen,  call:  see  Ac-l  and  coH.] 
It.  To  accuse. —  2t.  To  call  upon;  call  forth; 
challenge. — 3t.  To  call;  summon. — 4.  To  call 
names;  miscall.    X.  E.  D. 

becalm  (bf-kam'),  v.  t.      [<  6e-t  +  calm.']     1. 
To  make  calm  or  still;  make  quiet;  calm. 
The  moon  shone  clear  on  the  becalmed  flood.     Drydcn. 


beccafico 

Banish  his  sorrows  and  becalm  liis  soul  with  easy  dreams. 

.AddUon. 
2.  Xaut.,  to  deprive  (a  ship)  of  wind;  delay  by 
or  subject  to  a  calm. 

A  man  hecaliued  at  sea,  out  of  sight  of  land,  in  a  fair 
day.  may  look  tni  the  sun,  or  sea,  or  ship,  a  whole  hour, 
and  perceive  no  motion.  Locke. 

becalming  (be-ka'ming),  n.  The  state  of  being 
becalmed ;  a  calm  at  sea.     [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

other  unlucky  accidents  oftentimes  happen  in  these 
seas,  especially  in  heealininns. 

Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels  in  Africa,  p.  0. 

becalnunent  (bf-kam'ment),  n.  [<  becalm  + 
-meut.]    The  state  of  beiiig becalmed.    [Rare.] 

became  (be-kam').     Preterit  of  become. 

becap  (be-kap'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  hecapped, 
ppr.  hccapping.  [<  be-'-  +  cap^.]  To  cover 
with  a  cap. 

becard  (bek'ard),  71.  [<  F.  *becard,  <  hec,  beak: 
see  beal'^  and  -ard.]  A  name  of  sundry  insec- 
tivorous birds  of  Central  and  South  America, 
such  as  those  of  the  genera  Tityra  and  I'saris, 
given  on  account  of  their  large  or  hooked  bill. 

becarpeted  (be-kar'pet-ed),  a.  [<  6f-l  +  car- 
jiet  +  -id-.]  f'urnished  or  covered  with  a  car- 
pet or  carpets;  carpeted.     [Rare.] 

Is  there  another  country  under  the  sun  so  becushioned, 
becarpeted,  and  becurtained  with  grass':* 

The  Century,  XXVIL  110. 

becarve  (be-karv'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  bekerren,  <  AS. 
beceorj'an,  cut  off,  <  /jf-priv.  +  ceorfan,  cut.  In 
mod.  use,  <  ftc-l  4-  carve.]  If.  To  cut  off. — 2t. 
To  cut  up  or  open  (land). — 3.  To  cut  to  pieces. 
X.  E.  I). 

becasse  (be-kas'),  n.  [<  F.  becasse,  a  woodcock, 
<6ff,  abeak:  see  fefaA'l.]  The  European  wood- 
cock, Scolopax  rusticula. 

becassine  (be-ka-sen').  n,  [<  F.  hecassine,  <  be- 
ca.ise :  see  because.]  The  European  snipe,  Gal- 
linago  media. 

because (be-kaz'),  adv.  andcoH/.,  orig. prep. phr. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  hij  cause :  <  ME.  because,  bi- 
causc,  bifcause,  also  and  prop,  written  apart,  be 
cause,  hi  cause,  by  cause,  being  the  prep.  6^  ■with 
the  governed  notm  cause.  The  phrase  by  cause 
of,  or  because  of  (cf.  the  similar  phrase  by  reason 
of),  was  used  as  equiv.  to  a  prep.,  and  the  phrase 
hij  cause  that,  or  because  that,  afterward  short- 
ened to  because  (colloq.  and  dial,  cau-ie),  as  a 
conj.]  I,  adv.  1.  By  reason  (of ) ;  on  account 
(of) :  followed  by  of. 
The  spirit  is  life,  because  o/ righteousness.  Bom.  viii.  10. 
Let  no  self-reproach  tveigh  on  you  because  o/nie, 

Geor:ie  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  \U.  3. 
2t.  For  the  sake  (of) ;  in  order  (to). 
H.  conj.  1.  For  the  reason  (that) ;  since. 
These  wickets  of  the  soule  are  plac'd  on  hie 
Because  all  sounds  doe  lightly  mount  aloft. 

Sir  J.  Daries,  Nosce  Teipstun. 
■\\liy  is  our  food  so  vei-j'  sweet  ? 
Because  we  earn  before  we  eat.  Cotton.  Fables.  L 
Men  who  could  never  be  taught  to  do  what  was  right  be- 
cause it  was  right,  soon  learneil  to  ilo  right  because  it  was 
a  becoming  thing  in  them,  as  knights  and  nobles,  to  do  so. 
Sfi'H.-,  Stud.  Med.  Hist,  jcil. 
2t.  To  the  end  that ;  in  order  that. 

And  the  multitude  rebuked  them,  because  they  should 
hold  their  peace.  Mat.  xx.  3L 

[Because  introduces  a  clause  stating  some  particular  cir- 
cumstance, from  which,  (a)  by  viitue  of  a  general  truth 
not  usually  mentioned,  the  truth  of  the  preceding  clause 
necessarily  follows,  or  (6)  iu  consequence  of  a  general 
purpose,  the  agent  is  led  to  perform  the  act,  or  bring 
about  the  state  of  things,  mentioned  in  the  previous  clause. 
Because  is  not  properly  used  to  introduce  a  general  prin- 
ciple or  major  premise.  ]=Syn.  1.  St^e  since. 

becca  (bek'a),  ».;  pi.  beccu'  (-se).  [XL.:  see  beck*, 
beak'-.]  1.  The  long  point  of  a  hood,  especial- 
ly in  the  fifteenth  century,  when  such  points 
reached  below  the  waist  behind. —  2.  A  long 
scarf  or  streamer  attached  to  a  tm'ban-shaped 
cap  in  the  fifteenth  century.     Fairhnlt. 

beccabunga  (bek-a-buug'gS),  n.  [NL.  ML.,  < 
Lti.  hi< kehungc (=1).  heekbunge^G.  bachhunge), 
brooklime,  <  hecke  (=  D.  heck  =  G.  bach  =  E. 
beck' ),  a  brook,  -(-  hunge  =  OHG.  bungo,  a  bunch, 
bulb.  Cf.  Icel.  hingr,  a  bolster,  a  heap:  see 
biug'.]    The  brooklime,  Veronica  Beccabunga. 

beccae,  ».     Plural  of  becca. 

beccafico  (bek-a-fe'ko),  n.  [Also  -written  beca- 
./!<'(>,  beccajica,  beccafgue,  etc.  (cf.  F.  heefgue), 
<  It.  beccafico,  <  beccare  =  F.  becquer  (Cotgrave), 
also  beequcter,  peck  -with  the  beak  (<  becco  = 
F.  hec,  >  E.  beck*,  beak''),  +ficn,  a  fig,  <  L.  ficus, 
a  fig:  see  fig  and.^oo.]  1.  An  old  and  tlisused 
name  of  sundi-y  small  Em-opean  birds,  chiefly 
of  the  family  Sylviida:  or  warblers,  which  peck 
figs,  or  were  supposed  to  do  so.  me  application 
of  the  Word  is  indeterminate ;  but  it  has  been,  jierhaps, 
most  frciiueutly  used  in  connection  with  the  garden-war- 
bler, Sylria  hortensis  (Bechsteiu),  Curruca  hortensis  of 
some  authors. 


Becs-de-corbin,  islh  century. 

^.  with  handle  of  wrniipht-iron :  B^  with 
wooden  handle  sheathed  with  metal.  (From 
Viollet-le-Uuc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran- 
5ais." ) 


beccaflco 

In  extondeil   use  —  2.    Oiio   of  sundry  small 
American  birds,  as  somn  of  those  foriiifrly  iii- 
cludinl  iu  a  ;<('mis /Voirfw/rt. —  3.  The  European 
golden  oriole,  UriolK.i  iinlhiiht. 
becCOt,  "•     [It.,  a  goat.]     Aciiekold. 

Diikc,  thou  ai't  a  hpcco,  a  rorimtn. 

Mamtoii  and  Webntef,  Tht;  MaIt:oiittMlt,  i.  .■?. 

bec-de-corbint  (bek ' de-kor-bau '),  n.  [F.,  lit. 
crovv'.s  beak:  sue  bcalc^,  cfc-,  and  corhic.']  1. 
A  uaiiic  given 
in  tho  middle 
ages  to  the 
pointed  eutl 
of  the  mar- 
tel  -  de  -  f er,  or 
war  -  hammer. 
Heneo-2.  The 
whole  weapon 
having  sueli 
a  point  or 
beak.  —  3.  A 
name  given  in 
tlie  eighteenth 
century  to  tho 
head  of  a  walk- 
ing-cane hav- 
ing somewhat 
the  form  of  a 
bird's  beak. 

bechamel 

(besh'a-mel), 
n.      [<"F.    be- 
chamel :        see 
definition.]  In 
eoolcnj,  a  white  sauce  of  elaborate  composi- 
tion, named  from  its  inventor,  Louis  de  Beclia- 
mel  or  B^ehameil,  marquis  of  Nointel,  steward 
to  Louis  XrV. 
bechance^  (be-ehans'),  r.     [<  6e-l  -1-  chance,  t'.] 

1.  iiitmiis.  To  happen  ;  chance. 
II.  trans.  To  befall ;  happen  to. 

My  sons  —  God  knows  wliat  hath  hcchatio'd  thcni. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

bechance^t  (be-chans')i  fi<J>'-  [For  by  chance  ; 
cl.  i(f«H«c.]     Accidentally;  by  chance. 

We  bechance  lost  our  sovereijin  lord. 

Grafton,  Ucn.  VIII.,  an.  14. 

becharm  (be-chilrm'),  r.  t.  [<  6e-l  -I-  charm.'] 
To  charm ;  captivate  ;  enchain. 

The  letliai%'y  wherein  my  reason  long 
Hath  been  Ijecharnied. 

Jieau.  and  Ft.,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 
Pritliee,  interrupt  not 
The  paradise  of  my  bechanninti  thoughts. 

Ford,  Fancies,  iv.  1. 

b§che-de-mer  (bash'de-mar'),  n.  [F.,  lit.  spade 
of  the  sea  (brchc,  <  OF.  brsehe  (ML.  besca;  cf. 
oquiv.  bccca :  see  beck'-^),  spado;  de,  <  L.  de,  of; 
nier,  <  L.  mare,  sea,  =  E.  mere),  a  name  explained 
as  having  reference  to  the  shape  of  the  animals 
when  dried  and  pressed,  but  really  an  accom- 
modation of  the  Pg.  name  bicho  do  mar,  lit. 
wonn  of  the  sea,  sea-slug :  bicho  =  Sp.  hicho, 
a  worm,  grub,  slug;  do,  of  the  ;  mar,  <  L.  mare, 
sea.]  The  trepang,  a  species  of  tho  genus 
Holothuria  (II.  arijus),  or  sea-slugs,  much  es- 
teemed by  the  Chinese  as  a  culinary  delicacy. 
See  irepanc/. 

bechic  (be'kik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bechicus,  <  Gr. 
jiiixuik,  pertaining  to  a  cough,  <  /??/f  {iivx-).  a 
cough,  <  lii/aaeiv,  cough.]  I.  a.  Having  the 
property  of  curing  coughs. 

II.  «.  A  medicine  for  relieving  coughs ;  a 
pectoral. 

beckl  (bek),  n.  [<  ME.  bek,  bccc,  <  AS.  'becc  (Bos- 
worth)  =  Icel.  bek-kr  =  Sw.  back  =  Dan.  ba-k; 
but  the  ME.  form  may  be  from  the  Scand.,  the 
only  authenticated  AS.  form  being  bcce,  bare, 
dat.  of  bccc  (giving  mod.  E.  *betch,  which  prob. 
exists  in  the  dial,  batch:  see  batch^)  =  OS. 
beki  =  OD.  beke,  D.  beck  =  LG.  beke,  biik  = 
OHG.  bah,  MHG.  bach,  a  brook.]  1.  A  brook ; 
a  small  stream;  especially,  a  brook  with  a 
stony  bed  or  rugged  course. 

The  brooks,  the  tec**,  the  rills. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  I. 
The  reflex  of  a  beauteous  form, 

A  plowinfj  ami,  a  gleaming  neek. 
As  when  a  suubeani  wavei-s  warm 
Within  the  ilark  and  dimpled  heck. 

Tv-nmison,  The  Miller's  Daughter. 

2.  The  valley  of  a  beck ;  a  field  or  patch  of 
groimd  adjacent  to  a  brook.     See  batch^. 

beck-   (bek),   r.     [<  ME.   bcckcn,    bekken,  short 
for  fccAvx'H,  beckon  :  sveheckon,]    I.  intrann.  1. 
To  signal  by  a  nod  or  other  signilicaut  gesture ; 
beckon. 
32 


497 

Who  's  ho  but  bowed  if  this  great  prince  hut  becked  t 

Drayton,  (Jueen  Margaret. 
Let  U8  follow 
The  beekinfj  of  our  chance. 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  i.  2. 

2.  To  recognize  a  person  by  a  slight  bow  or 
7iod.     [Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  summon  or  intimate  some 
command  or  desire  to  by  a  nod  or  gesture  ; 
beckou  to. 

r.cll,  liook,  and  candle  shall  not  drive  mo  back, 
When  golil  and  silver  becks  me  to  come  on. 

Shak.,  K.  .lohn,  lit.  3. 

2.  To  express  by  a  gesture  :  as,  to  beck  thanks. 
[Rare.] 
beck-  (bek),  «.  [<  ME.  bek,  <  beken,  bccken, 
beck:  see  bcck^,  i'.]  1.  A  nod  of  the  head  or 
other  significant  gesture  intended  to  bo  un- 
derstood as  expressive  of  a  desire,  or  as  a  sign 
of  command. 

Nods,  anil  beck9,  antl  WTcathcd  smiles, 

Mitlon,  L' Allegro,  1.  2S. 
My  guiltiness  had  need  of  such  a  iniuster, 
That  with  a  beck  can  suppress  multitudes. 

Muldlelon,  The  Witch,  iv.  1. 

I  would  wish  myself  a  little  more  t:oinuiand  and  snve- 

reignty ;  thtxt  all  the  court  were  subject  to  my  absolute 

i^eck.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  llevels,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  gestirre  of  salutation  or  recognition;  a 
bow;  a  com-tesy.  [Scotch.]— At  one's  beck,  at 
one's  beck  and  call,  subject  to  one's  sli-htcst  wi.sh ; 
obliged  or  ready -to  obey  all  of  one's  onlers  or  desires. 

It  was  necessary  for  him  to  have  always  at  hifi  heck  some 

men  of  letters  from  Paris  to  point  out  the  solecisms  and 

false  rhymes  of  which,  to  the  last,  he  was  frequently 

guilty.  Macaiday,  Frederic  the  Great. 

"We  move,  my  friend. 

At  no  man'f!  heck.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iii. 

beck3  (bek), «.  [E.  dial.,  not  found  in  ME.,  <  AS. 
bccca,  glossed  ligo,  a  mattock;  cf.  ML.  becca  (cf. 
ML,  hcscfi,  >0F.  beschc,  mod.  F.  beche),  a  spade; 
Pr.  bcca,  a  hook,  Ir.  bacc,  a  hook.]  An  agricul- 
tural implement  with  two  hooks,  used  in  dress- 
ing turnips,  etc.;  a  form  of  mattock. 
beck''t  (bek),  n.  [<  ME.  bek,  bee,  <  OF.  bee, 
beak ;  the  same  word,  retaining  the  orig.  short 
vowel,  as  tho  now  more  common  beaki,]  1. 
A  beak. —  2.  Any  pointed  or  projecting  part  of 
the  dress,  especially  of  a  head-dress,  as  of  the 
bycoeket. 

beck°  (bek),  n.     [Prob.  another  form  of  back^, 

q.  v.]     A  vat  or  vessel  used  in  a  dye-house ;  a 

back.— Clearing-beck,  in  calico-printinij,  a  vat  in  which 

cottons  printed  with  certain  colors  are  cleansed  or  scoured 

with  soap  and  water. 

beck'^t,  ".     [Cf.  beah'^.']     Same  as  beck-harman. 

becker  (bek'er),  H.    [E.  dial,  (also  beckcf^,  q.  v.), 

appar.  <  beck^    +  -erl.     Cf.    F.    beccard,  the 

female  salmon.]    A  name  of  the  fish  Spams 

pagrus,  otherwise  called  braize  and  king  of  tlie 

sea-breams. 

beckern  (bek'ern),  n.     Same  as  bickern  and 

beak -iron. 
becketl  (bek'et),  n.     [E.  dial. ;  cf.  OF.  bcquct, 
bcchet,  a  pike  or  pickerel,  dim.  of  bee,  beak:  see 
bcak^,  beac^.]     Same  as  becker. 
becket- (bek'et),  ».     [Origin obscure.]     Kaut,: 
(a)  A  short  piece  of  rope,  with  a  knot  at  one 

end  and  an  eye 
in    the     other, 
for      tempora- 
rily    conlming 
ropes  or  small 
spars.      (6)    A 
handle      made 
of  a  rope  grom- 
met    or     ring, 
(c)    A   wooden 
cleat  or  hook, 
fastened        on 
the     fore-     or 
main-rigging  of 
a      ship,      for 
the   tacks    and 
sheets  to  lie  in 
when  not  in  use.     (d)  A  rope  grommet  in  tho 
bottom  of  a  block  for  securing  the  standing  end 
of  the  fall,  (e)  A  cant  term  for  a  trousers-pocket. 
becket2  (bek'et),  v.  t.     [<  beckefi,  n.]    To  fas- 
ten or  provide  with  beckets.     Cooper. 
beck-harmant,    «.      [Also    harman-bcck ;    old 
slang,  of  obscure  origin;  ■with  beck  cf.  equiv. 
beak".]     In  old  slang,  a  constable.    B.  Jonson. 
beckingt  (hek'ing),  n.     ['Verbal  n.  of  beck'^,  j>.] 
The  act  of  making  a  beck;  the  act  of  bowing 
or  nodding. 

The  Communion  was  altogether  like  a  popish  mass, 
with  the  old  apish  tricks  of  Antichrist,  bowings  and  iK-ck- 
inys,  kneelings  and  knockings.  the  Ltird's  Death,  after  St. 
Paul's  tloctrine,  neither  preached  nor  spoken  of. 

Bp.  Bale,  iu  It.  W.  Dixuu's  Hist.  Ch.  of  Eug.,  xxi. 


(      ^r    '■''.     { 

(    '^^     ;<^ 

\     *5?»»        \  J 

become 

beck-iron  (bck'i";Tn),  n.  [<  berk*  +  iron.  Cf. 
beak-iron.]  1.  A  contrivance  for  holdinga  piece 
of  wood  firmly  while  it  is  planed,  it  is  made  of 
ii-on  m-  stei  1  rods  fasteneil  to  a  bench  and  bent  parallel  to 
the  surface  of  the  wood. 

2.  A  small  anvil  with  a  shallow  groove,  for 
rounding  the  inside  of  the  bows  of  scissors. 

beckon  (bek'n),  c.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  beckcn, 

<  ME.  bckncn,  becnen,  bekuicn,  <  AS.  becnian, 
bieciiaii,  later  also  bcdciiian  (OS.  boknian  = 
OIIG.  honhnen  =  ON.  bdkna),  <  htdcen,  a  sign, 
beacon:  see  beacon.]  I,  intrans.  To  make  a 
significant  gestiu'e  with  the  head  or  hand,  in- 
tended as  a  hint  or  an  intimation,  especially  of  a 
desire  for  approach  or  departiue,  or  for  silence. 

Alexander  hxkoned  with  the  hand,  and  would  have  made 
his  tlefence  unto  the  people.  Acts  xix.  'i'i. 

II,  trans.  To  make  a  significant  sign  to ;  stim- 
mon  or  direct  by  making  signs. 

I  see  a  hand  you  cannot  see, 
Which  beckoiiis  me  away. 

Tickell,  Colin  and  tncy. 

Beekoning  the  imagination  with  promises  better  than  any 

fiillllment.  Lowell,  .study  Wiiulows,  p.  a26. 

beckon  (bek'n),  11.  [<  beckon,  r.]  A  signifi- 
cant gesture:  as,  "at  tho  first  beckon,"  Jioling- 
broke.  Parties.     [Uare.] 

beckoner  (bek'n-er),  «.  One  who  beckons  or 
calls  by  signs. 

beclapt  (be-klap'),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  beclappcn; 
it'-i  -I-  clajA.]    To  catch;  grasp;  insnare. 

He  that  with  his  thousand  cordes  slye 
Contiinielly  us  waitcth  to  bielafri>e. 

Chaucer,  Secontl  Xun's  Talc,  I.  0. 

beclipt  (be-klip'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  beclippen;  <  6c-i 
+  clip^.]     To  embrace;  clasp. 

And  Bodenly,  ere  she  it  wiste, 
Beclipt  in  armes  he  her  kiste. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i. 

becloud  (be-kloud'),  t).  f.    [<  6c-i  +  doMd.]    To 
overcloud;  obscure;  dim. 
Storms  of  tears  becloud  his  eyes. 

P.  Fletcher,  Piscatory  Eclogues,  v.  15. 

The  subject  has  been  beclouded  by  the  nijiss  of  writings. 
The  American,  VIII.  60. 

become  (be-kum'),  V. ;  pret.  became,  pp.  become, 
ppr.  becoming.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  becum,  be- 
came, <  ME.  becumen,  bicumen,  <  AS.  becuman, 
bicumaii,  come,  happen  (=  D.  bekomcn  =  OHG. 
bie/iieman,  MHG.  bekomen,  G.  bekommcn,  reach, 
suit,  =  Goth,  bikwiman,  come  upon  one,  befaU), 

<  be-  +  ctiman,  come:  see  bc-t  and  come.  In 
the  sense  of  befit,  suit,  cf.  AS.  gecwcmc,  ME. 
icweme,  ciceme,  and  OHG.  biqudmi,  MHG.  bc- 
quictne,  G.  bequem,  fit,  suitable ;  also  AS.  cym- 
lic,  E.  comely,  and  L.  convenien{t-)s,  E,  conve- 
nient.] I.  intrans.  If.  To  come;  arrive ;  betake 
one's  self;  go. 

But  wlien  they  saw  that  they  shoulde  become  vnder  tho 
obedience  of  another  prince,  they  snlfretl  the  Greekes  to 
meet  Alexander.         J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Qnintns  Curtius,  v. 

You  shall  have  sometimes  fair  houses  so  full  of  glass 
that  one  cannot  tell  where  to  become  to  be  out  of  tht-  sun 
or  cold.  Bacon,  Biuldilig. 

I  camiot  joy,  luitil  I  bo  resolv'd 
Where  our  right  valiant  father  is  become. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  come  about;  come  into  being;  pass  from 
non-existence;  arise.     [Rare.] 

The  only  reals  for  him  [Hume]  were  certain  irrelatetl  sen- 
sations, and  out  of  these  knowledge  arises  or  becomes. 

Miiui,  .\I.  3. 

3.  To  change  or  pass  from  one  state  of  exis- 
tence to  another ;  come  to  be  something  differ- 
ent; come  or  grow  to  be:  as,  the  boy  rapidly 
beccnnes  the  man. 

The  Lord  God  .  .  .  breathed  into  his  nostrils  the  breath 
of  life ;  and  man  became  a  living  soul.  Gen.  ii.  7. 

I  rue 
That  errour  now,  which  is  become  my  crime. 

Hilton,  P.  L.,  ix.  list. 

If  the  Bank  be  unconstitutional,  when  diti  it  Itecome  so? 
D.  Webster,  .Speech,  .Sept.  30,  1834. 

4.  To  be  fit  or  proper ;  be  decorous  or  praise- 
worthy.    [Rare.] 

Set  this  diamond  safe 
In  golden  palaces,  as  it  becomes. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 
To  become  of.  (at)  To  come  out  of;  result  from.  .Seel. 
(b)  To  be  the  fjite  of;  be  the  enil  of;  be  ttic  tln.al  or  sub- 
setinent  condititni:  after  what:  as,  what  will  tteeome  of 
our  commerce'?  what  will  Iweomc  of  us?  It  applies  to  place 
as  well  us  contlition  ;  What  has  tiecomc  o/  my  friend?  that 
is,  where  is  he?  as  well  as,  what  is  his  condition? 

ir/ia(  is  then  become  of  so  huge  a  multitude?    Raleigh, 

Sneer.  And  pray  what  becomat  o/her? 
Fujlf.  She  is  gone  to  tlirow  herself  into  the  sea,  to  be  sure. 
Sheridan,  The  Critic,  iii.  I. 

n.  trans.  1.  To  suit  or  be  suitable  to;  be 
congruous  with;  befit;  accord  with  in  eharae- 


become 

ter  or  oiroiimstancos;  bo  worthy  of  or  proper 
to  :  rarely  said  of  persons. 

If  I  bt'come  not  a  cart  as  well  as  another  man,  a  pIa^;ue 
on  ray  hrinfiiiij:  up  !  I  Impu  I  shall  as  soon  he  stranulcd 
with  a  liaUL-ras  another.  .S7«iA-..  1  Ileii.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Nothing  in  his  life 
Il'xamc  him  liko  the  leaving  it. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  4. 

I  duii't  think  so  nnu-h  Kaniing  becomes  a  yonn;* woman. 
Skeridun,  The  Kivals,  i.  2. 

2.  To  bclit  in  appearance;  suit  esthetically ; 
grace  or  adorn. 

I  liave  known  persons  so  anxious  to  have  their  dress 
became  them,  as  U*  cuvert  it  nt  lenirth  into  their  proper 
BcU,  aud  thus  actually  to  l>e(;ome  the  dress. 

Coleridge,  Aids  to  Kellection,  p.  53. 

[Formerly  hecomed  was  sometimes  used  as  the 

past  participle. 

A  good  rebuke, 
Which  mij;lit  have  well  becom'd  the  best  of  men. 
To  taiuit  at  slackness.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  7.] 

becomedt,  i>.  «.  [Irreg.  and  rare  pp.  of  become,^ 
Becoming. 

I  met  the  youthful  lord  at  Laurence"  cell, 
Atul  gave  him  what  becoined  love  I  might, 
Not  stepping  o'er  the  bounds  of  modesty. 

Skak.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  2. 

becomenesst,  ".  [<  ?'ccow?f,pp., +  -hc5s.  Ctfor- 

f/iiciiis.'^y  similarly  formed.]  Beeomingness. 
becoming  (be-kum'ing),  p.  a.  and  «.  [Ppr.  of 
become,  y.]  I,  p.  a.  1.  Fit;  suitable;  congru- 
ous; proper;  belonging  to  the  character,  or 
adapted  to  the  cirenmstanees :  formerly  some- 
times followed  by  of. 

Such  [discoui-ses]  as  are  becoming  o/tliem.         Dryden. 

This  condescension,  ray  liOrd,  is  not  only  becoming  of 
your  ancient  family,  bat  of  your  personal  chanicter  in 
the  world.  Dryden,  Ded.  of  Love  Triumphant. 

2.  Suitable  to  the  appearance  or  style  of;  be- 
fitting esthetically:  as,  a  becoming  clrcss.  =  syn. 
aiet't.  appmpriate.  fittinit,  seemly,  comely,  decent. 
II.  «.  It.  Something  worn  as  an  ornament. 
Sir,  forgive  me, 
Since  my  becomings  kill  me,  when  they  do  not 
Eye  well  to  you.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  1.  3. 

2.  That  which  is  suitable,  fit,  or  appropriate. 
Burnet,  among  whose  many  good  qualities  self-com- 
mand and  a  tiue  sense  of  the  becoming  cannot  be  reckoned. 

Ma^aulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

3.  Inynetaph.f  the  transition  from  non-existence 
into  existence ;  an  intermediate  state  between 
being  and  not  being;  a  state  of  flux ;  the  state 
of  that  which  begins  to  be,  but  does  not  endure ; 
ehaugp  ;  development :  opposed  to  being. 

becoiningly  (be-kum'ing-li),  adv.  After  a  be- 
coniing  or  proper  manner. 

beeomingness  (be-kum'ing-nes),  m.  Suitable- 
ness; eongi'iiity;  propriety;  decency;  gi-aceful- 
ness  arising  fi'om  fitness:  as,  ^'  beeomingness  of 
virtue,"  DcUinif,  Christmas  Sermon. 

becque  (be-ka'),  a,  [F.,  <  bee  (becqu-),  beak,  + 
-f'  =  E.  -cd-.l     In  her.f  same  as  beaked. 

becripple  (be-kiip'l),  v.  t.  [<  be-^  +  cnj)p7e.] 
To  make  lame  ;  cripple.     [Rare.] 

Those  whom  you  bedwarf  and  becripple  by  your  poison- 
ous medicines.     Di:  11.  More,  Mystery  of  Godliness,  vi.  19. 

becuiba-nut  (be-kwe'ba-nut),  n.  [<  becuihaj 
bicutba,  or  vicuiha.,  the  native  name,  +  nut/\ 
A  n\it  produced  by  a  Brazilian  tree,  Mtfristica 
Bicuhyba,  from  which  a  balsam  is  drawn  that 
is  considered  of  value  in  rheumatism. 

becuna  (be-lcu'na),  n.  [ML.  becnna,  F.  beettne; 
origin  unknown.]  A  European  fish  of  the  fami- 
ly Sphyrccnidiii  {Splujrwna  spet),  somowliat  re- 


Becuna  {SJthyrana  sfel). 


Semblmg  a  pike.  From  its  scales  and  air-bladder  is 
obtained  a  substance  useful  in  the  manufactm-e  of  artifi- 
cial pearls.     The  flesh  is  well  flavored. 

becurl  (be-kerl'),  v.  t.  [<  be~^  +  curl.']  To  fur- 
nish or  deck  with  curls :  as,  a  becurled  dandy. 

bedi  (bed),  n.  [Early  mod.E.  also  bedd,  bedde, 
<  ME.  bed,  bedde,  <  AS.  bcdd,  bed  =  OS.  bed=z 
OFries,  bcd  =  T>.  bed  =  OUG.  beti,  hetti,  MHG. 
hette,  bet,  G.  bctty  bcet  =  lQ^\.  bedhr=  Sw.  bddd 
=  Dan.  bed  =  Goth,  hadij  a  bed  (the  special 
sense  of  a  plat  of  groimd  in  a  garden  occurs  in 
AS.,  MHG.,  etc.,  and  is  the  only  sense  of  Dan. 
hcdj  and  of  the  G.  form  beef) ;  perhaps  orig.  a 
place  dTxg  out,  a  lair,  and  thus  akin  to  L.  fodi, 
dig:  see  fossj  fossil,  etc.]  1,  That  upon  or 
within  which  one  reposes  or  sleeps,  (a)  a  large 
flat  bag  tilled  with  feathers,  down,  hair,  straw,  or  the  like; 
a  mattress,    {b)  The  matti'css  together  with  the  coverings 


498 

intended  for  sholter  and  warmth,  (r)  The  mnttrosa  and 
iiedclothea  together  with  thu  liedstead.  n  pcrmatunt  sU'nc- 
ture  of  wood  or  metal,  upon  which  they  are  placed.  ((/) 
The  bedstead  by  itself. 

The  chest  contrived  a  double  debt  to  pay, 
A  bed  hy  night,  a  chest  of  drawers  by  day. 

GoUhmith,  Des.  \il.,  I.  230. 

Hence — 2,  By  extension,  the  resting-place  of 
an  animal. —  3.  Any  sleeping-place;  a  lodging; 
accommodation  for  the  niglit. 

On  my  knees  I  beg 
That  you'll  vouchs.ife  nie  raiment,  bed,  and  food. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

4.  Matrimcmial  eouneetion;  conjugal  union; 
matrimonial  rights  and  duties. 

George,  the  eldest  son  of  his  second  bed. 

Clarendon,  Hist.  Ref.,  I.  i.  9. 

5,  Offspring;  progeny. — 6.  Anj-thing  resem- 
bling, or  assumed  to  resemble,  a  bed  in  form 
or  position,  (a)  A  plat  or  piece  of  ground  in  a  garden 
in  which  plants,  especially  flowers,  are  grown,  usually 
raised  a  little  above  the  adjoining  gi'ound. 

Beds  of  hyacinths  and  roses.  Milton,  C'omus,  L  993. 

(&)  The  bottom  of  a  river  or  other  stream,  or  of  any  body 
of  water. 

A  narrow  gidly,  apparently  the  dry  bed  of  a  mountain 
torrent.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  53. 

(c)  A  layer;  a  stratum;  an  extended  mass  of  anything, 
wlicther  upon  the  eaith  or  within  it :  as.  a  bed  of  sulphur ;  a 
betl  of  sand  or  clay.  In  geology  a  bed  is  a  layer  of  rock ;  a 
portion  of  a  rock-mass  which  has  so  much  homogeneity, 
and  is  so  separated  from  the  rock  wliich  lies  over  and  un- 
der it,  that  it  has  a  ch;ii-acter  of  its  own.  This  distinctness 
of  character  may  be  given  by  peculiarities  of  composition, 
texture,  or  color,  or  simply  by  a  facility  of  separation  from 
the  associated  beds.  TIius,  there  may  be  a  bed  of  marble 
intercalated  in  a  mass  of  shale ;  or  there  may  be  several 
beds  of  marble  associated  together,  each  bed  being  indi- 
vidualized by  peculiarities  of  texture  or  color.  In  the 
latter  case  there  would  ordinarily  be  a  distinct  break  or 
solution  of  continuity  between  the  different  beds,  so  that 
wlien  riuaiTied  they  would  separate  froiu  each  other  witli- 
out  ditiiculty  along  the  plane  of  contact.  The  Latin  word 
stratum  is  commonly  employed  in  geological  writings,  and 
is  almost  the  exact  equivalent  of  bed.  Bed,  as  applied  to 
mineral  deposits,  implies  ordinarily  that  the  masses  of 
ore  thus  characterized  lie  flat,  and  have  more  or  less  of 
the  character  of  sedimentary  deposits,  in  distinction  from 
those  of  true  veins,  or  loiles. 

7.  Anything  resembling  a  bed  in  function ;  that 
on  which  anything  lies,  or  in  which  anything 
is  embedded.  Particularly— («)  Inbuilding:  (1)  Either 
of  the  horizontal  surfaces  of  a  building-stone  in  position. 
The  surfaces  are  distinguished  as  the  upper  and  the  lozver 
bed.  (2)  Tlie  under  surface  of  a  brick,  shingle,  slat«,  or 
tile  in  position,  (b)  In  gun.,  the  foundation-piece  of  a 
gun-carriage.  The  bed  of  a  mortar  is  a  solid  piece  of  hard 
wood,  hollowed  out  in  the  middle,  to  receive  the  breech 
and  half  the  trunnions,  (c)  In  mach.,  the  foundation-piece 
on  which  the  machine  is  constructed,  (rf)  In  a  gnnding- 
mill,  the  lower  grindstone,  (c)  In  pnnting,  the  table  of  a 
printing-press  on  which  the  form  of  types  is  laid.  It  is  now 
always  of  iron,  but  in  old  hand-presses  it  was  made  of  wood 
orstone.  (/)  In  railway-construction,  the  superficial  earth- 
work with  the  ballasting,  {g)  Nant.,  a  thick,  flat  piece 
of  wood  placed  under  the  quarter  of  casks  in  a  ships  hold, 
to  relieve  the  bilge  or  thickest  part  of  the  cask  from  pres- 
sure, (h)  The  beams  or  shears  which  support  the  puppets 
or  stocks  of  a  lathe.  (0  In  mw^onrt/,  a  layer  of  cement  or 
mortar  in  which  a  stone  is  embedded,  or  against  which  it 
bears,  (f)  In  a  plane,  the  inclined  face  against  which  the 
plane-iron  bears.  (A-)  The  lower  die  in  a  punching-machine. 
(0  In  shiii-bitildin>f,  the  cradle  of  a  sliip  when  on  the 
stocks.  ((^0  111  bookbinding,  the  conch  used  in  the  process 
of  marbling  the  edges  of  books.  It  is  a  water-solution  of 
gum  tragacanth. 

8.  A  flock  or  number  of  animals,  as  of  wild 
fowl  on  the  water,  closely  packed  together. — 

9.  A  di%ision  of  the  ground  in  the  game  of 
hop-scotch,  also  called  locally  the  game  of 
**  beds.*'— AlX  beds,  m  geol.,  thick  fresh-water  Tertiary 
strata,  occurring  near  Aix,  in  Provence,  France,  consist- 
ing of  calcareous  marls,  calcareo-silicious  grits,  and  gjp- 
sum,  and  full  of  fossil  fishes,  insects,  and  plants.— Apple- 
pie  bed.  See  apple-pie— Ba.S&h.Ot  beds,  in  gi'ol.,  certain 
beds  of  Eocene  Tertiary  age-  which  fi>nii  outliers  near 
London,  England,  and  occui)y  a  eonsidtrable  area  around 
Bagshot  in  Sun'ey,  and  in  the  New  Forest,  Hampshire. 
They  are  chiefly  composed  of  sand,  with  occasional  layers 
of  clay,  as  also  of  brick-earth  and  pebbles.  The  Bagshot 
beds  rest  upon  the  London  clay.  They  are  usually  desti- 
tute of  fossils.  Also  called  Bagshot  sajid.— Bala  beds, 
in  geol.,  certain  beds  of  Lower  Silurian  age  which  are  par- 
ticularly well  developed  near  the  town  and  hike  of  Bala 
in  Merionethshire,  Wales.—  Bed  of  the  bowsprit,  a  bear- 
ing formed  out  of  the  head  of  the  stem  and  the  apron 
to  support  the  bowsprit.— Bed  Of  justice  (F.  lit  dc  j^cs- 
tice).  (a)  A  throne  on  whieh  the  king  of  France  was  seated 
when  he  attended  parliament.  Hence,  (b)  a  formal  \isit 
of  a  king  of  France  to  his  parliament.  These  visits  had 
several  oiijects,  but  latterly,  when  the  parliament  became 
a  power  in  the  state,  beds  of  justice  were  held  principally 
for  the  purpose  of  cninpilling  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
the  chief  of  the  Fi-encli  jKiiHanu-nts.  to  register  edicts  of 
the  king  when  it  showed  umvillingness  to  do  so,  Tliey 
were  also  held  to  try  a  peer,  to  create  new  taxes,  to  de- 
clare the  majority  of  the  king,  etc.— Bembridge  beds, 
in  geol.,  a  fossiliferous  division  of  the  I'pper  Eocene 
strata,  principally  developed  in  the  Isle  of  Wiglit,  Eng- 
luTid,  consisting  of  marls  and  clays,  resting  on  a  com- 
pact pale-yellow  or  cream-colored  limestone  called  Bem- 
bridge limestone.  They  abound  in  the  shells  of  Lgmmva 
an<l  Platnirbia.  and  remains  of  two  species  i*(  Chara, 
water-jjlants ;  but  their  most  tlistinctive  feature  is  the 
mammaliau  remains  of  the  Palivothcriiun  and  Anoplo- 


bedag 


thfrrium.  One  layer  is  composed  almost  entirely  of  the  re- 
mains of  a  nunutc  globular  t-peeies  of  Paludinn. —  Brora 
beds,  in  getil..  a  Heries  nf  strata  occurring  near  Brora  in 
SulherlandHhire,  Scotland,  of  the  age  of  the  Lower  ttolite, 
r»-m:irk:il)li-  fi>T  containing  a  seam  of  good  coal  3A  fi-ct 
thick,  which  is  the  tiiickcst  bed  of  true  coal  founrl  in  the 
Secondary  strata  of  ( i  rcat  Britain.  —From  bed  and  board, 
a  law  phra.se  applied  to  a  beparation  of  man  and  "ife 
without  (Hss4ilvjrig  the  bands  of  matrimony;  now  e.iUed 
a  judirial  K-}>arat ion.—  Ga.IllsteT  beds.     See  guni^t'r.^ 

Hydrostatic  bed.  Sce  (/v*/. /-/«./.— Maestricht  beds, 
in  ff'fd.,  a  niemljer  of  the  Crc  tacc<ius,  forming  the  lower 
division  of  the  ui>pcrmost  suligr<iiip  of  that  series,  and 
interesting  on  accomit  of  the  fossils  it  contains.  It  is 
e.■^JM•eially  well  develnpcd  at  Maestricht  in  the  Netlicr- 
hinds.  These  beds  contain  a  mixture  of  true  Cretaceous 
ftirms  with  such  ns  are  (h.iractei  istic  of  the  older  Ter- 
tiary.- Parade  bed,  in  some  ceremiuiia!  funerals,  par- 
ticularly of  great  perstmages,  a  bed  or  bier  on  which  a 
corpse  or  effigy  is  laid  out  in  state. 

The  effigy  of  the  deceased  with  his  hands  crossed  upon 
a  bonk,  lying  upon  a  paraxie  bed,  placed  on  the  top  of  a 
lion-fouted  sarcophagus. 

C.  C.  Perk-i7is,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  120. 
Purbeck  beds,  in  geol.,  a  group  of  rocks  named  from  the 
Isle  of  Purbeck,  Dorsetsliire,  England,  resting  on  the  l*ort- 
landian,  and  forming  the  highest  division  of  the  Junissic 
series  in  England.  The  fossils  of  the  Purbeck  are  fresh- 
water and  brackish,  and  there  are  in  this  fonnation  dirt- 
beds  or  layers  of  ancient  soil  containing  stumps  "f  trees 
which  grew  in  them.  The  same  formation  is  alsit  found  in 
the  Jura,  in  the  valley  of  the  Doubs.— St,  Helen's  beds. 
Same  as  Osborne  series  (which  see,  under  series). — To  be 
brought  to  bed,  to  be  confined  in  child-bed  :  followed  by 
of:  as,  to  be  brovght  to  bed  nf  a  son.— TO  make  a  bed, 
to  put  it  in  order  after  it  has  l^een  used. 
bed^  (bed),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bedded,  ppr.  bed~ 
ding.  [<  ME.  bedden,  beddien,  <  AS.  beddian 
(OHG.  bctton  =  Sw.  bddda)i  prepare  a  bed,  < 
bed,  a  bed.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  place  in  or  as  in 
a  bed. 

My  son  1'  the  ooze  is  bedded.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iiL  3. 

2.  To  go  to  bed  with ;  make  partaker  of  one's 
bed. 

They  have  nianied  me  : 
I'll  to  the  Tuscan  w:irs,  and  never  bed  her. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 

3.  To  provide  a  bed  for;  furnish  %vith  accom- 
modations for  sleeping. —  4.  To  put  to  bed; 
specifically,  to  put  (a  couple)  to  bed  together, 
as  was  formerly  the  custom  at  weddings. 

The  Dauphin  and  the  Dauphiness  were  bedded. 

London  Gaz.  (1680),  No.  1494.     {N.  E.  /).) 

5.  To  make  a  bed  of,  or  plant  in  beds,  as  a 
mass  of  llowering  plants  or  foliage-plants ;  also, 
to  transplant  into  a  bed  or  beds,  as  from  pots 
or  a  hothouse:  often  with  out. 

Such  [cuttings]  as  are  too  weak  to  be  put  in  the  nursery 
rows  .  .  .  will  require  to  be  bedded  out;  that  is,  set 
closely  in  beds  by  themselves,  where  they  can  remain  for 
one  or  two  years,  until  they  are  large  and  strong  enough, 
for  root  grafting  or  for  the  nursery  rows. 

P.  Barni,  Fniit  Garden,  p.  139. 

6.  To  embed ;  fix  or  set  in  a  permanent  posi- 
tion ;  furnish  with  a  bed:  as,  to  bed  a  stone, 

P^ites  which  attest  that  Man  by  nature  lies 

Bedded  for  good  and  evil  in  a  gulf 

Fearfully  low.  Wordsivorth,  Excursion,  v. 

7.  To  lay  in  a  stratum;  stratify;  lay  in  order 
or  flat. 

Your  bedded  hair  .  .  . 
Starts  up  and  stands  on  end. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

8.  To  make  a  bed  for,  as  a  horse :  commonly 
used  with  down. 

After  bedding  down  the  horse  and  fastening  the  bam, 
he  returned  to  the  kitchen. 

J.  T.  Trowbridge,  Coupon  Bonds,  p.  24. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  go  to  bed;  retire  to  sleep: 
by  extension  applied  to  animals. —  2.  To  co- 
habit; use  the  same  bed  ;  sleep  together. 

If  ho  be  married  and  bed  with  his  wife. 

H'lSfHian,  Surgery. 

They  [the  wasps]  never  molested  me  seriously,  though 
they  bedded  with  me.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  25S. 

3.  To  rest  as  in  or  on  a  bed :  with  on. 

The  rail,  therefore,  beds  throughout  oh  the  ballast. 

Urc,  Diet.,  III.  C92. 

4.  To  flock  closely  together,  as  wild  fowl  on 
the  surface  of  the  water. —  5.  To  sleep;  pass 
the  niglit,  as  game  in  cover. 

bed-t.  ^^  occasional  Middle  English  preterit 
of  hid, 

bedabble  (be-dab'l),  r. /.  [_<b€-'^  +  dabble.']  To 
dabble  Avitli  moistiu'e;  make  wet:  as,  ** bedab- 
bled with  the  dew,"  .Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

bedad  (be-dad'),  intcrj.     An  Irish  minced  oath, 
a  corruption  of  be  gad,  for  by  God! 
Bednd,  she'd  come  and  marry  some  of  'em.     Thackeray. 

bedafft  (be-daf),  V.  t.  [ME.  bedafen  (pp.  bi/- 
daffed),  <  be-  +  daffc,  a  fool :  see  he-^  and  da(l'^.] 
To  befool;  make  a  fool  of.  Chaucer^  Clerk's 
Tale.  Envoyc,  1.  15. 

bedaftt  (be-daff),  /).  a.     Stupid;  foolish. 

bedagt,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bcdaggcn;  <  be-^  +  dagJ] 
To  bedagglc. 


bedaggle 

bedaggle  (lio-dag'l),  v.  t.  [<  fcc-l  +  dnqulc  Of. 
hcdiuj.]  To  soil,  aa  clothes,  by  trailing  tho 
ends  in  tho  nind,  or  spattering  tlicni  with  dirty 
water.  .'.  lUrltunlniiii,  Notes  on  Milton. 
bed-alet  (bed'al),  ».  Ale  brewed  tor  a  confine- 
ment or  a  christening. 
bedaret  (bo-dSr'),  r.  t.  [<  ?jc-1  +  rfucti.]  To 
dare ;  defy. 

Tlie  eoKlo  ^  .  .  is  emboldened 

With  eyes  nitcutive  to  bedarc  the  sun. 

Pcct,;  Daviil  anil  IV-thsiihe. 

bedarkt  (be-dilrk'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  hcikrkcu;  < 
//t-i  -r  dark,  v.}     To  darken. 

Whjui  the  blaeke  winter  ni^ht  .  .  , 
Jk'ih'vkcil  liiUli  the  water  strnnde, 
Al  plively  they  gone  to  loiide. 

Gower,  C'onf.  Amant.,  i.  81. 

bedarken  (be-diir'kn),  v.  t.    [<  &r-l  +  dnrkcii .] 

To  cover  wit"li  darknesc;  darken;  obscure. 
bedarkened  (be-diir'knd),  p.  a.  1.  Obscured. 
—  2.  Fit,'uratively,  existing  in  mental  or  moral 
darkness;  sunk  inignorauco:  as,  " this ftcrfar/i,-- 
riiiil  race,"  Soidhnj. 
bedash  (be-dash'),t'.^  [<fcc--l-!-rf((.s/(.l  To  wet 
by  throwing  water  or  other  liqnid  ii))on;  be- 
sjjatter  with  waterormud:  as,  " trees  6t(/((67j't( 
with  rain,"  Sliak.,  Kich.  HI.,  i.  2. 

So  terribly  heilnsh'd  .  .  .  that  you  would  swear 
lie  were  lighted  fri)ni  a  liorse-race. 

MUtiiktmi,  Anythiiitj  for  a  Quiet  Life,  i.  1. 

bedaub  (be-dab'),  x\  t.  [<  6c-l  +  dauh.l  To 
daub  ovi-r  ;  besmear ;  soil. 

lii'iUiub  fair  designs  with  a  foul  varnish. 

narrow,  Works,  III.  xv. 

Bedawi  (bed'a-we),  n. ;  pi.  Bodawin  (-wen).  See 
IScddlliil,  1. 

bedazzle  (be-daz'l),  r.  t.  [<  6p-1  +  (?«."fc.]  To 
dazzle  by  too  strong  a  light;  blind  or  render 
incapable  of  seeing  clearly  by  excess  of  light. 

5Iy  mistaking  eyes 
That  have  been  so  bedazzled  witli  the  sun, 
Tiiat  everything  I  look  on  seenieth  green. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  6. 
Sunrise  threw  a  golden  beam  into  the  study  and  laid  it 
right  aeross  the  minister's  btdazzled  eyes. 

Haivihonie,  Scarlet  Letter,  x\. 

bedazzlingly  (be-daz'ling-li),  adv.    So  as  to 

liedaz/.le. 

bed-boardt  (bed'bord),  n.  The  head-board  or 
foot -board  of  a  bedstead. 

bed-bolt  (bed'bolt),  II.  Xant.,  a  horizontal  bolt 
jiassing  through  both  the  brackets  of  a  gun- 
carriage  on  which  the  forward  end  of  tho  stool- 
bed  rests. 

bedbug  (bed'bng),  n.  The  Cimex  Icetularius  or 
Afiuitliin  Uclidarifi,  infesting  beds.     See  biif/^. 

bed-chair  (bed'cliar),  n.  An  adjustable  frame 
desiguiid  to  enable  invalids  to  sit  up  in  bed. 
Also  called  chiiir-hcd. 

bedchamber  (bed'ehara"ber),  n,  [<  ME.  hed- 
clmumbrc  (=  MHG.  bcttikitmmerr);  <  ftcrfl  + 
chiimbcr.']  An  apartment  or  chamber  intended 
or  appropriated  for  a  bed,  or  for  sleep  and  re- 
pose  Lords  of  the  bedchamber,  offlecrs  of  the  Brit- 
ish ruyal  liousehuld  untier  the  gloom  of  the  stole.  They 
are  twelve  in  number,  and  wait  a  week  each  in  turn. 
The  groom  of  the  stole  does  not  take  his  turn  of  duty, 
but  attends  the  king  on  all  state  occasions.  There  are 
thirteen  grooms  of  the  liedcliamber,  who  wait  likewise 
in  turn.  In  the  case  of  a  (lueen  regnant  these  posts  are 
occupied  by  women,  called  tadieg  o/  the  bedchamber.  In 
either  case  they  are  generally  held  by  persons  of  the  high- 
est noliility. 

bed-clip  (bcd'klip),  n.  In  coaclt-huilding,  a 
band  of  iron  designed  to  seeuro  the  wooden 
bed  of  the  vehicle  to  the  spring  or  to  the  axle. 

bedclothes  (bed'klofiiz),  u.pl.  The  coverings 
used  ou  beds;  sheets,  blankets,  quilts,  etc.,  col- 
lectively. 

bed-cover  (bed'kuv"6r),  n.  A  bedquilt  or  bed- 
spread. 

bedded  (bed'ed),  }).  a.  [Pp.  of  ifrfl,  t'.]  1. 
Provided  with  a  bed. —  2.  Laid  in  a  bed;  em- 
bedded.— 3.  Existing  in  beds,  layei-s,  or  strata ; 
stratifietl,  or  included  between  stratified  masses 
of  roek.  chiefly  tlsed  in  combination,  as  thin-bc(/(/f'*/, 
heavy-bedded,  etc.  Masses  of  igneous  rock  formed  l)y  suc- 
cessive overllows  of  molten  material  are  often  said  to  be 
bedded,  luit  not  onlinarily  t^tratilh^d. 
4.  (irowing  in  or  transplanted  into  beds,  as 
plants. 

Dost  sit  and  hearken 
Tlie  dreary  mehniy  of  bedded  reeds 
In  desolate  jilaees.        Keats,  Kndymion,  i.  '2:iO. 

bedder  (bed'er),  ».  1.  One  who  puts  to  bed. 
—  2.  One  who  makes  beds  (mattresses);  an 
upholsterer.  [Local,  Eng.] — 3.  Abed-stone; 
specifically,  the  nether  stone  of  an  oil-mill. 
riiillips  ( 1706).  Also  bcdttter.—1.  'A bedding- 
plant  (which  see). 

bedding  (bed'iug),  n.  [<  ME.  heddinfi,  <  AS. 
hcddiHtj  (for  *bcddung)  =  G.  bcttnng;  <  bed^  + 


40!) 

-Jiif/l.]  1.  Tho  act  of  placing  in  a  bed;  a 
]iutting  to  bed,  especially  of  a  newly  married 
couple.     See  bed,  r.  t.,  4. 

A  circumstantial  description  of  tile  wedding,  beddinfj, 
and  throwing  the  stocking.  ,*Sentt,  Nigel,  xxxvii. 

2.  A  bed  and  its  furniture ;  tho  materials  of  a 
bed,  whether  for  man  or  beast. 

I'l-ay  (Jod  he  have  not  kept  such  open  house, 
Tliat  he  hath  sold  lay  hangings,  and  my  beddinn! 

if.  Jonmin,  Alchemist,  v.  1. 

3.  In  (icol.,  as  used  by  most  geologists,  the 
exact  equivalent  of  stmtijiailion,  or  oecun'enec! 
in  strata  or  beds.  See  bed,  bedded,  and  lamina- 
tUiii. — 4.  In  budding,  a  foundation  or  bottom 
layer  of  any  kind. —  5.  Tho  seat  in  which  a 
steam-boiler  rests. 

bedding-molding (bed'ing-mol  'ding),)}.  Same 
as  hed-iiioldiiKj. 

bedding-plant  (bed'ing-plant),  ».  An  oma- 
meiital  flowering  jdant  or  foliage-plant  suited 
by  habit  for  ^jrowing  in  beds  or  masses,  and  to 
produce  a  desired  effect,  generally  of  color, 
by  combination  with  other  ])hints. 

bedding-stone  (bed'ing-ston),  n.  In  brieldiiy- 
iiifl,  a  straight  piece  of  marble  applied  to  the 
rubbed  side  of  tho  brick  to  prove  whether  tho 
surface  is  straight  or  not. 

beddy  (bed'i),  a.    Bold  ;  forward.     [Scotch.] 
lint  if  my  puppies  once  were  ready, 
They'l  be  baith  clever,  keen,  and  beddy. 

Watson'.^  Collection,  I.  70. 

bede^t,  "•     -An  obsolete  form  of  bead. 

bede'"  (V'''d),  «.    [Etym.  imknown.]    In  English 

miiiiiui,  a  peculiar  kind  of  pickax. 
bedeadt  (be-ded'),  v.  t.    [<  te-i  +  dcad.'\    To 

deaden. 
others  that  are  bedeadcd  and  stupefied  as  to   their 

morals.  llallywell,  Melampronoea,  p.  1. 

bedeafen  (be-def'n),  r.  t.  [<  Je-1  +  deafen.^ 
To  render  deaf. 

bedeck  (be-dek'),  V.  t.  [<  lc-1  +  deck.']  To 
deck  out;  adorn;  grace:  as,,  " bedecking  <yn\a.- 
ments,"  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1 ;  "  bedecked,  or- 
nate, and  gay,"  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  712. 

Such  -wonderful  and  priceless  gifts  as  these, 
Fit  to  bedeck  thi'  iimlis  of  goddesses  ! 

)l'i«iiii/i  .Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  245. 

bedeen  (be-den'),  adv.  [North.  E.  and  Sc,  < 
ME.  bcdvn'e,  beden,  bidene,  biden;  of  uncertain 
origin ;  appar.  <  bid-,  which  seems  to  be  an  un- 
explained substitute  for  bi,  E.  by,  prep,  (less 
prob.  a  comiption  of  mid,  with,  or  of  with),  + 
one,  <  AS.  wno,  once,  at  once,  <  an,  one :  see  once, 
one,  and  cf.  ohoji,  of  somewhat  similar  forma- 
tion, i'crfwrt.  isofton  amere  ex-pletive.]  1+.  In 
a  body ;  together :  as,  all  bedeen. —  2t.  In  order ; 
one  after  another. — 3.  Forthwith;  straight- 
way.— 4.  Anon;  by  and  by. 

Head  on  our  I'.ibles,  pray  bedeen. 

JSlaclncood's  Mag.,  XXVIII.  T.SS. 

bedegar,  bedeguar  (bod'e-giir),  ».  [<  F.  bede- 
gar,  bedeguar,  ult.  <  Ar.  Pers.  baddwar,  a  kind 
of  wliite  thora  or  this- 


a,  a,  Bedeg,iTS. 


tie,  lit.  wind-brought, 

<  bad,  wind,  +  uwar, 

<  dwardan,  bring. 
Later,  in  the  form  bd- 
ddward,  ajipar.  taken 
as  bad,  wind,  +  Ar. 
wa7-d,  rose.]  A  spon- 
gy excrescence  or  gall, 
sometimes  termed 
sweetbrier-spongo,  or 
robin-redbreast's  pin- 
cushion, found  on  va- 
rious species  of  roses, 
especially  the  sweets 
brier,  produced  by  sev- 
eral insects,  as  T!ho- 
dites  roscE  and  J!,  bicolor,  as  the  result  of  punc- 
ture and  the  deposit  of  their  eggs,  and  contain- 
ing their  larva; :  once  supposed  to  have  medici- 
nal properties. 

bedehouse,  n.     See  bcadhouse. 

bedel,  bedell  (bo'dl,  be-del' ),  n.  [<  LL.  bedellus : 
see  beadle.]  In  tho  medieval  universities,  a  ser- 
vant of  a  "nation"  or  faculty  (each  of  which 
companies  elected  two,  an  upper  and  a  lower, 
termed  the  e.iquire  bedel  and  the  yeoman  bedel, 
terras  showing  the  classes  from  which  they  were 
clioscn),  whose  duties  were  to  apportion  the 
"schools"  or  lecture-rooms  an<l  the  chapters  of 
the  colleges  and  halls,  to  cry  tho  days  and  hours 
of  the  lectures,  to  publish  and  caiTy  out  the  de- 
crees of  the  company,  to  march  before  the  rec- 
tor, dean,  or  proctor  with  a  silver  mace  on  occa- 
sions of  ceremony,  etc.  See  beadle Grand  be- 
del, the  upper  bedel  of  the  faculty  of  theology. 


bedight 

bcdelvet,  v.  t.  [ME.  beddven,  <  AS.  bedel/an, 
<  be-,  abOTit,  +  dclfan,  dig:  see  6c-l  and  delve.] 

1.  To  dig  round  or  about. —  2.  To  bury  in  the 
earth. 

A  man  dalf  the  erthe  .  .  .  and  fond  there  a  gobct  of 
gnlde  biidolven.    ,  Cltaucer,  Boethius,  v.  prose  1. 

bedeman,  ».     See  bcad.^man. 

beden (be'den),H.  l< At. badcn.]  Akindofibex. 

bedenet,  '"'"•     See  bedeen. 

bederollt,  «•     See  bead-roll. 

bedesmant,  »•     See  beadsman. 

bedettert,  «.  Same  as  bedder,  3,  of  which  it  ap- 
pears to  be  a  corruption. 

bedevil  (be-dev'l),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bedcriled 
or  titderill'ed,  ppr.  hederiling  or  hedi  rilling.     [< 
bc-'^  +  dcril.]     1.  To  treat  with  diabolical  vio- 
lence or  abuse. 
ISedevilled  and  used  worse  than  .St.  Bjirtholomew. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  I.  34. 

2.  To  possess  with  or  as  with  a  devil. 

One  age,  he  is  h.agridden,  bewitched:  the  next,  priest- 
ridden,  befooled;  in  all  ages,  bedevilled. 

Carlijle,  Sartor  Kesartus,  iii.  3. 

3.  To  "play  the  devil  with";  transfonu  or  eon- 
fuse  as  if  by  the  aid  or  agency  of  evil  spirits; 
eonfoimd;  muddle;  corrupt;  spoil. 

So  bederil  a  bottle  of  Geisenhfeim  .  .  .  you  wonUin't 
know  it  from  the  greenest  Tokay. 

Disraeli,  Vivian  Grey,  vl. 

4.  To  bewilder  with  worry ;  torment ;  bother ; 
confuse. — 5.  To  make  a  devil  or  devils  of; 
bring  into  tho  condition  of  a  de\'il:  as,  to  6c- 
deril  mankind. 

bedevilment  (be-dev'1-ment),  n.  [<  bedevil  + 
-ment.]  Tho  act  of  bedeviling,  or  the  state  of 
being  bedeviled;  especially,  a  state  of  bewil- 
dering or  vexatious  disorder  or  confusion. 

Tlie  lawyers  have  twisted  it  into  stu-h  a  state  of  bedevil- 
viciit  that  the  original  merits  of  the  case  have  long  disap- 
peared. Dickens,  Bleak  Ktiuse,  viii. 

bedew  (be-dfi'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  bedewen,  bcdea- 
Jix-K  (=M1ICt.  betouwen,  G.  beihauen);  <  be-^  + 
clew.]  To  moisten  with  or  as  with  dew ;  moisten 
in  a  gentle  manner  with  any  liquid. 

The  most  precious  tears  are  those  with  which  heaven 
bedews  the  unburied  head  of  a  soldier. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xxi. 

bedewer  (bf-du'fer),  n.    One  who  or  that  which 

bedews. 
bedewyt   (be-dH'i),   a.      [Erroneously  formed 
from  bedew,'  i'. ;  prop,  dewy,  <  dew,  n.]     Moist 
with  dew. 

Dark  night  from  her  bcdeicif  wings 
Drops  sleepy  silence  to  the  eyes  of  all. 

A.  //r.-jccr  CO,  Lingua,  v.  16. 

bedfast  (bed'fast),  a.  [<  bcd^  +  fast.]  Con- 
lined  to  bed;  bedridden. 

ily  old  woman  is  bedfast. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  U. 

bedfello-w  (bed'fel'o),  n.  [<  ME.  bcdfclow, 
-felawe;  <  ifrfl  +  fellow.]  Ono  who  shares  a 
bed  with  another. 

ifisery  acquaints  a  man  with  strange  bed/elloies. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

bedferet   (bed'fer),  «.      [Early  mod.  E.   also, 
erroneously,  bedphere,  <  ME.  bcdfere,  bedifere, 
<  bed  +  fere,  companion:  see /ercl.]     A  bed- 
fellow. 
Her  that  I  mean  to  choose  for  my  bed-phere. 

B.  Jotuion,  Epicccne,  ii.  3. 

bed-frame  (bed'fram),  ».    The  frame  of  a  bed ; 

a  bedstead. 
bed-gCWH  (bed'goim),  n.  1.  A  night-gown  or 
niglit-dress. —  2.  A  kind  of  jacket  like  a  dressing- 
sack,  usually  of  printed  calico,  worn  in  Scotland 
by  women  of  the  working-class,  generally  to- 
gether with  a  drugget  or  colored  flannel  petti- 
coat.    Also  called  short-gown. 

She  had  wooden  shoes,  a  short  red  petticoat,  a  printed 
cotton  bcd-fioirn;  her  face  was  broad,  her  physiognomy 
eminently  stupid.        Charlotte  Bronte,  The  Professor,  vii. 

bed-hangings  (bed'hang  ■  ingz),  n.  pi.    The  val- 
ance and  curtains  of  a  bed. 
bediamonded  (be-di'a-mou-ded),  a.     [<  6e-l  + 
diamond  +  -ed'^.]'  Covered  or  ornamented  with 
diamonds. 

Astarte's  bediamonded  crescent.  • 

Poe,  nialume,  ii.  21. 

bedight  (be-dif),  V.  t.;  generally  or  always  in 
I)ret.  ami  pp.  bediqht  or  beiiiiihtcd.  [ME.,  only 
in  pp.  hediht,  hydyght;  <  fte-i  +  dight.]  To  ar- 
ray; equip;  dress;  trick  out;  bedeck;  invest. 
[Archaic  and  poetical.] 

A  troope  of  meu  the  most  in  amies  bedight. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  270. 

His  head  and  beard  with  scut  were  ill  bedight. 

SiKjiiter,  i\  Q.,  II.  vil.  3. 


bedight 

Mnny  a  rare  ftiul  sumptunuB  tome 
In  vcUuin  'bouiul,  with  ^uhl  ht'tli;iht, 

LoiujjMuw,  \Va>siclL>  Inn,  PreliKio. 

bedim  (bc-dim'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  ])p.  bcdimmrd, 
ppr.  bcdimminfi.  [<  ?« -1  +  (/««.]  To  uiako  dim ; 
obscure  or  ilarkoii ;  becloud. 
I  have  balimm'il  the  nountidc  sun.  Sluik.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
Phojbe,  coniinK  so  suddenly  from  the  sunny  dayliwht, 
was  altiijiether  bcdimmed  in  sucli  density  of  sliadow  as 
lurlitil  in  most  of  tlie  passages  of  the  old  house. 

Ilatvthorne,  .Seven  Galiles,  XX. 

bedimple  (bo-dim'pl),  v.  t.     [<  fcc-l  +  iUmplc.'\ 

To  cover  over  or  mark  with  dimples. 
bedirtt(b9-dert').  r.  ^    [<6(-i  +  di><.]   To  defile 

with  dirt;  figuratively,  throw  dirt  at ;  vilify. 
bedismal  (bp-diz'iniil),  r.  t.;  prot.  and  pp.  6e- 
(UsiiKilid  or  hrdisniiiiled,  ppr.  bcdismaliiiff  or  bc- 
dismalliiif/.  [<  6e-l  +  dismal.]  To  make  dismal. 
bedizen  (bS-tliz'n  or  -di'zn),  V.  t.  [Also  some- 
times bedihcii ;  <  6c-l  +  di:cn.']  To  deck  or 
dress  out,  especially  in  a  tawdry  manner  or  with 
^Tilgar  finery. 

Kemnants  of  tapestried  hangings,  window  curtains,  and 
slii'eds  of  pictures,  with  wliich  he  hii.Abedizcncd  his  tatters. 
Scottj  Waverley,  II.  xxvii. 
A  colossal  Image  of  the  Virgin,  .  .  .  bedizened  and  efful- 
gent, was  borne  aloft  upon  the  shoulders  of  her  .adorers. 
Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  556. 
Like  clouds  which  bedizen 
At  sunset  the  western  horizon. 

Broimiing,  The  Glove. 

bedizenment  (be-diz'n-  or  -di'zn-ment),  n.  [< 
bidiztn  +  -mciit.']  The  act  of  bedizening;  the 
state  of  being  bedizened ;  that  which  bedizens. 

The  bedizenment  of  the  great  spirit's  sanctuary  with 
.  .  .  skulls.  Kingsley,  Westward  Ho  !  p.  451. 

Strong  Dames  of  the  Market,  .  .  .  with  oak-branches, 
tricolor  6t'(;tzo«?Ht'u(.         Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  III.  iv.  4. 

bed-key  (bed'ke),  n.     Same  as  bed-icrench. 

bedlam  (lied'lam),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  bcdkm,  iictldem,  <  ME.  hedlem,  bedleem, 
ietlilem,  a  coiTuption  of  Bethlehem  (ME.  Beih- 
leem,  Bcdlem):  see  Bethlehem.  See  def.  1.]  I. 
n.  1.  [('«;'.]  The  hospital  of  St.  Mary  of  Beth- 
lehem in  London,  originally  a  priory,  founded 
about  1247,  but  afterward  used  as  an  asylum 
for  lunatics. 

At  ray  returne  I  stept  into  Bedlame,  where  I  saw  several 
poore  miserable  creatures  in  chaines. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  April  21,  1657. 

Honce — 2.  A  madhouse;  a  lunatic  asyltmi. 

He"s  past 
Recovery ;  a  Bedlam  cannot  cure  him. 

Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  v,  3. 

3.  A  scene  of  wild  uproar  and  confusion. 

A  general  division  of  possessions  woidd  make  the  coun- 
try a  scene  of  profligate  extrav.igance  for  one  year  and  of 
universal  desolation  the  next  —  a  bedlam  for  one  short 
season  and  a  charnel-house  ever  after.  Brougham. 

4t.  An  inmate  or  a  patient  of  Bethlehem  Hos- 
pital, or  Bedlam;  specifically,  one  discharged 
as  cured  (though  often  only  partially  cured)  and 
licensed  to  beg.  Such  persons  wore  a  tin  pl.ate  as  a 
badge  on  their  left  arm,  and  were  known  as  bedlam  beggars, 
bedlamites,  or  bedlamers. 

Let's  follow  the  old  earl,  and  get  the  Bedlain 

To  lead  him  where  he  would ;  his  roguish  madness 

Allows  itself  to  anything.  Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 

Hence — 5t.  In  general,  a  madman ;  a  lunatic. 
—  Jack  or  Tom  O'  Bedlam,  a  madman. 

n.  a.  Belonging  to  or  fit  for  a  bedlam  or 
madhouse ;  mad ;  mentally  deranged. 

The  bedlam  brain-siclv  duchess.   Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI,,  iii.  1. 

This  which  followes  is  plaine  bedlam  stufle,  this  is  the 
Demoniack  legion  indeed. 

Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 
Bedlam  beggar.    See  I.,  4. 
bedlamer  (bed'lam-er),  n.     [<  bedlam  +  -erl.] 
It.  A  bedlam  beggar.     See  bedlam,  n.,  4. 

This  country  [the  Border]  was  then  much  troubled  with 
Bedlamers.  Roger  North,  Lord  Guilford,  I.  271. 

2.  The  name  given  by  seal-hunters  to  the 
hooded  seal,  Cystophora  cristata,  -when  a  year 
old,  from  its  frantic  cries  and  actions  when  it 
cannot  escape  its  pui'suers. 

bedlamism  (bed'lam-izm),  n.  [<  bedlam  + 
-ism.]  A  word  or  act  which  is  characteristic 
of  madness  or  of  mad  people;  a  trait  of  mad- 
ness.    Curliilc. 

bedlamite  (bed'lam-it),  n.     [<  bedlam  +  -ite-.] 
A  madman.     See  bedlam,  n.,  4. 
What  means  the  Bedlamite  by  this  freak? 

Hawthonie,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 

bedlamitisb  (bed'lam-it-ish),  a.      [<  bedlamite 
+  -ish.]     Kesembling  or  characteristic  of  a 
bedlamite  or  madman. 
Their  Bedlamitish  creation  of  needless  noises. 

Carlyle,  in  Kmude,  II.  2.10. 

bedlamize  (bed'lam-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bed- 
lamizcd,  ppr.  tcdiumising.     To  make  mad. 


500 

Tlie  Germans,  on  their  part,  calmly  ronscious  of  their 
irresistiide  strength,  proceeded  to  fa.sten  ever  more  coin. 
pnlsive  tionds  and  sobering  straps  on  the  Iledtami^sed 
country.  Li'we,  Bismarck,  I.  5yt). 

bedlart,  bedla'wert,  «•    [<  ME.  ludlaircrc  (=  G. 

bettliiyer),  <  bed  +  'lauer,  apjiar.  <  Icel.  laij,  a 

lying;  cf.  lair.]    A  bedridden  person.      [Old 

English  and  Scotch.] 
bedless  (bed'les),  a.    [<  bed'^  +  -less.]   Without 

a  lied. 
bed-linen  (bed'lin"cn),  n.  Sheets,  pillow-cases, 

etc.,  originally  always  of  linen,  now  sometimes 

of  cotton. 
bed-loTinge  (bed'lounj),  «.     A  combined  bed 

and  lounge ;  a  lounge  or  plain  sofa  made  so  as 

to  open  and  form  a  bed. 
bedmaker(bed'ma''ker),  n.    [<  ME.  bcdmaker.] 

1.  One  who  manufactures  beds  or  bedsteads. 
—  2.  One  who  prepares  beds  for  use  ;  espe- 
cially, in  English  universities,  a  man  or  woman 
whose  duty  it  is  to  take  care  of  the  rooms  and 
make  the  beds  in  college.  Female  bedmakers 
were  forbidden  in  Cambridge  in  1625,  but  are 
now  usual. 

The  bed-makers  are  the  women  who  take  care  of  the 
rooms ;  there  is  about  one  to  each  staircase,  that  is  to 
say,  to  every  eight  rooms. 

C.  A.  Bristed,  English  University,  p.  30. 

bedmate  (bed'mat),  n.    A  bedfellow.     Shak. 

bed-molding  (bed'm61'''duig),  n.  In  arch.,  a, 
molding  of  the  cornice  of  an  entablature,  situ- 
ated beneath  the  corona  and  immediately  above 
the  frieze.     Also  called  bedding-molding. 

bedotet  (be-dof),  r.  t.  [ME.,  <  6c-l  +  dote.] 
To  make  to  dote  ;  befool ;  deceive. 

For  to  bedote  tliis  queene  was  her  entent. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  1547. 

Bedouin  (bed'o-in),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
Bedwin,  or  as  ML.  Baduini,  Bcduuii,  pi.  (ME. 
rarely  Bedoynes) ;  mod.  E.  also  freq.  Bedoween, 
and  more  exactly  Bedawi,  sing.,  Bedawin,  pi., 
after  Ar.,  the  form  Bedouin  being  <  F.  Becloui)i 
(OF.  Bediiin  =  It.  Beduino,  ML.  Beduinus,  etc.), 
<  Ar.  badinrin,  pi.  of  badawiy,  a  dweller  in  the 
desert  (cf.  haddu-i,  rural,  rustic),  <  badw,  desert, 
open  country.]  1.  n.  1 .  An  Arab  of  the  desert ; 
one  of  the  nomadic  Arabs,  divided  into  many 
tribes,  who  live  in  tents,  rear  flocks  and  herds, 
especially  of  camels,  and  are  scattered  over 
Arabia,  parts  of  Syria,  and  Egypt  and  other 
parts  of  Africa.  Also  Bedawi,  plural  Bedawin. 
Professionally,  and  in  the  ordinary  course  of  their  lives. 
Bedouins  are  only  shepherds  and  herdsmen  :  their  raids 
on  each  other,  of  their  exploits  in  despoiling  travellers 
and  caravans,  are  but  occasional,  though  welcome  and 
even  exciting,  exceptions  to  the  common  routine. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  246. 

2.  A  vagabond  boy ;  a  street  Arab. 
II.  a.  Relating  to  the  Bedouins. 

bed-pan  (bed'pan),  n.  1.  A  pan  for  warming 
beds;  a  warming-pan. —  2.  A  necessary  utensU 
for  the  use  of  persons  confined  to  bed. 

bedpheert,  bedpheret,  »•  Erroneous  spellings 
of  bedfere. 

bed-plate,  bed-piece  (bed'pliit,  -pes),  n.  In 
inech.,  the  sole-plate  or  foundation-plate  of  an 
engine,  etc. 

bedpos't  (bed'post),  n.  If.  Same  as  bedstaff. — 
2.  A  post  forming  an  angle  of  a  bedstead,  in 
old  bedsteads  often  rising  high  enough  to  sup- 
port the  canopj'  and  rods  for  the  curtain in 

the  twinMing  of  a  bedpost,  w-ith  the  utmost  r,apidity. 
See  bedstaff. 

bed-presser  (bed'pres"6r),  n.  A  lazy  fellow ; 
one  who  loves  his  bed. 

This  sanguine  coward,  this  bed-presser,  this  horse-back 
breaker,  this  huge  hill  of  flesli.       Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

bedquilt  (bed'kwilt),  n.  A  wadded  and  quilted 
covering  for  a  bed.  Also  used  for  bedspread 
and  comforter. 

The  king  [in  a  Sicilian  fairy-story]  issues  a  proclamation 
promising  a  lai-ge  reward  to  whoever  shall  steal  the  bed- 
quilt of  a  certain  ogre.  A'.  A.  Rev.,  CXXIII.  34. 

bedrabble  (bf-drab'l),  v.  t.  [<  te-i  -t-  drabble.] 
To  make  wet  and  dirty  with  rain  and  mud, 

Kini/slcy, 
bedraggle  (bf-drag'l),  r.  t.     [<  6e-l  -f-  draggle.] 

To  soil  or  wet  by  dragging  in  dirt,  mud,  moist 

places,  etc.,  as  the  bottom  of  a  garment  in 

walking ;  cause  to  appear  wet  and  limp,  as  a 

flag  when  rained  upon. 
bedxal^   (bed'ral),  n.     [Also  bethral,  bcthcrcl ; 

ajipar.  a  corruption  of  beadle,  var.  beddel,  Sc. 

beddal,  etc.]     A  beadle.     [Scotch.] 

I'll  hae  her  before  presbj-tery  and  synod;  I'm  half  a 
minister  mysel',  now  that  I'm  hedral  in  an  inhabited  par- 
ish. Seott,  liride  of  Lammermoor,  xxxiv. 

bedral"t  (bed'ral),  n.  [Also  bcdrcl,  a  corrtip- 
tion  of  bedred,  for  bedrid:  see  bedrid.]    A  per- 


bed-sore 

son  who  is  bedridden.    Knox.     Also  bed-thrall. 

[Scotch.] 

His  father— who  as  BedrH  lay 

Before  Ills  gate.  Ihiuiilan,  tr.  of  VirgiL 

bedreintt.    Obsolete  past  particiiilc  of  bedrcnch. 
bedrench  (be-drench'),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  bedrenchen 
{\i\>.  bedreiiit);  <  be-^  +  drench.]     To  drench 
thoroughly ;  soak ;  saturate  with  moisture. 
Reccyve  our  billes  with  teres  al  bedrryut. 

Court  o/  Lore,  \.  577. 
Such  crimsrin  tempest  should  bedrench 
The  fresh  green  lap  of  fair  King  Richard's  land. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ui.  3. 

bedress  (be-dres'),  V.  i.  [<  6c-l  H-  dress.]  To 
dress  up. 

The  Bride  whose  tonish  inclination 
Attended  to  the  i-uling  fashion. 
To  make  her  entry  had  bedresu'd 
Her  upright  form  in  all  her  best. 
W.  Comhe,  Dr.  .Syntax  in  Search  of  a  Wife,  v. 

bedridden,  bedrid  (bed'rid"n,  -rid),  a.  [<  ME. 
heilrcd,  hiilrede,  bcdreden,  bedreddcn,  adj.  and 
n.,  <  AS.  hednila,  bedrida,  bcdryda,  beddiedda, 
n.,  one  bedridden,  lit.  a  bed-rider  (<  bed,  bed, 
-1-  rida,  ridda,  a  rider,  a  knight,  <  ridan,  ride). 
Cf .  LG.  beddercdc,  beddcredig,  bedridden ;  OHG. 
petiiriso,  G.  bettrise,  of  same  sense.  The  second 
element  came  to  be  regarded  as  the  pp.  of  ride;  ' 
hence  the  now  usual  form  bedridden,  ME.  bed- 
reden.]  Confined  to  bed  by  age,  infirmity,  or 
sickness. 

Is  not  your  father  grown  incapable 
Ol  reasonable  affairs?  .  .  . 
Lies  he  not  bed-rid  >  Stiak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

%^'hat  an  over-wome  and  bedrid  Argument  is  this ! 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 
Old  bedridden  palsy.  Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

bed-rightt,  bed-ritet  (bed'rit),  n.    [<  fterfi  -t- 
riijht,  rite.]     The  pri\-ilege  of  the  marriage-bed. 
No  bed-right  (in  some  eds.  bed-rite]  shall  be  paid 
Till  Hymen's  torch  be  lighted.     Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

bedript,  ".      [ME.,  also  bedripe,  bedrepe,  etc., 

<  AS.  bedrip,  <  bedu,  jirayer,  +  rip.  a  reaping: 
see  bead  and  reap.     Also  called  in  AS.  benrip, 

<  ben,  prayer,  -I-  rip.]  Boon-work  at  harvest- 
time  :  a  service  which  some  tenants  had  to  per- 
form at  the  bidding  or  request  of  their  lord. 

bed-ritet,  «.     See  bed-right. 

bed-rock  (bed'rok),«.  [ibedX  +  rock.]  1.  In 
mining,  the  older  crystalline  and  slaty  rocks 
which  underlie  the  unconsolidated  gravelly  and 
volcanic  beds  of  Tertiary  and  Post-tertiary 
ages,  along  the  flanks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
The  term  is  beginning  to  be  used  elsewhere  t^^  designate 
solid  rock  lying  mider  loose  detrital  masses,  such  as  sand 
and  gravel. 

Hence  —  2.  That  which  underlies  anything  else, 
as  a  foundation  ;  bottom  layer;  lowest  stratum. 
Everywhere  life  and  energ)',  working  on  a  gigantic  scale, 
have  plowed  furrows  into  the  institutional  bed  rock  of 
Western  Society. 

C.  H.  Shinn,  Land  Laws  of  Mining  Districts,  p.  44. 

bedroom  (bed'rom),  n.  1.  Room  in  a  bed; 
sleeping-room  in  bed.  [In  this  sense  properly 
■with  a  hyphen.] 

Then  by  your  side  no  bed-room  me  deny. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  room  or  apartment  containing  or  intended 
to  contain  a  bed ;  a  sleeping-apartment. 
bedrop  (be-drop'), )'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bedropped 
(sometimes  bedropt),  ppr.  bedropping.  [<  ME. 
bedroppen;  <  6e-l  +  drop.]  1.  To  drop  upon; 
fall  upon  in  drops. 

As  men  sene  the  dew  bedroppe 
The  leves  and  the  flowers  eke. 

Goicer,  Conf.  Aniant,  iii.  254. 

2.  To  cover,  strew,  or  sprinkle  with  drops,  or 
as  if  with  drops ;  bespatter;  bespangle. 

The  yellow  carp,  in  scales  bedropp'd  with  gold. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  L  144. 
Rueful  cheek. 
Pale  and  bedropped  with  ever-flowing  tears, 

Wordstvortft,  Prelude,  ix. 

bed-sacking  (bed'sak''ing),  «.  Canvas  designed 
to  be  stretched  on  the  framework  of  a  bed- 
stead to  support  the  mattresses  and  bedclothes. 

bed-scre'W  (bcd'skrb),  «.  1.  A  bed-key  or  bed- 
WTench. — 2.  Same  as  barrel-screw. 

bedside  (bed'sid),  «.  [<  ME.  bedsyde,  orig. 
beddes  .fide,  i.  c.,  bed's  side.]  The  side  of  a 
bed;  position  by  a  bed:  usually 'with  reference 
to  attendance  on  one  confined  to  bed :  as,  she 
watched  by  his  bedside  till  dawn. 

bedsistert  (bed'sis't^r),  n.  [<  ME.  bedsnster 
(Robert  of  Gloucester),  <  bed^  +  sxster,  sister.] 
A  concubine. 

It  is  not  much  to  be  wondered  at  that  we  lost  bed-sister 
for  concubine.  F.  Uall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  165,  note. 

bed-sore  (bed'sor),  n.  A  very  troublesome  kind 
of  ulcer,  liaVde  to  appear  on  patients  long  con- 
fined in  bed  and  either  imablo  or  not  allowed 


BcUstalf.— l*rom  a  French  nianuscript 
of  Ulc  ISth  century. 


bed-sore 

to  chango  tlioir  position.  p.fcI-sorcs  occur  nt  the 
parts  ini-wril  hy  the  wi^iu'lit  of  the  licxiy,  4;hic;lly  over  tliu 
sarriim  ami  tiofliaiiters,  alxl  on  the  elhows  and  huc-ls. 
Als..  call..!  d.ciihilHx. 

bedspread  (Ijcd'sprcd),  n.    Thn  uppermost  quilt 

or  covering  of  a  bod,  generally  ornameutal. 
bed-spring  (bed'spriug),  n.     A  spring,  usually 

of  spiral  form,  used  in  making  spring-beds, 
bedstafft  (bed'staf),  h.    a  statTor  stick  former- 
ly used  in  some  way  about  a  bed,  and  fretiuent- 

ly  serving  as 
a  weapon,  in 
which  sense  the 
word  most  eom- 
'monly  occurs, 
spwidcally— («)  A 
Ijcd-sl.at.  (h)  Ihe 
stick  or  Htatf  used 
to  spread  out  the 
bedclothes  in  mak- 
ing a  iied  placi'd  in 
a  recess,  (c)  A  l)ar 
or  post  jilaccd  at 
eacli  side  of  a  bed 
to  keep  tlie  lied- 
clotlies  from  falling 
otf.  (d)  One  of  tlic 
rods  used  in  form- 
ing the  *'tent"  in 
old-fashioned  tent- 
beds. 
Now  do  I  feel  the  calf  of  my  right  leg 
Tingle,  and  dwindle  to  th'  smallness  of  a  bed-staff. 

T.  Tomfcis  (?),  Albumazar,  ii.  3. 
He  gives  out 
He'll  take  a  Baintaff,  or  an  holy  Wand 
And  l)aste  you  lustily  two  or  three  hours 
Before  you  go  to  Bed,  to  make  you  limber. 

Cartwnfjht,  Love's  Convert,  iv.  1. 
His  [the  bewitched  boy's]  bed  cloilthes  would  be  pulled 
froiu  him,  his  lied  shaken,  and  his  bed-staff  leap  forward 
and  backward.  C.  Mather,  Mag.  Christ.,  vi.  7. 

In  her  hand  she  griisped  the  bed-xtaff,  a  weapon  of 
niickle  might,  as  her  husband's  bloody  cox-comb  could 
now  well  testify.  liarhmn,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  2(i6. 

[Used  in  the  colloquial  phrase  in  the  twhiktinij  of  a  bed- 
staff,  in  which,  when  bedxtaff  became  obsolete,  bedpost  was 
substituted,  depriving  the  phrase  of  its  literal  force  in 
Dlodern  use. 

I'll  do  it  instantly,  in  the  twinkliufj  nf  a  bed-staff. 

Shadu'ell,  Vii-tuoso,  i.  1.] 

bedstead  (bed'sted),  n.  [<  ME.  hcdstede  (=D. 
LG.  hcdstede  =  MHG.  bcttcstat),  <  bed,  bed,  -t- 
stede,  place,  stead.]  A  frame  or  framework, 
more  or  less  elaborate,  for  supporting  a  bed : 
most  commonly  made  of  wood,  but  now  often 
of  iron,  and  sometimes  of  brass. 

bed-steps  (bed'steps),  n.  pi.  Steps  for  ascend- 
ing an  ol<l-fashioned  high  bed. 

bedstock  (bed'stok),  n.  One  of  the  two  side- 
pieces  or  bars  of  a  bedstead  on  which  the  rmigs 
or  slats  are  laid.  [Now  chietly  used  in  Scot- 
land, the  north  of  England,  and  Ireland.] 

bedstone  (bod'ston),  n.  The  lower  or  station- 
ary millstone. 

bedstra'W  (bed'stra),  11.  [<  ME.  hcddcstrawc, 
hcdstre  (=  OHG.  bettistro,  G.  bcltstroh),  bed- 
straw,  bed;  <  bcd^  +  slraw.l  1.  Straw  used  in 
stuffing  a  mattress  or  bed.  [In  this  literal  sense 
properly  with  a  hyphen.] — 2.  (a)  A  popular 
name  of  the  different  species  of  the  genus  Ga- 
lium, fi'om  the  old  practice  of  using  it  in  beds. 
Our  Lady's  or  i/ellow  bed-straw  is  0,  verum;  loliite 
bcdstraw  is  G.  M<>lUt(jo.  See  Galium.  (6)  A 
name  given  to  Desmodium  Aparincs. 

bed-S'Wer'Vert  (bed'swer'ver),  n.  One  who  is 
false  and  unfaithful  to  the  marriage-vow. 

.She's 
A  tied-su-erver,  even  as  bad  as  tliose 
That  vulgars  give  bold'st  titles. 

Shalc.,\\.  T.,  ii.  1. 

bed-thrallt  (bed'thral),  n.     [A  modification  of 

bcdral-,  us  if  <  bcd'^  +  thrall.']   Same  as  bcdnd-. 
bedtick  (bed'tik),  II.    A  case  of  strong  linen 

or  cotton  cloth  for  containing  the  feathers  or 

other  materials  of  a  bed. 
bedticking   (bed'tik"ing),   n.     The  material 

from  which  bedticks  are  made. 
bedtime  (bed'tim),  «.     [<  ME.  bedtime ;  <  bcd'^ 

+   time]     The  time  to  go  to  rest;  the  usual 

hour  of  gfiing  to  bed. 
bed-tool  (bed'tol),  n.     A  block  with  openings 

or  holes  corresponding  to  the  shape  of  a  (lie 

or  punch,  in  connection  with  which  it  is  used. 
bedub  (be-dub'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  hrdiibbcd, 

\>\n-.  bidiibbiiig.    [<  fcc-l  -I-  diib^.]    If.  To  adorn. 

—  2.  To  designate;  dub. 
beduck  (be-duk'),  v.  t.     [<  be-l  +  diicH.]     To 

duck  or  immerse  thoroughly ;  submerge. 
To  the  Hood  he  came,  .  .  . 
And  dccpe  him  selfe  beducked  in  the  same. 

SjieiM-r,  V.  Q.,  II.  vi.  42. 

beduke  (be-duk'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hcdiihed, 
l>l>r.  Ik  ilukiuy.  [<  6<-l -)- (/«/'(.]  To  make  a  duke 
of;  style  or  dub  with  the  title  of  duke.     iSwi/t. 


,^)()1 

bedung  (be-Uung'),  V.  t.  [<  6t-l  -I-  dung.]  To 
cover  or  befoul  with  dung. 

Bcdungcd  with  calunniy  and  tilth. 

T.  fuller,  iMod.  of  Church  of  Eng.,  p.  486. 

bedusk  (be-dusk'),  !'.  t.  [<  i<-l  -I-  dii!<k.]  To 
smutch.     'Cot(iraie. 

bedust  (be-dilsf),  )'.  t.  [<  ((C-l  -I-  dust.]  To 
si>rinkle,  soil,  or  cover  with  dust. 

bed-'Vein  (bed'van),  n.  A  term  occasionally 
used  in  geol.  and  mininii  (as  the  eqiuvalent  of  the 
German  Laijcrf/aiig)  to  denote  a  flat  mass  of  ore 
having  characters  intermediate  between  those 
of  a  vein  and  those  of  a  sedimentary  deposit. 

bed'ward  (bod'wilrd),  adv.  [<  bed'-  +  -ward.'] 
Toward  bed. 

In  heart 
As  merry  as  when  our  iniptial  day  was  done, 
And  tajters  burn'd  to  bi'dward.        Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  C. 
Meantime  the    two    young   (ilendinnings    were  each 
wrapped  up  in  his  own  rellections,  and  only  interrupted 
in  tliem  by  the  signal  to  move  bcdward. 

Se-iiti,  Monastery,  I.  xiv. 

bed'warf  (bfdwarf'),  v.  t.  [<  ?«-!  +  dwarf.] 
To  make  little;  stunt  or  lunder  the  gro-wth  of. 

bedway  (bed'wa),  n.  A  line  of  indistinct  marks 
of  stratification  or  pseudo-stratification  in  the 
gi'auitic  rocks. 

bed'wind  (bed'wind),  n.  [Cf.  toitliiciml.]  An 
English  name  for  Convolvulus  sejiium. 

bed'WOrk  (bod'werk),  n.  Work  done  in  bed,  or 
as  in  bed,  that  is,  without  toil.     [Rare.] 

Bcdievrk,  mappery,  closet-war.      Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  8. 

bed-'wrench  (bed'rench),  ?(.  A  wrench,  some- 
times ha'ving  sockets  of  different  sizes,  used  in 
setting  up  bedsteads  and  in  taking  them  apart : 
little  used  'with  modern  bedsteads.  Also  called 
bcd-l:cii. 

bedye  (be-di'),  ».  *.  [<  5c-l -f  d^c]  To  dye; 
stain, 

Fieldes  with  Sorazin  blood  bedyde. 

Spender,  F.  Q.,  I.  xi.  7. 

beel  (be),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  be,  pi.  bees 
and  been,  <  ME.  bee,  pi.  been,  <  AS.  bed,  also  bl, 
pi.  bedn,  =  01).  hie,  D.  bij,  bije  =  LG.  bii/ge  = 
OHG.  bia,  6.  dial,  beie  =  leel.  by,  generally  in 
comp.  by-fli/gi,  bij-fluga  ('bee-fly'),  =  Sw.  Dan. 
bi;  also  ■with  added  -n,  OHG.  bina,  MHG.  bin, 
f.,  OHG.  bini,  neut.,  MHG.  bine,  bin,  G.  bicne, 
i.  (cf.  Lith.  bifis,  a  bee);  supposed  to  come, 
through  the  notions  '  fear,  tremble,  quiver, 
buzz,  hum'  (cf.  bumblebee  and  drone),  from 
the  root  *bi  (=  Skt.  •/  bin,  OBulg.  bojati  = 
Russ.  bojati  =  Lith.  bijoti,  etc.),  fear,  which 
appears  rodupl.  in  AS.  beofian  —  OS.  bibhon 
=  OHG.  biben,  MHG.  biben,  G.  beben  =  Icel. 
bifa,  tremble.]  1.  An  insect  of  the  genus 
Apis;  a  hive-beo  or  honey-bee.  See  Apis^. 
Tlie  conunon  honey-bee,  A.  inelti/tca,  has  from  the  ear- 
liest periods  been  kept  in  hives  for  its  wax  and  honey. 
It  is  also  foimd  wdd  in  great  numbers  (now  especially 
in  North  America,  where  the  beo  was  introduced  by  the 
European  colonists),  storing  honey  in  hollow  trees  or  in 
other  suitable  situations.  It  lives 
in  swarms  or  societies  of  from 
10,000  to  50,000  individuals.  These 
swarms  contain  three  classes  of 
bees  —  the  perfect  females  or 
queen  bees,  the  males  or  drones, 
and  the  imperfect  or  undeveloped 
femjxles,  called  nenters,  constitut- 
ing tlie  working  bees.  In  each 
hive  or  swarm  there  is  only  one 
female  or  queen,  whose  sole  office 
Is  to  propagate  tlie  species.  The 
queen  is  much  larger  than  the 
other  bees.  When  she  dies,  a 
young  working  bee  three  d,ays  old  is  selected,  its  cell  is 
enlarged  by  breaking  down  the  partitions,  its  food  is 
changed  to  royal  jelly  or  paste,  and  it  grows  into  a  (lueen. 
Tile  queen  lays  2,000  eggs  a  day.  The  drones  serve  merely 
for  imiu-egnating  the  tjueen,  after 
whicli  they  are  destroyed  by  the 
nentei-s.  The.se  last  are  the  laborers 
of  the  hive.  They  collect  the  honey, 
form  the  cells,  and  feetl  the  other 
bees  and  the  young.  They  are  fur- 
nished with  a  proboscis  hy  which 
they  suck  the  honey  from  flowers, 
and  a  nunith  by  which  they  swallow 
Neuter,  or  Worker.  it,  conveying  it  then  to  the  hive  in 
their  st(Hnachs,  whence  they  dis- 
gorge it  into  the  cells.  The  iioUen  of  flowers  settles  rui  the 
hairs  with  which  their  body  is  eovereii,  whence  it  is  col- 
lected into  pellets  by  a  brush  on  their  secontl  pair  of 
legs,  and  deposited  in  a  hollow  in  the  third  pair.  It  is 
called  bee-bi-ead.  aiul  is  the  food 
of  the  lar\'re  or  young.  The 
adult  l)ees  feed  on  honey.  The 
wax  was  at  one  time  sui>posed 
to  be  formed  from  pollen  by  a 
digestive  process,  but  it  is  now 
ascertained  that  it  is  formed 
liy  secretion  froiti  the  honey, 
'llie  fem.ale8  and  neuters  have 
a  barbed  sting  attached  to  a 
bag  of  poi.son,  which  flows  into 

the  wotmd  inllicted  by  the  sting.  When  a  hive  becomes 
overst4>cked  a  new  colony  is  sent  out  under  the  direction 
of  a  queeu  bee.   This  is  called  swarmiii'j.  Besides  the  corn- 


Honey-bee  { A  fits  met  It- 
Jica).    Queen. 


beech 

mon  boo,  A.  mellijiexi,  there  are  the  A.  /ascieata,  domes- 
ticated in  Egypt ;  the  A.  lifjusttca,  or  Ligiirian  bee  of  Italy 
and  (ireece,  introrluced  generally  int^j  apiaries  in  other 
lands;  the  A.  uninilnr  of  .Madaga-sctir ;  the  ^t.  iiulica,  etc. 

2.  Any  aculeate  hymenopterous  insect  of  the 
division  Mellifera  or  Anthophilu,  comprising 
the  families  Apidw  and  Andrenida;  and  in- 
cluding, besides  the  hive-bees  of  the  genus 
Apis,  the  mason-bees,  carpenter-bees,  bumble- 
bees, etc.  See  cuts  under  Antho]>hnra,  car- 
penter-bee, and  Ili/iiieiioj/leru. — 3.  An  assem- 
blage of  persons  who  meet  to  engage  in  united 
labor  for  the  benefit  of  an  individual  or  a  fam- 
ily, or  in  some  joint  amusement :  so  called 
from  the  combined  labor  of  the  bees  of  a  hive : 
as,  a  quilting-ice,  a  husking-6ee,  a  spelling-ice, 
etc.    [U.  S.] 

Now  were  institutetl  "  (luilting  bees,"  and  "  Inisking  bees," 
and  other  rural  assemlilages,  where,  imder  the  inspiring 
intliience  of  the  fiddle,  toil  w.xs  enlivened  by  g.ayety  ami 
ffjllowed  up  by  the  dance.     Irvin;/,  Knickerbocker,  p.  405. 

To  have  a  bee  In  one's  bonnet,  to  be  a  little  crack- 
brained  or  crazy  ;  be  llighty  or  full  of  whims  or  uneasy 
notions.  (Originally  Scotcli.]  Sometimes  used  specifically: 
as,  to  haee  the  presidential  bee-  in  one's  bunnet.  to  cherish 
the  hope  of  becoming  President.  |U.  .S.|  — TO  have  a 
bee  (or  bees)  in  one's  head,  (a)  To  be  choleric  (/>)T'ibe 
restless  or  uneasy.   11.  Joiisun.    (c)  To  be  somewhat  crazy. 

She's  willies  crock-brained  and  hag  a  bee  in  her  head. 

Scott. 

hee"  (be),  n.  [Prop.  North.  E.  dial.,  for  reg.  E. 
*/*(/  or  'high  (cf.  Iiigk,  nigh,  of  like  phonetic  re- 
lations), <  ME.  by,  hije,  hie,  beghe,  bchg,  beg,  bch, 

<  AS.  bedh,  bedg  (=  OS.  bog,  hag  =  OHG.  bouc 
=  Icel.  baugr),  a  ring,  esp.  as  an  ornament, 

<  bugan  (pret.  bedh),  E.  bow,  bend;  cf.  bote^,  a 
bend,  an  arch,  and  bail'^,  a  hoop,  from  the 
same  source  :  see  how'^.]  It.  A  ring  of  metal, 
usually  an  ornament  for  the  arm  or  neck ;  a 
collar  or  brooch ;  sometimes,  a  finger-ring. 

Bee  or  collar  of  gold  or  syluer,  torques.  Huloet, 

2.  Xaut.,  a  ring  or  hoop  of  metal  through 
which  to  reeve  stays.     See  bcc-block. 
beebee  (be'be),  re.     [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Hind,  bibi, 

<  Pers.,  orig.  Turk.,  Inhi,  a  lady,  a  lawful  wife.] 
1.  A  lady. —  2.  A  Hindu  mistress  or  concu- 
bine.    [India.] 

The  society  of  the  station  does  interfere  in  such  cases; 
and  though  it  does  not  mind  beebees  or  their  friends,  it 
rightly  taboos  him  who  entertains  their  rivals. 

W.  H.  Russell, 

bee-bird  (be'berd),  re.  The  small  spotted  fly- 
catcher, Muscicapa  grisola,  a  European  bird 
of  the  family  Museicapida^ :  so  called  because 
it  catches  bees.     [Local,  Eng.] 

bee-block  (be'blok),  re.  l<  bee'^  +  block.]  Naut., 
a  piece  of  hard  wood,  bolted  to  each  side  of  the 
bowsprit,  through 
which  the  fore- 
topmast-stays  are 
rove. 

bee -bread  (be'- 
bred),  n.  [Not 
found  in  ME.;  AS. 
bed-bread,  blbredd 
=  MHG.  bie  brot, 
G.  bieiien-brot  =  " 
Sw.  bibrdt,  orig.  (in 
AS.)  the  honey- 
comb with  the 
honey,  <  bed,  bee, 
-1-  bread f  bread.] 
1 .  A  variously  col- 
ored substance, the   , 

pollen   of   flowers,        '" 

collected  by  bees  as  food  for  their  young.  See 
bee^. —  2.  A  plant  much  ■visited  by  bees  or  cul- 
tivated for  their  use,  as  red  clover,  Trifolium 
jirateiiKC,  or  borage,  liorago  offieinalis. 

beechl  (bech),  n.  [<  ME.  beche,  <  AS.  here,  ear- 
lier Imee,  by  umlaut  for  "bdce  (=  OLG.  hdkc, 
biike,  LG.  baike),  a  deriv.  of  bde  (>  mod.  E.  buck 
in  comp.  buckmast  and  buckwheat)  =  OD.  boeke, 
D.  bcuk  =  Flem.  bock  =  OHG.  Icel.  hdk  =  Sw. 
bok  =  Dan.  bog  =  OHG.  buohlia,  MHG.  huoche, 
G.  buehe  (>  OBulg.  biikui,  bitkuve,  Bulg.  hiik, 
Serv.  hukra,  Pol.  Bohem.  hiik,  Euss.  buku, 
Lith.  hiika,  Hung,  hiik,  bik,  beech)  =  Goth. 
*hdka  (not  recorded),  beech,  =  L.  fdgus  (see 
FdflH.-.),  beech,  =  Gr.  07) A;,  ^njiSs,  an  esculent 
oak,  perhaps  orig.  a  tree  with  esculent  fruit, 
from  the  root  seen  in  Gr.  <liayelv,  eat,  Skt. 
■\/  bhaj,  share.  For  the  coniiiection  with  hook, 
see  book.]  A  tree  of  the  genus  Fagiis,  natural 
order  CupuUfera:  The  conunon  or  European  beech, 
F.  siilvatiea,  grows  to  a  large  size,  with  branches  forming 
a  be'atitifnl  head  with  thick  foliage.  The  liark  is  smooth 
and  of  a  silvery  cast.  The  nuts  or  mast  are  eaten  by 
swine,  ptpultry,  oxen,  and  other  aniliuils,  and  yield  a  good 
oil  for  lamps.  'I'hc  timber  is  not  unich  used  in  building, 
as  it  soon  rots  in  damp  places,  but  it  is  used  for  piles  io 


Bowsprit  Bee-blocks, 
bee-blocks ;  6,  t>,  foretopmast 


beecb 

filaccs  wlioro  It  is  constantly  wet.  It  is  ninnufactnrert 
nt»)  a  STi'ttt  vnliity  o(  tools,  for  whicli  it  is  lUtid  on  ae- 
t'otnit  of  iU  prcal  Iiardncss,  to\i;:lniesi>,  and  close,  uniform 
texture,  and  is  also  used  to  some  e.xtent  in  making:  fur- 
niture, tiikinu  a  beautiful  i)idisli  an<I  varyini;  jnueli  in 
color.  .Several  ornamental  varieties  are  frenuenily  seen, 
as  the  red  Ijeeeli  and  copper  lieeili  with  color<il  leaves, 
and  the  fern-leafed  lieecli  Willi  ilivided  leaves,  'J'lie  Ameri- 
can lieecli,  /■'.  fernoiiiun,  is  a  very  similar  tree,  sometimes 
iwlfeetin  liciKht  and  Sort  feet  in  diameter,  — Austra- 
lian beecll,  Ticliina  mixlrntis,  a  species  of  teak.—  Beech- 
Cherry.  See  c/ierri/.— Blue  beech,  same  as  walcr-hrech. 
—  Seaside  beech,  of  the  West  indies,  ExMlcmmaCanb- 
hn-iDii.  a  tree  liel.Ml-.:in;;  lo  the  natural  onler  liidiMcece.  It 
is  allied  to  cinehomi,  and  it.s  Imik  is  used  as  a  fehriluge. 

beech-'t,  »•     Obsolete  spelling  of  bcdcli. 

beech-coal  (beeh'kol),  w.  Charcoal  from  beech- 
wood. 

beech-drops  (bech'drops),  «.  A  low  annual 
plant,  Jii>ip)ia/tis  Virginiand,  witliout  gi-een  foli- 
age, para.sitic  upon  the  roots  of  the  beech  in 
the  United  Slates.  It  heUmfts  to  the  natural  order 
Orobanchacem.  Albaiiii  bcecli-drops,  or  pine-droiis,  I'tcro- 
spora  amli-diitedea,  and  J'alxe  tteech-tlrops^  or  pine-sap, 
Mnnotrojiii  Uiii'i'iiil!/",  are  similar  par.asitic  pl.ants  of  the 
natmal  order  Uriciu-fa: 

beechen  (bo'ehen),  «.  [<  JfE.  bechcn,  <  AS. 
hcccit  (=D.  hcilhii  =  OHG.  liiiocliiii,  MHU.  G. 
hiichen  =  L.  faginus  =  Gr.  (ji'/yivdc),  <  hoc,  beech, 
-1-  -en:  see  hccch'^  and  -en.']  1.  Of,  x>ertaining 
to,  or  derived  from  the  beech:  as,  bccchcn 
boughs ;  hvcchcn  shade. 

His  aged  lie.ad,  crowned  with  />eec/ic«  wreath, 

Seemed  like  a  poll  of  ivy  in  the  teeth 

Of  winter  hoar.  Keats. 

2.  Made  of  the  wood  of  the  beech :  as,  beechen 
vessels. 

A  heedten  howl, 
A  maple  tlish,  my  fm*niture  should  be ; 
I'risp,  yellow  leaves  my  bed. 

WordKit}ifrth,  Eccles.  Sonnets,  i.  22. 

beech-fern  (becU'fern),  n.  A  fern  belonging 
to  the  Remis  Pluyoptcris  (which  see). 

beech-finch  (beeh'lineh),  ii.  The  chaffinch, 
I'rini/illii  culib^:     Muci/iliirnii/. 

beech-fungus  (beeh'fimg'gus),  n.  An  edible 
fungus,  Vijttaria  Durwhiii,  allied  to  the  morel. 
It  is  abundant  in  Terra  del  Fu»;.uo  upon  tlie  branches  of 
cvergl'een  beeches,  and  is  at  times  tlie  principal  food  of 
the  natives, 

beech-gall  (boeh'gal),  n.  A  gall  or  excrescence 
foi'ined  ou  the  beech  by  insects. 

beech-hopper  (bech'hop'cr),  n.  A  coleopter- 
ous insect,  Oixhestes  f(i(/i,  family  C ttrcuUonida, 
or  weevils,  injurious  to  beech-trees,  between 
the  two  surfaces  of  the  leaves  of  which  they 
lay  their  eggs. 

beech-marten  (bech'mar"ten),  n.  Mnstelafoina, 
one  of  two  species  or  varieties  of  the  European 
marten,  usually  distinguished  from  the  common 
pine-marten,  M.  martes,  b)-  the  white  throat 
and  some  other  external  features,  as  well  as  by 
some  differences  in  habits.  Also  called  stone- 
marten. 

beech-mast  (bech'mast),  n.  [<  bcech'^  +  mast-; 
=  bticl.-mdst.'i  The  mast  or  nuts  of  the  beech- 
tree,  from  which  an  oil  is  obtained.  The  cake 
which  remains  after  tile  till  has  been  expressed  is  a  ixood 
fattening  food  for  oxen,  swine,  and  poltltry,  but  is  inju- 
rious to  horses.     See  beeeh-vil. 

beechnut  (beeh'nut),  n.  One  of  the  nuts  or 
fruits  of  tho  beech.  The  nuts  are  triangular, 
and  inclosed  in  a  spiny  capside  or  husk. 

beech-oil  (bech'oil),  n.  A  bland  fixed  oil  ex- 
pressed from  the  mast  or  nuts  of  the  beech- 
tl*ee.  It  is  used  in  Picardy  and  in  other  parts  of  France 
instead  of  butter ;  but  it  is  said  to  occasiou  heaviness  and 
pains  in  the  stomach, 

beech-owl  (bech'owl),  n.  A  name  of  the  tawny 
owl  or  wood-owl  of  Em-ope,  •Syrnimn  abwo. 

beech-wheatt 
(bech'hwet),  ii. 
Same    as    buck- 
wheat. 

beechy  (be'chi), 

«.  [<  becchl  + 
-yl.]  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or 
abounding  in 
beeches:  as,  ''a 
beech;/  garland," 
Fletcher,  Pm'ple 
Island,  vi. 
bee-culture 

(be'kultur),  /■, 
The  rearing  i 
bees  in  a  stni. 
of  domeslieii- 
tionpipicidtnn  , 

bee-eater    0" 

e  ter),  ».  Tli;il 
which  eats  bees, 
as   a    bird;    an 

apiaster,     Spccifl-        ]iuropeanBcc-eater(J/^o/ja/;'aj/rr], 


502 

c.ally— (rt)  Tlic  European  Mrrops  ajiiasler.  (I)  pi.  The 
birds  of  tlie  family  McropjiUr,  of  which  there  are  several 
genera  and  numerous  species,  chiedy  African.  See  Mcrujtjs. 
.ll,;"/iHlie. 
beef  (bef),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  becfe,  bea/e, 
blcfe,  etc.,  <  ME.  beef,  bcfe,  heof,  ban/,  boef,  <  OF. 
bn'ef,  biicf,  boeuf  =  Pr.  bov  =Ki>.buci/  =  Pg.  tmi 
=  it.  bore  (cf.  Sw.  biff,  Dan.  biif,  beef,  from  E. ; 
and  see  bcejstcak),  <  L.  bovcm,  ace.  of  bos  (see 
Hos  and  bovine),  =  Gr.  liovi;,  an  ox,  =  Ir.  and 
Gael,  bo,  a  eow,  =  W.  buw  =  Skt.  f/o,  a  cow, 
=  AS.  cu,  E.  coifl :  see  coicl,  which  is  thus 
ult.  identical  %vitli  bff/.]  1.  An  animal  of  the 
bovine  genus,  whether  ox,  bull,  or  eow,  in  the 
full-gro\vn  state.  [In  this,  whidi  is  the  originalsense, 
the  word  has  a  plural,  betjft'.t,  formerly  sometimes  bee/g. 
The  singular  is  nearly  obsolete.] 

These  .are  the  beasts  which  ye  shall  e.at :  the  href,  the 
sheep,  and  the  go.at.  Ueut.  xiv.  4  (ed.  157S). 

A  pound  of  mail's  flesh,  taken  from  a  man. 

Is  not  so  estimable,  profitable  neither, 

As  flesh  of  muttons,  Oce/n,  or  goats. 

Shak.,  51.  of  v.,  i.  3, 

.\  herd  of  beeves,  fair  oxen,  anil  fair  kiiie, 

ililhin,  1".  L.,  xi.  047. 

2.  The  flesh  of  an  ox,  bull,  or  cow  when  killed. 
[In  this  sense  the  word  has  no  plural.]  —  3.  A 
name  given  bj'  quaiTynien  to  certain  beds  of 
fibrous  carbonate  of  Ume  occurring  in  England 
in  the  middle  division  of  tho  Purbeck  series, 
the  highest  part  of  the  Jurassic. — 4.  Brawn; 
muscularity;  weight  and  strength  combined: 
as,  the  crew  is  lacking  in  beef.  [Colloq.]— Ala- 
mode  beef.  See  alit  inntl'\—  Baron  of  beef.  See  baron. 
—  Collared  beef,  beef  rolled,  boned,  slii^htly  salted  or 
corned,  and  se;isoned  with  herlis  and  spices, — Hung  beef, 
beef  cured  by  being  hung  up  to  dry ;  dried  beef, — Jerked 
beef.    .See  jerk. 

beef-brainedt  (bef 'Tirand),  a.  Having  the  brain 
fir  wit  of  an  ox;  beef-witted:  as,  "the  most 
bcef-braiiicd  sensualist,"  Turniers,  Cure  of  Mis- 
prision, p.  2U  (Urd  MS.). 

beef-cattle  (bef'kat'l),  n.  ])l.  Bovine  animals 
adapted  or  intended  for  conversion  into  beef ; 
bovine  animals  for  slaughter. 

beef-eater  (bef'e  ter),  n.  [<  beef  +  cater.  In 
sense  2,  merely  a  particular  use  of  the  same 
word;  ef.  AS.  hhif-teta,  a  domestic  servant,  lit. 
'loaf-eater,'  contrasting  with  hhl/ord,  master, 
lit.  'loaf-keeper.'  Servants  are  often  thought 
of  as  eaters;  Ben  Jonson  uses  caters  in  tho 
sense  of  'servants'  ("Epiecene,"  iii.  2).  The 
oft-quoted  etymology  from  a  supposed  *buffe- 
tier,  <  buffet,  a  sideboard,  is  mere  fiction.]  1. 
One  who  eats  beef ;  hence,  a  well-fed  fellow ; 
a  stout  fleshy  man. —  S.  One  of  the  yeomen  of 
the  English  royal  guard,  who,  since  the  acces- 
sion of  Henry  VII.  in  1483,  have  attended  the 
sovereign  at  state  banquets  and  on  other 
ceremonial  occasions.  The  name  is  also  given 
to  the  warders  of  the  Tower  of  London,  who 
wear  a  similar  uniform.  [In  this  sense  com- 
monly without  a  hyphen.] 

Ch.arles  had  begun  Ut  form  a  small  standing  army.  He 
felt  that  without  some  better  protection  than  that  of  the 
train-bands  and  beef-caters  his  pal.ace  and  person  would 
scarcely  be  secure  in  the  vicinity  of  a  great  city  swarming 
with  warlike  Fifth  iftmarcliy  men  who  had  been  just  dis- 
banded. Macaulaij,  Hist,  Eng.,  iii. 

3.  An  African  insessorial  bird,  of  the  genus  Bu- 
jtharfa,  which  feeds  on  the  larvai  that  infest  the 
hides  of  oxen.  It  is  a  mere  book-name,  translating  Lu- 
phafta  ;  the  luuie  freiinent  term  is  oxpeckcr.    See  Uupltjaija. 

4.  Same  as  bluebottle,  2. 

bee-feed  (be'fed),  n.  A  name  given  in  Cali- 
fornia to  an  abimdant  free-floweiing  species  of 
Eriofjoniun,  E.  fasciculatum,  much  visited  by 
bees. 

bee-feeder  (be'fe'der),  n.  An  arrangement 
used  for  feeding  bees  in  bad  weather  or  very 
long  winters. 

beefen  (bef'en),  n.     A  form  of  bifiin. 

beef-herd  (befherd),  n.  A  drove  of  cattle  in- 
teiidcil  for  slaughter.     [Western  U.  S.] 

Fidlowing  the  dusty  trails  made  by  the  beef-lierds  that 
bad  been  driven  toward  one  of  the  Montana  shipping 
towns,  T.  livoserelt.  Hunting  Trips,  p.  132. 

beefiness  (bef 'i-nes),  «.  1.  Beefy  quality. — 2. 
Brawniness;  muscularity;  hardiness. 

beefingl  (bef'ing),  n.  [<  bref  +  -('h;/!.]  A  bul- 
lock fit  for  slaughter.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

beefing^  (bef'ing),  H.  The  original  but  later 
recorded  and  less  usual  form  of  biffin.     [Eng.] 

beefish  (bef'ish),  a.  1.  Stupid;  thick-headed; 
having  the  brain  or  sense  of  an  ox. —  2.  Obese; 
solid;  beefy. 

This  degeneracy  has  turned  him  into  that  '^berfish.  por- 
tcrisli."  bellowing  sort  of  a  John  r.iill,  hardly  endured  by 
his  own  kind.  .Imlaivr  AVr,,  VII,  :i2. 

beef-kid  (bef'kid),  ».  A  mess  utensil  used  by 
t  lie  crew  of  a  merchant  ship  for  holding  cooked 
beef. 


beehive 

bee-flower  (be'flon'er),  n.     Same  as  bee-orehi.i. 

bee-ily  (lie'lli),  n.  A  dipterous  insect,  I'liora 
incrasaata,  wliicii  is  a  formidablepest  of  the  bee- 
hive, fonnerly  considered  capable  of  producing 
the  disease  called  foul-brood.     See  I'horitlie, 

beef-measle  (bef'me'zl),  n.  The  measle  of  beef ; 
the  hydat  id  or  scoleciform  stage  of  the  unarmed 
ta]i(worm  of  the  ox,  Ttmia  mediocanellata. 

beefsteak  (bef'stak'),  n.  [<  beef  +  steak. 
Adopted  in  other  languages,  D.  biefstiik  (assim- 
ilated to  sink,  piece),  G.  becfstcak,Dan.  bijfileii, 
Sw.  biffstck,  F.  bifteck,  Sp.  (Cuban)  biftet/.  It. 
biftccco.  Bugs,  bifstek.'iii,  etc.]  A  steak  or  slice 
of  beef,  cut  from  the  hind  quarter,  suitable  for 
broiling  or  frying. 

beefsteak-fungus  (bef'stak'fung'gus),  n.  An 
edible  hjinenomyeetous  fungus,  FLstiitina  hc- 
j)atica,  belonging  to  the  family  I'olyjjorei.  it 
sometimes  attains  a  large  size,  and  is  thought  to  reseuiblo 
beefsteak  snmewliat  ill  aiipearance. 

beefsteak-plant  (bef'stak'plant),  n.  1.  A  spe- 
cies of  Saxifraija,  <S'.  sarmentosa,  with  fleshy 
purplish  leaves. — 2.  A  name  applied  to  species 
of  lieejotiia. 

beefsuet-tree  (b§f'sti'et-tre),  n.  The  buftalo- 
beiTV,  Slieplicrilia  arycntea. 

beef-tea  (bef'te'),  n.  An  aqueous  extract  of 
beef  obtained  by  soaking  and  heating  chopped 
beef  in  water,  straining  it,  and  seasoning  to 
taste.  It  contains  salts  and  extractives,  a  little  gelatin, 
and  fat.  It  is  useful  as  a  stimulant,  and  forms  an  appro- 
priate introiiiiction  to  a  meal. 

beef-witted  (bef 'wit  "ed),  a.    Having  the  wit  of 

an  ox;  dull  in  intellect ;  hea\-y-headed ;  stupid. 

Tliou  mongrel,  beef-witted  lord !     Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iL  1. 

beefwood  (bef  wild),  n.  [<  beef  (in  allusion  to 
its  gi-ain  and  color)  +  iroorf.]  1.  The  timber  of 
some  species  of  Australian  trees  belonging  to 
the  genus  Casiiarina  (which  see),  it  is  of  a  red- 
dish color,  hard  and  close-grained,  with  dark  .and  whitish 
streaks.  It  is  used  chielly  ftir  fine  ornamental  work. 
2.  In  the  West  Indies,  a  name  given  to  Pisonia 
obtn.iata,  with  soft  coarse-grained  wood — Ked 
beefwood,  of  Jamaica.  Ardisia  cvriacea.  a  niyrsinaceous 
shnili.— White  beefwood,  Schtxpfia  clirysophyUttidcs, 
natural  order  Olaeinaeeie. 

beefy  (bef'i),  a.  [<  beef  _+  -i/l.]  1.  Ox-like; 
hence,  fleshy;  obese;  solid. 

He  [Caiiylel  was  at  dinner  when  a  beefi/  Tory  was  de- 
chaimiiig  to'  this  effect.  The  Amei-ican,  VIII.  3'JO. 

2.  BrawTiy;  muscular;  hardy.     [Colloq.] 

bee-garden  (be'gar'dn),  ».  A  garden  or  inclo- 
sure  to  set  beehives  in ;  an  apiary.  Morti- 
mer. 

beegerite  (be'ger-it),  n.  [After  H.  Bee/jer  of 
Denver,  Colorado.]  A  sulphid  of  bismuth  and 
lead  occurring  in  dark-gray  masses  with  bril- 
liant metallic  luster,  rarely  crystallized,  found 
in  Colorado. 

bee-glue  (be'glo),  n.  A  resinous  substance 
with  wliieh  bees  cement  the  combs  to  the  hives 
and  close  up  the  cells.     Also  called  jimpuli.':. 

bee-gum  (be'gum),  n.  In  the  southern  United 
States,  a  hollowed  section  of  a  gum-tree  used 
as  a  beehive. 

bee-hawk  (be'hak),  n.  A  name  of  the  honey- 
buzzard  of  Eiu-ope,  Pcrnis  ajiirorits:  so  called 
because  it  jireys  upon  bees,  wasps,  and  other 

insects Bee-hawk  moth,  a  name  of  various  lepidop- 

terous  insects  of  the  families  .^idiiiimdec  and  Seniidte,  ami 
especiallv  of  the  genera  Macro;dossa  and  Setcia. 

beeheadt  (be'hed),  n.  A  crazy  or  flighty  per- 
sem, 

beeheaded  (be'hed -ed),  a.  l=:Sc.bee-headit.^ 
Crazy;  flighty. 

bee-herd  (be'herd),  n.  A  person  who  takes 
care  of  bees;  a  bee-keeper.  Phin,  Diet.  Api- 
cultiu'e,  p.  13. 

beehive  (be'hiv),  n.  [<  WE.bcehyve :  <  bec^  + 
/(/(v.]  1.  A  case  or  box  serving  as  a  habitation 
for  bees.  Hec  hire. — 2.  The  common  name  of 
a  species  of  medic,  Medieaqo  scutellat<i,  from 
tho  shape  of  its  spirally  coiled  pod.  Beehive 
house,  the  popular  name  of  a  class  of  very  ancient  coui- 


-^■"%M 


bc-choc  lloubt:^  at  Calicrnamacturcch,  County  Kerry,  IrelaDd. 


beehive 

cal  buildhif^s  in  Irelniul,  of  .stnall  size,  formed  of  long 
stunus,  so  laid,  on  a  circular  plan,  that  each  course  is  over- 
lappeii  by  tliat  restiuf;  upon  it.  No  cement  is  used,  and 
the  stiuies  remain  for  the  most  pall  in  their  natural 
state.  These  houacs  occur  alone  or  in  chisters,  often  he- 
side  oratories,  in  whiell  case  it  is  helieved  that  they  served 
as  dwelliu;.;s  of  priests,  or,  when  in  groups,  sometimes  en- 
circled by  a  stone  wall,  for  defense.  Occasionally  tliey 
contain  nu)re  than  one  apartment.  Houses  of  this  kiuil 
occur  also  in  the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland;  and  the 
"i'icts"  houses"  on  the  east  coast,  though  difFeriny  in  be- 
in;^  under  ground,  resemt)le  tliem  in  tlicir  mode  of  con- 
struction. They  are  referred  to  a  period  between  the 
seventh  and  twelfth  centuries.  BesMve  oven,  a  low, 
S(iuare  furnace  with  a  douie-shaped  toji.  It  has  an  open- 
int;  at  the  top  for  the  escape  of  pases,  and  a  door  in  the 
side  through  which  to  .admit  air,  to  charge  with  coal,  and 
to  diseli.'ir^'e  the  coke.     Scit-nct\  HI.  358. 

beehouse  (be'hous),  «.  A  house  or  repository 
for  bees;  an  apiary.     G(Msi>iith. 

beekt  (bek),  v.  [E.  dial.  (North.)  and  Sc,  also 
writtoii  beak,  heik,  bckv,  <  ME.  bckcii,  warm  one's 
solf,  perhap.s  akin  to  fiaX'e.  Cf.  ftasfcl.]  1.  tratM. 
To  warm ;  bask. 

Go  home  now,  and  .  .  .  hrdc  thy  pampered  limbs  at  the 
fire.  lice.  T.  AJains,  Works,  II.  9. 

II.  intrans.  To  bask;  apricato.  [Scotch, 
colloq.] 

bee-killer  (be'kil"er),  n.  A  kind  of  robber-fly, 
Triiji<[}iia  a/iirum,  a  dipterous  insect  of  the 
family  AsilitUv,  wliich  attacks  honey-bees  on 
the  wing  and  kills  them. 

bee-king  (be'king),  «.  A  !dnd  of  di'ongo-shrike, 
bisacmufus  jMradLscus,  with  deeply  forked  tail. 
Also  called  Indian  hee-kinp. 

beeldt  (lield),  «.  and  r.     See  bickl. 

beele^  (bel),  «.  [I'rob.  a  form  of  biU,  a  mat- 
tock (cf.  E.  dial,  bcal,  the  bill  of  a  bird) :  see 
bilp.]  A  kind  of  pickax  used  by  miners  for 
separating  the  ores  from  the  rocks  in  which 
they  lie. 

beele-t,  "•  [Perhaps  a  var.  of  bill^  in  sense  of 
billcl^,  q.  v.]     A  cross-bar;  a  yoke.     X,  E.  D. 

bee-line  (be'liu),  n.  The  most  direct  or  straight 
way  from  one  point  to  another,  as  that  of  bees 
in  returning  loaded  with  honey  to  their  hives. 

Our  footmarks,  seen  afterward,  showed  that  we  had 
steered  a  bee-line  for  the  brig. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  I.  198. 

bee-louse  (be'lous),  «.  A  pupiparous  dipterous 
insect,  of  the  family  Braulida;  parasitic  upon 
bees.  Braida  cwca  is  a  parasite  of  the  Italian 
bee,  Apis  li<ii<stica. 

Beelzebub  (be-el'ze-bub),  n.  [Formerly  also, 
and  still  in  popular  speech,  Bclzcbiib,  ME.  Bcl- 
scbiib,  <  L.  Bcel:ebub,  <  Gr.  'Bet'k(,ejiovji,  <  Heb. 
Ba'al-:cbub,  a  god  of  the  Philistines,  the  avert- 
er  of  insects,  <  ba'al,  lord,  -t-  :cbUb,  z'bub,  a 
fly ;  cf.  Ar.  dhubCib,  >  Pers.  ;:uhdl>,  a  fly.  See 
Bcclzcbul  and  Baal.'\  1.  A  god  of  the  Philis- 
tines, who  had  a  famous  temple  at  Ekron.  He 
was  worshiped  as  the  destroyer  of  flies. — 2.  A 
name  of  the  Mijcetcs  ursiims,  a  howling  monkey 
of  South  America.     See  cut  under  howler. 

Beelzebul  (be-el'ze-bul),  ;;.  [<  L.  Beel:ebul,  < 
Gr.  litf>.C»/fcivl,  <  Hcb.  Ba'al-:cbrd,  a  name  given 
by  the  Jews  to  the  prince  of  demons;  com- 
monly explained  as  either  'lord  of  the  (heaven- 
ly) dwelling,'  or  'lord  of  dung'  (Heb.  zebel 
=  -Ai'.  sibi,  dung),  but  prob.  a  mere  variant  of 
Ba'al-zehuh,  Beelzebub,  the  name  of  tho  Philis- 
tine god,  which  came  to  be  applied  to  the  prince 
of  demons.  The  best  Gr.  manuscripts  have 
Bee/If Ejioi/l  in  the  Gospels.  See  Beelzebub.']  A 
name  given  by  the  Jews  to  the  prince  of  demons, 
being  an  opprobrious  alteration  of  the  name 
Beelzebub. 

beemt,  n-     -An  obsolete  form  of  beam. 

bee-martin  (be'm!ir"tiu),  «.  A  common  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  king-bird,  Ti/rannus 
eanilinenKis.     See  cut  under  kimj-bird. 

bee-master  (be'mas"ter),  n.  One  who  ke«{)S 
b.'cs. 

bee  molt  (be  mol),  h.  [For  B  mnl,  ML.  B  mollc, 
tliat  is,  'Hsoft':  opposed  to  iJ  (/«/■«/«, 'B  hard.' 
Sci'  wo//. J     Same  as  bemiil. 

bee-moth  (be'moth),  n.  A  pyralid  moth  of  the 
genus  Gdleria,  G.  cereana  (Fabrieius).  It  lays 
its  eggs  in  beehives,  and  the  larvie  when  hatched  feed 
tipou  the  wax.  Also  called  leax-nwth  (whence  its  specilic 
name).     See  cut  in  next  column. 

been^  (ben  or  bin).  Past  participle,  and  ob- 
solete present  plural  and  infinitive,  of  6tl. 

been-t,  «.     Obsolete  plm'al  of  bce'^. 

been'',  ".     See  bein. 

been*  (ben),  n.  [Hind,  bin,  a  lute,  guitar,  fid- 
dle.] A  fretted  stringed  iustrunient  of  music 
of  the  guitar  kind,  having  nineteen  frets,  used 
in  India. 

bee-nettle  (bo'nefl),  n.  A  species  of  homp- 
netlle,  Guledimis  versicolur.     See  Galcopsis. 


DOS 


Bee-moth  {.Gateria  tf^r^ortfl).  n.iiural  size. 

a,  larva  ;  b,  cocuoi] ;  c.  pupa :  d,  moth  with  wings  spread  :  f,  moth 

with  wings  closed. 

beent  (be'ent),  a.  [A  forced  translation  by  J. 
H.  Stii'liug  of  G.  seiend.]  In  metajdt,,  having 
being  as  opposed  to  existence.     [Rare.] 

If  tlie  Eleatics  persist  in  the  dilemma,  the  world  is 
either  beent  or  non-beent,  Ileraclitus  answers,  It  is  neither 
of  them,  because  it  is  both  of  them. 

./.  //.  Stirtinfj,  tr.  of  Schwegler's  Hist.  Philos.,  p.  20. 

bee-orchis  (be'6r"kis),  n.  A  European  orchid, 
Ojihri/s  apifera,  with  a  bee-like  flower.  Also 
called  bec-jlower  and  gnat-flower.    See  Ophrys. 

bee-parasite  (be'par"a-sit),  «.  1.  A  stylops; 
an  insect  of  the  order'Strepsiptera,  the  species 
of  which  are  parasitic  upon  bees.  Bees  so  in- 
fested are  said  to  be  stylopized.  See  Stijlo2}S. — 
2.  Some  other  insect  parasitic  upon  bees,  as  a 
bee-louse  or  bee-wolf. 

beerl  (ber),  «.  [<  ME.  bere,  ber,  <  AS.  be6r  = 
OFries.  biur,  bier  =  D.  bier  =  LG.  ber,  beer  = 
OHG.  bior,  MHG.  G.  bier  (>  It.  birra  =  F.  biire) ; 
cf.  Icol.  bjorr,  Ir.  Gael,  beoir,  from  AS.  or  E. 
(the  Scand.  word  is  that  cognate  with  E.  ale). 
Origin  uncertain ;  some  assume  a  loss  of  r  from 
orig.  *bredr,  <  AS.  breowan,  etc.,  brew:  see  brew.'] 

1.  An  alcoholic  liquor  made  from  any  farina- 
ceous grain,  but  generally  from  barley,  which 
is  first  malted  and  groimd,  and  its  fermentable 
substance  extracted  by  hot  water.  To  this  extract 
or  infusion  hops  or  some  other  vegetalde  product  of  an 
agreeable  bitterness  is  added,  and  it  is  thereupon  boiled 
for  some  time,  botii  to  concentrate  it  and  to  extract  the 
useful  matters  from  the  hops.  The  liquor  is  then  sulf ered 
to  ferment  in  vats,  the  time  allowed  for  fermentation  de- 
pending upon  the  quality  and  kind  of  beer,  and  after  it 
has  become  clear  it  is  stored  away  or  sent  to  the  market. 
The  beers  of  England  and  France,  and  for  the  most  part 
those  of  Germany,  become  gradually  sour  by  exposure  to 
air.  Ale  and  beer  were  formerly  s>'Tionymous  terms,  ale 
lieing  the  earlier  in  use ;  at  present,  beer  is  the  common 
name  for  all  malt  liquors,  and  ale  is  used  specilically  for 
a  carefully  made  beer  of  a  certain  strengtlt,  and  rather 
light  than  dark:  thus,  small  beer,  ginger  beer,  and  the 
like,  are  not  ale,  nor  are  stout  and  porter.  A  distinction 
drawn  by  Andrew  Boorde,  in  1542,  is  that  ale  is  made  of 
m.tlt  and  water,  and  should  contain  no  other  ingredients, 
while  l)eer  is  made  of  malt,  hops,  and  water. 

2.  A  fermented  extract  of  the  roots  and  other 
parts  or  products  of  various  plants,  as  ginger, 

spruce,   molasses,   beet,   etc Beer  process,  in 

plf'toff.,  a  collodion  ttry-plate  process  in  whicli  the  sensi- 
tized plate,  after  being  washed,  is  treated  with  an  infu- 
sion of  m.alt  or  beer.  The  process  is  of  no  practical  value, 
and  is  disused.  — Beer  vinegar,  a  vinegar  prejj.arcd  from 
beerwort.— Bitter  beer.  See  «((•.— Black  beer,  a  kind 
of  beer  matlufactured  at  Dantzic.  It  is  of  a  Idack  color 
and  a  syrupy  consistence.  Also  calb-d  Dniit^ic  beer. — 
Broken  beer,  remnants  or  leavings  < d  beer :  as,  "a  bum- 
bard  of  broken  beer."  U.  ./o>wo«.— Condensed  beer,  beer 
which  has  been  reduced  in  a  copper  vacuinn -pan  to  one 
eighteentli  its  bulk  in  solids,  aiided  to  an  eqtial  (|tfantity 
of  alcohol.— Dantzic  beer.  Same  as  blaelc  !)tvr.— Green 
beer,  beer  which  is  just  made.— Lager-beer,  or  stock- 
beer,  a  ligllt  Ccnnail  beer  so  called  because  it  isstoi'ed  fi>r 
ripening  before  being  used.  It  is  extensively  nianufaetui'ed 
in  the  United  States.— Schenk,  yovmg,  or  winter  beer, 
a  German  beer  brewed  for  immediate  use.  (See  livter-beer.) 
It  was  formerly  brewed  only  between  Octolier  and  April, 
but  now  is  manufactured  at  all  seasons.  — Small  beer, 
weak  beer;  hence,  figuratively,  a  trilliuL'  matter;  a  sn'.all 
or  uidmportant  thing  or  person.—  Stock-beer.  See  la^fer- 
beer.—  To  think  small  beer  of,  to  have  a  low  opinion  of ; 

hold  in  slight  esteem.      |l'ulloi|.l 
site  ttiinks  small  beer  u/  painters,  J.  J.— well,  well,  ne 

don't  think  sjnall  beer  <>/ ourselves,  my  noble  friend. 

Thaekeray,  The  Newcomes,  xxxix. 

Yeast-beer,  new  beer  with  which  a  siiuill  i|uantity  of 

feruu-nting  wort  has  been  mixed  in  the  cask  in  order  to 

make  it  lively, 
beerl  (ber),  r.  i.     [<  6cerl,  »!.]     To  drink  beer; 

tipple.     [Colloq.] 
beer-   (be'er),    «.     [<  ME.  beere ;  <  6fl -)- -ei-l. 

Cf.  forebear.]     One  who  is  or  exists.    [Rare.] 
beer-H,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  bier. 
beer^t,  ".     [<  D.  6f<r,  a  mole,  pier.]    A  mole  or 

pier.     X.  E.  I). 
beer^t.     Obsolete  present  and  preterit  of  bcar^. 

Chaucer. 


beestings 

beer''t,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  bcar^. 

beeregart,  "■  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bccrcaficr, 
III  II ri  i/i  r,  etc.,  <  hery^  +  <iii/er,  sour.  Cf .  alegar, 
nnigiir.]  Sour  beer;  vinegar  formed  by  tho 
acetous  fermentation  of  beer. 

beer-engine  (ber'en'jin),  n.  A  hydraulic  ma- 
chine for  raising  beer  and  other  liquors  out  of 
a  cask  in  a  cellar. 

beer-faucet  (ber'fa'''set),  n.  A  faucet  fitted 
with  a  small  air-pump,  for  mixing  air  with  beer 
as  it  is  drawn. 

beer-float  (ber'flot),  ».  In  distilling,  an  areom- 
eter or  hydrometer  designed  to  ascertain  from 
the  observed  density  of  a  grain-mash  the  pos- 
sible yield  of  spirit  therefrom.  The  scale  i>f  the 
instrniiient  is  graduated  t<)  indicate  directly,  at  the  stand- 
ard temperattire,  the  percentage  by  volinne  of  proof  spirits 
that  the  masli  will  yicbl,  provided  the  fermentation  pro- 
ceeds to  a  point  wliere  the  density  is  equal  to  that  of 
water.     E.  H.  Knight. 

beer-garden  (ber'gar'dn),  n.  A  garden  at- 
tached to  a  brewery,  tavern,  or  saloon,  in  which 
bc>cr  is  served. 

beer-house  (ber'hous),  n.  A  house  where  malt 
liquors  are  sold;  an  ale-house. 

beeriness  (ber'i-ues),  n.  [<  beery  +  -vess.']  The 
state  of  being  beery  or  partially  intoxicated; 
slight  intoxication  from  beer. 

beer-measure  (ber'mezh'ijr),  n.  An  old  Eng- 
lish system  of  measures  of  capacity.  The  gallon 
contaiiieil  -2^2  cubic  inches,  being  10  poumls  :J  ounces 
avoirdupois  of  water,  but  was  adopted  as  containing  8 
poiniiis  of  wlieat. 

beer-money  (ber'mtm'i),  n.  An  allowance  of 
Id.  per  day  granted  in  1800  to  the  British 
soldier  in  addition  to  his  pay,  as  a  substitute 
for  an  allowance  of  beer  or  spirits;  also,  an 
allowance  given  to  domestic  servants  in  Eng- 
land in  lieu  of  beer,  to  save  trouble  in  serving 
it  out,  or  waste  by  leaving  the  cask  open. 

beerocracy  (ber-ok'rii-si),  n.  [<  beer  +  -o-cracy, 
as  in  aristocracy.]  Tlie  brewing  and  beer-sell- 
ing interest ;  brewers  and  beer-sellers  collec- 
tively.    [Ludicrous.] 

beer-preserver  (ber'pre-zer'vtr),  n.  A  device 
tor  keeping  the  space  above  the  beer  in  a  cask 
or  baiTel  filled  with  carbonic-acid  gas,  which  is 
supplied  from  a  reservoir. 

beer-pull  (ber'pul),  n.  Tho  handle  of  a  beer- 
pump;  also,  the  pump  itself. 

beer-pump  (ber'pump),  ».  A  pump  for  beer, 
espeeially  for  raising  beer  from  the  cellar  to 
the  bar  iu  a  saloon  or  public  house. 

beer-saloon  (ber'sa-lou"),  «.  A  place  where 
beer  is  sold  and  drunk. 

beer-shop  (ber'shop),  n.  A  ^eer-saloon;  an 
ale-liouse. 

beerstone  (ber'ston),  >;.  [<  ftecrl  -I-  stone.]  In 
breiriiig,  a  hard  incrustation  like  stone  en  the 
interior  of  the  wort-coolers. 

In  time  a  greenish,  or  brownish,  shiinng,  thin  crust  ia 
fornietl  on  the  sides  of  the  coolers  —  no  matter  what  ma- 
terial they  may  be  constructed  of —  whielt  adheres  to  them 
like  varnish,  and  cannot  be  removeil  by  the  usual  wasll- 
ing.    This  suljstance  is  called  beer-atone. 

TUausing,  Beer  (trans.),  p.  473. 

Beer  stone.    See  stone. 

beer-swilling  (ber'swil"ing),  a.    Drinking  beer 

immoderately. 

In  beer-Kivilliufj  Copenhagen  I  have  drunk  your  Danesman 
blind.  Then.  Martin,  Dirge  of  the  Drinker. 

beery  (ber'i),a.  [<  ieerl -t- -yl.]  1.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  beer. — 2.  Stained  or  soiled 
with  beer. 

The  sloppy,  beery  tables.  Thackeray. 

3.  Addicted  to  beer;  affected  by  beer;  partial- 
ly intoxicated  from  drinking  beer ;  maudlin. 

There  was  a  f.air  proportion  of  kindness  in  Raveloe,  but 
it  was  of  a  beery  and  bungling  sort. 

(jeorrje  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  ix. 
Hatborn  was  not  averse  to  ale,  especially  at  another 
man's  expense,  and,  tltottght  he,  "  Fanner  is  getting  beery  ; 
looks  pretty  red  iu  tlie  face." 

'  C.  lieade.  Clouds  and  Stinshine,  p.  10. 

bee-skep,  bee-scap  (be'skep,  -skap),  n.  [<  bee^ 
-)-  .s/,<7i,  faiji,  a  beehive,  a  basket:  see  sA'c/j.] 
A  beehive.     [Scotch.] 

beest  (best),  n.  [Found  in  ME.  only  in  deriv. 
beestings,  q.  v.;  <  AS.  beast  (also  byst,  after 
bijstinij,  beestings)  =  D.  bicst  =:  LG.  best  = 
North.  Fries,  bja^t,  bjiist  =  OHG.  biost,  MHG. 
G.  bicst,  beest.  Origin  unknown;  some  stip- 
pose,  from  the  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  &)■(ra^  Icel. 
d-brystur,  pi.,  beestings,  a  connection  with  AS. 
breast,  etc.,  E.  breast.]    Same  as  beestings. 

beestie,  n.     See  bhcesty. 

beestings  (bes'tingz),  «.  sing,  or  pi.  [Also  writ- 
ten bcastiiigs,  bicstings,  etc.,  dial,  bcaslin,  hislins, 
hiskins,  etc.,  <  ilE.  bccstyngc,  also  bcstninge, 
bc.slynye,  <  AS.  bysting,  <  bedst,  beest,  +  -iny : 


beestings 

see  bccst  and  -ing.']    1.  Tlio  first  milk  given  by 
a  cow  after  calving. 

So  niny  the  llrst  of  all  our  fells  lie  thiiio, 
Alid  both  the  bccsHwj  of  our  goats  alul  kilie. 

B.  Jomon,  I'an's  AnniverBary. 


B04 

If  I  (In,  flUip  nic  with  a  three-man  Inrllf. 

f!l,ak..'^llrii.lV.. 


i.  2. 


2t.   A  disease  caused  by  drinking  beestings 

beeswax  (bez'waks),  n.    [<  bee's,  poas.  other   beetlei  (b^'il),  r.  i. 

+  wax.]     The  wax  soeretod  by  bees,  of  which 

their  cells  are  constructed.     See  wax. 
beeswing  (bOz'wing),  ».     [<  bee's,  poss.  of  bee, 

+  iciii,/ :  from  its  appearance.]     A  gauzy  lilm 

in  pcirt  and  some  other  wines,  indicative  of  age; 

hence,  sometimes,  the  wine  itself.    Also  \vrit- 

ten  bee's-whig. 

Feteh  d 
His  rleliest  hecim'ino  from  a  biiin  reserved 
For  bamiuets,  praised  the  walling  red,  and  told 
The  vintage.  Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

Scott,  from  under  bushy  eyebrows,  winked  at  the  ap- 
parition of  a  becs-winff.  Thackeray. 

beeswinged  (bez'wingd),  a.  So  old  as  to  be 
covered  with  beeswing:  said  of  wine,  especial- 
ly port. 

His  port  is  not  presentable,  unless  hees'-wingcd. 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Ellg.,  p.  32. 

beeti  (bet),  n.  [<  ME.  bote,  <  AS.  bi-te  (not 
'beta)  =  OFries.  bete  =  D.  beet,  biet  =  LG. 
bete  =  OHG.  bhM,  MHG.  i/f^e  (G.  becte,  after 
LG.  or  L.)  =  Sw.  beta  =  Dan.  bede  =  F.  bette 
=  It.  bkta,  <  L.  beta,  beet.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Beta,  natm-al  order  Clienopodiacea:  The 
various  folTus  are  geiierHlly  referred  to  a  single  speeies, 
B.  vxilyaris,  the  sleiulur-iuoted  variety  of  whiell,  known 
as  the'sea-beet,  is  fuiiiid  wild  in  Piurope  and  western  Asia, 
and  is  occasionally  used  for  gieens.  The  coninion  beet  is 
extensively  cultivated  in  many  varieties  for  the  use  of  its 
sweetish  succulent  root  as  a  vegetable  and  as  feed  for  cat- 
tle. The  mangel-wurzel  is  a  large  coarse  form  raised  ex- 
clusively for  cattle.  The  sugar-beet  is  a  large,  w  liite,  and 
very  sweet  variety,  from  the  root  of  which  huge  quanti- 
ties of  sugar  (called  beet-root  sugar)  are  manufactured  iii 
France,  Germiiny,  etc.  The  white  or  Sicilian  beet  and  the 
cliard-beet  are  cultivated  for  their  leaves  only. 

beet'-  (bet),  V.  t.  [E.  dial,  beet,  beat,  Se.  beet, 
bcit.  <  ME.  beten,  <  AS.  betan  (=  OS.  botiaii  = 
OFries.  Iieta  =  D.  boeteii  =  LG.  biiten  =  OHG. 
buozzcn,  MHG.  buc::zcn,  G.  biissen  =  Icel.  bata 
=  Sw.  biita  =  Dan.  buile),  mend,  improve,  make 
good,  <  bOt,  impi'ovement,  reparation,  boot: 
see  bnof^,  which  is  relateti  to  beet  as  food  to 
feed,  brood  to  breed,  etc.  The  word  was  par- 
ticularly used  in  reference  to  mending,  and 
hence  by  extension  to  kindling,  fires :  ME.  beten 
fi/r,  <  AS.  betan  fj/r  =  D.  boeten  vuur  =  LG. 
boten  viler;  cf.  Sw.  bbta  eld,  etc.  Cf.  beat^.] 
It.  To  make  better;  imin'ove;  alleviate  or  re- 
lieve (hunger,  thirst,  grief,  the  needs  of  a  per- 
son, etc.). 

All  his  craft  iie  coud  his  sorrow  bete. 

Cliaucer,  T.  and  C,  i.  C66. 

2t.  To  mend;  repair;  put  to  rights. 


2.  A  wooden  pestle-shaiied  utensil   used  for 
mashing  jiotatoes,  for  beating  linen,  etc. 

Aroint  ye,  ye  limnier.  out  of  an  honest  Imuse,  or  shame 
fa'  me,  but  I'll  take  the  biltle  to  you.  ■•i'ult,  Tii ate. 

3.  Same  as  ftrcffin(;-»(«('/it"r.- Between  the  beetle 
and  the  block,  in -an  awkward  or  dangerous  positi.ru. 

pret.  and  pp.  beetled,  ppr. 
beetUnij.  l<i>eette,')i.']  1.  To  use  a  beetle  on; 
beat  with  a  heavy  wooden  mallet,  as  linen  or 
cott<in  cloth,  as  a  substitute  for  mangling. — 2. 
To  liiiish  cloth  by  means  of  a  beetling-machine, 
beetle-  (be'tl),  «.  [The  form  seems  to  have  been 
influenced  by  that  of  beetle'^  ;  it  would  reg.  be  as 
in  mod.  dial."?*i«/e,  early  mod.  E.  also  hetel,  bittlc, 
bittil,  etc.,<  ME.  bitlc,  bitijl,  betijlle,  bijtijlle,  <  AS. 
bitela,  bltula  (also  *betel,  once  in  pi.  hetlas),  a 
beetle,  appar.<  'bitul,  *bitol,*l)ilel,  ME.  bitil,  bit- 
ing (cf.  ctul.  etol,  eating:  with  sutiix  -ol,  forming 
adjectives  from  verbs),  <  bitan  (pp.  biten),  bite : 
secbite.  Ct.  bitter  and  beetle-browed.]  Anyinsect 
belonging  to  the  order  Colcoptera  (which  see). 
Sometimes,  however,  the  term  is  used  in  a  nmre  restricted 
sense,  as  equivalent  In  the  plural  to  Sniiyihaiihr,  a  tribe  of 
this  order  embracing  more  than  ;j, 01  in  species,  ebariieteiized 
l)y  clavated  antenme,  fissile  longitmlinally,  legs  freiiuent- 
ly  dentated,  and  wings  which  have  hard  cases  or  sheaths 
called  elytra.  Beetles  vary  in  size  from  that  of  a  pin's  head 
to  neail.v  that  i  >f  a  man's  fist,  the  largest  being  the  elepliant- 
beetleot  South  .Xnieriea,  4  inches  long.  The  "black  beetles" 
of  kitchens  and  cellars  are  cockroaches,  and  belong  to  the 
order  (>i(A<.;.(. /fi.  -  Bloody-nose  beetle,  a  large  siiecies 
of  beetle  of  tlie  melius  7'/i;oi/v/w,  T.  brriimtn:  so  named 
because  when  -list  orbed  it  emits  a  red  lluid  from  the  joints. 
—  Colorado  beetle,  a  coleopterous  insect,  llm-iiptinra, 
Cliri/wnuta,  or  J'olyyramma  decemlineata,  family  Cltry- 


Colorado  Beetle  ^Doryphora  iUcet'iUtieata,  Say). 
b,  l.vrva.  advanced  stage  :  e,  pupa  :  d.  l>eetle  ;  e,  wing.c 
enlarged ;/.  leg,  enlarged. 


ripen  he  coude,  and  fislie.  and  nettes  bete. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale, 


i.  7. 


Daily  wearing  neids  yearly  beiting.  ScoteJi  proverb. 

3.  To  make  or  kindle  (a  fire) ;  hence,  to  fire 
or  rouse. 

Two  fyres  on  the  auter  gan  she  beete. 

Chamer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1434. 

It  warms  nie,  it  charms  me, 
To  mention  but  her  name ; 
It  heats  me,  it  beel^  me. 
And  sets  me  a'  on  flame ! 

Bums,  Ep.  to  Davie,  i.  8. 
And  stiren  folk  to  love  and  beten  fire 
On  Venus  awter.  Court  of  Love,  1.  323. 

4.  To  mend  or  replenish  (a  fire)  ;  add  fuel  to. 

Picking  up  peats  to  beet  his  ingle. 
Allan  JiaiHJiay,  To  Robert  Yarde  of  Devonshire. 

[Obsolete  or  dialecttil  in  all  senses.] 

beet^,  «.     Same  as  beat-. 

bee't*,  n.     Same  as  beul'^. 

beet-fly  (bet'fli),  n.  A  two-winged  insect,  An- 
thonnjia  beta;  smaller  than  the  house-fly,  in- 
festing crops  of  niangel-wurzel  and  other  va- 
rieties of  beet,  on  whose  leaves  it  deposits  its 
eggs,  the  larvje  afterward  devouring  the  soft 
parts. 

beetlei  (be'tl),  n.  [=  Sc.  biftle,  bittill,  <  ME. 
betel,  bcti/lle,  bitel,  hittill,  bytijlle,  <  AS.  bietel, 
betel,  bitel,  bytel  (bytl-)  (=  LG.  betel,  bold  = 
MHG.  bozel),  with  formative  -el,  <  bedian,  beat : 
see  fcfo(l.]  1.  A  heavy  wooden  mallet,  used  to 
drive  wedges,  consolidate  earth,  etc.  it  is  made 
cither  for  swinging,  with  the  handle  set  in  the  middle  of 
the  iron-bound  head,  or  for  ramming,  with  the  handle 
(provided  in  heavy  beetles  with  projecting  croas-jiieces  for 
the  hands)  set  in  one  end  of  the  heail.  In  the  latter  form, 
as  for  tlie  use  of  pavei-s,  it  is  sometimes  iieavy  eiiongb  to 
retiuire  two  or  more  men  to  ojierate  it.  Also  calietl  a 
maul,  and  in  the  second  form  a  rammer. 


fomcUiite,  belonging  to  the  tetramerous  section  of  the  or- 
der. In  size  it  is  somewhat  larger  than  a  pea,  nearly  oval, 
convex,  of  a  yellowish  or  ocher-yellow  color,  marked  with 
black  spots  and  lilotches,  and  on  the  clytrawith  ten  black 
longitudinal  strij'es.  The  wings,  \\hicii  are  folded  under 
the  elytra,  are  of  a  blood-red  color.  This  insect  works 
great  havoc  upon  the  leaves  and  flowers  of  the  potato, 
and  is  also  destructive  to  the  tomato  and  the  egg-plant. 
It  was  first  observed  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  about 
1859,  and  has  since  spread  from  Colorado  over  the  whole 
of  the  lUiited  States  and  Canatia.  Also  called  potato-bug, 
—  Harlequin  beetle.  See  Adc/cf/,///,.— Homed  beetle, 
a  lamellicorn  beetle  of  the  genus  .Vefinloxinna  and  some 
related  genera,  belonging  to  the  cetonian  group  of  Scara. 
biri'l'f. 
beetle^  (be'tl),  a.  [Separate  use  of  beetle-  in 
beetle-browed.']  Shaggy;  prominent:  used  in 
beetle  brow  (also  -m-itteu  hertle-brow). 

Here  are  the  beetle  brows  shall  blush  for  me. 

Shak.,  R.  andj.,  i.  4, 

Bent  hollow  beetle  browes,  sharpe  staring  eyes, 
That  mad  or  foolish  seemd.    ,^i>cnf:er,  F.  Q..  II.  ix.  ^>2. 

beetle''  (be'tl),  «>.  «.j  pret.  and  pp.  beetled,  pjir. 
beetliiiff.  [<  beetle^,  a.  First  used  by  Shak- 
spere.]  To  be  prominent;  extend"  out;  over- 
hang; jut. 

Wliat,  if  it  tempt  you  toward  the  flood,  my  lord, 
Or  to  the  dreadful  summit  of  the  cliff, 
"Tliat  beetles  o'er  his  liase  int^j  the  sea? 

.S'/in*-.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

Each  beetling  ramp.art  and  each  tower  sublime. 

H'onLfWorth. 

beetle-brow  (be'tl-brou),  w.     See  beetle'^,  a. 

beetle-browed  (be'tl-broud),  a.  [<  ME.  bitel- 
browed,  bi/telbrowed,  etc.  (used  in  "Piers  Plow- 
man" with  variants  bittiir  browed  and  bi/tler 
browid),  as  if  lit.  '  having  biting  eyebrows,' 
that  is,  projecting  eyebrows,  <  ME.  bitel,  adj., 
sharp,  biting,  <  AS.  *l>itel  (see  beetle-);  but 
more  jirub.  'with  eyebrows  like  a  beetle's,'  that 
is,  projecting  like  the  tufted  antennai  of  some 
beetles.     See  beetle"^  and  brow.']    1.   Having 


befall 

sBaggy,  bushy,  prominent,  or  overhanging  eye- 
brows; hence,  ofttMi,  sulhtn;  scowling. 
A  beetle-browed  sullen  face.  liowell.  Letters,  ii.  25 

Its  beetle-browed  and  gloomy  front. 

tiawtlinme.  Scarlet  Letter,  i. 

2.  Figuratively,  having  an  overhanging  or  pro- 
ject ing  top. 

beetle-head  (be'tl-hed),  H.  1.  The  monkey  or 
weight  of  a  pile-driver. —  2.  A  beetle-headed 
or  stujiid  fellow. — 3.  A  name  of  the  Swiss  or 
black-bellied  plover,  Squatarola  helcetica.  [Lo- 
cal, U.  S.J 

beetle-headed  (be '  tl -bed " ed),  a.     [Cf.  beetle- 
head.]     Having  a  head  like  a  beetle  or  mallet ; 
dull;  stupid. 
Jk'ille-hi'diled,  flap-ear'd  knave.     .Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

beetle-mite  (be'tl-mit),  n.  [<  beetle^  -t-  viite^.] 
A  mite  of  the  family  Gamasidte  (which  see). 

beetle-stock  (be'tl-stok),  n.  [<  beetle^  + 
.■<toel{.]     The  handle  of  a  beetle. 

beetle-stone  (be'tl-ston),  «.  [<  beetle^  +  stone.] 
A  uoilule  of  eoprolitic  ironstone,  so  nameil  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  inclosed  coprolito  to 
the  body  and  limbs  of  a  beetle. 

beetling  (bet'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  beetle^,  v.] 
A  beating  with  a  beetle. 

When  the  desired  shade  is  obtained,  nothing  remains 
but  to  w.ash  the  silk,  and  give  it  two  beetliwia  at  the 
river,  in  order  to  free  it  from  the  redundant  arnatto, 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  209. 

beetling-machine  (bet'ling-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
machine  for  finishing  linen  or  cotton  cloth  by 
hammering  it:  for  this  purpose  stamps  are 
used,  which  are  raised  in  succession  and  per- 
mitted to  fall  by  their  own  weight.  Also  called 
liectte. 

beet-master  (bet'mas"ter),  n.  An  erroneous 
form  of  Inet-miater. 

beet-mister  (bet'mis'ter),  n.  [Sc,  <  beet,  bcit, 
meml,  supply,  -t-  mister,  want;  beet  a  mister, 
supply  a  watit:  see  icc(2  and  mister~.  Cf.  E. 
dial.  (North.)  beet-need,  assistance  in  the  hour 
of  distress.]  Whatever  supplies  a  want; 
hence,  a  substitute.     [Scotch.] 

Next  she  enlarged  on  the  advantage  of  saving  old 
clothes  to  be  what  slie  called  beet-masters  to  the  new. 

Scott. 

beet-press  (bet'pres),  n.  A  hydraulic  or  steam- 
jiiiwer  machine  for  expressing  the  juice  from 
beet-roots  in  the  process  of  making  beet-root 
sugar. 

beet-radish  (bet'rad''ish),  n.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  red  beets  {Beta  vuhjaris)  when 
raised  or  used  for  salad.     See  heefi-. 

beet-rave  (bet'rav),  n.  [<  bcet^  +  rave,  after 
F.  6fHc-raff,  beet-root,  <  bette,  beet  (see  6fc(l), 
-I-  r(/re,  <  L.  rapa,  a  turnip.]  Same  as  beet- 
radish.     In  Scotland  also  bcetraw  and  bectric. 

bee-tree  (be'tre),  n.  l.  A  name  of  the  bass- 
wood  or  American  linden,  Tilia  Americana, 
from  the  richness  of  its  flowers  in  honey. — 2. 
A  hollow  tree  occupied  by  wihl  bees. 

beet-root  (bet'rot),  n.  The  root  of  the  beet- 
plant.  See  beet^ — Beet-root  sugar,  sugar  made 
from  bect-rnots.  The  roots  are  rasped  to  a  pulp,  and  the 
jtiiic  is  separated  by  pressure,  maceration,  or  other  means, 
and  is  then  filtered  and  concentrated  by  evaporation  in  a 
vacuum-pan.  See  deed.— Beet-root  Vinegar,  vinegar 
prepared  from  the  juice  of  tlie  sugai-l»eet. 

bee've  (bev),  n.  [A  rare  siugnlar,  erroneously 
formed  from  becres,  pi.  of  beef.]  An  animal  of 
the  bovine  genus,  as  a  cow,  bull,  or  ox. 

lliey  would  knock  down  the  fli-st  beecc  they  met  with. 

Irving. 
Each  stately  beeve  bespeaks  the  hand 
That  fed  him  unrepining. 

Whittier,  The  Drovera. 

beeves,  ".     Plural  of  beef. 

baevort,  "■     An  obsolete  form  of  hearer-. 

bee-wolf  (be'widf),  n.  1.  An  African  bee- 
eater,  ^fellitotheres  uubieu.%  one  of  the  ilcro- 
jnda: — 2.  A  parasite  of  the  bee,  lYichodcs  api- 
ariiis. 

bee-worm  (be'wferm),  n.  An  old  name  for  the 
larva  I'f  tlie  bee.     Bay. 

befall,  befal  (be-fal'),  v.:  pret.  befell,  pp.  be- 
fallen, ppr.  befalliiiij.  [<  ME.  befallen,  fall, 
happen,  belong,  <  AS.  befeallan,  fall  (=  OS.  bi- 
fallaii  =  OFries.  bifalla  =  D.  berallen,  please,  = 
OHG.  bifallan,  MHG.  G.  befallen,  please),  <  6c- 
+  feallau,  fall:  see  fcc-l  &m\  fall.]  I.  trans. 
To  fall  or  happen  to;  occur  to. 

r.iit  I  beseech  your  grace  that  I  may  know 
The  woi-st  that  may  t}efall  me. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  1. 

The  woi-st  that  can  befall  thee,  measured  right, 
Is  a  sound  slumber,  and  a  long  good  night. 

Dryden,  tl'.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  96. 


befall 
U.  intraiiii.    1.  To  happen;  eomo  to  pass. 

I  have  revealM  .  .  . 
Tlie  Jiscoid  which  bcj'elt.     Mill<ni,  V.  I,.,  vi.  s;)7. 
The  grounii  in  many  a  little  ilell 
Was  lirnketi,  up  anil  down  whose  steeps  hc/cU 
Altevnatc  victory  anil  tlofeat. 

SlielU-y,  Revolt  of  Islam,  vl.  1«. 

2t.  To  fall  ill  the  way;  como  to  hand. 

His  little  Ooats  gan  drive  out  of  their  stalls, 
To  fecde  abroad,  where  pasture  best  hi'JaliK. 

Spenser,  Virgil's  Gnat,  1.  72. 

To  befall  oft,  to  be  the  fate  of ;  become  of. 

I u-  the  favour  to  dilate  at  full 

What  liatli  InJ'uUn  v/  them,  and  thee,  till  now. 

Shak.,  C.  of  U.,  i.  1. 

befana  (be-fii'iiii),  n.  [It.,  <  hc/ania,  epiphany, 
<LL.  <7)(;</("«(»,  ('iiipliany :  soo  lipiphaiuj.']  1. 
Primarily,  in  Italy,  an  Epiphany  present  or 
gift. — 2.  [(•"/'.]  The  witch  or  fairy  said  to 
hrin^  children  the  sweetmeats  and  otlier  re- 
wards given  tlicm  on  the  eve  of  Epiphany,  or 
to  neglect  and  pnnish  them. 

In  nursery  parlance  the  Ue/ana  has  two  aspects;  she 
not  only  brings  gifts  to  good  children,  but  is  the  terror  of 
the  naughty.  N.  and  y.,  llth  ser.,  IX.  i'l'l. 

3.  A  large  rag  doll,  representing  the  Befana, 
placed  on  the  chimneys  of  cottages,  etc.,  or 
displayed  in  shops,  in  Italy,  where  Epiphany 
gifts  are  sold,  for  the  terror  or  amusement  of 
children.  [The  above  meanings  and  customs  have  ref- 
erence to  the  gifts  of  gold,  frankincense,  and  myrrh  (.Mat. 
ii.  11)  brought  by  the  Magi  to  tlie  child  Jesus,  which  tlic 
feast  of  the  Kpiphany  commemorates.  The  grotesque 
Idackened  figures  often  exliibitcd  are  explained  by  the 
tradition  that  one  of  the  three  wise  kings  was  an  Ethi- 
opian.) 

befeather  (be-feTn'er),  v.  t.  [<  fcc-l  +  feather.'] 
To  deck  with  feathers. 

befell  (be-fel').     Preterit  of  hefiiU. 

befetter  (be-fet'er),  V.  t.  [<  i(-l  +  fetter.']  To 
couiLne  witli  fetters ;  restrain  as  if  by  fetters. 

Tongue-tied,  be/cttcred,  heavy-laden  nations. 

Carlyle,  French  Kev.,  II.  i.  10. 

beffroit,  ».     [F.]     See  bclfn/. 
beffroyf,  ".     In  her.,  same  as  rair. 
befilet,  !•■  t.      [Early  mod.  E.  also  hefi/Ie,  <  ME. 
befjilcn,   hcfileii   (mi.xed   wilh   liefiiliii,  hefinilen, 
which  rest  directly  upon  fill,  foul,  fold),  <  AS. 
befijlaii,  <  be-  +  fyUin,  file,  foul,  </(((,  foul:  see 
//(••-',  foiin,  and   befiml,  and  ef.  defile^.']     To 
make  filthy  ;  befoul;  soil. 
befit  {be-fit'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  befitted,  ppr. 
hejittinij.     [<  6t>-l  +  fit.]     1.  To  suit;  be  suit- 
able to;  become. 

Dry  up  your  tears. 
Which  ill  Oejit  the  beauty  of  that  face. 
Bean,  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  ii.  3. 

Out  of  my  sight,  thou  serpent !    That  name  best 
ISe-Jits  thee.  Miltvn,  P.  L.,  x.  868. 

Robes  liefiltinr/  his  degree.  Dmijtun,  Barons'  Wars,  iv. 
2t.  To  fit;  furnish  with  something  fit.    [Rare.] 

He  .  .  .  had  seriously  hefitteil  him  with  just  such  a 
bridle  and  sncli  a  saddle.  Steriw,  Tristi'am  .Shandy. 

befitting  (bo-fit'ing),  p.  a.     Of  a  suitable  kind 
or  character;  fit:  proper;  becoming:  as,  befit- 
liiiil  wiu'iis  ;  a  befittinij  dress  or  manner. 
befiittingly  (be-tit'ing-li),  adv.    In  a  befitting  or 

appropriate  manner;  becomingly. 
beflatter  (be-fiat'er),  I',  t.      [<  6f-l  +  flatter.] 

To  flatter;  cajole. 
beflea  (be-fle').  c  t.     [<  6c-l  +  flcaX.]     To  pes- 
ter, as  tleas  do. 

One  of  those  bores 
Who  bejlea'd  with  bad  verses  poor  Louis  Quatorze. 

Lowell,  l''able  for  Critics. 

beflecked  (bf-flekf),  a.  [<  fcc-i  +  flecked.] 
Flecked;  spotted  or  streaked;  variegated.  Also 
spelled  liefleeld. 

Dark  billows  of  an  eai'thiiuake  storm 
litfiecked  with  clouds  like  foam. 

Whittier,  The  Hill-top. 

beflo'Wer  (be-flou'er),  V.  t.  [<  ftt-1  +  floieer.] 
To  cover  or  besprinkle  with  flowers. 

Beside  a  heiloieered  and  garlanded  precipice. 

i.  L.  Clemens,  Life  on  the  .Mississippi,  p.  274. 

beflum  (be-flum'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beflummed, 
ppr.  hifliinimiiiii.  [Sc;  also  in  the  appar.  per- 
verted forms  bleflitm,  blaflum,  blejihuin,  i'.  and 
n.,  perhaps  <  fcc-l  4-  'fliim,  as  in  fliimmcnj,  or 
a  variant  otflam.  Words  of  this  kind  are  very 
unstable.]  To  befool  by  cajoling  language; 
flatter.     Srott.     [Scotch.] 

befoam  (be-lom'),  r.  t.  [<  6(-l  -t-  foam.]  To 
cover  with  foam.     Uri/den. 

befog  (be-fog'),  r.  ^;  pret.  and  pp.  hefvgqed, 
ppr.  befiit/ijiiiii.  [< /«-I -f  /(((/.]  To  involve  in 
fog;  hence,  figuratively,  to  confuse;  make  ob- 
scure or  uncertain;  bewilder:  as,  to  bcfuij  the 
mind  with  sophistry. 


005 

Intentional  and  persistent  efforts  have  been  .  .  .  made 
to  Oi/oii  the  whole  subject. 

V.  A.  (r,'H«,  Merchant  Marine,  p.  120. 

befool  (be-fol'),  r.  t.     [<  ME.  befolen ;  <  6e-l  + 
/oo<l.]     i.  To  make  a  fool  of;  delude;  dupe. 
I  conbl  Inn-st  with  rage. 
To  think  1  have  a  brother  so  liefnoVd. 

Ford,  Love's  S.acriflce,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  treat  as  a  fool ;  call  (a  person)  "fool." 
before  (be-for'),  adr.,  jircj).,  and  coiij.  [<  ME. 
bifureii,  beforii,  biforen,  biforii,  etc.,  adv.  and 
I>rep.,  <  AS.  bcforan,  bifonui,  adv.  and  prep.,  bo- 
fore  (in  place  or  time:  in  the  latter  use  rare, 
the  ordinary  word  being  dr,  ere)  (=  OS.  bi- 
foriin  =  D.  bcroreii  =  OHtJ.  bifiini,  MHtl.  bevor, 
bei'iint,  G.  bevor),  <  be,  by,  about,  +  foran,  adv., 
before,  </<»•,  for,  lit.  before:  see /ore  and /or, 
and  cf.  afore.]  I.  adv.  1.  In  front;  on  the 
anterior  or  fore  siile;  on  the  side  opposite  the 
back;  in  a  position  or  at  a  point  in  advance; 
ahead. 
The  battle  w.i-s  he/ttre  anil  behind.  2  Chron.  xiii.  14. 

lleaehing  forth  unto  those  things  whicli  are  before. 

Phil.  iii.  Kt. 
Had  he  his  hurts  be/ore!  Shalt.,  Macbeth,  v.  7. 

I  am  sent  with  broom  before. 
To  sweep  the  dust  behind  the  door. 

Sliak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  2. 
It  you  will  walk  before,  sir,  I   will  overtake  you  in- 
stantly, lieau.  ami  FL,  ^\'lMnan-llater,  i.  :i. 

2.  In  time  preceding;  previously;  formerly; 
already. 

Vou  tell  me  what  I  knew  be/ore.  Dryden. 

A  llatterer  is  a  dimce  to  him,  for  he  can  tell  him  nothing 
but  wliat  bee  knowes  he/ore. 

lip.  iiur/c,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Selfe-conceited  Man. 

[The  ad%'erb  is  frequently  used  in  self -explain- 
ing compounds,  as  before-cited,  before-going, 
before-mcntio)ied,  etc.] 

II.  prep.  1.  In  front  of,  in  time  or  position; 
on  the  anterior  or  fore  side  of ;  in  a  position  or 
at  a  point  in  advance  of:  as,  a  happy  future  lies 
before  you ;  before  the  house  ;  before  the  fire. 

The  golden  age,  which  a  blind  tradition  has  hitherto 
placed  in  the  Past,  is  before  ns. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  iii.  5- 

Before  them  went  the  priest  reading  the  burial  service. 
Haivtliorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I. 

2.  In  i^resenco  of ;  in  sight  of ;  under  the  cog- 
nizance, jurisdiction,  or  consideration  of. 

Abraham  bowed  down  himself  before  the  people  of  the 
land.  Gen.  xxiii.  12. 

They  tell  nic,  if  they  might  be  brought  tufore  you, 
They  would  reveal  things  of  strange  r.insniuence. 

Fletcher  {and  another).  Sea  \'oyage,  iv.  2. 
If  my  lady  die, 
I'll  be  sworn  be/ore  a  jury,  thou  art  the  cause  on  't. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Scornful  Lady,  v.  1. 

3.  In  precedence  of ;  in  advance  of,  as  regards 
rank,  condition,  develoi^ment,  etc. 

He  that  cometh  after  me  is  preferred  before  me. 

John  i.  ir>. 

T  can  shew  one  almost  of  the  same  nature,  but  nmch  be- 
fore it.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 

The  eldest  son  is  before  the  younger  in  succession. 

Johnson. 

4.  In  preference  to ;  rather  than. 

One  joyous  howre  in  blisfull  happiues, 
I  chose  before  a  life  of  wretdicdnes. 

Spenser,  Motller  Hub.  Tale,  1.  984. 

I  love  my  friend  before  myself. 

.Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  6. 

We  think  poverty  to  be  infinitely  desirable  before  tlie 
tiirmentdof  covetousness.  Jer.  Taylor. 

5.  Anterior  to  in  time;  previous  to:  as,  I 
shall  return  before  six  o'clock. 

Temple  sprang  from  a  family  which,  though  ancient  and 
honouiable,  had  before  his  time  lieen  scarcely  mentioned 
in  our  history.  Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

Tliey  aiTlved  close  to  Alhama  about  two  hours  before 
diiybreak.  Inimj,  Granada,  p.  ;)0. 

6.  Under  the  action,  influence,  or  power  of. 
Mordecai,  .  .  .  before  whom  thou  hast  begun  to  fall. 

Esther  vi.  13. 

Tower  and  town,  as  lie  advanced,  went  down  before  him. 
Pre.seott,  Kerd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  2. 
Before  all.  See  nH.— Before  the  beam  (naut.),  in  a  po- 
sition or  ilirtction  wbicli  lies  before  a  line  drawn  at  right 
angles  to  the  Uii-1  at  the  midship  section  of  the  ship.— Be- 
fore (or  afore)  the  mast,  as  a  cmnmon  sailor,  the  crew 
of  a  ship  being  birtbcd  in  the  foreciLstlc  or  forward  of  the 
foremast.— Before  the  wind,  (a)  yam.,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  wind  :  a-s,  to  sail  before  the  wind,  that  is,  in  the 
direction  in  which  the  wind  blows  :  said  of  a  ship. 

We  continued  running  dead  before  the  wind,  knowing 
that  we  sailed  better  so. 

R.  n.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  20. 
(6)  Figuratively  and  colloquially,  in  prosperous  circum* 

stanies  ;  out  of  debt  or  dilliculty. 

III.    <■(>"/    1.    PrevHoiis  to   the   time  when: 
formerly  sometimes  followed  by  that. 
Eejore  I  waa  afflicted,  I  went  aetruy,  Ps.  cxix.  t}7. 


beg 

Jesus  answered  and  said  nnto  him.  Before  that  Philip 
called  thee  ...  I  saw  thee.  John  i.  48. 

Before  tills  treatise  can  bo  of  use,  two  points  are  neces- 
sary. Swift. 

Seventy  of  the  Moors  made  their  way  into  the  streets 
Infore  an  alarm  Wius  given.  Irvin'j,  Granada,  p.  64. 

2.  Sooner  than ;  rather  than. 

Then  take  my  soul ;  my  body,  soul,  and  all. 
Before  that  Kngland  give  the  French  the  foil. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 

beforehand  (be-for'hand),  adv.  [<  ME.  beforc- 
lioiiil,  bifiiriihaiid,  bivorenhond,  before,  previous- 
ly, <  biforen,  before,  +  hand,  hand,  hand.]  1. 
In  anticipation;  in  advance. 

So  that  they  .  .  .  maybe  taught  beforehand  the  skill  of 
speaking.  Hooker. 

2t.  Before  there  is  time  for  anything  to  bo 
done  ;  before  anything  is  done. 

Wlnit  is  a  man's  contending  with  insuperable  difUcul- 
ties  but  the  rolling  of  Sisyidnis's  stmie  up  tin!  hill,  which 
is  soon  beforeMami  to  return  upon  him  again'/ 

Sir  It.  Ij  ?jStTange. 
To  be  beforehand  with,  to  anticipate ;  be  in  advance 
of;  be  prepared  or  ready  for. 
Agricola  .  .  .  resolves  to  be  beforehand  xciih  the  danger. 

Milton. 
The  last-cited  author  has  been  beforehand  witti  me. 

Addison. 

beforehand  (bft- for 'hand),  a.  [<  beforehand, 
adv.  Cf .  forehanded.]  In  good  pecimiary  cir- 
cumstances; having  enough  to  meet  one's  obli- 
gations and  something  over;  forehanded:  as, 
"  rich  and  much  beforehand,"  Bacon.   [Archaic] 

I  now  began  to  think  of  getting  a  little  beforehand. 

Franklin,  Antobiog.,  p.  77. 

beforesaid  (be-for'scd),  o.  Aforesaid.  Chancer. 

beforetime  (be-for'tim),  adv.  [<  ME.  before- 
tijiiie ;  <  before  +  time.  Cf.  aforetime.]  For- 
merly; of  old  time;  aforetime.    [Obsolescent.] 

Beforetime  in  Israel,  when  a  man  went  to  enquire  of  God, 
thus  he  sp.ake.  1  Sam.  ix.  9. 

befortunet  (be-for'tun),  v.  t.  [<  fe-1  +  fortune.] 
To  happen ;  betide. 

I  wish  all  good  befortune  yon.      Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iv,  3. 

befoul  (be-foul'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  bcfoulcn,  befitlcn 
(mixed  -with  befyleii,  etc. :  see  befile),  <  be-  + 
foulcn,  foul:  see  tc-i  and  /o»/l,  v.]  To  make 
foiU;  cover  with  filth;  soil;  tarnish. 

Lawyers  can  live  without  hefoidiny  each  other's  names. 
Trollope,  Baivbcster  Towers,  xxi. 
Bii-ds  of  prey  winged  their  way  to  the  stately  tree,  be. 
fonlinn  its  purity.  -V.  A.  Bee.,  CXXVl.  263. 

befreckle  (be-frek'l),  v.  t.  [<  6c-l  +  freckle.] 
To  freckle;  spot;  color  with  various  spots ;  va- 
riegate. 
lUr  star.!(e/rffWfii  face.  Drayton,  Pidyolbion,  xxii.  910. 
befret  (be-fref),  r.t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bef retted, 
ppr.  bcfr'ctting.  [<  6c-i  +  /rc/l.]  To  fret  or 
gnaw  away. 

Accept  this  ring,  wherein  my  heart  is  set, 
A  constant  heart  with  burning  tlames  befret. 

Greene,  James  IV.,  iv. 

befriend  (be-frend'),  r.  f.  l<be-^  +  friend.]  To 
act  as  a  friend  to ;  countenance,  aid,  or  benefit ; 
assist;  favor:  as,  fortune  befriended  me. 

That  you  were  once  unkind,  befriends  me  now. 

Shak.,  Somiets,  cxx. 
The  climate  [of  Chicronea)  is  not  much  befriended  by  the 
heavens,  for  the  air  is  thick  and  foggy. 

Drt/den,  Life  of  Plutarch. 
Every  little  pine  needle  expanded  and  swelled  with  sym- 
pathy ami  befriended  me.  Thorean,  Walden,  p.  143. 

befriendment  (be-frend'ment),  n.  [<  befriend 
-(-  -mint.]  The  act  of  befriending.  Foster. 
[Kare.] 

befrill  (be-fril'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  frill.]  To  fur- 
nish or  deck  with  a  frill  or  frills. 

The  vicar's  white-haired  nmther,  bef  rilled  ...  with  dain- 
ty cleanliness.  Georye  Kliot,  Middlemarch,  xvii. 

befringe  (be-frinj'),  r.  (.    [(.be-"^  +  fringe.]    To 
furnish  with  a  fringe;  adorn  as  with  fringe. 
Let  my  dirty  leaves  .  .  . 
Befringe  the  rails  of  Bedlam  and  Soho. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace.  II.  i.  419. 

befriz  (be-friz'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  befrizzed, 
ppr.    befri-:^-ing.     [<  6t-l  -i-fri:.]     To  curl  the 
hair  of;  friz. 
Befriized  and  bepowdered  courtiers.  CojUemporary  Bev. 

befuddle  (lie-fud'l),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  -^-Juddle.]  To 
stupefy  or  inudtUo  with  intoxicants;  make  stu- 
pidly drunk. 

befur  (be-fer'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  befurred, 
ppr.  befu'rring.  [<  6e-l  +  fur.]  1.  To  cover  or 
supply  with  fur.— 2t.  To  fur  over;  incrust. 
iV.  E.  D. 

begl  (beg),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  begged,  ppr.  beg- 
ging. [Early  mod.  E.  also  begg,  begge.  <  ME. 
beijgen.  first  found  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th 
century  (in  the  "Aucren  Kiwle");  origin  un- 


beg 

certain.  Various  explanations  liavo  been  of- 
feri'cl:  (1)  <  ME.  haf/i/i:  a  biijj  (boeauso  bc{;t;;u's 
cai'ry  bags:  S('(>  first  quotation  under  hnif/iii; 
«.);  but  this  is  certainly  wrong.  It  would  im- 
ply the  forms  'hrfnieii,  "liiyijc,  as  variaTits  of 
bai/iicii,  hdi/nf,  but  no  such  variants  are  found 
or  are  prol)able,  and  uo  such  sense  as  'put 
into  a  bag,'  or  'tarry  a  bag,'  which  miglit 
connect  tlio  notion  of  "'bag'  with  that  of  'beg,' 
belongs  to  tho  ME.  verb  bafff/cii,  which  is 
found  only  iu  the  sense  of  'swell  out  like  a 
bag' ;  the  sense  of  ']>ut  into  a  bag'  is  modern, 
and  that  of  'carry  a  bag'  does  not  exist ;  biig- 
gcr,  moreover,  tlie  supposed  antecedent  of  hi(i- 
gar,  is  only  modern.  (2)  <  AS.  bcdcciaii,  beg 
"(connected  w'ith  Goth,  biddf/iva,  a  beggar,  ap- 
par.  <  bidjrin  =  AS.  biddan,  E.  bid,  ask;  cf.  I). 
hcddcn  =  OHG.  bclaUm,  MHG.  botelcn,  G.  bct- 
tcln,  beg.  freq.  of  U.  bidden  =  G.  bitten  =  AS. 
hiddan,  E.  bid,  ask) ;  but  tho  AS.  bedccian  oc- 
eui's  but  once,  in  the  9th  century,  and  there 
are  no  intermediate  forms  to  connect  it  with 
ME.  bcgycn.  (3)  <  OFlera.  *beggen,  beg;  but 
there  is  no  such  word.  (4)  <  OF.  beg-,  the  com- 
mon radical  of  bcgard,  begart,  beguard,  begar 
(ML.  begardus,  bcggardiis,  bcghardiis,  etc.),  and 
beguin  (ML.  begiiiiis,  brggiiiiis,  begltinHS,  bcgui- 
nits,  etc.),  names  given  to  the  members  of  a  men- 
dicant lay  brotherhood  (see  Begliard  aud  Be- 
guin ) ;  also  applied  to  any  begging  friar  or  other 
beggar.  Such  mendicants  were  very  numerous 
at  the  time  of  the  first  appearance  of  the  E. 
verb,  and  the  derived  OF.  verb  begidncr,  be- 
guigncr  (<  beguin),  with  AF.  bcggcr,  is  actually 
found  in  the  sense  of  'beg.'  The  E.  verb  may 
be  a  back  formation  from  the  noun  beggar  (ME. 
begger,  beggere,  beggar,  beggare),  which  is,  in 
this  view,  an  adapted  form  (as  if  a  noun  of 
agent  in  -«rl,  -o-l)  of  the  OF.  begar,  begard, 
etc.,  a  Beghard.  Begliard  is  otlierwise  not  found 
in  ME.,  though  tlio  precise  form  begger  is  foimd 
in  Wyclif  and  later  as  a  designation  of  the 
mendicant  friars  (Beghards),  appar.  without 
direct  reference  to  their  begging.]  1,  trans.  1. 
To  ask  for  or  supplicate  in  charity;  ask  as 
alms. 

Yet  have  I  not  seen  the  righteous  forsaken,  nor  his  seed 
bcggiim  bread.  Ps.  xxxvii.  25. 

For  all  thy  blessed  youth 
Becomes  as  aged,  and  doth  heq  the  aims 
Of  palsied  eld.  Sliak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  ask  for  earnestly;  crave. 

He  [Joseph)  .  .  .  begged  the  body  Of  Jesus. 

Mat.  xxvii.  58. 

3.  To  ask  as  a  favor;  hence,  to  beseech;  en- 
treat or  supplicate  with  humility  or  earnest- 
ness: as,  I  begged  him  to  use  his  influence  in 
favor  of  my  friend. 

And  on  our  knees  we  beg 
(As  recompense  of  our  dear  services, 
Past  and  to  come)  that  you  do  change  this  purpose. 

SUak.,  \\.  T.,  ii.  3. 

To  beg  a  person  for  a  foolt,  to  take  him  for,  or  regard 
him  as,  a  fool. 

In  the  old  common  law  was  a  writ  .  .  .  under  which  if 
a  man  was  legally  proved  .in  idiot,  the  prolit  of  his  lands 
.  .  .  miglit  l)e  granted  by  the  king  to  any  subject.  .  .  . 
Such  a  person,  when  this  grant  was  asked,  was  said  to  be 
begged /or  a  fool.  Nares. 

To  beg  the  question,  in  logic,  to  assume  or  take  as 
granted  that  which  is  not  more  certain  than  the  proposi- 
tion to  be  proved,  or  which  obviously  involves  the  point 
in  question ;  assume  as  a  premise  what  no  one  who  takes 
the  opposite  view  of  the  question  will  adnut. 

The  .sophism  of  begging  the  question  is,  then,  when  any 
thin;;  is  proved  eitlier  by  itself  or  something  that  is  equal- 
ly unknown  with  itself. 

Jlurgersdieius,  tr.  by  a  Gentleman  (1697). 

The  attempt  to  infer  his  [.Shakspere's]  classical  educa- 
tion from  tile  internal  evidence  of  his  works  is  simply  a 
begging  of  Utc  nui'-Ui^n. 

G,  P,  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  82. 

To  maint.iin,  as  Sir  Wyville  Thomson  does,  that  32'  is 
the  temperature  of  the  floor  on  wliiuli  the  Antarctic  ice- 
sheet  rests,  is  virtually  to  beg  th<-  <iufsiinii. 

J.  CtoII,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  22C. 
=  Syn.  vlsS-,  HeqiieKt,  Beg,  etc.  (see  askl);  to  pray  (for) 
conjure,  jjetition  (for). 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  ask  alms  or  charity;  prac- 
tise begging;  live  by  asking  alms. 

I  cannot  dig;  to  beg  I  am  ashamed.  Luke  .xvi.  3. 

2.  In  the  game  of  all-fours,  to  ask  of  the  dealer 
a  concession  of  one  point  to  bo  added  to  one's 
count.  Tlie  dealer  must  either  concede  tile  point  or  rlcnl 
out  three  additional  cards  to  each  player.  .Should  the 
suit  originally  turned  as  trump  appear  aiterthis  new  deal 
three,  or  fewer  if  so  .agi'eed,  musl  he  di-dt  to  each  UTjtii 
a  dilferent  trump  appears.— To  beg  off,  to  obtain  rele^ise 
from  a  pen.alty,  obligation,  etc.,  by  enlrtaty  or  excuses. 
beg'-  (beg),  n.  Same  as  6eyl. 
bega,  biggah  (be'gji,  big'ji),  «.  [Also  written 
bceija,  bcegali,  becglia,  etc.,  repr.  Hind,  bighd, 


500 

Marathi  Jiiglid.']  A  Hindu  land-measure,  locally 
varying  in  (■xtont,  but  usually  regarded  as  ('([ual 
to  from  one  third  to  two  thirds  of  an  English 
acre.  The  bega  of  Calcutta  is  1,000  square 
viirds,  or  about  a  third  of  an  acre. 
begad  (be-g:id'),  interj.  [A  minced  oath,  a  cor- 
rujition  of  bij  (liid!  Cf.  egad,  hetkid.']  A  sort 
of  exclamatory  oath,  employed  to  give  weight 
to  a  statement. 

Begad,  madam,  .  .  .  'tis  the  very  same  I  met. 

Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews. 

began  (be-gal'),  V.  t.    [<  6c-l  +  gam.-\    To  gall ; 

tiet ;  chafe ;  rub  sore.     Bp.  Uall. 
began  (be-gan').     Preterit  of  begin. 


beggary 

neggnr'd  by  fools,  whom  still  he  found  too  late ; 
lie  had  his  jest,  and  they  bad  his  estate. 

Drgdeii,  Alls,  and  Achit.,  i.  501. 
A  rapacious  government,  and  a  lieggared  exclie(|uer. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  1.  053. 

2.  To  exhaust  tho  resources  of;  exceed  tho 
means  or  capacity  of ;  outdo. 

When  the  two  heroes  met,  then  began  a  scene  of  war- 
like parade  that  beggars  all  description. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  328. 

Shakespeare  carries  us  to  such  a  lofty  strain  of  intel- 
ligent activity  as  to  suggest  a  wcaUli  which  beggars  his 
own.  Emerson,  Ess.ays,  1st  ser,  p.  202. 

beggardom  (beg'iir-dum),  n.     The  state  of  beg- 
gary; tlie  Viody  or  fraternity  of  beggars. 


begat   (be-gaf).      Old  preterit' of  beget,   still  beggarbood   (lieg' ar-hiid),    «.      (<   beggar   + 
sometimes  used  poetically.  -Iiadd.]    The  character  or  state  of  being  a  beg- 

begaudt    (be-gad'),    !'.    t.      [Also  WTitten   be-    g.ar;  beggars  collectively. 
gawd ;  <  Je-1  -1-  gaud:  see  gaud^.l     To  bedeck  beggarism  (beg'iir-izm),  n.     [<  beggar  +  -ism.] 


with  gaudy  things.     North. 

begaum,  ".     See  bcgunfi. 

begeckt  (be-gek'),  i-  t.  [So.,  also  begeelc  (=  D. 
bv(iekken);  ibe-^  +  geclc.  Ci.  begunk.]  I'o  bo- 
fool  ;  gull ;  jilt.     X'.  E.  D. 

begem  (be-jom'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  begemmed, 
\)\n\  begemming.  [<  6e-l  +  gem.'\  To  adorn 
with  gems,  or  as  with  gems  ;  stud  with  gems, 
or  anything  suggesting  them. 

The  lawn 
Beifemmcd  witli  dew-drops. 

Seott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  2. 

beget  (be-gef),  v.  t.;  pret.  begot,  formerly  be- 
gat, pp.  begotten,  begot,  ppr.  begetting.  [<  ME. 
begeten,  bcgiten,  bigitcn,  etc.,  <  AS.  begitan, 
bigitan  (=  OS.  higitan  =  OHG.  bigezan),  get,  ac- 
quire, <  be-  +  gilan,  getan,  get:  see  6c-l  and 
get^.l  1.  To  procreate  ;  generate:  chiefly  used 
of  the  father  alone,  but  sometimes  of  both 
parents. 

Abraham  begat  Isaac ;  and  Isaac  begat  Jacob ;  and  Jacob 
begat  Jud.as  and  his  brethren.  Mat.  1.  2. 

Yet  they  a  b&auteous  offspring  shall  beget. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  613. 
Become  stout  Marses,  and  beget  young  Cupids. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  produce  as  an  effect;  cause  to  exist; 
generate ;  occasion :  as,  luxury  begets  vice ; 
"love  is  begot  by  fancy,"  GlanvUle. 

Intellectual  science  has  been  observed  to  beget  invarLa- 
bly  a  doubt  of  the  existence  of  matter.   Enwrson,  Nature. 

Thought  is  essentially  independent  of  language,  and 
speech  could  never  have  begotten  reason. 

Mivart,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  107. 
=Syn.  To  breed,  engender. 

begetter  (be-get'er),  n.  One  who  begets  or  pro- 
creates ;  a  father. 

begetting  (be-get'ing),  n.  1.  Tho  act  of  pro- 
creating or  producing. —  2.  That  which  is  be- 
gotten ;  progeny. 

beggable  (beg'a-bl),  a.  [<  bcg'^  +  -able.']  Ca- 
pable of  being  begged. 

Things  disposed  of  or  not  lirggahle.    Butter,  Characters. 

beggar  (beg'ar),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  more  com- 
monly begger,  <  ME.  begger,  beggere,  also  beg- 
gar, beggare,  a  beggar:  for  the  etym.,  see  bcgl. 
The  reg.  mod.  spelling  is  begger ;  the  ME.  vari- 
ant spelling  beggar,   beggare,   has  not  neees- 


Thc  state  or  contlition  of  beggary, 
beggarliness  (beg'ar-li-nes),  n.  [<  beggarly 
+  -ness.]  The  state  of  being  beggarly;  ex- 
treme poverty ;  meanness. 
beggarly  (beg'jir-li),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beggerly  ;  <bq/gar -i--ti/t-.~\  1.  In  the  condition 
of  or  becoming  a  beggar;  extremely  indigent; 
poor  ;  mean ;  contemptible :  used  of  persons 
and  things. 

A  beggarly  account  of  empty  boxes. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  1. 

Beggarly  sins,  that  is,  those  sins  whicW  idleness  and 

beggary  usually  betray  men  to,  such  as  lying,  (lattery, 

stealing,  and  dissimulation.  Jer.  Taylor. 

He  was  an  idle,  beggarly  fellow,  .and  of  no  use  to  the 

public.  Addison,  Trial  of  Punctilios. 

2.  Of  or  for  beggars.     [Rare.] 

But  moralists,  sociologists,  political  economists,  and  ta.xe3 
have  slowly  convinced  nie  that  my  beggarhi  sympathies 
were  a  sin  .against  society.   Lowell,  Study  windows,  p.  59. 

beggarlyt  (beg'ilr-li),  aelv.    Meanly;  indigent- 
ly; despicably.  " 
It  is  his  delight  to  dwell  beggarly. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  v.  §  15. 

beggar-my-neighbor  (beg'iir-mi-na'bpr),  ». 
[In  allusion  to  the  coutinued  loss  of  cards.]  A 
children's  game  at  cards,  in  one  variety  of  it  the 
players  hold  the  cards  witli  the  backs  upward,  and  alter- 
nately lay  one  down  till  an  honor  is  turned  up,  which 
has  to  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  four  cards  for  an  ace, 
three  for  a  king,  etc.  ;  and  the  game  goes  on  thus  till  one 
has  gained  all  the  ntlier's  cards. 

beggar's-basket  (beg'arz-bas"ket),  n.  The 
European  lungwort,  rulmonaria  officinalis. 

beggar 's-lice  (beg'iirz-lis),  n.  1.  An  English 
name  of  (ralium  Ajtarine,  or  goose-grass,  given 
to  it  because  its  burs  stick  to  the  clothes,  and 
somewhat  resemble  lice. —  2.  The  name  given 
in  the  United  States  to  species  of  Bidens  and  to 
Echinospermum  Virginicum,  the  seeds  of  which 
have  barbed  awns  which  cling  persistently  to 
clothing.     Also  called  beggar's-ticks. 

beggar's-needle  (beg'ar7.-"ne"dl),  n.  An  Eng- 
lisli  popular  name  for  the  Scandix  Pecten,  from 
its  long-beaked  fronds. 

beggar's-ticks  (beg'arz-tiks),  n.  Sameasfiei/- 
gar's-licc,  2.    Also  written  bcggarticks. 

It  [the  garden]  was  over-run  with  Roman  wormwood 
and  beggarticks,  which  last  stuck  to  my  clothes. 

Thore'au.  Walden,  p.  2S2. 


sarily  a  bearing  upon  the  conjectured  derivation  beggar-weed  (beg'ar-wed),  n.     [Cf.  heqgartfi, 


from  OF.  begeird,  the  suffix  -er  being  in  ME. 
often  variable  to  -ar ;  cf.  mod.  E.  liar.']  1. 
One  who  begs  or  asks  alms;  especially,  one 
who  lives  by  asking  alms  or  makes  it  his  busi- 
ness to  beg. 

Eidderes  and  hcggeres  fast  .about  yede, 
With  hire  belies  and  here  bagges  of  brede  full  ycramnied. 

Piers  Plowman. 
2.  One  who  is  in  indigent  circumstances ;  one 
who  has  been  beggared. — 3t.  One  who  asks  a 
favor ;  one  who  entreats ;  a  petitioner. 

Count.  Wilt  thou  needs  be  .a  beggar  ? 

Clo.  I  do  beg  your  good-will  in  this  case. 

Sliak.,  All's  Well,  i.  3. 
Wliat  subjects  will  precarious  kings  reg.ardV 
A  beggar  speaks  too  softly  to  be  heard.         Drgden. 

4.  One  who  assumes  in  argument  what  he 
does  not  prove. 

These  shameful  beggars  of  principles.  Tillotson. 

5.  A  fellow;  a  rogue:  used  (a)  in  contempt 
for  a  low  fellow;  (6)  as  a  term  of  playful 
familiarity:  us,  be  is  a  good-hearted  little  beg- 
gar—  Masterful  beggar.  See  masterfuL—lo  go  or 
go  home  by  beggar's  bush,  to  go  to  ruin.    Brewer. 

beggar  (bcg'ilr),  p.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beg- 
ger; <  beggar,  «.]  1.  To  make  a  beggar  oif; 
reduce  to  beggary ;  impoverish. 

Who.se  heavy  hand  hath  bow'd  you  to  the  grave, 
And  beggar'd  yours  lor  ever.       Sluik.,  Macbetli,  iii.  1. 


]  A  name  sometimes  given  in  England  to 
the  common  door-weed,  I'olygonuni  aviculare, 
to  Ciiscnta  TrifoUi.  and  to  some  other  plants. 
beggaryl  (beg'Sr-i),  ?;.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
begger y,  <  ME.  beggeric,  <  beggere,  beggar.]  1. 
The  state  of  a  beggar;  a  condition  of  extreme 
indigence. 

'Tis  the  narrowness  of  human  n.atm*e, 
Our  poverty  and  beggary  of  spirit, 
To  take  exception  at  these  things. 

B.  Jonson,  The  New  Inn,  iv.  3. 

His  vessel  with   an  inestimable  cai-go  h.as  just  gone 

down,  and  he  is  reduced  in  a  moment  from  opulence  to 

beggary.  Maeaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

2t.  The  act  or  practice  of  begging ;  the  occu- 
pation of  a  beggar;  begging. 

We  must  be  careful  that  oiu'  charity  do  not  minister  to 
idleness  and  the  love  of  beggary. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar. 

3.  Beggars  collectively;   beggardom;  beggar- 
hood. 

Tile  Piazza  is  invaded  by  the  legions  of  beggary,  and 
held  in  overpowering  numbei-s  against  all  comers. 

Hoteells,  Venetian  Life,  xviii. 

4.  A  state  of  bareness  or  deficiency. 
The  frectloni  and  the  beggary  of  the  old  studio. 


beggary'-  (lieg'iir-i),  a. 
Beggarly;   poor;   mean, 
weeds.     [Local,  Eng.] 


Thaekeray. 
[<  beqgar  +  -i/l.]  1. 
[Kare.]— 2."Full  of 


begger 

beggert,  beggeryt.     Fomifr  and  moro  regular 

Kpi'UiiiKS  of  li(;iiiKr,  iKj/fiiiri/. 
begging  (bi't,''iii^')i  «•     L<  MI'>.  hr(i<iiin(ic ;  vnrbal 

n.  of  '«.'/'.]     Tho  act  of  asking  or  soliciting; 

tlio  occiipalioii  of  a  beggar, 
beggyt  (bcg'i),  n.     Same  as  hcy^. 

TIktl*  used  to  bf  a  still  mure  powerful  personace  nt  tlio 

hetiil  of  thctfmf,  t-allctl  the  Divan  lUifjii.  Uniuffham. 

Beghard  (bcg'iird),  u.  [<  ML.  Ilrfiharrlus,  bc- 
iliii(lii!<,  h<<i;/{ir<tiis,  hrt/rliiiriliis,  Ixijiliiinliis  (cf. 
It.  Sp.  I'g.  ixijariUt,  MHli.  Iki/Iku-I,  hificJiard,  G. 
bcpliart,  i'lom.  bq/tj(ii;rt,  ()!''.  bii/anl,  bcyart, 
hv(jar,  with  a  later  equiv.  ML.  bq/liiiiiis,  bcgi- 
7IUS,  etc.,  OI'\  bciiiiin,  etc.,  E.  J!e<iuiii),  formed, 
with  the  sullix  -iirilus,  -aril  (ami  later  -itin.s, 
-ill,  after  the  fern.  ML.  hci/liinii,  hci/iiiri,  etc., 
OF.  btyiiiiic,  etc.,  K.  Ilci/uiii,  Jlii/iiiiii),  from  the 
name  of  the  founder  of  the  sisterhood  of  Be- 
guius,  namely,  Lambert  Bcijuc  or  Ic  Hci/iic :  see 
Ikijiiin,  livijuinc.']  One  of  a  body  of  religious 
enthusiasts  which  arose  in  Flanders  in  the  thir- 
teenth centm-y;  a  Begnin  (which  see).  Also 
written  Ilrriunrd.     [Often  without  a  caiiital.] 

begild  (be-gild'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  \f\).  hfr/ililciJ, 
btijilt,  \t\\r.  Iiii/ililiii/i.  [<.  bc-i- +  (jildi.]  To  gild: 
as,  "  bride-laces  biyilt,"  II.  Joiison,  King's  En- 
tertainment. 

Tlie  li^ihtniii-i-llasli  from  swonis,  casks,  eonrtilaces. 
With  quiv  riii.i;  hcanis  lutjitth  tin-  iiei^'hbour  ixrasses. 

.s';/(l■.^^  I-,  I'.atlaile  of  Vvrj-  (trans.),  p.  102. 

begin  (be-gin'),  v.;  pret.  bcf/iiii,  sometimes  bc- 
fliiii,  pp.  biijiin,  j)|ir.  bcginiiiiiy.  [<  ME.  hcf/iii- 
ncn,  biijinncn  (pret.  hctjan,  biijoii,  pi.  bcf/unne, 
beguimcii,  bcgonnc,  etc.,  pp.  bviiuiiiioii,  bvfionncn, 
bcfii(ii)ic,otc.),  <  AS.  b<!iiiuifiii,  biiiiniidii  (pret.  bc- 
gini,  pi.  Iidjiiiiiioii,  pi>.  biyiiiiiicii)  =  OS.  bii/hniaii 
:=  OFries.  hci/iinid,  bcjcnita  =  JJ.  bii/iiiucii  = 
OIIG.  bipiniiM,  MHG.  G.  bcyiiniiii,  begin ;  AS. 
more  commonly  oiii/iiuian,  rarely  dijiinian,  ME. 
aginncn,  and  by  apheresis  i/iinitn,  mod.  E.  obs. 
or  poet,  i/iii :  also  with  still  different  prefixes, 
OH6.  iniiuiniiii,  oiiiinnen,  and  Goth,  rlui/iitnan, 
begin;  <  be-  (E.  ?«'-!)  or  <m-,  d-  (E.  o-'-),  +  "(/in- 
nan,  not  found  in  the  simple  f(U'm,  prob.  orig. 
'open,  open  up'  (a  sense  retained  also  by  the 
OHG.  iiujiiniriii,  MUG.  oiijiiincii),  being  prob. 
connected  with  («)  AS.  giitiaii  =  OHG.  giiwii, 
MHG.  giiwii,  gcncii,  G.  gdJuicn,  gape,  yawn,  (6) 
AS.  gliiaii  =  Icel.  gliia,  gape,  yawni,  (<;)  AS. 
gdnian,  E.  yawn  =  OHG.  gciiiOn,  MHG.  giincn, 
gape,  yawn  (cf.  Gr.  ,fa/w7i',  gape,  yawn);  all 
variously  with  n-  formative  from  the  root  *gi, 
seen  also  in  OHG.  gicn  and  giwcii,  gcwiin,  MHG. 
gitt'cn,  gi-wrii  =  L.  hiare  =  OBulg.  ;:ijati  =  Euss. 
ryV;(t  =  Boliem.  ;(!'«<»  =  Lith.  ^Iiioli,  etc.,  gape, 
yawn  (cf.  Gr.  ;(aai<fiv,  j'awn,  x<^"(t  chaos,  X"-'^/'", 
chasm,  etc.:  see  c/i««.s,  chasm):  see  yawn  and 
hiatus.  Cf.  open  as  equiv.  to  begin,  and  close  as 
equiv.  to  end.]  I.  Irans.  1.  To  take  the  first 
step  in ;  set  about  the  performance  or  accom- 
plishment of;  enter  upon ;  commence. 

Ye  nymplis  uf  Sulyiua,  bfjin  the  soiiji. 

J'upe,  Mt'ssiall,  I.  1. 

2.  To  originate;  be  the  originator  of:  as,  to 
begin  a  dynasty. 

rrouil  Niiurod  first  the  savage  chase  hetjan. 

Pope,  Windsor  I-'orest,  1.  CI. 

3.  To  trace  from  anything  as  the  first  ground; 
date  the  beginning  of. 

Tlie  apostle  bariris  our  knowledge  in  the  creatures 
which  leads  us  to  the  knowledge  of  tiod.  Lofkf. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  set  about,  institute,  undertake,  originate, 
initiate. 

H.  intrans.  1.  To  come  into  existence ;  arise ; 
originate :  as,  the  present  German  empire  be- 
gan with  William  1. 

Made  iL  selfish  war  bciffn. 

Tennyson,  To  F.  D.  Maurice. 

'2.  To  take  a  first  step ;  commence  in  any  coiu-se 
or  ojjeration;  make  a  start  or  commencement. 

No  change  of  disposition  he<iitu<  yet  to  show  itself  in 
Euglanil.  Je/emon,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  43(j. 

The  contest  ragcil  from  morning  until  night,  when  the 
Moors  bi'fian  to  yield.  Jrcin;/,  tiranada,  p.  35. 

To  begin  the  board.   Sec  ;«)n/i(.  — To  begin  with.  <") 

'I'o  enter  upon  first;  use  or  employ  tlrst ;  as,  /«  bfjiii  irith 
the  Latin  grammar;  lo  bc<fin  icith  pniyer.  (b)  At  the  out- 
set :  as  the  tii-st  thing  to  i»e  considered ;  first  of  all :  as,  to 
begin  with,  I  do  not  like  its  color. 

Animals  can  be  trained  to  behave  in  a  way  in  which,  to 
begin  unth,  they  are  incapable  of  behaving. 

T.  II.  Green,  Prolegomena  to  Ethics,  §  11,'i. 

begint  (bf-giu'),  ».     [<  begin,  t'.]    A  beginning. 

Let  no  whit  thee  dismay 
The  h.ard  beginnc  that  meetes  thee  in  the  dore. 

Simuter,  V.  tj.,  III.  iii.  21. 

beginner  (be-gin'6r),  n.  [ME.  bcgynncr ;  <  he- 
gin  +  -trl.]    1.  One  who  begins  or  originates ; 


507 

one  who  starts  or  first  leads  off ;  an  author  or 
originator. 

Wliere  are  the  vile  lietjinnem  of  this  fr.iy  ? 

fShalc,  K.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 
2.  One beginningto learn  orpractise  ;  anovice; 
a  tyro:  as,  "a  sermon  of  a  new  beginner," 
Swift. 

Tlu  re  are  noble  passages  in  it,  but  they  are  for  tlie  adept 
and  not  for  tile  bet/iniwr. 

O.  \V.  lIolmcR,  R.  W.  Emerson,  xiv. 

beginning  (be-gin'ing),  «.     [<  ME.  beginningc, 

beginnungc{=z  MHG.  beginnunge);  verbal  n.  of 

begin.'\     1.  The  origin  ;  source;  first  cause. 

I  am  .  .  .  the  berfinniii;i  and  the  ending.  Kev.  i.  8. 

2.  The  point  of  time  or  epoch  at  which  any- 
tiiiug  begins;  specifically,  the  time  when  the 
universe  began  to  be. 

In  tile  bc'jinninu  God  created  the  heaven  and  the  earth. 

Gen.  i.  1. 

It  was  reserved  for  Ilutton  to  declare  for  the  first  time 
that  the  rocks  around  us  reveal  no  trace  of  the  beijinnimj 
of  things.  Geikie,  Geol.  Sketches,  ii. 

3.  The  initial  stage  or  first  part  of  any  pro- 
ci!ss  or  proceeding;  the  starting-point:  as,  a 
small  beginning. 

He  w;is  come  to  that  height  of  honour  out  of  base  bc- 
i/>iininff.-i.  Burton,  Aliat.  of  Alel.,  p.  5(>4. 

The  be;nnninfi  of  writing  is  the  hieroglyphic  or  symbol- 
ical picture,  the  beijinniuf/  of  worship  is  fetishism  or  idol- 
atry, the  betfinmnt/  of  elofjucnce  is  pictorial,  sensuous, 
anil  metaphorical,  the  bcf/innin</  of  philosophy  is  the 
niytli.  Leetqi,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  142. 

beginningless  (be-giu'ing-les),  a.  [<  beginning 
+ -less.'\  Having  no  beginning:  correlative  to 
endless.  [Rare.] 
begird  (be-gerd'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  begirt, 
Ixt/irdctl,  j>pr.  begirding.  [<  ME.  l/egirdcn, 
onl.y  in  pret.  or  pp.  begurt,  <  vVS.  bcgi/rdan 
(=  OHG.  bignrtjan  ;  cf.  Goth,  higairdan,  strong 
verb),  <  he-  +  gyrdan,  gird  :  see  6c-l  and  girdX.'] 
1 .  To  bind  with  a  band  or  girdle. —  2.  To  siu'- 
roimd ;  inclose  ;  encompass. 

Uther's  son 
Begirt  with  British  and  Annoric  knights. 

Milton,  1'.  L.,  i.  581. 
begirdle   (be-ger'dl),    i'.    t.     [<  &C-1  -I-  girdle.} 
To  surround  or  encircle  as  with  a  girdle. 

Like  a  ring  of  lightning  they  .  .  .  be'iinlte  her  from 
sti'ire  to  shore.  Carlyle,  French  Ivcv.,  III.  vii.  ?.. 

begirtt  (be-gert'),  V.  t.  [A  form  of  begird,  inf., 
due  to  the  frequent  pp.  begirt,  pret.  and  j>p. 
being  the  same  as  those  of  begird.}  To  be- 
gii'd;  encompass. 

Begirt  the  wood,  and  Are  it. 

Massinger,  Bashful  Lover,  iii.  5. 
To  begirt  the  almighty  throne. 
Beseeching  or  besieging.  Milton,  I*.  L. ,  v.  £68. 

beglare  (be-glar'),  v.  t.  [<  6c-l  +  glare.}  To 
glare  at  or  on.     [A  humorous  coinage.] 

So  that  a  lijstaiidcr,  without  beholding  Mrs.  Wilfer  at 
all,  must  ba\c  known  at  whom  she  was  glaring  by  seeing 
her  refracted  from  the  countenance  of  the  bri/iared  one. 
Diflcenx,  Our  .Mutual  Friend,  I.  xvi. 

beglerbeg  (beg'ler-beg'),  n.   Same  as  beylerbey. 

beglerbeglic  (beg'ler-beg'lik),  n.  Same  as 
III  yUrbnilik. 

begloom  (be-glom'),  V.  t.  [<  6e-t  +  gloom.}  To 
make  gloomy ;  darken.     [Rare.] 

begnaw  (be-na'),  v.  t.  [ME.  not  found;  <  AS. 
bcgnagan,  gnaw,  <  be-  +  gnagan,  gnaw:  see 
ftc-l  and  gnaw.}  To  bite  or  gnaw;  eat  away; 
corrode  ;  nibble  at.     [Rare.] 

The  worm  of  conscience  still  be-qnaiv  thy  soul. 

Sliali.,  Kich.  HI.,  i.  3. 

begot  (be-go'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  bewent,  p]).  begone. 
[<  ME.  began,  bigon,  <  AS.  began  (=  D.  hegaan 
=  OHG.  bigdn,  MHG.  hegiin,  bcgen.G.  begehcn), 
<  be-,  by,  about,  +  gun,  go:  see  6e-l  and  go.} 
1.  To  go  about;  encompass;  sun-ouud. —  2. 
To  clothe ;  attire. —  3.  To  surround  or  beset ; 
affect  as  a  circumstance  or  influence :  now 
only  in  tlie  perfect  participle  begone,  in  woebe- 
gone, besot  with  woo  (originally  in  the  con- 
stmction  him  was  wo  hegon,  in  which  wo  is  the 
sub.iect  and  him  the  dative  object,  subsequent- 
ly made  the  subject). 

So  was  I  glad  and  wel  began. 

Chaucer,  rarlianient  of  Fowls,  1.  171. 

begodt  (be-god'),  I',  t.  [<  6t-l  +  god.}  To  dei- 
fy :  as,  "bcgodded  saints,"  iSotith,  Sermons,  V. 
xcvii. 
begone^  (be-g6n'),  [Prop,  two  words,  be  gone 
{be.  inf.  or  impv. ;  gone,  pp.),  irreg.  united,  as 
also  in  beware.}  Begone;  go  away;  depart. 
Ikgone  !  you  are  my  brother  :  that's  your  safety. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  I'T.agedy,  iv.  1. 

"  You  must  begone,"  said  Death  ;  "  these  walks  are  mine." 

Tennrtion,  Love  ami  Dcatli. 

begone-t  (be-gon').    Past  participle  of  bego. 


Beguard 

Begonia  (be-go'ni-il),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Michel  licgiin  (KKW-ITIO),  a  French  jiromoler 
of  science.]  A  very  large  genus  of  jiolypeta- 
lous  exogenous  plants,  the  type  of  the  nat- 
m-al  order  Hegimiacew.  They  are  mostly  herbaceous, 
natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  and  are  fre- 


lif^onia  pannos^t. 
<i.hr.incli  Willi  male  flowers  :   b,  c,  two  fonns  of  styles  ant)  stigmas; 
rf,  fruit.    (From  Lc  M.iout  and  I3ecai!>ne*s  "  'rraite  (general  dc  Bota- 
niquc.") 

qiient  in  cultivation  as  foliage-plants  and  for  their  showy 
or  singular  flowers.  A  very  great  diversity  in  the  often 
brilliant  coloring  of  the  leaves  has  been  reached  by  skilful 
crossing.  From  the  shape  of  their  large,  obliipie,  fleshy 
leaves  some  species  are  known  by  the  name  <if  eif/iliant's- 
ear.  The  succulent  acid  stalks  of  several  species  are  used 
as  pot-lierlis. 

Begoniacese  (bf-go-ni-a'se-e),  n.  jd.  [NL.,  <  Se- 
giiiiia  +  -aeea:}  A  natural  order  of  jilants,  al- 
lied to  the  Ciieurbitaeeiu  and  Caelaeete,  of  which 
Uegoiiia  is  the  typical  genus.  The  only  other  genera 
are  lliitebranilia  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  loonotyjiie,  and 
Begoniella  of  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  of  only  two 
siiecics. 

begoniaceous  (be-go-ni-a'shius),  rt.  Belonging 
to  or  resembling  the  Begoniacete. 

begore  (be-gor'),  1.'.  f.  [<  be-^  +  gore^.}  To  be- 
smear with  gore.     Spenser. 

begot  (be-gof).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
beget. 

begotten  (be-got'n).     Past  participle  of  beget. 

begrace  (be-gi-as'),  v.  t.  [<  be-l  +  grace.}'  To 
say  "your  gi'ace"  to;  address  by  tlie  title  of  a 
duke  or  bishop.    Holinshed.    [Rare.] 

begravet  (be-grav'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  begrarcn,  <  AS. 
begrafan,  biu'y  (=  OS.  bigrabhan  =  D.  begraven 
=  OHG.  bigraban  =  Sw.  bcgrafra  =  Dan.  be- 
grare,  bury,  =  Goth,  bigraban,  dig  around),  <  be- 
-(-  grafan,  grave,  dig:  see  bc-^  and  graved,  ».] 
1.  To  bmy.  Gowcr. — 2.  To  engrave. 
With  great  sleight 
Of  workmanship  it  was  begiave. 

Gonrr,  Conf.  Amant,  i. 

begrease  (be-gi-es'),  v.  t.  [<  6c-l  -(-  grease.}  To 
soil  or  daub  with  grease  or  other  oily  matter. 

begrime  (be-grim'),  I.  (•      [<  fte-l  +  ;/nme.]    To 
make  grimy;  cover  or  impress  as  with  dirt  or 
gi'ime. 
The  justice-room  begrimed  with  ashes. 

3Iacautag,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 
=  Syn.  Tarnish,  etc.     Sec  «ot^. 

begrudge  (be-gruj'),  «.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
begrutch,<.  ME.  begrucchcn  :  seede-l  htliX grudge.} 
To  grudge ;  envy  the  possession  of. 

There  wants  no  teacher  to  make  a  jKior  man  begrudge 
his  i)owerful  and  wealthy  neighbour  bittli  his  actual  sliare 
in  tlie  government,  and  his  disproportionate  sllare  of  the 
good  things  of  this  life.  Ilrougkam. 

begruntlet  (Iie-gi-un'tl),  i'.  t.     [<  ftc-l  +  gruntle. 

ijl.disgrunth.}    To  render  uneasy ;  iliscoucert. 

The  Spaniartis  were  lieoruntted  with  these  seniples. 

Bp.  Haeltct,  Life  of  Alip.  Williams,  i.  131. 

begni'tcht,  ''.  '.  Obsolete  form  of  begrudge. 
begrutten  (be-gmt'n),  a.  [<  6t-l  +  g'rutten, 
Pl>.  of  greit,  greet,  cry:  see  greet-.}  Sliowing 
the  effects  of  much  weeping ;  maiTed  or  swollen 
in  face  through  sore  or  continued  weeping. 
[Scotch.] 
Poor  things,  .  .  .  they  are  sae  begrutten. 

Scott,  Monastery,  viii. 

begstert,  «•  A  Middle  English  form  of  beggar. 
Chaucer. 

Begtashi  (beg-tii'she),  n.  [Turk.]  A  secret 
religious  order  in  Tiukey  resembling  the  order 
of  Freemasons,  employing  passwords  ami  signs 
of  recognition  very  similar  to,  and  in  some 
cases  identical  with,  those  of  the  latter  order^ 
and  including  many  thousands  of  influential 
members.     Imj).  Diet. 

beguan  (beg'wiln),  n.  [Prob.  a  native  name.] 
A  bezoar  or  concretion  found  in  the  intestines 
of  the  iguana. 

Beguard,  «.     See  Beghard. 


beguile 

'beguile  (be-fjil'),  v.  t.     [<*ME.  heffilen,  hcfiijlcn 

(=  Mi),  bajliijicii),  <  be-  +  giloi,  finUn,  guilo, 

deeeivo :  see  ic-l  ami  .'/«'/<'.]    1.  To  ilcliuio  with 

guile;  deceive;  impose  on  by  art ilico  or  craft. 

Tiie  serpent  beguikd  me,  nnd  1  did  cat.         Geii.  iii.  13. 

By  cxpectntion  every  day  befiuil'd, 

Dupe  of  to-morrow  even  from  a  ehild. 

Ciiwpcr,  Jly  Mother's  Picture. 

2.  To  elude  or  cheek  by  artifice  or  craft;  foil. 

'Twas  yet  some  comfort, 
Wlien  miserj-  could  txguilc  tile  tyrant's  rage. 
And  frustrate  his  pri>uil  will.        Shak.,  Lciir,  iv.  6. 

3.  To  deprive  of  irksomcness  or  unpleasant- 
ness by  liivortiuR  the  mind;  render  imfelt; 
cause  to  i>ass  insensibly  and  pleasantly;  -Nvhile 

away. 

I  would  hi'ptiile 
The  tedious  J.ay  with  sleep.     Shak,,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 
Chiefs  of  elder  Art ! 
Teachers  of  wisdom  !  who  could  once  beguile 
My  tedious  liowrs.  Roscoc,  To  my  Books. 

4.  To  transform  as  if  by  charm  or  guile ;  charm. 

Till  to  a  smile 
The  goodwife's  tearful  face  he  did  bcfjidle. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  r.ifadise,  II.  225. 

5.  To  entertain  as  with  pastimes ;  amuse. 

The  tales 
With  which  this  day  the  children  she  beguiled 
She  glean'd  from  Breton  grandanies  when  a  child. 

M.  Arnold,  Tristram  and  Iseult,  iii. 

To  beguile  of,  to  deprive  of  by  guile  or  pleasing  artifice. 

Tlie  writer  who  beguiles  of  their  tediousness  the  dull 

hours  of  life.  Everett,  Orations,  I.  302. 

=  S3TL  1.  Cheat,  mislead,  inveigle.— 3-5.  Amuse,  Divert, 
ttc.  (see  TJ/fff.s'c);  cheer,  solace. 

beguilement  (be-gil'ment),  «.  [<  beguile  + 
-mvitt.']  The  act  of  beguiling;  the  state  of  be- 
ing beguiled. 

beguiler  (be-gi'ler),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
buf^'uiii'S  or  deceives. 

beguilingly  (be-gi'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  beguile  or  deceive. 

beguiltyt  (be-gil'ti),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  guilti/.]  To 
render  guilty ;  burden  with  a  sense  of  guilt. 

By  easy  commutations  of  public  penance  for  a  private 
pecuniary  mulct  [thou]  dost  at  once  beguilty  thiue  own 
conscience  with  sordid  bribery. 

Bp.  Sanderson,  Sermons,  p.  275. 

Beguin,  Beguine  (beg'in;  sometimes,  as  mod. 
F.,  bii-gaii',  m.,  -gen',  f.),  n.  [{I)  Beguin,  Be- 
guine, fern. :  early  mod.  E.  also  begin,  begine, 
beghine,  beggin,  bigin,  biggaync,  <  ME.  begijne, 
bygijnne,  <  OF.  beguine,  mod.  P.  beguine  =  Sp. 
Pg.  beguina  =  It.  begliina,  bighinu  (MD.  hegliijne, 
D.  begijn,  LG.  and  G.  begine),  <  ML.  beghina, 
begina,  heggina,  beguina,  biginii,  etc.  (ef.  E.  big- 
gin^, from  the  same  soiu'ee).  (2)  Beguin,  masc, 
<  OF.  beguin,  mod.  F.  beguin  =  Sp.  Pg.  beguino 
=  It.  begltino,  bighino,  <  ML.  beglnnus,  beginus, 
begginus,  beguinus,  biginus,  etc. :  formed,  first  as 
fern.,  ■with  suffix  -in,  ML.  -ina,  -inus,  from  the 
name  of  Lamljert  Begue  or  le  Bcgue  (i.  e.,  the 
stammerer:  OF.  begue,  mod.  F.  begue,  dial. 
beiquc,  biequc,  stammering ;  of  imknown  origin), 
a  priest  of  Lifege,  who  founded  the  sisterhood. 
See  also  Begliard.  The  origin  of  the  name  was 
not  generally  known,  and  the  forms  varied, 
leading  to  many  etymological  conjectures. 
The  connection  with  E.  beggar  and  hegl  is  per- 
haps real;  in  the  sense  of  'hypocrite'  and 
'bigot'  (as  in  It.  beghino),  the  word -n'as  later 
confused  with  higot,  q.  v.]  1.  A  name  given 
to  the  members  of  various  religious  communi- 
ties of  women  who,  professing  a  life  of  poverty 
and  self-denial,  went  about  in  coarse  gray 
clothing  (of  undyod  wool),  reading  the  Scrip- 
tures and  exhorting  the  people.  They  originated 
in  the  twelfth  or  thirteenth  century,  and  formerly  flour- 
ished in  Germany,  the  Netherlands,  JYance,  and  Italy;  and 
conuuunities  of  the  name  still  exist  in  Belgium.  See  be- 
guinage.  [Now  generally  written  £<■;/« i/u;.] 
And  Dame  Abstinence  streyned, 
Toke  on  a  robe  of  kamelyne. 
And  gan  her  graithc  [dress]  as  a  bygunne. 

lloin.  0/  the  'j'luse,  1.  7366. 
Wanton  wenches  and  begtdns.   World  o/  Wonders,  1608. 
Tlic  wife  of  one  of  the  cx-burgomastcrs  and  his  daugh- 
ter, who  was  a  beguin,  went  by  his  side  as  he  w.as  led  to 
execution.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  442. 

2.  [Only  Beguin.']  A  member  of  a  community 
of  men  founded  on  the  same  general  principle 
of  life  as  that  of  the  Beguines  (see  1).  They  be- 
came infected  with  various  heresies,  especially  with  sys- 
tems of  illuminism.  which  were  afterward  jiropagatcd 
ami>ng  the  communities  of  women.  They  were  condemned 
by  Pope  John  X.XII.  in  the  early  ])art  of  the  fourteenth 
century.  The  failbrul  lliuuins  joined  themselves  in  num- 
bers with  the  dill.riiit  ..r.brs  of  friars.  Tlie  sect,  gener- 
ally obnoxious  and  the  object  of  severe  measures,  had 
greatly  ilimini.slied  by  the  following  cciitur\,  but  eon- 
tinned  toexist  till  .•iboutthe  middle  of  the  si\tif  nib.  Also 
called  lieghard.  [These  names  have  been  freciueutly  used 
as  vommou  nouns,  without  capitals.] 


508 

beguinage  (beg'in-aj,  or,  as  mod.  F.,  bii-ge- 
niizh'),  n.  [F.  beguinage, OV.  beguinage  (>ML. 
beghinagium),  <  beguine,  a  Beguine.  See  Be- 
guin and  -fige.']  A  community  of  Beguines. 
A  beguinage  usually  consists  of  a  large  walled  inclosurc, 
containing  a  number  of  small  detached  houses,  each  in- 
habited by  one  or  two  Beguijies ;  tliere  are  also  some  com- 
nuin  houses,  especially  for  the  noviei-s  and  jnunger  mem- 
bers of  thecomnnmity.  In  the  centei  is  the  iliurrh,  where 
certain  religious  olliees  are  iterfornied  in  conimon.  Each 
Beguine  kcejis  possession  of  her  own  property,  and  m,ay 
support  herself  from  it,  or  from  the  work  of  her  hands, 
or  by  serving  others  in  their  houses.  Tliey  are  free  to 
leave  at  any  time.  ;unl  take  only  simple  vows  of  chastity 
and  obedience  dui-ini,'  irsiiience.  I'ious  women  may  also, 
under  certain  rcstrietioii-s,  rent  houses  and  live  inside  the 
inelosure  without  formally  joining  the  community.  Such 
establishments  are  now  chiefly  met  with  in  Belgium;  the 
inmieuse  one  near  Ghent,  built  by  the  Duke  of  Aremberg 
in  1S74.  is  the  flnest  example,  and  one  of  the  most  recent. 

Beguine,  n.     See  Beguin. 

begum "^  (be-gum'),t'.  t. ;  pret.  andpp.  6f(7M?nme(f, 
ppr.  begumming.  [<  /;c-l  -I-  gunfi.']  To  daub 
or  cover  with  gum.     Swift. 

begum^  (be'gum),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  bee- 
gum,  bcgauin,  <  Hind,  begam  (cf.  Pers.  baigini, 
a  lady),  <  Turki  bigini,  a  princess,  fem.  of  hig, 
bik  =  Tiu-k.  beg,  be;/,  a  prince :  see  betj^.']  The 
title  of  a  Hindu  princess  or  lady  of  high  rank. 

begun  (be-gun').  Past  participle  and  some- 
times preterit  of  begin. 

begunk  (be-gungk'),  V.  t.  [Also  spelled  be- 
gink,  perhaps  a  nasalized  variation  of  equiv. 
Se.  bcgecl;  q.  v.  See  also  remark  under  befliitn.] 
To  befool;  deceive;  balk;  jilt.     [Scotch.] 

^^1lose  sweetheart  has  begunked  him. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  VIII.  426. 
begunk   (be-gungk'),   n.      [<  begunk,   t>.]     An 
illusion;  a  trick;  a  cheat.     [Scotch.] 

If  I  havena'  gien  Inchgr.abbit  and  Jamie  Howie  abonnie 
begunk,  they  ken  themsel's.        Seott,  Waverlcy,  II.  xxxv. 

behad  (be-hiid'),  a.     [Contr.  of  Sc.  'beliald  = 
E.  beholden.']    Beholden;  indebted.     [Scotch.] 
behalf  (be-haf).  It.     [<  ME.  behalve,  bihalve,  in 
the  phrase  on  (or  vpon,  or  in)  behalve,  in  be- 
half,  incorrectly  used  for  on  halve  (<  AS.  on 
hcatfe,  on  the  side  or  part  of),  o'wing  to  coufu- 
sioti  with  ME.  behalve,  behalren,  behalves,  adv. 
and  prep.,  by  the  side  of,  near,  <  AS.  be  healfe, 
by  the  side :  see  6c-2,  by^,  and  half,  n.     Cf.  be- 
hoof]    1.  Advantage,  benefit,  interest,  or  de- 
fense (of  somebody  or  something). 
In  the  behalf  of  his  mistress's  beauty.       Sir  P.  Sidney. 
I  was  moved  to  speak  in  behalf  of  the  absent. 

Sumner,  Prison  Discipline. 

2t.  Affair;  cause;  matter. 

In  an  unjust  behalf.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  L  3. 

[Always  governed  by  the  preposition  in,  oh, 
or  upon.  See  note  under  behoof.]— la  this  or 
that  behalf,  in  respect  of,  or  with  regard  to,  this  or  that 
matter 

behapt  (be-hap'),  t'.  i.   [<  6e-i -I- /iopi.]  To  hap- 
pen. 
behappent  (be-hap'n),  v.  i.     [<  6c-l  -I-  happen, 
appar.  suggested  by  befall.]     To  happen. 
That  is  the  greatest  shame,  and  foulest  scome. 
Which  unto  any  knight  behappen  may. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  xi.  52. 

behatet,  v.  t.  [ME. ;  <  6c-i  -h  hate.]  To  hate ; 
detest.  Chaucer. 
beha'Ve  (bf-hav'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  behaved, 
ppr.  behaving.  [<  late  ME.  behaveu,  restrain, 
refl.  behave  (see  first  quot.),  <  6c-l  -I-  have 
(which  thus  compounded  took  the  full  inflec- 
tions (pret.  rarely  behad  and  iiTCg.  beheft)  and 
developed  reg.  into  the  mod.  pron.  hav).  The 
word  is  formally  identical  with  AS.  bchabban, 
hold,  surround,  restrain  (=  OS.  bilielihian,  hold, 
surround,  z=  OHG.  biliabcn,  MHG.  behahen,  hold, 
take  possession  of),  <  be,  about,  -h  hnbbau,  have, 
hold:  see6e-l  and/mrc]  I.  trans.  If.  To  gov- 
ern; manage;  conduct;  regulate. 
To  Florence  they  can  hur  kenne, 
To  lerne  hur  to  behave  hur  among  men. 

Le  Bone  Florence,  L  156!. 
He  did  behave  Ms  anger  ere  'tw.as  spent. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  5. 

[The  old  editions  read  behoove  in  this  passage.] 
—  2.   With  a  reflexive  pronoun,  to  conduct, 
comport,  acquit,  or  demean,  (a)  In  some  speci- 
fied way. 
Those  that  behaved  thetnselves  manfully.     2  Mac.  ii.  21. 

We  behaved  not  ourselves  disorderly  among  you. 

2  Thes.  iii.  7. 

(ft)  Absolutely,  in  a  commendable  or  proper 
way;  well  or  properly :  as,  behave  yourself ;  they 
■will  not  behave  tliemselves. — 3t.  "To  emi)loy  or 
occupy. 

Where  ease  abownds  yt's  eatli  to  doe  amis  : 
But  who  his  limbs  with  labours,  and  liis  inynd 
Beliaves  with  cares,  cannot  so  easy  mis. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  II.  iii.  40. 


behavior 

H.  intrans.  [The  reflexive prnnoiin  omitted.] 
To  act  in  any  relation  ;  have  or  e.\hibit  a  modo 
of  action  or  conduct :  used  of  persons,  and  also 
of  things  having  motion  or  operation.  («)  In 
a  particular  manner,  as  specified  :  as,  to  behave 
well  or  ill;  the  ship  behaves  well. 

But  he  w:is  wiser  and  well  beheft. 

B.  Jonson,  Love's  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 
Electricity  behaves  like  an  incompressible  fluid. 

Atkinson,  tr.  of  Mascart  anil  Joubelt,  I.  110. 

(ft)  Absolutely,  in  a  proper  manner:  as,  why 
do  you  tiot  behave  f 
behaved  (l)e-havd'),  j).  a.    Mannered;  conduct- 
ed :  usually  with  some  qualifying  adverb :  as, 
a  well-ft(7iOi'crf  person. 

Gather  by  him.  as  ho  is  Itehav'd, 
If  't  be  the  aflliction  of  his  love,  or  no. 
That  thus  he  suffers  for.        Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 
"VTliy,  I  take  the  French-?;e/iayt'(/  gentleman. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 
A  very  pretty  behaved  gentleman. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  1. 

behavior,  behaviour  (be-hav'yor),  n.  [The 
latter  spelling  is  usual  in  Englanil;  early  mod. 
E.  behavourc,  behavior,  behavier,  behaviour,  be- 
harer,  beharor,  behavour,  <  behave  +  -cure,  -iour, 
-ior,  api)ar.  iu  simulation  of  havior,  haviour, 
harour,  var.  of  haver  for  aver,  possession,  hav- 
ing (see  aver'^),  of  F.  origin.  In  poetry  some- 
times havior,  -which  may  be  taken  as  formed 
directly  from  have;  ef.  Sc.  have,  behave,  hav- 
ings, behavior.]  1.  Manner  of  behaving,  whe- 
ther good  or  bad;  conduct;  mode  of  acting; 
manners ;  deportment :  sometimes,  when  used 
absolutely,  implying  good  breeding  or  proper 
deportment. 

Some  men's  behaviour  is  like  a  verse  wherein  every  syl- 
lable is  measured. 

Baeon,  Essays,  Of  Ceremonies  and  Respects. 

A  gentleman  that  is  very  singular  in  his  behavioxir. 

Steele. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  manner  in  which  anything 
acts  or  operates. 

Tlie  behaviour  of  the  nitrous  salts  of  the  amines  is 
worthy  of  attention.      Austen-Pinnei;  Org.  Chem.,  p.  46. 

The  phenomena  of  electricity  and  magnetism  were  re- 
duced to  the  same  category;  and  the  behaviour  of  the 
magnetic  needle  was  assimilated  to  that  of  a  needle  sub- 
jected to  the  influence  of  artificial  electric  cun-ents. 

II.  Silencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol. 

St.  The  act  of  representing  another  person; 
the  manner  in  which  one  personates  the  char- 
acter of  another;  representative  character. 
[Very  rare,  possibly  unique.  Knight,  however,  believes 
that  the  word  is  used  here  in  its  natural  sense,  that  is, 
the  manner  of  having  or  conducting  one's  self.] 

King  John.    Now,  say,  Chatillon,  what  would  France 
with  us? 

Chat.    Thus,  after  greeting,  speaks  the  king  of  France, 
In  my  behaviour,  to  the  majesty. 
The  borrow'd  majesty,  of  England  here. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 
Beha^vior  as  heir  (law  Latin,  gestio  pro  hrcrede),  in  Scots 
law,  npassive  title,  by  which  an  heir,  by  intri'inission  with 
his  ance.-^t'ir  .^  hcrita:4e,  incurs  a  niii\tr^;d  liability  for  his 
debts  and  obligatioii.s.  — During  good  behavior,  :is  long 
as  one  remains  blameless  in  the  discharge  of  one  s  duties 
or  the  conduct  of  one's  life  :  as.  an  oiticc  held  during  good 
behavior;  a  convict  is  given  certain  privileges  during  goijd 
behavior.— Oa  one's  behavior  or  good  behavior,  (a) 
Behaving  or  bounil  to  behave  witli  a  regard  to  conven- 
tional decorum  and  propriety.  [Colbxj.]  (b)  In  a  state  of 
probation ;  liable  to  be  called  to  account  in  case  of  mis- 
conduct. 

Tyrants  themselves  are  ujHtti  their  behaviour  to  a  su- 
perior power.  Sir  a.  L'Estrange,  Fables. 
=  SyiL  1.  Carriage,  Behavior,  Conduct,  Deportment,  De- 
meanor, bearing,  manner,  manners,  all  denote  i>rini.arily 
outward  manner  or  conduct,  but  natundly  are  freely  ex- 
tended to  internal  states  or  activities.  Carriage,  the  way 
of  carrying  one's  self,  may  be  mere  physical  attitude,  or  it 
may  be  personal  manners,  as  expressing  states  of  mind  : 
we  speak  of  a  Iiaughty  or  noble  carriage,  but  not  ordi- 
nai-ily  of  an  ignoble,  cringing,  or  base  carriage.  Behavior 
is  the  uiMst  general  expression  of  one's  mode  of  acting ;  it 
also  refers  particularly  to  compamtivcly  ctuispicuous  ac- 
tions and  conduct.  Coiuluct  is  more  applicable  to  actions 
viewed  as  connected  into  a  course  of  life,  especially  to  .ac- 
tions considered  with  reference  to  morality.  Deportment 
is  especi;dly  behavior  in  the  line  of  the  proprieties  or  duties 
of  life:  as,  Mr.  Turveydrop  was  a  model  of  dei)ortment ; 
the  scholars'  rank  depends  partly  upon  their  deportment. 
Demeanor  is  most  used  for  manners  as  expressing  charac- 
ter; it  is  a  more  delicate  word  than  the  others,  and  is 
generally  used  in  a  good  sense.  We  may  speak  of  lofty 
or  gracious  cnrri'rt;;c ;  good,  bad,  wise,  foolish,  modest,  con- 
ceited behavior;  cxempl.ary  coiuluct ;  grand,  modest,  cor- 
rect dc^^or/i/icnf;  (juiet,  refined  demeanor. 

Nothing  can  be  more  delicat*  without  being  fantasti- 
cal, nothing  more  firm  and  based  in  nature  and  sentiment, 
than  tlie  coui-tship  and  mutual  carriage  of  the  sexes  [in 
England  |.  Emcr.mn,  Eng.  Traits,  p.  112. 

Men's  behaviour  should  be  like  their  apparel,  not  too 
strait  or  point-device,  but  free  for  exercise  or  motion. 

Bacon,  Essays,  liii. 

It  is  liotli  more  satisf.ictory  and  more  safe  to  trust  to 
the  conduct  of  a  party  than  their  professions. 

Ames,  Works,  II.  214. 


behavior 

Even  at  danrinK  pnrtir.s,  where  it  woiilil  seem  that  the 
poetry  <if  motion  nii;;ht  dci  sonK'tliirij;  to  snrten  the  rijiiil 
husoiii  nf  Venetiun  lU-iwrttiwiit,  tlie  p(nii-  ynriny:  people 
separate  after  eaeh  ilaiice,       Ilowrils,  Veiietiuli  Life,  xxi. 

All  elderly  gelitluinan,  lar^e  and  portly  and  of  remark- 
ably di^itillud  deuieanof,  passing  -slowly  alon^. 

llawthuriie,  Seven  Gables,  iv. 

behead  (be-hed'),  v-  t.  [<  ME.  bckcdcn,  hilicf- 
tliii,  hilirrcileii,  <  AS.  bclitiifdiaii  (=  MHG.  lic- 
iKiithclcii  :  cf.  G.  ciit-haiiiilcii  =1).  on-thoiifdeii), 
bolicail,  <  be-,  hero  priv.,  +  liidfiii},  head:  see 
6(-l  and  head.]  1.  To  eul  off  tho  head  of;  kill 
or  executo  by  decapitation. 

Knssell  aiul  .Sidney  were  bfhcatlcd  in  defiance  of  law 
and  justiee.  Macaulai/,  lli.st.  FInp.,  ii. 

2.  Fifjurativcly,  to  deprive  of  tlie  lieail,  ton,  or 
foremost  part  of:  as,  to  behead  a  statue  or  a 
word. 
beheading  (be-hed'inp),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  6c- 
/((•«(/.]  Tho  act  of  cuttbig  off  the  head;  spe- 
ciiieally,  execution  by  decapitation. 

In  Dahomey  there  are  freiinent  hf/ifu'luii/s  that  the  vic- 
tims, goin^  to  the  other  world  to  serve  the  dead  king,  may 
carry  messages  from  his  livini;  descendant. 

//.  SiJiiurr,  i'rin.  of  Socio],.  §  141. 

beheld  (be-held').    Preterit  and  past  participle 

of  tiehoUi. 
behellt  (bc-hel'),  v.  t.     [<  6f-l  +  hcU.'\    To  tor- 
ture as  with  pains  of  hell. 

Did  hrlull  and  rack  hiiu.  Ih'wtft. 

behemoth  (bo-he'moth),  n.  [<  Heb.  b'hcmoth, 
appar.  pi.  of  excellence,  'great  beast,'  sing. 
b'lteniah,  a  beast,  but  supposed  to  be  an  adap- 
tation of  Eg,\i)t.  p-che-mau,  lit.  water-ox.]  An 
animal  mentioned  in  Job  xl.  15-24;  probably, 
from  the  details  given,  a  hij^popotamus,  but 
sometimes  taken  for  some  other  animal,  or  for 
a  type  of  the  largest  land-animals  generally. 

Behold  now  behemoth,  which  I  made  with  thee,  he  eat- 
eth  grass  as  an  o.x.  Job  xl.  15. 

Behold  in  plaited  mail 
Behemoth  rears  his  head. 

Thommn,  Summer,  1.  710. 
behen,  ben®  (be'hen,  ben),  n.  [Also  wi'itten  be- 
ken,  been,  appar.  a  corruption  of  Ar.  bahman, 
behmen,  a  kind  of  root,  also  the  flower  Ilosa  ca- 
nina.]  An  old  name  of  the  bladder-campion, 
SUene  inflata.  The  behen-root  of  old  pharmacists  is  said 
to  have  been  the  root  of  Centauyea  Bchcn  and  of  Statice 
Limoniiuii,  distinguished  as  wfiit/'  and  red  l/eben. 
behest  (be-hesf),  n.  [<  ME.  behest,  bihest,  bc- 
hestc,  etc.,  with  excrescent  t,  earlier  behese,  < 
late  AS.  behais,  a  promise,  vow  (equiv.  to  behdt 
=  OHG.  biheiz,  a  promise;  cf.  behitjht,  n.),  <  bc- 
AdtaH,  promise:  see  ftf/HY/7if,ti.,  and  Aei<.]  It.  A 
vow;  a  promise.  Chaucer;  Goirer ;  Holland.' — 
2.  A  command ;  precept ;  mandate. 

Where  1  have  learn'd  me  to  repent  the  sin 

Of  disobedient  opposition 

To  you  and  your  behests.       Shak,,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  2. 

He  did  not  pause  to  parley  nor  protest. 

But  hastened  to  obey  the  Lord's  behe.-^t. 

L'livifeUijH',  Torquemada. 

behestt  (be-hesf),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  behesten,  prom- 
ise, <  heheste,  a  promise:  see  behest,  w.]  To 
promise ;  vow. 

behetet,  v.     A  Middle  English  form  of  behight. 

behewt,  e.  t.    [<  ME.  beUcwvn,  hew  about,  carve, 

<  AS.  behcdwan,  hew  off,  <  be-  (in  AS.  priv.) 
+  hedwan,  cut,  hew.]  To  carve;  adorn;  embel- 
lish. 

Al  with  gold  behewe.    Chancer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1306. 

behightt  (be-hif),  V.  [The  common  spelling 
in  Spenser  and  his  contemporaries  of  both 
present  and  preterit  of  ME.  pres.  inf.  behetcn, 
regularly  6e/(o^e«,  earlier  behatcn  (prct.  behight, 
behighte,  earlier  beheht,  behet,  pp.  behoten,  later 
behight),  <  AS.  behdtan  (pret.  hchct,  pp.  behdten) 
(=  OHG.  bihai:an,  MHG.  behci:en),  promise, 

<  be-  +  hdtan,  command,  call :  see  ftc-l  and 
hight".  The  forms  in  ME.  were  confused,  like 
those  of  the  simple  verb.  The  proper  sense  of 
behight  is  'promise';  the  other  senses  (found 
only  in  Spenser  and  contemporary  archaists) 
are  forced,  being  in  part  taken  from  hight^.2  I. 
trans.  1.  To  promise;  vow. 

The  tr.ayteresse  fals  and  fill  of  tr.vle, 
That  al  bchofeth  and  nothing  halt. 

Chawir.  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  C21. 
Behi'jht  by  vow  unto  the  chaste  Minerve. 

Surrey,  .Eneid,  ii. 

2.  To  call ;  name. 

That  Geauntesse  Argante  is  behiqht. 

Spenser,  F.  (J.,  III.  vii.  47. 

3.  To  address. 

Whom  soone  as  he  behehl  he  knew,  and  thus  behiitht. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  V.  iv.  25. 

4.  To  pronounce ;  declare  to  be. 

Why  of  Late 
Didst  thou  behight  nie  borne  of  Kngtish  blood? 

Speiuter,  ¥.  Q.,  I.  x.  G4. 


509 

5.  To  mean  ;  intend. 

Words  sometimes  mean  more  than  the  heart  hehiirth. 
Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  4rd. 

6.  To  commit;  intrust. 

The  keies  are  to  thy  hand  behi;iht. 

Spetuser,  K  Q.,  I.  x,  50. 

7.  To  adjudge. 

There  wa.s  it  jthlged,  by  those  worthie  wights, 
Tinit  Satyrane  the  first  day  best  had  donne  :  .  .  . 
The  second  was  t«  Triamond  beldtdd. 

Spcmer,  F.  Q.,  IV.  v.  7. 

8.  To  command ;  ordain. 

So,  taking  eoiu-tcous  congeS  he  behi'jht 
Those  gates  to  be  unhar'd,  and  "forlji  he  went. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  II.  xi.  17. 

II.  intrans.  To  address  one's  self. 

And  lowly  to  her  lowting  thus  behifjht. 

Spemer,  V.  <).,  IV.  ii.  38. 
behightt  (be-hif),  H.    [<  behight,  v.    Cf.  ME.  be- 
het,  behot,  behat.  <  AS.  behdt,  a  promise.     See 
behest.]    A  jiromise  ;  vow;  jdedge.     Surrey. 
behind  (bo-hind'),  adv.  and  pre]).     [<  ME.  bc- 
hinde,  hehindeii,  <  AS.  behindan  (=  OS.  bihindan), 
adv.  and  prep.,  Ix'hind,  <  l>e,  by,  -I-  hindan,  adv., 
behind,  from  behind,  at  the  back :  see  6f-2  and 
hindS.]     I.  adt\  1.  At  the  back  of  some  person 
or  thing ;  in  the  rear :  opposed  to  before. 
So  rnnn'st  thou  after  that  which  files  from  thee, 
Whilst  1  thy  babe  chase  thee  afar  fiehin/t. 

Siia/:.,  Sonnets,  cxliii. 

2.  Toward  the  back  part;  backward:  as,  to 
look  behind. 

She  that  could  think,  and  ne'er  disclose  her  mind, 
See  suitors  following,  and  not  look  behind. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 
Worse  things,  unheard,  unseen,  remain  behimt. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  i.  1, 

3.  Out  of  sight;  not  produced  or  exhibited  to 
\iew ;  in  abeyance  or  reserve. 

And  fill  up  that  which  is  behind  of  the  afflictions  of 
Christ  in  my  tiesh.  Col.  i.  24. 

We  cannot  be  sure  that  there  is  no  evidence  behind. 

Loeke. 

4.  Remaining  after  some  ocourrence,  action, 
or  operation :  as,  he  departed  and  left  us  be- 
hind. 

Thou  shalt  live  in  this  fair  world  behind. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

Where  the  bee  can  suck  no  honey,  she  leaves  her  sting 

behind.     Beau,  and  Ft.,  Prol.  to  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle. 

5.  Past  in  the  progress  of  time. 

Forgetting  those  things  which  are  hehiml.      Phil.  iii.  13. 

6.  In  arrear;  behindhand:  as,  he  is  behind  in 
his  rent. 

So  that  ye  come  behiiui  in  no  gift.  1  Cor.  i.  7. 

II.  prep.  1.  At  the  back  or  in  the  rear  of,  as 
regards  either  the  actual  or  the  assumed  front: 
the  opposite  of  before :  as,  the  valet  stood  be- 
hind his  master;  crouching  behind  a  tree. 

Behind  yon  hills  where  Lugar  flows. 

Burns,  My  Nannie,  O. 
A  tall  Brabanter  behind  whom  I  stood. 

Bp.  Hall,  Account  of  Himself. 
The  lion  walk'd  along 
Behind  some  hedge. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1094. 

2.  Figuratively,  in  a  position  or  at  a  point  not 
so  far  advanced  as ;  in  the  rear  of,  as  regards 
progi'ess,  knowledge,  development,  etc.;  not  on 
an  equality  with:  as,  behind  the  age;  he  is 
behind  the  others  in  mathematics. 

For  I  suppose  I  was  not  a  whit  bchiml  the  very  chiefest 
apostles.  2  Cor,  xi.  5. 

In  my  devotion  to  the  Union  I  hope  I  am  behind  no  man 
in  the  nation.  Lincoln,  in  Kaymond,  p.  99. 

3.  In  existence  or  remaining  after  the  removal 
or  disappearance  of :  as,  he  left  a  large  family 
behind  him. 

W'hat  he  gave  me  to  publish  was  but  a  small  part  of 
what  he  left  behind  him.  P02K. 

Behind  one's  back.  See  tncti.— Behind  the  curtain. 
See  curtain.-  Behind  the  scenes.  See  «rcH<>.— Behind 
the  times,  not  well  informed  :us  to  current  events  ;  hold- 
ing to  older  idea.s  and  ways.—  Behind  time,  later  than 
the  proper  or  appointed  time  in  doing  anything.  =Syn.  Be- 
hiiui, .-i/ter.  /fcAi/u/ relates  primarily  to  position  ;  after, 
to  time.  \Vhen  a.fter  notes  position,  it  is  less  close  or  ex- 
act than  behind,  anil  it  means  position  in  motion.  To  say 
that  men  stood  one  a.fter  another  in  a  line  was  once  cor- 
rect (see  Chaucer,  knight's  Tale,  1.  iWl,  "kneeled  .  .  . 
each  nffcr  other"),  but  is  n<it  so  now.  They  may  come  one 
after  another,  that  is,  somewhat  irregularly  and  apart : 
they  came  one  behind  another,  that  is,  close  together, 
one  covering  another.  The  distinction  is  similar  to  that 
between  beneath  and  below. 

Out  bounced  a  splendidly  spotted  creature  of  the  cat 
kinti.  Immediately  behind  him  crept  out  his  mate ;  and 
there  they  stood.         P.  Jtobinstm,  Umler  the  Sun,  p.  144. 

On  him  they  laid  the  cross,  that  he  might  bear  it  after 
.lesns.  Luke  xxiii.  -It't. 

behindhand  (be-hind'hand),  j'rep.  phr.  as  adr. 
or  ((.  [<  behind  +  hand;  cf.  biforehand.]  1. 
In  the  rear ;  in  a  backward  state ;  not  sufficient- 


beholding 

ly  advanced  ;  not  equally  advanced  with  some 
other  person  or  thing :  as,  l/chindhand  in  studies 
or  work. 

And  these  thy  ofll(!e3. 
So  rarely  kind,  are  a-s  interpreters 
Of  my  beliind-hand  slackness. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  v.  I. 

Up,  and  all  the  morning  within  doors,  beginning  to  get 

n)y  aecotint-s  in  order  fnjm  before  this  fire,  Ibcing  bi'hind- 

hand  with  them  ever  since.  t'epi/s.  Diary,  II.  480. 

.Vothing  can  excee<i  the  evils  of  this  sjuing.  AM  agl-i- 
culturat  operations  are  at  least  a  month  iiehindhand. 

Sijdtu-}!  Suiith,  To  l.jidy  Holland. 

2.  Late ;  delayed  beyond  the  i)roper  time ;  bo- 
hind  tho  time  set  or  expected. 

Govenuucnt  expeditions  are  generally  behindhand. 

Cornhill  Mmj.,  ilarch,  1862. 

3.  In  a  state  in  which  expenditure  has  gone 
beyond  income  ;  in  a  state  in  which  means  are 
not  adequate  to  the  sujjply  of  wants;  in  arrear: 
as,  to  be  behindhand  in  one's  circumstances ; 
you  are  behindhand  with  your  pajaneuts. 

Having  run  something  behindhand  in  the  world,  he  ob- 
tained tile  favour  of  a  certain  lord  to  receive  him  into  his 
house.  Su'ift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ii. 

4.  Underhand;  secret;  clandestine.     [Rare.] 

Those  behindhand  and  paltry  manoeuvres  which  destroy 
confidence  between  human  beings  and  degrade  the  char- 
acter of  the  statesman  and  the  man. 

Leeky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xv. 

behithert  (be-hilH'^r),  prep.  [<  6e-2  as  in  be- 
yond, heliind,  etc.,  +  hither.]    On  this  side  of. 

Two  miles  hehither  Clifden. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  23,  1679. 

behold  (be-hold'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beheld,  ppr. 
beholding.  [<  IIE.  beholden,  biholdan,  bihalden, 
hold,  bind  by  obligation  (in  this  sense  only  in 
pp.  beholden,  behoUle:  see  beholden),  commonly 
observe,  see,  <  AS.  beliealdan,  hold,  keep,  ob- 
serve, see  (=  OS.  bihaldtin  =  OFries.  bihalda 
=  D.  behouden  =  OHG.  bihaltan,  MHG.  G.  6c- 
halten,  keep),  <  be-  +  healdan,  hold,  keep:  see 
fce-l  and  hohft.  Other  words  combining  tho 
senses  '  keep '  and  '  look  at '  are  observe  and 
regard.]  I.  trans.  It.  To  hold  by;  keep;  re- 
tain.—  2t.  To  hold;  keep;  observe  (a  com- 
inand). —  3.  To  hold  in  view;  fix  the  eyes 
upon;  look  at;  see  with  attention;  obsers'e 
with  care. 

When  he  beheld  the  serpent  of  brass,  he  lived. 

Num.  xxi.  9. 
Behold  the  Lamb  of  God,  which  taketh  away  the  sin  of 
the  world.  John  i.  29. 

=  Syn.  Observe,  Witness,  etc.  (see  see);  look  upon,  con- 
sider, eye,  view,  survey,  contemplate,  regard. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  look;    direct  the  eyes  to 
an  object;  view;  see:  in  a  physical  sense. 
Virginius  gan  upon  the  cherl  beholde. 

Chaucer,  Doctor's  Tale,  1.  191. 

And  I  beheld,  and  lo,  in  the  midst  of  the  throne  .  .  . 

stood  a  Lamb  as  it  had  Ijeen  slain.  Rev.  v,  6. 

2.  To  fix  the  attention  upon  an  object;  at- 
tend; direct  or  fix  tho  mind  :  in  this  sense  used 
chiefly  in  the  imperative,  lieing  frequently  little 
more  than  an  exclamation  calling  attention,  or 
expressive  of  wonder,  admiration,  and  the  like. 
Behold,  I  stand  at  the  door  and  knock.  Rev.  iii.  20. 
Prithee,  see  there !  behold  .'  look  !  lo  1 

Shak.,  Macbetli,  iii.  4. 

3t.  To  feel  obliged  or  bound. 

For  who  would  behold  to  geue  counsell,  if  in  counselling 
there  should  be  any  pcrill '/ 

J.  BreTide,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  iii. 

beholden  (be-hol'dn),  2>-  c-  [Formerly  often 
erroneously  beholding ;  <  ME.  heholiien,  beholde, 
prop.  ppr.  of  behold,  v.]  Oldiged;  bound  in 
gratitude;  indebted;  held  by  obligation. 

Little  arc  we  beholden  to  your  love. 

SiMk.,  Rich.  II.,  iv.  1. 
We  had  classics  of  our  own,  without  being  beholden  to 
"insolent  Greece  or  haughty  Rome." 

Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

beholder  (be-hol'd^r),  n.  [<  ME.  beholder, 
biholder,  -ere;  <  behold  +  -c)l.]  One  who  be- 
holds; a  spectator;  one  who  looks  upon  or 
sees. 

Was  this  the  face 
Tliat,  Uke  the  sun,  ditl  make  beholders  wink'? 

SAa*..  Rich.  II.,  iv.  1. 

beholding^  (be-hol'ding),  H.  [<  ME.  hchold- 
ynge,  hihaldunge  :  <  beholden,  behold.]  The  act 
of  looking  at;  gaze;  view;  sight. 

The  revenges  we  are  bound  io  take  upon  your  traitor- 
ous father  are  not  fit  for  your  beholding. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 

beholding-t  (Iie-li6!'ding),  a.  [Corrupt  form  of 
hehohbn.]     1.   Under  obligation;  obliged. 

The  stage  is  more  beholdiwj  to  love  than  the  life  of  man. 

Bacon,  Love. 


beholding 


510 


Oh,  I  thank  you,  I  am  much  Iji'linUlinfr  to  you. 
Cliajntwjt,  IJlind 


[<  fcc-1  +  horn.]     To 


behornt  (b6-h6rn'),  r.  t. 
ISoKcar.      j|„(  ),„viis  on;  cuckold. 
It  18  in  the  power  of  every  )iaml  to  destroy  us,  ami  v>e  jjehotet.  ''•     Same  ii.s  hchit/lit 
arc  bclmldiii'j  unto  every  one  we  meet,  lie  il.illi  m.t  kill  us.   Vgijov,-^  „      POF.,  also  written  hehourt,  lichour, 
ill- J'.  UroMiic,  Kellglo  Media,  1.  11.    u^"""*".  l    .     > 


2.  Attractive;  fascinating. 

When  lie  saw  me,  I  .issiire  you,  my  beauty  was  not  more 
bchuldinn  to  him  than  my  hannoiiy. 

Sir  y.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i.  60. 

beholdingness  (be-liol'ding-nes),  w.     The  state 
(if  bciiitr  bcliuldeii  or  under  obligation  to  any 


biliour,  holinurd,  etc.,  "a  juste  or  tourney  of 
many  togotlier  with  launcps  and  batleaxes ; 
also  a  bustling  or  blustering  noise"  (Cotgrave) ; 
<  hchourder,  Mioiinlir,  "to  just  together  with 
lauuces,"  <  hehourt,  a  lance.]  A  variety  of  the 
just  practised  in  the  thirteenth  century,  or,  in 
some  cases,  a  variety  of  the  tourney. 


^'^-  ,      ..,        ,,,,,•    .„.„    X.,,,.  behovable,  behoveable, ".    Hoa  bthoovahlc. 

Thank  mc,  yc  fcods,  with  'XJl^tt liprSte,  v  2    behove,  r.     Less  coiTect  spelling  of /if /(oor- 


behovelyt,  «•     [ME.  (mod.  as  if  'bchooflij):  see 
behoof  and  -ly'^.}    Necessary;  advantageous. 
Cliaiicrr. 
behowl  (be-houl'),  V.  t.      [<  6c-l  +  howl.']     To 
howl  at. 

Ihe  wolf  heUwh  the  moon.  Shak.,  Jt.  N.  D.,  v.  2. 

[Pp.  of  'bchcing,  not 

ornamented 

with  something  hanging:  as,  a  horse  behung 

with  trappings.     [Rare.] 

beid-el-sar  (bad-el-siir'), )(.   [Ar.]   A  plant  used 

in  Africa  as  a  remedy  for  various  cutaneous 

affections.     It  is  the  Catotrojjin  procera,  an  asclepiada- 

ceous  shrub  of  tropical  Africa  and  southern  Asia.    The 

.  nnvisH  7»  111-  »«  »(■-     Esyptians  use  the  down  of  its  seeds  as  tinder. 

,     ^    ^   ,,  A-  f^iwU,Lr,77T  beige  (bazh),fl.     [F.,<  It.  6«/»),gray:  see  fiic^.] 

Aoo/q^,.  the  word  is^  confused   with   Mk///.]   Vaving  its  natural  color:  said  of  a  woolen  fab- 

That  which  is  advantageous  to  a  person :  he-  &       .       .      . 


niarke,  I  doe  not  cui-se  you. 
behoney  (be-hun'i).  v.  t.     [<  6c-l  +  hone;/.]    To 

coverorsniearwith  honey ;  sweeten  with  honey, 

or  with  honeved  words. 
behoof  {lio-lujf),  n.     [<  ME.  bchOf  (cliiefly  m 

the  dat.  bclioi-c,  with  prep,  to,  til.  or  for),  <  AS. 

'bchof.  advantage  (in  deriv.  bchofllc,  advantage- 
ous, Mtefc,  useful,  necessary,  beliofian,  behoove :  behung  (be-hung'),  p.  a.     [Pp.  of 

see  bchoore)  (=  UFries.   bchOf,   bihof  z=  D.  be-     used,  <  6c-l  4-  hang.]      Draped; 

/(Oc/'=  MLG.  6f/(6/=  MHU.  ii7(«o/,  G.  6e/)!(/,         "'  -•       '        .-_.__    _ 

advantage,  =  Sw.  bchof  =  Dan.  behor,  need, 

necessity;  cf.  Icel.  hof,  moderation,  measure, 

Goth,  ga-hiihains,    self-restraiut),  <  *belicbbaii 

(pret.  '*behdf)  =  MHG.  behehen,  take,  hold,  < 

bv-  +  hebban,  heave,  raise,  orig.  take  up,  take: 

see  6(!-l  and  heave.     In  the  phrase  in  or  on  he- 


half;  interest;  advantage;  profit;  benefit. 
Accordeth  nought  to  the  beiiove 
Of  resonable  maniies  use. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i.  15. 

No  mean  recompense  it  brings 
To  your  belwo/.  MllUm,  V.  L.,  iL  982. 

\VTio  wants  the  liner  politic  sense 
To  mask,  tho"  but  in  his  own  behuof. 
With  a  glassy  smile  Ills  brutal  scorn. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi. 
Is  not,  indeed,  every  man  a  student,  and  do  not  all  things 
exist  for  the  student's  belmof!  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  73. 

[This  word  is  probably  never  used  as  a  nominative,  being 
regularly  governed  by  one  of  the  prepositions  to,  for,  i/t,_ 
or  on,  and  limited  by  a  possessive  word  or  phrase.  Betialf 
is  used  similarly.] 

behooffult,  a-    The  more  correct  form  of  he- 

lioorrfiit. 
behoovable  (be-ho'va-bl),  a.     l<.  bejioovc  + 


ric  made  of  imdyed  wool 

beild,  «.  and  V.  t.    See  bield. 

beildy,  a.    See  hieldy. 

bein  (ben),  a.  [Also  been,  bene,  Se.  also  bien, 
<  ME.  been,  beene,  bene  ;  origin  unknown.  The 
Icel.  bcinn,  hospitable,  lit.  straight,  is  a  different 
word,  the  source  of  E.  bain\  ready,  mlling, 
etc. :  see  bainK]  1.  Wealthy;  well  to  do:  as, 
a  bcin  farmer;  a  bein  body. — 2.  Well  provided; 
comfortable;  cozy. 

This  is  a  gey  bein  place,  and  it's  a  comfort  to  hae  sic  a 
comer  to  sit  in  in  a  bad  day.      Scott,  Antiquary,  II.  xxiv. 

[Now  only  Scotch.] 
bein  (ben),  adv.     [Also  bien;  <  bein,  a.]     Com- 
fortably.    [Scotch.] 

I  grudge  a  wee  the  great  folks'  gift, 
That  live  sae  bien  and  snug. 

Burns,  Ep.  to  Davie,  i. 


(dile.]    Useful;  profitable;  needful;  fit.    Also  'being  (be'ing),  ».     [<  ME.  fte^ni/e,  6)/JHi/f,  verbal 


spelled  behovable  and  behovcablc.     [Rare.] 

All  spiritual  graces  beJioveable  for  our  soul. 

Book  of  IJomilies,  ii. 

behoove  (be-hov')i  »•;  pret.  and  pp.  behooved, 
ppr.  behooving.  [Also  spelled,  against  analogy, 
behove ;<  ME.  bchoven,  behofen,  AS.  behofian, 
need,  be  necessary  (=  OFries.  bibovia  =  D.  be- 
hoeven  =  MLG.  bchoven,  LG.  behoben,  behoben  = 
G.  bchufcn  (obs.)  =  Sw.  behofva  =  Dan.  behove) ; 
from  the  noun :  see  behoof.  Cf .  Icel.  hafa,  aim 
at,  hit,  behoove,  =  Sw.  hiifvas,  beseem.  The 
pret.  behooved  is  worn  down  in  Se.  to  bud,  bid : 
see  bid.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  be  fit  or  meet  for, 
with  respect  to  necessity,  dutj',  or  convenience ; 
be  necessary  for;  become:  now  used  only  in 
the  third  person  singular  with  it  as  subject. 
It  bcftoves  the  high. 
For  their  own  sakes,  t<>  do  tlungs  wurthily. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

Indeed,  it  behoved  him  to  keep  on  good  terms  with  his 
pupils.  Jrrinfj,  Sketeh-Book. 

lie  is  sure  of  himself,  and  never  needs  to  ask  another 
what  in  any  crisis  it  behooves  him  to  do.      Emerson,  War. 

2+.  To  relate  to  the  advantage  of;  concern  the 
well-being  of:  formerly  used  'with  a  regular 
nominative. 

If  you  know  aught  which  does  behove  my  knowledge 

Thereof  to  be  inform'd,  imprison  it  not 

111  ignorant  concealment.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  be  necessary,  suitable,  or  fit. 
Sometime  behoovetti  it  to  be  counselled. 

Chaucer,  Melibeus. 
He  had  all  those  endowments  mightily  at  command 
which  are  behoved  in  a  scholar. 

Bjj.  llacket.  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  I.  39. 

Also  spelled  behove. 
behoovet,  «.  An  obsolete  form  (properly  da- 
tive) of  behoof. 
behoovefult  (be-hov'fvil),  «.  [Prop.,  as  in  early 
iiHid.  E.,  iKhoofful,  <  ME.  bchoveful,  <  licliof  be- 
hoof, +  -Jul.]  Needful;  useful;  fit;  iirofitablc; 
advantageous. 

Madam,  we  have  cuU'd  such  necessaries 
As  ai'e  belioveful  for  our  state  to-morrow. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  3. 

It  may  be  most  behooveful  for  princes,  in  matters  of 

gra<e,  U>  transact  the  same  piildicly.  Ctai-endou. 

behoovefuUyt  (be-hiiv'ful-i),  adv.  Usefully; 
profitably;  necessarily. 


n.  of  been,  "be.]  1.  Existence  in  its  most  com- 
prehensive sense,  as  opposed  to  non-e.xistenee ; 
existence,  whether  real  or  only  in  thouglit. —  2. 
In  metaph.,  sul.isistence  in  a  state  not  necessa- 
rily amounting  to  actual  existence ;  rudimentary 
existence.  But  the  word  is  used  in  different  senses  by 
dittercnt  philosophers.  Hegel  defines  it  as  immediacy, 
that  is,  the  abstract  character  of  the  present.  In  its  most 
proper  acceptation,  it  is  the  name  given  by  philosophical 
l-eflection  to  that  which  is  revealetl  in  immediate  con- 
sciousness independently  of  the  distinction  of  subject  and 
object.  It  may  also  be  deflned.  Imt  with  less  precision,  as 
the  abstract  noun  corresponding  to  the  concrete  class  em- 
bracing every  object.  Being  is  also  used  in  philosophy  in- 
fluenced by  Aristotle  to  signify  the  rudiment  or  germ  of 
existence,  consisting  in  a  nature,  or  principle  of  growth, 
before  actual  existence.  It  is  also  frequently  used  to  mean 
actual  existence,  the  complete  preparation  to  produce  ef- 
fects on  the  senses  and  on  other  objects.  Psychologically, 
bcimi  may  be  defined  as  theobjectification  of  consciousness, 
though  the  distinction  of  subject  from  object  logically 
presupposes  being. 

Wee  may  well  reject  a  Liturgie  which  had  no  being  that 
wee  can  know  of,  but  from  the  corruptest  times. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

First,  Thou  madest  things  which  should  have  being  with- 
out life.  Bp.  Hall,  Contemplations,  The  Creation. 

Consider  everything  as  not  yet  in  being ;  then  consider 
if  it  must  needs  have  been  at  all.  Bentley, 

Our  noisy  years  seem  moments  in  the  being 
Of  the  eternal  Silence. 

Wordsworth,  Ode  to  Immortality. 

3.  That  which  exists;  anything  that  is:  as, 
inanimate  beings. 

What  a  sweet  beinq  is  an  honest  mind ! 

Middleton  (and  others).  The  Widow,  v,  1. 

4.  Life ;  conscious  existence. 
I  will  sing  praises  unto  my  God  while  I  have  any  being. 

Vs.  cxlvi.  2. 
I  fetch  my  life  and  being 
From  men  of  royal  siege.      Sliak.,  Othello,  i.  2. 
I  felt  and  feel,  tho'  left  alone, 
His  being  working  in  mine  own. 

Tenntjson,  In  Meiuuriam,  Ixxxv. 

5.  Lifetime ;  mortal  existence. 

Claudius,  thou 
Wast  follower  of  his  fortunes  in  his  being, 

Webster. 

It  is,  as  far  as  it  relates  to  our  present  being,  the  great 
end  of  education  to  raise  oui-selves  above  the  vulgar. 

Steele,  Tath-r,  No.  GO. 

6.  That  which  has  life ;  a  living  existence,  in 
contradistinction  to  what  is  >vitLout  life ;  a 
creature. 


bekiSB 

It  is  folly  to  seek  the  approbation  of  any  beimj  besides 
the  Supreme,  because  no  rttlier  beiw/  can  make  a  right 
judgiiiciit  n(  us.  Addison,  Spectator. 

Accidental  being,  the  being  of  an  accident,  mark,  or 
iliiahiv.  Actual  being,  complete  being;  being  really 
bn.uL-ht  In  pa.^s  ;  actuality.  — Being  In  itself,  I'ciiiL;  ap^irt 
fn.in  tin  .sentient  cdusci-JUHiiess;  l>eing  per  se.  — Being  Of 
existence,  iilst».iic;d  ining;  existence.— Being  peracci- 
dens,  being  through  snmetliing  extraneous.— Being  per 
se,  essential  and  necessary  being.  — Connotative  being, 
a  mode  of  being  relative  to  sninething  else.-  Diminute 
being.  See  r/iirtim/(<!.— Intentional  oi  spiritual  being, 
tlic  l.cing  of  that  which  is  in  tlic  niind.  Material  being, 
what  beliMigs  to  material  lioilics.  —  Natural  bemg,  tliat 
whicli  bi.t>Mgs  tn  things  and  pel-sons,-  Objective  being, 
an  rxpressiitn  furnicily  applied  to  the  mode  of  being  of  aii 
ininicdiate  object  of  thought,  but  in  a  moiieru  writing  it 
woiiM  be  iiiidcrstoiid  to  mean  the  being  of  a  real  thing, 
existing  indeiiendently  of  the  mind,  iice  objective. — Po- 
tential being,  that  which  belongs  to  something  which 
satisfies  the  prerequisite  conditions  of  existence,  but  is 
not  yet  complete  or  an  actual  fact.— Pure  being,  in 
metaph.,  the  conception  of  being  as  such,  that  is,  devoid 
of  all  ].rcdicatcs  ;  bein-  of  which  ii'itliin^'  can  lie  altirmed 
excc],t  that  it  is  —  Quldditative  being,  "r  being  of  es- 
sence, that  being  tliat  belongs  t..  thiii-s  In  (..re  tlicy  exist, 
in  the  bosom  of  the  eternal.  -  Substantial  being,  the 
being  of  a  substance.— To  differ  by  the  whole  of  be- 
ing.   See  dijfer. 

being-placet  (be'ing-plas),  n.  A  place  to  exist 
in ;  a  state  of  existence. 

Before  this  worlds  great  frame,  in  which  al  things 
Are  now  containd,  found  any  being-jiltiee. 

Spenser,  Heavenly  Love,  1.  23. 

beinly  (ben'li),  orfc.  l<  bein  + -hj.]  Comforta- 
bly; abundantly;  happily;  well.  Also  spelled 
bienly.     [Scotch.] 

The  children  were  likewise  beitily  apparelled. 

li.  tiitliaize,  iii.  104. 

beinness  (ben'nes),  n.  [Also  spelled  bicnncss, 
(.bcin,  bien, +  -nes.s.]  Plenty;  afQuence;  pros- 
perousness ;  the  state  of  being  well  off  or  well 
to  do.     [Scotch.] 

There  w.as  a  prevailing  air  of  comfort  and  biennreg 
about  the  people  and  their  houses. 

IT.  Black,  Princess  of  Thule,  ii. 

Beiram,  «.     See  Bairam. 
beistings,  n.  sing.  OTpl.     See  beestings. 
beit  (bet),  !•.  t.     [Sc]     Same  as  bccf^. 
bejadet  (lie-jad'),  v.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  jadc^.]     To 
tiro. 

Lest  you  bejade  the  good  galloway. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

bejan  (be'jan),  n.  [Sc,  <  F.  bcjaune,  <  OF. 
bccjaunc,  a'  novice,  lit.  a  yellow-beak,  i.  e.,  a 
yoimg  bird,  <  bee,  beak,  -I-  jaune,  yellow,  a 
yellowbeak  being  characteristic  of  young  birds. 
See  beak^  and  jaundice.]  A  student  of  tho 
Ik-st  or  lowest  class  in  the  universities  of  St. 
Andrews  and  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 

bejapet  (bf-jap').  «■  t-     [ME.;  <  6e-l  +  jape.] 

1.  To  trick;  deceive. 

Thou  .  .  .  hast  bijjaped  here  duk  Theseus. 

Cfiaueur,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  7"27. 

2.  To  laugh  at ;  make  a  mock  of. 

I  shal  bojaped  ben  a  thousand  tyme 

More  tlian  that  fool  of  whos  folye  men  rj-me. 

Chaucer,  Troilns,  i.  532. 

bejaundice  (bf-jan'dis).  v.  t.  [<  ic-l  +  jaun- 
dice]    To  infect  with  the  jaundice. 

bejesuit  (be-jez'u-it),  V.  t.  [<  ic-1  +  Jesuit.] 
To  infect  or  influence  -with  Jesuitry. 

^V^lo  hatll  so  bejesuiled  us  that  we  should  trouble  that 
man  with  asking  license  to  doe  so  worthy  a  deed  '> 

Milton,  Arcopagitica,  p.  r»4. 

beje-wel  (be-jo'el),  i'.  t.  [<  he-T-  +jeicel.]  To 
proxdde  or  adorn  with  jewels. 

Her  bejewelled  hands  lay  sprawling  in  her  amber  satin 
lap.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  I.  xxi. 

bejUCO  (Sp.  pron.  ba-ho'ko),  n.  [Sp.]  A  Span- 
ish name  for  several  species  of  the  lianes  or 
tall  climbing  plants  of  the  tropics,  such  as  llip- 
pocratca  scandens,  etc. 

The  serpent-like  bejuco  winds  his  spiral  fold  on  fold 
Round  the  tall  and  stately  ceiba  till  it  withers  in  his  hold. 
Whittier,  Slaves  of  Martinique. 

bejumble  (be-jum'bl),  r.  t.  [<  bc-^  +  jumble.] 
To  throw  into  confusion;  jumble.    Ash. 

bekah  (be'kij),  n.  [Heb.]  An  ancient  Hebrew 
unit  of  weight,  equal  to  half  a  shekel,  7. OS 
grams,  or  109J  grains.     Ex.  xxxx-iii.  26. 

beken^t,  i'.  t.  [ME.  bckrnncn,  hikennen ;  <  ?)c-l 
-f  toll.]  1.  Toinakeknowu.— 2.  To  deliver. 
—  3.  To  commit  or  commend  to  the  care  of. 

The  devil  I  biikenne  him. 
Chaucer,  Piol.  to  I'aldoner's  Tale,  1.  0  (Ilarleian  MS.). 

beken-t,  «•     Same  as  bchen. 
bekiss  (be-kis'),  (•■  '.     [<  l>e-^  +  ^•'•«-]     To  kiss 
repeat edl\':  cover  with  kisses.     [Rare.] 

she's  sick  of  the  young  sheiiherd  that  bekissed  her. 

ii.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  I  2. 


bekko-ware 

bekko-ware  (lipk'6-wiir),  ».  [<  Jap.  hclkn,  tor- 
toisc-.slicU  (<  I'liini^so  ktrci,  tortoisp,  +  l:iii,  ar- 
mor), +  tcun".]  A  kiiui  of  jKiltcry  anciciilly 
liiuilo  in  .Tallin,  imitating;  torldisc-slicll,  or 
vi'inril  with  Krcon,  yellow,  and  l)iown. 

beknave  (be-nav'),  v.  t. ;  prtt.  and  pp.  hc- 
Icnaoal,  i)\>r.' lukiinving.  [<  fcc-l  +  hiiavc.i  To 
call  (ouo)  a  knavo.     [Rare.] 

'riic  l;lwyiT  lifkmins  tile  diviiu-.       Gnil,  HocKar's  Opors. 

beknight  (iKMiif),  I'.  ^  [<  bc-l  +  kniyht.]  1. 
To  lualvo  a  knifiht  of.     [Karo.] 

Thu  last  bekniilldnl  Ijo.iliy.  T.  Ilimk. 

2.  To  address  as  a  kniglit,  or  by  the  title  Sir. 
beknit  (bo-uif),  v.  t.    [<  it-l  +  knit.]    To  knit; 
girdle  or  eucirclo. 

Her  lllthy  arms  hclniit  with  snakes  about. 

Guldinrj,  tr.  o(  Ovids  Metamm'iih.  (Ord  M.S.). 

beknotted  (be-not'ed),  a.  [<  6(-l  +  knoltc'h'] 
Knotted  ai,'ain  and  again;  covered  with  knots. 

beknottedness  (bo-not'ed-nes),  «.  In  math., 
the  degree  of  eoinplioation  of  a  knot ;  the  num- 
ber of  times  that  it  is  necessary  to  pass  one 
part  of  the  curve  of  the  knot  projected  upon 
a  plane  through  another  in  order  to  untie  the 
knot. 

beknowt  (bo-no'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  hcknoiccn,  hi- 
kiiuiirii,  <  AS.  heciidwaii,  know,  <  be-  +  cndw- 
an,  know:  see  /)f;-l  and  know.']  1.  To  know; 
recognize. —  2.  To  acknowledge  ;  own  ;  con- 
fess. Ayeiihyte  of  Iiiwyt  (1340,  ed.  Morris). 
For  I  dare  tiot  bekuowe  iniii  nwen  name. 

C/«iii«T,  KniKlits  Tale,  I.  COS. 

bellf,  a-  [Earlv  mod.  E.  also  bell ;  <  ME.  bcic, 
bcl-,  <  OP.  (and  mod.  F.)  6(7,  beau,  fem.  belle,  < 
li.  belhts,  fair,  fine,  beautiful:  see  heau,bcaut\i, 
&f7(5,  etc.]  1.  Fair;  fine:  beautiful. —  2.  [Lit. 
fair,  good,  as  in  beausire,  fair  sir,  bcaupere,  good 
father,  used  in  F.  and  JIE.  to  indicate  indirect 
or  adopted  secondary  relationship ;  so  in  mod. 
F.  beau-  as  a  formative  in  relation-names, 
'step-',  '-in-law';  ME.  be!-,  'grand-',  as  in  bel- 
dame, grandmother,  bclsirc,  grandfather,  also 
with  purely  E.  names,  belmoder,  belfader,  and 
later  be(c/iiW.  Cf.  Sc.  and  North.  E.  ijoodmother, 
goodfathcr,  etc.,  mother-in-law,  father-in-law, 
etc.]  Grand-:  a  formative  in  relation-names, 
as  bclsirc,  gi'andfather,  beldam,  grandmother, 
etc.     See  etymology. 

BeF  (bel),  n.     Same  as  ISelus. 

beF  (bel),  »(.  [Also  written,  less  prop.,  hhel, 
bad,  repr.  Hincl.  bel.]  The  East  Indian  name 
of  the  Bengal  (juince-troe,  JEylc  Marmclos.  See 
vEffte,  1. 

bela  (be'lii),  11.  [Hind.]  The  Hindustani  name 
of  a  species  of  jasmin,  Jasmiinim  ,Sambac,  whieh 
is  often  cultivated  for  its  very  fragrant  flowers. 

belabor,  belabour  (be-la'bor),  r.  t.  [<  Ic-i 
+  labor.]  If.  To  work  hard  upon ;  ply  dili- 
gently. 

If  the  earth  is  bclabottred  with  culture,  it  yieldethcorn. 
liarroiv,  Works,  III.  xviii. 

2.  To  beat  soimdly ;  thump. 

They  so  cudgelled  and  hdalicircd  him  bodily  th.at  he 
micrht  perhaps  have  lost  his  life  in  the  encounter  had  lie 
not  been  protected  by  tile  iimrc  resjiectable  iiortion  of  the 
a.ssembly.  M<'tU'y,  Dutch  Kepublic,  I.  545. 

bel-accoilt,  bel-accoylet  (bel-a-koil'),  w.  [<0F. 

bel  acoil,  fair  welcome:   see  bel'^   and  accuil.] 

Kindly  greeting  or  reception.     Spenser. 
belace"!  (be-las'),  v.  t.    [<  6c-i  +  lace]    1.  To 

fasten  as  with  a  lace  or  cord. —  2.  'To  adorn 

with  lace. 

When  thou  in  thy  bravest 
And  most  (w^acerf  servitude  dost  stmt, 
Some  newer  fashion  doth  usurp. 

J.  Beamitfjnt,  Psyche,  xvi.  10. 

3t.  To  beat ;  whip.     Wriejht. 

belace'-t,  r.  t.  An  error  (by  misprint  or  eon- 
fusion  with  belace'^)  in  Bailey  and  subsequent 
dictionaries  for  belage  or  belay.     See  belage. 

belacedness  (be-la'sed-nes),  n.  In  math.,  the 
number  of  times  one  branch  of  a  lacing  must 
be  passed  tlirough  another  to  undo  it. 

beladle  (be-la'dl),  c.  t.  [<  ftc-l  +  ladle.]  To 
poiu-  out  with  a  ladle ;  ladle  out. 

The  honest  masters  of  the  roast  htladling  the  dripping. 

Thackeray. 

belady  (be-la'di),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  beladicd, 
[ipr.  behidying.  [<  bc-^  +  lady ;  ef.  bclord,  bc- 
grace,  beknight.]  To  address  by  the  title  Lady, 
or  the  phrase  "  my  lady." 

belaget,  '•.  [Either  a  misprint  for  belaye,  belay, 
or  U'ss  prob.  a  phonetic  variant  of  that  word 
(ME.  betcii'liii,  etc.):  see  belay.]  Naut.,  to  bo- 
lay,      rhiliii^s  (WIS);  Ker.'iey. 

belam  (bC-lam'),  v.  t.  [<  6<-i  +  lam.]  To  beat; 
bang.     Sherwood.     [Nortlj.  Eng.] 


.511 

belamourf  (bcl'a-mor),  n.      [Also  bellnmotir,  < 
F.  bel  amour,  lit.  fair  love:  see  bel^  and  amour.] 
.1.   A  gallant;  a  consort. 

Lot',  loe  I  how  brave  she  decks  llcr  iMuintcous  boure 
With  silkin  curtens  and  pild  coverletts, 
Tlierein  to  shl'owd  lier  sumptuous  Ildamourc. 

Spcmcr.  V.  tj.,  II.  vi.  16. 

2.  Aji  old  name  for  a  flower  which  cannot  now 
bo  identified. 

Her  snowy  browcs,  lyko  budded  fkUtamonn's. 

Siieiutt-r,  Sonnets,  Ixiv. 

belamyt   (bel'a-mi),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.,  also 

bellamy,  <  ME.   belamy,  belami,  <  OF.  bel  ami, 

fair  friend:  see  belX  and  «w//.]     Good  friend; 

fair  friend  :  used  jirincipally  in  address. 

Thou  bdamii,  thou  pardoner,  ho  seyde. 

Chaucer,  I'lol.  to  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  32. 
Kay,  bellamy,  thou  bus  [must]  be  smyttc. 

Y(rrk  Plays,  p.  391. 
His  dearest  Belamy.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  52. 

belandre  (be-lan'der;  P.  pron.  ba-londr'),  «. 
[F.,<  IJ.  bijiaiider,  whence  also  E.  hilander,  q.  v.] 
A  small  flat-bottomed  craft,  used  principally  on 
the  rivers,  canals,  and  roadsteads  of  France. 
belate  (be-laf),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  late.]  To  re- 
tard ;  make  late ;  benight. 

The  morn  is  younj?,  quoth  he, 
A  little  time  to  old  rememlirance  ^jiven 
Will  not  bdate  us.  Suitthiy,  Madoc,  i.  10. 

belated  (be-la'ted),  p.  a.  Coming  or  staying 
too  late ;  overtaken  by  lateness,  especially  at; 
night;  benighted;  delayed. 

Faery  elves, 
Wliose  midnijiht  revels,  by  a  forest  side, 
Or  fountain,  some  bdated  peasant  sees. 

Hilton,  P.  L.,i.  783. 

Who  were  the  parties?  who  inspected?  who  contested 
this  bdated  account?  Burke,  JJahob  of  Arcot's  Debts. 

belatedness  (be-la'ted-nes),  n.  [<  belated,  pp. 
of  belate,  +  -ncs's.]  The  state  of  being  belated, 
or  of  being  too  late ;  slowness;  backwardness. 

That  you  may  see  I  am  sometimes  suspicious  of  myself, 
and  do  take  notice  of  a  certain  bdatedn^.^s  in  me,  I  am 
the  bolder  to  send  you  some  of  my  nifihtward  thoughts. 
Milton,  Letter  in  Birch's  Life. 

belaud  (be-lad'),  V.  t.  [<  Jc-1  +  laud.]  To 
load  with  praise;  laud  highly. 

[Volumes]  which  were  commended  by  divines  from  pul- 
pits, and  belauded  all  Europe  over. 

Thackeray,  Virginians,  xxvi. 

belave  (bo-liiv'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bilaren,  bathe,  < 
bi-,  be-  +'laren,  lave:  see  6c-l  and  tewl.]  "To 
lave  about;  wash  all  over;  wash. 

bela'Wgivet  (be-la'giv),  v.  t.  [A  forced  word, 
used  only  in  the  passage  from  Milton,  <  Se-1  + 
*laivgivc,  assumed  from  lawgiver.]  To  give  a 
law  to. 

The  Holy  One  of  Israel  hath  betawyivcn  his  own  people 
with  this  very  allowance.  Milton,  Divorce. 

belay  (be-la'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beleggen,  bilcggen,  < 
AS.  bele'cgan,  lay  upon,  cover,  charge  (=  D.  be- 
leggen, cover,  overlay  ;  as  a  naut.  term,  belay; 
=  OHG.  bilegen,  MHG.  G.  belegen),  <  be-,  about, 
around,  by,  -I-  began,  lay.  The  naut.  use  is 
perhaps  duo  to  the  D.  In  the  sense  of  'sur- 
round,' ef.  beleaguer.]  If.  To  surround;  en- 
viron; inclose. —  2\.  To  overlay;  adorn. 
All  in  a  woodman's  jacket  he  \v.as  clad 
Of  Llncolne  greene,  belayd  with  silver  lace. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  ii.  5. 

3t.  To  besiege;  invest;  surround. 

Caynst  such  strong  castles  needcth  greater  might 
Then  those  small  forts  which  ye  were  wont  bday. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  -xlv. 

So  when  Arabian  thieves  belayed  us  round. 

Sandys,  Hymn  to  God. 

4t.  To  lie  in  wait  for  in  order  to  attack;  hence, 

to  block  up  or  obstruct. 

The  speedy  horse  all  passages  belay. 

iJryden,  .^neid,  ix. 

5.  Kaut.,  to  fasten,  or  make  fast,  by  -winding 
round    a    belaying- 
pin,  cleat,  or  cavcl : 
applied    chiefly    to 
rmming  rigging. 

M'hen  we  belayed  the 
llalyai-ds,  there  w.as  no- 
thing left  but  the  bolt- 
rope. 
U.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before 
llhe  Ma-st.  p.  21)6. 

belaying-bitt    (be- 

la'ing-bit),  «.    Any 

bitt  to  whieh  a  rope 

can  be  belayed. 
belaying-pin    (be-la 'ing-pin),    n.      Xaut.,    a 

wooden,  or  iron  pin  to  which  running  rigging 

may  be  belayed. 


Belaying-pins  in  rail,  with  ropes  be- 
layed on  them. 


beleave 

belch  (belch),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  bclche, 
barhe,  <  ME.  bilrhen,  assibilated  form  of  early 
mod.  I'j.  and  E.  dial,  (north.)  belk,  <  ME.  belken, 
<  AS.  baleian,  bialc.ian,  also  with  ailded  format 
live,  bealeeltdu,  belch,  ejaculate ;  allied  to  balk^ 
and  bdlhj  all  jirob.  ult.  imitative:  see  belk,  balk'^, 
bolk.]  1,  intrans.  1 .  To  eject  wind  noisily  from 
the  stomach  through  the  mouth ;  eructate. 

All  radishes  breed  wind,  .  .  .  and  provoke  a  man  that 
eatcth  tliem  to  bdch.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xix.  G. 

2.  To  issue  out,  as  with  eructation :  as,  "  belch- 
ing flames,"  IJryden. 

II.   trans.  1.    To  throw  or  eject  from   tho 
stomach  with  ■violence  ;  eructate. 

Bdchiny  raw  gobbets  from  lihi  maw. 

Addisan,  .F.neid,  iii. 

2.  To  eject  -violently  from  within ;  cast  forth. 

The  gates,  that  now 
Stood  open  wide,  belchiiuj  outrageous  tlamc. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  232. 
Though  heaven  drop  sulphur,  and  hell  tjdch  out  flrc. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejauus,  ii.  2. 

3.  To  ejaculate:  vent  with  vehemence:  often 
withrtK*.-  as,  to  octc/j  OMt  blasphemies ;  iobelch 
out  one's  fury. 

belch  (belch),  n.  [<  belch,  v.]  1.  The  act  of 
throwing  out  from  the  stomach  or  from  within; 
eructation. — 2t.  A  cant  name  for  malt  liquor, 
fi'om  its  causing  belching. 

A  sudden  reformation  would  follow  among  all  sorts  of 
people ;  porters  wtmld  no  longer  be  di'unk  witli  bdch. 

Dennis. 

belcher!  (bel'chtr),  n.    One  who  belches. 

belcher^  (bel'cher),  n.  [So  called  from  an 
English  pugilist  named  .Jim  Belcher.]  A  neck- 
erchief with  darkish-blue  gi'ountl  and  largo 
white  spots  with  a  dark-blue  spot  in  the  center 
of  each.     [Slang.] 

belchildt  (bel'child),  n. ;  pi.  belchildrcn  (-chiF- 
dren).  [<  bcl-,  gi'and-,  as  in  beldam,  bclsirc, 
etc.  (see  bcP-),  +  child.]    A  grandchild. 

To  Thomas  Doubledaye  and  Katherinc   his  wife,  my 

daughter,  a  cowe.    To  their  children,  my  bdchildren,  etc. 

Will  0/  1604,  iiuoted  in  X.  and  Q.,  7th  ser..  III.  77. 

beldam,  beldame  (bel'dam,  -dam),  n.  [<  ME. 
beldam,  beldame,  only  in  sense  of  grandmother 
(correlative  to  belsire,  grandfather),  <  JIE.  bel-, 
grand-,  as  in  belsire,  etc.  (see  ftt/l),  +  dame, 
mother.  The  word  was  thus  in  E.  use  lit.  '  good 
mother,'  used  distinctively  for  grandmother, 
not  as  in  F.  belle  dame,  lit.  fair  lady:  see  6e/l, 
belle,  and  dame.]  If.  Grandmother:  corre- 
sponding to  belsire,  grandfather :  sometimes 
applied  to  a  great-grandmother. 

To  show  the  beldame  daughters  of  her  daughter. 

Sliak.,  Luerece,  1.  9.13. 

2.  An  old  woman  in  general,  especially  an  ugly 
olil  woman ;  a  Iiag. 
Around  the  bddani  all  erect  they  hang.  Akenside. 

Our  witches  are  no  longer  old 
And  wrinkled  bddatnes,  Satan-sold. 

Whittier,  New-England  Legend. 

3t.  [A  forced  use  of  the  P.  belle  dame.]  Pair 
dame  or  lady.  Sjien.'icr. 
beleadt,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bcleden,  <  AS.  bclicdan,  <  be- 
+  Id'dan,  lead:  see  6c-land  lead^.]  1.  To  lead 
away. —  2.  To  lead;  conduct, 
beleaguer  (be-le'ger),  v.  t.  [<  D.  helegeren,  be- 
siege ( =  G.  belagern  =z  Sw.  bcliigra  =  Dan.  bc- 
lagre,  also  belejrc,  perhap.s  <  D.  bchgcren),  < 
be-  +  leger,  a  camp,  encamping  army,  place  to 
lie  down,  a  bed  (=  E.  lair  and  layer  =  G.  lager, 
a  camp,  =  Sw.  lager,  a  bed,  etc.):  see  fcc-l  and 
leaguer,  ledger,  lair,  layer,  lager.]  To  besiege; 
surround  with  an  army  so  as  to  preclude  es- 
cape; blockade. 

The  Trojan  camp,  then  beleaguered  by  Turnus  and  the 
Latins.  Dryden,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy. 

=  Syn.  To  invest,  lay  siege  to.  beset. 
beleaguerer   (be-16'ger-6r),   n.    One  who  bo- 
leaguers  or  besieges ;  a  besieger. 

O'er  the  walls 
The  wild  bcleayaercrs  broke,  and.  one  by  one. 
The  strongholds  of  the  plaiu  were  forced. 

Bryant,  The  Prairies. 

beleaguerment  (be-16'g^r-ment),   n.     [<  be- 
baguir  +  -ment.]     The  act  of  beleaguering,  or 
the  state  of  being  beleaguered. 
Fair,  fickle,  courtly  France,  ... 
Shattered  by  hard  lu'leaguertnent,  and  wild  ire, 
That  s.acked"  and  set  lier  palaces  on  Are. 

R.  H.  Sloddard,  Guests  of  State. 

beleavet  (be-lev'),  v.  [<  ME.  beleren,  bileren, 
etc.,  also  by  syncope  Neven.  leave,  intrans. 
remain,  <  AS.  hcliffan,  leave,  <  be-  +  lecfan, 
leave ;  prop,  the  causal  of  ficfict-l,  q.  v.  See  ie-1 
and /«ir<l.]  I.  frtins.  To  leave  behind;  aban- 
don ;  let  go. 
There  was  nothynge  bcle/tc.       Goulr,  Couf.  Amant,  iL 


beleave 

n.  intrans.  To  romain ;  oontimif";  stay. 
But  the  lettres  biit-ufil  fill  Iixrjio  uptm  pliistrr. 

Allilrmlive  Poeiim  (f<l.  Morris),  il.  1549. 

belection  (be-lek'shoTi),  n.  Samo  as  bolcctioii. 
belecture  (be-lek'tui-),  v.  t.     [<  i(-l  +  Iccl.iire.'] 

T(i  V('.\  with'U-etures;  admouish  persistently, 
shf  iHiw  hail  sonietKKly,  nr  rutlicr  sonielhiii;:,  to  U-t-turc 

and  Mecliiri-  ;is  litforc.     Samric,  Reillicil  Mi'illicoU,  I.  xvi. 

beleel  (bc-le'),  v.  t.  [<  6c-l  +  /ccl.]  To  place 
on  the  lee,  or  in  a  position  unfavorable  to  the 
wind.     [Karc.] 

1  .  .  .  must  be  hdec'd  and  cilm'd 

By  dcliitor  and  creditor.      Shak.,  Othello,  i.  1. 

|)elee"t,  '•■  t.  An  apocopated  form  of  hclccvc,  now 
written  believe. 

Find.     Bt'lci:  nic,  sir. 

r/ii.     I  wonid  I  conld,  sir  I     Fletcher,  Jlad  Lover,  v.  4. 

beleftt.    Preterit  and  past  participle  of  heleave. 
belemnite  (bc-lem'uit),  n.     [=  F.  belcmnite,  < 

NL.  litlimiiitcs,  <  Gr.  /is?^/imi',  poet,  for  /3fAof, 

a    dart,    mis.silo    (<   (}d?2civ, 

throw,  cast),  +  -ites.'\     1.  A 

straight,  solid,  tapering,  dart- 
shaped   fossil,    the    internal 

bone  or  shell  of  a  molluscous 

animal  of  the  extinct  family 

Jielemiiitifhi;  common  in  the 

Chalk  and  Jurassic  limestone. 

Beleniiiites  are  popnlarly  known  as 

arrow-heads  or    fititjcr-stones,   from 

their   shape ;   also  as  thutuierbutts 

and  thumier-stoiiea,  from  a  belief  as 

to  their  origin.     .See  Belemnitida'. 

2.  The  animal  to  which  such 

a  bone  belonged. 
Also  called  ecrairnite. 
Belemnitella     (be  -  lem  -  ni  - 

tel'il),  II.     [NL.,  dim.  of  Jie- 

lemiiitcs.']     A  genus    of    the 

family   Belemuitidcc,    charac- 
terized by  having  a  straight 

fissure  at  the  upper  end  of 

the  guard,  on  the  ventral  side 

of  the  alveolus.     The  species 

are  all  Cretaceous. 
Belenmites  (bel-em-ni'tez), 

)).    [NL. :  see  belem7iik:.']   The    Beiemnite,    \vith    re- 

typical  genus  of  the  family      "rLrs  wurr.'. 

BeleinnitiaW.  b,    head;    c,    ink-bag; 

belenmitic  (bel-em-nit'ik),  «.   ■^■^J^^^^^JSZ:   '• 
<_)f  or  pertaining  to  a  belem- 
nite, or  to  the  family  to  which  it  belongs :  as,  a 
belemnitie  amrsisX;  a  ftetemwific  shell;  belemnitic 
deposits. 

belemnitid  (be-lem'ni-tid),  n.  A  eephalopod 
of  the  family  Belciiiiiitidw. 

Belemnitidae  (bel-em-nit'i-de),  ii.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Jklciiinitvs  +  -idw.'i  A  family  of  extinct  di- 
branehiate  cephalopods,  having  10  arms  near- 


512 

belemnite.  Some  specimens  have  lioen  found  CThihitinR 
otlier  ]ioints  of  their  anjitoniy.  Thus  we  Icani  tlmt  tli<- 
orKans  were  inclosed  in  a  nnmtle  ;  tliat  tliere  were  10  ai-ni. 
lilie  processes,  8  of  them  hooked  at  tlie  etui,  called  the  un- 
cinated  anti.t,  and  2  not  nneiiiatcd.  4-;dlc(l  tlie  tciitanUn ; 
tiiat  the  animal  was  furnished  with  an  ink-ha}<,  anil  tlnit 
its  mouth  was  armed  with  nnvndililcs.  Tlicre  are  four 
known  genera,  Belemnit^s,  lieleuLuoteuthw,  licleinniteMa, 
and  .yiphcteuthh: 

belemnoid  (be-lem'noid),  a.  [<  heleiiin-itc  + 
-»/(/.]     Like  a  belemnite. 

beleper  (b(;-lep'er),  r.  t.  [<  tt-l  -1-  lijier.']  To 
infect  with  or  as  with  leprosy. 

Jlihpert'd  all  tlie  cleryy  with  a  worse  infection  than  (Je- 
hazi's,  MilUin,  Eikonoklastes,  xiv. 

bel  esprit  (bel  es-pre') ;  pi.  bc/inx  csprits  (boz 
es-pre').  [F.,  a  fine  spirit :  see  6c/l  and  esprit.'^ 
A  tine  genius  or  man  of  wit. 

Men  who  look  up  to  me  as  a  nuan  of  lettera  and  a  hcl 
etrprit.  Jrriwt. 

belfried  (bel'frid),  a.  L<  Mfry  +  -ed9.'\  Hav- 
ing a  belfry:  as,  a  brlfrinl  tower. 

belfry  (bel'fri),  H. ;  pi.  belfries  (-friz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  belfrey,  bclfery,  belj'rie,  etc.,  <  ME. 
belfrtn/,  earlier  berfray,  berfrey,  berfreid,  ber- 
frcit,  <  OF.  herfrai,  berfray,  herfrei,  berefreit, 
berfriii,  later  belfrei,  beUfreit,  belefroi,  belfroi, 
befnii,  haffray,  etc.,  mod.  F.  beffroi  =  It.  battif re- 
do, <  ML.  berefredus,  berefridiis,  herfrediis,  with 
numerous  variations,  bel-,  bil-,  bal-,  berte-, 
balte-,bati-,huUfredus,  <MHG.  bcrcvrit,  bcrefrit, 
berehfrit,  berlifride,  MD.  bergfert,  bcryfrede  (in 
sense  1),  lit.  'protecting  shelter,'  <  OHG.  bcr- 
t/iiii.,  MHG.  G.  berqeii  (=AS.  beorgan),  cover, 
protect,  -I-  OHG.  fridii,  MHG.  fride,  G.  friede 
=  AS.  fritliii,  frith,  E.  obs. /»'iW(,  peace,  secu- 
rity, shelter.  The  origin  of  the  word  was  not 
known,  or  felt,  in  Rom.,  and  the  forms  varied  ; 
the  It.  baUifredo  (after  ML.  bdtifredus)  simu- 
lates battere,  beat,  strike  (as  an  alarm-bell  or 
a  clock),  and  the  E.  form  (after  ML.  belfrediis) 
simulates  bell,  whence  the  restriction  in  mod. 
E.  to  a  bell-tower.  The  same  first  element 
also  occurs  in  bainberrj  and  liaiibcrl: ;  the 
second,  with  ac- 
cent, in  affray.'} 
It.  A  movable 
wooden  tower 
used  in  the  mid- 
dle ages  in  at- 
tacking fortified 
places.  It  consist- 
ed of  several  stages, 
was  mounted  on 
wheels,  and  was  gen- 
erally covered  with 
raw  hides  to  protect 
tliose  under  it  from 
fire,  boiling  oil,  etc. 
The  lowermost  story 
sometimes  sheltered 
alpatteriMi;-rani ;  the 
stories  intcrinediate 
between  it  and  tlie 
uppermost  were  fill- 
ed with  bowmen, 
arltalisters,  etc.,  to 
pall  tile  defenders ; 
wliile  the  uppermost 
story  w.as  furnished 

witli  a  drawbridge  to  let  down  on  the  wall,  over  which 
the  storming  party  rushed  to  the  assault. 
2t.  A  stationary  tower  near  a  fortified  place, 
in  which  were  stationed  sentinels  to  watch  the 
surrounding  country  and  give  notice  of  the 
ap]iroach  of  an  enemy,     it  was  furnished  with  a 


Belfry  used  in  the  assault  of  a  medieval 
fortress.  1  From  Viol  lel-Ie-Duc's"  Diet,  de 
1' Architecture.") 


Belemnites. 
I,  Belfrnnoteuthis  anliquus.  ventral  side.    2,  BeUmnites  Owenii 
(restored):  /-/.guard;  C,  phragmacone  ;  />,  niuscular  tissue  of  man- 
tle; /■■,  infundibulum  ;  /. /,  uncmated  anns;  A',  A'. teotacula ;  jV.  inlt- 
bag.    3,  Belemnite,  British  Museum. 

ly  equally  developed  and  provided  with  hooks, 
an  internal  shell  terminated  behind  by  a  ros- 
trum of  variable  form,  and  a  well-developed 
straight  jihragmacone.  The  species  are  numerous 
in  tlie  Secondary  geoloj-iical  forniations,  and  especially  in 
the  (Cretaceous,  and  their  renniins  ;irc  tlie  cigar-like  shells 
familiar  to  most  persons  living  in  regions  where  the  Cre- 
taceous seas  once  existed.  The  skeleton  consists  of  a  sub- 
cylindrical  ftlirous  body  called  tlie  rust  nun  ttv  iitianf,  which 
is  htdlowed  into  a  conical  excavation  c:ill<-d  the  atreutiis, 
In  which  is  lodged  the  phrainnaame.  Tins  consists  of 
a  series  of  chamtiers,  sep:irated  liy  septa  perfiiratcd  by 
apertures  for  the  passage  of  the  siphxinde  or  iiifundilm- 
lum.  The  pen  of  the  common  stjiiid  is  the  modern  rep- 
resentative, though  ou  an  inferior  scale,  of  tlie  ancient 


Belfry  of  tlie  Ijuumi.  m  i  i^j,  Italy:  commonly  called  the 
Leaning  Tower. 


belie 

bell  to  pive  the  alarm  to  the  garriton,  and  also  to  sum. 
mon  tlie  vass:ils  of  a  feud;il  lord  to  Jiis  defense.  Tills 
circumstance  llelped  tlie  lielief  tliat  the  word  was  coll. 
nccted  with  lielt. 

3.  A  bell-tower,  generally  attached  to  a  church 
or  other  building,  but  sometimes  standing  apart 
as  an  independent  structure. 

The  same  dusky  walls 

of  cold,  giay  stone, 

The  same  cloisters  and  hel/rt/  and  spire. 

l.<n,iiMli,u\  Oolden  l.egend,  il. 

4.  That  part  of  a  steeple  or  olher  stnieture  in 
which  <a  bell  is  hung;  particularly,  the  franio 
of  timbersvork  which  sustains  the  bell.  See 
cut  under  bell-gable. —  5.  Xaiit.,  the  ornamen- 
tal frame  in  which  the  ship's  bell  is  liung. 
[Eng.]  — 6.  A  shed  used  as  a  shelter  for  cattlo 
or  for  farm  implements  or  produce,  [Local, 
Eng.] 

belfry-owl  (bel'fri-owl),  n.  A  name  of  the 
liarn-owl  (which  see),  from  its  frequently  nest- 
ing in  a  belfry. 
belfry-turret  (bel'fri-tur"et),  u.  A  turret  &t- 
taelied  to  an  angle  of  a  tower  or  belfry,  to  re- 
ceive the  stalls  which  give  access  to  its  upper 
stories.  Eelfry -turrets  ai'e  polygonal,  stjuare,  or  round 
in  external  plan,  but  always  round  within  for  convenient 
adajit;itii'n  to  winding  stairs. 
belgardf  (bel-giird'),  v.  [<  It.  bclfjuardo,  lovely 
look :  see  bel^  and  guard,  regard.'}  A  kind  look 
or  glance. 

Upon  her  eyelids  many  Graces  sate, 
"Under  the  shadow  of  her  even  browes, 
Working  lielrfardes,  and  amorous  retrate. 

Spjenjier,  F.  Q.,  H.  lit.  25. 

Belgian  (bel'jiau),  «.  and  w.  [See  Belgie.]  I. 
a.  Belonging  to  Belgium,  a  small  country  of 
Europe,  between  France  and  Germany,  for- 
merly part  of  the  Netherlands,  erected  into 
an  iiiilejieiuleiit  kingdom  in  IS.TO-Sl.  — Belgian 
blocks,  ne;irly  ciiliical  lilocks  of  gr;iiiite  tr;ip,  or  i.llier 
suitable  stone  ii^fd  for  laienu-iits. — Belgian  syllables, 
sylhiljles  applied  to  the  musical  scale  by  tlie  Belgian  Wael- 
rant  about  1550.     See  boliizatitiu  aud  hocedizatiifn. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  au  inhabitant  of  the  king- 
dom of  Belgium. 

Belgic  (bel'jik),  a.  [<  L.  Belgiciis,  iBehjee.}  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  Belga?,  who  in  Caesar's  time 
possessed  the  country  bounded  hy  the  Rhine, 
the  Seine,  the  North  Sea,  the  Strait  of  Dover, 
and  the  English  ('li;uini-l.  They  were  probably  of 
mixed  Teutonic  and  Celtic  origin.  At  the  time  of  Caisar's 
invasion  tribes  of  Bclgre  were  found  in  southern  Britain, 
whose  connection  with  the  continental  Belga;  is  disputed. 
2.  Pertaining  to  Belgium. 

Belgravian  (bel-gra'\-i-an),  a.  and  «.  I.  a.  Be- 
longing to  Belgravia,  an  aristocratic  district  of 
London  arotmd  Pimlico ;  hence,  aristocratic ; 
fashionable.     Tliaekeray. 

II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Belgravia ;  an  aris- 
tocrat ;  a  member  of  the  upper  classes.  Thack- 
eray. 

Belial  (be'lial),  II.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Belyall, 
ME.  Belial,  '<  LL.  (in  Vulgate)  Belial,  <  Gr.  Bf- 
?ua'A,  <  Heb.  VUya'al,  used  in  the  Old  Testament 
usually  in  phrases  tran.slated,  in  the  English 
version,  "man  of  Belial,"  "son  of  Belial," as  if 
Belial  were  a  proper  name  equiv.  to  Satan; 
hence  once  in  New  Testament  (Gr.  Hf/iap)  as 
an  appellative  of  Satan  (2  Cor.  vi.  15).  But  the 
Heb.  IPUya'alis  a.coTn'mon  noun,  meaning  worth- 
lessness  or  wickedness;  <  t7(,  without,  -f-  ya'al, 
use,  profit.]  The  spirit  of  evil  personified ; 
the  de-\il;  Satan;  in  Milton,  one  of  the  fallen 
angels,  distinct  from  Satan. 
What  concord  hath  Clirist  with  Belial  >       1  Cor.  vi.  16. 

Belial  came  last,  than  whom  a  spirit  more  lewd 
Fell  not  from  heaven.  Milton,  V.  I..,  i.  490. 

belibel  (bf-li'bel),  v.  t.  [<  fif-l  +  Ubcl.-]  To 
libel  or  traduce. 

Belideus  (be-lid'e-ns),  «.  [NX.]  A  gentis  of 
small  flying  phabingers,  of  the  family  I'haUmgis- 
tida' ;  the  sngar-squilTels.  These  little  m.arsupials 
resemble  flyiiig-siiuirrels  in  superflci:\l  appeaittnce,  having 
a  large  paraeliute.  huye  ii.akcd  eai"s,  long  bushy  tail,  and 
very  soft  fur.  Tlierc  are  several  species,  such  as  /?.  *ri"u- 
reu.s,  B.  ariel,  and  B.  jlaviventer.  inhabiting  Australia, 
Kew  Guinea,  and  some  of  the  neighboring  islands. 

belie^t  (be-li'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  belay,  pp.  belain, 
j>]iv.  bcUjiiig.  [<  JIE.  helyeii,  beliyiifii.  <  AS.  bc- 
liegaii,  bilicgan  (=  t)HG.  biligaii,  MHG.  biliyeii, 
G.  beliegen),  <  be-,  about,  by,  +  licgaii,  lie:  see 
ir-1  anil  lie^,  anil  cf.  belay.]  To  lie  around; 
encompass ;  especially,  to  lie  around,  as  an 
army;  beleaguer. 

belie-  (be-li'),  r.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  belied,  ppr. 
Ill  tiling.  '[<  ME.  beliien,  beleo^en,  <  AS.  behdi/an 
(=Oi'Mes.  biliaga  =  ORCx.  Inliuijan,  MHG.'/'f- 
liegen,  G.  bcliigeti),  <  be-,  about,  by,  -I-  ledgan, 
lie:  see  fcr-l  and  lie-.]  1.  To  tell  lies  concern- 
ing; calumniate  by  false  reports. 


belle 

Thou  (lost  belie  him,  Percy,  thou  dost  belif  him  : 
llo  never  did  encounter  witli  Glendower. 

Shak.,  1  lien.  IV.,  i.  X. 
Who  is  ho  that  belies  the  blood  and  libels  the  fame  of 
his  own  ancestors? 

D.  Webster,  .Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

Tlie  clamor  of  liars  belied  in  the  luilil>nl)  of  lies. 

Tennyson,  Matid,  iv.  !). 

2.  To  give  the  lie  to  ;  show  to  bo  false ;  cou- 
tradiet. 

llicir  trembling  hearts  belie  their  boastful  tongues. 

Dryden. 
Novels  (witness  ev'ry  month's  review) 
Belie  their  mime,  and  oJfcr  nothing  new. 

Coit'per,  lletirement. 

3.  To  act  unworthily  of ;  fail  to  equal  or  come 
up  to;  disappoint:  as,  to  hclic  one's  hopes  or 
expectations. 

Shall  Hector,  born  to  war,  his  birthright  yield, 
Jielie  his  courage,  and  forsake  the  tield  ? 

Drrjden,  Hecttir  and  Androm.,  1.  109. 
Tuscan  Valerius  by  force  o'ercame, 
And  not  bely'd  his  mighty  father's  name. 

Dryden,  .^^neid. 

4.  To  give  a  false  representation  of ;  conceal 
the  true  character  of. 

Queen.     For  heaven's  sake,  speak  comfortable  words. 
I'orjfc.    Should  I  do  so,  I  should  belie  niv  thoughts. 

Shak.,  Kich.  II.,  ii.  '-'. 

5t.  To  fill  with  lies. 

'Tis  slander,  .  .  .  whose  breath 
Ri<les  on  the  posting  winds,  and  doth  belie 
All  corners  of  the  world.    Shak.,  ('yml)eline,  iii.  -1. 

6t.  To  counterfeit ;  mimic ;  feign  resemblance 

to. 

With  dust,  with  horses'  hoofs,  that  beat  the  gi-ound. 
And  martial  brass,  belie  the  thuiuler's  sound. 

Dryden,  Astra?a  Redux. 

belief  (be-lef),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  beleef,  bc- 
Iceve,  <  SlE.  bclcoe,  beleafc,  with  prefi.K  be-  (as 
in  bcliere,  q.  v.),  parallel  with  the  earlier  Icve, 
by  apheresis  for  ilcvc,  <  AS.  (jcledfa  =  OS.  (ji- 
lOblio  =  I).  gcloof=  MLG.  gclove,  (jclof  ■=  OHG. 
(/iloubo,  MIKi.  f/eloubc,  G.  ptaxbc,  masc,  =  Goth. 
galaubcins,  fern.,  belief,  <  gahiubs,  dear,  valu- 
able: see  believe]  1.  Confidence  reposed  in 
any  person  or  thing;  faith;  trust:  as,  a  child's 
belief  in  his  parents. 

To  make  the  worthy  Leonatus  mad. 
By  wouiuiiug  Ids  belief  in  her  renown. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  r». 

2.  A  conviction  of  the  truth  of  a  given  proposi- 
tion or  an  alleged  fact,  resting  upon  grouTids 
insufficient  to  constitute  positive  knowledge. 
Knowledge  is  a  state  of  mind  which  necessarily  implies  a 
con-esponding  state  of  things;  belief  is  a  state  of  mind 
merely,  and  does  not  necessarily  involve  a  corresponding 
state  of  things.  But  belief  is  sometimes  used  to  include 
the  absolute  conviction  or  certainty  whicli  accompanies 
knowledge. 

Neither  do  I  labor  for  a  greater  esteem  than  may  in 
some  little  measure  draw  a  belief  from  y(ni,  to  do  j'onrself 
good,  and  not  to  grace  me.         Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  '2. 

Belief  admits  of  all  degrees,  from  the  slightest  suspicion 
to  tile  fullest  assurance.  Beid. 

He  [James  ^lill]  uses  the  word  belief  as  the  most  gen- 
eral term  for  every  species  of  conviction  or  assurance  ;  tlie 
assurance  of  what  is  before  our  eyes,  as  well  as  of  that 
whicli  we  only  remember  or  e-xpeet ;  of  what  we  know  by 
direct  percepti<»n,  as  well  as  of  what  we  accept  on  the 
evidence  of  testimony  or  of  reasoning.  J.  S.  Mill. 

By  a  singular  freak  of  language  we  use  the  word  belief 
to  designate  both  the  least  persistent  ami  the  most  per- 
sistent cidierence  among  our  states  of  consciousness, —  to 
descriiie  our  state  of  mind  W'itll  reference  both  to  those 
propositions  of  the  ti'uth  of  which  we  are  least  certain, 
and  to  those  of  tlie  truth  of  which  we  are  most  certain. 

J.  Fiffke,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  61. 

8.  Persuasion  of  the  truth  of  a  proposition, 
but  with  the  consciousness  that  the  positive 
evidence  for  it  is  insufficient  or  wanting;  espe- 
cially, assurance  of  the  truth  of  what  rests 
chiefly  or  solely  upon  authority.  («)  in  this  sense, 
the  word  sometimes  implies  that  the  proposition  is  .ad- 
mitted as  oidy  proljable.  {b)  It  sometimes  implies  that 
the  proposition  is  admitted  :is  being  so  reasonable  that  it 
Deeds  no  proof,    (o)  Sometimes  used  for  religious  faith. 

Knowledge  and  belief  differ  not  oidy  in  degree  but  in 
kind.     Knowicilge  is  a  certainty  fnuiidcd  upon  insight; 
belief  is  a  certainty  founded  upon  feeling.     The  one  is 
perspicuous  and  olijective  :  the  other  is  obscure  and  sub- 
jective. Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Lectures  on  Logic,  xxvii. 
One  in  whom  persuasion  ami  belief 
Had  ripened  into  faith,  and  faith  become 
A  passionate  intuition.   Wordsirorth,  Excursion,  iv. 
They  [women]  persuade  rather  than  convince,  and  value 
fcffj'c./"  rather  as  a  source  of  consolation  than  us  a  faithful 
expression  of  the  reality  of  things. 

Leeky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  3S1. 

4.  That  which  is  believed;  an  object  of  belief. 

Superstitious  prophecies  are  the  belief  of  fools.     Baeon. 

We  have  but  to  read  the  accounts  of  the  early  belief s  o( 
mankind,  or  the  present  belief.-^  of  savages  and  semi-cul- 
tivated nations,  to  see  how  large  a  Held  pure  liction  occu- 
pies. G.  il,  Lewes,  I'robs.  of  Life  and  .Mind,  II.  iii.  §  7. 
33 


513 

In  the  cathedrals,  the  popular  beliefs,  hopes,  fears,  fan- 
cies, and  aspirations  fonnil  expre8si<in  and  were  perpet- 
uated in  a  language  intelligible  to  all. 

C.  a.  A'orton,  Travel  and  Study  in  Italy,  p.  105. 

5.  The  whole  body  of  tenets  held  by  the  pro- 
fessors of  any  fait"h. 

In  the  heat  of  iJersecntion.  to  which  the  Christian  belief 
was  subject,  upon  its  Ilrst  promulgation.  Hooker. 

The  belief  o(  Christianity  is  a  belief  in  the  beauty  of  holi- 
ness :  the  creed  of  Hellas  was  n  belief  in  the  beauty  of  the 
world  and  of  mankind.  Keary,  Brim.  Belief,  iv. 

6.  A  creed;  a  formula  embodying  the  essential 
doctrines  of  a  religion  or  a  church. 

Ye  ought  to  see  them  have  their  belief,  to  know  the  com- 
nnmdments  of  Cod,  to  keep  tlieir  ludy-days,  and  not  to 
lose  their  time  in  idleness.  Latimer,  Sermons,  p.  14. 

=  Syu.  1  and  2.  Opinion,  Conriction,  etc.  (sec  persuasion) ; 
credence,  trust,  credit,  conlldelice.      4.  Doctrine. 

beliefful  (be-lef'fiil),  a.  [<  ME.  bikful,  <  hilef, 
bclei-c,  belief,  -1-  -Jul.  Cf.  AS.  gcktifful.']  Hav- 
ing belief  or  faith.     FtiaU.     [Rare.] 

belieffulneSS  (bo-lef'fid-nes),  V.  [<  beliefful  + 
-Hcw.]     The  state  of  being  Ix'liefful.     [Kare.] 

The  godly  belieihdncss  of  the  heathen. 

Vdall,  On  Luke  iv. 

There  is  a  hopefulness  and  a  beliefidness,  so  to  say,  on 

your  side,  which  is  a  great  compensation.  Clough. 

belier  (be-li'6r),  n,     [<  bclic^,  r.,  +  -erl.]     One 

who  belies. 

Foul-mouthed  belters  of  the  Christian  faith. 

Coleridye,  .Aids  to  Keflection,  i.  80. 

belie'vability  (be-16-va-biri-ti),   «.     [<  bclier- 

iihlc :    see  -hililij.']     Credibility;   capability  of 

being  believed.     ./.  <,S'.  Mill. 

belie'vable  (be-le'va-bl),  a.     [<  believe  +  -able.'] 

Capable  of  being  believed;  credible. 

That  he  sinn'd,  is  not  believable. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

believableness  (be-le'va-bl-nes),  n.  Credi- 
bility. 

believe  (be-lev'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  believed,  ppr. 
believing.  '  [Early  mod.  E.  beleeve,  <  ME.  beleven, 
bileven,  bilefen,  with  prefix  be-  (as  in  belief,  q. 
v.),  parallel  with  the  earlier  leven,  by  apheresis 
for  ilcreti,  <  AS.  geliefaii,  gehjftn,  gelCfun  =  OS. 
gildbhian  =  I),  gctooven  =  MLG.  i/elOveii  =  OHG. 
giloubeii,  MHG.  giloiibcn,  gliiuboi,  G.  gleiiben, 
now  glauben,  =  Goth,  galaubjan,  believe,  lit. 
hold  dear  or  valuable  or  satisfactory,  be  pleased 
with,  <  Goth,  galauhs,  dear,  valuable  (found  only 
in  the  special  sense  of  'costly'),  <  ga-  (AS., 
etc.,  ge-),  a  generalizing  prefi.x,  +  *laub,  a  form 
(pret.)  of  the  common  Teut.  root  "lub,  whence 
also  Goth.  Hubs  =  AS.  leof  E.  lief,  dear,  AS. 
hifu,  E.  love,  etc. :  see  lief,  leave^,  love,  liberal, 
etc.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  have  faith  or  confi- 
dence, (a)  As  to  a  person,  to  have  confidence  in  his 
honesty,  integrity,  virtue,  powers,  ability,  etc. ;  trust.  (/*) 
As  to  a  thing,  to  have  faith  in  its  existence,  or  in  its  genu- 
ineness, crticai  y,  virtue,  usefulness,  soundness,  and  the 
like  ;  credit  its  rcalit\  :  a-s.  to  btlirre  in  ghosts  ;  to  believe 
in  the  Bible,  in  manhood  suffrage,  in  the  ballot,  in  repidi- 
licanism,  in  education,  etc. :  usually  with  in  or  on  (for- 
merly also  with  to),  rarely  absolutely. 

He  saith  unto  the  ruler  of  the  synagogue.  Be  not  afraid, 
only  believe.  Mark  v.  3G. 

2.  To  exercise  trust  orconfldenoe;  rely  through 
faith:  generally  with  on. 

And  they  said.  Believe  on  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and 
thou  Shalt  be  saved,  and  thy  house.  Acts  xvi.  31. 

And  many  believed  on  him  there.  John  .v.  4'2. 

To  them  gave  he  power  to  become  the  sons  of  God,  even 
to  them  that  Ijelieve  on  his  name.  John  i.  V2. 

3.  To  be  persuaded  of  the  truth  of  anything ; 
accept  a  doctrine,  principle,  system,  etc.,  as 
true,  or  as  an  object  of  faith:  with  in:  as,  "I 
believe  in  the  Holy  Ghost,  the  holy  Catholic 
Church,  the  communion  of  saints,"  etc.,  Ajio>i- 
iles'  Creed ;  to  believe  in  Buddhism.     See  belief. 

If  you  will  consider  the  nature  of  man,  yon  will  find  that 
with  him  it  always  has  been  and  still  is  true,  that  that 
thing  in  all  liis  inward  or  outward  world  which  he  sees 
worthy  of  worship  is  essentially  the  thing  in  which  he  tc- 
Iteves.  Keary,  Prim.  Belief,  i. 

To  make  believe.    .Seo  matci. 

II.  tran.s.  1.  To  credit  upon  the  groimd  of 
authority,  testimony,  argument,'  or  any  other 
ground  than  complete  demonstration;  accept 
as  true ;  give  credence  to.     See  belief. 

We  know  what  rests  upon  reason ;  we  believe  what  rests 
upon  authority.  Sir  It'.  Hamilton. 

Our  senses  are  sceptics,  and  believe  only  the  impression 
of  the  moment.  Kmerson,  Farming. 

We  may  believe  what  goes  beyond  our  experience,  only 
when  it  is  inferred  from  that  experience  by  the  assump- 
tion that  wliat  we  do  not  know  is  like  what  we  know. 

ir.  A'.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  210. 

"Who  knows  not  what  to  believe 
Since  he  sees  nothing  clear. 

M.  Arnold,  Empedoclcs. 

( 


belive 

2.  To  give  credence  to  (a  person  making  a 
statement,  anything  said,  etc.). 

Lo,  I  come  unto  thee  in  a  thick  cloud,  that  the  people 
may  hear  when  I  speak  with  thee,  and  believe  thee  forever. 

Ex.  xix.  9. 
You  are  now  bound  to  believe\am.     Shak.,  0.  of  E.,  v.  1. 

3.  To  expect  or  hope  with  confidence  ;  trust. 
[Archaic] 

I  had  fainted  unless  I  had  believed  to  see  the  goodness 
of  the  Lord  in  the  land  of  the  living.  Ps.  xxvii.  13. 

4.  To  bo  of  oiiinion  ;  think;  understand:  as, 
I  believe  he  has  left  the  city. 

They  are,  I  believe,  as  high  as  most  steeples  in  England. 
Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

belie'Ver  (be-le'v6r),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  beleever, 
belever  (not  in  ME.  or  AS.);  <  believe  +  -crl.] 

1.  One  who  believes;  one  who  gives  credit  to 
other  evidence  than  that  of  personal  know- 
ledge ;  one  who  is  firmly  persuaded  in  his  own 
mind  of  the  truth  or  existence  of  something : 
as,  a  believer  in  ghosts. 

Johnson,  incredulous  on  all  other  points,  was  a  ready 
believer  in  miracles  and  apparitions. 

Macaulay,  Von  Ranke, 

2.  An  adherent  of  a  religious  faith ;  in  a  more 
restricted  sense,  a  Christian ;  one  who  exercises 
faith  in  Christ. 

And  believers  were  the  more  added  to  the  Lord. 

Acts  V.  14. 

3.  In  the  early  cluu'ch,  a  baptized  laj-raan,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  clergy  on  the  one  hand, 
and  to  the  catechumens,  who  were  preparing 
for  baptism,  on  the  other. 

I'he  name  believer  is  here  taken  in  a  more  strict  sense 
only  for  one  order  of  Christians,  the  believing  or  bap- 
tized laity.  Bingham,  Antiquities,  I.  iii.  1. 

believing  (be-le'ving),  7).  (7.  1.  Having  faith; 
ready  or  disposed  to  believe  or  to   exercise 

faith. 
Be  not  faithless,  but  believing.  John  xx.  27. 

Now,  God  be  prais'd  !  that  to  believing  souls 
Gives  light  in  darkness,  comfort  in  despair. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VL,  ii.  L 

2.  Of  the  number  of  those  who  are  disciples. 

And  they  that  have  believing  masters,  let  them  not  de- 
spise them,  because  they  are  brethren.  1  Tim.  vi.  2. 

believingly  (lic-ld'ving-li),  adv.     In  a  believ- 
ing manner;  with  belief :   as,  to  receive  a  doe- 
trine  believinejly. 
belight  (be-lif),  V.  t.     [<  6e-l   -t-  ligha.]     To 

light  up;  illuminate.  Coicley.  [Rare.] 
belike  (bf-lik'),  adv.  [First  in  early  mod.  E., 
also  written  belijke,  bylyke  ;  also  belikely,  q.  v. ; 
appar.  of  dial,  origin,  <  be,  by,  prep.,  +  like, 
likely,  i.  e.,  by  what  is  likely;  but  perhaps  a 
reduction  of  an  introductory  phrase  (7  mity  be 
(or  W'i7/  be)  like  or  likely.  Cf.  maybe  and  likely, 
as  similarly  used.]  Perhaps;  probably.  [Now 
chietiy  poetical.] 

Then  you,  belike,  suspect  these  noblemen 

As  guilty  of  Duke  Humphrey's  timeless  death. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

Belike  this  is  sonic  new  kind  of  subscription  the  gallants 

use.  B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 

If  he  came  in  for  a  reckoning,  belike  it  was  for  better 
treat  than  mine.  Scott. 

belikelyt  (be-lik'li),  nrft'.  [See  fteWtf.]  Prob- 
ably. 

Having  belikely  heard  some  better  words  of  me  than  I 
could  deserve.  Bp.  Hall,  Account  of  Himself. 

belime  (be-lim'),  r.  t.  [<  6f-l  -(-  limel.]  To 
besmear  or  entangle  with  or  as  with  bird-lime. 
llii.  Hall. 

belinkedness  (be-lingkt'nes),  n.  [<  6f-i  -f 
link^  -)-  -ed'^  +  -n'e.^s.]  In  math.,  the  number  of 
times  one  branch  of  a  link  must  be  passed 
through  the  other  in  order  to  undo  it. 

belittle  (be-lit'l),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  belittled, 
ppr.  belittlhig.  [First  in  U.  S. ;  <  fc-1  -I-  little.] 
1.  To  make  small  or  smaller;  reduce  in  pro- 
portion or  extent.  [Rare.]  —  2.  To  cause  to 
appear  .small;  depreciate:  lower  in  character  or 
imiioi'tance;   speak  lightly  or  disparagintrly  of. 

belittlement  (be-lit'l-ment),  n.  [<  belittle  + 
-nient.]  The  act  of  belittling,  or  detracting 
from  the  character  or  importance  of  a  person 
or  thing. 

A  systematic  belittlement  of  the  essential,  and  exaggera- 
tion of  the  non-essential,  in  the  story. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  370. 

belivelf,  v.  i.  [ME.  (rare),  <  AS.  bellfan  (pret. 
beliif,  pi.  belifon,  pp.  belifen)  (=  OS.  hilibhan  = 
OFi-ies.  biliva,  bliva  =  'D.bliiveii  =  OJlG.  biliban, 
MHG.  beliben,  bliben,  G.  bleiben  =  Goth,  bilei- 
ban),  remain,  <  be-  +  'lifan  (pret.  /<;/),  remain. 
Hence  the  causal  belear'e,  q.  v.,  now  also  obso- 
lete :  see  leave^.]    To  remain. 


belive 

belive-'t,  ndr.,  orip.  prep.  jihr.  [Now  only  E. 
dial.,  also  written  belyvc,  ISc.  bcli/c,  bclyrc, 
beliff,  <  ME.  belive,  helyvc,  bcUfe,  bilifCj  blift; 
blivCy  also  bilifes,  bilircs,  etc. ;  somotiiues  used 
expletively;  prop,  two  words,  be  HvCj  he  life, 
lit.  by  life,  i.  e.,  with  life  or  activity;  cf.  alive 
and //rc?^.]    1.  With  speed;  quickly;  eagerly. 

Rise,  rise  hulhr. 
And  unto  batteil  doe  your  selves  addresse. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  II.  viii.  18. 

Thou  schalte  hnuo  delyueraunce 

Jie-tj/ue  at  thi  list,  York  Piatjn,  p.  231, 

2.  Presently:    ere   long;   by  and  by;   anon: 
sometimes  merely  expletive. 

Twenty  swarm  of  bees, 
\Mulk  all  the  summer  hiim  about  the  liive, 
And  bring  rae  wax  and  honey  in  bitive. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  1. 

Bfhjve  the  elder  bairns  come  drappinc  in. 

Burns,  Cottar's  Sat.  Xight. 

[Obsolete  in  both  senses,  except  in  Scotch.] 

belkt  (belk).  V.  t     [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  belkeu,  the 

uuassibilated  form  of  helcheti,  belch  :  see  belch, 

and  cf.  balk'-^,  half:,']     To  belch;  give  vent  to. 

Till  I  might  belke  revenge  upon  his  eyes. 

Marstoii,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  II.  i.  1. 

belli  (bel),  )i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bel,  <  ME. 
bel,  belle.  <  AS.  belle  (=D.  bel  =  MhG.  LG.  belle; 
cf.  Icel.  bjalla,  <  AS.  belle)^  a  bell.  Perhaps  con- 
nected with  belief  v.,  roar.]  1.  A  hollow  metal- 
lic instrument  which  gives  forth  a  ringing 
sound,  generally  of  a  musical  quality,  when 
struck  with  a  clapper,  hammer,  or  other  appli- 
ance. Its  usual  shape  resembles  that  of  an  inverted  cup 
with  a  flaring  rim.  If  the  I'ell  is  sta- 
tionary, it  is  often  made  saucer- 
shaped,  and  in  this  case  is  commonly 
termed  a  gong.  Bells  of  this  form  are 
generally  used  as  call-bells  or  signal- 
bells.  Bells  are  made  for  many  pur- 
poses and  in  a  great  variety  of  forms 
and  sizes.  They  usually  consist  of  an 
alloy  of  copper  and  tin,  called  bell- 
metal  (which  see).  Church-bells  are 
known  to  have  been  in  use  in  Italy 
about  A.  D.  400,  and  in  France  in  the 
sixth  centur)'.  The  earlier  bells  were 
often  four-sided,  made  of  thin  plates 
of  iron  riveted  together.  The  manu- 
facture of  the  largest  and  finest 
bells  has  been  developed  since  the 
fifteenth  century.  The  largest  ever  made  is  the  great 
bell  of  Moscow,  called  the  Czar  Kolokol,  cast  in  1733, 
and  computed  to  weigh  about  440,000  pounds.  It  is  about 
19  feet  in  diameter  and  the  same  in  height.  It  is  sup- 
posed never  to  have  been  hung,  and  is  now  used  as  a 
chapel,  having  been  raised  in  1S36  after  lying  half  buried 
since  1737,  when  a  piece  was  broken  out  of  its  side  in  a  fire. 
The  largest  bell  in  actual  use  weighs  1*28  tons,  and  is  also 
in  Moscow.  The  bell  of  the  Buddhist  monastery  Chi-on,  in 
Kioto,  Japan,  was  cast  in  1683,  and  weighs  125.000  catties, 
or  over  71  tons  of  2,240  pounds  each.    Among  the  great 


Bell  (section). 
B,  clapper,  or  tongue ; 
C.  clapper-bolt ;  /?, 
yoke ;  F,  cannon,  or 
car  ;  .»/,  mouth ;  P  P, 
sound-bow ;  S.  shoul- 
der;  T  T,  barrel. 


Be!!  called  Czar  Kolokol.  in  the  Kremlin,  Moscow. 

French  bells,  the  bourdon  of  Notre  Dame,  Paris,  weighs 
about  17  tons ;  the  largest  bell  of  Sens  cathedral,  16  tons ; 
and  that  of  Amiens  cathedral.  11  tons.  In  England,  the 
"Big  Ben"  of  Westminster  weighs  over  13  tons,  but  is 
cracked;  the  "(^ireat  Peter,"  at  York.  10  tons;  and 
the  "  Great  Tom,"  at  Oxford,  7  tons.  The  new  "Kaiser- 
elocke  "  of  Cologne  cathedral  wciglis  2,1  tons.  For  church- 
oella  made  to  be  rung  in  unison,  see  chime.  In  heraldry, 
the  bells  generally  represented  are  hawks'  bells,  in  shape 
like  a  small  sleigh-bell ;  a  hawk  represented  with  these 
bells  attached  is  said  to  be  bdUd.  When  a  bell  of  ordi- 
nary fonn  is  used  as  a  bearing,  it  is  called  church-bell  for 
distinction. 

But  what  art  thou  that  seyst  this  tale, 

That  werest  on  thyn  hose  a  pale, 

Aud  on  thy  tipet  such  a  belief 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  15.41. 

2.  Anything  in  the  form  of  a  bell  or  compared 
to  a  bell.  iipecificaUy— (a)  A  bell-shaped  corolla  of  a 
flower. 


514 

Where  the  bee  sucks,  there  suck  I : 
In  a  cowslip's  bell  I  lie.  Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
(b)  In  arch.,  the  plain  echinus  of  a  Corinthian  or  compn.- 
site  capital,  around  which  the  foliage  and  volutes  are  ar- 
ranged. Also  called  banket,  (c)  The  largo  end  of  a  fun- 
nel, or  the  end  of  a  pipe,  tube,  or  any  musical  instrument, 
when  its  edge  ia  turned  out  and  enlarged  so  as  to  resem- 
ble a  bell.  ((/)  The  strobile,  cone,  or  catkin  containing  the 
seed  of  the  hop.  (e)  The  pendulous  dermal  appendage 
under  the  throat  of  the  male  moose.  (/)  In  hydroid 
l>oiyps,  the  umbrella  or  gelatinous  disk. 
3.  pf.  A  number  of  small  bells  in  the  form  of 
hawks'  bells  or  sleigh-bells,  fastened  to  a  han- 
dle and  constituting  a  toy  for  amusing  an  in- 
fant.— 4.  j;/.  Xattt.,  the  tenn  employed  on  ship- 
board, as  o'clock  is  on  shore,  to  denote  the 
divisions  of  daily  time,  from  their  being  mark- 
ed by  bells,  which  are  struck  every  half-hour. 
The  day,  beginning  at  midnight,  is  divided  into  watches 
of  four  hours  each,  except  the  watch  from  4  to  8  P.  M., 
which  is  subdivided  into  two  dog-watches.  A  full  watch 
thus  consists  of  eight  haU-hours,  and  its  progress  is  noted 
by  the  number  of  strokes  on  the  bell.  For  instance,  1 
o'clock  P.  M.  is  equivalent  to  two  bells  in  the  afternoon 
watch  ;  3  o'clock,  to  six  bells  ;  4  o'clock,  to  eight  liells.  etc. 

—  Angelus  bell,  Gabriel  bellt,  Lady  bell,  a  church- 
bell  rung  to  remind  those  witliiu  hearing  to  recite  the 
angelus.  See  angelus.—  Xyq  bell,  Ave  Slaxia  bell,  or 
Ave  Mary  bell.    Same  as  anrtelus  bell. 

I  could  never  hear  the  Ave  Marii  bell  without  an  eleva- 
tion, or  think  it  a  sufficient  warrant  because  they  erred 
in  one  circumstance  for  me  to  err  in  all  —  that  is,  in  si- 
lence and  dumb  contempt. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  L  3. 
Bell,  book,  and  candle,  a  phrase  popularly  used  in  con- 
nection with  a  mode  of  solemn  excomnmnicatiou  for- 
merly practised  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  After 
the  formula  had  been  read  and  the  book  closed,  the  assis- 
tants cast  the  lighted  candles  they  held  in  their  hands 
to  the  ground  so  as  to  extinguish  them,  and  the  bells 
were  rung  together  without  order ;  the  last  two  cere- 
monies symbolized  the  disorder  and  going  out  of  grace 
in  the  souls  of  the  persons  excommunicated. —  Blessed 
(irliallO'Wedbell,  in  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ck.,a  bell  which  has 
received  the  solemn  blessing  of  the  church,  in  which  the 
bishop  prays  that  its  sound  may  avail  to  summon  the 
faithful,  to  excite  their  devotion,  to  drive  away  storms, 
and  that  the  powers  of  the  air,  hearing  it,  may  tremble 
and  flee  before  the  standard  of  the  holy  cross  of  the 
Son  of  God  engraved  upon  it,  etc. —  Elevation  or  Sanc- 
tus  bell,  in  the  lioju.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  bell  rung  during  the 
celebration  of  mass  to  give  notification  of  the  more  solemn 
portions :  now  usually  a  small  hand-bell,  but  in  pre- 
Reformation  English  churches  a  large  bell  often  hung 
in  a  bell-gable  erected  over  the  nave,  immediately  above 
the  entrance  of  the  chancel,  from  which  it  was  rung  by 
one  of  the  acolytes.  Oxford  Gloamrii,  p.  74.— In  the 
bell,  (a)  In  flower.  [Scotch.]  {h)  In  seed,  or  having  the 
seed-capsules  formed,  as  hops.— Mass  belL  Same  as 
sacring  bell. —  Recording  bell,  a  bell  attached  to  a  hand- 
punch,  or  to  an  insti-umeut  of  similar  purpose,  with  which 
fares  collected,  as  by  a  conductor,  etc,  or  moneys  taken 
in,  as  at  a  bar,  are  recorded,- Sacring  bell,  a  bell  rung 
during  the  celebration  of  the  Roman  Catholic  mass,  at 
the  elevation  of  the  host,  at  the  .Sanctus,  and  at  other 
solemn  services.  "Wlien  rung  at  the  consecration  it  is 
also  called  the  Agnus  bell ;  at  the  time  of  the  Sanctus, 
the  Sanctujs  bell,  etc.  Also  called  saiiits'  6f//.— Saints' 
bell.  Same  as  sacring  hell.  The  term  is  a  corrupted  form 
of  Sanctus  bell,  but  is  no  longer  specifically  restricted  to 
the  bell  rung  at  the  Sanctus.  The  saints'  bell  is  now  a 
small  hand-bell  rung  within  the  church,  but  formerly  it 
was  sometimes  a  small  church-bell  suspended  in  a  turret 
outside  the  church  and  rung  by  a  rope  from  within. 

And  it  is  said  that  his  people  would  let  their  plough 
rest  when  George  Herbert's  saints'-bell  rang  to  prayers. 

Walcott,  Sacred  Archicolog>*,  p.  527. 
Sanctus  belL  See  elevation  bell.— To  bear  away  (or 
gain,  etc.)  the  bell,  to  win  the  prize  at  a  race.  In  for- 
mer times  a  bell  was  a  usual  prize  at  a  hoi-se-race. 

Here  lyes  the  man  whose  horse  did  gaine 

The  bell  in  race  on  Salisbury  plain. 

Camden,  Epitaphes. 
To  bear  the  bell,  to  be  the  first  or  leader:  in  allusion 
to  the  bell-wetht-r  of  a  flock,  or  the  leading  horse  of  a 
team  or  drove,  that  wears  a  bell  or  bells  on  its  collar. 

Lat  se  which  of  you  shal  bere  the  belle 

To  speke  of  love.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  19S. 

In  memory  of  the  man  but  for  whom  had  gone  tiO  wxack 
All  that  France  saved  from  the  fight  whence  England  bore 
the  bell.  Browning,  Herve  Riel, 

To  clamor  bellst.    See  clamor.— To  lose  the  bell,  to 

be  wursted  in  contest. 

In  single  fight  he  lo^t  the  bell. 

Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xvii.  69. 
To  ring  the  bells  backward.     See  backward.  — To 

ring  the  hallowed  bell,  to  ring  a  bell  consecrated  by  a 

priest.  a>  \\;is  t'TUit-rly  tl^iue  in  the  belief  that  its  sound 

had  virtue  to  disperse  storms,  drive  away  a  pestilence  or 

devils,  and  extinguish  fire.— To  shake  the  bells*,  to 

move,  or  give  notice  or  alarm :  in  allusion  to  the  IilIIs  on 

a  falcon's  neck,  which  when  sounded  alarmed  its  prey. 

Neither  the  king,  nor  he  that  loves  him  best, 

The  proudest  he  that  holds  up  Lancaster, 

Dares  stir  a  wing,  if  Warwick  shake  his  bellx. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VJ.,  i.  1. 
To  take  one's  bells,  to  take  one's  departm-c  :  from  the 
custom  in  falconry  uf  attaching  bells  to  a  hawk's  leg  be- 
fore letting  it  fly. 

If  ever  for  the  Spring  you  do  but  sigh, 
I  take  my  bells. 

Dekker  and  Ford,  Sun's  Darling,  iii.  2. 

belli  (bel),  V.     [<  belU,  w.]     I.  infrans.  To  pro- 
duce bells;  be  in  bell:  said  of  hops  when  the 
seed-vessels  are  forming.     See  bcll^,  «.,  2  (d). 
Hops  iu  the  begiuoiiig  ol  August  bell,  Mortimer. 

I 


belladonna 

H.  trans.  1.  To  put  a  bell  on. — 2.  To  swell 
or  puJT  out  into  the  shape  of  a  bell. 

Devices  for  helling  out  dresses.  Mrs.  Riddell. 

To  bell  the  cat,  to  grapple  or  cope  with  an  ailversar)*  of 
greatly  superior  power*  a  phrase  derived  from  a  well- 
known  fable,  according  to  which  the  mice  at  one  time  re- 
solved to  put  a  bell  on  the  cat  to  warn  them  of  its  ap- 
proach; but  after  tlie  resolution  was  passed,  on  inquiry 
being  made,  "Who  will  undertake  it?'  none  was  found 
daring  enough  to  do  so. 
belF  (bel),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bel  (dial. 
also  heal),  <  ME.  bellc,\  AS.  bcllati.  roar,  bellow, 
^•imt,  =  OHG.  bellan,  MHG.  G.  belUn.  bark,= 
Icel.  belja,  bellow;  perhaps  connected,  as  tho 
orig.  verb  (cf.  D.  hellen,  i'iiig»  MLG.  bellen,  pro- 
claim loudly),  with  AS.  belle,  E.  6e//l,  q.  v.  Cf. 
bellow,  a  later  form  parallel  to  6W/2,  r.,  and 
see  bell',  belch,  balk'^,  bolk,  etc.,  a  series  of  verbs 
of  similar  form,  assumed  to  be  ult.  imitative. 
Hence  prob,  6u;;l.]  I,  intrans.  If.  To  bellow; 
roar. 

As  loud  as  belleth  wind  in  hell. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1S03. 

Specifically — 2.  To  bellow  like  a  deer  in  rut- 
ting-time. 

The  wild  buck  bells  from  ferny  brake. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iv.  15. 

Enjoining  perfect  silence,  we  crept  from  tree  to  tree  with 

stealthy  pace  and  occasionally  sweeping  the  opposite 

brow  of  Hangerton  with  a  deer  glass  to  discover  some  of 

the  numerous  harts  which  were  helling  aud  calling. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXIV.  -149. 

II,  trans.  To  bellow  forth.     [Rare.] 
bell2  (bel),  n.     [<  bell^,  r.]      The  bellow  of  the 
wild  deer  in  rutting-time. 

In  Ireland  the  deer-stalker  has  to  put  aside  his  rifle  in 
October.  The  first  bell  of  the  hart  is  a  notice  for  him  to 
quit,  so  that  these  wild  denizens  of  the  woods  may  carry 
on  their  courting  at  their  leisure. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXIV,  449. 

belief,  V,  i,  [<  ilE.  bellen  (pp.  bollen)^  perhaps 
(with  loss  of  orig.  guttural)  <  AS.  belgan  (pp. 
bolgcn)  =  OHG.  bdgan,  MHG.  belgen  =  Icel. 
*belgja,  in  pp.  bOlginn,  swell  (in  AS.  and  OHG. 
and  MHG.  also  be  angry).  Cf.  bcll^  and  bel- 
loiCj  repr.  parallel  forms  without  and  with  an 
orig.  guttural.  See  boln^.}  To  swell  up,  like  a 
boil  or  beal. 

Jesus  .  .  .  was  pricked  both  with  nail  and  thorn.  It 
neither  wealed  nor  belled,  rankled  nor  boned. 

Pepys,  Diarj',  HI.  9tJ.    (-V.  E.  D.) 

bell^  (bel),  n.  [<  late  ME.  belle  ==!>.  bel,  a 
bubble;  cf.  OD.  (MD.)  bellen,  bubble;  origin 
uncertain,  perhaps  connected  "with  E.  beli^,  or 
■with  L.  bulla,  a  bubble :  see  bell^.l  A  bubble 
formed  in  a  liquid. 

The  twinkling  of  a  fin,  the  rising  of  an  nir-bell. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  xxvL 

Certain  qualities  of  coloured  glass  are  cast  by  ladling 
the  molten  metal  from  huge  pots.  ...  By  this  ladling 
numerous  air  bells  are  enclosed  in  the  glass,  but  the  cir- 
cumstance does  not  affect  the  durability  aud  usefulness 
of  the  glass.  Fncgc.  Brit.,  X.  t;63. 

bell*  (bel),  v.  i.  [<  belli,  „.]  To  bubble. 
[Scotch.] 

belFt,  o.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bel,  <  ME.  bel,  bele, 
<  OF.  (mod.  F.)  bel,  beau,  m.,  belle,  f..  =  Sp,  Pg. 
It.  bello,  <  L.  belhis,  fair,  beautiful,  tine.  This 
adj.,  the  nearest  representative  of  the  L.,  ob- 
tained a  hold  in  E.  chiefly  in  its  deriv.  beauty 
(>  beautiful,  etc.),  and  some  half-French  uses: 
see  bel^,  belle,  beau,  etc.]     Fair  ;  beautiful. 

bellacityt  (be-las'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *bellaci- 
t(i{t-)s,  \  bellax (beilac-).  warlike,  <  bellum,  war.] 
Tt^ndeucy  to  war;  warlikeness.     [Rare.] 

belladonia  (bei-a-don'a),  n.  [XL..  <  bella 
(ittuna,  lit.  beautiful  lady  (the  berries  of  the 
plant  haWng  been  used  by  the  Italian  ladies  as 
a  cosmetic):  bella,  fern,  of  bello,  beautiful  (see 
belk) ;  donua,  <  L.  domina,  lady,  fern,  of  domi- 


Belladonna  \Atropa  Betladonna). 
a,  flowering  branch,  with  fruit ;  b,  fmit,  on  larger  scale. 

nns,  lord.     TJlt.  a  doublet  of  beldam,  q.  v.]    A 
plant,  Atropa  Belladonna^  or  deadly  nightshade, 


belladonna  515 

natural  order  tiolauacea;  a  native  of  central  bell-COte  (bel'kot),  n.     In  arc7t. ,  an  ornamental 


bellied 


and  southern  Euroi)c.     ah  imrts  of  tho  plant  arc 

pnisumms,  uiiii  dcpi'iiti  f»ir  tliuir  i)Iiartnacinlytia!iiiL-  prujiiv 

ertifs  (in  the  alkaloiit  atropiii.    'I'Iil-  plant  an»l  itaalkaloM 

an-  largely  nscil  in  niL-ilicinc  to  rulievt-  i>aiii,  to  check  spasm 

niiii  excessive  pcrspiiatiim,  anil  especially  in  surgery  to  (ii- 

iate  the  pujiil  ami  paralyze  the  acconiniuiiatiun  of  the  eye. 
bell-and-hopper  (iKil'aiKl-hop'er),  n.    A  charg- 
ing' ilcvicM"  nil  tup  of  a  >)liist-furnace.     The  hot- 

toni  of  tlie  hoppei'  is  closed  frombeneath  bya  bell-shaped 

piece,  which,  when  lowered,  permits  the  ore  to  fall  into 

the  stock. 
bellandine   (bel'an-din),  h.     [So.  ;   cf.  ballari, 

;ili),'lit.  cimibat.]    A(iuaiTel;  asquabble.   llnftO- 
bell-animal  (borau"i-nial),  n.     Same  as  hiH- 

unini'ilrtili . 

bell-animalcule  (bel'an-i-mal'kul),  n.  Thu 
usual  Euglish  name  of  a  peritrichous  ciliated 
infusoriau,  of  tho  family  I'orticcHidd:  (which 
sec).  See  cut  under  i'orticcUa.  Also  called 
ht'll-jKfllip. 

bellarniine  (bel'lir-min),  «.  [Seedef.]  A  large 
stoueware  jug  with  a  capacious  belly  and  nar- 
row neck,  decorated  ^vith  the  face  of  a  bearded 
man,  originally  designed  as  a  caricature  of  Car- 
dinal Bellarmiu,  who  made  himself  obnoxious 
to  the  Protestant  party  in  the  Netherlands  as 
an  opponent  of  the  Reformation,  in  the  end  of 
the  sixteenth  century  and  the  early  part  of  the 
seventeenth. 

Or  like  a  larger  Jug  that  some  men  call 

A  BeUarmim.         W.  Cartwright,  The  Ordinary. 

Large  globular  jugs,  stamped  in  relief  with  a  fjrotesque 
bearded  face  and  other  ornaments,  were  one  of  the  favoiu-- 
Ite  forms  lin  stoneware).  .Such  were  called  "greybeards  " 
or  beUanniiies,  from  the  unpopular  cardinal  of  that  name, 
of  whom  tlie  bearded  face  was  supposed  to  be  a  caricature. 
Eiicyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  631. 

bellasombra-tree  (bel-a-som'bra-tre),  «.  [< 
Sp.  bella,  beautiful,  -I-  sdinbra,  shade.]  A  South 
American  tree,  Phytolacca  dioica,  cultivated  as 
a  shade-tree  in  Spain,  Malta,  and  some  of  the 
cities  of  India. 

Bellatrix  (be-la'triks),  M.  [L.,  fern,  of  bellator, 
a  warrior,  <  bdlare,  wage,  <  belliim,  war:  see 
bellicose,  belligerent.  In  sense  1  it  is  the  trans- 
lation by  the  authors  of  the  Alphonsine  Tables 
of  the  Ar.  name  AliuuUhitl,  the  real  meaning  of 
which  is  doubtful.]     1.  A  very  white  glittering  belled  (beld),  p.  a. 

■  star  of  the  second  magnitude,  in  the  left  shoul- 
der of  Orion.  It  is  j  Orionis. —  2.  In  ornith.,  a 
genus  of  humming-birds.    Boic,\SZl. 

bell-bind  (bel'bind),  n.     Another  name  of  the  beiieric  (be-'ler'ik),  n 
hedge-bells  or  hedge-bindweed  of  Europe,  Con- 
volnilns  sejiiiim. 

bell-bird  (bel'berd),  )i.  1.  The  arapimga. — 2. 
Au  Australian  bird  of  the  family  ileliphaqidcv, 


L'oustruction   designed  to   contain  one  or  two 
bells,  and  often 


Bell-coK. 
D,irnctal.  near  Rouen,  Normandy. 


crowned  by  a 
small  spire.  The 
bcll-cotc  rests  upon 
a  wall,  and  is  some* 
times  supported  !)y 
coriiela ;  but  no 
change  Is  made  on 
account  of  its  pres- 
ence in  the  archi- 
tectural disposition 
of  the  lower  jiarts 
of  the  building. 
i^w lull-turret.  Also 
written  hrl/.t-iit. 

bell-crank(bel'- 

kraiigk),  ii.     In 
mncli.,  a  rectan- 
gular   lever    by 
which    the     di- 
rection  of    mo- 
tion is  changed 
through   an  an- 
gle of  90°,  and  by  which  its  velo- 
city-ratio and  range  maybe  altered 
at  pleasure  by  making  the  arms 
of  different  lengths,     it  is  much  em- 
ployed in  machinery,  and  is  named  from 
tile  fact  that  it  is  the  form  of  crank  em- 
ployed in  changing  the  direction  of  the 
wires  of  house-liells.     F  in  the  cut  is  the 
center  of  motion  about  whicli  the  arms  oscillate.     See 
also  cut  under  crank. 
belle  (bel),  a.  and  »(.     [<  F.  belle,  fem.  of  beau, 
OF.  bel,  <   L.  bellii.t,  beautiful:  see  beli,  bem.] 

I.  a.   Beautiful;  charming;  fair Belle  clieret. 

[.ME.,<  OK.  Iielle  chcre  :  see  lidle  and  cheer.]    Uood  enter- 
tainment ;  good  cheer. 

Bde  chere 
That  he  hath  had  ful  ofte  tymes  here. 

Chaucer,  Sliipnian's  Tale,  1.  409. 

II.    H.   A  fair  lady;  a  handsome  woman  of 
society ;  a  recognized  or  reigning  beauty. 

Where  none  admire,  'tis  useless  to  excel ; 
Where  none  are  beaux,  'tis  vain  to  be  a  helle. 

Lord  Lyttelton,  Beauty  in  the  Country. 

Beauty  alone  will  not  make  the  belle;  the  beauty  must 
be  lit  up  by  esprit. 

A  rch.  Forben,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  148. 


Reviews  of  publications  not  purely  hdletrijttic  or  ephem- 
eral in  their  nature  are  generally  written  by  professors. 
J.  M.  Ilarl,  Ocrnnin  rniversities,  p.  273. 

bell-flO'Wer  (berflou''6r),  M.  1.  Acommonname 
for  the  species  of  Campanula,  from  the  shape 
of  the  flower,  which  resembles  a  bell.  See  cut 
under  Campanula. —  2.  In  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land, tho  daffodil,  Xarci.s.su.t  r.seudo-Xarcissus. 
—  Autumn  bell-flower,  a  species  of  gentian,  Uenliana 

r„.u,„nna„lhe. 

bell-foimder  (bol'fouu"d6r),  n.    A  man  whose 

iH-cuiiatiiin  is  to  found  or  cast  bells. 

bell-foundry  (bel'foun"di'i),  n.    A  place  where 

bells  arc  founded  or  cast. 

\  bell-gable  (bel'ga'bl),  «.     1.  The  continuation 

'^      upward  of  a  portion  of  a  wall  terminated  by  a 

small  gable,  and  pierced  to  receive  one  or  more 

bells.    Such  a  feature  sometimes  surmounts  tho 


Bell.eable,  Church  of  S.  S.  Annunriata,  Florence. 


Hung  with  bells;  in  her., 


the Manorhina{oi-Mii.:antha)nielano]^hrijs,vfhose  Bellerophon  (be-ler'9-fon). 


notes  resemble  the  sound  of  a  bell. — 3.  An  Aus 

tralian  piping  crow,  of  the  genus  Strcpera,  as  S. 

ijraciiliiin.     Also  called  bell-magpie. 
bell-bloomt,  ».    [Early  mod.  E.  6dte-J?ome.]    An 

old  name  of  the  daffodil. 
bell-bottle  (bel'bot'l),  n.   Another  name  of  one 

of  the  two  European   plants  called  bluebell, 

Seillii  iiiitafLS.     See  bluebell. 
bell-boy  (bel'boi),  H.     A  boy  who  answers  a 

bell ;  specifically,  an  employee  in  a  hotel  who 

attends  to  the  wants  of  guests  in  their  rooms 

when  summoned  by  bell, 
bell-buoy  (bel'boi),  H.     See  huoji. 
bell-cage  (bel'kaj),  h.     A  belfry, 
bell-call  (bel'kal),  «.     Same  as  call-bell. 
bell-canopy  (bel'kan"o-pi),  n.     A  canopy-like 


apex  of  a  church-gable. —  2.  Any  gable  when 
the  wall  composing  it  is  pierced  for  bells. 
[Bell-gables  of  both  varieties  are  not  uncom- 
mon in  medieval  architecture.] 
having  hawic-bells  attach^ed :  said  of '  a  hawk  bell-gamba  (bel'gam''ba),  n.  Same  as  cone- 
wlien  used  as  a  bearing  ij<""^"  (which  see). 

bellelettris't,  ».     See  belletrist.  bell-gastrula  (bel'gas'tro-la),  n.     In  bioL,  the 

'  [<  F.  belleric,  ult.  <  Ar.     'original,   primary   pal.ngenetic   form  of  gas- 

bahlai,  <  Pers.  bedilah.-\  The  astringent  fruit  of    t™la,  according  to  the  vi*vs  of  Haecke  :  same 
nrmnalia  Bellerica,  one  of  the  fruits  imported  ^^arcluga.srula.hee  cut  ""J  •?[, ."««'"''"•    ,^^^ 
from  India,  under  the  name  of  myrobalans,  for  bell-glass  (bel'glas),   11,    A  bell-shaped  glass 
'     >n-iirintprs  vessel  used  to  cover  objects  which  require  pro- 

[L.    <  Gr.  Bf/'.-    tection  from  variations  of  the  atmosphere,  dust, 


the  use  of  calico-printers. 


/.epiufLiv,  also  Yit'/.'?-epo(pwriiq,  a  local  hero  of  Cor- 
inth, in  Greek  myth,  the  , 

slayer  of  the  monster 
Chima3ra ;  <  "'Bi'AAtpo^, 
supposed  to  mean  'mon- 
ster,' +  -ipiii;  -<poi'TT/i:, 
slayer,  <  *<pav,  kill,  akin 
to  "E.  banc'^,  q.  v.]  An 
extinct  genus  of  gastro- 
pods, typical  of  the  iava- 
i\y  Belleropho)itid(C.  it  is 
one  of  the  genera  wliose  shells  largely  enter  into  the  com- 
position of  limestone  beds  of  the  Silurian,  Devonian,  and 
Carlionifcrous  epochs. 
bellerophontid  (be-ler-o-fon'tid),  «.  [<  Bcllero- 
lilionlida:]  A  gastropod  of  the  family  Bellcro- 
jili(inlida\ 


BeiUrcfh^fi  c.v/.i'/iKJ.  Upper 
Silurian.  Britain. 


construction  Of  wood  or  Stone,  designed  to  pro-  B'ellerophontidje  (be-ler-6-fon'ti-de),  n.  pi. 


tect  a  bell  and  its  fittings 
from  the  weather. 

bell-chamber  (bel'cham'  - 

bcr),  n.  The  portion  of 
a  tower,  usually  near  its 
summit,  in  wliieli  bells 
are  hung,  it  is  connnoiily 
constructed  with  large  open- 
ings on  all  sides,  to  permit  the 
sound  of  the  liells  to  ililfuse 
itself  wiHiout  impediment. 

bell-chuck  (bd'chuk),  «. 

A  bell-shaped  lathe- 
chuck,  which,  by  means 
of  set-screws,  holds  tho 
piece  to  be  turned. 
bell-cord  (bel'koid),  n.  A 
ecird  attached  to  a  bell; 
specifically,  a  cord  at- 
tached to  a  bell  on  a 
locomotive  and  running 
through  the  cars  of  a 
train,  used  by  conductors 


[XL.,  ^  liellero)ihon(t-)  +  -((/«•.]  An  extinct 
family  of  gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Bel- 
lerophon. The  shell  was  symmetrically  involute  and 
nautiliforni,  with  the  periphery  carinated  or  suleated  and 
nntcbi-d  or  incised  at  the  lip.  The  species  flourished  and 
were  numerous  in  the  Paleozoic  age.  Their  aftinities  are 
uncertain.  Formerly  they  were  associated  by  most  au- 
thors with  the  heteropod  Allanlidn;  but  they  are  now 
generallv  approximated  to  the  Plcurotomariitiie,  of  the 
i.r.i.T  ldir'''l"al,ma. 
belles-lettres  (bel'let'r),  h.  i<?.  [F.,  lit.  'fine 
letters'  (like  beau.r-arls,  fine  arts):   belle,  fine, 

beautiful;  lelire,  letter,  pi.  lettre.t,  literature:  bellicosely  (bel'i-kos-li),  adr. 
see  belle  and  letter.']     Polite  or  elegant  litera- 
ture: a  word  of  somewhat  indefinite  apjilica 


tion,  iucludiug  poetrj',  fiction,  and  other  imagi- 
native literature,  and  the  studies  aud  criticism 
connected  therewith ;  literatm-e  regarded  as  a  bellicoust  (hel'i-kus),  o 


and  influences  of  like  character,  as  delicate 
plants,  bric-a-brac,  small  works  of  art,  clocks, 
etc.,  or  to  hold  gases  in  chemical  operations. 

bell-hanger  (bel'hang'fer),  «.  One  who  hangs 
and  rejiairs  bells. 

bell-harp  (bel'hiirp),  n.  An  old  stringed  in- 
strument, consisting  of  a  wooden  box  about 
two  feet  long,  containing  a  harp  or  lyre  with 
eight  or  more  steel  strings.  The  player  twanged  the 
strings  with  the  thumbs  of  both  hands  inserted  through 
holes  in  the  box,  meanwhile  swinging  the  box  from  side 
to  side,  like  a  bell. 

bellibonet,  "•  [One  of  Spenser's  words,  appar. 
<  F.  belle  it  bonne,  beautiful  and  good.  See 
belle,  bonne,  and  boon'^.]     A  bonny  lass. 

bellict,  bellicalt  (bel'ik.  -i-kal),  a.  [Also  bel- 
lique,  <  F.  betlique,  <  L.  bellieu.s,  warlike,  < 
6c?/«iH,  war.]  Pertaining  to  war  ;  warlike:  as, 
"  beUique  Ca?sar."  Feltham,  Kesolves,  ii.  52. 

bellicose  (bel'i-kos),  a.  [<  L.  bellieosus,  <  bel- 
lum,  OL.  dueltum,  war,  orig.  a  combat  between 
two,  <  duo  =  E.  two.  Cf.  duel.]  Inclined  or 
tending  to  war;  warlike;  pugnacious:  as,  bel- 
licose  sentiments. 
Arnold  was  in  a  hellicoxe  vein.  Irving. 

I  saw  the  bull  always  alert  aud  brtlicoxe,  charging  the 
footmen,  wlio  pricked  aud  baited,  and  enraged  him  with 
"theii"  scarlet  mantles. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  271. 

lu  a  bellicose 

or  warlike  manner ;  pugnaciously. 

Anything  like  rallying  the  more  fcHfco»;;/  inclined  of 


the  pilgrims  would,  uiuTcr  the  circumstances,  be  out  o£ 
the  question.  OVunmaii.  .Merv,  x. 

[As  bellicose,  <  L.  bel- 


BcU^-iituijy.  ll.irvard  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  Mass. 


or  brakemeu  iu  the  United  States  and  Canada 
to  signal  the  engineer. 


form  of  fine  art. 

belletrist,  bellelettrist  (be-let'rist),  h.     [< 

belle.''-lillrr.s  +   -Ist.]     One  devoted   to   belles- 
lettres. 

bellettristic  (bel-et-ris'tik),  «.  [<  belle{s)- 
tettr{es)  +  -ist  +  -ic;  G.  bellctristi^ch.]  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of  belles-lettres. 


lieosuf: :  or  <  L.  bcllicus :  see  bellicose,  bellic] 
Bellicose:  as,  •'  bellicou^  n&tions,"  Sir  T.  Smith, 
Commonwealth  of  Eng. 
bellied  (bel'id),  n.  l<  belly +  -cd-^.]  1.  Having 
a  belly  (of  the  kind  indicated  iu  composition): 
as,  hig-bellied ;  i)ot-l>cllied.—2.  In  bot.,  ventri- 
oose;  swelling  out  in  the  middle. — 3.  In  aiiat., 


bellied 

having  a  swelling  flesby  part,  or  belly,  as  a 
muscle. — 4.  Rounded  ;  bulgiug. 

When  a  raised  liaiullc  ...  is  usiil.  the  most  rounded 
or  bellied  side  of  the  lilo  shoulil  he  applied  to  tlie  worli. 
J.  Hum,  Pract.  Maelilnist,  p.  270. 

belligeratet  (be-lij'e-rat),  v.  i.  [<  L.  bcllitje- 
rattis,  pp.  of  heUigerare,  wage  war,  <  hclhijcr, 
waging  war,  <  helium,  war,  +  (lererc.  oarry: 
see  gcst.  jest.  Cf.  belligerent.']  To  make  war. 
Voeiccram. 

belligerence  (be-lij'e-rens),  «.  [<  belligerent  : 
see  -€«ce.]  The  act  of  "carrying  on  war;  war- 
fare. 

Merely  diplomatic  peace,  which  is  honeycombed  with 
suspicion,  .  .  .  bristles  with  the  apparatus  and  istablish- 
nients  of  war  on  a  scale  far  beyond  what  was  formerly 
required  for  actual  belligerence. 

Gladstone,  Gleanmgs,  I.  6(. 

belligerency  (be-lij'o-ren-si),  «.  [<  belligerent: 
see  -f  «(■!/.]  Position'or  status  as  a  belligerent ; 
the  stale  of  being  actually  engaged  in  war. 

They  were  acting  for  a  Government  whose  belligerency 
had  been  recognized.    Soleg,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  224. 

1  cannot  conceive  of  the  existence  of  any  neutral  duties 
when  no  war  exists.  >'eutrality  ex  ri  termini  implies 
belligerency;  and  a  breach  of  neutrality  can  only  occur 
with  regard  to  a  matter  arising  during  a  war. 

jV.  a.  liev.,  CXXVII.  39. 

belligerent  (be-lij'e-rent),  a.  and  n.  [Earlier 
lielUgerant.  <  F.  helligerani,  <  L.  helUgeran(t-)s, 

iipr.  of  heUigerare,  wage  war:  see  belligerate.'] 
[.  a.  1.  Warlike;  given  to  waging  war;  char- 
acterized by  a  tendency  to  wage  or  carry  on  war. 

History  teaches  that  the  nations  possessing  the  greatest 
armaments  have  always  been  the  most  belligerent. 

Sumner,  Orations,  I.  97. 

2.  Of  warlike  character ;  constituting  or  tend- 
ing to  an  infraction  of  peace:  as,  a  belligerent 
tone  of  debate. 

Justice  requires  that  we  should  commit  no  belligerent 
act  not  founded  in  strict  right  as  sanctioned  by  public 
law.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  167. 

3.  Actually  engaged  in  war:  as,  ihe  belligerent 
powers. — 4.  Pertaining  to  war,  or  to  those  en- 
gaged in  war:  as,  belligerent  rights,  etc. 

n.  ?i.  A  nation,  power,  or  state  carrying  on 
war ;  also,  a  person  engaged  in  fighting. 

The  position  of  neutrals  in  relation  to  belligerents  is  ex- 
actly ascertained.  London  Times. 

The  possibility  of  intercourse  in  war  depends  on  the 
confidence  which  the  belligerents  repose  in  each  others 
good  faith;  and  this  confidence,  on  the  unchangeable  sa- 
credness  of  truth.      Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  249. 

The  rebel  Poles  had  never  risen  to  the  rank  of  bellige- 
rents. Loive,  Bismarck,  I.  309. 

belligeroust  (be-lij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  beUiger, 
waging  war,  <  bellum,  war,  -I-  gerere,  carry  on.] 
Same  as  belligerent.     Bailey. 

bellingl  (bel'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  belt^,  v.]  In 
submarine  operations,  the  use  of  the  diving- 
bell. 

belling^  (bel'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  beUi/nge  ;  verbal 
n.  of  bell-,  r.]  Formerly,  bellowing ;  in  modern 
use,  the  noise  made  by  a  deer  in  rutting-time. 

bellipotent  (be-lip'o-tent),  a.  [<  L.  belUpo- 
teu{t-)s.  <  bellum,  war,  -f-  poten(t-)s,  powerful: 
seepotent.l  Powerful  or  mighty  in  war.  Blount. 
[Rare.] 

Bellis  (bel'is),  n.  [L.,  <  bellu.9,  beautiful:  see 
fctVfO.]  The  daisy,  a  small  genus  of  annual  or 
perennial  herbs,  natm-al  order  Composittc,  in- 
digenous to  the  temperate  and  cold  regions  of 
the  northern  hemisphere.  The  daisy,  B.  perennis,  is 
abundant  in  p.istm'es  and  meadows  of  Europe,  and  is  very 
common  in  cultivation.  See  dai^y.  Only  one  species  is 
found  in  North  .\merica,  B.  integri/olia,  the  western  daisy. 

bellitudet  (bel'i-tiid),  n.  ["<  L.  bellituilo,  <  bel- 
Im,  beautiful :  see  fceHS.]  Beauty  of  person ; 
loveliness;  elegance;  neatness.     Cockeram. 

bell-jar  (bel'jar),  ».  A  bell-shaped  glass  jar, 
used  by  chemists,  in  physical  laboratories,  etc., 
for  receiving  a  gas  lighter  than  the  atmosphere 
or  other  medium  in  whieh  it  is  plunged,  and 
for  similar  uses.     It  is  a  form  of  bell-glass. 

bell-less  (bel'les),  a.    [<  bell^  +  -tea.]    Having 

no  boll.     Scott. 
bell-magnet  (bermag"net),   «.     An  alarm  in 
whieh  a  clapper  is  made  to  strike  a  bell  by  the 
completion  of  an  electric  circuit. 
bell-magpie   (bel'magpi),   «.      Same  as  bell- 

biril,  3. 
bellman  (bel'man),  Ji. ;  pi.  bellmen  (-men). 
[.(Vlso  written  bclman  ;  <  bcU^  +  man.']  1.  A 
man  who  rings  a  bell;  specifically,  one  em- 
ployed to  cry  public  notices  and  call  attention 
by  ringing  a  bell;  a  town  crier. —  2.  Formerly, 
a  night-watchman,  part  of  whose  duty  it  was 
to  call  out  the  hours,  the  state  of  the  weather, 
and  other  information,  as  he  passed. 


516 

I  staid  up  till  the  bellman  came  by  with  his  hell  just 
under  my  window  as  I  was  writing  of  this  very  line,  and 
cried,  "  Past  one  of  the  clock,  and  a  cold,  frosty,  windy 
morning."  Pepy,  Diary,  I.  8. 

bell-mare  (bel'mar),  n.  A  mare  used  by  mule- 
herders  as  an  aid  in  keeping  their  herds  to- 
gether. The  mules  follow  the  l)ell-mare  wher- 
ever she  goes.  Also  called  madrina  in  the 
originally  Spanish  parts  of  the  United  States. 

bell-metal  (bel'mef  al),  ".  A  variety  of  bronze, 
an  alloy  of  copper  and  tin,  of  which  bells  are 
made.  The  proportions  in  which  the  two  metals  are 
employed  are  variable.  In  some  very  large  English  bells 
there  is  from  22  to  24  per  cent,  of  tin  and  from  76  to  78  of 
copper.  Four  parts  of  the  latter  metal  to  one  of  the  for- 
mer is  said  to  be  the  pr<:>portion  used  in  many  of  the  lar- 
gest bells.  .See  (n-oiiif.—  Bell-metal  ore,  a  name  by  «  hich 
the  mineral  stannite,  or  sulpllid  of  tin,  copper,  and  iron, 
found  in  Cornwall,  is  frequently  known,  owing  to  its  re- 
semblance in  appearance  to  bell-metal  or  bronze. 

bell-metronome  (bel'mefro-nom),  n.  A  met- 
ronome provided  with  a  bell  that  may  be  set  to 
strike  after  a  given  number  of  oscillations  of 
the  pendulum,  thus  marking  the  beginning  of 
measures  as  well  as  the  pulses  within  measures. 

bell-mouth  (bel'mouth),  n.  A  mouthpiece  ex- 
panding like  a  bell. 

A  hellmoiith  may  also  have  the  form  of  the  contracted 
jet.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XII.  463. 

bellmouth  (bel'mouth),  r.  t.  [<  bell-mouth,  h.] 
To  proride  with  a  bell-shaped  mouthpiece; 
shape  like  the  mouth  of  a  bell. 

It  is  often  desirable  to  bellmouth  the  ends  of  pipes. 

Eneyc.  Brit.,  XII.  463. 

bell-mouthed  (bel'moutht),  a.     1.  Gradually 
expanded  at  the  mouth  in  the  form  of  a  bell. 
His  bell-miiuth\1  goblet  makes  me  feel  quite  Danish, 
Or  Dutch,  with  thirst.  Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiii.  72. 

2.    Having  a  clear,  ringing  voice:   said  of  a 

hound. 

bell-nosed  (bel'nozd),   a.     Expanded  at  the 

muzzle  in  the  shape  of  a  bell:  said  of  firearms. 

In  blunderbusses  the  barrels  are  generally  bell-nosed. 

W.  W.  Greener,  Gun  and  its  Development,  p.  77. 

bellon  (bel'on),  H.  [Origin  unknown.]  Lead- 
colic,  or  painters'  colic. 

Bellona  (be-lo'nii),  n.  [L.,  OL.  Duellona,  <  bel- 
lum, OL.  duellum,  war.]  1.  In  Bom.  myth.,  the 
goddess  of  war.  Her  temple  stood  in  the  Campus 
Martins,  without  the  walls,  and  was  held  to  symbolize 
enemies'  territory.  In  it  the  Senate  received  foreign  am- 
bassadors and  victorious  generals  entitled  to  a  triumph. 
2.  [NL.]  In  onfirt.,  a  genus  of  humming-birds. 
Muhant  and  Verreaux,  1865.— 3.  [(.  e.]  [NL.] 
In  hcrpef.,  the  specific  name  of  a  snake,  Pityo- 
jiliis  biUona. 

bellonion  (be-16'ni-gn),  n.  A  musical  instru- 
ment, invented  at  IJresden  in  1812,  consisting 
of  twenty-four  trumpets  and  two  drums,  which 
were  played  by  machinery. 

bellow  (bel'o),  r.  [<  ME.  belowen,  bellewen, 
belicen,  bellow,  low,  <  AS.  bylgean  (ocemTing 
only  once),  bellow  (as  a  bull),  appar.  with 
added  formative  and  tmilaut  from  the  same 
root  as  bellan,  low,  bellow,  E.  bell :  see  bell".'] 

1.  intrans.  1.  To  roar;  make  a  hollow,  loud 
noise,  as  a  bull,  cow,  or  deer. 

Jupiter 
Became  a  bull,  and  bellow'd.      Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Of  persons,  to  make  any  violent  outcry ;  vo- 
ciferate; clamor:  used  in  ridicule  or  contempt. 

This  gentleman  ...  is  accustomed  to  roar  and  belUnr 
so  terribly  loud  .  .  .  that  he  frightens  us.     Tatler,  Xo.  ."^4. 

3.  To  roar,  as  the  sea  in  a  tempest,  or  as  the 
wind  when  violent ;  make  a  loud,  hollow,  con- 
tinued sound. 

Ever  overhead 
Bellow'd  the  tempest. 

TennysoJt,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

II.  trans.  To  utter  in  a  loud  deep  voice ;  vo- 
ciferate: generally  with  out  or  forth. 

To  belloic  out  "Green  pease "  under  my  window. 

Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 

bellow  (bel'o),  n.  [<  bellow,  v.  i.]  A  roar,  as 
of  a  btill;  a  loud  outcry. 

bellower  (bel'6-er),  n.     One  who  bellows. 

bellows  (bel'oz  or  -us),  w.  sing,  and  jj^  [Also, 
colloquially,  belloKses,  a  double  plural ;  <  ME. 
befowes,  bclwes,  also  belies,  a  bellows,  prop, 
pi.  of  belowe,  behi,  also  behj,  beli,  a  bellows,  a 
bag,  the  belly  (same  word  as  bellij),  <  AS.  bwlg, 
balig,  belg,  b'elig,  a  bag,  a  bellows  (earlier  spe- 
cifically blirstbelig  =  Icel.  hldstrbelgr;  cf .  I),  bhias- 
balg  =  Dan.  bhesebeelg  =  Sw.  btdfbulg  =  OHG. 
bla'sbalg,  G.  blasebalg,'lit.  blast-bag:  see  bhi.^t) : 
see  belly,  of  which  bellows  is  a  differentiated 
plural.]  An  instrument  or  machine  for  pro- 
ducing a  current  of  air:  principally  used  for 
blowing  fire,  either  in  private  dwellings  or  in 
forges,  furnaces,  mines,  etc. ;  also  used  in  or- 


Bellows. 


French.  17th  centuiy. 
From  "  L'Art  pour  Tous."J 


bell-roof 

gans  for  producing  the  current  of  air  by  which 
the  pipes  and  reeds  are  sounded.  It  consists  es- 
sentially of  an  air-chamber 
wtdch  can  be  alternately 
expanded  ami  contracted, 
and  a  nozle  by  which  the 
current  of  air  can  be 
directed.  When  the  air- 
chamlier  is  expaniled,  air  is 
admitted  through  a  valve 
opening  inward.  The  pres- 
sure produced  by  the  con- 
traction of  the  air-cham- 
ber  closes  this  valve,  and 
leaves  the  nozle  the  only 
available  avenue  of  escape 
for  the  air  in  the  chamber. 
Bellows  are  made  in  many 
different  forms,  a  usual  one 
being  the  small  hand-bel- 
lows, an  ornamented  ex- 
ample of  which  is  shown  in 
the  cut,  used  for  promoting 
the  combustion  of  a  house- 
fire.  Bellows  of  great  pow- 
er  are  called  blowing-ma- 
chines, and  are  operated  by 
machinery  driven  by  steam. 
—  Blindman's     beUows. 

See       bliu'lniun.  —  HydTO- 

static  bellows.     See  hy- 

drasliitic. 

bellows-camera  (bel'- 
oz-kam"c-ra),  n.  In 
photog.,  a  form  of  ex- 
tensible camera  in  which  the  front  and  after 
bodies  are  connected,  for  the  sake  of  lightness 
and  economy  of  space  when  the  camera  is  not 
in  use,  by  a  folding  tube  or  chamber  made  of 
leather,  rubber,  or  a  similar  light-proof  mate- 
rial. The  tube  is  made  to  fold  upon  itself  in  the  same 
way  as  the  air-chamber  of  an  accordion  or  of  bellows  of 
the  usual  fi>rm ;  that  is,  it  is  made  in  a  series  of  small 
folds,  each  carried  entirely  around  it  in  a  direction  per- 
pendicular to  its  axis,  and  having  their  edges  turned  alter- 
nately inward  and  outward.  The  edges  of  those  folds  which 
are  turned  outward  are  usually  stilfened  by  a  wire  frame. 
When  the  tube  is  pulled  out  to  its  full  extent,  its  walls  are 
flat;  when  it  is  contracted,  it  requires  merely  the  space 
taken  up  by  the  folds  of  its  material.  In  use,  the  back  of 
a  camera  of  this  form  can  be  fixed,  by  a  screw  or  other 
device,  at  any  distance  from  the  front  or  lens  end.  within 
the  limits  of  the  contracted  or  expanded  tube,  that  the  fo- 
cus of  the  lens  or  the  particular  work  in  baud  may  require. 

bellows-fish  (bel'oz-fish),  n.  1.  A  local  name 
in  England  of  the  trumpet-fish,  Centriscus  scolo- 
piix. — 2.  A  local  name  of  sundrv  plectognath 
fishes,  of  the  suborder  Gymnodontes  arnX  family 
Tetrodontidw. — 3.  A  local  name  in  Rhode  Is- 
land of  the  angler,  Lox^liins })iscatorius.  See  cut 
tuider  angler. 

bellows-pump  (bel'oz -pump),  H.  A  sort  of 
atmospheric  pump,  in  which  the  valve  is  in 
the  lower  side  of  a  bellows-chamber,  while  the 
upper  side  performs  the  function  of  the  piston. 

bellows-sound  (bel'oz-soimd),  «.  In  piathol., 
an  abnormal  sound  of  the  heart,  resembling 
the  puffing  of  a  small  bellows. 

bell-pepper  (bel'pep  er),  H.  The  fruit  of  Cap- 
sicum grossum,  much  used  for  pickling  and  as  a 
vegetable ;  Guinea  pepper. 

bell-polyp  (bel'poPip),  H.  Same  as  bell-ani- 
nialrule. 

bell-pull  (Viel'pul),  n.  The  handle  or  knob  by 
whieh  a  bell  attached  to  a  wire  or  rope  is  rimg, 
as  a  door-bell. 

bell-pump  (bel'pump),  n.  A  bell-shaped  pump 
used  in  cleaning  gas-  and  service-pipes. 

bell-punch  (bel'punch),  n.  A  hand-pimch  con- 
taining a  signal-bell,  used  for  punching  a  hole 
in  a  ticket,  trip- 
slip,  etc.,  in  or- 
der to  record 
and  call  atten- 
tion to  the  num- 
ber of  fares 
taken. 

bell-ringer 

(bel'riug'er),  n. 
1 .  One  whose 
business  is  to 
ring  a  bell,  espe- 
cially a  church- 
bell  or  one  of  a 
chime  of  bells;  also,  a  performer  with  musical 
hand-bells. —  2.  An  automatic  device  upon  a 
locomotive  for  ringing  the  bell. — 3.  Mechanism 
for  ringing  chimes  by  hand,  by  means  of  lever- 
haniUes  whieh  are  connected  by  wires  \\ith  the 
clappers  or  the  axes  of  the  bells,  or  by  water- 
power,  compressed  air,  or  steam  operating  in 
various  ways  to  accomplish  the  same  object. 
bell-roof  (bel'rof),  n.  A  roof  shaped  some- 
what like  a  bell.  Its  figure  is  generated  by 
the  revolution  of  an  ogee  curve  about  the 
apex.     See  cut  on  next  page. 


Bell-punch. 
W.    combination    lock  ;    B.    aperture    in 
which  uip-slip  or  ticket  is  inserted  :  C.  door 
inclosing  bcU  ;  D.  receptacle  for  counters. 


bell-rope 

liell-rope    (lu'i'roi)), 

K.      1.    A  i-opo   tor 

riiiKiiifT   H"   bell. — 2. 

A  boll-(/or(I. 
bell-rose    (bfl'ioz), 

n.  A  iiaiiio  some- 
times usi'il  for  the 

daffodil,      yarcissiis 

PsTinld-XiircifiSiis. 
bell-screw        (licl'- 

skrci),  ».  A  rod  or 
bar  of  iron  witli  an 
internally  tlireadod 
bell-shapi'd  end,  for 
recovering  Ijrokon 
or  lost  to(ds  in  a 
deep  bore-liole. 

Eell  s  disease,  finch 


Contemporaneous  American. 


See  diseatic,  finch. 

bell-shaped  (bel'shiipt),  a.  Ha\'ing  the  form 
of  a  bi'U,  or  (if  a  somewhat  deep  vessel  whose 
lip  turns  out  and  then  begins  to  turn  in  again ; 
specifically,  in  hot.,  campanulate.  See  cut 
under  C'amiKiuiila Bell-shaped  pa- 
rabola, :i  lUverKent  paraliula  having'  nei- 
ther criiiiode  nor  cusp.  .Some  ^.'eonietii- 
ciaus,  witliout  sufficient  ren.son  or  author- 
ity, i-estrict  the  name  to  tliose  divergent 
parahohis  to  \\hleli  from  some  points  of 
the  plane  si.x  real  taMf.'ent-sean  be  drawn. — 
Pure  bell-shaped  parabola,  one  which 
constitutes  the  entire  real  part  of  a  cubic 
curve  of  the  sixth  class. 

bell-sound  (bel'sound),  n.  In  aus- 
cultation, a  peculiar  soimd  indica- 
tive of  pneumothorax,  it  may  be 
observed  by  applying  a  small  piece  of 
metal,  as  a  coin,  to  the  att'ected  part  of  the 
chest,  and  striking  it  with  a  second  piece, 
when  a  clear,  bell-like  Bound  is  hearil 
throuu'Ii  tlic  .stethoscope  applied  ill  the 
vicinity. 

bell-telegraph  (bel'tel'e-graf),   n. 
1.  A  telegraphic  apparatus  in  which  two  dif- 
ferently toned  Ijells  take  the  place  of  a  ^^brat- 
ing  needle  in  giving  the  signals. — 2.  An  an- 
nunciator; a  fire-  or  burglar-alavm. 

bell-tower  (bel'tou'cr),  «.  A  tower  of  any 
kind  built  to  contain  one  or  more  bells.  See  cut 
under  campaitilc. 

The  unsurpasseil  helt- 
ttnvcr    of    the    Uuonio, 
known  and  admired  by 
all  men  as  the  Campa- 
nile of  tiiotto,   (is]   the 
most  splentlid  memorial 
of  the  arts  of  I-'lorenee. 
C.  E.  Sortnn,  Cluuch- 
[buiUling  ill  .MidiUe 
[.\ges,  p.  '2rl-l. 

bell-trap  (bel'trap), 
n.  A  small  stench- 
trap,  usually  fixed 
over  the  waste-pipe 
of  a  sink  or  other  in- 
let to  a  drain.  The 
foul  air  is  prevented 
from  rising  by  an  invert- 
ed cup  or  bell,  the  lips  of 
which  dip  into  a  cham- 
ber tilled  with  water  sur- 
rounding the  top  of  tlie 

pipe- 
bell-turret  (liel'- 
tur'et),  n.  Aturret 
containing  a  bell- 
chamber,  and  usu- 
ally crowned  with 
a  spire  or  other  ornamental  feature.  In  medie- 
val architecture  the  lower  part  of  such  turrets  is  often 
used  as  a  staircase.  A  liell-turret  is  distinguished  from 
a  bell-cote  in  that  the  former  always  appears  upon  the 
ground-plan  of  the  building  to  which  it  belongs. 
Belluae  (bel'u-e),  h.  pi  [NL.,  fcm.  pi.  of  L. 
hcHua.  prop,  hcliiii,  a  beast,  particularly  a  large 
beast.]  In  the  Linnean  system  of  classification 
(1766),  the  fifth  of  the  six  orders  of  the  class 
Mammalia,  containing  hoofed  quadrupeds  with 
incisors  in  both  .jaws,  and  consisting  of  tho  four 
genera  Equiis,  nippdpolamus,  Siis,  and  Illiiiio- 
Ceros.  It  is  ocea-sionally  used  in  a  modified  sense,  cor- 
responding to  some  extent  with  the  Pachtidfrmata  of 
Cuvier,  for  the  perissodaetyl  as  distinguished  from  the 
artiodactyl  ungulat<?s,  though  the  Linnean  [iiiliui;  in- 
cluded representatives  of  both  these  suborders  of  L'nyu- 
lata. 
belluine  (bel'ii-in),  a.  [<  Ij.  heUuimis.  prop,  be- 
lui)iiii<,  <  hcllua,  prop,  hdiiii,  abeast.]  If.  Beast- 
ly; pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  lieasts; 
brutal :  as,  "  animal  and  bclluiiw  life,"  Up.  At- 
terbunj. —  2.  In  sool.,  of  or  pertaiaing  to  the 
Bellucr. 
bellum  internecinum  (iierum  in-ter-ne-si'- 

num).  [L.:  htlliim,  war;  internecinum,  interne- 
cine.] A  murderous  war;  a  war  of  mutual  ex- 
termination ;  war  to  the  death. 


Bell-turret, —  Abbayc-aux-Hommes, 
Caen,  Normandy. 


517 

bell-wether  (bel'weTH"<'r),  n.  [<  ME.  hel- 
wethcr,  hrllrwcdcr ;  <  licll^  +  wctlicr.]  A  wether 
or  sheep  which  leads  tho  flock,  usually  carry- 
ing a  bell  on  its  neck. 

[Asl  a  bcH-nrtlu'r  [will;  form  the  (lock's  connection 
By  tinkling  sounds,  when  they  go  forth  to  victual ; 
Sueli  is  the  sway  of  our  great  men  o'er  little. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vii.  4S. 

bell-work  (bel'wtrk),  11.  In  minini),  a  system 
of  working  flat  ironstone-beds  by  undorgroimd 
excavations  in  the  form  of  a  bell  around  the 
pits  or  shafts;  also  used  on  a  grand  scale  in 
working  the  salt-mines  of  Transylvania. 

bellwort  (bcl'wert),  H.  1.  A  general  name  for 
plants  (if  flic  natural  order  Camjjaniiliicro'. — 2. 
Ill  tho  United  .States,  a  common  name  for  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Uvularia,  spring  flowers  of  tho 
natural  order  lAHncca:. 

belly  (bel'i),  n. ;  pi.  bcUics  (-iz).  [Early  mod. 
E.  and  E.  dial,  also  balhj,<  ME.  hclij,  bcli,  belly, 
stomach,  womb  (in  early  ME.  the  Vjody),  also 
a  liellows  (see  hcllon-s),  <  AS.  bcly,  bwhj,  bid;/, 
bi/lij  (also  bivlifi,  hclig,  bijlig,  with  intrusive  /). 
also  beclge,  bijlgc,  a  bag,  bell,  pouch,  purse,  hull, 
bellows,  a  bag  of  any  kind,  esp.  of  skin  (= 
OFries.  balija  =  D.  ba!r/,  skin,  belly,  =  OHG. 
ba!g,  MIKi.  bale,  G.  balg,  skin,  case,  bellows, 
jiatmch,  =  led.  bclgr  (whence  perhaps  biiggr,  a 
bag,  baggi,  a  bag,  whence  perhaps  E.  hag^)  — 
Sw.  in7(/  =  I)an.  bwig,  skin,  ease,  pod,  belly,  bel- 
lows, =  Goth,  bahjf!,  a  wine-skin,  orig.  a  bag, 
esp.  of  skin),  <  bclgan  (pret.  bcalg)  (=  OHfJ. 
bclgan),  swell,  swell  up,  lie  inflated.  Cf.  bclH 
and  boln.  Doublet  (orig.  pi.)  bcltoirs,  q.  v. 
Similar  forms  are  Gael,  bnig,  bolg  =  Ir.  balg, 
bolg,  bag,  belly,  =  W.  bol,  bola,  bob/,  belly, 
appar.  an  old  Celtic  word,  >  LL.  bidga,  bag:  see 
bulge,  bougc^,  budge-,  etc.]  1.  That  jiart  of  the 
human  body  which  extends  from  tho  breast  to 
the  groin,  and  coutains  the  bowels:  the  part 
of  the  trunk  between  the  diaphragm  and  tho 
pelvis,  considered  as  to  its  front  and  side  walls 
and  its  cavity  and  contents ;  the  abdomen.  See 
cut  under  abdomen. — 2.  The  part  of  any  animal 
which  corresponds  to  the  human  belly  ;  the  ab- 
domen in  general. 

tJuderneatU  the  bdh/  of  their  steeds. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 

3.  The  stomach  with  its  adjuncts :  as,  a  hungry 
bclltj. 
He  would  fain  have  filled  his  belly  witll  the  husks. 

Luke  XV.  16. 

4t.  Tho  womb. —  5.  Thefleshypartof  amuscle, 
as  distinguished  from  its  tendinous  portion :  as, 
the  anterior  belli/  of  the  digastricus  muscle. — 

6.  Tho  hollow  or  interior  of  an  inclosed  place. 
Out  of  the  belli/  of  hell  cried  I.  Jonah  ii.  2. 

7.  The  part  of  anything  which  resembles  the 
belly  in  protuberance  or  ca\ity,  as  of  a  bottle, 
a  tool,  a  sail  filled  by  the  wind,  a  blast-furnace, 
etc. 

If  you  were  to  fall  from  aloft  and  be  caught  in  the  bellt/ 
of  a  sail,  and  thus  save(i  from  instant  death,  it  would  not 
do  to  look  at  all  disturbed. 

n.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  35. 

Neither  hollow  nor  swelling,  called  a  bdh/,  is  made  on 
the  flat  part  of  the  brick.     C.  T.  lJari.t,  Bricks,  etc.,  p.  124. 

8.  In  technol.,  the  inner,  lower,  or  front  sur- 
face or  edge  of  anj-thing.  («)  In  rnnrariwi,  the 
lower  edge  of  a  graver,  {b)  In  locks,  the  lower  edge  of  a 
tmnbler  against  which  the  bit  "f  the  key  playii.  (r)  In 
luat'oni-Jt,  tile  batter  of  a  wall.  (*/)  In  yatUilfn/.  a  piece  of 
leather  sometimes  attached  to  the  cantle  or  hind  pommel 
of  a  saddle  to  serve  as  a  point  of  attachment  for  valise- 
straps,  (c)  In  xhip-carp.,  the  inside  or  eoneave  side  of  a 
piece  of  curved  timber,  the  outside  being  termed  the  back. 
(/)  In  carriafje-makinn,  the  wooden  covering  of  an  iron 
axle.  07)  In  archeril,  the  interior  side  of  a  bow,  which  is 
concave  when  the  liow  is  bent.  See  back  of  a  bow,  under 
backi.  (A)  The  w  idest  part  of  the  shaft  of  a  blast-furnace. 
(0  The  middle  or  bulging  part  of  a  cask.  Also  called  the 
bid[/c.  (J)  Thcunbiirnt  siilcof  aslabof  cork,  (k)  A  swell 
on  the  under  side  of  an  iron  liearer  or  girder,  (l)  The 
upper  plate  of  that  part  of  a  musical  instrument,  as  a 
violin,  which  is  designed  to  increase  its  resonance ;  the 
soumiing-board  of  a  piano.  In  instruments  of  the  violin 
cla.ss  the  bridge  rests  upon  the  belly,  (tn)  In  miniiia,  a 
mass  of  ore  swelling  out  and  occuiiying  a  large  i>art  of  the 
breadth  of  the  lode.— Back  and  belly.     See  barki. 

belly  (bel'i),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  In  Hied,  ppr.  bellii- 

ing.     [<  6e??i/,  «.]     I.  tnom.  To  fill;  swell  out. 

Your  breath  of  full  consent  bellied  liis  sails. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  2. 
Nor  were  they  (the  Pilgrim  fathers]  so  wanting  to  them- 
selves in  faith  as  to  burn  their  ship,  but  could  see  the  fair 
west  wind  belly  the  homeward  sail,  and  then  turn  uure- 
pining  to  grapple  with  the  terrible  Unknown. 

Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser. 

II.  in  tram.  To  swell  and  become  protuber- 
ant, like  tho  belly ;  bulge  out. 

The  belhtinij  canvas  strutted  with  the  gale. 

Vryden,  Iliad,  i,  651. 


belly-timber 

To  belly  out,  in  mining,  to  increase  rapidly  in  dimen- 
sions :  said  of  a  lode. 

belly-ache  (bel'i-ak),  n.  Pain  in  tho  bowels; 
tho  colic. 

The  hi'ltit-ache. 
Caused  by  an  inundation  of  jiease-porridge. 

Ileaii.  anil  i''L,  Mons.  Thomas. 

belly-band (bel'i-band),  H.  1.  Aband  that  goes 
round  tliif  belly;  specifically,  a  saddle-girth; 
also,  a  band  fastened  to  the  shafts  of  a  vehicle, 
and  passing  under  tho  belly  of  the  animal  draw- 
ing it. —  2.  Naut.,  a  band  of  canvas  placed 
across  a  sail  to  strengthen  it. 

belly-boards  (bel'i-bordz),  ».  pi.  A  kind  of 
fir  and  pino  boards  produced  in  Switzerland, 
used  for  tho  sounding-boards  of  musical  instru- 
ments. 

belly-bound  (bel'i-bouud),  «.  Constipated; 
costive.     [Vulgar.] 

belly-brace  (Im  ri-VirSs),  «.  A  cross-brace  be- 
tween tlic  frames  of  a  locomotive,  stayed  to  the 
boiler. 

belly-button  (bel'i-but"n),  n.  The  navel. 
[Coiloq.] 

belly-cheatt  (bel'i-chet),  n.  [<  belly  +  cheat, 
also  spcllcii  cliete,  a  thing:  see  chcat^.']  An 
apron  or  covering  for  the  front  of  the  person. 
Beau,  and  Fl.     [Old  slang.] 

belly-cheert  (bel'i-cher),  n.  Good  cheer;  meat 
and  drink;  food.     Ehjot,T>\eX.,  1559. 

Bald-pate  friars,  whose  summum  bonum  is  in  belly-cheer. 

Marlowe. 
Loaves  and  belly-cheer.     Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 
belly-cheert  (bel'i-cher),  v.  i.     To  indulge  in 
belly-cheer;  feast;  revel. 

Let  them  assemble  in  consistory,  .  .  .  and  not  ...  by 
themselves  to  belly-cheer  ...  or  to  promote  designs  to 
abuse  and  gull  the  simple  laity. 

.Mill, II,.  Tenure  of  Kings  and  M.agistrates  (Ord  MS.). 

belly-cheeringt  (bel'i-cher"ing),  ».     Feasting; 
revelry. 
Riotous  baiuiueting  and  belly-cheerinij. 

Udall,  l*rol.  to  Ephesiaus. 

belly-churlt  (bel'i-cherl),  ».     A  nistic  glutton. 

Driiiltnn. 
belly-doubletf  (beri-dub"let),  n.  A  doublet 
made  very  long  in  front,  and  stuffed  or  bom- 
basted  so  as  to  pro.ject  somewhat,  as  in  tho 
representation  of  Punch  in  English  puppet- 
shows.  This  fashion  prevailed  about  1585  and 
after.  See  doublet. 
Your  arms  crossed  on  vour  thin  belli/-doublet. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iii.  1. 

belly-fretting  (bel'i-frefing),  «.  1.  Tho 
chafing  of  a  horse's  belly  with  a  fore-girth. — 2. 
A  violent  pain  in  a  horse's  belly,  caused  by 
worms. 

bellyful  (bel'i-ful),  ».  As  much  as  fills  the  belly 
(stomach)  or  satisfies  the  appetite;  hence,  a 
great  abundance ;  more  than  enough. 

Every  ja(^k-slave  Ilis  his  beUy-fnU  of  llghtidg.  and  I  must 
go  up  and  down  like  a  cock  that  no  body  can  match. 

Shak.,  I'ymbeline,  ii.  1. 

belly-god  (bel'i-god),  «.  One  who  makes  a  god 
of  his  belly,  that  is,  whose  great  business  or 
pleasure  is  to  gratify  his  appetite;  a  glutton; 
an  epicure:  as,  "Apicius,  a  famous  bellij-god," 
Ifal-eicill.  Apology,  p.  378. 

belly-guy  (bel'i-gi),  n.  Xaut.,  a  tackle  or  guy, 
attached  half-way  up  a  sheer-leg  or  spar  need- 
ing support  in  the  middle.     See  belli/stay. 

belly-piece  (bel'i-pes),  «.  It.  The  flesh  cover- 
ing the  belly ;  hence,  an  apron. —  2.  The  piece 
forming  the  belly  of  a  \aolin,  etc. 

belly-pinched  (bel'i-pincht),  a.  Pinched  with 
hunger;  starved:  as,  "the  belly-pinched  wolf," 
<S'7/o7.".,  Lear,  iii.  1. 

belly-pipe  (bcl'i-pip),  «.  A  flaring  nozle  for  a 
blast-pipe  in  a  blast-furnace. 

belly-rail  (bel'i-iiil),  «.  1.  In  a  pianoforte,  a 
transverse  lail  forming  a  portion  of  the  main 
body  of  the  framing. —  2.  In  railway  cngin.,  a 
rail  with  a  fin  or  web  descending  between  the 
flanges  which  rest  on  the  ties. 

belly-roll  (bel'i-rol),  n.  A  roller  of  greater 
diameter  in  the  middle  than  at  tho  ends,  used 
for  rolling  land  between  ridges  or  in  hollows. 

belly-slave  (bel'i-slav),  «.  A  person  who  is  a 
slave  to  his  appetite. 

Beastly  belln-slareK,  which,  .  .  .  not  once,  but  continu- 
ally, (lay  anct  night,  give  themselves  wholly  to  bibbing 
and  baiKiueling.  Homily  a'jainst  (iluttony. 

belly-stay  (bel'i-sta),  ti.  yant.,  a  tackle  ap- 
plied from  above  half-mast  down  when  the 
mast  rt'(|uires  support,  as  the  belly-guy  is  ap- 
plied from  below.     See  belly-guy. 

belly-timber  (liel'i-tim'beri,  h.  Food;  that 
which  sujiports  the  belly.  [Formerly  in  serious 
use,  but  now  only  humorous.] 


belly-timber 

Thri>uj:li  doscrts  vast 
And  regions  desolute  they  poss'd, 
Wliere  Wlhj-Umber,  above  frrouiul 
Or  under,  was  not  to  be  found. 

S.  Butter,  Iludibras,  I.  i.  331. 

belly-vengeance  (bpri-ven'',iens),  «.  A  name 
giviii  in  some  parts  of  England  to  weak  or  sour 
beer. 

belly-wash  (bel'i-wosh),  n.  Any  kind  of  drink 
of  poor  quality.     [Vulgar.] 

belly-worm  (bel'i-werm),  «.  A  -worm  that 
breeds  in  the  bellv  or  stomach.     Rai/. 

belock  (be-lok'),  !'.  t.  [<  he-'i-  +  /orf-l;  not  di- 
rectly <  ME.  Icloiilcn,  pp.  belokc7i,  <  AS.  belfi- 
can,  pp.  bcloccn,  <  be-  +  lucan,  lock.]  To  lock, 
or  fasten  as  with  a  lock. 

This  is  the  hand  which,  with  a  vow'd  contract. 
Was  fast  helucVd  in  thine.         Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

Belodon  (bel'o-don),  H.  [NL.,  < 6r.  lic7.o;.  adart, 
+  i.loi  f  (oi5oi-7-)  =  E.  tooth.']  The  tj-pieal  genus 
of  crocodiles  of  the  family  Belndontida:,  belong- 
ing to  the  Triassio  age,  and  including  the  oldest 
known  crocodilians,  remains  of  which  occur 
both  in  Etiropean  and  American  formations.  B. 
lepturus,  the  largest  species,  attained  a  length 
of  10  feet. 

belodontid  (bel-o-don'tid),  11.  [<  Belodontida:.'] 
A  crocodilian  reptile  of  the  family  Belodontida;. 

Eelodontidse  (bel-6-don'ti-de),  it.  pi.  [NX..,  < 
Bchdoii(t-)  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  fossil  pre-Cre- 
taceous  crocodiles,  order  Crocodilia.  They  have 
araphicielous  vertebrae,  pteryf,'oids  separate  below,  pos- 
terior nares  bounded  by  the  palatines,  and  external  nos- 
trils near  the  orbits  on  the  upper  part  of  the  base  of  the 
snout. 

belomancy  (bel'o-man-si),  n.  [<  L6r.  (ieAo/uav- 
Tia,  <  Gr.  ,ii'y.oc,  dart,  arrow,  -t-  /lavrsia,  divina- 
tion.] A  kind  of  divination  by  means  of  arrows, 
practised  by  the  Scythians,  Babylonians,  Ara- 
bians, and  other  ancient  peoples.  A  number  of 
pointless  arrows  were  variously  mai'ked  and  put  into  a  bag 
or  quiver,  and  then  drawn  out  at  random  ;  the  marks 'or 
words  on  the  arrow  drawn  were  taken  as  indications  of 
what  was  to  happen.  Thus,  Ezek.  xxi.  21  (revised  version) : 
"For  the  king  of  Babylon  stood  at  the  parting  of  tlieway, 
at  tlie  head  of  tlie  two  ways,  to  use  divination  :  he  shook 
the  arrows  to  and  fro." 

The  arrow-divination  or  beloinaiuy  here  mentioned 
[Ezelc  .\.\i.  21]  was  done  with  pointless  arrows  marked 
and  drawn  as  lots.  Eticyc.  Brit.,  XV,  201. 

Belone  (bel'o-ne),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  fteUvri,  any 
sharp  point,  a  needle,  <  j)c?.oc;,  an  arrow,  dart, 
any  missile,  <  fta/.Miv,  throw.]  A  genus  of 
fishes  remarkable  for  their  slender  and  elon- 
gated jaws,  representing  in  some  systems  a 
family  Belonidee,  in  others  referred  to  the  Scom- 
beresocidee :  the  garfishes. 
belong  (be-long'),  )■.  i,  [<  ME.  belongen  (=  D. 
behiiigcii,  concern,  =  OHG.  belangen,  MHG.  G. 
if io«<7eH,  reach  to,  attain,  concern,  affect;  asso- 
ciated with  the  adj.,  early  ME.  belong  (=  OS. 
bilang  =  MD.  belangh),  equiv.  to  AS.  gelang, 
ME.  yloiig,  Hong,  along,  long,  mod.  E.  along^, 
longS,  belonging,  along),  <  fte-l  -f  longen,  be- 
long (there  is  no  AS.  *bclangian  or  *belang) : 
see  along-,  long",  ?o«(/3.]  1.  To  go  along  with 
anything,  or  accompany  it  as  an  adjunct  or  at- 
tribute ;  pertain ;  appertain ;  be  a  property  (of) ; 
be  in  the  power  or  at  the  disposal  (of).  [In  all 
senses  except  7  followed  by  to,  or  in  the  older 
English  by  unto.'] 

Her  hap  was  to  light  on  a  part  of  the  field  bdmvjiiig 
unto  Boaz.  Ruth  ii.  3. 

And  David  said  unto  him.  To  whom  bdongest  thou? 

1  Sam.  XXX.  13, 

To  the  Lord  our  God  belong  mercies  and  forgivenesses. 

Dan.  ix.  9. 

He  .  .  .  careth  for  the  things  that  belong  to  the  Lord. 

1  Cor.  vii.  32. 

Most  of  the  males  subject  to  him  [the  father  of  the 
family!  are  really  his  children,  but,  even  if  they  have  not 
sprung  from  him,  they  are  subject  to  him,  they  form  part 
of  his  liuusehold,  tliey  (if  a  word  coloured  by  later  notions 
be  used)  belong  to  him. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  87. 

2.  To  be  the  concern  or  proper  business  (of) ; 
appertain  (to) :  as,  it  belongs  to  John  Doe  to 
prove  the  title. 

To  you  it  doth  belong 
Yourself  to  pardon  of  self-doing  crime. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  l\*iii. 

3.  To  be  appendant  (to) ;  be  connected  (with) ; 
be  a  special  relation  (to) :  as,  a  beam  or  rafter 
belongs  to  such  a  frame,  or  to  such  a  place  in 
the  building. 

He  took  them,  and  went  aside  privately  into  a  desert 
place  belonging  U)  tlie  city  called  Bethsaida.    Luke  ix.  10. 

4.  To  be  suitable  ;  be  due. 

Strong  meat  bdungeth  to  them  that  are  of  full  age. 

Hcb.  v.  14. 
Hearing  .  .  .  thy  beauty  sounded, 
(Yet  not  80  deeply  as  to  thee  beiongx,) 
Myself  am  mov'd  to  woo  thee  for  iny  wife. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  a  1. 


518 

Sir,  monuments  and  eulogy  belong  to  the  dead. 

J),  il'ebster,  Speech,  Hunker  Hill. 

5.  To  have  a  settled  residence  (in);  be  domi- 
ciled (in) ;  specifically,  have  a  legal  residence, 
settlement,  or  inhabitancy  (in),  whether  by 
birth  or  operation  of  law,  so  as  to  be  charge- 
able upon  the  parish  or  tow^l :  said  of  a  pau- 
per, or  one  likely  to  become  such. 

B;istards  also  are  settled  in  the  parishes  tn  which  the 
mothers  belong.  BlaekMone,  Com.,  I.  xvi. 

6.  To  be  a  native  (of) ;  have  original  residence 
(in). 

There  is  no  other  country  in  the  world  to  which  the 
gipsies  could  belong.  M.  Raper. 

7.  To  have  its  (or  one's)  proper  place ;  be  resi- 
dent :  as,  this  book  belongs  on  the  top  shelf ;  I 
hehing  here  (in  this  house  or  town).     [U.  S.] 

belonging  (be-16ng'ing),  n.  [<  belong  +  -nijrl.] 
That  which  belongs  to  one :  used  generally,  if 
not  always,  in  the  plural,  (a)  Qualities ;  endow- 
ments ;  faculties. 

Thyself  and  thy  helongingti 
Are  not  thine  own  so  proper,  as  to  wast« 
Thyself  upon  thy  virtues,  they  on  thee. 

Shak.,  M.  foriI.,i.  1. 
(6)  Property  ;  possessions  :  as,  "I  carry  all  my  belongings 
with  nie,"  Trollope.  (t:)  Members  of  one's  family  or  house- 
hold; relations  or  dependants.     [Humorous.] 

When  Lady  Kew  said,  "sic  volo,  sic  jubeo,"  I  promise 
you  few  persons  of  her  ladyship's  belongings  stopped,  be- 
fore they  did  her  biddings,  to  ask  her  reasons. 

Thackeray,  Newcoraes,  xxxiii. 
I  have  been  trouble  enough  to  my  beloivfituis  in  my  day. 
Dickem,  Bleak  House,  II.  103. 
(d)  Appendages. 
The  belongings  to  this  Indian-looking  robe. 

CornhillMag. 

belonid  (bel'o-nid),  ?i.  [<  Belonido!.]  A  fish 
of  the  famil's^  Belonida: 

Belonidse  (b"e-lon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Belone  -f 
-id(c.]  A  family  of  fishes,  represented  by  the 
genus  Belone,  contniiiiiifr  Siiiiriifngtififlii  with  an 


elongate  stout  body,  oblong  wide  head  flat- 
tened above  and  terminating  in  long  stout 
jaws,  the  upper  of  which  is  composed  of  the 
coalesced  intermaxillaries,  supramaxillaries, 
and  facial  bones,  while  the  lower  has  an  addi- 
tional bone  behind.  The  vertebra  have  zygapophyses, 
and  the  bones  are  generally  green.  The  species  are  called 
garpikes,  garfish,  or  gars.  "The  English  species  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  Beloiic,  B.  vulgaris,  but  those  of  the 
I'nited  States  belong  to  the  genus  Tylosurus,  of  which 
there  are  nine  species,  as  T.  viarinus,  T.  crassxis,  T.  exilis, 
T.  longirostris,  etc. 

belonite  (bel'o-nit),  «.  [<  Gr.  jiA6v!j,  any  sharp 
point,  a  needle  (see  Belone),  +  -ite'^.]  A  kind 
of  minute  imperfect  crystals,  usually  acicular  in 
form,  sometimes  dendritic,  observed  in  glassy 
volcanic  rocks.  The  term  is  now  limited  to 
such  as  exert  no  action  on  polarized  light. 

belonoid  (bel'o-noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  j3e?.omeiir/c, 
needle-shaped, '<  fie/.oni,  a  needle  (see  Belone), 
+  fiMof,  form.]  ResembUng  a  bodkin  or  nee- 
dle ;  styloid :  applied  to  processes  of  bone. 

Beloochee  (be-lo'che),  «.     Same  as  BaliicJii. 

Beloptera  (be-lop'te-ra),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  j^O.oc, 
dart,  +  -ripov,  wing.]  1 .  A  genus  of  dibranchi- 
ate  cephalopods,  with  a  wing-like  expansion  of 
the  sides  of  the  shells. —  2.  [?.  c]  Plural  of 
belopteron. 

belopterid  (be-lop'te-rid),  ».  [<  Belopteridee.] 
A  cephaUijiod  of  the' family  Belopterida:. 

Belopteridae  (bel-op-ter'i-de),  «.  jd.  [NL.,  < 
Beloptera  +  -ida;.]  A  family  of  dibranchiate 
cephalopods,  typified  by  the  genus  Beloptera, 
closely  related  to  the  Belemnitidce,  and  by  some 
authors  combined  in  the  same  family.  The 
species  are  extinct. 

belopteron  (be-lop'te-ron),  h.  ;  pi.  beloptera 
(-ra).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  j3i:/.oc,  a  dart  (see  Belone), 
+  TTTcpov,  a  ■wing.]  The  fossil 
internal  bone  of  an  extinct 
cephalopod,  somewhat  like  a 
belemuite,  but  blunter  and 
having  a  wing-like  projection 
on  each  side. 

belord  (be-16rd'),  r.  t.  [<  fc(-l 
+  lord.]  1.  To  apply  the  title 
Lord  to ;  address  by  the  phrase 
"my  lord." — 2.  To  domineer 
over.     [Rare.] 

Belostoma  (be-los't^-ma),  H. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  {ii'/.oc.  a  dart,  -I- 
CT6ua,  mouth.]  The  tyijical 
genus  of  heteropterous  insects 
of  the  family  Belostomidce,  for-  ms" 


(^ 


Gre.^t 
( Belosloriia 


Waler-but; 
gran- 


below 
merly  referred  to  the  Xepidee.    The  latRest  specie; 

is  B.  grandis  of  .South  America,  the  great  water-bug,  at- 
taining a  length  of  4  inches.  B.  am^ricana  and  B.  gritea 
inhabit  the  Atlantic  States  of  North  America.  A  Chinese 
and  Indian  species  is  />'.  indica. 

Belostomidse  (bel-os-tom'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bi  lii.stoma  +  -idir.]  A  family  of  heteropterous 
insects,  containing  the  largest  lining  members 
of  the  order  Ileteroptera.  They  are  large,  broad, 
flat-b<»died  acpiatic  insects,  with  powerful  swimnung-legs 
and  curved  fore  tibiie,  able  to  prey  upon  flsh  and  other 
aiiuatic  animals  of  considerable  size.  There  are  about  12 
genera,  generally  distributed  in  temperate  and  t'.nid  re- 
gions. The  head  is  nmch  narrower  than  the  prothorax, 
with  prominent  eyes,  short  3-juinted  rostrum,  and  short 
4-jointed  antenn;e ;  the  prothorax  is  wide  and  trai>ezol- 
dal ;  the  scutellum  is  large  and  triangular;  tlie  elytra  are 
distinguished  into  corium  and  mendirane ;  and  the  body 
ends  in  a  pair  of  lignlate  extensile  appendages. 

belOUtt  (be-louf),  r.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  lout.]  To 
call  (a  person)  a  "lout";  addi-ess  or  speak  of 
with  contemptuous  language. 

Sieur  Gaulard,  when  he  heard  a  gentleman  report  that 
at  supper  they  ha«l  not  only  good  cheer  but  also  savoury 
epigrams  and  fine  anagrams,  returning  home,  rated  and 
belowted  his  cook  as  an  ignorant  scullion,  that  never 
dressed  .  .  .  him  either  epigrams  or  anagrams. 

Camden.  Remains. 

belffvet  (bf-luv');  "•  [<  5IE.  beloren,  bilnven  (= 
D.  believen,  please,  gratify,  =  G.  belieben,  like, 
•wish,  impers.  please),  love,  <  be-,  bi-,  +  loven, 
liiren  :  see  be-^  and  love.]  I.  intrans.  To  please. 
[Early  Middle  EngUsh.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  be  pleased  ■with ;  like. —  2. 
To  love.  [Little  used  except  in  the  past  parti- 
ciple.] 

If  beauty  were  a  string  of  silke,  I  would  wear  it  about 
my  neck  for  a  certain  testimony  that  I  belove  it  much. 

Wodroephe,  French  and  Eng.  Grammar,  p.  322. 

belo'Ved  (be-luv'ed  or  -luvd'),  j).  a.  and  n.     [< 

ME.  fce/ocerf,  ftrfHi'ff?,  fti/Kfff?,  pp. :  see /ore.]     I. 
2>.  a.  Loved;  greatly  loved;  dear  to  the  heart. 
This  is  my  beloved  Son.  Mat.  iii.  17. 

Beloved  of  all,  and  dying  ne'er  forgot. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  307. 

H.  ».  One  who  is  greatly  loved;   one  very 

dear. 

He  giveth  his  beloved  sleep.  Ps.  cxxvii.  2. 

below  (be-16'),  adr.  and  prepi.     [<  ME.  bilooghe 

(foiuid  only  once),  adv.,  <  bi,  be,  prep.,  by,  + 

loogh,  high,  adv.,  low:  see  6e-2  and  foif2.     The 

older  form  was  alow ;   cf.  afore,  before,  altind, 

behind.]     I.  adr.    1.  In  or  to  a  lower  place  or 

level ;  beneath ;  dov\Tiward  from  a  higher  point : 

as,  look  below  ;  in  the  vaUey  below. 

Hear  the  rattling  thunder  far  belon:  Wordsworth. 

2.  On  the  earth,  as  opposed  to  in  the  heavens. 
The  blessed  spirits  above  rejoice  at  our  happiness  beloic. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  5. 

3.  In  hell,  or  the  regions  of  the  dead :  as.  "'the 
realms  below,"  Dryden. — 4.  On  a  lower  floor; 
downstairs. 

Sir  Anthony  Absolute  is  below,  inquiring  for  the  captain. 
Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  1. 

Hence — 5.  JVawf..  off  duty:  as,  the  watch  if  ?ohj, 
in  contradistinction  to  the  watch  on  deck. —  6. 
At  a  later  point  in  a  page  or  -writing:  further 
on  in  the  same  part  or  division :  as,  particulars 
are  given  below ;  see  the  statistics  below. —  7. 
Lower  down  in  a  course  or  direction,  as  toward 
the  mouth  of  a  river  or  harbor,  etc. :  as,  the 
vessel  has  just  arrived  from  below. — 8.  In  a 
lower  rank  or  grade :  as,  at  the  trial  below,  or 
in  the  coui't  below. 

H.  prep.  1.  Under  in  place;  beneath;  not 
so  high  as  :  as,  below  the  knee. 
The  .  .  .  dust  below  thy  feet.  Shak.,  Lear,  v.  3. 

All  the  abhorred  births  below  crisp  heaven 
Whereon  Hyperion's  quickening  fire  doth  shine. 

Shak..  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Lower  than  in  position  or  direction :  lower 
down  :  as,  he  lives  a  little  below  our  house,  that 
is,  a  little  lower  down  the  street,  road.  hill.  etc. 

The  castle  was  now  taken ;  but  the  town  below  it  was  in 
arms.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  32. 

3.  Lower  than  in  degree,  amount,  weight,  price, 
value,  etc. — 4.  Later  in  time  than.     [Rare.] 

The  more  eminent  scholars  w  hich  England  produced  be- 
fore and  even  below  the  twelfth  century,  were  educated  in 
•  •ur  religious  houses.     T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  I.  iii. 

5.  Inferior  in  rank,  excellence,  or  dignity:  as, 
"  one  degree  below  kings."  Addison.  Remarks 
on  Italy,  Venice. —  6.  Too  low  to  be  worthy  of ; 
inferior  to. 

They  beheld,  with  a  just  loathing  and  disdain.  .  .  .  how 
below  .all  history  the  persons  and  their  actions  were. 

Milton. 

The  works  of  Petrarch  were  below  both  his  genius  and 
bis  celebrity.  Macaulay,  Dante. 

Below  the  salt.  Sce  salt.=SyTl.  Below,  Under,  Beneath. 
Below,  lower  than  the  plaue  of;  under,  lower  in  the  per- 


below 

pendiciilar  lincof ;  beneath,  dose  xin^er:  as,  the  sun  sinks 
beloio  the  liorizon  ;  a  UiiiiK  is  under  a  chair  nr  tree,  he- 
neath  a  pile  of  rubbish.  Cornier  has  «iften  the  sense  of 
bem^ath  :  as,  "  under  whose  wiufs,"  Ruth  ii.  12.  Compare 
the  oM  use  of  beneath  in  Ex.  xxxii.  Vd  —  *'  Beneath  the 
mount." 

[A  sail]  that  sinks  with  all  we  love  below  the  verge. 

Tenni/Hon,  Princess,  tv. 

Whereon  a  hundred  stately  beeches  prew, 
And  here  and  there  great  hollies  uiuler  them. 

Tennyson,  Pelleas  and  Ettare. 

Beneath  the  milk-white  thorn  that  scents  the  ev'ning  gale. 
Burns,  Cottar's  Sat.  Night. 

belsiret  (l»el'sir),  ».  [<  ME.  hehire^  lit.  good 
siro,  <  hcl,  fair,  pood,  as  a  prefix,  grand-  (as  in 
beldam,  q.  v.),  +  b-irc.  Cf.  heausire.']  1.  A 
grandfather:  correlative  to  hchlam,  gi*aud- 
inothi-r. — 2.  Au  ancestor.     Vrmjton. 

belswaggert  (bel'swag^er),  n.  [Perhaps  for 
bcllif'Swafff/er,  a  form  given  by  Asli,  <  belly  + 
sirofft  sway.]     A  bully  ;  a  pimp. 

belt' (belt),  n.  [<  xME.  belU  <  AS.  belt  =  ORG. 
bah  =  Icol.  belli  =  Sw.  halte  =  Dan.  halite  = 
Ir.  and  Gael,  bait,  a 
belt,  a  border ;  prob.  £ 
<L.  baltcu.^,  a  belt.] 
1.  A  broad  flat  strip 
or  strap  of  leather  or 
other  flexible  mate- 
rial, nsed  to  encircle 
the  waist ;  a  gir- 
dle; cincture;  zone; 
baud.  Ordinarily  it  is 
wtini  buckled  or  lu)oked 
tight  t<>  the  waist,  and  in 
all  ages  it  has  been  a  com - 
nion  article  of  apparel, 
both  to  keep  the  gar- 
ments in  place  and  to 
support  weapons,  or  a 
purse,  a  writing-case,  or 
the  like :  it  may  be  made 
of  any  material.  Tlie  mil- 
itary belt  of  the  middle 
ages  was  sumi'tinies  {-oni- 
posed  of  small  platt-s  nf 
metal  held  to  ea.b  otlu-r 
by  rings,  was  attached  to 
the  armor,  and,  accord- 
ing to  the  fashion  of  the 
latter,  was  worn  more 
or  less  low,  sometimes 
resting  below  the  hips 
upon  the  skirt  of  plate- 
armor.  Sometimes  the 
8W(trd  was  not  secured 
to  the  belt,  which  was 
then  rather  a  mark  of 
rank  and  dignity  than  a 
neeessary  part  of  the 
dress.  {Hee  xword-belt  and 
baldric.)  The  broad  bands  supporting  the  bayonet-sheath 
and  cartridge-box,  worn  by  infantry  in  Europe  during  the 
century  ending  about  1850,  were  also  called  belts  or  ci-osn- 
belts.  See  girdle. 
The  shining  belt  with  gold  inlaid.  Drydcn. 


519 


belvedered 


a  belt  connecting  two  pulleys  and  crossed  botxvcen  them.  belt-SCrCW  (belt'skrii),  ».     A  double  clamping- 


80  as  to  cause  them  tn  revDlve  in  rippositetlirections.  Roll 
era  are  placed  l)etweeii  the  belts, 
if  necessary,  to  prevent  rnlibing. — 
Endless  belt.  See  emlkus.—  Hy- 
draulic belt.  f^ec  Ityilraulic. — 
Quarter-turn  belt,  a  belt  having 
a  twi.st  tif  :k)  ,  used  to  transmit  giuirtcr-turn  Belt, 
inotiiin  between  pulleys  on  shafts 
I>lace(l  nt  ri'^ht  auf^les  to  each  other 


screw  witli  broail,  flat  heads,  used  for  joining 
the  ends  of  a  bolt, 
belt-shifter  (bolt'shif't^r),  n.  A  contrivance 
for  sliit'tiiig  a  macliine-belt  from  one  pulley 
to  anotlicr,  in  order  to  stop  or  set  in  motion 
certain  parts  of  tlic  machine,  or  to  change  tho 
motion.     J:'.  Tl.  Kniiiht. 

A  belt-sliifter. 
A  contrivance 


a  (iuartcrin;i-belt.- 
To  hold  the  belt,  to  hold  the  championship  in  pugilism  belt-shipper  (bclt'ship"er),  )1. 
or  some  other  athletic  exercise.  -,      •.,        bclt-Speeder  (bclt'spe'der),  H. 

•elt  (belt),  r.  f  [<helt,  n.}  1  To  gird  w.  h  a  ;„  ,^  ^„aehine  for  transmitting  varving  rates 
be  t;  specificallv,  to  invest  with  a  distnictive  ^j  ,^^^,5^,^  ,  ^^^^^^  ^f  ^  ^^^^  ,j  ^^  ,,,,,^.,,  ,,^^j 
belt,  as  in  knighting  some  one.— 2.  io  fasten  j„  spinning-machines  to  vary  the  rate  of  rotation  of  the 
or  secure  with  a  belt;  gird:  as,  to  belt  on  a  spool  as  the  cop  increases  in  size. 
sword. — 3.  To  encircle;  surround  as  if  with  a  belt-tightener  (belt'tit  ni'r),  «.  An  idle  or 
belt  or  girdle.  indciu-ndi-nt  pnlle.y  resting  on  a  machine-belt, 

Britai  with  young  children.  De  Qnincey.     and   tending    by   its   weight  to   keep   the  belt 

The  general  college  of  civilizatton  that  wav  belted  the     stretched,  tlius  securing  better  adhesion. 


Military  Belt,  end  of  14th  century. 

A,  the  belt,  consisting  of  plates  of 
metal  held  together  by  rings  or  links 
and  supporting  the  sword  by  chains 
secured  to  the  scabbard  :  the  dagger 
is  secured  to  the  right  side  and  be- 
hind the  hip  in  a  similar  way:  11, 
leather  girdle  buckling  around  the 
channel-shaped  steel  belt  to  which 
the  braconnii>rc  is  attached  ;  C.  brig- 
antine.  buckled  at  the  left  side:  h. 
braconnifere  of  plates  sliding  one  over 
another ;  H,  a  ring  secured  to  the 
brigantinc  from  which  a  chain  passes 
to  the  barrel  of  the  sword-hilt  to  pre- 
vent it  from  falling  if  the  hand  lets  it 
go  during  combat,  i  From  Viollet-le- 
Due's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran^ais."") 


Mediterranean.  De  Quince}/,  Herodotus. 

Come  from  the  woods  that  belt  the  gray  hill-side. 

TennifKon,  Ode  to  Memory. 

4.  To  strike  with  or  as  with  a  belt;  strap ;  flog. 
[Colloq.] 
Beltane  (bcl'tan),  n.  [Also  written  Bcltein  and 
Belli:)) :  <  Gael!  liiiilllohDi,  li)illii)ie  =  Ir.  Beal- 
tc)))c,  BcolltuhK',  <,)lr.  lUUtooir,  Bcllene;  usual- 
ly explained  as  Beal's  fire,  <  *Bcal,  *BM,  an 
alleged  Celtic  deity  (by  some  writers  patrioti- 
cally identified  with  the  Oriental  BcUi.s  or  Baal), 
-t-  leinc,  fire.  But  the  origin  is  tmite  unknown.] 
1.  The  first  day  of  May  (old  style);  old  May- 
day, one  of  the  four  quarter-days  (the  others 
being  Lammas,  Hallow-mass,  and  Candlemas) 
anciently  observed  in  Scotland. —  2.  An  ancient 
Celtic  festival  or  anniversary  formerly  observed 


belt-tool   (belt'tiil),    ».      A  combined   cutter, 
)iiiiicli.  awl,  and  nippers,  used  in  niakingbelts. 

beluga  (be-lii'gii).  n.  [<  Russ.  hiihiijti.  <  hichiii, 
white  ;  cf.  Litli.'  halt),  be  white.]  1.  The  large 
white  stiu'geon,  Acipciiscr  hiiao,  from  the  roe  of 
which,  sometimes  weighing  800  poimds,  caviar 
or  botargo  is  prepared.  The  (Ish  is  from  12  to  l.'i  feet 
in  length,  weiglung  in  some  cases  2,000  pounds  or  more. 
Isinglass  is  prepared  from  its  swini-ldadtler. 
2.  [cap.^  [NL.]  A  generic  name  of  the  white 
whales:  a  synonym  of  Ddphinapterns.  The  only 
species  found  in  northern  seas  is  Ii.  arctica,  leucax,  or 
albic'itt.'i,  which  from  its  color  is  commonly  calletl  uitile 
wliiUe  or  iihilrlish.  It  is  from  12  to  IS  feet  in  length. 
The  tail  is  ilivideil  into  two  lobes,  lying  horizontally,  and 
there  is  no  dorsal  Itn.  In  swimming,  the  animal  beiuls  its 
tail  under  its  lioily  like  a  lobster,  and  thrusts  itself  along 
with  the  rapidity  of  an  arrow.  It  is  founil  in  the  arctic 
antl  is  caught  for  its  oil  and  its  skin. 


on  Beltane  or  May-day  in  Scotland,  and  in  Ire-  Belus"(b6''lu'sT,'"H'!'    [L.,  <  Gr.  Bv/of.  the  tradi- 
land  on  June  21st.    Bonfires  were  kindled  on  the  hills,     fional  founder  of  Babylon;  the  Greek  form  of 


:ill  domestic  fires  h.aving  been  previously  extinguished,  only 
t^  be  relighted  from  the  embers  of  the  ludt;im'  fires.  This 
custom  is  supposed  to  derive  its  origin  from  the  worship 
of  the  sun,  or  fire  in  general,  which  wjis  formerly  in  vogue 
among  the  Celts  as  well  as  among  many  other  heathen 
nations.  The  practice  still  survives  in  some  remote  local- 
ities. [Sometimes  without  a  capital.) 
But  o'er  his  hills,  on  festal  day, 
How  blazed  Lord  Ronald's  beltane,  tree ! 

SeuU,  Glenflnlas. 

belt-clamp  (belt'klamp),  1).  An  ajtparatus  for 
bringing  together  and  holding  in  position  the 
ends  of  belts  while  they  are  being  cemented, 
laced,  or  coupled. 

belt-clasp  (belt'klasp;,  n.  A  clasp  for  a  belt; 
specifically,  in  »)acl).,  a  device  for  connecting 
the  ends  of  belting  so  as  to  make  a  continuous 
band. 

belt-coupling  (belt'kup'ling),  n.  In  niach.,  a. 
device  for  connecting  the  ends  of  a  belt.  It  is 
a  substitute  for  the  ordinary  method  of  lacing 
them  together  with  thongs  of  leather. 

belt-cutter  (belt'kut"er), )!.  A  tool  or  machine 
for  slitting  tanned  hides  into  strips  for  belting. 


Baal,  q.  v.]  1.  The  chief  deity  of  the  Baby- 
lonians anti  Assyrians ;  Baal  (which  see).  Also 
Bel — 2.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  weevils,  of  the 
family  <')irciilio))id<v. 

belute  (be-luf),  '■•  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  belufed,  ppr. 
beluting.  '    [<  fcc-i  +  lidr'^,  <  L.   lufitm,   mud.] 

1.  To  cover  or  bespatter  with  mud.     [Rare.] 
Never  was  a  Dr.  Slop  so  belutrd. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shanily,  ii.  9. 

2.  To  coat  with  lute  or  cement  of  any  kind, 
belvedere  (bel-ve-der'.  It.  pron.  bel-ve-da're), 

I).  [Also  less  correctly  hchidere,  <  It.  bclve(le)'e, 
lit.  a  beautiful  view,  <  bel,  bello,  beautiful,  -t- 
redci-e,  a  view,  <  L.  videre,  see:  see  vision,  iieir.'\ 
1.  In  Italian  arch.,  an  upper  story  of  a  build- 
ing, or  a  portion  of  such  a  story,  open  to  the 


2.  Any  broad  band'or  strip  of  leather  or  other  belted   (bel'te.i),  7..   a.     [<  '"«'  +  "ff  •]     1- 
-— -•         1  .  1  Wearing  a  belt;   specificaUy,  wearing  a  ois- 


flexible  material,  designed  to  pass  roimd  any- 
thing, with  its  ends  joined,  (a)  In  maeh..  a  tiexiljle 
cord  or  band  passing  about  the  periphery  of  wheels,  clrums, 
or  pulleys,  for  the  purpose  of  tijuisniittiu^.' motion  from 
one  to  another.  lielts  are  usually  made  of  k:ither,  but 
india-rubber  and  gutta-percha  .are  nccasionall.\'  useil ;  also 
hempen  cord,  wire  rope,  and  cords  for  small  pulleys.  See 
beltinij.  (b)  In  s«r<7-,  a  bandage  or  band  nsed  by  surgeons 
lor  various  purposes. 

3.  Any  broad  band  or  stripe  or  continuous 
broatl  line  distinguished  in  color  or  otherwise 
from  adjacent  objects,  and  encircling  or  ap- 
pearing to  encircle  something.  Specifically  — (n) 
In  asfron,,  one  of  certain  girdles  or  rings  which  surround 
the  planet  Jupiter.  ((<)  A  broaii  biind  or  stripe  on  the 
earths  surface  extending  over  or  along  a  surface  or  re- 
gion, and  distinguished  from  it  by  dilfereuce  of  color,  as- 
pect, etc. ;  a  tr.act  or  district  long  in  i)ri>portion  to  its 
breadth,  and  characterized  by  the  presence,  occurrence, 
or  absence  of  some  marked  physical  or  other  peculiarity 
or  phenomenon  :  as,  the  oil  belt ;  a  belt  of  vegetation ;  the 
corn  belt,  wheat  belt,  etc. ;  a  belt  of  trees. 

Pinks  were  gleaming  in  every  direction  through  the 
cluiups  and  Oettti  of  the  plantation.  Laicreiu-e. 

You  see  green  trees  rising  above  the  belt  of  sand. 

W.  H.  Russell. 

The  proposed  Nicaragua  Canal  has  proved  to  lie  within 
the  earthquake  belt.  Set.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  I.V.  lU. 

The  mannfacturers  of  this  favored  regiim  have  decideilly 
the  advantage  of  their  less  fortunate  competitors  away 
from  the  gas  belt.  Joltr.  Franklin  Inst.,  CXXI.  310. 

(c)  In  masonn/.  a  hand  or  string-course. 

4.  That  wliich  restrains  or  confines  like  a  gir- 
dle. 

He  cannot  buckle  his  distemper'd  cause 

Within  the  belt  of  rule.  Skak.,  Macbeth,  v,  2. 

5.  A  disease  among  sheep — Angular  chain- 
belt.  Sec  (i»./ii/(!r. -Belt  of  Orion.  See  owroi  and  i((- 
wam/.— Black  belt.  See  Wn.-t-.— Chain-belt,  a  chain 
forming  a  band  or  belt  forconveyingor  transmitting  power. 
It  is  sometimes  covered  with  pijiing.  «u-overl:iid  with  sljips 
of  various  materials  to  form  around  belt. — Crossed  belt, 


tinctive  belt,  as  a  knight. 

A  prince  can  mak  a  belted  knight, 
A  martiuis,  duke,  and  a"  that. 

Burm,  For  A'  That. 
Tlie  melodramatic  attitude  of  a  general,  betted  and 
plumed,  with  a  glittering  start  of  offleers  at  his  orders. 

Be  Qttineeif,  Essenes,  ii. 
With  puft'd  cheek  the  belted  hunter  blew. 

Tenniisnn,  Palace  of  .\rt. 

2.  Marked  or  adorned  with  a  band  or  circle: 
as,  a  belted  stalk;  the  belted  kingfisher. —  3. 
Worn  in  tho  belt,  or  hanging  from  the  belt: 
said  especially  of  a  sword  the  slieath  of  which 
is  secured  permanently  to  the  belt. 

Three  meu  with  belted  brands.  Seott. 

He  was  dressed  iu  his  pontifical  robes,  with  a  belted 
sword  at  his  side.  Prescolt,  t'crd.  ami  Isa.,  ii.  21. 

Belted  plaid,  the  plaid  worn  by  the  Highlanders  of  Scot- 
land in  full  military  dress :  so  called  from  being  kept  tight 
to  the  body  by  a  belt :  as,  "  wi'  belled  plaids  and  glittering 
blades."  .\l''.e.  Lninq. 

Beltein,  Belten,  ».    See  Beltane. 

belting  (bel'ting),  n.  [<  belt  +  -inrj.']  Belts 
collectively  or  in  general ;  the  material  of  which 
belts  are  made.  Hoobelt — Angular  belting.  Sec 
(Di-rw/fir.— Round  belting,  belting,  usually  made  from  a 
ll:it  strap  which  is  rolb'd  into  a  tubular  form.  —  Scandi- 
navian belting,  a  cnltou  cloth  woven  solid  and  treated 
with  Stockli.ilm  tar.     K.  II.  Kniijlit. 

belt-lacing  (belt'lil'sing),  «.  Leather  thongs 
for  lacing  together  the  ends  of  a  machine-belt 
to  make  it  continuous. 

belt-pipe  (belt'pip),  ».  In  a  steam-engine,  a 
steam-pipe  surrounding  the  cylinder. 

belt-rail  (belt'ral).  n.  A  longitudinal  strip  or 
guard  of  wood  along  the  outside  of  a  street- 
car, beneath  the  windows — Belt-rail  cap,  a  strip 
of  wood  fastened  to  the  top  of  a  belt-rail  and  forming  the 
si;it  of  the  window-sill. 

belt-saw  (belt'sa),  It.     Same  as  band-saw. 


Belvedere.—  Palaizo  Durazzo.  Via  Balbi,  Genoa.  Italy. 

air,  at  least  on  one  side,  and  frequently  on  all, 
for  the  purpose  of  affording  a  view  of  the  coun- 
try and  providing  a  place  for  enjojing  the  cool 
evening  breeze.  Tlie  belvedere  is  sometimes  a 
sort  of  lantern  or  kiosk  erected  on  the  roof. 

Here  and  there  among  the  low  roofs  a  lofty  one  with 
round-topped  dormer  wimlows  and  a  breezy  belmdm 
looking  out  upon  the  plantations  of  colfec  and  indigo  be- 
yond the  town.        (i.  H'.  Cable,  The  Graudissimes,  p.  220. 

2.  In  France,  a  summer-house  on  an  eminence 

in  a  park  or  garden. 

They  build  Iheir  palaces  and  belvederes 
With  musical  water-works.  . 

Webster,  Devil's  Ij»w-Case,  1. 1. 

belvedered  (bel-ve-derd'),  «.    Prorided  with  a 

belve.len-. 

liartlelied  and  beltedered  villas. 

G.  ir.  Cable,  The  Graudissimes,  p.  U. 


Bitveisia  tri/asciata,  natu* 
ral  size. 


Belvoisia 

Belvoisia  (bcl-voi'si-a),  n.     [NL.,  named  after 
M.  7)V((»r()i.s-.  ;i  I'reiicli  scientist.]     A  genus  of 
two-winged  flies,  of  the 
family  Tacliiiiiilii;  com- 
prising mimerous  gen- 
era,  parasitic  on  other 
insects.  ■Pluw  are  most  ililtl- 
cult  to  distinv:uish  on  iiccomi  t 
of    the    unitonnily  of  their 
somber  colors  and  the  sniii- 
larity    of     their    structural 
characters.    The  only  species 
of  Beh-oisia   in  the  I'liited 
States  is  exceptional  by  the 
beauty  of  its  coloration,  the  third  and  fmirth  abdominal 
joints  being  bright  golden  yellow,  with  only  the  hind  bor- 
ders black.     It  has  l>een  described  as  B.  tri/axciala  (Fa- 
bricins).  and  is  panusitic  on  the  green-striped  maple-worm, 
Aiiij">tn  ruhicuiuta,  and  allied  species. 
belyet,  <:  t.    An  oUl  spelling  of  helie^. 
belyvet,  <"!>'.     An  old  spelling  of  hclive^. 
Belzebub  (bel'ze-bub),  n.     See  Bechebuh. 
bema  (be'mii),  ». ;   pi.  hemata  (-ma-tii).     [Gr. 
jif/ua,  a  step,"a  stage,  platform,  <  ,iaivciv  (•/  *,'Ja), 
go,  =  E.  come,  q.  v.]     1.  In  Gr.  aiitig.,  a  stage 
or  kind  of  pulpit  on  which  speakers  stood  when 
addressing  an  assembly. 

If  a  man  could  be  admitted  as  an  orator,  as  a  regular 
demagogus.  from  the  popular  bema,  or  hustings,  in  that 
case  he  obtained  a  hearing.  De  Quincey,  Style,  iv. 

2.  In  the  Gr.  Church,  the  sanctuary  or  chan- 
cel; the  inclosed  space  sm-rounding  the  altar. 
It  is  the  part  of  an  Oriental  churcli  furthest  from  the  front 
or  main  entrance,  originally  and  usually  raised  al)ove  the 
level  of  the  nave.  The  holy  table  (the  altar)  stands  in  its 
center,  and  beliind  this,  near  or  skirting'  therear  wall  of  tile 
apse,  is  the  siintln-onn^.  ..rseat  i"V  tlu-  Iiishup  and  clergy. 


spinning-top,  a  whiii- 


Digger-wasp  \Befnbex  fasci- 
ata ,,  natural  size. 


Bema. — Typical  plan  of  Byzantine  Church.  St.  Theodore,  Athens. 
A  D.  bema;  B  E  and  B  E  ,  parabemata  [B  E,  prothesis:  B'  E  , 
diaconicon  ]  ;  C,  alcai ;  D,  apse  ',  E,  E  ,  secondary'  apses  ;  E  E.  icono. 
stasis:  (#,  dome  and  choir :  //,  nave  ;  / /  ,  antiparaDemata  ;  y  y  jf, 
narthex  ;  A',  chief  entrance ;  /.,  south  porch :  .u,  holy  doors,  or  dwarf 
folding  doors,  with  amphithyra. 

An  architectural  screen  {iconostasis)  ^rith  a  curtain  {amphi- 
thyra) at  its  doors,  or,  as  was  the  case  especially  in  early 
times,  a  curtain  only,  separates  the  bema  from  the  body 
of  the  church.  On  either  side  of  the  bema  are  the  para- 
bemata, called  respectively  the  prothesU  and  the  diaconi- 
con. These  regularly  communicate  with  the  bema,  and 
in  poor  cliurches  often  have  little  more  than  an  indication 
of  separation  from  it.  Rubrically  they  are  often  counted 
as  part  of  the  bema. 

The  Jewish  type,  which,  if  anywhere,  prevails  in  the 
Eastern  Church,  requires  a  fourfold  division  ;  the  Holy 
of  Holies  answering  to  the  bema,  the  Holy  Place  to  the 
choir,  the  Court  of  the  Jews  to  the  nave,  and  that  of  the 
Gentiles  to  the  narthex. 

J.  M.  Xeale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  177. 

3.  A  step ;  a  rough  measure  of  length  employed 
by  the  Greeks  and  Macedonians  when  stadia 
were  paced  off,  and  not  merely  estimated  by 
shouting.  It  was  considered  to  be  25  feet,  which  for  this 
purpose  are  practically  identical  with  English  feet.  In  a 
late  form  of  the  Philetsereian  (t.  e.,  Pergainenian)  system 
it  became  .as  exact  measure  2k  feet ;  but  these  feet  were 
of  the  Babylonian  cubit,  so  tha't  the  bema  was  0.888  meter, 
according  to  Lepsius.  In  the  later  Jewish  system,  the 
bema  appears  as  two  royal  cubits,  or  1.054  meters. 
bemadt  (be-mad'),  V.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  mad.'i  To 
make  mad. 

The  patriarch  herein  did  bewitch  and  bemad  Godfrey. 
Fuller,  Holy  War,  ii.  5. 

bemangle(be-mang'gl),f.  t.  [<  fif-l  +  mangW-.] 
Til  iniiiit'le;  tear  asunder.   Beaumont.    [Rare.] 

bemartyr  (be-raiir'ter),  r.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  martyr.] 
To  put  to  death  as  a  martjT.     Fuller. 

bemask  (be-raask'),  r.  <.  [<  6e-l  +  masit.]  To 
mask;  conceal.     Shetton. 

bemata,  ».     Plural  of  bema. 

bematist  (be'ma-tist),  n.  [<  Gr.  ptifiartaT^c, 
one  who  measures  by  paces,  <  [ir/fiarii^civ,  mea- 
sure by  paces,  <  i3?ifia{T-),  a  step,  pace.]  An 
official  road-measurer  under  Alexander  the 
Great  and  the  Ptolemies.     See  bema,  3. 

bematter  (be-mat'er),  V.  t.  [<  6c-l  +  matter.} 
To  smear  or  cover  with  matter.     Siei/t. 

bemaul  (be-mal'),  V.  t.  [<  fte-I  +  niaul.'i  To 
maul  or  beat  severely.     Sterne. 

bemaze  (be-maz'),  v.  t.  [ME.  bemasen;  <  6e-l 
+  maze.]    To  bewilder.    See  maze. 


520 

with  intellects  bemaz'd  in  endless  doubt. 

Courier,  The  Task,  v. 

Bembecidae  (bem-bes'i-de),  «.;(/.  [XL.,  prop. 
litmhicidir,  <  Bembex,  proii. Bemhix (Bembic-)  + 
-((/ir.]  A  familj-  of  .solitary,  aculeate  or  sting- 
bearing  hymcnopterous  insects,  resembling 
wasps  or  bees,  and,  alotig  with  the  Sjihri/iilw 
and  other  kinclred  families,  known  as  sand- 
wasihS.  The  female  excavates  cells  in  the  sand,  in  which 
she  deposits,  together  with  her  eggs,  various  larvic  or  per- 
fect insects  stung  into  insensibility,  as  support  for  her 
progeny  when  hatched.  They  arc  very  active,  fond  of  the 
nectar  of  (lowers,  inhabitants  of  warm  countries,  and  de- 
light in  sunshine.  Some  species  emit  an  odor  like  that 
of  roses.  Bembex  is  the  typical  genus.  See  cut  under 
Bembex.     .Vlso  Bembicidee. 

Bembecinae  (bem-be-si'ne),  n.pl.  [XL.,  <  Bem- 
bex {Bcmliec-)  +  -!«fr.]  A  subfamily  of  digger- 
wasps,  of  the  family  Sphefiidfr,  t_\-pitied  by  the 
genus  Bembex,  in  which  the  body  is  large  and 
long,  the  head  large,  the  labrum  long,  triangu- 
lar, and  exserted,  and  the  legs  are  short. 

Bembex  (bem'beks),  H.  [NL.,  prop.  Bembix,< 
Gr.  iiiu3i^  (ritfifiiK-),  a 
pool,  a  buzzing  insect ; 
prob.  imitative.]  The 
typical  genus  of  digger- 
wasps  of  the  subfamily 
Bembeeinw.  B.  rostrata 
and  the  American  B, 
fasciata  (Fabrieius)  are 
examples.  Also Bembix. 

Bembicidse  (bem-bis'i- 
de).  ».;>/.  Sameasi?eHi- 
bccidw. 

Bembidiidse  (bem-bi-di'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bembidiiim  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  adephagous 
beetles,  tj-pified  by  the  genus  Bembidium  :  now 
usually  merged  in  Carahidce. 

Bembifliuni  (bem-bid'i-um),  «.  [NL.,  <  Bem- 
bex +  dim.  -idium.~\  A  genus  of  minute  preda- 
tory caraboid  beetles,  sometimes  forming  the 
type  of  a  family  Bembidiida;  sometimes  placed 
in  Carahidce.  The  species  are  characterized 
by  an  ovate  body  and  large  eyes.  Also  Bem- 
hidion. 

Bembix  (bem'biks),  n.  [NL.]  1.  Same  as 
Bembex. — 2.  A  genus  of  gastropods.  Watson, 
1S7G. 

Bembridge  beds.    See  6edi. 

bemet,  "•     [ME.,  <  AS.  beme,  byme,  a  trumpet; 
supposed  to  be  ult.  imitative.     Cf.  boom^,  bum- 
ble, bomb^,  Bembex,  etc.]     A  trumpet. 
Of  brass  they  broughten  bemes. 

Chaucer,  Xun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  577. 

bemet,  v.     [<  ME.  bemen,  <  AS.  hjmian,  <  hijme. 
a  trumpet:  see  beme,  h.]     I,  intrans.  To  sound 
a  trumpet. 
II.  trans.  To  summon  with  a  trumpet. 

bemean^t,  t^  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  hemene,  <  ME. 
bemcnen  (=  OHG.  bimeinan,  MHG.  bemeinen), 
mean;  <  6e-l  +  mcflHl.]  To  mean;  signify; 
inform. . 

The  croune  of  thorne  that  garte  me  blede, 

Itt  be-menes  my  dignite.  York  Plays,  p.  424. 

bemean-  (be-men'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  »(ea«2.]  To 
make  mean;  debase;  lower:  as,  to  bemean 
one's  self  by  low  associations;  to  bemean  hu- 
man natiu-e.  [Demean  is  commonly  but  incor- 
rectly used  in  this  sense.     See  demean-.] 

It  is  a  pity  that  men  should  .  .  .  bemean  themselves  by 
defending  themselves  against  charges  of  which  the  grand- 
jury  of  their  own  heart  finds  them  innocent. 

Max  Miitler,  Biograph.  Essays,  p.  67. 
I  felt  quite  ashamed  that  a  pal  of  mine  should  have 
so  bemeaned  himself  for  a  few  ounces  of  silver. 

James  Payn,  Canon's  Ward. 

bemercyt  (bf-mer'si),  v.  t.     [<  fte-l  +  inercy.] 

To  treat  with  mercy. 
bemetet  (be-mef),  v.  t.     [ME.  wanting;  <  AS. 

bemetan,  measure,  compare,  consider;  <  he-^  + 

mete.]     To  measure.     Shak.     [Rare.] 
bemingle  (be-ming'gl),  r.  t.     [<  ic-l  -i-  mingle.] 

To  mingle  :  mix.     Mir.  for  Hags.     [Rare.] 
bemire   (be-mir'),   r.   t.     [<  ie-l  +  mire.]     1. 

To  soil   or  befoul  with  mire,  as  in  passing 

through  muddy  or  miry  places. 
His  clothes  were  somewhat  torn  and  much  bemired. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  149. 

2.   [Chieily  in  the  passive.]     To  sink  or  stick 
in  the  mire ;  be  or  become  bogged. 
Bemired  and  benighted  in  the  bog. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace. 
Bemired  in  the  deeply  rutted  roads. 

The  Cenluni,  XXV.  377. 

bemirement  (bf-mir'ment),  «.  [<  bemire  + 
-meiit.]  The  state  of  being  defiled  with  mud. 
[Rare.] 

bemist  (be-misf),  V.  t.  [<  6c-i  +  mist.]  To 
cover  or  involve  in  or  as  in  mist. 


ben 

How  can  that  judge  walk  right  that  is  bemisUd  in  his 
way?  /"eWiam,  Resolves,  ii.  4. 

bemitered,  bemitred  (be-mi'tird),  a.  [<  6f-i 
+  niitir  +  -rd-.]  Crowned  with  or  wearing  a 
miter.    Carlyle. 

bemoan  (be-mon'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  (with  change 
of  vowel ;  cf.  moan)  bemcnen,  bimenen,  <  AS. 
hemUnan,  bemoan,  <  be-  +  mcenun,  moan :  see 
it-1  and  moan.]  1.  To  lament;  bewail;  ex- 
press sorrow  for:  as,  to  bemoan  the  loss  of  a 
son. —  2.  Reflexively,  to  bewail  one's  lot. 

People  grieve  and  bemoan  ihemjtelees,  but  it  is  not  half 
so  bad  with  them  as  they  say.  Emerson,  Experience. 

3t.  To  pity ;  feel  or  express  sympathy  with  or 
pity  for. 

Bastards,  ...  if  proving  eminent,  are  much  bemoaned, 
because  merely  passive  in  the  blemish  of  their  birth. 

FulUr. 

bemoanable  (be-mo'na-bl),   a.     [<  betnoan  + 

-able.]     Capable  or  worthy  of  being  lamented, 

Hhcricood. 

bemoaner  (bf-mo'ner),  n.     One  who  bemoans. 

bemock  (bf-mok').  r.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  mock.]     1. 

To  mock  repeatedly ;  flout. 

Have  we  not  seen  him  disappointed,  bemocked  of  Des- 
tiny, through  long  years  ? 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  111. 

2.  To  cause  to  appear  mock  or  unreal ;  excel 
or  surpass,  as  the  genuine  surpasses  the 
counterfeit. 

Her  beaitis  bemocked  the  sultry  main 
Like  April  hoar-frost  spread. 

Coleridye,  Anc.  Mariner,  iv. 
A  laugh  which  in  the  woodland  rang, 
Bemockinff  -April's  gladdest  bird. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook,  iiL 

bemoilt  (be-moil'),  V.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  moin.]  To 
bedraggle ;  bemire ;  soil  or  encumber  with 
mire  and  dirt. 

Thou  shouldst  have  heard  .  .  .  how  she  was  bcTnoiled. 
Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

bemoisten  (be-moi'sn),  !•.  t.    [<  6e-l  +  moisten.] 

To  moisten;  wet. 
bemol  (ba'mol),  )(.    [<  F.  bemol,  <  ML.  B  tnolle, 

soft  B.]     In  music,  B  flat,  a  half  step  below  B 

natural :  the  general  term  in  French  for  a  flat 

on  any  note, 
bemonster  (be-mon'ster),  V.  t.     [<  be-^  +  mon- 

!<tcr.]     To  make  monstrous.     [Rare.] 

Thou  changed  and  self-coverd  thing,  for  shame, 
Be-mon^ler  not  thy  feature.  Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  2. 

bemoralize  (bf-mor'al-iz),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  + 
morali-e.]  To  apply  to  a  moral  purpose. 
Eclectic  Rer.     [Rare.] 

bemourn  (bf-morn'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  bemornen, 
bemurnen,  <  AS.  bemurnan  (=  OS.  bemornian), 
<  he-  +  murnan,  mourn:  see  6e-l  and  mourn.] 
To  weep  or  mourn  over:  as,  "women  that 
.  .  .  hemourned  him,"  Wtjclif,  Luke  xxiii.  27. 
[Rare.] 

bemuddle  (be-mud'l),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  mtiddU.] 
To  confuse ;  stupefy. 

The  whole  subject  of  the  statistics  of  pauperism  is  in  a 
hopelessly  bemuddled  condition.      -V.  A.  Rer.,  CXX.  320. 

bemuffle  (be-muf'l),  r.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  muffle.]  To 
wrap  up  as  with  a  muffler. 

Bemuficd  with  the  externals  of  religion. 

Sterne,  Sermons.  xviL 

bemuse  (be-miiz'),  V.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  muse";  in 
sense  perhaps  affected  by  hema:e.  Cf.  amuse.] 
To  put  into  a  muse  or  reverie  ;  confuse  ;  mud- 
dle; stupefy. 

We  almost  despair  of  convincing  a  Cabinet  bemused  with 
the  notion  that  tlanger  can  only  come  from  France. 

Spectator. 
The  archdeacon  must  have  been  slightly  bemused  when 
he  defined  aristarchy  as  we  have  seen. 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  143,  note. 

benl  (ben),  prep,  and  adv.  [<  ME.  ben.  bene, 
var.  of  bin,  binne,  <  AS.  binnan,  within:  see 
ii«2.]  In,  into,  or  toward  the  inner  apartment 
of  a  house;  in  or  into  the  parlor.  See  6c«l,  n. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Wi'  kindly  welcome  Jenny  brings  him  ben. 

Burn^,  Cottar's  Sat.  Night. 
Ben  the  house,  into  the  inner  apartment,  or  into  the 
apartment  or  dwelling  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  hall  or 
passage. 
That  she  might  run  ben  the  house. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  I.  xxiii. 

To  be  far  ben  with  one,  to  be  on  terms  of  intimacy  or 
familiarity  \vith  one;  be  in  great  honor  with  one. — To 
bring  far  ben,  to  treat  » ith  great  respect  and  hospitjility. 
beni  (ben),  n.  [<  ben^,  adr.]  The  inner  apart- 
ment of  a  house;  the  parlor  or  "room"'  of  a 
dwelling  consisting  of  a  but  or  outer  room, 
used  as  a  kitchen,  and  a  ben  or  inner  room, 
used  as  a  parlor  or  chamber,  access  to  the  ben 
being  originally  through  the  but  or  kitchen. 


ben 

Sometimes  from  the  lien  another  apnrtnicnt,  called  the 
far-lien,  is  rcacheil.  The  terms  hut  am!  /«-/i  are  now  fre- 
quently applied  t()  kitehen  and  jiarlor  (or  bedroom)  of  a 
two-rootiied  <i\velling,  even  when  they  arc  on  oi>i>ositeRi(h>s 
of  a  little  hall  or  pxssa^e.  Henee,  tit  live  hut  ami  hi'n  with 
any  one  is  to  oeenpy  an  apartment  or  series  of  apartments 
on  the  oi)j)f)site  side  of  the  InUl  or  passage  from  that  occu- 
pied l>y  Itim. 

ben-'t,  bene't,  "•  [ME.,  also  bnw,  <  AS.  twn,  a 
prayer.  =  lei'l.  bwn,  a  prayer,  parallel  with  boti, 
>  E. /yw)»l,  q.  v.]     A  prayer;  a  petition. 

beil''t.     Obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of  hcciA. 

beH'*  (ben),  ".  [(  (,iael.  and  Ir.  bciini,  peak,  sum- 
mit, monutaiii,  =  W.  j'f'U  top,  summit,  head.] 
A  mountain-peak:  a  word  oeeiu'ring  ohietly  in 
the  uames.of  many  of  the  highest  summits  of  the 
mountain-ranges  which  traverse  Scotland  north 
of  the  friths  of  Clyde  and  Forth:  as,  Bcti  Nevis, 
Ben  Mac-Dhui,  Bvn  Lawers,  etc. 

Sweet  was  the  red-blooming  heather 
And  the  river  that  llowed  from  tlie  Ben. 

Jacobite  Song. 

ben^  (ben),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  benn,  <  Ar. 

ban,  the  tree  which  produces  the  ben-nut:  see 

bcii-nut.'\     The  beu-uut,  properly  the  ben-nut 

tree. 

ben",  n.    See  bchen. 

benamef,  ;'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bcnamecJ,  hencmpt, 
ppr.  bindiiiing.  [<  ME.  bcnemnen,  <  AS.  bcncm- 
win  (=  G.  bvHcnncn  =  Sw.  bciiamna),  <  6<-l  -t- 
iiemnan,  name:  see  6c-l  and  name,  r.]  1.  To 
name ;  denominate. 
He  that  is  so  oft  bynempt.  Spenser,  Shcp.  Cal.,  July. 
And  therefore  he  a  courtier  was  benamed.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 
2.  To  promise ;  give. 

Much  greater  gyfts  for  guerdon  thou  shalt  gayne, 
Than  Kidde  or  Cosset,  which  I  thee  bynempt. 

Speiif/er,  Shep.  Cal.,  November. 

bench  (bench),  H.     [E.  dial,  and  Se.  also  heiil; 

bink,  <  ME.  bnich,  bciik,  bi/iiK;  <  AS.  bene  (orig. 

'baiiki)  =  OS.  bank;   benki  =  D.  bank  =  OHG. 

banch,  MHG.  G.  bank  =  Icel.  bekkr  =  Sw.  bank 

=  Dan.  bwnk,  a  bench:  see  bank'^,  bank-.']     1. 

A  long  seat,  usually  of  board  or  plank,  or  of 

stone,   diflfering  from  a  stool  in  its  greater 

length. 

He  took  his  place  once  more  on  the  betwh  at  the  inn  door. 

Irninrf,  Sketch-Book,  p.  64. 

2.  The  seat  where  judges  sit  in  coiu't ;  the  seat 

of  justice. 

To  pluck  down  justice  from  your  awful  heneh. 

Shak:,  i  Hen.  IV.,  v.  2. 

Hence — 3.  The  body  of  persons  who  sit  as 
judges;  the  court:  as,  the  case  is  to  go  before 
the  full  bench. — 4.  A  strong  table  on  which 
carpenters  or  other  mechanics  do  their  work ; 
a  work-bench,  in  this  sense  beiu-h  forms  an  element 
in  a  number  of  comitound  words  denoting  tools  used  on 
a  bench,  such  as  bench-drill,  bench-hainuier,  bench-plane. 
5.  The  floor  or  ledge  which  supports  muffles 
and  retorts. —  6.  A  platform  or  a  series  of  ele- 
vated stalls  or  boxes  on  which  animals  are 
placed  for  exhibition,  as  at  a  dog-show. 

Excellence  on  the  beiu^h  and  excellence  in  the  field  may 
be  two  utterly  diverse  things. 

Forest  ami  Stream,  XXII.  301. 

7.  In  engin.,  a  ledge  left  on  the  edge  of  a  cutting 
in  earthwork  to  strengthen  it. — 8.  In  (icol.  and 
mining:  (a)  A  natural  terrace,  marking  the 
outcrop  of  a  harder  seam  or  stratum,  and  thus 
indicating  a  change  in  the  character  of  the  rock. 

On  this  rest  argillaceous,  splendent,  siliceous  talc  schists, 
sometimes  containing  cbiastolite ;  and  on  these,  three 
benche.^  of  coTitilonicrates,  tutfs,  aiul  argillaceous  schists 
and  lime-stones,  wbicli  he  refers  to  the  I'otsdani  sand- 
atones.  Science,  III.  72'J. 

(6)  In  coal-mining,  a  division  of  a  coal-seam 
separated  from  the  remainder  of  the  bed  by  a 
parting  of  shale  or  any  other  kind  of  rock  or 
mineral.  [Pennsylvania.] — 9.  A  small  area 
of  nearly  level  or  gently  sloping  land,  rising 
above  the  adjacent  low  region,  and  forming  a 
part  of  a  terrace  or  wash,  disunited  from  the 
remainder  by  erosion.  Sometimes,  though  rare- 
ly, used  as  synonymous  with  terrace. 

After  a  few  smooth,  grassy  bciwhes  and  rounded  hills, 
here  come  precipitous  ranges  of  real  mountains,  scarcely 
less  imi>osing  than  those  ot  tlie  central  mass. 

Science,  VII.  24:i. 

The  wide  level  benches  tliat  lay  between  the  foot-hills 
and  the  prairies  .  .  .  were  neglected. 

Uanter's  Mag.,  LXIX.  50-2. 

10.    The  driver's  seat   on   a  coach Bench  of 

bishops,  or  episcopal  bench,  a  cwiici  tive  dLsi-'oation  of 

the  Iti.sbopswliu  have  seats  in  the  l:ni;lisii  Mouse  of  Lords. — 

Courtof  Kings  or  Queen's  Bench,  sce  (■..«/(. -Edglng- 

and-dividlngbencn,  :iMiatbinef.ncnttinK\vcjodcriblo,k3 
inti'  VdUssuii  shapes,  .siieli  as  are  used  in  making  a  certain 
kind  of  car-wheels,  it  consists  of  a  circular  saw  with  a 
traveling  bed  which  is  moved  by  a  screw,  and  by  means  of 
a  system  of  levers  actuated  by  projecting  and  adjustalde 
pins  throws  the  belt  automatically  from  one  to  another  of 
three  pulleys,  causing  the  action  to  be  direct  or  reversed. 


521 

or  to  stop,  as  the  work  rcfiuires.— Free  bench.  Seo/r/r- 
i('ne/i.— Front  bench,  in  British  parliarnejitaryu-sage,  the 
leaders  of  a  party  ;  so  called  because  they  occupy  the  front 
benches  on  their  respective  aides  ot  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

It  Is  an  ohl  ami  honourable  practice  that  in  any  changes 
affecting  the  House  itself,  an  iniderstanding  should  be 
come  to  between  the  two/nojf  benches. 

F;rlni'ihllii  Iter.,  X-'CXIX.  21)0. 

Ministerial  benches,  opposition  benches,  in  the  Brit- 
ish Parliament,  the  Ijenehes  occupied  respectively  by  the 
snpportei-H  and  the  opponents  of  the  administration. 
bench  (bench),  V.     [<  bench,  n.]     I.  trans.  1. 
To  ftmiish  with  benches. —  2t.  To  bank  up. 

'Twas  benched  with  turf.  Dnjden. 

3t.  To  seat  on  a  bench ;  place  on  a  seat  of 

honor. 

His  cup-bearer,  whom  I  from  meaner  form 
Have  bench'd,  and  rear'd  to  worshij), 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2. 

4.  To  place  on  a  show-bench  for  exhibition,  as 
a  dog. —  5.  In  mining  :  (a)  To  undercut,  kirve, 
or  hole  (the  coal).  [Eng.]  (b)  To  wedge  up 
the  bottoms  below  the  holing  when  this  is  done 
in  the  middle  of  the  seam.  rLeicestershire, 
Eng.] 

II.  intrans.  To  sit  on  a  seat  of  justice. 
[Rare.] 

Thou  robed  man  of  justice,  take  thy  place ; 

-\nd  thou,  his  yoke-fellow  of  equity. 

Bench  by  his  side.  Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  6. 

bench-clamp  (beneh'klamp),  n.  A  clamp  at- 
tached to  a  work-bench  for  holding  firm  an 
article  on  which  the  mechanic  is  working. 

bench-drill  (beuch'dril),  n.  A  hand-  or  ma- 
chine-drill so  made  that  it  can  be  attached  to 
a  bench. 

bencher  (ben'cher),  ?i.  [<  itfHc7i,  fi.,  + -ej-1.]  1. 
In  England,  one  of  the  senior  members  of  an 
inn  of  com-t,  who  have  the  government  of  the 
society.  Benchers  have  been  readers,  and,  being  ad- 
mitted to  plead  within  the  bar,  are  called  inner  barristers. 
These  wei'e  followed  by  a  great  crowd  of  superanmnited 
benchers  of  the  inns  of  court,  senior  fellows  of  colleges, 
and  defunct  statesmen. 

Addison,  Trial  of  the  Dead  in  Reason. 

2.  One  who  occupies  an  official  bench ;  a  judge ; 
sometimes,  speeilically,  a  municipal  or  local 
magistrate ;  an  alderman  or  justice.     [Rare.] 

Von  are  well  understood  to  be  a  perfecter  giber  for  the 
table,  than  a  necessary  bencher  in  the  Capitol. 

Shak., Cor. ,ii.  1. 

This  corporation  [New  Windsor]  consists  of  a  mayor, 
two  bailitfs,  and  twenty-eight  other  persons,  .  .  .  thirteen 
<if  which  are  called  fellows,  and  ten  of  them  aldermen  or 
chief  benchers.  Ashnwle,  Berkshire,  iii.  58. 

Each  town  [of  colonial  Virginia]  was  to  be  a  free  bor- 
ough with  markets  and  an  annual  fair.  For  their  gov- 
ernment, whenever  the  number  of  inhabitants  shouhl 
have  become  thirty  families,  they  were,  upon  smumons 
from  the  Governor,  to  elect  eight  benchers  of  the  guild 
hall,  who  should  annually  elect  one  of  their  number  di- 
rector. Johiui  Hopkins  Hist.  Studies,  3<1  ser.,  p.  106. 

3t.  One  who  frequents  the  benches  of  a  tav- 
ern ;  an  idler. 
benchership  (ben'cher-ship),  n.     [<  bencher  + 
-ship.']     The  office  or  condition  of  a  bencher. 

They  [two  benchers  of  the  Inner  Temple)  were  coevals, 
and  had  nothing  but  that  and  their  benchership  in  com- 
mon. Lamb,  Old  Benchers. 

bench-forge  (bench'forj),  n.  A  small  hearth 
and  blower  adapted  for  use  on  a  workman's 
bench. 

bench-hammer  (bencli'ham"6r),  n.  A  finish- 
ers' or  blacksmiths'  hammer. 

bench-hook  (bench'htik),  n.  A  hook  with  pro- 
jecting teeth  used  on  a  caqjcnter's  bench  to 
keep  the  work  from  moving  sidewise.  it  is  fitted 
in  amortise,  so  that  it  can  lie  jilaced  at  any  reiiuired  height. 
It  is  also  made  in  various  clasp-shapes,  and  called  a  bench- 
el  a  ntp. 

benching  (ben'ching),  ?i.  l<.be>teh  + -ingT-.]  1. 
Benches;  seats  generally. —  2.  In  coal-mining, 
one  of  the  many  names  given  to  the  process  of 
getting  the  coal  after  it  has  been  holed.  See 
htilc^  and  kirvc. 

bench-lathe  (bcnch'laTH),  n.  A  small  lathe 
which  can  be  mounted  on  a  post  placed  in  a 
socket  in  a  bench. 

bench-level  (bench'lov"el),  n.  A  level  used  in 
setting  up  a  machine,  to  bring  its  bed  into  an 
exactly  horizontal  position. 

bench-inark  (bcnch'miirk),  n.  [<  bench  + 
mark^:  in  leferonce  to  the  angle-iron  which  in 
taking  a  reading  is  inserted  in  the  horizontal 
cut  so  as  to  foi-m  a  support  or  beneli  for  the 
leveling-staff.]  In  .^un:,  a  mark  cut  in  stone 
or  some  durable  material  as  a  starting-point  in 
a  lino  of  levels  for  the  determination  of  alti- 
tudes over  any  region,  or  one  of  a  nimiber  of 
similar  marks  made  at  suitable  distances  as 
the  survey  advances. 


l^LjJ^. 


•"•^fm^. 


—"-<_..-"•»' 


Bench-table.— Church  of  Notre  Dame.  ChA- 
lon5-sur-Mame.  France. 

A  vise  which  may 


bend 

They  [places  of  the  stars]  are  the  reference-pointe  and 

heneh-markt  of  the  universe.  Science,  IV.  202. 

bench-master  (bench'mas'ter),  n.  In  England, 
a  govcniiir  of  an  inn  of  court;  an  alderman. 
Imp.  Iliii. 

bench-plane  (bench'plan),  n.  Any  form  of  plane 
used  on  Hat  surfaces,  as  the  block-plane,  the 
com])ass-|ilane,  the  jack-i)lanc,  the  jointer,  the 
long  plane,  the  smoothing-plane,  and  the  try- 
ing-phuio. 

bencn-reel  (bench'rel),  «.  A  spinning-wheel 
on  the  pirn  or  bobbin  of  which  a  sailmaker 
winds  the  yarn.     Ji.  H.  Knight. 

bench-screw  (bench'skn'i),  n.  Thescr^w  which 
secures  the  vise-jaw  of  a  carpenter's  bench. 

bench-shears  (bench'sherz),  n.pl.  Largo  hand- 
shears  lor  cutting  metal. 

bench-show  {bench'sh<)),  H.  An  exhibition  of 
animals,  as  of  dogs  or  cats,  which  are  arranged 
on  benches  for  a  comparison  of  their  pliysical 
merits  acconling  to  a  fixed  scale  of  points :  in 
contradistinction  to  a  JieUl-shmr,  or  ficid-trial, 
where  awards  are  made  for  performance. 

Bench-shows  and  field  trials  in  America  .  .  .  have  be- 
come permanent  institutions.     Forest  and  Stream,  XXI.  3. 

bench-stop (bench'stop),  H.  Abeneh-hookmade 
to  be  fastened  down  on  a  piece  of  work,  some- 
times liy  means  of  a  screw. 

bench-strip  (bench'stiip),  n.  A  strip  of  wood 
or  metal  caj)ablo  of  being  fixed  on  a  work- 
bench at  any 

reqiured     dis-  ^r-     '■:  i 

tanee  from  the 
edge,  to  assist 
in  steadying 
the  article  or 
material  being 
worked  on. 

bench-table 

(bench'ta-bl), 
«.  A  low  stone 
seat  carried 
around  the  in- 
terior walls  of 
many  medie- 
val churches. 

bench-vise  (bench'vis),  n 
be  attached  to  a  bench. 

bench-warrant  (beneh'wor"ant),  H.  In  law, 
a  warrant  issued  by  a  judge  or  court,  or  by  order 
of  a  judge  or  court,  for  the  ap^irehension  of  an 
offender:  so  called  in  opposition  to  a,  ju.sticc's 
warrant,  issued  by  an  ordinary  justice  of  the 
peace  or  police  magistrate,  iln^leijand  Whiteley. 

bendl  (bend),  n.  [<  ME.  bend,  <  AS.  bend, 
rarely  Inend,  fem.  and  masc.  (=  OS.  bendi  = 
OFries.  bende  =  OD.  bende  =  Goth,  bandi),  a 
band,  bond,  fetter;  cognate  with  *band,  E. 
band'-,  <  hindan  (pret.  band),  bind:  see  band^. 
Bend^  is  practically  identical  with  ftuwrfl,  the 
two  being  partly  merged  in  use  with  the  closely 
related  pair  band'-,  bend-.  In  senses  4-11  bend 
is  modern,  from  the  coiTesponding  verb :  see 
bendl,  v.]  If.  A  band;  a  bond;  a  fetter;  in 
plural,  bands;  bonds;  confinement. —  2t.  A 
band  or  clamp  of  metal  or  other  material  used 
to  strengthen  or  hold  together  a  box  or  frame. 
In  all  that  rowme  was  nothiitg  to  be  scene 
But  huge  great  yron  chests,  and  coffers  strong. 
All  biird  with  donlde  l)emis. 

Spen-wr,  F.  CJ.,  II.  vii.  30. 

3.  yaiii. :  (a)  That  part  of  a  rope  which  is 
fastened  to  another  or  to  an  anchor,  (ft)  A 
knot  by  which  a  rope  is  fastened  to  another 
rope  or  to  something  else.  The  different  sorts 
are  distinguished  as  Ji.sherman's  bend,  carrick- 
bendjCtv.  See  cut  under  cnrncA-ftcHrf.  (c)  Ono 
of  the  small  ropes  used  to  confine  the  clinch  of 
a  cable,  (rf)  pi.  The  thick  planks  in  a  ship's 
side  below  the  waterways  or  the  gun-deck  port- 
sills.  More  properly  called  ifrttes-.  They  are  reck- 
oned from  the  water  asjirst.  second,  or  third  bend.  They 
have  the  beams,  knees,  and  foot-hooks  bolted  to  them, 
and  are  the  chief  strength  of  the  ship's  sides. 

4.  [See  etym.]  The  action  of  bending,  or  state 
of  being  bent  or  curved  ;  incurvation  ;  flexure : 
as,  to  give  a  bend  to  anything;  to  have  a  bend 
of  the  back. —  5.  An  inclination  of  the  body;  a 
bow.-^6t.  An  inclination  of  the  eye;  a  turn 
or  glance  of  the  eye. 

-\nd  that  same  eye,  whose  bejui  doth  awe  the  world. 
Did  lose  his  lustre.  Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

7t.  Inclination  of  the  mind;  disposition;  bent. 

Farewell,  pcwr  swain  :  thou  art  not  for  my  bend, 

I  must  have  quicker  souls. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  .Shepherdess,  i.  3. 
8.  A  part  that  is  bent ;  a  curve  or  flexure ;  a 
crook;  a  turn  in  a  road  or  river,  etc.:  as,  tho 
bend  of  a  bow,  or  of  a  range  of  hills. 


bend 

Just  nlieiid  of  us  Is  n  prcat  bend  in  the  rlvpr,  heyond 
whii-h  the  wind  lirops  denti  and  the  eurrent  liurls  lis  uj)  un- 
der a  tieetling  crag.       C.  11'.  Stwldard,  MiisiiaUiih,  p.  137. 

9.  A  cun-ed   or  elbow-shaped  pipe  used  to 
change  direction,  as  in  a  drain. — 10.  A. spring; 
a  leap:  a  bound.     Jdiiiicsoii.     [Scotch.]  — 11. 
A  "pull"  of  liquor.     Jamicson.     [tjeoteh.] 
Come,  pie's  tlie  other  haul. 
We'll  drinli  their  lieuUli,  whatever  way  it  end. 

Allan  Jiamsaif,  tJentle  .Shei»iier(l,  iii.  2. 

12.  In  mining,  indurated  clay,  or  any  indurated 
argillaceous    substance.  _  Close-return  bend,  a 

Bluirt  U-shaped  tube  joijiiii;::  tlie  extremities  of  two 
wrouglit-iroii  [lipes.  — Grecian  bend,  a  moile  of  walking 
with  a  slight  stoop  forward,  at  one  time  aifected  by  some 
■women. 
bend^  (bend),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bent,  rarely  bend- 
ed, ppr.  bending.  [<  MK.  benden,  <  AS.  bendan, 
bind,  fetter,  restrain,  bend  a  bow  (=  MHG. 
benden,  fetter,  =  Icel.  henda  =  Sw.  biinda  =  Dan. 
ftftvirff,  bend ;  ef.  OF.  bender,  mod.  F.  bander, 
tie,  bind,  bend,  hoodwink,  =  Pr.  bendar  =  Sp. 
Pg.  vender,  bind,  hoodwink,  =  It.  bendare,  hood- 
wink), prop,  fasten  with  a  bend  or  band,  <  bend, 
E.  bend^,  a  band,  the  noun  being  practically 
identical  with  band'^,  n.  The  nouns  and  verbs 
of  these  gi'oups  (benuP-,  bcnd^,  band-,  bencfi, 
etc.)  reacted  on  each  other  both  in  Teut.  and 
Rom.,  developing  a  variety  of  senses  which 
have  a  double  reference.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
bring  or  strain  into  a  state  of  tension  by  cur- 
vature, as  a  bow  preparatory  to  launohing  an 
arrow. 

What,  are  the  Iiounds  i)efore  and  all  the  woodmen. 
Our  horses  ready  and  our  bows  benl  .^ 

Beau,  and  FL,  Philaster,  iv.  1. 
Our  English  archers  bent  their  bowes, 

Their  harts  were  good  and  trew  ; 
Att  the  tii-st  flight  of  arrowes  sent, 
Full  four-score  Scots  they  slew. 

Percy's  Reliqius,  p.  1-12. 

Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  to  brace  up  or  bring 
into  tension,  like  a  strong  bow :  generally  with 
«p.     [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

Now  set  the  teeth,  and  stretch  the  nostril  wide ; 
Hold  hard  the  breath,  and  bend  up  every  spirit 
To  his  full  height !  Stiak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  1. 

Her  whole  mind  apparently  bent  up  to  the  solemn  in- 
terview. Scott,  Old  Mortality,  vii. 

3.  To  curve  or  make  crooked ;  deflect  from  a 
normal  condition  of  straightness ;  flex :  as,  to 
bend  a  stick;  to  bend  the  arm. 

In  duty  bend  thy  knee  to  me.       Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 
A  kindly  old  man,  .  .  .  somewhat  bent  by  his  legal  eru- 
dition, as  a  shelf  is  by  the  weight  of  the  books  upon  it. 

Longfellow,  Kavanagh,  xvi. 

4.  To  direct  to  a  certain  point :  as,  to  bend  one's 
course,  way,  or  steps ;  to  bend  one's  looks  or 
eyes. 

Towards  Coventry  hend  we  our  course. 

Sliak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  8. 
Southwards,  you  may  be  sure,  they  bent  their  flight, 
And  harbolU""d  in  a  hollow  rock  at  night. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  1747. 

How  sweet  are  looks  that  ladies  bend 
On  whom  their  favors  fall ! 

Tennyson,  Sir  Galahad. 

5.  Figuratively,  to  apply  closely:  said  of  the 
mind. 

It  must  needs  be  they  should  bend  all  their  intentions 
and  services  to  no  other  ends  but  to  his. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  ii. 
To  be^id  his  mind  to  any  public  business. 

Sir  IT.  Temple. 

6.  To  incline ;  determine :  said  of  a  person 
or  of  his  disposition:  as,  to  be  bent  on  mis- 
chief. 

Where  will  inclineth  to  goodnes,  the  mynde  is  bent  to 

troth.  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  79. 

One  great  design  on  which  the  king's  whole  soul  was 

bent.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Still  bent  to  make  some  port  he  knows  not  where. 

U.  Arnold,  A  Summer  Xight. 

7.  To  cause  to  bow  or  yield;  subdue;  make 
submissive :  as,  to  bend  a  man  to  one's  will. 

Except  she  hend  her  humour. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  6. 
Oh  there  are  words  and  looks 
To  bend  the  sternest  purpose ! 

Shelley,  The  Cenci,  v.  4. 

8.  yant.,  to  fasten  by  means  of  a  bend  or  knot, 
as  one  rope  to  another,  or  to  an  anchor;  to 

shackle,  as  a  chain-cable  to  an  anchor Bent 

lever,  trimmer,  graver,  etc.  See  the  n.>uns.— To  bend 
a  sail  {mint.),  to  make  it  fast  to  its  proper  yai-il.  L'ad,  tir 
stay,  ready  for  setting.— To  bend  the  brOW  or  brows, 
to  knit  the  brow  ;  scowl ;  irown, 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  bo  or  become  curved  or 
crooked. 

Then  was  I  as  a  tree 
'NN'hose  boughs  did  bend  with  fruit. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  3. 


522 

2.  To  incline;  lean  or  turn;  be  directed:  as, 
the  road  bends  to  the  west. 

To  whom  our  vows  and  wishes  bend. 

Milton,  Arcades,  1.  0. 
Our  states  daily 
Bending}  to  bad,  our  hopes  to  worse. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  i.  1. 

Descend  where  alleys  heml 
Into  the  sparry  hollows  of  the  world.        Keats. 

3.  To  jut  over ;  overhang. 

There  is  a  cliff  whose  higli  and  bemling  head 
Looks  fearfully  in  the  confined  deep. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  1. 

4.  To  bow  or  be  submissive:  as,  to  hend  to 
fate. 

Most  humbly  therefore  bending  to  your  state. 

Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

Must  we  bend  to  the  artist,  who  considers  us  as  nothing 
unless  we  are  canvas  or  marble  under  his  hands? 

I.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  145. 

5.  To  spring;  bound.   Jamieson.    [Scotch.]  — 

6.  To  drink  hard.     Jamieson.     [Scotch.]— To 
bend  to  the  oars,  to  row  vigorously. 

bend^  (bend),  n.  [<  ME.  bend,  bendc,  partly 
<  AS.  bend,  a  band  used  as  an  ornament  (a 
sense  of  bend,  E.  bend"^);  partly  <  OF.  bende, 
mod.  F.  bande  =  Pr.  benda  =  Sp.  Pg.  venda 
and  banda  =  It.  benda,  banda,  <  ML.  benda, 
binda,  <  OHG.  binda,  a  band,  fillet,  tie,  mixed 
with  ML.  (etc.)  banda,  <  OHG.  bend,  etc. :  see 
band^.  BencP  is  thus  in  part  historically  iden- 
tical with  bencU,  but  in  part  with  band".  The 
separation  is  now  merely  formal.]  If.  A  band 
or  strip  used  to  bind  around  anj-thing;  a  strip, 
whether  as  a  fastening  or  as  an  ornament ;  a 
fillet,  strap,  bandage,  etc. ;  specifically,  a  rib- 
bon or  bandeau  for  the  head,  used  by  ladies  in 
the  fifteenth  century. 

And  on  her  legs  she  painted  buskins  wore, 
Basted  with  bends  of  gold  on  every  side. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  v.  3. 

2.  Anan^e  in  the  leather  trade  for  a  butt  or  round- 
ed crop  cut  in  two ;  the  half  of  a  hide  of  sole- 
leather  that  was  trimmed  and  divided  before 
tanning. —  3.  In  her.,  one  of  the  nine  ordinaries, 
consisting  of  a  diagonal  band  di'awn  from  the 
dexter  chief  to  the  sinister  base :  when  charged, 
it  occupies  a  third  of  the  field ;  when  uncharged, 
a  fifth.  Bearings  are  said  to  be  in 
bend  when  they  are  placed  upon  the 
field  obliquely  in  the  direction  of  the 
bend  ;  the  field  is  said  to  be  divided  per 
bend  when  divided  diagon.aUy  in  that 
direction,  usually  by  a  straight  line,  but 
sometimes  a  broken  line,  battled,  un- 
d6,  or  the  like,  or  by  a  stiU  more  com- 
plicated mark  of  division.  See  bend- 
vri^e.  Also  applied  to  a  row  of  chai-ges 
arranged  in  bend.  In  bend  sinister 
and  per  bend  ^nij<ter  are  used  in  a 
similar  way. —  Bend  axchy,  in  her.,  a  band  differing  from 
the  bend  in  that  it  is  curved  toward  the  suiister  chief. 
Also  called  bend  enarched  or  bowed. — Bend  archy,  cor- 
Onetty  on  the  top,  in  her.,  a  bend  arcliy  having  the 
points  or  ornaments  of  a  crown  on  the  upper  side.  This 
is  the  well-known  bearijig  of  Saxony,  which  occurs  in  some 
English  royal  arms,  notably  in  those  of  the  present  Prijiee 
of  \A"aIes. —  Bend  arrondi,  in  her.,  a  bend  having  one  or 
botli  sides  broken  into  concave  curves.  See  ijored. — 
Bend  COttlsed,  in  her.,  a  bend  having  on  each  side  a 
cottise,  sepai'ated  from  the  bend  by  its  own  width.  -\ 
bend  may  be  double  cottised  or  treble  cottised ;  that  is, 
it  may  have  two  or  three  cottises  on  each  side.  —  Bend 
sinister,  in  her.  Same  as  bend,  3,  except  tliat  it  is  drawn 
from  tlie  sinister  chief  to  the  dexter  base. 
bend3t  (bend),  K.  [<  late  ME.  bende,  <  OF. 
bende,  var.  of  bande,  a  band :  see  bands.']  An 
obsolete  form  of  bands. 

A  fajTe  flocke  of  faeries,  and  a  fresh  bend 
Of  lovely  Nymphs.  Spender,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

The  Duke  of  Gloucester  .  .  .  and  other  Lords,  the  chief 
of  his  bend.  .Speed,  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.,  IX.  xviii.  15. 

bendable  (berf'da-bl),  a.      [<  bendl-  +  -able.'] 

Capable  of  being  bent ;  flexible.     Ulierwood. 
bende  (bend),  «.     [Origin  unknown.]   A  variety 

<if  the  abelmoschus,  used  in  cookery.  McElrath. 
bendelt,   »•     [ME.,  <  OP.  bendel,  handel,  dim. 

of  bende,  bande,  a  band;   doublet    of  bandel, 

bandeau.]     1.  A  little  band  or  fillet. — 2.  In 

her.,  a  little  bend. 
bender    (ben'der),    n.      1.    One  who  or  that 

which  bends. —  2.  A  sixpence.     [Eng.  slang.] 

—  3.  A  leg.    [U.S.  slang.] 

The  prospectus  [of  a  new  fashionable  boarding-school] 
has  been  sent  to  our  house.  One  of  the  regulations  is, 
"  Young  ladles  are  not  allowed  to  cross  their  benders  in 
school!"  Lony/ellow,  Kavanagh,  xii. 

4.  A  spree;  a  frolic.     [U.  S.  slang.]  — 5.   [Cf. 
l/c«e?l,  )!.,  11.]     A  hard  drinker.  [Scotch.] 

Now  lend  your  lungs,  ye  benders  fine, 
Vrh&  ken  the  benefit  of  wine. 

Allan  Ramsay,  Poems,  III.  162  (1848). 

Bendigo  'ware.    See  pottery. 


A  Bend  between  two 
BeDdlets  gules. 


A  Bend  azure. 


beneath 

bending'  (ben'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bend^, 
I'.]  The  act  of  causing  to  bend,  or  the  state 
of  being  bent  or  deflected;  a  deflection. 

If  matter  that  will  not  yield  at  each  bend  is  deposited 
while  the  hendinf/s  are  continually  taking  place,  the  beiul' 
inffs  will  maintain  certain  places  of  discontinuity  in  the 
deposit.  //.  .Silencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  257. 

bending-t, ".  l<bcnd'^,n.,  + -in//.]  Decoration 
((it  i-l(ithes)  with  stripes  or  horizontal  bands. 

Clianeer. 

bending-macMne  (ben'ding-ma-shen"),  n.  An 
apparatus  for  bending  to  shape  timber,  rails, 
ii'on  beams  for  ships,  plates  for  boilers,  etc. 

bending-strake  (ben'drng-strak),  H.  In  sliip- 
bnihting,  one  of  two  strakes  wrought  near  the 
deck-coverings,  worked  all  fore  and  aft.  ihejr 
are  about  an  inch  or  an  iticli  and  a  half  thicker  than  the 
remainder  of  the  deck,  but  are  lowered  between  the  beams 
and  ledges  to  make  the  upper  side  even  with  the  rest. 
Their  use  is  to  make  a  more  complete  tie  between  the 
deck-frame  and  deck-plank. 

bend-leather  (bend'leTH"^r),  n.  [<  bend^  + 
leather.]  The  strongest  kind  of  sole-leather 
for  shoes.     See  bend^,  2. 

bendlet  (bend'let),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bendclet,  appar.  <  bendel  +  -ct ;  but  cf.  OP. 
bendektte,  dim.  of  bende,  band. 
Doublet  bandlet.]  1.  In  her., 
a  bearing  of  the  nature  of  the 
bend,  but  half  as  wide.  Also 
called  garter. —  2.  A  name  of 
the  common  British  sea-ane- 
mone. Actinia  mesembri/anthe- 
;«HW.— Bendlet  sinister,  in  her.,  a 
bendlet  drawn  from  tlie  sinister  chief 
to  the  dexter  base. 
bendsome  (bend'sum),  a.     [<  bend^  +  some. 

Cf.  huxiim.]     Flexible;  pliable.     [Bare.] 
bendways  (bend'waz),  adr.    Same  as  bendieise. 
bendwise  (bend'wiz),  adr.     [<  bend-  +  icise^.] 
In  Inr.,  Ipng  in  the  direction   of  the  bend: 
said  of  any  bearing :  as,  a  sword 
bendicise.  '  ' 

bend'Witht,  «■  [ME.  benu-yt-tre 
(latervar.  beueicith  tre — Prompt. 
Pai'v.) ;  perhaps  <  bend'^  +  witli- 
(cf.  bindicitii) ;  but  ef.  Sw.  bcn- 
ved,  dogberry-tree,  Icel.  bein- 
vidhr,  beinridhi,  ebony  (lit.  bone- 
wood);  also  Icel.  beini-idhir,  a 
■vnWovi  (Sedix  arbusculu),  Ut.  bone-withy.]  An 
old  name  of  a  shrub  not  identified.  Its  twigs 
were  used  to  tie  up  fagots. 
bendy  (ben'di),  a.  [<  OF.  bende.  F.  bande,  pp, 
of  bander,  cross  with  bands:  see  bend'^.]  fa 
her.,  divided  into  four  or  more  diagonal  parts 
in  tlje  direction  of  the  bend :  said  of  the  field. 
This  word  is  used,  no  matter  how  great  the  number  of 
the  divisions,  as  bendlety  and  cotti-sy,  which  would  be  the 
regular  forms,  are  awkward  in  use. — Bendy  barry,  in 
her.  See  barry  bendy,  under  barry-.  —  Bendy  paly,  in 
her.,  divided  by  lines  bendwise  and  palewise,  and  there- 
fore divided  into  lozenges. 

bendy-tree  (ben'di-tre),  «.  The  Thespesia  po- 
jiubiea,  an  ornamental  tree  of  rapid  growth, 
often  planted  in  gardens  and  avenues  in  India. 

bene't,  «.    See  ben". 

bene'-t,  a.     See  bein. 

bene-*,  n.     See  benne. 

bene-.  [L.  bene-,  sometimes  beni-,  combining 
foi'm  of  bene,  adv.,  well,  <  bonus,  good:  see 
boon",  bonus.]  An  element  of  some  words  of 
Latin  origin,  meaning  well,  good,  as  in  bene- 
diction, benefit,  benevolence,  etc. :  opposed  to 
male-,  inal-. 

beneaped  (bf-nepf),  a.  [<  ie-l  -f-  neap  +  -<?d2.] 
Xaut..  same  as  neojyed. 

beneath  (bf-neth').  adv.  and  prep.  [<  ME.  be- 
netlie,  binet'he,  binethen,  adv.  and  prep..  <  AS. 
beneothan,  binithun,  prep.  (=t1Fries.  binetha  = 
D.  beneden  z=  LiG.  benedden  =  G.  bcnieden),  (.be, 
by,  -f  neothan,  nithan,  neothane  (=OS.  nithana 
=  OHG.  nidana.  MHG.  nidene,  niden,  G.  nicden), 
below,  orig.,  like  nithe,  below,  from  eompar. 
nitlier,  nether:  see  nether.  Hence  by  apheresis 
neath,  'neath.]  I.  adv.  1.  In  a  lower  place, 
position,  or  state,  literally  or  figuratively. 

Thou  Shalt  be  above  only,  and  thou  shalt  not  be  beneath. 

Dent,  xxviii.  13. 
Every  bi-ain 
That  looks  so  many  fathoms  to  the  sea, 
And  hears  it  roar  beneath.         Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

The  general's  disdain'd 
Bv  him  one  step  below ;  he,  bv  the  next : 
Tliat  next,  by  him  beneath.      Shak..  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 

2.  Below,  as  opposed  to  on  high,  or  in  heaven 
or  other  superior  region. 

Thou  shalt  not  make  .  .  .  any  likeness  of  anything  that 
is  in  heaven  above,  or  that  is  in  the  earth  beneath. 

Ex.  XX.  4. 


A  Sword  Bendwise. 


beneath 

II.  prrp.  1.  Below;  under:  with  reference 
to  what  is  overhead  or  towers  aloft :  as,  beneath 
the  same  roof. 

For  nil  beneath  the  moon 
AVoultl  I  not  leap  upright.  Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 

As  I  lay  beneath,  the  wooillaml  tree. 

Whittier,  Sliipg  Megonc. 
They  Silt 
Beneath  a  world-old  yew-tree,  darkeiiiiiK  half 
The  eloisters.  Tennyson,  Uoly  Grail. 

2.  Underneath,  whether  in  immediate  contact 
with  tlio  under  side  of,  or  further  down  than  ; 
lower  in  place  than:  as,  to  place  a  cufiliiou  be- 
neath one;  beneath  one's  feet;  beneath  the  sur- 
face: sometimes  with  verbs  of  motion:  as, 
ho  sanli  beneath  the  wave. 

As  he  was  raising  his  arm  to  make  a  blow,  an  arrow 
pierced  him,  just  beneath  the  shoulder,  at  tlie  ctpen  part 
ot  tile  corselet.  Irvinr/,  Granada,  p.  IW. 

3.  Under  the  weight  or  pressure  of;  under  tlie 
action  or  influence  of :  as,  to  sink  beneath  a 
burden. 

Our  countiy  sinks  beneath  the  yoke. 

AVia*:.,  Slacbeth,  iv.  3. 
It  is  my  fate 
To  bear  and  bow  beneath  a  thousand  griefs. 

Ileau.  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 

Wherever  lights  appeared,  the  flashing  scimetur  was  at 

its  deadly  work,  and  all  who  attcnijited  resistiince  fell 

hewath  its  edge.  Irvinr/,  Oranada,  p.  21. 

4.  Lower  than,  in  rank,  dignity,  degree,  or  ex- 
cellence ;  below :  as,  brutes  are  beneath  man ; 
man  is  beneath  the  angels. 

Maintain 
Thy  father's  soul ;  tliou  hast  no  blood  to  mLt 
With  any  beneath  prince.     Shirley,  Bii'd  in  a  Cage,  i.  1. 

Beyond  the  limits  of  a  vulgar  fate. 

Beneath  the  Good  how  far—  but  far  above  the  Great. 

Gray,  I'rog.  of  I'oetry,  iii.  3. 

5.  Unworthy  of;  unbecoming;  not  equal  to; 
below  the  level  of:  as,  beneatli  contempt. 

He  will  do  nothing  that  is  beneath  his  high  station. 

Atterbnry. 

He  had  never  sullied  himself  with  business,  but  had 
chosen  to  starve  like  a  man  uf  honour,  than  do  anything 
beneath  his  ([Uality.  ^rfi(i»o;i,  Trial  of  Punctilios. 

Beneath  the  saltt,  in  a  subordinate  or  inferior  position. 
Jly  proud  lady 
Admits  him  to  her  table  ;  marry,  ever 
Beneath  tlie  mlt,  ami  there  he  sits  the  subject 
Of  her  contempt  and  scorn. 

Massinger,  The  City  Madam,  i.  1. 

=Syn.  Under,  etc.    See  below. 
beneatht  (be-neth'),  a.    Lower. 

This  beneath  world.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1. 

Benedic  (ben'e-dik),  n.  [LL.,  prop.  2d  pers. 
sing.  pres.  impv.  of  be nediee re,  h\es3:  see  he/ie- 
rficf.]  1.  The  canticle  beginning  in  Latin 
"Benedic,  anima  mea," and  in  English  "Praise 
the  Lord,  O  my  soul,"  from  Psalm  ciii.  in  the 
American  Prayer-Book  it  is  an  alternative  of  the  Deu.i 
misereatur  (as  ordered  in  1886,  either  of  the  Nunc  dimit- 
tie  or  Deii.s  minereatur)  at  Evening  Prayer. 
2.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle. 
Benedicite  (ben-e-ilis'i-te),  «.  [LL.,  prop.  2d 
pers.  pi.  pres.  impv.  of  benedieere,  bless:  see 
benedict.']  1.  The  canticle  or  hymn  beginning 
in  Latin  ' '  Benedicite  omnia  opera  Domini,"  and 
in  English  "  0  all  ye  works  of  the  Lord,  bless  ye 
the  Lord."  taken  from  "The  Song  of  the  Three 
Holy  Children"  forming  part  of  the  Apocrypha 
in  the  English  Bible.  It  is  essentially  an  expansion 
of  Psalm  cxlviii.,  and  has  been  used  from  a  very  early 
period  in  the  Christian  church.  In  the  Anglican  service 
it  is  used  as  an  alternate  to  the  Te  Deum. 
2.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle. — 3. 
[;.  C.I  An  invocation  of  a  blessing,  especially  a 
blessing  before  a  repast,  as  said  in  religious 
communities,  etc.,  answering  to  the  grace  ov 
thanksgi-ving  after  it. —  4t.  [A  common  use  in 
ME.,  where  the  word  was  often  contracted  bcn- 
dicitclicn.stf.']  Usedinterjectionally:  (o)  Bless 
you!  expressing  a  wish.  (6)  Bless  us!  bless  me! 
expressing  surprise. 
benedick  (ben'e-dik),  n.  See  benedict. 
benedict  (ben'e-dikt),  a.  and  n.  [In  ME.  bene- 
dii/hl,  <  LL.  benedict m;  blessed  (in  ML.  often  as 
a  proper  name  Benedietus,  whence  in  E.  Bene- 
dict, Urnidicl;  and  (througlt  K.)  Jiennet,  Ben- 
nett: cf.  also  hcnef^,  bcnnet-),  pp.  of  lirnedicere, 
bless,  use  words  of  good  omen,  in  class.  L.  al- 
ways as  two  words,  bene  dicere:  bene,  well; 
dicere,  say,  speak.]  I.t  «.  Blessed;  benign; 
salutary;  especially,  in  med.,  having  mild  and 
salubrious  (pialitics:  as,  •' medicines  that  are 
benedict,"  Bacan,  Nat.  Hist.,  s'l  1S>. 

II.  n.  [In  allusion  to  Brncitick,  one  of  the 
characters  in  Shakspcre's  play  of  "Much  Ado 
about  Nothing";  esp.  to  the  phrase, "i{c«e(/i('i-, 
the  man'ied  man"  (i.  1.).  Benedick  is  an  easy 
form  of  Benedict.]    A   sportive   name   for  a 


523 

newly  married  man,  especially  one  who  has 
beenlong  a  bachelor,  or  who  has  been  in  the 
habit  of  ridiculing  marriage. 

Having  abandoned  all  his  old  misogyny,  and  his  pro- 
fessions of  single  independence,  ('(clebs  has  become  a 
benediek.  (J.  I',  li.  Janiex,  Henry  Masterton. 

Benedictine  (ben-e-dik'tin),  a.  and  n.  [<  JIL. 
licncitirtiHH.s,  <  Be>iedietu.s  :  see  benedict.]  I.  n. 
Pertaining  to  St.  Benedict,  or  to  the  order  of 
monks  or  the  monastic  rule  originating  from 
liim. 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  an  order  of  monks 
founded  at  Monte  Cassino,  between  Rome  and 
Naples,  by  St.  Benedict  of  Ntirsia,  about  A.  D. 
530.  The  rules  of  the  order  (which  was  open  to  persons 
of  all  ages,  condititjns,  and  callings)  enjoined  silence  and 
some  useful  employment  when  not  engaged  in  divine  ser- 
vice. Every  monastery  had  a  library,  every  monk  a  pen 
and  tablets,  and  study  antl  the  copying  of  maimscripts 
were  encouraged.  The  monasteries  became  centers  of 
learning  and  the  liberal  arts,  and  the  name  of  the  order 
synonymous  with  scholarship  and  erudition.  Tlie  order 
was  introduced  into  England  about  A.  I».  C<00,  by  St.  Au- 
gustine of  Canterbury.  The  oldest  establishment  in  the 
United  States  is  that  of  St.  \'incent's  Abbey  in  Westmore- 
land county,  I'ennsylvania,  founded  Ity  a  col<)ny  of  monks 
from  Bavaria  in  184(i.  There  are  also  ditfercnt  congrega- 
tions of  nuns  known  as  Benedictines,  and  following  the 
rule  of  St.  Benedict;  they  date  from  the  same  time,  owing 
their  foundation  to  his  sister,  St.  Scholastica. 
2.  A  cordial  or  liqueur,  resembling  cliartreuse, 
distilled  at  Fccam])  in  Normandy.  It  was  ori- 
ginally prepared  by  the  Benedictine  monks,  but  since  the 
Freneh  reVMlntir)n  has  been  made  by  a  secular  company. 
benediction  (ben-e-dik'shon),  ?i.  [<  LL.  bene- 
dictiii(n-),  blessing,"  <  benedieere,  bless,  use  words 
of  good  omen :  see  benedict.  Benison  is  a  shorter 
form  of  the  same  word.]  1.  The  act  of  speak- 
ing well  to  or  of;  blessing. — 2.  (a)  An  invo- 
cation of  divine  blessing,  either  by  a  private 
individual  or  a  church  official ;  specifically,  in 
the  Christian  church  generally,  the  form  of 
blessing  pronounced  by  the  person  officiating, 
at  the  close  of  divine  service  and  on  several 
other  occasions,  as  marriages,  the  visitation  of 
the  sick,  etc. 

The  benedictions  of  the  good  Franciscans  accompanied 
us  as  we  rode  away  from  the  convent. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  103. 

The  henedietion  ...  is  given  in  a  different  manner  by 
the  Oriental  Church  from  that  used  by  the  Latins.  The 
Priest  joins  his  thumb  and  third  finger,  and  erects  and 
joins  the  other  three  :  and  is  thus  supposed  to  symbolise 
the  procession  of  the  Holy  Ghost  from  the  Father  alone  ; 
and,  according  to  others,  to  form  the  sacred  letters  I  H  C 
by  the  position  of  his  fingers. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  352,  note. 
When  the  benediction  is  pronounced  olfieially  by  a  priest 
or  clergyman,  he  usually  stands  with  hands  uplifted,  and 
the  congregation  receive  it  with  bowed  heads.  Illustra- 
tions of  ancient  benedictions  are  afforded  by  Gen.  xxiv.  60 
(a  nuptial  blessing)  ;  Gen.  xxvii.  27-29  (a  death-bed  bless- 
ing); Num.  vi.  24-27  (a  priestly  blessing).  The  apostolic 
benediction  is  that  proceeding  from  the  pope,  and  is  either 
given  personally,  as  at  Rome,  or  by  delegation  in  other 
parts  of  the  world.  See  blessiny.  (J>)  The  rite  of  in- 
stituting an  abbot  or  an  abbess,  and  of  receiving 
the  profession  of  a  nuu  or  of  a  religious  knight. 

The  action  of  the  archbishops  was  excluded,  and  the 
abbots  elect  sought  confirmation,  if  not  benediction  also, 
at  Rome.  Stuhbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  710. 

((0  An  additional  ceremony  performed  by  a 
priest  after  the  regular  celebration  of  matri- 
mony: caWed  the  niiptUtl  benediction,  (d)  The 
ceremony  by  which  things  are  set  aside  for 
sacred  uses,  as  a  church  or  vestments,  bells, 
etc.,  or  things  for  ordinary  use  are  hallowed, 
as  houses,  etc. —  3.  The  advantage  conferred 
by  blessing  or  the  invocation  of  blessings. 

Prosperity  is  the  blessing  of  the  Old  Testament ;  adver- 
sity is  the  blessing  of  the  Kew,  which  carried  the  gi-eater 
benediction,  and  the  clearer  revelation  of  God's  favour. 

Bacon,  Of  Adversity. 

Over  and  above  this  [sense  for  light  and  shade]  we  have 
received  yet  one  more  gift,  somethingnot  (plite  necessarj-, 
a  Itenedictiou,  as  it  were,  in  our  sense  for  and  enjoyment 
of  colour.  O.  X.  Hood,  Modern  Chromatics,  p.  304. 

Benediction  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament,  one  of  the 
more  eommoii  roligi'iii.-*  servii-es  uf  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  in  wliieli,  alter  the  solemn  expositir)n,  incensing, 
and  ailoration  of  the  eucharist,  which  is  inclosed  in  a 
nu>nstrance  and  placed  under  a  canopy  on  the  altar,  the 
otliciating  jiriest,  taking  the  monstrance  in  his  hands, 
makes  the  sign  of  the  cross  with  it  in  blessing  over  the 
kneeling  faithful— The  apostolic  benediction,  a  bene- 
diction in  the  wortis  of  2  Cor.  \iii.  14. 

benedictional,  benedictionale  (ben-e-dik'- 

shon-al,  ben-e-dik-slio-iia'le),  ».  [<  ML.  bene- 
dictionali.s  (sc.  lilier,  book),  <  LL.  benedictio(n-): 
see  benediction.]  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  book 
containing  a  collection  of  benedictions  or  bless- 
ings used  in  its  religious  services. 

Psalters,  books  of  Gosjiels,  Benedietiotutls,  Canons,  and 
other  treatises  relating  to  the  discipline  and  ceremonial 
of  the  Chureh.  i:dinlmrijh  Bev.,  CLXIII.  63. 

The  Saruni,  like  the  Anglo-Saxon  Bettedictional,  con- 
tained the  forms  for  blessing  the  peoide,  by  the  bishop,  at 
high  mass.  Rock.  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  iL  213. 


beneflc 

benedictionary  (iKu-e-dik'shon-a-ri),  n.  [< 
ML.  as  if  * benedictiunarium,<.  hti.  ltencdietio(,n-): 
see  benediction.]  A  collection  of  benedictions 
or  blessings ;  a  benedictional. 

The  benedictionary  of  Bishop  Athelwood.  Bp.  StiU. 

benedicti've  (ben-e-dik'tiv),  a.  [<  LL.  bene- 
didii.':  (sec  licnedict)  +  -ive.]  Tending  to  bless; 
giving  a  blessing. 

His  paternal  prayers  and  benetiictive  comprecations. 

Bp.  Gaudcn,  Mem.  of  Bp.  Browiirigg,  p.  201. 

benedictory  (ben-e-dik'to-ri),  a.  [<  LL.  as 
if  'III mdtctorius,  <  benedietus:  see  benedict.] 
Blessing;  expressing  a  benediction  or  wishes 
for  good:  as,  "a  benedictory  prayer,"  Thack- 
eray. 

Benedietus  (ben-e-dik'tus),  n.  [LL.,  blessed: 
see  benedict.]  1.'  The  short  canticle  or  hymn, 
also  distinctively  called  the  Bcnedictu.^  qui  ve- 
nit,  beginning  in  Latin  "Benedietus  qui  venit 
in  nomine  Domini,"  and  in  English  "Blessed 
is  He  that  cometh  in  the  name  of  the  Lord," 
preceded  and  followed  by  "Hosanna  in  Excel- 
sis,"  that  is,  "Hosanna  in  the  liighest."  which 
is  usually  appended  in  the  Koman  Catholic 
mass  to  the  Sanctus,  from  Psalm  cxviii.  26, 
Luke  xix.  38,  etc.  The  Benedietus  qui  venil  was  re- 
tained in  the  Prayer-Book  of  1549,  and  is  sung  in  some 
Anglican  churches  at  choral  or  solemn  celebrati'uis  of  the 
holy  communion,  just  before  the  prayer  of  cftnsecration. 
2.  A  musical  sotting  of  this  canticle,  forming 
a  separate  movement  in  a  mass. —  3.  The  can- 
ticle or  hymn  beginning  in  Latin  "Benedietus 
Dominus  Deus  Israel,"  and  in  English  "Blessed 
be  the  Lord  God  of  Israel";  the  song  of  Zach- 
arias,  Luke  i.  68-71.  in  the  English  ITayer-Book  it 
is  the  canticle  following  the  second  lesson  with  the  Jubi- 
late as  its  alternate.  In  the  American  Prayer-Book  only 
the  first  four  verses  are  given ;  alterations  made  in  1886 
direct  the  use  of  the  whole  canticle  on  Sundays  in  Advent, 
but  jjermit  the  omission  at  other  times  of  the  portion  fol- 
lowing the  fourth  verse. 
4.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle. 

benedightt  (ben'e-dit),  a.  [ME.  benedyijht,  ben- 
cdiijht,  <  LL.  benedietus :  see  benedict.]   Blessed. 

And  soul  more  white 
Never  through  martyrdom  of  tire  was  led 
To  its  repose  ;  nor  can  in  books  be  read 
The  legend  of  a  life  more  benediyht. 

Lony.fellow,  The  Cross  of  Snow. 

bene  discessit  (be'ne  di-ses'it).  [L.,  he  has  de- 
parted honorably.]  In  English  universities, 
a  permission  by  the  master  and  fellows  of  a 
college  to  a  student  to  leave  that  college  and 
enter  another. 

Mr.  Pope,  being  about  to  remove  from  Trinity  to  Em- 
manuel by  bene  discessit,  was  desirous  of  taking  my  rooms. 

Alma  iiater,  i.  167. 

bene  exeat  (be'ne  ek'se-at).  [L.,  let  him  depart 
honorably.]  A  certiticato  of  good  character 
given  by  a  bishop  to  one  of  his  clergy  remo\"iug 
to  another  diocese  :  as,  he  brought  a  bene  exeat 
from  his  last  bishop. 

benefaction  (ben-e-fak'shgu),  n.  [<  LL.  bene- 
factio{n-),  <  bene/actus,  pp.  of  bcnefacere,  in 
class.  L.  always  WTitten  as  two  words,  bene 
faeerc,  do  good  to,  benefit :  bene,  well ;  facere, 
do.  Cf.  benefit.]  1.  The  act  of  conferring  a 
benefit;  a  doing  of  good;  beneficence. 

Worshipping  God  and  the  Lamb  in  the  temple  :  God,  for 
his  bene/aetion  in  creating  all  things,  and  the  Lamb,  for 
his  bene/aetion  in  redeeming  us  with  his  blood.     Seicton, 

2.  A  benefit  conferred ;  especially,  a  charitable 
donation. 

A  man  of  true  generosity  will  study  in  what  manner  to 
render  his  benefaction  most  advantageous. 

Melmoth,  tr.  of  Pliny,  vii.  18. 

=  Syn.  1.  Kindness.— 2.  Gift,  contribution,  alms,  charity. 
benefactor  (ben-e-fak'tor),  n.  [<  LL.  benefactor, 
<  bcnefacere,  do  good  to":  see  benefaction.]  1. 
Literally,  a  well-doer;  one  who  does  good. 
[Rare.] 

Benefactors  >  Well ;  what  hcntSactors  are  they  ?  are  they 
not  malefactors?  Shak.,  .M.  for  M.,  ii-  1. 

2.  One  who  confers  a  benefit ;  a  kindly  helper: 
as,  "  the  great  benefactor  of  mankind,"  Milton, 
P.  R.,  iii.  82. 

He  is  the  true  benefactor  and  alone  worthy  of  Honor 
who  brings  comfort  where  before  was  wretchedness,  who 
dries  the  tear  of  sorrow. 

Sumner,  True  Grandeur  of  Nations. 

3.  One  who  makes  a  benefaction  to  or  endows 
a  charitable  or  other  institution ;  one  who 
makes  a  bcciuest. 

benefactress  (ben-f-fak'tres),  H.     [<  benefactor 

+  -c.s-.v.]     A  female' benefactor. 
beneflc  (be-net'ik),  a.  and  n.     [Formerly  bene- 

liquc  ;  <  Li.  beneficus,  <  bene,  well,  +  facere,  do.] 

1,  a.  1.  Beneficent.     [Rare.] 


beneflc 

He  being  equally  necre  to  his  whole  Creation  o(  Man- 
kind, and  of  fn-e  imiwlt  to  turn  his  benejick  antl  fatherly 
regard  to  what  Kfj;ion  or  Kingdonie  he  pleases,  hatli  yet 
ever  had  this  Hand  under  the  speciall  indulgent  eye  of 
his  providence.  Milton,  l)ef.  o(  llunib.  Kenionst. 

2.  In  astroL,  of  good  or  favorable  influence. 

The  kind  and  truly  benefiqiu^  Kucolos. 

B.  Jomun,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

II.  H.  In  (W/ro/.,  a  favorable  planet;  Jupiter 
or  Venus, 
lienefice  (ben'e-fis),  »i.  [<  ME.  benefice,  bene- 
Jim:  <  UF.  bcnc'tice.  F.  benefice,  <  LL.  bencficium, 
estate  granted,  L.  beneficium,  a  favor,  kind- 
ness, ibencficus,  kind,  liberal:  see  benefic.']  1. 
In  feudal  law,  originally,  a  fee  or  an  estate  in 
lauds  granted  for  life  only,  and  held  ex  mero 
benefieio  (on  the  mere  good  pleasure)  of  the 
donor.  Such  estates  afterward  becoming  liereditary. 
the  word  /eud  was  used  for  gi-ants  to  individuals,  and 
benejice  became  restricted  to  cliurch  livings. 

The  Beneficium,  or  Benefice,  an  assignment  of  land  by  a 
conquering  Teutonic  king  as  the  reward  or  price  of  mili- 
tary service,  is  allowed  on  all  sides  to  have  ha(i  nnich  to 
do  with  this  great  change  [from  allodial  to  fcudalj  ill  the 
legal  point  of  view.    Maine,  Eai-ly  Law  and  Custom,  p.  345. 

The  kings  gave  their  leading  chiefs  portions  of  con- 
quered land  or  of  the  royal  domains,  under  the  name  of 
benefices.  Leehy,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  2S6. 

2.  An  ecclesiastical  living;  a  church  office 
endowed  with  a  revenue  for  its  proper  fulfil- 
ment ;  the  revenue  itself.  The  following  terms 
of  canon  law  are  frequently  found  associated  witll  this 
word,  which  is  of  historical  importance  :  A  benefice  in- 
volving no  other  obligation  than  service  in  the  public 
offices  of  the  church  is  simple  ;  if  the  cure  of  souls  is  at- 
tached to  it,  double ;  if  with  a  certain  rank  attached,  dig- 
nitary or  major;  the  two  former  without  rank,  minor. 
Thus,  a  cAantri/ was  a  simple  benefice;  a  prebend  gives 
the  right  to  only  a  part  of  the  income  of  a  canonry  at- 
tached to  a  collegiate  or  cathedral  church  ;  while  the  bene- 


524 


benefit 


who  arc  in  need.    Beiuvolence  may  exist  without  the     [A  license  for  the  sake  of  the  rhyme,  benefice 

means  or  opportunity  for  beneficence,  but  6fiw/icen«  al-     v.o;.,..  „i,,   ..„„  i     „i  »•_       •       /"'^r"'"'-j"-'> 

ways  presupposes  beLvolence.    Bouni.,  is  expressive  of     ''^'"*-  "'^  "^^'^  several  times  m  the  same  pas- 
kind  feeling,  but  more  expressive  of  abundant  giving,      sag*'  nf  tlie  poora.J 

LibcralUji  is  giving  which  is  large  in  pro[)ortion  to  the  beneficially  (ben-e-fish'al-i),   adv.      If.    Liber- 
means  of  the  giver.     Ge«ero«(,/ adds  to  the  notion  of     ally;  Irouutifully; 'with  open  hand.     Cotgrare. 

—  2.  In  a  beneficial  manner;  advantageously; 

profifalily ;  helpfully. 
beneficialness  (ben-e-fish'al-nes),  H.     [<  bene- 

firitil  +  -lies.?.}    If.  Beneficence. — 2.  The  qual 


liberality  that  of  largeness  or  nobleness  of  spirit  in  con. 
ncction  with  the  gift.  Munificence  is  giving  on  a  large 
scale,  not  restricting  itself  to  necessary  things,  but  giving 
lavishly  ;  it  is  the  one  of  these  words  ln(»st  llkelv  to  be 
.ipplied  to  ostentatious  or  self-seeking  liberalilv,  but  not 
nece-s-sarily  so.  Charily,  while  having  the  best  original 
meaning,  has  come  to  be  a  general  word ;  as  to  gifts,  it  is 
what  is  bestowed  upon  the  poor  or  needy,  but  not  always 
with  w,irin  or  kindly  feelings :  as,  official  chanty. 

Witll  a  bow  to  Hepzibah,  and  a  degree  of  paternal  benec- 
olenec  in  his  parting  nod  to  I'hccbe,  the  Judge  left  the 
shop,  and  went  smiling  along  the  street. 

liaicthorne.  Seven  Gables,  ix. 
Few  men  have  used  the  influence  of  a  grand  seigneur 
with  such  enlightened  benetlccnce,  with  such  lasting  re- 
sults on  human  culture  and  civilization,  with  such  genu- 
ine simplicity  and  cordial  loyalty  (as  M!ecen.is]. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  195. 
Deserted  at  his  utmost  need 
By  those  his  former  bounty  fed. 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast,  St.  4. 
Over  and  beside 
Signior  Baptista's  liberality, 
I'll  mend  it  with  a  largess. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
With  disinterested  generosity,  [Byron)  resolved  to  de- 
vote his  fortune,  his  pen,  and  his  sword  to  the  lOreek) 
cause.  Godu-in's  Biog.  Cyc. 

Such  were  his  temperance  and  moderation,  such  the 
excellence  of  his  breeding,  the  purity  of  his  life,  his  lib- 
erality and  munificence,  and  such  the  sweetness  of  his 
demeanor,  that  no  one  thing  seemed  wanting  in  him 
which  belongs  to  a  true  and  perfect  prince. 

Quoted  by  Prescott,  in  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  2. 

Charity  finds  an  extended  scope  for  action  only  where 
there  exists  a  large  class  of  men  at  once  independent  and 
impoverished.  Leckxi,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  78. 


/ice  is  perpetual  and  has  a  charge,  though  there  are  some  ■  -  ,,.-,,. 

(called  manual,  from  their  being  in  the  hands  of  the  one   Denencency  (be-uef  1-sen-sl),  n 
conferring  them)  revocable.  The  benefice  is  said  to  be  rfr;».     ^     '        '  ... 

lar  if  held  by  one  qualified  to  fulfil  the  duties  of  the  oflice ; 
secular  if  held  by  a  layman  ;  and  in  commendam  when 
in  the  charge  of  one  commended  by  the  proper  authori- 
ties until  one  duly  qualified  to  fulfil  its  duties  is  appoiiit- 
-"      In  the  last-named  case  the  discharge  of  the  office  is 


ed. 

provided  for  at  the  expense  of  the  holder.  (See  abbe.)  A 
benefice  is  received  by  election,  for  example,  by  a  chapter, 
or  from  a  patron,  who  is  properly  said  to  present  to  it, 
or  is  conferred  by  the  proper  ecclesiastical  superior ;  these 
nominations,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  regularly 
need  confirnmtion  from  the  pope.  His  action  may  cause 
a  benefice  to  be  reserved  or  affected  (which  see) ;  or  the 
collation  is  made  alternative,  that  is,  to  the  pope  and 
regular  patron  or  superior,  according  to  the  months  in 
which  the  benefice  falls  vacant,  by  definite  system. 
Ful  thredbare  was  his  overeste  courtepy. 
For  he  hadde  geten  him  yet  no  benefice. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  -291. 
The  estates  of  a  bishop  or  abbot  came  now  to  be  looked 
on  as  a  fief,  a  benefice,  held  personally  of  the  King. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq.,  V.  87. 
One  priest,  being  little  learned,  would  hold  ten  or 
twelve  benefices,  and  reside  on  none. 

R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  i. 
3t.  Benefit. 

Verely,  this  thyng  by  the  benefice  of  philosophic  was 
roted  in  hym,  that  he  stode  in  drede  of  no  man  liuying. 

Udall,  tr.  of  Erasmus's  Apophthegmes,  p.  70. 
B^n^flce  de  discussion,  in  French  late,  the  legal  right 
of  a  debtor  who  is  secondarily  liable  to  demand  that  the 


The  quality  of 
being  beneficent. 
beneficent  (bf-nef'i-sent),  a.  [<  L.  *benefi- 
ceii{t-)s,  compar.  beneficcntior,  assumed  from  the 
noun  beneficcntia,  but  the  L.  adj.  is  beiieficiis  : 
see  benefic  and  beneficence.']  Doing  or  effecting 
good ;  performing  a"cts  of  kindness  and  charity ; 
marked  by  or  resulting  from  good  will. 
The  beneficent  truths  of  Christianity.  Prescott. 

She  longed  for  work  which  would  be  directly  beneficent, 
like  the  sunshine  and  the  rain. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  II.  55. 

The  worship  of  the  beneficent  powers  of  nature  so  per- 
vades Teutonic  and  Scandinavian  religion,  that  it  may 
almost  be  said  to  constitute  that  religion. 

Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  232. 
=  SyTl.  Beneficent,  Beneficial,  bountiful,  bounteous,  liberal, 
munificent,  generous,  kind.  Beneficent  always  implies  a 
kind  and  worthy  purpose  back  of  that  to  which  the  adjec- 
tive applies  ;  beneficial  does  not. 

Power  of  any  kind  readily  appears  in  the  niannere  ;  and 
beneficent  power  .  .  .  gives  a  majesty  which  cannot  be 
concealed  or  resisted.  Emerson,  Eng.  Traits,  p.  1S7. 

That  such  a  beech  can  with  his  very  bulk 
Take  up  the  rays  o'  the  beneficial  sun. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1. 

Iodide  of  potassium  has  been  tried  in  large  doses  [in 

chyluria),  and  in  some  cases  appears  to  have  been  bejie- 

J'cial.  Quain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  253. 


creditor  should  be  required 'first  to  reach  and  compel  hpncficPTif  iai    Che  npf  i  oon'^boll    « 
application  of  the  property  of  the  principal  debtor  before   Denencentiai  (De-net-l-sen  bhal),  a. 


ili-..u=3ing  his  prop'ertv. 
beneficed   (ben'e-iist),  a.      [<  benefice  +  -crf2.] 
Possessed  of  a  benefice  or  church  preferment 

All  manner  persons  of  holy  church  .  .  .  beneficed  in 
realm  of  France.  Hall,  Hen.  V.,  an.  .. 

My  Father  sent  me  thither  to  one  Mr.  George  Bradshaw 
(nomeninvisuml  yet  the  son  of  an  excellent  father  bene- 
ficed in  SniTey).  Evelyn,  Diary,  May  10,  1S37. 
Beneficed  men,  instead  of  residing,  were  found  lyiii"  at 
the  Court  in  lords'  houses ;  they  took  all  from  their  "par7sh- 
loners,  and  did  nothing  for  them. 

R.  if.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  i. 
beneficeless   (ben'e-fis-les),  a.      [<   benefice  + 
-fcis.]     Havihg  no  benefice:    as,  "beneficeless 
precisians,"  Sheldon.  Miracles,  p.  190. 
beneficence  (be-nef'i-sens).  H.     [<  L.  beneficcn- 
tia. <  'icneficfnit-ys.  beneficent:  see  beneficent.'] 

1.  The  practice  of  doing  good;  active"  good- 
ness, kindness,  or  charity. 

To  spread  abundance  in  the  land,  he  [Stuyvesantl  obliged 
the  bakers  to  give  thirteen  loaves  to  the  dozen  —  a  golden 
rule  which  remains  a  niomiment  of  his  beneficence. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  403. 
True  beneficence  is  that  which  helps  a  man  to  do  the 
work  which  he  is  most  fitted  for,  not  that  which  keeps  and 
encourages  him  in  idleness. 

IT.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  202. 

2.  A  benefaction ;  a  beneficent  act  or  gift. 

=  SyiL  Benevolence,  Beneficence,  Bounty,  Liberalitn, 
Generosity,  Munificence,  Charity.  Benevo'teiwe,  literally 
well-wishing,  is  expressive  of  tlie  disposition  to'  do  goi>d  ; 
hence  it  easily  came  to  be  applied  to  charitable  gifts. 
Beneficence,  literally  well  doing,  is  the  outcome  and  visi- 
ble expression  of  benevolence.  It  is  a  strong  though 
general  word  for  active  and  abundant  helpfulness  to  those 


, ,  [<  L.  be- 

neficcntia (see  beneficence)  +  -at.']     Of  or  per- 
taining to  beneficence;  concerned  with  what 
is  most  beneficial  to  mankind,     y.  E.  D. 
jl,'^  beneficently  (bf-nef'i-sent-li),  adv.     In  a  be- 
neficent manner. 

beneflCia,  ».     Plural  of  beneficium. 

bsneficial  (ben-f-fish'al).  a.  and  n.  [<  LL. 
beneficiiilis,  <  L.  beneficium,  a  benefit :  see  bene- 
fice.] I.  a.  1.  Contributing  to  a  valuable  end; 
conferring  benefit;  advantageous;  profitable; 
useful;  helpful. 

The  war  which  would  have  been  most  beneficial  to  us. 

Sivi/t. 

That  which  is  beneficial  to  the  community  as  a  w-hole,  it 
will  become  the  private  interest  of  some  part  of  the  com- 
munity to  accomplish.    U.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  443. 

2.  Having  or  conferring  the  right  to  the  use  or 


ity  of  being  beneficial;  tisefulness;  profitable- 
ness. 
Usefulness  and  beneficialness. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  5. 
For  the  eternal  and  inevitable  law  in  this  matter  is,  that 
the  beneficialne*is  of  the  inequality  depends,  first,  on  the 
methods  by  which  it  was  accomplished. 

Huskin,  Unto  this  Last,  ii. 

beneficiary  (ben-e-fish'i-a-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
heticficiunu.^,  <  bencficium  :  see  benefice.]  I.  a.  1. 
Arising  from  feudal  tenure;  feudatory;  hold- 
ing under  a  feudal  or  other  superior;  subor- 
dinate: as,  "beneficiary  services,"  Spelman, 
Feuds  and  Tentires,  xxv. ;  "a  feudatory  or 
beneficiary  king."  Bacon. — 2.  Connected  with 
the  receipt  of  benefits,  profits,  or  advantages; 
freely  bestowed :  as,  beneficiary  gifts  or  privi- 
leges. 

There  is  no  reason  whatever  to  suppose  that  Beneficiary 
grants  and  Commendation  arose  suddenly  in  the  world  at 
the  disruption  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

Maine,  Early  Hist,  of  Insts.,  p.  158. 

II.   H. ;   pi.   beneficiaries    (ben-e-fish'i-a-riz). 

1.  One  who  holds  a  benefice. 
The  beneficiary  is  obliged  to  serve  the  parish  church  in 

his  own  proper  person.  Ayliffe,  Parergon,  p.  112. 

2.  In  feudal  law,  a  feudatory  or  vassal. — 3. 
One  who  is  in  the  receipt  of"  benefits,  profits, 
or  advantages ;  one  who  receives  something  as 
a  free  gift.  Specifically  —  (a)  In  American  colleges,  a 
student  supported  from  a  fund  or  by  a  religious  or  edu- 
cational society,  (b)  One  in  receipt  of  the  profits  arising 
from  an  estate  held  in  trust ;  one  for  whose  benefit  a  trast 
exists. 

The  fathers  and  the  children,  the  benefactors  and  the 
beneficiary,  shall  .  .  .  bind  each  other  in  the  eternal  in- 
closures  and  circlings  of  immortality. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works,  II.  xiiL 

beneficiate  (ben-f-fish'i-at),  r.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 
beneficiutcd,  ppr."  beneficiating.  [<  NL.  *bene- 
ficiatus,  pp.  of  beneficiare,  after  Sp.  beneficiar, 
benefit,  improve,  cultivate  the  ground,  work 
and  improve  mines,  <  L.  beneficium  (>  Sp.  bene- 
fieio), benefit,  improvement  (in  Sp.  of  ground, 
mines,  etc.).]  1.  To  work  and  improve,  as  a 
mine;  turn  to  good  account;  utilize.— 2.  To 
reduce  (ores);  treat  metallurgically.  Also 
called  benefit.  [Little  used  e.xcept  bj-  writers 
on  Mexican  mining  and  metallurgy.] 

There  are  a  gieat  number  of  mines  located  and  owned 
by  natives,  some  of  whom  have  arrastras,  and  others  not 
even  those,  to  beneficiate  their  minerals  extracted. 

(Quoted  in  Hamilton's  Me.x.  Handbook,  p.  230. 

beneficiation  (ben-e-fish-i-a'shon),  H.  [<  bene- 
ficiate +  -ion.]  The  reduction  or  metallurgical 
treatment  of  the  metalliferous  ores. 

beneficience,  beneficient.  EiToneous  forms  of 
beneficence,  bciicfici  iit. 

beneficioust  (be'u-e-fish'us),  n.  [<  L.  beneficium, 
benefit  (see  benefice),  -(-  -ous.]     Beneficent. 

beneficium  (ben-e-fish'i-um),  H.;  pi.  beneficia 
(-a).  [<  LL.,  L. :  see  benefice.]  1.  A  right  or 
privilege :  a  tei-m  more  especially  of  the  civil 
law:  as,  beneficium  abstiuendi,  that  is,  right  of 
abstaining,  the  power  of  an  heir  to  abstain  from 
accepting  the  inheritance. — 2.  In  feudal  law,  a 
benefice. 

The  beneficium  originated  partly  in  gifts  of  land  made 
by  the  kings  out  of  their  own  estates  to  their  own  kins- 
men and  servants,  with  a  special  nndertaking  to  he  faith- 
ful ;  partly  in  the  surrender  by  landowners  of  their  es- 
tates to  churches  or  powerful  men,  to  be  received  back 
again  and  held  by  them  as  tenants  torrent  or  service.  By 
the  latter  arrangement  the  weaker  man  obtained  the  pro- 
tection of  the  stronger,  and  he  who  felt  himself  insecure 
placed  his  title  under  the  defence  of  the  church. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  I.  275. 


benefit,  as  of  property;  pertaming  or  entitled  benefit  (ben'e-fit),  «.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  beni- 


to  the  usufruct :  as,  a  beneficial  owner  (which 
see,  below) ;  a  beneficial  interest  in  an  estate. — 
3t.  Pertaining  to  or  having  a  benefice ;  bene- 
ficed. 

-Kn  engagement  was  tendered  to  all  civil  officers  and 
bemficial  clergy.  Hallam. 

4t.  Kind;  generous:  as,  a  "  beneficial  foe,"  B. 
Jonson — Beneficial  owner,  one  who,  though  not  hav- 
ing apparent  legal  title,  is  in  ecpiity  entitled  to  enjov  the 
advantage  of  ownership.  =Syn.  1.  Beneficent,  Beneficial 
(see  I'eneficcnl).  good,  salutary. 
Il.t  «•  A  benefice;  a  church  living. 
For  that  the  groundworke  is,  and  end  of  all, 
Uow  to  obtaine  a  Beneficiatt. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  486. 


fit,  binyfit,  etc.  (also  bcneftict.  after  L.) ;  <  ME. 
benefet,  benfeet,  benfet,  bt'nfait,  benfeyte,  etc.,  < 
AF.  benfet,  bienfet,  OF.  bienfait,  F.  bienfait  = 
It.  benefatto,  <  LL.  benefactum,  a  kin"dness, 
benefit,  neut.  of  bcnefactus,  pp.  of  benefacere,  do 
good  to:  see  benefaction.  The  same  terminal 
element  occurs  in  counterfeit,  forfeit,  and  sur- 
feit.]    If.  A  thing  well  done ;  a  good  deed. — 

2.  An  act  of  kindness ;  a  favor  conferred ;  good 
done  to  a  person. 

Bless  the  Lord,  O  my  soul,  and  forget  not  all  his  benefits. 

Ps.  ciii.  2. 

3.  Advantage ;  profit ;  concretely,  anything 
that  is  for  the  good  or  advantage  of  a  person 


benefit 

or  thing ;  a  particular  kind  of  good  receivable 
or  received. 

Men  Iiave  no  right  to  what  is  not  for  their  henfftt. 

Burke. 
The  benefiu  of  alTection  ore  immense. 

t'nurson,  Society  and  Solitude. 

Certain  bene/tls  arise  (to  herbivorous  animals]  from  liv- 
ing togctlier.  11.  Spencer,  I'rin.  of  I'sydlol.,  §  503. 

4t.  Bestowal,  as  of  property,  office,  etc.,  out  of 
good  will,  grace,  or  favor;  liberality;  gene- 
rosity. 

Either  accept  the  title  thou  nsurp'at, 

Of  benefit  proceeding  from  our  king. 

And  not  of  any  challenge  of  tlesert, 

Or  we  will  plague  thee  with  incessant  wars. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  4. 

5.  A  performance  at  a  theater  or  other  place 
of  public  entertainment,  the  proceeds  of  which 
go  to  one  or  more  of  the  actors,  some  indigent 
or  deserving  person,  some  charitable  institu- 
tion, or  the  like.  In  Great  Britain  also  called 
a  bc.ipeuk. — 6.  A  natural  advantage;  endow- 
ment; accomplishment.     [Kare.] 

I.ooic  you  lisj)  and  wear  strange  suits ;  disable  [under- 
value) all  the  benefits  of  ycvir  own  country. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  1. 
\Mien  these  so  noble  benefits  shall  prove 
Not  well  dispos'd,  the  miiid  gi'owing  once  corrupt, 
Tliey  turn  to  vicious  forms-        Shak.,  Hen.  VIll.,  i.  2. 

Benefit  of  clergy,  in  law.  Sec  (•(en;;/.— Benefit  of  dis- 
cussion. See  (//scHssioii.— Benefit  of  Inventory,  •■^it 
imic;i(ur!/.— -Benefit  play,  !i  l>Iay  acted  for  some  one's 
benellt  or  advantage.  — Benefit  society,  a  friendly  so- 
ciety. .See /riV;ir/;i/.— Benefit  ticket,  a  winning  ticket 
at  a  lottery.  — By  the  benefit  oft,  liy  tlie  kindness  or 
favor  of;  by  tlie  liclp  .pf.  =  Syn.  2  and  3.  A<lmnta:ie, 
Benefit,  etc.  (see  adrajita^^ie),  service,  gain,  good,  avail,  use. 
benefit  (ben'f-fit),  V.     [<  benefit,  «.]     I.  trans. 

1.  To  do  gooti  to;  be  of  service  to;  advantage: 
as,  exercise  benefits  health;  trade  benefits  a  na- 
tion. 

What  course  I  mean  to  hold 
Shall  nothing  bene/it  your  knowledge. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Same  as  beneficiate,  2. 

Tliese  ores  [silver]  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  water 
cannot  be  benefited  in  Catorce. 

U.  S.  Cons.  Rep.,  No.  Ixvii.  (ISSli),  p.  .^19. 

II.  intrans.  To  gain  advantage;  make  im- 
provement: as,  he  has  benefited  by  good  ad- 
vice. 

To  tell  you  what  I  have  benefited  herein. 

Milton,  Education. 

Each,  therefore,  benefits  egoistieally  liy  such  altruism 
as  aids  in  raising  the  average  intelligence. 

//.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  78. 

benegrot  (be-ne'gro),  V.  t.     [<  6e-l  -t-  negro.'\ 

1.  To  render  dark ;  blacken. 

The  sun  sliall  be  benegroed  in  darkness. 

Hewyt,  Sermons,  p.  79. 

2.  To  people  with  negroes.     Sir  T.  Browne. 
benemptt.     Obsolete  preterit  and  past  partici- 
ple of  hennme. 

beneplacitt,  <'■  and  n.  [<  LL.  benejylacitus,  pleas- 
ing, acceptable,  pp.  of  heneplacere,  please,  < 
bene,  well,  -I-  placere,  please:  see  please.']  I.  a. 
Well  pleased ;  satisfied. 

God's  Beneplacite  wil,  commonly  stiled  his  wil  of  good 
pleasure,  ...  is  that  whereby  he  decrees,  effects  or  per- 
mits al  events  &  effects.     Gaif,  Works,  III.  IS.    (N.E.U.) 

II.  «.  [<  LL.  beneplacititm,  good  pleasure, 
■will,  decree,  neut.  of  benephicitus,  pleasing,  ac- 
ceptable :  see  I.  Cf.  placitum,  pleasure,  what  is 
decreed,  neut.  oipJacitus,  pp.  oiphicere,  please.] 
Good  pleasure  ;  will ;  choice.  Sir  T.  Browne. 
bene  placito  (ba'ne  pUl'che-to).  [It. :  bene,  < 
L.  bene  (see  bene-) ;  placito,  <  L.  placitum:  see 
bencplacit.']  In  music,  at  pleasure. 
beneplacituret,  «-  [<  beneplacH  +  -ure.']  Same 
as  bencjilacit. 

Hath  lie  by  his  holy  penmen  told  us,  that  either  of  the 
other  ways  was  more  suitable  to  liis  bcneptaciture.i 

GlanvUle,  Preexistence  of  Souls,  iv. 

benetH  (bf-nef),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  «c(l.]  To 
catch  in  a  net ;  insnare. 

Being  thus  benetted  round  witli  villains. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

benet^t  (ben'et),  n.  [<  ME.  benet,  <  OF.  heneit, 
I  mod.  F.  hcni,  <  LL.  bcnedictus,  blessed:  see 
benedict.']  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Cli.,  an  exorcist, 
the  third  of  the  four  lesser  orders. 

benevolence  (be-nev'o-lens),  n.  [<  ME.  bener- 
otiiicc,  bcnirolcnce,  <  OF"  bcnivolence  (vernacu- 
larly bienvoillance,  bicnvouilUincc,  mod.  F.  bien- 
reiUance),  <  L.  bencvolentia,  <  benevolen{t-)s. 
well-wishing:  see  benevolent.]  1.  The  dispo.si- 
tion  to  do  good ;  the  love  of  mankind,  accom- 
panied with  a  desire  to  promote  their  happi- 
ness ;  good  will ;  kindness ;  charitableness. 


525 

The  man  whom  benevolence  warms 
Is  an  angel  who  lives  but  to  liless. 

Bloomfield,  Banks  of  Wye. 

Of  another  saint  it  is  recorded  that  his  benemlence  was 

such  tiiat  he  was  never  known  to  be  hard  or  inlunnan  to 

any  one  except  his  relations.   Leek;/,  Euroi>.  .Morals,  II.  144. 

2.  An  act  of  kindness;  good  done;  charity 
given. 

The  Courtier  ncedes  must  recompenced  bee 
With  a  Benevolence. 

Spemer,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  5IC. 
That  which  we  distribute  to  the  poor,  St.  Paul  calleth  a 
blessing  or  a  benevolence. 

Outred,  tr.  of  Cope  on  Proverbs,  fol.  151  b. 

3.  In  England,  an  arbitrary  contribution  or  tax 
illegally  exacted  in  the  guise  of  a  gratuity  to 
the  sovereign,  from  the  time  of  Edward  IV., 
and  forbidden  by  act  of  Parliament  under  Wil- 
liam and  Mary:  sometimes  used  of  similar  ex- 
actions elsewhere. 

The  same  year  [1473]  Edward  began  to  collect  the  con- 
tributions wliicli  were  so  long  and  painfully  fandliar  un- 
der  tlic  inaijpropriate  name  of  Ilenevolenees :  a  metliod  of 
extortion  woi-sc  tlian  even  the  forced  loans  and  black 
charters  of  Kicluu-ii  II.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  GS2. 

Love  of  benevolence,  in  New  England  theol..  that  af- 
fection or  pro|iensity  of  the  heart  to  any  being  whicli 
causes  it  to  incline  to  its  well-being,  or  disposes  it  to 
desire  and  take  pleasure  in  its  happiness :  tlistinguislied 
from  the  lave  of  ctnnplaeenei/,  or  tlie  disposition  to  take  de- 
ligiit  ill  a  person  for  liis  moral  excellence.  =S5rn- 1.  Bonn- 
lit,  Ch'irifif,  etc.  (see  beneficenr').  lienignity,  iiumanity. 

bene'VOlencyt  (bo-nev'o-lon-si),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  benevolent;  benevolence. 

benevolent  (be-nev'o-lent),  a.  [<  late  ME. 
benerolcnt,  bcntjvolent,  <.  bF.  benivolent,  <  L.  be- 
nevolen{t-)s  (usually  benevolus),  well-wishing,  < 
bene,  well,  4-  volcn.'i,  ppr.  of  relle,  wish,  =  E. 
will.]  1.  Having  or  manifesting  a  desire  to 
do  good ;  possessing  or  characterized  by  love 
toward  mankind,  and  a  desire  to  promote  their 
prosperity  and  happiness;  kind:  as,  a  benevo- 
lent disposition  or  action. 

Beloved  old  man  !  benevolent  as  wise. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  iii.  456. 
Tlie  benevolent  affections  are  independent  springs  of  ac- 
tion eiiually  with  the  self-regarding  affections. 

Fowler,  Shaftesbury  and  Hutcheson,  p.  77. 

2.  Intended  for  the  conferring  of  benefits,  as 
distinguished  from  the  making  of  profit :  as,  a 
benevolent  enterprise;  a  benerolcnt  institution. 
=  Syn.  Kind-liearted,  humane,  cliaritatile,  generous. 

benevolently  (be-nev'6-lent-li),  adv.  In  a 
benevolent  manner;  with  good  will ;  kindly. 

benevolentness(be-nev'o-lent-nes),  n.  Benev- 
olence    [Kare.] 

benevoloust  (be-nev'o-lus),  a.  [<  L.  betievolus, 
well-wishing:  see  benevolent.]  Kind;  benevo- 
lent. 

A  benevolons  inclination  is  implanted  into  the  very  frame 
and  temper  of  our  cliurch's  constitution. 

T.  Puller,  Mod.  of  Church  of  Eng.,  p.  509. 

beng  (beng),  n.     Same  as  bhang. 

bengal  (ben-gal'),  «.  [From  the  pro'vince  of 
Benrjal,  Hind,  and  Beng.  Bangui :  said  to  be 
named  from  a  city  called  Bdugdld ;  in  Skt., 
Banga.]  1.  A  thin  stuff  made  of  silk  and  hair, 
used  for  women's  apparel:  formerly  made  in 
Bengal. — 2.  An  imitation  of  striped  muslin. 
Also  called  Bengal  stripe. 

Bengalee,  ".  and  ».     See  Bengali. 

Bengalese  (ben-ga-les'  or-lez'),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Betigal  +  -csf.]  1.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ben- 
gal, a  province  of  British  India,  and  also  a  lieu- 
tenant-governorship comprising  several  other 
provinces. 

II.  n.  sing,  and  pi.  A  native  or  natives  of 
Bengal;  a  Bengali  or  the  Bengalis. 

Bengal  grass,  light,  quince,  root,  etc.  See  the 
nouns. 

Bengali,  Bengalee  (ben-ga'le  or  -ga'le),  a.  and 
«.  [<  Hind,  and  Beng.  Bangdli.]  I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Bengal,  its  inhabitants,  or  their 
language;  Bengalese. 

II.  H-  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Ben- 
gal ;  a  Bengalese. 
The  wretched  Bengalis  tied  in  shoals  across  the  Ganges. 
J.'r.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  267. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Bengalis. 

benic  (Vien'ik),  fl.  [<  6c«5  +  -ic]  Obtained 
from  oil  of  ben:  as,  benic  acid. 

Beni  Carlos  (bii'ni  kiir'los),  n.  [Formerly  beni- 
ctirlo,  benecarlo,  <  Bcnicarlo,  a  seaport  in  the 
]irovince  of  Castellon,  Spain.]  A  red  wine  of 
dark  color  and  considerable  strength,  made  on 
the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  in  eastern 
Spain.  Much  of  it  is  exported  to  France,  where 
it  is  mixed  with  lighter  wine  for  table  use. 

benight  (t'c-uif),  r.  t.  [<  ic-l  +  night.]  1. 
To  overtake  with  night.  [Kare  in  this  sense, 
except  in  the  past  participle.] 


benignity 

Some  virgin,  sure,  .  .  . 
Benighted  in  these  woods.      Milton,  Comus,  1.  160. 

2.  To  involve  in  liarkness,  as  with  the  shades 
of    night ;     shroud    in    gloom ;    overshadow ; 
eclipse ;  figuratively,  to  involve  in  moral  dark- 
ness or  ignorance. 
And  let  ourselves  benight  our  happiest  (lay. 

thmne,  Tlie  Expiration. 
Her  visage  was  benighted  with  a  taffeta-niask,  to  fray 
away  the  naughty  wind  from  her  face. 

Middleton,  Katlier  Hubbard's  Tales. 

But  oh  !  alas  I  what  sudden  cloud  is  spread 

Aiiout  this  glorious  king's  eclipsed  head  'i 

It  all  his  fame  benights.  Cowley,  Davideis,  ii. 

Sliall  we  to  men  benighted 

The  lamp  of  life  deny? 

Bp.  lleber.  Missionary  Hymn. 

benighten  (be-ni'tn),  v.  t.  [<  benight  +  -en^, 
aiti-r  (  nlightrn,  etr.]     To  benight.  '[Kare.] 

benighter  (be-ni'tcr),  n.  [<  benight  +  -erl.] 
One  wlio  benights  or  keeps  others  in  darkness. 

benightment  (be-nit'ment),  ».  [<  benight  + 
-ment.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being  be- 
niglited. 

benign  (be-nin'),  a.     [<  ME.  benigne,  <  OF.  be- 
nignc,  hen'in,  F.  heuin  =  Sji.  Pg.  It.  henigno,  <  L. 
bcnignus,  kind,  <  benus,  oUl  form  of  bonus,  good, 
-1-  -genus,  bom,  <  gignere,  OL.  genere,  beget :  see 
-genous,eic.    Ci.  malign.]    1.  Of  a  kind  disposi- 
tion; gracious;  kind;  benignant;  favorable. 
Tliou  hast  fulnll'd 
Thy  words,  Creator  bounteous  and  benign, 
Giver  of  all  tilings  fair  !         .Milton,  f.  L.,  viii.  492. 

2.  Proceeding  from  or  expressive  of  gentle- 
ness, kindness,  or  benignity. 

To  wliom  tlius  Michael,  with  regard  benign. 

Milton,  l:  t.,  xi.  334. 

What  did  the  benign  lips  seem  to  say? 

Hawthorne,  Great  Stone  Face. 

3.  Favorable;  propitious:  as,  benign  planets. 

Godlike  exercise 
Of  influence  benign  on  planets  pale. 

Keats,  Hyperion,  i. 

4.  Genial ;  mild;  salubrious:  applied  to  weather, 
etc. —  5.  Mild;  not  severe;  not  violent;  not  ma- 
lignant :  used  especially  in  medicine :  as,  a  be- 
nign medicine;  a  benign  disease. =Syn.  Gradma, 
etc.     See  benignant. 

benignancy  (be-nig'nan-si),  n.  [<  benignant: 
sec  -(nici/.]     Benignant  ([uality  or  manner. 

benignant  (be-nig'nant),  a.  [In  sense  like 
benign;  in  form  <  LL.  benignan{t-)s,  ppr.  of 
benignari,  rejoice,  ML.  benignare,  appease,  <  L. 
6f Hi(/H«s,  benign,  kind:  see  benign.  Cf.  malig- 
nant, malign.]  1.  Kind;  gracious;  favorable: 
as,  a  benignant  sovereign. 

And  thank  benignant  nature  most  for  thee. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

2.  Exerting  a  good,  kindly,  or  softening  influ- 
ence ;  salutary ;  beneficial :  as,  the  benignant 
influences  of  Christianity  on  the  mind. — 3.  In 
med.,  not  malignant;  not  dangerous:  said  of 
diseases.  =Syn.  1.  Benignant,  Gracious,  tienign.  Kiiul, 
Good-natured.  Benignant  and  gracious  are  generally  ap- 
plied to  superiors,  and  imply  especially  a  certain  manner 
of  kindness  or  favor.  Benignant  is  more  tender  or  gentle; 
graeiousis  more  civil  or  condescending;  both  are  winning. 
Benign  has  largely  given  up  to  benignant  the  associations 
witli  activity  or  manner,  and  is  applied  especially  to  looks 
and  influences :  as,  a  benign  smile.  Kind  often  implies 
some  superiority  of  circumstances  on  the  part  of  the  per- 
son acting  :  thus,  we  do  not  speak  of  a  servant  as  being  kind 
to  his  master,  unless  the  latter  is  ill  or  otherwise  made  de- 
pendent on  his  servant  for  aid.  A  good-natured  person  is 
one  who  is  not  only  willing  to  oblige,  but  will  put  up  with 
a  good  deal  of  annoyance.  Kind  implies  discrimination 
in  benevolence  ;  good-natured  does  not,  but  often  implies 
a  weakness  for  indiscriminate  giving  to  those  who  solicit 
lielp  or  favors. 

Stern  lawgiver  !  yet  thou  dost  wear 
The  Godhead's  most  benignant  grace; 

Nor  know  we  anything  so  fair 
As  is  the  smile  upon  thy  face. 

Wordsirorth,  Ode  to  Duty. 

She,  having  the  truth  of  honour  in  her,  hath  made  him 
that  qracious  denial  which  he  is  most  glad  to  receive. 

Shak.,  M.  for  .M.,  iii.  1. 

There  she  lost  a  noble  and  renowned  brother,  in  his  love 
toward  her  ever  most  kind  and  natural. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

An  entertainment  throughout  with  which  everybody  was 
pleased,  and  the  good-natured  fathers  seemed  to  be  moved 
with  a  delight  mi  less  hearty  than  that  of  the  boys  them- 
selves. Uouells,  Venetian  Life,  xiii. 

benignantly  (be-nig'nant-li),  adv.  In  a  be- 
niixnaiit  manner;  with  kindly  or  gracious 
manner  or  intent. 

benignity  (be-nig'm-ti),  n. :  pi.  benignities  (-tiz). 
[<  L.  heniiinila(t-)s,'<  bcnignus.  benign:  see  be- 
nign.] 1."  The  state  or  quality  of  bein^  benign ; 
goodness  of  disposition;  kindness  of  nature; 
graeiousness ;  beneficence. 

The  lienignity  of  Providence  is  nowhere  more  clearly  to 
be  seen  than  iii  its  compensations. 

Loicell,  Study  Windows,  p.  349. 


i.|- 


benignity 

2.  Mildness ;  want  of  severity. 

Liki-  tlu'  jiiildiioss,  tlic  surcnity,  the  continuing  benifimhi 
of  a  suiniiR'r'a  tiay.  I>.  Webntcr,  Adams  ami  .It'lfersou. 

3.  A  benign  or  beneficent  ileeil ;  a  kindness, 
benignly  (lie-nin'li),  ndv.    In  a  benign  manner; 

taviiialily  ;  kindly;  Ki'iicioiislv. 
benimt,  '■.  '.  [<  MK.  Iwitimcn,  binimcn,  <  AS. 
bciiimaii  (=  OS.  bitiiman  =  OFries.  hinima  =  D. 
bciiciiien  =  OHG.  bi}ic}iia)i,  MHG.  bciicmen,  G. 
benchmcn  =  Goth,  biniman),  take  away,  <  be-  + 
viiiKui,  take:  see  fte-l  and  iiim,  and  of.  pp.  and 
deriv.  verb  benitm,  benumb.']  To  take  away; 
deprive. 

All  togider  he  is  bcnome 

The  power  both  of  homle  and  fote. 

Gower,  Conf.  Araant.,  iii.  2. 
Ire  .  .  .  benimcth  the  man  from  God. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

benincasa  (ben-in-ka'sa),  ».  [NL.,  named  af- 
ter (iiuseppe  Benincasa,  an  early  patron  of  bot- 
any, and  founder  of  the  garden  at  Pisa.]  The 
white  KOiu'd-melon,  Benincasa  hisjiida,  resem- 
bling the  pumpkin,  but  covered  with  a  waxy 
pulverulent  coat.  It  is  very  generally  culti- 
vated in  tropical  countries. 

benish  (be-nesh'),  «.  [Ar.  beyiish.']  A  kind  of 
pelisse  worn  by  Arabs. 

A  benct'sh,  or  bunish ;   which  is  a  robe  of  cloth,  witli 
long  sleeves.  E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  EgyiJtians,  I.  3i. 

benison  (ben'i-zn),  «.  [<  ME.  benisoiin,  bene- 
soii,  hencsun,  beneysun,  <  OF.  beneison,  bciieigun, 
benei^on,  <  LL.  bencdictio{n-),  a  blessing:  see 
benediction,  and  ef.  malediction,  malison.']  Bless- 
ing; benediction.     [Chiefly  in  poetry.] 

God's  benison  go  witli  you.  Shak.,  Maclteth,  ii.  4. 

More  precious  than  the  benison  of  friends. 

Tal/ourd,  Ion,  i.  2. 

Ben-Israel  (ben'iz'''ra-el),  «.  An  Abyssinian 
pygmy  antelope  of  the  genus  Neotragus. 

b§nitier  (F.  pron.  ba-ne'tia),  «.  [F.,  <  ML. 
bencdictarium,  holy-water  font,  <  LL.  benedic- 
tus,  blessed :  see 
benedict.]  Afont 
or  vase  for  holy 
water,  placed  in 
a  niche  in  the 
chief  porch  or 
entrance  of  a 
Eomau  Catholic 
church,  or,  com- 
monly, against 
one  of  the  in- 
terior pillars 
close  to  the 
door,  into  which 
the  members  of 
the  congrega- 
tion on  entering 
dip  the  fingers  of 
the  right  hand, 
blessing  them- 
selves by  mak- 
ing the  sign  of 
the  cross.  Also 
called  asperso- 
rium,  stonj),  and 
Iwln-water  font 
(which  see,  un- 
der ./ohO- 

benjamini(ben'- 
ja-rain),  «.  [Appar.  from  the  proper  name  Ben- 
jamin.] A  kind  of  top  coat  or  overcoat  for- 
merly worn  by  men. 

Sir  Telegraph  proceeded  to  peel,  and  emerge  from  liis 
four  benjainitu,  like  a  butterfly  from  its  chrysalis. 

Peacock,  ^lelinconrt.  xxi. 

benjamin^  fben'ja-min),  n.  [=  G.  benjamin; 
a  corruption  of  benjoin,  an  earlier  form  of  ben- 
eoin,  q.  v.]  1.  Gum  benjamin.  See  benzoin. 
—  2.  An  essence  made  from  benzoin. 

Pure  hfjijainin,  the  only  spirited  scent  that  ever  awaked 
a  N\a].nlit:ui  nostril.       Ii.  Jviimn,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 

benjamin-bush  (ben'ja-min-bilsh),  M.  An  aro- 
matic shrub  of  North'  America,  Lindcra  Ben- 
zoin, natural  order  Laiiracea:  Also  called  si)ice- 
bush. 

benjamin-tree  (ben'ja-min-tre),  n.  A  popu- 
lar name  (<()  of  the  tree  Styrax  Benzoin,  of 
Sumatra  (see  benzoin),  and  (b)  of  Ficus  Bcn- 
jamima,  an  East  Indian  tree. 

benjoint  (ben'jo-in),  n.    An  earlier  form  of  ben- 

benjy  (ben'ji).  n.  [Origin  obscure ;  i)erhaps 
from  Benjy,  dim.  of  Benjamin,  a  proper  name.] 
A  low-crowned  straw  hat  haWng  a  very  broad 
brim. 

ben-kit  (ben'kit),  7t.  A  large  wooden  vessel 
■with  a  cover  to  it.     Thorcsby.     [Local,  Eng.] 


B^n  tier  —  Villeneuve  le  Rol  France 
13th  century  ( From  \  ollet  le  Due  s 
"  Diet,  de  1  Architecture.    ) 


526 

benmost  (ben'most),  a.  [<  hcn^-  +  -mo5^  Cf. 
inmost.]     Innermost.     See  bcn^.     [Scotch.] 

benne,  bene-*  (ben'e),  H.  [Of  Malay  orip:in.]  An 
aimuiil  plant,  Scsamum  Imlirum,  natural  order 
J'eddliaccd',  a  native  of  India,  but  largely  cul- 
tivated in  most  tropi- 
cal and  subtropical 
countries  for  the  sake 
of  the  seeds  and  the 
oil  expressed  from  it. 
Till'  h-avfs  are  very  nuici- 
lauinous,  ami  readily  im- 
part tins  quality  to  water. 
The  seeds  have  from  an- 
cient times  been  classed 
with  the  most  nutritious 
grains,  and  are  still  exten- 
sively used  for  food  in  Asia 
and  Africa.  They  yield 
about  half  their  weight 
of  oil  (known  as  benne-, 
gingili-,  teel-,  or  sesame- 
oil),  which  is  inodorous, 
not  readily  turned  rancid  ^ennc-p]int  {S^samum/ndicum). 
by  exposure,  and  in  uni- 
versal use  in  India  in  cooking  and  anointing,  for  soaps, 
etc.  Large  quantities  of  both  oil  and  seeds  are  imported 
into  France,  England,  and  the  United  States,  and  are  used 
chiefly  in  the  manufacture  of  soap  and  for  the  adultera- 
tion of  olive-oil,  or  as  a  substitute  for  it. 

bennet^  (ben'et),  n.  [Var.  of  bent'^j  ult.  <  AS. 
*heo>fcf :  see  bent^.']  A  grass-stalk ;  an  old  stalk 
of  j^rass.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bennet'-^  (ben'et),  ?(.  [<  ME.  benetj  beneity  in 
herbc  beufit,  <  OF.  *her}>e  beneite  (mod.  F.  be- 
noitc)  =  It.  erba  benedettay  <  ML.  hcrba  bene- 
dicta,  i.  e.,  *  blessed  herb':  see  herb  and  bene- 
dict.'] The  herb-bennet,  or  common  avens, 
Geum  urhanum. 

bennick,  binnick  (ben'ik,  bin'ik),  n.  [E.  dial. 
(Somerset);  origin  obscui'e.]  A  local  English 
name  of  the  minnow. 

ben-nut  (ben'nut),  n.  [<  ben^  +  nut.]  The 
winged  seed  of  the  horseradish-tree,  Moringa 
pterygosperma^  yielding  oil  of  ben,  or  ben-oil. 
See  horseradish-tree. 

ben-oil  (ben'oil),  n.  [<  ben^  +  oi/.]  The  ex- 
pressed oil  of  the  ben-nut,  bland  and  inodorous, 
and  remarkable  for  remaining  many  years 
without  becoming  rancid.  At  a  temperature  near 
the  freezing-point  it  deposits  its  solid  fats,  and  the  re- 
maining^ litiuid  portion  is  used  in  extracting  the  perfumes 
(tf  ll.nviis,  ;ni(l  by  watchmakers  for  the  lubrication  of  deli- 
cate TiiachiiK-ry.  The  true  ben-oil,  however,  is  said  to  be 
deriveii  from  the  seeds  of  Moringa  aptera  of  Abyssinia 
and  Arabia.     Also  called  oil  0/  ben. 

benome^t,  J?,  a.     See  benumb. 

benome-t,   benoment.    [See  benumb,  beniyn.] 

Earlier  forms  of  beniini,  past  participle  of  benim. 

benorth  (be-north'),  prep.  [<  ME.  be  {bi,  by) 
northCj  <  AS.  he-northan  (=  MLG.  benorden). 
<  he,,  pi'pp-j  +  northan,  from  the  north:  see  bc-^ 
and  -north,  and  cf.  besouth,  etc.]  North  of:  as, 
benorth  the  Tweed.     [Scotch.] 

benote  (be-not'),  v.  i.  [<  te-1  +  note.]  To 
annotate  or  make  notes  upon. 

benothing  (be-nuth'ing).  v.  t.  [<  6c-i  +  7W- 
lliiiig.]     To  reduce  to  nothing;  annihilate. 

bensel  (ben'sel),  ii.  [Also  bens(dlj  bensil,  ben- 
sail,  and  bentsail  (simulating  bent  +  sail),  < 
Icel.  bend,  bending,  tension,  <  benda,  bend : 
see  bend^.]  1.  Force;  violence;  impetus. —  2, 
A  severe  stroke  or  blow,  properly  that  re- 
ceived from  a  push  or  shove.  [Scotch  and 
prov.  Eng.] 

bensel  (ben'sel),  v,  t.  [<  bensel,  n.]  To  beat ; 
banf;.     Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 

bensbie  (ben'she),  ?/.     Same  as  banshee. 

bent^  (bent),  a.  [Pret.  and  pp.  of  bend'^.]  1. 
Curved;  deflected;  crooked:  as,  a  bent  stick. 
—  2t.  Determined;  set. 

The  hent  enemie  against  God  and  good  order. 

A,srhniii,  Tlie  Scholemaster,  p.  87. 

bent^  (bent),  «.  [Var.  of  bend'^,  n.,  perhaps 
after  bcnt^,  pret.  and  pp. ;  but  cf.  descent,  <  de- 
scend;  ascent,  <  ascend,  etc.]  1.  The  state  of 
being  bent ;  curved  form  or  position ;  flexure ; 
curvature.     [Now  rare.] 

With  reverence  and  lowly  hent  of  knee. 

Greene,  Menaphou's  Eclogue. 
Hold  your  rod  at  a  hent  a  little. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

2t.  A  curved  part;  a  crook  or  bend. — 3.  De- 
gree of  flexure  or  curvature ;  tension ;  strain- 
ing; utmost  force  or  power :  an  areiiery  expres- 
sion, but  used  figuratively  of  mental  disposi- 
tion. 
Ilcr  atTeetions  have  their  full  hent. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
Then  let  tliy  love  be  younger  than  thyself, 
Or  thy  affection  cannot  hold  the  brnt. 

Shale,  T.  N.,  ii.  4. 

There  are  divere  subtle  incjuiries  concerning  the  strength 

required  Uj  the  bending  of  bows ;  the  force  they  have  iu 


ben-teak 

the  discharge  according  to  the  several  bejits,  and  the 
strength  ruipiired  to  be  in  the  string  of  them.   Bp.  Wilhim. 

4.  Declivity;  slope.     [Rare.] 

And  downward  on  an  hill  under  a  hente 
Ther  stood  the  temple  of  Marz  armipotent. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1123. 
The  free  hours  that  we  have  spent, 
Together,  on  the  brown  hill's  bf'nt. 

Scott,  Marmion,  Int.,  it 

5.  Inclination;  disposition;  a  leaning  or  bias 
of  mind;  propensity:  as,  the  bent  of  the  mind 
or  will;  the  bent  of  a  people  toward  an  object. 

It  is  his  [the  legislator's]  best  policy  to  comply  with  the 
conunon  bent  of  mankind.  Hume,  Essays,  Commerce, 

My  smiling  at  this  observation  gave  her  spirits  to  pur- 
sue the  bent  of  her  inclination.    Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  2. 

The  strong  bent  of  nature  is  seen  in  the  proportion 
which  this  topic  of  personal  relations  usurps  in  tlie  con- 
versation of  society.  Emerson,  Love. 

6.  Direction  taken ;  turn  or  winding. 

For  Boula  already  warp'd  receive  an  easy  bent. 

Dryden,  llind  and  Panther,  iii.  399. 

If  your  thoughts  should  assume  so  unhappy  a  bent,  you 

will  the  more  want  some  mild  and  affectionate  spirit  to 

watch  over  and  console  you.      Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  1. 

7.  In  carp.,  a  segment  ,or  section  of  a  framed 
building,   as  of  a  long  barn  or  warehouse. — 

8.  A  framed  portion  of  a  wooden  scaffolding 
or  trestlework,  usually  put  together  on  the 
ground  and  then  raised  to  its  place. — 9.  A 
large  piece  of  timber. —  lOf.  A  cast,  as  of  the 
eye;  direction. 

Who  neither  looks  on  heaven,  nor  on  earth, 
But  gives  all  gaze  and  hent  of  amorous  view 
On  the  fair  Cressid.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

=  Syil.  5.  Bent,  Propensity,  Bias,  Inclination,  Teiutency^ 
Prunnwas,  Dispottition,  all  keep  more  or  less  of  their  ori- 
ginal ftgurativeness.  Bent  is  the  general  and  natural  state 
of  the  mind  as  disposed  toward  something;  a  decided  and. 
fixed  turjiing  of  the  mind  toward  a  particular  object  or 
mode  of  action.  Propensity  is  less  deep  than  bent,  less  a 
matter  of  the  whole  nature,  and  is  often  applied  to  a  strong 
appetency  toward  that  which  is  evil.  Bias  has  often  the 
same  meaning  as  beiit,  but  tends  specially  to  denote  a 
sort  of  external  and  continued  action  upon  the  mind: 
as,  "morality  influences  mens  minds  and  gives  a  bias  to 
all  their  actions, "  Locke.  Bias  Is  oft^n  little  more  than 
prejudice.  Inclination  is  a  sort  of  hent ;  a  leaning,  more 
or  less  decided,  in  some  direction.  Tendency  is  a  little 
more  than  imlinatioji,  stronger  and  more  permanent. 
Proneriess  is  by  derivation  a  downward  tendency,  a  strong 
natural  inclination  toward  that  which  is  in  some  degree 
evil :  as,  proneness  to  err,  to  self-justification,  to  vice ; 
but  it  is  also  used  in  a  good  sense.  Disposition  is  often  a 
matter  of  character,  with  more  of  choice  in  it  than  in  the 
others,  but  it  is  used  with  freedom  in  lighter  senses :  as, 
the  dispositio?i  to  work ;  the  disposition  of  a  plant  to  climb. 
They  fool  me  to  the  top  of  my  bent. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  lit  2. 
Without  the  least  pj-opejisity  to  jeer. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  x.  42. 

The  bias  of  human  nature  to  be  slow  in  correspondence  , 

triumphs  even  over  the  present  ([uickening  in  the  general 

pace  of  things.  Georye  Kliot,  Sliddlemarch,  lI.  263. 

It  is  so  much  your  inclination  to  do  good,  that  you  stay 
not  to  be  asked ;  which  is  an  approach  so  nigh  to  the 
Deity,  that  human  nature  is  not  capable  of  a  nearer. 

Dryden,  Ded.  to  Indian  Emperor. 

Everywhere  the  history  of  religion  betrays  a  tendency  to 
enthusiasm.  Emeison,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  256. 

Actions  that  promote  society  and  mutual  fellowship 
seem  reducible  to  a  2^'one7ie.ss  to  do  good  to  others  and  a 
ready  sense  of  any  good  done  by  others.  South. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  there  is  now  a  greater  disposi- 
tion amongst  men  toward  the  assertion  of  individual  lib- 
erty than  existed  during  the  feudal  ages. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  187. 

bent^  (bent),  n.  [Also  dial,  bennet :  <  ME.  l)ent^ 
<  AS.  *beonet  (found  only  in  comp.,  in  local 
names,  as  in  BeouctJcdh,  >  E.  Bentley)  =  OS. 
^binet  (not  authenticated)  =  LG.  bchnd  (Brem, 
Worterb.)  =  OHG.  binu::,  binez,  MHG.  binz,  G. 
hinsej  a  bent,  rush;  origin  unknown. ]  1,  Any 
stiff  or  vdvy  grass,  such  as  grows  on  commons 
or  neglected  ground.  The  name  is  given  to  many  spe- 
cies, as  Ayrostis  vulgaris,  Ayropyrum  jiinceinn.  species  of 
Aira,  etc. ;  in  America  it  is  applied  exclusively  to  Ayrostis 
milffaHs  and  A.  canina.     Also  bent-grass. 

2.  The  culm  or  stalk  of  bent;  a  stalk  of  coarse 
withered  grass;  a  dead  stem  of  grass  which 
has  borne  seed. 

His  spear  a  bent  both  stiff  and  strong. 

Drayton,  Nymphidia. 

3.  A  place  covered  ^ith  grass;  a  field;  unin- 
closed  pasture-laud;   a  heath. 

Vche  beste  to  the  bent  that  that  bytes  on  erbeg. 

Alliterative  Poems\k:*\.  Morris),  ii.  532. 

Black  bent,  Alopecnrus  nyrcsti.-'.—'Dos  or  brown  bent, 
Ayro.-iti.-i   iv/^i/m.  — Marsti.   creeping,   fine,  or   whit© 

bent,  A'jnisfis  vuhiaris.—  Reed  bent,  Annni-i-hUn  arun- 

dinaeea.  Wire  bent,  tardus  stricta. ~To  take  the 
bent,  to  take  to  the  bent;  run  away.     (Scotch.) 

Take  the  brnt,  Mr.  Rashleigh.  Make  ae  pair  o'  legs 
worth  twa  pair  u'  hands.  Scott,  Rob  Koy,  II.  4. 

ben-teak  (ben'tek),  h.  a  close-grained,  infe- 
rior kind  of  teak,  used  in  India  for  buildings 


ben-teak  527                                                              bequeath 

and  othpr  ordinary  purposes.    It  is  the  wood  of  benumbedneSB  (he-numd'nes),  n.    [<  bemimhed,  benzyl  (bon'zil),  «.     [<  henz(oic)  + -yl.']     An 

Loifirstrfemiii  microcarpa.  \>\i.  of  liriiniiih,  +' -hc.v.s.]     The  state  of  being     organic  radical  (CgHnCH^)  which  does  not  ex- 

bent-grass  (beut'gnVs),  «.     Samo  as  hcnt^,  1.  bcnmnlMMl :  absence  of  sensation  or  feeling.         ist  in  the  free  state,  but  in  combination  forms 

benthal  ( ben'thal),  (I.    [<  Gr.  fitvOn^,  the  depths  benumbment  (be-num'ment),  H.     [<  bciiiDiib  +     a  considerable  number  of  compounds, 

of  the  sea.  +  -«/.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  depths  -meul.]     The  act  of  benumbing;  the  state  of  benzylation  (ben-zi-la'shou),  «.     [<  bcn:yl  + 

of  the  sea  of  a  thousand  fathoms  and  more,  being  benumbed  ;  torpor.                                          -ation.]     The  act  of  adding  benzene  to  rosani- 

See  extract.  benweed  (ben'wed),  ii.     [Also  bin-,  hind-,  bun-     line  or  some  similar  substance. 

In  his  inesiilcntiiil  adiircs.i  to  the  biolnnlcal  section  of  wicd;  <  br.n  (uncertain)  +  WC((t^.    Cf.  bciiitwith,         The  tendency  of  the  6e(izi/(n(ion  being  to  give  the  colour 

tile  liiitish  Assoeiation  at  I'lyniouth  in  1877,  Mr.  Owyn  hiiiilirail.']     Ragwort.      [Scotland    and    North,      a  liluei- shade. 

Jelfrevs  suK^jestfil  tlle  use  of  tlie  name  "(<fn(Aa(  .  .  .  for  Ircl-mil  1                                                                                                      Cii/n'-Caiiiprr,  Dyeing  and  Calico-printing,  p.  399. 

;!;;i't';'n::.'iy^ri''^d^."'down't^  benzaldehyde(ben-zal'd|.hid),«.    l<bcnzioic)  benzylic(ben.>di:ik),«      [<ben^  +  .ic^     Re- 

f„tlion.s                    r.  II.  Carpenter,  in  .Science,  IV.  223.  +  aUkhiidc]      The  oil  of   bitter  almonds,  C'o     lated  to  or  containing  the  radical  benzyl. 

•B»„fl,o,„)/. /■H»„  tl,»«,'ivi  „     nf  ^rr,»vt,.;„i„„  H5COH,  a  colorless  liquid  having  a  pleasant  bepaint  (be-panf),  f.  I.     [<  ir-l  +  ;)«»«(.]     To 

^tfje^-emfBenthaX             svstem^  See  S(."E  °^°^-  '^^'^  ^'""We  in  witer.    it  i.  prepared  arti«.     paint;  cover  with  paint,  or  as  with  paint. 

10  jeiemy  uentnam  or  to  nis  system,    oee  nen-  ^j^„j.  ,j„  ^  ^.^^^  g^.^,^  ^„j  y^^^,  .„  ,„^^^^„^  benzoic  acid              Else  would  a  maiden  blush  bepaint  ray  cheek. 

tlKWlisnt.  as  ^ve]l  ^^3  various  iiignients.                                                                                                               Shak.,  R.  and  .1.,  ii.  2. 

The  Bf;i(/wmic  standard  of  the  ureatest  happiness  was  bcnzaiuide   (beu'za-mid  or  -mid),  n.       [<   ben-  honola   (be-nal')     I'     t      r<  6e-l   -(-  »«/e2  1      To 

tlint  which  Iliad  always  been  tauKlit  to  apply  :{nic)  +  dmidc.']    Awhite  cry.stalline  substance,      make  pale           •"••'■ 

^      ^,         .         ,,       ,^,         .■■■;'•     "r!;";*','!'"'  C'oR-.CO.NHo,  which  may  bo  regarded  as  the         1  hose  perjur-d  lips  of  thine,  (,f;.afc,/ with  bla-stingsi^'hs. 

Benthamism  (ben  tham-i?,m),  H.     [<  Benlham  amide  of  benzoyl.                                                                                                Carew,  To  an  Inconstant  .Servant. 

-I-   -(.v»/.]      The   political  and  ethical   system  benzene  (ben'zen), «.    [<  benz(,oic)  + -ene.']    1.  bepat  (be-paf),  r.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  bcpatlcd, 

taught  liy  .Jeremy  Bentham  (1/48-1832),  who  A  hydrocarbon  (CgHg)  foi-med   whenever  or-     pp,..  beiHittiMi.     [<  ftf-1 -H  iio?.]     To  beat  upon; 

held  that  the  greatest  happiness  of  the  groat-  ganic  bodies  are  subjected  to  destructive  dis-     patter  upon." 

est  number  is  the  rational  end  of  moral  rules,  tillation  at  a  high  temperature,  and  obtained                    as  timing  well  the  e(|ual  .s.nind 

and  ought  to  be  the  aim  of  governments  and  commercially  from  coal-tar.    it  is  a  clear,  cohnless                     Thy  clutching  feet  tcijaf  the  ground, 

individuals  alike  ;  utilitarianism  (which  see).  liipiid,  of  a  peculiar  ethereal,  agreeable  oiior,  used  in  the                                                              J-  liaUUe,  The  Kitten. 

My  previous  education  (that  is,  before  1821-2]  had  been,  "'''^  "?  a  solvent  tor  gunis,  resins  tats,  etc^,  and  a.H  the  bcpearl  (be-p6rl'),  r.  t.      [<  be-l  +  pearl.-i     To 

in  a'crrtnin  sense,  already  a  course  o;;.B-',;-»jJ'«.      ^  T^H"!'  'aS  ^^I'ed  Si^^.  -«"."-  """""=  ™'""  ""     '^"V"'  with   pearls,  or  with  sUning  drops  like 

,    „     ,      .           ,,.,'.,'!'.,'  .",'  .'/."^V.'''    ■  2.  Same  as  bemin  ov  benzine.                                   pearls.                                      ,,..,, 

Is  BcnMmmwm  so  absolutely  the  truth,  that  the  Pope  IS  v„_„ji  n,o.i',;n    .,       r /  h^,, -r ^^,\ -X-    ;;  1     A  or,r,i                        Uiis  pnnirose  all  ftepeorfca  with  dew. 

to  be  denounced  because  he  has  not  yet  become  a  convert  benZll  (ben  zll),  «.      [<  6c»..(ojri) -H -iZ.]     A  com-                                                         ''          Cniric,  The  Primrose. 

to  ii '                       J.  II.  yewmaii,  Letters  (I87r.),  p.  114.  pound  (CuHjoOo)  obtained  by  the  oxidation  ,         -y^  fbp-nelt'l  r  t     r<  fcc-1  -(-  iielfi-  ^    To  oelt 

Benthamite  (ben'tham-it),  «.     l<  Bentham  +  of  benzol,  an^af^^^^^                                                                                      [< '-     +  J-''  •]    Topelt 

-itv^.]     A  follower  of  Bentham;  a  believer  in  ,""".,^^*'," '^^  ^.V",  r-         r/ j,       ■;  a.        i     nf    bepepper  (be-pep'tr),  r.  f.     [<  /-c-l  -H  w/ino-.] 

Benthamism;   an  adherent  of  the  Benthamic  ^^°2,^^<=.  ^'^^-''i 'i^L;  1  \J^.tLt^^^  ^l   Z'     To  i^^fper;  pelt  wit^  thickly  falling  bo4s. 

philosophy.  ?^;o'-u"d                                                                     bepester  (be  pes'ter),  v.  t.     [<  be-l  +  pesUr.-] 

A  faithful /;«iM«,m7«trave.singanage  still  dimmed  by  benzimlde  (ben'zi-mid  or  -mid),   n.      [<  ben-     To  pes^tergi-eatly ;  plague ;  harass. 

the  mists  of  tianscendeiitalisiu.  v   ,rlt/^,\,..,-,i„  t      \  ,.^„,.,.-,.„„i /^     TT     xr  n  \  bepinch  (be-pinch  ),  r.  (.     [<  ie-1 -h  mnc/i.J    To 

j)/.  .Ir/wW,  Essays  in  Criticism,  p.  13.  zi(ne)  +  (a)mide.^     A  compoimd  (CosHigNoOg)   ""^^ /-"  \  ■  '.        ,/'             "-               ■< 

bentinck  (ben'tingk),  «.     [From  Captain  «™-  f'Xcf  oXenzovf'^H  ^^^I^^'^IZTJ^iZ              lu  their  sides,  arms,  shoulders,  all  6epin.M, 

tmek  (1737-75),  the  inventor.]     yaut,  a  trian-  )^:^^:S^;!±,  ofVh"oTof  Wtt^J'almoX""'"              ^-  "-''  ""«  -»•«■              ««^'"-.  "-"■  -'"■ 

gular  course   used  as  a  trysail :  now  generally  jjenzin,  benzine  (ben'zin,  ben-zeu'),  n.    [<  ben^  beplnkt  (be-pingk'),  r.  t.     [<  6c-l  -I- ;««/;•.]     To 

superseded    by  the   storm-staysail.  -  Bentinck  ~i(nc)  +  -in"   -inc"^     A  colorless  limpid  liiiuid     pink ;  cut  in  scallops  or  pierce  with  small  holes. 

BenUnck"shroU;!;:U''e';:m^  consistingof  a  mixture  of  volatile  hydrocarbons  bepiss  (bf-pis'),  v.  t.    [<  be-l  +  piss.^     To  piss 

futt.Hk  start' to  the  lee-channels,  to  support  the  mast  when  and  having  a  specrhc  gi-avity  of  between  62°     upon;  wet  witu  urine.                                ,0-1    ni 

the  ship  is  rolling  heavily.     (No  longer  used.  I  and  65°  B.    It  is  obtained  by  the  fractional  distillation  of  bepitcht  (be-pich  ),r.  t.     [<.  be-^  +  piteh^.^      lo 

bentineSS  (beu'ti-nes),  «.     The  state  of  being  petroleum.    It  is  essentially  ditferent  from  benzene,  being     cover  or  stain  with  pitch ;  hence,  to  blacken  or 

])t.ntv  a  mi.xture  of  hydrocarbons,  while  benzene  is  a  single  hv-     darken       SytceHcr 

benting(ben'ting)    «.     [<6e»*2-H-i«ir]     The  f?[',^?J^ralwTnt'1or fT^^^^^^^ 

act  ot  seeking  or  collecting  bents  or  bent-stalks,  alkaloids.    Also  improperly  written  iifjiz«w.                      m>i.  bepitymg.     [_<  bc-i-  +  jnty.]     lo  pity  ex- 

The  pigeon  never  knoweth  woe  benzoate  (ben'zg-at),  n.      [<  benzo{ic)  -h  -afcl.]      ceedingly. 

I'ntil  siie  doth  a  heiitimj  go.     Rays  Proverbs.  ^  g^]^  ^f  Ijenzoic  acid.                                                             Jlercy  on  him,  poor  heart  I    I  bepitied  him,  80  I  did. 

benting-time(ben'ting-tim),H.    Thetimewhen  benzoated(ben'zo-a-ted),  a.     Mixed  with  ben-                                                    MeVrf™^,  Tom  Jones,  x_9. 

pigeons  feed  on  bents  before  peas  are  ripe:  as,  zoin  or  benzoic  acid.                                                 beplait  (bf-plat  ),  r.  t.     [<  oe-'^  +  plait.\     To 

"rare  bciitinq-times,"  Dryden,  Hind  and  Pan-  benzoic   (ben-zo'ik),    a.      [<  benzo{in)   -¥   -«'.]     plait, 

ther,  iii.  1283.  I'ertaining  to  or  obtained  from  benzoin. -Ben-  beplaster  (be-plas  ter),  t:  t.     [<  6e-i  -I-  plaster.^ 

bentivi    bentiveo  (beu-te've,   -te-va'6),  ».  zoic  acid,  C5H5COOH,  a  peculiar  vegetable  acid,  oh-     To  cover  with  plaster;   cover  or  smear  over 

rSaid  to  be  Braz.]     A  name,  said  to  be  used  in  tained  from  benzoin  and  other  balsams  by  siibl,m,->tion  or     thickly ;  bedaub. 

Brazil,  of  a  clamltorial  passerine  bird  of  the  ;!:^;^;:ran  "bS^hlf ndlte  oS  sUgillb-  a^.matu' •  1?        ^•^"-•"■'•"  -"'  '■-«'=■             «<""-'"'*■  Retaliation. 

la,mi\y  Ti/riin)iid(e,  the  Pitiini/ii.'i  nulpliiirutus  ot  is  used  in  making  incense  and  pastils.— Benzoic  ether,  a  beplume   (be-plom'),  v.    t.     [<  be-'-  +  jdinne.l 

authors  in  general,  Ti/raniiKS .■ndphitratit.f  {\'iei\-  substance  obtained  by  distilling  together  1  parts  of  aUo-     '['„  f„i.iiij;h  or  adorn  with  feathers ;  plume, 

lot),  l,u,i.,s  sulrhnratn.iUnnn^m),  originally  ]!:l;^^^]^^^r^;^"^it:^;,i:::!t^^Xil':^^.  bepommel  (be-pum'el),   ,•.   t      [<  be-l  +  pom- 

described  m  libO  by  Brisson  as  la  pie-;inesche  having  a  feeble  aromatic  smell  like  that  of  fruits,  and  a     ""'.J      lo  pommel  soundly;  drub. 

jniiiir  lie  Viiycnnc,  and  hence  long  supposed  to  pungent  aromatic  taste.— Benzoic  fermentation.    Sec  bepowder  (be-pou'der),  r.  ?.     [<,be-^  +  ponder.'] 

be  a  sliriUe.  /eniwiiiiiiion.                                                   .     ic  1      To  powder;'  sprinkle  or  cover  all  over  with 

hen  trovato  (lian  tro-va'to).  [It.:  ben,  <  L.  bene,  benzoin  (ben  zo-m  or  -zoin),  n.     [t  irst  in  Ibth    powder,  as  the  hair, 

well;  trofoto  (pi.  trm'ati),  pp.  of  trovare,  find,  century;   also  written  henjmn,  bengeinjne,  ben-        j^  the  beau  compelled  against  liis  will  to  .  .  .  employ 

invent-   see   trove  1      Well   feigned;   well   in-  i/""«">  later  benzion,  etc.  (also  corruptly  bcnja-     .  .  .  all  the  thought  withinsidc  his  noddle  to  bepowder 

•peiito.l'-  n  r,nvt  nf  i  fTiiiiM-ii-  Ifiliin  saviiur    .SV  min",  fi.  V.),  =  D.  benjuin  =  G.  bcnzoe,  benzoin  =     and  becurl  the  outside? 

vented,  a  pai  tot  a  tainiliai  Italian  saj-ing,  ,>e  1      /-              h/nhin    <  Psr    beiiuim  -  Sv                   .1.  Ti(c*cr,  Freewill,  Foreknowledge,  etc.,  p.  98. 

non  e  vera,  e  ben  trovato  (It  it  is  not  true,  it  i^-'an.  otn.ot,  \  r .  uenjoin,  \  ig.  utijmm  —  J^v-               .                   •             ..     r/  1.    i  _i.               -1    m» 

is  well  imagined),  sometimes  introduced,  in  6"'>.'.  menpa  =  li.be,,zoi,  <  M.   luban  jawu,  bepraise  (be-praz  ),v.t.    {_<be-T- +  praise.]    To 

various  relations  in  English.  lit. 'incense  of  Java' (Sumatra).   The  omission    praise  greatly  or  extravagantly ;  puff. 

,.    .  "^            ..',,-     ,^    ,,'          ,.ji    t,  in  Rom.  of  the  syllable /«- was  prob.  due  to  its         Z>Vw-ar*nf  by  newspapei-s  and  magiuines. 

\.an,)us  anecdotes  of  hinil  Dante]  are  related  by  Boccac-  !,„:„„„;„*„  ],„„/„,.  the  def   art  1     Gum  benia-                                                             (;(.Wj«Hir/i,  Essays,  viii. 

cio,  Sacclietti,  and  others,  none  of  them  verisimilar,  and  Demg  mistaKcn  101  lui  uei.  uii.j     uuiii  ucuja          „     „                         ,        ..,              ,••■  •       1,      , 

some  of  them  at  least  fifteen  centuries  old  when  revamped,  mm;    the    concrete    resinous   juice    of   Styrax        Hardly  any  man,  aud  certamly  no  politician  has  been 

Most  of  them  are  neither  veii  nor  ben  tmrat!.  Benzoin,  a  tree  of  Sumatra,  Java,  and  the  Ma-     ^o  '"i'™'-"'''  '^  »•'■■''«•■•                 C<mtem}«,rary  Rev.,  L.  27. 

LoicH,  Among  my  Hooks,  2d  ser.,  p.  in.  j.^y.  peninsula,  obtained  by  incisions  into  the  bepray  (be-pra'),  v.  t.     [<  be-l  -f  pray.]     To 

benty  (ben'ti),  o.     [<  6e«<2  +  .yl.]     1.  Of,  per-  bark.    The  benzoin  of  commerce  is  obtained  from  both     Pi'ay ;   beseech.     Shak.          ...    .              .     _ 

taining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  bent  or  bent-  Sumatra  and  Siani,  that  from  .Siam  being  much  superior  bepiOSe  (be-proz'),  !'.  t.      [<  6<;-l  +  prose.]     To 

crrass  —2    Covered  with  or  abouiKlino-  in  bent.  '"  "><=  """^''  '"  '1>">1''>'-    \\1»="  rubbe(l  or  heated,  it  has     j-eiluee  to  prose. 

glass.      ^.   LO\ereuwiiuorauouiuiiUp  m  uem.  a  fragrant  and  agreeable  odor.    It  is  chiefly  used  m  cos-         t„ /,.„r,    ■  „n  rbvn,»                 w„7/..(  v,.rb»i  ivitirUm 

benumt,  /'.  a.  and  v.  t.     An  earlier  form  of  be-  ,„j,tiJs  and  perfumes,  anil  in  incense  in  Roman  Oalholi.;         To  bei.r,,..,  all  rhyme.                llallet,  \  erbal  Criticism. 

lliimh.  and  Greek  churches,  and  is  the  base  of  the  tincture  called  bcpUCker  (be-puk'er),  t'.  /.      [<  be-^  +  pucker.] 

benumbt.   benOmeH.  /'•  "•       [Early  mod.   E.,  <  /rwrs' or  7'»r(«;i!/?ons  6afaam,  long  famous  as  a  remedy      To  pucker. 
ME.  benonu;  l,enomen   <  AS    (,.«»««»,  pp.  of  be-     ^J^'^fu  fTn.s'thf  meiiciua'l'lng^edi'ent  of"court'  bepuff.(be-puf'),  V.  t.     [Cfcc-1  +  puff.]     To  puff; 

Hi)H«)(,  deprive:   see  OfHiHi.J     Benumbed.  piaster.    S'.ee  Sti/rax.                                                            bepraise. 

benumb  (be-num'),  c.  f.    [Earlvmod.  E.  hcHMm,  benzol  (ben'zol),  ».     [^hesa  prop,  benzole ;<.  ben-        IVggeries  never  so  diplomaed,  dcpuj/Vif.  gaslighted,  con- 

l'niuwlii,li('noin<;<  beuumb,bcni(m,benomr,p.a.:  z(oie)  +  -ol.]     Same  as  6eH.^eH0,  1.                               timie  doggeries.               Car/i/if,  Past  and  Present,  p.  392. 

neebiiinmb,  p.a.]     1.  To  make  torpid;  deprive  benzolin   (bcn'zo-lin),    h.      {<  benzol  +  -in-.]  bepurple   (be-per'pl),  r.   t.     [<  bc-^  +  purple.] 

of  sensation  :  as,  a  hand  or  foot  benumbed  by     Suiuc  us  benzciiel  1.  To  tinge  or  dye  with  a  purple  cokir.     Digges. 

cold. — 2.  To  stupefy;  render  inactive.  benzolize  (ben'zo-liz),  i'.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ben-  bepuzzle  (be-puz'l),  r.  t.    [<  ie-1  -\- puzzle.]   To 

It  seizes  upon  the  vitals,  and  l«-Hi,M(.s  the  senses.    So»(A.  zoliZfd,  ppr.  benzolizinij.     [<' benzol -i- -ize.]     To     puzzle  greatly ;  perplex. 

My  mind  revolts  at  the  reverence  for  foreign  authors,     J^'eat,  impregnate,  or  cause  to  combine   .vith  bepuzzlement  (be-puz'l-ment),  «.     [<  bepuzzle 

which  stillcs  inquiry,  restrains  investigation,  tin ki/i/av  the     benzene  or  a  benzene  derivative.  -t- -mrnt.]      1  erplexity.                ,     ,t^    , 
vigor  of  the  intellectual  faculties,  subdues  and  debiuscs  beUZOyl  (ben'z6-il  or  -zoil),   H.    [<  benzo(ic)   +   bcqueath  (be-kweTH'),  )'.  t.      [<  ME.  bequethen, 

thcmin.i.                          .V.  irc6s(cr.  in  Scuddcr,  p.  230.  .,^,_j   The  radical  (C7H5O)  of  benzoic  acid,  of  oil     buituthin,  earlier  bicwethen,  <   AS.  beewethan, 

benumbed  (be-numd'), /).  </.     Numb  or  torpid,  of  bitter  almonds,  and  of  an  extensive  series  of    declare,  affirm,  give  by  will,  <  be- ■\-  cwethan, 
either   physically    or    morally:    as,    benumbed    compounds  derived  from  this  oil,  or  connected    say.     The  simple  verb  became  obsolete  in  the 

limbs ;  benumbed  faith.  vrith  it  by  certain  relations.                                    ME.  period,  except  in  the  pret.  quoth,  which 


bequeath 

remains  arohaicallv  in  an  iiliomatie  constnic-  berat  (be-raf),  n. 


528 


[Armen.]      A  -warrant  or  berdasht,  ". 


Zopyrus  berated  Socrates  as  if  he  had  caught  a  pick 
pocket.  Pop.  Sci.  .Wo.,  XXn.  65. 


tion  (Bee  (jKOtli).    Tlio  compound  has  been  pre-     jiatent  of  dignity  or  pri\'ilege  given  by  an  Ori 
sei'ved  through  its  technical  use  in  wills.]     If.     cnlal  monarch. 

To  give  away;  transfer  the  possession  of ;  as-  berate  (be-raf),  r.  ^    [<  be-'^  +  rate^.'\   To  chide 
sign  as  a  gift.  vehemently;  scold. 

Wilt  titou  fors.'ike  thy  fortiuie, 
Bequeath  tijy  land  to  him,  and  follow  me? 

Sliak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 
2.  To  give  or  leave  bywiU;  assign  as  a  legacy:  berattlet  (be-rat'l),  v.  t.     [<  6c-i  +  rattle.^    To 
more  commonly,  but  not  necessarily,  used  of     cry  do\yn;  abuse;  run  down.     Slink.     [Rare.] 
personal  propei-tv,  in  contradistinction  to  real  beraumte  (be-ra  mt),  h.     [<  Beraun  (see  def.) 
property,  which  i"s  said  to  be  rfenwd.  + -itc-.]     A  hydi'ous  phosphate  of  iron  of  a 

Mine  heritage,  reddish-brown  color,  found  at  St.  Benigna  near 

Which  my  dead  father  did  bemteath  to  me.  Beraun  in  Bohemia. 

s*"'-   Pericles,  il.  1.  bcrayt  (be-ril'),  v.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  ra^3.]     i.  To 


berg 

See  hurdash. 


Shall., 


3.  To  hand  down  ;  transmit, 

One  generation  has  bcpteatked  its  religious  gloom  and 
the  counterfeit  of  its  religious  ardor  to  the  next. 

Haivthorne,  Main  Street. 


make  foul ;  defile ;  soil. 


tongue,  and 
16. 


Berayinrt  the  font  and  water  while  the  bishop  was  bap- 
tizing him.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

2.  To  scent. 

How  comes  your  handkercher 
So  sweetly  thus  beraii'd  i 

iliddleton.  The  Witch,  i.  2. 

herbs  (berb),  n.  The  name  of  an  African  genet, 
Genctia  pardina. 

Berber  (ber'ber),  n.  and  a.  [<  Ar.  Berber,  Bar- 
bar,  the  Berbers:  see  barbarij  andirtrt^.]  I,  «. 
1.  A  person  belonging  to  any  one  of  a  group 
of  tribes  inhabiting  the  mountainous  parts  of 
Barbary  and  portions  of  the  Sahara,  descended 
from  the  primitive  race  of  those  regions. —  2. 
The  language  spoken  by  the  Berbers.  It  is 
one  of  the  Hamitic  languages. 

II.  a.   Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Berbers  or 
their  language. 

Berberidaceas  (ber"be-ri-da'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Btrbcri.s  (Berberid-)  +  -a'ceee.^  A  natural 
order  of  plants,  belonging  to  the  thalamifloral 
dicotyledons,  distinguished  from  allied  orders 
by  having  the  few  stamens  in  two  or  three 
■whorls  and  the  anthers  opening  by  valves.  The 
genera  are  widely  distributed,  but  are  small,  with  the 
exception  of  Berberis.  Of  the  smaller  genera,  the  blue 
cohosh  (Caulophiillum),  the  mandrake  (Podophxiilum),  and 
the  twin-leaf  {Jeffersonia)  are  of  more  or  less  repute  in 
medicine,  and  the  Akebia  is  an  ornamental  climber.  See 
cut  under  Bcrtem. 
The  act  of  bequeathing ;  a  berberidaceous  (ber"be-ri-da'sliius),  a.     Of  or 

pertaining  to  the  Berberidaceer. 

berberine  (ber'be-rin),  n.  [<  NL.  berherina : 
see  Berberis  and  -i)ie^.]  An  alkaloid  (CooHjy 
NO4)  widely  distributed  in  the  vegetable  "king- 
dom, being  found  in  the  barberry  and  a  con- 
siderable number  of  plants,  or  parts  of  plants, 
■whose  extracts  combine  a  yellow  color  and  bit- 
ter taste.  It  forms  fine  yellow  acicular  crystals,  spar- 
ingly soluble  in  water,  having  a  bitter  taste.  The  sul- 
phate and  hydrochlorate  are  soluble,  but  with  difficulty. 

Berberis  (ber'be-ris),  n.  [NL. :  see  barberry.'] 
The  principal  genus  of  the  natm-al  order  Ber- 
heridaeew,  including  the  common  barberry. 
It  contains  about  50 
species  of  shrubby 
plants,  mostly  Ameri- 
can, and  ranging  from 
Oregon  to  Tierra  del 
Fuego.  The  common 
barberry,  E.  imlgaris, 
the  only  European  spe- 
cies and  extensively  na- 
tm-alized  in  the  United 
States,  is  well  known 
for  its  red  acid  berries, 
which  make  a  pleasant 
preserve.  The  leaves 
also  are  acid,  and  the 
bark  and  root,  as  in 
many  other  species,  are 
astringent  and  yield  a 
yellow  dye.  The  bark 
of  the  root  of  this  and 
of  several  Asiatic  spe- 
cies, as  B.  Lycium,  B. 
Aifiatica,  and  B.  arig- 

tata,  is  used  as  a  bitter  tonic  and  for  the  extraction  of 
berberine  (which  see).     Some  of  the  Mahonia  group  of 


Greece  has  bequeathed  to  us  her  ever  li\in; 
the  immortal  productions  of  her  intellect. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Kight,  p. 

4t.  To  commit ;  commend ;  intrust. 

We  to  flames  our  slaughtered  friends  bequeath. 

Pope,  Iliad,  vii.  399. 

5t.  To  give  or  yield;  furnish;  impart. 

A  niggards  purse  shall  scarce  bequeath  his  master  a 
good  dinner. 
Pennyless  Pari.,  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.),  III.  72.  (^V.  E.  D.) 

That  which  bequeaths  it  this  slow  pace. 

.V.  Fair/ax,  Bulk  and  Selv.,  p.  122.    (.V.  B.  D.) 

6t.  Eeflexively,  to  commit ;  dedicate ;  devote. 

Orpheus  .  .  .  bequeaths  himself  to  a  solitary  life  in  the 

deserts.  iT.  Z)tj6y,  Broad  Stone  of  Honour,  1. 166.  (X.E.D.) 

bequeatht  (bf-kweTH'),  «.     [<  bequeath,  v.]    A 

bequest. 
bequeathable  Cbe-kwe'THa-bl),  a.     [<  beepieath 

+  -able.  ]     Capable  of  being  bequeathed. 
hequeathal   (be-kwe'THal),  11.     [<  bequeath  + 

-al.]     The  act  of  bequeathing;  bequest. 

The  lir'iueathal  of  tlieir  savings  may  be  a  means  of  giv- 
iii'^'  iinall'tyed  happiness.  The  American,  VI.  324. 

bequeather  (bf-kwe'THer),  n.  One  who  be- 
queaths. 

bequeathment     (be-kweTH'ment),  «.     [<  be- 
queath +  -ment.'\ 
bequest. 

bequest  (be-kwesf),  n.  [<  ME.  bequeste,  by- 
qmjste,  prob.  (with  excrescent  -t,  as  in  be- 
hest, and  shifted  accent,  after  the  verb)  <  AS. 
*bicwis  (equiv.  to  bicwide,  ME.  bequide,  after 
hecwethan,  ME.  bequethen),<.  bi-,  accented  foi-m, 
in  nouns,  of  bi-,  be-,  +  cuis  (cwiss-),  saying,  < 
cicethan,  say:  see  bequeath.]  1.  The  "act  of 
bequeathing  or  leaving  by  ■will. 

He  claimed  the  crown  to  himself,  pretending  an  adop- 
tion, or  bequebt  of  the  kingdom  unto  him,  by  the  Confes- 
sor. Sir  M.  Hale. 

Possession,  with  the  right  of  bequest  and  inheritance,  is 
the  stimulant  wliich  raises  property  to  its  highest  value. 
X.  A.  Bev.,  CXLIII.  58. 
2.  That  ■which  is  left  by  will;  a  legacy. —  3. 
That  ■which  is  or  has  been  handed  down  or 
transmitted. 

Our  cathedrals,  our  creeds,  our  litm-gies,  our  varied 
ministries  of  compassion  for  every  form  of  human  suffer- 
ing, are  a  bequest  from  the  age  of  faith. 

H.  N.  Ox^nham,  Short  Studies,  p.  263. 

bequestt  (be-kwesf),  r.  t.  [<  bequest,  «.]  To 
give  as  a  bequest;  bequeath. 

bequethet,  ''•  t.  An  obsolete  form  of  bequeath. 
Cliaucer. 

bequia-S'Weet  (ba-ke'a-swet),  n.  [See  quot.] 
Au  osciuc  passerine  bird,  of  the  family  Icteridce 
and  subfamily  (JuiscnKwfc;  the  Quiscalus  lumi- 
nosus,  a  grakle  found  in  the  Caribbees :  so  named 
from  its  note. 


In  Bequia  (in  the  Caril)bees),  and  extending  through- 
out the  chain  [of  islands],  is  a  blackbird,  a  new  species 
named  the  Quiscalus  tuminosus,  which  makes  the  air  re- 
sound with  its  joyous  cry  :  "Bequia  meet,  siiieet,  Bequia 
fweet."  Ober,  Camps  in  the  Caribbees,  p.  246. 

bequote  (be-kw6f ),  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  +  quote.]     To 
quote  frequently  or  much. 

beraftt,  pp.    A  Middle  English  past  participle 
of  bereave. 

beraint  (bf-ran'),  v.  t.     [<  ME.  beraynen,  berei- 

nen  (=  OHG.  bireganon,  G.  beregnen),  <  be-  + 

reinen,  Ta,m :  see  6e-laudrai«l.]   To  rain  upon. 

With  his  teris  salt  hire  breest  byreyned. 

C/mwccr,  Troilus,  iv.  1172. 

Berardius  (be-riir'di-us),  n.  pSTL.,  named  after 
M.  Birard.]  A  genus  of  odontoeeto  wluilcs. 
of  the  family  Physeteridie  and  subfamily  Ziphii- 
nw,  having  two  functional  teeth  on  each  side  of  w'tT™!!!].'  71 
the  mandibular  symphysis.  It  U  related  in  general  Dercheroot  (ber 
characters  to  Ztphius  and  Mesuplodon.  The  only  species, 
B.  arnouxi,  attaining  a  Icngtli  of  about  30  feet,  is  found  in 
New  Zealand  waters. 

Berard  steel.    See  steel. 


Barberry  {Berberis  Tmlffaris),  with 
fruit,  flower,  and  anUier  (a  a)  in  the 
act  of  detiiscence. 


berdet,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  heard. 
bereH,  »■.,  bereft,  n.,  etc.    An  obsolete  form  of 

bear^,  hear'^.  etc.,  berry*,  etc. 
Berean  (be-re'an),  a.  and  n.  [Also  written  Be- 
raaii.  <  L.  Bereeus,  <  Bercea,  <  Gr.  BifMta,  Bep- 
fmia.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ancient  town 
of  Berea  (Beroea,  now  Verria)  in  Macedonia; 
in  religious  use,  resembling  the  people  of  Berea 
as  described  in  the  Acts.     See  II..  2. 

II.  II.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  ancient  Berea. — 
2.  One  of  a  sect  of  dissenters  from  the  Church 
of  Scotland,  who  took  their  name  from  and 
profess  to  follow  the  ancient  Bercans  men- 
tioned in  Acts  xrii.  11,  in  building  their  sys- 
tem of  faith  and  practice  upon  the  Scriptures 
alone,  without  regard  to  human  authority. 
Also  called  Barclayites,  from  their  fountler, 
John  Barclay  (1734-98),  of  Muthill,  Perthshire. 
Berea  sandstone.  See  saud.itone. 
berea've  (be-rev'),  c;  pret.  and  pp.  bereaved  or 
bereft,  ppr.  bereaving.  [<  ME.  bereven,  bireren 
(pret.  berevede,  berefte,  bereft,  berafte,  pp.  be- 
reved,  bereft,  beraft),  <  AS.  beredfinn  (=  OFries. 
birava  =  OS.  birobhon  =  D.  berooven  =  OHG. 
biroubon,  MHG.  berouben,  G.  beranbcn  =  Goth. 
birauljon),  rob,  bereave,  <  be-  +  redfian,  plun- 
der, roh:  see  ie-l  and  j-foce.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
deprive  by  or  as  if  by  violence;  rob;  strip: 
with  of  before  the  thing  taken  away. 
Me  have  ye  bereaved  0/  my  children.  Gen.  xlii.  36. 

Fate  had  weaven 
The  twist  of  life,  and  her  0/  life  bereaven. 

Ford,  Fames  Memorial. 
Wilt  thou  die  e'en  thus. 
Ruined  'midst  ruin,  ruining,  bereft 
0/ name  and  honor? 

n'illiam  3Iorris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  18. 
[It  is  sometimes  used  without  of,  more  especially  in  the 
passive,  the  subject  of  the  verb' being  either  the' person 
deprived  or  the  thing  taken  away. 

And  'tis  your  fault  I  am  bereft  him  so. 

Shak. .  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  381. 
.Kl\  your  interest  in  those  territories 
Is  utterly  bereft  you.     Shak.,  2  Hen.  Vl.,  iii.  1.) 

2t.  To  take  away  by  destroying,  impairing,  or 
spoiling;  take  away  by  violence. 
Shall  move  you  to  bereave  ray  life.  Marlmce. 

I  think  his  understanding  is  bereft. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  6. 

3t.  To  deprive  of  power ;  prevent. 

No  thing  may  Nreve 
A  man  to  love,  til  that  him  list  to  leve. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  685. 

II.  intrants.  To  destroy  life ;  cut  off.     [Rare.] 

bereavement  (be-rev ' ment).  n.     [<  bereave  + 
-iiieiit.]    1.  Thea'ctof  bereaAing. — 2.  The  state 
of  being  bereaved ;  grievous  loss ;  particularly, 
the  loss  of  a  relative  or  friend  bj-  death. 
He  bore  his  bereavement  with  stoical  fortitude. 

B.  Smith.  Tor  Hill. 

berea'ver  (bf-re'ver),  n.  One  who  bereaves  or 
deprives  another  of  something  valued. 

bereft  (be-reff ).  Preterit  and  past  participle 
of  bereave. 

Berengarian  (ber-en-ga'ri-an),  «.  and  a.  [< 
JIL.  Bcrengarius.  Bereugar.'a  theologian,  bom 
about  A.  D.  998.  died  about  1088.]  I.  n.  One  of 
a  sect  which  followed  Berengarius  or  Berengar 
of  Tours,  archdeacon  of  Angers  in  the  eleventh 
century,  who  denied  the  doctrine  of  transub- 
stantiation. 

II.  ".  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Bereugarians 
or  their  opinions. 

Berengarianism  (ber-en-ga'ri-an-izm).  n.  [< 
Bevingaridii  +  -ism.]  The  opinions  or  doctrines 
of  Berengarius  and  his  followers.  See  Beren- 
garian. 

Berenice's  hair.     See  Coma  Berenices. 


species,  distinguished  by  pinnate  evergreen  leaves,  and  beresite  (ber'e-sit),  n.     [<  Beres{ovsk)  +  -ite"^.] 
...„i...<:.,„ .»,.  ,^  ..v^  ,.-_=.,  .....     A  fine-gi-ained  granite  found  near  Beresovsk, 

Russia,  in  the  Ural,  associated  mth  gold-bear- 
ing quartz. 

beret,  berretl  (ber'et).  ».     [F.  beret,  <  ML.  be- 
retta,  birctta.  a  cap:  see  barret"  and  biretta.] 
1.  A  round  flat  woolen  cap  worn  by  the  Basque 
peasantry.     X.  E.  D.—  2.  Same  as  biretta. 
amorphous  beretta,  n.     See  biretta. 

berettina,  >i.     See  berrettina. 

bere'Wickt,  ".     See  bcru-iek. 

berg'  O^ei'g),  ".  [<  Icel.  Sw.  Norw.  J<';-(/  =  Dan- 
bjerg,  a  rock,  G.  berg  =  E.  borrow'';  a  hill.]  A 
rock.     [Shetland.] 

berg'-  (berg),  II.  [From  -berg  in  iceberg,  <  G. 
eisberg :  see  iceberg.  Not  from  AS.  beorg.&  hill, 
which  givesE.  barrow'^,  a  mound  (but  cf!  bergh) : 
see  barrow'^.]  A  large  floating  mass  or  moun- 
tain of  ice ;  an  iceberg. 
Like  guttering  bergs  of  ice.  Tennyson,  Princess,  Iv. 


including  the  Oregon  grape  of  the  Pacific  coast,  B.  Aqni 
folium,  are  frequently  cultivated  for  ornament.  The 
stamens  in  this  genus  are  enrii>usly  iiTitable,  springing 
forw.ard  upon  the  pistil  when  the  iimer  side  of  tlie  fila- 
ment is  touched. 

berberry  (ber'ber-i),  «.     Same  as  barberri/. 

berbine  (ber'bin),  n.     [<  Berb(eris)    +  -hie".] 
An  alkaloid  extracted  from  the  root  and  inner 
bark   of  the  barberry.     It  is  an 
white  powder,  bitter  to  the  taste. 

berceuse  (bSr-sez'),  «.  [F.,  a  rocker,  a  lulkiby. 
Cf.  berceau,  a  cradle,  <  bcrcer,  rock,  lull  to 
sleep.]  A  cradle-song;  especially,  a  vocal  or 
instrumental  composition  of  a  tender,  quiet, 
and  soothing  character. 

che-rot),  n.  The  Russian 
pound,  the  unit  of  weight  in  Russia.  The 
standard  of  1835  etiuals  409.517-t  gi'ams,  or 
0.902S307  of  a  pound  avoirdupois. 

berccwetz,  ".    See  berhovets. 


bergall 

bergall  (b6r'p;al),  n.  [Also  written  hurgnll,  var. 
of  (MrijiU,  berijlr,  q.  v.]  The  ciinnor'or  blue- 
perdi,  a  very  common  New  England  iinh,  Clvim- 
lalini.s-  odspersus.  See  hurgitll,  and  init  tinder 
ctnnirr. 

Bergamask  (Mr'ga-m&sk),  a.  and  n.  [<  It. 
liirijiimiiscii,  adj.,  ?  Bertianio,  a  town  in  Italy. 
C'f.  ber<i<tm(it'^.'\  I.  a.  Of  or  nertaininj;  to  tlie 
city  or  province  of  Borftamo  in  nortliern  Italy, 
or  the  district  of  Herpamasca :  as,  Uirf/iimoul: 
traditions;  the  Jlcriinmiiitk  Alps;  "a  Jl(r<j(>m<isli 
dance,"  Shak.,  M.  N.  P.,  v.  1. 

II.  n.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  Bergamo  or  Ber- 
gamasca. 

A  gibf  at  the  poverty  of  tlie  Boyama^lat.  amont;  whom, 
moreover,  the  uxtreinos  of  stupidity  and  eiiiiniii^  art; 
most  usually  found,  accortlilli^  to  the  popular  notion  in 
Italy.  [lourAU,  N'enetian  Life,  v. 

2.  [=  F.  hergamasque.']  A  rustic  dauco  in  im- 
itation of  the  peoi)le  of  Bergamasea,  who  were 
ridiculed  as  clownish  in  manners  and  speech. 

bergamot^  (ber'ga-mot),  n.  [Formerly  also 
iiiniiiiniit,  hiiniciiioti,  bourfldiiiot,  appar.  <  licr- 
gaiiio,  a  town  in  Italy.  Cf.  hen/aniDt-.']  1.  A 
variety  of  the  lime  or  lemon,  Citrus  iiirdica,  with 
a  very  aromatic  rind,  from  which,  either  by  me- 
chanical means  or  by  distillation,  the  volatile  oil 
of  bergamot  (known  in  trade  as  essence  ofher- 
gamot)  is  obtained.  The  essence  is  a  product 
chiefly  of  southern  Italy,  and  is  much  em- 
ployed in  perfumery. —  2.  The  popular  name 
of  several  labiate  plants,  as  in  England  of 
Mentha  citrata,  and  in  the  United  States  of 
Monarda  fistulosa  and  Al.  didi/ma. —  3.  A  kind 
of  snuff  perfiuned  with  bergamot. 

Gives  the  nose  its  hei(jamot.  Cowper,  Task,  ii. 

4.  A  coarse  tapestry  manufactured  from  Hocks 
of  wool,  silk,  cotton,  hemp,  and  from  the  hair 
of  o.\en  and  goats,  said  to  have  been  made  origi- 
nally at  Bergamo. 

bergamot-  (ber'ga-mot),  )(.  [<  F.  l)ergamote,  < 
It.  beriiaiHotto,  ajijiar.  a  perversion,  simulating 
a  connection  with  Hirgaiiio,  a  town  in  Italy  (cf. 
bergamot^),  of  Turk.  Ixgdrmiidi,  lit.  (like  the  G. 
name  fiirsteiibinie)  prince's  pear,  <  beg,  a  prince 
(see  bcii~),  +  armiid,  a  pear.]   A  variety  of  pear. 

berganiier  (ber'gan-der),  II.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
birgiiiider,  biiniiiiidir,  ajipar.  <  ME.  bcrgc,  a  bur- 
row (see  bern/'i,  burrow-),  +  gander  (i.  e.,  burrow- 
gander;  cf .  its  other  name,  burrow-diiek).  C'f.  D. 
bergcend  =  NFries.  bargaand  =  ML(j.  bcrcliaiit 
=  G.  bergente,  lit.  'hill-duck,'  G.  erdgans,  lit. 
'  earth-goose.']  A  name  of  the  sheldrake  or 
bun-ow-duck,  Tadorna  tnd})anscr.   Soesheldrake. 

bergell,  «.     See  bergle. 

bergert,  "■  [Appar.  <  F.  bergere,  a  n<5glig6  style 
of  dressing  the  hair.]  A  lock  of  hair  worn 
long,  and  with  the  end  curled,  by  ladies  in  the 
time  of  Charles  II. 

Bergerac  (ber'je-rak;  F.  pron.  berzh-rak'),  n. 

1.  A  rod  wine  of  good  quality,  made  in  the 
department  of  Dordogne  in  southwestenv 
France,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town  of  Bergerac. 
It  is  si-Iilotii  in  tlif  niarket  un<Kr  its  own  name,  hut  is  ex- 
ported from  r..>rdr:iu\,  and  confounded  with  claret.  It  is 
very  jiopnlar  tlnonyliont  i  eiilral  trance. 

2.  A  white  wine  from  the  same  district,  gen- 
erally very  sweet  and  of  a  high  flavor. —  3.  \ 
dry  wiiu'  not  unlike  Barsac. 

bergerett,  «•  [OF.,  <  berger,  a  shepherd,  <  ML. 
bcrbicariiis,  a  shepherd,  <  berbex,  L.  vcrvcx,  a 
wether.]  A  pastoral  or  rustic  song  or  dance. 
Also  bargeret,  bargaret. 

There  befran  anon 
A  lady  for  to  sinj-'c  right  woniaidy 
A  ban/aret  in  praising  the  daisie. 

Floiirr  ami  Leaf,  1.  348. 

berght,  "•  [Cf.  bargh ;  obsolete  form  (after 
Scaiid.)  of  barrow^,  a  hill.]     A  hill. 

berglax  (berg'laks),  H.  [Norw.  bergtax,  bcrg- 
laks,  lit.  rock-salmon  (=  Dan.  bjtrglax,  the 
common  hake),  <  berg  =  Sw.  berg,  Dan.  tijerg. 
a  hill, rock,  +  Norw.  Sw.  Dan.  lax  =  AS.  Iiiix  = 
G.  laclis,  salmon.]  The  Norwegian  name  of  a 
gadoid  fish,  Cori/pha'noides  iiorregicn^,  of  the 
family  Maeriiridw. 

bergle  (lier'gl),  k.  [Also  wi'itten  bergell,  ber- 
gill  (and  liergall,  burgall.  q.  v.),  appar.  a  var.  of 
bergi/lt,  (|.  v.]  A  name  in  the  Shetland  islands 
of  the  ballau-wrasse,  Labrns  maeulatns. 

bergmanite  (berg'man-it),  n.  [<  T.  O.  lierqman, 
a  Swedish  mineralogist  (17.3r)-84),  +  -iteK']  A 
variety  of  the  zeolite  natrolite.  it  occurs  nnxssivc 
and  tll)rous  in  the  zirconsyenitc  of  Brevi^;  in  Norway.  Its 
colors  are  jxreenish.  prayish-white,  and  red. 

bergmaster  (berg'mas'ter),  «.  [After  G.  6m/- 
iiicintir :  see  barmaster.^     Same  as  bannasler. 

bergmehl  (berg'mal),  n.  [G..  <  berg  =  E.  bar- 
ryic',  a  mountain,  +  mehl  =  E.  meal'^.']  Motin- 
34 


529 

tain-meal  or  fossil  farina,  a  geological  deposit 
in  the  form  of  an  extremely  fine  powder,  con- 
sisting almost  entirely  of  the  silicious  frustules 
or  cell-walls  of  diatoms.  It  hius  heen  eaten  in  Lap- 
land in  seasons  of  gl'eat  scarcity,  mixed  with  ground  corn 
and  hark. 

bergmote  (btrg'mot),  n.     Same  as  barmote. 

bergy  (ber'gi),  fl.  [< /)fr(/2 -(- -1/1.]  1.  Full  of 
tiergs  or  icebergs. —  2.  Resembling  or  of  the 
nature  of  a  berg. 

A  considerable  her^iii  ma.ss  of  ice. 

C'.  F.  Hall,  I'olar  Expedition,  p.  2fl«. 

bergylt  (bfer'gilt),  n.  [Also  written  berguijlt 
(see  also  bergle,  bergall,  burgall) ;  <  Norw.  herg- 
gylta,  dial.  In  rggalt,  a])par.  <  bi  rg,  cliff,  preci- 
pice, hill,  +  gi/lta  =  leol.  gi/lta  and  gi/ltr,  a  sow.] 
A  name  in  Slietland  of  llie  rose-iish,  Sebastes 
marinus,  a  fish  of  the  family  Scorjuenida:  Also 
called  Norwegian  haddock.  See  cut  under  Se- 
bastes. 

berhyme,  v.  t.     See  berime. 

beriberi  (ber'i-ber-i),  )i.  [Singhalese;  an  in- 
tensive redupl.  of  bcri,  weakness.]  A  disease 
characterized  by  anemia,  muscular  and  sen- 
sory paralysis,  more  or  less  pain,  general  drop- 
sical s.\^nptoms,  effusion  into  the  serous  cavi- 
ties, and  ayspncoa  on  exertion.  Hydropic  and  dry 
forms  are  di'stinguished  hy  the  presence  or  absence  of 
dropsy.  It  may  be  acute,  or  subacute,  or  chronic.  It 
docs  not  appear' to  be  contagious,  though  it  infects  local- 
ities. Beriberi  occurs  in  India  and  adjacent  countries, 
is  frequent  in  .Tapan  lunler  the  name  of  kakkp,  and  seems 
to  be  identical  with  tlie  "sleeping  sickness"  of  the  west 
coast  of  Africa.  It  is  said  to  occur  in  .South  .America 
also. 

Beridse  (ber'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Beri(d-)s  + 
-idie.}  A  family  of  tetrachsetous  or  tanysto- 
matous  brachycerous  Diptcra,  represented  by 
such  genera  as  Beris,  Xijlopliagus,  etc.  Also 
called  Xijlophagida: 

beridelt,  ".  [Origin  obscure.]  A  garment  of 
linen,  worn  in  Ireland  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.     Planche. 

berigora  (ber-i-go'rii),  n.  A  name  of  an  Aus- 
tralian falcon,  the  berigora  hawk,  Hieracidea 
(or  leracidea)  berigora. 

berime  (be-rim'),  '••  t.  [<  6e-l  +  rj'/nel.]  To 
ci'kbrate  in  rimo  or  verse.     Also  berhyme. 

.She  had  a  better  love  to  berime  f-as  in  old  editions]  her. 
Sliak:,  K.  and  ,T.,  ii.  1. 

beringed  (be-ringd'),  a.  [<  tc-l  +  ringed.^ 
Supjilied  or  surrounded  with  rings. 

.\  curiously  berin-jed  disc  [.Saturnl. 

E.  F.  Burr,  Eece  Cocluni,  p.  99. 

Beris  (ber'is),  «.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Beridw,  or  Xylophagida:.  B.  elavipes 
is  an  example. 

Berkeleian  (berk'le-an),  a.  and  n.  1.  a.  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  George  Berkeley,  bishop 
of  Cloyne,  Ireland  (born  1684,  died  1753),  or  to 
Berkeieianism. 

The  Berlceh'ian  idealism  is  little  more  than  the  easy 
demonstration  that  this  view  [that  the  world  of  reality 
exists  quite  independently  of  being  known  by  any  know, 
ing  beings  in  it),  from  a  philosophical  standing  point,  is 
untenable.         J.  C.  Shairp,  Culture  and  Keligion,  p.  1S5. 

II.  H.  One  who  holds  Bishop  Berkeley's  sj-s- 
tem  of  idealism  ;  one  who  denies  the  existence 
of  a  material  worlil. 
Berkeieianism  (berk'le-an-izm),  n.  The  phi- 
losoi)liy  of  Bishop  Berkeley.  See  Berkeleian. 
He  htdds  that  material  tilings  exist  only  in  so  far  as 
they  are  perceived  ;  their  p.v.w  is  percipi.  It  is  by  tlntik- 
ing  them,  and  making  us  think  them,  that  the  Divine 
Being  creates  the  material  universe.  But  Berkeley  gives 
to  souls  a  substantive  existence,  so  they  must  he  created 
otherwise.  The  llerkeleiaii  idealism  is  intimately  inter- 
woven with  an  extreme  nt-niinalism.  which  denies  the  exis- 
tence of  general  conceptions.  Berkeley's  theory  of  vision, 
which  in  a  modified  form  is  now  generally  adopted  by 
scicntifle  men.  is  that  while  we  see  two  dimensions  of 
space,  the  thinl  is  re<-«ignized  b>'  t(iueh  (that  is,  hy  the  nnis- 
cular  sense),  until  the  eyes  beetmie  educated  to  associat- 
ing certain  app-aranccs  with  certain  feelings  of  touch. 

Berkeley's  Act.    See  act. 

berkovets  (liir'ko-vets),  n.  [Russ.  berkovel»ii.2 
A  Hussian  weight,  legally  equal  to  400Bussian 
pounds,  or  361  pounds  2  ounces  avoirdupois. 
In  other  parts  of  Kussia,  where  older  pounds 
have  not  gone  out  of  use,  the  value  of  this  unit 
is  somewhat  greater.     Also  liercoiret:. 

berkowitz  (ber'ko-\'itz),  n.  [O.  berkmritz,  repr. 
Kiiss.  Inrkoretsi'i.']     Same  as  lierkoret.<!. 

berlin^  (ber'lin  orber-lin'),  n.  [In  first  sense, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  herlina  =  G.  berliiie,  <  F.  bcrline: 
<  lierliii,  the  capital  of  Prussia.]  1.  A  large 
four-wheeled  carriage  with  a  suspended  body, 
two  interior  seats,  and  a  top  or  hood  that  can 
be  raised  or  lowered:  so  callcil  because  first 
made  in  Berlin,  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
from  the  designs  of  an  architect  of  the  elector 
of  Brandenburg. —  2.  A  knitted  glove. 


Bernicla 

A  fat  man  in  black  tights  and  cloudy  BeTliivi. 

Dirkfm,  Tuggses  at  Ramsgatc. 

berlin'-,  berling,  ».    See  birlin. 

Berlin  blue,  iron,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

berloque  iber-lok'),  H.  [F.]  Afilit.,  the  t&ttoo 
upon  a  drum  annoimcing  a  meal-time. 

berm  (berm),  n.  [Also  written  berme,  rarely 
liiriii,  liarni ;  cf.  F.  berme,  =  Knss.  berma,  etc., 
<  Ml),  berme,  D.  berm,  berme,  =  MLG.  berme, 
barm,  =  G.  berme,  a  berm,  prob.  =  Icel.  barmr, 
edge,  border,  brim,  as  of  a  river  or  the  sea,  etc.: 
see  brim'^.']  1.  A  narrow  ledge;  si)ecifically, 
in./""r^,  a  space  of  ground  or  a  terrace  from  3  to 
.5  feet  in  width,  left  between  the  rampart  and 
the  moat  or  foss,  designed  to  receive  tlie  niins 
of  the  rampart  in  the  event  of  a  Ijombardment, 
and  to  prevent  the  earth  from  filling  the  foss. 
Sonictinics  it  is  palisaded,  and  in  the  Netherlands  it  is 
generally  planted  w  ith  a  quickset  hedge*. 

If  we  accept  the  Hindu  Knsh  as  (jur  mr>untain  fortress, 
then,  to  use  a  teclmical  phrase,  .-Vfghan  Turkistan  is  our 
b*'rm  and  the  Oxus  our  ditch. 

./.  T.  Whfclcr,  Short  Hist.  In.lia,  p.  668. 
2.  The  bank  or  side  of  a  canal  which  is  oppo- 
site to  the  towing  path.    Also  called  lierm-biink. 

bermeH,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  barnfl. 

berme'-',  ».     See  berm. 

bermillians  (ber-mil'yanz),  n.  pi.  [Origin  un- 
known.]    Pieces  of  liti'en  or  fustian. 

Bermuda  grass,  fan-palm,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 

Bermudian  (ber-mfi'di-an),  a.  and  «.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  Bermudas  or  to 
their  inhabitants. 

II.  II.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bermuda 
or  the  Bermudas,  a  gi'oup  of  islands  in  the  At- 
lantic, about  fiOO  miles  east  of  Cape  Hattcras  in 
North  Carolina,  Iielonging  to  Great  Britain. 

bernH,  "•     A  Jliddle  English  form  of  bariA. 

bern^t,  bernet,  ".    [Eariy  mod.  E.  (Sc),  <  ME. 

beruc.  In  rn,  hurnc,  burn,  etc.,  <  AS.  beam,  bioru, 
a  warrior,  licro,  a  word  used  only  in  poetry,  and 
prob.  =  leel.  bjorn,  a  bear,  appar.  a  d<>riv.  of 
*beri,  m.  (bera,  f.),  =  AS.  bera,  a  bear,  E.  bear'^. 
It  was  a  common  poetical  practice  to  give  the 
names  of  fierce  animals  to  warriors;  cf.  AS. 
eofor,  a  boar,  =  leel.  jiifurr,  a  wan-ior,  hero.] 
A  warrior;  a  hero;  a  man  of  valor;  in  later 
use,  a  poetic  term  for  man. 

bernaclel  (ber'na-kl),  H.     Same  as  barnacle^. 

bernacle'-t,  "•     i:5ame  as  barnacle'^. 

Bernardine  (bfer'nar-tlin),  n.  and  a.  [F.  Ber- 
nardiii,  <  IIL.  Bernardinu,<i,  <  Bernardus,  Ber- 
nard.] I.  n.  The  name  given  in  France  to  the 
members  of  the  Cistercian  order  of  monks,  it 
is  deriveil  from  St.  Bernard  (1091-ll£>:i),  who  was  the  most 
distinguished  mem  her  of  the  order  and  was  regarded  asita 
second  founder.    .See  Citftercian. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Bernard  or  the  Ber- 
uardines. 

Bernard's  canal.    See  canal. 

bernet,  "•     See  hem^. 

bernert,  ».  [<  JIE.  bcmer,  <  OP.  herner,  bemier, 
brenier  (JIL.  bernariu.<t),  a  feeder  of  hounds,  < 
breii,  bran,  bran:  see  bran.']  An  attendant  in 
charge  of  a  jiack  of  hounds.     X.  E.  D. 

Bernese  (ber-ues'  or  -nez')>  «•  and  ».  K  G. 
Bern,  F.  Heme,  in  Switzerland,  -I-  -ese.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Bern  or  its  iidiabitants. 

II.  H.  sing,  and  jil.  A  citizen  or  citizens  of 
Bern,  the  capital  of  Switzerland,  or  of  the  can- 
ton of  the  same  name. 

bernesque  (ber-nesk'),  a.  [<  It.  Bemesco,  < 
Berni:  see -«*</«(•.]  In  the  humorous  and  bur- 
lesquo  stylo  of  the  writings  of  Francesco  Berni, 
an  Italian  poet,  who  died  in  ir)36. 

Bi'rnrsmie  poetry  is  the  clearest  rellexion  of  tlmt  reli- 
gious and  moral  scepticism  which  was  one  of  the  charac- 
teristics of  Italian  social  life  in  the  Kjth  century,  ami 
which  showed  itself  more  or  less  in  .all  the  works  of  that 
period,  that  scepticism  which  stopped  the  religious  Refor- 
niatioi!  in  Italy,  and  which  iu  its  turn  was  an  elfect  of  his- 
torical conditions.  Knctjc.  Brit.,  .\III.  510. 

Bernicla  (bOr'ni-kla),  ».  [NL.  (adopted  as  a 
genus  name  by  Stephens,  1824),  <  ML.  bernicla, 


C.inada  Goose  ( Berni'cJa  tmiitiifnsi's'). 


Bernicla 

the  barnacle :  8ee  hanioclf'^.l  A  genus  of  geese, 
containing  the  baruaele-gooso,  bri-iit-goose,  and 
related  speuies,  which  have  black  l)ills,  black 
head  and  neck  with  white  niaikings,  and  the 
general  color  dark,  with  white  or  liglit  tail-cov- 
erts. The  type-sju'cics  is  .-1  iim-r  ln-rniclct,  now  />.  Uncopsitt; 
thf  brcat-goosc  is  li.  breiila ;  tlic  bliuk  lirent  of  North 
America  is  B.  niijrican^;  the  common  wild  poose  of  North 
Anierieu.  or  Cniiada  goose,  is  1!.  canadfiisix ;  Hutchins's 
goose  is  a  simihir  hut  smaller  species,  R  liulchiim;  there 
:\i\-  .'tlu-rs  iiUn.     s.c  viits  uniler  Iximaclc  and  hrent-ffoosc. 

bernicle,  bernicle-goose  (ber'ni-kl,  -gos),  «. 
[A  form  of  h(iriiiich'\  historically  obsolete,  but 
now  occasionally  used  with  rcf.  to  the  NL. 
generic  name  licrnicla.']  The  barnacle  or  bar- 
uaclc-soosc.     See  barnacle'^,  1. 

Bernissartia  (ber-ni-siir'ti-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Ber- 
iimart,  name  of  a  quarry  in  Belgium.]  A  ge- 
nus of  extinct  Wealden  crocodiles,  tyj)ieal  of 
the  family  Bcniissartiirlw,  whose  remains  have 
been  found  in  a  f|uarry  in  Bernissart,  Belgium. 

Bernissartiidae  (ber  ni-siir-ti'i-de),  II. pi.  [NL., 
<  ISernissartia  +  -idce.'\  A  family  of  extinct 
crocodilians.  TJie  technical  characteristics  are:  the 
choan;e  comparatively  approximated  ;  tlie  supratemporal 
fossie  smaller  than  the  orbits ;  a  well-defined  orbitolatero- 
temporal  sinus  ;  the  dorsal  plates  imbricated  and  forming 
more  than  two  longitudinal  rows  ;  and  tlie  ventral  arma- 
ture reduced  to  one  buckler  of  iml)riLated  jilates.  The 
family  occurs  in  the  AVealden  and  I'urbeck  f-u-niations. 

BernouUian  (ber-no'lian),  fl.  Pertaining  to 
or  discovered  by  one  of  several  famous  mathe- 
maticians belonging  to  the  Basle  family  Ber- 
noulli, which  originated  iu  Antwerp Bemoul- 

lian  function,  a  function  defined  by  an  equation  of  the 
form  -i  V  (x)  =  a;*.— BernouUian  numbers,  a  certain 
series  of  numbers  discovertd  by  .racub  Bernoulli  (1654- 
1705),  of  which  the  first  mendiers  are  : 

Bo  =  i    B4  =  ^V    Be  =  ^    Bg  =  ,V    Bio  =  ^. 
Bemoullian  series,  in  math.^  the  series /o  =  /a:  —  zf'x 
-I-  jt/^  —  r;/   ^  +.  «'"• 
bernouse,  ".    See  bumoose. 
berob  (bf-iob'),  '■.  '.     [<  ME.  berohben;<.  hc-^ 
+  rub.']  '  To  rob ;  plunder. 

What  evill  starre 
On  you  hath  frownd,  and  pourd  his  infiuence  bad, 
Tliat  of  your*  selfe  ye  thus  berobbed  arre? 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  42. 

Beroe  (ber'o-e),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Bcpdt/,  one  of  the 
ocean  nymphs.]  The  typical  genus  of  cteno- 
phoraus  of  the  family  Beroidce.  B.  forskali  is  an 
example.  The  species  are  of  the  size  and  sliape  of  a  small 
lemon.  The  genus  was  formerly  of  nuich  greater  extent 
than  now,  including  species  now  refen'ed  to  other  fami- 
lies, as  Cpdippe,  etc. 

beroid  (ber'o-id),  n,  A  ctenophoran  of  the 
family  Bcroidw. 

Beroidae  (be-ro'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Beroe  + 
-ilia'.]  A  family  of  the  class  Cteiiophora,  sub- 
kingdom  Ca'h'iiterata,  having  the  body  globular 
or  oval,  without  oral  lobes  or  tentacles,  and 
■with  fringed  appendages  of  the  periphery  of 
the  polar  spaces.  Tlley  are  transparent  jelly-like  ma- 
rine organisms,  differing  from  most  of  the  ctenophorans 
in  having  a  large  mouth  and  digestive  cavity.  Represen- 
tative genera  are  Beroti,  hhiia,  and  Pandora. 

beroon  (bf-ron'),  n.  [Pers.  biriln,  without,  ex- 
terior.] The  chief  court  of  a  Persian  dwelling- 
house.  S.  G.  JV.  Benjuiniii,  Persia  and  the  Per- 
sians. 

berreti,  ».     See  hcret. 

berref-  (ber'et),  n.  A  kind  of  opal  bead  of  the 
size  of  a  marble. 

It  was  most  amusing  to  witness  his  [the  chief  of  Latoo- 
ka's]  delight  at  a  string  of  fifty  little  lerrels  .  .  .  which 
I  had  brought  into  the  country  for  the  fli-st  time. 

6'iV  S.  If.  Baker,  Heart  of  Africa,  xvi. 

berretta,  n.    See  Uretta. 

berrettina  (ber-e-te'nii),  «.  [It.,  dim.  of  ber- 
retta :  see  biretta.']  A  scarlet  skull-cap  worn 
by  cardinals.     Also  bcrettiiia. 

berri,  «.  The  Turkish  mile,  of  which  there  are 
said  to  be  6(ij  to  a  degree. 

berried  (ber'id),  a.  [<  6en-yl  -1-  -ed2.]  1. 
Furnished  with  hemes:  as,  "the  berriedhoUy," 
Keats. —  2.  Of  the  form  or  nature  of  a  beiTy; 
baccate. — 3.  Having  egg.s  or  spawn,  as  a  fe- 
male lobster  or  other  crustacean. 

berryl  (ber'i),  «. ;  pi.  berries  (-iz).  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  berrie,  <  ME.  bery,  berie,  <  AS.  berii. 
berif/c  z=  OS.  beri  (in  icinberi,  grape)  =  Ml). 
berc,  also  bece,  T>.  be:ie,  bes  =  ML(j.  berc  =  OHG. 
beri,  MHG.  berc,  ber,  G.  beere  =  Icel.  ber  =  Sw. 
bar  =  Dan.  b<cr  =  Goth,  basi  (in  weiiiabasi  = 
OS.  icinberi  =  AS.  icinberie,  '  wine-berrj-,'  grape) 
(neut.  and  fem.  forms  mixed),  a  berry.  Origin 
unknown ;  by  some  referred  to  the  root  of  biire, 
as  if  the  'bare'  or  'uncovered'  fruit.]  1.  In 
bot. :  (a)  In  ordinary  use,  any  small  puli)y 
fruit,  as  the  huckleitrrv,  strawbcrri/,  blaek- 
berry,  ■mxilberry,  checkerberry,  etc.,  of  which 


530 

only  the  first  is  a  berry  in  the  technical  sense. 
(?))  Techtiically,  a  simple  fruit  in  which  the 
entire  pericarp  is  fleshy,  excepting  the  outer 
skin  or  epicarp,  as  the  banana,  tomato,  grape, 
ciu'rant,  etc.  (<■)  The  dry  kernel  of  certain 
kinds  of  grain,  etc.,  as  the  berry  of  wheat  and 
barley,  or  the  coSee-berry.  See  cut  imdcr 
wheat. —  2.  Something  resembling  a  berry,  as 
one  of  the  ova  or  eggs  of  lobsters,  crabs,  or 
other  crustaceans,  or  the  <lrupe  of  l}liaiiiiiits 
iiij'ectoriiis,  used  in  dyeing.- Avignon  berry,  the 
drupe  of  lihamnus  atatenniji,  used  in  dyeing  yellow. 
Also  called  French  berry, 
berry'  (ber'i),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  berried,  ppr. 
berryiiiij.  [<  berry^,  »(.]  1.  To  bear  or  pro- 
duce hemes. —  2.  To  gather  beiTies:  as,  to  go 
berryiiuj. 
berry'- (ber'i),  Ji.;  \>\.  berries  {-iz).  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  beryc,  berie,  <  ME.  berijlie,  berge  (prop, 
dat.),  a  barrow:  see  barroir^.]  A  mound;  a 
barrow.  [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 
This  little  berry  some  ycleep 
An  hillock. 

ir.  Browne,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  i.  2. 
The  theatres  are  berries  for  the  fair : 
Like  ants  on  mole-hills  thither  they  repair. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love,  i.  103. 

berry^t  (hpr'i),  «.  [E.  dial.,  <  late  ME.  6m/; 
see  burroir'^.']  1.  A  burrow,  especially  a  rab- 
bit's burrow. —  2.  An  excavation;  a  military 
mine. 

berry*  (ber'i),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  berried,  ppr. 
hcrryiiuj.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.,<  ME.  beryen,  berieii, 
<  AS.  "beriaii  (only  iu  pp.  ijcbered)  =  OHG. 
berja,  MHG.  berrcii,  beren  =  Icel.  berja  =  L. 
fcrire  (>  ult.  E.  ferule,  interfere),  strike.]  1. 
To  beat ;  give  a  beating  to. 

Here  this  bov  is,  je  bade  vs  go  bary 

With  battis. 
We  are  combered  his  corpus  for  to  caiTy. 

I'or*  Plays,  p.  334. 
2.  To  thresh  (grain,  etc.). 

Ill  berry  your  crap  by  the  light  o'  the  moon. 

W.  Nicholson. 

berry^t,  "•  [Also  berrie;  a  corrupt  form  of 
jierric,  pirrie :  see  pirrie.  ]    A  gust  of  wind. 

bersaglieri  (bar-sii-lya'ri),  n.  pi.  [It.,  pi.  of  ber- 
sagliere,  a  sharpshooter,  <  bersaglio  (=  OF.  l)er- 
sail,  bcrseil),  a  mark,  butt,  <  *bereiare,  in  iiu- 
berciarc,  aim  at  (=  OF.  berccr,  herser);  cf.  ML. 
bersare,  shoot  witli  the  bow,  hunt.  Cf .  ML.  ber- 
celliim  (var.  barbi:;eUum),  a  battering-ram  ;  per- 
haps <  berbex,  L.  vervex,  a  wether,  ram.]  The 
name  for  riflemen  or  shai-pshooters  in  the  Ital- 
ian army. 

berserk  (ber'serk),  «.  [<  Icel.  berserlT  (omit- 
ting, as  usual,  the  nom.  suSix  -;•) :  see  berser- 
ker.']    Same  as  berserker. 

berserker  (ber'ser-ker),  «.  [Also  berserkir  and 
berserk,  <  Icel.  berserkr  (the  E.  retaining  the 
nom.  suffix  -r),  pi.  berserkir;  commonly  ex- 
plained as  'bare-sark,'  <  berr,  =  E.  bare'^,  + 
scrkr,  >  E.  sark,  coat,  shirt ;  but  prob.  rather 
'bear-sark,'  <  *bcri,  m.  (only  in  eomp.)  (bera,  f.), 
=  AS.  Iiera,  E.  bear-,  -\-  serkr.  "  In  olden  ages 
athletes  and  champions  used  to  wear  hides  of 
bears,  wolves,  and  reindeer  "  (Vigfusson).  The 
"berserkei-'s  rage"  is  expressed  by  Icel.  ber- 
serksgaiigr,  <  berserkr  +  gaiigr,  a  going,  esp.  a 
rapid  going,  fm'ious  rush :  see  gang.]  1.  A  wild 
warrior  or  champion  of  heathen  times  in  Scan- 
dinavia. In  battle  the  berserkers  are  said  to  have  been 
subject  to  fits  of  fury,  when  they  howled  like  wild  beasts, 
foamed  at  the  mouth,  gnawed  the  rim  of  their  shields, 
etc. ;  and  on  such  occasions  they  were  popularly  believed 
to  be  proof  against  fire  and  steel.  [Commonly  written 
with  a  capital.] 

Out  of  unhandseled  savage  nature,  out  of  tenible  Druids 
and  Berserkirs,  come  at  last  .\lfred  and  Shakspere. 

Emerson,  Slisc,  p.  85. 
The  wild  pirates  of  the  North  .Sea  have  become  con- 
verted into  warriors  of  order  and  champions  of  peaceful 
freedom,  exhausting  what  still  remains  of  the  old  Ber- 
serk spirit  in  subduing  nature,  and  turning  the  wilderness 
into  a  garden.  Jluxtey,  Amer.  .\ddresses,  p.  Iti. 

Hence  —  2.  A  person  of  extreme  violence  and 
fury. 

berstlet,  »■     A  variant  of  bristle.     Chaucer. 

berth't,  «.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  birth'^. 

berth-  (berth),  H.  [First  found  at  the  end  of 
the  16th  centiu'y;  also  written  byrth,  birth  (the 
latter  spelling  being  but  recently  obsolete);  ori- 
gin unknown  (the  E.  dial,  birth,  a  place,  sta- 
tion, is  but  a  later  use  of  the  same  word) ;  per- 
haps ult.  derived  (like  the  earlier  bcrth'^  =  birth^) 
from  ftcof'l.]  1.  Xaut.:  (a)  Sea-room;  space 
kept  or  to  be  kept  for  safety  or  convenience 
between  a  vessel  under  sail  and  other  vessels 
or  the  shore,  rocks,  etc. :  especially  in  the 
phrases,  also  used  figuratively,  to  give  a  good, 
clear,  or  wide  berth  to,  keej)  a  wide  berth  of 


berwick 

(to  keep  clear  of,  keep  well  away  from),  (b) 
Room  for  a  vessel  to  turn  around  or  to  ride  at 
anchor,  (c)  A  station  in  which  a  ship  lies  or 
can  lie,  whether  at  anchor  or  at  a  wharf,  (d) 
A  room  or  an  apartment  in  a  ship  where  a 
number  of  oIKcers  or  men  mess  and  reside. 
(c)  The  shelf-like  space  allotted  to  a  passen- 
ger in  a  vessel  (and  hence  in  a  railroad  sleep- 
ing-car) as  a  sleeping-place ;  a  sailor's  bunk 
on  board  ship ;  a  place  for  a  hammock,  or 
a  repository  for  chests. —  2.  A  post  or  an 
appointment ;  situation  ;  emplojTnent :  as,  he 

has  got  a  good  berth  at  last Berth  and  space,  in 

ship-buildiivf,  the  distance  between  the  molding-edge  of 
one  timl)er  and  the  molding-etlge  of  the  one  next  to  it. 
bertll2  (berth),  r.  t.  [<  berth'^,  «.]  Xaitt.:  (a) 
To  assign  or  allot  anehoring-ground  to;  give 
space  to  lie  in,  as  a  ship  in  a  dock.  (6)  To  al- 
lot a  berth  or  berths  to:  as,  to  berth  a  ship's 
company. 

Tlie  special  object  of  these  [changes  on  the  approach  of 
winter]  was  the  economy  of  fuel  and  the  berthing  of  the 
whole  crew  below  deck.       C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Exp.\  p.  122. 

berths  (berth),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  byrth,  per- 
haps <  'berth,  n.  (not  found),  <  Icel.  byrdhi, 
board  or  side  of  a  ship,  <  bordh,  board:  see 
linard.]  To  board ;  cover  with  boards :  chiefly 
in  ship-building. 

bertha  (ber'thil),  n.  [Also  berthe,  after  F. ;  from 
the  proper  name  Bertha.]  1 .  A  small  cape  worn 
by  women  over  the  shoulders,  usually  crossed 
in  front  and  open  at  the  throat. —  2.  A  trim- 
ming of  lace  or  of  other  material  in  the  shape 
of  a  small  cape  worn  round  the  upper  edge  of  a 
low-neeked  waist,  or  in  a  corresponding  posi- 
tion on  the  body  in  the  case  of  a  high-necked 
waist. 

berthage  (ber'thaj),  «.  [<  berth-  +  -age.]  X. 
The  dues  paid  by  a  vessel  anchored  in  a  harbor 
or  dock,  or  berthed  at  a  wharf. —  2.  Accommo- 
dation for  anchoring;  harborage. 

berth-brace  (berth'bras),  ».  A  metal  rod, 
rope,  or  chain  for  supporting  the  upper  berths 
of  a  sleeping-car. 

berth-deck  (berth'dek),  H.  In  a  man-of-war, 
the  deck  next  below  the  gun-deck.     See  deck. 

berthe  (berth),  «.     [F.]     Same  as  bertha. 

berthierite  (ber'thi-er-it),  H.  [After  Pierre 
Bcrthiir,  a  French  mineralogist,  died  1861.]  A 
sulphid  of  antimony  and  iron  occurring  in  dark 
steel-gray  prismatic  crystals  or  fibrous  masses. 

berthingl  (ber'thing),"  h.  [<  berth-  +  -iiig^.] 
The  arrangement  of  berths  in  a  ship;  the 
berths  collectively. 

Berthing  requires  the  earliest  attention,  and  the  opera- 
tion may  be  facilitated  by  having  a  plan  of  the  decks. 

Luce,  Seamanship,  p.  '294. 

berthing^  (ber'thing).  n.  [<  berth^  +  -iiig'^.] 
1.  The  exterior  planking  of  a  ship's  side  above 
the  sheer-strake,  designated  as  the  berthing  of 
the  quarter-deck,  of  the  poop,  or  of  the  forecas- 
tle, as  the  case  may  be;  the  bulwark.  [Eng.] 
—  2.  The  rising  or  working  up  of  theplanis  of  a 
ship's  side.     Hamersly. 

berthing-rail  (ber'thing-ral),  n.  In  ship-build- 
ing.    See  extract. 

Tlie  berthiini-rail,  which  wjis  the  uppermost  rail  in  the 
ship,  was  let  into  the  lace  piece,  and  had  an  iron  knee  at 
tlie  fore  end  embracing  the  rails  on  each  side.  It  also 
abutted  against  the  cathead,  and  an  iron  knee  connected 
it  with  the  cathead  and  ship  s  side. 

Thearle,  Naval  Arch.,  §  23'2. 

berth-latch  (berth'lach),  Ji.  A  spring-catch 
for  keeping  the  tipper  berth  of  a  sleeping-car 
in  place  when  closed. 

Bertholletia  (ber-tho-le'shi-S),  n.  [NL.,  named 
after  Claude  Louis  BerthoUet.  a  French  chem- 
ist, 1748-1822.]  A  genus  of  ilyrtacetr.  of  which 
only  one  species,  B.  excelsa,  is  known,  it  is  a 
tree  of  large  tiimensions,  and  forms  vast  forests  on  the 
banks  of  the  Amazon,  Rio  Negro,  and  Orinoco.  It  grows 
to  a  height  of  150  feet,  and  its  stem  is  from  3  to  4  feet  in 
diameter.  The  fruit  is  known  as  the  Brazil-nut  (which 
see). 

bertram,  bartram  (b^r'-,  bJir'tram),  n.  [A  cor- 
ruption of  L.  jiyrcthruiii :  see  I'yrcthrum.]  An 
old  name  of  the  plant  Pyrethrum  Parthenium, 
bastard  pellitory  or  feverfew. 

bertrandite  (be"r'trand-it),  H.  [After  E.  Ber- 
triind,  a  French  crystallographer.]  A  hydrous 
silicate  of  glucinum,  occiu'ring  in  minute  ortho- 
rhombic  crystals  in  pegmatite  near  Nantes  in 
France. 

berivickt,  bere'Wickt,  ».  [Used  only  as  a  his- 
torical teiin,  <  JIE.  iicreicike,  <  AS.  bereitic,  < 
berc,  barley,  +  iric,  dwelling,  WUage:  see  bear^ 
and  uick-.  and  cf.  barton.]  Same  as  barton,  1. 
In  the  courts  of  the  Forest  of  Kuareslwrough  each  of 
the  townships  or  bereirics  which  form  the  manor  of  the 
forest  is  represented  by  the  constable  and  four  men ;  from 


berwick 

these  the  jurora  of  the  Icet  un-  clinseii ;  and  by  them  the 
praepoaitus  or  grave,  and  the  beiiel. 

Stubhs,  Const.  Hist.,  I.  12ll, 

berycid  (ber'i-sid),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Jicry- 
i-i(l(r.     Also  hirijcokl. 

Berycidae  (be-ris'i-de),  «.  j)l.  [NL.,  <  Beri/x 
(lUrijf-)  + -iiliv.']  Afarailyof acaiitliopteryKiiUi 
fishi's,  111'  which  licnix  is  the  typical  kcuus.  \ar.\  ■ 
ing  limits  liave  been  a3siKneil  to  it.     {ii)  In  iiniitller's  sys- 


Cautotepis  tottgidetts. 

tern  it  is  tlie  only  family  of  the  Benjcifonite^.  (/>)  In  Gill's 
system  it  is  limited  to  Bfryfoiika ,  with  a  single  dorsal  tin 
having  few  spines  in  front,  and  ventral  tins  witli  many  soft 
rays  antl  moderate  spines.  It  inelncles  the  genera  Berifx, 
Anopluna^tK'r,  Cnrthh'pis,  and  others. 

beryciiform  (be-ris'i-t'6rm),  a.  Having  the 
characters  of  or  pertaining  to  the  lieri/ciformcs. 

Beryciformes  (lie-ris-i-f6r'mez),  )i.  pi.  [XL., 
<  Jkri/.i:  (Ikri/c-)  +  \j.  forma,  shape.]  In  icJitli., 
in  Giinther's  system  of  classification,  the  second 
division  of  the  ovdcr  Acduthoptcri/oii,  character- 
ized by  a  compressed  oblong  body,  a  head  with 
large  muciferous  ca\-ities  covered  with  thin 
skin  only,  and  the  ventral  fins  thoracic  with 
one  spine  and  more  than  five  soft  rays  (in  Mo- 
vocentris  with  only  two). 

berycoid  (ber'i-koid),  fl.  and  H.     I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  superfamily  lierycoidea  or  family 
liiri/ri<l<f. 
Il,  II .  Same  as  berycid. 

Berycoidea  (ber-i-koi'de-a),  n.  pi.  piJlj.,  <  Br- 
ri/j-  { Bi  ri/c-)  +  -oidca.']  A  superfamily  of  acan- 
tiiopterygian  fishes  ha\'ing  nearly  the  same 
limits  as  the  group  Beri/ciforme.s,  and  including 
the  families  Bcri/cidie,  Monoceiitrida;  Utephano- 
hcri/cidir,  and  Holocctitrida'. 

beryl  (ber'il).  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  hcril,  berel,  ber- 
rel,  etc.,  <  JIE.  hf-ri/!,  hcril,  berel,  <  OF.  beril,  < 
L.  beryUiis.  berilhi.^,  <  Gr.  i3r/pv?J.oc,  beryl,  per- 
haps <  Skt.  Fiiidtiryn  (with  lingual  d),  beryl.  Cf. 
Ar.  Pers.  balliir,  hellaur,  crystal.]  A  colorless, 
bluish,  pinkish,  yellow,  or  more  commonly 
green  mineral,  occurring  in  he.xagonal  prisms. 
The  preriuus  emerald  is  a  variety  whieh  owes  its  lp(:nit>' 
of  eolor  lo  the  presence  of  a  small  anioiuit  of  ehr<iniinni. 
See  emerald,  .iqnannirine  is  a  pale-voeen  t)-ansparent  va- 
riety, also  useil  as  a  tiem,  thouy:h  nnt  hiLddy  prized.  Keryl 
is  a  silieate  of  alnmininm  and  Ijeryllinm  (;;lneinum).  The 
best  beryls  are  found  in  Brazil  and  Ceylon,  and  in  Transbai- 
kalia and  elsewhere  in  Siberia.  Beryls  occur  also  in  many 
parts  of  the  United  States,  especially  in  the  New  Eng- 
land states  and  North  Carolina;  the  latter  State  lias  af- 
forded smile  goiid  emeralds. 

beryllia(be-riri-a),  )i.  [NL.,<  to'//Wii(m.]  Same 
as  iiliieiiia. 

Befyllian  (be-ril'ian),  71.  One  of  a  sect  found- 
ed in  the  third  eeiitury  by  Beryllus,  bishop  of 
Bostra  in  Arabia,  who  taught  that  Christ  was 
non-existent  previous  to  his  incarnation,  and 
that  at  his  birtli  a  portion  of  the  divine  nature 
entered  into  him. 

berylline  (ber'i-lin),  n.  [<  beri/l  + -inrl.'\  Like 
a  111  ryl :  of  a  light-  or  bluish-green  eolor. 

beryliium  (be-ril'i-um),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  ,ir]fiv'k7,iov, 
dim.  iif  if/iiv'/>.o(,  beryl.]     Same  as  flliwimim. 

berylloid  (ber'i-loid),  «.  [<  hcri/l  +  -('((?.]  A 
solid  ccinsisting  of  two  twelve-sided  pyramids 
placed  base  to  base :  .so  called  because  the 
planes  of  this  form  are  common  in  crystals  of 
beryl. 

Berytidae  (be-rit'i-de),  h.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Berfihi.'! 
+  -(■(/((.]  A  family  of  heteropterous  insects, 
containing  the  most  aberrant  bugs  of  the  series 
Corrouh'ti. 

BerytUS  (be-ri'tus),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  he- 
mipterous  insects,  typical  of  the  family  Bc- 
rytidie. 

Beryx  (ber'iks),  «.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  percoid 
fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Berycida: 

berzeliaiute  (btr-ze'lian-it),  H.  "[<  Berzelian  (< 
Ber:eliu.<i,  a  celebrated  Swedish  chemist,  1779- 
184.S )  -I-  -(^■'-.]  A  rare  seleiiide  of  copper,  found 
ill  tliin  incrustations  of  a  silver-white  color. 

berzeliite  (bcr-ze'li-it),  «.  [<  BerzeUus  (see 
berzfUaidte)  +  -itc-.'\  An  arseniate  of  calci- 
um, magnesium,  and  manganese  occurring  in 


Bcsagues.   ( From  Viollet-lc-Duc's  "  Diet,  du 
Mobilier  fran^ais." } 


531 

honey-yellow  masses,  also  less  frequently  in 
isometric  crystals. 

berzeline  (b<ir'ze-lin),  w.  [i  Bcr:cliu.s  (see  bcr- 
:dianitc)  +  -iiie-.']  1.  The  copper  selenide 
usually  called  bcr^eliaiiitt . — 2.  A  name  early 
given  to  the  mineral  haiiyno. 

bes  ( bes),  «.  [L.,  rarely  bcHsis  (bcKS-),  <  bi-,  two-, 
+  (IS  (asu-),  as,  unit :  see  «.v4.]  In  llom.  mvtrol- 
nijy,  t  wo  thirds  of  a  nnit  or  eight  twelfths  of  an 
as;  especially,  eight  cyathi  or  two  thirds  of 
a  sextarius;  also,  the  name  of  a  small  copper 
coin.     Also  bcssi.i. 

besa  (be'sii),  H.  [Heb.]  A  measm-e  of  capacity 
mentioned  in  rabbinical  writings,  equal  to  about 
one  sixth  of  a  I'nited  States  pint. 

besabol  (bes'ii-bol),  H.  [Ar.]  A  fragrant  res- 
iiiiius  balsam  olitaiiied  from  a  Inirseraoeous 
tree,  CvDiniijilwra  kiiliif,  of  the  Somali  country 
in  eastern  Africa,  it  was  formerly  called  Kaxt  Indian 
vtyri-h,  and  differs  from  true  niyiTh  eliielly  in  its  odor. 
Also  hlsKnliol. 

besagne  (be-san'),  «.  [OF.  hesaiige  (Roque- 
fort), a  jiieee,  bit;  jjerhaps  same  as  OF.  bcsant, 
bezant:  see  be.:aiit.']  In  medieval  armor,  a 
round  jilate  protecting  the  interval  between 
two  pieces  of  plate-armor,  as  at  the  knee-,ioint 
or  elbow-joint.  During  the  period  from  the  first  in- 
troduction of  plate  ill  tile  earliest  rercbrare  to  the  com- 
plete suit  of  steel  (nearly  a  century  and  a  half),  the  protec- 
tion of  tliese  joints  was  one  of  the  most  diltirult  problems, 
and  the  use  of  tlie  roundel  of  steel  (easy  to  forge  and  to 
attacli),  to  protect  the  outer  side  of  the  elbow  or  knee,  was 
almost  universal;  if  it  disappeared  for  a  few  years,  it  was 
only  to  come  into  use  again.     See  roiauiet. 

besague  (bes'a-gQ),  n.  [OF.,  also  bisaigue,  F. 
lie.saiijui;  =  Pr.  bczagudo,  <  L.  bis,  double,  + 
acuta,  acutns, 
pointed,  sharp: 
see  bis-  and 
acute,  and  cf. 
E.  twibill.]  In 
medieval  antiq.: 
(rt)  A  two- 
edged  or  two- 
pointed  wea- 
pon, especial- 
ly a  sort  of 
pick  having 
one  short  point 
and  one  blunt 
or  four-pointed  head;  a  variety  of  the  martel- 
de-fer  (which  see),  (b)  A  carpenter's  tool  with 
perliaps  an  ax-blade  on  one  side  and  an  adz- 
blade  on  the  other. 

besaint  (be-siint'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  saint.']  To 
make  a  saint  of. 

Their  canonizing  .  ,  .  and  beaainting  themselves. 

Hammond,  Works,  IV.  ix. 

besant,  «.    See  bezant. 

bes-antler,  «.    See  bez-antler. 

besaylet,  «.  [ME.,  <  OF.  besaycl,  besaiol  (F. 
bisiiiful),  a  great-grandfather,  <  hcf-,  bis-  (<  L. 
bis,  twice)  +  oyel,  aiol,  ai'ciil,  grandfather:  see 
bis-  and  ayle.]  A  great-graiuU'ather — Writ  of 
besayle,  in  old  Uur.  a  writ  by  whitli  a  greatgrandehild, 
wrongfully  excluded  from  an  ancestor's  property,  vindi- 
cated his  or  her  claim  to  it. 

bescatter  (be-skat'er),  V.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  scatter.'] 

To  scatter  over. 

With  flowres  bescattered.  Spenser,  V.  Q.,  IV.  xi.  46. 

The  battlemented  pine-beseattered  ridges  on  the  further 

side.  The  Centurij,  XXVII.  S.I. 

bescorn  (be-skorn'),  V.  t.  [<  If-l  +  scorn.']  To 
treat  with  scorn;  mock  at. 

'I'lieii  was  he  bencorned  thatonely  should  have  been  hon- 
oured in  all  things.  Chaucer.  Pareon's  Tale. 

bescratch  (l)e-skrach'),  v.  t.    [<  fcc-l  +  scratch.] 
To  scratch; 'tear  with  the  nails.     Spenser,  F. 
Q.,  III.  V.  3. 
bescra'Wl  (bf-skral'),  v.  t.     [<  6c-l  +  scrawl.] 
To  scrawl ;  scribble  over. 

So  far  is  it  from  the  kenneof  these  WTCtched  projectors 
of  ours  that  bescmxiU  their  ramtlets  every  day  with  new 
formes  of  government  for  our  cliiirch. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  1. 

bescreen  (bf-skren'),  v.  t.  [<  if-l  +  screen.] 
To  cover  with  a  screen,  or  as  with  a  screen; 
shelter;  conceal. 

Bexcrceiied  ill  night.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iL  2. 

bescribble  (l>e-skrib'l),  v.  t.    [<  ?;r-l  -I-  scribble.] 

To  scribble  over. 

Beimbbled  with  a  thousand  trifling  iinperHnences. 

Milton,  Divorce,  ii.  12. 

bescumbert  (be-skum'ber),  r.  t.  [Also  bescum- 
imr,  <  /"-I  +' scumber  or  scummcr.]  To  dis- 
charge ordiu-e  upon;  befoul;  besmear.  Mar- 
stun. 

Did  Block  bescumber 
Statute's  white  suit  with  the  parchment  lace  there? 

B.  Jongon,  Staple  of  News,  v.  2. 


beset 

A  critic  that  all  the  world  l)esntmlierii 

With  satirical  humours  and  lyrical  nnmliers. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  U 

bescutcheon  (be-skuch'on),  r.  t.  [<  6e-l  + 
scutcheon.]  To  ornament  with  a  scutcheon: 
as,  "  brsciitchconcd  and  betagged,"  Churchill, 
The  Ghost,  iv. 

beseet  (ln.-se'),  r.     [<  ME.  bcsen,  hcseon,  biseon, 

<  AS.  bcsc6n,  look,  look  about  (=  OS.  bisehan, 
OFries.  bi.iia  =  Goth,  bisailiwaii),  <  be-  +  se6n, 
see:  see  6e-l  and  .scc-l.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  look 
at;  see. — 2.  To  look  to;  see  to;  attend  to;  ar- 
range.— 3.  Relle.xively,  to  look  about  one's  self; 
look  to  one's  self. 

II.  iiitrans.  To  look  about;  look. 
beseech  (be-sech'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  besought, 
pjir.  bescec)iin(j.  [Early  mod.  E.  (north.)  also 
bcscck;  <  ME.  besechen,  hiscchen,  also  beseken 
(not  in  AS.)  (=  OFries.  biseka  =  T>.  bczoeken  = 
OHG.  bisuuchini,  MHG.  besuochen,  G.  bcsuchen 
=  Sw.  besoka  =  Dan.  besoffe,  visit,  go  to  see),  < 
be-  +  seken,  seek:  see  6e-l  and  seek.]  1.  To 
entreat ;  supjilicate ;  implore ;  ask  or  pray  with 
urgency:  followed  by  a  personal  object. 

I  Paul  myself  beseech  you  hy  the  meekness  and  gentle- 
ness of  Christ.  i  Cor.  x.  1. 
I  do  beseeeh  you 
(Chiefly,  that  I  might  set  it  in  my  prayers), 
Wliat  is  your  name'^               Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  L 

2.  To  beg  eagerly  for;  solicit:  followed  by 
the  thing  solicited. 

But  Eve  ...  at  his  feet 
Fell  humble;  and,  embracing  them,  bemught 
Ills  peace.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  912. 

His  sad  eyes  did  beseeeh 
Some  look  from  hers,  so  blind  to  him,  so  blind  '. 

Wittianl  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  297. 
=  SyiL  -Ask,  Reqitest,  Beg,  etc.  (see  ask),  plead  for  or  with, 
petition,  conjure,  appeal  to. 
beseecht  (be-sech'),  Ji.      [<  beseech,  r.]     A  re- 
quest:  as,  "such  submiss  beseeches,"  Fletcher 
{(iiid  iithcrs).  Bloody  Brother,  iv.  2. 
beseecher  (be-se'cher),  «.     One  who  beseeches, 
beseechingly   (be-se'ching-U),   adv.     In  a  be- 
seeching manner. 
beseechingness  (be-se'ching-nes),  H.   The  state 
or  quality-  of  Ijeiiig  beseeching  or  earnestly  so- 
licitous,    (ieori/e  Eliot. 
beseechment  (be-sech'ment),  H.     [<  beseech  + 
-Hunt.]     The  act  of  beseeching.     Goodwin. 
beseekt  (be-sek'),  v.  t.     Obsolete  variant  of  be- 
seech.    Chaucer. 

There  with  prayers  meeke 
And  niyld  entreaty  lodging  did  for  her  l^eseeke. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  VI.  Iii.  3T. 

beseem  (bf-sem'),  v.     [<  ME.  besemen,  hisemen, 

<  hi-  -I-  semen,  seem :  see  be-^  and  seem.]  I.t 
iutrans.  1.  To  seem. 

As  beseemed  right.  Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  11.  ix.  20. 

2.  To  be  seemly;  be  meet. 

II,  trans.  1.  To  become;  be  fit  for  or  wor- 
thy of. 

Grave,  beseeming  ornament.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1. 

In  general,  it  has  a  quiet,  didactic  tone,  such  as  beseems 
its  subject  and  its  age.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  91. 

2t.  To  seem  fit  for. 

But  foure  of  them  the  battell  best  beseemed. 

Speiuer,  F.  (J.,  IV.  ix.  20. 

beseemingt  (be-se'ming),  ji.     Comeliness. 

beseemingly  (be-se'ming-li),  adr.  In  a  be- 
seeiniiig  manner. 

beseemingness  (be-se'ming-nes),  ?i.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  beseeming. 

beseemlyt  (be-sem'li),  a.  [<  beseem,  confused 
with  seemly.]'  Seemly;  fit;  suitable:  as,  "ftc- 
seeinly  order,"'  Sheiistone,  Schoolmistress. 

beseeht  (be-sen'),  pp.  [<  ME.  bcseyn,  besein, 
beseye,  byseyn,  etc.,  provided,  arrayed,  having 
a  certain  appearance,  pp.  of  besen,  beseon,  be- 
see:  see  bcsee.]  1.  Seen;  viewed;  with  refer- 
ence to  appearance,  looking:  as,  a  vieW-bcseen 
man. 

Arayd  in  .  .  .  sad  habiliments  right  well  tteseene. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  .xii.  .7. 

Hence — 2.  Clad;  arrayed;  equipped. 

Tlie  Curate  in  his  best  beseene  solemnly  received  him  at 
the  Churchyard  stile. 

ii.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall,  p.  137  b. 

3.  Provided  with  as  accomplislimeuts ;  fur- 
nished. 

beseket,  v.  t.  A  Middle  English  spelling  of  be- 
seech. 

besenna  (be-sen'a),  n.    Same  as  mesenna. 

beset  (be-sef),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beset,  ppr. 
be.ietting.  [<  ME.  besetten,  bisetten.  <  AS.  be- 
settan  (=  OFries.  bisetta  =  D.  be:ctten  =  LG. 
besetten  =  OHG.  bisczan,  MHG.  G.  besetten  = 
Sw.  besiiita  =  D.  besictte  =  Goth,  bisatjan),  sur- 
round, <  be-,  about,  +  settan,  set ;  see  6e-i  and 


beset 

«e*.]  It.  To  set  or  place. — 2.  To  set  or  place 
upon ;  distribute  over ;  bostiul ;  besprinkle :  now 
only  in  the  perfect  imrtici])le. 

Tlie  garden  is  so  liesel  wilh  all  iimniicr  of  sweete  elinililis, 
tliiit  it  piTfumes  tlie  aire.        Ewlijn,  Diary,  Oct.  22, 1686. 

A  rolie  of  azure  beset  witli  drops  of  Kold. 

Sjiectator,  No.  425. 

Beset  on  its  external  surface  witli  spines. 

ir.  B.  Cariienter,  Micros.,  §  632. 

3.  To  come  upon  or  against ;  set  upon  in  at- 
tack, or  so  as  to  perplex,  endanger,  or  hem  in ; 
press  upon  severely,  vigorously,  or  from  all 
sides :  as,  to  beset  one  with  blows  or  with  en- 
treaties. 
Let  us  lay  aside  .  .  .  the  sin  wliieli  dotli  so  easily  beset  us. 

Heb.  xii.  1. 

We  are  beset  with  tliieves.         Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 
Adam  sore  beset  replied.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  124. 

Let  thy  troops  beset  our  gates.  Addisim,  Cato. 

We  liad  lieen  beset  [with  ice]  fifteen  days,  and  had 
drifted  twenty-two  miles  to  the  southward. 

A.  H'.  Greely,  Arctic  Service,  xxxviii. 

The  main  difficulty  besetting  the  tlieory  of  the  excava- 
tion of  the  roclv  basins  by  ice  is  to  ixplain  huw  the  ice 
after  entering  the  basin  manages  to  ^rt  out  iiM;iin. 

J.  Croll,  Climate  and  I'nsiiK.logy,  p.  254. 

4t.  To  employ;  spend;  use  up.     Chancer. —  5t. 
To  become ;  suit ;  look  well  on — To  be  beset  ont, 
to  be  occupied  with ;  have  one's  mind  fixed  on. 
God  wolde, 
Syn  thou  most  love  thurgh  thy  destenee 
That  thou  beset  leere  on  swich  on  that  sholde 
Know  al  thi  wo,  al  lalcl<ede  here  pitee. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  521. 

besetment  (bf-set'ment),  «.    [<  beset  +  -ment.'] 

1.  The  state  or  eondatiou  of  being  beset. 

Tlie  breeze  freshened  off  shore,  brealiing  up  and  send- 
ing out  the  floes,  the  leads  rapidly  closing.  Fearing  a  be- 
setmt;nt,  I  determined  to  fasten  to  an  iceberg. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  I.  33. 

2.  The  sin  or  failing  to  which  one  is  most  li- 
able ;  a  besetting  sin  or  tendency.  [From  the 
expression  in  Heb.  xii.  1.] 

It's  ray  besetinent  to  forget  where  I  am,  and  everything 
around  me.  George  Eliot. 

besetting  (be-set'ing),  p-  ''•  Habitually  at- 
tacking or  waylaying. 

We  have  all  of  us  our  besetting  sins,  our  special  moral 
danger,  and  our  special  moral  strength. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  ix. 

besewt  (be-so'), ''.  *•  \/-  ME.  besewen,  <  be-  +  sew- 
eii,sew.  see  6e-l  and  seu'l.]    To  sew.    Gower. 

beseyet,  IV-    -A-  Middle  English  form  of  bescen. 

besha  (be'shii),  n.  An  ancient  Egyptian  mea- 
sure of  capacity,  said  to  be  equal  to  4.5  liters, 
or  one  imperial  gallon. 

beshett,  JJi'.  Apastpartieipleof  6e«/m<.  Oiau- 
crr. 

beshinet  (bf-shin'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bcshone, 
ppr.  beshinlng.  [<  ME.  beshinen,  bischinen,  < 
AS.  bescinan  {—OFvies.  bischiiia  =  T>.  beschijtien 
=  OHG.  bisceinan,  MHG.  beschiiieii,  G.  besclteiiien 
=  Goth,  biskeiiifiii),  shine  upon,  <  be-  -h  scinan, 
shine:  see  6f-l  and»7i(«f.]  To  shine  about  or 
upon.     CJiaucer. 

[She]  was  as  fair  a  creatiu-e  as  the  sun  might  beshine. 

Berijn,  1.  381. 

beshlik  (besh'lik),  n.  A  Turkish  silver  coin,  of 
the  value  of  21  United  States  cents.  Also  beslik. 
beshmet  (besh'met),  /(.  [Native  term.]  An 
article  of  food  consisting  of  grapes  made  into 
the  consistence  of  honey,  used  among  the  tribes 
of  the  mountainous  districts  of  Asia  Minor. 
besbonet  (be-shon').  Preterit  and  past  partici- 
ple of  besltine. 

beshO'W  (be-sho'),  H.  A  name  given  by  the  In- 
dians of  the  strait  of  Juan  de  Fuea  to  the  can- 
dle-fish, Aiioplopoma  fimbria.  See  cut  under 
candle-fish. 
beshre'W  (be-shro'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beshrewen, 
curse,  pervert,  <  be-  +  shrew  :  see  6e-l  and 
s/jreifl.]  It.  To  wish  a  curse  to;  execrate. 
AUe  suche  freendis  I  beshrewe.  Rom.  of  the  Rose. 

See,  a  blossom  from  the  bough  ; 
But  beshrew  his  lieart  tliat  pull'd  it. 

Fletcher,  Faitllful  Shepherdess,  iv.  2. 

Kay,  quoth  the  cocic ;  but  I  beshrew  us  both. 
If  I  believe  a  saint  upon  his  oath. 

Drgden,  Cock  and  Fox. 

2.  In  modern  use,  a  mildly  imprecatory  or 
merely  expletive  introductory  exclamation,  in 
the  form  of  the  imperative. 

Beshrew  your  heart, 
Fair  daughter  !  you  do  draw  mv  spirits  from  me. 

.S'/i((/f.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  3. 
Beshrew  me,  but  it  was  an  absolute  good  jest. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 
Lcshrew  the  sombre  pencil !  said  I  vauntingly. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey. 


532 

It  was  an  idle  bolt  I  sent,  against  th«  villain  crow: 
Fair  sir,  I  fear  it  harmed  tliy  liaud  ;  brshrcirmy  erring  bow  I 
Bryant,  Strange  Lady. 

beshroud  (be-shroud'),  v.  t.  [<  fte-l  +  shroud.'] 
To  cover  with  or  as  -with  a  shroud ;  hide  in 
darkness,  as  with  a  cloak. 

beshutt  (be-shuf),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  bcshutten,  hi- 
shctteii,  <  be-  4-  shutten,  shut :  see  be-"^  awAshnt.'] 
To  shut  in  or  inclose;  shut  up  or  confine. 

besiclometer  (bes-i-klom'e-ter),  n.  [<  F.  besi- 
des, spectacles  (modified  (as  if  <  bes,  L.  bis, 
twice,  -1-  L.  oculus,  eye)  <  OF.  bericle,  crystal, 
spectacles,  dim.  <  L.  beryllus:  see  bcrijl  and 
brills),  +  Gr.  /urpov,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  distance  between  the 
hinges  of  a  pair  of  spectacles ;  a  forehead-mea- 
sure. 

beside  (be-sid'),  adv.  undprej).,  prop,  prcp.phr. 
[<  ME.  beside,  biside,  byside,  besiden,  bisiden, 
etc.,  also  (with  adv.  gen.  suffix  -cs)  besides,  bi- 
sides,  adv.  and  prep.,  <  AS.  be  sldan  (=  MHG. 
besiten,  besite),  by  (the)  side :  be,  prep.,  E.  by ; 
sidan,  dat.  of  side,  side.]  I.  adv.  Same  as  be- 
sides, which  is  now  the  common  form. 

II.  prep.  1 .  At  the  side  of ;  near :  as,  sit  down 
beside  me,  or  beside  the  stream. 
Beside  him  hung  his  bow.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  763. 

I  walliing  to  and  fro  beside  a  stream. 

Tennilson,  Holy  Grail. 

2.  Over  and  above ;  distinct  from.  [In  this 
sense  now  rare,  besides  being  used  instead.] 

A  woollen  shirt  is  geneially  the  only  article  of  dress 
worn  l>y  the  monlis,  beside  the  turban. 

E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  II.  316. 

3t.  Out  of ;  away  from. 

One  of  them  taking  displeasure  with  his  father  .  .  .  step- 
ped to  him,  and  plucking  her  [a  falcon]  beside  [out  of]  liis 
list,  wrong  her  neck. 

Holinshed,  Chron.,  Scotland  (ed.  1S06),  II.  60. 

Neleus,  Son  of  Codrus,  being  put  beside  [out  of]  the  King- 
dom of  Athens  by  his  younger  Brother  Medon. 

Stanley,  Hist.  Philos.  (ed.  1701).    (iV.  E.  D.) 

4.  Apart  from;  not  connected  'with;  not  ac- 
cording to. 

It  is  beside  my  present  business  to  enlarge  upon  this 
speculation.  Locke. 

5+.  Contrary  to. 
At  Durham,  beside  all  expectation,  I  met  an  old  friend. 
Johmon,  Letters  (ed.  1788),  I.  Ixxiii.  106. 

6.  Out  of ;  in  a  state  de-viating  from. 
Enough 
To  put  him  quite  beside  his  patience. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 
7t.  Without. 

Execut  was  al  byside  hire  leve. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  622. 
Beside  the  mark,  away  from  the  mark  aimed  at ;  not  to 
the  point ;  irrelevant  or  irrelevantly :  as,  to  shoot  or  to 
ai'gue  beside  the  murk. 

To  reason  with  such  a  writer  is  like  talking  to  a  deaf 
man  wlio  catclies  at  a  stray  word,  makes  answer  beside  the 
mark,  and  is  led  further  and  further  into  error  by  every 
attempt  to  explain. 

Maeaulay,  Vtilitarian  Theory  of  Government. 

To  be  beside  one's  self,  to  be  out  of  one's  wits  or  senses : 
be  in  a  high  state  of  mental  exaltation  or  excitement ;  lose 
one's  self-command  tlirough  strong  feeling. 

Paul,  thou  art  beside  thyself;  mucli  learning  doth  make 
thee  mad.  Acts  xxvi.  24. 

He  came  down  with  a  huge  long  naked  weapon  in  both 
his  Iiands,  and  looked  so  dreadfully !  sure  he's  beside  him- 
self. B.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  iv.  2. 

Togo  besidei,  to  pass  by;  pass  over.— To  look  beside  t, 

to  overlriuk  ;  fail  to  see;  miss  seeing. 

Let  vs  but  open  our  eyes,  we  caimot  looke  beside  a  lesson. 
Bp.  Hall  (1627),  Epistles,  iv.  341. 
=  Syn.  Beside,  Besides.    Beside,  by  the  side  of ;  besides,  in 
addition  to. 

Tlien  went  Sir  Bedivere  the  second  time 
Across  tlie  ridge,  and  paced  beside  the  mere. 

Tennyson,  Passing  of  Ai-thur. 

His  [Muley  Alml  Hassan's]  kingdom  now  contained  four- 
teen cities,  ninety-seven  fortified  places,  besides  numerous 
uuwalled  towns  and  villages  defended  by  formidable  cas- 
tles. Irving,  Granada,  p.  13. 

besideryt  (be-si'de-ri),  11.  [Origin  unknown.] 
A  species  of  pear.  Johnson. 
besides  (be-sidz'),  adv.  and  pre2'>.  [<  ME.  be- 
sides, hisiiles,  <  beside  -I-  adv.  gen.  suffix  -es :  see 
beside.]  I,  adv.  1.  Moreover;  more  than  that; 
further. 

The  match 
Were  rich  and  honourable  ;  besides,  the  gentleman 
Is  full  of  virtue,  bounty,  worth,  and  (lualitics 
Beseeming  such  a  wife  as  your  fair  daughter. 

Shnk.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

2.  In  addition ;  over  and  above ;  as  well. 

The  men  said  unto  Lot,  Hast  thou  here  any  besides? 

Gen.  xix.  12. 
There  are  besides  many  pompous  volumes,  some  enilioss'd 
witli  gold,  and  intaglias  on  achats,  medailcs,  etc. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  2,  1680. 


besmear 

3.  Not  included  in  that  mentioned;  otherwise; 

else. 

She  does  write  to  me 
As  if  her  heart  were  mines  of  adamant 
To  all  the  world  besides. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  I'hilaster,  iii.  1. 

4t.  On  one  side ;  aside. 

To  gon  besydes  in  the  weyc. 

Chaucer,  (.'anon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  405. 
Thou  canst  not  fight :  the  blows  thou  mak'st  at  me 
Arc  cjuite  besides.    Beau,  ami  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  4. 

Sometimes  beside. 

II.  prep.  If.  By  the  side  of ;  near.  Spenser. — 
2.  Over  and  above ;  separate  or  distinct  from ; 
in  addition  to:  as,  besides  these  honors  he  re- 
ceived much  money. — 3.  Other  than;  except; 
bating. 

No  living  creature  ever  walks  in  it  besides  the  chaplain. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  110. 

4t.  Beyond ;  away  from :  as,  quite  besides  the 

subject.— Besides  himself*,  beside  iiimsclf.   Holland, 

tr.  of  Livy,  p.  irili.  =  Syn.  Beside,  Besidts.     Sec  beside,  II. 

besiege  (be-sej'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  besieged, 
yiiT.besiegiiig.  [<  ME.  besegen,  bisegcii,  <  be-  + 
segen,  besiege:  see  6<?-l  and  siege,  c]  1.  To  lay 
siege  to;  beleaguer;  beset  or  surround  with 
armed  forces  for  the  purpose  of  compelling  to 
surrender,  either  by  famine  or  by  violent  at- 
tacks: as,  to  besiege  a  castle  or  city. 

Till  Paris  was  besieg'd,  famish'd,  and  lost. 

.S'Aat.,  2Hen.  \X,  l3. 

2.  To  beset ;  throng  around ;  harass. 

All  frailties  that  besiege  all  kinds  of  blood. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  oil. 
The  arras,  rich  witii  horseman,  hawk,  and  hound, 
liutter'd  in  the  besieging  wind's  uproar. 
And  the  long  carpets  rose  along  tlie  gusty  floor. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  xL 

=  &yn.  1.  To  beset,  hem  in,  invest,  blockade. 
besieged  (be-sejd'),  p-  a.     In  astrol.,  said  of  a 
planet  which  is  between  two  others. 
besiegement   (be-sej 'ment),   h.     [<   besiege  + 
-ment.]     1.  The'act  of  besieging. —  2.  A  state 
of  siege ;  beleaguerment. 

It  is  not  probable,  however,  that  Pemberton  would  have 
permitted  a  close  besiegement. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  496. 

besieger  (bf-se'jer),  n.     One  who  besieges. 

On  tlie  27th  of  November,  the  besiegers  made  a  despe- 
rate though  iueffectual  assault  on  the  city. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  23. 

besieging  (bf-se'jing),  p.  a.  Surroundii^  in  a 
hostile  manner ;  employed  in  a  siege :  as,  a 
besieging  army. 

besie'gingly  (be-se'jLng-li),  adv.  In  a  besieging 
manner.     [Rare.] 

besil'ver  (be-sil'ver),  V.  t.  [<  6c-l  -f-  silver.] 
To  cover  with  or  as  ■with  silver.     G.  Fletcher. 

besing  (bf-sing'),  r.  1.  [<  ic-l  +  sing.]  To  sing 
about ;  celebrate  in  song.     Carlyle. 

besitt  (be-sif),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  he.'iittci,,  <  AS.  bc- 
sittan,  sit  about,  <  be-,  about,  -t-  sittan,  sit :  see 
6e-t  and  sit,  and  cf.  the  causal  form  beset.]  1. 
To  sit  about;  besiege. —  2.  To  sit  upon. —  3. 
To  sit  properly  upon,  as  clothes ;  suit ;  be- 
come. 

Tliat  which  is  for  Ladies  most  besitting. 

Spenser,  F.  Ij'.,  IV.  ii.  19. 

beslabbert  (be-slab'er),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  besleiber- 
en,  al.so  bcsloberen  (=  LG.  beslubbern),  <  be-  + 
slaberen,  slabber,  slobber :  see  6f-l  and  slabber, 
slobber.]  To  beslaver ;  beslobber.  I'icrs  Ploiv- 
man. 
beslave  (be-slav'),  r.  t.  [<  ftf-l  +  slave.]  To 
make  a  slave  of;  enslave. 

[Covetousness]  beslaves  the  aflfections. 

Quarles,  Judgment  and  Mercy. 

besla'TCr  (be-slav'er),  r.  t.  [<  be-''-  +  .shiver''. 
Cf.  besleibbci:]  To  cover  with  slaver,  or  any- 
thing suggesting  slaver;  hence,  to  cover  with 
fulsome  flattery. 
besUk  (bes'lik),  n.  Same  as  beshlik. 
beslime  (bf-slim'),  v.  t.  [<  be-''-  +  slime.]  To 
daub  with  or  as  with  slime ;  soil. 

Our  fry  of  writers  may  be.flime  his  fame. 

B.  Jon.^on,  I'rol.  to  Poetaster. 

beslobber  (be-slob'er),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  be.<i!obereii, 
same  as  beslaberen  :  see  beslobber.]  To  besmear 
or  befoul  with  spittle  or  anything  running  from 
the  mouth;  slobber  over  with  effusive  kisses; 
hence,  to  flatter  in  a  fulsome  manner  or  to  a 
fulsome  degree. 

beslubber  (bo-slub'er),  v.  t.  [Var.  of  beslobber.] 
To  liesmcar  or  befoul. 

Beslubber  our  garments  with  it  [blood]. 

.Shak.,  1  Uen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

beslurry  (bf-slur'i),  r.  t.  [<  be-''  -\-  E.  dial,  .flurry, 
siiil:  see  ,■.■?«/■.]     To  soil.     Droytnn.     [Hare.] 

besmear  (bf-smer'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
besmeer,  besiaere,  besmire,  etc.,  <  ME.  bismeor- 


besmear 

wen,  <  AS.  'hismcrwidii,  hrsiinjridn  (=  MHG.  hc- 
smirweii),  bcsiiioar,  <  he-  +  smi/rioan,  smicrwaii, 
smear:  seo  ic-l  ami  xmcH).]  *ro  smear  over  or 
about ;  bedaub ;  overspread  with  any  viscous 
matter,  or  witli  any  soft  substance  that  adheres ; 
hence,  to  foul ;  soil ;  sully. 

My  hoiinur  woulil  not  let  iiiBratituilf 
So  nmcli  bt'niwar  it.  Shnk.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  i. 

His  dear  frieiuia  Acates  aiiti  Aranttit's 
Lie  in  tlle  lielil  bodnired  in  tlnii  hliKp.ls. 

Vlmjiiniiii,  lilind  Beggar. 

Her  gushing  blood  the  pavement  all  besmear  d. 

Drijden. 

besmearer  (be-smer'6r),  «.   One  who  besmears. 

besmirch  (be-sm^reh'),  c.  t.     [<  ftr-l  +  smirch.} 

To  soil ;  discolor,  as  with  soot  or  mud ;  hence, 

to  sully  ;  obscure.     [The  figurative  use  is  now 

the  more  common  one.] 

(Jnrgayness,  ami  4iur  gilt,  are  all  bfinnirch'd 
With  rainy  inaruliing  in  tlie  i>ainful  field. 

Sliak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  3. 

The  dishonor  that  beitmirclwH  the  husband  of  a  faithless 

woman.  Hawthorne,  .Scarlet  Letter,  p.  87. 

besmoke  (be-smok'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  hesmokni,  < 
/i<-i  +  smoken,  smoke:  see  ic-l  and  smoke.'] 
1.  To  befoul  or  fill  with  smoke. —  2.  To  harden 
or  dry  in  smoke.  Johnson. — 3.  To  fumigate. 
[Rare.] 

besmooth  (be-smoTH'),  !'•  t-  [<  be-'>-  +  smooth.} 
To  make  smooth.     Chapman. 

besmoteredt,  pp.  [ME.,  pp.  of  *hesmol€ren; 
appar.  freii.  of  hcsmui,  wliicli,  however,  does 
not  appear  in  ME.]  Smutted;  spotted;  made 
dirty. 

A  gepoun 
.\1  bysmotered  with  his  habergeoun. 

Chaucer,  (ien.  Prol,  to  C.  T.,  1.  76. 

besmut  (be-smuf),  )'.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hesm-nt- 

led,    ppr.    'litsmuttin(j.      [<    fee-l    +    smut.}     To 

blacken  with  smut ;  foul  with  soot. 
besmutch  (be-smuch'),  v.  t.     [<  6c-l  +  smutch.} 

To  besmirch.'     Carlylc. 
besnow   (be-sno'),  i'.  (.      [With  altered  vowel 

(utter  siioir),  for  earlier  besncic,  <  ME.  besneuwn, 

<  AS.  hesnhcan  (=MHG.  bcsnlcn,  G.  heschneien), 

<  be-  +  siihran,  snow:  see  fce-1  &nd  snow.}  To 
cover  with  or  as  with  snow ;  whiten. 

A  thirti  tliy  wliite  and  small  hand  shall  betinow. 

Carew,  T<»  Lady  Anne  Hay. 

besnuff  (be-snuf),  ''.  t.  [<  6c-l  +  snuff.}  To 
befoul  with  snuff.     [Kare.] 

liiw  ;\slRd  her  hands,  and  nnieli  besnufed  her  face. 

Voiitiff,  Satires,  vi. 
besogniot,  «•     See  bisoqnio. 
besoil  (be-soil').  r.  I.     [<  ME.  bcsoylcii,  <  bc-l  + 
soilcii,  soil:  see  bc-^  and  soil.}     To  soil;  stain; 
sully. 

Venerable  too  is  the  rugged  faee,  all  weather-tanned, 
bexoiled,  with  its  rude  intelligence. 

Carlylc,  .Sartor  Resartus,  iii.  4. 

besom  (be'zum),  n.  [<  ME.  bcsum,  besem,  besmc, 
a  broom,  arod,<  AS.  hcscnia,  bcsma,  a  rod,  in  pi. 
a  bundle  of  twigs  or  rods  \ised  as  a  broom,  also 
as  an  instrument  of  punishment,  =  OFries. 
iesma  =  OD.  bessem,  D.  be::ent  =  LG.  bessen  = 
OHG.  bcsamo,  MHG.  bcseme,  G.  bcsen,  a  broom, 
a  rod ;  orig.  perhaps  a  twig,  hence  a  bundle 
of  twigs,  a  broom.]  1.  A  Ijrush  of  twigs  for 
sweeping;  hence,  a  broom  of  any  kind. 

I  will  sweep  it  with  the  besom  of  destruction,  saith  the 
Lord  of  hosts.  Is.  xiv.  23. 

Tlie  Lord  Bactni  was  wont  to  connnend  the  advice  of 
the  plain  old  man  at  Buxton,  that  sold  beiioiiis. 

Bacon's  Ajiophthegms,  p.  190. 

There  is  little  to  the  rake  to  get  after  the  hUsome. 

Scotch  proverb,  in  Ilay  (1678),  p.  390. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  common  broom  of  Eu- 
rope, Ci/tisus  !ico])arii(s,  and  to  the  heather,  Cal- 
luna  cuifiaris,  because  both  are  used  for  besoms. 
—  3.  [Pron.  biz'um.]  A  contemptuous  epithet 
for  a  low,  worthless  woman.     [Scotch.] 

besom  (be'zum),  v.  t.  [<  besom,  ».]  To  sweep 
as  with  a  besom.     Cowper.     [Rare.] 

besomer(be'zura-er),  H.   One  who  uses  a  besom. 

besoothment  (be-soTn'ment),  n.  [<  'bcsoothc 
(not  in  use)  (<  b'e-'i-  +  soothe)  +  -ment.}  That 
which  yields  consolation;  solace;  comfort. 
QuarterUi  Iter.     [Rare.] 

besortt  (be-s6rt'),  V.  t.     [<  i)6-l  +  sort.}     To 
suit ;  fit ;  become. 
Such  men  as  may  besort  your  age.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

besortt  (be-sorf),  H.     l<  besort,  r.}    Something 
fitting  or  appropriate ;  suitable  company. 
I  crave  fit  disposition  for  u\y  wife,  .  .  . 
With  sucli  accommodation  anil  bcnort 
.\s  levels  with  her  breeiling.       Shak..  Othello,  i.  3. 


besot  (be-sof),  V.   t.;   pret.  and  pp.  besotted, 
ppr.  bcwttincj.     [<   fce-1   +  sot.} 
uate ;  make  a  dotard  of. 


f: 


To  infat- 


533 

A  fellow  sincerely  heeollnl  on  his  own  wife. 

B.  .Ion/ton,  Kvery  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  Prof. 

2.  To  stupefy;  affect  with  mental  or  moral 
stupidity  or  blindness. 

A  weak  and  besotted  iiriuce  — wlio  had  .  .  .  produced 
a  revolt  in  which  six  thousand  lives  were  lost  — is  per- 
mitted, unmolested  and  in  safety,  to  leave  tlie  city. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  017. 

3.  To  make  sottish,  as  with  drink;  make  a 
sot  of. 

Pcrniitted  ...  to  besot  themselves  in  the  company  of 
their  favourite  revellers.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

besotment  (be-sot'ment),  v.  [<  besot  +  -ment.} 
The  act  of  making  one's  self  sottish  by  drink; 
the  state  of  being  besotted. 

The  deli.ising  habit  of  unsocial  besotment  is  not  brought 
under  the  eyes  of  his  sujicrior.  Jialwer. 

besotted  (be-sot'ed),  ;).  ft.  1.  Characterized  by 
or  indicative  of  stupidity;  stupid;  infatuated. 

Besotted,  base  ingratitude.  Milton,  Coujus,  I.  77S. 

Historical  painting  had  sunk  .  .  .  on  tile  north  into  the 
patient  devotion  of  besotted  lives  to  delineations  of  bricks 
and  fogs,  fat  cattle  and  ditch  water.  Ituskin. 

2.  Made  sottish  by  drink ;  stupefied  by  habit- 
ual intoxication. 

besottedly  (be-sot'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  besotted 
or  foolish  manner. 

besottedness  (be-.sot'ed-nes),  H.  The  state  of 
being  besotted; 'stupidity ;  arrant  folly;  infat- 
uation. 

besottingly  (bf-sot'ing-li),  adr.  In  a  besotting 
numner. 

besought  (be-sof).  Preterit  and  past  participle 
of  bciecch. 

besour  (be-sour'),  I'.  (.  [<  ftc-1  +  sour.}  To 
make  sour.     Hammond. 

besouth  (he-south' ),  ]>rep.  [<  WE.be-sowth;  < 
lic-i  +  south.  Cf.  benorth.}  To  the  south  of. 
[Scotch.] 

bespangle  (be-spang'gl),  v.  t.  [<  ic-l  -1-  spau- 
(/!(.}  To  adorn  with  spangles;  dot  or  sprinkle 
with  small  glittering  objects. 

Not  Berenice's  lock  first  rose  so  bright. 

The  heav'ns  bexpan'jUn'j  with  dishevell'd  light. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  v.  130. 

bespat  (be-spaf).     Preterit  of  bespit. 
bespatter'  (be-spat'er),  i\  t.     [<  6e-l  +  .spatter.} 

1.  To  soil  by  spattering;  sprinkle  with  any- 
thing liquid,  or  with  any  wet  or  adhesive 
substance. —  2.  Figuratively,  to  asperse  with 
calumny  or  reproach. 

Whom  never  faction  could  bespatter.  Swi/t,  On  I'oetry. 
bespattlet  (be-spat'l),  r.  t.     [<  6f-l  +  spattle.} 

To  spit  on.     ilp.  Bale. 
bespawlt  (be-spal'),  V.   t.     [<  fc-l   -t-  spotcl.} 
To  soil  or  make  foul  with  or  as  with  spittle. 

Bespatcts 
The  conscious  time  with  humorous  foam  and  brawls. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 

This  remonstrant  would  invest  himself  conditionally 
with  all  the  rheum  of  the  town,  that  lie  might  have  suffl. 
cieut  to  bespmel  his  brethren. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Huml).  Remonst. 

bespeak  (be-spek'),  v.;  pret.  bespoke  (formerly 
bespake),  \\).  bespoken,  bespoke,  ppr.  bespeak- 
ing. [<  ME.  bespeken,  bispeken,  speak,  agree 
upon,  complain,  <  AS.  besprecan,  complain  (= 
OS.  bisprekan  =  OFries.  hispreka  =  D.  bcspreken 
=  OHG.  bisprchhan,  MHG.  G.  besprechcn,  be- 
speak), <  be-  +  sprecan,  speak:  see  ftc-l  and 
spcttk.}  I.  Irons.  1.  To  speak  for  beforehand ; 
engage  in  advance;  make  arrangements  for: 
as,  to  bespeak  a  place  in  a  theater. 

.staying  in  Paul's  <  'Inu-chyard,  to  Ivsiieak  Ogilby's  -Esop's 
Fables  and  Tullys  Oftleys  to  be  bound  for  me. 

Pepys,  Diary,  I.  138. 

Tis  very  true,  ma'am  ;  every  thing  is  fixed,  and  the  wed- 
ding liveries  besjwke.      Sheridan,  .School  for  .Scandal,  i.  1. 

2.  To  stipulate,  solicit,  or  ask  for,  as  a  favor: 
as,  to  bes})eak  a  calm  hearing. 

This  is  a  sinister  and  politic  kind  of  charity,  whereby 

we  seem  to  bespeak  the  pities  of  men  in  the  like  occasions. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  .Medici,  ii.  2. 

3t.  To  forebode ;  foretell. 

They  started  fears,  bespoke  dangers,  and  fonned  omi- 
nous progiuistieks,  to  scare  the  allies,  Swi/t. 

4.  To  speak  to ;  addi-ess.  [In  this  sense  mostly 
poetical.] 

He  thus  the  queen  bespoke.  Dryden. 

5.  To  betoken;  show;  indicate,  as  by  signs. 
When  the  abbot  of  St.  Martin  was  born,  he  had  so  little 

the  figure  of  a  man  that  it  bespoke  him  rather  a  monster. 

Locke. 
His  face  bespeaks 
A  deep  and  simple  meekness. 

Wordsuvrth,  The  Borderers,  i. 

The  object,  alike  paltry  and  impossible,  of  this  ambi- 
tion, bespoke  the  narrow  mind. 

Motley,  Dutch  KepubUc,  II,  513. 


Bessel's  ftmction 

Il.t  intrans.   To  speak  up  or  out;   exclaim; 
speak. 

tfntil  their  Lord  himself  bespake,  and  bid  them  go. 

Milton,  Nativity,  vi. 

And  thus  the  chief  bespake.  Cowper,  Iliad,  ii.  '201. 

bespeak (be-sp6k'),  n.  [(.bespeak,  v.,  1.}  Among 

actors  in  tireat  Britain,  a  benefit :   so  called 

from  the  bespeaking  of  patronage  by  the  actors, 

or  of  the  [ilay  by  the  patrons.     See  benefit,  5. 

bespeaker  ( be-spe'ker),  )i.     One  who  bespeaks. 

bespeaking  (be-spe'king),  «.    [Verbal  n.  of  bc- 

.<!jir(ik.}     The  act  of  speaking  for  or  soliciting; 

solicitation. 

A  preface,  therefore,  which  is  but  a  brspeakimj  of  favour, 
is  altogether  useless.       Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  I'ref. 

bespeckle  (be-spek'l),  v.  t.     [<  fcr-l  ■¥  speckle.} 
To  mark  with' speckles,  spots,  or  bright  patches. 

Bespectded  her  with  .  .  .  gaudy  allurements. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Kng.,  i. 

bespendt  (be-spend'),  V.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  spend.} 
To  expend ;  bestow ;  employ. 

All  his  craft 
Bespent  about  the  bed. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  viil. 

bespett,  r.  t.     [ME.  bcspcten  (weak  verb.pp. 
bcspet,  bc.sjiat),  <  ic-l   -H  speten,  <  AS.  spwtan, 
spit:  see  spit,  and  cf.  bespit.}     To  bespit. 
bespe'W  (be-spu'),  v.  t.     [<  6e-l  -I-  spew.}     To 

sjiew  or  vomit  on. 
bespice  (be-spis').  r.  t.     [<  ic-1  +  spice.}     To 
season  with  spices  or  drugs;  hence,  to  drug; 
poison. 

Ay,  and  thou. 
His  cup-bearer,  .  .  .  mightst  bespice  a  cup. 
To  give  mine  enemy  a  lasting  wink. 

Shak.,  \V.  T.,  i.  2. 
bespirtt,  ^'-  t.     See  bespurt. 
bespit  (be-spif),  v.  (. ;  pret.  bespit,  bespat,  pp. 
be.<:pit,  be'spiticn,  bespitted,  ppr.  bespitting.     [< 
ME.  bispitten,  <  hi-  +  spitten,  spit:  see  6c-l  and 
spit,  and  cf.  bespet.}     To  spit  upon;  soil  with 
spittle. 
bespoke  (bf-sp6k').     Preterit  and  past  partici- 
ple of  heifpeak. 
bespot  (bf-spof),  !'.  t.     [<  ME.  bispotten,  <  bi- 
-\-  spotten,  sjjot:  see  if-l  and  spo^.]     To  make 
spots  on ;  mark  with  spots ;  cover  ■with  or  as 
with  blots  or  blemishes. 

Bespottcd  so  with  sin.        Drayton,  Matilda  to  K.  John. 
bespread  (be-spred'),  r.  t.     [<  ie-1  +  spread.} 
To  spread  over;  cover  with. 

His  nuptial  bed, 
With  curious  needles  wrought,  and  painted  flowers  be- 
spread. Dryden. 

bespreng  (be-spreng'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  besjtrengen, 
bisprengen  (pp.  besjirenged,  bespreijnt,  etc.),  < 
AS.  besprengan  (=  D.  and  G.  besprengen),  be- 
sprinkle, <  be-  +  sprengan,  sprinkle:  see  ie-l 
a.nAspreng,  and  cf.  besprinkle.}  1.  To  sprinkle 
over;  besprinkle:  as,  •'be.iprent  with  teares," 
Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  26. 

The  floor  with  tassels  of  fir  was  besprent. 

Lony/eltow,  Wayside  Inn,  King  Olaf,  iv. 

2.  To  spread ;  scatter. 

His  silver  tresses  thin  besprent. 

T.  Warton,  Grave  of  King  Arthur. 

[Obsolete  except  in  the  perfect  participle  be- 
sprent.} 
besprent  (be-sprenf),  p.  a.     [Pp.  of  bespreng.} 
Besprinkled. 
In  the  flower-6e*prcn(  meadows  his  genius  we  trace. 

IWmhworth,  At  Vallomljrosa. 

besprinkle  (b§-spring'kl),  r.  t.     [<  ftc-i  -I- 

spriiiklc.     Cf.    bespreng.}      To    sprinkle   over; 
scatter  over :  as,  to  besprinkle  with  dust. 

Herodotus 
fabulosities. 
Besprinkles  with  Cimmerian  dew.    Pope,  Dunciad,  iii.  4. 
besprinkler  (be-spring'kl6r),  n.     One  who  be- 
sprinkles. 
bespurt,  bespirtt  (be-spert'),  r.  t.     [<  fte-l  + 
spurt.}     To  spurt  out  or  over ;  throw  out  in  a 
stream  or  streams. 


hath  besprinkled  his  work  with  many 
Sir  T.  Brounte. 


Well  bespv.rted  with  his  own  holy  water. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst 

bespurtlet  (bf-sper'tl),  v.  t.  [<  be-i.  +  spurtle.} 
To  bespatter,'  as  with  contumely;  asperse. 

I  give  thy  dogged  sullennes  free  libertie :  trot  about,  and 
bespurtte  whom  thou  pleasest. 

Marston  and  Webster,  The  Slalcontent,  L  2. 

besputter  (be-sput'fr),  v.  t.  [<  be-^  +  sjmtter.} 
To  s]iutter  over. 

Besselian  (be-sel'yan),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  ori- 
ginated by  the  Geiinan  astronomer  Friedrich 
Wilhelm  Bessel  (1784-1846) .  -  BesseUan  function. 
Same  as  r:es..„lsi'uiiction  (which  see,  under /tijic(ion). 

Bessel's  function.     See  function. 


Bessemer  converter 
Bessemer  converter,  iron,  process,  steel,  etc. 

SiH'  the  iiouus. 

Bessera  (bes'e-rii),  M.  [NL.,  named  after  tlie 
Kussian  naturalist  licsscr.']  A  genus  of  Mexi- 
can bulbous  liliaceous  plants,  consisting  of  a 
single  species,  Ji.  eligati*;  freijuently  cultivated. 
Its  showy  crimson  flowers  arc  borne  in  a  termi- 
nal umbel. 

bessis  (lu's'is),  «.     Same  as  bes. 

bessognet,  "•    See  bixoi/iii).       ,    .        ,         ,, 

best  (best),  «.  and  «.  (superlative  of  good). 
[See  hctter,  a.,  and  good.']  I.  a.  1.  Of  the  highest 
qualitv,  excellence,  or  standing:  said  of  both 
persons  and  things  in  regard  to  mental,  moral, 
or  physical  qualities,  whether  inherent  or  ac- 
quired :  as,  the  best  WTiters  and  speakers ;  the 
best  fainilies  ;  the  Ixst  judgment ;  the  best  years 
of  one's  life ;  a  house  built  of  the  best  materials,  best  J^^^est),  i\  t. 

When  lie  is  best,  he  is  n  little  worse  than  a  man ;  and 
when  he  is  worst,  he  is  little  better  than  a  beast. 

Shak.,  51.  of  V.,  i.  2. 


534 

6cs^behaved  boy  in  the  school ;  the  ?)fs<-culti- 
vatod  fields 


Speak  ye,  who  h'ttt  can  tell. 

Millon,  r.  I.. 


.  100. 


What  she  wills  to  ilo  or  say 
Seems  wisest,  virtuousest,  discreetest,  best. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  650. 

2.  Of  greatest  advantage,  usefulness,  or  suita- 
bility for  the  purpose  intended ;  most  advan- 
tageous,   suitable,  appropriate,  or  desirable: 


Jlost  solicitous  how  best 
lie  may  compensate  for  a  day  of  sloth. 

Coii'pcr,  Task,  iv. 
He  praycth  brat  who  loveth  best 
All  things  both  great  ami  small. 

Colericlrie,  Ancient  Mariner,  vii.  23. 

2.  In  or  to  the  highest  degree ;  to  the  fullest 
extent;  most  fully:  as,  those  who  know  him 
best  speak  highly  of  him ;  those  bri<t  informed 
say  so ;  the  best-abused  man  in  town. 

Old  fashions  please  me  best.      Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  1. 

Tell  whom  thou  lovest  best.       Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

I  relish  best  the  free  gifts  of  Providence. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I 

[<  best,  a.  or  n.]     1 
the  better  of ;  outdo  ;  surpass. 

I  cannot  stand  iiuiet  and  see  the  dissenters  best  the  es- 
tablishment. Trafford,  World  in  Ch.,  ii.  77.  (.V.  K.  D.) 
2.  To  overreach  or  outwit :  as,  to  best  a  client. 
—  3.  To  defeat  in  a  contest;  do  better  than; 
beat;  hence,  in  pugilism,  to  thrash  soundly; 
drub ;  defeat  at  fisticuffs. 
bestadt.  An  obsolete  preterit  corresponding  to 
the  past  participle  bestead^. 


as,  the  best  man  for  the  place ;  the  best  way  to  Tjggtain  (be-stan'),  ''•  '•     [<  ^e-^  +  «<«'«•]     To 


do  anything. 

His  best  companions,  innocence  and  health, 
And  his  best  riches,  ignorance  of  wealth. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  CI. 

3.  Most  kind,  beneficent,  or  good :  applied  to 
persons:  as,  the  best  husband  imaginable ;  which 
of  your  brothers  is  best  to  you '?  —  4.  Largest ; 
gre'atest ;  most :  as,  we  spent  the  best  part  of 
three  days  in  getting  there — Best  man,  the 
groomsman"  or  chief  attendant  on  the  bridegroom  at  a 
wedding. 

I  acted  in  the  capacity  of  backer  or  best  man  to  the  ,'^1"^'"-Vi   ,,  -  „,.„/,, n    ., 
bridegroom.  Dickens,   besteadl  (be-ste^  ),  V. 

In  our  own  marriages  the  best  man  seems  originally 
to  have  been  the  chief  abettor  of  the  bridegroom  in  the 
act  of  capture.  Darwin,  Des.  of  Man,  II.  xx. 

Best  work,  in  minina,  the  richest  class  of  ore.— TO  put 
one's  best  foot  foremost.    See  /oot. 

II.  ".  1.  The  highest  possible  state  of  ex- 
cellence; the  best  quality  or  property  of  a 
person  or  thing. 

Yf  thou  wylte  leve  in  peas  &  Eeste, 
Here,  &  see,  &  sey  the  beste. 

Pruv.  of  Good  Counsel,  52. 

But  you,  0  you, 
So  perfect,  and  so  peerless,  are  created 
Of  every  creature's  be.it.      Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  1. 

2.  All  that  one  can  do,  or  show  in  one's  self: 
often  used  in  this  sense  with  the  possessive 
pronoims  my,  thy,  his,  their,  etc. :  as,  I  will  do 
my  best  to  advance  your  interests ;  she  is  bent 
on  looking  her  best ;  he  did  all  he  could  to  ap- 
pear at  his  best  in  that  performance. 

Theu  gan  1  him  to  comfort  all  my  best. 

Spenser,  Daphnaida,  1.  190. 

W'in  shall  I  not,  but  do  my  best  to  win. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

At  best,  in  the  utmost  degree  or  extent  applicable  to  the 
case :  as,  life  is  at  best  very  short. 

The  Law  of  England  is  at  best  but  the  reason  of  Parlia- 
ment. Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  x. 

For  bestt,  finally;  for  good  and  all. 

Those  constitutions  .  .  .  are  now  established  /or  best, 
and  not  to  be  mended.  Milton. 

For  the  best,  so  as  to  secure  the  most  advantageous  re- 
sult ;  with  the  best  intentions.— The  best,    (a)  The  best 
people  collectively  ;  those  of  the  highest  standing  in  any 
respect,  but  especially  socially  or  intellectually. 
Throng,  their  rags  and  they, 
The  basest,  far  into  that  council-hall 
Where  sit  the  best  and  stateliest  of  the  land. 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

(6)  The  best  things,  or  a  thing  of  the  best  quality :  as,  he 
always  buys  the  best ;  dressed  in  one's  best. 

The  lads  and  lassies  in  their  best 

Were  di'essed  from  top  to  toe. 

E.  Hansford,  Gypsying. 

The  best  of,  the  adv.antage  in  (a  contest  or  proceeding) 
or  over  (a  p(TS(m) :  as,  from  the  start  A.  B.  had  the  best  of  it. 

A-s  far  a.s  ili^'nity  is  concerned,  Steele  has  certainly  the 
bent  of  the  quarreK  -I.  Dobson,  Introd.  to  Steele,  p.  xxxix. 
To  make  the  best  of,  to  use  to  the  best  advantage ;  get 
all  that  one  can  out  of. 

Let  there  be  freedom  to  carry  their  commodities  where 
they  may  mnke  the  best  of  them.  Baco7t. 

Often  used  in  speaking  of  things  or  events  that  are  not 
so  good  or  favorable  as  was  expected  or  was  to  be  wished ; 
as  to  make  the  best  uf  ill  fortune  or  a  bad  b.argain.— TO 
make  the  best  of  oiie's  way,  to  travel  or  proceed  with 
all  pos.sible  speed. 

best  (best),  adv.  (siiperlative  of  well).  [See 
better,  adv.]  1.  In  the  most  excellent  or  most 
suitable  manner;  with  most  advantage  or  suc- 
cess: as,  ho  who  runs  best  gets  the  prize;  the 


mark  vrith  stains;  discolor;  spot 

All  with  blood  bestain  his  cheeks. 

Percy's  Reliques,  p.  134. 

bestand  (be-stand'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  -I-  stand.]  To 
serve ;  be  of  service  to ;  be  ready  to  serve  or 
aid.     [Rare.] 


To  such  practical  lessons  as  would  always  bestand  them  ■.' 'IV- „,•-_, i    /■>,ea'tinTi  \ym\ 
ell.  i).  G. -WifcM(,  Bound  Together,   bestianismt    (bes  tian-izm;, 


JSt-best  ( best- best),  a.    'rne  very  oesi:  some-  t^  .^j^  j        (bes-ti-a'ri-an).   h.     [<  L.   I 
imes  used  in  trade  to  indicate  the  very  best  \lf^'^^%\%l .  sugglsted  by  Lnani 


best-best  (best'best),  a. 
ti 
qualitv. 

" ■    "■"       t;  pret.  and  pp.  ?;es*pan- 

ed,  bested,  ppr.  besteading.  [<  6f-l  +  stead,  v., 
support,  help.]  1.  To  help;  assist.— 2.  To 
profit;  benefit;  serve;  avail. 

Remember  this,  Gil  Bias,  .  .  .  pay  your  court  to  Signior 
Rodriguez   ...  his  friendship  will  bestead  you  much. 

Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  iii.  3. 
In  this  ship  was  great  store  of  dry  Newfoundland  fish, 
,  .  .  the  same  being  so  new  and  good  as  it  did  very  greatly 
besteoil  us  in  the  whole  course  of  our  voyage. 

Sir  F.  Drake,  West  India  'S'oyage. 
Hence,  vain  deluding  Joys, 
The  brood  of  Folly  without  father  bred  ! 
How  little  you  bested 
Or  fill  the  fixed  mind  with  all  your  toys  ! 

Milton,  II  Penseroso,  1.  3. 

bestead-t  (be-sted'  ),v.t.   [<  ie-1  +  stead,  place.  ] 
To  take  the  place  of. 

Hys  missing  of  the  Vniuersitie  Oratorship,  wherein  Doc- 
tor Perne  besteaded  him. 


bestorm 

bestial  (bes'tial),  a.  and  )i.  [<  L.  beslialis,  < 
iKstia,  beast:"  see  beast.]  I.  a.  1.  Belonging 
to  a  beast  or  to  the  class  of  beasts;  animal. 

Of  shape  part  human,  part  bestial.  Tatler,  >'o.  49. 

2.  IIa\'ing  the  qualities  of  a  beast :  brutal;  be- 
low the  dignity  of  reason  or  humanity;  carnal: 
as,  a  bestial  appetite. 

I  have  lost  the  immortal  part  of  myself,  and  what  re- 
mains is  bcilial.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

Bestial  automaton.    See  automaton.  —  Bestial  sl^, 

in  a.itrol. ,ii  zoiliacal  sign  denoted  by  a  quadruped,  .\ne8, 
Taurus,  Leo,  Sagittarius,  or  Capriconius.  =Syll.  Brutish, 
Bestial,  etc.  (see  brute) ;  vile,  depraved,  sensual. 

II.  ».  [<  LL.  bestiale,  cattle,  neut.  of  L.  bes- 
fi«?(.v  ,•  see  above.]  1.  In  .S'co(.sZrtic,  the  cattle 
on  a  farm  taken  collectively.—  2t.  A  work  on 
zoiilogv.  Brewer. 
Tn'^pt  bestiality  (bes-tial'i-ti),  n.  [<  LL.  bestialitas,  < 
*'  bestialis  :  see  bestial]  1.  The  qualities  or  na- 
ture of  a  beast ;  conduct  or  mental  condition 
unworthy  of  human  nature  ;  beastliness. 

What  can  be  a  greater  absuidity  than  to  attinn  bestial- 
ity to  be  the  essence  of  humanity,  and  darkness  the  centre 
of  light?  Martinus  .ScribUrus. 

2.  Unnatural  connection  with  a  beast. 

bestialize  (bes'tial-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bes- 

tialized.  ppr.  bestializiiig.    [<  bestial,  a.,  +  -ize.] 

To  make  like  a  beast ;  bring  or  reduce  to  the 

state  or  condition  of  a  beast. 

The  process  of  bestializing  humanity.  Bart. 

bestially  (bes'tial-i),  adv.     In  a  bestial  man- 
ner ;  brutally  ;  "as  a  brute  beast. 

bestiant  (bes'tian),  o.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
beast  spoken  of  in  the  Apocalypse  (Rev.  xiii. 

XX.). 

"      "  '  [<   be.stian   + 

See  bestian. 
bestia,  a 


-ism.]     The  power  of  the  beast. 


tarian.] 
One  -who  is  an  advoclite  of  the  kind  treatment 
of  animals;  specifically,  in  Great  Britain,  an 
anti\'ivisectionist. 
bestiary  (bes'ti-a-ri),  «.  [<  ML.  bestiahum, 
neut.  of  L.  bestia'rius,  pertaining  to  wild  beasts 
(as  a  n.,  a  beast-fighter),  <  bestia.  a  wild  beast.] 
1+.  A  fighter  with  wild  beasts  in  the  ancient 
Roman  amphitheater. —  2.  A  name  formerly 
sometimes  given  to  a  book  treating  of  animals. 
Mr.  Watkins  has,  however,  gone  further  back,  and  com- 
mences with  Homer  and  Hesiod.  His  openijig  chapter, 
"A  Homeric  Bestiary,"  is  one  of  the  most  characteristic 
and  satisfactory  portions  of  his  work, 

A',  and  Q.,  6th  ser..  XI.  260. 

bestiate  (bes'ti-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  besti- 
ated,  ppr.  bestiating.  [<  L.  bestia,  a  beast.  + 
-ate^.]     To  make  beastly ;  bestialize.     [Rare.] 

Drunkenness  bestiates  the  heart. 

R.  Junius,  Sinne  Stigmatized,  p.  235. 


,Vas/i,  H.aue  vi-ith  you  to  Saffronwalden.  Ijestjck  (be-stik'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bestiicl; 


bestead^,  p.  a.  See  bested. 
bested,  bestead  (be-sted'),  P-  "■  [Prop,  only 
as  a  pp.  or  p.  a.;  but  Spenser  uses  a  pret. 
bestad  and  pp.  bestedded,  and  other  authors 
have  adopted  present  forms;  <  ME,  bested, 
bisted,  commonly  bestad,  bisfad,  earliest  forms 
bistathed,  bisteathet,  pp.,  -vvithout  jires.  or  pret. 
(=  Dan.  hestedt),  <  be-  +  stad,  stadd,  later 
sted,  etc.,  <  Icel.  staddr  =  Sw.  stadd,  circum- 
stanced, pp.  of  stedhja,  fix,  appoint,  =  AS.  stectli- 
than,  set,  set  fast,  plant,  <  stieth.  a  place,  re- 
lated to  stede,  a  place,  stead:  see  stead  and 
steadi/.]  1.  Placed;  situated:  of  things.— 2. 
Placed  or  circumstanced  as  to  condition,  con- 
venience, benefit,  and  the  like;  situated:  of 
persons. 

She  saith  that  she  shall  not  be  glad. 
Till  that  she  se  hym  so  bestad. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i. 
Many  fjir  worse  bestead  than  ourselves. 

In  old  Bassora's  schools  I  seemed 
Hermit  vowed  to  books  and  gloom,— 
111  bested  for  gay  bridegroom. 

Emerson,  Hermione. 

3t.  Disposed  mentally;  affected:  as,  "sorrow- 
fully bestad,"  Chaucer.— 4i.  Prorided;  fur- 
nished. 

The  Ladie,  ill  of  friends  bestedded. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  IV.  i.  3. 

[This  word  is  scarcely  if  at  all  used  now,  ex- 
cept in  such  phrases  as  ill  or  sore  bested.] 
Bestiae  (bes'ti-e),  iLpl.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L.  be.'!tia, 
a  beast :  see  beast.]  A  suborder  of  the  mam- 
malian order  Inscctivora,  including  the  true  iu- 
sectivores  as  distinguished  from  the  frugivo- 
rous  Galeopitlwcida;  having  the  limbs  fitted  for 
walking,  but  not  for  ilying  (being  devoid  of  a 
parachute),  and  tlie  lower  incisors  not  pecti- 
nate. The  group  contains  the  whole  of  the  or- 
der, excepting  the  family  just  named. 


ppr.  besticking.  [<  6e-l  +  slick'^.]  1.  To  stick 
on  the  surface  of ;  cover  over. —  2.  To  pierce 
in  various  places ;  pierce  through  and  through. 

Truth  shall  retire, 
Bestuck  with  slanderous  darts, 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  536. 

In  these  little  visual  interpretations  [valentines]  no 
emblem  is  so  common  as  the  heart,  .  .  .  the  bestuck  and 
bleeding  heart.  Lamb,  Valentine's  Day. 

bestill  (be-stil'),  r.  t.     [<   6e-l   +  stiin.]     To 
make  quiet  or  still. 

Commerce  bestilled  her  many-nationed  tongue. 

J.  Cunningham,  Elegiac  Ode. 

[In  the  following  passage  uncertain : 

They,  bestilld 
AUnost  to  jelly  with  the  act  of  fear. 
Stand  dumb,  and  speak  not  to  him, 

Shak..  H.amlet,  i.  2. 
This  is  the  reading  of  the  folios ;  the  quartos  and  mod- 
ern editions  read  distilled.] 
Barrow,  'bestir  (be-ster'),  »'.  '■:  pret.  and  pp.  bestirred, 
ppr.  bestirring.  [<  ME.  bestyrien,  bestirien,  be- 
sterien,  bestir,  <  AS.  bestyrian.  heap  up.  pile  up, 
<  be-  +  styrian,  stir:  see  be-^  and  stir.]  To  put 
into  brisk  or  vigorous  action ;  reflexively,  move 
with  Ufe  and^^gor:  as,  bestir  yourself. 

You  have  . .  .  bestirred  youi-  valour. 
Shak., 


,  Lear,  ii,  2. 

Come  on,  clowTis,  forsake  your  dumps. 
And  bestir  your  hobnailed  stumps. 

B.  Jonson,  The  Satyr. 

Rouse  and  bestir  themselves  ere  well  awake, 

Milton.  P.  L..  i.  334. 

bestness  (best'nes),  n.     [<  best  +  -ness.]    The 

quality  of  being  best.     [Rare.] 

The  bestness  of  a  thing. 

Bp.  .Morton,  Episcopacy  .Asserted,  §  4, 

bestorm  (be-storm' ),  v.  t.  [<  be-  +  storm  :  not 
descended  'from  AS,  bestyrman  =  6.  bestiiniien 
=  Sw.  bestorma  =  Dan.  bestorme,  attack  with 


bestorm 

storm,  agitate.]  To  ovortako  with  a  storm ; 
assail  with  storms:  as,  "boats  bcslormcd,"  Sir 
W.  Davcnant,  Uondibert,  iii.  6. 

AH  is  sea  )>csides, 
Sinks  under  us,  bestonru,  and  then  devours. 

Youmi,  Night  Thoughts,  iv. 

bestow  (be-sto'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  hcstoweti,  bistow- 
cii;  <  t<-l  +  stow,  place:  see  stow.']  1.  To  lay 
up  in  store;  deposit  for  safe  keeping;  stow'; 
place. 

I  have  no  room  where  £o  beMow  my  fruits.    Luke  xii.  17. 
Ue  bestowed  it  in  a  pouch  lined  with  perfumed  leather. 

Scott. 
To  all  appearance  I  must  lie  [engaged]  for  many  moiith.s 
to  conic  in  turning  out,  examining,  sorting,  and  bestommj 
these  materials. 

Dr.  J.  A.  11.  ilurrmj,  Stli  Ann.  Add.  to  Philol.  Soc. 

2.  To  lodge,  or  find  quarters  for;  provide  with 
accommodation. 

Well,  my  masters,  I'll  leave  him  with  you ;  now  I  see 
him  betttoivfd,  I'll  go  look  for  my  goods. 

B.  Joiison,  Bai'tholomew  Fair,  iv.  1. 
8.  To  dispose  of. 

Give  me  but  the  name  and  nature  of  your  malefactor, 
and  1*11  bestow  him  according  to  his  merits. 

Middleton  (and  others),  The  Widow,  i.  1. 

4.  To  give ;  confer ;  impart  gratuitously :  fol- 
lowed by  on  or  upon  before  the  recipient:  as, 
to  bestow  praise  or  blame  impartially. 

Consecrate  yourselves  .  .  .  to  the  Lord,  .  .  .  thathemay 

bestow  upon,  you  a  blessing.  E.\.  xxxii.  29. 

Though  I  bestow  all  my  goods  to  feed  the  poor  .  .  .  and 

have  not  charity,  it  proHteth  me  nothing.       1  Cor.  xiii.  3. 

Around  its  entry  nodding  poppies  grow, 

And  all  cool  simples  that  sweet  rest  bestow. 

Dryden,  Cey.x  and  Alcyone,  1.  287. 
Did  you  bestow  your  fortune,  or  did  you  only  lend  it? 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  Ixvi. 

5.  To  give  in  marriage. 

I  could  have  bestoived  her  upon  a  fine  gentleman.    Tatler. 

6.  To  apply ;  make  use  of ;  use ;  employ. 

I  determine  to  bestow 
Some  time  in  learning  languages  abroad. 

Ford,  Love's  .Sacrifice,  i.  1. 

Otherwise  the  whole  force  of  the  war  would  have  been 

infallibly  bestowed  there.  Swift. 

7t.  To  behave  or  deport. 

The  boy  .  .  .  bestows  himself 
Like  a  ripe  sister.     Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3. 
=Syn.  4.  Confer,  Grant,  etc.    See  give. 
bestowable  (be-sto'a-bl),  a.    [<  bestow  +  -able.} 
Capiiblf  of  being  bestowed, 
bestcwaget,  "•     [<  bestow  +  -at/e.]     Stowage, 
bestowal  (be-sto'al),  «.    [<  bestow  +  -a/.]    Be- 
sto  wmeut. 

The  one  did  himself  honour  in  the  bestowal,  the  other 
in  the  acceptance,  of  such  a  gratuity. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  iv.  3. 

bestower   (be-sto'er),   n.     One  who   bestows; 

a  giver ;  a  disposer. 
bestO'wnient   (be-sto'ment),   «.      [<   bestow  + 

-mvnt.]     1.  The  act  of  giving  gratuitously;  a 

conferring. —  2.    That  which  is   conferred  or 

given ;  a  donation. 

They  almost  refuse  to  give  due  praise  and  credit  to 
God's  own  bestoicments.  Is.  Taylor. 

bestraddle  (bf-strad'l),  r.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  straddle.'] 
T<i  bestride.     See  straddle. 

bestraughtt  (be-strat'),;);j.  [A  modification  of 
dixInnKjIit,  with  prefix  be-  for  dis-:  see  dis- 
tramihi.]  Distracted;  mad:  as,  "I  am  not 
bestrawjht,''  Slial:.  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  ii. 

bestraughtedt  (be-stra'ted),  a.  [Irreg.  <  be- 
strani/ht.]     Distracted.     Xorden.     [Eare.] 

bestrawt  (be-stra'),  V.  t.  [<  lie-'^  +  sbaw  for 
strrw.]     An  obsolete  form  of  bestrew. 

bestreak  (be-strek'),  v.  t.  [<  ic-l  +  streak.] 
To  mark  or  cover  with  streaks. 

bestrew,  bestrow  (be-stro',  -stro'),  v.  t.;  pret. 
be.-itrcwcd,  bestrowed,  pp.  bestreiccd,  bestrewn,  lie- 
strowed,  bcstrown,  ppr.  bestrewing,  hestrowiuy. 
[<  ME.  bistrewen,  <  AS.  bestredwian  (=  D.  bc- 
strooijen  =  MHG.  bestrdttwen,  G.  hestreuen  =  Sw. 
bestrii  =  Dan.  bestrd),  <  be-  +  stredwian,  strew: 
see  6e-l  and  strew,  straw.]  1.  To  strew  or  scat- 
ter about ;  throw  or  drop  here  and  there. 
Those  blossoms  also,  and  those  dropping  gums. 
That  lie  brstrown.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  KU. 

2.  To  strew  anything  upon ;  cover  or  partially 
cover  with  things  strewn  or  scattered. 

Disct>rd  shall  bestrew 
Tlie  union  of  your  bed  with  weeds  so  loathly. 
That  you  shall  hate  it  both.      Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

Striji  the  bough  wliose  mellow  fruit  bestrews 
The  ripening  corn  beneatli  it. 

Wordsworth,  Between  Namur  and  Liege. 

bestrid  (be-strid').  Preterit  and  past  participle 
of  bestride. 


536 

bestride  (be-strid'),  v.  t.;  pret.  bestrode  or  hc- 
strid,  pp.  bestridden,  bestrid,  improiierly  hc- 
strided\  (Sterne),  ppr.  bcstridiny.  [<  ME.  be- 
stridcn   (pret.  bestrood,  bestrode,  pp.  wanting), 

<  AS.  bestridan  (hors  bestridan  —  Lye),  <  be-  + 
stridan,  stride.]  1.  To  straddle  over;  mount 
astride  of;  stretch  the  legs  or  corresponding 
parts  across  so  as  to  embrace  :  as,  to  bestride  a 
horse  ;  spectacles  bestriding  the  nose. 

Why,  man,  lie  doth  bestride  the  narrow  world 
Like  a  Colossus.  SImk.,  .1.  C,  1.  2. 

The  animal  he  bestrode  was  a  broken-down  plough-horse. 
Irviny,  Sketcli-Book,  p.  436. 
2.  To  step  over;  cross  by  stepping. 

When  I  first  my  wedded  mistress  saw 

liestride  my  threshoUI.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

bestrode  (be-strod').     Preterit  of  bestride. 
bestrow,  v.  t.     See  bestrew. 
bestrutt  (bf-struf),  v.  t.    [<  fce-i  +  .•<trut.]    To 
distend. 

Her  paps  bestrul  with  milk. 

Holland,  tr.  of  I'lutarch,  p.  619. 

bestuck  (be-stuk').  Preterit  and  past  parti- 
ciple of  besiick. 

bestud  (be-stud'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bestudded, 
ppr.  bcsttidding.    [<  6c-l  -I-  sttid'^.]   To  set  with 
or  as  with  studs;  adorn  with  bosses. 
The  unsought  diamonds 
Would  so  iniblaze  the  ((U'elicad  of  the  deep, 
And  so  bestud  with  stars,  that  they  below 
"Would  grow  inured  to  light.     Milton,  Comus,  1.  734. 

beswaddle  (be-swod'l),  v.  t.  [<  Je-l  +  swad- 
dle.] To  envelop  in  swaddling-clothes.  TV. 
Wliitihead. 

beswiket,  «'•  t.  [ME.  beswiken,  <  AS.  beswiean 
(=  OS.  biswikan  =  D.  bezwijken  =  OHG.  beswili- 
han  =  Sw.  besvika  =  Dan.  besvige),  deceive,  be- 
tray, <  be-  -f-  swican  (=  OS.  swikan  =  OFries. 
swika  =  OHG.  swihhan  =  Icel.  srikjti  =  Sw. 
srika  =  Dan.  sviffe),  deceive,  weaken.]  To  al- 
lure,    dower. 

bes'Winget  (Vie-s'O'inj'),  v.  t.  [ME.  not  found; 
AS.  beswingan,  only  in  pp.  beswungen,  scourge, 
beat,  <  be-  +  swingan,  scourge,  s'winge.]  To 
scourge;  beat. 

You  had  best  to  use  your  sword  better,  lest  I  beswinge 
you.  Greene,  Orlancio  Furioso. 

beswinkt,  ''■  '.  [<  ME.  beswinken,  <  AS.  beswin- 
can,  earn  by  toil,  <  be-  +  swincan,  swiiik,  toil: 
see  6e-l  and  swink.]     To  earn. 

That  of  a  poison  which  they  drunke 
They  liadden  that  they  have  besn-xuike. 

Gowcr,  Conf.  Amant.,  i.  131. 

besyt,  a.    A  Middle  English  form  of  busy. 

bet't  (bet),  adv.  [<  ME.  bet,  <  AS.  bet  =  OFries. 
bet  =  OS.  bat,  bet  =  OD.  bat,  bet  =  OHG.  MHG. 
6«c,  G.  bass  =  Icel.  betr  =  Goth,  'batis  (in  adj. 
bati::a),  better,  orig.  adj.  in  the  neut.  ace.  with 
reg.  compar.  suSix  (lost  in  AS.,  etc.;  hence  the 
later  form  betere,  betre,  E.  better,  adv.,  prop, 
neut.  of  the  inflected  adj.  betera :  see  better^), 

<  *bat,  a  positive  not  used,  from  the  root  which 
appears  also  in  Icel.  batna,  E.  batten^,  become 
or  make  better,  improve,  AS.  bot,  E.  booft,  ad- 
vantage, improvement,  AS.  betan,  E.  beet'^,  im- 
prove, etc. :  see  batten^,  battle^,  boot'^,  beet", 
etc.]  Obsolete  and  earlier  Middle  English  form 
of  better'^. 

"Go  ?«•/,"  quod  he.  "and  axe  redily 
What  cors  is  this  that  passeth  heer  forby." 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  20.n. 
It  li.ad  been  het  for  me  still  to  have  kept  ray  (piiet  chair. 

Gascoiijiw. 

bet"  (bet),  )'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bet  or  betted,  ppr. 
betting.  [First  in  early  mod.  E.;  prob.  short 
for  abet  (cf.  bate",  short  for  abate);  if  so,  prob. 
first  as  a  notin,  Lustigation,  encouragement, 
support,  backing,  whence  the  verb,  to  give  sup- 
port, etc.]  I.  trans.  To  pledge  as  a  forfeit  to 
another  who  makes  a  similar  pledge  in  return, 
on  a  future  contingency,  in  support  of  an  afiir- 
matiou  or  opinion ;  stake ;  wager. 

.  .John  of  Gaunt  loved  him  well,  and  betted  much  money 
on  his  head.  Shak.,  2  lien.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

II.  intruns.  To  lay  a  wager;  stake  money  or 

anything  of  value  upon  a  contingency ■you 

bet,  certainly;  of  coui-se.  [U.  S.,  originally  California, 
slang.] 

"  Friend,"  said  I  to  a  Jehu,  whose  breath  suggested  gin, 
"Can  thee  convey  me  straightway  to  a  reputable  inn?" 
His  answer's  gross  irrelevance  1  shall  not  soon  forget  — 
Instead  of  simply  yea  or  nay,  he  griiflly  said,  "I'oi*  Itet!" 
The  Century.  XI.  142. 

bet2(bet),  H.  [See  the  verb.]  1.  The  pledging 
of  some  valuable  thing,  as  money  (or  of  the  do- 
ing of  some  onerous  act),  to  be  forfeited,  in  case 
some  future  event  happens  contrary  to  the  as- 
sertion or  belief  of  the  one  making  the  pledge, 


beteach 

to  another  who  jiledgcs  a  forfeit  in  return  on 
the  opposite  contingency. —  2.  That  which  is 
wagered ;  also,  that  about  which  a  wager  is 
made. 

But,  on  :  Six  Barbary  horses  against  six  French  swords, 
their  assigns,  and  three  liberal  conceited  carriages:  that's 
the  French  bet  against  the  Danish.      Shak.,  IJamlet,  v.  2. 

bet^t.     An  obsolete  preterit  of  beaf^. 

Beta'  (bo'tii),  n.  [L.,  a  beet:  see  beef^.]  A 
genus  of  apetalous  plants,  natural  order  Che- 
nopoditiceiv.     See  beit^. 

beta-  (bo'tii),  n.  [L.,  repr.  Gr.  /Jiyra,  name  of  the 
character  B,  ji.]  1.  The  second  letter  of  the 
Greek  alphabet,  corresponding  to  English  B  or 
6. —  2.  As  a  classifier  in  astronomy,  chemistry, 
etc.,  the  second  in  any  series.    See  alpha,  3.  " 

betacism  (be'ta-sizm),  )(.  [<  NL.  bctaeismus, 
<  L.  beta,  the  (Greek)  letter  ji,  b.  Cf.  iotacism, 
rhotacism.]  Conversion  of  other  sounds  to,  or 
their  confusion  with,  a  6-sound. 

Even  these  forms  were  threatened  with  destruction  by 
the  spread  of  lietacismus,  whereby  amnvit  was  pronounced 
like  amabit,  and  vice  vcrs.a.     Amer.  Jour.  Philol.,  VI.  601. 

betag  (be-tag'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brtagged, 
ppr.  beta'gging.  [<be-^  +  tag.]  To  furnish"  with 
a  tag;  deck  with  tags. 

Betar/fied  with  verse.  Churchill,  Tile  Ghost,  iv. 

betail  (be-tal'),  V.  t.  [<  ic-l  -I-  tailT-.]  1.  To 
furnish  with  a  tail:  as,  "beiailed  and  bepow- 
dered,"  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  iii.— 
2.  To  take  the  tail  off:  a  word  jocularly  form- 
ed on  the  analogy  of  behead. 

[The  sportsman!  puts  his  heavy  boot  on  the  beast's  body, 
and  there  both  beheads  and  bel'ails  him.  TroUope. 

betain  (be'ta-iu),  n.  [Irreg.  <  L.  beta  +  -in^.] 
A  chemical  base  found  in  the  common  beet  and 
mangel--wurzel. 

betake!  (be-tak'),  v.  [<  6e-l  -t-  take.  The  corre- 
sponding ME.  form  betaken,  bitaken  (pret.  hetok, 
pp.  betaken)  seems  to  have  been  used  only  in 
the  senses  of  betake-  or  beteaeh,  with  which  it 
was  confused.  There  is  no  AS.  'betacan  .■  but 
cf.  Sw.  betaka  =  Dan.  betage,  take,  deprive, 
cutoff.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  seize;  take  hold  of ; 
take. 

Then  to  his  handes  that  writt  he  did  betake. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xii.  25. 

2.  Reflexively,  to  take  one's  self  (to);  repair; 
resort ;  have  recourse. 

llie  rest,  in  imitation,  to  like  arms 
Betook  them.  Milton,  V.  L.,  vi.  063. 

Betake  you  to  your  silence,  and  your  sleep. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  i.  1. 
They  betook  themselves  to  treaty  and  submission. 

Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  i.  1. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  take  one's  self. 

But  here  ly  downe,  and  to  thy  rest  betake. 

SiH-nser,  V.  Q.,  I.  ix.  44. 

betake^t,  v.  (.;  pret.  betook,  beta  tight,  pp.  be  taught, 
ppr.  betaking.  [ME.  betaken,  etc.,  with  forms 
prop,  belonging  to  betake"^,  q.  v.,  but  with  va- 
rious senses  of  between,  betechcn,  beteach:  see 
beteaeh.]     Same  as  beteaeh. 

betalkt  (be-tak'),  V.  i.  [<  bc-l  -f-  talk.]  To  talk 
repcatedlv.     Drai/ton. 

betallow  (be-tal'6),  r.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  tallow.]  To 
cover  with  tallow.     Ford. 

betaughtt  (be-taf).  Preterit  of  betake^  and  be- 
teaeh . 

bete't,  r.,  bete-t,  ».,  bete^t,  v.,  etc.  Obsolete 
form  of  bcat^,  beeti,  beet'-,  etc. 

b§te  (bat),  n.     [F.,  <  OF.  l>e.ite,  a  beast:    see 

beast.]     In  the  game  of  solo,  a  forfeit B6te 

noire  (F.  pron.  biit  nwor).  (F.,  literally  black  beast.}  A 
bugbear  ;  a  person  or  thing  regarded  with  special  dislike 
or  aversion. 

The  newspapers  have  some  words  of  this  sort  dear  to 
them,  but  the  bt^tes  noires  of  all  lovers  of  straightforward 
English,  such  as  "peruse"  and  "replete." 

The  Atlantic,  LVIL  425. 

beteacht  (bf-tech'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beteehen,  bi tech- 
en,  between  (pret.  betauhte,  betahte,  pp.  betauht, 
betaht),  <  AS.  betwcan  (pret.  betiehte,  pp.  beticht), 
show,  assign,  give  over,  deliver,  commit,  <  be- 
+  twcan,  show,  teach:  see  ic-1  and  teach.  Ow- 
ing to  a  similarity  of  form,  the  ME.  betaken 
(pret.  betook,  hetok,  pp.  betaken),  <  "be-  +  taken, 
take  (see  betake^),  was  confused  with  beteehen, 
and  used  in  the  same  senses.]  1.  To  give; 
hand  over;  deliver  up. 

Judas  Iscariot  weiite  forth  to  the  princis  of  prestis.  and 
said  to  hem,  What  wolen  ye  give  to  me  and  I  schal  bitake 
him  to  you?  ^yyclif,  Mat.  xxvi.  14,  15. 

2.  To  intrust ;  commit ;  recommend  to  the 
care  of. 

Such  a  rym  the  devel  I  bt/teehe. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Tale  of  MelibeuB,  1.  6. 


beteach 

And  hem  she  yaf  hire  inoehles  and  hire  thing, 
And  to  the  pope  Urban  bitouk  hem  tlio. 

Chaucer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  1.  541. 

Dame  Phoebe  to  a  Nymphe  her  l)abc  bebmkr. 

Spenser,  F.  y.,  III.  vi.  2S. 
3.  To  impart  or  teach. 

Wliereof  that  lie  was  fully  taught 
Of  wisdom  which  was  him  betawrht. 

Gowei;  Conf.  Amant.,  vii. 

betear  (be-ter'').  r.  t.     [<  fcc-1  +  /ear2.]    To  ivet 

with  tciirs.     .Sir  r.  Sidney. 
betechef,  r.  t.     Same  as  beteach. 
beteemlf  (be-tem'),  v.  t.     [<  6t-l  +  tecm^.']     To 

bring  forth;  produce;  shed. 

t;;.«.  Why  is  your  cheek  so  pale? 

How  chance  the  roses  tliere  do  fade  so  fast? 

Her.  Belike  for  want  of  rain  ;  which  I  could  well 
Beteem  them  from  the  tempest  of  mine  eyes. 

Shak.,  JI.  K.  D.,  i.  1. 

beteem-t  (be-tem'),  v.  t.  [Appar.  <  6c-l  + 
/(■<■/«-.]     1.  To  allow;  permit;  sufifer. 

So  loving  to  my  mother, 
Tliat  he  might  not  beteem  the  winds  of  heaven 
Visit  her  face  too  roughly.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

2.  To  vouchsafe;  accord;  give. 

"So  would  I, "  said  the  Enchanter,  "glad  and  faine 
Beieeme  to  you  this  sword.'"    Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  viii,  19. 
Although  hee  could  have  well  beteem'd  to  have  tluiukt 
him  of  the  ease  hee  profer'd,  yet  loving  his  owne  handi- 
worke,  modestly  refus'd  him. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

betel  (be'tl),  n.  [Also  written  hetle,  and  for- 
merly also  betele,  bcttel,  etc. ;  =  F.  betfl  =  Sp. 
betel,  betle,  <  Pg.  betel,  bethel,  heteVie,  formerly 
also  betle,  ritele,  <  Malayalam  rcttila  =  Tamil 
rettilei  (cerebral  /),  betel;  cf.  Hind,  bird  or  biri, 
<  Skt.  ritika  (cerebral  0,  betel.]  1.  A  species 
of  pepper,  Fiper  betle,  a  creeping  or  climbing 
plant,  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  natural  order 
PiperQCew.  Tlie  leaves  are  used  as  a  wrapper  for  the 
little  pellets  of  areca-nut  and  lime  which  are  extensively 
chewed  in  the  East.  The  pellet  is  hot  and  acrid,  but  has 
aromatic  and  astringent  properties.  It  tinges  the  saliva 
red  and  blackens  the  teeth.  Also  called  betel-pepper. 
2.  A  piece  of  betel-nut. 

betel-box  (be'tl-boks),  H.  A  box  for  carrying 
pellets  prepared  of  betel-leaves,  lime,  and 
areea-nuts.  Such  boxes  are  commonly  made 
of  silver  iiligree. 

betel-nut  (be'tl-nut), 
II.  [<  betel  +  iiut.'i 
The  nut  of  the  areca- 
palm,  Areca  Catechu, 
of  the  East  Indies, 
highly  esteemed 

among  the  Asiatics 
as  a  masticatory. 
8ee  areca-nut. 

betel-pepper  (be'tl- 
pep  er),  n.  Same  as 
betel,  1. 

betht,  V.  i.  impv. 
[ME.,  <  AS.  bedth,  2d 
pers.  pi.  of  beon,  be: 
see  fie]  Be  ye.  Chau- 


Areca-palra  [Areca  CaUchu 
its  fruit,  the  Betel-nut. 


bethankit'(be-thang'kit),  n.  [Sc,  htunorously 
adajited  from  the  formula  GoU  be  thanJcit,  where 
thaukit  =  ^.  thanked,  ■pp.~\  Grace  after  meat. 
Burns. 

bethel  (beth'el),  n.  [Heb.  beth-el,  house  of 
God,  <  beth,  house,  +  el,  God;  hence  Bethel 
(Beth-el),  name  of  a  place  :  see  Elohim.']  1. 
A  hallowed  spot. —  2.  A  name  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  a  place  of  worship  in  England,  espe- 
cially to  a  dissenting  chapel. — 3.  A  church  or 
chapel  for  seamen,  whether  located  on  shore 
or,  as  is  often  the  case,  afloat  in  a  harbor. 

Bethell  process.     See  process. 

bethink  (be-tWngk'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  be- 
thoui/ht,  jipr.  bethinking.  [<  ME.  bethenken,  bi- 
thinken,  commonly  bcthenchen,  <  AS.  bethencan, 
bithencan  (=  D.  bedenken  =  OHG.  bidenchan, 
MHG.  G.  bedenken  =  Sw.  betdnka  =  Dan.  be- 
tcenke),  consider,  think  about,  <  be-  +  thenean, 
think:  see  6e-l  and  think.']  I.  trans.  If.  To 
think;  imagine. 

He  spak  more  harm  than  herte  may  bethinke. 

Cliaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  772. 

2t.  To  think  about ;  reflect  upon;  consider. 

With  patience  calm  the  storm. 
While  we  bethink  a  means  to  break  it  off. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  3. 

3.  Reflexively:  (a)  To  call  to  mind  ;  take  into 
consideration;  remind  one's  self :  with  o/ (for- 
merly also  on  or  ujion)  before  the  name  of  the 
object  of  thought. 
Bethink  yuurgelve^  beforehand  what  mercies  you  want. 
Bp.  Beveridge,  Sermons,  II.  cxjv. 


536 

Bethink  thee  n/  thy  Xx)rd, 
Who  healed  again  the  smitten  ear. 
And  sheathed  his  follower's  sword. 

Whittier,  The  Exiles. 

(6)  To  reflect;  deliberate  ;  commune  with  one's 
self. 
Rip  bethought  himsetf  a  moment  and  inquii'ed. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  60. 

II.  intrans.  To  deliberate ;  consider. 

r.'tiiink  ere  thou  dismiss  us.  Byron,  Manfred,  i.  1. 

Bethlehem  (beth'le-em),  n.     See  bedlam. 

Bethlehemite  (beth'le-em-it),  «.  [<  Bethle- 
Itviti  +  -ite^.  See  bedlam.']  1.  An  inhabitant 
of  Bethlehem  of  Judea  (2  Sam.  xxi.  19). —  2. 
An  inmate  of  Bethlehem  hospital  or  other  luna- 
tic asylum;  a  bedlamite.  See  bedlam  and  bed- 
lamite.—  3.  Eccles.:  (a)  One  of  an  order  of 
monks  introduced  into  England  in  the  year 
1257,  who  were  habited  like  the  Dominicans, 
except  that  they  wore  a  star  ■with  five  rays, 
in  memoiy  of  the  comet  or  star  which  appeared 
over  Bethlehem  at  the  birth  of  Christ,  (ft)  One 
of  an  order  founded  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury for  the  service  of  the  hospitals  in  Spanish 
America. 

Bethlemitet  (beth'lem-it),  n.  Same  as  Beth- 
lehi  iJiitc. 

bethought  ( be-tho  t ' ) .  Preterit  and  past  parti- 
ciple of  bethink. 

bethrall  (bf-thral'),  v.  t.  [<  be-l  +  thrall.] 
To  enslave ;  reduce  to  bondage ;  bring  into 
subjection. 

She  it  is  that  did  my  Lord  bethrall. 

Speneer,  F.  t^.,  I.  viii.  28. 

bethroot  (beth'rot),  n.     Same  as  birthroof. 
bethule  (beth'iil),  «.     [<  Bethijlns.']     A  bird  of 
the  genus  Bethylus  (Cuvier),  or  Cissopis  (VieU- 
lot). 
bethump  (be-thump'),  1'.  t.     [<  6e-l  -t-  thump.~\ 
To  beat  soundly. 

I  was  never  so  bethump'd  with  words 
Since  I  Urst  call'd  my  brother's  father  dad. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  2. 

beth'Wack  (be-thwak'),  !•.  t.  [<  6e-l  -1-  thwack.] 
To  thrash  soundly. 

Bethylus  (beth'i-lus),  n.  [XL.]  1.  A  genus 
of  pupivorous  hymenopterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Proctotrypidw,  having  an  elongated  and 
somewhat  triangtilar  prothorax,  a  flattened 
head,  and  13-jointed  antenniE. —  2.  In  ornith., 
a  genus  of  South  American  tanagroid  Passeres, 
based  on  the  Lanius  lererianus  of  Shaw,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  shrike.  Antedated  by  Cissopis  of 
Vieillot,  1816.  based  upon  the  same  bird,  and  also  in  en- 
tomology.    Wso  apeUed  Bethullus.     [Not  in  use.] 

betide  (be-tid'),  r.  [<  ME.  bitiden,  <  bi-,  be-,  -i- 
tidcn,  happen:  see  ftf-1  and  tide,  v.]     I.  trans. 

1.  To  happen;  befall;  come  to. 

What  will  betide  the  few?  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  480. 

"  lU  luck  betide  them  all" — he  cried. 

Whittier,  The  Exiles. 

2.  To  betoken ;  signify.     [Bare.] 

How  could  I  but  muse 
At  what  such  a  dream  should  betide  ? 

Cowper,  The  Morning  Dream. 

II.  intrans.  To  come  to  pass;  happen To 

betide  ont,  to  become  of. 

If  he  were  dead,  what  would  b.'tide  on  me  ? 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

betidet  (be-tid'),  «.    [<.betide,v.]   Hap;  fortune. 
—  Bad  betidet,  ill  hap;  misfortune  :  a  forced  use. 
My  wTetched  heart  wounded  with  bad  betide. 

Greene,  Francesco's  Sonnet. 

betightt  (be-tit').  An  erroneously  formed  past 
participle  of  betide:  one  of  Spenser's  forced 
forms. 

Why  wayle  we  then  ?  why  weary  we  the  Gods  with  playnts, 
.•\s  if  some  evill  were  to  her  betight  ? 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Xoveml>er. 

betimet  (hf-tim'),  adv.,  OTig.prep.  phr.  [<  ME. 
hetynie.  bitime,  prop,  separate,  bi  time,  by  time.] 
Older  form  of  betimes. 

Loke  thou  go  to  bede  by  ttime. 
How  the  Goode  Wyfe  Taught  hyr  Doughter,  1.  165. 
All  in  the  morning  betime.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  5  (song). 
I  went  one  day  myself  betime  in  the  morning  to  a  great 
man's  house  to  speak  with  him. 

Latimer,  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  ■\n.,  1550. 

betimes  (bf-timz'),  adv.  [<  ME.  betymes,  hi- 
tynie.s,  <  betime  +  adv.  gen.  suffix  -s.]  1.  Sea- 
sonably ;  in  good  season  or  time ;  before  it  is 
too  late ;  early. 

Not  to  be  a-bed  after  midnight  is  to  be  up  betimes. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 
To  measure  life  learn  thou  betimen. 

Milton,  Sonnets,  xvi. 
Partake  we  their  blithe  cheer 
Who  gathered  in  betimes  the  unshorn  flock 
To  wash  the  fleece.  Wordsworth,  River  Duddon,  ixiii. 


betrap 

Having  engaged  our  guide  and  horses  the  night  before, 
we  set  out  betimes  this  morning  for  Orlevano. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  240. 

2.  Soon  ;  in  a  short  time. 

He  tires  betimes,  that  spurs  too  fast  betimes. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 

3.  Occasionally ;    at  times.      [Scotch.]  =  Syn. 

Earhj,  Soon,  Betimes.     See  early, 

betinet,  r.  t.     [<  6e-i  -I-  tine  for  find,  kindle.] 

To  set  fire  to. 
betitt,  V.    Obsolete  shortened  form  of  betideth. 

Chaucer. 

betitle  (be-ti'tl),  v.  t.  [<  ftc-l  -f-  title.]  To 
give  a  title  or  titles  to;  entitle:  as,  a  befitted 
man;  a  "picture  .  .  .  betitled,  Glorious  Revo- 
lution," Carlyle,  Misc.,  HI.  82. 

betle,  «.     See  betel. 

betoilt  (bf-toil'),  r.  t.  [<  6e-l  -f-  toin.]  To 
worry  with  toil. 

betolit.     Middle  English  preterit  of  betake'^. 

betoken  (be-to'kn),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  betokenen,  bi- 
tocnen,  <  AS.  "betucnian  (not  found;  equiv.  to 
fjetdcnian,  with  diff.  prefix;  cf.  believe)  (= 
OFries.  bitekna  =  D.  beteekenen  =  LG.  beteik- 
en  =  OHG.  bizeichanon,  G.  be:eichnen  =  Sw. 
beteckna  =  Dan.  betegne),  <  6c-  -I-  tacn,  tdcen, 
token:  see  be-^  and  token.]  If.  To  signify; 
mean ;  denote  in  words. —  2.  To  be  a  token  of ; 
be  a  visible  sign  of ;  give  promise  of. 

A  dewy  cloud,  and  in  the  cloud  a  bow,  .  .  . 
Betokening  peace  from  God.   Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  867. 

3.  To  foreshow  by  signs ;  be  or  furnish  a  pre- 
monition of;  indicate  the  probability  of:  as, 
this  fact  betokens  a  good  result. 

The  momiDg  betokened  foul  weather. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  IL  261. 

4.  To  give  evidence  of ;  show. 

This  doth  betoken 
The  corse  they  follow  did  with  desperate  hand 
Fordo  its  own  life.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  L 

=  SylL  To  signify;  presage,  portend,  augur,  bode. 
beton   (bet'on;   F.   pron.  ba-ton'),    n.      [<   F. 
beton,  <  OF.  betun,  rubble,  of  disputed  origin, 
but  prob.  <  Pr.  beton  =  Sp.  betun,  <  L.  bitumen, 
bitumen:  see  bitumen.     Some  compare  F.  be- 
ton, beestings,  curded  milk,  <  OF.  beter,  co- 
agulate.]    A  mixture  of  lime,  sand,  and  grav- 
el, forming  a  kind  of  concrete,    it  is  much  used 
as  a  hyilraulic  cement  in  submarine  works,  and  whole 
l)uil(liii;:s  liave  been  constructed  of  it. 
betongue  (bf-timg'),  r.  t.     [<  6e-l  4-  tongue.] 
To  scold ;  attack  with  the  tongue  ;  rail  at. 
How  Ben  Jonson  and  Shakspere  betongued  each  other. 

Sorth  British  Bev. 

betonica  (be-ton'i-ka),  n.     Same  as  betony. 

betony  (bet'g-ni),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
betonie,  bettony,  etc.,  <  ME.  betony.  betany, 
earlier  betone,  betan  (cf.  ML.  betonia),  <  OF. 
beteine,  F.  betoine  —  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  betonica  = 
G.  betonie  =  AS.  betonica,  <  L.  betonica.  a  cor- 
rupt form  of  vettonica,  so  named,  according  to 
Pliny,  from  the  Vettones,  otherwise  Vectones.  a 
people  of  Lusitania  in  the  Spanish  peninsu- 
la.] The  popular  name  of  Stachys  Betonica  or 
Betonica  officinalis,  a  European  labiate  plant, 
growing  m  woods,  it  is  sometimes  used  to  dye  wcwl, 
producing  a  dark-yellow  color.  It  is  usually  distinguished 
from  u-ater-betony  (an  aquatic  plant,  Scrophularia  aqtiati- 
ea)  as  u'ood-betony,  which  name  is  also  given  in  the  I  nited 
States  to  Pedicularis  Canadensis,  and  sometimes  to  Ly- 
enpus  Virginicus.  Tlie  Veronica  serpylli/olia  is  called 
Pauls  betony.  because  described  as  a  betony  by  an  old 
herbalist,  Paulus  .'Egineta. 

betook  (be-tuk').  Preterit  of  betake^  and  be- 
take^. 

b'etornt  (be-tom').  p.  a.     [Pp.  of  verb  "betear^ 
(not  used),  <  6e-l  +  tear'^.]     1.  Torn. 
Whose  heai't  betorn  out  of  his  panting  breast. 

Sorton  and  Sackvtlle,  Gorboduc,  iv.  L 

2.  Torn  in  pieces, 
betoss  (be-tos'),  r.  f.    [<  ftc-i  +  ^oss.]    To  toss; 
agitate  ;  disturb ;  put  in  violent  motion. 
The  miserable  betossed  squire. 

Slielton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  I.  iii  3. 
My  betossed  soul.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  3. 

betraiset,  betrasht,  r.  t.    [ME.  betraisen,  betray- 

sen,  bitraisshen,  bitrasshen,  <  be-  +  OF.  traiss-, 

stem  of  certain  xiarts  of  trair,  F.  trahir,  betray: 

see  betray  and  -ish-.]     To  betray. 

They  have  betraised  thee.  Robert  of  Brunne. 

betrap^t  (be-trap'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  be- 
traiipt'd,  ppr.  betrapping.  [<  ME.  betrappen,  < 
AS.  betrapjtan,  betreppan,  Insnare,  <  be-  + 
trappan,  treppan,  traj) :  see  ftf-i  and  trap^.] 
To  entrap ;  insnare.     Goner. 

betrap-t  (bf-trap'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  be- 
trapjied,  ppr.  betrapping.  [<  fte-1  +  trap^.]  To 
put  trappings  on;  clothe;  deck. 

-■Vfter  them  followed  two  other  chariots  covered  with 
red  satin,  and  the  horses  betrapped  with  the  same. 

Stoic,  Queen  Mary,  an.  1553. 


betrash 

betrasht,  f.  t.    See  bctrnise. 

betray  (lii;-tra'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  hctrayen,  bclraiii, 
<  III-  +  liiiieii,  betray,  <  OF.  tniir,  F.  triiliir,  < 
L.  trudvn;  delivpr,  t^ivo  over :  sue  traitor,  tria- 
son,  tradition.  Tlip  form  of  hvtruij  was  iiiflii- 
eiiceil by  tliat  of  lii-wrai/,  a  (juito  cUffcrcnt  word.] 

1.  To  deliver  to,  or  expose  to  the  power  of,  an 
enemy  by  treachery  or  disloyalty:  as,  an  officer 
betrayed  the  city. 

Thu  Son  of  man  shall  be  betrayed  into  the  hniuls  of 
men.  Mat.  xvii.  •l-l. 

2.  To  violate  by  fraud  or  unfaithfulness;  be 
unfaithful  in  keeping  or  upholding:  as,  to  be- 
tray a  trust. 

Betrai/d  her  cause  and  mine.        Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

3.  To  act  treaclierously  to ;  be  disloyal  to ; 
disappoint  the  hopes  or  expectations  of. 

Do  not  betray  me,  sir.     I  fear  you  love  Mistress  Pa^e. 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 
I  will  betray 
Tawny -finnM  fishes  ;  my  bemleti  hook  shall  pierce 
Tlieir  slimy  jaws.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  5. 

But  when  1  rise,  I  shall  find  my  legs  betrayiny  me. 

Jiosweit. 

Men  of  unquiet  minds  and  violent  ambition  followed  a 

fearfully  eccentric  course,  .  .  .  served   and  betrayed  all 

parties  in  turn.  Maeautay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

4.  To  deceive ;  beguile ;  mislead ;  seduce. 

l''ar.  far  beneath  the  shallow  maid 
He  left  believint^  and  betrayed. 

hyron.  The  Giaour. 
Our  impatience  betrays  us  into  rash  and  foolish  alli- 
ances which  no  God  attends. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  195. 

5.  To  reveal  or  disclose  in  violation  of  confi- 
dence ;  make  known  through  breach  of  faith  or 
obligation:  as,  to  betray  a  person's  secrets  or 
designs. 

Secrets  are  rarely  betrayed  or  discovered  according  to 
any  progrannue  our  fear  has  sl<etched  out. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  v.  5. 

6.  To  show  in  true  character;  allow  to  be  seen; 
permit  to  appear  in  spite  of  will  or  desii'e. 

Be  swift  to  hear,  but  ciutious  of  your  tongwe,  lest  you 
betray  your  ignorance.  Watts. 

And  scarcely  look  or  tone  betrays 
How  the  heart  strives  beneath  its  chain. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  i. 
My  own  too-fearful  guilt. 
Simpler  than  any  child,  betrays  itself. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

7.  To  indicate;  give  Indication  or  evidence  of: 
said  of  something  not  obvious  at  first  view,  or 
that  would  otherwise  be  concealed. 

Yon  azure  smoke  betrays  the  lurking  town. 

Wordsicorih,  Prelude,  iv. 

All  the  names  in  the  country  betray  great  antiquity. 

Bryant. 

A  turned  leaf,  a  broken  twig,  the  faintest  film  of  smoke 
against  the  sky,  betrayed  to  him  the  passage  or  presence  of 
an  enemy.  J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  v. 

betrayal  (be-tra'al),  «.  [<  bctmy  +  -«?.]  The 
act  of  betraying. 

Gained  his  freedom  by  the  betrayal  of  his  country's 
cause.  S.  Sharpe,  Hist,  of  Egypt,  xii. 

He  seldom  lost  his  self-control,  and  shrank  with  the 
most  sensitive  pride  from  any  noticeable  betrayal  of  emo- 
tion. George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  vi.  7. 

betrayer  (be-tra'er),  «.     One  who  betrays;  a 

traitor;  a  seducer. 
betraymentt   (be-tra'ment),   n.      [<  betray  + 

-men  (.]     Betrayal ;  the  state  of  being  betrayed. 

Confessing  him  to  be  innocent  whose  betrayment  they 
had  sriut'ht.  Udall.  Com.  on  -Mat.  .\xvii. 

betrendt  (be-trend'),  r.  t.  [ME.  betrenden  ;  < 
i( -1  +  trtnd.l  To  wind  about ;  twist ;  ttim 
round. 

Aboute  a  tre  with  many  a  twiste 
Bijtreiit  and  wrythe  the  soote  wodebynde. 

Chaueer,  Troilus,  iii.  I'iil. 

betrim  (bf-trim'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  betrimmed, 
ppr.  betr'imminy.  [<  fcc-l  +  trim.']  To  trim; 
set  in  order ;  decorate ;  beautify. 

Thy  banks  with  pioned  ami  twilled  brims, 
Which  spongy  April  at  thy  best  hetrirns. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

betroth  (be-tr6th'  or  -troth'),  r.  t.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  lietrothe,  bctroalh,  betrouth,  <  ME.  6c- 
trouthen,  betrcuthen,  bitreutliien,  betroth,  <  bi-, 
be-,  +  treuthe,  treowthe,  <  AS.  treoicth,  troth, 
truth:  see  6e-l  and  troth,  truth.]  1.  To  con- 
tract to  give  in  marriage  to  another;  promise 
or  pledge  one's  troth  for  the  marriage  of ;  affi- 
ance. 

You,  to  remove  that  siege  of  grief  from  her, 
Betroth'd  and  would  have  married  her  perforce 
To  County  Paris.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  3. 

2.  To  engage  to  take  in  marriage  ;  pledge  one's 
troth  to  marry. 


537 

What  man  Is  there  that  hath  betrothed  a  wife  and  liath 
not  taken  her?  Ocut.  xx.  7. 

To  her,  my  lord, 
Was  I  betroth'd  ere  I  saw  Uermia. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

3t.  To  nominate  to  a  bishopric  in  order  to  con- 
secration. 

If  any  person  be  consecrated  a  bishop  to  that  church 
whereunto  he  was  not  before  lietrothed.     Aylijfe,  Parergon. 

betrothal  (be-troth'-  or  be-trotli'al),  «.     [<  be- 
Iriilh  +  -ai.]     The  act  of  betrothing;  betroth- 
ineut. 
The  feast  of  betrothal.  Long/elloiv,  Evangeline,  iv. 

betrothment  (be-tr6th'-  or  be-troth'ment),  ». 
[<  betroth  +  -ment,]  A  muiual  and  formal 
promise  or  contract  made  for  or  by  a  man  and 
a  woman  with  a  view  to  their  marriage;  be- 
trothal ;  the  act  or  state  of  being  betrothed,  or 
promised  in  marriage. 

How  the  strange  betrothment  was  to  end. 

Tennyson,  Princess. 
betrust  (be-tmsf),  V.  t.     [<  ie-1  +  tru-it.]     1. 
To  intrust;  commit  to  another  in  confidence 
of  fidelity. 

What.soever  you  would  betritst  to  your  memory,  let  it 
be  disposed  in  a  proper  method.  Watts. 

2.  To  confide  in. 

To  esteem  themselves  Maisters,  both  of  that  great  trust 

which  they  serve,  and  of  the  People  that  lietrusted  them. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xiil. 

[Bare  in  both  senses.] 

betrustment  (be-trust'ment),  n.  [<  betritst  -h 
-i)i( lit.]  The  act  of  intrusting;  the  thing  in- 
trusted.    [Rare.] 

betSOt,  betsat  (bet'so,  -sa),  n.  [<  It.  bezzo  (pron. 
bet'so),  farthing,  piece  of  money;  appar.  same 
as  It.  pezzo,  a  piece,  bit  (see  piece);  but  ef.  G. 
betz,  biitz,  also  batmen,  a  small  Swiss  coin:  see 
bat:.]  A  small  copper  coin  of  Venice,  current 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  in 
the  system  established  in  1750  it  was  equal  to  a  quarter 
of  a  United  States  cent,  being  the  fortieth  part  of  a  lira 
piccola ;  a  bagattino. 

The  ]a-st  and  least  fcoin]  is  the  betsa,  which  is  half  a  sol ; 
that  is.  almost  a  farthing. 

Coryat,  Crudities  (ed.  1776),  II.  69. 

bettt,  bettet,  adr.    Middle  English  forms  of  6e(l. 

better^  (bet'er),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  bettere,  be- 
tere,  <  AS.  betcra,  betra  =  OFries.  beterc,  betre  = 
OS.  betara,  betera  =  D.  betcr  =  OHG.  be::iro, 
MHG.  bezzer,  6.  besser  =  Icel.  betri  =  Sw.  btit- 
tre  =  Dan.  bedrc  =  Goth,  batiza ;  compar.  with 
weak  inflection;  with  superl.  best,  <  ME.  bcste, 
<  AS.  bctst,  betest  =  OFries.  beste  =  OS.  betsto 
=  D.  best  =  OHG.  bezzisto,  MHG.  bezzist,  best, 
G.  best  =  Icel.  beztr,  older  baztr,  =  Sw.  bast  = 
Dan.  bedst  =  Goth,  batists;  with  regular  com- 
par. and  superl.  suffixes  from  a  positive  not  in 
use,  Teut.  *bat,  of  which  the  compar.,  with  loss 
of  the  suffix,  appears  in  the  AS.,  ME.,  and 
early  mod.  E.  adv.  bet:  see  6e(l.]  I.  a.  1.  As 
comparative  of  (/ood.-  (a)  Of  superior  (piality  or 
excellence,  whether  personal,  physical,  mental, 
moral,  or  social,  essential  or  aeciuired:  as,  he 
is  a  better  man  than  his  brother;  better  times 
are  at  hand;  a  better  position. 

Man's  better  nature  triumphed  then. 

Bryant,  The  Prairies. 
Our  institutions  had  been  so  good  that  they  had  edu- 
cated us  into  a  capacity  for  better  institutions. 

Macaulay,  Mirabeau. 
(6)  Of  superior  value,  use,  fitness,  aceeptablo- 
uess,  etc. ;  more  profitable  or  sidtable  for  a 
purpose;  more  useful,  eligible,  or  desirable: 
as,  copper  is  a  better  conductor  than  iron. 

Better  is  a  dinner  of  herbs  where  love  is,  than  a  stalled 
ox  and  hatred  therewith.  l*rov.  xv.  17. 

Sleep 
Doth,  in  my  estimate  of  good,  appear 
A  better  state  than  waking  ;  death  than  sleep. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  iii. 

(c)  Larger;  greater:  as,  the  better  part  of  a 
day  was  spent  in  shopping. 

You  are  as  a  candle,  the  better  part  burnt  out. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 
How  have  we  wauder'd,  that  the  better  part 
Of  this  good  night  is  perish'il  I 

Fleteher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  ii.  4. 

2.  As  comparative  of  we7( ;  (a)  More  in  accor- 
dance with  one's  wish  or  desire ;  more  satis- 
factory. (6)  More  healthy ;  having  sounder 
liealth.  (e)  More  ,iust,  right,  or  proper — Better 
arm.  See  iirmi.— Better  half,  a  wife.  IColloq.]— Tobe 
better,  (a)  To  be  improveii,  as  in  health,  estate,  etc.: 
a.*;,  the  patient  is  better.  {Ii)  To  be  quite  well  again;  be 
fully  rcci>vereil.    (Scotland. ) 

II.  H.  1.  That  which  has  superior  excellence  ; 
that  which  is  better. 

That  ifleal  better,  towiu-ds  whieh  both  men  and  institu- 
tions must  progress,  if  they  would  not  rutrogi-ade. 

Huxley,  Universities. 


betterment 

2.  A  superior ;  one  who  has  a  claim  to  prece- 
dence on  account  of  rank,  age,  merit,  skill, 
power,  or  office :  as,  give  i)laee  to  your  betters. 
[In  this  sense  generally  used  in  the  plural,  and 
with  a  possessive  pronoun.] 

In  al  Ynglelond  was  non  hys  beter. 

Rich.  C.  de  L. 

Their  betters  would  hardly  be  foiuid.  Hooker. 

Thou  poor  shadow  of  a  soldier,  I  will  make  thee  know 
my  master  keeps  servants  thy  betters  in  (juality  and  per- 
formance. Ford,  'Tis  Pity,  i.  2. 
The  better,  (a)  Improvement :  generally  in  the  adver- 
bial phrase  for  the  better,  that  is,  in  the  direction  of  im- 
provement. 

If  I  have  altered  him  any  where /or  the  better. 

Dryden,  Preface  to  Fables. 
(/>)  Advantage ;  superiority  ;  victory :  chiefly  in  the  phrases 
(0  yet,  yain,  or  haoe  t/ie  better  o/{&  person  or  thing). 

Dionysins,  his  countryman,  in  an  epistle  to  Porapey, 
after  an  express  comparison,  affords  him  the  lietter  of 
Thucydides.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

She  took  her  leave,  charmed  with  the  prospect  of  finally 
yi'ttiny  the  lietter  />/  tile  only  W(»man  in  Lomion  whom  she 
aeknovvlcdged  as  lier  equal  ill  subtlety  and  intrigue. 

J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  334. 

better'  (bet'6r),  adv.  (comparative  of  irell,  adv.). 
[<  ME.  better,  beter,  betre,  <  AS.  betere,  lietre ; 
with  superl.  best,  <  ME.  best,  <  AS.  bet^t,  betost  ; 
jirop.  neut.  ace.  of  the  adj. :  see  better^,  a.  The 
older  adv.  was  bet:  see  bet^.]  1.  In  a  more 
excellent  way  or  manner:  as,  to  behave  better; 
the  land  is  better  cultivated  and  the  govern- 
ment better  administered. 

The  plays  of  Shakspeare  were  better  acted,  6f»er  edited, 
and  better  known  than  they  had  ever  been. 

Macaulay,  Moore's  Byron. 

2.  In  a  superior  degi'ce:  as,  to  know  a  man 
better  tlian  some  one  else  knows  him. 

Whirb  is  iW'better  al)le  to  defend  himself:  astrong  man 
with  ootliing  t»ut  bis  fists,  or  a  paralytic  cripple  elicum- 
bcred  with  a  swnrd  which  he  cannot  lift'/ 

Macaulay,  Utilitarian  Theory  of  Government. 

3.  More,  without  any  idea  of  superior  excel- 
lence: as,  it  is  better  than  a  mile  to  the  town. 
[CoUoq.] 

Dorlcote  Mill  has  been  in  our  family  a  hundred  year  and 
better.  George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss. 

To  be  better  off,  to  be  in  improved  circumstances. 

The  mechanic  teaches  us  how  we  may  in  a  small  degree 
be  lietter  of  than  we  were.  The  Utilitarian  advises  us  with 
great  pomp  to  be  as  well  off  as  we  can. 

Macaulay,  West.  Reviewer's  Def.  of  Mill. 
Men  had  become  Romans  ;  they  were  proud  of  the  Ro- 
man name  ;  .  .  .  they  felt  that  they  irere  tf/(cro^ as  mem- 
bers of  a  civilized  comininiity  ordered  liy  law  than  they 
could  be  under  the  dominion  of  any  l)arbarian. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  .\mer.  Lects,,  p.  126. 

To  go  one  better.  See  go,  v.  t. 
better'  (bet'6r),  v.  [<  ME.  bettren,  betren,  <  AS. 
beterian,  betriait,  intr.,  be  better,  ije-beterian, 
f/e-betrian,  trans.,  make  better  (=  OFries.  be- 
teria  =  Icel.  betra  =  Sw.  bdttra  =  Dan.  bedre 
=  OHG.  bezziron,  MHG.  6.  bessern ;  ef.  OS. 
betian,  <  bet,  the  older  compar.  adv.),  <  betera, 
better:  see  better'^,  a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
better ;  improve ;  ameliorate  ;  increase  the 
good  qualities  of  as,  manure  betters  land;  dis- 
cipline may  bett<r  the  morals. 

The  cause  of  his  taking  upon  him  our  nature  was  to  bet- 
ter tlie  ([uality,  and  to  advance  the  condition  thereof. 

Hooker. 

2.  To  improve  upon ;  surpass;  exceed;  outdo. 

He  hatli  borne  himself  beyond  the  promise  of  his  age; 

.  .  .  he  hath,  iliiieed,  l>ett^■^/*'7^'r<•f/ expcetation  than  you 

must  expect  of  nie  to  tell  you  how.      SItuk..  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

What  you  do 

Still  betters  what  is  done.       Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

3.  To  advance  the  interest  of ;  support ;  give 
advantage  to. 

Weapons  more  violent,  when  next  we  meet. 
May  ser\'e  to  better  us  and  worse  our  foes. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  440. 

=  Syn.  1.  Amend,  Improve,  Better,  etc.  {see  amend),  meti- 
orate,  i)roinote. 

n.  intrans.  To  grow  better ;  become  better; 
improve  :  as,  his  condition  is  bettering.    [Rare.] 
better'-  (bet'Or),  n.     [<  6e(2  +  -erl.]     One  who 
lays  bets  or  wagers.     Also  bettor. 

Be  able  to  give  them  the  character  of  every  bowler  or 
better  on  the  green.  B.  Jomon,  Epicame,  i.  1. 

bettering-houset  (bet'fer-ing-hous),  «.  A  refor- 
matory. 

Soldiers  buried  in  this  ground,  from  the  hospital  and 
the  bettering-house.       Annals  of  Phil,  and  Penn.,  I.  406. 

betterment  (bet'er-ment).  )i.  [<  better^,  v.,  + 
-mint.]  1.  A  making  better;  improvement. — 
2.  In  American  laic,  an  improvement  of  real 
property  which  adds  to  its  value  otherwise 
than  by  mere  repairs :  generally  used  in  the 
plural. 


bettermost 

bettermost  (bet'or-most),  (I.  and  >i.  [<  hctterl- 
+ -iiKisl.}  I.  ti.  Best;  liiKhi'st  in  any  respect, 
as  in  social  rank  or  mental  qualities. 

It  first  became  operative  in  the  ililfiisinn  of  knowledge 
among  tlie  people,  at  least  ainont'  the  bettermost  classes. 

Srou^iham, 

II.  n.  That  ■which  is  best ;  especially,  one's 
best  clothes.  [Local  in  England  and  United 
States.] 

So  Hepziliah  and  her  tiroHier  made  themselves  ready 
...  in  their  faded  betteniuh-if ,  to  go  to  church. 

Hawthorn*',  Seven  Gables,  xi. 

betterness  (bet'6r-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  hetternes  ;  < 
better  +  -iicss.'i  1.  The  quality  of  being  better; 
superiority.  Sir  P.  Sidtici/. — 2.  In  minting,  the 
amount  by  ■which  a  precious  metal  exceeds  the 
stan<lard  of  fineness. 
bettet  (bet'et),  «.     [Native  name.]     A  name 

of  an  Indian  parrot,  I'alfrornis pondiceriantis. 
bettong  (bet'ong),  >i.     [Native  name.]     A  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Bcttoiigiu,  a  group  of  small 
brush-tailed  kangaroos. 
bettor  (bet'or),  n.    Another  form  of  better^. 
betty  (bet'i),  n. ;  pi.  hrttics  (-iz).  [Prom  the  fem. 
name  Jietti/,  dim.  of  Bet  (cf.  equiv.  OF.  Bcti, 
Betie,  also  Betiaiiie,  Betion,  Betionctte),  abbr.  of 
Elizaiet,  Eli:aheth.'^     1.  A  man  ■who  interferes 
■with  the  domestic  duties  of  ■women,  or  engages 
in  female  occupations.     Also  called  cot-betty. 
[Used  in  contempt.]  —  2+.  A  short  bar  used 
by  thieves  to  wrench  doors  open.     Also  called 
a  bess,  a  joinij,  and  no^w  a  jimmy  or  jemmy. 
[Thieves'  slang.] 
The  powerful  belty  or  the  artful  picklock. 

Arbuthnot,  Hist.  John  Bull. 
3.  A  pear-shaped  bottle,  covered  ■with  maize- 
leaves  or  the  like,  in  ■which  oUve-oil  is  exported 
from  Italy;  a  Florence  flask. 
Betula  (bet'u-la),  n.  [L.,  the  birch,  also  spelled 
beiuUa  (>  It.  betuUi,  hetulla,  also  bedello,  =  Pg. 
letulla  =  Sp.  nbeditl  = 
F.  dim.  boi(leau)  ;  ef. 
Corn,  betho,  liezo^Bret. 
6«o  =  W.  bedw  =Gael. 
heth  =  Ir.  betli,  belt, 
the  birch.]  A  genus  of 
hardy  trees  or  shrubs, 
natives  of  the  north 
temperate  and  arctic 
regions ;  the  birches. 
It  is  the  type  of  the  order 
Betulacete,  and  is  distin- 
guished from  the  accom- 
panying genus  Alnits  by  a 
difference  of  habit  and  by  its 
winged  nutlet.  There  are 
about  30  species  of  Betxda, 
of  which  10  are  North  Amer- 
ican. 

Betulaceae  (bet-u-la'- 
se-e),  n.  pi.  "[NL.,  < 
Betula-^  -aeecE.'^  Anat- 
ural  order  of  apetalous 
dicotyledonous  trees 
and  shrubs,  of  ■which 
Betula  is  the  typical 
genus,  and  containing 

besides  this  only  the  genus  Almis,  ■with  60  spe- 
cies belonging  to  the  two  genera.  See  cut  un- 
der alder. 

betulin,  betuline  (bet'ii-lin),  «.  [<  Betula, 
birch,  +  -iu'-^,  -iue'i.}  An  alkaloid  (CgeHgoOo) 
obtained  from  the  bark  of  the  white  birch.  It 
crystallizes  in  the  form  of  long  needles,  which 
are  fusible  and  volatile. 

betumble  (be-tum'bl),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  tumble.'] 
To  tumble ;  disarrange  the  parts  of. 

From  her  be-tumbted  couch  she  starteth. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1037. 

betutor  (be-tii'tor),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  tutor.]  To 
instruct;  tutor.     Coleridge. 

bet'Ween  (be-twen'),  prep,  and  adv.  [<  (1)  ME. 
beticeite,  bitu-iiien,  etc.,  <  AS.  betwednum,  he- 
ticyuum,  hetwiuuH,  betwednan,  betwinun,  bitweon- 
um,  etc.  (orig.  separate,  as  in  beseem  tweoiium, 
between  the  seas,  lit.  'by  seas  twain'),  <  be, 
prep.,  by,  +  tweonum,  dat.  pi.  of  *twe6n;  (2) 
ME.  betwen,  betwene,  bitwene,  etc.  (mixed  with 
preceding),  <  AS.  (ONorth.)  betwedn,  betwen, 
bitwen,  etc.,  <  be,  prep.,  by,  -t-  *tu-e6n,  ace.  of 
*Ju-eon,   pi.   *twene   (=  OS.   OFries. 


Betula. 
a,  branch  of  fi.  pumila,  with 
male  and  female  aiiients;  b,  .a 
single  scale  of  fertile  ament. 
with  fruit.  ( From  Le  Maout  and 
Decaisne's  "Traite  giniral  de 
Dotanique.") 


538 

twen  the  eyes ;  between  Washington  and  Phila- 
delphia; the  prisoner  was  placed  between  two 
policemen. 

The  Bea 
Swallows  him  with  his  host,  but  them  lets  pass 
As  on  dry  land,  between  two  crystal  walls. 

Milton,  1'.  h.,  xii.  197. 

2.  In  intermediate  relation  to,  as  regards  time, 
quantity,  or  degree :  as,  it  occurred  between  his 
incoming  and  outgoing;  a  baronet  is  between 
a  knight  and  a  baron ;  they  cost  between  $o  and 
$6  each;  between  12  and  1  o'clock. 

Bolus  .arrived,  and  gave  a  doubtful  tap. 
Between  a  single  and  a  double  rap. 

Column,  Broad  Grins. 
Her  lips  to  mine  how  often  hath  she  joined, 
Between  each  kiss  her  oaths  of  true  love  swearing ! 

Shak.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  vii. 

3.  In  the  mutual  relations  of:  as,  discord  ex- 
ists between  the  two  families. 

Friendship  requires  that  it  be  between  two  at  least. 

.South. 

An  intestine  struggle,  open  or  secret,  between  authority 
and  liberty.  Huuk,  Essays,  v. 

The  war  between  Castile  and  Portugal  had  come  to  a 
close;  tlie  factions  of  the  Spanish  nobles  were  for  the 
most  part  quelled.  Irvinij,  Granada,  p.  26. 

Differences  of  relative  position  can  be  known  only 
through  differences  between  the  states  of  consciousness 
accompanying  the  disclosure  of  the  positions. 

//.  Speneer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  93. 

4.  From  one  to  another  of,  as  in  the  exchange 
of  actions  or  intercourse. 

If  things  should  go  so  between  them. 

Baton,  Hist,  of  Hen.  VII. 
Thus  graceless  holds  he  disputation 
'Tween  frozen  conscience  and  hot-burning  will. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  247. 

France  lias  been  the  interpreter  betieeen  England  and 

mankind.  Macaulay,  Horace  Walpole. 

5.  In  the  joint  interest  or  possession  of:  as, 
they  own  the  property  between  them. 

There  is  between  us  one  common  name  and  apiiellation. 
Sir  T.  Brownie,  Religio  ^ledici,  i.  3. 
Castor  and  Pollux  with  only  one  soul  between  them. 

Locke, 

6.  By  the  action,  power,  or  effort  of  one  or 
both  of. 


Unless  you  send  some  present  help, 
Between  them  they  will  kill  the  conjurer. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 

7.  In  regard  to  the  respective  natures  or  qual- 
ities of :  as,  to  distinguish  between  right  and 
wrong. 

There  is  an  essential  difference  between  a  land  of  -vvhich 
we  can  trace  the  gradual  formation  from  the  sixth  century 
onwards  and  a  land  whose  name  is  not  heard  of  till  the 
eleventh  century.        £.  A.  Freeman,  Eng.  Towns,  p.  120. 

8.  In  regard  to  one  or  the  other  of:  as,  to 
choose  between  two  things. 

Between  two  dogs,  which  hath  the  deeper  mouth  ? 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4. 
[Between  is  literally  applicable  only  to  two  objects ;  but  it 
may  be  and  commonly  is  used  of'  more  than  two  wliere 
they  are  spoken  of  distributively,  or  so  that  they  can  be 
thought  of  as  divided  into  two  parts  or  categories,  or  with 
reference  to  tlie  action  or  being  of  each  individually  as 
compared  witll  that  of  any  other  or  all  the  otliers.  Wlien 
more  than  two  objects  are  spoken  of  collectively  or  iii- 
divisilily,  anionij  is  the  proper  word.]  —  Between  our- 
selves, not  to  })e  comiiiunicatcd  to  otliers  ;  in  confidence. 
—  Between  the  beetle  and  the  block.  See  beetUi.— 
To  go  between.  See  go.  =Syn..  Amidnt,  In  the  midst  of, 
etc.     See  ainoufi. 

II.  adv.  In  the  intermediate  space ;  in  inter- 
mediate relation  as  regards  time,  etc.:  ■with  an 
object  understood. 

Your  lady  seeks  my  life  ;  —  come  you  between. 
And  save  poor  nie.  Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  1. 

bet^ween  (be-twen'),  j(.  [<  between, pre}).]  One 
of  a  grade  of  needles  between  sharjis  and  bltint.^. 

bet'ween-decks  (bf-tweu'deks),  adr.  and  n.  I. 
adc.  In  the  space  bett\-een  two  decks  of  a  ship  ; 
on  any  deck  but  the  upper  one. 

II.  n.  The  space  between  two  decks  of  a  ship, 
or  the  whole  space  between  the  upper  and  the 
lowest  deck. 

bet^weenity  (bf-twen'i-ti),  «.  [<  between  +  -iti/, 
as  in  (.rtremity.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
between ;  intermediate  condition ;  anything  in- 
termediate.    [Colloq.] 

To  rejoin  heads,  tails,  and  betweenities. 

Southey,  Letters,  III.  44S. 

The  house  is  not  Gothic,  but  of  tliat  betweeuitii  tliat  in- 
tervened when  Gothic  declined  and  Palladiaii  was  creep- 
in;;  in.  II.  Walpole,  Letters  (ed.  18-20),  II.  174. 

prop. 


(=   OS.    OFries.     twene  = 
OlIG.  MHG.  swene,  6.  :ween),  two,  twain,  orig. 

distrib.  (=Goth.  tweihnai  =  h.  bini,  OL.  *dulni),  between-wMles  (be-twen 'hwilz),  adi 

two  each,  <  twa  (twi-),  two:  see  two,  and  cf.  prep.  phr.     At  intervals. 

twin,  twain.    The  forms  of  ftetoeeit  have  always  bet-wit  (be-twif),  r. «.    [<  be-l  +  twit^ .]  To  twit, 

interchanged  «ath  those  of  betwtxt  (which  see).]  strange  h'ow  these  men,  who  at  other  times  are  all  wise 

1.  prep.  1.    In  the  space  which  separates  (two  men,  do  now,  in  their  drink,  betimtt  and  reproach  one  an- 

points,  places,  objects,  or  lines) ;  at  any  point  other  with  their  former  conditions.     Pepys,  Diary,  I.  iw. 

of  the  distance  from  one  to  the  other  of :  as,  be-  betwixt,  prep,  and  adv.    See  betunxt. 


bevel 

bet^wixet,  bet^wixent,  prep.  [Now  only  diaL 
or  archaic;  <  ME.  betwiie,  betwixen,  betwexen, 
bitwuxen,  etc.,  bitwixe,  bitwixcn,  etc.,  <  AS.  'be- 
twcoxan  (occurs  once  spelled  betwcoxn),  prob. 
for  earlier  'belweoxum  (=  OFries.  liitwiskum,  bi- 
twischa),  <  be,  prep.,  by,  -I-  "tweoxum  for  "twili- 
Kum,  *twiscum,  dat.  pi.  of  *twi.sc  =  OH.  tici.':k  = 
OIIG.  cwisk;  :wi.iki,  MUG.  r)c/.s-c,  twofold,  < 
twd  (twi-),  two,  +  -se,  -i.sf,  E.  -i.slA.  Forms 
with  other  prepositions  appear  in  OS.  undar 
tii'isk,  OFries.  entiviska,  ontwiska,  atwi.ska,  abbr. 
ttciska,  twisk,  twisclia,  NFries.  twisuclie,  D.  tus- 
sclicn,  OHG.  in  zwisken,  vnter  zwinken,  MHG.  in 
zwi.schen,  vnter  zwischen,  G.  abbr.  zwisehen,  be- 
tween. This  form  was  early  mixed  with  betwix, 
betu-Lrt.]     Betwixt;  between. 

bet^wixt  (be-twiksf),  jj/ry).  and  adv.  [Also  by 
apheresis  twixt,  'twixt,  Sc.  betwisht,  betweesht,  < 
late  ME.  betwixt,  bytwyxte,  earlier  betwix,  betuxt, 
betuixte,  betwex,  betuix,  biticix,  etc.,  <  AS.  be- 
tivyxt,  betwuxt  (■with  excrescent  -t),  betwyx,  be- 
tweox,  betweohs,  betivux,  betux,  appar.  shortened 
from  the  dat.  form  (or  perhaps  repr.  an  orig. 
ace.  form)  *betweoxum,  >  ME.  betwixen,  betwixe, 
q.  V.  In  ME.  the  words  were  mixed.]  I,  prep. 
Between ;  in  the  space  that  separates ;  in  inter- 
mediate relation  to  as  regards  time,  quantity, 
or  degree;  passing  between;  from  one  to  an- 
other, etc.,  in  most  of  the  uses  of  beticeen 
(which  see). 

Betwixt  two  aged  oaks.  Milton,  L'Allegro,  1.  82. 

The  morning  light,  however,  soon  stole  into  the  aper- 
ture at  the  foot  of  the  bed,  betivixt  those  fadeil  curtains. 
Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  v. 


There  was  some  speech  of  marriage 
Betu'ixt  myself  and  her.     Shak.,  M.  for  il. 


V.  1. 


=  Syn.  See  comparison  under  amonrt. 

II.  adv.  Between,  in  either  space  or  time. 
—  Betwixt  and  between,  in  an  intermediate  position; 
neitlier  the  one  nor  the  other:  a  colloquial  intensive  of 
betwixt  or  of  between. 

betylus,  «.     See  bcetylus. 

beudantite  (Im'dan-tit),  «.  [After  the  French 
mineralogist  Beudant  (1787-1850).]  A  hydrous 
phosphate  and  arseniate  of  iron,  occumng  in 
small,  closely  aggregated  crystals  in  Nassau, 
Prussia^  and  also  near  Cork,  Ireland. 

beuk  (buk),  H.     A  Scotch  form  of  book. 

My  grannie  she  bought  nie  a  beuk, 
And  I  held  awa'  to  the  school. 

Bums,  The  Jolly  Beggars 

be-yel  (bev'el),  n.  and  a.     [Formerly  also  bevell, 
as  a  term  of  heraldry  bevil,  berile,  '<  OF.  "bevel 
or  *buvel  (not  recorded),  mod.  F.  bireau,  also 
spelled  beveau,  buveau,  beuveau,  beauveau.  etc. 
(cf.  Sp.  baivel),  bevel;  origin  unknown.]    I.  n. 
1.    The  obliquity  or  inclination  of  a  particular 
surface  of  a  solid  body  to  another  surface  of 
the  same  body ;   the  angle  contained   by  two 
adjacent  sides  of  anrthing,  as  of  a  timber  used 
in  ship-building.     'VNTien  this  angle  is  acute  it 
is  called  an  under  bevel  (or  beveling),  and  when 
obtuse    a   standing 
lievel. — 2.    An    in- 
strument  used    by 
mechanics  for 

drawing  angles  and 
for    adjusting    the 
abutting     sui'faces 
of     work     to     the 
same     inclination. 
It  consists  of  two  limbs 
jointed    togetlier,    one 
called     the     stock     or 
handle   and    the  otlier 
the  blade  ;  tlie  latter  is 
movable  on  a  pivot  at 
the  joint,   and   can   be 
adjusted  so  as  to  include 
any   angle   between    it 
and  tlie  stock.    The  blade  is  often  curveii  on  tlie  edge  to 
suit  the  sweep  of  an  arch  or  vault.     See  beeel-stpiare. 
3.  A  piece  of  type-metal  nearly  type-high,  with 
a  beveled  edge,  used  by  stereo- " 
typers  to  form  the  flange  on  the 
sides  of  the   plates.    Iforcester. 
— 4.    Same  as   bevel-angle. — 5. 
In  Jier.,  an  angular  break  in  any 
riglit  line. 

II.  a.  Haring  the  form  of  a 
bevel ;  aslant ;  sloping ;  out  of 
the  perpendicular;  not  upright: 
used  figm-atively  by  Shakspere. 

I  may  be  straight  tliough  they  themselves  be  bevel. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxxL 
Their  houses  are  very  ill  built,  the  walls  bevel,  without 
one  right  angle  in  any  apartment. 

Swi/t,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iii.  2. 

be-vel  (bev'el),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beveled  or  bev- 
elled, ppr.  beveling  or  bevelling.    [<  bevel,  «.]     L 


Mechanics'  Bevels. 


^ 


-X" 


Heraldic  Bevel. 
(See  dntied,  3.) 


bevel  539 

as,  to  bevel  a  bevel-ways  (bev'el-waz),  adv.    Same  as  bevel- 


trans.  To  put  to  a  bevel-angle 
piece  of  wood. 

II.  iitlraiis.  To  incline  toward  a  point  or 
from  a  direct  line;  slant  or  incline  off  to  a 
bevcl-imt'le. 

bevel-angle  (bev'el-ang'gl),  n.  Any  angle  ex- 
cept a  right  angle,  whether  it  be  acute  or  ob- 
tuse.    Also  called  liercl. 

beveled,  bevelled  (bev'cld),  ;>.  a.    1.  Having 

u  bevel;  l'(irmed  with  a  bevel-angle. —  2.  In 
miiiirdl.,  replaced  by  two  planes  inclining  equal- 
ly upou  the  adjacent  planes,  as  an  edg(> ;  hav- 
ing its  edges  rephiced  us  above,  as  a  cube  or 
other  solid. —  3.  In  hrr..  broken  by  an  acute 
angle:  thus,  in  tlie  cut  under  bevel,  the  blazon 
would  be  a  chief  vert,  /"''<■/«/.  — Beveled  bushing, 
a  I'lLsliiii^'  in  which  the  siilcs  arc  im-Iiniil  to  tlic  cmls.^ 
Beveled  double,  in  /nr,  lavdcil  on  either  siile.—  Bev- 
eled furniture,  m  prinfin:::  (a)  The  taperiiii;  siile-sticks 
atid  foot-.sticks  u.sed  in  iniposiiif;  furiim  or  locking  up  t;al- 
Icys.  (/»)  HcvcUmI  pieces  of  wood  less  than  type-hi^'h. — 
Beveled  gearing.  See  (/earimj.  -Beveled  washer,  a 
wasiiei-  havin;;  its  two  faces  not  parallel  to  each  other, 
used  to  ;.'ive  a  proper  bearing  to  a  head  or  nut  when  the 
rttd  ctr  holt  is  not  perpendicular  to  the  surface  against 
which  tlic  washer  presses, 

bevel-gear  (bev'el-ger).  It.  In  mach.,  a  species 
of  wheehvork  in  which  the  axis  or  shaft  of  the 
leader  or  driver 
forms  an  angle 
with  the  axis  or 
shaft  of  the  fol- 
lower or  the  wheel 
driven. 

bevel-hub  (bev'el- 
hub),  II.  A  hub 
or  short  connect- 
ing-pipe having  a 
bend. 

beveling,    bevel- 
ling (bev'el-iug), 
n.    Same  as   bev- 
el,!. 
It  is  evident  from 


A 


Bcvel-gear. 


the  preceding,  that  by  applying  the  bevel  in  the  work- 
man's ustial  manner,  viz.,  with  the  stock  against  the  left- 
hand  side  of  the  board  and  directed  towards  his  body,  all 
the  hrrrlhiiis  will  he  under,  that  is,  less  than  a  right  angle. 
.  .  .  We  thus  tliid  that  when  the  first  futtock  frames  are 
on  the  amidship  side  of  the  joint,  their  bevetings  are  always 
standing,  or  greater  than  a  right  angle. 

Thearle,  Naval  Architecture,  p.  53. 

beveling-board  (bev'el-ing-bord),  n.  1.  A 
board  cut  to  any  required  bevel.  It  is  used  in 
adjusting  frames  or  the  parts  of  an  angular 
construction,  as  in  a  ship. — 2.  A  flat  board 
upon  which  the  bevelings  of  the  various  por- 
tions of  a  construction,  as  the  framework  of  a 
ship,  are  marked. 

beveling-frame  (bev'el-ing-fram), «.  Awooden 
frame  in  which  a  beveling-board  is  placed  to 
be  marked,  it  consists  of  a  wide  board,  on  one  edge  of 
whicti  is  placed  a  fixed,  and  an  the  opposite  a  movable, 
batten.     Across  t'oth  battens  parallel  lines  are  marked. 

beveling-machine  (bev'el-ing-ma-shen"), «.  A 
macliine  for  beveling  or  angling  the  outer  edges 
of  a  book-cover,  or  of  an  electrotyped  plate  for 
printing. 

bevel-jack  (bev'el-jak),  11.  A  device  used  in 
transmitting  motion  from  a  motor  to  a  machine. 
It  consists  of  a  pair  of  l'e\el-gears.  one  of  which  is  con- 
nected with  a  tnndiliiig-shatt  turned  by  the  motor,  while 
the  other  has  a  pulley  which  by  a  belt  drives  the  machine. 

bevel-joint  (bev'el-joint),  ii.  A  miter  or  slop- 
ing joint  liaving  its  faces  dressed  to  an  angle, 
genrnilly  of  45°. 

bevelled,  bevelling.    See  beveled,  beveliii'i. 

bevelment  (bev'el-ment),  n. 
[<  beret  +  -meiit.]  In  mineral., 
the  replacement  of  an  edge  by 
two  similar  planes,  equally 
inclined  to  the  including  faces 
or  adjacent  planes. 

bevel-plater  (bev'el-pla"t^r). 

II.    A  macliine  for  rolling  the 
bevel-edged  plates   of   shin-   of  a  cuK- i.y  i; 
glin":  and  veneering  saws.         t«,ah=xahe,Xron. 

bevel-protractor  (bev'el-pro-trak"tor),  «.  A 
drafting  instrument  with  a  pivoted  arm  sliding 
up(in  a  gi'aduated  sector, 
used  in  laying  off  angles. 

bevel-rest  (bev'el-rest),  n. 
A  clamp  for  hoUling  wood 
to  a  saw  in  making  a  bevel- 
ed cut. 

bevel-square  (bev'el-skwar),  n. 
the   l)lade  of  which   can  be  adjusted"  to   any 
angle  with  the  stock,  and  held  at  suchau  angle 

'  by  a  set-screw.  It  is  an  artisans  instrument  for  try- 
ing his  work  to  see  if  it  has  been  made  with  the  proper 
angle.    Also  called  angU-Ocvel. 


Bevel-protractor. 

A  try-square 


bevel-wheel   (bev'cl-hwel),    n.      In    wmc/i.,   a 
cog-wheel  of  which  the  working-face  is  oblique 
to  the  axis.     Stich  a  wheel  is  commonly  used  in  con- 
nection with   another  revtdving  with    a  shaft  at  right 
angles  to  that  of  the  first.    These  wheels  are  ()ften  called 
corneal  wheels,  a-s  their  general  form  is  that  of  frusta  of 
cones.     See  becel-tjcar. 
bevel-wise  (bev'el-vriz),  adr.     In  her.,  in  the 
form  or  direction  of  a  bevel :  said  of  a  ribbon 
or  ])ennon  charged  thus  upon  the  field.    Also 
berel-ivnys. 
bever^t,  "■     An  obsolete  form  of  beaver^. 
bever'-'t,  "•     -An  obsolete  form  of  bearer^. 
bever-'t  (be'ver),  «.    [Now  chiefly  E.  dial. ;  also 
written  beaver,  <  ME.  bever,  later  also  bevoir, 
bocver,  <  OF.  bevre,  bnirre,  mod.  F.  boire  =  It. 
berere,  bere  (ML.   bibcr),  a  drink,   prop,  inf., 
drink,    <    L.   bibere,  drink:    see   bih^,    bibber. 
Hence  beverage.'\     1.  A  collation  or  slight  re- 
past between  meals. 

Are.  What,  at  your  bever,  gallants? 

Mor.  Will  't  please  your  ladyship  to  drink? 

B.  Joiuton,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 
Some  twenty  mark  a-year  !  will  that  nuiintain 
Scarlet  and  gold  lace,  i)lay  at  th'  ordinary, 
And  bever;i  at  the  tavern? 

Middletun,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  i.  1. 

2.  Formerly,  at  some  colleges  and  schools,  a 
slight  meal  wliich  the  students  received  at  the 
buttery-hatch  and  took  to  their  rooms. 

No  scholar  shall  be  absent  tdiove  an  hour  at  morning 
heeer  and  half  an  hoiu-  at  evening  bever. 

Qitincy,  Hist,  llarv.  Univ.,  I.  517. 

Wlien  I  was  at  Eton — now  more  than  thirty  years  ago 
—  the  boys  on  the  foundation  were  supplied  in  the  dining- 
hall  with  an  intermediate  meal  (if  meal  it  ciuild  he  calle(i), 
which  went  under  the  name  of  beaver.  According  to  my 
recollection  it  consisted  of  beer  only,  and  the  hour  was 
4  P.  >r.  N.  and  Q.,  7th  scr.,  II.  454. 

bever^t  (be'ver),  v.  i.  [<  bever^,  n.]  To  take  a 
bever  or  slight  repast  between  meals. 

Your  gallants  never  sup,  breakfast,  nor  Iiever  without 
me.  A.  Brewer  (?),  Lingna,  ii.  1. 

beverage  (bev'e-raj),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
hireridije,  beuvrag'e,  etc.,  <  ME.  bererage,  bcr- 
erege,  bcverache,  beurage,  etc.  (cf.  ML.  bevera- 
gium),  <  OF.  bevrage,  bcuvrage,  brenvraige,  mod. 
F.  breurage  (=  Pr.  beurage  =  Sp.  bebragc  = 
Pg.  beberagem  =  It.  bereragyiii ;  ML.  as  if  "bi- 
beraticum),  <  bevre,  boivre  =  It.  bevere,  <  L.  6i- 
6erf,  drink:  see  bever^,  n. ,a,ni -age.']  1.  Drink 
of  any  kind ;  liquor  for  drinking :  as,  water  is 
the  common  beverage;  intoxicating  beverages. 

A  plea-sant  bcrera;ie  he  prepared  before 

Of  wine  and  honey  mixed. 

Driiden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  ii. 

2.  A  name  given  specifically  to  various  kinds 
of  refreshing  drinks,  (a)  In  Devonshire,  England, 
w.ater-cider ;  a  drink  made  by  passing  water  through  the 
crushed  apples  from  which  cider  has  been  made,  {b)  A 
liquor  ma<le  by  passing  water  through  the  pressed  grapes 
after  the  wine  has  been  expressed. 

Touching  price  and  quality  of  a  liquor  or  drink  called 
in  England  ''bevaradfje  "  and  in  France  "  pimpeene." 

Record  Sue.  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  xi.  117. 
((•)  In  the  West  Indies,  a  drink  made  of  sugar-cane  juice 
and  water. 

3.  In  Great  Britain,  drink-money,  or  a  treat 
provided  with  drink-money,  as  on  wearing  a 
new  Slut  of  clothes,  or  on  receiving  a  suit  from 
the  tailor;  a  treat  on  first  coming  into  prison; 
a  garnish.     [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

bevewt,  ".     See  berue. 

bevil,  bevile,  «.     In  her.,  same  as  bevel,  5. 

bevort,  "-     See  beaver'^. 

bevue  (be-vli'),  n.  [Formerly  also  beveiv,<.¥. 
Iienie,  OF.  be.9vue,  <  be-,  bes-  (<  L.  bis-,  double), 
-H  viie,  view :  see  view."]  An  error  of  inadver- 
tence; a  slip.     [Rare.] 

be'vy  (bev'i),  ». ;  pi.  bevie.i  (-iz).  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  beavij,  beavie,  <  ME.  bevy,  bcveij,  beve,  <  OF. 
beveije  (^'beuei/e  [printed  deueije']  des  heronez," 
in  a  poem  cited  by  Leo,  Kect.  Sing.  Perso- 
narum,  p.  -10);  ef.  It.  "hera,  a  beavie,"  Florio: 
applied  esp.  to  a  flock  of  birds  and  thence  to  a 
company  of  ladies;  orig.,  perhaps,  a  di-inking 
company,  or  a  number  of  animals  at  a  water- 
ing-place, being  thus  a  particular  use  of  OF. 
beree,  buvee,  drink,  drinking  (cf.  It.  beva,  a 
drink),  <  bevre  =  It.  bevere,  drink :  see  bevei-S, 
«.,  and  beverage.']  1.  A  flock  of  birds,  espe- 
cially of  larks  or  quails. —  2.  A  small  company 
or  troop,  as  of  roebucks,  heifers,  etc. —  3.  A 
group  or  small  company  of  persons,  especially 
of  girls  or  women,  but  also  used  of  the  male 
sex:  as,  "a  bevijoi  powdered  coxcombs,"  liald- 
.imith;  "a  bevy  of  renegades,"  Macaulay,  Hist. 
Eng. 

A  lovely  bevy  of  faire  Ladies  sate, 
Courted  of  many  a  jolly  Paranioure. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  34. 


bewest 

4.  A  small  <'olleetion  of  objects ;  an  assem- 
blage of  tilings.     [Rare  or  obsolete.]  =8yn.  L 

Cireii.  etc.      Si'c  rfoct. 

bewail  (be-wal'),  V.  [<  ME.  bcirailen,  beweilen, 
biiouitcri,eta.,  <  be-  -t-  wailen,  wail:  see  ic-l  and 
trail.]  I.  trans.  To  mourn  aloud  for;  bemoan; 
lament ;  express  deep  sorrow  for :  as,  to  bewail 
the  loss  of  a  child. 

Go,  give  your  tears  to  those  that  lose  their  worths. 
Bewail  their  miseries.         Fletcher,  Valentinian,  iv.  4, 

The  tiightingale 
Her  ancient,  hapless  sorrow  must  bewail. 

William  .Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  394. 

II.  intran.i.  To  express  grief. 

Mourning  and  bewailiuf/  exceedingly. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  70. 

bewailable  (be-wa'la-bl),  a.  [<  beirail  +  -able."] 
Capable  or  worthy  of  being  bewailed. 

bewailer  (be-wa'ler),  ».  One  who  bewails  or 
laments. 

berwailing  (be-wa'ling),  H.     Lamentation. 

bewailingly  (be-wa'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  bewail- 
ing manlier. 

bewailment  (be-wiU'ment),  «.  [<  bctvail  + 
-iiieiit.]     The  act  of  bewailing;  a  lamentation. 

bewaket  (be-wak'),  v.  I.  [<  JIE.  betvaken,  watch, 
"  wake"  a  dead  bod.v,  watch  through  (=  D.  be- 
tvalxH  =  G.  hetvachcn  =  Sw.  bevaka),  <  be-  -1- 
wakeit,  wake:  see  />c-l  and  ivakiA,  and  cf.  bi- 
vouac.] To  watch,  especially  a  dead  body ;  ob- 
serve funeral  rites  for.     Gotver, 

beware  (be-wSr'),  v.,  prop.^i/ir.  [Formerly  and 
prop,  written  separately,  be  trare,  a  phrase  com- 
posed of  the  impv.  or  inf.  of  the  verb  be  and  the 
adj.  ware  ;  as  in  AS.  bed  tvicr  (be6,  2d  pers.  sing, 
impv.  of  bedn),  bed  tlic  ivicr  (the,  thee,  reflexive 
dative),  be  ■ware,  just  like  E.  be  careful.  So 
ME.  "6e  i«or  therf or"  (Chaucer);  "A  ha!  fel- 
awes !  beth  ic«rof  sucha  lape ! "  (Chaucer),  where 
beth  is  2d  pers.  pi.  impv.,  <  AS.  beoth.  (See 
other  ME.  examples  below.)  'Uikebe  gone,  now 
begone,  be  ware  came  to  be  ■written  as  one  word, 
betvare,  and  then  was  classed  by  some  authors 
with  the  numerous  verbs  in  fcc-l,  and  inflected 
accordingly;  hence  the  eiToneous  fonns  be- 
wares in  Ben  Jonson,  and  bewared  in  Dryden. 
This  confusion  may  have  been  promoted  by  the 
existence  of  a  ME.  verb  bcwaren,  show,  exhibit, 
descended,  with  some  change  of  sense,  from 
AS.  betvarinn,  guard,  keep,  preser\-e  (=  OFries. 
bitvaria  =  D.  betvarea  =  OHG.  bitvaron,  MHG. 
beivaren,  G.  betvahren  =  Sw.  bcvara  =  Dan.  be- 
vare,  keep,  guard),  <  be-  +  icarian,  guard,  <  ivar, 
cautious,  observant,  E.  leare'^,  as  in  be  tvare 
above.  In  the  quotation  from  Chaucer,  below, 
both  forms  appear.  See  M-«ffl.]  To  be  wary 
or  cautious ;  be  on  one's  guard ;  exercise  care 
or  vigilance :  properly  tivo  words,  be  tvare,  con- 
sisting of  the  infinitive  or  imperative  of  be  with 
the  adjective  tvare :  followed  by  of,  expressed 
or  understood,  ■n-ith  the  force  of  'against,'  'in 
regard  to':  as,  fccH'«re  o/e^•il  associations;  be- 
ware how  you  step;  "betvare  the  bear,''  .'!!cott. 

Thus  oughte  wise  men  ben  icare  of  folis ; 

If  thou  do  so  thi  witte  is  wele  bywared  [shown]. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  1.  635. 

Be  ye  icar  of  false  prophets.  "'.'/c'C,  Mat.  vii.  15. 

That  no  man  no  scholde  .  .  .  war  at  him  beo. 

Li/e  of  Thomas  Beket  (cd.  Black),  1160. 

Beware  o/all,  but  most  beware  of  man. 

I'ojie,  R.  of  the  L.,  i.  114. 

Every  one  ought  to  be  very  careful  to  beware  what  he 
admits  for  a  principle.  Locke. 

Beware  the  pine-tree's  withered  branch. 

Beware  the  awful  avalanche.     lAtnfi/ellow,  Excelsior. 

bewash  (be-wosh'),  v.  t.  [<  fce-l  +  wash.]  To 
drench  with  water.     [Rare.] 

Let  the  maids  bewash  the  men. 

Uerrick,  St.  DistaJf's  Day. 

beweep  (be-wep').  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bcivept,  ppr. 
beweeping.'  [<  ME.  betcepen,  biwcpeii,  <  AS.  be- 
ivejian  (=  OFries.  bitvepa  =  t)S.  bitvopian),  <  be- 
+  ivepan,  weep :  see  he-l  and  iveep.]     I.  trails. 

1.  To  weep  over;  deplore. 

Old  fond  eyes, 
Beweep  this  cause  again,  I'll  pluck  ye  out. 

Shak..  Lear,  i.  4. 

2.  To  bedew  or  wet  with  tears ;  disfigure  or 
mark  ■with  the  signs  of  weeping. 

Fast  by  her  syde  doth  wery  labour  stand. 
Pale  fere  also,  and  sorrow  all  bewept. 

Sir  r.  More,  fo  Them  that  Trust  in  Forttme; 

Il.t  iiitrans.  To  weep ;  make  lamentation. 

bewest  (be-west'),  prep.     [<  ME.  be  irest,  bi- 

tvesten,  <  AS.  be  westan  :  be,  prep.,  by;  trestan, 

adv.,  west,  from  the  west.     Cf.  be-east,  benorth, 

besouth.]    To  the  -west  of.     [Scotch.] 


bewet 

bewetl  (be-wef),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bcicetted, 
bcwil,  ppr'.  bcwetting.  [<  ME.  bewrten,  <  be-  + 
weten,  wet:  see  bc-^  and  wet.}   To  wet;  moisten. 

Ills  napkin  with  his  true  tears  all  bfivet. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 

bewet-',  bewit  (bu'et,  -it),  «.  [<  late  ME.  bew- 
flli ,  diiu.  ol'  OF.  beuc.  buc,  earlier  biiic,  boir;  a 
collar,  chain,  fetter,  <  L,  boia;  a  collar  for  the 
neck,  whence  also  ult.  E.  hiioy,  q.  v.]  In  /«/- 
conri/,  the  leather  with  which  the  bell  was  at- 
tached to  a  hawk's  leg,  [Commonly  in  the 
plural.] 

bewbisper  (be-hwis'p6r),  v.  t.  [<  be-''-  +  whis- 
III  c]     To  whisper.     Fairfax.     [Karc.] 

bewhoret  (be-hor'),  !•.  ^  [<  6<?-i -I- ic/iore.]  1, 
To  make  a  whoro  of.  Beau,  and  Fl. —  2.  To 
call  or  pronounce  a  whore.     Shak. 

bewield  (be-weld'),  r.  t.  [<  ME,  bewelden,  < 
be-  +  ivcM'en,  wield :  see  be-^  and  wield.'\  To 
wield,  handle,  or  control ;  manage.  J.  Harri- 
son.    [Rare,] 

bewigged  (be-wigd'),i),  a.  [<  6f-l  +  nigged. 'i 
Wearing  a  wig. 

Ancient  ladies  and  bemffged  gentlemen  seemed  hurrj'- 
ing  to  enjoy  a  social  cup  of  tea. 

L.  il.  Ah-ott,  Hospital  Sketches,  p.  20. 

bewilder  (bf-wil'der),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  -t-  wilder: 
see  ioWfc]  '  1.  To  confuse  as  to  direction  or 
situation;  cause  to  lose  the  proper  road  or 
course:  as,  the  intricacy  of  the  streets  bewil- 
dered him;  to  be  bewildered  in  the  woods. 

Can  this  be  the  bird,  to  man  so  good, 
That,  alter  their  bewilderini). 
Covered  witli  leaves  the  little  children. 
So  painfully  in  the  wood  ? 
Wortisivorth,  Redbreast  Chasing  the  Butterfly. 

2.  To  lead  into  perplexity  or  confusion ;  per- 
plex; puzzle;  confuse, 

Bewitderijig  odors  floating,  dulled  her  sense, 
.\nd  killedher  fear. 

William  MurrU,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  259. 
We  have  elementary  disturbances  of  consciousness  in 
diseases  of  the  mind,  such  as  epileptic  states,  ecstacy, 
.  .  .  and  the  bewildered  state  of  the  mind  in  paralytic  de- 
mentia. E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  35. 
=  Syn.  To  confound,  confuse,  mystify,  nonplus. 
bewilderedness   (bf-wil'derd-nes),    n.     The 
state  of  being  bewildered;  bewilderment. 
bewilderingly   (bf-wil'der-ing-li),   adi:     In  a 

Ix'wiUleriug  manner  ;  so  as  to  bewilder. 
bewilderment  (bf-wil'der-ment),  w.     [<  beuil- 
liir  +  -inent.']     The  state  of  being  bewildered. 

■lh'>UL;Iit  was  arrested  by  utter  bewUdernient. 

George  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  ii. 

bewimple  (be-wim'pl),  v.  t.  [<  ME,  bewimplen 
{=  D,  bcwimpelen),  <  be-  +  wimpclen,  wimple : 
see  fte-l  and  wimple.']  To  cover  with  a  \^^mple ; 
veil,     Gower. 

bewinter  i,be-win'ter),  V.  t.  [<  6e-l  -I-  winter.'] 
To  make  like  winter. 

Tears  that  bewinter  all  my  year. 

Cowley,  Sleep. 

bewit,  n.     See  bewet-. 

bewitch  (be-wieh'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bewicchen,  bi- 
wicclun,  <  be-  +  wicchen,  witch:  see  fce-t  and 
witch,  v.]  1.  To  subject  to  the  influence  of 
witchcraft ;  affect  by  witchcraft  or  sorcery ; 
throw  a  charm  or  spell  over. 

Look  how  I  am  bewitch'd ;  behold,  mine  arm 
Is.  like  a  blasted  sapling,  wither'd  up. 

Shak.,  Rich,  III.,  iii.  i. 

2.  To  charm ;  fascinate ;  please  to  such  a  de- 
gree as  to  take  away  the  power  of  resistance. 
Love  doth  betviich.  and  strangely  change  us. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  MeL,  p.  46S. 
The  charms  of  poetry  our  souls  bewitch. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  .Satires. 
His  (Tennyson's]  verses  still  bewitch  youths  and  artists 
by  their  sentiments  and  beauty,  but  their  thought  takes 
hold  of  thinkfi-s  and  men  of  the  world. 

StedmaJi,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  160. 

bewitchedness  (be-wieht'nes),H.  [(.bewitched, 
pp.  of  bewitch,  +  -liess.]  The  state  of  being  be- 
witched. 

bewitcher  (be-wich'er),  «,  One  who  bewitches 
or  lasrinates, 

be'witcbery  (be-wich'er-i),  H.  [<  bewitch,  in 
imitation  of  iciVc/ierj,]  Witchery;  fascination; 
charm,     [Rare.] 

There  is  a  certain  bewitchery  or  fascination  in  words. 

South,  Works,  II.  is. 

bewitchful  fbe-wich'ful),  a.     [<  bewitch  -h  -fid 
(iiTfKularly  sufti.xed  to  a  verb).]      Alluring; 
fascinating.     [Bare.] 
Ill,  more  bewitchful  to  entice  away.        Milton,  Letters. 

bewitching  (be-wieh'ing),  a.  [Ppr.  of  bewitch.] 
Having  power  to  bewitch  or  fascinate  ;  fasci- 
nating; charming:  as,  "  bewitching  tundjSTuess," 
Addison,  Spectator,  No.  223, 


540 

The  more  he  considered  it,  the  more   heiritchintj  the 
scene  appeared  t«  him.        Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  .'>. 

bewitchingly  (be-wich'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  be- 
witching manner. 

bewitchingness  (bf-wich'ing-nes),  «.  The 
<|uality  which  makes  a  person  or  thing  be- 
witrhing. 
be'Witchment  (be-wich'ment),  n.  [<  ben-itch  + 
-nient.]  Fascination;  power  of  charming ;  the 
effects  of  witchcraft. 

I  will  counterfeit  the  bcvritchment  of  some  popular  man, 
and  give  it  bountifully  to  the  desirers.     Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  3. 
To  wash  in  May  dew  guards  against  beu^tchnwnt. 

Keary,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  378. 

be'With  (be'wiTH),  n.  [<  6el  +  with^i  what  one 
can  be  with  or  do  with.]  A  makeshift ;  a  sub- 
stitute. [Scotch.] 
bewonder  (bf-wxm'der),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  -I-  iconder; 
=  D.  bewondcren  =  G.  bewundern,  admire,]  1. 
To  fill  with  wonder;  amaze. 

Seeing  his  astonishment. 
How  he  bewondered  was. 

Fairjax,  tr.  of  Taaso,  x.  17. 

2.  To  wonder  at ;  admire. 

beworkt  (be-werk'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  bewurchen,  < 
AS.  bewyrean  {—  D.  betrerl-en  =  G.  bewirken  = 
Dan.  bevirke),  work,  work  in,  adorn,  <  be-  -I- 
wyrcan,  work:  see  be-^  and  work.]  To  work, 
as  with  thread  ;  embroider. 

The  mantelle  and  the  gjTdylle  both 
That  rychely  was  beuro^iht.     Sir  Eglamour,  1. 1152. 
Smocks  all  bewrought.  £.  Jortson,  Masque  of  Owls. 

bewpers,  «.  See  beaupers. 
bewrap  ( be-rap' ),  V.  t. ;  pret,  and  pp,  bewrapped, 
bcwrapt,  ppr.  bewrapping.  [<  IIE.  bewrappen, 
also  bewrabben  (with  var.  bewlappen),  <  be-  + 
wrappen,  wrap:  see  6e-l  and  wrap.]  To  wrap 
up ;  clothe ;  envelop. 

His  sword,  .  .  . 
Bewrapt  with  flowers,  hung  idlie  by  his  side. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xvi.  30. 

be'wrayt  (bf-ra' ),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  bewraien,  biwreyen, 
fUsclose,  reveal  (=  OFries.  biivrogia  =  OHG. 
biruogan,  MHG,  beriigen),  <  be-  +  wraien.  wrey- 
en,  obs,  E.  wray,  disclose,  reveal,  <  AS.  wre- 
gan,  accuse  (=  OFries.  wrogia,  wreia  =  OS.  wro- 
gian  =  D.  wroegen,  accuse,  =  OHG.  ruogen, 
MHG.  ruegen,  G,  riigen,  censure,  =  Icel,  ragja, 
slander,  =  Sw,  rdja,  betray,  =  Goth,  wrohjan, 
accuse),  from  a  noun  repr,  by  Goth,  wrohs,  an 
accusation,  =  leel,  rog,  a  slander.  Somewhat 
affected  in  sense  by  betray,  a  quite  different 
word,]  1,  To  accuse;  malign, —  2.  To  re- 
veal ;  divulge ;  make  known ;  declare. 

Write  down  thy  mind,  bewray  thy  meaning. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  ii.  5. 

Whoso  is  partner  witli  a  thief  hateth  his  own  soul:  he 

heareth  cursing  and  bewra'jeth  it  not.  Prov.  xxix.  24. 

3.  To  disclose  or  reveal  (the  identity  or  the 
secrets  of  a  person)  perfidiously  or  prejudi- 
cially ;  betray ;  expose. 

Thou  bewreiest  alle  secrenesse. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  675. 
For  feare  to  be  enforced  by  torments  to  feeirrai/his  con- 
federates. Enolles,  Hist.  Turks,  p.  7.    (Iv.  E.  D.) 
Like  slaves  you  sold  youi-  souls  for  golden  dross. 
Bewraying  her  to  death. 

Ma^singer,  Virgin-MartjT,  ii.  3. 

Hide  the  outcast,  bewray  not  him  that  wandereth,  is 
the  simplest  lesson  of  common  humanity. 

W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  97. 

4.  To  reveal  or  disclose  unintentionally  or  in- 
cidentally ;  show  the  presence  or  true  character 
of ;  show  or  make  visible. 

The  ointment  of  his  right  hand  which  bernrayeth  itself. 

Prov.  xxvii.  16. 

Thy  speech  bewrayeth  thee.  Mat.  xxvi.  73. 

[Bewray  is  stOl  sometimes  used,  especially  in 

poetry,  as  an  archaic  word,] 

be'wrayert  (be-ra'er),   n.     A  betrayer  or  di- 

\-ulger, 

A  bewrayer  of  secrets.  Addi^-on,  Spectator,  >'o.  225. 

be'wrayinglyt  (bf-ra'ing-li),  adt:    In  a  manner 

to  l.iewray. 
bewraymentt  (be-ra'ment),  n.      [<  bewray  -I- 

-nient.]     The  act  of  bewraying. 
be'Wreakt  (bf-rek'),  r.  t.   '[<  ME,  bewreken,  < 
be-  -\-  wreken,  wreak.     C'f.  AS.  bewrecan,  exile, 
send  forth:   see  6e-l  and  tcreak.]     To  avenge; 
revenge. 

Thus  much  am  I  bewreke. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath  s  Tale  (ed.  Speght),  L  809. 

be'Wreckt  (bf-rek'),  v.  t.  [<  if-l  -1-  wreck.  Cf. 
AS.  bewrecan,  drive  or  bring  to,  of  ships:  see 
6<-l  and  wreck.]    To  ruin;  destroy. 

Vet  w:us  I.  or  I  parted  thence,  bfwreckt.   Mir.  for  Magn. 

be'Wroughtt  (be-rof).  Obsolete  past  participle 
of  bework. 


beyond 

bey^  (ba),  n.  [=  F.  Sp.  bey,  <  Turk,  bey,  beg  = 
I'ers.  baig,  a  lord :  see  beg-,  beglerbeg,  and  be- 
gum.] 1.  The  governor  of  a  minor  province 
or  sanjak  of  the  Turkish  empire. —  2,  A  title 
of  respect  given  in  Turkey  to  members  of 
princely  families,  sons  of  pashas,  military  offi- 
cers above  the  rank  of  major,  the  wealthy  gen- 
try, and,  by  courtesy,  to  eminent  foreigners. 

We  therefore  rode  out  of  Beyrout  as  a  pair  of  Syrian 
Beys.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  33. 

3.  The  title  usually  given  by  foreigners  to  the 
former  Mohammedan  rulers  of  Tunis. 
Frequently  written  beg. 

bey'-'t,  ''•     A  Middle  English  form  of  buy. 

beyetet,  '•  '•     A  Middle  English  form  of  beget. 

beylerbey  (ba'ler-ba'),  n.  [<  Turk,  beylerbey, 
beglerbeg,  prince  of  princes,  lit.  'bey  of  beys.'] 
The  title  of  the  governor-general  of  a  pro\-ince 
of  the  Turkish  empire,  ranking  next  to  the 
grand  vizir,  and  so  called  because  he  has  under 
him  the  beys  at  the  head  of  the  several  san- 
jaks  or  districts  composing  his  province.  Also 
written  beqlerbeg. 

beylerbeyiik  (ba'ler-ba'lik).  n.  [Turk.,  <  bey- 
lerbey -\-  -lik,  a  common  noun  formative;  cf. 
beylik.]  The  territorj'  governed  by  a  beyler- 
bey.    Also  beglerbeglik  or  beglerbeglic. 

beylik  (ba'lik),  ?;,  [Turk.,  <  bey,  a  bey,  -I-  -Uh ; 
cf,  beylerbeyiik.]     The  district  ruled  by  a  bey, 

beyond  (be-yond'),  j;rf;),  and  adv.  [<  ME.  be- 
yonde,  beyende,  etc.,  <  AS.  begeondan,  <  be,  by, 
+  geondan,  from  the  further  side,  <  geond, 
prep.,  across,  over,  beyond  (=  Goth,  joins, 
yonder),  +  -an,  adv.  suffix:  see  be--  and  yon, 
yonder.]  I.  jirep.  1.  On  or  to  the  other  side  of: 
as,  beyond  the  river;  ftf^ond  the  horizon;  "be- 
yond that  flaming  hill,"  G.  Fletcher,  Christ's 
Victory  and  Triumph. 

We  send  oxu"  best  commodities  beyond  the  seas. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader,  p.  59. 

2.  Further  on  than;  more  distant  than:  as,  a 
mile  beyond  the  river;  a  hundred  miles  be- 
yond Omaha ;  he  never  could  get  beyond  simple 
equations. 

So  far  your  knowledge  all  their  power  transcends. 
As  what  should  be  beyond  what  is  extends. 

Dryden,  ProL  to  Univ.  of  Oxford,  L  39. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  look  beyond  Nature  or  beyond  ex- 
perience in  order  to  find  that  unique  Object  of  which  the- 
ology speaks.  J.  B.  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  52. 

3.  Past  in  time ;  later  than :  as,  a  day  beyond 
the  proper  time. — 4.  At  a  place  or  time  not 
yet  reached  by ;  before  ;  ahead  or  in  advance  of. 

,  Wliafs  fame?    A  fancied  life  in  others'  breath; 
A  thing  beyond  us,  even  before  our  death. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  238. 

5.  Out  of  reach  of;  outside  of  the  capacity, 
limits,  or  sphere  of;  past :  as,  beyond  our  power; 
beyond  comprehension ;  that  is  beyond  me. 

We  bring  a  welcome  to  the  highest  lessons  of  religion 
and  of  poetry  out  of  all  proportion  beyond  our  skill  to 
teach.  Emerson,  Success. 

That  the  -Antarctic  continent  has  a  flat  and  even  sur- 
face, the  character  of  the  icebergs  shows  beyond  dispute. 
J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  74. 

6.  Above ;  superior  to ;  in  or  to  a  degree 
which  rivals,  exceeds,  or  surpasses,  as  in  dig- 
nity, excellence,  or  quality  of  any  kind. 

Beyond  any  of  the  great  men  of  my  country. 

.Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Dangle.  Egad,  we  were  just  speaking  of  your  tragedy. — 
Admirable,  Sir  Fretful,  admirable  ! 

Sneer.  You  never  did  anything  beyoiul  it.  Sir  Fretful  — 
never  in  your  life.  Sheridan,  'The  Critic,  i.  1. 

She  is  beautiful  beyond  the  race  of  women. 

Steele,  Spectator,  So.  113. 

7.  More  than;  in  excess  of;  over  and  above. 

O,  I've  been  vexed 
And  tortured  with  him  beyond  forty  fevers. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iii.  1. 
He  [Pitt]  refused  to  accept  one  farthing  beyond  the  sal- 
ary which  the  law  had  annexed  to  his  olfice. 

Macautay,  William  Pitt. 

Beyond  all.  See  all.  -  Beyond  seas,  out  of  the  country ; 
abroad.  — To  go  beyOQd,  to  exceed  in  operation,  ability, 
attainment,  or  the  like ;  hence,  in  a  bad  sense,  to  deceive 
or  circumvent. 

That  no  man  ijo  beyond  and  defraud  his  brother  in  any 
matter.  1  Thes.  iv.  6. 

Tile  king  has  gotu  heyomi  me ;  all  my  glories 
In  that  one  woman  I  have  lost  for  ever. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iU.  i 

To  go  beyond  one's  self,  to  be  much  excited  by  any- 
thing ;  be  beside  one's  self.     Xarc^. 

II.  adv.  At  a  distance ;  yonder. 
Bei/imd  he  lyeth,  languishing.     Spender.  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  38. 
beyond   (be-yond'),    H.      That  place  or  state 
which  lies  on  the  other  side ;  an  experience  or 


beyond 

life  beyond  our  present  life  or  experience:  as, 
the  great  bryond. 

They  are  tlie  All,  with  no  heynnd. 

J.  Marlineau,  Eth.'Theory,  I.  281.    (A'.  E.  D.) 
The  back  of  beyond,  a  very  distant  or  out-of-the-way 

pliUV.      |C..11h,|.| 

beyond-sea  (be-yond'se),  «.     From  beyond  thd 
sea;  foreitjn;  outlandish:  as,  /i<7/ri»rf-«n  words. 
Nay,  my  bci/ouit-itf'a  sir,  we  will  procluiiii  you : 
\"yi  would  be  kiuK  !     li>'a\i.  and  Ft.,  Philaster,  \'.  4. 

beyship  (ba'ship),  n.  [<  beyl  +  -sliij}.']  The 
omuo  of  a  be}' ;  iuciimbency  of  such  oflice. 

Those  small  iiolitieal  offences,  which  in  the  ilays  of  the 
Mamelukes  would  have  led  to  a  bci/shi]}  or  a  howstrinc, 
receive  four-fold  punishment  by  deportation  to  Fai20(;hli, 
the  local  Cayenne.  R.  t\  BnrUm,  Kl-Medinah,  p.  ;il. 

bezan  (bez'an),  n.  [=  F.  hezan,  prob.  of  E.  Ind. 
origin.]  A!  white  or  striped  cotton  cloth  from 
Bengal. 

bezant  (bez'ant  or  be-zant'),  n.  [<  ME.  bezant, 
bcsaiit,  bcsdii,  <  OF.  icsant,  bezan,  besaii  =  Pr. 
bezan  =  Sp.  bezante  =  Pg.  besunte  =  It.  bisante, 
<  ML.  Bezantins,  L.  Byzantiiis  (sc.  ntitnmus),  a 
B.vzantiuo  coin,  <  Byzantium,  <  Gr.  BvCavriov, 
older  name  of  Constantinople.  C'f.  /lorin.'\  1. 
A  gold  coin  (the  proper  name  of  which  was 


Bezant  (Solidus)  of  Romanus  III.— British  Museum. 
I  Size  of  the  origin.Tl. ) 

so?k7».s')  issued  by  the  emperors  at  Constanti- 
nople in  the  middle  ages.  Bezants  had  a  wide 
circulation  in  Europe  till  the  full  of  the  Eastern  Empire, 
more  especially  during  the  period  from  about  A.  D.  iSOO  to 
the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  when  European 
countries,  except  Spain,  had  no  gold  currencies  of  their 
own.    Also  called  bxjzant,  byzantine. 

And  who  that  did  best  should  have  a  rich  circlet  of  gold 
worth  a  thousand  bezants.   Sir  T.  Malfiri/,  Morte  d'Arthtir. 

2.  In  her.,  a  small  circle  or;  a  gold  roundel,  it 
is  a  connnon  bearing,  and  is  supposed  to  have  originated 
from  the  coins  of  Constantinople,  assumed  as  bearings  by 
crusaders. 

Also  spelled  besant. 
White  bezant,  a  silver  coin  of  Byzantium,  worth  about 
70  cents. 

bezants,  bezant^e, 
bezanted  (bez-an- 
ta',  bt3-zan'ted),  a. 
In  her.,  same  as  be- 
zan ty. 

bezantee  (bez-an-ta'), 
n.  [OF.,  prop.  fem. 
of  bezante,  besante: 
see  bezanty.']  A  mold- 
ing ornamented  with 
roimdels  or  small 
disks  resembUng  be- 
zants, of  frequent  oc- 
cuiTence  in  Norman 
architecture.  Enci/c. 
Jlril..  II.  461. 

bez-antler  (bez-anf- 

ler),  H.      [Also  be.s-ant-     Bezantee -To»erofChurchol  La 

ler  and  bau-antler;  <    ,,_  '-''^"'t,^"'; ' S"°  ^'^A^°;   , 

„T^     ,  ,*'  From  \  lollet  le  Due  s      Diet,  de 

OF.    bez-,    bes-,    SeCOn-  I'Architecture.    ) 

dary,  inferior  (prob.  < 

L.  bis,  twice),  -I-  E.  antler.]  The  branch  of  a 
deer's  horn  next  above  the  brow-antler;  the 
bay-antler.     See  antler. 

bezanty  (be-zan'ti),  a.  [Also  bezante,  bezantee, 
<  F.  b(>:an'te,  <  besant,  bezant.]  In  her.,  strewn 
or  studded  with  bezants:  said  of  the  field,  or  of 
any  charge.     Also  Jiezanted. 

bezel  (bez'el),  n.  [Also  bezil,  basil,  and  for- 
merly beazct,  bazil,  bezle,  etc.,  <  OF.  "besel,  hisel 
(F.  biseau),  sloping  edge,  a  bevel,  =  Sp.  Pg. 
bisel ;  origin  unknowm ;  perhaps  (a)  <  L.  bis,  dou- 
ble, +  dim.  suffix  -el,  or  ('))  <  ML.  bisalus,  a  stone 
with  two  angles  or  slopes,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  + 
ala,  a  wing.  Cf.  axil  andaisle.]  1.  The  slope 
at  the  edge  of  a  euttiug-tool,  as  a  chisel  or 
plane.  It  is  generally  single,  but  sometimes 
double.  [In  this  sense  commonly  ba.iil.]  —  2. 
The  oblique  side  or  face  of  a  gem ;  specifically, 
one  of  four  similarly  situated  four-sided  facets 
on  the  top  or  crown  of  a  brilliant,  which  are 
sometimes  called  templets.  See  cut  under  bril- 
liant. Sfzfil  is  also  sometimes  used  to  denote  tile  space 
between  the  table  and  tile  girdle,  that  is,  the  "crown," 
with  tile  exception  of  the  table. 


541 

3.  In  jewelry  :  (o)  That  part  of  the  setting  of 
a  precious  stone  which  incloses  it  and  by  which 
it  is  held  in  place,  (fc)  A  fiat  surface  of  gold 
engraved  with  any  device  to  servo  as  a  seal, 
when  a  stone  is  not  used.  Seo  chaton.  [Rare.] 
—  4 .  In  uateh-makiny,  the  grooved  flange  or  rim 
in  which  the  crystal  of  a  watch  is  set. 

bezel  (bez'el),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bezeled  or 
bezetlert,  ppr.  bezeUnf)  or  bezcllinff.  [Also  basil ; 
<  bezel,  H.]  To  grind  to  an  edge;  cut  to  a  slop- 
ing edge ;  bevel. 

bezesteen  (bez'es-ten),  «.  [Also  written  bczes- 
tein,  bezestan,  <  Turk,  bazistdn,  orig.  Pers.,  a 
clothes-market.]  .Aji  exchange,  bazaar,  or  mar- 
ket-place in  the  East.     A'.  E.  D. 

bezetta  (be-zet'ii),  n.  [A  corruption  of  It. 
pezzetta,  red  paint,  prop,  a  piece  of  cloth  dyed 
red  used  for  rouging,  lit.  a  little  piece,  dim.  of 
pczza,  a  piece,  esp.  of  cloth :  see  piece.]  Coarse 
linen  rags  or  sacking  soaked  in  certain  pig- 
ments, which  are  prepared  thus  for  exporta- 
tion; the  pigment  itself.  Eed  bezetta  is  colored 
with  cochineal,  and  the  pi.i,'ment  is  used  as  a  cosmetic. 
Blue  bezetta  is  prepared  from  the  juice  of  some  euphor- 
biaceous  plants,  treated  with  <iuiig  and  urine,  and  is  used 
to  color  tile  rind  of  l>utcll  cheese. 

B6ziers  (ba-zia'),  H.  A  sweet  ^-ine,  named 
from  tlie  town  of  B6ziers  in  the  department  of 
Ilerault,  France. 

bezique  (be-zek'),  n.  [Also  haeique ;  <.  F.  6c- 
siijue,  bezique,  besy ;  of  obscure  origin.  Some 
compare  Pers.  bdzichi,  sport,  a  game,  <  bdzi, 
jilay,  sport;  but  the  resemblance  is  appar.  ac- 
cidental.] 1.  A  game  of  cards  played  by  two, 
three,  or  four  persons,  with  two  packs  from 
which  the  cards  having  from  two  to  six  spots 
have  been  removed.  The  object  of  the  game  is  to 
win  the  aces  and  tens,  and  to  secure  various  combinations 
of  cards,  which  when  shown  or  "declared"  entitle  the 
player  to  score  a  certain  number  of  points. 
2.  The  queen  of  spades  and  knave  of  diamonds, 
one  of  the  counting  combinations  in  the  game 

of  beziquo.  — Double  bezique,  the  two  queens  of 
spades  and  two  knaves  of  diamonds,  the  highest  counting 
combination  in  bezique. 

bezoar  (be'zor),  «.  [Also  bezoard,  early  mod. 
E.  hczor,  beazor,  beazer,  bezar,  bezer=  F.  bezoard, 
formerly  bezar,  bezahar,  =  Sp.  bezoar,  bezaar, 
bezar,  =  Pg.  bezoar  =  NL.  bezoar,  bezaar,  be- 
zahar, <  Ar.  bdzahr,  bddizahr,  <  Pers.  bddzahr, 
pddzahr.  the  bezoar-stone,  ipdd,  expelling,  -I- 
zahr,  poison:  so  called  because  it  was  consid- 
ered an  antidote  to  poison.]  A  name  for  certain 
calculi  or  concretions  found  in  the  stomach  or 
intestines  of  some  animals  (especially  rumi- 
nants), formerly  supposed  to  be  efficacious  in 
preventing  the  fatal  effects  of  poison,  and  still 
held  in  estimation  in  some  eastern  countries. 
They  are  used  in  China  both  as  a  pigment  and  as  a  drug. 
Sucli  calculi  are  generally  formed  around  some  foreign 
substance,  as  a  bit  of  wood,  straw,  liair,  etc.  Many  vari- 
eties have  been  mentioned,  but  most  value  was  put  on  the 
bezoar  from  the  East  Indies  and  that  from  Peru. — Be- 
zoar mineral,  an  tixid  of  antimony,  or  antimonie  acid, 
espct  ially  tli;it  jirepared  from  butter  of  antimony  by  the 
action  of  nitric  acid.  —  FOSSil  bezoar,  a  formation  like 
animal  liezoar,  consisting  of  several  layers  around  some 
extraneous  body  which  serves  as  a  nucleus. —  Vegetable 
bezoar.    Same  as  catapifte. 

bezoardic  (bez-o-iir'dik).  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  bezo- 
(irdique  (NL.  bezoardieu.^,  bezoartieus),  <  bezo- 
(irtl,  bezoar.]  I.  a.  Of  the  nature  of  or  per- 
taining to  bezoar;  compounded  of  or  possess- 
ing the  supposed  antidotal  properties  of  bezoar; 
serring  as  an  antidote Bezoardic  acid.  Same  as 

eltaiiic  acid  {which  see,  limler  cllaijie). 

II,  n.   A  medicine  having  the  properties  of 
bezoar;  an  antidote. 
bezoar-goat  (be'zor-got),  n.    A  name  given  to 
the  wild  goat,  Capra  legagrus,  from  the  fact 
that  it  produces  the  bezoar.     See  a'ljagrus. 
bezoartict,  bezoarticalt  (bez-o-ar'tik,  -ti-kal), 
((.    [m]j.  bezoartieus:  see  bezoardic.]   Same  as 
bezoardic. 
The  healing  bczoartical  virtue  of  grace. 

C/tillintjtrorth,  Works,  p  378. 

bezonian  (be-z6'ni-an),  )(.  [Also  bewnian,  bi- 
sonian,  <  besonio,  besognio,  bisogno,  etc.,  a  beg- 
gar: see  bisogno.]  An  indigent  wretch;  a 
beggar  or  scoimdrel. 

I'nder  which  king,  Bezonian.'    Speak  or  die. 

Sliak.,  '2  Hen.  IV.,  V.  3. 

Bezoutian  (be-z6'ti-an),  a.  Belonging  to  the 
French  mathematician  fitienuc  Bezout  (1730- 
83).— Bezoutian  method  of  elimination,  a  method 

ptiblisbed  by  liczout  in  17t>;*i. 

bezoutiant  (be-zo'ti-ant),  H.  [<  Bezout  (see 
Bezoutian)  +  -i-ant.]  In  tnath.:  (a)  The  ho- 
mogeneous quadratic  function  of  n  variables, 
whose  discriminant  is  the  resultant  of  two 
etjuations,  each  of  the  nth  degree.  (6)  Incor- 
rectly used  for  bczoutoid. 


Bhutanese 

bezoutoid  (be-zi>'toid),  n.  [<  Bezout  (see  Be- 
zoutian) +  -aid.]  In  math.,  the  bezoutiant  to 
two  homogeneous  functions  obtained  by  differ- 
entiation from  one  homogeneous  function  of 
two  variables. 

bezzle  (bez'l),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bezzled,  ppr.  hcz- 
zling.  [Now  only  E.  dial. ;  early  mod.  E.  also 
bczzcl,  bezel,  bizle,  bisscl,  <  late  ME.  be.^ile,  <  OF. 
besiler,  bezillcr,  besillier,  by  apheresis  for  embe- 
sillier,  waste,  embezzle  :  see  embezzle,]    I.  trans. 

1 .  To  pm'loin  or  make  away  with ;  embezzle. 

1  must  be  shut  up  and  my  substance  hezel'd. 

Fletcher,  Woman's  Prize,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  consttme  a  large  quantity  of,  as  food  or 
drink;  waste  or  sfiuandor,  as  money.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

II.  in  trans.  To  drink  to  excess.     Dekker. 
bezzlet  (bez'l),  H.    [i  bezzle,  v.]    A  debauchee; 

a  sot.     A'ash. 
bezzlert  (bez'ler),  n.    Same  as  bezzle,  n. 
bezzlingt  (bez'ling),  n.    [<  bezzk,  v.]    Dissiptt- 

tion ;  excessive  drinking. 

From  lianghty  Spayne,  what  brought'st  tiioti  els  beside 
But  lofty  lookes  and  their  Lucifrian  pride? 
From  Belgia,  what  but  their  decji  bezetinff, 
Tlieir  boote-caronse,  and  their  l)eere-l)Uttering? 

Marxinn,  Satyrea,  ii. 
I  have  proposed  and  determined  with  myself  to  leave 
the  bczelinfjtf  of  these  knights  and  return  to  my  village. 

.Shetton,  tr.  of  lion  Quixote,  fol.  168. 
bbadoee  (bii'do-e),  «.  [<  Hind,  bhddni  or  hha- 
douici,  adj.,  relative  to  the  month  Bhddou.  the 
fifth  month  of  the  Hindu  year,  answering  to 
the  last  half  of  August  and  the  first  of  Septem- 
ber.] The  earliest  of  the  three  annual  crops 
in  Hindustan,  consisting  of  rice,  maize,  etc.  It 
is  laid  down  during  the  rainfall  in  Ajiril  ami  -May,  and  is 
reaped  in  August  and  September.  It  furnishes  about  one 
fourth  of  tile  food-supply  in  a  nomial  year. 
bhainsa  (biu'sji),  «.  [Hind,  bhain.id  (masc), 
bhains  (fem.).]  A  name  of  the  domestic  Indian 
liuffalo.  Bos  bubalis. 
bhang,  bang^  (bang),  n.  [Also  bhung,  and 
formerly  bangue,  also  (after  Ar.)  benj ;  <  Hind, 
etc.  bhang,  bhang,  bhung  (=  Pers.  bang,  >  Ar. 
banj,  benj),  bhang,  <  Skt.  bhangd,  hemp.]  The 
dried  leaves  otihehemp-phxnt,  Cannahi.':  Indiea, 
which  as  grown  in  India  contain  a  powerfully 
narcotic  resin  and  a  volatile  oil.  in  India  bhang  is 
used  for  smoking,  either  with  or  without  tobacco,  and  is 
also  made  up  with  flour,  sugar,  etc.,  into  a  kind  of  sweet- 
meat called  majun  (niajun).  An  intoxicating  drink  is 
prepared  by  infusing  the  pmmded  leaves  in  cidd  water. 
As  prepared  and  used  by  the  Arabs,  it  is  known  as  ttajihi^h. 
(See  tienipX.)  It  is  .also  employed  in  medicine  for  its  ano- 
dyne, hypnotic,  and  antispasmodic  qualities. 
bharadar  (bar'a-dar),  n.  [Hind,  bharnddr.] 
One  of  the  Gorkha  chiefs  who  invaded  Nepal  in 
1768,  and  parceled  out  the  land  among  them- 
selves. The  hharadars  form  a  kind  of  feudal  aristoc- 
racy, and  in  times  of  emergency  act  as  a  council  of  state, 
bharsiah  (bar'se-ii),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The  native 
name  of  an  East  Intlian  badger-like  quadruped, 
Vrsitaxus  inauritus  of  Hodgson. 
bbat  (but),  n.  [Hind,  bhdt,  also  bhdrata.]  In 
India,  a  man  of  a  tribe  of  mixed  descent,  the 
members  of  which  are  professed  genealogists 
and  poets;  a  bard.  These  men  in  Eajputana  and 
Guzer.at  liad  also  extraordinary  privileges  as  the  guaran- 
tors of  travelers,  whom  they  accompanied,  against  attaclc 
or  robbery.  Yule  and  Burnett,  Gloss. 
Bbeel,  ".     See  Bhil. 

bheesty,  bheestie  (bes'ti),  n.   [Anglo-Ind..  also 

written  beesly,  beestie,  beasty,  heastie,  <  Hind. 
bhisti,  bihisti,  Pers.  bijiisti,  a  water-carrier,  lit. 
hetivenly,  <  bihi.it  (>  Hind,  bihist),  paradise, 
heaven.]  An  Indian  water-can'ier,  who  sup- 
plies domestic  establishments  with  water  from 
the  nearest  river  or  reservoir,  carrying  it  in  a 
sheepskin  bucket  or  bag. 

In  particular  there  is  a  queer  creature,  like  what  I  fancy 
a  lirownie  sliould  be,  called  a  beestie  or  bliestie,  whose 
special  calling  is  to  fill  the  baths  in  that  refreshing  apart- 
ment .  .  .  attached  to  every  Indian  bedroom.  ..V.  Slacleod. 

bhel  (bel),  «.     See  befi. 

Bhil  (bel),  H.  [Also  spelled  Bheel,  repr.  Hind. 
Bhil.]  1.  A  member  of  the  aboriginal  tribes 
of  India  which  occupy  the  valleys  of  the  Ner- 
budda  and  Tapti,  and  the  slopes  of  the  Vind- 
hya  and  Satpm-a  motmtains. 

The  language  of  the  Lhil.i  in  tile  Bombay  province, 
Rajpootana,  and  Central  India,  is  understood  to  he  a  dia- 
lect of  Hindi.  ii.  X.  Cast,  Mod.  Lifllgs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  49. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Bhils. 

bhogai  (bo'gi),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  An  inferior  cot- 
ton made  in  India. 

Bhotanese  (bo-ta-nes'  or-nez').  a.  and  m.    See 

Bhutanese. 
Bhutanese  (bo-ta-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  n.     [< 
Bliuldii,  the  country  (Bhutid,  a  native  of  Bhu- 
tan). +  -ese.]    I.  ((.  Pertaining  to  Bhutan,  its 
people,  or  their  language. 


Bhutanese 

In  reality  the  Bhutanese  authorities  did  not  want  to  re- 
ceive a  mission  at  all. 

J.  r.  Wheekr,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  074. 

II.  n.  1.  Xing,  or  pi.  A  native  or  the  na- 
tives of  Bhutan,  a  mountainous  state  in  the 
Himalayas,  liaving  Tibet  on  the  north,  Bengal 
and  Assiim  on  the  south,  and  Siiihim  on  tlie 
■west.  Tlie  Hliutanese  liave  Hat  faces,  lii^'li  clleeli-boiies, 
brown  coni])lexion,  alrnonii  eyes,  and  l)lac-k  liair.  'I'liey 
profess  a  corrupt  form  of  BiiUdtiism,  and  arc  subjects  of 
a  dual  novcrnnient  under  a  pontiff  and  a  prince. 
2.  The  language  of  Bhutan. 

Also  written  Bhutanese  and  Bootancsc  (lilio- 
tan,  Hoiitdii). 

bhyree  (bi're),  «•  [E.  Ind.]  A  kind  of  falcon 
used  in  hawking  in  India.    Also  hcliree. 

bit,  l)rcjK  [ME.,  <  AS.  he,  in  comp.  with  nouns 
bi:  see  fci/l,  it-l.]  A  common  Middle  English 
form  of  the  preposition  by. 

Bi.     The  chemical  symbol  of  bismuth. 

bi-lf.  A  Middle  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  form 
of  if-l  or  be--. 

bi--.  [L.  bi-,  combining  form  of  bis  (=  Gr.  <5ic-, 
<!(-  =  Skt.  (Ivi-  =  OHG.  MHG.  ,:«•!-,  G.  rwie-  = 
AS.  twi-,  E.  tici-),  orig.  "cluis,  twice,  doubly, 
two-,  <  duo  =  E.  two :  see  tu-o,  twi-,  rfi-'-.]  A 
prefix  of  Latin  origin,  cognate  with  di-  and 
twi-,  meaning  two,  two-,  twice,  double,  twofold, 
as  in  biaxial,  biconwus,  bimaiious,  biped,  bifur- 
cate, etc. :  especially  in  chemical  terms,  where 
it  denotes  two  parts  or  equivalents  of  the  in- 
gredient referred  to,  as  in  bicarbonate,  bichro- 
wate,  etc.  such  words  are  properly  adjectives,  to  be 
analyzed  as  hi-  -f  noun  -h  adjective  suffi.x  (for  example, 
bi-axi-al,  hi-furc-ate,  two-fork-ed,  bi-man-ous,  two-hand- 
ed, etc.),  but  may  also  be  briefly  treated  as  bi-  -f  adjective 
(bi-axial,  bi-furcate,  etc.).  Words  in  bi-  rest  actually  or 
theoretically  ui)on  Latin  or  New  Latin  forms,  ^biaxialis, 
*biacuminatus,  'biatu/ulatii^,  'biarticulattifi,  etc. ;  but  it 
is  often  convenient  to  refer  them  to  En^dish  elements. 

biacid  (bi-as'id),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  acid.']  In  chem., 
capable  of  combining  with  an  acid  in  two  dif- 
ferent proportions:  said  of  a  base. 

biacuininate  (bi-a-ku'mi-nat),  a.  [<  6t-2  +  acJi- 
>ninah:~\  lu  hot.,  having  two  diverging  points, 
as  the  hairs  on  the  leaves  of  some  ilalpifihiacea; 
which  are  attached  by  the  middle  and  taper  to- 
ward the  ends. 

bialar  (bi-a'lar),  a.  [<  6j-2  -t-  alar.']  Having 
two  wings — Bialar  determinant,  in  math.,  one  in 
which  the  constituents  of  tlie  iHincipal  diaj,'onal  are  all 
zeros. 

bialate  (bi-a'lat),  a.  [<  6«-2  -f-  alate-.]  Having 
two  aliB  or  wings ;  two-winged. 

bianco  secco  (biang'ko  sek'6).  [It.,  lit.  dry 
white :  bianco  =  F.  blanc,  white,  <  OHG.  blanch, 
shining  (see  blank);  secco,  <  L.  siccus,  dry:  see 
sec,  sacA-3.]  A  white  pigment  used  in  fresco- 
painting.  It  consists  of  lime  and  pulverized  marble, 
the  former  before  mixing  being  macerated  in  water  un- 
til its  causticity  is  removed. 

Lomazzo  observes  (Trattato,  p.  194)  that  Perino  del 
Vaga  invented  a  colour  formed  of  Verdetto  and  bianco 
secco,  that  is,  limewhite  in  powder. 

Mrs.  Merri field,  Art  of  Fresco  Painting,  lii. 

biangular  (bi-ang'gi\-lar),  a.  [<  bi-^  +  angu- 
lar.]    Ha\-ing  two  angles  or  corners.     [Rare.] 

biangulate,  tjiangulated  (bi-ang'gu-lat,  -la- 
ted),  ((.  [<  bi-'-  +  annulate.]  Same  as  biangu- 
lar. 

biangulous  (bi-ang'gu-lus),  a.  [<  bi-^  +  ungu- 
loiis.]     !Same  as  biangular. 

biannual  (bi-an'u-al),  o.  [<  fe/-2  -1-  annual.  Cf. 
biennial.]  Ocem'ring  twice  a  year:  arbitrarily 
distinguished  from  biennial  (which  see). 

biannually  (bi-an'u-al-i),  ado.     Imce  a  year. 
Not  even  an  aspiration  toward  a  change  in  the  fashion 
of  her  clothes  bi-anniialUi,  at  least. 

The  Centimj;  XXIII.  647. 

biannulate  (bi-an'ii-lat),  a.  [<  bi-"  -I-  annulate.] 
In  .rooV.,  having  two  encircling  rings,  generally 
of  color. 

biantheriferous  (bi-an-the-rif 'e-rus),  a,  [<  6»-2 
-1-  antlierifcrous.]     In  bot",  having  two  anthers. 

biarchy  (briir-ki),  «.;  pi.  biarchies  (-kiz).  [< 
bi--  +  Gr.  ap;(ia,  <  af>x>i,  rule ;  after  monarchy, 
etc.  Ct.  diarchy.]  Dual  government  or  sover- 
eignt}'. 

biarciiate,  biarcuated  (bi-ar'ku-at.  -a-ted),  a. 

[<  hi-'-  -\-  areual( .]  Twice  cun-ed:  as,  a  iiarcH- 
atr  margin,  one  having  a  convex  curve  passing 
into  a  concave  one. 

Biar  glass.    See  glass. 

Biarmian  (biiir'mi-an),  n.  and  a.  [<  Biarmia, 
Latinized  from  Icel.  Bjarmaland,  the  land  of 
the  Bjarinar,  =  AS.  Beormas,  now  called  I'rr- 
mians:  sec  Permian.]  I.  n.  One  of  the  Fin- 
nish inhabitants  of  Perm  in  Russia;  a  Per- 
mian (which  see). 

H.  o.  Of  or  pertaiuing  to  the  Biarmians  or 
Permians. 


542 

biarritz  (biiir'its),  n.  [Named  from  Biarrit:,  a 
town  in  the  department  of  Basses-PyT6n<'es, 
France.]     A  thin  corded  woolen  cloth. 

biarticulate  (bi-iir-tik'u-liit),  a.  [<  hi-^  +  ar- 
ticulate.] Having  two  joints,  as  the  antenna 
of  some  insects. 

bias  (bi'as),  H.,  a.,  and  adv. ;  pi.  biases,  improp. 
biasses  (-cz).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  biass,  byas, 
biace,  biais,  <  F.  (and  OF.)  biais,  a  slant,  a  slope, 
=  Pr.  biais  =  OCat.  biais.  Cat.  biax  =  It.  s-biescio, 
dial,  bia.sciu,  sbias,  bias  (cf.  also  It.  bieco,  squint- 
ing, oblique,  bias) ;  origin  unknown ;  hardly  < 
LL.  bifacem,  ace.  of  bij'ax,  squinting  (cf.  ML. 
bifacius,  two-faced),  <  L.  bi-,  two-,  -f-  facien, 
face.]  I.  n.  1.  An  oblique  or  diagonal  line; 
especially,  a  cut  which  is  oblique  to  the  tex- 
ture of  a  fabric ;  hence,  in  dressmaking,  a  seam 
formed  by  bringing  together  two  pieces  thus 
cut ;  specifically,  one  of  the  front  seams  of  a 
close-fitting  waist:  sometimes  called  a  dart. — 
2.  In  bowling,  a  bulge  or  greater  weight  on  one 
side  of  a  bowl;  a  ditference  in  the  shape  and 
weight  of  the  two  sides  or  poles  of  a  bowl, 
causing  it  to  curve  in  its  course  toward  the 
lighter  and  less  bulged  side ;  hence,  the  curved 
com'se  of  such  a  bowl. — 3.  A  one-sided  ten- 
dency of  the  mind ;  undue  propensity  toward 
an  object;  a  particular  leaning  or  inclination; 
bent;  specifically,  in  law,  prejudice,  as  of  a 
witness  :  used  most  frequently  to  denote  preju- 
dice and  habits  of  thought  which  prevent  the 
fair  or  dispassionate  consideration  of  any  sub- 
ject or  question. 

Morality  influences  men's  lives,  and  gives  a  bias  to  all 
their  actions.  Locke, 

Alas  !  what  years  you  thus  consume  in  vain, 
Ruled  by  this  WTCtched  bias  of  the  brain  ! 

Crabbe,  The  Newspaper. 
One  cannot  mistake  the  prevailing  bias  of  her  mind. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  202. 
The  bias  of  education,  the  bias  of  class-relationships, 
the  bias  of  nationality,  the  political  bias,  the  theological 
bias — these,  added  to  the  constitutional  sympathies  and 
antipathies,  have  much  more  influence  in  determining 
beliefs  on  social  questions  than  lias  the  small  amount  of 
evidence  collected.  //.  .Spencer,  Study  of  Socio).,  p.  11. 
On  the  bias,  diagonally ;  slantingly.  =  Syn.  3.  Propemitji, 
Jnc!'niili<n),  etc.  (see  bent^),  prepossession,  predisposition, 
prediUctioii,  iiartiality. 

II.  a.  1.  Oblique;  slanting;  diagonal  to  the 
outline  or  to  the  texture :  now  used  only  or 
chiefly  of  fabrics  or  dress:  as,  a  bias  line  (in 
former  use)  in  a  drawing;  a  bias  piece  in  a  gar- 
ment.—  2t.  Loaded  or  swelled  on  one  side, 
like  a  biased  bowl. 

Blow,  villain,  till  thy  sphered  bias  cheek 
Out-swell  the  colic  of  puff 'd  .\quilon. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

III.  adv.  [<  bias,  a.]  In  a  slanting  man- 
ner; obliquely. 

Trial  did  draw 
Bias  and  thwart,  not  answering  the  aim. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 

bias  (bi'as),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  biased  or  biassed, 
ppr.  bia'sing  or  biassing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
biass,  biace,  byas  (cf.  F.  biaiser  z=  Pr.  biaisar); 
from  the  noun.]  1.  To  give  a  bias  to,  as  a 
bowl ;  fm'nish  with  a  bias.     See  bias,  n.,  2. 

To  giue  you  the  Moral)  of  it  [game  of  bowls] :  It  is  the 
Embleine  of  the  world  or  the  world's  ambition  ;  where 
most  are  short,  or  over,  or  wide,  or  wrong  Bi/as't,  and 
some  few  justle  in  to  the  Mistris  Fortune. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-Cosmographie,  xli. 
2.  To  incline  to  one  side;  give  a  particular 
direction  to  the  mind  of;  prejudice;  warp; 
prepossess:  as,  the  judgment  is  often  biased 
by  interest. 

My  judgment  of  desert  hath  not  been  biassed  by  per- 
sons being  of  my  own  particular  judgment,  in  matters  of 
disputation,  among  the  Chiu-ches  of  God. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  Int. 

No  man  is  allowed  to  be  a  judge  in  his  own  cause ;  be- 
cause his  interest  will  certainly  bias  his  judgment,  and, 
not  iinproliably,  corrupt  his  integrity. 

Madison,  Federalist,  No.  10. 

bias-drawing  (bi'as-dra ""ing),  «.  A  turning 
um-y;  hence,  partiality;  prepossession.    Shak. 

biasness  (bi'as-nes),  n.  [<  bias  +  -ness.]  The 
state  of  being  biased;  inclination  to  a  particu- 
lar side ;  partiality.     Sherwood. 

Biatora  (bi-a-to'rii),  n.  [NL.]  An  extensive 
genus  of  lichens  which  have  a  crustaceous  thal- 
lus  aiUiering  closely  to  the  substance  on  which 
it  grows,  and  sessile  apothecia,  of  which  the  ex- 
ci]de  is  colored  or  blackening. 

biatorine  (bi-a-to'rin),  a.  [<  Biatora  +  -)hi?1.] 
In  lichens,  pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  ge- 
nus Biatora ;  having  a  proper  exciple,  which 
is  not  coal-black,  but  colored  or  blackening, 
as  in  many  species  of  the  tribe  Lecideacei. 

biatoroid  "(bi-a-to'roid),  a.  [<  Biatora  +  -oid.] 
Same  as  biatoritie. 


bibble 

biauriculate  (bi-a-rik'u-lat),  a.  [<  hi--  +  auric- 
vlale.]  1.  In  ::(idl.  and  anat.,  having  two  au- 
ricles, in  any  sense  of  that  word:  especially 
applied  to  the  heart  of  the  higher  vertebrates. 
—  2.  In  bot.,  having  two  ear-like  jirojections, 
as  a  leaf. 

Also  biaurite. 

biaxal  (bi-ak'sal),  a.     Same  as  biaxial. 

'i'lie  great  majority  of  non-isotropic  substances  are  doub- 
ly refracting,  and  in  general  are  biaxal,  i.  e.,  have  two 
equally  important  optic  axes,  whose  mutual  inclination 
may  have  any  value  from  0  to  90  .  Tait,  Light,  §  290. 

biaxial  (bi-ak'si-al),  a.  [<  6i-2  -f-  axial.]  Hav- 
ing two  axes  :  as,  a  biaxial  crystal.     See  optic. 

biaxiality  (bi-ak-si-al'i-ti),  «.  [<  biaxial  -t-  -ity.'\ 
The  ijuality  of  being  biaxial;  biaxial  character. 

biaxially  (bi-ak'si-al-i).  adv.     With  two  axes. 

biaz  (be'az),  n.  ["Native  name.]  A  cotton 
cloth  resembling  linen,  manufactured  in  cen- 
tral Asia  for  home  use  and  for  export  to  Rus- 
sia.    McElrath,  Com.  Diet. 

bib^t  (bib),  i'.  t.  and  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bibbed, 
ppr.  bibbing.  [=  North.  E.  beb,  <  ME.  hibben, 
tipple,  drink ;  ct.  fi'eq.  bibble,  nearly  =  OD.  bib- 
eren,  drink  frequently.  ME.  bibbcn  "must  have 
been  borrowed  directly  from  L.  bihere,  to  drink, 
and  may  be  imagineil  to  have  been  .  .  .  used 
jocularly  by  those  familiar  with  a  little  monkish 
Latin"  (Skeat);  but  perhaps  of  natural  origin. 
See  imbibe,  bibulous,  bever^,  and  beverage,]  To 
sip ;  tipple ;  drink  frequently. 

This  raeller  [miller]  hath  so  wysly  bibbed  ale. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  242. 
He  was  constantly  bibbing,  and  drank  more  in  twenty- 
four  hours  than  I  did.  Locke,  Education,  §  18. 

bib2  (bib),  H.  [Supposed  to  be  derived  from 
the  verb  Wfel,  because  it  absorbs  moisture. 
Cf.  bavette  and  beaver'^,]  1.  A  cloth  worn  by 
children  under  the  chin  to  keep  the  front  of 
the  dress  clean,  especially  when  eating. —  2. 
A  similar  article  worn  by  adults,  especially  as 
forming  the  upper  part  of  an  apron. 

"Well  have  a  bib,  for  spoiling  of  thy  doublet. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Captain,  iii.  5. 

3.  A  curved  vent  or  nozle  used  to  alter  the 
direction  of  the  flow  of  liquids. —  4.  Xaut., 
same  as  bibb,  the  usual  spelling  in  this  sense. 

bib^  (bib),  n.  [So  called  from  a  membrane 
which  covers  the  eyes  and  other  parts  about 
the  head,  and  which,  when  inflated,  may  be 
compared  to  a  bib;  <  bib'2.]  The  most  com- 
mon name  of  the  whiting-pout,  Gadus  hiscus,  a 
fish  of  the  family  Gadida:.     See  lt,lens,  2. 

bibacious  (bi-bii'shus),  a.  [<  L.  bibax  {bibaci-), 
given  to  drink  (<  bibcre,  diink),  -1-  -ous.]  Ad- 
dicted to  drinking;  disposed  to  imbibe.  [Rare.] 

bibacity  (bi-bas'i-ti),   n.     [Formerly  bibacitie, 

<  L.  as  if  *bibacita.<i,  <  biba.v :  see  bibacious,] 
The  quality  of  being  bibacious,  or  addicted  to 
drink.     Blount.     [Rare.] 

bibasic  (bi-ba'sik),  a.  [<  bi--  +  basic.]  Liter- 
ally, haring  two  bases:  incheni.,  applied  to  acids 
(such  as  sulphuric  acid.  H.iSO.^)  which  have  two 
hydrogen  atoms  replaceable  by  a  base  or  bases. 
See  monobasic,  tribasie,  diba.'iic,  and  polybasic. 

bibation  (bi-ba'shon),  n,     [Irreg.  for  "bibition, 

<  ML.  bibitio{n-),  Cf.  imbibition,  and  see  6(61.] 
The  act  of  di'inking ;  a  drink  or  di'aught. 

Royal  cheer  and  deep  bibation. 

S.  Xayler,  Reynard  the  Fox,  4. 

bibativeness  (bib'a-tiv-nes).  «.    [<  6i6l  -f-  -ative 

+   -ness.]     Fondness  for  liquor;  tendency  to 

di'ink :  a  term  used  in  phrenology. 
bibb  (bib),   n.     [A  particular  use  of  6i62.     A 

somewhat  similar  comparison  appears  in  the 

case  of  beaver-,  originally  a  bib.]      Naut.,  a 

bracket  of  timber  bolt-  ^ 

ed  to  the  hound  of  a  l        1 

lower  mast  for  the  pur-   I        | 

pose  of  supporting  the       ^  j 

trestletree. 
bibber  (bib'er).  «.    [< 

liilA  +  -crK     Cf.  OD. 

biberer,  a  bibber.    See 

6(61.]      A  tippler;    a 

person  given  to  diink- 

ing:    chiefly   used    in 

composition :      as,     a 

wine-6/66fr. 

.\h  !    Zephyrus  !    art   here, 

and  Flora  too  'I 
Ye    tender  bibth-rs  of   the 

rain  and  dew. 

Keats.  Endymion,  iv. 

bibblet,   v,     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bible,  bibil  (cf. 
equiv.  OD.  6(6frf)(),  freq.  of  6(61.]     J_  trans.  To 
di'ink ;  drink  of  or  from. 
II,   intrans.   1.  To  drink  often.— 2.  To  sip. 


Bibb  on  st^bo.-ird  side  n(  masL 
a,  mast:  d.bibb;  c,  trestletree. 


'i 


Biberon. —  Oiron  fn        .     i 
in  South  Kensington  Museum,  Lun- 
don.    (From  "  L  Art  pour  Tons.") 


bibble-babble 

bibble-babble  (bib'l-bsib"!),  n.  [Early  mod. 
K.  also  hibli  ■hiihti',  a  varied  redupl.  of  babble. 
Cf.  tiUk-tuUh-,  ahiUy-shalhi,  etc.]  Idle  talk; 
prating  to  no  jjurposo. 

Tliy  wits  the  heavens  restore  I  endeavour  thyself  to  sleep, 
and  leave  thy  vaui  hibble-babhlc.  Shak.,  'W  N.,  iv.  2. 

bibblert  (bib'ltr),  n.  One  who  bibbles ;  a  bib- 
ber. 

Fare  yc  well,  bibbler.  Udall,  Roister  Dolster,  iii,  6. 

bib-cock  (bib'kok),  11.  [<  hih'i  (in  reference  to 
the  bent-down  nozlo)  +  cock^,  3.]  A  cock  or 
faucet  having  a  bent-down  nozle.  E.  H. 
KnU/lit. 

bibelot  fbib'16),  II.  [F.]  A  small  object  of 
curiosity,  t)cauty,  or  rarity;  especially,  an  ob- 
ject of  tliis  kind  which  can  be  kept  in  a  cabinet 
or  on  a  shelf.     See  curio. 

biberon  (bib'ron),  «.     [F.,  artificially  formed, 

<  L.  bibcre,  drink,  and  F.  suffix  -on.']  1.  A  ves- 
sel having  a  spout 
throtigh  which  to 
drink,  designed  for 
the  use  of  sick  jier- 
sons  and  children. — 
2.  An  infant's  nurs- 
ing-bottle. 

Bibio  (bib'i-6),  )(. 
[NL.,  <  LL.  bibio,  a 
small  insect  said  to 
be  generatedin  wine, 

<  L.ijT/or,  drink.]  A 
genus  of  dipterous 
insects,  tj-pical  of 
the  family  Bibioni- 
d(e.  The  se.ves  are  col- 
ored differently.  S.  hor. 
tiUanus  is  an  example ; 
the  male  is  blaek,  the 
female  brick-red  with  a 
black  head. 

Bibionidae(bib-i-ou'- 

i-dc),   II.  jil.      [NL., 

<  Bibio(n-)  +  -idic.'] 
A  family  of  neino- 
cerous  dipterous  in- 
sects, tjijitied  by  the  genus  Bibio,  having  the 
prothorax  much  developed,  no  transverse  tho- 
racic suttn'e,  7  abdominal  segments,  6  to  11 
antcnual  joints,  3  ocelli,  wings  without  a  diseal 
cell,  and  the  co.xse  not  prolonged.  There  are 
about  ;inu  described  species.  The  family  formerly  in- 
cluded the  yenus  Simulium,  now  separateil  as  the  type 
of  another  family. 

bibiru  (bi-be'ro),  n.     See  bcbeeru. 

bibitory  (bib'i-to-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  bibitorius,  <  LL. 
hibilor,  a  drinker,  toper,  <  L.  biliere,  drink.]  Per- 
taining to  drinking  or  tippling.     [Bare.] 

Bible  (bi'bl).  H.  [<  ME.  bible,  bibel,  <  OF.  Aj- 
ble  (F.  bible  =  Pr.  bibia  =  Sp.  Pg.  biblia  =  It. 
bibbia  =  D.  bijbel  =  MHG.  and  G.  bibel  =  leel. 
biblia,  old  form  bibIa  =  Sw.  Dan.  bibel),  <  LL. 
biblia  (usually  biblia  nacra)  (prop.  neut.  pi., 
but  in  JIL.  taken  also  as  fem.  sing.),  <  Gr. 
BijiWia  (-It  iii,i/.ia  Tii  ayia,  i.  e.,  biblia  sacra,  the 
holy  books),  jil.  of  ,ii,iXiov,  often  spelled  ,^v- 
fi'Aiov,  a  little  book,  a  book  as  a  division  of  a 
large  work,  dim.  of  ,iiii?.oc,  also  3l\i?.oi;,  a  book, 
writing,  scroll,  lit.  paper,  same  as  jieji'Aoc,  the 
Egyptian  pajj^Tus,  of  the  inner  bark  of  which 
paper  was  made.  Cf.  L.  liber,  a  book,  <  liber, 
the  inner  bark  of  a  tree ;  E.  bool;  <  AS.  boc,  a 
book,  as  related  to  boc,  a  beech-tree ;  and  cf. 
paper.  The  orig.  sense  of  LL.  biblia,  the  books, 
is  made  prominent  in  ML.  bibliothcca,  the  Bi- 
ble, lit.  a  library:  see  bibliotheca.']  1.  The 
Book,  or  rather  the  Books  (see  etym.),  by  way 
of  eminence ;  the  Seriptm'es  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments.  The  word  biUf  is  not  found  in  the 
English  version,  but  the  Greek  w<U"d  occurs  frei|Uentty. 
being  always  translated  "book"  or  '* books,"  sometinics  in- 
dicating the  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  i'.ilde  mii- 
sistsof  two  parts  :  the  Old  Testament,  written  in  Hebrew, 
containing  the  Law,  the  Prophets,  and  the  sacred  writings, 
or  Uagiographa:  and  the  New  Testament,  written  in  Greek, 
consisting  of  the  four  Gospels,  the  Book  of  Acts,  the 
Epistles  of  Paul  and  other  ajKtstolic  writers,  and  the  Apoc- 
alypse or  Book  of  Revelation,  the  only  strictly  prophetic 
book  which  it  er)ntains.  Roman  Catholic  writers  accejit. 
in  addition  to  these,  most  of  the  books  contained  in  the 
Apocrypha  of  the  King  .lames  vei-sion,  which  occur  in  the 
Septuagint  (see  below)  and  Vulgate,  distributed  among 
the  other  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  principal  an- 
cient versions  of  the  Bible,  or  of  portions  of  it,  are  the 
Tariium.t.  a  ChaUlee  or  Aranuuc  paraphrase  or  interpreta- 
tion of  the  more  ancient  Hebrew  Scriptures  ;  the  Sainttr- 
itan  J'l'iifaU'iich,  a  Hebrew  version  of  the  first  live  books 
of  the  tlld  Testament,  ancient  in  its  character,  and  pre- 
served with  jealous  care  among  the  Samaritans;  the  .S'e;'- 
(«af;(«f.  a  Greek  version  of  the  old  Testament  prepared 
!)y  Jewish  scludars  at  Alexandria  under  the  Ptolemies, 
principally  in  the  third  century  n.  c. ;  the  Vuhiate,  a  Latin 
version  of  both  old  Testament  and  Mew  Testament,  pre- 
pared by  Jerome  at  the  close  of  the  fourth  century  A.  P.  ; 
and  the  Fahito,  a  Syriac  version  of  the  Old  Te-itament 


543 

and  the  major  part  of  the  New  Testament,  probably 
prepared  in  the  sei^ond  century  A.  P.  Translations  were 
early  maile  into  the  principal  languages  <»f  Christendom. 
The  first  complete  translation  into  English  was  that  of 
Wyclif,  about  138."1 ;  and  the  Ilrst  i)rinte(i  Knglish  versions 
were  those  of  Tyndale  and  Ooverdale,  1624-35.  Other  im- 
portant versions  are  the  Ltilhi-ritn,  in  the  German,  by 
.Martin  Luther,  1621-34  — the  b.asis  of  the  Swedish,  Da- 
nish, Icelandic,  Dutch,  and  Finnish  versions:  the  Author- 
izfil  or  Kiii'j  Jaiiu'n,  preT)ared  by  a  special  coinmisaion  of 
scholars  in  F.nglancl  uiuler  James  I.,  lti()4-ll ;  the  iJnuaii, 
a  ]»opular  n;ime  given  to  a  translation  into  English  jire- 
parcil  t'v  Ituiiian  Catholic  divines  —the  olil  Testament  at 
Douay  (ioo'.Mo),  the  New  Testament  at  Reims  (li.vj) :  and 
the  Unfinetlj  a  recension  of  the  King  James  liible  jirepared 
by  a  committee  of  British  and  American  Protestant  di- 
vines, the  New  Testament  appearing  in  1.S.S1,  and  the  Old 
Testament  in  issr,.  The  number  of  minor  versions  is 
indicated  by  the  fact  that,  sine-  Isiii,  translations  of  the 
Hil)le  or  portions  of  it  have  been  i(nt)bsbed  in  upward  of 
226  languages.  Konian  ("atbolies  ami  Protestants  ditfer 
in  the  degree  of  aiitliority  ivbieh  they  attach  to  the  llible. 
The  Roman  Catholic  C)nii-eb  "receives  with  itiety  ami 
reverence  all  the  books  of  the  Ohl  and  .Vew  Testaiueuls, 
since  one  God  is  the  Author  of  each  "  (Council  of  Trent) ; 
but  "  at  the  same  time  it  maintains  that  there  is  an  un- 
written word  of  God  over  and  above  Scripture"  (('ath. 
Diet.).  Protestants  generally  hold  that  "  the  .Supreme 
Judge,  by  which  all  controversies  of  religion  are  to  be  de- 
termineti,  and  all  decrees  of  councils,  opinimis  of  ancient 
writers,  and  private  spirits  are  to  be  examined,  and  in 
whose  sentence  we  are  to  rest,  can  be  no  other  but  the 
Holy  .S])irit  speaking  in  Serii)ture"  {Westminster  Conf. 
of  Faith). 

Hence  —  2.  Any  book  or  collection  of  religious 
writings  received  by  its  adherents  as  a  di\-iue 
revelation :  as,  the 
Koran  is  the  Bible  of 
the  Mohammedans ; 
the  Mormon  Bible. — 
3t.  ['.  c]  Any  great 
book. 

To  tellen  all  wold  passen 

any  bible. 
That  owher  [anywhere]  is. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's 
[Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  354. 

4.  [I.  c]  A  medie- 
val military  engine 
for    throwing    large 

stones.  (Iroiie Bible 

Christian,  one  of  a  re- 
ligious sect  in  England 
and  Wales,  sometimes 
called  Briianiteit  from 
their  founder,  William 
Bryan,  a  Wesleyan  local 
I)reacher,  who  separated 
from  the  Wesleyans  in  1S15.  In  doctrines  and  tonus  of 
worship  they  do  not  ditfer  widely  from  the  Armituan 
.Methodists.  — Bible  Conununlst.  Same  iLs  Pfr/fctiiiiiixt 
(wliich  see).  — Bible  Society,  an  association  for  the  pur- 
pose of  priutiTig  and  circulating  the  llible. —  Breeches 
Bible.  See  Gfiiii-a  Bibh'.  — Geneva.  Bible,  an  English 
translation  of  the  Bible  issued  from  Geneva  in  lofiO  by  sev- 
eral English  divines  who  had  tied  thither  to  escajie  the 
persecution  of  the  reign  of  Mary.  It  w  as  the  first  complete 
Bible  to  appear  in  Roman  type,  the  first  to  omit  the  Apoc- 
rypha, and  the  first  to  recognize  the  division  into  vei-ses. 
This  translation  was  in  common  use  in  England  till  the 
version  made  by  order  of  King  James  was  iutrodtu-ed  in 

1611.    The  Geneva  Bible  has  also  been  called  the  Jin /*.  ,s' 

Bible,  because  Gen.  iii.  7  is  translated,  "Then  the  eyes  of 
them  both  were  opened,  and  they  knew  that  they  were 
naked,  and  they  sewed  fig  leaves  together  and  made  them- 
selves &fVf-r/i*^.v."  "Breeches  "  occurs  in  previous  transla- 
tions, though  the  name  is  given  especially  to  this  (Uie. —  Ma- 
zarin  Bible,  an  edition  of  the  Bible  printed  by  Gutenberg 
at  Mentz  in  1450-55,  being  the  first  book  ever  printed  with 
movable  types.  It  was  so  called  because  the  first  known 
copy  of  it  was  discovered  in  the  Mazarin  library  at  Paris 
in  1760.— Vinegar  Bible,  an  edition  printer!  at  the  Claren- 
don press,  ( K'ford,  iii  1717,  with  the  lieading  to  Luke  xx.  as 
the  "  Parable  of  the  Viminir."  instcail  of  tlie  "  Parable  of 
the  rr»et/ar(/."— Wicked  Bible,  an  edition  printed  in  1632 
in  which  the  word  not  is  omitted  from  the  seventh  com- 
niandtnent. 

Bible-clerk  (bi'bl-klerk),H.  1.  In  English  uni- 
versities, a  student  whose  duty  it  originally 
was  to  read  the  Bible  during  meals :  now  often 
reipiired  to  note  absences  from  chapel. —  2. 
The  holder  of  a  certain  scholarship  in  Coqms 
Christi  ('(dlege,  Cambridge,  established  in  1473. 

Bible-oath  ( l>i'bl-6th),  n.  An  oath  on  the  Bible  ; 
a  sacred  obligation. 

.So  long  as  it  was  not  a  Bible-Oath,  we  may  break  it  with 
a  safe  conscience.  Conyreve,  \Vay  of  the  ^^'orld,  v.  2. 

I  doubted  the  correctness  of  your  statement,  though 
backed  by  your  lordship's  Bible-oath. 

y/mcJtcra?/,  Virginians,  xcii. 

bible-press  (bi'bl-pres),  «.  [<  bible,  api)ar. 
with  thought  of  'a  large  book  bound  in  heaxy 
boards,'  +  press.']  A'aut.,  a  hand-rolling  board 
for  cartridges,  and  for  rocket-  and  port-fire 
cases.     [Eng.] 

biblic  (bib'lik),  H.  [<  ML.  bibliciis,  <  LL.  biblia, 
Bible.  ]   In  the  medieval  universities,  the  lowest 

grade  of  bachelor  of  theologj'.  The  orditutry  bib- 
Tic  read  ami  expounded  the  Bible  on  the  days  of  the  ordi- 
nary lectures:  the  cursory  biblic  did  so  in  extraordinary 
courses.  See  bachelor,  2. 
biblical  (bib'li-kal),  a.  [<  ML.  biblicu.i,  <  IjL. 
biblia,  Bible,  +  -at.]    1 .  Pertaining  to  the  Bible 


Bible  for  hurling  missiles. 
(From  a  drawing  dated  r472. ) 


bibliolatrous 

or  to  the  sacred  writings:  as,  biblical  learning; 
biblical  criticism. — 2.  In  accord  with  the  teach- 
ings of  the  Bible;  scriptural.  Hence  —  3.  Au- 
thoritative ;  true. 

First  and  last,  eloqueiue  must  still  be  at  bottom  a  bibli- 
cal statement  of  fact.  Emerson,  Eloquence. 

[Often  \\Titten  with  a  capital,  as  a  proper 
ad.ioctivc.] 
Biblical  geography.    .See  ffi".7ra;//i.v.— Biblical  her- 

meneUtlCS.     See  benrlcneuticK.=Syn.  .See  neriptural. 

biblicality  (bib-li-kal'i-ti),  n.  [<  biblical  + 
-iti/.]  1.  The  quality  of  being  biblical. — 2. 
That  which  has  the  quality  of  V)oing  biblical. 
[Hare.] 

biblically  (bib'li-kal-i),  aih'.  In  a  biblical  man- 
ner; according  to  the  Bible. 

Biblicism(bil)'li-sizm),  II.  [<  ML.  biblicus,  bib- 
lical, +  -ism.]  1.  Adherence  to  the  letter  of 
the  Bililc. — 2.  Biblical  doctrine,  learning,  or 
literature.     Eclectic  Rev. 

Biblicist  (bib'li-sist),  11.  [<  ML.  biblicus,  bibli- 
cal, +  -ist.]  1.  A  professed  adherent  of  the 
letter  of  the  Bible;  specifically,  in  the  twelfth 
century,  one  who  adhered  to  the  Bible  as  the 
solo  ride  of  faith  and  practice,  as  opposed  to  a 
scholastic,  who  professed  to  bring  all  the  doc- 
trines of  faith  to  the  test  of  philosophy. — 2. 
A  biblical  scholar. 
Also  Bihlist. 

bibliochresis  (bib'li-o-kre'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
jiiii'/Jor,  a  book,  +  XPV^'C,  'use,  <  xpV''^<^'t  use.] 
The  use  of  books. 

The  public  librarian  may  soon  deserve  the  additional 
title  of  Masti-r  of  Bibliochreris.    The  Xation,  .VXXVI,  2OT. 

bibliognost  (bib'li-og-nost),  n.  [<  F.  biblio- 
<jiiosic,<.  Gr.  jii,i/.iov,  a  book,  -I-  yvuarrK,  one  who 
knows:  see  gnosis,  {/nostic]  One  versed  in 
bibliography  or  the  history  of  books.  /.  D'ls- 
raeli.  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  'J51. 

bibliognostic  (bib"li-og-nos'tik),  a.  [<  bibli- 
oi/iiost  +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bibliog- 
nost, or  to  a  knowledge  of  bibliography. 

bibliogony  (bib-li-og'o-ni),  ».  [<  Gr.  fii/Hhv, 
book,  -I-  -)uvia,  production:  see  -gonij.]  The 
production  of  books.     Soutlieij. 

bibliograpll  (bib'li-o-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiijiyuo- 
yiai^ioc:  see  bibliograplmr.]  Same  as  bibliog- 
rapher. 

A  thorough  librarian  must  be  a  combination  of  the  trio, 
—  bHjUo;jraphe,  bibliognoste,  and  bibliophile. 

J.  C.  Van  Ilijke,  Books  and  How  to  Ise  Them,  p.  132. 

bibliographer  (bib-li-og'r.-i-fer),  «.  [<  Gr. 
jil  i'/.io) iMipo^ :  see  bibliograx>1iij.]  It.  One  who 
writes  or  copies  books. —  2.  One  who  writes 
about  books,  especiallj'  in  regard  to  their  au- 
thorship, date,  typography,  editions,  etc. ;  one 
skilled  in  liibliograpliy. 

bibliographic,  bibliographical  ( bib'li-o-graf '- 

ik, -i-kal),«.  \^A»bibliugrajiJty  +  -ic,-ical.]  Per- 
taining to  bibliography. 

bibliographically  (bib'li-o-graf'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  a  bil>liogra])hieal  manner. 

bibliography  (bib-li-og'ra-fi),  n.  [=F.  biblio- 
griiphie,  <  Gr.  liiJ'Ainypaifiia,  the  act  or  habit  of 
wi'itiug  books,  <  lii.i'/.ioyfmoor,  a  writer  of  books, 
<  jiriyJui;  a  book,  +  ypiiciitiv,  write:  see  Bible] 
It.  The  writing  of  books. —  2.  The  science 
which  treats  of  books,  their  materials,  authors, 
ty])Ography,  editions,  dates,  subjects,  classifica- 
tion, history,  etc. 

Biblioiirai>hij  .  .  .  being  the  knowledge  of  hooks,  which 
now  is  liot  confined  to  an  "  criulition  of  title-pages,"  but 
embraces  the  subject-division  of  all  the  branches  of  hu- 
man learning. 

J.  C.  Van  Dijke,  Books  and  How  to  l"sc  Them,  p.  113. 

3.  A  classified  list  of  authorities  or  books  on 
any  theme:  as,  the  bibliography  of  political 
economy. 
biblioklept  (bib'U-o-klept),  M.  [<  Gr.  /3(,3?.(Ov, 
book,  +  i^'/i -n/i;,  a  thief.]  A  book-thief;  one 
who  purloins  or  steals  books.     [Rare.] 

biblioEleptomaniac  (bib  '  li  -  o  -  klep  'to  -  ma  '- 

ni-ak),  n.  [<  (rr.  ,ii,i/.iuv,  book,  -h  Icleptoma- 
iiiac]  One  affected  by  a  mania  for  stealing 
books.  [Rare.] 
bibliolater  (bib-li-ol'a-t^r),  n.  [See  bibliolatrij ; 
cf.  idolater.]  1.  A  book-worshiper;  one  who 
pays  imdue  regard  to  books.  Specifically  —  2. 
One  who  is  supposed  to  regard  tire  mere  letter 
of  the  Bible  with  undue  or  extravagant  respect; 
a  worshiper  of  the  Bible.     De  Quincey. 

The  mistaken  zeal  of  Bibliolaters. 

lluxleij.  Lay  Sermons,  p.  278. 

bibliolatrist  (bib-li-ol'a-trist),  m.    [<  bibUola- 

iry  +  -i.it.]     Same  as  biyiliolatcr. 
bibliolatrous  (bib-li-ol'a-tms),  a.     [<  bibliohi- 
try  +  -oils.]     Given  to  or  characterized  by  bib- 
liolatry. 


bibliolatry 

bibliolatry  (bib-li-ol'a-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  fttflliov, 
book,+  Mir  jinn,  worship.  Cf.  idolatry.'^  1.  Wor- 
ship  or  homage  paid  to  books. — 2.  Specifi- 
cally, excessive  reverence  for  the  letter  of  the 
Bible. 

It  wiis  (in  account  of  this  exclusive  reference  to  Scrip- 
ture tlmt  tlie  Protestant  divines  laid  more  stress  on  the  in- 
sriration  of  the  holy  writings  than  the  theologians  of  the 
Churi-h  of  Rome  ;  and  that  the  Protestants  were  accused 
of  liililiithilni. 

Sir  It.  C.  Leu'lx,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  v. 

bibliolite  (bib'li-o-Ut),  n.  [<  Gr.  ,,'?</j;i(oi;,  book, 
+  '/.i6or,  stone.]     A  name  sometimes  given  to 


certain  laminated  schistose  rocks,  otherwise  blbliopolic,    blbhopolical    (bib 
called  hool--sto,ws.  -'"Hh')'-  "•-.[<  M'L">1";I('  t  -"■>  -'^'0 

bibliological  (bib'li-6-loj'i-kal),  a.     [<  bibliol- 
0(111  +  -/<■-<//.]     Relating  to  bibliology. 

bibliologist  (bib-li-ol'o-jist),  n.    [<  bibliology  + 
-isl.]     One  versed  in  bibliology. 

After  so  much  careful  investigation  by  the  most  emi- 
nent Otbtioloriists. 


544 

bibliophobia  (bibMi-o-fo'bi-ii),  n.     [<  Gr. 

JiJ/Kir,  book,  +  -(jxijiia,  fear:  see  -phobia.}     A 

dread  or  hatred  of  books. 
bibliopoesy  (bib  li-o-pO'e-zi),  n.    [<  Gr.  ^i^dov, 

a  liook,  +   T(«//crm,' making:  &6B  poesy.']     The 

making  of  books.     Carlylc. 
bibliopolar  (bib-li-o-po'lar),  a.     [<  bibliopole  + 

-III-.]     Bibliopolic.     [Kai'e.] 
bibliopole  (bib'li-o-p61),  n.     [<  L.  bibliopola,  < 

Gr.   fiifi'Aio-rij/.jig,  a  bookseller,  <  ,3(/i/.(oi',  book, 

+  nuTielv,  sell.]     A  bookseller;  now,  especially, 

a  dealer  in  rare  and  cnrions  books. 

li-o-pol'ik, 
Relating 

to  bookselling  or  booksellers. 
bibliopolicaUy  (bib"li-o-pol'i-kal-i),  adv.    By 

bibliopoles;  as  a  bibliopole. 
bibliopolism  (bib-li-op'o-lizm),  «.     [<  bibliopole 

-f -(.vw.]     Bookselling;  the  business  of  a  bibli- 

opolist.     Dibdin.     [Rare.] 


Southey,  The  Doctor,  Interchapter  xviii.   bibliopolist  (bib-li-op'6-list),  «.      [<   bibliopole 


had  its  bibliutheca.  M.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  79. 

2+.  The  Bible. 

From  the  circumstance  of  the  Bible  filling  many  rolls  it 
acquired  such  titles  as  pandectes  and  bibliutheca.  the  lat- 
ter of  which  remained  in  use  down  to  the  14th  century. 
Encyc.  Brit..  XVIII.  144. 
It  is  a  bibliotkeca,  or  a  copy  of  the  Bible  of  the  large 
folio  size,  and  now  bound  up  into  several  large  volumes. 
Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  i.  284. 


bibliology  (bib-li-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiiiiXiav, 
book,  +  -loyia,  <  liyeiv,  speak:  see-ology.]  1. 
Biblical  literature,  doctrine,  or  theology. —  3. 
A  treatise  on  books  ;  bibliography. 

bibliomancy  (bib'li-o-man-si).  n.  [<  Gr.  jiijiXiov, 
book,  +  iiavvcia,  di\'ination.]  A  kind  of  di\'i- 
natiou  performed  by  means  of  a  book  ;  specifi- 
cally, divination  by  means  of  the  Bible,  con- 
sisting in  selecting  passages  of  Scripture  at 
hazard  and  drawing  from  them  indications 
concerning  the  future. 

Another  kind  of  bibliomancy  .  .  .  consisted  in  appeal- 
ing to  the  very  first  words  heard  from  any  one  when  read- 
ing the  Scriptures.  Encyc.  Metropolitana. 

bibliomane  (bib'li-o-man),  n.  Same  as  biblio- 
iiiiiiiiiic.     I.  D' laraeVi :  De  Quincey. 

bibliomania  (bib"li-o-ma'ni-a),  n.  [NL.  (>  F. 
biblioiiuiuie),  <  Gr.  Si^i'Aiuv,  book,  +  fiavia,  mad- 
ness, mania.]  Book-madness;  a  rage  for  col- 
lecting and  possessing  books,  especially  rare 
and  curious  ones.     Also  bibliomany. 

bibliomaniac  (bib"li-o-ma'ni-ak),  «.  and  a.  [< 
bihhomania,  att^v  maniac]  I.  n.  One  affected 
•with  bibliomania. 

I  found,  in  the  owner  of  a  choice  collection  of  books,  a 
well-bred  gentleman  and  a  most  hearty  bibliomaniac. 

Dibdin,  Bibliographical  Tour,  i.  155. 

II.  a.  Affected  by  or  pertaining  to  biblio- 
mania ;  book-mad. 
Also  bibliomaiiian. 

bibliomaniacal  (bib'li-o-ma-ni'a-kal),  a.  [< 
bibliomania,  after  maniacal.']  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  bibliomania  or  bibliomaniacs. 

bibliomanian  (bib"li-o-ma'ni-an),  n.  and  a.  [< 
bihUiimaiiia  +  -an.]  Same  as  bibliomaniac. 
[Rare.] 

bibliomanianism  (bib"li-o-ma'ni-an-izm),  n.  [< 
bibUiimanian  +  -ism.]  Book-madness;  biblio- 
mania.    [Rare.] 

bibliomanist  (bib-li-om'a-nist),  n.  [As  bibliom^ 
any  +  -i.<st.]     A  bibliomaniac. 

Not  bibliomanist  enough  to  like  black-letter. 

Lamb,  Letter  to  Ainsworth. 

bibliomany  (bib-li-om'a-ni),  n.  [<  F.  biblio- 
manic,   <   NL.   biblioma'hia :    see   bibliomania.] 

Same  as  hibUomania.    Imp  Diet  bibliothecary  (bib-li-oth'e-ka-ri),  n.  and  a. 

blbliopegic  (bib"li-o-pej'ik),  n.     [<bibhopegy  +     t "     , :"  ;^  .■^„.....„   „  i;u.„-.:„„   i'..„„   „.i; 
4c.]   Of  or  pertaining  to  bookbinding.    [Rare.] 

A  maguiftcent  specimen  of  bibliopeqic  art. 

N.  r.  Tribune,  April  21,  1884. 

bibliopegist  (bib-li-op'e-jist),  n.  [<  bibliopegy 
+  -ist.]     A  bookbinder.     [Rare.] 

bibliopegistic  (bib"li-o-pe-jis'tik),  a.  [<  bib- 
liopegist +  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bibliope- 
gist or  to  bibliopegy :  as,  bibliopegistic  skill. 

bibliopegy  (bib-li-op'e-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiiji'Uov, 
book,  -1-  -7T>iyia,  <  rrrjyvvvai,  fasten,  fix,  bind :  see 
pact.]     The  art  of  binding  books.     [Rare.] 

During  the  16th  and  17th  centuries  bindings  were  pro-  ,,^,,,,  ,,^^  ^,,„,^  „^ 
duced  in  England  which  suffer  no  disgrace  by  comparison  t'-'vi'-Vn  '/V'^^'liiel^w 
with  contemporary  masterpieces  of  French,  Italian,  and  DlplUS  (010  lus;,  n 
German  biblioi>e(pj.  Encyc.  Brit..  IV.  42. 

bibliophile  (bib'li-o-fil),  n.  [<  F.  bibliophile,  < 
Gr.  liiii'/.iov,  book,  +  ipi'/.nr,  lo\'ing.]  A  loiter  of 
books.     Sometimes  written  bibliophil. 

bibliophilic  (bib'U-o-firik),  a.  [<  bibliophile  + 
-ir.  ]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bibliophile  or  book- 
fancier. 

A  bibliophilic  curiosity  is  a  copy  of  the  first  American 
play,  "The  Contrast,"  from  the  library  of  George  Washing- 
ton. AH  Age,  III.  200. 

bibliophilism  (bib-li-of'i-lizm),  n.      [<   biblio- 

jiliilr  +  -ism.]     Love  of  books. 
bibliophilist  (bib-li-of'i-list),  n.     [<  bibliophile 

+  -ist.]     A  lover  of  books;  a  bibliophile. 
bibliophily  (bib-li-of'i-ll),  h.     [=  F.  Inhliophi- 

lie  ;  as  bibliophilv  +  -y.  ]     Love  of  books. 


bice 

absorbing  or  imbibing  fluids  or  moisture;  ab- 
sorbent ;  spongy. 

The  soul  that  a-scends  to  worship  the  great  G<xi  is  plain 
and  true,  .  .  .  having  become  porous  to  thought  antl  bib- 
ulous of  the  sea  of  liglit.     Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  264. 

Tlie  carbon  is  replaced  by  bibuloug  paper. 

G.  B.  I'rescott,  Elect.  Invent.,  p.  527. 

2.  Fond  of  drinking  intoxicating  liquors;  ad- 
dicted to  drink ;  proceeding  from  or  character- 
ized by  such  tendency :  as,  bibulous  propensities. 
—  3.  Relating  to  drink  or  drinking:  as,  bibulous 
lore.     [Rare.] 

bibulously  (bib'u-lus-li),  adv.  In  a  bibulous 
iiiaiiner;   i>y  drinking  in  or  absorbing. 

bicalcarate  (bi-kal'ka-rat),  o.  [<  bi-^  +  calca- 
ralc.]  Anned  with  or  having  two  spurs,  as  the 
limljs  of  some  animals  and  the  anthers  of  some 
plants. 

bicallose  (bi-kal'6s),  a.  [<  6i-2  -(-  callose.]  In 
bot..  ha\-ing  two  callosities  or  hard  protuber- 
ances. 

bicallous  (bi-kal'us),  a.    Same  as  bicallose. 

bicameral  (bl-kam'e-ral),  a.  [<  bi--  +  L.  ca- 
iiierii.  a  chamber:  see  camera.]  Two-cham- 
bered ;  pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  two  cham- 
bers: as,  a  bicameral  legislature. 

An  increase  of  the  number  of  Houses  beyond  two  gives 
no  advantage  which  the  bicameral  plan  does  not  atford. 
Sir  E.  Creat-y,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  179. 

bicamerist  (bi-kam'e-rist),  n.  [As  bicamer-al 
+  -ist.]  One  who  advocates  the  bicameral 
system  of  legislation. 

Not  only  as  to  the  mode  in  which  their  senate  is  to  be 
elected  are  the  Bicamerists  at  fault. 

Contemporary  Rev.,  XLVII.  323. 

bicapitate  (bi-kap'i-tat),  a.  [<  &j-2  -f-  capitate.] 
Ha^-ing  two  heads ;  two-headed. 

bicapitated  (bi-kap'i-ta-ted),  a.  Furnished 
with  two  heads. 

bicapsular  (bi-kap'su-lar),  a.  [<  ii-2  -I-  cap- 
sular.]    In  hot.,  haring  two  capsules. 

bicarbonate  (bi-kar'bo-nat),  n.  [<  fei-2  -t-  car- 
bonate.] A  carbonate  containing  two  equiva- 
lents of  carbonic  acid  to  one  of  a  base ;  one  of 
the  supercarbonates. 

bicarbureted,  bicarburetted  (bi-kSr'bu-ret- 
-ed),  a.  [<  bi-~  +  carbureted,  carburetted.]  Com- 
bined with  or  containing  two  atoms  of  carbon : 
as,  bicarbureted  hydrogen,  C2H4. 


+ -ist]    A  bookseller;  a  bibliopole. 

If  civility,  quickness,  and  intelligence  be  the  chief  requi- 
sites of  a  bibliopolist,  the  young  Frere  stands  not  in  need 
of  parental  aid  for  the  prosperity  of  his  business. 

Dibdin,  Bibliogiaphical  Tour,  i.  149. 

bibliopolistic  (bib-li-op-o-lis'tik),  a.  [<  bibli- 
opolist +  -ic.]  Relatiug'to  a  bookseller  or  to 
bookselling.     [Rare.] 

bibliotaph  (bib'li-o-taf),  n.  [<  F.  bihliotaphe,  < 
Gr.  ,it,i'/-toi',  a  book,  -I-  raipo^,  a  tomb  (cf.  raipcvg, 
a  burier),  <  BaKTcir,  bury.]  One  who  hides  or 
buries  books,  or  keeps  them  under  lock  and  key. 
A  bibliotaiihe  buries  his  books  by  keeping  them  under 
lock,  or  framing  them  in  glass  cases. 

/.  D  Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  252. 

bibliotapMstt  (bib-li-ot'a-fist),  ?!.  [As  biblio- 
taph +  -ist.]     A  bibliotaph.     Crabbe. 

bibliothec(bib'li-o-thek),  n.  [<  L.  bibliotheca  : 
see  bililiotheke,  bibliotheca.]     A  library. 

bibliotheca  (bib"li-o-the'ka),  n.  [Cf.  AS.  6(6- 
liothcce,  the  Bible;  '=  F.  bi'bliotheqiie  =  Vg.  bib- 
liotheca =  Sp.  It.  bibliotcca  =  G.  Dan.  bibliothek, 
a  library,  <  L.  bibliotheca,  a  library,  collection 
of  books,  in  LL.  and  ML.  esp.  the  Bible,  <  Gr. 
jlijJAioBt'iKi/,  a  library,  a  bookcase,  <  j^iiSViov,  book, 
-I-  BiiKii,  case,  place  to  put  things,  <  riBcvai,  put : 
see  Bible  and  theca.]  1.  A  library ;  a  place  to 
keep  books ;  a  collection  of  books. 

Cairo  was  once  celebrated  for  its  magnificent  collection  ,  .        ^  ..     - 

of  books.     Besides  private  libraries,  each  large  mosque  bicarinate  (bi-kar'l-nat),  (7.     Ubi-- +  carinate.] 


1.  In  but.  and  ro67.,  two-keeled;  doubly  cari- 
nate ;  having  two  keel-like  projections,  as  the 
upper  palea  of  grasses. — 2.  In  entom..  ha\-ing 
two  carina?  or  sharp  longitudinal  raised  lines. 
bicarpellary  (bi-kar'pe-lii-ri),  a.  [<  bi--  +  car- 
pcllary.]  In  bot.,  formed  of  two  carpels  or 
seed-vessels,  whether  distinct  or  united ;  di- 
carpellarv  (the  more  common  word). 
bibliothecal  (bib"li-o-the'kal),  a.     [<  L.  biblio-  bicaudal  (bi-ka'dal),  a.    [<  bi-~  +  caudal.     Cf 


thccalis,  <  bibliotlieca :  see  bibliotheca.]    Belong- 
ing to  a  library. 
bibliothecarian  (bib"li-o-the-ka'ri-an),  a.     [< 
bibliothecary  +  -an.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  abib- 
liothecary  or  librarian. 

We  confess  a  bibliothecarian  avarice  that  gives  all  books 
a  value  in  our  eyes.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  292. 

.      .  [< 

LL.  bibliothecarius.  a  librarian,  prop,  adj.,  <  L. 
bibliotheca :  see  bibliotheca,  and  cf.  apothecary.'] 
I.  n.  1.  A  librarian. — 2.  [<. 'L'L.  *bibliothecari- 
um.]     A  library. 

II.  ".  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  library  or  libra- 
rian. 

bibliotheket  (bib'li-o-thek),  «.     [Also  written 

bibliothek;  -thee,  -the'que,  <  F.  bibliotheque,  <  L. 

bibliotheca :  see  bibliotheca.]   A  place  for  books. 

The  king  asked  him  how  many  thousand  volumes  he 

had  gotten  together  in  his  bibliotheke.  Donne. 

Biblist  (bib'list),  n.  [=  F.  bibliste,  <  ML.  bib- 
listii :  see  Bible  and  -ist.]    Same  as  Biblicist. 

[L..  <  Gr.  jiiiyAoi;,  also  jiv- 
,:f>o(,-,  papjTus:  see  .Bi6/f .]     Hame  &% papyrus. 

Bibos  (bi'bos),  n.  [NL.,  <  bi-  (either  for  6(-2, 
twice,  here  in  sense  of  secondary,  or  short  for 
bison)  +  Bos,  q.  v.]  A  genus  or  subgenus  of 
bovine  ruminants,  of  the  family  Boridw  and 
subfamily  Bovina:,  with  prominent  front  and 
depressed  horns  directed  outward.  It  contains 
the  Indian  gayal  or  gaur  and  the  bautong  or 
Sondaic  ox.     See  cut  under  gayal. 

bibracteate  (bi-brak'te-at),  a.  [<  bi--  +  brac- 
tcate.]     In  bot.,  having  two  bracts. 

bibracteolate  (bi-lirak'te-o-lat),  a.  [<  i(-2  -I- 
briictioliite.]     In  bot.,  having  two  braetlets. 

bibulose  (bib'il-los),  a.     Same  as  bibulous,  1. 

bibulous  (bib'u-lus),  a.  [<  L.  bibulus,  <  bibcre, 
drink:   see  bib^.]      1.    Having  the  quality  of 


LL.  bicoilulus,  ha^nngtwo tails.]  Double-tailed; 
terminating  in  two  tails  or  prolonged  extremi- 
ties. 

bicaudate  (bi-ka'dat),  a.  [<  6f"-2  -1-  caudate.'] 
In  entom.,  having  two  circi  or  jointed  a]ipen- 
dages  at  the  end  of  the  abdomen,  or  two  tail- 
like posterior  processes,  as  the  posterior  wings 
of  some  insects. 

bicavitary  (bi-kav'i-ta-ri),  a.  [<  bi--  +  cav- 
ity +  -ary.]  Consisting  of  or  possessing  two 
cavities. 

bicchedt,  "•  [ME.,  also  written  bicehid,  byched, 
bceched,  bicche,  a  word  of  uncertain  meaning, 
applied  to  the  basilisk,  to  a  body,  to  dice,  and 
later  to  the  conscience,  a  burden,  etc..  in  a 
vaguely  opprobrious  sense,  appar.  'ciused.'and 
hence  taken  by  some  to  be  a  contraction  of  ME. 
Jiici'eo/ffrf. bewitched;  but  6()f(ff7(frf isnot  found 
in  such  a  sense,  and  the  contraction  is  improba- 
ble. Prob.  at  first  bicche,  being,  in  this  view,  an 
attrib.  use  (and  hence  soon  with  added  pp.  adj. 
formative  -ed- :  both  readings  occur  in  differ- 
ent MSS.  in  the  first  instance  quoted)  of  bicche, 
a  bitch,  used  opprobriously.  Cf.  shrewd,  earlier 
shreiced,  in  sense  of  "cursed.'  'curst,'  similarly 
formed  (but  supported  by  a  verb)  from  the 
earlier  attrib.  shreu-e :  see  shrew.  In  the  allit- 
erative phrase  bicched  bones,  dice,  the  word  has 
e\ndently  the  same  sense  (the  'cm-sed bones'); 
there  is  no  connection  with  D.  bilkel  =  G. 
bickel,  astragalus,  ankle,  ankle-bone,  a  die.] 
Cursed:  an  opprobrious  word  of  uncertain 
meaning. 

This  fruyt  Cometh  of  the  bicched  bones  two, 
Forswering,  ire,  falsnesse,  and  homicide. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  194. 

bice  (bis),  «.  [Also  written  bise,  <  ME.  bise, 
bys,  bis,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  bis,  fern,  bise,  brown, 


blee 

formerly  dusky,  dark  (pf.  OF.  aaur  bin,  dark 
blue,  vert  his,  dark  firt'i'n,  F.  his  hlanc,  whity 
brown),  =  Pr.  his  =  It.  hiiiin,  gray isli,  prob.  =  Pg. 
bu:ii>,  brown,  dusky;  cl'.  ML.  "htisiiis,  foalu," 
i.  e.,  tallow,  in  an  AS.  glossary.  The  same 
word  (F.  hisc  =  Pr.  hisa  =  It.  dial,  hisa  =  Bret. 
hie  =  Swiss  hisc,  Ixisr)  was  ai)|)liod  to  the 
north  or  northeast  wind,  from  tlio  aeeonipany- 
iug  darkness,  like  L.  aquili),  <  iKiiiitiis,  dark, 
dusky:  see  hisc.  The  origin  of  the  word  is 
uncertain.]  A  name  giveu  to  two  colors  used 
in  painting,  one  blue,  the  other  green,  both 
native  carbonates  of  copper.  Infuiiur  kinds  (.t 
them  an-  alao  prt-pared  urtitli-ially.  TIk-  fonner  is  often 
called  luouiitain-Iilue,  tile  IntU^v  niountuiii-green,  mala- 
chite-(i:reeli,  etc.     Also  called  biadettu. 

Ground  smalts,  blue  verditer,  and  other  pigments  have 
passed  under  the  name  of  ltir>: ;  whieh  has  therefore  be- 
come a  very  etinivooal  jiiu'inent,  and  its  name  nearly  ()bso- 
lete  :  nor  is  it  at  present  to  he  fcjund  in  the  shops,  although 
much  eommended  by  old  writers  on  the  art. 
FU'td's  Grammar  ufCufiHtriii;/  (Davidson's  ed.,  1877),  p.  &1. 

Bicellaria  (bi-se-la'ri-ii),  H.  [NL.,  <  L.  hi-, 
two-,  +  cctld,  cell,  +  -aria.}  A  genus  of  chilo- 
stoniatous  gyranolteiuatous  polyzoans,  typical 
of  the  family  BiceUariidw. 

Bicellariidae  {bi"sel-a-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
BiciUiiriii  +  -/(/«•.]    A  family  of  Cliihistomiitu. 

bicellular  (bi-sel'u-liir),  a.  [<  hi--  +  cellular.'] 
Having  two  colls;  consisting  of  two  cells. 

Bicelluli  (bi-sel'u-li),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  hi-,  two-, 
+  NL.  celliiUi,  dim.  of  L.  cella,  cell.]  A  group 
of  heteropterous  heiuipterous  insects  contain- 
ing bugs  of  the  division  Geocorisa  or  Anro- 
corisii,  whieh  have  two  basal  cells  of  the  mem- 
branous hemielj'tra.    [Not  in  use.] 

bicensal  (bi-sen'sal),  a.  [<  hi--  +  census  -t-  -a/.] 
In  (jiom.,  consisting  of  two  ovals,  real  or  imagi- 
nary, finite  or  iniiuite. 

bicentenary  (bi-sen'te-na-rl),  a.  and  n.  [<  6i-2 
+  ccntoiarii.]  I.  o.  Relating  to  or  consisting 
of  two  hundred,  especially  two  hundred  years ; 
bicentennial:  as,  a />i««^fHnn/ celebration. 

II.  n.  1.  That  whieh  consists  of  or  compre- 
hends two  hundi'ed  (commonly  the  space  of 
two  hundred  years). —  2.  A  two  hiuidredth  an- 
niversary. 

I'art  of  the  enthusiasm  of  a  bi-a'nletmrif. 

The  American,  VI.  2,^ 

bicentennial  (bi-sen-ten'i-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  hi-" 
+  centennial.']  I.  a.  1.  Consisting  of  or  last- 
ing two  hundred  years:  as,  a  bicentennial  pe- 
riod.—  2.  Occurring  every  two  hundred  years. 
II.  n.  The  two  hundredth  anniversary  of 
an  event ;  a  bicentenary. 

bicephalic  (bi-se-fal'ik  or  bi-sef'a-lik),  «.  [< 
L.  hi-,  two-,  +  Gr.  KCifiaAii,  head:  see  cephalic] 
Having  two  heads  ;  bicephalous  ;  specifically, 
ornamented  with  two  heads  or  busts,  as  an 
engraved  gem  or  the  like.  Jour.  Archwol., 
XXIX.  :fll. 

bicephalous  (bi-sef'ii-lus),  a.  [As  bicephalic 
-H -oK.s'.J     Having  two  heads. 

biceps  (lii'seps),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  biceps  (hicipit-), 
<  bi-,  two-,  -f-  caput,  head.]  I.  a.  Two-headed, 
or  having  two  distinct  origins :  specifically,  in 
anat.,  applied  to  certain  muscles. 

II.  «.  1.  In  anat.,  a  muscle  havingtwo  heads 
or  origins;  specifically,  the  biceps  braehii. — 2. 
Figuratively,  strength  or  muscular  tlevelop- 
ment. —  3.  Muscular  strength  of  the  arm; 
ability  to  use  the  arm  effectively :  from  such 
strength  or  ability  depending  on  the  devel- 
opment of  the  biceps  muscle Biceps  brachil, 

or  biceps  humeri,  the  two-he.uled  mnscle  of  the  arm, 
arising  by  its  longhead  from  the  glenoid  lossa,  ami  by  its 
fihort  heail  from  the  eoraeoid  process  of  the  scapula,  and 
inserted  into  the  tuberosity  of  the  radius.  It  is  a  stnuig 
flexor  and  supinator  of  the  forearm,  and  a  guide  to  the 
brachial  artery  in  surgical  operations  \ipoTi  that  vessel. 
See  cut  under  mu.tde.  —  Biceps  femorls,  the  twoheadcd 
muscle  of  the  thigh,  arising  by  its  long  head  from  the  tube- 
ri)sity  of  the  ischium,  ami  by  its  short  liead  from  the  shaft 
of  the  fenmr,  and  inserted  into  the  liead  of  the  ht'uhi,  its 
temhni  forming  the  outer  Inunstring.  Its  action  is  to  Hex 
the  leg  upon  the  thigh. 

bicessis  (bl-ses'is),  «.  [L.,  <  bic-,  a  reduced 
form  of  viijiuti,  =  E.  ticeiiti/,  -(-  as  (ass-),  an  as,  a 
unit :  see  as"^.]   In  llani.  nictnthnp/,  twenty  asses. 

bichet,  ».  [<  F.  hicbc,  OF.  also  hisse  =  Wal- 
loon bih  =  mod.  Pr.  bicho  =  It.  dial,  becia,  a 
hind  or  roe ;  of  uncertain  origin.]  A  kind  of 
fur ;  the  skin  of  the  female  deer. 

t>icMr  (bich'er),  «.  [Native  name.]  A  re- 
markable living  ganoid  fish,  Poli/jitcrus  bichir, 
of   the  family  J'dli/iilirida'  and   order  Crnsso- 

■  pterijgii,  inhabiting  the  Nile  and  other  African 
rivers,  attaining  a  length  of  18  inches,  and 
esteemed  as  food.     See  I'olijpterus. 

In  the  system  of  Cuvier,  the  bictiir  was  placed  among 
the  bony  fishes,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  herriUKS.    One  of 
35 


545 

tho  most  interesting  features  In  connection  with  tho  flsh 
is  that,  in  the  young,  external  gills  are  present.  Two 
other  species,  i*.  senegalensis  and  I*,  endlicheri,  are 
known.  All  live  in  the  deeper  pools,  and  apparently 
bury  themselves  in  the  slime  ami  ooze  on  the  bottom, 
where  they  feed  on  fishes  and  other  acpiatic  animals. 

Stand.  Xal.  Ilinl.,  III.  96. 

bichlorid,  bichloride  (bi-kl6'rid,  -rid  or -rid),  n. 
A  cdiiijiouml  in  which  two  equivalents  of  chlo- 
rine are  combined  with  a  base:  as,  a  hichlurid 
of  mercury. 

bicho-do-mar  (be'cho-dO-miir'),  n.  [Pg.,  lit. 
worm  of  the  sea,  sea-slug.]  Same  as  h£che- 
de-mer. 

bichord  (bi'kArd),  a.  and  n.  [<  6i-2  +  chord.] 
I.  II.   Having  two  chords. 

II.  ".  In  music,  a  general  name  for  an  in- 
strument having  two  strings  tuned  in  unison 
for  each  note,  as  the  mandolin  and  several 
otlier  instriniients  of  the  lute  or  guitar  class. 

bichromate  (bi-kro'miit),  ».  [<  hi--  -(-  chro- 
niatc]  A  compound  ciuitaiuing  twice  as  much 
chromic  acid,  combined  with  the  same  amount 
of  base,  as  the  normal  chromate  contains. — 
Bichromate  "r  bichromlc  battery.    SeewH,  a 

bichromate  (bi-kro'mat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
hicliromated,  ppr.  Inchroniatiny.  [<  bichromate, 
n.]     Same  as  bichromatize. 

The  gelatine  mass  may  be  hicliromated  after  it  is  set  by 
soaking  it  in  a  solution  of  bichromate  of  potassium  or 
annnonium.  Sci.  Atiicr.  (N.  S.),  LVI.  ICl. 

bichromatic  (bi-kro-mat'ik),  a.  [<  bi-'^  -t- 
clirDiiKitic]     Same  as  dichromatic. 

bichromatize  (bi-kro'ma-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  hichr<jmiiti:cil,  ppr.  bichromati:inii.  [<  bi- 
clnomatc,  «.,  -I-  -i:e.]  To  treat  with  a  bichro- 
mate, especially  bichromate  of  potassium. 
Also  bichromate. 

The  film  of  a  biclironiatUed  gelatine,  used  as  a  photo- 
graphic negative.  Ure,  Diet.,  11.  u'lKt. 

bichromic  (bi-kro'mik),  a.  [<  hichrom{ate)  + 
-((■.]     Pertaining  to  or  using  a  bichromate. 

In  the  construction  of  the  induction  balance  a  bic/iro- 
mic  battery  is  used.  .SVuoic*',  IX.  I'JO. 

bichy  (bich'i),  «.  [Appar.  a  native  name.]  A 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  Cola  acuminata, 
a  tree  of  the  natural  order  Uterculiacea;.  See 
ciila-nut. 

biciliate  (bi-sil'i-at),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  dliate.]  Hav- 
ing two  cilia. 

The  biciliate  swarmspores  that  escaped  were  observed 
for  some  hours  under  the  microscope. 

Trans.  lioij.  ,Soc.  of  Edinbur<ih,  XXXII.  597. 

bicipital  (bi-sip'i-tal),  a.  [<  L.  hicc2>s  (hicipit-), 
two-headed  (see  biceps),  +  -al.]  1.  Having 
twoheads;  two-headed.  [Rare.]  —  2.  In»HrtA.: 
(a)  Having  two  heads  or  origins,  as  a  muscle. 
See  biceps,  (ft)  Pertaining  to  the  biceps  mus- 
cles.—  3.  In  hot.,  dividing  into  two  parts  at  the 
top  or  bottom. 

Also  hicijiitous. 
Bicipital  fascia,  an  expansion  of  the  tendon  of  the  bi- 
ceps braehii  into  the  deep  fascia  of  the  forearm.  — Bicipi- 
tal groove,  a  furrow  .along  the  upper  part  of  the  humerus, 
in  wdlich  the  tendon  of  the  long  head  of  the  biceps  muscle 
lies.  See  cut  under  A  »  mcnix.  —  Bicipital  ridges,  the  lips 
of  the  bicipital  groove. 

bicipitOSUS  (bi-sip-i-to'sus),  H. ;  pi.  hicipitosi 
(-si).  [XL.,  <  L.  bicejis  (hicipit-),  two-headed: 
see  hicijis.]  The  bicipital  muscle  of  the  thigh ; 
the  biceps  femoris. 

bicipitous  (bi-sip'i-tus),  a.     Same  as  bicipital. 
liiciinluus  serpents.    Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ill.  1.^. 

bicircloid  (bi-s^r'kloid),  w.  [<  fei-2  -1-  circle  + 
-did.]  A  cin-ve  generated  by  tho  uniform  mo- 
tion of  a  point  around  the  circumference  of  a 
circle  the  center  of  which  itself  uniformly  de- 
scribes a  circle. 

bicircular  (bi-ser'ku-liir),  a.  [<  bi--  +  circu- 
lar.]    Composed  of  or  similar  to  two  circles. 

—  Bicircular  oval,  a  real  braneh  of  a  bleireular  quartic. 

—  Bicircular  quartic,  a  ipiartic  curve  which  passes  twice 
tliro\igh  each  of  the  circular  points  at  inllnity,  having  thus 


Curve  of  first  |;enus,  first  div 


FiK.  I. 
Bicircular  Quartic. 


iru- 

ion 


I-ig.  4. 
Third  genus,  cuspi- 
dal curve. 


real  ovals  with  focal  circle 


and  central  hyperbola. 

an  essential  analytical  similarity  to  a  pair  of  circles,  which 
it  also  somewhat  resembles  to  the  eye.  For  the  purpose 
of  tracing  it,  it  may  be  dehned  as  the  envelop  of  all  the 
circles  having  their  centers  on  a  fixed  ellipse  or  hyper- 


bickerer 

bnlft,  find  cutting  a  fixed  circle  orthoconally.  ThU  circle  is 
called  Ihv /oral  circle,  liecause  its  intersections  with  the 
llxetl  conic  are  foci  of  the  quartic. 
The  latter  hafl,  besides,  two  double 
foci,  which  are  tlie  foci  of  the  conic. 
The  perpen^ilculars  from  the  center 
of  the  focal  circle  to  the  asymptotes 
of  the  conic  are  bitaniicnts  of  the 
quartic.  (Stu  tlt[.  1.)  The  intersec- 
tions of  the  focal  circle  with  the 
'''ff*  "•  (luartic  are  ci/clic  prnnU  of  the  lat- 

First  genus,  second     ^^.,.        .y^^^^^  ^^^    jj^j.^,^,  ^;t*ne^a  of  hi- 

division;      one      real        .        ,  ..  „,,      J? .        t 

oval.  circular  (juartics.      Ihe  ilrst  embraces 

all  the  bicui'sal  ftmns,  and  these  are 
curves  of  the  eifihth  class.  For  these  there  are  two  real 
focal  circles  and  two  imaginary  ones.  The  two  real  conica 
of  centei-8  are  an  ellipse  and  a  confocal  hyperbola.  Tliere 
are  four  real  foci  and  four  real  cyclic  points.  Ibis  ^enus 
has  two  divisions.  In  the  first,  the  four  real  foci  are  con- 
cyclic,  and  the  real  curve  consists  of  two  ovals,  otic  of  which 
lies  without  or  within  the  other,  accurd- 
iuK  as  the  four  real  foci  are  on  a  central 
ellipse  or  hyperbola.  Kik.  1  shows  the 
latter  case,  and  fig.  '1,  motlified  so  as  t 
make  the  upper  part  like  the  lower, 
would  sliow  the  former.  Bicircular  ^^s^,^l^^X^ 
(piartics  of  this  division  have  the  prop-  ^"-—^-^^ 

erty  that  three  points  can  he  taken  so  *■'&■  i- 

that  the  distances  r\,  ro,  r-f,  of  any  point  Second  genus,  no- 
of  the  curve  therefrom"shall  be  express-  ^^^  curve. 

able  by  an  equation  ar\  -f  hnt  +  cr^^  =  0. 
The  second  division  of  the  first  genus  embraces  curves 
whose  four  real  foci  lie  in  two  pail's  or  two  focal  circles. 
These  real  curves  consist  of  single  ovals,  as  in  fig.  2.  The 
second  genus  comprises  unicursal  curves  with  one  node 
(l)esiiies  those  at  the  circular  points). 
They  are  of  the  sixth  class.  There  is 
one  real  and  one  imaginary  focal  circle. 
The  node  may  be  a  cnnuxle  with  an 
outloop  (shown  by  slightly  modifying 
fig.  2  in  the  upper  part)  or  with  an  in- 
loop,  as  in  fig.  .'J;  or  it  may  be  an  ac- 
no(ie  without  or  within  the«»val.  The 
third  genus  contains  curves  with  an 
ordinary  cusp.  These  are  of  the  fourth 
class.  There  is  but  one  focal  circle  and 
hut  one  focus.  The  cusp  may  point  out- 
ward, as  in  fi;;.  4,  ur  inward,  as  in  a  modification  of  fig.  3, 
bicker^  (bik'er),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bccker, 
<  ME.  bicUvreUj  hikkereu,  hckereii,  hikeroi,  appar. 
a  freq.  in  -er ;  origin  unknown.  The  W.  oicra, 
fight,  is  appar.  from  the  E.]  I.  iHtratiti.  If. 
To  exchange  blows ;  skirmish;  fight  off  and  on : 
said  particularly  of  the  skirmishing  of  archers 
and  slingers. 
Two  eagles  had  a  conflict  and  bickered  together. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Suetonius,  p.  243. 

2.  To  quarrel ;  contend  in  words ;  engage  in 
petulant  altercation ;  wrangle. 
Those  petty  things  about  which  men  cark  and  bicker. 

Harrow. 
Tlio"  men  may  bicker  with  the  things  they  love. 

Tetinj/Hon,  Ueraint. 

Hence  —  3.  To  make  a  brawling  sound ;  make 
any  repeated  noisy  action  ;  clatter. 
Meantime  unnumber'd  glittering  streamlets  played,  .  .   . 
That,  as  they  bicktred  through  the  sunny  shade. 
Though  restless,  still  themselves  a  lulling  murmur  made. 
T/winsoii,  Castle  of  Indolence,  iii.  26. 

4.  To  run  rat>idly;  move  quickly;  quiver;  be 
tremulous,  like  tlame  or  water. 

I  make  a  sudden  sally 
And  sparkle  out  aimmg  the  fern, 
To  bicker  ilown  a  valley. 

Tennynon,  Tlie  Brook. 

There  is  a  keen  relish  of  contrast  about  the  bickering 

flame  as  it  gives  an  emphasis  beyond  Ghcrardu  della  Notte 

to  loved  faces.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  38. 

5.  To  make  a  short  rapid  nin.  [Middle  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 

II,  trans.  To  strike  repeatedly. 
bicker^  (bik'er),  n.     [<  ME.   biker,  heker :  see 
bickcr^y  t'.]     1.  A  fight,  especially  a  confused 
fight. 
Bickers  were  held  on  the  Calton  Hill.  Campbell. 

2.  A  quarrel;  an  angry  dispute ;  an  alterca- 
tion. 

If  thou  say  nay,  we  two  shal  make  a  bycker. 

Chaucer,  Good  Wtuuen.  1.  2660. 

3.  A  confused  or  rapid  succession  of  sounds; 
a  rattling  or  clattering  noise. 

A  bicker  of  musketry  fire  rattled  down  in  the  valley,  in- 
termingled with  the  wild  yells  and  defiances  of  the  hill- 
men,  who  were  making  a  chapao  or  night  attack  on  the 
camp.    Arch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  194. 

4.  A  short  rapid  run  or  race ;  a  staggering  run, 
as  from  loss  of  equilibrium.  [Middle  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

Leeward  whiles,  against  my  wiH, 
I  took  a  bicker. 

Burn.\\  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook. 

bicker-  (bik'er),  «.  [Var.  of  beaker^  q.  v.]  A 
bowl  or  dish  for  containing  liquor,  properly  one 
made  of  wood;  a  drinking-cup;  also,  specifi- 
cally, in  many  parts  of  Scotland,  a  wooden  dish 
made  of  staves  and  hoops,  like  a  tub,  for  hold- 
inn;  food.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

bickerer  (bik'iT-er),  «.  One  who  bickers,  or 
engages  in  petty  quarrels. 


bickering 

bickering  (l)ik'ir-ing),  n.  [<  ^rE.  hikcrina, 
verbal  n.  of  bikcrat :  see  bicker^,  r.]  If.  A  skir- 
mish. 

Then  was  the  war  shivered,  as  it  were,  into  small  frays 
anil  biclcerinffs.  ifillon.  Hist.  EnR.  (cd.  18S1),  U.  55. 

2.  Petulant  contention ;  altercation. 

There  remained  hlckrriwiii.  nut  always  carried  nn  with 
the  best  t.aste  iir  witli  the  liest  tim|Kr.  lutween  the  man- 
agers of  the  impeachment  and  the  eounsel  fiTthe  defence. 
Macaulaii,  Warren  U.istint's. 

bickermentt  (bik'tr-ment).  ».  [<  bicker^,  v.,  + 
-mint.]     ('(intentiou;  eonllict.     JSpni.ier. 

bickern  (bik'iTii),  ».  [Also  by  popular  etym. 
bicklioi-)!,  and  bickiron,  bcak-iroji,  q.  v.,  also  jjit- 
iroti;  prop,  biconi,  early  mod.  K.  bi/ckontc,  bij- 
cornc,  <  P.  bijionw,  a  biekcru  (cf.  OF.  bicorne,  < 
ML.  biconi<i,'biconiu!i,  a  two-handled  cup),  =  Sp. 
Pg.  bigornia  =  It.  biconiiii,  a  biekeru,  <  L.  bi- 
coniia.  ueut.  pi.  of  birnniis,  two-horned :  see  bi- 
coni.'] 1.  An  amil  ^vith  two  projecting,  taper- 
ing ends;  hence,  one  such  end ;  a  beak-iron. — 

2.  MciJietal  miJit.,  a  name  for  the  martel-de- 
fer,  iu  allusion  to  its  double  head,  of  which  one 
side  was  made  pointed  and  the  other  blunt ; 
any  similar  double-headed  weapon  or  tool. — 

3.  Any  iron  implement  ending  in  a  beak :  as 
if  a  contracted  form  of  beak-iron  (which  see). 

Also  beckcrn. 


546 

bicomous  (M-kor'nus),  a.     [<  hicorn  +  -oiM.] 
Having  two  horns  or  antlers ;  crescent-shaped ; 
especially,  in  anat.,  having  two  prolongations 
likened  to  horns. 
The  letter  Y,  or  bicomous  element  of  Pytliatroras. 

Sir  T.  Bromie,  \  ul;;.  Err.,  v.  19. 

bicornuate  (bi-k6r'nu-at),  a.  [<  L.  /<(■-,  two-,  + 
coniii  =  E.  hi>rn.  +  -»f(l.]     Same  as  bicomous. 

bicornuous  (bi-k6r'nu-us),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
airnit  =  E.  horn,  +  -ous.]     Same  as  bicomous. 

bicornute  (bi-k6r'nut),  a.  [<  ii-2  +  comntc. 
a.  hifoni.]  Two-liorned;  bicomous;  specifi- 
cally, in  hot.,  having  two  horu-like  processes, 
as  the  fruit  of  Trajia  bicornis. 

bicorporal  (bi-kor'po-r.al),  a.  [<  L.  bicorpor, 
later  bicorporetis,  double-bodied,  <  hi-,  two-,  + 
corpus  {corpor-},  body.]    In  her.,  same  as  bicor- 

porale Bicorporal  sign,  in  aslnl.,  a  zodiacal  si|,ni 

\vh..sc  fiv'ure  represents  two  animals,  namely,  Pisces,  Gem- 
ini, nr  >;iL'ittarias. 

bicorporate  (bi-kor'po-rat),  a. 
[<  bi--  +  corporate,  «.]  In  her., 
having  two  bodies:  said  of  a 
beast  or  bird  used  as  a  bearing. 

Bicosceca  {bi-ko-se'kii),  H.    [XL., 

irreg.  <   Gr.  /iiKOf,  a  wine-jar,  a 

bowl,  -t-  otKOf,  a  house.]      Same 

as  Biceeca.  Bic>/ti»rate. 

bickiron  (bik'i'em),  n.   Same  as  bickern,  beak-  bicrenate  (bi-kre'nat),  a.    [<  bi-^ 

+  crcMite.]  In  to^,  doubly  crenate:  applied  to 
crenate  leaves  when  the  crenatures  are  them- 
selves crenate. 

bicrescentic  (bi-kre-sen'tik),  a.  [<  bi-^  + 
crcscentic]  Having  the  form  of  a  double  cres- 
cent. 

bicrural  (bi-kro'ral),  a.     [<   hi-^   +  crural.] 


iron. 
biclavate  (bi-kla'vat),  a.     [<  &i-2  -f  clavatc.] 

Doubly  elavate ;  consisting  of  two  club-shaped 

bodies. 
Eicoeca  (bl-se'kil),  H.     [NL.,  <  6r.  (iliior,  a  drink- 

ing-bowl  (see  beaker),  +  oIkoc,  house.]     A  genus 

of  infusoriaus,  typical  of  the  family  Bicacida:. 

Previouslv  written  Bicosaca. 
BicCECid8e"(bi-se'si-de),  n.pl.     [NL.,  <  Bicceca 


Ha«ng  two  legs,  or  two  elongations  resem- 
bling legs. 


Bicolligatc. 


Same  as  hi- 


Xns  (-pid-),  <  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  cuspis  (cuspid-),  a 
point.]  I.  fl.  Having  two  points,  fangs,  or 
cusps.  Specifically  applied— (n)  In  ffeom.,  to  a  curve 
having  two  cusps,  {b)  In  lnunan  anat.,  (1)  to  the  premo- 
lar teeth  or  false  molars,  of  which  there  are  two  on  each 
side  above  and  below,  replacin;;  the  milli-molars ;  ('2)  to  the 
mitral  valve  guarding  the  left  auricuk>ventricular  orifice 
of  the  heart,  the  corresponding  right  virilice  being  guarded 
by  the  tricuspid  valve.  (<")  f  n  cutout.,  t<  >  a  claw  or  mandible 
having  two  puiiitcd  ]iriHes...cs  nr  teeth.  .\lso  bicuspidal, 
!.ici«,))i<fa(e.— Bicuspid  forceps,  dentists'  forceps  with 
curved  Ijeaks  fur  e\tr;ntiii'4  I'icuspiil  teeth. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  premolars  or  false  molars 
iu  man,  of  which  there  are  in  the  adult  two  on 
each  side,  above  and  Ijelo w,  between  the  canines 
and  the  true  molars.  They  are  the  teeth  which  suc- 
ceed and  replace  the  milk-molars  of  the  cllild.  Also  bi- 
i-n.^pi.^. 

bicuspidal  (bl-kus'pi-dal),  fl.  Same  as  bicus- 
pid:  the  usual  form  of  the  word  in  geometrj'. 

bicuspidate  (bi-kus'pi-dat),  «.  [<  fci-2  -H  cus- 
pidate.     Cf.  bicuspid.]     Same  as  bicuspid. 

bicuspis  (bi-kus'pis), «. ;  pi.  bicuspidcs  (-pi-dez). 
[XL. :  see  bicuspid.]     Same  as  bicuspid. 

bicycle  (bi'si-kl),  «.  [<  L.  bi-.  two-,  +  eiiclu^-,  < 
(xr.  kiiOoi;.  a  circle,  a  wheel:  see  cycle.]  A 
mollification  of  the  two-wheeled  velocipede 
(which  see).  The  velocipede  of  1S60  was  worked  by 
treadles  operating  cranks  on  the  axle  of  the  front  wheel. 
This  was  modified  by  greatly  increasing  the  relative  size 


+  -ida\]     A  family  of  sedentary  animalcules,  bicuspid  (bi-kus'pid),  fl.  and  n.     [<  NL.  bicus 

They  are  ovate  or  pyriform  in  shape,  with  a  usually  more  ,  ,      ,.      .  .  ■     ,  :n^    . 

or  less  projecting  anterior  lip-like  prominence,  are  soli- 
tary or  associated  in  colonies,  and  secrete  separate  horny 
sheaths  or  loricw,  which  are  mostly  stalked.  They  have 
two  terminal  flagella,  one  long  and  one  short,  transparent 
parenchyma,  no  distinct  oral  aperture,  and  the  endoplast 
and  one  "or  more  contractile  vesicles  usually  conspicuous. 
Reproduction  results  from  transverse  subdivision  and  by 
the  separation  of  the  body  into  a  mass  of  sporular  ele- 
ments. They  iidiabit  l)oth  fresh  and  salt  water. 
bicollateral  (bi-ko-lat'e-ral),  fl.  [<  bi-"  +  col- 
laxeral.]  In  ?i<)?.,  ha\-iug  the  two  sides  alike: 
applied  to  a  fibrovascular  bundle  iu  which  the 
woody  portion  lies  between  two  layers  of  li- 
ber, or  \ice  versa. 

In  Cucurbita,  Solanum,  and  otliers  the  bundles  are  bi- 
collateral.  Enciic.  Brit.,  XII.  IS. 

bicolligate  (bi-kol'i-gat),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  col- 
liijatu.->,  btiuud  togeth- 
er: see  hi--  and  colli- 
gate, r.]  In  ornith., 
palmate,  but  not  toti- 
palmate;  having  the 
three  front  toes  unit- 
ed by  two  webs. 

bicolor  (bi'kul-or),  a. 
[<  L.  bicolor,  of  two 
colors,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  color,  color.] 
colored. 

bicolored  (bi'kid-ord),  fl.  [<  fci-2  -i-  colored. 
Cf.  L.  bicolor,  of  two  colors.]  Of  two  colors,  as 
a  fiower. 

bicolorous  (bi-kul'o-ms),  a.    Same  as  bicolored. 

biconcave  (bi-kon'Tiav),  a.  [<  bi-~  +  concave.] 
Hollow  or  concave  on  both  sides ;  doubly  con- 
cave, as  a  lens.     See  lens. 

biconic,  biconical  (bi-kon'ik,  -i-kal),  «.  [<  bi-^ 
+  conic,  conical.]  Doubly  conical;  resembling 
two  cones  placed  base  to  base. 

(TTie]  eggs  of  the  Grebes,  .  .  .  which  also  have  both 
ends  nearly  alike  but  pointed,  are  so  wide  in  the  middle 
as  to  present  a  bicunical  appearance. 

Eiicyc.  Brit,  III.  775. 

biconjugate  (bi-kon'jo-gat),  fl.  [<  bi-^  +  con- 
jugate.] 1.  Ill  pairs;  placed  side  by  side. — 
2.  Li  bot.,  twice  paired,  as  when  each  of  the 
divisions  of  a  forked  petiole  hears  a  pair  of 
leaflets. 

biconsonantal  (bi-kon-so-nan'tal),  a.  Com- 
posed of  or  containing  two  consonants.  .  ,     ,.  .        ,^    ,      jt.     .     It     .1      ..     .1 

Wnn-n-oT  rlii  k-oTl'vek«^    n       r<  hi  ^  +  mnrcT 'i     of  the  driving-wheel  and  bnnging  the  nder  directly  oyer 

OlCOnveX  (Iji-Kou  veks;,  a.  l<,  ot—  -f  coniex.j  ^^  j.ater  the  "safety"  bicycle  w.as  introduced,  in  which 
Convex  on  both  sides;  doubly  convex,  as  a  the  wheels  were  made  of  more  nearly  eipial  size,  and  for 
lens.      See  lens.  the  diiect  action  upon  the  front  w  heel  was  sul)Stituteil  in- 

bicoquett,  «.     Same  as  6ycoct«(.     Fairholt.  size  of  the  driving-wheel. 

bicornibi'korn),  a.     [<  L.  fticonii«,  two-homed,  bicycle  (bl'si-kl),  r. !.;  pret.  and  pp.  6ici/c?f  (f,ppr. 

<  ^i-,  two-.  +  corHM  =  a.  horn.     CL  bickern.]    hicijcling.     [(.bicycle,  n.]     To  ride  on  a  bicycle. 

Ha\'iiig  two  horns;  bicornous.  bicycler  (bi'si-kler),  n.     [<.  bicycle  + -er.]    Ono 

bicomed  (bi'kOrud),  a.     [<  bicorn  +  -ed^.]    Bi-    who  rides  a  bicycle. 

cornute.  bicyclicl  (bi-slk'lik),  «.     [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  cij- 


bid 

chis  (see  cycle)  +  -ic]  Consisting  of  or  having 
two  circles;  specifically,  in  hot.,  in  two  whorls, 
as  thi>  stamens  of  a  flower.  — Bicyclic  chuck,  i^ee 
chuck*. 

bicyclic^  (bi-sik'lik),  «.  [<  biryde  +  -ic]  Re- 
laliiii;  to  or  connected  with  bicycles. 

bicycling  (bi'si-kling),  n.  [i  bicycle  +  -ing.] 
Thi-  ait  or  jiractice  of  riding  on  a  bicycle. 

bicyclism  (bi'si-klizm).  n.  [<  bicycle  +  -ism.] 
The  lialiit  (ir  art  of  ridiug  the  bicvcle.  S.  and 
<,!..  Ttli  .-icr..  I.  2'.»\ 

bicyclist  I  bi'si-klist),  «.  [<  bicycle  + -i.if.]  One 
who  lilies  on  a  bicycle.   The  Century,  XXVllI.  44. 

bid  (bid),  r. ;  pret.  bade,  bad,  or  hid,  pp.  bidden 
or  hid,  piir.  bidding.  [Under  this  form  two 
verbs,  orig.  ilistinct  in  form  and  sense,  have 
been  confounded  from  the  12th  century  or  ear- 
lier: (1)  Bid'^,  ask,  pray,  <  ME.  bidden  (pret. 
bad,  pi.  beden,  baden,  pp.  beden,  biden),  ask, 
prav,  in\ite,  wish,  and  also  (by  confusion  with 
hid-)  command,  <  AS.  biddan  (pret.  bad,  pi. 
hwdon,  pp.  beden),  ask,  Jiray,  invite,  in  some 
cases  equiv.  to  command,  =  OS.  biddian  = 
OFries.  bidda  =  D.  bidden  =  OHG.  bittoii.  MHG. 
G.  bitten  =  Icel.  bidhja  =  Sw.  bedja  =  Dan.  hede 
=  Goth,  bidjan  (pret.  bath,  pi.  bedum,  pp.  bi- 
dans)  (cf.  Goth,  bidagu-a,  a  beggar,  and  AS.  bede- 
cian,  beg:  see  beg^),  perhaps  =  Gr.  V  *-id  (orig. 
*(l}tti)  in  -cideiv,  TriOeiv,  persuade,  move  by  en- 
treaty, mid.  Tzeidtcdai,  TridiaOai,  be  persuaded, 
obev.  trust,  =  "L.fidere,  trust.  Hence,  from  the 
AS.",  E.  hea'l;  from  the  L..  E.  /«i77<,  fidelity, 
affy,  affidavit,  confide,  confident,  infidel, perfidy, 
etc.  (2)  £i(/2,  command,  order,  direct,  pro- 
pose, ofifer,  etc.,  <  ME.  beden,  beoden  (which 
would  regularly  give  E.  *beed  or  *head),  com- 
mand, order,  offer,  announce,  also  invite  (pret. 
bead,  bed.  bead,  pi.  beden,  boden,  pp.  boden), 
<  AS.  beoelan  (pret.  head,  pi.  budon,  pp.  boden), 
command,  order,  offer,  annoimce,  threaten, 
etc.,  =0S.  6iof/fl»  =  OFries.  biada  =  D.  biedcn 
=  OHG.  biotan.  MHG.  G.  bieten  =  Icel.  bjodha 
=  Sw.  bjuda  =  Dan.  byde  =  Goth,  biudun  (pret. 
bauth,  pi.  budum,  pp.  budans;  only  in  comp., 
anabiudaii,  command,  faurbiuelan  =  E.  forbid), 
command,  offer,  announce,  etc.,  =  Gr.  v'  *-i^ 
(orig.  *i,ii"),  in  -I'MiveaOat,  -I'OicOai,  learn  by 
asking,  ask,  =  Skt.  •/  budh  (orig.  *hhudh),  be 
awake,  understand  (see  Buddha);  cf.  OBulg. 
budeti,  be  awake.  From  AS.  beoelan  come  hoda, 
E.  bode,  a  messenger,  bodian,  E.  bode,  announce, 
portend,  AS.  bydel,  E.  heaelle,  etc. :  see  iodel, 
bode-,  beadle.  While  some  senses  of  bid  are 
obviously  those  of  AS.  biddan,  and  others  ob- 
viously those  of  AS.  beodan,  no  formal  sepa- 
ration can  conveniently  be  made.  The  mod. 
forms  coirespond  to  those  of  AS.  biddan,  the 
senses  chiefly  to  those  of  AS.  bevdan.]  I.  trans. 
1.  To  ask;  request;  invite. 

Go  ye  therefore  into  the  highways,  and  as  many  as  ye 
shall  find  bid  to  the  marriage.  Mat.  xiii.  9. 


a,  mac's  bicycle ;   6,  tandem  bicycle ; 
sprocket-wheel  with  pedal-crank  Shalt. 


,  woman's  bicycle  ;    tf. 


Provide  the  feast,  father,  and  bid  the  guests. 
Shak..  T.  of  the  S., 


ii.  1. 


2.  To  pray;  wish  earnestly  or  devoutly ;  hence, 
to  say  by  way  of  greeting  or  benediction  :  as, 
to  bid  good-day,  farewell,  etc. 

Neither  bid  him  God  speed.  "2  John  10. 

3.  To  command ;  order  or  direct ;  enjoin. 

And  Peter  answered  liim  and  said.  Lord,  if  it  be  thou, 
bid  nie  come  unto  thee  on  the  water.  Mat.  .\iv.  28. 

I  was  bid  to  come  for  you.      Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 
Because  God  his  Father  had  not  bidden  him  to  do  it, 
and  therefore  He  would  not  tempt  the  Lord  Ills  God. 

Kitiffslcy. 

[Occasionally  a  simple  infinitive  follows:  as,  "the  lady 
bade  take  away  the  fool,  "  Shak.,  T  M.,  i.  6.) 

4.  To  offer ;  propose :  as,  to  bid  a  price  at  an 
auction. 

The  king  will  bid  you  battle  presently. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  2. 

Four  guineas !  Gad's  life,  you  don't  bid  me  the  price  of 
his  wig.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

In  buying  Xiooks  or  other  Commodities,  'tis  not  always 
the  best  way  to  bid  half  so  much  as  the  seller  asks. 

Selden.  Table-Talk,  p.  30. 

5.  To  raise  the  price  of  in  bidding;  increase 
the  amount  offered  for :  with  up  :  as,  to  bid  up 
a  thing  beyond  its  value. — 6.  To  proclaim; 
make  known  by  a  public  announcement :  de- 
clare: as,  "our  bans  thrice  bid,"  Gay,  What 
d'ye  Call  itf —To  bid  beads,  to  pray  with  heads.  See 
bead. 

.\11  night  she  spent  in  bidding  of  her  bedex. 

Sjvmvr.  ¥.  Q.,  I.  I.  3. 

To  bid  defiance  to.  See  defiance.—  To  bid  the  banns. 
See  banns.— to  bid  the  or  a  baset.  See  6rt-st''-.  =  Syn. 
1.  Invite.  Summon,  ei^:.     See  call. 

n.  intrans.  To  make  an  offer;  offer  a  price: 
as,  to  bid  at  an  auction. 


bid 

AntaeonlsniB  between  different  powers  in  the  State,  or 
different  factions,  Ilivc  caused  one  or  otlierof  them  to  hid 
for  popular  support,  witll  tlie  result  of  increasing;  popular 
power.  //.  Spencer,  Priu.  of  Sociol.,  §  4{»S. 

To  bid  fair,  too|,cn..r.iircra!;.i.iiliprc.spcct  ;  seem  likely. 

bid  (liiJ),  ".  An  olTci- of  !i  jiriec;  specilically, 
ail  Ciller  iiiailo  or  the  price  offered  at  an  auction : 
as,  to  iiicreaso  another's  hirl. 

bidactyl  (bi-dak'til),  a.  [<  L.  /)/-,  two-,  +  Gr. 
AiKTi'/ui,  linger,  toe.]     Same  as  (lidfictiil. 

bidagova  (biil-a-go'vil),  H.  [Rraz.]  Tlio  name 
pivcn  in  lirazil  to  a  substitute  for  coffee  pre- 
pared from  tlie  seeds  of  the  Cassia  occiclcntalis. 
Mclilrath. 

bidale  (bid'al),  n.  [<  hid,  invite,  +  «?p.]  An 
entertainment  to  wliieli  persons  were  invited 
for  the  purpose  of  coiitributinf;  to  the  relief  of 
some  one  in  distress.  [Prov.  Eng.]  Also  writ- 
ten biilitll. 

There  wjis  an  antient  Custom  called  a  Hid- Alt-  or  Itiil- 
der-Ale,  from  the  Saxon  liidden  [bidilan],  to  pray  cu-  suij- 
plicate,  when  any  honest  .Man  decayed  in  his  Kstatc,  was 
set  up  a;;ain  by  thelilicral  llenevoK-ncc  and  t'ontril-iitiuiis 
of  Kriends  at  a  Keast,  to  which  those  Friends  were  bitt  or 
iuvited.  It  was  most  used  in  the  West  of  En^'land,  and 
in  some  Counties  calktl  a  Help  .-Vie. 

linviiis  Voj,.  Antlq.  (1777),  p.  33i),  note. 

bidarkee  (bi-ililr'ke),  n.  [Also  written  biiliirka  ; 
native  nanie.J  A  boat  of  skins  used  by  the 
Aleutian  Islanders. 

There  are  three  miles  to  traverse  to  reach  the  nearest 
river,  and  here  I  trusteil  myself  to  one  of  the  far-famed 
bitlnrkte.-:  Foitilhjhthj  lice.,  XLT,  3i«l. 

biddable  (bid'a-bl),  a.  [<  bid  +  -((///r.]  Obe- 
dient to  a  bidding  or  command ;  willing  to  do 
what  is  bidden  ;  complying;  docile. 

She  is  exeeedint;ly  attentive  and  useful;  .  .  .  indeed, 
I  never  .saw  a  more  biddabli'  woman. 

Dh-kcHv,  tiombey  and  Son,  viii. 
A  more  {gentle,  biddalih-  invalid  than  the  poor  fellow 
made  can  hardly  be  conceived. 

//.  Kiwislcif,  Ravenshoe,  xliv. 

biddance  (bid'ans),  «.  [<  bid  +  -ance.']  Bid- 
ding; invitation.     [Rare.] 

bidder  (bid't^r),  «.  [<  ME.  bidder,  bidderc  ; 
<  /)/(/,  ask,  offer,  +  -eA.']  One  who  bids;  spe- 
cifically, (»)  one  who  begs;  (i)  one  who  com- 
mands or  orders ;  (c)  one  who  asks  or  invites ; 
(d)  one  who  offers  to  pay  a  specified  price  for 
an  article,  as  at  a  public  auction. 

Jlidd>  IS  at  the  auction  Lif  popularity.  Durkf. 

biddery-ware  (bid'e-ri-war),  h.    Same  as  bidri. 

bidding   (bid'ing),  11.     [ME.  biddinij,  biddinijc  : 

verbal  n.  of  bid  in  both  the  original  senses.] 

1.  Invitation;  command;  order;  a  proclama- 
tion or  notifying. 

At  his  second  bidding  darkness  fled. 

Miltim,  P.  L.,  iii.  712. 
Tliey  had  ehalkeil  upon  a  slate  the  psalmes  that  were  to 
besuny:.  so  that  all  the  conjjregation  nuyht  see  it  without 
the  biddiil'j  of  a  Clcark.  Evdyn,  Diary,  .\uy.  19,  1041. 

Henry  .  .  .  nominated  Kichaftl  Henry  Lee  and  Gray- 
son for  the  two  senators  from  Virgiina,  and  they  were 
chosen  at  his  hiddia;/,  tlaiwro/t.  Hist.  Const.,  II.  354. 

2.  The  act  of  making  an  offer  at  an  auction: 

as.  the  biddiJif/  was  lively. 
bidding-prayer  (bicring-prar),  «.  [See  be- 
low.] IJii  England,  the  prayer  before  the  ser- 
mon. As  directed  in  the  .'i.".(h  canon  of  the  Chinch  of 
Euylantl,  this  is  a  form  in  which  the  preacher  calls  on  the 
congregation  to  pray  for  the  church  catholic,  the  sover- 
eign, and  dift'erent  estates  of  men.  A  similar  form  of 
prayer  preceding  the  sermon  has  been  in  use  since  long 
before  the  Reformation.  At  lirst  it  was  called  bidding  of 
the  beads  (literally,  praying  of  the  iirayci-s),  after  the 
RKfortnution  bidding/  of  the  etuninini  peaifers,  biddimj  {'>/) 
prai/ers  or  pra>ier{ihc  last  word  being  oiiject  of  the  hrst); 
but  after  the  sixteenth  century  the  word  bidiiimj  came 
U*  be  popularly  regarded  as  an  adjective,  or  the  pbr;ise  bid- 
dim/ /irrt,i/cr  as  a  quasi-compound,  a  praytrr  which  bid.s  oi- 
directs  what  is  to  be  prayed  for.  A  collect  is  now  i,'riuTally 
substituted  for  the  bidding-prayer  (ami  sometimes  called 
by  the  same  name),  but  on  special  occasions,  ami  in 
cathedrals  and  at  university  sermons,  the  bidding-prayer 
is  always  used.  Liturgiologists  often  ilesignate  the  dea- 
con's litanies  of  the  primitive  and  the  Greek  Church  as 
bidditi{/-praycr8.    See  ectetie  and  titan;/. 

Our  people,  as  of  yore,  may  all  join  their  priest  and 
say  along  with  him,  before  he  begins  his  sermon,  the 
truly  Catholic  petitions  of  the  biddiinhpraiter. 

Iliiek,  Church  of  onr  F'athers,  ii.  354. 

biddyl  (bid'i), )(.;  \t\.  biddies  (-\z).  [E.  dial,  and 
U.  S.,  perhaps  of  imitative  origin.  Cf.  cUicka- 
biddi/.~\     A  familiar  name  for  a  hen. 

Biddy-  (bid'i),  «.  [Dim.  of  liridget,  a  fem. 
proper  name,  usually  given  in  honor  of  St. 
ISridget  (Ir.  and  Gael,  llrit/liid  (Kcn.  ISrit/liidc, 
Bride,  whence  the  form  St.  Bride),  <  briijh, 
strength),  who  lived  in  Ireland  in  the  5th  ami 
6th  centuries.]  An  Irish  female  domestic;  a 
servant-girl.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

bide  (bid),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bode,  ppr.  bidinii. 
[<  ME.  Iiideii,  <  AS.  bidan  (pret.  bud,  pi.  bidim, 
pp.  bidcn)  =  OS.  6it/((H  =OFries.  bida=  I),  bci- 


547 

<fcn  =  OHQ.  bitnv,MB.(i.  biten,  G.  dial.  beiten  = 
Icel.  hidha  =  Sw.  bida  =  Dan.  hie  =  Goth.  b<i- 
daii,  wait.  Vt.  Ir.  feitliiiii,  I  wait,  =  Gael,  feilli, 
wait.  See  abided  and  abode.]  I.  iiitrans.  If. 
To  remain  in  e.\pcctatiou  ;  wait. — 2.  To  be  or 
remain  in  a  place  or  state ;  wait. 

In  whose  cold  blood  no  spark  of  honour  bideif. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
Safe  in  a  ditch  he  bidex, 
With  twenty  trenched  gashes  on  his  head. 

Shak.,  ilaclieth,  iii.  4. 
3.  To  dwell ;  reside. 

All  knees  to  thee  shall  bow,  of  them  that  bide 
In  heaven,  or  earth,  or  under  earth  in  hell. 

Ulilliin,  V.  L.,  iii.  :m. 
.\iu\  Lancelot  saw  that  she  withheld  her  wish. 
And  boite  among  them  yet  a  little  space 
Till  he  should  learn  it. 

Tennynon,  Laucehit  and  Klaine. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  wait  for;  await. 

He  has  the  elements  of  greatness  within  him,  and  he 
patiently  biden  his  time.  Prescott. 

I  will  bide  you  at  King  Trjggve'a  hill 
Outside  the  citv  gates. 

Il'i7(i<i»i  M»n-i.i.  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  !). 

2.  To  endure;  suffer;  bear. 

Poor  naked  wretches,  wheresoe'er  you  are. 
That  bide  the  pelting  of  this  pitiless  storm. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 
<)h,  humble  me  !  I  cannot  bide  the  joy 
That  in  my  Saviour's  presence  ever  flows. 

Jvnets  Very,  Poems,  p.  5s. 

Bidens  (bi'denz),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  hidens,  having 
two  teeth:  see  bident.]  1.  A  genus  of  herba- 
ceous composite  plants,  closely  related  to  Dah- 
lia and  to  Coreoiisis,  having  achenes  armed 
with  two  or  more  rigid,  persistent,  retrorsely 
barbed  awns.  They  are  coarse,  useless  weeds,  but 
some  of  the  species  have  cctuspicuous  yellow  flowers  and 
are  known  as  bur-marigoUls.  The  persistency  with  which 
the  achenes  adhere  to  clothing  and  the  coats  of  animals 
has  given  rise  to  the  connnon  name  of  beyitafH-tieka  or 
betfftar's-lice.  The  root  and  seeds  of  B.  bipinnata,  known 
as  Siianish  needles,  have  had  an  ill-founded  reinUation  as 
enunenagogues  aiul  as  a  remedy  for  .acute  bronchial  aJlcc- 
tions. 

2.  In  :o<H.,  a  genus  of  hawks  with  two-toothed 
beak ;  same  as  LHodon  ovMarpagus  (which  see). 
Spix,  1834. 

bident  (bi'deut),  n.  [<  L.  biden{l-)s,  OL.  diii- 
((('«(/-).v,  with  two  teeth,  <  bi-,  dui-,  =  E.  twi-, 
two-,  +  den{t-)s  =  E.  tooth.  Ci.  trident.]  1. 
In  arelia'ol.,  an  instrument  or  a  weapon  with 
two  prongs.  Hence  —  2.  Any  two-pronged  in- 
strument. 

The  conversion  of  the  bident  into  a  trident,  by  which, 
instead  of  two,  you  chalk  three  for  one. 

t'vote,  in  Jon  Bee's  Samuel  Foote,  cv. 

bidental  (bi-den'tal),  «.  [<  L.  bide>t(t-)s,  ■with 
two  teeth  (see  6irff«0.  +  -«?.]  8ameas6(rfe«fa/e. 

bidental  (bi-den'tal),  H.  [L.,  so  called  from 
the  animal  sacrificed  at  its  consecration  (<  bi- 
dc>i{t-)s,  an  animal  for  sacrifice  whose  two  rows 
of  teeth  are  complete),  or  from  the  forked  light- 
ning (a  sense  of  bidental  in  ML.),  <  bideu(t-)s, 
with  two  teeth  or  prongs :  nee  bident.]  Inltom. 
antiq.,  a  monument  marking  a  place  that  had 
been  struck  by  lightning.  It  consisted  of  a  wall,  ii..t 
roofed,  carried  around  the  site,  which  was  considered 
to  be  sacred  and  neither  to  be  trodden  nor  looked  upon, 
and  often  resembled  a  raised  well-curb.  Such  moiunnenls 
were  consecrated  by  the  pontiffs,  or,  later,  by  the  harus- 
pices,  by  the  sacrifice  of  a  sheep  or  other  victim,  and 
were  probably  given  in  charge  of  guardians,  themselves 
called  hident,il,'s. 

bidentate  (bi-den'tat),  a.  [<  L.  bidcn(t-)s,  hav- 
ing two  teeth  (see  bident),  +  -rtfcl.]  Having 
two  teeth  or  processes  like  teeth ;  two-toothed. 
Other  forms  are  bidcntated,  bidental,  bidential, 
and  (rarely)  Indented. 

bidential  (bi-den'shal),  a.     Same  as  bidentate. 

bidenticulate  (bi-den-tik'u-lat),  a.  [<  bi--  + 
denlirulate.  Cf.  bidentate.]  Having  two  mi- 
nute teeth. 

bidery  (bid'e-ri),  »i.     See  bidri. 

bidet  (bi-det' ;  P.  pron.  bo-da'),  n.  [<  F.  bi- 
det (>prob.  It.  bidetto),  a  small  horse;  of  im- 
known  origin.]  1.  A  small  horse;  formerly, 
in  the  British  army,  a  horse  allowed  to  each 
trooper  or  dragoon  for  carrying  his  baggage. 

For  joy  of  which  I  will  .  .  .  mount  my  bidet  in  a  dance, 
and  curvet  up<Mi  my  curtal.  B.  Juiuion,  Chloridia. 

2.  The  basin  of  a  water-closet  so  made  that, 
in  addition  to  the  ordinary  places  of  entrance 
of  water-  and  discharge-pipe,  there  is  a  contri- 
vance for  washing  or  administering  injections: 
sometimes  made  as  a  separate  article  of  bed- 
room furniture. 

bid-hook  (bid'hiik),  n.  [A  variant  of  bead- 
Aoo/.-.]     \aat.,  a  small  kind  of  boat-hook. 

bidigitate  (bi-dij'i-tat),  a.  [<  bi--  -I-  digitate.] 
Having  two  digits,  or  two  linger-like  processes. 


blensSance 
biding  (bi'dlng),  V.   [<  ME.  biding,  bi/di/ng :  ver- 
bal n.  of  bide.]      1.  An  awaiting;  expectation. 
—  2.  Kesidence;  habitation. 

At  Antwerp  has  my  constant  bidiiifj  been. 

Itowe,  jane  Shore,  i.  2. 
bidiri,  ".     See  bidri. 

bidogyn  (bi-do'gin),  ».    [W.,  a  dagger:  see  un- 
der/»<(//.i».]     In  Celtic  aiitii/.,  a  dagger. 
bidri,  bidry,  bidree  (bid'ri,  l)id-re').  «.    [An- 

glo-In<l.,  also  hidrri/,  bidiri,  <  Hind,  bitlri,  < 
Bidar,  a  town  in  the  state  of  Hyderabad,  In- 
dia.] A  kind  of  ornamental  metal-work  of  In- 
dia, consisting  essentially  of  damascening  of 
silver  upon  some  metal  ground  which  is  made 
black  by  coating  it  with  certain  chemicals.  The 
alloy  used  as  the  basis  of  the  danniscene  w<u'k  varies  in 
composition  in  different  localities  ;  it  m.ay  be  either  bronze 
or  bra.ss,  in  the  latter  case  smnetimes  containing  a  very 
large  percentage  of  zinc.     Also  calletl  bidderit-irare. 

bidri-ware,  bidri-'work,  ".    Same  as  bidri. 

bid-standt  (bid'stand),  «.  A  cant  term  for  a 
highwayman. 

Why,  I  tell  you,  sir :  he  has  been  the  only  Bid-Mtand 

that  ever  kept   Ncwnnirket,  Salisbury-plain,  Hockley  i' 

the  Hole,  Gads-hill,  and  all  the  high  jilaccs  of  any  request. 

B.  Jiinann,  r.vcry  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iv.  4. 

biduous  (bid'u-us),  a.  [<  L.  biduus,  <  bi-,  two-, 
-I-  dies,  day.]  Lasting  two  days  only,  as  some 
flowers. 

bieberite  (l)e'ber-it),  ».  [<  Bieber  (see  def.)  -t- 
-itc-.]  Nat  i  ve  cobalt  sulphate  or  cobalt  vitriol : 
a  decomposition-product  of  other  cobalt  min- 
erals found  at  Bieber,  near  Frankfort-ou-the- 
Main. 

bielaga.n.  The  Russian  sturgeon,.JeJ;)ensec  huso. 

bield  (held),  n.  [Now  oidy  North.  E.  and  So., 
in  Sc.  also  written  beild,  biet :  early  mod.  E. 
bield,  beeld,  etc.,  <  ME.  beeld,  beld,  b'etde,  <  AS. 
bgldo  (=  OHG.  baldi,  MUG.  belde  =  Goth,  bal- 
thei),  boldness,  courage,  <  beald,  bold:  see  bokl.] 
It.  Boldness;  courage;  confidence;  feeling  of 
security. —  2t.  Resource;  help;  relief;  means 
of  help  or  relief ;  support ;  sustenance. 

For  fuid  thou  gettis  naue  uther  beild. 
But  eit  the  herbis  upon  the  field. 

Sir  D.  Lijndmy,  X'he  .Monarchie,  L  1087. 

3.  Shelter;  refuge;  protection. 

Tills  bosom  soft  shall  be  thy  beeld. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xvi.  49. 

The  random  beild  o'  clod  or  stane.  Burnt. 

Folk  maun  bow  to  the  bush  that  they  seek  beild  fnie. 

Ilo</ij,  Brownie,  ii.  197. 

4.  A  place  of  shelter. 

These  evil  showers  make  the  low  bush  better  than  no 
beild.  .Seott.  Monastery,  I.  iii. 

bield  (beld),  V.  [Now  only  North.  E.  and  Sc, 
in  Sc.  also  written  beild,  biet,  etc.;  early  mod. 
E.  bield,  beeld,  etc.,  <  ME.  beelden,  belden,  <  AS. 
bieldan,  bijldan  (=  OS.  behljtin  =  OHG.  balden, 
MHG.  belden  =  Goth,  balthjan,  intr.),  make 
bold,  <  beald,  bold:  see  bold,  a.,  and  cf.  bold, 
«'.]  I.  trans.  It.  To  make  bold;  give  courage 
or  confidence  to. — 2.  To  defend;  protect;  shel- 
ter. 
Scorn  not  the  bush  that  beilds  you. 

Scott,  Monastery,  I.  xiv. 

Il.t  in  trans.  To  be  bold  or  confident;  grow 
bold  or  strong. 
bieldy  (bel'di),  a.     [Sc,  also  written  beildy,  < 
bield  +  -(/.]     Sheltered  from  the  weather;  af- 
fording slielter. 

His  honour  being  under  hiding  lies  a'  day,  and  whiles 
a'  night,  in  the  cove  in  the  dern  hag ;  .  .  .  it's  a  beitdy 
enough  I»it.  Scott,  Waverley,  II.  xxviii. 

biemarginate  (bi-e-mUr'ji-nat),  a.  [<  bi--  + 
niianiiniite.]  In  entoni.,  ha\ing  two  emargina- 
tions  or  concavities  in  the  margin. 

bien,  bienly,  bienness.    See  bein,  etc. 

biennial  (lu-en'i-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  biennium, 
a  space  oi^  two  years,  <  biennis,  lasting  t'wo  yeare 
(>  biennalis,  adj.),  <  bi-  -f  annus,  year:  see  W-2 
and  annual.]  I.  a.  1.  Happening  or  taking 
place  once  in  two  years:  as,  biennial  games. 

I  consider  biennial  elections  as  a  security  that  the  soljer 
second  thought  of  the  people  shall  be  law.      A  him  (1788). 

2.  Continuing  or  lasting  for  two  years;  changed 
or  renewed  every  two  years:  said  especially  of 
plants. 

H.  H.  1.  A  plant  which  requires'^wo  seasons 
of  growth  to  produce  its  flowers  and  fruit, 
growing  one  year  and  flowering,  fruiting,  and 
d)ing  the  next. — 2.  An  exercise,  as  a  college 
examination,  occurring  once  in  two  years. 
Sometimes  also  hisannual. 

biennially  (bi-cn'i-al-i),  adr.  Once  in  two 
years;  at  the  return  of  two  years. 

bienseance  (F.  pron.  byau-sa-oiis'),  «.  [F.,  < 
bienseant,  becoming,  seemly,  <  hien  (<  L.  bene), 
well,  +  scant,  becoming,  seemly,  lit.  sitting, 


biens6ance 

ppr.  of  scoir,  sit,  befit,  <  L.  scderc  =  E.  sif] 
Deceiu-y;  decorum;  propriety;  seemliness. 

The  rule  of  observing  whiit  tlie  French  call  the  bien- 
scfiitce  ill  an  allusion  lu^s  been  found  out  of  later  years, 
ami  in  tlie  colder  regions  of  the  world. 

Addison,  Spectator,  Ko.  ICO. 
lie  l.'^ir  Robert  Peel]  scarcely  ever  olfcndcd  against 
Dither  the  conventional  or  the  essential  biemeauceg  of  so- 
ciety. II'.  li.  Gir;i,  Misc.  Essays,  2d  scr.,  p.  219. 
bienvenuet  (F.  pron.  byau-ve-nii'),  n.  [Early 
moil.  K.  also  hciiroiuc,  ME.  hicnveuu,  <  OF. 
(and  F.)  Iiiciiroiiie,  <  bicii,  well,  +  vciiii,  com- 
ing, pp.  of  rcnir,  <  L.  venire,  come.]  1.  Wel- 
come. 

They  by  this  liave  met  him. 
And  given  him  the  biemenu. 

Massinger,  The  Picture,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  fee  exacted  from  a  new  workman  by  his 
fellows,  especially  iu  printing-offices. 

A  new  bien  penu,  or  sum  for  drink,  was  demanded  of 
me  by  the  compositors.  I  thousrht  it  an  imposition,  as  I 
had  paid  it  below  (to  the  i)ressmen). 

Franklin,  Autttbiography. 

bier  (ber),  H.  [The  present  spelling  is  perhaps 
in  imitation  of  the  F.  biere  ;  early  mod.  E.  reg. 
beer,  <  ME.  beerc,  beer,  bere,  <  AS.  bar  {= 
OFries.  bere  =  OS.  bdra  =  D.  baar  =  OHG. 
bara,  MHG.  bare,  G.  bahre  (>  Pr.  bcra  =  F. 
biere)  =  Icel.  barar,  mod.  boriir,  pi.,  =  Sw. 
b&r  =  Dan.  baurc),  a  bier,  <  bcran  (pret.  bwr, 
pi.  bSron),  bear.  Cf.  L.  feretrum,  <  Gr.  (pipcrpov, 
and  E.  barrow",  from  the  same  ult.  root.  See 
ftefli'l.]  If.  A  frame,  usually  of  wood,  on  which 
to  carry  a  load;  a  barrow;  a  litter;  a  stretch- 
er. Specifically  — 2.  A  framework  on  which  a 
corpse,  or  the  coffin  containing  it,  is  laid  be- 
fore burial ;  also,  one  on  which  it  is  carried  to 
the  grave  by  hand. 

After  ilass  was  done,  the  priest  walked  down  and  stood 
by  the  bier  whereon  lay  stretched  the  corpse. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  306. 

3.  A  count  of  forty  threads  in  the  warp  or 
chain  of  woolen  cloth.     Imp.  Diet. 

bier-balkt  (ber'biik),  n.  [<  bier  +  balk'^-,  a 
ridge,  a  path.]  A  balk  left  in  a  field  for  the 
passage  of  funerals. 

A  broad  and  sufficient  bier-balk. 

HoiuiUjfor  Rogation  Week,  iv. 

bier-right  (ber'rit),  n.  An  ancient  ordeal,  in 
which  those  who  were  suspected  or  accused  of 
murder  were  required  to  approach  and  touch 
the  corpse  of  the  mui'dered  person  as  it  lay  on 
the  bier,  if  when  touched  the  corpse  bled,  this  was 
snpposeil  to  indicate  the  guilt  of  the  person  touching  it. 
biest,  Westings,  »■  See  beestings. 
bietle  (be'tl),  «.  [Amer.  Ind.]  A  kind  of 
jacket,  made  of  an  entire  deer-skin,  worn  by 
tlie  women  of  the  Apaches.  X.  Hamilton,  Mex. 
Handbook,  p.  49. 
bifacial  (bi-f a' shial),  «.  \<  bi-^  +  facial.']  1. 
Having  the  opposite  surfaces  alike. —  2.  In  bot., 
ha^'ing  the  opposite  faces  unlike :  as,  the  bi- 
facial arrangement  of  the  parenehj-ma  or  gi'cen 
"pulp  upon  the  two  faces  of  a  leaf.  Also  dorsi- 
ventral. —  3.  Having  two  fronts  or  principal 
faces ;  specifically,  having  two  human  faces 
turned  in  opposite  directions,  as  a  medal  or  an 
image. 
bifara  (bif'a-ra),  )(.  [It.,  also  biffara,  pifara, 
piiffero,  a  pipe :  see  pipe.]  In  organ-buildinii,  a 
stop  the  pipes  of  which  are  either  two-mouthed 
or  sounded  in  pairs,  and  are  so  tuned  that  the 
two  tones  emitted  differ  slightly  in  pitch,  thus 
producing  a  wavy  tone.  Also  called  piffero, 
unihi  maris,  celestiiia,  etc. 
bifarious  (bi-fa'ri-us),  n.  [<  L.  hifarius  (= 
Gr.  iii^daioc),  twofold,  <  hi-  +  -farius,  <  fa-ri 
(=  Gr.  <pii-rai),  speak.  Cf.  multifarious.]  Di- 
vided into  two  parts  ;  double  ;  twofold.  Specifi- 
cally—(a)  In  bot.,  jiointingin  two  ways,  or  arranged  in  two 
opposite  rows,  as  leaves  that  grow  only  on  opposite  sides 
of  a  branch.  (/*)  In  zooL,  two-rowed ;  two-ranked  ;  dis- 
tichous or  ilichotoinous,  as  the  hairs  of  a  squirrel's  tail, 
or  the  wel)S  of  a  feather. 

bifariously  (bi-fa'ri-us-li),  adv.  In  a  bifarious 
manner. 

bifasciate  (bi-fas'i-at),  a.  [ibi-"^  +  fascinte.] 
In  :o(H.,  having  two  transverse  or  encircling 
bands  of  color. 

Bifaxaria  (bi-fak-sa'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <LL.  bifax, 
two-faced,  <  hi-,  two-,  +  fades,  face.]  A  genus 
of  polyzoans  with  two  rows  of  cells  facing  in 
opposite  directions,  typical  of  the  family  Bifax- 
ariid(v. 

Bifaxariidse  (bi-fak-sa-ri'i-de),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
liifiuarm  -t-  -idtr.]  A  family  of  chilostomatous 
poly  zoans,  typified  by  the  genus  Bifaxa  ria .  The 
cilafy  or  zoariuni  is  rigid,  biserial,  and  variously  branched  ; 
tile  cells  or  zotecia  are  alternate,  clo.sely  connate  back  Ut 
back,  and  facing  in  opposite  directions.  Eleven  existing 
species  are  known. 


648 

biferous  (bif 'e-ms),  n.  [<  L.  bifcr,  bearing  twice 
(<  hi;  twice, '+  ferre  =  E.  hear^),  +  -ous.]  In 
hot.,  bearing  flowers  or  fruit  twice  a  year,  as 
some  plants  in  warm  climates. 

biflSn  (bif'in),  II.  [Also  spelled  beefiii,  becfen 
(and,  l)y  a  false  etym.,  bcauftn,  as  if  <  1''.  beau, 
beautiful,  -I-  fii,  line);  a  dial,  corruption  of 
bccfinij,  <  beef  +  -iny :  so  called  from  tlie  red 
color  of  the  apple.]  1.  An  excellent  cooking- 
apple  cultivated  in  England,  especially  in  the 
county  of  Norfolk.  It  is  often  sold  in  a  dried 
and  lliittcned  condition.  Hence  —  2.  A  baked 
aiJjile  crushed  into  a  flat  round  cake. 

bifid  (bi'fid),  a.  [<  L.  bifidus,  forked,  <  6/-,  two-, 
-I-  findere  (Jid-),  cleave,  divide,  =  E.  hite,  q.  v.] 
Cleft  or  divided  into  two  parts ;  forked,  as 
the  tongue  of  a  snake ;  specifically,  in  hot., 
divided  half-way  down  into  two  parts;  open- 
ing with  a  cleft ;  divided  by  a  linear  sinus,  with 
straight  margins. 

It  will  be  observed  that  each  of  the  simple  cells  has 
a  bind  wart-like  projection  of  the  cellulose  wall  on  either 
side.  ir.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  263. 

Bifid  Circle,  a  circle  cut  at  the  extremities  of  a  diameter 
b>'  anotbd  <  in  le,  in  regard  to  which  it  is  said  to  be  bijid. 
—  Bifid  substitution,  in  matti.,  a  substitution  relating 
to  pairs  oi  S  letters  as  elements,  and  proceeding  by  the 
rule  that  the  whole  8  are  to  be  distinguished  into  2  sets 
of  i,  and  that  every  pair  both  members  of  which  belong 
to  the  same  set  of  4  is  to  be  replaced  by  the  other  pair 
of  the  same  set  of  4,  while  the  rest  of  the  pairs  remain 
unchanged. 

bifldate,  bifidated  (bif'i-dat,  -da-ted),  a.  [<  L. 
hifidatiis,  equiv.  to  bifidus:  see  bifid.]  Same 
as  bi/id.     [Kare.] 

bifidi'ty  (bi-fid'i-ti),  «.  [<  bifid  +  -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  bifid. 

bifllar  (bi-fi'liir),  a.  and  h.  [<  fti-2  +  filar,  < 
L._/(7«>H,  thread:  see  file^.]  I.  a.  Two-thread- 
ed ;  having  two  threads — Blfilar  magnetometer, 
an  instrument  invented  in  1837  liy  the  uiatlleniaticiaii 
Oanss,  depending  on  the  use  of  the  bifllar  suspension.— 
Bifilar  suspension,  an  important  contrivance  for  mea- 
.siirini;  iinri/niit;il  .  uuples  or  forces  of  rotation,  first  used 
in  tile  Ijililar  uui^netometer.  The  needle,  bar,  disk,  or 
other  body  which  the  couple  to  be  measured  is  to  turn  is 
suspended  at  equal  distances  from  and  on  opposite  sides 
of  its  center  of  gravity  by  two  equally  long  threads  from 
two  fi.xed  points  on  one  higher  level.  Thus,  under  the 
influence  of  gravity  alone,  the  suspended  body  comes  to 
equilibrium  with  the  two  threads  in  a  vertical  plane. 
When  it  is  turned  through  any  angle  about  a  vertical 
axis  through  its  center,  its  weight  tends  to  restore  it  to 
its  original  position ;  and  the  moment  of  this  force  of 
restitution  can  be  accurately  calculated  from  the  lengths 
of  the  threads,  the  disUinces  of  their  attachments,  and 
the  weight  of  the  suspended  body.  This  moment  in- 
creases with  the  angle  of  displacement  up  to  90' ;  conse- 
quently, if  the  force  to  be  measured  is  not  too  great,  it 
will,  when  it  is  applied,  bring  the  suspended  body  to  equi- 
lilu-ium  in  a  new  puaition,  the  inclination  of  which  from 
the  tdd  p<isitit)n  Iteini;  ob.served  affords  the  means  of  calcu- 
lating tlu-  niagiiitude  of  tlie  force. 
II.  II.  A  micrometer  fitted  with  two  threads. 

bifilarly  (bi-tl'lar-li),  adv.  In  a  bifilar  man- 
ner ;  by  means  of  two  threads :  as,  "  supported 
hiiilarli/,"  .S.  P.  Thompson,  Elect,  and  Mag.,  p. 
298. 

bifistular,  bifistulous  (bi-fis'tn-lar,  -lus),  a. 
[</;/--  +  fistular,  fistulous.]  Having  two  tubes 
or  channels. 

biflabellate  (bi-fla-bel'at),  a.  [<  bi-^  -[-  flabel- 
late.]  In  cntom.,  having  short  joints,  as  an 
antenna,  each  provided  on  two  opposite  sides 
with  a  very  long,  somewhat  flattened  process, 
the  processes  Ijdng  close  together,  so  that  the 
whole  organ  is  somewhat  fau-Uke.  It  is  an 
extreme  modification  of  the  bipeetinate  tvpe. 

biflagellate  (bi-fla-jeriit ),  a.  [<  ft/-2  +  jlagel- 
hiin.  +  -flfel.]  Having  two  whip-like  appen- 
dages or  flagella:  as,  a  bifiaijelhite  infusorian. 

The  '•  hooked  Monad  "  is  another  bi-jlagellntc  form. 

W.  -/>.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  420. 

bifiecnode  (bi-flek'nod),  n.  [Irreg.<  L.  hi-,  twice, 

+  fiec{tere),  bend,  -1-  nodus,  node.]    In  matli.,  a 

node  or  point  at  which  a  curve  crosses  itself, 

and  which  is  at  the  same 

time  a  point  of  inflection,  or 

a  point  where  the  direction 

of    the    bending     changes. 

This  is  a  singularity  foimd 

among  quartic  and  higher 

curves. 
biflorate  (bi-flo'rat),  a.     [< 

hi--  +  florate.]     In  bot.,  bearing  two  flowers. 
biflorous  (bi-flo'ms).  a.    [<  NL.  hiflorus,  <  L.  hi-, 

two-,  -t-  Jlos  (flor-),  flower.]  Same  as  hifiorati: 
bifocal  {bi-f6'kal),«.    l<  hi-'^  +  focal]    Ha\-ing 

two  foci. 
bifoil  (bi'foil),   n.     [<   ?-(-2  -I-  ,,,,73,  leaf.]     An 

old  and  synonymous  name  of  the  British  plant 

twavblade,  Listcra  ovata. 
bifol'd  (bi'fold),  a.     [<  6i-2  +  -fold.]     Twofold  ; 

double ;  of  two  kinds,  degrees,  etc. 


Biflecnode. 


big 

O  madness  of  discourse. 
That  cause  sets  up  with  and  against  thyself ! 
Hi/old  authority  !  .bViat.,  T.  anil  C,  v.  2. 

bifolia,  n.     I'liiral  of  bifolium. 
bifoliate  (bi-iii'li-at),  rt".     [<.  bi-^  +  foliate.]     In 

liiit.,  liaving  two  leaves, 
bifoliolate  (bi-f6'li-o-la,t),  a.     [<  bi--   +  folio- 
late.]     In  hot.,  liaviug  two  leaflets:  applied  to 
a  compound  leaf. 
bifolium  ( bi-fo'li-um),  «.;  pi.  bifolia  (-a).    [NL., 

<  L.  hi-,  two-,  -hfoliuiii,  leaf.]  In  math.,  a  plane 
curve  having  two  folia  or  depressions.  See  cut 
under  liitaiK/int. 

bifollicular  (bi-fo-lik'u-liir),  a.  [<  6i-2  -{■  fol- 
licular.] In  bot.,  having  a  double  follicle,  as 
apocynaceous  plants. 

biforate  (bi-fo'rat),  a.  [<  L.  bi-  -i-  foratu-s,  pcr- 
forati'il,  pp.  of  forare  =  E.  bore^.]  In  bot., 
having  two  pores  or  perforations,  as  the  an- 
thers of  a  rhododendron.     Also  biforous. 

biforine  (bif'o-rin),  n.  [<  L.  biforis,  two- 
doored,  <  hi-,  two-,  +  foris^E.  door.]  In  hot., 
a  minute  oval  sac  found  in  the  interior  of  the 
green  pulpy  part  of  the  leaves  of  some  araee- 
ous  plants,  with  an  aperture  at  each  end  thi'ough 
which  rapliiiles  are  expelled. 

Biforipalla  (bi-fo-ri-parii),  ».  [NL.,  <  L.  bi-, 
two-,  -I-  J'oris  =  E.  door,  +  palta,  mantle.] 
An  order  of  liivalve  mollusks,  supposed  to  be 
distinguished  by  having  two  openings  in  the 
mantle,  one  for  the  foot  and  the  other  for  ex- 
crement. It  was  thus  based  on  a  misconception. 
Its  constituents  were  the  Mi/tilacea  and  Saija- 
dcs.     Littreillc. 

biforked  (bi'forkt),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  forced.  Cf. 
bifurcate.]  Ha's-ing  two  forks  or  prongs  ;  two- 
forked:  as,  "a  biforked  beam,''  Southey. 

biform,  biformed  (bi'form,  -foi-md),  a.  [<  L. 
hifoniiis,  <  hi-,  two-,  -i-  forma,  shape.]  Having 
two  forms,  bodies,  or  shapes ;  double-bodied. 

biformity  (bi-for'mj-ti),  n.  [<  biform  +  -ity.] 
The  state  of  being  biform;  a  doubleness  of 
form. 

biforous  (bi-lo'rus),  a.     Same  as  6(/ora(e. 

bifoveolate,  bifoveolated  (bi-fo'vf-o-lat,  -la- 
ted),  a.  l<  hi--  -i- foreohite.]  In  oifom.,  hav- 
ing two  round  shallow  jiits  or  fovese  on  the 
surface. 

bifrons  (bi'fronz),  a.  [L. :  see  bifront.]  Same 
as  hifront. 

bifront  (bi'fnmt),  a.  [<  L.  bifron(,t-)s,  having 
two  foreheads  (an  epithet  of  Janus),  <  bi-,  two-, 
-I-  fron{t-)s,  forehead,  front.]  Having  two 
fronts  or  faces,  as  the  god  Janus. 

bifronted  (bi-fi-un'ted),  a.  [As  bifront  +  -ed^.] 
Same  as  bifront. 

bifurcate  (bi-fer'kat),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bifur- 
cated, ppr.  bifurcating.  [<  ML.  bifurcatus.  pp. 
adj.,  two-forked  (cf.  L.  bifurcus.  two-forked), 

<  ij.  bi-,  two-,  -\-  furcutus,  forked:  see  furcate.] 
To  divide  into  two  forks  or  branches. 

The  central  trunk  which  runs  up  the  foot-stalk  bifur- 
cates near  the  centre  of  the  leaf. 

Darunn,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  247. 

At  present  the  Gulf  Stream  bifurcates  in  mid-Atlantic, 
one  branch  passing  north-eastwards  into  the  Arctic  re- 
gions, whilst  the  larger  branch  turns  south-eastwards  by 
the  Azores.  ■/.  CruU,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  14S. 

bifurcate,  bifurcated  (bi-fer'kat,  -ka-ted),  a. 
[<  JIL.  bifurcatus :  see  the  verb.]  Two-forked; 
di^-ided  into  two  branches. 

bifurcately  (bi-fer'kat-U),  adv.  In  a  bifurcate 
niaiiner. 

bifurcation  (bi-fer-ka'shon).  n.  [<  bifurcate 
+  -ion.]  1.  A  forking  or  division  into  two 
branches;  separation  into  two  parts  or  things; 
in  optics,  same  as  double  refraction.  See  refrac- 
tion.—  2.  A  point  at  which  forking  occurs ;  one 
or  both  of  tlie  bifiu'cating  parts. 

bifurcous  (bi-fer'kus),  ".  [<  L.  bifurcus,  two- 
forked,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  furca,  a  fork.]  Same  as 
bifurcate. 

bigl  (big),  a.  [<  ME.  big.  bigg,  bigge,  hyg,  etc., 
powerful,  strong,  large ;  origin  unknown.  The 
E.  dial,  bug,  hog,  proud,  important,  self-suffi- 
cient, agrees  partly  in  sense,  but  appears  to 
be  unrelated:  see  bog'^,  hug-^.]  If.  Of  great 
streiigtli  or  power. — 2.  Having  great  size  ;  large 
in  bulk  or  magnitude,  absolutely  or  relatively. 
Melliinks  he  seems  no  bigger  than  his  head. 

Sliak.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 

The  world  wagged  on  in  its  accustomed  wjiy.  bringing 

all  manner  of  changes  big  and  little.  H'.  Black. 

3.  Great  with  yoimg;  pregnant:  ready  to  give 
birth;  hence,  figuratively,  full  of  something  im- 
portant ;  ready  to  produce ;  teeming. 

At  length  the  momentous  hour  arrives,  as  big  with  con- 
sequences to  man  as  any  that  ever  struck  in  his  history. 
Everett,  Orations,  p.  81. 


big 

4.  Distended;  full,  as  of  prief,  passion,  cour- 
age, determiuatiou,  goodness,  etc. 

Thy  heart  is  liitj ;  gel  thi;e  apart  utid  weep. 

.^hak.,  J.  C,  iii.  1, 
For  myself,  I  tliui  my  heart  too  l/ir/ ;  I  feel  I  have  not  pa- 
tience to  loolc  on,  wiiilst  yon  rnn  these  forliidden  eonrses. 
Ik'att,  (Hid  FL,  KinK  and  Xo  King,  iii.  a. 

5.  Tumid;  inflatod,  as  willi  pride;  hence, 
haughty  in  air  or  mien,  or  indicating  haughti- 
ness ;  pompous ;  proud ;  boastful :  as,  big  looks ; 
big  words. 

He  hcgan  to  look  biij^  aiul  take  migiitily  npon  liiin. 

SwiJ't,  i'ale  of  a  Tul),  iv. 

6.  Great  as  regards  influence,  standing,  wealth, 
etc.  [CoUoq.]  -  Big  game,  see  //nmci.  -  Big  tree, 
the  niainniotli  tree,  Si'</uirin  ;ti;ianti'ft,  found  on  tlie  slopes 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  eenti-al  California,  partienhirly  in 
the  "  I)i^'- tree  grove  ■■  in  Calaveras  county.  =SJT1.  2.  A(7 *>/<-, 
etc.  (sec  fin-at),  hnlky,  huge,  massive.— 6.  Lofty,  p<uni>ous, 
arroiiant,  important. 

big'-,  bigg'-^  (liig),  «'•     [<  ME.  higgcn,  biiggen,  < 
leel.  hi/ggjd,  older  form  hi/ggrit  (=  Sw.  hijijga 
=  Dun.  hijggf  =  AS.  hiiiini),  build,  dwell  in,  in- 
habit, a  secondary  form  of  buti  (prct.  pi.  hjitgyu) 
=  AS.  hriiiii,  dwell:  see  ho^,  buircr,  lioor.]     I. 
traits.    It.   To  inhabit;    occupy. —  2t.   Kellc.x- 
ively,  to  locate  one's  self. —  3.  To  build ;  erect ; 
fashion.     [Scotch  and  North.  Kug.] 
o  Iji-i'K-d  hac  they  a  higly  hour 
Fast  I'V  tile  loariii^;  Stroud. 
JiMC  the  li'il,  ttml'WIiite  l.illii,  in  Chillis  Ballads,  V.  174. 

II. t  iiitriiiis.  To  dwell;  have  a  dwelling. 

big-',  bigg-*  (big),  «.  [Se.  and  North.  E.,  more 
commonly  bigg,  early  mod.  E.  also  bi/gg,  bi/ggc, 
late  ME.  bi/gc,  <  Icel.  bi/gg  =  Sw.  bjiigg  —  Dan. 
bi/g,  barley,  =  AS.  hcuif,  grain,  ult.,  like  the 
remcjtcly  related  big",  bigg'^,  <  \/  hu,  grow,  be, 
Skt.  v'  hliK,  he,  Gr.  (pitalltu,  grow:  see  6(1.]  A 
kind  of  winter  barley  cultivated  in  northern 
Europe,  especially  in  Scotland ;  properly,  fom'- 
rowed  barley,  Ilordeum  vulgarc,  inferior  to  but 
hanlierthau  H.  hcxasticlinii,  of  which  it  is  some- 
times called  a  variety.     See  bear'^. 

biga  (bi'gii),  II.  [L.,  sing,  from  earlier  pi. 
biga\  a  pair  of  horses,  a  chariot  or  car  ih'awn 
by  them,  coutr.  of  bijiiga',  fem.  pi.  of  bijugus, 
yoked  two  together,  <  hi-,  two-,  +  jiiguin  =  E. 
yol.c.J  In  Iloiii.  antiq.,  a  chariot  or  car  drawn 
by  two  horses  abreast. 

bigamt  (big'am),  ".  [<  ME.  bigam,  <  OF.  big- 
tunc,  <  LL.  Ingiimus,  twice  married:  see  big- 
aiiig.J     A  bigamist. 

Some  parts  thereof  teaeh  ns  ordinances  of  some  apostle, 
as  the  law  of  bigamy,  or  .St.  Paul's  ordaining  that  a  bi<jam 
should  not  be  a  deacon  or  I)ric5t. 

/,'v'.  I'ffuck,  in  his  Life  by  J.  Lewis,  p.  28(1. 

bigamist  (big'a-mist),  «.  [<  bigiuiiij  ■¥  -ist.'\ 
One  wlio  has  committed  bigamy,  or  had  two 
or  more  wives  or  husbands  at  once. 

Lamech  the  prime  hitjamint  and  etuTuitter  of  nuiniage. 
Donne,  Hist,  of  the  Septuagint,  p.  202. 

bigamous  (big'a-mus),  a.  [<  LL.  bigamm: 
see  bigaiiiji.']  Of  or  pertaining  to  bigamy; 
guilty  of  bigamy;  involving  bigamy:  as,  a  big- 
amous marriage. 

And  very  good  reading  they  [the  novels  of  our  grand- 
mothers] were  too  in  tlieir  w.ay,  though  it  was  not  the 
way  of  the  bir/ainmut  and  murderous  school  that  has  come 
after  them.  X.  A.  Itci\,  CXXIII.  223. 

bigamy  (big'a-mi),  «.  [<  ME.  bigamic,  <  OF. 
bigiimic,  <  ML.  bigiiiiiia,  bigamy,  <  LL.  biiiamus, 
twice  married,  a  bigamist  (equiv.  to  (Jr.  iija/wr, 
>  ili-ja/iia,  bigamy),  <  L.  bi-  (=  Gr.  <!(-),  twice,  + 
yd/ioc,  marriage.]  1.  Literally,  double  mar- 
riage ;  remarriage  during  the  existence  of  a 
former  marriage;  in  luic,  the  offense  of  having 
two  or  more  wives  or  husbands  at  the  same 
time.  To  constitute  the  offense,  which  by  statute  law 
is  a  felony,  it  is  necessary,  by  the  law  of  many  jurisdic- 
tions, that  the  accused  should  have  actual  or  constructi\  r 
knowlcilge  that  the  first  wife  or  husband  was  slill  ii\in',' 
when  the  second  one  was  taken,  aiui  that  the  second  mar- 
riage should  have  been  one  solemnized  llndcrthe  forms  of 
law,  and  not  merely  an  informal  marriage  resting  4>n  the 
contract  of  the  parties,  or  their  holding  out  each  other  to 
the  world  jus  hiislt.-ind  ami  wife.  W'licre  these  elements  of 
knowledge  ami  of  formality  are  wanting,  the  sccoml  nujr- 
riage  is  still  generally  invaliil,  but  not  bigamous  in  the 
criminal  sense. 

2t.  Second  marriage ;  remarriage  of  a  widow 
or  vridower.  in  the  early  ehureli,  before  the  establish- 
ment of  clerical  celibacy,  such  remarriage  on  the  part  of 
a  UKin  wiis  generally  regarded  a-s  an  impediment  to  holy 
orders.  Marriage  with  a  widow  is  called  bi^a  my  1  ly  .shak- 
spere  in  Richard  III.,  iii.  7. 

bigarade  (big'a-rad),  «.  [F.]  The  bitter  or 
Seville  orange, Ci^niA'  Auraiitium,  variety  Biga- 
riiilia. 

bigaroon  (big-a-riin'),  II.  [With  term,  altered 
in  E.,  <  F.  bigui-rcaii,  white-heart  cherry  (cf. 
bigiirrurc,  motley,  medley,  mixture).  <  higiirrir, 
streak,  checker,  variegate;  of  disputed  origin.] 


549 

The  large  white-heart  cherry,  red  on  one  side 

and  white  on  the  other, 
bigaster  (lii-gas'ter),  II.    [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  Or. 

;(/f7r/,/.,  belly.]     Same  as  ftu'entcr. 
big-bellied  (biK'l>ol"i'l),  «•    1.  Having  a  large 

or  piotuberant  belly. 

He  IWilli.am  Rufus]  was  in  stature  somewhat  below  the 
usual  size,  and  bi(j-beUu'd.  ^wi/l,  Hist.  Kng. 

2.  Advanced  in  pregnancy.     [Vvdgar.] 
big-boned  (big'bomi),  «.     Having  large  bones; 

stout;  very  strong. 

Ilif/'boned,  and  large  of  limb,  with  sinews  strong. 

Dnjd*'n,  Pal.  and  Are.,  iii.  45. 

big-cornedt  (big'komd),  a.  Having  large  grains. 

The  strength  of  hi<i-cnrn'd  powder. 

Drydeii,  Annus  .Mirabilis,  ii.  149. 

Bigelovia  (big-e-16'\'i-ii),  11.  [NL.,  named  after 
Dr.  .lacob  Higclow  (17^7-1879),  a  i)hysieian  and 
botanist  of  Boston,  U.  S.  A.]  A  genus  of  Cimi- 
jMiifila',  nearly  related  to  Solidugo.  containing 
over  30  species,  natives  of  westeni  North  Amer- 
ica. They  are  m<istly  snlfrutcseent  or  shrubby,  with  nar- 
row and  entire  leaves,  and  small  rayless  heads  of  yellow 
flowers.  II.  veiifla,  from  the  borders  of  Mexico,  is  one 
of  the  s(unx'es  of  a  drug  called  d/iniiana. 

bigemina,  ".     Plural  of  hignninum. 

bigeminate,  bigeminated  (bi-jem'i-nat,  -na- 

ted),  n.  [<  hi--  -f-  giiiiiiiiitf.  Cf.  L.  higcmimi.s, 
doubled.]  Twin-forked;  doubly  jjaired;  bi- 
eon.jugate:  in  bot.,  said  of  a  de<'ompomid  leaf 
having  a  forked  petiole,  with  a  pair  of  leaflets 
at  the  end  of  each  division. 

bigeminum  (bi-jem'i-num),  )(.;  pi.  Jiigcmina 
(-nil).  [XL.,  neut.  of  L.  bigciiiinus,  doubled,  < 
hi-,  twice,  +  genii II u.f,  twin.]  One  of  the  cor- 
pora bigemina  or  twin  bodies  of  the  brain ;  one 
of  the  anterior  pair  (nates  cerebri)  of  the  cor- 
pora quath'igemina ;  one  of  the  optic  lobes, 
when  there  are  only  two,  instead  of  fom'  as  in 
the  higher  mammals.      Wilder. 

big-endian  (big-en'di-an),  II.  and  a.  I.  «.  A 
member  of  the  Lilliputian  party  in  Swift's 
"(jtUliver's  Travels"  who  maintained,  in  op- 
position to  the  little-viidians,  that  boiled  eggs 
shoiUd  bo  cracked  at  the  big  end ;  hence,  one  of 
any  con-esponding  set  of  dispnters  about  trifles. 
II.  «.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  big  end 
of  an  egg,  or  any  equally  foolish  matter,  as  a 
subject  of  controversy. 

bigener  (bi'je-ner),  n.  [L.,  hybrid,  mongrel,  < 
hi-,  two-,  +  genus (geiier-),  kind:  sec  gcniis.^  A 
cross  between  two  species  of  different  genera ; 
a  mule. 

bigeneric  (bi-je-ner'ik),  a.  [As  bigener -h -ic: 
see  /)(--  and  generic.']  Having  the  characters 
of  two  different  genera;  having  the  character 
of  a  bigener. 

bigential  (bi-jen'shal),  a.  [<  ML.  bigen(t-)s,  of 
two  nations,  <  hi-,  two-,  +  gen(i-)s,  a  nation.] 
Comprising  two  tribes  or  peoples. 

big-eye  (big'i),  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Priacan- 
tliiis  and  tamHy  Prittamtliidcc:  so  called  from 
its  very  large  round  eyes. 

big-foot  (big'fiit),  H.  [Tr.  of  the  generic  name 
.Megiijiuilius.'i  A  book-name  of  a  mound-bird 
of  the  genus  ilcgapodius. 

biggif,  <>■    -Aji  obsolete  spelling  of  big'^. 

bigg'-,  '■•     See  biifi. 

bigg'',  "■     See  bigi. 

biggah,  n.     See  bcga. 

biggen  (big'n),  r.  [<  big'i  -^  -c«l.]  I.f  trans. 
To  make  big ;  increase. 

II.  intra  lis:   1.   To  grow  big;  become  larger. 
[Dialectal.]  —  2.  To  gain  strength  after  con- 
finement.    [North.  Eug.] 
The  gossips  regularly  wish  the  lady  a  good  biijficning. 
iiruckelt.  North  Country  Words,  p.  16. 

bigger  (big'er),  n.     [<  big^,  higg^,  +  -ei-i.]    A 

builder.  [Scotch.] 
biggin'  (big'in).  II.  [^Uso  written  biggen,  big- 
gun,  early  mod.  E.  also  lii/ggcn,  hcgin,  <  OF.  be- 
giiiii.  mod.  F.  hcgiiin  =  It.  bcgliino,  a  cap,  so 
named  from  that  worn  by  the  nuns  called  lic- 
guiiies,  ME.  heginc,  beggin  (early  mod.  E.  bigin, 
biggdi/ne,  etc.):  see  Bcguiu.l  1.  A  child's  cap. 
—  2.  A  nightcap. 

Brow  with  homely  bi^inin  bound. 

Sliak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 
An  old  woman's  bigijin  ft)r  a  nightcap. 

Mdnyiiujer,  The  Picture,  iv.  2. 

3.  In  England,  the  coif  of  a  Serjeant  at  law. — 

4.  A  li(>ad-dress  worn  in  the  later  middle  ages, 
and  lliroughout  the  seventeenth  century,  by 
both  men  and  women.  That  worn  by  women 
was  broad  at  the  top,  with  projecting  comers, 
like  ears. 

biggin'-  (l>ig'in),  «.  [Another  form  of  piggin, 
q.  v.]     A  small  woodeu  vessel ;  a  can. 


biglandular 

biggin^  (big'in),  11.  [Nanietl  from  the  inventor, 
Mr.  liigeiin,  about  IHOO.]  A  kind  of  coffee-pot 
coutainmg  a  strainer  for  the  infusion  of  the 
coffee,  without  allowing  the  grounds  to  mix 
with  the  infusion.     A'.  K.  D. 

bigging  (big'ing),  «.  [Also  higgin,  <  ME.  big- 
giiig,  a  building,  <  higgcn,  btiild:  see  big'^.']  A 
building;  a  habitation;  a  home.  [Scotch  and 
North.  Eng.] 

biggont,  ".    -An  obsolete  spelling  of  biggin^. 

biggonet  (big'o-net),  H.  [Also  bigonet,  after 
e<iuiv.  OF.  Iieguinet ;  dim.  of  biggun,  higgin^,  a. 
v.]  A  cap  or  head-dress;  a  biggin.  [Scotch 
and  North.  Eug.] 

And  gi'e  to  me  my  bi;t(/onet. 

My  bishop's  satin  gown, 
For  I  nuiun  tell  the  bailie's  wife 

That  C4)lin'8  come  to  town. 

./ran  .Idam.^,  There's  nae  Luck. 

bigha  (big'ii),  «.     Same  as  bcga. 

bigbead  (blg'hed),  ».  A  local  name  of  aCali- 
foi'uian  species  of  scul])in,  Sedriianielitliij.s  inar- 
iiKinitiis,  a  fish  of  the  family  Cottidw.  Also  call- 
ed cabczon. 

bighorn  (big'h6m),  «.  1.  Tlie  Rocky  Moun- 
tain sheep,  Ori.f  montanu :  so  called  from  the 
immense  size  of  the  horns,  which  resemble  those 
of  the  argali,  but  are  shorter  and  comparatively 
stouter  and  not  so  spiral.  The  animal  in  other  re- 
spects resembles  and  is  closely  related  to  the  argali,  of 


Bigliom  of  tlie  Rocliy  Mountains  [Cnns  moHtana). 

which  it  is  the  American  representative.  In  color  it  is 
grayish-brown,  with  whitish  buttocks,  like  the  other  wild 
sheep.  It  staiuls  about  ;U  feet  high  at  the  withers,  and 
is  veiy  stoutly  built.  It  inhabits  the  higher  mountain 
ranges  of  the  western  I'nited  States  from  New  Mexico 
and  southern  California  UfU'thward,  down  nearly  or  quite 
to  sea-level  in  the  higher  latitmles,  and  is  abuikdant  in 
suitable  localities  in  Colorado,  Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho, 
etc.  It  is  nnich  hunted  for  its  flesh,  which  makes  excel- 
lent mutton.     Like  other  wild  sheep,  it  is  gi-egarioua. 

2.  The  great  fossil  Irish  elk  of  the  peat-bogs, 
Cerrus  niegaceros.     [Rare.] 

bight  (l)it),  n.  [<  JIE.  Iiifcht,  bij^t.  <  AS.  byht, 
a  bend,  a  corner  (=  P.  biiclit  =  (i.  hueht,  a  bay, 
bight,  =  Sw.  Dan.  hiigt,  bend,  bight  of  a  rope, 
a  bay);  cf.  hijge,  a  bend,  angle,  <  biigan  (pp. 
bogcii),  bend,  bow:  see  6oh'1,  and  cf.  the  ult. 
identical  E.  bought^,  bniit'^,  and  the  related  bail'^; 
a  ring,  hoop:  see  io»fl.]  If.  Abend  or  bend- 
ing; an  angle,  especially  in  a  living  body,  as 
of  the  elbow,  or  the  inward  bend  of  a  horse's 
chambrel,  or  the  bend  of  the  fore  knees. — 2. 
A  loop  of  a  rope,  in  distinction  from  the  ends; 
any  bent  part  or  turn  of  a  rope  between  the 
ends. 

They  put  the  bight  of  a  rope  ronnd  Ben's  neck  and  slung 
him  right  up  to  the  yard-arm. 

S.  0.  Jewett,  Deephaven,  p.  95. 

3.  A  narrow  bay  or  recess  in  a  sea-coast  be- 
tween comparatively  distant  headlands;  a  long 
and  gradual  bend  of  a  coast-line :  used  especial- 
ly in  the  names  Bight  of  Benin  and  of  Biafra 
in  Africa,  and  the  Great  Australian  Biglit  (on 
the  south  coast). 

The  spangle  dances  in  bi;iht  and  bay. 

Tennymn,  Sea- Fairies. 

On  the  warm  biy/ttit  of  the  Florida  shores. 

D.  G.  MiicluH.  Boinid  Together,  iii. 

4.  A  similar  bend  in  the  shore  of  a  river  or  a 
bay,  or  recess  in  a  mountain ;  a  bay-like  inden- 
tation.    [Rare.] 

In  the  very  bite  or  nook  of  the  bay  there  was  a  great 
inlet  of  water. 

Ih-  Fuf,  Voyage  around  the  World.    (jV.  B.  D.) 

Bowline  on  a  tight.    -See  bowline. 
bight  (bit),  I'.  <.    [<  bight,  n.l   To  fold  or  double 

so  as  to  make  one  or  more  bights, 
biglandular   (bi-glan'du-ljir),  ((.      [<  W-2  -I- 

glandular.]     Having  two  glands. 


biglot 

biglot  (bi'glot),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  f!r.  j/urrn, 
toiifiue.]  In  two  languages ;  bilingmil.  N.E.I). 
[Hiirp.] 
biglyt  (big'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  Inqhi.  powerfully, 
bravely;  <  lii(i^  +  -?.'/-.]  In  a  tumid,  swelling, 
blustering  manner;  hauglitily;  arrogantly. 
Ill-  liiawlcth  hiribj.  Sir  T.  Mnrr,  Works,  p.  "01. 

bigmouth  (big'mouth),  It.  A  fish  of  tlie  family 
Ccuimrcliiihv,  Cliirnfibryttn.sfinloxutt.  Also  called 
trarmouth.  See  out  under  Cviitrarchida: 
bigness (big'ues),  «.  [<  fcfV/l  +  -)»*•.<.]  Tlie  state 
or  quality  of  being  big;  largeness  of  jiropor- 
tions;  size,  whether  large  or  small;  bulk,  ab- 
solute or  relative. 

Hjiyle  of  suchc  byjnesse  that  it  slewe  both  men  and 
heestjs.  Fabyan,  I.  2;i8. 

Their  legs  are  both  of  a  bigness.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
The  bigness  and  uncouth  deformity  of  the  camel. 

Sir  R.  L'Estrangc. 
Larpe  oak,  walnut,  hickory,  ash,   beech,  poplar,  and 
maii>'  other  sorts  of  timber,  of  surprising  bi(fius». 

Beverleii,  Virginia,  ii.  ^  2. 

Bignonia  (big-no'ni-a),  ti.  [NL.,  named  after 
Biguon.  librarian  to  Louis  XV.]  A  genus  of 
plants  of  many  species,  natm-al  order  Biijiio- 
niaccw,  natives  of  the  warmer  portions  of  the 
new  world.  Xlie  species  are  cliaracterized  by  a  twin- 
ing or  climbing  stem,  frequently  in  tlie  tropics  reacliing 
the  tops  of  tlie  liighest  trees,  with  divided  leaves  anil  often 
magnificent  trumpet-shaped  flowers.  In  the  stems  of 
some  species  the  wood  is  so  arranged  as  to  have  a  cross- 
like  appearance  in  section.  The  most  northern  species, 
B.  capreolata  of  the  southern  United  States,  is  frcijueiit- 
ly  cultivated  in  gardens,  and  others  are  ornaments  of 
greenhouses.  B.  Chica  of  South  America  yields  an  orange- 
red  coloring  matter  called  chico  (which  see). 

Bignoniacese  (big-no-nl-a'sf-e),  «.  pi.     [NL., 

<  BiiiHniiiii  +  -dcrfc.}    A  natural  order  of  mono- 
petalous  dicotyledonous  plants  with  irregidar 


550 

ly  and  unreasonably  wedded  to  a  particular 

religious  or  other  creed,  opinion,  practice,  or 
ritual;  a  jierson  wlio  is  illilMially  nttaclied  to 
any  opinion,  system  of  belicl',  or  party  organi- 
zation ;  an  intolerant  dogmatist. 

In  pliilosojdiy  and  religi<in  the  bigatH  at  all  parties  are 
generally  the  most  positive.  WattH. 

The  bigots  of  the  iron  time 
Had  called  his  liarmless  art  a  crime. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  Int. 

The  existence  of  genuine  piety  amid  serious  errors  is 
forgotten,  or  rather  rejected,  by  <-ertitin  illiberal  miiuls, 
tile  higi't.-i  of  exclusive  eteUsiasticul  hypotheses,  who,  in 
maintaining  that  "out  of  the  cliurcli  there  can  lie  no  salva- 
tion," would  have  us  believe  that  there  is  none  out  <if  their 
own.  Jv.  Taylor,  Spiritual  Despotism,  §  10. 


Flowering  Branch  of  Trumpet-creeper  ( Tecoma  radicans).  a, 
opened  follicle  of  same,  showinff  seeds  :  h,  seed  of  Catatpa  bifrnoni- 
otdes.  ( From  Le  Maout  and  Decaisnc's  "  Trait6  general  de  Bota- 
nique.") 

flowers,  a  pod-like  fruit,  and  winged  seeds 
without  albumen.  They  are  trees  or  shnibliy  climb- 
ers or  twiners,  natives  chiefly  of  warm  regions,  and  are 
especially  abundant  in  .South  America.  Of  the  many 
genera,  the  best  known  are  Bignonia,  Tecoma  (the  trum- 
pet-creeper), including  some  trees  that  furnish  hard  and 
elose-gruiiied  woods,  Crescentia  (the  calabash-tree),  and 
Catntjiauf  the  United  States. 

bignoniaceous  (big-no-ni-a'shius),  a.  In  hot., 
pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Bit/iioiiiacca: 

bigoldt  (bi'gold),  II.  The  yellow  oxeye  or  corn- 
marigold,  Cliri/fiaiitheiiium  seqetum.   'Gerard. 

bigot  (big'ot),  II.  and  n.  [First  at  end  of  IGth 
century,  <  F.  hii/ot,  a  bigot,  a  h\'])oerite,  <  OF. 
biynt ;  of  disputed  origin.  Under  this  form  two 
or  more  independent  words  appear  to  have 
been  confused,  involving  the  et.nn.  in  a  mass 
of  fable  and  conjecture.  Wliatever  its  origin, 
bigot,  as  a  vague  term  of  contempt,  came  to  be 
confused  with  Beijniii  and  Bcgliard.  This  con- 
fusion appears  in  ML.  liuiutti,  BiiiHttir,  used  in 
the  15th  century  as  equivalents  of  Bcijliurdi  and 
BeguiiKe.  See  Beghard  and  Beguin.']  I,  «.  If. 
A  hypocritical  professor  of  religion ;  a  hypo- 
crite ;  also,  a  superstitious  adherent  of  "reli- 
gion,   N.  E.  I). —  2.  A  person  who  is  obstiuate- 


Il.t  "■  Same  as  bigoted. 

In  a  country  more  bigot  than  ours. 

Drgdcn,  Ded.  of  Limberham. 

bigoted  (big'ot-ed),«.  \<bigot  +  -e(l~.'\  Having 
the  character  of  a  bigot ;  obstinately  and  blind- 
ly wedded  to  a  particular  creed,  opinion,  prac- 
tice, or  ritual ;  unreasonably  and  intolerantly 
devoted  to  a  system  of  belief,  an  opinion,  or  a 
party.     Also  rarely  spelled  bigotted. 

A  more  abject,  slavish,  and  ^iV/ofci/ generation.     Steele. 

So  niu'sed  and  bigoted  to  strife.  Byron. 

A  bigoted  Tory  and  High  Churchman. 

Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,xvii. 

bigotedly  (big'ot-ed-li),  adi'.     In  a  bigoted 

manner;  with  irrational  zeal. 
bigoticalt  (bi-got'i-kal),  a.     [<  bigot  +  -icnl.'i 

Bigoted. 

Some  bigotical  religionists. 

Citdworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  IS. 

bigotry  (big'ot-ri),  n. ;  pi.  higotriea  (-riz).  [<  F. 
bigoterie,  <  bigot.\  The  character  or  mode  of 
thought  of  a  bigot;  obstinate  and  unreasona- 
ble attachment  to  a  particidar  creed,  opinion, 
practice,  ritual,  or  party  organization;  exces- 
sive zeal  or  warmth  in  favor  of  a  party,  sect, 
or  opinion;  intolerance  of  the  opinions  of 
others. 

Those  bigotries  which  all  good  and  sensible  men  despise. 

I'ope. 

Were  it  not  for  a  bigotry  to  our  own  tenets,  we  could 
hardly  imagine  that  so  many  absurd,  wicked,  and  bloody 
principles  should  pretend  to  support  themselves  by  the 
giisi>el.  Watts. 

.Tames  was  now  a  Roman  Catholic.  Kelit-'ioiis  fogotro 
had  become  the  dominant  sentiment  vi  his  narrow  and 
stnliborn  mind.  Maeaulay,  Hist.  Kiig.,  ii. 

-SjTl.  Credulity,  Fanaticism,  etc.  (see  superstition),  n.ar- 

ruw-iniiuledness,  prejudice,  intolerance. 
bigroot  (big'rot),  H.     The  name  in  California 

(if  sjiecies  of  AIegarrhi::a,  a  eucurbitaceous  vine 

the  roots  of  which  gi'ow  to  an  immense  size. 
big-sounding  (big 'soun"  ding),  a.    Having  a 

pompous  sound. 

Big-soundiTig  sentences  and  words  of  state. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  i.  3. 

big-swollen,  big-swoln  (big'swo'len,  -swoln), 

0.  Greatly  inflated;  swelled  to  great  bulk; 
turgid;  ready  to  burst. 

My  hig-suvln  heart.  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2. 

biguttate  (bi-gut'at),  rt.  [<  fii'-S  +  guttatc.'\ 
In  :oiil.,  marked  with  two  small  spots. 

bigwig  (big'wig),  «.  [<  big'^  +  wig.  in  refer- 
ence to  the  large  wigs  worn  in  Great  Britain 
by  judges  and  others  in  authority.]  A  great 
man ;  a  person  of  consequence ;  one  high  in  au- 
thority or  rank.     [Slang.] 

Her  husband  was  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies, 
a  Conseiller  d'Etat,  or  other  French  big-wig. 

Thackeray,  Neweomes,  xlvi. 

bigwigged  (big'wigd),  a.  Pompous;  solemnly 
authoritative. 

Towards  nightfall  comes  the  cliariot  of  a  physician  and 
deposits  its  biaieiooed  and  solemn  burden. 

//nicMor/K-,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I. 

bihamate  (bi-ha'mat),  a.  [<  hi-'  +  hamate.'] 
Doubly  hooked ;  haring  two  hooks. 

The  bihamate  "  spicules  of  the  sarcode  "  so  character- 
istic of  the  genus  Ksperia  and  its  allies. 

Sir  C.  ir.  Thom.ion,  Deptlis  of  the  Sea,  p.  ll."i. 

bihourly  (bi-our'li),  n.  and  adr.  [<  bi-^  + 
lioiirhj.]  Every  two  hours;  onee  every  two 
hours :  as,  JiihoiirJij  observations. 

bihydroguret  (bi-^hi-di'og'u-ret),  ».  [<  /1/-2  -I- 
lii/drog{cn)  +  -iiret.']  A  compound  of  hydrogen 
with  a  non-metallic  or  negative  element  or 
radical,  in  the  proportion  of  two  atoms  of  hy- 
ih'ogen  to  one  atom  or  group  of  the  other  mem- 
ber of  the  compound. 

bijou  (be-zho'),  n.     [F. ;  of  unknown  origin.] 

1.  A  jewel;  specifically,  a  jewel  of  gold  ridily 
wrought  in  the  metal  itself  without  the  aid  of 
precious  stones.     See  bijouterie.     Hence  —  2. 


bilander 

An  object  of  beauty  of  small  size ;  something 
delicately  pretty  ;  any  relatively  small  charm- 
ing object. 

bijouterie  (be-zho'tre),  v.  [F.,  <  bijou.']  Jew- 
elry ;  small  ornaments  for  personal  decoration ; 
specifically,  jewelry  of  gold  riclily  adorned  in 
the  metal  itself,  with  little  or  no  use  of  precious 
stones. 

bijoutry  (bo-zho'tri),  «.     Same  as  bijouterie. 

bijugate  (bi-jo'gat),  a.  [<  lii--  +  jugate]  1. 
In  iniiiii.^.,  bearing  two  profile  heads,  one  of 
them  overlapping  the  other.  See  cut  under  ac- 
eolated. —  2.  In  bot.,  having  two  pairs  of  leaf- 
lets or  pinnie:  used  of  pinnated  leaves. 

bijUgOUS  (bi-jo'gus),  a.  [<  L.  hijiigii.f.  yoked 
two  together:  see  biga.]     Same  as  liijugatc. 

bijugue  (bi'jog),  )i.  [<  L.  bijugui<,  yoked  two  to- 
gether :  see  bijugoiis.]  A  double  bottle  consist- 
ing of  two  complete  vessels  attached  to  each 
other  by  strips  of  the  same  material,  so  that 
they  form  one  piece. 

bike  (bik),  II.  [Sc,  also  written  bylc,  <  ME. 
bike,  bi/l'e,  a  hive.]  A  nest  of  wild  bees,  hor- 
nets, or  wasps. 

The  smelle  of  my  son  is  lyke 

To  a  feld  with  flouris.  or  bony  bi/ke. 

Toicnelcg  ilysteries,  p.  43. 

bikb  (bik),  II.  The  name  given  by  tlie  natives 
of  Nepal  to  a  most  virulent  poison  derived 
from  the  roots  of  Aeonitum  ferox  and  proba- 
bly other  species  of  aconite,  and  to  the  roots 
themselves ;  Nepal  aconite.  Also  called  bish, 
tiislima,  or  l/isl^. 

bikos  (bi'kos),  H.;  pi.  bikoi  (-koi).  [Gr.  (Hnoii 
see  beaker.]  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a  form  of  earthen- 
ware vase,  usually  of  large  size,  used,  like  other 
large  vases  of  similar  character,  for  storing  pro- 
visions, liquids,  etc.  it  was  shaped  like  a  staranos 
with  handles,  and  is  mentioned  also  as  made  of  small 
size,  sometimes  in  glass,  to  serve  as  a  drinking-vessel  or 
a  perfnnie-jar. 

bikshu  (bik'sho),  n.  [Skt.  hhilshu.]  A  Bud- 
dliist  mendicant  monk. 

biksbuni  (bik'sho-ne),  II.  [Skt.  liliiL^liiiiii.]  A 
Buddhist  nun. 

bil  (bil),  «.  [Also  cslleil  billard  and  billet ;  ori- 
gin obscure ;  perhaps  connected  with  billet",  a 
stick  or  club.]  A  local  English  name  of  the 
coal-fish,  rollacliius  rircii.^. 

bilabe  (bi'lab),  h.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  -I-  labium,  lip.] 
In  siirg..  an  instrmnent  for  removing  small  for- 
eign bodies  from  the  bladder  through  the  ure- 
thra. 

bilabiate  (bi-la'bi-at),  a.     [<  ?)(-2  -1-  labiate.'] 

1.  Possessing,  or  having  the  appearance  of 
possessing,  two  lips:  in  bot., 
applied  to  an  irregular  corolla 
or  caly.x  whose  lobes  are  so 
arranged  as  to  form  an  upper 
and  a  lower  lip.  This  character 
prevails  in  the  natural  order  Lahiatce, 
and  is  frequent  in  some  other  orders. 

2.  In  eoneli.,  having  the  outer 
liji  doubled  by  a  thickening 
beliinil  the  margin  or  true  lip. 

bilabiation    (bi-la-bi-a'shon), 

j(.     [<  bilabiate  +  -ion.]     The 

quality  or  condition  of  being 

two-lipped,  or  having  two  lips ; 

a  bilabiate  formation.    Aiiier. 

Jour.  &■/.,  3d  ser.,  XXIX.  319. 
bilaciniate  (bi-la-sin'i-at),  a. 

late.]     In  hot.,  doubly  laciniate. 
bilalo  (bi-la'16),   II.     [Also  written  giiilala ;  a, 

native  name.]     A  two-masted  passenger-boat, 

about  65  feet  long  and  10  feet  broad,  peculiar 

to  Manila  bay.    it  carries  an  outrigger  for  use  when 

the  wind  blows  fresh,  and  h.as  a  large  cabin  behind  the 

nniininast. 

bilamellate  (bi-lam'e-lat),  a.  [<  hi-"  +  lamel- 
late.] Doubly  lamellate  ;  having  two  lamellse ; 
specifically,  in  bot.,  composed  of  two  plates  ami 
as  many  stigmas  and  placentas,  or  bearing  two 
plates,  as  the  lip  of  some  orchids. 

bilamellated  (bi-lam'e-la-ted),  a.    Same  as  H- 

Itiinrllate. 

bilaminar  (bi-lam'i-nSr),  a.  [<  hi--  +  laminar.] 
Coiisistiug  of  two  thiii  plates  or  lamina;;  two- 
layorid. 

bilaminate  (bi-lam'i-nat),  a.  [<  6i-2  -f-  lami- 
nate.]    Ha\nng  two  plates  or  lamina?. 

bilan  (F.  jiron.  be-loii'),  ii.  [F.,  <  LL.  bilanx 
(sc.  libra),  a  balance :  see  halanee.]  A  balance- 
sheet :  the  name  given  in  Louisiana  to  a  book 
in  which  merchants  keep  account  of  theii'  assets 
and  liabilities. 

bilandt,  ".    See  hyland. 

bilander  (bil'an-der  or  bi'lan-di'r),  u.  [Alsoft^- 
laiukr  (cf.  F,  belandre),  <  1).  bijlander,  <  bij,  = 


Bilabiate  Cal>'x  and 
Corolla  of  Salvia 
(sage). 

[<  hi-"  +  lacin- 


Bilander. 


bilander 

E.  bi/'^,  -Viand  =  E.  land.]  A  small  morpliant 
vessel  with  two  masts,  and  the  mainsail  bont 

to  the  whole 
length  of  a 
yard,  han{;inp; 
fore  and  aft, 
and  inelini'd 
to  the  horizon 
at  an  angle 
of  about  45 
dej;reos,  the 
foremost  low- 
er corner, 
called        I  lie 

^~Sm^!^^S^maK^^^^m^r!^'^     secured  to  a 

ring-bolt  in 
the  deck,  and 
the  after- 
most, or  s/ieet, 

to  the  taffrail.  Few  vessels  are  now  rip(;cil  in  tliis 
manner.  Tlie  bilander  is  a  kind  i)f  lioy,  niaiuLKealile  by 
fonr  or  live  men,  and  used  cliicHy  in  tliu  canals  of  tlie  Low 
Countries. 

Wliy  choose  we,  then,  lilte  fnlandern  to  creep 
Along  the  coast,  and  land  in  view  to  keep? 

Dnfdeu,  Hind  ami  Panther,  i.  128. 

bilateral  (bl-lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  NL.  hilatcraUs,  < 
L.  /((-  +  latii.s  (inter-),  side:  see  lateral.]  1. 
Having  two  sides ;  of  or  pertaining  to  two 
sides ;  two-sided. 

Tile  bilateral  movements  escape  in  cases  of  hemiplegia 
ill  spite  of  destruction  of  some  of  the  nervous  arrange- 
ments representing'  them.  Pop.  Sci.  M(i.,  XXV.  IT.'J. 

2.  In  hot.,  having  the  sides  diiTerent. 

The  vegetation  in  all  Hepaticie  is  hitatrral.  that  is,  dif- 
ferently (levelopeil  on  the  upi»er  and  under  sides. 

Hull,  vf  III.  .SInte  Lalmratnnj,  TI.  6. 

3.  In/)/o/.,ha\'ingthe  sides  synnnotrieal.-  Bilat- 
eral contract,  in  Imr,  a  c>'iitr;nt  uliieh  biiuls  the  p;ulirs 
t^i  perform  reciprocal  obligations  each  toward  the  otlu-r. 

Haimljf  and  iaicrcKcc— Bilateral  restriction,  ill  l<':iic. 
the  restriction  of  a  proposition  at  once  in  its  subject  and 
in  its  predicate,  JUS  in  the  f<illowin;,i  example;  All  trian^Oe 
is  all  trilateral  ;  some  triaufjile  is  some  trilateral.—  Bilat- 
eral symmetry,  the  symmetry  of  rit^ht  ami  left  halves 
or  other  parts  of  the  body;  sinistrodextral  symmetry; 
traiisverse  antitypy.    Also  called  latentypy. 

In  both  the  fore-^oiny  cases  it  is  the  bilateral  siimmetry 

which  is  so  jicculiarly  characteristic  of  locomotive  power. 

ir.  B.  Carpenter,  Prin.  of  Physiol. 

Bilateralia  (bi-lat-e-ra'li-a\  n.  pi.  [Nil.,  neut. 
pi.  of  Inlatiralis :  see  bilateral.]  1.  A  collec- 
tive name  of  those  animals  which  exhibit  bilat- 
erality  or  bilateral  s\anmetry,  as  of  right  and 
left  sides.  J.  A.  lii/der. —  2.  A  tlivision  of  Am- 
hulacraria  reiiresented  by  Balanoylossus  alone, 
contrasted  with  other  echinoderms  which  are 
called  Radiata.     Metsclniikoff. 

bilateralism  (bi-lat'c-ral-izm),  H.  [<  bilateral 
+  -/.s/H.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  bilate- 
ral; bilatt-ral  s\nnmetry. 

bilaterality  (bi-lat-e-ral'i-ti),  II.  [<  bilateral 
+  -ill/.]     Same  as  bilateralism. 

bilaterally  (bi-lat'e-ral-i),  adv.  In  a  Vjilateral 
maniior;  on  lioth  sides:  as,  a  hilateralhj  sym- 
metrical larva. 

bilateralness  (bi-lat'e-ral-nes),  n.  [<  bilateral 
+  -ness.]  The  state  or  Vjuality  of  being  bilat- 
eral; bilateralism;  in  zdi'il.,  bilateral  sjanmetry. 
In  the  Sycamore  anil  the  \'ine  \vc  have  a  cleft  type  of 
leaf  in  which  a  decided  bHateralnc-^s  of  form  eo-e.\ists 
with  a  decided  lnlateralnes.<t  of  conditions. 

//.  Spencer,  I'rin.  of  Biol.,  §  229. 

bilberry  (birber"i),  ii.;  pi.  bilberries  (-iz). 
[Formerly  also  spelled  hill-berry  and  biill-hcrnj. 
The  last  form,  if  not  simulated,  is  prob.  right, 
<  bull^  +  herrij'^.  Another  species,  the  red 
whortleberry,  is  named  eowberri/,  and  the  NL. 
name  of  the  genus,  Vaeciiiiuiii,  means  'cow- 
berry.' The  word  bull  enters  into  the  names 
of  several  other  plants,  as  hidlweed,  hiilliiort, 
bulrit.ih.  Cf.  hartherrij,  another  name  for  bil- 
herry.  But  the  relation  of  the  equiv.  Dan.  holle- 
har,  also  simply  bi'ille,  whortleberry,  to  Dan. 
boll,  a  castrated  bull  (cf.  Icel.  hali  =  Norw.  hoi 
=  E.  hidli ),  is  not  clear.  The  usual  Dan.  term 
for  bull  is  tyr  =  Sw.  tjiir  =  Icel.  stjorr  =  E. 
steer.  The  name  blaeberry  is  of  different  origin : 
see  blaeberry.]  1.  A  shrub  and  its  fruit,  ('(/f- 
ciiiiiim  Myrtilliis.  in  Scotland  the  bilberry  is  usually 
called  hlaeliirni,  from  its  blae  or  dark-blue  color.  See 
Vaeeiniitiit  and  whortleberrii. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  in  the  United 
States  to  the  fruit  of  the  shad-bush,  Amclan- 
chicr  Canadensis.  -Bog-bilberry,  Vaeeiniimi  uli;n- 
no.'dun  of  the  I'nited  States  and  Koropc.  -  Dwarf  bil- 
berry, r.  fiiwiiifo.viiiii.— Jamaica  bilberry,  1'.  meridio- 
iiale. 

bilboi  (bil'bo),  «. 


651 


Spain,  such  swords  being,  like  those  of  Toledo  bileve'f,  i'. 
(see  Toledo),  held  in  high  esteem  for  their  tern-  bileve-t,  r 
per.]      1.   Formerly,  a  sword  or  sword-lilade, 
famous  for  extreme  elasticity,  made  in  Bilbao 
in  Spain. 

Compass'd  like  a  good  bilbo  in  tlie  cireunilerence  of  a 
peck,  hilt  to  point,  heel  to  head. 

Hhak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  5. 

Hence — 2.  Any  sword.     [Poetical.] 

At  Poitiers  bath'd  their  bilboen  in  French  blood. 

Dratjton,  Polyolbion,  xvi.  72. 

bilbo-  (bil'bo),  n. ;  pi.  bilboes  or  -hos  (-boz). 
[Early  moil.  E.  also  bilbow,  bilhoe,  usually  in 
jil. ;  prob.  so  named,  like  hilbo^,  from  liilbao 
in  Spain;  but  direct  evidence  is  lacking.]     A 


bilifulvin 

See  beleare. 

See  beliere. 

bilge   (bilj),   n.     [In  17th   century  also  bildge 

and  billafir'^;  va.r.  of  bidf/e:  see  bulye.]     1.  The 

wider  part  or  belly  of  a  cask,  which  is  usually 

in  the   middle. —  2.  The  breadth  of  a  ship's 


"«^ 


bos  (-boz) 
ilboa,  prop 
a  sword  of  Bilbao  (in  E.  formerly  Bilboa)  in 


pi.  bilboes  or 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  hilbow,  bilboc,  bilboa,  prop. 


Bilboes,  from  the  Tower  of  London. 

long  bar  or  bolt  of  iron  having  sliding  shackles 
and  a  lock,  formerly  used  to  confine  thc^  feet 
of  prisoners  or  offenders,  especially  on  board 
ship:  usually  in  the  plural. 

MelhoUKht  I  lay 
Worse  than  the  mutincs  in  the  bilboes. 

Shak.,  Uanilet,  v.  2. 

bilbo-mant  (bil'bo-man),  n.    A  swordsman. 
Von  are  much  bound  to  your  bilbo-inen  ; 
I  am  ;.dad  you  are  strai^dit  aKain,  captain. 

Leau.  and  Ft.,  Kinj;  and  No  Kint;,  v.  3. 

bilboquet  (bil-bo-kef),  «.  [Also  dial.,  in  def. 
'2,  hitlioketch,  bilhocatcli,  bilverlcetcho,  etc.,  <  F. 
bilboquet,  OF.  billehoqiiet,  hillclmuqnct ;  origin 
obscure.]  If.  A  gardener's  measuring-cord  or 
-line.  Cotgrare. —  2.  The  toy  called  cup-and- 
ball. —  3+.  An  8-inch  mortar  for  throwing  shells. 
—  4.  An  imjilement  for  curling  hair.    Fairliolt. 

bilcock  (bil'kok),  H.  [Also  called  bidcoel;  < 
bit-  or  bid-  (origin  unknown)  +  cci'l.]  The 
water-rail  of  Europe,  lialliis  aqua  liens. 

bildt,  bildert.     Old  spellings  of  build,  builder. 

bildstein  (bild'stin),  u.  [G.,  <  bild.  image,  tig- 
ui-e  (<  JIHG.  bildc,  <  OHG.  bilidi  (=  OS.  hilitlii 
=  OFries.  "bilethe,  bijld  =  D.  beehl  =  Sw.  he- 
Idtc  (also  bild,  prob.  borrowed)  =  Dan.  hillede, 
billed),  prob.  <  hi-  =  E.  AS.  hi-,  by-,  -1-  lid  =  OS. 
nth  =  Goth,  lithus  =  E.  lith,  a  limb,  member: 
see  by-,  //c-l,  and  lith),  +  stein  =  E.  stone.]  Same 
as  ni/almatolite. 

bilel't  (Ijil),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hyle,  <  ME. 
bile,  hyle  (occasionally  biel,  heel,  >  E.  heal,  prop, 
a  dial,  form:  see  bea'l^),  <  AS.  byle  =  OFries. 
bed,  hel  =  MD.  hide,  D.  bud  =  LG.  bide,  bule  = 
miG.  biule,  G.  heule,  bile,  =  Icel.  beyla  =  Sw. 
hula  =  Dan.  bule,  buejlc,  a  swelling;  cf.  Icel. 
hola  =  Sw.  hiild  =  Dan.  hybl,  a  blain,  a  blister ; 
<  Tent.  ■/  *hul,  seen  in  causal  form  in  the  Goth. 
iifhaidjan,  puff  up :  cf .  holl^.  Bile  is  the  true  E. 
form,  still  retained  in  the  vernacular  speech  : 

.  but,  owing  to  a  confusion  with  the  verb  boil" 
(or  perhaps  with  the  D.  form  bull,  pron.  nearly 
as  E.  hoil),  the  word  has  taken  in  mod.  literary 
E.  the  corrupt  form  boil.  See  boil^.]  An  in- 
flamed tumor;  aboil.     Sea  hoi  ft. 

bile-  (bil),  n.  [<  F.  bile,  <  L.  bilis,  bile,  anger; 
atra  (or  nigra)  bilis,  eciuiv.  to  Gr.  fic'lay xo'/du, 
black  bile:'  see  atrahile,  melancholy.]  1.  A 
yellow  bitter  liquid  secreted  by  the  liver  and 
collected  by  the  biliary  ducts  to  be  conveyed 
into  the  duodenum.  Its  most  important  constituents 
are  the  bile-salts,  sodium  glycocholate  and  sodium  tauro- 
cholatc,  .ind  the  bile  iiipraents,  bilirubin  and  biliverdin, 
with  cbolcstcrin.  The  bile  renders  the  contents  of  the 
duodenum  alkaline.  It  aids  the  emulsioniziuf;  of  the 
fats,  apparently  by  increasing  the  solubility  of  soaps, 
assists  the  jiiissage  of  the  fats  throuub  the  intestinal 
walls,  and  stimulates  peristalsis.  -Also  called  yalt. 
2.  Figm'atively,  ill  nature ;  peevishness ;  bit- 
terness of  feeling :  because  the  bile  was  fancied 
to  be  the  seat  of  ill  hinuor. 

N<<thin;„'  appears  to  have  stirred  his  bile  so  much  at 
Yuste  as  the  proceedings  of  some  members  of  the  board 
of  trade  at  Seville.  J'rcscutl. 

Black  bile.    .See  alrabile. 

bile-*t,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  bilft. 

bilection  (bi-lek'shon),  H.     Same  as  holcction. 

bile-cyst  (bil'sist),  ii.   In  anat.,  the  gall-bladder. 

bile-duct  (bil'dtdit),  n.  A  duct  or  canal  con- 
vo\iiig  bile;  a  gall-duet. 

bile-pigment  (bil'pig'ment),  n.  One  of  the 
coloring  matters  in  the  bile,  miirubin  is  the  chief 
ccdoriTit;  roatlcr  in  llic  bile  of  carnivorous  animals  and  of 
man;  bilirrrdin  is  the  greenish  pigment  in  the  bile  of 
herbivorous  animals.  A  considerable  number  of  other 
bile-piu'inents  have  been  deseriiied.  some  of  which  are  prob- 
ably mixtures  of  pigments,  and  others  oxidati'in  or  reduc- 
tion products  not  existing  in  tile  living  body. 

bilestone  (bil'ston),  n.  A  biliary  calculus  or 
gallstone. 


Hard  Bil^e. 


Easy  Bil^e. 


.  Bilce-keels. 


bottom,  or  that  part  of  her  floor  which  ap- 
proaches a  horizontal  direction,  and  on  which 
she  would  rest  if  aground. 

bilge  (bilj).  r.;  pret.  and  pp.  bilged,  ppr.  hdg- 
iiig.  [i  hdge,n.]  I.  intrans.  1.  -VflM?.,  to  suf- 
fer a  fracture  in  the  bilge;  spring  a  leak  by  a 
fracture  in  the  bilge. — 2.  To  bulge  or  swell  out. 
II,  trans.  To  break  or  stave  in  (the  bilge  or 
bottom  of  a  ship). 

bilge-board  (bilj'bord),  «.  In  ship-building, 
one  (it  the  boards  used  to  cover  the  timbers 
whore  the  bilge-water  collects. 

bilge-coad  (bilj'kod),  n.     Same  as  bilgeicays. 

bilge-free  (bilj'fre),  o.  Kaut.,  so  stowed  on 
beds  that  no  weight  rests  on  the  bilge:  said  of 
a  cask. 

bilge-keel (bil.i'kel),  H.  [<hilge -h  keeft.]  Xaut., 
a  piece  of  timber  fastened  edgewise  under 
the  bottom  of  a  ship,  for 
the  purpose  of  keeping 
her  from  rolling  heavily 
and  from  drifting  to  lee- 
ward. Also  called  hilgc- 
jiiiee. 

bilge-keelson  (bilj'kel"- 
sou),  II.  A  timber  ex- 
tending fore  and  aft  in  a 
ship,  inside  the  bilge,  to 
strengthen  the  frame. 

bilge-piece  (bil.i'pes),  «.     Same  as  bilge-keel. 

bilge-plank  (bilj'iilangk),  n.  Naut.  one  of 
the  thick  planks  which  run  round  the  bilge  of 
a  ship,  both  inside  and  outside. 

bilge-pump  (bil.i'pump),  ».  Xaut.,  a  pump  for 
removing  bilge-water  from  a  ship. 

bilge-water  (bilj'water),  n.  Xaut.,  water 
whicli  enters  a  ship  and  lies  upon  her  bilge  or 
bottom.  If  allowed  to  remain,  it  acquires  an 
offensive  penetrating  smell — Bilge-water  dis- 
charge, a  device  for  discharging  liilge-water  automati- 
cally. 

bilgeways  (bilj'waz),  «.  pi.  Xaut.,  a  series  of 
timbers  placed  on  each  side  of  a  vessel  on  the 
launehing-ways,  to  assist  in  supporting  her 
hull  in  laiuiching.  Also  called  bulgeuays  and 
bilgc-ciiad.     See  cut  under  lainiehing-irays. 

bilgy  (bil'ji),  a.  [<  Inlije  +  -//l.]  Ha^^ng  the 
properties  (as  the  smell,  etc.)  of  bilge-water. 

Bilbarzia  (bil-hiir'zi-U),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Theodor  Bilhar:,  an  old  helminthologist.]  A 
genus  of  the  order  Treinatoidea,  or  fluke-worms, 
endoparasitic  in  the  blood-vessels  of  man,  espe- 
cially in  the  minary  organs,  the  ov.a  escaping 
through  an  ulceration  which  the  presence  of 
the  parent  causes.  The  animal  is  dioecious,  the  male 
being  the  larger  and  retaining  tlie  female  in  a  gynicco- 
phore  or  canal  formed  by  an  involution  of  the  edges  of 
the  concave  side  of  the  body. 

biliary  (bil'i-a-ri),  a.  [=  F.  biliaire,  <  NL. 
biliaris,  <  L.  liilis,  bile.]  1.  Belonging  to  the 
bile;  conveying  the  bile:  as,  a  biliary  duct. — 
2.  Bilious.  [Bare.]— Biliary  calculus,  a  concre- 
tion which  forms  in  the  gall-bladder  or  bile-ducts;  gall- 
stone. These  calculi  an-  usiiallv  composed  for  the  most 
piu-t  of  cholesterin.  ~  Biliary  collc.  See  ci.fic—  BHiary 
duct.     .See  duel. 

biliation  (bil-i-a'shon),  n.  [<  NL.""6i7ia«o(n-), 
<  L.  hilis,  bile.]  Tlie  excretion  of  bile.  Dun- 
i/li.^on. 

bilicyanin  (bll-i-si'a-nin),  n.  [<  L.  bdis,  bile, 
-I-  E.  eyanin.]  A  product  of  the  oxidation  of 
bilirubin  which  appears  blue  in  an  acid  and 
violet  in  a  neutral  solution.     See  hiliruhin. 

bilifulvin  (bil-i-ful'\-in),  H.  [<  L.  bdis,  bile,  + 
I'ldvus,  fulvous.  ]  An  old  name  for  more  or  less 
impure  bilirubin. 


bilifuscin 

bilifuscin  (bil-i-fiis'in),  n.  [<  L.  hilis,  bile,  + 
/k.vch.v,  fuscous,  +  -ill-.]  A  substance  described 
as  existing  in  very  smiill  quantities  in  pall- 
stones.  It  is  cif  n  ilnrk-(.Ti<n  i olur,  iiisnluWe  in  uiitir. 
chloroform,  ami  etluT.  soliiltle  in  alcohol  and  alkalis, 
and  reacts  with  nitric  acid  like  liilirubin.  Its  formula  is 
r,„H...„N...cl,. 

bilihumin  (bil-i-hii'min),  fl.  [<  L.  hilis,  bile,  + 
liiimu.i,  ffiound,  +  -in".]  The  insoluble  black- 
ish residue  left  after  bile  or  gallstones  have 
been  exhausted  by  ether,  water,  chloroform, 
alcohol,  and  dilute  acids. 

bilimbi,  bilimbing  (bi-lim'bi,  -bing),  n.  [Also 
biliiiihij,  hUiiilniiii.  w\iT.  Tamil  bilimbi,  Malay  /*(- 
Umbiiig,  Singhalese  biliii.']  The  native  name  of 
the  fruit  of  an  East  Indian  tree-sorrel,  Arcr- 
r}ioa  Bilimbi.  It  is  very  acid,  but  is  much 
esteemed  when  made  into  sjTup,  candied,  or 
pickled.     Hee  Aicrr/ioa. 

bilimentt,  ».  [Also  bHlimeiil,  bcllimeiit,  etc.,  by 
aphevesis  for  liahiliment.]  An  ornamental  part 
of  a  woman's  dress;  especially,  the  attire  of 
the  head  or  neck. 

Then  heganne  alio  the  pentylwomen  of  Vngland  to  were 
FTenche  whoodes  with  beUfimnttfif  of  golde. 

Cfirvn.  o/  Grey  Friar*  (1556),  ed.  Camden  Sec. 

Blllment  lace,  an  ornamental  lace  used  in  the  sixteenth 
centm-y  for  trimming. 

bilin  (bil'in),  H.  [<  L.  bili.9,  bile,  +  -!«2.]  The 
mixture  of  sodium  glyeocholate  and  tauroeho- 
late  isolated  from  the  bile,  constituting  a  gum- 
my mass  of  a  pale-yellow  color. 

bilinear  (bi-lin'e-ar),  a.  [<  ii-2  -(-  Unea,  line,  + 
-ar.]  Consisting  of  or  having  reference  to  two 
lines :  as,  biliiienr  coordinates. 

bilineate  (bi-lin'e-at),  «.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
liiiea,  line,  -)-  -ati'i.']  In  :ool.,  marked  with  two 
lines,  cenerally  parallel. 

bilineated  (bi-iin'f-a-ted),  a.    Same  as  biliimiU: 

bilingual  (bi-ling'gwal),  a.  [<  L.  bilingiiis, 
speaking  two  languages,  <  6/-,  two-,  -I-  lingua 
=  E.  tontfiie,  language.]  1.  Containing  or  ex- 
pressed in  two  languages ;  recorded  in  two  ver- 
sions of  different  language. 

I  endeavored  by  the  help  of  a  bilingual  inscription  to 

determine  the  values  of  certain  of  the  Hittite  characters. 

A.  H.  Saycc,  Pref.  to  Schliemann's  Troja,  p.  x.xiii. 

2.  Speaking  two  languages  or  a  mixture  of  two. 
[Rare.] 

Large  numbers  of  Chinese,  Arabs,  and  Africans,  who 
come  to  India  for  a  short  or  long  time,  and  become  prac- 
tically bilinriual.      R.  X.  Cmt,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  10. 

bilinguar  (bi-ling'gwiir),  a.     Same  as  bilingual. 

bilinguist  (bi-ling'g\vist),  n.  [<  L.  bilinguis 
(see  bilingual),  after  linguist.]  One  who  speaks 
two  languages.     Hamiiton. 

bilingnous  (bi-ling'gwus),  a.  [<  L.  bilinguis: 
see  bilingual.]  Having  two  tongues,  or  speak- 
ing two  languages.     Johnson. 

bilious  (bil'yus),  a.  [<  L.  biliosiis,  full  of  bile,  < 
bills,  bile  :  see  bile^.]  1 .  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or 
partaking  of  the  nature  of,  bile.— 2.  In  jiathul., 
noting,  subject  to,  or  characterized  by  a  dis- 
ordered condition  of  the  system,  once  supposed 
to  depend  on  a  derangement  of  the  secretion  of 
bUe,  marked  by  anorexia,  furred  tongue,  a  bad 
taste  in  the  mouth,  dull  headache,  drowsiness, 
disturbed  sleep,  with  general  malaise  and  de- 
pression. It  is  peculiarly  amenable  to  mercurial  ca- 
thartics. This  state  seems  to  depend  on  a  subacute  dys- 
pepsia, with  possibly  a  derangement  of  the  elaborative 
functions  of  the  liver. 

3.  Suffering  from  biliousness. — 4.  Figurative- 
ly, choleric ;  testy ;  cross. 

Controversy  seems  altogether  to  have  been  the  very 
breath  of  his  nostrils ;  he  was  cilled,  and  not  without  rea- 
son, "  bilious  Bale."      A.  If.  Waid,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit., 1. 105. 

At  constant  quarrel  with  the  angry  and  bilioug  island 
legislature.  Emersm,  West  Indian  Emancipation. 

Bargain  struck, 
They  straight  grew  bilious,  wished  their  money  back. 
Repented  them,  no  doubt. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  216. 

biliousness  (bil'yus-nes),  n.  [<  bilious  +  -ness.] 
The  condition  of  being  bilious. 

biliphaein  (bil-i-fe'in),  n.  [Also  written  Uli- 
phcin,  biliphain,  <  L.  bilis,  bile,  +  Gr.  <f>ai6^, 
dusky,  dun-gray,  -I-  -iifi.]  A  name  formerly 
given  to  an  impure  bilirubin.    Also  chiilophwin. 

biliprasin  (bil-i-pra'sin),  n.  [<  L.  Ulis,  bile,  + 
}Ta.suni.  a  leek  (see  prase,  prason),  +  -i«2.]  A 
bUe-pigment  foimd  in  human  gallstones  and 
in  the  bile  of  neat  cattle,  and  regarded  by  some 
authorities  as  identical  with  biliveniin. 

bilipurpin  (bil-i-per'pin),  «.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile, 
+  jjH)7<(«r«),  purple  color,  +  -in-.]  A  purple 
compound  obtained  from  biliverdin.  See  bilc- 
pir/ment, 

bilirubin  (bil-i-ro'bin),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  + 
rub(er),  red,  +  -in'''.]    A  red  bUe-pigment,  the 


552 

chief  coloring  matter  of  human  bile  and  that 
of  carnivorous  animals,  to  which  the  formula 
CjgHigX.jOs  has  been  given,  when  isolated  it 
forms  an  orange  red  powder  el-  red  rhombic  prisms.  It  is 
insolultlc  in  water,  little  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  but 
readily  sidublc  in  chloroform  or  alkalis. 
biliteral  (bi-lit'e-ral),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bi-.  two-, 
-J-  litcra,  litt(ra,loher:  see  lihral.]  I.  a.  Con- 
sisting of  two  letters:  as,  a  biliteral  root  in 
language.     Sir  K'.  Jones. 

Although  we  may  call  all  these  verbal  bases  roots,  they 
stand  to  tlie  first  cliiss  in  about  the  game  relation  as  the 
triliteral  .Semitic  roots  to  the  more  primitive  biliteral. 

Max  Mailer,  Sci.  of  Lang.,  p.  2G:t. 

II.  n.  A  word,  root,  or  syllable  formed  of 
two  letters. 

-bility.  [F.  -bilite  -  Sp.  -bilidad  =  Pg.  -bilidade 
=  It.  -bilita,  also  in  older  form  F.  -blete,  OF. 
-bletc  (>  ME.  -blete),  etc.,  <  L.  -biUta(t-)s  (ace. 
-bilitatem),  <  -bili-s  (E.  -bk)  +  -ta(t-)s  (E.  -ty), 
being  the  termination  of  nouns  from  adjectives 
ia -bilis:  see  -ble.]  A  termination  of  English 
notms  from  adjectives  in  -ble,  as  in  nobility, 
capability,  credibility,  etc.,  from  noble,  capable, 
credible,  etc.     See  -able. 

bilivelt,  bilive-t.     See  belire'^,  helive-. 

biliverdin  (bil-i-vtrMin),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,+ 
F.  verd  (see  vert),  green,  +  -in-.]  The  green 
pigment  found  in  the  bile  of  herbivorous  ani- 
mals, to  which  the  foi-mula  CjgH2oN205  has 
been  given.  It  is  produced  artificially  by  the 
oxidation  of  bilirubin.     See  biliprasin.' 

bilk  (bilk),  V.  t.  [Origin  obscure ;  appar.  slang; 
by  some  supposed  to  be  a  minced  form  of  balk'^. 
Cf.  the  senses  of  bilk;  n.]  1.  In  cribbage,  to 
balk  or  spoil  any  one's  score  in  his  crib. — 2. 
To  frustrate  or  disappoint. —  3.  To  deceive  or 
defraud ;  leave  in  the  lurch ;  cheat :  often  with 
of:  as,  to  bilk  one  of  his  due;  to  bilk  a  credi- 
tor; "don't  you  bilk  me,"  Spectateir. —  4.  To 
evade  or  escape  from  ;  dodge ;  elude. 
I  don't  intend  to  bilk  my  lodgings.  Fielding. 

He  cannot  drink  five  bottles,  bilk  the  score, 
Then  kill  a  constable,  and  drink  five  more. 

Cowpcr,  Progress  of  Error,  1.  193. 

bilk  (bilk),  n.  [See  the  verb.]  1.  In  cribbage, 
the  spoiling  of  one's  score  in  the  crib. —  2t. 
Nothing;  vain  words. 

Tub.  He  will  have  the  last  word,  though  he  talk  bilk 
for't. 

Hugh.     Bi'rt/  what's  that? 

Tub.  Why.  nothing ;  a  word  signifying  nothing,  and 
borrowed  here  to  express  nothing. 

B.  Jomon,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  i.  1. 

Bilk  is  said  to  be  an  Arabick  word,  and  signifies  no- 
thing ;  cribbidge  players  understand  it  best, 

Blount,  Glossographia  (ed.  16SI).  p.  85. 

[To  call  a  word  "-\rabic"  or  "Hebrew"  was  and  still  is 
a  way  of  dignifying  slang  or  jargon.  J 
3.  A  trick;  a  fraud.    [Bare.] — 4.  A  cheat;  a 
swindler, 
bilkt  (bilk),  rt.    [See  the  verb.]   Fallacious;  un- 
reliable. 

To  that  (Oates's  plot)  and  the  author's  bilk  account  of  it 
I  am  approaching.  Roger  Sorth,  E.xamen,  p.  129. 

billl  (bil),  n.  [<  ME.  bill,  bil,  bille,  bile,  <  AS. 
bile,  beak,  also  used  of  an  elephant's  proboscis ; 
not  found  in  other 
Tent,  languages ;  prob. 
connected  with  bill". 
The  Ir.  Gael,  bil,  beak, 
mouth,  is  appar.  of  E. 
origin.]  1.  The  beak  or 
neb  of  a  bird,  it  consists 
of  the  upper  and  lower  man- 
dibles, so  far  as  these  ai-e 
she.athed  in  horn.  The  ap- 
posed edges  of  the  mandibles 
are  the  toniia ;  the  line  of 
apposition,  the  commissure ; 
the  highest  middle  length- 
wise line  of  the  upper  mandi- 
ble, the  eulmen  or  ridge ;  and 
the  corresponding  line  of  the 
lower  mandible,  the  gonys  or 
keel.  The  nasal  fossa  is  a 
pit,  usually  close  to  the  base 
of  the  upper  mandible,  in 
which  the  nostrils  open ;  a 
sheath  at  the  base  of  the 
bill  is  the  cere.  The  leading  shapes  of  the  bill  among 
birds  are  technically  expressed  by  derivatives  anil  com- 
pounds of  rostrum  (which  see),  as  conirostral,  dentiros- 
tral,  tenuirostral,  flssirostral,  curvirostral.  pressirostral, 
longirostral,  cultrirostral,  lanicllirostral,  etc.;  and  many 
other  descriptive  terms  are  equally  teclinical  in  this  ap- 
plication. 

The  bill  is  hand  and  mouth  in  one ;  the  instrument  of 
prehension.  As  hand,  it  takes,  holds,  and  carries  food  or 
other  substances,  and  in  many  instances  feels ;  as  moutli,  it 
tears,  cuts,  or  crushes,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  sub- 
stances taken;  assuming  the  functions  of  both  lips  and 
teeth,  neither  of  which  do  any  recent  birds  possess. 

Cuuea,  Key  to  >'.  A.  Birds,  p.  100. 


a.  conirostral ;  *,  dcntirostral :  e,  tenuirostral ;  d,  fissirostr-^l ;  e,  longi- 
rostral ;  /,  jircssirosUal ;  £,  cultrirostral ;  A,  lamelliroslral. 

2.  The  beak,  snout,  rostrum,  or  jaws  of  sundry 
other  animals,  as  turtles,  cephalopods,  many 
fishes,  etc. 
billl  (bil),  r.  /.  [<  ME.  billcn,  peck  as  birds,  < 
6i/,  Kte,  beak:  see  ii//l,  H.]  1.  To  join  bills  or 
beaks,  as  doves ;  caress  in  fondness. 

Doves,  they  say,  will  bill, 
After  their  pecking  and  their  murmuring. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  U.  1. 

2t.  TorubthebUl.     [Rare.] 

Thaune  geth  he  [the  eagle]  to  a  ston. 

And  he  bitleth  ther  on, 

Billeth  til  his  bee  bifom 

Haveth  the  wrengthe  [crookedness]  forloren. 

Bestiary,  in  Old  Eng.  Misc.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  82. 

Bill  and  coo,  to  kiss  and  caress  and  talk  nonsense,  aa 

lovers  :  a  phrase  derived  from  the  habits  of  doves. 

Come,  we  must  interrupt  your  billing  and  cooing  awhile. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 

bill2  (bil),  n.     [<  ME.  bill,  bille,  bil.  a  pick  or 
mattock,  poet,  a  sword,  <  AS.  bil.  bill  (only 
poet.)  =  OS.  bil,  a  sword,  z=  MD.  bille  =  OHGf. 
bill,  fern.,  JIHG.  bil,  neut.,  G.  bille.  a  pick  to 
sharpen  millstones,  =  Sw.  bill,   a 
plowshare ;    prob.   connected  with 
biW^.  a  beak,  and  perhaps  ult.  Tvith 
Skt.  -v/  bliid,  split,  cleave.    Associ- 
ated in  sense  with  these  words  and 
somewhat  confused  with  them,  but 
et\Tuol.  distinct,  are  OHG.  bihal,  bi- 
nl,  bil.  MHG.  bihel.  bil.  G.  beil  = 
MD.  biji.  an  ax,  hatchet,  =  Dan.  bil 
=  Sw.  bila ;  prob.  =  Icel.  bildr.  bilda, 
an  ax :  cf .  Ir.  Gael,  biail,  ax,  hatchet. 
In  sense  .5,  bill-  may  be  an  applica- 
tion of  /)i7/l.]     It.  In  the  earliest 
use,  a  kind  of  broadsword. —  2.  An 
obsolete  military  weapon,  consist- 
ing of  a  broad  hook-shaped  blade, 
having  a   short  pike  at  the   back 
and  another  at  the  summit,  fixed 
to  a  long  handle,    it  w.is  used  until  the 
fifteenth  century  by  the  English  infantry,  especially  in 
defending  themselves  against  cavalry,  and  to  the  end  of 
the  seventeenth  century  by  civic  guards  or  watchmen,  etc. 
They  were  formerly  sometimes  called  brou-n-bills  or  black- 
bilis,  probably  because  not  brightened,  but  colored  like 
the  modern  rifle-barrel. 


Old  English 
Bill,  time  of 
Elizabeth. 


J 

Diagram  of  Bill. 
a,  upper  mandible  :  i,  culmen ; 
c,  nasal  fossa  ;  d.  nostril :  e,  com- 
missural point;  y;  upper  tomi- 
um  ;  f ,  rictus ;  A,  forehead  ;  t', 
ramus ;  j.  lower  tumium ;  6, 
gonys:  /,  lower  mandible. 


I  cannot  see  how  sleeping  should  oflend,  only  have  a 
care  that  your  bills  be  not  stolen.    Shak. ,  Much  Ado,  iii.  3. 

Make  us  a  round  ring  with  your  bills,  my  Hectors, 
And  let  us  see  what  this  trim  man  ilares'do. 

Beau,  and  Ft..  Pliibister,  v.  4. 

3.  A  cutting  instrument  with  a  blade  hook- 
shaped  toward  the  point,  or  having  a  concave 
cutting  edge,  used  by  plumbers,  basket-mak- 
ers, gardeners,  and  others.  Such  instnunents,  when 
used  l)y  gartleners  for  pruning  hedges,  trees,  etc. ,  are  called 
hedge-bills  or  bill-hooks.     See  bill-hook. 

The  shomaker  must  not  goe  aboue  his  latchet,  nor  the 
hedger  meddle  with  any  thing  but  his  bit. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  .-Vnat.  of  Wit,  p.  203. 

4.  A  pickax;  a  mattock. —  5.  Xaut.:  {a)  The 
point  or  extremity  of  the  fluke  of  an  anchor. 
(ft)  The  end  of  compass- or  knee-timber Bows 

and  bills,      .^^ee  b<'U-. 

bilF  (bil),  n.  [<  ME.  bille,  a  letter,  -nriting, 
<  AF.  bille,  <  ML.  (Anglo-L.)  billa,  a  -nriting, 
also  a  seal,  another  form  of  bulla,  a  writing,  an 
edict,  prop,  a  sealed  wTiting,  a  particular  use 
of  bulla,  a  seal,  stamp,  same  asL.  bulla,  a  V>oss, 
knob,  stud,  bubble ;  hence  bull-,  of  which  bilP 
is  a  doublet.]  It.  A  writing  of  any  kind,  as  a 
will,  a  medical  prescription,  etc. ;  a  billet. 
His  bill 
In  which  that  he  iwriten  had  his  will. 

Chaucer,  Merchants  Tale,  L  693. 
Tlie  Patient  sendeth  for  a  Physician,  who  feeleth  his 
Pulse  and  .  .  .  then  prescribeth  a  Receipt  in  a  Bill. 

Coinenius,  Visiljle  World,  p.  183. 

2t.  A  written  petition  ;  a  prayer. 

And  thainie  come  Pees  into  p.irlement  ami  put  forth  a  bilU, 

How  Wrongc  aseines  his  wille  hail  his  «yf  taken. 

Piers  Pluieinan  (B),  iv,  47. 


bill 

3.  In  laWj  a  name  ^ven  to  several  papers  in 
lawsuits  ;  particularly,  when  used  alone,  to  the 
bill  in  equidj  or  hill  of  imlictmrnt  (see  below). 
It  is  H  stiitfiiH'tit  (if  coinpliiiiit,  anil  coiituinK  the  Uivi  cuiii- 
plalnedof,  tht-  damiit'c  sustaim-il,  iinila  pt-titiunor  imureas 
against  tlieduft'iuhiiil  for  rcilrcss.  Itisuscil  bnthin  trinity 
ami  in  urimiiml  cast's.  In  Smfn  law,  fvi-ry  summary  appli- 
cation in  writintr,  l>y  way  uf  petition  to  the  Court  of  .Ses- 
sion, is  (allLil  a  hill. 

4.  In  com. J  a  written  statement  of  the  names, 
quantities,  and  prit-es  of  articles  sohl  by  one 
person  to  another,  with  the  date  of  sale',  or  a 
staU^ment  of  work  done,  with  the  amount 
charged;  an  account  of  money  claimed  for 
goods  supplied  or  services  rendered. 

Wliy,  pleast',  niu'ani,  it  is  only  tliy  little  hill^  a  very 
small  account,  1  wanted  tiiee  to  settle. 

tjuuted  in  Lady  //f>;/a/M/"s  Sydney  Smith,  vii. 

5.  An  aeknowled^rment  of  debt;  a  promissory 
note:  now  obsolete  except  as  sometimes  used, 
especially  in  the  United  States,  for  Jxinlc-notc. 
See  10. — 6.  A  bill  of  exchange  (which  see, 
below). —  7.  Any  written  paper  containing  a 
statement  of  particulars :  as,  a  hill  of  charges 
or  expenditm'es ;  a  hill  of  fare  or  provisions, 
etc. — 8.  A  form  or  di'aft  of  a  proposed  statute 
presented  to  a  legislature,  but  not  yet  enacted 
or  passed  and  made  law.  in  some  eases  statutes  are 
called  /'(7/.S',  l)ut  usually  they  are  qualified  by  some  de- 
flcriptiou  :  as,  a  bill  of  attainder. 

9,  A  paper  written  or  printed,  and  intended 
to  give  public  notice  of  something,  especially 
by  being  exhibited  in  some  public  place :  an  ad- 
vertisement posted ;  a  placard. — 10.  A  bank- 
note: usually  with  its  amount:  as,  a  five-dollar 
bill.  [U.  8.]— Accommodation  bill,  seemrommo- 
d(7^V./j.  — Appropriation  bill.  Stt-  aj'j'n>j,ri,itiuii. -Ap- 
proved bill  "1-  note.  Stv  apj>n'r,'\.  -Bank  post-bill, 
a  hill  for  a  sum  not  less  than  £lii  issued  hy  the  Hank 
of  Ent,dand  without  ehar^'e,  payable  at  seven  days'  siyht 
and  aeeepted  at  time  of  drawing,  for  convenience  in  re- 
mitting' by  post.  Bills  of  this  kind  originated  in  IISS, 
when  mail-robberies  were  freijuent  in  England,  and  are 
not  now  in  use.— Bill  in  equity,  in  an  equity  suit,  the 
pleading  in  which  tlu-  pbiinliif  .s..-ts  forth  the  circum- 
stances on  whit'h  In-  hasrs  his  elaiin  for  relief.  It  corre- 
sponds to  the  r.Miij-hiint  nr  ihrlanttion  at  common  law. 

—  Bill  of  adventure,  a  writing,'  signed  by  a  merchant, 
ship-owner,  ormastt-r  I u Show  tliat  ^iouds  shipiKil  on  liourd 
a  certain  vessi-1  are  at  tlie  vt-ntiin-  of  aiiutlR-r  person,  he 
himself  being  UTisweralile  only  for  tlieir  deli\ery.  — Bill  of 
credit,  (rt)  A  letter  sent  by  an  ajjent  or  other  person  to 
a  mercliant  requestin^j  him  to  give  credit  to  the  bearer  for 
goods  or  money.  (6)  Paper  issued  by  the  authority  and 
on  the  faith  of  a  State  to  bi-  cinulated  as  money.  The 
Constitution  of  the  Uniteti  States  (Art.  I.  §  10)  provides 
that  no  State  shall  emit  bills  of  vivdit,  or  make  anytliing 
but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts. 

Mr.  Bancroft  shows  by  a  careful  upturning  of  the  colo- 
nial records  that  bills  of  credit  were  nothing  else  than 
Government  legal- tender  notes.  The  Century ,  S.S.X.11.  WG. 
Bill  of  debt,  an  old  term  including  promissory  notes  and 
bonds  for  the  payment  of  money.— Bill  Of  entry,  a  writ- 
ten account  of  goods  entered  at  the  custnni-liou^e.  wlK-tlRr 
imported  or  intended  for  export. —  Bill  Of  exceptions. 
See  ("jef/'^o^.— Bill  of  exchange,  an  order  in  writing, 
addressed  by  one  person  to  anothir.  to  pay  on  demand  or 
at  a  fixed  or  determiTiatde  future  time  a  certain  sum  in 
money  to  a  specified  person  or  to  his  order.  Every  ectni- 
pleted  bill  of  exchange  shouhl  bear  on  its  face  the  follow- 
ing :  (a)  three  names,  namely,  those  of  the  drawer,  the 
drawee,  and  the  payee ;  (b)  the  sum  to  be  paid ;  (c)  two 
dates,  namely,  the  date  of  drawing  and  a  time  for  pay- 
ment or  the  means  of  determining  the  time,  as  where  the 
bill  is  payable  at  sight  or  a  certain  time  after  sight,  that 
is,  presentment ;  (d)  the  place  where  it  is  drawn.  If  the 
drawer  and  drawee  are  the  same  person,  even  in  legal 
effect  of  name,  as  where  a  corporation  by  one  otflcer 
draws  on  itself  by  nandng  another  officer,  as  such,  as  the 
payee,  the  paper  is  not  a  bill  of  exchange,  but  a  mere 
draft  or  promissory  note.  The  drawer  and  the  payee, 
however,  may  be  the  same,  as  where  one  draws  to  his  own 
order  and  imiorses  to  a  third  person.  If  the  paper  is  not 
payable  absolutely,  as  where  it  is  expressed  to  be  paya- 
ble only  out  of  a  particular  fund,  it  Is  not  a  bill  of  ex- 
change; but  a  i>ayment  absolutely  ordered  may  be  di- 
rected to  be  charged  to  a  particular  account  of  the  drawer. 
The  words  "  value  received  "  are  usually  inserted,  but  are 
not  essential  to  validity.  The  drawee  of  a  bill  becomes 
liable  by  accepting  it,  usually  done  by  writing  his  name 
across  its  face,  and  he  is  thereafter  called  the  accepter;  but 
a  bill  is  neg(»tiable  before  accept-mce.  In  a  foreign  bill 
of  exchange,  the  drawer  and  drawee  are  residents  of  ditfer- 
ent  countries.  In  this  respect,  in  the  I'nited  States,  the 
residents  of  the  dirterent  States  are  fiprcign  to  one  another. 

—  Bills  of  exchange  acts,  a  short  name  by  which  are 
known  stviral  Brilish  statutis  (1871,  187S,  and  1882),  the 
last  of  which  cuiillcs  tliL-  whole  body  of  British  law  re- 
lating to  negotiable  paper.— Bill  Of  fare,  in  a  hotel  or 
restaurant,  a  list  of  ilishes  to  be  strvfd  in  (iue  course  at  a 
regular  meal,  or  which  may  be  ordered.  — Bill  Of  health, 
a  certificate  signed  by  a  consul  or  other  authority  as  to 
the  health  of  a  ship's  company  at  the  time  of  her  clear- 
ing any  i)ort  or  jdace.  A  clean  bill  imports  that  the  ship 
sailed  at  a  time  when  no  infectious  tlisorder  was  supposed 
to  exist;  a  suspected  or  ttmched  bill  inijwrts  that  there 
were  rumors  of  such  a  disonier,  but  that  it  ha<l  not  ap- 
peared ;  n/mtl  bill,  or  the  absence  of  a  clean  bill,  imports 
that  the  place  of  departure  was  infectiMl  when  the  vi-ssel 
left —Bill  of  indictment.  See  Jm/*cfm*■/l^  — Bill  of 
lading,  a  receipt  for  gciods  delivered  to  a  carrier  for 
transportation.  It  is  usually  of  gooils  shii)ped  on  board 
of  a  vessel  and  signed  by  the  master  of  the  vessel,  ac- 
knowledging thu  receipt  of  the  goods,  and  usually  i)rom- 
ising  to  deliver  them  in  good  condition  at  the  place  di- 


553 

rected,  dangers  of  tlie  soa,  the  act  of  rJod,  perils  of  war, 
etc.,  excepted.  In  f<»reign  traiU- they  are  usually  drawn 
up  in  triplicates,  <uie  of  which  goi-s  to  the  shipper,  one  to 
the  c(uisignee,  and  om^  is  retained  by  the  luJister.  Often 
ahljrcviatetl  /;.  />.— Bills  of  Lading  Act.  a  British  stat- 
ute of  1865,  vesting  rights  un<ier  bills  of  lading  in  the 
consignee  or  indorsee,  but  reserving  right  of  stoppage  in 
transitu  and  claims  ff»r  freight.  Similar  statutes  in  other 
jurisdictions  are  variously  known.— BUI  Of  mortality. 
See  ;Hor(a/(7?/.— Bill  Of  parcels,  an  at-count  given  by  the 
seller  to  the  buyer,  conUiining  particulars  of  the  goods 
bought  and  of  their  prices  ;  an  invoice.  — Bill  of  particu- 
lars, a  writing  setting  forth  in  detail  the  particulai'H  of  a 
niatter  stated  in  a  more  general  form  in  a  pleailing.—  Bill 
Of  Rights,  (a)  An  English  statute  of  H^s')  (1  Win.  and 
Mary,  Sess.  2,  c.  2)declaring  the  rights  and  libtrtirs  of  the 
subject,  and  settling  tht?  succession  of  the  crown  in  William 
of  Orange  ain\  Mary,  and  to  the  rightful  b'irs  of  the  lat- 
ter, but  exrbiding  any  bring  Kmiian  f'atlioliis  ;  it  alsc) 
provided  that  I'rotestants  might  have  in  their  possession 
arms  for  defense  snitaldo  to  their  conditions,  {h)  A  simi- 
lar statenimt  or  declaration  of  personal  rights  in  the 
constitution  of  a  State  of  tlu:  American  Union,  and  incor- 
j)orated  in  the  aniendnients  to  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States.— Bill  Of  sale,  a  formal  instrument  for 
the  conveyance  or  transfer  of  personal  chattels,  as  house- 
hold furniture,  stock  iuashop,  shares  of  a  ship,  or  the  like. 
It  is  often  given  to  a  creditor  in  security  for  m<uiey  bor- 
rowed, or  an  obligation  otherwise  incurred.  Wlu-n  it  ex- 
pressly empowers  the  receiver  to  sell  the  goods  if  the 
money  is  not  repaid  with  interest  at  the  appointed  time, 
or  the  obligation  not  otherwise  discharged,  the  eiuitract 
is  commonly  called  in  the  rnitud  states  a  clintt<i  mort- 
gage, not  a  bill  of  sale.-  Bills  Of  sale  acts,  a  name  given 
to  several  English  statutes  (IbTs,  l.^TU,  l8.sJ,and  18n:i),  regu- 
lating bills  of  sale,  especially  when  given  with<uit  trans- 
ferring possession  of  the  property,  and  requiring  a  schedule 
and  registration,  for  the  prevention  of  fraud  on  creditors. 

—  Bill  Of  sight,  a  form  <»f  entry  at  a  custom-liouse  by 
which  gooiIs  respecting  which  the  importer  has  not  the 
full  partiiular.s  may  be  provisionally  landed  for  examina- 
tion.—Bill  Of  stores,  a  license  granted  at  a  custom-house 
to  merchant  sliips  to  (  arry  stores  and  provisions  for  their 
voyage  duty-free.—  Bill  Of  sufferance,  a  coasting  license 
to  trade  from  port  to  port  withi^ut  [laying  customs  duty, 
the  dutiable  goods  being  loaded  and  landed  at  sutferance 
wharfs.— Bill  payable,  bill  receivable,  a  bill  of  ex- 
change, promissury  note,  or  other  conunercial  paper.  It 
is  called  a  hill  i>(i;/(il'h'  liy  the  ]ierson  who  is  to  pay  it,  and 
a  bill  receiriiht.'  liy  the  jjersoii  wh.i  hulils  it.  Separate  ac- 
counts under  tliese  iiaim  s  ai-'  usually  kept  in  mercantile 
books.  — Blackstone's  Hard-labor  "Bill,  an  English  stat- 
ute of  177;»  (11)  Geo.  III.,  e.  74)  relating  to  the  transporta- 
tion, imprisonment,  and  punishment  of  convicts.  It  es- 
tablished "penitentiary  houses,"  required  that  prisoners 
should  be  put  to  severe  work  according  to  their  ability 
and  be  separately  confined  when  at  rest,  and  i)reseribed 
minute  regulations  for  their  care  and  control.—  Bland 
Silver  Bill,  a  United  States  statute  of  1878  ('JO  Stat.,  2.'.) : 
so  called  from  its  author,  Richard  P.  Bland,  a  memlier  of 
the  House  from  Misstuiri.  It  reestablished  the  silverdol- 
lar  containing  41'2\  grains  troy  of  standard  silver  as  a  legal 
tender ;  but  its  special  feature  was  a  clause  requiring  the 
Treasury  to  ])urchase  every  month  not  less  than  two  mil- 
lion nor  more  than  four  million  dollars'  worth  of  silver 
bullion  and  to  coin  it  into  dollars.—  Boston  Port  BUI,  an 
English  statute  of  1774  (14  Geo.  III.,  c.  HO  incited  by  the 
destruction  of  tea  in  Boston  harbor.  It  closed  the  port  of 
Boston  to  traiie,  allowing  the  admission  only  of  food  and 
fuel  brought  from  other  parts  of  America.— Creditor's 
bill.  Set'  <■n■.//^./■.— Deceased  Wife's  Sister  Bill,  a  bill 
repeatedly  intrndncetl  intti  the  P.ritisli  raiiiauient  to  ab- 
rogate the  rule  of  English  law  \\hi(  h  lorbiiis  a  widower  to 
marry  the  sister  of  his  deceased  wife.  In  the  summer  of 
lS9t)  it  pjissed  its  third  reading  in  the  House  of  Lords.— 
Deficiency  bill,  (a)  A  short  loan  or  advance  made  to  the 
British  government  by  the  Bank  of  England  whenever  the 
t;ixe8  received  are  insufficient  to  pay  the  dividends  ilue  on 
government  stocks,  (b)  A  legislative  bill  appropriating 
an  ani<)unt  of  money  required  to  make  up  a  tlelirieney. — 
Exchequer  bill.  See  ej^Af/i/er.— General  Deficiency 
Bill,  the  name  of  that  one  of  the  appropriation  Iiills])a8std 
by  Congress  which  covers  the  delkiencies  of  previous  ap- 
propriation bills.—  Home-Rule  BilL  (o)  A  bill  intro- 
duced into  the  British  rarlianient  by  Mr.  Gladstone,  in 
18S6,  to  provide  a  separate  parliament  f<  'r  Ireland .  It  was 
<iefeated  in  its  second  reading,  June  7, 1886.  (b)  A  simi- 
lar bill  introduced  by  Mr.  Gladstone  on  t'eb,  I'i,  189;i.  and 
defeated  in  the  House  of  Lords  on  Sept.  8.— Jew  Bill,  an 
English  statute  of  1753(reiiealed  in  1754)  enabling  Jews  who 
were  foreigners  to  be  naturalized  without  tli-st  partaking  of 
the  sacrament.—  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  an  act  of  the 
United  States  Congres^s  ot'  1>'.'.4  f.ir  the  oi  ganizationof  the 
Territories  of  Kansas  and  Nebraskju  It  abrogated  that  pro- 
vision of  the  JlissfPurL compromise  of  I^l'o  which  forbade 
slavery  north  of  latitude  36'  30'  (tlie  southern  boundary  of 
Missouri),  left  the  decision  of  all  <iuestioris  as  to  slaverj' 
in  the  Territories  or  States  formed  from  them  to  the  rej)- 
resentatives  of  the  people  resiiiing  there,  exteiuled  the 
fugitive-slave  law  to  these  Territories,  anrl  allowed  appeal 
in  cases  alfecting  the  title  to  slaves  from  the  loeal  courts 
to  the  United  States  Supreme  Court.  The  i)olitieaI  conse- 
quences of  the  bill  were  most  important,  causing  the  de- 
struction of  the  Whig  party  and  the  struggle  l)etween  the 
proslavery  and  antislavery  jiarties  for  the  control  of  the 
TeiTitories,  which  eulmiTiated  in  the  war  of  secession  and 
the  total  abolition  of  slavery.  — Origfinal  bill  in  equity, 
in  law,  a  bill  of  complaint  originating  a  litigation;  one 
not  c<iimected  with  a  previous  bill,  as  (listiimuislied  from 
one  growing  out  of  a  matter  before  litiiiated  in  the  court 
bv  the  same  person  staiiding  in  the  same  interests.  —  Pen- 
dleton Bill,  a  Tinted  States  statute  of  lS.S;i  (2-J  Stat,  403) 
regulating  ami  iniprovini:  the  civil  service  :  so  called  after 
its  promoter,  Senatipr  <;eorge  H.  Pendleton  of  Ohio.  It 
pn)vides  f(u- the  competitive  examination  of  applicants  for 
office,  and  their  aj'poiutment  to  vacancies  according  to 
their  grade  ;is  established  liv  the  examining  connnission. 

-  -  Poland  Bill,  a  (nited  States  statute  of  1874  (18  Stat.. 
253),  so  called  after  its  author,  I.uke  P.  Pi>land,amember  of 
the  House  of  Keprcsentatives  from  Vermont,  the  design  of 
which  wiLS  to  render  effective  the  authority  of  the  officers 
and  courts  of  the  United  States  in  the  Tenitory  of  Itah, 
by  prescribing  the  duties  of  the  United  States  marshal 


biUet 

nnd  attorney,  the  JurlailictiDri  uf  the  roiirta,  the  impanel- 
ing <>f  juries,  appeals,  etc.— Private  bill,  anai-tof  alcfpig' 
lature  wlliell  deals  witil  tile  ri^Ilts  of  a  siiiKle  individual 
or  iissociaticiii,  or  of  a  Kroup  of  indiviiiualg,  iis  distini^nisli- 
ed  from  one  atfeetiUK  tlie  eoininunity  (generally,  or  all  per- 
sons of  a  speeilk'd  chiss  or  Inrality.  It  is  regarded  rather 
as  in  tlie  nature  of  a  judicial  award  or  deeree  than  as  a 
statute  or  law.  —  To  enter  a  bill  Bhort.  See  enter.—  TO 
note  a  bill  of  exchange.  .'<ec  m,ir,  v.  t.  [For  other 
noted  tiill.son  partitiilar  sulijects,  such  jm  yic./orHt  Bitl,!uie 
the  word  charaeteriziuK  the  hill.  I'or  other.?  i)etter  Icnown 
hv  the  temi  act,  gtalutf,  cU\,  see  those  words.] 

biiF  (bil),  V.  t.  [<  bill»,  11.]  1.  To  enter  in  a 
bill ;  inako  a  bill  or  list  of;  (.'liargo  or  cntor  in 
an  aceoimt  for  future  l)aJ^neIlt :  as,  to  hill  goods 
or  freight  to  a  consignee ;  to  hill  passengers  in  a 
stage-coach;  to  bill  a  customer's  purchases. 
See  bnok,  v.  t. 

Parties  in  tlie  TJnited  States  having  goods  to  ship  to 
Corea  may,  as  heretofore,  liave  thciu  hiUeil  to  Yokoliama 
by  Anieriean  or  other  lines  anil  then  rehilled  to  Corea. 

U.  .y.  Omi.  lie  p..  No.  73,  p.  cxil. 

2.  To  advertise  by  bill  or  public  notice ;  an- 
nounce on  a  play-bill :  as,  ho  was  billed  to 
apjiear  as  (Jthello. 
bill'  (bil),  H.  [Var.  of  E.  dial,  bed,  heal,  <  heal, 
v.,  var.  of  fc(7/-.]  A  bellow  or  roar:  applied  to 
the  boom  of  the  bittern. 

The  bittern's  hollow  bill  was  heard. 

Wiirdgworth,  Evening  Wallc. 

billage^  (bil'aj),  «.  [E.  dial.,  prob.  <  ML.  hir- 
h'l/ia:  see  by-law.']  A  method  of  settling  dis- 
putes about  boundaries  by  arbitration.  [Local, 
Eug.  (Kent).] 

billage-t,  »-  and  y.     A  corruption  of  bilge. 

billard  (bil'Mrd),  H.  [See  6i7.]  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  eoalfish. 

Billbergia  (bil-ber'ji-ii),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
J.  U.  Billhery,  a  Swedish  botanist.]  A  genus 
of  epiphytic  plants,  natural  order  Bromeliaccce. 
There  are  20  species,  witli  crowded  spinosely  serrate  leaves 
and  panicled  or  racemose  flowers.  They  grow  on  trees  in 
tropical  .\nicrica,  and  have  been  introduced  intohotllouses 
for  the  sake  of  their  beautiful  and  fragrant  tlowers. 

bill-boardl  (liil'bord),  n.  [<  hilV^  +  board.] 
Xaut.,  a  projection  sheathed  with  iron  placed 
abaft  the  cathead, 
for  the  bill  of  the  an- 
chor to  rest  on.  See 
anchor-lining. 

bill-board-  (bil'- 
bord),  H.  [<  Um  + 
board.]  A  board  or 
tablet  on  which  ad- 
vertising bills  or  pla- 
cards may  be  posted. 

bill-book'  (bil'buk), 
n.  A  book  in  which 
a  merchant  keeps  a 


I,  Bill-board  ;  2,  Bill-port. 


record  of  the  details  of  his  bills  of  exchange, 
promissory  notes,  etc.,  payable  and  receivable. 

bill-broker  (bil'bro  ker),  n.  One  whose  busi- 
ness it  is  to  negotiate  the  discount  of  bills  of 
exchange,  either  simply  as  agent  or  by  bujing 
and  selling  again,  with  or  without  a  guaranty. 
[British.] 

bill-chamber  (bil'cham'ber),  «.  [<  fti7/3  -H 
diiunlxr.]  A  department  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sion in  .Scotland  in  which  one  of  the  judges 
officiates  at  all  times  diu'ing  session  and  vaca- 
tion. All  proceeiiings  for  summary  remedies  or  for  pro- 
tection against  some  threatened  action,  as,  for  e.\ample, 
intenlicts,  begin  in  the  Itill-clianiber.  The  process  of  se- 
<lucstration  or  bankruptcy  issues  from  this  department  of 
the  court. 

billed  (bild),  a.  [ME.  billid;  <  billl -^ -ed^.] 
Furnished  with  or  having  a  bill  or  beak:  used 
chiefly  in  composition  :  as,  a  shoTt-hitled  bird. 

billenientt,  ".     See  hiUmnU. 

billetl  (bil'et),  ».  [<  ME.  hillcttc,  <  AF.  billette 
(ML.  billcta,  F.  billet,  billette),  dim.  of  bille,  a 
writing:  see  hill^.]  1.  A  small  paper  or  note  in 
writing ;  a  short  letter  or  document. 

I  got  your  melancholy  billet  before  we  sat  down  to  din- 
ner. Sterm,  Letters,  lx.\xiv. 

2.  A  ticket  given  by  a  billet-master  or  other 
officer  directing  the  person  to  whom  it  is  ad- 
dressed to  provide  board  and  lodging  for  the 
soldier  bearing  it. 

The  soldiers  distributed  themselves  among  the  houses 
of  the  most  opulent  citizens,  no  one  escaping  a  biitet  who 
was  rich  enough  to  receive  such  company. 

Motley,  Dutclk  Republic,  II.  547. 

Hence — 3.  The  place  where  a  soldier  is  lodged; 
lodging;  accommodation. — 4.  The  place  (mark- 
ed by  a  numbered  hammock-hook)  assigned  to 
each  of  the  crew  of  a  man-of-war  for  slinging 
his  hammock.  Hence — 5.  A  place,  situation, 
position,  or  appointment:  as,  he  is  looking 
toT  a  billet.  [Vulgar.]— 6t.  A  ballot  or  vot- 
ing-i)aper.  -Act  of  Billets  (Sotcli  Parliament.  1602), 
a  measure  by  whicli  the  twelve  persons  exempted  from 


Three  Billets  azure 
JD  chief. 


billet 

the  King's  Iinleninity  were  to  be  ehrtsen  by  secret  voting. 
iV.  A'. /A  — Billet  de  change.  [f.\  in  (ore,  a  contnut  t« 
furnish  a  tiill  of  c\L-li;iiiKt' ;  a  contract  to  pay  the  vahic  of 
a  hill  of  exclian;:t'  already  fnrnislicil.  Jiimvu'r. —Every 
bullet  bas  Its  billet,  every  hullet  Inis  its  dcstinatinn  as- 
signeil ;  that  is,  only  those  are  killed  in  battle  whose  death 
has  been  i>rdaincd  by  Proviiience ;  a  sayinj:  attributed  to 
Kiuj;  William  III.  of  England. 
billetl  (l)il'et),  r.  [<  billcn,  w.]  I.  trans.  To 
iliioet  (a  soldior)  by  a  ticket  or  note  where  to 
loil{;e ;  lieiice,  to  ([iiarter  or  place  in  lodgings, 
as  soldiers  in  private  houses. 

Iletire  thee  ;  go  where  thou  art  hilMrit. 

k'hak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

If  at  home  anv  peace  were  intended  us,  what  meant 
those  hillctcd  Soldiers  in  all  parts  i>t  the  KiliKdom,  and 
the  desii;n  of  German  Horse,  to  subline  us  in  our  peace- 
ful! Houses';  Milton,  Eikonokla.stes,  ix. 

The  rude,  insolent,  unpaid  and  therefore  insubordinate 
soldiery  were  billeted  in  every  house  in  the  city. 

Motleij,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  289. 

II.  inlraiis.  To  be  quartered;  lodge:  spe- 
cifically applied  to  soldiers. 

He  hilletjt  in  my  lodgings.  Dr.  Pridcavz,  To  .41)p.  Ussher. 
billet^  (bil'et),  «.  [Also  billot,  <  ME.  biUette, 
bylet,  <  OF.  billcte,  F.  bilMtc,  also  billot,  a  block 
or  log  of  wood,  (limiuutives  of  billc,  <  ML.  billiin, 
a  log,  a  stock  of  a  tree  ;  origin  unknown.  Cf. 
billiards.^  1.  A  small  stick  of  wood;  especial- 
ly, a  stick  of  wood  cut  for  fuel,  a  billet  of  fire- 
wood must,  by  a  statute  of  Elizalieth,  measure  3  feet  4 
inches  in  lengtli.   Bundles  of  billets  .are  called  billet-wood. 

What  shall  these  billets  do?  be  pil'd  in  my  wood-yard? 
Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  v.  3. 

He  slept  on  the  ground,  or  on  the  hard  floor,  with  a  bil- 
let  of  wood  for  ids  pillow.        Pt-escott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  5. 

2.  In  her.,  a  bearing  in  the  form  of  a  small 
rectangle,  usually  set  with  the  long  sides  verti- 
cal. The  number,  position,  and  tincture  must  always  be 
specified  ;  thus,  tlie  illustration  shows 

three  billets  azure  in  chief.     Billets    ^^ — -r^ 

should  always  be  represented  flat,  with- 
out shadow  or  relief.     See  brick-,  4. 

3.  In  arch.:  (a)  An  ornament 
much  used  in  early  medieval 
work,  consisting  of  an  imitation 
of  a  wooden  billet,  or  a  small 
section  of  a  rod,  of  which  a  se- 
ries are  placed  at  regular  inter- 
vals in  or  upon  a  molding,  usu- 
ally a  concave  molding.  See  cut  under  billet- 
molding,  (ft)  A  checker. — 4.  A  short  strap 
used  for  connecting  various  straps  aid  portions 
of  a  harness. — 5.  A  pocket  or  loop  into  which 
the  end  of  a  strap  is  inserted  after  passing 
through  a  buckle. —  6.  A  small  bloom;  a  short 
bar  of  iron  or  steel,  with  a  square  section,  and 
of  smaller  size  than  an  ordinary  "pile."  A  billet 
is  rolled  of  the  size  and  weight  required  for  the  finished 
article  which  is  to  be  produced  fmm  it.  —  Billet  and  zig- 
zag, a  frequent  molding  in  medieval  architectuie,  consist- 
ing of  a  turns  ornamented  byaUcrnate  clieckcrs.  —  Cast 
billet,  a  moderate-sized  billtt.  formerly,  by  l;i\v,  lo  iTiches 
in  circumference.  — Single  billet,  a  si'iiall'liilkt.  fornnr- 
ly,  l>y  law,  7^.  inches  in  circumlerence.  — Two-cast  billet, 
a  large  billet,  formerly,  by  law,  14  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence. 

billets  (bil'et),  n.  [Cf.  biHard  and  bil.']  A 
local  English  name  of  the  coal-fish,  especially 
when  one  year  old. 

billet-cable  (bil'et-ka"bl),  n.  [<  billefi  +  cable.'] 
A  molding  occurring  in  early  medieval  archi- 
tecture, consisting  of  a  torus  or  cable  orna- 
mented with  billets. 

billet-doux  (bil-e-do'),  H.;  pi.  billets-doux.    [F. ; 

lit.,  sweet  letter:  billet,  see  billet^,  n. ;  doux,  <  L. 

dulcis,  sweet.]    A  love-note  or  short  love-letter. 

Valentine's  Day  kept  courting  pretty  May,  who  sate  next 

him,  slipping  amorous  hillet.-.--douj:  under  the  table. 

Lamb,  New  Year's  Coming  of  Age. 

billetee  (bil-e-ta'),  a.  [F.  billete,  -ee,  <  billette: 
see  billet-.]     In  her.,  same  as  billetii. 

billet-bead  (bil'et-hed),  h.  [<  bilfcf^  -(-  head.] 
1.  Naiit. :  (a)  A  cylindrical  piece  of  timber  fixed 
in  the  bow  or  stern  of  a  whaling-boat,  rotmd 
which  the  line  is  run  out  when  the  whale  darts 
off  after  being  harpooned.  Also  called  bollard. 
(ft)  Same  as  sreoW-ftearf. —  2.  A  loggerhead. 

billeting-roU  (bil'et-ine-rol),  «.  [<  billeting 
(<  billcf^,  a  stick,  +  -»«(/!)  +  roll.]  A  set  of 
rollers  havang  flattening  and  edging  grooves, 
used  in  rolling  iron  into  merchantable  bars. 

billet-master  (biret-mas"ter),  «.  One  whose 
(i\ity  is  to  issue  billets  to  soldiers. 

billet-molding  (bU'et-moKding),  II.    In  arch., 
anv  molding  ornamented 
with  billots. 

billets-doux,  ".  Plural 
of  billet-floux. 

billety  (bil'e-ti),  a.  [See 
billetee.]  In  her.:  (a)  Di- 
vided into  billets :  same 
as  barrypaly :  said  of  the  Buietmoiding. 


654 

field.  Also  called  billety  counier-billety.  (b) 
Strewed  all  over  with  billets.  It  is  usual  to 
arrange  tlie  billets  alternately,  each  coming 
undi'r  a  space,  and  the  reverse. 

bill-fish  (bil'fish),  )i.  [<  biia  (cf.  its  L.  name, 
hrloiii;  <  Or.  lit'Adt'!/,  a  sharp  point)  +  fish.]  1. 
The  long-nosed  gar,  or  common  garpike,  Lepi- 
dostfus  osscus,  a  fish  of  the  family  L^jiidosteidie. 
See  garpike. —  2.  The  skipper,  Sc<jnilier)sox .'i<iu- 
rns,  a  s.vnentognathous  fish  of  the  family  Seom- 
bercsociiUr  or  family  Kxoca'tida^.  Also  called 
saury. —  3.  The  spear-fish,  Tetrapturus  albidiis, 
of  the  family  Histiophorida.    it  h.as  a  prolonged 

beak  like  a  swordfish.  ami  urs  along  the  eastern  coast 

of  the  I'nited  States  and  in  tlie  Carilibi-an-seji. 
4.  One  of  the  garfislies,  Tylosurus  longirostris, 
of  tlie  family  Belonidw.     iSee  garfish,  and  cut 
under  Bclonidm. 

bill-ha'Wk  (bil'hak),  «.  A  form  of  saw-tooth, 
so  called  from  a  certain  resemblance  to  a  hawk's 
bill. 

bill-head  (bil'hed),  «.  [<  bilP  +  head.]  A 
printed  paper  containing  the  name,  address, 
and  business  of  a  person  or  firm,  etc.,  with 
space  below  for  adding  an  account  in  writing. 

bill-hook  (bil'hiik),  n.  [<  bilft  +  hook.]  A 
form  of  small  hatchet  curved  inward 
at  the  point  of  the  cutting  edge,  used 
for  pruning  trees,  hedges,  and  the 
like,  and  by  sappers  and  miners  to  cut 
pickets,  rods,  and  withes  for  gabions, 
fascines,  hurdles,  saprollers,  etc. 

billiard,  «.     See  billiards. 

billiard-ball  (bil'yiird-bal),  H.  A 
small  round  ivory  jball  used  in  play- 
ing billiards. 

billiard-cloth  (bil'yard-kloth),  H.    A     Biii-hook 
fine  green  woolen  cloth,  piece-dyed, 
from  72  to  81  inches  wide,  manufactured  to 
cover  billiard-tables. 

billiard-cue  (bil'yard-kii),  n.  The  tapering 
stick  with  which  billiard-players  strike  the 
balls. 

billiardist  (bil'yar-dist),  n.  [<  billiard-s  +  -ist.] 
One  skilled  in  the  game  of  billiards  ;  a  profes- 
sional billiard-player. 

billiard-marker  ("biryard-mar'''ker),  «.  1.  One 
who  attends  on  players  at  billiards  and  records 
the  progress  of  the  game. —  2.  An  apparatus 
for  registering  the  points  and  games  scored  at 
billiards. 

billiards  (bil'yardz),  n.  [Formerly  also  spelled 
billiard,  biUyards  (-Hi-,  -Hy-,  to  indicate  the  for- 
mer pronunciation  of  F.  -//-),  billards,  etc. ;  <  F. 
billard,  billiards,  billiard-table,  formerly  a  bil- 
liard-cue, orig.  a  stick  with  a  curved  end,<  bille, 
a  log  of  wood,  a  yoimg  stock  of  a  tree  (see  bil- 
let^) ;  a  different  word  from  bille,  a  ball,  a  bil- 
liard-ball, =Sp.fti7/«=  It.  bilia,  biylia;  ML.  billa, 
a  ball,  same  as  billa,  a  se.al,  a  writing,  a  bill:  see 
6(7/3.]  A  game  played  by  two  or  more  persons, 
on  a  rectangular  table  of  special  construction 
(see  billiard-table),  with  ivory  balls,  which  the 
players,  by  means  of  cues,  cause  to  strike 
against  each  other.  Formerly  in  the  United  States 
the  game  was  played  with  four  balls  on  a  table  having  sLx 
pockets,  the  players  scoring  both  for  caroms  and  for  driv- 
ing the  balls  into  tile  pockets.  (See  carom.)  This  is  nearly 
the  present  Etujlisti  game.  Since,  however,  expert  players 
could  continue  an  inning  at  the  game  thus  played  almost 
without  limit,  the  pockets  were  dispensed  with  and  count- 
ing was  made  to  depend  entirely  upon  caroms.  Later,  pro- 
fessional players  adniittd  what  is  known  as  the  French, 
game,  in  wliieli  only  tliree  balls  are  used,  and  this  was  mod- 
ified to  the  i-fuuni'ion..;'  iiaine,  in  which  a  line,  called  a  balk- 
liw,  i.s  drawn  crossing  each  corner  of  the  table  diagonally, 
within  which  two  counts  only  can  be  made.  Experts  now 
play  also  eii.-^bion.ean'in.^,  in  which  the  cue-ball  nuist  temeh 
the  ensliion  lit-fore  hitting  the  second  object-ball,  orbit  the 
second  ball  again  on  a  return  from  the  cushion  ;  the  balk- 
line  (fame,  which  is  the  same  as  the  champions'  game,  hut 
with  balk-lines  14  inches  from  the  cushion  all  round  the 
table  ;  and  the  bank-game,  in  wliich  the  cue-i)all  must  hit 
the  cushion  before  touctling  any  other  ball.  (The  singular 
form,  billiard,  is  occasionally  used,  and  is  always  employed 
in  composition. 

With  aching  heart,  and  discontented  looks. 
Returns  at  noon  to  billiard  or  to  books. 

Coicper,  Retirement.] 

billiard-table  (biryiird-ta''bl),  «.  A  table  on 
which  the  game  of  iiilliards  is  played.  It  is  nuade 
of  mahogany  or  other  hard  wood,  of  strong  and  heavy 
construction,  and  has  a  raised  eusliioned  ledge  all  round, 
the  area  thus  formed  consisting  of  a  bed  of  slate  or  marble 
covered  with  fine  green  cloth.  The  size  varies,  the  smallest 
common  size  lieinglO  by  5  feet,  and  the  largest  1 2  by  0  feet. 
Some  tables  are  proWded  with  six  pockets,  one  at  each  cor- 
ner and  one  in  the  middle  of  eacli  of  the  long  sides  ;  others 
have  four  pockets ;  but  billiard  tatdcs  are  now,  except  in 
En-.'land.  commonly  made  without  pocketa. 

billicock,  «.     See  billycoek. 

billing  (bil'ing),  «.  [Ppr.  of  fti'Hl,  c]  A  caress- 
ing after  the  fashion  of  doves ;  love-making : 
as,  "your  billings  and  cooings,"  Leigh  Hunt. 


billo'wy 

billingsgate  (bil'ingz-gat),  n.  [Formerly  also 
liilliiisgati',  ISeelingsyati ,  <  ME.  liellingcs  gate, 
i.  c..  Billing's  gate  (cf.  AS.  liilling,  a  patro- 
nymic name),  the  name  of  one  of  the  ancient 
gates  of  the  city  of  London,  and  of  a  fish- 
market  near  it,  noted  for  the  foulness  of  the 
language  used  there.]  Profane  or  scurrilous 
language  or  abuse ;  blackguardism. 

Satire  is  nothing  but  ribaldry  and  billingsgate. 

Addison,  Papers. 

billion  (bil'yon),  n.  [F.,  contracted  from  *bi- 
niitliiiii,  <  L.  bi-,  twice  (second  power),  -I-  F.  mil- 
iion,  million.]  1.  In  Great  Britain,  a  million 
of  millions ;  as  many  millions  as  there  are  tmits 
in  a  million  (1,000,000,000,000).— 2.  In  France 
and  the  I'nited  States,  a  thousand  miUions 
(1,000,000,000).  (Ttie  word  billion  was  introduced  into 
French  in  the  stxteenth  century,  in  the  sense  of  a  million 
to  the  second  power,  as  a  trillion  was  a  million  to  the  tiiird 
power.  At  that  time  numbers  were  usually  pointed  off 
in  periods  of  six  figures.  In  the  seventeenth  century  the 
custom  I»revaileil  of  pointing  olf  numbers  in  periods  of 
three,  and  this  led  to  the  change  in  the  meaning  of  the 
word  billio)t  in  French.  The  words  billion,  trillion,  etc., 
did  not  apparently  come  into  use  in  English  until  a  later 
date,  for  Locke  ("Essaj"  on  the  Human  t'nderstanding," 
ii.  IG,  §  6, 1(>90)  speaks  of  the  use  of  billion  as  a  novelty. 
The  English  meaning  of  tlie  word  is  thus  the  original  and 
most  systematic.  Tlie  word  billion  is  not  used  in  the 
Frciirb  of  every-day  life,  one  thousand  millions  being 
lalhda  milliard.] 

billionaire  (bil'yon-ar),  n.  [<  billion  +  -aire, 
as  in  millionaire.]  One  who  possesses  property 
worth  a  billion  reckoned  in  standard  coin  of 
the  coimtry.     [Rare.] 

fine  would  like  to  give  a  party  now  and  then,  if  one 
could  be  a  hillionaire.      0.  \V.  Holmes,  Elsie  Venner,  vii. 

billman  (bil'man),  11.;  pi.  billmen  (-men).  [<  bill^ 
+  man.]  1.  A  soldier  or  civic  guardsman  of 
former  times  armed  with  a  bill. 

In  rushed  liis  bill-nten.  Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  427. 

A  billman  of  the  guard.        Savillf,  tr.  of  Tacitus,  L  24. 

When  the  bill-men  saw  that  the  fire  w,as  overaw'd,  and 
could  not  doe  the  deed  (burn  the  martyr],  one  of  them 
steps  to  him,  and  staljs  him  with  a  sword. 

Milton,  Prelatical  Episcopacy. 

2.  A  laborer  who  uses  a  bill  for  cutting. 
[Rare.] 
billon  (bil'on),  H.  [F.,  copper  coin,  base  coin, 
a  mint  for  such  coin  (=  Pr.  ft(7/o  =  Sp.  rcllon  = 
Pg.  bilhSo  =  It.  biglionc :  ML.  billio(n-),  bil- 
lon), orig.  a  'mass'  of  metal,  <  bille,  a  log:  see 
billet'^,  billot.  In  older  E.  form  (by  confusion) 
bnllion:  seebullinn-.]  1.  Gold  or  silver  alloyed 
with  copper  in  large  proportions,  so  as  to  make 
a  base  metal. 

In  many  continental  countries  the  smaller  currency  has 
been  made  of  a  very  low  alloy  of  silver  and  copper,  called 
billon.  .  .  .  According  to  an  analysis  performed  at  the 
Owen's  College  chemical  laboratory,  one  part  of  silver  and 
three  of  copper.  Billon  is  still  Iteing  coined  in  Austria. 
Jevon.t,  Money  and  Mech.  of  Exchange,  p.  125. 

2.  Coin  struck  from  an  alloy  over  half  copper, 
billot  (bil'ot),  n.    [F.,  dim.  of  bille :  see  billet^.] 

Same  as  billet^. 
billo'W  (bil'6),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bellow; 
prob.  <  Icel.  bylgi<i  (through  an  unrecorded 
61E.  *hiilge)  =  Sw.  bolja  =  Dan.  bolge,  a  billow, 
=  OD."  bolghe,  bidghe  =  LG.  bulge  =  OHG. 
"buliia,  MHG.  G.  buh/e,  a  billow,  prob.  related 
to  OHG.  bulgd,  MHG.  G.  bulge,  a  bag ;  ult.  < 
AS.  (etc.)  belgan,  swell,  swell  up,  whence  also 
bellows,  belly,  etc.  Cf.  bulge.]  A  great  wave 
or  surge  of  the  sea,  occasioned  usually  by  a 
violent  wind :  much  used  in  figurative  applica- 
tions, and  often,  especially  in  the  plural,  as 
merely  equivalent  to  wave  :  as,  the  billotcs  of 
sorrow  rolled  over  him. 

Vou  stand  upon  the  rivage  and  behold 
A  city  on  the  inconstant  billotcs  dancing. 

Stiak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  (cho.X 
Strongly  it  bears  us  along,  in  swelling  and  limitless  bil- 
lows.    Coleridge,  tr.  of  Schiller,  Homeric  Hexameter. 
=  Syn.    See  wa  re. 
billo'W  (bil'6),  r.     [<  billoir,  n.]     I.  intrans.  To 
swell ;  rise  and  roll  in  large  waves  or  surges. 

The  black-browed  Miu^eillese  .  .  .  do  ^i^/oie  on  towards 
the  Tuileries,  where  their  errand  is. 

Carlgle,  French  Rev.,  II.  iv.  7. 

H.    trans.    To  raise  in  waves  or  billows. 
'Young. 
billo'wed  (bil'od).  p.  a.     [Pp.  of  billoic,  v.] 

Swelled  like  a  billow, 
billo'wy  (Inl'o-i),  a.  [<  6)7/oif  +  -y^.]  Swell- 
ing or  swelled  into  large  waves  ;  full  of  bil- 
lows or  siu'ges ;  ha\'in.g  an  appearance  or  effect 
as  of  billows:  as,  "the  billoirie  ocean,"  Chap- 
}nan,  Odyssey,  v.;  billoiry  flames. 

We  had  glimpses  of  the  billoici/  t'ampagna.  with  the 
great  dome  bulghig  from  its  rim. 

LoikU,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  205. 


bill-poster 

bill-poater  (bil'iios  tc'i),  «.  Ono  whoso  busi- 
mss  it  is  to  ])(>st  up  bills  and  advertisements. 
Also  culled  I'ill-atickcr. 

bill-scale  (bil'skril),  ».  Tho  hard  scalo  or  nib 
on  the  tip  (it*  the  bcjik  of  ;l  ciiick,  aiding  it  to 
peck  the  shell  in  order  to  make  its  escape  from 
the  i'UK. 

bill-sticker  (bil'stik'^r),  n.  Same  as  bill-poster. 

billy'  (bil'i),  II. ;  pi.  hillie.1  (-iz).  [Also  spelled 
biilif ;  of  unknown  origin.  The  sense  is  rather 
too  dclinite  to  be  considered  an  application 
(like  ".lack,"  ".Jill,"  "Tom,  Dick,  and  Harry") 
of  the  familiar  proper  name  Hill!/,  dim.  of  /iill,  a 
corruption  of  Hill,  whicdi  is  short  for  ll'illiuiii.] 
A  comrade  ;  a  companion  ;  a  brother  in  arras, 
trade,  and  the  like ;  a  fellow ;  a  young  man. 
[Scotch  and  North.  Kng.] 

When  chapman  billies  leave  the  street. 

Hums,  Tani  o'  Shanter. 

billy-  (bil'i),  n. ;  pi.  billie.1  (-iz).  [A  slang  word, 
perhaps  a  particular  ajiplication  of  the  familiar 
proper  name  liiltii :  see  billyh,  and  cf .  bitty  and 
jimiiii/.  Cf.  also  F.  bilk,  a  stick  or  stock,  under 
billet'^  and  billiards.']  1.  Stolen  metal  of  any 
kind.  [Slang.]  —  2.  A  small  metal  bludgeon 
that  may  be  carried  in  the  pocket ;  hence,  a 
policeman's  club.  [Slang.]  —  3.  A  slubbing- 
machine.     Sec  slubber. 

billy-biter  (biri-bi'ter),  n.  [<BiW//,  a  familiar 
name,  -I-  biter.']  Ana:ue  for  the  blue  titmouse. 
Parity  cwritleus.  Macgillirrai/.  [Local,  Brit- 
ish.] 

Billy-blind  (bil'i-blind),  n.  1.  In  ballads,  the 
name  of  a  benevolent  household  demon  or  fa- 
miliar spirit.  Also  written  Billi/  Blind. —  2. 
[/.(•.]    The  game  of  blind-man's  buff.    N.E.I). 

billyboy  (bil'i-boi),  n.  [Ajjpar.  a  humorous 
apjdication  of  liilhj  boy  (<  billij'^  +  boy),  a  fa- 
miliar phrase  of  address ;  but  prob.  an  accom. 
to  this  form 
of  some 

other  name.] 
A  flat-bot- 
tomed, blufl'- 
bowed  barge, 
of  very  light 
di-aft,  espe- 
cially built 
for  the  navi- 
gation of  the 
river  Huml  ler 
in  England 
and  its  tribu- 
taries. Sea-Ko- 
inj;  billyljoys  are 
generally  clineller-built  ami  sloop-rigjied,  !)Ut  some  are 
canal-built  ami  selunmel'-riggeii.  Many  carry  a  square 
topsail  ami  lee-boards.  The  mast  is  fitted  to  the  deck  by 
a  hinge,  so  tliat  it  can  be  lowered  when  passing  under 
a  bridge. 

You  look  at  the  clustered  houses,  and  at  the  wharves 
with  the  black  old  billyboys  squattering  alongside. 

^V.  C.  liiissell,  .Sailor's  Sweetheart,  ii. 

billycock  (bil'i-kok),  «.  [Origin  obscure.]  A 
stiff,  round,  low-crowned  felt  hat:  often  called 
ahillyeoek  hat.  Also  spelled  i(7/icofA\  [Colloq.] 

billy-gate  (bil'i-gat),  n.  The  moving  carriage 
in  a  slubbing-machine. 

billy-goat  (bil'i-got),  n.  A  familiar  name  for 
a  he-goat,  as  nanny-goat  is  for  a  she-goat. 

billy-piecer  (biri-pe"ser),  «.  In  woolen-inanuf., 
a  chilli  who  pieces  or  joins  together  ro\'ing  on 
a  carding-engine  called  a  billy  or  slubbing- 
billy.     [Not  used  in  U.  S.] 

billy-roller  (bil'i-ro  ler),  n.  In  woolcn-manitf., 
a  wooden  roller  in  the  slubbing-machine,  under 
which  cardiugs  are  passed,  and  by  which  they 
are  slightly  compressed. 

billy-web  (bil'i-web),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Honduras  to  the  wood  of  a  little-known  timber- 
trec. 

bilobate  (bi-16'bat),  a.  [<  fci-S  +  lobate.'i  Hav- 
ing or  divided  into  two  lobes:  as,  a  bilobate 
leaf. 

bilobed  (In'lobd),  a.     Same  as  bilobate. 

bilobular  (bi-lob'u-liir),  (i.     Same  as  bilobate. 

Kouml  or  hiUibular  structures  of  very  variable  size. 

Frcy.  Ilistnl.  and  Histo-cheni.  (trans.),  p.  •2'.'. 

bilocation  (bi-lo-kii'shon),  n.  [<  6i-2  -I-  loca- 
tion.] The  power  of  being  in  two  places  at 
the  same  time.     See  extract. 

The  word  bihration  has  been  invented  to  express  the 
miraculous  faculty  possessed  by  certain  saints  of  the 
Konian  church,  of  being  in  two  places  at  once. 

K.  IS.  Tylur,  Trim.  Culture,  I.  -104. 

bilocellate  (bi-lo-sel'at),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  loeellus 
+  -u((l.]  In  bot.,  divided  into  two  locelli  or 
Becondary  cells.    See  uut  in  next  coliinin. 


655 

bilocular  (bi-lok'u-lar),  a.  [<  L.  U-,  two-,  -(- 
loculiis,  a  cell  (<  locus,  a  place),  -I-  -ar''^.]  Divid- 
ed into  two  cells,  or 
containing  two  cells 
internally:  as,  abilu- 
eiiliir  pericar]!. 

biloculate  (bi-iok'n- 

lat ),  ((.  [As  bilocul-ar 
+  -ali^.]  Same  as 
biloi-idar. 

bilophodont  (bi-lof- 

o-dont),  a.  [<  L.  bi-, 
two-,  -¥  (ir.  /.lienor,  a 


Billyboy. 


nilnrell.ilc.—  I'.nlar^ctl   section  of 
/      ,     ■  r    ■     /.'i  "     \     .T  l>iloccll.itc  .-mthcr,  ID  wliich  catli 
crest,  -I-  oriocr  ( iiiiuvT-)     of  Ihc  two  cells  is  also  biloccUatc. 

=  E.  tooth.]    Having 

two  transverse  crests  on  a  molar  tooth,  as  the 

tapirs,  dinotheriids,  and  kangaroos. 

Tile  bilo]ilwtioiit  sub-type  becomes  more  marked  in  Di- 
notherium  and  in  the  anterior  small  molar  of  -Mastodon. 
Owen,  Anat.  Vert.,  III.  34:t. 

biloQuial  (bi-16'kwi-al),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
/<>'/«(,  speak;  nitcv  colloiiiiiah]  Speaking  with 
two  different  voices.     X.  E.  I>. 

biloquist  (bil'o-kwist),  n.  [As  bihiquial  -f-  -ist.] 
Une  who  can  speak  with  two  ilifferent  voices. 

.\.  /•;.  n. 

bilsah  (bil'sa),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  fino  kind  of 
tobacco  grovvn  in  the  district  of  Malwa  in  cen- 
tral India. 

bilsted  (bil'sted),  11.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
Another  name  of  the  American  sweet-gum  tree, 
I.iqnidainbar  Styracijlna. 

biltong,  bilton'gue  (bil'tong,  -tun^),  n.  [S. 
African  I),  biltiiiu/,  <  D.  bil,  buttock,  pi.  rump, 
-H  tonij  =  E.  tongue.]  A  South  .\fi-ican  name 
for  lean  meat  cut  into  thin  strips  and  dried  in 
the  Sim. 

bimaculate,  bimaculated  (bi-mak'u-lat,  -la- 
ted),  ((.  [<  bi-'~  +  iniicnlate.]  Having  two 
spots;  marked  with  two  spots.— Bimaculated 
duck,  AnastjU'cHan^ov i^ucrqucdula  biinacutala,  a  Euro- 
pean sjiecies  of  teal. 

Bimana  (bim'a-na),  n.  pi.  [NX.,  neut.  pi.  (sc. 
niiiinalia)  of  fimanus,  two-handed:  see  biina- 
noiis.]  An  order  of  Slaininalia,  including  man 
alone,  established  by  Blumenbach,  and  retained 
by  C'u\'ier  and  most  naturalists  until  quite  re- 
cently. The  order  is  now  practically  abolished,  since  it 
h.as  been  sho\Mi  that,  zoologically  and  moriihologically, 
man  dilfcrs  less  from  the  anthro[)oid  apes  than  these  apes 
do  from  most  monkeys.  The  custuni  is  now  to  revert  in 
this  particular  to  the  classitication  of  biniucus,  wlio  in- 
cluded man  with  the  aiies.  monkeys,  aiul  lemurs  in  one 
order,  Primates.  The  zoological  rank  now  usually  assignetl 
to  the  genus  Homo  is  that  of  the  type  of  a  family  Iloiiii- 
nid(e  or  AnthropitloE,  the  term  liliiuina  beitig  useii.  if  at 
all,  as  the  name  of  a  superfaiiiilyor  suborder,  by  means  of 
which  man  alone  is  thus  contrasted  with  Siinitv. 

bimanet  (bi'm.an),  a.  [<  F.  bimune,  <  NL.  bi- 
maiiiis  :  see  binianous.]     Same  a,s  bimanoiis. 

bimanous  (bi'mij-nus),   a.     [<  NL.  bimanus, 
two-handeii,  <  L.  bi-,  two-,   +    munus,    hand. 
a.  liimana.]     1.  Having  two  hands. 
Two-handed  and  two-footed,  or  bimanous  and  biped- 

Lawrence,  Lectures,  p.  100  (tJrd  ilS.)- 

Specifically — 2.  In  ;o('il.,  belonging  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Bimana. 

bimanual  (bi-man'u-al),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  -t- 
maniis  (niaiiii-),  hand, -h  -al.  Ct.  manual.]  In- 
volving the  emplopnent  of  both  hands. 

bimarginate  (Iji-mar'ji-nat),  a.  [<  bi-~  -(- 
inanjinaU:}  In  conch.,  furnished  with  a  dou- 
ble margin  as  far  as  the  tip. 

bimbo  (bim'bo),  »!.  A  kind  of  punch,  drunk  as 
a  liqueur,  made  with  si.x  lemons  and  a  pound 
of  sugar  to  a  quart  of  brandy  and  a  quart  of 
water. 

bimedial  (bi-me'di-al),  «.  [<  J/-2  -I-  medial; 
tr.  of  Gr.  tK  live  /linuv,  from  two  medials.]  In 
anc.  math.,  a  line  compounded  of  two  medials. 
If  these  latter  make  a  rational  rectangle,  the  eom])ound 
is  called  a  Jirst  Inmedial ;  if  they  make  a  medial  rec- 
tangle, the  conipouml  is  termed  a  second  bimedial.  In 
modern  language  this  would  be  e.\i>ressed  by  saying  that 
a  bimedial  is  a  quantity  of  the  formd/rt  +  yb)  i/c,  where 
(I,  b,  and  c  are  commensurable.  It  is  a  first  or  a  second 
bimedial  according  ;is  a  6  c  is  or  is  not  a  perfect  square. 

bimembral  (bi-mem'bral),  a.  [<  L.  biniembris, 
<  hi-,  two-,  -I-  membrum,  member.]  Consisting 
of  two  members,  as  a  sentence.     Gibbs. 

bimenet,  r.  t.   A  Middle  English  form  of  bemoan. 

bimensal  (lii-men'sal),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
nunsis,  a  month.  Cf.  hiinestrial.]  Occurring 
once  in  two  months;  bimonthly. 

Bimeria  (bi-me'ri-il),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+  Gr.  /lipoc,  part.]  A  genus  of  hydrozoans, 
typical  of  the  family  lUmeriida: 

Bimeriidse  (bi-me-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NTi.,  <  Bi- 
niiria  -i-  -iilie.']  A  family  of  tubularian  hydro- 
zoans, typified  by  the  genus  liiinrria.  The  p.dyp- 
stock  is  covered  witli  a  jicrisarc.  the  generative  buds  arc 
sessile,  and  tlie  tenbiclcs  u(  the  polyps  are  simple. 


bin 

bimestrial  (bi-mes'tri-al),  a.  [<  L.  bimcstrix, 
of  two  months'  duration,  <  hi-,  two-,  +  mensis,  a 
month.]  Happening  every  two  months;  con- 
tinuing two  months. 

iJante  became  one  of  the  six  priors  (June,  1300),  an 
olllce  which  the  Florentines  had  made  liimejitriat  in  its 
t.-iiure,  in  order  apparently  to  secure  at  least  six  constitu- 
tional chances  of  revolution  in  the  year. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Hooks,  2d  ser.,  p.  11. 
bimetallic  (bi-me-tal'ik),  a.    [<  F.  bimetallique, 

<  ///-  (<  L.  hi-,  two-)  +  metallique ;  or  <  fci-*  + 
metallic.  This  word  and  its  derivatives  are  of 
recent  origin,  M.  Cernustdii  having  been  the 
first  to  tise  hiindtalliiiiie  in  1S69,  and  bimetallic  in 
1876.  \.  E.  1).]  Of  or  pertaining  to  two  met- 
als; specifically,  pertaining  to  the  use  of  a 
double  metallic  standard  in  currency.  See  bi- 
metallism. 

The  fallacy  that  prices  ilepend  directly  on  the  volume 

of  currency,  that  a  bi-  metallic  standard  is  practicabh',  etc. 

.V.  A.  lie  v.,  C'XXVII.  352. 

bimetallism  (bi-mct'al-izm),  H.  [<  bimctall-ic 
-¥  -ism.]  The  use  of  two  metals  as  money  at 
relativt^  values  set  by  legislative  enactment; 
the  union  of  two  metals  in  circulation  as  money 
at  a  tL\ed  rate.  Specifically,  tlnit  system  of  coinage 
which  recognizes  botli  coins  of  silver  and  coins  of  gold 
as  legal  tender  to  any  amount,  or  the  concurrent  use  of 
coins  of  two  metals  as  a  circulating  medium  at  a  fixed 
relative  value. 

This  coinage  wjis  superseded  by  the  bimetallic  (gold  and 
silver)  coimige  of  Criesus,  and  bimetallism  was  the  rule  in 
Asia  down  to  Alexanticr's  time  in  the  fixed  ratio  of  one  to 
thirteen  and  a  half  betweett  the  two  metals.       Academy. 

bimetallist  (bi-met'al-ist),  n.  [<  bimetall-ic  + 
-ist.  Vt.  hinntallism.]  One  who  advocates  the 
use  of  a  double  metallic  standard  in  currency. 

bimetallistic  (bi-met-a-lis'tik),  a.  [<  bimetal- 
list  -f-  -/(■.)  Pertaining  or  relating  to  bimetal- 
lism,    t'onteiiijiiirnry  Her. 

bimodular  (In-moil'iTi-lilr),  a.  [<  bimodidiis  + 
-ar'-i.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the  bimodulus. — 2. 
Having  two  moduli. 

bimodulus  (In-motl'u-lus),  n. ;  pi.  bimodidi  (-U). 
[NL.,  <  /)/--  -f-  nioditins.]  In  math.,  the  double 
of  the  modulus  of  a  system  of  logarithms. 

bimonthly  (bi-mimth'li),  a.  [<  bi--  +  monthly.] 
Occurring  every  two  months.  Sometimes  enone- 
ously  used  for  semi-immthly,  as  apjilied  to  periodicals  ap- 
pearing twice  a  motith. 

bimucronate  (bi-mti'kro-nat),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  niu- 
eronate.]  In  :oi>l.,  having  two  mucros  or  angu- 
lar pro.jections:  as,  himucronalc  elytra. 

bimuscular  (bi-mus'kii-ljir),  a.  [<  bi-'^  +  muscu- 
lar.] In  eoneh.,  having  two  adductor  muscles, 
as  some  Itivalves;  dimyarian. 

Bimusculosa  (iii-mus-ki)-ir)'sa),  «.  pi.    [NL., 

<  L.  bi-,  two-,  -f-  museulosiis,  muscular,  <  mus- 
<■«;«.>',  muscle.]  In  eoneh.,  an  order  of  bivalve 
mollusks:  svnon>Tnous  with  .D»Myarirt.  (lould, 
1841. 

bin^  (bin),  H.  [<  ME.  binne,  bynne,  byn,  a  re- 
pository for  grain  or  bread,  usually  a  manger, 

<  AS.  biun,  a  manger.  Origin  uncertain;  per- 
haps, like  D.  bcnne,  ben,  =  G.  henne,  a  basket- 
wagon,  =  It.  henna,  a  sleigh,  cart,  =  F.  banne, 
beiine,  a  basket,  creel,  pannier,  basket-wagon,  < 
ML.  henna,  a  basket,  a  hamper,  appar.  the  same 
as  L.  henna,  quoted  as  an  old  Gaulish  name  for 
a  kind  of  vehicle;  cf.  W.  ben,  a  cart,  wagon.] 
1.  A  box  or  inclosed  place  used  as  a  repository 
tor  any  commodity:  as,  a  corn-bin;  a  coal-fciii. 

—  2.  One  of  the  open  subdivisions  of  a  cellar 
for  the  reception  of  wine-bottles. 

Also  spelled  hinn. 

bin^  (bin),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  binned,  ppr.  bin- 
ning. [<  fc(Hi,  H.]  To  put  into  or  store  in  a  bin: 
as,  to  Inn  liquor. 

bin-t  (bin),  adr.  and  prej).  [=E.  dial,  and  Sc. 
hen  (see  beii^),  <  ME.  binne,  binnen,  binnon,  < 
AS.  binnan,  ONorth.  binna  (=  OS.  *binnan:= 
OFries.  hinna  =  D.  binnen  =  MHG.  G.  hinncn), 
within,  <  be-,  by,  +  innan,  within:  see  be--  and 
ihI;  cf.  fiH<i.]  I.  adr.  Within;  inside. 
II.  prep.  1.  Of  place,  within;  inside  of;  in. 

—  2.  Of  time,  within  ;  during. 

bin^t,  I'.  A  shortened  form  of  been,  past  partici- 
ple, and  obsolete  infinitive  and  present  indica- 
tive plural,  of  he.  Bin  is  the  ordinary  pronun- 
ciation in  the  United  States  of  the  past  partici- 
j)lc  been. 

Out  of  whom  IBeda)  cheifly  hath  bin  gatherd  since  the 
Sa.\ons  arrival,  such  as  bath  bin  deliverd,  a  scatterd  story 
pickt  out  heer  and  there.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

With  ev'ry  thing  that  pretty  Wn 
My  lady  sweet  arise. 

Sfiak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  3  (song). 
Blushes  that  bin 
The  burnish  of  no  sin. 
Crasfiau;  Wishes  to  his  supposed  Mistress. 
As  fresh  OS  inn  the  tlowers  in  May.  PetU, 


bina 

bina  (be'nii),  M.    [<  Hind.  hiii.    Cf.  hecn*.]    An 

East  IniUan  giiitar  with  seven  strings.     Also 

called  liiKi. 
binacle,  »■     See  hinnacJe. 
binal  (l>i'nal),  n.     [<  ML.  iinalis,  double,  <  L. 

Oiiii,   two   by    two:    see    hinurij.'\       Twofold; 

double;    binary:   as,   "hinal  revenge,"  Ford, 

Witch  of  Edmonton,  iii.  2. 

The  ntteiiipt  "f  tlie  French  to  compel  the  use  of  the 
decimal  system  shows  tlie  dirticulty  of  such  an  Ulidertak- 
itii:.  I'opular  necessities  compelled  the  introduction  of 
hiiiiil  divisions.  Pop.  Sci.  Mv.,  XIII.  423. 

binariant  (bi-na'ri-ant),  «.  A  sohitioii  of  the 
ditterontial  equation,  bDa  +  cDi>  +,  ete.,  =  0. 

binary  (bi'nS-ri),  «.  and  II.  [<  L.  hiiiariiis, 
consisting  oi'  two  things,  <  hiiii,  pi.  (rarely 
sing,  hiiiits),  two  by  two,  two,  <  bis,  double: 
sec  hi-".  Cf.  between.']  I.  a.  1.  Twofold ; 
dual;  double;  twain;  twin;  paired:  said  of 
anything  which  is  composed  of  two  things  or 
considered  as  divided  into  two  things. — 2.  In 
hot.,  having  the  organs  in  twos :  applied  to 
flowers:  equivalent  to  rfi'mooiw.  — Binary  arith- 
metic, that  system,  invented  by  Leilmitz,  in  wliicli  two 
fiRures  only,  0  and  1,  are  nsed  in  lieu  of  ten,  tlie  cipher 
being  placed  as  in  eonnuon  arithmetic,  but  denoting  mul- 
tiplication by  2  instead  of  by  10.  Thus,  1  is  one ;  10  is 
two ;  11  is  three  ;  100  is  four  ;  101  is  five ;  110  is  si.\  :  111  is 
seven;  1000  is  eiglit ;  1001  is  nine;  1010  is  ten. — Binary 
classification,  binary  system,  in  zouL,  one  wliicli  di- 
vides a  grouj)  of  ()l>jects  into  two  series,  as  the  class  of 
birds  into  two  subclasses,  Altrkes  a.nd  Prcecoces ;  adicliot- 
omous  arrangement:  ojiposed  to  quinary,  etc. —  Binary 
compound,  in  chem.,  a  compound  of  two  elements,  or  of 
an  element  and  a  compound  performing  the  function  of 
an  element,  or  of  two  coiiii>ouiids  i)erf>iniiinM  tlie  fiuictinus 
of  elements,  according:  to  tlie  laws  of  coinliinatiuii,  Fara- 
day assigns  as  the  distinctive  character  of  a  binary  com- 
pound that  it  admits  of  electrolysis. —  Binary  cubic.  .See 
CM/»V.— Binary  engine,  an  engine  having  the  piston  of 
one  cylinder  impelled  by  steam  which,  being  exhausted 
into  another  part  of  the  apparatus,  communicates  its  un- 
utilized heat  to  some  volatile  liquid  at  a  lower  tempera- 
ture ;  the  vapor  of  this  second  liquid,  by  its  expansion  in  a 
second  cylinder,  yields  additional  force.— Binary  enun- 
ciation, iiWof^iV,  a  categorical  proposition  whose  verti  is 
not  to  be :  as,  Socrates  dies.  Usually  called  a  jtroposiiiun 
of  second  adjacent. — Binary  form,  "or  binary  quantic, 
in  alg.,  &  homogeneous  function  of  two  variables;  as; 
ax  +  by, 
ax'i  +  bxy  +  cy^, 
ax3  -f  hx-y  +  cx)/2  4-  rfi/3,  etc. 

So  binary  cubic,  quartic,  etc. —  Binary  form,  in  inusic, 
a  movement  based  upon  two  subjects  or  divided  into  two 
distinct  or  ciuitrasted  sections. — Binary  logarithms,  a 
system  of  logarithms  contrived  and  calculated  by  Eiiler 
for  facilitating  musical  calculations.  In  this  system  1  is 
the  logarithm  of  2,  2  of  4,  etc.,  and  the  modulus  is  1.442- 
695  ;  whereas  in  the  kind  commonly  used  1  is  the  loga- 
rithm of  10,  2  of  100,  etc.,  and  the  modulus  is  .43429448. 
—  Binary  measure,  in  mitt;ic,  the  measure  used  in  com- 
mon time,  in  which  the  time  of  rising  in  beating  is  eipial 
to  the  time  of  falling.— Binary  nomenclature,  binary 
name,  in  zoOt.  and  bot.,  a  binomial  uonienclature  or  bino- 
mial name.  See  binomial. —  Binary  number,  a  number 
which  is  composed  of  two  units.—  Binary  scale,  the  scale 
of  notation  used  in  binary  arithmetic— Binary  star,  a 
double  star  whose  members  have  a  revuliitiuii  around 
their  common  center  of  gravity. —  Binary  theory  of 
salts,  the  theory  which  regards  salts  as  consisting  of  two 
elements,  a  basic  or  electropositive,  which  may  be  a  metal 
or  a  radical,  and  an  acid  or  electronegative  element  or  rad- 
ical :  as,  potassium  nitrate,  K-NO-, ;  potassium  acetate, 
K.C0H3O0. 

II.  n. ;    pi.   binaries  (-riz).    A 
whole  composed  of  two ;  a  dyad . 

To  make  two,  or  a  binary,  .  .  .  adii 
but  one  unto  one. 

Fotlierby,  Atheomastix,  p.  307. 

binate  (bi'nat),  a.     [<  NL.  bina- 
tus,  <  L.  bini,  two  and  two :  see 
binary.']     In  bot.,  being  double  or 
in  couples ;  having  only  two  leaflets  to  a  peti- 
ole ;  growing  in  pairs. 

binaural  (bin-ii'ral),  a.  [<  L.  bini,  two  and 
two,  +  auris-  =  E."ra;l.]  1.  Having  two  ears. 
— 2.  Pertaining  to  or  involving  the  use  of  both 
ears ;  fitted  for  being  simultaneousl}'  used  by 
two  ears :  as,  a  binaural  stethoscope,  which 
has  two  connected  tubes  capped  by  small  ear- 
pieces. 

There  is  even  a  kind  of  binaural  audition,  by  means  of 
which  we  judge  imperfectly  of  direction  of  sound. 

he  Contc,  Sight,  p.  2C.1. 

binching  (bin'ching),  n.  [Appar.  a  dial,  form 
of  hciicliiiiij.  (_'(.  dial,  hink,  livnk  =  bench.]  In 
coal-tnininij,  the  bed  or  rock  on  which  a  layer  of 
coal  rests.     [Somersetshire,  Eug.] 

bind  (bind),  i'. ;  pret.  bound,  pp.  bound  (for- 
merly bounden,  now  only  attrib.),  ppr.  binding. 
[<  ME.  hinden  (pret.  band,  bond,  later  bounde, 
pi.  bounden,  boundi;-pp.  bounilcn),  <  AS.  bindan 
(pret.  hand,  pi.  bundon,  pp.  bunden)  =  OS.  bin- 
dan  =  OFries.  bindu  =  I),  hinden  =  OIKS,  bin- 
tan,  MHG.  G.  binden  =  Icel.  binda  =  Sw.  Iiinda 
=  Dan.  hinde  =  Goth,  bindan,  bind,  tie,  =  Skt. 
V  bandh,  orig.  *bhandh,  bind,  tie.  The  same  root 
prob.  appears  iu  L.  of-J'cnd-ix,  of-fend-imentum, 


Binate  Leaves. 


656 

the  knot  of  a  band,  Gr.  weiaua  (for  'irevB/m, 
'(pivll/ju),  a  rope.  See  hand',  band",  hend^, 
bend-,  etc.,  Iiond^,  liundti;  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  fast  (to,  on,  or  upon)  witli  a  band  or  bond 
of  any  kind. 
Thou  Shalt  bind  them  for  a  sign  ujion  thine  liand. 

Ucut.  vi.  8. 

Bind  the  chariot  to  the  swift  beast.  Mieah  i.  13. 

3.  To  unite  by  any  legal  or  moral  tie ;  attach  by 
considerations  of  love,  duty,  interest,  obliga- 
tion, etc.:  as,  bound  in  the  bonds  of  matrimony ; 
bound  by  gratitude,  duty,  debt,  etc. 

Distrust  and  grief 
\Vill  innd  to  us  each  Western  chief. 

,^colt,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  30. 

3.  To  put  in  bonds  or  fetters  ;  deprive  of  lib- 
erty or  of  the  use  of  the  limbs  by  making  fast 
physically. 

Bind  him  hand  and  foot,  and  take  liini  away. 

Mat.  xxii.  13. 

He  took  Paul's  girdle,  and  bound  his  own  hands  and 
feet,  and  said,  ...  So  shall  the  Jews  at  Jerusalem  bind 
the  man  that  owneth  this  girdle.  Acts  xxi.  11. 

4.  To  restrain  ;  hold  to  a  particular  state, 
place,  employment,  etc. 

He  bindeth  the  floods  from  overflowing.     Job  xxviii.  11. 
I  have  no  oflficial  business  to  bind  me. 

Macaulay,  in  Trevelyan,  II.  vii. 

5.  To  hinder  or  restrain  (the  bowels)  from 
their  natural  operations ;  make  costive  ;  con- 
stipate.—  6.  To  fasten  around  anything ;  fix  in 
place  by  girding  or  tying :  as,  to  bind  a  cord 
round  the  arm. 

I,  maiden,  round  thee,  maiden,  bind  my  lielt. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

7.  To  encircle  with  a  band  or  ligature ;  gird ; 
confine  or  restrain  by  girding:  as,  "bind  up 
those  tresses,"  Shal:.,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 

A  fillet  binds  her  hair.        Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  I.  178. 

8.  To  swathe  or  bandage ;  cover  and  swathe 
with  dressings :  with  up. 

He  healeth  the  broken  in  heart,  and  bindeth  tip  their 
wounds.  Ps.  clxvii.  3. 

Give  me  another  horse,  bind  up  my  wounds. 

S/mi-.,  Rich  III.,  v.  3. 

9.  To  form  a  border  or  edge  on,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  strengthening  or  ornamenting  ;  edge : 
as,  to  hind  a  wheel  with  a  tire  ;  to  bind  a  gar- 
ment or  a  carpet. 

Her  mantle  rich,  whose  borders  round 
A  deep  and  fretted  broidery  bound. 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  3. 
Black  cliffs  and  high, 
W'ith  green  grass  growing  on  the  tops  of  them, 
Bindiny  them  round  as  gold  a  garment's  hem. 

William  Morrill,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  172. 

10.  To  tie  or  fasten  (loose  things)  together 
with  a  band,  cord,  or  tie ;  tie  up  into  one  bun- 
dle or  mass:  as,  to  iiHf? sheaves  of  grain. — 11. 
To  fasten  or  secure  within  a  cover,  as  a  book 
or  pamphlet.  See  bookbinding. — 12.  In  fen- 
cing, to  secure  (the  sword  of  an  adversary). 
See  binding,  n.,  3. — 13.  To  cause  to  cohere; 
cement;  knit;  unite  firmly:  as,  to  hind  the 
loose  sand. 

The  sooner  to  effect, 
And  surer  bind,  this  knot  of  amity, — 
The  Earl  of  Armagnac  .  .  . 
Proffers  his  only  daughter  to  your  grace 
In  marriage.  Sliak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

God  has  so  bound  society  together  that  if  one  member 
suffer,  all  suffer.  J.  F.  Clarke,  Self -Culture,  p.  Ou. 

Have  enough  oil  in  the  colours  to  bind  them. 

Workshop  Receipts,  1st  ser.,  p.  423. 
Binding  the  ink  to  prevent  its  smearing. 

Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  343. 

14.  To  place  under  obligation  or  compulsion : 
as,  all  are  bound  to  obey  the  laws. 

This  ring  I  gave  him,  when  he  parted  from  me, 
To  bind  him  to  remember  my  good-will. 

Shak.,  T.  Q.  of  v.,  iv.  4. 
"Tis  true,  by  my  father's  will,  I  am  for  a  short  period 
bound  to  regard  you  as  his  substitute. 

Sheridan,  Scliool  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

15.  To  put  under  legal  obligation:  often  with 
over:  as,  to  hind  a  man  over  to  keep  the  peace. 
Specifically — 16.  To  indenture  as  an  appren- 
tice: often  with  OH «. 

My  mother  she  wanted  to  bind  me  out  to  a  blacksmith. 
Mrs.  Slowe,  Oldtown,  ji.  S3. 

To  bind  hand  and  foot.    See  hand.—  To  bind  in,  to 

inclose ;  surround. 

Bound  in  with  the  triumphant  sea. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 
.\  costly  jewel  .  .  .  bound  in  with  diamonds. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 
To  bind  up  in,  to  cause  to  be  wludly  engrossed  with  ;  ab- 
sorb iu ;  connect  intimately  with  :  chiefly  in  the  passive. 
Seeing  that  his  life  is  bouTui  up  in  the  lad's  life. 

Qen.  xllv.  SO. 


binding 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  cohere;  stick  together. — 

2.  To  become  indtirated,  hard,  or  stiff:  as, 
clay  hinds  by  heat. — 3.  To  be  obligatory  or  of 
force. 

Those  canons  or  imperial  constitutions  which  have  not 
lieen  received  here  do  not  bitid.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

4.  To  tie  up  anything;  specifically,  to  tie  up 

sheaves. 

They  that  reaji  must  sheaf  and  bind. 

Shiik.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 

5.  In  falconry,  to  seize  a  bird  in  the  air  and 
cling  to  it:  said  of  a  hawk. 

bind  (bind),  X.  [<  hind,  v.  In  third  sense,  cf. 
bundle,  and  see  tie,  n.  In  the  botanical  sense, 
<  ME.  bynde,  a  climbing  stem,  esp.  woodbine, 
ivy ;  chiefly  in  corap.  as  wudehindc,  woodbind. 
The  word,  by  its  use  in  comp.,  has  suffered  cor- 
ruption to  6j«e,  Sc.  bin-,  ben-:  seebine'^,  woodbine, 
bcarhinc,  etc.,  and  the  compounds  of  bind  be- 
low.] 1.  A  tie  or  band;  anything  that  binds. 
Specifically — («)  A  connecting  timber  in  a 
ship,  (b)  In  music,  a  tic,  sliu',  or  brace. — 2. 
In  coal-mining,  iudiu'atcd,  argillaceous  shale 
or  clay,  such  as  frequently  forms  the  roof  of 
a  coal-seam:  same  as  bcnd^,  12,  and  hat'^,  10. 
[Eng.] — 3.  A  unit  of  tale.  A  bind  of  eels  is 
250.  A  bind  of  skins  is  32,  or  of  some  kinds  40. 
[Eng.] — 4.  Bounds;  limit;  stint:  as,  I  am  at 
my  bind.     [Scotch.] 

Their  bind  was  just  a  Scots  pint  overhead,  and  atappit- 
hen  to  the  bill,  and  no  man  ever  saw  them  the  waur  o't. 
Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well,  I.  i. 

5.  A  climbing  stem;  a  bine;  specifically,  a 
stalk  of  hops.     See  ii«pl. 

The  whyle  God  of  his  gi-ace  ded  growe  of  that  soyle 
Thefayrest  byndehyin  [Jonah]  at h if  that  ever  bume  wyste. 
Alliteratice  I'neot^  (ed.  ilorris).  iii.  444. 

binder  (bin'der),  H.  [<  ME.  hynderc,  <  AS.  hin- 
dcre,  <  bindan,  bind:  see  bind,  v.,  and  -erl.]  1. 
A  person  who  binds.  Specifically  —  (a)  One 
who  binds  books  ;  a  bookbinder,  (b)  One  who 
binds  sheaves. —  2.  Anything  that  binds,  in  any 
sense  of  that  verb. — 3.  In  bricklaying,  a  header 
which  extends  partly  through  a  wall;  a  bonder. 
— 4.  In  car}).,  a  tie-beam ;  a  Vnuding-joist  serv- 
ing as  a  transverse  support  for  the  bridging- 
joists  above  and  the  ceiling-joists  below. —  5. 
An  attachment  to  a  sewing-machine  for  folding 
an  edge  or  a  binding. — 6.  In  agri.:  (a)  An  at- 
tachment to  a  reaper  for  tying  the  bundles  of 
grain.  (6)  A  separate  horse-power  machine  for 
gathering  up  and  binding  grain  already  cut. — 
7.  An  aiTester  or  stop  for  the  shuttle  of  a  loom. 
— 8.  A  temporary  cover  for  loose  sheets  of  mu- 
sic, papers,  ete. —  9.  j>l.  Same  as  binding,  4. 
—  Binders'  board,  thick,  smooth,  calendered  pasteboard 

used  fur  the  covers  of  books. 

binder-frame  (bin'der-fram),  «.  In  mach.,  a 
hanger  supporting  shafting,  and  ha\'ing  adjust- 
able bearings  by  which  the  position  of  the  pul- 
leys can  be  regulated  to  suit  the  direction  of 
the  motion  of  the  belts. 

bindery  (bin'der-i),  H.;  pi.  binderies  (-iz).  [< 
bind,  v.,  +  -ery.]  A  place  where  books  are 
bound. 

bindheimite  (bind'hi-mit),  n.  [<  liindlieim  (a 
German  chemist)  -i- -itc-.]  An  amorphous  an- 
limoniate  of  lead  produced  by  the  decomposi- 
tion of  antimonial  minerals,  especially  jame- 
sonite. 

binding  (bin'ding),p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  bind,  r.]  1. 
Serving  to  bind,  fasten,  or  connect;  making 
fast. — 2.  Having  power  to  bind  or  oblige ;  obli- 
gatory: as,  a  binding  engagement. 

Civil  contracts  may  be  held  bindin;!  although  made  by 
lunatics.  E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  87. 

3.  Astiingent. — 4.  Causing  con.stipation;  con- 
stipating.    [Colloq.] 

binding  (bin'ding),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  ftiHrf,  I'.]  1. 
The  act  or  action  of  making  fast,  securing,  imit- 
iug,  etc.,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb  hind:  as,  the 
binding  of  prisoners;  wire  that  serves  for  bind- 
ing.—  2.  Anj-thing  that  binds;  a  bandage;  the 
cover  of  a  book,  with  the  sewing  and  accom- 
panying work;  something  that  secures  the  edges 
of  cloth  or  of  a  garment. —  3.  In  fencing,  a 
method  of  sectu'ing  the  adversary's  sword,  con- 
sisting in  crossing  it  ■n'ith  a  pressure,  accom- 
panied with  a  spring  of  the  wrist. — 4.  ;)/.  In 
ship-building,  the  beams,  transoms,  knees,  wales, 
keelson,  and  other  chief  timbers  nsed  for  con- 
necting and  strengthening  the  various  parts  of 
a  vessel.  Also  called  i('«(/()'.';. —  5.  The  condi- 
tion assumed  by  adhesive  soils  in  hot  dry  sea- 
sons ;  a  similar  condition  in  tlie  soil  of  flower- 
pots in  which  plants  have  been  kept  too  long  or 
too  dry;  closeness,  dr>^less,  or  hardness  of  tex- 
ture.—  6.  In  mach.,  the  prevention  of  free  mo- 


Binding-screw 


binding 

tion  in  oiio  part  of  ii  miichiuo  liy  tlio  sacpfiiiK  or 
any  deviation  from  a  straiRlit  lino  of  anothfr 
portion. — 7.  A  projection  of  u  i)art  of  a  striic- 
tnre  or  machine  by  wliicli  ])arts  intended  to 
tonch  are  pixn'ented  from  <'oniiiii;  into  )>erl'('i'l 
contact. — 8.  \iiiit.,  a  \vrou|j;lit-iriin  rini^  around 
a  dead-oyo.- Blndlng-clotli,  ■■<.  'lyiil  iin.l  stamii.-.l 
faljric  usud  fur  tin-  ijiiiiliiiK  ..1  liiii.ks.— Blndlng-jolsts, 
beams  in  iliKiiing  wliich  suppmt  tlic  Lriilsrin;:  joists  nlwivi' 
and  tliu  cfiliuK-ji lists  Ijclow.  —  Blndlng-plece,  ii  |)ii'i->- 
nailed  ijetwoen  two  opposite  Ix-aiiis  or  joisls,  to  picxcnt 
lateral  dillct  tioii ;  a  stnittins,'-  or  .straitiinn-pieii-.  Bind- 
ing-rafter, a  [oiiiiitudiiial  tindier  wliieli  supports  tin:  loof. 
rafters  hctweeii  the  rid^ie  and  the  eaves  or  *he  eondi  and 
the  cave.  .See  inaiiii.  -  Blndlng-strake,  in  Khiii-huild- 
tnf/,  a  thick  straking  wale,  plaeed  wliere  it  can  lie  liolted 
to  knees,  etc.— Binding-Wire,  a  vsire  made  of  very  soft 
iron,  used  to  eonne.t  pieces  which  are  to  be  solilered  to- 
ge tiler.  — Extra  binding.  See  l)ouiulextm,\i\\*-\i:vboiind'-^. 
—  Half  binding,  in  hnnkUhidiwi,  a  leatlier  back  and  pa- 
pereil-board  sid<'s.  — Quarter  binding,  in  Inmkliiiiiliihi. 
aclieap  leather  or  elotli  liaek  uilli  lioaid  sides  <ul  llnsh 
with  the  leaves.— Three-quarter  binding,  in  Inaikhiii'l- 
iiiir,  a  leatiier  back  of  e.\tra  width  witli  leather  cfiniei-s 
and  [lapeifd  lioard  sides. 

bindingly  (liin'dins-li)7  '"'''•  In  a  binding  man- 
nci-;  sii  as  to  liind. 

blndingness  ( biu'diug-nes),  «.  [<  hinding,  p.  a., 
+  -ness.i  The  quality  of  being  binding  or  ob- 
ligatory. 

The  unconditional  bindingness  of  the  practical  reason. 

Coleridge. 

binding-post  (bin'ding-post),  n.  In  an  elec- 
trical apparatus,  a  small  ))iist  liaving  a  hole 
into  which  a  wire  is  inserted,  or  through  wliich 
it  jiasses  and  is  held  by  a  screw. 
binding-screw  (bin'ding-slcro),  n.  1.  A  screw 
designed  to  liind  and  fasten  two  parts  of  any 
adjustable  tool  or  apparattis,  as  the  blade  of 
a  bevel;  a  set-screw;  espe- 
cially, a  screw  set  in  at  ri^jlit 
angles  to  another,  either 
abutting  against  it  or  tight- 
ening the  female,  so  as  to 
prevent  the  male  from  turn- 
ing.—  2.  In  elect.,  a  simple 
arrangement  by  which  two 
elect  ricalei  inductors  maybe 
brought  into  metallic  con- 
nection. (See  cut.)  A  sim- 
ilar stationary  arrangement 
is  called  a  ?<)H(/(».(/-/io.s(.  — Binding-screw  clamp,  a 

eoniliined  ilanip  and  set  sel-cw  used  to  connect  a  wire  with 
tile  eleiiH-nts  <if  a  i:alvaliic  liattery. 

bind-rail  (bind'ral),  n.  1.  In  eiKjiii.,  a  piece 
to  which  the  heads  of  pipes  are  secured. — 2. 
A  timber  caji  or  tie  placed  on  top  of  a  group 
of  ]iiles,  to  hold  them  together  and  make  a 
support  for  tloor-beams. 

bindweb  (bind'vveb),  H.     In  anat.,  neuroglia. 

bindweed  (bind' wed),  H.  [Wso  hituwvcd :  early 
mod.  E.  biiinkwecd :  <  liind  +  icco/l.]  The  com- 
mou  name  tor  plants  of  the  genus  Convolvulus, 
especially  of  C.  orveiisis,  C.  (or  ('alijsteiiia)  sc- 
jiium.  and  ('.  (or  ('(ili/stiriui)  SoliUmclld Black 

bindweed.    (")  l'*>hl'l<>,iiim  ciutrnh-iilns.    (b)  Tailiu.'<  cmn- 

iiiunixt'i  Hiiropr.  — Blue  bindweed,  the  bittersweet.  Sola- 
III! Ill  Z>i/;.«i/oi/(i.  -Rough  bindweed, a sijecies of sniilax, 
Siiiiliix  u.s/,eni. 

bindwith  (bind'with), «.  [<  hind  +  witli'^.'i  A 
name  given  to  tho  plant  Clemiitis  Vilidha  (the 
traveler's  joy),  from  its  stems  being  used  to  bind 
up  fagots. 

bindwood  (bind'wud),  «.  [<  hiud  +  H'oorfl.] 
A  Sccileh  name  for  ivy,  from  its  entwining  or 
binding  itself  arotmd  stronger  plants,  etc. 

bine^  (hin),  ".  [A  dial,  form  of  hind,  n.,  now 
accepted  in  the  botanical  use,  esp.  in  com- 
jjouuds,  as  woodbine,  hopbine,  betirbine :  see  bind, 
«.]     The  slender  stem  of  a  climbing  plant. 

\Vhen  buiT  and  bine  were  gathered. 

Teniiymn,  Aylnier's  Field. 
bine^  (bin),  n.     See  boyn. 
binervate  (bi-ner'vat),  a.     [<  hi-"  +  nervtite.} 

1.  Two-nerved;  especially,  in  hot.,  having  two 
lougitiulinal  ribs:  applied  to  certain  leaves. — 

2.  In  cntiim.,  having  two  nervures  or  veins,  as 
an  insect's  wing. 

Binet's  function.    See  function. 

bing'  (bing).  n.  [<  ME.  hinij,  bine/c,  bcntjc,  < 
Icel.  6(«f/r= Sw.  hiuj/e,  a  heap ;  also,  with  trans- 
ferred sense,  Dan.  bin;/,  a  bin.  Cf.  bin^,  with 
which  bin;/  has  prob.  been  confused.]  1 .  A  heap 
or  pile  of  anytlting :  as,  a  hin<i  of  com,  potatoes, 
coal,  ore,  etc. —  2.  A  definite  quantity  of  lead 
ore,  e(|ual  to  8  hundredweight.     [North.  Eng.] 

bing"^  (hing),  V.  i.     To  go.     [Old  slang.] 

Bi7iff  out  and  tour,  ye  auld  devil. 

Sr<i((,  Uuy  Manneriug,  I.  xxviii. 

binge  (binj),  »■.  ;.  ;  pret.  ami  )ip.  hint/eil.  ppr. 
bingeing.   [Sc,  also  bcengc,  bcenje,  appar.  formed 


557 

by  fusing  hcnd  and  cringe.}     1.  To  make  a  low 
(ibeisance;   courtesy. —  2.  To  cringe;  fawn. 
bing-ore  (bing'or),  «.    Lead  ore  in  small  lumps. 

I  Kng.  I 
bingstead  (bing'sted),  m.     In  mining,  the  place 
wlieie    bing-ore   is   stored  ready  to  go  to  the 
smelter.     [North.  Eng.] 
bink  (bingk),  n.     [Sc.  and  North.  E. ;  <  ME. 
binic,  binke,  var.  of  benh;  benlcc,  unassibilated 
form  of  bench,  q.  v.     Cf.  IxinIA,  hanli'^.']     1.  A 
bench;  a  seat. —  2.  A  wooden  franui,  fixed  to 
the   wall  of  a  house,   for  holding  dishes. — 3. 
A  bank;  an  acclivity. — 4.   In  cut  ton-man  uf.,  a 
stock  of  cotton  composed  of  successive  layers 
from   diiferent   bales;    a   bunker.     In  supplying 
cotton  to  the  maehinery,  the  stock  is  raked  down  in  sucli 
a  manner  as  to  mix  the  material  thoroughly. 
binn,  «.     See  binl. 

binna  (bin'ji).    [Sc,  =  be  na,  be  not:  na  =  E. 
mil,  (((/('.     (';f.  dinna,  do  not,  winnu,  will  not.] 
Be  not. 
binnacle  (bin'a-kl),  «.    [Also  written  binaclc,  a 
corruption  of  earlier  bittac.le,  bitticlc,  <  Pg.  bita- 
eolu  =  Sp.  bitdcora  =  F.  htibitei- 
cle,  a  binnacle,  orig.  an  abode, 
<  L.  hidiitiiculnm,  a  little  dwell- 
Oii^"  >■  ~^Sr\     ing,  <  hiibitare,  dwell :  see  habi- 
V^»B,_.a;aHr      tiiti<in.~\    A  framework  or  case 
on  the  deck  of  a  shii),  in  front 
of  the  steersman,  and  also  in 
various  other  positions,  con- 
taining a  nautical   compass, 
and  fitted  with  lights  by  which 
the  compass  can  be  read  at 
night.     Men-of-war  generally  caiTy 
two  steering-binnacles,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  steering-wheel,  for  the 
stiering-eompasses,  and  an  azimuth 
liiijiiai  le   in   a  convenient    place  to 
liold  the  azimuth  compass. 

binnacle-list  (bin'a-kl-list), 

H.     A  list  of  tho  sick  men  on 
board  a  man-of-war,  placed  in 
the  binnacle  for  the  information  of  the  officer 
of  the  deck. 

Binneya  (bin'e-yii),  n.  [NL.,  after  Binncy,  an 
American  naturalist.]  A  genus  of  land-snails, 
family  Helicidiv,  peculiar  to  Mexico  and  Cali- 
fornia. The  shell  is  too  small  to  contain  the  whole  body, 
so  that  when  the  animals  retreat,  as  they  do  at  the  ap- 
proacli  of  the  dry  season,  the  parts  of  the  body  which 
would  otherwise  be  exposed  are  covered  and  protected  by 
the  greatly  enlarged  eiiiphrogni. 

binnick,  ".     See  ben  nick. 

binnite  (bin'it),  n.  [<  Binn  (see  def.)  +  -ite".} 
A  stdphid  of  arsenic  and  copper  occurring  in 
isometric  crystals  in  the  dolomite  of  the  Bin- 
nenthal,  or  valley  of  Binn,  in  the  canton  of 
Valais,  Switzerland. 

binnogue  (bin'nog),  n.  A  head-dress  formerly 
worn  by  the  women  of  the  Irish  peasantry, 
described  as  a  kind  of  kerchief.     I'lanche. 

binny  (bin'i),  «.;  pi.  binnics  (-iz).  [Appar.  of 
native  origin.]  A  fish  (Barbus  bi/uni)  of  the 
family  Vijprinidee,  related  to  tho  barbel.  It  in- 
habits the  Nile. 

binocle  (bin'o-kl),  «.  [=  P.  6i«oc?e  =  Sp.  feind- 
colo,  <  L.  hin'i,  two  and  two,  double,  +  oculu.i, 
eye :  see  ocular.']  A  dioptric  telescope,  fitted 
with  two  tubes  for  the  use  of  both  eyes  at  once: 
also  used  for  ojierii-gloss. 

binocular  (bi-nok'-  or  bin-ok'ii-liir),  a.  [<  L. 
bini,  double,  +  oculun,  eye,  +  -ii'r^.  Cf.  binocle.'] 
1.  Having  two  eyes:  as,  "most  animals  are 
binocular,"  Dcrham.  Also  binocidalc.  [Rare.] 
— 2.  Referring  to  both  eyes;  suited  for  the 
simultaneous  use  of  both  eyes:  as,  a  binocular 
telescope  or  microscope. 

The  want  of  (iiiweiitar  perspective  in  paintings  interferes 
seriously  with  the  completeness  of  the  illusion. 

le  Conle,  .Sight,  p.  144. 
Binocular  microscope.    See  mieroKojie^ 

binocularity  (bi-nok-  or  bin-ok-ii-lar'i-ti),  «. 
[<  binocnlor  -H  -ill/.]  Binocular  quality  or  con- 
tlition ;  tlie  simultaneous  employment  of  both 
eyes.     Lc  Conte. 

binocularly  (bi-nok'-  or  bin-ok'u-lar-li),  adv. 
By  means  of  two  eyes;  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
be  viewed  by  botii  eyes. 

The  reticulation  presents  it.self  in  clear  relief,  when 
viewed  biiwcularty  with  a  surtlciently  high  power. 

W.  n.  Carprnter,  Micros.,  §  276. 

If  these  two  photographs  be /yni«eK/rtWi/conibined,  .  .  . 

they  ought  to  anil  must  produce  a  visual  etfect  exactly  like 

ail  iutnal  object  or  scene.  Le  Cnnle,  .Sight,  p.  127. 

binoculate  (bi-nok'- or  biu-ok'u-lat),  n.     [<  L. 

hini,  double,  +  oculus,  eye,  +  -((te'l.]    Same  as 

binocuhir,  1. 
Binoculus  (bi-nok'ii-lus),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  hini, 

two  and  two,  +  ocidus,  eye.]     1.  A  genus  of 

brauchiopod  crustaceans.    See -Jj.ih*',  2. — 2.  A 


binomialism 

genus  of  noiii'o|iterous  insects,  of  tho  family 
liphcmerida:  l.alreille,  18U2.— 3.  [^  c]  An 
X-sliaped  bandage  for  maintaining  dressings 
on  both  eyes.     Also  callc'd  dioidithalmus. 

binodal  (bi-no'dal),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  nodus, 
knot,  node,  +  -'(/.]    Having  two  nodes  or  joints. 

binoae  (bi'nod),  «.  [<  L.  /(/-,  two-,  +  nodus, 
knot.]     1.  In  math.,  a  singularity  of  a  surface 


nig.  3. 


Fig.  3- 


Binode  of  a 

ciipr-e  ixtx  — 
I;-  ^y-l. 


Binode  and  Neighboring  Parts  of  Ihc  Surface  s3  =  Jry. 
Fie.  I.  View  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  z.     Fig.  a.  Sections 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  x.    Fig.  3.  Sections  inclined  45*  to  the  axes  of 
X  and>. 

consisting  of  a  point  at  which  there  are  two 
tangent  planes.     In  tho  surface  shown  in  fig. 

1  each  of  these  planes  is  tangent 
along  the  whole  length  of  a  line ;  but 
this  circumstance  is  not  a  necessary 
concomitant  of  the  singularity. — 2. 
A  crunode  formed  by  tlie  crossing  of 
two  branches  of  a  curve. 

binodose,binodous(bi-n6'd6s,-dus), 

a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  nodus,  knot, 
-I-  -ose,  -ous.'\  In  sool.,  having  two  knot-like 
swellings. 
binomial  (bi-no'mi-al),  a.  and  «.  [<  ML.  bi- 
nomius,  tr.  of  6r.  U  (b'o  om/iaTuv,  having  two 
names  (<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  nomcn,  name),  +  -al ; 
the  fidlerform  wouldbe /i/HO«i(H»/.  q.  v.]  I.  a. 
1,  In  alg.,  consisting  of  two  terms  connected 
by  the  sign  -1-  or — ;  pertaining  to  binomials. 
—  2.  In  ro67.  and  bot. :  {a)  Using  or  having  two 
names:  applied  to  the  system  of  nomencla- 
ture introduced  by  Linnanis,  in  which  every 
plant  and  animal  receives  two  names,  one  in- 
dicating the  genus,  tho  other  the  species:  as, 
Felis  ko,  the  lion;  Bcllis  perennis,  the  daisy. 
The  generic  word  is  always  written  first,  anil  witli  a  capital 
initial  letter;  it  is,  or  is  tjiken  as,  a  noun.  The  speeiUc 
word  follows,  and  is  usually  an  adjective,  or  u.sed  adjec- 
tively,  though  it  may  be  a  noun.  In  zoology  the  practice 
is  now  to  write  all  specific  words  with  a  lower-case  (or 
small)  initial,  though  subsbintive  and  personal  and  geo- 
graphical words  are  often  written  with  a  caiiital,  which 
is  the  common  practice  in  botany.  Hence  —  {b)  Con- 
sisting of  two  names :  as,  binomial  terms.    Also 

binominal Binomial  coefficient,  tlie  nnmerical  co- 

elllcicnt  of  any  term  in  the  dc^  elopiiient  of  (t  -4-  iiY.  where 
n  is  any  wiiole  nunilier.— Binomial  development, 
a  development  by  the  binomial  theorem.-  Binomial 
equation,  an  algelu-iiical  eiination  consisting  of  two 
terms;  as,  aar- i  ()X-=0.— Binomial  theorem,  the  the- 
orem invented  by  Sir  Isaac  Ncwt.m  for  raising  a  binomial 
to  any  power,  or  for  extracting  any  root  of  it  by  au  ap- 
proximating infinite  series.  According  to  this  theorem, 
we  have : 

(a;-f.v)-=ic2-(-2x,«-f!/2 
(x-t-i/)3=j:3-(-3i-'!/-f3xi/2+.w3 
(x+i/)4=x4-h4x»«-f6j;2i/2+4xi/3-(-i/4;  or,  in  general, 

»(n-l)        „  „  ,  «(n-l)(n-2) 
izJry)'=x-  +  n^-^y  +  -~ «"- 2j(2+ 5-^ 

aj"-3y3+,etC. 

n.  ".  1.  In  alg.,  an  expression  or  quantity 
consisting  of  two  terms  connected  by  the  sign 
-I-  or  — ,  denoting  the  sum  or  the  difference  of 
the  two  tei-ms :  as,  o  -(-  b.  3fl  —  •>',  n^  +  6,  x2  — 

2  ■/.'/• — 2.  In  ::odl.  and  bot..  a  name  consisting 
of  two  terms,  generic  and  specific,  as  the  proper 
name  of  a  species,  the  generic  always  preced- 
ing tlie  specific  word:  as,  I'elis  leo,  the  lion. 

binomialism (bi-n6'mi-al-izra),«.   [(binomial -h 
-i.vw.]     1.  The  binomial  method  of  nomencla- 
ture, especiallv   in   zoiilogy  and  botany. —  2. 
The  doctrine  or  use  of  that  method. 
Also  binomialily. 


Binormal. — The  full  lines 
show  a  cylmder«vith  a  helix 
drawn  upon  it  and  two  bi- 
nomials. The  dotted  lines 
show  the  tani;ents  and  prin- 
cipal normals  at  the  same 
two  points  of  the  helix  and 
the  axis  of  the  cylinder. 


binomialist 

bijlomialist(l>5-nd'ini-al-ist),  n.  [<  binomial,  n., 
+  -iDl.}  One  who  ust's  the  binomial  system  of 
nomonehitiu'e  in  zoology  ami  bolauy.  See  hi- 
vomi<il,  (I..  2. 

binomiality  (bi-u6-mi-ari-ti),  n.  [<  binomial 
+  -il>|.^     Same  as  biiiomiutism. 

binomially  (bi-ii6'mi-iyl-i),  ntlv.  In  a  binomial 
nianni  r;  after  the  biiiomial  method  of  nomen- 
clature in  zoiilojty  and  botan)'. 

binominal  (bi-nom'i-nal),  (I.  [<  L.  binomiiiif:, 
havini,'  two  names  (<  bi'-,  two-,  +  nomen,  name), 
+  -<il.  ]     Same  as  binomiiil,  2. 

binominated  (bi-nom'i-na-ted),  a.  [<  L.  bi-, 
two-,  +  nominatus,  named  (see  nominate),  + 
-f((-.]     Having  two  personal  names. 

binominOUSt  (bi-uom'i-nus),  «.  [<  L.  biiiomi- 
iiix:  see  binominal.^  Having  or  bearing  two 
names. 

binormal  (bi-nor'mal),  n.  [<  bi-"  +  normal.'] 
In  math.,  a  normal  to  two  consecutive  elements 
of  a  ciu've  in  space;  a  nor- 
mal perpendicular  to  the 
osculating  plane. 

binotate,   binotated   (bi- 

no'tat,  -ta-ted),  a.  [<  L. 
bi-,  two,  -f-  nolo,  mark,  -I- 
-«/('!, -ffto/.]  In  ~o67., mark- 
ed with  two  dots. 

binotonous  (bi-not'o-nus), 
a.  [<  L.  bini,  two  by 
two  (see  binary),  +  tonus, 
note,  tone  (see  tone) ;  after 
monotonous.]  Consisting 
of  two  tones  or  notes :  as, 
a  tiiuotanons  soujid. 

binous  (bi'uus),  a.     [<  L. 
binns,  usually  in   pi.  bini, 
two  and  two,"  double :  see  binari/  and  between.] 
Double ;  in  a  pair ;  binate. 

binoxalate  (bi-nok'sa-lat),  ?(.  [<  L.  bini,  two 
and  two  (see  biunrij),  +  oxalate.]  In  cliem., 
an  oxalate  in  which  only  one  of  the  hydrogen 
atoms  of  the  acid  is  replaced  by  a  metal. 

blnoxid,  binoxide  (bi-nok'sid,  -sid  or  -sid),  H. 
[<  h.  bini,  two  and  two  (see  binary),  +  oxid.] 
In  elteni.,  same  as  elioxiil. 

blnoxyde,  ".    See  binoxid. 

bintt.  A  Middle  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  eon- 
tractctl  form  of  biudetk,  the  third  person  singu- 
lar of  l)ind. 

binturong  (bin'tu-rong),  n.  The  native  name, 
and  now  the  usual  book-name,  of  Arctictis  bin- 
iuront/,  an  Indian  prehensile-tailed  carnivorous 
mammal  of  the  family  Virerridw  and  subfamily 
Aretictidinw.  Also  called  Ictides  ater  or  /.  at- 
bifrons.  and  formerly  Virerra  binturong.  See 
Aretietis. 

binuclear  (bi-nu'kle-ilr),  o.  [<  6j-2  -1-  nuclear.] 
HuN'iug  two  nuclei  or  central  points. 

binucleate  (bi-nii'kle-at),  a.  [<  fci-2  -1-  nuek- 
<ite.]     Haxing  two  nuclei,  as  a  cell. 

binucleolate  (bi-nu'kle-o-lat),  a.  [<  ?)i-2  -f 
nucteolate.]  In  6(o/., having  two  nucleoli:  ap- 
plied to  cells. 

bio-.  [NL.  etc.  bio-,  <  Gr.  pio(;,  Ufe,  akin  to  L. 
rivw,  li\-iug  (>  vita,  life:  see  vind,  vital),  = 
Goth,  kwius  =  AS.  cioicu,  E.  (juicl;  living :  see 
quick.]  An  element  in  many  compound  words, 
chiefly  scientific,  meaning  life. 

bio-bibliographical    (bi'o-bib'li-o-gi-af'i-kal), 

a.  [<  Gr.  ,i((«;,  life,  -H  biblioi/rajihicdl.]  Treat- 
ing of  or  dealing  with  both  the  life  and  the 
writings  of  an  author. 
bioblast  (bi'o-blast),  n.  [<  Gr.  ,'Ji'of,  life,  + 
S'Aaa-dc,  a  germ,  <  ji'AaoTaveiv,  bud,  sprout,  gi'ow.] 
In  biol.,  a  formative  cell  of  any  kind ;  a  minute 
mass  of  bioplasm  or  protoplasm  about  to  be- 
come a  definite  cell  of  any  kind.  Tluis,  osteoblasts, 
wliite  Itluoil-L'orpuscles  or  leucocytes,  lymph-corpuscles, 
etc.,  aie  all  bioblasts. 

bioblastic  (bi-o-tlas'tik),  a.  [<  bioblast  +  -ic] 
( >f ,  yiertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  bioblasts. 

biocellate  (bi-o-sel'at),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  occUate.] 
Marked  with  two  eye-like  spots,  as  the  \vings 
of  sonic  insects. 

biocentric  (bi-o-sen'trik),  «.  [<  Gr.  /?iof,  life, 
-I-  Ktv-imv,  center.]  Treating  life  as  a  central 
fact. 

biochemic  (bi-o-kem'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  (iior,  life,  + 
eiiimie.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  chemistry  of 
Ufe. 

biod  (bi'od),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiior,  life,  -f-  od,  q.  v.] 
The  od  of  animal  life ;  biogen ;  animal  mag- 
netism, so  called.      Von  Ileiriienbach. 

biodynamic  (bi  o-di-nam'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  jiioc, 
life,  -h  di/namic]  Of  or  ]iertaining  to  the  doc- 
trine of  vital  force  or  energy ;  biophysiological. 


558 

biodynamical  (bi'o-di-nam'i-kal),  a.    Same  as 

biinlijnamic. 

The  biostatical  anil  the  biodynamical  — \.  e.,  the  consid- 
eration of  the  strncturc  ready  to  act,  and  the  considera- 
tion cif  the  struiture  acting. 

(V.  //.  I.ni;-!,,  I'ri>b3.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  119. 

biodynamics  (bi  o-di-nam'iks),  n.  [<  Gr.  tiioq, 
life,  +  dijnamics.i  The  doctrine  of  vital  force 
or  energy,  or  the  action  of  living  organisms: 
opposed  to  binstatics. 

biogen  (l)i'o-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  jSiog,  life,  +  -yev!/c, 
proilucing:'  see  -r/en.]  A  hypothetical  soul- 
stutf;  the  substance  of  a  supposed  spiritual 
body  :  the  od  of  organic  life.     Coues. 

biogenation  (bi'6-je-na'shon),  n.  [<  biogen  + 
-ation.]  The  state  or  qiuility  of  being  ailected 
by  biogen ;  animation ;  vitalization. 

All  animals  are  jirobably  also  susceptible  of  tmiijenttion, 
which  is  the  allection  res\lltingfrom  the  influence  of  bio- 
gen. Cmiea,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  192. 

biogenesis  (bi-o-jen'e-sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  jMoc,  life, 
-1-  -jiveair,  generation:  see  genegis.]  1.  The 
genesis  or  production  of  living  beings  from  liv- 
ing beings;  generation  in  an  ordinary  sense: 
the  converse  of  spontaneous  generation,  or  abio- 
gencsis.  Various  methods  in  which  biogenesis  is  known 
"to  occur  give  rise  to  special  terms,  as  fjauiotjctioiix,  parthe- 
noftenesig,  etc. 

2.  The  doctrine  which  holds  that  the  genesis 
of  living  beings  from  living  beings  is  the  only 
one  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge,  and 
which  investigates  or  speculates  upon  the  facts 
in  the  case  upon  such  premises:  the  opposite 
of  (d)iii(iiiirsis. — 3.  Same  as  biogeni/,  1. 

biogenesist  (bi-o-jen'e-sist),  n.  [<  biogenesis 
-f  -ist.]  ( )uo  who  favors  the  theory  of  biogen- 
esis.    Also  called  biogcnist. 

biogenetic  (bi'o-je-uet'ik),  a.  [<  biogenesis  (in 
sense  2,  <  biogen),  after  genetic]  1.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  biogenesis  or  biogeny  in  any  way : 
as,  a  biogenetic  process;  a  biogenetic  law  or 
principle. 

This  fundamental  biogenetic  law.  Haeckcl  (tr.aus,). 

2.  Consisting  of  biogen;  done  by  means  of  bio- 
gen; relating  to  the  theory  of  biogen.     Coues. 

biogenetically  (bi'o-je-net'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a 
bioijenctic  manner;  l>y  means  of  or  according 
to  the  principles  of  biogenesis  or  biogeny. 

biogenist  (bi-oj'e-uist),  «.  [<  biogeny  -\-  -ist.] 
Same  as  biogenesist. 

biogeny  (bi-oj'e-ni),  «.  [<  Gr.  /3wf,  life,  -f 
-}h'eia,  generation:  see  -geny.    Cf.  biogenesis.] 

1.  The  genesis  or  evolution  of  the  forms  of 
matter  which  manifest  the  phenomena  of  life. 
It  is  divided  into  two  main  branches :  oittwieinj,  or  the 
genesis  of  tlie  individual  organism,  and  phyhiiiemj,  or  the 
genesis  of  the  species,  race,  stock,  or  tribe  to  wliich  the 
individual  belongs.     Also  bioyenesis. 

2.  The  science  or  doctrine  of  biogenesis;  the 
history  of  organic  evolution.  As  in  the  preced- 
ing sense,  it  is  ili\ided  into  ,>nltt;i>'ny.  or  germ-history,  or 
tile  history  of  the  embry.>Io;;ical  development  of  the  indi- 
vidual organisni,  and  jihylniffny,  or  trilial  history,  or  tlie 
history  of  the  paleontologieal  evolution  of  organic  species. 

The  first  of  these  studies  [biology]  gives  rise  to  the 
scifuirs  of  niiatomy  and  physiology,  as  well  as  to  the  sub- 
sidi:ii\  .~>  iron,  if  patliolog)'!  <  Ml  the  other  hand,  fHnyeny 
coTiiiiii-c-;  <iiilir\'ology,  niurpliology,  and  questions  relating 
t'>  tile  i>ri'.:iiL  of  species.        J.  Fif^ke,  Cosmic  i'hilos.,  I.  '221. 

biographer  (bi-og'ra-fer),  n.  [<  ML.  biogra- 
jihus  (see  bi(>grn})hyj  +  -o'l.  Cf.  philosopher.] 
One  who  writes  a  biography,  or  an  accoimt  of 
the  life  and  actions  of  a  particular  jjerson;  a 
writer  of  lives. 

biographic (ln-o-graf'ik),rt.  l<biogra2jh!/  +  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  biogi'aphy. 

To  all  which  questions,  not  unessential  in  a  bivyraphic 

work,  mere  eonjecttu'e  must  for  most  part  return  answer. 

Cadyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  95. 

biographical  (bi-o-graf'i-kal),  a.  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  the  life  of  an  individual ;  dealing 
with  or  containing  biographies:  as,  biographi- 
cal AetaMn;  a  biographical  dictionary. 

The  historian  should  rarely  digress  into  bioyraphical 
particulars  except  in  as  far  as  they  contribute  to  tire 
clearness  of  his  narrative  of  political  occurrences. 

Sic  J.  Mackintosh,  Sir  Tlios.  More. 

biographically  (bi-o-gi'af 'i-kal-i),  adv.   In  a 
biographical  sense  or  manner;  with  reference 
to  biogi'aphy. 
biographist  (bl-og'ra-flst),  n.     [<  biography  + 
-ist.]     A  biographer.     [Rare.] 

M'aut  of  honest  heart  in  the  Bioyrnphtsta  of  these  Saints 
.  .  .  betrayed  theli*  pens  to  such  abominable  imtruths. 

.  Fuller,  Worthies,  iil. 

biographize  (bi-og'ra-fiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
hiograjilii^dl,  jipr.  l}iograiihi:ing.  [<  biogrd/ihy 
+  -i:e.]  To  write  the  biography  or  a  history  of 
the  life  of.     [Rare.] 

Now  do  I  bless  the  man  who  undertook 
These  monks  and  martyrs  t«  bioyfaphize. 

Southey,  St.  Oualberto,  st.  25. 


blomagnetic 

biography  (bi-og'ra-fi),  «.;  pi.  biographies  i-^z). 
[=  F.  biagrajihic,  (.  L(ir.  /<(o)/ia^(u,  biograpliy,  < 
"liioy/nKjior  (>  ML.  biographus,  >  F.  biograjihe,  a 
biographer),  <  Gr.  jlio^,  life,  -t-  ypiujitiv,  write.] 

1.  The  history  of  the  life  of  a  particular  person. 

There  is  no  heroic  poem  in  the  world  but  is  at  bottom 
a  bioyrupfiy,  the  life  of  a  man.  Cartyte,  Essays. 

2.  Biograjjhical  writing  in  general,  or  as  a  de- 
partment of  literatui'e. 

Tins,  tlien,  was  the  first  great  merit  of  Montesiiuieu, 
that  he  etfect<td  a  complete  separation  between ^iV/rap/ii/ 
and  liist(»ry.  aTid  taught  historians  to  stinly.  not  tile  pecu- 
liarities of  individual  character.  Imt  the  geiiei-ul  iLspect  of 
the  society  in  which  the  peculiarities  appeared. 

Jiuckte,  ('i\ilization,  1.  xiii. 

3.  In  nat.  hi.st.,  the  life-history  of  an  animal  or 
a  plant.  =  Syn.  1.  r>iuyraphti.  Memoir.  When  there  is 
a  diJferenee  between  tliese  words,  it  m.ay  be  that  memoir 
indicates  a  less  complete  or  minute  account  of  a  person's 
life,  or  it  may  be  that  the  person  himself  records  his  own 
recollections  of  the  p.ast,  especially  as  connected  with  his 
own  life;  iTi  the  latter  case  ?/(e;//**/r  should  be  in  the  ])lural. 

biokinetics  (bi'6-ki-net'iks),  H.  [<  Gr.  jiioc, 
life,  -f-  kinetics.]  That  part  of  biological  science 
which  treats  of  the  successive  changes  through 
which  organisms  pass  dui'ing  the  tliffereut 
stages  of  their  development. 

biologlan  (bi-o-16'jian),  n.  [<  biology  +  -ian.] 
A  biologist. 

Those  great  classes  into  which  systematists  and  Oioto. 
ffianshavti  dividetl  existing  vertebrate  forms. 

The  Century,  XXXI.  352. 

biologic  (bi-0-loj'ik),  a.  [<  biology  +  -ic]  Same 
as  biological. 

The  interpretation  of  structure  ...  is  aided  by  two 
subsidiary  divisions  of  bioloyic  inquiry,  named  Compara- 
tive Anatomy  (properly  Comparative  Morphology)  and 
Comparative  Emljryology.  11.  .Spencer. 

biological  (bi-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
biology  or  the  science  of  life. 

They  (the  discoveries  of  Cuvier]  contain  a  far  larger  por- 
tion of  important  anatomical  and  bioloyical  truth  than  it 
ever  before  fell  to  the  lot  of  one  man  to  contribute. 

^yluln■a,  llist.  induct.  .Sciences,  I.  G29. 

The  prick  of  a  needle  will  yield,  in  a  drop  of  one's  blood, 
material  f»'r  microscopic  observation  of  phenomena  which 
lie  at  the  foundation  of  all  biidoiiieal  conceptions. 

Huxley.  Pop.  Sci.  .Mo.,  XI.  670. 

2.  In  zool.,  illustrating  the  whole  life-history 
of  a  group  or  species  of  animals:  as,  a  biologi- 
cal collection  of  insects, 
biologically  (bi-o-loj'i-kal-i).  adv.  In  a  biologi- 
cal niaiiiitr;  according  to  the  doctrines  or  prin- 
ciples of  biology. 

That  which  was  physically  defined  as  a  moving  equilib- 
rium we  define  bioiotjically  as  a  balance  of  functions. 

11.  .SpetKer,  Data  of  Ethics,  S  39. 

Ethics,  if  positive,  must  rest  on  some  empirical  data. 
These  data  are  furnished  partly  by  history,  p.artly  by  hu- 
man nature,  either  biologically  or  psychologically  consid- 
ered. N.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  255. 

biologist  (bi-ol'o-jist),  n.  [<  biology  +  -ist.] 
( »iu'  skilled  in,  oi'  a  student  of,  biology. 

biologizet  (bi-ol'o-jiz),  v.  t.  [<  biology  +  -i>e.] 
To  nifsmcrize. 

biologizert  (bi-ol'o-ji-zer),  H.  One  who  prac- 
tises mesmerism. 

biology  (bi-ol'o-ji),  n.  [=F.  biologic,  <  Gr.  pto;, 
Ufe,  -1-  -?.o)ia,  <  /'.f;«i',  speak  (see  -ology) ;  cf.  Gr. 
fiio'A6-}og,  a  player,  one  ivlio  represents  to  the 
life.]  1.  The  science  of  life  and  living  things 
in  the  widest  sense ;  the  body  of  doctrine  re- 
specting li^Tng  beings;  the  knowledge  of  vital 
phenomena. 

It  is  remarkable  that  each  of  these  writers  (Treviranus 
ami  Lamarck]  seems  to  have  been  led,  independently  and 
contemporaneously,  to  invent  the  same  name  of  Jiioloyy 
for  the  science  of  the  phenomena  of  life.  .  .  .  And  it  is 
hai'd  to  s.ay  whether  Lamarck  or  Treviranus  has  the  pri- 
ority. .  .  .  Though  the  first  volume  of  lYeviranus'  "Bio- 
logie  "  appeared  only  in  lMr2,  he  says  .  .  .  that  he  wrote 
the  first  volume  .  .  .  about  1796.  Tlie  "  Kecherches," 
etc.,  in  which  the  outlines  of  Lamarck's  doctrines  are 
given,  was  published  in  1802. 

Huxley,  Science  and  Culture  (Am.  ed.,  1SS2),  p.  302. 

2.  In  a  moi-e  special  sense,  physiology:  bio- 
physiology  :  biotics. —  3.  In  a  technical  sense, 
the  life-history  of  an  animal :  especially  used 
in  entomology. — 4t.  Animal  magnetism. 

biolysis  (bi-ol'i-sis).  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ,}ioe,  life, 
-I-  '/inn:,  loosening,  solution,  <  >.ieir,  loose,  dis- 
solve.] Dissolution  of  a  living  being:  death, 
as  the  resolution  of  an  organism  into  its  constit- 
uent jiarts,  and  consequently  the  destruction 
of  the  jilieuomena  of  life. 

biolytic  (lii-o-lit'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ,3/or,  life,  + 
'/.vriKoc,  able  to  loose,  <  J.iTof,  verbal  adj.  of 
'/.iav,  loose.]  In  7ncd.,  tending  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  life:  as,  a  biolytic  agent. 

biomagnetic  (bi'6-mag-uet'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ^ioc, 
life,  -f  magnetic]  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
biomagnetism. 


biomagnetism 

bioma^etism  (bi-ii-mnn'in-ti/.m),  «.  [<  Gr. 
jliii'j,  lilV,  +  DKKjiKiisiii.]  Animal  maf^iotism. 
Hoc  niiiiiiiilism.     lirntilli. 

biometry  (Iji-om'o-tii),  «.  [<  Gr.  /?/of,  life,  + 
-fUTpin,  <  fiirpov,  a  nieasuro.]  Tlio  int^asure- 
moiit  of  life;  specifically,  the  calculation  of 
till'  |iroli,'ilil((  duration  of  human  life. 

biomorphotic  (l>i"o-m6r-fol'ik),  (I.  [<  NL.  bio- 
vitn'iihotiCK.s,  <  Gr.  /^"";,  life,  +  M(ir.  /i')p<lii.t-i- 
Kdr,  fit  for  shaping,  <  Gr.  '/lopcjiuror,  verbal  adj.  of 
/tnpipiivi;  shape,  <  pnpijii/,  form,  shape.]  In  cn- 
loiii..  liavin;^  an  active  pupa.      Il'cxtiroiid. 

Biomorphotica (lu'o-raor-fot'i-kji),  n. /)(.  [>nj., 

neut.  pi.  of  bi(im(iri>hnticus  :  see  hiiimorplKitic.] 
In  ciitom.,  a  name  proposed  by  Westwood  for 
those  insects  of  the  old  order  Ncnroiitcrit  hav- 
ing an  active  pupa.  They  are  now  generally 
known  as  /'nciul'iiicuro/itcni. 

bionomy  (bi-on'o-mi),  H.  [NL.,  <Gr.  /J/of,  life, 
+  fi/iiir,  law:  see  womc]  1.  Tlio  science  of  the 
laws  of  life,  or  of  living  functions;  dynamic 
biology. 

He  [Cuiutt'l  also  employs  tile  term  hi'onomy  as  embra- 
ciiiR  tile  (general  science  nf  the  laws  oi  liviiii,'  fuiietinns,  or 
dynamic  l)ii)l<)f.'y.  L.  F.  Wai-it,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  T.  I'io. 

2.  In  itiilhropnloiiji,  the  third  and  final  or  deduc- 
tive anil  jiredictivo  stage  of  anthropobiology. 
O.  T.  Mii.tiiii. 

biophagOUS  (lii-of'.a-gus),  <i.  [<  Gr.  liior,  life,  -I- 
i^HjfM',  e;it.J  Feeding  on  living  organisms:  aj)- 
plied  especially  to  insectivorous  plants. 

biophysiography  (bi'o-fiz-i-og'ra-fl),  «.  [<  Gr. 
/<(of,  life,  +  pli!/.ii(i(/r(iplii/.  ]  The  physical  nat- 
lu'al  history  of  organized  beings;  descriptive 
and  systematic  zoology  and  botany,  as  distin- 
guished from  physiological  zoology  and  botany, 
or  biotics;  organogi'aphy :  distinguished  from 
hiiilihiisidliifiii. 

biophysiolbgical  (bi"6-fiz*i-o-Ioj'i-kal),  a.  [< 
hiiipliiisiuliii/i/  +  -ical.'\    Of  or  pertaining  to  bio- 

|)bysiuIogy. 

biophysiologist  (bi"6-fiz-i-ol'o-,iist),  ».  [<  hio- 
phi/sioliiiii/  +  -isl.]  A  student  of  biophysiology  ; 
a  st  iideiit  of  biologv,  or  an  expert  in  the  science 
of  lii.itics.      I'lip.  ,Sci.  Mo..  XXII.  1G9. 

biophysiology  (bi'o-fiz-i-ol'o-ji),  n.  [< Gr.  iiioc. 
life,  +  jihiiyiiilfii/i/.']  The  science  of  organized 
beings,  embracing  organogeny,  morphology, 
and  physiological  zoiilogy  and  botany:  distin- 
giiislied  from  hi(i]>}nisin(irni>hii. 

bioplasm  (bi'o-plazm),  II.  [<  Gr.  /Jioj-,  life,  + 
Tr'Aaaiia,  anything  formed,  <  ^hwoeo',  form.] 
Living  and  germinal  matter;  formative,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  formed,  matter.  The  term  was 
iiiliodii.-cl  liy  I'liif.  L.  .S.  I'.eale,  about  1.S7-2,  for  the  .state 
or  eoiiilitioii  of  protoiilasni  in  which  it  is  living  ami  ger- 
niinating. 

Bittplaxin  .  .  .  moves  anil  fn'ows.  ...  It  may  be  cor- 
rectly culled  living;  or  formiiiy  matter,  for  by  its  agency 
every  kiiul  of  living  tiling  is  made,  ami  without  it,  .is  far 
as  is  known,  no  living  thing  ever  has  been  made;  .  .  .  but 
the  most  convenient  and  least  objectioiialile  name  for  it  is 
living  plasma  or  hkiplantii  Otos,  life,  irAatj/ia,  plasm,  that 
which  is  capable  of  being  fashioned). 

Beale,  Bioplasm,  §  14. 

bioplasmic  (bi-o-plaz'mik),  a.  [<  hioplasm  + 
-ic.  I     Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to  bioplasm. 

bioplast  (bi'ii-plast),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiioi;,  life,  + 
-'/.(lari'ir,  verbal  adj.  of  n'luaativ,  mold,  form.] 
A  particle  of  bioplasm;  a  living  germinal  cell, 
such  as  a  white  blood-cfirpuscle  or  a  lymph- 
corpuscle  ;  an  ama3boid ;  a  plastidule. 

In  many  iliseiises  these  bwplaats  of  the  capillary  walls 
are  much  altered,  and  in  cholera  I  have  found  that  num- 
bers of  tbenx  have  been  complet<dy  destroyed. 

liealc.  llioplasm,  S  21)s. 

bioplastic  (bi-o-plas'tik),  «.     [<  Gr.  /i/oc,  life, 

+  irAaariMii; :  see  phistk:^     Pertaining  to  or  of 

the  natirre  of  a  bioplast. 
biordinal  (bi-6r'di-nal),  a.  and  )(.     [<   hi-"   + 

((;■(/(»((/.]     I,  II.  Of  tile  second  order. 
II.   u.  In  math.,  a  differential  equation  of 

the  second  order. 
biostatical   (bi-o-stat'i-kal),   a.      [<  Gr.  pioq, 

life,  +  oTUTiKuc,  causing  to  stand:  see  static.^ 

Of  or  pertaining  to  biostatics. 
No  philosophic  biologist  now  tries  to  reactl  and  modify 

a  vital  force,  but  only  to  reach  and   modify  those  bin. 

sM^icatconilitions  which,  when  considering  them  as  causes. 

and  condensing  them  all  \\\Ui  a  single  expression,  lie  calls 

Vitality,  or  the  Vital  Forces. 

G.  II.  Leuvs,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  ii.  §  2. 

biostatics  (bi-o-stat'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  binstatic: 
see  -(c.s-.]  That  branch  of  biology  which  deals 
with  the  statical  and  coexistent  relations  of 
structure  and  function :  opposed  to  bioilijnam- 
tc.v  and  hidk'iiictics. 

biotaxy  (bi'o-tak-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3/of,  life,  + 
-Taiia,  <  nif/r,  arrangement:  see  tactic.']  The 
classification,  arrangement,  or  coordination  of 
living  organisms,  according  to  the  sum  of  their 


659 

morpholopcal  charaetors ;  a  biological  system ; 

taxonomy. 

biotic  ( bi-ot 'ik),  a.    Same  as  biotical. 

biotical  (bi-ot'i-kal),  a.     [<  Gr.  liiurm/ir,,  relat- 
ing to  life  (<  jiiur'/)^,  verbal  adj.  of  j^iim',  live, 
<  /<")(-,  life),  +  -rt^]     Of  or  pertaining  to  life, 
or  to  biotics;  biophysiologieal. 
The  buitical  .activities  of  matter.  T.  Strtry  Hunt. 

Organization  and  hmtical  functions  arise  from  tlie  nat' 
ural  operations  of  forces  inherent  in  elemental  matter. 

If.  IS.  Carpenter,  Cyc.  of  Anat.  and  Phys.,  III.  l.M. 

biotics  (bi-ot'iks),  n.  [<  Gr.  Siutikoi;,  pertaining 
to  life:  SCO  biiitiriil.']  The  science  of  vital  func- 
tions and  manifestations;  the  jiowers,  proper- 
ties, and  qualities  peculiar  to  living  organisms; 
vital  activities  jiroper,  asdistinguisliedfromthe 
chomieal  and  physical  attributes  of  vitality. 

Tliese  activities  art'  often  desigiiated  as  vital ;  but  since 
this  word  is  generally  made  to  iucluile  at  the  same  time 
other  manifestations  which  are  simply  dynamical  or 
chemical,  I  have  .  .  .  i>roposcd  for  the  activities  charac- 
teristic itf  the  organism  the  term  hwtien.    T.  Sti'rry  Hunt. 

biotite  (bi'o-tit),  II.  [<  .7.  B.  Hint  (1774-1802),  a 
French  physicist,  +  -//c-.]  An  important  mem- 
ber of  the  mica  group  of  minerals.  See  mini. 
It  occurs  in  hex.agonal  jirisms,  sometinies  tabular,  of  a 
bhick  or  ilark-grccn  c'dnr.  It  is  a  silicate  of  aluniiniiirii 
ami  iron  witli  niagiiesium  and  iiotassiuiii,  and  is  often 
called  nul'jnexla  mint,  in  distinction  from  uiiisrnrite  i>v 
pntaxh  mica.  It  is  sometimes  liivided  into  two  varieties, 
called  aiuiinite  and  meroxene,  which  are  distinguished  by 
optical  characteristics. 

biotome  (Iji'o-tom),  n.  [<  Gr.  filoi;,  life,  +  to/u/, 
a  cutting,  section:  sve  aiifitoiii!/.]  A  term  ap- 
plied Viy  t'obbold  to  a  life-epoch  in  the  develop- 
ment of  some  of  the  lower  animals,  as  Entnzim. 

biovulate  (bi-6'vii-lat),  a.  [<  6»--  +  ovulate.] 
In  but.,  having  two  ovides. 

bipaleolate  (bi-pa'le-o-lat),  a.  [<  6J-2  +  palen- 
Itite.']  Having  two  paleoUe  or  diminutive  scales 
(lodicnles),  as  the  flowers  of  some  grasses. 

bipalmate  (bi-pal'mat),  n.  [<  bi-"  +  imlmiitcl 
In  litil.,  doubly  or  subordinately  jialmate. 

biparietal  (bi-pa-ri'e-tal),  (I.  [<  /)(--  +  piirietaL] 
Pertaining  to  both  parietal  bones.  —  Biparietal 
diameter,  the  diameter  of  the  skull  from  one  ii.ariet.il 
eminence  to  the  other. 

biparous  (bip'a-rus),  n.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  pa- 
rcrc,  bring  forth.]  1.  Bringing  forth  two  at 
a  birth. —  2.  In  bnt.,  having  two  branches  or 
axes :  applied  to  a  cyme. 

biparted  (bi-piir'ted),  a.  [<  i(-2  -t-  parted.  Cf. 
Iiipailili.]  1.  In /irc,  bipartite:  applied  to  .any- 
thing cut  off  in  the  form  of  an  indent,  showing 
two  projecting  pieces. —  2.  In  cool.,  divided  in- 
to two  parts ;  bipartite. 

bipartible  (bi-i)ar'ti-bl),  a,  [<  bi-"  +  partible.] 
Divisible  into  two  parts.     Also  bijiartili: 

bipartient  (bi-piir'ti-ent),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  hipar- 
ti(ii(t-).<i,i>in:ot  liipartirc :  see  bipartite]  I.  a. 
Dividing  into  two  parts;  serving  to  divide  into 

two.— Bipartient  factor,  a  number  whose  square  di- 
vides a  given  number  without  remainder. 

II.  II.  In  math.,  a  number  that  divides  an- 
other into  two  equal  parts  without  remainder: 
thus,  2  is  tlie  bipartient  of  4. 
bipartile  (bi-pUr'til),  a.  [<  L.  hi;  two-,  +  LL. 
partilis,  <  L.  partire,  part:  see  j;ar<,  v.]  Same 
as  bipartible. 
bipartite  (bi-par'tit),  a.  [<  L.  bipartitus,  pp. 
ot  bipartire,  divide  into  two  jiarts,  <  bi-,  two-, 
+  partire,  divide :  see 
part,  r.]  1.  In  two 
parts  ;  having  two 
correspondent  parts, 
as  a  legal  contract  or 

O/  wi'iting,  one  for  each 

(  party;  duplicate. 

\  The  divine  fate  is  also 

bipartite. 

Cudwortti,  Intellectual 
(System,  I'ref.,  p.  1. 

2.  In  hot.,  divided 
into  two  parts  near- 
ly to  the  base,  as 
the  leaves  of  many 
passion-flowers — Bipartite  curve,  in  iiemn..  a  curve 
consisting  of  t«o  distinct  nintinuous  series  of  points. 
Bipartiti  (bi-pUr-ti'ti),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L. 
bipartitus :  see  bijiartili.]  In  Latreille's system 
of  classification,  a  group  of  carnivorous  Coleop- 
tera  containing  fossorial  caraboid  beetles, 
bipartition  {bi-piir-tish'on),  II.  [<  L.  bipartirr 
(see  bipartite),  «.iicv  jiar'titinn.]  The  act  of  di- 
viding into  two  parts,  or  of  making  two  cor- 
res[iondent  parts. 
bipaschal  (bi-pas'kal),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
LL. /'((.sc/i«,  passover :  see  paschal.]  Including 
or  relating  to  two  consecutive  passover  feasts : 
applied  by  theologians  to  the  scheme  of  chro- 
nology which  limits  Chiist's  public  ministry  to 


Bipaitite  Curve. 


Bipinnaria 

a  period  containing  only  two  passover  anni- 
versaries. 

About  the  length  .  .  .  (nfnirisfspntilic  ministry)  tliero 
arc  (besides  the  isolated  and  decidedly  erroneous  view  ot 
Ireeueus)  three  theories,  allowing  respectively  one,  two,  or 
three  years  and  a  few  months,  and  tlesiguated  as  the  bi- 
pa^cluit,  tripasehal,  and  (luadripasehal  schemes,  accord- 
ing to  the  number  of  Passovers. 

SchaJl,  Hist.  Ctaist.  Cliurch,  I.  §  16,  iv. 

bipectinate  (bl-pek'ti-nat),  a.  [<  fci-2  -(-  pgc- 
liiiiile.]  Having  two  margins  toothed  like  a 
comb :  used  especi.ally  in  botany  and  zoology. — 
Bipectinate  antennae,  in  enium..  antenme  in  which  the 
Iiodics  of  the  jfjiiits  are  short,  but  with  tioth  sides  pro- 
longeil  into  more  or  less  slender  processes,  which  are 
turned  obli(iuely  outward,  giving  the  wh«)le  organ  a 
feather-like  appearance,  as  in  many  moths.  This  form  is 
'iften  I'alled  jteetinale;  bnt  this  word  is  properly  used 
where  the  processes  are  on  one  side  of  the  joint  only. 

biped  (bi'ped),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bipes  {biped-)  (= 
Gr.  (iiTTocf  (An-oii-) :  see  dijiodij),  two-footed,<  bi-, 
two-,  +  pen  (ped-)  =  E.  foot.  Cf.  quadruped, 
cenliped,  milliped.]  I.  a.  1.  Having  two  feet. 
An  helidess,  naked,  bipeil  beast.  Ihjroni,  An  Epistle. 
2.  In  liirpet.,  having  hiiul  limbs  only. 

II.  II.  An  animal  having  two  feet,  as  man. 

bipedal  (bi'ped-al),  (/.     [<  L.  bijjedali.s,  measur- 
ing two  feet,  <  lii-,  two-,  +  pe.s  (jicd-),  foot.   Cf. 
biped.]     1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  biped;  hav- 
ing or  walking  upon  two  feet. 
The  erect  or  hipeilal  mode  of  progression. 

K,  D.  Cnpe,  Origin  of  the  Kittest,  p.  335. 

2t.   Measuring  two  feet  in  length. 

bipedality  ( bi-pe-dal'i-ti),  ii.  [<  bipedal  +  -itij.] 
Tlie  quality  of  being  two-footed. 

Bipeltata  (bi-pel-ta'tii),  «.  pi.  [NTi.,  neut.  pi. 
of  liipellaUis :  see  bipelliile.]  A  term  adopted 
by  Cuvi(a'  from  Latreille  as  a  family  natne  for 
sundry  organisms  kuowni  as  glass-crabs,  of  a 
certain  genus  called  I'hijllosoma  by  Leach. 
The  ffU'ins  in  question  are  larvieof  scyllaroid  crustaceans. 
See  'tltiA.-i-erdh.  I'hiillxKtnmlta.     [Not  in  use.) 

bipeltate  (bi-pel'tat),  a.  [<  NL.  bipeltatus,  <  L. 
/)(-,  two-,  +  jielta,  shield  :  see  bi--  and  peltate.] 
1.  In  coin.,  having  a  (lefens<'  like  a  double 
shield. —  2.   Of  or  jiertaining  to  the  Jiipeltala. 

bipennate,  bipennated  (bl-pen'at,  -a-ted),  a. 

[<  L.  Iiijuiiiii.-:,  bijiiiinis,  two-winged,  <  bi-  + 
peiiiiii.  piiiiiii,  wing:  see  peii^.]  1.  Having 
two  wings:  as,  "  bi  pen  iiated  inseets,"  JJerhain, 
Phj-s.  Theol.,  \-iii.  4,  note. —  2.  In  bot.,  same 
as  hi  pi  II  ml  te,  (a). 

bipennatifid,  a.    See  bipinnatifid. 

bipennis    (bi-pen'is),    «.  ;    \>\.   bipeimes    (-ez). 

[L.,  pi-op.  adj.  (sc.  securis,  ax),  two-edged; 
confused  n-ith  bipen- 
nis, bipiiini.'i,  two- 
winged,  but  accord- 
ing to  (Juintilian 
and  other  Latin 
writers  a  different 
word,  <  hi-,  two-,  + 
*peiiiius  or  'piiiiiiis, 
sharp.  Cf.  piii^  and 
jieii^.]  An  ancient 
ax  with  two  blades, 
one  on  each  side  of 
the  handle,  in  art  it  la 
a  cliaract^'iistic  weapon 
often  depicted  in  the 
hands  of    the  .-Vmazons, 

anil  also  attributed  to  Hepbicstus  or  \'iilcan. 
Bipes  (bi'poz),  II.     [NL.,  <  L.  bipe.>!,  two-foot- 
ed: see  biped.]     1.  A  genus  of  lizards,  of  the 

family  Auipiidie  or    derrliouotider  :    by  some 

imited  with   Opbi.'iauru.s:      Ojipel,  IHll. —  2.  A 

genus  of  lizards,  of  the  family  •'<eiiieida':  now 

called  Seelofef:.     The  species  are  African;  the 

.s'.  bijie.i  inhaliits  South  Africa.     Merrem,  1820. 
bipetaloUS  (bi-iiet'a-lus).  a.    [< 

bi--  -t-  petalouK.]     Having  two 

flower-leaves  or  petals. 
Bipbora  (Vii'fo-rii), ».  pi.  [NL., 

<  L.  bi;   two-.  +  Gr.  -<li6pnc,  < 

<pipiiv  =  'E.bcar^.]     A  group  of 

ascidians,  such  as  the  ^Salpidm. 

The   term   is  sometimes  used  as  the 

name  of  an  order  of  the  class  rioiiVa- 

ta  or  Atieiilia,  containing  the  families 

Salpitlee  and  Dotivlidee,  characterized 

by  their  single  ribbon-like  brancliia. 

They  are  free-swiinmiiig  fonns  with 

the  sexes  distinct. 
biphore  ( lii'for),  n.  [<  Biphora. ] 

I  )iii'  iif  the  Biphora. 
Bipinnaria    (bi-pi-na'ri-ii),  n. 

[NL.,  <  L.  hi-,  two-,  -I-  pinna, 

pcnna,   wing:    see  peiA.]      A      swges  of  develop. 

generic  name  given  to  the  bi-   ment  of  .i  i.irvai  asic- 

lateral    larval    form   of    some    ^'i.^TppfX^; 

echinodorms,     as    a    starfish,    lawr  ««iw«,- lower, 

,  .,  .  ii     i      -i     earlier    Ecmnopadt. 

under  the  impression  that    it    „,,. 


Bipennis. 
{From  .1  Greek  red-figured  vase.) 


Bipinnaria 

was  a  distinct  animiil :  nearly  the  same  as 
BraehioUiria.  The  tenn  is  retauiod  to  designate 
sucli  larvie  or  stage  of  development.  See  also 
cut  under  Asteroidra. 

bipinnate,  bipinnated  (bi-pin'at,  -S-ted),  a. 
[<  hi-~  +  jiiiniittr.  L'i.liijicnnah.]  Doubly  pin- 
nate, (d)  In  (>!>/.,  apiilieil  to  u  pinnate  leaf  when  its  divi 
sions  lire  tlu-[iisi-lvts  MK.iin  pin- 
nate. Also  Itijnnnart'  iiiul  liipcn- 
natt'd.  (h)  In  znut.,  Imvin^;  oj)- 
posite  pinnic;  featliercd  on  two 
opposite  sides  of  a  main  or  axial 
line:  in  enlom.,  speeitieally  ap- 
plieil  to  eel'tain  feathery  forms 
of  antenna*.  >^fe  aiifenna.  (c)  In 
anat.,  having  the  fleshy  Hlicrs 
inserted  on  opposite  sides  of  a 
tendinous  interseetion  :  said  of 
a  ninscle.  The  reetus  fenioris 
nuKseli'  is  an  exuniple. 

bipinnately  (bi-pin'at-li), 
atlr.     in  a  bipinnate  man-     .     „.  ,     , 

^  Bipinnate  Leaf. 

ner. 

bipinnatifid,  bipennatifid  (bi-pi-,  bi-iic-nat'i- 
lid),  ((.  [<  bi-~  +  iiiiDKilijUl,  jHiiiiati/uL^  In 
but.,  doul.ily  pinnatilid;  having  the  primary  and 
secondary  divisions  of  the  leaves  pinnatitid. 

bipinnatiform  (bi-pi-nat'i-f6rm),  a.  [As  bi- 
pinnate +  -form.'}  Doubly  pinnate  in  form ; 
bipinnate  :  as,  a  bipinnatiform  muscle. 

bipinnatipartite  (bi-pi-n'at-i-par'tit),  a.     [As 

bipinnate  +  h. partitns,  divided:  see  ]>artiti(i».} 
Bipinnatifid.  but  having  the  divisions  extend- 
ing to  ne.ir  the  midrib. 

bipinnatisect,  bipinnatisected  (bi-pi-nat'i- 
sekt,  -sek-ted),  a.  [As  bipinnate  +  L.  sectus, 
cut:  see  section.]  In  bat.,  twice  divided  pin- 
nately. 

The  leaf  is  said  to  be  bipinnatifld,  bipinnatipartite,  or 
bipinnatisected.  Bentleit,  Botany,  p.  153. 

biplanar  (bi-pla'nar),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
plan  ns,  plane.]  Lying  or  situated  in  two  planes. 

biplane  (bi'plan),  «.  In  math.,  the  pair  of  co- 
incident planes  to  which  the  tangent  cone  of  a 
node  reduces,  when  that  node  is  a  binode. 

biplicate  (bi'pli-kat),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  plicate.'] 
Doubly  folded;  twice  folded  together,  trans- 
versely, as  the  cotyledons  of  some  plants. 
Henslow. 

biplicity  (bi-plis'i-ti),  «.  [<  L.  biplex  (bipUc-) 
(equiv.  to  duplex,  in  a  glossary)  (<  bi-,  twice,  + 
plicare,  fold)  +  -ity.  Cf.  diiplicitij.']  The  state 
of  being  biplicate  or  twice  folded  ;  the  quality 
of  being  twofold  ;  doubling.     Roget.     [Rare.] 

bipolar  (bi-po'liir),  a.  [<  fci-2  +  polar.]  1. 
Doubly  polar ;  ha^Tiig  two  poles. 

The  best  modern  iiutupli>siri;uis,  witli  rare  exceptions, 
are  now  agreed  tliat,  wliitteVLi-  may  be  tlie  t'a.se  witli  ulti- 
mate exist^ences,  tlie  plieiioniena  \\e  deal  witli  are  liijifitaf, 
on  the  one  side  objective  and  on  the  other  subjective ;  and 
these  ai'e  the  twofold  aspects  of  reality. 

6.  II.  Lewes,  Prolis.  of  Life  aiid  Hind,  II.  ii.  §  29. 
Specifically — 2.  In  anat.,  having  two  process- 
es from  opposite  poles:  said  of  certain  nerve- 
cells. 

bipolarity  (bi-po-lar'i-ti),  n.  [<  bipolar  +  -ity.] 
Tlie  state  of  being  bipolar  ;  double  polarity. 

Bipont,  Bipontine  (bi'pont,  bi-pou'tin),  a'.  [< 
NL.  Bipotitinus,  <  Bipontium  (a  tr.  of  (ieiman 
ZKeibriickcH,  F.  Deux-Ponts,  lit.  two  bridges), 
<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  pon{t-).f,  bridge.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Bipontium  (the  Latin  name  of  Zwei- 
briickcn  or  Deux-Ponts)  in  Rhenish  Bavaria: 
applied  to  editions  of  the  classics  the  printing 
of  which  was  begun  there  in  1779. 

biporose  (bi-p6'r6s),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
porus,  a  pore.]  Having  two  pores ;  opening 
by  two  pores,  as  the  anthers  in  the  genus  Cas- 
sia and  most  Ericacca;. 

Eipositores  (bi-poz-i-to'rez),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  /;(-,  two-,  -1-  liositor,  layer.]  In  ornith.,  an- 
other name  for  the  Columlxe,  an  order  of  birds 
including  all  the  pigeons  and  doves :  so  called 
because  these  birds  for  the  most  part  lay  only 
two  eggs.     [Not  in  use.] 

biprism  (bi'prizm),  «.  [<  6j-2  -f  juism.]  A 
jirism  with  two  refractive  edges  each  of  small 
angle,  its  cross-section  being  an  obtuse-angled 
isosceles  triangle. 

bipulmonary  (bi-pul'mo-na-ri),  a.  [<  6j-2  -1- 
putmomiri/.]  In  Araelinida,  having  only  one 
pair  of  pulmonary  sacs :  opposed  to  quadripul- 
monarij. 

bipunctate  (bi-pungk'tat),  a.  [<  6j-2  +  puno- 
tale.]     Haring  two  punctures  or  spots. 

bipunctual  (bi-pungk'tu-al),  a.  [<  Ji-2  -f- 
punetual,  in  the  literal  sense.]  Havang  two 
^joints.     Bipunctual  coordinates,    ^hk coimlinate. 

bipupillate  (bi-pti'iii-hlt),  a.  [<  bi-^  +  pupil- 
late.]  Having  a  double  pupil:  in  e)((om.,  said 
of  an  eye-like  spot  on  the  wing  of  a  butterfly 


560 

when  it  has  within  it  two  dots  or  pupils  of  a 
dillerent  color. 

bipyramidal  (bi-pi-ram'i-dal),  a.  [<  /«-'-  -I- 
jii/ramidal.]  In  cri/slal.,  having  the  form  of 
two  pjTamids  joined  base  to  base,  as  quartz 
crystals. 

biquadrate  (bi-kwod'rat),  n.  [<  68-2  +  quad- 
rille.]    Same  as  hiqiiadratic. 

biquadratic  (bi-kwod-rat'ik),  a.  and  «.  [<  ?«-2 
+  quadrntie.]  I.  a.  Containing  or  referring 
to  a  fourl  h  jiower,  or  the  square  of  a  square  ; 
quartif.  Tlie  word  'jutirtie  has  now  completely  super- 
seded I'i'jiifidnitic,  except  in  the  following  phrases.— Bi- 
quadratic equation,  an  cipiation  with  one  unknown 
i|uantity  the  lligliest  power  of  which  contained  in  tiie 
etiuatiun  is  the  fourth,  liiiiuadratie  equations  are  always 
susceptible  of  algeliraic  solutl'in  ;  equations  of  liigher 
degift's  an-  ^-.iierally  cajialtb-  unly  of  numerical  solution. 

—  Biquadratic  function,  involution.  See  the  nouns. 
—Biquadratic  parabola,  in  w"'"-,  a  curve  line  of  the 
third  oiil<r,  liaviiig  two  intinite  legs  tending  the  same 
way.— Biquadratic  root  of  a  number,  the  square  root 
of  the  square  root  of  tliat  number.  Thus,  the  square  root 
of  Sl  is  i>,  and  the  square  root  of  9  is  3,  which  is  the  tn- 
quadratic  riiut  of  81. 

II.  H.  In  math.,  the  fourth  power,  arising 
from  the  multiplication  of  a  square  numlier 
or  quantity  by  itself.  Tlius,  4  :■:  4  =  lo,  wliicli  is  the 
siiuare  of  4,  and  16  x  16  =  2f>6,  the  biquadratic  of  4. 

biquarterly  (bi-kwar'ter-li),  a.  [<  6;-2  -1- 
quarterlij.]  Properly,  happening  or  appearing 
once  every  two  quarters,  or  semi-annually, 
but  sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  semi-cpiar- 
terlij,  twice  in  each  quarter.     [Rare.] 

biquartz  (bi'kwartz),  n.  [<  6»-2  -f  quartz.]  A 
double  quartz  plate  used  in  a  form  of  saccha- 
rimeter  (which  see),  it  consists  of  two  semicircular 
plates  of  quartz  joined  in  a  vertical  line  ;  the  two  halves 
are  so  taken  tliat  tliey  respectively  deviate  the  plane  of 

polarizati f  incident  plane-polarized  light  through  90' 

in  oppo.sitc  diicctions. 

biquaternion  (bi  kw.a-ter'ni-on),  n.  [<  bi  (see 
def.)  +  iiiiaternion.]  1.  In  ;«<(?/(.,  an  imaginary 
quaternion ;  a  quantity  expressible  in  the  form 
a  +  bi  +  cj  -i-  dk%  where  i,  j,  I:  are  three  mu- 
tually peri^endieular  vectors,  and  a,  b,  c,  d  are 
real  or  imaginary  numbers.  This  is  the  sense  in 
which  Sir  W.  R.  Hamilton  used  the  w.ird.  He  distin- 
gui-slicd  sucli  a  quantity  from  a  red  quaternion,  Itccause 
the  «  Ih'Ic  alm-biaic  Jirocedure  witli  iliiai,'ilKil>  quaternions 
is  ditlercut  from  ami  more  ditticult  than  that  witli  real 
quaternions,  instead  of  being  essentially  the  same  but 
more  ea.sy,  as  is  the  case  with  ordinary  imaginary  alge- 
bra as  compared  with  real  algebra. 
2.  The  ratio  of  two  rotors.  Tliis  meaning  was  given 
to  the  word  liy  W.  K.  Clifford,  who  conceived  that  Hamil- 
ton's biquaternions  did  not  deserve  a  separate  name.  In 
this  sense  a  biiiuatemion  is  the  sum  of  two  quaternions 
belonging  to  different  systems,  so  that  their  product  van- 
ishes. 

biquintile  (bi-kwin'til),  )(.  [<  ^i-2  -t-  quintile.] 
In  ii.<!lrol.,  an  aspect  of  the  planets  when  they 
are  distant  from  each  other  by  twice  the  fifth 
part  of  a  great  circle,  that  is,  144°  or  twice  72°. 

biradiate,  biradiated  (bi-ra'di-at,  -a-ted),  a. 
[<  bi--  +  radiate.]  Having  two  rays:  as,  a  bi- 
radiate fin. 

birambi  (l»i-ram'bi),  n.  [Native  name.]  The 
fruit  of  the  Averrhna  Bilimbi,  a  plant  of  British 
Giuana,  from  which  an  excellent  preserve  is 
made. 

biramose  (bi-ra'mos),  a.     Same  as  hiramons. 

Six  iiairs  of  powerful  biramose  natatory  feet. 

EiKi/c.  Brit.,  VI.  652. 

biramous  (bi-ra'mus),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  -1- 
ramus,  a  branch.]  Possessing  or  consisting  of 
two  branches ;  dividing  into  two  branches,  as 
the  limbs  of  cirripeds.     H.  A.  Nicholson. 

birch  (berch),  «.  [=  Se.  and  North.  E.  birJc,  < 
ME.  birch,  birche,  birkc,  <  AS.  bircc,  bicrcc, 
btjrce  (=  OHG.  bireha,  piricha,  MHG.  G.  birl:e), 
weak  fem.,  parallel  with  berc,  beorc  (=  MD. 
bercl;,  D.  berk  (berken-booni)  =  Icel.  bjiirk  (in 
eomp.  birki-)  =  Sw.  bjiirk  =  Dan.  birk),  strong 
fem.,  =  OBulg.  bre.:a  =  Kuss.  bcre:a  =  Lith. 
herzhas,  birch,  =  Skt.  bhurja,  a  kind  of  birch. 
Root  unknown ;  connected  by  some  with  AS. 
beorht,  OHG.  beraht,  etc.,  bright,  white,  shin- 
ing, in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  bark.  Not 
connected  with  L.  betula,  birch:  see  Betula.] 
1.  A  tree  or  shrub  belonging  to  the  genus  Bc- 
tlda  (which  see).  The  birches  have  smooth,  lami- 
n.atcd  outer  tiaik  and  closc-trraincd  wood,  wliidl  in  some 
species  is  liard  and  touuli,  taking  a  line  polisli,  and  is  used 
in  tlic  manufacture  of  furniture  and  for  many  otlier  pur- 
poses. The  white,  gray,  or  poplar  birch,  Betula  alba,  the 
principal  European  species,  is  a  small  tree,  but  is  put 
to  many  uses,  especially  in  the  old  world.  The  bark  is 
used  for  tanning  and  thatching,  and  yields  .an  oil  which 
is  said  to  lie  used  to  give  Russia  leather  its  peculiar  odor; 
spruce-oil  is  also  used  for  tliis  purpose.  The  leaves,  as 
well  as  the  sap  and  oil,  are  used  in  the  treatment  of  vari- 
ous chronic  diseases,  and  the  wood  is  used  for  fuel  and 
many  other  purposes.  Several  varieties  of  this  species,  .as 
the  weeping,  cut-leafed,  and  purple  birches,  are  much 
cultivated  for  ornament.     The  canoe-  or  paper-birch  of 


bird 

North  America,  B.  paptjri/rra.  Is  a  large  tree  with  a  very 
tougli,  duralile  liark,  which  is  largely  used  by  the  Indians 
in  the  manufacture  of  canoes  and  tents.  The  timber  is 
valuable.  The  yellow  or  gray  birch,  II.  lutea,  is  one  of 
the  most  important  deciduous  trees  of  the  northern  At- 
lantic forests,  gr'jwing  to  a  very  large  size ;  its  wood  is 
heavy,  M-ry  strong,  and  hard,  'i'he  black,  sweet,  cherry-, 
or  maliogaiiy-liircji,  B.  lenta,  ha.s  a  very  spicy,  aromatic 
bark,  yielding  a  volatile  oil  identical  with  oil  of  winter- 
green,  and  its  heavy,  dark-colored  wood  is  largely  used 
for  making  furniture  and  in  ship-building,  other  promi- 
nent siK-rirs  are  the  red  or  river-birch,  B.  nifjrn,  of  the 
.Southern  States,  and  the  black  birch,  B.  iiccidentalht.  of 
the  Itn.ky  -Mountains  and  westward.  Several  shrubby 
species  are  widely  distriltuted  in  mountainous  and  arctic 
regions,  reacliing  a  biglur  latitude  than  any  other  decidu- 
ous tree,  as  the  aljiine  birch  {B.  nana),  the  low  or  dwarf 
birch  (/>'.  /unnila),  and  the  scruii  Iiireh  (B.  ijlanduljisa). 
2.  A  birch  rod,  or  a  number  of  birch-twigs 
bound  together  sometimes  used  for  punishing 
children. —  3.  A  birch-bark  canoe.  Lowell. — 
Jamaica  or  West  Indian  birch,  or  gumbo-limbo,  a 
species  of  Biirsera,  B.  guinmi/era,  a  small  tree  with  ex- 
ceedingly soft,  light,  and  spongy  wood,  yielding  a  kind  of 
gum  elemi,  which  is  used  as  a  remedy  for  gout  and  as  the 
chief  ingredient  of  a  valuable  varnish, 
birch  (berch),  ('.  t.  [<  birch,  «.]  To  beat  or 
punish  with  a  birch  rod;  flog. 

From  the  child  sentenced  to  be  birched,  to  the  assassin 
doomed  to  lose  his  life.    Hif^fjinsim.Eng.  .Statesmen,  p.270. 
There  I  was  birched,  there  I  was  bred. 
There  like  a  little  .4dain  fed 
From  Learning's  woeful  tree  1 

Hood,  Clapham  Academy. 
birch-broom  (berch'brom'),  n.    Acoarse  broom 
made  of  the  twigs  and  small  branches  of  the 
birch-tree,  used  for  sweeping  stables,  streets, 
etc. 
birch-camphor  (berch'kam'for),  H.     A  resin- 
ous substance  obtained  from  the  bark  of  the 
black  birch. 
birchen  (ber'chen),  a.     [=  Se.  birken,  birkin,  < 
SIE.  Iiirchen,  birkin,  <  AS.  *bircen  (Somner)  (= 
D.  LG.  berken  =  OHG.  birchin,  MHG.  G.  birken), 
<  bircc,  birch  :  see  birch.]     Of  or  pertaining  to 
birch;  consisting  or  made  of  birch:  as,  ''birchen 
brooms,"  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Loyal  Subject. 

We  say  of  a  wanton  child,  ...  he  must  be  annoynted 
with  byrchiii  salve. 

Tyndale,  Works  (1573),  p.  166.    (.V.  E.  D.) 
His  beaver'd  brow  a  birchen  garland  wears. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  141. 

birch-oil  (berch'oil),  n.  An  oil  extracted  from 
birch-l>ark,  said  to  be  used  in  preparing  Russia 
leather. 

birch-'Water  (berch'wa  "ter),  n.  The  sap  of  the 
birch.     See  birch-wine. 

birch-'Wine  (berch '  win),  n.  A  fermented  li- 
quor made  from  the  sap  of  the  birch-tree,  which 
is  collected  in  the  sjiring  throughout  the  moun- 
tainous and  wooded  districts  of  Germany  and 
Scandinavia,  it  is  called  by  names  which  signify  birch- 
water  or  birch-wine  in  the  different  languages.  It  is  said 
to  be  possessed  of  diuretic  and  antiscorbutic  properties. 

birdl  (berd),  n.  [<  ME.  bird,  herd,  hi/rde,  a  me- 
tathesis of  the  usual  form  brid,  bred,  brijd,  pi. 
briddes,  a  bird,  also,  as  orig.,  the  young  of  any 
bird,  <  AS.  brid,  pi.  briddas  (ONorth.  bird,  bird- 
as),  the  young  of  any  bird.  Origin  unknown;  it 
can  hardly  be  connected  'with  brood,  as  usually 
stated.  Possibly  the  fonn  bird  is  the  more 
orig.  form,  standing  for  ^byrd,  <  bvrcn,  born, 
pp.  of  beran,  bear;  cf.  byrde,  (well-)  born,  ge- 
byrd,  birth,  of  same  origin :  see  birth^.  For  the 
metathesis,  cf.  that  of  bird-.  For  the  devel- 
opment of  sense,  cf.  the  histor}-  of  jmlb  t  and 
pigeon.     The  common  Tent,  word   for  •  bird ' 

.  (def.  2)  is  fowl,  now  restricted  in  English:  see 
fowl.]     It.  The  young  of  any  fowl. 
Being  fed  by  us,  you  used  us  so 
As  tliat  ungentle  gull  the  cuckoo's  bird 
I'seth  the  sparrow.  :Skatc.,  1  lien.  IV.,  v.  1. 

2.  A  feathered  vertebrate  animal  of  the  class 
Arcs,  frequently  included  with  reptiles  in  a  su- 
perclass tSauropsida,  but  distinguished  by  hav- 
ing warm  blood,  by  being  covered  ■svnth  fea- 
thers, and  by  having  the  fore  limbs  so  modified 
as  to  form  wings.  See  Ares. — 3.  Any  small 
feathered  game,  as  a  partridge,  quail,  snipe,  or 
woodcock,  as  distinguished  from  water-fowl, 

etc — Aerial  birds.  See  aerial.— A  little  bird  told 
me,  I  heard  in  a  way  I  will  not  reveal. 

Imagine  any  one  explaining  the  trivial  saying,  ".4  tittle 
bird  told  me,"  without  knowing  of  the  old  belief  in  the 
language  of  birds  and  beasts. 

E.  B.  Ti/bir.  Prim,  rulture.  I.  i. 
Aquatic  birds.  See  «'7iM'i'r.— Arabian  bird,  tlie  f.ab- 
ubms  phcnix.  See  .Irrttmn.— Baltimore  bird.  See  ort- 
o/f.— Blrd-conjurer.   See  mnjurer.—Biid  of  freedom, 

the  .\nierican  (>ald  eagle.  (.■Vn  Amencanism.  ]  Bird  01 
Jove,  the  ea^•le  -  Bird  of  Jtmo,  the  peacock.— Bird  of 
Mmerva,  tin  owl.  Bird  of  night,  the  owl.— Bird  of 
paradise.  ('?i  tbic  of  the  raradiseuler,  oscine  passerine 
birds,  related  to  the  corvine  and  sturnoid  passerines, 
coullned  to  the  Papuan  region,  and  long  famous  for  niag- 
niflcence  of  plumage  and  for  the  extraordinary  devel- 


bird 


561 

thets  hriffht,  comely,  etc. :  see  hridc^.'} 
A  maiden;  a  girl ;  a  young  woman. 

IIkt  nis  no  huyrde  ro  hrilit  in  bolire  .  ,  . 
Thut  liuo  [she]  ne  aulml  fade  a.s  a  Hour. 

KarUj  Eng.  I'oviitu  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  134. 
Hire  clieere  was  simple,  as  birde  in  boure. 
Kuia.  i{f  lite  Hose,  1.  1014. 
And  by  my  word  the  bonnic  bird 
In  danser  shall  not  tarry. 

Camjilirll,  Lord  I'llin's  Daughter. 
[In  tln-s,  as  in  other  modern  instanees,  the 
word  is  arehaie,  antl  is  probaldy  associated 
witli  hird^  as  a  term  of  endearment.] 
bird-baiting  (berd'ba'ting),  «.     Tlie 
eatching    of    birds  with    clap-nets. 
FUUUtiii. 
bird-boltl  (b^.rd'bolt),  n.    [<  hmn  + 
boll^.']    A  bluiit-licaded  arrowl'or  the 
longbow  or  crossbow,  formerly  used 
for  shooting  birds.     It  was  intended 
to  stun  without  iiioreing. 
bird-bolt-  (berd'bolt),  n.    [A  corrup- 
tion  of   hnrhot.']     A   local   English 
name  of  the  bm-bot,  Molva  lota. 


Topography  of  a  Bird.    {From  Coucs's  "  Key  to  North  Aiiicric.in  Birds.") 

X,  forehead  fyrems) ;  2,  lore ;  3.  circumocular  region :  4,  crown  ivrr/ex);  5.  eye ; 

6.  hind  hc.id  iocctfiHt) :  7.  nape  IttiicJia) ;  9,  hind  neck  IcerTtx) ;  9,  side  of^ncck  ; 

JO,  interscapular  region  ;  ri,  adrsum,  or  i)ack  proper,  including  10  :  12,  notauvi,  or 

upperp.irtofbodypropcr,includingio,  rr,and  13;  I3.rurap(«ro/i>irri<»<):   rj.up.    bird-CaffB    fbL'rd'kSi')     H         A  OOrtablfi 
per  Liil-coverts;  is.  tail;  i6,  under  tail-coverts  [crUsum);   17,  tarsus;  18,  alxlo.    ".''"  '"O-B^   Is       J  .    '\'^ih  "•      •'»■  poiiaoie 

men  ;  19,  hind  toe  [/i<r//Kx) :  ao,^.r.r^ri^«w,  including  18  and  24  :  21,  outer  or  fourth "  ' 

toe;  22,  middle  or  third  toe;  23,  side  of  body:  24.  hreait  pectus);  25,  primaries; 
26,  secondaries  ;  27,  tertiaries  (Nos.  25.  26,  and  27  are  all  remiges) ;  28,  primary  cov. 
erts  ;  29,  alula,  or  hastard  wing  ;  30,  greater  coverts ;  3t,  median  coverts ;  32,  lesser 
coverts :  33,  the  throat,  including  34,  37,  and  38 ;  34,  jugututn,  or  lower  throat ; 
anars ;  36,  malar  region ;  37,  gttia,  or  middle  throat :  38,  tneutum,  or  chin 


35,  auricuK 


2,  gonys  ;  43,  apex,  or  tip  of  bill ;  44,  lomia,  or  cutting  edges 
',  or  ridge  of  upper  mandible,  corresponding  to  gonys;  46,  side 
',  nostril;  48  passes  across  the  bill  a  little  in  front  of  its  base. 


39,  angle  of  cotumissure,  or  comer  of  mouth  :  40,  ramus  of  under  mandible  ;  41,  side 
of  under  mandible:  4: 
of  the  bill:  45,citimefi, 
of  upper  mandible 

opmeiit  of  some  of  the  feathers  in  most  species.  There 
are  :il"'iit  forty  species  of  birds  of  paradise,  one  of  the 
most  be;uitifiil  of  wbieh,  I'aindUt'a  apoUa.  is  ah^o  tile  best 
known;  it  was  ealled  apodc  from  tlie  fable  tliat  it  was 
always  on  the  wing  and  had  no  feet,  a  notion  wliieh  was 


Bird  of  Paradise  {Paradisea  apoda 


strengthened  by  the  faet  tliat  the  specimens  which  used 
to  reach  naturalists  were  without  feet,  tliese  having  been 
removeil  in  preparing  the  skins.  Tlie  p.aekets  of  beautiful 
orange  and  yellow  plumes  worn  as  ornaments  are  from 
this  species  and  a  near  relative,  P.  miiwr.  P.  mmiuhua 
is  a  still  more  gorgeous  Ijird.  Tlie  king  bird  of  parjidise, 
Cinetmiuruareriius,  is  one  of  themost  m;l;;iiiHeciit.  St-hfe- 
fjt'liit  wUsimi,  DiphifUodes  spcdosa,  Parolia  sexpi^itnifi,  :uid 
Liip/inrfiina  atra  are  other  leading  species.     The  name  is 


inelosiiro  for  birds 
bird-call  (berd'kiVl),  n.  An  instru- 
ment for  imitating  the  cry  of  birds 
in  order  to  attract  or  decoy  them. 
It  is  generally  a  short  metal  pipe,  having  a 
cireubir  plate  at  each  end  pierced  witll  a 
sliKlll  h.de. 

bird-catcher  (b6rd'kach"6r),  n.  One 
who  or  that  wliich  catches  birds,  as  a  person,  a 
T)ird,  or  an  insect. 

bird-catching  (berd'kach"ing),  n.  The  act  of 
catching  birds  or  wild  fowls,  eitlier  for  food  or 
pleasiu'e,  or  for  their  destruction  when  perni- 
cious to  the  husbandman. 

bird-dog  (berd'dog),  n.  A  dog  used  by  sports- 
men in  the  field  in  hunting  game-birds. 

bird-duffer  (berd'duf'cr),  n.  A  dishonest  deal- 
er in  birds,  who  "makes  up"  his  wares,  either 
by  painting  the  plumage  of  live  birds,  or  by 
fabricating  bird-skins,  affixing  false  labels, 
etc. 

birdet,  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of  hird. 

birder  (ber'der),  n.    [<  late  ME.  byrder ;  <  Urd^, 
V.  >.,  +  -eel.]     It.  A  bird-catcher;  a  fowler. 
As  the  bijrdcr  begiiyleth  tlie  byrdes.  Vives. 

2.  One  who  breeds  birds. — 3.  A  local  English 

name  of  the  wild  cat.     X.  E.  D. 
bird-eye  (btrd'i),  a.     See  bird's-eye. 
bird-eyed  (bcrd'id),  a.    Having  eyes  like  those 

of  a  bird ;  quick-sighted ;  catching  a  glimpse  as 

one  goes. 

Where  was  your  dear  sight. 
When  it  did  so,  forsooth!  what  now  !  bird-eyed? 

B.  Joiuon,  Volpoue,  iii.  2. 

bird-fancier  (berd'fan"si-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
takes  pleasure  in  rearing  or  collecting  birds, 
es]iecially  such  as  are  rare  or  curious. — 2.  A 
dealer  in  the  various  kinds  of  birds  which  are 
kept  in  cages. 

bird-fauna  (b6rd'fa"na),  n.     Same  as  nvifaiina. 


also  given  to  a  few  species  whiclt  are  excluded  from  tlie  bird-foot  (berd'filt), .  rt.     Divided  like  a  bird's 

foot;   pedate,  as  the  leaves  of  the  bird-foot 
violet,  riobi  jicdaUi. 
birdgazer  (berd'ga"z&r),  n.     [<  bird^  +  gazer ; 
a  tr.  of  L.  auspcx:  see  anspex.']    An  augur  or 
haruspex. 
Acclus  Navius,  the  great  birdfjazer  of  Rome. 

Trejcneese  of  the  Christian  Rdi^ion,  p.  401. 

bird-house  (berd'hous),  w.    A  box,  pen,  or  small 
house  for  birds;  a  place  in  which  birds  are 
housed. 
birdie^  (ber'di),  H.     [<  bird^  +  dim.  -;>.]     1.  A 
chililisli  diminutive   of  bird^. —  2.   A  term  of 
(OH  ■  so     eudeannent  for  a  child  or  a  young  woman, 
ea.— To  birdie-  (ber'fli),  n.     A  name  aboat  Aberdeen, 
Scollaiid,  of  the  young  halibut. 
birding-piecet  (b(>r'ding-pes),  n.    A  fowling- 
piece.    Slutk.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 

My  Lord  Hinchingbrokc,  I  ain  told,  hath  had  a  mis- 
chance to  kill  his  boy  by  his  birding-piece  going  otf  as  he 
\v:is  ii-fowliug.  Vepijx,  Diary,  I.  420, 

bird-lime  (berd'Hm),  H.  A  viscous  substance 
prepared  from  the  inner  bark  of  the  holly,  Ilex 
Aijiii/oliuin,  used  for  entangling  small  birds  in 
order  to  capture  them,  twigs  being  smeared 
with  it  at  places  where  birds  resort  or  are  like- 
ly to  alight. 

Htdly  is  of  so  viscons  a  juice,  as  they  make  birdlime  of 
the  bark  of  it.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  592. 

Not  bird-lime  or  Idean  pitch  produce 
A  more  tenacious  mass  of  clammy  juice. 

Drydeix,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  iv.  57. 

To  smear  with  bird- 


technie:d  definition  of  Paradiseid(B  (which  sec),  {b)  In 
astroit.,  a  soutliern  constellation.  See  Apuji,  1.  — Bird  Of 
passage,  a  migratory  bird;  a  migrant ;  a  bird  whicli  regu- 
larly p:isses  in  the  spring  from  a  warmer  to  a  colder  cli- 
mate, and  back  in  tlie  fall.  See  mifiration  and  ist'j/iplescs. 
—  Bird  of  peace,  the  dove,  with  reference  to  the  story  of 
Xoah. —  Bird  of  prey,  any  member  of  the  or<ler  Ruplorrs 
or  A'-ripitrt's,  .as  tlie  Ilitwk,  eagle,  owl,  etc.— Bird  Of  the 
year,  a  bird  less  tlian  a  year  old.— Bird  Of  WOUder,  tlie 
phenix.  — Birds  of  a  feather,  persons  of  similar  tastes  iind 
haldts :  eliielly  in  tlie  .sayiim,  "Birds  of  a  feather  Hock 
together,"  indie:iting  the  usual  association  with  one  aii- 
otlier  of  jiersimsof  like  [.roili\  ities.  —  Early  bird,  an  early 
riser;  one  wliogets  up  bet  in  us  in  the  iH'iiMiu.; :  in  allusion 
to  the  piMVerb,  "■Tlie  e;uly  bilil  latehes  Ilii- wnriU-" — Man- 

of-war  bird.    Same  ;is  />i<;(irc-(.i)v/.— Sea-cow  bird,  the 
tielilr-,  (illaied  plover  of  Africa,  .Efiialit::<!  Iri,;,lhi 
called  b>  rleipman,  a  traveler  in  southern  .\fri 
hear  a  bird  sing,  to  receive  private  communication;  be 
infttrmed  privately  or  secretly. 

I  hf-urd  a  bird  so  nintj.  Shak-,  2  Hen.  IV'.,  v.  5. 

I  heard  a  bird  »inff,  they  mean  him  no  good  office. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  2. 

birdl  (berd),  V.  i.  [<  bird'^,  «.]  1.  To  catch 
birds ;  go  bird-shooting  or  fowling. 

I  do  invite  you  to-morrow  moi-ning  to  my  house  to  break- 
fast :  after,  we'll  ai-birdinij  together. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  \V.,  iii.  3. 

Hence  —  2t.  To  look  for  plunder ;  thieve. 

Mam.   These  day  owls 

.Sur.   That  are  birding  in  men's  purses. 

B.  Jon^on,  .\lchemist,  v.  3. 

bird-t  (b^rd),  n.  [So.  bird,  burd,  etc. ;  <  ME. 
hird,  berd,  bind,  byrd,  etc.,  a  transposition  of 
the  somewhat  less  common  brid,  bride,  etc., 

prop,  a  liride,  but  much  used  in  poetry  in  the  birdlime  (bferd'lim),  v.  t. 
general  sense  of  'maiden,'  'girl,'  with  the  epi-     Ume. 
36 


bird's-nest 

^^Ticn  the  heart  is  thus  bird-timed,  then  it  cleaves  to 
everything  it  meets  with. 

Goodwin,  A  Christian's  Growth,  iL  3. 

bird-louse  (btrd'lous).  «.  One  of  a  kind  of  lice 
wliich  infest  the  plumage  of  birds.  The  genera 
and  speiies  arc  numerous.  Tliey  are  mostly  degraded 
parasitic  insects  of  tile  0T<leT  Mallophatja,  ami  constitute 
most  of  that  order. 

birdman  (btrd'man),  «.;  pi.  birdmcn  (-men). 
[<  6jr(<l  +  mail.']"  1.  A  l-iird-catcher ;  a  fowl- 
er.—  2.  An  ornithologist. — 3.  One  who  stuffs 
birds. 

birdnest  (bferd'nest),  v.  i.  To  hunt  or  search 
for  the  nests  of  birds. 

bird-net  (berd'net),  n.  A  net  used  for  catch- 
ing l>irds. 

bird-organ  (berd'or'gan),  «.  A  small  baiTel- 
organ  usod  in  teaching  birds  to  whistle  tunes. 

bird-plant  (berd 'plant),  «.  A  lobeliaceous 
jilaut,  Hetcrotoma  lobclioide.f,  from  Mexico,  with 
yellow  irregular  flowers  somewhat  resembling 
a  liird.     Also  called  ciinary-bird  flower . 

bird's-bread  (berdz'bred),'  n.  A  name  of  the 
common  stonecrop,  Sedmu  acre. 

bird-seed  (berd'sed),  ».  Small  seeds  used  for 
feeding  birds,  as  those  of  hemp  or  millet ;  more 
specifically,  the  seed  of  riialaris  Canariensis,  or 
ean.iry-grass. 

bird's-eye  (berdz'i),  n.  and  a.  I.  «.  1.  In  bot: 
(«)  The  pheasant's-eye,  Adonis  autmiinali.'i.  (b) 
The  speedwell,  Veronica  Chamicdrys :  so  named 
from  its  bright-blue  ilower.  (c)  A  species  of 
primrose.  Primula  farinosa. —  2.  A  fine  kind 
of  tobacco,  partly  manufactured  from  the  leaf- 
stalks of  the  plant,  and  foi'ming,  when  ready 
for  use,  a  loose  fibrous  mass  with  thin  slices 
of  stalk  interspersed,  the  latter  marked  some- 
what like  a  bird's  eye Red  bird's-eye,  the  herb- 

robeit.  Geranium  Jiolfertiantnn. 

II.  a.  1.  Seen  from  above,  as  if  by  a  flying 
bird ;  embraced  at  a  glance ;  hence,  general ; 
not  minute  or  entering  into  details:  as,  a 
bird's-eye  landscape ;  a  bird's-eye  view  of  a  sub- 
ject. 

Thereupon  she  took 
A  bird'8-e7/e  view  of  all  the  ungi-acious  past. 

TennijtioH,  Princes.s,  ii. 

2.  Resembling  a  bird's  eye;  having  spots  or 
markings  somewhat  resembling  birds'  eyes. 

He  wore  a  blue  bird's-eye  handkerchief  round  his  neck. 
Huijhes,  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  xviii. 

Bird's-eye  crape,  diaper,  limestone,  maple,  etc.  See 
the  nouns.— Bird's-eye  view,  ;i  mode  oi  perspective 
representation  in  ^\bieh  portions  of  eonnti>.  towns,  etc., 
apjiear  as  they  would  if  viewed  from  a  consiilerable  ele- 
v:ilion. 

bird's-foot  (berdz'fiit),  H.  1.  A  common  name 
for  several  plants,  especially  papilionaceous 
plants  of  the  genus  Oniitliajms,  their  legumes 
being  articulated,  cylintb-ical,  and  bent  in  like 
claws. —  2.  The  name  of  a  spurge,  Kuidiorbia 
Ornitliopits,  of  the  Capo  of  Good  Hope Bird's- 
foot  trefoil,  the  popular  name  of  Lotiut  corniculattts :  so 
called  because  its  legumes  spread  like  a  crow's  foot.  See 
Lntux. 

bird's-mouth  (b^rdz'mouth),  «.  In  carp.,  an 
interit>r  angle  or  notch  cut  across  the  grain  at 
the  extremity  of  a  piece  of  timber,  for  its  re- 
ception on  the  edge  of  another  piece. 
bird's-nest  (berdz'nest),  H.  1.  A  name  popu- 
larly given  to  several  jilants,  from  some  sug- 
gestion of  a  bird's  nest  in  their  form  or  manner 
of  growth,  (a)  Xeoltia  Sidusaris,  a  British  orchid  found 
in  beech  woods  :  so  ealled  because  of  the  mass  of  stout  in- 
terlaced flbere  which  form  its  root^.  (6)  Monotropa  Hypo- 
jtiti/g,  a  parasitic  erieaceous  plant  growing  on  the  roots  of 
trees  in  fir  woods,  the  leafless  stalks  of  wliieh  resemble  a 
nest  of  sticks,  (c)  An- 
pleniuui  Xidu«,  from 
the  manner  in  which 
the  fronds  grow,  leav- 
ing a  nest-like  hollow 
ill  the  center.  (</)  I'he 
wild  carrot,  Daucus 
Carota,  from  the  form 
of  the  umbel  in  fruit. 
2.  Same  as  crow's- 
nc.it. —  3.  id.  An 
article  of  com- 
merce between 
Java  and  Cliina, 
consisting  of  the 
gelatigious  brack- 
ets wliich  the 
swifts  of  the  fam- 
ily Vypselidw  and 
genus  Colloealia 
attach  to  cliflFs, 
and  on  which  they 
build  their  nests. 
These  so-called  bird's- 
nests  consist  principal- 
B,itd-spiAm.Avicuiana  avicutaria).    ly  of  the    inspissated 


bird's-nest 

saliva  of  the  birds,  nn<I  :iri-  uuu-Ii  t-st^emed  by  the  Chinese, 
who  use  them  in  making  the  well-known  bird"6-nc8t  sonp. 
—  Bird's-nest  fungus,  any  species  o(  fmiKUS  lielonping 
to  tlu-  i-'ioup  yuiiiriiriiit'itr,  which  rescnii)ie  sniiill  nests 
containini;  ci,'t's.     Also  called  hird's-»rnt  /tfziza. 

bird-spider  (beril'spi'diT),  n.  A  large  hairy 
sjiidcr  <it'  the  family  Tlieraphosida'  ami  genus 
Avindnria  (often  called  Mi/tjalc).  A.aviculariti, 
a  native  of  tropical  America,  is  ahle  to  capture 
and  kill  small  biiiis.   Sec  cut  on  ])recedinf;  jiiigo. 

bird's-tares,  bird's-tongue  (beidz'tarz.  -tiing), 

ji.  Xunn-s  of  the  species  of  (Iniithoylossiim.  a 
genus  of  bulbous  plants  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  Tile  name  bird's-tongue.  is  also  applied  to  the 
door-weed,  J'vtytjomim  aviculare,  from  the  shape  of  its 
leaves,  and  sometimes  to  the  keys  of  the  European  ash, 
Frtijriitus  exi^t'tvinr^ 

bird-tick  (btrd'tik),  «.  A  name  of  some  pupip- 
arous  ili])terous  insects  Trliieh  infest  the  plu- 
mage of  birds,  creeping  quickly  about  among 
the  it'eathers.  A  good  example  is  Olfersia  ameri- 
cana.  fi-hich  is  found  on  many  species  of  birds. 

bird-witted  (berd'wit'ed),  a.  Having  only  the 
wit  ijf  a  bird  ;  passing  rapidly  from  one  subject 
to  another;  llighty. 

If  a  child  he  bird-nntted,  that  is,  hath  not  the  faculty  of 
attention,  the  mathematicks  giveth  a  remedy  thereunto. 
£aco;i.  Works,  1.  101. 

birectangular  (bi-rek-tang''gu-lar),  a.  [<  hi-" 
+  rechoKjidar.^  Having  two  right  angles  :  as, 
a  hirectungular  spherical  triangle. 

birefractive  (bi-re-frak'tiv),  a.  [<  6i-2  -f-  rc- 
t'ractin.l     Same  as  hirefringent. 

birefringent  (bi-re-frin'jent),  a.  [<  hi--  +  re- 
fringoit.^  Doubly  refractive  ;  possessing  the 
property  of  separating  a  ray  of  light  into  two 
rays  by  double  refraction.     See  refraction. 

bireme  (bi'rem),  n.  [<  L.  biremis,  <  bi-,  two-, 
-I-  rem  us,  an  oar.]  An  ancient  galley  having 
two  banks  or  tiers  of  oars. 

A  few  were  biremes,  the  rest  stout  triremes. 

L.  Wallace,  Ben-Htir,  p.  149. 

biretta  (bi-ret'a),  n.  [Also  birretia,  berretta; 
<  It.  berretta  ='  Sp.  hirreta  =  Pr.  berreta,  har- 
reta  =  F.  harette  (>  E.  barret"^),  fern. ;  in  masc. 
form,  Pr.  birret  = 
Cat.  baret  —  F.  beret 
(see  beret),  <  ML.ii/- 
retttim,  birretum,  al- 
so hereta,  etc.,  dim. 
of  birrus,  a  hood  or 
cape,  LL.  a  cloak: 
seebirriis.~i  1. Origi- 
nally, any  small  cap 
worn  as  distinctive 
of  a  trade  or  pro- 
fession; afterward, 
a  scholastic  cap,  or 
such  as  was  worn 
indoors    by    mem-  Biretta. 

bers  of  the  learned 

professions ;  now,  in  the  Eom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the 
ecclesiastical  cap.  This  last  is  square,  and  has  three 
and  sometimes  foui"  horns  or  projections  on  top,  crossing 
it  at  equal  angles,  and  frequently  having  a  tuft  or  tassel 
where  the  honis  meet  in  the  middle.  For  priests  and  the 
lower  orders  its  color  is  black,  and  for  bishops  also,  at 
least  in  Rome,  though  elsewhere  they  commonly  wear 
one  of  violet,  corresponding  with  the  color  of  the  cassock  ; 
for  cardinals  it  is  red.  It  seems  to  have  been  introduced 
in  offices  of  the  cliurchwhen  the  amice  ceased  to  be  worn 
over  the  head  in  proceeding  to  and  from  the  altar  at  mass. 
2.  By  extension,  a  Tunis  cap ;  a  smoking-eap. 

birgandert,  ".     See  bergander. 

birnomboidal  (bi-rom-boi'dal),  a.  [<  6t-2  + 
rjtombuidal.}  Having  a  surface  composed  of 
twelve  rhombic  faces,  which,  being  taken  six 
and  six,  and  prolonged  in  idea  till  they  intercept 
each  other,  would  form  two  rhombohedrous. 

birimose  (bi-ri'mos),  «.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  -1-  rima, 
a  chink.]  Opening  by  two  slits,  as  the  anthers 
of  most  plants. 

birfcl  (berk),  n.  Northern  English  and  Scotch 
form  of  birch. 

Shadows  of  the  silver  birk 

.Sweep  the  green  that  folds  thy  grave. 

Tennyson,  A  Dirge,  i. 
birk-   (bferk),  V.  i.     [Sc;   origin  obscure;   cf. 
Icel.  berkja,  bark,  bluster.]     To  give  a  tart  an- 
swer;  converse  in  a  sharp  and  cutting  way. 
•Tnmiesnn. 
birken   (bfer'ken),    a.     Northern  English  and 

Scotch  form  of  birchen. 
birkent  (ber'ken),  V.  t.     [<  birken,  a.,  or  iirfcl 
-1-  -CH  1 .  ]     To  beat  with  a  birch  or  rod. 

TTiey  ran  up  and  down  like  furies,  and  birkened  those 
they  met  with. 

Christian  lieliffioti's  Appeal,  p.  91. 

birkie  (btr'ki),  a.  and  «.  [Sc,  also  spelled  bir- 
ky;  cf.  birk'^.']  I,  a.  Lively;  spirited;  tart  in 
speech. 


562 

II.  H.  1.  A  lively  young  fellow;  a  self-as- 
sertive fellow. 

Ye  see  yon  birkie  ca'd  a  lord, 
Wha  struts,  an'  stares,  an'  a'  that. 

Burns,  For  A'  That. 

2.  Beggar-my-neighbor :  a  game  at  cards Auld 

birkie,  old  boy.    iColloq.j 
birll  (berl),  i'.     [Sc.  and  E.  dial.,  also  burl,  < 
JIE.  birleii.  byrlcn,  <  AS.  byrelian,  byrlian,  bir- 
Uan  (>  Icel.  byrla),  pour  out  drink,  <  byrde  (> 
Icel.  byrli),  a  cuiibearer,  butler  (perhaps  con- 
nected with  OS.  bird  =  OHG.  bird,  a  basket), 
frop.  a  carrier,  bearer,  <  beran,  bear:  see  bear^.'] 
.  trans,  1.  To  pom'  out  (wine,  etc.)  for. 
Pame  Elynour  entrete 
To  byrle  them  of  the  best. 

Skelton,  Elynour  Rummyng,  1.  269. 

2.  To  supply  or  ply  with  drink. 

II.  intrans.  To  drink  in  company;  carouse. 
[A  modern  forced  use.] 

birl"  (berl),  1'.  [Appar.  imitative;  cf.  birr'^, 
bur",  whirl,  whir,  tirl,  etc.]  I,  intrans.  To 
move  or  rotate  rapidly;  make  a  noise  like  that 
made  by  wheels  moving  rapidly  over  stones  or 
gravel. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  rotate ;  twirl  or  spin 
(as  a  coin)  in  the  air  or  on  a  table,  as  in  piteh- 
and-toss;  hence,  to  toss  out  (a  coin  orceins) 
on  the  table  as  one's  contribution ;  contribute 
as  one's  share  in  paying  for  drinks:  as,  "I'll 
birl  my  bawbee,"  Sr(dch  song. 

birlaw,  birley,  birlie,  n.    See  byrlaw. 

birlawman,  birlieman,  birlyman, ".  See  byr- 

Idwinan. 
birlin  (ber'lin),  )(.  [Also  birlinn,  birling,  herlin, 
bcrling ;  <  Gael,  birlinn,  bioirlinn,  a  barge  or 
pleasure-boat.]  A  kind  of  boat  used  in  the 
Hebrides,  rowed  with  from  four  to  eight  long 
oars,  but  seldom  furnished  with  sails. 

There's  a  place  where  their  berlim  and  gallies,  as  they 
ca'd  them,  used  to  lie  in  lang  syne. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  xl. 
Sailing  from  Ireland  in  a  birlinn  or  galley. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  (J.,  Cthser.,  XII.  79. 

birlingl  (ber'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  birl^,  r.~\ 
A  drinking-match. 

The  Tod's-hole,  an  house  of  entertainment  where  there 
has  been  mony  a  blithe  birling.  Scott. 

birling^  (ber'ling),  n.     Same  as  birlin. 

birnl  (bera),  n.  [Sc. :  see  6h)'«i.]  A  stem  of 
dry  heather;  specifically,  one  of  the  stems  of 
burnt  heath  which  remain  after  the  smaller 
twigs  have  been  consumed,  as  in  moor-buming. 

birnr  (bern),  n.  [<  G.  birne,  a  pear,  dial,  hir,  < 
MHG.  bir,  pi.  birn,  <  OHG.  bira  =  L.  pirum,  pi. 
pira,  whence  also  ult.  E.  pear,  q.  v.]  That  jiart 
of  an  instrument  of  the  clarinet  class  into  which 
the  mouthpiece  fits:  so  called  from  its  shape. 

birny  (ber'ni),  a.  [<  birn'^-  +  -yi.]  Abotmding 
in  birus.     [Seoteli.] 

birostrate,  birostrated  (bi-ros'trat,  -tra-ted), 
a.  [<  6i-2  -f  rostrate.']  Having  a  double  beak, 
or  process  resembling  a  beak. 

birotation  (bi-ro-ta'shon),  n.  [<  fti-2  -f-  rota- 
tion.] Double  rotation  or  rotatory  power.  The 
name  was  given  by  Dubrunfaut  to  a  phenomenon  exhibited 
by  some  sugar,  which  possesses  a  rotatory  power  that  is  at 
first  nearly  equal  to  twice  the  normal  amount,  but  gradu- 
ally diminishes  and  remains  constant  when  the  normal 
power  is  reached.  The  sugar  having  this  property  is  called 
birotatorii  dextrose. 

birotatory  (bi-ro'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  ftj-2  -t-  rota- 
tory.] Possessing  double  rotatory  power.  See 
birotation. 

birotine  (bir'o-tin),  ji.  [Origin  uncertain.]  A 
kind  of  silk  from  the  Levant. 

birotulate  (bi-ro'tu-liit),  a.  [<  L.  Ji'-,  two-,  -f 
rotula,  a  little  wheel:  see  roll.]  Ha'ving  two 
wheels  or  disks  connected  by  a  common  axis. 

birri  (ber;  Sc.  pron.  ber),  H.  [Sc,  also  hir,  her, 
beir,  here,  bur,  burr,  etc.,  <  ME.  bir,  byr,  hyrrc, 
burre,  bur,  <  Icel.  byrr  (=  Sw.  Dan.  hor),  a  fa- 
voring wind,  <  bera  (=  AS.  hcran),  bear:  see 
bear^.]  If.  A  strong  wind. —  2.  The  force  of 
the  wind  ;  impetus;  momentum. — 3.  A  thrust 
or  push. —  4.  Force;  vigor;  energy.  [Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 

birr^  (ber),  V.  i.  [Sc,  also  hir,  her.  etc.,  appar. 
imitative,  like  bur-,  burr",  and  birl"^,  q.  v.]  To 
make  a  whirring  noise ;  make  a  noise  like  that 
of  revolving  wheels,  or  of  millstones  at  work. 
[Scotch.] 

birr^  (ber),  n.  [(.birr", v.]  1.  A  whirring  noise. 
—  2.  Strong  trilling  pronvmciation.  See  ftiO'S. 
[Scotch.] 

birretta,  n.     See  biretta. 

birrus  (bir'us),  n. ;  pi.  birri  (-i).  [LL.,  a  cloak  of 
wool  or  silk,  orig.  of  a  reddish  color,  worn  to 
keep  off  rain,  <  OL.  burrus,  red  (f ),  <  Gr.  irvppoz, 


birth-hour 

older  rrvfind^,  red,  flame-colored;  cf.  ttvpad^,  a 
fire-brand,  usually  referred  to  rrlp  =  E.  fire. 
Hence  ult.  biretta,  berretta,  etc.  (see  biretta), 
hurrel,  bureau,  etc.]  1.  Under  the  Komau  em- 
pire, and  later,  a  cloak  with  a  hood  worn  as 
an  outer  garment  for  protection  from  the  wea- 
ther. It  was  strictly  a  heavy  and  rough  garment,  woven 
of  coarse  woo]  in  its  natural  (;ol(»r ;  but  after  a  time  cloaks 
of  the  same  form  and  name  came  to  be  made  of  line  qual- 
ity also. 

2.  A  species  of  coarse  thick  -woolen  cloth  used 
by  the  poorer  classes  in  the  middle  ages  for 
cloaks  and  external  clothing. 

birse  (bers),  H.  [Sc,  also  birs,  <  ME.  brust,  < 
AS.  byrst  =  OHG.  burst,  hursta,  MHG.  horst, 
biirst,  borste,  G.  borste  =  Icel.  burst  =  Sw. 
horst  =  Dan.  borste,  bristle;  the  primitive  of 
bristle,  q.  w]  A  bristle;  collectively,  bristles. 
[Scotch.]  —To  set  up  one's  birse,  to  put  one  on  Iii3 
mettle  ;  put  one  in  a  towering  passion, 

birsle  (ber'sl),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hirsled,  ppr. 
hirsling.  [Sc,  also  brissle,  brusle  =  E.  hrustle, 
make  a  crackling  noise:  see  hrustle^.]  1.  To 
scorch  or  toast,  as  before  a  fire:  as.  to  birsle 
one's  self  or  one's  shanks  before  the  fire. —  2. 
To  parch  or  broil :  as,  to  birsle  peas  or  potatoes. 
[Scotch.] 

birt  (bert),  «.  [Also -written  hurt,  and  formerly 
bert,  byrt;  also  brit,  hret,  q.  v.]  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  turbot,  Psetta  maxima. 

birt-fish  (bert'fish),  H.     Same  as  birt. 

birthl  (berth),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  berth, 
<  ME.  birth,  berth,  byrth,  birthe,  hnrthe,  byrthe 
(appar.  assimilated  to  Icel.  "byrdhr,  later  hurdhr 
=  OSw.  byrth,  Sw.  biJrd  =  Dan.  hyrd),  reg.  ME. 
byrde,  hurde,  <  AS.  gebyrd  (=  OFries.  herd,  berth 
=  OS.  giburd='D.  gehoorte  =  OHG.  giburt,  MHG. 
G.  geburt  =  Goth,  gabaurths,  birth,  nati^-itv; 
cf.  Ir.  hrith  =  Gael,  breith,  birth ;  Skt.  bhrit'i), 
with  formative  -d  (and  prefix  ge-),  <  beran, 
bear:  see  bear'^-.]  1.  The  fact  of  being  bom ; 
nati-vity. 

Had  our  prince 
(Jewel  of  children)  seen  this  hour,  he  had  pair'd 
Well  with  this  lord ;  there  was  not  full  a  month 
Between  their  births.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  v.  1. 

2.  By  extension,  any  act  or  fact  of  coming  into 
existence ;  beginning ;  origination :  as,  the  birth 
of  Protestantism. 

After  an  hour's  strict  search  we  discover  the  cause  of 
the  reports.    They  announce  the  birth  of  a  crevasse. 

Tyndall,  Forms  of  Water,  p.  98. 

3.  The  act  of  bearing  or  bringing  forth ;  par- 
turition: as,  ''at  her  next  birth,''  Hilton,  Ep. 
M.  of  Win.,  1.  67. — 4.  The  condition  into  which 
a  person  is  born ;  lineage ;  extraction ;  descent : 
as,  Grecian  birth  ;  noble  birth  :  sometimes,  ab- 
solutely, descent  from  noble  or  honorable  pa- 
rents and  ancestors :  as,  a  man  of  birth. 

He  [James]  had  an  oltvious  interest  in  inculcating  the 
superstitious  notion  that  birth  confers  rights  anterior  to 
law  and  unalterable  by  law.  Macaulay. 

5.  That  which  is  born ;  that  which  is  produced. 
I'oets  .are  far  rarer  births  than  kings. 

B.  Jonson,  Epigrams. 

Others  hatch  their  eggs  and  tend  the  birth  till  it  is  able 

to  shift  for  itself.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  120. 

Lines,  the  birth  of  some  chance  morning  or  evening  at 

an  Ionian  festival,  or  among  the  Sabine  hills,  have  lasted 

generation  after  generation. 

J.  H.  Xeicman,  Gram,  of  .\ssent,  p.  75. 
6t.    Nature;    kind;    sex;    natural    character. 
N.  E.  D. —  7t.  In  astral.,  nativity;  fortune. 
A  cunning  man  did  calculate  my  birth. 
And  told  me  that  by  water  I  should  die. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  Vl.,  iv.  1. 
New  birth,  regeneration  (which  see). 
birth",  ».     See  herth'^. 

birth-childt(berth'child),  H.  A  child  ascribed  to 
the  domain  of  its  birth,  or  to  the  ruler  of  it:  as, 
" Thetis' J/rWi-cA/W" (*'7ioi-., Pericles,  iv. 4),  that 
is,  one  bom  on  the  sea,  the  domain  of  Thetis. 
birthday  (berth'da),  «.  and  a.  [ME.  hirthdai. 
birtheday  (cf.  AS.  gebyrd-da-g);  <  birth^  +  day.] 
I.  n.  The  day  on  which  a  person  is  bom,  or  the 
anniversary  of  the  day;  hence,  day  or  time  of 
origin  or  commencement. 

This  is  my  birth-day,  as  this  very  day 

Was  Cassius  horn.  Shak.,  J.  C,  v.  1. 

Those  barbarous  ages  past,  succeeded  next 

The  tiirth-day  of  invention.  Coirper,  Task.  i. 

II.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  day  of 
a  person's  birth,  or  to  its  anniversary:  as,  a 
birthday  ode  or  gift;  birthday  festivities. 
birthdomt  (berth'dum),  n.  [<  birth^  +  -dam.] 
Privilege  of  birth;  that  which  belongs  to  one 
by  birth;  birthright.  .Shak. 
birth-hour  (berth'om'),  n.  The  hour  at  which 
one  is  born. 

Worse  than  a  slavish  wipe  or  a  birth-hour's  blot^ 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  L  637. 


birthing 

birthing,  ».    Spo  iin-thinij. 
birthland  (l)c  rtli'laud),  n.     Tho  land  of  one's 
birtli,  or  when'  ouo  was  bom. 
In  the  liirectiiMi  of  their  birthland, 

Carti/le,  Sartor  RoBartus,  p.  104. 
So  may  the  dead  return  to  ttieir  birthland. 

The  Cnitiiri/,  XXVI.  47. 

birthless  (b^rth'les),  a.  [<  hirtIA  +  -less.'i 
Not  of  good  or  honorable  birth ;  of  low  or  com- 
iiiou  lineage.     Scott. 

birth-mark  (bertli'milrk),  n.  Some  congenital 
mark  or  blemish  on  a  person's  body;  a  straw- 
berry-mark ;  a  mole  ;  a  nievus. 


563 


bishop 


of  the  three  Basque  provinces  of  Spain,  or  to  its  bisector  (bi-sek'tor),  ii.     [SJ^,  <  L.  hi-,  two- 


people. 

II.  H.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Biscay. 
—  2.  [/.  c]  Milit.:  («)  A  long  and  heavy  mus- 
ket, usually  carried  on  a  permanent  pivot,  for 
use  on  fortifications  or  the  like.  [Obsolete.] 
(6)  A  heavy  bullet,  usually  of  the  size  of  an 
egg ;  one  of  the  separate  balls  of  grape-  or 
ease-shot. 

biscoctiform  (bis-kok'ti-form),  o.  [<  L.  as  if 
'biscoctu^,  biscuit  (< bis,  twice,  +  coetus, cooked: 
see  biscuit),  +  forma,  form.]  In  bot.,  biscuit- 
shaped  :  as,  biscoctiform  spores.    TucUcrman. 


Most  part  of  this  noble  lineage  canieil  upon  their  boily  biscomet,  "•     Same  as  bicJcern. 


,  <  It.  hiscottino, 
nee   biscuit.']     A 


biscotin   (bis'ko-tln),  11.      [F. 
dim.  of  biscotto  =  F.  biscuit 
confection  made  of  ilour,  sugar,  marmalade, 
and  eggs;  sweet  biscuit. 

biscroma  (bis'kro-mil),  n.  [It.,  <  bis-,  twice-, 
-t-  croiiKi,  a  (luavcr:  see  croma.]  In  music,  a 
semi(|uaver;  a  sixteenth-note. 

biscuit  (bis'kit),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hislcet; 
<  MK.  bi/skct,  bisrute,  bi/squi/tc,  bcsquitc  (=  D. 
Iicscliuit,''>  Pan.  bcslaijt),  <  OF.  Iiiscoit,  Iwscuit, 
later  biscut,  F.  biscuit  =Pr.  bcscufit  =  Sp.  bis- 
ciiclio  =  Pg.  biscouto  =  It.  biscotto,  lit.  twice 
cooked,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  -f-  coetus,  pp.  of  coquerc, 
cook.]  1.  A  kind  of  hard,  dry  bread,  consist- 
ing of  flour,  water  or  milk,  and  salt,  and  baked 
in  thin  flat  cakes.  The  name  is  also  extended 
to  similar  articles  very  variously  made  and  fla- 
vored.    See  cracker. 

As  (ivy  as  the  remainder  Inscuit 
After  a  voyage.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 

2.  A  small,  roimd,  soft  cake  made  from  dough 
raised  with  yeast  or  soda,  sometimes  shortened 
with  lard,  etc.  [U.  S.]  —  3.  In  ctram.,  porce- 
lain, stoneware,  or  pottery  after  the  first  bak- 
ing, and  before  the  appUeatiou  of  the  glaze. 
Formerly  bisque Meat  biscuit,  a  preparation  con- 
sisting of  the  matter  extracted  from  meat  by  boiling,  com- 
bined with  ffuur,  and  lial<ed  in  tlie  form  of  biscuits. 
biscuit-oven  (bis'kit-uv"n),  n.  In  ceram.,  the 
oven  used  for  the  first  baking  of  porcelain, 
bringing  it  to  the  state  known  as  biscuit. 

A  name  given  to 


even  for  a  naturall  birth-mark,  from  tlieir  mtither's  woml 
a  snake.  North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  917. 

birthnight  (btrth'nit),  «.  The  night  of  the  day 
(III  wliieh  a  person  is  born ;  the  anniversary  of 
tlint  night. 

birthplace  (bfirth'plas),  n.  The  place  of  one's 
birth;  the  town,  city,  or  country  where  a  per- 
son is  born ;  more  generally,  place  of  origin. 

birth-rate  (berth'rat),  H.  The  proportion  of 
liirths  to  tlie  number  of  inliabitants  of  a  town, 
district,  country,  etc.,  generally  stated  as  so 
many  per  thousand  of  the  population. 

An  increase  in  prosperity,  as  measured  by  the  birth- 
rate, is  accompanied  by  a  decrease  in  the  ratio  of  boy- 
liirttis.  and  vice  versa.  Pop,  Set.  Mo,,  XXVI.  327. 

birthright  (btrth'rit),  n.  Any  right  or  pri^^- 
lege  to  wliich  a  person  is  entitled  by  birth, 
such  as  an  estate  descendible  by  law  to  an 
heir,  or  civil  liberty  imder  a  free  constitution; 
speeitieally,  the  right  of  primogeniture. 

And  they  sat  before  Iiim,  the  flrst-liorn  according  to  his 
Krthri'jht,  and  tlie  youngest  according  to  hisyoutli. 

(Jen.  xliii.  33. 

For  Titan  (as  ye  all  acknowledge  must) 
Was  Saturnes  elder  brother  by  Ijirthriijht. 

Slienxer,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vi.  27. 

We  were  very  nearly  dead,  .  .  .  and  my  idea  of  happi- 
ness was  an  English  lieefsteak  and  a  bottle  of  pale  ale ; 
for  such  a  luxury  I  would  most  willingly  have  sold  my 
birthright  at  that  hungry  moment. 

.Sir  &'.  ir.  Baker,  Heart  of  Africa,  p.  264. 

birthroot  (berth'rot),  )i.     In  fcof.,  a  name  given 

to  \arious   species  of   Trillium,  especially  T.  bisciut-root  (bis'kit-rot), 

peudulum,  the  roots  of  which  are  reputed  to  be 

astringent,  tonic,  and  alterative,  and  to  have 

a  special  effect  upon  the  uterus  and  connected 

organs.    Also  called  birthwort,  and  corruptly 

bcthroot  and  bnthwort. 
birth-sin  (birth'sin),  H.     Sin  from  birth;  origi- 
nal sin.     [Karo.] 
tirijiinal  >jr  liirth  gin.  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

birth-song  (berth'song),  n.     A  song  sung  at  a 

birth,  or  m  celebration  of  a  birth  or  birthday. 
A  joyful  birth-song.   Fitz-Geoffry,  Blessed  Birthday,  p.  45. 
birth-strangled  (berth'strang'gld),  a.     Stran- 
gled or  suffocated  at  birth. 
Fiii;..-ir  of  hirth-stranijh'd  babe.      Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 
birthwort  (berth'wert),  k.     [<  hirtli^  +  tcort^.1 

In  bot. :  (a)  The  common  name  of  the  European 

species  of  Aristolochia,  A.  Clematitis,  from  its 

supposed  remedial  powers  in  parturition,  and 

from  it  transferred  to  some  American  species, 

which  are  more  usually  knovm  as  suakeroot. 

(b)  Same  as  birthroot. 
bis  (bis),  adv.     [L.,  twice,  for  *duis,  <  duo  =  E. 

tiro ;  in  compounds,  6(- :  see  fti-'-.]    Twice,    (a) 

In  accounts,  talmlar  statements,  books,  etc.,  used  to  de- 
note a  duplicate  or  repetition  of  an  item  or  number  or 

page  :  as,  p.  10  bis,    (/»)  In  music,  a  term  indicating  tliat  a 

passage  or  section  is  to  be  repeated,    (c)  An  exclamation, 

used  like  emorp,  as  a  request  for  the  repetition  of  a  mu- 
sical performance,  etc.   (if)  As  a  prefix,  twofold,  twice,  two : 

in  tliis  sen.se  it  generally  becomes  bi-.     See  6i-2. 
bisa,  biza  (be'zii),  «.     [Native  name.]    A  coin 

used  in  Pegu  in  British  Bui'ma,  worth   about 

27A  cents. 
bisaccate  (bi-sak'at),  a.     [<  bi--  +  saccate:  cf. 

L.  6isac<'/«)H,  a  saddle-bag:  see  if.'.nccf".]   Hav 

ing  two  little  bags  or  pouches  attached 

especially  in  botany. 
bisaccia  (be-zach'ii),  «.     [It.  hisaccia,  a  saddle- 
bag, <   L.  'bisacci'um.  pi.  bisaccia,  saddle-bag, 

<  bi-,  two-,  -t-  saccus,  a  bag :  see  sark^.]      A 

Sicilian    measure  of  capacity,   equal  to  1.1)4 

bushels. 
bisannualt  (bis-an'u-al),  a.    [=  F.  bisannuel;  < 

L.  bis,  twice,  -I-  E.  annual,  F.  annuel.]     Same  as 

biennial. 
biscacha  (bis-kaeh'ii),  n.     Same  as  riscacha. 

biscalloped   (bi-sko'i'upt),   a.     [<   bi-~   -H   ,ical- 

l"l"'l-]     

scallops ;  bilobate. 
Biscayan    (bis'ka-an),   a. 


+  .sec/or  (see  sector);  E.  as  if  <  bisect  +  -nr.] 
A  line  drawn  through  the  vertex  of  a  triangle 
so  as  to  bisect 
either  the  oppo- 
site side  {bisec- 
tor of  the  s-ide) 
or  the  angle  (6i- 
sector  of  the  an- 
gle, or  internal 
bisector),  or  to 
bisect  the  exter- 
nal angle  form- 
ed by  the  adja- 
cent sides  (ex- 
ternal bisector).  Bisccwr. 
Tlius,  ill  the  Hgurc, 

ABC  being  the  triaiigle,  AD  is  the  bisector  of  the  side 
BC  ;  AE  is  tlie  internal  bisector,  and  AF  the  external  bi- 
sector, of  the  angle  A. 
bisectrix  (bi-sek'triks),  ?i. ;  pi.  bisectrices  (bi- 
sek-tri'sez).  [^Nh.,  f eta.  ot  bisector :  see  bisec- 
tor.] 1.  Ill  cri/s(a/.,  the  line  which  bisects  the 
angle  of  the  optic  axes.  That  bisecting  tlie  acute 
angle  is  called  the  acute  bisectrix,  the  other  is  the  olttuse 
bisectrix.  These  are  also  called  tliey(r.^(  mean  line  (or  me- 
dian line)  and  the  Hccond  mean  line  respectively.  The 
bisectrix,  or  mean  line,  is  said  to  be  ponitire  or  negative, 
according  to  the  character  of  the  double  refraction.  See 
rcfractiifu, 
2.  In  gcom.,  same  as   bisector Dispersion  of 

the  bisectrices.     See  diKperttion. 

bisegment  (bi-seg'ment),  n.  [<  bi--  +  seg- 
ment.] One  of  tlie  parts  of  a  line  which  has 
been  bisected,  or  divided  into  two  equal  parts. 

bisegmental  (bi-seg-men'tal),  a.  [<  bi--  + 
segment  -i-  -al.]     Consisting  of  two  segments. 

The  bisegmental  constitution  of  the  region  in  question. 

B.  G.  ^^■ihier. 

biseptate  (bi-sep'tat),  a.  [<  fc;-^  4-  septum  -¥ 
-<ilc^.]     Having  two  septa  or  partitions. 

biserial  (bi-se'ri-al),  a.  [<  bi--  +  serial.]  Con- 
sisting of  or  arranged  in  two  series  or  rows ;  bi- 
farious  ;  distichous.     Also  biscriate. 

Thus  we  are  led  to  the  bigcrial  arrangement  of  the 

chambers,  which  is  characteristic  of  the  Textularian  group. 

IT.  B,  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  457. 

Biserial  perianth,  in  but,,  a  perianth  consisting  of  both 

calyx  and  conilla. 


^i|ti'^f' 


'V/ 


several  kinds  of  wild  esculent  roots  which  are  biserially   (bi-se'ri-al-i),    adv.      In    a   biserial 

e-xtensively  used  for  food  by  the  Indians  of  the     manner  or  order;  iii  a  double  row.     Also  bi- 

Columbia  river  region,  especially  to  species  of    seriately. 

t'amdssia  and  Pcucedanum, 
biscutate  (bi-skii'tat),  a.     [<  bi-"^ 

In   bot.,   resembling  two  shields 

placed  side  by  side  ;  having  parts 

of  such  a  character. 
bisdiapason  (bis"di-a-pa'zon),   n. 

[<  bis  +  diapason.]     In  mmic,  an 

interval  of  two  octaves,  or  a  fif- 
teenth. 
bise  (bez),  n.     [F. :  see  bice.]    A 

dry  cold    north    and    northeast 

■wind,    prevailing    especially    in 

Provence  and  the  Khone  valley, 

and  very  destructive   to  vegeta- 
tion, so  that  "  to  be  struck  by  the 

bise"  has  become  a  proverb  in 

Provence,  meaning  to  be   over- 
taken by  misfortune:  nearly  the 

same  as  mistral. 
bisect  (bi-sekf),  v.  t.     [<  L.  bi-, 

two-,  4-  scctus,  pp.  ot  secare,  cut: 

see  section.]     To  cut  or  diiide  into  two  parts ; 

specifically,  in  geom.,  to  cut  or  divide  into  two 

equal  parts.    One  line  bisects  another  when  it  crosses 

it,  leaving  an  equal  pai't  of  the  line  ou  each  side  of  the 

point  of  intersection. 
He  exactly  bisects  the  effect  of  our  proposal.   Gladstone. 
An  inevitable  dualisin  bisects  nature,  so  that  each  thing 

is  a  lialf,  and  suggests  another  thing  to  make  it  whole  :  as. 

spirit,  matter  ;  man,  woman.        JCmerson,  Conipensation. 

Bisecting  dividers.     See  diuWer.  -  Bisecting  gage. 


used  bisection  (bi-sek'shon),  «.  [<  bisect,  after  sec- 
tion.] 1.  The  act  of  bisecting,  or  cutting  or 
dividing  into  two  parts ;  specifically,  the  act  of 


The  chambers  are  arranged  biserialhj  along  a  straight 
-1-   scutate.]      axis.  ir.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  482. 

or  bucklers  biseriate  (bi-se'ri-at),  a.     [<   6i-2  -t-  seriate.] 
Same  as  biserial. 
biseriately   (bi-se'ri-at-li),  adv.     Same  as  6i- 

seriallji. 

Tlie  anterior  tarsi  of  the  males  are  dilated  and  biseri- 
ntrhi  sttuainulose.  Uorn. 

biserrate  (bi-ser'at),  a.  [<  bi-^  +  serrate.]  1. 
In  bot.,  doubly  serrate :  said  of  leaves  the  ser- 
ratures  of  which  are  themselves  serrate. —  2. 
In  entom.,  having  two  small  triangular  teeth 
placed  close  together,  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw. 
[Rare.]  —  Biserrate  antennse,  antenna;  in  which  the 
joints  are  compressed  and  triangular,  each  attached  to  the 
center  of  tlie  liase  of  the  preceding  one  by  one  of  its  points, 
so  tliat  lioth  sides  of  the  organ  present  a  serrate  outline. 

bisetigerous  (bi-se-tij'e-ms),  a.  [<  bi--  +  se- 
tiyenius.]  In  entom.,  having  two  terminal  setea 
or  bristles;  bisetose. 

bisetose  (bi-se'tos),  a.  [<  6j-2  -t-  setose.]  In 
:o(>l.  and  bot.,  furnished  with  two  setaa  or  bris- 
tle-like appendages. 

bisetOUS  (bi-se'tus),  a.     Same  as  bisetose. 

bisette  (bi-zef),  «.  [F.  (ef.  masc.  biset,  a  rock- 
dove),  coarse  brown  stuff,  dim.  of  OF.  bise, 
dark-brown  or  gray.]      A  narrow  French  lace. 

bisezed  (bi'sekst),  a.  [<  bi--  +  sex  -t-  -ed^.] 
Same  as  bisexual. 

bisezoust  (bi-sek'sus),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  -1- 
scxus,  sex.     Cf.  bisexual.]     Same  as  bisexual. 

Thus  may  we  also  concede  that  hares  have  been  of  both 
sexes,  and  some  have  ocularly  conftrmed  it,  but  that  the 
whole  species  or  kind  should  be  bisexous  we  cannot  af- 
Ilnn.  Sir  T.  Broicne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  17. 


Biscutate  Leaf 
(Dionaa  fnusci- 
futa). 


cutting  into  two  equal  parts:  the  division  of  bisexual  (bi-sek'su-all,  a.     [<  bi--  +  .sexual.] 


any  line,  angle,  figure,  or  quantity  into  two  equal 
parts. —  2.  One  of  two  sections  composing  any- 
thing, or  into  which  it  may  be  divided:  as, 
"  one  whole  bisection  of  literature,"  l)c  Quinceij, 
Herodotus Bisection  of  the  eccentricity,  in  a.i- 

tron,,  a  contrivance  of  llie  Ptolemaic  system  of  astnmoiuy 
by  which  the  center  of  the  orbit  of  every  sujicrior  plamt 
ami  of  Venus  is  placed  midway  between  the  earth  and  Uie 
^^      .-    -,,  ,.  -  center  of  the  eipiailt. 

FTiii'shcd  in  or  ornamented  with  two  bisectional  (bi-sek'shon-al),  a.    Pertaining  to 

or  of  the  nature  of  bisection. 
[Formerly  bisectionally  (bi-sek'shon-al-i),  nrfr.    Bybisec- 


aud  H. 


also  'lSi.fcan,   Bi.skiiine:  <  Biscaii,  Sp.  rizcaija. 
See  Betstiuc'^.]     I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Biscay,  one 


tion  ;  so  as  to  bisect,  or  divide  into  two  parts, 
especially  equal  parts. 


IIa\'ing  the  organs  of  both  sexes  in  one  indi- 
vidual; of  two  sexes;  hermaphrodite.  In  bot., 
said  of  rtowers  wliich  contain  botli  stamen  ami  pistil  with- 
in the  same  pelianth,  and  of  mosses  having  antheridia 
and  .irchegonia  in  tlie  same  involucre  ;  syiioecious.    Also 

bish,  bishma  (bish,  bish'ma),  n.   Same  as  bikh. 

bishop  (bish'up),  «.  [<  StE.  bishop,  bisshop, 
bischop,  bishup,  bi/shop,  etc.,  <  AS.  biscop,  bis- 
ceop  =  OFries.  biskop  =  OS.  biskop  =  D.  bis- 
schop  =  OHG.  biscof,  MHG.  G.  bisehof=  Icel. 
biskup  =  Sw.  biskop  =  Dan.  biskop.  bisp  =  It. 
vescovo  =  Sp.  obispo  =  Pg.  bispo  =  Pr.  veskes  = 
OF.  evesque,  vesque,  F.  ev4gue  =  Gael,  easbuig 


bishop 

=  It.  eashoq  =  W.  ctitjoh  =  Bret,  cskop  =  (prob. 
<  Teut.)  OBuljr.  hifikupii  =  Sen'.  Bohera.  Pol. 
hislujt  =  Sloven.  shkof=  Litli.  visl-ufnis  =  Lett. 
bi^kaps  =  Alb.  upcsfik  =  Finn.  jnispOy  <  LL. 
cpiscopus^  corruptly  "biscopiiSj  =  Goth,  aipiskau- 
pus  =  Kuss.  cpiskopii,  <  Gr.  f  rr/<ThOTOf,  a  bishop, 
an  overseer,  <  tT/',  upon  (see  <';n'-),  +  GKoireiv, 
look  at,  view  (>  cKorrdi^,  a  watcher),  <  ■/  *gh£t^ 
=  L.  spccercy  look  at :  see  5co;>c,  species,  specta- 
cle, fip>/,  etc.]  1.  An  ovor^^eer:  once  applied 
to  Christ  in  the  New  Testament. 

For  ye  were  ns  sheep  going  astray ;  but  are  now  retiuTi- 
ed  uuto  the  Shepherd  and  Bishop  o(  your  souls. 

1  Pet.  ii.  25. 

2.  In  the  earliest  usage  of  the  Christian  church, 
a  spiritual  overseer,  whether  of  a  local  church 
or  of  a  nnmher  of  churches;  a  niler  or  director 
in  the  church.     See  elder  and  presbyter, 

Paul  and  Tiniotheus  ...  to  all  the  saints  in  Christ 
Jesus  which  are  at  Philippi,  with  the  biakops  and  deacons. 

Philip,  i.  1. 

The  English  vci-sion  has  hardly  dealt  fairly  in  this  case 
with  the  sacred  text,  in  rendering  iTTLtrtconov^,  verse  28 
(Acts  XX.).  "overseers";  whereas  it  ought  there,  as  in 
all  other  places,  to  have  been  "bhhop.'<";  that  the  fact 
of  elders  and  bishops  having  been  originally  and  apostoli- 
cally  synonymous  might  be  apparent  to  the  ordinary  Eng- 
lish reader,  which  now  it  is  not. 

Vvan  Al/ord,  Greek  Test.,  Acts  xx.  17. 

Bishops  and  Presbyters,  literally  overseers  and  elders, 
are  universally  admitted  to  be  terms  equivalent  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  and  often,  at  least,  applied  to  the  sanie 
officers.  Smith,  Student's  Eccles.  Hist.,  p.  17G. 

3.  From  an  early  time,  an  overseer  over  a 
number  of  local  churches ;  particularly,  in  the 
Greek,  Oriental,  Roman  Catholic,  and  Angli- 
can churches,  the  title  of  the  highest  order  in 
the  ministry.  See  episcopacy.  The  origin  of  the 
office  of  bishop  in  the  Christian  church  is  a  matter  of 
dispute.  The  terms  bishop  and  presbyter  appear  to  be 
used  interchangeably  in  the  New  Testament ;  but  those 
who  support  the  episcopal  form  of  government  maintain 
that  while  these  terms  were  not  yet  limited  to  their  later 
meanings  a  difference  of  rank  was  indicated  by  them,  that 
the  office  of  the  apostles,  as  overseers  over  the  local 
churches  and  their  pastors,  was  episcopal  in  its  nature,  and 
that  the  term  bishop  is  appropriately  used  to  designate 
those  whom  they  ordained  as  their  successors  in  an  office 
which  was  intended  to  be  permanent;  while  those  w^ho 
reject  the  episcopal  form  of  government  hold  that  the 
apostolic  office  was  purely  personal,  and  that  the  apostles 
had  not  and  could  not  have  successors.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church,  the  Greek  and  other  Oriental  churches,  and 
the  Anglican  Church  claim  an  unbroken  succession  of 
bishops  from  apostolic  times.  Moravian  bishops  also  claim 
an  unbroken  episcopal  succession,  but  exercise  jurisdic- 
tion not  as  diocesans,  but  jointly.  The  first  Methodist 
superintendent,  the  title  afterward  superseded  by  bishop, 
was  ordained  by  Wesley  in  1784.  (See  itinerant  bishop.) 
In  the  Greek,  Oriental,  and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  the 
different  grades  of  the  office,  besides  simple  or  ordinari/ 
bishop,  are  archbishop,  metropolitan,  primate,  exarch,  and 
patriarch;  these  were  ecclesiastically  instituted  for  conve- 
nience of  government.  (See  pope.)  The  Anglican  Church 
also  has  archbishops  and  metropolitans.  By  virtue  of  con- 
cordats, the  nomination  of  Roman  Catholic  bishops  is  some- 
times made  by  the  temporal  power;  the  former  election 
by  the  clergy  remains  in  some  cathedral  chapters,  but 
more  commonly  names  are  proposed  by  the  fellow-suffra- 
gans and  metropolitan,  and  by  the  clergy  of  the  diocese 
to  be  provided  for,  to  the  Pope,  who  directly  appoints  and 
in  any  case  confirms  the  new  bishop.  In  England  bish- 
ops are  nominated  by  the  sovereign,  who,  upon  request 
of  the  dean  and  chapter  for  leave  to  elect  a  bishop, 
sends  a  cong^  d'Hxre,  or  license  to  elect,  with  a  letter 
missive,  nominating  the  person  whom  he  would  have 
chosen.  The  election,  by  the  chapter,  must  be  made  with- 
in twelve  days,  or  the  sovereign  has  a  right  to  appoint 
whom  he  pleases.  In  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in 
the  United  States  the  bishops  are  elected  by  the  clergy 
and  laity.  Bishops  are  said  to  be  consecrated  rather  than 
ordained.  Enthronization  is  the  solemn  installation  fol- 
lowing the  consecration.  A  bishop  changed  from  one  see 
to  another  is  said  to  be  translated;  the  church  contain- 
ing his  cathedra  or  episcopal  throne  is  called  cathedral, 
and  the  local  jurisdiction  indicated  by  this  throne,  and 
the  city  or  locality  in  which  this  stands,  together  with  the 
diocese  or  territoi-y  attached  to  it,  his  sc;  to  which  he  is 
said  to  be  wedded,  and  which  is  widoived  when  deprived 
of  him.  This  relation  is  symbolized  by  the  bishop's  ring, 
which  in  the  Western  Church  is  a  part  of  the  insignia  of 
his  office,  together  with  the  miter,  staff,  and  cross.  To 
this  office  also  are  applied  the  term  pontiff  ^Lwdi.  its  deriva- 
tives. Twenty-four  of  the  English  bishops  and  the  two 
archbishops  are  peers  of  the  realm,  with  seats  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  and  certain  political  and  judicial  or  quasi-judi- 
cial functions.  In  the  Momion  Church  the  bishop  is  an 
officer  of  the  Aaronic  or  lesser  priesthood,  presides  over  it, 
ministers  in  outward  ordinances,  conducts  the  temporal 
business  of  the  church,  and  acts  as  judge  on  transgress- 
ors. Often  abbreviated  Bp.  See  chorepiscopus  and  vicar 
apostolic. 

4t.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  chief  priest  of 
any  religion. —  5.  A  name  given  in  the  United 
States  about  1850  to  a  woman's  bustle. —  6.  A 
hot  drink  made  with  bitter  oranges,  cloves,  and 
port  wine. 

He  and  the  landlord  were  drinking  a  bowl  of  bishop  to- 
gether. Dickens. 

7.  In  entom.:  (a)  A  name  of  various  heterop- 
terous  hemipterous  insects,  also  called  bishop\s- 
miters.  They  injure  fruit  by  piercing  it,  and 
emit  an  intolerable  odor,     (b)  A  name  of  the 


564 

lady-birds,  the  small  beetles  of  the  family  Coc- 
cineUi<hv. — 8.  One  of  the  pieces  or  men  in  chess, 
having  its  upper  part  carved  into  the  shape  of 
a  miter.  Formerly  called  archer.  See  chess. — 
Assistant  bishop,  a  bishoii  who  assists  a  didct-san  bishop. 
—  Bencti  of  bishops.  stf/z-yM-A.-  Bishop's  court,  a  name 
6(»iinlmifsgi\iii  in  England  tu  an  t.i'rlrsi;i>,tir;d  court  held 
in  the  cathedral  of  each  diocese,  the  judge  whert'tf  is  Hil- 
l>isliop's  chancellor,  who  judges  by  the  civil  caiiun  law. 
The  projiL-r  name  is  the  confiistonj  cfiitrf.— Blshop'S 
cross.  Saiin'  as  j-astontl  .s7fr//* (which  see,  under  staff).— 
Bishop's  cross-Staff,  a  stair  Inaring  a  simple  cross.  See 
cpisr,,/„i/  .^t.ni.  iiiidtr  .v/'f/.  -  Bishop's  lawn,  a  variety  of 
Ihu-  law  II,  usid  ii-r  tin-  shrvtjs  of  the  vestments  of  Anglican 
bishuiis  (whiiin-  tlu-  riaiii'),  and  also  by  women  for  many 
purposes.—  Bishop's  ring,  a  part  of  the  pontiticals  uv  in- 
signia of  ollice  of  a  bishop  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
It  is  a  massive  ring  of  gold,  set  with  a  sapphire,  enier.ald, 
or  ruliy,  worn  on  the  third  finger  of  the  right  hand. — 
Bishop's  staff.  See  crazier.  —Bishop's  throne,  the  offi- 
cial ur  ceremonial  seat  of  the  bishop  in  the  chancel  or  choir 


Bishop's  Throne  and  Synthronus.— Basilica  of  Torcello,  near  Venice. 

of  the  principal  or  cathedral  church  of  his  diocese.  In  the 
early  church,  as  still  in  the  Greek  Church  and  in  some 
Roman  Catholic  churches,  it  stood  behind  the  altar  in  the 
apse,  and  formed  the  central  and  highest  seat  of  the  syn- 
thn.inus  (which  see).  According  to  a  later  arrangement, 
which  continues  to  be  the  general  rule  in  Roman  Catholic 
.antl  Anglican  cathedrals,  it  is  placed  at  the  extreme  east 
end  of  tiie  stalls  on  either  {preferaldy  the  northern  or  gos- 
pel) side,  and  is  generally  separate,  but  sometimes  forms 
part  of  the  stalls.  It  is  visually  of  wood,  but  often  of  niar- 
l>le  or  bronze.  Also  called  cathedra. — Boy-bishop.  ^>ee 
io_!/i.— Cardinal  bishop.  See  cardinal— Ca.SQ  of  the 
seven  bishops,  a  famous  English  trial,  in  ir.---,  nf  the  pri- 
mate anil  six  tiishopson  a  charge  of  libel  in  iirotcsting.  in  a 
petition  to  James  II.,  against  his  order  that  his  "declara- 
tions for  liberty  of  conscience"  be  read  in  the  churches. 

—  Chancellor "of  a  bishop.  See  chancellor.— C03id^\X- 
tor  bishop,  a  bishop  who  assists  the  bishop  of  the  dio- 
cese in  discharging  the  duties  of  his  bishopric. — Dio- 
cesan bishop,  a  bishop  having  jurisdiction  over  the 
churches  and  clergy  in  a  regularly  organized  diocese,  and 
having  his  canonical  place  of  residence  and  his  cathedral 
church  in  a  city  (called  his  see-city  or  cathedral  city),  from 
which  he  usually  takes  his  title,  and  from  which  he  governs 
and  visits  his  diocese :  opposed  to  an  assistaiit,  coadjutor, 
missionary,  or  itiiwrant  6jsftop.— Ecumenical  bishop. 
See  t'cwmektcrtZ.  — Itinerant  bishop,  a  bishop  not  having 
a  separate  territorial  jurisdiction,  but  possessing  joint 
authority  with  others  over  all  the  churches  of  the  same 
organization.  The  bishops  of  the  Methodist  and  Moravian 
churches  are  itinerant  bishops.— Suffragan  bishop,  (a) 
A  bishop  consecrated  to  assist  another  bishop  who  is  dis- 
abled by  age,  illness,  or  other  cause;  an  auxiliary  bishop. 
He  differs  from  a  coadjutor  bishop  in  having  no  power  to 
exercise  jurisdiction.  (6)  A  bishop  in  relation  to  his  com- 
provincial bishops  and  their  archbishop  or  metropolitan. 
This  title  is  used  of  the  other  bishops  of  the  Church  of 
England  in  relation  to  the  archbishops. 

bishop  (bish'up),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hishoped  or 
bishopped,  ppr.  btshojnnff  or  bislwpping.  [<  ME. 
hischvpen,  <  AS.  hiscopian,  <  biscop ;  from  the 
noun.  In  the  last  two  senses,  from  the  proper 
name  Bishop.']  1.  To  administer  the  rite 
of  confirmation  to;  admit  solemnly  into  the 
church;  confirm.     [Archaic] 

They  are  prophane,  imperfect,  oh  !  too  had  .  .  . 
Except  confirm'd  and  bislwpped  by  thee. 

Donne,  Poems,  p.  172. 
2.  To  confirm  (anything)  formally.  [Jocular.] 
And  chose  to  bear 
The  name  of  fool  confirmed  and  bishoped  by  the  fair. 

Drydcn,  Cym.  and  Iphig.,  1.  243. 

3t.  To  appoint  to  the  office  of  bishop. 

This  tradition  of  Bishopinrr  Timothy  over  Ephesus  was 
but  taken  for  granted  out  of  that  place  in  St.  Paul,  which 
was  only  an  intreating  him  to  taiTy  at  Ephesus,  to  do 
something  left  him  in  charge. 

Milton,  Prelatical  Episcopacy. 

4.  To  let  (milk,  etc.)  burn  while  cooking:  in 
allusion  to  the  proverb,  **  The  bishop  has  put 
his  foot  in  it."     Brockett.     [North.  Eng.  tiial.] 

—  5.  [Supposed  to  be  fi-om  Bishop,  the  name 
of  a  horse-dealer.]  In  farriery,  to  make  (an 
old  horse)  look  like  a  young  one,  or  to  give  a 
good  appearance  to  (a  bad  horse)  in  order  to 
deceive  purchasers. — 6.  [From  a  man  named 
Bishop,  who  in  1831  drowned  a  boy  in  order  to 
sell  his  body  for  dissection.  Cf.  burJee.]  To 
murder  by  dro«Tiing. 

bishop-bird  (bish'up-b^rd),  w.  A  name  of  sun- 
dry -tVfrican  weaver-birds  of  the  family  Plocei- 


bishop's-weed 

da*,  especially  of  the  restricted  genus  Euplec- 
trs  (Swainson)  or  Pyromelana  (Bonaparte). 
bishopdom  (bish'up-dum),  n.  [<  biahop  + 
-diDii ;  not  found  in  ME. ;  cf,  AS.  bisceojtdom  = 
OIHi.  biscoftuom,  biscctuom,  MHO.  bisehtuomj 
(f.  bistum  =  D.  bispdom  =  Icel.  biskups-domr  = 
Dan.  bispcdommc  =  Sw.  biskopdome.]  1.  The 
jurisdiction  of  a  bishop;  episcopate;  episco- 
l>!Lcy.     Also  bishopship}. 

He  wouM  persuade  us  that  the  succession  and  divine 
right  of  bishopdom  hath  been  xinquestionable  tlirough  all 
a^es.  Milton,  Def.  of  Uunib.  Kemonst, 

2.  Bishops  collectively. 

bishopess  (bish'up-es),  H.  [<  bishop  +  •ess.'] 
Tl)e  wife  of  a  bishop.     Thackeray.     [Kare.] 

bishophood  (bish'np-hiul),  n.  [<  ME.  bischop- 
hoodf  <  AS.  bisceophdd,  <  bisceop,  bi.shop,  + 
hddj  condition:  see  bishojt  and  -hood.]  The  of- 
fice, dif^iity,  or  rank  of  bishop. 

bishoplyt  (bish'up-li),c/.  [<  ME,  hisshoply,  etc., 
<  AS.  bisceopUc:  see  bishop  and  -ly'^.]  Bishop- 
like ;  episcopal. 

If  he  preach  .  .  .  before  a  bishop,  then  let  him  treat 
of  bi^hoply  duties  and  orders. 

Latimer,  1st  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.  (1549). 

Episcopal,  which  has  supplanted  bishoply,  is  only  a  I.atin 

wi  .rd  in  an  English  dress.    Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  164. 

bishoplyt  (bish'up-li),  adv.  [<  bishop  +  -ly^.] 
lu  the  manner  of  a  bishop. 

bishop-ray  (bish'up-ra),  «.  1.  A  raioid  sela- 
chian of  the  family  Myliohatida\  ul^tohotis  (or 
Stoasodon)  7iarinari,  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
seas,  sometimes  wandering  in  summer  north- 
ward along  the  coast  of  the  United  States  to 
Virginia,  its  disk  is  t^vice  as  wide  as  long,  and  is 
brownish  diversified  with  small  round  pale  spots. 
2.  Any  fish  of  the  genus  ^tobatis. 

bishopric  (bish'up-rik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bishopriche,  bishoprick ;  <  ME.  bisshoprike,  bis- 
schopriche,  also  contracted  bispriehe,  <  AS.  6/5- 
ceoprice  {==  Icel.  biskupsriki),  <  biseeop,  bishop, 
+  rice,  jurisdiction,  kingdom,  =Icel.  rtki  =  (jr. 
rcichy  kiiigdom;  connected  with  AS,  rice,  pow- 
erful, rich:  see  -riCj  rich.]  1,  The  office  or 
tlignity  of  a  bishop. 

A  %irtuous  woman  should  reject  marriage  as  a  good 
man  does  a  bishoprick ;  but  I  would  advise  neither  to  per- 
sist in  refusing.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  89. 

2.  The  district  over  which  the  jurisdiction  of  a 
bishop  extends ;  a  diocese. 

On  the  17th  of  April,  1429,  a  question  was  raised  in 
council  which  involved  his  right  to  retain  the  bishopric  of 
Winchester.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  657. 

3f.  The  charge  of  instructing  and  governing 
in  spiritual  concerns  ;  overseership. 

His  bishopric  k-t  au'dher  take.  Acts  i.  20. 

bishop*S-cap  (bish'ups-kap),  H.  A  name  of  two 
species  of  Mitclla  {M.  diphylla  and  M.  niida), 
natural  order  Saxifragacece,  which  are  natives 
of  the  United  States :  so  called  from  the  form 
of  the  pod.     Also  called  mitenvort. 

And  bisho2)'s-caps  have  golden  rings. 

Longfellow,  Prel.  to  Voices  of  the  Xight. 

bishop's-elder  (bish'ups-el'''der),  n.  Same  as 
bishojt^  s-u'ccd.  1. 

bishop's-hat  (bish'ups-hat),  n.  Another  name 
of  the  barrenwort,  Ej^imediiim  alpiiiuui. 

bishopship  (bish'up -ship),  «.  [<  bishop  + 
-ship.]     Same  as  bishopdom,  1.     Milton. 

bishop's-leaves  (bish'ups-levz),  n.  A  species 
of  figwort,  Scrophularia  aquatica. 

bishop-sleeve  (bish'up-slev),  n.  A  peculiar 
^ide  form  of  sleeve  formerly  worn  by  women: 
so  named  from  its  resemblance  to  the  full 
sleeve,  drawn  in  at  the  wrist,  worn  by  Angli- 
can bishops. 

bishop's-length  (bish'ups-length),  H.  In  paint- 
iutj,  canvas  measuring  58  inches  by  94.  The 
half -bishop  meastu-es  45  inches  by  56. 

bishop's-miter  (bish'ups-mi  t6r),  M.  1.  Same 
as  bishop,  7  (a). — 2.  A  name  of  the  miter- 
sliell,  Mitra  rpiscopalis,  of  the  family  Mitrid(e. 

bishop-stoolt  (bish'up-stol),  H.  [<  ME.  hisscop- 
siol,  <  AS.  bisctojfstdl  (=  Icel.  bisku]}sstoll  =  Sw, 
bisi'opstol  =  Dan.  bis2)estoI),  <  biseeop,  bishop,  + 
siol,  seat,  stool.]    A  bishop's  see  or  seat. 

According  to  a  custom  in  which  we  differed  from  con- 
tinental churches  and  strangely  agi'eed  with  cur  Celtic 
nei.L^hbours.  .  .  .  the  temporal  cajiital  was  not  in  early 
times  the  seat  of  the  hishoi-stool.  E.  A.  Freeman. 

bishop's-weed,  bishop-weed  (bish'ups-,  bish'- 
up-wed),  n.  1.  JEgopodium  podagraria.  See 
gouiwort.  in  Scotland  it  is  popularly  believed  to  liave 
received  this  name  from  the  great  difficulty  of  extirpat- 
ing it.  Also  called  bishops-elder. 
2.  A  name  given  to  the  plants  of  the  genus 
Ammi,  and  in  the  United  States  to  a  somewhat 
similar  umbelliferous  plant,  Disco2)kura  capil- 

lacea.—Tr\XQ  bishop's-weed,  the  ajowan,  Camm  Cop- 
ticum. 


bishop's-wort 

bishop's- wort   {bish'ups-wcrt),   n.     A  name 
given  to  the  tlovil-iu-a-buah,  A'iycUa  Damascena, 
ami  Id  bi'toiiy,  Ntriclnis  Betonica. 
bishop-weed,  «.     See  bitshop's-wcc<L 
bisilicate    (bi-siri-kat),  n.     [<  hi--  +  silicate.1 

1.  A  salt  foriiicil  liy  the  union  of  a  base  and  a 
8iliei<'  acid  containiiii;  two  atoms  of  silicon.  It 
may  be  a  bibasie  or  a  polybasie  aeid. —  2.  A 
salt  of  metasilicic  aeid,  HoSiOo,  in  whii-li  the 
ratio  of  oxygen  atoms  combined  with  the  base 
and  silicon  respectively  is  as  1:2:  for  example, 
calcimn  metasilicate  (the  mineral  woUastou- 
ite).  ('aSi(.)3  or  CaO.SiOo. 

bisiliquous  (bi-sil'i-kwus),  a.  [<  hi-"^  +  sili- 
{/iiDiis.']     In  hoi.,  Iiaving  two  pods. 

bisinuate  (bi-sin'u-at),  «.  [<  fc/-'-  -t-  si»ii/itc.'\ 
In  -mi/.,  having  two  concave  ctu-ves  meeting  in 
a  ciuivex  curve:  as,  a  6/s/«Hn/f  margin. 

bisinuation  (bi-sin-i)-a'shon),  II.  [<  bi.iimiate, 
after  .'iiiiuatioii.'i  ^  ciitoiii.,  the  state  of  being 
bisinuate  ;  a  double  curve  on  a  margin. 

bisk',  ".     See  bisque'^. 

bisk-',  bisque''  (bisk),  n.  [<  F.  bisque,  odds  at 
play,  a  fault  at  tenuis;  cf.  It.  bisai,  a  gaming- 
house; (U'igin  unkuovra.]  t)dds  at  tennis-play ; 
specilically.  a  stroke  allowed  to  the  weaker 
]dayer  to  equalize  the  parties. 

bisk''  (bisk),  n.     Same  as  bikh. 

biskett  (bis'ket),  II.    A  former  spelling  of  bis- 

rilil. 

Biskra  bouton,  Biskra  button.    Same  as  Aleji- 

jui  iilcir  (wliirh  see,  under  nicer). 

bismar,  "•     See  bismer". 

Bismarck  brown.    See  brown. 

bismet,  ".     An  apheretie  form  of  ahisme, 

bismerlf,  ".  [ME.,  also  bhinar,  bixemer,  etc.;  < 
AS.  limner,  bisiiior  (=  OS.  bi^nier  =  OHG.  bi- 
smer, reproach,  opprobrium,  derision,  abuse), 
<  bi-  (accented),  by,  +  -smer,  perhaps  con- 
nected with  MHG.  miiieren,  smile,  AS.  smercian, 
E.  mnirh;  and  ult.  with  E.  smile,  hence  orig.  a 
laughing  at,  ridicule.  Hence  the  verb  bisineri- 
flH,7)(.s-/«W«H,  reproach,  deride,  abuse.]  1.  Abu- 
sive speech:  as,  "bakbitynge  and  bismer," 
Tiers  I'loicman  (B),  v.  89. 

Ful  of  hoker,  and  of  bUsemare. 

Ohattcer,  Keeve's  Tale,  1.  45. 

2.  A  person  worthy  of  scorn. 

bismer'-',  bismar  (bis'mer,  -mar),  II.  [Also  writ- 
ten b)/siiier,  hisniorc,  sometimes  bissiinar;  <  Icel. 
bisniiiri  =  OSw.  bisinare,  Sw.  besiimn  =  Dan.  bis- 
mer =  MD.  besemcr  =  MLG.  bcsemcr,  biseiiier,  a 
steelyard,  balance ;  <  Lett,  besmciis,  besniers, 
Lith.  bc:inenas,  Russ.  be:>iiriiii,  Pol.  be::inian,  a 
balance.]  A  balance  or  steelyard  used  in  the 
northeast  of  Scotland,  and  in  the  Orkney  and 
Shetland  islands. 

bismer'*  (bis'mer), )(.  [Origin  uncertain.]  The 
naiue  in  the  Orkney  islands  of  the  sea-stickle- 
back. Sj)iiiacltiri  viihiaris. 

bismerpund  (bis'mer-pond),  n.  [Dan.,  <  bis- 
mer, a  steelyard,  +  piind  =  E.  pound.']  A 
weight  used  in  Denmark,  equal  to  6  kilogi'ams 
precisely,  or  13  pounds  3J  ounces  avoirdu- 
pois. It  was  formerly  one  three-hundredth  part 
less. 

bismillah  (bis-mil'a),  interj.  [Tm-k.  Ar.  hi- 
'.<w-(7/r(/(,  in  the  name  of  Allah:  see  .(//((/(.]  In 
God's  name :  an  adjuration  or  exclamation 
common  among  Moslems.  Sometimes  written 
bi:nieU/ih. 

bismite  (biz'mit),  «.  [<  bism(utli)  -I-  -ite'^.} 
Native  oxid  of  bismuth,  or  bismuth  oeher. 

bismore  (bis'mor),  «.     Same  as  liismcr". 

bismuth  (biz'muth),  n.  [=  F.  liisniulh,  <  6. 
bismuth,  now  commonly  wisiuul,  uismulli,  orig. 
wissmiilk  :  of  mod.  (17th  centiu-y)  but  imknowu 
origin.]  Chemical  symbol,  Bi ;  atomic  weight, 
208  ;  specific  gravity,  !).()  to  9.8.  A  metal  of  a 
peculiar  light-reddish  color,  highly  crystalline, 
and  so  brittle  that  it  can  be  pulverized,  its  crys- 
tallint-  furni  is  rhomltuheilral,  cl".s(.-ly  apiiruxiniatinjj:  that 
of  tile  cube.  It  uecure  native  in  itupeiieit  erystallizatioiis, 
filiform  sliapes,  aiul  disseminated  particles,  in  tlie  crystal- 
line rocks  ;  also  as  a  sulphm-et,  and  in  conibinatinn  witli 
telliuiuni  and  some  otlier  metals,  and  in  various  oxidized 
cond>inations.  Tiie  native  metal  and  the  carbonate  (bis- 
mutite)  are  the  clnef  important  .sources  of  the  bismuth  of 
connueree.  Until  recently,  almost  the  entire  supply  of 
the  metal  came  from  Schneeberj;  in  Saxony,  where  it  oc- 
curs in  combination  with  ores  of  cobalt,  arsenic,  and  sil- 
ver. Nearly  all  the  bismuth  of  connneree  contains  at 
least  a  trace  of  silver.  Bisnmth  is  a  remarkable  metal  in 
that  its  specitlc  gravity  is  dimiiushed,  instead  of  bein^  in- 
creased, iiy  pressure.  It  is  tile  most  diama;j:netie  of  the 
metals.  It  fuses  at  a  comparatively  low  temperature 
<W)7'),  and  is  volatilized  at  a  white  heat,  .\lloys  of  bis- 
muth witli  tin  ami  leail  fuse  at  a  temperature  considci'ably 
less  tlian  tliat  of  boilini;  water.  (See  Xi'irtnit's  and  Jttisrs 
^nrtah,  under  iiirlat.)  ^  Alloys  of  the  same  metals  with 
the  addition  of  cadmium  fuse  at  still  lower  temperatures ; 


565 

one  prepared  by  I.ipowitz  remains  perfectly  fluid  at  140". 
These  alloys  Iiavc  been  used  to  some  extent  for  clicln^s  and 
for  sterei.typiiit.',  but  are  now  of  little  practical  inip<>r- 
tance.  Tlic  clnef  uses  of  bismuth  areas  a  nicdieineancl  as  a 
cosmetic.  For  these  purposes  it  is  prejiarcd  in  the  form  of 
the  subnitrate  called  in  the  olil  ])harMiacciitical  language 
inaiji)it''viuin  bittmuthi.  The  cosmetic,  in  iirejiariiii.'  which 
the  basic  chlorid  has  also  been  enipli>ycd,  is  known  .as 
pearl-powder  or  blanc  d'F.sjia^rm'.  liismuth  has  of  late 
years  been  niueli  experimented  with  jui  a  possible  erjnipo- 
nent  of  useful  alloys,  for  several  of  which  patents  have 
been  issued ;  but  no  one  of  these  alloys  is  known  to  have 
come  into  general  use.  Bismuth  lias  also  been  used  to  a 
limited  extent  in  the  manufacture  of  highly  refractive 
glass,  and  of  strass  (which  see).  It  is  used  with  antimony 
ill  the  therino-clectric  pile  or  battely.  (.See  t/wnno-ftec- 
tricittj.)  It  has  also  begun  to  be  used  to  some  extent  in 
the  manufacture  of  porcelain,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  to 
its  surface  a  peculiar  colorless,  irised  luster,  which  can 
also  be  had  of  various  colors  when  other  metals  are  used 
in  combination  with  the  bisnmth.  This  metal  is  one  for 
which  the  demand  is  extremely  fluctuating,  but  on  the 
whole  increasing;  and^  aa  its  ores  have  nowhere  been  dis- 
covered in  large  iiuantlty,  its  price  has  been  more  variable 
than  that  of  any  other  metal,  with  the  possible  exception 
of  nickel,  running  between  fi5  cents  and  -^Ci  a  pound.  The 
total  consumption  of  the  metal  is  probably  between  25 
and  50  tons  a  year,  and  it  comes  ehielly  from  the  Erz- 
gebirge  (betwi-en  Saxony  and  Bohemia),  France,  South 
.\merica,  and  New  South  Wales.  It  was  called  by  the  al- 
chemists, while  in  their  uncertain  condition  of  knowledge 
as  to  its  nature,  by  various  names,  jis  inarcasita  ari/fufea, 
plumhuia  cuierfum,  i<tannuui  ciwreuni,  etc. :  also  called 
formerly  in  French  f'ttiin  ilf  <ilnn\  corrupted  in  English 
into  ^f/i-f//o,v.sc.  — Blsmuth-biende,  the  mineral  eulytite 
(which  see).— Bismuth-glance,  an  (u-e  of  bismuth.  7V(V- 
mntic.  bhmtillt-iibi'K''  is  a  Milptiid  of  bisnmth  rtr  bismuth- 
inite,  and  n<-inihii-  hi.^tiui'l'  ulniir'-  is  the  saiiu-  as  lu'i'dtt'' 
«m  or  rt/^i/o/.'.  — Bismuth  ocher,  tie-  niinri.-U  liismite. — 
Bismuth  silver.  See  (loimtnithm  iiiii,'.  Butter  of  bis- 
muth, an  nld  nator  fur  tlir  <  lili.ii.l  nt  lii.siniltb.— Flowers 
of  bismuth,  a  y,II,,u  ,,,lnr,  ,1  ,,\id  l.Tliud  by  tin-  slllili- 

illation  of  bismuth.— Magistery  of  bismuth,  tlic  sobui- 

trate  or  basic  nitrate  of  bismuth.— Telluric  bismuth, 

the  mineral  tetradymitc. 
bismuthal  (biz'muth-al),  a.     [<  bismulh  +  -n?.] 

Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  bismuth. 
bismuthic  (biz'muth-ik),  a.     [<  hisinuth  +  -ic,.'] 

Of  bismuth:  as,  bismuthio  oxid  and  bismuthic 

aeid. 
bismuthid  (liiz'muth-id),  H.    [<  bismuth  +  -irf^.] 

An  alloy  of  bismutli  with  another  metal. 
bismuttiiferous  (biz-muth-if'e-rus),  «.     l<bis- 

muth  +  -i-feroiis.]    Containing  bismuth. 

Bisniiithifi'rnttit  calcium  carbonate  yields  only  a  violet 

fluorescence,  dilfering  little  from  that  produced  without 

the  bismuth.  Scl.  Amcr.  Supp.,  XXII.  i>121. 

bismuthin,  bismuthine  (biz'muth-in),  «.    [< 

hismiilli  +  -ill",  -('«<•'-'.]     See  bisniuthinitc. 

bismuthinite  (biz-muth'i-nit),  n.  [<  bismuth- 
in -\-  -He-.']  Native  bismuth  sulphid,  a  mine- 
ral of  a  lead-gray  color  and  metallic  luster  oc- 
curring in  aciciilar  crystals,  also  massive,  with 
a  foliated  or  fibrous  structure.  It  resembles 
stibnite,  with  which  it  is  isomorjihous. 

bismuthite,  ".     See  bism utile. 

bismuthoUS  (biz'muth-us),  n.  [<  bismuth  + 
-ous.]  In  chem.,  combined  with  bismuth  as  a 
triad:  as,  bismuthoiis  oxid,  BigOg. 

bismutite,  bismuthite  (biz'inut-it,  -muth-it), 
».  [<  hisuiulli  -h  -ite-.]  A  hydrous  carbonate 
of  bismuth. 

bismutosphaerite  (biz"mut-o-sfe'rit),  n.  [<  bis- 
mutli -(-  (ir.  nifiai/ia,  sphere,  -i-'-ite-.~]  Anhydrous 
bismuth  carbonate  (BioC05),  sometimes  occur- 
ring in  spherical  forms  with  radiated  structure. 

bisogniOt,  biSOgnot  (bi-s6'ny6),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten tiesiiiiiiio,  li(ss(i</ne,  bessof/no,  be:oni(iu,  etc.; 
<  It.  bisoijnii,  need,  a  needy  fellow,  beggar.]  A 
person  of  low  rank;  a  beggar. 

Spurn'd  out  by  grooms  like  a  base  bisogno. 

Chapman,  Widow's  Tears,  i.  4. 

Beat  the  bessognes  that  lie  hid  in  the  carriages.   Brtymc. 

He  that  would  refuse  to  swallow  a  dozen  healths  on 
such  an  evening,  is  a  base  besorrnio,  and  a  puckfoist,  and 
shall  swallow  six  inches  of  my  dagger. 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  xviii. 

bison  (bi'son),  n.  [=  D.  bison  =  G.  bison  =  Sw. 
bison  =  Dan.  bison  (-oxc),  <  F.  bison  =  Pr.  bi:on 
=  Sp.  bisontc  =  Pg.  hismi  =  It.  bissonte,  <  L. 
bison{t-)  (first  in  Pliny  and  Seneca),  >  Gr. 
jiiauv  (in  Pausanias) ;  prob.  from  OTeut. :  cf. 
OHG.  wisunt,  wisant,  ui.tint,  MHtJ.  G.  trisent 
=  Icel.  (perhaps  borrowed)  risumlr,  bison,  = 
AS.  teesend,  a  wild  o.x;  origin  uncertain.]  1. 
The  aurochs,  or  bonasus,  a  European  wild  ox: 
hence  applied  to  several  similar  animals,  re- 
cent and  extinct. —  2.  lii.^on  or  Bos  amerieanus, 
improperly  called  the  buffalo,  an  animal  which 
formerly  ranged  over  most  of  the  United  States 
and  mucli  of  British  America  in  countless  num- 
bers, now  reduced  to  probably  a  few  thousands, 
and  apparently  soon  to  become  extinct  as  a  wild 
animal.  It  formerly  extended  into  some  of  the  Atlantic 
States,  as  Virginia ;  the  contraction  of  the  area  of  it.s  habi- 
tat and  the  reiluction  of  its  numbers  have  gone  on  steadily 
with  the  advance  of  European  occupation  ;  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Uuiou  Pacific  railroad  cut  the  great  herd  iu 


bissextile 

two,  leaving  a  sontheni  or  Ti-xaii  herd,  chiefly  in  the  re- 
gion of  the  staked  I'lains,  and  a  northern  or  Yellowstone 
(►r  Saskatchtwan  herd,  in  the  region  of  the  upiter  Missouri 
and  northward.  The  animal  resembles  the  aurochs  (which 
sec),  but  is  considerably  smaller ;  the  liunii)  is  very  high 
and  large ;  the  hind  quarters  are  light ;  the  tail  Is  about 


American  Bison  {.Bison  amerieanus). 

20  inches  long,  ending  in  a  wisp  of  hairs  of  about  6  inches 
additional;  the  horns,  especially  in  the  male,  are  short, 
thick,  and  much  curved  ;  the  head  is  carried  very  low ;  the 
long  shaggy  hair  of  the  fore  parts  sometimes  sweeps  the 
ground ;  the  color  is  blackish  in  fresh  pelages,  more  brown 
or  gray  in  worn  ones  and  in  aged  individuals;  the  calves 
are  reddish.  Formerly  the  haii'-covered  skins  were  much 
used  as  robes,  but  only  the  cows  were  killed  for  them, 
the  hides  of  the  bulls  being  not  easily  manageable.  In 
summer,  after  shedding  its  hair,  the  animal  is  nearly 
naked. 

3.  ieap.']  [NL.]  A  genus  or  subgenus  of  the 
family  Boridee,  including  the  aurochs,  B.  bona- 
sus (see  cut  under  aurochs),  th<^  American  bi- 
son, B.  amerieanus,  and  several  related  fossil 
species,  <is  B.  latifrons. 

bisonant  (bl'so-nant),  a.  [<  5j-2  +  .wnant.  Cf. 
LL.  hisouus,  sounding  twice.]  Iiaving  two 
sounds,  as  an  alphabetical  letter. 

bisontine  (bi'sgn-tin),  a.  [<  NL.  bison tinus,  <  L. 
?//.sr)/i(/-),  bison.]  Bison-like;  related  to  or  re- 
senibiinga  bison;  belonging  to  the  genus  iJ/.soH. 

bispherical  (bi-sfer'i-kal),  a.  [<  bi-'^  +  spheri- 
cal.]    Composed  of  two  spheres. 

The  second  form  |of  Schi:opli;fta']  is  bispherical :  the 
spherical  cell  has  grown  and  liecome  contracted,  or  in- 
dented in  the  middle,  forming  two  united  gi'anules. 

ScieiKi;  III.  157. 

bispinose   (bi-spi'nos),   a.     [<  J(-2  +  spinose.'] 

In  co<)7.  and  bot.,  having  two  spines Bispinose 

elytra,  in  mtom.,  those  having  each  two  apical,  spiiic-iike 
l»roccsses. 

bispinous  (bi-spi'nus),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  sjiinous.'] 
Same  as  bispinose. 

bispiral  (bi-spi'ral),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  spiral.']  Con- 
taining two  spiral  fibers;  doubly  spiral:  ap- 
plied to  the  elaters  of  some  Hepatica: 

bispore  (bi'spor),  n.  [<  hi--  4-  spore.]  One  of 
a  pair  of  spores  formed  by  the  division  of  a 
vegetative  cell  in  red  algae,  Florideie.  It  is  the 
same  as  a  tetraspore,  except  as  regards  num- 
ber.    See  tetraspore. 

bisporous  (bi-sp6'rus),  (7.  [<  bi--  +  sporous.'] 
Containing  or  bearing  two  spores. 

bisque^  (bisk),  «.  [See  hi.icuit.']  hi  ceram . :  (a) 
Formerly,  same  as  biscuit,  3.  (i)  A  variety  of 
imglazed  white  porcelain  used  for  statuettes 
and  other  small  figures. 

bisque'-^  (bisk),  II.  [F.,  crawfish  soup;  origin 
unknown.]  In  cookery,  a  soup  made  of  meat  or 
fish  slowly  stewed  until  all  the  strength  is  ex- 
tracted, and  thickened  with  linely  minced  or 
shredded  forcemeat ;  specifically,  such  a  soup 
made  from  crabs,  crawfish,  shrimps,  and  the 
like.     Also  spelled  bislc. 

bisque''  «.    See  bi.ik'^. 

bissabol  (bis'a-bol),  n.    Same  as  hesahol. 

bisse'^  (bis),  ".  [<  OF.  bisse,  an  adder.]  In 
her.,  a  snake  borne  as  a  charge. 

bisse'-  (bis),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  weight  used  in 
PondicheiTy,  a  French  possession  in  India.  It 
is  exactly  2x  French  pounds,  or  about  3  pounds 
2  otmces  avoirdupois. 

bisselt,  )'.     A  variant  of  be:zle. 

bissemaret,  ».  An  unusual  Middle  English 
form  of  bismer'^. 

bissett,  ".     Same  as  hisette.     [Scotch.] 

bissez  (bis'seks),  n.  [<  L.  bis,  twice.  +  sex  = 
E.  sir.]  A  musical  instrument  of  the  gviitar 
kind  having  twelve  strings,  the  pitch  of  the  up- 
per six  of  which  could  be  altered  by  stopping 
on  frets.  It  was  invented  in  1770,  but  never 
extensively  used. 

bisseztt,  «•  [<  ME.  hisext,  <  L.  bisextus,  bissex- 
tus  (sc.  dies,  day),  an  intercalary  day,  <  bi-,  bis. 
twice,  -f  sextus  =  E.  i^ixth :  so  called  because 
the  sixth  day  before  the  calends  of  March  was 
reckoned  tu'icc  in  every  fourth  year.  See  bis- 
sextus.]     The  intercalary  day  in  leap-year. 

bissextile  (bi-seks'til),  a.  and  ».  [<  ML.  bis- 
.vexlilis,  bisextilis  (sc.  annus,  year),  leap-year,  < 
L.  bi.sextus,  bissextus :  see  bis.'icxt.']  I.  «.  Con- 
taining the  bissextus  or  intercalary  day:  ap- 


bissextile 

plied  to  those  years  which  liave  366  days,  the 
extra  day  being  inserted  in  the  month  of  Febru- 
ary. See  bisscxtiis.  mis  occurs  tvcry  fourth  year, 
tAkeu  lis  ench  year  of  whicll  tlu'  number  is  divisible  by  4 
without  reniaiiHler.  Inasinucil,  however,  as  a  year  of  'Si>b\ 
days  exceeds  the  true  lenj;th  of  a  solar  astronomical  year 
ity  11  minut^.'8  aiul  14  seconds,  amoutitiiif,'  to  an  error  of  a 
day  in  128  years,  it  was  provided  in  the  <irc^orian  calendar 
that  the  intercalary  day  should  he  (.milted  in  all  cente- 
nary yeai-s  except  those  which  are  multiples  of  400. 
ll.  It.  A  k'ap-ycar  (wliieli  see). 

bisseztus  (bi-seks'tus),  II.  [h. :  see  hissext,  and 
cf.  hinKrxlih.'i  The  extra  or  intercalary  day  in- 
serted by  the  Julian  calendar  in  the  month  of 
February  every  fomth  year,  in  order  to  make 
up  the  six  hours  by  which  (it  was  reckoned)  the 
natural  or  solar  year  exceeds  the  common  year 
of  365  days.  This  extra  day  was  provided  for  by  reckon- 
ing twice  the  sixth  day  before  the  calends(or  first)  of  March 
(or  the  sixth  day  from  the  calends  of  JIarch,  both  days  in- 
cluded, reckoning'  backward  fTcm  the  succ<'eilinf;  month, 
as  was  the  custom  of  the  Konians),  the  "sixth"  (or  first 
sixth)  day  proper  thus  corresponding  to  February  25th. 
according  to  our  reckoning,  and  the  extra  sixth,  or  ' '  second 
sixth,"  to  our  February  'J4th.  Since  1662,  when  the  Angli- 
can liturgy  was  revised,  the  29th  day  of  February  has  been, 
more  conveniently,  regarded  as  the  intercalated  day  in  all 
English-speaking  countries.  In  the  ecclesiastical  calen- 
dars of  the  countries  of  continental  Europe,  however,  the 
24th  day  of  February  is  still  reckoned  as  the  bissextus  or 
intercalary  day. 

bissont  (bis'on),  a.  [Also  E.  dial,  hccsen,  'bee- 
sen  :  <  ME.  hisen,  bisiie,  ONorth.  biseiie,  blind,  of 
uncertain  origin;  perhaps  <  AS.  bi,  be,  by,  + 
*seiie,  *sij>i€,  as  in  i/csf/He.  adj.,  seen,  \'isible,  < 
seoii,  see.  Cf.  D.  bij;:icii(l,  short-sighted,  <  bij, 
=  E.  by,  +  ciend,  ppr.  of  :ien,  =  E.  see;  G.  bei- 
sichtiff,  short-sighted,  <  bei,  =  E.  by,  +  sicht  = 
E.  SiV//i?.]  Blind  or  purblind;  blinding:  as, 
"bissim  rheum,"  Shal:,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

"What  harm  can  yoiu-  bissoii  conspectuities  glean  out  of 
this  character?  ,Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  1. 

bistephanic  (bi-ste-fan'ik),  a.  [<  bi-~  +  stepha- 
niiiH  +  -(<■.]  In  craiiiom.,  pertaining  to  both 
stephanions:  as,  bistejihanic  diameieT. 

bister,  bistre  (bis'ter),  «.  and  a.  [=  G.  blester 
=  Sw.  bister,  bister,  <  F.  bistre,  a  dark-brown 
color.  Origin  uncertain;  prob.  not  connected 
■with  G.  dial,  biester,  dark,  gloomy,  =  D.  bijsfer, 
confused,  troubled,  =  Icel.  bistr  =  Sw.  bister 
=  Dan.  bister,  angiy,  fierce.]  I.  n.  In  paint- 
ing, a  brown  pigment  extracted  from  the  soot 
of  wood.  To  prepare  it,  soot  (that  of  beech  is  the  best) 
is  put  into  water  in  the  proportion  of  two  pounds  to  a  gal- 
lon, and  boiled  half  an  hour ;  after  standing  to  settle,  and 
while  hot,  the  clearer  part  of  the  fluid  must  be  poured  off 
to  remove  the  salts,  and  the  sediment  (which  is  bister) 
evaporated  to  dryness.  It  has  been  much  used  as  a  water- 
color,  particularly  by  the  old  masters,  for  tinting  drawings 
and  shading  sketches,  before  India  ink  came  into  general 
use  for  such  work.  In  oil  it  dries  very  slowly. 
II.  ((.  Of  the  color  of  bister;  blackish-brown. 

bistered,  bistred  (bis'terd),  a.  [<  bister,  bis- 
tre, +  -ecP.]  Of  the  color  of  bister;  swarthy; 
browned. 

The  beak  that  crowned  the  bistred  face 
Betrayed  the  mould  of  Abrahams  race. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  At  the  Pantomime. 

bistipulate  (bi-stip'ii-lat),  a.  [<  6i-2  -t-  stipu- 
late.]    Same  as  bistipiiled. 

bistipuled  (bi-stip'uld),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  stipided.'] 
In  /«</.,  having  two  stipules. 

bistort  (bis'tort),  n.  [=  F.  bistorte  =  It.  bis- 
torta,  <  NL.  bistorta,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  +  torta, 
fem.  of  tortus,  pp.  of  torquere,  twist;  see  tort.'] 
A  plant.  Polygonum  Bistorta,  so  called  because 
of  its  twisted  roots :  popularly  called  snakeweed 
and  iidder's-wort.  Alpine  bistort  is  a  dw.arf  allied  spe- 
cies, nlpinc  ;uid  arctic,  P.  vivipanim. 

bistournage  (bis'tor-naj),  n.  [F.,  <  bistourner 
(=  It.  bistornare),  twist,  deform  by  twisting,  < 
his-,  bes-,  a  pejorative  prefix  (prob.  ult.  <  L. 
his,  twice),  -I-  tourner,  turn.]  In  vet.  surg.,  an 
operation  which  consists  in  twisting  the  testi- 
cles of  bulls  and  other  male  animals  round  the 
cord,  so  as  to  produce  atrophy,  but  leave  the 
scrotum  intact:  a  form  of  castration  or  gelding. 

bistoury  (bis'to-ri),  «.;  pi.  bistouries  (^-Tiz).  [< 
F.  histouri,  a  bistoury,  <  OF.  bistorie,  a  dagger,  a 
bistoury.  Origin  uncertain ;  commonly  conjec- 
tured to  be  so  called  from  ristoriuin,  It.  Pistojn, 
a  town  in  Tuscany,  whence  also  the  E.  words 
pistol  and  jnstole.]  A  small,  naiTow  surgical 
knife,  with  a  straight,  convex,  or  concave  edge, 
and  a  sharp  or  bhmt  point,  used  for  making 
incisions  and  for  other  purposes. 

bistre,  bistred.     See  bister,  bistered. 

bistriate  (bi-stri'at),  a.  [<  bi--  +  .striate.]  In 
lot.  and  entoin.,  marked  with  two  parallel  strite 
or  grooves. 

bisturris  (bis-tur'is),  «. ;  pi.  bisturres  (-ez). 
[MXi.,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  +  turriji,  a  tower:  see  tur- 
ret, tower.]     One  of  a  series  of  small  towers 


566 

upon  a  medieval  fortification-wall ;  a  bartizan : 
sometimes  equivalent  to  barbican^.  See  cut 
under  bartizan. 

bisulct  (bi'sulk),  a.  [<  L.  bistdeus,  two-fur- 
rowed: avc  bisulcoun.]     fiame  an  bisnleiite. 

bisulcate  (bi-sid'kat),  a.  [<  //(--  +  suleatc] 
1.  Having  two  furrows  or  grooves. — 2.  In 
soiil.,  cloven-footed,  as  oxen,  or  having  two 
hoofed  digits,  as  swine — Bisulcate  antennse,  an- 
tennie  in  which  the  joints  are  longitudinally  giouvctl  on 
each  side. 

bisulcOUSt  (bi-sul'kus),  a.  [<  L.  bisuleus,  two- 
furrowed,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  sulcus,  furrow.]  Same 
as  bisulcate. 

Swine,  .  .  .  being  bijtulcous,  .  .  .  are  farrowed  with 
open  eyes,  as  other  bisuUou-s  animals. 

Sir  T.  Broicne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vi.  6. 

bisulphate  (bi-sul'fat),  n.  [<  6i-2  +  sulphate.] 
In  eliem.,  a  salt  of  sulphuric  acid,  in  which  one 
half  of  the  hydrogen  of  the  acid  is  replaced  by 
a  metal. 

bisulphid  (bi-sul'tid),  n.  [<  ()i-2  +  sulpliid.]  A 
compound  of  sulphur  with  another  element  or 
radical,  forming  a  sulphid  which  contains  two 
atoms  of  sulphur  to  one  atom  of  the  other  mem- 
berof  tlio  compoimd:  as.  carbon  bisulphid.  CSo. 
—  Bisulphid  of  carbon  (CS^),  a  compound  >'i  carbon  aiul 
sulphur  which  forms  a  colorless  mobile  liiiuid,  having  usu- 
ally a  fetid  odor,  due  to  impurities,  and  a  sharp  aromatic 
taste.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and 
ether.  It  is  used  in  the  arts  as  a  solvent  for  vegetable 
oils  and  for  caoutchouc.  Taken  internally,  it  is  a  violent 
poison.  Externally  it  is  used  as  a  counter-irritant  and 
local  anesthetic— Bisulphid  prism,  a  prism  tilled  with 
carlxin  bisulphid. 

bisulphite  (bi-sul'fit),  n.  [<  hi--  +  sulpliite.'] 
In  cIhiii.,  a  salt  of  sulphurous  acid,  in  which 
one  half  of  the  hydrogen  of  the  acid  is  replaced 
by  a  metal. 

bisulphuret  (bi-sul'fii-ret),  n.  [<  bi--  +  siil- 
phiiret.]  In  cheiii.,  a  compound  of  sulphur  and 
another  element,  containing  two  atoms  of  sul- 
;phur. 

bisunique(bis-u-nek'),  n.  [ibis  +  unique.]  A 
name  given  about  IS.'JO  to  a  reversible  jacket, 
coat,  or  the  like,  made  with  two  faces. 

bisyllabic  (bi-si-lab'ik),  a.  [<  bi--  +  syllabic] 
Composed  of  two  syllables ;  dissyllabic. 

The  verbal  stems  exhibit  bisyllabism  with  such  re- 
markable uniformity  that  it  would  lead  to  the  impression 
that  the  roots  also  must  have  been  bisi/llabic. 

Smith's  Bible  i)(e^,  art.  Confusion  of  Tongues. 

bisyllabism  (bi-sil'a-bizm),  n.  [<  bisyllab-ic  + 
-ism .]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  bisyllabic, 
or  of  having  two  syllables. 

bisymmetrical  (bi-si-met'ri-kal),  a.  [<  bi-^  + 
si/M  III!  inral.]  Bilaterally  symmetrical ;  having 
bisynmiotry. 

bisymmetry  (bi-sim'e-tri),  n.  [<  bi-"^  +  sym- 
metry.] The  state  of  being  bilaterally  sym- 
metrical ;  correspondence  of  right  and  left 
parts,  or  of  the  two  equal  sections  of  anything. 

bltl  (bit),  n.  [Also  in  some  senses  occasionally 
bitt;  early  mod.  E.  bit,  bitt,  bitte,  bytte,  <  ME. 
but,  byte,  bite,  <  AS.  bite  (=  OFries.  biti,  bite,  bit 
=  OS.  biti  =  MD.  bete,  D.  beet  =  LG.  bet  =  OHG. 
MHG.  bii,  6.  biss,  strong  masc,  =  Icel.  bit  z= 
Sw.  belt  =  'Da,n.  bid,  neut.),  a  bite,  act  of  biting, 
<  bitan  (pp.  biten),  bite:  see  bite.  In  ME.  and 
mod.  E.  (as  well  as  in  some  other  languages) 
confused  in  spelling  and  sense  with  bit",  which 
is  from  the  same  verb,  but  with  an  orig.  differ- 
ent formative.  In  the  general  sense,  now  rep- 
resented by  bite,  n.,  directly  from  the  mod. 
verb :  see  bite,  n.  The  concrete  senses  are 
later,  and  are  expressed  in  part  by  forms  with 
other  suffixes:  cf.  ME.  bitte,  bytte,  hytt  =  MLG. 
bete,  bet,  bitte,  bit,  LG.  bit,  neut.,  =  Sw.  bett, 
neut.,  bridle-bit,  =  G.  qebiss,  neut.,  bridle-bit 
(=  AS.  gebit,  biting);  cf.  Icel.  bitill,  britUej-bit ; 
AS.  gebwtel,  bridle-bit,  <  AS.  bietnii,  geba:tan, 
bit,  ciu-b:  see  baif^,  and 

^A '     ^  /!^>.     '^^'  *'''•    "^^^  other  con- 

^«-J-'      '  x^    Crete  senses  are  recent.] 

---^     It.  The  act  of  biting;  a 
bite. 

You  may,  if  you  stand  close, 
be  sure  of  a  bit,  but  not  sure 
to  catch  him. 
/.  Walton.  Complete  Angler, 
[p.  66. 


Spiral  Bits. 


Counteraink  Bit ;  b.  Expanding 
Center-bit. 


bit 

2f.  The  action  of  biting  food;  eatinj;;  grazing. — 
3t.  Tlie  biting,  cutting,  or  penetrating  action  of 
an  cdgod  weapon ortool. — 4.  The  biting,  catch- 
ing, holding,  cutting,  or  boring  part  of  a  tool. 
SiK-citkiiUy  — (a)  The  cutting  HiuW  of  iiri  :i.\.  liatdiet, 
pliiiif,  (li'ili,  etc,  {h)  pi.  The  blades  of  tlic  lUtter-lK-ad  uf  a 
iiKjUiiiiii-machine.  (c)  pi.  Tlie  jaws  of  a  pair  of  tongs,  (d) 
The  part  of  a  key  which  enters  the  lock  and  acts  on  the 
Ijolts  and  tumblers. 

5.  A  boring-tool  used  in  a  carpenter's  brace. 
I'.its  arc  of  various  kinds,  and  are  applied  in  a  variety  of 
ways.  'l"he  similar  tool  used  fctr  metal,  and  applied  by 
the  drill-bow,  ratchet,  brace,  lathe,  or  drillinj,'-nmehine,  is 
termed  a  drill,  or  drill-bit.  See  at/ffer,  borer,  drill,  center- 
bit,  »foii;fi'-bit,  quUl-bit,  rose-bit,  shell-bit,  Mpooit-bit,  and 
phrases  below. 

6.  The  metal  part  of  a  bridle  which  is  inserted 
in  the  mouth  of  a  horse,  with  the  appendages 
(rings,  etc.)  to  which  the  reins  are  fastened. 

Those  that  tame  wild  horses  .  .  . 
•Stop  their  mouths  witli  stubljorn  ^(7*,  and  spur  them 
Till  they  obey  the  manage.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  2. 

7.  The  joint  of  an  umbrella. — 8.  Ahammerused 
by  masons  for  dressing  granite  and  for  rough 
picking. — 9.  In  music,  a  short  piece  of  tube 
used  to  alter  slightly  the  pitch  of  such  wind-in- 
stniments  as  the  trumpet,  cornet-a-pistons,  etc. 
—Annular  bit.  See  an?iw/rtr.— Baldwin  bit,  a  bit  hav- 
ing two  mouthpieces,  used  for  controlling  vicious  horses. 
—  Brace-bit,  a  bit  intended  to  be  used  with  a  brace. — 
Chifney  bit,  a  curb-bit  having  a  short  movable  arm  con- 
nected with  the  cheek-piece,  just  above  the  mouthpiece, 
for  receiving  the  check-straps  of  the  bridle,  while  the 
strap  or  gag-rein  is  attached  to  the  short  arm  of  the 
cheek-piece.  £.  H.  Kniijht.^  Coal-boring  bit,  a  br»ring- 
bit  having  an  entering  point  and  a  succession  of  cutting 
edges  of  increasing  radius. —  Copper  bit  or  bolt,  a  name 
given  to  a  soldering-iron.— Comish  bit,  a  lathe-drill  in 
which  the  cutter  is  inserted  diametiically  in  a  mortise  at 
the  end  of  tlie  drill-stock. —  Ducknose  bit,  a  boring-bit 
the  end  of  which  is  bent  horizontally  into  a  semicircular 
form.— DUCk'S-bill  bit,  a  wood-boring  tool  which  has 
no  lip,  the  screw  cylinder  forming  the  barrel  of  the  tool 
ending  in  a  sharp-edged  rounding  part  uliich  forms  the 
cutter:  used  in  a  brace.— Expanding  bit,  a  boring-tool 

of  which  the  cutting  diameter  is  ad- 
justable.—German  bit,  a  wo(Kl-boring 
tool  with  a  long  elliptical  pod  and  a 
screw-point.  It  is  used  in  a  brace,  and 
makes  a  taper  toward  the  end  of  the  hole 
when  not  driven  entirely  through  the 
wood.— Half-round  bit,  or  cylinder- 
bit,  a  drill  nsed  for  hard  woods  and  met- 
als. Its  section  is  a  semicircle,  the  cut- 
ting edges  at  end  and  side  making  an 
angle  of  85'  or  86'.— Hanoverian  bit,  a 
cheek-bit  for  horses  having  on  the  h'ng 
or  lower  arm  two  or  more  looi)S  for  reins, 
and  at  the  extremity  of  the  slmrt  cheek 
a  loop  which  receives  the  leather  cheek; 
there  is  a  rein-ring  at  the  cheek-piece.— Hessian  bit,  a 
peculiar  kind  of  jointed  bit  for  bridles.— Plug-center 
bit,  a  boring-tool  having  a  cylinder  of  metal  in  tlie  center 
instead  of  a  point.  The  cylinder  fits  a  hole  ready  made, 
and  tlie  bit  countersinks  or  removes  the  metal  above  it. — 
Slit-nose  bit.  Same  as  nofte-bit.— To  take  the  bit  in 
the  teeth,  to  hold  the  bit  between  the  teeth,  so  that  it 
cannot  hurt  the  mouth  when  pulled  upon,  and  run ;  be- 
come unmanageable  :  saiii  of  a  horse,  and,  figuratively,  of 
persons.— Twisted  bit,  a  boring-tool  formed  of  a  bar  bent 
into  a  spiral,  as  in  the  auger. 

bit^  (bit),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bitted,  ppr.  hitting. 
[<  bif^,  /i.]  To  put  a  bridle  upon ;  put  the  bit 
in  the  mouth  of  (a  horse) ;  accustom  to  the  bit ; 
hence,  to  curb ;  restrain. 
bit2  (bit),  «.  [<  ME.  bife,  a  bit,  morsel,  <  AS, 
hita,  a  bit,  piece  bitten  off  (=  OFries.  hifa  = 
D.  ttcef,  a  morsel,  bcrtje,  a  small  portion.  = 
RILU.  bete,  bet,  LG.  bcten  =  OHG.  bi^::o,  MHG. 
bi::;:Cy  G.  bisse,  bissen  =  Icel.  biti  =  Sw.  bit  = 
Dan.  bid,  a  morsel),  weak  masc,  <  bitan  (pp. 
biten),  bite:  see  bite,  v.,  bite,  n.,  and  bit'^,  with 
which  bit*^  has  been  in  part  confused.]  If.  A 
portion  of  food  bitten  off  ;  a  mouthful ;  a  bite. 
—  2.  A  morsel  or  a  little  piece  of  food. 

Follow  your  function,  go  !  and  batten  on  cold  bits. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 
Dainty  bits 
Make  rich  the  ribs,  but  bankerout  the  wits. 

Shak.,  L.  L,  L.,  i.  1. 

Hence  —  3.  A  small  quantity  of  food;  a  modi- 
cum or  moderate  supply  of  provisions:  as,  to 
take  a  bit  and  a  sup.     [Dialectal.] 

He  desires  no  more  in  this  world  but  a  bit  and  a  brat; 
that  is,  only  as  much  food  and  raiment  as  nature  ci-aves. 
Scotch  J'rcsbi/tcrian  Eloquence,  p.  36. 

4,  A  small  piece  or  fragment  of  anything:  a 
small  portion  or  quantity  ;  a  little  :  as.  a  bit  of 
glass ;  a  bit  of  land ;  a  bit  of  one's  mind.  The 
word  is  often  used  in  certain  phrases  expressive  of  ex- 
tentor  degree  ;  tlnis,  "a  bit  older"  means  somewhat  old- 
er, older  to  some  extent ;  '"  not  a  bit"  not  a  whit,  not  in 
any  liegrec  :  "  a  good  ^(7  older."  a  good  deal  older ;  "  a  bit 
of  a  humorist."  somewhat  of  a  humorist,  etc.  It  is  used 
depreciatingly  or  compassionately  :  as,  a  little  hit  of  a 
man  ;  bits  of  children,  that  is,  poor  little  children, 

Ilis  majesty  has  power  to  grant  a  patent  for  stamping 
round  hits  of  cojiper.  Suift. 

There  are  several  bits  at  Valmontoue  to  delight  an  artist, 
especially  at  the  entrance  of  the  town,  where  a  niagnift- 
cent  fragment  of  the  ancient  wall  forms  the  foreground 
to  some  picturesque  houses.  A.  G.  C.  Hare, 


Expanding  Bit. 


bit 


not  a  bit  clearer  than  It  was  seven  years 

Arhuth)ti>t. 


Bitan^ent  to  Cas- 
sinian  Oval. 


[<  bitangent 


Your  case 
ago. 

My  youriK  companion  was  a  bit  of  a  poet,  a  hit  of  an  ar- 
tist, a  bit  of  a  niusiciau,  and  ...  a  hit  of  an  actor. 

T.  Iloolc,  Ullljcrt  (inrncy,  I.  i. 

6.  Crisis  ;  nick  of  time.  [Scoteli.]  — 6.  A  small 
piece  of  ground  ;  ii  spot.     [Scotch.] 

It's  a  bifUly  cnuugli  hit.  Scott,  Waverley,  II.  xxiii. 

7.  Any  small  coin :  as,  a  foui-penny-fc/i ;  a  six- 
penny-A//.  Specitlcally,  tlie  name  of  a  small  West  In- 
dian coin  worth  about  10  cents ;  also,  in  parts  of  the 
United  States,  of  a  silver  coin  formerly  current  (in  some 
States  called  a  Mexican  sliillinffX  of  the  value  of  12i  cents ; 
now,  chietiy  in  the  West,  the  sum  of  121  cents. 

With  six  bits  m  his  pocket  and  an  axe  upon  his  shoul- 
der. The  Ceiilurij,  XXVII.  29. 
A  bit  Of  blood.  .See  hbuul.  -A  long  bit,  llfteen  cents. 
IWesterji  V.  .s.]  -A  abort  bit,  ten  cent.s.    [Western  U.  S.) 

—  Bit  by  bit,  little  by  little  ;  imperceptibly. 

And,  bit  by  bit, 
The  cunning  years  steal  all  from  us  but  woe. 

Lowell,  Conim,  Ode. 
To  give  a  bit  of  one's  mind,  to  speak  out  frankly  what 
one  thinks  of  a  jierson  or  a  transaction  ;  express  one's  can- 
did conviction  unrestrained  by  reserve  or  delicacy  :  gener- 
ally to  the  person  himself,  and  in  unflattering  terms. 

He  liad  <nren  the  house  what  was  called  a  hit  of  hitt  mind 
on  the  subject,  and  he  wished  very  much  tllat  he  would 
give  them  tin-  winde. 

Lord  Cctmphell,  London  Times,  April  12,  1864. 
=  Syn.  4.  Scrap,  fragment,  morsel,  particle,  atom. 

bit^  (bit).  Preterit  and  occasional  past  partiei- 
^)le  of  liite. 

blt*t.  A  Middle  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  con- 
traction of  hUhleth,  third  person  singular  indi- 
cative present  of  hid. 

bif't,  n.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  hitt. 

bit^t,  «•     A  Middle  English  form  of  hutt^i. 

bitangent  (bi-tan'jent),  n.  [<  ii-2  -f-  tangent.'] 
In  inatlt.,  a  double  tangent;  a  straight  lino 
which  touches  a  given  curve  at 
two  points.  If  m  denotes  the  degree 
and  n  the  chiss  of  a  curve,  then  (» — m) 
(n  -i-  m  —  9)  is  the  excess  of  the  nundjer 
of  its  bitanjients  tiver  the  iiuiiiIkt  tif  its 
double  points.— Isolated  bitangent,  a 
real  line  tanf^ent  to  a  curve  at  two  ima- 
ginary points. 

bitangential  (bi-tan-.ien'shal),  a. 
+  -iul.l     In  math.,  pertaining  to  a  bitangent. 
-^Bitangential  curve,  a  cmvc  "liiih passes througli the 
points  nf  idTitact  iif  tile  bit;tii{-'erit.s  of  a  given  curve. 

bitartrate  (bi-tiir'trat),  «.  [<  bi-^  +  tartrate.] 
A  tartrate  which  contains  one  hydrogen  atom 
replaceable  by  a  base.— potassium  bitartrate. 

Same  as  eyeam  o.f  tartar,  or  argot  (whieli  see). 

bit-brace  (bit'bras),  ».  A  tool  for  holding 
and  turning  a  boring-bit;  a  brace;  a  bit-stock. 

—  Bit-brace  die,  a  small  screw-cutting  die  used  with  a 
brace. 

bitch  (bich),  M.  [<  ME.  bicche,  biche,  <  AS. 
bkce,  also  bicge,  =  Icel.  bikkja  =  Norw.  bikkje, 
a  bitch.  Cf.  G.  betze,  pct:e,  a  bitch,  and  F.  biche, 
a  bitch,  also  a  fawn.  The  relations  of  these 
forms  are  imdetermined.]  1.  The  female  of 
the  dog;  also,  by  extension,  the  female  of  other 
canine  animals,  as  of  the  wolf  and  fox. — 2.  A 
coarse  name  of  reproach  for  a  woman. 

John  had  not  run  a-madding  so  long  had  it  not  been 
for  an  extravagant  bitcti  of  a  wife. 

Arbutlinot,  John  Bull,  p.  9. 

bitcheryt  (bich'e-ri),  n.  [<  bitch  +  -ery.]  Vile- 
ness  or  coarseness  in  a  woman;  unchastity  or 
lewdness  in  general. 

bitch-wood  (bich'wud),  n.  The  wood  of  a  le- 
gumiiious  tree,  Lonchocarpus  latifolius,  of  the 
West  Indies  and  tropical  South  America. 

bite  (bit),  !'. ;  pret.  bit,  pp.  bitten,  sometimes  bit, 
ppr.  biting.  [<  ME.  bitcn  (pret.  hot,  boot,  pi.  bitt*n, 
pp.  biteti),  <  AS.  bltan  (pret.  bat,  pi.  biton,  pp. 
biten)  =  OS.  bitan  =  OFries.  bita  =  D.  bijtcn  = 
MLG.  biten,  LG.  biten  =  OHG.  bi::an,  MHG.  bi- 
zen,  G.  beissen  =  Icel.  bita  =  Sw.  bita  =  Dan. 
bide  =  Goth,  beitan,  bite,  =  L.  findere  (y/'fid), 
cleave,  =  Skt.  V  bhid,  divide.  From  the  AS. 
come  bite,  «.,  bif^,  bit",  bitter^,  beetle^,  beetle^; 
to  the  Icel.  are  due  bait^,  and  prob.  bitt;  from 
L.  findere  come  fissile,  fissure,  bifid,  etc.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  cut,  pierce,  or  divide  with  the 
teeth :  as,  to  bite  an  apple. 
The  fish  that  once  was  caught  new  bait  wil  hardly  b}tte. 
f:]H-n.ier,  V.  t;.,  II.  i.  4. 

2.  To  remove  with  the  teeth;  cut  away  by  bit- 
ing: with  off,  out,  etc. :  as,  to  ftifc  off  a  piece  of 
an  apple,  or  bite  a  piece  out  of  it;  to  bite  off' 
one's  nose  to  spite  one's  face. 

I'll  bite  my  tongue  out.  ere  it  prove  a  traitor. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Wit  at  Several  Weap<ms,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  grasp  or  gi-ip  with  the  teeth;  press  the 
teeth  strongly  upon :  as,  to  bite  the  thumb  or 
lip.     (See  phrases  below.) 

There  Faction  roar.  Rebellion  bite  her  chain. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  421. 


567 

4.  To  sting,  as  an  insect:  as,  to  bo  bitten  hy  a 
flea. —  5.  To  cause  a  sharii  or  smarting  pain  in ; 
cause  to  smart:  as,  pepi)or  bites  the  mouth. — 

6.  To  nip,  as  with  frost ;  blast,  blight,  or  injure. 

Like  ati  envious  sneaping  frost, 
Tiiat  bites  the  Hrst-born  infants  of  the  spring. 

SIxak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 
All  three  of  them  are  desperate  ;  their  great  guilt. 
Like  poison  given  to  work  a  great  tinte  after. 
Now  gins  to  bite  the  spirits.        .SVmt.,  Tempest,  iii.  3. 

7.  To  take  fast  hold  of;  grip  or  catch  into  or 
on,  so  as  to  act  with  elTcet ;  get  purchase  from, 
as  by  friction :  as,  the  anchor  bites  the  groimd ; 
the  tile  bites  the  iron ;  the  wheels  bile  the  rails. 

Tlie  last  screw  of  the  rack  having  been  turned  so  often 
that  its  purchase  crumbled,  and  it  now  turned  and  turned 
with  nothing  to  bite.  Dickcny. 

8.  In  etching,  to  corrode  or  eat  into  with  aqua- 
fortis or  other  mordantj  as  a  metal  surface 
that  has  been  laid  bare  with  an  etching-needle: 
often  with  in:  as,  the  plate  is  now  bitten  in. — 

9.  To  cheat ;  trick ;  deceive  ;  overreach :  now 
only  in  the  past  participle :  as,  the  biter  was  bit. 

The  rogue  was  bit.  Pope,  .Moral  Essays,  iii.  3(i4. 

At  last  she  played  for  her  left  eye  ;  .  .  .  this  too  she  lost ; 
however,  she  had  the  consolation  of  biting  the  sharper, 
for  he  never  perceived  that  it  was  nnide  of  glass  till  it  be- 
came Ins  own.  Got'lsinith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  eii. 
To  bite  the  dust  or  the  ground,  to  fall ;  be  thrown  or 
struck  down  ;  be  vantiuished  or  humbled. 

His  vanquished  rival  was  to  bite  tlie  dust  before  him. 

Disraeli. 

To  bite  the  glove,    see  glove.    To  bite  the  Up,  to  press 

tile  lip  tt.-tween  the  teeth  in  order  to  repress  signs  of  an- 
ger, north,  or  other  emotion,  (t'omparc  to  bite  tlie  tonaue.) 
—  To  bite  the  thumb  att,  to  insult  or  defy  by  putting 
the  thumb-nail  intti  the  mouth,  and  with  a  jerk  making 
it  knack. 

I  will  bite  my  thumb  at  them,  which  is  a  disgrace  to 
them,  if  they  bear  it.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1. 

To  bite  the  tongue,  to  hold  one's  tongue  ;  repress  (an- 
gry) speech  ;  maintain  fixed  silence.  (Compare  to  bite  the 
lip,  and  to  liold  one's  tongue.) 

So  York  must  sit,  and  fret,  and  bite  tiis  tongue, 
While  his  own  lands  are  bargained  for  and  sold. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
=  Sjni.  See  eat. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  have  a  habit  of  biting  or 
snapping  at  persons  or  things:  as,  a  dog  that 
bites;  a  biting  horse. —  2.  To  pierce,  sting,  or 
inflict  injury  by  biting,  literally  or  figuratively. 

It  [wine]  6tt£fA  like  a  serpent  and  stiugeth  like  an  adder. 

Prov.  xxiii.  32. 
Look,  when  he  fawns  he  bites ;  and  when  he  bites. 
His  venom  tooth  will  rankle  to  the  death. 

Shak..  Rich.  IIL,  i.  3. 
Smiling  and  careless,  casting  words  that  bit 
Like  poisoned  darts. 

Witliaia  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  327. 

3.  To  take  a  bait,  as  a  fish:  either  literally  or 
figuratively. 

Bait  the  hook  well :  this  fish  will  bite. 

Stiak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
We'll  bait  that  men  may  bite  fair. 

Fletcher,  WUdgoose  Chase. 

4.  To  take  and  keep  hold ;  grip  or  catch  into 
another  object,  so  as  to  act  on  it  with  effect, 
obtain  purchase  or  leverage-power  from  it,  and 
the  like:  as,  the  anchor  bites;  cog-wheels  bite 
when  the  teeth  of  one  enter  into  the  notches 
of  the  other  and  cause  it  to  revolve. 

In  dry  weather  the  roads  require  to  be  watered  before 
being  swept,  so  that  the  brushes  may  bite.  .^tayhew. 

To  bite  at,  to  snap  at  with  the  teeth ;  hence,  figuratively, 
to  snarl  or  carp  at ;  inveigh  against. 

No  marvel,  though  you  bite  so  sharp  at  reasons, 
Vou  are  so  empty  of  them.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  2. 
To  bite  In.  (a)  To  corrode,  as  the  acid  used  in  etching. 
(^)  To  repress  one's  thoughts,  or  restrain  one's  feelings. 
bite  (bit),  H.  [<  late  ME.  bi/te,  bite  (bite),  tak- 
ing the  place  of  earlier  bite  (bite),  in  mod.  E. 
bit  (see  biti);  from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  of 
cutting,  piercing,  or  wounding  'with  the  teeth 
or  as  with  the  teeth:  as,  the  bite  of  a  dog;  the 
bite  of  a  crab. —  2.  The  seizing  of  bait  by  a 
fish :  as,  waiting  for  a  bite. 

I  have  known  a  very  good  fisher  angle  diligently  four 
or  six  hours  for  a  river  carp,  and  m>t  have  a  bite. 

I.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

3.  A  wound  made  by  the  teeth  of  an  animal  or 
by  any  of  the  biting,  piercing,  or  stinging  or- 
gans of  the  lower  animals:  as,  a  dog's  bite;  a 
mosquito-/<(?c,'  a  flea-6ite. 

Their  venoni'd  bite.        Dryden,  it.  of  Virgil's  Georgics. 

4.  As  much  as  is  taken  at  once  by  biting;  a 
mouthful :  as,  a  bite  of  bread. 

Better  one  bite  at  forty,  of  Truth's  bitter  rind. 
Than  the  hot  wine  that  gushed  from  the  vintage  of  twenty  I 
Louvll,  Life  of  Blonilel. 

5.  Food;  victuals:  as,  tliree  days  without 
either  bite  or  sup. — 6.  The  catch  or  hold  that 
one  object  or  one  part  of  a  mechanical  appa- 
ratus has  on  another ;  specifically,  in  a  file,  the 


bitnoben 

roughness  or  power  of  abrasion :  as,  the  bile  of 
an  anchor  on  the  ground;  the  bite  of  the  wheels 
of  a  locomotive  on  the  rails. 

Tlio  shorter  the  bite  of  a  crowbar,  the  greater  is  the 
power  gained. 

ir.  Matthews,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  119. 

7.  In  etching,  the  coiTosiou  effected  by  the  acid. 
—  8.  In  printing,  an  imperfection  in  a  printed 
sheet  caused  by  pai-t  of  the  impression  being 
received  on  the  frisket  or  paper  mask. — 9t.  A 
cheat ;  a  trick ;  a  fraud. 

I'll  teach  you  a  way  to  outwit  Sirs.  Johnson ;  it  la  a 
new-fangled  way  of  being  witty,  and  they  call  it  a  bile. 

Swift,  To  a  Friencl  of  Mrs.  Johnson,  1703. 

lOf.  A  sharper;  one  who  cheats.     Johnson. — 
Hl8  bark  is  worse  than  his  bite.    See  bark'i. 
biteless  (bit'les), «.    [<  bite,  n.,  +  -less.]    With- 
out bite;  wanting  in  ability  or  desire  to  bite; 
harmless. 
Chilled  them  [midges]  speechless  and  biteless. 

Tlie  Century,  XXVII.  780. 

bitentaculate  (bi-ten-tak'u-lat),  a.  [<  6j-2  + 
t<  iitaciitate.]  Having  two  tentacles,  or  a  pair 
of  organs  likened  to  tentacles. 

The  gonophore  contained  in  a  gonangium,  somewhat 
like  that  of  Laomcdea,  is  set  free  as  a  ciliated  bitentacu- 
late body.  Huxley,  Anat.  Inveit.,  p.  120. 

biter  (bi'ttr),  n.  [ME.  biter,  bitcre ;  <  bite  + 
-e)l.]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  bites;  an 
animal  given  to  Vjiting;  a  fish  apt  to  take  bait. 

(ireat  barkers  are  no  biters.  Camden. 

A  liold  biter.  I.  Walton,  Contplete  .Angler. 

2.  One  who  cheats  or  defrauds ;  also,  formerly, 
one  who  deceives  by  way  of  joke. 

A  biter  is  one  who  tells  you  a  thing  you  have  no  reason 
to  disbelieve  in  itself,  and,  if  you  give  him  credit,  laughs 
in  yoiu-  face,  and  triumphs  that  he  has  deceive<i  yon. 

Sf,eelalor.  No.  604. 

biterminal  (bi-ter'mi-nal),  n.  [Tr.  of  Gr.  f/c  6io 
urofKiTuir.]  A  binomial  line  ;  a  line  that  is  the 
sura  of  two  incommensurable  lines. 

biternate  (bi-ter'nat),  a.  [<  bi-i  +  ternate.'i 
In  hot.,  doubly  temate,  as  when  each  of  the 
partial  petioles  of  a  temate  leaf  bears  three 
leaflets. 

bite-sheept  (bit'shep),  n.  [So  MLG.  biteschap, 
(t.  biss-schaf,  with  the  same  allusion.]  A  once 
favorite  pun  upon  bishop,  as  if  one  who  bites 
the  sheep  which  he  ought  to  feed.     X  F.  D. 

bitheism  (bi'thf-izm),  «.  [<  bi--  +  theism.] 
Belief  in  two  gods,  specifically  a  good  and  an 
evil  one;  dualism.     [Rare.] 

biti  (be'te),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  An  East  Indian  name 
for  species  of  Dalbergia,  especially  D.  lati/olia, 
one  of  the  East  Indian  rosewoods. 

biting  (bi'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  biting ;  verbal  n.  of 
bite,  r.]  1.  Theactionof  cutting,  piercing,  etc., 
in  any  sense  of  bite. —  2.  The  corroding  action 
of  a  mordant  upon  a  metal  plate,  wherever 
the  lines  of  a  design,  drawn  upon  a  prepared 
ground,  have  been  laid  bare  with  a  needle,  as 
in  etching,  or  the  surface  is  alternately  stopped 
out  and  exposed,  as  in  aquatint. 

biting  (bi'ting),/).  a.    [Ppr.  of  bite,  r.]    1.  Nip- 
ping; keen:  as,  biting  cold;  biting  \vea,theT. 
The  western  breeze. 
And  years  of  biting  frost  and  biting  rain, 
Had  made  the  carver's  labor  wellnigh  vain. 

Williani  .Morris,  Earthly  Paradise.  I.  325. 

2.  Severe;  sharp;  bitter;  painful:  as,  a  "bit- 
ing affliction,"  LShak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  5.-3. 
Acrid;  hot;  pungent:  as,  a  biting  taste.  Hence 
— 4.  Shaqi;  severe;  cutting;  sarcastic:  as,  a 
biting  remark. 

This  was  a  nipping  sermon,  a  pinching  sermon,  a  tnting 
sermon.  Latimer,  SemKul  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

Pope's  provocation  was  too  often  the  mere  opportunity 
to  say  a  biting  thing,  where  he  could  do  it  safely. 

Lowell,  -\mong  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  70. 

biting-dragon  (bi'ting-drag'on),  n.  An  old 
uanu'  for  tarragon,  Artemisia  Dracuncuhis. 

bitingly  (bi'ting-li),  adv.  In  a  biting  manner; 
sarcastically ;  sneeringly. 

bitingness(bi'ting-nes),  H.  Pungency;  acridity. 

bit-key  (bit'ke),  n.  A  key  designed  to  fit  a 
pcrmutatiou-lock,  the  steps  of  which  are  form- 
ed by  movable  bits.     See  lock. 

bitless  (bit'les),  a.     [<  iifl, »(.,  +  -less.]     With- 
out bit  or  bridle. 
Bitless  Nunndian  horse.  Fanshaux,  .Eneid,  iv. 

bitlingt  (bit'ling),  H.  [<  6i<2  -f-  dim.  -ling.]  A 
very  sinuU  bit  or  piece. 

bitmontht  (bit'mouth),  n.  The  bit  or  iron  put 
into  a  horse's  mouth.    Bailey. 

bitnoben  (bit-no'ben),  H.  [A  corruption  of 
the  Hind,  name  bit  laran,  or  bid  taran  :  hit.  bid 
(cerebral  t  or  d)  is  of  uncertain  meaning;  lavan, 
dial,  lahan,  Ion,  lun,  etc.,  <  Skt.  lavana,  salt.]   A 


bitnoben 

Tvhito  saline  sulistancp  obtained  from  India,  a 
chlorid  of  sodium  or  common  salt  fused  with 
myrobalan  and  a  portion  of  iron,  liitunln-n  Ikis 
bei-n  usod  in  liuliii  fruin  tiiiu-s  ni  liiKh  iintii(Uity,  nitd  is 
applii'ii  to  nn  iiitliiite  variety  of  purposes.  It  is  regarded 
thfie  as  a  speeitic  for  almost  every  disorder. 

bito-tree  (be'to-tre),  «.     Same  as  liajilij. 

bitouret,  ".      A  Middle  English  form  of  hit- 

bit-pincers  (bit'pin''s6rz),  n.  pi. 
Pineers  witli  curved  jaws,  used 
by  locksmiths. 

bit-stock  (bit'stok),  H.  The  han- 
dle (ir  stuck  by  wliich  a  boring- 
bit  is  held  and  rotated;  a  car- 
penter's brace. 

bit-strap  (bit 'strap),  }i.  A  short 
strap  connecting  the  bit  to  a  short 
check-bridle  or  to  a  halter.  E.  H. 
K II  it/lit. 

bitt  (bit).  It.  [Formerly,  and  still 
occasionally,  w-i-itten  hit,  but  usu- 
ally in  pi.  hitts,  bits,  early  mod.  E. 
bcctc.s:  hence  F.  bittes,  formerly 
bites,  pi.,  =  Sp.  bitas,  pi.,  =  Pg. 
abilds,  pi.,  =  It.  bitte,  pi.,  bitts.  Origin  uncer- 
tain ;  connected  in  sense,  and,  in  the  early 
mod.  E.  spelling  hectcs,  in  form,  with  Sw.  be- 
tiiiij  =  Dan.  bediiuj,  a  bitt,  bitts,  >  D.  beting  = 
G.  Iiiifiiij/.  a  bitt ;  with  compounds,  Sw.  betiny- 
bult  =  i)an.  bediiii/sbolt,  a  bitt-bolt ;  D.  betiiui- 
Iwutcii,  pi.,  =  (jr.  bdtinghdleei;  pi.,  bitts  (D.  Iioiit 
=  G.  IkiIz,  wood).  Sw.  beting,  =  Dan.  bediiig, 
means  lit.  'baiting,  pasturing,'  as  a  horse,  by 
tethering  it  (=  AS.  ba'tiiig,  bating,  a  rope,  a 
cable),  <  Sw.  beta  =  Dan.  bcde  =  Icel.  beita, 
bait,  pasture,  =  AS.  bwtan,  bridle,  rein  in,  em-b, 
orig.  causal  of  Sw.  bita  =  Dan.  bide  =  Icel.  bita 
=  AS.  bltnii,  bite :  see  baifl;  bite,  bitl.  The  ML. 
bitiis.  a  whipping-post,  and  Icel.  biti,  a  cross- 
beam in  a  house,  a  thwart  in  a  boat,  are,  for 
different  reasons,  prob.  neither  of  them  the 
soiu-ce  of  the  E.  word.]  Xaiit.,  a  strong  post 
of  wood  or  iron  to  wliich  cables  are  made  fast. 
Bitts  are  fastened  to  tiie  deck,  generally  in  pairs,  and  are 
named  according;  to  their  uses :  as,  vitimg-bitts,  towing- 
bitts,  windlass-&)7t.s%  etc. 

bitt  (bit),  V.  t.  [<  bitt,  «.]  Naut.,  to  put  round 
the  bitts  :  as,  to  bitt  the  cable,  in  order  to  fasten 
it  or  to  let  it  out  gradually.  The  latter  process 
is  called  veering  away. 

The  ehain  is  then  passed  tlu-ough  the  hawse-hole  and 
round  the  windlass,  and  bitted. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  73. 

bittaclet  (l)it'a-kl),  n.  The  earlier  form  of  biii- 
nnele. 

bitterl  (bit'er),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  bitter,  biter, 
<  AS.  biter,  bitor  (=  OS.  bittar  =  D.  MLG.  LG. 
bitter  =  OHG.  bittar,  MHG.  G.  bitter  =  Icel. 
bitr  =  Sw.  Dan.  bitter  =  Goth,  (with  irreg.  ai 
for  i)  baitrs),  bitter,  <  bitan,  bite  :  see  bite]  I. 
a.  1.  Haring  a  harsh  taste,  like  that  of  worm- 
wood or  quinine.  Formerly  the  word  was  applied  to 
pungent  and  to  salt  things,  as  well  as  to  those  to  which  it 
is  now  nearly  always  restricted. 

All  men  are  agreed  to  call  vinegar  sour,  honey  sweet, 
and  aloes  bitter.  Burke,  .Sublime  and  Beautiful. 

Hence  —  2.  Unpalatable;  hard  to  swallow,  lit- 
erally or  figuratively:  as,  a  bitter  pill;  a  bitter 
lesson. 

But  thou  art  man,  and  canst  abide  a  truth. 

The'  bitter.  Tennyson.  Balin  and  Ealan. 

3.  Hard  to  be  borne;  grievous;  distressful; 
calamitous :  as,  a  bitter  moment ;  bitter  fate. 

Nailed 
For  our  advantage  on  the  bitter  cross. 

Shai.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  1.  1. 

4.  Causing  pain  or  smart  to  the  sense  of  feel- 
ing;  piercing  ;  painful;  biting:  as,  bitter  cold; 
"tiiebitterhlast,''  Dri/den. — 5.  Harsh,  as  words ; 
rein-ouchful;  sarcastic;  cutting;  sharp:  a.s,"bit- 
ter  taunts,"  SluOc,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  6. 

Hastings  complained  iu  bitter  terms  of  the  way  in  which 
he  was  treated.  Macaulay,  AVarren  Hastings. 

6.  Cherishing  or  exhibiting  animosity,  hate, 
anger,  or  severity;  cruel;  severe;  harsh; 
stern  :  as,  "  bitterest  enmity,"  Shuk.,  Cor.,  iv.  4; 
"hitter  enemies,"  Watts,  Logic. —  7.  Evincing 
or  betokening  intense  pain  or  suffering :  as,  a 
bitter  cry. 

Our  hitter  tears 
Stream,  as  the  eyes  of  those  that  love  u.s  close. 

lirmtiit.  The  .\gcs,  i. 

Bitter  ale,  bitter  beer.    See  afe.— Bitter-almond  oil. 

See  nlmonil-oiL-  Bitter  ash,  bark,  cucumber,  etc.  .See 
the  nonns.  — Bitter  principles,  a  turn  :ip|ilicd  to  certain 
products  arising  from  Die  action  of  nitric  ncid  upon  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  matters,  and  having  an  intensely  bitter 
taste.  Very  many  plants  contain  peculiar,  ofttrn  crystal- 
lizable,  compouiuls.  having  a  bitter  taste,  which  are  often 
doubtless  the  active  medicinal  principle  of  the  vegetable 


568 

in  which  they  occur.  The  term  is  now  restricted  to  the 
l>rown  amorjihons  bitter  extract,  generally  not  of  dellnite 
comi)osition.  otdaincd  from  many  plants  by  boiling  in  w.a- 
ter,  evai)orating  to  dryness,  and  treating  with  alcohol  to 
remove  resin,  etc.— To  the  bitter  end,  to  the  last  and 
direst  extremity  ;  to  ileatb  itself.  =  S5m.  3.  Grievous,  dis- 
tressing, fttllictive,  poignant. 

II.  «.  1.  That  which  is  bitter;  bitterness. 

Hi  no  conn©  deme  [judge]  betuene  zuete  [sweet]  and 
byter.  Ayenbite  of  Inwit,  p.  82. 

The  sick  man  hath  been  otTended  at  the  wholesome  tAt- 
ter  of  the  medicine.  Scott,  Abbot,  I.  55. 

Some  bitter  o'er  the  flowers  its  bubbling  venom  flings. 
Jlyron,  Childe  Harold,  i.  82. 

Specifically — 2.  A  bitter  medicine,  as  a  bitter 
bark  or  root,  or  an  infusion  made  from  it.  See 
bitters. 
bitterl  (bit'er),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  biteren,  <  AS.  hi- 
teriaii  (=  OHG.  hittaren,  MHG.  G.  bittern),  < 
biter,  bitter:  see  bitter'^,  n.]  To  make  bitter; 
give  a  bitter  taste  to  ;  embitter.     [Rare.] 

"Would  not  horse-aloes  bitter  it  [beer]  as  well? 

Wolcot  (P.  Pindar). 

bitter2  (bit'er),  n.  [<  bitt  +  -ejl.]  Xaiit.,  a 
turn  of  a  cable  round  the  bitts. 

bitter^t  (bit'er),  n.     An  old  form  of  bittern^. 

bitter-blain  (bit'er-blan),  )i.  A  name  given  in 
Guiana  to  a  scrophulariaeeous  herb,  Vandellia 
diffn.^a,  which  is  used  as  a  remedy  in  fever  and 
liver-complaints. 

bitter-bloom  (bit'er-blom),  n.  The  American 
centaury,  Sahbatia  angnlaris,  a  gentianaeeous 
herb,  used  as  a  simple  bitter  in  the  treatment 
of  fevers,  etc. 

bitter-bush  (bit'er-bush),  M.  The  name  in  Ja- 
maica for  Eupatoriuin  nervosum,  which  is  em- 
ployed as  a  remedy  in  cholera,  smallpox,  and 
other  diseases. 

bitter-earth  (bit'er-erth),  11.  [<  bitter  +  earth; 
=  G.  hitti  r-rrde.~\     Calcined  magnesia. 

bitter-end  (bit'er-end),  n.  [<  bitter^  +  end.'i 
Xatit.,  that  part  of  a  cable  which  is  abaft  the 
bitts,  and  therefore  within  board,  when  the  ship 
rides  at  anchor. 

bitter-grass  (bit'er-gras),  n.  The  eolic-root  of 
the  United  States,  Aletris  farinosn. 

bitter-head  (bit'er-hed),  «.  A  local  name  in 
parts  of  (Jliio  for  the  calico-bass,  Pomoxys  spa- 
roidcs. 

bitter-herb  (bit'er-erb),  n.  1.  The  European 
centaury,  Eri/tlireea  centauriiim. —  2.  The  bal- 
mony  of  the  United  States,  Clielone  glabra. 

bittering  (bit'cr-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bitter'^-, 
r.]  1.  Same  as  bittern-,  '2. —  2.  The  acquiring 
by  wine  of  a  bitter  flavor,  due  to  the  formation 
of  brown  aldehyde  resin  or  other  bitter  sub- 
stance, from  age  or  high  temperatiu'e. 

bitterish  (bit'er-ish),  a.  [<  bitter'^-  +  -islil-.J 
Somewhat  bitter;  moderately  bitter. 

bitter-king  (bit'er-king),  «.  [<  bitter^  +  king.} 
A  shrub  or  small  tree  of  the  Moluccas,  Soiilii- 
inea  aiiiara,  natural  order  Poli/galaceie,  all  parts 
of  which  are  intensely  bitter  and  are  reputed 
to  possess  antiperiodic  properties. 

bitterling  (bit'er-ling),  n.  [<  bitter  +  -ling'^.'] 
A  cyprinoid  fish,  lihodeus  amnriis,  of  the  fresh 
waters  of  central  EiU'ope.  it  resemliles  a  bream  in 
form,  but  the  anal  tin  is  comparatively  short(witli  12  rays), 
the  lateral  line  is  imperfect,  and  the  female  has  a  long  ex- 
ternal urogenital  tube. 

bitterly  (bit'er-li),  adv.  [<ME.  bitterly,  bitter- 
liclte,  <  AS.  biterlice,  adv.  (<  *biterlic,  adj.,  = 
D.  bltterlijk  =  Icel.  bitrligr  =  Dan.  bitterlig  = 
G.  bitterlich,  adj.),  <  biter  +  -lice:  see  bitter'^,  a., 
and -/f/2.]  In  a  bitter  manner,  (a)  Mournfully; 
sorrowfully  ;  in  a  manner  expressing  poignant  grief  or  re- 
morse. 

And  he  went  out  and  wept  bitterly.  Mat.  xxvi.  75. 

Everybody  knows  how  bitterly  Louis  the  Fourteenth, 
towards  the  close  of  his  life,  lamented  his  former  ex- 
travagance. Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

(b)  In  a  severe  or  harsh  manner ;  sharply  ;  severely ;  an- 
grily :  as,  to  censure  bitterly. 

Tlie  Almighty  hath  dealt  very  bitterly  with  me. 

Kuth  i.  20. 

bitterni  (bit'ein),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bit- 
torn,  bittnrn,  with  irreg.  suffixed  -n ;  earlier 
bitter,  bittor,  bittonr,  bytter,  bitoure,  buttonr, 
bcwtcr,  boter,  biiture,  etc.  (E.  dial,  hitter-bump, 
butter-bump,  Se.  buter,  butter) ;  <  ME.  bitter, 
bitoure,  byttourc,  butturre,  hutor,  biitur,  botore, 
etc.,  =  D.  Flem.  bittoor,  formerly  aX^o  putoor,  < 
OF.  hutor.  mod.  F.  hutor,  =  It.  bittore  (Florio), 
a  bittern,  =  Sp.  bitor,  a  bittern,  also  a  rail 
(bird),  <  ML.  hiitorins,  a  bittern:  (1)  eiTone- 
ously  supposed  by  some  to  be  a  corruption  of 
a  L.  'botiiurus  (whence  the  NL.  liofaurus,  as- 
sumed as  the  name  of  the  genus),  as  if  <  bos,  ox, 
+  taurus,  a  bull,  applied  by  Pliny  to  a  bird  that 


Common  Bittern  {Bo/aurtts  steltar£s). 


bitters 

bellows  like  a  bull;  (2)  also  erroneously  iden- 
tified bj'  some  with  ML.  bitorins,  liiturius, 
whidi,  with  a  var.  pintorus,  is  explained  in 
AS.  glosses  by 
icrenna,  wrwn- 
na  (>  E.  irren), 
and  once  by 
erdling  (>  E. 
arliiig) ;  but 
(3)  prob.  a  var. 
of  L.  butio(n-) 
(>  Pg.  bittio), 
a  bittern  —  a 
word  supposed 
to  be  of  imita- 
tive origin,  re- 
lated to  bubere, 
cry  like  a  bit- 
tern, bubo,  an 
owl,  etc.  Cf. 
the  equiv.  E. 
dial.  butter- 
bump,  Sc.  mire- 
drum,  E.  dial. 
bug-bull, F.ta  11- 
reuu  d'etang, 
'bidl  of  the 
swamp,'  buuf 
de  marais,  G. 
moosochse,  '  ox 
of  the  marsh,'  etc. ;  and  see  boovi'^,  bump",  bidl^, 
bawU,  bellow,  ftc.'i  1.  A  European  wading  bird, 
of  the  family  Ardcida:  and  subfamily  Botauri- 
nw  ;  the  Botaurus  stellaris,  a  kind  of  heron,  it 
is  about  2  feet  long,  is  speckled,  mottled,  and  freckled 
with  several  shades  of  blackish-brown,  buff,  etc.,  lives 
solitary  in  bogs  and  morasses,  has  a  hollow  guttural  cry, 
and  nests  usually  on  the  ground. 

As  a  hitore  bumbleth  in  the  mire. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Baths  Tale,  1.  116. 
Wliere  hawks,  sea-owls,  and  long-tongned  bittoura  bred. 

Chapman. 
2.  Any  heron  of  the  subfamily  Botaurince.  The 
American  bittern  is  Botaurus  inuiiitaiu!  or  B.  lentiyino- 
sus.  The  very  small  rail-like  herons  of  the  genera  Ar- 
delta,  Ardeola-,  etc.,  are  called  little  or  least  bitterns ;  the 
European  species  is  Ardetta  ininuta,:  the  North  American, 
A.  exilis  ;  and  there  are  others.  The  tifier  Intterns  are 
beautifully  striped  species  of  the  genus  tigri^oina,  as  T. 
brwiiliensis. 
bittern^  (bit'em),  n.  [Appar.  a  dial,  form 
(through  *bitteriu)  of  bittering,  <  bitter^  -(- 
-!«irl.]  1.  In  salt-works,  the  brine  remaining 
after  the  salt  is  concreted.  This,  after  being  ladled 
off  and  the  salt  taken  out  of  the  pan,  is  returned,  and, 
being  again  boiled,  yields  more  salt.  It  is  used  in  the 
preparation  of  F.psoin  salt  (the  sulphate  of  magnesia)  and 
Glauber  salt  {the  sulphate  of  soda),  and  contains  also 
chloiid  of  magnesium,  and  iodine  and  bromine. 
2.  Avery  bitter  compoimdof  quassia,  cocculus 
indicus,  licorice,  tobacco,  etc.,  used  for  adul- 
terating beer.  Also  called  bittering. 
bitterness  (bit'er-nes),  H.  [<  ME.  hitternesse, 
biternesse,  <  AS.  hiternys,  <  biter  +  -nys :  see  bit- 
ter'^, a.,  and  -ness.~i  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing bitter,  in  any  of  the  senses  of  that  word. 

She  was  in  bittcriuss  of  soul.  1  Sam.  i.  10. 

Shall  we  be  thus  afflicted  in  his  wreaks, 
His  tits,  his  frenzy,  and  his  bitterness  / 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  i. 

The  bitterness  and  animosity  between  the  commanders 
was  such  thjit  a  great  pai't  of  the  army  was  marched. 

Clarendon. 

The  bitterness  of  anger.  Longfellow. 

In  the  gall  of  bitterness,  in  a  state  of  extreme  impiety 
or  cmiiity  to  (io,i.  Ait,-  viii.  23.— Root  Of  blttemess, 
^  danucruns  error  or  i^cliism  tending  to  draw  perstins  to 
apostasy.  Heb.  xii.  15.  =SyB.  Acrimony,  Asperity,  Harsh- 
iiess,  etc.  (see  acrimony),  spite,  ill  will,  malignity,  heart- 
burning ;  grief,  distress,  heaviness. 

bitternut  (bit'er-nut),  n.  The  swamp-hickory 
of  the  United  States,  Carya  ainara.  Its  nuts 
are  very  tliin-shelled,  with  an  intenselj'  bitter 
kernel. 

bitter-root  (bit'er-rot),  m.  1.  The  big-root,  Me- 
garrhi^a  Californiea .—2.  The  Leirisia  rediviva, 
a  plant  which  gives  its  name  to  the  Bitter  Root 
mountains  lying  between  Idaho  and  Montana. 
—  3.  Dogbane,  Jpocynuin  androswniifoliuin. 

bitters  (bit'erz),  n.  pi.  [PI.  of  bittei-l,  «.]  1. 
Bitter  medicines  generall}-,  as  cinchona,  qui- 
nine, etc. — 2.  Specifically,  a  liquor  (general- 
ly a  spirituous  liquor)  in  which  bitter  herbs 
or  roots  are  steeped.  Bitters  are  employed 
as  stomachics,  anthelminthics,  and  in  vari- 
ous other  ways — Angostura  bitters,  a  bitter  ti.nic, 
nmeh  used  in  the  West  Indies  as  a  preventive  against  ma- 
larial fevers  and  the  like.  t^Jrigiually  made  at  .\ngosttn-a 
or  Cindad  Bolivar,  a  city  in  Venezuela,  it  is  now  ntade 
also  at  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad.— Prairie  bitters,  a 
beverage  common  among  the  hunters  anil  mountaineers 
of  western  America,  made  with  a  pint  of  water  and  a 
(juarter  of  a  gill  of  butfalo-gall.  It  is  considered  by  them 
an  excellent  medicine. 


bitter-salt 

bitter-salt  (bit'6r-salt),  n.   [<  bitter'^  +  salt,  n. ; 

=  H.  Iiittcr.sdl:  =  D.  Intter:nut.~\     Epsom  salt; 

raatJiii'sium  .siilplmtc. 
bittersgall   (bit'erz-gal).    n.     An   old   English 

name  lor  the  fruit   of  tho  wild  crab,   J'yriis 

millllf:.  , 

bitter-spar    (bit'or-spiir),    >i.       Rhomb-spar,   a 

miiirraf  cry.stalliziiif;  in  rhombohcilrons.     It  is 

the  same  as  dolomite,  or  earbouato  of  caleium 

and  maf,'ncsiuiii. 

bitter-stem,  bitter-stick  (bit'^r-stem.  -stick), 

n.  The  eliiretta  of  India,  OphclUi  ('hirata,  a 
gentianaeeous  plant  furnishing  a  valuable  bit- 
ter tduie. 
bitter-sweet  (bit'6r-swet),  a.  and  v.  I.  o. 
Unitinj,'  bitterness  and  sweetness;  pleasant 
and  painful  at  the  same  time. 

One  liy  one  the  frosli-stirreil  memories, 
So  bU'ter-KWe'^l,  Hickered  iiiiil  died  iiway. 

WilUain  Mi:n-i.i,  ICartldy  Paradise,  I.  139. 

II.  «.  That  which  is  both  bitter  and  sweet: 
as,  the  bitter-sweet  of  life. 

I  have  known  some  few, 
And  read  of  more,  who  have  had  their  dose,  and  deep, 
Of  those  sliarp  bitter-siveeU. 

B.  Joiuion,  .Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 

bittersweet   (bit'er-swet),  n.      1.    The  woody 

niirhlsluide,  Solamim  Dulcamara,  a  trailing 
plant,  native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  natural- 
ized in  the  United  States,     its  root  and  Ijranehes 


569 

vent  the  chain  from  jumping  olT  while  veering. 
See  cut  under  hitt-iitujijiir. 
bitt-stopper  (bit'stop'i'T),  ».     Xaut.,  a  rope  or 


Flowering  lir.inch  of  the  Climbinp  Bittersweet  {Cetastrus  scan- 
4/«/J!.  will,  frviit  and  flower  on  larjrer  sc.ile.  1  From  Gray's  " Genera 
of  the  Plants  of  the  United  States."  J 

wllen  chewed  produce  first  a  bitter,  tlicn  a  sweet  taste; 
tliey  liuve  lung  Iieen  used  as  a  remedy  in  various  siiin-dis- 
eases.  Its  small  scarlet  berries,  resemblinK  red  currants, 
though  not  abscjlutely  poisonous,  are  not  wholesome.  The 
skruhbii,  faltfe,  or  ditnbiiut  hitti'rmct'ft  of  the  I'nited  States 
is  the  Ct'iai^tnts  scaiu/fns,  also  known  as  the  stajT-tree. 
2.   Same  as  bittir-sireetiiif/. 

bitter-sweetingt  (bit'er-swe"ting),  n.  Avariety 
of  apple. 

Tliy  wit  is  a  very  bitter  sweeting.     Shak.,  R.  and  .T.,  ii.  4. 

bitter-vetch,  (bit'er-vech),  n.  A  name  popu- 
larly applied  to  two  kiuds  of  leguminous  i)lauts : 
(a)  to  Eri'um  Ervilia,  a  lentil  crdtivated  for 
fodder;  and  (6)  to  all  the  species  of  the  genus 
Orobus,  now  included  in  the  genus  Lathijrns. 
Coiumon  bitter-vetch  is  L.  macrorrhi:m. 

bitter-weed  (bit'er-wed),  «.  A  name  given  to 
American  species  of  ragweed.  Ambrosia  urtc- 
misiiifiilin  and  A.  trijitlii. 

bitter-wood  (bit'er-wiid),  n.  1.  The  timber  of 
Xylopia  (jlabra,  and  other  species  of  the  same 
genus.  All  of  them  are  noted  for  the  extreme 
bitternessof  their  wood. — 2.  A  name  applicil  to 
the  quassia  woods  of  commerce,  the  West  Indian 
Pieriena  excelsa  and  the  Surinam  Quassia  tniia- 

ru.     See  quassia wute  bitter-wood,  of  Jamaica, 

a  meliaceous  tree,  Tricfiilin  spuwiiiiiiirs. 

bitterwort  (bit'er-wert),  u.  Yellow  gentian, 
Gentiaiia  lutea,  and  some  other  species:  so 
called  from  their  remarkably  bitter  taste. 

bitt-head  (bit'hed),  «.  Xaut.,  the  upper  part 
of  a  liitt. 

bitting-harness  (bit'ing-har"nes),  n.  A  har- 
ni'^s  used  in  training  colts. 

bitting-rigging  (bit'ing-rig"ing),  II.  A  bridle, 
surcingle,  back-strap,  and  cru]>per  placed  on 
young  horses  to  give  them  a  good  carriage. 

bittle  (bit'l),  «.  A  Scotch  and  EngUsh  dia- 
lectal form  of  beetle'^. 

bittlin  ( liit'lin),  H.  [E.  dial. ;  perhaps  for  *bit- 
tliiKj.  <  bill,  bif-i  (=  buttS)  +  dim.  -H«</.]  A 
milk-bowl.     Grose. 

bittock  (bit'ok),  n.  [<  hit"  +  dim.  -ock.'i  A 
little  bit ;  a  short  distance.     Seott;  Mrs.  Gore. 

[Seoteh.] 

bittort,  bittourt,  n.   Obsolete  forms  of  i/iteCHl. 

bitt-pin  ^bit'pin),  «.     Xaut.,  a  large  iron  pin 

placed  in  the  head  of  the  cable-bitts  to  ijre- 


Bitt  and  Bitt-stoppct  on  Chain-cable,    a,  bitt-pin. 

chain  stopper  made  fast  to  the  bitts,  and  used 

to  hold  a  ealile  while  bitting  or  unbitting  it. 

bituberculate,  bituberculated  (iii-tti-ijir'kii- 
lat,  -la-teil),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  tuljercidate.i  In  cu- 
tom.,  having  two  tubercles  or  small  blimt  ele- 
vations. 

bitumet  (bi-ttim'),  n.  [<  F.  bilume,  <  L.  bi- 
tnmiu  :  aci^  bitu>Meu.'\  Bitumen:  as,  " hellebore 
and  black  bitumc,"  May. 

bitume  (l)i-tuni'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bitumcd, 
ppr.  bitumiiKj.  [<  bitume,  «.]  To  cover  or  be- 
smear with  Vutumen;  bituminate. 

We  have  a  chest  beneath  the  hatches,  caulked  and  fef- 
turned.  Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  1. 

The  basket  of  bulrushes  for  the  infant  Moses,  when 
tlioroughly  liitumfti,  was  well  adapted  to  the  purpose  for 
wliich  it  was  made.  li'.  M .  Ttttnnsiui.  l.anii  and  liook. 

bitumen  (bi-ti\'men),  //.  [Early  moil.  E.  also 
bittumen,  bitumen  (also  bitume,  bitume,  bctune : 
see  bitume)  =  F.  bitume  =  Pr.  lielum  =  Sp.  betun 
=  Pg.  brtume  =  It.  bitume,  <  L.  bilumen.']  The 
name  given  by  Latin  writers,  especially  by 
Pliny,  to  various  forms  of  hydrocarbons  now 
includeil  under  the  names  otasphaltum,  maltha, 
and  petroleum  (see  these  words).  Bitumen,  as  used 
by  artists,  is  a  mixture  of  aspluittnni  witli  a  dryiiit.'-oil.  It 
produces  a  rich  brown  transparent  surface,  lnU  is  liable  to 
crack  and  Idacken.— Bitumen  process,  in  ;'/">'",'/■,  »" 
early  methocl  of  produtdng  pictures  restini;  tipoii  the  prop- 
erty of  sensitiveness  to  lijiht  possessed  liy  asphaltum  or 
bitumen  of  .ludxa.  The  process  has  receivetl  a  modern 
application  in  some  systems  of  photo-engraving.  ,Sec 
ptiiilniirnp/nr,  and  GiWt  prncesif,  under  ptioto-engraving. 
—  Elastic  bitumen.    See  elaterite. 

bituminate  (bi-tu'mi-nat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
tiitiimiuateil,  ppr.  bituminating.  [<  L.  bitumi- 
7iatus,  pp.  of  bituminare,  impregnate  with  bitu- 
men, <  bitumen  (bitumiu-),  bitumen.]  1.  To 
cement  with  bitumen. 

Bltuminatrd  walls  of  Babylon.  Feltliam,  Resolves,  i.  46. 
2.  To  impregnate  with  bitumen. 

bituminiferoUS  (bi-tu-mi-nif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L. 
bitumen,  bitumen,  +  J'erre  ="E.  bear^."]  Pro- 
ducing bitumen. 

The  hittnnini/eroits  substance  known  as  bofrhead  ran- 
nd  (i-oall.  W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  1,137. 

bituminization  (bi-tii  "mi-ni-zii'shon),  II.  [<  bi- 
ti(miui:r  +  -ation.']  The  transformation  of  or- 
ganic matters  into  bitumen,  as  the  cimversion 
of  wood  by  natm'al  processes  into  several  va- 
rieties (if  coal.     Also  spelled  bituminisation. 

bituminize  (bi-tii'mi-niz),  r.  (. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bitumini:e(l,  ppr.  bitutninizinei.  [<  bitumen  {bi- 
tumiu-) -t-  -(-re.]  To  form  into  or  impregnate 
with  bitumen.     Also  spelled  bitnminisc. 

bituminous  (bi-tu'mi-nus),  a.  [=  F.  bitumi- 
nenx,  <  L.  Iiituminosiis,  <  bitutncn  {hitumin-),hitu- 
raen.]  1.  Of  the  nature  of  or  resembling  bitu- 
men.—  2.  Containing  bitimaen,  or  made  up  in 
part  of  the  hydrocarbons  which  form  asphal- 
tum, maltha,  and  petroleum.  Hee  jietroleum. 
Near  that  hitunu)uni.t  lake  where  Sodmn  tlamed. 

Mill.M.  1'.  I,.,  X.  662. 

Bituminous  cement,  or  bituminous  mastic,  a  cement 
or  mastic  in  wliicb  bitunicn.  csiici-i.illy  in  tlic  form  of  Jis- 
phalt,  is  the  most  inijiortaiit  iiiu'rcdicnt ;  it  is  Used  fur  roofs, 
paveiiiciits, .  isterns.  etc.  — Bituminous  coal,  soft  coal,  or 
coal  which  burns  with  a  bright-yellow  flanie.  Soft  coal, 
semitiitiiminous  coal,  and  hard  coal,  or  anthracite,  are  the 
tlirec  most  important  varieties  of  coal.  See  coir^  — Bitu- 
minous limestone,  limestone  containing  bitiuniii.nis 
matter.  It  is  of  a  brown  or  black  co]..r.  and  wln-n  rulitn-d 
emits  an  unpieasant  odor.  That  of  Dalmatia  is  so  charged 
with  liituiiii  11  that  it  maybe  cut  like  soap.— Bituminous 
shale,  "!■  bituminous  schist,  an  argillaceous  shale  much 
impivgiiatcd  with  bitunieii,  and  veiy  common  in  various 
geological  f<irmations,  especially  in  the  Devonian  and 
Lower  Silurian.  Before  the  discovery  of  petroleum  in 
Pemisylvania  it  was  worked  to  some  extent  for  the  jum- 
duction  of  jiarallin  and  other  useful  products.— Bitiunl- 
nous  springs,  springs  impregnated  with  petroleum, 
iialililha.  etc. 

biunguiculate  (bi-ung-gwik'u-lat),  a.  [<  bi-" 
-\-  iiniiiiieubite.j  Having  two  claws,  or  two 
]iarts  likened  to  claws;  doubly  hooketl. 

biunity  (bi-u'ni-ti),  n.  [<  bi--  -\-  unity.'\  Tlio 
state  or  mode  of  being  two  in  one,  as  trinity 
is. the  state  of  being  three  in  one. 


Bivalve  Shell  of  Cyfherfa  chione. 
A,  right  valve ;  ^,  left  valve  ;  C,  dors.il  mar- 
pin  ;  D,  ventral  margin ;  E,  anterior  side  or 
front  margin;  y^.  posterior  side  or  hinder  mar- 
gin :  G,  umbo ;  H,  hinge  and  hinge-teeth  ;  o. 
cardinal  tooth  ;  x,  x,  lateral  teeth  :  7,  ligament, 
ligament  pit  or  groove  ;  y,  luniilc :  A',  anterior 
muscular  impression  :  /,,  posterior  muscular  im- 
pression; .1/,  pallial  impression  ;  A',  abdomin.al 
impression  ;  O,  paUiat  sinus- 


bivious 

biuret  (Wu-ret),  n.     [<  bi-'  -t-  urea:  see  -uret.'\ 

A  compound  ((".iHr.Njt  J.i -t-  H.jO)  formed  by 
exposing  urea  to  a  liigli  teni)ierature  for  a  long 
time.  It  forms  crystals  readily  soluble  in  water 
and  aletihol. 

bivalence  (bi'va-  or  biv'a-lens),  n.      In  chem., 
a  valence  or  saturating  pow'er  which  is  double 
that  of  tlie  hydrogen  atom, 
bivalency   (bi'va-  or  biv'a-len-si),  n.      Same 

as  hiraletire. 
bivalent  (bi'va-  or  biv'a-lent),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-, 
-(-  valen(t-)s,  liaving  power.  C'f.  efiuiralent.] 
In  ehem.,  applied  to  an  element  an  atom  of 
which  can  re]>lace  two  atoms  of  hydrogen  or 
other  univalent  element,  or  to  a  radical  which 
has  tlie  same  valence  as  a  bivalent  atom,  ihus, 
calcium  in  its  chlorid,  CaCU,  replaces  two  atoms  of  hydrii- 
gen  in  hydrochloric  acid,  IK'l ;  the  bivalent  radical  methy- 
Icn,  t'H.j,  in  its  chlorid,  <'lI-_.('lo,  shows  the  same  valence. 
bivalve  (In'valv),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  biralre,  <  L. 
/((-,  two-,  +  ralrei,  door,  in  mod.  sense  'valve.'] 
I,  n.  1.  Ha\'ing  two  leaves  or  folding  parts: 
as,  a  biralre  speculum. — 2.  In  zoiil.,  having 
two  shells  united  by  a  hinge. — 3.  In  hot.,  hav- 
ing two  valves,  as  a  seed-case. 

II.  w.  If.  pf.  Folding  doors. —  2.  In  ^oo7.,  a 
headless  lamellibranch  moUnsk  whose  shell  has 
two  hinged  valves,  which  are  opened  and  shut 

by  appropri- 
ate muscles : 
opposed  to 
univalve.  In 
rare  cases,  as 
Pholan,  there  are 
also  accessory 
valves  besides 
the  two  principal 
ones.  See  cut 
under  acceftnori/. 
Familiar  exam- 
ples are  the 
oyster,  scallop, 
mussel,  etc- 

These  belong  to 
the  asiphonate 
division  of  bi- 
valves ;  the  clam, 
cob,  cockle,  ra- 
zor-shell, and 
many  othera  are 
siphonate-  The 
piddock  belongs  to  the  genus  Ptinlax.  llle  ship-worm, 
Tereitti,  is  also  technically  a  bivalve.  See  laiiietlihrn/ifli. 
3.  In  hot.,  a  pericarp  in  which  the  seed-case 
opens  or  splits  into  two  parts Equilateral  bi- 
valve. -See  equilateral. 
bivalved  (bi'valvd),  a.  [<  &(-2  -I-  ralved.  Cf. 
biralre.]  Having  two  valves.  Also  birnlrous. 
Bivalvia  (bi-val'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL..  ncut.  pi.  of 
birtilcius,  <  L.  hi-,  two-,  -I-  ralva,  door,  in  mod. 
sense  'valve.'  Cf.  bivalve.]  A  term  formerly 
used  for  all  the  bivalve  shells  or  lamellibran- 
chiate  mollusks,  but  now  superseded  by  the 
class  names  Jcejyhala,  Conchifera,  and  Lamelli- 
branehiata. 
bivalvous  (bi-val'vus),  a.      [<  bivalve  +  -o«s.] 

Same  as  bivalved. 

bivalvular  (bi-val'vu-liir),  a.  [<  bivalve,  after 
ruhuUir.'\  HaWng  two  valves:  said  especial- 
ly of  the  shells  of  certain  mollusks  and  of  the 
seed-vessels  of  certain  plants.  See  biralre. 
bivascular  (bi-vas'kfi-lar),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-, 
-I-  nisculum,  a  small  vessel;  after  lascular.^ 
Having  two  cells,  compartments,  or  vessels. 
bivaulted   (bi'val-ted),  a.     [<  bi--  +  vaulted.'] 

Ha^nng  two  vaults  or  arches. 
biventer  (bi-ven'tt^'r),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-, 
-H  renter,  belly.]     A  muscle  of  the  back  of  the 
neck,  so  called  from  ha\ing  two  fleshy  bellies, 
with  an  intervening  tendinous  portion.  It  is  com- 
monly distinguished  from  other  biventral  or  digastric  mus- 
cles .13  the  biventer  cerm'cis.     It  occurs  in  man,  vaiious 
mammals,  birds,  etc.     Also  calletl  hi!iaster. 
biventral  (bi-ven'tral),  a.     [<  hi--  +  t^entrah] 
Digastric ;    having  two  bellies,  as  a  muscle. 
See  birenter. 
biverb  (bi'vti'rb),  n.     [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  -♦-  verbum, 

word.]     A  name  composed  of  two  words, 
biverbal  (In-ver'bal),  a.     [<  6i-2  -t-  verbal.    Cf. 
birirb.]     lielating  to  two  words;  punning. 

As  some  stories  are  said  to  be  tof>  pood  to  be  true,  it  may 
\vitU  eciual  truth  be  asserted  of  this  biverbal  allusion,  that 
it  is  too  good  to  be  natural.  Lamb,  Popular  Fallacies. 

bivial  (biv'i-al),  a.  [<  L.  bivius  (see  birious) 
-t-  -()/.  Cf.  tiirial.']  1.  Going  In  two  direc- 
tions.—  2.  In  echinoderms.  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  biWum:  as,  tlie  bivial  (posterior)  ambu- 
lacra.   Hu.ele!i. 

bivioust  (biv'"i-us),  a.  [<  L.  ftiri'iw,  having  two 
ways,  <  hi;  two-,  -f-  via  =  E.  way.']  Having 
two  ways,  or  leatling  two  ways. 


liivious  theorems,  and  Jauus-faeed  doctrines- 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Slor., 


ii.  3. 


bivittate  570 

bivittato  (bi-\-it'at),  a.  [<  hi-2  +  rilla  +  -n/rl.]  bizcacha  (bith-kii'cha),  n.     Same  as  viscaclia. 

1.  Ill  hot.,  havinfr  two  vittro  or  oil-tubes:  up-  bizelt,  "■     An  obsolete  form  of  beeel. 

plied  to  the  fruit  of  some  VmhelUfcra:—2.  lu  Bizen  ware.     See  pottery. 

rixV/.,  marked  «-ith  two  longitudinal  stripes.  bizlet,  '••     Same  as  6c.?-/e.  , .      ., 

bivium  (biv'i-um),  H.     [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  Iiniim:  bizmellaht  (biz-mel'ii),  uiterj.    Same  as  bi«tml- 

see  hhious.'i   In  echinoderms,  the  ambulacra  of  lali.  ry  t  o   ^ 

the  two  posterior  arms  or  ravs  taken  together  bizygomatlC  (bi-zi-^p-mat  ik),  a.      [<  fti-^   + 


and  distinguished  from  the  three  anterior  rays 
eoUcotively.  See  trivium,  and  cut  under  6>n- 
taiKjoida. 

Ill  the  fossil  genus  Dysaster  this  separation  of  the  am- 
bulacra into  tiivium  and  bivium  exists  naturally. 

Iluxlfij,  Aiiat.  Invert.,  p.  4&S. 

bivocalized  (bi-v6'kal-5zd),  a.   Placed  between 
two  vowels. 


■tjiiomdlk:}  Pertaining  to  the  two  zygomatic 
arches  :  as,  the  lii:i/(/omatic  breadth. 

bjelkite  (biel'kit),"  «.  [<  Jijeihe  (see  def.)  + 
-(7('-.]  A  variety  of  the  mineral  eosalite  from 
the  Bjolkc  mine,  Nordmark,  Sweden. 

bk.,  bks.     Abbreviations  of  bool;  hooks. 

B.  L.  -Vu  abbreviation  (a)  of  Bachelor  of  Laic  ; 
(Ij)  in  com.,  of  bill  of  lading. 


bivouac  (biv'g-ak),  n.     [Also  bivoiiack,  in  18th  blab^   (blab),   f. ;   pret.  and  pp.  blabbed,  ppr. 
century  occasionally  6i0H«c,  biovac,  bihoiac,  <     '■  "•  "     ^"^     --'--  =-   ^'^~    '  ' 

F.  birouac,  formerly  biouac,  orig.  hicac,  prob.  < 

G.  dial.  (Swiss)  beiwacht,  a  patrol  of  citizens 
added  in  time  of  alarm  or  commotion  to  the 
regular  town  watch  (cf.  G.  beiwachc,  a  keep- 
ing watch),  <  fee/,  =E.  by,  +  *icacht,  G.  icache  = 
E.  icatcli,  H.]  An  encampment  of  soldiere  in  the 
open  air  without  tents,  each  soldier  remaining 
dressed  and  with  his  weapons  by  him ;  hence, 
figm-atively,  a  position  or  situation  of  readi- 
ness for  emergencies,  or  a  situation  demanding 
extreme  watchfulness. 


We  followed  up  our  victory  until  night  overtook  us 
about  two  miles  from  Port  Gibson ;  then  the  troops  went 
into  Oivuuac  for  the  night. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  484. 

In  the  world's  broad  field  of  battle, 

In  the  bivouac  of  Life, 
Be  not  like  dumb,  driven  cattle  ! 

Be  a  hero  in  the  strife ! 

Lonnfellow,  Psalm  of  Life. 


bivouac  (biv'o-ak),  V.  i. 


acked, -ppr.  bivouacking.  [<  birouac,  >i.^  Teen 
camp  in  the  open  air  without  tents  or  cover- 
ing, as  soldiers  on  a  march  or  in  expectation 
of  an  engagement. 

We  passed  on  for  about  half  a  mile  in  advance,  and 
bivouacked  on  some  rising  gi-ound. 

Sir  S.  W.  Baker,  Heai-t  of  Africa,  p.  180. 

The  Chasseurs  Normandie  arrive  dusty,  thirsty,  after  a 
hard  day's  ride,  but  can  find  no  billet-master.  .  .  .  Nor- 
mandie  must  even  bivouac  there  in  its  dust  and  thii-st. 

Carlyle,  i'rench  Kev. 

[Jap.,  =  Chinese  pi-pa,  the 


blabbing.  [In  ME.  only  in  the  freq.  form 
(which  is  preferred  for  such  words ;  cf.  babble, 
gabble,  gabber,  jabber,  etc.),  but  the  derived 
noun  bl'abbe,  a  blab,  telltale,  occurs:  see  blah'^, 
n.,  and  blabber'^,  r.]  I.  trans.  To  utter  or  tell 
in  a  thoughtless  or  unnecessary  manner  (what 
ought  to  be  kept  secret) ;  let  out  (secrets). 
Oh,  that  deliglitful  engine  of  her  thoughts, 
"That  blahb'd  them  with  such  pleasing  eloquence. 

Sliak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 

Yonder  a  vile  physician,  blabbing 
The  case  uf  his  patient. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  .xxvii.  3. 

II.  in  trans.  To  talk  indiscreetly ;  tattle  ;  tell 
tales. 

You're  sure  the  little  milliner  won't  blab  ^ 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

But  letters,  however  carefully  drilled  to  be  circumspect, 
are  sure  to  blab,  and  those  of  Pope  leave  in  the  reader's 
mind  an  unpleasant  feeling  of  circumspection. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  427. 

pret.  and  pp.  birou-  'blabl  (blab),  n.     [<  ME.  blabbe :  see  blab"^,  r.] 


black 

=  Icel.  hick  =  Sw.  black  =  Dan  blo'k,  ink:  see 
btcek) ;  prob.  from  a  verb  repr.  secondarily  by 
D.  Iilakin,  bum,  scorch,  freq.  blakcren,  scorch, 
MLG.  {>G.)blaken,  bum  with  much  smoke,  LG. 
rerbUkkcn,  scorch  as  the  sun  scorches  grain ; 
perhaps akin.toL./^of/rarc,  Qr.if'/.i^tiv.  bum:  see 
flagrant,  flame,  phkgni.  Hence  blatcli.  bleck, 
bletcli,  bleach'^;  but  not  connected,  unless  re- 
motely, with  bleak^,  bleacli^,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  1. 
Possessing  in  the  highest  degree  the  property 
of  absorbing  light ;  reflecting  and  transmitting 
little  or  no  light;  of  the  color  of  .soot  or  coal; 
of  the  darkest  possible  hue;  sable;  optically, 
wholly  destitute  of  color,  or  absolutely  dark, 
whether  from  the  absence  or  from  the  total  ab- 
sorption of  light:  opposed  to  icliite. 


bi'wal  (be'wa),  n. 
Chinese  medlar.] 
Pliotinia  .Taponica 

bi'Wa^  (be'wa),   n 


A  babbler;  a  telltale;  one  who  betrays  secrets, 
or  tells  things  which  ought  to  be  kept  secret. 
Good  merchant,  lay  your  fingers  on  your  mouth  ; 
Be  not  a  blab.  Greene,  James  IV.,  v. 

Excluded 
All  friendship,  and  avoided  as  a  blab. 
The  mark  of  fool  set  on  his  front  I 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  495. 

Show  me  a  very  inquisitive  body,  I'll  show  you  a  blab. 

Sir  E.  L' Estrange. 

blab^t  (blab),  n.     [Another  form  of  bleb,  blob.'] 
..     .  ,  .    .  A  bubble  ;  a  blister ;  a  swelling. 

The  loquat;  the  fruit  of  the  blab^t  (blab),  r.  i.  or  t.     [<  blab",  h.]     To  swell 

out  or  up ;  make  swollen,  as  the  cheeks. 


[Jap.,  =  Chinese  pi-pa,  a 

guitar.]     A  Japanese  musical  instrument  vnih 

four  strings,  resembling  a  flat  mandolin. 
bi'Weekly  (bi-wek'li),  «.  and  adr.     [<  bi-^  -(- 

u-eekh/.]     I.  a.  Occurring  or  appearing  every 

two  weeks :  as,  a  biweekly  magazine.    Sometimes 

erroneously  used  in  place  of  semiweekly ,  for  or  occuning 

twice  in  a  week. 
II.  adr.    Fortnightly. 
bi'Wepet,  »'•     An  obsolete  form  of  beweep. 
Bixaceae  (bik-sa'sf -e),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Bixa,  the 

typical  genus,  -H  -aceie.']      A  natural  order  of 

polypetalous  exogenous  plants,  nearly  related 

to  the    Violacece.      They  are  mostly  shrubs  or  trees, 

natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  and  of  little 

economic  importance.     There  are  about  30  genera,  mostly 

small.      The  most  prominent  species  is  Bixa  Orellana, 

yielding  arnotto.     See  cut  under  anwtto. 
bixin  (bik'sin),  n.     [<  Bixa  +  -rn2.]     1.  The  or- 
ange-coloring principle  (CieH2602)  "^  amotto, 

a  vermilion-red  powder,  insoluble  in  water  or  vi'oVVa^i  c■hlQ'h'(.^^ 

ether,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and  benzol.— 2.   OlaDOer    (.mao  er;, 

A  variety  of  amotto,  ha'ving  from  six  to  ten 

times  the  coloring  power  of  common  arnotto, 

from  quicker  extraction. 
biza,  ".     See  bisa, 

bizardt  (biz'iird),  71.     Same  as  bisarre. 
bizarre  (bi-zar'),  a.  and  n.     [F.  (formerly  also 

bigearre,  bijarre),  strange,  capricious,  formerly 

headlong,  angry,  orig.  valiant,  =  It.  bi:carro, 

irascible,  choleric,  <  Sp.  Pg.  bi::arro,  gallant, 

brave,   valiant,   perhaps  <  Basque   bizarra,   a 

beard;  cf.  Sp.  liombre  de  bigote,  a  man  of  spirit 

{bigote,  mustache).]     I.  a.  Odd;  fanciful;  fan- 
tastical; whimsical;  grotesque 


blabberlf  (blab'er),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  blaberen,  stam- 
mer, talk  without  reason,  blabber,  blab,  =  LG. 
blabbern  =  G.  plappern,  blab,  babble,  =  Dan. 
blabbre,  blabber,  gabble :  imitative  words,  prob. 
in  part  of  independent  origin.  Similar  forms 
of  imitative  origin  are  Sw.  dial,  bladdra,  blaf- 
fra,  prattle,  D.  LG.  G.  blafen  (>  E.  blaff), 
yelp;  OHG.  blabhizon,  MHG."  blep:en,  babble; 
ML.  blaberare,  for  L.  blaterare,  babble ;  Gael. 
blabaran,  a  stammerer,  blabhdach,  babbling, 
plabair,  a  babbler;  E.  blather,  blether"^,  bab- 
ble, etc.]  1.  To  speak  inarticulately;  babble; 
mumble. 

Xow  you  may  see  how  easie  it  is  to  speak  right,  and  not 
to  blabber  like  boors  in  any  speech. 

Wodroephe,  Ft.  and  Eng.  Gram,  (1623),  p.  126. 

2.  To  tell  tales;  blab;  talk  idly.— 3.  To  fib; 
falter.  Skinner. —  4.  To  whistle  to  a  horse. 
Skinner. 

n.     [<  blabber\  r.]     A  tat- 
tler; a  telltale. 

'Tis  fairies'  treasure, 
Which  but  reveal'd,  brings  on  the  blabber's  ruin. 

Massinyer  and  Field,  Fatal  Dowry,  iv.  1. 

blabber^  (blab'er),  a.  [<  ME.  blaber,  hlabyr. 
Cf.  blab^,  bleb,  blob,  blabber,  blubber,  etc.] 
Swollen;  protruding:  as,  blabber-Upped ;  blab- 
ber cheeks. 

blabbering!  (blab'^r-ing),  a.  Inarticulate; 
babbling. 

blabber-lippedt  (blab'er-lipt),  a.  [<  ME.  bla- 
byrUjppcd,  also  blabberlipped :  see  blabber"  and 
blubber-lijiped.']  Having  swollen  or  protruding 
lips ;  blubber-lipped. 


Although  he  was  very  grave  in  his  own  person,  he  loved  blabbing   (blab'ing),  p.  a.      [Ppr.  of  blab^,  r.] 


the  most  bizarr  and  irregular  wits. 

Roger  Sortti,  Life  of  Lord  Guilford,  i.  117. 

Matter  and  Motions  are  ^i^arr  things,  humoursome  and 

capricious  to  excess.  Qentleman  Jnjitructed,  p.  559. 

These  paintings  .  .  .  depended  from  the  walls  not  only 

in  their  main  surfaces,  but  in  very  many  no(»ks  which  tlie 

bizarre  architecture  of  the  chateau  rendered  necessarj'. 

I'ue,  Tales,  I.  386. 

n.  n.  A  variety' of  carnation  in  which  the 
white  ground-color  is  striped  with  two  colors, 
one  darker  than  the  other. 
bizarrerie  (bi-za're-ri),  n.     [<  F.  bizarrerie,  < 
bizarre.']    Bizarre  quality. 


Ha\-ing  the  character  of  a  blab;  talking  indis- 
creetly; tattling:  as,  "the  blabbing  eastern 
scout,"'  Milton,  Comus,  1.  138. 
black  (blak),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  blak,  blek,  bleke, 
<  AS.  bla'c  (in  def.  inflection  blaca,  blace,  some- 
times -nith  long  vowel  bidca,  bidce,  and  thus 
confused  with  bide,  bliec,  ME.  blake,  etc..  shin- 
ing, -o-hite  (see  bleak^,=zOliG.  (in  comp.)  blah, 
blach),  black,  =  (with  appar.  diff.  orig.  suffix) 
Icel.  blakkr,  dark,  dusky,  =  Sw.  black,  grayish, 
dark,  =  Dan.  blak,  dark  (whence  the  noun, 
AS.  bUec  =  MliG.  black,hG,  blak  =  MHG.  black 


I  spy  a  black,  suspicious,  threat'uing  cloud. 

.S'/io*.,  3  Hen.  VI., 


V.  3. 


On  either  hand,  as  far  as  eye  could  see, 
A  great  black  swamp  and  of  an  evil  smell. 

Tennyson,  Holy  GralL 

A  black  body  is  one  which  absorbs  every  ray  which  falls 
on  it.  It  can,  therefore,  neither  reflect  nor  transmit.  .\ 
mass  of  coke  suggests  the  conception  of  such  a  boiiy. 

Tail,  Light,  s  307. 

Hence — 2.  Characterized  by  the  absence  of 
light;  involved  or  enveloped  in  darkness. 

In  the  twilight,  in  the  evening,  in  the  black  and  dark 
night.  Prov.  vu.  9. 

And,  beauty  dead,  black  chaos  comes  again. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  .\donis,  1.  1020. 

3.  Dismal;  gloomy;  sullen  and  forbidding:  as, 
a  black  prospect.-^  4.  Destitute  of  moral  light 
or  goodness;  evil;  wicked;  atrocious:  sta,  black 
deeds. 

"  Thou  art,"  quoth  she,  "  a  sea,  a  sovereign  king. 
And,  lo,  there  falls  into  thy  boundless  flood 
Black  lust,  dishonour,  shame,  misgoverning. " 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  654. 

Duiing  stages  in  which  maintenance  of  authority  is 
most  imperative,  direct  disloyalty  is  considered  the  black- 
est of  crimes.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  532. 

5.  Calamitous;  disastrous;  bringing  ruin  or 
desolation:  as,  6?flcfc  tidings;  6?«cA' Friday. 

Black  tidings  these,  .  .  .  blacker  never  came  to  Xew 
England.         "  Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 

6.  Deadly;   malignant;  baneful:  as,  a  black 

augury. 

Taking  thy  part,  hath  rush'd  aside  the  law, 

And  turned  that  black  word  death  to  banishment. 

Shak.,  E.  an.l  J.,  iii.  3. 

7.  Clouded  with  anger;  frowning;  threaten- 
ing; boding  iU:  as,  6/flcfc  looks. 

She  hath  abated  me  of  half  my  train  ; 

Look'd  black  upon  me ;  struck  me  with  her  tongue. 

.Shak..  Lear,  ii.  4. 

8.  Wearing  black  or  dark  clothing,  armor,  etc. : 
as,  Edward  the  Black  Prince;  black  friars. — 

9.  Stained  -svith  dirt ;  soiled ;  dirty :  as,  black 
hands.  [CoUoq.]— Black  Act,  Black  acts.  Seeacf. 
— Black  amber.  Same  as  jet. — Black  and  lilue,  having 
the  dark  livid  color  of  a  bruise  in  tlie  flesh,  which  is  ac- 
companied with  a  mi.\ture  of  blue.     See  blue  and  blae. 

Mistress  Ford  ...  is  beaten  black  and  blue,  that  you 
cannot  see  a  white  spot  about  her. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  5. 

Black  and  tan,  having  black  hair  upon  the  back,  and 
tan  or  yellowish-brown  upon  the  face,  flanks,  and  legs,  as 
some  dogs :  said  specifically  of  a  kind  of  terrier  dog,  and 
sometimes  used  elliptically  as  a  substantive. 

Consider  the  St.  Bernards  and  the  mastiffs,  the  pugs 
and  the  bull-dogs,  the  black-and-tans  and  the  King  Char- 
lies. Pop.  Sci.  Jlo..  XXVIII.  599. 

Black  antimony,  art,  assembly,  bead-tree,  bear- 
berry.etc.  see  undcrthenouns.— Black  belt, that  region 
of  the  southern  Initrd  States,  comi.risiiii.'  p<'rtMMS  of 
South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Loui- 
siana, in  which  the  ratio  of  the  colored  population  to  the 
white  is  sreatest.— Black  bile.  See  «(ra(;ife.— Black 
bindweed,  book,  canker,  chalk,  death,  etc.  See  the 
nouns.— Black  drink,  a  <icciicti<'ii  of  the  leaves  of  Ilex 
cassine,  used  by  the  Indians  of  the  sontliern  United  States 
as  a  medicine  and  as  a  drink  of  ceremony.— Black  earth. 
See  enrM.— Black  Flags,  bands  of  irregular  sokliei-s  in- 
festing the  upper  valley  of  the  Red  River  in  Toni|Uin. 
They  were  originally  survivors  of  the  Taiping  rebellion  in 
China ;  increased  by  tlie  accession  of  various  adventurers, 
thev  fought  against  the  French  in  their  wars  with  .\nnara, 
about  1873-S5,'—  Black  Friday,  frost,  etc.  See  the  nonns, 
—Black  glass,  a  glass  maile  in  Venice  of  sand,  sulphur,  and 
peroxid  of  manganese.  It  is  of  a  deep-black  color.—  Black 
bagden.  See  /mmfcn.— Black  Hand,  an  anarchistic 
society  in  Spain  composeii  of  members  of  llie  laboring 
classes.  Many  of  its  memtiei-s  in  southern  Spain  were 
arrested  and  imprisoned  in  1S«.  — Black  Harry,  Black 
■Will,  local  names  in  the  I'nited  States  of  the  seabass, 
Centropriste.'i  .A(rriw.— Black   herring.     See   herrin<7. — 

Black  in  the  iaesh,  an  J  waxed  and  black  in  the  grain, 
terms  ajipliedto  skins  curried  on  tlie  inner  and  outer  sides 
respectively.  The  fonner  is  applied  to  the  uppers  of 
men's  shoes,  and  the  latter  of  women's.  —  Black  japan. 
See  ja;)an.— Black  Maria,a  closely  covereii  vehicle,  usu- 
ally pjiinted  black,  used  in  conveying  prisnners  to  and 
from  jail.— Black  martin,  Monday,  naphtha,  ocher, 
etc.  See  the  nouns.- Black  rent,  exactions  formerly 
levied  by  native  chieftains  in  Ireland,  particularly  upon 
districts  where  Englisli  were  settled. 


black 

Besides  tlio  payment  of  Olaclt  mil,  the  commons  of  Ire- 
land wt-re  oppressed  l)v  innunierablo  exac-tiims. 

liaijwcU,  Ireland  uiidt-r  tlie  Tudors. 

Black  rot,  rust.    See  the  nouns.  — Black  silver.    See 

ytcplmitife.  —  Black-spot,  adisease  of  rose-lmshes,  eliarae- 
terized  li.v  dilliise,  dark-eolored  spots  on  the  npper  surface 
of  tile  leaves.  It  is  eansed  by  a  parasitic  fundus,  Antframa 
/;"»■«■.— Black  sugar,  Spanish  licorice.  [Scotch.)  — Black 
tin.  See  fill.  -Black  ware,  i^mucnsbasult  H'«rci\vhicli 
sec,  nn<ler  ^f(.v(i/0.  Black  wltCh.  See  «»/.  [Forannni- 
l>er  of  coniiiounds  witli  Uack  as  their  rtrst  niend)er,  see 
below;  in  many  of  these  cases  it  is  generally  printed  as  a 
se]iarate  word.] 

II.  «.  1.  Black  color;  tho  diirkost  color, 
properly  tho  uegatiou  of  all  color:  tho  opposite 
of  white.  The  darkness  of  this  color  arises  from  the 
circninstance  that  the  substances  composing  or  prodncinil 
it,  lus  in  a  pigment  or  dye,  absorb  all  the  rays  of  li^iht  and 
retlect  none.  In  herahlry  this  hue  or  tincture  is  termed 
sable. 

2.  A  black  dye  or  pigraont:  as,  hlachs  aud 
grays. — 3.  A  black  jiart  of  somethiug,  as  that 
of  the  eye ;  specilically,  the  opening  in  the  iris ; 
the  pupil :  in  opposition  to  the  white. 

Tile  btach  or  sight  of  the  eye.  Sir  K.  Digby, 

4,  Black  clothing,  especially  when  worn  as  a 
si.!;n  of  mourning:  as,  tobein  black:  sometimes 
used  in  tho  plural. 

lie  has  now  put  off 
The  funeral  black  your  rich  heir  wears  with  joy. 
When  lie  pretends  to  weep  for  his  dead  father. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 
Should  I  not  put  on  blacks  when  each  one  here 
Comes  with  his  cypress  and  devotes  a  tear? 

llerricic.  Death  of  H.  Lawes. 

5.  p!.  Funeral  drapery,  consisting  of  hangings 
of  black  cloth.  —  6t.  A  mute;  one  of  the  hired 
moiu'uers  at  a  funeral. 

I  do  pray  ye 
To  give  me  leave  to  live  a  little  longer. 
You  stand  about  me  like  my  lilacks. 

Fletcher,  Mons.  Thomas,  iii.  1. 

7.  A  member  of  one  of  the  dark-colored  races ; 
a  negro  or  other  dark-skinned  person. —  Sf.  One 
with  the  face  blacked  or  disguised;  specifi- 
cally, a  deer-stealer ;  a  poacher. 

The  Waltham  bla^'ks  at  length  committed  such  enormi- 
ties, that  government  was  forced  to  interfere,  with  that 
severe  and  sanguinary  act,  called  the  "Black  .\ct.'* 

Gilbert  WIdte,  Hist,  of  Selborno,  vii. 

9.  A  small  flake  of  soot ;  smut:  usually  plural. 
A  fog  out  of  doors  that  tastes  of  blacks  and  smells  of  de- 
composed frost.  Sir  C,  Young, 

Can  I  help  it  if  the  blacks  will  fly,  and  the  things  must 
be  rinsed  again?  D.  Jcrruld,  Caudle  Lectures,  xvii. 

10.  A  dark  stain  or  smear. — 11.  pi.  Ink  used 
in  copperplate  iirinting,  prepared  from  tho 
charred  husks  of  the  grape  and  the  residue  of 
the  wine-press. — 12.  In  printintj,  any  mark  on 
the  paper  between  the  lines  or  letters  caused 
by  the  rising  of  the  leads,  etc.,  to  the  level  of 

the  type :   commonly  in    the    plural Aniline 

black,  a  color  produced  by  dyers  directly  upon  the  liber 
itself,  by  the  oxidation  of  tho  hydrochlorid  of  aniline  witli 
bichromate  of  pot.ash.  It  is  a  very  permanent  dye.— 
Animal  black.  Same  as  hoiw-hlack. — Brunswick  black. 

Sameas>(/'(JU  ^rC7u,/-(\vliich  .^ee,  under  /'//'/(/().- Chem- 
ical black,  a  color  formerly  obtained  in  dyeing:  cotti-n  by 
boiling  gallnilts  in  l)yndi'„'neiius  acid,  adilin^'  "  nitrate  iif 
iron"  and  Hour.— Chrome-black,  a  cMbir  ],ro.luced  in 
dyeing  cotton  or  wo^d  by  niordantin^'  with  liichrianatc  of 
potash  and  <iyeing  witli  log\vci..d— Common  black,  a 

color  produced  by  dyeing  with  Icgw 1.  suiiiac,  tii^tic, 

and  a  mixture  of  green  and  Iduo  vitii'd.— Copperas- 
black,  a  color  produced  in  dyeing  inferi->i  caipets,  etc., 
by  monlanting  with  a  mixture  of  ferrous  snliiliate  and 
copper  sulphate  and  dyeing  with  logwood. —  Cork-black, 
a  black  obtained  by  bui-iiiiig  cork  in  closed  vessels. — 
Drop-black,  a  better  grade  of  bone-black  groniul  in  wa- 
ter, and  in  this  pasty  state  formed  into  drops  and  dried. 

—  Frankfort  black,  a  pigment  formerly  made  by  burn- 
ing the  lees  of  wine,  liut  now  merely  a  better  grade  of 
bone-black.  Also  called  Gcrinnn  black. —  Gas-black,  a 
species  of  lampblack  obtained  by  burning  natural  gas  in 
small  jets  against  a  revolving  iron  cylinder.  — German 
black.  Same  as  Fraiik/ort  black. —  Hart's  black,  a 
black  made  from  harts'  horns. —  Hydrocarbon  black. 
.Same  as  ims-black.—  Jn  black  and  wbite.  (a)  In  writ- 
ing or  print:  as,  to  put  a  statement  in  blnrk  and  white. 
(d)  In  the  tine  arts,  with  no  colors  but  black  and  white. 
The  terra  is  often  extended  to  include  (as  in  exhibitions 
of  "works  in  black  aud  white")  monochromes  of  any 
sort,  as  .sepia  drawings.- Irou-black,  a  powder  consist- 
ing <d  liiitly  divided  antini'iny  obtaineil  by  precipitating 
it  from  its  'solution  in  an  acid  by  means  of  metallic  zinc. 

—  Logwood-black,  in  diieimj,  a  black  obtainetl  by  mor- 
danting the  cotton  with  a  salt  of  iron  and  then  dyeing 

with  a  decoctii f  logwood.— Mineral  black.    See 

iHuu'ra/.— Plate-black,  a  combination  (,f  lampldaek  and 
bone-black  in  various  jn'oportions,  used  in  plate-printing. 

—  Sedan  black,  an  intense  black  color  produced  by  flret 
dyeing  ciotli  blue  with  woad,  then  washing  it  in  water 
containing  logwood  and  sumac,  and  boiling  it  for  several 
hours  in  a  liiiuor  to  which  a  solution  of  iron  sulphate  is 
added.— Spanish  black,  a  I'bnk  pigment  obtained  from 
bmnitcork. — Vine-black.  Same  as  Otuc-black,  n.,  2,  (.See 
boHc-blaek,  irorij-blaek,  lampblack,  peach-black,  and  plati- 
nuin-blitek.) 

black  (blak),  i'.  [<  ME.  hlriclri).  hiaken  ;  <  hldcl; 
".]  I.  triiin:  1.  To  make  black;  blacken  or  put 
a  black  color  on;  soil;  stain:  as,  to  fc/uci'one's 
hands. — 2.  To  clean  and  polish  (shoes,  etc.)  by 


571 

blacking  and  brushing  them. — 3.  To  blacken; 
stain;  sully;  defame.     [Kare.] 

Thon  blackriist  no  man's  character,  devoured'st  no  man's 
bread.  Sterne,  'I'l'istram  Shandy,  iii.  34. 

To  black  d0Wn(«rtwf.),  to  tar  and  blaek(a  ship's  rigging). 
II.  inlnin.f.  1.  To  become  black;  take  on  a 
blni'k  color. — 2t.  To  poach.  See  black,  «.,  8. 
blackamoor  (blak'a-mor),  n.  [Also  formerly 
blackmoor,  bhickumore,  bltickcmorc,  -moor,  etc., 
Sc.  blackijmorc ;  orig.  aiul  prop,  hlnckmaor, 
black  Moor,  <  black  +  Moor.  The  inserted  a 
is  meaningless  ;  cf .  blackaviscd.']  A  negro ;  a 
black  man  or  woman.  , 

I  care  not  an  she  were  a  black-a-monr. 

Shak.,  T.  andC,  i.  1. 

I  am  sure  I  hated  your  poor  dear  uncle  before  marriage 

as  if  he'd  been  aOlack-a-moar.  Sheridan,  The  Itivals,  i.  2. 

blacka'Vised  (blak'a-visd),  a.  [Sc,  also  hlack- 
ariccit,  blockari:c(l:  <  black  +  F.  ris,  face,  vis- 
age, +  -cd-.  Tho  inserted  a  is  meaningless ; 
cf.  blackamoor.']    Dark-comijlexioned. 

I  would  advise  her  blackaviccd  suitor  to  look  out;  if 
anotlier  comes  with  u  longer  or  clearer  rent-roll,  he's 
<lished.  Charlotte  ilronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xix. 

blackback  (blak'bak),  n.  1.  Tho  great  black- 
backcd  gull,  Lariis  iiiarinus.  Kini/slcy.  Also 
culled  .iaddtc-back,  coffin-carrier,  and  cub. —  2. 
A  local  Irish  name  (about  Belfast)  of  the  com- 
mon flounder. 

blackball  (blak'bal),  n.  1.  A  blacking  com- 
position used  by  shoemakers,  etc.  Also  called 
heel-ball. —  2.  A  name  applied  to  both  the  smut 
and  tho  bunt  of  wheat. — 3.  An  adverse  vote. 
See  blackball,  v.  t. 

blackball  (blak'bal),  v.  t.  To  reject  (as  a  ean- 
didiito  for  election  to  membership  or  ofiioe  in 
any  club,  society,  etc.)  by  placing  black  balls 
in  the  ballot-box ;  excludo  or  defeat  by  ad- 
verse vote ;  also,  simply  to  vote  against.  See 
ballof^,  11.,  3. 

If  you  do  not  tell  me  who  she  is  directly,  you  shall  never 
get  into  Wliite's.    I  will  blackball  you  regularly. 

Disraeli,  Young  Duke,  U.  ii. 

blackballing  (blak'bal-ing),  11.  [Verbal  n.  of 
blackball,  c]  The  act  of  rejecting  or  voting 
against  a  candidate  by  the  use  of  black  balls. 

Y'our  story  of  the  blackballing  amused  me. 

Lamb,  Letter  to  B.Barton. 

blackband  (blak'band),  11.  In  mining  and 
metal.,  a  kind  of  iron  ore,  which  consists  essen- 
tially of  carbonate  of  iron  intimately  mixed 
with  coal.  It  is  a  very  important  ore  of  iron,  esjiecially 
in  Scotland,  where  its  true  nature  was  discovered  about 
the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  Often  called  black- 
band  ironstone. 

black-bass  (blak'bas'),  «.  1.  A  centrarehoid 
American  fish  of  the  genus  Microptcrus.  Tlie  body 
is  oblong;  the  dorsal  lin  is  low,  especially  the  spinous  por- 
tion of  it,  which  is  separated  from  the  soft  part  by  an  eniar- 
gination ;  tlie  anal  lin  is  shorter  than  the  soft  i)art  of  the 
dorsal,  with  three  small  spines ;  and  the  caudal  lin  is  emar- 
ginate.  The  color  is  dark,  and  tlie  clleeks  aiul  opercules 
are  crossed  by  three  dark  obliiiue  stripes.  Two  species  are 
known,  the  large-mouthed  black-bass,  Microjitertw  saluw- 
o/c.v,  extending  from  Canada  and  the  great  lakes  south- 
west into  Texas  and  southeast  into  Florida,  and  the  sniall- 
moutlled  black-bass,  Microptcrus  dolojnicu,  ranging  from 


Small-moutlied  Black-bass  {Microfitertis  dolomieu 


the  great  lakes  southward  to  South  Carolina  and  Arkansas. 
Both  are  highly  esteemed  for  their  game  qualities,  but  the 
small-mouthed"  is  regarded  by  most  anglers  as  superior. 
The  sexes  during  the  breeding  season  consort  in  pairs, 
clear  a  snbeircnlar  spot  near  the  shore  for  a  nest,  and 
guard  the  eggs  till  hatched.  Both  species,  but  esjiecially 
the  small-mouthed,  have  received  the  attention  of  pisci- 
culturists and  been  introduced  into  foreign  countries.  In 
some  parts  oi  the  State  of  New  Y'ork  the  small-mouthed  is 
s|)ecincally  called  the  black-bass  and  the  large-moutheil 
the  Oswego  or  green  bass.  Other  names  given  to  one  or 
bttth  species  are  trortt,  in  the  south,  and,  locally,  chub, 
jumper,  mast-bass,  and  Welshman. 
2.  A  local  name,  along  portions  of  the  Pacific 
coast  of  the  United  States,  of  a  scorptenoid 
fish.  Scbantichthijx  melanoiis,  or  black  rock-fish. 

black-beetle  (blak'bo  tl),  h.  An  English  name 
of  tho  common  cockroach  of  Great  Britain, 
Blalta  (rcriplaneta)  oricntidis,  a  large  black 
orthopterous  insect,  of  the  famnly  Bluttidw.  See 
cut  under  lilattida: 

blackbelly  (blak'bel'i),  n.  A  local  name  in 
Massachusetts  of  a  variety  of  the  alewife, 
Clupca  lernalis. 


black-brush 
blackberry  (bhik'ljir  i).  «.;  pi.  blackberrie.i 
(-iz).  L<  ^IK-  blaklxrije,  blakeberie,  <  AS.  blwc- 
bcric,  lU'op.  xvritten  apart,  bUec  berie,  pi.  blace 
berian  :  see  black  and  ioTi/l.]  1.  The  fruit  of 
those  species  of  Eiibiis  in  which  the  recepta- 
cle becomes  juicy  and  falls  oil  with  the  drupe- 
lets, in  distinction  from  tho  rasiibeny.  The 
principal  Kuroitcan  species  is  Ji.  /rutieosiis.  In  the 
United  States  there  are  several  kinds,  as  the  iiigh  black- 
berry, J(.  cillosujt,  some  varieties  of  wliicli  are  extensively 
cultivated  ;  the  low  blackljerry  or  dewberry,  Ii.  Canaden- 
sis;  the  bush-blackbeiry.  A',  trieialis,  of  the  Southern 
States;  the  running  swanip-blackbeiTy,  Ii.  hisjiidus ;  ami 
the  saud-blackberry.  It.  cnnei.foliiot.  In  Scotland  generally 
called  bramble,  and  in  the  west  of  .Scotland  black-boyd  or 
black-bide. 

2.  In  some  parts  of  England,  the  black  currant, 

Kihi.s'  niiirnin. 

blackberrying(blak'ber''i-ing),  n.  [<  blackberry 
+  -iniji  ;  as  if  from  a  verb  blackberrj/.     See  the 
quot.  from  Chaucer,  below.]    The  gathering  of 
blackberries.  — Go  a  blakebeiyedt,  a  doubtful  phrase 
occurring  once  in  Chaucer  in  the  I'ardoner's  Tale; 
I  rckke  never,  whan  that  beu  beryed. 
Tlumgh  that  her  soules  goii  a  blakebertjed. 
[.Skeat  explains  blakebertjed,  apparently  a  past  participle, 
as  a  verbal  substantive,  and  the  whole  phrase  as  meaning 
"go  a  blackberryiug,"  that  is,  go  where  theyplease.    The 
grammatical  explanation  is  doubtless  correct ;  but  the 
context  seems  to  show  that  the  phrase  is  a  humorous  eu- 
pliemism  for  "go  to  hell."] 

blackbird  (blak'berd),  n.  1.  The  English 
name  of  a  species  of  thrush,  Mcrida  merida, 
Turdus  merula,  or  Mcrula  vulgaris,  common 
throughout  Europe,    it  is  larger  than  the  common  or 


European  lllackbird  i,Mtrula  merula'^. 

song  tlirnsh  ;  the  male  is  wholly  black,  except  the  bill  and 
the  orbits  of  the  eyes,  which  are  yellow;  the  female  is  tlark 
rusty-brown.  The  male  has  a  fine,  rich,  mellow  note,  but 
its  song  has  little  compass  or  variety.  Also  called  mcrla 
and  ouzel. 

2.  In  America,  a  bird  of  the  family  Icteridte 
(which  see).  These  birds  have  no  relation  to  the  Euro- 
pean blackbird,  but  are  nearer  the  old-world  starlings. 
There  are  very  many  species  of  the  family,  to  several  of 
which,  .as  the  bobolink,  the  oriole,  and  the  meadow-lark, 
the  term  blackbird  is  not  specilically  applied.  The  lead- 
ing species  are  the  several  crow-blackbirds,  of  the  genera 
t^uiscalus  and  Seolccophaiius,  and  the  marsh-blackbirds, 
.-igcltvus  and  Xanthocei'halns.  The  common  crow-black- 
bird is  Q.  purintreus  :  the  common  red-winged  marsh- 
blackbird,  .1.  pha'niccus;  the  yellow-headed  blackbird,  -V. 
ictenieephalu--;.     See  cut  under  Agetti'ina: 

3.  In  the  West  Indies,  the  ani,  Crotophaga  ant, 
of  the  family  Cuculida-,  or  cuckoos;  the  sa- 
vanna-blackbird. See  cut  under  ani. — 4.  A 
cant  term  on  tho  coast  of  Africa  for  a  slave. 

blackboard  ( blak' bord),  H.  1.  A  board  painted 
black,  used  iu  schools,  lecture-rooms,  etc., 
for  writing,  drawing,  or  ciphering  with  chalk. 
Hence  —  2.  Any  prepared  surface,  as  of  plaster 
or  slate,  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

blackbonnet  (blak'bon"et),  n.  One  of  the 
names  of  the  reed-bunting.     [Local,  Scotland.] 

blackboy  (blak'boi).  n.  The  common  name 
of  the  Australian  grass-tree,  Xanthorrhtca  iir- 
borea,  etc.,  a  juncaceous  plant  with  a  thick 
blackened  trunk  and  a  terminal  tuft  of  wiry, 
grass-like  leaves.  The  dilferent  species  yield  an 
abundance  of  fragrant  resin,  either  red,  known  as  black- 
bo;/  ifiim.  or  yellow,  called  aearoid  gum, 

blackbreast  (l>lak'brest),  H.  1.  A  name  of  the 
red-backed  sandpiper,  Tringa  alpina,  variety 
nmericana. — 2.  A  local  name  in  the  United 
States  of  the  black-bellied  plover,  Hquatarola 
helretica. 

black-browed  (blak'broud),  a.  Ha\-ing  black 
eyebrows:  gloomy;  dismal;  threatening:  as, 
•'a  black-broiced  gust,"  Drijden. 

black-brush  (blak'brush),  a.  A  term  used  only 
in  the  phrase  black-bru^h  iron  ore,  a  brown 
hematite  or  limonite,  found  in  the  Forest  of 
Dean,  England,  and  used  chiefly  for  making 
tin-plate. 


blackbuT 

"blackbur  (blak'Wr),  ».     A  local  name  in  the 

Uiiitiii  Sliiti's  of  the  plant  drum  stricliim. 

black-burning  (blak'ber'ninj;),  ».  Scandal- 
ous: iisod  only,  in  the  phrase  black-burning 
sliiimv.     [Sootch.] 

blackcap  (blak'kap),  «.  1.  One  who  wears  a 
bhu'k  cap. —  2.  A  name  given  to  various  birds 
having  the  top  of  the  head  black,  (a)  The 
T;m"|n:in  lihuk-tappiMi  walljler,  Si/lfia  alricaiiilla.  (6) 
Tin-  i;iii"ii.:in  titiiioilsf.  Pants  major,  (c)  The  American 
l)huki:i|i|K(l  llv-iiiUiiiTiK  warbler,  Miilml<M-les  imxillus, 
alsl^  nilk-.i  ll'iV».„j\-  bkn-kaip.  (./)  Tile  eilicl<ailee,  I'anis 
atririii'illii.-:.  (!•)  Tlie  l>laLki!ea.iecl  juM,  Lams  rutiliundus. 
3.  The  cattail  reed,  Ti/plia  latijhlifi.—'i.  A  pop- 
ular name  of  the  plant  and  fruit  of  the  black- 
fruited  raspberry,  Kiihita  occidentals,  occurring 
wild  in  many  portions  of  the  United  States,  and 
also  cultivated  iu  several  varieties.  Also  called 
ttiiinlihhirni. —  5.  An  api)le  roasted  until  it  is 
blnek. 

black-capped  (blak'kapt),  a.  Having  black 
on  tlie  top  of  the  head:  applied  to  sundry  birds. 
See  lilach'ap.  2. 

black-cat  (blak'kat),  n.  A  name  of  the  fisher, 
pekan.  or  Pennant's  marten,  MustcJa pcnnanti,  a 
large  blackish  marten  peculiar  to  the  northerly 
parts  of  North  America.  Also  called  black-fox. 
See  oit  \uider  fisher. 

black-cattle  (blak'kaf'l),  n.  Cattle  reared 
for  slau3:liter,  in  distinction  fi'om  dairy-cattle: 
used  without  reference  to  color.  [Great  Britain.] 

blackcoat  (blak'kdt),  ».  1.  One  who  wears  a 
black  coat :  a  common  and  familiar  name  for  a 
clerg}-man,  as  redcoat  is,  in  England,  for  a  sol- 
diei'. — 2.  2^1-  -^  name  given  to  the  German 
reiters,  or  mercenary  troops,  iu  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centm-ies,  from  their  black 
armor  and  dress. 

blackcock  (blak'kok),  n.  The  male  black- 
grouse  or  black-game;  the  heath-cock;  a 
grouse,  Tctrao  tetrix,  or  Lijrurus  tetrix,  of  the 


-^'^"M* 


Blackcock  {jLyrurus  tetrtx). 

family  Tctraonidw,  found  in  many  parts  of  Eu- 
rope. It  is  mostly  lilaek,  with  a  Ijrate  tail.  The  female 
is  called  a  <ira)j  hen,  and  the  young  are  called  poults. 

black-damp  (blak'damp),  «.  Carbon  dioxid 
gas,  which  is  found  in  greater  or  less  quantity 
in  all  collieries,  being  given  off  by  many  coals, 
either  mixed  with  fire-damp,  or  separately,  or 
produced  in  various  other  ways,  as  by  the  ex- 
halations of  the  men,  by  fires,  and  by  explo- 
sions of  fire-damp.     Also  called  choke-damp. 

black-dog  (blak'dog),  H.  1+.  A  bad  shilling  or 
other  base  silver  coin. —  2.  Hypoehondi'ia ;  the 
blues.     [Slang  in  both  senses.] 

black-draught  (blak'draft),  n.  A  popular  pur- 
gative medicine,  consisting  of  an  infusion  of 
senna  with  Epsom  salts. 

black-drop  (blak'drop),  m.  A  liquid  prepara- 
tion of  opium  in  vinegar  or  verjuice.  Also 
called  riiieyar  of  o;HH«i._ Lancaster  black-drop, 
a  solution  of  opium  in  verjuice  with  sugar  and  nutmeg. 
Also  called  Quaker  black-drop.  The  black-drop  of  tlie 
United  States  Pharmacoptcia,  Acetum  opii,  is  similar,  ex- 
cept that  ililute  acetic  acid  is  used. 

black-duck  (blak'duk),  n.  1.  The  black  sco- 
ter, (Kdeiiiia  nigra,  one  of  the  sea-ducks  or 
Fuligitliitw.  See  cut  under  .scoter. — 2.  The 
dusky  duck  of  North  America,  Anas  obscura, 
one  of  the  Anntinw,  or  river-ducks,  and  a  near 
relative  of  the  mallard.  The  male  is  mostly  black- 
ish, with  white  lining  of  the  wings  and  a  violet  speculum  ; 
the  female  is  not  so  dark. 

black-dye  (blak'di),  v.     A  compound  of  oxid 

of  iron  with  gallic  acid  and  tannin. 
blacken  (blak'n),  v.    [ME.  blakncn,  blackonen;  < 
bliick,  a.,  +  -fill.]     I.  intrans.  To  grow  black 
or  dark. 


572 

Air  blackewd,  rolled  the  thunder.  Dryden. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  black  ;  darken. 
The  little  cloud  .  .  .  grew  and  spread,  and  blackeiied 
the  face  of  the  whole  heaven.  South. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  sully ;  make  infamous;  de- 
fame ;  cause  to  api)ear  immoral  or  vile :  as, 
^-iee  blackens  the  character. 

To  this  system  of  literary  monopoly  was  joined  an  un- 
remitting industry  to  blacken  and  discredit  in  every  way 
...  all  those  who  did  not  hold  to  their  faction. 

Burke,  Rev.  iu  France. 

blackener  (blak'ner),  «.     One  who  blackens. 

blackening  (blak'ning),  n.  Any  preparation 
used  to  render  the  surface  of  iron,  leather,  etc., 
black.     See  blacking. 

blackening  (blak'ning),  fl.  Blackish;  approach- 
ing black:  as,  in  lichens,  a  biatorine  exeiple  is 
colored  or  blackening,  but  not  coal-black. 

blacker  (blak'er),  «.  One  who  blacks  or 
blackens. 

black-extract  (blak'eks"trakt),  «.  A  prepara- 
tion from  cocculus  intlieus,  used  in  adulterat- 
ing Itper. 

blackey,  ».     See  blacky. 

blackfin  (blak'fin),  n.  1.  A  local  name  of  the 
smolt  or  yotmg  salmon  of  the  frrst  year. —  2.  A 
local  English  name  of  the  little  weever. —  3.  A 
whiteflsh,  Corcgoini.s  nigri2)innis,  of  the  deep 
waters  of  Lake  Michigan,  conspicuous  by  its 
blackish  fins,  but  otherwise  resembling  a  cisco. 

blackfish  (blak'fish),  «.  [<  black  +  fish.  Cf. 
ML(i.  blacki-isch,  LG.  blakfish,  >  G.  blackfisch, 
inkfish.]  1.  A  name  of  several  fishes,  (a)  A 
local  English  name  of  the  female  salmon  about  the  time  of 
spawning,  (b)  A  name  of  the  tautog,  Tautoera  onitis.  See 
cut  under  tautog.  (c)  A  local  Alaskan  name  of  Dallia 
pectoralis,  a  fish  which  alone  represents  the  suborder 
Xenonii.  See  Dallia.  ((^  A  local  name  in  New  England  of 
the  common  sea-bass,  Centropristi^ .furvus :  also  applied  to 
other  species  of  the  same  genus,  (e)  A  name  of  a  Euro- 
pean scombroid  fish,  Centrolophiis  pomptlus.  (f)  A  lo- 
cal name  in  the  Frith  of  Forth,  .Scotland,  of  the  tadpole- 
tish,  Raniceps  trifurcatus.    Parnell,  Mag.  ZooL  and  Bot., 

1.  104. 

2.  A  name  of  several  delphinoid  cetaceans, 
especially  of  the  genus  Globicephalus.  Also 
called  black-whale. 

black-fisher  (blak'fish'er),  n.  [<  blackfish,  1 
(o),  -1-  -crl.]  A  poacher;  one  who  kills  salmon 
in  close  time.     [Scotch.] 

By  recruiting  one  or  two  latitudinarian  poachers  and 
black-Jiskers,  Mr.  H.  completed  the  quota  of  men  which 
fell  to  the  share  of  Lady  B.  Scott. 

black-flea  (blak'fle),  «.  A  coleopterous  insect 
injurious  to  tui-nips;  the  Haltiea  nemorum  of 
naturalists.     Also  called  turnip-flea. 

black-fly  (blak'fli),  )i.  1.  A  small  dipterous  in- 
sect, ^simiilium  molcstum,  mth  a  black  body 
and  transparent  wings,  aboimding  in  moun- 
tainous and  wooded  parts  of  New  York,  New 
England,  and  northward,  and  exceedingly  an- 
noying to  both  man  and  beast.  It  is  closely 
relateil  to  the  buffalo-gnat.  See  Simulium. — 
2.  The  bean-plant  louse,  Aphis  faba". 

blackfoot  (blak'fut),  n.  1.  A  kind  of  matri- 
monial go-between,  who  in  a  friendly  way  acts 
as  introducer,  and  generally  facilitates  the  ear- 
lier stages  of  courtship.  [Scotch.]  —  2.  [oy.] 
One  of  a  certain  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, the  most  western  division  of  the  Algon- 
kin  stock.  [In  this  sense  the  plural  is  properly 
Blackfnots,  but  commonly  Blackfeet.'] 

black-fox  (Vilak'foks),  n.     Same  as  black-cat. 

black-friar  (blak'fri"ar),  n.  [So  called  from  the 
distinctive  black  gown.  Cf.  gray-friar,  white- 
friar.']     A  friar  of  the  Dominican  order.    Also 

called  a  predicant  or  preaehin^.friar,  and  in  France  Jaco- 
bin.   See  Dnminican.    (Properly  written  as  two  words.] 

black-game  (blak'gam),  n.  See  blackcock  and 
griiKsr. 

black-grass  (blak'gras),  n.  1.  A  dark-colored 
ittsh  (,/»«eH.s  Gerarrft)  of  salt-marshes.  [U.S.] 
— 2.  A  species  of  foxtail  grass,  Alopecurus 
agrestis.     [Eng.] 

blackguard  (blag'ard),  n.  and  a.  [<  black  -1- 
guard.  See  def.]  I.  «.  If.  In  collective  senses 
(properly  as  two  words) :  (o)  The  scullions  and 
lowest  menials  connected  with  a  great  house- 
hold, who  attended  to  the  pots,  coals,  etc.,  and 
looked  after  them  when  the  household  moved 
from  one  place  to  another. 

A  lousy  slave,  that  within  this  twenty  years  rode  with 
the  black  etuard  in  the  duke's  carriage  'niongst  spits  and 
dripping-pans !  }\'ebster.  White  Devil,  i.  2. 

(ft)  A  guard  of  attendants,  black  in  color  of 
the  skin  or  dress,  or  in  character. 

Pelagius,  Celestius,  and  other  like  heretics  of  the  deWls 
black  guard.        Fulke,  Defence  (1683),  x.  386.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

(c)  The  idle  criminal  class ;  vagabonds' gener- 
ally. 


blacking 

How  prevent  your  sons  from  consorting  with  the  black- 
guard? 

A.  Tucker,  Light  of  Nature  (ITftS),  XI.  14;).    (A'.  E.  D.) 

(d)  The  vagabond  children  of  great  to^vns; 
"city  Arabs,"  who  run  en-aiuls,  black  shoes, 
or  do  odd  jobs. —  2.  A  man  of  coarse  and  offen- 
sive manners  and  speech ;  a  fellow  of  low  char- 
acter; a  scamp;  a  scoundrel. 

The  troops  which  he  commandetl  were  the  greatest 
blackguards  on  the  face  of  the  earth. 

C  D.  Yonge,  Life  of  Wellington,  xxvi. 

II.  a.  If.  Belonging  to  the  menials  of  a 
household;  serving;  waiting. 

Let  a  blackguard  boy  be  always  about  the  house  to  send 

on  your  en-ands,  and  go  to  market  for  you  on  rainy  days. 

Swi/t,  Directions  to  Servants,  Coolc 

2.  Of  bad  character ;  \icious ;  vile ;  low ;  worth- 
less :  said  of  persons  aud  things. 

Marking  certain  things  as  low  and  blackguard,  and  cer- 
tain othei-s  as  lawful  and  right.  T.  lluijkex. 

3.  Seun-ilous;  abusive;  befitting  a  blackguard: 
as.  blackguard  language. 

blackguard  (blag'ard),  r.     [<  blackguard,  n.] 

1.  trans.  To  revile  in  scunilous  language. 

I  iiave  been  called  names  and  blackguarded  quite  suffi- 
ciently for  one  sitting.  Thackeray,  Xewconies,  xxix. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  be,  act,  or  talk  Uke  a  black- 
guard ;  behave  riotously. 

And  there  a  batch  o'  wabster  lads, 
Blackguarding  frae  Kilmarnock, 

For  fun  this  day.  Burtis,  Holy  Fair. 

blackguardism  (blag'ard-izm),  «.  [<  black- 
guard -I-  -ism.']  The  conduct  or  language  of  a 
blackguard;  ruffianism. 

This  ignominious  dissoluteness,  or  rather,  if  we  may 
venture  to  designate  it  by  the  only  proper  word,  black- 
guardism, of  feeling  and  manners,  could  not  but  spread 
from  public  to  private  life. 

Macaulay,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

blackguardly  (blag'ard-li),  a.  [<  blackguard 
+  -ly^.]  Characteristic  of  a  blackguard;  ras- 
cally: villainous:  as,  a  blackguardly  hus'mess. 

blackguardry  (blag'iird-ri),  ».  [<  blackguard 
-h  -n/.]  Blackguards  or  scoimdrels  collectively. 
[Rare.] 

black-gum  (blak'gum),  n.  A  North  American 
tree,  yys.^a  multiflora,  40  to  70  feet  high,  bearing 
a  dark-blue  beiTy.  The  wood  is  strong,  tough,  and 
iinweilgeable,  and  is  largely  used  for  the  hubs  of  wheels, 
for  yokes,  etc.     .Also  called  pepperidge  and  sour-gum. 

blackhead  (blak'hed),  n.  1.  A  popular  name 
of  the  scaups  or  sea-ducks  of  the  geuusAithyia: 
as,  the  greater  and  lesser  blackheads,  A.  marila 
and  .J.  affinis.  See  scauj). —  2.  A  local  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  black-headed  min- 
now, or  fathead,  Pimphalcs promelas. 

blackheart  (blak'hiirt),  n.  1.  A  species  of 
cheiTy  of  many  varieties :  so  called  from  the 
fruit  being  somewhat  heart-shaped  and  having 
a  sMn  nearly  black. 

The  uunetted  black-hearts  ripen  dark. 
All  thine,  against  the  garden  wall. 

Tennyson,  The  Blackbird. 

2.  A  wood  obtained  from  British  Guiana,  suit- 
able for  use  in  building  and  iu  furniture-mak- 
ing. 

black-hearted  (blak'har'ted),  a.  Having  a, 
black  or  malignant  heart. 

black-helmet  (blak'hel'met),  n.  A  shell  ob- 
tained from  a  species  of  mollusk,  and  used  by 
cameo-cutters.     ilcElrath,  Com.  Diet. 

black-hole  (blak'hol),  n.  A  dungeon  or  dark 
cell  in  a  prison ;  a  place  of  confinement  for  sol- 
diers ;  any  dismal  place  for  confinement  by 
way  of  punishment. 

There  grew  up  .  .  .  [an  academic]  discipline  of  unlim- 
ited autocracy  upheld  by  rods,  and  ferules,  aud  the  black- 
hole.  //.  Spencer,  Education,  p.  98. 

The  black-hole  of  Calcutta,  the  garrison  strong-room 
or  black-hole  at  Oalcutla,  measuring  about  IS  feet  siinare, 
into  which  146  British  prisoners  were  thrust  at  the  point 
of  the  sword,  by  the  Nawab  Siraj-nd-Daula,  on  .Tune  20, 
17.^6.  The  next  morning  all  but  23  were  dead  from  suffo- 
cation. 

black-horse  (blak'hors),  n.  A  local  name  of 
the  Missouri  sucker,  Cyclejitus  clongatus,  of  the 
family  Vatostomida;. 

blacking  (blak'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n. of  ft?flci-,  i'.] 

1.  A  preparation  for  blacking  boots  aud  shoes, 
usually  made  of  powdered  bone-black,  sperm- 
or  liuseed-oil,  molasses,  soiu'  beer  or  A'inegar, 
oil  of  vitriol,  and  copperas.  Throughout  the  mid- 
dle ages  boots  were  worn  of  the  brown  color  natural  to 
the  leather,  or  of  a  dark-red  color,  not  unlike  the  modem 
Russia  leather.  There  is  mention  of  blacking  jis  early  as 
the  iicginuing  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

2.  In  leather-working,  any  one  of  a  number  of 
preparations  used  in  dyeing  or  staining  leather 
black. —  3.  The  name  given  by  fotmders  to  a 
black  wash,  composed  of  clay,  water,  and  pow- 


Leathern  Ulack-jacks. 


blacking 

dered  cliarcoal,  with  wliieli  cores  and  loam- 
molds  are  coated,  to  give  the  re(iuisite  smooth- 
ness to  tlie  surfaces  wliich  come  into  contact 
with  the  melted  metal — Brass  blacking,  a  lieail- 
blaek  ornuiiiental  surface  forineil  on  linias-w.irk.  It  is 
made  by  pluiiKiii;:  llie  brass  into  a  mixture  of  a  stroiiK  so- 
lutimi  of  nitrate  of  silver  witli  a  scjliition  of  nitrate  of  cop- 
piT,  anil  beating'  it,  after  witlidrawal,  until  the  desired 
dt'plb  of  color  is  obtained. 

blackish  (blak'ish),  a.  [<  black  +  -i.v/il.]  Some- 
what bhick;  moderately  black  or  dark. 

Ui-Kin  to  hi-  IdiH-kisli.  lIMawl,  tr.  of  i'lin.v,  vi.  1!). 

black-jack  (blak'.jak),  K.  1.  A  capacious  drink- 
iiig-ciiji  or  can  formerly 
made  of  waxed  leatlier, 
but  now  of  thin  metal, 
the  outside  being  ja- 
panned black,  e.\cej)t 
the  edge,  which  is  left 
bright,  in  imitation  ul 
the  ancient  leathern 
black-jacks  with  silver 
rims. 

There's  a  Dead-sea  of 
drink  in  the  cellar,  in  which 
goodly  vessels  lie  wrecked ; 
and  in  the  middle  of  this 
deluge  appear  the  tops  of 
flaRons  and  hUu-k-jackn,  like  churches  drowned  in  the 
marshes.  Beau,  ami  Ft.,  Scornful  Lady,  ii.  '1. 

2.  The  ensign  of  a  pirate. — 3.  A  Cornish  miners' 
term  for  the  common  ferruginous  zinc  sulphid, 
of  which  the  mineralogical  name  is  sjihuloite, 
and  the  common  name  hleiidc.  Also  called, /'o/.sc 
galena. — 4.  Caramel  or  burnt  sugar  used  for 
coloring  spirits,  vinegar,  cotTee,  etc. —  5.  A 
trade-name  for  adulterated  butter. —  6.  A  local 
English  name  of  the  coalfish,  I'ollachiiis  vin  iit,: 
—  7.  A  common  name  in  the  United  States  for 
a  species  of  oak,  (,)iwrcii-i  ii'ujra,  and  also,  in  the 
Gulf  States,  for  (,'.  Catcsluvi,  small  trees  of  little 
value  except  for  fuel. —  8.  The  larva  of  a  saw- 
fly,  Athalia  coitiJ'oUa  or  A.  siiiiiarum,  one  of  the 
Tenth rcdiiikia;  destructive  to  turnips.  Also 
called  iiifioer.  J.  O.  Westwood.  [Local  British.] 
— 9.  A  kind  of  hand-weapon  consisting  of  a 
short  elastic  shaft  having  at  one  end  alieavy 
metal  head  cased  in  netting,  leather,  etc. 

black-knot  (blak'not),  M.  1.  Afast  knot:  op- 
jiosed  to  niiiiiiiHj-h-iiot. —  2.  A  species  of  pyre- 
nomycetous  fungus,  Sphecria  mnrbosa,  which  at- 
tacks plum-trees  and  some  varieties  of  cherry, 
forming  large,  black,  knot-like  masses  upon 
the  brunches. 

black-lead  (blak'led'),  ji.     1.  Amorjjhous  gra- 
phite ;  plumbago.    See  graphite.    [Black-lead  is  a 
misnomer,  as  the  mineral  contains  no  lead.] 
2.  A  pencil  made  of  graphite. 

Sir,  I  have  ben  bold  to  note  places  with  my  black-leadc, 
.  .  .  and  peradventure  some  expressions  may  be  advan- 
tageously altered  at  your  leasure. 

Eivlyii,  Letter  to  Jlr.  E.  Thurland. 

blacklead  (blak'led'),  v.  t.  [<  hiack-lead,  «.] 
To  cover  with  plumbago  or. black-lead;  apply 
black-lead  to. 

The  deposit  would  not  spread  o\m- it  black-leaded  surface 
in  the  liquid.  G-  Gure,  Electro-Metall.,  p.  11-. 

Blackleadlng-maclline,  an  apparatus  for  applying  pow- 
dered graphite  to  the  surface  of  wax-molds  previous  to 
coating  them  witli  eujiper. 

blackleg  (blak'leg),  «.  [<  black  +  leij.  The 
allusion  in  def.  3  is  not  clear;  some  suppose 
the  term  was  orig.  api^lied  to  racing  men  who 
wore  black  top-boots.  The  term  black  is  now 
understood  in  an  opprobrious  sense ;  cf.  black- 
guard.'] 1.  A  disease  in  cattle  and  sheep  wliich 
affects  the  legs;  symptomatic  anthrax.  See 
anthrax. — 2.  A  severe  form  of  jiurpura. — 3. 
<_)ne  who  systematically  tries  to  gain  money 
fraudulently  in  connection  with  races,  or  with 
cards,  billiards,  or  other  games;  a  rook;  a 
swindler.  The  term  implies  the  habitual  frequenting 
of  places  wliere  wagers  are  made  and  games  of  chance  are 
played,  ami  the  seeking  of  sulieistcnce  l)y  dishonorable  Ix-t- 
ting,  but  does  not  always  imply  direct  cheating.  Some- 
times contracted  to  let^. 
4.  Same  as  black-nob. 

The  police  were  used  to  watch  the  strikers  or  to  protect 
the  hlack-lefts,  as  those  are  called  who  work  outside  the 
Vnion  movement.  A". ./.  Jltntmi,  Eng.  ll.ad.  Leaders,  p.  33:1. 

blackleglsm  (blak'leg-izm),  )).  [<  blackleg  + 
-i.'<m.]  The  profession  or  practices  of  a  black- 
leg; cheating;  swindling.     Bentlei/'s  Mag. 

black-letter  (blak'let'er\  n.  and  a.  I.  «.  A 
nanie  now  given  to  the  Gothic  or  Old  Kuglish 
letter,  which  was  introduced  into  England  about 
the  middle  of  the  finirteenth  centm-y,  and  was 
the  character  generally  used  in  manuscripts  and 
in  the  first  printed  books.  It  is  still,  with  vari- 
ous modiScations,  in  common  use  in  Germany. 

(Cfiii^  is  btach-tcctcc. 


573 

II.  a.  Written  or  printed  in  black-letter: 
as,  a  black-letter  manuscript  or  book.— Black- 
letter  day,  any  day  in.-^cribed  in  the  ancietit  calendjirs  in 
black-littiT  type,  as  distinguished  from  the  more  impor- 
tant, which  were  entered  in  reil-letter;  hence,  a  holy  day 
of  an  inferior  character  and  dignity  ;  an  inauspicious  day, 
a.s  opposed  to  a  red-letter  or  auspicious  day. 

black-liquor  (blak'lik"or),  n.  A  crude  acetate 
of  iron  prepared  from  scrap-iron  and  crude 
acetic  acid,  very  generally  used  in  dyeing  as  a 
mordant  instead  of  green  copperas. 

black-list  (blak'list),  H.  1.  A  list  of  default- 
ers; specifically  applieil  to  printed  lists  of  in- 
solvents and  bankrupts,  published  ollicially. 
Private  lists,  however,  of  a  more  searching  character,  arc 
furnished  l)y  certain  societies  and  private  individnals  to 
subscriliers.  with  the  view  of  alfording  protection  against 
bad  debts,  frauds,  etc. 

2.  Any  list  of  persons  who  are  for  any  reason 
deemed  olyectionable  by  the  makers  or  users 
of  the  list,  as  for  political  or  social  miscon- 
duct, for  joining  in  or  assisting  a  strike,  etc. — 

3.  Naut.,  a  list  kept  on  board  a  man-of-war  of 
delinquents  to  whom  extra  duty  is  assigned  as 
a  punishment. 

blacklist  (blak'list),  v.  t.     [<  black-list,  h.]     To 

place  on  a  black-list. 
blackly  (blak'li),  adr.     With  a  black  or  dark 

appearance;  darkly;  atrociovisly. 

Lastly  stood  Warre,  in  glittering  arms  yclad, 

With  visage  grim,  sterne  looks,  and  Uuekely  liewed. 

Sackcille,  Ind.  to  Mir.  for  Mags. 

Deeds  so  blackly  grim  and  horrid. 

Feltbam,  Resolves,  ii.  31. 

black-mackt,  "•  [Early  mod.  E. ;  <  black  + 
iiiiiek  (uncertain).]     A  blackbird. 

blackmail  (blak'mal),  «.  [Lit.  black  rent  (cf. 
black  nut,  under  black);  <  black  +  mail,  rent; 
see  ?«oi73.]  1.  A  tribute  of  money,  corn,  cat- 
tle, or  the  like,  anciently  paid,  in  the  north  of 
England  and  in  Scotland,  to  men  who  were  al- 
lied with  robbers,  to  secure  protection  from 
pillage.  Blackmail  wits  levied  in  the  districts  bordering 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland  till  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century. 

Hence  —  2.  Extortion  in  any  mode  by  means 
of  intimidation,  as  the  extortion  of  money  by 
threats  of  accusation  or  exposure,  or  of  unfa- 
vorable criticism  in  the  press.  It  usually  implies 
that  the  payment  is  invohuitary.  and  the  groinid  for  de- 
manding it  unlawfid  or  pretended  and  fraudulent. 
3t.  Rent  paid  in  produce,  or  in  baser  money, 
in  opposition  to  rent  paid  in  silver. 

blackmail  (blak'mal),  r.  t.  [<  blackmail,  n.] 
To  extort  money  or  goods  from,  by  means  of 
intimidation  or  threats  of  injury  of  any  kind, 
as  exposure  of  actual  or  supposed  wrong-doing, 
etc.     See  the  noun. 

black-match  (blak'mach),  n.    Same  as  amadou. 

blackmoort  (blak'mor),  n.  Same  as  blacku- 
mniir.     Ilcaii.  and  Fl. 

black-moss  (blak'mos),  H.  The  Spanish  moss, 
Tillandsia  u.sneoides,  of  the  southern  United 
States :  so  called  from  the  black  fiber  that  re- 
mains after  the  outer  covering  of  the  stem  is 
removed.  It  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  horse- 
hair in  mattresses,  etc. 

blackmouth  (blak 'mouth),  n.  A  foid-mouthed 
person  ;  a  slanderer.     [Rare.] 

blackmouthed  (blak'moutht),  a.  Slanderous; 
calumnious ;  foul-mouthed. 

"Whatever  else  the  most  blaek-moutk'd  atheists  charged 
it  with.  Killingbeck,  Sermons,  p.  lis. 

black-mullet  (blak'mul"et),  n.  A  local  name 
about  Chesapeake  Bay  of  a  scirenoid  fish,  Men- 
ticirriis  nebulo.<iUS.     See  cut  under  kingfish. 

black-neb  (blak'neb),  n.  1.  A  name  of  the 
carrion-crow. —  2t.  A  jiersou  accused  of  sympa- 
thy with  the  principles  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion; a  democrat.     [Scotch.] 

Little  did  I  imagine  that  I  was  giving  cause  for  many  to 
think  me  an  enemy  to  tlie  king  and  govermuent.  But  so 
it  w.as.  Many  of  the  heritors  considered  me  a  black-neb, 
though  T  knew  it  not.     Gait,  Amials  of  the  Parish,  p.  269. 

blackness   (blak'nes),   H.     [<  black  ■¥  -ness.'] 

1.  Tlie  quality  of  being  black;   black  color; 

darkness. 

His  faults,  in  him,  seem  as  the  spots  of  heaven. 
More  fiery  by  night's  blacknene.    Shak.,  A.  andC,  i.  4. 

BlackJicjiS  as  a  solid  wall.  Tenni/son,  Palace  of  Art. 

2.  Moral  darkness;  atrocity  or  enormity  in 
wickedness. 

O'er  a  world  of  light  and  beauty 
Fell  the  blackness  of  his  crime. 

\yiiiUier,  Slave  Ship. 

black-nob  (lilak'nob),  n.  An  opprobrious  name 
given  in  England  by  trades-unionists  to  a  work- 
man who  is  not  a  member  of  a  trades-imion ;  a 
knobstick.     Also  called  blackleg. 


black-snake 

Reports  were  submittt'd  front  the  various  works,  which 
showed  that  all  Uie  men  enqiloyed  Ity  the  iron  coinpaoie» 
were  on  strike,  with  the  exception  of  si.x  blark-nobn. 

Scotsman  (newspaper). 

black-peopled  (blak'pe*pld),  a.  Inhabited  by 
lilai-k  persons;  as,  '^ bla<:k-jieu2)lcd emiAve,"  San- 
diiK.  Christ's  Passion. 

black-pigment  (blak'pig"ment),  H.  A  fine, 
liglit,  i-nrlionacoous  substance,  or  lamjddack, 
prepared  chiefly  for  the  manufacture  of  printers' 
ink.  It  is  obtained  by  burning  common  coal-tar. 

black-plate  (blak'plat),  «.  Sheet-iron  plate 
IjrI'oro  it  is  tinned. 

black-pot  (blak 'pot),  II.  It.  A  beer-mug; 
hence,  a  toper. —  2.  The  name  given  in  Eng- 
lish to  a  variety  of  crockery  made  in  Denmark. 
It  is  exi)osed  while  burning  to  a  very  strong  and  dense 
smoke,  which  penetrates  its  substance  and  answers  the 
purpose  of  glazing.    Such  pots  are  cheap  and  wholesome 

I kiii-j-vosrls,  having  none  of  the  inconveniences  of 

lf:id-lu/..l  Uiire. 

black-pudding  (blak'pud"ing),  «.  A  kind  of 
sausage  made  of  Idood  and  suet,  seasoned  with 
salt,  pepper,  onions,  etc.,  sometimes  with  the 
adiiition  of  a  little  oatmeal.    .Also  called  blood- 

iinddinf/. 
ack-quarter  (blak'kwar''t6r),  n.     [<  black  -t- 
qimrtcr,  the  shoidiler.]     A  disease  in  animals; 
syniptiimntic  anthrax.     See  anthrax. 

black-rod  (blak'rod),  n.  In  England,  the  usher 
bi'lougitig  to  the  order  of  the  Garter,  more 
fully  styled  gentleman  usher  of  tlie  black  rod: 
so  called  from  the  black  rod  whitdi  he  carries. 
He  is  of  the  kitig's  chamber  and  usher  of  Parliament.  His 
deputy  is  styled  the  yeoman  usher.  They  are  the  otilcial 
messengers  of  the  House  of  Lords ;  and  either  the  gentle- 
man or  the  yeoman  usher  sinnmons  the  Commtms  to  the 
House  of  Lords  when  the  royal  assent  is  given  to  bills, 
and  also  executes  orders  for  the  commitment  of  persons 
guilty  of  breach  of  privilege  and  contempt.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  similar  functionaries  in  the  legislatures  of 
the  Dominion  of  Can.ada  and  other  British  colonies. 

black-root  (blak'riit),  n.  1.  Culver's  root  or 
(Culver's  physic,  Veronica  Virginicn. —  2.  I'tero- 
caulon  pi/cnostachi/um,  a  perennial  herbaceous 
composite  plant  of  the  pine-barrens  of  the 
soutliern  United  States. 

black-salter  (blak'siil' t('r),  n.  One  who  makes 
blai-k-s:ills. 

black-salts  (blak'salts),  )(.  ]il.  Wood-ashes 
after  they  have  been"  lixiviated  and  the  so- 
lution has  been  evaporated  until  the  mass  has 
become  blnck.      [U.  S.] 

black-sampson  (blak'samp'son),  H.  A  popu- 
lar name  in  the  United  States  for  the  species 
of  Echinacea,  the  thick  black  roots  of  which 
were  formerly  supposed  to  have  powert'ul  me- 
dicinal virtues. 

blackseed  (blak'sed),  n.  The  nonesuch,  Mcdi- 
cago  lupulina :  so  called  from  its  black,  seed- 
like pods. 

black-shell  (blak'shel),  m.  A  univalve  shell 
of  the  family  Haliotidte,  inhabiting  the  Pacific 
ocean.     See  extract. 

The  black-shell ...  is  so  called  because,  when  polished, 
it  throws  out  a  very  *Iark  shade,  ftd).  however,  of  beauti- 
ful raiidtow  tints  ex(iuisitelv  blended. 

M.  S.  Lowell,  British  Edible  Mollusea,  p.  182. 

blacksize  (blak'siz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  black- 
si^ed,  pjir.  blaeksi^ing.  In  leather-working,  to 
cover  with  a  coat  of  stiff  size  and  tallow.  The 
size  is  laid  on  witli  a  soft  brush  or  sponge,  and  the  leather 
is  then  well  ruhbed  with  a  glass  slicker,  after  which  it 
receives  a  final  gloss  from  a  little  thin  size  applied  with  a 
sponge. 

blacksmith  (blak'smith),  ».  [<  late  ME.  blnck- 
.tmith.  <  black  (in  ref.  to  iron  or  black  metal) 
-)-  s-mith.  Cf.  whitesmith.']  1.  A  smith  who 
works  in  iron  and  makes  iron  utensils ;  an 
ironsmith ;  especially,  in  the  United  States,  one 
who  makes  horseshoes  and  shoes  horses. — 2. 
[A  translation  of  a  native  name.]  In  ornith., 
a  name  of  the  bare-necked  bell-bird  of  Bra- 
zil, Chastnorhynchiis  nudieollis. —  3.  In  ichth.,  a 
pomacentroid  fish.  Clironiis  punctipinnis.  hav- 
ing conical  teeth  in  two  or  more  rows  in  each 
jaw,  a  blackish  color  with  violet  luster  above 
relieved  by  greenish  edgings  of  some  of  the 
scales,  and  bhnsh-blaek  fins  with  small  brown 
spots.  It  is  not  uncommon  along  the  southern 
coast  of  Ciilifornia. 

blacksmithing  (blak'smith'ing),  H.  [<  black- 
smith -t-  -(H.(/l.J  The  trade  or  process  of  work- 
ing in  iron. 

black-snake  (blak'snak'),  h.  1.  A  name  of 
various  si'rjjents  of  a  more  or  less  black  color. 
The  most  noteworthy  are  :  (a)  A  serpent,  Bascaniou  cfjn- 
strictor,  of  the  family  Colubridee,  of  black  color,  not  ven- 
omous, but  attaiinng  a  large  size,  and  possessing  great 
strength  and  agility,  so  that  it  is  capable  of  exerting  nmch 
constrictive  force.  It  climbs  trees  easily,  is  often  (i  feet 
in  length,  and  is  common  in  the  I'nited  States  east  of  the 
Mississippi.  :>ome  other  related  species  receive  the  same 
name.    (6)  A  coluhroid  snake.  Coluber  obsoUtus,  differing 


black-snake 


574 


from  the  former  liy  having  kcelcil  instead  of  smooth  black-WOrk  (blak'w^rk),  n.     Iron  WTOupht  by 


scales,  ami  iireferrin;|r  hiKhlamis  :  also  known  as  the  ittuun 
tain  tilack-snake  and  racer,    (c)  A  colul>ri)icl  siiake,  (Av/o- 


bliu'ksmitlis:  so  called  in  distinction  from  that 


iiAiinVo^ot  active  liabits,  peculiar  to  the  island  of  Jam'ai-     WTOUf^ht  by  whitcsniitbs.  „„_,„„,. 

■^  blackwort   (blak  wcrt),   >i.     1.  The  comircy, 

Syiiiplnjtum  officinale. —  2.  An  English  name  of 
'  the  vvhortlobeiTy,  the  fruit  of  I'accinium  Mi/r- 

tillKS. 

blacky  (l)lak'i),  n. ;  pi.  blaclies  (-iz).  [Also  less 
proji.  hidckcij ;  dim.  of  hlack.  Cf.  darkt/.']  1. 
A  black  jxTson;  a  nogro. — 2.  A  name  used 
colloquially  for  any  black  bird  or  animal,  as  a 
rook. 
I  wonder  if  the  old  blackicn  do  talk.  T,  Ihighes. 

blacky-top  (blak'i-top),  n.  A  name  of  the 
stoni'chat,  iSaiicola  or  I'ratincola  rubicola,  Mac- 
flillirrai/.     [Local  British.] 

b'ladi  (blad),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hhuided,  ppr. 
bladdiiKj.  [Also  blaud;  perhaps  imitative.  Cf. 
dad-,  heat,  thump.]  1.  To  slap;  strike  with 
violence;  beat. —  2.  To  maltreat.     [Scotch.] 

bladl  (blad),  n.  [<  blad^,  Ji.]  A  slap;  a  flat 
blow.     [Scotch.] 

blad^  (blad),  n.  [Also  blaud;  prob.  <  ftZorfl,  v. ; 
cf.  dad'^,  a  large  piece,  with  dad,  beat,  thump.] 
A  piece;  a  fragment;  a  large  piece  or  lump. 
[Scotch.] 

blad-^  (blad),  H.  [Appar.  =  E.  blade  =  Sw.  Dan. 
blad,  a  leaf.]  A  portfolio;  a  blotting-book  or 
blotting-pad.     [Scotch.] 

bladder  (blad'er),  «.  [Sc.  also  blather,  blether; 
<  MK.  bladder,  bladcr,  bledder,  bleder,  bladdre, 
blcildrc,  lilrdre,  <  AS.  bkcddre,  prop,  with  long 
vowel  and  single  d,  bliSdre,  bledre,  a  blister,  a 
bladder  (=  MD.  bheder,  D.  blaar  =  MLG.  hla- 
dere,  LG.  bladere,  bledder,  blare  =  OHG.  bldtara, 
blattara,  bldtra,  MHG.  bldtere,  blatter,  G.  blatter 
=  lce\.bladhra  =  Sw.  bldddra  =  Dan.  bla-re, 
bladder),  with  suiiix  -dre,  <  bldwan,  blow:  see 
6?0!i'l.]  1.  A  thin,  elastic,  highly  distensible 
and  contractile  muscular  and  membranous  sac 
forming  that  portion  of  the  urinary  passages  in 
which  lu'iue,  constantly  secreted  by  the  kid- 
neys, is  retained  until  it  is  discharged  from  the 
body.  .Such  a  vesicle  is  specially  characteristic  of  mam- 
mals, its  size  and  shape  varying;  with  the  species.  Its  cavity 
is  primitively  that  of  the  allantois.  It  is  lined  with  mu- 
cous membrane,  is  more  or  less  invested  with  peritoneum, 
and  is  supplied  with  vessels  and  nerves. 
2.  Any  similar  receptacle,  sac,  or  vesicle,  com- 
monly distinguished  by  a  qualifying  prefix.  See 
air-bladder,  brain-bladder,  (jall-bladder,  swim- 
bladder. —  3.  Any  vesicle,  blister,  bleb,  blain, 
or  pustule  containing  fluid  or  air. —  4.  In  bot. : 
(a)  A  hoUow  membranous  appendage  on  the 
leaves  of  Utricularia,  filled  with  air  and  float- 
ing the  plant.  (6)  A  cellular  expansion  of  the 
substance  of  many  algae  filled  with  air.  See 
cut  under  air-cell. — 5.  Anything  inflated,  emp- 
ty, or  unsound:   as,  "bladders  of  philosophy," 

Bochestcr,  Sat.  against  Mankind Atony  of  the 

bladder.    See  atony. 

bladder  (blad'er),  V.  t.  [<  bladder,  «.]  1.  To 
put  up  in  a  bladder :  as,  bladdcred  lard. —  2.  To 
puff  up;  fill,  as  with  wind.     [Rare.] 

A  hollow  globe  of  glass  that  long  before 
She  full  of  emptiness  had  bladdered. 

G.  Fletcher,  Christ's  Victory  and  Triumph. 

bladder-blight  (blad'er-blit),  K.     See  blight. 

bladder-brand  (blad'er-brand),  n.  Same  as 
biiuti,  1. 

bladder-campion  (blad'er-kam"pi-on),  n.  The 
popular  name  of  the  plant  Silent  infiata:  so 
called  from  its  inflated  calyx. 

bladdered  (blad'erd),  p.  a.    Swelled  like  a  blad- 
der ;  pufl'cd  up ;  vain. 
A  Ijlailih'ri'd  greatness.  Dryden,  Epic  Poetrj'. 

bladder-fern  (blad'er-fem),  n.  The  common 
name  of  Cystopteris,  a  genus  of  ferns:  so  called 
from  the  bladder-like  indusium. 
Five  species  are  known  ;  Great  Britain 
and  North  America  have  three  each, 
and  of  these  two  are  common  to  lioth 
countries ;  the  fifth  occurs  in  Silesia 
and  the  Cariiatliian  mountains. 

bladder-gastrula  (blad '  ^r  - 
gas"tro-la),  n.  Same  as  jjeri- 
ijastrula. 

bladder-green  (blad'er-gren), 

11.     Same  as  sap-fircen. 

bladder-herb  (biad'er-erb),  «. 
The  winter-cherry,  Phijsalis  Al- 
liekeniji ;  so  called  from  its  in- 
flated calyx. 

bladder-kelp  (blad'er-kelp),  n.  1.  Same  as 
bladder-wrack. — 2.  A  seaweed  of  the  California 
coast,  of  the  genus  Xereocystis,  having  an  ex- 
ceedingly long  stem  which  dilates  above  into 
a  bladder  several  feet  ia  length. 


blade 

bladder-ketmia  (blad'^r-ket"mi-S),  n.  A  cul- 
tivated ;nii]\ial  species  of  plants,  of  the  genus 
llihisiiis,  II.  Trionum,  with  a  bladdery  calyx. 

bladder-nose  (blad'er-noz),  n.  A  name  of  the 
hooded  seal,  Cystophora  crislata.  Kncyc.  Jirit., 
XXI.  uK'J. 

bladder-nosed  (blad'tr-nozd),  a.  Having  an 
inflatable  bladdery  appendage  on  the  snout: 
ajjplied  to  the  so-called  hooded  seal,  t'ystuphura 
crislata. 

bladder-nut  (blad'6r-nut),  n.    1.  The  popular 

name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Staphylca,  natu- 


ca.  It  reaches  a  length  of  about  6  feet,  (d)  A  poisonous 
snake  of  the  family  Najidm,  Pseudechis  parphyriacun , 
inhabiting  low  marshy  places  in  neiirly  every  jiart  of  Aus- 
tralia. It  is  black  above,  with  each  scale  of  the  outer 
lateral  series  mostly  red,  and  with  ventral  shields  mar- 
gined with  black,  (e)  A  venomous  snake  of  the  family 
yaiuia',  lloploceptialits  cvrtiuf  or  //.  funciis,  inhabiting 
Australia  and  T.asmania.  It  is  the  conuuon  black-snake 
of  Tasmania. 

2.  A  kind  of  cowhide  or  horsewhip  made  with- 
out distinction  of  stock  and  lash,  braided  and 
tapering  from  the  butt  to  the  long  slender  end, 
and  pliant  and  flexible  throughout,  it  is  a  terribly 
effective  iiistnmieiit  of  torture,  used  by  drivers  in  parts  of 
the  United  States,  especially  by  the  class  who  are  known 
as  "mule-skinners  "  from  their  use  of  the  instrument. 

black-spaul  (blak'spal),  «.  Symptomatic  an- 
thrax.    See  anthrax. 

Blackstone's  Hard-labor  Bill.    See  bills. 

black-strap  (blak'strap),  H.  A  name  of  vari- 
ous beverages,  (n)  in  the  United  States,  a  mixture  of 
spirituous  liquor,  generally  rum  or  whisky,  with  molasses 
and  vinegar. 

A  mug  of  the  right  blackstrap  goes  round  from  lip  to 
Up.  Hawthanie,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 

(6)  .\  sailors'  term  for  any  strong,  dark-colored  liquor : 
lience  applied  to  the  dark-red  wines  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean coasts. 

black-stripe  (blak '  strip),  n.  Same  as  black- 
strai'. 

blacktail  (blak'tal),  «.  1.  A  percoid  fish,  the 
Acerina  ceriiua.  More  generally  called  ruff  or 
pope.  See  ruff'. — 2.  A  common  name  among 
himters  («)  of  the  black-tailed  deer  or  mule- 
deer,  Variacus  macrotis  (see  mule-deer);  (!>)  of 
the  Columbian  deer,  C.  columbianus ;  in  both 
cases  in  distinction  from  the  common  or 
■white-tailed  deer,  C.virginianus. —  3.  In  India, 
a  name  of  the  chikara  or  ravine-deer,  Tragops 
bennetti. 

blackthorn  (blak'thom),  n.  1.  The  sloe,  Pni- 
nus  ,s;/u('«a.  See  sine. —  2.  A  walking-stick 
made  of  the  stem  of  this  shrub. 

black-tongue  (blak'tung),  «.  A  form  of  an- 
thrax exhibiting  dark  bloody  vesicles  and  ul- 
cerating spots  on  the  tongue,  affecting  horses 
and  cattle.     See  anthrax. 

black-turpeth  (blak'ter'peth),  n.  Mercury  di- 
oxid  or  suboxid,  Hg20:  commonly  called  the 
gray,  asli,  or  black  oxid. 

black-varnish  tree.  See  Rhus  and  Melanor- 
rhaa. 

black-'Wad  (blak'wod),  «.  An  ore  of  manga- 
nese used  as  a  drying  ingredient  in  paints. 

Black'wall  hitch.    See  hitch. 

black-'ward  (blak'ward),  «.  Under  the  feudal 
system,  a  subvassal  who  held  ward  of  the 
king's  vassal. 

black-'wash  (blak'wosh),  n.  1.  A  lotion  com- 
posed of  calomel  and  lime-water.  —  2.  Any 
wash  that  blackens. 

Remove  .  .  .  the  modern  layers  of  black-wash,  and  let 
the  man  himself  ...  be  seen.  Kingsley. 

3.  In  molding,  a  clay  wash  to  which  powdered 
charcoal  lias  been  added.     See  blacking,  3. 

black-'water  (blak'wa"ter),  ?i.  A  disease  of 
sheep. 

black-'whale  (blak'hwal),  n.  A  delphinoid  ce- 
tacean, lildbiccphahas  si'ineval,  more  generally 
called  hlarkli.s-h. 

black'WOOd  (blak'wud),  ?!.  1.  The  wood  of  a 
large  leguminous  tree  of  the  East  Indies,  Dal- 
bcrgiu  lu  tifolia.  it  is  extremely  hard,  mostly  of  a  dark- 
purple  color,  and  is  very  valuable  f(jr  furniture  and  carv- 
ing, as  well  as  for  cart-wheels,  gim-carriages,  etc.  Also 
called  ?Ja.it  Indian  rosewood. 

2.  Tlie  wood  of  the  Acacia  Melanoxylon,  the 
most  valuable  timber  of  Australia,  noted  for 
its  hardness  and  durability. — 3.  In  the  West 
Indies,  the  name  given  to  the  black  mangrove, 
Avicennia  nitida,  a  small  tree  of  sea-coast  marsh- 
es, with  very  heavy,  hard,  and  dark-brown  or 
nearly  black  wood.  The  tree  is  also  fotmd  iu 
southern  Florida. 


bl.uiacr-it.Tii  —  Pin. 
nule  ol  Lystofteris 
/rasilis.  with  hood- 
shaped  indusia. 


Bladder-nut.— Flowering  node  ot  Stafhylea  tri/elia. 

a,  fruit :  *.  section  of  same.    ( From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  the  Plants 

of  the  United  States." ) 

ral  order  Sapindaceee,  given  on  account  of  their 
inflated  fruit-capsule.  The  European  S.  pinnata  and 
the  S.  tri/nlia  of  the  .Atlantic  States  are  occasionally  cul- 
tivated as  ornamental  shrubs.  Central  Asia,  Japan,  and 
California  have  also  each  a  peculiar  species, 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  pistachio, 
Pistacia  vera, 

bladder-pod  (blad'er-pod),  ?(.  1.  A  name  of  a 
leguminous  plant  of  southern  Africa,  Physolo- 
bium,  with  bladdery  pods.  —  2.  In  the  United 
States,  Vesicaria  lihortii,  a  cruciferous  plant 
with  globose  capsules. 

bladder-senna  (blad '  er  -  sen  "a),  n.  A  species 
of  Culutea,  C.  arborescens,  natural  order  Legu- 
minoste,  frequently  cultivated,  it  is  a  shrub  with 
yellow  flowers  and  bladder-like  pods,  a  native  of  southern 
Europe.  It  derives  its  name  of  senna  from  its  popular 
use  a.s  a  jiurgative.     Also  called  ba.^tard  nenna. 

bladder-snout  (blad'er-snout),  n.  The  common 
bladderwort,  Utricularia  rulgaris;  so  named 
from  the  shape  of  the  corolla. 

bladder-'WOrm  (blad'er-werm),  H.  A  tape- 
worm in  its  cystic  stage ;  a  liydatid  or  scolex. 
See  cystic,  and  cut  under  Taenia. 

bladder'WOrt  (blad'er-wert),  «.  The  common 
name  of  members  of  the  genus  Utricularia, 
slender  aquatic  plants,  the  leaves  of  which  are 
furnished  with  floating-bladders.  See  Utricu- 
laria. 

bladder-'Wrack  (blad'er-rak),  n.  A  seaweed, 
Fucus  vesiculosus ;  so  named  from  the  floating- 
vesicles  in  its  fronds.  Also  called  bladder-kelp, 
sea-oak,  and  sea-wrack.     See  Fucus. 

bladdery  (blad'er-i),  a.  [<  bladder  +  -i/l.] 
Thin,  membranous,  and  inflated  or  distended, 
like  a  bladder ;  vesicular  ;  blistered ;  pustular. 
— Bladdery  fever,    i^ame  as  ]><  tn/>lti'iti.'^. 

blade  (blad),  «.  [<  ME.  blad,'blade,  bladde.  a 
leaf  of  grass  or  corn  (not  found  in  the  general 
sense  of  '  leaf),  commonly  the  cutting  part  of 
a  knife  or  sword,  the  sword  itself,  <  AS.  blad 
(pi.  bladu,  blado),  a  leaf,  broad  part  of  a  thing, 
as  of  an  oar  (=  OS.  blad  =  OFries.  bled  =  D. 
blad  =  MLG.  blat,  LG.  blad  =  OHG.  JUIG.  Mat, 
G.  blatt  =  leel.  bladh  =  Sw.  Dan.  blad,  a  leaf), 
perhaps,  with  orig.  pp.  suffix  -d  (as  in  sad,  cold, 
old,  loud,  etc.),  <  blowan  {y/ *hla,  *blo),  blow, 
bloom,  whence  also  E.  bloum'^,  blossom,  akin 
to  L.  flos  (Jlor-),  >  E.  flower.  To  the  same  ult. 
root  belongs  perhaps  L.  folium  =  Gr.  (^I'/J.ov, 
leaf:  see  folio,  foil^.  The  reg.  mod.  E.  form 
woidd  be  blad  (like  sad,  glad,  etc.);  the  long 
vowel  is  due  to  the  ME.  inflected  forms,  blade, 
etc.]  1.  The  leaf  of  a  plant,  particularly  (now 
perhaps  exclusively)  of  gramineous  plants;  also, 
the  yoimg  stalk  or  spire  of  gramineous  plants. 

lUit  when  the  blade  was  sprung  up  and  brought  forth 

fruit,  then  appeared  the  tares  also.  Mat.  xiii.  'Z%. 

\Vlu>ever  cotild  make  .  .  .  two  blades  of  grass  to  grow 

.  .  .  where  only  one  grew  before,  would  deserve  better  of 

mankind  .  .  .  than  the  whole  race  of  politicians. 

Su-i/t,  Gulliver's  Tnivels,  ii.  7. 
Tlie  varying  year  with  blade  and  sheaf. 

Tennyson,  Day-Dream. 

2.  In  bot.,  the  lamina  or  broad  part  of  a  leaf, 
petal,  sepal,  etc..  as  tlistinguished  from  the 
petiole  or  footstalk.  See  cut  imder  /('<//■. —  3. 
Anything  resembling  a  blade,  (a)  A  sword ;  also, 
the  Hat,  Uuu,  cutting  part  of  a  knife  or  other  cutting-tooL 


blade 

If  ere  your  blades 
Had  point  or  prowess,  provu  them  now. 

Moore,  LuUa  llookh. 
The  famous  Damascus  hlades,  so  renowned  in  the  time 
of  the  Crusaders,  are  made  here  no  longer. 

/J.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  .Saracen,  p.  lao. 
{b)  The  broad,  flattened  ]>art  of  certain  instruments  and 
utensils,  as  of  an  oar,  a  paddle,  a  spade,  ete. 
The  blade  of  her  light  oar  threw  olf  its  shower  of  spray. 
Whitti^r,  13ridal  of  Pcnnacook. 
<c)  A  broad  flattened  part  of  a  bone:  as,  a  jaw-blade; 
flpeeilleally,  the  acapnia  or  shoulder-blade. 

Atrides*  lance  did  gore 
Pyliemen's  shoulder  in  the  blade. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  v. 
(d)  The  front  flat  part  of  the  tongue.  //.  Sweet.  Hand- 
book of  Phonetics,  (e)  A  commercial  name  for  the  four 
large  plates  on  the  sides,  and  the  Ave  large  plates  in  the 
middle,  of  the  tipper  shell  of  the  sea-turtle,  which  yield 
the  best  tortoise-shell.  (_/)  That  limb  of  a  level  which  is 
movalile  on  a  pivot  at  tlie  joint,  in  order  that  it  may  be 
adjusted  to  include  any  angle  between  it  and  the  stock. 
(ij)  The  float  or  vane  of  a  propeller  or  paddle-wheel,  (h) 
The  web  or  plate  of  a  saw.  (j)  The  edge  of  a  sectorial 
tooth.  {})  In  eiitnm.,  one  of  the  flat,  two-edged  plates 
forming  the  sword-like  ovipositor  of  certain  Orthoptcra 
and  Homnptira  ;  in  a  wiiler  sense,  the  ovipositor  itself. 

4.  A  (lashing  or  rollicking  fellow;  aswaggerer; 
a  rakish  tVllow;  strictly,  perhaps,  one  who  is 
shar])  anil  wide  awako:  as,  "jolly  blades,"  Eve- 
lyn, Memoirs,  i. 

The  soldiers  of  the  city,  valiant  blades. 

B.  Jonson,  ilagnctiek  Lady,  iii.  4. 

A  brisk  youug  fellow,  with  his  liat  cocked  like  a  fool 
behind,  as  the  present  fashion  among  the  blades  is. 

Pepys,  Diary,  III.  142. 
He  saw  a  turnkey  in  a  trice 
Fetter  a  troublesome  blade. 

Colerid'je,  The  Devil's  Thoughts. 

5.  Oneof  the  principal  rafters  of  a  roof.    Gwilt. 
blade   (IJlad),  r. ;   pret.   and  pp.   bladcd,   ppr. 

bladini/.  [<  ME.  htaden  (=  MLG.  bidden  =  Sw. 
bliida,  thin  out  plants) ;  fi'om  the  noun.]  I. 
trans.    1.  To  take  off  the  blades  of  (herbs) 


575 

blady  (bla'di),  a.  [<  blade  +  -yl.]  Consisting 
of  blades ;  provided  with  blades  or  leaves : 
as.  ••  the  biddy  grass,"  Drayton,  Polyolbion, 
xix.  73. 

blae  (bla  or  ble),  a.  and  n.  [So.  and  North.  E. ; 
also  written  bled,  biry,  hhiy ;  <  ME.  bla,  hldd, 
the  north,  dial,  form  (after  leel.  bldr,  dark- 
blue,  livid,  =  Sw.  tiM  =  Dan.  bldd,  blue)  corre- 
sponding to  the  reg.  southern  hlo,  hliio,  bloc, 
blowc,  mod.  E.  dial,  blow,  <  AS.  'bldw  (in  deriv. 
bUvwcH,  bluish)  =  OFries.  bldw,  bldn  =  MD.  hid, 
bldu,  later  blacinv,  D.  blaauw  =  MLG.  bldw,  LG. 
blau  =  OHG.  bldo  {bldw-),  MHG.  bid  (bldw-), 
G.  blau  (whence  (from  OHG.)  ML.  bldvu.i,  >  It. 
bidvo  =  OSp.  blavo  =  Pr.  blau,  fern,  blava,  =  OF. 
and  mod.  F.  bleu,  >  ME.  bleu,  blewe  (perhaps  in 
part  <  AS.  "blijew  (as  in  bliewen)  for  'bldw),  mod. 
E.  blue,  q.  v.),  blue,  prob.  =  L.  fldim.'i,  yellow 
(color-names  are  unstable  iu  apjilication):  see 
blue.]  I.  a.  1.  Blue;  blackish-blue;  livid; 
also,  bluish-gray;  lead-colored:  a  color-name 
applied  to  various  shades  of  blue. — 2.  Livid; 
pale-blue  :  applied  to  a  person's  complexion,  as 
affected  by  cold,  ten-or,  or  contusion. 

Oh !  sirs,  stune  of  you  will  stand  with  a  blae  countenance 
before  the  tribunal  of  Cod.  U.  Bruce. 

II.  II.  [Commonly  iu  pi.  blaes ;  also  written 
blai:e,  bldze.'\  In  coal-mining,  indurated  argil- 
laceous shale  or  clay,  sometimes  containing 
nodules  of  iron  ore.  The  same  term  is  also 
applied  to  beds  of  hard  sandstone. 

blaeberry  (bla'ber"i),  ?(.;  pi.  blaeberries  (-iz)- 
[Sc. ;  also  spelled  bleaberry,  blayherry ;  <  hlae 
+  berry,  after  leel.  bldbcr  =  Sw.  bldbdr  =  Dan. 
lilaabaT :  see  bilberry.']  The  Scotch  name  of  the 
bilberry. 

blae-linen  (bla'lin"en),  n.  A  slate-colored 
liiu^n  beetled  in  the  manufacture.  .Also  blay- 
linen. 


blade;  tit  a  blade  to To  blade  Itt,  to  flght  with 

blades  or  swords. 

H.   in  trans.   To  come  into  blade ;   produce 
blades. 

As  sweet  a  plant,  as  fair  a  flower  is  faded. 
As  ever  iu  the  Muse's  garden  bladed. 

P.  Fletcher,  Eliza,  an  Elegy. 

blade-bone  (blad'bon),  n.   The  scapulaor  shoul- 

bladed  (bia'dcd),  p.  a.  [<  blade  +  -ed'^.]  1. 
Having  a  blade  or  blades,  as  a  plant,  a  knife, 
etc.:  as,  "bladed  grass,"  .SViat.,  M.  N.  D.,  i. 
1;  "bladed  field,"  Thomson,  Summer,  1.  57. — 
2.  Stripped  of  blades  or  leaves. — 3.  InmineraL, 
composed  of  long  and  narrow  plates  like  the 


[Now  onlv  prov.  Eng.]  — 2.  To  furnish  with  a  blaesitas   (ble'si-tas),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  bla^m, 
'  '    '        '  '      '  '    '  lisping,  stammering;  cf.  Gr.  /j?.ata6g,  crooked, 

bandy-legged.]     1.  Stuttering  or  stammering. 

—  2.  An  imperfection  of  speech  consisting  in 

the  substitution  of  d  for  t,  b  iorp,  etc.    See  jisel- 

li.snius.     [Rare.] 
blafft,  r.  i.     [Prob.  <  D.  blaffen  =  MLG.  LG. 

blaffen,  bark;  cf.  ME.  wldffen,  and  baffen,  E. 

ba£T;  bark:  all  appar.  imitative.]     To  bark. 

Seals  which  would  rise  out  of  the  water,  and  blaff  like  a 
dog.  Capt.  Cowley,  Voy.  (IT'29),  p.  6.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

blaffert  (blaf'ert),  «.  [<  MHG.  blaphart, pla- 
pluirt,  pldppert  =  MLG.  blaffert  =  MD.  blaf- 
ferd,  bldffdert  (ML.  blaffardus),  a  silver  coin 
with  a  blank  face,  <  bldffdert,  having  a  blank 
or  plane  face,  <  bldf,  ha-ving  a  blaids  or  broad 
face:  seebluff'^.]  Aji  old  silver  coin  of  Cologne, 
■worth  about  4  cents. 

blaflum  (blaf'lum),  n.  [Also  blcflum.  Cf.  be- 
Jliim.]  Deception;  imposition;  hoax.   [Scotch.] 

blague  (blag),  H.  [F.]  Humbug;  vain  boast- 
ing ;  pretentious  falsehood. 

blague  (blag),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blagucd,  ppr. 
bbujuing.  [<  F.  blaguer,  humbug,  hoax;  from 
thenoim.]     Tohtunbug;  boast;  lie  jestingly. 


She  [a  Belgian  shopkeeper]  laughed,  and  said  I  blagued. 
The  Bread- iViTiners,  vi. 

blain  (blan),  ?!.  [<  ME.  blane,  blayn,  bleyn, 
blein,  <  AS.  blegen  (=  D.  blein  =  LG.  bleien  = 
Dan.  blegn),  perhaps,  like  bladder,  ult.  from  the 
root  of  bldwan,  blow,  puff:  see  i/oicl.]  1.  A 
pustule  ;  a  blotch  ;  a  bMster. 

Botches  and  blairvs  must  all  his  flesh  emboss. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  180. 

2.  A  bubble  of  water. —  3.  In  farriery,  a  blad- 
der growing  on  the  root  of  the  tongue  against 
the  windpipe,  and  tending  to  cause  suffocation. 

blade-mill  (blad'mil),  )i.     A  mill  for  grinding  ^j^^   bia'ket.  «•   Middle  English  forms  of  ftiact. 
off  the  rough  surfaces  of  tools  preparatory  to  ^^g^^^  (blak),  a.     [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  bhike,  blal; 


Bladed  Structure.  Cyanite. 

blade  of  a  knife:  as,  bladed  struct-aie. —  4.  In 
her.,  used  when  the  stalk  or  the  blade  of  any 
kind  of  grain  is  borne  of  a  color  different  from 
the  ear  or  fruit:  as,  an  ear  of  corn  or,  bladed 
vert . 

blade-fish  (blad'fish),  n.  A  name  in  England 
of  the  hairtail,  Trichiurus  Icpturus. 

blade-metal  (blad'mefal),  n.  Metal  for  sword- 
blades.     Milton. 


polishing  them. 

blade-ore  (blad'or),  n.  A  general  name  for 
the  species  of  seaweed  belonging  to  the  genus 
Laminaria  (which  see). 

blader  (blii'der),  n.  If.  One  who  makes 
swords. — 2t.  A  swordsman. — 3.  In  composi- 
tion with  numerals,  a  tool  having  the  number 
of  blades  indicated  by  the  prefix:  as,  three-6(a- 
der.     [Colloq.] 

bladesmitht  ( bliid'smith),  n.  [<  ME.  hladsmyth, 
</</«!/,  blade, -t- sm ((/(.]  A  sword-cutler.  York 
/V(/i/.s. 

blade-spring  (blad'spring),  «.  A  form  of  spring 
used  to  hold  piston-rings  in  place. 

Four  arms,  which  serve  a  double  purpi'se,  connecting 
the  boss  with  the  top  and  bottotn  of  the  piston,  and  carry- 
ing at  theii*  extremities  tlie  blade-sprinys. 

Campin,  Jlech.  Engineering,  p.  142. 


the  northern  form  corresponding  to  the  reg, 
southern  early  ME.  bloke,  bloe,  <  AS.  bide  (var, 
bliec,  >  ME.  bleche,  mod.  E.  bleaeh^,  adj.,  also 
prob.  without  assibilation  ME.  "bleke,  mod.  E. 
bleak^:  see  bleach'^,  a.,  and  bleak'^)  (=  OS.  blek 
=  D.  blcek  =  MLG.  blek  =  OHG.  btcih,  MHG. 
G.  bleich  =  Icel.  bleikr),  shining,  white,  pale,  < 
blican  (pret.  bide),  shine,  gleam :  see  i/irf-i.]  1. 
Pale ;  pallid ;  wan ;  of  a  sickly  hue,  as  the  com- 
plexion ;  of  a  pale-green  or  yellow  hue,  as  vege- 
tation.—  2.  Yellow,  as  butter,  cheese,  etc. — 3. 
Bleak;  cold;  bare;  naked.  Halliwell.  [North. 
Eng.] 
blaket,  v.  i.  [ME.  blaken,  the  northern  form 
corresponding  to  the  reg.  southern  early  ME. 
bluken,  <  AS.  bldcian,  become  pale,  <  bide,  pale : 
see  Make,  a.]    To  become  pale. 


blamelessly 

blakeling  (blak'ling),  «.  [E.  dial.,  <  Make,  yel- 
low, -I-  -'(Hf/i.]  The  yellow  bunting.  Halli- 
nrll.      [Xi.rt'h.  Ki.g.] 

blamable,  blameable  (bla'ma-bl),  a.  [<  blame 
+  -idde.]  Deserving  of  bliime  or  censure; 
faulty;  culpable;  reprehensible;  censurable. 

.Such  feelings,  though  blamable,  were  natural  and  not 
wholly  inexcusable.  Maeautay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

blamableness,   blameableness    (bla'ma-bl- 

iies),  )(.  The  state  or  ijunlity  of  being  blama- 
ble; culpability;  faultiuess. 

If  we  are  to  measure  degrees  of  blameableness,  one 
^vrong  must  be  set  olf  against  the  other. 

Kdinbiiryh  Rev.,  CLXIV.  450. 

blamably,  blameably  (bla'ma-bli),  adv.  In 
a  blamable  manner;  culpably. 

I  .  .  .  took  occasion  to  observe,  that  the  world  in  gen- 
eral began  to  be  blameably  indifferent  a-s  to  doctrinal 
matters.  Giddi^mith,  Vicar,  xiv. 

blame  (blam),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  i)p.  blamed,  ppr. 
bidming.  [<  ME.  blamen  =  Ml),  btamen  (also 
bldmeren,  D.  bUimcren),  <  OF.  hiasmer,  blamer, 
F.  blamer  =  Pr.  blasmdr  =  OSp.  bbismar  = 
It.  bidsimare,  <  LL.  blasnhemare,  speak  ill  of, 
blame,  also  blaspheme,  <  Gr.  lP.aatj>r//iciv,  speak 
ill,  whence  the  full  K.  form  bla.ipheme,  q.  v.]  1. 
To  express  disapprobation  of;  Cud  fault  with; 
censure:  opposed  to  jjrai.fc  or  commend. 

No  lesse  is  to  be  blam'd  their  odd  pronouncing  of  Latine, 

so  that  out  of  England  none  were  al)le  to  understand  or 

endure  it.  Evelyn,  Diary,  May  13,  1861. 

We  blamed  him,  and  with  perfect  justice  and  propriety, 

for  saying  what  he  did  not  mean. 

Macaulay,  Sadler's  Kef.  Refuted. 

Formerly  it  might  be  followed  by  of. 

Tomoretis  he  blam'd  of  inconsiderate  rashness. 

KnolU-g,  Hist.  Turks. 

2.  To  charge ;  impute  as  a  fault ;  lay  the  re- 
sponsibility of:  as,  he  blames  the  failm'e  on 
you.  [Colloq.] — 3t.  To  bring  reproach  upon; 
blemish ;  injure. 

This  ill  state  in  which  she  stood  ; 
To  which  she  for  his  sake  had  weetingly 
Now  brought  herselfe,  and  blam'd  her  noble  blood. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  iii.  11. 

[In  such  phrases  as  he  is  to  blame,  to  blame,  by  an  old 
and  common  construction,  has  the  passive  meaning  '  to 
be  blamed,  blamable.'  Compare  a  house  to  let,  hire,  build; 
grain  ready  to  cut,  etc. 

You  were  to  bla-me,  I  must  be  plain  with  you. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1. 
I  was  to  blame  to  be  so  rash  ;  I  am  sorry. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  4. 
In  writers  of  the  Elizabethan  period  it  was  often  written 
too  blame,  blame  apparently  being  mistaken  for  an  adjec- 
tive. ]=Syil.  1.  To  reprove,  reproach,  chiiie,  upbraid, 
reprehend.  See  decry. 
blame  (blam),  «.  [<  JIE.  blame  =  MD.  blame, 
D.  blddm,  <  OF.  bldsme.  F.  bldme  (=  Pr.  blasme 
=  OSp.  Pg.  blasmo  =  It.  biasimo),  <  blasmer,  v., 
blame:  see  blame,  v.]  1.  An  expression  of  dis- 
approval of  something  deemed  to  be  wrong ; 
imputation  of  a  fault ;  censure  ;  reprehension. 
Let  mc  bear  the  blame  for  ever.  Gen.  xliii.  D. 

2.  That  which  is  deserving  of  censure  or  dis- 
approbation ;  fault ;  crime  ;  sin. 

That  we  shotild  be  holy  and  without  blame  before  him. 

Eph.  i.  4. 

3.  Culpability ;  responsibility  for  something 
that  is  wrong:  as,  the  blame  is  yom-s. — 4t. 
Hm't ;  injury. 

And  [the  blow]  glauncing  downe  his  shield  from  blame  him 
fairly  blest.  Spenser.  F.  q.,  I.  ii.  18. 

blameable,  blameableness,  blameably.    See 

bidnidble,  lihinidblene.-i.':,  bidindhly. 
blameful  iblam'ful),  a.     [<  blame,  ».,  -I-  -/«/.] 

1.  Meriting  blame;  reprehensible;  faulty; 
guilty;  criminal:  as,  "blameful  thinges,"  Chau- 
cer, Melibeus. 

Thy  mother  took  into  her  blame/ul  bed 
Some  stem  untutor'd  churL 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

2.  Faultfintling ;  blaming:  as,  a  blameful  look 
or  word.     Jin-^kin. 

blamefuUy   (blam'fiil-i),  adv.    In  a  blameful 

niaiiiHT. 
blamefulness   (blam'fid-nes),    M.     [<  blameful 

-(-  -«<^.>..'..]     The  state  of  being  blameful, 
blameless    (blam'les),    «.      [ME.    blameles ;  < 
bldme  +  -less.]    Not  meriting  blame  or  censure; 
without  fault ;  undeserving  of  reproof :  inno- 
cent;  guiltless:    as,   "the  blamiless  Indians," 
Thomson,  Memory  of  Lord  Talbot. 
"We  will  be  blameless  of  tiiis  thine  oath.         Josh.  ii.  17. 
Wearing  the  white  flower  of  a  blameless  life. 

Tennyson,  Ded.  of  Idylls, 

=  SJT1.  Faultless,  irreproachable,  unimpeachable,  imsul- 
litd.  ^r"•tb■^^■  stainless,  uidilemished. 
blamelessly  (blam'les-li),  adc.    In  a  blameless 
maimer ;  without  fault  or  crime ;  innocently. 


blamelessness 

blamelessness  (blam'lcs-nes),  «.    The  stato  or 

tjuulity  of  being  blameless ;  innocence;  purity. 

Tliy  white  btmnelcss^uss  nccount^'ii  V)]a!ne. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  nml  Vivien. 

blamer  (bla'm^r),  n.  One  who  blames,  finds 
fault,  or  censures :  as,  "blamirK  o(  the  times," 
l>iiiiiii\  To  Countess  of  Bedford,  iii. 
blameworthiness  (bliim '  wer '  Tiii  -nes),  n.  [< 
liUuiuu-drllii/  +  -«(■»■«.]  The  quality  of  being 
blameworthy;  blamableness. 

Praise  ami  lilamc  express  what  actually  are,  praisewor- 
thincss  anil  blauieimrlhintss  wlnit  naturally  ouRllt  to  be, 
the  sentiments  of  other  people  with  regard  to  our  charac- 
ter and  conduct. 

Adam  Smith,  Theory  of  Moral  Sentiments,  iii.  3. 
Blanie  I  can  bear,  though  not  blamt' worthiness. 

Emumin^j,  liing  and  Book,  I.  140, 

blameworthy  (blam'wer"THi),  a.  [<  ME. 
hkimctciirthji,  <  hlume  +  wortliy.']  Deser\aug 
blame  ;  censurable  ;  culpable ;  reprehensible. 
That  the  sending  uf  a  divorce  to  her  husliaml  was  not 
blamfuvorthif,  he  atftrms,  because  the  man  was  heinously 
vicious.        "  Milton,  Divorce,  ii.  22. 

blanc  (blangk;  F.  pron.  blon),  n.  [OF.  blanc, 
a  silver  coin  (see  def.  2),  <  blanc,  a.,  white :  see 
blank.']      1.  A  silver  coin,  weighing  about  47 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Blanc  of  Henrj' VI..  Britisli  Museum.     (Size  of  the  original.) 

grains,  struck  by  Henry  VI.  of  England  (1422- 
1461)  for  his  French  dominions.     Sometimes 
spelled  blank  or  blanck. 
Have  you  any  money  ?  he  answered,  Xot  a  blanch. 

B.  Jonson,  Gayton's  Fest.  Night. 

2.  A  French  silver  coin,  first  issued  by  Philip  of 
Valois  (1328-1350)  at  the  value  of  10  deniers, 
or  i-f  livre.  Under  King  John  tlie  Good  (13.10-1304) 
the  blane  was  coined  at  5  deniers.    Under  Charles  VI,  and 


obverse.  Reverse. 

Blanc  of  Cliarlcs  VI.  of  France.  British  Museum.  (Size  of  the  original. ) 

his  successors  the  blanc  was  worth  10  deniers,  and  the 
demi-blanc  5  deniers.  From  Louis  XI.  to  Francis  I.  a 
grand  blanc  was  issued  worth  12  deniers,  or  -^  livre,  and 
a  petit  blanc  of  one  half  that  value.  After  the  time  of 
Francis  I.  the  grand  blanc  was  no  longer  coined ;  but  the 
petit  blanc  was  retained  as  a  money  of  account,  and  was 
reckoned  at  5  deniers,  or  -^  livre ;  it  was  commonly  called 
simply  blanc.  The  blanc  was  coined  according  to  both  the 
touTnois  and  the  parisi^  systems,  the  latter  coins,  like 
others  of  the  same  system,  being  wortli  one  quarter  more 
than  those  of  the  same  name  in  the  former  system. 
3.  A  white  paint,  especially  for  the  face. — 4. 
A  piece  of  ware  such  as  is  generally  decorated, 
sold  or  delivered  without  its  decoration,  .ivt  the 
Sevres  and  other  porcelain-factories  pieces  not  quite  per- 
fect in  shape  ai-e  sold  undecorated,  but  bearing  a  special 
ineffaceable  mark,  which  distinguishes  them  from  those 
finished  in  the  factory. 
5.  A  rich  stock  or  gravy  in  which  made  dishes 

or  entries  are  sometimes  served Blanc  d'ar- 

gent,  a  pigment,  the  carbonate  of  lead,  or  white  k"\,l,  usu- 
ally limn. 1  in  commerce  in  small  drops.  — Blanc  fixe  :iii 
aititleiiilly  prepared  sulphiite  of  Iravium,  made  by  diss.'.lv- 
ing  witherite  (carbonate  of  Ijarium)  in  hyilruclil'oric  acid, 
and  precipitating  this  solution  with  sulphuric  acid.  It  is 
met  with  in  cimimerce  in  a  pulpy  state  in  water,  and  is  used 
as  an  adulterant  of  paper,  pigments,  etc. 

blancard  (blang'kard),  n.  [F.,  <  blane,  white 
(see  hl(ink),  +  -orrf.]  A  kind  of  linen  cloth 
manufactured  in  Normandy :  so  called  because 
the  thi'cad  is  half  blanched  before  it  is  woven. 

blanch^  (blanch),  a.  and  n.  [Also  written 
blench ;  <  ME.  blanche,  blaunche,  <  OF.  blanche, 
fern,  of  hkDic,  white:  see  blank,  rt.]     I.  a.  If. 

White;   pale. —  2+.    Same    as    blench" Blanch 

farm.  See  Wnn.'/i../'(irai.— Blanch  fever*  |F.  ■■  tii-eres 
blanehes,  the  agues  wherewitli  maidens  that  have  the 
(freen-sickness  be  troubled,"  Cot'iram],  literally,  i)ale 
lever;  hence,  to  have  the  blanch  fever  is  either  to  be  in 
love  or  to  be  sick  with  wantonness. 

And  som,  thou  seydcst  hadde  a  blanche  fevere. 
And  preyedest  God  he  sholde  nevere  kevere, 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i,  916. 


576 

Blanch  Uon,  anciently,  the  title  of  one  of  the  pursuivants 

of  anus. 

II.  ".  If.  Same  as  hlanc,  3. — 2t.  A  white 
spot  on  the  skin. —  3.  In  nnnimj,  a  i)iefo  of  ore 
found  isolated  in  the  hard  rock.  It.  Hunt. 
[Eng.] 
blanch'^  (blanch),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blaiinch;  <  ME.  blaunchcn,  hlaiichcn,  <  OF.  hlan- 
ehir  (F.  blanchir),  <  blanc  Q  ME.  blank,  blanch), 
white:  see  blank.}  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  white; 
whiten  by  depriving  of  color ;  render  colorless : 
as,  to  Monch  linen. —  2.  In  hort.,  to  wliiten  or 
prevent  from  becoming  gi-een  by  excluding  the 
light :  a  process  applied  to  tlie  stems  or  leaves 
of  plants,  such  as  celery,  lettuce,  sea-kale,  etc. 
It  is  done  by  banking  up  earth  about  the  stems  of  the 
plants,  tying  the  leaves  together  to  keep  the  ituier  ones 
from  the  light,  or  covering  with  pots,  boxes,  or  the  like. 
3.  To  make  pale,  as  with  sickness,  fear,  cold, 
etc. 

Keep  the  natural  ruby  of  your  cheeks. 
When  mine  are  blanch'U  with  fear. 

.Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 
4t.  Figuratively,  to  give  a  fair  appearance  to, 
as  an  immoral  act ;  palliate;  slur;  pass  over. 

They  extoll  Constantine  because  he  extol'd  them ;  as 
our  homebred  Monks  in  their  Histories  blanch  the  Kings 
their  Benefactors,  and  brand  those  that  went  about  to  be 
their  Correctors.  Milton,  Ref.  in  Eng.,  i. 

Blanch  over  the  blackest  and  most  absurd  things. 

Tillutmn,  Works,  I.  30. 

5.  In  cookery,  to  soak  (as  meat  or  vegetables) 
in  hot  water,  or  to  scald  by  a  short,  rapid  boil- 
ing, for  the  purjiose  of  producing  firmness  or 
whiteness. —  6.  In  the  arts,  to  whiten  or  make 
lustrous  (as  metals)  by  acids  or  other  means; 

also,  to  cover  with  a  thin  coating  of  tin To 

blanch  almonds,  to  ileprive  them  of  their  skins  by  im- 
mersittninhot  water  and  a  little  friction,  after  their  shells 
have  been  removed. 

One  word  more,  and  I'll  blanch  thee  like  an  almmui. 
Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Jlonth,  i.  2. 
=  SjnL  1  and  2.  Etiolate,  etc.    See  whiten. 
n,  i)itran.^.  To  become  white ;  turn  pale. 
The  ripple  would  hardly  blanch  into  spray 
At  the  feet  of  the  cliff.         Tennyson,  The  Wreck. 
Drew  his  toil-worn  sleeve  across 

To  brush  the  manly  tear 
FYom  cheeks  that  never  changed  in  woe. 
And  never  blanched  in  fear. 

O.  W.  Hvinies,  Pilgrim's  Vision. 

blanch-t  (blanch),  r.  [A  coiTuption  of  blench'^, 
simulating  blanch'^,   turn  pale:   see  blench^.'] 

1.  trans.  To  shun  or  avoid,  as  from  fear;  evade. 

The  judges  .  .  .  thought  it  .  .  .  dangerous  ...  to  ad- 
mit ifs  and  ands  to  qualifie  the  words  of  treason,  whereby 
every  man  might  expresse  his  m.alice  and  blanch  his  dan- 
ger. Bacon,  Hen.  VII.,  p.  134. 

By  whose  importunitie  was  the  saile  slacken'd  in  the 
first  encounter  with  the  Dutch,  or  whether  I  aui  to  blanch 
this  particular?  Evelyn,  To  my  Lord  Treasurer. 

II.  intrans.  To  shrink;  shift;  equivocate. 
Books  will  speak  plain  when  counsellors  blanch. 

Bacon,  Of  Counsel. 
blanched  (blaneht), ^.  a.    Whitened;  deprived 
of  color;  bleached. 

And  still  she  slept  an  aznre-lidded  sleep. 
In  blanched  linen,  smooth,  and  lavender'd. 

Keats,  Eve  of  .St.  -Agnes,  xx.x. 
Specifically  applied  to  coins  and  silver  articles  contain, 
ing  copper  which  have  been  submitted  to  the  action  of  hot 
dilute  sulphuric  acid,  to  dissolve  a  part  of  the  copper  of  tlie 
alloy  on  the  surface,  and  leave  a  film  or  coating  richer  in 
silver. — Blanched  copper,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  arse, 
nic,  in  aliout  the  I'lniiuitii^n  of  10  of  the  former  to  1  of  the 
latter.  It  is  used  fur  clock-dials  and  thermometer-  atul 
barometer-scales.  It  is  prepared  by  heating  copper  clip, 
pings  with  white  arsenic  (arsenious  acid),  arranged  in  al- 
ternate Layers  and  covered  with  common  salt,  in  an  earth- 
en crucible. 

blancherl  (blan'cher),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blaiinclier,  <  ME.  blancher :  <  blanch^  +  -erl.] 
One  who  blanehes  or  whitens,  in  any  sense  of 
the  verb  blanch^. 

blancher^t  (blan'cher),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
hill iinchcr,blaunsher,  etc.;  <  blanch-  {=lilenchl-) 
+  -eel.]  1.  One  who  turns  aside  or  causes 
to  turn  aside ;  a  perverter. 

These  blawhcrs  will  be  ready  to  whisper  the  king  in  the 

ear,  and  to  tell  him  that  this  abuse  is  but  a  small  matter. 

Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  I'lough. 

2.  One  stationed  for  the  purpose  of  turning 
game  in  some  direction ;  a  sewel  (which  see). 

Zelmane  was  like  one  that  stood  in  a  tree  waiting  a 
good  occasion  to  shoot,  and  Gynecia  a  blancher  which 
kept  the  dearest  deer  from  her.     Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 

.And  there  we  found  one  Mr.  Greenfield,  a  gentleman  of 
BiU'kinghamshire.  gathering  up  part  of  the  said  books' 
leaves  (as  he  said),  therewith  to  make  him  sewels  or 
blanmsheres  to  keep  the  deer  within  the  wood,  thereby 
to  have  the  better  cry  with  his  hounds. 

I.ayton,  in  R.  W.  Dixon's  Hist.  Ch.  of  F.ng.,  iv. 

3.  One  who  starts  or  balks  at  anything.  X.E.D. 

blanch-farm,  blanch-ferm,  «. "  [<  OF.  blanche 
fcrme,   Ut.   white  rent:   see  blanch^,  a.,   and 


blandiloctuence 

farm."]  Rent  paid  in  silver  instead  of  in  ser- 
vice or  produce;  also,  a  kind  of  nominal  (juit- 
rent,  paid  with  a  small  piece  of  silver  or  other- 
wise. Also  written  blench-farm,  bknch-fcrm, 
and  hleiicli-Jinn. 

blanch-holding  (blanch 'hoi 'ding),  M.  A 
Seotcli  tenure  by  which  the  tenant  is  bound  to 
pay  only  a  nominal  or  trilling  yearly  duty  to 
his  superior,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his 
right,  and  only  if  demanded.  Also  written 
blench-holilintj. 

blanchimeter  (blan-chim'e-t^r),  n.     [Irreg. 

<  lilaneti  +  ntitrr.  Cf.  altimeter.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  bleacliing  power  of 
oxymiiriate  (ehlorid)  of  lime  and  potash. 

blanching  (blan'ching),  n.  Tlie  act  of  render- 
ing blanched  or  white;  specifically,  any  pro- 
cess applied  to  silver  or  other  metals  to  impart 
whiteness  and  luster. 

blanching-liquor  (blan'ching-lik"or),  ».  The 
solution  of  ehlorid  of  lime  used  for  bleaching. 
Also  called  hlcachinti-Uquhl. 

blanckt,  ".  and  h.   An  olisolete  spelling  of  blank. 

blanc-mange,    blanc-manger    (bla-monzh', 

-mon-zha'),  «.  [The  present  spelling  and  pron. 
imitate  the  mod.  F.  Also  written  blamanije,  blo- 
mangc,  blunianf/e,  bUieniaiijjc,  according  to  the 
ciuTent  pronunciation ;  early  mod.  E.  also  blaicc- 
niani/cr,  hlowmangcr,  etc.,<  ME.  blamanyer,  blatc- 
mangcr,  blammangcr,  blanmangcr,  blankmanger, 
blancmanger,  etc.,  a  preparation  of  different 
kinds;  <  OF.  (and  F.)  blanc-manger  (=  Sp. 
manjar  bianco),  lit.  white  food,  <  blanc,  white, 
+  manger,  eating,  prop,  inf.,  eat:  see  blank 
and  manger.]  In  cookery,  a  name  of  dilferent 
preparations  of  the  consistency  of  jelly,  vari- 
ously composed  of  dissolved  isinglass,  arrow- 
root, eom-stareh,  etc.,  T\-ith  milk  and  flavoring 
substances.  It  is  frequently  maile  from  a  marine  alga, 
Chondnis  erisims,  called  Irish  moss,  which  is  eonuuon  ,ui 
the  coasts  of  Europe  and  North  America.  The  blane- 
manyer  mentioned  by  Chaucer  in  the  General  Prologue  to 
the  Canterbury  Tales,  1.  3S7,  was  apparently  a  compound 
made  of  capon  minced  with  flour,  sugar,  ami  cream. 

bianco  (blang'ko),  «.  [Sp.,  <  bianco,  a.,  white: 
see  blank.]  A  grade  of  cochineal-bugs,  often 
called  silver-whites,  from  their  peculiar  lus- 
trous appearance,  in  distinction  from  the  black 
bugs  or  zaeatillas.  They  are  picked  into  bags  and 
immediately  dried  in  a  stove,  wiiile  the  others  are  first 
thrown  into  hot  water. 

blandlf,  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc),  <  JIE.  blan- 
den,  blonclen,  <  AS.  blanilan  (pret.  blconil,  pp. 
blan(len)=08.  blandan  =  (OTG.  blantan  =  Icel. 
blanda  =  Sw.  blanda  =  Dan.  hlande  =  Goth,  blan- 
dan  (redupl.  verb,  pret.  baibland,pp.  blondans), 
mix ;  rare  in  AS.,  and  in  later  use  superseded 
bv  6/p«rfl,  q.  v.]     To  mix;   blend. 

blandl  (bland),  H.  [(1)  ME.,  <  AS.  bland  (= 
Icel.  bland),  mixture  (Icel.  i  bland,  in  union,  to- 
gether), <  blandan,  mix:  (2)  <  Icel.  blanda,  a 
mixture  of  liquids,  esp.  of  hot  whey  with  water, 

<  blanda  =  AS.  blandan.  mix,  blend :  see  bland^, 
r.]  If.  Mixture;  union. —  2.  An  agreeable 
summer  beverage  prepared  from  the  whey  of 
ehiuTied  milk,  common  among  the  inhabitants 

of  the   Shetland    islands In  bland*,  together; 

blended. 

bland'^  (bland),  a.  [<  L.  blandu.?,  caressing, 
soft,  agreeable,  flattering,  perhaps  orig.  "tnlaii- 
dus,  akin  to  mollis,  mild,  Skt.  mridn,  Gr.  /;f//.i- 
;i;of,  E.  mild,  etc.:  see  mild,  moll.]  1.  Mild; 
soft;  gentle;  balmy. 
Exhilarating  vapour  Wrt/?(f.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  1047. 

Tile  weather  .  .  .  beingforthemostpart  of  a  ^^rtjjrf  and 
equal  temperature.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  14. 

2.  Affable;  suave;  soothing;  kindly:  as,"6/ajtti 
words,"  Milton,  P.  L.,ix.  855. 

His  manners  were  gentle,  complying,  and  bland. 

Goldsmith,  Retaliation,  1.  140. 

Bland  the  smile  that  like  a  wrinkling  w  ind 
On  glassy  water  drove  his  cheek  in  liiies. 

Tennyson.  Princess,  i. 

3.  Mild;  free  from  irritating  qualities:  said 
of  certain  medicines:  as,  bland  oils. — 4.  Not 
stimulating:  said  of  food.  =Syn.  Mild.  etc.  See 
oetttle. 

bland^t,  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc.1.  <  ME. 
blandcn,  hlonden,  blannden  =  MD.  blanden,  < 
OF;  blandir  (>  also  E.  blandish,  q.  v.).  <  L.  blan- 
diri,  flatter,  caress:  see  blandish.]  To  flatter; 
blandish. 

blandationt  (blan-da'shon),  11.  [<  L.  as  if 
"lilandatiiiin-),  equiv.  to  lilanditia,  <  blandiri, 
pp.  blanditus.  flatter:  see  blandish.]  A  piece 
of  flattery;  blandishment.     Camden. 

blandiloquence  (blan-dil'o-kweus),  h.  [<  L. 
blandiloquentia,  <    blandHoquen(t-)s,    speaJdng^ 


blandiloquence 

flatteringly,  <  hlmulus,  llallfriiif,',  +  loquen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  loqui,  speak. J  Jb'air,  mild,  or  flatter- 
ing speech  ;  coui'teous  language ;  compliment. 


[Rare.] 

bla    ' 


blandimentt  (blau'di-ment),  71.     [=  Sp.  btan- 
diiuiciilo  =  It.  blamiimento,  <  L.  blamiimcntum,<. 
blandiri,  flatter:  see  blandish.}    Blandishment;, 
allui-ement ;  enticement. 
Allure  no  man  with  suasions  and  hlaiulimentg. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Injunctions  to  tlie  Monasteries, 
[temp.  Hen.  VIII.,  I.,  App. 

blandiset,  >'■  A  Middle  English  form  of  blandish. 
blandish  (blan'disli),  v.  [<  ME.  blaundi.'ihen, 
bhiitdisen,  <  OF.  blaiidiss-,  stem  of  certain  jiarts 
of  blandir  =  Pr.  .Sp.  blnndir  =  It.  blandire,  <  L. 
blandiri,  flatter,  caress,  <  Waii<lu.<i,  caressing, 
gentle,  bland :  see  l>land~,  a.}  I.  trans.  1.  To 
flatter ;  caress ;  coa.K  or  cajole  with  complai- 
sant speech  or  caressing  act. — 2.  To  render 
pleasing,  alluiing,  or  enticing. 

In  former  days  .1  country-life, 

For  so  time-honoured  poets  sing. 
Free  from  anxiety  and  strife, 
Was  blaiidifih'd  by  perpetual  spring. 

J.  G.  Cooper,  Retreat  of  Aristippus,  Ep.  i. 

3.  To  offer  or  bestow  blandly  or  caressingly: 
as,  to  bUindixh  words  or  favors.  [Rare  and 
archaic  in  all  uses.] 

Il.t  intrans.  To  assume  a  caressing  or  blan- 
dishing manner. 

How  she  blandishing 

By  Dunsniore  drives  along. 

Vrai/ton,  I'olyidbion,  xiii.  318. 

blandished  (blan'disht),  p.  a.  Invested  with 
flattery,  cajolery,  or  blandishment. 

Mustering  all  her  wiles, 
With  blandish'd  parlies,  feminine  assaults. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  403. 

blandisher  (blan'dish-6r),  n.     One  who  blan- 

dislics ;  a  flatterer. 
blandishing  (blan'dish-ing),  n.     [<  ME.  bkin- 

dixin<ji: ;  verbal  n.  of  blandish.']    Blandishment. 

Double-hearted  friends,  whose  blandi^hings 
Tickle  our  ears,  but  stiuf;  our  bosoms. 

J.  Bmumout,  Psyche,  vi.  3. 

blandishing  (blan'dish-ing),  a.  [<  JIE.  blaun- 
dijshtuy ;  -pyv .  ot  blandish^     Mild;  soothing. 

The  see  hath  eke  his  ryght  to  be  somtime  calm  and 
hlaundyshing  with  smothe  water. 

Chancer,  Boethius,  ii.,  prose  2. 

blandishment  (blan'dish-ment),  H.  [<  OF.  blan- 
dissfmvnt,  <  lilandir:  see  blandish  and  -ment.} 

1.  Speech  or  action  expressive  of  affection  or 
kindness,  and  tending  to  vdn  the  heart ;  an  art- 
ful caress ;  flattering  attention  ;  cajolery ;  en- 
dearment. 

As  thus  ho  spake,  each  bird  an<l  beast  behold 
Approarhiii^  two  and  two  ;  these  cowering  low 
With  hlamlixhnxcni  :  each  bird  st^iop'd  on  his  wing. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  361. 
Blandishvientit  will  not  fascinate  us. 

D.  Weli.iter,  Speech,  Bunker  Hill. 

2.  Something  bland  or  pleasing;  that  which 
pleases  or  allures. 

Tlie  rose  yields  her  sweete  blandishment. 

Habington,  Castara,  ii. 
The  blandishments  of  early  friendships. 

Long/ellotr,  Hyperion,  iv.  .^». 

blandly  (bland'li),  adv.     In  a  bland  manner; 

witli  suavity ;  mildly ;  gently. 
blandness  (bland'ues),  n.     [<   bland  +  -ne.^s.~] 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  bland;  mildness; 

gentleness ;  soothingness. 
Envy  was  disarmed  by  the  blandness  of  Albemarle's 

tcni]iiT.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

blandurilla(blan-dt>rira),n.  [Sp.,dim.of  Wan- 
dura,  softness,  a  wliite  paint  used  by  women, 
<  blaudo,  soft,  bland,  <  L.  blandus :  see  bland^, 
».]     A  fine  soft  pomatum  made  in  Spain. 

blank  (blangk),  <i.  and  n.  [Early  mo4.  E.  also 
blanc,  bUmck;  <  ME.  blanli,  fem.  blanche  (see 
blanch^,  a.),  <  OF.  blanc,  fem.  blanche,  white 
(=  Pr.  blanc  =  Sp.  bianco  =  Pg.  branco  =  It. 
bianco:  ML.  blnncu.i),  <  OHG.  blanch,  MHG. 
blanc,  G.  blank,  shining,  bright  (=  MLG.  blank 
=  D.  blank  =  Sw.  Dan.  blank,  shining,  =  AS. 
"blanc,  oidy  in  poet,  doriv.  hlanca,  a  white  or 
gray  horse",  ME.  bhinkc,  blonkc,  Sc.  blank;  cf. 
Icei.  blakkr,  poet.,  a  horse,  steed)  ;  usually  re- 
ferred to  a  Teut.  verb  'hlinkan  (pret.  "blank), 
shine,  which,  however,  is  not  found  in  the 
older  tongues:  see  Mink.  In  the  sense  of  a 
coin  (II.,  7,  8),  OF.  Mane,  MLG.  blank,  MD. 
blanckr  (ML.  blanea),  orig.  with  ref.  to  the  color 
of  silver.]  I.  a.  1.  White  or  pale:  as,  "the 
blanc  moon,"  ilillon,  P.  L.,  x.  6a6. 

Blank  an  death  in  marble.  Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

2.  Pale  from  fear  ov  terror;  hence,  dispirited; 
dejected:  confounded;  confused. 
37 


577 

Adam,  soon  as  he  hoard 
The  fatal  trespass  done  by  Eve^  amaze<l, 

AstoniccI  St 1  and  blank.     Millnn,  V.  I,.,  ix.  800. 

Th"  old  woman  wox  half  htanek  th'tsc  wnrdes  Ut  heare. 
Spenjter,  >'.  CJ.,  III.  iii.  17. 

3.  Empty  or  unoccupied ;  void ;  bare. 

So  bla<;ken'd  all  her  world  in  secret,  blank 
And  waste  it  seeni'd  and  vain. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 
Now  slowly  falls  the  dull  blank  night. 

Bryant,  Rain-Dream. 
Specifically  —  (a)  Free  from  written  or  printeci  charactei-s ; 
not  written  upon  :  as,  a  blank  book  ;  blank  paper  ;  blank 
spaces,  {b)  Not  tilled  up  :  applied  to  legal,  banking,  com- 
mercial, or  other  forms;  as,  a  blank  check  <)r  order;  a 
hlankhwWit;  aWfl/(A:bond.  (r)  Of  uniform  surface;  un- 
relieved or  unbroken  by  ornament  or  opening  :  as,  a  blank 
wall.  ((/)  Empty  of  results,  of  interest,  etc. ;  jis,  a  blank 
outlook  for  the  future. 

4.  Without  contents;  especially,  wanting  some 
part  necessary  to  completeness:  as,  blank  car- 
tridges, that  is,  cartridges  containing  powder 
but  no  ball. —  5.  Vacant  in  expression;  exhib- 
iting perplexity,  real  or  feigned;  nonplussed; 
disconcerted. 

Never  be  blank,  Alonzo, 
Because  this  fellow  has  outstript  thy  fortune. 

■     Fletcher,  Kulc  a  Wife,  ii.  2. 
The  Damsell  of  Iturgundie,  at  sight  of  her  own  letter, 
was  soon  blank,  and  more  ingenuous  then  to  stand  out- 
facing. Milton,  Kikonoklastes,  xxi. 

6.  Complete;  utter;  immitigated:  as,  "blank 
stupidity,"  I'ercival. 

All  but  the  suffering  heart  was  dead 
For  him  abandoned  to  blank  awe, 
To  vacancy,  and  horror  strong. 

Wordsivorth,  White  Doe  of  Rylstone,  vi. 

7.  tJnrimed :  applied  to  verso,  particularly  to 
the  heroic  verse  of  five  feet  without  rime,  such 
as  that  commonly  adopted  in  English  dramatic 
and  epic  poetry — Blank  bar,  bond,  cartridge, 
charter,  door,  ftange,  indorsement,  wheel,  itc .  see 
the  nouns. 

II.  H.  1.  Any  void  space  or  vacant  surface; 
a  space  from  which  something  is  absent  or 
omitted;  a  void;  a  vacancy:  as,  a  blank  in 
one's  memory;  to  leave  blanks  in  writing. 

I  cannot  write  a  paper  full  as  I  used  to  do,  and  yet  I 
will  not  forgive  a  blank  of  half  an  inch  from  you.     Swijt. 
From  the  cheerful  ways  of  men 
Cut  off,  and  for  the  book  of  knowledge  fair 
Presented  with  a  universal  blank 
Of  nature's  works,  to  me  expunged  and  rased. 

Milton,  v.  L.,  iii.  48. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper  prepared  tor  some  spe- 
cial use,  but  without  -writing  or  printed  matter 
on  it. 

The  freemen  signified  their  approbation  by  an  inscribed 
vote,  and  their  dissent  by  a  blank.  Palfrey. 

3.  A  form  or  docimient  containing  blank  spaces ; 
a  document  remaining  incomplete  till  some- 
thing essential  is  filled  in. 

And  daily  new  exactions  are  devis'd  — 

As  blanks,  benevolences,  and  I  wot  not  what. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  I. 

4.  In  parliamentary  usage,  pro\-isioual  words 
printed  in  italics  in  a  bill,  the  final  form  of 
which  is  to  be  settled  in  committee. —  5.  A 
ticket  in  a  lottery  on  which  no  prize  is  indi- 
cated ;  a  lot  by  which  nothing  is  gained. 

In  a  lottery  where  there  are  (at  the  lowest  computation) 
ten  thousand  blanks  to  a  prize,  it  is  the  most  prudent 
choice  not  to  ventm-e. 

Lady  M.  W.  Montatm,  Letters,  .Ian.  28,  175:i. 

6.  In  archery,  the  white  mark  in  the  center  of 
a  butt  or  target  at  which  an  arrow  is  aimeil; 
hence  (archaically),  the  object  toward  which 
anything  is  directed ;  aim ;  target. 

As  level  as  the  cannon  to  his  blank. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  1. 
Let  me  still  remain 
The  tnie  blank  of  thine  eye. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 
Quite  beyond  my  arm,  out  of  the  Ida-nk 
And  level  of  my  brain.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  3. 

7.  Same  as  Mane,  1. —  8.  A  small  copper  coin 
formerly  cm-rent  in  France. 

Refuse  not  a  marvedi,  a  blank. 

Middlelon  and  RoirUy,  Spanish  Oypsy,  ii.  I. 
9.  A  piece  of  metal  prepared  to  be  formed  into 
some  finished  object  by  a  further  operation : 
as,  a  blank  for  a  file  or  a  screw;  specifically,  in 
coining,  a  plate  or  piece  of  gold  or  silver,  cut 
and  shaped,  but  not  stamped. — 10.  A  blank 
verse. 

Five  lines  of  that  number, 
Such  pretty,  begging  blanks. 

Heau.  and  Fl.,  Philaster.  ii.  2. 

lit.  A  weight,  equal  to  sjnVtro  of  a  grain, 
blank  (blangk),  r.  «.    [<  blank,  a.}    If.  To  make 
blank;  make  white  or  pale ;  blanch. 

Bbumt  lu-ose  and  left  the  hall,  while  Raleigh  looked 
after  him  ^vith  an  expression  that  blanked  for  a  moment 
his  bold  and  auimated  countenance. 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  xvii. 


blanketing 

2t.  To  confuse;  put  out  of  countenance;  dis- 
concert; nonplus. 

Despoil  him,  .  .  . 

Anil  with  confusion  6/aii*  his  \vot->*inppeis. 

Milton,  ».  A.,  I.  471. 

3t.  To  frustrate ;  make  void ;  bring  to  naught. 
All  former  purposes  were  blancked, 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

4.  A  common  euphemistic  substitute  for  damn, 
referring  to  the  blank  or  dash  wliich  is  common- 
ly substituted  in  printing  for  that  word  when  it 
is  used  as  a  profane  expression.      [Slang.] 

blank-book  (lilangk'biik),  n.  A  book  of  ruled 
or  unruled  writing-paper  for  accounts,  memo- 
randa, etc. 

blanket  (l)lang'ket),  H.  [<  ME.  blanket,  blon- 
kct,  <  OF.  blanket  (F.  blanchet,  ML.  Manketus, 
bhinehctns),  also  fem.  Mankete.  blanquctte,  dim. 
of  blanc,  white:  see  blank,  n.]  If.  A  coarse 
woolen  fabric,  white  or  uiuiyed,  used  for  cloth- 
ing.— 2.  A  large  oblong  piece  of  soft,  loosely 
woven  woolen  cloth,  used  for  the  sake  of  its 
warmth  as  a  bed-covering,  or  (usually  made 
of  coarser  material  and  closer  texture)  as  a 
covering  for  a  horse  when  standing  or  exposed 
to  cold,  and  sometimes  worn  as  a  garment,  es- 
pecially among  rude  or  uncivilized  people. — 
3.  In  printing,  a  sheet  of  woolen  cloth,  white 
baize,  or  rubber,  laid  between  the  outer  and 
inner  tympans  of  a  hand-press,  or  on  a  ma- 
chine-cylinder, to  moderate  and  eciualize  the 
pressure  on  the  type. — 4.  In  cloth-jirintinfi,  the 
cover  of  the  printing-table. —  5.  Same  as  blan- 
quette,  4. — 6.  In  paper-making,  an  endless  felt 
upon  which  the  pulp  is  laid.  A  wet  blanket,  one 
who  or  that  which  dantps.  depresses,  or  disappoints  any 
hope,  expectation,  or  enjoyment. 

"But,'  said  the  chairman,  and  that  "but"  was  the 
usual  wet  blanket.  Dickem. 

Bom  on  the  wrong  side  of  the  blanket,  of  illegiti- 
mate birth. 
blanket  (blang'ket),  V.  t.     [<  blanket,  h.]     1. 
To  cover  with  a  blanket  or  as  -with  a  blanket : 
as,  to  blanket  a  horse. 
I'll  .  .  .  blanket  uiy  loins.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  3. 

Blanketted  like  a  dog. 
And  like  a  cut-purse  whipt. 

Massinger,  Parliament  of  Love,  iv.  5. 
The  importance  of  the  blanketing  action  of  our  atmo- 
spheric constituents  has  been  in  no  way  over-stated. 

Science,  V.  450. 

2.  To  toss  in  a  blanket  by  way  of  punishment 
or  practical  joke. 

We'll  have  our  men  blanket  'em  i'  the  hall. 

B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  v.  4. 

3.  To  take  the  wind  out  of  the  sails  of,  as  the 
sails  of  one  vessel  when  it  is  passing  close  to 
windward  of  another. 

B's  helmsman  will  be  apt  to  sail  his  boat  as  close  to  the 
wind  as  possible,  and  try  to  "claw  to  windward,"  and 
prevent  A  from  blanketing  him. 

(^uattrough.  Boat  Sailer's  ^lanual,  p.  135. 

blanket-bar  (blang'ket-biir),  «.    An  iron  bar 

used  to  keep  the  blanket  of  a  printing-press  in 

place. 
blanke't-clause  (blang'ket-klaz),  n.    A  general 

or  indefinite  clause  fi'amed  so  as  to  provide  for 

a  number  of  contingencies. 

Suitable  annual  appropriations  .  .   .  require  no  Man. 

ket-elause  to  justify  or  cover  them. 

It-iK'rt  Iff. •Sec.  r.  .S.  Treasury.  1886,  I.  xli. 

blanket-deposit  (blang'kot-de-poz'it),  n.  The 
name  given  in  some  parts  of  the  CordiUeran 
mining  region,  especially  in  Colorado  and  Utah, 
to  deposits  of  ore  occurring  in  a  form  having 
some  of  the  characters  of  those  elsewhere  des- 
ignated as  Jl<it  .v/iecte,  bedded  reins,  beds,  or  flat 
masses.  They  are  fre(|uently  intercalated  between  rocks 
of  different  lithological  character  and  oriiiin,  in  which 
case  they  partake  of  the  nature  of  contact-deposits.  The 
occun-enccs  of  ore  at  Leadville  are  of  this  nature. 

blanketeer  (blang-ket-er'),  n.  [<  blanket  -t- 
-«■/•.]  It.  One  who  tosses  in  a  blanket. —  2. 
One  of  the  radical  refonners  of  Lancashire 
who,  on  March  10th,  1817,  at  a  meeting  in  St. 
Peter's  Fields,  Manchester,  decided  to  march 
to  London  with  a  petition  for  parliamentary  re- 
form, each  man  liaving  a  rug  or  blanket  strapped 
on  his  shoulder,  so  that  he  might  bivouac  on  the 
road  if  necessarv. 

blanketeer  (Idang-ket-er'),  "•  •'•  [<  hlanketeer, 
H.]     To  act  as  a  blanketeer. 

This  epistle  awaited  her  at  Beamish  s  inn  on  returning 
from  her  blanketeerina  adventure. 

The  Husband  Hunter  (\»m),  iii.  230.     (.V.  and  Q., 
17th  ser.,  II.  8.) 

blanketing  (blang'ket-ing),  H.  1.  Coarse 
woolen  cloth  of  which  blankets  are  made. — 
2.  A  supply  or  quantity  of  blankets. —  3.  The 


blanketing 

process  of  obtaining  aoUl  by  collecting  it  as 
it  comes  from  the  stami)S  on  a  blanket  or  in  a 
blanket-sluice. —  4.  jil.  The  gold  so  obtained. — 
5.  The  operation  of  tossing  in  a  blanket  as  a 
punishment  or  a  joko. 

Tliat  aStnir  of  tlie  blanketing  happened  to  tlice  for  the 
fault  thou  wast  guilty  of. 

Smollett,  tr.  of  Von  Quixote,  iii.  6. 

blanket-leaf  (blang'ket-lef),  «.  The  common 
niiillrn.   f'l  rliasciini  TliapSK.i. 

blanket-mortgage  (blaug'ket-mor'gaj),  w.  A 
mortgage  iutentled  to  cover  an  aggregation  of 
property,  or  secure  or  provide  for  indebtedness 
prcviousiv  existing  in  various  fonns. 

blanket-slieet  (blang'ket-shet),  «.  A  large 
iipwspa|i(>v  in  folio  form.     Amcr.  Bookmaker. 

blanket-sluice  (blang'ket-slos),  h.  In  mining 
and  mital..  a  loug  trough  or  sluice  in  which 
blankets  are  laid  for  the  purpose  of  collecting 
the  particles  of  gold  or  amalgam  which  pass 
over  them  as  the  material  flows  from  under  the 
stamps. 

blankillo  (blang-kU'6),  w.  Same  as  blaiiqidllo,  1. 

blanking-press  ( blang'  kiug-pres),  II .  A  stamp- 
ing-press used  to  cut  out  blanks. 

blankly  (blangk'li),  «rfj!.  1.  lu  a  blank  or  va- 
cant manner;  vacuously;  aimlessly. —  2.  Di- 
rectly ;  point-blank ;  flatly  ;  utterly. 

We  in  short  blankhi  deny  the  possibility  of  loss. 

Furlitl-jhtlti  Eev.,  X.  S.,  XL.  640. 

blankness  (blangk'nes),  «.  [<  blank  +  -ness.'\ 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  blank. 

There  was  nothing  external  by  which  he  [Casaubon] 
could  account  for  a  certain  blankne-^s  of  sensibility  which 
came  over  him  just  when  his  expected  gladness  should 
have  been  most  lively.      Getn-tfe  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  94. 

Blanquefort  (blonk'fort),  n.  [F.  Blanquefort, 
a  to\\Ti  in  Gironde,  France.]  A  red  wine  grown 
in  the  department  of  Gironde  in  France. 

blanquette  (blon-kef),  «.  [F.,  dim.  of  Wane, 
white.  Cf.  blanket.']  1.  In  cookery,  a  white 
fricassee ;  also,  a  minced  dish,  as  of  cold  veal. 
—  2.  A  kind  of  crude  soda,  obtained  at  Aigues- 
Mortes,  in  France,  bj'  the  incineration  of  .S'ai- 
sola  Tragus  and  .S'.  Kali. — 3.  A  kind  of  white 
sparkling  wine  made  in  southern  France,  often 
called  blanquette  (Jc  IJmoux. — 4.  A  large  va- 
riety of  pear.     Also  written  blanket. 

blanqull  (blSng-kel'),  «.     Same  as  blanquillo. 

bianquillo  (blaug-ke'lyo),  «.  [Sp.,  a  small 
coin,  <  bianquillo,  whitish,  dim.  of  bianco,  white: 
see  blank,  «.]  1.  A  small  copper  coin  equiva- 
lent to  about  6  centimes,  or  a  little  over  1  cent, 
current  in  Morocco  and  on  the  Barbary  coast. 
Also  blankillo. —  2.  A  name  of  a  fish  of  the 


578 

MHG.  hleren,  hUrrcn,  cry  aloud,  bleat,  G.  hhir- 
rcn,  blarrcn,  pldrren,  roar,  bellow,  bleat,  blare; 
prob.  an  imitative  word.]  I.  introns:  1.  To 
roar;  bellow;  cry;  low.  [Now  chiefly  prov. 
Kng.]  —  2.  To  give  forth  a  loud  sound  like  a 
trumpet ;  give  out  a  brazen  soimd ;  bellow. 
Warble,  O  bugle,  and  trumpet  blare. 

Tenny/ion,  Welcome  to  Alexaiidr.a. 

II,  trans.  To  sound  loudly;  proclaim  noisily. 
.\nd  such  a  tongue 
To  blare  it5  own  interpretation. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  ami  F.laine. 

blarel  (blar),  «.  [<  blare'^,  v.]  1.  A  roaring; 
loud  or  bellowing  noise. 

Whitman  .  .  .  sang  the  blare  and  brawn  that  he  found 
in  the  streets.  Sleihnan,  Poets  of  America,  p.  355. 

2.  Sound  like  that  of  a  trumpet. 

And  his  ears  are  stunned  with  the  thunder's  blare. 

J.  R.  Drake,  Culprit  Fay. 
With  blare  of  bugle,  clamor  of  men, 
Roll  of  cannon  and  clash  of  arms. 

Tennymn,  Duke  of  Wellington. 

3.  The  bleat  of  a  sheep,  the  bellowing  of  a 
calf,  or  the  weeping  of  a  child.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

blare'"  (blar),  «.  [Origin  unknown.]  Xaut.,  a 
paste  of  hair  and  tar  used  for  calking  the  seams 
of  boats. 

blare^  (blar),  «.  [Swiss.]  A  petty  copper 
coin,  of  about  the  value  of  2  cents,  struck  at 
Bern,  Switzerland. 

Blarina  (bla-ri'nii),  n.  [NL. ;  a  nonsense- 
name.]  A  genus  of  American  shrews,  with  32 
or  30  colored  teeth,  concealed  ears,  and  short 
tail.    It  is  the  short-tailed  mole-shrew  of  North  America, 


Bianquillo  t_Cauloltittltfs  tnicrops"). 

genus  Canlolatilus  and  family  Lntilida;  such 
as  C.  chrysops,  C.  microps,  or  C.  2)rince})s.  c.  mi- 
crops  is  of  moderately  elongate  form,  and  has  7  dorsal 
spines  and  25  rays,  is  of  a  reddish  color  marked  with  yellow, 
and  has  a  yellow  band  below  the  eyes  and  a  dark  a.xillary 
blotch.  It  inhabits  the  Caribbean  sea  and  the  southern 
coasts  of  Florida,  and  is  esteemed  for  the  table.  C  prin- 
ceps  is  a  closely  related  species,  olivaceous  with  bluish  re- 
flections, occurring  along  the  southern  Califoruian  coast, 
where  it  is  known  as  bianquillo  and  white riKh. 
Blaps  (blaps),  n.  [NXi.]  A  genus  of  beetles, 
generally  refeiTed  to  the  family  Tcncbrionida; 
but  by  some  taken  as  the  type  of  a  family 
BlapsidiV.  Blaps  rnorti.sa{ia  is  a  common  European  spe- 
cies, called  churchyard  beetle  in 
Great  Britain  ;  B.'  mneronata  is 
found  in  kitchens  and  cellars;  B. 
suleata  is  dressed  with  butter  and 
eaten  by  Egj-ptian  women  to  make 
tb'-in  gl-ow  fat. 

Blapsidse  (blap'si-de),  n.  pi. 
[Xl>.,  <  Blaps  +  -trfn;.]  A 
family  of  atraeheUate  hete- 
romerous  beetles,  generally 
merged      in       Toicbrinnitlre. 

comprising  nocturnal  black-         Churchyard        Beetle 

beetles  of  moderate  size,  the   LtaufLu.r.^tTzeT'"^'"' 
wings  of  which  are   gener- 
ally obsolete  and  the  elytra   fused  together. 

They  freijuent  damp  ]ilace.s,  and  when  seized  discharge  in 
self-defense  a  liquid  of  a  peculiar  and  penetrating  odor. 
blarei  (blar),  r. ;  pret.  blared,  ppr.  blaring.  [Sc. 
also  hlair,  early  moil.  E.  blear  (Se.  bleir);  <  late 
ME.  bleren,  earlier  blorcn  (see  fc/ortl),  and  prob. 
*blaren,  cry,  weep,  =  MD.  blaren,  biaeren.  low, 
bleat,  =  MLG.  blarren,  LG.  bUirren,  bhircn  = 


Mole-shrew  [Biaritta  brevicauda). 

of  which  there  are  several  species,  of  two  subgenera,  Bla- 
rina proper,  with  32  teeth,  and  Sori^cus,  with  30  teeth. 
The  best-known  is  B.  brevicaitda,  the  common  mole- 
shrew  of  the  United  States,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  fam- 
ily Snricidte. 

blarney  (blar'ni),  /;.  [Popularly  refeiTed  to 
Castle  Blarney,  near  Cork  in  Ireland,  in  the 
wall  of  which  is  a  stone  (the  "Blarney  stone") 
said  to  endow  those  who  kiss  it  with  unusual 
facility  and  unscrupulousness  in  the  use  of  flat- 
teiy  and  compliment.]  Exceedingly  compli- 
mentary language ;  flattery;  smooth,  wheedling 
talk ;  pleasing  cajolery. 

The  blarney  's  so  great  a  deceiver.  5.  Lover. 

Madame  de  Stael  was  regretting  to  Lord  Castlereagh 
that  there  was  no  word  iii  the  English  language  which 
answered  to  their  "Sentiment."  "No,"  he  said,  "there 
is  no  English  word,  but  the  Irish  have  one  that  corre- 
sponds exactly, — blarney ! "   Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  121. 

blarney  (bliir'ni),  v.  t.  [<  blarney,  )i.]  To  talk 
over  or  beguile  by  wheedling  speeches ;  flatter ; 
humbug  with  agreeable  talk. 

The  General  has  yet  to  learn  that  my  father's  country- 
men (I  have  ever  felt  proud  of  my  descent  from  an  Irish- 
man), though  they  sometimes  do  blarney  others,  are  yet 
hard  to  be  blarneyed  themselves. 

J.  Buchanan,  in  Curtis,  II.  63. 

blast,  "•  [Invented  by  Van  Helmont  (1577- 
1644).  Cf.  gas.]  A  subtle  kind  of  matter  sup- 
posed by  Van  Helmont,  a  Dutch  mystic  philos- 
opher, to  be  radiated  from  the  stars  and  to 
produce  effects  opposite  to  those  of  heat. 

blase  (bla-za'),  a.  [F.,pp.  of  blaser,  cloy,  satiate, 
blunt,  of  imcertain  origin.]  Exhausted  by  en- 
joyment, especially  by  sensuous  pleasures; 
having  the  healthy  energies  exhausted;  weary 
and  disgusted  with  life. 

blash  (blash),  V.  t.  [An  imitative  word,  assimi- 
lated to  ^/a«A,  «j)/rtiWi,  (tosA,  ^(js/),  etc.]  1.  To 
dash  or  splash  ■with  a  quantity  of  liquid ;  drench . 
— 2.  To  pom' in  suddenly  and  in  great  quantity. 

1  Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 
ash  (blash),  n.     [<  blash,  v.]     1.  A  dash  or 
plash,  as  of  rain  falling  in  sheets. 

A  snaw  storm  came  down  frae  the  mountains,  .  .  .  noo 
a  whirl,  and  noo  a  Wa.?ft.  J-  Wilson,  Noctes  Ambros. 

2.  A  quantity  of  thin,  watery  stuff,  especially 
an  excessive  quantity:  as,  a  6tasA  of  tea. —  3.  A 
broad  blaze  or  flare.' 

[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
Blash-boggart,  a  goblin  who  appeai-s  and  disappears  in 

a  Maslu      See  boo'tartll,     [Scotch.] 

blasliy(blash'i),  «.  [<  Wri.v/i  -1-  -yl.]  1.  Char- 
acterized by  sudden  drenching  showers;  delug- 


blasphemy 

ing;  'wet:  as,  blashy  weather;  hlmhywaXking. 
— 2.  Thin;  weak;  watery;  of  poor  quality:  ap- 
plied to  food  or  drink. 
[I'rov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

blasphematoryt  (blas-fe'ma-to-ri),  a.  [<  bla.<i- 
jilii  uii  -\-  -diary.  Cf.  LL.  blosphemator,  a  blas- 
idienicr.]      Blasphemous. 

blasphemet  (blns't'em),  a.  and  )i.l  [ME.,  also 
blusjemc,  <  i)V.  bUisfeme  (mod.   F.  blaspheme), 

<  ML.  blasfemus,  LL.  bla.sphcmus,  <  Gr.  ii'/jj- 
Giptifioi;,  evil-speaking,  <  ,f/.ue-,  prob.  for  ,i/a^- 
(cf.  iV.arjiic,  damage,  injurj',  harm)  (<  ji?.a7r-civ, 
damage,  harm,  injure),  -I-  <pvt">,  speech  (=  L. 
fama,  fame),  <  (pdvai  =  L.  fart,  speak.]  I.  a. 
Blasphemous. 

II.  n.  A  blasphemer.  Wyclif. 
blasphemet  (blas'fem),  n.'^  [ME.  blaspheme, 
blasfvmc,  blafcme,  <  OF.  blafcme,  blaspheme, 
mod.  F.  blaspheme  =  Pr.  blaspheme,  <  LL.  blas- 
phemia  (ML.  also  blasfemia),  <  Gr.  iT/.aa<p7i/ua, 
e\-il-speaking,  <  ,3/-naij)T/uor,  evil-speaking :  see 
blaspheme,  a.  From  the  same  source,  through 
the  vernacular  OF.  blasme,  comes  E.  blame,  n., 
q.  v.]     Blasphemy. 

In  bla^feme  of  this  goddis. 

Chaucer,  iinvoy  to  Scogan,  1.  15. 

blaspheme  (blas-fem'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  blas- 
phemed, ppr.  blaspheming.     [<  ME.  hia.ifemen, 

<  OF.  blasfemer,  mod.  F.  blasphemer  =  Pr.  Sp. 
blasfemar  =  Pg.  blasphemar  =  Olt.  bla.ifemare 
(mod.  It.  blastemiare,  bcstemmiarc),  <  LL.  blas- 
phemare,  <  Gr.  !3'/.aaijiri/iciv,  speak  evil  of,  <  j)/.a- 
(jipr/fjog,  e\'il-speaking :  see  blaspheme,  a.  From 
the  same  verb,  through  the  vernacular  OF.  blas- 
mer,  comes  E.  blame,  r.,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
speak  impiously  or  irreverently  of  (God  or  sa- 
cred things).     See  blaS2)hemi/. 

Thou  didst  blaspheme  God  and  the  king.      1  Ki  xxi.  10. 

O  God,  how  long  shall  the  adversary  reproach  ?  shall  the 
enemy  blaspheme  thy  name  for  ever?  Ps.  Ixxiv.  10. 

So  should  thy  goodness  and  thy  greatness  both 
Be  question 'd  and  blasphemed  without  defence. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  166. 

2.  To  speak  evil  of ;  utter  abuse  or  calumny 
against ;  speak  reproachfully  of. 

You  do  blaspheme  the  good,  in  mocking  me. 

Shak.,  M.  for  51.,  L  5. 

TL,intrans.  1.  To  utter  blasphemy;  use  pro- 
fane or  impious  words ;  talk  profanely  or  dis- 
respectfully of  God  or  of  sacred  things :  follow- 
ed by  against. 

He  that  shall  blaspheme  against  the  Holy  Ghost  hath 
never  forgiveness.  Mark  iii.  29. 

2t.  To  rail;  utter  abusive  words.  Greene. 
[Rare.] 
blasphemer  (blas-fe'mer),  71.  [<  ME.  blasfe- 
merc,  <  blasfemen,  blaspheme.]  One  who  blas- 
phemes ;  one  who  speaks  of  God  or  of  religion 
in  impious  and  irreverent  terms. 

Must  .  .  .  each  ^?«#^ftem*'r  quite  escape  the  rod. 
Because  the  insult's  not  on  man  but  God? 

Pope,  Epil.  to  Satires,  ii.  195. 

blasphemeress   (blas-fe'mer-es),   n.      [<   bias- 
phi  luir  +  -ess.]  A  female  blasphemer.  [Rare.] 
A  diabolical  blasphemeresse  of  God. 

Hall,  Hen.  VI.,  an.  9. 

blasphemous  (blas'ff-mus),  a.  [<  LL.  blasphe- 
nius  (ML.  also  bla-^fcmus,  >  JIE.  blasfemc,  blas- 
pheming, a  blasphemer),  <  Gr.  ii'/-ac(prjuoc,  evil- 
speaking:  see  blaspheme,  a.]  1.  Uttering,  con- 
taining, or  exhibiting  blasphemy:  impiously 
irreverent  toward  God  or  sacred  things :  as, 
"  blasphemous  publications,"  Bj).  Porleiis,  Lec- 
tures, I.  i. 

We  have  heard  him  speak  blasphemous  words  against 
Moses  and  against  God.  Acts  vi.  11. 

Mjihologies  ill  underetood  at  first,  then  perverted  into 
feeble  seitsualities,  take  the  place  of  representations  of 
Christian  subjects,  which  had  become  blasphemous  under 
the  treatment  of  men  like  the  Caracci.  Ruskin. 

[Formerly  accented  on  the  second  syllable,  as  below. 
Oh  argument  blasphemous,  false,  and  proud  ! 

Jlilton,  P.  L.,  V.  S09.] 

2t.  Abusive:  defamatory;  railing, 
blasphemously  (blas'ff-mus-li),  adr.     Impi- 
ously; profanely. 

Terribly  curseth  and  blasphemously  sweareth  he  never 
committed  any  such  act         Stow,  Qiieen  Mary,  an.  1657. 

blasphemy  (bias 'fe- mi),  «.;  pi.  blasphemies 
(-miz).  [<  ME.  bla.9femie  =  Sp.  blasfemia  =  Pg. 
blasphemia  =  OIt.  blasfemia. <.  LL.  bla.<tphemia,< 
Gr.  j3?,aaipriiiia,<  fi7.dc<priiio^ :  see  blaspheme,  a.,  blas- 
pheme. H.2]  1.  In  Old  Testament  usage,  any 
attempt  to  diminish  the  reverence  with  which 
Jehovah's  name  was  invested  as  the  Sovereign 
King  of  the  Jews,  or  to  ttirn  the  hearts  of  the 
people  from  their  complete  allegiance  to  him. 


blasphemy 


It  was  a  crime  miswerinn  t«»  tRiisuri  in  our  own  time,  and 
was  carefully  dethuil  and  rik'ctntusly  punished  by  the  Mo- 
saic laws.  It  wjw  of  this  crime  that  Jesus  was  accused, 
and  tor  it  cunticmiu-il.  hfi-iiuse  he  assumed  the  divine 
cliaracter  and  accepted  diviiR-  honors. 

For  a  tiood  work  we  stone  tliee  not.  hut  for  hlajiphemif ; 
and  because  thut  thou,  hcin^  a  man,  iiuikest  thyself  God. 

John  X.  33. 

Hence — 2.  Any  impious  or  profane  speaking 
of  God  or  of  sacn'd  tliiujjs;  rcproachtul,  con- 
temptuous, or  irrt'vcr<'!it  words  uttere<l  impi- 
ously against  (lod  or  religion. 

Blnsphnnif  is  an  injury  olfered  to  f!od,  by  denyinn  that 
which  is  due  and  belonging  to  bim,  or  attributing  to  him 
that  wliicb  is  not  agreeable  to  Ins  nature.  Linivood. 

Blasphemy  cognizable  by  conuuon  law  is  described  by 
lilackstniu'  to  be  "denying  the  being  or  providence  of 
God,  contumelious  ruproaeiies  of  our  Saviour  Christ,  pro- 
fane scothng  at  the  Holy  Si-ripture,  or  exj)osing  it  to  con- 
tempt or  ridicule";  by  Kent  as  "maliciously  reviling 
God  or  religion";  and  by  Chief  Justi(^e  Lemuel  Shaw  as 
"speaking  evil  of  the  Deity  with  an  impious  purpose  Ut 
derogate  from  the  Divine  Majesty,  and  to  alienate  the 
mmds  of  others  from  the  love  and  reverence  of  God." 
Blasphemy  is  punished  as  a  crime  or  a  misdemeanor  by 
the  laws  of  many  nations.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
language  irreverent  toward  the  Virgin  Mary  and  the 
saints  is  also  held  to  be  blasphemy. 
3.  Evil  speaking  or  abusive  laupfua^*'  against 
anything  held  sacred:  as,  ^^hUispfifimj  against 
learning,"  £acon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  i. 
{Latham.)  —  4,  iVn  indecent  or  scurrilous  ut- 
terance, as  distinguished  fi*om  fair  and  respect- 
ful discussion;  grossly  irreverent  or  outrage- 
ous language. 

That  in  the  captain's  hut  a  chuleric  word, 
>V'hich  in  the  soldier  is  fiat  blasphemti. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,ii.  2. 

5t.  A  blasphemer;  a  blasphemous  person. 
[Rare.] 

Now,  hlasjthfmy, 
That  swear'st  grace  o'erhoard,  not  an  tiath  on  shore. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1, 
=Syil.  Blasphtuty,  Pro/anif}/,  agree  in  expressing  the  ir- 
reverent use  of  words,  but  the  former  is  the  stronger,  and 
the  latter  the  wider.  Pru/anity  is  language  irreverent  to- 
wai'dGodor  holy  things,  covering  especially  :dl  oaths  that, 
literally  interpreted,  treat  lightly  the  altrihut.soracts  of 
God.  ^i(W/)/ie»yi.v  is  generally  more  direct,  intentional,  and 
defiant  in  its  impiety,  and  is  directed  toward  the  most  sa- 
cred things  in  religion. 

And  he  [the  dragon]  opened  his  month  in  blasphemy 
against  God,  to  blaspheme  his  name,  and  his  tabernacle, 
and  them  that  dwell  in  heaven.  Rev.  xiii.  6. 

If  indecency  and  profanity,  inspired  by  "potations  pot- 
tle-deep," were  heard  anywhere  with  peculiar  emphasis 
and  shameless  vociferation,  it  was  at  the  board  of  Eng- 
land's prime  minister  [Sir  Robert  Walpole]. 

Whipple,  H.  Fielding. 

blast  (blast).  H.  [<  ME.  blast,  Idcst,  <  AS.  hlw.st 
(=OHG. blast, MHO.  G. blast  =Iq.q\. bldstr=  Sw. 
bldst  =  Dan.  bhrst),  a  gust  of  wind,  a  blowing, 
<  ''bmsan  (=  D.  bla^cii  =  MLG.  blasen  =  OHG. 
hlman,  MHG.  bhl^eu,  G.  blasen  =  Icel.  bJasa  = 
Sw,  bldsa  =  1)0,11.  blwsc^iToth.  blesan  (incomp.), 
blow,  breathe,  >  E.  blacc'^,  q.  v.).  akin  to  bld- 
wo»y  blow:  see  bloiv'^,  r.  Perhaps  ult.  connect- 
ed with  AS.  blwstj  a  flame,  bhrse,  a  flame,  >  E. 
bla^e^j  q.  v.]  1.  A  blowing  ;  a  gust  or  puff  of 
wind ;  especially,  a  strong  and  sudden  gust. 

Rede  that  boweth  downe  at  every  Mast. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  it 
Blasta  that  blow  the  poplar  white. 

Tennymn,  In  Memoriara,  Ixxii. 

2.  A  forcible  stream  of  air  from  the  mouth, 
from  bellows,  or  the  like. 

At  the  blast  of  his  mouth  were  the  rest  of  the  creatures 
made,  and  at  his  bare  word  they  started  out  of  nothing. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  36. 

Hence  —  3.  A  jet  of  exhaust-steam  thrown  into 
a  smoke-stack  to  assist  the  draft. —  4.  In  metal., 
the  air  forced  into  a  furnace  for  the  purpose  of 
accelerating  combustion,  a  furnace  is  said  to  he  in 
blast  wlien  it  IS  in  operation,  out  of  blast  when  stopped, 
either  temporarily  or  permanently. 

5.  The  sound  made  by  blowing  a  wind-instru- 
ment, as  a  horn  or  trumpet;  strictly,  the  sound 
produced  by  one  breath. 

One  bloat  upon  his  bugle-honi 
Were  worth  a  thousand  men. 

Scntt,  h.  of  the  I..,  vi.  18. 

6.  Any  sudden,  pernicious,  or  destructive  in- 
fluence upon  animals  or  plants;  the  infection 
of  anything  pestilential ;  a  blight. 

Blasts*  and  fogs  upon  thee  I  Skak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

Of  no  distemper,  of  no  blast  he  died. 

But  fell  like  autunni  fruit  that  mellowed  long. 

Dryden,  (Edipus,  iv.  1 

Hence  —  7.  Any  withering  or  destructive  in- 
fluence ;  a  curse. 

By  the  blant  of  God  they  perish.  Job  iv.  9. 

8.  The  product  of  a  blast  or  blight ;  a  bud  which 
never  blossoms. 


579 

Ab  in  all  gardeins,  some  flowers,  some  wpcdes,  and  oa  in 
al  trees,  some  blosflonm.  some  hlaxLi. 

Lilly.  Ku|ilmca,  An.lt.  of  Wit,  p.  19B. 

9.  The  cliarge  of  ffunpowdcr  or  other  explosive 
used   at  one   firing  in   bhistiug  operations. — 

10.  The  explosion  of  inflammable  air  in  a 
mine. — 11.  A  llatiilent  (iiscase  in  sheo]>. — 12. 
A  smoke  of  tobacco.  [Scotch.]  At  one  Wast,  iit 
iMicc— For  ablastt  foiomc.  Hot  blast,  iiiiraiacil  toa 
hinh  teinpL-rature  ami  furct'il  into  a  blastfurnace  in  smclt- 
inn,  and  espcoially  in  the  niaiiufafturc  nf  piK-iron.  Hie 
plan  lit  heating' the  blast  orininated  with  Mr.  .lames  liean- 
niont  Neilso!)  of  (Jlaspow,  and  a  patent  was  issued  to  him 
in  1828.  The  introduction  of  the  hot  blast  has  had  an  im- 
portant inlluencc  on  the  develctpnient  of  the  iron  busi- 
ness, since  by  this  method  tic-  amount  of  fuel  r<'((uired  is 
considerably  lessened.-  In  full  blast,  in  full  operation  : 
referring  to  a  blast-furnace  when  worked  to  it«  fullest  ex- 
tent or  capacity. 

The  business  of  the  day  was  in/utl  blast. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  155. 
=  Syil.  Gwif,  etc.  .See  wind,  n. 
blast  (blast),  r.  [<  WE.  blasten,  blow,  breathe 
hard ;  trans.,  blow,  as  a  trumpet ;  <  blast,  a  blow- 
ing: see  blast,  ».]  I,  intrans.  1.  To  blow;  puff; 
breathe  hard ;  pant.  [Scotch  and  Middle  Eng- 
lish.] 

Dra^otins  .  .  . 
That  Krisely  whistleden  and  bla^iten 
And  of  her  mouthe  fyre  outcasten. 

Kin<j  Alinaunder,  1.  r>348. 
To  puffen  and  to  blantf. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1866. 

2.  To  smoke  tobacco.  [Scotch.] — 3.  To  boast; 
brag;  speak  ostentatiously.  Scott.   [Scotch.] — 

4.  To  wither;  be  blighted. 

Bkt^titvi  ill  the  bud. 
Losing  his  verdure,  even  in  the  prime. 

Shak.,  T.  O.  of  V.,  i.  1. 

5.  To  burst  as  by  an  explosion ;  blow  up. 

This  project 
Should  have  a  back,  or  second,  that  might  hold. 
If  this  should  blast  in  proof.        Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 

II,  Irann.  If.  To  blow  forth  or  abroad; 
hence,  to  utter  loudly;  proclaim. —  2.  To  break 
or  tear  to  pieces  (rocks  or  similar  materials)  by 
the  agency  of  gunpowder  or  other  explosive. 
In  the  ordinary  operations  of  mining  the  rocks  are  at- 
tacked, or  broken  into  fragments  of  manageable  size,  by 
blasting. 

He  spoke ;  and,  high  above,  I  heard  them  blast 
The  steep  slate-qnarry.  Tennyson.  Golden  Year. 

3.  To  confound  or  stim  by  a  loud  blast  or  din ; 
split ;  burst.     [Rare.] 

Trumpeters, 
With  brazen  din  bta^t  you  the  city's  ear. 

Shak.,  A.  andC,  iv.  8. 
I  have  seen  you  stand 
As  you  were  blasted  'midst  of  all  your  mirth. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  '1. 

4.  To  blow  or  breathe  on  so  as  to  injure,  as 
a  sudden  gust  or  destructive  wind;  cause  to 
fade,  shrivel,  or  wither;  check  the  growth  of 
and  prevent  from  coming  to  maturity  and  pro- 
ducing fruit ;  blight,  as  trees  or  plants. 

Seven  thin  ears,  and  blasted  with  the  east  wind. 

Gen.  xli.  6. 
Say  .  .  .  why 
Upon  this  blasted  heath  you  stop  our  way '! 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  3. 
Since  this  I  live  ti>  see. 
Some  bitter  north  wind  btaj^t  my  flocks  and  me ! 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iii.  1 . 

5.  To  blight  or  cause  to  corae  to  nothing,  as  by 
some  pernicious  influence  ;  bring  destruction, 
calamity,  or  infamy  upon ;  ruin :  as,  to  blast 
pride,  hopes,  reputation,  happiness. 

With  Hecate's  ban  thrice  blasted,     .^hak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

The  prosecutor  urged  that  this  might  bla^t  her  reputa- 
tion, and  that  it  was  in  effect  a  boasting  of  favours  which 
he  had  never  received.     Addison,  Cases  of  False  Delicacy. 

He  shows  himself  .  .  .  malicious  if  he  knows  I  deserve 
credit  and  yet  goes  about  t«  blast  it.  Stilling.fteet. 

6.  To  curse ;  strike  with  the  wrath  of  heaven. 

ilis  name  he  ever  blasted ! 
For  his  accursed  shallow  has  betray'd 
The  sweetness  of  all  youth. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  v.  2. 

Calling  on  their  Maker  to  curse  them,  .  .  .  blast  them, 

and  damn  them.  Maeaulay,  Hist.  F.ng.,  iii. 

blast-,  -blast.    See  bla.itn-. 

Blastactinota  (blas-tak-ti-no'ta),  H.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  jHAaardc,  a  germ  (see  blastiis),  +  oktivuto^. 

furnished  with  rays :  see  aetinote.]    A  class  of 

radiate  animals:  same  as  Blastoklea.     Bronn, 

1860. 
blastasa  (blas-te'a),  H.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  J^affnif,  a 

germ:  see  hlastm.\     The  hypothetical  parent 

form  of  the  Blastieidw. 

We  call  this  the  Planeea  or  Blastcea. 

Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  If.  61. 

blastsad  (blas-te'ad),  n.     [<  bla.<!t<ra  +  -ad^.'i 
1.  .'>amo  as  blasttvid. —  2.  One  of  certain  e.xis- 


blasting 

tent  animals,  as  tlic  Xuiwegian  flinuner-ball, 

which  permanently  resemble  a  blastula  orpla- 

nula. 
blastseid  (blas-te'id),  «.    One  of  the  hyjjotheti- 

cal  /Uiistd  i(l(i: 
Blastxidse  (blas-le'i-de),  ».  ;>/.     [NL.,  <  blas- 

1(1(1  +  -»/«■.]     A  hypothetical  group  of  animals 

having  permanently  the  form  of  a   blastula, 

planula,  or  vesicular  morula.     Less  correctly 

written  Bldstaada: 
blast-box   (blast'boks),   «.      A  chamber   into 

or  through  which  the  air  of  a  blowing-engine 

passes. 

These  bearers  may  connect  at  their  front  ends  in  any 
desired  manner  with  the  blast-pipe,  and  at  their  rear  ends 
with  a  blast-lmz.  ITrr.  Diet.,  IV.  458. 

blasted  (blas'ted), /).  «.  1.  Confounded;  exe- 
crable ;  detestable :  used  as  a  milder  form  of 
imjirecation  than  damned. 

Some  of  her  own  blasted  gypsies. 

"  Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  11.  13. 

2.  In  hrr.,  deprived  of  leaves:  said  of  a  tree 
iir  ii  branch. 

blastelasma  (blas-te-las'ma),  n. ;  pi.  hlastelas- 
mata  (-ma-tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  J/aiTTiir,  a  germ  (see 
hlastus),  -(-  lAaafia,  a  (metal)  plate,  <  i'/.aivetv 
(iyn-),  drive,  strike,  beat  out.]  In  cmbryoh,  a 
secondary  germ-layer ;  a  germ-layer,  as  the 
mesoderm,  appearing,  if  at  all,  after  the  for- 
mation of  the  two  primary  layers  called  en- 
doderm  and  ectoderm,  or  blastopliylla. 

blastema  (blas-te'ma),  n. ;  pi.  hUistemnta  (-ma- 
tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iud(7T>/fia,  a  shoot,  sprout, 
<  ii/a<7Tciv,  iVanTavcii',  sprout,  bud,  shoot.]  1. 
In  bot. :  (a)  Originally,  the  axis  of  an  embryo, 
consisting  of  the  radicle  and  the  growing- 
point  at  its  summit.  (/))  In  later  use,  the  ini- 
tial point  of  growth  from  which  any  organ  or 
part  of  an  organ  is  developed,  (c)  Sometimes, 
the  thallus  of  cryptoganious  plants. —  2.  In 
anat.  and^)/ii/«.,  the  bioplasm  or  protoplasm  of 
a  germinating  ovtim ;  the  substance  of  the 
blastomeres,  blastoderm,  etc. ;  granular  forma- 
tive material.  [The  terra  is  now  being  super- 
seded by  more  special  names  of  substances 
and  stages  of  germination.] 

blastemal  (blas-te'mal),  a.  [<  blastema  +  -oi.l 
Of  or  pertaining  to  blastema;  rudimentary:  as, 
bldstimal  formations. 

blastematic  (blas-te-mat'ik),  a.     Blastemic. 

blas'temic  (blas-tem'ik),  fl.  [<  blastema  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  blastema ;  consisting  of  blas- 
tema; bioplasmic ;  bioplastic. 

blast-engine  (blast'enjin),  H.  1.  A  ventilat- 
ing-machine  used,  especially  on  shipboard,  to 
draw  off  foul  air. —  2.  A  machine  for  producing 
a  blast  by  compressing  air  for  use  in  m-ging 
the  fire  of  a  furnace. 

blaster  (blas'ter),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
blasts,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb. 

I  am  no  blaster  of  a  lady's  beauty. 

Nor  bold  intruder  on  her  special  favours. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife.  i.  1. 

Blasteroidea  (blas-te-roi'df-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.] 
Same  as  Blastoidca. 

blastful  (blast'fiil),  a.  [<  blast  +  -/i//.]  Full 
of  blasts  ;  exposed  to  blasts  ;  windy. 

blast-furnace  (blast'fer'nas),  n.  A  furnace. 
usually  vertical,  or  a  so-called  shaft-furnace, 
in  which  ores  are  smelted  by  the  aid  of  a  blast 
of  air.     Hee  furnace. 

blast-gate  (blast'gat),  ».  The  valved  nozle  or 
stop-cock  of  a  blast-pipe. 

blast-hearth  (bliist'liiirth),  n.  The  Scotch  ore- 
licartli  for  redticing  lead  ores. 

blast-hole  (blast'hOl),  «.  l.  In  mining,  the 
hole  through  which  water  enters  the  bottom  or 
wind-bore  of  a  jiump. —  2.  The  hole  into  which 
a  cartridge  is  inserted  in  blasting. 

blasti,  ".     Plural  of  blast  us. 

blastide  (blas'tid  or  -tid).  n.  [<  Gr.  f3?.a(rr6(, 
a  germ,  +  -ide^.']  In  binl.,  a  minute  clear 
space  on  the  segments  of  the  fecundated  o^nim 
of  an  organism,  which  is  the  primary  indica- 
tion of  the  cytoblast  or  nucleus. 

blastie  (blas'ti).  n.  [<  blast  +  dim.  -le.]  A 
bhistpii  or  shriveled  dwarf;  a  wicked  or  trouble- 
some creature.     Burns.     [Scoteh.] 

blasting  (blas'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  blastynge ;  verbal 
u.  iif  hl,i.'<t,  r.]  1.  A  blast;  destruction  by  a 
pernicious  cause ;  blight. 

I  have  smitt^-n  you  with  lAa.'iting  and  mildew. 

Amos  iv.  9. 

2.  The  operation  of  splitting  rocks  by  gun- 
powder or  other  explosive.  -  Blasting-compounds, 

substances  used   in  bliLsting.    The   more  important  are 


blasting 

Runcotton,  WaatinR-gelatin,  lilasling  powdpr, duiUIn,  Aym- 
mite,  guupowder.haloxylui.  ami  lith«fract«iir.    See  tlif»e 
words. 
Masting    (blas'ting),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  blast,  r.] 
Affecting  with  injury  or  blight ;  destructive. 

A  blajstinn  ami  a  scandalous  breath. 

Shah..  M.  tor  M.,  v.  1. 

blasting-cartridge  (blas'ting-kUr'trij),  h.  a 
eartriilgc  containing  a  substance  to  be  used  in 
blasting.  Sueh  cartridgfs  arc  made  with  various  de- 
vices to  prevent  premature  explosion,  and  are  commonly 
exploileti  l>y  means  of  electricity. 

blasting-fuse  (blks'ting-fuz),  71.  A  fuse  con- 
sistin<;  of  a  cord  the  axis  of  which  has  been 
filled  with  fine  powder  dtu-iug  the  manufactiu-e. 
This  bums  slowly  and  gives  the  workmen  time 
to  sret  to  a  safe  distance  before  the  explosion. 

blasting-gelatin  (bias' ting-jel"a-tin),  H.  A 
blasting-compound  consisting  of  7  parts  of  gun- 
cotton  and  4  of  camphor  dissolved  in  89  parts 
of  nitroglycerin.  Also  called  nitrogelatin  and 
explosirc  gelatin. 

blasting-needle  (blas'ting-ne'dl),  h.  a  slen- 
der, tapering  rod  which  is  inserted  into  the 
powder  and  kept  in  its  place  during  the  opera- 
tion of  tamping,  in  preparing  a  blast,  its  object 
is  to  preserve  a  channel  through  which  the  mateh  may 
reach  the  powder  or  other  explosive.  At  the  present  day 
the  use  of  the  needle  is  almost  entirely  done  away  with, 
the  so-called  safety-fuse,  or  simply  fuse,  being  used  in  its 
place.    Also  called,  in  England,  a  stemmer. 

blasting-oil  (blas'ting-oil),  «.  Same  as  tiitro- 
ghiccriii. 

blasting-tube  (blas'ting-tiib),  ».  India-rubber 
tubing  employed  to  hold  a  charge  of  nitro- 
glycerin. 

blast-lamp  (blast'lamp),  n.  A  lamp  in  which 
combustion  is  assisted  by  an  artificially  pro- 
duced draft  of  air. 

blastmentt  (blast'ment),  M.  [<  blast,  v.,  + 
-ment.'\  Blast;  a  sudden  stroke  of  some  de- 
structive cause. 

In  the  morn  and  liquid  dew  of  youth 
Contagious  blastments  are  most  imminent. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

blast-meter  (blasfme'ter),  ».  -An  anemome- 
ter placed  at  the  nozle  of  a  blowing-engine. 

blast-nozle,  blast-orifice  (blast'noz"l,  -or"i- 
fis),  n.  The  fixed  or  variable  orifice  in  the 
delivery  end  of  a  blast-pipe. 

blasto-.  [<  Gr.  fi7.aaT0i;,  a  germ,  sprout,  shoot: 
see  blastus.']  An  element  in  technical  terms 
meaning  germ:  written  before  a  vowel  blast-, 
also  terminally  -blast. 

blastocarpous  (blas-to-kar'pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  j3?.a- 
a-6g,  a  germ,  sprout,  shoot,  sucker,  equiv.  to 
pMcTr/fia  (see  blastema),  +  KapTroq,  fruit.]  In 
bot.,  germinating  inside  the  pericarp:  applied 
to  certain  fruits,  such  as  the  mangrove. 

blastocheme  (blas'to-kem),  «.  [<  Gr.  podTOQ, 
germ,  +  oxiua,  vehicle,  <  bxc'^,  carry,  hold, 
sustain,  freq.  of  fx^'^f  hold,  have.]  in  :odl., 
one  of  the  special  generative  buds  of  the  Me- 
dusw;  a  medusiform  planoblast  which  gives 
origin  to  the  generative  elements,  not  directly, 
but  through  the  medium  of  special  sexual  buds 
which  are  developed  from  it.     Allnum. 

blastocoele  (blas'to-sel),  n.  [<  Gr.  jVAaard^,  a 
germ,  -t-  /voi/.of,  hollow.]    In  emhryol.,  the  cavity 


Free-swimming  Ciliated  Embryo  {Planula,  of  Ascetla  mirabitis. 
one  of  llie  Catcisfcm^ia.  outside  and  in  optical  longitudinal  section. 
€,  epiblast :  i,  hypoblast;  v,  blastoctele. 

of  a  vesicular  monda;  the  hollow  interior  of 

a  blastula  or  blastosphere.     See  gastrulation. 

Also  blastoccelom,  bhistocwloma. 

The  ovum,  after  impregnation,  becomes  a  morula,  with 

a  central  cleavage-cavity,  or  Wa*7oc«?/e. 

lluxleij,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  106. 
blastocoelic  (blas-to-se'lik),  a.     [<  blastoccde  + 

-ic.'^     In  emhnjol,  pertaining  to  a  blastoccele; 

contained  in  a  blastocoele:  as.  a  W««tofa;?ic fluid. 
blastoccelom,  blastocoeloma  (blas-to-se'lom, 

bias  to-so-16' mil ),  «.  [\l..  hlit.slocwioma,  s\.ti 
blasliicale  -t-  -oma.]  Same  as  hlastocalc. 
blastocoUa  (blas-to-kol'ii),  n.  [NL..  <  Gr. 
P/xiov6r,  a  germ,  +  KdT.Xa,  glue.]  The  balsam 
covering  the  leaf-buds  of  some  plants,  as  of 
Populus  baUamifera. 


580 

blastocyst  (blas'to-sist),  n.  [<  Or.  (i%airr6^,  a 
germ,  +  kvgtk;,  bladder  (cyst).]  The  germinal 
vesicle.     y.E.D.     See  blastodrrm. 

blastoderm  (blas'to-derm),  n.  [<  Gr.  (i'/.aaru^, 
a  germ,  -I-  Mppa,  skin :  see  derm.^  In  embrijol., 
the  primitive  membrane  or  layer  of  cells  re- 
sulting from  the  subdivision  of  the  germ  (the 
segmentation  of  the  viteUus  or  yolk),  it  is  further 
differentiated  in  all  Mttazoa  into  at  lejist  two  membranes 
or  cell-layers,  an  inner  and  an  outer,  the  endoderm  and 
the  ectoderm ;  and  still  further  modified  in  most  Mctazoa 
by  the  production  of  a  third  layer,  the  mesoderm,  between 
the  other  two.  The  outer  layer  is  also  called  epiblast ;  the 
inner,  hypoblast ;  the  middle,  raesoblast.  See  extract  un- 
der M'tazna,  and  cut  under  ci/atho::oijui. 

blastoderma  (blas-to-der'ma),  «. ;  pi.  blastoder- 
mata  (-ma-tii).     [NL.]     Same  as  blastoderm. 

blastoderma!  (blas-to-der'mal),  a.  [<  blasto- 
il(  fill  +  -nl.^     Same  as  blastnderniic. 

blastodermata,  ».     Plural  of  blastoderma. 

blastodermatic  (blas"to-dcr-mat'ik),  a.  [<  blas- 
todirma(t-)  +  -/c]     Same  as  i?««tof/er»»c. 

blastodermic  (blas-to-der'mik),  a.  [<  blasto- 
derm -f-ic]   Of  or  pertaining  to  the  blastoderm. 

Also  blastodermal,  blastodermatic Blastodermic 

disk,  in  emhiyol..  the  germ-disk  of  .an  impregnated  mero- 
bln.stic  eirir  which  hastindergone  segmentation  of  the  vitel- 
lus  :  a  Ilatteiied  morula  capping  a  portion  of  the  food-yolk. 
—  Blastodermic  membrane,  the  blastoderm.— Blasto- 
dermic vesicle,  the  vesicular  blastoderm  in  mammalian 
enibrvns. 

blastodisc  (bias 'to -disk),  n.  [<  Gr.  jUaardq,  a 
germ,  -1-  dicnoi;,  a  disk :  see  dwA".]  An  aggrega- 
tion of  formative  protoplasm  at  one  pole  of  the 
fertilized  ovum. 

The  fertilised  ovum  .  .  .  consists  of  a  .  .  .  yolk,  at 
one  pole  of  which  is  a  mass  of  protoplasm  forming  the 
blastodisc. 

J.  T.  Cu7iningham,  Microscopical  Science,  Xo.  cL  5. 

blastogenesis  (blas-to-jen'e-sis),  n.     [<  Gr. 

ly/anrur,  a  genu,  +  ycveaif,  generation.]  In  biol., 
reproduction  by  gemmation  or  buddiig. 

blastogeny  (blas-toj'e-ni),  «.  [<  Gr.  ii/.aaT6c,  a 
germ,  -I-  -yevcia,  generation:  see  -geny.'i  The 
germ-history  of  an  individual  living  organism ; 
the  history  of  the  evolution  of  a  body  as  a 
whole,  as  distinguished  from  liistogeny  and  or- 
ganogeny, which  relate  to  the  special  germ-his- 
tory of  the  tissues  and  organs.  It  is  a  term  used 
by  ilaeckel  for  one  of  the  subdivisions  of  morphogeny,  it- 
self a  division  of  ontogeny. 

blastoid  (blas'toid),  a.  and  n.  [See  Blastoiden.'] 
I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Blastoidea :  as,  a  blastoid  crinoid. 

II.  H.  An  eohinoderm  of  the  group  Blas- 
toidea. 

Blastoidea  (blas-toi'de-a),  H.  pi.  [Nil.,  <  Gr. 
ji'/MOTOQ,  a  germ,  -1-  tl&oq,  form.]  A  group  of 
fossil  pelmatozoan  echinoderms  without  arms, 
with  ambulacra  fringed  on  each  side  by  pointed 
appendages  in  close  relation  with  side-plates, 
which  rest  on  or  against  a  subambulacral  lan- 
cet-plate pierced  by  a  canal  which  lodges  a 
water-vessel,  and  with  hydrospires  arranged  in 
10  or  8  groups  limited  to  the  radial  and  inter- 
radial  plates.  The  group  was  (a)  originally  proposed 
by  Say  in  1S25  as  a  family  ;  (6)  accepted  by  Leuckart  in  1S4S 
as  an  order ;  (c)  by  Roemer  in  1S52  as  a  suborder ;  (d)  by 
Brown  in  1S60  as  a  class ;  (e)  by  others  as  a  subclass ;  and 
(/)  modified  by  Etheridge  and  Carpenter  in  1SS6  as  a 
class  divided  into  two  orders,  Re^jxdares  and  Irrer/ularcs. 
The  species  range  from  the  Upper  Silurian  to  the  Car- 
boniferous.    Also  Blasteroidea. 

blastomere  (blas'to-mer),  n.  [<  Gr.  pMoro^, 
a  germ,  -I-  fiepoc,  a  part.]  In  embryol.,  one  of 
the  segments  or  derivative  cells  into  which  the 
viteUus  or  yolk  of  an  ovum  of  one  of  the  Meta- 
zoa  dirides  after  fecundation.  See  cut  under 
gastrulation. 

blastomeric  (blas-to-mer'ik),  a.  [<  blastomere 
+ -ic-l  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
blastomere ;  characterized  by  segmentation  of 
the  yolk  or  viteUus. 

blastoneuropore  (blas-to-nii'ro-p6r),  n.  [< 
blasto(j)ore)  +  ncuropore.']  A  transient  ori- 
fice in  the  embryo  of  some  animals,  resulting 
from  the  fusion  of  a  neuropore  with  the  blasto- 
pore.    See  neuropore. 

blastophore  (blas'to-for),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3?.ccrrof,  a 
genu,  -t-  -qiopoc,  -bearing,  <  (pipctv  =  E.  ftearl.] 
The  passive  portion  of  a  sperm-cell  or  spermo- 
spore  which  does  not  give  rise  to  spermatozoa. 

blastophyllum  (blas-to-til'um),  «.;  pi.  blasto- 
2>hylla  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  [i'^acrui;,  a  germ,  -I- 
^i''//.oi'=  L.  folium,  a  leaf.]  In  embryol.,  either 
one  of  the  two  primary  germ-layers  of  a  gas- 
trula  of  the  ilctazoa  ;  an  endoderm  or  an  ecto- 
<lenn. 

blastophyly  (blas-tof'i-U),  ;i.  [<  Gr.  (n.aartH;, 
a  germ,  ■\-  i^r'fJi,  tribe.]  The  tribal  history  of 
persons  or  of  individual  li\-ing  organisms. 
Raeekel. 


blastus 

Blastopolypidae  (blas'to-po-lip'  i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  'Blasti>i)olyj)Us(<  Gr.  ,3/.a<iT(5f,  a  germ,  + 
jTo/.tTovf,  polyp)  -t-  -idee.']  A  family  of  Hydro- 
]>olypina;  forming  colonies  of  zooids,  which  at- 
tain different  shapes,  adapting  themselves  to 
different  parts  of  the  work  that  has  to  be  per- 
formed by  the  whole.  ■  There  arc  always  alimentary 
zooids  or  trophosiimes  and  generative  zuoids  or  polypo- 
styles  in  one  colony.  The  alimentary  zooids  never  mature 
the  genital  products,  this  duty  devolving  exclusively  ou 
the  polypiiRtyles. 

blastoporal  (blas-to-p6'ral),  a.  [<  blastopore 
+  -a I.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  blastopore ;  blas- 
toporic. 

blastopore  (blas'to-p6r),  n.  [<  Gr.  ji/aard^, 
germ,  -t-  ^rdpoc,  passage,  pore.]  In  embryol., 
the  aperture  of  invagination  of  a  blastula  or 
vesicular  morula  which  has  become  a  gastrula; 
the  orifice  of  an  archenteron;  the  primitive 
combined  mouth  and  anus  of  a  gastriea-form ; 
an  archseostoma.     See  cut  under  gastrulation. 

.\s  this  unfolding,  or  invagination  of  the  blastoderm, 
goes  on,  the  pouch  thus  produced  increases,  while  its  ex- 
ternal opening,  termed  the  btantopore.  .  .  .  diminishes  in 
size.  Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  209. 

blastoporic  (blas-to-por'ik),  a.  [<  blastopore 
+  -le.]  Pertaining  to  a  blastopore :  as,  a  blas- 
toporic area.     A.  Hyatt. 

blast-orifice,  «.     See  blast-nozle. 

blastosphsera  (blas-to-sfe'ra),  H.;  pi.  blasto- 
spliaric  (-re).     [NL.]     Same  as  blastosphere. 

blastosphere  (blas'to-sfer),  ?i.  [<  NL.  blasto- 
sjiliwra,  <  Gr.  3'/.aaT6g,  germ,  -1-  cifoipa,  sphere.] 
In  embryol.:  (a)  A  hollow  sphere  (vesicular 
morula)  composed  of  a  single  layer  of  blasto- 
meres  or  derivative  cells,  inclosing  a  central 
cavity  or  blastocoele.  The  Wastomeres  of  one  hemi- 
sphere of  the  vesicle  may  have  proceeded  from  the  macro- 
mere  ;  of  the  other,  from  a  micromere.  See  these  words. 
The  blastomeres  arrange  themselves  into  a  hollow 
sphere,  the  bla^'tosphere.       Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  415. 

(6)  By  Haeckel  restricted  to  the  germ-vesicle, 
vesicular  embryo,  or  blastodermic  vesicle  of 
the  Mammalia,'  which  follows  after  gastrula- 
tion, and  is  called  by  him  a  gastrocystis,  or  in- 
testinal germ-vesicle.    Also  called  blastula. 

blastospheric  (blas-to-sfer'ik),  a.  [<  blasto- 
sphere +  -)c.]  Pertaining  to  a  blastosphere: 
as,  hlastosjjhcric  cells. 

blastostylar  (blas-to-sti'lar),  a.  [<  blastostyle 
+  -dr.]     Pertaining  to  a  blastostyle. 

blastostyle  (blas'to-stil),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3?.oiTr(5f,  a 
germ,  -f  orKof,  a  pillar:  see  style^.]  In  zool., 
a  columniform  zooid  destined  to  give  origin  to 
generative  buds ;  a  long  simple  zooid,  without 
mouth  or  tentacles.   Also  called  gonoblastidium. 

In  some  blastostyleg,  during  the  development  of  the 
buds  of  the  gonophores,  the  ectoderm  splits  into  two 
layers.  .  .  .  Into  the  interspace  between  these  two,  the 
budding  gonophores  project,  and  may  emerge  from  the 
summit  of  the  gonangium  thus  formed. 

Huxley,  Anat  Invert.,  p.  119. 

blast-pipe  (blast'pip),  n.  The  exhaust-pipe  of 
a  steam-engine.  In  locomotives  and  in  some  station- 
ary steam-engines  it  is  directed  into  the  smoke-stack, 
with  the  effect  of  inducing  a  strong  draft. 

blast-recorder  (blast'rf-kor'der),  «.  A  con- 
trivance for  recording  automatically  the  time 
during  which  a  hot-blast  stove  is  in  blast  or 
out  of  blast.  It  is  operated  by  clockwork,  and  is  de- 
signed to  give  an  uninterrupted  record  of  the  work  and 
rest  of  a  number  of  stoves  for  a  week. 

blast-regulator  (blast 'reg'u-la-tor),  n.  In 
milling,  a  governor  for  controlling  the  blast  of 
a  grain-separator. 

blastula  (bias 'tu- la),  «. ;  pi.  blastulfr  (-le). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  Gr.  /5?.aoT<5f,  a  germ:  see  blas- 
tus.] In  embryol. :  («)  An  embryo  of  one  of  the 
Metazoa,  in  the  stage  in  which  it  consists  of 
a  sac  formed  of  a  smgle  layer  of  cells.  (6)  In 
Haeckel's  vocabulary  of  embryology,  same  as 
blastosphere.  (b). 

blastulapore  (blas'tu-la-por),  «.  [Prop,  "hlas- 
tuUtporr,  <  XL.  blastula,  q.  v.,  +  h.porus,  pore.] 
The  pore  or  orifice  of  a  blastula. 

blastulation  (blas-tu-la'shon).  M.  [<  blastula  + 
-atiou.]  In  embryol.,  the  process  by  which  a 
germ  becomes  a  blastula  ;  the  conversion  of  a 
germ  into  a  blastula.  See  blastula.  In  most  ani- 
mals it  precedes  the  process  of  gastrulation  (which  see), 
and  consists  in  the  conversion  of  a  solid  mnlberrj-mass of 
cleavage-cells  (morula  proper)  into  a  ludlow  sphere  or 
blastosphere  (vesicular  morula).  In  case  it  follows  gas- 
trulation, as  in  a  mammal,  it  consists  in  the  conversion  of 
»  hat  is  called  a  kinogenetic  met.agastrula  (w  hich  see)  into 
a  phvsioloiric.ally  similar  but  morphologically  ditferent 
hollow  hallT  commonly  known  as  the  blastodermic  vesicle. 

blastus  (blas'tus),  H.;  pi.  blasti  (-ti).  [N^L.,  < 
Gr.  ii?jacrr6(,  a  genu,  bud,  sprout,  shoot,  <  pa- 
(rrdvav  dS/Mor-),  bud,  sj)rout,  gi'ow,  prop,  of 
plants,  but  also  of  animals.]  In  bot.,  the 
plumule  of  grasses. 


blasty 

Marty  (blas'ti),  o.  l<lilii.il  +  -i/i.]  l.  stormy; 
gusty:  as,  a  hUtsti/  day.  [Prov.  Euj;.  and 
Scotch.] — 2.  Causing  a  blast  or  bliglit  upon 
veRetation  :  as,  ''a  bki^tii  noon,"  Boyle,  Works, 
m.  }r,i. 

blatancy  (bla'tan-si),  >i.  [<  blatant:  see  -anaj.'\ 
Blatant  c|uality. 

blatant  (bla'tant),  «.  [Also  written  ft(a«flii<; 
one  of  Spenser's  words,  in  bhttunt  bcaxt,  per- 
haps a  mere  allitorativo  invention;  otherwise 
intended  for  'blatniitl,  Sc.  bbiilaiid,  arcliaic 
ppr.  of  Mdli:'^,  var.  of  hUai.^  Bellowiuf^;  bawl- 
ing; noisy;  loud-talking  or  loud-sounding. 

Glory,  that  blatant  word,  whioli  hauiita  some  military 
minds  like  tlie  bray  of  the  trumpet.  Jrviii'j. 

Blatant  (or  blattant)  beast,  calumny;  scandal:  sym- 
bolized liy  Spenser  a.s  a  di-eadfiil  fiend,  with  a  thousand 
tongue.s,  liejiotten  of  Cerberus  and  ('himrcra.  Spt'mer, 
r.  q.,  \I.  i.  7. 

The  Isle  of  Dogges  where  the  blatant  beaM  doth  rule 
and  rainne.  Retuni/rom  l'anm»mui  (1606),  v.  4. 

blatantly  (bla'tant-U),  adv.  lu  a  blatant  man- 
ner. 
blatchf,  II-  [<  ME.  blacchc,  appar.  <  AS.  "blivcce 
(not  found),  <  bkvc,  black:  see  black;  and  ef. 
blctcli.]  Blacking. 
blatcht,  ''.  t-  l<  -^lE.  'bhircheii,  blaxchcn  ;  from 
the  noun.  Ci.  hliicK;  v.,  muiblctcli,!).  Not  con- 
nected with  blotch,  q.  v.]  To  smear  with  black- 
ing; black. 

No  man  can  like  to  be  smutted  and  Matched  in  his  face. 
Harmaf,  tr.  of  liezas  Sermons,  p.  lU.'i. 
blate^  (blat),  a.  [Formerly  also  written  blait, 
bleat;  appar.  <  ME.  (Se.)  blati:,  <  AS.  bldt, 
pale,  ghastly;  cf.  OHG.  i/(i,v«,  lividness.] 
It.  Pale;  ghastly. — 2t.  Dull;  spiritless;  stu- 
pid.—3t.  Blvmt;  curt.— 4.  Buslifid;  diffident. 
[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

The  youngster's  artless  lieart  o'erflows  wi'  joy. 
But  blatr-  and  laithfu",  scarce  can  wecl  behave. 

Burns,  Cottars  .Saturday  Night. 
Says  Lord  Mark  Car,  "Ye  are  na  blate 
To  bring  us  the  news  o"  your  ain  <lefeat  — 
Qet  out  o'  my  sight  this  morning." 

Jacobite  Ballad,  Johnnie  Cope. 

blate^  (blat),  a.  [Also  wi-itten  blait :  appar. 
<  ME.  blcte,  naked,  bare,  <  AS.  bleat,  miserable 
(naked?),  =  OFries.  bldt,  NFries.  bleat,  naked, 
miserable,  =  MD.  blot,  I),  bloot,  naked,  bare,  = 
MLG.  blot,  naked,  bare,  miseral)le,  mere,  = 
OH6.  MHGr.  hid::,  G.  blims,  naked,  bare,  mere. 
Cf.  4/0 (-i.]     Naked;  bare.     [Scotch.] 

blate^  (blat),  V. ;  ijret.  and  pp.  blatcd,  ppr.  blat- 
ing.  [Appar.  a  dial.  var.  of  bleat  (formerly 
pron.  as  blate).  Cf.  blatant.^  I.  intrans.  To 
babble ;  prate. 
H.  trans.  To  babble  or  prate  about. 
He  htntcs  to  nie  what  has  passed  between  other  people 
and  him.  Pi'pys,  Diary  (ed.  1879),  IV.  46. 

blateratet,  *'•  '.  [<  !>.  blateratus,  pp.  of  blatc- 
rare,  babble.     Cf.  blatter.']     To  bablile. 

blateration  (blat-e-ra'shon),  K.  [<  LL.  blate- 
ratio(n-),  i  It.  WHterare,  babble:  see  blaterate.] 
Senseless  babble.     [Rare.] 

blather  (blaTH'cr),  v.  i.  [Se.  also  blether,  = 
Icel.  hiadlira,  talk  inartieiUatoly,  talk  nonsense 
(blailkr,  nonsense),  =G.  dial,  bladdorn,  talk  non- 
sense ;  partly  imitative,  and  the  same  as  blat- 
ter, q.  v.]     to  talk  nonsense. 

blather  (blaTH'er),  «.  [Sc.  also  blether;  cf. 
Icel.  bhidhr,  nonsense;  from  the  verb.]  1. 
Nonsense;  foolish  talk. —  2.  A  person  who 
talks  nonsense. 

blatherskite  (blaSH'cr-sldt),  n.  [Also  in  Sc. 
bletherskite,  bletherskate;  <  blather,  blether,  + 
skate,  a  term  of  contempt.]  1.  One  who  talks 
nonsense  in  a  blustering  way;  a  bhisterer. 
Hence — 2.  A  good-for-nothing  fellow;  a 
"heat."     [Scotch  and  Amer.] 

blathery  (blaTH'e-ri),  a.  and  ii.  [Sc,  <  blather 
+  -V^.]     I.  a.  Unsubstantial;  trashy. 

It.  n.  That  which  is  unsubstantial,  trashy, 
or  deceptive. 

Blatta^  (blat'ii),  H.  [L.,  an  insect  that  shuns  the 
liglit,  a  cockroach,  etc.]  1.  The  tyjiical  genus 
of  the  family  Blattidw:  formerly  coextensive 
with  the  family,  but  now  greatly  restricted. 
Thus,  tile  cockroach  t)r  connnon  black-beetle,  introduced 
from  tile  East  into  Europe  and  America,  is  Blatta  {Peri- 
pla/u:la)  orientalit.  See  cut  under  lilattidce. 
2.   [/.  r.]  A  member  of  this  genus. 

blatta- (blat'S),  «.  [ML.]  A  purple  silk  inter- 
woven with  gold,  used  in  the  early  middle  ages. 
Kticl:,  Textile  Fabrics. 

blatteant  (blat'e-an),  a.  [<  blatta"  +  -ean.] 
Purple  ;  of  a  purple  color. 

blatter  (blat'er).  c.  (.  [=  G.  dial,  blattern, 
bladdern,  prate;  cf.  L.  hlaterare,  lilactcrare,  talk 
nonsense,  blatire.  babble  (ef.  blatcrate) ;  ef. 
blather,  blatv'^,  bleat,  blab,  blabber,  babble,  brab- 


Anatomy  of  the  Cock- 
roach {Blatla  [Perifla- 
neta)  ortefifn/is).^  i^c 
male,  in  longitudinal  sec- 
tion, /-.r.r,  soiiiitesof  the 
body;  i-il.  abdominal  so- 
mites ;  ,-/,  antenna ;  //,  po- 
sition of  heart :  jV,  thoracic 
g.anglia  ;  a,  moiitii ;  ^,  eso- 
phagus ;  r,  iiigluvics  or 
crop  :  rf,  proventriciilus  ; 
f,  pyloric  ca;cH  ;  _r,  chylific 
ventricle  :  ^,  insertion  of 
Malpighian  c;t'ca ;  A,  in- 
testine ;  t,  rectum  ;  *,  sali- 
vary receptacle  ;  /,  sali- 
v.ary  gland  ;  iA,  laonim  ; 
w,  cerebral  ganglia;  v, 
vulva ;  X,  cerci. 


581 

hie,  prattle,  etc.,  all  more  or  less  imitative.]  1. 
To  give  fortlt  or  produce  a  quick  succession  of 
slight  sounds:  (latter:  as,  "the  rain  blattered," 
Jeffrey. —  2.  To  speak  or  prate  volubly;  rail  or 
rage.     [Kare.] 

However  envy  list  to  blatter 
against  tiim. 

Spciuier,  .Stat«  of  Ireland. 

blatter  (blat'er),  ».  l<blat- 
trr.r.]  1.  A  rattling  or  clat- 
tering noise  (as  of  boards 
falling).— 2.  A  volley  of 
clattering  words. 

blatterer  (blat'er-6r),  n. 
Uno  wlio  blatters;  a  noisy 
lilustering  boaster. 

blattering  (blat'6r-ing),  ». 
[Verbal  n.  of  blatter,  v.] 
Senseless  blustering. 

blatteroont  (blat-e-rOn'),  n. 
[<  L.  lilatero{n-),  a  babbler, 
\  hlaterare,  babble:  see  blat- 
ter.']   A  senseless  babbler. 

I  trusted  T.  P.  with  a  weighty  se- 
cret, conjuring  him  that  it  should 
not  take  air  and  go  abroad,  .  .  . 
but  it  went  out  of  hiiu  the  very 
next  day.  ...  I  hate  such  blat- 
tcnxiits.        Howell,  Letters,  ii.  75. 

Blattidae  (blat'i-de),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Blatta'i-  -1-  -idte.]  A 
family  of  cursorial  orthop- 
terous  insects,  the  cock- 
roaches, coextensive  with 
the  division  Blattina  or  sub- 
order Cursoria,  or  even  the 
order  Dictijoptera.  They  have  a 

flattened,  lengthened,  ovate  body, 
with  head  retracted  into  the  large 
shield-like  prothorax;  long,  fila- 
mentous, many-jointed  autennie; 
long,  strong  cursorial  legs,  with 
setose  tibiic;  5-jointed  tarsi,  with 
an  accessoi7  joint  or  plantula  be- 
tween the  claws ;  large  coriaceous 
fore  wings  which  overlap,  and 
longitudinal  folded  hind  wings, 
both  sometimes  undeveloped  in 
females.  The  genera,  species,  and  individuals  are  numer- 
ous, and  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  Some  attain 
a  very  large  size  in  the  tropics.  They  are  mostly  noc- 
turnal, or  live  in  dark  places,  and  most  of  tlieni  are 
omnivorous.  When  numerous  they  cause  much  annoy- 
ance and  injury,  as  in  bakeries,  granaries,  etc.  See  also 
cut  under  Intterta. 

blattiform  (blat'i-foi-m),  a.  [<  L.  blatta,  a 
cockroach,  +  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  blatta  or  cockroach. 

Blattina  (bla-ti'nii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Blatta^  + 
-iiia'i.]  A  group  of  cursorial  orthopterous  in- 
sects, including  only  the  family  Blattidw:  same 
as  Cursoria,  2. 

blattoid  (blat'oid),  a.  [<  Blatt(A  -I-  -aid.]  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characteristics  of  the 
Blattidie;  like  a  cockroach. 

blaubok,  «.    See  blauwbok. 

blaud  (blad),  «.  [Sc.  also  blad,  perhaps  same 
as  blade  (see  blad'^  and  blade);  but  of.  Gael. 
bladh  =  Ii'.  bladh,  a  part.]  1.  A  large  piece  of 
anything;  a  considerable  portion;  a  flat  piece 
of  anything. —  2.  A  slap ;  a  blow  or  stroke. 

blauflsh  (bla'iish),  n.  [<  "blaii,  prob.  same  as 
Sc.  /)/((,  blue,  dark,  livid  (see  blae),  +  fish.]  Ac- 
cording to  Pennant,  a  name  of  the  blackfish, 
Centrolophiis  pompilus.  See  cut  under  Centro- 
lophus. 

blauncht,  ".     An  obsolete  fonu  of  blanch''-. 

blauwbok  (blou'bok),  n.  [!).,  lit.  blue  buck, 
<  blauw  (blaaiiw),  =  E.  blue,  +  hok  =  E.  biiek'i-.] 

1.  The  Dutch  colonial  name  of  a  South  African 
antelope,  Hijipotrayu-i  (or  JSgoceros)  leneopho'iis, 
given  on  account  of  its  bluish  appc';iraiiec, 
caused  by  the  dark  hide  showing  through  light 
hair,  it  is  related  to  the  oryx,  addax,  etc.,  and  has 
rather  large  horns  curving  backwai-d.  Also  called  blue- 
Intck,  btitc  antelope,  and  etanc. 

2.  A.  small  South  African  antelope  with  very 
short  straight  honis  and  lieavy  hind  quarters. 

Also  spelled  blaubok. 
blaver,  blavert   (bla'v^r,  -v6rt),  n.     Corrupt 
forms  of  hiawort.     [Scotch.] 

Your  gloves  shall  be  o'  the  green  clover 

Come  lockcrin"  to  your  hand. 

Well  dropper  o'er  wi'  blue  blavers, 

That  grow  amang  white  land. 

Gardener  Lad  (Anon.). 

bla'W  (bla),  >•- ;  prct.  blew,  pp.  hiairn,  ppr.  blaw- 
ing.  [Sc,  =  E.  blow''.]  I.  intrans.  To  blow; 
breatlic ;  publish ;  brag ;  lioast ;  magnify  in  nar- 
rative.- To  blaw  In  one's  lug,  to  cajole;  Hatter  a 
jtcrson.    Hence,  hlaw-i7i-mtj-lu[i,  a  flatterer;  a  wheedler. 

*'CU((. 

II.  tran^.  To  flatter;  coax. 


blaze 

bla'WOrt  (bla'w&rt),  n.  [Sc,  also  blavert,  bla- 
ver, q.  v.,  <  bla,  lilac,  blue,  -1-  wort'-:  see  blae 
and  wort''.]  1.  The  lilue  corn-flower;  the 
bluebotth\ — 2.  The  round-leafed  bell-flower. 
•lamicson. 

blayl  (blii),  «.  [Also  written  libij ;  <  ME.  'blaye, 
"bteye,  <  AS.  bltZ-ge  =  D.  blei  =  (i.  btcihe,  a blay.j 
A  local  English  name  of  the  bleak. 

blay'-',  "•  and  n.     Same  as  blae. 

blay berry,  «.     Same  as  blaeberry, 

blay-linen,  «.     Same  as  blac-linen. 

blazei  (bUz),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  blase  (Sc. 
bl(c.:e,  earlier  blese);  <  ME.  bla-ie,  a  flame,  <  AS. 
bUese,  blase,  a  flame,  torch,  =  MLG.  LG.  bias  = 
MHG.  bUts,  a  torch  (ef.  AS.  blast,  a  flame) ;  akin 
to  blazed,  q.  v.,  but  only  remotely,  if  at  all,  to 
blaze^,  q.v.  The  AS.  forms  blij-'ia,  hlysige,  a  torch, 
etc.,  belong  to  another  root:  see  blush.]  If.  A 
torch;  a  lire-brand. —  2.  A  flame;  a  flaming 
fire ;  a  coullagration. 
To  heaven  the  blaze  uprolled.  Croly. 

Wiat  heaps  of  books  and  pamphlets  !   now  we  shall 
have  a  gloritms  blaze.  liawtliorne,  old  Manse,  L 

3.  Figuratively,  brilliant  sunlight;  effulgence; 

brilliance :  as,  the  blaze  of  day. 

As  thy  beautie  hath  made  thee  the  blaze  of  Italy,  so  vnl 
thy  lightuesse  make  thee  the  bye  word  of  the  worlde. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  -\nat.  of  Wit,  p.  102. 
O,  dark,  dark,  dark,  amid  the  blaze  of  noon  I 

Milton,  S.  A.,  I.  80. 

4.  A  sudden  kindling  up  or  bursting  out,  as  of 
fire,  passion,  etc. ;  an  active  or  violent  display ; 
wide  diffusiqn. 

In  his  blaze  of  WTath.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  Iv.  5. 

The  main  blaze  of  it  is  past,  but  a  small  thing  would 

make  it  flame  again.  .SVtrtA-.,  Cor.,  iv.  3. 

5.  In  the  game  of  poker,  a  hand  (now  seldom 
or  never  tised)  consisting  of  five  com't-cards, 
ranking  between  two  pairs  and  three  of  a  kind: 
so  called  in  allusion  to  the  blaze  of  color  dis- 
played.— in  a  blaze,  on  fire ;  in  fianies.— Like  blazes, 

furiously  ;  in  or  to  an  excessive  degree.     (I.ow.] 

The  other  little  ones  used  to  cry  like  blazes.      Mayhew. 

The  horse  was  so  maddened  by  the  wound,  and  the 
road  so  steep,  that  he  went  like  blazes. 

De  (Juincey,  Spanish  Nun,  p.  24. 

The  blazes,  hell ;  perdition.  Hence,  to  yo  to  blazen,  to 
go  to  perdition,  or  to  the  deuce.  [Slang. ]  =  Syn.  2.  t^tare, 
etc.  See  //«»ic,  n. 
blaze^  (blaz),  V. ;  pret.  blazed,  ppr.  blazing. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bla.^c  (=  Sc.  bleeze,  blese); 
<  ME.  btasen,  blaze ;  from  the  uoim.]  I.  in- 
trans. 1.  To  biu'st  into  flame;  bum  with  a 
bright  flame  or  fervent  heat ;  flame :  either 
literally  or  figuratively. 

Two  red  fires  in  both  their  faces  blazed. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  L  1353. 
Starry  lamps  and  btaziny  cressets.    Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  728. 

2.  To  send  forth  a  bright  light;  shine  like 
flame  or  fire :  as,  a  blazing  diamond. 

I  lift  mine  eyes,  and  all  the  windows  blaze 
With  forms  of  saints  and  holy  men  who  died. 

LonyfelUiw,  Sonnets  on  the  Divina  Commedia,  iv. 

The  cupola  blazeA  with  gigantic  archangels,  stationed 
'in  a  ring  beneath  the  supreme  figure  and  face  of  Christ. 

J.  .4.  SymondH,  Italy  ami  (ireece,  p.  169. 

3.  To  be  conspicuous  ;  shine  brightly  with  the 
briUiancyof  talents,  heroic  deeds,  etc  [Poetic] 

Mighty  names 
Have  blazed  upon  the  world  am!  passed  away. 

Bryant,  Fifty  Years. 
To  blaze  away,  to  fire  away  ;  keep  on  firing  (with  guns 
or  artillery)  ;  work  vigorously  or  with  enthiisia-sm.  See 
aicaif,  12.  — To  blaze  out.  («)  To  throw  out  flame  or 
light;  shine  forth,  (b)  To  go  out  with  a  flare,  (c)  To 
break  out  with  passion  or  excitement;  speak  or  act  vio- 
lently.— To  blaze  up,  to  burst  into  flame,  and  hence  into 
passion,  anger,  etc. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  set  in  a  blaze.     [Bare.] 
Take  him  in  and  blaze  the  oak.  Hood. 

2.  To  temper  (steel)  by  covering  it  while  Tiot 
^vith  tallow  or  oil,  which  is  then  burned  off. — 

3.  To  cause  to  shine  forth  ;  exhibit  vividly. 

Fiery  eyes  blaze  forth  her  wrong. 

.Shak-,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  219. 
So  spake  the  Father;  and,  unfolding  bright 
Toward  the  right  hand  his  glory,  on  the  Son 
Blazed  forth  unclouded  deity.    Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  65. 

To  blaze  out*,  to  burn  out ;  figuratively,  exhaust  in  a 
blaze  of  piLssion  or  excess. 
blaze^  (bliiz),  I',  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  blazed,  ppr. 
blazing.  [<  ME.  blaseu,  blow,  as  a  trumpet,  < 
AS.  *bld}.';an,  blow  (=  MD.  blae.'icn.  D.  blazen, 
blow,  sound  a  trumpet.  =  MLG.  blasen  =  OHG. 
bldsan,  MHG.  blasen,  6.  blasen  =  Icel.  blasa  = 
Sw.  hUha  =  Dan.  blo'se,  blow,  =  Goth,  blesan, 
in  comp.  uf blesan,  puff  up) ;  prob.,  with  forma- 
tive -»,  from  the  root  "bla  of  bldican,  blow, 
breathe :  see  bloiv^,  and  cf.  blast.    In  the  later 


blaze 

senses    confused  with    hlasoii,   ij.  v.)     If.  To 

blow,  as  from  a  trumpt't. 

With  liis  hlaliu  ihui.iuii 

lie  gan  tu  Uam-n  i>ut  a  smtii 

As  lowde  as  belowi-th  wyiiiit'  in  hclle. 

Cfiaittrr,  Hiiusf  of  Kaine,  1.  1S02. 

Hence — 2.  To  piiblisli;  make  well  known; 
announce  in  a  public  nuinuor. 

Till  w'v  cull  Ilml  a  time 
To  hlaze  yoin-  niarriagt'.      Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 

To  tell  you  truth,  hidy,  his  lunceit  wan  far  better  than 
1  liave  blazi'd  it  yet. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  li.  2. 
Such  ninsieli  worthiest  were  to  blaze 
llie  peerless  hightli  t)f  her  inunortal  praise. 

Milton,  Arcades,  i.  74. 

St.  To  disclose ;  betray ;  defame. 

To  cover  shame,  I  toolc  thee;  never  fear 
That  I  would  blaze  myself. 

lieau.  and  FL,  Maid's  Traf^'edy,  ii.  1. 

4.  In  her.,  to  blazon.     See  blazon,  n.,  1  and  2. 

You  sht)uld  liave  blazed  it  thus  :  lie  bears  a  tierce  sable 
between  two  tierces  or.  Peackam. 

Eraggadochio  .  .  .  did  shew  his  shield, 
Whicli  bore  the  Siinne  brode  blazed  in  a  golden  field. 
.Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  iii.  14. 

Maze- (blaz),  n.    l<.  hhi:('~,  r.'\   Publication  ;  the 
act  of  spreading  widely  by  report.     [Poetic] 
Kor  what  is  glory  but  the  blaze  of  fame  'i 

Milton,  P.  R.,  iii.  47. 

blaze^  (blaz),  «.  [=  D.  bles  =  MLG.  blesse  = 
MHCi.  blasse,  G.  hlassc  =  Icel.  blesi  =  8w.  bids 
and  bldsa  —  Dan.  blis,  a  white  spot  or  streak  on 
the  forehead  (G.  bldase  also  paleness) ;  from  the 
adj.  represented  by  OHG.  bias,  whitish,  MHG. 
bills,  bald,  pale,  weak,  G.  blass,  pale,  wan,  orig. 
'shining' ;  connected  with  hlaze^,  a  torch,  flame: 
seei/ocfl;  cf.  Icel.  i/«4o,  lie  open  to  view.]  1. 
A  white  spot  on  the  face  of  a  horse,  cow,  ox, 
etc.     See  cut  under  blesbok. 

A  squai-e  blaze  in  his  [a  sacred  o-x's]  forehead. 

Cowley,  Plagues  of  Egypt,  note  to  st.  16. 

2.  A  white  mark  made  on  a  tree,  as  by  remov- 
ing a  piece  of  the  bark,  to  indicate  a  boundary, 
or  a  path  or  trail  in  a  forest.  [Orig.  American.] 
—  3.  A  local  English  name  of  the  bleak. 
blaze-^  (blaz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blazed,  ppr. 
blazing.     [=  MLG.   blesset,  pp.;    <  blazed,  «.] 

1.  To  mark  with  a  white  spot  on  the  face,  as 
a  horse :  only  in  the  perfect  participle  blazed. — 

2.  To  set  a  mark  on,  as  a  tree,  usually  by  cut- 
ting off  a  piece  of  its  bark,  so  as  to  show  a 
white  spot. 

As  for  me,  the  son  and  the  father  of  Uncas,  I  am  a  blazed 
pine  in  the  clearing  of  the  pale-faces. 

Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xxxiii. 

3.  To  indicate  or  mark  out,  as  by  cutting  off 
pieces  of  the  bark  of  a  number  of  trees  in  suc- 
cession :  as,  to  blaze  a  path  through  a  forest. 

ChampoUion  died  in  1832,  having  done  little  more  than 
blaze  out  the  road  to  be  traveled  by  others.  Nott. 

blaze*  (blaz),  n.  [E.  dial,  (not  found  in  ME. 
or  AS.),  =  MLG.  blase,  a  bladder,  =  OHG.  Md- 
sa,  MHG.  blase,  G.  blaseii,  a  bladder,  bubble, 
blister,  pimple ;  from  the  verb  blaze-  {=  OHG. 
bldsaii,  MHG.  G.  blascii),  blow:  see  bluze'^,  and 
cf.  blast  and  blister.']    A  pimple.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

blaze^  (blaz),  n.  [Origin  imeertain.]  Same  as 
brash'^,  4  (a). 

blaze^  (blaz),  «.  pi.  In-egular  spelling  of  blaes, 
plural  of  blae.     See  blae,  n. 

blazerl  (bla'zer), ».  [<  i/ffjfl  -f  -c)-l.]  1.  Any- 
thing that  blazes,  or  is  intensely  luminous  or 
hot:  as,  the  day  was  a  fttarec. — 2.  A  dish  under 
which  there  is  a  receptacle  for  coals  to  keep  it 
hot. — 3.  A  bright-colored  loose  coat,  usually  of 
flannel,  worn  by  tennis-  and  cricket-players. 

The  origin  of  the  word  is  as  follows :  The  uniform  of 
the  Lady  Slargaret  Boat  Club  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, is  bright  red,  and  the  Johnian  jackets  have  for 
many  years  been  called  Mazers.  Up  to  a  few  years  ago 
the  inaccurate  modern  use  cf  Mazer  for  a  jacket  of  any 
other  colour  than  red  was  unknown. 

JV.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  III.  436. 

blazer'- (bla'zer),  «.  [<  ;)?o;e2 -f -c)l.]  1.  One 
who  blazes ;  one  who  publishes  and  spreads  re- 
ports: as,  "blazers  of  cryme,"  Spenser,  F.  Q., 
II.  ix.  25.— 2t.  A  blazoner. 

blazer''  (bla'zer),  n.  [<  blaze^  +  -pi-i.]  One 
who  blazes  a  tree. 

blazingly  (bla'zing-li),  adv.  In  a  blazing  man- 
ner. 

blaziug-star  (bla'zing-stilr'),  H.  1.  In  her.,  a 
comet  used  as  a  bearing.  It  is  repre.ientcd  bend- 
wiac  as  a  star  of  six  points  with  a  tail  streamini;  from  it. 
2.  A  name  in  the  United  States  for  several 
very  different  plants.  («)  The  Alriris  farinum.  a 
low  luThaccous  plant,  natural  order  Ua'inodoraeem,  with 
whitish  mealy  llowers.  The  roots  are  bitter,  and  have 
some  repute  in  medicine.    Alao  called  colic-root,    (b)  The 


582 

starwort  (Chameeliriuvi  Carolinianum),  natural  order  lA- 
liacea',  the  roots  of  which  yield  a  bitter  tonic,  (c)  A  spe- 
cies of  Liatrin,  L.  Hfiuarrom,  natural  order  Compotritae,  one 
of  the  many  popular  remedies  for  rattlesnake-bites. 

3.  A  stampede  of  pack-mules  or  other  animals 
from  a  central  point.     [Western  U.  S.  slang.] 

blazon  (bUX'zn),  «.  [<  ME.  blason,  bUinoun,  a 
shield,  =  MD.  blasoen,  D.  blazoen,  <  OF.  blason, 
blazo)!  (=  Pr.  blezo,  blizo  =  Sp.  blasoii  =  Pg.  bla- 
sao,  brasSo  =  It.  blasonc),  a  shield  with  a  coat  of 
arms  painted  on  it,  the  coat  of  arms  itself  (the 
Pr.  and  Sp.  terms  mean  also  lienor,  glory,  fame) ; 
usually  referred  to  MHG.  bldsen,  OHG.  bklsan, 
blow,  hence  sound  a  trumpet,  proclaim,  blaze 
(see  blaze") ;  by  some  to  blaze'^ ;  but  the  orig. 
sense  'shield,'  with  other  facts,  is  against  such 
derivation.  In  ME.  and  mod.  E.  blaze'^  and 
blazon  are  of  course  associated  in  thought.]  1. 
In  7(f  r. ,  a  shield  with  anns  on  it ;  armorial  bear- 
ings; a  coat  of  arms;  a  banner  bearing  arms. 

The  chief  functionaries  of  city  and  province,  ...  all 
marching  under  emblematical  standards  or  time-honored 
blazons.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  533. 

2.  A  description  in  technical  language  of  ar- 
morial bearings.  Peculiar  and  fantastic  changes  in- 
troduced by  certain  heralds  are  chiefly  in  the  blazon,  and 
not  in  the  gi-aphic  representation :  thus,  wlicn  tin-  arms  of 
nobles  are  described  by  precious  stones  (suiJiiliiie  iiibtead 
of  azure,  topaz  instead  of  or,  and  the  like),  or  when  the 
arms  of  sovereigns  are  described  by  the  planets,  the 
description  only  is  peculiar,  the  drawing  and  coloring  of 
the  achievement  being  of  the  same  character  as  those  of 
ordinary  bearings. 
3t.  Interpretation;  explanation. 

I  think  your  blazon  to  be  true.     Shah.,  Sluch  Ado,  ii.  1. 

4.  Publication ;  show ;  celebration ;  pompous 
display,  either  by  words  or  by  other  means. 

But  this  eternal  blazon  must  not  be 

To  ears  of  flesh  and  blood.     Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  5. 

blazon  (bla'zn),  V.  t.  [=  MD.  blasoenen  =  G. 
blasoniren,  <  F.  blasonner,  blazon,  =  Sp.  blaso- 
nar,  blazon,  brag,  boast,  =  It.  blasonare,  blazon 
(ML.  blazonare) ;  from  the  noim.  Cf.  blaze'^  in 
similar  senses.]  1.  To  explain  in  proper  her- 
aldic terms  (the  arms  or  bearings  on  a  shield). 

King  Edward  gave  to  them  the  coat  of  arms  which  I  am 
not  herald  enough  to  blazon  into  English.  Addison. 

2.  To  depict  (armorial  bearings)  according  to 
the  rules  of  heraldry.  [An  incorrect  use  of 
the  word,  not  recognized  by  heralds.] — 3.  To 
inscribe  with  arms,  or  some  ornament ;  adorn 
with  blazonry. 

The  blood-red  flag  of  the  Sacred  Office  .  .  .  blazoned 
upon  either  side  with  the  portraits  of  Alexander  and  of 
Ferdinand.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  iii.  166. 

What  matter  whose  the  hillside  grave, 
Or  whose  the  6ia2t)ii«ti  stone? 

Whittier,  The  Countess. 

4.  To  deck;  embellish;  adorn  as  with  bla- 
zonry. 

Then  blazons  in  dread  smiles  her  hideous  form. 

Garth,  The  Dispensary,  ii. 
The  bottom  of  the  valley  was  a  bed  of  glorious  grass, 
blazoned  with  flowers. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  280. 

5.  To  display;  exhibit  conspicuously;  make 
known;  publish. 

For  better  farre  it  were  to  hide  their  names, 
Than  telling  them  to  blazon  out  their  blames. 

Spenser,  Teares  of  the  Muses. 
BlazoniuQ  our  injustice  everywhere. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  4. 
And  blazon  o'er  the  door  their  names  in  brass. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xi.  31. 

6.  To  proclaim  or  publish  boastingly ;  boast  of. 
My  friend  Lancelot  is  not  a  man  to  blazon  anything. 

Irving,  Salmagundi,  p.  124. 

blazoner  (bla'zn-er),  «.     1.  One  who  blazons; 

a  herald. — 2.  One  who  publishes  or  proclaims 

■with  strong  or  extravagant  praise, 
blazoning  (bla'zn-ing),  n.     In  her.,  the  art  of 

describing  armorial  bearings.     See  blazon,  n. 
blazonment   (bla'zn-ment),  n.      [<   blazon   + 

-nieiit.]     The  act  of  blazoning;  emblazonment. 
blazonry  (bla'zn-ri),  «.     [<  blazon  +  -n/.]     1. 

The  art  of  describing  or  explaining  coats  of 

arms  in  proper  heraldic  terms  and  method. 

Bob  has  done  more  to  set  tlit-  public  ri^'bt  on  this  im- 
portant point  of  blazonry  than  tlic  wlinlc  College  of  Her- 
alds. Lamb.  News[)Hiitr.s  l'liirt>  Jive  Years  ago. 

2.  Emblazonry;  decoration  in  color,  as  with 
heraldic  devices;  brilliant  decoration;  splen- 
dor. 

The  gorgeous  building  and  wild  blazonri/  of  that  shrine 
of  St.  Mark's.  Muskin. 

So  much  subtler  is  a  human  mind  than  the  outside 
tissues  which  make  a  sort  of  blazonry  or  clockface  for  it. 
Oeorge  Eliot,  Mlddlemarch,  1, 12. 

3.  Figuratively,  display. 


bleach-field 

blazy  (bla'zi),  «.  [<  blaze^  +  -//I.]  Burning 
briglitly;  blazing:  as,  a  hlazi/  tire.     [Rare.] 

blet,  ».     A  Middle  English  I'onii  of  lihi: 

-ble.  [ME.  -bk  (-bel,  -bil,  -Injl,  -biil),  <  OF.  -bk, 
mod.  F.  -bk  =  Pr.  Sp.  -ble  =  Pg.  -vel  =  It.  -bile, 
<  L.  -btli.i,  aec.  -bilein,  a  sufl^  (<  -bi-  -I-  -lis), 
forming  adjectives,  usually  with  a  passive  sig- 
nification, from  verbs  ending  with  one  of  the 
vowels  -a,  -c,  -(,  -i,  -6,  -ii,  being  the  root-  or 
stem-vowel  or  (as  usually  -/)  a  mere  insertion, 
as  in  admird-bilis,  dele-bilis,  sejieli-bilis,  cred-i- 
bilis,  igno-bilis,  mo-biUs,  volu-bilis,  etc. ;  rarely 
from  perfect  participles,  as  in  flex-i-bilUi,  plaus- 
ii-bilis,  etc.  See  further  under  -able.  Adjec- 
tives in  -ble  are  accompanied  by  adverbs  in 
-biy,  contr.  from  -ble-lij,  and  nouns  in  -ble-ness 
or,  according  to  the  L.,  in  -bil-iti/,  as  credi-bk, 
crcdi-bleness,  credi-bility.  In  many  words  the 
term,  -bk  is  of  different  origin,  as  in  nimbk, 
hainbk,  humble,  marble,  jiarable,  syllable,  etc., 
divided  etymologically  nimb-le,  humb-le,  etc., 
the  real  term,  being  -le,  of  various  origin.] 
A  sufli.x  of  Latin  origin,  oecun'ing  in  adjectives 
having  originally  a  passive  signification,  which 
is  retained  more  or  less  fully  in  adjectives  ac- 
companied by  verbs  derived  from  the  infinitive 
or  perfect  participle  (English  -ate  or  -it)  of  the 
same  Latin  verb,  as  in  commendable,  admirabk, 
dissoluble,  etc.,  habitable,  imituble,  tolerable,  navi- 
gable, etc.,  credible,  etc.,  but  is  not  obvious  in 
adjectives  not  accompanied  by  such  verbs,  as 
in  equable,  delectable,  horrible,  terrible,  ignoble, 
voluble,  feeble,  etc.  In  English  it  is  felt  and  used 
as  a  suffix  only  with  the  preceding  vowel,  -able 
or  -ible.     See  -able,  -ible. 

bleai,  a.  and  n.     See  blae. 

blea-  (ble),  H.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps  < 
blea^  =  blae,  pale  (see  blae).  Cf.  Sc.  blae,  bhiy, 
rough  parts  of  wood  left  in  sawing  or  boring.] 
The  part  of  a  tree  immediately  under  the  bark; 
the  alburnum  or  white  wood.     [Rare.] 

bleaberry,  ».     Same  as  blaeberry. 

bleachl  (blech),  r.     [<  ME.  blechen,  <  AS.  bliecan 
(=  D.  bleeken  =  OHG.  hleichen,  MHG.  6.  bki- 
chen  —  Icel.  bleikja  =  Sw.  hleka  =  Dan.  blege), 
make  white,  cause  to  fade  (cf.  bldciun,  become 
white  or  pale),  <  bide,  pale,  bleak:  see  bleal-^, 
blake.}     I.  trans.  To  make  white  or  whiter  by 
removing  color;  whiten;  blanch;  make  pale; 
specifically,  to  whiten  (as  linen,  etc.)  by  wash- 
ing and  exposure  to  the  action  of  the  air  and 
sunlight,  or  by  chemical   preparations.     See 
bleaching. 
Immortal  liberty,  whose  look  sublime 
Hath  bleached  the  tjTant's  cheek  in  every  varying  clime. 
Smollett,  Ode  to  Independence. 
The  bones  of  men, 
Ln  some  forgotten  battle  slain. 
And  bleached  by  di-ifting  wind  and  rain. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii  5. 

The  robed  and  mitred  apostles,  bleached  and  rain-washed 

by  the  ages,  rose  into  the  blue  air  like  huge  snow  figures. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  210. 

=  S3m.  Blanch,  etc.    See  whiten. 

II,  in  trans.  1.  To  become  white  in  any  man- 
ner ;  become  pale  or  colorless. 

Along  the  snows  a  stiffened  corse. 
Stretched  out  and  bleachin/j  in  the  northern  blast. 

Thomson,  Winter,  1.  321. 

2.  To  become  morally  pure.  [Rare.] 
bleachlf,  «•  [<  ME.  bkche  {bleche).  <  AS.  blwc, 
var.  of  blae,  pale:  see  bleak''-,  blake,  and  cf. 
bleach^;  r.]  1.  Pale.— 2.  Bleak. 
bleachl  (blech),  «.  [<  ME.  bleche,  <  AS.  bheco, 
paleness,  <  bide,  pale :  see  bleak'-.'}  If.  A  dis- 
ease of  the  skill.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny. —  2. 
[<  bleach''-,  )'.]  An  act  of  bleaching;  exposure 
to  the  sun  or  other  bleaching  agency  or  influ- 
ence. 

WHiat  is  known  as  "the  three-quarter  bleach  "  with  flax. 
Sci.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LVI.  249. 

bleach^t  (bleeh),  n.  [A  var.  of  bleteh,  q.  v.] 
Blacking;  any  substance  used  for  blacking. 
Cotgrare. 

bleacher  (ble'cher).  H.  1.  One  who  bleaches ; 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  wliiten  cloth. —  2. 
A  vessel  used  in  bleaching. — 3.  A  large  shal- 
low wooden  tub,  lined  with  metal,  used  in  dis- 
tilling petroleum;  a  settling-tub. 

bleachery  (ble'ch^r-i),  «.;  pi.  hkacherics  (-iz). 
[<  bleach'',  r.,  -(-  -ery.}  A  place  for  bleaching; 
an  establishment  where  the  bleaching  of  tex- 
tile fabrics,  etc.,  is  carried  on. 

Young  reprobates  dyed  in  the  wool  with  perversity  are 
taken  into  a  kind  of  moral  bleachery  and  come  out  white 
as  lambs.  O.  W.  Holmes,  Olii  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  354. 

bleach-field  (blech'feld),  w.  Afield  where  cloth 
or  yarn  is  bleached. 


bleaching  583  bleed 

bleaching  (Wr^'i-liiii),').  "•  1  Verbal  n.  of  Wcacftl.]  blearl  (Wer),  r.     [<  ME.  hUren,  make  dim  or  bleary' (bler'i),  o.   [< /(?<»(l  + -i/l.]  1.  Bleared; 


Tho  art  or  proi't-ss  of  frcuiug  textile  fibers  and 
fabrics,  and  various  other  substances  (stich  as 
materials  for  paper,  ivory,  wax,  oils),  from 
their  natural  color,  and  rendering  them  white, 
or  nearly  so.  Xliu  anc^ii-nt  method  at  IjUui-hins;  liy 
exposing  to  the  actiuii  of  the  huii's  rays,  uiul  friuiuclit 
wettini.,',  ha.s  Ijccn  nearly  suitersetietl,  at  least  where  tlie 
business  is  prusocutct  im  a  large  scale,  by  mure  compli- 
cated processes  in  connection  with  powerful  chemical 
preparations.  Among  tlieso  preparations,  the  chief  are 
■  chlorin  and  flulphnrous  acid,  the  latter  hi-ini;  employed 
more  especially  in  the  ea.se  of  animal  tlljers(silk  and  wtml). 
while  cotton,  llax,  and  other  vegtdahlc  tillers  aic  opciated 
upon  with  chlurin,  the  tdeaching  in  liotheasi's  heing  pre- 
ceded by  certain  cleansing  processes.  Glass  is  bleaclied 
by  the  use  of  chenucal  agents,  usually  hraunite,  saltpeter, 
arsenious  acid,  ami  Uiininm  or  rcil  lead. 

bleaching-liquid  (blij'ching-lik' wid),  «.     A 

liquid  for  bleaching;   specifically,  blauching- 
liquor- 

bleaching-powder  (ble'ching-pou'dfer),  n.  A 
powder  made  by  exposing  slaked  lime  to  the 
action  of  chlorin  ;  clilorid  of  lime,  it  may  be 
regarded  as  a  mixture  of  slaked  lime  and  a  double  salt  of 
calcium  rblori'i  and  calcium  hyijoehlorite.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal a;;<nt  ns,-d  in  bleaching  textile  fabrics,  and  is  also  a 
powerful  disinfectant. 

bleak'  (blek),  a.  [Also  assibilated  bleach 
(obs.),  dial,  hlnke,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  blcic  (assibilated 
hUiclu)  (also  hkike,  prob.  due  to  leel.),  earlier 
hlukc,  liliik  (i.e.,  blah,  different  from  lildk,  black, 
though  to  some  o.\tent  confused  with  it),  pale, 
wan,  <  AS.  bide  (var.  hlwc,  whence  prob.  ult.  E. 
l)kac.lil,  a.,  q.  v.),  pale,  wan,  also  bright,  shining 
(=  OS.  blck,  pale,  shining,  =  D.  blevk  =  MLG. 
blek,  LG.  blek  =  OHG.  blcih,  MHG.  G.  bleich  = 
Icel.  bleikr  =  Sw.  blek  =  Dan.  blcy,  pale,  wan),  < 
blicaii  (pret.  bide,  pp.  bliccii),  shine,  =  OS.  blikaii 
=  OFries.  blika,  shine,  =  D.  blijkeit  (pret.  bleck), 
appear,  =  leel.  bltkja,  blika,  shine,  =  OHG.  btih- 
haii,  shine  (MHG.  blican,  G.  blHchen,  grow  pale, 
mixed  with  weak  verb  bleiehen,  bleach:  see 
bleach'^,  r.),  akin  to  Skt.  \/  bitrdj,  shine,  and 
perhaps  to  Gr.  ^'Aiyeiv,  burn,  blaze,  ij>'l6^,  flame, 
lj.Jl((iiiiii<(,  flame,  fitUjcre,  shine,  etc. :  see  flame, 
fulyeiit,  jiiileym,  plilox,  etc.  Related  E.  words 
are  blank,  blink,  bleach^,  perhaps  black,  and 
briyhl^.^  If.  Pale;  pallid;  wau;  of  a  sickly  hue. 
With  a  face  dedly,  bkyk,  and  pale.  Lijdijate. 

She  looked  as  pale  and  as  bleafc  as  one  laid  out  dead. 

Foxe,  iMartyrs  (Agnes  VVardall). 

2.  Exposed  to  cold  and  winds ;  desolate ;  bare 
of  vegetation. 

Say,  will  ye  bless  the  bleak  Atlantic  shore  Y 

Pvpe,  Oho.  to  Brutus. 
Wastes  too  bleak  to  rear  the  common  growth  of  earth. 

Wordsworth. 

It  is  rich  laud,  but  upon  a  clay,  and  in  a  very  bleak, 

high,  exposed  situation.  Qraii,  Letters,  I.  258. 

3.  Cheerless ;  dreary. 

Her  desolation  presents  us  with  nothing  but  Wpa*  and 
barren  prospects.  Addition. 

4.  Cold;  chill;  piercing;  desolating. 

Entreat  the  north 
To  make  his  bleak  winds  kiss  my  parched  lips. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  7. 
The  night  was  bleak ;  the  rain  tell ;  the  wind  roared. 

Macaulay,  Ilist.  Eug.,  ix. 

bleak't,  «'•     [<  blcak^,  a.;  var.  of  bleaclt'^.j    I. 
tra«.s'.  To  make  white  or  pale ;  bleach. 
II.  iittraii.'<.  To  become  wlute  or  pale. 

bleak"  (blek),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  bleke,  dial. 
bliek;  =  Icel.  blcikja  =  OHG.  blcieha,  MHG. 
blicke;  from  the  ad.j.  bleak  (Icel.  bleikr,  OHG. 
blcih),  from  the  pale  color  of  its  scales  (see 
bkakVj.  The  synonymous  terra  blai/''-,  <  AS. 
blwyc  =  D.  blei  =  G.  bleihe,  is  not  directly  con- 
nected with  blcak'i.'i  An  English  name  of  a 
small  eJ^)rinoid  fish,  Jlbtinius  luciiliis.  Other 
forms  of  the  name  are  bleik,  bliek.  Also  called 
blai/. 

bleak^t,  ''.  t.  [Var.  of  bleach'^  and  black,  v.] 
To  blacken;  darken.     Cotqrave. 

bleakish  (ble'kish),  «.  [<  blealA  +  -w/(l.] 
Moderately  bleak;  somewhat  bleak. 

A  northerly  or  bleakish  easterly  wind. 

Dr.  O.  Chei/ne.  Ess.  nn  Health. 

bleakly  (blek'li),  a<lv.     In  a  bleak  manner  or 

situation:  as,  tho  wind  howls  bleakly. 

Xeerc  the  sea-coast  they  bleakcln  seated  are. 

May,  tr.  of  Lucau,  ix. 


•lieumy,  in  reference  to  the  eyes,  esp.  in  the 
phrase  blear  otie'K  eyes,  i.  e.,  <leceive,  hood- 
wink one;  rarely  intrans.,  blink;  cf.  Dan. 
/)///•(■,  also  plirc,  blink,  =  Sw.  jilira,  dial,  bliru, 
and  blunt,  blink  (cf.  dial,  hlirra  J'ojr  aiiyu, 
quiver  before  the  eyes,  of  summer  heat),  = 
LG.  jiliircii,  plyren,  pliren  (also  bleer-  in  bleer- 
nijetl  =  E.  blear-eyed,  q.  v.),  blink;  cf.  G.  dial, 
ifcrr,  an  ailment  of  the  eyes.]  I.  Iran.'s.  1.  To 
affect  (tlie  eyes)  with  flowing  tears  or  rheum 
so  that  the  sight  is  dimmed  and  indistinct; 
make  rheumy  and  dim:  as,  "biereil  her  eyes," 
I'iers  Plowman. 

To  his  bleared  and  offended  sense, 
Tliere  seems  a  hideous  fault  blazed  in  the  object. 

B.  Jotinoii,  I'oetjLster.  v.  1. 

Tease  the  lungs  and  blear  the  sight.      Coieper,  Task,  iii. 

2.  To  blur,  as  the  face  >vith  weeping;  obscvrre ; 

obfuscate. 

stern  faces  bleared  with  inuneniorial  watch. 

Luwell,  Cathedral. 

To  blear  one's  eyest,  figuratively,  to  deceive;  hood- 
wink; blind. 

Tliey  weneii  that  no  man  may  hem  bigile, 
But  by  my  thrift,  yet  shal  I  blere  her  eye. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1. 129. 

Gntising  danies  my  patience  still  did  proue, 
And  blear'd  tniiie  eyes. 

GascoiijM,  I1ie  Fruits  i>f  Fetters. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  have  bleared  or  inflamed 
eyes ;  be  blear-eyed, 
blear'  (bier),  a.  and  n.  [Not  an  orig.  adj.,  but 
assuiued  from  blear-eyed,  where  blear  is  directly 
from  the  verb.  See  blcar-eijed.'\  I,  a.  1.  Sore 
or  dim  from  a  watery  discharge  or  other  super- 
ficial affection:  applied  only  to  the  eyes. 

A  wit  that  can  make  your  perfections  so  transparent, 
that  every  blear  eye  may  look  through  them. 

B.  Joiistin,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iv.  1. 

Half  blind  he  peered  at  me  through  his  blear  eyes. 

Layard,  N'ineveh  and  Babylou,  i. 

2.  Producing  dimness  of    vision;    blinding. 

[Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

Power  to  cheat  the  eye  with  lilear  illusion. 

Milton,  t'onuis,  1.  155. 

3.  Dim;  indistinct;  confused  in  outlines. 
[Rare.] 

II.    «.    Something  that  obscures  the  sight. 

[Scotch.] 

Nor  is  the  blear  drawn  easy  o'er  her  e'e. 

A.  Boss,  Helenore,  p.  91. 

blear'-t  (bier),  v.  [<  ME.  bleren ;  origin  ob- 
scure.] I.  trans.  To  thi-ust  (out);  protrude: 
with  out. 

(They)  stood  staring  and  gaping  upon  Him,  wagging 
their  heads,  writhing  their  mouths,  yea  blearing  out  their 
tongues.  Bp.  Andrews,  .Sermons,  ii.  17;l. 

II.  intrans.  To  thrust  out  the  tongue  in  mock- 
ery. 
He  baltyrde,  he  bleryde,  he  braundyschte  ther-after. 

Morle  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  782. 

blearedness  (bler'ed-nes),  n.  [<  bleared,  pp. 
of  bleari.  +  -ness.]  The  state  of  being  bleared 
or  blurred  with  rheum.     Holland. 

blear-eye  (bler'i),  ».  [Rather  from  hlcar-eyed. 
a.,  than  from  blear'^,  a.,  +  eye,  Cf.  hG. bleer-oi/e, 
pliir-o(je,  blear-eye,  from  the  ad.j.  See  blear- 
eyed.']  In  med.,  a  disease  of  the  eyelids,  con- 
sisting in  drronic  inflammation  of  the  margins, 
with  a  gummy  secretion  from  the  Meibomian 
glands;  lippitude.     Also  called  blear-eyedness. 

blear-eyed  (bler'id),  a.  [<  ME.  blereyed,  blcr- 
eitjheil,  etc.,  <  bleren,  blear,  +  eye,  eighc,  eye; 
cf.  Dan.  plir-ojet  =  LG.  bleer-nt/cd,  also  pliir- 
of/ed,  blear-eyed,  of  similar  formation.  Cf.  also 
1]G.  blarr-nged,  with  noun  blarr-nqe,  due  to  con- 
fusion with  blurren,  cry,  howl,  weep,  =  G.  blar- 
reii,  bterren,  usually  ;)/«mH,  roar,  bellow,  =  E. 
blare^;  but  there  is  no  etymological  connection. 
See  blear^.']  1.  Having  sore  eyes;  having  the 
eyes  dimmed  or  inflamed  by  flowing  tears  or 
rheum;  dim-sighted. 

Crook-back'd  he  was,  tooth-shaken,  and  blear-ey'd. 

.'iackeille,  Iml,  to  Jlir.  for  Mags. 

2.  Wanting  in  perception  or  understanding ; 

short-si^'hted 


bleakness  (blek'nes),  «.     [<  blcak^  +  -ncss.]  blear-eyedness  (bler'id-nes),  «.    Same  as  blear 

The  quality  of  Vicing  bleak ;  coldness ;  desola-  . ':,'/'' 
tiou:  as,  "the  bleakness  of  the  air,"  Addison. 


[<  bleary  +  -ness.] 


blearlness  (bler'i-nes),  n 

the  lamlseape  will  hise  its  melancholy  W«aA-ii«»x  and      Hieaie<lnesg.  r/ i.)^„M    «     -i.    ....oo  1 

luire  a  beauty  of  its  own.  bleamesst  (bier  lies)  n.     [<blear\a.,  +  -ness.] 
Hawthorne,  TwieeTold  Tales,  II.      The  state  ot  being  blear.      (  dall,  Mark  X. 

bleaky(l>le'ki),  n.    [Extendeilforin<)f/i/<v(Al,'(.l  blear-witted  (bier' wit  ed),  o.     Dull;  stupid. 
Bleak ;  open ;  unsheltered ;  cold ;  chill.   [Rare.]        .ii,^.j  „ere  very  blear-wilted,  V  faith,  that  could  not  dis- 


Th 
aeqt 


The  bleahi  top  of  rugged  liills. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Vii-gils  Ueorgics,  iii. 


eern  the  geiitlenum  in  liim. 

B.  Jutison,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  v.  2. 


rheumy;  dim:  as,  bleary  red  eyea. — 2.  Blurred; 
confused;  cloudy;  misty. 

Oh  give  me  back  my  native  hills. 
If  bleak  or  bleary,  grim  or  gray. 

Cumberland  Ballad. 
bleary-,  n.     See  bleery. 

bleat  (blet),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  bUten,  <  AS.  blmtan 
=  D.  blaten,  blceten  =  MLG.  LG.  6?«<ch  =  0HG. 
bluMn,  MHO.  bluzen,  G.  dial,  blnssen,  bldt:en, 
bleat;  cf.  G.  blijken,  bleat,  bellow  (see  balk^, 
bolk),  L.  balare,  bleat  (see  balant),  Gr.  /tt?- 
Xaadai,  bleat,  ji'AtiX'h  ^^ov.  ft'^axa,  a  bleating :  all 
perhaps  ult.  of  imitative  origin,  like  baa,  q.  v.] 
To  cry  as  a  .sheep,  goat,  or  calf;  also,  as  a  snipe. 
Then  suddenly  was  heard  along  the  main 
To  low  the  ox,  to  bleat  the  woolly  train. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  xii. 

bleat  (blet),  H.  [<  bleat,  «.]  The  cry  of  a 
sheep,  goat,  or  calf;  also,  of  a  snipe. 

The  bleat  of  lioeks,  the  breath  of  flowers. 

Moir,  Harebell. 
And  got  a  calf  .  .  . 
Much  like  to  you,  for  yon  have  just  his  bUat. 

Shak..  Much  Ado,  v.  4. 

bleater  (ble'ter),  n.  An  animal  that  bleats; 
specifically,  a  sheep. 

In  cold,  stiff  soils  the  Heaters  oft  complain 

Of  gouty  ails.  John  Dyer,  Fleece,  i. 

bleauntt,  «.  [ME.,  also  written  bleeannt,  ble- 
hand,  bliiind,  blihand ;  =MLG.  ?)/iV()i?(withterm. 
varied  from  orig.)  =  MHG.  blialt,  bliaLi  OF. 
hliant,  bliaiid,  blial,  earlier  bliidt  (mod.  F.  dial. 
blaude,  biaiide:  see  blouse)  =  Pr.  blial,  bliau, 
bliaut,  bli:ant  =  Sp.  Pg.  brial ;  ML.  blialdus, 
bliandns,  blisandiis,  a  kind  of  tunic;  origin  im- 
known.]  A  garment  common  to  botli  sexes 
in  the  eleventh,  twelfth,  and  thirteenth  cen- 
turies. .^Vs  worn  by  women,  it  was  a  tunic  placed  over 
the  chemise,  usually  with  long  and  loose  sleeves,  and  held 
by  a  girtlle,  except  perhaps  when  a  ganuent  was  worn 
above  it.  "That  for  men  was  worn  as  an  outer  garment, 
and  especially  over  the  armor,  in  which  ease  it  is  hard 
to  distinguish  it  fnuu  the  tabard,  which  afterward  re- 
placed it.  For  mounted  men  it  was  divided  nearly  to  the 
girdle,  to  enable  the  rider  to  sit  in  the  saddle. 

A  blewe  bleaunt  obofe  brade  him  al  ovir. 

Kiny  Alltaunder,  p.  167. 
Blysnande  whyt  wat3  hyr  bleaunt. 

Alliterative  Poemn  (ed.  Morris),  i.  163. 

bleb  (bleb),  n.     [Another  form  of  blob,  q.  v.] 

1.  A  blister  or  pustule. —  2.  A  bubble,  as  in 
water  or  other  fluid,  or  in  a  substance  that  has 
been  fluid,  as  glass. 

.\rsenie  abounds  with  air  blebs.  Kirwan. 

blebby  (bleb'i),  a.     [<  bleb  +  -^l.]      Fidl  of 
blel)s,  blisters,  or  bubbles, 
[ilcionite]  fuses  .  .  .  to  a  white  WcWii/ glass. 

Dana,  System  of  .Mineral.  (1868),  p.  318. 

bleck  (blek),  n.     [Also  (in  def.  1)  assibilated 
bleteh ;  <  ME.  blek,  bleke,  apjiar.  <  AS.  bla;c  (= 
Icel.  blek  =  Sw.  bliick  =  Dan.  bleek,  ink),  prop, 
neut.  of  the  adj.  fc/«r,  black:  see  black,  n.)     1. 
Any  black  fluid  substance,  as  black  ink,  black- 
ing for  leather,  or  black  grease. — 2.    Soot; 
smut. — 3t.  A  black  man. — 4.  A  local  English 
name  of  the  coalfish,  I'ollaehiiis  rirens. 
[Xow  only  prov.  Eng.  or  Scotch.] 
bleckbok  (blek'bok),  ".     Same  as  bleekbok. 
bled  (bled).      Preterit  and  past  participle  of 

bleed. 
bleet  (ble).  n.  [<  ME.  blee,  ble,  bleo,  <  AS.  hleoh, 
blioh,  usually  contr.  bleo,  blid,  color,  hue,  com- 
plexion, =  OS.  bli  =  OFries.  bli,  blic.  North 
Fries,  bldy,  color.]  Color;  hue;  complexion. 
Thou  ait  bryght  of  Iftee.  Kytamour,  1.  933. 

I  have  a  lemnian 
As  bright  of  blee  as  is  the  silver  moon. 

Greene,  George-a-GreeiL 
White  of  blee  with  waiting  for  me 
Is  the  corse  in  the  next  chambere. 

Mrs.  Browniny,  Romaunt  of  the  Page. 

bleed  (bled),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bled,  ppr.  bleed- 
inij.  [<  ME.  bleden,  <  AS.  bledan,  bleed  (= 
Ot'ries.  bleda  =  D.  bloeden  =  LG.  bliiden  = 
OHG.  hlu.ifan,  MHG.  G.  bliden,  =  Icel.  bhedha 
=  Sw.  bleida  =  Dan.  bliide),  <  blotl,  blood:  see 
W«»(/,  and  cf.  WfAs'.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  void  or 
emit  blood;  drop,  or  nm  with,  blood:  as,  the 
wound  bleil  profusely  ;  his  nose  bleeds. 

Many  tipoii  the  seeing  of  others  bleed  .  .  .  themselvea 
are  ready  to  faint.  ;is  if  they  bled.  *  Baeon. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  fee!  pity,  sorrow,  or  an- 
guish; be  filled  with  sj'mpathy  or  grief:  with 
for:  as,  my  heart  bleeds  for  liim. 

Take  your  own  will ;  my  very  heart  bleeds/or  thee. 

Fletrher  (and  another).  Queen  of  t'olinth,  ii.  3. 
I  bleed  inwardly /or  my  lord.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  2. 

3t.  To  come  to  light:  in  allusion  to  the  old 
superstitious  belief  that  the  body  of  a  murdered 


bleed 

person  would  begin  to  bleed  if  the  murderer 
approached  it. 

The  murdering  of  her  Marquis  of  Aiicrc  will  yet  bleed, 
as  siiiiie  four.  llowell,  letters,  I.  i.  19. 

4.  To  shed  one's  blood ;  be  severely  wounded 
or  die,  as  in  battle  or  the  like. 

Ciesar  must  bleed  for  it.  Shak.,  J.  C,  ii.  1. 

5.  To  lose  sap,  gum,  or  juice,  as  a  tree  or  a  vine. 

For  me  the  balm  shall  bleed,  and  amber  flow. 

J'ope,  Windsor  l''orcat,  1.  393. 

6.  To  pay  or  lose  money  freely ;  be  subjected 
to  extortion  of  money:  as,  they  made  him  bleed 
freely  for  that  whim.'  [Slang.]  —  7.  In  dyeing, 
to  bo"  washed  out:  said  of  the  color  of  a  dyed 
fabric  when  it  stains  water  in  which  it  is  im- 
mersed. CfXeill,  Dyeing  and  Cal.  Printing,  p. 
105. —  8.  To  leak;  become  leaky. 

The  defects  in  the  plates,  whose  presence  may  not  even 
be  suspected,  become  exposed,  and  being  attacked  anew 
by  tlie  acids  in  the  water  used  for  washing  out  the  boiler, 
wliich  are  not  neutralized  by  the  soda,  are  caused  to 
bleed,  R.  Wilson,  Steam  Boilers,  p.  174. 

9.  To .  yield ;  produce :  applied  to  grain. 
[Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  lose  blood,  as  by 
woimdiug ;  take  blood  fi'om  by  opening  a  vein, 
as  in  phlebotomy. —  2.  To  lose,  as  blood;  emit 
or  distil,  as  juice,  sap,  or  gum. 

A  decaying  pine  of  stately  size  bleeding  amber.    MUler. 

3.  To  extort  or  exact  money  fi'om;  sponge 
on:  as,  the  sharpers  bled  him  freely.    [Slang.] 

He  [Shaykh  Masud]  returned  in  a  depressed  state,  hav- 
ing been  bled  by  the  soldiery  at  the  well  to  the  extent  of 
forty  piastres,  or  about  eight  shillings. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  360. 

4.  In  dyeing,  to  extract  the  coloring  matter 
from  (a  dye-drug).  Napier. — 5.  In  boolbind- 
ing,  to  ti'im  the  margin  of  (a  book)  so  closely 

as  to    mutilate  the    print To  bleed  a  buoy 

(naut.X  to  let  out  of  a  buoy  water  which  lias  leaked  into 
it.— To  bleed  the  brakes.in  alocomotive,  to  relieve  the 
pressure  on  the  air-brakes  by  opening  the  bleeding-valve 
or  release-cock  of  the  brake-cylinder. 

bleeder  (ble'der),  m.  1.  One  who  lets  blood. 
—  2.  A  person  who  is  naturally  predisposed  to 
bleed.     See  hemophilia. 

bleed-hearts  (bled'harts),  n.  The  scarlet  lych- 
nis. Lychnis  Chalcedonica. 

bleeding  (ble'ding),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  bleed,  r.] 
1 .  A  running  or  issuing  of  blood,  as  from  the 
nose :  a  hemorrhage ;  the  operation  of  letting 
blood,  as  in  surgery. — 2.  The  drawing  of  sap 
from  a  tree  or  plant. — 3.  In  bookbinding,  an 
excessive  trimming  down  of  the  margins  of  a 
book,  which  cuts  into  and  mutilates  the  print. 

bleeding-heart  (ble'ding-hart),  m.  1.  In  Eng- 
land, a  name  of  the  wall-flower,  Cheiranthus 
Cheiri. —  2.  A  common  name  of  some  species 
of  Dicentra,  especially  D.  spectabilis  fi'om 
China,  from  the  shape  of  the  flowers. —  3.  A 
name  sometimes  applied  to  cultivated  forms  of 
Colocasia  with  colored  leaves. 

bleeding-tooth  (ble'ding-toth),  ».  A  common 
name  of  a  shell  of  the  family  Neritidai,  Nerita 
peloronta,  the  toothed  columella  of  which  has 
a  red  blotch  suggesting  the  name.     See  Nerita. 

bleekbok  (blek'bok),  n.  [D.,  <  Week,  =  E. 
bUal:'^,  pale,  +  bok  =  E.  iwcil,  a  goat.]  The 
Dutch  colonial  name  of  the  ourebi,  Scopophorus 
otirebi,  a  small  pale-eolored  antelope  of  South 
Africa,  related  to  the  steinboks.  Another  form 
is  bleekbok. 

bleery  (bler'i),  n.  A  burning  brand;  a  fagot. 
Also  spelled  bleary.     [Scotch.] 

Scowder  their  harigals  de'ils  wi'  a  bleary.  Bo(jg. 

bleezel  (blez),  n.  and  v.   A  Scotch  form  of  blazel^. 

bleeze-,  v.  %. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blee:ed,  ppr.  bleed- 
ing. To  become  slightly  som-,  as  milk.   [Scotch.] 

bleikif,  «•     See  bleak^. 

bleik-t,  ".    See  bleak^. 

bleint,  ».     A  Middle  English  form  of  blain. 

bleis,  ".  /''.     See  lilac,  n. 

bleit',  bleit"  (blat),  a.  Same  as  ftfafel,  blate-. 
[Scotch.] 

blellum   (blel'um),   ».      [Appar.   imitative   of 
senseless  babble.   Cf.  blether^.']    An  idle,  sense- 
less, talking,  or  noisy  fellow.     [Scotch.] 
A  blethering,  blustering,  drunken  blellum. 

Burns,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 

blemish  (blem'ish),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  blcmisshen, 
blcmisscu  (see  -ish^),  wound,  injure,  spoil,  <  OF. 
blettiiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of  blemir,  blesmir 
(F.  bUmir,  grow  pale,  =  Pr.  blesmar,  strike,  soil), 
<  blcme,  blesme,  pale,  wan;  origin  uncertain.] 
1.  To  damage  or  impair  (especially  something 
that  is  well  formed,  or  in  other  respects  excel- 


684 

lent) ;  mar  or  make  defective ;  destroy  the  per- 
fection of ;  deface ;  sully. 

Vanish  ;  or  I  shall  give  thee  thy  deserving, 

And  bteminh  t'a'sar's  triumph.    Sluik.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  10. 

Sin  is  a  soil  which  blemisbeth  the  beauty  of  thy  soul. 

R.  Brathwaite. 

2.  To  impair  morally;  tarnish,  as  reputation 
or  character;  defame;  stain:  as,  to  blemish 
one's  fair  fame. 

On  a  general  review  of  the  long  administration  of  Has- 
tings, it  is  impossible  to  deny  that,  against  the  gi'eat  crimes 
by  which  it  is  blemished,  we  have  to  set  off  gl'eat  public 
services.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

blemish  (blem'ish),  K.  [<  blemish,  r.]  1.  A 
defect,  flaw,  or  imperfection ;  something  that 
mars  beauty,  completeness,  or  perfection. 

As  he  hatli  caused  a  blemish  in  a  man,  so  shall  it  he  done 
to  him  again.  Lev.  xxiv.  20. 

Naught  had  blemish  there  or  spot, 
For  in  that  place  decay  was  not. 

IVilliam  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  358. 
2.  A  moral  defect  or  injury;  reproach;  dis- 
grace ;  that  which  impairs  reputation ;  imputa- 
tion. 

That  cleare  she  dide  from  blemish  criminall. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  37. 

That  you  have  been  earnest  should  be  no  blemish  or 

discredit  at  all  unto  you.  Hooker. 

blemished  (blem'isht)^  p.  a.  Having  a  fault  or 
blemish;  specifically,  in  her.,  broken  or  cut 
short:  said  of  a  cross,  weapon,  or  the  lUte, 
used  as  a  bearing. 

blemishless  (blem'ish-les),  a.     [<  blemish,  »., 
-1-  -less.']    Without  blemish;  spotless;  perfect; 
without  defect. 
A  life  in  all  so  blemishless.        Feltham,  Lusoria,  xxxvii. 
blemishment  (blem'ish-ment),  n.     [<  blemish, 
«.,  + -)«e«i.]     Damage;  flaw;  impairment. 
For  dread  of  blame  and  honours  blemishment. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  36. 

blemmatrope  (blem'a-trop),  w.  [<  6r.  (i^fifia, 
look,  glance,  eye  (<  jiAenciv,  look),  -f  rpiveiv, 
turn.]  An  apparatus  for  illustrating  the  va- 
rious positions  of  the  eye. 
blench!  (blench),  ii.  [In  early  mod.  E.  some- 
times spelled  blanch  by  confusion  with  blanch, 
make  white  (see  blanch^  and  blanch^);  <  ME. 
blenchen,  also  blenkcn,  occasionally  blinchen, 
turn  aside,  evade,  disconcert,  usually  intrans., 
shrink  back,  give  way,  <  AS.  blencan  (=  Icel. 
blekkja),  deceive,  supposed  to  be  a  causal  form 
of  *blincan,  blink  (cf.  drench'^,  causal  of  drink), 
but  the  latter  verb  does  not  occur  in  the  older 
language :  see  blink.  For  the  sense  '  deceive,' 
cf.  blear  one^s  eyes,  deceive,  under  ft/eacl.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  shrink;  start  back;  give  way; 
flinch ;  turn  aside  or  fly  off. 

Though  sometimes  you  do  blench  from  this  to  that. 

Shalt.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  5. 
ni  tent  him  to  the  quick ;  if  he  but  blench, 
I  know  my  course.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

I  know  his  people 
Are  of  his  o\vn  choice,  men  that  will  not  totter 
Nor  blench  much  at  a  bullet. 

Fletcher,  The  Pilgrim,  v.  3. 

2.  To  quail :  said  of  the  eye. 
Il.t   trans.    1.    To  deceive;   cheat. — 2.    To 

draw  bacK,  from;  shirk;  avoid;  elude;  deny 
from  fear. 

He  now  blenched  what  before  ...  he  aflu'raed.     Evelyn. 

3.  To  hinder  or  obstruct ;  disconcert;  foil. 

The  rebels  besieged  them,  winning  the  even  ground  on 
the  top,  by  carrying  up  great  trusses  of  hay  before  them 
to  blench  the  defendants"  sight  and  dead  theii-  shot. 

G.  Carew. 
blenchif  (hlenoh), «.  l<.  blench^,  v. ^  l.Adeoeit; 
a  trick. — 2.  A  sidelong  glance. 

These  blenches  gave  my  heart  another  youth. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  ex. 

blench^  (blench),  «.  or  adv.  [A  variant  form 
of  blanch''-,  a.:  see  blanch^  and  blank.']  Upon 
or  based  upon  the  pa^Tnent  of  a  nominal  or 
trifling  yearly  duty :  applied  to  a  sort  of  tenure 
of  land :  as,  the  estate  is  held  blench  of  the  crown. 
See  blanch-holding. 
blench^  (blench),  V.  [Var.  of  blanch'^,  partly 
phonetic  and  partly  by  notional  confusion  with 
blench'^.]  I.  intrans.  To  become  pale;  blanch. 
II.  trans.  To  make  white  ;  blanch. 
blencher  (blen'cher),  «.  [<  blench'^,  v. :  see 
blancher-.]  If.  A  scarecrow,  or  whatever 
frightens  or  turns  aside  or  away.  Sir  1\  Elyot. 
—  2t.  In  hunting,  one  placed  where  he  can  tm'n 
the  deer  from  going  in  a  paj'ticular  direction ;  a 
blancher. 

I  feel  the  old  man's  master'd  by  nmch  passion, 
And  too  high-rack'd,  wliich  makes  him  overshoot  all 
His  valour  should  direct  at,  and  hurt  those 
Tliat  stand  but  by  as  blenchers. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Hlgrimage,  ii.  1. 


blend-water 

3.  One  who  blenches  or  flinches, 
blench-firmt  ( blench'f6rm),  «.    Same  as  hlanch- 

J'nrni. 

blench-holding  (blench'h61''''ding),  n.    Same  as 

blanvli-holding. 
blendi  (blend),  v.;  pret.  blended,  pp.  blended 
or  blent,  ppr.  blending.  [<  ME.  blenden,  mix, 
sometimes  intrans.,  a  sccondai'y  form  of  blan- 
den,<  AS.  blandan,  a  strong  verb  (=  OS.  Iilandan 
=  Icel.  blanda  =  Sw.  blanda  =  Dan.  blande  = 
OHG.  blantan,  MHG.  blanden  =  Goth.  blandan), 
mix:  see  bland'^.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  mix  to- 
gether in  such  a  way  that  the  things  mixed  be- 
come inseparable,  or  cannot  easily  be  separated. 
In  particular :  («)  To  mix  (dilferent  sorts  or  iiualities  of 
a  commoility)  in  order  to  produce  a  particular  brand,  kind, 
or  quality :  as,  to  blejtd  teas ;  to  blend  tobacco,  {b)  'i'o  mix 
so  intimately  or  harmoniously  that  the  identity  or  individ- 
uality of  the  things  mixed  is  lost  or  obscured  in  a  new 
product :  as,  many  races  are  blended  in  the  modem  Eng- 
lishman. 

Rider  and  horse,— friend,  foe,— in  one  red  burial  blent. 
Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  29. 
Blended  and  intertwisted  in  this  life  are  the  sources  of 
joys  and  tears.  De  Quineey. 

I  blend  in  song  thy  flowers  and  thee. 

Whittier,  First  Flowers, 
(c)  To  cause  to  pass  imperceptibly  into  one  another; 
unite  so  that  there  shall  be  no  perceptible  line  of  division  : 
as,  to  blend  the  colors  of  a  painting. 
2t.  To  mix  up  in  the  mind ;  confoimd  (one 
thing  with  another). —  3t.  To  stir  up  (a  liquid); 
hence,  to  render  turbid ;  figuratively,  disturb. 
—  4t.  To  pollute  by  mixture ;  spoil  or  corrupt. 

And  all  these  stormes,  which  now  his  beauty  blend. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  Ixii. 
And  thy  throne  royall  with  dishonour  blent. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  I.  1330. 
=  Syn.  Mix,  etc.    See  mingle. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  mix  or  mingle;  unite  in- 
timately so  as  to  form  a  harmonious  whole; 
unite  so  as  to  be  indistinguishable. 

And  Rupert's  oath,  and  Cromwell's  prayer, 
With  battle  thunder  blemled.      Whittier,  The  Exiles. 
Changed  seemed  all  the  fashion  of  the  world. 
And  past  and  future  into  one  did  blend. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  349. 

2.  To  pass  imperceptibly  into  each  other :  as, 
sea  and  sky  seemed  to  blend. 

The  distant  peaks  gradually  blended  with  the  white  at- 
mosphere above  them.  Tyndatl,  Glaciers,  p.  196. 

It  would  clearly  be  advantageous  to  two  varieties  or 
incipient  species  if  they  could  be  kept  from  blending,  on 
the  same  principle  that,  when  man  is  selecting  at  the 
same  time  two  varieties,  it  is  necessary  that  he  should 
keep  them  separate.       Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  246. 

blendl  (blend),  «.  [<  blcnd^,  v.]  1.  A  mixing 
or  mi.xture,  as  of  liquids,  colors,  etc. :  as,  tea 
of  our  own  blend. —  2.  "The  brand,  kind,  or 
quality  produced  by  mixing  together  diflferent 
sorts  or  qualities  of  a  commodity:  as,  a  fine 
blend  of  tea  ;  the  finest  blend  of  whisky. 

blend"t,  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  blended,  blent,  ppr. 
blending.  [<  ME.  blenden,  <  AS.  blendan  (= 
OFries.  blenda,  blinda  =  Dan.  bla-nde  =  L6. 
blennen  =  OHG.  blenfjan,  blenden,  MHG.  G.  blen- 
den), make  blind;  factitive  verb  of  blind,  blind: 
see  blind'^,  a.  and'c]     TobUnd;  deceive. 

This  multiplying  blent  [blindeth]  so  many  oon. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  L  380. 
Reason  blent  through  piission.     Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  7. 

blendcorn  (blend'korn),  n.  [<  blend^  +  corn. 
Of.  Dan.  dial,  blandekorn.]  Wheat  and  rye 
sown  and  grown  together.    N.  E.  D. 

blende  (blend),  «.  [Also  blend,  blind,  blinde ;  < 
G.  blende,  blende,  <  blenden,  blind,  dazzle :  see 
blend^.]  An  ore  of  zinc ;  a  native  sulphid  of  zinc, 
but  commonly  containing  more  or  less  iron, 
also  a  little  cadmium,  and  sometimes  rarer  ele- 
ments (gallium,  indium),  its  color  is  mostly  brown 
and  black,  but  when  pure  it  is  yellow  or  even  white.  The 
word  blende  is  also  employed  in  such  compound  terms  as 
manganese-blende,  zinc-blende,  ruby-blende,  to  designate 
certain  minerals  (sulphids  of  the  metals)  characterized  by  a 
brilliant  non-met<allic  luster.  .\lso  called  !<phalerite,  false 
galena,  and  by  English  miners  nwek  lead  and  blaek-jaek. 

blender  (blen'der),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
blends ;  specifically,  a  brush  made  of  badgers' 
hair,  used  by  graiuers  and  artists  in  blending. 
See  hirnding. 

blending  (blen'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blend''-, 
('.]  The  act  or  process  of  combining  or  min- 
gling. .Specifically,  in  painting:  (a)  A  method  of  laying 
on  different  tints  so  that  they  may  mingle  together  w'hUe 
wet  and  fuse  into  each  other  insensibly.  (6)  The  process 
of  causing  pigments  to  melt  or  blend  together  by  passing  a 
soft  brush  of  titch  or  badgei-s'  hair,  called  a  blender  or  soft- 
ener, over  them  with  a  delicate,  feathery  touch. 

blendous  (blen'dus),  fl.  [<  blende  +  -ous.]  In 
mineral.,  pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  blende. 

blend-'water  (blend'wa'ter),  n.  A  distemper 
of  cattle.     -Also  called  more-hough. 


Blenheim 

Blenheim  (lilon'em),  «.  [From  Blenheim  House, 
eret'teil  by  the  EiiRlisli  Parliament  for  the  Duke 
of  Marlboroiigli  in  rocognitiou  of  his  military 
sei-vicos,  anil  ospceially  of  his  gi'eat  victory  at 
lileulicim,  (i.  JiliiKllidni,  in  Bavaria,  Aug.  Kt, 
1704.]  Uue  of  a  brcod  of  dogs  of  the  spaniel 
kind,  presei'ved  in  perfection  at  Blenheim 
House,  near  Oxforil,  tlngland,  since  the  begin- 
ning of  the  ciglitccnth  centiuy. 

Blenheim  orange,  wig.    See  the  nouns. 

blenkt,  '■■  '•  [A  vnr.  of  blink,  q.  v. ;  partly  con- 
fused with /)/((«•/(  l.]  1.  Toshine;  gleam;  glit- 
ter.—  2.  To  glance;  give  a  look. 

Scarslie   .   .  .   having  the  leisure  to  btenk  upon  any 
paper.  Jameit  /.,  in  D'Israeli's  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  147. 

blennadenltis  (b!on"ad-e-ni'tis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ii'/ivvor,  ji'Aivm,  mucus,  -f  ad?/v,  a  gland,  -I- 
-itif.  Cf.  adiiiitis.]  In  pathol.,  inflammation 
of  the  mucous  glands. 

blennelytria  (bleu-e-lit'ri-a),  n.  [NIj.,  <  Gr. 
ji'/.ivmr,  mucus,  +  i'kvTpov,  sheath  (vagina).] 
Sanut  as  lettcorrlica. 

blennenteria  (blen-en-te'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ji/.n'viir,  mucus,  -I-  fmfmi,  intestine.]  Injiathol., 
a  mucous  How  from  the  intestines. 

blennentery  (blen'en-te-ri),  n.  Same  as  blen- 
iicii  teriii . 

blenniid  (blen'i-id),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Blfnnii(l((\ 

Blenniidae  (ble-ni'i-de),  n.}>l.  [NL.,  <  Slcnnius 
+  -iilii:]  A  family  of  fishes,  typified  by  the 
geims  ISIeimiiis,  adopted  by  various  authors 
with  different  limits,    in  Guuther's  system  of  elassi- 


Blenny  ( BUnniiis  gattortiginf), 

flcation  it  is  a  family  of  Afanthopteinffiu  hlenniifonnes, 
having  tlie  ventral  llns  jugular  and  composed  of  a  feu- 
rays  (sotiietinifs  alisent),  a  prominent  anal  papilla,  and 
few  nr  II"  anal  spines. 

blenniiform  (bleu'i-i-f6rm),  «.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  characters  of  the  BlenniiJ'ormes ; 
having  the  form  of  a  blenny. 

Blenniiformes  (blen  "i-i-for'mez),  n.  ph  [NL., 
<  L.  hUimiiis,  blenny,  +  forma,  form.]  In 
Giinther's  classification  of  fishes,  a  division 
of  Acdiitlioptvnjgii,  having  the  body  low,  sub- 
cylindrical  or  compressed,  and  elongate  (rare- 
ly oblong);  the  dorsal  fin  long;  the  spinous 
portion  of  the  dorsal,  if  distinct,  very  long,  as 
well  developed  as  the  soft  portion,  or  more  so; 
the  whole  tin  sometimes  composed  of  spines 
only;  the  anal  more  or  less  lengthened;  the 
caudal  subtnmcate  or  rounded,  and  the  ven- 
trals  thoracic  or  jugular,  if  present. 

Blenniinse  (blen-i-i'ue),  «.  jil.  [NL.,  <  Bleunius 
+  -ilia:'}  A  subfamily  of  BIcniiiida;  typified  by 
the  genus  Blennius,  to  which  various  limits  have 
been  assigned. 

blennioid  (blen'i-oid),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  hlcnnius, 
blenny, -H -o«/.]  I.  a.  Like  a  blenny ;  blennii- 
form.    Also  hleniHiid. 

II,  H.  A  fish  of  the  family  Blenniidce  ;  a  blen- 
niid.    Sir  J.  BicJiardsoH. 

Blennioidea  (bleu-i-oi'de-ji),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bli  iiitiHx+  -didca.l  A  superfamily  of  aeanthop- 
tcrygian  fishes,  nearly  equivalent  to  Bleiiniidcc. 
The  principal  families  are  the  Blenniida;,  Clini- 
d(C,  Murwnuididic,  Sticha'id(K,  and  Anarrhicha- 
diiiir. 

Blennioldei  (blen-i-oi'df-i),  n.  pi.  [NL.]  A 
family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes:  synony- 
mous with  Blciiiiiidw.    Agassi.;. 

Blennius  (bleu'i-us),  n.  [L.,  also  blendiiis  and 
hleiidva,  <  Gr.  p.imoq,  a  blenny,  <  [iAtmoc,  also 
ji?.h'm,  mucus,  .slime :  in  reference  to  the  mucous 
coating  of  its  skin.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Bleuniida',  originally  containing  numer- 
ous species  now  dispersed  in  many  different 
genera:  the  terra  is  at  present  restricted  to 
those  species  which  are  closely  related  to  the 
common  blenny  of  Europe.  See  cut  under 
Bl('tiniid(r. 

blennogenic  (blen-o-jen'ik),  a.  [As  blennogen- 
IIH.S-  -t-  -/'(■.]    Generating  mmnis;  muciparous. 

blennogenOUS (ble-no.j'e-nus),  i(.  [<  Gr.  ;i?.ivvoc, 
mucus,  -t-  -)fi'//f,  producing:  see  -yviiotui.']  In 
mid.,  producing  or  generating  mucus. 

blennoid  (blon'oid),  a.  [<  Gr.  i}>Jwo^,  mucus, 
+  eiiJof,  form.]     Resembling  mucus. 


68B 

blennometritis  (blen'o-me-tri'tis),  m.     [NL., 

<  Cir.  ii'/h'ivr,  niui'us,  +  nirtritis,  q.  v.]  In  pa- 
tlidl.,  mucous  flow  accompanying  metritis. 

blennophthalmialblen-of-thal'mi-a),  II.   [NL., 

<  (ir.  li'/ivimr,  mucus,  +  NL.  oplitlialmia.]  In 
imlliol.,  intlanuuation  of  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  eye;  con.junctivitis. 

blennorrhagia  (bien-o-ra'ji-ii),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

ji'/.ti'vor,  mucus,  +  -i>a-)ia,  i  f)?fyvltvai,  biu'st, 
break.]  In  patlioL,  a  discharge  of  mucus;  spe- 
cifically, gononhea. 
blennoirhagic  (blon-o-raj'ik),  «.  [<  hlennor- 
rliai/iii  +  -/<■.]  Pertaining  to,  characterized  by, 
or  sufl'ering  from  Tilennon'hagia. 

blennorrhea  (blen-o-re'ii),  u.    [NL.,  <  Gr.Ji^h- 

I'or,  mucus,  +  iioin,  a  now,  <  (teiv,  flow.]  In 
pathol.,  a  flow  of  mucus.  'I'he  tenn  is  applicable  to 
an  inere;ised  discharge  from  any  of  tlu-  nmeous  surfaces, 
hut  is  usually  restrieU-U  to  tliat  from  the  ui'ethra  aiul  va- 
gina, gonorrhea.     Also  spelled  hteniwrrhixa. 

blennorrheal  (blen-o-re'al),  «.  [<  hlcnnorhca 
4-  -III.']  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
blennorrhea.     Also  spelled  hlvuiiorrhwal. 

blenny  (blen'i),  H. ;  \i\.hlennies{-vi).  [<  L.  Wch- 
niiis :  see  Bleniiiu.'i.']  A  fish  of  the  genus  i{/c«- 
«(M.s,  of  the  family  Blenniidm,  and  especially  of 
the  subfamily  Blenniina:, 

blennymenitis  (blen"i-me-ni'tis),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ji'/.ivnir,  mucus,  -l-  i''/<'/i',  membrane,  +  -itis.] 
In  piitliol.,  inflammation  of  a  mucous  mem- 
brane. 

Mens  (blenz),  II.  [E.  dial.,  also  blinds:  see 
clef.  2.]  1.  A  local  English  name  of  the  com- 
mon cod. —  2.  A  Cornish  name  of  the  bib,  a 
fish  of  the  cod  family.  The  flsh  is  said  to  have  heen 
so  named  from  a  sort  of  loose  bag  callable  of  inflation  and 
resembling  a  bleb  or  hlain,  whicll  is  formed  of  an  outer 
layer  passing  from  tlie  eheel<s  over  the  eye,  and  a  second 
layer  passing  over  the  eyeball.    Day. 

blent^  (blent).    Past  participle  of  blcnd^. 
blent^t.    Preterit  and  past  participle  of  blend'^. 

< 'ha  liar. 
blepharadenitis  (blef-a-rad-e-ni'tis),  n.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  if/.iipai)Oi>,  eyelid,  '+  adr/v  (adev-),  gland,  -1- 
-itis.^  In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  the  Meibo- 
mian glands.     Also  written  bhpharoadciiilis. 

blepharal  (blef'a-ral),  a.  [<  Gr.  jVAii^apov,  eye- 
lid, -t-  -((/.]     Pertaiiiing  to  the  eyelids. 

blepharedema  (blef-a-re-de'ma),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  f!/i<j)apov,  eyelid,  +  oiir/ua,  swelling :  see 
edema.']     In  pathol.,  edema  of  the  evelids. 

blepharitis  (blef-a-ri'tis),  H.  [NL.;  <  Gr.pii- 
ipapoi;  eyelid,  -I-  -iiix.  ('f.  Gr.  iJkeipnpiTir,  adj.,  of 
or  on  the  eyelids.]  In  pathol.,  inflammation  of 
the  eyelids. 

blepharoadenitis  (blefa-ro-ad-e-ni'tis),  «. 
[Nlj.]     Same  as  blepharadenitis. 

blepharophimosis   (blefa-ro-fi-mo'sis),  «. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  ji'/ iipapov,  eyelicl,  +  (jiifiuaig,  a  muz- 
zling, shutting  up  of  an  orifice,  <  ipcuoi'i;  muz- 
zle, shut  up,  <  (jiipii;,  a  muzzle.]  In  pathol., 
congenital  diminution  of  the  space  between  the 
eyelids.  Diinijlison. 
blepharophthalmia  (blefa-rof-thal'mi-a),  «. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  li'liifiapov,  eyelid,  +  bipOa'/iiia,  oph- 
thalmia.] In  pathol.,  conjunctivitis  accom- 
panied by  blepharitis. 

blepharophthalmic  (blefa-rof-thal'mik),  a. 
Pertaining  to  blepharophthalmia. 

blepharoplastic  (blef'a-ro-plas'tik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  blepharoplasty. 

blepharoplasty  (blef'a-ro-plas"ti).  n.  [<  Gr. 
ji>.iipapov,  eyelid,  +  ir/aaToi;,  verbal  adj.  of 
-'/.I'laaciv,  form,  mold.]  In  siiry.,  the  operation 
of  making  a  new  eyelid  from  a  piece  of  skin 
triins]ihinted  from  an  adjacent  part. 

blepharoplegia   (blef'a-ro-ple'ji-a),  «.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  ji/iijiapov,  eyelid,  -1-  ^>W/,  a  stroke.] 
Same  as  jitosis. 

blepharoptosis  (blef'a-rop-td'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  jOiipapov,  eyelid,  -H  tttuoi^,  a  fall.]  Same 
as  pto.'iis. 

blepharorhaphy  (blef'a-ro-rafi),  ».  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  filiijiapin;  eyelid,  +  paip'/,  a  sewing,  seam,  < 
pi-Ttiv,  sew.]  The  surgical  operation  of  unit- 
ing the  edges  of  the  eyelids  to  each  other,  as 
after  enucleation. 

blepharospasm  (blef'a-ro-spazm),  n.  [<  Gr. 
ii'/n^MjiiH',  eyelid,  -I-  airaaiiof,  a  spasm.]  Spasm 
of  the  orliicular  muscle  of  the  eyelid. 

blepharostenosis  (blof 'a-ro-ste-no'sis),  «. 
[NIj.,  <  Gr.  jUiipapov,  eyelid,  '+  nrh'uaic,  a  nar- 
rowing, <  n-nmv,  contract,  narrow,  <  crcror, 
nan'ow.]  In  pathol.,  a  diminution  of  the  space 
between  the  eyelids,  not  of  congenital  origin. 
See  blcjiharophimosis. 

blesbok,  blessbok  (bles'bok).  ».  [Also  Eng- 
lished hlcsubiiek- ;  <  D.  blesbok,  <6/es,  =  E.  blast^^ 


bless 


Blesbok  {Alcttafihus  albt/rans). 

+  boh  =  E.  6«c/.l.]  A  large  bubaline  or  alcela- 
phine  antelope  of  South  Africa,  iJamalis  or 
Alcclaphiis  albijrons,  with  a  white  face  or  blaze. 

bleschet,  v.  t.    See  blesh. 

blesht,  V.  t.  [ME.  blesshen,  bleschen,  blessen, 
blisscn,  prob.  of  IjG.  origin :  MD.  blesschen, 
bliis.irhrii,  D.  blii.sschcn  =  LG.  S^ma'c/ich,  quench, 
extinguisli,  appar.  contr.  of  'bclcschen,  <  be-  + 
ML<i.  Iisrhi'n  =  MD.  lesHchen  =  OHG.  lesken, 
MHG.  lesehen,  G.  loschen,  put  out,  causal  of 
OHG.  Icskan,  iiHG.  lesehen  (G.  liischen),  go  out, 
as  fire;  prob.,  with  present-formative  -sk  (= 
AS.  -se,  E.  -sh,  as  in  thresh,  wash,  etc.),  from 
the  root  of  AS.  lecyan,  OHG.  legen,  etc.,  lay: 
see  tai/1.]  To  quench  ;  extinguish;  put  out  (a 
fire). 
Bleschyn  [var.  blemhyn],  or  qwenchyu,  extinguo. 

Prompt.  Pari).,  p.  39. 

bless^  (bles),  !'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blessed  or  blest, 
ppr.  blessing.  [<  ME.  blessen,  ble.s.^ien,  bhscen, 
bletsien  (also  blissen,  etc.),<  AS.  bletsian,  bledsian 
=  ONorth.  bladsia,  gi-blwdsia,  bless  (>  Icel. 
bletza,  bleza,  mod.  blessa,  bless),  originally 
"blodison,  which  may  have  meant  'consecrate 
the  altar  by  sprinkling  it  with  the  blood  of  the 
sacrifice'  (Sweet),  lit.  make  bloody,  <  blod, 
blood,  with  verb-formative  -s,  as  in  clwnsian, 
cleanse,  minsian,  grow  small  (see  cleanse  and 
mince).  Confused  in  ME.  and  since  with  the 
uni'elated  bliss  ;  hence  the  ME.  parallel  forms 
blissen,  blissien,  bliscen;  and  see  blessfully,  bless- 
fulness.]  1.  To  consecrate  or  set  apart  to 
holy  or  sacred  pm-poses ;  make  or  pronounce 
holy:  formerly  occasionally  used  of  persons. 
And  God  blessed  the  seventli  day,  and  sauetifled  it. 

Gen.  ii.  3. 

2.  To  consecrate  (a  thing)  by  a  reUgious  rite, 
as  with  prayer  and  thanksgiving;  consecrate 
or  hallow  by  asking  God's  blessing  on :  as,  to 
bless  food. 

Where  tlie  master  is  too  resty  or  too  rich  ...  to  bless 
his  own  table.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes. 

And  now  the  bishop  had  blest  tlie  meat. 

Smithey,  Bishop  Bruno. 

3.  To  sanctify  (one's  self)  bj'  making  the  sign 
of  the  cross,  especially  as  a  defense  against 
evil  influences  or  agencies :  used  reflexively. 

Aryse  i)e  tyine  oute  of  thi  hedde, 
And  bhtsse  i.\i\  lu'est  iV  thi  forhede. 

Ikiliees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 

^Vhen  they  heard  these  words,  some  .  .  .  ble^t  them- 

selven  with  both  hands,  thinking  .  .  .  that  he  had  been  a 

devil  disguised.         Urquhart,  Rabelais,  i.  35.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

I  fancy  I  see  you  bless  yourself  at  this  tenible  relation. 

I.ady  il.  W.  Monlaflu.  Letters,  II.  47.    (jV.  E.  D.) 

4t.  To  defend;  jireserve;  protect  or  guard 
from  evil ;  reflexively,  to  guard  one's  self  from ; 
avoid;  eschew. 

And,  were  not  hevenly  grace  that  did  him  blease, 
He  liad  beenc  poxddred  all,  as  thin  as  llowre. 

.Sjfenser,  V.  <}.,  I.  viL  12. 
Bless  me  from  this  woman  !  I  would  stand  the  cannon. 
Before  ten  words  of  hers. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  1.  3. 
And  therefore  God  bless  us  from  that  [separation  by 
deathl,  and  I  will  hope  well  of  the  rest. 

Araliella  Stuart,  in  D'Israeli's  Curios,  of  Lit.,  II.  '277. 

5.  To  invoke  or  pronounce  a  blessing  upon 
(another  or  others) ;  commend  to  God's  favor 
or  protection. 

And  Isaac  called  Jacob,  and  blessed  him.    Gen.  xxviii.  1. 

A  thousand  times  I  blest  him,  as  he  knelt  beside  my  bed. 

Tennyson,  May  Queen. 

6.  To  confer  well-being  upon;  bestow  happi- 
ness, prosperity,  or  good  of  any  kind  upon; 
make  happy,  prosperous,  or  fortunate ;  prosper 
with  temporal  or  spiritual  benefits :  as,  a  nation 
blessed  with  peace  and  plenty. 

The  Lord  thy  God  shall  bless  thee  in  all  that  thou  doest. 

Dent.  rv.  18. 
Heaven  bless  yuur  expedition.      Shai.,  i  lien.  IV.,  L  2. 


bless 

If  I  do  well  I  shall  be  ItlrKKnl,  whether  any  WcM  mc  or 
not  Sflilrii,  Tiilile-l'nlk,  p.  17. 

7.  To  favor  (with);  make  happy  or  forttiiiato 
by  some  specified  means:  as,  blessed  with  a 
good  constitution ;  blessed  with  filial  children. 

You  will  to  your  lute,  I  hearil  you  could  touch  it  cun- 
ningly ;  pray  bless  my  cans  a  little. 

Sliirle;/,  Witty  Fair  One,  l.  3. 

Ml-s.  Bull  .  .  .  blegsed  .lohn  with  three  daujihtcrs. 

Arbulhxol,  .lohn  Bull  (17.V>),  p.  30.    (N.  E.  D.) 

8.  To  praise  or  extol  (o)  as  holy  or  worthy  of 


586 

8.  By  euphemism:  Cursed;  damned;  eon- 
founded:  a  terra  of  mitigated  objurgation,  and 
olten  merely  emphatic  without  objurgation: 
as,  the  Messed  thing  gave  way;  our  blessed  sys- 
tem of  oaui'using;  he  lost  every  blessed  cent  ho 

had Blessed  bell,    .see  6c«i.— Blessed  thistle.   See 

thistle.— The  blessed,  tlie  saints  in  heaven ;  the  beatitied 
sainti. 

The  state  also  of  tite  blessed  in  Paradise,  though  never 
so  perfect,  is  not  therefore  left  without  discipline. 

Miltiin,  Churcli-Oovernnient,  i.  1. 


joyfully. 


Uess  Ilia  holy  name.  !*«•  i"' 

I  am  content  with  tliis,  and  bless  my  fortune. 

Fletcher,  VVildgoose  Chase,  iii.  1. 

9.  To  esteem  or  account  happy;  congratulate;  blessedness  {bles'ed-nes)j«.  l<  blessed  + -ii  ess. "] 
felicitate :  used  retlexively. 


happily;  in  a  fortunate  manner 

One  day  we  shall  blessedly  meet  again  never  to  depart. 
Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  iii. 


,■  theiiisclixs  in  him. 


The  nations  shall  ble. 

Bless  not  thyself  only  that  thou  wert  born  in  Athens. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Slor.,  i.  35. 

(Often  used  in  exclamations  witli  various  shades  of  mean- 
ing  departing  more  or  less  widely  from  the  literal  sense : 
as,  flinl  Mess  nie!  bless  you!  bless  the  marl;!  etc.]— God 
bless  the  mark.  See  mark.— Not  to  have  a  penny  to 
bless  one's  self  with,  to  be  penniless  :  in  allusion  to  the 
cross  on  thi-  silver  penny  (cf.  tier.  Kreuzcr).  or  to  the  prac- 
tice of  crossing  the  palm  with  a  piece  of  silver.  jV.  £.  D. 
— To  be  blessed, a  euphemism  for  to  be  damned:  as,  Vm 
Messedit  lie  didn't  run  away;  I'w  blessed  if  I  know.  (Slang.) 
I'm  blessed  If  I  don't  expect  the  cur  back  to-morrow 
morning.  Mamjat,  Snarleyyow,  II.  xl. 

An  enipliatic  and  earnest  desire  to  he  blessed  it  she 
would.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist,  xiii 


The  state  of  being  blessed;  happiness;  felicity; 
Jer.  iv.  2.     heavenly  joys;  the  favor  of  God. 


His  [Wolsey's]  overtlu-ow  heap'd  happiness  upon  him ; 
For  then,  and  not  till  then,  he  felt  himself, 
And  found  the  blessedness  of  being  little. 

Sliak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 

Nor  lily,  nor  no  glorious  hyacinth, 

Ai'e  of  that  sweetness,  whiteness,  tenderness. 

Softness,  and  satisfying  blessedness. 

As  my  Evanthe.        Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  1. 

It  is  such  an  one  as,  being  begun  in  grace,  passes  into 
glory,  blessedness,  and  immortality.  Smith. 

Single  blessedness,  the  unmarried  state ;  celibacy. 
Grows,  lives,  and  dies,  in  sinffle  blessedness. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  1. 

=Syil.  Felicity,  Bliss,  etc.  (see  happiness),  joy,  beatitude. 


To  bless  one's  self,  (a)  To  felicitate  one's  self;  exult  blesscr  (bles'er),  n.     One  who  bestows  a  bless 
(6) 'i'n  ,  jaiulalf  ■■  I'.kss  me,"  "God  bless  me,"  or  thelike.      '  i      ■•  ^  ...  - 

—To  bless  one's  stars,  to  congi-atulate  or  felicitate  one's 
self. 
bless-t  (bles),  !■.  t.  and  ('.    [<  JIE.  hicssen,  hljissen, 
bleclieit,  strike,  wound,  <  OF.  blecier,  bleehiei; 
F.  blesser,  wound,  injure;  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  <  MHG.  zc-bletzcn,  cut  to  pieces,  <  ze-, 
G-.  zer-  (=  AS.  to-,  E.  to-^),  apart,  +  hletz,  hlez, 
OHGf.  bletz,  a  patch,  a  piece.]      1.  To  wound; 
hurt;  beat;  thump.  .Slcelton. —  2.  [Appar.  a  de- 
flection of  sense  1.     Some  fancy  that  it  refers  ,     ,„  , 
to  "the  old  rite  of  blessing  a  field  by  directing  blessfulness  (ble^  ful-nes),  h 
the  hands  to  all  parts  of  it"  (see  fctessl).]     To     '"   "-'"■"'    ■D^■'•~c■■^ 
wave;  brandish. 

He  priked  in  formest 

&  blessed  so  with  his  brijt  bront  aboute  in  eche  side 

That  what  rink  so  he  raust  he  ros  never  .ifter. 

William  of  Palenie,  1.  1191. 

His  sparkling  blade  about  his  head  he  blest. 

Spenser,  F.  (J.,  I.  -viii  22. 
blessbok,  «.     See  blesboV. 

blessed  (bles'ed  or  blest;  as  pret.  and  pp.  com- 
monly pronounced  blest,  and  often  so  \VTitten), 
ji.  a.  [Pp. of  fcto-sl.]  1.  Consecrated;  holy:  as, 
the  blessed  sacrament. 


I  .  .  .  dipped  my  finger  in  the  blessed  water. 

Marryat,  Pliantom  Ship,  i.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

2.  Worthy  of  adoration :  as,  the  blessed  Trinity. 

O  run,  prevent  them  with  thy  humble  ode. 
And  lay  it  lowly  at  his  blessed  feet 

Hilton,  Nativity,  1.  25. 
Jesus,  the  Christ  of  God, 
The  Father's  blessed  Son. 

Bonar,  Hymns  of  Faith  and  Hope. 

3.  Enjoying  supreme  happiness  or  felicity; 
favored  with  blessings ;  highly  favored ;  happy; 
fortunate:  as,  "England's ftte^erf shore,"  Sliak., 
2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2;  the  blessedest  of  mortals. 

The  days  are  coming  in  the  which  they  shall  say.  Blessed 
are  the  barren.  Luke  xxiii.  29. 

Farewell,  lady; 
Happy  and  blessed  lady,  goodness  keep  you ! 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Suliject,  iv.  1. 
Man  never  Is,  but  always  To  be,  blest. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  96. 
Specifically — 4.   Enjoying  spiritual  blessings 
and  the  favor  of  God;  enjoj^ing  heavenly  feli- 
city; beatified. 
Blessed  are  the  merciful :  for  they  shall  obtain  mercy. 

Mat.  v.  7. 
R^verenc'd  like  a  blessed  saint.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  \'I..  iii.  3. 
5.    Fraught  with  or  imparting  blessings;  be- 
stowing happiness,  health,  or  jn'osperity. 
The  quality  of  mercy  ...  is  twice  bless'd ; 
It  blesseth  him  that  gives,  and  him  that  takes. 

.Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iv.  1. 
Thou  blessed  star,  I  thank  thee  for  thy  liglit. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Slieplierdess,  ii.  2. 


ing;  one  who  blesses  or  causes  to  prosper, 

Goil,  the  giver  of  the  gift,  or  blesser  of  the  action. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  §  4. 

blessfuUy  (bles'fid-i),  adv.  [For  hlis.sfully,  by 
confusion  of  bless^  with  bliss;  so  ME.  blesftil, 
and  even  blessedful,  as  variations  of  blissful. 
See  blcss^  and  bUss.\     Blissfully.     [Rare.] 

Of  these  many  are  blessfuUy  incognizant  of  the  opinion, 
its  import,  its  history,  and  even  its  name. 

.Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

[For  blissfulness. 
Cf.  blessfulli/.J  Blissfulness.  Drant.  [Rare.] 
blessing  (bles'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  blesshige,  bles- 
sitiige,  etc.,  <  AS.  bletsmui,  bledsung,  Yerhai  n.  of 
bleisiaii,  bless:  see  bless^.l  1.  The  act  of  in- 
voking or  pronouncing  happiness  upon  another 
or  others;  benediction.  Specifically,  in  the  Latin 
and  Greek  clmrches,  the  act  of  pronouncing  a  benediction 
on  the  laity  or  inferior  clergy,  performed  by  a  bishop  or 
other  priest.  In  tlie  Koman  Catnolic  Church,  the  blessing 
is  now  given  with  all  the  liugei-s  joined  and  extended,  but 
formerly  with 
the  thumb  and 
the  first  two  fin- 
gers of  the  right 
hand  extended 
and  the  two 
remaining  fin- 
gers  turned 

down.  In  the 
Greek  Church, 
the  thumb  and 
the  third  finger 
of  the  same  hand 
are  joined,  the 
other  fingers  be- 
ing extended. 
Some  Eastern 
writers  see  in 
this    position    a 

symbol  of  the  Greek  sacred  monogram  of  the  name  of 
Christ.  In  either  case  the  three  fingers  (or  two  fingers 
and  thumli)  exteiuled  symbolize  the  Trinity.  In  the  An- 
glican Church,  either  the  former  or  the  present  Latin  ges- 
ture is  used. 

2.  The  form  of  words  used  in  this  invocation 
or  declaration  ;  a  (or  the)  benediction. — 3.  The 
bestowal  of  divine  favor,  or  of  hallowing,  pro- 
tecting, or  pi'ospering  influences:  as,  to  ask 
God's  blessing  on  any  undertaking. — 4.  A  tem- 
poral or  spiritual  benefit ;  anj^thing  which  makes 
happy  or  prosperous ;  something  to  be  thank- 
ful for;  a  boon  or  mercy:  as,  the  blessings  of 
life,  of  health,  or  of  civilization;  it  is  a  bless- 
ing we  fared  so  well. 

Nature's  full  blessings  would  be  well  dispensed. 

Milton,  Conuis,  1.  772. 

5.  Euphemistically,  a  curse  :  a  scolding;  a  cas- 

tigation  with  words To  ask  a  blessing,  to  say  grace 

before  a  Tueal 


Latin  Church  {old  use).  Greek  Church. 

Position  of  Hand  in  Blessing. 


6.    Bringing  happiness;   pleasm-able;  joj'ful: 


blest  (blest),  pret.,  pp.,  and  p.  a.     A  contracted 

-  .-, ,    - -,  ..         -,.      ,,        I    •  i-i  .       iovm  of  blessed. 
as,  a  most  blessed  Um^.y       a.  blessed  sight  to  ^^j  ^  ^^^^^^^  ,,    •         .^^  ^„j         j,^„„,        ._  fc,^,. 

-7.  Endowed     „.,„^;    ^^'j,    „;;,V.^  become  'sleepy,' Y  blette, 

'sleepy,'  applied  to  a  pear  (une  poire  blette), 

fern,  of  a  disused  mase.  'hlet,  <  OF.  blet,  fem. 

blette,  soft,  mellow,  overripe ;  cf.  equiv.  bleehe, 

blequv,  applied  also  to  an  overripe  apple  (Cot- 


see,"  Pepys,  Diary,  May  23,  1660, 
with  or  possessing  healing  virtues 

I  have  .  .  .  made  familiar 
To  me  ami  to  my  aid  the  blessd  infusions 
Xlmt  dwell  iu  vegetives,  in  metals,  stones. 

"■    '  ,  Pericles,  iii.  2. 


Shak., 


bUght 

grave),  also  Itlesse,  blosse,  blot  (Roquefort).  The 
relations  of  these  forms,  and  their  origin,  are 
uncertain.]  To  become  "sleepy  "  or  internally 
decayed,  as  a  pear  which  ripens  after  being 
picked. 

Its  Ithe  medlar's]  fruit  is  hard,  acid,  and  unfit  for  eating 
till  it  loses  its  green  colour  and  ttecomes  bletted. 

Eiuyc.  Uril.,  .\II.  271. 

bletcht,  I',  t.  [The  assibilated  form  of  bleck, 
r.    Cf.  blatch,  black.']    To  black;  make  black. 

Leriiis. 

bletcht,  «.  [The  assibilated  form  of  bleck,  ii. 
Cf.  hli  Irli,  r.]     Blacking.     lAtriiis. 

blether'  (bleTH'er).  v.  i.    Same  as  blather. 

blether'  (ble^H'er),  «.     Same  as  blather. 

sirin;:in'  blethers  up  in  rhyme.  Burns,  The  Vision. 

blether-  (bleTH'er),  n.  A  Scotch  form  of  blad- 
der. 

bletherskate  (bleTH'er -skat),  n.  Same  as 
bUithirskite. 

bletonism  (blet'on-izm),  H.  [So  called  from  M. 
Bliti}n,  a  Frenchman  living  at  the  end  of  the 
18th  century,  who  was  said  to  have  this  fac- 
ulty.] The"  pretended  faculty  of  perceiving 
and  indicating  subterraneous  springs  and  cur- 
rents by  peculiar  sensations. 

bletonist{blet'on-ist),  «.  [See  6?«tonis»n.]  One 
who  possesses  or  pretends  to  possess  the  fac- 
ultv  of  bletonism. 

bletting  (blet'ing),  «.  [I'erbal  n.  of  blet,  i'.] 
The  slow  internal  decay  or  "sleepiness"  that 
takes  place  in  some  fruits,  as  apples  and  pears, 
after  thev  are  gathered.     Liiidley. 

bleu-de-rbi  (ble'de-i-wo'),  ».  [F.,  king's  blue: 
bleu  (see  blue) ;  de,  <  L.  de,  of ;  roi,  king :  see 
roi/.'\  In  ceram.,  the  name  given  to  the  cobalt- 
blue  color  in  European  porcelain,  first  pro- 
duced in  Se'vres.  It  is  sometimes  unifonn,  and  some- 
times nujttled  or  marbled.  It  was  one  of  the  first  colors 
usetl  in  European  porcelain  decoration. 

blevet,  «'•  '•  A  Middle  English  contraction  of 
belciire. 

blewl,  blew-  (bio).     Preterit  of  blou-^,  bloic^. 

ble^W^t,  "•     See  blue. 

ble'Wart  (ble'wSrt),  ;(.  [Sc.  Cf.  blawort.]  In 
Scotland,  the  germander  speedwell,  Veronica 
ChitnHidnjs. 

ble'wits  (blo'its),  n.  [Prob.  same  as  bluets,  pi. 
of  hluet,  a  name  applied  to  several  different 
flowers.]  The  popular  name  otAgaricus perso- 
natus,  an  edible  piu'plish  mushroom  common  in 
meadows  in  autumn. 

bleymet,  »•  [^  r.  bleime,  of  same  sense,  re- 
ferred by  some  to  bleme,  formerly  blainie,  OP. 
bleme,  hlesme,  pale:  see  blemish.']  An  inflam- 
mation ill  the  foot  of  a  horse,  between  the  sole 
and  the  bone.    Bradley. 

bleynt,  "■     -An  obsolete  spelling  of  blain. 

blesmtet.     An  obsolete  preterit  of  blench^. 

Tlierwithal  he  bleunte  and  cryede.  A! 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  L  220. 

bliandt,  "•    See  bleaunt. 

bliaust,  bliautt,  «•     See  bleaunt. 

blick't,  i'.  '.  [In  mod.  E.  appar.  only  in  dial. 
blickeut,  shining,  bright,  orig.  (as  in  2d  extract 
below)  ppr.  of  blick;  (a)  <  HIE.  blikkeu,  blikieu, 
lilikeii,<  Aii.*blician  =  MD.  blicken,  shine,  gleam, 
D.  blikkeu,  twinkle,  turn  pale,  =  MLG.  blicken, 
shine,  gleam,  =  G.  blicken,  glance,  look,  =  Icel. 
hlika,  shine,  gleam,  =  Sw.  blicka,  glance,  look ; 
a  weak  verb,  in  ME.  mixed  with  the  orig.  strong 
verb  (/))  hliken,  <  AS.  blicau  (pret.  bide.  pp.  ?'/('- 
een)  =  OS.  blikan,  shine,  gleam,  =  OFries.  blika 
(pp.  bliken),  appear,  =  MD.  bliken,  D.  blijken, 
look,  appear,  =  OHG.  bUhhan  (in  comp.),  MHG. 
blichen,  shine,  gleam  ;  perhaps  =  OBulg.  blis- 
kati,  sparkle,  =  L.  fulgcre.  shine,  lighten,  = 
Gr.  (f/.f)fiv,  bm-n:  see  fulgent,  phlegm,  phlox. 
Hence  ult.  (from  AS.  blica'n)  E.  bleak^,  bleaclA, 
q.  V.     Cf.  blink,  blank.]     To  shine  ;  gleam. 

Bryst  bli/kked  tlie  liem  of  tlie  brode  heueu. 

Atlilrratire  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  60S. 

The  blykkande  licit  he  here  theraboute. 
.Sir  Gairayiie  and  the  (freen  Kniyht  (ed.  Morris),  1.  '2485. 

blickl  (blik),  n.  [<  6.  blick  =  D.  Dan.  blik,  a 
look,  glance,  tsvinkle,  flash,  =  MLG.  blick, 
gleam,  sheen;  from  the  verb:  see  blick^,  v.] 
The  brightening  or  iridescence  appearing  on 
silver  or  gold  at  the  end  of  the  cupeling  or  re- 
fining process.    Rai/mond,  Mining  Glossary. 

blick'- (blik),  H.  [E."dial.var.of  6teat2.]  Same 
as  blrak'~. 

blickey,  blickie  (blik'i),  «.  A  small  pail  or 
bucket.     [New  Jersey.] 

blight  (blit),  n.  [First  certain  instances  in  Cot- 
grave  and  Sherwood,  17th  century ;  later  also 


bUght 

spelled  WiYv.  Origin  unknown ;  (lie  various  ex- 
planations ofCcroil  all  fail  for  lack  of  evidence.] 

1.  Some  infiuenee,  usually  liiddi-n  or  not  con- 
spicuous, that  nips,  blasts,  or  ilestroys  plants; 
a  diseased  state  of  plants  <'aused  by  tlic  coiidi- 
tiou  of  the  soil,  atmospheric  influences,  insects, 
parasitic  plants,  etc. ;  smut,  mildew,  or  the  like. 
In  botany  it  is  sonietinies  restricted  Ui  n  cjiuss  of  niinute 
parasitic  fungi,  the  Krytnphacva' ,  wliicli  f.'row  uiion  tlie 
surface  of  leaves  or  stems  witiiout  enter)  iiu  Ihe  tissues,  and 
produce  a  whitisli  appearance,  l)ut  is  freiiinMt  ly  api  plied  also 
to  those  of  otlier  groups  wliieli  are  destructive  to  crops. 

The  garden  fears  no  blight,  and  needs  no  fence. 

Cowpi'r,  Tasit,  vi.  772. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  malignant  or  mysterious 
influence  that  nips,  blasts,  destroys,  or  brings 
to  naught ;  anything  wliich  withers  hope,  blasts 
one's  prospects,  or  checks  jirosperity. 

A  bliijht  seemed  to  have  fallen  over  our  fortunes, 

Disraeli. 
The  biting  presence  of  a  petty  degrading  care,  such  aa 
casts  the  blight  of  irony  over  all  higher  effort. 

Qeorge  Eliot,  Middleniarch,  II.  178. 

3.  In  med.:  (a)  A  slight  facial  paralysis  in- 
duced by  sudden  cold  or  damp.  (/;)  .Sec  hlnih  ts. 
—  Bladder-blight,  a  disea.se  <>f  peach-trees  euuseil  by  the 
parasitic  fungus  Exuascus  ttt'/unmnvi,  which  produces  iu- 
flateil  distortions  in  tlie  leaves.  .See  Exwlscun. — Peax- 
bllght,  an  ei)ideinic  disease  attacking  i)ear-trees,  also 
known  as  fire-Uighl,  and  when  affecting  the  apple  and 
quince  as  twig-blight,  caused  by  a  microscopic  fungus, 
MicrMOCi-u.f  amglomntJi,  one  of  the  bacteria.  Also  called 
ant/iiftx  and  tnai-tfcald, 

blight  (bUt),  V.  t.  [<  blight,  «.]  1.  To  affect 
with  blight;  cause  to  wither  or  decay;  nip, 
blast,  or  destroy. 

A  cold  and  wet  summer  blighted  the  corn. 

Etnernun,  Misc.,  p.  58. 

2.  To  exert  a  malignant  or  baleful  influence 
on;  blast  or  mar  the  beauty,  hopes,  or  pros- 
pects of ;  frustrate. 

The  standaril  of  pi>lii-e  is  tlie  ?neasureof  political  justice. 
The  atmosphere  will  l>li<!lit  it,  it  eannot  live  here. 

Laiiih.  .Vrtilleial  I'ntiiedyof  I^ast  Century. 

blight-bird  (lUit'berd),  H.  A  bird,  as  a  species 
of  Zoskrojis,  useful  in  clearing  trees  of  blight 
and  of  insects. 

blighted  (bli'ted),  J},  a.  Smitten  with  blight; 
blasted. 

blighting  (bli'ting),  p.  a.  Producing  the  ef- 
fects of  blight. 

I  fouiul  it  (Tintoretto's  house]  had  nothing  Ui  otter  me 
but  the  usual  number  of  eoinmonplaee  rooms  in  the  usual 
bligbting  stati'  '>f  restoration.     IIowpUs,  Venetian  Life.  xv. 

blightingly  (bli'ting-li),  adr.  By  blighting; 
with  blighting  influence  or  effect. 

blights  (blits),  H.  j>/.  [See  blight,  n.']  A  name 
given  in  some  parts  of  the  United  States  to  cer- 
tain forms  of  urticaria  or  nettle-rash. 

bUket,  ''•  '•  [ME.  bliken  and  blikcn  :  see  blick^.'] 
To  shine;  gleam. 

blikent,  ''•  '•  [ME.  bUknen  (=  leel.  bliktia),  < 
WiA'cH,  shine:  see  blikc,  blick^.']  1.  To  become 
pale. —  2.  To  shine. 

blimbing  (blim'bing),  n.     Same  as  bilimbi. 

blinlf  (blin),  r.  [<  ME.  bliitneii,  rarely  bilinnen, 
usually  iutraus.,  <  AS.  bliiiiian,  intrans.,  cease, 
eoutr.  of  *bitUniiun  (=  OHG.  biliniuin),  <  he-  + 
liniian,  ME.  liitiioi,  mod.  dial,  tin,  Sc.  li>i.  linti, 
leen,  cease,  =  Icel.  liiiiKi  =  Dan.  liitiw,  linde  = 
OHG.  *Unnait,  in  bi-liiiiiaii  above,  and  MHG. 
ge-Unnen  =  Goth,  "liniian,  in  aj-linnan,  leave 
off.]  I,  intrans.  To  cease ;  leave  off. 
I  'gan  cry  ere  I  blin, 
O,  her  eyes  are  paths  to  sin  ! 

Wriinc,  Penitent  Palmer's  Ode. 

II.  trans.    To  put  a  stop  to. 
For  nathemore  for  that  spectacle  bad 
Did  th'  other  two  their  eruell  vengeaunce  bliti, 
but  both  attonce  on  both  sides  him  bestad. 

Spenser.  K,  Q.,  Ill,  v,  22. 

blin^t  (Win),  ».  [<  ME.  blin,  <  AS.  blinu,  cessa- 
tion, <  hlinnan,  cease:  see  the  verb.]  End; 
cessation.     B.  Jonson. 

blin-  (blin),  a.     A  Scotch  form  of  blind. 

blindl  (blind),  a.  [<  ME.  blind,  bli/nd,  <  AS. 
blind  =  OS.  blind  =  OFrics.  blind  =  D.  blind  = 
OHG.  MHG.  blint,  G.  blind  =  Icel.  /;//«(/(■=  Sw. 
blind  =  Dan.  blinit  =  (Jolh.  blinds,  blind;  cf. 
Lith.  biriidzas,  blind,  Lett,  blenst,  see  dimly, 
OBulg.  bledii,  pale,  dim;  with  factitive  verb 
AS.  bkndtin,  etc,  make  blind  (see  blend-).  The 
supposed  connecti(m  with  AS.  blandan,  etc.,  E. 
W((H(/l,asif  'with  confused  sight,' is  doubtful.] 
1.  Destitute  of  the  sense  of  sight,  whether  by 
natural  defect  or  by  deprivation,  permanently 
or  temporarily;  not  having  sight. 

They  be  blind  leaders  of  the  blitid.  Mat.  xv,  H, 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  lacking  in  the  fac- 
ulty of  discernment;  destitute  of  intellectual. 


587 

moral,  or  spiritual  sight ;  imable  to  understand 
or  judge. 

1  am  full  bhjndc  in  Tocts  Arte, 

thereof  I  can  no  skill : 
AH  elIo<iuence  I  put  apart, 

following  mync  owne  wyll. 
liluideK,  liokc  of  .Nurture  (E.  E,  T,  S.),  p.  71. 
At  a  solemn  procession  I  have  wept  abundantly,  while 
my  consorts,  blind  with  oj)position  and  prejiulice,  have 
fallen  intti  an  access  of  scorn  and  laughter. 

Sir  T.  Ilrowne,  Jtcligio  Medici,  i.  3. 
He  fought  his  doubts  and  gather'd  strength, 
lie  would  not  make  his  judgment  blind. 

Tenngmn,  In  .Menu»riam,  xcvi. 
3.  Not  directed  or  governed  by  sight,  pliysical 
or  mental;  not  proceeding  from  or  controlled 
by  reason:  as,  i/iHrf  groping;  fc/(H(/ tenacity. 

That  which  is  thought  to  have  done  the  Bishcjps  hurt, 
is  their  g(»ing  about  to  bring  men  to  a  blind  obedience. 

Srlden.  Table-'I'alk.  p.  '23, 

Specifically — 4.  Undiscriminating  ;  heedless  ; 
inconsiderate;  unreflecting;  headlong. 

His  feare  of  God  may  be  as  faulty  as  a  bliml  zealo. 

Milton,  Kikonoklastes,  ix. 

This  plan  is  recommended  neither  to  blind  approbation 
nor  to  blind  reprobation.  Jay. 

5.  Not  possessing  or  proceeding  from  intelli- 
gence or  consciousness ;  without  direction  or 
control;  iiTational;  fortuitotis:  as,  a  i/Zwrfforce 
or  agency;  /*?/«(/ chance. — 6.  Filled  with  or  en- 
veloped in  darkness;  dark;  obscure;  not  easily 
discernible:  as,  a  i(i«rf  corner.     [Archaic] 

The  blind  cave  of  eternal  night.    .Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  v.  3. 
The  blind  mazes  of  this  tangled  wood. 

Milton,  Comus,  1. 181. 

Mr.  Pierce  hath  let  his  wife's  closet,  and  the  little  blind 
bedchamber,  and  a  gaiTet,  to  a  silk-man  for  501.  fine,  and 
30;.  per  annum.  I'ej'gn,  Diary,  II.  4.^»!), 

Hence  —  7.  Difficult  to  see,  literally  or  figura- 
tively ;  hard  to  understand ;  hard  to  make  out ; 
unintelligible:  as,  blind outlinva;  iWnrf  writing; 
blind  reasoning. 

Written  in  such  a  queer  blind  .  .  .  hand. 

Ilawthortie,  Grandfather's  Chair. 
8t.  Unlighted:  as,  ?</i«(/ candles. — 9.  Covered; 
concealed  from  sight ;  hiiiden. 

On  the  blind  rocks  are  lost.  Dryden. 

\0\.  Out  of  sight  or  public  view;  out  of  the 
way ;  private  ;  secret. 

A  blind  place  where  Air.  Goldsboroiigh  was  to  meet  me. 

Pepys,  Diary,  Oct.  15,  1661. 

I  was  forced  to  go  to  a  blind  chophouse,  and  dine  for 

tenpence.  Swift,  Jcmrnal  to  Stella,  Letter  5. 

11.  Without  openings  for  admitting  light  or 
seeing  through:  as,  a  blind  window;  "blind 
walls,"  Tennyson,  Godiva. — 12.  Not  serving 
any  apparent  purpose  ;  wanting  something  or- 
dinarily essential  to  completeness ;  not  fulfil- 
ling its  purpose :  as,  a  blind  shell,  one  that 
from  a  bad  fuse  or  other  reason  has  fallen  with- 
out exploding. — 13.  Closed  at  one  end ;  having 
no  outlet ;  csecal :  as,  a  blind  alley. 

Blind  processes  .  .  .  from  both  the  sides  and  ends  of 
the  air-bladder,  Owen,  Anat,  Vert, 

Offenders  were  supposed  to  be  incarcerated  behind  an 
iron-plated  door,  closing  up  a  second  prison,  consisting  of 
a  strong  cell  or  two  and  a  blind  alley  some  yard  and  a 
half  wide.  Diekens,  Little  Dorrit,  vi. 

Blind  arcade.    See  njcade,— Blind  arch.     Sec  archi. 

—  Blind  area,  a  space  about  the  bjisenient  of  a  house 
designed  to  prevent  moi.sture  from  reaching  the  walls  of 
the  building :  an  ambit.— Blind  axle.  See  axle.—  Blind 
beetle,  a  name  given  to  two  insect.s:  («)  the  eoekebafer 
(Melolontha  vidgari.^),  so  called  because  it  Hies  against 
persons  as  if  it  were  blind;  {b)  a  small  chestnut-colored 
beetle  destitute  of  eyes,  fouiul  in  rice,  — Blind  blocking. 
See  i)(oi-*-i'ii.'/,— Blind  buckler,  the  stopper  of  a  hawse- 
hole,— Blind  bud,  an  abortive  bud;  a  bud  that  bears 
no  bloom  or  fruit,  Heni-e  plants  are  said  by  florists  lo 
go  blind  when  they  fail  to  form  tlower-buds,~  Blind 
coal,  coal  altered  Ijy  the  piissage  of  a  trap  dike  through 
or  near  it,  [F.ng,l  — Blind  copy,  in  printing,  obscurely 
written  copy  ;  any  copy  hard  to  read,— Blind  dOOr,  See 
blind  window,  beb>w,— Blind  fire,  fuel  arranged  on  the 
grate  or  llreplac^e  in  such  a  manner  :is  to  be  ea.sily  ignite<l 
on  the  application  of  a  lighted  nuitch,— Blind  holes, 
holes,  as  in  plates  to  be  riveted,  which  are  not  eoineident. 

—  Blind  lantern,  a  dark  or  unlighted  lantern,— Blind 
level,  in  mining,  a  level  or  draiinige  gallery  which  has  u 
vertical  shaft  at  each  end  ami  acts  as  an  inverted  siphon,- - 
Blind  plants,  abortive  plants  ;  plants,  as  of  the  cabbage 
and  otlier  members  of  the  genus  fira.-<xiea.  which  have 
failed  to  produce  central  buds,  -Blind  Side,  the  weak 
or  unguarded  siile  of  a  person  or  thing. 

.Vll  people  have  their  bliml  side  —  their  superstitions. 

Lamb,  Opinions  on  Whist, 
Blind  spot,  the  point  in  the  retina,  not  sensitive  to  light, 
at  which  the  optic  nerve  enters  the  eye.-  Blind  StitCh. 
((0  .\  stitch  taken  on  the  underside  of  any  fal'i  ii'  in  sueli  a 
way  that  it  i^  nt)l  seen.  (/*)  Ornann'ntal  sewing  .tn  leather, 
desigiu'd  to  be  seen  on  only  one  siile  of  the  material. 
Blind  story,     (a)   i\  pointless  tale,     ib)   Same  as  blind. 

.iiitry.  Blind  tooling.  See  tooling.- Blind  vessel,  in 
eloiii..  a  vessel  with  an  opening  on  one  side  oidy.--  Blind 
window,  door,  in  areh.,  a  feature  of  design  intro.luee.i 
for  the  sake  of  symmetry  or  harmony,  identical  in  treat 
rnent  and  ornament  with  a  true  window  or  door,  but 
closed  with  a  wall. 


blind-bom 

blind'  (blind),  r.  [<  MK.  blinden,  become  blind, 
make  blind,  deceive  (=  D.  blinden  =  OFries. 
blinda  =  OHG.  blinden,  become  blind,  =  Dan. 
blinde  =  Goth,  fiii-blindjan,  make  blind),  <  blind, 
a.,  blind.  The  more  common  ME.  verb  is  that 
represented  by  blend",  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  blind;  deprive  of  sight ;  render  incapable 
of  seeing,  wholly  or  partially. 

The  curtain  drawn,  his  eyes  begun 
To  wink,  being  blinded  with  a  greater  light. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  I.  375, 

2.  To  dim  the  perception  or  discernment  of; 
make  morally  or  intellectually  blind. 

And  thou  shalt  take  no  gift:  for  the  gift  blijuletk  ttie 
wise,  and  perverteth  the  vviirds  of  the  righteous. 

Ex,  xxlii,  8, 
Superstition  hath  blinded  the  hearts  of  men, 

llurlon,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  699. 
Whom  passion  hath  not  blinded. 

Tennyson,  Ode  to  Memory,  v. 

3.  To  render  dark,  literally  or  figuratively; 
obscui'e  to  the  eye  or  to  the  mind ;  conceal. 

Such  darkness  blinds  the  sky.  Dryden. 

The  stjite  of  the  controversy  between  us  he  endeavoured, 

with  all  his  art,  to  blind  and  confound.  Sfillingfleet. 

4.  To  dim  or  obscure  by  excess  of  light;  out- 
shine; eclipse.     [Rare.] 

Thirsil,  her  beauty  all  the  rest  did  blind. 
That  she  alone  seem'd  worthy  of  my  love. 

P.  Fletcher,  I'iscatory  Eclogues,  vi. 
Thy  sweet  eyes  brighten  slowly  close  to  mine. 
Ere  yet  they  blind  the  stars.      Tennyson,  'I'ithonus. 

5.  In  rimd-mahing,  to  fill  with  gravel,  as  inter- 
stices between  stones;  cover  with  gravel  or 
earth:  as,  to  i/iurf  road-metal. —  6.  In  gunnery, 
to  provide   with  blindages Blinded  battery. 

See  battery. 
II.  intrans.  To  become  blind  or  dim. 

That  ho  [she,  a  pearl]  'y^i//i<^'^of  bleinbourtherholygges, 
Xo-bot  wjisch  bir  wyth  wourchyp  in  vvyn  as  ho  askes. 

Alliteratiee  J'oenis  (nth  Morris),  ii.  1126. 

blindl  (blind),  n.  [<  blind^,  t'.]  1.  Anything 
which  obstructs  the  sight,  intercepts  the  view, 
or  keeps  out  light. 

If  I  have  an  ancient  window  overlooking  my  neighbour's 
ground,  he  may  not  erect  any  blind  to  obstruct  the  light 
Blackgtone,  Cora.,  II.  26. 
Specifically- (n)  A  screen  of  some  sort  to  prevent  too 
strong  a  light  from  shining  in  at  a  window,  or  to  keep 
people  from  seeing  in  ;  a  sun-screen  or  shade  for  a  win- 
dow, nuide  of  cloth,  laths,  etc,,  and  used  either  inside  or 
otitside,  (6)  One  of  a  pair  of  pieces  of  leather,  generally 
square,  attached  to  a  horse's  bridle  on  either  side  of  his 
head  to  prevent  him  from  seeing  sidevvise  or  backward;  a 
blinder  or  blinker,  (c)  A  strong  plank  shutter  placed  in 
front  of  a  port-hole  as  soon  as  the  gun  has  been  discharged, 

2.  Something  intended  to  mislead  the  eye  or 
the  under,standing  by  concealing,  or  diverting 
attention  from,  the  principal  object  or  true  de- 
sign ;  a  pretense  or  pretext. 

Making  the  one  a  blind  for  the  execution  of  the  other. 
Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

3.  A  hiding-place ;  an  ambush  or  covert,  es- 
pecially one  prepared  for  concealing  a  hunter 
or  fowler  fi'om  his  game. 

So  when  the  watchful  shepherd,  from  the  blind, 
Wounds  with  a  random  shaft  the  careless  hind. 

Dryden,  .-Eneid,  iv. 

4.  Milit.,  a  kind  of  bomb-proof  shelter  for  men 
or  material ;  a  blindage.  A  single  blind  is  eonmionly 
made  of  three  stroie.:  perpeiidieular  posts  with  planks  be- 
tween tbeui,  covered  with  plates  of  iron  on  the  outside, 
rendering  tlieni  sbot-proof.  It  is  used  lui  a  protection  to 
laborers  in  the  trenches.  .\  doable  blind  is  nnide  by  filling 
large  wooden  chests  with  earth  or  bags  of  saiul. 

5.  In  the  game  of  poker,  the  stake  deposited 

in  the  ])0ol  previous  to  the  deal Stamped  in 

the  blind,  in  Itookbinding,  said  of  ornaments  to  he  printed 
in  ink  when  the  pattern  is  first  stampe<l  with  a  heated  die, 
preparatory  to  a  second  stamping  in  ink  of  the  same  de- 
sign over  tile  fii-st. — Venetian  blinds,  window-blinds  or 
-shades  made  of  thin  light  latbs  or  strips  of  wood  fixed  on 
strips  of  webbing. 

blind-  (blind),  n.     Same  as  blende. 

blindage  (blin'daj),  n.  [<  blind"^  +  -age.']  1. 
.Milit.,  a  blind;  a  screen  made  of  timber  and 
earth,  used  to  jirotect  men  in  a  trench  or  cov- 
ered way;  also,  a  mantelet. 

When  a  trench  has  to  be  luished  forward  in  a  position 
where  the  command  of  the  dangenms  point  is  so  great 
that  it  eannot  be  sheltered  from  the  plunging  fire  by 
traverses,  it  is  covered  on  the  top  and  on  the  sides  by  fas- 
cines and  earth  supported  by  a  framework,  and  is  termed 
11  blindage.  Farrow,  Mil.  Eneyc. 

2.  A  hood  so  arranged  that  it  can  be  made 

to  cover  the  eyes  of  a  horse  if  he  essays  to  run 

awav. 
blindage-frame  (blin'dSj-fram),  h.     a  wooden 

frame  use<l  in  the  construction  of  a  blindage 

to  suiipiirt  fascines,  earth,  etc. 
blind-ball  (blind'bai),  n.     Same  as  bUndman's- 

bali;  -2. 
bliiid-born  (blind'bom),  «.     Bom  blind;  con- 

genitally  lilind.     [Rare  1 


blind-born 

A  person  ...  is  apt  to  attribute  to  the  Wi*mi*6om  .  .  . 
such  haliita  of  thought  ...  as  liis  own. 

WhaUly,  Khetoric. 

blinde  (blind),  w.    Same  as  blende. 

blinded  (bliu'ded),  a.  1.  Provided  willi  blinds, 
l>liiuk>vs,  or  bliiitlagos :  as,  a  hlimhd  house ; 
bliiuhd  batteries.— 2.  Having  the  window- 
shades  drawn  down ;  with  the  bliiids  closed. 

I  fouud  the  windows  were  bliiulfd. 

Addisan,  Tatler,  No.  120. 

He  paced  under  the  Minded  houses  and  alonK  tlie  vacant 

streets.  li.  L.  Stevenxon,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  l:i. 

blindedly  (bliu'ded-li),  adv.    As  if  blinded. 

blinder  (blin'd6r),  n.  1 .  One  who  or  that  which 
blinds.—  2.  A  blind  or  blinker  on  a  horse's  bri- 
dle. 

bUnd-fast  (blind'fast),  «.  The  catch  or  fas- 
tening of  a  blind  or  shutter. 

blind-fish  (blind'fish),  11.  1.  A  cave-iish,  one  of 
the  Aiidihjijpsida:,  having  eyes  rudimentary  and 
useless  for  vision.  The  hest-known  is  the  A  mMyopris 
spelauK.  or  bliud-lish  of  the  llammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky ; 
another  is  Ti/phliclitlii/s  stibtcrrmieu^.  Antbh/oimit  spe- 
Iteus  attains  occasionally  a  length  of  3  to  5  inches  ;  it  has 
rudimentary  and  functionlcss  eyes,  and  ventral  fins  small 
and  of  4  rays  each.  The  color  is  pale  as  if  bleached.  It 
inhabits  the  subterranean  streams  of  Kentucky  and  Indi- 
ana,  especially  those  in  the  JIammoth  Cave.  Typtdichthys 
subterraneus  is  a  much  smaller  species  and  destitute  of 
ventral  fins.  It  is  an  occasional  associate  of  the  Ambly- 
opsis.  See  cut  under  j4  mblyopsi^. 
2.  A  myzont  of  the  family  Myxinida,  Myxine 
qlut'ntoxa ;  the  hag.     [Local,  Eng.] 

blindfold  (blind' fold),  a.  [Earlvmod.  E.  hVmd- 
fold,  hlindfeld,  bUjiulHeM,  etc.,  <  ME.  hUnd- 
felled,  -feld,  -fidd,  pp.  of  blindfcnen,  blindfold: 
see  blindfold,'  v.']  1.  Having  the  eyes  covered 
or  bandaged,  so  as  to  be  unable  to  see. 
To  be  spit  in  the  face  and  be  bofet  and  Uyitdfidd,  alas  I 

A  udrlay,  p.  GO. 

2.  Having  the  mental  eye  darkened;  hence, 
rash ;  inconsiderate ;  without  foresight :  as, 
" blindfold  tuTj,"  Shak.,  V.  and  A.,  1.  554. 

Fate's  blindfold  reign  the  atheist  loudly  owns. 

Dryden,  Suum  Cuique. 
St.  Obscure;  dark. 

If  execution  he  remisse  or  blind/old  now  and  in  this  par- 
ticular, what  win  it  he  hereafter  and  in  other  books? 

Milton,  Ai-eopagitica,  p.  27. 

blindfold  (bHnd'f old),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  blind- 
fuld,  hlindfeld,  blindfield,  blindfell  (the  second 
element  Veing  altered  by  confusion  with  fold, 
wrap  up),  <  JIE.  hlindfellen,  hUHfillen,  hlyndfllin 
(pret.  blindfelde,  pp.  blindfelled,  -feld,  -foldc),  < 
blind,  blind,  -I-  fellen,  fell,  strike:  see  blind  and 
feia.'\  It.  To"  strike  blind ;  to  blind.— 2.  To 
cover  the  eyes  of;  hinder  from  seeing  by  cov- 
ering the  eyes. 

Tliauh  thu  thin  eien  vor  his  luv  .  .  .  blindfellie  on 
eorthe.  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  10(j. 

^Mien  they  had  blindfolded  him,  they  struck  him  on  the 
face.  Luke  xxii.  64. 

blindfold  (blind'fold),  n.  [<  blindfold,  t;.]  A 
disguise;  a  ruse;  a  blind.     See  blindl,  n.,  2. 

The  egotism  of  a  Roman  is  a  blindfold,  impenetrable  as 
his  breastplate.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  106. 

blindfolded  (bUnd'f61"ded),  jj.  a.  [Pp.  of  blind- 
fold, )■.]     Having  the  eyes  covered;  hindered 

from  seeing. 

blind-Harry  (blind'har^'i),  n.  1.  A  name  for 
blindinan's-buff. — 2.  A  name  for  a  puff-ball. 

blinding  (blin'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blind'^,  c] 
1.  The  act  of  making  blind. —  2.  A  layer  of 
sand  and  fine  gravel  laid  over  a  road  which 
has  been  recently  paved,  to  fill  the  interstices 
between  the  stones. 

blinding  (bUn'diug),  j).  a.     [Ppr.  of  blind^,  !•.] 
Making  blind ;  depriving  of  sight  or  of  tmder- 
standing:  as,  a  blinding  storm  of  rain. 
Sorrow's  eye  glazed  with  blinding  tears. 

Sbak.,  Rich.  II.,  u.  2. 

blindingly  (bUn'ding-li),  adv.  In  a  blinding 
manner;  so  as  to  blind. 

blind-ink  (blind'ink),  n.  A  writing-ink  de- 
signed for  the  use  of  blind  persons.  On  being 
applied  to  the  paper,  it  swells,  forming  raised  characters 
which  can  be  read  by  the  touch. 

blindless  (hlind'les),  a.  [<  blind^,  n.,  +  -less.'\ 
Without  a  blind  or  shade. 

The  new  sun 
Beat  thro'  the  UindUss  casement  of  the  room. 

Tennyson,  Oeraiiit. 

blind-lift  (blind'lift),  n.  A  metal  hook  or  catch 
on  a  sliding  window-blind,  by  means  of  which  it 
can  be  raised  or  lowered.   Also  called  blind-pull. 

blindly  (blind'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  hhindly,  <  AS. 
blindliee,  <  blind,  blind.]  1.  In  a  blind  manner; 
as  a  blind  person  ;  without  sight. —  2.  Without 
reasoning;  without  discernment;  without  re- 
quiring reasons ;  without  examination ;  reck- 
lessly :  as,  to  be  led  blindly  by  another. 


688 

England  hath  Ions  been  mad  and  scarr'd  herself; 
'llie  brother  blindly  shed  the  brother's  blood, 
The  father  rashly  slaughterd  his  own  son. 

Shak.,  Rich,  in.,  V.  4. 

How  ready  zeal  for  interest  and  party  is  to  charee 
atheism  on  those  who  will  not,  without  examining,  sub- 
mit, and  blindly  swallow  their  nonsense.  Locke. 

blindman  (blind'man),  w.;  -pLblindmcn  (-men). 

1.  A  clerk  iu  a  post-office  wliose  duty  it  is  to 
decipher  obscure  or  illegible  addresses  on  let- 
ters. [Eng.]  Called  blind-reader  in  the  United 
States. —  2.  A  blind  or  blinded  person :  used  as 
a  single  word  in  certain  phrases  and  names. — 
Blindman's  ball,  blindman's  bellows.  swUindman's- 
bujf,  2. — Blindman's  holiday,  the  time,  just  before  the 
lamps  are  lighted,  when  it  is  too  dark  to  work,  and  one  is 
obliged  to  rest ;  twilight ;  gloaming. 

Vtlitit  will  not  blind  Cupid  doe  in  the  night,  which  is 
his  blindman's  holiday? 

A'ashe,  Lenten  Stutfe  (Harl.  Misc.,  VI.  16"). 

Indeed,  madam,  it  is  blindman's  holiday  ;  we  shall  soon 
be  all  of  a  colour.  Swift,  Polite  Conversation,  iii. 

blindman's-buff  (blind'manz-buf'),  n.  [<  blind- 
man's  +  buff,  a  buffet,  lilow.]  1.  A  game  in 
which  one  person  is  blindfolded  and  tries  to 
catch  and  identify  some  one  of  the  company. 
Sometimes  called  blindman-buff. 

My  light's  out, 
.\nd  I  grope  up  and  down  like  blind-man-huf. 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  ^ight-Walker,  ii.  2. 
As  once  I  play'd  at  Blind^^nan's  Buff,  it  hapt 
About  my  Eyes  the  Towel  thick  was  wTapt ;  ' 

I  miss'd  the  Swains,  and  seiz'd  on  Blouzalind, 
True  speaks  that  ancient  Proverb,  *'  Love  is  Blind." 
Gay,  Shepherd's  Week,  i.  95. 

2.  A  name  of  certain  puff-balls  of  the  genera 
Boriata  and  Lycoperdon.  Also  blindman's  ball 
or  bellows,  and  blind-ball. 

blindness  (blind'nes),  n.  [ME.  blindnes,  -ncsse, 
<  AS.  blinditysse;  <  blind  +  -ness.]  1.  The  state 
of  being  blind,  (o)  Want  of  sight.  (J)  Want 
of  intellectual  discernment;  mental  darkness; 
ignorance ;  heedlessness. 

Whensoever  we  would  proceed  beyond  these  simple 
ideas,  we  fall  presently  into  darkness  and  dilhculties,  and 
can  discover  nothing  farther  but  our  own  blindness  and 
ignorance.  Locke. 

2t.  Concealment. 

MuflQe  your  false  love  with  some  show  of  blindness. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  2. 

blind-officer  (blind'of'''i-ser),  n.  Same  as  blind- 
niaii,  1.     [Eng.] 

blind-pull  (blind'pul),  n.    Same  as  blind-lift. 

blind-reader  (hUnd're'der),  n.  In  the  United 
States  postal  service,  a  clerk  whose  duty  it  is  to 
decipher  obscure  or  illegible  addresses  on  mail- 
matter. 

blinds,  n.     See  blens. 

blind-snake  (blind'snak),  «.  A  snake  of  the 
family  Typhlopidee. 

blind-stile  (bliud'stil),  n.     The  stUe  of  a  blind. 
—  Blind-stile  machine,  a  machine  for  making  the  mor- 
tises and  tenons  in 
blinds,  and  for  bor- 
ing the   holes   for 
the  slats. 

blindstitch 

(bHnd'stich),  v. 
t.  To  sew  or 
take  stitches  in 
(anything)  in 
such  a  way  that 
they  will  show 
only  on  one  side 
of  the  thing 
sewed  or  stitch- 
ed, or  not  at  all. 
blind-story 

(blind 'sto'ri), 
n.  In  medieval 
church-arch., 
the  trif  orium : 
properly  re- 
stricted to  such 
examples  as 
possess  no  ex- 
terior windows, 
as  opposed  to 
the  clerestory, 
from  which  the 

chief  lighting  of  the  interior  is  derived. 
blind'WOrm  (blind' wei-m),  n.  [ME.  blyndworme, 
-unrme (=  Sw.  Dan.  blindorm);  <  blind  -h  ivorni.'] 
A  small  European  lizard,  Angui.s  frai/ilit:,  of  the 
iannly  Anguidce,  ha^"ing  a  slender  limbless  body 
and  tail,  like  a  snake,  rudimentary  shoulder- 
girdle,  breast-bone,  and  pelvis,  a  scaly  skin, 
concealed  ears,  and  small  eyes  ftuTiished  with 
movable  lids:  so  called  because  supposed  to  be 
a  sightless  worm,  a  notion  as  en'oneous  as  is  the 
supposition  that  it  is  poisonous.  Also  called 
orvet  and  slow-worm. 


blinkard 


BlinJ-ituiy.—  1  r;f>.[miu  uf  Lincoln 
CaUiedral. 


blink  (blingk),  r.  [=  Sc.  blink,  hlenk;  <  ME. 
blynken,  rare  and  appar.  only  as  var.  of  Menk- 
en (see  bUnk,  blench);  not  found  earlier  (though 
an  AS.  *blincan  appears  to  bo  indicated  by  the 
causal  verb  blencan,  deceive,  >  E.  blench^) ;  =  D. 
blinken  =  6.  blinken  =  Sw.  blinka  =  Dan.  blinke, 
shine,  twinkle,  blink,  nasaUzed  forms  parallel 
with  D.  blikken  =  G.  blicken  =  Sw.  blicka  = 
Dan.  blikke,  look,  glance,  from  a  strong  verb 
repr.  by  AS.  blican,  shine  :  see  hlick^,  blike, 
bleak^;  and  cf.  blench'^  and  blink,  h.]  I.  in- 
trans.  1.  To  wink  rapidly  and  repeatedly; 
nictitate. 

A  snake's  small  eye  blinks  dull  and  sly. 

Coleridye,  Christabel,  ii. 

He  blinked  with  his  yellow  eyes,  that  seemed 
All  sightless  and  blank  to  be. 

C.  Thaxter,  Great  ^Tlite  OwL 

2.  To  see  ■with  the  eyes  half  shut  or  ■with  fre- 
quent winking,  as  a  person  -with  weak  eyes; 
hence,  to  get  a  glimpse  ;  peep. 

Show  me  thy  chink,  to  blink  through  with  mine  eyne. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  T.  1. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  look  askance  or  indiffer- 
ently. 

\Miy  then  ignore  or  blUdc  at  moral  purpose  ? 

Mag.  of  Art,  March,  1884. 

4.  To  intermit  light ;  glimmer:  as  "a.  blinking 
lamp,"  Cotton,  An  Epigram. —  5.  To  gleam  tran- 
siently but  cheerftiUy ;  smile  ;  look  kindly. 
[Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.]  —  6.  To  become  a  lit- 
tle stale  or  sour :  said  of  milk  or  beer.  [Prov. 
Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  It.  To  deceive;  elude:  shun. —  2. 
To  see  or  catch  sight  of  -with  half-shut  eyes; 
dimly  see ;  ■wink  at. 

I  heard  the  imp  brushing  over  the  dry  leaves  like  a 
black  snake,  and,  blinking  a  glimpse  of  him,  just  over 
ag'in  yon  big  pine,  I  pulled  as  it  might  be  on  the  scent. 
Cooper,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  v. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  shut  one's  eyes  to;  avoid 
or  purposely  evade ;  shirk :  as,  to  blink  a  ques- 
tion. 

How  can  I  blink  the  fact? 

Broinfiing,  King  and  Book,  II.  214. 

Understand  us.  We  blink  no  fair  issue.  .  .  .  We  have 
counted  the  cost.  IT.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  34. 

4.  To  balk  at ;  pass  by ;  shirk :  as,  a  dog  that 
never  blinked  a  bird. 

In  fear  he  comes  there,  and  consequently  '*  blinks  his 
birds."  Dops  of  Great  Brit,  and  America,  p.  240. 

5t.  To  blindfold;  hoodwink.     Landor. 
blink  (blingk),  n.     [<  ME.  blink,  a  glance,  =  Sw. 
hlink  =  Dan.  blink;  from  the  verb.]  1 .  A  glance 
of  the  eye ;  a  glimpse. 

Lo,  this  is  the  first  blinke  that  ever  I  had  of  him. 

Bp.  Hall,  Works,  II.  108. 

2.  A  gleam ;  a  glimmer;  specifically,  the  gleam 
or  glimmer  reflected  from  ice  in  the  polar  re- 
gions: hence  the  term  ice-blink  (which  see). 

Not  a  Mini-  of  light  was  there.     Woid^icorth,  Sonnets,  rii. 

After  breakfast  this  morning,  I  .iscended  to  the  crow's 
nest,  and  saw  to  my  sorrow  the  ominous  WinA:  of  ice 
ahead.  Kaite,  Sec.  Grinn.  E.\p.,  I.  49. 

And  where  north  and  south  the  coast-lines  nin. 
The  blink  of  the  sea  in  breeze  and  sun. 

Whittier,  Prophecy  of  Samuel  Sewall. 

3.  A  very  short  time ;  a  twinkling:  as,  bide  a 
blink.  [Scotch.] — 4t.  A  trick;  a  scheme. — 5. 
pil.  Boughs  tlirowu  to  turn  aside  deer  from  their 
course ;  also,  feathers,  etc.,  on  a  thread  to  scare 
birds.  -V.  E.  I). —  6.  A  fishermen's  name  for 
the  mackerel  when  about  a  year  old.  See  spike 
and  tinker. 

blinkardt  Cbling'kard),  «.  [<  blink:  +  -ard,  as 
in  drunkard,  dotard.']  1.  A  person  who  blinks 
or  sees  imperfectly;  one  who  squints. 

.\mong  the  blind  the  one-eved  Minkard  reigns. 

Char,  of  Holland,  in  Hafl.  Jlisc.  (ed.  1810),  V.  613. 

For  I  was  of  Christ's  choosing,  I  God's  knight. 
No  blinkard  heathen  stumbling  for  scant  light. 

Swinburne,  Laus  Veneris. 

2.  That  which  twinkles  or  glances,  as  a  dim 
star  which  appears  and  disappeare, 


blinkard 

In  some  parta  wo  see  many  trlorinus  and  eminent  Btara, 
In  others  few  of  any  reniarkalile  ^'roatncss,  and,  in  some, 
none  l)ut  lUmkardu  and  ol>8eare  ones. 

I/akfwilt,  Apology,  p.  237. 

3.  One  wlio  lacks  intellectual  perception.  Skcl- 
ton. —  4.    One  who  wilfully  siiuls  his  eyes  to 
what  is   happeniiif;;    one   who   blinks   facts. 
[Sometimes  used  attributively.] 
blink-beer  (bliuslc'ber),  ».     [<  liUnl:,  r.,  I.,  6,  + 

bcci.]  Boer  ke])!  unbroached  (ill  it  is  sharp. 
blinker  (bling'ker),  II.  1.  One  whol)links. —  2. 
One  of  two  leatlier  flaps  placed  on  the  sides  of 
a  horse's  head  to  prevent  him  from  seeing 
sidewise  or  backward ;  a  blind  or  blinder ; 
hence,  figuratively,  any  obstruction  to  sight  or 
discernment. 

Nor  bigots  wlio  but  one  way  see. 
Through  blinkern  of  authority. 

.V.  CrVccrt,  The  Grotto. 

Horses  splaslied  to  their  very  blinkers.  Hickeiut. 

blink-eyed  (blingk'id),  a.    Having  blinking  or 

winking  eyes. 

Tile  foulisli  bliiik-ct/cd  I)oy.  Oancoiijiie,  Hearlies. 

blinking  (bling'king),  n.   In  sportinq,  the  fault 

in  dogs  of  leaving  the  game  as  soon  as  it  is 

found. 

The  vice  of  blinkiiiti  has  been  caused  by  over-severity  in 
punislunent  for  <  basing  poultry,  etc. 

l)ii<!.^  lit  Great  firitnin  and  America,  p.  240. 

blinking-chickweed  (bliug'king-ehik'wed),  «. 
The  Miiiitia  fontana,  a  small  marsh-herb,  natu- 
ral order  Portitlacacew :  so  called  from  its  small 
half-closed  flowers  looking  ont  from  the  axils 
of  the  leaves.     Also  called  blinks. 

blinkingly  (bling'king-U),  adr.  In  a  blinking 
or  winking  manner;  evasively. 

Heath,  tliat  fat.al  necessity  which  so  many  would  over- 
look, or  blinkinijlij  survey,  the  old  Egyptians  hold  con- 
tinually before  their  eyes.  Sic  T.  Bruume,  Mummies. 

blinks  (blingks),  H.    [<?)//»/.-,«.;  a  quasi-plural 

form.]     Same  as  liliiikiiiii-fliickwccd. 
bUnky  (bUng'ki),  <i.    [<  hiiiil:  +  -^1.]    Prone  to 
blink. 

We  were  just  within  range,  and  one's  eyes  became  quite 
blinhi  watching  for  tlie  ftasli  from  the  liow. 

II'.  //.  Russell,  London  Times,  .Tune  II,  1861. 
blirt  (bl6rt),  II.  [A  var.  of  blurt.']  An  outburst 
of  wind,  rain,  or  tears;  specifically,  nnut.,  a 
gust  of  wind  and  rain.  [Scotch.] 
blirty,  blirtie  (bler'ti),  a.  [<  blirt  +  -.yl.] 
Characterized  by  blirts  or  gusts  of  wind  and 
rain:  as,  a  btirlii  day.  [Scotch.] 
bliss  (blis),  n.  [<  ME.  ?///.s',  blisfie,  <  AS.  Wis,  bliss, 
contr.  of  the  unusual  hlids,  blitlis  (=  OS.  blidsea, 
blitcca,  bli:iZa),  joy,  <  blithe,  joyful,  blithe:  see 
blithe,  and  cf.  hlc'ss'^,  with  which  the  word  has 
been  notioually  associated.]  1.  Blitheness; 
gladness;  lightness  of  heart. —  2.  The  highest 
degree  of  happiness,  especially  spiritual  joy; 
perfect  felicity ;  supreme  delight ;  blessedness : 
often,  specifically,  the  joy  of  heaven. 

How  sweet  a  thing  it  is  to  wear  a  crown, 

Within  whose  circuit  is  Elysium, 

And  all  that  poets  feign  of  bliss  and  joy. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 
All  my  redeera'd  may  dwell  in  joy  and  hlisg. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  43. 
=S3m.  Felicity,  Blessedncsf,  etc.  (see  happiness),  trans- 
port, rapture,  ecstasy,  blissfulness. 
blissful  (blis'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  bli.rfid ;  <  bliss  + 
-/«?.]  1.  Full  of,  abounding  in,  enjoying,  or 
conferring  bliss;  full  of  felicity:  as,  "blissful 
joy,"  Sjirii.'iiir,  F.  Q. ;  "  blissful  solitude,"  Milton, 
P."  L.,  iii.  69. 

Tlie  blissful  shore  of  rural  case. 

Thommn,  Liberty,  v. 
Ever  as  those  hliss/ul  creatures  do  I  fare. 

Wordsworth. 
2t.  [Cf.  blessfid.']  Blessed;  holy. 
blissfully  (biis'ful-i),  adi:  [<  ME.  bligsfuliche, 
etc.,  <  hii.'iful  +  -liehc,  -ly-.]  In  a  blissful  man- 
ner ;  happilv. 
blissfulness"  (blis'fvd-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  blisfid- 
iies,  -iKs.'ic,  <  bli.ifid  +  -nes,  -ness.]  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  blissful ;  exalted  happiness ; 
supremo  felicity;  fullness  of  joy. 

God  is  all-suthcielit  and  incapaide  of  admitting  any  ac- 
cession Ui  liis  perfect  blissfulness.    Barrow,  Works,  1.  viii. 

Blissinse  (bli-.sl'ne),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bli.'i.vis  + 
-iHfr.]  A  subfamily  of  heteropterous  insects, 
of  the  family  Liif/O'ida',  typified  by  the  genus 
Blissiis.     Se((  cut  under  chinch-bug. 

blissless  (blis'les),  n.  [<  Miss  +  -less.']  Desti- 
tute of  bliss;  wretched;  hapless:  as,"my  6fes- 
/(.ss  lot,"  S'lr  /'.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  iii. 

blissom  (blis'um).  (t.  [<  Icel.  blwsma,  in  heat 
(said  of  a  ewe  or  goat),  =  OD.  bicsme.]  In 
heat,  as  a  ewe.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

blissom  (blis'um),  I'.  [<  hlissoiH,  «.]  I.  trans. 
To  couple  with  a  ewe:  said  of  a  ram. 


589 


II.  intrans.  To  be  in  hoal,  as  a  ewe.    [Prov. 
Eng.] 

Blissus  (blis'us),  n.    [NIj.]    A  genus  of  het- 
eropterous insects,  the  type  of  the  subfamily 
Bli.^sina:     Ji.  Icucopterus  is  the  common  chinch- 
bug.     See  cut  under  chinch-hug. 
blistt.     Obsolete  preterit  of  ifewl  and  bless^. 
.'\nd  with  his  club  liim  all  about  so  blist, 
Tliat  he  wliich  way  to  turne  him  scarcely  wist. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  VI.  viii.  13. 

blister  (blis't^-r).  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  blys- 
lir,  bluster;  <  ME.  blister,  and  perhaps  *blystcr, 
<  AS.  'Iilijstcr  =  MD.  Iiluyster,  a  blister  (but  the 
AS.  form  is  not  found,  and  the  ME.  may  bo 
taken  from  OF.  blestrc,  bloslre,  a  swelling  (cf. 
hloustrc,  bloutrc,  blotte,  a  clod,  hl<).ssc,  a  swelling 
due  to  a  bruise),  of  MD.  or  Scaud.  origin);  cf. 
Icel.  Iildstr,  a  swelling  (in  the  medical  sense), 
lit.  a  blast,  a  blowing,  =  AS.  hld'st,  a  blowing, 
blast;  cf.  hlmlre,  a  blister,  bladder,  etc.,  D. 
blaas,  G.  blase,  a  blister,  etc.,  E.  dial,  hlaze^, 
».,  a  pimple,  etc. ;  ult.  from  the  root  of  AS. 
bldwan,  etc.,  blow:  see  bladder,  blast,  blase", 
blow^.]  1.  A  thin  vesicle  on  the  skin,  con- 
taining watery  matter  or  serum,  whether  oc- 
casioned by  a  burn  or  other  injury,  by  a  vesi- 
eatorv,  or  l»y  disease ;  a  pustule,  it  is  formed  (n) 
liy  disiiittgratiou  and  elfusion  of  serum  into  some  of  the 
softer  ciiidcrnial  layei-s,  or  {b)  by  an  elfusion  of  serum  be- 
tween the  epidermis  and  corium. 
2.  An  elevation  made  by  the  lifting  up  of  an 
external  film  or  skin  by  confined  air  or  fluid, 
as  on  plants,  or  by  the  swelling  of  the  sub- 
stance at  the  surface,  as  on  steel. — 3.  Some- 
thing applied  to  the  skin  to  raise  a  blister,  as 
a  plaster  of  Spanish  flies,  mustard,  etc.,  as  a 
means  of  counter-irritation ;  a  vesicatory. — 4. 
In  castings  of  different  materials,  an  ofifect 
caused  by  the  presence  of  confined  bubbles  of 
air  or  gas. — 5.  A  distortion  of  peach-leaves 
causedby  the  fungus  Exnaseus deformans ;  blad- 
der-blight. See  Exoascus.  Also  called  blister- 
ing  Flying  blister,  a  blister  applied  for  a  time  too 

short  to  cause  vesication. 
blister  (blis'ter),  V.  [<  blister,  n.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  raise  a  blister  or  blisters  on,  as  by  a  bum, 
medical  application,  or  friction:  as,  to  blister 
one's  hands. — 2.  To  raise  filmy  vesicles  on  by 
heat:  as,  too  high  a  temperature  will  blister 
paint;  blistered stee\.  See  blister-steel. — 3.  Fig- 
uratively, to  cause  to  suffer  as  if  from  blisters ; 
subject  to  burning  shame  or  disgrace. 

Look,  here  comes  one  :  a  gentlewoman  of  mine. 

Who,  falling  in  the  flaws  of  her  own  youth. 

Hath  blister d  her  report.  Shak.,  M.  for  if.,  ii.  3. 

II.  intrans.  To  rise  in  blisters,  or  become 

blistered. 

If  I  prove  honey-mouth'd,  let  mv  tongue  blijfler. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  i. 
The  house  walls  seemed 
lilisterinn  in  the  sun,  without  a  tree  or  vine 
Ti  I  cast  file  tremulous  shadow  of  its  leaves. 

Whitticr,  I'rei.  to  Among  the  Hills. 

blister-beetle  (blis't^r-be'tl),  n.  A  popular 
name  of  beetles  of  the  family  Meloida:,  de- 
rived from  the  pecu- 
liar poison  (canthar- 
idin)  which  is  con- 
tained in  their  tis- 
sues. This  poison,  when 
brouglit  into  contact  with 
the  skin,  produces  blis- 
tei-3,  ami  on  account  of 
this  vesicatory  property 
the  dried  beetles  are 
largely  used  in  medicine. 
In  their  earlier  states  the 
blister-beetles  are  para- 
sitic on  gr;us.shopper-eggs 
or  in  the  cells  of  mason- 
bees.  'I'lieimagosofmany 
.\merican  species  are  of- 
ten very  injurious  to  Held- 
and  gurden-erops.  The 
development  of  tlie  larva, 

whidi  assumes  successively  several  forms,  is  very  remark- 
able.    See  liiii'eniietainorphosis  and  KpicaiUa. 

blistered  (blis'terd),  p.  a.  Ha-iing  the  disease 
called  lilister.     See  blister,  «.,  5. 

blister-fly  (blis'ter-fli),  (1.  A  beetle,  also  known 
as  the  Sjianish  fly,  used  in  blistering;  one  of 
the  lilister-beetles.     See  Cantharis. 

blistering  (blis't6r-ing),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Caus- 
ing or  tending  to  cause  blisters.— Blistering  fly. 

Same  ;us  /V^s■^■^■_ff,l/. 

II.  ".  Saiiu>  as  hiisler,  5. 

blister-plaster  (blis'ter-plas'ter),  n.  A  plaster 
of  Spanish  flies,  designed  to  raise  a  blister. 

blister-steel  (blis'tOr-stel),  n.  Steel  made  by 
the  carbuiization  of  bar-iron  in  a  converting- 
furuiice.  the  iron  being  heated  in  contact  with 
charcoal.  See  cementation.  After  tlie  conversion 
into  steel,  the  bars  become  covered  with  blisters,  some  nut 


blithesome 

larger  than  peas,  others  as  iiiiir;li  as  an  inch  in  diameter. 
According  to  Percy,  tliese  liiisters  are  probably  <lue  to  the 
reduction  of  a  part  of  the  protoxid  of  iron  existing  in 
the  mass  in  the  form  of  a  silicate  of  the  protoxid,  and  the 
consequent  evolution  of  carlionic  oxid.  Tlie  process  is  a 
very  old  one. 

blistery  (bUs'ter-i),  a.  [<  blister  +  -jl.]  Full 
of  blisters.     Hooker. 

blitt,  «.     See  blitf'i. 

blite't,  ".     See  blight. 

blite-  (blit),  «.  [Also  hlit  and  early  mod.  E. 
blittr,  bleit,  bicte;  <  F.  hiette  =  Pr.  bifda  =  Cat. 
6/c(  =  Sp.  bledo,<  L.  hiitum  :  see  Blitinn.]  A  com- 
mon name  of  several  succulent-leafed  plants, 
chiefly  of  the  genus  t'hcnopodium  (or  Blitum), 
sometimes  used  as  pot-herbs.  The  name  is  siiecifl- 
cally  given  to  good-King-Henry  (C  Bonus. lleriricim)  and 
to  .iniarantus  Blitum.  The  strawberry-ldite,  Chenopodi- 
um  capitatum,  is  so  called  from  its  red  (ieshy  clusters  of 
fruit.  The  eoast-ldite,  C.  maritimum,  is  found  in  saline 
localities.  The  sea-blite,  ,'iuceda  maritima,  is  a  cheno- 
podiaeeous  coast-plant  with  nearly  terete  or  cylindrical 
fleshy  leaves. 

blithe  (bliTH  or  blith),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  blithe, 
bli/tlw,  <  AS.  blithe,  joyful,  glad,  kind,  gentle, 
peaceful,  =  OS.  blithi  =  OFries.  *bli<le  (in 
composition  hlul-skip,  jov).  North  Fries,  blid 
=  D.  blijdc,  blij=  OHG."  blidi,  MUG.  blide  = 
Icel.  blidhr  =  Sw.  blid  =  Dan.  blid  =  Goth. 
bleiths,  merciful,  kind:  root  uncertain:  see 
bliss.]  I.  a.  It.  Kind;  kindly.  Ixrins  (1570). 
—  2.  Glad;  merry;  joyous;  sprightly;  mirth- 
ful; gay:  in  colloquial  use  only  in  Scotland: 
as,  "I'm  blithe  to  see  you." 

Ful  blithe  .  .  .  was  every  wight. 

Chawrr,  Gen.  Prid.  to  C.  T.,  1.  846. 
Xo  lark  more  blithe  than  he. 

Biekerstaff,  Love  in  a  Village,  i.  2. 
Hail  to  thee,  blithe  spirit  I 
Bird  thou  never  wert. 

Slielley,  Ode  to  a  Skylark. 

3.   Characterized  by  or  full  of   enjoyment ; 

gladsome :  said  of  things. 

O  !  how  changed  since  yon  blithe  night !  Scott. 

Blithe  would  her  brother's  acceptance  be. 

Tennyson,  M.aud,  x.  2. 

In  June  'tis  good  to  lie  beneath  a  tree 
While  the  blitlte  season  comforts  every  sense. 

Lowell,  I'nder  the  Willows. 

=  Syn.  C'heerful,  light-hearted,  elated,  buoyant. 

n.t  n.  1.  A  blithe  one. —  2.  Kindness; 
goodwill;  favor. —  3.  Gladness:  delight, 
blithet  (bliTH  or  bUth),  V.  [ME.  bfithen  (= 
OIIG.  blidcn,  rejoice,  be  blithe,  =  Goth,  bleith- 
jan,  gableithjan,  be  merciful,  pity);  from  the 
adj.]    I,  intrans.  To  be  blithe  or  merry. 

II.  trans. 


Asli.gray  Blistcr-bccUe  ^.Macrot.i. 
siJ  cinerta).  (Vertical  iinc  shows 
natural  size. )  <t,b,  male  .ind  female 
antcnnx,  colarued. 


To  make  blithe  ;  gladden. 

The  prince  of  planetis  that  proudely  is  pight 
Sail  brace  furth  his  liemes  tliat  oure  belde  blithes. 

York  riaijs,  p.  123. 

blithe  (bliTH  or  bUth),  adr.  [<  ME.  blithe, 
hlythe,  <  AS.  blithe,  adv.,  <  blithe,  a. :  see 
blithe,  a.]  If.  Kindlv.— 2.  Gladlv;  blithely, 
blitheful  (blwH'-  or"blith'ful),  a.  [<  ME. 
blithefid,  hiithful,  <  blithe,  n.,  kindness,  favor  (= 
lee\.blidlia).'+  -fid.]  If.  Kindly.— 2.  Glad; 
joyous;  joyful.    [Poetic] 

Tile  seas  » itii  blitheful  western  blasts 
We  saild  amain. 
Greene  and  Lodge,  looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng, 

[Samuel]  Lover,  a  versatile  artist,  blithefvl  humorist 
and  poet.  Stedman,  Vict,  Poets,  p.  253. 

blithely  (bliTH'-  or  blith'U),  adv.  [<  ME. 
hlitheliche.  liliihcli/,  -liche.  etc.,  <  AS.  blithclice 
(=  OllG.  blidlielio),  <  blithe  +  -liee :  see  blithe, 
a.,  and  -ly".]  If.  Kindly.— 2.  Gladly;  joyful- 
ly; gaily. 

blithemeat  (bliTn'-  or  blith'met),  «.  [Sc,  < 
lilillii .  glad,  -I-  meat.]  The  entertainment  or 
refreshment  provided  at  the  birth  or  christen- 
ing of  a  cliild.     [Scotch.] 

blithen  (bli'Tnen  or  -then),  !•.  i.  [<  blithe,  a., 
-(--'■h1.   ('{.hlit'he.r.]   Tomake  blithe.    [Bare.] 

blitheness  (IjHth'-  or  blith'nes),  n.  [<  ME. 
blilhcnes.-<e,  <  AS.  blithms,  <  blilhe  +  -nes:  see 
blithe,  a.,  and  -ne.ss.]  The  state  of  being  blithe ; 
gaiety ;  sprightliness. 

I'he  delightfulness  and  blitheness  of  their  [poets']  com- 
positions. Sir  A'.  Digby,  On  the  Soul,  iii. 

Legend  told  of  his  lEadward's)  pious  simplicity,  his 
lilithene-ss  and  gentleness  of  mood. 

J.  II.  Creen,  Oonc].  of  Eng.,  p.  467. 

blithesome  (bli'pn'-  or  lilith'sum),  a.  [<  blithe 
-t-  -soiiii .]  Full  of  blitheness  or  gaiety:  gay; 
merry ;  cheerful ;  causing  joy  or  gladness. 

On  blitliesome  frnlies  bent.  TItomson,  Winter. 

Tlie  rising  sun,  emerging  from  amiilst  golden  luid  pur- 
ple clouds,  shed  liis  blithesome  rays  uii  tlie  tin  weather- 
cocks of  Communipaw.        Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  109. 

Clianned  by  the  spirit,  alteniately  tender  and  blithe- 
tome,  of  Procter's  songs.        Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  IIQ 


blithesomeness 

blithesomeness  OiIith'-  or  tilitli'sum-nes),  ». 
[<  hlitlicsoiiic  +  -iifnn.i  The  quality  of  being 
blitliesome ;  gaiety. 

A  pliul  Uitfu'suiHfiwKy  !)elonpc(!  to  her,  potent  to  conquer 
evt'U  ill  iK-alth  arul  suffering.    Xnv  /'rinrrtnn  lirv.,  II.  78. 

Blitum  (bli'tHiu),  ti.  [L.,  <  Gr.  li'/uTot',  a  cer- 
tain plant  used  as  a  salad.]  A  genns  of  plants, 
natural  order  Chrno]>o<tiacca',  now  iueluded  in 
CliriiojxxUiim.     See  Mite-. 

blivet,  '"'''•  A  Middle  English  contraction  of 
lirliri '-'.     Chaucer. 

blizzard  (bliz'Urd),  «.  [An  expressive  word, 
originating  in  the  United  States,  appar.  at  first 
locally  on  the  Atlantic  coast  (see  first  quot.), 
and  carried  thence  to  the  West,  where,  in  a 
new  application,  it  came  into  general  notice 
and  use  in  the  winter  of  ]8S0-t^I.  The  word 
is  evidently  a  popular  formation,  and  is  prob. 
based,  with  the  usual  imitative  variation  ob- 
servable in  such  formation.s,  on  what  to  the 
popular  consciousness  is  the  common  root  of 
hUi:e,  bla.^t,  blow  (the  latter  notions  at  least  be- 
ing appar.  present  in  the  familiar  third  sense). 
In  the  orig.  sense  a  blizzard  is  essentially  a 
"  blazer,"  of  which  word,  indeed,  it  may  be  con- 
sidered a  manipulated  fonn :  see  blnze^,  and  cf . 
hlaze^,  bta.st,  bluster.']  1.  [Appar.  the  earliest 
sense,  but  not  recorded,  except  in  the  figura- 
tive use,  until  recently.]  A  general  discharge 
of  guns  ;  a  rattling  volley  ;  a  general  "  blazing 
away."    See  extract. 

Along  the  .\tlantic  coast,  among  tlie  gunners  who  often 
hunt  in  parties  stationed  near  together  behind  blinds, 
waiting  for  the  flocks  of  migratory  birds,  the  word  liliz- 
zard  means  a  general  discharge  of  all  the  guns,  nearly  but 
not  quite  together — a  rattling  volley,  differing  from  a 
broadside  in  not  being  quite  simultaneous.  This  use  of 
the  word  is  fanuliar  to  every  'longshore  man  from  Sandy 
Hook  to  Currituck,  and  goes  back  at  least  forty  years,  as 
my  own  memory  attests.  .  .  .  The  'longshore  men  of 
forty  years  ago  were  all  sailors,  and  many  of  them  had 
served  in  the  navy.  That  they  may  have  learned  the  word 
there  is  rendered  probable  by  the  rather  nutable  accuracy 
with  which  they  always  distinguished  between  a  Itlizzard 
and  a  broadside.  This  points  to  a  nautical  origin  of  the 
word,  though  it  made  no  progress  in  general  use  till  it 
struck  the  Western  imagination  as  a  term  for  that  con- 
\'ulsion  of  the  elements  for  which  "snow-storm,"  with 
whatever  descriptive  epithet,  was  no  adequate  name,  and 
the  keen  ear  of  the  newspaper  reporter  caught  it  and  gave 
it  currency  as  "  reportorial "  English. 

iV.  }'.  Eveninn  Post,  M.arcli  24, 1S87. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  a  volley;  a  sudden 
(oratorical)  attack;  an  overwhelming  retort. 
[This  seems  to  be  the  sense  in  the  following  passage,  where 
Bartlett  explains  the  word  ("  not  known  in  the"  Eastern 
States,"  he  says)  as  "a  poser."] 

A  gentleman  at  dinner  asked  me  for  a  toast ;  and  sup- 
posing he  meant  to  have  some  fun  at  my  expense,  I  con- 
cluded to  go  ahead,  and  give  him  and  his  likes  a  blizzard. 
David  Crockt'tt,  Tour  Down  East,  p.  Ki. 

3.  A  gale  orhiuricane  accompanied  by  intense 
cold  and  dry,  dri%aug  snow,  common  in  winter 
on  the  great  plains  of  the  States  and  Territories 
of  the  noi-thwestern  United  States  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  especially  Dakota,  and  in 
Manitoba  in  British  America,  it  is  deseriiied  in 
the  "American  Meteorological  Journal"  as  "a  mad  rush- 
ing combin.ation  of  wind  and  snow  which  neither  man  nor 
beast  could  face." 

Whew  !  how  the  wind  howls ;  there  must  be  a  terrible 
blizzard  west  of  us.  and  how  ill-prepared  .are  most  frontier 
homes  for  such  severe  cold.  Chicatjo  Advance.  Jan.  8, 1S80. 

blizzardly  (bliz'Srd-li),  a.  Blizzard-like ;  re- 
sembling a  blizzard.     [Rare.] 

bloak,  ".     See  ft/oA-e. 

bloatl  (blot),  fl.  [Formerly  also  blotc,  <  ME. 
blote  (uncertain),  possibly  <  AS.  bUlt,  pale,  liWd 
(see  6tatel),  but  prob.  a  var.  or  parallel  form 
of  bloute  (see  bloat-)  =  leel.  blautr,  soaked,  = 
Sw.  blot  =  Dan.  bloij,  soft,  =  Norw.  blaut,  soft, 
wet;  cf.  Icel.  blautr  /,s/,r,  fresh  (soft)  fish,  op- 
posed to  hnrdhr  fi.-il-r,  dried  (hard)  fish,  =  Sw. 
blotfisk,  soaked  fish,  =  Norw.  blotfisk;  leel. 
blottm  =  Sw.  blotim  =  Norw.  blotna.'fo  soften. 
See  blate^  and  bloater,  and  cf.  hloat'^.]  Cru'ed 
by  smoking:  as,  a  bloat  herring.     See  bloater. 

Lay  you  an  old  courtier  on  the  coals  like  a  sausage,  or  a 
hlont  herring.  B.  Joiuim,  Mercury  Vindicated. 

bloat'  (blot),  r.  f.    [Appar.  <  bloatl,  «.]   To  cure 
liy  smoking,  as  herrings.  Formerly  spelled  blote. 
I  have  more  smoke  in  my  mouth  than  would  Mote 
A  hundred  herrings.       Fletcher,  Island  I'rincess,  U.  fi. 

bloat'-  (blot),  fl.  [Earlier  hhwt  (as  orig.  in  the 
passage  cited  from  Shakspere,  where  bloat  is 
an  18th  century  emendation,  though  it  occurs 
elsewhere  in  17th  century),  blowte,  bloute,  prob. 
<  Icel.  blautr  =  Sw.  bltit,  soft,  etc.:  see  bloat^, 
and  of.  6/atel.  The  word  is  now  regarded  as 
pp.  of  »('oa(2, »;.]  Puffed;  swollen;  turgid:  as, 
"the  bloat  king,"  Shak:,  Hamlet,  iii.  4.  [Now 
only  in  rare  literary  use.] 


590 

bloats  (blot),  V.     [<  bloats,  «.]     I.   tran.<!.  To 
make  turgid  or  swollen,  as  with  air,  water,  etc. ; 
cau.so  to  swell,  as  with  a  dropsical  humor;  in- 
flate ;  puff  up ;  hence,  make  vain,  conceited,  etc. 
Uis  rude  essays 
Encourage  him,  and  bloat  him  up  with  praise, 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Circe. 
And  then  began  to  hlnat  himself,  and  ooze 
All  over  with  the  fat  atfcctionate  smile 
That  makes  the  widow  lean.    Tennynon,  .Sea  Dreams. 

II.  intrau."!.  To  become  swollen;   be  puffed 
out  or  dilated ;  dilate. 
If  a  person  of  llrm  constitution  begins  to  ttloat. 

Arbuthnot. 
bloated  (blo'ted),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  bloat^,  c]  1. 
Swollen;  puffed  up;  infiated;  overgrown,  so 
as  to  be  unwieldy,  especially  from  over-indul- 
gence in  eating  and  drinking;  pampered:  as, 
"a  bloated  mass,"  Croldsmith. 

Grotesque  monsters,  half  bestial,  half  human,  dropping 
with  wine,  bloated  with  gluttony,  and  reeling  in  obscene 
dances.  Macauluit,  Milton. 

2.  Connected  with  or  arising  from  self-indul- 
gence: as,  "Z>/oated slumber,"  Mickle,  ASonnet. 
— 3.  Inordinately  swollen  in  amount,  posses- 
sions, self-esteem,  etc.;  puffed  up  with  pride 
or  wealth:  as,  a  bloated  estate;  bloated  capi- 
talists ;  a  bloated  pretender. 

bloatedness  (bl6'ted-nes),  n.  [<  bloated  + 
-«('.«.]  The  state  of  being  bloated;  turgidity; 
an  inflated  state  of  the  tissues  of  the  body; 
dilatation  from  any  morbid  cause.     Arbuthnot. 

bloater  (blo'ter),  ».  [<  hloat^  +  -(")•!.]  An 
English  name  for  a  hen-ing  which  has  been 
steeped  for  a  short  time,  slightly  salted,  and 
partially  smoke-dried,  but  not  split  open. 

blob  (blob),  n.  [Also  bleb,  Se.  bleb,  hleib,  blab, 
blob;  cf.  hlobber,  blubber.']  1.  A  small  globe  of 
liquid ;  a  dewdrop ;  a  blister ;  a  bubble ;  a  small 
limap,  splotch,  or  daub. 

Flawed  rubies  and  emeralds,  which  have  no  value  as 
precious  stones,  but  only  as  barbaric  blohi;  of  colour. 

BirdwQod,  Indian  Arts,  II.  9. 

2.  The  bag  of  a  honey-bee.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  3t. 
The  under  lip.  Halliwell.  [Rare.]  — 4.  Acot- 
toid  fish,  Urauidea  richardsoni,  a  kind  of  mill- 

er's-thumb On  the  blob,  by  word  of  mouth.  [Slang.] 

blobber  (blob'er),  «.     Same  as  blubber. 
blobber-lip(blob'ei--lip),  n.  Same  as  blubber-Up. 
His  blobber-li-p>i  and  beetle-brows  commend. 

Dniden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  iii. 

blobber-lipped  (blob'er-lipt),  a.    Same  as  blub- 

ber-Ujiped. 
blobby  (blob'i),  a.     [<  blob  +  -i/l.]     Like  a 

blob ;  abouniUng  in  blobs, 
blob-kite  (blob'kit),  n.     A  local  English  name 

of  the  burbot. 
blob-lipped  (blob'lipt),  a.     [See  blob.]     Same 

as  hhdiher-lipped. 
blob-talet  (blob'tal),  n.    A  telltale;  a  blabber. 
These  fitoh-tale.^  could  find  no  other  news  to  keep  theil" 

tongues  in  motion.  Bp.  Ilacket,  Al)p.  Williams,  ii.  67. 

blockl  (blok),  «.  [<  ME.  blok,  ablock  (of  wood); 
not  in  AS.,  but  borrowed  from  LG.  or  OF. :  MD. 
bloc,  block,  D.  blok  =  MLG.  block,  LG.  blok  = 
OHG.  bloh,  MHG.  bkich,  G.  block  =  Sw.  block  = 
Noi-w.  blokk  =  Dan.  blok  (=  leel.  blokk,  Haldor- 
sen),  >  ML.  blocus,  OF.  and  F.  bloc:  all  in  the 
genei'al  sense  of  'block,  log,  lump,  mass,'  but 
confused  more  or  less  with  the  forms  cited  un- 
der block^.  There  are  similar  Celtic  forms :  W. 
pine,  a  block,  =  Gael,  ploc,  a  round  mass,  blud- 
geon, block,  stump  of  a  tree,  =  Ir.  j'loc,  a  plug, 
bung,  blocan,  a  little  block,  perhaps  akin  to  Ir. 
bloijli,  Olr.  blog,  a  fragment,  from  same  root  as 
E.  break  aiiA  fragment  {see plug);  but  the  rela- 
tion of  these  to  the  Tent,  forms  is  uncertain. 
The  senses  of  bloek^  and  block-  run  into  each 
other,  and  some  identify  the  words.]  1.  Any 
solid  mass  of  matter,  usually  with  one  or  more 
jjlane  or  approximately  plane  faces:  as,  a  block 
of  wood,  stone,  or  ice ;  sometimes,  specifically, 
a  log  of  wood. 

Now  all  our  neighbours'  chimneys  smoke. 
And  Christmas  blocks  are  burning.  Wittier. 

What  sculpture  is  to  a  block  of  marble,  education  is  to 
an  human  soul.  Spectator,  No.  21^. 

2.  A  solid  mass  of  wood  the  upper  sirrface  of 
which  is  used  for  some  specifie  iim'pose.     in 
particular  —  (a)  The  large  piece  of  wood  on  which  a  butcher 
chops  meat,  or  on  which  flre-wood  is  split. 
Hard  by,  a  flesher  on  a  block  had  laid  his  whittle  down. 
Macaiilni/,  Virginia. 
(6)  The  piece  of  wood  on  which  is  placed  the  neck  of  a  per- 
son condemned  to  be  decapitated. 
The  noble  heads  which  have  been  brought  to  the  fjtock. 

Everett. 
Slave !  to  the  block  .'  —  or  I,  or  they, 
Shall  face  the  judgment-seat  this  day  ! 

b'cott,  liokeby,  \i.  31. 


block 

(c)  A  piece  of  hard  wood  prepared  for  cutting  by  an  en- 
graver,  (d)  The  stand  on  which  a  slave  was  placed  when 
being  sold  by  auction,  (c)  In  /aleonry,  the  perch  whereon 
a  liird  of  prey  is  kept. 

3.  A  mass  of  wood  or  stone  used  in  mounting 
and  dismounting ;  a  horse-block. —  4.  A  mold 
or  piece  on  which  something  is  shaped,  or  placed 
to  make  it  keep  in  shape,  in  particular— (o)  The 
wooden  mold  on  which  a  hat  is  formed  ;  hence,  some- 
times, the  shape  or  style  of  a  hat,  or  the  hat  itself. 

He  wears  his  faith  but  as  the  fashion  of  his  hat ;  it  ever 
changes  with  the  next  block.  Sliak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

The  blocke  for  his  heade  alters  faster  than  the  Keltmaker 
can  fltte  him,  and  thereupon  wc  are  called  in  scorrie  Block- 
heades.  Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  .Sins,  p.  37. 

(&)  A  wooden  head  for  a  wig  ;  a  bart)er's  block ;  hence, 
sometimes,  the  wig  itself. 

A  beautiful  golden  wig  (the  Duchess  never  liked  me  to 
play  with  her  hair)  was  on  a  lilock  close  by. 

Bulicer,  Pelham,  xxiii. 

5.  A  person  with  no  more  sense  or  life  than  a 
block;  a  blockhead;  a  stupid  fellow. 

What  tongueless  blocks  were  thev  I 

.S'AaA-.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

6.  In  .ihip-building,  one  of  the  pieces  of  timber, 
or  supports  constructed  from  such  pieces,  upon 
which  the  keel  is  laid. 

"Thus,"  said  he.  "will  we  build  this  ship! 
Lay  square  the  blocks  upon  the  slip." 

Lowjfellow.  Building  of  the  Ship. 

7.  The  solid  metal  stamp  used  by  bookbinders 
for  impressing  a  design  on  a  book-cover. — 8. 
A  piece  of  wood  fitted  into  the  angle  formed  by 
the  meeting  edges  of  two  other  pieces. — 9.  A 
wooden  rubber  covered  with  thick  felt,  used 
in  polishing  marble. — 10.  A  piece  of  wood  or 
metal  serving  as  a  support,  (n)  in  a  sawmill,  one 
of  the  frames  supporting  and  feeding  the  log  to  the  saw. 
{b)  In  vehicles,  a  piece,  generally  carved  or  ornamented, 
placed  over  or  under  the  springs  of  a  carriage,  (c)  In 
printinff,  the  piece  on  which  a  stereotj'pe  plate  is  fastened 
to  make  it  type-high. 

11.  A  mechanical  contrivance  consisting  of 
one  or  more  grooved  pulleys  moimted  in  a  cas- 
ing or  shell,  which  is  furnished  with  a  hook, 
eye,  or  strap  by  which  it  may  be  attached:  it  is 


I,  2,  single  and  double  blocks  n-ith  rope  strap :  ^.  4.  double  and 
single  blocks  with  iron  strap  ;  5,  metallic  Dlock  :  6,  snatch-block  ;  7, 
secret  block  ;  8,  clump-block  ;  9.  tail-block  ;  10.  fiddle-block. 

used  to  transmit  power,  or  change  the  direction 
of  motion,  by  means  of  a  rope  or  chain  passing 
round  the  movable  pulleys.  Blocks  are  single, 
double,  treble,  or  fourfold,  according  as  the  number  of 
sheaves  or  pulleys  is  one,  two,  three,  or  four.  \  running 
block  is  attached  to  the  object  to  be  raised  or  moved :  a 
standing  block  is  fixed  to  some  permanent  support.  Blocks 
also  receive  different  names  from  their  shape,  purpose, 
or  mode  of  application.  Those  to  whicli  the  name  dead- 
eyes  has  been  given  are  not  pulleys,  being  unprovided  with 
sheaves.  Many  of  the  blocks  used  in  ships  .are  named  after 
the  ropes  or  chains  which  are  rove  through  them  :  its,  ^oir- 
line  blocks,  clue-line  and  chie-tiamct  blocks.  They  are  made 
of  either  wood  or  metal.  See  clue-garnet,  and  cut  under 
cat-block. 

12.  A  connected  mass  of  buildings:  as,  a  block 
of  houses. — 13.  A  portion  of  a  city  inclosed 
by  streets,  whether  occupied  by  buildings  or 
consisting  of  vacant  lots. 

The  new  city  was  laid  out  in  rectangular  blocks,  each 
bliick  containing  thirty  building  lots.  Such  an  average 
block,  comprising  282  houses  and  covering  9  acres  of 
ground,  exists  in  O.xford  Street.  It  forms  a  compact 
square  mass.  Quarterly  Rev. 

14.  On  the  stock-exchange,  a  large  number  of 
shares  massed  together  and  bought  or  sold  in 

a  lump.  — Antifriction  bloclt.  See  nnd/n'rfioii. —Be- 
tween the  beetle  and  the  block.  See  dccMfi.— Block 
and  block,  the  position  of  tw,,  blocks  of  a  tackle  when 
drawn  close  to  each  other.  .-Vlso  called  two  l/kfcks.  The 
act  of  drawing  the  blocks  apart  is  called  Jlceting  the 
pn  rctiasc.  -  Block-and-cross  bond.  See  6,)»rfi . — Block 
and  tackle,  the  pulley-blocks  and  ropes  used  for  hoist- 
ing. Block  brake.  Sec  ^rafr.s,—  Block  cornices  and 
entablatures,  ornamental  features,  corresponding  in 
position  to  classical  cornices  and  entablatures,  in  archi- 
tectural elevations  not  composed  of  the  regular  orders. — 


block 

Center-plate  block, a  piiic  "f  wood  pinced  beneath  the 

center-i)liiti-  nf  :i  cjii-triK-k  to  liriim  it  ti»  the  required 
heinlit,  -Chip  of  the  old  block,  see  Wii>i.  Dead 
block,  mil'  cpf  till-  ii;iiiuf  lilc.iks  pl!ii-i-il,  one  on  eiu'li  »iiic 

of  the  dnivv-har  ol"  a  railniail-rar,  tn  lessi'ii  tin-  i c-ussiu)i 

wlien  two  cars  roiiii-  ti»i:etliiT  aftiT  tin-  tnilti-r-siiriiifis  are 
compressed.  —  Differential  block,  a  (1mm1.Ii-  1.1. .1-k  liav. 
iiig  siieaves  of  dilfert-iit  sizi-s.  E.  11.  Kni'jht.  Erratic 
block.  Sec  crradc— Fly-block,  nmit.,  ii  iinivaMe  lilm-k 
in  a  piircliase  or  eompound  tarkle  like  a  .Spanisl)  lnirton.  — 
Hydraulic  block.  See  hijdra niir.  —  Long-tackle  block, 

a  iiulley-I.Ii.i'k  liavinii  two  slii-avi-H  in  tin-  same  plane,  one 
above  tlu-  other.  Made  block,  il  pnlli-y  l.loek  f..niRil  of 
several  pieces.  -  Nluepln  blOCk,  a  block  shaped  some- 
what like  a  ninepin.  with  a  single  sheave  pivoted  at  the 
top  and  hi.ttoin  that  it  may  accommodate  itself  to  tlie 
motion  of  the  rojie  for  which  it  serves  as  a  guide.  It 
is  plai-t-.l  under  the  i-n.ss-pit-ccs  of  the  hitts  on  a  vessel. — 
Purchase  block,  a  ilonliU-st  rapped  block  with  two  scores 
ill  Ilic  shell,  used  for  nn.vine  heavy  weiglits  on  shijibnard. 
—  Rouse-about  block,  a  large  snatchhlock.  — TMck- 
and-thin  block,  a  ild.lle-block. 
block'  (blok),  r.  t.  [<  hlork-l,  „.  Cf.  hlncl-2, 
I'./.]  1.  To  stroiipthcii  or  support  by  lilocks  ; 
make  firm,  as  t\vo  boards  at  their  inferior  auRle 
of  intersection,  liy  pieees  of  wood  glued  to- 
gether.—  2.  To  form  into  blocks. — 3.  To  mold, 
shape,  or  stretch  on  a  bloek:  as,  to  block  a  liat. 
— 4.  In  bnol-hinditui,  to  ornament  by  means  of 
brass  stamps;  stamp:  as,  to  hliick  the  boards 
of  a  book.  [Knfi;.]  —  5.  lu  calii-d-jirintiiiij,  to 
press  uj)  or  apply  to  the  blocks  containing  the 
colors. — 6.  To  straighten  and  toughen  by  lay- 
ing on  a  bloek  of  wood  and  striking  with  a 
naiTow,  flat-faeed  haiiimi'r;  planish:  said  of 
saw-blades.  — To  block  down,  to  fnrce  sheet-metal, 
without  breaking  it,  into  a  die,  in  cjises  where  the  irregu- 
larities of  the  mold  are  so  great  that  the  metal  is  likely  to 
be  torn,  by  covering  it  with  a  block  of  lead,  which  is  then 
carefully  hammered.  The  yielding  of  the  lead  gives  a 
slow  drawing  action  to  the  metal  beneath  it,  enabling  it 
to  he  gradually  brought  to  its  bed.  -  TO  block  in,  in  stat- 
uary or  paintimt,  to  outline  roughly  or  bring  appro.vi- 
mately  to  the  desired  shape;  form  the  outlines,  founda- 
tion, or  general  plan  of  any  work,  disregarding  the  details ; 
execute  roughly. 

The  next  step  is  to  blttck  in  the  shadows  in  their  general 
forms,  dividing  the  whole  head  int<)  two  distinct  m.isses 
of  light  and  shade.      F.  Fawtrr,  Charcoal  Draw-ing,  p.  40. 

To  block  out,  to  form  the  plan  or  outlines  of;  sketch. 

But  Washington  had  some  hand  in  blocking  out  this  re- 
public. S.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  50. 

block^  (blok),  H.  [In  this  sense  the  noun,  in 
E.,  is  in  most  senses  due  rather  to  the  verb: 
see  blork'^,  c.  The  orig.  noun  is  found  once  in 
ME.  lilok,  an  inclosed  space;  ef.  OF.  hloc.  bar- 
rier, post,  wall  (>  OF.  bloqucr,  F.  hloqucr,  stop, 
block :  see  the  verb;  the  mod.  V.  bloc  goes  with 
block^;  MD.  block,  post,  stocks  (ef.  hlockUituU, 
an  inclosed  piece  of  ground,  diteh,  swamp, 
MliG.  block,  post,  stocks,  LG.  bloklnnd,  an  in- 
closed swamj>),  =  OFries.  *hlokk,  in  oomp. 
block-si/l,  a  sluiee;  OHG.  biloli,  eoutinement 
(MHG.  blocit,  a  kind  of  trap,  G.  block,  stocks, 
prison),  <  bi-,  =  AS.  bi-,  be-,  E.  ftc-1,  +  loh, 
MHG.  G.  loch,  a  confined  space,  hole,  dun- 
geon, =  AS.  loc,  E.  lock,  a  place  shut  in,  ote. : 
see  ?()ci'i.  Confused  more  or  less  with  the  forms 
cited  under  block^,  with  which  it  is  by  some 
identified.  See  the  verb  following.]  1.  Any 
obstruction  or  cause  of  obstruction ;  a  stop ; 
a  hindrance  ;  an  obstacle. 

The  good  gods  assuage  thy  wrath,  and  turn  the  dregs  of 
it  upon  this  varlet  here  ;  this,  who,  like  a  block,  liatll  de- 
nied  my  access  to  thee.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  2. 

Hence — 2.  The  state  of  being  blocked  or 
stopped  up  ;  a  stoppage,  as  of  carnages :  as,  a 
block  on  a  railway ;  a  block  in  the  street.  — Block 
Bystem,  a  system  of  working  railway  traffic,  according  to 
which  the  line  is  divided  into  sections  of  a  mile  or  more, 
with  a  signal  and  telegraphic  connection  at  the  end  of 
each  section ;  the  principle  of  the  system  being  that  no 
train  Is  allowed  to  leave  any  one  section  till  the  next 
succecdlug  section  Is  entirely  dear,  so  that  between  two 
successive  trains  there  Is  preserved  not  merely  a  deflnlte 
Interval  of  time,  but  also  a  detlnlte  interval  of  space. 
block^  (blok),  r.  t.  [Associated  with  the  noun 
block-,  but  orig.  (as  an  E.  word)  <  OF.  bloi/iicr, 

F.  bloqucr  (>  also  Pr.  blocur  =  Sp.  Pg.  hloqiieor 
=  It.  bloccnrc),  bloek,  blockade,  stop  up,  \  OF. 
bine,  block,  barrier,  obstruction  :  see  block'^,  n. 
Cf.  D.  blokkeren  =  Sw.  blockera  =  Dan.  blok- 
kerc  =  G.  blockicrcn,  blockade ;  D.  blokkcn  = 

G.  hlockcn,  study  hard,  plod.  =  LG.  blokkcn, 
stay  at  home  and  studyor  work.  orig..  itseems, 
lock  one's  self  in;  ML(i.  blockcv,  put  into  the 
stocks.]  1.  To  hinder  passage  from  or  to; 
prevent  ingress  or  egi'ess;  stop  up;  obstruct 
by  placing  obstacles  in  the  way :  often  follow- 
ed by  up :  as,  to  block  up  a  town  or  a  road. 

\Vlth  moles  would  Mock  the  port. 

lioirr,  tr.  of  I.nean's  Pliarsalla,  li. 

There  is  no  small  despair,  sir,  of  their  safety. 
Whose  ears  are  blocked  up  against  the  truth. 

Fletcher  {and  otherg).  Bloody  Brother,  Iv.  1. 


691 

Weak  aa!nt«  being  as  formidable  impedimentB  aA  the 

strong  sinners,  both  Idockinq  the  ways  of  amendment, 

Atcntt,  Tablets,  p.  143. 

2.  In  bnsc-ball  and  cricket,  to  stop  (a  ball)  with 
the  bat  without  knocking  it  to  a  distance. —  3. 
In  foot-bolt,  to  stop  (a  player)  when  running 
Willi  tlie  ball. 

blockade  (blo-kad'),  n.  [Cf.  D.  blokkadc  =  G. 
blockodt:  =  Sw.  blockad  =  Uan.  blokkadc,  from 
the  E. ;  from  the  verb  block"  (F.  bloqucr)  +  -ade^ ; 
ef.  stockade,  barricade,  palisade,  etc.  Cf.  Sp. 
tilix/uco,  pg.  tiloqucio,  It.  btocco,  also  liloccaturn, 
blockade,  from  the  verbs  corresponding  to 
block",  q.  v.]  1.  The  shutting  up  of  a  i)laee, 
particidarly  a  port,  harbor,  or  line  of  coast,  by 
hostile  ships  or  troops,  so  as  to  stop  all  ingress 
or  egress,  and  to  hinder  the  entrance  of  .sup- 
plies of  provisions,  ammunition,  or  reinforce- 
ments. 

The  word  blockade  properly  denotes  obstructing  the  pas- 
sage Into  or  from  a  place  on  either  element,  but  is  more 
especially  ajiplled  t^i  naval  forces  preventing  communi- 
cation by  water.  W'oolncy,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  Is*'.. 
Hence  —  2. »A  liindrance  to  progress  or  action 
caused  by  obstructions  of  any  kind.  -  Paper 
blockade,  a  constructive  blockade;  a  bluckadc  estah- 
Hshed  by  ]iroclaination,  without  the  actual  presence  of  a 
force  adequate  to  make  it  effectual.— To  break  a  block- 
ade. See  break.— To  raise  a  blockade,  to  remove  or 
break  up  a  blockade,  either  by  withdrawing  the  ships  or 
troops  that  keep  the  place  blocked  up,  or  by  driving 
them  away  from  their  respective  stations.— To  run  a 
blockade,  to  pass  through  a  blockading  squadron  and 
(-liter  tile  port  blockaded  liy  It. 

blockade  (blo-kad'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  block- 
aded, ]ipr.  blockading.  [<  blockade,  ».]  1. 
To  subject  to  a  blockade ;  prevent  ingress  or 
egress  from  by  warlike  means. 

The  building  .  .  .  was  on  every  side  blockaded  by  the 
Insurgents.  Macautay,  Warren  Uastlngs. 

Hence — 2.  To  shut  in  by  obstacles  of  any  kind ; 
block;  obstruct. 

Every  avenue  to  the  hall  was  blockaded. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa,,  li.  19. 

blockader  (blo-ka'der),  «.  One  who  or  that 
■vvhich  blockades;  especially,  a  vessel  employed 
in  bloekailing. 

Having  a  good  pilot  and  little  depth,  she  could  general- 
ly run  W(-ll  inside  of  the  blockaders. 

./-  li.  Soley,  Blo(-kade  and  Cnilsers,  p.  160. 

blockade-runner  (blo-kad'run"6r),  n.  A  per- 
son or  a  vessel  engaged  in  the  business  of  nm- 
ning  a  blockade. 

blockage  (blok'aj),  n.  [<  block"  +  -age.']  Ob- 
struction ;  the  state  of  being  blocked  up  or  ob- 
strnetcd. 

blockan  (blok'ati),  n.  [Appar.  due  to  E.  black. 
Cf .  btcck.  Ir.  blocau  means  '  a  little  Itimp.']  A 
local  Irish  (County  Down)  name  of  the  young 
coalfish. 

block-and-block  (blok'and-blok'  ),a.  See  block 
and  block,  under  block^,  n. 

block-bond  (blok'bond),  n.  In  bricklaying,  an 
arrangement  in  which  headers  and  stretchers, 
or  bricks  laid  lengthwise  and  across,  succeed 
each  other  alternately.  Also  called  gardcn- 
tiotid. 

block-book  (blok'btik),  n.  A  book  printed  from 
blocks  of  wood  having  the  letters  or  figures  cut 
on  them  in  relief.  Speellb-ally,  a  kind  of  small  book 
so  printed  in  Europe  before  the  Invention  of  movable 
types,  consisting  generally  of  coarsely  cut  religious  or 
historical  pictures,  w-lth  Illustrative  texts  or  descriptions 
ill  CJothle  letters. 

The  next  step  in  the  jirogress  of  wood  engraving,  subse- 
quent to  the  production  of  single  cuts,  .  .  .  w-as  the  appli- 
cation of  the  art  to  the  production  of  those  works  which 
are  kuow-n  to  bibliographers  by  the  name  of  bloek-hookx. 
Chaitn,  Wood  Engraving,  p.  68. 

block-coal  (blok'kol),  «.  A  peculiar  kind  of 
coal,  found  in  the  Indiana  coal-fields,  which 
breaks  readily  into  large  sipiare  blocks,  and  is 
used  raw,  or  without  coking,  in  the  smelting  of 
iron. 

block-colors  (blok'kuPorz),  n.  pi.  Colors  laid 
on  with  lilocks,  as  in  block-printing. 

blocker  (blok'er),  H.  1.  One  who  blocks:  used 
s^iecilically  in  hat-making,  shoemaking,  book- 
binding, etc. —  2.  A  blocking-tool  or  -machine. 

block-furnace  (blok'fer"nas),  n.  Same  as 
liloonicri/. 

blockhead  (blok'hed),  ».  [<  block^  +  head:  cf. 
Iitocki,  n.,r>.']  If.  A  head-shaped  piece  of  wood 
used  as  a  block  for  hats  or  wigs.  Hence  —  2t. 
A  head  containing  no  more  intelligence  or 
sense  than  a  block;  a  blockish  head. 
Your  wit  ...  is  strongly  wedged  up  in  a  block  head. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  3, 
Are  not  you  a  Portuguese  born,  descended  o"  the  Moors, 
and  came  hither  int<i  Seville  with  .your  master,  an  arrant 
tailor,  in  your  red  bonnet  and  your  blue  jacket,  lousy; 
though  now  your  btoek-h^ad  be  covered  with  tile  Spanish 
block?  Fletcher  {and  another),  Love's  Cure,  ii.  1. 


■''=:t«SS^«?' 


Bloctvhouse, 
a,  a,  loopholes  for  musketry. 


blockish 

That  I  cnuld  not  lliink  ..f  this  ,-ts  well  as  he ! 
t),  I  could  beat  my  inllnite  Idockhcad. 

li.  .lon^on,  The  Devil  is  an  Asa,  iil.  1. 

3.  A  person  possessing  such  a  head ;  a  stupid 
fellow;  a  dolt;  a  person  deficient  in  under- 
standing. 

Madam,  "tw-erc  (Inlness  past  the  ignorance 
Of  common  blockheads  not  to  understand 
Whereto  this  favour  tends. 

Ford,  I^ove's  Sacriflce,  L  2. 
The  bookful  blockhead,  Ignorantly  read. 
With  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  his  head. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1,  612. 
blockheaded  (blok'hed-ed),  a.  [<  blocks  + 
head  +  -ed-.]  Stupid  ;  dull :  as,  " a,  blockheaded 
boy,''  Sir  A".  f.W'^.vtrangc.  [Rare.] 
blockheadism  (blok'hed-izm),  n.  [<  blockhead 
+  -ism.]  The  character  of  a  blockhead;  stu- 
pidity.    [Kare.] 

Reduced  to  that  state  of  blockheadism  which  is  so  con- 
spicuous in  his  master.  C.  Smart. 

blockheadly  (blok'lied-li),  a.  [<  blockhead  + 
-/;/'.]  Acting  like  a  blockhead;  densely  stupid: 
as,  '■  iionii-  titockhrailli/  hero,'"  Drijden,  Amphi- 
trvnn,  i.  o.  [Rare.] 
blockhouse  (blok'hous),  m.  [<  block-  +  hou.se; 
=  D.  blokhuis,  OD.  btockhu)/s  =  MLG.  blockhOs 
=  G.  blockhaiis  (>  F.  blockbau.s)  =  Dan.  blokhus 
=  Sw.  blockhus,  blockhouse,  older  form  blocus; 
orig.  a  house  that  blocks  a  passage,  though 
later  taken  as  a  house  made  of  logs  (<  btock^ 
-(-  houge).']  Originally,  a  detached  fort  block- 
ing the  access  to  a  landing,  a  mountain 
pass,  nan'ow  chaimel,  etc. ;  in  later  use,  an  edi- 
fice of  one  or  more  stories,  constructed  chiefly 
of  hewn  timber,  and  supplied  with  loopholes 

for     musketry 
and  sometimes 
•with       embra- 
sures  for  can- 
non.     When    of 
more     than     one 
story,  the  upper  is 
made  to  overhang 
the  lower,  and  is 
furnished       with 
macllicolations  or 
loopholes    In    the 
overhung  floor,  so 
that  a  lunging  nre 
can     be    directed 
against  the  enemy 
in  close  attack.    When  a  blockhouse  stands  alone,  it  con- 
stitutes an  independent  fort,  a  form  which  is  often  very 
useful  in  a  rough  country ;  when  it  is  erected  in  the  in- 
terior of  a  (leldwork,  it  becomes  a  retrenchment  or  re- 
doubt,    stockades  are  sometimes  called  blockhouses. 
blocklness  (blok'i-nes),  n.    In  photog.,  the  state 
of  being  lilocky;    indistinctness  and  uneven- 
ness  of  shading. 
blocking  (blok'ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  block^,  r.] 

1.  The  act  of  blocking,  or  the  state  of  being 
blocked,  in  anj'  sense  of  the  verb  block^.  Spcclfl- 
cally  —  (a)  The  Impressing,  either  in  gold  or  Ink.  or  with- 
out color,  of  a  design  on  the  covers  of  a  book ;  In  the 
United  Stales  usually  i-allcd  ntnjiipinij.  (b)  The  process  of 
bending  leather  Into  shapes  for  the  fronts  or  soles  of  boots. 

2.  Blocks  used  to  support  anj-thing  temporarily'. 
— 3.  A  small  rough  piece  of  wood  fitted  in 
and  glued  to  the  interior  angle  formed  by  two 
boards,  in  order  to  strengthen  the  joint  be- 
tween them Blind  blocking, 

in  bookbiiuliwj,  blind  staniiilng;  the 
process  of  decorating  a  book  by  pres- 
sure, usually  w-lth  beat,  but  without 
the  use  of  Ink  or  goM-leaf. 

blocking-course     (blok '  ing- 

kors),  II.     In   arch.,   a  plain 

member   of     square    profile, 

either  a  single  course  of  stone, 

or  built  ui>  of  bricks  or  the 

like  to  the  required   height, 

siu'mounting  a  cornice  in  the 

Roman  and  Renaissance  styles.     Its  vertical 

face  is  usually  in  the  plane  of  the  wall  or  frieze 

below  the  cornice. 
blocking-hammer  (blok'ing-ham'^r),  ».    A 

hanniur  used  in  straightening  saw-blades, 
blocking-kettle  (blok'ing-ket-1),  ».     In  hnt- 

niat.ing,  the  hot  bath  in  which  felts  are  soften- 
ed before  bring  blocked. 

blocking-machine  (blok'ing-ma-shen'), «.  An 
apparatus  for  pidliug,  forming,  pressing,  and 
blocking  the  bodies  of  hats ;  a  blocker. 

blocking-press  (blok'ing-pres),  «."  A  press 
used  for  stamping  designs  on  book-covers: 
known  in  the  United  States  as  a  stamping-press. 

blockish  (blok'ish),n.  [<  W..c/,l +  -(*■/( l.]  Like 
a  Vilock ;  stupid :  dull ;  deficient  in  understand- 
ing: as,  •'blockish  Aja.x,"  Shak.,  T.  andC.,i.  3. 

Beauty,  say  we.  Is  the  malntainer  of  valour,  VThn  is  so 
blunt  as  knows  it  not?  who  is  so  bfooti'M  as  w-ill  not  — and 
may  with  justice  —  defend  it? 

Ford,  Honour  Triumphant,  IL 


a,  blocking-course ; 
i,  cornice :  <-.  face  of 
wall. 


blockish 

Destitute  of  Beda:  left  only  to  obsrure  and  hlofkish 
Chniiiidcs.  Miltmi,  Hist.  Elig.,  iv. 

blockishly  (blok'ish-li),  adv.  Iii  a  blockish  or 
stupiil  manner:  as,  "so  blockivhly  ignorant," 
Hdl.-hii/l.  Voyages.  II.  ii.  174. 

blockishness  (blok  '  ish  -  nes),  «.  Stupidity; 
(iullnpss:  as,  '•  incurable  blockishiuss,"  Ifliit- 
hd:,  Manuors  of  Englisli  People,  p.  140. 

block-like  (blok'Uk),  «.    Like  a  block;  stupid. 

Am  I  sand-blind?  twice  so  near  the  blessing 
I  wimbi  arrive  nt,  and  hlwktike  never  know  it. 

Fletcher,  Pilgrim,  iv.  1. 

block-machine  (blok'ma-shen"'),  n.  A  machine, 
or  an  assemblage  of  machines,  for  making  the 
shells  and  sheaves  of  the  wood  blocks  used  for 
ship-tackle. 

block-plane  (blok'plan),  «.  A  plane  the  iron 
of  which  is  set  veiV  obliquely  to  the  direction 
in  which  it  is  moved,  so  that  it  can  plane  across 
the  grain  of  the  wood. 

block-printed (blok'prin'ted),  a.  Printedfrom 
blocks.     See  bincl-printing. 

block-printing  (blok 'prin ''ting),  «.  1.  The 
act,  process,  or  art  of  printing  from  blocks  of 
wood  on  which  the  letters  or  characters  have 
been  carved  in  relief;  specifically,  the  Chinese 
method  of  printing  books,  and  that  employed 
to  some  extent  in  Europe  before  the  invention 
of  movable  types.  See  Woe A-ftooA\ — 2.  The  pro- 
cess of  impressing  patterns  on  textile  fabrics, 
especially  calicos,  by  means  of  wooden  blocks 
having  the  pattern  cut  in  relief  on  their  sur- 
face and  charged  with  color.  A  similar  method 
is  frequently  used  in  printing  paper-hangings. 

block-ship  (blok'ship),  II.  1.  A  ship  used  to 
block  the  entrance  to  a  harbor  or  port. —  2.  An 
old  man-of-war,  unlit  for  operations  in  the  open 
sea,  used  as  a  store-ship  or  receiving-vessel, 
p1"o   '  n  hiilk 

bloc^-tin  (biok'tin),  n.  [<  6?ocA-l  -I-  tin  ;  =  D. 
hloktin  =  Sw.  blorJ;tenn.^  MetaUio  tin  after 
being  refined  and  cast  in  molds. 

block-trail  (blok'tral),  «.  The  solid  trail  of  a 
gim-carriage.  The  stock  is  made  eitlier  of  a  single 
piece  of  timber  or  of  two  longitudinal  pieces  properly 
secured  together.     [Eng.] 

block-truck  (blok'tmk),  11.  A  three-  or  four- 
wheeled  hand-truck  for  moving  heavy  boxes, 
without  handles  or  shafts.  

blocky  (blok'i),  a.  [< 
block^  +  -i/l.]  in  photog., 
having  the  appearance  of 
being  printed  in  blocks, 
from  an  unequal  distribu- 
tion of  light  and  shade. 

blodbendet,  '*■  In  phWiotomy.  a  tape  or  narrow 
bandage,  usually  of  silk,  used  to  bind  the  arm 
before  or  after  blood-letting. 

blodite  (bled'it),  «.  [<  Blode  (name  of  a  chem- 
ist) +  -ite"^.}  A  hytb'ous  sulphate  of  magne- 
sium and  sodium,  found  in  the  salt-mines  of 
Ischl  in  Upper  Austria,  and  elsewhere. 

bloke  (blok),  n.  [Also  spelled  bloak ;  a  word 
of  obscure  origin.]  Mau;  feUow:  a  term  of 
disrespect  or  contumely.     [Slang.] 

blomary,  ".     Same  as  bloomeri/. 

blond  ( blond),  a.  and  «.  [=  t>.  Q.  Dan.  blond 
(MIIG.  blunt),  <  OF.  F.  blond,  tern,  blonde,  Ught, 
fair,  =  Pr.  blon  =  Sp.  blondo  =  It.  biondo,  < 
ML.  bloiidns,  blundii.'i  (glossed  flavuf^),  yeUow. 
Origin  unknown.  The  supposed  connection 
with  AS.  bhmden-feax,  gi'ay-haired,  lit.  having 
mixed  hair,  <  blondeii,  blanden,  pp.  of  hhindan, 
mix  (see  blendi),  +  feax,  hair,  is  hardly  prob- 
able.] I.  a.  Of  a  light  golden-bro^vn  or  golden 
color:  applied  to  hair;  hence,  light-colored; 
fair :  applied  to  complexion,  and  by  extension 
to  persons  having  light  hair  or  a  fair  complex- 
ion: as,  "Godfrey's  blond  countenance,"  George 
Eliot,  SUas  Marner,  iii.  =syn.  Fah;  etc  See  white. 
II.  «.  1.  A  person  with  blond  hair  and  fair 
complexion. —  2.   Blond-lace  (which  see). 

Li/dia.    Heigh-ho  !  — Wliat  .are  those  books  by  the  glass? 
I/ucp.  The  great  one  is  only  "The  Wiole  Duty  of  Man," 
where  I  press  a  few  bloiulx,  ma'am. 

Sheridan,  Tlie  Rivals,  L  2. 

blonde  (blond),  a.  and  n.  The  feminine  of  blond. 
She  was  a  fine  and  somewhat  fuU-blowii  blonde. 

Bj/ron,  Don  Juan,  xiv.  42. 

blonde-cendr^e  (blond-son-dra'),  a.     [F.,  < 

bloiiit,  fcni.  hhindc,  blond,  -I-  cendre,  fem.  cen- 
drri,  ash-colored,  ashy,  <  cendrt;  <  L.  cinis 
(ciiier-),  ashes.]  Ash-colored:  applied  to  hair 
which  is  light -brown  in  color,  and  \vnthout  red 
or  yellow  tints. 
blond-lace  (blond'las),  «.  Lace  made  of  silk, 
originally  of  unbleached  silk  (from  the  yellow- 
ish color  of  which  the  name  arose),  now  of 


'ff^^ 


Hainan  Blood-corpus- 
cles, magnified  225  diam- 
eters. 


692 

wliite,  black,  or  colored  silk,  manufactured  at 
Chantilly  and  other  places  in  France.  The 
name  has  also  been  given  to  a  kind  of  thread- 
lace. 

blond-metal  (blond' met '^al).  «.  A  peculiar 
variety  of  o  lay-iron  stone  of  tne  coal-measures 
ooourring  near  Wednesbury  in  Staffordshire, 
Eu^^laud. 

blondness  (blond'nes),  n,  [<  blond  +  -ncss.'i 
The  state  of  being  blond;  fairness  of  com- 
plexion. 

With  this  iiifantiae  blondneatf  sho^ving  so  much  ready, 
self-possessed  grace.  George  Eliot,  Middleniarch,  xvi. 

blonkett,  o.  and  n.     A  variant  of  hlunlcet. 

blood  (l)hid),  H.  [=Sc.  bluid,  hhtde ;  <  ME. 
blood,  bloiidy  bind,  blod,  <  AS.  blod  (=  OS.  blod 
=  OFries.  blod  =  D.  bloed  =  MLG.  blOt,  LG. 
blood  =  OHG.  blHOf,  MHG.  hluot,  G.  bhtt  =  lcel. 
blOdh  =  Sw.  blod  =  Dan.  blod  =  Goth,  bloth), 
blood;  perhaps,  with  formative  -d  (-th),  from 
the  root  of  bloican,  E.  bloic^,  bloom,  flourish, 
with  reference  to  either  life  or  color.]  1.  The 
fluid  which  cireiilates  in  the  arteries  and  veins. 
From  it  the  solid  tissues  take  their  food  and  oxygen,  and 
into  it  they  discharge  their  wjiste  products.  The  blood 
is  red  in  vertebrates,  except  ampUiosus,  and  colorless, 
red,  bluish,  greenish,  or  milky  in  other  animals.  In  pass- 
ing through  the  lungs  (see  circulation)  it  is  oxygenated 
and  gives  up  carbon  dioxid ;  then,  after  passing  through 
tht;  heart,  it  is  caiTied  as  arterial  blood  by  the  arteries 
to  tlie  tissues ;  from  the  tissues  it  is  returned  to  the  heart 
through  the  veins,  deprived  of  its  nutrient  jiroperties,  as 
vcnou-g  Idood.  The  venous  blood  of  the  Craniuta  is  dark- 
red,  the  ai-terial  bright-scarlet.  The  specific  gravity  of 
human  blood  in  health  is  about  1.055.  The  bluod  con- 
sists of  a  fluid  pale-yellow  plasma  and  semi-solid  corpus- 
cles ;  the  latter  constitute  between 
one  third  and  one  half  of  it ;  they 
are  of  two  kinds,  red  and  white. 
In  a  cubic  millimeter  of  healthy  hu- 
man blood  there  are  about  5,000,- 
000  corpuscles,  the  red  being  to  the 
white  on  the  average  about  as  350 
to  1.  The  red  corpuscles  are  flat  bi- 
concave disks,  non-nucleated  and 
almost  always  round  in  mammals, 
and  nucleated  and  almost  always 
oval  in  other  Craniofa.  Tlieir  di- 
ameter averacres  in  mau  about  7.5 
micromillimeters  (^.-,r-  inch),  while  in  Amphiuma  tridac- 
tylum  the  longer  diameter  is  6T.2  micromillimeters  (^^t 
inch).  Their  color  is  due  to  hemoglobin,  which  constitutes 
about  00  per  cent,  of  their  dried  substance.  The  white 
corpuscles  are  nucleated,  slightly  larger  than  the  red  in 
man,  and  exhibit  active  amteboid  movements.  Animal 
blood  is  used  in  clarifying  sugar,  in  making  animal  char- 
coal, as  a  manure,  and  in  many  other  ways. 

2.  Blood  that  is  shed;  bloodshed;  slaughter; 
murder. 

I  will  avenge  the  blood  of  Jezreel  upon  the  house  of 
Jehu.  Hos.  i.  4. 

.So  wills  the  fierce  avenging  sprite. 
Till  Wood  for  blood  atones. 

Hood,  Dream  of  Eugene  Aram. 

3.  The  responsibility  or  guilt  of  shedding  the 
blood  of  others. 

His  blood  be  on  us,  and  on  our  children.    Mat.  xxvii.  25. 

4.  From  being  popTilarly  regarded  as  the  fluid 
in  which  more  especiaUy  the  life  resides,  as 
the  seat  of  feelings,  passions,  hereditary  quali- 
ties, etc.,  the  word  blood  has  come  to  be  used 
typically,  or  with  certain  associated  ideas,  in  a 
number  of  different  ways.  Thus— (at)  The  vital 
.principle ;  life. 

Romeo  slew  him,  he  slew  Mercutio ; 

Who  now  the  price  of  his  dear  blood  doth  owe  ? 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 
Q})  Fleshly  nature ;  the  carnal  part  of  man,  as  opposed  to 
the  spiritual  nature  or  divine  life. 

All  frailties  that  besiege  all  kinds  of  hlood. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cix. 
For  beauty  is  a  witch. 
Against  whose  charms  faith  melteth  into  blood. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 
(o)  Temper  of  mind ;  natural  disposition ;  high  spirit ; 
mettle ;  passion ;  anger  :  in  this  sense  often  accompanied 
with  rold  or  warm,  or  other  <iualifjing  word.  Thus,  to 
commit  an  act  in  cold  blood  is  to  do  it  deliberately  and 
without  .sudden  p;ission.  Hot  or  warm  blood  denotes  a 
temper  inflamed  or  irritated;  to  warm  or  heat  the  blood 
is  to  excite  the  passions. 

Our  bloods 
No  more  obey  the  heavens. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  1. 
Strange,  unusual  blood, 
WTien  man's  worst  sin  is,  he  does  too  much  good  ! 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  2. 
Blest  gods. 
Make  all  their  actions  answer  to  their  blood>t. 

B.  Jomon,  Sejauus,  iii.  1. 

•    The  words  "coercion"  and  "uivasion"  are  much  used 

in  these  days,  and  often  with  some  temper  and  hot  blooil. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  SO. 

((/)  A  man  of  Are  or  spirit ;  a  hot  spark ;  a  rake. 

The  gallants  of  these  times  pretty  much  resembled  the 
blood)!  of  ours.     Gold-itmith,  Reverie  at  Boar's  Head  Tavern. 

(e)  Pt'i-sons  of  any  specitteil  race,  nationality,  or  family, 
considered  collectively. 


blood 

Indian  blood,  thus  far  in  the  history  of  this  country,  has 
tended  decidedly  toward  extinction. 

Quoted  in  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  233. 
(/)  Birth ;  extraction  ;  parentage ;  lireed  ;  abs<jlutely,  high 
birth ;  good  extraction :  often  qualified  by  such  adjectives 
as  go6d,  base,  etc. 

A  prince  of  blood,  a  son  of  Priam. 

Shak.,  T.  and  f'.,  iii.  3. 
Good  blood  was  indeed  held  in  high  respect,  but  be- 
tween good  blood  and  the  privileges  of  peerage  tliere  waa 
no  necessary  connection.  Pedigrees  as  long,  and  scutch- 
eons as  old,  were  to  be  found  out  of  the  House  of  Ix^rds 
aa  in  it.  Macaulay. 

[In  this  sense  the  word  is  often  used  of  the  pedigree  of 
horses. 
.She's  a  fine  mare,  and  a  thing  of  shape  and  bhtod. 

Colman,  Jealous  Wife,  tL  1.] 

(g)  One  who  inherits  the  blood  of  another;  child;  col- 
lectively, offspring ;  progeny. 

The  world  will  say  — He  is  not  Talbot's  Mood 
That  basely  fled,  when  noble  Talbot  stood. 

Shak.,1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  5. 
(A)  Relationship  by  descent  from  a  common  ancestor; 
consanguinity  ;  lineage  ;  kindred  ;  family. 

I  hope  I  do  not  break  the  fifth  commandment,  if  I  con- 
ceive I  may  love  my  friend  before  the  nearest  of  my 
blood.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  iledici,  ii.  5. 

And  politicians  have  ever,  with  great  reason,  considered 
the  ties  of  blood  as  feeble  and  precarious  links  of  political 
connection.  A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  Xo.  24. 

Nearer  in  blood  to  the  Spanish  throne  than  his  grand- 
father the  Emperor.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 
It  is  a  maxim  that  none  shall  claim  as  heir  who  is  not 
of  the  blood  (i.  e.,  kindred)  of  the  pui-chaser. 

Wharton,  Law  Lex. 

5.  That  which  resembles  blood:  the  juice  of 
anything,  especially  if  red :  as,  *'  the  blood  of 
grapes,"  Gen.  xlis.  11. —  6t.  Adisease  in  cattle. 

—  7.  A  commercial  name  for  red  coral A  bit 

of  blood,  an  ;inim;d  uf  good  pedigree;  a  thoroughbred. 

—  Bad  blood,  ill  blood,  disagreement ;  disunion  ;  strife ; 
angrj'  feehng ;  unfriendHuess. 

Partly  to  make  bad  blood,  .  .  .  they  instituted  a  method 
of  petitioning  the  king  that  the  parliament  might  meet 
and  sit.  Roger  Sorth,  Life  of  Lord  Guilford,  ii.  25. 

Hot  words  passed  on  both  sides,  and  ill  blood  was  plen- 
tifully bred.  Su\ft,  Battle  of  Books. 

Baptism  of  blood.    See  baptism.— "Blood,  on  bread. 

See  blooih/  bn^ad.  under  bloody.— Blue  blood,  ari-^t^H-Tatic 
blood  ;  blood  flowing  in  the  veins  of  old  and  aristocratic 
families.  The  phrase  is  said  to  have  originated  in  Spain, 
from  a  notion  that  the  blood  of  some  of  the  oldest  and 
proudest  families,  having  never  been  tainted  by  intennix- 
tm-e  with  that  of  the  Moorish  invaders,  was  of  a  bluer 
tint  than  that  of  the  common  people. 

The  very  anxiety  shown  by  the  modem  Spaniard  to 
prove  that  only  the  sangre  azul,  hliie-blood,  flows  through 
his  veins,  un contaminated  by  any  Moorish  or  Jewish 
taint,  may  be  thought  to  afford  some  evidence  of  the  in- 
timacy which  once  existed  between  his  forefathers  and 
the  tribes  of  eastern  origin.  Pn'.^cott. 

Corruption  of  blood.  See  attainder,  l.— Dissolution 
of  the  bloodt.  See  dissolution.— 'DoetTijie  of  blood- 
atonement.  See  a?o«^mf«^— Flesh  and  blood,  (a)  The 
boiiy  as  the  seat  of  human  passions  and  desires;  human 
nature- :  as.  it  was  too  much  for  /le.di  and  blood  to  endure. 
(b)  Difspriii'-' :  jirM.:e!ty  :  child  or  children  :  as,  one's  own 
jiefih  and  hlf".:  -^linuM  }<v  preferred  to  strangers.— HOWCT 
of  blood,  froth  of  blood,  names  used  in  commerce  to 
denote  coral  of  certain  degrees  id  hardness  and  brilliancy 
of  color.— For  the  blood  of  himt,  for  the  life  of  him.— 
Fresh  blood,  blood  of  another  strain  ;  hence,  new  mem- 
bers, or  new  elements  of  vigor  or  strength ;  x»t'i"sons  of  new 
or  fresh  ide;is  and  ways  of  thinking :  as,  jWsh  hh'od  is 
needed  in  the  management  of  the  party. — Half  blood, 
relationship  through  one  parent  only,  as  that  of  half 
brothers  or  sisters,  or  of  persons  of  the  same  race  on  one 
side  and  different  races  on  the  other. —  In  blood,  in  a 
state  of  perfect  health  and  vigor :  properly  a  term  of  the 
chase. 

But  when  they  shall  see,  sir,  his  crest  up  again,  and  the 
man  in  blood.,  they  will  out  of  their  burrows  like  conies 
after  rain.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

In  cold  blood,  in  hot  blood.  See  4  (c),  above.— Man 
of  blood,  a  miu'derous  or  bloodthirsty  man  ;  a  murderer. 

The  secret'st  man  of  blond.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

Out  of  blood,  in  bad  condition  ;  without  ^igor  ;  lifeless: 
said  of  bounds.— The  blood,  royal  family  or  lineage  :  as, 
princes  of  the  blood.— 'to  be  let  bloodt.  {a)  To  have  a 
vein  opened  for  the  withdrawal  of  blood  as  a  remedy  in 
sickness. 

You  look  as  you  were  not  well,  sir.  and  woiild  he 
Sliortly  let  blood.  Fletcher,  Edgars'  Bush,  v.  2. 

(b)  To  be  put  to  death. 

Commend  me  to  Lord  William  :  tell  him  .  .  . 
His  ancient  knot  of  dangerous  adversaries 
To-morrow  are  let  blood  at  Pom  fret-castle. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  1. 
To  let  blood,  in  sitrg.,  to  draw  blood  from  (any  one)  by 
opening  a  vein. 

He  is  feverish,  and  hath  sent  for  Mr.  Pearce  to  let  him 
Mood.  Pepyg,  Diary,  I.  374. 

To  restore  to  or  in  blood,  to  free  from  the  conse- 
iiuciues  of  attainder;  readmit  to  tlie  privilej;es  «;»f  one's 
bh  th  and  rank.—  To  run  in  the  blood,  to  be  liereditarj* 
in  the  family,  nationality,  or  race.— To  the  bloodt,  to 
the  quick  ;  tlirough  the  skin. 

I  could  not  get  on  my  boots,  wliich  vexed  me  to  the 
Mood.  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  .332. 

Whole  blood,  relationship  through  both  father  and 
mother.  See  half  blood,  aliove.- Young  blood,  young 
people  generally;  the  yoimger  members  of  a  community, 
|)arty,  etc. 


blood 

blood  (blud),  I.  ,-.  [<  hhod,  H.]  It.  To  lot 
blood  from ;  bleed  by  opening  a  vein.  •John- 
son.—  2t.  To  stiiiu  with  blood. 

Keacli  out  their  spears  afar, 
And  blood  their  points  to  prove  their  partnersliip  in  war. 

Urfidfn,  l''al)les. 

Ilenco  —  3.  To  ^ve  a  taste  of  blood  ;  inme  to 
the  sight  of  blood. 

It  Wiis  most  important  too  that  his  troops  sliould  lie 
Uoodcd.  Macaidaij,  Hist.  En;^.,  i.\. 

He  [the  deerhound]  must  be  nuule  steady  from  all 
"riot,"  and,  if  possiijle,  shoulii  he  taken  uj)  in  couples 
to  the  death  of  a  deer  once  or  twice  and  blooded,  so  Jis  to 
make  him  understand  the  nature  of  the  scent. 

Duffji  of  Great  Britain  and  America,  p.  221. 

4t.  To  heat  the  blood  of ;  e.xcite;  exasperate. 

The  auxiliary  forces  of  French  anil  English  were  much 

blooded  one  against  another.  Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

5t.  To  vietiraizp;  extract  money  from  (a  per- 
son); bliH'd.      [Slang.] 

blood-baptism  (blud'bap"tizm),  H.  A  term 
aiiplied  b.v  the  early  Christians  to  the  martyr- 
dom of  those  converts  who  had  not  been  bap- 
tized.    See  lidplism  of  hlnod,  under  baptism. 

blood-bespotted  (blud'be-spot'ed;,  a.     Spot- 
ted with  blood. 
O  blood-U'spotted  Neapolitan.       Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

blood-bolteredt  (blud'bol"t<'rd),  a.  [<  blood  + 
bolurcd,  jiji.  of  bolter,  a  rare  word:  see  bolter^.'] 
Clotted  or  clogged  with  blood. 

The  blood-bolter' d  Banquo  smiles  upon  ine. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

In  Warwickshire,  wlien  a  Iiorse,  sheep,  or  other  aiduial 
perspires  nnieh,  and  any  of  the  hair  or  wool  becomes 
matted  into  tufts  with  grime  and  sweat,  he  is  said  to  he 
Ijoltered  ;  and  whenever  the  blood  Issues  out  and  coagu- 
lates, forming  the  locks  into  hard  clotted  bunches,  the 
hea-st  i.s  said  to  be  blood-bollered. 

II.  N.  Uudmn,  note  on  Macbeth,  iv.  1, 123. 

blood-bought  (blud'bot),  a.  Bought  or  ob- 
tained at  the  expense  of  life  or  by  the  shed- 
ding of  blood,  as  in  the  crucifixion  of  Christ. 

blood-cell  (blud'sel),  II.  A  blood-eorpusele, 
espeeiall.y  an  oval  nucleated  one.     See  blood. 

In  many  Nemertina  the  blood-cells  have  a  red  colour 
(liorlasia).  Gcjenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  172. 

blood-consuming  (blud'kon-su'ming),  a.  Life- 
wastiug;  deatlilv:  as,  " blood-consuming aighs," 
.Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

blood-corpuscle  (blud'k6r"pus-l),  n.  One  of 
the  cor[iuscles  of  the  blood;  a  blood-cell  or 
V)lood-disk.     See  blood. 

blood-cups  (blud'kups),  n.  pi.  A  name  given 
to  the  diseomycetous  fungus  Pezisa  coccinca,  in 
reference  to  the  bright-red  color  of  its  cup-like 
forms,  and  also  to  some  allied  species  of  Pe::i:a. 

blood-disk  (blud'disk),  «.  A  red,  disk-shaped, 
non-nucleated  blood-corpuscle,  such  as  the 
mammalia  possess. 

blood-drier  (blud '  dri "  er),  n.  One  who  pre- 
jjares  blood  for  use  in  sugar-refining  and  for 
other  purposes. 

blood-drinking  (blud'dring"king),  a.  Drink- 
ing blood.  .SpeciBcally,  in  Sliakspere  —  (n)  Taking  in 
or  soaked  with  blood :  as,  "  this  detested,  dark,  bluod- 
driiikimj  pit,"  Tit.  And.,  ii.  3.  ((<)  Bloodthirsty:  as,  "my 
blood -drinkin(j  hate,"  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4.  (c)  Preying  on  the 
bloo<l  or  life ;  wasting :  as,  "  blood-drinking  sighs,"  2  Hen. 
VI..  iii.  2. 

blooded  (blud'ed),  a.  [<  blood,  «.,  +  -crf2.] 
1.  Of  pure  blood,  or  good  breed;  thorough- 
bred ;  derived  from  ancestors  of  good  blood ; 
having  a  good  pedigree:  said  of  horses  and 
other  stock. —  2.  Having  blood  of  a  kind  noted 
or  specified :  used  in  composition :  as,  warm- 
bloodcd  animals. — 3.  Figxu'ativel.v,  character- 
ized by  a  temper  or  state  of  mind  noted  in  the 
prefix :  used  in  composition  :  as,  a  coiA-bloodcd 
murder ;  a  hot-blooded  answer. 

blood-finch  (blud'finch),  n.  A  name  of  the 
small  linch-like  birds  of  the  genus  Lagetiosticta, 
as  L.  minima,  known  to  bird-dealers  as  the  lit- 
tle Senegal. 

blood-fine  (blud'fin),  n.     Same  as  blood-wite. 

blood-flower  (blud'flou"er),  n.  1.  The  popular 
name  of  some  of  the  red-flowered  species  of 
Biemanthiis,  a  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  natives 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. —  2.  The  name  in 
the  West  Indies  of  J.feli'jiias  Cura.isarica,  a  spe- 
cies with  crimson  flowers,  common  in  tropical 
latitudes. 

blood-frozen  (blud'fro'zn),  a.  Havingthe  blood 
frozen;  chilled.     Sjicnser.F.  Q.,  I.  ix.  25. 

blood-guiltiness  (blud'gil'ti-nes),  n.  [<  blood- 
11 1(1 1  III  +  -ncss.]  The  guilt  or  crime  of  shed- 
ding blood.     Ps.  Ii.  14. 

He  hath  confessed  both  to  tJod  and  man  the  btoodguilt- 
incins  of  all  thip  war  to  lie  upon  his  own  head. 

Milton,  Kikonoklastes,  xi.x. 
38 


593 

blood-guiltless  (blud'gilt'les),  n.  Free  from 
the  guilt  or  crime  of  shedding  blood ;  not  guilty 
of  murder.      Ilaliiolc.     [Kare.] 

blood-guilty(I)lud'gil"ti),  a.  Guilty  of  murder; 
responsible  for  the  death  of  another. 

This  blood -f/niltie  life. 
Fairfax,  tr.  of  Godfrey  of  BuUogne,  xii.  06. 

blood-heat  (blud'het),  «.  A  degree  of  heat 
('(lual  to  that  of  human  blood,  that  is,  about 
99°  F.  (though  commonly  marked  on  thermom- 
eters as  98°). 

blood-horse  (blud'hors),  n.  [<  blood,  4  (/),  -f- 
/kic.st.]  1.  A  horse  of  a  breed  derived  origi- 
nally from  a  cross  with  the  Arabian  horse, 
combining  in  a  remarkable  degree  lightness, 
strength,  swiftness,  and  endurance. —  2.  A 
blooiled  liorse. 

blood-hot  (blud'hot),  a.  As  wai-m  as  blood  at 
its  natui'al  temperature. 

bloodhound  (blud'hound),  n.  [<  ME.  blod- 
llound,  -hond  (=  D.  blocdhond  =  MLG.  blothunt 
=  G.  blutliund  =  Dan.  Sw.  blodhiind);  <  blimd 
-I-  hiiund.'i  1.  A  variety  of  dog  with  long, 
smooth,  and  pendulous  ears,  remarkable  for  the 
acuteness  of  its  smell,  and  employed  to  recover 
game  or  prey  which  has  escaped,  tracing  a 
wounded  animal  by  the  blood  it  has  spilled 
(whence  its  name),  or  by  any  other  effluvium 
or  halitus  left  on  a  trail  which  it  follows  by 
scent.  There  are  several  vaiieties  of  this  animal,  as 
the  English,  the  Cuban,  and  the  African  bloodhound. 
Bloodhounds  are  often  trained  not  only  to  the  pursuit  of 
game,  but  also  of  man,  as  of  fugitive  criminals ;  in  the 
United  States  they  were  formerly  employed  in  hunting 
fugitive  slaves. 

2.  Figuratively,  a  man  who  hunts  for  blood; 
a  relentless  persecutor. 

Wide  was  the  ruin  occasioned  by  the  indefatigable  zeal 
with  which  the  bloodhounds  of  the  tribunal  followed  up 
the  scent.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  12. 

bloodily  (blud'i-li),  adt:    In  a  bloody  manner ; 
cruelly;  with  a  disposition  to  shed  blood. 
O  proud  death ! 
What  feast  is  toward  in  thine  eternal  cell, 
That  thou  so  many  princes,  at  a  shoot. 
So  bloodily  hast  struck?  .Shak.,  Handet,  v.  2. 

bloodiness  (blud'i-nes),  H.     [<  bloody  -t-  -ncss.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  bloody. —  2.  Disposition 
to  shed  blood. 

This  bloodiness  of  Saul's  intention. 

Dclany,  Life  of  David,  i.  S. 

bloodingt  (blud'ing),  n.     A  blood-pudding. 

blood-islands (blud'i"landz),  n.pl.  hicmbnjol., 
the  isolated  red  patches  in  the  vascular  area 
of  the  embryo,  in  which  red  blood-corpuscles 
are  in  process  of  development. 

blood-leech  (blud'leeh),  H.  One  of  the  Hiru- 
dinca  which  sucks  blood,  as  the  common  medi- 
cinal leech. 

bloodless  (blud'les),  «.  [<  ME.  blodhs,  <  AS. 
btodlcus  (=  D.  blocdeloos  =  G.  hlutlos  =  Icel. 
blodhlaus  =  Sw.  Dan.  blodliis),  <  blod,  blood,  -I- 
-Icds,  -less.]  1.  Without  blood;  drained  of 
blood ;  dead  from  loss  of  blood. 
The  bloodless  carcass  of  my  Hector.         Dryden,  .^neiil. 

2.  Pale  or  colorless  from  defect  of  blood;  pal- 
lid: as,  bloodle.is  lips. —  3.  Free  from  blood- 
shed; unattended  by  blood:  as,  a  bloodless yif- 
tory;  "with  hlooillcis  stiolie," Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.5. 

Carrying  the  bloodless  conquests  of  fancy  over  regions 
laid  down  upon  no  map. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  243. 

4.  Without  spirit  or  energy. 

Thou  blooillcss,  brainless  fool. 

Fletcher,  Double  .Marriage. 

5.  Cold-hearted:  as,  bloodless  charity  or  cere- 
mony. 

bloodlessness  (blud'les-nes),  H.  [<  bloodless 
■¥  -ness.']  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
without  blood,  or  of  being  deficient  in  blood ; 
anemia. 

If  a  man  were  placed  on  a  revolving  table,  with  his  feet 
toward  the  centre,  the  blood  in  his  hotly  would  be  urged 
towards  his  head  ;  and  this  has  actually  been  proposed  as 
treatment  in  bloodlesttncss  of  the  brani. 

A,  Daniell,  Trin.  of  Physics,  p.  143. 

bloodlet  (blud '  let),  )'.  (.  [<  ME.  blodleteu,  < 
AS.  blodleetan  {of.  leel.  blodhldtinn,  pp.),  <  blod. 
blood,  -I-  hvta»,\pt:  see  /e?l.]  To  bleed;  let 
blodd;  i)hlebotomize.     [Rare.] 

bloodletter  (blud'lef'^r),  «.  [<ME.  blodletter, 
-hiei;  <  AS.  blOdlwtcre,  <  blodlwtan,  bloodlet.] 
One  who  lets  blood,  as  in  diseases  ;  a  phlebot- 
omist. 

bloodletting  (blu<l'let"ing),  n.  [<  ME.  blnd- 
Ictinij,  -litiuKje,  <  blodleten,  bloodlet.  Cf.  G.  blnt- 
lassen,  blooilletting.]  In  mcd.,  the  act  of  letting 
blood  or  bleeding  by  opening  a  vein,  as  a  reme- 
dial measure  in  the  treatment  of  disease  ;  phle- 
botomy. 


bloodshedding 

blood-mare  (bluil'mar),  «.     A  mare  of  blooded 

breeil ;  a  female  blood-horse. 
blood-money  (blud'mun"i),  n.    Money  paid  as 

the  price  of  blood.  («)  Compensation  or  reward  for 
tiriitging  aiiout  theileath  of  another,  either  by  liringing  a 
capital  charge  against  him  or  by  giving  sucli  testinmny 
as  will  lead  to  conviction,  (tj)  Compensation  formerlj, 
and  still  in  s(une  non-Christian  countries,  paid  to  the  next 
of  kin  for  the  killing  of  a  relative. 

blood-pheasant  (blud'fez"ant),  «.  A  bird  of 
till'  genus  Ithai/inis  (wliich  see). 

blood-plaque  (blud'plak),  n.  Same  as  blood- 
jiliiti. 

blood-plate  (blud'plat),  w.  One  of  the  minute 
diseoidal  bodies  found  in  large  numbers  in  the 
blood  of  mammals.  They  are  from  one  fourth  to  one 
half  the  size  of  the  red  coi-puscles.  and  are  many  times  more 
numerous  than  the  white  corpuscles.  See  blood  and  blood- 
cttrpnscle.  Also  calleil  hematoblasts  of  llaijein,  and  cor- 
jmsclex  or  etfoientary  jKtrtieles  of  Zinunerniann. 

blood-poisoning   (blud'poi 'zn-ing),    n.      See 

loxfnitit. 
blood-pudding  (bind' pud *ing),  «.     Same  as 

liliich'-itiiildiiif/. 

blood-red  (blud'red),  a.     [<  ME.  blodndc,  <  AS. 

bloilrcdd  (=  I),  blnedroinl  =  G.  bliitrolh  =  Icel. 

blodhraudhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  blodriid),  <  blod,  blood, 

+  rerfrf,  red.]     Blood-colored;  red  with  blood. 

He  wrajiped  his  colours  round  his  breast, 

(In  a  Idood-red  Held  of  Spain.  Ilemawi. 

Blood-red  hand,  in  her.,  the  badi/e  of  Ulster.    See  badgei 

and  baroni't. 
The  event  which  was  to  place  the  blood-red  haiui  of  the 

Newcome  baronetcy  on  his  own  brougham. 

Thackeray,  Xewcoraes. 

Blood-red  heat,  the  degree  of  heat,  shown  by  the  color, 

required  to  reduce  the  protuberances  on  coarse  iron  by  the 

lianuuer,  after  it  has  lieen  brought  to  its  shape,  to  prepare 

it  for  tiling.    Small  pieces  of  iron  are  often  brought  to  this 

heat  preparatory  to  punching. 
blood-relation   (blud're-la"shon),  n.    One  re- 

hited  Vj.v  blood  or  descent ;  a  kinsman. 
blood-relationship    (blud're-la'shon-ship),   «. 

Consanguinity ;  kinship. 

The  hypothesis  of  ditfering  gradations  of  blood-relation- 
ship. Clans,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  157. 

bloodroot  (blud'riit),  «.  1.  The  tonnentil  (Po- 
tentilla  TormentiUa)  of  Europe  and  northern 
Asia:  named  from  the  color  of  its  root,  which 
is  rich  in  a  red  coloring 
matter.  It  is  also  rich  in 
tannin,  and  has  been  used 
as  an  astringent. —  2.  The 
common  name  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  of  a  papavera- 
ceous herb,  Sanyninaria 
Canadensis,  one  of  the  earli- 
est spring  flowers.  Its  tleshy 
roots  yield  a  dark-red  juice,  are 
bitter  and  acrid,  and  contain  a 
peculiar  alkaloid,  sauguiuai'in. 
It  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  stimu- 
lant, expectorant,  and  emetic. 

blood-sacrifice  (blud'sak''- 

ri-fis),  n.   A  sacrifice  made 

with    shedding  of   blood; 

the   sacrifice  of    a    living 

being. 

Cannot  my  body,  nor  blood-sacri- 
fice. 

Entreat  you  to  your  wonted  fur-     Btoodroot  ISnneuinaria 
therance?  Caitadtfists). 

.^hak..  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 

blood-shakent  (blud'sha'kn),  a.  Having  the 
blood  set  in  commotion.     B.  Jon.fon. 

bloodshed  (blud'shed),  n.  [Due  partly  to 
bloodsheildini/,  and  partly  to  the  phrase  blood 
shed  as  tised  in  sucn  sentences  as  "I  feared 
there  would  be  blood  slied,"  "there  was  much 
blood  .shed,"  etc.,  where  shed  is  the  pp.  agreeing 
with  i/oorf.  See  blood  and  shed^.]  1.  The  shed- 
ding or  spilling  of  blood ;  slaughter ;  destruc- 
tion of  life:  as,  "deadly  bloodshed,"  Hhak.,  K. 
John,  V.  3. 

In  my  view  of  the  present  aspect  of  affairs,  there  need 
l)e  no  b'lotidshed  or  war.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  105. 

2t.  The  shedding  of  one's  own  blood:  specifi- 
cally, the  death  of  Christ.— 3t.  A  bloodshot 
condition  or  appearance ;  an  effusion  of  blood 
in  the  eye. 

bloodshedder  (blud '  shed '  ^r),  «.  One  who 
sheds  blood ;  a  mm-derer.     [Rare.] 

He  that  defraudeth  the  laborer  of  his  hire  is  a  blood- 
shedder. Ecclus.  xx-xiv.  22. 

bloodshedding  (blud '  shed '  ing),  n.  [<  ME. 
blodtshedi/niir,  <  blod  +  shedi/nije.  shedding.] 
1.  The  shedding  of  blood;  the  crime  of  shed- 
ding blood  or  taking  human  Ufe. 

In  feight  and  blodeshedynyes 
Vs  used  gladly  clarionynges. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame: 


bloodshedding 

These  Imnds  are  free  from  guiltless  blomMuiltUng. 

Shak.,  2  11.11.  VI.,  iv.  7. 

2t.  Tlic  act  of  shedding  one's  own  blood. 
bloodshot  (blud'sliot),   a.      Red  and  inflamed 
by  a  turgid  state  of  the  blood-vessels,  as  in  cer- 
tain weak  or  excited  states :  said  of  the  eye. 

Kt'tiriiiK  late,  at  early  hour  to  rise, 

With  shruuken  features,  anil  with  hlnodshot  eyes. 

CrablK,  Works,  V.  21. 

bloodshottent   ( bind' shot ■'n),  a.    Bloodshot. 

.lolnisnii. 
bloodshottemiesst  (bhid'shof'n-nes),  n.     The 
state  of  beinfj  bloodshot. 

The  iiieiuies  of  the  church's  peace  could  vex  the  eyes 
of  the  poor  people  ...  to  bloodifhotteniugs  and  fury. 

/.  Walton,  Life  of  Hooker. 

blood-sized  (lilud'sizd),  «.     Sized  or  stiffened 

with  blood:  as.  ''the  hl(iod-si:cd  field,"  Fletcher 

(ii)iil  (iiiotlier),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen.     [Rare.] 
blood-spavin  (blud'spav'in),  n.    A  dilatation 

of  the  vein  that  runs  along  the  inside  of  the 

hoek  of  a  horse,  forming  a  soft  swelling. 
blood-spiller  (blud'spil  er),  n.     One  who  spills 

or  sheds  blood;  a  bloodshedder.   Quarterly  Ilci: 

[Kare.] 
blood-spilling    (blnd'spil"ing),    n.       [<    ME. 

blodeiijii/llinii ;  <  bhiod  +  spiUiiit/.}     The  act  of 

spilling   or    shedding   blood;    bloodshedding. 

[h'are.] 
blood-stain  (blud'stan),  n.     A  spot  or  trace  of 

blcHiil. 
bloodstain  (blud'stan),  v.  t.     [<  blood-stfiin,  n. ; 

but  due  rather  to  b}ood-stained.'\    To  stain  with 

blniid.     Bijron.     [Rare.] 
blood-stained  (blud'stand),  a.     Stained  with 

blood;  guilty  of  bloodshed  or  slaughter. 

The  beast  of  prey,  hlood-staiii'd,  deserves  to  bleed. 

Thonmon,  Sjiring,  1.  35S. 

blood-stanch  (blud'stanch),  «.  One  of  the 
various  names  given  to  the  common  fleabane, 
Erigeron  Canade)ms,  from  its  use  in  an-esting 
hemorrhages. 

blood-stick  (blud'stik),  m.  a  stick  weighted  at 
one  end  with  lead,  used  for  striking  the  fleam, 
or  veterinary  lancet,  into  a  vein. 

bloodstone  (blud'ston),  n.  [<  blood  +  stone; 
=  D.  blucdatien  =  G.  blutstein  =  Dan.  Sw.  blod- 
steii.']  1.  A  variety  of  hematite,  having  a  finely 
fibrous  structure  and  a  reniform  surface.  The 
color  varies  from  dark  steel-gray  tn  blo-nl-rtd.  It  was 
extensively  employed  in  ancient  times,  iiuinynf  the  Baby- 
lonian ami  Ejryptian  intaglios  being  in  tliis  I'liaterial ;  now 
it  is  much  less  used,  except  for  signet-riugs,  and  as  a  polish 
for  otlier  stones  and  metals. 

2.  A  variety  of  quartz  having  a  greenish  base, 
with  small  spots  of  red  jasper,  looking  like 
drops  of  blood,  scattered  through  it.  This  kind 
of  bloodstone  is  also  called  heliotrope. 

blood-stranget,  «.  [A  eompoimd  having  no  ob- 
vious meaning,  as  to  its  second  element,  in  E., 
and  hence  (being  appar.  only  a  book-name) 
prob.  an  adaptation  of  some  foreign  name,  per- 
haps of  an  imreeorded  G.  'bliitstrcnge,  <  bliit, 
=  E.  blood,  +  gfrenge,  tightness,  strictness,  < 
streng,  tight,  strict,  strong,  =  E.  .strong:  see 
strong  and  string.  The  name  would  have  refer- 
ence to  the  (supposed)  styptic  ijualities  of  the 
plant.  SeeN.  E.  D.]  The'mousetail,  il///o*'Mrits 
minimus. 

blood-stroke  (blud'strok),  «.  Apoplexy  from 
enceidialic  hemorrhage  or  congestion. 

bloodsucker  (blud'suk"er),  H.  [<  ME.  blood- 
soidrre  =  D.  blood::uiger  =  MHG.  bluntsiigcr  = 
Dan.  htodsiiger  =  fi-w.  blodsugare ;  <  blood  + 
sticker.']  1.  Any  animal  that  sucks  blood,  as  a 
leech,  a  mosquito,  etc.— 2.  A  name  of  a  com- 
mon agamoid  East  Indian  lizard,  Culotes  versi- 
color, perhaps  so  called  from  the  reddish  hue 
of  the   throat,  as  it  does  not  suck  blood.— 

3.  A  cruel  or  bloodthirsty  man;  hence,  one 
who  sucks  the  blood  of  or  preys  upon  another ; 
an  extortioner ;  a  sponger. 

Ood  keep  the  prince  from  all  the  pack  of  you ! 
A  knot  you  are  of  damued  bloodguekerg. 

Shak.,  lUch.  III.,  iii.  3. 
Thou  art  a  villain  and  a  foi-ger, 
A  btvod-itucker  of  iimoceuce,  an  hypocrite 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  i.  3. 

blood-sucking  (blud'suk"ing),  a.     Sucking  or 

drawing  blood ;  jireying  on  the  blood :  as, '  •  blood- 

.•iuH-ing  sighs,"  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  4. 

blood-swelling  (blud'swel"ing),  n.     Same  as 

lieinnttici'lr. 

blood-swollen  (blud'swoln),  a.  Swelled  or  suf- 
fused witli  blood:  as,  "their  blood-sicolii  eves," 
May,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  vi. 

bloodthirstiness  (blud'thers"ti-nes),  n.  [< 
hloodlhir.'<tii  +  -ness.]  Thirst  for  blood;  a  pro- 
pensity for  shedding  blood;  a  desire  to  slay. 


594 

He  governed  with  a  cruelty  and  bUmdlhirHlintttK  that 
have  obtained  for  him  the  name  of  the  northern  Nero. 

liroutjham. 

bloodthirsty  (blud'th6rs"ti),  a.  [<  blond  + 
thir.sti/:  =  D.  lilorddorstig  =  G.  hlutdurstig  =  T>au. 
Sw.  iilodtorstig.]  Eager  to  shed  blood;  mur- 
derous: as,  "his  bloodthirstie  blade,"  Spenser, 
V.  Q..  I.  viii.  16;  "bloodthirsty  lord,"  Shak.,  1 
Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 

Even  the  most  bloodthirnt it  mi tustvr^  may  have  asincere 
partiality  for  their  own  beloiiLrim,'s,  paramour  or  friend  or 
child.  //.  iV.  Ojciitliuiii,  .short  .Studies,  p.  60. 

blood-tree  (blud'tre),  «.  In  the  West  Indies,  a 
native  arborescent  species  of  Croton,  C.  gossypi- 
f<jlin.<:,  which  yields  a  kind  of  kino  sometimes 
called  dragon's-blood. 

blood-vascular  (blud'vas"ku-lar),  a.  Vascular 
with  blood-vessels ;  permeated  with  Ijlood-ves- 
,sels;  pertaining  to  the  circulation  of  blood. — 
Blood-vascular  gland.  See  ;/'«"'/. -Blood-vascular 
system,  tin-  systiin  of  blonil-vessi-ls  ;  the  liirnhitniy  sys- 
tem "f  \css<.ls  II 'iitaining  blood:  distinguished  from  irutey- 
rasi^itliir  .s//.s7f'/;i. 

blood-vessel  (blud'ves"el),  n.  Any  vessel  in 
which  blood  circulates  in  an  animal  body, 
whether  artery,  vein,  or  capillary. 

blood-warm  (blud'warm),  a.  Warm  as  blood; 
lukewarm. 

blood-warmed  (blud'warmd),  a.  Having  one's 
blood  warmed  by  excitement,  as  by  a  bloody 
contest.     [Rare.] 

He  meets  the  blood-wanned  soldier  in  his  mail. 

J.  Baillie. 

blood-witet  (blud'wit),  «.  [<  ME.  blodwite,  < 
AS.  blodwite,  <  blod,  blood,  +  witr,  fine,  pen- 
alty: see  blood  and  wite.  Used  only  histori- 
cally; sometimes  improp.  bloodwit.']  In  anc. 
lair :  {a)  A  wite,  fine,  or  amercement  paid  as  a 
composition  for  the  shedding  of  blood. 

The  bloodwite,  or  compensation  in  money  for  personal 
wrong,  was  the  first  effort  of  the  tribe  as  a  whole  to  regu- 
late priv.ate  revenge. 

Quoted  in  H.  O.  Forbes's  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  474. 

(ft)  The  right  to  such  compensation,    (c)  A  riot 
in  which  blood  was  shed. 

bloodwood  (blud'wiid),  n.  1.  A  name  given  to 
logwood,  from  its  color. — 2.  In  Jamaica,  a  tree 
of  the  natural  order  Ternstroentiacea;  Luplacea 
hwmutoxylon,  with  dark-red  wood. —  3.  In  Aus- 
tralia, a  name  of  species  of  Eucalyptus,  espe- 
cially E.  corymbosa,  yielding  the  Australian 
kino. — 4.  A  large  timber-tree  of  India,  Lager- 
strce.mia  Flos-Iiegina:,  natural  order  Zythracew, 
with  soft  but  durable  blood-red  wood,  which  is 
largely  used  for  boat-building  and  ship-knees. 
Also  called  jarool-tree. 

blood-worm  (blud'werm),  n.  The  active  blood- 
colored  or  scarlet  larva  of  the  species  of  Chi- 
ronomus,  found  in  the  rain-water  of  tanks  and 
cisterns. 

bloodwort  (blud'wert),  n.  [<  ME.  blodwurt, 
blodwerte  (applied  to  several  plants),  <  AS. 
*blod-uyrt  (=  Sw.  blodort).  <  blod,  blood,  -I- 
wyrt,  wort.]  A  name  applied  to  various  plants, 
as  («)  the  bloody  .dock,  Ilumcx  sanguineus,  a  spe- 
cies of  dock  with  the  stem  and  veins  of  the 
leaves  of  a  blood-red  color;  (6)  the  dwarf  elder, 
Sambucus  Ebulu-s ;  (c)  in  the  United  States,  the 
Micracium  renosum,  the  leaves  of  which  are 
veined  ^^•ith  red. 

bloody  (bhid'i),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  liloudy ; 
<  ME.  blody,  hludy,  blodi,  etc.,  <  AS.  blodig  (= 
OS.  blodag  =  OFries.  blodich  =  D.  bloediq  = 
OHG.  bluotac,  MHG.  bluotec,  G.  hlutig  =  Icel. 
blodhigr=:  Sw.  Dan.  blodig),  <  bloil,  blood:  see 
blood  and  -^1.]  1.  Of,  of  the  natm-e  of,  or  per- 
taining to  blood;  containing  or  composed  of 
blood :  as,  a  bloody  stream  ;  ' '  bloody  drops, " 
Shak,,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5. —  2t.  Existing  in 
the  blood. 

Lust  is  but  a  bloody  Are.   Shak. ,  M.  W.  of  W. ,  v.  6  (song). 

3.    Stained  with  blood;    exhibiting  signs   or 

traces  of  blood:  as,  a  bloody  knife. — 4.  Of  the 

color  of  blood ;  blood-red. 

Vuwind  yoiu'  bloody  flag.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2. 

5.  Cruel;  murderous;  given  to  the  shedding  of 
blood,  or  hartng  a  cruel,  savage  disposition. 

The  boar,  that  bloody  beast. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  9i>9. 

He  was  a  bloudye  man,  and  regarded  not  the  life  of  her 

subjectes  noe  more  then  dogges.  Spen.vr,  .State  of  Ireland. 

6.  Attended  with  or  committing  bloodshed; 
marked  liy  cruelty:  as,  a  bloody  battle. 

This  Ireton  was  a  stout  rebell,  and  had  ben  very  bloudy 
to  tlie  Kings  party.  Ewlyn,  Diary,  March'  li,  ItiSi 

7.  Concerned  with  or  portending  bloodshed; 
sanguinary. 

>o  magicke  arts  hereof  had  any  might. 
Nor  bloody  wordes  of  bold  Knehauntcrs  call. 

Speiuer,  i',  Q.,  I.  vil.  35. 


bloom 

8.  In  low  language :  (n)  Excessive;  atrocious; 
heinous:  as,  he's  a  bloody  fool,  or  a  bloody  ras- 
cal. (6)  Used  as  an  intensive  expletive,  espe- 
cially in  negative  expressions :  as,  there  wasn't 

a  bloody  soul  there.     Bloody  bill.    Sa a«  fom- 

hill  (wliiih  see,  uiiiiiT /ore,'}.  Bloody  bread,  blood  on 
bread,  blood  of  the  host,  an  appeaiame  resemliling 
drops  of  blood  whieli  sometimes  occurs  ujioii  bread  and 
other  starchy  suijstances.  The  red  pigment  is  a  product 
of  either  of  two  microscopic  fungi  growing  in  tiie  sub- 
stance discolored.  One  of  them  is  .Vieroenreu.^  i'n,di,jio)tim, 
belonging  to  the  bacteria,  and  the  other  .So.rluiromycen 
ylutinutt,  one  of  the  yeast  fungi.— Bloody  Chasm.  See 
e/ia«m.  — Bloody  flux,  dysentery.— Bloody  hand,  (a)  A 
hand  stained  with  the  blood  of  a  deer,  «liirli.  in  the  old 
forest  laws  of  England,  was  suthcient  eviiicmc  id  a  man's 
trespass  against  venison  in  the  fnrest.  {b)  Same  .as  bad'je 
o/Ulxter.  See  ftodsrei.— Bloody  murrain.  .sanieas»r/Hij>. 
tojnatic  anthrax  (which  si-e.  under  aii(/irax).  — Bloody 
Shirt.  See  shirt.—  Bloody  statute,  a  name  by  w  Inch  the 
English  statute  of  1539,  the  Act  of  the  Six  .\rticles,  is 
siimetimes  referred  to.  See  the  Six  Articles,  under  article. 
=  Syn.  6.  i^i:e  sanguinary. 
bloody  (blud'i),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bloodied, 
ppr.  bloodying.  [<  bloody,  a.  Cf.  AS.  geblodc- 
gian  (=  OHG.  hluotagdn,  bluotegon),  <  blodig, 
bloody.]     To  stain  'with  blood. 

With  my  own  wounds  I'll  bloody  my  own  sword. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Pliilaster,  iv.  4. 

bloody  (blud'i),  «f7(!.  [<  bloody,  a.]  Very;  ex- 
ceedingly; desperately:  as,  ''bloody  drunk," 
Dryden,  Prol.  to  Southeme's  Disappointment. 
[Vulgar.] 

"Are  you  not  sick,  my  dear?"  .  .  .  "BModv  sick." 

Swift,  Poisoning  of  Curll. 

bloody-bones  (blud'i-bonz),  n.  A  nursery 
name  of  a  bugbear. 

Why  does  the  Nurse  tell  the  Child  of  Raw-head  and 
Bloudy-bones,  to  keep  it  in  awe  ?   Selden,  Table-TaUt,  p.  99. 
Are  you  Milan's  general,  that 
Great  bugbear  Bloody-bones,  at  whose  very  name 
All  women,  from  the  lady  to  the  laundress, 
Shake  like  a  cold  fit? 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  iii.  1. 

bloody-eyed  (blud'i-id),  a.     Having  bloody  or 

cruel  eyes.     Lord  Brooke. 
bloody-faced  (blud'i-fast),  a.    HaWng  a  bloody 

face  or  appearance.     Shak. 
bloody-fluxed    (blud'i-tiukst),  o.      Having  a 

bloody  flux;  afflicted  with  dysentery. 

The  bloody-Jluxed  woman  fingered  hut  the  hem  of  his 
garment.  Bp.  Hall,  Kemains,  p.  90. 

bloody-man's-finger  (blud'i-manz-fing'g^r), «. 
The  cuckoo-pint,  Arum  niaculatum :  so  called 
from  its  lurid  purple  spadix  or  flower-spike. 
See  cut  under  Arum. 

bloody-minded  (blud'i-min'ded),  a.  Ha^-ing 
a  cruel,  ferocious  disposition;  barbarous;  in- 
clined to  shed  blood. 

she  is  bloody-minded. 
And  turns  the  justice  of  the  law  to  rigour. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 

bloody-nose  beetle.    See  beetle^. 
bloody-red  (blud'i-red),  a.    Red  with  or  as  'with 
blood;  blood-red. 

Housing  and  saddle  bloody-red. 
Lord  Marmion's  steed  rus'h'd  by. 

Sett,  ^iarmion,  vi.  27. 

bloody-sceptered,   bloody-sceptred  (blud'i- 
sep'terd),   a.     Having  a  scepter  obtained  by  ' 
blood  or  slaughter.     [Rare.] 
An  untitled  tyrant,  bloody-se^ptrd.  .Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 

bloody-warrior  (blud'i-wor'i-er),  «.  A  dark- 
colored  variety  of  the  wall-flower,  Chciranthus 
Cheiri. 

blooml  (bliim),  )(.  [=  Sc.  blumc;  early  mod.  E. 
bloonie,  blonie,  bloume ;  <  ME.  blom,  blomc,  <  AS. 
"bloma,  a  blossom  (not  found  in  this  sense,  for 
which  reg.  Most  ma,  blostm  (see  blossom),  but 
prob.  the  original  of  which  bloma,  a  mass  of 
irou(>E.  6/oo«i2)^  is  a  deflected  sense:  the  ME. 
may  be  in  part  from  the  Scand. )  (=  O.S.  blomo  = 
late  OFries.  blwm,  blam,  NFries.  blomme  =  MD. 
bloeme,  D.  bloem,  f.,  =  MLG.  blome  =  OHG. 
bluomo,  m.,  blnoma.  f.,  MHG.  bluome,  m.,f.,  G. 
blumc,  f.,  =  Icel.  blonii,  m.,  blom,  neut.,  =  Norw. 
blom  =  Sw.  blomnia,  f .,  =  Dan.  blomme  =  Goth. 
bloma,  m.,  a  flower),  with  fonnative  -m  (orig. 
"-man),  <  blowan,  etc.,  E.  blow'-,  bloom,  whence 
also  bled,  bleed,  >  ME.  blede  (=  MLG.  blOt  =  OHG. 
MHG.  bluot,  MHG.  pi.  bliiete,  G.  bliitf),  a  flower, 
blossom,  fruit,  and  AS.  blostjna,  blostm,  >  E. 
blos.fom,  and  perhaps  AS.  blOd,  E.  blood;  also 
from  the  same  ult.  root,  L.  flos  {Jlor-),  >  ult.  E. 
flower,  flour :  see  these  words.]  1.  A  blossom; 
the  flower  of  a  plant,  especially  of  an  orna- 
mental plant ;  an  expanded  bud. 

While  opening  blooms  diffuse  their  sweets  around. 

PoiK,  .Spring,  1.  100. 
Now  sleeps  the  humming-bird,  that,  in  the  sun, 
W'audered  from  bloom  to  bloom.     Bryant,  May  Evening, 


bloom 

2.  The  state  of  blossominK;  tlio  opening  of 
(lowiM's  in  general;  Howers  eoUectivoly:  as,  the 
j)laiit  is  in  bloom,  or  covered  with  bloom. 

Aiicit'nt  pt'ar-ti-ft'S  tlmt  with  spt'ing-tinic  burst 
Into  sufh  breadth  o(  btoom. 

lirijanf,  Anions  the  Trees. 

3.  A  state  of  health  and  growth  promising 
higher  perfection;  a  nourishing  condition;  a 
palmy  time:  as,  the  bloom  of  youth. 

He  biok'd,  aiul  saw  a  creature  lieavenly  fair, 
hi  bloom  of  youtli,  ami  of  a  eliarniiii};  air. 

Drijdeii,  Wife  (if  liatll,  1.  W.n. 
In  our  sad  world's  best  bloom.       Ti-nni/mn,  The  Brook. 

4.  The  rosy  hue  on  the  cheek  indicative  of 
youth  and  liealth;  a  glow;  a  flush. 

Anil  saeh  a  lovely  bloom, 
Disdaining  alt  adulterated  aids  of  art, 
Kept  a  perpetual  spring  upon  her  face. 

.>/«xft-(/(.'/('r,  t'nnatural  Combat,  ii.  3. 

5.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  minerals  having 
a  bright  color :  as.  the  rose-red  cobalt  bloom,  or 
er.rthrite,  etc. — 6.  A  powdery  deposit  or  coat- 
ing of  various  kinds,  (n)  The  delieate,  powdery, 
waxy  coating  upon  certain  fruits,  as  grapes,  plums,  etc., 
and  leaves,  as  of  the  cabbage. 

The  finest  <iualities  of  our  nature,  like  the  bloom  on 
fruits,  can  be  preserved  only  by  the  most  delicate  han- 
dling. Thorcau,  Walden,  p.  0. 
(b)  The  powdery  appearance  on  coins,  medals,  and  the 
like,  when  newly  struck,  (c)  In  palntiiui,  a  cloudy  ap- 
pearance on  the  surface  of  varnish.  ((/)  The  yellowish 
lawn-eolored  deposit  from  the  tanning-li<iuor  on  the  sur- 
face of  leather,  and  penetrating  it  to  a  slight  depth. 

In  tanning  it  [rock  chestnut-oak  bark]  is  used  unmixed, 
and  gives  a  beautiful  bloom.     C.  T.  Darts,  Leather,  p.  lilt. 

7.  A  tine  variety  of  raisin. 

These  raisins  [dried  on  the  vines]  are  nmscatels  or 
blooms.  lire,  Diet.,  III.  092. 

blooml  (blom),  1'.  [<  ME.  blomcn  (=  IVILG. 
bloiHi'ii  =  Norw.  bloma,  bliimu),  bloom ;  from  the 
noun.]  I.  iiitroii.':.  1.  To  produce  or  yield  blos- 
soms; flower,  literally  or  figuratively. 

The  first  time  a  tree  bloometh.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

The  Lotos  blooms  below  the  barren  peak. 

Teyiuiison,  Chorie  Song,  viii. 

2.  To  glow  with  a  warm  color. —  3.  To  be  in  a 
state  of  healthful  beauty  and  vigor;  show  the 
beauty  of  youth ;  flourish ;  glow. 

Hearts  are  warm"d  and  faces  bloom. 

Tennyxoit,  In  Memoriam,  Epil. 
A  better  country  blooms  to  view. 
Beneath  a  brighter  sky.  Logan,  A  Tale. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  put  forth,  as  blossoms. 

Behold,  the  rod  of  Aaron  .  .  .  bloomed  blossoms,  and 
yielded  almonds.  Num.  xvii.  8. 

2.  To  impart  a  bloom  to;  invest  with  luster  or 
, beauty. 

Rites  and  customs,  now  superstitious,  when  .  .  .  chari- 
table affection  bloomed  them,  no  man  could  justly  have 
comleinned  as  evil.  Hooker,  Eccles.  I'ol. 

bloom"  (blom),  II.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  but  in 
late  AS. ;  <  AS.  bloma,  a  bloom  of  metal  (glossed 
iiia.s.sa  or  metallum  ;  cf.  hloiiia  otiitlie  ddh,  'bloom 
or  dough '  (of  metal) ;  hems  bloma,  a  bloom  of 
iron;  (jolil-liloma,  lit.  'gold-bloom,' applied  once 
(as  elsewhere  iiiihl-hord,  'gold-hoard,'  'trea- 
sure') ligurativcly  to  Christ  as  incarnated); 
not  found  in  other  languages  in  this  sense, 
and  prob.  a  particular  use  of  "bloma,  a  flower, 
which  is  not  found  in  AS.  in  that  sense :  see 
blooiiA.  The  reference  may  have  been  to  the 
glowing  mass  of  metal  as  taken  from  the  fur- 
nace; tjut  this  sense  as  recorded  is  only  re- 
cent.] A  roughly  prepared  mass  of  iron,  nearly 
square  in  section,  and  short  in  proportion  to 
its  tiiickness,  intended  to  be  drawn  out  under 
the  hammer  or  between  the  rolls  into  bars. 
Some  blooms  are  nuide  directly  from  the  ore  in  bloom- 
eries,  but  most  of  them  by  shingling  the  jiuddled  balls 
from  the  puddling-furnace.  See  bloomery,  bloominij.mill, 
fioif''.  and  I'uddlr,  c. 

bloomary,  ".    See  bloomcnj. 

bloomed  (Womd)!  «•     Covered  with  blooms  or 

blossoms. 
bloomer^  (blo'm^r),  n.     [<  bloom'^,  v.,  +  -cri.] 

A  plant  which  blooms. 

This  "  lilv  "  of  Scripture  IXymphiea  lottui]  was  a  prolific 

Hoojnrr.     '  .V.  ami  (j.,  7th  ser..  III.  ii. 

bloomer-  (blo'mer),  a.  and  «.  [After  Mrs. 
liloomcr :  see  def.]  I.  o.  Having  the  charac- 
ter of  the  style  of  female  dress  introduced  by 
Mrs.  Bloomer  of  New  York  in  1849-50:  as,  a 
bloomer  costume ;  a  bloomer  hat. 

II.  II.  1.  A  dress  or  costume  for  women, 
the  distinctive  features  of  which  are  a  short 
skirt,  loose  trousers  buttoned  romid  the  ankle. 
and  a  broad-brimmed,  low-crowned  hat.  Spe- 
cifically—  2.  A  bloomer  hat.  —  3.  ;>/.  Thearti- 
cles  composing  a  bloomercostume;  specifically, 


the  loose  trousers,  now  commonly  buttoned  be- 
low the  knee. — 4.   A  woman  who  wears  them. 

bloomerism  (blii'mc'r-izm),  n.  [<  bloomcr~  + 
-ism.']  The  wearing  oradojition  of  a  dress  sim- 
ilar to  that  recommended  liy  Mrs.  Bloomer. 
See  blnomir",  11.,  1.  * 

bloomer-pit  (blii'mer-pit),  II.  A  tan-pit  in  which 
hides  are  placed  to  be  acted  upon  by  strong 
ooze,  a  process  which  produces  a  bloom  upon 
the  skin. 

bloomery  (blii'mer-i),  V. ;  pi.  blooiiirries  (-iz). 
[Ijcss  prop,  bloomary,  blomanj,  early  mo<l.  E. 
blomarie ;  <  bUioiifi  +  -ert/.']  An  establishment 
in  which  wrought-iron  is  made  by  the  direct 
process,  that  is,  from  the  ore  directly,  or  ^vith- 
out  having  been  first  produced  in  the  form  of 
cast-iron.  The  direct  process  was  the  original  one  l>y 
which  wrouglit-iron  was  made  wherever  that  metal  was 
employed,  and  is  still  in  use  anmng  nations  uhcre  ni'>.b-rn 
metalhu-gical  methods  are  not  yet  introduced,  especially 
in  hurnia,  B<inico,  and  Africa;  it  isals<ienipl"yrd,tlinugh 
toa  verylimifrd  extent,  in  l".urojie  and  in  the  I  nited  states, 
esjiecially  in  tlie  rbaniplain  district  of  New  \Mrk.  The 
ii'HiL  made  in  bloomcrics  j.s  iilitaineil  in  the  form  of  blooms 
(see  hlo„n,-).     Als.i  callc.l  bbn-l,-/urnace. 

bloom-hook  (blijm'luik),  «.  A  tool  for  han- 
dling metal  blooms.     Also  called  bloom-toiiijs. 

blooming!  (blii'ming),  II.  [Verbal  n.  of  bloom^, 
r.]  1.  A  clouded  or  smoked  appearance  on  the 
surface  of  varnish;  bloom. — 2.  In  dijeiiiij,  the 
addition  of  an  agent,  usually  stannous  clilorid, 
to  the  dye-bath,  toward  the  end  of  the  operation, 
for  the  purjjose  of  rendering  the  color  lighter 
and  brighter.     Also  called  briiilitciiinii. 

bloomingl  (blo'ming),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  blooiiA,  v.] 

1.  Blossoming;  flowering;  showing  blooms. 

And,  ere  one  flowery  season  fades  and  dies. 
Designs  the  bloomimj  wonders  of  the  next. 

Coicper,  Task,  vi.  197. 
Now  M.iy  with  life  and  music 
The  blooming  valley  fills. 

Bryant,  The  Serenade. 

2.  Glowing  as  with  youthful  vigor ;  showing 
the  freshness  and  beauty  of  youth. 

The  lovely  Thais,  by  his  side. 
Sate  like  a  bloomimj  Eastern  bride. 

DryiUn,  Alexander's  Feast,  1.  10. 

3.  Flourishing;  showing  high  or  the  highest 
perfection  or  prosperity. 

The  modern  [arabesque]  rose  again  in  the  blooming 
period  of  modern  art.  Fairholt,  Diet,  of  Art,  p.  37. 

4.  Great ;  full-blown  ;  '  blessed,'  '  blamed,' 
'darned,'  etc.:  as,  he  talked  like  a  blooming 
idiot.     [Slang.] 

blooming-  (blo'ming),  n.  [<  bloom^  +  -'"!/l-] 
In  inilal.,  same  as  shiniiliiig. 

bloomingly  (bl6'ming-li),  adv.  In  a  blooming 
manner. 

blooming-mill  (blo'ming-mil),  «.  A  mill  in 
which  puddled  balls  of  iron  are  squeezed,  roll- 
ed, or  liammered  into  blooms  or  rough  bars, 
and  thus  prepared  for  further  treatment  in  the 
rolling-mill  proper. 

bloomingness  (blo'ming-nes),  «.  The  state  of 
being  blooming ;  a  blooming  condition. 

blooming-sally  (blo'mLng-sal'''i),  n.  The  wil- 
low-herb, Epilobium  aiigmtifolium. 

bloomless  (blom'les),  a.  [<  blooiiiT-  +  -less;  = 
Norw.  blomlaii.i.]  Having  no  bloom  or  blossom. 

bloom-tongs  (blom'tongz),  «.  pi.  Same  as 
bItiiHll-hooli. 

bloomy  (blo'mi),  a.  [=  D.  bloemig  =  G.  bliimig 
=  Sw.  blommig;  <  bloom^  +  -y^.]  1.  Full  of 
bloom  or  blossoms ;  flowery. 

We  wandered  up  the  bloomit  land. 
To  talk  with  shepherds  on  the  lea. 

Bnjant,  Day-Dream. 

2.  Ha\'ing  a  bloom,  or  delieate  powdery  ap- 
pearance, as  fresh  fruit. 

What  though  for  him  no  Hybla  sweets  distill. 

Nor  bloomy  vines  wave  purple  on  the  hill?     Campbell. 

3.  Having  freshness  or  vigor  as  of  youth. 

Wliat  if,  in  both,  life's  bloomy  flush  was  lost, 
.\nd  their  full  autunm  felt  the  mellowing  frost? 

Crabbe.  Works,  I.  S9. 

blooth  (bloth),  n.  An  English  dialectal  varia- 
tion of  blowth. 

blorel  (blor),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blored,  ppr. 
bloriiig.  [<  ME.  blorcii,  weep,  a  var.  of  bhinii, 
l)lare:  see  blarc^.']  To  crj-;  cry  out;  weep; 
bray:  bellow.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

blore-t  (blor),  «.     [Prob.  a  var.  of  ft^ari  l  (after 
/)/<>r<l),  atTected  by  i/oicl.]     The  act  of  blow- 
ing; a  roaring  wind ;  a  blast. 
Like  rutle  aiul  raging  waves  roused  with  the  fervent  blore 
Of  th' east  and  south  winds.  Chapman,  Iliad,  ii.  122. 

blosmet,  «.  and  c.     A  Middle  English  form  of 

itiossom. 
blosmyt,  «■    A  Middle  English  form  of  blos- 

somy. 


blot 

blossom  (blos'um),  II.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blo.ssiiiii,  <  ME.  blonnome,  blo.isitm,  usuaUy  blosme, 
earlier  blostme,  <  AS.  blostma,  bloslhma,  some- 
times contr.  blosmn  (once  blosaii,  glossed  by  L. 
flos,  appar.  an  error  for  blo.ima),  weak  masc, 
btostiii,  strong  mase.,  flower,  blossom  (=0D. 
bloaem,  P.  bloesem  =  MLG.  bloncm,  bloxsem),  a 
blossom,  flower,  with  suffixes  -st  +  -ma,  <  ■\/  'hid, 
in  AS.  bloicaii,  blow,  bloom  (see  blow^);  less 
prob.  <  'bios-  (=  L.  florere,  'Jlosere),  extended 
stem  of  hloiraii,  blow.  The  first  suffix  ap- 
pears in  MHG.  hliiost,  a  blossom,  the  second 
in  ME.  blome,  E.  bloom^,  etc.,  and  both,  trans- 
posed, in  Icel.  blomstr  =  Sw.  blonistcr  =  Dan. 
blomst,  a  flower;  cf.  h.  flos  (flor-),  a  flower: 
see  hUiir-  and  flower.']  1.  The  flower  of  a 
plant,  usually  more  or  less  conspicuous  from 
tho  colored  leaflets  which  form  it  and  which 
are  generally  of  more  delicate  texture  than  the 
leaves  of  the  plant.  It  is  a  general  telni,  applicable 
to  the  essential  organs  of  rcjiroduction,  with  their  api>en- 
dages,  o(  every  species  of  tree  or  i>lant. 
2.  The  state  of  flowering  or  Ijcaring  flowers ; 
bloom:  as,  the  a[>ple-tree  is  in  blossom. — 3. 
Any  person,  thing,  state,  or  condition  likened 
to  a  blossom  or  to  the  bloom  of  a  plant. 

And  there  died, 
My  Icarus,  my  blossom,  in  his  pride. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  7. 

This  beauty  in  the  blossom  of  my  youth  .  .  . 
I  sued  and  served. 

Fletcher  and  Massinger,  Very  Woman,  iv.  3. 

4.  A  color  consisting  of  a  white  groimd 
mingled  evenly  with  sorrel  and  bay,  oecuiTing 
in  the  coats  of  some  horses. —  5.  The  outcrop  of 
a  coal-seam,  usually  consisting  of  decomposed 
shale  mixed  with  coaly  matter;  also,  some- 
times, the  appearance  about  the  outcrop  of  any 
mineral  lode  in  which  oxidizable  ores  occur. — 
To  nip  in  the  blossom.  See  niji. 
blossom  (blos'um),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  blossomeii,  blos- 
iiten,  <  AS.  blOstmiaii  (=  D.  bloesemen),  <  blost- 
ma, blossom:  see  blossom,  n.]  To  put  forth 
blossoms  or  flowers;  bloom;  blow;  flower: 
often  used  figuratively. 

Fruits  that  blossom  first  will  first  be  ripe. 

Shah.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

They  make  the  dark  and  dreary  hours 
Open  and  blossom  into  flowers  I 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  i. 

blossomed  (blos'imid),  a.  Covered  with  blos- 
soms ;  in  bloom. 

Btostiomed  furze,  unprofltably  gay. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil, 

Not  Ariel  lived  more  merrily 
I'nder  the  blossom'd  bough,  than  we. 

Scott,  Slarmion,  iv.,  Int. 

blossomless  (bios '  um  -  les),  a.  [<  blossom  + 
-less.]     Without  blossoms. 

blossom-pecker  (blos'um-pek"6r),  n.  A  book- 
name  of  sundiy  small  parine  birds  of  Africa,  of 
the  restricted  genus  A  ii  thoscopiis :  as,  the  dwarf 
blossoiii-pecl-er,  A.  miiiittiis. 

blossom-rifler  (blos'um-ri"fler),  «.  A  name  of 
species  of  sun-birds  or  honey-suckers  of  the 
genus  Ciiiiiyris,  as  ('.  aiistralis  of  Australia. 

blossomy  (blos'um-i),  a.  [ME.  blossemy,  blos- 
my ;  <  blossom  +  -y^-]  Full  of  or  covered  with 
blossoms. 

A  blossemy  tre  is  neither  drye  no  deed. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  219. 

The  flavor  and  pictiu'esque  detail  of  .Shakespeare's  Wo»- 
son}y  descriptions.  Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  105. 

blotl  (blot),  H.  [<  ME.  blot,  blotte,  a  blot ;  ori- 
gin imknown.  By  some  connected  with  Icel. 
blettr,  blot,  spot,  spot  of  ground,  Dan.  ]>let,  a 
blot,  speck,  stain,  spot,  plette,  v.,  speck,  spot, 
Sw.  plotter,  a  scrawl,  plottra,  scribble:  but 
these  forms  have  appar.  no  phonetic  relation 
to  the  E.]  1.  A  spot  or  stain,  as  of  ink  on 
paper;  a  blur;  a  disfigm-ing  stain  or  mark:  as, 
"  one  universal  blot,"  Thomson,  Autumn,  1.  1143. 
— 2.  A  scoring  out;  an  erasure  or  oblitera- 
tion, as  in  a  writing. —  3.  A  spot  upon  charac- 
ter or  reputation;  amoral  stain;  a  disgrace;  a 
reproach ;  a  blemish. 

A  lie  is  a  foul  blot  in  a  man.  Ecclus.  x.\.  24. 

If  there  has  been  a  blot  in  my  family  for  these  ten  gen- 
erations, it  hath  been  discovered  by  some  *>r  other  of  my 
correspondents.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  164. 

4.  Imputed  disgrace  or  stain ;  defamation :  as, 

to  cast  a  blot  upon  one's  character. 

He  that  rebuketh  a  wicked  man  gettcth  himself  a  Wot. 

Prov.  i.\.  7. 

blotl  (blot),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blotted,  ppr.  blot- 
ting. [<  ME.  blotten :  from  the  noim.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  spot,  stain,  or  bespatter,  as 'with 
ink,  mud,  or  any  discoloring  matter. 


blot 

Oh !  never  may  tlie  purple  stain 
Of  combat  lUtt  thesi-  rtt-ltla  attain. 

JJntanI,  Hattle  (if  Benninpton. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  stain  as  with  disgrace  or 
iiifamy;  taniish;  disgrace;  disfigure. 

Blot  init  tliy  innocence  with  guiltless  blood.  Rour. 

Take  liini  I  farewell :  henceforth  I  am  thy  foe ; 
And  what  disgraces  I  can  bl<il  thee  with  look  for. 

Beau,  ami  Ft.,  Maid's  'lYagcdy,  iii.  I. 

3.  To  obliterate  so  as  to  render  invisible  or 
not  distinguishable,  as  writing  or  letters  with 
ink :  generally  with  out :  as,  to  blot  out  a  word 
or  a  sentence. 

To  Uot  old  books  and  alter  their  contents. 

Shat.,  Lucrcce,  1.  948. 

Hence — 4.  To  efface;  cause  to  be  unseen  or 
forgotten;  destroy;  anniliilate:  followed  by 
out:  as,  to  blot  out'a  crime,  or  the  remembrance 
of  anything. 

Will  not  a  tiny  speck  very  close  to  onr  vision  Uot  out 
the  glory  of  the  world,  and  leave  only  a  margin  by  which 
we  see  the  blot?  George  Eliot,  Middleniareh,  I.  458. 

Jitvttiiifj  out  the  far-away  blue  sky, 

The  hard  and  close-packed  clouds  spread  silently. 

William  Morri.i,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  336. 

5.  To  darken  or  obsciu'e  ;  eclipse.     [Rare.] 

He  sung  how  earth  blots  the  moon's  gilded  wane, 

Cowtfi/. 

The  moon,  in  all  her  brother's  beams  array 'd, 
"Was  blotted  by  the  earth's  approaching  shade. 

Rowe,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  i. 

6.  To  dry  by  means  of  blotting-paper  or  the 
like. 

The  ship-chandler  clutched  the  paper,  hastily  blotted  it, 
and  thrust  it  into  his  bosom. 

6.  A.  Sala,  The  Ship.Chandler. 

H.  intrans.  1 .  To  obliterate  something  writ- 
ten. 

E'en  copious  Dryden  wanted  or  forgot 
The  last  and  greatest  art,  the  art  to  blot. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  i.  280. 

2.  To  become  blotted  or  stained :  as,  this  paper 
blots  easily. 
blot2  (blot),  H.  [First  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
century  ;  origin  unknown.  Plausibly  referred 
to  Dan.  blot  =  Sw.  blott,  bare,  exposed  ;  cf .  Dan. 
blotte  =  Sw.  blotta,  lay  bare,  expose  one's 
self;  Sw.  htottstdUa  =  D.  hlootstellen,  expose 
(the  Scand.  forms  are  prob.  of  LG.  origin,  < 
D.  Moot,  bare,  naked,  exposed);  but  there  is 
no  historical  e'vidence  for  the  connection.] 
In  backgammon :  (a)  A  single  exposed  piece 
which  is  liable  to  be  forfeited  or  taken  up. 

(/<)  The  exposure  of  a  piece  in  this  way To 

hit  the  blot,  to  take  a  single  exposed  piece  in  the  game 
of  backgammon  :  often  used  figuratively. 

Mr.  Ellis  hits  the  blot  when  he  says  that  *'  absolute  cer- 
taiuty  and  a  mechanical  mode  of  procedure,  such  that  all 
men  should  be  capable  of  employing  it,  are  the  two  great 
features  of  the  Baconian  system." 

The  Xation,  April  24,  1SS4,  p.  369. 

blotch  (bloeh),  H.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  or  in 
other  languages;  appar.  a  var.  of  tilof^,  affected 
in  sense  and  form  by  botcli'^,  a  pustule,  and 
perhaps  by  dial,  blatch,  q.  v.]  1.  A  pustule 
upon  the  skin. 

Blotches  and  tumours  that  break  out  in  the  body. 

Spectator,  No.  16. 

2.  A  spot  of  any  kind,  especially  a  large  irregu- 
lar spot  or  blot ;  hence,  anything  likened  to  a 
mere  spot  or  blot,  as  a  poor  painting;  a  daub. 

Green  leaves,  frequently  marked  with  dark  blotches. 

Treasury  of  Botany. 

3.  A  disease  of  dogs. 

blotch  (bloeh),  r.  t.  [<  blotcb.  «.]  To  mark 
with  blotches;  blot,  spot,  or  bliu. 

blotchy  (bloeh'i),  a.  [<  blotch  +  -^1.]  Ha-ving 
blotches;  disfigured  with  blotches:  as,  "his 
big,  bloated,  blotchi/  taee,"  Warren. 

blotet,  «.  and  V.     Obsolete  spelling  of  bloaf^. 

blotter  (blot'er),  II.  1.  A  piece  of  blotting- 
paper  or  other  device  for  absorbuig  an  excess 

■  of  ink  or  other  fluid,  used  especially  in  writing. 
— 2.  In  com.,  a  waste-book  in  which  are  record- 
ed all  transactions  in  the  order  of  their  occur- 
rence.— 3.  The  current  record  of  arrests  and 
charges  in  a  police  office :  called  in  Great 
Britain  a  charqe-sheet. 

blottesque  (blot-esk'),  a.  and  «.     [<  blot  + 
-esquc.']    I.  a.  In  painting,  executed  with  heavy 
blot-like  touches. 
II.  «.  -\  painting  executed  in  this  style. 

blottesquely  (blot-esk'li),  adv.  In  a  blo'ttesque 
mainu-r;  with  blot-like  touches:  as,  to  paint 

liliillrsijiich/. 

blotting-book  (blot'ing-biik),  n.  1.  A  book 
formed  of  leaves  of  blotting-paper. —  2.  In 
com.,  a  blotter.     See  blotter,  2. 

blottingly  (blot'ing-li),  adv.    By  blotting. 


596 

blotting-pad  (blot 'ing-pad),  n.  A  pad  consist- 
ing of  several  layers  of  blotting-paper,  which 
can  be  successively  removed  as  they  become 
soiled  or  saturated  with  ink. 

blotting-paper  (blot '  ing-pil "  pfer),  «.  A  bibu- 
lous, unsized  paper,  used  to  absorb  an  excess  of 
ink  from  freshly  written  paper  without  blur- 
ring. 

blotty  (blot'i),  a.  [<  bloti  +  -yK]  Full  of 
blots. 

blouse  (blouz),  n.  [Also  less  prop,  blowse;  < 
F.  blouse,  of  uncertain  origin,  by  some  identified 
with  F.  dial,  bhiuilc,  biaude,  a  smock-frock,  <  OF. 
bliant,  bliaud,  pi.  blians,  bliau:,  an  ujiper  gar- 
ment: see  blcannt.  But  the  connection  is  pho- 
netically improbable.]  1.  A  light  loose  upper 
garment,  made  of  linen  or  cotton,  worn  by  men 
as  a  protection  from  dust  or  in  place  of  a  coat. 
A  blue  linen  blouse  is  the  common  dress  of 
French  workingmen. 

Lelewel  was  a  regular  democrat.  He  wore  a  blouse  when 
he  was  in  Paris,  and  looked  like  a  workman. 

//.  S.  Edu'ards,  Polish  Captivity,  I.  270. 

2.  A  loosely  fitting  dress-body  worn  by  women 
and  children, 
bloused  (blouzd),  a.     l<.  blouse  + -ed^.']     Wear- 
ing a  blouse. 
Tliere  was  a  bloused  and  bearded  Frenchman  or  two. 

Eingsley,  Alton  Locke,  xxxiii. 

blout^t,  a.  and  v.    Same  as  bloat^. 

blou't-t,  «•  [Appar.  <  D.  bloot,  bare,  naked,  -with 
perhaps  some  confusion  as  to  form  with  Icel. 
blautr,  soft,  wet.  Cf.  blof2,  blatc'^,  and  Woofl.] 
Bare:  naked.   Douglas.   (■Taniiesoii.)    [Scotch.] 

blout*  (blout ).  n.  [Appar.  imitative,  after  blow'^, 
blast,  etc.]  The  sudden  breaking  of  a  storm; 
a  sudden  do"wnpour  of  rain,  hail,  etc.,  accom- 
panied by  wind.     Jamicson.     [Scotch.] 

bloiyl  (bio),  i: ;  pret.  blew,  pp.  blown  (also  dial, 
and  eoUoq.  pret.  and  pp.  blowed),  ppr.  blowing. 
[=  Sc.  blow,  <  JIE.  blowen,  blawcn  (pret.  blew, 
blcwe,  bleu,  blwe,  bin,  pp.  blown,  blowen,  bloun, 
blawcn),  <  AS.  bldwan  (strong  verb,  pret.  blcdw, 
pp.  bldwen),  blow,  =  OHG.  bldhan  (strongverb, 
pp.  bldhan,  bldn),  blow,  also  blden,  bldjan, 
MHG.  blwwen,  blajen,  G.  bldhrn  (weak  verb), 
blow,  puff  up,  swell,  =  L.  fldrc,  blo'w.  From 
the  same  root,  with  various  formatives,  come 
E.  blaze-,  blast,  bladder,  perhaps  blister,  and, 
from  the  L.,  flatus,  afflatus,  flatulent,  inflate, 
etc.]  I,  intrans.  1.  To  produce  a  ciuTent  of 
air,  as  with  the  mouth,  a  bellows,  etc. — 2.  To 
constitute  or  form  a  current  of  air,  as  the  'wind. 
A  keen  north  wind  that,  blowinfi  dry. 
Wrinkled  the  face  of  deluge.      Mittaii.'P.  L.,  xi.  842. 

3t.  To  make  a  blowing  sound ;  whistle. — 4.  To 
pant ;  puff ;  breathe  hard  or  quickly. 

Here's  Mistress  Page  at  the  door,  sweating  and  blotcinq. 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

5.  To  give  out  sound  by  being  blown,  as  a  horn 
or  trumpet. 

Tliere  let  the  pealing  organ  blow. 

Milton,  II  Penseroso,  I.  161. 

6.  To  spout  as  a  whale. 

A  porpoise  comes  to  the  surface  to  hloic. 

Huxley,  .\nat.  Vert.,  p.  348. 

7.  To  explode,  as  gunpowder  or  dynamite ;  be 
torn  to  pieces  by  an  explosion :  with  ;</) :  as,  the 
magazine  blew  up. —  8.  To  boast ;  brag.  [Col- 
loq.] 

Yuli  blow  behind  my  back,  but  dare  not  say  anything  to 
my  face.  Bartlett,  Diet,  of  Americanisms,  p.  48. 

9.  Infoinidhigj  to  tbro^'  masses  of  fluid  metal 
fi'om  the  mold,  as  a  easting,  when,  insufficient 
vent  having  been  pro%ided,  the  giises  and 
steam  are  unable  to  pass  off  quietly.— Blowing 
off,  ill  ewjin.,  the  process  of  ejectius.-  watt-r  ()r  sediiiient 
from  a  boiler  by  means  of  a  current  uf  steam  p;issing 
through  the  blow-off  pipe.— Blowing  through,  in  cii'/in.^ 
the  act  of  removing  the  air  from  tlie  cylinders,  valves, 
etc.,  of  a  steara-engine  by  a  jet  of  steam  previous  to  set- 
ting the  engine  in  motion.  Blow-through  valves  are  fit- 
ted for  this  pmpose. —  To  blow  down,  to  discharge  the 
contents  of  a  steam-boiler.— To  blow  hot  and  cold,  to 
be  favorable  and  then  unfavorable;  be  iiTes>>lute.— To 
blow  in,  to  start  up  a  blast-furnace,  or  put  it  in  blast.— ^ 
To  blow  off,  to  escape  with  violence  and  noise :  said  of 
steam,  gas.  etc.— To  blow  OUt,  to  be  out  uf  breath,  or 
blown. —  To  blow  over,  to  p;iss  over ;  pass  away  after  the 
force  is  expended  ;  cease,  subside,  or  be  dissipated :  as, 
the  present  disturbances  will  soon  blow  over. 

A  man  conscious  of  acting  so  infamous  a  part,  would 
liave  undei'taken  no  defence,  but  let  the  accusations, 
whicli  could  not  materially  atfect  him,  blow  over. 

GoUismith,  llolingbroke. 
To  blow  short,  tn  be  broken-winded  :  said  nf  a  horse.— 
To  blow  the  buck's  homt.  See  buck^.—To  blow  up. 
(a)  See  7,  above.  (J>)  To  arise,  come  into  existence,  or  in- 
crease in  intensity:  said  of  the  wind,  a  stornj,  etc. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  throw  or  drive  a  current  of 
air  upon  J  fan:  as,  to  blow  the  fire. 


blow 

I  with  blowing  the  fire  shall  warm  myself, 

Shak.,  T.  of  the.S.,iv,I. 

2.  To  di'ive  or  impel  by  means  of  a  cun-ent  of 
air:  as,  the  tempest  blew  the  ship  ashore. 

N'orth-east  winds  hlinc 
Saba;an  odoui"3  from  tlie  siucy  slmre. 

MUt-'ii.  V.  L.,  iv.  161. 
Along  the  grass  sweet  airs  are  hUm-n. 

D.  G.  RoAHftti,  A  New  Year's  Burden. 

3.  To  force  air  into  or  through,  in  order — (a) 
To  clear  of  obstructing  matter,  as  the  nose. 
{b)  To  cause  to  sound,  as  a  wind-instrument. 

Hath  she  no  husband 
That  will  take  pains  to  blow  a  horn  before  her? 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  L 
The  bells  she  jingled  and  the  whistle  hl-'w. 

Po})e,  R.  of  the  L..  v.  94. 

4.  To  form  by  inflation  ;  inflate  ;  swell  by  in- 
jecting air  into :  as,  to  blow  bubbles  :  to  blow 
glass. —  5.  To  empty  (an  egg)  of  its  contents 
by  blo^\'ing  air  or  water  into  the  shell. — 6.  To 
put  out  of  breath  by  fatigue:  as,  to  blow  ar 
horse  by  hard  riding. 

BloicinqlxinisitM  in  his  exertions  to  get  to  close  quarters. 

T.  Hupheg, 

7.  To  inflate,  as  with  pride  ;  puff  up.  [Poetic 
when  up  is  omitted.] 

Look,  how  imagination  WoiC^him.       Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  4. 

8.  To  spread  by  report,  as  if  "on  the  wings  of 
the  wind." 

She's  afraid  it  will  be  blown  abroad. 
And  hurt  her  marriage.     B.  Jonxon,  Alchemist,  ii.  L. 
Through  the  court  his  courtesy  was  bloivn.         Dryden. 

9.  To  drive  away,  scatter,  or  shatter  by  fire- 
arms or  explosives:  now  always  with  modifying- 
words  {up^  aicay,  to  pieces^  etc.) :  as.  to  btoic  the 
walls  lip  or  to  pieces 'v^ih.  cannon  or  gimpowder; 
but  formerly  sometimes  used  absolutely. 

And  t  shall  go  hard. 
But  I  will  delve  one  yard  below  tlieir  mines, 
And  hloic  them  at  the  moon.     Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

10.  To  deposit  eggs  in;  cause  to  putrefy  and 
swarm  with  maggots ;  make  fly-blown :  said  of 
flies. 

Rather  on  Nilus'  mud 
Lay  me  stark  naked,  and  let  the  water-flies 
Blow  me  into  abhoiTing  !        Shak..  A,  ;ind  c,,  v.  2. 

To  blow  a  coal.  See  coaL~To  blow  one's  own  trum- 
pet, to  sound  one's  ovm  praises.— To  blow  out.  {a)  To 
extinguish  by  a  current  of  aii',  as  a  candle,  (b)  To  destroy 
by  firearms :  as,  to  blow  out  one's  brains  ;  to  bluw  an  ene- 
my's ship  out  of  the  water. —  To  blow  up.  (o)  To  till  with 
air ;  swell :  as,  to  blow  up  a  bladder  or  a  bubble. 

In  summe,  he  is  a  bladder  blo^f'n  vp  with  wind,  which 
the  least  flaw  crushes  to  nothing. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmogi-aphie,  A  Selfe-conceited  Man. 
(&)  To  inflate  ;  puff  up :  as,  to  blow  xip  one  with  flattery. 
Blown  up  with  high  conceits  ingenderin^  pride. 

Milton.  V.  L.,  iv.  809. 

(c)  To  fan  or  kindle :  as,  to  blow  up  a  contention. 

His  presence  soon  bloics  up  the  unkindly  figlit. 

Drifden. 

(d)  To  burst  in  pieces  by  explosion  :  as,  to  bloir  up  a  ship 
by  setting  fire  to  the  magazine,  (e)  Figuratively,  to  scat- 
ter or  bring  to  naught  suddenly :  as,  to  bloiv  up  a  scheme. 
(/)  To  scold  ;  abuse  ;  find  fault  with.     [Colloq.] 

He  rails  at  his  cousin,  and  blotcs  wj*  his  mother. 

Barhaiii,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  295. 

Lord  Gravelton  .  .  .  was  blowing  up  the  waitere  in  the 
coffee-room.  Bulwer,  Pelham,  iv. 

(fj)  To  raise  or  produce  by  blowing. 

This  windy  tempest,  till  it  bloiv  up  rain. 
Held  back  his  sorrow's  tide,  to  make  it  more. 

Shak..  Lucrece.  1.  17SS. 
To  blow  upon,  (a)  To  bring  into  disfavor  or  discredit ; 
render  stale,  unsavory,  or  worthless. 

Since  that  time,  .  .  .  many  of  the  topics,  which  were 
first  started  here,  have  been  hunted  down,  and  many  of 
the  thoughts  blown  upon.         Goldsmith,  Essays.  Preface. 

Till  the  credit  of  the  false  witnesses  had  been  blncn 
upon.  Macaulaii,  Hist.  Eng. 

(fc)  To  turn  informer  against :  as,  to  blow  upon  an  accom- 
plice. [Slang.] 
blO'W^  (blo),  n.  [<  blow'^,  r.]  1.  A  blowing;  a 
blast ;  hence,  a  gale  of  wind:  as,  there  came  a 
blow  from  the  northeast. — 2.  The  breathing  or 
spouting  of  a  whale. —  3.  In  metal.:  (a)  The 
time  dui-ingwhich  a  blast  is  continued.  (/;)  That 
portion  of  time  occupied  by  a  certain  stage  of  a 
metallurgical  process  in  which  the  blast  is  used. 
Thus,  the  operation  of  converting  cast-iron  into  steel  by 
the  Bessemer  process  is  often  spoken  of  as  "the  blow," 
and  this  first  portion  is  sometimes  called  the  "  Bessemer 
blow  '■  or  the  blow  proper,  the  second  stage  t>eing  denomi- 
nated the  "boil,"  and  the  third  the  "fining.  " 
4.  An  egg  deposited  by  a  fly  on  flesh  or  other 
substance ;  a  flyblow. 
blow-  (blo),  r. ;  pret.  blew,  pp.  hlowny  ppr» 
blowing.  [<  ME.  blowen  (pret.  *blewe,  hteoitj 
pp.  blown,  blowen,  blowc)y  <  AS.  blowan  (pret. 
bleow,  }>p.  (/eblowen),  blossom,  flower,  floiuish, 
=  OS.  blojan  =  OFries.  hloia  =  D.  blocijcn  = 
OHG.  blnojan^  MHG.  bhujcn,  bliien,  G.  bUihenj 
blow,  bloom,  =  L.  Jiorcrc  (a  secondary  form). 


blow 

bloom,  flourish  ;  cf.  flon  (.flor-),  a  flowor.  From 
the  same  root,  witli  various  forinatives,  come 
bloDin^  (aud  prob.  bloom-),  hlosaom,  blowtli, 
hlooil,  and,  from  the  L.,  Jhnerr,  flour,  flourish, 
eflUirisrc,  oti'.]  I,  intrmis.  1.  To  l)lossom  or 
put  forth  flowers,  as  a  plaut ;  opeu  out,  as  a 
flower:  as,  a  new-blown  rose. 

II,,\v  hltiH'ii  the  titron  ^rovc.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  22. 

To  ine  tliu  nu'imest  flower  thiit  hltni-s  cnn  give 
Thuughts  that  do  often  lie  too  dee]i  f»»r  tears. 

Wiirdswiirtfi,  Otle  to  Immortality. 

2.  Fifiuratively,  to  flourish;  bloom;  become 
perfeoted. 

II,  tniiis.  To  make  to  blow  or  blossom;  cause 
to  produce,  as  flowers  or  blossoms.     [Poetic] 
The  odorous  banks,  that  blow 
Flowers  of  more  mingled  hew. 

Milton,  Conius,  1.  993. 
For  these  Favoniiis  here  shall  hUnv 
New  flowers.     li.  .hnmm,  Ma.stiue  at  Highgate. 

blow-  (bio),  H.  [<  hloir^,  r.]  1.  Blossoms  in 
^I'Tii'ral:  a  mass  or  bed  of  blossoms:  as,  the 
hliHC  in  good  this  season. 

He  believed  he  could  show  me  such  a  hlow  of  tulips  as 
was  not  to  be  matched  in  the  whole  country. 

Addifion,  Tatler,  >'o.  21S. 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  blossoming  or 
flowering ;  hence,  the  higliest  state  or  perfec- 
tion of  anytliiug;  bloom:  as,  a  tree  in  full  6/o!t>. 

Ilcr  beauty  hardly  yet  in  its  full  Uow. 

liichardson,  Sir  Charles  Graildison,  I.  ii. 

blow-*  (bio),  II.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  blowe,  bloc, 
<  late  ME.  (Sc.)  hlaw ;  origin  uncertain.  Plau- 
sibly explained  as  from  an  unrecorded  verb, 
ME.  *blcircii,  <  AS.  *bhdwaii  (strong  verb,  jiret. 
"blciiic,  pp.  "hlowcii)  =  MD.  bloitweii,  bhiiiiweii, 
strike,  beat,  D.  blouwen,  beat,  esp.  beat  or 
break  flax  or  hemp,  =MLG.  bliiwcn,  LG.  bliiuen 
=  OHG.  bliiiiraii,  bliii-ait,  MHG.  bliidrcii,  bliweit, 
G.  blaiicii,  beat,  drub  (in  G.  and  LG.  modified 
under  association  with  bliiii,  blue,  as  in  'beat 
black  and  blue '),  =  Goth.  blUiniraii,  strike,  beat ; 
not  related  to  L.  tlii/erc,  strike,  beat  (>  ult.  E. 
afllict,  inflict,  ete'.),'fla<jelliim,  a  flail  (>  idt.  E. 
flail,  flaijellutc,  etc.).  The  absence  of  the  verb 
from  ME.  and  AS.  records  is  remarkable  (the 
ordinary  AS.  word  for  'strike'  was  slcdn,  >  E. 
shiij),  but  tlie  cognate  forms  favor  its  exis- 
tence.] 1.  A  stroke  with  the  hand  or  fist  or  a 
■n-eapon;  a  thump;  a  bang;  a  thwack;  a  knock; 
hence,  an  act  of  hostility :  as,  to  give  one  a 
hlow ;  to  strike  a  bloic. 

He  struck  so  plainly,  I  could  too  well  feel  his  blows; 
and  withal  so  doulitfully  that  1  could  scarce  understand 
them,  .S7m*.,  C.  of  E.,  ii,  1. 

2.  A  sudden  shock  or  calamity;  mischief  or 
damage  suddenly  inflicted:  as,  the  conflagra- 
tion was  a  severe  blow  to  the  prosperity  of  the 
town. 

It  was  a  dreadful  bloie  to  many  in  the  days  of  the  Re- 
formation t«  find  that  they  had  been  misled. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  243. 
At  a  blow,  by  one  single  action ;  at  one  effort ;  suddenly. 

Every  year  they  gain  a  victory,  and  a  town  ;  but  if  they 
are  once  "defeated  they  lose  a  province  at  a  blow.  Dryden. 
Opposed  or  solid  blow,  in  iiwtal-workinfr.  a  blow  which 
stretches  or  tliins  the  metal ;  unopposed  or  hollow 
■blow,  a  blow  which  tends  to  tbirkcii  and  l»-nd  it— To 
catch  one  a  blow.  See  catch.— To  come  to  blows,  to 
engage  in  combat,  whether  the  combatants  be  individuals, 
armies,  fleets,  or  nations. 

In  1756  Georgia  and  South  Carolina  actually  canie  to 
bloivs  over  the  navigation  of  the  Savannah  river. 

J.  Fij<kc.  .\mer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  fi.'i. 

blow-ball  (blo'biil),  n.  The  downy  head  of  tlie 
dandelion,  salsify,  etc.,  formed  by  the  pajipus 
after  the  blossom  has  fallen. 

Her  treading  would  not  bend  a  blade  of  grass, 
Or  ^laku  the  downy  blow-halt  from  his  stalk ! 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  1. 

blow-cock  (blo'kok),  11.  A  cock  in  a  steam- 
biiilcr  by  means  of  which  the  water  may  be 
partly  or  entirely  blown  out  when  desired. 

blowen  (blo'en),  ?i.  [Also  bhncin/i ;  eqtiiv.  to 
htiiircss,  a  form  of  bloic^e,  q.  v.]  A  showj-,  flaunt- 
ing woman;  a  courtezan;  a  prostitute.  Fiir- 
iiirrly  also  bjowcss  and  bhnrinij.     [Low  slang.] 

blower^  (blo'er),  n.  [<  ME.  blower,  bhiwcrc,  < 
AS.  blCiircrc,  <  bUlwiiii,  blow:  see  Wod'l.]  1. 
One  who  blows.  Specifically^ (a)  One  who  is  em- 
ployeii  in  a  blowing-house  for  smelting  tin.  Cornu-alt.  (6) 
In  a  glixss-factory,  the  workman  who  blows  the  melted 
glass  into  shape. 

2.  A  screen  or  cover  of  metal  fitted  to  an  open 
fireplace  in  such  a  way  that  when  it  is  placed 
in  position  access  of  air  to  the  chimney  is 
closed  except  from  the  bottom,  or  through  the 
fire  itself:  used  to  promote  combustion,  espe- 
cially wlien  the  fire  is  first  kindled,  by  concen- 
trating the  di-aft  upon  the  substance  to  be 


Rotary  Blower. 
A,  B,  chilis ;  C,  l}ox. 


597 

ignited. — 3.  In  conl-niiiiinp,  an  escape,  under 
pressure  and  with  high  velocity,  of  gas  or  fire- 
damp from  th(!  coal.  Such  escapes  are  sometimes 
sudden  and  of  short  duration  ;  but  they  t»cciLsionally  con- 
tiinie  fiu*  weeks  atid  sometimes  for  years. 
4.  A  man  employed  in  a  mine  in  blasting. —  5. 
A  raai'hine  for  forcing  air  into  a  furnace,  mine, 
cistern,  hold  of  a  ship,  |>uhlic  buihling,  etc.,  to 
assist  in  drying,  evaporating,  and  the  like;  a 
blowing-machine.  See  blowinq-ciKjinc,  bloirini/- 
macliiiic. —  6.   A  marine   animal,  as   a  whale, 

which   spotits  up  water.  —  7. 

One  wlio    brags;  a    boaster. 

[Slang.] —Blower  and  spread- 
er, a  machine  uniting  the  action  of 
beaters  and  blowi-r.-*  in  forming;  cot- 
ton into  a  lap.— Hydraulic  blow- 
er, s.-e  /i;/i''«i((ic.  — Oscillating 
blower,  a  blower  having  one  or 
more  blailes  hinged  or  pivoteil  at 
one  edge,  aud  vibrating  tliron^li  .an 
arc  of  a  circle.— Rotary  blower,  a 
blower  similar  in  construction  to  a 
rotary  pump.  It  has  vanes  the  mo- 
tions of  which  arc  governed  by  cam-faces,  or  which  are 
shaped  in  various  ways  to  interlock,  inclosing  between 
themselves  and  the  casing  volumes  of  air,  which  they  car- 
ry forward. 
blower-  (bl6'6r),  «.     [<  blow^,  v.,  +  -erl.]     A 

plant  that  blows.  N.  E.  I). 
blowesst  (blo'es),  H.  [A  form  of  blowzc,  per- 
hajis  in  simulation  of  bloto^,  with  fem.  suffix.] 
Same  as  blowcii. 
blow-fly  (blo'fli),  n.  The  common  name  of 
Mii.scii  (Callipliora)  nomitoria,  Siircophiiga  ciir- 
nariii,  and  other  species  of  'dipterous  insects, 
which  deposit  their  eggs  (flyblow)  on  flesh,  and 
thus  taint  it.  Also  called  flesh-fly.  See  cut 
under  flish-flii. 
blow-gun  (blo'gun),  ti.  A  pipe  or  tube  through 
which  missiles  are  blown  by  the  breath.  Those 
tlsed  by  certain  Indians  of  Stnitli  .\merica  are  of  wood, 
from  7  to  10  feet  long,  with  a  bore  not  larger  than  the 
little  finger ;  through  them  are  blown  poisoned  arrows 
made  of  split  cane  or  other  light  material,  from  a  foot  to 
15  inches  in  length,  and  wtnind  at  the  butt  with  some 
fibrous  material  so  as  to  flt  the  bore  of  the  blow-gun.  A 
similar  blow-gtin  is  in  use  among  the  Dyaks  of  Borneo. 
Also  called  bloir-tube  and  hhnrpipc. 
blow-hole  (blo'hol),  ».  1.  The  nostril  of  a 
cetacean,  generally  situated  on  the  highest  part 
of  the  head,  in  the  whalebone  whales  the  blow-holes 
form  two  longitudinal  slits,  placed  side  by  side.  In  por- 
poises, grampuses,  etc.,  they  are  reduced  to  a  single  cres- 
cent-shaped opening. 

2.  A  hole  in  the  ice  to  which  whales  and  seals 
come  to  breathe. — 3.  Same  as  air-hole,  2. — 4. 
In  stecl-maniif.,  a  defect  in  the  iron  or  steel, 
caused  by  the  escape  of  air  or  gas  while  solidi- 
fication was  taking  place. 

The  following  experiments  were  made  in  order  to  pre- 
pare solid  steel  without  blow-holcn  by  the  crucible  process, 
which  would  give  a  good  resistance  and  a  proper  elonga- 
tion. Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  S35. 

blowingl  (blo'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blow'^,  v.'] 
A  defect  in  china  caused  by  the  development 
of  gas,  by  the  reaction  upon  each  other  of  the 
constituents  of  the  glaze,  or  by  a  too  strong 
firing. 

blowing^blo'ing),  p.  «.  [Ppr.  of  J/oi('l,  c]  1. 
Causing  a  current  of  wind ;  breathing  strongly. 
—  2.  Li   the   following    phrase,   liable  to  be 

blown  about Blowing  lands,  lands  whose  surf.ace- 

soil  is  st.»  light  as  to  be  liable,  when  dry,  to  be  blown  away 
by  the  wind. 

blowing-f  (blo'ing),  n.     Same  as  blowen. 

( 111  a  lark  with  black-eyed  Sal  (liis  blnwinj). 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xi.  19. 

blowing-charge  (blo'ing-chiirj),  n.  In  fiunucrii, 
a  small  charge  of  powder  in  a  shell,  sufficient  to 
blowout  the  fuse-plug  btit  not  to  bm'st  the  shell. 
It  is  used  in  firing  for  practice,  or  for  testing  tinte-fuses 
when  it  is  desired  to  recover  the  shells  anil  use  them 
again.  If  it  is  desired  to  fill  the  cavity  t»f  the  shell,  coal- 
dust  i8  added  to  tile  charge  to  increase  its  volume. 

blowing-cylinder  (blo'ing-sil'in-der),  H.  The 
air-cylinder  of  a  blowing-engine  or  other  form 
of  blast-machine. 

blowing-engine  (blo'ing-en'jiu),  n.  1.  A  mo- 
tor used  for  driving  a  blower  or  blowing-ma- 
chine.—  2.  A  combined  motor  and  blower. 

blowing-fan  (bl6'ing-fan),  H.  A  revolving 
wheel  with  vanes,  used  to  produce  a  blast. 

blowing-furnace  (blo'ing-fer'nas),  «.  A  fur- 
nace in  winch  partially  formed  glassware  may 
be  placed  to  be  softened  when  it  becomes  cooled 
and  stiff  in  working;  sometimes,  the  secondary 
furnace  following  the  melting-fui'iiace. 

blowing-house  (blo'iug-hous),  h.  a  house  in 
which  the  process  of  smelting  tin  ore  is  car- 
ried on. 

blowing-iron,  «.    Same  as  blowpipe,  1. 

blowing-machine  (blo'ing-ma-shen"),  n.  Any 
appttratus  for  creating  a  blast  of  air,  as  for 


blowpipe 

ventilating,  urging  lires  in  boilers  or  furnaces 
in  glass-making,  cold  storage,  removing  dust, 
etc.  See  blower,  o.- piston  blowing-machine,  a 
form  of  hlowing-macbine  in  which  the  air  is  expelled 
from  a  cylinder  liy  a  reciprocating  pistr»n.    K.  //.  Kniffht. 

blowing-pipe  (blo'ing-pip),  n.  A  glass-blower's 
pilie;  a  pontee. 

blowing-pot  (bI6'ing-pot),  m.  In  the  manufac- 
ture of  [lottery,  an  apparatus  for  distributing 
slip  ovi'f  the  ware  Ijefore  burning. 

blowing-snake  (blO'ing-.snak),  li.  A  non-ven- 
omous snake  of  the  family  ro^//;r(V?rr  and  genus 
Hctiroilini,  notable  for  the  noise  it  makes  by 
the  depression  of  its  anterior  parts  and  the  ex- 
pulsion of  air.  The  best-known  species  is  H. 
;j/n(//rr/n'H)tsof  the  eastern  United  States,  which 
is  also  called  buckwheat-nose  snake,  .s-preading- 
ndilcr,  etc. 

blowing-tube  (blo'ing-tiib),  H.  In  (jlass-work- 
iiiij,  a  lube  4  oro  feet  long,  with  a  bore  varying 
in  size  according  to  the  character  of  the  work, 
used  in  blowing  glass. 

blow-milk  (blo'milk),  )).  Milk  from  which  the 
cream  is  blown  off;  skimmed  milk.     [Eng.] 

blown^  (blon),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  blowen,  blaircn,<.  AS. 
/;/a«f«,  pp.  of  WdioaK;  see  6?o«l.]  1.  Swelled; 
inflated. 

No  blowii  ambition  doth  our  arms  incite. 

Shali..  Lear,  iv.  4. 
I  come  with  no  blown  spirit  to  abuse  you. 

Bean,  ami  Ft.,  Little  French  Lawyer,  iii.  2. 

2.  Spongy  or  porous  fi'om  the  presence  of  bub- 
bles of  air  or  gas:  said  of  metal  castings. — 3. 
Stale  from  exposure,  as  to  air  or  flies ;  hence, 
tainted  ;  unsavory :  as,  blown  drink  (obsolete) ; 
6/«K'Hmeat;  a  i/oiCH  reputation.  See  flyblown, — 

4.  Out  of  breath;  tired;  exhausted:  as,  "their 
'horses  much  blown,"  iScott, 

'Zounds !  I  am  (fuite  out  of  breath  — Sir,  I  am  corae  to — 
Whew  !  I  beg  par<lon  —  but,  a.s  you  perceive,  I  am  devilish- 
ly Woie/j.  Cotinan  t/ic  Youitiicr,  Poor  Gentleman,  iii.  3. 

5.  In  farriery,  having  the  stomach  distended 
by  gorging  green  food:  said  of  cattle. —  6. 
Emptied  by  blowing,  as  an  egg. 

blown2  (blon),  i>.  a.  [<  ME.  blowen,  <  AS. 
'blowen,  geblowcn,  pp.  of  blownn :  see  hlow'^.'^ 
Fully  ex|3anded  or  opened,  as  a  flower:  as, 
"the  blown  rose,"  ,Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  11. 

blow-off  (blo'of),  a.  Peitaining  to  or  used  in 
blowing  off  (which  see,  under  blow^,  v.,  I.). 

The  blnw-of  apparatus  consists,  in  fresh-water  boilers, 
simply  of  a  large  cock  at  the  bottom  of  the  boiler. 

Rankiiw,  Steam  Engine,  §  305. 

Blow-off  cock,  a  faucet  in  the  blow-off  pipe  of  a  steani- 
boiler.— Blow-off  pipe,  a  pipe  at  the  foot  of  the  boiler 
of  a  steam-rngiiie,  communicating  with  the  a.sh-pit  (or 
with  the  sea  in  marine  boilers),  aud  furnished  with  a  cock, 
the  opening  of  which  causes  tlie  water  and  the  sediment 
or  brine  to  be  forced  out  by  the  steam. 
blow-out  (blo'out),  11.     A  feast;  an  entertain- 
ment; a  great  demonstration ;  a  spree.  [CoUoq.] 
The  Russian  [sailor^J  .  .  .  had  celebrated  their  Christ- 
mas eleven  days  before,  when  they  had  a  grand  blow-out. 
R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  -Mast,  p.  269. 

blow-over  (blo'o'ver),  n.  In  gla.is-niakintj,  the 
sui-]ilus  glass,  which,  when  a  vessel  is  blown  in 
a  mold,  is  forced  out  above  the  lip  of  the  mold. 

blowpipe  (blo'pip),  n.  and  a.  I.  h.  1.  An  in- 
strument by  which  a  current  of  air  or  gas  is 
driven   through     ^  , — 

the  flame  of  a    ,     u  .  ,  ,      .    ■— ,  1 

lamp,  candle,  or  f  " 
gas-jet,  to  di- 
rect the  flame 
upon  a  sub- 
stance, in  order  to  fuse  it,  an  intense  heat  be- 
ing created  by  the  rapid  supi>ly  of  oxygen  and 
the  concentration  of  the  flame  upon  a  small 
area,  in  its  simplest  form,  as  used,  for  example,  by  gas- 
fitters,  it  is  merely  a  conical  tube  of  brass,  glass,  or  other 
substance,  usually  about  7  inches  long,  i  inch  in  diameter 
at  one  end,  and  tapering  so  lui  to  have  a  very  small  aper- 
ture at  the  other,  within  2  inches  or  so  of  which  it  is 
bent  nearly  at  a  right  angle.  The  blowpipe  of  the  min- 
eralogist is  provided  with  a  small  chaniher  near  the  jet, 
in  which  the  moisture  from  the  mouth  collects.  The 
current  of  air  is  often  formed  by  a  pair  of  liellows  in- 
stead of  the  linman  breath,  the  instrument  being  fixed 
in  a  proper  frame  for  the  purji'ise.  The  most  powerful 
blowiiipc  is  the  oxyhydrogen  or  compound  blowpipe,  all 
instrument  in  which  oxygen  and  hydrogen  (in  the  propor- 
tions necessary  for  tlleir  combination),  proiiellcd  by  hydro- 
static or  other  pressure,  aud  eoniing  fron*  separate  reser- 
voirs, are  made  to  fonn  a  united  current  in  a  capillary 
orifice  at  the  moment  when  they  are  kindled.  Tlie  lieat 
produced  is  such  as  to  consunie  the  diiunond  and  to  fuse 
or  vaporize  many  substances  refmctory  at  lower  tempera- 
tures. The  blowjiipc  is  used  by  giddsmiths  and  jewelers 
in  soldering,  by  glass-blowers  "in  softening  and  shaping 
glass,  and  extensively  by  chemists  and  mineralogists  in  test- 
ing the  nature  and  composition  of  substances.  Also  called 
by  workmen  a  b!incili;i-irun. 

2.  Same  as  i^)ii-3««.  —  Alrohydrogen  blowpipe,  a 
modification  of  the  oxyhydrogen  blowpipe. 


f  Blowpipes. 

a,  common  blowpipe :  *.  Gahn's  blowpipe, 
made  with  charntjer  near  the  jet- 


blowpipe 

H.  1.  Relating  in  luiy  way  to  a  blowpipo,  or 
to  lilowpiiiing:  as.  hlowjiijia  analysis, 
blowpipe  (blo'pip),  I'.  J. ;   pret.  anil  pp.  hlow- 
jiijiiil.  iqiT.  blowj>ipin(i.    [<.  hlotrpipe,  ii.]    To  use 
the  blowpipe;   conduct  chemical  experiments 
or  perform  mechanical  ojieratious  by  means  of 
the  lilo\v]iipe. 
blow-pointt  (blo'point),  n.     A  game  supposed 
to  havu  consisted  in  blowing  small  pins  or  ar- 
rows through  a  tube  at  certain  numbers. 
Shcirtty  lioys  shall  not  play 
At  8pnn-count<?r  or  blow-poitit,  but  shall  pay 
Toll  to  Slime  cimvtier.  Donne,  Satires,  iv. 

blowsel,  M.     See  blouse. 

blowse'-',  ».     See  hlowze. 

blowser  (blou'zcr),  n.  [E.  dial.]  In  pilchard- 
fisliiny,  on  the  south  coast  of  England,  one  of 
the  men  engaged  in  landing  and  caiTying  the 
fish  to  the  curing-houses.   Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  254. 

blOWth  (bloth),  II.  [<  blow-  +  -th,  niter  firowtli, 
<  i/niir.']  Bloom  or  blossom;  blossoms  in  a  col- 
lective sense ;  the  state  of  blossoming.  [Now 
only  dialectal  in  S.  W.  England  (in  the  foiTU 
hlooth)  and  in  New  England.] 

The  seeds  ami  effects  .  .  .  were.asyet  but  potential,  and 

in  the  Uowtli  and  bud.         Hateli/h,  Hist.  World,  I.  ix.  §  3. 

With  us  a  single  blossom  is  a  blow,  while  blowtk  means 

the  blossoming  in  general.     A  farmer  would  say  that  there 

was  a  good  btowth  on  his  fruit-trees. 

Loivcll,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser..  Int. 

blow-through  (blo'thro),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
used  in  tlie  process  of  blowing  through  (which 
see,  under  Woifl,  v.,  I.)  —  Blow-through  cock,  a 
faucet  through  which  the  air  that  may  be  contained  in  a 
steain-cliamber  is  bli>wn  out  wlien  steam  is  admitted.— 
Blow-through  valve,  a  valve  iu  the  opening  through 
which  steam  enters  a  condensing  steam-engine,  used  in 
Idowing  through. 

blow-tube  (blo'tub),  n.  1.  A  hollow  iron  rod, 
from  5  to  6  feet  long,  by  blowing  througli  which 
a  glass-blower  e.xpands  the  semi-fluid  metal 
gathered  on  its  further  end  while  shaping  it  on 
the  mavver. —  2.   Same  as  blow-gun. 

blow-up  (blo'up),  H.  [From  the  phrase  to  Wow 
up :  see  blow^,  v.,  II.]  1.  A  scoldmg;  a  quarrel. 
[CoUoq.] 

The  Captain  .  .  .  pave  him  a  grand  blma-np,  in  true 
nautical  style.  R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Jlast,  p.  22. 
2.  One  of  the  rooms  in  a  sugar-refinery,  usu- 
ally on  the  top  floor,  where  the  raw  sugar  is 

first  melted.— Blow-up  pan,  in  srtgar-rcfiiun!i,  the 
pan  in  which  the  raw  sugiU-,  after  being  sifted,  is  placed 
with  water  to  be  dissolved.  At  the  Itottom  of  the  pan  is 
a  perfoj'ated  steam-pipe  through  which  steam  blows  up 
through  the  solution  ;  hence  the  name  of  the  pan  and  of 
the  room  in  which  the  operation  is  carried  on. 

blow-valve  (blo'valv),  n.  The  snifting-valve 
of  ii  eondeusing-engine. 

blow-well  (blo'wel),  n.  In  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land, a  popular  name  for  an  artesian  well. 

At  Merton  in  Surrey,  at  Brighton,  at  Southampton,  all 
along  the  east  coast  of  Lincolnshire,  and  in  the  low  dis- 
trict between  the  chalk  wolds  near  Louth  and  the  Wash, 
Artesian  borings  have  long  been  known,  and  go  by  the 
name  of  blow-ivelU  among  the  people  of  the  district. 

Encxic.  Brit.,  IL  646. 

blowy  (blo'i),  a.  [<  blow^  +  -j/l.]  Windy; 
blowing;  breezy. 

blowze  (blouz),  n.  [Also  spelled  hlowse,  blouse, 
blou:e,  E.  dial,  blawse:  cf.  blowcss.  Origin  un- 
certain.] It.  A  beggar's  trull ;  a  beggar  wench ; 
a  wench. 

Wed  without  my  advice,  my  love,  my  knowledge, 
Ay,  and  a  beggar,  too,  a  trull,  a  blowse .' 

Chapman,  All  Fools,  iv.  1. 
Venus  herself,  the  queen  of  Cytheron,  ...  is  but  a 
blowze.  .Shirku,  Love  Tricks,  iii.  5. 

2.  A  ruddy,  fat-faced  ■wench ;   a  blowzy  wo- 
man: applied  in  Shakspere  to  an  infant. 
Sweet  blowse,  vou  are  a  beauteous  blossom  sure. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 
blowzed(blouzd), «.  [<blow:e  +  -ed~.']  Blowzy; 
made  ruddy  and  eoarse-complexioned,  as  by  e"x- 
posui'e  to  the  weather;  fat  and  high-colored. 

I  don't  like  to  see  my  daughters  trudging  up  to  their 
pew  all  blo-iezed  and  red  with  walking. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  x. 
Huge  women  blowzed  with  health  and  wind  and  rain. 

Tennyson,  Pl'incess,  iv. 
blowzing   (blou'zing),  o.     [<  blowze  +  -ing^.'i 
Blowzy;  flaunting;  fluffy:  as,   "that  hloiozing 
wig  of  his,"  ./.  Baillir. 
blowzy  (blou'zi),c(.  [< /)Zo«'rc -I- -)/l.]  1.  Ruddy- 
faced;  fat  and  ruddy;  high-colored. 
A  face  made  blowzy  by  cold  and  damp. 

Georye  Eliot,  .Silas  Marner,  xi. 
2.  Disheveled ;  unkempt :  as,  blowcij  hair. 
B.   L.   R.     An   abbreviation   of   brcccli -loading 
rifle  ov  breech-loading  rifled :  used  in  the  tech- 
nical description  of  guns. 

In  naval  service  />.  L.  It.  guns  of  cast-iron,  strengthened 
by  rings,  have  been  employed,  ranging  from  70  to  .300- 
poundcrs.  Ewyc.  Brit.,  II.  «05. 


598 

blubt  (blub),   r.     [Var.  of   blob;  cf.   blubber.^ 

1.  trans.  To  swell ;  puff  out. 

My  face  was  blown  and  blub'd  with  dropsy  wan. 

Mir.  /or  .Maffs.,  p.  112. 

II.  intrans.  To  swell;  protrude. 
blubber  (blub'er),  r.  [Also  bhbber;  <  ME.  blub- 
nn,  bloberen,  weep,  earlier  bubble,  boil,  as  wa- 
ter in  agitation.  Cf.  G.  dial,  blublnm,  cast  up 
buljbles,  as  water,  LG.  liirut  hlubbcrn,  bab- 
ble, chatter.  Ajipar.  an  imitative  word,  hav- 
ing, like  many  such,  a  fi-eq.  form.  The  short 
forms  blub  and  blob  are  modern.  Cf.  blub,  blob, 
blah,  bleb.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  weep,  especially 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  swell  the  cheeks  or  dis- 
figure the  face ;  burst  into  a  fit  of  weeping :  used 
chiefly  in  sarcasm  or  ridicule. 

Even  so  lies  she. 
Blubbering  and  weeping,  weeping  and  blubbering. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 
Hector's  infant  blubber'd  at  a  plume.     3frs.  Brovming, 
2\.  To  bubble ;  foam. 

Ther  faure  citees  wern  set,  nov  is  a  see  called, 
That  ay  is  drouy  A-  dyra,  tt  ded  in  hit  kynde, 
Bio,  blubraiule.  &  blak,  vnblythe  to  nege. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  ilorris),  ii.  1017. 

II.  trans.  To  disfigure  ■with  weeping. 
blubber  (blub'er),  n.    [Also  hlobber ;  <  SIE.  blub- 
ber, a  bubble,  blubcr,  blober,  surge,  agitation  of 
water,  bubble :  see  the  verb.]     If.  A  bubble. 

At  his  mouth  a  blubber  stode  of  fome. 

Henryson,  Test,  of  Creseide,  1.  192. 

2.  The  fat  of  whales  and  other  cetaceans,  from 
which  train-oil  is  obtained.  The  blubber  lies  under 
the  skin  and  over  the  muscles.  The  whole  quantity  yield- 
ed by  a  large  whale  ordinarily  amoinits  to  40  or  50  hun- 
dredweight, but  sometimes  to  SO  or  more. 

3.  A  gelatinous  substance ;  hence,  an  aealeph 
or  sea-nettle;  a  medusa. — 4.  [<  blubber,  c] 
The  act  or  state  of  blubbering:  as,  to  be  in  a 
blubber. —  5.  One  who  blubs.     Carlyle. 

blubbered  (blub'erd),  i\  a.  [Pp.  of  blubber,  «>.] 
Swollen;  big;  turgid:  as,  a  blubbered  lip;  "her 
blubbered  cheeks,"  Drijden,  Ceyx  and  Alcvone, 
1.  392. 

blubberer  (blub'er-er),  n.     One  who  blubbers. 

blubber-lip  (blub'cr-lip),  n.  [<  blubber  -f  lip.'] 
A  swollen  lip;  a  thick  lip,  such  as  that  of  a 
negro.     Also  ■written  blobber-lip. 

His  blobber-lips  and  beetle-brows  commend. 

Vrydfn,  tr.  of  .Tuveual's  .Satires,  iii. 

blubber-lipped  (blub'er-lipt),  a,  [ME.  hlaber- 
lijipcd ;  <  blubber  -H  lip  -\-  -frf-.]  Ha^'ing  blub- 
ber-lips. Also  written  blobber-lipped:  as,  "a 
blobher-lipped  shell,"  N.  Grew. 

blubber-spade  (blub'er-spiid),  n.  [<  blubber 
(whale's  blubber)  -t-  spude.']  A  keen-edged 
spade  used  t  o  remove  the  layer  of  blubber  which 
envelops  a  whale's  body. 

blubbery  (blub'er-i),  a.  [<  blubber  -(-  -yl.] 
Resembling  blubber;  fat,  as  a  cetacean. 

blucher  (blo'eher),  n.  A  strong  leather  half- 
boot  or  high  shoe,  named  after  Field-marshal 
von  Blticher,  commander  of  the  Prussian  ai-my 
in  the  later  campaigns  against  Napoleon. 

He  was,  altogether,  as  roystering  and  swaggering  a 
young  gentleman  as  ever  stood  four  feet  six,  or  something 
less,  in  his  bhiehers.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist. 

bludgeon  (bluj'ou),  «.  [Not  found  before 
1730  (Bailey);  origin  unknown.  A  pl.ausible 
conjecture  connects  it  with  I),  bludsen.  blutsen, 
bruise,  beat  (parallel  ■with  bufsen  ■svith  same 
meaning:  see  botcJt-).  The  E.  word,  if  from 
this  source,  may  have  been  introduced  as  a 
cant  tei-m  in  the  Elizabethan  period,  along 
with  many  other  cant  terms  from  the  D.  which 
never,  or  not  until  much  later,  emerged  in 
literary  use.]  A  heavy  stick,  particularly  one 
■with  one  end  loaded  or  thicker  and  hea^sier 
than  the  other,  used  as  an  offensive  weapon. 

Arms  were  costly,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  fjTd 
came  e((uipped  with  bludgeons  and  hedge-stakes,  which 
could  do  little  to  meet  the  spear  and  battle-axe  of  the 
invader.  J.  H.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  127. 

blue  (blii),  a.  and  n.  [Earlymod.  E.  reg.  blew, 
blewe,  rarely  blue ;  <.  ME.  blew,  blewe,  occasion- 
ally bluwe,  blue,  blire,  blu,  bleu,  possibly  <  AS. 
"blww  (in  deriv.  bUvwen,  bluish)  for  *bldw 
(whence  the  reg.  ME.  bio,  bloo,  mod.  E.  dial. 
blow,  north.  ME.  bla,  blaa,  mod.  north.  E.  and 
Sc.  blue,  blca,  after  the  Scand. :  see  blae)  (cf. 
E.  mew,  <  AS.  md;u-,  a  gull);  but  more  prob. 
from,  and  in  any  case  merged  with,  OF.  bleu, 
blcf,  mod.  F.  bleu  =  Pr.  blau,  fern,  blava  =  OSp. 
blavo,  Sp.  Pg.  blao  =  It.  biaro  (obs.  or  dial.) 
(cf.  mod.  It.  blu.<  F.  or  E.),<  ML.  bldrn.'^,  bidriu.i, 
<  OHG.  bldo  (bldw-),  MHG.  bid  (bldw-).  G.  blau 
=  Ml),  blaeuw,  D.  blaauw  =  OFries.  blair  = 
MLG.  bid,  bldw,  hlauwe,  LG.  hlau,  blaag,  blue,  = 


bine 

AS.  'bldtr  (above)  =  Icel.  hldr  =  Sw.  bid  =  Dan. 
blaa,  blue,  livid  (see  blae);  ]ierhaps  =  L.  Jldrus, 
yellow  (color-names  being  variable  in  applica- 
tion). Some  of  the  uses  of  blue  originally  be- 
longed to  the  parallel  form  blae  in  the  scn.se  of 
'livid,'  as  in  bloek  iiiid  blue.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  the 
color  of  the  clear  sky;  of  the  color  of  the 
S]iectrum  between  wave-lengths  ..50.5  and  .415 
micron,  and  more  especially  .487  to  .400,  or  of 
such  light  mixed  with  white ;  azure ;  cerulean. 

—  2.  Livid;  lead-colored:  said  of  the  skin  or 
complexion  as  affected  by  cold,  contusion,  or 
fear  (see  blae) :  hence  the  phrase  black  and  blue. 
See  black. — 3.  Figuratively,  afflicted  with  low 
spirits;  despondent;  depressed;  hypochondria- 
cal ;  having  the  blues. 

E'en  I  or  you. 
If  we'd  nothing  to  do. 
Should  ftnd  ourselves  looking  remarkably  blue. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  10, 
Sir  Lucius  looked  blue,  but  he  had  hedged. 

Disraeli,  Young  Duke,  ii.  5. 

4.  Dismal;  unpromising:  applied  to  things:  as, 
a 5?i(e lookout.  [Colloq.]  —  5.  Infle.xible:  rigid; 
strict  in  morals  or  religion  ;  puritanic :  as,  a  blue 
Presbyterian :  often  in  the  form  true  blue  (which 
see,  below). —  6.  [With  ret.  to  blue-stocking,  q. 
v.]     Learned;  pedantic:  applied  to  women. 

Some  of  the  ladies  were  very  blue  and  well  informed. 

Thackeray. 

7.  Indecent;  obscene:  as, i?HC stories.   [Colloq.] 

—  Black  and  blue.   See  W(u*.— Blue  antelope,    .same 

as  hbiinihnh-.  — Blue  a,SbeSt0S.  See  erocidut it,:. —  Blue 
ashes,  a  hydrated  basic  opper  carbonate,  prepared  arti- 
ficially. It  is  found  native  ("mountain  blue")  in  t.'\m\- 
berland,  England.— Blue   beech.     Same  .as  water-beeth. 

—  Blue  bindweed,  blood,  bream,  carmine,  clay,  etc. 
See  the  nouns.  — Blue  copperas.  Same  as  blotslone. — 
Blue  flesh-fly.  same  as  tduebottle,  2.— Blue  funk,  ex- 
treme nervousness  or  nervous  agitation:  nervous  appre- 
hension or  dread. —  Blue  glass,  glass  colored  with  cobalt 
manganese. —  Blue  ground.     Same  as  W«c  rock  (^  or  c). 

—  Blue  lake,  a  ijigmeut  similar  to  Antwerp  blue.— Blue 
magnetism,  that  wliich  characterizes  the  south  imle  of 
a  magnet.  — Blue  malachite.  See  loalaehite. —  Blue  met- 
al, cfipper  at  a  certain  stage  in  the  process  of  refining. 

—  Blue  milk,  Monday,  etc.  See  the  nouns.—  Blue 
OCher.  See  ocher.— Blue  pole,  the  south  pole  of  a  mag- 
net.—Blue  pulp,  a  name  of  various  mixtures  kl]own  to 
calico-printers  and  -dyers,  made  up  of  yellow  prussiate  of 
potash  and  protochlorid  or  bichlorid  of  tin  and  water. — - 
Blue  ribbon.  .See  ridton— Blue  rock,  (a)  The  name 
ill  parts  of  Ireland  of  an  arenaceous  shale,  (b)  In  Austra- 
lia, the  volcanic  (basaltic)  m  aterial  in  places  overlying  the 
Tertiary  auriferous  gi-avels.  (c)  The  bluish-colored  matrix 
in  which  the  South  African  diamonds  are  often  found  em- 
bedded. It  is  a  kind  of  breccia.  — Blue  sand,  a  cobalt 
smalt  used  by  pottei"s  for  paintinu  blue  figures  on  pottery. 
—Blue  shark.  See  shark.— Blue  verditer.  Same  as 
Bremen  blue  (see  below). —  Blue  Vitriol.  See  vitriol. — 
To  bum  blue,  to  tuu-u  with  a  bluish  tlame  like  that  of 
brimstone.  —  True  blue  (that  is,  genuine,  lasting  blue: 
blue  being  taken  as  a  type  of  constancy,  and  used  in  tliis 
and  other  phrases  often  with  an  added  allusion  to  some 
other  sense  of  blue],  constant ;  unwavering  ;  stanch  ;  ster- 
ling; unHinching:  upright  and  downright:  specifically 
applied  to  the  Scotch  Presbyterians  or  Whig  party  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  from  the  color  (blue)  adopted  by  the 
Covenanters  in  contradistinction  to  the  royal  red. 

II.  n.  1.  The  color  of  the  clear  sky  or  of 
natural  ultramarine,  or  a  shade  or  a  tint  re- 
sembling it ;  aziu-e.  See  I.,  1. —  2.  A  dye  or  pig- 
ment of  this  hue.  The  substances  used  as  blue  pig- 
ments are  of  ^■e^y  diflferent  natui-es,  and  derived  from  va- 
rious sources ;  they  are  all  compound  bodies,  some  being 
natural  and  others  artificial.  See  phrases  below. 
3.  Bluing. — 4.  The  sky;  the  atmosphere.  [Po- 
etic] 

I  came  and  sat 
Below  the  chestiuits.  when  their  buds 
Were  glistening  iu  the  breezy  bine. 

Tennyson,  Miller^s  Daughter. 

5.  The  sea;  the  deep  sea.  [Poetic]  —  6.  A 
member  of  a  party,  or  of  any  company  of  per- 
sons, which  has  adopted  blue  as  its  distinctive 
color. — 7.  The  heavy  winter  coat  of  the  deer. 
See  phrase  in  the  blue,  below. —  8.  -\  buttei-fly 
of  the  family  i^cn-" irfo',  found  in  Great  Britain 
and  other  parts  of  Etirope. —  9.  [Short  for  blue- 
stocking.]    A  pedantic  woman. 

Next  to  a  lady  I  must  bid  adieu  — 
Wliom  some  ia  mirth  or  malice  call  a  Utte. 

(yabbe. 
Alexandria  blue,  a  pigment  used  by  the  ancient  Egyi>- 
tians.  euinpnsed  nt  the  siliiatts  ^if  copper  and  lime.  Also 
called  K:r!tj'ii:iii  bin,:-  Alizarin  blue,  i'i7HgN<>4,  a  coal- 
tar  color  u.scd  for  dyeing,  prepared  by  heating  nitro-aliza- 
rin  with  glycerin  anil  suli)lun-ic  acid,  and  aftenvai-d  wash- 
ing with  water.  It  occurs  in  comjuerce  as  a  dark-violet 
paste  containing  about  10  per  cent,  of  dry  substance,  and  is 
used  in  wool-dyeing  and  calico-prmting  in  place  of  indigo, 
under  certain  conditions.      ..Vlso  called  anthracene  blue. 

—  Alkali  blue,  in  dyeing,  a  coal-tar  cohtr  used  for  bright- 
blue  shades  on  silk  and  wi)ol.  but  unsuited  for  cotton, 
because  it  wilt  not  combine  .vith  acid  mordants.  It  con- 
sists essentially  of  the  sodium  salt  of  monosulphonic  acid 
of  rosaniline  blue,  and  is  applied  in  a  slightly  alkaline 
bath  (hence  the  name).  .-VIso  called  .fast  blue  and  Guern- 
sey blue.—  Ajoiline  blue,  a  generic  name  for  spirit-blue, 
soluble  blue,  and  alkali  blue.    See  these  terms.—  Anthra- 


blue 

cene  blue.    Same  as  aluarin  Wim.— Antwerp  blue,  a 

Prussian  blue  made  somewhat  lighter  in  r»»Inr  Ity  tin-  aii- 
dition  of  iiliiiniDa.  It  is  inoi-f  greenish  tluiti  I'l-iissiaii  IiIul-. 
AIsi)  called  llaarU'in  hhw,  mint^ral  hlur, —  Armenian 
blue,  a  piiimcnt  used  liy  the  aiuieiits,  jiiubalily  a  native 
ultiarnarine.  -Azure  blue,  a  naTjic  u-iven  to  various  pig- 
menta.  suell  as  rolialt  blue.  ultraTiiariue,  and  earbonate  of 
cojiper.  -Basic  blue,  a  more  carefullv  prepared  spirit- 
blur  of  the  tlist  kind.  .See  xiiirit-liliiy.  ..\lso  ealled  uiml- 
blitf.  —Berlin  blue.  Same  as  /'ru^.'.iiin  Uhtc,  I>ut  usually  a 
little  li^bter  in  e«dor.  Also  ealled  .sYc'-/-/*/f/i'.  — Blackley 
blue.  Same  as  hoIiMc  hlui:  (n).— Bremen  blue,  a  hydrat- 
ed  copper  oxid  formed  by  preeipitatin.;  nitrate  of  eoiipcr 
with  lime.  It  is  mostly  used  for  fresco. paiiiluiir.  and  re- 
tains its  blue  color  under  artitirial  li;.'lit.  .-Vls-Malled  bhw 
OTn//f ('/•.— Cerulean  blue,  a  iii^-iueiit  composed  of  the 
oxids  of  tin  and  cobalt.  It  retaitis  its  bhie  color  by  artifi- 
cial lif-'ht.  — Chemlc  blue,  a  term  used  by  dyers  for  a  very 
acid  solution  of  indi^'o  in  sulphuric  acid  which  resembles 
Saxony  blue.— China  blue,  a  coal-tar  color  similar  to 
soluble  blue,  used  in  dyeijii;.  — Chinese  blue,  a  piiiment 
similar  to  Prussian  blue,  but  when  dry  and  in  a  lump  form 
haviuK  a  peculiar  recidisli. bronze  cast.  Its  tints  are  purer 
than  those  of  Prussian  blue.  — Cobalt  blue,  a  pure  blue 
tending  toward  cyan-blue  and  of  liii;h  luminosity.  Also 
called  llini'iarii  htnr,  Li'ithnfr's  hlar,  aiul  PariH  blue. — 
Coupler's  blue,  a  coal  tar  color  used  in  dyeing.  It  is  a 
si»irit  indtdinr.  anil  is  tlie  liydrochlorid  of  some  cidor-ltase, 
such  as  tiipbetiyl-violaidline.  It  yields  a  dark-blue  color 
not  unlike  indi'-'o,  and  iM\  be  dyed  on  woo],  silk,  and  cot- 
tun.    Also  called  u:i;i;i,l,rii,il,  KlherMd  l,lu.\  l!;iih,ii.r  hhir. 

—  Cyanine blue.  Same  as  tciVc/isWuf.— DistUledblue, 
a  puritlet  I  solut  ion  of  snlpbato  of  indifio.  — Dumont's  blue, 
a  carefidt>  prepared  smalt  xised  by  decorators  of  eliiiia. 

—  Egyptian  blue.  Same  as  Atfxaiulria  u  ue. — Elberfeld 

blue.  Same  as  CimpUf'K  blue.  —  Eschel  blue.  Same  as 
s//;f^/r— Fast  blue.  Same  as  alkali  /*/(/*'.— Fluorescent 
resorcinal  blue,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeint;,  pre- 
pared by  dissolving;  azo-resorufiu  in  potash,  adding  bro- 
mine, and  precipitating  witil  hydrochloric  acid  the  hex- 
abrom-diazo-resorutlnate,  and  converting  this  into  the  so- 
dium salt-  It  dyes  wool  an<l  silk  a  fast  blue  with  a  red 
fluorescence,  especially  in  artificial  light.  Also  called  re- 
soreiii  hlire. — French  blue.  Same  as  artifu-itil  ulUanut- 
riite  (wliieh  see,  uiuier  iiltrumanit''). —  Gentiana  blue. 
Same  as  .^pirtl-blitf.  —  Gold  blue,  a  color  siTiiilar  to  [luiplc 
of  <-'assius.  Sft;  purple.  —  Guernsey  blue.  Same  ^isal/cati 
6^io'.— GUimet  blue.  Same  as  uri'liriul  ifltnniiuriiie 
(which  see,  under  nltraniurui').  —  }la.as\em  blue.  Sumo 
as  .inlu'rrp  htue.  —  Humboldt  blue,   same  as  ^pn-ilblue. 

—  Hungary  blue,  same  :is  enbalt  hhu:  -  Imperial  blue. 

Same  as  spirit-blue.  —  Indian  blue.  Same  as  iuditfo. — 
Intense  blue,  a  pigment  made  by  refining  indigo. — In 
the  blue,  wearing  the  blue  coat,  as  a  deer. 

There  is  a  bluish  shade  observed  on  the  common  deer, 
which  is  so  prevalent  !is  to  have  given  the  winter  coat  the 
general  appellation  of  the  blue  among  frontiersmen  and 
hunters,  wlio  say  the  deer  is  in  the  red  or  the  blue,  as  he 
may  be  in  the  summer  or  the  winter  coat. 

J-  D.  Caton,  Antelope  and  Deer  of  America,  p.  149. 

LeitCh'S  blue,  a  comitomnl  of  cobalt  blue  and  Prussian 
blue.  Also  ealled  cwjiiH.'  /ido-.— Lelthner's  blue.  Same 
as  eobult  bhtt'.— Lyons  blue,  one  of  the  commercial 
names  of  spirit-blue.  — Mineral  blue.  Same  as  Antwerp 
bltu\ — Monthier's  blue,  a  special  kind  of  Prussian  Idue, 
in  the  makinu'  of  which  ammonia  is  n.sed.— Mountain 
blue.  See  «.-i(r/(c.— Napoleon  blue,  a  blue  e.dor  dyed 
on  silk  by  means  of  basic  fen  ic  snlphate  and  yellow'  prus- 
siate  of  potash,  fortning  a  Prussian  Idue.  Also  called  Raj/- 
vwnd'n  blue.  ~  Native  Prussian  blue.  Same  as  blue  oeher 
(which  see,  under  er-A.  /■).  —Navy  blue.  Same  as  soluble 
blue  (b). — Nemours  blue,  a  color  produced  in  <lyeing,  by 
first  dyeing  with  sandal-wood  and  afterward  with  itidigo, 
giving  a  purple  hue  by  reflected  light.  —  Neutral  blue, 
a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  the  hydrochlorid  of  the 
col(tr-base  safranine-  It  is  useful  t>nly  in  dyeing  cotton. — 
New  blue.  Same  as  nrtitieirrl  ultruuiaritie,  or,  in  ciial-tar 
colors,  same  as  neutral  blue. —  Night  blue.  («)  Same  as 
Vietoria  blue,  but  of  a  purer  slnule.  (/»)  Soluble  blue, 
(c)  Any  blue  that  is  free  from  violet,  ami  retains  a  true 
blue  color  in  artificial  light.  -Paris  blue,  (f)  Same  as 
cobalt  Idue.     {b)  A  st.imewhat  light  shade  of  Prussian  blue. 

—  Parma  blue,  a  spirit -blue  of  the  tir>t  kind,  with  a  de- 
cided violet  tone.— Paste  blue-  (")  Sulphate  of  indigo. 
(())  Prussian  blue  in  a  pasty  state.— Permanent  blue. 
Same  as  artirieiat  ultramarine  (which  see.  under  vltra- 
mariiw). — Prussian  blue,  a  pigment  nuide  Ijy  precipi- 
tating ferric  sulptuite  with  yellow  prussiate  of  potash, 
formi[iL'  a  fcnoeyanide  of  iron.  It  is  a  cyan-blue  like  that 
of  the  siiectrnm  of  wave. length  .420  nncron;  its  chronni  is 
strong,  but  its  lununosity  is  low.  Sometimes  called  roiml 
W»c.— Raymond's  blue.  Same  as  yaiideoit  blue. — Re- 
bOUlleau'S blue.  Same  a^Schwein/urth  blue.  —  Resorcin 
blue.  Same  as  fliwreseent  resoreinal  blur. —  RoubaiX 
blue.  Same  as  Coupkr's  Wim.  — Royal  blue.  Same  as 
smnlt.     In  dyeing.  Prussian  blue  is  sometimes  so  named. 

—  Sanders  or  saunders  blue,  a  corrupt  luxme  for  the 
French.-.  /e//-..W//.r(.. s(  ultramarine  ashes).— Saxony  blue, 
the  sulpbindigotic  acid  of  commerce,  preparetl  by  dissolv- 
ing iinligo  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  and  used  for 
dyeing  on  wool  and  silk.  It  is  brighter  in  color  than  that 
obtained  from  the  indigo.vat,  but  is  not  so  fjust  either  to 
light  or  to  the  action  of  soap.— Schweinfurth  blue,  a 
pigment  made  by  fusing  together  copper  arseiiiate,  i>otas- 
sium  arseniate,  and  niter.  The  product  soon  turns  blue 
when  mixe.l  with  oil.  Also  called  licboulleau n  bliu.— 
Soluble  blue,  (a)  A  co.al-tar  C(d<)r  used  in  dyeing,  ob- 
tained  by  heating  a  spirit-blue  with  sulphuric  acid,  aiul 
the  product  with  oxalic  acid.  Su.di  blues  are  soluble  iu 
water,  in  distinction  from  the  spirit -f'tue.^.  which  are  solu- 
ble only  in  alcohol.  Also  called  lllaeklen  bine,  (b)  A 
Prussian  blue  to  which  has  been  aihled  an  excess  of  prus- 
siate of  potash.  Also  called  ball-blue,  navii  blue. — The 
blues,  (a)  [Contraction  for  blur-iterils.]  Low  spirits; 
melanchtdy  ;  despondency;  hypoehomlria.  fieti  blue-<lrr- 
ils.  (b)  [cap.]  The  name  popularly  given  to  the  English 
regiment  properly  called  the  Royal  Horse  Ouards,  or  Ox- 
ford Iltites,  first  m\lstered  in  10*31,  and  so  called  from  their 
blue  uniforms.— To  be  a  blue,  to  have  won  ones  blue 
(which  see,  below).  (Kng.!— To  win  one's  blue,  to  be 
chosen  to  represent  a  university  (Oxfonl  *ir  Cjimbridge)  or 
school  (Harrow  or  Eton)  iu  athletic  contests :  from  the 


699 

distinctive  colors  (dark  blue  for  Oxford  and  Tlarrow,  and 
light  blue  for  Cambridge  and  Eton)  adopte.l  by  students 
at  those  institutions.    1  laig.  1  —  Ultramarine  blue.   See 

t'/'r«(i(in-/;(e.— Vat-blue.  Same  as  iudi</ii-blue. -Yic- 
toria  blue,  a  coal-tar  e.dor  used  in  dyeing.  It  is  a  dark- 
blue  liowiler  soluble  in  water,  and  can  be  dyed  on  woid, 
silk,  or  cotton.— Violet-blue,  a  blue  temiing  toward 
violet,  the  odor  of  the  spectrum  between  wave-lengths 
.inn  to  .-iUt  micron,  or  of  such  light  nuxed  with  white,— 
Wine-blue,  a-nocyan,  used  as  a  coloring  matter  for  rc<l 
wines. 

blue  (bUi),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hhiaJ,  ppr.  hhiiiir/. 
I  <   blue,  n.]     I.  tran.s.   To  make  blue ;  dye  a 
blue  color ;  color  with  bluing ;  make  blue  by 
hoating,  as  metals,  etc. 
Il.t  iiifriiiis.  To  blush. 

blueback  (blo'bak),  n.  1.  A  local  EnRlish 
iiamii  (eui-rent  in  Yorkshire)  of  the  coal-fish,  in 
allusion  to  th(>  bluish  color  of  the  back. —  2. 
The blue-baekod .salmon  or nerka,  (hicorhijndiiis 
verka,  known  in  biaho  as  the  rtd-ft.<ili. —  3.  In 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  the  glut-heiTing ;  a 
lieiTing-liko  fish,  Ctiipca  a:<!tivali.^,  without  vo- 
merine or  palatine  teeth,  with  the  lower  .jaw 
projecting  but  little,  and  the  peritoneum  black- 
ish. It  is  mtich  like  tlie  alewife,  but  of  less 
value. —  4.  A  local  name  in  Maine  of  the  blue- 
bucked  trout,  Salfclimis  oqiiassa. 

bluebell  (blii'bel),  «.  Tlie  popidar  name  of 
several  different  plants:  (fi)  In  Scotland,  of 
CnmjKDiiiln  rotunilifolia,  a  plant  bearing  a  loose 
panicle  of  blue  bell-shaped  flowers.  See  hare- 
hen.  {!>)  In  England,  of  sicilla  nutans,  the  wild 
hyacinth,  from  the  shape  of  its  drooping  flow- 
ers, (c)  Of  the  grape-hyacinth,  Aliiscari  botrij- 
oides.  (d)  Occasionally,  of  other  plants  with 
blue  bell-shaped  flowers. 

blueberry  (blo'ber"i),  «. ;  pi.  hlueherries  (-iz). 
[^<,  blue  +  herrij'^.  Ct.  blaeberry ."^  In  America: 
(o)  The  fruit  of  several  species  of  I'accinium, 
ordinarily  distinguished  from  the  various  kinds 
of  huckleberry  by  its  blue  color  and  smaller 
seeds.  The  swamp  or  tall  blueberry  is  the  I'ac- 
cinium  curymbo.sum ;  the  low  bluebeiT}',  V.  vaeil- 
Jans ;  and  the  dwarf  blueberry,  ('.  Pennsyl- 
vanicum.  See  bilberry,  (b)  Another  name  of 
the  cohosh,  Caulophyllum  thalictroides. 

bluebill  (blij'bil),  «.  A  scaup  duck;  the  black- 
head (which  see). 

blue-billy  (blo'bil''''i),  n.  [<  blue  +  billy,  per- 
haps the  proper  name  Billy  used  familiarly,  as 
in  other  instances:  see  Inlly^,  billyh. 'i  In  metal., 
the  residuum  from  pyrites,  roasted  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  sidphuric  acid,  or  for  the  extrac- 
tion in  the  moist  way  of  the  copper  which  it 
contains.  This  residuum,  consisting  maiidy  of  peroxid 
of  iron,  is  largely  used  as  fettling  in  the  puddling-fur- 
mices  in  parts  of  Englainl. 

bluebird  (blo'berd),  n.  [In  17th  century,  blew- 
bint.}  1.  An  American  oscine  passerine  bird, 
of  the  genus  Sialia,  of  which  blue  is  the  chief 
color.  Tliere  are  several  species.  The  common  or  Wil- 
son's bluebird,  Sialia  sialis,  inhabits  eastern  North  Amer- 
ica- It  is  about  OJ  inches  long,  blue  above  and  iluU-red- 
tlish  and  white  below.  In  most  parts  of  the  United  States 
it  is  a  harbinger  of  spring,  coming  with  a  melodious  song. 
It  nests  in  holes,  ami  lays  plain  pale-bluish  eggs.  The 
western  or  ^lexiean  bluebird,  5.  mezicana,  is  very  similar, 
but  has  a  reddish  patch  on  the  back,  and  the  throat  blue. 
The  arctic  or  Rocky  Mountain  bluebird,  S.  arctiea.  is  a 
larger  species,  of  a  paler  blue  than  the  others,  fading  int<j 
white  below,  without  any  red. 

2.  Some  other  bird  of  a  blue  color:  as,  the 
fairy  bluebird  of  Java,  Irciw  turcosa. 

blue-black  (blo'blak),  a.  and  n.  I,  a.  Of  a 
bluish-black  color. 

II.  ».  1.  A  name  of  ivory-black,  from  its 
bluish  hue  ;  a  color  resembUng  ivory -blsick. — 
2.  A  well-burnt  and  levigated  charcoal  pre- 
])are(l  from  vine-twigs.     Also  called  rine-blaek. 

bluebla'Wt  (blo'bla),  n.  [Also  written  blue- 
blow,  early  mod.  E.  blewblaw,  <  blew,  blue,  -t- 
*blaw,  appar.  a  varied  form  of  blue  or  blae  (ME. 
bla,  etc.),  later  modified  to  blow.}  An  old  name 
of  the  bluebottle,  Centnurca  Cyanu,^: 

blue-blazer  (blo'bla'zer),  n.  A  sweetened  and 
flavored  drink  made  of  Scotch  whisky  and 
water  mixed,  after  being  set  on  fire,  by  pour- 
ing back  and  forth  between  two  mugs. 

blue-blind  (blii'blind),  a.  Unable  to  tUstin- 
gidsh  the  color  blue  from  other  colors. 

From  the  rarity  ami,  in  many  cases,  the  entire  absence 
of  reference  to  blue  in  ancient  literature,  Geiger  .  .  . 
has  maintained  that,  even  as  recently  as  the  time  of  Ho- 
mer, our  ancestors  were  blue-bliiul. 

Sir  J.  Lubbock,  Pop.  Sci.  5Io.,  XXI.  -200. 

blueblo^Wt,  "•     See  bluehlaw. 

bluebonnet  (blo'bou'et),  «.  1.  A  name  for 
the  blue  titmouse,  Parus  ca-ruleus.  Also  called 
hluecai).  ilacfiilUvray. —  2.  In  bot.,  same  as 
bluebottle,  1. —  3.  A  name  given  to  the  soldiery 
of  Scotland  when  it  was  a  separate  kingdom, 


bluefish 

f  rora  the  color  of  their  b<iiniets;al80,any  Scotch- 
man: generally  as  two  words.     Also  Wmcc«j). 
England  shall  nniny  a  day 
Tell  of  the  bloody  fray 
\\lien  the  Blue  Boniutx  came  over  the  Border. 

Scott,  Ballad,  Moinistery,  xxv. 

bluebottle  (blo'bof'l),  «.  [In  def.  1  with  ref. 
to  the  blu(<  funnel-shaped  florets  arranged  in  a 
bottle-shaped  involucre  or  whorl.]  1.  In  bot., 
Ceuliiurea  Cyauus,  a  composite  jilant,  a  weed  in 
Europe,  cultivated  for  ornament  in  America. 
Also  ealled  bluebonnet  and  bluemji. —  2.  In  :ool., 
a  dipterous  insect  with  a  blue  abdomen,  of  the 
family  Mu.iciilw  and  genus  Munca,  or  Calliphora. 
Also  popularly  called  fccfZ-frtterand  blucjlesh-fly. 

Under  the  term  bluebottle  at  least  two  species  are  in- 
chnled  [in  England],  namely,  Musca  vomitoria  and  M. 
ervthrocepliala.  They  both  have  the  luider  surface  of  the 
head  red.  Stand.  Sat.  Hint.,  VI.  9.5. 

3.  A  policeman,  a  beadle,  or  other  oflScer  wear- 
ing a  blue  dress.     [Slang.] 

bluebreast  (blo'brest),  n.     Same  as  bluethroat. 

bluebuck  (blo'buk),  u.  [Tr.  of  D.  blauirbok.1 
Same  as  blauirbok. 

bluebush  (blo'biish),  11.  A  Mexican  shrub,  Ce- 
aiiiithii.s  (i.:ureu.f,  with  abundant  blue  flowers. 

bluebuttons  (blo'but'onz),  H.  Same  as  blue- 
rap,  o  ((/). 

bluecap  (bUi'kap),  n.  1.  A  fish  said  to  be  of 
the  salmon  kind,  with  blue  spots  on  its  head. 
Im/i.  Diet. —  2.  Same  as  bluebonnet,  1. —  3.  In. 
bot. :  («)  Some  blue-flowered  species  of  Scabi- 
osa,  as  i>'.  succisa  and  S.  arvensis.  (ft)  The  blue- 
bottle, Centaurea  Cyaniis. — 4.  Same  as  blue- 
bonnet, 3. 

A  thousainl  blue-caps  more.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
5.  In  coal-mining,  a  blue  or  brownish  halo 
around  the  flame  of  the  safety-lamp,  indicat- 
ing the  presence  of  a  dangerous  quantity  of 
fire-damp. 

bluecoat  (blo'kot),  «.  A  person  who  wears  a 
blue  coat,  especially  as  a  uniform  or  livery. 
Specifically  — (a)  A  serving-man,  especially  in  the  house 
of  an  English  country  gentleman.  The  blue  coat  and 
badge  were  fonnerly  the  common  livery  of  all  the  male  ser- 
vants and  attendants  in  a  large  cstablishnu-ut.  (/»)  .-V  sol- 
dier iu  the  army  of  the  United  States. —  Bluecoat  boy,  a 
pupil  c»f  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  a  fouiulation  dating 
from  the  time  of  Edward  VI.,  the  beneficiaries  of  which, 
who  are  yoimg  boys,  still  wear  the  dress  common  to  lioys 
at  that  time,  or  a  slight  modification  of  it,  consisting  of  a 
long  blue  coat  girded  with  a  leather  belt,  knee-l>reeches, 
yellow  stockings,  and  low  shoes.  Their  head.dress  is  what 
is  called  a  ninffin-eap  (which  see),  but  generally  they  wear 
no  caps,  even  in  the  coldest  weather. 

blue-cod  (blo'kod),  H.  A  chiroid  fish,  Ophio- 
don  elonrjatus,  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United 
States,  better  known  as  cultus-cod. 

blue-creeper  (blo'kre"per),  n.  Agraeeful  twin- 
ing plant  of  Tasmania,  Come.'-yerma  volubile, 
natural  order  I'olygalacca;  bearing  an  abun- 
dance of  bright -blue  flowers. 

blue-curls  (blo'kerlz),  H.  A  low  labiate  plant 
of  the  United  States,  Trieho.itema  dichotomuiit, 
with  blue  flowers  and  very  long  coiled  fila- 
ments. 

blue-devils  (blo'dev'lz),  n.  pi.  [See  blue,  <i., 
3,  4.]  1.  Low  spirits;  depression  of  mind. — 
2.  [With  allusion  to  the  apparitions  of  such 
delirium. ]     Delirium  tremens. 

blue-disease  (bl6'di-zez").  «■   Same  as  cyanosis. 

blue-eyed  (blo'id),  a.  Having  blue  eyes:  a.s, 
"the  blue-eyed  Norseman,"  Longfellow,  Tales 
of  a  Wayside  Inn — Blue-eyed  grass,  in  bot.,  the 
name  in  tl'ie  United  States  of  species  of  Sisyrinchium. — 
Blue-eyed  Mary,  the  name  of  a  boraginaceous  plant, 
Oniphnlude.-i  rerna,  of  Europe,  with  small  blue  flowers, 
resembling  the  forget-me-imt. 

bluefin  (blo'fin),  n.  A  local  name  in  the 
United  States  of  the  lake-herring  or  whitefish 
of  Lake  Michigan,  t'orcgunus  nigripinnis.  See 
ei,-<e(t. 

bluefish  (blo'fish),  H.  1.  The  tisual  name  of  a 
fish  of  the  family  romatomida;  the  Pomatomus 
saltatrix,  also  called  tailor,  .fkijijoch;  bbie-snap- 
pcr,  and  green-fish .  It  is  of  compressed  subf usiform 
shape,  greenish  or  bluish  above  and  silvery  below.     It 


Bluefish  iPumatemui  saltatrix^, 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

sometimes  attains  a  length  of  about  3  feet,  though  it  is 
usuallvmueh  smaller.  It  is  common  in  many  seiis,  but  is 
best  known  aliuig  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States- 
Its  teeth  are  small  but  trenchant,  and  the  flsh  is  exceed- 
ingly ravenous  ami  destructive  to  other  ttshcs-  It  affords 
excellent  sport,  lUid  its  flesh  is  esteemed  for  the  table. 


bluefish 

2.  An  occasional  (New  England)  name  of  the 
common  cunner,  Ctciioldliriin  tulspirsioi.  See 
cioiiicr. —  3.  A  Califoruian  seifpuoid  (isli,  Cijiio- 
scioii  pari'ipinne,  related  to  the  weaklish  of  the 
eastern  United  States. — 4.  A  pimelepteroid 
fish  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States, 
CiriUd  niiji-icaiis,  of  a  bluish-brown  color,  with 
triciispiil  incisors  in  an  outer  row,  and  a  band 
of  sniallrr  tcetli  within.— 5.  A  West  Indian 
and  t'loridian  labroid  fish,  Plati/fihssiisradiatus, 
with  9  dorsal  siiines,  cheeks  and  opercles  naked, 
and  well-developed  jiosterior  canines.  The  adult 
is  aziire-Wue,  with  !i  luiii;itu.liiuil  Ij.tuiI  on  the  anal  fin  iind 
a  i»liif  niart'in  on  tlie  dorsal. 

blue-glede  (blo'sled),  >i.  An  English  name  of 
tht'  riufc-tailed  harrier.  Circus  ei/coieus.  Also 
called  lilnc-kiic  and  hlue-lunek. 

blue-gown  (blo'goun),  n.  One  of  a  former  order 
of  paupers  in  Scotland,  also  called  the  Tiing's 
headsmen,  to  whom  the  king  annually  distrib- 
uted certain  alms  on  condition  of  theu-  prajdng 
for  his  welfare.  Their  numher  was  equal  to  the  num- 
ber of  years  the  kinj;  liail  lived.  The  alms  consisted  of  a 
blue  gown  or  cloak,  a  purse  containing  as  many  shillings 
Scots  (pennies  sterling)  as  the  years  of  the  king's  age,  and 
a  badge  beiu'ing  the  words  "  Fass  and  repass,"  which  pi-o- 
tected  them  from  all  laws  against  mendicity.  Edie  Ochil- 
tree, in  Sir  W.  Scott's  novel  "The  Antiquary,"  is  a  type  of 
the  class.  The  practice  of  appointing  beadsmen  was  dis- 
continued in  1S33. 

blue-grass  (blo'gras),  n.  [<  Uue  +  grass.  Cf. 
Icel.  bhi-gras  {Geranium  pratense).^  In  iot., 
the  name  of  several  species  of  Poa.    The  blue- 

•  grass  of  England  is  /*.  compressa  ;  of  Kentucky,  P.  pra- 
tnu<i!t,  higlily  valued  in  the  United  States  for  pasturage 
and  hay  ;  and  of  Texas,  P.  arachnifera.  The  red-topped 
lihu'-grass  of  Montana  and  westward  is  P.  tenuifolia. — 
Blue-grass  region.    See  grass. 

blue-gum  (blo'gum),  «.  1.  In  patliol.,  a  blue 
coloration  of  the  free  edge  of  the  gums,  fre- 
quent in  cases  of  lead-poisoning. — 2.  The  blue- 
gum  tree Blue-gimi  tree,  the  Eticah{ptiis  rilobulus, 

an  important  tree  of  Australia,  of  e.xtremely  rapid  growth, 
and  known  to  have  attained  a  height  of  350  feet.  It  is 
reputed  to  be  a  preventive  of  malaria,  and  is  now  largely 
planted  in  California  and  other  countries.  Its  leaves  are 
odoriferous  uiien  bruised,  and  are  used  as  a  febrifuge. 

blue-hafit  (blo'haf'it),  n.  A  local  Scotch 
name  of  the  bird  better  known  as  the  hedge- 
chanter,  Accentor  tnodularis.  See  cut  under 
Accentor. 

blue-ha'Wk  (blo'hak),  n.  1.  Same  as  hJue-glede. 
—  2.  The  adult  peregrine  falcon,  Falco  pere- 
grin lis. —  3.  The  American  goshawk,  Astur  atri- 
capilhis. 

blue-hearts  (ble'harts),  «.  The  common  name 
of  Bnclmcra  Anicricatid,  natural  order  .Sccojj/i h- 
hiriticcir,  a  perennial  herb  with  deep-purple 
flowers. 

blue-hot  (blo'hot),  a.  Blue  with  heat :  said  of 
a  body  at  so  high  a  temperature  that  the  more 
refrangible  rays,  that  is,  the  blue  and  violet, 
preponderate  in  its  total  radiation,  so  that  the 
liglit  it  emits  appears  blue. 

blueing,  «.     See  bluing. 

blue-jack  (blo'jak),  «.  A  species  of  oak,  Quer- 
cits  ciiurea,  a  small  tree  ■nith  hard,  strong,  and 
heavy  wood,  found  on  the  coasts  of  the  south- 
em  United  States. 

blue-jacket  (blo',iak"et), )!.  1.  In  the  naval  ser- 
tiicc,  a  sailor  as  distinguished  from  a  marine: 
so  called  from  the  color  of  his  jacket. — 2.  A 
name  given  in  the  United  States  to  hymenop- 
terous  insects  of  the  family  Sjyhegida:  The  pre- 
duminant  color  is  blue.  The  best-known  are  the  Pelopceus 
cueruleus,  a  northern  species,  and  the  Ctdorlun  cyanevin, 
whose  range  is  more  to  the  south.  Both  are  known  un- 
der the  collective  name  of  mud-daitbers.  See  cuts  under 
Ainiiiophlta,  dififfer-ica>ip,  and  mtid-dauher. 

blue-john  (biii'jon),  n.  The  local  name  in  Der- 
byshire, England,  of  a  blue  variety  of  fluor- 
spar. 

Jllue  John  was  a  name  given  by  the  miners  who  first 
discovered  it  to  a  variety  of  tluor  spar,  in  order  to  distin- 
guish it  from  Black  Jack,  which  is  an  ore  of  zinc. 

X.  and  q.,  6th  ser.,  XII.  506. 

bluejoint-grass(bl6'joint-gras),  «.  A  common 
name  in  the  United  States  of  two  stout  bluish- 
stemmed  grasses,  DeyeHXio.  {Calamagrostis)  Ca- 
nadensis, and,  west  of  the  Eocky  Mountains, 
Aiironiiriim  glaucum. 

blue-kite  (blo'ldt),  n.    Same  as  Une-glede. 

blue-laid  (blo'lad),  a.  In  paper-making,  having 
a  lihtc  tinge  :  said  of  a  class  of  laid  papers. 

blue-la'WS  (blO'laz),  «.  pi.  A  supposititious 
code  of  severe  laws  for  the  regulatiou  of  re- 
ligious and  personal  conduct  in  the  colonics  of 
Connecticut  and  New  Haven  ;  hence,  any  rigid 
Simday  laws  or  religious  regulations.  The  asser- 
tion by  some  writers  of  the  existtucc  "f  the  blue  laws  has 
no  other  basis  than  the  adnjition  by  the  tSrst  autliiTitit-s  of 
the  New  Haven  colony  of  the  Scriptures  as  their  cndc  <>f 
law  and  govennnent,  and  their  strict  api>lication  of  ilosaic 
principles. 


Blue-mold     iPenicittiutn    cntstacfum), 
n-itt)    detactiea  chains  of  conidta,    highly 


600 

blue-leg  (blo'leg),  Ji.  [A  sportive  adaptation 
of  li/iu-stocking,  n.]  A  blue-stocking ;  a  literary 
person. 

When  Madame  de  Staijl  resided  at  Coppet,  it  was  her 
custom  t<»  collect  arotnid  her  in  the  evening  a  circle  of 
literati,  the  hlnc  It-f/n  of  (Jeneva,  by  some  one  of  whom  an 
essay,  a  disipiisition,  or  a  portion  of  a  work  in  progress, 
wasfrecpiently  read  aloud  to  entertain  the  rest. 

Southey,  The  Doctor,  i.  84. 

blueling  (blO'ling),  n.  [<  blue  +  -ling'^.']  A  small 
buttei'fly  of  the  genus  Polyommatus  or  Lycwna, 
notable  for  its  blue  color. 

bluely  (blo'li),  nrfc.    With  a  blue  color.     Sicift. 

blue-mantle  (blo'man"tl),  «.  The  title  of  one 
of  till'  English  pursiiivants-at-anns.  The  office 
was  instituted  t-itlu  r  I>.\  I'.dward  III.  or  liy  Henry  V.,  and 
n.'inud  in  allusion  to  the  rnln-s  of  the  order  of  the  Garter, 
or.  as  souu'  sniip'ise,  to  the  color  of  the  arms  of  France. 

blue-mass  (blo'mas),  «.  A  drug  made  by  rub- 
bing up  metallic  mercury  with  confection  of 
roses  until  all  the  globules  disappear".  Of  this 
blue-pills  are  made. 

blue-metal  (blo'met''''al),  n.  See  blue  metal,  un- 
der metiil. 

blue-mold  (blo'mold),  n.  A  common  minute 
fungus,  rcnicillinm  criistaceum,  of  bluish  or 
greenish  color, 
found  on  moldy 
bread  and  a 
large  nimiber 
of  foods  and 
other  substan- 
ces. The  myceli. 
um  or  spawn  sends 
up  numerous  slen- 
der lihutifutsorhy- 
plue,  which  liranch 
at  the  top  and  bear 
chains  of  repro- 
ductive cells  or  co- 
nidia.  In  rare  cases 
spores  are  pro- 
duced in  asci. 

blueness  (blo'- 
nes),  H.  [<  blue 
+  -ness.~\  The 
quality    of   be- 

.  11  .  Willi        UCLd 

mg  blue  m  any   magnified, 
sense. 

blue-nose  (blii'noz),  ji.  1.  A  native  of  Nova 
Scotia:  a  colloquial  designation,  in  allusion 
either  to  the  hue  given  to  the  noses  of  its  in- 
habitants by  its  severe  ■winter,  or  to  a  kind  of 
potato  so  named  which  is  largely  produced 
there.    Halibtirton. — 2.  A  Nova  Scotian  vessel. 

blue-ointment  (blo'oinf'meut),  n.  Mercurial 
ointment. 

blue-paidle  (blo'pa"dl),  «.  A  Scotch  name  of 
the  lumpsucker. 

blue-paper  (blo'pa"per),  n.  Paper  sensitive  to 
light,  prepared  by  floating  white  paper  on  a 
solution  of  potassium  ferrocyanide.  it  is  used 
for  copying  maps  and  plans,  printing  photographic  nega- 
tives, etc.  After  exposure  to  light  during  a  proper  inter- 
val beneath  the  suljject  to  be  reproduced,  the  print  is 
finished  by  immersion  in  several  changes  of  clean  water, 
which  dissolves  from  the  paper  that  part  of  the  ferro- 
prussiate  which  has  not  been  acted  upon  by  light,  and 
brings  out  a  fine  blue  color  in  place  of  the  originiil  dull 
gray  or  greenish  color  in  those  portions  of  the  surface 
which  have  been  affected.  Called  in  the  trade  blue-jn-o. 
cftis  paper. 

blue-perch  (blo'pereh),  )i.  1.  A  local  name  of 
the  common  New  England  cunner,  Ctenohibriis 
ad.'<persiis.  See  cut  under  dinner. —  2.  A  Cali- 
foruian embiotocoid  fish,  Ditrema  laterale,  a 
kind  of  surf-fish. 

blue-peter  (blo'pe'ter),  n 
orig.  repeater  : 
see  jieter,  re- 
2)eater.']  Naiit.,a, 
blue  flag  ha\'ing 
a  ■white  square 
in  the  center, 
hoisted  at  the 
fore  royalmast- 
head  of  mer- 
chant vessels  as 
a  signal  that  the 
ship  is  ready  to 
sail,  to  recall 
boats,  etc. 

.\  large  brand-new  red  ensign  pulling  in  rich  color  at 
the  halliards  at  the  peak,  and  blue  Peter  lazily  fiuttering 
above  the  fore-royal-yard. 

W.  C.  Ruseell,  A  Strange  Voyage,  iv. 

blue-pie  (blo'pi),   n.      One  of  the  species  of 

.\si;itic  jays  of  the  genus  Vrocissa. 
blue-pigeon   (blo'pij'ou),  «.     A  name  for  a 

Sdunding-lead. 
blue-pike  (blo'jiik).   n.     A  local  name  in  the 

United  States  of  the  wall-eyed  pike-perch,  Sti- 

sostedion  (or  Lucioperca)  vitreum. 


[<  blue  +  peter, 


Blue-peter. 


bluet 

blue-pill  (blii'pil'),  n.  A  pill  made  from  blue- 
mass. 

blue-pipe  (blo'pip),  «.  The  common  lilac. 
Jtiii/. 

blue-pod  (blo'pod),  «.  The  name  in  California 
of  species  of  (iodetia,  natural  order  Onagracea', 
noxious  weeds,  with  showy  purple  flowers. 

blue-poker  (blo'po'kfer),  «.  The  pochard,  Fu- 
lii/ido  (or  Ayilnja)  ferina.  See  pocltard.  [Lo- 
cal in  (ireat  Britain.] 

blue-pot  (blii'pot),  n.  A  black-lead  crucible 
made  of  a  mixtm'p  of  coarse  plumbago  and  clay. 

blue-pox  (blo'poks),  «.     Malignant  pustule. 

blue-print  (blo'print),  n.  An  impression  pro- 
duced by  blue-printing. 

blue-printing  (blo'priu'ting),  n.  A  method  of 
photo-printing  by  the  agency  of  paper  sensi- 
tized with  ferroprussiate  of  potash.  See  blue- 
jiaper. 

blue-racer  (bl6'ra"ser),  «.  A  local  name  in  the 
western  United  States  of  a  variety  of  the  com- 
mon black-snake,  Bascanion  constrictor  flavi- 
rentris. 

blue-rock  (blo'rok),  «.  A  popular  name  of  the 
commonest  variety  of  domestic  pigeon,  Colum- 
bu  Uvia,  of  a  bluish  color,  with  two  black  bands 
on  the  wings. 

blue-ruin  (blo'ro''in),  «.  A  cant  name  for  gin, 
rum,  etc.,  especially  when  bad. 

bluesides  (blo'sidz),  «.  A  half-grown  harj)- 
seal,  I'liocn  grcenlandica. 

blue-snapper  (blb'snap'er),  n.  A  local  name 
in  Massachusetts  of  the  bluefish,  Pomatomus 
saltatrix. 

blue-spar  (blo'spar),  n.     Azure-spar;  lazulite. 

bluestart  (blo'start),  «.  [<  blue  -\-  start",  tail; 
=  G.  blanster;:.  Cf.  redstart  =  G.  rothster:.'] 
A  name  of  the  blue-tailed  warbler,  lanthia  cy- 
anura. 

blue-stem  (blo'stem),  «.  The  name  of  some 
coarse  but  useful  grasses  in  the  United  States, 
ehietiy  Andropogon  furcatus  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  Agropyrum  glaucum  further 
westward. 

blue-stocking  (bl6'stok"ing),  n.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Wearing  blue  stockings ;  specifically,  wearing 
blue  or  gray  worsted  stockings,  as  opposed  to 
those  of  black  silk  worn  in  court  or  ceremonial 
dress ;  hence,  not  in  full  dress ;  in  plain  di'ess. 
(rt)  Applied  to  the  Little  Parliament  of  1653. 

That  Bleu'-stockinff  Parliament,  Barebone  Parliament,  a 
companie  of  fellowes  called  togeather  by  Cromwell. 

Sir  J.  Bramston,  Autobiog.  (ed.  1845),  p.  89.  (.V.  E.  D.) 
(,b)  Applied  to  assemblies  held  in  London  about  1750  at 
the  houses  of  Mrs.  Montague  and  other  ladies,  in  which 
literary  conversation  and  other  intellectual  enjoyments 
were  substituted  for  cards  ami  gossip,  and  wliich  were 
characterized  by  a  studied  plainness  of  dress  on  the  part 
of  some  of  the  guests.  Among  these  was  Mr.  Benjamin 
Stilliugfleet,  who  always  wore  blue  stockings,  and  in  ref- 
erence to  whom,  especially,  the  coteiie  was  called  in  de- 
rision the  "Blue-stocking  Society  "  or  the  "  Blue-stocking 
Club,"  and  the  members,  especially  the  ladies,  "  blue- 
stockingers,"  "  blue-stocking  ladies,"  and  later  simply 
"blue-stockings"  or  "blues." 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  the  "Blue-stocking 
Club,"  especially  a  woman  (see  above) :  by  ex- 
tension, any  woman  -with  a  taste  for  learning  or 
literature ;  a  literary  woman :  originally  used 
in  derision  or  contempt,  and  impl\-ing  a  neglect 
on  the  part  of  such  women  of  their  domestic 
duties  or  a  departm'e  from  their  ' '  proper 
sphere";  now  hardly  used  except  historically  or 
humorously. —  2.  A  name  of  the  American  avo- 
set,  lieciirrirostra  americana.  See  aroset.  [Lo- 
cal, U.  S.] 

blue-stockingism  (blo'stok"ing-izm),  n.  [< 
bluestocking  -\-  -ism.~\  The  character,  manner, 
or  habits  of  a  blue-stocking  ;  female  learning 
or  pedantry. 

blue-stone"(blo'ston),  n.  X.  Sulphate  of  cop- 
per, or  blue  vitriol.  Also  called  blue  copperas. 
—  2.  A  name  given  to  a  more  or  less  argilla- 
ceous sandstone  of  bluish  color,  extensively 
quarried  at  various  points  along  the  Hudson 
river,  and  used  for  building  purposes  and  for 
flagging.  Most  of  the  quarries  of  this  rock  are  in  the 
Lower  Silurian  (Hudson  river  group),  but  the  importatit 
ones  at  Maiden  are  in  the  Devonian  Oower  p.ort  of  the 
Portage  group).     [In  this  sense  commonly  as  one  word.] 

bluet  iblo'et),  H.  [(11  <  ME.  bluett,  blouet.  <  F. 
(OF.)  bliictte,  a  kind  of  woolen  cloth,  prop.  fem. 
dim.  of  bleu,  blue.  ('!)  Also  blcirct,  bleuit.  <  F. 
bluet,  "blew-blaw,  blew-bottle,  corn-flower, 
htirt-sickle "  (Cofgrave),  masc.  dim.  of  /'/<'«, 
blue:  sec  blue  and -et.'\  If.  A  kind  of  woolen 
cloth  of  a  bluish  color. — 2.  In  bot.,  a  name 
given  to  several  plants  ■nnth  blue  flowers:  (a) 
to  the  bluebottle,  Ccntniirea  Cyanus ;  (b)  in  the 
United  States,  to  Houstonia  (formerly  Ulden- 
landia)  coerulea;  (c)  to  a  species  of  bilberry. — 


bluet 

3.  In  ornith.,  a  humminj^-liird  of  the  siibf»Pnus 
Basilinna,  as  tho  Mpxioan  Ji.  Icurolh,  nv  th(>  Cali- 
f'di'iiian  li.  jdtiluKi,  one  of  tlif  i|iiccii-limiiiners. 

'bluetail  (blo'tal),  ».  An  Amt'iieaii  li/.anl  of 
the  family  Scincuiii;  Eumcccs  ijuiiique-Uncutus 
or  fdsciatiin,  with  a  bliio  tail,  inhabiting  the 
soiithi'i'M  and  middle  United  States.  It  is  the 
most  uuillici'u  s])i>('ies  of  tho  genus. 

bluetangle  (blii'taiig'g;!),  n.  The  blue  huekle- 
liuriy  of  the  United  States,  Gayliissacia  J'roii- 
(liisd.     Also  called  dmujkbcrry. 

bluethroat  (blii'throt),  n.  A  small  sylviine 
bird  of  the  genus  <'i/aiiccida,  ii^iabiting  north- 
oiu  Europe  and  Asia,  and  occasionally  found 


Illuethroat  [C^attecula  stiecica). 


also  in  Alaska;  a  kind  of  redstart  or  red- 
tailed  warbler,  having  a  spot  of  rich  blue  on 
the  throat.  There  are  two  species  or  varieties, 
C  sucrica  and  C.  wolji.  Also  eaUed  bluehrcast 
and  111  IK -throated  redstart. 

blueweed  (blo'wed),  n.  The  viper's  bugloss, 
EcUium  vitlijare,  a  foreign  weed  with  showy 
blue  flowers  which  has  been  introduced  into 
the  United  States. 

tluewing  (blii'wing),  ».  The  blue-winged  teal 
of  North  America,  Querqiiedula  diseorf:,  a  very 
common  small  duck  with  blue  wing-coverts, 
much  esteemed  for  the  table.  See  cut  under 
tidl. 

bluewood  (blo'wud),  «.  A  small  tree  or  shrub, 
Cdiidalia  nhovatn,  of  the  natural  order  lihamna- 
cea;  found  in  Texas  and  westward,  often  form- 
ing dense  chaparral  or  thickets,  it  iii.ikfs  an 
etfective  lu-dne.  'I'lit-  wooii  is  hard  and  very  heavy,  of  a 
litlht-rod  eiilitr,  and  the  berries  are  edible. 

tluey  (blo'i),  a.  [<  blue  +  -yl.]  Somewhat 
blue;  bluish.     Soiitheij. 

bluflfi  (blnf),  a.  and  n.  [Origin  unknown;  per- 
haps connected  with  MD.  blaf  (Kilian),  tiat, 
broad,  as  in  blaf  aeitsiclit,  a  broad  flat  face,  blaf- 
J'aert,  one  who  has  a  flat  broad  face,  a  coin  with 
a  blank  face  (see  hlaffcrt)  (also  a  boaster,  but 
in  this  sense  prob.  a  tlifferent  word,  equiv.  to 
mod.  D.  bl<(ffer,  <  blaffeit,  bark,  yelp :  see  blajf'). 
The  suggested  D.  origin  is  favored  by  the  nau- 
tical associations  of  the  word.  There  is  prob. 
no  connection  with  bluff'^.'}  I.  a.  1.  Having  or 
presenting  a  broad,  flattened  front,  as  a  ship 
with  broad  bows  and  nearly  vertical  stem. —  2. 
Rising  abruptly  and  boldh',  as  a  high  bank  on 
the  shore  of  a  sea,  lake,  or  river;  presenting  a 
bold  and  nearly  perpendicular  front,  as  a  coast- 
line or  a  range  of  low  hills. 

Tlie  ruck  Tabra,  a  htujf,  peninsular  iirinninenee  that  jnts 
out  from  the  bottom  of  the  i-litf. 

Atkhu!,  Voya^re  to  Guinea,  p.  102. 

3.  Broad  and  full :  specially  applied  to  a  full 
countenance,  indicative  of  frankness  and  good 
humor. 

His  broad,  bright  eye.  and  ?*/Hjf  faee.  .  .  .  like  the  sun 
<m  frost-work,  melted'  down  displeasure.       //.  .S'.  liiiUU-ll. 

Hence — 4.  Rough  and  hearty ;  plain  and  frank ; 
somewhat  abrupt  and  unconventional  in  man- 
ner. 

Bhtf  Harry  broke  into  the  spence, 
And  turu'd  tho  eowls  adrift. 

Te/i^i/jioM,  Talking  Oak. 
In  ripeness  of  mind  and  f'lti[f  heartiness  of  expression, 
he  [Dryden]  takes  rank  with  tlie  best. 

LnwAl.  .Among  my  Hooks,  1st  ser.,  p.  70. 

5.  Blustering;  pompous;  surly  ;  churlish.  [Ob- 
solete or  jirovincial.] 

A  pert  or  hhiff  important  wiuht.  Annntrotifj.  Taste. 

To  stand  bluff  t,  to  stand  llrm  or  stitf.     .V.  K.  I). 

II.  ".  [First  used  in  the  American  colonies 
in  the  18th  century.]   A  hill,  bank,  or  headland 


601 

with  a  steep,  broad  face ;  a  high  bank  present- 
ing a  steep  or  nearly  perpendicular  front, 
especially  one  on  the  shore  of  a  sea,  lake,  or 
river;  also,  a  steep  rise  between  bottom-land 
and  a  higher  table-land. 

lieaeh,  hitqf,  and  wave,  adieu  !  Wlnttwi: 

Kound  the  hills  from  hluf  to  bluj^. 

Tenniimn,  tiolden  Year. 

bluff2  (bluf),  r.  [E.  dial,  also  bluft,  blindfold; 
origin  uncertain,  perhaps  from  two  or  more 
sovu'ces.  The  sense  of  "deceive  or  imjiosc  up- 
on' may  come  from  that  of  'blindfold,  hood- 
wink,' but  cf.  Sc.  "get  the  bluff,"  be  taken  in  ; 
prob.  of  LG.  origin:  LG.  bhiffiii,  rerbhiffen,  D. 
rerblufffii,  >  G.  verbliiffcn  =  lian.  Jhrbliiffc,  baf- 
fle, confound,  stupefy.  In  popular  apprehen- 
sion prob.  often  associated  witli  bhiff^,  <i.,  as  if 
'assume  a  blulT  or  bold  front  .'J  I.  trans.  If. 
To  blindfold  or  hoodwink.  Bailey . —  2.  In  the 
game  of  poker,  to  deceive  or  im])ose  upon  (an 
opponent)  by  betting  heavily  on  a  worthless 
hand,  or  by  acting  in  such  a  way  as  to  cause 
the  other  players  to  believe  that  one's  liand 
is  stronger  than  it  really  is,  in  order  to  make 
them  throw  up  their  cards  or  st.ay  out  of  the 
betting.  Hence — 3.  To  daunt  or  deter  from 
the  accomplishment  of  some  design  by  boast- 
ful language  or  demeanor;  repidse  or  frighten 
off  by  assuming  a  bold  front,  or  by  a  make- 
believe  show  of  resources,  strength,  etc. :  fre- 
quently followed  by  off:  as,  to  bluff  of  &  dun. 
[Chiefly  U.  S.] 

II.  iutrans.  1.  In  the  game  of  poker,  to  bet 
heavily  and  with  an  air  of  confident  assurance 
on  a  poor  hand,  in  order  to  deceive  an  oppo- 
nent and  cause  him  to  throw  up  his  cards. 
Hence  —  2.  To  assume  a  bold,  boastful  front, 
so  as  to  hoodwink  an  opponent  as  to  one's 
real  resources,  strength,  etc. 

bluff'-^  (bluf),  ».  [E.  dial,  also  blufter,  a  blinker: 
see  the  verb.]  1.  A  blinker  for  a  horse. —  2.  A 
game  at  cards ;  poker.  [U.  S.]  — 3.  The  act  of 
deceiving  or  influencing,  as  in  the  game  of 
poker,  by  a  show  of  confident  assurance  and 
boastful  betting  or  language;  hence,  language 
or  demeanor  intended  to  blind,  frighten,  or 
daunt  an  opponent  in  anything. 

bluflf-bowed  (bluf'boud),  a.  Xaut.,  broad,  fuU, 
and  sciuare  in  the  bows. 

bluffer  (bluf'er),  «.     One  who  bluffs. 

bluff-headed  (bluf'hed'ed),  a.  yaut,  having 
an  upright  stem,  or  one  with  but  little  rake 
forward. 

bluffly  (bluf'li),  ofZc.  In  a  bluff  manner;  blunt- 
ly; in  an  uueonventional  or  olfhand  way. 

biuffness  (bluf'nes),  11.  The  quality  of  being 
bluft';  bluntness;  frankness;  abruptness. 

No  such  bluj^nfss  of  meaninj;  is  implied  in  the  Greek. 
BiishnHt,  Sermons  on  Living  Subjects. 

bluffy  (bluf' i),  a.  [<  bluffl,  «.,  -1-  -yl.]  1.  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  a  bliiJEf ;  precipitous  orsteep. 

We  could  see  the  syenites  we  had  just  left  again  crop- 
ping out  much  less  hUijfii,  ami  terminating  the  table-land 
to  the  eastward  by  a  eolitinuous  line,  trending  generally 
northwest  and  southeast.     Katie,  .Sec.  tJrinn.  Exp.,  II.  343. 

2.  Inclining  to  biuffness  in  appearance  or  man- 
ner. 

bluft  (bluft),  r.  t.  [E.  dial.:  see  bluff^.l  To 
blimlfold.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

blufter  ( blufter),  «•  [<  bl'ift  +  -erl-'\  A  blink- 
er.    [Frov.  Eng.] 

bluid  (bliid),  «.     A  Scotch  form  of  blood. 

bluing  (blo'iug).  II.  [Verbal  n.  of  blue,  r.]  1. 
The  act  of  making  blue ;  specifically,  the  pro- 
cess of  gi^^ng  a  bltie  color  to  iron  and  other 
metals  by  heating. —  2.  A  blue  tint  given  to 
iron  by  boiling  in  a  bath  of  hy))osnlphite  of  soda 
and  acetate  of  lead. — 3.  'The  indigo,  soluble 
Prussian  blue,  or  other  material,  used  in  the 
laundry  to  give  a  bluish  tint  to  linen. 
Also  spelled  blueiiiij. 

bluish  (blij'ish),  a.  [<  blue  +  -is7|l.]  Blue  in 
a  small  <legree  ;  somewhat  blue. 

bluishly  (bie'ish-li),  udr.     In  a  bliush  manner. 

bluishness  (.blii'ish-nes),  H.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing bluish:  a  small  degree  of  blue  color. 

bluism  (blo'izm),  H.  [<  blue,  «.,  6,  w.,  9,  -I- 
-ism.l     Blue-stockingism. 

A  wife  so  well  known  in  the  gay  and  learned  world, 
without  one  bit  of  .  .  .  Mui.tin  about  herself. 

T.  Hook,  tiilbert  Gurney,  II.  iv. 

blumanget,  ».     See  blaiie-manr/e. 

blunder  (blun'der),  r.  [<  ME.  blondren,  hhin- 
(Irrtii.  a  freq.  form  of  tuicertain  origin,  perhai)s 
of  double  origin:  (1)  prop,  bloudnu.  freq.  of 
lilouden,  bhmdeu,  mix  (see  blaud'^,  r.) ;  ('!)  prop. 
blundren,  freq.  of  blunden,  which  occurs  once  in 


blunderbuss 

the  doubtful  sense  of  'stagger,  stumble,'  <  Icel. 
blunda,  doze,  =  Sw.  Iilunda  =  Dan.  Iilunde,  doze, 
slumber;  cf.  Icel.  blundhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  bluud,  a 
doze,  nap.  Ct.  blunt.']  I.  iutraus.  1.  To  move 
or  act  blindly,  stupidly,  or  without  direction  or 
steady  guidance;  flounder;  stumble:  fi'equent- 
ly  with  on  or  along. 

Bayard  the  blinde, 
Tliat  blvtuireth  forth. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  403. 

It  is  one  thing  to  forget  matter  of  fact,  and  another  to 

ftiw?wferupon  the  reason  of  it.  Sir  li.  L' Estrange. 

Here  he  delights  tho  weekly  news  to  con. 
And  mingle  comments  as  he  lilnmU'rH  on. 

Crahhf,  The  Newspaper. 

2.  To  make  a  gross  mistake,  especially  through 
mental  confusion;  err  widely  or  stupidly. 

Wit-s  there  a  nnin  disnniy'd? 
Not  tho'  the  soldier  knew 
Some  one  had  bluiuh'r'd. 

Tenni/tson,  Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade. 

II.  trans.  If.  To  mix  (things)  confusedly; 
confuse. 

He  blunders  and  confounds  all  these  together. 

Stiltlngfleet. 

2t.  To  confoimd;  confuse;  distract;  cause  to 
make  blunders:  as,  "to  blunder  >i.u  adver.sary," 
Ditton,  On  the  Resurrection,  p.  6IJ. — 3t.  To  in- 
jure or  destroy  by  blundering;  mismanage: 
as,  "to  darken  or  blunder  the  cause,"  Ditton, 
On  the  Hesurrection,  p.  211. — 4.  "To  do  or 
make  faultily  or  eiToneously;  make  mistakes 
in  through  ignorance  or  stupidity;  bimglo. 
[Rare.] 

(Inscriptions]  usually  of  very  barbarous  work  and  blun- 
dered. B.  V.  Head,  Historia  Nuniorum,  p.  687. 

Some  fine  pilgriin-flasks  of  blue  ami  green  have  blun- 
dered copies  of  hieroglyphs  and  representations  of  Egyp- 
tian deities  incised  in  the  moist  clay. 

L'najc.  Brit.,  XIX.  608. 

The  banker's  clerk  who  was  directed  to  sum  my  cash- 
account,  blumiered  it  three  times.       Scott,  Anti(|uary,  vi. 

5.  To  utter  thoughtlessly  or  in  a  blundering 
manner;  bhu't  out:  generally  with  out:  as,  to 
lilundi  r  nut  an  excuse, 
blunder  (bhm'der),  n.  [<  ME.  blunder,  blonder, 
error,  misfortune,  <  blunderen,  blondren,  blun- 
der, v.]  A  mistake  made  through  precipitance 
or  mental  confusion ;  a  gross  or  stupid  mistake. 

It  is  worse  than  a  crime  ;  it  is  a  blunder. 

Memoirs  of  FoucM  (trans.). 

The  "Magnalia"  has  great  merits;  it  has.  also,  fatal 
defecle.  In  Its  mighty  i-haos  of  fables  and  blund.'rs  and 
misrepresentations  are  of  course  lodged  many  single  facta 
of  the  utmost  value.  M.  C.  Tijlrr,  Hist.  Amer.  Lit.,  II.  S3. 
=  Syn.  Error,  Mistake,  Blunder,  Bull.  An  error  is  a  wan* 
denng  from  truth,  lu'imarily  in  imia-ession,  jiulgnient,  or 
calculation,  and,  by  extension  of  the  idea,  in  conduct ;  it 
may  be  a  state.  A  mistaJte  is  a  false  judgment  or  choice; 
it  does  not.  as  *'rror  .sometimes  does,  imply  mora!  obliquity, 
the  defect  being  placed  wlu)lly  in  the  wisdom  4)f  the  actor, 
and  in  its  treatment  of  this  defect  the  word  is  altogether 
gentle.  Blunder  is  a  strong  word  for  a  mistake  wliich  is 
stupid,  a  gross  error  in  action  or  speech.  A  bull  is  a  blun- 
der in  language,  involving  generally  a  very  <d)>ions  and 
comical  contradiction  ;  but  the  word  is  sometimes  applied 
to  any  i>articularly  inapt  or  ludicrovisly  inapi)ropriate  re- 
mark. 

Speculative  errors,  which  have  no  influence  on  the  life 
and  conversation,  cannot  be  near  .so  dangei-ous  as  those 
errors  which  lead  men  out  of  the  way  of  their  duty. 

J.  Blair,  Sennon,  in  Tyler's  Amer.  Lit.,  II.  262. 

In  general,  pride  is  at  the  bottonr  of  all  gi*eat  m  ifitakes. 
Runkin,  True  and  BeautifuL 

It  was  the  advice  of  Schondierg  to  an  historian,  that  he 
should  avoid  being  particular  in  tho  drawing  up  of  an 
army  .  .  . :  for  that  he  had  observed  notorious  bhintlers 
and  absurdities  conuuitteil  by  writers  not  conversant  in 
the  art  of  war.  Additon. 

Lord  Orford  pronounced  this  to  he  the  best  bull  he  had 
ever  heanl :  "I  hate  that  woman,"  Bai<l  a  gentlenuin,  look- 
ing at  one  who  had  been  Ids  nurse,  "I  hate  that  woman, 
for  she  changed  me  at  nurse." 

Miss  Edgeu-arth,  Essay  on  Irish  Bulls. 

blunderbuss  (blun'der-bus),  n.  [In  17th  cen- 
tury also  lilundcrbus  and  blundirbush  :  appar.  a 
modification,  prob.  with  humorous  allusion  to 
its  blundering  or  random  action,  of  D.  dondtr- 
biis  (=  G.  d(innerbiielise),  a  blunderbuss,  <  </<)«- 
der  (=  G.  donner  =  E.  thunder)  +  bus,  a  box, 
urn.  barrel  of  a  gun,  same  as  buis.  a  tube,  pipe, 
=  G.  biichse,  a  box,  pot,  barrel  of  a  gun.  pipe, 
etc.,  =  E.  box^.  Cf.  the  eqitiv.  G.  blunderliueh.se, 
in  imitation  of  the  E.,  but  prob.  with  a  thought 
oi]iluu<hr.  baggage,  lumber  (E.  plundir),  in  al- 
lusion to  its  heaviness.  A  charter  of  James  I. 
(1617)  mentions  ''jilantier-bu.s.ie.  alias  blanter- 
biisse,"  as  equiv.  to  harquebuse,  but  the  first  ele- 
ment here  is  ditTerent,  ult.  <  L.  planlare.  plant 
(fix).  Cf.  Sc.  hluuijierd,  an  old  gun,  any  old 
rusty  weapon.]  1.  A  short  gim  or  fireai-m 
with  a  lai'ge  bore  and  funnel-shaped  muzzle, 
capable  of  holding  a  number  of  balls  or  slugs, 
and  intended  to  be  used  at  a  limited  range 


blunderbuss 


Blunderbuss.— Armory.  Tower  of  London. 


■without  exact  aim.    It  has  been  long  obsolete 
in  civilized  countries. —  2.  A  stupid,  bhmder- 

illf,'  IKTSOIl. 

blunderer  (blun'der-er).  H.  [<  3IE.  '■  hlitmlcrer, 
or  blunt  warkere  [worker]"  (Prompt.  Parv.), 
<  hluiulercn,  blondren,  blimder,  v.]  One  who 
blunders,  (a)  One  who  lloiimiers  .-iboiit  blindly  or 
bunglin^'ly  in  his  work:  as,  "meer  Blunderers  in  that 
Atoniick  Physiology,"  Cudieorlh.  (X.  E.  D.)  (4)  One 
wliu.  throu^'h  carelessness  or  want  of  capacity,  makes 
prosis  mistakes. 

blunderhead  (blun'der-hed),  n.    [<  hliinder  + 
head.     Ci.  dunderliead.'}    A  stupid  fellow ;  one 
who  blunders. 
This  tliick-skuUed  bhntderkcad.  Sir  Ji.  L'Estranrie. 

blunderingly  (blun  'dtr-ing-li),  adv.  In  a  blun- 
dering manner;  by  mistake. 

The  tjTO  who  had  so  bliinderiiirily  botched  the  business. 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  I.  iii. 

Reckless  perversions  of  meaning,  whether  intentionally 

or  blunderinfrltf  made.  ..V.  A.  Rev.,  CXXIIf.  205. 

blunge  (blun,i),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bluiif/ed,  ppr. 

hUiiiiiinfi.     [Appar.  a  popular  formation,  after 

pliuHjc,  with  ref.  to  the  plunging  action  of  the 

instrument  used.]     To  mix  (elay)  with  a  blun- 

ger. 
blunger  (bhm'jer),  H.     [<  hJimge  +  -eA.     Cf. 

phuujer.']     An  instrument  used  for  mixing  clay 

in  potteries,    it  is  shaped  Uke  a  shovel,  bnt  lias  a 

larger  blade,  and  a  cross-handle  by  which  it  is  wielded. 

The  name  is  also  sometimes  given  to  ditfereut  vai-ietiesof 

the  iiuu'-niiU. 
blunging  (blun'jing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  hbinye, 

r.]     The  process  of  mLxing  clay  in  potteries. 

The  proper  amount  of  the  clay  and  the  necessary  quantity 

of  water  are  placed  in  a  trough,  and  mixed  with  a  blun- 
ger, until  reduced  to  a  homogeneous  mass.  In  large  pot- 
teries this  work  is  sometimes  done  by  the  machine  called 

a  pug-mill. 
blunkif,  r.    [Origin  imcertain;  appar.  a  corrup- 

tiou  of  blenT;  or  hlinh.']    I.  intrans.  To  blench; 

blink;  turn  aside. 
H.  trans.  To  spoil;  mismanage.    Jamieson. 

[Scotch.] 
blunk-  (bhmgk),  n.     [Cf.  hhiitl-et.']     In  plural, 

linen   or   cotton  cloths  for  jjrinting;  calicos. 

[Scotch.] 
blunkeri  (blung'ker),  n.     [<  bliiiik^,  r..  U.,  + 

-p/i.]     A  bungler;  one  who  spoils  everything 

he  meddles  with.     [Scotch.]  t, 

,     ,      .  "-  -■  Borneo,  etc. 

Duubogis  nae  man-  a  gentleman  than  the  bhinker  that's  'hln-nti-ntr  HiIuti  't;1lo■^ 

biggit  the  bouuie  house  douu  in  the  howm.  DlUnXing  (  Wun  tmg), 

Scor(,  Guy  ilaimering,  iii.      ''-J       '■■     -^he    act    of 
blunkerS  (bhmg'ker),  n.    [<  6?«hA-2  -f  -e,-l.]     A    ^^^^  "^^^^^  °'^'  ^l^^^ts. 

calico-printer.     [Scotch.] 
blunkett,  «.  and  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bJon- 

ket,  bionckct,  blancket,  <  ME.  blanket  (a,.),  blitn- 

ket,  also  plunket,  plonkete  (n.),  appar.  <  OF. 

blanquet,  var.  of  blancket,  dim.  of  blanc,  white : 

see  blanket,  which  is  thus  a  doublet  of  bliinket.1 

I.  a.  Gray;  grayish  or  light-blue. 

Our  blancket  liveryes  bene  all  to  sadde. 

Spender,  Shep.  Cal.,  ilay. 
II.  H.  A  kind  of  cloth;  apparently  the  same  bluntly  (blunt'li) 

as  blanket,  1.  '"'    ' 

blunt  (blunt),  a.  and  v.     [<  ME.  blunt,  blont,  of 

an  edge  or  point,  dull,  not  sharp;  of  manner, 

rude;  of  mind,  duU,  stupid,  blind;  prob.  <  AS. 

*blunt,  found  in  the  deriv.  Bhinta,  a  man's  name 

(cf.  the  mod.  E.  surnames  Blunt,  Blount).    The 

sense  of  'dull,  stupid,'  appears  to  be  the  orig. 

one  (see  the  quotation   from  the  Ormuliun), 

Ijointing  to  a  connection  with  leel.  blitnda  = 

bw.  btunda  =  Dan.  blunde,  doze,  slumber.     Cf. 

blunder,  and  the  sense  of  blunt  in  the  quotation 

from  the  Prompt.  Parv.  under  blunderer.']     I. 

«.  1.  Obtuse,  thick,  or  dull,  as  an  angle,  edge," 

or  point ;  ha^-ing  an  obtuse,  thick,  or  dull  edge 

or  point,  as  a  foil,  sword,   pencil,  etc.;  not 

sharp  or  acute. 

No  doubt  the  murtherous  knife  was  dull  and  blunt 
Till  it  was  whetted  on  thy  stone-hard  heart 
Sliak 


602 

From  the  hack  the  shore  of  .Sicily  curves  with  delicately 
indented  bays  toward  -Messina :  then  come  the  straits, 
and  the  blunt  mass  of  the  Calabrian  mountains  terininat' 
ing  Italy  at  Spartivento. 

J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  204. 

4.  Rough  in  manner  or  speech:  rude;  unpol- 
ished; uence,  abrupt  in  address  or  manner; 
plain-spoken  ;  unceremonious :  applied  to  per- 
sons. 

I  am  no  orator,  as  Brutus  is ; 

But,  as  you  know  me  all,  a  plain  Hunt  man. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 
Thou'rt  honest,  blunt,  and  rude  enough,  o"  conscience. 
Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  iv.  2. 

5.  Plain;  plain-spoken;  unceremonious  or  un- 
conventional;  direct;  free  from  circumlocu- 
tion: as,  6/«Hj  truths;  a  6?«h<  bearing. 

In  hlunt  terms,  can  you  play  the  sorcerer?      Coleridge. 

To  his  blunt  manner  and  to  his  want  of  consideration 
for  the  feelings  of  others  he  owed  a  much  higher  reputa- 
tion for  sincerity  than  he  at  all  deserved. 

Macatday,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

6.  Hard  to  penetrate.     [Rare.] 
I  find  my  heart  hardened  and  bluitt  to  new  impressions. 

Pope. 
7t.  Faint. 

Such  a  burre  myjt  make  myn  herte  hlunt. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  176. 
=  Syn-  4.  Brusk,  bluff,  uncivil,  rude,  uneoiu-teous. 

II.  H.  It.  A  blunt  sword  for  fencing;  a  foil. — 
2.  A  needle  of  a  grade  shorter  and  less  sharjjly 
pointed  than  a  sharp.  See  needle. —  3.  [Slang, 
and  perhaps  of  different  origin.]  Money;  ready 
money. 

the 


"Well,  how  goes  it?"  said  one.      "I  have  been 
rounds.    The  blunts  going  like  the  wai-d-pump." 

Disraeli,  Coningsby,  ix. 

blunt  (blunt),  V.  [<  blunt,  a.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  make  blunt,  as  an  edge  or  point ;  dull  the 
edge  or  point  of,  as  a  knife  or  bodkin,  by  making 
it  thicker. 

A  less  deadly  sword,  of  which  he  carefully  blunted  the 
point  and  edge.  Macaulaij,  Addison. 

Knowledge  neither  blunts  the  point  of  the  lance,  nor 
weakens  the  arm  that  wields  a  knightly  sword. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  334. 
2.  To  weaken  or  deaden,  as  appetite,  desire, 
or  power  of  the  mind ;  impair  the  force,  keen- 
ness, or  suseeptibUity  of. 
Blunt  not  his  love.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

To  blunt  or  break  her  passion. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
II.  intrans.  To  become  blimt :  as,  the  blade 
blunts  easily. 
blunthead  (blunt'hed),  n.     An  East  Indian  ser- 
pent, Ambhicephalus  boa,  of  the  family  Colu- 
brida-  and  subfamily  Leptognathinw,  of  Java, 

n.  [A'erbal  n.  of  blunt, 
dulling. — 2.  Something 
[Rare.] 

Not  impediments  or  bluntintjs,  but  rather  as  whetstones, 
to  set  an  edge  on  our  desires. 

Jer.  Taylor  (?),  Ai'tif.  Handsomeness,  p.  73. 

bluntish   (blun'tish),  a.       [<   blunt   +   -/s/il.] 

Somewhat  blunt. 
bluntishness  (blun'tish-nes),  ».     [<  bluntisk  + 

-ncss.}    A  slight  degree  of  bluntness. 

Tempered  with  an  honest  bluntishness. 

Wood,  Athense  Oxon.  (ed.  1S15),  II.  5S2. 

adf 


If.  Stupidly.— 2.  With- 


blush 

scure  or  sully  (a  thing)  with  something  which 
detracts  from  its  fairness  or  beauty. 

The  usually  mirrored  surface  of  the  river  was  blurred 
by  an  infinity  of  raindrops,         Hawthorne,  Old  Manse.  I. 

2.  To  sully;  stain;  blemish:  as,  to  blur  one's 
reputation. 

Never  yet  did  base  dishonour  blur  our  name. 
But  with  our  sword  we  wip'd  away  the  blot. 

Shak.,  2  lien.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  obscure  without  quite  effacing;  render 
indistinct;  confuse  and  bedim,  as  the  outlines 
of  a  figure. 

One  low  light  betwixt  them  bum'd, 
Blurr'd  fcy  the  creeiiing  mist. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

4.  To  dim  the  perception  or  susceptibility  of ; 
make  dull  or  insensible  to  impression:  a.s,'bhir- 
red  eyesight;  to  blur  the  judgment. 

Her  eyes  are  blurred  with  the  liglitnuigs  glare.  .V.  Drake. 
To  blur  out,  to  efface. 

We  saw  forked  flashes  once  and  again  .  .  .  lighting  up 
the  valleys  for  a  moment,  and  leaving  tite  darkness  blacker 
...  as  the  storm  blurred  out  the  landscape  forty  miles 
away.  J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  228. 

To  blur  over,  to  obscure  by  a  blur;  put  out  of  sight. 
II,  intrans.  To  make  blurs  in  writing. 
blur  (bier),  n.  [<  blur,  r.]  1.  A  smudge  or 
smear,  such  as  that  made  by  brushing  writing 
or  painting  before  it  is  dry ;"  a  blot  which  par- 
tially defaces  or  obscures. —  2.  Figuratively, 
a  blot,  stain,  or  injury  affecting  character,  rep- 
utation, and  the  like. 

Her  raillyng  sette  a  greate  blurre  on  myne  honestie  and 
good  name.  L'dall,  tr.  of  Erasmus,  Luke  xviiL 

These  blurs  are  too  apparent  in  his  Life. 

Milton.  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 
3.  A  blurred  condition;  a  dim,  confused  ap- 
pearance ;  indistinctness. 

The  eye  learns  to  discriminate  colors,  and  shades  of 
color,  where  at  first  there  was  only  a  vague  blurof  feeling. 
G.  H.  Leues,  Piobs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  ii.  §  10. 
blurry  (bler'i),  a.     [<  blur,  n.,  +  -^l.]     Full  of 
blm's ;  confused  and  indistinct. 
blurt  (blert).  r.     [=  Sc.  blirt  (see  blirt) ;  appar. 
imitative,  with  the  initial  sotmd  as  in  bloirl, 
blast,  blash,  bluster,  etc.,  and  the  final  sound 
as  in  sjrurt,  spirt,  squirt,  ete.]     I.  trans.  1.  To 
utter  suddenly  or  inadvertently;  di^iilge  un- 
advisedly :  commonly  with  out. 

Others  .  .  .  cannot  hold,  but  blurt  out  those  words 
wliich  afterwai'ds  they  are  forced  to  eat.  Hakewill. 

And  yet  the  truth  may  lose  its  grace, 
If  blurted  to  a  person's  face. 

Lloyd,  The  Nightingale. 

At  last  to  blurt  out  the  broad,  staring  question  of, 
"  Madam,  will  you  marry  me?  " 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii.- 

2t.  To  treat  contemptuously. 

And,  I  confess,  I  never  was  so  blurted, 
Nor  never  so  abus'd. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Cliase,  ii.  2. 
To  blurt  atf ,  to  speak  contemptuously  of ;  ridicule. 
None  would  look  on  her, 
But  cast  their  gazes  on  Marina's  face : 
Whilst  ours  was  blurted  at.    Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  4. 

II.  intrans.  1 .  To  pujff  or  emit  the  breath  ex- 
plosively as  in  sleep,  or  contemptuously  as  in 
sajing  "pooh";  puff  in  scorn  or  -with  a  con- 
temptuous expression  of  the  lips. — 2.  To  burst 
out  weeping. 
blurt  (blert),  «. 


[<  blurt,  c]  A  sudden  puff  or 
out  sharpness  or  tenuitv;  obtuselv:  as,  bluntli/  ("mission  of  the  breath,  especially  in  contempt, 
serrate.— 3.    In  a   blunt  manner;    abruptlv;  x.?^  v    ^'Jf'^v?^  "  P°r''j'\r^     ., 

-  the  usual  forms  of  civil-  °}]^^^,  (blush),    r.      [<   ME.    blushen,    bluschen, 
bijjsclien,    glow,    rarely    blush,    usually    look. 


Richard  III.,  iv.  4. 
An  individual  act  of  wrong  sometimes  gives  a  sharri 
point  to  a  blunt  dagger.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  xiii. 

2.  Dull  in  understanding ;  slow  of  discernment. 

Innwis  mann  iss  blunnt  and  blind 

Off  herrtess  eghe  sihhthe  (of  hearts  eyesight.] 

Onnuluni,  1.  1G»54. 
His  wits  are  not  so  blunt.  Sliak.,  Much  Ailo,  iii.  .I. 

3.  Obtuse ;  free  from  sharp  angularities,  pro- 
jections, or  comers. 


without  delicacy,  or  the  usual  forms  of  ci-vil- 
ity;  in  an  abrupt,  offhand,  or  curt  manner; 
without  circumlocution:  as,  to  tell  a  man  some- 
thing bluntly. 

Fathers  are 
Won  by  degrees,  not  bluntly  as  om-  masters 
Or  wronged  friends  are. 

Dekker  and  Ford,  "Witch  of  Edmonton,  i.  1. 

bluntness  (blunt'nes),  «.  [<  blunt  +  -ness.} 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  blunt,  (a)  Want  of 
sharpness ;  dullness ;  obtuseness.  (6)  Plainness,  direct- 
ness, or  abruptness  of  address  ;  want  of  ceremony  in  man- 
ners: rudeness  of  manner  or  address:  as,  "honest  blunt- 
ness,"  Drydcn;  *^  bluntness  of  speech,"  Boyle. 

To  keep  up  Friendship,  there  must  be  little  Addresses 
and  -Applications,  wliereas  Bluntness  spoils  it  ijuickh. 

Selden,  TableT:dk.  p.  23. 

blunt-'Witted  (blunt'wit'ed).  a.  [<  blunt  + 
u-it  +  -( (/•-\  Cf.  ME.  "blunt  of  wytte,"  Prompt. 
Parv.]     DuU;  stupid. 

Blunt-tcitted  lord,  ignoble  in  demeanour! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VL,  iii.  2. 

blur  (bier),  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blurred,  ppr.  blur- 
ring. [=Sc.  blorc;  first  in  early  mod.  E.  ft/Krre; 
perhaps  a  deflected  form  of  blear,  early  mod.  E. 
Were  (see  blear^^),  but  it  may  be  an  independent 
formation.  Cf.  blot^^,  blotch.^  I.  trans.  1.  To  ob- 


glance,  prob.  <  AS.  'bli/scan,  bliscan  ("glossed 
rutilare),  glow,  =  MLG.  bloschen,  LG.  bliisken, 
blush;  cf.  AS.  *bliisian,  in  comp.  dblisian  for 
*dbl!isian,  blush  (verbal  n.  ablysunq,  dbhjsgung, 
blushing),  =  MD.  hlosen,  D.  blo:cn  =  MLG. 
blosen,  blush  ;  connected  with  AS.  blijsa,  blisa, 
also  blysige,  a  torch,  "blys  (in  comp.  iiiclbli/s),  a 
tlame,  =  MLG.  bins,  LG".  bliisc,  a  flame,  =  Sw. 
bloss  =  Dan.  bins,  a  torch;  LG.  blii.<:en,  set  on 
fire,  inflame,  =  Sw.  blossa,  blaze,  =  Dan.  blusse, 
blaze,  flame,  blush  in  the  face ;  from  the  noim. 
Not  phonetically  connected,  though  prob.  no- 
tionally  associated,  with  i/o-cl :  see  ft/orpl,  h.] 
I.  intrans.  If.  To  shine,  as  the  sun. —  2t.  To 
glance  ;  look.  [In  these  senses  only  in  Middle 
English;  but  see  blush,  n.,  1,  :2.] 

Tjl  on  a  hyl  that  I  asspyed 

&  blusched  on  the  burghe.  as  I  forth  dreued. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  979. 

3.  To  become  red  in  the  face  ;  redden  all  over 
the  face :  especially  from  modesty,  embarrass- 
ment, confusion,  or  shame. 

-Ask  him  a  question. 
He  Uuehes  like  a  girl,  and  answei-s  little. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  i.  1. 


blush 

In  the  presence  of  the  shameless  ami  unblushinc  the 
youiiK  orteinliT  is  ashamed  tu  hfuxh.  liiicfcuiituiffr. 

4.  To  appear  as  if  blushing ;  exhibit  a  red  or 
roseate  hue;  bloom  freshly  or  modestly. 

The  sun  of  heaven,  methoncht,  was  h»th  to  set, 
But  stay 'd,  and  made  the  western  welkin  hlush. 

Skaff.,  K.  Juhn,  v.  5. 
Full  niiiiiy  a  (lower  is  born  to  blush  unseen. 

Gray,  Elccy. 

5.  To  be  ashamed:  with  at  or  for. 

He  blunheH  /«/•  tlie  "  disnit^enuousness  of  the  most  de- 
voted worshipper  of  speculative  truth." 

Whipplf,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  19. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  red.     [Rare.] 

Which  [blood]  .  ,  .  ne'er  returnetb 
To  bltish  and  beautify  the  cheek  apiin. 

SInik.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  express,  show,  or  make  knovrn  by  blush- 
ing, or  by  a  change  of  color  similar  to  a  blush. 
[Bare  and  poetical.] 

Pass  the  happy  news, 

Bluah  it  thro'  the  West. 

Tcunijuon,  Maud,  xvii. 

blush  (blush),  u.  [<  ME.  hJuschf  gleam,  glimpse; 
from  the  verb.]     If.  A  gleam. 

To  bide  a  blisfnl  hliiscfi  of  the  bryjt  sunne. 
Sir  Gawayuc  and  tin-  Green  KnUjht  (ed.  ilorris),  I.  r>*20. 

2.  A  glance;  glimpse;  look;  view:  obsolete 
except  in  the  phrase  at  first  blush. 

At  t]w  Just  hlusk  we  thought  they  had  bcene  shippes 
come  frou'i  France.  IlakluifVs  Voyages,  IH,  a3(j. 

This  sounds,  at  first  blush,  very  neat,  if  not  even  very 
profound  ;  but  a  closer  examimition  dissolves  it  into 
nothing.  Bibliothcca  Sacra,  XLIII.  UlS. 

3.  Look;  resemblance:  as,  she  has  a,  hlusli  of 
her  father.  [North.  Eng.]  [Hence,  collective- 
ly, an  assembly,  company,  in  the  isolated  ex- 
ample, a  blush  of  boifes  =  a  companv  of  bovs 
("Book  of  St.  Aibans '•).]— 4.  The  siiffusiou  of 
the  cheeks  or  the  face  with  a  red  color  through 
confusion,  shame,  diffidence,  or  the  like. 

If  impious  acts 
Have  left  thee  blood  enough  to  make  a  blusk, 
I'll  paint  it  on  thy  cheeks. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  3. 
Her  blush  of  maiden  shame.      Bryant,  Autumn  Woods. 
5,  A  red  or  reddish  color ;  a  rosy  tint. 
And  light's  last  blushes  tinged  the  distant  hills. 

Lord  Lyttcltou,  rncertaiuty,  i. 
To  put  to  the  blush,  to  cause  to  blush  or  be  ashamed. 
blusher  (blush'er),  "-     One  who  blushes,  or  is 
given  to  blushing. 

llulattoes  are  often  great  blujihers,  blush  succeeding 
blush  over  their  faces. 

Danvin,  E.vpresa.  of  Emotions,  p.  320. 

blushett  (blush'et),  h.     [<  blush  +  -r/.]    A  little 
blusher;  a  modest  young  girl. 
iio  tc.  little  hliishct.  li.  Jonsoti,  Entertainments. 

blushful  (bhish'ful),  a.  [<  blush  +  -fid.-]  FuU 
of  blushes. 

From  his  [tlio  sun'sl  nrdeiit  look  the  turning  Spring 
Averts  her  Uusliful  face.  Thomson,  Summer,  1.  7. 

The  true,  the  Uuahjnl  Hippocrene. 

Keats,  l)(le  to  Nightingale. 

blushfuUy    (blush 'ful-i),   adv.      With    many 

bluslifs. 
blushing  (blush'ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  tlusli,  r.] 
The  act  of  becoming  reii  in  the  face  through 
modesty,  confusion,  or  shame ;  suffusion  with 
a  roseate  tint. 
The  blusbiii'js  of  the  evening. 

J,  Spencer,  Prodigies,  p.  146. 

Bluxhing  is  the  most  peculiar  nnd  the  most  human  of 
all  expressions.  Monkeys  redden  from  passion,  but  it 
would  reiiuire  an  ovt-r«helniing  amount  of  evidence  to 
make  us  believe  that  :iiiy  animal  could  blush. 

Durifiit,  £.\press.  of  Emotions,  p.  310. 

blushing  (blush'ing),  J),  a.  [Ppr.  of  hhish,  )•.] 
1.  Modest;  bashful;  given  to  blushing  or  suf- 
fused with  blushes:  as.  a  hliisliiiif/  maiden. —  2. 
Freshly  blooming;  roseate,  literally  or  figm-a- 
tively. 

The  dappled  pink  and  btushinff  rose. 

Prior,  The  Garland. 

To-(l.iy  he  imt.s  foi'th 
The  tender  leaves  of  hope,  to-morrow  blossoms. 
And  bears  his  blushinn  honours  tluck  upon  him. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

blushingly  (blush'ing-U),  adv.    In  a  blushing 

manner;  with  blushes;  modestly. 
blushless    (blusli'les),    a.      [<   l/'lusli    +    -/(.»'.] 

Without  a  blush  ;  unblushing ;  past  blushing ; 

impudent;  barefaced;  shameless:  as,  "bliinli- 

Icst:  crimes,"  •Sandi/s. 
blushwort  (blush'wert),  h.     A  name  given  to 

cultivated  species  of  ^sclijinaiithiis. 
blushy  (blush'i),  a.      [<  hfush  +  -//I.]     Like  a 

blush  ;  having  the  color  of  a  blush.     [Rare.] 

Blossoms  of  apples  .  .  .  are  blush;/. 

Bacon,  >'at.  Hist.,  §  507. 


603 

bluster  (blus'ter),  r.  [Origin  obscure.  Hardly 
connected  with  ME.  hliixtcrrii,  wan<ler  about 
aimlessly,  =  L(i.  hlii.itcni,  lilistcni,  ilutter  atiout 
anxiously ;  I)ut  prob.  one  of  the  imitative  words 
attaehe<l  loosely  to  what  is  felt  to  be  the  com- 
mon root  of  hlow^,  hldst.  The  E.  Fries,  bliisterti, 
bluster,  freq.  of  bliisscii,  var.  of  hkiscn  (=  E. 
blaze"),  blow,  is  appar.  a  parallel  formation.] 

1.  inlraii.i.  1.  To  roar  and  be  tumultuous,  as 
wind ;  blow  boisterously :  as,  the  storm  blus- 
ters without. 

iiiuster  the  winds  and  tides. 

Tcnnifson,  Fair  Women. 

2.  To  be  loud,  noisy,  or  swaggering ;  swagger, 
as  a  turbulent  or  boasting  person ;  utter  loud 
empty  menaces  or  protests. 

Vour  ministerial  directors  blustered  like  tragic  tyrants 
here.  Burke,  American  Ta.\ation. 

Let  your  demagogues  lead  crowds,  lest  they  lead  armies  ; 
let  them  bluster,  lest  they  massacre. 

Macaulaif,  Conversation  between  Cowley  and  Milton. 

3t.  [Only  in  ME. ;  perhaps  a  different  word. 
Cf.  LG.  blusterii,  blistern,  tlutter  in  alarm.]  To 
wander  or  run  about  aimlessly. 

Tliat  thay  bluittered  as  blynde  as  bayard  wat3  euer. 

Atliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  SS6. 

II.  trans.   1.    To  compel  or  force  by  mere 
bluster.     [Rare.] 

lie  meant  to  bluster  all  princes  into  a  perfect  obedi- 
ence. Fuller. 

2.  To  utter  with  bluster,  or  with  noise  and  vio- 
lence :  generally  with  out  or  furtli. 

Bloweth  and  Utisteretli  out  .  .  .  blasphemy. 

.SiV  T.  More,  Works,  p.  374. 

To  bluster  downt,  to  blow  down  with  violence,  as  of 
the  wind. 
By  a  tempestuous  gust  bluster  down  the  house. 

Seasonable  Sermo)ut,  p.  26. 

bluster  (blus'ter),  n.  [<  bluster,  r.]  1.  The 
noise  of  a  storm  or  of  violent  wind ;  a  blast ;  a 
gust. 

The  skies  look  grimly 
And  threaten  present  blusters. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  3. 

2.  A  boisterous  blast,  or  loud  timitdtuous  noise. 

The  brazen  trumpets  bluster.  Swi/t,  Prometheus. 

3.  Noisy  but  empty  talk  or  menace ;  swagger; 
boisterous  self-assertion. 

.\  coward  makes  a  great  deal  more  bluster  than  a  man 
of  liononr.  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

The  real  weather  gods  are  free  from  brag  and  bluster. 
The  Century,  XXV.  674. 

=  Syn.  3.  Turbulence,  boasting,  bragging,  bullying. 
blusteration  (blus-te-ra'shon),  u.    [<  bluster  + 
-dlidii.]     Noisy  boasting;   blustering;  boister- 
ous conduct.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Amer.] 
blusterer    (blus'ter-er),   II.    One  who  or  that 
which    blusters ;    especially,  a   swaggerer ;   a 
bully ;  a  noisy,  boastful,  or  boisterous  fellow. 
Sometime  a  blusterer,  that  the  rnflle  knew 
(If  lourt,  of  city.       Shak.,  Lover  s  Complaint,  1.  58. 

blustering  (blus'ter-ing),  /).  a.  [Ppr.  of  bhis- 
Itr,  c]  1.  Storm}';  windy;  tempestuous:  as, 
blustering  yfeathev;  "a  blustering  day,"  'Slial:, 
1  Hen.  IV.,  V.  1. —  2.  Noisy;  violent;  self-as- 
serting; swaggering:  as,  a,  blustering  tellovr. 
.\  policy  of  blu^terinff  menace  and  aiTogant  interference. 
X.  A.  liev.,  XXXIX.  410. 

blusteringly  (blus't6r-ing-li),  adv.  In  a  blus- 
tering manner. 

blusterous,  blustrous  (blus't<Jr-us,  -trus),  «. 
[<  blunter  +  -oiis.]  1.  Noisy;  tempestuous; 
rough;  stormy. 

Xow,  mild  may  be  thy  life  ! 
For  a  more  blust'rous  birth  had  never  babe. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  1. 

2.  Violent;  truculent;  swaggering, 
blustery  (blus'ter-i),  a.    [<  bluster  +  -^1.]  Blus- 
tering; blusterous;  raging;  noisy. 

A  htillow,  blustery,  pusillanimous,  ami  unsouml  [char- 
acter], Carlylc,  Life  of  Sterling. 

blustrous,  a.     See  blusterous. 

-bly.  A  termination  of  adverbs.  See  the  ety- 
mologj'  of  -ble. 

blype  (blip),  n.  [Origin  uncertain.]  1.  A 
shred;  a  piece  of  skin  rubbed  off.  Burns. — 2. 
A  stroke  or  blow.     [Scotch.] 

blythet,  ".     An  obsolete  spelling  of  blithe. 

B.  M.   -\Ji  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Medicine. 

B.  M.  E.  -An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Min- 
imi Engineering. 

B.  Mus.    An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Music. 

boH,  "■,  pron..  and  eoiij.  [ME.,  also  boo,  <  AS. 
bii,  fern,  (in  ME.  common  and  neut.),  with  bcgcn 
(ME.  bcgeii,  hcien,  liejinc,  bai/iic.  bcie,  beije,  baije), 
masc,  bu,  neut.,  =  Goth,  bai,  m.,  ba,  neut.,  = 
(with  a  prefix)  L.  aiii-bo  =  Ur.  au-ou,  both  (see 


boar 

ainbi-,  amphi-),  =  (with  an  added  element)  leel. 
bdilhir,  etc.,  ME.  hathe,  botlir,  mod.  E.  both: 
see  /»)//(.]  The  cailier  word  for  both. 
bo-  (bo),  intcrj.  [Also  written  boh  and  formerly 
also  hoe ;  a  mere  exclamation.  Cf.  D.  "Ay  kan 
boe  iioch  ba  zcggen,"  oquiv.  to  E.  "he  cannot 
say  bo  to  a  goose."  Cf.  ?)ool.]  An  exclamation 
used  to  inspire  sin'[)rise  or  fright;  especially,  a 
cry  uttered  by  children  to  frighten  their  fellows. 
Also  boo. 

I'll  rather  put  on  my  flashing  red  nose  and  my  flaming 
face,  and  come  wrapped  in  a  calf's  skin,  and  cry  bo,  bo.' 
I'll  fray  the  scholar,  1  warrant  thee. 

Old  Play,  Wily  P,eguiled. 

Not  able  to  say  bo !  to  a  goose,  very  foolish  or  timid. 

b.  0.  A  common  abbreviation  in  stock-ex- 
change reports  and  documents  of  bui/er's  op- 
tion :  as,  b.  o.  3  (that  is,  at  the  buyer's  option 
within  :!  days). 

boa  (bo'ii),  M.  [NL.,  <  L.  boa,  also  bova,  ap- 
plied to  a  large  serpent;  perhaps  <  60s  {bor-}, 
an  ox,  in  allusion  to  its  large  size :  see  Bos  and 
bovine.']  1.  [cap.]  In  lurpet.,  a  genus  of  very 
large  non-venomous  serpents,  of  the  family 
Boidw,  notable  for  their  jjower  of  constiiction. 
It  was  fi»rmerly  lu-arly  coextensive  with  the  nnidern  fam- 
ily, and  included  all  the  boas,  anacondjis,  etc.,  but  is  now 
restricted  to  certain  South  .-Vmcrican  species  congeneric 


Boa  {Soa  constric/oi'). 

with  Boa  constrictor.  The  genus  includes  some  of  the 
largest  known  serpents  (sometimes  more  than  20  feet 
long),  capable  of  enveloping  and  crushing  manunals  as 
large  as  a  deer. 

2.  In  ordinary  language,  some  large  serpent, 
as  a  boa-constrictor,  anaconda,  or  python ;  any 
member  of  the  iamiiy  Boidw  01 1'ythonida: — 3. 
A  long  and  slender  cylindrical  wrap  of  fm-,  worn 
by  women  round  the  neck. 

boa-constrictor  (bo'a-kou-strik'tor),  H.  A 
name  popidarly  applied  to  any  large  serpent 
of  the  family  Boidw  or  I'ljthonidw :  same  as 
boa,  2. 

boalee  (bo'a-le),  n.  [<  boijari,  the  Bengalese 
native  name.]  A  fish  of  the  family  Siluridw, 
Wallago  uttu,  which  has  been  also  named  Silu- 
riis  houlis,  inliabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  India 
and  Btmna.  It  ha.s  a  long  body,  deeply  cleft  mouth, 
forked  caudal,  very  long  anal,  and  small  doi-sal.  It  attains 
a  length  of  about  0  feet,  and  is  edible. 

In  India  the  jawbone  of  the  boalee  fish  (Silurus  boalis) 
is  employed  by  tlu'  natives  aliout  Docca-  The  teeth, 
being  small,  recurved,  and  closely  set,  act  as  a  fine  comb 
for  carding  cotton. 

Siniuwnds,  Com.  Products  of  the  Sea,  p.  255. 

Boanerges  (bo-a-n^r'jez),  n.  ;)/.    [LL.,  <  Gr.  Bo- 

avepyii;,  from  an  Aramaic  form  equiv.  to  Heb. 
hue  hargcin,  sons  of  thunder  (<  hue.  y\.  of  ben, 
son,  +  ha,  the,  -t-  ra'ain,  thunder),  or  to  the 
synonjTuous  Heb.  bncregcsh.]  1.  Sousof  thtin- 
der:  a  name  given  by  Christ  to  two  of  his  dis- 
ciples, James  and  John,  sons  of  Zebedee. 

.\nd  he  surnanied  them  Buaneryes,  which  is.  The  sons 
of  thunder.  ilark  iii.  17. 

Hence — 2.  .'iing.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  a 
vociferous  preacher  or  orator. 
boarl  (bor),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hore : 
<  llE.  boor,  bore,  bor,  <  AS.  bar  =  OS.  ber  (suin, 
swine)  =  D.  beer  =  MLG.  bir,  LG.  ber  =  OHG. 
her,  MHG.  her,  a  boar.  G.  bar,  a  young  boar. 
Cf.  Russ.  bororu,  a  boar.]  I.  n.  1.  The  male 
of  swine  (not  castrated). — 2.  A  military  engine 
used  in  the  middle  ages,  droce.  Ethiopian  wild 
boar.  Same  as /m?/nf'.— Wild  boar  (.S"-^«-r«;/((  or  apt-r), 
an  ungulate  or  hoofed  nianunal.  family  Suido:  the  i>rigi- 
nal  of  the  tamo  hog.  Wild  boars  are  foufid  in  most  parts 
of  Europe,  excepting  the  British  islands  (where,  however, 
they  formerly  abouiuled),  and  also  in  the  greater  part  of 
Asia,  and  onthe  liarbary  coast  of  .\frica.  The  wild  boar 
diffei-s  in  several  respects  from  the  tanie  species ;  its  boily 
is  smaller,  its  snout  longer,  and  its  cans  (which  are  always 
black)  rounder  and  shorter  ;  its  color  is  iron-gray,  inclin- 
ing to  black.  The  tusks,  formed  by  the  enlargeil  canine 
teeth,  are  lai-ger  than  those  of  the  tame  boar,  being  some- 
times nearly  a  foot  in  length.  The  chase  of  the  wild  boar 
is  one  of  the  most  exciting  sports  of  Europe  aud  India. 


boar 


WiKl  Bo.^r  .Suj  serofa). 

In  heralclrj-  the  wild  boar  is  represented  with  large  tnaks 
and  open  nxiutl). 
II.  ».  Male:  as,  a  toor  squirrel. 

boar-t,  boar^t.  Obsolete  spelling  of  6o;-el, 
}un't-. 

board  (bord),  n.  [Under  this  form  and  the  cog- 
nate forms  in  the  other  languages  are  merged 
two  different  words  :  (1)  ME.  hord,  hoonl,  horde, 
<  AS.  hord,  a  board,  plank,  table,  shield,  =  OS. 
bord  =  OFries.  hord  =  D.  hord  =  MLG.  hort, 
LG.  hoord  =  Icel.  bordli  =  OHG.  MHG.  bort,  G. 
bord,  hurt  =  Sw.  and  Dan.  bord  =  Goth,  haurd 
(in  fotit-htuird,  'footboard,' footstool),  neut.,  a 
board,  plank,  table  (in  AS.  also  shield) ;  (2) 
ME.  bord,  hoord,  horde,  <  AS.  bord  (=  OH.  bord 
=  D.  boord  =  MLG.  bort,  LG.  boord  =  OHG. 
MHG.  biirt,  G.  bord  =  Icel.  hordli  =  Sw.  Dan. 
bord),  masc.  (and,  by  confusion  with  the  pre- 
ceding, neut.),  border,  brim,  rim,  side,  csp. 
side  of  a  ship.  From  the  Tent,  comes  F.  bord 
=  OSp.  borda,  Sp.  bordo  =  Pg.  hordo  =  It. 
hordo,  side,  edge,  esp.  in  the  nautical  use, 
whence  in  E.  some  uses  of  hoard,  n.  and  v., 
after  the  F.  Hence  border,  etc.  Connection  of 
the  two  original  words  is  uncertain.  Another 
form  of  AS.  hord,  a  plank,  appears  transposed 
in  AS.  bred,  a  board,  flat  surface,  E.  dial,  bredc, 
a  board,  =  OD.  bred,  D.  herd,  a  floor,  =  OHG. 
MHG.  hret,  G.  brett,  a  board,  plauk,  =  Sw. 
briidc  =  Dan.  brwdt,  board.  Not  connected  with 
broad,  as  is  usually  supposed.  Of.  Ir.  Gael. 
Com.  hord  =  W.  hord  and  bwrdd,  a  board, 
table.]  1.  A  piece  of  timber  sawed  thin,  and 
of  considerable  length  and  breadth  compared 
Tvith  the  thickness.  The  name  is  usually  given  to 
pieces  of  tiniber  (in  tliis  and  similar  forms  called  lumber 
in  the  United  States)  more  than  4A  inches  wide  and  less 
than  2  inches  thick.  Thicker  pieces  of  the  same  form 
are  called  planks^  and  naiTower  ones  battens.  Wlien 
boards  are  thinner  on  one  edge  than  on  the  other,  they 
are  called  feather-edged  boards;  and  to  riven  pieces  of 
this  kind,  not  more  than  3  feet  long,  used  for  roofing,  the 
name  lioard  is  exclusively  applied  in  the  southern  United 
States. 
But  ships  are  but  boards,  sailors  but  men. 

Shak..  II.  of  v.,  i.  3. 
2.  A  table,  especially  as  being  used  to  place 
food  on. 

Fruit  of  all  kinds  .  .  . 
She  gathers,  tribute  large,  and  on  the  board 
Heaps  ivith  unsparing  hand.      Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  343. 

Hence  —  3.  (a)  That  which  is  served  on  a 
board  or  table  ;  entertainment ;  food ;  diet. 
Sometimes  white  lilies  did  their  leaves  afford, 
With  wholesome  poppy-flowers,  to  mend  his  homely  board. 
Drtfden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  iv. 
They  .  .  .  suffer  from  cold  and  hunger  in  their  flreless 
houses  and  at  their  meagre  boards. 

Howelts,  Venetian  Life,  x.xi. 
(6)  Pro^asion  for  a  person's  daily  meals,  or 
food  and  lodging,  especially  as  furnished  by 
agreement  or  for  a  price :  applied  also  to  the 
like  provision  for  horses  and  other  animals. 
Board  witlic.ut  lodging  is  often  distinguished  either  as 
;  dai/.board  or  table.fjoard. 

4.  A  table  at  which  a  cotmcil  or  the  session 
of  a  tribunal  is  held. 

I  wish  the  king  would  be  pleased  sometimes  to  be  pres- 
ent at  that  board  ;  it  adds  a  majesty  to  it.  Bacon. 

Better  acquainted  with  affairs  than  any  other  who  sat 
then  at  that  board.  Clarendon. 

Hence,  by  metonymy — 5.  A  number  of  per- 
sons having  the  management,  direction,  or 
superiiiteniience  of  some  public  or  private  of- 
fice or  trust:  as,  a  board  of  directors;  the  hoard 
of  trade ;  the  hoard  of  health ;  a  school-hoard. 

The  honourable  board  of  council,    S/ini.,  IIen,\'III.,  i,  1, 

Boards  partake  of  a  part  of  the  inconveniences  of  larger 
assemblies.  Their  decisions  are  slower,  their  energy  less, 
their  responsibility  more  diffused.  They  will  nut  have  the 
same  abilities  and  knowledge  as  an  administration  liy  sin- 
gle men.  A.  Uainilton,  Works,  l.  1.14. 

6.  A  flat  slab  of  wood  used  for  some  specific 
purpose:  as,  an  ironing-fcoard;  a  bake-fcoard; 


604 

a  knite-board. —  7.  A  tablet;  especially,  a  tab- 
let upon  which  public  notices  are  written,  or 
to  which  they  are  afli.\cd:  as,  a  Dot'xee-hoard ; 
a  huiletm-board. — 8.  A  table,  tablet,  or  frame 
on  wliich  games  are  played:  as,  a  chess-  or 
backgammon-fiocorf;  a bagatellc-/««/;v/. — 9.  pi. 
The  stage  of  a  theater:  as,  to  go  upon  the 
board,',,  to  leave  the  ftonrrf.s  (that  is,  to  enter 
upon  or  leave  the  theatrical  profession). 

Our  pbace  on  the  boards  may  be  taken  by  better  and 
younger  mimes.  .     Tliackerai/. 

There  is  not  —  never  was  —  any  evidence  tliat  Lodge,  who 
was  a  very  meagre  dramatist,  ever  troti  tin*  boards. 

y.  aiut  (J.,  litli  ser,,  XL  107, 

10.  A  kind  of  thick  stiff  paper ;  a  sheet  form- 
ed by  layers  of  paper  pasted  together ;  paste- 
board: usually  employed  in  compounds:  as, 
card'«)<')v/,  raWUtoard,  Bristol-ioiicrf.     Hence  — 

11.  In  hookbinding,  one  of  the  two  stiff  covers 
on  the  sides  of  a  book.  By  a  book  in  hoards  is  usually 
to  be  understood  a  book  that  has  the  boards  covered  only 
with  paper,  in  distinction  from  one  wbirb  is  covered  with 
cloth  or  leather.  The  boards  were  at  lirsf  made  of  wood, 
but  are  now  made  of  hard-pressed  rnii-b  paper-stock  and 
shrediled  rope.     Often  abbreviated  to  bds. 

The  boards  n^ed  in  bookbinding  are  fomied  of  the  pulp 
obtained  from  refuse  brown  paper,  old  rope,  straw,  or 
other  vegetable  material  more  or  less  fibrous, 

I're,  Dict.,I,  421, 

12.  pi.  In  printing,  thin  sheets  of  very  hard 
paper-stock  placed  between  printed  sheets  in 
a  press  to  remove  the  indentation  of  impres- 
sion:  distinctively  called  jirf&s-fionrrfs.— 13. 
Xaut. :  (a)  The  deck  and  interior  of  a  ship  or 
boat:  used  in  the  phrase  on  board,  aboard,  (h) 
The  side  of  a  ship. 

J*"ow  board  to  board  the  rival  vessels  row.  Dri/den. 

(c)  The  line  over  which  a  ship  runs  between 
tack  and  tack. — 14.  In  mining,  as  generally 
used  in  England:  (a)  Nearly  equivalent  to 
breast,  as  -used  among  Pemisylvania  miners. 
See  breast,  (h)  An  equivalent  of  chat,  in  York- 
shire, when  the  coal  is  worked  parallel  to  the  cleat,  it  is 
said  to  be  worked  board  or  bord,  the  nmre  usual  term  else- 
where being/ace  on:  when  worked  at  liL'bt  auu'les  to  the 
cleat,  the  term  used  is  end  on. — Academy  board.  See 
(irarfem.v.— Binders'  board.   See  ti/i.;,/-,— Board  and 

J)illar,  in  coal-riiiainfi,  a  method  of  winiiing  coal.  See  ij'd- 
ar  and  breast,  inider  pillar. — Board  of  Control,  direc- 
tors, equalization,  health,  ordnance,  trade,  ete.  .See 
the  nouns.— Board  on  board,  board  and  board  i  on  ut.), 
side  by  side.— By  the  board,  "v,r  tlie  sliips  side,— 
From  bed  and  board.  See  (<ii».— London  board,  a 
variety  of  sized  cardboard.  —  On  board,  on  or  in  a  ship 
or  conveyance.  — Police  board.  See  imlirr.-  To  begin 
the  boardt,  to  take  a  seat  at  the  head  of  the  table ;  take 
precedence  at  table. 

Ful  ofte  tyme  he  hadde  the  bord  bygonne 
-■Vboven  alle  naciouns  in  Pruce. 

Chaucer,  Gen,  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  52, 
To  go  by  the  board,  (a)  Naut.,  said  of  a  mast  which  is 
broken  t.iff  a  sli-.rt  distance  above  the  deck.  Hence  —  {It) 
To  be  eonipletely  destroyed  or  canied  away. —  To  keep 
one's  name  on  the  boards,  at  Cambridge  University, 
to  remain  a  member  of  a  college  :  in  allusion  to  the  custom 
there  of  inscribing  the  names  of  members  on  a  board  or 
tablet —To  make  a  board,  to  make  a  stretch  on  any 
tack  when  a  ship  is  working  to  windward.— To  make  a 
good  board,  to  get  well  on  in  a  stretch  to  w  iu'lward. — 
To  make  a  half  board  (.naut.).  to  luff  into  the  wind  till 
the  headway  ceases,  and  then  to  till  away  on  the  same 
tack.— To  make  a  stern  board,  to  force  a  ship  astern 
by  the  sails.  — To  make  short  boards,  to  tack  frequent- 
ly.—To  sweep  the  board,  in  naming,  to  take  everything ; 
pocket  all  the  stakes. 
board  (bord),  v.  [<  hoard,  n.  In  sense  8, 
after  F.  ahorder,  come  to,  accost:  see  aboard", 
ahord'^,  r.]  I.  tran.s.  1.  To  cover  with  boards; 
inclose  or  close  up  with  boards  ;  lay  or  spread 
with  boards:  often  with  iij),  in,  or  orrr. —  2.  In 
leather-mannf.,  to  rub  (leather)  with  a  pommel 
or  graining-board,  in  order  to  give  it  a  granu- 
lar appearance,  and  make  it  supple. 

If  after  "  stoning  out "  the  leather  should  require  soften- 
ing, it  is  boarded.  C.  T.  Daris,  Leather,  p,  431. 

3.  To  place  at  board :  as,  he  boarded  his  son 
with  Mrs.  So-and-so. — 4.  'To  furnish  with  food, 
or  food  and  lodging,  for  a  compensation:  as, 
his  landlady  boards  him  at  a  reasonable  price. 

He  was  .  .  .  boarded  and  lodged  at  the  houses  of  the 
farmers  whose  children  he  instructed. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book.  p.  421, 

5.  To  come  up  alongside  of  (in  order  to  at- 
tack); fall  aboard  of. — 6.  To  go  on  board  of 
(a  vessel).  Specifleally  — (<i)  To  embark,  (b)  To  hail 
and  enter  officially,  as  a  custom-h<)Use  or  other  officer, 
(c)  To  enter  by  force,  or  in  a  hostile  manner. 

You  hoard  an  enemy  to  capture  her,  and^  stranger  to 
receive  news  or  make  communications.  Totten. 

7t.  To  put  on  board ;  stow  away. 
The  seamen  call :  shall  we  board  your  trunks? 

Middlelon  and  Jion-leit,  Changeling,  i,  1. 

8t.  To  approach ;  accost ;  make  advances  to. 
Him  the  Prince  vfith  gentle  court  did  bnrd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q„  II.  be.  2. 


board-wages 

In  his  next  pithy  syml)ol  I  dare  not  board  him,  for  he 
passes  all  the  seven  wise  Masters  of  Greece. 

Milton,  Apologj-  for  Smeetymnuus. 

9t.  To  border  on ;  approach. 

The  stnbborne  Xewre  whose  waters  gray 
By  fair  Kilkenny  and  K^jsseponte-  boord. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  TV,  xi  43. 

To  board  out.  («)  To  exclude  with  boards  or  by  lx)ard- 
itig,  (h)  '['(>  send  (jut  to  board  ;  hire  or  procure  the  l>oard 
of  elsewlu-re:  as,  to  board  out  a  child  or  a  hoi-se.  —  To 
board  up.  {a)  To  stop  or  close  by  putting  up  boards  :  as, 
to  board  tip  a  road,  {h)  To  shut  in  with  boards :  as,  to 
imtird  up  a  flock  of  chickens,  (c)  To  case  with  Ijoards ;  as, 
to  Ijoard  up  a  room  or  a  house. 

H.  intranx.  1.  To  take  one's  meals,  or  be 
supplied  with  both  food  and  lodging,  in  the 
house  of  another,  at  a  fi.\ed  price. 

We  are  sever.al  of  us,  gentlemen  and  lailies,  who  board 
in  the  same  house.  Spectator,  Xo.  296. 

2.  Xaut.,  to  tack, 
boardable  (bor'da-bl),  a.  [<  board,  v.,  +  -able.'] 

Capable  of  being  boarded,  as  a  ship. 
board-clip  (bord'klip),  n.    A  spring-clasp  for 

holding  sheets  of  paper  upon  a  board,  desk,  or 

printer's  case. 
board-cutter  (bord'kut'er),  «.   A  bookbinders' 

machine  for  cutting  millboards  for  the  covers 

and  backs  of  books, 
boarder  (bor'der),  «.    One  who  boards,    (a)  One 

who  gets  Ins  meals,  or  lioth  meals  and  lodging,  in  the 

house  of  another  for  a  price  agreed  upon. 

There's  a  boarder  in  the  floor  above  me  ;  and,  to  my  tor- 
ture, he  practises  music.         Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 

(b)  pi.  On  a  man-of-war,  the  officers  and  men  detailed  to 
attack  an  enemy  by  boarding.  They  are  armed  with  cut- 
lases  and  pistols. 

Heading  for  the  steamer,  he  formed  his  boarders  on  the 
bow.  J.  E.  .Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p,  163. 

boarding  (bor'ding),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  board, 
r.]     1.  Wooden  boards  collectively. 

The  supply  of  material,  wood,  and  boarding  for  build- 
ing, repairing,  or  constructing  public  and  sacred  build- 
ings, Seehohm,  Eng.  Vil.  Communities,  p.  299. 

2.  Boards  put  together,  as  in  a  fence  or  a  floor. 
— 3.  The  operation  of  rubbing  leather  with  a 
pommel  or  graining-board  to  make  it  granular 
and  supple,  after  it  has  been  shaved,  daubed, 
and  dried. —  4.  The  act  of  entering  a  ship,  es- 
pecially by  assault. —  5.  The  practice  of  obtain- 
ing one's  food,  or  both  food  and  lodging,  in  the 
home  of  another,  for  a  stipulated  charge. — 
Luffer  boarding,  in  earp.,  a  style  of  boarding  in  which 
one  buard  projects  and  partly  covers  another,  and  in  its 
turn  is  partly  covered  by  still  another,  as  in  claplwai'ding. 

boardiilg-clerk  (bor'ding-klerk),  H.  The  em- 
ployee of  a  custom-house  agent  or  shipping 
firm  whose  duty  is  to  eommimicate  with  ships 
on  their  arrival  in  port.     [Eng.] 

boarding-house  (bor'ding-hous),  n.  A  house  of 
entertainment,  more  home-like  than  a  hotel  or 
restaurant,  where  persons  are  furnished  with 
board  for  a  fixed  price. 

boarding-joist  (bor'ding-joist),  «.  One  of  the 
.ioists  in  naked  flooring  to  which  the  boards  are 
fastened. 

boarding-machine  (bor'ding-ma-shen'),  n.  A 
machine  for  rubbing  the  siu'face  of  leather  to 
raise  the  grain. 

boarding-nettings  (bor'ding-net  ingz).  n.  pi. 
Nettings  of  small  rope  or  wire  fi.xed  aroimd  the 
bulwarks  of  a  ship  to  prevent  her  from  being 
boarded.     See  netting. 

boarding-officer  (b6r''ding-of 'i-s^r),  «.  An  offi- 
cer of  the  custom-house  who  boards  ships  on 
their  arrival  in  port  in  order  to  examine  their 
papers  and  to  prevent  smuggling. 

boarding-pike  (bor'ding-pik),  «.  A  short  pike 
used  in  naval  warfare  in  boarding  or  in  repel- 
ling lioarders.     See  half-jnl-e. 

boarding-school  (bor'ding-skol),  n.  A  school 
which  [U'ovides  board  for  its  pupils ;  a  school 
at  which  the  pupils  are  fed  and  lodged. 

board-rack  (bord'rak),  n.  In  printing,  a  rack 
for  sliding  shelves  (called  letter-boards)  on 
which  to  lay  away  composed  tvpe. 

board-rule  (bord'rol).  ».  A  figured  scale  for 
finding  the  number  of  square  feet  in  a  board, 
without  calculation. 

board-school  (bord'skol),  lu  In  Great  Britain, 
a  school  under  the  management  of  a  school- 
board  consisting  (except  in  London)  of  from  5 
to  15  members,  elected  by  the  rate-payers  of  a 
scliool  district ;  a  public  elementary  school. 

board-wages  (bord'wa  gez),  n.  sing',  and  pi.  A 
fixed  jia.\-ment  made  to  domestic  servants  in 
lieu  of  board,  especiaUy  when  it  is  necessary 
for  them  to  live  out  dm-ing  the  temporary  ab- 
sence fi'om  home  of  their  employers. 

Not  enough  is  left  him  tos!ipply 
Board-wai/ea,  or  a  footjuan's  livery.      Dryden. 


boar-fish 

boar-fish  (bor'fish),  «.  A  namp  applied  to  vari- 
ous dissimilar  lishos  which  have  a  projeetiiif; 
snout,  (n)  In  EiiK'hind,  tlic;  Caprot  apcr,  :i  ll^ll  nf  tin- 
fiiniily  Ciiiiri'lila'.  It  lius  the  power  <if  I'MundiiiK  uml 
coiitlnctiiij;  its  inimtll  at  will.  Wlien  cvteniluil  tlie  mouth 
takt's  tliu  funn  of  a  hog's  snout,  wiiuncu  tlie  name.     It  is 


^ 


BoaT'fish  (C«/r<w  (i>Vr). 

6  inches  lonp,  and  inhabits  the  ileditcn-anean  and  At- 
lantic nortliward  to  tlie  BritLsh  coasts.  {//)  In  New  Zea- 
larui,  the  Ci/ttus  anstralis,  a  species  of  the  family  Zcnithv. 
It  is  relatcii  to  the  jolm-doi-y,  hut  has  a  rou^h  sltin  and  is 
destitute  of  laVRO  plates  and  the  black  latel-al  spots,  (c) 
In  southern  Australia  (.Melbourne,  etc.),  the  Pentaceroima 
rirnrrircsfn's,  a  .species  of  the  family  Ventaccrolidir.  It  is 
e-l..  rii.-.l  us  a  f i-tlsh. 

bearish  (bOi-'isli),  «.  [<  hoar  +  -i»7ii.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  boar ;  resembling  a  boar ;  swin- 
ish ;  sensual ;  eruol. 

In  his  anointed  llesh  stick  boaruh  fangs. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 
boar-spear  (bor'sper),  n.     [<  ME.  horesper,  < 
AS.  hdrsprre,  <  bar,  boar,  -I-  sperc,  spear.]     A 
sjiear  used  in  him  ting  boars, 
boar-stag  (Ijor'stag),  ».     A  gelded  boar, 
boar's-tusk  (borz'tusk),  n.    A  common  name 
given  to  shells  of  the  genus  Bciitalium.    J.  B. 
Sowcrliy,  Jr. 
boart  (l)6rt),  M.    Same  as  hort. 
boasti  (host),  V.     [<  ME.  hosten,  hnostfn,  <  Ixist, 
boast:   origin  unknown.     The  W.  hostio,  hos- 
tiaii  =  Corn,   hosti/c  =  Gael,  hosd,  boast,  are 
from  the  E.]     I,  iiitraii.s.  If.  To  threaten;  ut- 
ter a  threat. —  2.  To  brag;  vaunt;  speak  vain- 
gloriously  or  exaggeratedly,  as  of  one's  own 
worth,  property,  deeds,  etc. 

Bvonte  not  myche,  it  is  but  waast ; 

Bi  boostynge,  men  niowe  foolis  kn(twe. 

Bailees  Book  (E.  £.  T.  S.),  p.  52. 

By  grace  are  ye  saved  through  faith ;  .  .  .  not  of  works, 

lest  any  man  shoidd  boaift.  Eph.  ii.  8,  !). 

3.  To  glory  or  exult  on  aecouut  (of);  speak 
with  laudable  pride. 

I  biiatit  of  you  to  them  of  Macedonia.  2  Cor.  ix.  2. 

4.  To  be  possessed,  as  of  something  remarka- 
ble or  admirable  :  often  used  jocosely. 

It  [the  cathedral]  docs  not  appear  so  rich  as  the  snuill- 
est  cliureh,  but  hoa-'^ts  of  a  little  organ,  which  sent  forth 
singularly  iuharuiouious  cries. 

Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  I.  4. 
=  SyTl.  To  bluster  (about),  vapor,  crow  (about  a  thing,  or 
over  a  jicrson),  swell,  talk  l>ig,  put  on  airs. 

II.  trails.  1.  To  brag  of;  speak  of  with 
pride,  vanity,  or  exultation :  as,  to  boa-nt  what 
arms  can  do. 

But  let  him  boa^t 
His  knowledge  of  good  lost,  and  evil  got. 

MUlun,  V.  L.,  xi.  86. 
He  boasts  his  life  as  purer  than  thine  own. 

Tennyson,  Balin  and  Balan. 

2.  To  glory  or  exult  in  possessing;  have  as  a 
soiu'ce  of  pride :  often  in  a  jocose  sense :  as,  the 
village  liodstx  a  public  pump. 

(ioil  be  thanked,  the  meanest  of  His  creatures 
Boasts  two  soul-sides,  one  to  face  the  world  with. 
One  to  show  a  woman  when  he  loves  her. 

Bron'iilnfj,  One  Word  More. 

3.  To  magnify  or  exalt ;  make  over-confident ; 
vatuit :  with  a  reflexive  pronoun. 

They  that  trust  in  their  wealth,  and  boast  themselves  in 
the  multitude  of  their  riches.  Ps.  .xlix.  (i. 

Boast  not  thyself  oi  to-morrow.  Prov.  xxvii.  1. 

Many  there  be  that  boast,  themselves  that  they  have 
faith.  Latimer,  -tth  Semi.  bcf.  Edw.  VI.  (UA'J). 

boast'  (bost),  ?i.  [<  ME.  boost,  host:  see  the 
verb.  The  W.  host  (=  Corn,  bust  =  Ir.  and 
Gael,  hu.fd),  a  boast,  is  from  the  E.]  If. 
Clamor ;  outcry. 

He  erakkede  host  and  swor  it  was  nat  so. 

Chaueer,  lU^eve's  Talc,  1.  81. 

2t.  Threatening;  menace. —  3.  Brag;  vaunt- 
ing ;  language  e.xpressive  of  ostentation,  pride, 
or  vanity. 

Reason  and  morals  ?  and  where  live  they  most, 
In  Christiiui  comfort  or  in  Sttjic  boast  t 

Bijrom,  Enthusiasm. 

4.  A  pause  of  boasting;  occasion  of  pride, 
vanity,  or  laudable  exultation  :  as,  Shakspere, 
tlie  boast  of  English  literature. 

His  Candle  is  alwayes  a  longer  sitter  vp  then  himselfe, 
and  the  buast  of  his  Window  at  Midnight. 

Bp,  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Pretender  to  Learning. 
B=Syil.  Vauut.  brag.    See  boasti»{fi. 


LA 

Boasting-chisels. 


605 

boast-  (bost),  »'.  t.  [Origin  tmknown  ;  perhaps 
a  corruption  of  hosIA,  q.  v.]  1.  In  masoiiri/, 
to  dress  off  tlie  surface  of  a  stone  witli  a  broaci 
chisel  and  mallet. — 2.  In  scnl/i.,  to  reduce  or- 
naments or  otlier  work  to  their  general  contour 
or  form,  preparatory  to  working  out  the  details. 

boast-  (host),  )(.  [Appar.  in  alhision  to  the 
ball's  rubbing  or  scraping  the  wall;  <  lioust'^, 
v.]  In  li'iiiiis,  a  stroke  by  which  the  ball  is 
driven  against  the  wall  of  a  court  at  an  acute 
angle.  TIh^  rubbing  against  the  wall  makes 
the  liall  spin. 

boastancet,  ".  [<  boast'^^  +  -ance.']  Boasting. 
Cliannr. 

boaster!  (bos'tfir),  «.  [<  ME.  hosier,  bostour, 
<  liosliit,  boast.]  One  who  boasts,  glories,  or 
vaunts  with  exaggeration,  or  ostentatiously;  a 
bragger. 

boaster-  (bos't^r),  n.  [<  hoast^  +  -rrl.]  A 
broad  chisel  used  in  rough-hewing  and  dressing 
iitf  the  surface  of  a  stone;  a  boasting-chisel. 

boastful  (bost'fiU),  a.  [<  ME.  bostfiil,  <  liost, 
boast,  + -ful.}  Given  to  boasting ;  vaunting; 
bragging. 

Boastful  and  rough,  your  first  son  is  a  squire. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  1.  151. 
Let  boastful  eloquence  declaim 
Of  honor,  liberty,  and  fame. 

Wliitlicr,  Prisoner  for  Debt, 

boastfully  (bost'ful-i),  adv.  In  a  boastful 
manner. 

boastfulness  (bost '  fid -nes),  n.  [<  boastful  + 
-niss.}     The  state  or  quality  of  being  boastful. 

boastingl  (bos'ting),  «.  [<  ME.  hostiiuj ;  verbal 
n.  of  boast''^,  r.]  A  glorying  or  vautiting;  boast- 
ful or  ostentatious  words  ;  bragging  language. 
Wlien  boasting  ends,  then  dignity  begins.  Vounff. 

=  Syn.  Brag,  bravailo,  bluster,  swagger,  swaggering,  vain- 
glory, rodomontade,  parade,  vaponng,  rant. 
boasting-  (bos'ting),  ».     [Verbal  n.  of  boasl^, 
r.]     1.  In  masiiiiri/,  the  process  of  dressing  the 
surface  of  a  stone  with  a  broad 
chisel  aud  mallet. — 2.  In  sculp. 
and  carriiifl,  the  act  of  cutting 
a  stone  roughly  with  a  boasting- 
chisel,  so  as  to  give  it  the  general 
contour  of  a  statue  or  an  orna- 
ment.    Also  called  scabbliug. 
boastingly  (bos'ting-li),  mlr.     In  an  ostenta- 
tious manner;  with  boasting. 
boastive  (bos'tiv),  a.     [<  boast^  +  -ire.]     Pre- 
sumptuous; boastful.     Sheiistoiic.     [Rare.] 
boastless   (bost'les),   a.      [<   boasf^    +   -less.} 
Without  boasting  or  ostentation.     [Rare.] 

Diffusing  kinrl  beneficence  around, 
Boastli^sfi,  as  now  descends  the  silent  dew. 

Thomson,  .Summer,  1.  1644. 

boat  (bot),  n.  [<  ME.  boot,  bote,  hot,  <  AS.  hat  = 
Icel.  belt  (rare),  a  boat;  appar.  not  foimd  as  an 
orig.  word  elsewhere,  being  in  the  later  lan- 
guages ajipar.  borrowed  from  ME.  or  AS. ; 
namely  (from  ME.),  MD.  an<i  T>.  boot  =  MLG. 
hot,  LtJ.  hoot  (>  G.  boot),  and  (from  AS.)  Icel. 
bdtr  =  Sw.  bAt  =  Dan.  baad,  also  W.  bad  =  Ir. 
bad  =  Gael,  bata,  and  ML.  batu.s,  liattus,  It. 
batio  =  OF.  bat;  with  dim.  It.  battello  =  Sp. 
Iiatel  =  Pr.  batclli  =  OF.  biilel,  ¥.  bateau  :  see 
batcau.'i  1.  A  small  vessel  or  water-craft ;  espe- 
cially, a  small  open  vessel  moved  by  oars.  The 
forms,  dimensions,  and  uses  of  boats  are  very  various.  Tlie 
boats  in  use  in  the  United  States  naval  service  are  steam- 
launches,  launches,  steam-cutters,  cutters,  barges,  gigs, 
whale-boats,  and  dinghies. 

2.  Any  vessel  for  na\'igation :  usually  described 
by  another  word  or  by  a  prefix  denoting  its  use 
or  mode  of  propulsion :  as,  a  packet-Aon?,  pas- 
sage-boat,  sfeamftoo^,  etc.  The  term  is  frefjuent- 
ly  applied  coUociuially  to  vessels  even  of  the 
largest  size. — 3.  Any  open  dish  or  vessel  re- 
sembling a  boat:  as,  a  gravy-ftoaf;  a  butter- 
boat. 

The  crude  red  (in  the  decomposition  of  aniline]  has  left 
a  violet  deposit  iu  the  bottom  of  the  boats  in  which  it  was 
cooled.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.\'.  207. 

4.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  vessel  contain- 
ing the  incense  to  be  placed  in  the  thurible 

when  needed. -All  In  the  same  boat,  all  engaged 
in  the  same  enteriuibc  ;  all  in  the  same  condition,  espe- 
cially unfortunate  conilitinn  ;  all  to  have  the  same  fate 
or  fortune. —  Boat-COmpaSS.  See  eompass.^'Higil boat. 
See  Aiy/'-— Paper  boat,  a  light  boat,  used  especially  for 
racing  and  sporting  purposes,  made  of  sheets  of  nianila 
paper,  or  of  j)ai)er  made  from  superior  unbleached  linen 
stock.  The  tlirst  sheet  is  fastened  to  a  model  wliieli  cor- 
responds to  the  interior  of  the  boat,  and  ctiated  witli  ad- 
hesive varnish  :  another  sheet  is  then  put  over  the  llrst: 
and  so  on  until  a  suthcient  thickness  is  obtained. 
boat  (bot),  r.  [<  boat,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  Totrans- 
{)ort  in  a  boat:  as,  to  boat  goods  across  a  lake. 
—  2.  To  provide  with  boats.     [Bare.] 


boat's-gripes 

Our  little  Arno  is  not  boalHl  like  the  Thames. 

H'alliole,  Letters,!.  39. 

To  boat  the  oars,  to  take  them  out  of  the  rowlocks 
and  plaic  tlicm  fore  and  aft  on  the  thwarts, 
II.  intrans.  To  go  in  a  boat ;  row. 
I  boated  over,  ran 
My  craft  aground. 

Tennyson,  Edwin  Morris. 

boatable  (bo'ta-bl),  o.  [<  boat  + -able.']  Navi- 
galilc  by  boats  or  small  river-craft. 

boatage  (bo'taj),  ».  [<  boat  +  -aac.']  1.  Car- 
riage by  boat,  or  the  charge  for  caiTving  by 
boat. — 2t.  Boats  collectively. —  3.  The  aggre- 
gate carrying  capacity  of  tlie  boats  belonging 
to  a  ship. 

It  is  generally  assumed  that  sutBcient  boatage  is  invari- 
ably provided.  Edinburgh  liee.,  CXV.  160. 

boatbill  (bot'bil),  n.  A  South  American  bird, 
('oclilcaria  (or  Cancroma)  cochlcaria,  related  to 
the  true  herons:  so  named  from  the  shape  and 


BoatbiU  iCattcroma  tochlearia). 

size  of  the  bill,  which  is  very  broad  and  much 
vaulted.  The  boatbill  is  about  the  size  of  and  somewhat 
resembles  a  night-heron  (aipart  from  the  bill),  but  Is  the 
type  of  a  ilistinct  siilifainily,  Cancroniinte  (which  see). 
.\lso  called  boat-bitlrfl  heron  and  saiHlcon. 

boat-builder  (b6t'bil"d6r),  n.  One  who  makes 
boats;  a  boatwTight. 

boat-fly  (bot'fli),  II.  An  aquatic  hetcropterous 
hemipterous  insect  of  the  family  Sotouectklw, 
which  swims  upon  its  back.  See  yotoiiecta. 
Also  called  biick-swiiiimer  and  boat-insect. 

boat-hook  (bot'hiik),  ».  A  brass  or  iron  hook 
and  spike  fixed  to  a  staff  or  pole,  used  for  pull- 
ing or  pushing  a  l)oat.  Also  called  ga1)'-setter, 
settinfi-polc,  pole-hook,  and  hitelier. 

boat-house  (bot'hous),  n.  A  house  or  shed  for 
storing  boats  and  protecting  them  from  the 
weatlier. 

boating  (bo'ting),  «.     [Verbal  n.  of  boat,  r.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  rowing  or  sailing  a 
boat,  especially  as  a  means  of  exercise  or 
amusement. —  2.  Transportation  by  boats. —  3. 
A  punishment  in  ancient  Persia,  consisting  in 
fastening  an  offender  on  his  back  in  a  boat  and 
leaving  him  to  perish  or  be  eaten  by  vermin. 

boat-insect  (b6t'in"sekt),  II.     Same  as  boat-fly. 

boationt  (bo-a'shon),  ».  [<L.  as  if  *hoatio{n-), 
equiv.  to  boatus,  a  crj-ing  out,  <  hoare,  earlier 
borare,  =  Gr.  lioav,  cry  out,  roar,  bellow.]  A 
reverberation;  a  roar;  loud  noise.     [Rare.] 

The  guns  were  heard  .  .  .  about  a  hundred  Italian 
miles,  in  loud  boations.  Dcrtiam,  Physico-Theology. 

boat-keeper  (b6t'ke''per),  h.  l.  One  of  the 
crew  of  a  ship's  boat  left  in  charge  of  it  during 
the  absence  of  the  others. —  2.  One  who  keeps 
boats  for  hire. 
boatman  (bot'man),  «.;  pi.  boatmen  (-men).  1. 
A  man  who  manages  or  is  employed  on  a  boat ; 
a  rower  of  a  boat. 

The  boatman  plied  the  oar,  the  boat 
Went  light  along  the  stream.  Southey. 

2.  A  hemipterous  insect  of  the  family  Corisidce 
and  genus  Xotoiiecta. 

boat-racing  (bot 'ra "sing),  n.    A  trial  of  speed 

between  boats ;  racing  with  boats, 
boat-rope   (bot'rop),  «.     A  rope  to  fasten  a 

boat,  usually  called  a  painter. 


Boat's-gripes. 

boat's-gripes  (bots'grips),  n.  ph   Lashings  used 
to  secure  boats  hoisted  at  the  davits. 


boat-shaped 

boat-shaped  (bot'shapt),  a.  Having  the  shape 
of  a  boat;  na\-icular;  cymbiform:  hollow  like 
a  boat,  as  (in  bot.)  the  valves  of  some  pericai-ps. 
SpeciUcally,  in  ornith.,  applieil  to  the  tail  of  certain  liirds, 


Boat-shap«d.— Tail  of  a  Crackle. 


OS  the  lioattaileii  (traclile.  QidKcalun  major,  in  whicli  tlie 
plane  of  the  feathers  of  each  half  meet-s  that  of  the  other 
half  oblitinely,  slanting  downward  and  toward  the  me- 
dian line,  and  thns  induces  a  reentrance  or  hollow  of  the 
upper  surface  and  a  salience  or  keel  below. 

boat-shell  (bot'shel),  «.  The  English  name  of 
the  shells  of  the  genus  Cijmliittm  or  Cijmba,  be- 
longing to  the  family  Volutida:.  See  cut  under 
('limhium. 

boat-skid  (bot'skid),  «.  Kaut.,  a  piece  of  wood 
fastened  to  a  ship's  side  to  prevent  chafing 
when  a  boat  is  hoisted  or  lowered. 

boatsmant  (bots'man),  n.  [<  boat's,  poss.  of 
boat.  +  man  :  =  D.  bootsman  =  Sw.  tjdtsmati  = 
Dan. /(«rtfk)«n«,  boatswain.]  1.  A  boatswain. 
—  2.  A  boatman. 

boat-song  (bot'song),  n.  A  vocal,  or  occasion- 
ally an  instrumental,  musical  composition, 
either  intended  aetuaUy  to  be  sung  while  row- 
ing or  sailing  or  written  in  imitation  of  a  song 
thus  used,     bee  barcarole. 

boatswain  (bot 'swan;  coUoq.  and  in  naut. 
use,  bo'sn),  n.  [Also  colloq.  and  naut.  boson 
(formerly  in  good  literar}'  use) ;  early  mod.  E. 
boatswain,  boatson,  boteswai/ne,  <  late  ME.  bot- 
swai/ne :  <  600 1  +  swain,  in  the  sense  of  '  boy  ser- 
vant.' The  alleged  AS.  ''bdtsirdn  is  not  author- 
ized.] 1.  A  subordinate  oflBeer  of  a  ship,  who 
has  charge  of  the  rigging,  anchors,  cables,  and 
cordage,  it  is  his  duty  .also  to  summon  the  crew  for  any 
evolution,  and  to  assist  the  executive  officer  in  the  neces- 
sary business  of  the  ship.  His  station  is  always  on  the  fore- 
castle, and  a  silver  call  or  whistle  is  the  badge  of  his  office. 

2.  A  jager  or  skua;  any  bird  of  the  genus 
Lestris  or  Stercorarius. 

Dr.  Bessels  killed  three  fork-tailed  gulls,  and  two  boat- 
su'ains.  C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Expedition,  p.  3Sii. 

3.  A  name  of  birds  of  the  genus  Phaethon.  See 
tropic-bird —  Boatswain's  mate,  an  assistant  of  a  boat- 
swain. Boatswain  s  mates  inflicted  corporal  punishment 
l)efore  it  was  aKolished. 

boat-tailed  ( bot'tald),  a.  Having  the  tail  boat- 
shaped.  See  boat-shaped. 
boattails  (bot'talz),  n.  pi.  In  ornith.,  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  American  graekles, 
subfamily  Qniscalina:,  taunly  Jctcrida',  from  the 
fact  that  their  tails  are  boat-shaped.  See  cut 
under  boat-sliaped. 
boatwright  (bot'rit),  n.  A  boat-builder, 
bobl  (bob),  n.  [Under  the  form  606  are  in- 
eluded  several  words  of  obscure  origin,  mostly 
colloquial  and  without  a  definite  literary  his- 
tory, and  in  consequence  now  more  or  less  con- 
fused in  sense  as  well  as  in  form.  The  differ- 
ent senses,  in  their  noun  and  verb  uses,  have 
reacted  on  each  other,  and  cannot  now  be  en- 
tirely disentangled.  Bob"^,  n.,  a  cluster,  etc., 
=  Sc.  bob,  bab,  a  cluster,  bunch,  nosegay,  < 
ME.  606,  bobbc,  a  cluster;  cf.  Icel.  hobbi,  a  knot 
{nodus,  Haldorsen),  and  Gael,  babay,  a  cluster, 
baban,  a  tassel,  fringe.  In  senses  5j  6,  7,  rather 
from  ftoJl,  v.  t.,  1;  in  senses  10,  11,  13,  bob  is 
short  for  bob-wig,  bob-stick,  bob-sled,  q.  v.]  1. 
Abtmeh;  a  cluster;  a  nosegay.  [Now  chiefly 
Scotch.] 
Vyues  .  .  .  with  wondere  grete  bobbis  of  grapes. 

NS.  in  Halliicell. 
The  rose  an'  haivthom  sweet  I'll  twine 
To  make  a  lob  for  thee.  Hoijij,  The  Hay-makers. 
2t.  Theseed-vesselof  flax,  hops,  etc.— 3.  Any 
small  round  object  swinging  or  playing  loosely 
at  the  end  of  a  cord,  line,  flexible  "chain,  wire, 
rod,  or  the  like.  Spccillcally-(a)  A  little  pendant  or 
ornament  so  attached  ;  an  e:u--dl-op. 

In  jewels  dressed,  and  at  each  ear  a  606. 

Drijden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  vi 
Those  Indians  who  are  found  to  wear  all  the  gold  they 
have  in  the  world  in  a  bob  at  the  nose. 

Goldsmitii,  Citizen  of  the  World,  lli. 
(b)  The  ball  or  weight  at  the  end  of  a  pendulum,  plumb- 
line,  and  the  like,  (c)  The  movable  weight  on  the  graduat- 
ed arm  of  a  steelyard.  (<!)  A  knot  of  worms,  rags,  or  other 
lures,  fl-\ed  to  a  string,  with  or  without  a  hook,  and  used 
in  angling,  (t)  Formerly,  a  giub  or  larva  of  a  beetle  used 
for  bait. 

Yellow  bobs  turned  up  before  the  plough 
Are  chiefest  bait  with  cork  and  lead  enough. 

J.  Dennyg,  Secrets  of  Angling,  ii.  (1613). 
(/)  A  gang  of  fish-hooks. 

Tlic  bob  .  .  .  ia  formed  by  tying  three  hooks  together, 
back  to  back,  and  covering  their  shanks  with  a  portion  of 


60G 

a  deer's  tail :  .  .  .  strips  of  red  flannel  or  red  feathers  are 
sometimes  added,  ,  .  .  forming  a  kind  of  tassel,  with  the 
l)oints  of  the  hooks  projecting  at  equal  (listances. 

'I'lie  Ccnlnnj,  XXVI.  383. 
iff)  A  float  or  cork  for  a  flsh-line. 
4.  A  small  wheel  made  entirely  of  a  thick  piece 
of  bull-neck  or  sea-cow  leather,  perforated  for 
the  reception  of  the  spindle,  used  for  polishing 
tho  inside  of  the  bowls  of  spoons  and  the  con- 
cave portions  of  other  articles. —  5t.  The  words 
repeated  at  the  end  of  a  stanza ;  the  burden  of 
a  song. 
"  To  bed,  to  bed,"  will  be  the  hob  of  the  song. 

Sir  K.  UEstranije,  Fables. 

6.  A  short  jerking  action  or  motion:  as,  a  bob 
of  the  head. —  7.  In  change-ringing,  a  set  of 
changes  which  may  be  rung  on  6,  8,  10,  or  12 
bells.  That  rung  on  6  bells  is  called  a  bob  minor;  on  8 
bells,  a  606  major;  on  10  bells,  a  bob  royal;  and  on  12 
bells,  a  bob  inaTimiis. 

8.  A  triangular  or  four-sided  frame  of  iron  or 
wood,  vibrating  on  an  axis,  by  the  aid  of  which 
the  motion  of  the  connecting-rod  of  an  engine 
is  communicated  to  a  pump-rod,  the  former 
being  usually  horizontal,  the  latter  vertical  or 
considerably  inclined. —  9.  A  dance.  [Scotch.] 
O  whafn  a  bob  was  the  bob  o'  Dunblane. 

Jacobite  Sonrj. 

10.  A  particular  kind  of  wig;  a  bob-wig. 

A  plain  brown  bob  he  wore, 

Stienston£,  Extent  of  Cookery. 
He  had  seen  flaxen  bobs  succeeded  by  majors,  which  in 
theh'  tiu-n  gave  way  to  negligents,  which  were  at  last  total- 
ly routed  by  bags  and  ramilies.    Gotdsm  itti,  Richard  >"ash. 

11.  A  shUling.     Formerly  bobsticl'.     [Slang.] 

"Well,  please  yourself,"  quoth  the  tinker;  "you  shall 
have  the  books  for  foul- toft."  ,  .  .  "Four6o&s  —  four  shil- 
lings :  it  is  a  great  sum,"  said  Lenny. 

Bulwt7r,  My  Novel,  iv.  5. 

12.  An  infantry  soldier :  as,  the  light  6o6« :  pos- 
sibly so  called  because  soldiers  were  enlisted 
in  England  with  a  shUling.  [Slang.]  — 13.  A 
seat  moimted  on  short  runners,  used  either  for 
pleasure  coasting  or  for  the  conveyance  of 
loads  over  ice  or  snow;  a  sled.  [American.]  — 
Bob  at  the  bolster.  Same  as  cushion-dance. — Dry  bob, 
at  Eton  College.  England,  a  boy  who  devotes  himself  to 
cricket  or  foot-ball:  in  opposition  to  u'ct  bob,  one  who 
makes  boating  his  principal  recreation.— Oscillating  or 
rocking  bob.     Same  as  balance-bob. 

bob^  (bob),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbed,  ppr.  bob- 
bing. [<  bob''-,  n.,  3,  from  the  -idbrating  move- 
ment; ef.  Icel.  boppa,  wave  up  and  down.  In 
sense  I.,  2,  there  is  reference  to  the  short,  cut- 
off appearance  of  bobs.  In  sense  II.,  -i,  <  bob^, 
>!.,  3  ((f)  {(').  This  verb  is  probably  in  part 
vaguely  imitative,  and  not  directly  connected 
with  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  cause  a  short 
jerkj-  motion  of ;  effect  by  a  short  jerking  move- 
ment: as,  "he  bobbed  his  head,"  Irving;  to  bob 
a  courtesy. 

When  Ionian  shoals 
Of  dolphins  bob  their  noses  through  the  brine. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i. 
2.  To  cut  short;  dock:  often  with  off:  as,  to 
bob  or  bob  off'  a  horse's  taU. 

II.  intra'ns.  1.  To  act  jerkily,  or  by  short 
quick  motions ;  move  or  play  loosely,  in  a  sway- 
ing or  vibrating  manner:  as,  to  bob  againsta 
person ;  to  bob  up  and  down,  or  back  and  forth, 
as  a  pith-baU  or  other  object,  or  a  person. 
A  birthday  jewel  bobbing  at  their  ear.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  a  jerky  bow  or  obeisance. 

Ue  rolled  in  upon  two  little  turned  legs,  and  having 
bobbed  gravely  to  the  bar,  who  bobbed  gravely  to  him,  put 
his  little  legs  under  his  table.      DickeJis,  Pickwick,  xxxiv. 

3.  To  dance.  [Scotch.]— 4.  To  angle  or  fish 
with  a  bob,  as  for  eels,  or  by  giving  the  hook  a 
jerking  motion  in  the  water. 

I'll  bob  for  no  more  eels.  Stiirley,  Hyde  Park,  v.  2, 

These  are  the  baits  they  bob  with. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Captain,  iii.  4. 

bob-  (bob),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbed,  ppr.  bob- 
bing. [<  ME.  bobben,  strike.  Origin  obsciu-e, 
perhaps  in  part  imitative;  cf.  bob^,  v.  Cf.  Sc. 
bob,  a  mark  or  butt.]     1.  To  strike;  beat. 

With  the  bit  of  his  blade  he  bobbit  him  so  .  .  . 
He  clefe  him  to  the  coler. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  7316. 
I'll  not  be  bob'd  in  th'  nose. 

Fletcher,  Mons.  Thomas,  ii.  2. 
2.  To  jog;  shake;  nudge. 

Mr.  Harley  bobbed  me  at  everj'  line  to  take  notice  of 
the  beauties.  Swt.n,  Journal  to  Stella,  Letter  6. 

bob^t  (bob),  n.  [<  bob"^,  r.]  A  shake  or  jog; 
a  blow:  as,  "pinches,  nips,  and  bobs,"  Ascham, 
The  Scholemaster. 

He  that  a  fool  doth  very  wisely  hit 
Doth  very  foolishly,  although  he  smart, 
Not  to  seem  senseless  of  the  bob. 

Sliak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 


bobbin 

bob^t  (bob),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbed,  ppr.  606- 
bing.  [<  ME.  bobben,  <  OF.  bober,  mock,  de- 
ceive, cheat.]     1.  To  mock;  deride;  insult. 

So  by  siche  feynyd  niyraclis  men  by  gylenhenisilf  and 
dispiseii  <iod,  as  the  tomientours  that  bobbiden  Crist. 

Rel.  Antiq.,  ii.  47. 

2.  To  deceive;  delude;  cheat. 

Play  her  pranks  and  bob  the  foole. 

Turberritte,  A  Pretie  Epigram. 
You're  bnbb'd;  'twas  but  a  deed  in  trust. 

Middlelon  {and  others).  The  'Widow,  v.  1. 

3.  To  gain  by  fraud  or  cheating. 

Gold,  and  jewels,  that  I  bobb'd  from  him. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

bob^  (bob),  n.  [<  liobS,  r.  Cf.  OF.  bobc,  mocking, 
deception.]    A  taunt;  a  jeer  or  flout;  a  trick. 

Let  her  leave  her  bobs; 
I  have  had  too  many  of  them ;  and  her  quillets. 

Fletcher,  Tamer  Tamed. 

I  am  beholding  to  you 
For  all  your  merry  tricks  you  put  upon  me, 
Y'our  bobs,  and  base  accounts. 

Fletcher,  WUdgoose  Chase,  iii.  1. 

To  give  the  bob  tot,  to  make  a  fool  of ;  impose  upon. 

It  can  be  no  other  [business] 
But  to  give  me  the  bob. 

Massinger,  Maid  of  Honour,  iv.  5. 

bob*  (bob),  n.  [<  ME.  bobbe,  an  insect  men- 
tioned in  connection  with  spiders  and  lice;  = 
Sw.  bobba,  a  certain  insect,  buprestis.  Perhaps 
the  same  word  as  bob^,  a  bimch,  of  which  a  dial. 
sense  is  'ball';  cf.  attercop,  a  spider,  Ut.  'poi- 
son-head'or  'poison-btmch';  ct.  also  2>ill-beetlc. 
Cf.  Icel.  bobbi,  a  snail-shell;  lomast  I  bobba, 
get  into  a  puzzle.]  A  louse;  any  small  insect. 
Halliwell.     [Pi'ov.  Eng.] 

bobac,  bobak  (bob'ak),  n.  [Pol.  hobak.l  The 
Polish  marmot,  Arctomys  bobac. 

Bobadil  (bob'a-Klil),  )i.  [The  name  of  a  boast- 
ful character  in  Ben  Jonson's  "Every  Man  in 
his  Humom-."]     A  blustering  braggart. 

Bobadilian  (bob-a-dil'ian),  o.  Pertaining  to 
or  resembling  a  Bobadil,  or  a  blustering  feUow 
who  makes  j^retenses  to  prowess. 

Bobadilism  (bob'a-dil-izm),  H.  [<  Bobadil  -^- 
-/.-)«.]     Blustering  conduct  or  braggadocio. 

bobak,  n.     See  bobac. 

bobancet,  ».  [ME.,  also  bobaunce,  <  OF.  bobance 
(F.  bonihatice)  —  Pr.  bobansa,  ostentation,  dis- 
play, =  It.  bomban:a,  exultation.  Cf .  ML.  bom- 
biciis,  proud,  ostentatious,  <  L.  bombus,  a  buz- 
zing sound:  see  bomb-.']     Boasting.     Chaucer. 

bobber!  (bob'er),  «.  [<  fcoil  -H  -frl.]  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  bobs. —  2.  One  who  fishes 
with  a  bob. — 3.  One  of  the  artificial  flies  of  an 
angler's  cast. 

bobber^t,  ».    [<6o63-l--erl.]    1.  One  who  scoffs. 

Bitter    taunters,   dry    bobbers,   nyppinge   gybers,   and 
skorncful  mockers  of  others. 

Touchstone  of  Complexions  (1575). 
2.  A  deceiver, 
bobbery  (bob'er-i),  v.;  pi.  bobberies (-iz).  [Pop- 
ularly regarded  as  a  native  E.  term,  <  ftoftl,  r., 
boli~,  r.,  -h  -eri/,  but  really  of  Anglo-Indian  ori- 
gin, being  an  aecom.  of  Hind,  bap  re.  O  father! 
a  common  exclamation  of  smprise :  bap,  father; 
re,  a  vocative  particle  expressing  surprise.]  A 
squabble;  a  row;  a  disturbance:  as,  to  kick  up 
a  bobbery.     [Colloq.  and  -vulgar.] 

I  heard  something  yesterday  of  his  kicking  up  a  bobbery 
in  the  kitchen.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  36. 

bobbin  (bob'in),  n.  [Foi-merly  bobin  ;  =  D.  bobijn 
=  It.  dial,  bobina,  <  P.  bobine,  a  bobbin;  of  un- 
knou-n  origin,  perhaps  Celtic;  cf.  Gael,  baban, 
a  tassel,  fringe,  babag,  a  cluster,  tassel.  This 
would  bring  bobine  into  connection  'with  E.  dial. 
bobbin,  a  small  fagot  (unless  this  is  a  var.  of 
bobbin  =  barin^),  and  bobbin,  a  little  knob  hang- 
ing by  a  sti-ing  attached  to  a  latch.  See  fcofcl.] 
1.  A  reel  or  spool  for  holding  thread.  Specifi- 
cally—(«)  One  of  the  weights  used  to  steady  the  threads 
in  pillow--lace  making,  each  bobbin  having  a  slender  neck 
around  which  a  part  of  the  thread  is  wound ;  fomierlymade 
of  bone,  but  now  commonly  of  wood.  (_(>)  .K  spool  with  a 
head  at  one  or  both  ends,  intended  to  have  thread  or  yam 
w-ound  on  it.  and  used  in  spinning,  in  weaving,  and  in 
sewing-machines. 

Hence — 2.  Eitherof  the  two  spool-shaped  parts 
of  an  electromagnet,  consisting  of  a  central  core 
of  soft  iron  wound  around  -with  a  considerable 
length  of  fine  insulated  copper  wire. —  3.  A 
nan-ow  tape  or  small  cord  of  cotton  or  linen. 
— 4.  A  hank  of  Russian  flax,  consisting  of  6, 
9.  or  12  heads,  according  to  the  quality Bob- 
bin and  fly-frame,  {a)  .\  machine  used  in  cotton-man- 
ufacture for  taking  the  sliver  as  received  fi-om  the  draw- 
ing-frame and  converting  it  into  roving  or  stubbing  :  this 
is  the  first  or  coarse  frame,  (b)  .\  machine  w-hich  takes 
the  slubliing  from  the  first  frame  and  converts  it  into  :» 
coarse  yarn. 


bobbin 

bobbin  (bob'in).  '•■  '•  [<  liahlnn,  h.]  To  wind 
ou  li()l)l>iiis  or  spools,  as  throail. 

bobbinet  (bob-in-ef  or  bob'in-et),  n.  A  com- 
mon colli  rafted  form  of  hohhin-nit. 

bobbing  (bob'ing),  H.  [E.  dial,  also  hahbing ; 
verliiil  11.  of  holil,  c,  II.,  4.]  The  act  or  opera- 
tion of  lisliing  with  a  bob. 

bobbin-net  (bob-in-uef),  n.  A  machine-made 
coltoii  iiettinf;,  consisting  of  parallel  throails 
which  form  the  wiirji,  ujioii  which  two  systenis 
of  obli(|iio  threads  are  laid  in  snch  a  way  that 
each  of  the  oblique  threads  makes  a  turn  aronnd 
each  of  the  warp-threads,  prodnoing  a  nearly 
hexagonal  mesh.  See  tulle.  Often  contracted 
to  hohhiiict. 

In  180S,  ilr.  John  Heathcoat  dhtaiiifil  u  patent  for  a 
bobbin-iu^l  machine,  being  the  Ilrst  siim-ssful  attempt  to 
produce  by  machinery  an  imitation  of  i)iIlow  lace. 

A,  Ikirlow,  Weaving,  p.  .'1(50. 

bobbin-winder  (bob'ln-win"der),  n.  A  ma- 
chine for  winding  thread  or  yarn  upon  a  bob- 
bin, spool,  or  shuttle,  having  a  device  for  dis 


607 

male  wears  the  black  livery  only  in  the  hreecllnp;  sea- 
son, ami  is  only  then  in  son^:.  He  molts  in  midsummer 
or  ill  AuKUst,  aeiiuiriiiK  a  iihlma^e  like  that  of  the  female, 
liotli  se.ves  are  then  known  ius  rtrd-hintu  in  the  Miiliile 
States,  as  ri\-e-hiritj<  ill  the  Southern  States,  and  as  buttt'r- 
binU  in  .laniaitii.  In  the  spring  the  male  ae»iuh-e8  Ills 
black  and  bull  suit  withoutmoltiu^auy  feathers;  whence 
the  correct  popular  notion,  based,  however,  <iu  erroneous 
premises,  that  the  reed-liirds  turn  into  iHibolinks  in  the 
spring.  The  bird  is  abumlant  in  most  of  the  Uniteil 
States,  and  is  a  regular  iniKraut,  l>reediiiK  on  the  grouiiil 
in  niradows  in  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  In  the 
full,  when  fat  and  Hocking  in  the  marshes  to  feed  upon 
wiM  oats  {Ziziinin),  it  is  much  esteemed  for  the  table. 
-\iso  called  bab-liiicuhi,  facetiously  liobi-rl  of  Lincoln  (see 
boli-lincotit),  t<ktink-blm-kbird,  from  its  coloring,  which  re- 
sembles that  of  the  skunk,  and  ineadowink. 

The  crack-brained  bobolink  courts  his  crazy  mate, 
Poised  on  a  bulrush  tipsy  with  his  weight. 

O.  ir.  Holmes,  Spring. 

bob-sled  (bob'sled),  n.  A  sled  consisting  of  a 
body  resting  ou  two  Bhort  sleds  called  bobs, 
placed  one  behind  the  other.  Bobsleds  are  used 
for  the  transpcu-tation  of  tiuiber,  etc.,  and,  when  of  lighter 
build  for  coa-sting.  are  also  calleu  double-runners  or  simply 
bob.-<.     [AiiH'lican.] 


tribiitlng  the  thread  in  such  a  manner  as  to  bob-sleigh  (bob'sla),  n,    A  sleigh  constructed 
form  in  winding  any  desired  shape.  "P""  the  same  pnnciple  as  a  bob-sled.    [U.  S.] 

bobbin-work  (bob'in-werk),  ji.     Work  woven  bobstay(bob'sta),«.    [<  bob'- +  stui/'.l    Naiit. 


■with  bobljins. 

bobbish  (l)ob'ish),  a.  [Cf.  6o6i,  v.'\  Hearty; 
in  good  spirits  and  condition.     [Colloq.] 

bobble  (bob'l),  v.  i.;  pret.  andpi).  biMiled,  ppr. 
b<M)limj.  [Freq.  of  boh^,  r.  Cf.  bubblcT-.^  To 
bob  up  and  down ;  move  Tvith  continual  bob- 
bing.    [CoUoq.,  Eng.] 

bobble  (bob'l),  II.  [<  hobbh'.,  «.'.]  The  move- 
ment of  agitated  water.     [Colloq.,  Eng.] 

bobby  (bob'i),  II.;  pi.  bobbic.i  (-iz).  [A  slang 
term,  from  Bobbi/,  dam.  of  Bob,  familiar  form  of 
liobcrt,  in  allusion  to  Sir  Robert  Peel.  Also 
called  peeler,  from  his  surname.]  A  jioliceman: 
a  nickname  first  given  to  the  members  of  the 
police  force  established  under  Sir  Robert  Peel's 
act  (passed  in  1829)  for  improving  the  police  iu 
and  near  London. 

bob-cherry  (bob'cher"i),  «.  [<  bob^  +  cherrij-'] 
A  child's  play  consisting  in  catching  with  the 
teeth  a  cherry  or  other  fruit  hung  from  the  ceil- 
ing, lintel  of  a  door,  or  other  high  place,  as  it 
swings  to  and  fro. 

bob-fishing  (bob '  fish  "  ing),  «.  Same  as  ctod- 
fishimi. 

bobizationt  (bo-bi-za'shon),  n.  [<  bo  +  bi,  syl- 
lables used  in  singing,  -f  -z-atioii.']  In  music, 
iu  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  a 


one  of  two  or  three  ropes  or  chains  extending 
from  the  outer  end  of  the  bowsprit  to  the  cut- 


a.  Bowsprit ;  b,  Bobstay. 

water.  Their  function  is  to  hold  the  bowsprit 
down  in  its  place,  and  coimteraet  the  upward 

strain  exerted  by  the  headstays Bobstay  holes, 

holes  in  the  fore  part  of  the  knee  of  the  head  in  a  ship, 
formerly  serving  to  secure  the  bobstay.  Weale. —  Bob- 
Stay  piece,  a  timber  fastened  to  the  main  piece  of  the 
head  in  a  sliiii,  to  which  the  bobstay  is  secured.— Bob- 
Stay  plates,  iron  plates  by  which  the  lower  ends  of  the 
Itnbstays  are  secured  to  the  stem. 


,.  ,.      .1  -  ii      1       £  ■  iMilistavs  are  secured  to  the ! 

general  term  for  the  vanous  methods  Of  naming  1,0,53440^^  (bob'stik),  n.  [<  bob^  +  stick;  the 
the  tones  ot  the  scale  (tor  convenience  of  refer-  j,  u^.^tion  is  not  clear.]  A  shiUing;  a  bob. 
ence  and  accm-aev  of  smgmg)  by  syllables.  See     r[L;iau„  ] 

soliiii::,itioii,  bcbi-atioii,  bocedization,  dameniza-  -bobtalT (bob'tal),  n.  [<  bobl,  n.,  or  60^1,  v.,  I., 
tioii.liih,ecdi:,itio,i.  2,+  tailK'\     1.  A  short  tail,  or  a  tail  cut  short. 

bob-lincoln  (bob-hiig  kon),  11  [Also  6o6fonco«,  ^.gf.  A  contemptible  fellow  ;  acur.  X.E.D.— 
bob-o-liiwolii,  as  it  it  were  Bob  0  Lincoln,  and  3  collectively, the  rabble:  used  in  contemjit, 
hence  still  further  exiwnded  to  Bobert  oj  Liii-  ^^^^  frequently  in  the  phrase  ni<,-tag  and  bob- 
coin,  in  allusion  to  the  proper  names  Bobert  ^^^.^  _^  ^  j^^^j  ^f  ^^^^^.^  arrow-head,  rianctic. 
(see  /«</<%)  and  i/«o);»  ;  a  fanciful  imitation  of  ijobtailed(bob'tald),«.  [<  bobtail  + -afi.']  Hav- 
the  bird's  note,     ^ow  usuaUy  bobolink,  q.  v.]     ^^  j^^,  j^^jj  ^.^^  ^|j,„.t .  ^^^  Uj^  hobtuikd  cm,"  Sir 

B.  L'  Estranije Bobtailed  car,  a  small  streetcar  de 

signed  to  be  us'ed  without  a  comluctor  or  guard,  and  draw  11 
usually  by  one  lior.se.     [Local,  U.  S.] 

bobtail-wlg  (bob'tal-wig'),  H.  A  wig  with  a 
short  cue,  worn  in  the  seventeenth  centtu-y. 

bob-white  (bob'hwif),  «.  [So  called  from  its 
note.]  A  name  of  the  bird  Ortijx  viryinianus, 
commonly  known  in  America  as  the  quad  or 
partridge.     See  cut  under  quail. 

In  the  North  and 
and  West,  he  is  Par 
as  Hub  White. 

A.  .V.  -Matter,  Sjiort  with  Gun  and  Rod,  p.  «!:!. 

bob-wig  (bob'wig),  H.  [Short  for  bobtail-wig.'] 
A  bobtail-wig. 


The  bobolink 

The  lu.xurious  little  boUincon  revels  among  the  clover 
blossoms  of  the  meadows.    Iroin;/,  Knickerbocker,  p.  147. 
Over  the  mountain-side  or  mead, 
Robert  0/  Lincoln  is  telling  bis  name. 

Bryant,  Robert  of  Lincoln. 

bobolink  (bob'o-lingk'),  «•  [Also  boblink,  and 
earlier  boblincoln,  boblincon  (see  above) ;  an 
imitation  of  the  bird's  note.]  An  American 
oscine  passerine  bird,  of  the  family  Icterida- 
and  subfamily  Aaela-ina;  the  Dolichonijx  orij:i- 
vorus,  named  from  its  hearty  voluble  song  in 


bock-beer 

jor  premise  is  a  particular  negative,  the  minor 
a  universal  affirmative,  and  the  conclusion  a 
particular  negative  proposition:  as.  Some  pa- 
triarchs (Enoch,  Elijah)  are  not  mortal;  but 
all  patriarchs  are  meu ;  hence,  some  men  are 
not  mortal,  of  the  seven  lettera  which  compose  the 
word,  live  are  signillcant.  The  three  vowels,  o,  a,  o,  indi- 
cate the  quplity  of  the  premises  and  conclusion  ;  b  shows 
that  the  mood  is  U}  be  reduced  to  barbara  of  the  Ilrst  llg- 
ure  ;  r,  that  the  rednctifjll  is  2ier  imiftmnibile.  The  word 
was  proliably  invented  by  Petrus  llispanus.  See  mood'-. 
2.  A  prison :  so  called  from  the  old  north  gate 
of  O.xford,  which  had  this  name  and  was  at  one 
time  used  as  a  prison.     Aares. 

Was  not  this  [.•\chanl  a  seditious  fellow?— Was  he  not 
worthy  to  be  cast  in  bvcardo  or  little-ease  V 

Latimer,  Sermons,  fol.  105  C. 

bocasine  (bok'a-sin),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bocca.tine,  boeeiisin  (late  ME.  bohsij),  <  P.  boc- 
casin,  now  boitca-ssin  =  It.  boccaceino  =  Sp.  bo- 
cacln,  bocaci  =  Pg.  bocacim,  buckram,  <  Turk. 
bohdsi,  bor/hdsl,  cotton  cloth.]  It.  A  linen  stufi 
woven  so  fine  as  to  look  like  silk. — 2.  At  the 
present  day,  in  the  Levant,  a  kind  of  cotton 
clotli.     Schuyler. 

bocca  (bok'a),  n.  [It.,  =  Sp.  Pg.  hoea  =  F. 
bouchc,  <  \j" hucca,  cheek,  esp.  as  puffed  out: 
see  bueca.']  The  round  hole  in  a  glass-furnace 
by  wliich  the  fused  glass  is  taken  out. 

boccaccio  (bo-kii'chio),  H.  [It.,  one  having  a 
large  mouth,  boccaecia,  f.,  a  large  ugly  mouth, 
<  bocca,  mouth  (<  L.  bucca,  cheek :  see  bucca), 
+  aug.  -accio :  see  -ace.  Hence  the  sin-name 
Boccaccio.]  A  name  given  by  the  Italians 
about  San  Francisco  to  the  Stba.'<todes  pauci- 
sjiinis,  a  scorpcenoid  fish  of  California.  It  luus  very 
small  scales  and  a  projecting  lower  jaw,  attains  a  length 
of  30  inches,  and  is  a  good  tood-Bsh,  abundant  ill  rather 
deep  water  along  the  coast. 

boccale  (bo-kil'le),  H.  [It. :  see  ?><>(•«?.]  A  liquid 
measure  used  in  most  parts  of  Italy,  before  the 
introduction  ot  the  metric  system,  "for  wine  and 
oil.  Its  capacity  in  different  cities  is  .shown  in 
the  following  table : 

Liters. 

Bologna 1.255 

Florence  —  for  wine 1 .  140 

"   oil 1.044 

Leghorn 1.064 

Jlodena  — for  wine 1.697 

Kice  —  for  wine 0.684 

Rome  —  for  wine,  old  ..  ..1.493 

"  new 1.823 

for  oil,  old   1.992 

"      new 2.053 

Trieste  —  for  wine,  old.  ..1.847 
*'         new  ..1.415 

Turin 0.684 

Venice  1.012 

boccamela  (bok-a-me'la),  «.  [NL.]  A  kind  of 
weasel  found  in  southern  Europe,  Butorius  boc- 
riinula. 

boccarelt,  ".     See  bockercl. 

boccarella  (bok-a-rel'ii),  H.  [It..  <  bocca,  q.  v.] 
A  small  aperture  in  a  glass-furnace,  made  on 
each  side  of  the  bocca  ;  a  nose-hole. 

boccarett,  "-    See  bockerel. 

Boccius  light.     See  Uijlit^. 

Bocconia  (bo-ko'ni-il),  II.  [NL.;  named  after 
a  Sicilian  botanist,  taolo  Boceone,  1633-1704.] 
A  genus  of  tall,  coarse,  herbaceous  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Bajiareracea:  with  large  lobed  leaves 
and  large  panicles  ot  flowers.  Some  species  are 
cultivated,  as  li.  ./aponiea  and  li.  cordata  from  China,  but 
rather  for  their  ornamental  habit  than  for  their  flowers. 


British 

U.  S. 

QB. 

gts. 

1.10 

1.33 

1.00 

1.20 

0.92 

1.10 

0.94 

1.12 

1.49 

1.79 

0.60 

0.72 

1.31 

1.68 

1.60 

1.92 

1.75 

2.10 

1.81 

2.17 

1.63 

1.95 

1.25 

1.49 

0.60 

0.72 

0.89 

1.07 

,    „      .    bocet,  »■     Same  as  boque". 

Ea^t,  he  is  called  tjuail ;  m  the  South  bocedizationt  (bo-se-di-za'shon),  «.      [<  bo  + 

tridge;  while  everywhere  he  IS  know  u   u"v.cui<i»uiuiii  ,    -^    ,  ,     .•n     i„   „,,.,.;„   n,« 

'  ce  +  di  (see  def.)  +  -:-atioii.i     In  music,  the 

application  of  the  syllables  bo,  ce,  di,  ga,  lo, 
ma,  ni  to  the  tones  of  the  scale:  a  system  in- 
troduced about  1550  by  the  Belgian  musician 
Waelrant. 
bochet,  n.  A  Middle  English  form  of  botch'': 
bochka  (boeh'ka),  «.  [Russ.]  A  Russian  li- 
quid measure,  cbntainiug  40  vedros,  or  about 
130  gallons. 


A  bob-wiff  and  a  black  silken  bag  tied  to  it. 

Addison,  Spectator,  Xo.  129. 


bocaget,  ".     A  by-form  of  boscage. 
bocal  (bo'kal),  H.     [=  D.  bokaal  =  6.  pokal,  < 
F.  bocal  =  Sp.  Pg.  bocal  =  It.  boccale;  cf.  ML 


Bobolink  {Dalichonyx  oryzivorus 


spring.  The  male  is  about  7»  inches  long,  black,  witli  a 
bulf  nape,  and  much  white  or  pale  ash  on  the  back  and 
wings ;  the  tail-feathers  are  very  acute.  The  female  is 
smaller,  yellowish,  darker  above,  and   streaked.     The 


bitcalis,  baiicalis,  <  Or.  ,iaiKa'/.tc,  also  KavKahr,  a  bock  (bok),  v.  i.  [Sc,  =  bokc^,  q.  v. ;  <  ME. 
vessel  in  which  wine  or  water  is  cooled;  cf.  bocken,  bokcn,  belch,  vomit,  also  croak;  var.  of 
LGr.  iiavKa>.ioi\  also  Kavmhov,  a  nan-ow-necked  boll;  ME.  bolken,  belch  :  see  bolk.']  1.  To  retch; 
vessel  that  gurgles  when  water  is  poured  in  or  vomit. —  2.  To  gush  tntennittingly,  as  liquid 
out:  said  to  be  imitative;  cf.  Gr.  .JniKa/.dr,  lull,     from  a  bottle.     Burns. 

sing  a  lullaby.]  1.  A  cylindrical  glass  vessel  bock-beer  (bok'ber),  n.  [Also,  as  6.,  bockb'ier, 
with  a  short,  wide  neck  and  large  mouth,  used  ti.  also  simply  bock,  popularly  associated  with 
to  contain  anatomical  specimens  and  the  like,     bock,  ajoat,  =  E.  buck'^,  but  in  fact  shortened 

preserved  in  spirits. — 2.  The  mouthpiece  of  a     "  ^.  .     .       i 

brass  musical  instrument,  as  a  horn,  a  trumpet, 
or  a  trombone. 

bocan,  «.     Same  as  bucan. 

bocarao  (bo-kiir'do^  «.  [An  artificial  term.] 
1.  Iu  logic,  the  imiemonic  name  of  that  mood 
of  the  tliird  figure  of  syllogism  in  which  the  ma- 


from  Eiinbockbicr,  now  Einbecker  bier,  from 
Eiiiibock,  Eimbcck,  now  Eiiibeck,  a  town  in  Prus- 
sia formerly  famous  for  its  beer.]  A  double- 
strong  varietv  of  German  beer,  darker  iu  color 
than  the  ordiimry  kinds,  less  bitter  in  taste,  and 
considerably  more  intoxicating.  It  is  brewed 
in  December  and  January,  and  is  drunk  in  May. 


bockelet 

bockelett,  ».    See  hoclcrcl. 

bockerelt  (bok'e-rel),  H.  [Also  written  hoc- 
card,  with  fem.  forms  hoclcict  and  bncearct, 
also  hoclcict,  dim.  forms  of  uiikuovm  origin; 
possibly  from  the  same  source  (OF.  hoc)  as 
butcher,  OF.  hokicr,  hoiikicr,  F.  hniichcr ;  et.  E. 
hutclicr-hird,  the  great  gray  shrike.]  The  male 
of  a  kind  of  faleon,  the  female  being  designated 
hochrrt  or  hoccnrct. 

bockerett,  »■    See  boclcrel. 

bockey  ibok'i),  ».  [Prob.  <  I),  halje,  a  small 
bowl  or  vessel,  dim.  of  bal' :  see  haek-3.'}  A  bowl 
or  vessel  made  from  a  gourd.     [New  York.] 

bockingl  (bok'ing),  H.  A  coarse  woolen  di-ug- 
gft  or  liaize,  named  from  Bocking,  in  Essex, 
England,  where  it  was  first  made. 

bocking-  (bok'ing),  «.  [<  D.  hokk-iiig  (=  AIHG. 
biickhic,  G.  biicl-ing),  a  smoked  herring,  appar. 
<  bok-  (=  E.  hitck^),  a  goat,  +  -ihjt.]  A  red  her- 
ring.    Crabb. 

bocklandt,  «.    See  hocUnu}. 

bockmant,  «•    See  bocman. 

bock-pot  (bok'pot),  n.     Same  as  bucks. 

boclandf,  «.  [That  is,  bdcland,  the  early  ME. 
and  AS.  form  of  bookland.']     Same  as  booklaitd. 

boclet,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  buckle-. 

bocmant,  ".  [That  is,  bocman.  the  early  ME. 
and  AS.  form  (recorded  only  in  legal  (ML.) 
documents)  of  bookman.l  A  holder  of  book- 
land  (which  see). 

boco-wood  (bo'ko-wud),  H.  The  wood  of  a  le- 
guminous tree,  Bocoa  Proraceiisis,  of  Guiana. 
It  is  very  hard  and  dark-colored,  and  is  much 
used  for  fiu'nitm-e,  and  for  car%-ing  and  turning. 

bodach  (bo'daeh),  n.  [Gael.,  a  churlish  old 
man,  a  rustic,  =  Ir.  bodach,  a  rustic,  clown.] 
1.  An  old  man.  Scott. — 2.  A  local  British 
name  of  the  small  ringed  seal,  I'hoca  fcctida. 

bodark  (bo'dark),  11.  [Corruption  of  F.  boit^ 
(Pare,  lit.  bow-wood:  see  hois,  6h,«7(1,  and  arc^, 
arch^.l  A  local  name  for  the  Osage  orange,  or 
bow-wood.  Also  spelled  6oir(/ari\  See  Madura. 

boddice,  «.    See  bodice. 

boddlei,  n.     See  bodle. 

boddle-,  II.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  obscure.]  A  small 
iron  instrument  used  by  woodmen  for  peeling 
oaks  and  other  trees.   HalliiceU.    [North.  Eng.] 

boddum  (bod'um),  «.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc]  A 
dialectal  fonn  of  bottom^. 

bodel  (bod),  H.  [In  mod.  E.  archaic,  early  ME. 
bode,  <  AS.  hoda  (==  OPries.  boda  =  OS.  bodo  = 
D.  bode  =  OHG.  boto,  MHG.  G.  bote  =  leel.  bodhi 
^  Sw.  Dan.  bud),  a  messenger,  <  beoilan  (pp. 
boden),  announce:  see  bid,  and  cf.  beadle,  also  a 
noun  of  agent  from  the  same  verb.]  A  mes- 
senger; a  herald;  one  who  announces  or  con- 
vevs  a  message. 

bodel  (bod),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boded,  ppr.  bod- 
ing. [<  IIE.  hoden,  bodien,  <  AS.  hodian  (= 
OFries.  bodia  =  leel.  bodlta  =  Sw.  bdda  =  Dan. 
he-hude),  tell,  annoimee,  <  boda,  a  messenger: 
see  bode"^,  n.,  and  cf.  bode^,  n.  lience  forebode, 
q.  v.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  announce;  proclaim; 
preach. —  2t.  To  decree;  command;  bid. —  3. 
To  announce  beforehand;  prognosticate;  pre- 
dict; presage.     [Archaic] 

Prophet  of  plagues,  for  ever  bodinrj  ill. 

Pope,  Ili,id,  i.  132. 

4.  To  portend ;  augur ;  be  an  omen  or  indica- 
tion of ;  betoken:  with  a  non-personal  subject. 

In  the  gross  anil  scope  of  my  opinion, 

This  bodes  some  strange  eruption  to  our  state. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 
I  pray  God,  Ms  bad  voice  bode  no  mischief ! 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
Upon  which  he  mounted,  and  his  horse  wept :  and  then 
he  saw  clearly  how  this  should  bode,  his  death. 

De  Quincey,  tr.  of  Cretan  Ballad. 

5.  To  forebode  or  have  a  presentiment  of  (ill, 
or  coining  disaster). 

And  my  soul,  dark-stirred  with  the  prophet's  mood, 
Bodes  nothing  good. 

J.  S.  Blackii-,  tr.  of  .Eschylus,  ii.  2->9. 
=  Sjm.  4.  To  augur,  betoken,  portend. 

II.   intrants.   1.  To  promise;  portend:  with 

well  or  ill :  as,  this  bodes  well  for  your  success. — 

3.  To  presage  something  evil;  be  of  evil  omen. 

I  would  croak  like  a  raven ;  I  would  bode,  I  would  bode. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  2. 

Fear  for  ages  had  boded  and  mowed  and  gibbered  over 

government  and  property.  Euierson,  Compensation. 

bode^  (bod),  n.  [<  ME.  hode,  hod,  a  command, 
an  announcement,  a  bid,  price  offered,  <  AS, 
bod,  usually  yehod  (or  hebod)  (=  OFries,  hod  = 
OS.  ijibod  =  D.  i/cbod,  a  command,  bod,  a  bid, 
offer,  =  OHG.  gdhot,  MHG.  G.  gebot,  hot  =  Icel. 
bodh  =  Sw.  Dan.  hud,  a  command,  etc.),  <  bed- 
dan  (pp.  boden),  announce,  command,  bid:  see 


608 

bid,   and  cf.  bodc'^,  r.]     If.  A  command;  an 
order. —  2\.  iVn  announcement ;  a  message. 
The  owle  eke,  that  of  deth  the  bode  brinpcth. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  343. 

3t.  Omen ;  premonition ;  augury. 
If  no  fate 
Have  an  unlucky  hode.       Shirley,  I.ove  in  a  M.izc,  v.  fl. 

4t,   A  foreboding;   presentiment. —  5.   A  bid; 
the  price  offered  by  a  buyer  or  asked  by  a  sel- 
ler,    [Scotch.] 
Ye  should  never  tak'  a  flsh-wife's  first  bode. 

Scott,  Anliquar>',  xxxix. 

bode^  (bod), )'.  t. ;  pret.  hode,  pp.  hoden,  ppr.  had- 
ing.   {_<.hode-,  n.,5.'i   To  bid  for;  make  an  offer 
for;  buy.     [Scotch.] 
bode^  (bod).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of  hide. 
bode 't  (bod),  n.    [<  ME.  hode,  bade,  a  stop,  delay, 
<  biden  (pret.  bode,  bod,  had),  bide.     Cf.  abode^, 
«.,  of  similar  formation.]     A  stop;  delay. 
Withouten  bode  bis  heste  she  obeyed. 

Chaucer,  .\nelida  and  Arc,  I.  119. 

bode"t,  bodent,  pp-    [^lE-  forms  of  the  pp.  of 
btden,  bid,  command:  see  hid.'\    Bidden;  com- 
manded. 
bodeful  (bod'fvd),  n.    [<  6o(fe2,  n., -I- -/i/7.]    Omi- 
nous; threatening;  foreboding. 
Uttering  the  dismal  bodeful  sounds  of  death.   J.  Baillie. 
Poor  Weber  almost  swooned  at  the  sound  of  these 
cracked  voices,  with  their  bode/ul  raven-note. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iii,  8. 
Lady  Macbeth  hears  not  so  much  the  voice  of  the  bode- 
ful bird  as  of  her  own  premeditated  mui'der,  and  we  are 
thus  made  her  shuddering  accomplices  before  the  fact. 

Lou-ell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  1S6. 

bodega  (bo-de'ga),  n.     [Sp.,  <  ML.  apotheca : 
see  apothec.']     A  wine-ceUar,  or  a  shop  where 
wine  is  sold  from  the  wood;  a  wine-vault. 
A  wine  bodefja  near  the  Grand  Theatre  caught  fire. 

AVir  York  Herald. 

bodementf  (bod'ment),  n.  [<  bode'^,  v.,  + 
-ment.~\  An  omen;  portent;  prognostic;  a 
foreshowing:  as,  "sweet  bodement.i!"  Shak., 
Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

bodent,  pp-    See  bode^. 

boden  (bo'den),  a.  [Sc,  also  written  bodin, 
and  foi-merly  boddin,  <  ME.  (Sc.)  bodijn,  bodin, 
appar.  a  particular  use  of  boden,  pp.  of  ME. 
heden,  bid  (see  hid);  but  the  sense  suggests 
some  confusion  with  houn,  ready:  see  boun, 
boundi.l  Accoutred;  armed;  fitted  out;  pro- 
vided; prepared. 

The  Baron  of  Avenel  never  rides  with  fewer  tlian  ten 
jack-men  at  his  back,  and  oftener  with  fifty,  bodin  in  all 
that  elfeirs  to  war,  as  if  they  were  to  do  battle  for  a  king- 
dom. Scoff,  Xlonastery,  II.  ISl. 

Bodenheimer(bo'den-hi-mer),  n.  [<  Boden- 
licini,  a  village  near  Mainz.]  A  white  wine 
grow^l  near  Mainz  in  Germany. 

Bode's  law.     See  law. 

bode-wash  (bod'wosh),  «.  [Corruption  of  F. 
hois  de  raclie,  Ut.  cow's  wood,  or  idiomatically 
"buffalo-chip."]  The  dried  dimg  of  the  Amer- 
ican bison  or  buffalo,  used  for  fuel.  Bartlett. 
See  buffalo-cliip. 

bodge^iboj),  r.  i".  [Another  form  of  7<o/f7(2,c.]  To 
boggle;  botch;  patch.    [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 
All  the  actions  of  his  life  are  like  so  many  things  bodff'd 
in  without  any  naturall  cadence  or  connexion  at  all. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  An  Affected  Man. 

bodgelf  (boj),  H.  [Another  form  of  iofc7i2.]  A 
botch;  a  patch. 

Taking  revenge  on  Thomas  Nash,  Gabriell  Hai'vey  taxes 
him  with  having  forged  "a  misshapen  rabblement  of  ali- 
surd  and  ridiculous  words,  the  proper  bodges  of  his  new- 
fangled figure,  called  foolrisme." 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  110. 

bodge^t  (boj),  V.  i.  [Appar.  avar.  of  budge'^.'] 
To  budge ;  give  way :  used  only  in  the  passage 
cited. 

With  this,  we  charg'd  again  :  but  out,  alas  I 

We  bodg'd  again.  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

bodgerlf  (boj'er),  «.     [<  bodge  +  -<)l;  var.  of 

botcher^.'}    A  botcher, 
bodger^  (boj'er),  «.     [Appar.  a  var.  of  badger^, 

q.  v.]     A  peddler;  a  hawker.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
bodbisat  (bo'di-sat),  n.    Same  as  bodhisattra. 
The  beings  who  will  in  due  course  become  Budiihas  are 
called  Bodhi^at.     They  are  numberless. 

S.  Hardy,  Manual  of  Butldhisni. 
bodbisatship  (bo'di-sat-ship),  «.   In  Buddhism, 
the  highest  degree  of  saintship.     See  bodhisatt- 
ra.    Also  spelled  bodisatship. 

The  leadei-s  of  the  Great  Vehicle  [that  is.  the  "Mahayana 
development  of  Buddhism]  urged  tlit-ir  fcdlowers  to  seek 
to  attain,  not  so  nnich  to  Arhatship.  \\  liicli  would  involve 
only  their  own  salvation,  but  to  Bodisatship.  by  the  at- 
tainment of  which  they  would  be  conferring  the  blessings 
of  the  Uhaunna  flaw  of  Buddha]  vipon  coinitless  multi- 
tudes in  the  long  ages  of  the  future. 

£nc!/c.  Brit.,  XIV.  226. 


bodily 

bodbisattva  (bo-di-sat'va),  ».  [Skt.  (>  Sin- 
glialisf  Inidhisat,  bodisat,  Jap.  bosatsii,  Chin. 
jiiiosuli),  <  bodhi,  intelligence,  wisdom  (<  ■y/ 
biidh,  know:  see  Buddha),  +  sattra,  being,  es- 
sence, <  sant  (=  L.  (■».?),  being,  ppr.  of  V  as,  be  : 
see  6el,]  In  Buddhism  of  the  northern  school, 
or  the  later  development  called  the  Mahayana, 
one  of  a  numerous  class  of  beings  who,  having 
an-ived  at  supreme  wisdom  (bodhi),  have  to  pass 
through  human  existence  only  once  more  be- 
fore attaining  to  Buddhahood,  or  complete  en- 
lightenment, and  entrance  into  Nirvana.  Among 
Singhalese  Buddhists  called  txtdhisnt  and  f>^"iisnt.  among 
the  Chinese  poosah,  and  among  the  .Tapane.se  tjosalsii. 

bodhi-tree  (bo'di-tre),  ».     Same  as  bo-tree. 

bodice  (bod'is),  n.  [Sometimes  spelled  boddice, 
formerly  bodies,  being  orig.  pi.  of  body.  Cf.  cor- 
set.] If.  A  sort  of  inner  stays  or  corset,  laced 
in  front,  worn  by  women,  and  sometimes  by 
men :  also  called  a  pair  of  bodies,  or  a  bodies. — 
2.  An  outer  laced  garment,  covering  the  waist 
and  bust,  worn  by  women  in  some  Europeaa 
styles  of  costume,  often  as  an  ornament. —  3. 
More  generally,  the  close-fitting  waist  or  body 
of  a  gown. 

bodiced  (bod'ist),  fl.   [<  bodice  +  -ed-.]  Clothed 
in  a  bodice;  furnished  with  a  bodice. 
Slim  her  little  waist. 
Comfortably  bodiced. 

Thackeray,  Peg  of  Limavaddy. 
They  appear  habited  in  bodiced  gowns. 

Archixol.  Jour..  XXXV.  -256. 

bodied  (bod'id),  a.  [<  body  +  -ed'^.']  Having 
body,  or  a  body,  of  the  kind  indicated  by  the 
context :  used  chiefly  in  composition :  as,  an 
&b\e-bodied  man. 

I  ^"as  told  by  a  verj'  good  judge  who  tasted  it  [wine 
made  from  wild  grapes],  that  it  was  a  pleasant,  strong, 
and  inW-bodied  wine.  Beverley,  Virginia,  ii.  1  15. 

bodieron  (bo-di-e'rgn),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A 
local  name  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United 
States  of  sundry  fishes  of  the  family  Chiridm 
and  genus  Eexagrammus.  Also  called  rock- 
trout,  rock-cod,  sea-trout,  boregat,  and  starling. 
See  cut  under  Hexagrammus. 

bodikint  (bod'i-kin),  n.  [<  body  +  dim.  -kin.'] 
A  diminutive  of  body,  forming  part  of  the  ex- 
clamatory phrase  "odd's  bodikin,"  a  corruption 
of  God's  body.    Also  spelled  bodykin. 

Pol.  My  lord,  I  will  use  them  according  to  their  desert. 
Ham.  Odds  bodikin,  man,  better.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

bodiless  (bod'i-les),  a.  [<  body  +  -less.]  Hav- 
ing no  body  or  material  form ;  incorporeal : 
as,  "phantoms  bodiless  and  vain,"  Stcift. 

Man  is  a  concrete  whole.  He  is  neither  a  soulless  body 
nor  a  bodiless  soul.  y.  A.  Ber..  CXX.  259. 

bodiliness  (bod'i-M-nes),  «.  [<  bodily  +  -ness.] 
Corporeality.     Minsheu. 

bodily  (bod'"i-li),  a.  [<  ME.  bodily,  hodili,  bodi- 
liche,  etc.;  <  body  +  -ly^.]  1,  Pertaining  to  or 
concerning  the  body:  of  or  belonging  to  the 
body  or  to  the  physical  constitution ;  not  men- 
tal; corporeal:  as,  bodily  dimensions;  bodily 
exertions ;  bodily  pain. 

You  are  a  mere  spirit,  and  have  no  knowledge  of  the 
bodily  part  of  ns.  Tatter,  Xo.  15. 

Since  we  are  creatures  with  bodies,  if  we  desire  to  ex- 
press a  real  sentiment  of  reverence  for  anyone,  we  must 
use  some  bodily  act  —  some  form  of  words  or  gestiu"es. 

Mirart,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  233. 

2t.  Having  a  material  body. 

There  are  three  bodily  inhabitants  of  heaven  ;  Henoch, 
Elijah,  otu"  Saviour  Clu-ist. 

Bp.  Hall,  Kapture  of  Elijali  (Ord  MS.). 
=  Syn.  1.  Bodily,  Physical,  Corporal,  Corporeal.  Bodily 
generally  means  connected  with  the  body  or  a  body,  and 
is  frequently  opposed  to  mental:  as,  bodily  pains,  bodily 
strength.  Physical  in  this  connection  is  often  the  same  as 
bodily,  but  may  cover  everything  that  is  material,  as  op- 
posed to  mental  or  spiritual :  as,  physical  distress.  Cor- 
poral relates  to  the  body  in  its  outward  bearings ;  as,  cor- 
jioral  punishment :  corporeal,  to  its  substiuice.  being  op- 
posed to  spiritual  or  immaterial:  as,  eoriHtreal  existence. 

We  speak  of  Shakspe.are's  mind,  but  Jonson  starts  up  al- 
ways in  bodily  proportions.    Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev,,  II.  26. 

Dr.  Beddoe  .  .  .  believes  that  wherever  a  nice  attains 

its  maximum  of  physical  development  it  rises  highest  in 

energy  and  moral  vigour.     Darwin,  Descent  of  M;ui.  I.  111. 

The  poor  beetle,  that  we  tread  upon. 

In  corporal  sufferance  flnds  a  pang  as  great 

.\s  when  a  giant  dies.  Shak.,  M.  for  M..  iii.  1. 

^\*hen  [the  soul]  is  freed  from  all  corjxtrcal  alliance, 
then  it  truly  exists.      Xenophon  (trans.),  CjTus  the  Elder. 

bodily  (bod'i-li),  adr.  [ME.  bodily,  -Ii.  -lich ;  < 
body  +  -hi-.]  1.  Corporeally:  in  connection 
with  a  body  or  matter;  in  the  flesh ;  in  person. 

It  is  his  human  nature,  in  which  the  Godhead  dwells 
bodily.  Watts. 

2.  In  respect  to  the  entire  body  or  mass ;  en- 
tirely; completely:  as,  to  cany  a  thing  away 
bodily. 


bodin 

bodin  (biiMiii),  «.     Same  as  hoden. 

boding  (li<)'(liiiK),  H.  [<  MK.  hiHhinrjc,  hndungc, 
oiiH'ii,  jiipachinfc,  <  AS.  hoiluiiiy,  proachiiif;,  ver- 
bal u.  of  lioilidii,  aimounce,  bode:  sco  Ixidi-^,  r.] 

1.  An  omen;  a  luogiiostic;  a  foreboding  pre- 
monition ;  presentiment. 

Olninuus  binlintiit,  and  fearful  expectations. 

/>>.  H'ard,  Sennmi,  .Tan.  30,  lfl;4. 

The  minds  of  men  were  Illleci  with  dismal  bodiiujH  of 

8ome  inevitable  evil.  Prenctttt,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  3. 

2.  Prediction ;  prophecy  of  evil.     Colerulqe. 
boding    (bo'ding),    p.    a.     [Ppr.    of   l>o<ki,    c] 

J'Vircboding;  ominous. 

.So  .losepi),  yet  a  yonth.  exponinled  well 
The  boding  dream,  and  ditl  th'  event  foretell. 

Dryden,  To  J.  Northleigh. 

Nor  knew  what  sinnify'd  the  hodiwj  si^n, 

But  found  tlie  powers  displeas'd,  and  fear"d  the  wrath 

divine.  Dryden,  I'al.  and  Arc.,  iii. 

You  mi^'ht  have  hearcl  ...  a  cricket  sing, 

An  owlet  llap  his  bmiing  wing.     Scott,  Marnuon,  v.  20. 

bodinglv  (bo'ding-li),   adv.     Ominously;   por- 
tent ously. 
All  is  so  bndinffly  still.  Lnwdt,  Summer  Storm. 

bodisat,  ».  Same  as  hndhisattra. 
bodisatship,  n.  Seo  hodltisatsldp. 
bodkin'  (bod'kiu),  ».  [Earlymod.E.  also  ?)W?- 
laiii',  hotkiii,  hoidkeit  (cf.  Sc.  hnildn),  <  ME. 
hodckijii,  earlier  hoijdcliin,  boidokyn;  origin  un- 
kno\vn.  The  Celtic  fomis,  W.  bidnyyit,  bidoijan 
(witli  accent  on  second  syllable),  dim.  of  hidoij 
=  Gael,  biodaij  =  Ir.  hident/,  a  dagger  (ef.  W. 
pid  =  Gael,  hiod,  a  point),  are  not  near  enough 
to  be  regarded  as  tlie  soiu'ce  of  the  E.  word.] 
If.  A  small  dagger;  a  stiletto. 

\Vli(i  would  hear  the  whips  and  scorns  of  time,  .  .  . 

Wlien  iie  himself  mijiht  his  ijuietns  make 

With  a  l>are  bodkin  >  Shak,,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

Out  with  your  bodkin, 
Your  pocket-dagger,  your  stiletto ;  out  with  it. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Custom  of  the  C<)untry,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  small  pointed  instniment  of  steel,  bone, 
or  ivory,  used  for  piercing  holes  in  cloth,  etc. 

\\\l\\  knyf  or  boydekin,         Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  I.  40. 

3.  A  similar  l5ut  blunt  instrument,  with  an  eye, 
for  di'awing  thread,  tape,  or  ribbon  through  a 
loop,  hem,  etc. —  4.  A  long  piu-.shaped  instru- 
ment used  by  women  to  fasten  up  the  hair. 

The  bodkin,  eonili,  and  essence.  Po2)e,  R.  of  the  L.,  iv.  98. 
5.  A  lliick  needle  or  straight  awl  of  steel,  used 
by  bookbinders  to  make  holes  in  boards  aiul 
to  trace  lines  for  cutting. —  6.  A  printers'  tool 
for  picking  Ic^tters  out  of  a  column  or  page  in 
coiTecting.-  To  be,  sit,  ride,  or  travel  bodkin,  to 
sit  as  a  third  i)erson  between  two  others  on  the  seat  of  a 
caiTiage  suited  for  two  only. 

He's  too  big  to  travel  bodkin  between  you  and  me. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

bodkin'^t,  »■     A  corruption  of  handckiii. 
bodkin-'WOrk  (bod'kin-weik),   II.     A  rich  trim- 
ming t'ornu-rly  us(h1  for  garments:  jjrobably  a 

corruption  of  baiidi'kiii. 
bodle  (bod'l),  11.    [Sc,  also  written  boddle;  said 

to  be  derived  from  the  name  of  a  mint-master 

named   Buth- 

jfcH.  Ctntcli- 

isoii  and 

hawhve.'^       A 

Scotch     cop- 
per coin  first 

issued  under 

Charles      II., 

and  worth  at 

that  time  2d. 

Scotch,        or 

one  sixth  of  an  English  penny;  hence,  a  very 

small  coin.     The  name  (HCHfr  was  also  applied 

to  it. 

I  care  not  a  brass  hoddlc  for  the  feud. 

Scott,  Abbot,  II.  .viii. 

Bodleian  (bod-le'an  or  hod'le-an),  a.  Of  or 
pirtnining  to  Sir  Thomas  BoAl'ey,  wlio  began 
in  LI!)?  the  restoration  of  the  public  library  of 
Oxford  Univer.sity,  hence  since  calli'il  the  Bod- 
liiiiii  Library;  also,  belonging  to  that  library: 
as,  Jiodli  ifiH  mniuiseripts. 
bodragt,  bodraget,  "•  [Also  written  bordraij 
(and  biirdriKiiiiii),  simulating  E.  border;  appar. 
a  corrupt  ion  of  some  Tr.  >voi'd;  cf.  Ir.  biinidh- 
rcadli,  disturhance,  biiadrc,  tumult.]  An  in- 
cursion ;  a  raid. 

No  wayling  tliere  n4)r  wretehcdnesse  is  heard,  .  .  . 
No  niglitly  litHiraay,  nor  no  hue  and  cries. 

.s';»ii«i-,  Colin  Clout,  1.  .'il.'i. 

[In  sonn>  editicms  printed  hordraiift.'] 
bod-worm  (bixl'werm),  H.     Same  as  boll-worm. 
body  (bod'i),  II.;  pi.  bodies  (-iz).     [<  ME.  body, 

bi'di.  <  AS.  hodig,  body,  =  OHG.  hotali,  botach, 

:j9 


Obverse.  Kcvcrso. 

BocileofCharles  II..  British  Museum.    (Size 

of  the  original.) 


609 

MHG.  hotcch,  hotich,  body;  perhaps  akin  to 
OHd.  hoiahhn.,  MlKl.  hoUchc,  hnUvh^Q.hottivh^ 
a  largo  vossel,  tub,  vat ;  but  this  may  como 
i'rom  another  souive,  that  of  hofft~.  Tho  Ga<^l. 
bodluwjy  body,  is  from  E.]  1,  Tho  pliysical 
structure  of  au  animal;  tho  matorial  orKauizcd 
substance  of  an  animal,  whether  living  or  dead, 
in  distinction  from  tho  soul,  spirit,  or  vital 
principle. 

P'oT  of  the  sonlo  tlie  bodie  forme  doth  take, 
For  soule  is  forniu,  nnd  dnth  tho  bodie.  make. 

SptniSiT,  Hymiie  in  Hutiuur«if  IJeautie,  1.  132. 

2.  The  main  portion  of  an  animal,  tree,  etc. ; 
the  trunk,  as  distinct  from  tho  head  and  limbs 
or  branches;  in  ichth.j  often  used  fortlio  whole 
fish  exclusive  of  tho  lins. —  3.  Tiio  |wirt  of  a 
dress  which  covers  tho  body,  as  distinct  from 
the  parts  which  cover  tho  arms  or  extremities  ; 
iu  female  dress,  a  bodice ;  a  waist. 

Their  bodies  were  of  carnation  clotli  of  silver,  richly 
wrought.  li.  Jouson,  Masque  <»f  ilynicn. 

4.  The  main,  central,  or  principal  part  of  any- 
thing, as  of  an  army,  country,  building,  etc., 
as  dflstinguished  from  subordinate  or  less  im- 
portant parts. 

Learn  to  make  a  body  of  a  limh.    Skak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  2. 

The  van  of  the  king's  army  was  led  by  the  general  .  .  .; 
iu  the  bodjf  was  the  king  and  the  prince.  Clarendon. 

Specidcally  —  (rt)  In  a  blast-furnace,  the  core  or  nuiin  por- 
tion lietween  the  top,  or  opening  at  the  throat,  and  tho 
l)oslies.  (b)  In  music  :  (1)  The  whole  of  the  hollow  part  of 
a  string-instrument,  tlesigned  to  increase  its  resonance. 
('!)  All  that  part  of  a  wind-instrument  that  remains  after 
removing  its  appendages',  mouthpiece,  crooks,  and  bell. 
(3)  The  higher  resonant  part  of  an  organ-piije,  above  the 
rccd  or  tho  mouth,  which  causes  the  air  to  vibrate.  (<:) 
The  shank  of  a  type,  as  determining  its  size :  as,  minion 
on  nonpareil  bodi/.  (d)  The  main  part  of  a  tool ;  the  main 
Iiart  of  a  bladL-,  as  of  a  sword,  as  distinguished  from  the 
lieel  and  point,  etc.  (»■)  That  part  of  a  wagon,  railroad- 
car,  etc.,  wjiich  contains  the  load. 

5.  Tho  main  portion;  tho  bulk  of  anything; 
the  larger  part ;  tho  majority:  as,  tho  body  ot 
the  people  are  opposed  to  the  measm-e. —  6, 
The  person ;  an  individual  as  recognized  by 
law:  as,  body  execution;  held  in  body  and 
goods.  [Chiefly  legal.]  —  7.  A  person;  a  hu- 
man being:  now  generally  combined  with  f/wy, 
ereryj  some,  or  no  :  as,  sonubody,  nobody. 

There  cannot  a  poor  body  buy  a  sack  of  coals,  but  it 
must  come  through  their  hands. 

Latimer,  2d  Serm.  bef.  Edw,  VI.,  1550, 
A  body  would  think  so,  at  these  years. 

B.  Joiison,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 
Gin  a  body  meet  a  body, 
Coniin'  thro'  the  rye,  Bums^  Song. 

But  luiman  bodies  are  sic  fools, 
For  a'  their  colleges  an'  schools. 

Burns,  The  Twa  Dogs. 
A  dry,  shrewd  kind  of  a  body.  Irviny. 

8.  A  number  of  individuals  spoken  of  collec- 
tively, usually  associated  for  a  common  pur- 
pose, joined  in  a  certain  cause,  or  united  l)y 
some  common  tie  or  occupation;  an  incorpo- 
rated or  other  aggi'ogate :  as,  a  legislative  body ; 
the  body  of  tho  clergy;  a  body  corporate. 

So  please  you,  my  lord,  it  is  a  bmhi  of  horse  —  and  .  .  . 
there  is  a  still  larger  body  of  foot  behind  it. 

Barkain,  IiiLioldsliy  Legends,  I,  80. 

The  trading  body  maybe  a  single  imlivitlual  in  one  ease; 
it  may  be  the  whole  inhabitants  of  a  continent  in  another  ; 
it  may  be  tlie  individuals  of  a  trade  diffused  through  a 
country  in  a  third.  Jevons,  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  1K'>. 

9.  A  material  thing;  anything  having  inertia. 
See  matter. — 10.  In  geom.,  any  solid  having  the 
three  dimensions,  length,  breadth,  and  thick- 
ness.— 11.  Amiitedraass;  a  number  of  things 
or  particulars  taken  together ;  a  general  coUec- 
tiou;  a  code;  a  system:  as,  a  body  of  laws. 

I  have,  with  much  pains  and  reading,  collected  out  of 
ancient  authors  this  sliort  summary  of  a  body  of  pliiloso- 
phy  aiui<iivinity.  Swi/t,  Talc  of  a  Tub,  ii. 

lie  was  furnished  with  every  requisite  for  making  an 
extensive  body  of  n;itural  bi.-;tnry. 

Ottldsmith,  I'ref.  to  Brookes's  Nat.  Hist. 

The  mindmiequal  to  a  npuipbtc  analysis  of  the  motives 
whiebeaiTy  it  ontoapartieubirroiulusion  .  .  .  is  swayed 
and  dftermined  by  a  bo<ly  ui  proof,  which  it  recognizes 
only  as  a  body,  and  not  in  its  etmstituent  parts. 

J.  Ii.  yewman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  2SI. 

12.  A  certain  consistency  or  density;  sub- 
stance ;  strength,  as  ojtposed  to  thinness,  weak- 
ness, transpai'eney,  or  llimsiness:  as,  wine,  pa- 
per, et<J.,  of  good  body.  As  applied  to  paints,  bod;/ 
denotes  opacity  or  density,  as  opposeil  to  traimjfarency. 

It  w;is  a  fragi-ant  Ttirt,  with  plenty  of  /)<«/(/  and  a  lai-ge 
proiMirtion  of  soul.  7'.  Winthrop,  t'eeil  Itreeme,  xih. 

13.  In  tntttfir,  tho  resonance  of  a  tone,  whether 
instrumental  or  vocal.  Adipose  body,  astral 
body.  See  the  adjectives.-  Bodies  of  Arantius.  See 
corpora  .trantii,  miiler  corpu.t.-  Body  center-plate,  a 
metal  plate  on  the  boily-bolster  of  a  ear.  It  re.sts  up«iii  a 
similar  plate  on  the  center  of  a  truek.  The  eenter-boltor 
king-bolt  passes  through  tbtrie  plates.  Body  corporate. 
See  body  pulitic—'Body  hand-rail.    See  /mndrait.— 


body-color 

Body  of  a  column,  t  lie  part  between  tho  base  and  the  capi- 
tal ;  the  shaft.  Body  of  affim,  that  part  of  theguii  whieh 
is  situated  Itebind  the  trumiions.-  Body  of  a  pla.ce,  in 
fort. :  (a)  The  works  next  to  and  surrounding  a  town,  in 
the  form  of  a  polygon,  regular  or  irregular.  ('*)  The  space 
inelr)sed  within  the  interior  works  of  a  fnrtilieation.— 
Body  of  the  fornix.  See  /or;u>.— Body  politic,  the 
whole  body  uf  penple  living  under  an  organized  political 
government ;  used  in  contradistinction  to  /Wi/  corporate, 
an  association  of  persims  legally  incorporated  fur  the  pro- 
motion of  some  specitle  object.  A  budy  j^olitic  and  cor- 
porate is  a  nninicipality  governed  aceordint^  to  a  legisla- 
tive act  of  incorporation,  and  thus  possessing  corporate 
political  powers. 

We  may  fairly  conclude  that  the  body  politic  cannot  sub- 
sist, any  more  than  tho  anin^al  body,  without  a  Iicad. 

J.  Adfj7ii.'<,  Works,  IV.  :i7!). 

Cavernous  bodies,  centrobaric  body,  ciliary  body. 

See  tlie  adjectives.— Descent  Of  bodies.  See  </<_'^.v«/.— 
Deviation  of  a  falling  body,  s.e  -/.rmr/o/i.- Diplo- 
matic body.  ^ccdiploHtatir.  Elementary  body.  See 
elfni'id.-  Fifth  body,  tlu'  ether  .-r  Iinii  eUiuetit.  the  sub- 
stance  <jf  the  btavcnly  bodies,   aceordint,'  to  tlu;   Ari.sto- 

telians.— Fixed  bodies,  geniculate  bodies,  hetero- 
geneous body,  main  body,  etc.     See  the  adjectives.— 

Mathematical  body,  a  i.ody  in  sense  lo.     Mystical 

body  of  the  church,  tlu-  .lu'LTcgate  nf  believers  as  con- 
stituting the  biiite  of  riirist.  Okeniau  body,  olivary 
body.  Seetheadjectives.— Regular  body,  a  polyhe.iroii 
in  which  the  relations  of  anyone  fare,  edge,  .-r  Mimniitare 
the  same  as  those  of  any  other,  rytliagoias  enumerated 
tho  five  regular  bodies  (the  sphrre  is  not  included  among 
them) :  tho  tetrahedron,  the  cube,  tho  octahedron.  tbe*/'*(/c- 
cahcdron,  an<l  the  ieimnhedron.  Tliese  are  often  called 
tho  Jive  bodies  simply;  also  the  cosmical  bodiex,  because 
Tinucus  of  Locri  lield  that  the  tetrahedron  is  tlie  shape 
of  lire,  the  octahedron  of  air,  the  icossihedmn  of  water, 
the  cube  of  earth,  and  the  (lodecaheclron  of  God ;  also 
the  Vlatonic  bodies,  because  mentioned  by  Plato  in  his 
dialogue  "Timains."  Four  other  regular  boilics  which 
envelop  the  center  more  than  once  were  dis(,'overed  by 
Kepler  and  by  Poinsot.  These  are  named  by  Cayley  the 
oreat  icomhrdnm,  the  art-ut  dodecahedron,  the  *7^rcrt(  stel- 
inteti  dvlenth-'tfnin,  and  the  small  stellated  dodecahedron. 
For  illustrations  of  all  these  bodies,  see  xo^V/.  —  Irregu- 
lar bodies,  such  as  arc  not  bounded  by  eciual  and  tike 
surfaces.  The  bodies  seven,  in  alchemy^  tho  metala 
corresponding  to  the  planets. 

77«'  biidies  aeren,  eek,  lo  hem  heer  anon  : 
Sol  gold  is,  and  Luna  silver  we  thrcpe  [call], 
Mars  yren,  Mcrcurie  ipiiksilvcr  wu  elepo, 
Saturnus  Iced,  and  Jupiter  is  tin, 
And  Venus  coper. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  I.  272. 

body  (bod'i),  r.  f . ;  pret.  and  pp.  bodied,  ppr. 

bodying.     [<  body^  «.]     1.   To  provide  with  a 

body;   embody. —  2.  To  form  into  a  body  or 

company. 

A  new  exotick  way  of  bodtfing,  that  is,  formally  cove- 
nanting and  verbally  engaging  with  them  and  tu  them 
beyond  the  baptisniall  bond  and  vow. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Teai-s  of  tlie  riiurch,  p,  37. 
3.  To  represent  in  bodily  form ;  exhibit  in 
tangible  fonn  or  outward  reality:  with/y;7/(. 

As  imagination  bodica  forth 
The  forms  of  things  unku<»wn,  the  poet's  pen 
Turns  them  to  shapes,  ami  gives  to  airy  nothing 
A  local  habitation  ami  a  name.     Shak.,  SI.  N.  I).,  v.  1. 
Bodied  forth  the  tourney  high, 
Held  for  the  hand  of  Emily  ! 

Scott,  Kokeby,  vi.  20. 

body-bagt  (bod'i-bag),  n.     A  bag  to  sleep  in, 

body-bolster  (bod'i-bdl'^ster),  n.  A  cross-beam 
of  wood,  iron,  or  tho  two  iu  combination,  on 
the  under  side  of  a  railroad-car,  which  supports 
it  and  transmits  its  weight  to  the  truck.  The 
upper  end  of  the  king-lxilt,  which  forms  the  pivot  for  the 
truck,  is  fastened  to  a  boily-bolster. 

body-cavity  (bod'i-kav  i-ti),  n.  In  zool.,  the 
general  or  common  cavity  of  the  body,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  special  cavities,  or  those  of 
particular  organs ;  the  coelom  or  coploma.  in 
vertebrates  the  body-cavity  is  formed  by  the  splitting  of 
the  mesoblast  into  its  s(unatopIeural  and  splancbnopjeu- 
ral  layers,  and  consists  of  the  cavities  of  the  thorax,  ab- 
diiiiicn  (divided  or  not  by  a  diaphragm),  an<l  itelvis. 

body-cloth,  (bod'i-kloth),  n.  A  cloth  for  tho 
body ;  specifically,  a  largo  rug  or  cloth  for  cov- 
ering a  horse.     See  body-clothcsj  2. 

Before  the  window  were  several  horses  in  body-cloths. 
Bulicer,  relh.itn,  Ixi. 

body-clothes  (bod'i-kloTHz),  «.p/.  1.  Garments 
for  the  body,  intended  to  bo  worn  by  day,  as 
distinguished  from  Iwdelotfus,  [This  use  of  the 
word  appears  to  be  confined  in  recent  times  to 
Seotlantl,] — 2.  Coverings  for  a  horse  or  other 
animal:  properly,  body-cloths.     See  body-doth. 

I  am  informed  that  several  asses  are  kept  in  body-clothes 
and  sweated  every  niorning  upon  the  heath.         Addison. 

body-coat  (bod'i-kot),  ».  1.  A  close-fitting 
iMnit. —  2.  In  i-otich-jHfiutint/,  a  coat  of  paint 
made  oj>a)iue  by  the  admixture  of  wliite  lead, 
laid  on  before  t!ie  transparent  coats. 

body-color  (bod'i-kul'or),  «.  In  painting,  a 
])igment  possessing  body  or  a  high  degree  of 
consistence,  stibstance,  and  covering  power. 

In  tratcr-citlor  paint iny,w*iT]iii  are  Siiid  to  be  executed  in 
b*Hiy-coloyt{  when,  in  eontnidistinction  t4i  the  metre  com- 
mon mode  of  proceeding  by  transparent  tint-*  and  washes, 
the  pigments  are  nnxed  with  white  and  thus  rendered 
opaque. 


body-guard 

body-gliard  (bod'i-giird),  ».  Ono  who  protects 
(ii-  (Irl'i'Mils  the  person;  a  life-KUiii'd ;  collec- 
tively, tlie  giuiril  cliar);;e(l  witli  the  protection  of 
some  person,  as  a  prince  or  an  olheer;  hence, 
retinue ;  attendance  ;  followinjj. 

It  niii^ht  possiljly  bf  foiivfiiifut  that,  wlien  tlie  Tarlia- 
incnt  asseinliled,  tlic  King  sliould  icjiair  to  Wt-stmiiistcr 
«ltli  a  hinfiz-nuard.  Macauitit/,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

body-hoop  (bod'i-hop),  n.  A  band  securing  the 
arris  pieces  of  a  built  mast. 

body -horse  (bod'i-hors),  n.  A  shaft-horse. 
[I'rov.  Kiig.] 

body-loop  (bod'i-16p),  H.  A  strap  or  iron  arm 
iDniiectiiig  a  wagon-body  with  the  gearing. 

body-louse  (bod'i-lous),  ».  A  kind  of  louse, 
the  I'iiIii-iiIks  corporis  or  P.  vestimcnti,  which 
is  parasitic  on  man.  It  is  generally  found  on  the 
l«)iiy,  or  concealed  in  tlie  clothing,  while  the  Pediculus 
cajn'ii-f,  or  head-louse,  infests  the  head. 

body-plan  (bod'i-plan),  n.  In  ship-hvilding, 
a  plan  upon  which  are  projected  the  intersec- 
tions of  the  sides  of  the  vessel  with  transverse 


610 

of  species  yield  tenacious  (llicra,  used  for  making  ropes, 
twine,  net,  an<l  sewing-thread.  The  most  important  sjie- 
cics  is  />.  Hired,  a  shrtlhtty  plant  of  China  and  the  East  In- 
dies, which  alfords  the  valuable  rhea-Hber  or  grasa-cloth 


The  Ramie-plant  [S<xhi 


nnita). 


C 

Body-plan. 
A,  after-body :  B,  fore-body ;  C  C.  center-line ;  D,  D,  load-line  : 
i:",  £■,  base-line- 
vertical  planes  passing  through  certain  fixed 
points,  the  Intersections  with  the   fore-body 
being  shown  upon  one  side  and  those  with  the 
after-body  on  the  other. 

body-post  (bod'i-post),  ?(.  1.  An  upright  tim- 
ber in  the  sill  and  plate  of  a  freight-car,  form- 
ing one  of  the  vertical  members  of  the  frame 
of  the  body.  It  corresponds  to  the  window- 
posts  in  a  passenger-ear. — 2.  A  post  at  the 
forward  end  of  the  ojjening  in  the  deadwood 
of  a  steamship,  within  which  the  screw  turns. 

body-servant  (bod'i-ser"vant),  n.  A  servant 
who  waits  upon  or  accompanies  his  employer ; 
a  valet ;  a  personal  attendant. 

body-snatcher  (bod'i-snach'er),  n.  One  who 
secretly  disinters  the  bodies  of  the  dead  as  sub- 
jects for  dissection,  or  for  the  purpose  of  exact- 
ing a  ransom ;  a  resurrectionist. 

body-snatching  (bod'i-snach'ing),  «.  The  act 
of  robbing  a  grave  to  obtain  a  subject  for  dis- 
section. 

body-vamish  (bod'i-var'nish),  n.  A  thick  and 
quick-dr_\-iug  copal  varnish,  used  for  carriages 
and  other  objects  that  are  to  be  polished. 

body-wall  (bod'i-wal),  n.  In  .ro67.,  the  general 
envelop  or  parietes  of  a  body,  especially  of  a 
low  organism ;  a  ceU-wall. 

body-whorl  (bod'i-hwerl),  H.  The  last-formed 
and  generally  largest  whorl  of  a  imivalve  sheU. 
See  nniralve. 

Boedromia  (bo-e-dro'mi-a),  Ji.jj/.  See  Boedro- 
tnion. 

Boedromion  (bo-e-dro'mi-gn),  n.  [6r.  Bot/Spo- 
/iiiliu  the  month  in  which  were  celebrated  the 
Boiiiiiiu/iia,  <  jioTiipoutoc,  l3ori6p6fjoc,  giving  succor 
(aojiSpa/ieii;  to  run  to  a  cry  for  aid),  <  /%»;,  Dor. 
pud,  a  shout,  cry  (<  jioav,  to  cry:  see  boatioii), 
+  -dpofjo^,  <  6pa/uiv,  run.]  The  third  month  of 
the  Athenian  year,  con-esponding  to  the  latter 
part  of  September  and  the  early  part  of  Octo- 
ber. During  this  month  the  festival  called  Boedromia 
was  celebrated,  in  conimenioration  of  the  succor  given  by 
Theseus  against  the  .-Vmazons. 

boef  H,  "■    -An  obsolete  form  of  beef. 

boef'-'t,  iiihrj.     .See  //»/'. 

Boehm  flute.     See  llidrl,  1. 

Boehmeria  (be-me'ri-ii),  II.  [NL.,  after  G.  R. 
Jim  Inner  or  Bohiiicr,  a  German  botanist  of  the 
18th  century;  ef.  G.  Biilimc,  a  Bohemian,  i(o//- 
iiioi,  Bohemia.]  A  genus  of  dicotyledonous 
plants,  natural  order  Vrtieacea;  allied  to  the 
nettle,  but  without  its  stinging  hairs.  A  number 


fiber,  also  known  imiler  its  llalay  name  of  ramie.  It  has 
been  long  in  cultivation  in  China  and  India,  and  success- 
ful attempts  have  been  made  to  cultivate  it  in  the  United 
States.  The  species  B.  Ptiya,  from  which  the  Puya-flber 
is  obtained,  is  now  referred  to  the  genus  Maoutia.  .See 
■irmscli.th. 

bCEOtarch  (be-o'tark),  n.  [<  L.  Baotarches,  < 
Gr.  VuiurdpxK,  <  Boiuria,  Bceotia,  +  apx^g,  ruler : 
see  arc1i-.'\  One  of  the  chief  magistrates  of  the 
Boeotian  confederacy.  Two  were  chosen  by 
Thebes,  and  one  by  each  of  the  other  members 
of  the  league. 

Pelopidas  and  two  others  of  the  liberators  ^ere  elected 
bceotarchs,  or  chief  magistrates  of  Bceotia. 

Enajc.  Brit.,  X\^II.  479. 

Boeotian  (be-6'shian),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  Baotia, 
<  Gr.  Boiuria,  Boeotia,  Boiurloi,  the  Boeotians.] 

1.  o.  1.  Pertaining  to  Boeotia,  a  division  of 
central  Greece,  noted  for  its  thick  atmosphere, 
which  was  supposed  to  communicate  its  dull- 
ness to  the  intellect  of  the  inhabitants.     Hence 

—  2.  Dull;  stupid;  ignorant;  obtuse. 

II.  «.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Boeotia. 
Hence  —  2.  A  dull,  ignorant,  stupid  person. 

Boeotic  (be-ot'ik),  a.  Belonging  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  Bceotia  or  the  Boeotians;  Boeotian: 
as,  the  Bceotic  dialect. 

Boer  (bor),  H.  [Also  written  Boor,  <  D.  boer,  a 
farmer,  a  peasant:  see  boor. 1  The  name  given 
to  the  Dutch  colonists  of  South  Africa,  who 
are  principally  engaged  in  agricultui-e  or  cattle- 
breeding. 

boffle  (bof'l),  V.    A  dialectal  form  of  baffle. 

bogl  (bog),  II.  [Formerly  bogqe,  <  Ir.  b'ogacli  = 
Gael,  hoijaii,  a  bog,  morass,  <  Ir.  Gael.  Iioy,  soft, 
moist,  tender,  in  eomp.  bog-.]  1.  Wet,  soft, 
and  spongy  groimd,  where  the  soil  is  composed 
mainly  of  decayed  and  decaying  vegetable  mat- 
ter; a  quagmire  covered  with  grass  or  other 
plants;  a  piece  of  mossy  or  peaty  ground;  a 
moss. 

.\11  the  infections  that  the  sun  sucks  up 

From  bo<fs,  fens,  flats,  on  Prosper  fall,  and  make  him 

By  inch-meal  a  disease  !  Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  little  elevated  piece  of  earth  in  a  marsh 
or  swamp,  filled  with  roots  and  grass.  JVeb- 
ster.  [Local,  U.  S.]~  Bog-asphodel.  Hve  asphoikl. 
— Bog-bilberry.  See  6/Mtr/-j/.— Bog- iron  ore,  an  im- 
pure ore  I  if  iron,  essentially  a  hydrous  o.\id,  of  which  the 
niincralogical  name  is  limonite :  found  frequently  at  the 
bottom  of  lakes  and  in  swampy  localities,  and  usually  of 
very  recent  origin.  =  Syn.  1.  Quar/mire,  etc.     See  marsh. 

bogl  (bog)  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bogged,  ppr.  bog- 
ging. [<  iof/l,  N.]  I.  trans.  To  sink  or  sub- 
merge in  a  bog,  or  in  mud  and  mire:  used 
chiefly  in  the  passive,  to  be  bogged. 

Bid  him  to  be  gone 
As  far  as  he  can  fly,  or  follow  day. 
Rather  than  here  so  baiifjed  in  vices  stay. 

B.  Jifiison,  Underwoods,  x.vxii. 
'Twas  time  ;  lus  invention  had  been  lnyined  else. 

B.  Joiuson,  Every  Man  imt  of  his  Humour,  iii.  3. 
Of  Middleton's  horse  three  luindred  men  were  taken, 
and  one  huntlred  were  hoii<Kd. 

Whitrlnck,  Memoirs  (16S2),  p.  .SSO. 

II.  intraiis.  To  sink  or  stick  in  a  bog;  hence, 
to  flouiider  among  obstacles;  be  stopped, 
bog-  (bog),  M.  [Earlymod.  E.  bogije,  appar.  a  var. 
of  the  equiv.  biig^,  ME.  biiggc',  connecting  the 
latter  with  the  equiv.  bofjgle'i^,  bogle,  bogi/,  bog- 
giiril'i:  see  these  words.]    A  specter:  a  bugbear. 

—  To  take  bogt,  to  boggle:  shy;  shrink. 

bog-'  (bog),  II.  and  n.  [K.  ilial.,  formerlv  also 
boggc,  earlier  in  dcriv.  form  hoggish-,  q.  v.    Cf. 


boggle 

bug*,  bigl."]   I.  a.  Bold;  sturdy;  self-sufficient; 
petulant;  saucy. 

II.  «.  Brag;  boastfulness.   HalUwcH.    fProv. 
Eng.] 

bog'  (bog),  r.;  pret.  and  pp.  bogged,  ppr.  hog- 
ging, [i  bogi,  a.  or  n.']  I_  intranx.  To  boast. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Il.t  trans.  [Perhaps  of  other  origin.]  To 
provoke. 

bog*  (bog),  r.  i.  [E.  dial.;  origin  unknown.]  To 
ease  the  body  by  .stool. 

boga  (bo'gii),  H.     Same  as  bogiie^. 

bog-bean  (bog'ben),  ».  The  common  name  of 
the  .Mrni/iintlus  triji)liata,a  gentianaceous  bog- 
plant,  a  native  of  the  more  temperate  parts  of 
the  northern  hemisjihere.  it  is  a  bitter  tonic.  The 
.frhi'jrd  liiri-bcan  is  an  aquatic  plant  of  the  same  order, 
Limmintliemum  7tiiwj>fiif'iii>t'-s,  with  large  yellow  fringed 
flowers.     Also  called  hurk-bi-an. 

bogberry  (bog'ber'i),  ».;  pi.  bogberriea  (-iz). 
Till-  cranberry,  Vacrininm  (tj-ijcoceiis. 

bog-blitter  (bog'blit'd-r),  n.  [See  bog-bluiter.'i 
Same  as  Img-buinper.     [.Scotch.] 

bog-bluiter  (bog'blo'ter),  n.  [Also  bog-hlnter, 
bog-blitter;  <  bog  +  Se.  hluitcr,  hliiler,  make  a 
rumbling  noise,  blurt,  also  speak  foolishly  (in 
last  sense  ef.  blatter,  blather,  blether^).]  Same 
as  bog-huinper.     [Scotch.] 

bog-bull  (bog'biil),  H.  [Cf.  Botaurus  and  bit- 
?(r«l.]  A  name  of  the  bittern,  Botaurus  stel- 
lar!.^, from  its  habitual  resorts  and  its  hollow, 
booming  cry.     See  cut  mider  bittern. 

bog-bumper  (bog'bum  per),  «.  A  name  of  the 
bitterns  or  heron-like  birds  of  the  genus  Botau- 
rus (especially  B.  lentigino.'-us),  in  allusion  to 
the  sound  made  by  the  male  in  the  breeding 
season.  This  sound  seems  "to  be  uttered  in  a  deep 
choking  tone,"  and  has  been  compared  by  Xuttall  to  the 
syllatilcs  "pomp-au-giir."  Also  boij-jttmper,  and  in  Scot- 
land bnfi.lilitfer,  boff-Uuiter. 

bog-butter  (bog'but'er),  n.  A  fatty  sperma- 
ceti-like mineral  resin,  composed  of  carbon, 
oxygen,  and  hydrogen,  found  in  masses  in  peat- 
bogs. 

A  large  copper  basin  consisting  of  small  pieces  riveted 
together  and  several  wooden  kegs  containing  boo-bntter 
were  recently  found  at  a  depth  of  7  feet  in  a  peat-moss, 
Kylealsin,  Skye.  Xature,  XXX.  181. 

bog-earth  (bog'erth),  n.  An  earth  or  soil  com- 
posed of  light  sUieious  sand  and  a  considerable 
portion  of  vegetable  fiber  in  a  half-decomposed 
state.  It  is  employed  by  gardeners  for  pro- 
moting the  growth  of  flowers. 

boger  (bo'ger),  H.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  name 
in  Cornwall,  England,  for  the  half-grown  sea- 
bream,  FiigeUus  ccntrodontus. 

bogeyi,  bogeyism.     See  bogy,  bogijism. 

bogey-,  ".     See  bogi(^. 

bogga  (bog'a),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  An  East  Indian 
measure  of  land,  equal  to  three  fifths  of  an 
acre. 

bogga,rdi,  boggart  (bog'ard,  -art),  n.  [E.  dial. 
and  Sc,  also  wiitten  bogart,  and  formerly  hag- 
gard, haggard:  appar.  a  var.,  with  term!  -ard, 
of  boggle^,  bogle;  in  form  as  if  <  hog-  -¥  -ard: 
see  hogglc\  bogle,  boy'-,  ?i«(/l.]  1.  A  specter, 
goblin,  or  bogy,  especially  one  supposed  to 
haunt  a  particidar  spot. 
The  belief  in  elves  and  bogarts  which  once  was  univeisaL 
J.  Fiske,  Idea  of  God.  p.  60. 

2t.  -Any  object,  real  or  imaginary,  at  which  a 
horse  shies.  X  E.  D. —  3.  Figuratively,  a  bug- 
bear: a  thing  of  fear. 

boggard'-t,  «.     [As  bogi  -)-  -ard.']    A  privy. 

boggifyt,  r.  t.    [<  iojrl  +  -/-/>/.]    To  make  boggy. 

boggingt  (bog'ing),  n.  [Early  mod.  E..  per- 
haps a  var.  of  *bagging  for  badging,  verbal  n. 
of  badi/e";  cf.  badger-.']  Peddling:  hawking. 
X  E.  h. 

hoggish'  (bog'ish),  a.    [<  bog'^  +  -w/il.]   Boggy. 

boggish-t.  a.  [ME.,  widtten  huggi.sxhc,  bog- 
ggschv;  \  bogS  (not  found  in  ME.)  -I-  -/s/il.] 
Bold;  puffed  up;  boastful. 

bogglei,  n.     A  dialectal  form  of  bogle. 

boggle-  (bog'l),  i:  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.hoggled.  ppr. 
boggling.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bogle!  buggel,  < 
boggle^  =  bogle,  a  specter,  with  ref.  to  tlie  shy- 
ing of  a  horse  at  imusual  objects;  cf.  ME.  boge- 
len,  occurring  but  once,  iu  the  sense  of  'deny,' 
i.  e.,  scare  off.]  1.  To  take  alarm;  start  with 
fright ;  shy,  as  a  horse. 

When  a  sinner  is  tii-st  tempted  to  the  commission  of  a 
more  gross  and  notorious  sin,  his  conscience  is  apt  to 
lioiiiile  and  start  at  it,  he  doth  it  with  great  dirtleiilty  and 
regret.  Tittutjion,  Works,  I.  x. 

Wc  start  and  botjgU  at  everj'  unusual  appearance. 

Gi-aiivUU. 

2.  To  hesitate ;  stop,  as  if  afi-aid  to  proceed,  or 
as  if  impeded  by  unforeseen  tiiflieulties ;  waver; 


boggle 

shrink. — 3.  To  play  tits**  and  loose ;  dissemble ; 
(juiljble;  oquivocato. 

Wlirii  surninniu'd  in  liis  last  cud  it  wiw  no  time  for 
hiiii  to  l}0'j;it'-  with  tlK-  worlii.  /lowrlt. 

4.  To  bunglo ;  be  awkward ;  make  clumsy  at- 
tcnipts. 
boggle-  (boK'l),  ".    1.  The  act  of  shying  or  tak- 
iii},' alarm. — 2t.  Objection;  scruple;  demur. 

'I'lir  l)ntt:li  do  maku  a  furtluT  boi/lr  witli  us  about  two 
or  tliri't'  tilings.  Prpi/s,  Diary,  10G7. 

3.   A  bundle;   a  botch.     [Colloq.]-^Bo6gle-de- 
botch,  boggledy-botch,  a  coin|ili;tc  hotuli  or  liunuk'. 

boggle'' (bog'l),  H.  [Origimmcertain;  perhaps 
same  as  hotjiili'^,  Ixxjlc,  a  scarecrow.]  A  pitcher 
or  juf;  wrought  in  the  figure  of  a  man,  not  un- 
like a  toby  or  toby-pitchcr. 

bog-glede  (bog'gled),  «.  A  Scotch  name  of  the 
nioiir-buzzard,  Circu.i  a;nif/iniixus. 

boggier  (bog'ler),  «.    [<  bot/ijlf^  +  -erl.]    1.  A 
doubter;  a  timorous  man. —  2t.  A  jilt ;  one  false 
in  love. 
Yon  liave  l)een  a  boggier  ever.    Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iil.  H. 

3.    One  who  bungles  or  is  clumsy  in   doing 

things. 
bogglisht    (bog'lish),   ti.     [<   hogfjlr^   +   -ish.'i 
Doubtful;  wavering. 

Nutliiiig  is  more  sly,  toucliy,  and  fnigglinh  .  .  .  than  that 
opinion  ...  of  the  many  or  c<numoii  people. 

Jen  Taijlur  (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  172. 

boggy  (bog'il,  «.  [<  6of/l,  H.,  + -/^l.]  Contain- 
ing liogs;  full  of  bogs;  like  or  ha\-iug  the  char- 
acter of  a  bog. 

Qneneird  in  a  hoftny  Syrtis,  neither  sea 

Nor  good  dl-y  hmd.  Milton,  V.  L.,  ii.  939. 

boggybo  (bog'i-bo),  n.  [North.  E.  dial.]  A 
dialectal  form  of  huijaboo. 

Boghead  coal.    See  coal. 

boghouse  (bog'hous),  H.  [<  hog'^  +  house.']  A 
|irivy.     .Iiilinson. 

bogie',  ".     See  bo;/!/. 

bogie'-^,  bogey-  (bo'gi),  ».  [Of  uncertain  origin. 
Sometimes  e.xplained  from  bogic'^,  bogy,  a  fiend, 
the  bogie  coal-wagon  when  first  introduced 
being  so  called,  it  is  said,  because,  from  its 
suddenly  turning  -when  people  least  expected 
it,  they  used  to  e.xelaim  that  the  new  wagon 
was  '  Old  Bogy '  himself.  But  this  is  mere  in- 
vention. See  bogle]  1.  A  name  first  giveu 
at  Neweastle-upon-Tvne,  in  England,  to  a  coal- 
wagon  or  truck  so  constructed  as  to  turn  easil)- 
in  moving  about  the  quays ;  a  trolly. —  2.  An 
English  term  for  a  four-wheeled  truck  support- 
ing the  front  part  of  a  locomotive  engine,  or 
placed  one  under  each  end  of  a  railway-car- 
riage, and  tiu'uing  beneath  it  by  means  of  a 
central  piu  or  pivot,  to  facilitate  the  passing 
of  sudden  curves. —  3.  In  a  saw-mill,  a  small 
carriage  running  on  a  transverse  track  on  a 
log-carriage,  used  to  change  the  position  of  the 
log  in  relation  to  the  saw. 

bogle-englne  (bo'gi-en'jin),  «.  A  locomotive 
used  in  moving  ears  and  making  up  trains  at 
a  railroad  station.  The  driving-wheels  and  cyl- 
inders are  on  a  tinick  which  turns  freely  on  a 
center-pin. 

bog-jumper  (bog'jum"per),  n.  Same  as  bog- 
Innitjirr. 

bog-land  (bog'land),  «.  and  a.    I.  n.  Boggy  or 
marshy  laud:  as,  to  reclaim  a  piece  of  bog-lnnd. 
II.  a.  Living  in  or  pertaining  to  a  marshy 
country.     [Rare.] 

Kacii  brings  Iiis  love  a  boglnnd  captive  home. 

Drijden,  I'rol.  to  Prophetess,  1.  .31. 

bogle  (bo'gl),  n.  [Also  dial,  boggle,  Sc.  bogle, 
liogill,  biigil,  a  specter,  hobgoblin ;  prob.  of  Cel- 
tic  origin;  cf.  W.  birgicl,  bi/gicl,  a  threat,  men- 
ace, hygcl,  a  bugbear,  scarecrow,  hobgoblin, 
bwg.  a  specter,  >  E.  bug'^ :  see  fiwi/l  and  bugbear. 
Cf.  hog^,  boggord^,  and  G.  bi'igge,  biiggcl-maiin, 
a  bogy,  bogle.]  A  phantom;  a  specter;  a  hob- 
goblin; abogv;  a  bugbear. 

boglet  (bog'let),  «.  [<  ft')f/l  +  -let.]  A  little 
I  log;  a  lioggy  place  or  spot  of  small  extent. 

And  of  tliis  tufty,  flaggy  ground,  pocjied  with  liogs  and 
Ixigli'ly.  Ii.  D.  Blac/cni'ire,  Lorna  [)oone,  p.  i:i'2. 

bog-manganese  (bog'mang"ga-nez),  ».    Same 

as  ii-atl. 

bog-moss  ( Ijog'mos),  n.  Peat-moss.  See  Sphng- 

tU'tH  . 

bog-oak  (bog' ok),  n.  Trunks  and  large 
livaiulics  of  oak  found  embedded  in  bogs  and 
pri'sirvcd  by  the  antiseptic  properties  of  peat. 
It  is  of  a  sliining  black  or  ebony  color,  or  of  a  ilccji  green- 
ish-gray,  mottled  ami  sllading  into  black,  ilerived  from  it^ 
impregnation  with  ir»tn,  and  is  frequently  converted  into 
ornamcntiil  pieces  of  fiirintnrc  and  smaller  ornaments,  as 
lirooclies,  ear-ringa,  etc.     Also  calletl  bog-tpoud. 


611 

Bogoda  (bo-go'dil),  «.    [NL.]   A  genus  of  East 

Indian  fishes,  considered  by  some  as  typical  of 
a  f.aniilv  liogndaiilri  or  Jiogtididtr. 

Bogodidx  ( bo-god' i-de),  ii'.  /il,  [NL.,  <  Jloyoda 
+  -id(e,]  A  family  of  percoideous  fishes:  sy- 
nonvnnons  with  AiidxisskUc. 

Bogomile  (bog'o-mil),  «.  [Of.  Russ.  bogii,  God; 
iinlosli,  grace.]  One  of  a  medieval  Oatharist 
sect,  having  its  principal  seat  in  Bulgaria,  anti- 
clerical in  its  polity,  dualislic  in  its  doctrine, 
and  in  general  similar  to  the  Docetic  and  the 
Manichicans.  The  views  and  practices  of  the  ISogo- 
milcH  were  vei-y  fanatical.  They  were  little  known,  ancl 
by  .some  are  supprised  tt>  have  become  extinct  soon  after 
tile  executiun  of  their  leader,  Basil  of  Philippojiolis,  at 
Constantinople,  in  1118. 

Bogomilian  (bog-o-mil'i-an),  a.    Pertaining  to 

Ihc  Bogoiiiiles  or  their  doctrines. 

bog-orchis  (bog'6r"kis),  u.  A  low  orchid  of 
boggy  places.     See  Malaxis. 

bog-ore  (bog'or),  n.    Same  as  bog-iron  ore. 

Bogota  bark.     See  bark'^. 

bog-rush  (bog'ru.sh),  H.  1.  The  name  of  va- 
rious cypcraceous  plants.  See  riw/i. —  2.  Some 
small  undetermined  species  of  warbler.  [Lo- 
cal, Great  Britain.] 

bog-spavin  (bog'spav"m),  H.  In  ftirricn/,  an 
encysted  tumor  on  the  inside  of  the  hough  of  a 
horse,  containing  a  gelatinous  matter. 

bog-sucker  (bog'suk "er),  II.  A  name  of  the 
woo<lcock  of  North  America,  Pliiloliela  minor. 

bog-trotter  (bog'trof'fer),  «.  One  who  trots 
over  bogs,  or  lives  among  bogs;  especially,  a 
contemptuous  appellation  given  to  the  li'ish 
peasantry,  probably  from  the  skill  shown  by 
many  of  them  in  crossing  the  extensive  bogs 
of  the  country  by  leaping  from  tussock  to  tus- 
sock, where  a  stranger  would  find  no  footing, 
and  from  the  frequent  use  they  make  of  this 
skill  to  escape  from  the  soldiery,  the  police,  etc. 

bog-trotting  (bog'trofing),  a.  Trotting  among 
bogs,  or,  more  usually,  living  among  bogs:  as, 
a  bog-trotting  Irishman. 

Beware  of  bog-trottiitf]  (inacks, 

GvtdsJiu'th,  Citizen  of  the  World,  Ixviii. 

With  his  inherited  Irish  poverty  .  .  .  not  to  rise  in  this 
world,  he  nor  his  posterity,  till  their  wading  webbed  607- 
Irolfiiui  feet  get  talaria  to  their  heels. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  225. 

bogue^t  (bog),  V.  i.  [Prob.  <  Sp.  bogar,  row  (cf. 
bognr  a  sotavento,  row  to  leeward),  =  Pg.  Pr. 
ntgar  =  It.  vogarc  =  F.  vogucr,  row,  sail,  > 
rogue,  E.  rogue,  q.  v.]  Naut.,  to  drop  off  from 
the  wind ;  edge  away  to  leeward  with  the  wind, 
as  some  vessels  of  inferior  sailing  qualities  do. 
—  To  bogue  in,  to  "sail  in  ";  take  a  hand;  engage  in  a 
work.     [Local,  Xew  England.] 

[.\  fanner  says :]  "  I  don't  git  much  done  'thout  I  bogue 
riglit  m  along  'tli  my  men." 

VJuoted  by  Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser..  Int. 

bogue"  (bog),  II.  [<  OF.  boguc,  formerly  also 
lioeque,  =  Pr.  buga  =  Sp.  Pg.  boga  =  It.  boea, 
boghe  (Florio),  now  boga,  <  ML.  boca,  for  L.  box 
(J)oc-),  <  Gr.  lioi^,  eontr.  of  jioa^,  a  certain  sea- 
fish,  so  named  from  the  sound  it  makes.]  An 
acanthopterygian  fish,  Bux  rulgaris,  of  the  fami- 
ly Spar  Ida;  found  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
west  coast  of  Africa,  and  in  rare  cases  on  the 
coasts  of  Britain.  The  body  is  oblong  and  compressed, 
the  head  and  mouth  are  small,  the  teeth  notched,  the  eyes 
large,  and  the  general  coloring  is  brilliant.  Also  called 
tioee  and  bwfa. 

bogne-*  (bog),  H.  [OF.,  =  F.  bourhe :  see  c)«- 
bogue.]  A  mouth ;  an  embouchure.  I'sed  speeifl- 
cally  in  the  name  the  liogue,  the  jirincipal  mouth  of  the 
Canton  river  in  China  (.also  called  Boca  Tigris,  the  Tiger's 
.Mouth). 

boguest  (bo'gest),  n.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  bnrgucst 
varied  toward  bogy'^ :  see  these  words.]  A  spec- 
ter; a  ghost.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 

bogusl  (bo'gus),  n.  and  a.  [A  slang  word,  of 
wliich  many  conjectural  explanationshave  been 
offered,  e.  g.,  that  it  is  a  corruption  of  bagasse, 
sugar-cane  refuse,  etc.  Dr.  Samuel  Willard  of 
Chicago,  in  a  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  New 
Eng.  Diet.,  "quotes  from  the  'Painesvillo(Ohio) 
Telegi-aph'  of  July  6  and  Nov.  2,  1.S27,  the  word 
bogus  as  a  substantive  applied  to  an  apparatus 
for  coining  false  money.  Mr.  Eber  D.  Howe, 
wlio  was  then  editor  of  that  paper,  describes 
in  his  'Autobiogi'aphy'  (1S7S)  the  discovery  of 
such  a  piece  of  mechanism  in  the  hands  of  a  gang 
of  coiners  at  Painesville  in  May,  1827  ;  it  was 
a  mysterious-looking  object,  and  some  one  in 
the  crowd  styled  it  a  'bogus,'  a  designation 
adopted  in  the  succeeding  numbers  of  the  pa- 
per. Dr.  Willard  considers  this  to  have  been 
short  for  Initlriihogiis,  a  word  familiar  to  him 
from  his  childhood,  and  which  in  his  father's 
time  was  oommonlyapplied  in  Vermont  to  any 


Bohemian 

ill-looking  object;  he  points  out  that  tantara- 
holis  is  given  in  HalUwell  as  a  Devonshire  word 
for  the  devil.  liogux  seems  thus  to  be  related 
to  liogy,  etc."  (X  E.  D.)  The  E.  dial,  word 
may  nave  been  transported  to  New  England 
and  undergone  there  the  alteration  to  which 
such  terms  are  subject.]  I.t  n.  An  apparatus 
for  coining  counterfeit  money. 

II.  a.  Counterfeit;  spurious;  sham:  origi- 
nally applied  in  the  United  States  to  counter- 
feit money,  but  now  to  anything  based  on  sham 
or  false  pretense:  as,  a  bogus  claim;  a  bogus 
government. 

But  our  bogus  theologians,  who  systematically  convert 
the  tine  gold  of  the  gospel  into  glittering  tinsel,  and  sell 
it  for  lucre,  occupy  the  highest  seats  in  our  synagogues. 
//.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  177. 

bogus^  (bo'gus),  II.  [Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps 
a  use  of  bogus^.  Some  refer  it  to  bagasse,  su- 
gar-cane refuse.]  A  liquor  made  of  rum  and 
molasses.     Burtlctt.     [U.  S.] 

bog-violet  (bog'vi"o-let),  M.  The  butterwort. 
[I'rov.  Eng.  (York.stire).] 

bog-wood  (bog'^™<l)i  "•     Same  as  bog-oak. 

bogWOrt(bog''B'6rt),  n.  \<,  bog'>- +  uort\ .]  Same 
as  eraidierry. 

bogy,  bogeyl  (bo'gi),  ».;  pi.  bogies,  bogeys 
(-giz).  [Also  written  bogie;  a  comparatively 
recent  word,  appar.  a  var.  (perhaps  arising 
from  nursery  speech)  of  bogle,  or  from  the  same 
source:  see  bogle,]  1.  The  devil:  often  as  a 
quasi-proper  name,  and  usually  with  an  epithet 
(in  this  use  with  a  capital) :  as,  Old  Bogy. 
I  am  bogey,  and  frighten  everybody  away. 

T/iaekeray,  Ncwcomes. 
2.  A  hobgoblin ;  a  bugbear. 

The  humble  Northumbrian  bogir  who  "  flitted"  with  the 
fanner  when  he  removed  his  furniture. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  204. 

There  is  no  reasoning  .  .  .  with  men  to  whom  party 

considerations  are  of  the  first  moment,  and  who  feel  bound 

to  discover  bogies  in  every  measure  adojited  by  the  party 

in  power.  .S'lr  G.  Wolseleg,  N.  A.  Kev.,  CXX\in.  13.''j. 

bogyism,  bogeyism  (bo'gi-izm),  ».     [<  bogy, 

bogi y^,  -\-  -i.sm.]     1.  That  which  pertains  to  or 
is  characteristic  of  a  bogy. —  2.   Belief  in  or 
dread  of  sprites  or  goblins.     Thackeray. 
bo-hacky  (bo-hak'i),  «.     [E.  tUal.]     A  donkey. 

Halliwrll.  [Prov.  Eug.  (Yorkshire).] 
bohea  (bo-he'),  ».  [<  Chinese  IVoo-ye  or  Voo- 
ye,  the  name  of  two  ranges  of  hills  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Fuhkien,  China,  where  the  tea-shrub  is 
largely  giown,  and  whence  tea  was  first  im- 
ported into  England  in  1666.  In  the  dialects 
of  Fuhkien  b  is  used  for  w  and  v.]  1.  A  gen- 
eral name  for  tea. 

To  part  her  time  'twixt  reading  and  bohea. 
To  muse,  and  spill  her  solitary  tea. 

Poif,  Ep.  to  Miss  Blount,  ii.  15. 
For  if  my  pure  libations  exceed  three, 

I  feel  my  heart  become  so  sympathetic. 

That  I  must  have  recourse  U>  black  Bohea.    Byron. 

By  way  of  entertainment  in  the  evening,  to  make  a  party 

with  the  sergeant's  wife  to  drink  bohea  tea,  and  play  at 

all-fours  on  a  druni-head.    Sheridan,  St.  Patrick's  Day,  i.  '2. 

2.  An  inferior  kind  of  black  tea,  grown  on  the 
Woo-ye  hills  of  China,  or  tea  of  a  similar  qual- 
ity grown  in  other  districts  of  the  same  country. 
See  tea. 
Bohemian  (bo-he'mi-an),  II.  and  a.  [=F.  Bo- 
heiiiieii,  a  Bohemian,  and  in  a  secondary  signi- 
fication a  gipsy,  <  Bohenic,  ML.  Bohemia,  the 
country  of  the  Boheiiii,  Boihcmi,  or  Boiemi, 
Latinized  form  repr.  by  G.  Bohiiicn,  Bohemia, 
<  L.  Boii,  a  people  of  ancient  Gaul,  of  whom  a 
portion  settled  in  what  is  now  Bohemia,  + 
'-hem,  OHG.  heiiii  =  E.  home.]  I.  11.  1.  A  na- 
tive or  an  inhabitant  of  Bohemia,  a  crownland 
and  kingdom  of  the  Au.strian  empire. —  2.  A 
follower  of  John  lluss;  a  Hussite. —  3.  [F.  ho- 
heiiiieii,  because  the  first  of  that  wandering  race 
that  entered  France  were  believed  to  be  Bo- 
hemians or  Hussites,  driven  from  their  native 
country.]     A  gipsy. 

"How!  of  no  country?"  repeated  the  Scot.  "No," 
answered  the  Bohentian,  "of  none.  I  am  a  Zingaro,  a 
ttohemian,  an  Egyptian,  or  whatever  the  Eur^iiieans,  in 
their  different  languages,  may  choose  to  call  our  people, 
but  I  have  no  country."  Seott,  <J.  Durward.  xi.i. 

4.  A  person,  especially  an  artist  or  a  literary 
man,  who  leads  a  free  and  often  somewhat 
dissipated  life,  having  little  regard.to  what  so- 
ciety he  frequents,  and  despising  convention- 
alities generally.  [Sometimes  without  a  cap- 
ital.] 

By  Bohnnian  T  do  not  nie.an  to  lie  uncomplimentary.  I 
mean  merely  a  class  of  pel'sons  who  prefer  .adventuro  and 
sjieeulation  Ut  settled  industry,  arul  who  do  not  work  well 
in  the  harness  of  ordinary  life.     Froude,  Sketches,  p.  217. 

5.  The  ancient  tongue  of  Bohemia,  a  member 
of  the  Sla\ic  branch  of  the  Aryan  family. 


v: 


Bohor  (Ctrvicapra  bohor). 


Bohemian 

II,  n.  1.  Of  or  jicrtaiiiiiifc  to  Bohemia  or  its 
liiiiKuage. — 2.  t»f  or  jiertainiiif;  to,  or  cliarae- 
toristio  of,  tlie  so-called  Bolicmiaiis ;  uncon- 
ventional;  free  from  social  resti'aints:  as,  a 
Jiohcmidii  life. — 3.  In  oniilli.,  ciTatie;  wander- 
ing; irrefrnlarly  migratory ;  of  unsettled  habits. 
—  Bohemian  bole,  .sio /w;<-.— Bohemian  Brethren, 
till-  in.piiliir  iiaiiR-  of  II  religious  (k'noiiiiiijitioti  wliich  tii-- 
vilo|.f.l  fic.iii  tlif  followers  ipf  IVtur  Cliikzi.  ky  in  tliu  lit- 
tiM-iitli  iiiitiirv.  It  rcadu-il  its  Kiv;iU'st  inllmiRi;  in  the 
sixteeMtli  eeiitury,  and  was  snppivsseil  by  Kerdinaii'l  11.  in 
the  siveiite<'ntli  eentury  in  r.olu-niia  ami  Jloravia,  lint 
liiiKered  in  Poland  and  Hungaiy.  It  was  revived  In  tlie 
eighteenth  eenturv  as  the  Jloravian  Church.  The  nicni- 
hei-s  of  the  ilenomination  called  themsehes  the  T'nity 
of  Brethren  (Ciiilns  /•'.■(i/iioHt.  — Bohemian  glass.  See 
<7?nx.<.— Bohemian  pheasant,  see  7)/i.n.-«/i(.— Bohe- 
mian waxwing,  Bohemian  chatterer,  a  l>ird,  the 
Ampellif  flarniliis,  so  called  from  the  e.\tent  and  irregu- 
larity of  its  wanderings.  See  icaxirin/f. 

Bohemianism  (bo-he'mi-an-izm),  n.  [<  Bohe- 
mian, )!.,  4,  +  -ii/H.]  The  life  or  habits  of  a 
Bohemian,  in  the  figuriitive  sense.  See  Solic- 
midii,  v.,  4. 

bohor  (bo'hor),  «.  A  variety  of  reedbuck  of 
western  Afri- 
ca, the  Ceni- 
cnpra  bohor,  a 
kind  of  ante- 
lope. 

boiar,  «.     See 

boi'd  (bo'id),  n.  -^  '^ 

A  snake  of  the 
family  Boidce; 
a  boa  or  ana- 
conda. 

Boidae  (bo'i- 
de),  ii.  j)l. 
[NL.,  <  Boa 
+  -idle.]  A 
family  of  non- 
venomous  ophidian  reptiles,  vrith  two  mobile 
hooks  or  spm's,  the  rudiments  of  hind  legs,  near 
the  anus.  The  name  has  licen  adopted  with  varying 
limits,  and  latterly  generally  resti  icted  to  American  spe- 
cies :  (1)  Colubriiie  snakes  with  the  helly  covered  with 
narrow,  elongate  shields  or  scales,  nearly  resembling 
those  of  the  back,  and  with  spur -like  rudimentary  legs  on 
each  side  of  the  vent.  It  included  the  Boidce  as  well  as 
Pythonidce,  Charinidce,  and  Tortnchin;  of  recent  ophi- 
ologists.  (2)  Eurystomatous  serpents  with  rudiments  of 
posterior  extremities.  It  included  the  BohUe,  Piithoyiidce, 
and  Channid(e.  (3)  Eurystomatous  serpents  with  rudi- 
mentary posterior  appendages,  coronoid  bone  in  lower 
jaw,  no*  supraorbital,  but  postorbital,  bones  in  cranium, 
and  with  teeth  developed  in  the  premaxillary.  In  this 
limited  sense  there  are  still  many  species  peculiar  to  the 
warmer  regions  of  America,  and  among  them  are  some  of 
gigantic  size,  such  as  the  boa-constrictor  and  anaconda, 
Euncctes  munnus.  They  sometimes  attack  animals  of  a 
large  size  and  kill  them  by  constriction  round  the  body. 
See  cuts  under  boa  and  piithon. 

boiU  (boil),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hoile,  hoyle, 
a  corrupt  form  of  ii7el,  due  to  a  supposed  con- 
nection with  hoW^:  see  6(7pl.]  An  inflamed 
and  painful  suppurating  tumor;  a  furuncle. 

boil2  (boil),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hoijJ,  boi/le, 
<  ME.  boilin,  hoijlcn,  <  OP.  boillir,  F.  boitillir 
=  Pr.  bidhir,  bidflii;  boil,  =  Sp.  bidlir,  boil,  also 
as  Pg.  bulir,  move,  stir,  be  active  (see  budi/e^), 
=  It.  bollire,  boil,  <  L.  bnllire,  also  buUarc,  bub- 
ble, boil,  <  btdla,  a  bubble,  anv  small  round 
object  (see  bulla),  >  E.  IndV^,  bi'lis,  bullet,  bul- 
letin, etc.  Cf.  ebullition.']  I.  inlr((ns.  1.  To 
bubble  up  or  be  in  a  state  of  ebullition,  espe- 
cially through  the  action  of  heat,  the  bubbles 
of  gaseous  vapor  which  have  been  formed  in 
the  lower  portion  rising  to  the  siu-face  and  es- 
caping: said  of  a  liquid,  and  sometimes  of  the 
containing  vessel ;  as,  the  water  boils  ;  the  pot 
boils.  The  same  action  is  induced  by  diminished  jires- 
sure,  as  when  water  boils  under  the  exha\tsted  receiver 
of  an  air-pump,  or  when  carbon  dioxid  liquefied  under 
high  pressure  boils  upon  the  removal  of  the  pressure.  See 
hmliwhpoiitt  and  ehutlition. 

2.  To  be  in  an  agitated  state  like  that  of  boil- 
ing, through  any  other  cause  than  lieat  or  dimin- 
isHed  pressure  ;  exhibit  a  swirling  or  swelling 
motion ;  seethe :  as,  the  waves  boil. 

He  niaketh  the  deep  to  boil.  Job  xli.  31. 

3.  To  be  agitated  by  vehement  or  angry  feel- 
ing; be  liot  or  e.xcifed:  as,  my  blood  b'oiU  at 
this  injustice. 

Then  boifcd  my  breast  with  flame  and  burning  wrath. 

.S'urrci/,  ^neid,  ii. 
The  plain  truth  is  that  H-astings  had  committed  some 
great  crimes,  and  that  the  thought  of  those  crimes  made 
the  blood  of  Burke  boil  in  his  veins. 

M<Kmtlay,  W.arren  Hastings. 

4.  To  undergo  or  be  subjected  to  the  action  of 
water  or  other  liquid  when  at  the  point  of 
ebullition :  as,  the  meal  is  now  boilin//.  —  To  boil 
away,  to  evaporate  in  boiling.— To  boil  over^  to  run 
over  the  top  of  a  vessel,  as  liquor  uheii  thrown  into  vio- 


612 

lent  agitation  by  heat  or  other  cause  of  cfTcrvoscence ; 
iiencc,  (Iguratively,  to  be  unable,  on  account  of  excite- 
ment, indigiuition,  or  the  like,  Ui  refrain  from  speaking; 
to  break  out  into  the  language  of  strong  feeling,  especial- 
ly of  indignation.— To  boll  up,  to  rise  or  be  increased  in 
vobnne  by  ebullition  :  jis,  paste  is  ready  for  use  iis  soon  as 
it  has  once  boilfti  up ;  let  it  boil  up  two  or  three  times. 

II.  tran.i.  1.  To  put  into  a  state  of  ebullition ; 
cause  to  be  agitated  or  to  bubble  by  the  ap- 
plication of  heat.  Hence — 2.  To  collect,  form, 
or  separate  by  the  ajiplication  of  heat,  as  sugar, 
salt,  etc. — 3.  To  subject  to  the  action  of  heat 
in  a  liqtiid  raised  to  its  point  of  ebullition,  so 
as  to  produce  some  specific  effect;  cook  or 
seethe  in  a  boiling  liquid :  as,  to  boil  meat, 

potatoes,  etc. ;  to  boil  silk,  thread,  etc To  boll 

clear,  in  soap-manu/.,  to  remove  the  excess  of  water  from 
soft  soap  by  boiling"  it.  A  concentrate<l  lye  is  employed 
to  shorten  the  time  of  evaporation. — To  boll  down,  to 
reduce  in  bulk  by  boiling ;  hence,  to  reduce  to  smaller 
compass  by  removal  of  what  can  best  be  spjired;  con- 
dense by  elimination. 

After  a  while  he  [Bowles]  developed  a  tiilent  for  con- 
densing into  brief  and  readable  form  the  long  and  heavy 
articles  in  which  the  great  political  papers  of  the  day  dis- 
charged their  thunder.  On  these  he  began  to  practice 
that  great  .art  of  boiliiuj  down  which  his  paper  afterward 
caiTied  to  such  perfection.  G.  S.  Merriam,  S.  Bowles,  1. 23. 
To  boil  dry,  in  itupar-mamij'.,  to  reduce  the  thin  juice 
to  tlii<k  juice  by  boiling  it  until  it  reaches  the  point  of 
<  I  vstallization. 

boil-  (boil),  J).  [<  boil"^,  r.]  1.  The  state  or  act 
of  boiling;  boiling-iioint :  as,  to  bring  water  to 
aboil.  [CoUoq.] — 2.  That  which  is  boiled;  a 
boiling  preparation.  N.E.D.  [Bare.] —At  the 
boil,  boiling;  at  the  boiling-point;  as,  the  solution  should 
I'c  keiit  at  tlie  boil  for  at  least  halt  an  hour. 

boilary,  «.     See  bodenj. 

boiled  (boild),  J).  «.  1.  Raised  to  the  boiling- 
jioiut. — 2.  Prepared  by  being  subjected  to 
the  heat  of  boiling  water:  sometimes  substan- 
tively (from  its  use  as  a  heading  on  bills  of 
fare)  for  meat  dressed  or  cooked  by  boiling: 
as,  "a  great  piece  of  cold  boiled,"  Dicl'ens, 
Christmas  Carol. 

boiler  (boi'ler),  11.  1.  A  person  who  boils. —  2. 
A  vessel  in  which  anything  is  boUed.  Specifi- 
cally—(a)  A  large  pan  or  vessel  of  iron,  copper,  or  brass, 
used  in  distilleries,  potash-works,  etc.,  for  boiling  large 
quantities  of  liquor  at  once.  (6)  A  large  vessel  of  metal 
in  which  soiled  clot4ies  are  boiled  to  cleanse  them  ;  a 
wash-boiler. 

3.  A  strong  metallic  structure  in  which  steam 
is  generated  for  driving  engines  or  for  other 
piu'poses.  See  steam-hoiler. — 4.  Something,  as 
a  vegetable,  that  is  suitable  for  boiling.  [Rare.] 

boiler-alarm  (boi'ler-a-larm"),  ".  A  device 
for  showing  when  the  water  in  a  steam-boiler 
is  too  low  for  safety. 

boiler-clamp  (boi'ler-klamp),  n.  A  clamp  used 
for  holding  the  plates  and  parts  of  boilers  to- 
gether, so  that  they  can  be  drilled  or  riveted. 

boiler-feeder  (boi'ler-f e"der),  n .  An  apparatus 
for  supphing  water  to  a  steam-boiler. 

boiler-float  (boi'ler-flot),  n.  A  float  connected 
with  the  water-feeding  mechanism  of  a  steam- 
boiler.  It  opens  a  supply-valve  when  the  water  f.alls  to 
a  certain  point,  and  closes  the  valve  when  the  water  h.as 
attained  the  proper  height. 

boiler-iron  (boi'ler-i"em),  «.  Iron  rolled  into 
the  form  of  a  flat  plate,  from  i  to  i  inch  in 
thickness,  xised  for  making  boilers,  tanks,  ves- 
sels, etc.    Also  boiler-jdate. 

boiler-meter  (boi'ler-me'ter),  n.  A  meter  for 
measuring  the  quantity  of  water  used  in  a 
steam-boiler. 

boiler-plate  (boi'ler-plat),  n.  Same  as  boiler- 
iron. 

boiler-protector  (boi'ler-pro-tek"tor),  «.  A 
non-conducting  covering  or  jacket  for  a  steam- 
boiler,  designed  to  prevent  radiation  of  heat. 

boiler-shell  (boi'ler-shel),  H.  The  main  or 
outside  portion  of  a  steam-boiler. 

A  steel  boiler-shell  may  therefore  be  made  of  plates  at 
least  one-third  less  iu  thickness  than  a  similar  shell  of 
wrought  iron.  It.  Wilson,  Steam  Boilei-s,  p.  49. 

boiler-shop  (boi'ler-shop),  n.  A  workshop 
wlicre  boilers  are  made. 

boilery  (boi'ler-i),  ".;  pi.  lioileries  (-iz).  [< 
iioill  -(-  -en/.]  1.  A  place  or  an  apparatus  for 
boiling. —  2.  A  salt-house  or  place  for  evapo- 
rating brine. —  3.  In  law,  water  arising  from  a 
salt-well  belonging  to  one  who  is  not  the  owner 
of  the  soil. 
Also  Jioilary. 

boiling  (boi'ling),/).  a.  1.  At  the  temperature 
at  wliich  any  specified  liquid  passes  into  a 
gaseous  state;  bubbling  ui>  imder  the  action 
of  lieat:  as,  boilinp  water;  boiline/  springs. — 
2.  Figuratively — (a)  Fiercely  agitated;  rag- 
ing: as,  the  bodine/  seas,  (h)  Heated;  inflamed; 
bursting  with  passion:  as,  ^oiV/hi/ indignation. 
—  Boiling  spring,  a  spring  or  fountain  which  gives  out 
water  at  tlic  l.»oiling  point  or  at  a  high  temperature.    The 


bolst 

most  remarkable  boiling  springs  arc  the  geyson!,  which 
throw  up  collmins  of  water  and  steam ;  but  tllere  are 
many  others  in  various  parts  of  the  world,  often  associ- 
ated with  geysers,  characterized  only  by  ebullition  ami 
emission  of  steam.  Some  of  the  latter,  as  in  <*alif<u-nia 
and  New  Zealand,  are  strongly  impregnated  witll  mineral 
matters  and  variously  colored,  wliile  others  are  charged 
w  ith  liquid  mud.     Sec  ff'-t/st:r. 

boilingly  (boi'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  boiling  man- 
ner. 

nie  lakes  of  bitumen 
Itise  boilin'jlij  higher.         Jit/ron,  Manfred,  i.  1. 

boiling-point  (boi'ling-point),  m.  The  tempera- 
ture at  which  a  liquid  is  converted  into  vapor 
with  ebullition ;  more  strictlj-,  the  tempera- 
ture at  which  the  tension  of  the  vapor  is  equal 
to  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  Tliis  point 
varies  for  different  liquids,  and  for  the  same  liquid  at  (lit- 
ferent  pressures,  being  higher  when  the  pressure  is  in- 
creased, and  lower  when  it  is  diminished.  I'nder  the 
normal  atmospheric  pressure  (see  atmosphrre)  water  boils 
at  212*  F.  (100'  C,  80'  R.),  and  it  is  found  tluit  the  boiling- 
point  varies  .88  of  a  degree  F.  for  a  variation  in  the  ba- 
rometer of  half  an  inch.  Hence  water  will  boil  at  a  lower 
temperature  at  the  top  of  a  mountain  than  at  the  bottom, 
owing  to  diminution  in  the  pressure;  a  fact  which  leads 
to  a  method  of  measm-ing  the  height  of  a  mountain  Ity 
observing  the  temperature  at  which  water  boils  at  the 
bottom  of  the  mountain  and  at  tlie  toji.  At  the  top  of 
Slont  Blanc  water  boils  at  185^  F.  I'nder  a  pressiu-e  of 
atiout  y^-  of  an  atmosphere  water  would  boil  at  40°  F., 
while  under  a  pressure  of  10  atmospheres  the  boiling-point 
would  be  raised  to  35G°  F.  A  liquid  may  be  heated  nnich 
above  its  true  boiling-point  without  boiling;  but  the 
superheated  vapor  immediately  expands  until  its  temper- 
ature is  reduced  to  the  boiling-point.  Hence,  iu  deter- 
minations of  the  boiling-point,  the  thermometer  is  never 
immersed  in  the  liquid,  but  in  the  vapor  just  above  it. — 
Kopp's  law  of  boiling-points,  the  proposition  that  in 
eertaiu  honndogous  ,^erii^  , .!  eheniieal  substances  each  ad- 
dition of  CHo  is  accompanied  by  a  rise  iu  the  boiling- 
point  of  about  19°.5  C. 

boin  (boin),  n.    Another  form  of  boyn. 

boine  (boin),  n.  [E.  dial.  Cf.  boin,  boyn.']  A 
swelling.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Essex).] 

This  luan  Vasilowich  wicll  performing  of  the  same  cere- 
monie  causeth  his  forehead  to  be  ful  of  bitincs  and  swell- 
ings, and  sometimes  to  be  black  aiul  blew. 

Hakluyfs  Voyagee,  I.  224. 

boiobi,  «.     See  bojobi. 

bois  (P.  pron.  bwo),  >i.  [F.,  wood,  timber,  a 
wood,  forest,  <  OF.  bois,  hos  =  Pr.  bosc  =  Sp. 
Pg.  bosejuc  =  It.  bosco,  <  ML.  boscus,  buschus,  a 
bush,  wood,  forest:  see  bush'^,  boscage,  etc.] 
Wood :  a  French  word  occurring  in  several 
phrases  occasionally  found  in  English ;  it  also 
occiu's  as  the  tenninal  element  in  hautboy. — 
Bois  d'arc  (F.  pron.  bwo  dark).  IF. :  tKm.  wood  ;  de,  of; 
arc,  bow.  J    See  bodark,  bow-lcood,  and  Madura. 

boisbrille  (P.  pron.  bwo-bro-la'),  n.  [Canadian 
F.,  <  F.  bois,  wood,  +  bnile,  pp.  of  brulcr,  bum, 
scorch.]  Literally,  burnt-wood:  a  name  for- 
merly given  to  a  Canadian  half-breed. 

bois-chene  (F.  pron.  bwo-shan'),  h.  [F.,  oak- 
wood  :  bois,  wood  (see  bois) ;  clicnc,  oak,  <  OF. 
chcsne  (chesnin,  adj.),  qucsnc  (cf.  ML.  casnus), 
oak,  <  LL.  quercinus,  prop,  adj.,  of  the  oak  (cf. 
It.  querela,  the  oak,  <  L.  qucreea,  fem.  adj.),  < 
L.  quereus,  oak.]  Oak-wood:  the  name  of  a 
timber  obtained  from  San  Domingo,  used  in 
ship-building.    HeElrath. 

bois-durci  (P.  pron.  bwo-diir-se'),  h.  [P.:  bois, 
wood  (see  bois) ;  durci,  hardened,  pp.  of  durcir, 

<  L.  durescere,  harden,  <  durus,  hard.]  In  com., 
an  artificial  hard  wood  made  of  a  paste  of 
blood  and  the  sawdust  of  mahogany,  ebony, 
and  other  fine-gi-ained  woods,  molded  into  va- 
rious forms.  When  hardened  it  takes  a  high 
polish. 

boisseau  (P.  pron.  bwo-s6')>  ".;  pi.  boisseaux 
(-soz').  [F.:  see  fti/sAe?!.]  An  old  French  dry 
measm'e,  coiTesponding  in  name  to  the  English 
bushel,  but  much  smaller  in  capacity.  The  Paris 
boisseau  is  now  reckoned  at  12.i  liters  (one  eighth  of  a  hec- 
toliter), or  about  2}  gallons,  which  is  a  sliglit  reduction 
from  its  capacity  before  tlie  introduction  of  the  metric 
system ;  but  in  small  trade  the  name  is  used  for  the  de- 
caliter (one  tenth  of  a  hectoliter).  In  other  parts  of  France 
the  boisseau  in  old  reckoning  was  generally  much  less 
than  that  of  Paris. 

boist^t,  n.     [Earlj-  mod.  E.  also  boost,  Sc.  buist, 

<  WE,,  boist,  boiste,  also  huist,  bust,  bustc.  boustc, 
bost  (=  Bret,  boest),  <  OF.  boiste,  F.  boitc  = 
Pr.  bostia,  <  ML.  bustia,  a  fonn  of  busida,  prop, 
ace,  coiTupted  form  of  pyiida,  ace.  of  buxis, 
jiyxis,  a  box :  see  box''-,  box",  and  fcH.</ir/l.]  A 
box ;  especially,  a  box  for  holding  ointment. 

Every  boist  full  of  thy  letuarie. 

Cliaacfr,  I'rol.  to  Pardimer's  Talc,  1.  21. 

boist-  (boist),  «.  [E.  dial.,  perhans  a  survival 
iu  a  particular  use  of  boi.it^,  or  alkr.  of  boost 
for  6oo*T,  prop,  a  cow-stall :  seefcoo.tcl.]  A  rude 
hut,  such  as  those  erected  along  the  line  of  a 
railway  for  the  temporary  tise  of  laborers: 
called  in  the  United  States  a  shanty.    [Eng.] 


boisterous 

boisteArous  (bois'tc  r-ous),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  liiijistrotis,  houslrou.s,  bow.it)  oits,  boistrous ; 
<  lato  MK.  bdislroH.f,  lougli,  coarse,  a  develop- 
ment, tliroii;;li  the  forms  boisliDii.s,  boi/stioti.i, 
of  tlio  oai'lirr  form  Ixiisloii.K,  wliii'h  it  has  now 
BUi)er.sodod:  SCO  iowfyKA'.]  If.  Koiigh ;  coarse ; 
stout;  stiff. 

Tliu  leathern  outside,  bouttcroxis  as  it  was. 
tijivu  way,  ami  bunt  l)eneath  tier  strii-t  t'nil)i-ace. 

Drydcn,  Si^isniunda  und  (iuiseardo,  I.  16D. 

2t.  Koiigh  aud  massive ;    bulky ;   cumbrous ; 

clumsy. 

Ills  boyatrmts  club,  so  burled  in  the  prownd, 
Ilo  could  not  rearen  up  againe  so  light. 

Speiiser,  V.  i}.,  I.  viii.  10. 

3t.  Rough  in  operation  or  action;  violent; 
vehement.     [Rare.] 

The  heat  becomes  too  powerf  ul  and  brnftterouit  for  them. 
Wiii'dward,  Ess.  towartis  a  Nat.  llist.  of  the  Karth. 

4.  Bough  and  stonnv :  applied  to  the  weather, 
the  waves,  etc. —  5.  "Exijosed  to  the  turbulence 
of  the  elements :  as,  a  buislvrous  headland ;  a 
6()(6'/av)«s passage. — 6t.  Fierce;  savage;  truo- 
uleut ;  full  of  violence :  as,  boisterous  war. 

BoiM'rfms  Clifford,  thou  hast  slain 
The  ilower  of  Europe  for  his  cliivalrv. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1. 

7.  Turbulent ;  rough  and  noisy ;  clamorous : 
applied  to  persons  or  their  actions:  as,  a  bois- 
teroMsman;  fco(s(e)'0«s  merriment;  Sb  boisterous 
game. 

They  love  a  captain  to  obey. 
Boisterous  as  March,  yet  fresh  as  May. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iil.  4. 

In  the  vigour  of  his  physiiiue,  and  an  almost  boisterous 
capacity  for  enjoyment,  he  was  an  l-^nglish  counterpart  of 
the  Scotch  Christopher  Nortli.  Kdinbunjli  Hev. 

boisterously  (bois'ter-us-li),  ddv.  [<  ME.  boi/f:- 
trounly  ;  <  lidislcrous  +  -iij'^.  Cf.  boistnnsbj .']  In 
a  boisterous  manner;  roughly;  with  noisy 
energy  or  activity. 

When  you  come  next  to  woo,  pray  you,  come  not  bolster- 

oust;/. 
And  furnish'd  like  a  bcar-wai'd. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Cliase,  iv.  2. 

Ualloo'd  it  as  boisterouslii  as  the  rest. 

Sterne-,  lYistram  Shandy,  iii.  20. 

boisterousness  (bois'ter-us-nes),  n.  [<  hois- 
tcrotix  +  -«<s.v.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
boisterous;  rough,  noisy  behavior;  turbulence. 

Tl<'havcd  with  (he  boisterousness  of  men  elated  by  recent 
autli'irity.  Johnson,  Life  of  Trior. 

boistoust,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  written  tioiis- 
tous,  Innstcous,  lioi/stcous,  boistioKs,  boi/stiioiis, 
etc.,  Se.  boitstcou.i,  liustcous,  etc. ;  <  ME.  bois- 
tous,  boi/stous,  buystous,  etc. ;  cf.  mod.  E.  dial. 
(Cornwall)  txiustous,  hoostis,  boustis,  biistious, 
fat,  corpulent,  boisf,  corpulence  (perhaps  a 
back-formation,  from  the  adj.);  origin  un- 
known. The  ilE.  agrees  in  form  with  AF. 
hoistous,  OF.  hoistciis,  mod.  P.  boitcux,  lame, 
but  no  connection  of  sense  is  apparent.  The 
W.  bwi/stiis,  wild,  ferocious,  is  perhaps  from  E.] 

1.  Rude;  rough;  churlish;  nistic ;  coarse: 
applied  to  persons.  [The  earliest  recorded 
sense.] 

I  am  a  boystous  man,  right  thus  say  I. 

Chaucer,  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  107. 

2.  Rough;  fierce;  savage. 

Jlyghte  no   blonkes  [horsesj  theme  here,  thos  bustous 

chnrlles, 
Bot  coverde  camellez  of  toures,  enclosyde  in  maylez. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  (ll.i. 

3.  Rough  and  massive  ;  bulky ;  clumsy.  [Still 
in  dial,  use.] — 4.  t'oarse  in  texture;  rough; 
stout;  thick. —  5.  Loud;  violent;  boisterous. 

boistouslyt,  "rfr.  [<  ME.  io;.s'toH,v/y,  etc. ;  <  /")(.s- 
Idiis  +  -///2.]  Roughly;  violently;  boister- 
ously. 

boistousnesst,  "•  [^  ME.  hoifitousucssc,  etc.;  < 
liiiisl(iiis  +  -iiiss.'\  Roughness;  violence;  bois- 
toj'ousnoss. 

bojobi,  boiobi  (boi-o'bi),  «.  [Native  name.] 
Tlie  dog-headed  boa,  or  Xiphosoiiia  caiiinum,  a 
South  American  snake,  family  liiiiiia;  notable 
for  the  beautiful  green  color  of  its  skin,  it  is 
distinguished  liy  having  smootll  scales,  the  marginal  scales 
of  the  mouth  pitted,  anil  regular  shields  on  the  snout. 
Also  called  tirnroinbof/a. 

bokark  (bo'kiirk),  H.  [Amor.  Ind.]  A  basket 
of  bir<'h-bark,  used  by  Lake  Superior  Indians 
to  hold  maple-sugar. 

boke'  (bok),  )'. ;  pret.  and  pjj.  bolccd,  ppr.  bok- 

inij.     [Vs.  dial.,  also  bud-;   in  part  a  var.  of 

jt'okc:  seebuck*  andpokc^.]   I.  trans.  To  thrust; 

ptish;  poke.     [Eng.] 

Il.t  iiitraiis.  To  thrust ;  piish;  butt.    Holland. 

boke''^,  V,    A  dialectal  form  of  bock,  bolk. 


boke''  (bok),  n.  In  miniiKj,  a  small  nin  in  pipes, 
found  connecting  the  ore  running  through  the 
vein.     li.  Hunt. 

boke't,  "•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bnok. 

bokelt,  "•     A  Middle   Kiiglish  form  of  liiirklr-. 

bokelert,  "•     A  Miildle  Knglish  form  of  bmkl<r. 

bolar  (bo'liir),  II.  [<  litilc-  +  -or.]  IVrtaining 
to  or  of  thci  nature  of  bole  :  as,  Inilar  earths. 

bolaryt  (l>6'la-ri),  «.  [< /w/('- -I- -«cv]  Pertain- 
ing to  l>ole  or  clay,  or  partaking  of  its  nature 
and  (qualities. 

Consisting  of  a  bolary  and  clammy  substance. 

Sir  r.  lirowne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  3. 

bolasH,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  bulUiec. 

bolas-  (bii'ljis),  II.  .sinij.  or  /»/.  [Sp.,  pi.  of  bold, 
a  ball,  <  L.  bulla,  a  bubble,  any  round  object : 
see  bull'^,  bill'^i.']  A  weapon  of  war  and  the 
chase,  consisting  of  two  or  three  balls  of  stone 
or  metal  attached  to  the  ends  of  strong  lines, 
which  are  knotted  together,  used  by  the  Gau- 
clios  and  Indians  of  western  and  southern  South 
America.  It  is  used  by  throwing  it  in  such  a  way  that 
the  line  winds  .around  the  object  aimed  at,  as  the  legs  of 
an  animal.  .\  smaller  weapon  of  the  same  sort  is  in  use 
among  the  Et^kinios  for  killing  birds. 

The  bolas,  or  balls,  are  of  two  kinds:  the  simplest, 
which  is  used  ehielly  for  catching  ostriches,  consists  of 
two  roimd  stones,  covered  with  leather,  and  united  by  a 
thin,  plaited  thong,  about  eight  feet  long.  The  other  kind 
dillel-s  only  in  having  three  balls  united  by  thongs  to  a 
connnon  centre.  The  Gaucht>  holds  the  smallest  of  the 
three  iu  his  hand,  and  whirls  the  other  two  around  his 
head :  then,  taking  aim,  sends  them  like  chain  shot  revolv- 
ing .through  the  air.  The  balls  no  sooner  strike  any  ob- 
ject, than,  winding  round  it,  they  cross  each  other  and 
become  firmly  hitched.     Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  iii.  r»0. 

bolbonact,  »•    The  satin-flower,  I.unaria  birnnix. 

bold  (bold),  (I.  [<  ME.  bold,  bald,  <  AS.  hiiiUI, 
bald  =  OS.  bald  =  D.  baud,  bold  (=  MLti.  baUh; 
holdr,  adv.,  quickly,  at  once),  =  OHG.  bald, 
MHG.  bait,  bold  (G.  bald,  adv.,  soon),  =  Icel. 
ballr  =  ODau.  bold  =  Goth,  "balths,  bold  (in 
deriv.  balthaba,  boldly,  balthei=E.  bield,  bold- 
ness, etc.).  Hence  bold,  v.,  bicld,  n.  and  c, 
and  (from  OHG.)  It.  baldo,  OF.  bald,  baud, 
bold,  gay :  see  6«i(i(/l.]  1.  Daring;  eoiu-ageous; 
brave ;  intrepid ;  fearless :  applied  to  men  or 
animals:  as,  bold  as  a  lion. 

He  luas  called  him  forty  Marchmen  bauld. 

Kinniont  Willie,  in  Child's  Kallails,  VI.  61. 
Our  speech  at  best  is  half  alive  and  cold, 
Ami  save  that  tenderer  moments  make  us  Imld, 
Our  whitening  lips  would  close,  their  truest  truth  untohi. 
0.  W.  Holmes,  To  H.  W.  Longfellow. 

2.  Requiring  or  exhibiting  courage;  planned 
or  executed  with  courage  and  spirit:  as,  a  bold 
enterprise. 

The  bold  design 
Pleased  highly  those  infernal  States. 

Hilton,  P.  L.,  ii.  386. 

3t.  Confident;  trusting;  assvired. 

I  am  bold  her  honour 
Will  remain  hers.        .S'/jat.,Cynibeline,  ii.  4. 

4.  Forward ;  impudent ;  audacious :  as,  a  bold 

huzzy. 

Men  can  cover  crimes  with  bold,  stern  looks. 

Shah.,  Lucrece,  1.  12ri2. 

5.  Overstepping  usual  boimds ;  presuming  up- 
on sympathy  or  forbearance  ;  showing  liberty 
or  license,  as  in  style  or  expression:  as,  a  bold 
metaphor. 

Which  no  boUi  tales  of  gods  or  monsters  swell, 

But  human  passions,  such  as  with  us  dwell.     Waller. 

It  is  hartlly  too  bold  to  claim  the  whole  Netherlands  .as 
in  the  widest  sense  Old  England. 

K.  A.  Freeman,  Anier.  Lects.,  p.  31. 

6.  Standing  out  to  view  ;  striking  to  the  eye ; 
markedly  conspicuous ;  prominent :  as,  a  bold 
headland ;  a  bold  handwTiting. 

Catachrcses  and  hyperboles  are  to  be  u.sed  judiciously, 
and  placed  in  poetry,  as  heigbtenings  and  shadows  in 
painting,  to  make  the  figure  bolder,  and  cause  it  to  stand 
olf  to  sight.  Dryden. 

7.  Steep;  abrupt:  as,  a  bold  shore  (one  that 
enters  the  water  almost  perpendicularly). 

Iter  dominions  have  bold  accessible  coasts.  Tlmeetl. 

The  co-ast  [Virginia]  is  a  hold  and  even  coast,  with  regu- 
lar soundings,  and  is  open  all  the  year  round. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  ii.  •!  2. 

8.  Deep,  as  'water,  close  to  the  shore;  navi- 
gable very  near  to  the  land. 

Hie  line  [of  soundings]  was  extended  to  Jacniel,  showing 
bold  water  to  the  cape.  Science,  III.  .TOl. 

To  be  bold  or  so  bold,  to  venture  ;  presume  so  far  (as  to 

do  something). 

Sir.  let  me  be  so  bold  as  to  ask  you, 

Did  you  yet  ever  see  Baptista's  daughter? 

Shak.,  r.  of  theS.,  L  2. 

I  will  be  bold,  since  you  ivill  have  it  so. 
To  ask  a  noble  favour  of  you. 

£cau,  and  t'l.,  King  and  >'o  King,  iv.  1. 


bole 

To  make  bold,  to  take  tin-  liberty  ;  use  the  freedom  :  as, 
1  have  made  bold  to  call  on  yrju.  =  Syn.  1.  Dauntless, 
doughty,  valiant,  manful,  stout-hearted,  intrepid,  auda- 
cious, ailventurous.  -  4.  .Saucy,  impertinent,  assuming,  bra- 

boldt  (b61d),  V.  [<  ME.  boldni,  baldrii,  tr.  and 
intr.,  <  AS.  Iirnldiaii,  inlr.  bo  bold  (=(JHG. 
Imldrn,  MUG.  Inlilrn,  trans,  make  bold,  =  Goth. 
balllijaii,  inlr.  be  bold,  dare),  <  braid,  bold.  Cf. 
bicld,  I'.,  a  parallel  form  (<  AH.  byldan),  and  em- 
bolden.'\  I.  Irun.'i.  To  make  bold;  embolden; 
encourage. 

For  this  business. 
It  toucheth  us,  as  France  invades  our  land. 
Not  Imlds  the  king.  Shak.,  Lear,  v.  1. 

II.  in  trans.  To  become  bold. 

Fur  with  that  on  encresede  my  fere, 
And  with  that  othirgan  myn  herte  bolde. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fi>wls,  1.  144. 

bold-beatingt  (boWbe'ting),  a.  Browbeating: 
as,  ••hold-heating  oaths,"  .Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W., 
ii.  2. 
boldent  (b<31'dn),  r.  t.  [<  bold  +  -t/il.  Cf.  em- 
bolden.] To  make  bold;  give  confidence;  en- 
courage. 

I  am  much  too  ventiu-ous 
In  tempting  of  your  patience  ;  but  am  bolden'd 
Coder  your  promis'd  p.ardon.    Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  2. 

bold-face  (bold'fas),  «.  1.  One  who  has  a 
bold  face  ;  an  impudent  person. 

A  sauce-box,  and  a  bold-face,  and  a  pert. 

Richardson,  Pamela,  xix. 

2.  In  printing,  same  as  full-face. 
bold-faced  (bold'fast),  a.    Ha'ving  a  bold  face ; 

imijudent. 

'I'he  buld-j'accd  atheists  of  this  age, 

BjK  Bramhall.  .\gainst  Hobbes. 

boldheadt,  "•     [ME.  boldhedc;  <  bold  +  head.] 
Boldness;  courage. 
Ifallen  is  al  his  boldhede.     Oicl  and  Nightingale,  1,  514. 

boldine  (bol'din),  H.  [<.boldo  +  -ine-.]  An  alka- 
loid extracted  from  the  leaves  of  I'euinus  liol- 
dit.f.     See  boldo. 

boldly  (bold'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  boldly,  boldliche, 
etc.,  <  AS.  bealdliee,  baldliee  {=0H.  baldlico  = 
OHG.  baldlicho),  <  beald,  bold.]  In  a  bold  man- 
ner, (a)  C,>urageously  ;  intrepidly  ;  fearlessly  ;  bravely. 
(b)  With  confident  assurance  ;  without  hesitation  or  doubt, 
(e)  Vigorously  ;  strongly ;  strikingly,  (d)  Impudently ; 
insolently ;  with  etfrontery  or  shamelessness.  (e)  .Steeply ; 
.■iltrujitly  ;  conspicuously. 

boldness  (bold'nes),  n.    [<  bold  +  -iiess.    For 

the  earlier  noun,  see  bield.]     The  quality  of 

being  bold,  in  any  of  the  senses  of  the  word. 

Great  is  my  boldness  of  speech  toward  you.   2  Cor.  vii.  4. 

Boldness  is  the  power  to  speak,  or  do  what  we  intend, 

before  others,  without  fear  or  disorder. 

Locke,  Human  t'nilei"standing. 

The  boldness  of  the  figures  is  to  be  hidden  sometimes  by 
the  address  of  the  poet,  that  they  may  work  their  effect 
upon  the  mind.  Dryden. 

I  cannot,  with  Johnson,  interpret  this  word  by  fortitude 
or  magnaninnty.  Boldness  does  not,  I  think,  imply  the 
flnnness  of  luind  wiiich  constitutes  fortitude,  nor  the  ele- 
vation and  generosity  of  nuignanimity.  -V.  Webster. 

boldo  (bol'di)),  H.  [Chilian.]  An  aromatic  ever- 
gi'een  shrub  of  Chili,  I'euniiis  Boldns  (Boldoa 
fragrans),  of  the  natural  order  ilonimiacete. 
The'fruit  of  the  plant  is  sweet  and  edible,  and  the  bark  is 
used  for  tanning.  Tlie  leaves  and  bark  are  also  used  in 
medit  inc.     See  boldine. 

bold-spirited  (bold'spir'i-ted),  (/.     Having  a 

bold  spirit  or  courage. 
bole^  (bol),  K.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boal,  boll; 
<  ME.  hole,  <  Icel.  boh;  bulr,  tnink  of  a  tree, 
=  OSw.  bol,  bul.  Sw.  b^l,  a  trunk,  body.  =  Dan. 
but,  trunk,  stump,  log,  =M1IG.  holi;  (.i.bohle,  a 
thick  plank;  prob.  akin,  through  the  notion  of 
roundness,  to  holli,  bonl^,  hall^,  etc.  Bole  is 
the  first  element  of  bulwark  and  of  its  perver- 
sion boulevard,  q.  v.]  1.  The  body  or  stem  of 
a  tree. 

Huge  lives,  a  thousand  rings  of  Spring 
In  every  bole.  Tennyson,  I'rincess,  v. 

The  nerves  of  hearing  clasp  the  roots  of  the  brain  .as  a 
creeping  vine  clings  to  the  l/ote  of  an  elm. 

U.  »:  Holme.i,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  271. 

2.  Anjrthing  of  cylindrical  shape ;  a  roll;  a  pil- 
lar: as,  6o/(*' of  stone.     [Rare.] 

Make  it  up  into  little  long  boles  or  roules. 

True  Gentleu-<iman's  Delight  (1676). 

3.  A  small  boat  suited  for  a  rough  sea.  Imp. 
Diet.     [Eng.] 

bole-  (bol).  n.  [<  ME.  bol  (in  bol  armoiiiak, 
Armenian  bole),  <  OF.  bol,  F.  6o/  =  Pr.  Sp.  bol 
=  I'g.  It.  holo,  <  L.  bolus,  clay,  a  lumii.  choice 
bit,  nice  morsel,  <  Gr.  (Ju/oi;,  a  clod  or  lump  of 
earth.]  1.  A  general  term  including  certain 
compact,  amorphous,  soft,  more  or  less  brittle, 
unctuous  clays,  having  a  conchoidal  fracture 
and  greasy  liistor,  aud  varying  in  color  from 


bole 

yellow,  red,  or  brown  to  nearly  Waek.  ihcy 
iiiv  liyili'iiiis  silifatfs  of  ulinniiiiuin,  with  luoru  or  kss 
iron,  to  wliicli  tliey  owe  tlii'ir  coli>r,  anil  nn:  natd  as  pig- 
ments, Tlic  red  It'ttera  in  old  iniuniscripts  were  paintod 
witli  liole.  Aniifiiiaii  tiolf  ia  a  native  clay,  or  silicate  of 
aluHiininni,  cont^iininK  considerahle  oxid  of  iron,  formerly 
Inou^dit  from  Aliueuia,  but  more  recently  oldained  iii 
varions  parts  of  Emope.  It  is  palered,  soft  and  unc- 
tnons  to  the  toncli,  ami  has  been  used  as  an  astringent 
and  alisorbent,  and  also  jis  a  i>iginent.  Bole  uf  Hloi^  is 
yellow,  ligliter  than  the  other  kinds,  and  ellcrvesces  >vith 

acids.    Co/u'MiVin  We  is  of  a  yellow  color  with  a  cast  of  boliviano    (bo-liv-i-it'iio),    «.     [Bolivian    Si).l 
rcil.  and  of  a  Ihiky  texture.      French  bole  is  of  a  pale-red     T||..   ,,uinptarv  unit   nf   TlnHtr;^  •    +),„   Tj^i, •„;.„',, 
color,  variegated  with  specks  of  white  and  yellow.    Lem-     ,,         """'et-ip    "^it   ot   Bolivia  j^  the   Bolivian 
« in  H  fcufcis  of  a  pale-red  color.     SiVcmVih  6i)fc  is  of  a  pale-     <\onaT,   eciiial    to  »i.  J  cents, 
yellow  color.    These  eartlis  were  formerly  employed  as     States  Tariif. 

?f'i'i'!l?!:".''..?''^'"i^'''"r  '11"'  .V""'^  medicines,^and  they  are  bolk  (bok),  v.      [=  E.  dial,  bokc,  bock,  Sc.  book, 
° ' '""  ''""* '  " "' ''         " ""     bokr,  bock,  bonk,  hoick,  early  mod.  E.  bolk,  bolck. 


614 

Bolivian  (bo-liv'i-an),  a.  and  n. 
ealleil  from  (ieneral   lioliror.']     T.  a.   Pertain 
iug  or  relating  to  iJiilivin,  or  to  the  iienjili'  id' 
Bolivia,  a  rejiublie  of  Smith  Ameriea,  between 
Brazil,  Peru,  Chili,  ami  the  Argentine  Kejmb- 
lie,  now  entirely  inland,  having  lost  its  only  jiort 
(on  the  Paeitic)  by  war  with  Chili  (lS7U-8:5).— 
Bolivian  bark,    see  hark'-:. 
II.  ".  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bolivia. 


still  in  repute  in  the  East ;  they  are  also  used  occasionally 

as  veterinary  medicines  in  Europe. 

2t.  A  bolus ;  a  dose.     Coleridge.     [Rare.] 

bole-^,  ".     Another  spelling  of  boU'^. 

bole*  (bol),  «.  [jUso  spelled  haul;  of  uncertain 
origin.]  1.  A  small  square  recess  or  cavity  in 
a  wall ;  also,  a  window  or  opening  in  the  wall 
of  a  house,  usually  with  a  wooden  shutter  in- 
stead of  glass.    Scott.__   [Scotch.] — 2.  A  name 


bidkc,  <  ME.  iKilkcn,  a  var.  of  earlier  bnlkcn,  E. 
iaM-2 :  see  balk",  bclk,  belch,  and  the  forms  there 
cited,  all  appar.  imitative  variations  of  one  ori- 
ginal tjije.]  I.  iiitraiis.  1.  To  belch.— 2.  To 
vomit;  retch.— 3.  To  heave. — 4.  To  gush  out. 
II.  tniiis.  To  belch  out ;  give  vent  to ;  ejacu- 
late.    [Obsolete  or  provincial  in  all  uses.] 


given  in  the  north  of  England  to  a  place  where  ^°}^^  ('^^^^'  "■     [Early  mod.  E.  also   bol,  bole. 


E 


-^:^ 


v."; 


Bolection-molding. 


lead  was  anciently  smelted.  These  boles,  which  are 
identified  by  the  piles  of  slag  left  by  the  ancient  smeltei-s, 
are  supposed  to  have  been  built  by  simply  placing  stones 
around  a  central  fire,  and  in  situations  where  there  would 
be  likely  to  be  a  good  draft,  siuce  no  artificial  blast  was 
used.     Also  called  bayle  hills. 

Close  to  the  spot  .  .  .  there  was  a  bole,  by  which  is 
meant  a  place  where  in  ancient  times  .  .  .  miners  used 
to  smelt  their  lead  ores.  Archtcoloyia,  vii.  170  (17S5). 

bolection  (bo-lek'shon),  71.  [Also  written  balec- 
tioii,  belection,  bilcction,  bolcxion,  btikxion  (in  p. 
a.);  a  Latin-seeming  form,  appar.  acoiTuption 
of  some  undiscovered  origi- 
nal.] In  joiiurij,  a  kind  of 
molding  which  projects  be- 
yond the  surface  of  the  work 
which  it  decorates,  it  is  used 
chietiy  for  surroundiiii.'  panels  in 
doors,  and  in  like  positions.  The  word  is  u'eiuially  used 
attributively  or  incomposition,  as  botectiuii-iiioldiiui. 
bolectioned  (bo-lek'shond),  a.    Having  bolec- 

tion-moldings. 
bolero  (bo-la'ro),  II.    [Sp.]    1.  A  Spanish  dance 
in  I  time,  accompanied  by  the  voice  and  casta- 
nets, intended  to  represent  the  com-se  of  love 
from  extreme  shyness  to  extreme  passion. 
Fandango's  wriggle  or  bolero's  bound, 

liiiroii,  The  Waltz. 
2.  A  musical  composition  for  such  a  dance, 
boletic  (bo-let'ik),  fl.     [<  Boletus  +  -ic]     Per- 
taining to  or  obtained  from  the  genus  Boletus. 
Boletus        (bo- 
le'tus),  II.    [L., 
a  kind  of  mush- 
room,    <     Gr. 
fiiMrriz,  a  kind 
of  mushroom,  < 
fiuAo^j   a    lump 
of      earth,      a 

clod:  see  bole~.~\         ^o:etus.  entire  and  cut  longitudinally. 

An  extensive  genus  of  hymenomycetous  fungi, 
generally  found  growing  on  the  gi-ound  in  woods 
and  meadows,  especially  in  pine  woods.  lu  Bole- 
tus the  pores  aie  easily  separable  from  the  cap  and  from 
each  other,  while  in  the  related  genus  Pubiporus  they  are 
adherent  to  the  cap,  ami  are  bound  to  each  other  by  .tu 
interstitial  tissue,  the  trama.    A  tew  species  ai-e  edible 

bolevt  (bo'li),  H.     See  booly. 

bolide  (bo'lid  or  -Hd),  n.  [<  L.  holis  (bolid-), 
a  fiery  meteor,  <  Gr.  ftollg  (i^o/ud-),  a  missUe, 
dart,  <  iid>.h:iv,  throw.]     A  brilliant  meteor. 

bolmt,  ».     Aa  obsolete  spelling  of  bowline. 
Slack  the  bolim  there.  Shak.,  Pericles,  iii,  1, 

Bolina  (bo-U'na),  n. 


also  bowl  (which  is  now  the  prevalent  spelling 
in  the  first  sense) ;  <  AS.  bolki,  a  bowl,  a  round 
vessel  (also  in  comp.,  liedfodbolln,  head-boll, 
skull,  throtlioUa,  throat-boll),  =  MD.  bvllc,  D. 
bol,  m.,  =OHG.  poUCi,  MHG.  bolle,  f.,  a  round 
vessel,  bud,  =  Icel.   holli,  m.,  =  Dan.   bolle,  a 


bowl,   <   Teut.  •/  '/;«/,  swell,'  in  causal  fo'i-in  ^°''^\  Q^,2^"]' 


bolster 

[<  Bolivia,  so  boiling  (bo'ling),  n.  [Ajipar.  from  i^m/tl,  but 
the  form  suggests  a  confusion  with  /10//I.  See 
jioin  :tnii  jiiilliird.']  A  tree  the  topsand  branches 
of  which  arc  cut  off;  a  pollard.     [Kare.] 

bollito  (bo-le'to),  n.  [It.,  <  bollilo,  Ijoiled,  done, 
fermented,  jip.  of  bollire.  <  L.  bullire,  boil :  see 
boil-.']  A  name  given  in  Italian  glass-works  to 
an  artificial  crystal  of  a  sea-green  color. 

bollman  (bo'man),  n.     [<  Icel.  Iml,  an  abode,  -f 

E.  iiKiii.^     In  the  Orkney  and  Shetlauil  islands, 

.  a  cottager.     X  E.  D. 

Morgan,  United  bollock-block  (bol'ok-blok),  n.     Xaut.,  one  of 

two  blocks  formerly  fastened  on  either  side  of 

a  topmast-head  to  reeve  a  topsail-tie. 

boll-rot  (bol'rot),  n.  A  disease  to  which  the 
boll  of  the  cotton-plant  is  liable,  manifesting 
itself  at  first  by  a  slight  discoloration  resem- 
bling a  spot  of  grease,  and  culminating  in  the 
rupture  of  the  boU  and  the  discharge  of  a  pu- 
trid mass.  It  has  been  attributed  to  various 
causes. 

boll-worm  (bol'wenn),  n.  The  larva  or  cater- 
pillar of  a  lepidopterous  insect  of  the  family 
Xoctuidte,  Hcliothis  armigcra,  very  destructive 
in  some  seasons  to  the  cotton-crop  on  account 
of  its  attacks  on  the  bolls,  it  also  molests  other 
plants,  and  is  known,  under  varying  circumstances,  as  the 
bud-worm,  corn-uvrin,  ear-worm,  tassel-worm,  and  tomato- 
Jruit  worm.     See  cut  under  Ueliothis. 


[<  ME.  bolnen  (also  bollen  ; 


Goth,  ufbdiiljan,  pufiE  up,  cf .  OHG.  bolon,  MHG. 
boln,  roll ;  not  directly,  but  perhaps  remotely, 
connected  -vs-ith  boll^,  boln,  swell :  see  boll^, 
bohu']  It.  A  round  vessel  for  containing  li- 
quids; a  bowl.  See  bowl^,  of  wldch  bull^  is  the 
earlier  spelling. 

His  boUc  of  a  galun.  Kiilfi  Horn,  1,  1123, 

2t.  A  vesicle  or  bubble. — 3.  A  roimded  pod  or 
capsule  of  a  plant,  as  of  flax  or  cotton.  See 
cut  under  cotton-plant. — 4.  A  round  knob.  _ 

bolli  (bol),  r.  ).    [<  boin  ».]   To  form  into  or  Bologna  phosphorus,'^  saiisage,  stone,  vial. 


see  bollS),  <  Icel.  bolgna  (=  Sw.  bulna  =  Dan. 
bolnc),  swell,  be  swollen,  <  bolginn,  prop.  *bol- 
ginn,  =  AS.  bolgen  (angi-y),  pp.  of  belgnn,  swell 
(be  angry),  a  strong  verb  represented  in  Scand. 
by  weak  forms,  and  the  prob.  ult.  source  of  bel- 
ly, bellows,  bag,  etc. ;  ef.  bellS  and  bollen.]  To 
swell. 

But  after  that  his  hodye  began  to  bolne  with  stripes, 
and  that  he  could  not  abyde  the  scourges,  which  pearced 
to  the  bare  bones.      J.  Bremle,  tr,  of  Quintus  Curtius,  vi. 

bolnt  (boln),  /),  a.     See  bollen. 


produce  bolls  or  romided  seed-vessels, 

The  barley  was  in  the  ear,  and  the  flax  was  boiled. 

Ex.  LX.  31. 

boU2  (bol),  n.  [Sc.  also  bow;  earlier  bole,  boule, 
<  ME.  (Sc.)  bolle,  appar.  <  Icel.  bolli,  a  bowl, 
also  used  for  a  measure;  same  word  as  E. 
boin  and  iow/l.]  An  old  Scotch  dry  measure, 
also  used  in  Dm-ham,  Northumberland,  West- 
moreland, and  the  Isle  of  Man.  i„  Scotland  it 
was  by  statute  5.9C26  Winchester  bushels.  The  usual 
boll  for  grain  v.aried  in  dilferent  shires  from  6  to  C4  Win- 
chester bushels,  or  even  more,  the  standard  sent  from 
Linlithgow  being  purposely  made  too  L-u-ge.  See  firlot. 
The  wheat-boll,  also  used  for  peas  and  beans,  was'  gen- 
erally 4  to  4J  Winchester  bushels.  The  boll  for  potatoes 
w.as  8J  to  9  Winchester  bushels.  But  there  was  much  va- 
riation, with  the  substance  measured,  the  locality  and 
even  the  time  of  the  year.  Thus,  in  Ktntyre  the  boll  of 
grain  was  9  Winchester  bushels  and  1  quart  before  Patrick- 
mits,  but  16  Scotch  pecks  alter  that  date.  The  statute 
boll  contained  4  tirlots,  A  boll  of  meal  is  now  reckoned 
140  pounds  avoirdupois,— Boll  of  canvas,  35  yards  — 
BoU  of  land,  about  a  Scotch  acre, 

bolFt,  V.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  JiIE.  bolJen,  appar. 
an  assimilated  form  of  the  equiv.  bolnen,  mod. 
E.  boln:  see  boln.']  1.  Same  as  boln.— 2.  To 
increase. 

BoUandist  (bol'an-dist),  «.  [From  Bolland 
(159G-16G5),  who  first  undertook  the  systematic 
arrangement  and  publication  of  material,  al- 
ready collected  by  his  fellow-Jesuit  Rosweyd, 


See  the  nouns. 

Bolognese  (bo-lo-nyes'  or  -nyez'),  a.  [<  It.  Bo- 
lognesc(h.  Boiwniensis),  <  Bologna,  "L.  Bononia, 
orig.  an  Etruscan  town  called  Fetsina.l  Per- 
taining to  Bologna,  a  city  of  northern  central 
Italy,  famous  during  the  middle  ages  for  its 
university,  or  to  a  school  of  painting  founded 
there  by  Lodovico  Carracci  (1555-1619),  and 
also  called  the  Eclectic  School,  fi-om  its  de- 
clared intent  (in  the  fulfilment  of  which  it  fell 
very  far  short)  to  combine  the  excellences  of 
all  other  schools. 

Bolognian  (bo-16'nyan),  a.  [<  It.  Bologna.] 
Same  as  Bolognese. -^logtaaji.  phosphorus.  See 
j)/«.,«j)A, »•«,*.- Bolognian  stone.    S,ee  stone. 

bolometer  (bo-lom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  iiof.lj,  a 
throw,  a  glance,  a  ray  (<  ;W/-7.etv.  throw),  -1-  /je- 
Tftov,  a  measure.]  An  instrument  derised  by 
Professor  S.  P.  Langley  of  the  United  States 
for  measuring  very  small  amounts  of  radiant 
heat.  Its  action  is  based  upon  the  variation  of  electrical 
resistance  produced  by  changes  of  temperature  in  a  metal- 
lic conductor,  as  a  minute  strip  of  platiunni,  ITiis  strip 
forms  one  axm  of  an  electric  balance,  and  the  change  in 
the  strength  of  the  electric  current  passing  through  it  be- 
cause of  this  change  of  resistance  is  registered  by  a  deli- 
cate galvanometer.  It  indicates  accurately  changes  of 
temperature  of  much  less  than  .0001*  F.  It  has  been  used 
in  the  study  of  the  distribution  of  heat-energy  in  the  sol.-ir, 
lunar,  and  other  spectra.  Also  called  thermic  btilanct  aud 
nelinie  holance 


^^^^^e:''^lS'^.^J:T^'!li  lKii;jetr^c"(bo-16-met'rik),  a.  .  Of  or  indicated 

by  the  bolometer:  as,  ?iO?o)Hf fnc  measiu'es. 

„   „  ,,    "■       [Origin   un- 

known.]     A  kind  of  snnff  made  of  Various 
grades  of  leaves  and  sta.lks  of  tobacco,  gi'ound 


Jesuit  writers  who  published,  under  the  title 

"ActaSanctoi-um,"  the  well-known  collection  bo'lonearo  fb6-lon(r  ■'<,;; 'rnV 
of  the  traditions  of  the  saints  of  the  Roman  *',°^°°Saro  (Oo  _Iong-ga   lo). 

Catholic  Church.     See  acta. 


J0lma(b6-li'na),«.     [NL.]     Agennsof  cteno-  v„ti"rrn\nl^vil^   ,,      ,  P    ^^        ..,1^        .,      grades  of  leaves  and  . 
phorans,  typical  of  the  family  Bo?m«to.  "/tP'^'f/TT  ^™^' "•     iPerhaps  <  6ofcl -f -arrf.     to  powder  and  sifted. 

._,/;i..i,.  is  one  Of  the  most  transparent  Of  thecomb.bear-     ^JS^'::i^J;.^f:^^t^^l^l^tZ:^'^^^^^^'^^)'>}-.. 


„,,_,; ransparent  of  the  comb-bear 

ing  midiisffi.  The  body  is  very  gelatinous  and  highly 
phosphorescent.  The  sides  of  the  body  are  developed 
mto  two  larger  lappets  or  lobes,  which  are  carried  or  ban- 
vertically  instead  of  horizontally.  On  account  of  the  con° 
tractile  powers  of  the  body  walls,  Bolina  can  vary  its  out- 
lines very  considerably ;  as  a  rule,  however,  when  the 
body  13  seen  from  the  side,  it  has  an  oval  or  elongated 
'"""■  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  no. 

Bolinidas  (bo-lin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bolina  + 
-'d"-i    A  family  of  lobate  ctenophorans. 

bollta  (bo-le'tii),  n.  [Dim.  of  Sp.  bola,  a  ball.] 
A  three-banded  armadillo,  family  Das-ijpodida; 
and  genus  Tohipeutes,  which  can  "roll  itself  up 
into  a  ball.  It  is  also  called  ball  armadillo, 
matico,  and  apar.     See  cut  under  ajiar. 

bolivar  (bol'i-vSr),  n.  [Named  after  General 
Ilolirar.']  A  gold,  and  also  a  silver,  coin  of 
Venezuela,  worth  about  19  cents. 

The  receipts  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  proximo 
cannot  exceed  .'iO.OOO.Ooo  bolivars. 

U.  S.  Com.  Itep.,  No.  Ix.  (1888),  p.  162. 


tically  alongside  of  a  dock,  on  which  to  fasten 
hawsers  for  securing   or  hauling   ships. — 2 
Same  as  hillct-hcad,  1  {a). 

bollard-timber  (bol'ard-tim"ber),  n.  In  ship- 
building, a  knighthead;  one  of  two  timbers  or 
stanchions  rising  just  within  the  stem,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  bowsprit,  to  secure  its  end. 

bolleif,  boUe'-t,  etc.  Obsolete  form  of  boin, 
bom,  etc. 

bollent,  ;'.  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boln,  bowlne, 
Sc.  bolden,  bowdcn ;  <  ME.  bollen,  bollitn,  bolle, 
pp.  of  belkn,  swell  (cf.  swollen,  swoln,  pp.  of 
sivcll):  see  bellS,  and  cf.  boln.]  Swollen;  in- 
flated. 

His  mantle  of  sea-green  or  water-colour,  thin,  and  bohie 
out  like  a  sail. 

B.  Ji/nson,  King  James's  Coronation  Entertainment, 

boUert,  n.     Same  as  bowler'^. 
bolletrie,  n.     See  bully  tree. 
bollimony,  n.     See  bullimong. 


[Early  mod.  E.  also  boul- 
ster,  Sc.  bowster:  <  ME.  bolstre.  <  AS.  bol.tter  = 
D.  bolster  =  OHG.  bolstar,  MHG.  bolster,  G.  pol- 
ster  =  Icel.  bolstr  =  Sw.  bolster,  bed,  =  Dan. 
bolster,  bed-ticking ;  with  sulfix  -ster,  <  Teut. 
■/  *bnl,  swell  (in  Goth,  iifbauljan.  puff  4ip), 
whence  also  bolli-,  etc.]  1.  Something  on 
which  to  rest  the  head  while  reclining;  specifi- 
cally, a  long  cylindrical  cushion  stuffed  with 
feathers,  hair,  straw,  or  other  materials,  and 
generally  laid  under  the  pillows. 

Perhaps  some  cold  bank  is  her  bolster  now. 

Milton,  Conius,  1.  353. 

2.  Something  resembling  a  bolster  in  form  or 
use.  Specifically- (a)  Any  kind  of  paibling  about  a 
dress,  such  as  the  cylindrical  rolls  or  cushions,  called 
bearers,  formerly  worn  by  women  to  support  and  pulf  out 
their  skirts  at  the  hips. 

A  gown  of  green  cloth  made  with  bolsters  stuflJed  with 
^*""1-  Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  "th  ser..  Ill,  313. 

(b)  A  pad  or  quilt  used,to  prevent  pressure,  support  any 
part  of  the  body,  or  make  a  bandage  sit  easy  upon  a  wound- 


bolster 

ed  part ;  a  compress,  (r)  A  cushioned  or  padded  part  of  a 
giuldle.  ('0  Naiit,,  id.,  pifcus  of  soft  wood  <:<)ViTod  with 
tanTilciinviw,  placed  iindi-rthc  eyes  nf  the  ni;i;iiiK  t<i  pre- 
vent eliaHiij;  from  tin-  sliarp  ctine  o(  llu:  trestK-lri-i's.  (<-) 
A  part  of  a.  bridj^e  intcrveniny  between  the  truss  iiiid  tin; 
masonry.  (/)  Incutlrrt/,  the  partnf  such  histrumentsanil 
tools  as  knives,  chisels,  etc.,  which  adjoins  the  end  of  the 
hunille  ;  also,  a  nietallic  plate  nn  tlu-md  of  a  pocket-kidfc 
liamile.  (//)  In//f/'/..  a  liloitk  of  wnoil  on  the  carriage  of 
a  sie^'e-;,'un,  np'Ui  whicli  the  breech  of  the?  ;,'uii  rests  when 
it  is  moved.  (A)  Inarch.,  same  unhaluxlcr,  •!.  (i)  In  music. 
the  raised  ridge  which  ludds  the  tunintr-piiis  i>f  a  jiiaii'). 
(J)  A  cap-piece  or  short  timber  phiceil  at  the  t<tp  of  a  post 
as  11  bearing'  for  a  string-piece,  (fc)  A  perforated  wuniirii 
block  upon  which  shcct-metal  is  jilacerl  to  be  piinehcil. 
(/)  A  sleeve-bearing  through  which  a  apimllc  passes,    {in) 

In  xtiiut'-snH'iwr, 
one  of  the  loose 
wooden  hhwks 
against  wldch  the 
ends  of  the  pole  of 
the  saw  rest,  (ii) 
A  bar  placed  trans- 
versely over  the 
axle  of  a  wagon  or 
in  the  ndddle  of  a 
car-truck    to   sup- 


615 


if  ,        J  .    v!^;;s«^4i^yi^ 


WaKoii-lKilstcr. 
«,  axle-bur;  ^.bolster. 


port  the  body,  (o)  One  of  the  transverse  pieces  of  an  atch- 
centering,  extending  between  the  ribs  and  sustainint^  tlie 
voussidra  during  eoiistruetiun.- Bob  at  the  bolster. 
Same  as  ciishion-^iu ncc. -CompOVkUd  bolster,  in  '•'('*- 
hiiihlliiij,  a  bolster  ftirmed  of  timbers  stiffened  by  vertical 

bolster  (bol'ster),  v.  t.     [<  bolster^  >t.]      1.  To 
support  with  a  bolster. 

Suppose  I  Imlstcr  him  up  in  bed. 
And  fix  the  crown  again  on  his  brow? 

Ji.  II.  Stoihlard,  The  Kiiif^isCoId. 

2.  To  prop;  support;  tiplioUl;  maintain:  gen- 
erally implying  sui)p<)rt  of  a  weak,  falling,  or 
unworthy  cause  or  olijt'et,  or  support  based  on 
insuflieient  grounds:  now  usually  with  up:  as, 
to  bolster  up  his  pretensions  with  lies. 

0  Lord,  what  bearing,  what  hoUteriwj  of  naughty  mat- 
lei's  is  this  in  a  Christian  realm  ! 

Latimer,  r>th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1540. 

Persuasions  used  to  further  tlie  truth,  not  to  holster 
error.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  iii.  §  4. 

Still  farther  to  appropriate  and  confirm  the  exciting 
narrative  o(  this  forgery,  he  had  artfully  (mistered  it  up 
by  an  accompanying  anecdote. 

/.  irisraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  41G. 

3.  To  furnish  with  a  bolster  in  dress;  pad; 
stuff  out  with  padding. 

Three  pair  of  stays  bolstered  below  the  left  shoulder. 

Taller,  No.  *24r). 


1,  Poilblc-llt-MJcil  bolt.       3,  i-.yt-iKjii.       J,  .-cwin  iiuii.       ii,   ii«:au  i 

shank  ;  c,  washer  :  </,  nut ;  e.  f,  pieces  secured  by  the  nut  to  the  object 
/;  j^,  collar ;  i,  barbed  shank  surrounded  by  lead,  k. 


glass. —  5.  A  metallip  pin  or  roil,  used  to 
hold  objects  togctluT.  It  generally  has  screw- 
threads  cut  at  one  end.  and 
sometimes  at  hoth,  to  reeeivo 
a  nut. — 6.  A  movable  bar 
for  fastening  a  door,   gate, 


bolsterer  (bol'stfer-fer),  «.  One  who  bolsters; 
a  su]i|iorter. 

bolstering  (bol'ster-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  hol- 
stir,  i-.]     A  prop  or  support ;  padding. 

bolster-plate  (bol'ster-plat),  »/.  An  iron  plate 
placed  oil  the  under  side  of  the  bolster  of  a 
wagon,  to  serve  as  a  wearing  sm-faee. 

bolster-spring  (bol'ster-spring),  n.  A  spring 
placed  on  the  beam  of  a  ear-truck,  to  support 
the  bolster  and  the  body  of  the  ear. 

bolster-work  (bol'ster-werk),  «.  Architee- 
tui-al  features,  or  courses  of  masonry,  which 
are  curved  or  bowed  outward  like  the  sides  of 
a  cushion. 

boltl  (bolt),  n.  [<  ME.  holt  (in  most  of  the 
mod.  senses),  <  AS.  holt  (only  in  the  first  sense  : 
twice  in  glosses,  "  cdtdpulhis,  speru,  hotfKs," 
to  which  IS  due,  perhaps,  the  erroneous  sug- 
gestion that  AS.  Iiolt  is  a  reduced  form  of  L. 
aitaiHiJIii,  catapidt)  =  MD.  holt,  an  arrow,  later 
hunt,  D.  hoiit,  a  pin,  =  MLG.  hoUc,  boltoi,  LG. 
holte,  an  arrow,  pin,  round  stick,  fetter,  rpll  of 
linen,  =  OHG.  MHG.  I'oh,  G.  hoi;:,  hol::c)i,  an  ar- 
row, a  ]uu,  =  Icel.  hoiti,  a  pin,  a  roll  of  linen 
(Haldorsen),  =  Dan.  holt,  a  pin,  band  (the 
Scaud.  forms  prob.  from  E.  or  LG.) ;  appar.  an 
orig.  Teut.  word  with  the  primary  meaning  of 
'  an-ow  '  or  '  missile.']  1.  An  arrow ;  especially. 
in  archcrii,  the  arrow  of  a  crossbow,  which  was 
short  and  thick  as  compared  with  a  shaft. 
A  fools  bolt  is  soon  shot.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  7. 

The  ilifldel  has  sllot  his  luilts  :nvay, 

Tilt  liis  I'xliaiistcil  ciuivtr  \  iililinji  none, 

He  Kleans  the  blunt.il  shails  tliat  have  recoil'd. 

Anil  aims  them  at  the  shiehl  of  trnth  afjain. 

Co»7X'r,  Taslv,  vi.  873. 

2.  A  thmiderbolt ;  a  stream  of  lightning:  so 
named  from  its  apparently  darting  like  a  bolt. 

The  hulls  that  spare  the  mountain  side 
Ilis  eloml-eapt  eniincnee  diviiie, 
Anil  spread  tlie  niiii  lonnd. 

Cuu-per,  tr.  of  Horace,  Odes,  il.  10. 

Harnilcas  as  sninmer  li;;htninj;  ida.vs 

From  a  low,  hidilen  cloud  hy  iiiBht, 

A  liuht  to  set  the  hills  alihizc. 

But  not  a  Ml  to  smite.     Whitlier,  Kcnoza  Lake. 


«r.  carri,-ige-boIt ;  *.  tire- 

bou;  c.  wauon . skein  window-sash.  Or  the  like; 
specifically,  that  portion  of 
a  lock  which  is  protruded  from  or  drawn  back 
within  the  case  by  the  action  of  the  key,  and 
makes  a  fastening  by  being  .shot  into  a  socket 
or  keeper. —  7.  An  iron  to  fasten  the  legs  of  a 
prisoner;  a  shackle. 

Away  with  liim  to  prison,  lay  holts  enough  upon  him. 

Shak.,  II.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

8.  In  firearms :  (n)  In  a  needle-gun,  the  slid- 
ing piece  that  thrusts  the  cartridge  forward 
into  the  chamber  and  carries  the  firing-pin.  it 
has  a  motion  of  rotation  ahovlt  its  loii^:i'r  a.\is  for  tlie 
jiurpose  of  liiekin^  the  hreeeh-ineclianisin  hefore  (IrinK- 
{h)  In  a  snap-gun,  the  part  that  holds  the  barrel 
to  the  breech-mechanism. —  9.  A  roll  or  defi- 
nite length  of  silk,  canvas,  tape,  or  other  te.v- 
tile  fabric,  and  also  of  wall-paper,  as  it  comes 
from  the  maker  ready  for  sale  or  tise. 

Face.         Where  he  the  French  petticoats, 

And  girdles  and  hangers  ? 
Siib.  Here,  in  the  trunk. 

And  the  bolls  of  lawn.       B.  Joiuton,  Alchemist,  V.  2. 


bolt 

boltl  (bolt),  )•.  [=  Se .  hoiilt,  hout,  hnwt;  <  ME.  hoi- 
till,  hiilUii  (ill  tile  latter  form  varying  in  one  in- 
stance with  jiiilUn,  mod.  E.  jutl^,  q.  v.),  spring, 
start,  also  fetter,  shnckli^  (  =  MIKi.  hulztii,  go 
off  like  an  arrow) ;  the  other  senses  are  modem, 
all  being  deriveil  from  holli,  u.,  in  its  two  main 
senses  of  'missile' and  'pin  for  fastening':  see 
6o/(',  H.]  I.  iiitrini.f.  1.  To  go  olT  like  a  bolt  or 
arrow;  shoot  forth  suddenly;  sjiring  out  with 
speed  and  suddeuui'ss:  coiiiiuonly  followed  by 
out:  as,  to  bolt  out  of  the  liouse. 

An^Ty  Cupid,  Itottiwi  from  her  eyes, 
Jlath  shot  himself  into  me  like  a  tianic. 

Ii,  Jonxnn,  Volpone,  ii.  2. 
This  I'llek  seems  hut  a  dreaming  dolt,  .  .  . 
And  oft  out  of  a  hush  doth  tioll. 

Draifton,  Nympliidia. 

2.  To  spring  aside  or  away  suddenly;  start  ami 
run  off;  make  a  bolt. 

staKc-euaches  were  upsetting  in  all  directions,  horses 
were  bnltbig,  hoats  were  overturning,  ami  hoilers  were 
hursling.  Dickens. 

The  gun,  ahsolutcly  the  most  useless  weapon  among  us, 
could  do  nothing,  even  if  the  gunnel's  did  not  boti  at  the 
first  sight  of  tlie  enemy.  O'Donomn,  Merv,  x. 

3.  In  politics,  to  witlidraw  from  a  nominating 
convention  as  a  means  of  showing  disapproval 
of  its  acts;  hence,  to  cease  to  act  in  full  accord 
with  one's  party;  refuse  to  support  a  measure 
or  candidate  adopted  by  a  majority  of  one's  col- 
leagues or  party  associates.     [U.  S.  ] 

Mr.  Itaymond  atn'eed,  .  .  .  after  some  hesitation,  hut 
with  the  understanding  that,  it  it  |the  rhilailelphia  Con- 
vention of  18(i»l  fell  under  tlie  control  of  the  Copperheads, 
he  would  bolt.  Till'  Xatioii,  \I.  2, 

4t.  To  fall  suddenly,  like  a  thunderbolt. 

As  an  eagle 
Ilis  cloudless  thunder  bollnl  on  their  heads. 

,Vi7/..il,  S.  A.,  1.  1696. 

5.  To  run  to  seed  prematurely,  as  early-sown 
root-crops  (turnips,  etc.),  without  the  usual 
thickening  of  the  root,  or  after  it. 

II.  trims.  1.  To  send  off  like  a  bolt  or  ar- 
row ;  shoot ;  discharge. —  2.  To  start  or  spring 
(game) ;  cause  to  bolt  up  or  out,  as  hares,  rab- 
bits, and  the  like. 

Jack  Ferret,  welcome.  .  . 
What  canst  thou  t/alt  us  now  ?  a  coney  or  two 

11.  Joagon,  New  Inn,  iii.  1. 

3.  To  expel ;  drive  out  suddenly. 

To  have  heeil  Imlted  forth, 
Thrust  out  ahruptly  into  Fortunes  way, 
Among  the  contticts  of  suhstaiitial  life. 

Wonlmnrtli,  Prelude,  iii.  77. 

4.  To  blurt  out;  ejaculate  or  utter  hastily. — 

5.  To  swallow  hm-riedly  or  without  chewing: 
as,  to  bolt  one's  food. 

These  treacherous  pellets  are  thrown  to  the  hear,  who 
bolts  them  whcde.  -V.  A.  /lev.,  C.X.X.  39. 


10.  A  bundle,  (a)  Of  straw,  a  quantity  loosely 
tied  up.  A]soholtiufforholtoii.  (i)  Of  osierrods, 
a  quantity  bound  up  for  market,  3^  feet  around 
the  lower'band.  (c)  Of  reeds,  one  of  3  feet  in  cir-  6.  [After  I.,  3.]  In  ;">/i7ic.<.  to  break  away  from 
cumference.  [Eng.]  —  11.  The  closed  ends  of  and  refuse  to  support  (the  candidate,  the  ticket, 
leaves  of  an  uncut  book  which  present  a  double  or  the  platform  presented  by  or  in  the  name  of 
or  quadruple  fold.— 12.  The  comb  of  a  bobbin-  the  party  to  which  one  has  hitherto  adhered) ; 
net  machine  on  which  the  carriages  move.—    leave  or  abandon:  as,  to  bolt  the  presidential 


13.  In  wood-icorkiiig :  (n)  A  mass  of  wood 
from  which  anything  may  be  cut  or  formed. 
(h)  Boards  held  together,  after  being  sawed 
fi'om  the  log,  by  an  uncut  end  or  stub-shot. — 
14t.  A  name  for  certain  plants,  as  the  globe- 
flower  and  marsh-marigold. —  15.  [In  this  and 
the  next  sense  from  the  verb.]  The  act  of 
nmning  off  suddenly ;  a  sudden  spring  or  start : 
as,  the  horse  made  a  holt. 

The  Egyptian  soldiers,  as  usual,  made  an  immediate 
bnll,  throwing  away  their  arms  and  even  their  clothes. 

E.  Sartorhts,  In  the  Soudan,  p.  «.'». 

16.  In  politics,  the  act  of  withdrawing  from  a 
nominating  convention  as  a  manifestation  of 
disapproval  of  its  acts;  hence,  refusal  to  sup- 
port a  candiilate  or  the  ticket  presented  by 
or  in  the  name  of  the  party  to  which  one  has 
hitherto  been  attaclied ;  a  partial  or  temporary 
desertion  of  one's  party.  [U.S.]  — 17.  The  act 
of  bolting  food.  -  Barbed  bolt,  a  hidt  with  points  pro- 
jeetiim  outward,  which  bear  against  or  enter  into  the  sar- 
rouiidiiiL'  niateiial,  and  thus  jirevent  its  witlidrawal.— 
Bolt  and  shutter,  in  dock-maki ifj,  an  adjiistiiieiU  of  a 
spiral  spring  in  a  turret  clock,  such  that  wliilc  the  clock 
is  w  iii'iioL'  there  may  he  another  spring  in  action  to  pre- 
vent a  stoppage  of  the  works.  Bolt  and  tun,  in  Iter.,  a 
term  :i]rpli,il  to  a  birdbolt  in  pale  piercing  through  a  tun. 


candidate. 

A  man  docs  not  bolt  his  party,  hut  the  candidate  or  can- 
didates his  party  has  put  up.  Srmietinies,  though  less 
properly,  he  is  said  to  boll  the  platform  of  principles  it 
has  enunciated.  The  essential  point  is,  that  the  hotter 
does  not  necessarily,  in  fact  iloes  not  usually,  ahandon 
the  political  organization  with  which  he  is  connected. 
He  not  infrei[uently  votes  for  siune  men  upon  its  ticket, 
and  at  the  same  time  bolts  others  hy  "scratching"  their 
names.  A'.  1'.  i'ri-mn;;  Post,  Aug.  20,  1S87. 

7.  To  fasten  or  secure  with  a  bolt  or  an  iron  pin, 
as  a  door,  a  plank,  fetters,  or  anj-thing  else. — 

8.  To  fasten  as  with  bolts ;  shackle ;  restrain. 

It  is  great 
To  do  that  thing  that  ends  all  other  deeds ; 
Which  shackles  accidents,  and  bolts  up  change. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  v.  i 
Tliat  I  could  reach  the  axle,  where  the  pins  are 
Which  boll  this  frame  ;  that  I  might  pull  them  out 

B.  Jotixon,  Catiline,  iii.  1. 
To  bolt  a  fox,  in  /ox-huntin<i,  when  a  fox  has  run  to 
earth,  to  put  a  terrier  into  the  hole,  and.  when  he  is 
heard  liarking.  to  dig  over  the  spot  from  which  llie  simnd 
luoieeds.  and  so  get  at  the  fox. 

bolt^  (bolt),  adi:  [<  ft"»i,  >i.  or  c]  1.  Like  a 
bolt  or  arrow:  as,  " rising  io?(  from  his  seat," 
0.  r.  B.  James. 


An  elongated  bullet  for  a  rifled  cannon. — 
A  cylindrical  jot,  as  of  water  or  molten 


Tliere  she  sat  bolt  upright !  ,         3     ,  „„„ 

/ini-Anm,  Ingcddshy  Legends.  I.  266. 

~Brliiging-to  bolt,  a  hidt  w'ith  an  eye  at  one  end  and  a     0   Suddenlv ;  with  sudden  meeting  or  collision. 
screw-thread  and  nut  at  the  other,  used  in  drawing  parts      *•.  Mu^i^v^v  '  .     .  .,     ,  ... 

toward  ea.h  ..th.r.-  Chain-plate  bolt.    Same  as  <-/„iin.         [IK]  came  bolt  up  against  the  heavy  .Iragoon 

bolt'-  (b(")lt),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bouH, 
bowlt,  hoolt.  Sc.  bout,  hoirt ;  <  ME.  hultcu,  <  OF. 
biiltcr,  earlier  buktcr  (mod.  F.  hluter;  ML.  re- 
flex huletarc)  for  'hurctcr  (=  It.  hiirattare), 
sift.  <  'bunt,  burctc,  hurate.  a  coai-se  woolen 
cloth  (cf.  dim.  bunlel,  hurtcl,  mod.  F.  hluteau 
=  It.  hurattello,  a  bolter,  meal-sieve:  see  ioul- 


6,i/r— Copper  bolt,    -see  fopo'-r  hit.  umler  ^i/i.— Conn- 

tersimk  bolt,  a  li"It  having  its  head  heveleil  ami  set  into 
a  correspoiiiling  ea\  ity  in  one  of  the  parts  which  it  con- 
nects. —  Dormant  bolt,  a  do,.rlH.lt  operated  hy  a  special 
key  or  knoh.  -  Key-head  bolt,  a  holt  with  a  projection 
from  the  chamfer  of  it.s  head  t..  h..ld  il  so  that  it  will  not 
revolve  with  the  nut. ~ Llpbead  bolt,  a  holt  of  which 
the  head  projects  sidewise.-  Roller  bolts,  in  roach- 
biiihtimi,  the  bolts  uii  the  splinter-bar  to  which  the  traces 
arc  attached. 


bolt 

teJ-)  (=  It.  hiiratlo,  n  meal-sieve,  a  fine  trans- 
parent cloth),  dim.  of  hurc,  mod.  F.  hurc,  a 
coai'se  woolen  cloth,  <  ML.  hurra,  a  coarse 
woolen  cloth  (whence  also  nit.  E.  hard,  hiirrcl, 
burttiK),  <  L.  liurriis,  reddish:  see  hiirrtl,  lii(- 
riHu,  birnis,  bin  tin,  etc.  Cf.  biiiit'^.']  1.  To 
sift  or  pass  tlirough  a  sieve  or  bolter  so  as  to 
separate  the  coarser  from  the  liner  particles, 
as  bran  from  fioiir;  sift  out:  as,  to  bolt  meal; 
to  bolt  out  the  bran. 

This  liaiiil, 

As  soft  as  dove's  down,  ami  as  white  as  it ; 

...  or  the  fana'd  suow. 

That's  Mletl  by  the  northern  blasts  twice  o'er. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

2.  To  examine  or  search  into,  as  if  by  sifting; 
sift;  examine  thoroughly:  sometimes  with  out, 
and  often  in  an  old  proverbial  expression,  to 
bolt  to  the  bran. 

For  I  ne  can  not  holt  it  to  the  hmn, 
As  can  tlie  lioly  I  foctor  Augustin, 
Or  Boece  or  tlie  liisliop  Bradwardin. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  L  420. 
Time  and  nature  will  bolt  out  the  truth  of  things. 

Sir  li.  L'Estrailffe. 

The  report  of  the  committee  was  e.\amined  and  sifted 

and  Ixdted  to  the  bran.  Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace,  iii. 

3.  To  moot,  or  bring  forward  for  discussion, 
as  in  a  moot-court.    See  bolting-,  2. 

I  hate  when  Vice  can  bolt  lier  arguments, 
And  Virtue  has  no  tongue  to  cliecli  her  pride. 

Mil/on,  Comus,  I.  760. 

bolts  (bolt),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bouJt,  Sc. 
bout,  bowt;  <  ME.  buit.  <  bulten,  bolt.]  1.  A 
sieve;  a  machine  for  sifting  flom'. —  2.  In  the 
English  inns  of  court,  a  hypothetical  point  or 
ease  discussed  for  the  sake  of  practice. 

Tile  Temple  and  Gray's  Inn  liave  lately  established  lec- 
tures, and  moots  and  boults  m.ay  again  be  propounded 
and  argued  in  these  venerable  buildings. 

A',  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  111.  84. 

boltant  (bol'tant),  a.  [<  6o/fl,  ;•.,  -f  -nuf.l  In 
hir.,  springing  forward:  applied  to  hares  and 
rabbits  when  represented  in  this  attitude. 

bolt-auger  (bolt'a'ger),  n.  A  large  auger  used 
in  sliip-bidlding  to  bore  holes  for  bolts,  etc. 

bolt-boat  (bolt'bot),  n.  A  strong  boat  that 
will  eiuliu'e  a  rough  sea. 

bolt-chisel  (bolt'chiz''''el),  n.  A  deep,  narrow- 
edged  cross-cut  chisel. 

bolt-clipper  (b61t'klip''''er),  «.  A  hand-tool  fit- 
ted to  dift'ereut  sizes  of  bolts,  and  used  to  cut 
off  the  end  of  a  bolt  projecting  beyond  a  nut. 

bolt-cutter  (bolt '  kut "  er),  ?(.  1.  One  ivho 
makes  bolts. —  2.  A  machine  for  making  the 
threads  on  a  screw-bolt;  a  bolt-threader  or 
bolt-sere'sving  machine. —  3.  A  tool  for  cutting 
off  the  ends  of  bolts. 

boltel  (bol'tel),  K.  [Also  written  bouJtcl,  early 
mod.  E.  (and  mod.  archaic)  boutel,  bowtell,  also 
corruptly  bottle;  <  late  ME.  boltell,  bowtell ;  ori- 
gin imeertain ;  perhaps  <  boW^,  an  an-ow,  shaft, 
roll  (with  ref.  to  its  shape;  cf.  shaft,  in  its 
architectural  sense),  +  -el.  Formations  with 
the  F.  dim.  suffix  -el  on  native  words  were 
not  usual  in  the  ME.  period,  but  this  may  be 
an  artificial  book-name.  The  18th  centm-y  boul- 
tin,  boultine,  seems  to  be  an  arbitrary  varia- 
tion. Cotgrave  has  F.  "  bo:el,  a  thick  or  great 
boultel  (commonly)  in  or  near  unto  the  basis 
of  a  pillar."]  1.  In  arch.,  a  convex  molding 
of  which  the  section  is  an  arc  of  a  circle ;  a 
medieval  term  for  the  torus  or  roundel. —  2.  A 
roimded  ridge  or  border  used  for  stiffening  a 
cover,  dish,  tray,  or  other  utensil. 

Boltenia  (bol-te'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  after  Dr. 
Bottom,  of  Hamburg'.']  A  genus  of  tuuicates, 
by  most  recent  authors  refen-ed  to  the  familv 
Ciinihiitlic,  but  by  a  few  made  type  of  a  family 
Solteniidw. 

bolteniid  (bol-te'ni-id),  n.  A  timicate  of  the 
family  Boltetiiida:. 

Boltenildae  (bol-te-ni'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bol- 
tenia -f  -iflw.']  A  family  of  simple  ascidians, 
typified  by  the  genus  Boltenia,  having  a  p\Ti- 
form  body  supported  upon  a  long  peduncle  or 
stalk.  By  most  recent  systematists  it  is  de- 
graded to  the  rank  of  a  subfamily  of  Ci/nthiida;. 

bolterl  (bol'ter),  n.  [<  bom,  r.,"+  -fji.]  One 
who  bolts,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb.  SpeciHcally— 
(d)  I  inu  who  bolts  or  turns  aside ;  a  borse  that  liolts.  '  (h) 
III  potilicii,  one  who  leaves  the  party,  or  refuses  to  sup- 
port the  candidate,  ticket,  or  platform  of  the  party,  to 
which  he  has  been  attached.    [U.  .S.] 

Mr.  Converse  .  .  .  liad  the  indecency  to  denoimce  the 
twenty-seven  as  Ifolters  from  tlieir  party. 

The  American,  ^^^I.  100. 
bolter^  (bol'ter),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  boul- 
ter, <  ME.  bulter,  bulturc,  <  bulten,  bolt,  sift :  see 
6o»-'  and  -eri.    Cf .  OF.  buleteor,  sifter,  <  buletcr, 


GIC 

sift.  Cf.  boultel".']  A  sieve;  an  instrument  or 
machine  for  separating  bran  from  flour,  or  the 
coarser  part  of  meal  from  the  finer. 

I/ont.    I  bought  you  a  dozen  of  shirts  ti>your  li.ack. 
J''al.     Dowlas,  tUthy  dowhis :  I  have  given  them  away  to 
bakei's'  wives,  and  they  have  made  hcltem  <t{  tliem. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

bolter''  (bol'ter),  «.  [Also  boulter,  butter:  same 
as  bultow.]    A  kind  of  fishing-line. 

Those  iiakcs,  and  divers  others  of  the  fore-cited,  are 
taken  with  tlireads,  and  some  of  them  with  the  bolter, 
wliicli  is  ;i  sjiiller  of  a  bigger  size. 

It.  Careu;  Survey  of  Cornwidl. 

bolter^t,  >:  «.  and  t.  [A  variant  of  baiter,  clot, 
known  chiefly  in  the  compotmd  blood-boltcred, 
in  Shakspere.  See  blood-boltcrcd  and  baiter.] 
To  clot. 

bolter-cloth  (bol'ter-kloth),  n.  Cloth  used  for 
milking  bolters;  bolting-cloth. 

bolt-feeder  (bolt'fe'''der),  n.  -An  apparatus  for 
controlling  the  supply  of  flour  in  a  bolting- 
mill. 

bolt-head,  bolt's-head  (bolt'-,  bolts'hcd),  «.  A 
long  straight-necked  glass  vessel  for  chemical 
distUlations.    .Aiso  called  matrass  and  receiver. 

He 
Will  close  you  so  much  gold,  in  a  bolt's-head, 
And,  on  a  turn,  convey  in  the  stead  another 
With  sublimed  mercury,  that  shall  burst  in  the  heat. 
B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  4. 

bolt-hole  (bolt'hol),  n.  In  coal-mininei,  a  short, 
naiTow  opening  made  to  connect  'the  main 
workings  'with  the  air-head  or  ventilating  drift : 
used  in  the  working  of  the  Dudley  thick  seam, 
in  the  South  Staffordshire  (England)  coal- 
field. 

bolt-hook  (bolt'huk),  71.  A  check-rein  hook 
bolted  to  the  plates  of  a  saddletree. 

bolti  (bol'ti),  )i.  [<  Ai'.  boltuiif.]  A  fish  of  the 
family  Vichlida:  (or  Chromididce),  Tilapia  (or 
Chromis)  nilotica,  found  in  Egypt  and  Palestine. 
It  is  an  oblong  fish,  with  15  to  IS  spines  and  12  to  14  rays 
in  the  dorsal  fin.  The  color  is  greenish  olive,  darker  in 
the  center  of  each  scale,  and  the  vertical  fins  are  spotted 
with  white.  It  is  highly  esteemed  for  its  flesh,  and  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  best  of  the  Nile  fish.  Also  called 
bolty  aiKl  bulti. 

bolting^^  (bol'ting),  H.  [.Also  written  boltin,  bol- 
ton  ;  <  biiW^,  n.,  +  -ing^.]  A  bimdle  or  bolt  of 
straw:  in  Gloucestershire,  24  pounds.  Also 
called  bolt.     [Eng.] 

bolting^  (bol'ting),  n.  [.Also  'written  boulting; 
<  ME.  bultinye;  verbal  n.  of  bolt^,  v.]  1.  The 
act  of  sifting. 

Bakers  in  their  lumen  bases  and  mealy  vizards,  new 
come  from  bovlting. 

Marston  and  Barksted,  Insatiate  Countess,  ii. 
2t.  In  the  English  inns  of  court,  a  private  argu- 
ing of  cases  for  practice Bolting-millstone,  a 

lower  stone  having  metallic  bo.\es  alternating  with  the  fur- 
rows. These  bo.xes  contain  wire  screens,  tlu-ough  which 
the  meal  escapes  before  it  reaches  the  skirt. 

bolting-chest  (bol'ting-chest),  n.  The  case  in 
which  a  bolt  in  a  flour-mill  is  inclosed. 

bolting-cloth  (bol'ting-kloth),  «.  [<  ME.  bul- 
ti nii-elotlu]  A  cloth  for  bolting  or  sifting;  a 
linen,  silk,  or  haii'  cloth,  of  which  bolters  are 
made  for  sifting  meal,  etc. 

The  finest  and  most  expensive  silk  fabric  made  is  bolting- 
cloth,  for  the  use  of  millers,  woven  almost  altogether  in 
Switzerland.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXil.  256. 

bolting-cord  (bol'ting-kord),  n.  A  stiff  piece 
of  rope  having  the  strands  imraveled  at  one 
extremky,  used  as  a  probang  to  remove  any- 
thing sticking  in  an  animal's  throat. 

bolting-house  (bol'ting-hous),  n.  A  house 
where  meal  or  flour  is  sifted. 

The  jade  is  returned  as  white  and  a£  powdered  as  if  she 
had  been  at  work  in  a  bolting-house.  Dennis,  Letters. 

bolting-hutcht  (bol'ting-huch),  n.  A  tub  or 
wooden  trough  for  bolted  flour. 

Take  all  my  cushions  down  and  thwack  them  soundly. 

After  my  feast  of  millers  ;  .  .  .  beat  them  carefully 

Over  a  bolting-hutch,  there  will  be  enough 

For  a  pan-j)Udding. 

Middlcton  (and  another),  Mayor  of  Queenborough,  v.  1. 

bolting-mill  (bol'ting-mil),  n.    A  mill  or  ma- 
chine for  sifting  meal  or  floui'. 
bolting-tub   (bol'ting-tub),  n.    A  tub  to   sift 
meal  in. 

The  larders  have  been  searched. 
The  bakehouses  and  boulting  tub,  the  ovens, 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  v.  5. 

bol't-knife  (bolt'nif ),  «.  A  knife  used  by  book- 
binders for  cutting  through  a  bolt  or  the  folded 
leaves  of  a  section. 

boltless  (bolt'les),  a.  [<  bolt^  +  -less.]  'With- 
out a  bolt. 

bolton,  ".     -A  corruption  of  bolting'^. 

boltonite  (bol'ton-it),  «.  [<  Bolton,  in  Massa- 
chusetts, -1-  -He-.]  A  mineral  of  the  chrysolite 
group,  occurring  in  granular  foi'm  at  Bolton, 


bombace 

Massachusetts.  It  is  a  silicate  of  magnesium, 
containing  also  a  little  iron  protoxid. 
bolt-rope  (bolt'rop),  n.  A  superior  kind  of 
lump  cordage  sewed  on  the  edges  of  sails  to 
strengthen  them,  'lliat  part  <.t  it  on  tlie  perpendicu- 
lar side  is  called  the  Irerb-ro/it' ;  that  at  the  bottom,  the 
/uot-rope  :  ttiat  at  the  top.  tlie  head-rope.  To  the  bolt- 
rope  is  attached  all  the  gear  used  in  clewing  up  the  sail 
and  setting  it. 

We  heard  a  sound  like  the  short,  quick  rattling  of 
thunder,  and  the  jib  was  blown  to  at4>m8  out  of  the  bolt- 
rope.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  254. 

bolt's-head,  n.    See  bolt-head. 

boltsprit  (bolt'sprit),  n.  A  corruption  of  houi- 
sjtrit. 

bolt-strake  (bolt'strak),  «.  Naut.,  the  strake 
or  wale  through  which  the  fastenings  of  the 
beams  pass. 

bolty,  »'.     See  bolti. 

bolus  (bo'lus),  «.  [<  L.  bolus,  >  E.  bole",  q.  v.] 
1.  A  soft  round  mass  of  anj-thing  metiieinal, 
larger  than  an  ordinary  pill,  to  be  swallowed 
at  once. —  2.  Figuratively,  anj-thing  disagree- 
able, as  an  unpalatable  doctrine  or  argument, 
that  has  to  be  accepted  or  tolerated. 

There  is  no  help  for  it,  the  faithful  proselytizer,  if  she 
cannot  convince  by  argument,  bursts  into  tears,  and  the  re- 
cusant finds  himself,  at  the  end  of  the  contest,  taking  down 
the  bolus,  saying,  "  Well,  well,  Bodgers  be  it."   Thackeray. 

bolyet,  «.     See  booly. 

bom  (bom),  n.  [Also  boma,  bomma,  aboma  ; 
orig.  a  native  name  in  Congo,  subsequently  ap- 
plied to  a  Brazilian  serpent.]     Same  as  (dioma. 

bomah-nut  (bo'ma-nut),  ».  [<  bomah  (native 
name)  +  nut.]  The  seed  of  a  euphorbiaceous 
shrub,  Pycnocoma  macrophylla,  of  southern 
Africa,  used  for  tanning. 

Bomarea  (bo-ma'rf-a),  n.  [NXi.,  <  Valmont  de 
Bomare,  a  French  naturalist  of  the  18th  cen- 
tm-y.] A  genus  of  amarylhdaeeous  plants,  na- 
tives of  South  America  and  Mexico.  The  roots 
are  tuberiferous,  the  leafy  stems  frequently  twining,  and 
the  flowers,  which  are  often  showy,  in  simple  or  compound 
umbels.    There  are  over  50  species.    See  salsiUa. 

bomb^t,  »■•  i.  [<  ME.  bomben,  bumben,  variant 
foi-ms  of  bominen,  hummen,  >  bum"^,  later  boom^  : 
see  6«mi,  boenn^,  and  cf.  bomb",  r.]  A  variant 
of  boomX. 

Wliat  overcharged  piece  of  melancholie 

Is  this,  breakes  in  betweene  my  wishes  thus, 

With  bombing  sighs? 

B.  Jonson,  The  Fortmiate  Isles. 

bomblf,  ".  [Var.  of  bunA,  the  earlier  form  of 
boom^.  Cf.  boinb^,  v.]  A  great  noise;  a  loud 
hollow  sound;  the  stroke  of  a  beU. 

A  pillar  of  iron,  .  .  .  which  if  you  had  struck  would 
make  a  little  flat  noise  in  the  room,  but  a  great  twmb  in 
the  chamber  beneath.  Bacon. 

bomb^  (bom  or  bum),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
borne,  also  bombe,  bombo,  and  (simidatingfcooml 
=  bond)''-)  boomb;  =  G.  bombe,  <  F.  bombe  =  Sp. 
It.  bomba,  a  bomb,  <  L.  bombus,  <  Gr.  fi6;j,3oe,  a, 
deep  hollow  soimd  ;  prob.  imitative,  like  botnlA, 
bonm'^,  bum''-,  bumble,  bumji'-,  etc.  The  histori- 
cal pron.  is  bum.]  1.  An  explosive  projec- 
tile, consisting  of  a  hollow  ball  or  spherical 
shell,  generally  of  cast-iron,  filled  ■«ith  a  bm-st- 
ing  charge,  tired  from  a  mortar,  and 
usually  exploded  by  means  of  a  fuse 
or  tube  filled  ■with  a  slow-burning 
compound,  which  is  ignited  by  the 
exploding  powder  when  the  mortar 
is  discharged.  Bombs  may  be  thrown  in 
such  a  direction  as  to  faU  into  a  fort,  a  city, 
or  an  enemy's  camp,  where  they  bui-st  with 
great  violence,  and  t,'ften  w  ith  terrilde  effect. 
The  length  and  composition  of  the  fuse  must 
be  calculated  in  such  a  way  that  the  bomb 
shall  burst  the  moment  it  arrives  at  the  des- 
tined place.  Bombs  are  now  commonly  termed  sloits, 
though  skett  in  the  sense  of  a  projectile  has  a  wider  mean- 
ing. See  shell.  Also  called  boinbsliett. 
Hence  —  2.  .Any  missile  constructed  upon  sim- 
ilar principles:  as,  a  dynamite  bomb. — 3.  In 
geol.,  a  block  of  scoria  ejected  fi'om  the  crater 
of  a  volcano. 

This  deposit  answers  to  the  heaps  of  dust,  s.and,  stones, 
and  bombs  wliich  are  shot  out  of  modem  volcanoes ;  it  is 
a  true  ash.  GeU-ie. 

4t.  A  small  war-vessel   can-ying  mortars  for 
throwing  bombs ;  a  bomb-ketch. 
bomb'-t  (bom  or  bum),  c.  t.     [<  bomb^,  n.]    To 
attack  W'ith  bombs ;  bombard. 

Villeroy,  who  ne'er  afraid  is. 

To  Bru-veUes  marches  on  secure, 
To  Ijomb  the  monks  and  scare  the  ladies. 

Prior,  On  taking  Xanmr. 

bombacet,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bombase, 
bombage;  <  OF.  bombace,  <  ML.  bombax  (ace. 
bomhacem),eot\OTi:  see  Bombax.  The  form  ftoni- 
bacc  subsequently  gave  way  to  bombast,  q.  v.] 
1.  The  down  of  the  cotton-plant;  raw  cotton. 


Bomb. 
a,  (7.  walls  of 
shell :   fi,  fuse- 
hole  :  c.  cavity 
for  powder. 


bombace 

—  2.  Cotton-wool,  or  wadding. —  3.  Padding; 

stuffing.    Fuller. 

Bombacese  (bom-ba'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  liom- 
hfi.r  +  -iicia',']  An  arboreous  tribo  or  suborder 
of  M<ilrtici(i\  by  sotuo  eonsidereil  ;i  distiui-t  or- 
der, di.slinguished  chiefly  by  the  live-  lo  eiglit- 
cleft  staniinoiil  column.  Theic  :iio  nhoul  in  mvM 
pcruTii,  pririi-iiiHlly  trnpit-ul,  iiicludiliK  the  Imolmb  (.■!(/««- 
>"*(('(/),  till-  cnttitn-trcc  (iCrwdendron  aiul  ISomhax),  tlic 
iliirian  {Diirtti),  otc. 

bombaceous  (bom-ba'shius),  a.  In  hot.,  relat- 
ing or  jjortaiuing  to  plants  of  the  natural  order 
linmlinceie. 

bombard  (bom'-  or  bura'biird),  n.  [Early  mod. 
10.  also  bunibdnl,  <  MK.  hiiitiliardc,  hombarde 
(in  sonso  4),  <  OF.  bdiiibarilc,  a  cannon,  a  mu- 
sical iiistrumont,  F.  li<imbtirdc  (=  S]>.  Pg.  It. 
hombania,  a  cannon,  It.  bomlmrdo,  a  musical 
instrument),  <  ML.  bomhiirdii,  orig.  an  engine 
for  throwing  largo  stones,  prob.  (with  sutlix 
-arda,  10.  -rird)  <  h.  boiiibus,  a  loud  noise,  in  ML. 
a  fireball,  a  bomb:  seo /»»/«//-,  «.]  1.  The  name 
generally  given  in  Kuropo  to  the  cannon  dur- 
ing the  first  century  of  its  use.  The  earliest  l>onv 
bards  were  more  like  mortars  than  modern  eannon,  tln-ow- 
iny  their  sliot  (originally  ati)ne  balls)  at  a  preat  elevation ; 
many  were  open  at  l)otIi  ends,  the  shot  heiny  introduced 
at  the  hreeeh,  which  was  afterward  stopped  hy  a  iJiece 
wedged  or  bolteil  into  i»laee. 

AVhich  with  our  humbards'  shot,  and  basilisk, 

We  rent  in  suiuler.       Marlowe,  .lew  of  ^lalta,  v.  8. 

2.  See  bnmhardcUe. — 3.  A  small  vessel  with 
two  masts,  like  the  English  ketch,  used  in  the 
Mediterranean;  a  bomb-ketch. — 4.  A  large 
leathern  jug  or  bottle  for  holding  liquor.  See 
bldck-jacl;  1. 

That  swoln  parcel  of  dropsies,  that  huge  bombard  of 
sack.  Shak.,  1  lien.  IV.,  ii.  4. 


Yond"  same  black  cloud 
that  would  shed  his  liquor. 


.  .  looks  like  .a  foul  bumhard 
Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 
They'd  ha'  beat  out 
His  brains  with  bombards. 

Middleton,  Inner- Temple  Masque. 

5t.  Figuratively,  a  toper. —  6t.  A  medieval  mu- 
sical instrument  of  the  oboe  family,  having  a 
reed  mouthpiece  and  a  wooden  tube.  The  name 
was  properly  applied  to  a  larj^e  and  low-pitched  instru- 
ment (whence  the  name  homhardon  for  a  heavy  reed-stop 
in  orxan-buildin;;);  but  it  was  also  used  for  small  instru- 
ments of  the  same  class,  which  were  known  as  basset-bom- 
bards and  l)oinbardi  piccoli. 

7.  pi.  A  style  of  breeches  worn  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  before  the  introduction  of 
tight-fitting  knee-breeches.  They  reached  to  the 
knee,  autl  were  probably  so  named  because  they  hun^ 
lotise  and  resembled  the  leathern  drinking-vessels  called 
bombards. 

8.  [From  the  verb.]  An  attack  with  bombs; 
a  bombardment.     [Rare.] 

bombard  (bom-  or  bum-biird'),  v.  [<  F.  hom- 
bardcr,  batter  with  a  bombard  or  cannon,  < 
hombarde,  >  E.  bnmhard,  a  cannon:  see  hoin- 
hard,  n.  The  relation  to  h<>mb~  is  thus  only 
indirect.]  I.  intrans.  To  fire  oflf  bombards  or 
cannon. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cannonade;  attack  with 
bomb.s ;  fire  shot  and  shell  at  or  into ;  batter 
with  shot  and  shell. 

Next  she  [France]  intends  to  bombard  Naples. 

Burke,  Present  .State  of  AtTairs. 

2.  To  attack  with  missiles  of  any  kind ;  figura- 
tively, assail  N-igorously:  as,  to  bombard  one 
with  questions. 
bombardellet  (bom-biir-del '),  «.  [Dim.  of  F. 
hombarde.]  A  portable  bombard,  or  hand-bom- 
bard ;  the  primitive  portable  flreann  of  Europe, 
consisting  simply  of  a  hollow  cylinder  with  a 
touch-hole  for  firing  with  a  match,  and  attach- 
ed to  a  long  staff  for  handling. 

Tlie  llrst  portable  firearm  of  which  we  have  any  repre- 
sentation .  .  .  was  called  the  bombard  or  bomhardellc. 

Am.  Cijc,  XII.  %. 

Tlie  Mau  on  Foot,  clad  in  light  armor,  held  the  bom- 
bardeUe  up.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  490. 

bombardier  (bom-  or  bum-biir-der'),  «.  [For- 
merly also  biimbardicr,  bomhardcer ;  <  F.  bom- 
bardier (=  Sp.  bombardero  =  Pg.  hoiiibardeiro 
=  It.  homburdiero),  <  hombarde,  bombard.]  1. 
Properly,  a  soldier  in  charge  of  a  bombard  or 
cannon;  specifically,  in  the  British  army,  a 
non-commissioned  officer  of  the  Koyal  Artil- 
lery, ranking  next  below  a  corporal,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  load  shells,  grenades,  etc.,  and  to 
fix  the  fuses,  and  who  is  particidarly  appointed 
to  the  service  of  mortars  and  howitzers. —  2. 
A  bombardier-beetle. —  3.  A  name  of  a  Euro- 
pean frog,  Bonibiiiatiir  (;/««»,«. 

bombardier-beetle (bom-biir-der'be'tl), «.  The 
common  name  of  many  coleopterous  insects, 
family  Carabidw  and  genera  Brachinus  and^P- 


Bombardicr-bcetle  (Ura. 
ch in NSSlyj^icarn is)-  ( Vcrti- 
cal  line  silows  natural  size- ) 


617 

tinux,  found  under  stones.  When  irritated,  they  are 
apt  toexi>el  violently  from  the  anus  a  pungent,  acrid  fluid, 

accompanied  by  a  slight  soinid. 

bombard-mant       (bom'- 

biird-uian),  «.  One  wlio 
delivered  licpior  in  bom- 
bards to  custonu'rs. 

'I'licy  nuule  room  for  a  btnii' 
bard-man  tluit  lirought  bougo 
for  a  conntrey  lady. 

Ii.  Joiiiton,  .Mas(|Ucs,  Love 
( Itestored. 

bombardment  (bom-  or 
bum-b;ird' ment),  «.  [< 
bombard  +  -ment;  =  F. 
bombardemetit.']  A  con- 
tinuous attack  with  shot 
and  shell  upon  a  town, 
fort,  or  other  position;  the 
act  of  throwing  shot  and  shell  into  an  enemy's 
town  in  order  to  destroy  the  buildings. 

fienoa  is  not  yet  secure  from  a  bombardment,  though  it 
is  not  so  exposed  as  formerly.    Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

bombardot,  "•     Same  as  bombardon. 

bombardon,  bombardone  (bom-bar'don,  bom- 
bilr-do'ne),  n.  [<  It.  bombardone," smg.  of 
hombardo:  see  bom- 
bard, «.]  1.  A  largo- 
sized  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  trumpet 
kind,  in  tone  not  un- 
like the  ophicleide.    its 

compass  generally  is  from 
V  on  the  fourth  ledger-line 
below  the  bass  staff  to  the 
lower  D  of  the  trel)le  statf. 
It  is  not  capable  of  rapid 
execution. 

2.  The  lowest  of  the 
sax -horns.  —  3.  For- 
merly, a  bass  reed-stoi> 
of  the  organ. 

bombard-phrasef 

(bom'bard-fraz),  n.    A 
boasting,     loud-sound- 
ing, bombastic  phi-ase.  nombaricn. 
Their  bombard-phratic,  their  foot  and  half-foot  words. 
Ji.  ./onson,  tr.  of  Horace's  jUt  of  Toetry. 

bombaset,  "•    s-iee  bond/ace. 
bombasin,  bombasine,  ».    See  bombasine. 
bombast  (bom'-  or  bum'bast,  formerly  bum- 
bast'),  n.  and  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bumbast  : 
a  var.,  with  excrescent  -/,  of  bomhaxe,  bombace  : 
see  bombace.']  I.  «.  It.  Cotton ;  the  cotton-plant. 
Clothes  made  of  cotton  or  bomhxtt. 

Hakluyt'n  Voyages,  I.  93. 
Bombay,  the  cotton  plant  growing  iu  Asia. 

K.  I'hniipH,  World  of  Words. 

2t.  Cotton  or  other  stuff  of  soft,  loose  texture, 
used  to  stuff'  garments ;  padding. 
Thy  body's  bolstered  out  with  bombast  and  with  bags. 
Gaiicoi(/tu',  Challenge  to  Beautie. 

Hence  —  3.  Figuratively,  high-sounding  words; 
inflated  or  extravagant  language ;  fustian ; 
speech  too  big  and  high-sounding  for  the  oc- 
casion. 

Bombast  is  commonly  the  delight  of  that  audience  which 
loves  poetry,  but  understands  it  not. 

Drijden,  Criticism  in  Tragedy. 
=  Syil.  3.  Bottdtant,  Fustian,  Battios,  Vunjiitn^ss,  Tumid- 
iuss,Jiant.  " /iom//a.sf  was  originally  applied  to  a  stuff 
of  soft,  loose  texture,  used  to  swell  the  garment.  Fu.^lian 
was  also  a  kind  of  cloth  of  stiff,  expansive  character. 
These  terms  are  apj died  to  a  high,  swelling  style  of  writing, 
full  of  extravagant  scrttinunts  and  expressions.  Bathos  is 
a  word  which  has  the  same  application,  meaning  generally 
the  mock-heroic  —  that  'depth'  into  which  one  falls  wlu) 
overleaps  the  sublime  :  the  step  which  one  uuikes  in  pass- 
ing from  the  sublime  to  the  ridiculous."  (/>»'  Mitle.  Ele- 
ments of  Rhetoric,  ]t.  2"2f>.)  Bombast  is  rather  stronger  than 
fustian.  Turijidiwss  and  tumidness  are  words  drawn 
from  the  swelling  of  the  fiody,  and  express  mere  infla- 
tion of  style  without  reference  t^)  sentiment.  liant  is  ex- 
travagant or  violent  langll  age,  proceeding  from  enthusiasm 
or  fanaticism,  generally  in  support  of  extreme  opinions  4>r 
against  those  holding  opinious  of  a  milder  or  different  sort. 

The  first  victory  of  good  taste  is  over  the  bombast  and 
conceits  which  deform  such  times  as  these. 

Mncautan,  Dryden. 
And  he,  whose/w^fian's  so  sublimely  bad, 
It  is  not  poetry,  but  prose  run  mad. 

I'upe,  l*rol.  to  .Satires,  1.  1S7- 

In  his  flftli  sonnet  he  [Petrarch]  m.iy,  I  think,  be  said  to 
have  sounded  the  lowest  chasm  of  the  Bathos. 

Macauiatj,  Petrarch. 

The  critics  of  that  day,  the  most  flattering  eiiually  with 
the  severest,  concurred  iu  olijectiug  to  them  obscurity,  a 
general  tunfidne.is  of  diction,  aud  a  i)ri)fusi<ui  of  new- 
coined  double  epithets.  Culeridije,  ISiog.  Lit.,  i. 

All  rant  aluuit  the  rights  of  man,  all  whining  and  whim- 
pering about  the  clashing  interests  of  lutdy  and  soul,  arc 
treated  with  hallghty  scorn,  or  made  the  butt  of  contemp- 
tuous ridicule.  Wliipple,  Ess.  aud  Kcv.,  I.  20. 

Il.t   n-   High-sounding;   inflated;  big  with- 
out meaning. 
A  tall  metaphor  iu  teHthut  way.     CmiUy,  Ode,  Ot  Wit. 


bombinate 

bombastt  (bom'-  or  liuiii'liasi),  i'.  I.  [<  bom- 
bunt,  ».]  1.  To  pad  out;  stuff,  as  a  doublet 
with  cotton;  hence,  to  inflate;  swell  out  with 
high-sounding  or  bombastic  language. 

bet  tbeni  pretend  what  zeal  they  will,  counterfeit  re- 
ligion, blear  the  world's  eyes,  bombast  themselves. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  196. 

Then  strives  he  to  binnbasl  his  feeble  lines 

With  far-fetcli'd  phrase.        Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  I.  4. 

2.  To  beat;  baste. 

I  will  HO  codgell  ami  bombaste  thee  that  thou  shalt  not 
be  able  to  sturre  thyself.  Palace  of  Pleasure  (lf)7'J). 

bombastic,  bombastical  (bom-  or  bum-bas'tik, 

-ti-kal),  a.     [<  boinbiist,  «.,  -t-  -ic,  -ieiiL]    Char- 
acterized by  bombast;  high-sounding;  iiiHat- 
ed;  extravagant. 
A  theatrical,  bombastie,  and  windy  phraseology. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace. 

He  indulges  without  measure  in  vague,  bombastic  dec- 
lamation. Macaulay,  Sadler's  Law  of  Population. 
=  S3m.  Swelling,  tumid,  stilted,  pompous,  lofty,  grandilo- 
(inent,  bitili-tlown. 

bombastically  (bom-  orbum-bas'ti-k.;il-i),  adv. 
In  a  biiml)astic  or  inflated  manner  or  style. 

bombastry  (bom'-  or  bum'biis-tri),  «.  [<  bom- 
hast  +  -rij.]     Bombastic  words ;  fustian. 

Bo  adjust  ni -Mid  buffoonery,  by  nature  lofty  and  light,  soar 
highest  of  all.  Swi/t,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Int. 

Bombax  (bom'baks),  n.  [ML.,  cotton,  a  corrup- 
tion of  L.  bomhyx:  see  Jiombijx.]  1.  A  genus  of 
silk-cotton  trees,  natural  order  Malrttcea;  chief- 
ly natives  of  tropical  America.  The  seeds  are  cov- 
ered with  a  silky  fiber,  but  this  is  too  short  for  textile 
uses.  The  wood  is  soft  and  light.  The  fibrous  bark  of 
some  .sjieries  is  used  for  making  ropes. 
2f.  [/.  c.  ]    Same  as /;r;«(/;((.r(H<;. 

Bombay  duck,    See  bummalo. 

Bombay  shell.    See  nhell. 

bombazeen  (bom-  or  bum-ba-zen'),  n.  Same 
as  binnbit:ini-. 

bombazet,  bombazette  (bom-  or  btim-ba-zct' ), 
II.  [<  boiiiliii:(iii<)  +  dim.  -et,  -cttc.l  A  sort 
of  thin  woolen  cloth. 

bombazine,  bombasine  (bom-or bum-ba-zen'), 
n.  [Also  bomba:in,  bombasin,  bombazeen,  for- 
merly hu)nba:ine,  bumbasine :  <  F.  bombasin 
(obs.)  =  Sp.  bombast  =  Pg.  bombazina  (prob. 

<  E.)  =  It.  bambaffino,  <  ML.  honibasinum,  prop. 
bombi/cinuin,  a  silk  texture,  netit.  of  bvmbasi- 
niis,  bomhacinus,  prop,  (as  L. )  hombijeinus  (see 
hombijcine),  made  of  silk  or  cotton,  <  homhax, 
prop,  (as  L.)  bombijx,  silk,  cotton:  see  bombace, 
bombast,  Boinbax,  Bombijx.']  If.  Raw  cotton. 
N.  E.  D. — 2.  Originally,  a  stuff  woven  of  silk 
and  wool,  made  in  England  as  early  as  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth;  afterward,  a  stuff  made  of  silk 
alone,  but  apparently  always  of  one  color,  and 
inexpensive. —  3.  In  modern  usage,  a  stuff  of 
which  the  warp  is  silk  and  the  weft  worsted.  An 
imitation  of  it  is  made  of  cotton  and  worsted. 

Also  spelled  bombazeen,  bombasin. 

bomb-chest  (bom'chcst),  n.  Milit.,  a  chest  fill- 
ed with  l)ombs  or  gunpowder,  buried  to  serve 
as  an  cxplosible  mine. 

bombernickel  (bom'ber-nik"l),  n.  Same  as 
pumjierniclul.     Imp.  Diet. 

bombiate  (bom'bi-at),  n.  [<  bombi{c)  +  -dfel.] 
A  salt  formed  by  bombie  acid  and  a  base. 

bombic  (bom'bik),  a.  [<  L.  boinb(yx),  a  silk- 
worm, + -jc]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  silkworm. 
—  Bombic  acid,  aciil  of  the  silkworm,  obtained  from  an 
acid  liquor  contained  in  a  reservoir  placed  near  the  anus. 
The  liquor  is  especially  alniudant  in  the  chrysalis. 

Bombids  (bom'bi-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Bombiis  + 
-ilia.']  A  family  of  bees,  typified  by  the  genus 
Bombus ;  the  btnnblebees.  [Scarcely  used,  the 
bumblebees  having  been  merge<l  in  .ipidtr.] 

bombilate  (bom'bi-lat),  r.  i.\  pret.and  pp.  bom- 
liilated,  p[)r.  bombilatiny.  [<  ML.  bombilare  (pp. 
bonibilatus),  an  eiToneous  form  of  LL.  bombi- 
lare, freq.  of  "bombare.  ML.  also  hombire,  buzz, 

<  L.  homlnis,  a  humming,  buzzing  sound.  Of. 
homh^,  bomb-,  i«»il,  bumble,  etc.]  To  make  a 
buzzing  or  Inmuning,  like  a  bee,  or  a  top  when 
spinning.     X.  A.  Her.     [Rare.] 

bombilation  (bom-bi-la'shon),  »•  ["!  bombilate : 
see  -atioii.]  A  buzzing  or  droning  sound;  re- 
port; noise.     Also  bombulalion.     [Rare.] 

To  abate  the  vigour  thereof  or  silence  itsjpowder's]  6oni- 
hidatidii.  SirT.  Bromie,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii  6. 

bombilioust,  a.    See  homhjlious. 

bombilla  (bom-bil'yji),  n.  [S.  Amer.  Sp.,  dim. 
of  Sp.  homha.  aptmif):  see pump^.]  A  tube  used 
in  Paragiuiy  for  drinking  mat(5.  It  is  Cor  7  inches 
long,  formed  of  metiil  or  a  reed,  with  a  perforated  bulb  at 
one  end,  to  prevent  the  tea-leaves  from  being  drawn  up 
into  the  n](mth. 

bombinate  (bom'bi-nat),  i'.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bombinatcd,  ppr.  bomhinating,     [<  ML.  'bombi- 


018 

Bombiix  commonly  referred  to  tliis  family  are  Satumia, 
A  ttn'-'ua,  ft/loiirtf/iit,  Laitiiicatitjta,  and  Klijtiocampa,  See  eut 

liii.iir  /l"tiif'>/x. 

bombyciform  (bom-l)is'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  hom- 
bj/x  [liiimliifc-),  a  silkworm,  +  forma,  form.] 
Having  the  oharactpi-s  of  a  borabycid  moth. 
Bombycilla  (bom-bi-sil'a),  )(.  [XL.,  <  Ij.  hmn- 
lii/x  {lidwlii/c-).  silk,  +  -cilia,  taken  from  M<ita- 
c'illa,  in  tlie  assumoil  sense  of  'tail.']  A  genus 
of  birds,  the  silktails  or  waxwings :  same  as  Am- 
pelis  in  the  most  restricted  sense.  See  Jmpclis. 
Bombycillidae  (bom-bi-sil'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Biiiiihi/rilla  +  -)>/«-.]  A  family  of  birds,  repre- 
sented l)y  the  genus  Bombycilla  :  same  as  Am- 
piAiila-  in  the  most  restricted  sense.  [Disused.] 
Bombycina  (bom-bi-si'na),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bom- 
bijx  (Bombyc-)  +  -ina.']  A  tribe  or  superfamily 
of  moths  containing  the  bombycids,  as  distin- 
guished fi-om  the  sphinxes  on  the  one  hand  and 
the  MicrolepiilopUra  in  general  on  the  other. 
Bombinator.  it  is  a  heterogeneous  group,  the  species  of  bombycine  (bom'bi-sin),  a.  [<  L.  bombycinus, 
which  tjelong  to  the  families  DiicoglossUla,  Pelobatittte,  <  bombyx,  silk :  see  Bombyx.  Cf .  bomba:ine.'\ 
mA  C„^to,mathul<e.  t,„  ,„w     1-  Silken;    silk.— 2.    Of  cotton,  or  of  paper 

bomb-ketch  (bom'keeh),H.    A  small,  strongly    ,^aae  of  cotton.     X.  E.  D. 

[<  L.  boiiihy- 

,,    ,  ,      ,  ,  ciiitis:  seebombi/cineA    1.  Silken;  made  of  silk. 

cani^i  bomb-vessel.  -2.  Silkv;  feeling  like  silk.- s!  Of  the  color 

„f^ir/;:XS^^fti;e-hari:r  "'^''  '"'"^''  "°  °"'     of  the  sUkworm-moth;  of  a  pale-yeUow  color. 
G.  ir.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiaua,  p.  153.      i.  Jliinnil. 
bomb-lance  (bom'lans),  n.   A  lance  or  harpoon  Bombycistoma,  Bombycistomus  (bom-bi-sis'- 

haviug  a  hollow  head  charged  with  gunpowder,     to-mii,  -mus),  «.     [NL.,  <  Or.  ,3o/i,3i',-,  silk,  + 

which  is  automatically  fired  when  thi-ust  into  a    '^"''"a,  mouth.]     Synonyms  of  Batrachostomus 

whale  (which  see). 

bombolo   (bom'bo-lo),  n.      [<  It.  6o)»6o?a,  a  bombycoid  (bom'bi-koid),  a.    Of  or  relating  to 

pitcher,  bottle,  <  bomha  :  see  6o»ii2.]     A  sphe-    the  Boinhycidw. 

roidal  vessel  of  flint-glass,  used  in  subliming  bombylii,  «.     Plural  of  bomhyhiis. 

crude  camphor.     It  is  usually  about  12  inches  Bombyliidffi  (bom-bi-li'i-de),  n.pl.     [NL 


bombinate 

natus,  pp.  of  'bombiiiiirr,  erroneous  form  of  LL. 
bomhitare :  see  hombilali.']  To  buzz;  make  a 
buzzing  sound;  bombilate.     [Karo.] 

As  e:usy  anil  as  jniilltalile  a  proMein  to  solve  the  Rabe- 
laisian riiUUe  of  the  ItoiHhiniitin.i  (hiinieni  with  its  poten- 
tial «»r  liypnthetieal  fai-nlty  »»f  titriving  sustenance  from  a 
ctiurx-  of  ilit't  on  sceonil  intentions. 

.•iiriiilnirne,  Shakespeare,  p.  190. 

bombination  (boni-bi-na'.shon),  H.  [<  bombi- 
iiiilr.    {•(.  h'liiihilalioii.]    Buzz ;  humming  noise. 

Bombinator  (bom'bi-na-tor),  H.  [NL.  (Mer- 
rein,  1S20),  <  ML.  'Immbindrc,  buzz:  see  bomlii- 
Wflfc]  A  genus  of  European  frogs,  made  t\-pi- 
cal  of  a  {amily  Bimbiiialoridw,  now  referred  to 
the  family  JJik-oglo.tsidw.  B.  igneus  is  the  typi- 
cal species,  called  bombardier. 

Bombinatoridse  (bom  " bi-na-tor' i-de),  «.  lyl. 
[XL..  <  liomhiuator  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  anu- 
rous batrachians,  having  a  tongue,  maxillary 
teeth,  and  toes  not  dOated,  typified  by  the  genus 


bmlt,  keteh-rigged  vessel   carrj-mg  one  mor  ar  Tjombycinous  (bom-bis'i-nus),  a. 
or  more,  tor  service  m  a  bombardment.     Also  ""'""J'^'"","=  \  ,    ,    ,...<' 


bonail 


in  diameter.  Also  biimbelo,  bumholo. 
bombous  (bom'-  or  bum'bus),  a.  [<  L.  bombtts, 
n.,  taken  as  adj.:  see  bomb^.}  1+.  Booming; 
humming. — 2.  [<  bomb^  +  -ous.}  Convexly 
round,  like  a  segment  of  a  bomb ;  spherical. 

In  some  parts  [of  the  integument  of  the  .^dachii],  as  for 
example  on  the  head,  they  [the  dermal  denticles]  often 
have  a  bonibmts  surface,  and  are  set  irregidarly. 

Gegeiibaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  423. 

bomb-proof  (bom'prof),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Strong 


Bombylius  +  -«?«'.]  A  family  of  brachycerous 
dipterous  insects,  of  the  section  Tclrachwtw 
or  Taiiystomata ;  the  humbleflies.  They  have  a 
long  proboscis,  the  third  .antennal  joint  not  annulate, 
three  prolonged  basal  cells,  and  usually  four  posterior 
cells.  The  family  is  large,  containing  upward  of  1,400 
species,  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  They  usually  have 
haii-y  bodies,  ai"e  very  swift  in  flight,  and  are  sometimes 
called  jloicer-jlies,  from  their  feeding  upon  pollen  and 
honey  extracted  by  means  of  the  long  proboscis.  The  typi- 
cal genus  is  BombyUits;  other  genera  are  Anthrax,  Loma- 
tia.  and  X''int't<trina. 


h  to  resist  the  impact  and  explosive  force  bombyliOUSt  (bom-bil'i-us),  a.     [<  Gr.  /3o/j/3ii- 


of  bombs  or  shells  striking  on  the  outside. 

II.  n.  In  fort.,  a  structure  of  such  design 
and  strength  as  to  resist  the  penetration  and 


Bomb-proof. 


the  shattering  force  of  shells.  Such  structures  are 
made  in  a  variety  of  ways,  but  are  usually,  at  least  in  part, 
beneath  the  level  of  the  ground.  They  may  be  entirely  of 
metal,  so  shaped  that  shot  and  shell  will  glance  from  the 
surface  without  piercing  them,  or  they  may  be  of  vaulted 
masonry,  or  even  of  timber  covered  and  faced  with  mas- 
sive embankments  of  earth,  the  latter  forming  the  most 
effective  shield  against  modern  projectiles.  Bomb-proofs 
are  provided  in  permanent  and  often  in  temporaiy  forti- 
fications to  place  the  magazine  and  stores  in  safety  during 
a  bombardment,  and  also  to  afford  shelter  to  the  garrison 
or  to  non-combatants. 

We  eiitei-ed  a  lofty  bo mi-;/roo/ which  was  the  bedi'oom 
of  the  conunanding  olhcer. 

W.  H.  Russell,  London  Times,  June  11, 1S61. 

bombshell  (bom'shel),  n.     Same  as  bomb^,  1. 
bombus   (bom'bus),   n.     [L.,  <  Gr.   ii6u3o^,   a 

buzzing  noise :  see  iomfc^.]     i.  In  pathol.:  (a) 

A  hmuming  or  buzzing  noise  in  the  ears,     (b) 

A  rumbling  noise  in  the  intestines ;  borboryg- 

mus. —  2.  Xcap."]  A  genus  of  bees,  family  Api- 

dce,  containing  the  honey-producing  aculeate 

or  sting-possessing  hjTnenopterous  insects  com- 
monly called  bumblebees.     See  bumblebee,  and 

cut  under  Bymenoptcra. 
bomb-vessel  (bom'ves"el),  n.    Same  as  6oHi6- 

/,(7(7i. 

bombycid  ibom'bi-sid),  a.  and  )i.    I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Bom- 
bycidic. 
Scent-organs  in  some  bombifcid  moths.  Science,  VII.  505. 
H.  n.   One  of  the  Bombycidw. 

Bombycidae  (bom-bis'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NX..,  <  Bom- 
byx (Bombyc-)  +  -idw."]  A  family  of  nocturnal 
heterocerous  Lepidoptcra,  or  moths,  important 
as  containing  the  silkworm-moth,  having  the 
antennse  bipeetinate,  the  palpi  small,  and  the 
maxillte  rudimentary,     nie  limits  of  the  family  and  bominablet,  U 


'/.log,  a  bumblebee  (see  bombylius),  +  -otts.']  Buz- 
zing; humming  like  a  bee. 

Vexatious,  .  .  .  not  by  stinging,  .  .  .  but  oidy  by  their 
botitbidious  noise.  Durham,  Physico-Theol.,  iv.  14. 

bombylius  (bom-bil'i-us), «.;  pi.  bombylii  (-i).  [< 
Gr.  (o)  ,ioiiiiv'/-i6Q  OT  lio/iiUy.ioi;  a  narrow-necked 
vessel  that  gurgles  in  pour- 
ing; (6)  .iojjijiv/Mg,  a  bumble- 
bee ;  <  ,i6iiSoq,  a  humming, 
buzzing:  seebombus,  bomb'^.^ 

1.  In  arclMoh,  a  form  of 
Greek  vase,  of  moderate 
size,  varying  between  the 
types  of  the  lekythos  and 
the  aryballus.  It  was  used 
for  containing  perfumes,  ami 
also  for  pouring  liquids,  ft'-. 
—  2.  \_cap.-\  [NL.]  The  typi- 
cal genus  of  the  family -Bo//;- 
byliidw. 

Bombys:  (bom'biks),  «.  [L. 
bombyx  (in  ML.  comiptly 
bombax :  see  bombace,  bom- 
bast, bombasine),  <  Gr.  jioii- 
jiv^,  a  silkworm,  silk,  cot- 
ton; origin  uncertain.]  1. 
A  Linnean  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects,  now 
the  type  of  the  tsocmly  Bombycido".  The  caterpillar 
of  the  Boinbtiz  mori  is  w'ell  known  by  the  name  of  silk- 
worm.  When  full-grown  it  is  3  inches  long,  whitish-gray, 
smooth,  with  a  horn  on  the  penultimate  segment  of  the 
body.  It  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the  mulberry  (in  the 
United  States  also  on  those  of  the  Osage  orange),  and 
spins  an  oval  cocoon  of  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg,  of  a 
close  tissue,  with  very  fine  silk,  usually  of  a  yellow  color, 
but  sometimes  white.  Each  silk-flber  is  double,  and  is 
spun  from  a  viscid  substance  contained  in  two  tubular  or- 
gans ending  in  a  spinneret  at  the  mouth.  A  single  fiber 
is  often  1,100  feet  long.  It  requires  1,600  worms  to  pro- 
duce 1  pound  of  silk.  Greek  missionaries  first  brought 
the  eggs  of  the  silkworm  from  China  to  Constantinople  in 
the  reign  of  Justinian  (.\.  D.  527-565).  In  the  twelfth  cen- 
t  uiy  the  cultivation  of  silk  was  introduced  into  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  from  the  Morea,  and  several  centuries  afterward 
into  France.  The  silkw  onn  luulergoes  a  variety  of  changes 
dm-ing  the  short  period  of  its  life.  When  hatcheil  it  ap- 
pears as  a  black  worm ;  after  it  has  finished  its  cocoon  it 
becomes  a  chrysalis,  and  finally  a  perfect  cream-colored 
insect  or  moth,  with  four  wings.  For  other  silk-spinning 
bombycids.  see  siU^ironn.     See  eut  in  next  cohnnn. 

2.  In  conch.,  a  genus  of  pulmonate  gastropods. 
Humphreys,  1797.     [Not  in  use.] 

An  abbreviated  form  of  abom- 


Black-figured  Bomby- 
lius. 


consequently  its  definition  vary  much.    Genera  besides     inablc. 


Silkwonn  ' Btnnbyx  morf',,  about  natural  size. 

Juliana  Eemei-s.  lady-prioress  of  the  nunnery  of  Sopwell 
in  the  fifteenth  century,  informs  us  that  in  her  time  "  a 
bo?/it/JirtWe  syght  of  monkes"  was  elegant  English  for  "a 
large  company  of  fiiars." 

(r.  P.  Marsh.  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  viii. 

Bomolochidae  (bo-mo-lok'i-de),  n.])l.  [NTli.,  < 
Boiiioloelius  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  eopepod  crus- 
taceans, of  the  group  Sijilioiiostomafa,  typified 
by  the  genus  Bomolochus.  The  species  are  few 
in  number,  and  parasitic  on  fishes. 

Bomolochus  (bo-mol'o-kus),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  3u- 
/io'/.oxuc,  a  beggar,  low  jester,  buflfoon,  prop,  one 
who  waited  about  the  altars  to  beg  or  steal 
some  of  the  meat  offered  thereon,  <  jiufioc,  an 
altar,  -f-  '/oxav,  lie  in  wait,  <  '/uxoc,  ambush,  lying 
in  wait,  <  '/.iyeiv,  lay  a«leep.  in  pass,  lie  asleep, 
lie :  see  lay'^,  ?i>l.]  A  genus  of  crustaceans, 
tji^ical  of  the  family  Bomolochidw. 

bonlf,  n.     Obsolete  form  of  io»fl. 

bon-t,  "•     Obsolete  form  of  boonl. 

bon^t,  a.     Obsolete  form  of  boon^. 

bon*  (F.  pron.  bon),  a.  [F.,  <  OF.  ban,  >  HE. 
bone,  mod.  E.  boonS,  q.  v.]  Good:  a  French 
word  occurring  in  several  phrases  familiar  in 
EngBsh,  but  not  Anglicized,  as  bon  mot,  bon  ton, 
bon  virant,  etc. 

bona  (bo'na),  «.  pi.  [L.,  property,  goods,  pi.  of 
bonum,  a  good  thing,  neut.  of  bonus,  good.  Cf. 
E.  goods,  a  translation  of  bona.']  Literally, 
goods;  in  civil  laic,  all  sorts  of  property,  mova- 
ble and  immovable. 

bon  accord  (bon  a-k6rd').  [F. :  see  bon*  and 
accord,  «.]  1.  Agi'eement;  good  wUl. — 2.  An 
expression  or  token  of  good  will — The  city  of 
bon  accord,  -Aberdeen,  Scotland,  Eon  accord  being  the 
motto  of  tile  town's  amis. 

bonace-tree  (bon'as-tre),  n.  [<  bonace  (uncer- 
tain) -1-  tree.]  A  small  tree  of  Jamaica,  Vaph- 
nopsis  tinifolia,  nattrral  order  Thymelcacea;,  the 
inner  bark  of  which  is  verj'  fibrous  and  is  used 
for  cordage,  etc.     Also  called  burn-nose  tree. 

bona  fide  (bo'na  fide).  [L.,  abl.  of  bona  fides, 
good  faith:  see  bona  fides.]  In  or  with  good 
faith ;  -n-ithout  fraud  or  deception ;  with  sincer- 
ity;  genuinely:  frequently  used  as  a  compound 
atijective  in  the  sense  of  honest;  genuine;  not 
make-believe.  An  act  done  bona  ride,  in  /air.  is  one  done 
without  fraud,  or  without  knowledge  or  notice  of  any  de- 
ceit or  improiiriety,  in  contradistinction  to  an  act  done 
deceitfully,  with  bad  faith,  fraudulently,  or  with  know- 
ledge of  previous  facts  rendering  the  act  to  be  set  np  in- 
valid.—Bona-fide  possessor,  in  lair,  a  pei-son  who  not 
only  possesses  a  subject  upon  a  title  which  he  honestly  be- 
lieves to  la>  l:ooi1.  but  is  ignorant  of  any  attempt  to  contest 
his  title  by  soiiif  otlier  person  claiming  a  better  right.— 
Bona-fide  purchaser,  in  law.  one  who  has  bought  prop- 
erty without  notice  of  an  adverse  claim,  and  h.as  piiid  a 
full  price  for  it  before  having  snch  notice,  or  who  has  been 
unaware  of  any  circumstances  making  it  prudent  to  in- 
quire w  liether  an  adverse  claim  existed. 

bona  fides  (bo'na  fi'dez).  [L.:  bona,  fern,  of 
bonus  {>  ult.  E.  boon^),  good;  fides,  >  ult.  E. 
faith.]  Good  faith ;  fair  dealing.  See  bona 
fide. 

bonaget,  bonnaget  (bon'aj),  n.  [Sc,  appar.  a 
var.  (simulating  bondage)  of  hoonagc,  q.  v.] 
Ser\-ices  rendered  by  a  tenant  to  his  landlord 
as  part  pavTuent  of  rent. 

bonaght,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  written  bo- 
nogh,  bonough,  repr.  Ir.  buana,  a  bUleted  soldier, 
buanadh,  a  soldier.]  A  permanent  soldier. 
X  /;.  I>. 

bonaghtt,  ".  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  bonnnght, 
bonuuijht,  etc..  repr.  Ir.  buanacht.  quartering  of 
soldiers.]  A  tax  or  tribute  formerly  levied  by 
Irish  chiefs  for  the  maintenance  of  soldiers. 
.V.  K.  IK 

bonailt,  bonailliet,  "•    [Sc]    Same  as  bonally. 


bonail 

On  tho  bravo  vessel's  umiwale  I  (li-.ii)k  his  hnnail 
And  fiircwell  to  Miu-ki-iizic,  Iliiili  rhicf  (.f  Kintjiil. 

Sciitl,  Kan-ucll  to  .Mackenzie. 

bonairt  (bo-nJir')*  ^.  [<  ME.  honmr,  hnnaircy 
boncrc ;  short  for  (Mmuuir,  q.  v.]  Complaisant; 
eoiirteous;  kiinl;  yioldin^. 

lUmitir  ami  Iiiixiini  to  the  I'.ishop  (if  Rome. 

Hl>.  Jtivtll,  Itef.  of  A]ioI.  f(jr  rhuivh  nf  Eii^.,  p.  r>38. 

bonairtef,  ».  [ME.,  also  houaireU\  honerte ;  sliort 
lor  t/t  fnHKiirtCj  q.  v.]     Coinplaisauce ;  courtesy. 

<  '/Hfiictr. 

bonallyt  (bo-nari),  n.  [Sc,  also  written  ^o««//- 
//>,  h(niu(ti/lic^  homtaiUc.boiiail,  honnail :  <  l'\/w«, 
trood,  +  tdlefy  ^o  :  seo  hoou'i  and  (tllci/^.l  Good- 
sjKM'il;  farewell:  as,  to  drink  one's /^o;u/////. 

bonang  (bo-nan^;'),  ».  A  Javanese  mnsieal  In- 
st niinent,  consisting  of  gouj^s  inoiuited  on  a 
t'raine. 

bona  notabilia  (bo'nii  no-ta-bil'i-a).  [Law 
L. :  L.  hotuij  ^^ooiln'y  notafnlia,  uont.  ^\.  ot  not(t~ 
bilis,  to  be  noted  :  see  b<ni(i  and  notable.']  In 
laWj  assets  situated  in  a  jnrisdiction  other  than 
that  in  which  tho  owner  died.  Formerly  ia  En^'- 
lanil,  wlien  the  goods,  aniountinj;  to  at  leiist  £ri,  were  in 
anotlur  diocese  than  that  in  which  their  owner  died,  his 
will  had  tnlirjinivcd  hefore  tliuarcliliishopof  thc]iruvince. 

bonanza  {bo-nan'zJi),  n.  [<  Sp.  bonunzn  (= 
l^^^  liDuam^a),  fair  weather  at  sea.  prosperity, 
success  {//'  i'n  bon(tn::ay  sail  with  fair  wind  and 
weather,  go  on  prosperously)  (cf.  It.  bonaccia 
=  Pr.  hona^sa,  >  F.  bouace,  a  calm  at  sea),  < 
L.  boHiOy  {y  Sp.  buoto  =  Pg.  bom  =  It.  buono  = 
F.  bon),  good;  cf.  OSp.  uiaHna^  stormy  weather 
at  sea,  <  1j.  malus,  bad.]  1.  Aterm  iu  common 
xise  in  the  Pacific  States,  signifying  a  rich  mass 
of  ore:  opposed  to  horrasca.  Hence  —  2.  A 
mine  of  wealth  ;  a  profitable  thing;  good  luck: 
as.  to  strike  a  ho)iati~<i.  [Collotj.,  U.  S.]  — The 
BOQanza  mines,  spccillcally,  tlio^-i'  silver-mint-s  on  the 
Conistock  lode  in  >icvad!i  which  yielded  enorniuusly  for  a 
ft  w  >far^. 

Bonapartean  (bo'na-par-te-au),  «,  [<  Bona- 
parity  It.  Buonaparicy  family  name  of  Napo- 
leon.] Pertaining  to  Bonaparte  or  the  Bona- 
partes:  as,  ^^Bonapartean  dynasty,"  Craig. 

Bonapartism  (bo'na-par-tizm),  n.  [<  F.  Bona- 
}Kirti,'^tiir,  <  Bonaparte  +  -ismc,  -ism.]  1.  The 
policy  or  political  system  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte and  his  dynasty, —  2,  Devotion  to  tho 
Bonaparte  family;  adherence  to  the  cause  or 
the  dynastic  claims  of  the  Bonapartes. 

Bonapartist  (bo'na-par-tist),  H.  and  a.  K  F. 
Bonapartii>tt\  <  Bonaparte  +  -iste^  -ist.]  I.  n. 
1.  An  adherent  of  the  Bonapartes,  or  of  the 
policy  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  and  his  dynasty. 
—  2.  One  who  favors  the  claims  of  the  Bona- 
parte family  to  the  imperial  throne  of  Franco. 
II.  a.  Adhering  to  or  favoring  the  dynasty, 
policy,  or  claims  of  the  Bonapartes. 

bona  peritura  (bo'uii  per-i-tu'rii).  [Law  L. : 
Jj.  }iona,  goods;  peritnra,  neut.  pi.  of  peritnrus, 
fut.  part,  of  })erir€,  perish:  see  bona  and  pcr- 
/.s7/.]     In  law,  perishable  goods. 

bona-robat  (bo'na-ro'ba),  n.  [It.  huonarobba, 
**  a  good  wholesome  plum-cheeked  wench" 
(Florio),  lit.  a  tine  gown,  <  buona,  fem.  of  buonOj 
good,  line,  +  rohba^  roba,  gown :  seo  bonanza, 
hoon'^,  and  robe.^  A  showy  wanton ;  a  wench 
of  the  town ;  a  eoui'tezan. 
A  bouncing  bona-roba.  B.  Jonson,  New  Inn. 

Some  prefer  the  French, 
For  tlieir  conceited  dressings ;  some  the  plump 
Itahau  bona-robas.         Fletcher,  Spauisli  Curate,  i.  1. 

Bonasa,  Bonasia  (bo-na'sa,  -si-ji),   ».     [NL. 

(_"f.  bonasns.]  A  genus  of  gallinaceous  birds, 
of  the  family  Trtraanida;  containing  especially 
B.  befnlina,  the  hazel-gi'ouse  of  Europe,  and  B. 
ntnbella,  the  ruffed  gi'ouse,  pheasant,  or  par- 
tridge of  Nortll   America.      'I'Uey  have   a  riitHe  of 


Ruffed  Grouse  (Btmasa  umMta). 

feathers  on  each  side  of  tlie  neck,  a  broad  fan-shaped 
tail,  partly  feathered  sluinks.  and  a  small  crest.  They 
are  woodland  Itirds,  noted  for  their  habit  of  drumming, 
whence  probably  tliL-ir  name,  thu  uuise  being  likened  to 
the  bellowing  of  a  bull. 


bonasus,  bonassus  (bo-na'sus,  -nas'us),  n. 

[L.  bona.sKSj  <  Ur.  lii'ivaam;  or  (iovafTaory  the  wild 
ox.]  1.  The  wild  bison  of  Europe;  tho  au- 
rochs (which  see). — 2.  [eap.]  [NL.]  A  ge- 
neric name  of  tlie  bisons,  and  thus  a  synonym 
of  Bison  (which  see). 

bonbatzen  (bon-bat'sen),  n.     Same  as  b<itz. 

bonbon  (bon'bon;  F.  pron.  bon'bon),  n,  fF., 
a  redui>lication  of  ban,  good:  see  b<nf^,  bnon'-i. 
Cf.  etpiiv.  E.  (jooffics.]  A  sugar-plum;  in  the 
jiliiral,  siiLrar-confection<»ry. 

bonbonni6re  (lion-bon-iar'),  n.  [F.]  A  box 
for  holding  bon))ons  or  uonfections. 

bonce  (bons),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  1.  A  largo 
marble  for  playing  with. —  2.  A  game  played 
with  such  marbles.     A'.  L\  I).     [Eng.] 

bonchieft,  ".  [<  ME.  bonckef,  bonrehirf,  boon- 
ehief,  <  bone^  goo<l  (see  boon-^),  +  ehvf,  rliirj] 
head,  end,  issue,  prob.  after  analogy  of  mischief, 
(j.  v.]     (!ood  fortune;  ])rosperity. 

bon-chr6tien  (F.  pron.  boh-kra'tiau),  n.  [F., 
good  Christian:  see  boon'-^  and  Christian.']  A 
highly  esteemed  kind  of  pear. 

bond^  (bond),  H.  [<  ME.  bond,  a  variant  of 
band,  as  hand  of  hand,  etc.:  seo  band'^.']  1. 
Anything  that  binds,  fastens,  couiines,  or  holds 
together,  as  a  cord,  chain,  rope,  band,  or  ban- 
dage ;  a  ligament. 

I  tore  them  [hairs]  from  their  bonds. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 

Specifically — 2.  pi.  Fetters;  chains  for  re- 
straint ;  hence,  imprisonment ;  captivity. 

This  man  doeth  nothing  worthy  of  death,  or  of  bonds. 

Acts  xxvi,  ;^l, 

3.  A  binding  or  uniting  power  or  influence; 
cause  of  imion;  link  of  connection;  a  uniting 
tie:  as,  the  bonds  of  affection. 

Farewell,  thou  worthy  man  !    There  were  two  bonds 
That  tied  our  loves,  a  brother  and  a  king. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  ilaid's  Tragedy,  v,  2. 

There  is  a  strong  bond  of  affection  between  us  and  oiu* 

parents.  Sir  T.  Bruwin',  Religio  Medici,  ii.  14. 

I  liave  struggled  througli  much  discouragement  .  .  . 

for  a  people  with  whom  I  have  no  tie  but  the  connuon 

b'lmi  of  mankind.  Burke,  To  Sir  H.  Langrishe. 

4.  Something  that  constrains  the  mind  or  will ; 
obligation ;  duty. 

I  love  your  majesty 
According  to  my  bojid,  nor  more  nor  less. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i,  1, 
Sir  Aylmer,  reddening  from  the  storm  within. 
Then  broke  all  bondu  of  courtesy. 

Tennyson,  Aylmcr's  Field. 

5.  An  agreement  or  engagement;  a  covenant 
between  two  or  more  persons. 

I  will  bring  you  into  the  bond  of  the  covenant. 

Ezek.  XX.  37. 
A  bo7id  offensive  and  defensive. 

Sir  J.  Atelvil  ilGlO),  Mem.,  p.  12. 

6.  [<  D.  bond,  league.]  A  league  or  confed- 
eration: used  of  the  Dutch-speaking  popula- 
tions of  southern  Africa. —  7.  In  law,  an  in- 
sti-ument  under  seal  by  which  the  maker  binds 
himself,  and  usually  also  his  heirs,  executors, 
and  administrators  (or,  if  a  corporation,  their 
successors),  to  do  or  not  to  do  a  speciiied  act. 
If  it  is  merely  a  promise  to  pay  a  certain  sum  on  or  before 
a  future  day  appointed,  it  is  called  a  yin;ik  bond.  But 
the  usual  form  is  foi-  the  obligor  to  bind  himself,  his  exec- 
utors, etc.,  in  a  sjiecitled  sum  or  penalty,  with  a  con<lition 
addeil,  on  performance  of  which  it  is  declared  the  obliga- 
tion siiall  be  void.  Wlieii  such  a  condition  is  added,  the 
bond  is  called  a  penal  bond  or  obligation.  The  person  to 
whom  the  bond  is  granted  is  called  the  obligee. 

8.  The  state  of  being  in  a  bonded  warehouse 
or  store  in  charge  of  custom-house  or  excise  offi- 
cers :  said  of  goods  or  merchandise :  as,  tea  and 
wine  still  in />(//i(/. — Of.  Asurety;  a  bondsman; 
bail.  Pe/^J/^,  Diary. — 10.  A  certificate  of  owner- 
ship of  a  specified  portion  of  a  capital  debt  due 
by  a  government,  a  cTty.  a  railroad,  or  other 
corporation  to  individual  holders,  and  usually 
bearing  a  fixed  rate  of  interest.  The  bonds  of  the 
Uintcd  States  are  of  two  classes:  (1)  coupon  bonds,  both 
principal  and  interest  of  which  are  payable  to  bearer, 
and  which  pass  by  delivery,  usually  without  indorsement ; 
(2)  re(iistered  bonds,  which  are  payable  only  to  the  parties 
wiiose  names  are  inscril>ed  upon  them,  and  can  be  trans- 
ferred only  by  indorsed  assignment. 

11.  In  chem.j  a  unit  of  combining  or  satu- 
rating power  equivalent  to  that  of  one  hydro- 
gen at<mi.  The  valence  of  an  element  or  gi-oup  is  in- 
dicated by  the  number  of  its  bonds.  Thus,  the  carbon 
atom  is  said  to  have  four  bonds,  that  is.  it  may  condnne 
directly  with  four  hydrogen  atoms  or  their  equivalents. 
Bonds  are  usually  represented  graphically  by  short  dashes. 
For  instance,  the  valence  of  a  carbon  atom  may  be  repre- 
sented thus:  Cs. 

One  or  more  pairs  of  bo7ids  belonging  to  one  and  the  same 
atom  of  an  element  can  unite,  and,  having  saturated  each 
other,  become  as  it  were  latent.     Franklami,  Chemistry. 

12.  In  buildintj :  {a)  The  connection  of  one 
stone  or  brick  with  another  made  by  lapping 


bond 

one  over  the  other  as  tho  work  is  earned  up,  so 
that  a  homogeneous  and  coherent  mass  may 
be  formed,  which  could  not  be  the  case  if  every 
verti<'al  joint  were  over  that  below  it.  See 
ehtiin-bond,  cross-bond,  heftrl-bond,  and  phrases 
l)elow.  (/>)  jd.  Tho  whole  of  the  timbers  dis- 
posed in  the  walls  of  a  house,  as  bond-timbers, 
wall-plates,  lintels,  and  templets, — 13.  The 
distance  between  the  nail  of  one  shite  in  a  roof 
and  the  lower  edge  of  the  slate  above  it. -Active 
bonds.    See  n'V/rc. -Arbitration  bond.    See  arOitra- 

tiiin.  Average  bond,  in  iiiiinm-  insurance,  an  under- 
taking in  the  form  >>{  a  b<in<l,  given  U>  the  captain  of  a 
ship  l»y  cunsigntis  of  cargn  bulfject  to  general  average, 
guaraiitecioK  payment  of  their  contribution  when  ascer- 
tained, provided  drli\'"ry  of  their  goods  be  made  at  once. 
See  arrra'ji-.  —  Blank  bond,  a  bond  fonnerly  used  fn 
which  the  Hpace  for  tin-  <  rtditor'B  name  wa.s  left  blank. — 
BlOCk-aad-CrOSS  bond,  a  nu-tlmd  of  building  in  which 
the  onter  face  of  the  wall  is  built  in  eroHsbond  and  the 
inner  face  in  block-bond.  -  Bond  for  land,  bond  for  a 
deed,  a  bond  given  by  the  seller  nf  land  to  one  agreeing 
to  buy  it,  binding  him  t<i  foiiviyon  receiving  the  ugreeil 
price.— Bond  Of  caution,  in  Scots  law,  an  obligation  by 
one  person  as  surety  ftpr  another  either  that  he  shall  pay 
a  certain  sniii  or  perform  a  certain  act— Bond  Of  cor- 
roboration, an  additiiinal  obligation  granted  by  the 
del)ti»r  in  a  li'iml,  by  which  he  corroborates  the  original 
obliu'atinn.  Bond  Of  indemnity,  a  bond  c(uiditioned  to 
indtnniify  the  iibligee  agaitist  some  loss  or  liability. — 
Bond  of  presentation,  in  Scots  law,  a  bond  to  present  a 
delitor  so  tliat  lie  may  be  .subjected  to  the  diligence  of  his 
cretiitur.— Bond  of  relief,  iu  Scots  laic,  a  bond  by  the 
I)rinripiil  debtor  granted  in  favor  of  a  cautioner,  by  which 
the  <let)tor  binds  himself  to  relieve  the  cautinner  from 
the  consequences  of  his  obligation. —  Collateral  trust- 
bondS,  bonds  issued  by  a  corporation  and  set  nred,  not, 
as  is  usual,  by  a  mortgage  on  its  own  piopcrty,  but  by 
pledging  or  depositing  in  trust,  on  behalf  ut  the  bomlhold- 
ers  to  be  secured,  mortgage-bonds  of  other  companies  held 
by  it  as  security.  The  interest  paid  on  tliese  eullateral 
trust-bonds  is  usually  less  than  that  received  on  tlie  bonds 
pledged,  the  surplus  being  used  to  form  a  sinking-fund  for 
the  redemption  of  the  former.— Consolidated  bonds, 
the  name  cimwnonly  given  to  railroad  bunds  seemed  by 
mortgage  on  the  entire  line  formed  by  several  cunsoli- 
dated  roads,  in  contradistinetitm  to  dtciifiimal  bonds, 
which  are  obligations  of  the  consolidated  company  se- 
cured by  mortgage  on  some  particular  division  of  the  rail- 
road.—Convertible  bonds,  evidences  of  debt  issued  by 
a  stock  company  whieli  ((intain  a  provision  that  they  may 
becouvertedat  the  holders  will  into  an  equivalent  amount 
of  stock.  -  Di- 
agonal bond,  in 
brirkliii/in(/,  the 
simplest  form  of 
i-aking  bond,  in 
which  the  coui-ses 
are  all  parallel  to 
each  other.— Di- 
visional bonds. 
See  under  c<>n- 
solidated  bonds, 
above.  —  Englisb. 
bond,  that  dispo- 
sition of  bricks  in 
a  wall  in  which 
the  courses  are 
alternately  com- 
posed entirely  of 
headers,  or  bricks 
laid  with  their  heads  or  ends  toward  the  face  of  the  wall, 
and  of  5tret<,'hers,  or  bricks  with  their  length  parallel 
to  the  face  of  the 
wall.  —  Flemish 
bond,  that  dis- 
position of  bricks 
in  a  wall  in 
which  each  com-se 
is  composed  of 
headers  and 
stretchers  alter- 
nately. 

What  is  in  Eng- 
land called  Flem- 
ish boiut  is  un- 
known in  Klan- 
dei"8,  and  is  jirac- 
tised  in  tlie  Brit- 
ish Isles  alone. 
KncMC.  Brit..  IV. 

I4tn. 

Forthcoming  bond,  a  bond  given  by  some  one  gtiaran- 
teeing  that  something  shall  be  produced  or  fortbciniing 
at  a  particular  time,  w  when  culled  for.-  Garden-bond. 
Same  as  bltH^k-bond.—GeuBTal  mortgage-bonds,  the 
name  commonly  given  to  a  corjKiratc  mortgage,  which, 
thiuigh  nominally  covering  all  proi)erty  of  the  company,  is 
of  inferior  secmity  because  subject  to  prior  mortgages  of 
various  kinds. —  Good  bond,  an  expressitui  used  by  car- 
penters to  denote  the  Ilrin  fastening  of  two  or  more  pieces 
together,  by  tenoning,  mortising,  ordovetailing.—  Herit- 
able bon(L  in  Scuts  law,  a  bond  for  a  sum  of  money,  to 
which  is  joined  for  the  creditor's  further  security  a  con- 
veyance of  himi  or  of  heritage,  t*)  be  held  by  the  creditor 
in  security  of  the  debt.— Herring-bone  bond,  in  brick- 
la>iin(/,  a  kitui  of  raking  bond  in  which  the  courses  lie  al- 
ternately at  right  angles  to  each  other,  so^that  every  two 
courses,  taken  together,  present  an  appearance  similar  to 
the  backbone  of  a  tlsh.— Income-bOnds,  bt>iids  of  a  cor- 
poration  secured  by  a  pledge  <if  or  lien  upon  the  net  in- 
come, after  payment  of  interest  upon  senior  mortgages. 
Cumulative  income-bonds  are  those  so  e.\pre.ssed  that,  if 
the  net  suri)lus  income  of  any  year  is  not  suflicient  to  pay 
full  interest  on  the  incimie-boiul,  the  deficit  is  carried  for- 
ward as  a  iien  up"ii  such  income  in  following  years,  until 
paid  in  full.  Lloyd's  bond,  a  form  of  legal  instrument 
devised  by  an  Knylish  barrister  named  Lloyd,  to  enable 
railway  and  other  corporate  conijianies  in  England  to  in- 
crease theii-  indebtedness  without  infringing  the  statutes 


"     1    1     1     1     1    (     1    1     r    1     1    CI     1 

1         1         1         1         i         >         1         1 

II     >    1     1     1     t    1     1    1     1    1     :    l'  1     1 

1         III         1         1         1         1 

1       '  1  '       1         1         1         1       '1  '      1 

1         1         1         1         1         1         1         < 

al  III  I  M  I  I  I  I  I  I      S 


English  Dond. 
,  face  of  waU ;    2.  end  of  waU  ;    3.  first- 
course  bed  ;  4,  second-course  bed. 


M      M      II      1 

-1    =- 

^        t    • 

'  1=_:3-.- 

f--:r'- 

1      II      M      II      1 

Flemish  Bond. 

I,  face  of  waU  :    3,  end  of  vraW  :    3.  first* 

course  bed  ;  4,  second-course  t>©a. 


bond 

nndor  which  thny  were  iiu-nrimrated  amlwhid]  prohibit^^d 
liorniwiri},'.  'J'liis  eiul  wa-s  a(.-ci>ini)li»hiMl  t»y  issuing  linntla 
luariiii;  iiiterost  for  wiirk  tione  *>r  for  k<)ihIs  th-HviTeil.— 
Passive  bonds.  See  (u-livc  bondjt,  \uu\cr  arfiri: — Quany- 
Stone  bond,  luliWe  masunry.  — Raking  bond,  a  imthiul 
vf  Itiii-klayinj;  in  whicli  tlie  hrirlis  art-  lahl  at  an  an^lc  in 
the  face  >if  llie  wall.  TIictv  an'  Iwn  kinds.  tliaiU'iinl  and 
A<m';i;r(<i>M.-.  — Registered  bond,  an  nlili^-ation,  nsnally 
of  a  stJiU:  or  enrporation,  fur  the  payment  «if  money,  rejJiis- 
tercd  in  the  holder's  name  (in  the  ho.iks  of  tlie  debtor,  and 
rcpresenteil  liy  a  sin^-le  ecrtilleate  ilelivereil  to  the  eredi- 
tor.- Running  bond,  in  hrkklaiiinn,  same  as  Kn'iUsh 
iioiK/.  — Straw  bond,  a  bond  iijion  whieh  either  lletitions 
names  or  tlie  nanus  of  persons  unable  to  pay  the  sum 
^rnaranteeli  are  written  as  names  of  sureties. 
bondl  (bond),  r.  [<  toHrfl,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
put  in  bond  or  into  a  bonded  warehouse,  as 
floods  liable  for  customs  or  excise  duties,  the 
duties  remaining  unpaid  till  the  goods  are  taken 
out,  but  bonds  being  given  for  their  paj-ment : 
as,  to  bond  1,000  pounds  of  tobacco.— 2.  To 
grant  a  bond  or  bond  and  mortgage  on :  as,  to 
io«(?  property. —  3.  To  convert  into  bonds :  as, 
to  hond  a  debt. — 4.  To  place  a  bonded  debt  up- 
on: as,  to  hond  a  railroad. —  5.  In  building,  to 
bind  or  hold  together  (bricks  or  stones  in  a  wall) 
by  a  proper  disposition  of  headers  and  stretch- 
ers, or  by  cement,  mortar,  etc.   See  bond^,  n.,12. 

The  lower  parts  of  the  palace-w.alls,  which  are  preserved 
to  a  height  of  eigliteen  inches  to  three  feet,  consist  of  quar- 
ry-stones bonded  witli  clay.  N.  A.  Reii.,  CXXXIX.  620, 
Town-bonding  acts  or  laws,  laws  enacted  by  several  of 
the  Inited  .'states,  authorizing  towns,  counties,  and  other 
municipal  corporations  to  issue  their  corporate  bonds  for 
the  purpose  of  aiding  the  ciinstruction  of  railroads. 

II.  intrans.  To  hold  together  from  being 
bonded,  as  biicks  in  a  wall. 

The  imperfectly  sliaped  and  variously  sized  stone  as 
dressed  rubtjle  can  neither  bed  nor  bond  truly. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  448. 

bond-  (bond),  n.  and  a.  [<  ilE.  bondc,  peasant, 
servant,  bondman.  ME.  bonde  occurs  in  its 
proper  sense  of  'man  of  inferior  rank,'  also 
as  adj.,  imfree,  bond  (>  ML.  hondus,  AF.  bond, 
bonde),  <  AS.  bonda,  bmida,  a  householder, 
head  of  a  family,  husband  (see  Inishand),  < 
leel.  bondi,  contr.  of  boandi,  hiiandi,  a  husband- 
man, householder  (=  OSw.  boandi,  bondi,  Sw. 
Dan.  bonde,  a  farmer,  husbandman,  peasant), 
prop.  ppr.  (=  AS.  biiende)  of  biia  =  AS.  huan, 
dwell,  trans,  occupy,  till.  From  the  same  root 
come  boor,  Boer,  bower''-,  bower^,  boun,  bound^, 
Irig^,  and  ult.  ftfl.  The  same  element  bond  oc- 
curs unfelt  in]iusband,ea,vlievlnisbond :  seebus- 
hand.  The  word  bond,  prop,  a  norm,  acquired 
an  adjective  use  from  its  frequent  ocemTence 
as  the  antithesis  oifree.  The  notion  of  servi- 
tude is  not  original,  but  is  due  partly  to  the 
inferior  natm-e  of  the  tenure  held  by  the  bond 
(def.  2),  and  partly  to  a  confusion  with  the  un- 
related ionrfl  and  bound,  pp.  of  bind.]     I.t  n. 

1.  A  peasant;  a  churl. — 2.  A  vassal;  a  serf; 
one  held  in  bondage  to  a  superior. 

II.  «.  It.  Subject  to  the  tenure  called  bond- 
age.—  2.  In  a  state  of  servitude  or  slavery; 
not  free. 

Wliether  we  be  Jews  or  Gentiles,  whether  we  be  bond 
or  free.  1  Cor.  xii.  13. 

Riche  &  pore,  free  &  bonde,  that  wol  axe  grace. 

Hymns  to  the  Virgin,  p.  53. 
Lered  men  &  lay,  fre  &  bond  of  toune. 

Robert  of  Brunm,  tr.  by  Langtoft,  p.  171. 

Makyng  them  selues  bonde  to  vanitie  and  vice  at  home, 

they  are  content  to  beare  the  yoke  of  seruyng  strauiigers 

abroad.  Asehaui,  Hie  Scliolemsister,  p.  72. 

3t.  Servile ;  slavish ;  pertaining  to  or  befitting 
a  slave  :  as,  ho«dfear. 
bond-t  (bond),  V.  t.     [<  UnuP,   n.  or  o.]     To 
subject  to  bondage. 

bondage  (bon'daj),  «.     [Early  mod.   E.   also 
lniunila(je;  <   ME.  bondage,  AF.  bondage,  ML. 
bondiiiiiuin,  an  inferior  tentire  held  by  a  bond 
or  husbandman:  see  bond",  n.,  2.     In  mod.  use 
associated  with  Jo«rfl  and  ioHHrfl.]     1.  In  oW 
Ung.  law,  xilleinage ;  tenure  of  land  by  per- 
forming the  meanest  services  for  a  superior. 
Syche  bonda'je  sli.alle  I  to  tlieym  beyde. 
To  dyke  and  delf,  here  and  draw. 
Arid  to  do  alle  unhouest  deyde. 

Toimicley  Mt/titerie^,  p.  57. 

2.  In  Scot,  agri.,  the  state  of,  or  ser^dces  due 
by,  a  bondager.     See  bondagcr. 

Another  set  of  payments  consisted  in  services  called 
bondw/r.  These  were  exacted  either  in  seed-time  in  plough- 
ing and  harrowing  the  propriet<u-'s  lanil,  or  in  summer  in 
the  carriage  of  his  coals  or  other  fuel,  and  in  iiarvest  in 
cutting  down  his  crop.  Affric.  .Survey,  Kincardineshire. 
[From  the  foregoing  extract  it  will  be  seen  that  formerly 
tile  system  had  place  not  only,  as  now,  between  farmer 
and  laborer,  but  also  between  pro])rietor  and  farmer.] 
3t.  Obligation ;  tie  of  duty ;  binding  power  or 
influence. 

lie  must  resolve  by  no  means  to  be  enslaved  and  to  be 
brought  under  the  bondage  of  observing  oaths.         South. 


G20 

4.  Slavery  or  involuntary  servitude ;  serfdom. 

A  sadly  toiling  slave. 
Dragging  the  slowly  lengthening  chain  of  bondayc  to  the 
grave.  Whitlier,  Cassandra  .Southwick. 

5.  Captivity ;  imprisonment ;  restraint  of  a 
person  s  liberty  by  compulsion. 

A  day,  an  hour,  of  virtuous  liberty 
Is  worth  a  whole  eternity  in  bomlaye. 

Addison,  Cato,  ii.  1. 

6.  Figuratively,  subjection  to  some  power  or 
inHuenee :  as,  he  is  in  bondage  to  his  appetites. 
=  Syn.  4.  .Stavery,  etc.  i&Gcsereitude),  thraldom,  serfdom. 

bondage  (bon'daj),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bandaged, 
ppr.  bondaging .'  [<  bondage,  )(.]  To  reduce  to 
bondage  or  slavery;  enslave.  [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

bondager  (bon'da-jer),  n.  [<  bondage,  «.,  + 
-cjl.]  In  Scotland  and  the  north  of  England, 
one  who  rents  a  cottage  on  a  farm  and  is 
bound,  as  a  condition  of  his  tenancy,  to  work 
for  the  farmer  at  certain  seasons,  such  as  tur- 
nip-hoeing or  harvest-time,  or  to  supply  a  work- 
er fi-om  his  own  family,  at  cmTent  wages.  See 
bondage,  n.,  2. 

bond-cooper  (bond'kup"er),  n.  One  who  has 
charge  of  casks  of  wine  and  sphits  held  in  bond. 

bond-creditor  (bond'laed"i-tor),  n.  A  creditor 
who  is  secured  by  a  bond. 

bond-debt  (bond'det),  n.  A  debt  contracted 
under  the  obligation  of  a  bond. 

bonded  (bon'ded),  j).  a.  [<  bondi,  v.,  +  -ed-.]  1. 
Seciu'ed  by  bonds,  as  duties. —  2.  Put  or  placed 
in  bond  :  as,  bonded  goods. —  3.  Encumbered ; 
mortgaged:  as,  heavily  bonded  property. — 4. 
Secured  by  or  consisting  of  bonds:  as,  bonded 
debt — Bonded  debt,  tliat  part  of  the  entire  indebted- 
ness of  a  ((trpi nation,  state,  etc.,  which  is  represented 
by  the  bonds  it  has  issued,  .as  distinguished  from  floating 
debt.— Bonded  warehouse,  or  bonded  store,  a  build- 
ing or  warehouse  in  whicli  iinpnitcd  ij.mhIs  suttject  to  duty, 
or  goods  cliar'-'eal)le  w  itli  iiUcnial-rcvcnue  taxes,  are  stored 
until  the  importer  or  bonder  withdraws  them  for  exporta- 
tion witliout  payment  of  duty  or  tax,  or  makes  payment 
of  the  duties  or  taxes  and  takes  delivery  of  his  goods. 

bonder!  (bon'der),  »i.  [<6oHrfl, !'., -t- -fi-l.]  1. 
One  who  bonds ;  one  who  deposits  goods  in  a 
bonded  warehouse. — 2.  In  masonry,  a  stone 
which  reaches  a  considerable  distance  into  or 
entirely  through  a  wall  for  the  purpose  of  bind- 
ing it  together :  principally  used  when  tlie  wall 
is  faced  with  ashler  for  the  purpose  of  tying 
the  facing  to  the  rough  backing.  Also  called 
bond-stone.     See  cut  under  ashler. 

bonder^  (bon'der),  «.  [Erroneously  <  Dan. 
Sw.  Norw.  bonde  (pi.  bonder):  see  bond",  h.] 
A  yeoman  of  Norway,  Sweden,  or  Denmark. 

The  bonders  gathered  to  the  thing  as  the  ceorls  to  the 
moot.  J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  55. 

Gradually  arms  were  taken  from  the  hands  of  the  free- 
men and  the  bonders,  and  they  sank  to  the  condition  of 
serfs.  Kcary,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  458. 

bonderman  (bon'der-man),  n.  Same  as  6»«- 
der~. 

bondfolk  (bond'fok),  n.  [<  ME.  bondefolk  (= 
Sw.  bondfolk  =  Dan.  bondefolk) ;  <  bond^  +folk.'i 
Persons  held  in  bondage.     Chaucer. 

bondholder  (bond'h61"der),  n.  One  who  holds 
or  owns  a  bond  or  bonds  issued  by  a  govern- 
ment, a  corporation,  or  an  individual. 

Tlie  South,  had  bonds  and  bondholders  as  well  as  the 
Korth,  and  their  bondholders  have  memories  as  well  as 
ours.  A'.  A.  Ren.,  CXXVI.  49S. 

bondland  (bond'land),  n.       [<  bond'^  +  land.] 

Land  held  by  bondage  tenure.     See  bondage, 

n.,  1. 
bondless  (bond'les),   a.      [<  bond^  +  -less.] 

Without  bonds  or  fetters ;  unfettered, 
bondlyt,  adv.     [<  bonel^  +  -ly^.]    As  a  serf  or 

slave ;  ser\'ilely. 
bondmaid  (bond'mad),  w.     [<  bond-  +  maid.] 

A  female  slave,  or  a  female  bound  to  service 

without  wages. 

Thy  bondmen  and  thy  bondmaUIs.  Lev.  xxv.  44. 

bondman  (bond'man),  n.;  pi.  bondmen  (-men.) 
[ME.  Inindcman  =  Dan.  bondemand :  <  bond'^  + 
man.]  1.  In  oW  £»</.  iaiu,  a  villein,  or  tenant 
in  villeinage. 

Sometimes  a  farmer  when  seed-time  was  over  mustered 
his  bondmen  for  a  Iiarvest  of  pillage  ere  the  time  came 
for  harvesting  his  fields.    J.  R.  Green,  Comp  of  Eng.,  p.  56. 

2.  A  man  slave,  or  a  man  bound  to  service 
witliout  wages.  Also  improperly  written  6o)^(ls- 
w^/«.— Bondman  blind*.    Same  as  bttiidman's-bujf.  1. 

bond-paper  (bond'pa  "per),  H.  A  kind  of  thin, 
uncalendered  paper  made  of  extra  stock,  used 
for  printing  bonds,  etc. 

bond-servant  (bond'ser'vant), ».  A  slave;  one 
wlio  is  subjected  to  the  authority  of  another, 
and  who  must  give  his  semce  without  hire. 


bone 

If  thy  brother  ...  lie  waxen  poor,  and  he  sold  unto 
thee,  thou  slialt  not  compel  him  to  serve  as  a  bond-ser- 
rnnt.  Lev.  xxv.  39. 

bond-service  (bond'ser'''vi8),  n.  Service  with- 
out hire,  as  of  a  bond-servant;  slavery. 

Ipon  those  dill  .Solomon  levy  a  tribute  of  Imnd -serviee. 

1  Ki.  ix.  i!I. 

bond-slave  (bond'slav),  n.  A  person  in  a  state 
of  shivery;  one  whoso  person  and  liberty  are 
subjected  to  the  authority  of  a  master ;  a  slave ; 
a  bondman. 

bondsman^  (bondz'man),  )i. ;  pi.  bondsmen 
(-men).  [<  bontPs,  poss.  of  bond',  +  man.] 
In  linr.  a  surety;  one  who  is  bound  or  who 
Ijy  bond  becomes  surety  for  another. 

bondsman^  (boudz '  man),  H. ;  pi.  bondsmen 
(-men).     Same  as  bondman,  2. 

bond-stone  (bond'ston),  n.  [<  bond^,  12  (o),  + 
stoni .]     Same  as  bonder^,  2. 

bondswoman  (bondz'wum"an),  «. ;  pi.  bonds- 
women (-wim'en).     See  bondwoman. 

The  senators 
Are  sold  for  slaves,  and  their  wives  for  boiulswomen. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline. 

bond-tenant  (bond'ten*ant),  n.  [<  bond^  + 
tenant.]  In  lau;  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
copyholders  and  customary  tenants. 

bond-timber  (bond'tim'ber),  n.  [<  bond^,  12 
(6),  +  timber.]  One  of  the  timbers  placed  in 
horizontal  tiers  at  certain  intervals  in  the  walls 
of  buildings,  for  fixing  battens,  laths,  and  other 
finishings  of  wood,  and  for  strengthening  the 
wall  longitudinally.     Also  called  chain-timber. 

bonduc-seeds  (bon'duk-sedz),  n.  pi.  [<  bonduc 
(<  F.  bonduc,  <  Ar.  bonduq,  a  hazel-nut,  for- 
merly applied  to  some  other  nut;  cf.  Ar./HHrf»g 
=  Hind,  finduq,  <  Pers.  funduq,  finduq,  OPers. 
fendak,  pendak,  a  filbert,  perhaps  =  Skt.  ^mh- 
daka,  dim.  of  pinda,  a  ball,  lump,  cake)  + 
seeds.]  The  seeds  of  Va'salpinia  Bondueella,  a 
common  leguminous  climber  on  tropical  shores. 
Tliey  are  of  a  clear  slate-color,  and  are  used  for  necklaces, 
rosaries,  etc.     Also  called  nieker-nxUs. 

bondwoman  (bond' wuni"an),  n. ;  pi.  bondwomen 
(-wim'en).  [<  ME.  bond-womman,  <  bonde  (see 
bond-)  +  womman,  woman.]  A  female  slave. 
Also  improperly  widtten  bondswoman. 

bone^  (bon),  n.  [=  So.  bane,  bain;  <  ME.  boon, 
bon,  ban,  bane,  <  AS.  ban,  a  bone,  =  OS.  ben  = 
OFries.  ben  =  D.  been  =  MLG.  beif,  LG.  becn  = 
OHG.  MHG.  G.  bein,  a  bone,  =  leel.  hein  =  Sw. 
ben  =  Dan.  ben,  been  (D.  G.  leel.  Sw.  and 
Dan.  also  in  sense  of  'leg');  perhaps  akin 
to  leel.  bei)tn,  straight.]     1.  An  animal  tissue, 


■-~.  -^  "^ 


■) 


Microscopical  Structure  of  Bone. 
^,  cross-section  showing  two  Haversian  canals,  a,  a,  and  numerous 
corpuscles.  *,  d.    £,  longitudinal  section  showing  a,  a,  a.  Haversian 
canals,  and  fi,  many  corpuscles. 

consisting:  of  branching  cells  lying  in  an  in- 
tercellular substance  made  hard  Tvith  eaithy 
salts  (consisting  of  calcium  phosphate  ^vith 
small  amoimts  of  calcium  carbonate  and  mag- 
nesium phosphate,  etc.)?  and  forming  the  sub- 
stance of  the  skeleton  or  hard  framework  of 
the  body  of  most  vertebrate  animals,  when  the 
eartliy  salts  are  removed,  the  remaining  interceUiilar 
substance  is  of  cartilaginous  consistency,  and  is  called 
ossein  or  bone -cartilage. 

Through  the  substance  of  iHnif  are  scattored  minute 
cavities  — the  lacunre,  which  send  out  ninltitiuHnons 
ramifications,  the  canalicnli.  The  canaliculi  of  different 
lacumc  unite  together,  and  thus  establish  a  ctnnnnini- 
catioii  between  the  different  lacume.  If  the  earthy 
matter  be  extracted  by  dilute  acids,  a  nucleus  may  he 
found  in  each  lacuna;  and,  .  .  .  not  unfretiuently,  the 
intermediate  substance  appears  minutely  fibrillated.  .  .  . 
In  a  ilry  bone,  the  lacuna?  are  usually  filled  with  air. 
"When  a  thin  section  of  such  a  bone  is  .  .  .  covered  with 
water  and  a  thin  glass,  and  placed  under  the  microscope, 
the  air  in  the  lacuna;  refracts  the  light  which  passes 
through  them  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  its  reach- 
ing the  eye,  and  they  appear  black.  ...  All  bones,  ex- 
cept the  smallest,  are  traversed  by  small  canals,  con- 
verted by  side  branches  into  a  net-work,  and  containing 
vessels  supported  by  more  or  less  connective  tissue  and 
fatty  matter.     These  are  called  Haversian  canals. 

Huj:lcii  and  YoummK^,  Physiol..  §  S50. 

2.  One  of  the  parts  which  make  up  the  skele- 
ton or  framework  of  vertebrate  animals:  as,  a 
bone  of  the  leg  or  head.  Bones  of  cattle  and  other 
animals  are  extensively  used  in  the  arts  in  fonning  knife- 
handles,  buttons,  combs,  etc.,  in  making  size,  gelatin, 
lampblack,  and  animal  charcoal,  and  for  various  other 
purposes.    They  are  also  extensively  employed  as  a  ma- 


bone 

nure  for  dry  finils,  with  tlio  vrry  host  cfTrnt,  hcinp  (rrntind 
to  (lust,  hruisril,  "i-  ln-ukcn  int<»  siimll  fruj^iufuta  in  mills, 
or  (lissolvi'il  ill  milplniric  acid.  'I'la;  jrrciit  utility  of  hunt's 
as  a  nianurc  jirisca  from  the  idlosphatf  of  lime  tlicy  snp- 
|)ly  to  thoKoil. 

3.  pi.  The  bonps  of  the  body  taken  coUectivoly; 
the  skeleton;  hence,  the  Iwilily  fnimo;  a  body. 

Ninlit  hiuif^  upoji  mine  eyes:  my  hnnrs  would  rest 
Thiit  hiivu  hut  Iiihour"d  to  attain  this  hour. 

Shuk.,  J.  C,  V.  5. 

4.  /)/.  AFortal  remains:  tlio  skeleton  or  bony 
structure  being  the  most  permanent  part  of  a 
dead  body. 

Anil  Moses  took  the  bmifn  of  Joseph  with  him  :  for  he 
luid  Btniitly  .sworn  the  children  of  Israel,  saying,  God  will 
surely  visit  you;  and  ye  shall  carry  up  my  bom-x  away 
hence  with  you.  Ex.  xiii,  19. 

5.  The  internal  shell  of  cuttlefishes  of  tlio  fam- 
ily iScjiii(l<r,  bavin;;  tho  consistency  of  bone. 
Generally  called  cuttk-bnnr  or  cutUcJhh-hnnc. — 

6.  Something  made  of  bone,  or  of  a  substance 
resembling  bono,  as  ivory,  whalebone,  etc. 
(a)  2)L  Dice.     [.Slang  or  colloq.j 

He  felt  a  little  odd  when  he  first  rattled  the  boiies. 

Ditn-aeli,  Young  Duke,  ii.  6. 
{h)  pi.  A  name  formerly  Kiven  to  tlie  bobhins  used  in  mak- 
int!  lace,  because  made  of  bone. 

The  spinsters  and  the  knitters  in  the  sun, 
And  the  free  nulids,  that  weave  their  thread  with  hmti^s. 

SImk.,  T.  N.,  ii.  4. 
(r)  pi.  Pieces  of  bone,  ivory,  or  wood,  used  in  pairs,  held 
iietween  the  flnyers,  and  rattled  together  to  produce  a 
kind  of  music,  or  to  keep  time  to  music. 

I  have  a  reasonable  good  ear  in  music ;  let  us  have  the 
tongs  and  the  boiictf.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

Peter  rolling  about  in  tho  chair  like  a  serenader  play- 
ing the  huiwg.  Mayhcic, 
(tt)  A  .strip  of  whalebone  used  to  stiffen  stays,  etc. 

7.  j>l.  A  person  who  performs  with  the  bones. 
There  were  five  of  them  —  I'ell  w.as  binw.^.  MaJtbcw. 

8t.  Half  of  the  stake  in  tho  game  of  bone-ace 
(which  see). — 9.  In  coal-mining,  slaty  or  clayey 

portions  or  partings  in  coal A  bone  to  pick, 

something  to  occupy  one;  a  dilticuUy,  disjiute,  etc.,  to 
solve  or  settle  ;  a  cause  of  contention, — Angular  bone. 
See  fl/).'/(//(7r.  — Articular  bone.  .Same  as  artirulin-c — 
Bag  of  bonea.  ."^ee  ;<«;;i.— Bone  of  contention,  a  sub- 
ject <»f  dispute  or  rivalry :  proljably  from  the  manner  in 
which  dogs  (juarrcl  over  a  bone. 

While  any  flesh  remains  on  a  bone,  it  continues  a  hone 
of  contention.  Brooke,  Fool  of  Quality,  I.  219. 

Sardinia  w.os  one  of  the  chief  &o?icso/fon(r«7f"ou between 
Genoa  and  Pisa.  Jirout/liani. 

Bone  porcelain,  a  name  given  to  fine  pottery  in  the  com- 
position of  which  bone-dust  has  been  used.  —  Bones  Of 
Bertln,  in  miftt..  two  small,  triangular,  turbinated  biuies. 
often  found  beiii-ath  tin-  small  opening  o{  the  split  imiiial 
sinus;  the  siihcnoidal  spongy  bones,  <>v  siibeiiotiirbinals. 

—  Canaiieuii  of  bone.  See  .viii<i(i>"/h.<.— Coracoid, 
coronary,  cotyloid,  cranial  bone.  Sce  tin-  adjectives. 
—Crazy  bone,  .-^amc  as  ./H/i/iv-i""".— Cimeiform,  cy- 
lindrical, etc.,  bone.  .See  the  adjectives.  — Earth  Of 
bone.  See  crtr^/i.— Epactal  bone,  in  nnat.,  the  Wormian 
bone  .at  the  superior  angle  of  the  occipital  bone. —  Eth- 
moid bone.  ^it.-  rtluiioiit. —  Funny  bone.  See /h/i/*//- 
fcnm.— Hyoid  bone.  Same  as  Ai/mi/,  ii.— Hyomaiidlbu- 
lar,  marsupial,  etc.,  bone.  See  the  adjectives —Na- 
vicular, occipital,  etc.,  bone.  See  the  adjectives. — The 
ten  bones,  the  ten  lingers. 

liy  these  ten  hi>ne^\  my  lords,  he  did  speak  them  to  me 
in  the  garret  one  night.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 

To  be  upon  the  bones  of,  to  attack.   [Rare  and  vulgar.] 

Puss  had  a  month's  mind  to  be  upon  the  bones  o/  him, 
but  w.as  not  willing  to  pick  a  <iuarrel.     Sir  Ii.  L'Estrane/e, 

To  carry  a  bone  in  the  moutb,  to  throw  up  a  foam  or 

spray  muler  the  bows  :  sai<l  of  a  ship. 

See  how  she  leaps,  as  the  bbasts  o'ertake  her. 
And  sjieeds  away  with  a  bone  in  her  mouth! 

l.noiifeUote,  tioldeu  Legend,  v. 

To  find  bones  in,  to  be  tmable  to  swallow :  in  .allusion  to 
the  occurrence  of  fish-liones  in  soup.— TO  have  a  bone 
in  one's  leg,  throat,  etc.,  to  be  unable  to  gi>,  talk,  etc.: 
n  feigned  excuse.— To  make  no  bones  of,  to  make  or 
have  no  scruples  about,  or  in  regard  U\  [Now  only 
coUoq.] 

Perjury  will  easily  downe  with  him  that  hath  vtade  no 

■  &(Oi. s  of  imutber.  Up.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience. 

To  put  a  bone  in  any  one's  hoodt,  t<i  break  a  person's 
head,  or  cut  it  oif.— Without  more  bones,  without 
further  objection  or  scruple.  —  Wormian  bones,  small 
or  irregular  bones  fre(|uently  found  in  the  course  of  the 
sutures  of  the  skull.  They  occur  ehietly  in  the  sutures 
between  the  parietals  and  other  bones,  and  are  of  no  de- 
terminate size,  shape,  or  number.  Sometimes  there  are 
none,  sometimes  several  hundred. 

bone'  (bon),  )'.;  pret.  and  pp.  honril,  ppr.  hon- 
inij.  [<  hont:^,  H.]  I.  tra».s:  1.  To  take  out 
the  bouos  of:  as,  to  lionc  a  turkey,  a  ham,  etc. 

—  2.  To  put  whalebone  int«. — 3.  To  manure 
with  bone-dust. — 4.  To  seize;  make  olf  with, 
as  a  dog  makes  off  with  a  bone  ;  get  possession 
of;  ajipropriato  ;  steal.     [Slang.] 

Why  yon  were  living  here,  and  what  you  had  boned,  and 
wJio  y»m  /»ioi((/  it  from,  wasn't  it'i  Dtekenf.-. 

II.  inlran.t.  [Appar.  <  hnne^.  «.,  in  allusion 
to  the  knuckle;  cf.  the  eqiiiv.  phrase  kiiucl.ii 
doien  (to  a  task).]  To  apply  one's  self  dili- 
gently;  set  one's  self  determinedly  to  work: 


621 

as,  to  hnnc  down  to  hard  work;  he  honied  hard. 
I  Slang.] 
bone-',  born-',  bourn^  (bon,  born),  v.  t.  [A 
word  of  uncertain  form  and  origin,  commonly 
banc  (chiefly  in  tho  verbal  n.  honing),  but  prob. 
orig.  bourn,  being  ap])ar.  a  particular  "(trade) 
use  of  hourn'^,  hournr:'^,  as  a  verb,  limit:  see 
bourn",  hoiirnc'^.J  To  take  the  level  of  (a  piece 
of  land,  a  wall,  carpentry-work,  and  tho  like) 
by  means  of  an  instrimient.     See  boning. 

A  few  weeks  ago  a  mason  said  to  me,  "Take  a  H(|uint, 
please,  and  see  if  the  ridge-piece  is  fliiuare  and  level ; 
bourne,  it  by  the  wall-plate."  liourne  is  in  common  use 
in  this  nelglibourhuod  —  twenty  miles  fnun  .Stratford-ou- 
Avon.  ,,V.  and  Q.,  7th  scr..  III.  yr>. 

bone-'t  (bon),  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of 

Innin^.  Cliaiiccr. 

bone"*!  (bon),  a.    A  Middle  English   form  of 

Innin-. 

bone-acet  (bon'ils),  «.  1.  A  game  at  cards,  in 
which  the  third  card  dealt  to  each  person  is 
turned  up,  and  tlio  player  who  has  tho  highest 
card  wins  the  bone,  that  is,  half  the  stake. — 
2.  The  aeo  of  diamonds,  the  highest  card  in  this 
game. 

bone-ache  (bon'ak),  n.     Pain  in  the  bones. 

bone-ash  (bon'ash),  n.    Same  as  bonc-carlh. 

bone-bed  (bon'becl),  n.  In  gcol.,  any  stratum 
of  rock  which  is  Itirgely  made  up  of  fragments 
of  bones,  or  in  which  bones  and  teeth  occur  in 
such  quantity  as  to  be  conspicuous.  There  are 
two  especially  well-known  bone-beds  in  Europe.  One, 
called  the  Ludlow,  in  Kngland,  is  near  the  top  of  the  Uji- 
per  Silurian  ;  although  only  a  few  inches  in  thickness,  it 
is  continuous  over  an  area  of  at  lea-st  a  thousand  square 
miles ;  it  is  full  of  fragments  of  fish-bones,  crustaceans,  and 
shells.  The  other  bone-bed  is  on  the  Khaitic.  at  the  top 
of  the  Trias  ;  this  (contains  the  bones  and  teeth  of  fishes, 
with  eoju'olites,  etc.;  it  is  fouiul  both  in  England  and  in 
(lerinany. 

bone-binder  (b6n'bin'''der),  n.  A  name  for  os- 
tcocoUa  (which  see). 

bone-black  (bon'blak),  n.  The  black  carbo- 
naceous substance  into  which  bones  are  con- 
verted by  calcination  in  closed  vessels.  This 
kind  of  charcoal  is  employed  to  deprive  various  solutions, 
particularly  syrups,  of  their  cobu-ing  matters,  and  to  fur- 
nish a  black  pigment.  Artificial  bone-lilack  consists  of 
woody  matters  impregnated  witli  calcium  itbosiihate  dis- 
solved in  hydrochloric  acid,  thus  resemlding  the  real  bone- 
black  in  composition.  Also  called  animal  hlaek.  animal 
charcoal. —  Bone-black  furnace,  a  furnace  used  in  re- 
moving from  bone-black,  by  burning,  impiu'ities  collected 
in  it  during  its  use  in  filtration,  decolorization,  etc. 

bone-breaker  (b6n'bra'''ker),  ».  l.  A  name  of 
tlie  giant  fulmar  petrel,  Os^sifragn  giganten. — 
2.  A  book-name  of  the  osprey,  fish-hawk,  or 
ossifrage,  randion  haliaStus. 

bone-breccia  (bon'brech'''i-a),  n.  In  geoh,  a  con- 
glomerate of  fragments  of  bones  and  limestone 
cemented  into  a  roek  by  calcareous  matter. 
Such  deposits  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  caverns  which 
in  prehistoric  times  were  resorted  to  by  man  and  wild 
beasts. 

bone-bro'wn  (bon'broun), )!.  A  bro'wTi  pigment 
jiroduced  by  roasting  bones  or  ivory  till  they 
become  brown  throughout.  , 

bone-cartilage  (b6n'kar''ti-laj),  «.  inphysiol., 
same  as  iisscin. 

bone-cave  (bon'kav),  «.  A  cave  in  which  are 
found  bones  of  animals  of  living  or  e.xtinct 
species,  or  species  living  only  in  far  distant  lo- 
calities or  a  different  climate  irithin  historic 
times,  sometimes  with  the  bones  of  man  or  other 
traces  of  his  contemporaneous  existence. 

The  brick. earths  .also  c»uitain  the  remains  of  a  species 
of  lion  (Felis  spehca),  no  longer  living,  but  which  is  like- 
wise found  in  some  of  the  bone-eaees  of  this  country. 

Iluxleii,  I'hysiography,  p.  28;J. 

boned  (bond),  p.  a.  [<  bone'^  +  -crfl.]  1.  Hav- 
ing bones'  (of  tho  kind  indicated  in  composi- 
tion) :  as,  high-/)OHCf/ ;  strong-boiirfl. —  2.  In 
cookery,  freed  from  bones :  as,  a  boned  fowl. 

bone-dog  (bon 'dog),  ».  A  local  English  name 
(if  the  common  dogfi.sh,  Squiilu.'i  ncnnlliitin.  Seo 
cut  under  dogfish. 

bone-dust  (bon'dust),  n.  Bones  ground  to  dust 
for  use  ;is  nianiu'o.     See  bone^,  «.,  2. 

bone-earth  (bon'erth),  ».  The  earthy  or  min- 
eral resi<lue  of  bones  which  have  been  calcined 
or  burned  vnth  free  access  of  air  so  as  to  destroy 
the  animal  rasitter  and  carbon,  it  is  a  white,  po- 
rous, and  friable  substance,  composed  ehietly  of  calcium 
jihospbate,  and  is  used  by  assayers  as  the  material  for 
cupels  and  in  making  china,  and  for  other  purposes.  Also 
<'alled  boneush. 

bone-eater  (br)n'e'''ter),  «.  A  sailors'  corruji- 
tiiin  of  bouito. 

boneflret  (bon'fir),  «.    Seo  bonfire 

bone-fish  (bou'fish),  H.    1.  A  name  of  the  lady- 

tish,  macabe,  or  French  mullet,  Albula  vulpes. 

Seo  cut  under  tadi/fish. —  2.  A  fish  of  tho  farai- 


bone-spirit 

\y  Tcuthidid<r  and  genus  Tciithis  or  Acatithurus ; 
a  .surgeon-  or  doctor-fish.  —  3.  A  name  of  tho 
common  dogfish,  Siiiiohis  aeanthiiui,  in  southern 
New  Kngland.     See  cut  under  dogfish. 

bone-flower  (b6n'flou"er),  ji.  In" the  north  of 
Kiiglanil,  tlie  daisy,  Bcllin perennis. 

bone-glass  (bon'glas),  n.  A  glass  made  by 
a<lding  to  white  glass  from  10  to  20  per  cent,  of 
white  bone-earth,  or  a  coiTcsponiling  quantity 
of  mineral  phosi)hates.  It  is  of  a  milk-wliite 
color,  semi-opaque,  and  is  used  for  lamp-shades, 
etc. 

bone-glue  (bon'glii),  k.  An  inferior  kind  of 
glue  olit.ained  from  bones. 

bone-lace  (bon 'las),  n.  Lace,  usually  of  linen 
thread,  made  on  a  cushion  with  bobbins,  and 
taking  its  solo  or  chief  decorative  character 
from  the  pattern  woven  into  it,  as  distinguished 
from  point-laco:  so  named  from  the  fact  that 
the  bobbins  were  originally  made  of  bono. 

boneless  (bon'les),  «.  [<  ME.  banlci,  <  AS. 
Iidnled.s,  <  ban,  bono,  -I-  -/<■«.«,  -less.]  Without 
bones;  wanting  bones:  as,  ''his  boneless  puns," 
.Shal:..  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

bonelet  (bon'let),  n.  [<  bonc^  +  dim.  -let.']  A 
small  bone;  an  ossicle:  as,  6o«e/ete  of  the  car. 

Bonellia  (bo-nel'i-a),  H.  [NL.,  named  after 
Francesco  Andrea  Honelli,  an  Italian  naturalist 
(died  in  1830).]  1.  A  genus  of  cha?tophorous 
gephyreans,  related  to  lA'hiuru.i,  and  having, 
like  it,  a  pair  of  t>il)ular  ciliiited  organs  opening 
commimication  between  the  rectum  and  the 
perivisceral  cavity.  It  is  provided  with  a  single 
long  tentacular  appendage  upon  the  head. —  2. 
A  genus  of  dipterous  insects.  Dcxroidtj,  1830. 
— 3.  A  genus  of  gastropodous  mollusks.  Des- 
hni/es,  1838. 

bonelliid  (bo-nel'i-id),  )i.  A  gephyrean  of  the 
family  BonelliidiC. 

Bonelliidae  (bo-ne-li'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Uonelr 
lid  +  -idcr.']  A  family  of  gephyreans,  tjijified 
by  the  genus  lion/Ilia  (which  see). 

bone-manure  (bon'ma-imr"),  "•  Manure  con- 
sisting of  bones  ground  to  dust,  broken  in  small 
pieces,  or  dissolved  in  sulphuric  acid.    See 

ftOHfl,   )(.,   2. 

bone-mill  (bon'mil),  n.  A  mill  for  grinding  or 
bruising  Ijoncs,  used  in  the  preparation  of  fer- 
tilizers, bone-black,  etc. 

bone-naphtha  (bon'naf'thji),  n.  A  volatile  li- 
quid, boilinf;  at  150°  F.,  obtained  by  the  repeat- 
ed rectification  of  the  more  volatile  portion  of 
Dippel's  oil. 

bone-nippers  (bon'nip'erz),  n.  pi.  A  strong 
forcejis  with  cutting  edges  touching  each  other, 
used  in  cutting  off  splinters  of  bone  and  car- 
tilages. 

bone-oil  (bon'oil),  n.  A  fetid,  tarry  liquid  ob- 
tained in  the  dry  distillation  of  bone.  Seo 
Uippel'.i  oil,  under  oil. 

bone-phosphate (bon'fos'fat),  n.  Aeommercial 
name  fur  tricalcium  phosphate.  Cfi3(P04)2;  the 
phosphate  which  forms  bone-tissue,  and  which 
makes  up  the  larger  part  of  the  phosphatic 
roek  of  South  Carolina  and  other  localities. 

bone-pot  (bon'pot),  ».  1.  A  cast-iron  pot  in 
which  bones  are  carbonized:  used  in  the  man- 
nfacture  of  animal  charcoal. —  2.  A  common 
name  of  the  ancient  British  funeral  urns  often 
found  under  ground  in  England. 

boneset  (bon'set),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boneset, 
ppr.  bonc.ictting.  To  set  bones;  practise  the 
setting  of  broken  bones,     triscman.    [Rare.] 

boneset  (bon'set),  n.  [<  boneset,  r. ;  from 'its 
supposed  properties.]  1.  Tho  thoroughwort, 
Eupatorium  pvrfoUutuni.  Seo  Enjiatorium. — 2. 
In  England,  an  old  name  for  the  comfrey,  Sym- 
jibi/tnin  ofiiciniile. 

bone-setter  (bon'set'er),  n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  set  broken  and  dislocated  bones; 
one  who  has  a  knack  at  setting  bones:  gen- 
erally apjilied  to  one  who  is  not  a  regularly 
qualifiecl  surgeon. 

bone-setting  (bon'sefing),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of 
boneset,  i.]  The  art  or  practice  of  setting 
bones. 

bone-shark  (Ijon'shUrk),  n.  A  common  name 
along  the  New  England  coast  of  Cetorhinus 
ni(ixiinii.\;  the  baskiug-shark.  See  cut  under 
bii.tling-slKirk. 

bone-shawt,  »•     Sciatica  or  hip-gout.    X.  E.  D. 

bone-spavin  (bon'spav  in),  «.  In  farriery,  a 
disease  id  the  bones  at  the  hock-joint. 

bone-spirit  (bon'siiir'it),  «.  Crude  amraonia- 
cal  liquor  containing  various  substances,  ob- 
tained in  the  i>rocess  of  manufacturing  charcoal 
from  bones. 


bone-turquolse 

bone-turquoise  (bon'tir-koiz '),  ».  A  fossil 
bono  111'  tooth  coloroil  brif^clit-bhiG,  i)rob!iljly  by 
phosphate  of  iron :  early  used  as  an  imitation 
of  true  turquoise.    Sometimes  eallod  odoiitnlili: 

bone-waste  (bon'wilst),  n.  The  dust  or  refuse 
of  lioucs  after  the  gelatin  has  been  extracted 
from  tliem. 

bone-yard  (bon'yard),  n.  1.  A  knacker's  yard. 
—  2.  A  graveyard.  [Slang.]  —  3.  In  the  game 
of  dominoes,  the  pieces  reserved  to  draw  from. 

bonfire  (bon'fir),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  boonfirc, 
buiiiljiic,  bounjirc,  later  burufire,  but  reg.  bon- 
Urc  or  boiiejire,  Se.  baucjirc;  <  late  WE.  boncfijre, 
Sc.  bancftjrc  (the  earliest  knowii  instance  is 
"baitcfi/re,  ignis  ossium,"  in  the  "  Catholicon 
Auglicmu,"  A.  D.  1483);  <  fcowel  (Sc.  banc,  ME. 
bone,  boil,  banc,  etc.)  +  fire.  The  vowel  is  short- 
ened before  two  con.sonants,  as  in  collier,  etc. 
The  W.  baiiffiKjl,  also  spelled  bonffar/l,  a bou&'e, 
as  if  <  ban,  lofty,  -I-  ffagl,  flame,  blaze,  appears 
to  have  been  formed  in  imitation  of  the  E. 
word.]  It.  A  fire  of  bones. — 2t.  A  funeral 
pile ;  a  pyre. —  3.  A  fire  for  the  burning  of  here- 
tics, proscribed  books,  etc.  Hence  —  4.  Any 
great  blazing  fire  made  in  the  open  air  for 
amusement,  or  for  the  burning  of  brushwood, 
weeds,  rubbish,  etc.  Specifically — 5.  A  fire 
kindled,  usually  in  some  open  and  conspicu- 
ous place,  such  as  a  hill-top  or  public  square, 
as  an  expression  of  public  joy  or  exultation,  or 
as  a  beacon. 

Ring  ye  the  bels,  to  make  it  weare  away, 
And  bonejiers  make  all  day. 

Speaker,  Epithalamion,  1.  '375. 
The  Citizens  and  Subjects  of  Boliemia,  .  .  .  ioyfuU  that 
there  was  an  HejTe  apparant  to  the  Kingdome,  made  Bone- 
Jireji  and  shewes  throughout  all  the  Cittie. 

Greene,  Pandosto. 

Tliere  was  however  order  given  for  bonfires  and  bells  ; 

but  God  knows  it  was  rather  a  deliverance  than  a  tri- 

imiph.  Ei-ch/n,  Diary,  June  6,  1666. 

bongar  (bon'gar),  H.  [Native  name.]  A  large 
venomous  East  Indian  serpent :  also  called 
rork--siial:r.     See  jBiingarus. 

Bongarus,  n.     See  Bungarus. 

bongracet  (bon'gras),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bone-,  bond-,  boiin-,  bun-,  boongrace,  <  F.  bonne- 
grace,  "the  uppermost  flap  of  the  down-hang- 
ing tail  of  a  I^eneh  hood,  whence  belike  our 
Boongrace"  (Cotgrave) ;  <  bonne,  tern,  of  ban, 
good,  +  grace  (now  grdce),  grace:  see  boon^ 
and  grace.J  A  shade  formerly  worn  by  women 
on  the  front  of  a  bonnet  to  protect  the  com- 
plexion fi'om  the  sun ;  also,  a  large  bonnet  or 
broad-brimmed  hat  serving  the  same  purpose. 
[My  face]  was  spoiled  for  want  of  a  bungrace  when  I  was 
young.  Bean,  and  Fl.,  The  Captain,  ii.  1. 

Ye  wad  laugh  well  to  see  my  round  face  at  the  far  end 
of  a  strae  bvnijrace,  that  looks  as  muckle  and  round  as 
the  middle  aisle  in  Libberton  Kirk. 

Smit.  Heart  of  llidlothian. 

bongret,  adv.  and  prep.,  orig.  phr.  [Early  mod. 
E.  buiui  gree,  <  ME.  hongre,  <  OF.  (de)  bon  gie, 
(of)  good  will:  see  boiii,  boonS,  and  gree~,  and 
at.  mangre.']  I.  adr.  With  good  will:' now  used 
only  as  French  bon  gre,  in  the  phrase  bon  gre 
mal  gre,  willingly  or  unwillingly ;  willy-nilly. 
II.  jircj).  Agreeably  to. 

bonhomie  (bou-o-me'),  n.  [F.,  <  boiihomme,  a 
simple,  easy  man,  <  bon,  good  (see  booiiS),  + 
hoinine,  <li.  homo,  man.  Ct.  goodman.'i  Frank 
and  simple  good-heartedness ;  a  good-natured 
manner. 

The  other  redeeming  qnalities  of  the  Meccan  are  his 
courage,  his  bonhomie,  his  manly  suavity  of  manners, 
.  .  .  and  his  general  knowledge. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-lledinah,  p.  461. 

Boniface  (bon'i-fas),  n.  [From  the  name  of  the 
hiiidl..rd  in  Farquhar's  "Beaux'  Stratagem." 
It  IS  the  F.  form  of  ML.  Bonifacius,  a  frequent 
proper  name,  meaning  'beneficent,'  <  L.  bo- 
nus, good,  -t-  facere,  do.]  A  landlord  or  inn- 
keeper. 

bonification  (bon"i-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  as 
ii 'bunificalio(n-),<bonificare:  see  6o«(T//.]  If. 
Amelioration;  betterment. 

Mr.  .Veckcr,  in  liis  discoui-se,  i)roposes,  among  his  Imni- 
ficatiuns  of  revenue,  the  suppression  of  our  two  free  ports 
of  Bayonne  and  LOrient. 

Jeffi-unn,  Correspondence,  II.  4r,3. 
2.   The  iiaying  of  a  bonus.     jV.  £.  I). 

boniform  (bou'i-form),  «.  [<  L.  bonu.%  good, 
-I-  forma,  form.]  Having  the  nature  of  good- 
ness ;  akin  to  what  is  good  or  to  the  chief  good. 
[Rare.] 

Knowledge  and  truth  may  likewise  l)oth  he  said  to  be 
bnni/nrm  things.  Cudmirlh,  Intellectual  System. 

bonify  (bon'i-fi),  v.  t:  pret.  and  pp.  bonilird, 
Jipr.  bonifying.  [<  F.  bimifier,  <  ML.  Imiiificarr, 
make  good  or  better,  <  L.  bonux,  gooi,  +  -ficare, 


622 

<  facere,  make.  Cf.  benefit.']  To  convert  into 
good;  make  good;  ameliorate:  as,  "to  bonifir 
evils,"  ('iidii'ortli.  Intellectual  System.  [Rare.] 
boniness(b6'ni-nes),  «.  l<.  bon  1/ + -ness.]  The 
stale  or  (juality  of  being  bony. 

A  painful  reminder  of  tlic  exceeding  boninesn  of  t)rem- 
nitzs  krnickli'S.  The  Cenluni,  X.WIII.  8i>. 

boning,  homing (bo'ning, bor'ning), n.  [Verbal 
n.  of  Oonc~,  born",  and  thus  prob.  orig.  'boiirn- 
ing :  see  bonc-.l  The  act  or  art  of  determin- 
ing a  level  or  plane  surface  or  a  straight  level 
line  by  the  guidance  of  the  eye.  Joiners  and  ma- 
sons "try  up"  their  work  by  boning  with  two  straight- 
edges, a  process  which  determines  whether  the  surface  is 
uneven  or  is  a  true  plane.  Surveyors  and  architects  per- 
form the  operation  by  means  of  poles,  called  boning-  or 
borninff-rods,  set  up  at  certain  distances.  These  are  ad- 
justed to  the  reciuired  line  by  looking  along  their  vertical 
surfaces.  Gardenei-s  also  employ  a  similar  simple  device 
in  laying  out  grounds,  to  guide  them  in  making  the  sur- 
face level  or  of  regular  slope. 

boning-rod  (bo'ning-rod),  n.  The  rod  used  in 
boning.     See  boning. 

bonitarian  (bon-i-ta'ri-an),  a.  [<  L.  bonita.<<, 
goodness,  boimty  (see  boiinti/},  -\-  -ariiin.'\  Equi- 
table :  used  to  characterize  a  class  or  form  of 
rights  recognized  by  Roman  law,  in  contra- 
distinction to  quiritarian,  which  corresponds  to 
legal  in  modem  law — Bonitarian  ownership  or 
title,  the  title  or  ownership  recognized  in  Runtan  law  by 
the  pretora  in  a  person  not  having  absolute  legal  (or  quiri- 
tarian) title,  because  claiming  liy  an  informal  transfer,  or 
claiming,  under  some  circumstances,  by  a  formal  transfer 
made  by  one  not  the  true  owner.  It  corresponded  some- 
wjiat  to  the  equitable  ownership  recognized  by  courts  of 

,  equity,  as  distinguished  from  legal  title  at  common  law. 

bonitary  (bon'i-ta-ri),  a.     Same  as  bonitarian. 

bonito  (bo-ne'to),  n.  [Formerly  also  honeto, 
bonita,  boneta,  bonuto,  etc.;  =  F.  bonite,  former- 
ly bonito  =  G.  bonit,  bonitfisch,  <  Sp.  (Pg.)  bo- 
nito, said  to  be  <  Ar.  bainith,  bainis,  a  bonito, 
but  perhaps  <  Sp.  (Pg.)  bonito,  pretty  good, 
good,  pretty,  dim.  of  bueno  (=  Pg.  bom),  good: 
see  ftoofli*.]  A  name  applied  primarily  to  pela- 
gic fishes  of  the  family  Scombridce,  of  a  robust 
fusiform  shape,  and  secondarily  to  others  sup- 
posed to  resemble  them  or  be  related  to  them, 
(a)  .\  scomlu-id,  Eutht/nmvi pelamt/s,  having  a  bluish  back 
and  i  longitudinal  brownish  band's  on  the  belly.  It  is  an 
inhabitant  of  the  warmer  p.arts  of  the  Atlantic'and  Indian 
oceans.  (6)  A  scombrid,  Sarda  niediterranea,  distinguished 


Bon'tto  {SarJa  )ttediterranea), 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.) 

by  the  oblique  stripes  on  the  bluish  back  and  the  silvery 
belly.  It  is  the  bonito  of  the  American  fishermen  and  mar- 
kets, and  the  belted  bonito  of  books,  (c)  A  scombrid, 
Sarda  chiletifng,  closely  related  to  the  5.  mediterranea,  but 
occurring  in  the  Paciflc  ocean.  It  is  everywhere  known 
as  bonito  along  the  Californian  coast,  but  also  miscalled 
Spanish  mackerel,  skipjack,  and  tnna.  (rf)  A  scombrid, 
Aitxii'  thazard,  with  a  blue  back  and  silvery  belly.  The 
second  dorsal  fin  is  widely  separated  from  the  first,  and 
the  body  is  more  slender  than  in  Sarda  chilensiji.  It  is 
the  plain  bonito  of  the  English,  but  called  along  the  T^ew 
England  coast  /rifrate  mackerel,  (e)  A  carangid,  Seriola 
fasciata;  the  madregal.  [Bermuda.]  (/)  .A  fish  of  the 
family  Elacatidee,  Elaeate  Canada,  so  called  about  Chesa- 
peake Hay ;  the  cobia.  [U.  S.  (Chesapeake  Bay).]  See  cut 
under  cobia. 

bonityt,  n.  [<  L.  bonitas,  goodness :  see  bounty, 
an  older  form  from  the  same  source.]  Good- 
ness.    Hacket. 

Bonjean's  ergotine.    See  ergotine. 

bon  jour  (F.prou.  boh  zhijr).  [F.:  bon,  good; 
jonr,  day:  see  bon*  a,nd  journal.']  Good  day ; 
good  moniing. 

bon  mot  (F.  pron.  bon  mo);  pi.  bans  mots  (bon 
mo,  or,  as  E..  moz).  [F.:  bon,  good;  mot,  word: 
see  boni  and  mot.]  A  witticism;  a  clever  or 
witty  saying;  a  witty  repartee. 

SoTue  of  us  have  written  down  several  of  her  sayings,  or 
what  the  French  call  bans  muh;  wherein  she  excelled  be. 
.1  ond  belief.  Suri/t,  Death  of  Stella. 

Y<tu  need  not  hurry  when  the  object  is  only  to  prevent 
my  saying  a  bon-nwt,  for  there  is  not  the  least  wit  in  my 
nature.  Jatie  An.-iten,  Slansfield  Park,  ix. 

bonna^e,  ».     See  bonage. 

bonnailet,  ".     Same  as  bonalhj. 

bonne  (bon),  ».  [F.,  fem.  of  bon,  good:  see 
boiii.]  A  child's  nursemaid,  especially  a  French 
nurse. 

bonne  bouche  (bon  bosh);  pi.  bonnes  bouches 
(bon  biish).  [F.:  see  honnc  and  boiiehr.]  A 
choice  mouthful  of  food;  a  dainty  morsel :  said 
especially  of  something  very  excellent  reserved 
to  the  end  of  a  repast.  |In  Krencli  use,  as  an  idiom- 
atic phrase,  bonne  bouche  signifies  an  agreeable  taste  in 
the  mouth.] 


bonnet 

bonnet  (bon'et),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bonet, 

<  .MK.  honet,  bonette,  biinat,  <  OF.  lionet,  bonnet, 
lioiinet,  mod.  F.  bonnet  (=  I'r.  boneta  =  Sp.  bo- 
nete ;  cf.  D.  bonnet  =  MHG.  bonit  =:  Gael,  bo- 
naid;  'Slh.  lionetus,boneluin,ii\sob<incta,honneta), 
bonnet,  cap  (hence  the  naut.  sense,  ME.  bonet, 

<  OF.  bonette,  F.  bonnette,  bonnet);  prop,  the 
name  of  a  stuff  (ML. /<oh(7«.s-,  bonmtus,  bonetum, 
bonnctnm)  of  which  the  thing  (chapel  de  bonet, 
hat  or  cap  of  bonet)  was  made.  Perhaps  of 
Eastern  origin ;  cf .  Hind,  bundt,  woolen  cloth, 
broadcloth.]  1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  worn 
by  men  and  boys,  and  differing  from  a  hat 
chiefly  in  having  no  brim;  a  cap,  usually  of 
some  soft  material,  in  Scotland  the  term  is  applied 
to  any  kind  of  cap  worn  l»y  men,  but  sijeeifically  to  the 
distinctively  Scotch  closely  woven  and  seamless  caps  of 
wool,  usually  of  a  dark-lplue  color,  known  a.s  fileii'iarrys 
(worn  l)y  the  Highland  regiments  in  undress  uniform),  bal- 
moraU,  braid  bonnets,  kiimarnockn,  etc. 

Off  goes  his  bonnet  to  an  oyster-wench. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  4. 

2.  A  form  of  hat  or  head-covering  worn  by 
women  out  of  doors,  it  incloses  the  head  more  or 
less  at  the  sides  and  generally  the  liack,  and  is  usually 
trimmed  with  some  elaborateness,  and  tied  on  the  Iiead 
with  ribbons.  It  ditfers  from  a  hat  of  ordinary  form 
especially  in  having  no  brim. 

A  sudden  scud  of  rain  .  .  .  fixed  all  her  thoughts  on  the 
welfare  of  her  new  straw  bonnet. 

Jane  An^ten,  Northanger  .\bt)ey,  p.  128. 

3.  The  cap,  usually  of  velvet,  within  the  me- 
tallic part  of  a  crown,  covering  the  head  when 
the  crown  is  worn. — 4.  In  fort.,  a  small  work 
with  two  faces,  having  only  a  parapet  with  two 
rows  of  palisades  about  10  or  12  feet  apart. 
Generally  it  is  raised  above  the  salient  angle  of  the  coun- 
terscarp, and  communicates  with  the  covered  way.  Its 
object  is  to  retard 
a  lodgment  by  be- 
siegers, or  to  pre- 
vent one  from  being 
made. 

5.  Naut.,  an  ad- 
dition to  a  sail, 
or  an  additional 
part  laced  to  the 
foot  of  a  sail. 

A  storm  jil),  with 
the  bonnet  off,  was 
bent  and  furled  to 
the  boom. 
R.   H.    Dana,   Jr., 

[Before  the  Mast, 
[p.  260. 

6.  A  cast-iron 
plate  covering 
the  openings  in 
the  valve-chambers  of  a  pump. —  7.  A  frame 
of  wire  netting  over  the  chimney  of  a  locomo- 
tive engine  to  prevent  the  escape  of  sparks: 
used  chiefly  in  engines  which  bum  wood.  [U. 
S.] — 8.  In  milling,  a  shield  or  cover  over  the 
cage  to  protect  the  miners  iu  case  anything 
should  fall  down  the  shaft. — 9.  A  cowl  or 
wind-cap  for  a  chimney;  a  hood  for  ventOa- 
tiou. — 10.  The  hood  over  the  platfoi-m  of  a 
railroad-car. — 11.  A  sliding  lid  or  cover  for  a 
hole  in  an  iron  pipe. — 12.  A  protuberance  oc- 
curring chiefly  on  the  snout  of  one  of  the  right 
whales.  It  appears  to  be  primitively  smooth, 
but  becomes  honeycombed  bj-  the  barnacles 
which  attach  themselves  to  it. — 13.  A  decoy; 
a  player  at  a  gaming-table,  or  bidder  at  an  auc- 
tion, whose  business  it  is  to  lure  others  to  play  or 
buy :  so  called  because  such  a  person  figurative- 
ly bonnets  or  blinds  the  eyes  of  the  victims. 

\\lien  a  stranger  appears,  the  bonnet  generally  wins. 

London  Times. 

14.  A  local  name  in  Florida  of  the  yellow 
water-lily,  Xuphar  adrcna — Bonnet  k  pr£tre,  or 
priest's  bonnet,  in  fort.,  an  ^)utwork  having  at  the  head 
tlircc  sidiciit  iuid  two  reentrant  angles.  Also  called  suvl- 
loiitaU.-Bia.id  bonnet,  a  thick,  closely  woven  Scotch 
cap  of  wool,  usually  uf  a  dark- blue  color,  and  surmounted 
by  a  bob  or  stumpy  tassel  of  a  dillcrent  color.  It  is  round 
in  shape,  the  upper  puit  being  nmcli  wider  than  the  band, 
or  part  which  lits  thi  li.  ful.—  Coal-scuttle  bonnet.  See 
coal-sciiiile.  -  Kilmarnock  boimet.  a  caji  of  similar  make 
to  tlic  braid  Iwinuct,  I)Ut  less  wide  at  the  t..p.  and  furnished 
with  a  peak  of  the  same  material  :  so  called  beeau.-e  made 
extensively  at  Kilmarnock,  Ayi-shiie.  — To  have  a  bee 
in  one's  bonnet,  see  bee^.—to  have  a  green  bon- 
nett,  to  lia\c  faile<l  in  trade.— To  vail  (or  vale)  the 
bonnett,  to  doff  tlic  Ijoiuiet  in  respect. 

O  bonny  Ewe  tree. 
Needes  to  thy  boughs  will  bow  this  knee  and  rnife  my 
bonnet.  .Xash.  Strange  Newes  (LW-J),  sig.  D  2. 

bonnet  (bon'et),  r.  [<  bonnet,  n.]  I.  trains.  To 
fiirce  the  bonnet  or  hat  over  the  eyes  of,  with 
the  view  of  mobbing  or  hustling. 

Bonnet  him  by  knocking  his  hat  over  his  eyes,  and  he  is 
at  the  mercy  of  his  opponent. 

O.  H'.  Holmes,  Elsie  Venner,  -\xiii. 


bonnet 

II. f  infraiis.  To  jnill  off  the  bonnet;  make 

olii'isiuicp.     .S7(rt/,-.,  Cor.,  ii.  '2. 
bonnet-block  <lioirot-l)lok),  «.   A  wooden  shape 

on  uhii'li  :i  lioinu't  is  put  to  Iio  pressed, 
bonneted   (l)<iii'it-ed),  a.     Wearing  a  bonnet, 

or  luniislied  with  a  bonnet,  in  anv  of  the  senses 

of  I  hut  NViml. 

bonneter  (iion'et-er),  >i.  [<  iinnmi.  w.,  1:1,  + 
-(/■',  I  Olio  wlio  induces  another  to  gamble;  a 
biiiiiii't.      (Slang.] 

bonnet-fleuk,  ".     Same  as  hmmcl-Jlnlcc. 

bonnet-fluke  dion'et-flok),  h.  a  Seoteh  name 
ot"  the  brill.   Uliniitbns  hrris.     See  hrill. 

bonnet-grass  (bou'et-gras),  ».  White  bent- 
grass,  Aiiriislin  (illid. 

bonnet-laird  (bou'ot-lai'd),  «.  One  who  fanns 
his  own  property;  a  yeoman;  a  freeholder. 
[Scotch.] 

A  liiiix  wiinl  or  bit  e'  k-aniliiK  that  our  farmers  and 
}K>iiuithtirds  catiim"  satr  weel  fnUttw.  Scott. 

bonnet-limpet  (bon'et-lim"pot),  u.  Amollusk 
of  tlie  family  <'iih/i)fr{ri(la:  The  Hungarian 
liouiiet-liiniiet  is  ]'ilc<>j)sis  huiKjarica. 

bonnet-macaque  (bon'et-ma-kak"),  «•  A 
moukey  ( Macacus  sUiicus),  a  native  of  Bengal 


V 

Boniiet-iii.icaqiic  \  Madtcits  linifut). 

and  Ceylon,  and  well  known  in  confinement, 
which  ifti  liardy  i-onstitution  enables  it  to  en- 
dure in  any  climate,  it  rc-ceivis  its  name  from  tlie 
lieeuliar  arrangement  of  the  hairs  011  tlie  ernwii  of  its 
liead,  wliieli  seem  to  form  a  kind  of  eap  or  honnet.  Its 
t'eneral  cohir  is  a  somewhat  tiright  olive-grny,  and  tlie 
skill  of  the  face  is  of  a  leathery  llesh-color.  Also  called 
nntn<in. 

bonnet-monkey  (bon'et-mung'ki),  >i.  Same  as 
himiu  l-nufnriiiff. 

bonnet-piece  (liou'et-pes),  «.  [From  the  rep- 
resentation of  a  Vjoniiet  on  the  king's  head.] 
A  Scotch  gold  coin  first  issued  in  1539  by  James 


obverse.  Reverse. 

Connet-piece  of  James  V.,  British  Museum.    {Size  of  the  origin.tl.) 

v.  of  Scotland,  weighing  about  88i  grains,  and 
worth  at  the  time  of  issue  40s.  Scotch.  Also 
called  hraUl-honmt. 

There  is  a  liiph  price  upon  thy  head,  and  .liilian  Avenel 
loves  the  glance  of  gold  t}onnet-pieceti. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  v. 

bonnet-rouge  (F.  pron.  bon-a-rozh'),  «.  [F., 
lit.  red  cap:  see  liminct  and  roiiffc]  1.  Tlie 
cap  of  liberty  of  the  French  revolutionists  of 
1793.  See  liliirti)-cap.  Hence  —  2.  A  wearer 
of  such  a  cap;  a  san.s-culotte. —  3.  A  red  re- 
publican:  an  anarchist  or  eoiuniunist. 

Bonnet's  capsule.    See  <■(//«»/{'. 

bonnet-shark  (lion'et-.shiirk).  ».  A  kind  of 
liaiiiiiier-heailed  shark,  Sphi/rna  lihiim:  a  shov- 
elliead.  It  is  smaller  tliaii  .s'.  ::ii()(iii<t,  but  may 
attain  a  length  of  tj  feet.  It  is  a  widely  tlis- 
trilmted  sjtecies. 

bonnet-shell  (bon'et-shel),  w.  The  shell  of  (he 
lioiiiii't-liiiipet. 

bonnet-worm  (bon'et-wenu),  11.  A  worm  or 
insect-larva  occurring  in  Florida  in  the  bonnet 
or  yellow  water-lily  {.\iiiili(ir  udvciia),  and  used 
as  bait  fur  the  black-bass. 

bonney,  ".     See  b<imiij~. 


623 

bonnibelt  (bon'i-bel),  n.  [<  honny^  -^  hcl^,  hellc; 
or  <  !■'.  hoiiiic  ct  belli;  good  and  beautiful.  Cf. 
belli hoiic.l  A  handsome  girl;  a  fair  maid;  a 
bomiy  lass.     SjKiiscr. 

Well,  look  to  him,  dame  ;  Iieshrcw  me,  were  I 
'.Mongat  these  tionniliclU,  you  should  need  a  good  eye. 
/>,  Jonnon,  The  reliates. 

bonnilasset,  "•  [Vox  bunny  lass.']  A  beautiful 
girl ;  a  sweetheart. 

As  the  honiUiUKc  passed  hy,  .  .  . 

She  rovdc  at  mee  with  glaiincing  eye. 

Spr finer,  Shep,  Cat,  August. 

bonnily  (bon'i-Ii),  adv.  In  a  bonny  manner; 
beautifully;  finely;  pleasantly. 

His  wee  bit  iligle,  Idinkin'  bmlnity. 

BiLrux,  Cottar's  Sat.  Night. 

bonniness  (bon'i-nes),  «.     [<  bonny^  +  -nc.s'.s.] 

1.  Tlie  quality  of  being  bonny;  beauty. —  Sf. 
(iaiety :  blithoness. 

bonnyl  (bon'i),  a.  [Also  vrritten  boiinic,  for- 
merly also  bony,  bonic,  <  ME.  hmiir,  appar.  ex- 
tended, as  if  dim.,  from  the  reg.  ME.  bun,  bone, 
good,  <  OF.  bon,  fem.  bonne,  good:  see  bon^, 
boon'-i.]  1.  Beautiful;  fair  or  pleasant  to  look 
upon ;  pretty ;  fine. 

He  wolde,  after  fyght, 
Bonie  landes  to  lieom  dyght. 
Kind  Alisaumtcr,  in  Weber's  Metr.  Rom.,  1.  3002. 

Till  bonny  Susan  sped  across  the  plain. 

(Jay,  .Shepherd's  Week,  Friday,  1.  UiO. 

2.  Gay ;  merry ;  frolicsome ;  cheerftd ;  blithe. 

Then  sigh  not  so, 
But  let  thoiii  go. 
And  be  yon  blithe  and  bonny. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 

[Bon7iy  and  its  derivatives  are  now  chiefly  .Scotch.    The 
.Scotch  often  use  bonny  ironically,  in  the  same  way  as  the 
English  fine  or  pretty :  as,  a  bonny  penny  to  pay ;  a  bonny 
state  of  'things. 
Ye'll  see  the  toun  iiitill  a  bonny  steer  [stir.  Imbbulil. 

A.  /(o,«.<,  Helenore,  p.  90.) 

bonny^t  (bon'i),  n.  [Also  written  bouncy, 
bunny.  Origin  unknown.]  In  mining,  a  mass 
of  ore  adjacent  to  a  vein,  but  not  distinctly 
connectecl  with  it;  "a  gi'eat  collection  of  ore, 
without  any  vein  coming  into  or  going  from  it," 
I'rifrc.     [Cornwall.     Bare.]      See  curbona. 

bonnyclabber  (bon'i-klab-er),  n.  [Also  former- 
ly written  bonny  clubber,  bonnieUijijicr,  buny- 
vlnbo,  etc. ;  <  Ir.  bainne,  milk  (cf.  bainc,  comjiar. 
of  ban,  white),  -1-  claba,  thick  mud.]  1.  Milk 
that  is  turned  or  has  become  thick  in  the  pro- 
cess of  souring. — 2.  A  drink  made  of  beer  and 
buttermilk  or  soured  cream. 

To  drink  such  balderdash  or  honny-clablier. 

B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  i.  1. 

The  feasts,  the  manly  stomachs. 
The  healths  in  usquebaugh  and  bonny-clabber. 

Ford,  PerkiuWarbeck,  iii.  2. 

bonny-dame  (bon'i-diim),  «.  The  garden- 
iM'aclie,  Atriplex  horleiisis. 

bonsilate  (,bon'si-lat),  n.  [Irrcg.  <  6o«cl  -1- 
■'<il{ie)ate.'\  A  composition  of  finely  prround 
bones  and  soditim  silicate,  used  as  a  substitute 
for  ivory  and  hard  ■n'ood  in  the  manufacture  of 
clock-cases,  canes,  dominoes,  etc.     Htihlemiin. 

bon  SOir  (F.  pron.  boh  swor).  [F.:  bon,  good; 
.vol)-,  evening:  see /(()«!  and  soire'c]  Good  even- 
ing ;  good  night. 

bonspiel  (bon'spel),  n.  [8c.,  also  written  hon- 
sjwel,  bonspel;  origin  unknown;  referred  by 
some  to  an  assumed  Dan.  *bon(les}ril,  a  nistic 
game,  <  bomle  (.\S.  honiht,  ME.  bonde,  a  farmer, 
rustic:  see  bond-)  +  ajiil  =  G.  .■<jii<l,  a  game; 
by  others  to  an  assumed  D.  "fco/K/.syif/,  <  bond, 
vcrbond,  covenant,  alliance,  +  .<'jnl,  a  game.]  A 
match  between  two  opposite  parties,  as  two 
parishes,  at  archery,  golf,  cm'ling,  etc.:  now 
generally  restricted  to  the  last-mentioned  game. 

Curling  is  the  Scotchinaii's  bonsjnel,  but  the  toboggan 
belongs  exclusively  to  Canada. 

.Mimtrtitf  Ihiilti  Star,  Carnival  Number,  1SS4. 

bontebok  (bon't(»-bok).  n.  [D.,  <  bont  (=  G. 
bunt).  s]iotted,  -t-  bok  =  E.  ftifci'l.]  Alceliijdius 
pyildriju.i,  a  large  bnbaline  antelope  of  South 
Africa,  closely  allied  to  the  blesbok.  and  having 
a  similar  blaze  on  the  face.  .(Vlso  written  bnnt- 
b„l.: 

bonte-quagga  (bon'te-kwag'a),  «.  [<  I).  Imnt, 
Kpotted  (see  above),  -I-  guagga.]  The  dauw 
(wliich  see). 

bon-ton  (F.  )iron.  bon'toh'),  n.  [F.,  lit.  good 
tone:  see  'ton^,  btntn''^,  ton-,  anil  lone.]  1.  The 
style  of  perfons  in  high  life ;  gooil  breeding. — 
2.   Polite  or  fashionable  society. 

bonus  (bo'nus),  n.  [Appar.  a  trade  word.  <  L. 
bonus,  masc,  good,  eiToueously  put  for  bonum. 


booby-hut 

neut.,  a  good  thing:  see  botia  and  hoon^."] 
Something  of  the  nature  of  an  lionorariuin  or 
voluntary  additional  compensation  for  a  ser- 
vice or  advantage;  a  sum  given  or  paid  over 
and  above  what  is  required  to  be  paid  or  is 
regtilarly  payable.    («>  a  piimium  given  for  a  it>aii, 

or  for  a  charter  or  other  privilege  granted  to  a  company, 
(fe)  An  extra  dividend  or  allowance  to  the  shareholders  of 
a  joint-stock  company,  holders  of  insurance  policies,  etc., 
out  of  accumulated  profits. 

The  banks  which  now  h<iM  the  deposits  pay  nothing  to 
the  public  ;  they  give  no  litrntt/t,  they  pay  n<i  annuity. 

Webnter,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

(c)  A  sum  paid  to  the  agent  of  a  company  or  the  captain 
of  a  vessel,  over  and  aiiovc  his  stjited  pay.  In  proportion 
to  the  success  of  his  laboi-s,  and  as  a  stimulus  to  extra  ex- 
ertion ;  a  boon,    (il)  Enphemistieally,  a  Iiribe. 

bonus  (bo'nus),  r.  t.  [<  bonus,  «.]  To  give  or 
add  a  bonus  to;  promote  by  the  payment  of 
bonuses. 

bon  'Vivant  (F.  pron.  bon  ve-von').  [F. :  hon, 
good;  rirani,  ppr.  of  vivre,  <  L.  livcre,  live:  see 
bon*  and  vital, vivc]  A  generous  liver;  a  jovial 
companion. 

bonxie  (bonk'si),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  perhaps  con- 
nected with  dial,  bonx,  beat  up  batter  for  pud- 
dings ;  origin  unknown.]  A  name  for  the  skua, 
Stcrcoraritts  catarrhaetes.  Montagu.  [Local, 
British.] 

bony  (bo'ni),  a.  [<  bone'^  +  -yl.]  1.  Conssist^ 
ing  of  bono  or  bones;  full  of  bones;  pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  bone. —  2.  Having  large 
or  prominent  bones;  stout;  strong. 

liuruing  for  blood,  bony,  and  gaunt,  and  grim, 
Assembling  wolves  in  raging  troops  descend. 

Thomson,  Winter,  I.  394. 

3.  Reduced  to  bones;  thin;  attenuated. — 4. 
Hard  and  tough  like  bone,  as  the  fruit  and 
seeds  of  some  plants. 

bony-fish  (bo'ni-fish),  ».  A  local  (Connecticut) 
name  of  the  menhaden,  Jiretoortia  tyrantuis. 

bonzary  (bon'za-ri),  «.  [<  bon::a  (see  bonze)  + 
-ry,  after  monastery.]    A  Buddhist  monastery. 

bonze  (lionz),  n.  [Also  bon:a ;  =  F.  bon:e  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  bonzo  (NL.  />()«ci/-s',  Imnzins).  <  Jap. 
hon:o,  the  Jap.  way  of  pronouncing  the  Chinese 
fan  sung,  an  ordinary  (member)  of  the  assem- 
bly, i.  e.,  the  monasteiy,  or  monks  collectively: 
fan,  ordinary,  common;  sung,  repr.  Skt.  san- 
glia  (samglia),  an  assembly,  <  sain,  together,  -t- 
y/  ban,  strike.]  A  Buddhist  monk,  especially 
of  China  and  Jajian. 

\  priest  in  England  is  not  the  same  mortified  creature 
with  a  borne  hi  China. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxrii. 

bonzian  (bon'zi-an),  a.  [<  hon:c  +  -ian.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  bonzes  or  Buddhist  monks 
of  China  and'Japan;  monkish:  as,  ioHcio«  max- 
ims; bon:ian  mysteries. 

boo'^  (bo),  interj.     Same  as  bo-. 

boo-  (bo),  ».     Same  as  bu. 

booby  (Vio'bi),  n.  and  a.  [Formerly  also  hoobie, 
boobee  (the  E.  word  as  apjilied  to  the  bird  is 
the  source  of  F.  boubic,  the  bird  called  booby); 
prob.  <  Sp.  bobo,  a  fool,  dunce,  dolt,  buffoon, 
also  a  bird  so  caUed  from  its  apparent  stupid- 
ity; =  I'g.  bobo,  a  builoou,  =  OF.  baube.  a  stam- 
merer, <  Ij.  balbus,  stammering,  lisping,  inar- 
ticulate, akin  to  Gr.  j3<ipiiapo(,  orig.  iuarticulate : 
see  balbuties  and  barbarous.]  I.  «. ;  pi.  boobies 
(-biz).  1.  A  stupid  fellow;  a  dull  or  foolish 
person ;  a  lubber. 

When  blows  ensue  that  break  the  ann  of  toil. 

And  rustic  battle  ends  the  boobies'  broil.         Crabbe. 

.\n  awkward  booby,  reared  up  and  spoiled  at  his  mother's 
apron-string.  GoUtsmith,  .She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  i.  2. 

2.  The  pujiil  at  the  foot  of  a  class ;  the  dunce 
of  the  class  or  of  the  school. — 3.  In  progressive 
euchre,  the  player  who  lias  failed  most  conspic- 
uously in  the  game. — 4.  The  name  of  various 
species  of  brown  and  white  gannets,  birds  of 
the  family  Sulidw,  penus  Sula.  The  common  booby 
of  the  I'nited  States  is  Snta  Icucoyaxtra,  a  well-known 
siiecies  of  the  South  .-Vtlautie  coast.  Others  are  the  red- 
footed  booby,  Suta  jiincator,  and  the  blue-faced  booby,  5. 
cyanops,  found  on  many  coasts  and  islands  of  the  wanner 
l»arts  of  the  world, 

5.  In  New  England,  a  hack  on  runners;  a 
sleigh  ke]il  for  jiire. 

II.  ((.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  booby  or  boobies ; 
foolish  ;  stupid. 

Me  liurned  his  fingers,  .and  tti  cool  them  he  applied  them 
ill  his  ttootty  fashion  to  his  mouth.  Lamb,  Koast  Pig. 

booby-hatch  (bii'bi-hach),  H.  Xaut..  a  wooden 
fiaiiiewiirk  with  sashes  and  a  sliiling  cover, 
used  in  merchant  vessels  to  cover  the  after- 

liat.-h. 

booby-hut  (bo'bi-hut),  n.  A  kind  of  hooded 
sleigh.     [Local,  U.  S.] 


booby-hutch 

booby-hutch  (bo'bi-luich),  «.  A  clumsy,  ill- 
coiitrivi'd  covered  carriage  used  in  the  casteni 
part  of  England. 

boobyish  (bii'bi-ish),  a.  [<  boob;/  +  -w/ii.]  Ke- 
senibling  a  booby;  silly;  stupid. 

boobyism  (bi3'bi-i/,iu),  «.  [<  bnoh;/  +  -ism.'i 
The  character  or  actions  of  a  booby ;  stupid- 
ity; foolishness. 

The  donkeys  who  are  prev.ailcd  upon  to  pay  for  permis- 
sion to  exliiliit  tlieir  lanienlalile  icnorance  and  Inwbyium  on 
the  sta^e  of  a  private  theatre.     Dickens,  Slietehes  liy  lioz. 

bood  (bud).  A  Scotch  contraction  of  behooved. 
Also  written  buiil. 

Boodha,  Boodhism,  Boodhist,  etc.  See  Buil- 
(llia,  Ititddhism,  Buddhist,  etc. 

boodlel  (bo'dl),  n.  [Also  in  17th  century  (see 
def.  1,  first  extract)  btiddlc;  in  the  U.  S.  also  by 
apparent  corruption  caboodle ;  origin  obscure. 
The  word  agrees  in  pron.  with  D.  bocdcl,  es- 
tate, possession,  inheritance,  household  goods, 
stuff,  lumber,  from  which,  with  other  slang 
terms,  it  may  have  been  taken  in  the  Elizabeth- 
au  period  in  the  general  sense  of  'the  whole 
property,'  'the  whole  lot.']  1.  Crowd;  pack; 
lot:  in  a  contemptuous  sense,  especially  in  the 
phrase  the  whole  kit  and  boodle. 

Men  curiously  and  carefully  cliosen  out  (from  all  the 
Buddie  and  ni.isse  of  great  ones)  for  their  approoued  wise- 
dome.  F.  Markhain,  Bk.  of  Honour,  IV.  ii.  (jV.  E.  D.) 
He  would  like  to  have  the  whole  boodle  of  them  (I  re- 
monstrated against  this  word,  but  the  professor  Silid  it 
wasadial)oli.sh  good  word  .  .  .  )  with  their  wives  .ind  ehil- 
di'en  shipwrecked  on  a  remote  island. 

0.  jr.  Holmes,  The  Autocrat,  p.  130. 

2.  Money  fraudulently  obtained  in  public  ser- 
\'ice ;  especially,  money  given  to  or  received  by 
officials  in  bribery,  or  gained  by  collusive  con- 
tracts, appointments,  etc. ;  by  extension,  gain 
from  public  cheating  of  any  kind:  often  used 
attributively.     [Recent,  U.  S.] 

.^ome  years  .ago,  Dr.  lIcDon.ald,  then  superintendent  of 
Blackwell's  Island  Asylum,  attempted  to  introduce  the 
llMrkish]  bath  there,  but  ignor.ance,  politics  aiul  boodle 
had  more  influence  with  tlie  New  York  aldermen  than 
science  or  the  claims  of  humanity,  and  the  attempt  was 
ultimately  abandoned.         Alicti.  and  SeitroL,  VIII.  239. 

3.  Counterfeit  money. 

boodle-  (bo'dl),  II.  [Appar.  a  slang  variation  of 
«oorf/('.]     A  blockhead;  a  noodle. 

boodle^  (bo'dl),  n.  An  old  English  name  for 
the  corn-marigold,  Chrijsantlicmum  scgetum. 
Also  written  buddle. 

boodler  (bod'ler),  n.  [<  boodle'^  +  -fcl.]  One 
who  accepts  or  acquires  boodle ;  one  who  sells 
his  vote  or  influence  for  a  bribe,  or  acquires 
money  fraudulently  from  the  public.    [U.  S.] 

boody  (bo'di),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  boodied,  ppr. 
buiidi/iiiij.     [Cf.  F.  bonder,  sulk,  pout :  see  bou- 
doir.}    To  look  angry  or  gruff.    [Colloq.] 
Come,  don't  boodt/  with  me  ;  don't  be  angry. 

Trollope,  Barchester  Towers,  xxvii. 

hoof  (bof),  H.  Peach-brandy:  a  word  in  use 
among  the  Pennsylvania  Germans. 

boohoo^  (bo'ho'),  intcrj.  A  word  imitating  the 
sound  of  noisy  weeping. 

boohoo^  (bo'lio'),  r.  i.  [<  boohoo,  interj.']  To 
cry  noisily ;  blubber  outright. 

boohoo'-^  (bo-bo'  ),n.  A  sailors'  name  of  the  JBLs- 
tioj^horus  americanus,  01  sail-&sh.  Also  called 
woohoo. 

booldl  (bo'oid),  a.  [<  boa  +  -oid.']  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Boidw,  or  family  of  the  boas. 

booid-  (bo'oid),  0.  and  n.     [<  Booidea.']     I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Booidea;  bo'vine,  in  a 
broad  sense. 
II.  «.  One  of  the  Booidea. 

Booidea  (bo-oi'df-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (hvg, 
an  ox,  +  dihr,  appearance,  form.]  A  super- 
family  of  typical  ruminants,  the  bo'vine,  o'vine, 
antilopine,  and  cervine  ruminants  collectively, 
as  contrasted  with  other  ruminants.  The  Bodi- 
flra  tiipka  eoutaiu  the  families  i'oi-utft:  (with  the  goats, 
sheep,  and  antelopes,  as  well  as  the  oxen),  Saiot^fp,  and 
.■Uititijcniiridw.  The  Booidea  cerviformia  consist  of  the 
single  family  Cfrvidfv. 

book  (bilk),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boocl;  bock; 
<  ME.  book,  booke,  boke,  bok  (north,  buk,  buke, 
>  Se.  bulk,  bcuk,  buke),  <  AS.  boc  (pi.  bee),  f.,  a 
writing,  record,  charter,  book,  =  OS.  bok  = 
OFries.  bok  =  MD.  bocek,  D.  boek  -  OLG.  bok, 
LG.  book  =  OH(i.  bnoh,  MHG.  /)«(«■*,  G.  buch, 
iieut.,  =  Icel.  bok,  f.,  =  Sw.  bok  =  i)an.  bog, 
book,  =  Goth,  boka,  i.,  bok,  neut.,  a  letter  of  the 
alphabet,  pi.  a  writing,  document,  book  (cf. 
OBulg.  liukui,  letter,  in  pi.  writing,  bukrari, 
:tbcce<lai'iura,  Bulg.  Russ.  bukra,  letter;  from 
the  Teut.),  orig.  Tent.  *bOks,  a  loaf,  sheet,  or 
tablet,  for  -writing ;  usually  referred,  in  spiti^  of 
philological  difficulties,  to  AS.  (etc.)  ioc  (usually 
in  deriv.  form  bece,  beech),  cf .  AS.  bOcstmf,  early 


624 

mod.E.  bokstafimoA.  E.  as  if  'bnnkstaffnr  "bnch- 
staff')  (=  OS.  bdksiaf=  UD.  hiieck.Hnf,  D.  boek- 
Ktiiuf  =  OHG.  buohsUdi,  MIKJ.  bio)chsta}i,  G. 
liueiixfabe  =  Icel.  bok.ilaj'r^^w.  biik.it/if  =l)an. 
boqstar),  a  letter  of  the  aljiliabet,  lit.  appar. 
'b'ooeh-staff'  (<  AS.  boc,  beech,  +  staf,  staff), 
an  interpretation  rest  ing  on  the  fact,  taken  in 
connection  with  the  similarity  of  foi-m  between 
AS.  (etc.)  boc,  book,  and  boc,  beech,  that  in- 
scriptions were  made  on  tablets  of  wood  or 
bark,  presumably  often  of  beech  (Venantius 
Fortimatus,  about  A.  D.  600,  refers  to  the  -ivrit- 
ing  of  runes  on  tablets  of  ash ;  cf .  L.  liber,  book, 
liber,  bark,  Gr.  pi'filiov, book,  jUii'^oq,  book,  papy- 
rus :  see  liber,  Bible,  paper) ;  but  AS.  boesteef,  if 
lit.  '  beech-staff,'  -n-ould  hardly  come  to  be  ap- 
plied to  a  single  character  inscribed  thereon ;  it 
is  rather  'book-staff,'  i.e.,  a  character  employed 
in  writing,  <  buc,  a  -svriting,  -I-  stief,  a  letter  (cf. 
run-sta'f,  a  runic  character,  staf-crecft,  gram- 
mar). The  connection  with  beeeh'^  remains  un- 
certain: see  beech,  buck'^.']  1+.  A  -writing;  a 
written  instrument  or  document,  especially  one 
granting  land ;  a  deed.  The  use  of  hooks  or  written 
charters  was  introduced  in  Anglo-Saxon  times  by  the  ee- 
clesi.asties,  .as  att'ording  more  pei-manent  and  satisfactory 
evidence  of  a  grant  or  conveyance  of  land  tliau  the  sym- 
bolical or  actual  delivery  of  possession  before  witnesses, 
wliicli  was  the  method  then  in  vogue. 

By  that  time  will  our  book,  I  think,  be  drawn. 

S/inA-.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 
Come,  let  "s  seal  the  book  first, 
For  my  daughter's  jointure. 
Fletcher  (ami  another),  Elder  Brother,  iii.  3. 

Mr.  Kemble  divides  a  book,  as  distinguished  from  a  will, 
contract,  or  synodal  decree,  into  six  parts,— I.  The  Invo- 
cation; 11.  The  Proem;  III.  The  Grant;  IV'.  The  Sanc- 
tion; V.  The  Date;  VI.  The  Teste.  The  first,  second  and 
fourth  of  these  di\isions  are  purely  religious,  and  require 
no  detailed  examination.  Five  and  six  are  merely  formal, 
useful  only  in  questions  of  chronology  and  genuineness, 
or  as  proof  of  the  presence  of  a  'Witan.  The  third  divi- 
sion is  the  grant,  which  contains  all  the  important  legal 
m.atter  of  the  charter.  //.  Cabot  Lodge. 

Lastly,  there  was  bocland,  or  bookland,  the  land  held  in 
several  property  under  the  express  terms  of  a  written  in- 
strument, or  book  as  it  was  then  called. 

F.  Pollock,  Land  Laws,  p.  22. 

2.  A  treatise,  -written  or  printed  on  any  mate- 
rial, and  put  together  in  any  convenient  form, 
as  in  the  long  parchment  rolls  of  the  Jews,  in 
the  bundles  of  bamboo  tablets  in  use  among 
the  Chinese  before  the  invention  of  paper,  or 
in  leaves  of  paper  bound  together,  as  is  usual 
in  modern  times;  a  literary  composition,  espe- 
cially one  of  considerable  length,  whether -writ- 
ten or  printed. 

A  good  book  is  the  precious  life-blood  of  a  raaster-spuit 
embalmed  and  treasured  up  on  pui-pose  to  a  life  beyond 
life.  Miltmi,  Ai-eopagitica. 

3.  Specifically,  the  Bible. 

■\Vho  can  give  an  oath?  where  is  a  book? 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3. 

4.  A  collection  of  'wi'itten  or  printed  sheets 
fastened  or  bound  together,  especially  one 
larger  than  a  pamphlet;  a  volume:  as,  this 
book  is  one  of  a  set  or  series. — 5.  A  particular 
subdivision  of  a  literary  composition ;  one  of 
the  larger  di'visions  used  in  classifying  topics, 
periods,  etc. —  6.  Figuratively,  anything  that 
serves  for  the  recording  of  facts  or  events :  as, 
the  book  of  Nature. 

I  have  been 
The  book  of  his  good  acts,  whence  men  have  read 
His  fame  unparallel'd.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  2. 

7.  A  number  of  sheets  of  blank  writing-paper 
bound  together  and  used  for  making  entries: 
as,  a  note-  or  memoraudum-ioot ;  specifically, 
such  a  book  used  for  recording  commercial  or 
other  transactions:  as,  a  day-ftooi',  a  cash-iooA', 
a  minute-ftooi',  etc. —  8.  The  words  of  an  opera ; 
a  libretto  (which  see). —  9.  In  betting,  an  ar- 
rangement of  bets  recorded  in  a  book ;  a  list  of 
bets  made  against  a  specific  result  in  a  contest 
of  any  kind :  as,  to  make  a  book ;  a  thousand- 
dollar  book.  See  book-maker,  3. — 10.  In  u-hiat, 
six  tricks  taken  by  either  side. — 11.  A  pile  or 
package  of  tobacco-leaves,  arranged  with  aU 
the  stems  in  the  same  direction. — 12.  A 
package  of  gold-leaf,  consisting  of  twenty-five 
leaves  laid  between  sheets  of  folded  paper 
stitched  at  the  back.  The  leaves  are  usually 
3|  inches  square. 

Often  alibreviated  to  bk. 
Back  of  a  book.  See  back>.-  'Bamboo  books.  See 
bnniiiuu.  Bell,  book,  and  candle.  See  ^.-//i.— Black 
book,  one  of  several  books,  nu)Stly  of  a  piditieal  eluiraeter, 
so  called  either  front  the  nature  of  their  contents  ttr 
from  the  color  of  their  binding.  S]jeeitleally  —  (d)  A  book 
i>f  the  Exehetpier  in  England  composed  by  Nigel,  Bishop 
of  Ely  (die<l  1109),  and  wrongly  attributed  to  (Jervase  of 
Tilbury.  It  contains  a  description  of  tlie  Court  of  Exche- 
quer as  it  existed  in  tlie  reign  of  Henry  II.,  its  offi- 
cers, their  rank  and  privileges,  wages,  peniuisites,  and 


book 

jurisdiction,  with  the  revenues  of  the  crown  in  money, 
grain,  and  cattle,  (b)  A  l)ook  comi)iled  by  order  of  the 
visitors  of  monasteries  under  Henry  VIII.,  containing  a 
detailed  account  r,f  the  alleged  abuses  in  religifUls  houses, 
to  blacken  tliem  and  to  hasten  their  dissolution,  'i'his 
liook  disappeared  not  I'ing  after  the  accomplishment  of 
its  purpose,  (c)  A  bunk  kejit  at  some  universities  as  a  regis- 
ter of  faults  and  misdeiiR:inoi-s  ;  hence,  to  be  in  one's  black 
books,  to  be  in  disfavor  with  one.  (f/)  An  ancient  book  of 
admiralty  law,  always  held  to  be  of  very  high  authoi-ity, 
compiled  in  the  fourteenth  centui-y.  (f')A  itook  treating  of 
neeronuirury,  or  the  black  art.  — Blue  book.  (")  A  name 
Iiopularly  applied  to  tile  reports  and  otlier  papers  iirinteil 
liy  order  of  the  British  Parliament  or  issued  by  tlie  privy 
council  or  other  departments  of  government,  because  their 
covers  are  usually  blue.  The  corresponding  books  of  offi. 
cial  reports  are  yellow  and  Idue  in  France,  gi'een  in  Italy, 
and  red  and  white  in  various  other  countries. 

At  home  he  gave  hitusell  up  to  the  perusal  of  Hue- 
books.  Thackeraii. 

(b)  In  the  I'nited  States,  a  book  containing  the  names  and 
salaries  of  all  the  persons  in  the  emjdoyment  of  the  govern- 
ment, (c)  The  book  containing  tile  regulations  for  the 
government  of  the  I'niteil  States  navy.  [< 'ft- ri  written 
with  a  hyphen,]— Book  of  adjournal,  concord,  disci- 
pline, etc.     See  the  nouns.  — BOOk  Of  BOOks,  tlie  I'.ible. 

—  Book  of  Homilies.  .See  Aoi/nV;/.- Book  of  ties,  an 
old  name  for  a  weaver's  memorandum-book  of  patterns. 

Fonnerly  .  .  .  the  weaver  was  expected  to  tie-up  or  ar- 
range his  loom  to  produce  satins,  twills,  spots,  and  small 
figures,  .  .  .  and  if  he  was  a  careful  man  he  would  have  a 
number  of  the  most  prevailing  patterns  drawn  in  his 
Book  o/  Tics.  A .  Ba  flow.  Weaving,  p.  314. 

Books  of  Council  and  Session.  See  coiuwi'i.— By 
book,  by  the  book,  by  line  and  rule ;  accurately :  as,  to 
speak  bii  the  hook. 

There  are  so  many  circumstances  to  piece  up  one  good 
action,  that  it  is  a  lesson  to  be  good,  and  we  are  forced  to 
be  virtuous  by  the  book. 

Sir  T.  Broiime,  Religio  Sledici,  i.  55. 

Canonical  books.    See  cajio»i«rf.— Christ's  Book,  the 

Gospels. 

A  Latin  copy  of  the  Gospels,  or,  as  the  Anglo-Saxons 
weU  called  It,  a  Christ's  Book. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  357. 
Fleet  books.  See  fieet3.—1a.  one's  books,  in  kind  re- 
membrance; in  favor;  in  mind  witli  reference  to  future 
favors,  gifts,  or  bequests. 

I  must  have  him  wise  as  well  as  proper.  He  comes  not 
in  my  books  else.     Middleton  {and  others).  The  Widow,  i.  I. 

I  was  so  much  in  his  books  that  at  his  decease  lie  left  me 
his  lamp.  Addison. 

Orderly  book.    See  orderly.—  Symbolical  books.    See 

symboUenl.— The  Book  Annexed.     See  anncr,  !'.- Tbe 

devil's  books  or  picture-books,  playing-cards. 

They  sip  the  scandal  potion  pretty; 

Or  lee-laug  nights  wi'  cralibit  leaks 

Pore  owre  tfie  deviVs  pictur'd  bettks. 

Btirns,  The  Twa  Dogs,  1.  224. 
To  balance  books.  See  balance.— To  brin'g  to  book, 
to  bring  to  account. — To  Close  the  books,  to  cease 
making  entries  for  a  time,  as  is  done  Iiy  corpi.'rations  and 
business  concerns  when  about  to  deeljire  .a  dividend,  etc. 

—  To  bear  a  bOOkt,  in  the  old  universities,  to  attend  a 
coui-se  of  lectures  in  wliich  the  book  w.as  read  and  ex- 
poimded. —  To  speak  like  a  book,  to  speak  accurately, 
or  as  if  from  a  book ;  speak  with  full  and  jnecise  informa- 
tion; hence  the  similar  phrase  to  knorr  like  a  b>>i>k  (that 
is,  know  thoroughly). —  To  suit  one's  book,  to  acc(_>rd 
with  one's  arrangements  or  wishes. —  To  take  a  leaf  out 
of  one's  book,  to  follow  one's  example. — Without  book. 
(«)  By  memory  ;  without  reading ;  without  notes  :  as,  a 
sermon  delivered  without  book. 

His  writing  is  more  then  his  reading;  for  hee  reades 
onely  what  hee  gets  irithout  booke. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Young  Rawe  Preacher. 
(b)  Without  authority :  as,  something  asserted  withovt 
book. 
book  (buk),  V.  [<  ME.  boken,  <  book,  n. ;  cf. 
AS.  boeian,  give  by  charter  (=  OFries.  bokia  = 
Icel.  boka),  <  boc,  book,  charter:  see  book,  h.] 

1.  trans.  If.  To  convey  by  book  or  charter. 

It  was  an  infringement  of  the  law  to  book  family  or 
hereditary  hands.  Ii.  Calmt  Lodye. 

2.  To  enter,  write,  or  register  in  a  book;  re- 
cord. 

Let  it  be  booked  with  the  rest  of  this  day's  deeds. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 

I  always  from  my  youth  have  endeavoured  to  get  the 

rarest  secrets,  and  book  them.    B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  enter  in  a  list ;  enroll ;  enlist  for  service. 

This  indeede  (Eudoxils)  hath  bene  hitherto,  and  yet  is, 
a  common  order  amongest  them,  to  have  all  the  people 
booked  l>y  the  lordes  and  gentellinen,  but  yet  it  is  the 
woorst  order  that  ever  w-as  devised. 

Sjvn.'^ei-,  State  of  Ireland. 

4.  To  engage  or  secure  beforehand  by  regis- 
try or  payment,  as  a  seat  in  a  stage-coach  or  a 
box  at  the  opera. —  5.  To  deliver,  and  pay  for 
the  transmission  of,  as  a  parcel  or  merchan- 
dise :  as,  the  luggage  was  booked  througli  to 
London. — 6.  To  reserve  accommodation  for; 
receive,  and  undertake  to  forward:  as,  at  that 
otlico  passengers  (or  parcels)  were  Ixuikcd  to 
all  parts  of  the  world.  [Ill  senses  4,  .'),  and  6, 
confined  to  the  British  islands.]  —  7.  To  make 
into  a  book,  as  gold-leaf,  tobacco-leaves,  etc. 

Booked  at  last,  caught  and  dispiiscd  of. 

II.  ill  I  runs:  1.  To  register  one's  name  for 
the  pui'jioso  of  seeming  something  in  advance ; 
put  one's  name  down  for  something:  as,  to  book 


book 

for  the  play;  I  hooked  through  to  London, 
f Great  Britain.]  —  2.  In  Scotland,  to  register 
in  the  iSes.sion  record  as  a  preliminary  to  the 
proclamation  of  the  banns  of  marriage. 

book-account  (buk'a-kount"),  H.  1.  An  ac- 
count or  register  of  debt  or  credit  in  a  book. 
— 2.  Sjiecilically,  in  Ijonkkevpiiuj  by  double  en- 
try, an  account  showing  the  transactions  of  a 
merchant  in  regard  to  some  particular  com- 
modity or  branch  of  trade  placed  under  a  Itead- 
iug  such  as  "stock,"  "cotton,"  etc.,  and  not 
referred  to  a  person  with  whom  they  may  have 
been  effected. 

bookbinder  (buk'bin"der\  «.  [<  ME.  bool- 
lii/iiilii-;  <  IkioI:  +  hiiKhi:]  1.  One  whoso  occu- 
pation is  the  binding  of  books. —  2.  A  binder 
for  preser\nng  loose  printed  sheets,  etc.  See 
biiiikr,  8 — Bookbinders' cloth.    Hcb  doth. 

bookbindery  (buk'bin'der-i),  ».;  pi.  boolhiwl- 
irics  (-!/,).     A  place  where  books  are  bound. 

bookbinding  (lutk'binding),  H.  The  opera- 
tion of  biiidiug  books:  the  process  of  securing 
the  sheets  of  a  book  within  a  permanent  casing 
of  bookbinders'  board  and  leather  or  clotli,  or 
other  suitable  materials,  covering  the  sides  and 
back.  ;iiiil  jointed  at  their  junction. 

bookcase^  (buk'kas),  n.  A  case  with  shelves 
for  iiolding  books. 

book-case-'t  (buk'kas),  n.  In  taw,  a  ease  stated 
or  mentioned  in  legal  works;  a  recorded  ease; 
a  jirecedent. 

book-damp  (biik '  klamp),  n.  1.  A  book- 
binder's vise  for  holding  books  in  the  process  of 
binding. — 2.  A  device  for  carrjing  books,  con- 
sisting generally  of  two  narrow  pieces  of  wood 
or  iron,  coimected  by  cords  attached  to  a  han- 
dle. 'J'lu-  lM)(>ks  are  placed  between  the  pieces,  and  wliuii 
tlie  handle  is  tm-ned  tile  cords  are  tightened  and  the  buuks 
secui-cd. 

book-debt  (biik'det),  «.  A  deltt  standing 
aj;niust  a  person  in  an  accoimt-book. 

bookery  (biik'er-i),  n.  ;  pi.  hoiikcrits  (-iz).  [< 
book  +  -ery.'\     1.  A  collection  of  books. 

The  Aliljd  Morctlet  .  .  .  has  a  hmkerij  in  such  elegant 
order  that  people  beg  to  go  and  sec  it. 

Mnif.  IXArMaji,  Diary,  VI.  346. 

2.  Study  of  or  passion  for  books. 

Let  them  that  mean  by  bookish  business 
To  earn  their  bread,  or  hopen  to  profess 
Their  hard  got  skill,  let  them  alone,  for  me, 
Busy  their  l)rains  with  dcciicr  Imokt^nf. 

Up.  lliiU,  Satires,  II.  ii.  28. 

[Rare  in  both  uses.] 

book-fair  (biik'far),  II.    A  fair  or  market  for 

books.    The  most  noteii  hook-fairs  are  those  of  Leipsic 

in  .SaxoTiy,  whicli  occur  at  Easter  and  Michaelmas,  and  at 

which  many  other  objects  of  commerce  are  disposed  of  bc- 

siih's  books'. 

book-fold   (buk'fold),    n.     A  piece  of  muslin 

containing  24  yards. 
book-formed    (buk'fonud),    a.       Having    the 
niiud  trained  or  formed  by  the  study  of  books; 
imbned  with  learning.     [Rare.] 

With  every  table-wit  and  book-formed  sage.     J.  liaillic. 
bookfult  (buk'ful),  a.     [<  hook  +  -fill,  1.]    Full 
of  book-knowledge  ;  stuffed  with  ideas  gleaned 
from  books. 

The  booJ^ful  bltickhead,  ignorantly  read, 
With  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  his  head. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  012. 

bookful  (biJc'ful),  ».  [<  hook  +  -fid,  2.]  As 
much  as  a  book  contains.     Coicpcr. 

book-holder  (bidi'hol'der),  «.  If.  The  prompt- 
er at  a  theater. 

They  are  out  of  their  parts,  sure :  it  may  be  'tis  the 
book-holder's  fault ;  TI!  go  see. 

Fteteher  and  Uowh'ii,  Maid  in  the  ilill,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  reading-desk  or  other  device  for  support- 
ing a  book  while  open. 

book-hunter  (bulv'hun  ter),  H.  An  eager  col- 
lector of  books;  especially,  one  who  seeks  old 
and  rare  books  and  editions;  a  bibliophile. 

booking-clerk  (biik'ing-klerk),  II.  The  clerk  or 
ofKcial  who  has  charge  of  a  register  or  book  of 
entry;  siieeilically,  in  Great  Britain,  a  ticket- 
clerk  at  a  railway-station,  theater,  etc. 

booking-machine  (buk'ing-ma-shen  ),  II.  An 
apparatus  for  making  tobacco-leaves  into  pack- 
ajres  called  books. 

booking-ofla.ce  (biik'ing-ofis),  H.  In  Great 
Britain,  an  otfico  where  applications,  etc.,  are 
received  and  entered  in  a  book ;  specifically, 
the  office  in  connection  with  a  railway,  theater, 
etc.,  where  tickets  are  sold,  or  applications  for 
them  registered. 

bookish  (buk'i.sh),  n.  [<  hook  +  -isftl.]  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  books ;  literarv:  as,  "  book- 
ish skill,"  Ii2i.  Hall.  Satires,  II.  ii.  19.— 2.  Given 
to  reading ;  fond  of  study ;  hence,  more  ac- 
40 


625 

quainted  with  books  than  with  men ;  familiar 
with  books,  but  not  with  practical  life:  as,  "a 
bitokinh  man,"  Aililimiii,  Spectator,  No.  4S2. — 
3.  Learned;  stilted;  pedantic:  apijUed  either 
to  individuals  or  to  daction;  as,  a  bookish  ex- 
pression, 
bookishly  (bijk'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  bookish  man- 
ner or  way;  studiously;  pedantically. 

She  [Christina  of  Sweden!  was  bookishly  given. 

Lord  Thurloie,  .State  i'apel-s,  ii.  104. 

bookishness  (buk'ish-nes),  M.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  bookish. 

The  languiige  of  high  life  1ms  always  tended  to  simpli- 
city and  the  veruacular  ideal,  recoiling  from  every  mode 
of  bookiahiu'jis.  De  Quiiicey,  Style,  i. 

bookkeeper  (buk'ke"p^r),  n.  One  who  keeps 
accounts;  one  whoso  occupation  is  to  make  a 
formal  balanced  record  of  pecuniary  transac- 
tictus  in  account-books, 

bookkeeping  (biik 'ke"  ping),  «.  The  art  of 
recording  pecuniary  transactions  in  a  regular 
and  sj'stematic  manner;  the  art  of  keejiing  ac- 
counts in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  a  permanent 
record  of  business  transactions  from  which  the 
true  state  or  history  of  one's  pecuniary  affairs 
or  mercantile  dealings  may  at  any  time  be  as- 
certained. Properly  kept  books  show  what  a  merchant 
has,  what  he  owes,  ami  what  is  tiwing  Ui  him,  as  well  as 
what  sums  he  has  received  and  paid,  the  his-ses  he  luis  in- 
curred, etc.  Books  are  kept  according  to  one  of  two  cllief 
metlutds,  viz.,  by  fn'mjle  or  by  double  entni.  The  former 
is  more  simple  and  less  perfect  than  the  latter,  and  is  now 
in  use  chielly  in  retail  business.  In  buokkeepimj  by  siwjle 
entry,  three  books,  a  day-liook,  a  cash-book,  antl  a  Icilger, 
are  commoidy  used,  I'Ut  the  essential  hook  is  the  ledger, 
containing  acccuuits  under  the  names  of  the  persons  with 
whom  a  trailer  deals,  goods  or  money  received  from  any 
one  of  them  being  entered  on  one  side  of  the  account, 
called  the  credit  side,  and  goods  sold  or  money  jjaid  to 
that  person  being  entered  on  the  opposite  or  debit  side  of 
tile  account.  In  bonkkerpin;!  by  double  entry,  the  ledger 
aeeoTUits  are  of  two  kimls,  personal  accounts  such  as  those 
just  described,  and  book-accounts,  in  which  the  eonmiod- 
ities  dealt  in  are  made  the  subjects  of  sejiarate  accounts, 
and  have  a  debit  and  a  credit  side,  as  in  jiersonal  accounts. 
Thus,  if  a  trader  purchase  100  bales  of  c<jtton  from  A.  B., 
the  account  in  the  ledger  headed  A.  B.  is  credited  with  100 
bales  of  cotton,  so  nuich,  while  the  account  headed  Cotton 
is  debited  with  the  same  quantity  and  amount ;  should  the 
trader  sell  10  bales  to  C.  D.,  the  aeciumt  hca<lcd  C.  I),  is 
debited  with  10  bales  at  so  much,  and  the  account  headed 
Cotton  is  credited  with  10  bales  ;  and  so  on.  These  book- 
accounts  are  based  on  the  principle  that  all  money  and  ar- 
ticles receive<l  become  del)toi-s  to  him  from  wintm  or  to 
that  for  which  they  are  received,  aiul,  on  the  other  hand,  all 
those  who  receive  money  or  goods  from  us  become  tlebtors 
to  cash  or  to  the  goods.  In  this  way  every  transaction  is 
entered  in  the  ledger  (Ui  the  creditor  side  of  one  account 
auil  on  the  debtor  side  of  another.  Tlic  books  used  in 
(Uuible  entry  vary  in  lunnber  aiul  arrangement  according 
to  the  nature  of  the  business  and  the  manner  of  recording 
the  facts.  Transactions  as  they  take  place  from  day  to 
day  are  generally  recorded  in  such  books  as  the  stock- 
book,  casli-l)ook,  bill-book,  invoice-book,  and  sjilcs-book,  or 
they  may  all  be  recorded  in  onler  in  a  wjiste-book  or  day- 
book. T'pon  these  books  or  additional  documents  are 
baseil  the  journal  and  ledger.  The  former  contains  a 
periodical  abstract  of  all  the  transactions  recorded  in 
the  subordimite  books  or  in  documents  not  entered  in 
these,  classilied  into  debits  and  credits,  while  the  latter 
contains  an  abstract  of  all  the  entries  made  in  the  former, 
chu'^Hified  under  the  heads  of  their  respective  accounts. 

book-knowledge  (biik'nol'ej),  n.  Knowledge 
gained  by  reading  books,  in  distinction  from 
that  obtained  through  observation  and  expe- 
rience. 

bookland  (bt'ik'land),  II.  [Also  hockhmd,  often 
cited  in  the  old  legal  form  hoclanil,  <  AS.  hi'ic- 
laiid,  <  hoc,  charter,  book,  -t-  land,  land.]  In 
old  Eng.  law,  charter  land,  held  by  deed  imder 
certain  rents  and  free  services ;  free  socage 
lan<l.  This  species  of  tenure  has  given  rise  to 
the  modem  freeholds. 

The  title  to  boc-land  was  based  upon  the  possession  of  a 
hoc,  or  written  grant. 

D.  W.  lioss,  German  Laud-holding,  Notes,  p.  170. 

This  process  of  turning  public  property  into  private 
went  on  largely  in  later  times.  The  alienation  wjis  now 
eouuuoidy  niade  by  a  document  in  writing,  under  the  sig- 
natures of  the  King  and  his  Witan;  land  so  granted  was 
therefore  said  to  be  booked  to  the  grantee,  and  was  known 
as  bookland.  K.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Con([.,  I.  fU. 

book-learned  (buk'ler'ned),  a.  [<  hook  + 
learned;  cf.  ME.  hok-ilered,  book-taught:  see 
teirl.]  Ve^rsed  in  books;  acquaintcil  with 
books  and  literature ;  hence,  better  acquainted 
with  books  than  with  men  and  the  common 
concerns  of  life ;  bookish. 

Whate'er  these  book-learnM  blockheads  say, 
Solon's  the  veriest  fool  in  all  the  play.        Dryden. 

book-learning  (buk'li''r''ning),  ».  Learning 
acquired  tiy  reading:  acquaintance  with  books 
and  literature:  generally  opposed  to  knowledge 
gained  from  e.xperience  of  men  and  things. 

Neither  does  itso  nuu'h  require  book-learniny &\\A  schol- 
arship as  good  natural  sense,  to  distinguish  true  and  false. 
T.  Burnet,  Theory  of  the  Earth. 


book-post 

bookless  (bidc'los),  «.  [<  book  -t-  -Jem.']  With- 
out books  or  book-knowledge  ;  unlearned. 

'Hie  buoklew.  sauntering  youth.   SoiiiermUe,  The  Chace,  i. 

booklet  (biik'let),  H.  [<  hook  +  dim.  -let.]  A 
little  book. 

Little  jiaper-covered  booklets.     The  Century,  XXV.  in. 

book-lore  (buk'lor),  H.  Book-learning;  know- 
ledge gained  from  books. 

book-louse  ( biik'lous),  «.  A  minute  neuropter- 
ous  in.scct  of  the  family /'.w<'/(/(r,  distinguished 
by  having  the  tarsi  comjjosed  of  only  two  or 
three  joints,  and  the  posterior  wings  smaller 
than  the  antei-ior.  Atropux  pulmtorinn  is  destitute  of 
wings,  and  is  very  destructive  to  old  books,  especially  in 
damp  jilaces,  and  to  collcctifuis  of  dried  plants,  etc. 

book-madness  (biik'mad'nes),  II.  A  rage  for 
jiossi'SsiMg  books;  bibliomania. 

book-maker  (buk'maker),  ».  If.  A  printer 
and  liinder  of  books. —  2.  One  who  writes  and 
publishes  books;  especially,  a  mere  compiler. 
An  outsider  whose  knowledgt;  of  liai  .Nippon  is  derived 
frr)m  our  old  text-books  and  eyclopiediius,  or  froni  n»n- 
resident />'»oi*-j/(«A'('rw.  may  be  so  far  dazed  .as  t<»  imagine 
the  Japanese  demigods  in  statecraft,  even  as  the  Anieri- 
can  newspapers  make  them  all  princes. 

II'.  E.  (Jriffis,  in  .N.  A.  Rev.,  C.\X-  283. 

3.  One  who  makes  a  book  (see  hook,  v.,  9)  on 
a  race  or  other  doubtful  event;  a  professional 
betting  man.     See  extract. 

In  betting  there  iire  two  parties  —  one  called  "layers,"  as 
the  book-makerx  are  tcrnu'd,  and  the  others  "  backers,"  in 
which  el.a-ss  may  be  included  owners  of  hoi-ses  as  well  as 
the  public.  The  backer  takes  the  odds  which  the  liook- 
wirtA;er  lays  against  a  luu-se,  the  fomu^r  speculating  upon  the 
success  of  tile  aninud,  the  latter  upon  its  defeat ;  and  tak- 
ing the  case  of  Crcjnorne  Im-  the  Derby  of  1872,  just  before 
the  race,  the  book-maker  would  have  laid  3  to  1,  or  perhaps 
£1000  to  £:i00  against  him,  by  which  transaction,  if  the 
horse  won,  as  he  did,  the  backer  wouhl  win  £UX)0  for 
risking  £;i(X).  and  the  book-maker  lose  the  tUKto  which  he 
risked  to  win  the  snudler  sum.  At  lirst  sight  this  may  ap- 
pear an  act  of  very  questitmalile  policy  on  the  part  of  the 
book-maker ;  but  really  it  is  not  so;  because,  so  far  from 
running  a  greater  ri.^k  than  the  backer,  he  runs  less,  inas- 
nuich  as  it  is  his  plan  to  lay  the  same  amount  (£1000) 
against  every  horse  in  the  race,  and  as  there  can  be  but 
one  winner,  he  would  in  all  prol:ial)ility  receive  nnu'e  than 
enough  money  from  the  many  losers  to  jiay  the  stated  snm 
of  nyKK)  which  the  chances  are  he  has  laid'  against  the  one 
winner,  w  hiibevcr  it  is.  Kny.  Eneyc. 

book-making  (Ijids'ma'king),  n.  1.  The  busi- 
ness of  jmiitiiig  and  binding  books. —  2.  The 
writing  and  publishing  of  books;  the  act  of 
compiling  books. —  3.  The  act  or  practice  of 
making  a  book  on  a  race  or  other  doubtful 
event.    See  extract  under  hook-niahi;  .3. 

bookman  (buk'man),  ».;  pi.  bookmen  (-men). 
[AS.  'Iniemaii  in  def.  1 ;  <  boo,  book,  charter,  + 
man,  man.]  If.  In  old  Eiiij.  law,  one  who  held 
bookland. — 2.  A  studious  or  learned  man;  a 
scholar;  a  student;  hence,  one  who  is  more 
familiar  with  books  than  witli  men  and  things. 
You  two  are  bookmen:  can  you  tell  by  your  wit 
What  was  amonth  old  at  Cain's  birth  that's  not  five  weeks 
ohl  yet?  .SVinA-.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  2. 

There  be  some  clergymen  who  are  mere  book-nifn. 

Georye  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  .3. 

book-mark  (btik'mark),  «.  A  ribbon  or  other 
device  placed  between  the  pages  of  a  book,  to 
mark  a  place  where  reading  is  to  begin,  or  to 
wluch  reference  is  to  be  made. 

bookmatet  (l)uk'mat),  v,  A  schoolfellow;  a 
fellow-student:  as,  "the  prince  and  his  book- 
males,"  Sliak.,  L.  L.  L,,  iv.  1. 

bookmonger  (buk'mung'ger),  n.  A  dealer  in 
books. 

book-muslin  (buk'muz'lin),  II.  A  fine  kind  of 
transparent  muslin  having  a  stiff  or  elastic  fin- 
ish :  so  called  from  being  folded  in  book  form. 

book-name  (Inik'nam),  II.  In  :odl.  and  hot.,  a 
name  (other  than  the  technical  name)  of  an 
animal  or  plant  found  only  in  scientific  trea- 
tises—  that  is,  not  in  use  as  a  vemacidar  name. 
It  is  often  a  mere  adaptation  of  the  Latin  or  technical 
term,  as  j'aradnxare  for  an  animal  of  tlie  genus  Para- 
itoxuro.^. 

book-notice  (Inik'no'tis),  II.  A  short  notice  or 
re\iew  of  a  book  in  a  magazine  or  newspaper. 

book-oath  (buk'oth),  «.  An  oath  made  on  the 
Hible;  a  Bible-oath. 

I  juit  thee  now  to  thy  book-oath;  deny  it,  if  thou  canst. 
Shak..  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  1. 

book-plate  (btdt'plat),  »i.  A  label,  bearing  a 
name,  crest,  monogram,  or  other  design,  pasted 
in  or  on  a  book  to  indicate  its  ownership,  its 
position  in  a  library,  etc. 

The  book-plates  described  by  W.  M.  M.  are  those  of  the 
libraries  founded  by  Dr.  Bray  in  his  lifetime  and  by  the 
"Associates  of  Dr.  Bray  "  since  his  death. 

.V.  and  (J..  6th  ser.,  XII.  1.52. 

book-post  (buk'post),  «.  An  arrangement  in 
the  British  postal  sei-vice  by  which  books  and 
printe<l  matter  other  than  newspapers,  as  well 
as  manuscripts  intended  for  publication,  are 


book-post 

conveyed  at  rodiieed  rates  of  postape,  when  the 
■nTajiiiri's  are  left  onen  at  (lie  eiids. 

book-rack  (l)uk'rak),  ».  A  I'ack  or  frame  for 
siip|icirtiiifr  an  open  book,  or  for  holding  a  num- 
ber (if  1  looks. 

book-scorpion  (buk'skftr'pi-pn),  n.  A  small 
araehnidan  of  the  genus  Cliclifir :  a  little  false 
scorjiion,  found  in  old  books  and  dark  musty 
plaees.  cltrli'/ci-  C(iiH'ri'iil':t,  sriircfly  a  twelfth  of  mi 
inrli  loiiL'.  ;in<)  il:irk-r<'ililisli  in  ni)i)c:ir:iiK'u,  is  at)  example. 

bookseller  (buk'seltr),  >i.  A  person  who  car- 
ries on  tlie  business  of  selling  books. 

bookselling  (btik'sel  ing),  II.  The  business  of 
srlling  tiooks. 

book-shop  (buk'shop),  H.     A  book-store. 

book-slide  (In'ik'sUd),  ».     Same  as  book-tray. 

book-stall  (bi'ik'stal),  It.  A  stand  or  stall  on 
whii'li  books,  generally  second-hand,  are  dis- 
jilayed  for  sale. 

book-stand  (buk'stand),  n.  1.  A  stand  or  sup- 
port to  hold  books  for  reading  or  reference. — 
2.  A  stand  or  frame  for  containing  books  of- 
fered for  sale  on  the  streets,  etc. —  3.  A  set  of 
shelves  for  books. 

book-stone  (buk'ston),  n.     Same  as  hibliolite. 

book-store  (biik'st(3r),  «.  A  store  or  shop  where 
limiks  arc  sold.     [U.  S.] 

book-trade  (biik'trad),  H.  l.  The  buying  and 
selling  of  books ;  the  business  of  printing  and 
publishing  books. — 2.  Those,  collectively,  who 
are  engaged  in  this  business. 

book-tray  (btik'tra),  n.  A  board  for  holding 
books,  made  generally  of  some  cabinet-wood, 
with  sliding  ends,  often  richly  ornamented. 
Also  called  bouk-sJUle. 

book-trimmer  (buk'trim"cr),  n.  A  machine 
for  squaring  the  edges  of  unboimd  books. 

book-work  (buk'werk),  ».  1.  The  study  of 
text-books,  as  distinguished  from  experimental 
studies,  or  fi'om  instruction  imparted  by  lec- 
tui'es. —  2.  In  printhiij,  work  on  books  and 
pamphlets,  as  distinguished  from  newspaper- 
work  and  job-work. 

book-worm  (biik'werm),  n.  1.  A  name  given 
to  the  larvse  of  various  insects,  which  gnaw  and 
injure  books,  but  particularly  to  those  of  two 
species  of  small  beetles,  Aiwhium  {Sitodrepa) 
paniceum  undPtinKsbrunneus,  belonging  to  the 
family  Ptinidce.    They  infest  old,  unused  books,  work- 


Book.worm  Beetles. 

a.Sitctdrepa  panicea;  *.  enlarged  antenna  of  same ;  c,  Ptinits 

bninneus.    (Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

ing  chiefly  in  the  leather  binding,  but  also  riddling  the 
leave.?  with  small  holes.  The  larvse  of  both  species  are 
closely  similar,  being  cylindrical  and  curved  like  those  of 
snnut-bcetles,  but  furnished  with  well-developed  legs,  and 
with  rather  long,  sparse  pubescence.  In  the  imago  state, 
however,  the  species  are  readily  distinguished,  P.  brun- 
Tieus  being  much  more  slender  in  every  respect  than  A. 
paniceum. 

2.  A  person  closely  addicted  to  study ;  one  de- 
voted to  the  reading  of  or  to  research  in  books : 
as,  "these  poring  hook-worms,"  Taller,  No.  278. 
[In  this  sense  more  commonly  as  one  word.] 

Though  I  be  no  book-%mrm,  nor  one  that  deals  by  art  to 
give  you  rhetoric.  E.  Jotison,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 

Instead  of  Man  Thinking,  wo  have  the  bonkworm. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  77. 

bookwright  (bidc'rit),  n.  A  writer  of  books; 
an  author :  a  term  expressive  of  slight  dispar- 
agement. 

In  London,  at  this  moment,  any  young  man  of  real 
power  will  find  friends  enough  and  too  many  among  his 
fellow  bmikwrights.  Kingsley,  Two  Years  Ago,  .\i. 

booll  (biil),  n.  [Se.  form  of  6o«i?2.]  l.  a  bowl 
used  in  bowling. —  2.  A  marble  used  by  boys 
in  play.— 3.  pt.  The  game  of  bowls. 

bool'-,  «.    See  boid. 

Boole's  canon.     See  canon. 

booleyt,  «•     See  boob/. 

Boolian  (bo'li-au),  «".  and  n.  I.  a.  Relating  to 
the  mathematician  George  Boole  (ISLVtM),  the 
author  of  a  system  of  algebraic  notation  for 


626 

the  solution  of  logical  problems Boolian  alge- 
bra.   S('u  al'/f'ln'ft. 

II.  H.  An  expression  of  logical  algelira,  sub- 
ject to  the  rules  of  Hoole's  system,  with  modi- 
fied addition,  and  stating  a  relation  between 
certain  individual  objects,  without  indicating 
how  those  objects  are  to  be  chosen. 
boolyt,  "•  [Also  written  bolii/,  boli/,  <  Ir.  hiiailc 
=  Gael.  biiailr,  a  fold,  place  for  milking  cows. 
Cf.  Ir.  buailidh  =  (iael.  bualaidh,  a  cow-house, 
ox-stall  (cf.  erjuiv.  L.  bnrile),  <  Ir.  Gael,  bo  = 
E.  (■(;«■!.]  Formerly,  in  Ireland:  («)  A  place  of 
shelter  for  cattle.  (6)  A  company  of  people 
and  their  cattle  that  wandered  from  place  to 
place  in  search  of  pasture. 

This  keeping  of  cowcs  is  of  it  selfe  a  verye  idle  life,  and 
a  fltt  nurscryc  for  a  theefe.  For  which  cause  ye  remem- 
bei-  that  I  disliked  the  Irish  manner  of  keeping  Bolyen 
in  Sonmier  upon  the  mouutaynes  and  living  aftei'  that 
savadge  sorte.  Sjyenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

boom^  (bom),  V.  i.  [An  imitative  word,  a  re- 
vival of  ME.  biimiiicn,  mod.  E.  binii'^,  in  its  orig. 
sound  (ME.  n  usually  represented  the  sound 
now  indicated  by  oo  long  or  short) :  see  buiiA, 
bomb'';  bomb",  biiniji'^,  bumble,  etc.,  and  cf. 
6oo«/3.  ]  To  make  a  deep,  hollow,  continued 
sound,    (a)  To  buzz,  hum,  or  drone,  as  a  bee  or  beetle. 

At  eve  the  beetle  boometh 

Athwart  the  thicket  lone. 

Tennysmi,  Claribel. 
(6)  To  drum  or  cry,  as  a  bittern. 

And  the  bittern  sound  his  drum, 
Booming  from  the  sedgy  shjiUow. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  31. 

(c)  To  roar,  rumble,  or  reverberate,  as  distant  guns. 

The  sound  of  the  musket-volleying  booms  into  the  far 
dining  rooms  of  the  ChaussSe  d'Antin. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  3. 
id)  To  roar,  as  waves  when  they  rush  with  violence  upon 
the  shore,  or  as  a  river  during  a  freshet,  or  as  a  ship  when 
rushing  along  before  a  fair  wind  under  a  press  of  sail. 

She  conies  booming  down  before  the  wind.  Totten. 

booml  (bom),  n.  [<  boom'',  v.]  A  deep,  hollow, 
continued  sound,  (a)  A  buzzing,  humming,  or  dron- 
ing, as  of  a  bee  or  beetle,  (h)  Tlie  cry  of  the  Inttcrn.  (r) 
A  roaring,  rumbling,  or  reverberation,  as  of  distant  guns. 

Meantime  came  up  the  boom  of  cannon,  slowly  receding 
in  the  same  direction.    J.  K.  Ho^mcr,  The  Color  Guard,  vi. 

(d)  A  roaring,  implying  also  a  rushing  with  violence,  as  of 
waves. 

There  is  one  in  the  chamber,  as  in  the  grave,  for  whom 
the  boom  of  the  wave  has  no  sound,  and  the  march  of  the 
deep  no  tide.  Bulwer. 

boom'-  (bom),  n.  [A  naut.  word  of  D.  origin, 
<  D.  boom  =  LG.  boom,  a  tree,  beam,  bar,  pole, 
=  S\v.  Dan.  bom,  a  bar,  rail,  perch,  boom,  = 
Norw.  bomm,  bumm,  biimb  (according  to  Aasen 
from  LG.  or  D.),  a  bar,  boom,  =  G.  baiim,  a 
tree,  beam,  bar,  boom,  =E.  beam.  q.  v.]  1. 
A  long  pole  or  spar  used  to  extend  the  foot  of 
certain  sails  of  a  ship:  as,  the  mam-boom,  jib- 
boom,  studdingsail-ftwow. —  2.  A  strong  barrier, 
as  of  beams,  or  an  iron  chain  or  cable  fastened 
to  spars,  extended  across  a  river  or  the  mouth 
of  a  harbor,  to  prevent  an  enemy's  ships  from 
passing. — 3.  A  chain  of  floating  logs  fastened 
together  at  the  ends  and  stretched  across  a 
river,  etc.,  to  stop  floating  timber.  [U.  S.]  — 
4.  A  pole  set  up  as  a  mark  to  direct  seamen 
how  to  keep  the  channel  in  shallow  water. —  5. 
pi.  A  space  in  a  vessel's  waist  used  for  stowing 
boats  anil  spare  spars. -Bentinck  boom.  See  bcn- 
(i)k-J-.— Fore-boom,  an  ..Id  name  for  tlu-  jib-boom;  the 
boomof  afoii-and-uft  foresail.  — Guess- warp boom.  .See 
r7ii<'.ss-7('ii(7/.  — Ringtail  boom,     .see  rinr/tail. 

boom-  (bom),  r.  t.  [=L).  boomen,  push  with  a 
pole,  <  boom,  a  pole,  boom:  see  booiifi,  n.  Cf. 
beam,  r.]  1.  To  shove  with  a  boom  or  spar. — 
2.  To  drive  or  guide  (logs)  down  a  stream  with 
a  boom  or  pole.— -3.  To  pen  or  confine  (logs) 

with  a  boom. — To  boom  off,  to  shove  (a  vessel  or  boat) 
aw.ay  with  spars. 
boom^  (bom),  r.  [A  recent  American  use,  ori- 
ginating in  the  West,  and  first  made  familiar  in 
1878;  a  particular  application  of  boom'',  v.  i., 
(d)  (with  ref.  also  to  boom'-,  n.,  (rf)),  from  the 
thought  of  sudden  and  rapid  motion  with  a 
roaring  and  increasing  sound.  In  later  use 
some  assume  also  an  allusion  to  boom",  n.,  3. 
Wlien  a  boom  of  logs  breaks,  the  logs  rush 
with  'violence  downi  the  stream,  and  are  then 
said  to  be  "booming";  but  this  appears  to  be 
the  ordinary  ppr.  adj.  boomine/,  rearing,  rush- 
ing with  violence,  and  to  have  no  connection 
vrith  boom^,  n.  or  r.]  I.  intrans.  To  go  on  with 
a  rush;  become  suddenly  active;  be  "lively," 
as  business;  be  prosperous  or  flomishing.  (The 
earliest  instance  of  the  word  in  this  sense  appears  to  be  in 
the  following  passage: 

"The  Rejiublicans  of  every  other  State  are  of  the  same 
way  of  thmkiiiK.    The  tact  is,  the  Grant  movement  (for  a 
third  term  of  the  presidency]  is  hoominq." 
J.  B.  HcCuUa<jh,  in  St.  Louis  Ulobe-Democrat,  July  18, 1878, 


booming 

Mr.  ^rcCullagh,  in  a  letter  to  i.no  of  the  editors  of  this 
Dictionary,  says;  "1  cannot  explain  hnw  I  came  to  use  it, 
except  that,  while  on  the  gunboats  on  the  Mis.sissippi  river 
during  the  war,  1  used  to  hear  the  pilots  say  of  the  river, 
when  rising  rapidly  and  overllowing  its  banks,  that  it  (the 
river)  was  booming.'  1'he  idea  I  wished  t^i  convey  was 
that  tlie  Grant  movement  was  rising  — swelling,  etc.  Tlie 
word  seemed  to  be  a  good  one  to  the  ear,  and  I  keiit  it  up. 
It  w.as  generally  adopted  about  a  year  afterward.  I  used 
it  as  a  noun  after  awhile,  and  »])oke  of '  the  Grant  boom.'  "J 
They  all  say  that  one  railroad  sjioils  a  town,  two  bring 
it  to  par  again,  and  three  make  it  tx'om. 

E.  Marston,  Frank's  Ranehe,  p.  36. 

II,  trans.  To  bring  into  ]irominence  or  public 
notice  by  calculated  means;  push  with  \igor 
or  sjiirit :  as,  to  boom  a  commercial  venture,  or 
the  candidacy  of  an  aspii'ant  for  office. 
boom3  (bom),  w.  [<  boom'i,  f.]  A  sudden  in- 
crease of  activity;  a  rush.  .Specifically -(a)  In 
politics,  a  movement  seeming,  or  meant  to  seem,  spon- 
taneous in  favor  of  a  candidate  tor  olBce,  or  in  lielialf  of 
some  cause,  (d)  In  coin.,  a  sudden  and  great  increase  of 
business ;  a  rapid  advance  of  i>rices ;  as,  a  boom  in  real 
estate ;  a  boom  in  petroleum.     (U.  S.] 

Capital  w.is  enticed  thither  |t«  New  Mexico)  for  invest- 
ment, :ind  a  great  number  of  enterprises  sprang  up  in  al- 
most ev.ery  direction.  The  boom,  however,  fell  almost  as 
rapidly  as  it  arose.  Tlie  Xatinn,  Jan.  2»,  1886. 

boomage  (bo'maj),  h.  [<  boom-  +  -rtffc]  1. 
ynnt.,  aduty  levied  as  a  composition  forharbor- 
dues,  anchorage,  and  soimdage. —  2.  Compensa- 
tion or  toll  for  the  use  of  a  boom,  or  for  the 
service  rendered  by  the  owner  of  a  boom  in 
receiving,  handling,  driving,  and  assorting  logs 
floating  in  a  stream.     [U.  S.] 

boom-boat  (bom'bot),  ».  One  of  the  boats 
stowed  in  the  booms.     See  booiifi,  n.,  5. 

boom-cO'7er  (bom'kuv'er),  n.  Xaiit.,  the  large 
tarpaulin  used  to  cover  over  the  space  where 
the  boom-boats  and  booms  are  stowed. 

boomer^  (bo'mer),  n.  [Appar.  in  ref.  to  the 
sound  made  by  the  animal;  <  boom'  +  -«■!.] 
1.  In  Australia,  a  name  of  the  male  of  a  species 
of  kangaroo. —  2.  A  name  of  the  showt'l  or 
mountain  beaver,  Baplodon  riifus  or  Aplodontia 

leporiiia.     See  cut  under  Haplodon Mountain 

boomer,  the  common  red  s<iuirrel.    [Local,  I'.  S.] 

boomer'-^  (.bo'mer),  n.  [<  boom^  +  -e/l.]  One 
who  booms ;  one  who  starts  and  keeps  up  an 
agitation  in  favor  of  any  project  or  person; 
one  who  assists  in  the  organization  or  further- 
ance of  a  boom.     [U.  S.] 

The  Federal  Government  holds  them  [the  reservations 
in  the  Indian  Territory]  as  a  trustee  for  the  Indians ;  and 
it  will  be  a  hundred  fold  better  to  let  some  acres  remain 
uncultivated  and  unoccupied  rather  than  that  all  shall  be 
given  over  to  the  rapacity  of  white  boomers. 

The  Xation,  Jan.  7,  1SS6. 

boomerang   (bo'me-rang),   H.     [Recently  also 

boomer  ing,  bomeranej,  bomarang  ;  from  a  native 

name  in  New  South  Wales ;  wo-mur-rdng  and 

buinarin    are 
cited  as  abo- 
riginal names 
of        clubs.] 
1 .     A     mis- 
sile    weapon 
of    war    and 
the       chase, 
used   by   the 
aborigines  of 
Australia,  consisting  of  a  rather  flat  piece  of 
hard  wood  bent  or  curved  in  its  o-wn  plane,  and 
from  16  inches  to  2  feet  long.     Generally,  but  not 
always,  it  is  flatter  on  one  side  than  on  the  other.    In 
some  cases  the  curve  from  end  to  end  is  nearly  an  arc  of  a 
circle,  in  others  it  is  rather  .in  obtuse  .angle  than  a  curve, 
and  in  a  few  examples  there   is  a  slight  reverse  curve 
toward  each  end.    In  the  hands  of  a  skilful  thrower  the 
boomeriing  can  be  projected  to  great  distances,  and  con  be 
made  to  ricochet  almost  at  will ;  it  can  be  thrown  in  a 
curved  path,  somewhat  as  a  bowl  can  be  "screwed"  or 
"  twisted,"  and  it  can  be  made  to  return  to  the  thrower, 
and  strike  the  ground  behind  him.    It  is  capable  of  in- 
flicting serious  wounds. 

Hence  — 2.  Figm-atively,  any  plan,  measure, 
or  project  the  conse(|uences  of  which  recoil 
upon  tlie  projector,  ami  are  therefore  the  oppo- 
site of  those  intended  or  expected. 
booming^  (bo'ming),  11.  [Verbal  n.  of  fcoowil, 
r.]  The  act  of  making  a  deep,  hollow,  contin- 
ued soimd,  or  the  sound  itself,  (a)  A  buzzing  or 
droning,  as  of  a  bee  or  beetle,  {b)  Tlie  crying  of  a  bittern. 
The  marsh-bittern's  weird  boomin/j,  the  drumming  of 
the  capercailzie.  P.  Robimon,  t'nder  the  Sun,  p.  55. 

(i-)  A  roaring  or  reverberating,  as  of  distant  guns,  (d)  A 
n  lariic.:.  implying  also  a  rushing  with  violence,  as  of  waves. 
booming^  (bo'ming),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  booni'^,  r.] 
Making  a  deep,  hollow,  continued  sound  (in 
any  of  the  senses  of  the  verb). 

All  nig^it  the  boomiwj  minute  gun 

Had  pealed  along  the  deep.   Hemans,  The 'Wreck. 

Still  darker  grows  the  spreading  cloud 

F'rom  wllich  the  booviinij  thunders  sound. 

Bryant,  Legend  of  the  Dclawares. 


Boomerangs. 


booming 

booming-  (bti'minf;),  ;i.  a.  [l'\)T.  of  boom'^,  c] 
Active;  lively;  ailvaneiug;  buoyant:  as,  a 
liDomhKi  luurket. 
[U.S.]' 

boom-iron  (biim'- 

i'ltii),  II.  Naut., 
a  metal  riiifj  on 
a  yard,  tlirougli 
wliicli  a  stutUUng- 
sail-lioora  is  run 
ill  uiiil  oviti. 

1 ;;„„„_  Boom-iron  on  y.nrti-ann. 

boom-jigger  ' 

(bijm'jiti  er),  n.  Xaiil.,  the  small  purchase 
used  ill  riKgiiiK  out  a  stmldingsail-boom,  and, 
by  shifting  the  tackle,  in  rigging  it  in.  Also 
culled  iii-iinil-iiiit  jii/ger, 

boomkin  (bom'kin),  ti.     Same  as  bumkin. 

boom-mainsail  (l>om'man"8al),  ».  A  fore-and- 
alt  mainsail,  the  foot  of  which  is  extended  by 
a  boom. 

boomslang  (biim'slang),  n.  [D.  (in  S.  Af- 
rica), <  boom,  tree,  +  slang  (=()HCi.  slaiigo, 
MHG.  sUinyc,  G.  schlaiuji),  a  snake,  <  "sliiuicti, 
only  in  freq.  sliiificrcn,  turn,  toss,  sling,  =  OHG. 
sliniidn,  MHG.  sliiijjoi,  G.  schlhifioi,  wind,  twist, 
sling,  =  K.  sliii;/,  q.  v.]  An  African  tree-snake, 
Buct'jiliiiliix  cnpcnsis. 

boomster  (bdm'ster),  )».  [<  boom^  +  -strr.'\ 
One  engaged  in  booming  the  market  or  a  polit- 
ical candidate  for  office ;  one  who  works  up  a 
boom.     [Rare,  U.  S.] 

Moreover,  he  [the  Secretary  of  the  Interior)  dismissed 
him  "  wlieii  under  fire" — that  is,  wliile  the  Hoard's  en- 
qiiiry  was  stiTI  in  itroj::i-ess  —  an  act  which  every  hiiomsli'r 
must  regard  witli  luatliing.         I'hc  Nation,  Feh.  12,  ISSO. 

boom-tackle  (bijm'tak'l),  »;.  A  tackle  consist- 
ing of  a  double  and  a  single  block  and  fall, 
used  in  guying  out  the  main-boom  of  a  fore- 
and-aft  rigged  vessel. 

boonl  (b(in),  n.  [<  ME.  boon,  boiic,  also  boijii, 
boi/iic,  <  loel.  boil,  a  prayer,  petition,  with  a 
parallel  umlauted  form  bwn  for  'bwn  =  Sw. 
Dan.  biiii  =  AS.  bvn,  ME.  ben,  bene,  a  prayer: 
see  hcii'^.  In  the  sense  of  'favor,  privilege,' 
there  is  confusion  with  to««3.]     i|.  A  prayer; 

a  petition. 

Our  king  unto  God  ni.ide  his  boon.  Mlnot. 

Tile  wofull  husliandman  doth  lowd  complaine 

To  see  his  whole  yeares  lahor  lost  so  soone, 

For  which  to  (_iod  he  made  so  many  an  idle  bonnf. 

Spenser,  F.  IJ.,  III.  vii.  34. 

2.  That  which  is  asked;  a  favor;  a  tiling  de- 
sired; a  benefaction. 

Vouchsafe  me,  for  my  meed,  Imt  one  fair  look ; 
A  smaller  boon  than  this  I  cannot  heg. 

Shak.,  T.  O.  of  V.,  v.  4, 

All  our  trjide  with  the  West  Indies  was  a  boon,  granted 
to  us  hy  the  indulgence  of  Enirtand. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  .Tan.  24,  l&-i2. 

Henee  —  3.  A  good;  a  benefit  enjoyed ;  a  bless- 
ing; a  great  privilege ;  a  thing  to  bo  thankful 
for. 

The  60071  of  religious  freedom. 

Syetmi/  Smith,  ivt*r  riymley's  Letters,  ii. 

Is  this  the  duty  of  rulers?  Are  men  in  such  stations  to 
give  all  that  may  he  asked  .  .  .  without  regardins;  wheth- 
er it  be  a  tioon  or  a  bane?  Brougham,  Lord  North. 

4.  -An  unpaid  service  due  by  a  tenant  to  his 
lord.     [Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 

boonl  (bon),  I',  f.  [<  (wohI,  H.,  4.]  To  do  gra- 
tuitous ser«ce  to  another,  as  a  tenant  to  a  laud- 
lord.     Hay;  Grose.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

boon-  (bon),  n.  [Also  E.  dial,  bun  (see  &w«2),  < 
ME.  bone,  later  also  biinne  ;  cf.  Gael,  and  Ir.  bu- 
nach,  coarse  tow,  the  refuse  of  flax,  <  Gael,  and 
Ir.  bun,  stump,  stock,  root:  sec  ?<««'-.]  The 
refuse  stalk  of  hemp  or  tla-\  after  the  fiber  has 
been  removed  by  retting  and  breaking. 

boon^  (bon),  a.  '  [<  ME.  boon,  bone,  <  Norm.  F. 
boon,  OF.  bon,  F.  bon,  <  L.  bonti.'!,  good:  see 
bonus,  bonne,  bonn;/^,  (•te.'\  If.  Good:  as.  boon 
cheer. — 2f.  Favorable;  fortunate;  prosperous: 
as, aftooHvoyage. — 3t.  Kind;  boimteous;  yield- 
ing abundance:  as,  "nature  boon,"  Milton,  P. 
L.,  iv.  242. 

To  a  boon  southern  country  he  is  tied. 

.V.  .Inwkl,  Thyrsls. 

4.  Gay;  merry;  jolly;  jovial;  convivial:  as,  a 
boon  companion;  "jocund  and  boon,"  Milton, 
P.  L.,  ix.  793. 

Hcil  all  the  boon  companions  of  the  F.arl. 

Tenntinon,  Geraint. 

boonagef,  n.  [Also  bonagc;  <  boon"^,  4,  +  ■ai/e.'\ 
Huon-work. 

boon-dayt  (bSn'da),  n.  A  day  on  which  boon- 
work  was  performed  by  a  tenant  for  his  lord, 
as  in  harvesting  his  crops. 


627 

boongary  (bong'ga-ri),  n.  The  native  name  of  a 
tree-Kangaroo,  Deniirolaf/u.s  lumholtzi,  of  north- 
em  (Queensland,  Australia. 

boonk  (biingk),  ».  [Imitative,  like /(lOKpl  and 
bumble,  n.,  q.  v.]  The  little  bittern  of  Europe, 
.Irihitii  minuta.     Montiijiu. 

boon-loaft  (biin'lof),  n.  A  loaf  allowed  to  a 
tenant  when  working  on  a  boon-day. 

boon-work  (biin'werk),  «.  1.  Unpaid  work  or 
service  formerly  rendered  by  a  tenant  to  his 
lord;  boon. —  2.  Work  or  service  given  giatu- 
itoiisly  to  a  fanner  by  his  neighbors  on  some 
special  occasion. 

boopic  (b6-oi>'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  jloijiric,  ox-eyed: 
see  biio/i.^.}     Having  eyes  like  those  of  an  ox. 

boops  (bo'ops),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  .3o«n-;f,  ox-eyed, 
<  lioir,  ox  (see  Bos),  +  u^',  eye.]  An  old  book- 
name  of  the  Box  hoops,  a  sparoid  fisli  of  the 
Mcditenanean  and  the  adjoining  ocean.  It  is 
j)eculiar  in  the  development  of  only  one  row  of 
notched  trenchant  teeth  in  the  jaws. 

boor  (bor),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hoore,  hour 
(also  improp,  bore,  boar),  possibly,  in  the  form 
hour  (mod.  E.  prop.  *boirer,  bou'f'r)  (cf.  E.  dial. 
bor,  neighbor,  as  a  form  of  address),  <  ME. 
"hour,  <  AS.  fiebiir,  a  dweller,  husbandman, 
farmer,  countryman  (a  word  surviving  without 
distinctive  meaning  in  the  compound  neighbour, 
neighbor,  <  AS.  nedh-gehur) ;  but  in  the  ordi- 
nary form  and  pronunciation,  boor,  <  LG.  Iiitr, 
buur,  MI-iG.  bur,  gehiir,  a  husbandman,  farmer, 
=  D.  binn;  MI),  ghehure,  gheltiier,  neighbor,  D. 
hoer,  MD.  gilioer  (a  later  form,  prob.  boiTOwed 
from  LG.),  a  husbandman,  fanner,  mstic,  knave 
at  cards,  =  OUG.  gibur,  giburo,  MHG.  gebur,  ye- 
bfire,  G.  bauer,  a  husbandman,  peasant,  rustic, 
=  AS.  gebur,  as  above  ;  lit.  one  who  occupies 
the  same  dwelling  (house,  village,  farm)  with 
another,  one  who  dwells  with  or  near  another 
(a  sense  more  definitely  expressed  by  the  AS. 
nedh-gebur,  'nigh-dweller,'  neighbor:  see  neigh- 
bor), <  gc-,  together,  a  generalizing  or  coordi- 
nating prefix  (see  ge-),  +  bur,  >  E.  bower,  a 
dwelling:  see  bower^.  The  forms,  as  those  of 
others  from  the  same  root  (AS.  hiiiin,  dwell, 
etc.),  are  somewhat  confused  in  the  several 
languages.  See  bower^,  bower^,  hower^,  etc., 
ani  neighbor.l  1.  A  coiuitryman  ;  a  peasant ; 
a  rustic;  a  clown;  particularly,  a  Dutch  or 
German  peasant. 

Knave  meant  once  no  more  than  lad  ;  .  .  .  villain  than 
peasant;  a  6oor  was  only  a  farmer;  a  varlet  w.as  but  a 
serving-man ;  .  .  .  a  ehurl  but  a  strong  fellow, 

Aljp.  Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  5G. 
There  were  others,  the  boom,  who  seem  to  have  had  no 
land  of  their  own,  but  worked  on  the  lord's  private  land 
like  the  Laborers  of  to-day. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  316. 
Hence  —  2.  One  who  is  rude  in  manners,  or  il- 
literate ;  a  clown ;  a  clownish  person. 

The  profoundest  philosopher  differs  in  degree  only,  not 
in  kind,  from  the  most  uncultivated  ttoor. 

Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  172. 

The  habits  and  cunning  of  a  boor.  Thackeray. 

Tramped  down  by  that  Northern  boor,  Peter  the  Great. 

D.  G.  Mitchell,  Wot  Days. 

3.   [eaji.'\  Same  as  Boer, 

boord^t,  n.  and  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  board. 

boord'-t,  "•     A  variant  form  of  bourW^. 

boorish  (bor'ish),  a.  [<  boor  +  -I'.sAl;  =  D. 
hiierscli  =  Ci.  bdueriseh,  clownish,  rustic.]  1. 
Resembling  a  boor  ;  clownish  ;  mstic  ;  awk- 
ward in  manners;  illiterate. 

No  lusty  neatherd  thither  drove  his  kine, 
No  boorish  hogherd  fed  his  rooting  swine, 

ir.  Browne,  ISrit,  Past,,  U.  1. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  fit  for  a  boor. 
A  gross  and  boorish  opinion,       Milton,  On  Divorce,  i.  9. 

=  Syn.  Boorish,  Churli.^h,  Clownish,  Loutish.  He  who  is 
boori.^h  is  so  low-bred  in  habits  and  ways  as  to  be  posi- 
tively otfensivc.  He  who  is  churlish  olfends  by  his  lan- 
guage and  manners,  they  being  such  ;ls  would  naturally  he 
found  in  one  who  is  coarse  and  seltlsh,  and  tlurcfon-  ;:,iirr- 
ally  insolent  or  crusty  and  rough  ;  the  opiM)site  of  kimt  and 
courleons:  as,  it  ischurlijih  to  refuse  to  answer  a  civil  ques- 
tion. The  opposite  of  boorish  is  refined  or  polite ;  the  op- 
posite of  cloirnish  is  etei/ant.  Ctotniijih  is  a  somewhat 
weaker  word  than  6oon,s7l,  implying  less  that  is  disgusting 
in  nianner  and  speech  ;  it  often  notes  mere  lack  of  ivlhie- 
meiit.  Tlie  dilference  between  clownish  and  lontish  is 
that  he  who  is  clownish  is  generally  stupid  and  some- 
times ludicrous,  while  ho  who  is  loutish  is  perhaps  slov- 
enly and  worthy  of  blame. 

In  some  countries  the  large  cities  absorb  the  wealth  and 
fashion  of  the  n.ation,  ,  .  ,  and  the  country  is  inliabited 
almost  entirely  by  boorish  peasantry, 

Irvintj,  Sket<il-Book,  p.  SO. 
My  master  is  of  churlish  disposition, 
And  little  recks  to  find  the  way  to  heaven 
By  doing  deeds  of  Itospitality. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii,  4, 

'Tis  clownish  t4>  insist  on  doing  all  with  one's  own  hands, 
as  if  every  man  should  build  his  own  clumsy  house,  forge 
his  hammer,  and  bake  his  dougtu  Emerson,  Success. 


boot 

He  [Utn\  Chefltci'fleldl  lal>ored  for  ycani  to  mould  his 
dull,  heavy,  limtish  son,  Stanhojic,  into  a  graceful  man  of 
fashion.  W.  Mathews,  (getting  on  in  the  World,  p,  42. 

boorishly  (bor'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  boorish  man- 
ner. 

Limbs  .  ,  .  neither  weak  nor  boorishly  robust, 

Fenton,  tr.  of  .Martial's  Epigrams,  x,  47. 

boorishness  (bor'ish-nes),  H.  [<  boori.sh  + 
-ness.]  The  state  of  being  boorish;  clownish- 
ness;  rusticity;  coarseness  of  manners. 

boornouse  (biir-nos'),  n.     Same  as  burnoo.-ir. 

boost,  "■     An  obsolete  form  of  bos.s'^.     Chaueir. 

boose'  (biiz),  «.  [=  Sc.  boose,  buisc,  bu.ie;  <  ME. 
boose,  bone,  <  AS.  'bos  (represented  only  by  the 
ONorth.  hosig,  >  hoosy^,  q.  v.)  =  leel.  buss  = 
Sw.  b/ts  =  Dan.  Iiaas,  a  cow-stall;  cf.  G.  hanse, 
=  Goth,  bansts,  a  barn.]  A  stall  or  inclosure 
for  cattle.     Also  boosy,  boti.it.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

boose'-,  I',  and  n.     See  booze. 

booser,  «.     See  boo:cr. 

boost'  (biist),  r.  t.  [Etyni.  unknown.]  To  lift 
or  raise  by  pushing  from  behimi,  as  a  person 
climbing  a  tree;  push  up:  often  used  figura- 
tively :  as,  to  boost  a  person  over  a  fence,  or  in- 
to power.     [North.  U.  S.] 

boost'  (biist),  n.  An  upward  shove  or  pusli; 
the  act  of  boosting;  the  result  of  boostingj  a 
lift,  either  literally  or  figuratively:  as,  to  give 
one  a  boost.     [North.  U.  S.] 

boost-t,  n.     A  Middle  English  form  of  Ijoast^. 

boost-'t,  ".  [Early  mod.  E,,  <  ME.  bust ;  a  variant 
of  biiist'^,  q.  v.]     Same  as  boist^. 

boost^  (bbst),  H.  and  v.     Same  as  buist. 

boosy'  (bo'zi),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boo.<iey, 
bousie,  <  ME.  (not  found),  <  AS.  (ONorth.)  ho- 
sig, hosih,  <  'bos,  a  stall:  see  iooscl.]  Same  as 
/;oo.s'^''. 

boosy'-,  a.     See  boo:ii. 

boot'  (bot),  H.  [<  ME.  bootr,  hole,  hot,  <  AS.  hot, 
advantage,  amendment,  rejiaration  (esp.  in  the 
phrase  tii  lu'/te  (lit.  'for  reparation,'  E.  to  boot), 
frequent  in  the  AS.  laws),  =  OS.  bota  =  OFries. 
bote  =  D.  boete  =  LG.  bote  =  OHG.  buo:a,  MHG. 
buo:e,  G.  busse  =  Icel.  bot  =  Sw.  bot  =  Dan. 
hod  =  Goth,  bota,  boot,  advantage,  profit,  re- 
pair, reparation,  etc. ;  <  Teut. 'biitan  (pret.  *lidt), 
be  good,  be  useful,  profit,  avail,  whence  ult.  E. 
6e(l,  better^,  batten^,  battle^,  etc.,  and  (as  aderiv. 
of  hoot),  beet",  mend,  repair:  see  these  words.] 
It.  Profit;  gain;  advantage. 

If  then  the  reward  bee  to  bee  measured  by  thy  merltea, 
what  boote  canst  thou  seeke  for,  but  eteniall  paiiie, 

Lyly,  Eiiplmes,  Anat,  of  Wit,  p.  181. 

O  !  spare  thy  happy  daies,  and  them  apply 

To  better  boot.  Spemer,  V.  Q.,  III.  xi.  19. 

2.  Something  which  is  thrown  in  by  one  of  the 
parties  to  a  bargain  as  an  adtlitional  considera- 
tion, or  to  make  the  exchange  equal. 

Ill  give  you  boot,  I'll  give  you  three  for  one. 

Shak.,  T.  andC,  iv.  5. 

3t.  Help  or  deliverance;  assistance;  relief; 
remedy:  as,  hoot  for  every  bale. 

she  is  .  .  .  the  rote  of  bountee  .  .  ,  ami  soules  bote. 

Chaucer,  Prioress's  Talc,  1,  14. 
Auon  he  yaf  the  syke  man  his  bote. 

Chamer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T,,  I,  424. 

Next  her  son,  our  soul's  best  boot.  Wordsworth. 

4t.  Resource ;  alternative. 

There  was  none  other  bootc  for  him,  but  to  ami  him. 

Lord  Berners,  tr,  of  lYoissart,  I.  674. 

It  Is  no  boot,  it  is  useless  or  of  no  avail. 

Whereupon  wc  thought  it  no  boot  to  sit  longer,  since  we 
could  escape  unobserved, 

Ii.  Knox,  Arl>er's  Eng.  Gamer,  I.  418. 
To  boot  [  A.S,  to  Ix'ite],  to  the  advantage ;  into  the  bargain ; 
in  addition;  over  and  above;  besi<les:  as,  I  will  give  my 
house  for  yours  with  5500  to  tutot. 

Helen  to  change  would  give  an  eye  to  boot. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  L  2. 
We  are  a  people  of  prayer  and  good  works  to  boot. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I, 
To  make  boot  of,  to  make  profit  of ;  gain  by. 

Give  him  no  breath,  hut  now 
Make  boot  o/  his  distraction. 

Shak.,  A,  andC,  iv,  1. 

bootl  (bot),  1'.  t.  [<  ME.  boten,  profit,  <  bote, 
boot,  profit.  The  earlier  verb  was  AS.  hctan, 
>  ME.  heten,  mod.  E.  beet:  see  6f<'(2.]  1.  To 
profit ;  advantage ;  avail :  now  ojily  used  im- 
personally: as,  it  hoots  us  little. 

What  bootes  it  al  to  have,  and  nothing  use? 

Siiem-er,  K,  Q,,  II.  vi.  17. 

For  what  I  have,  I  need  not  to  repeat ; 
And  what  I  want,  it  boots  not  to  complain. 

Shak.,  Rich,  II.,  iii,  4. 

2t.  To  present  into  the  bargain ;  enrich ;  ben- 
efit. 

I  will  liovt  thee  with  what  gift  beside 
Thy  modesty  can  beg.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii  6. 


w; 


Boot. 
,  front :  f>,  side-seam ; 


,  back  ;  d,  strap ;  e.  instep 
/;  vamp,  or  front :  ^,  quar- 
ter, or  counter ;  k,  rand  ;  r, 
heel,  of  which  the  front  is  the 
breast  and  the  bottom  the 
face  :  J,  lifts  of  the  heel ;  t, 
shank  ;  /,  welt ;  ^n,  sole  :  », 
toe;  0,  ball  of  sole.  B  (sec- 
tion) :  a,  upper  ;  d,  insole ;  c, 
outsole :  rf,  welt ;  e,  stitching  of 
the  sole  to  the  welt ;  /.  stitch- 
ing of  the  upper  to  the  welt ; 
jf,  channeling,  or  depression 
for  the  bights  of  the  stitches. 


boot 

boots  (bot),  «.  [<  ME.  hnnte,  bote,  <  OF.  bote, 
n  boot,  F.  hotte  =  I'r,  Sp.  Pg.  Imtn  (ML.  hnta, 
hoUd)  (ef.  Gael,  hut,  holidiin,  \noh.  Iroin  E.),  a 
boot;  Drigiu  uncertain.  I'rob.  not  (.'ouuected, 
as  supposed,  with  OF.  boule,  mod.  F.  botte  = 
It.  bottc  (ML.  bi(tta,  bota),  a  butt,  cask,  leathern 
vessel:  see  6m«3.]  l.  A  covering  (usually 
of  leather)  for  the  foot 
and  lower  part  of  the  leg, 
ri-achiiiK  as  far  up  as  the 
middle  of  the  calf,  and 
sometimes  to  the  knee. 
Ill  most  stylus  tlie  log  part 
keeps  its  plat-c  Ijy  its  stitTness 
.iloiie,  althout'li  i"  certaiu  fash- 
ions it  has  been  laced  arounii 
tlie  calf.  Boots  seem  to  have 
appeared  in  Etirope  about  the 
middle  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
They  were  not  much  worn  at 
first,  because  persons  of  the 
wealthier  classes,  when  abroad, 
were  generally  clad  in  armor. 
.\t  the  time  of  the  gradual  dis- 
appearance of  annor  very  high 
boots  of  thick  leather  came  into 
favor  as  covering  for  the  legs, 
and  by  the  si.xteenth  century 
they  were  already  in  comuKfli 
use.  (.See  jack-hoot.)  Late  in 
the  eighteenth  century  boots 
became  a  usual  ]iart  uf  elegant 
costume,  and  were  made  lighter 
and  more  close-fittiiig.  In  Eng- 
land boots  ceased  to  be  conniion 
in  elegant  costume  .as  early  as 
1855,  and  about  lifteen  years 
later  they  began  to  disapiieui-  in 
the  United  State-s;  but  they  ure 
still  worn  for  special  puriioses 
and  occupations,  as  by  horse- 
men, seamen,  etc. 
Hence  —  2.  In  modem 
usage,  also,  any  shoe  or 
outer  foot-covering  which 
reaches  above  the  ankle, 
whether  for  men  or  women:  more  properly 
called  half-boot  or  anMc-buot. —  3.  An  instru- 
ment of  torture  made  of 
iron,  or  a  combination 
of  iron  and  wood,  fas- 
tened on  the  leg,  be- 
tween which  and  the 
boot  wedges  were  in- 
troduced and  driven  in 
by  repeated  blows  of  a 
mallet,  with  such  vio- 
lence as  to  crush  both 
muscles  and  bones.  The 
boots  and  thumb-screw  were 
the  special  Scotch  instru- 
ments for  "putting  to  the 
question."  A  much  milder 
variety  consisted  of  a  boot 
or  buskin,  made  wet  and 
drawn  upon  the  legs  and 
then  dried  by  heat,  so  as  to  contract  and  squeeze  the  legs. 

The  .Scottish  Privy  Council  had  power  to  put  state  pris- 
oners to  the  question.  But  the  sight  was  so  dreadful  that, 
as  soon  as  the  hoota  appeared,  even  the  most  servile  and 
hard-hearted  courtiers  hastened  out  of  the  chamber. 

Macaulay. 

4.  A  protective  covering  for  a  horse's  foot. 
—  5t.  In  the  seventeenth  century,  a  drinking- 
vessel :  from  the  use  of  leathern  Jacks  to  drink 
from. 

To  charge  whole  hoots  full  to  their  friends  welfare. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  VI.  i.  82. 

6.  In  ornifh.,  a  continuous  or  entire  tarsal  en- 
velop, formed  by  fusion  of  the  tarsal  seutella. 
It  occui-s  chietly  in  birds  of  the  thrush  and  war- 
bler groups.  See  cut  under  booted. —  7t.  The 
fixed  step  on  each  side  of  a  coach. —  8t.  An  un- 
covered space  on  or  by  the  steps  on  each  side 
of  a  coach,  allotted  to" the  ser\-ants  and  atten- 
dants; later,  a  low  outside  compartment,  either 
between  the  coachman's  box  and  the  body  of 
the  coach  or  at  the  rear. 

The  Infanta  sat  in  the  boot  with  a  blue  ribbon  about 

her  arm,  of  purpose  that  the  l"rince  might  distinguish  her. 

Howell,  Letters,  I.  iii.  15. 

His  coach  being  come,  he  causeth  liim  to  be  laid  softly 

and  .so,  he  in  one  boot  and  the  two  chirurgeons  in  tlie 

other,  they  drive  away  to  the  very  ne.\t  countrj.house. 

J.  lieynolds. 

9.  A  receptacle  for  baggage  in  a  coach,  either 
under  the  seat  of  the  coachman  or  under  that 
of  the  guard,  or,  as  in  American  stage-coaches, 
behind  the  body  of  the  coach,  covered  by  a  flap 
of  leather.— 10.  A  leather  apron  attached  to 
the  dashboard  of  an  open  carriage  and  designed 
to  bo  used  as  a  protection  from  rain  or  iiiuil. — 
Balmoral  boots.  See  Balmoral.— 'Roots  and  saddles. 
(An  adaptation  of  F.  boute-selte,  the  signal  to  hnvsc.  <  lioiitrr 
selli;  jjut  the  saddle  on:  bouter,  put;  sdli',  .saddle:  see 
butit  and  sdf2.]  Milit.,  the  first  trumpet-call  for  mounted 
arill  or  other  formations  mounted ;  also,  a  signal  for  the 


Torture  with  the  Boot. 


628 

assembly  of  trumpeters.— ClumBy-bootB,  an  awkward, 
careless  person.    [t'oUoq.  ] 

You're  the  most  creasing  and  tumbling  clumm./  hootti  of 
a  packer.  liickens,  flur  .Mutual  Friend,  iv. 

Congress  boots  or  gaiters,  high  shoes  with  elastic  sides, 
by  .'^trrlcbiiig  wbicli  tin)  ;iir  drawn  on  to  the  feet.  Hes- 
sian boots,  a  kiii'l  oi  Iniig  i ts,  originally  introduced  in 

the  unif'inii  of  Hessian  truups,— Salisbury  boot,  a  car- 
riage-boot of  rnniided  form,  used  chictly  in  eouit  vehicles. 
[Eng. I  — Skeleton  boot, acaniage-bout  framed  with  thin 
pit-cts  of  ir.iii  iii^tcail  "1*  wood,  and  supjiorting  tin-  driver  s 
seat,  -  Sly-boots,  a  running,  arttul  person.--  TO  put  the 
boot  on  the  wrong  leg,  to  give  credit  or  blame  to  the 
wrong  party  ;  make  a  mistake  in  attribution. 

boot"-  (bot),  v.  t.  [<  boot^,  «,]  1.  To  put  boots 
on.— 2.  To  torture  with  the  boot— 3.  To 
kick;  drive  by  kicking:  as,  boot  him  out  of  the 
room.  [Slang.] — 4.  To  beat,  formerly  with  a 
long  jack-boot,  now  w4th  a  leather  surcingle  or 
waist-belt:  an  iiTegular  conventional  punish- 
ment inflicted  by  soldiers  on  a  comrade  guilty 
of  dishonesty  or  sliirking  duty.  A'.  E.  D.  [Eiig. 
military  slang.] 

boot-^t  (hot),  «.  [Appar.  same  as  boof^,  used 
for  booty  ;  or  merely  short  for  booty.']  Booty; 
spoil;  jjlunder. 

Heavy  laden  with  the  spoyle 
Of  harvest's  riches,  which  he  made  his  hoot. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vii.  38. 

Like  soldiers,  tbees]  armed  in  their  stings. 
Make  hoot  upon  the  siuiimer's  velvet  buds. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2. 
A  tnie  Attic  bee,  he  [Slilton]  made  hoot  on  every  lip 
where  there  was  a  trace  of  truly  classic  honey. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser,,  p.  271. 

bootH.     Obsolete  preterit  of  bite. 

Bootanese,  «.  and  n.     See  Bhutanese. 

boot-black  (bot'blak),  «.  One  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  clean  and  black  boots  and  shoes. 
Also  called  shoe-black. 

boot-catchert  (bot'kach'''er),  H.  The  person  at 
an  inn  whose  business  was  to  pull  off  boots  and 
clean  them ;  a  boots. 

The  ostler  and  the  boot-catcher  ought  to  partake. 

Svnfi,  Advice  to  Servants. 

boot-clamp  (bot'klamp),  n.    A  device  for  hold- 
ing a  Ijoot  so  that  it  can  be  sewed. 
boot-closer  (bot'klo  zer),  H.    One  who  sews  to- 

getlier  the  upper  leathers  of  boots  or  shoes. 
boot-crimp  (bot'krimp),  «.     A  frame   or  last 

used  by  bootmakers  for  drawing  and  shaping 

the  body  of  a  boot. 
boot-cuff  (bot'kuf ),  n.    A  form  of  cuff  'worn  in 

England  in  the  eighteenth  century.    See  cuf. 
booted    (bo 'ted),    (I.      [<   boot^, 

r.,  +  -cd".']    1 .  Ha'ving 'boots  on ; 

equipped  with  boots ;  especially, 

equipped  for  riding :    as,  booted 

and  spurred;  "a  booted  judge," 

Dryden. — 2.  laornith.:  (a)  Hav- 
ing the  tarsi  covered  'with  fea- 
thers;   braccate:    as,  the  booted 

eagle.     See  cut  imder  braccate. 

(i)   Having  the  tarsi  enveloped 

in  a  boot,  that  is,  not  divided 

along  the  aerotarsium,  or  having 

only  a  few  scales  or  seutella  near 

the  toes;   holotheeal;    ocreate: 

as,  a  booted  tarsus.     See  boot^,  6. 
booteei  (bo-te'),  "•     [<  boot^  + 

dim.  -fc]     A  trade-name  for  a 

half  or  short  boot  for  women. 
bootee^  (bo'te),  n.     [E.  Ind.]     A 

white,  spotted  Dacca  musUn. 
Bootes  (bo-6'tez),  n.     [L.,  <  6r.  .Jour^f,  a  name 

given  to  the  constellation  containing  Areturus, 

lit.  an  ox-di'iver,  plo'wman,  <  ,Joff,  an  ox.]     A 

northern    constellation 

containing    the    bright 

star  Areturus,  and  situ- 
ated behind  the  Great 

Bear,     it   is   supposed   to 

represent  a    man   holding  a 

crook  and  driving  the  Bear. 

In  modern  times  the  constel- 
lation of  the  Hounds  has  been 

interposed    between    Bootes 

and  the  Bear. 
booth  (both),  ?i.     [=Sc. 

buith,  early  mod.  ifforth. 

E.  bouthe,  biithe;  <  ME. 

bothe,    <    ODan.    "bodh, 

Dan.   bod   =    Sw.    bod, 

booth,  stall. =Icel.  biidh, 

dwelling, =MHG.  buodc, 

hut.  tent,  G.  bude,  booth, 

stall  (cf.  Bohem.  bouda 

=  Pol.  biida  =  Serbian 

buda  =  liuss.  budlia,fte., 

from  G.;  Gael,  biith  =  Ir. 

both,   boith  =  W.  bwth,       The  ConstcUation  Boaies. 


Booted  Tarsus 
(Robin  J. 

a,  aerotarsium, 
or  front  of  the  tar- 
sus; d,  planta,  or 
sides  and  back  of 
the  tarsus. 


Vup/lrtJ 


bootlessness 

perhaps  from  E.);  with  formative  -th  (-(f),  < 
Iccl.  btia,  Imn  =  AS.  Iiiiafi,  etc.,  dwell,  whence 
also  AS.  bi'ir,  E.  lioirer^,  etc.:  see  h<iwrr^,  boor, 
etc.]  1.  A  temporary  structure  or  dwelling 
made  of  boards,  boughs  of  trees,  or  other  slight 
materials,  or  of  canvas,  as  a  tent. 

The  ru<ler  tribes  .  .  .  follow  the  herd,  living  through  the 
summer  in  hootlu!  on  the  higher  pasture-gr<iunds,  and  only 
returning  to  the  valleys  to  tinrl  shelter  from  the  winter- 
storms.  C.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  ji.  241. 

Specifically  —  2.  A  stall  for  the  sale  of  goods 
or  refreshments  at  a  fair  or  market,  for  show- 
men's and  jugglers'  exhibitions,  etc. —Polling- 
booth,  a  temporary  structure  of  boards,  used  at  elections, 
in  (ireat  Britain  for  receiving  votes,  ami  in  the  United 
states  as  a  stand  from  which  to  distribute  ballots. 

boothage  (bo'thaj),  «.  [<  booth  +  -aye.]  Cus- 
tomary dues  paid  for  leave  to  erect  booths  in 
fairs  and  markets. 

boothalet  (bot'hal),  v.  t.  [<  boots,  for  booty,  + 
jiali'i.]     To  plunder;  pillage.     Bean,  and  Fl. 

boothalert  (bot'ha"ler),  JI.  A  robber;  a  free- 
booter. 

My  own  father  laid  these  London  boothalers,  the  catch* 
polls,  iu  ambush  to  set  upon  me. 

Middletoii  and  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl,  v.  1. 

bootholder  (bot'h61"der),  ».  A  jack  or  other 
device  fur  holding  a  boot  'n'hile  it  is  being  made 
or  cleaned. 

boot-hook  (bot'hiik),  «.  1.  A  sort  of  holdfast 
with  which  long  boots  are  pulled  on  the  legs. 

—  2.  A  button-hook  for  buttoning  shoes, 
boot-hose  (bot'hoz),  n.  pi.     1.   Stocking-hose 

or  spatterdashes,  worn  instead  of  boots. 

Let  the  waistcoat  I  have  last  wrought 
Be  made  up  for  my  father :  I  w^ill  have 
A  cap  and  boot-hose  suitable  to  it. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Love's  Cure,  i.  2. 

2.  Extia  stockings  or  leggings  formerly  worn 
with  boots,  and  covering  the  upper  part  of  the 
leg  and  a  part  of  the  thigh,  but  not  the  ankles 
and  feet. 

bootied  (bo'tid),  a.  [<  booty  +  -ed^.]  Laden 
with  booty ;  carrying  off  booty. 

Charged 
The  bootied  spoilers,  conquer'd  and  released 
The  wTetched  prey.  J.  Baillie. 

bootikin  (bo'ti-Mn),  H.  [<  boot'^  +  dim.  -i-kin. 
Ct.  manikin.'}  1.  A  little  boot. —  2.  A  soft 
boot  or  glove  made  of  oiled  skin,  formerly 
worn  by  persons  affected  with  gout.  That  for  the 
hand  Wiis  a  kind  of  mitten  with  a  partition  for  the  thumb, 
but  none  for  the  fingers. 

I  desire  no  more  of  my  bootikins  than  to  curtail  my  fits 
[of  the  gout].  U.  Waltmle. 

3.  Same  as  boot^,  «.,  3. 

bootingif  (bo'ting),  «.  [<  ME.  boting,  increase, 
gain,  <  bote  (see  boot^):  partly  confused  with 
booty,  boots.]  1.  Advantage;  service;  avaO. 
Harrington. —  2.  Payment  in  addition  or  into 
the  bargain. 

booting-  (bo'ting),  >!.  [<  boot^,  v.,  2,  +  -ing^.] 
Torture  by  means  of  the  boot.     See  boot^,  n.,  3. 

booting'^t  (bo'ting),  H.  [Appar.  <  boot^  +  -ing ; 
but  in  sense  1  prob.  an  adaptation  of  butin, 
booty:  see  booty,  butin.]     1.  Booty;  plunder. 

—  2.  The  taking  of  booty. 

I'll  tell  you  of  a  l)rave  booting 
That  befell  Robin  Hood.  Old  Ballad. 

booting-cornt  (bo'ting-kom),  n.  [Formerly 
spelled  boting-corn  ;  <  booting^  +  corn'^.]  Kent- 
corn  ;  compensation  paid  ia  corn.  Blount. 
bootjack  (bot'jak),  n.  1.  An  implement  of 
wood  or  iron  used  to  hold  a  boot  while  the  foot 
isdraivuout  of  it. —  2.  An  actor  of  utilitv  parts. 
[Theat.  slang.] 
boot-lace  (bot'las),  «.     The  string  or  cord  for 

fastening  a  boot  or  half-boot;  a  shoe-string, 
boot-last  (bot'last),  H.     See  boot-tree. 
boo't-leg  (bot'leg),  n.     The  part  of  a  boot  above 
the  upper;  leather  cut  out  for  the  leg   of  a 
boot. 
bootless  (bot'les),  a.     [<  ME.  botles,  <  AS.  bot- 
kds  (=OFries.  botcld-s  =  Icel.  b6talauft.s:),  <  bot, 
boot,  +  leas,  -less.]     Without  boot  or  advan- 
tage; unavailing;  unprofitable;  useless;  with- 
out profit  or  success. 

It  is  booteless  to  thinke  to  restrayne  them  by  any  penal- 
tyes  or  fciire  of  punishment.       Si>cuJter,  State  of  Ireland. 
Till  the  foiled  King,  from  pathless  gleu. 
Shall  bootless  turn  him  home  again. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  SO. 
He  certainly  had  ample  leisure  to  repent  the  haste  with 
which  he  had  got  out  of  his  wann  bed  in  Vienna  to  take 
his  bootless  journey  to  Bnissels. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  .'ilS. 

bootlessly  (bot'les-li),  adv.  Without  use,  profit, 

or  success. 

bootlessness  (bot'les-nes),  n.  [<  bootless  + 
•ness.]  The  state  of  being  unavailing  or  tise- 
less. 


bootmaker 
bootmaker  (bdt'ma  kOr),  h.     Ono  who  makos 

ln><)t  s. 

boot-pattern  (liiit'iiat'dm),  h.  A  templet  con- 
sistint;  of  plates  wliich  can  bo  adjusted  to  dif- 
ferent sizes,  used  in  marking  out  patterns  of 
>)Oots  for  tho  cutter. 

boot-powder   (liofjiou'der),  II.     Massive  talc 
iu]islorie  reduced  to  powder,  used  to  dust 

t  "        "  ■ 

f 

boot-rack  (biit'rak),  «.  A  frame  or  stand  to 
hold  boots,  espoeially  with  theii-  tops  tui'ned 
ilowiiward. 

boots!  (biits),  «.     [PI.  of  ftoo/2.]     1.  The  por- 
ter or  servant  iu  a  hotel  who  blacks  the  boots 
of  guests  and  in  some  eases  attends  to  the  bag- 
gage.    Formerly  called  a  boot-catcher. 
He  buLMii  life  as  a  bonis,  he  will  i)robalily  end  as  a  peer. 

llovd. 
To  pain  but  your  smiles,  were  I  Sardanapalus. 
1  (i  descenil  h'oni  my  throne,  and  be  bootti  at  an  alehouse. 
Jlarhaiii,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  11.  39, 

2 

son 

ci: 

plied  to  the  youngest  officer  in  a  British  regi 
luent,  or  to  the  youngest  member  of  a  club,  etc 
[Kng.  slang.] 

boots-,  bouts  (bijts),  n.  The  marsh-marigold, 
('iillliii  jKiliistris. 

boot-stocking  (bot'stok'ing),  H.  A  large  stock- 
ing of  stout  and  thick  material,  nuide  to  wear 
over  the  ordinary  shoes  and  other  leg-covering 
in  cold  weather  or  at  times  of  gi'cat  exposiu-e. 
His  Uiot-stucfiiiufs  coming  high  aliove  the  knees. 

Souttiey,  The  Doctor,  Ivii. 

boot-stretcher  (bot'strech"6r),  n.  An  appa- 
ratus for  stretching  the  uppers  of  boots  and 
shoes. 

boot-top  (bot'top),  «.  1.  The  upper  part  of 
the  leg  of  a  boot. — 2.  («)  In  boots  of  the  sev- 
enteenth and  eighteenth  centm'ies,  the  large 
flaring  upper  part  of  the  boot-leg,  capable  of 
being  turned  over.  Heuce  —  (6)  A  lace  ruffle 
worn  around  the  leg,  and  covering  the  inside 
of  tho  leather  boot-top. — 3.  In  some  modern 
boots,  a  reverse  of  liglit-eolored  leather,  as  if 


629 

To  play  booty,  to  jr)in  « ith  confederates  in  order  to  vie- 
timi/r  anolhcr  playeT,  and  thus  share  in  the  plunder; 
hence,  to  play  dishcuiestly  ;  five  an  opponent  the  advnn- 
taiie  at  tirst  in  order  to  induce  him  to  play  for  higher 
stakes,  which  he  will  Irjse. 

One  thing  aliuie  remained  to  be  lost— what  he  called 

his  honour  —  which  was  already  on  the  scent  to  plan  btmty. 

DisraHif  Young  Duke, 


jiarnani,  ingouisny  i^egenus,  ii.  Jf. 

a  snree 
2.  In  tales  of  Norse  mythology,  the  youngest  |,oozed  (bozd),  a.     Fuddled;  intoj 
son  of  a  family   always  represented  as  espe-  boozer  (bo' zer),  h.    [<  hoo^c  + -erK 
cially  clever  and  successtul.-3.  A  name  ap-      ^  ,i,,,,u.,..     aiJo  Imo.ser. 


^  Svn.  1.    {'hinder,  etc.     See  pillanf,  n. 
I  he  insi,l,.  of  a  new  or  tightly  fitting  .shoe,  to  booze,  boose-^  (boz),  f.  ».;  pret.  and  pp.  hoozed, 
lacilitale  drawing  it  on.  i«om/,  ppr.  ioor»,ff,  6(>a«Hf/.     [A  van,  prob. 

-  -  ong.  dnil.,  of  house,  retaining  the  Mt..  pronun- 

ciation (ME.  on,  pron.  o,  now  on):  see  house, 
which  is  historically  the  normal  form.]  To 
drink  deeply,  especially  with  a  boon  companion 
and  to  partial  iuto.xication  ;  guzzlo  liquor;  tip- 
ple,    Also  house,  houze,  bowse. 

He  was  a  wild  and  roving  lad. 
For  ever  in  the  alehouse  hoozuifj. 

liarliain,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  102. 

booze,  boose^  (bciz),  «.  [<  boox,  i;  Cf.  house, 
«.]  1.  Liquor;  di'ink. — 2.  A  drinking-bout; 
a  spree, 

into.xicated. 

Cf.  ftoKsec] 

boozy,  bOOSy-  (bii'zi).  o.  [Also  houst/,  bowsi/ : 
<  bo(i:<,  v.,  +  -ij.  Ci.  hoiisi/.'\  Showing  the 
effects  of  a  booze;  somewhat  into.xicated; 
merry  or  foolish  with  liiiuor.     [(JoUotj.] 

bo-peep  (bo-pep'),  ".  [Karly  mod.  E.  also  holi- 
peepe,  hoo-peep.  ho-pipe,  etc. ;  <.  bo  +  peep.  ("f. 
8c.  hol;eik,  Ueikbo.'\  An  alternate  withdrawing 
or  concealing  of  the  face  or  person  and  sudden 
peeping  out  again  in  a  i)layful  manner  or  in 
some  imexpected  place,  often  resorted  to  as  an 
amusement  for  very  small  children,  and  gen- 
erally accompanied  by  drawling  out  the  word 
"bo"  when  concealed,  while  "peep"  is  abrupt- 
ly enunciated  on  reappearing:  as,  to  play  bo- 
pecp.  In  the  United  States  more  generally 
known  as  peek-a-hoo. 

1  for  sorrow  sung. 
That  such  a  king  should  pl.-iy  bu-peep. 
And  go  the  fools  among.    Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4  (song). 

bopyrid  (bop'i-rid),   n.    A  crustacean  of  the 
family  Bopipkia: 
a  part  of\hyHnings'turned  over\h7top  of  the  Bopyridae  (bo-pir;i-de)    n.pJ.    [_^l.    <  Bopyrus 
-  *      .  „       .     '^!      .  ^  -I-  .„/,(..]     A  lamily  of  ednophthalmous  erus- 


boot-leg.     See  top-boot. 

boot-topping  (biit'top'ing),  H.  Naut.:  (rt)  The 
operation  of  painting  that  part  of  a  ship's  copper 
which  is  above  tlio  water-line.  (/;)  The  pro- 
cess of  removing  grass,  slime,  etc.,  from  the 
side  of  a  ship,  and  daubing  it  over  with  a  mix- 
ture of  tallow,  sulphur,  and  resin. 

boot-tree  (bot'tre),  ».    An  instrument  consist- 


taccans,  of  the  order  Isopoda,  the  species  of 
which  are  parasitic  on  the  giUs  of  other  crus- 
taceans. They  undergo  metamorphosis,  and  the  sexes 
are  ilistinct.  The  female  is  discoidal  and  asynnnetrical, 
without  eyes,  wliile  the  much  smaller  male  is  elongated, 
segmcnteii  distinctly,  and  furnished  with  eyes.  There  are 
several  genera  besides  Bopynia,  the  tj'pical  genus,  as  Iont\ 
Lirii'iir,  IJiifif.  Phi-iixun. 


ing  of  two  wooden  blocks,  constTtutinValront  Bopyrus   (bo-pi'rus),   «.     [NL]     A  genus 
-  which  together  form  the     isopods.  typical  ot  ;he_^faniily  Bopi/ndw.     B. 


and  a  rear  portion,  which  to^ 
shape  of  the  leg  and  foot,  and  are  inserted  into 
a  boot  and  then  forced  apart  by  a  wedge  for 
the  purpose  of  stretching  it. 
booty  (bo'ti),  H. ;  pi.  booties  (-tiz).    [Early  mod. 

E.  also  bootic,  boti/,  hotie,  <  late  ME.  boti/e,  hull/. 
prob.  <  MD.  buet.'D.  biiit,  booty,  =  MLG.  bute. 
buife,  LG.  hiite,  bootv,  also  exchange,  barter, 
=  MUG.  hiute,  G.  heitte,  booty  (prob.  <  L(j.),  = 
Icel.  bijti,  exchange,  barter,  =  Sw.  byte  =  Dan. 
hytte,  exchange,  barter,  share,  booty ;  connected 
with  MLG.  buten,  exchange,  distribute,  make 
booty,  LG.  bitten,  exchange,  barter,  =  Icel. 
byta,  give  out,  distribute,  exchange,  =  Sw.  by  to, 
exchange,  =  Dan.  iiytte,  exchange,  barter  (also, 
from  the  noun,  D.'  buiten  =  G.  beuteu,  make 
booty);  appar.  a  Tent,  word,  but  not  found 
in  early  use.  Cf.  F.  hutin  =  Sp.  hotiii  ==  It.  hot- 
tino  (ML.  hotiiium.  Imtiuum,  with  adj.  temi.), 
from  the  LG.  The  E.  form  booty,  instead  of 
the  expected  boot  (which  does  occur  later,  ap- 
par. as  short  for  booty),  or  rather  *houte,  *l)ont, 
or  'boit,  from  the  D.  or  LG.,  seems  to  be  due  to 
association  with  theorig.  inirelated  /»io/l,  profit, 
etc.,  and  in  part  perhaps  (o  the  inlhieuce  of  the 

F.  tiutin,  which  was  also  fcu'  a  time  used  in  E.] 

1.  Spoil  taken  from  an  enemy  in  war ;  plunder ; 
pillage. 

When  he  reckons  that  he  h.is  gotten  a  booty,  he  has 
only  caught  a  Tartar.  Sir  H.  LUstrange. 

2.  That  which  is  seized  by  violence  and  rob- 
bery. 

So  triumph  thieves  upon  their  conquer'd  booty. 

.Shak.,  :i  Hen,  VI.,  i.  4. 

3.  A  prize;  gain:  ^vithout  reference  to  its  being 
taken  by  force. 

I  have  spread  the  nets  o'  the  law,  to  catch  rich  booties, 
And  they  come  Uuttering  in. 

Fh'tctu-r,  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  4. 

Flowers  growiiig  in  large  numbers  atford  a  rich  booty  to 
the  bees,  and  are  conspicuous  from  a  distance. 

Darwin,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilisation,  p.  434. 


Boraasus 

boracic  (bo-ras'ik),  a.  [<  borax  (horac^)  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  oi-  produced  from  borax.  Also 
boric.  -  Boracic  acid,  boric  acid,  H;(IJO;(,  a  compound 
of  boron  with  oxygeri  .'iiid  hydrogen,  having  the  proiiertics 
of  a  weak  acid.  It  is  a  white,  nearly  tasteless,  crystalline 
solid,  slightly  soluble  in  cold  water,  and,  when  the  solution 
is  boiled,  volatile  with  the  water-vapor.  It  is  obtained  in 
the  free  stjite  from  the  water  of  the  Tuscan  lagoons  and 
in  the  volcainc  formations  of  the  Lipari  islands.  In  the 
United  States  it  is  made  from  the  borax  of  Borax  lake 
in  c.-ilifornia.  by  decomposing  it  with  hydrochloric  acid. 
l.ikr  li'.i;t\,  it  is  an  elllcient  antiseptic. 

boraciferous  (bo-ra-sif'e-rus),  a.  [<  ML.  borax 
(horde-),  borax,  -I-  L.  fi'rre  =  E.  iearl.]  Con- 
taining or  yielding  borax. 

The  boracijeroua  basin  of  the  Sultan  Chair,  near  the 
Simaov  River.  Sci.  Amer.  .Supp.,  XXII.  9093. 

boracite  (bo'ra-sit),  n.  [<  boriix  (Iiornc-)  -h 
-ili-.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  borate  and 
chlorid  of  magnesium.  It  crystallizes  in  the  isomet- 
ric system  with  tetrahedral  henuhcdrism,  and  is  remark- 
able for  its  pyro-clectrieal  properties.  It  usually  exhibits 
to  a  marked  degree  anomalous  double  refraction,  on  which 
accffunt  some  authors  doubt  its  i-sometric  character. 

boraciiun  (bo-ras'i-nm),  «.  [NL.,  <  Ijorax 
(bor(ic-),  borax.]  The  name  originally  given 
by  Sir  Humpliry  Davy  to  boron,  which  was 
supposed  to  be  a  metal. 

boracous  (bo'ra-kus),  (>.  [<  borax  (borne-)  + 
-oH.s.]     Consisting  of  or  derived  from  borax. 

borage  (bur'aj),  )i.  [Until  recently  also  writ- 
ten barrage,  burrage,  burridge,  early  mod.  E. 
hurrnge,  t)Ourrage,  bourage,  borage,  <  ME.  1)0- 
rngc,  hurage,  <  AF.  hurage,  OF.  Iiourrace,  bour- 
raclie,  mod.  F.  lunirrache  =  Pr.  borrage  =  Sp. 
horaja  (cf.  I),  boraudje,  (j.  lioretsch,  horretsch, 
Dan.  borasurt)  =  Pg.  borragem  =  It.  Imrraggine, 
borrace,  bor- 
rana,  <  ML. 
borrago,  bora- 
go,  NL.  bora- 
go  (lioragin-), 
MGr.  7rot'/Ki- 
Kim;  borage, 
prob.  <  ML. 
borra,  hurra, 
rough  hair, 
short  wool, 
in  ref.  to  the 
roughness  of 
the  foliage ; 
cf.  borachio, 
burrel,  etc. 
Tho  histori- 
cal pron.,  in- 
dicated by  the 
spelling  bur- 
rage,  rimes 
with  courage ; 

the  present  spelling  borage  is  in  imitation  of 
the  ML.  and  NL.  horago.']  A  European  plant, 
Borago  officinalis,  the  principal  representative 
of  tlie  genus,  occasionally  cultivated  for  its 
blue  flowers.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  a  salad,  occa- 
sionally in  medicine  in  acute  fevers,  etc.,  and  also  in  mak- 
ing claret-cup,  cool-tankard,  etc. 

If  you  have  no  bottle-ale.  command  some  claret  wine 
and  boiirratjc.  Marston,  What  You  Will,  iv.  1. 

Boraginaceae  (bo-raj-i-na'se-e),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Borago  (Boragin-)  -t-  -oofrt'.]  A  large  order  of 
gamopetalous  dicotyledonous  plants,  herbs  or 
shrubs,  natives  mostly  of  northern  temperate 
regions,  distinguished  by  regular  flowers  and 
by  a  fruit  consisting  of  four  ilistinct  nutlets  or 
of  a  drupe  containing  four  nutlets.  The  leaves 
are  often  rough  and  hairy.  Some  tropical  species,  as  of 
Cordia,  arc  timber-trees,  others  yield  dyes,  but  the  order 
generally  is  of  little  econonucal  value.  It  ineludtts  the 
heliotrope  (Ildiotropiuvi),  forget-me-not  (.Vyosotis),  alka- 
net  (.Anrhnsa),  comfrey  (Syiiii'hiituin),  bugloss  {Lyi'opsis), 
gromwell{LiV/i0.s7>('r»iu»(),  borage  (which  see),  etc.  Often 
pclK-il  lion-'i'jinao'fP.     .\lso  called  .-lA7*cri/ofi'<p. 


Flowering  br.inch  of  Bor.-»gc  { Borago  tiffici. 
Maiti).  (Hroni  Lc  Maoul  and  Decaisne's 
*  Traitc  general  dc  Botaniquc") 


squillaruni,  a  parasite  of  other  crustaceans,  is 

an  example. 
bora  (bo'ra),  n.    [It.,  etc.,  prob.  dial.  (Venetian, 

Milanese,"  etc.)    form  of  Iwrea,   north  wind, 

Boreas,  confused  with  Ill\Tian  and  Dalmatian 

hura,  Turk,  bora,  Serv.  Buig.  bura,  OBulg.  Russ. 

hurya,  Pol.  burza,  a  storm,  tempest,  Lith.  huris, 

a  shower.     Cf.  boraseo.']     The  name  given  on 

the  coasts  of  the  Adriatic  sea  to  a  violent  dry 

wind  lilowing  from  a  northeasterly  direction. 
borable  (bor'a-bl),  a.     [<  /»)/Y'l,  r.,  +  -ablc.'\ 

C'a)ial)lc  of  being  bored.     [Rare.] 
borachiot  (bo-rach'io),  n.     [jUso  wn-itten  borra- 

cliio,  borracho,   borraccio,  boraccio,  etc.,  from 

Sp.  or  It. :  Sp.  borracha  (=  It.  iiorruccia,  later 

also  borraccio).  a  leathern  wine-bottle,  borracho, 

a  drunkard,  drunken,  prob.  <  horra,  horro,  a 

lamb,  <  borra  (=  Pr.  It.  tnyrra,  F.  Imurrc),  short 

liair  or  wool,  <  ML.  hurra,  rough  hair,  LL.  a 

shaggy  garment :  see  burrel.']     1.  A  large  lea- 
thern "bottle  or  bag,  used  in  Spain  and  through-        ^^    ^  ^ ,,,.„,,„       ..„„ .,.,..^ 

out  the  Levant  for  holding  wine  or  other  li-  borarinaceoiis  rb6-raj-i"-na'''s^  Of  or 


quor;  a  wine-skin  (now  the  current  name  in 
English).  It  is  made  of  the  skin  of  a  bc:ist,  mo.st  coni- 
moidy  that  of  a  goat  or  hog,  from  which  tile  carcass  has 
been  removed  piecemeal,  leaving  the  hide  whole,  except 
at  the  lu'ck  and  the  places  where  the  lindis  were.  These 
openings  are  strongly  sewed  up,  that  at  the  neck  being 
furnished  with  a  leather  tube.  When  used  for  carrying 
water,  the  borachio  is  hung  with  the  mouth  downward,  so 
tliat  the  tube  can  be  untied  whenever  necessary,  and  any 
desired  (juantity  be  withdrawn,    .See  cut  under  bottle. 

Two  hundred  loaves  and  two  bottles  (that  is,  two  skins 
or  boracliios)  of  wine.  .Ddauy,  Life  of  David. 

Dead  wine,  that  stinks  of  the  bormcltio,  sup 
From  a  foul  jack,  or  greasy  maplecup? 

Dnjden,  tr.  of  I'ersius's  Satires, 

Hence  —  2.   A  dnmkard,  as  if 
bottle. 

How  you  stink  of  wine !  Do  you  think  my  niece  will 
ever  endure  such  a  boraetiio .-'  You're  an  absolute  bora- 
chio. Congreee,  Way  of  the  World,  iv,  10, 


216. 
a  mere  wine- 


pcrtaining  to  the  Boraginacew. 

boragineous  (bo-ra-jin'e-us),  «.  [<  ML.  borago 
(boragin-),  borage!  -f  -fOHs.]  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characteristics  of  the  Boragincte,  a, 
tribe  of  Boraginacea- ;  Ijoraginaceous. 

Borago  (bo-ra'go),  n.  [NL.,  ML.:  see  borage.'] 
A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Boraginaceae. 
See  borage.     Also  spelled  Borrago. 

boramez,  ».     See  baromet:. 

borast,  ».    An  obsolete  form  of  borax.    Chaucer. 

boraseo  (bo-ras'ko).  h.  [.-Uso  tiorasca,  burrasca 
(and  liorasquc,  borrasque,  <  F.  bourrasqiie);  = 
Sp.  Pg.  borrasca,  <  It.  Iiurusca,  now  burrasca, 
prob.  aug.  of  bora  (bura) :  see  bora.']  A  violent 
squall  of  wind ;  a  storm  accompanied  with  thun- 
der and  lightning. 

Borassus  (bo-ras'us),  «.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  jUfmacof, 
the  palm-fniit  (Dioscorides).]    A  genus  of  dioj- 


Eorassus 

cious  palms,  containiup  a  single  speeies,  n  na- 
tive of  jVfrica  and  extensively  euUivateii  in  the 
Kust  Indies.     See  jialnii/ia. 

borate  (bo'iat),  «.  [<  bo){ax)  +  -nVfl.]  A  salt 
foi med  by  a  combination  of  boracic  acid  with 
any  base. 

boratto  (bo-rat'6),  v.  [Als#  horato,  boratUi  (cf. 
D.  horat,  a  kind  of  wool  or  ||0olon  tliread) ;  <  It. 
buratto,  a  thin  fabric :  see  holt".']  A  stnff  woven 
of  silk  and  wool,  used  in  the  time  of  Eliz.abeth : 
perhaps  identical  with  bombazine,    i'uirliolt. 

borax  (bo'raks),  n.  [In  this  form  <  ML.  borax; 
early  mod.  E.  boras,  borra.t,  borate,  borracc,  < 
ME."  boras,  <  OF.  horan,  bnrras,  bourras,  mod. 
F.  borax  =  Sp.  borraj,  earlier  borrax,  =  Pg.  bo- 
rax =  It.  bnrracc  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  borax,  <  ML. 
borax  (borac-),  borac,  boracum,  laiiriich,  <  Ar. 
boraq,  buraq,  bauraq,  borax,  prop,  natron,  < 
Pers.  biirah,  borax;  by  some  refeiTed  to  Ar. 
baraqa,  shine,  glisten.]  Sodium  tetraborate 
orpjToborate,  Na2B407  +  IOH2O,  a  salt  formed 
by  the  union  of  boracic  acid  and  soda,  it  is 
a  wliite  cr,vst.illine  solid,  slightly  suluble  in  cold  water, 
havin-;  a  sweetish  alkaline  taste.  It  occurs  in  nature  in 
solution  in  the  water  of  lakes  in  Tibet,  Tatary,  China,  and 
California,  and  is  obtained  from  these  waters  by  evapora- 
tion and  crystallization.  The  I'nited  States  is  now  almost 
wholly  supplied  with  borax  from  California.  Borax  is 
also  prepared  artificially  from  soda  and  boracic  acid.  It  is 
much  used  as  a  flux  in  assayinjr  operations,  and  for  clean- 
ing the  surfaces  of  difficultly  fusible  metals  previous  to 
soldering,  since  when  melted  it  dissolves  the  metallic  oxids 
which  form  on  their  surfaces  when  heated.  It  is  also  used 
in  glass  and  enamel  manufacture ;  as  an  antiseptic,  par- 
ticularly in  foods,  because  its  action  on  the  system  is  fee- 
ble even  in  comparatively  large  doses ;  and  as  a  detergent. 
Crude  borax  is  also  called  (i"tira^— Glass  Of  borax. 
.See  flZass.  — Honey  of  borax.    See  AoHei/. 

Borborite  (bor'bo-rit),  11.  [<  LL!  Borhorita;  < 
LGr.  fiopAofurai,  pi.,  <  Gr.  ftip/iopor,  mud,  mire, 
filth.]  A  nickname  for  certain  Ophitie  Gnos- 
tics, and  also  in  general  for  one  who  holds  or 
is  supposed  to  hold  filthy  or  immoral  doctrines: 
in  modern  times  specifically  applied  to  a  branch 
of  the  Mennonites. 

borborygm  (bor'bo-rim),  n.     Same  as  borbori/g- 

til  IIS. 

borborygmus  (bor-bo-rig'mus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Popihpi'y/io;,  <  liopjiopi\eii>,  have  a  rumbling  in 
the  bowels;  cf.  KopKopvypdg  and  KopKopv} ?'/,  of 
same  sense;  imitative  words.]  The  rumbling 
noise  caused  by  wind  within  the  intestines. 

Borchardt's  functions,  modulus.     See  the 

nciuus. 

bord^t,  "•  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of 
hoard. 

bord'-'t,  ".     Same  as  bouriV-. 

bord''  (bord),  n.  A  striped  material  for  gar- 
ments, made  in  the  Levant. 

bordagei  (bor'daj),  n.  [<  F.  bordagc,  <  hard,  a 
ship's  side,  -t-  -age:  see  board  and  -age.]  The 
planking  on  a  ship's  side. 

bordage-  (bor'daj),  n.  [Law  F.  (LL.  borda- 
ginm),  <  OF.  borde,  a  hut,  cot  (see  hordar),  -h 
-age.]  Under  the  Norman  kings  of  England, 
the  tenure  by  which  a  bordar  held  his  cot ;  the 
sei'vices  due  by  a  bordar  to  his  lord. 

bordalisaundert,  «•  [ME.,  also  boord,  borde, 
biird  alimuiidre,  hourdc  de  Alisaundre,  etc.,  i.  e., 
'border  (embroidery)  of  Alexandria,' Alexan- 
drian work,  so  named  from  Alexandria  in 
Eg.vpt.]  A  stuff  used  in  the  middle  ages,  prob- 
ably of  silk,  or  silk  and  wool,  and  striped.  Also 
burdaUsaunder. 

bordar,  «.  [Also  border ;  <  ML.  bordarm<i,  cot- 
tager, <  borda  (>  OF.  horde  =  Pr.  Cat.  borda  = 
Sp.  It.  borda),  a  cottage,  hut,  perhaps  <  Teut. 
(AS.  etc.)  bord,  a  board:  see  hoard.]  In  Nor- 
man times,  in  England,  a  villein  who  held  a 
cot  at  his  lord's  pleasure,  usually  with  a  small 
holding  of  land  in  the  open  field,  for  which  he 
rendered  menial  service ;  a  cottar. 

bordet,  «.     A.  Middle  English  form  of  board. 

Bordeaux  (bor-do'),  n.  1.  A  general  term  for 
the  wines,  both  red  and  white,  produced  in 
the  region  about  Bordeaux,  France,  including 
several  departments,  among  which  Gironde  is 
preeminent ;  specifically,  any  of  the  red  -sWnes 
of  this  region,  commonly  knbvni  in  English  as 
clarets. — 2.  A  general  name  of  azo-dyes  from 
the  azo  derivatives  of  naphthyl  amine.  They 
are  of  a  vinous  red  color. 

bordelt  (bor'del),  H.  [<  ME.  bordel,  <  OF.  lor- 
del  =  Pr.  Pg.  bordel  =  Sp.  burdel  =  It.  bordello, 
<  ML.  hordclliim,  a  brothel,  orig.  a  little  hut, 
dim.  of  borda,  >  OF.  borde:  see  bordar.  Bor- 
del has  been  displaced  by  brothel-,  q.  v.]  A 
brothel;  a  bawdy-house;  a  house  devoted  to 
prostitution. 

Making  even  his  own  house  a  stew,  a  bordel,  and  a  school 
of  lewdness.  Sout/t. 


[ME.,  also  bordiUer, 
<  bordel :  see  bordel.] 

(lower. 
[It.]     Same  as  bordel. 


630 

bordelert  (bor'del-('>r),  II. 
<  ( )!•'.  hiirdiler.  hordclier, 
The  keeper  of  a  brothel, 

bordello  (iioi-dero), ». 

]i.  .Joiinoii ;  Milton. 
border  (bor'der),  «.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  hordiirc,  Sc.  bordour ;  <  ME.  border,  hor- 
diire,  hordeiire,  earliest  form  hordiire,  <  OF. 
hnrdure,  earlier  hordeiire,  mod.  F.  bordure  =  Pr. 
S[).  Pg.  bordadura  =  It.  bordatnra,  <  ML.  hor- 
datnra,  border,  edging,  <  "hordarc  (pp.  horda- 
tiis)  (>  It.  hordare  =  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  bordar  =  F. 
border),  edge,  border,  <  bordusQ  It.  Sp.  hordo  = 
Pg.  horda  =  F.  bord),  edge,  side,  <  Teut.  (AS. 
etc.)  hard,  edge,  side,  mixed  with  bord,  a  board : 
see  board,  where  the  two  orig.  forms  are  dis- 
tinguished. In  termination,  border  is  parallel 
phonetically  with  armor,  the  earlier  accented 
suifix  -lire  having  weakened  under  loss  of  ac- 
cent to  -er,  -or.]  I.  h.  1.  A  side,  edge,  brink, 
or  margin ;  a  limit  or  boundary. 

Take  heed  to  yourselves,  tlsat  ye  go  not  up  into  the 
mount,  or  touch  the  border  of  it.  Ex.  xix.  12. 

S.  The  line  which  separates  one  country,  state, 
or  province  from  another;  a  frontier  line  or 
march. 

In  bringing  his  border  into  contact  with  that  of  the 
Danelaw,  Eadward  announced  that  the  time  of  rest  was 
over,  and  that  a  time  of  action  had  begun. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  188. 

3.  The  district  or  territory  which  lies  along  the 
edge  or  boundary-line  of  a  country ;  the  fron- 
tier; specifically,  in  the  plural,  the  marches  or 
border  districts:  hence,  in  English  and  Scot- 
tish history,  "the  borders,''  the  districts  ad- 
joining the  line  sepai'ating  the  two  coimtries. 

These  outlaws,  as  I  may  call  them,  who  robbed  upon  the 
bordem.  Bp.  Patrick,  Com.  on  Genesis,  xlvi.  3i. 

4.  Territory;  domain. 

The  Lord  thy  God  shall  enlarge  thy  border.    Dent.  xii.  20. 

5.  Figuratively,  a  limit,  boundary,  or  verge; 
brink :  as,  he  is  on  the  border  of  threescore ; 
driven  by  disaster  to  the  border  of  despair; 
"in  the  borders  of  death,"  JBwrroic,  Works,  III. 
xvii. —  6.  A  strip,  band,  or  edging  smTounding 
any  general  area  or  plane  surface,  or  placed 
along  its  margin,  and  differing  from  it  by  some 
well-defined  character,  as  in  material,  color, 
design,  or  purpose,  (a)  A  narrow  bed  or  strip  of 
ground  in  a  garden  inclosing  a  portion  of  it,  and  gen- 
erally divided  from  it  by  a  path  or  walk,  (b)  Ornamental 
work  surrounding  a  printed  page,  a  handbill,  a  drawing, 
etc.,  the  black  band  around  mourning  stationery,  or  the 
like,  (f)  A  piece  of  ornamental  triiiiniini;  about  the  edge 
of  a  garment,  a  cap,  etc.  In  the  seventeentli  century,  and 
perhaps  earlier,  borders  of  garments  were  made  detacli- 
able,  similar  to  the  apparels  of  the  alb,  and  could  be  trans- 
ferred from  one  garment  to  another ;  they  were  then  rich- 
ly embroidered,  and  are  especially  mentioned  in  wills  and 
inventories. 

And  beneath  the  cap's  border  gray  mingles  with  browii. 
WJiittier,  The  Quaker  Alumni, 
(rf)  In  her.,  the  outer  edge  of  the  field  when  of  different 
tincture  from  the  center.  Its  width  is  uniform,  and 
should  be  one  fifth  the  width  of  the 
field.  French  heralds  consider  the  bor- 
der as  one  of  the  ordinaries  ;  in  English 
heraldry  it  is  sometimes  a  m.ark  of  dif- 
ference. The  border  always  covere  the 
end  of  any  ordinary,  as  the  chevron,  fess, 
etc.  \Mien  a  coat  of  arms  is  impaled 
with  another,  if  eitlier  of  them  h.as  a 
border,  it  is  not  carried  along  the  pale, 
but  surrounds  the  outside  of  the  field 
only.  The  border  when  charged  with 
an  ordinary  shows  only  so  much  of  the  ordinary  as  comes 
natm'ally  upon  that  part  of  the  field  ttccu]iied  by  the  bor- 
der ;  thus,  the  cut  represents  a  border  paly  of  sLx  pieces, 
azure  and  argent. 

7t.  A  plait  or  braid  of  hair  worn  round  the  fore- 
head. 

I  did  try  two  or  three  borders  and  periwigs,  meaning  to 
wear  one.  Pepi/g,  Diai-y,  May  9,  itMXi. 

8.  In  milling,  a  hoop,  rim,  or  curb  about  a  bed- 
stone or  bed-plate,  which  prevents  the  meal 
from  falling  off  except  at  the  proper  opening. 

—  9.  jil.  The  portions  of  scenery  in  a  theater 
which  hang  from  above  and  represent  foliage, 
clouds,  beams,  etc — Alveolar  border.  See  ah-eu- 
(«/■.  — Mltered  border,  in  a  hearth,  the  edging  about  the 
slab-stone.  =Syil.  Bounds,  Confines,  etc.     See  bonndani. 

n.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  border  of  a 
country.  Specifically— (a)  In  England  and  Scotland,  of 
or  pertaining  to  "  the  borders  "  of  those  countries :  as,  the 
border  barons ;  border  thieves,  (b)  In  the  I'nited  States, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  frontier-line  between  the  settled 
ami  unsettled  parts  of  the  country  :  as,  a  border  quaiTcl. 

—  Border  ruffian,  in  V.  S.  Iiist.,  one  of  the  proslavery 
party  in  Missouri,  who  in  1854-58  habitually  crossed  the 
border  into  Kansas  for  the  purpose  of  voting  illegally  and 
of  intimidating  free-State  colonists. 

border  (bor'der),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bor- 
dure, Sc.  bordour;  <  ME.  horduren,  bourdunn, 
border;  from  the  noun.  Cf.  hroider,  brouder.] 
I.  trans.   1.  To  make  a  border  about;  adorn 


A  Border  Paly, 


bord-lode 

with  a  border:  as,  to  border  a  garment  or  a 
garden. 

Kivulets  bordered  with  tlie  softest  grass. 

T.  Warton,  Jiist.  Eng.  Poetry. 

2.  To  form  a  border  or  boundary  to. —  3.  To 
lie  on  tlie  border  of;  be  contiguous  to;  ad- 
join; lie  next. 

Sheba  and  Kaamah  border  the  I'ei-sian  Gulf.       Raleigli. 
4t.  To  confine  or  keep  within  bounds ;  limit. 
That  nature,  which  contemns  its  origin, 
Cannot  be  border'd  certain  in  itself. 

.Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  have  a  contiguous  boundary 
or  dividing  line;  abut  exteriorly:  with  ««  or 
npon  :  as,  the  United  States  border  on  the  two 
great  oceans. 

Virtue  and  Honour  had  their  temples  bordering  on 
each  other  and  are  sometimes  l>oth  on  the  same  coin. 

Addison,  Dialogues  on  Medals,  ii. 

To  border  on  or  upon,  figuratively,  to  approach  closely 
in  character;  verge  on  ;  resemble  closely:  as,  his  conduct 
borders  upon  vulgarity. 

Wit  which  borders  upon  profaneness  .  .  .  deserves  to 
be  branded  as  folly.  Tillotson,  Works  (ed.  ITia),  I.  33. 

bordered  (bor'derd),  j).  a.  [<  border  +  -erf2.] 
Having  a  border:  specifically,  in  math.,  applied 
to  a  detenninant  fonned  from  another  by  adding 
one  or  more  rows  and  columns.  Thus,  a  bordered 
.synniutriLal  determinant  is  a  detenninant  formed  by  add- 
ing' a  rnu  and  column  to  a  synmietrical  detenninant. 

borderer  (bor'der-er),  II.  [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc.) 
also  bordurer,  bourdurer :  <  late  ME.  borderer  : 
<.  border  + -er'^.]  1.  One  who  dweUs  on  a  bor- 
der, or  at  the  extreme  part  or  confines  of  a 
country,  region,  or  tract  of  land ;  one  who 
dwells  near  to  a  place. —  2.  One  who  approach- 
es near  to  another  in  any  relation.     [Kare.] 

The  poet  is  the  nearest  borderer  upon  the  orator. 

B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

3.  One  who  makes  borders  or  bordering. 
bordering  (bor'der-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bor- 
der, v.]  1.  The  act  of  making  a  border,  or  of 
sm'rounding  with  a  border. —  2.  Material  for 
a  border;  a  border  of  any  kind;  particularly, 
an  ornamental  band  of  paper  placed  around  tlie 
upper  part  of  the  walls  of  a  room. 

bordering-wax  (bor'der-ing-waks),  n.  'Wax 
used  by  etchers  and  aquatint  engi-avers  for 
forming  a  bordering  about  plates  which  are  to 
be  etched,  to  retain  the  acid,  it  is  made  of  3  parts 
of  Burgundy  pitch  to  1  part  of  yellow  beeswax.  Ti>  tiiese 
ingredients,  when  melted,  sweet  oil  is  added,  and,  after 
cooling,  the  mixture  is  poured  into  water. 

border-knife  (bor'der-nif),  11.  A  knife  with  a 
convex  blade  fixed  at  the  end  of  a  long  handle, 
used  to  trim  the  edges  of  sods;  an  edging- 
knife  or  sod-cutter. 

border-land  (bor'der-land),  n.  Land  forming  a 
border  or  frontier ;  an  uncertain  intermediate 
district  or  space :  often  used  figuratively. 

The  indefinite  border-land  between  the  animal  and  vege- 
table kingdoms.  H.  Spencer,  i-'irst  l^ijieiples. 

border-lights  (bor'der-litz),  n.  2>J.  The  row  of 
gaslights  behind  the  borders  in  a  theater. 

border-plane  (bor'der-plan),  II.  A  joiner's 
edging-plane. 

border-tower  (b6r'der-tou'''er),  «.  A  small 
fortified  post,  consisting  usually  of  a  high  square 
tower  with  a  flat  roof  and  battlements,  and  one 
or  more  machicolated  protections  for  the  gate, 
drawbridge,  and  the  like,  and  sun-ounded  by  a 
strong  wall  inclosing  a  court.  Smh  dwdlioL's.  for- 
merly occupied  by  petty  landowners  in  cximscd  pusiti<ins. 
are  frequent  along  the  border  between  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land :   hence  the  name. 

border-warrant  (bor'der-wor'ant),  n.  In  Scots 
lair,  a  warrant  issued  by  the  judge  ordinary, 
on  the  borders  between  Scotland  and  England, 
on  the  application  of  a  creditor,  for  an-esting 
the  effects  of  a  debtor  residing  on  the  English 
side  of  the  border,  and  detaining  him  until  he 
finds  caution  that  he  shall  sist  himself  in  judg- 
ment in  any  action  which  may  be  brought  for 
the  debt  within  six  months. 

bord-halfpennyt,  ".    Same  as  burgh-halfpenny . 

bord-landt,  ".  [A  ME.  law  tei-m.  appar.  <  hard, 
a  table,  board  (but  prob.  with  ref.  to  hordage-, 
q.  v.\  +  land.]  In  feudal  law,  a  term  of  im- 
certain  meaning,  defined,  from  the  apparent 
etymology,  as  the  demain  land  which  a  lord 
kept  in  his  hands  for  the  maintenance  of  his 
board  or  table,  but  more  probably  land  held 
by  a  tenant  in  bordage. 

bord-lodet,  «■  [A  ME.  law  term,  appar.  <  bord, 
a  table,  board  (but  prob.  «ith  ref.  to  hordage", 
q.  v.),  H-  lode,  a  leading,  conveyance.]  In  feudal 
lau\%ome  service  due  by  a  tenant  to  his  lord, 
invoh-ing  the  carrying  of  wood,  etc.,  to  the 
lord's  house. 


bordman 

bordmant,  »■  [MK.  'Iiiinlman  (only  in  ML. 
bonhiKiiiiiiis),  <  liiird,  ii  table,  board  (but  prol). 
with  I'of.  t(i  liiirdiii/i J  (|.  v.),  +  innn.]  In  Inw,  a 
toniiiit  of  bord-laud  ;  :i  bordar. 

bordonf,  «.     A  form  of  bonrdon. 

bordraget,  «■     -Sop  hodm;/. 

bord-service  (bonl'si'r'vis),  «.  [<  hm-d-,  as  in 
hordiKif,  I/I  I  rd  III  a  II,  otc,  +  .wrriVr.]  In  feudal 
l(ui\  tlic  tenure  of  bord-lands;  liordage. 

bordure  (bor'diir),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME. 
Iwrduif,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  bordure:  aoe  /locrfrc] 
An  obsolete  or  archaic  form  of  border,  retained 
in  heraldry. 

The  nethert'st  hem  or  bordun:  of  thesu  t-lotlies. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  1. 
Instciid  of  riiilt'S  iixul  balustfi-s,  tliere  is  .1  bordure  of 
capital  Utters.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  31, 1664. 

Bordure  componi.    .''te  compoiif. 

bore'  (l)or),  ('. ;  jiret.  and  pp.  bored,  pjir.  boring. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  sometimes  boor ;  <  ME.  Iio- 
reii,  borien,  <  AS.  boriaii  =  D.  boreii  =  OIKi. 
boron,  MH(!.  born,  G.  bohren  =  Icel.  bora  =  8w. 
borrii  =  Uan.  /(ojr,  bore,  =  L.  fordre,  bore,  per- 
forate (soo  foramen,  perforate),  —  Gr.  <j>aimv, 
ifiapoiv,  plow:  a  secondary  verb,  from,  or  from 
the  same  root  as,  the  formally  more  primitive 
noun,  AS.  bor  (=  D.  boor  =  MLG.  bor  =  G.  bohr 
=  Icel.  borr  =  Sw.  horr  =  Dan.  bor),  an  auger, 
gimlet;  cf.  Gr.  (juipoi;,  a  plow,  connected  with 
ipapay^,  a  ravine,  <pdf>v,i,  pharynx:  see 2>h(ir>/n.r. 
See  bore^,  ?(.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  pierce  or  per- 
forate with  a  rotatory  euttiup;  instrument ; 
make  a  circnUar  hole  in  by  tuniinfc  an  auger, 
gimlet,  drill,  or  anything  that  will  produce  the 
same  effect:  as,  to  hore  a  plank  or  a  cannon; 
to  bore  the  ground  for  water,  or  with  a  stick. 
I'll  l>elieve  as  soon, 
Tliis  whole  eartll  may  be  burcd,  and  tliat  the  moon 
May  through  the  centre  creep.  Shak.,  .M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 
2.  To  form  or  produce  by  rotatory  perforation : 
as,  to  bore  a  hole  or  a  well. 

Wliere  wells  are  completely  drainedbysome  excavations 
situated  h)Wer  down,  several  holes  are  boird  in  the  bottom 
of  tlie  well,  and  a  fresli  supply  of  water  is  obtained  by 
means  of  explosives. 

Klsslcr,  Modern  Ilijib  Explosives,  p.  :in, 

8.  To  penetrate,  make,  or  gain  as  if  liy  boring; 
push  or  drive  through  or  into  by  any  pene- 
trating action :  as,  to  bore  a  plank,  or  a  hole  in 
a  plank,  with  a  riile-baU. 

Bustling  crowds  I  bored.  Qay,  Trivia,  iii.  395. 

With  great  ilitfieulty  we  bored  our  way  throiigli  the 
moving  licel  pack.  A.  W.  Grcehj,  Arctic  Service,  p.  103. 
4t.  To  befool;  trick;  overreach. 

At  this  instant 
lie  hores  rac  with  some  triclc. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1. 

I  am  abused,  l)ctrayed,  T  am  laughed  at,  scorned,  baf- 
fled, atul  hiirnl,  it  seems.     Flitcher,  .Spanisli  Curate,  iv.  5. 

II.  intran.-i.  1.  To  pierce  or  penetrate,  as  a 
gimlet  or  similar  instrument;  make  a  hole  or 
holes:  as,  the  auger  tores  well. — 2.  To  sink  a 
bore-hole,  as  in  searching  for  water,  coal.  etc. 
— 3.  To  1)6  suited  for  piercing  with  an  auger  or 
other  boring-tool :  as,  wood  that  bores  well  or 
ill. — 4.  To  push  forward  or  through  toward  a 
certain  point :  as,  '•  borinf/  to  the  west,"  Vrijdcn. 

The  elder  streets  |of  Florence]  go  boriiifi  away  into  the 
heart  of  the  city  in  narrow  dusky  vistas  of  a  fascinating 
picturesqueness.  U.  James,  .Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  271. 
5.  In  the  manege,  to  thrust  the  head  forward 
as  far  as  possible:  said  of  a  horse. =S3m.  1.  Per- 
forate, etc.    See  penetrate. 

borel  (bor),  H.  [In  sense  1,  <  ME.  bore,  <  AS. 
bor  (=  D.  boor,  fem.,  =  MLG.  bor,  m.,  =  OHG. 
bora,  {.,  G.  bohr  =  Icel.  borr  =  Sw.  borr,  m.,  = 
Dan.  bor,  neut.),  an  auger,  a  gimlet;  in  sense  3, 
<  ME.  bore  =  Icel.  bora,  a  hole  ;  in  other  senses 
directly  from  the  verb:  see  ftorcl,  ji.]  It.  Any 
instrument  for  making  holes  by  boring  or  turn- 
ing, as  an  auger  or  gimlet. 

A  hole  lit  for  the  llle  or  s(inare  bare.  Jim.  Mnxon. 

2.  A  hollow  hand-tool  used  in  nail-making  to 
hold  a  nail  while  its  head  is  being  formed. — 

3.  A  hole  made  by  boring,  or  as  if  by  boring: 
as,  "an  auger's  bore,"  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  6.  Specitl- 
cally— (n)  A  deep  vertical  |>erforation  made  in  the  eartli 
in  search  of  water,  or  to  ascertain  tlie  nature  of  the  un- 
derlying strata,  as  in  scarcliing  for  co.il  or  other  minerals : 
a  bore-hole,  [h)  The  cylindrical  cavity  or  perforation  of 
a  tube,  rifle,  cannon,  etc. 

Hence — 4.  The  caliber  or  internal  diameter 
of  a  hole  or  perforation,  whether  made  by  bor- 
ing or  not,  especially  of  the  cavity  of  a  gun  or 
tube. 

Beside  th'  Artillery 
Of  fourscore  pieces  of  a  mighty  Boare. 

Drayton,  Noahs  floud  (ed.  1«30),  p.  103. 

The  bores  of  mnd  instruments.  Bacon. 

5t.  A  wound  or  tlurust.  — Blue  bore,  an  o])ening  iu 

the  clouds  allowing  the  blue  sky.    [Scotcli.l    -To  wick  a 


631 

bore,  in  tlie  game  of  curling,  to  ilrivo  ft  stone  dexterously 

tbroiigb  an  rijiening  between  two  guards. 
bore-  (bor),  n.  [Early  mod.  !•].  also  boar,  boer ; 
appar.<  ME.  bare,  a  wave,  billow  (once,  in  doubt- 
ful use)  (of.  F.  barn;  a  bore);  proli.  <  Icel.  barn 
=  Norw.  baara,  a  billow  caused  by  wind ;  cf.  Sw. 
dial,  bdr,  a  hill,  mouiul ;  proV).  connected  with 
Ic(d.  hera  =  E.  bear^.]  An  abrupt  tidal  wave 
which  breaks  in  an  estuary,  tlio  water  then  rush- 
ing up  the  channel  with  gieat  violence  and 
noise.  The  tidal  wave  being  a  wave  of  translation,  the 
shoaling  and  narrowing  of  channels  where  tlie  ti<le  rises 
very  rapidly  produce  a  great  increase  in  the  height  of  the 
wave.  Tile  forward  parts  of  tlie  wave,  too,  in  shoaling 
water  advance  less  rajjidly  than  the  backward  i)arts,  and 
80  cause  a  great  acciiniulation  in  front.  Tlic  most  celc- 
lirated  bores  in  the  old  world  arc  those  of  the  Ganges,  In- 
dus, and  Brahmaputra.  The  last  is  said  to  rise  to  a  height 
of  12  feet.  In  the  Amazon  and  other  rivers  in  lirazil  the 
bore  readies  a  height  of  from  12  to  10  feet.  In  England 
the  bore  is  observed  nnire  especially  in  tile  Severn,  Trent, 
ami  Wye,  and  in  the  Solway  Frith.  Tlie  bores  in  some 
bays  at  tiie  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  are  very  remarkable. 
In  some  parts  of  rngland  it  is  called  ea<ier  (which  see) ;  on 
the  Amazon,  tlie  pnirnroca;  on  the  Heine,  the  barre ;  and 
on  the  Garonne  and  bordogne  iu  France,  the  inancaret. 

Wlien  the  rise  of  the  tide  begins,  tile  snrf.ace  of  tlie  water 
isdisturbe(!  in  mid-channel ;  but  the  water  is  not  broken, 
it  is  merely  like  a  common  wave.  But  as  this  rapid  rise 
elevates  the  surface  suddenly  above  the  level  of  the  flat 
sands,  the  water  imnieiliately  rustics  over  them  with  great 
veli>city,  and  with  a  broken  front,  making  a  great  noise. 
.-\ud  this  is  the  wlude  of  the  bore. 

Airy,  Encye.  Metrop.,  Tides  and  Waves,  p.  614. 

bore^  (bor),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bond,  ppr.  bor- 
inij.  [This  word,  verb  and  noun  (the  noim  in 
senses  1  and  2  tippar.  jireceding  the  verb),  came 
into  use  about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century; 
usually  considered  a  partieidar  use  of  bore'^. 
and  compared  witli  G.  drillen,  bore,  drill,  also 
bore,  weary;  but  an  immediate  derivation  from 
bore'-  is  philologically  improbable,  though  it 
may  be  expl.aincd  as  a  tmst  of  fashionable 
slaiig  (to  which,  indeed,  the  wonl  has  always 
belonged),  perhaps  resting  on  some  forgotten 
anecdote.  At  any  rate,  the  word  is  now  inde- 
pendent of  Zwrcl!]  1.  To  weary  by  teilious 
iteration  or  repetition  ;  tire,  especially  in  con- 
versation, by  insufferable  dullness  ;  tease  ;  an- 
noy; pester. 

"I  will  tell  liiin  to  come,"  said  Buckliuret.  "Oh!  no. 
no ;  don't  tell  hhu  to  come,"  said  Millbank.  '*  Don't  hnre 
him."  Disraeli,  t'oningsby,  i.  10. 

Bolting  away  to  a  chamber  remote, 
Incolieeival)ly  Ixo-ed  i»y  bis  W'iten-gemote. 
Edwy  left  tliem  all  joking, 
Ajid  drinking,  and  smoking. 

liarhain,  Ingoldsl>y  Legends,  I.  21.S. 

2.  In  raeing.  to  annoy  or  impede  by  crowding 
against  or  ont  of  the  way. 
borO'' (bor),  )i.  [See  iorc'S,  r.]  If.  Ennui;  a  fit 
of  eniiui  or  listless  disgust  or  weariness. —  2t. 
One  who  suffers  from  ennui. — 3.  One  who  or 
that  which  bores  one,  or  causes  ennui  or  iinnoy- 
ance ;  anything  which  by  dullness  taxes  the 
patience,  or  otherwise  causes  trouble  or  an- 
noyance ;  specifically,  a  dull,  tiresome,  or  un- 
congenial person  who  tires  or  annoys  by  forcing 
his  company  or  conversation  on  others,  or  who 
persists  in  uninteresting  talk  or  undesircd  at- 
tentions. 

Society  is  now  one  polished  horde, 

Formed  of  two  mighty  tribes,  tlio  bores  ami  liored. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiii.  96. 

Learned  folk 
WIio  drench  you  with  ajstlietics  till  you  feel 
As  if  all  beauty  were  a  ghastly  bore, 
The  faucet  to  let  loose  a  wasil  of  words. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

A  sort  of  good-natured  persistency,  whieli  induced  the 
impression  that  he  was  nothing  worse  tlian  a  well-mean- 
ing bore,  who  was  to  l^e  endured  at  all  times  for  the  sake 
of  his  occasional  usefulness  and  universal  cheerfuiness. 
Touryee,  F'ool's  Errand,  p.  32. 

bore*  (bor).     Preterit  of  bear^. 

bore^t,  H.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  boar. 

bore'^  (bor),  H.    [E.  dial.,  short  iov borecole,  q.v.'i 

A  kind  of  cabbage ;  borecole.     Tus.ier. 
Boread  (bo'ro-ad),  n.  and  a.     [<  Gr.  UopraSr/r,  a 
son  of  Boreas,  Bo^rrir  (Unptail-),  a  daughter  of 
Boreas,  adj.  (fem.),  boreal;  <  iiojicac,  Boreas.] 
I,  H.    A  diild  of  Boreas. 

II.  a.  ['.(■.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  north- 
ern regions;  boreal.  [Rare.] 
boreal  (bo're-al),  a.  [<  ME.  borinll,  <  LL.  bo- 
re<iUs,<.  L.iJomrs.  Boreas.]  Pertaining  to,  situ- 
ated in,  or  issuing  from  the  north ;  relating  or 
pertaining  to  the  north  or  to  the  north  wind; 
northern. 

Above  the  Siberian  snows 
We'll  sport  amid  the  boreal  morning. 

Wordsicorth,  Peter  Bell. 

In  boreal  Dakota,  whose  capitjil  hears  his  name,  Ger- 
many and  Bismarck  are  connected  conceptions  of  the 
mind.  jV.  A.  Ree.,  CLXIII.  106. 


borer 

Boreal  pole,  in  I'Vcnch  terminology,  tile  pole  of  the  mag- 

nrtic  iictdle  wbicli  i>oiiits  to  the  south.  See  austral  pole, 
under  aiiKlrut.  Boreal  province,  in  zooifeo'j.,  one  of  the 
provinces  establi.slieil  with  lefcience  to  the  distriltution 
of  marine  animals.  It  eiiilirairs  the  North  Atlantic  south 
of  ttie  arctic  province  to  a  line  piissing  througli  the  naze 
of  Norway  and  ('ape  Cod. 

borean  (bo're-an),  a.    [<  Boreas  +  -an.]    Same 

as  boreal. 

Boreas  (bo'ro-as),  «.  [L.,  also  Borras,  <  Gr. 
Bopiaf,  Attic  Boppar,  north  wind,  the  god  of  the 
north  wind;  cf.  Russ.  burija,  storm,  huranu,  a 
tempest  with  snow  :  see  bora.\  1.  In  dr.  mijth., 
the  god  of  the  nortli  wind. —  2.  The  north  wind 
personilied;  a  cold,  northerly  wind. 

borecole  (bor'kol),  «.     [Also  formerly  fcoorco(c; 

<  D.  lioerenkool,  borecole,  lit.  jjeasant's  cab- 
bage, <  boer,  peasant,  +  kool,  cabbage:  see 
boor  and  cole.']  A  variety  of  Brassica  oleracea, 
a  cabbage  with  curled  or  wrinkled  leaves  which 
have  no  tendency  to  form  into  a  hard  head.  It 
is  valued  chiefly  for  winter  use. 

boredom  (bOr'dum),  «.     [<  bore^,  «.,  +  -dom.l 

1.  Tlie  state  of  being  a  bore,  or  the  tendency 
to  become  tiresome  and  uninteresting. 

I  presently  found  that  liere  too  the  male  cmihl  assert 
his  superiority  and  show  a  more  vigorous  boredom. 

Georye  Eliot,  Tlieophnustus  Such,  xv. 

2.  The  state  of  being  bored ;  tedium  ;  ennui. 

Some,  stretcliing  their  legs,  presented  symptoms  of  an 
escape  from  boredom.  Dixraeli,  'i'oung  Duke. 

Our  ".sea-anemone,"  a  creature  with  which  everybody, 
since  the  great  aquarium  mania,  must  liave  become  famil. 
iar,  even  to  the  limits  of  boredom. 

Huxley,  Critiiiucs  and  .\ddresscs,  p.  113. 

3.  Bores  collectively. 
boreet  (bo're),  «.     [Also  written  fion/,  bourree; 

<  F.  bourree,  si  rustic  dance.]  A  dance  or  move- 
ment in  common  time. 

Dick  c<nild  neatly  dance  a  jig. 
But  Tom  was  ijcst  at  borees. 

.Siri/t,  Tom  and  Dick. 

boreen  (bo-ren'),  ».  [<  Ir.  bothar  (pron.  bo'her), 
a  road,  +  dim.  -in.~]  A  lane  or  naiTOW  road. 
[Anglo-Irish.] 

boregat  (bor'e-gat),  ».  A  ehiroid  fish  of  the 
gcims  Ilcxagrammus :  better  known  as  bodieron 
and  roek-trout.     See  cut  under  Uexaijrammus. 

bore-hole  (bor'hol),  «.  A  hole  made  in  boring 
for  minerals,  water,  etc. ;  specifically,  the  hole 
in  which  a  blasting-charge  is  placed.  See  bor- 
inij.  2. 

boreism  (bor'izm),  «.  [Also  written  borism  ;  < 
bori'i  +  -isin.'\  The  action  of  a  bore;  the  con- 
dition of  being  a  bore.     [Rare.] 

borel't,  borreFt,  ".  [Earlv  mod.  E.,  prop,  burel, 
burnt,  burnti,  <  ME.  lior'el,  burel,  <  OF.  burel, 
later  bureau,  a  coarse  woolen  stuff  (mod.  F. 
bureau,  a  desk,  wi-iting-table,  bm'cau,  >  E.  6«- 
reau,  q.  v.):  see  burrel,  and  cf.  birrus.']  \.  A 
coarse  woolen  stuff,  or  garments  made  of  it; 
hence,  clothing  in  general. 

I  wol  renne  out  my  borel  for  to  shewe. 

C'liaucer,  I'rol.  to  W  ife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  356. 

2.  -V  kind  of  light  stuff  the  warp  of  which  'was 
silk  and  the  woof  wool;  a  kind  of  serge. 
borel-'t,  borrel'-'t,  "•    [SIE.,  also  burel,  supposed 
to  be  a  particular  use  of  borel^,  n.,  q.  v.     Some- 
times used  archaically  in  mod.  E.]     1.  Belong- 
ing to  the  laity,  as  opposed  to  the  clergj'. 
And  more  we  se  of  Cliristes  secre  thinges 
'I'ban  borel  folk,  altliough  that  they  ben  kinges. 
We  live  in  povert  ami  in  abstinence. 
And  borel  folk  in  richesse  and  dispense. 

Chaucer,  Summoncr's  Tale,  L  164. 

2.  Rude;  unlearned. 

But,  sires,  because  I  am  a  burel  man  .  .  . 
Uaveth  me  excused  of  my  rude  speche. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Franklin's  Tale,  1.  44. 
I  am  but  rude  and  borrel.         Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  ,I\ily. 
Thou  wert  ever  of  a  tender  conscience,  son  Wilkin, 
though  thou  hast  but  a  rough  and  borrel  bearing. 

Seult,  Betrothed,  vii. 

borelyf,  a-    An  obsolete  form  of  burhj. 

borent.  Obsolete  form  of  born,  borne,  pp,  of 
/ir(()-l.     Chaucer. 

borer  (bor'er),  H.  [<  bore^,  v.,  +  -erl;  =  G. 
bohrer.]  1.  One  who  bores  or  pierces. —  2.  A 
tool  or  instniment  used  for  boring;  an  auger; 
specifically,  in  Great  Britain,  a  drill,  an  imple- 
ment used  in  boring  holes  in  rock. — 3.  A  name 
common  to  many  minute  coleopterous  insects 
of  the  group  Xijlophaga,  whose  lan-a;  eat  their 
way  into  old  wood,  forming  at  the  bottom  of 
the'  holes  a  little  cocoon,  whence  they  emerge 
as  small  beetles. — 4.  Some  other  insect  which 
bores,  either  in  the  larval  or  adult  state. —  5. 
A  local  English  name  of  tlie  glutinous  hag,  Myx- 
ine  glutinosa.  See  cut  under  hag. — 6.  A  bi- 
valve moUusk  which  bores  into  wood  or  stone, 


Clover-root  Borer  {HyUsinus  tri/olii), 
a,  a,  a,  burrows  made  by  the  insect ; 
b,  larva,  lateral  view ;  c,  pupa,  ventral 
view;  d,  beetle,  dorsal  view.  All  en- 
larged. 


borer 

especially  ono  o£  the  fniiiily  Pholndiilfr. — 7.  In 
cntiim,,  the  terobra  or  ovipositor  wlicii  it  is  used 
for  boring,  as  in  many  beetles,  flies,  etc.  Annu- 
lar borer,  soe  «»»i(;ar.  -Clover-root  borer,  a  sniiiii 

sctttytltl  liuctle,  IlnlrxiituM  //•(/<»/!'/ (.MulkT),  ilii|Mtitfil  floin 
Europe  into  America  and  very  injiiritius  to  chiver.  'I'hc 
larva  is  eyliluirical,  of  sli^titly  etirved  form,  whitisli,  witii 
a  yellowish  lieail.  Tlie  perfect  beetle  is  a  little  over  2  mil- 
limctei^  in  length, 
eloiigate-oval  in  form, 
and  of  a  browiiish- 
blaek  color,  the  ely- 
tra beiii^redilishand 
soineu'hat  shiiiiii*;. — 
Grape-root  borer, 

the  ]al'\;l  of  .K'Ji'i'la 
}Hili»tiJvnnix,  a  moth 
of  the  family  .-Eiicri- 
idtx,  which  lays  its 
egRs  in  .Inly  or  Au- 
gust at  the  l>ase  of 
the  grape-vine,  close 
to  the  grounil.  They 
are  white  fleshy  grubs 
which  eat  the  bark 
and  sap-wood  of  the 
grape-root,  anil  trans- 
form to  the  pupa  state 
within  a  jioii-like  co- 
coon of  giinliny  silk, 
to  wiiich  bits  of 
wood  and  bark  are 
attaibcd. 

boresont,  «•    An 

obsolete    variant 

of  luiusnn. 
bore-tree,  ".    See 

biiiir-tric. 

bore-worm  (bor'- 
werm),  ».  A 
name  for  the 
ship-worm,  Te- 
redo navalis :  so 
called  on  account 
of  its  boring  into 
submerged  tim- 
ber, as  tlie  bottoms  of  vessels,  piles,  and  the  like. 

borhame  (bor'am),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  ob- 
scure.] A  local  English  name,  in  Northum- 
berland, of  the  lemon  or  sand-sole. 

boric  (bo'rik),  a.  [<  bor{ax)  +  -ic]  Same  as 
boracir. 

boride  (bo'rid  or  -rid),  n.  [<  bor(on)  +  -ide.'] 
A  primary  compound  of  boron  with  a  metallic 
element. 

boring   (bor'ing),   n.     [Verbal  n.  of  horel,  r.] 

1.  The  act  of  piercing  or  perforating;  specifi- 
cally, in  mininy  and  similar  operations,  the  act 
of  making  a  hole  in  rock  or  earth  by  means 
of  a  borer  or  drill.  This  is  often  executed  on  a  large 
scale  by  the  aid  of  machinery.  Wells  and  shafts  several 
feet  in  diameter  are  now  bored  without  blasting,  as  has 
been  done  in  Paris  in  sinking  artesian  wells,  in  the  great 
northern  coal-tields  of  France  and  Belgium,  and  elsewhere. 

2.  The  hole  made  by  boring.  Holes  of  small  depth 
bored  with  the  drill  for  blasting  are  called  bore-holes. 
Deep  holes  bored  for  any  purpose  are  called  borings,  and 
if  of  large  diameter  shafts  or  wells,  according  as  they 
are  intended  for  use  in  mining  or  for  supplying  water. 

3.  pi.  The  chips,  fi-agments,  or  dust  produced 
in  boring.  Also  called  boring-dust Three- 
handed  boring,  in  mining,  boring  in  which  a  hand-iliill 
is  operated  liy  three  men,  one  of  whom  holds  the  drill 
and  turns  it  as  the  work  proceeds,  while  the  others  alter- 
nately strike  upon  or  beat  it  with  a  heavy  liamraer  or 
sledge.  When  one  man  holds  the  drill  and  another  beats 
it,  the  boring  Is  two-handed  ;  when  the  same  person  holds 
the  drill  with  one  hand,  and  beats  it  with  the  other,  it  is 
sinfile-handi'd.     [Eng.] 

boring-anchor  (b6r'ing-ang"kor),  n.  Same  as 
scrcw-jiili. 

boring-bar  (bor'ing-biir),  n.  A  bar  to  which 
the  cutters  in  a  drilling-  or  boring-machine  are 
seeui'ed.     See  cutter-bar. 

boring-bit  (bor'ing-bit),  ii.  1.  A  tool  or  instru- 
ment of  various  shapes  and  sizes,  used  for 
making  holes  in  wood  and  other  solid  sub- 
stances. See  fci(l.— 2.  A  tool  much  like  a 
priming-wire,  but  more  highly  tempered  and 
with  an  end  somewhat  like  an  auger,  used  for 
cleaning  out  the  vent  of  a  gun  when  it  is  closed 
by  some  metallic  obstruction ;  a  vent-gimlet. 

boring-block  (bor'ing-blok),  }(.  In  mccli.,  a 
strong  cyliiulrical  piece  fitted  on  the  boring- 
bar  of  a  boring-machine,  and  having  the  cut- 
ters fixed  in  it. 

boring-collar  (b6r'ing-kol"ar),  n.  A  circular 
disk  in  a  lathe,  which  can  be  turned  about  its 
center  in  a  vertical  plane,  so  as  to  bring  any  one 
of  a  number  of  taper  holes  of  different  sizes  con- 
tained in  it  in  line  with  the  piece  to  bo  bored. 
The  end  of  the  piece  is  exposed  at  the  bole  to 
a  boring-tool  which  is  held  against  it. 

boring-dust (b6r'iug-dust),«.  Sameasfcioiwr/, ,3. 

boring-gage  (bor'iug-gaj),  h.  A  clamp  or  stop 
fixed  to  the  shank  of  a  bit  or  other  boring-tool 
to  regulate  the  depth  of  the  work. 


Boring-machine. 
a,  d,  nests  of  pulleys;  c, 
horizontal  face-plate ;  rf.  bor- 
ing-shaft ;  j^,  hand-wheel ;  A, 
.automatic  feed  arrangement ; 
i,  handle  which  acts  upon  a 
pinion  and  rack  to  raise  or 
lower  the  face-plate ;  tn, 
belt-shifter. 


632 

boring-head  (bor'ing-hed),  ».    1.  The  cutter- 

hi':ul  of  a  tiiamonil  drill. —  2.   A  short  cylinder 

cnrrviiig  ciilling-tools,  fitted  upon  a  boring-bar. 
boring-machine  (btn'ing-ma-shen"),  «.     Any 

apparatus  employing  Iior- 

iug-tools,  such  as  the  bit, 

auger,  or  drill,     .such  ma- 
chines   are    used    for    boring 

both  metal  and  wood.    In  the 

first  case  the  boring-tool  is  a 

re\ol\'ing  enttir-head,  :ind  the 

mULhine  is  essentially  a  drill. 

In   these   machines  the    work 

may  be  stationary  while   the 

cutter-head    advances    .as    tlie 

cut  is  made,  or  the  work  may 

be  advanced  or  fed  to  the  rela- 
tively   station;iry  cutter-head. 

In    all    there    are    appliances 

for  securing  a  variable  speed 

and  for  adjusting  one  tool  to 

many  kinds  of  work.    They  are 

used  to  bore  out  heavy  cast- 
ings, guns,    cylindei-s,    wheel- 

hulis,  etc.      The  wood-boring 

machines  al'e    essentially  ma- 
chine-augers.     The    auger   or 

bit  may  be  fixed,  or  may  liave 

a  slight  jom-nal  movement  as 

the  work  proceeds.    Theblock- 

1  billing  iiijicbine  is  an  apparatus 

I  'Hi^istini;  of  two  augers  driven  by  hand  and  a  vise  for 

h-iliUiiL'  tlic  liultof  wood  from  which  a  block  is  to  be  made. 

1  lie       <arpcnters' 

lHiriTi;,--iiiatliine    is 

an  ;ui;;ci  supported 

on  a  nio\'al)te  frame 

in  such  a  way  that 

boles  can  be  bored 

with  it  at  any  an- 
gle.   It  is  operated 

by  two  haiuiles  and 

bevel  gearing,  the 

operator       sitting 

astride  the  machine 

while  at  work. 

boring-mill 

(bor  'ing-mil), 
«.       Same     as 
boring-machine. 
boring-rod 

(bor'  ing-rod), 

n.         A       iointed  carpenters"  Boring-machnie. 

rod  to  which  the  tools  used  in  earth-boring  and 
roek-di-illing  are  attached. 

boring-sponge  (bor'ing-spimj),  n.  A  salt-water 
sponge  of  the  genus  VHona,  which  bores  into 
shells  and  limestone. 

boring-table  (b6r'ing-ta"bl),  n.  The  platform 
supporting  the  work  in  a  boring-machine. 

borism,  «.    See  boreism. 

boritht,  «.  [<  LL.  borith,  <  Heb.  boritli  (Jer.  ii. 
22),  tr.  in  the  English  version  'soap.']  A  plant 
producing  an  alkali  used  in  cleansing. 

Borja  (bor'jii ;  Sp.  pron.  bor'ha),  ii.  A  sweet 
white  vnne  grown  near  Saragossa  in  Spain. 

borley  (bdr'li),  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  boat  used  by 
trawlers  about  the  estuary  of  the  Thames. 
X  !•.  D. 

borling  (bor'ling),  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  river-lamprey. 

bornl  (bora),  J),  a.  [<  ME.  bom,  borcii  (often 
shortened  bore),  <  AS.  boreii,  pp.  of  bcran. 
bear,  carry,  bring  forth.  The  distinetion  be- 
tween horn'^  and  borne''-  is  recent:  see  bcar^.1 

1.  Possessing  fi'om  birth  the  quality  or  char- 
acter stated :  as,  a  born  poet ;  a  born  fool. 

Dunstan  resumed  .-Elfred's  task,  not,  indeed,  in  the  wide 
and  generous  spirit  of  the  king,  but  with  the  activity  of  a 
bom  administrator.       J.  R.  Grefn,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  325. 

2.  Innate;  inherited;  produced  with  a  person 
at  birth :  as,  born  wit ;  born  dignity :  in  both 
senses  opposed  to  acquired  after  birth  or  from 
experience. 

Often  abbreviated  to  b. 
Bom  in  or  with,  inherited  by  birth;  received  or  im- 
planted at  birth. 

Wit  and  wisdom  are  born  with  a  man. 

Seidell,  Table-Talk,  p,  66, 
Bom  of,  sprung  from. 

None  o/ woman  born  shall  harm  Macbeth. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

Bom  on  the  wrong  side  of  the  blanket.    Sec  blanket. 
—  Bom  to,  destim  (1  Im  lr..]n  liirth,  or  by  right  of  birth. 
I  was  burn  to  a  gnod  estate. 

Swift,  Story  of  an  Injured  Lady. 
In  one's  bom  days,  in  one's  lifetime.    [Colloq.] 

There  was  one  Miss  Byron,  a  Northamptonshire  lady, 
whom  I  never  saw  before  in  rni/  born  daiis. 

Iiit''hard.ton,  Grandison,  I.  103. 
In  all  hi^  born  days  he  never  beam  such  screeches  and 
yells  as  the  wind  give  over  that  chimbley. 

Mrs.  Stoive,  Oldtown,  p.  IS. 

To  be  bom  again,  to  become  regenerate  in  spirit  and 
character;  lie  converted. 

Except  a  man  be  bom  again,  he  cannot  see  the  kingdom 
"'  (iod.  Juhn  iii.  3. 


borough 
To  be  bom  with  a  silver  spoon  in  one's  mouth,  to 

iiibiril  :i  f.irliiiie  l.y  birth;  lie  Imni  to  go,,,!  luck. 

born-,  »'.  t.     See  Inmc'-^. 

bomel  (^Jo™)-  [See  6wh1.]  Past  participle  of 
lirar^. 

borne-'t  (born),  w.     Same  as  boitrn'^. 

born6  (bor-na'),  fl.  [F.,  pp.  of  borncr,  bound, 
limit,  <  borne,  boundaiy,  limit :  see  bourn-.'\ 
Bounded;  limited;  narrow-minded;  of  re- 
stricted intelligence. 

He  |Sir  Itobert  Peel]  began  life  as  the  underling  of  Lord 
Sidmouth — the  shallowest,  narrowest,  most  bonU,  and 
most  benighted  of  the  old  Tory  crew. 

W.  Ii.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  234. 

Bornean  (b6r'ne-,nn),  a.  and  n.     [<  liorneo  + 
-an.']     I.  ri.  Pertaining  to  Borneo,  the  largest 
island  of  the  Malay  archipelago. 
II.  /(.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Borneo. 

bornedt,  y-  «.  An  obsolete  form  of  burned. 
Chfinrer. 

borneene  (bor'nf-en),  «.  [<  bornc{ol)  +  -ene.'] 
A  liquiil  hydrocarbon  (CjoHig)  secreted  by 
Dryobalanops  camjihora,  and  holding  in  solu- 
tion a  solid  substance,  bomeol  (C'loHigO),  or 
caiuiilior  of  Borneo.     See  lJryobaltini>p.s. 

Borneo  camphor.    See  oamphor. 

bomeol  (bor'ne-ol),  «.  \<.  Borneo  +  -ol.']  Same 
as  Borncii  camphor  (which  see,  under  cumjihor). 

bornine  (Vjijr'uin),  n.  [Appar.  as  borti-ite  + 
-ini-.]    Tt-lluric  bismuth  :  same  as  tetradi/mite. 

borning,  borning-rod.    See  boning,  ban  ing-rod. 

bornite  (btjr'nit),  ».  [After  Dr.  Ignatius  von 
Born,  an  Austrian  mineralogist  (1742-91),  -i- 
-ite".']  A  valuable  copper  ore,  consisting  of 
about  60  parts  of  copper,  14  of  iron,  and  26  of 
sulphur,  found  mostly  massive,  also  in  iso- 
metric crystals.  It  h.as  a  peculiar  bronze-color  on 
the  fresh  fracture  (lience  called  by  Cornish  miners  horse- 
flesh ore),  but  soon  tarnishes  ;  and  from  the  briglit  ctdors 
it  then  assumes  it  is  often  named  purple  or  variegated 

eop/ier  and  enibencite. 

bornous,  bornouse,  ».     Same  as  bumoose. 

borocalcite  (bo-ro-kal'sit),  «.  [<  boron  -I-  cal- 
cite.']  A  hydrous  calcium  borate,  supposed  to 
occm'  with  other  borates  in  Peru. 

boroglyceride  (bo-ro-glis'e-rid  or  -rid),  n.  [< 
boron  -h  (/lyccr{iu)  -I-  -»/c.]"  An  antiseptic  sub- 
stance containing  about  25  per  cent. of  glycei-yl 
borate,  or  propenyl  borate  (C'sHsBOg),  and  75 
per  cent,  of  free  boric  acid  and  glycerin  in 
equivalent  proportions. 

boron  (bo'ron),  n.  [NL.,  <  bor(ax)  -¥  -on.'] 
Chemical  symbol,  B;  atomic  weight.  11.  A 
chemical  element  belonging  to  the  group  of 
non-metals.  Two  allotrojiic  tonus  of  this  element  are 
known,  one  a  brown,  aniorpbniis  powder,  slightly  soluble 
in  water,  the  other  (adamantine  boron)  crystalline,  and 
with  a  luster  and  hardness  inferior  only  to  that  of  the 
diamond.  In  all  its  compounds  boron  appears  to  be  triva- 
lent.  It  does  not  occur  in  nature  in  the  free  state,  but 
some  of  its  compounds  are  well-kno^vn  articles  of  com- 
merce. It  is  prepared  by  heating  boric  acid  at  a  high 
temperature  with  some  powerful  reducing  agent,  such  as 
potassium  or  aluminium.  Its  oxygen  acid,  boracic  acid, 
and  the  soda  salt,  borax,  are  extensively  used  in  the  arts. 

boronatrocalcite  (bo-ro-na-tro-kal'sit),  n. 
[<  boron  +  natron  -\-  caicite.']  A  hydrous  borate 
of  sodium  and  calcium ;  the  mineral  ulexite. 

borosilicate  (bo-ro-sil'i-kat),  n.  [<  bor{ic)  -t- 
silic(ic)  -t-  -ofel.]  A  double  salt,  in  which  both 
boric  and  silicic  acids  are  combined  with  a 
basic  radical,  as  datolite,  which  is  a  borosili- 
cate of  calcium.     Also  called  siUcoborate. 

borough!  (bm''6),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bor- 
rougii,  biirrough,  borrow,  burrow,  biirou,  burow, 
etc.;  sometimes,  esp.  in  comp.,  written  boro  or 
boro';  <  ME.  Iiorwe,  borowe,  borgh,  burgh,  borug, 
buruh,  etc.,  burie,  buri,  bcri/,  etc.,  <  AS.  lurh, 
buruh,  burg  (gen.  and  dat.  byrig,  whence  the  sec- 
ond set  of  JDE.  forms  above,  burie,  etc..  E.  buri/^, 
q.  v.),  a  town,  a  fortified  ]ilace  (=  OS.  burug, 
burg  =  OFries.  burich,  iiurch  =  MD.  burch,  borch, 
D.  hurg.  Iiurgt  =  MLO.  borch  =  OHG.  burug, 
buruc,  hnrc,  JIHG.  burc,  G.  burg  =  leel.  borg  = 
Sw.  Dan.  borg  =  Goth,  huurgs ;  hence,  from 
OHG.  etc.,  ML.  burgug,  >  OF.  burc,  borg,  P. 
bourg  =  Pr.  bore  =  Sp.  Pg.  burgo  =  It.  borgo) ; 
prob.  <  AS.  beorgan  (pp.  borgcn)  =  Goth,  bair- 
gan  =  G.  hergen,  etc.,  protect:  see  burij^,  bur- 
row^, burg^,  burgh,  bourg'^  (all  ult.  Identical  with 
borough),  burge.ss,  bourgeois,  etc.  The  word  ap- 
pears in  various  forms  in  many  names  of  to'^vns : 
Peterborough,  'Edinburgh  or  Edinfcoro,  Caiiter- 
buri/,  Hamfei/r;/,  Burgos,  etc.]  1.  Formerly,  a 
fortified  town,  or  a  town  possessing  mtuiicipal 
organization ;  also,  a  town  or  city  in  general. 
—  2.  In  England:  ((/)  A  corporate  town  pos- 
sessing a  regularly  organized  mimicipal  gov- 
ernment and  special  pri\ileges  conferred  by 
royal  charter:  usually  called  a  municipal  bor- 
ough,    (i)  A  town  having  the  right  to  send  one 


borough 

or  more  represent  ;it  ivcs  t  o  Parliament :  usually 
eallod  a  jxirUamcii larij  borDUi/li.  rmler  the  ufniTiil 
Itius  ri-i:iit;tliiiu  iiiiiniiip.il  Kovrrmncnt,  with  soim;  i*xi-i'p- 
ticMis,  thr  Inimissrs  111  filch  hinMHnh  t'h'ft  u  certain  num- 
l)ur  i)f  cMuni-ilnrs  i-very  three  years,  and  tliese  elect  the 
mayor  aiuuially  anil  IiaU  tlle  aldermen  (who  serve  six 
years)  trieniiially.  Mayor,  aUtcrmen,  anil  councilors  form 
the  council.  The  corresponding;  U-nn  in  Scotlaml  is  hnrijh. 
3.  In  (Joiinoeticnt,  Minnesota,  Now  Jersey,  and 
Pennsylvania,  an  incorporated  municipality 
less  ]iopuIous  than  a  city  and  difTereutly  rov- 
prncd:  in  general,  eorrespouding  to  toun  in 
other  States,  in  Minnesota  and  rennsylvania  its 
houuihuies  are  identical  with  those  of  one  of  the  primary 
ilivisiuns  of  the  county;  in  Connecticut  and  New  Jersey 
they  include  only  the  space  occupied  hy  liuusea  adjoining 
or  nearly  adjoininfi. 

4t.  A  shelter  or  place  of  security. 

The  Hat,  Icvell,  and  plaine  fields  not  able  to  afford  us 
.  .   .   any  borough  to  shelter  us. 

ilollami,  tr.  of  Ammianns,  p.  114. 

5t.  At  Richmond  in  Yorkshire,  England,  and 
perliaps  otlier  nortliern  old  corporate  towns,  a 
property  hi'Id  by  burgage,  and  formerly  (juali- 
fyiug  for  a  votii  for  members  of  Parliament. 
N.  E.  D — Close  borough,  a  i)ocket  horough. 

I.ansincrc  is  ncitlier  a  rotten  borough,  to  be  boucht,  nor 
a  i'/f'.vr  bai-nn^ili.  under  one  man's  nomination.         liiUii'i-r. 

Pocket  borough,  in  RnulaTuI.  befcue  the  pilssaue  of  the 
Kctonii  I'.iU  nl  ls:i-.2and  the  snbsi'iuiiit  li%'r^lat ion  deal- 
ing' with  tile  ilective  franchise,  a  buroiit^'h  the  iKirliauien- 
tary  n  prt'sentation  of  wiiich  was  piactically  in  tlie  hands 
of  soinc  iiiiiividualor  family.  -  Rotten  borough,  a  name 
given  bcfoie  the  pas.-iin^- of  the  ll.l'ovMi  Hill  of  ISM  to  cer- 
tain hoiou^lis  ill  i;ii'_;laiid  wliii-h  had  fjillen  into  decay  and 
had  a  mere  liandful  of  \ott-rs,  but  which  still  rct.iined  the 
privileire  of  setidin;;  mcnihers  to  Parliament.    At  the  head 

of  the  list  of  these  st I  Old  Sannn,  the  abandoned  site  of 

all  (dd  town,  wliicli  returned  two  representatives  tluuiilli 
without  a  sin^dc  inh.-iliitant,  the  proprietors  nomimitiug 
whom  they  jileascd.— TO  buy  a  borough,  to  purchase 
the  power  of  contioUiuj;  the  election  of  a  member  of  Par- 
liament foi-  a  tioroutih.  Under  recent  British  legislation 
this  is  no  Inimcr  possil)le. 

borough-'t,  /'.     An  obsolete  form  of  burrow'^. 

borough'H,  ".     An  olisolete  form  of  borrow^. 

borough-court  (bnr'o-kort),  H.  The  coiu-t  of 
record  for  an  English  borough,  generally  pre- 
siilod  over  by  the  recorder. 

borough-English  (bur'o-ing'glish),  n.  [Irreg. 
translation  of  AF.  teititrv  en  burijli  ciigloi/s, 
tenure  in  an  English  borough.]  In  law,  a  cus- 
tomary descent  of  some  estates  iu  England 
to  the  youngest  son  instead  of  the  eldest,  or, 
if  the  owner  leaves  no  son,  to  the  yoimgest 
brother. 

It  is  a  remarkable  circumstance  that  an  institution 
closely  resemi)linjr  Bonmijh  Entjlufh  is  foimd  in  the  Laws 
of  Wales,  giving  the  rule  of  descent  for  all  cultivating 
villeins.  Maine,  Karly  Hist,  of  Institutions,  p.  22;i. 

borough-head,  «.     See  horrme-hcad. 

borough-holder  (bur'o-hol'dor),  h.  1.  In  Eng- 
land, a  headborough;  a  borsholder.  [Rare  or 
obsolete.]  —  2.  In  some  parts  of  northern  Eng- 
land, a  person  who  holds  property  by  burgage 
tenure. 

The  Borouf/k-koldcrs  [Gateshead]  are  qualified  by  ten- 
ure of  burgage  tenements,  which  are  particular  freehold 
houses,  about  150  in  number.    They  have  an  estate  in  fee. 
Muuiciji.  Corp.  Reports  (ISiS),  p.  11)26. 

borough-master  (bnr'6-mas"t6r),  11.  [<  hnr- 
««i//(i  +  iiHi.^ivr.  a.  buri/hmfi-itcr,  biirf/omastcr.l 
The  mayor,  governor,  or  baililf  of  an  English 
l)orough. 

boroughmonger  (bur'6-mung"ger),  II.  For- 
merly, one  who  bought  or  sold  the  parliamen- 
tary representation  of  an  English  borough. 

These  were  called  rotten  boroughs,  and  those  who  owned 
and  supported  them  boroufffi-monrfers. 

A.  Fi>i)hln)}qu,\  Jr.,  liow  we  are  Governed,  v. 

boroughmongering  (bur'6-mimg''g6r-ing),  n. 
TralKcking  in  the  parliamentary  representa- 
tion of  a  borough,  a  practice  at  one  time  com- 
mon in  England. 

We  owe  the  English  peerage  to  tliree  sources  :  the  spo- 
liation  of  the  church  :  the  open  and  flagrant  sale  of  its 
honours  by  the  elder  Stuartii;  and  the  borou;thmo»;ierintf 
of  our  own  times.  Vigraeli,  Couingshy,  iv.  4. 

borough-reeve  (bur'6-rev),  n.  [<  borougli^  + 
cfeifi,  after  ME.  burhrerc,  <  AS.  biah-gcrcfa.l 

1.  Before  the  Norman  conquest,  the  governor 
of  an  English  town  or  city. 

They  .  .  .  also  freely  chose  their  own  borouffJi-reeve,  or 
port-reeve,  as  their  head  of  the  civic  eominnnity  was 
termed.  Sir  ^.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  50. 

2.  The  chief  municipal  officer  in  certain  unin- 
corporated English  towns  before  the  passage, 
in  ISIi.l,  of  the  Municipal  Corjiorations  Act. 

borough-sessions  (bur'o-sesh'onz),  «.  pi.  The 
sessions  held  quarterly,  or  oftener,  in  an  Eng- 
lish l)orongh  before  tlie  recorder,  on  a  day  ap- 
pointed by  him. 


633 

boroughshipl  (bur'o-shi])),  n.       [<  borough^  + 

-shiji.  1     A  township;  the  t^act  of  constituting  a 
lioioiigli  or  towiisliip.     X.  IC.  I). 
boroughship'-'  (bur'o-ship),  H.       [<  liornuf/lri  + 
-sliip.]      The   condition  of   being  security  for 
the  good  behavior  of  neighbors;  frank-pledge. 

\.  /■;.  /'. 

borough-town  (bur'6-toun),  «.  [<  ME.  burg- 
tiiini,  biiroirttiit,  a  town  whicli  is  a  borough,  <  AS. 
burlitfin,  an  inclosure  surrounding  a  castle,  < 
biirh,  a  castle,  borough,  -I-  tun,  inclosure,  town. 
Hence  the  place-name  Burton.^  A  town  which 
is  a  borougli. 

borowe't,  borowe-t,  etc.    Obsolete  forms  of 

btirroir^,  hiiniiiijli^ ,  etc. 

borrachiof,  boirrachot,  «.    Same  as  bomchin. 

Borraginaceae,  etc.     See  lioraginacca;  etc. 

borrasca  (bo-ras'kii),  H.  [<  Sp.  borra.scd,  stonn, 
tempest,  obstruction  (see  borasco) ;  dar  or  cacr 
en  borrasca,  in  mining,  strike  or  light  upon  an 
unprofitable  lead ;  antithetical  to  botiau^a,  lit. 
fair  weather:  see  b()iian::a.']  In  miiiiiiij,  harren 
rock:  the  opposite  of  boiiama,  1  (which  see). 

borrel't,  borrePt.    See  borcl^,  borcl-. 

Borrelist  (hor'el-ist),  «.  [<  Adam  liorrcl,  their 
founder,  -I-  -i.tt.']  In  ccclcn.  hist.,  one  of  a  sect 
of  Mennonites  founded  in  the  Netherlands  iu 
the  seventeenth  century,  who  re,ieeted  the  use 
of  the  sacraments,  public  prayer,  and  all  ex- 
ternal worship,  and  led  a  very  austere  life. 

borrow't  (hor'6),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  borowe, 
boriiugli,  etc. ;  <  ME.  borawc,  borwc,  etc.,  <  AS. 
borli,  burg,  a  security,  pledge,  also  a  surety, 
bondsman  (=  OFries.  borli,  borch  =  D.  borg  = 
MHCt.  Imrg,  G.  borg,  pledge,  securitj'),  <  bcor- 
gan  (pp.  borgrn)  =  I),  and  G.  ?)C)-//ch,  protect, 
secure:  see  borough^.  The  verb  fcorroifl  is  from 
the  noun.]  1.  A  ple<lge  or  surety;  bail;  secu- 
rity :  applied  both  to  the  thing  given  as  secu- 
rity and  to  tlie  person  giving  it :  as,  '•  with  baile 
nor  horrowi;"  (ipcn.ier,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 
Ye  may  retain  as  borrow  my  two  priesLs.  Scott. 

2.  A  borrowing;  the  act  of  borrowing. 

Vet  of  your  royal  presence  I'll  adventure 

The  borrow  of  a  week.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  1.  2. 

3.  Cost;  e.xpense. 

That  great  Pan  bought  with  deare  borrow. 

Speiiser,  .Shep.  Cal.,  Sept. 

4.  A  tithing;  a  frank-pledge. 

borro'w'^  (bor'6),  v.  [<  ME.  boroiven,  borwen, 
etc.,  <  AS.  borgiun  (=  OB^ries.  bnrga  =  D.  bor- 
gen  (>  prob.  leel.  borga  =  Sw.  borga  =  Dan. 
borge)  =  OHG.  borgcii,  JIHG.  G.  borgcii),  Vjoitow, 
lit.  give  a  pledge,  <  borli,  borg,  a  pledge,  se- 
curity:  see  ion'ow',  h.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  take  or 
obtain  (a  thing)  on  pledge  given  for  its  retin-n, 
or  without  pledge,  but  on  the  understanding 
tliat  the  thing  obtained  is  to  be  returned,  or  an 
equivalent  of  the  same  kind  is  to  be  substituted 
for  it;  hence,  to  obtain  the  temporary  use  of: 
with  of  ov  from  (formerly  at):  as,  to  borrow 
a,  book  from  a  friend ;  to  borrow  money  of  a 
stranger. 

We  have  borrowed  money  for  the  king's  tribute,  and 
that  upon  our  lauds  and  vineyards.  Neh.  v.  4. 

2.  To  take  or  receive  gi'atuitously  from  another 
or  from  a  foreign  som'ce  and  apply  to  one's  own 
use ;  adopt ;  ajjpropriate  ;  by  euphemism,  to 
steal  or  plagiarize:  as,  to  borrow  aid;  English 
has  many  borrowed  words ;  to  bon-ow  an  author's 
style,  ideas,  or  language. 

These  verbal  signs  they  sometimes  borrow  from  others, 
and  sometimes  make  themselves.  Locke. 

It  is  not  hard  for  any  man  who  hath  a  Bible  in  his 
hands  to  borrow  good  words  and  holy  sayings  in  abun- 
dance. Milton,  Eikouoklastes,  xxv. 

That  is  the  way  we  are  strong  by  borro»'iii;j  the  might 
of  the  elements.  Kmernon,  Civilization. 

3.  To  assume  or  usurp,  as  something  counter- 
feit, feigned,  or  not  real;  assume  out  of  some 
pretense. 

Those  borrow'd  tears  that  Sinon  slieds. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  I.  1549. 
Each  part,  depriv'd  of  supple  government, 
Shall,  stiff  and  stark  and  cold,  ajipear  like  death: 
And  iu  this  borrow  d  likeness  of  shrunk  death 
Thou  shalt  continue  two-and-forty  hours. 

Shak..  R.  and  J.,  iv.  1. 

4t.  To  be  surety  for;  hence,  to  redeem;  ransom. 
I  pray  you,  let  me  borrow  my  arm.s  again. 

Shak..  I..  L.  I..,  v.  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  practise  borrowing ;  take  or 
receive  loans ;  appropriate  to  one's  self  what 
belongs  to  another  or  others :  as,  I  neither  bor- 
row nor  lend ;  he  borrows  freely  from  other  au- 
thors. 

Whoever  borrow'd  could  not  be  to  blame. 
Since  the  whole  Uouse  did  afterwards  the  same. 

Pope,  Epil.  tu  Satires,  iL  169. 


boscage 

borrow^  (bor'6),  r.  i.  [Origin  uncertain;  prob. 
orig.  'take  shelter';  cf.  burrow-,  shelter.] 
Xaut.,  to  approa(di  either  land  or  the  wind 
closely.  Siinjlli. 
borrO'W-'t,  «.  An  obsolete  form  of  borougW^. 
borrower  (bor'o-6r),  n.  1.  One  who  borrows: 
opposed  to  lender. 

Neither  a  borrower  nor  a  lender  he  : 

For  loan  oft  loseth  l)oth  itself  and  friend ; 

And  borrowing  dulls  the  edge  of  husbandry. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

2.  One  who  takes  what  belongs  to  another, 
and  uses  it  as  his  own ;  specifically,  in  literature, 
a  plagiarist. 

Some  say  I  am  a  great  borrower.  Poj/e. 

borrow-headt,  «■  [Also  written  borough-head ; 
orig.  (AS.)  'frithborhliedfod,  \vritten  frithborh- 
hevcd  in  the  (Latin)  laws  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor; <  frithborh,a  tithing  (<  frith,  peace,  -H 
horh,  pledge,  security;  see  borrow^,  n.),  -h  hed- 
fod,  head.]  The  head  of  a  tithing ;  a  headbor- 
ough or  borsholder. 

borrcwing  (bor'o-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bor- 
row'^, r.]  1.  The  act  of  taking  or  obtaining 
anything  on  loan  or  at  second-hand. — 2.  The 
act  of  taking  and  using  as  one's  own. 

Such  kind  of  borrowimj  as  this,  if  it  be  not  better'd  by 
the  Uon-ower,  among  good  Authors  is  accounted  Pla- 
giarie.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxlH. 

3.  The  thing  boiTowed. 

Vet  are  not  these  thefts  but  f^rromn/jg  ;  not  impious 
falsities,  but  elegant  flowers  of  speech. 

./'•r.  Taylor  {?),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  165, 

borrowing-days  (bor'o-ing-daz),  «.  pi.  The 
last  three  days  of  March,  old  style:  said  to 
have  been  borrowed  from  Ai)ril,  and  supposed 
to  be  especially  stormy.     [Scotch.] 

borsella  (bor-sel'ii),  n.  [It.  'biir.iclla,  fem.,  cor- 
responding to  borsello,  masc,  a  bag.  purse,  pock- 
et, dim.  of  borsii,  a  purse :  see  burse  and  ^>«r.s('.] 
In  glass-making,  an  instrument  for  extending 
or  contracting  glass. 

borsholder  (bors'hol-der),  «.  [Early  mod.  E. 
biiahiildcr,  borsolder,  burseholder,  <  AF.  bori- 
saliier,  borgliisaldre,  repr.  ME.  borghes  alder: 
borghes,  gen.  of  borgh,  a  tithing,  frank-pledge; 
alder,  chief:  see  borrow^,  n.,  4,  and  elder^,  «.] 
Originally,  in  England,  the  head  or  chief  of  a 
tithing  or  frank-])ledge ;  a  headborough ;  after- 
ward, a  petty  constable.     [Now  only  local.] 

bort  (bort),  «.  [Formerly  also  boart,  bourl ;  cf. 
F.  ft"/'?,  fcocrf,  bastard.  Origin  unknown.]  1.  A 
collective  name  for  diamonds  of  inferior  quiility, 
especially  such  as  have  a  radiating  crystalliza- 
tion, so  that  they  will  not  take  a  polish.  These 
are  crushed  to  form  diamond-powder  or  ilianiond-dust, 
which  is  used  for  cutting  and  polishing  diamonds  and  other 
precious  stones. 

2.  An  amoi-phous  variety  of  diamond,  bro%vn, 
gray,  or  black  in  color,  and  kuomi  also  as  black 
diamond  or  earbonailo,  found  massive  in  Brazil 
in  association  with  pure  diamonds.  This  is  exten- 
sively used  as  the  cutting  nuiterial  in  diamond  drills  and 
stone-saws,  for  which  ordinary  diamonds  are  nnsuited 
from  their  crtimbling  and  cleaving. 

boruret  (bo'ro-ret),  H.  [<  bor(on)  +  -uret.] 
The  older  form  for  boride. 

borwet,  "■     A  Middle  English  form  of  borrow'^. 

Bos  (bos),  «.  [L.,  ace.  bovem,  =  Gr.  iiovi;,  an 
ox,  =  E.  e<»«',  q.  v.  See  borine,  beef  bucolic, 
etc.]  A  genus  of  hollow-homed  ruminants, 
having  simple  horns  in  both  sexes,  tj-pical  of 
the  family  Bovidtc  and  stibfamil.v  Borina;  con- 
taining the  o.xen,  or  cattle,  its  limits  vary;  it  is 
now  commonly  restricted  to  tlie  B.  tauriut,  the  domestic 
ox,  bull,  or  cow,  and  closely  related  species.  Formerly  it 
w.as  alioiit  eiiuivalent  to  the  subfamily /lon'nfe,  as  that  term 
is  ni'W  used.     Sec  cut  under  ox. 

bosa,  n.     See  ho:a. 

bosardt,  «.     A  Middle  English  foi-m  of  bu-^ard. 

Boscades  (bos'ka-dez),  n.  pi.  [NE.,  <  Gr.  riooKaq 
(pi.  Joo/iiirfff),  a  small  kin<l  of  duck.  lit.  feed- 
ing. <  liooKen;  feed.]  In  Menem's  classification 
(1813),  a  group  of  anserine  birds  nearly  coex- 
tensive with  the  modern  family  Analid<c. 

boscage,  boskage  (bos'kaj).  «.  [<  ME.  boskage, 
buscage,  <  OF.  boscage,  mod.  F.  bocagc  =  Pr. 
boscatge  =  Sp.  boscajc  =  It.  boscaggio,  <  ML. 
'boscaticum  (found  only  in  sense  of  'a  tax  on 
firewood  brought  to  town'),  <  boscus,  bu.schus, 
a  thicket,  wood,  <  OHG.  biisc,  a  tjiicket,  =  E. 
busIA:  see  biish^,  bosk,  bosket,  bouquet."]  1.  A 
mass  of  growing  ti-ees  or  shrubs ;  woods,  groves, 
or  thickets ;  sylvan  scenery. 

The  rest  of  the  ground  is  made  into  severall  inclosures 
(all  hedge-worke  or  rowes  of  trees)  of  whole  fields,  mea- 
aowes,  bo9cayes,  some  of  them  containing  divers  ackers. 
Evelyn,  Uiary,  April  1,  1044. 
*' Glory  to  God,"  she  sang,  and  past  afar, 
Thriddiug  the  sombre  boskage  of  the  wood. 

Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 


boscage 

2.  In  old  law,  probably,  food  or  sustenance  for 
ontllo  wliicb  is  yieUled  by  biishos  and  trees. 

bosch,  ".      Sec  /)i).v/(«. 

boschbok,  boshbok  (bosh'bok;  D.  pron.  bosk'- 
bok),  II.  [D.  liiinclibolc,  <  bosch,  woocl,  =  E.  /ih.s/)!, 
+  i()t  =  E.  &HcAl.]  A  name  given  liy  tlie  Dutch 
colonists  to  an  antelope  of  ilie  (;enus  'J'lat/cht- 
jiliiis,  as  T.  siili-dlirii.i.     Also  -written  biislibnk: 

boschvark,  boshvark  (bosh'viirk;  I),  pron. 
bosk'fiirk),  n.  [D.  busclirurk,  <  boach,  wood,  = 
E.  (<H.s7il,  +  vark,  used  only  in  dim.  varkcii,  hog, 
=  E.  farrow,  q.  v.]  The  name  given  by  the 
Dutch  colonists  to  the  ^Vlrican  bush-hog,  bush- 
pig,  river-pig,  or  guinea-pig,  as  the  si)oeies  of 
aquatic  swine  of  the  gonus  I'otamochwrus  are 
variously  called,  p.  n/ncanus,  or  J',  pictus,  is  a  niiil- 
(Uc-sizi'ti  swine  witli  large,  strong,  protrusive  cauine  teetli 
jinii  pi-ruiled  car.s. 

Boselaphus  (bos-el'a-fus),  n.  [NX/.,  irreg.  <  L. 
bos  (Gr.  fiovc),  ox  (or  rather  NL.  Bos  as  a  ge- 
neric name),  +  Gr.  f?.a<lioc,  stag.]  A  genus  of 
largo  bubaline  antelopes,  including  the  nylghau 
(/>'.  traijocaiiwhw),  etc. 

bosh't  (bosh),  n.  [Prob.  <  F.  ibaucJic  (cf.  dcbosli 
and  (Ubaitcli),  a  sketch,  <  OF.  'csbochc  =  Sp. 
csbo:o  =  Pg.  esbofo  =  It.  sbo;::o  (also,  with  dif- 
ferent prefix,  abbozzo),  a  sketch;  with  verb,  F. 
ibaucher,  <  OF.  csbaiiclier,  csboclwr  =  Pg.  esbo- 
fnr=  It.  sbozzare  (also  abbozzare,  sketch),  <  pre- 
fix S-,  CS-,  L.  ex-,  out,  +  bozza,  a  rough  draft,  a 
blotch,  swelling,  =F.  basse,  > E.  boss'^,  q.  v.  Cf. 
OD.  boetse,  bootse,  a  sketch,  D.  boctscrcii,  mold, 
emboss,  of  same  ult.  origin.]  A  rough  sketch; 
an  outline ;  a  figui'e. 

The  ho^h  of  an  argument,  .  .  .  the  shadow  of  a  sjilo- 
Kisiii.  The  filwlcut,  II.  2S7. 

To  cut  a  bosh,  to  make  a  display ;  cnt  a  figure. 

bosh^t  ibosh),  r. /.  [</)()«;il,  H.]  To  cut  a  figure ; 
make  a  show.     Tatler. 

bosh'-  (bosh),  H.  [<  Turk,  bosh,  empty,  vain, 
useless,  futile,  void  of  meaning :  a  word  adopt- 
ed into  E.  use  from  Morier's  novel  "Ayesha" 
(18U4),  in  which  it  frei[uently  occurs  in  its  Tirrk. 
sense:  as,  "this  firman  is  bosli  —  nothing."] 
Utter  nonsense ;  absurd  or  foolish  talk  or  opin- 
ions; stuff;  trash.  [Oolloq.] 
This  is  what  Turks  and  Englishmen  call  honh. 

W.  II.  Russell. 
I  always  like  to  read  old  Darwin's  Loves  of  tlie  Plants, 
hosh  as  it  is  in  a  scientific  point  of  view. 

Kingsley,  Two  Years  Ago,  x. 

bosh' (bosh),  r.  *.  [<  6os/i2, )).]  To  make  bosh 
or  nonsense  of ;  treat  as  bosh;  spoil;  humbug. 
[Slang.] 

bosh^  (bosh),  n.  [See  boshes.']  1.  See  boshes. 
—  2.  A  trough  in  which  bloomery  tools  (or,  in 
copper-smelting,  hot  ingots)  are  cooled,  liaij- 
moiid.  Mining  Glossary. 

bosh^,  bosch  (bosh),  n.  [Short  for  Bosch  butter, 
i.  e.,  imitation  butter  made  at '.«  Hcrtof/ciibosch 
or  den  Bosch  (F.  Bois-lc-Duc),  lit.  'the  duke's 
wood,'  a  city  of  the  Netherlands:  I),  boseh  = 
E.  6«.s7/l.]  A  kind  of  imitation  butter;  butter- 
ine :  a  trade-name  in  England. 

boshah  (bosh'a),  n.  [Turk.]  A  silk  handker- 
chief made  in  Turkey. 

boshes  (bosh'ez),  n.  pi.  [Cf.  G.  boscJiung,  a 
slope,  <  boschcn,  slope,  <  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  bosch, 
tuil,  sod.]  The  lower  part  of  a  blast-furnace, 
extending  from  the  widest  part  to  the  top  of  the 
hearth,  in  the  older  forms  of  blast-furnace  tliere  was  a 
marked  division  into  specific  zones.  In  many  of  the  more 
approved  modern  forms  there  are  no  such  definite  limits, 
lint  a  gradual  curvature  from  top  to  bottom.  In  such 
c.-isi-s  it  is  difficult  to  say  where  the  boshes  begin  or  end. 

Bosjesman  (bosh'ez-man),  n.  [S.  African  D.] 
Same  as  bKshmaii,  2. 

bosk  (bosk),  H.     [<  ME.  boslce,  also  buske,  unas- 
sibdated  forms  of  fc«.s7il,q.v.  Ctboscagc,  bosky.} 
A  thicket ;  a  small  close  natural  w'ood,  espe- 
cially of  bushes.     [Old  and  poetical.] 
Blowing  bosks  of  wilderness.  Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

The  wondrous  elm  thjit  seemed 
To  my  young  fancy  like  an  airy  bosk, 
Poised  by  a  single  stem  upon  the  earth. 

J.  G.  Holland,  Kathrina,  i 

boskage,  n.     See  boscage. 

bosket,  bosquet  (bos'ket),  n.  [<  P.  bosquet  (= 
Sj..  bosquete  =  It.  boschetto),  dim.  of  OF.  bos,  a 
thicket:  see  bois,  bo.sk,  bii-^h^,  and  cf.  bouquet 
and  boscage.  ]  A  grove  ;'a  thicket  or  small  plan- 
tation in  a  garden,  park,  etc.,  formed  of  trees, 
shrubs,  or  tall  plants.     Also  written  busket. 

boskiness  (bos'ki-nes),  «.  [<  boski/  +  -ncss.] 
The  (puility  of  being  bosky,  or  covered  with 
thickets. 

Boskoi  (bos'koi),  «.  pi.  [Gr.  fiodKoi,  pi.  of  fio- 
chor,  a  herdsman,  <  jUaKciv,iee&,  graze.]  An 
ancient  body  of  monks  in  Palestine  and  Meso- 


634 

potamia,  who  dwelt  ujion  the  mountains,  never 
occupied  a  house,  lived  entirely  on  herbs,  and 
devoted  their  wliole  time  to  the  worship  of 
God  in  prayers  aud  hyums.  Sometimes  called 
Vrazers. 
bosky  (bos'ki),  a.  [<  bosk  +  -i/l.  Cf.  bu-skii, 
fcH.v/ii/.]  Woody;  consisting  of  or  covered  with 
bushes;  full  of  thickets. 

This  is  P.ritain :  a  little  island  with  little  lakes,  little 
rivers,  (luiet  bashf  fields,  but  mighty  interests  and  power 
that  reach  round  the  world.       The  Century,  XXVII.  102. 
In  lowliest  depths  of  bomky  dells 
The  hennit  Contemplation  dwells. 

Whittier,  Questions  of  Life. 

Bosniac  (bos'ni-ak),  o.  and  n.  [<  Bosnia  +  -«c.] 
Same  as  Bosnian. 

All  this  petty  persecution  has  made  Austrian  rule  odious 
among  the  ISosniitcs. 

Forlnir/hll;i  Jtev.,  N.  S.,  XXXIX.  146. 

Bosnian  (bos'ni-an),  n.  aud  n.    [<  Bosnia  +  -an.] 

1.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bosnia,  a  nominal 
province  of  Turkey,  lying  west  of  Servia,  the 
administration  of  which  was  transferred  to  Aus- 
tria-Hungary by  the  Berlin  Congress  of  1878. 

II.  II.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bosnia. 
bosom  (buz'um  or  bo'zum),  n.  and  a.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  bosome,  boosome;  <  ME.  bosom, 
bosum,  boson,  <  AS.  bosum,  bosm  (=  OS.  bosom  = 
OFries.  bosm  =  D.  boezem  =  MLG.  buscm,  bosnn, 
bossen,  LG.  busscm  =  OHG.  hitosnm,  biiosam, 
MHG.  buosein,  hiiosen,  G.  bii.kii),  bosom;  per- 
haps orig.,  like /<(^/ir))H,  the  space  between  the 
two  arms;  with  formative  -sm,  <  boh,  bog,  arm: 
see  boiigh'^.']  I.  «.  1.  The  breast;  the  subcla- 
vian and  mammary  regions  of  the  thorax  of  a 
hiunan  being ;  the  upper  part  of  the  chest. 
And  she  tum'd  — her  bosom  shaken  with  a  sudden  storm 
of  siglis.  Tennitmn,  Locksley  Hall. 

2.  That  part  of  one's  clothing  which  covers  the 
breast ;  especially,  that  portion  of  a  shirt  which 
covers  the  bosom,  generally  made  of  finer  ma- 
terial than  the  rest. 

And  he  jiut  his  hand  into  his  bosom  again  ;  and  plucked 
it  out  of  liis  bosom,  aud,  behold,  it  was  turned  again  as 
his  other  flesh.  Ex.  iv.  7. 

3.  The  inclosiu'e  formed  by  the  breast  and  the 
arms;  hence,  embrace;  compass;  inclosm'e:  as, 
to  lie  in  one's  bosom. 

They  which  live  Avithin  the  bosom  of  that  church. 

Hooker. 
And  it  came  to  pass,  that  the  beggar  died,  aud  was  car- 
ried by  the  angels  into  Abraham's  bosom.       Luke  xvi.  22. 

4.  The  breast  as  the  supposed  abode  of  tender 
affections,  desires,  and  passions. 

Their  soul  was  poured  out  into  their  mothers'  bosom. 

Lam.  ii.  12. 
Anger  resteth  in  the  bosom  of  fools.  Eccl.  vii.  9. 

Hence  the  weighing  of  motives  must  always  be  confined 
to  the  bosom  of  the  individual.    Jevons,  Polit.  Econ.,  p.  IG. 

5t.  Inclination ;  desire. 
You  shall  have  yoiu"  bosom  on  this  wretcli. 

Shak.,  JI.  for  M.,  iv.  3. 

6.  Something  regarded  as  resembling  or  rejire- 
sentiug  in  some  respect  tlie  human  bosom  as  a 
sustaining  surface,  an  inclosed  place,  the  inte- 
rior, the  inmost  recess,  etc. :  as,  the  bosom  of 
the  earth  or  of  the  deep. 

Upon  the  bosom  of  the  ground.       Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  1. 
.Slips  into  the  bosom  of  the  lake.    Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 

7.  A  recess  or  shelving  depression  around  the 
eye  of  a  millstone — in  Abraham's  bosom,  in  the 
abode  of  the  blessed:  in  allusion  to  tlie  parable  of  Dives 
aud  Lazarus,  Luke  xvi.  19-31.— In  the  bosom  of  one's 
family,  in  the  privacy  of  one's  home,  and  in  tlie  enjoy- 
ment of  family  affection  and  confidence.  — To  take  to 
one's  bosom,  to  marry. 

II.  a.  [The  noim  used  attributively.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  bosom,  either  literally  or 
figuratively,  in  particular  —  (n)  Worn  or  carried  on  or 
in  the  bosom  ;  as,  a  bosom  brooch,  (b)  Cherished  in  the 
bosom  :  as,  a  bosom  sin  ;  a  bosom  secret,  (c)  Intiiuate  ; 
famiUar ;  confidential :  as,  a  bosom  friend. 

I  know  you  are  his  tosaHi-counsellor. 

Fletcher  and  lioivley.  Maid  in  the  Jlill,  ii.  2. 

The  bosoine  admonition  of  a  IMend  is  a  Presbytery  and 
a  Consistory  to  them.  Milton,  Eef.  in  Eng.,  i. 

bosom  (buz'iun  or  bo'zum),  r.  t.     [<  bosom,  «.] 

1.  To  inclose,  harbor,  or  cherish  in  the  bosom ; 
embrace  ;  keep  with  care  ;  cherish  intimately. 

Bosom  up  mv  counsel. 
You'll  find  it  wholesome.     Shak.,  Hen.  VIII. ,  i.  1. 
Pull  from  the  lion's  hug  his  bosom'd  whelp.     J.  Baiilu: 

2.  To  conceal ;  hide  fi-om  view ;  embosom. 

To  happy  convents,  bosom'd  deep  in  vines. 

Pope,  Duneiad,  iv.  301. 

bosom-board  (biiz'um-bord),  H.  A  board  upon 
which  the  bosom  of  a  shii-t  or  other  garment  is 
ironed. 


boss 

bosomer  (buz'um-er  or  bo'zum-er),  n.  One  who 
or  timt  which  embosoms.     [Kare.] 

Blue  I  "i'is  the  life  of  heaven  —  the  domain 
of  Cynthia  .  .  .  the  tiosotner  oi  clouds. 

Keats,  Sonnet 

bosom-spring  (buz'um-sjjring),  «.  A  spring 
rising  in  the  bosom  or  heart;  heart-spring; 
heart-joy.     [Rare.] 

From  thee  that  bosom-sprinff  of  rapture  flows 
W'liich  only  \'irtue,  traniiuil  Virtue,  knows. 

litiji-rs,  I'lejLsnres  of  Memory,  ii. 

bosom-staff  (biiz'um-staf),  11.  An  instrument 
for  testing  the  sjinmetry  of  the  bosom  or  cen- 
tral concavity  of  a  millstone. 

bosomy  (buz'um-i  or  bo'zum-i),  a.  [<  bosom 
+  -//I.]  Full  of  sheltered  recesses  or  hollows. 
N.  K.  U. 

bosonl  (bo'sn),  «.     A  corruption  of  boatswain, 
representing  its  common  pronunciation. 
The  merry  bfjsoit  from  his  side 
His  whistle  takes. 

Dnjden,  .Albion  and  Albanius.  ii.  3. 

boson-t,  «■  [Appar.  <  OF.  'bo^on,  dim.  of  boce, 
a  boss:  see  boss^.]  A  bolt  for  the  crossbow, 
having  a  round  knob  at  the  end,  with  a  small 
point  projecting  from  it. 

bosporian  (bos-p6'ri-an),  a.  [<  bo.^orus  + 
-i-an.]  Pertaining  to  a  bosporus,  jiarticularly 
(with  a  capital)  to  the  Thracian  or  the  Cim- 
merian Bosporus,  or  to  the  Greek  kingdom  of 
Bosporus  named  from  the  latter  (about  500 
B.  c.  to  A.  D.  259). 

Tiie  Alans  forced  the  Bospftrian  kings  to  pay  them 
tribute,  and  exterminated  the  Tauri.ans.  Tooke. 

bosporus  (bos'po-rus),  n.  [L.,  sometimes  in 
eiToueous  form  bosphoriis,  <  Gr.  jioc-opo^,  a 
name  applied  to  several  straits,  for  iioo^  irii/jof, 
lit.  ox's  ford  (cf.  E.  Oxford,  <  AS.  Oxemiford, 
oxen's  ford) :  j3o6g,  gen.  of  (ioir,  an  ox  (see  Bos) ; 
77upo(,  passage,  ford  (akin  to  'E.ford)  ( >  E.  Jtorc), 
<  TTspiiv,  pass  over,  cross,  =  E.  fare,  go :  see 
.fare,  pore^.']  A  strait  or  channel  between  two 
seas,  or  between  a  sea  and  a  lake.  More  partieu- 
larly  applied  as  a  proper  name  to  the  strait  between  the 
sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Black  Sea,  formerly  the  Thracian 
Bosporus,  and  to  the  strait  of  Yenikale,  or  Cimmerian  Bos- 
porus, wiiicb  connects  the  sea  of  Azov  with  the  Black  Sea. 

bosquet,  n.     See  bosket. 

bossi  (bos),  )i.  [<  ME.  bos,  hose,  boce,  a  boss,  < 
OF.  boc£,  the  boss  of  a  buckler,  a  botch  or  boil, 
F.  basse,  boss,  hump,  swelling,  =  Pi-.  bo.<:.m  = 
It.  bozza,  a  blotch,  swelling  (also  OF.  (Noi-m.) 
bache,  >  ME.  bocche,  E.  bateh^,  q.  v.);  prob.  < 
OHG.  bozo,  a  bundle  (of  flax),  boz,  a  blow,  < 
hozan,  MHG.  bazcn,  G.  bossen,  strike,  beat,  =  E. 
beaf^:  seebcot^.  Cf.  emboss.']  1.  A  protuber- 
ant part ;  a  round,  swelling  process  or  excres- 
cence on  the  body  or  upon  some  organ  of  an 
animal  or  plant.  Hence  —  2t.  (a)  A  hump  or 
hunch  on  the  back;  a  humpback,  (ft)  A  bulky 
animal,     (c)  A  fat  woman. 

Be  she  neuer  so  straight,  thinke  her  croked.  And  wrest 

all  parts  of  hir  body  to  the  worst,  be  she  neuer  so  worthy. 

If  shee  be  well  sette,  then  call  hir  a  Bosse,  if  slender,  a 

H.tsill  twygge.  Lyly,  Eui>hues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  115. 

Disdainful  Turkess  and  nnreverend  boss .' 

Marlowe,  Tamburlaine,  I.,  iii.  8. 

3.  Astudorlmob.  .Speeiflcally,  a  knob  or  protuberant 
ornament  of  silver,  ivory,  or  other  material,  used  on  bri- 
dles, harness,  the  centers  of  ancient  shields,  etc.,  or  af- 
fixed to  any  object.  Bosses  iu-e  placed  at  regular  inter- 
vals on  the  sides  of  some  book-covers,  for  the  purpose  of 
preserving  the  gilding  or  the  leather  of  the  cover  from 
abrasion. 

He  nnmeth  .  .  .  upon  the  thick  bosses  of  his  bucklers. 

Job  XV.  26. 
On  the  high  altar  is  placed  the  Statue  of  the  B,  Virgin 
and  (Uir  Saviour  in  white  nuirble,  which  has  a  bnsse  in  the 
girdle  consisting  of  a  very  faire  and  rich  sapphire,  with 
divers  other  stones  of  price.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  4,  1641. 
A  number  of  prominent  crags  and  bosses  of  rock  project 
beyond  the  general  surface  of  the  ground. 

Getkie,  Ice  .\ge,  p.  17. 

4.  In  sculp.,  a  projecting  mass  to  be  after- 
ward cut  or  carved. —  5.  In  arch.,  an  ornament 


A  B 

Architectural  Bosses.—  French,  13th  century. 
.-/,  from  sanctuary  of  the  coileg^iatc  church  of  Semur-en-.\uxois.  B, 
from  the  rcfccto^  of  the  Abbey  of  St.   Martin  des  Champs,   Paris. 
[From  VioUci-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de  I'.Architccture.") 

placed  at  the  intersection  of  the  ribs  or  groins 
in  vaulted  or  flat  roofs,  sometimes  richly  sculp- 


boss 

tured  with  armorial  IioarinRs  or  other  devioes; 
also,  auy  projoctiiiK  ball  ov  knot  of  foliago,  etc., 
wherovpi'  plai'eil. — 6.  In  mit-h.:  {«)  The  en- 
larged part  of  a  shaft  on  which  a  wheel  is  to 
be  keyed,  or  any  enlarged  part  of  tlie  diame- 
ter, as  the  end  of  a  separate  pieee  in  a  line  of 
shafts  eonnected  by  <'oiipliii<rs.  Hollow  shafts 
through  whicli  others  pass  are  sometimes  also 
called  hossvx,  but  improperly,  {h)  A  swage  or 
die  used  for  shaping  metals. —  7.  In  ordnance: 
(n)  A  cast-iron  plate  fastened  to  the  back  of  a 
traveling-forge  hearth.  (//)  Any  protuberance 
or  lug  upon  a  piece  of  ordnance. —  8.  A  soft 
leather  cushion  or  pad  used  for  bossing  (whicli 
see),  and  also  for  cleaning  gilded  surfaces  and 
the  like  in  porcelain-  and  glass-manulaclure. — 
9t.  A  water-conduit  in  the  form  of  a  tuu-bellied 
figm'e ;  a  head  or  reservoir  of  water.  H.  Joiisoii. 
boss'  (bos),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  'hossi'ii,  hm-cn  ;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  ornament  \vith  bosses  ;  be- 
stud. 

Turkey  cusliions  bosu'd  with  pearl. 

SImk.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

His  glorious  rapiur  ami  luiugers  all  boat  with  iiillars  of 
gokl.  MiMkton,  father  Hubbanrs  Tales. 

2.  Same  as  cmhoss^. 

Bdxu'd  with  lengths 
Of  classic  frieze.  Tfixnyson,  Princess,  ii. 

3.  In  ceram.,  to  bring  (a  siu-face  of  boiled  oil) 
to  perfect  uniformity.     See  bossiiuj,  1. 

boss-t  (bos),  n.  [<  ilE.  bosc,  hocc,  a  cask;  cf. 
OF.  liKssc,  a  cask,  U.  bus,  a  bo.\,  bos,  a  pack- 
age :  see  box^.']    A  cask,  especially  a  small  cask ; 

a  leather  bottle  for  wine Oldbosst.   (A  temi  of 

coiitenipt,  prob.  a  particular  use  of  bt>nx~.  a  cask,  butt ;  but 
ef.  I.el.  fc.soi,  Sw.  bnxs,  a  fellow.]      ..\  toper. 

boss-'  (bos),  n.  [E.  di.al.;  cf.  MI),  bosnc,  bussc, 
1).  bus,  a  box,  bids,  a  tube,  pipe,  channel,  = 
Dan.  biissc  =  Sw.  bossa,  a  bo.x :  see  box^,  and  cf. 
boss-.~\  A  wooden  vessel  used  by  plasterers 
for  Iiolding  mortar,  hung  by  a  hook  on  a  ladder 
or  a  wall. 

boss*  (bos),  H.  fE.  dial.,  perhaps  a  var.  of 
ccpiiv.  bass'-i,  q.  v.  ;  but  cf.  IJ.  bos,  a  bundle,  as 
of  straw.]     A  hassock;  a  bass. 

boss'  (bos),  a.  [Also  wTitten  bos,  bois  :  origin 
obscure.]  Hollow;  empty:  a.s,  "his  thick  lioss 
hcnd,"  liamsai/,  Poems,  I.  285.     [Scotch.] 

boss'"'  ( bos),  II.  and  a.  [A  word  derived  from  the 
Dutch  settlers  in  New  York ;  <  D.  baas,  master, 
foreman  (used  literally  and  figuratively  like 
boss  in  American  use:  on  timiiicrmaiis-liaas,  a 
boss  carpenter,  dc  rnmir  is  dc  baas,  the  wife  is 
the  boss  ;  hij  is  Item  de  baas  in  liet  :in(jcn,  he  is 
the  boss  in  singing,  etc.),  MD.  hacs,  master  of 
the  house,  also  a  friend,  fem.  baesinnc,  mis- 
tress of  the  house,  also  a  friend,  =  Flem.  bacs 
=  LG.  )iaaSj  master,  foreman  (>  Dan.  bas,  mas- 
ter), =  ()H(t.  basa  =  MHG.  base,  f .,  aunt,  G.  base, 
{.,  cousin  (dial,  also  aunt,  niece),  appar.  ult. 
identical  with  G.  irase  =  LG.  wase,  f.,  cousin, 
aunt.  The  word,  in  the  masc.,  seems  to  have 
meant '  kinsman,  cousin,'  and  to  have  been  used 
espeei.ally  as  ref.  to  the  master  of  the  household, 
the  chief  'kinsman,'  in  fact  or  by  courtesj',  of 
the  inmates.  ]  I.  «.  1.  A  master.  .Spcciflcally— 
(«)  One  who  employs  or  superintends  workmen ;  a  head 
man,  foreman,  or  manager  :  as,  the  bounce  have  decided  to 
cut  ibjwn  wages.     \V.  S.] 

The  actions  of  the  superintendent,  or  bonK,  very  often 
tended  to  widen  tlie  breach  between  employer  and  em- 
ployee. A'.  A.  Rev.,  C'.XUI.  503. 
The  line  looked  at  its  prostrate  champion,  and  then  at 
the  new  fcm'x  standing  there,  co(d  and  brave,  and  not  afraid 
of  a  regiment  of  sledge-hammers. 

T.  Winthrop,  Love  and  Skates. 
(b)  In  v.  S.  politics,  an  influential  politician  who  uses  the 
machinery  of  a  party  for  private  ends,  or  for  the  advantage 
of  a  ring  or  cliiiue  ;  a  professional  politician  having  para- 
mount local  inlluence. 

2.  The  chief ;  the  master ;  the  champion ;  the 
best  or  leading  person  or  thing.    [CoUoq.,  U.S.] 
II.  a.  Chief;  master;  hence,  first-rate :  as,  a 
boss  mason;  a  boss  player.     [CoUoq.,  V.  S.] 

boss"  (bos),  V.  t.  [<  boss^,  u.~\  To  be  master  of  or 
over;  manage;  direct;  control:  as,  to  ioss  the 
house.  [Slang,  U.  S.]  — Tobossit,toacttheni:Lster. 
—  To  boss  one  around  or  about,  to  order  one  about ; 
control  one's  actions  or  movements.     IColloq.,  U.  S.) 

boss'^  (bos),  II.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps 
orig.  a  learnedly  humorous  use  of  L.  bos,  cow ; 
cf.  leel.  bds,  hd.s,  an  exclamation  used  in  driv- 
ing cows  into  their  stalls  (bass,  a  stall,  boose : 
see  ftoosc-l).]  In  the  United  States:  (a)  A  fa- 
miliar name  for  a  cow.  or  any  of  the  bo\ine 
genus:  chiefly  used  in  calling  or  in  soothing. 
(A)  On  the  Western  plains,  a  name  for  the  bison 
or  so-called  buffalo. 

bossage  (bos'aj),  «.  [<  F.  bossaqe,  <  basse, 
boss,  knob:  see  boss^  and  -age.']  In  building: 
(a)  A  stone  which  projects  beyond  the  face  of 


636 

the  adjacent  work,  and  is  laid  rough,  to  be  af- 
terwanl  carved  into  some  ornamental  or  sig- 
nificant form.  (/<)  Rustic  work,  consisting  of 
stones  whicli  advance  bcyoiul  the  face  of  the 
building,  with  inilentures  or  channels  left  in  the 
joinings:  used  chiefly  upon  projecting  corners. 
'I'hc  cavities  are  soinetinies  round  and  sometimes  beveled 
or  in  a  diamond  fiu'Ul,  sometimes  iuc-losed  with  a  cavetto 
aiul  sometimes  with  a  listel.    Also  called  ritfilu:  (iitoinx. 

bosse  (bos),  H.  [F.  bosse,  a  boss,  hump,  etc. : 
see  boss'^.  Cf.  boss~,  a  small  cask.]  A  largo 
glass  bottle  filled  with  powder  and  having 
strands  of  fpiickmatch  attached  to  the  neck, 
used  for  incendiary  purposes. 

bosselated  (bos'e-la-ted),  a.  [<  F.  bosseler, 
emboss,  <  bosse,  boss:  see  6o.s«l.]  Covered  with 
inec|Mulities  or  protuberances. 

bosset  (bos'et),  H.  [<  io.s.s-l  +  dim. -c<.]  1. 
A  small  boss  or  knob,  especially  one  of  a  series : 
as,  "a  sword-belt  studded  with  bossi'ls,"  .Joiii: 
Arehwol.  Ass.,  XXX.  915. —  2.  The  rudimentary 
antler  of  the  male  red  deer. 

bossiness  (bos'i-nes),  «.  The  quality  of  being 
bossy  or  in  relief:  applied  especially  to  sculp- 
ture and  ornament:  as,  ''a  pleasant  bossiness," 
Hiisliin,  Aratra  Pentelici,  i.  v^  21. 

bossing  (bos'ing),  «.      [Verbal  n.  of  fto.«sl,  i'.] 

1.  In  VI  ram.,  the  process  by  which  a  siu-faoe  of 
color  is  made  level  and  unii'onn.  This  is  done  by 
first  layitig  on  a  coat  of  boiled  oil,  usually  with  a<raiocl\- 
hair  brush,  upon  which  the  color  is  deposited,  generally 
by  being  dusted  from  cotton-wool.  The  coat  of  oil  is  then 
made  perfectly  uniform  and  smooth  by  means  of  a  leather 
boss.     Also  callctl  <fruuiiil-l(i!iiii;i. 

2.  The  film  of  boiled  oil  thus  spread  over 
earthenware  to  hold  the  coloring  materials. 

bossism  (bos'izm),  «.  [<  boss'i  +  -ism.}  The 
control  of  politics  by  bosses.     [U.  S.] 

The  vote  of  i'eimsylvania  would  be  worse  than  doubtful 
if  boHsism  .  .  .  were  found  ...  to  be  still  the  potential 
force.  The  .-imerican,  VI.  3s. 

bossivet  (bos'iv),  a.  [<  bossi-  +  -ire.  Cf.  F. 
/"«.<»,  hump-backed.]  Crooked;  deformed:  as, 
"a  bossi  re  birth,"  Osborne,  Advice  to  his  Sou, 
p.  70  (l(i.->8). 

bossyl    (bos'i),  a.      [<   iios.sl  -t-  -^1.]      1.    Fiu'- 

nished  or  ornamented  with  a  boss  or  bosses. 

His  heatl  I'eclining  on  his  boi<si/  shield. 

Pi>l>e,  Iliad,  X.  173. 
2.  Projecting  in  the  roimd ;  boldly  prominent, 
as  if  composed  of  bosses :  said  of  sculpture,  etc. 
Cornice  or  frieze  with  boasy  sculptures  graven. 

Hilton,  P.  L.,  i.  716. 

bossy2  (bos'i),  «.  [<  Ao.s.sS -(- -(/!.]  Acting  like  a 
boss;  masterful;  domineering.   [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

bossyS  (bos'i),  «.  [Dim.  of  boss''.]  A  familiar 
name  for  a  cow  or  calf.     See  boss'  (a). 

bostal  (bos'tal),  ».  [E.  dial.]  A  winding  way 
up  a  very  steep  hill.  HalliweU.  [Prov.  Eng. 
(Suffolk).] 

bostanji  (bos-tan'ji),  n.  pi.  [Turk,  bosidnji,  < 
bosldii.  <  Pers.  bustdii,  a  garden.]  A  class  of 
men  in  Turkey,  originally  the  sultan's  garden- 
ers, but  now  also  employed  in  various  ways 
about  his  person,  as  in  mounting  guard  at  the 
seraglio,  rowing  his  barge,  etc.,  and  also  in 
attending  the  officers  of  the  royal  household. 
They  number  now  about  GOO,  but  were  former- 
ly much  more  numerous. 

boston  (bos'tpn),  «.  [So  called  from  the  city 
of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  where  it  was  invent- 
ed by  French  officers  at  the  time  of  the  revo- 
lutionary-war.] 1 .  A  game  of  cards.  The  hands 
are  dealt  and  played  as  in  whist,  each  of  tlie  four  playcl-s 
having  the  right  to  bid  or  olfcr  to  take  unassisted  a  certain 
number  of  tricks,  to  lose  every  trick  but  one,  or  every 
trick,  etc.  The  highest  bidder  plays  against  the  rest,  and 
if  successful  gains,  if  defeated  loses,  according  to  the 
size  of  his  bid.  There  are  varieties  of  the  game  known  as 
bobton  de  Fontaiiwbleau  and  liufiifian  boston. 

2.  The  first  five  tricks  taken  by  a  player  in  the 

game  of  boston. 
Boston  Port  Bill.    See  bills. 
Bostrichidse,  Bostrichus.     See  Bostrychidw, 

Bostri/elius. 

Bostrychidae  (bos-trik'i-de), «.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Bos- 

tnirliits  +  -idle.]  A  family  of  xylophagous  cryp- 
topentamerous  Coleoptcra,  typified  by  the  ge- 
nus Bostri/elins,  containing  small  cylindrical 
beetles,  tlie  larvse  of  which  are  limbless :  by 
many  associated  with  the  family  I'tin  ida;. 

Bo.^tniehidtv  .  .  .  live  in  companies,  and  belong  to  the 
most  dreaded  dcstroyel-s  of  forests  of  conifers.  The  way 
in  wbi(-li  tlicy  eat  into  the  bark  is  very  peculiar,  being 
char.-ictci-istic  of  the  individual  species  and  indicative  of 
their  mode  of  life.  The  two  se.xcs  meet  in  the  supertlcial 
pa.ssagcs.  which  the  female,  after  copulation,  continues 
and  lengthens  in  order  to  lay  her  eggs  in  pits  which  she 
hollows  out  for  that  puriiose.  The  larvrc,  when  hatched, 
eat  (mt  lateral  passages,  wliich,  as  the  larva;  increase  in 
size  and  get  farther  from  the  main  passage,  become 
larger,  and  give  rise  to  the  characteristic  markings  on  the 
inside  of  the  bark.  Claua,  Zoology  (traus,),  p,  iSS. 


botanic 

bostrychite  (bos'lri-kit),  n.  [<  6r.  fiouTpvxoc,  a 
curl  (ir  lock  of  hair,  +  -ifi~.']  A  gem  present- 
ing llic  ajiiicnranci'  of  ;i  link  of  hair. 

bostrychoid,  bostrychoidal  (bos'tri-koid,  bos- 

tri-koi'dal),  a.  [<  Ur.  'lioaTiwxoeM/c,  eontr.  [in- 
aTpvxui^K,  curly,<  fionTiwxoc,  curl,  -1-  mhc,  form.] 
Having  the  form  or  character  of  a  bostiTX. 
Bostrychus  (bos'tri-kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jia- 
or/;c,jo( ,  a  curl  or  lock  of  hail',  also  a  certain  in- 
sect (according  to  some,  the  male  of  the  glow- 
worm) ;  also  written  jio-pi'xoc;  cf.  fiorpvr,  a  clus- 
ter of  grapes.]  A  genus  of  beetles,  typical  of 
the  family  Bostryehitlw  and  subfamily  Bostrij- 
china;  species  of  which  are  highly  destructive  to 
wood.  <  ine  of  the  most  injurious  species  is  Ii.  titpofiraphi- 
cus,  tile  typographer  beetle,  which  infests  coniferous  trees, 
devouring,  in  both  the  larval  and  the  perfect  state,  the 
soft  wood  beneath  the  bark,  thus  causing  the  death  of  tlie 
trees.  Other  species  are  IJ.  chalcofiraphxin,  Ii.  utenaiira- 
phuti,  etc.  The  trees  thus  affected  are  pines,  spruces, 
larches,  fii-s,  etc.,  as  well  as  fruit-trees  of  the  orchard,  aa 
the  apple.     Also  spelled  BoHtrichttA.     .See  Ijotitryclmlte. 

bostryx  (bos'triks),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  "/3(i- 
nriii'i  for  jiuaTpi'xoc,  a  curl,  etc. :  see  Bostri/chus.'] 
In  bof.,  a  imiparous  helicoid  cyme — that  is,  a 
raceme-like  cyme,  or  flower-duster,  with  all 
the  branches  or  pedicels  upon  one  side.  It  is 
usually  more  or  less  coiled. 

bostwyst,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  boisterous. 

Boswellia  (boz-wel'i-il), )(.  [NL.,  named  after 
Dr.  John  Boswell  of  Edinburgh.]  A  genus  of 
balsamic  plants,  natural  or<ler  Biirsrracea:,  the 
species  of  which  are  imperfectly  known.  B.  Car- 
ted and  some  other  species  of  the  hot  and  dry  regions  of 
eastern  Alrica  and  southern  Arabia  furni.sh  olibanum 
(which  see),  the  fr.ankiuccnse  of  antiquity.  Ii.  Frereana 
of  the  Soraali  region  yields  a  highly  fragrant  resin,  the 
primitive  giun  clemi,  largely  used  in  the  East  as  a  masti- 
catory. B.  serrata,  of  India,  the  salai-tree,  also  yields  a 
resin  which  is  used  in  that  country  as  incense. 

Boswellian  (boz-wel'i-an),  rt.  [<  Boswell  (see 
def.)  +  -(««.]  Kelating  to  or  resembling  James 
Boswell,  the  friend  and  biographer  of  Dr.  .Tohn- 
son  ;  characterized  by  an  uncritical  and  simple 
admiration  for  some  person :  used  especially  of 
liiiigruiihers  and  biography. 

Bos-wellism  (boz'wel-izm),  n.  [<  Bosicell  -(- 
-ism.]  The  style  or  manner  of  Boswell  as  a 
biographer ;  uncritical  admiration  of  one's  hero, 
with  faithful  but  indiscriminate  narration  of 
details. 

We  think  that  there  is  no  more  certain  indicati<in  of 
a  weak  aud  ill-regulated  intellect  than  that  propensity 
which,  for  want  of  a  better  name,  wc  will  venture  to 
christen  Bonwellism.  Macaidaif,  ililton. 

Bos-wellize  (boz'wel-iz),  r.  i.  or  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
Bosicclli~ed,  ppr.  Boswelli:ing.  [<  Boswell  -t- 
-i:e.]  To  write  in  the  style  of  Boswell,  the 
biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson;  report  or  repro- 
duce with  minuteness  of  detail  or  without  the 
exercise  of  the  critical  faculty. 

One  cannot  help  wishing  that  Bonstetten  had  Boswel- 

lized  some  of  these  endless  conversations,  for  the  talk  of 

Gray  was,  on  the  testimony  of  all  who  heani  it,  admirable 

for  fulness  of  kuowledge,  i»oint,  and  originality  of  thought. 

Lowdl,  in  New  lYinceton  Rev.,  I.  105. 

bot^,  bottl  (bot),  n.  [Generally  used  in  pi.  bots, 
bofts,  =  Sc.  bats,  batts ;  cf.  Gael,  liotns,  a  belly- 
worm,  boiteag,  a  maggot.]  A  name  given  to 
the  larva  or  maggot  of  several  species  of  gad- 
fly when  found  in  the  intestines  of  horses,  mi- 
der  the  hides  of  oxen,  in  the  nostrils  of  sheep, 
etc.  The  bots  which  infest  horses  are  the  larva;  of  the 
Gasterophilujt  eepii,  or  gadfly,  which  deposits  its  eggs  on 
the  tips  of  the  hairs,  generally  of  the  fore  legs  and  m.ane, 
whence  they  are  taken  into  the  mouth  aud  swallowed. 
They  remain  in  great  numbers  in  the  stomach  for  several 
mouths,  and  are  e.\pellcd  in  the  e.xcreincnt  and  become 
pupte,  which  in  live  weeks  become  perfect  insects,  woolly, 
and  not  quite  half  an  inch  long.     See  cut  under  tjot-jUj. 

Peas  and  beans  are  .as  dank  here  as  a  dog,  aud  this  ia 
the  next  way  to  give  poor  jades  the  butit. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  1. 

bot^t  (AS.  pron.  bot),  «.  The  Anglo-Saxon  form 
{bot)  of  boot^,  a  fine,  etc. :  only  in  historical 
use. 

A  theft  committed  on  any  one  of  these  three  days  [the 
Gang  days)  was,  by  .\lfred's  laws,  sconced  in  a  two-fold 
bot  or  Hue,  as  if  it  had  been  a  .Sunday  or  one  of  the  higher 
Church  holydays.  Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  107. 

bot^t.    An  obsolete  preterit  of  ft/te. 

bot^t,  prep,  and  conj.    A  Middle  English  form 

of  /)«/!. 

bot.  1.  An  abbreviation  of  botanij,  botanical, 
and  botanist. —  2.  A  contraction  of  bought-. 

botanic  (bo-tan'ik),  o.  and  n.  [=T.  boteinique, 
<  ML.  botanicus,  <  Gr.  i^oTaviKo;,  <  liorav)/,  an 
herb,  plant:  see  botaiii/.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
botany,  or  the  scientific  study  of  plants Bo- 
tanic garden,  a  ganleu  devoted  to  the  culture  of  planta 
collected  for  the  purpose  of  illustratiug  the  science  of 
botany. 
Il.t  n.  A  botanist. 


botanical 

botanical  (lio-tnn'i-kal),  (I.  Pcrtainins  to  or 
coiK'i'i'ufd  with  till'  stiiily  or  cultivation  of 
plants.    Botanical  geography.    Same  aa  geographi- 

eat  hiittinii  (wliirli  si'c,  uiitk-r  ht>Utiiii). 
botanically  (bo-taii'i-kjU-i),  ailv.     In  a  botani- 
cal iiiiiimor;  alter  tlu'  maimer  of  a  botanist; 
accciriliiif;  to  a  system  of  botany, 
botanise,  r.     See  ImUniizc. 
botanist  (bot'a-nist),  «.     [<  Votan;/  +  -isf;  = 
F.  boldHusU:^     One  who  stutlies  or  is  skilled  in 
botany;  one  versed  in  the  structure,  habits, 
geogi'iiphieiil  distribution,  and  systematic  elas- 
Bification  of  j)lants. 
Then  siJiiiit,'  the  livins  }icil>s,  .  .  .  beyond  the  power 
Of  bolaniil  to  number  up  thcii'  trilies. 

Tlioittson,  Spring,  1.  224. 

botanize  (bot'a-niz),  v. ;  prct.  and  pp.  hoUinizcil. 
j>pr.  Ixttani-hifl.  [<  botany  +  -i:e ;  =F.  hiila- 
niacr.  Cf.  Gr.  ihraviCen;  root  up  weeds.]  I. 
intrans.  To  examine  or  seek  for  plants  for 
the  purpose  of  studying  and  classifying  them, 
etc. ;  investigate  the  vegetable  kingdom  as  a 
botanist. 

II.  tiaiii'.  To  explore  botanically:  as,  to  6ot- 
anix  a  neighborhood. 
Also  spelled  botttiiise. 

botanologert  (bot-a-nol'o-jer), «.  [<  botanology 
+  -cri.l     A  botanist.     Sir  T.  Browne. 

botanologyt  (bot-a-uol'o-ji),  ».  [=  P.  botano- 
loijic,  <  (Jr.  lioTiht)/,  an  llerb,  +  -Aoyia,  <  liyeiv, 
speak :  see  -olofi//.}  The  science  of  botany. 
Jiitiliil. 

botanomancy  (bot'a-no-man-si),  K.  [=  F.  bo- 
Uinomaiicii\  <  Gr.  fioTc'ivti,  an  herb,  +  /larTtia, 
divination.]  An  ancient  method  of  di\anatiou 
by  means  of  plants,  especially  by  means  of  the 
leaves  of  the  sage  and  fig.  A  person's  name  and 
the  question  to  which  an  answer  was  desh-ed  were  written 
on  the  leaves,  which  were  then  laid  out  exposed  to  the 
yrind ;  as  many  of  the  letters  as  remained  in  their  places 
were  t,iken  up  and  joined  together  to  form  some  word, 
which  was  snpptjsed  to  be  an  answer  to  tlie  question. 

Botanopbaga  (bot-a-nof'a-ga),  H.  pi.  [Nil.,  < 
Gr.  )iorav7i,  an  herb,  +  (fiaytlv,  eat.]  A  name  of 
the  herbivorous  marstipial  mammals,  as  distin- 
guished collectively  from  the  Zoophaya,  or  car- 
nivorous and  insectivorous  marsupials.  The 
kangaroo  is  an  example. 

botany  (bot'a-ni),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bot- 
anic, formed  from  botanic,  as  if  <  Gr.  jioTavia, 
a  rare  var.  of  Sornvi/,  an  herb,  grass,  fodder,  < 
36(7K£w,  feed,  mid.  jiuaKendai,  feed  one's  self;  cf. 
L.  vesci,  eat.  ]  The  science  of  plants.  It  treats  of 
the  forms  of  plants,  their  structure,  the  natui-e  of  the 
tissues  of  which  they  are  composed,  the  vital  phenomena 
connected  with  them,  the  arrangement  of  them  into  larger 
and  smaller  groups  according  to  their  affinities,  and  the 
classification  of  these  groups  so  as  to  exhibit  their  nuitual 
relations  and  their  position  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  as 
a  whole.  The  science  further  investigates  the  nature  of 
the  vegetation  which  at  former  epochs  lived  on  the  earth, 
as  well  as  the  distribution  of  plants  at  the  present  time. 
It  is  thus  divided  into  several  sections,  (a)  Structural 
or  morphoto^icttl  botantj,  that  branch  of  the  science  of 
botany  which  relates  to  the  structure  and  organization  of 
plants,  internal  or  external,  independently  of  the  pres- 
ence of  a  vital  principle.  Also  called  or<7nHoi7r<7pA!/.  (b) 
Physiolijffical  or  bioloffical  botaiut,  that  branch  which  re- 
lates to  the  history  of  vegetable  life,  the  functions  of  the 
various  organs  of  plants,  and  their  minute  structure  and 
method  of  growth,  (c)  Descriptive  botany,  that  branch 
which  relates  to  the  description  and  nomenclature  of 
plants.  Also  called  ^Aw^\'7rnp/^,^/.  (rO  S}istematic  botamj, 
that  branch  wliich  reljites  to  the  principles  upon  which 
plants  are  to  be  chassified  or  arranged  with  reference  to 
their  degrees  of  relationship.  Tile  system  of  classification 
now  universally  adopted  is  that  proposed  by  Aiitoine  Lau- 
rent de  Jussieu,  and  improved  and  enlarged  by  De  Can- 
doUe,  Brown,  and  othei-s.  It  is  generally  called  the  iiat- 
Ural  system,  because  it  is  intended  to  express,  as  far  as 
possible,  the  various  degrees  of  relationship  among  plants 
as  these  exist  in  nature,  and  to  group  next  to  each  otiier 
the  various  species,  genera,  and  orders  which  are  most 
alike  in  all  respects.  Several  artificial  systems  have  been 
proposed,  as  that  of  Tournefort,  based  on  the  modifica- 
tions of  the  corolla ;  but  the  best-known  is  that  of  Lin- 
nxns,  founded  on  the  6t.amens  and  pistils.  This  svstem, 
which  was  desiLjned  by  Liunains  to  be  only  temporary, 
proved  of  great  value  to  the  science  of  botany,  but  it  h.is 
now  gone  entirely  out  of  use,  or  is  used  only' as  a  partial 
mdex  to  the  vegetable  kingdom,  (c)  Geuiirajihical  botami, 
that  branch  which  relates  to  the  natural  distribution  of 
plants  over  the  globe,  ami  to  tlie  inquiry  int..  the  causes 
which  have  influenced  or  maintain  this  ,ii:,triliution.  (0 
Paleontiiloriiait  or  /i<»ki7  butanii.  that  brancli  which  ei'n- 
braces  the  study  of  the  forms  and  structures  of  the  plants 
found  in  a  fossil  state  in  the  various  strata  of  which  the 
earth  is  roniiiused. 

Botany  Bay  gum,  kino,  oak,  resin,  tea,  etc. 

See  the  noims. 

botargo,  botarga  (bo-tiir'go,  -gii),  «.  [<  Sp. 
botari/a  (=  It.  botartjo,  botarga,  butlart/a,  butta- 
gra,  now  hottarga,  bottarica  =  F.  boutargne),  < 
Ar.  bularkliah,  <  Coptic  outnrakhon,  <  ou-,  indef. 
art.,  +  Gr.  Tapixior,  dim.  of  rapixo^,  a  dead  body 
preserved  by  embalming,  a  mummy,  meat  pre- 
served by  salting  or  pickling.]  A  "relish  made 
of  the  roes  of  certain  fishes  strongly  salted  after 


636 

they  have  become  putrid :  much  tised  on  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean  as  an  incentive  to 
thiret.  The  great  white  Kussian  sturgeitn,  At-ifn-nxer 
/ii(j>",  is  one  of  the  piitleipal  sources  t.f  hotargo.  The  best 
botargo  comes  from  Tinns,  is  liry  and  reddish,  and  is  eaten 
with  olive-oil  and  lemon-juice.     Also  Imtfargn. 

We  staid  talking  and  singing  and  drinking  great  draughts 
of  claret,  and  eating  btjtari/o  and  bread  and  butter,  fill 
twelve  at  night,  it  being  moonshine.    Pepiin,  Diary,  I.  ml. 

Botaurinse  (bo-ta-ri'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Jiotaurus 
+  -iiKc]  A  subfamily  of  Ardcidtc,  or  herons, 
containing  the  bitterns,  distinguished  from 
true  herons  by  having  only  ten  tail-feathers 
and  two  pairs  of  powder-down  tracts,  and  the 
outer  toe  shorter  than  the  inner.  In  habits  the 
Botaurinir  also  differ  from  the  other  Ardei*ln\  Iteing  soli- 
tary, nesting  on  the  ground,  and  laying  eggs  unlike  those 
of  true  herons.     .Sec  cut  under  bittern, 

Botaurus  (bo-ta'rus),  n.  [NL.,  in-eg.  <  L.  bos, 
an  ox,  -I-  taurus,  a  bull;  suggested  by  the  old 
form  (ME.  butor,  OP.  bntor,  botor)  of  hiltern'^, 
(J.  v.]  The  ty[)ical  genus  of  the  subfamily  Bo- 
tanrina\     See  bittern'^. 

botchlf  (boeh),  n.  [<  ME.  botche,  bocehe,  <  OP. 
boclic,  a  botch,  sore,  var.  of  boce,  a  botch,  swell- 
ing, >  mod.  F.  bosse,  E.  ftossl :  see  boss^.  Cf . 
OD.  bittse,  a  boil,  swelling,  <  bui^-cn,  D.  botsen, 
strike,  beat,  akin  to  OHG.  bo:an  =  E.  bcat^.  Cf. 
botch'^.']  A  swelling  ou  the  skin ;  a  large  ulcer- 
ous affection ;  a  boil. 

Yet  who  more  foul,  disrobed  of  attire? 

Pearl'd  with  the  botch  as  children  burnt  with  fire. 

Middh'ton,  Micro-C'ynicon,  i.  3. 

Botches  and  blains  must  all  liis  flesh  emboss. 

Miltm,  V.  L.,  xii.  ISO. 

botchlt  (boch),  V.  t.     To  mark  with  botches. 

Young  Hylas,  botch'd  with  stains. 

Garth,  Dispensary,  ii.  liiO. 

botch^  (boch),  r.  [Also  E.  dial,  or  colloq.  bodge'^, 
q.  v. ;  <  ME.  hocchen,  repair,  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  <  MD.  botsen,  butsen,  buetsrn,  repair, 
patch,  same  word  as  butsen,  D.  botsen,  strike, 
beat,  knock  together,  akin  to  OHG.  bd:an,  beat, 
=  ¥•.  bcat\.  Cf.  fioWfl  and  ftos«l.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  mend  or  patch  in  a  clumsy  manner,  as  a 
gai-ment:  often  used  figiu'atlvely. 

To  botcli  up  what  they  had  torn  and  rent, 

Religion  and  the  government.    .S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 

Tom  coming,  with  whom  I  was  angry  for  his  botching 

my  camlott  coat,  to  tell  me  that  my  father  was  at  our 

church,  I  got  me  ready.  Pepus,  Diary,  I.  407. 

2.  To  put  together  unsuitably  or  unskilfully ; 
perform,  express,  etc.,  in  a  bungling  manner; 
hence,  to  spoil  by  unskilful  work ;  bungle. 

For  treason  botch'd  in  rhyme  will  be  thy  bane. 

Dniden,  Abs.  and  Achit..  ii.  485. 

H.  in  trans.  To  mend  or  patch  things  in  an 
nnskilful  manner ;  be  a  bungler  or  botcher, 
botch- (boch),  «.     [</)»/(7(2,  r.]     1.  A  bungled 
or  ill-finished  part ;  a  flaw;  a  blemish. 
To  leave  no  rubs  nor  botches  in  the  work. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 

2.  A  patch,  or  a  part  of  a  garment  patched 
or  mended  in  a  clumsy  maimer. — 3.  That 
which  is  botched ;  ill-finished  or  bungled  work 
generally. 

Fancy  the  most  assiduous  potter,  but  without  his  wheel ; 
reduced  to  make  dishes,  or  rather  amorphous  botches,  by 
mere  kneading  and  baking.  Carlyle. 

A  poorly  paid  teacher,  whose  work  is  a  botch,  and 
therefore  an  injury  to  the  growing  mind. 

Jour,  of  Education,  XIX.  41. 

4.  A  bimgling,  nnskilful  workman  or  operator 
of  any  kind;  a  botcher. 

botchedly  (boch'ed-li  or  bocht'li),  ndr.     [< 

botchcti,  pj).  of  botcli^,  r.,  +  -?i/''^.]     In  a  botched 

or  clumsy  manner;  with  botches  or  patches. 

Thus  patch  they  heaven,  more  botch'dly  then  old  clothes. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Psychathanasia,  III.  iii.  67. 

botcherl  (boch'er),  H.  [<  ^lE.  *ftocc/ierc  (spelled 
bochchare,  Prompt.  Parv.);  <  botch^  +  -prl.] 

1.  A  mender;  a  repairer  or  patcher;  specifi- 
cally, a  tailor  who  does  repairing. 

Let  the  botcher  mend  him :  Anything  that's  mended  is 
but  patched.  "  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

Physicians  are  the  body's  cobblers,  rather  the  botchers 
of  men's  bodies;  as  the  one  patches  om-  tatter'd  clothes, 
so  the  other  solders  oiu-  diseased  flesh. 

Ford,  Lover's  Sfelancholy,  i.  2. 

2.  One  who  botches ;  a  clumsy,  bimgling  work- 
man ;  a  bimgler. 

botcher-  (boch'er),  n.  [Origin  unknowTi.]  The 
grilse :  a  local  English  name  in  the  Severn  val- 
ley. 

botcherly  (boch'er-li),  a.  [<  hotelier'^  +  -/yl.] 
Clumsy;  unworkmanlike.     [Rare.] 

Botcherly  mingle-mangle  of  collections. 

llartlib,  tr.  of  Comenius,  p.  30. 
Botcherly  poetry,  botcherly ! 

iliddleton  and  Rowley,  Spanish  tlypsy,  ii.  1. 


both 

botchery  fboch'er-i).  n.  [<  botcli-  +  -fri».]  A 
iKjfeliiiig.  or  that  which  is  botched:  clumsy  or 
buugUng  work  or  workmiinship.     [Rare.] 

If  we  speak  of  li.-ise  tmteliery,  were  it  a  comely  thing  to 
see  a  great  lord  <ir  a  king  wear  sleeves  of  two  parishes, 
one  half  of  worsted,  the  other  of  velvet'!* 

World  of  Wonders  (1008),  p.  235. 

botchka  (boch'ka),  n.     Same  as  boclika. 
botchy'  (boch'i),  a.     [<  ME.  botchy,  hoclty, etc.; 

<  Ijotcli'^  +  -1/1.]  Marked  with  botches;  full  of 
or  covered  with  botches:  as,  "a  botchy  core," 
Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  1. 

botchy-  (boch'i),  a.  [<  botch-  +  -//!.]  Imper- 
fect; botched. 

hotel  (bot),  n.  [The  ME.  and  AS.  (dat.)  form 
of  bootX,  ML.  bota,  retained  archaically  in  law 
WTitings:  see  fcw*/'.]  If.  Help;  aid;  relief; 
salvation  ;  remedy  in  illness;  boot  (which  see). 
Specifically  —  2.  hi  old  law:  (a)  Compensation, 
as  for  an  injury ;  amends ;  satisfaction ;  a  pay- 
ment in  expiation  of  an  offense:  as,  jna.n-biitc, 
a  compensation  for  a  man  slain,  (i)  A  jirivi- 
lege  or  allowance  of  necessaries  for  repair  or 
support;  estovers:  as,  house-ftote,  enough  wood 
to  repair  a  house  or  for  fuel;  i>\ov,-l/ot/,  cart- 
bote,  wood  for  making  or  repairing  instruments 
of  husbandry ;  hay-bute  or  hedge-6ote,  wood  for 
hedges  or  fences,  etc. 

bote-t.     Middle  English  preterit  of  bite. 

bote'H,  prcji.  and  conj.  A  Middle  English  form 
of  //«(!. 

botelt,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  bottle'^. 

botelert,  ".     An  obsolete  fonn  of  butler. 

botelesst,  "•    A  Middle  English  form  of  bootless. 

bcterol,  boteroll  (bot'e-rol),  n.  [<  F.  houte- 
rollc,  "the  chape  of  a  sheath  or  scabbard"  (Cot- 
grave),  <  bouter,  place,  adapt:  see  &«//!.]  In 
her.,  the  chape  or  crarapet  of  a  scabbard  used 
as  a  bearing.     Also  bauferoll. 

bote'Wt,  ".    [Early  mod.  E.  also  boatrice,  botoice, 

<  late  ME.  boten;  butcwc.  buticc,  botice,  <  bote, 
boot,  +  -< «',  -cwc,  repr.  P.  -cau,  <  L.  -ellns,  dim. 
termination.]     A  short  boot. 

bot-fly  (bot'iii),  n.  A  name  given  to  dipterous 
insects  of  the  family  (Estrida;  the  larvse  of 
which  infest  different  parts  of  li\nng  animals. 
See  bot^.    Thehorse-bot,  Gasterophilus  e5«i'(FabriciusX 


Horse  Bot-fly  (  Uasterofhilus  eqtii),  at)out  natural  size. 
a,  lateral  view;  b.  dorsal  view. 

is  taken  into  the  stomach  of  the  horse;  the  ox-bot  lives 
just  under  the  cuticle  of  the  ox  :  and  the  sheep-bot,  (Kstnis 
oris  (Linnreus),  in  the  frontal  sinuses  of  the  sheep.  Other 
animals  are  affected  by  particular  species. 
both  (both),  a.  and  prnn.  [=  Sc.  baith,  <  ME. 
both,  booth,  earlier  bothe,  bathe,  etc. ;  not  found 
in  AS.  except  in  the  simple  form  ha,  etc.  (see 
below),  but  perhaps  existent,  being  in  OS., 
etc.;  otherwise  taken  fromScand.;  =0S.  bedhie, 
bedhia  =  OFries.  bethe,  bedc  =  OHG.  bi'de,  bride, 
MHG.  G.  beide  =  Icel.  bddliir,  m.,  bddhar,  f., 
badhi,  bddhi,  neut.,  =  Sw.  bSda  =  Dan.  baadc, 
both;  cf.  Goth,  bajoths,  n.  pi.,  both;  <  Goth. 
bai  =  AS.  bd  {begen,  bu),  both,  JIE.  ba,  bo :  cf. 
L.  anibo  =  Gr.  aiuiiu  =  Skt.  ubhdu.  both:  see 
6ol ;  with  a  termination  of  obscure  origin,  per- 
haps orig.  the  def.  art.  in  pi.  (AS.  thd  =  Goth. 
thai,  fho,  etc.)  coalesced  with  the  adj. ;  but  this 
e.xplanation  does  not  apply  to  the  Goth.  baj6tli.i.'\ 
The  one  and  the  other;  the  two:  the  pair  or  the 
couple,  in  reference  to  two  persons  or  things 
specially  mentioned,  and  denoting  that  neither 
of  them  is  to  be  excluded,  either  absolutely 
or  (as  with  either)  as  an  alternative,  fi-om  the 
statement. 

Y'oure  Itother  love  [the  love  of  you  both]. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  IGS. 

And  .\braham  took  sheep  and  oxen,  and  gave  them 
unto  Abimelech ;  and  both  of  them  made  a  covenant. 

Gen.  xxi.  27. 

He  will  not  bear  the  loss  of  his  rank,  becatise  he  can 
bear  the  loss  of  his  estate ;  but  he  will  bear  both,  because 
he  is  prepared  for  both.  Bolingbroke. 

Both  had  been  presidents,  both  had  lived  to  great  age, 
both  were  early  patriots,  and  both  were  distinguished  and 
ever  honored  by  their  immediate  agency  in  the  act  of  in- 
dependence. D.  Webster^ Adams  and  Jefferson. 
[The  genitive  bolh's  (.MF,.  bathes,  bothers,  earlier  bother, 
bathre)  is  now  disused  :  in  the  earlier  period  it  was  joined 
usually  with  the  genitive  plural  of  the  personal  pronoun. 
.Subsequently  the  simple  both,  equivalent  to  of  both,  was 
used. 


both 

One  !iath  wminded  me, 
That's  by  rno  woimdi-il ;  bolh  our  remedies 
Within  thy  help  and  holy  pliystt:  lies. 

Hhak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  3.] 
Both  two,  bOtll  the  two,  pleonastieally  tor  bolli. 
lii'ih  tin'  tini  cities  ri'iiched  :i  hik'li  pitcli  of  proaperity. 
ftnit'',  iii.st.  tJreece,  ii.  18. 

both  (botli),  adv.  or  conj.  [<  ME.  Iiotlie,  Imthen, 
hatlii',  ote.;  from  tlie  adj.]  Incluiling  t)io  two 
(teriius  or  notions  nicntionetl) :  an  adverb  prc- 
codingtwo  coordinate  terms  (words  or  plirascs) 
joined  hydiiil,  and  standing  thus  in  an  apparent 
conjunctional  correlation,  holli  .  .  .  and,  equiv- 
alent to  not  oiili/  .  .  .  hut  ((feo.  Both  is  thns 
used  sometimes  before  three  or  more  coordi- 
nate terms. 

I  tli'pu;:Iit  pood  now  to  present  vnto  your  Grarc  not  any 
bettrr  gilt  of  mine  owne,  .  .  .  but  surely  an  exct-lli-iit  gift 
of  an  otlief  nuuis  4leuise  and  making,  which  both  hatli 
rfone.  doth,  flint  .shal  do  nnich  good  lx>  many  other  good 
follce,  and  t<'  your  .\oble  Grace  also. 

John  Finitri;  i'rcf.  to  Sir  T.  Mores  C'unifort  aiiainst 
ITribulation  (l,i73). 

[He]  was  indeed  his  country's  hatli  minion,  mirror,  and 
wonder.  Furd,  Line  of  Life. 

A  preat  multitude  liotli  of  the  Jews  and  also  of  the 
Greeks  believed.  Acts  -\iv.  1. 

Which  I  suppose  they  due  resignc  with  mucli  willint^- 
ness,  botli  Livery,  Hadgc,  and  t'oginzanee. 

Milton,  Eikonokliistes,  xxi. 

But  these  discourses  were  both  written  aiul  delivered  in 
the  freshness  of  liis  complete  manhood. 

O.  W,  IJiitnics,  Emerson,  v. 

bother  (boTH'er),  J!.  [First  in  the  early  part 
of  the  ISth  century,  also  written  hiiddn;  So. 
buiitlicr,  liiitlicr :  origin  unknown ;  possibly  a  cor- 
rni>tion  of  jintliir.  The  earliest  instances  seem 
to  be  from  Swift  and  other  Irishmen,  which 
would  seem  to  favor  tlie  supposed  Ir.  deriva- 
tion, <  Ir.  liiiaidlirim,  I  vex,  disturb  (cf.  biididliirt, 
trouble,  afUiction);  but  the  Ir.  words  as  pro- 
nounced have  no  resemblance  to  botjicr,  except 
as  to  the  initial  i.]  I.  trims.  If.  To  bewilder; 
confuse. 

\\'itlx  the  diu  of  wldcll  tube  my  head  you  so  bother. 

T.  Sttcridan,  To  Swift. 

2.  To  give  trouble  to ;  annoy ;  pester ;  -worry. 
Dunsey  bothered  me  for  the  money,  and  I  let  him  have  it. 
fjmrije  Eliot,  .Silas  Marner,  i.\. 
He  bothered  liis  audience  witli  no  accidental  effects. 

Stednian,  Poets  of  America,  p.  2S0. 
[Used  in  the  imperative  as  an  expression  of  impatience, 
or  as  a  mild  sort  of  execration. 

Bother  the  woman  for  plaguing  me !  Farrar.] 

=  Sjm.  Pexter,  Worrii,  etc.    .Sec  tease,  v.  t. 

II.  in  trans.  To  trotible  one's  self ;  make  many 
words  or  much  ado :  as,  don't  bother  about  that. 
bother   (boTH'er),  Ji.     [<  bother,  c]     If.  Blar- 
ney :  humbug ;  palaver.  N.E.J). — 2.  Trouble; 
vexation ;  plague :  as,  what  a  bother  it  is ! 

Tlie  bother  with  Mr.  Emerson  is,  that,  though  he  writes 
in  prose,  lie  is  essentially  a  poet. 

Lou'cU,  Study  Windows,  p.  37(>. 
At  night,  they  (the  ponies]  were  a  bottter;  if  picketed 
out.  they  fed  badly  and  got  thin,  and  if  they  were  nut 
piclieted,  tliey  sometimes  strayed  away. 

Tlie  Centimi,  XX-K.  223. 

botheration  (boTH-e-ra'shou),  w.  [<  bother  + 
-dtion.]  The  act  oi  bothering,  or  the  state  of 
being  bothered ;  annoyance ;  trouble ;  vexation ; 
perplexity. 

A  man  must  have  a  good  stomach  that  can  swallow  this 
botheration  [autograph  albums]  as  a  compliment. 

Seott,  Diary,  Nov.  20,  1S25. 
Their  smalluess,  their  folly,  their  rascality,  and  their 
simple  power  of  bottieratioii. 

Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  250. 

botherer  (boTH'^r-er),  n.  One  who  bothers, 
vexes,  or  annoys :  as,''  such  botherers  of  judges," 
Warren. 

botherment  (boTH'6r-ment),  n.  [<  bother  + 
-nient.2  The  act  of  botliering  or  the  state  of 
being  bothered;  trouble;  annoyance;  bothera- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

I'm  sure  t  would  be  a  botherment  to  a  living  soul  to  lose 
S(.p  nuicb  mtiney.  </.  F.  Cooper. 

bothersome  (boTH'fer-sum),  a.  [<  bother  + 
-some.]  Troublesome;  annoying;  inconvenient. 

By  his  bothersome  questioning  of  all  ti'aditional  assump- 
tions. The  American,  VII.  2U.5. 

They  [casements]  open  sidewise,  in  two  wings,  and  are 
screwed  together  by  that  hotherxome  little  iron  handle 
over  which  we  have  fumbled  so  often  in  European  inns. 
//.  ./ainex,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  353. 

both-handedness  (b6th'han"ded-nes),  n.  The 
power  of  using  either  hand  with  equal  ease; 
ambidexterity. 

The  teuilency  toward  what  might  he  called  both-hantled- 
7iesa  in  the  use  of  the  brush.  The  .Student,  III.  2S4. 

both-handst  (both'handz),  n.     A  person  indis- 
pensable to  another :  a  factotum. 
Ue  is  Ids  masters  bothliands,  I  assure  you. 

B.  Jomon,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 

bothie,  »■    See  bothu. 


637 

bothock  (botli'ok),  n.  A  name  of  the  fish  other- 
wise  called  the  bib.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bothomt,  ".  An  obsolete  form  of  bottom. 
CIkiiici  r. 

bothrenchyma  (both-rong'ki-mjl),  n.  [KL.,  < 
(jr.  ,W/ior,  a  pit,  +  i:)x''/ifi,  an  inftision  (>  NL. 
enc.hyma,  a  tissue),  <  iyxiciv,  jjour  in,  <  iv,  = 
E.  »h1,  +  ,Tf«i',  akin  to  AS.  yeotan,  pour.]  In 
liiil.,  1  issue  com])osed  of  pitted  ducts. 

bothria,  ".      I'lmal  of  Imthrium. 

Bothriocephalidae  (both'ri-o-se-fal'i-de),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Jiiitlirii)i-ij)hiilus  +  -ida:]  A  family  of 
cestoid  or  ta>niate  worms,  order  Cestoidea,  in- 
cluding the  broad  tapeworms,  which  have  oidy 
two  bothria  or  suckers  on  the  head  (whence 
they  are  also  called  Dilnithriidir).  It  includes 
the  geiu'ra  Bothriocejihaliis  and  Dihotlirium. 

Bothriocephalus(both"ri-o-sef'.;i-lus),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  litillpioi;  a  small  ticneh  (see  Imthrium),  + 
Ke^a'/ij,  head.]  A  genus  of  the  Ccsloidia,  or  ces- 
toid worms,  of  which  the  broad  tapewonn,  /{. 
/«fM.9,  is  the  typo.  It  belongs  to  the  group  of 
tlie  I'-iendnphi/Uidca  (which  see).  Also  Botrtjo- 
eejihalus. 

bothrium  (both'ri-um),  «.;  pi.  bothria  (-ii). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  jioHpiov,  a  small  trench,  dim.  of 
jii'iOixir,  a  pit,  trench.]  One  of  the  facets  or  fos- 
settes  upon  the  head  of  a  tapeworm. 

The  eomuuin  tape-worni  .  .  .  wants  the  opposite  both- 
ria, or  fossettes.  F.  Ii.  Wriifht,  Animal  Life,  p.  :>S2. 

Bothrodendron  (both-ro-den'tb-on),  ".     [NL., 

<  Gr.  liuiljnic,  a  pit,  +  iMvUpov,  a  tree.]  In  bot., 
an  extinct  genus  of  plants  of  the  coal  era,  re- 
lated to  Lejiidodrndron. 

Bothrophera  (both-rof'e-ra),  n.pl.  [NL.,  prop. 
'Biithriijihiirii,  <  Gr.  jioHpoij,  a  trench,  a  jjit,  4- 
-ipopoc,  <  iptptiv  =  E.  bear^.i  The  soleuoglyph 
venomous  serpents  of  the  new  world,  so  called 
from  having  a  pit  between  the  eyes  and  nose  : 
corresponding  to  the  family  Crotalida;,  and  con- 
trasting with  the  Abothrophera. 

both-sided  (both'si'ded),  a.  Complete;  com- 
prehensive ;  not  limited  or  partial. 

There  is  forced  on  us  the  truth  that  a  scientille  morality 
arises  only  as  fast  as  the  one-sided  conceptions  ailapted  to 
transitory  conditions  are  developed  into  both-sided  con- 
ceptions. //.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  p.  98. 

both-sidedness  (both'si'ded-nes),  n.  Impar- 
tiality; completeness  or  comprehensiveness  of 
view  or  thought. 

Even  in  our  country  and  age  there  are  dangers  from  the 
want  of  a  due  botii-sidedne^s.     H.  Spencer,  .Sociol.,  p.  397. 

both-sidest  (both'.sidz),  a.  Being  or  speaking  on 
both  sides ;  double-tongued ;  deceitful.    [Rare.] 
Damnable  both-sides  rogue!         Sltak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 
bothum't,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  bottom. 
bothviin-t,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  button. 
bothy,  bothie   (both'i),    ».;   pi.    bothi'S   (-iz). 
[Also  written  both  ay :  appar.  <  Gael,  tiotliini, 
a  cottage,  hut,  dim.  of  Gael,  and  Ir.  both,  a 
hut;  but  the  th  is  not  sounded  in  these  words. 
See  6oof/i.]     1.  A  small  cottage ;  a  hut. 
The  salt  sea  we'll  harry. 
And  bring  to  our  Charlie 
The  cream  from  the  bothy 
And  curd  from  the  pen. 

Come  o'er  the  .'stream,  Charlie. 
That  young  nobleman  who  has  just  now  left  the  both;/. 

Scott. 

To  accept  the  hospitality  of  a  very  poor  Highland  bothie. 

The  Centurii,  .X.VVII.  019. 

2.  A  liouse  for  the  accommodation  of  a  num- 
ber of  worlqieople  in  the  emploj-ment  of  the 
same  person  or  company.  More  especially,  a  kiml 
of  barrack  in  connectifm  with  a  large  farm,  where  the 
unntarried  outdfuu*  servants  and  laborers  are  lodged. — 
Bothy  system,  the  practice,  common  in  Aberdeenshire 
aiul  other  northern  counties  of  Scotland,  of  lodging  the 
unmarried  outdoor  servants  and  laborers  employed  on  the 
larger  farms  in  barrack-like  bnihliugs  apart  from  their  em- 
ployer's residence. 

botone  (bot'on-a),  a.     Same  as  hottonij. 

bo-tree  (bo'tre),  n.  [<  Singhalese  bo  (also  hoga- 
ha  :  ijaha,  tree),  a  shortened  fonu  of  Pali  bodhi, 
the  bo-tree,  short  for  bodhi-taru,  bo-tree  (<  bodhi 
(<  Skt.  bodhi),  wisdom,  enlightenment,  +  taru, 
tree),  answering  to  Skt.  bodhi-rriksha  (vrilsha, 
tree).  See  Buddha.]  The  Ficus  reliijiosa,  or 
pipul-tree,  imder  which  Sakyamuni,  the  founder 
of  Buddhism,  is  said  to  have  become  "enlight- 
ened" (Buddha),  after  forty  days' fi.xed  contem- 
plation, during  which  time  he  was  subjected  to 
all  manner  of  temptation,  and  to  have  evolved 
the  four  noble  truths  by  which  mankind  may 
be  delivered  from  the  miseries  attending  up- 
on birth,  life,  and  death.  The  particular  bo-tree 
uiuler  which  this  happenetl  is  said  to  have  been  produced 
at  the  moment  of  his  birth. 

Botrychium  (bo-trik'i-um),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
liuTpi'xui;,  ecjuiv.  to  jiooTpvxoi,  a  curl  or  look,  a 


Moonwort   ( lietrychiiim  Lu. 

Maria). 

1,  entire  pl.int ;  *.  branch  of  tlie 

fertile  frond,  showing  sporangiii. 


bottine 

cluster:  see  BostryrUn.^.']  A  genus  of  crypto- 
gamous  jiliintR,  natm-al  order  Ophioglossaccw, 
allied  to  the  ferns. 
They  liear  clusU-rcd,  veiii- 
IcHs  spfiranjriii  in  contracted 
piiniflfd  spikes  above  tho 
variously  divided  frond. 
Tliero  are  several  widely 
distributed  species,  known 
by  the  popular  name  of 
inoonwfirt,  from  the  cres- 
cent shai)e  uf  the  divisions 
of  the  frond  in  some  cohi- 
nion  kinds.  The  name 
(jrape/ern  is  also  given  to 
them,  and  one  species,  B. 
VinjininnuiHy  is  called  rat- 
tlexnnkf-fiyni. 

botryllid(bo-tririd), 
n.  A  luiiieato  of  the 
family  Botri/llidu: 

Botryllidae  (bo-tril'i- 
de),  H.jd.  [NL.,  <  Bo- 
tryllus  +  -ida:}  A  fam- 
ily of  compound  ascid- 
iaus  or  tunicaries,  of  the  order  Ascidioidca.  Tliey 
have  a  dellnitu  number  of  aseiditpzuoids  grojiped  atiout 
a  etumnon  cloaca  of  the  ii-scidiarium.  tlie  viscera  of  each 
single  liody,  wliieh  is  not  divided  into  thorax  and  abdo- 
men, lying  by  the  side  of  the  respiratory  cavity,  and  no 
lobes  around  the  inhalent  oritlce.  There  are  several  gen- 
era besides  Botri/llus.     Also  Botryllaeea  and  Botriiltoidcs. 

Botryllus  (bo-tril'us),  n.  [NIj.,  dim.  of  Gr. 
jioTpvi;  a  cluster  or  bimch  of  grajies,  a  curl  or 
lock.]  A  genus  of  compound  ascidians,  typical 
of  the  family  Botrijllida:  B.  stclhitus  and  B. 
riotaecits  are  examples. 

Botryocephalus  (bot'''ri-o-sef'a-lus),  n.  Same 
as  Biithriiicephdlus.     Olen,  1815. 

botryogen  (bot'ri-o-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  P&rpvr,  a 
cluster  of  grapes,  +  -itn/r,  producing,  etc.:  see 
-f/en.]  A  red  or  ocher-yellow  mineral  from 
Falun  in  Sweden,  consisting  of  the  hydrous 
suljihatos  of  iron,  magnesium,  and  calcium. 

botryoid,  botryoidal  (bot'ri-oid,  liot-ri-oi'dal), 
a.  [<  Gr.  iio-pvoei- 
Si/c,  like  a  cluster 
of  grapes,  <  f)6- 
rpi'f,  a  cluster  of 
grapes,  +  fMof, 
form.]  Having  the 
fonn  of  a  bunch 
of  grapes  ;  like 
grapes,  as  a  min- 
eral presenting  an 
aggi'egation  of 
small  globes,  in 
bot.,  applied  to  forms  of  inflorescence  which  are  appa- 
rently botryose,  but  in  reality  cyniose. 
botryoidally  (bot-ri-oi'dal-i),  adv.  In  a  bot- 
ryoidal manner;  so  as  tci  resemble  a  bunch  of 
grapes:  as,  vessels  botryoidaVi/  disposed. 
botryolite  (bot'ri-6-lit),  n.  i<  Gr.  liorpvc,  a 
cluster  of  grapes,  -i-  P./fef,  a  stone.]  A  variety 
of  datolite  or  borosilicate  of  calcium,  occurring 
in  mammillary  or  botryoidal  concretions,  in  a 
bed  of  magnetic  iron  in  gneiss,  near  Arendal  in 
Norway,  and  elsewhere.  Its  colors  are  pearl-gray, 
grayish-  or  reddish-white,  and  pale  rose-red.  It  is  said  to 
differ  from  datolite  in  containing  more  water. 
botryose  (bot'ri-6s),  a.  [<  Gr.  lioTpvc,  a  cluster 
of  grapes,  -I-  -ose.]  In  bot.:  (a)  Of  the  tyjieof 
the  raceme,  corymb,  umbel,  etc. :  applied  to 
indeterminate  forms  of  inflorescence.  (6)  Clus- 
tered, like  a  bunch  of  grapes. 
Botrytis  (bo-tri'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (impv^,  a. 
cluster  of  grapes.]  A  large  genus  of  muee- 
dinous  fimgi,  usually  growing  upon  dead  wood 
and  leaves,  characterized  by  the  somewhat 
dendroid  mode  of  branching  of  the  fertile  hy- 
phffi,  which  bear  simple  spores  more  or  less 
grouped  near  the  tips.  One  species,  B.  Bass-iana, 
grows  upon  living  silkworms,  and  causes  the  disease  known 
as  muscardine.  A  large  number  of  species  growing  upon 
living  plants  were  formerly  included  in  this  genus,  but 
are  now  referred  to  I'eronospora. 
bots  (bots),  n.  pt.  See  bof^. 
botti,  H.    See  ftoA. 

bott'-  (bot),  n.     [<  F.  botte.  a  btmdle,  a  truss 
(OF.   dim.   bote! :    see   fco/WeS).]      The    name 
given  by  lace-makers  to  the  round  cushion, 
held  on  the  knee,  on  which  the  lace  is  woven, 
bottargo,  ".     Same  as  botargo. 
Bottger  ware.    See  ware-. 
bottelt,  ".     Same  as  hoUcl. 
botteroUt,  ".     Same  as  hoterol.     • 
botthammer  (bot'ham'er).  n.     [<  ftoff  (prob.  < 
ME.   Iiiilti.   a  form  of  Ijiif^)  +   hammer.']    A 
wooden   mallet  -n-ith  a   fluted  face,   used  in 
breaking  tlax. 

bottine  (bo-ten'),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  botte,  a  boot: 
see  boot-.']  1.  A  half-boot;  a  woman's  fine 
shoe. — 2.    An  appliance  resembling  a  boot, 


Botryoidal  structure :  Chalcedony. 


bottine 

with  straps,  springs,  bucklos,  etc.,  to  eorroet 
or  provoiit  distortion  of  the  lower  limbs  and 
feet  of  chiUlron. 

botting  (bot'in;;),  >i.  [Perhaps  for  batliiifi,  < 
6(1(1,  Ml.;,  oecasioiially  hiitlc,  a  chib,  stick.] 
The  operation  of  rcstoppiiiK  the  tap-liolo  of  a 
furnace  with  a  l>lng  of  elay  on  tlio  end  of  a 
wooden  rod,  after  a  portion  of  the  charge  has 
been  removed. 

bottleH,  «.  [MK.,  also  hotk,  hutllc,  <  AS.  Imtl 
(=  C)S.  IkkII  =  OFries.  hmhl  =  Icel.  liol  (also 
deriv.  haii),  a  dwelling,  abode,  farm,  also  lair, 
den,  =  Dan.  liol,  a  farm,  Mil,  biilk,  in  local 
names);  cf.  hnUl,  a  dwelling  (>  hiihhnt,  E.  hnild, 
q.  v.),  and  /;((r(>E.  boircA),  a  dwelling;  <  liwin 
(V  */(«)>  dwell:  see  liitwcr^,  IidihI-,  etc.]  A 
dwelling;  a  habitation:  a  word  extant  (as -?/»(- 
tic,  -buttle)  only  in  some  local  English  names, 
as  Ihirlmttlc,  Ncwboltir,  Morlxitllc. 

bottle-  (bot'l),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bottcl, 
hulk;  <  ME.  bntcl,  bottclk  =  D.  bottel  =  LG.  biit- 
tel,  btuUhl,  <  OF.  bi)l(l,  m.,  also  boiitelk,  Iniutillc, 
F.  boiitcilk  =  Pr.  Pg.  bokllia  =  Sp.  boklla  =  It. 
bottifllia,  <  ML.  buticula,  f.,  dim.  of  bittis,  but- 
fc,  btttta  (> 
OF.  boiite,  F. 
bottc),  a  butt : 
see        ftK«^.] 

1 .  A  hollow 
mouthed  ves- 
sel of  glass, 
wood,  leather, 
or  other  m;i 
terial,  fm 
holding  ami 
carrying  li- 
quids.   Oriental         ui L    ...;.  UjitlLS.  or  Winc.skins. 

nations  use  skins 

or  leather  for  this  purpose,  anrl  of  the  nature  of  these 
wine-slcins  are  tlie  bottles  mentioned  in  Scripture  :  "  l*ut 
new  wine  into  new  bottles."  In  Europe  and  North  America 
glass  is  generally  used  for  liquids  of  all  kinds,  but  wine  is 
still  largely  stored  in  skins  in  Spain  and  Greece.  Sniajl 
bottles  are  often  called  vials. 

2.  The  contents  of  a  bottle ;  as  much  as  a  bot- 
tle contains :  as,  a  bottle  of  wine  or  of  porter. 
—  Capillary  bottle.  Seera/irtiarK.— The  bottle,  ti^'ura- 
tively,  strung'  think  in  general ;  the  practice  of  drinking. 

In  the  bottle  discontent  seeks  for  comfort,  cowardice  for 
coiu-age,  and  bashfulness  for  confidence. 

Johnson,  Addison. 

bottle^  (bot'l),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bottkfl,  ppr. 
hottliiifi.  [<  bottle^,  »(.]  1.  To  put  into  bot- 
tles for  the  purpose  of  preserving  or  of  stor- 
ing away:  as,  to  bottle  wine  or  porter.  Hence 
— 2.  To  store  up  as  in  a  bottle ;  preserve  as  if 
by  bottling;  shut  in  or  hold  back  (eolloq.  "cork 
up"),  as  anger  or  other  strong  feeling:  usuaUy 
with  lip. 

Can  economy  of  time  or  money  go  further  than  to  anni- 
hilate time  and  space,  and  bottle  up  [as  does  the  phomi- 
graphl  for  posterity  the  mere  utterance  of  man,  without 
other  effort  on  his  part  than  to  speak  the  words  ? 

N.  A.  Rev.,  C'XXVI.  1,36. 

bottle*  (bot'l),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bottel, 
botelk,  bntic;  <  ME.  bote!,  <  OF.  botel,  m.,  equiv. 
to  botelk,  fem.,  dim.  of  botte,  a  bundle :  see 
botl'~.'\  A  quantity,  as  of  hay  or  grass,  tied  or 
bundled  up.     [Now  chieily  pi-ov.  Eng.] 

Although  it  be  nat  worth  a  botel  hay. 

Chaueer,  Prol.  to  Manciple's  Tale,  I.  14. 
Methinks  I  have  a  great  desire  to  a  bottle  of  hay. 

Shale,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 
To  look  for  a  needle  in  a  bottle  of  hay  (=  in  a  hay- 
stack), to  engage  in  a  hopeless  search. 

bottle-alet  (bot'l-al),  n.    Bottled  ale. 

.Selling  cheese  and  prunes,  and  retail'd  bottle-ale. 

Bean,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  ii.  2. 

bottle-bellied  (bot'l-bel"id),  a.  Having  a  belly 
shaped  like  a  bottle ;  having  a  swelling,  pro- 
tuberant belly ;  pot-bellied. 

Some  choleric,  bottle-bellied  old  spider. 

Irving,  Sketch-Eook,  p.  381. 
bottle-bird  (bot'1-berd),  n.    A  bird  that  builds 
a  bottle-shaped  pensile  nest. 

We  came  across,  in  our  nieanderings,  a  small  tree,  from 
the  branches  of  which  were  hanging  a  number  of  bottlc- 
birdu'  nests.  Their  shape  is  like  an  elongated  egg,  very 
Bharp  at  the  small  end,  rather  bulging  out  at  the  other 
end,  while  the  opening  is  at  the  side.  The  bird  is  some, 
thing  like  a  sparrow,  with  a  considerable  touch  of  the  yel- 
low of  a  canary.  K  Sartoriu^,  In  the  Soudan,  p.  ls.^». 

bottle-boot  (bnt'1-bot),  H.  A  leathern  case  to 
lioM  a  bottle  while  it  is  being  corked. 

bottle-brush  (bot'l-brush),  «.  1.  A  brush 
for  cl(>aning  bottles. —  2.  The  field-horsetail, 
liquisetinn  aroemc. —  3.  The  mare's-tail,  //i;;- 
puris  vulgaris. —  4.  In  Australia,  the  (killititc- 
mon  lanceolatus.  See  CalUsicmnn.  -  BoUle-brush 
grass,  a  eouunon  naine  in  the  United  States  for  the  As- 
yrella  Ilystrix, 


638 

bottle-bump  (bot'1-bump),  «.  [A  eomiption 
of  biilti i-lium/i,  bitlcr-biimj).]  A  name  given  in 
some  districts  to  the  bittern,  ISoiniirH-s  stellarig. 

bottle-carrier  (bot'l-kari-er),  «.  A  device  for 
carrying  a  number  of  uncorked  bottles,  used 
in  wine-eellars.  it  consists  of  a  frame  with  a  ban. lb', 
in  which  each  bottle  is  held  by  a  spring-pad  at  the  bottom 
and  by  a  buss  or  projection  which  enters  the  month. 

bottle-case  (bot'l-kas),  n.  The  wicker- or  bas- 
ket-work covering  of  a  demijohn  or  carboy. — 
Bottle-case  loom,  a  niaehinc  for  weaving  bottle-ciuses. 

bottle-chart  (bot'l-chiirt),  n.  A  marine  chart 
exhibiting  the  set  of  ocean  surface-cmTents 
eomjiilcd  from  papers  bearing  date,  latitude, 
and  longitude,  found  in  bottles  which  liave 
been  thrown  from  ships  and  washed  upon  the 
beach  or  picked  up  by  other  ships.  The  time  be- 
tween the  throwing  of  such  bottles  an<l  their  recovery  on 
shore  h.as  varied  from  a  few  days  to  sixteen  years,  and  the 
distance  from  a  few  miles  to  five  thousand  miles. 

bottle-clip  (bot'l-klip),  H.  A  device  for  closing 
the  mouth  of  a  bottle;  a  substitute  for  a  cork. 

bottle-coaster  (bot'l-k6s"ter),  «.  A  kind  of 
ileep  tray  with  divisions  for  bottles,  in  which 
decanters  of  wine  or  cordial  arc  jiassed  round 
a  dinner-  or  banquet-table  after  the  dessert: 
sometimes  made  for  one  decanter  only. 

The  two  Lady  R.'s,  .  .  .  like  two  decanters  in  a  bottle- 
coaster,  with  such  magnificent  diamond  labels  round  their 
necks.  Miss  Edijeworth,  Belinda,  v. 

bottle-cod   (bot'1-kod),  n.      A  name  given  in 

Jamaica  to  the  plant  Crippnris  eynojihallojthora, 

from  the  shape  of  the  fruit. 
bottle-companion,  bottle-friend  (bot'1-kom- 

]i:ni  yon, -trend),  );.     A  companion  or  friend  in 

drinking  or  conviviality. 

Sam,  who  is  a  very  good  bottle-comjmnion,  has  been  the 
diversion  of  his  friends.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  89. 

bottle-conjurer  (bot'l-kuii"jer-er),  H.  One  who 
exhibits  feats  of  necromancy  with  a  bottle,  as 
extracting  from  it  a  variety  of  liqmds  or  more 
than  was  put  in,  or  putting  in  what  apparently 
cannot  pass  through  the  neck. 

Which  to  that  bottle-conjurer,  John  Bull, 
Is  of  all  dreams  the  first  hallucination. 

Byron,  Dun  ,Iuan,  vii.  ^4. 

bottled  (bot'ld),  a.  [<  io<«e2  + -frf2.]  1.  Kept 
or  contained  in  a  bottle:  as,  bottled  porter. — 
2.  Big-bellied:  as,  "that  bottled smder," !:>hak.. 
Rich.  111.,  iv.  4.     [Rare.] 

bottle-dropsy  (bot'l-drop"si),  «.  A  dropsy 
which  affects  the  abdomen  only;  ascites. 

bottle-fish  (bot'1-fish),  «.  1.  A  name  of  sundry 
pleetognath  fishes  of  the  family  Tetrodontidm. 
—  2.  A  name  of  the  Saccoplifiyiiii.r  ampidlaeeii.?, 
a  remarkable  fish  representing  u  peculiar  fam- 
ily of  the  order  Lyomeri.    See  Siu'ciiptiitrijiiijidte. 

bottle-flower  (bot'l-flou"er),  n.  A  plant,  Cov- 
tiiuriii  Ci/iinus;  the  bluebottle. 

bottle-friend,  «.     See  bottle-comjiatiion. 

bottle-glass  (bot'1-glas),  >i.  A  eheapgi-ade  of 
glass,  usually  of  a  dull  deep-green  color,  used 
for  making  common  bottles,  etc. 

bottle-gourd  (bot'l-gord),  re.  The  fruit  of  La- 
genaria  vulgaris,  natural  order  Cumirbilacece. 
See  gonrd  and  Lagenaria. 

bottle-grass  (bot'l-gras),  «.  A  kind  of  grass, 
i<i  titrin  liridis.     See  Setaria. 

bottle-green  (bot'l-gren),  n.  and  a.     I.  n.  A 
green  color  like  that  of  common  bottle-glass. 
II,  a.  Of  a  dark-green  color. 

bottlehead  (bot'1-hed),  n.  1.  A  more  correct 
though  not  common  name  for  the  whale  called 
the  biittlcnose  (which  see). —  2.  A  name  of  the 
black-bellied  i^lover,  Squatarola  helvetica. 

bottle-holder  (bot'l-h61"der).  H.  1.  A  glass- 
maker's  tool  for  holding  the  body  of  a  bottle 
while  forming  the  neck. — 2.  A  rack  for  holding 
bottles. —  3.  One  who  waits  upon  another  in 
a  prize-fight,  administering  refreshment,  etc. ; 
hence,  a  backer;  a  second;  a  supporter,  en- 
eourager,  or  adviser  in  a  conflict  or  trial  of 
any  kind. 

An  old  bruiser  makes  a  good  bottle-holder. 

Smollett,  Adv.  of  Ferd.,  Count  Fathom. 

Lord  Palmerston  considered  himself  the  bottle-holder  of 

oppressed  states.  London  Times. 

bottle-imp  (bot'1-imp),  n.    See  Cartesian  devil, 

under  ('iirte.sin)i. 

bottle-jack  (bot'1-jak),  «.  1.  A  roasting-iaek 
shaped  like  a  bottle. — 2.  A  kind  of  lifting-jack. 

bottle-mold  (bot'l-mold),  n.  An  iron  mold 
widiin  which  a  bottle  is  blown. 

bottlenose  (bot'l-noz),  «.  1.  A  name  of  sev- 
eral species  of  cetaceans  ha-snng  bottle-shaped 
noses,  (a)  Of  the  species  of  llyperoodon.  like  //.  hidens 
of  the  northern  seas,  about  2,t  feet  long,  (6)  Of  the  species 
of  Rnhrnopterus  or  GlobieephaXux,  the  caaing-whales.  Also 
called  bottlehead. 


bottom 

2.  In  mcd.,  an  eruption  of  small,  red,  suppu- 
rating tubercles  on  tlie  nose,  such  as  is  pro- 
duced by  intemperate  drinking.     Dunglison. — 

3.  A  name  at  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  of  the  sea- 
stickleback,  Sjiinacliia  vulgiiris. — 4.  A  name 
for  the  purtin,  Fratcrcula  aretirti,h-om  its  large 
red-and-blue  beak.  See  bottle-nosed. — 5.  A 
name  of  the  sea-elephant  or  cle])hant-scal, 
Macrorhinus  leoninus,  and  others  of  the  same 
genus — Bottlenose  oU.  Il'rob.  a  coiTUption  of  Botte- 
lean's  (name  of  a  nuinnfactiu'er)  oil.]  An  inferior  grade 
of  olive-<jil  used  in  making  Castile  soap. 

bottle-nosed  (bot'l-nozd),  a.  Having  a  bottle- 
shaped  nose;  having  a  nose  full  and  swoUen 
about  the  wings  and  end,  or  inflamed  by  drink- 
ing. 

bottle-ore  (bot'l-6r),  n.  A  name  for  coarse 
seaweeds,  especially  one  of  the  rock-weeds, 
Fiiois  nodosiis. 

bottle-pump  (Iiot'l-pump),  «.  A  device  for  re- 
mo\ing  the  fluid  contents  of  a  bottle,  a  com- 
mon form  is  tliat  of  a  rubber  bulb  for  forcing  air  into  the 
bottle,  and  abenttubc  through  which  the  liquid  is  driven 
ont  by  the  pressure  of  the  air. 

bottler  (bot'ler),  n.  [<  ME.  bokller :  in  mod. 
use  as  if  <  bottle'^,  v.,  +  -crl ;  but  historically 
a  var.  of  butler.'\  One  who  bottles  ;  specifically, 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  bottle  wine,  spirits, 
ale,  etc. 

bottle-rack  (bot'1-rak),  ».  A  rack  for  holding 
bottles  placed  in  it  mouth  downward  to  drain. 

bottle-screw  (bot'1-skro),  n.    A  corkscrew. 

bottle-stand  (bot'l-stand),  n.  1.  A  cruet- 
stand. —  2.  A  wooden  rest  for  di-aining  bottles 
after  washing. 

bottle-stoop  (bot'l-stop),  n.  Inwcf?.,  a  wooden 
block  gi-ooved  above  to  hold  a  wide-mouthed 
bottle  obliquely  so  that  a  powder  may  be  easily 
extracted  fi-om  it  with  a  knife  in  dispensing. 

bottle-tit  (bot'1-tit),  n.  A  name  of  the  long- 
tailed  titmouse,  J'ariis  caudeitiis  or  Acrediila 
caudata:  so  called  from  its  curious  large,  pen- 
sile, bottle-shaped  nest.  Sec  cut  under  titmouse. 

bottle-track  (bot'1-trak),  x.  The  course  pur- 
sued in  the  ocean  by  a  bottle  thrown  over- 
board with  a  note  of  latitude,  longitude,  and 
date,  and  so  affording  some  data  for  estimat- 
ing the  set  and  velocity  of  cun'ents.  See 
bottle-chart. 

bottle-tree  (bot'I-tre),  n.  An  Australian  tree, 
i^fereiilia  rupestris,  so  called  from  the  shape  of 
its  trunk, 
which  re- 
sembles a 
soda  -  water 
bottle.  Tlie 
natives  make 
nets  of  its  fibers 
and  quench 
their  thirst 
from  reservoirs 
of  sap  which 
are  formed  in 
the  stem. 

bottle-wax 

(bot'l-waks), 
ji.  A  stiff  wax 
used  to  seal 
the  mouths 
of  bottles 
and  jars. 

bottling-machine  (bot'ling-ma-shen"),  re.  A 
machine  for  filling  and  corking  bottles. 

bottom  (bot'um),  II.  and  a.  [E.  dial,  also  hot- 
ton;  =  Se.  boddeiii,  boddum,  etc.,  <  ME.  bottom, 
hottome,  botome,  boti/iii,  botiiie,  earlier  boihom, 
bothum,  bothom,  <  AS.  hotm  —  OS.  bodom  = 
OFries.  *bodem,  bodcn,  North  Fries,  bom, 
NFries.  boem,  beam  =  D.  bodem  =  LG.  bodden 
=  OHG.  bodam,  MHG.  hodem.  G.  boden  =  Icel. 
botn  =  OSw.  biitii,  Sw.  botten  =  ODan.  boiln, 
Dan.  bund,  bottom ;  prob.  =  L.  fundus  (for 
*fudnus)  (whence  ult.  H.  fund,  found'-^,  founda- 
tion, fundamental,  etc.)  =  Gr.  rrvtiiil/v,  bottom, 
=  Skt.  budhna,  depth,  gi'oiuid.  Vi.  (Tael.  honn, 
sole,  foundation,  bottom,  =  Ir.  bonn,  sole,  =W. 
bon,  stem,  base,  stock.]  I.  n.  1.  The  lowest 
or  deepest  part  of  anything,  as  distinguished 
from  the  top ;  utmost  depth,  either  literally  or 
figm-atively ;  base  ;  foundation ;  root :  as,  the 
bottom  of  a  hill,  a  tower,  a  tree,  of  a  well  or 
other  cavity,  of  a  page  or  a  column  of  figures. 

Ye  consider  not  the  matter  to  the  bottom. 

Latimer,  Ml  Serm.  lief.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

Objections  .  .  .  built  on  the  same  bottom,      .itterbury. 

All  customs  were  founded  upon  sonu*  bottom  of  reason. 

Sir  T.  Broiciiv,  I'rn-burial,  i. 

2.  The  ground  imder  any  body  of  water:  as,  a 

rocky  bottom:  a  sandy  bottom;  to  lie  on  the 

bottom  of  the  sea. — 3.*  In  j'/i;/.-;.  geog.,  the  low 


BoMle.tree  {Stercuitti  riifcstris). 


bottom 

land  adjacent  to  a  river,  especially  when  the 
river  in  lar;;e  and  the  level  area  is  of  consider- 
able extent.     Also  called  btillDin-laiid. 

On  l)c)th  shurus  of  that  fruitful  botlfnu  :iru  still  to  be 
Been  thu  marks  uf  ancient  uilillccs. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

For  weeks  tD^etlier  Iii<]i;ins  would  have  their  squatiil 
camps  about  lUinots  Town,  atitl  in  tin;  hultinntt  toward  the 
Big  .Mound.  ir.  llarroif's,  Orejron,  p.  103. 

4.  In  mininij,  that  whieli  is  lowest;  in  Penn- 
sylvania conl-iiiitiiiirj,  Uw  floor,  bottoin-roek,  or 
stratum  on  which  a  coal-seam  rests. —  5.  The 
lower  or  hinder  extremity  o£  the  trunk  of  an 
animal ;  the  buttocks  ;  the  sitting  part  of  man. 
Hence  —  6.  TIio  portion  of  a  chair  on  which 
one  sits ;  the  .seat. 

N(i  two  chairs  were  alike ;  such  hiKh  backs  and  low 
backs,  and  leather  hnttomx  and  woi-sted  hoitoma.     Irviinj. 

7.  That  part  of  a  sliip  which  is  below  the  wales ; 
hence,  the  shii)  its<:lf. 

They  had  a  well-rigg'd  bottom,  ftiUy  mann'il. 

MaKxinijcr,  The  tJuardian,  v.  :j. 
I  am  informed  .  .  .  that  the  governor  .  .  .  had  deter- 
mined to  issue  a  proclaniatiou  for  admitting  provisions  in 
American  Itottoms,  but  an  arrival  of  a  vessel  from  Con- 
necticut prevented  it. 

.S'.  Atl(iiit.i,  in  Itaneroffs  Hist.  Const.,  I.  4.')S. 

8.  The  licavy  impurities  whicIi  collect  at  the 
bottoms  of  vessels  in  which  fluids  are  left  to 
settle:  as,  "the  bottom  of  l>eer,"  Johnson. —  9. 
pi.  The  residuum,  consisting  of  impure  metal, 
often  found  at  the  bottom  of  a  smelting-fnr- 
nace  when  the  operation  has  not  been  skil- 
fully conducted:  chiefly  used  in  reference  to 
copper-smelting. — 10.  Power  of  endurance; 
stamina;  native  strengtii:  as,  a  horse  of  good 
bottom. — 11.  Mint.:  (a)  A  circular  disk  with 
holes  to  hold  the  rods  in  the  formation  of  a 
gabion.  (Ii)  Sumo  as  bottom-jihitf. — 12.  In  xlioc- 
mukiiHi,  the  sole,  heel,  and  shank  of  a  shoe ;  all 
that  is  below  the  upper. — 13.  In  railroads,  the 
ballasting  about  the  ties. — 14.  A  platform  sus- 
pended from  a  scale,  on  which  the  thing  to  be 
weighed  is  placed. —  15t.  A  clue  or  nucleus  on 
which  to  wind  thread;  the  thread  so  wound. 
Bi>.  Warburton  ;  Bacon. 

And  beat  me  to  death  with  a  tmttom  of  brown  thread. 
Sliatt.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  3. 

16t.  The  cocoon  of  a  silkwonn. 

Silkworms  finish  their  bottoms  in  about  fifteen  days. 

Mortimt^r. 

17.  In  dyeing,  a  color  applied  to  a  fabric  vrith 
a  view  of  giving  a  peculiar  hue  to  a  dye  which 
is  to  be  subsequently  applied. 

Sandal  wood  is  employed,  chiefly  on  the  continent,  ti) 
give  a  btUtom  to  woolen  cloth  which  is  to  be  afterwards 
dyed  with  indigo. 

Calvert,  Dyeing  and  Calico-Printing,  p.  131. 

At  bottom,  in  reality,  especially  as  opposed  to  external 
appearance ;  fundamentally  ;  essentially :  as,  he  is  sincere 
at  bottom. 

Every  body  was  sure  there  was  some  reason  for  it  at 
bottom.  .^hrrtdaji,  SeUool  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

Bottom-discharge  water-wheel,  a  turbine  which  dis- 
charges the  water  at  the  Imttoni  instead  of  at  the  sides. — 
Bottom  of  a  wig,  the  portion  of  a  win  wliich  hangs  over 
tile  slioulder. ~ Fatlae  bottom,  a  horizontal  partition  in- 
serted into  tlie  lower  part  of  a  box,  desk,  etc.,  so  as  to 
sinnilatc  the  botttun  and  f<»rni  a  secret  compartment. — 
To  be  at  the  bottom  of,  to  underlie  as  a  cause ;  be  the 
real  autluir,  source,  or  cause  of. 

She  has  another  lover,  one  Beverley,  who,  I  am  told,  is 
ni»w  in  Hath.  — Odds  slanders  and  lies!  he  must  be  at  ttir 
lotlom  ../it.  Sloridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 

To  drain  the  cup  to  the  bottom.  See  aip.— To  stand 
on  one's  own  bottom,  t..  be  independent ;  act  for  one's 
self. 

II.  n.  [Attrib.'use  of  noun.]  Situated  at  the 
bottom ;  lowest ;  imdermost ;  fundamental :  as, 
the  bottom  stair;  the  bottom  coin  of  a  pile. 

This  is  the  bottom  fact  of  the  whole  political  situation. 
Nineteenth  Century,  XX.  29G. 
Bottom  heat.  See  heat. 
bottom  (bot'nm),  r.  [<  bottom,  n.]  I.  trans. 
1.  To  fui'iiish  with  a  bottom:  as,  to  Itottom  a 
shoe  or  a  chau-. —  2.  To  found  or  build  upon; 
fix  upon  as  a  support ;  base. 

TJlose  false  and  deceiving  grounds  upon  wliich  many 
bottom  their  eternal  state.  South. 

Action  is  supposed  to  be  bottomed  upon  principle. 

Bp.  Atterbury. 

3.  To  fathom;  reach  or  get  to  the  bottom  of. 

The  spirit  of  self-will,  of  insistence  on  our  own  views, 
which  we  have  probably  never  really  bottomed,  or  traced 
to  principles.  Contemporary  Rev.,  L.  350. 

4t.  To  wind  round  something,  as  in  making  a 

ball  of  thread. 

Tlieref.)re,  as  you  xmwind  her  love  from  him, 
Lest  it  should  ravel,  and  be  go.id  to  none. 
You  must  provide  to  bottom  it  on  me. 

.SAnt.,  T.  (J.  of  v.,  iii.  2. 

5.  In  dyeing,  to  dye  first  ^vith  a  certain  color 
in  preparation  for  another. 


639 

Thoy  [worsted  goods]  should  be  bottvmfd  with  Indigo. 

Fibre  and  fabric,  V.  10. 

n,  intrans.  1.  To  rest;  be  based. 

On  what  foundati.m  any  proposition  advanced  bottoms. 

Locke. 

2.  To  strike  against  tlio  bottom  or  end :  as,  ii 
piston  bottoms  when  it  strikes  against  the  end 
of  the  cylinder.  -  Bottoming  of  gear-teeth,  the 
rubbing  of  the  ix.ints  of  Iheteetli  of  one  of  a  pair  ..f  gear- 
wheels against  the  rim  between  the  roots  of  the  teeth  of 
the  other  :  a  result  ..f  a  false  adjustment. 

bottom-captain  (bot'um-kap"tan),  «.  In  milt- 
ing, the  superintendent  of  miners  in  the  deep- 
est working  part. 

bottomed   (bot'umd),   a.     [<  bottom   +  -<•(?'-.] 

1.  Having  a  bottom  (of  the  particular  kind 
indicated  in  composition):  as,  Wat-lmttomcd ; 
hToiid-bottomcd ;  a  iu\l-liott<imcd  wig. — 2.  Un- 
derhii.l ;  furnished  with  a  bottom  or  foimdatiou : 
as,  Initlomiil  liy  clay. —  3.  Based;  groumled:  as, 
a  w<'ll-/...//.iwc(t  character.     Morhy. 

bottom-fishing  (bot'um-fish"ing),  71.  Same  as 
groitnd-ii  ngling. 

bottom-glade  (1>ot'um-glad),  n.  An  open  val- 
ley jjetween  hills  ;  a  dale. 

Tending  my  flocks  hard  by  i'  the  hilly  .T..fts 

Th.it  br.rtv  this  tiottom-ijlade.    Milton,  C..nius,  1.  532. 

bottom-grass  (bot'um-gras),  n.  Grass  growing 
..II  l.iwlaiiils  or  liottoni-lands. 

bottom-ice  (l)ot'uni-is),  )i.  (Jround-ico;  anchor- 
ice;  ground-gi-u. 

The  curious  phcnomen.mof  the  formation  of  tiottom-ife, 
and  its  rise  t..  tin-  surface,  is  more  fre.plently  seen  in  the 
lialtic  an. I  the  Cuttegat  than  in  the  open  ocean— chietly. 
it  seems  probable,  ..n  account  of  the  shallowness  ..f  these 
seas.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  ^K.".. 

bottoming-hole  (bot'um-ing-hol),  n.  In  glass- 
makitig,  the  open  mouth  of  a  furnace  at  which 
a  globe  of  crown-glass  is  exposed  during  the 
progress  of  its  manufacture,  in  order  to  soften 
it  and  allow  it  to  assume  an  oblate  form. 

bottoming-tap  (bot'um-ing-tap),  n.  A  tap 
useil  for  cutting  a  perfect  thread  to  the  bottom 
of  a  hole. 

bottom-land  (bot'um-land),  n.  Same  as  bot- 
tom,  3. 

.Vfter  making  nearly  a  semicircle  around  the  pond,  they 
diverged  from  the  water-course,  and  began  to  :iscend  to 
the  level  of  a  slight  elevation  in  that  hottoni-toml  over 
which  they  joumeyed.         Cooper,  Last  of  ilohicans,  x.xii. 

bottomless  (bot'um-les),  a.  [<  bottom  +  -less.'\ 
Without  a  bottom.  Hence  —  («)  Groimdless; 
imsubstantial ;  false :  as,  "  bottomless  specula- 
tions," Burke. 

He  fond  but  botmeles  behestes. 

Ctiattcer,  Troilus,  v.  1431. 

(&)  Fathomless ;  unfathomable ;  inexhaustible : 
as,  a  bottomless  abyss  or  ocean. 

Is  not  my  sorrow  deep,  having  no  bottom? 
Then  be  my  passions  bottomless  with  them. 

.Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 

bottom-lift   (bot'um-lift),   n.    In  mining,   the 

deepest  or  bottom  tier  of  pumps, 
bottommost   (Ijot'um-most),   a,     [<   bottom  + 

-most.     Cf.  topmost,  etc.]    Situated  at  the  very 

bottom;  lowest.     [Rare.] 
bottom-plate  (bot'mn-plat),    n.     1.    The  bed 

sujiporting  tho  carriage  of  a  printing-press. — 

2.  The  bed  of  knives  immediately  beneath  the 
cylinder  of  a  pulpiug-engine.  It  is  fornic.l  of  a 
nnmlier  of  knife-plates  placed  flat  against  each  other, 
with  their  upper  knife-edges  adjuste. I  to  conform  to  the 
curve  of  the  cylinder  above,  which  also  contains  knives. 
Between  tliese'  two  sets  of  knives  the  raw  material,  as 
rags,  wood,  or  other  substance,  is  ground  to  pulp. 

3.  In  ordnance,  a  plate  used  in  buihling  up 
grape  and  canister  into  a  cjdinder  ready  for 
loading  into  a  gun.  Cast-ir.m  top-  and  bottom-plates 
are  usc.T  for  grape,  and  wrought-iron  ones  for  canister. 
Als.i  cabe.l  bottom. 

bottomry  (bot'um-ri),  n.  [Formerly  also  bot- 
toinrry,  bottontary,  botloinmarie,  bodomcry,  etc.; 
=  P.  immcric  =  G.  bodmcrri  =  Dan.  Sw.  bodmeri, 
<  D.  bodcmcrij,  Ijottomry :  see  bottom  and  -cry, 
-n/.]  In  marine  laic,  the  act  of  borrowing  money 
and  pledging  the  bottom  of  a  ship,  that  is,  the 
ship  itself,  as  security  for  its  repajmient.  Tlie 
contract  .)f  bottomry  is  in  the  nature  of  a  'mortgage,  the 
owner  of  a  ship  boiTowing  money  to  enable  him  to  carry 
on  a  voyage,  and  pledging  the  ship  as  security  for  the 
money.  If  the  ship  is  lost,  the  lender  loses  the  money  ; 
but  if  the  ship  arrives  safe,  he  is  to  receive  the  money  lent, 
with  the  interest  or  premium  stipulate.l.  allhoiigh  it  may 
exceed  the  legal  rate  of  interest.  The  ta.kle  ..f  the  ship 
also  is  answerable  for  the  debt,  as  well  as  tlie  pers.ui  of  the 
borrower.  When  a  loan  is  made  upon  the  goods  shipp.-.i. 
the  borrower  is  said  to  take  np  m.niey  at  resttond'nli't.  as 
he  is  bound  pei-sonally  t.>  answer  the  contract.  When  the 
ship  alone  is  pledged,  the  contra.^t  is  called  a  bottomry 
bond;  but  when  both  ship  and  cargo  are  pledged,  it  is 
called  a  respondentia  bon.l. 

.\  master  ..f  a  ship,  who  had  borrowed  twice  his  money 
upon  the  bottoinary,  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  69 


boudoir 

bottom-tool  (hot 'iim-l ill),  ».  In  turning,  a  tool 
with  a  Ijent  end,  useil  for  working  on  the  inside 
of  tho  bottoms  of  hollow  work. 

botton6  (bot-on-ii'),  p.  a.     Same  as  bottony. 

bottony  (liot'on-i),  a.     [.iUso  written    bottone, 

boloiie,  <  OF.  botonnc,  pp.  of  botonncr  (P.  hou- 

tonncr),  ornament  with  buds  or  but- 

yf         tons,  <  hotoii,  P.  bouton,  a  Imd,  but- 

/-J  l^-v    ton:  see6«(<oH.]    In /kt., decorated 

>./— i   r^    with  l)uds,  knobs,  or  buttons  at  tho 

J  \         extremities,  generally  in  groups  of 

three,  forming  trefoils.     Also  called 

A  i^lJ^'^o,"'"'    bottoned,    boloncd,    and    sometimes 

""''   ''       trcfoilcd  or  trcffied.     See  cross. 

botts  (bots),  n.  jil.     See  bot^. 

botuliform  (bot'fi-li-f.'irm),  «.  [<  L.  botulus,  a 
sausage  (>  ult.  E.  boicct),  -h  forma,  form.] 
Shaped  like  a  small  sausage;  allantoid. 

botulinic  (bot-u-lin'ik),  a.  [<  L.  liotidu.i,  a  sau- 
sage, -1-  -iH',1  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  derived 
from  sausages  :  as,  botulinic  acid.     Thomas. 

boucan  (bo'kan),  n.  and  r.     See  bncan. 

bouche  (bosli),  H.  [P.,  <  OP.  bouchr,  lioitce, 
liochr,  huche,  etc.,  moutli,  <  L.  buccit,  cheek:  see 
bucca,  and  cf.  bocca.']  If.  In  the  ancient  French 
monarchy,  the  service  of  the  king's  table,  under 
the  direction  of  the  master  of  the  king's  house- 
hold. A  large  number  of  ollicers  of  dilterent  ranks,  and 
having  accurately  defined  duties,  formed  this  establish- 
ment. 

2.  A  certain  allowance  of  pro\-isions  made  by 
a  king  to  those  who  obeyed  his  summons  to  the 
field,  according  to  the  feudal  system  of  military 
service.  Hence — 3t.  Any  sujjply  of  jirovisions; 
food.    Fonnerly  coiTuptly  bouye. 

A  bonib.'ird-man  that  bnaight ')o».;c  f.>r  a  country  lady 
or  two  that  fainted,  he  said,  with  fasting. 

B.  Joiuion,  Mas.jUe  of  Love  Uestored. 

4.  In  medieral  armor,  a  notch  or  indentation  in 
the  upper  right-hand  edge  of  the  shield,  allow- 
ing a  weapon  to  bo  passed  through  it.  In  the 
justing  shield,  this  was  sometimes  of  the  form  of  a 
diag..nal  slit  terminating  in  a  round  hole  of  the  size  of 
the  lance-shaft. 

5.  In  ordnance,  a  short  cylinder  of  copper 
placed  in  a  coimterboro  in  the  face  of  the 
breech-block,  and  through  which  the  vent  of  a 
piece  of  breech-loading  ordnance  is  drilled ;  a 
bushing.  When  this  copper  cylinder  extends  through 
the  walls  of  the  piece,  it  is  called  a  vent-piece  or  vent-bush- 
iny.     See  bushiny. 

6.  The  motith  of  a  firearm  of  any  kind;  the 
bore. 

bouche,  bouch  (bosh),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bouchcd,  pjir.  bouching.  [<  bouche,  «.]  To 
form  or  drill  a  new  mouth  or  vent  in,  as  in  a 
gun  which  has  been  spiked. 

bouchee  (bo-sha'),  h.  [P.,  <  bouche,  mouth.] 
A  patty  or  small  pie;  a  bonbon;  any  dainty 
suppose<l  to  be  a  mouthful. 

bouchert,  ".  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boicchyer,  late 
ME.  bowger,  appar.  <  botigc,  a  bag,  wallet:  see 
bougc'^.  But  perhaps  a  var.  of  ftoicser,  q.  v.]  A 
treasurer;  a  bursar.     ,'<t(>nyhurst. 

boucherize  (bij'sher-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
boucheri-cd,  ppr.  houchcri:ing.  [<  Augusto  Bou- 
chcrie  (1801-1871),  a  French  chemist,  inventor 
of  the  process,  +  -ize.']  To  impregnate  (tim- 
ber) with  sidphate  of  copper  as  a  preservative. 

bouchette  (bo-shef),  ».  [Appar.  P.,  dim.  of 
bouche,  a  mouth.]  In  medieral  armor,  the  large 
buckle  used  for  fastening  the  lower  part  of  the 
breastplate  to  the  upper  one.     Fairholt. 

bouching  (bij'shing),  H.     Same  as  hushing. 

bouching-bit  (bo'shing-bit),  It.  [<  bouching, 
verbal  n.  of  bouche,  v.,  +  6i/l.]  -An  instru- 
ment used  for  boring  a  hole  in  the  vent-field 
of  a  gun  to  receive  the  copper  plug,  or  bouche, 
througli  which  the  vent  is  afterward  drilled. 
Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc. 

boud',  bowd  (bond),  «.  [<  JIE.  buile,  budde, 
houdc,  origin  uncertain;  cf.  AS.  hudila,  "seearn- 
hudila  (occurs  once  improp.  written  ATt'nnifiM- 
doa),  ME.  .icharnbodde,  a  dung-beetle.]  An  in- 
sect that  breeds  in  grain;  a  wee\il.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

boud-  (bod).  [Also  written  bood,  hude,  boot, 
etc.,  contr.  of  behooreil,  pret.  of  behoove.'i  A 
Scotch  conti-action  of  behooved. 

They  both  did  cry  to  Him  above 

To  save  their  souls,  for  they  boitd  die. 

Border  Minstrelsy,  iii.  140.    (.Jamieson.) 

boudoir  (bo'dwor), «.  [F.,  <  bonder,  pout,  sulk, 
-t-  -oir,  denoting  place.]  A  small  room  to  which 
a  lady  may  retire  to  be  alone,  or  in  which  she 
may  receive  her  intimate  friends. 

They  sang  to  him  in  cozy  boudoirs. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Ifui. 


bouffant 


640 


bonle 


litiiiffrr,  jmlT,  swell.]  Piiffed  out:  as,  a  skirt 
vi  TV  liiiiiff'aiit  at  tlie  back. 

bouft'eH,"'!.  [hate  JIE.,  <  OP.  bmiffee,  a  puff 
(I'f.  houffc,  a  swollen  or  swelling  chock),  <  boiif- 
/<■)■,  swell  the  cheeks:  see  buff~,puf.]  A  puff, 
as  of  flame.     Cajloii. 

bouffe-  (Ijiif),  H.  [<  F.  bouff'c,  <  It.  buffa,  jest:  see 
liiiiliiiiii.']  Opera  bouffe ;  comic  opera.  Seeopera. 

bouffons  (bii'fouz),  «.  [F.  bouffon,  a  buffoon.] 
Saiiir  as  ;«(f(a.v.S'i«,s'. 

Bougainvillea  (bo-gau-^^I'e-a), n.  [NL.,  named 
al'Ici-  .\.  lie  liiiiiiiahiriUc,  a  French  navigator  of 
the  isih  century.]  A  nyctagiiiaceous  genus  of 
climbing  shrubs,  natives  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical South  America.  The  numerous  flowers  are 
in  flusters  of  three,  sulitondcil  by  as  many  large  colored 
!)rai-ts.  B.  upectahiUa  and  some  other  species  are  fre- 
(inently  cultivated  in  greenhouses,  and  are  very  orna- 


and  jii'rvorscly  brnM-;)o/;  <.  houf/hi  +  pof.^  1. 
A  pot  or  vase  for  holding  flowers  or  boughs  for 
ornament. 

■Sir  Olivrr  S.  You  have  no  land,  I  suppose  ? 
CharlfiK  S.  Not  a  mole-hill,  nor  a  twig,  but  what's  in 
the  bouijti-pots  out  of  the  window. 

Sheridan,  School  for  .Scandal,  iii.  3. 

2.  A  nosegay  or  bouquet. 


nie,  winterand  summer, 
stock-hill. 


from  his  cnitii 
G'.  A.  Siilii, 


bouffant   (F.   pron.  bo-fou'),  a.     [F.,   ppr.  of  bough-pot  (bou'pot),  n.     [Also  written  botcpof,  bouk^  fbouk  or  bok),  n.      fEarly  mod   E   also 

' ' "    ■ "■■     "••"-'—•'--    ■■   ~'-^-'     ^ „„„„,....... .  , ..,    ,    -    ,  n     ,       lMn,l:r,i^<^.l,uih-,<  mLbouk,boi(kc,h,dc,bonk,-< 

AS.  bur,  till'  belly.  =  OS.  buk  =  D.  bulk  =  MLU. 
bilk  =  OIK i.  huh,  MUG.  buch,  G.  bauch,  the  belly, 
=  Icel.  hiikr,  trunk  of  the  bodv,  =  Sw.  buk  = 
Dan.  buij,  the  belly.  In  later  JIE.  and  mod.  E. 
confused  with  bouk-  =  biilk^,  q.  v.]  If.  The 
belly.— 2.  The  trunk  of  the  bodv;  hence,  the 
body  itself.  [Scotch  and  prov.  E'ne.l 
.^';i!.r.P.l!Al*l:?,.'.'™V.',\'.!lV!'''::'\'.i':l''?'''f  "^,'1^';^^^      boukSt,  «.    [ME.,  var.  of  bum,  q.  v.l     same  as 

i  »//.■'. 

bouk'*  (bouk),  V.     A  dialectal  form  of  bolk. 
bouk^,  i:  I.     A  dialectal  form  of  bucks. 
boul,  bool-  (bol),  II.    [North.  E.  and  Sc.,  earlier 
also  biiirlr,  boulc ;  perhaps  <  MD.  bot/hil  =  MLG. 
boi/cl  (=G.  biiijcl),  a  bow,  hoop,  ring;  ult.  =E. 
&«i7l,  q.  v.]     1.   Abend;  curvatm-e.— 2.  The 
curved  or  semicircular  hamlle  of  a  pot,  kettle, 
etc. ;  especially,  in  the  plural,  a  movable  han- 
dle in  two  parts,  jointed  in  the  middle,  for  a 
pot  with  ears;  a  bail. —  3.  A  loop  or  annular 
part  serving  as  a  handle  for  something.   .speciB- 
cally  — (rt)  One  of  the  hoops  or  rounded  openings  for  the 
thumb  or  flngcr  in  the  handles  of  scissoi-s.    ((.)  The  loop 
which  forms  the  handle  of  a  key.    (c)  The  ring  on  the 
case  of  a  watch  to  which  the  chain  or  guard  is  attached, 
boulangerite  (be-lan'jer-it),  n.     [<  liouhmiier, 
the  di.scoverer,  -f-  -(7f2.]     In  mineral.,  a  sulphid 
of  antimony  and  lead,  occiuTing  in  plumose, 
gi'anular,  and  compact  masses,  of  a  bluish  lead- 
gray  color  and  metallic  luster. 
Boulangism   (bo-lon'jizm),   n.      The   political 
policy  and  methods  represented  in  France  by 
General  Georges  Ernest  Jean  Marie  BoiUanger 
(1837-91)  from  about  1886  to  1889.     Its  chief 
features  were  militarism   and  revenge  upon 
Genua  uy. 
Boulangist   (bo-lon'jist),   n.     A  political  fol- 
lower (if  General  Boulanger. 
boulder  (bol'der).  II.      [Also  written  bowlder, 
bolder,  dial,  bowder,  biuitlnr;  short  for  the  ear- 
lier boulder-stone,  dial,  boirther-,  bootlicr-.s-tone, 
Sc,  bowldcrstnne ;  <  ME.  bnlderston,  a  boulder; 
cf.  Sw,  dial.  buUcrsti'ii,  a  large  pebble  or  stone 
in  a  stream,  one  that  causes  a  rippling  in  the 
water  (opposed  to  klappcrsten,  small  pebble), < 
bidlra  (=  Dan.  buldre),  make  a  loud  noise,  + 
sten  —  E.  810116.2     A  loose  rock,  or  one  which 
has  been  torn  from  its  native  bed  and  trans- 
ported to  some  distance.     As  ordinarily  used,  the 
word  indicates  a  piece  of  rock  which  is  l.>u-ger  than  a  pebble 
or  cobble,  whose  edges  have  liecome  weather-worn  and 
more  or  less  rounded,  and  which  lies  upon  the  surface, 
boulder  (bol'der).  V.  t.   [<  boulder,  ».]     To  wear 
smooth,  as  an  emery-wheel,  by  abrading  with 
small  flint  pebbles.      Also  spelled  boulder. — 
Bouldered  down,  said  of  metal  polishing-wheels  or  laps 
when  emery  and  oil  are  spread  over  them,  then  pressed 
into  tlu'  metal  and  worn  down  with  bouldeling-stones, 
boulder-clay  (bol'der-kla),  «.     Stiff,  unlami- 
nated,  tenacious   clay,  especially  that  of  the 
glacial  or  drift  epoch  or  ice  age.     Also  called 
.      -p     drift,  till. 
Bouoie,  At-  Biji,,aU,  a  town  in  Algeria  whence  ''?"lder-head  (bol'der-hed),  «.     A, row  of  pUes 
these   candles  were    imported    into  Europe.] 
1.  A  wax  candle  or  waxlight. 


bougar  (bo'gar),  «.  One  of  a  series  of  eross- 
sjiars  which  form  the  roof  of  a  cottage,  and 
serve  instead  of  laths.      [Scotch.] 

bougel  (biij),  H.  [Also  hnwije;  <  ME.  boitge  (< 
OF.  boiii/c,  biifie,  F.  boui/e),  now  spelled  and  pro- 
nounced budge  (see  budget,  budget,  etc.) ;  earlier 
bulge,  q.  v.  Cf.  boiige'^.~\  If.  A  bag  or  wallet, 
especially  of  leather. 

liowjes  of  lether  like  bladders, 

Holland,  tr.  of  I.ivy,  p,  408, 
2.  The  bilge  or  swelling  part  of  a  cask ;  hence, 
the  cask  itself.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 3.  A  cowrie. 
Jevous. 

bouge^t  (boj),  V.  [Also  botrge;  a  fonn  of  bulge, 
bilge;  ult.  related  to  io«(/('i.]  I.  iiitriiiis.  To  be 
bilged ;  spring  a  leak  or  have  a  hole  knocked 
in  the  bottom ;  founder. 

Which  anchor  cast,  we  soone  the  same  forsooke. 
And  cut  it  off,  for  fear  least  thereupon 
Our  shippes  should  bowire. 

Ga^coirjne-,  Voyage  into  Holland. 
II.  trans.  To  stave  in  the  bottom  of  (a  ship), 
and  thus  cause  her  to  spring  a  leak;  knock  a 
hole  in. 


The  Carick,  which  sir  Anthony  Oughtred  chased  h.ard  at 
the  starne,  and  bowged  her  in  divers  places. 

Hall,  Hen,  VIII,,  an,  4, 

To  botvr/e  and  pierce  any  enemy  ship  which  thev  do  en- 

rnnnter.  Holland. 

bouge''t,  «.     A  corrupt  form  of  bouche. 

bouget   (bii'jet    or    bo-zha'),   n.      [Sometimes 
spelled   boicget;  <  F.  bougette,  a  little  pouch. 
The  regular  E.  form     ,-^        ^ 
is  budget,  q.  v.     See      v^>^^.^^W/        J\  ^       //T 
bouge^.']    If.  Abiid- 
get  or  pouch.    Spen- 
ser, F.  Q.,  ni.  X.  29. 
—  2.    In    lier.,   the  ^'"^"^ 

figure  of  a  vessel  for  carrying  water, 
to  represent  a  yoke  with  two  leathern  pout 
to  it,  formerly  used  for  the  conveyance  of  water  to  an 
army,     .Also  called  watt'r-bou'jet. 

boughl  (bou),  n.  [Early'mod.  E.  also  bow,  bowe, 
etc.;  <  ME^  bough,  bogh,  bog,  boge,  bou-c,  etc.,  < 
AS.  bog,  boh,  the  arm,  shoulder  of  an  animal, 
also  a  branch  of  a  tree  (the  latter  sense  pecu- 
liar to  E.  and  AS.),  =  MD.  boerh,  D.  boee/,  bow 
of  a  ship,  =  MLG.  boch,  buck,  shoulder,  bow  of 
a  ship ;  OHG.  bung,  upper  part  of  the  arm 
or  leg,  shoulder,  hip,  shoulder  of  an  animal, 
MH6.  buoc,  G.  bug,  shoulder,  withers  (of 
horses),  =  Icel.  bogr  =  Norw.  bog  =  Sw.  6017  = 
Dan.  bor,  shoulder'of  an  animal,  bow  of  a  ship 
(>  E.  boifS),  =  Gr.  ^^,vi'f,  dial,  ^a^-rf,  the  fore- 
arm, =  Skt.  bdhii,  the  arm,  forearm ;  root  un- 
known, but  not  connected  with  ftoffl  (AS.  bUgan, 
etc.),  bend,  with  some  derivatives  of  which, 
however,  the  word  has  been  in  part  confused. 
A  doublet  of  bowS,  q.  v.]  1.  An  arm  or  branch 
of  a  tree. 

Say  thou,  whereon  I  carved  her  name, 

If  ever  maid  or  spouse 
As  fair  as  my  Olivia  came 
To  rest  beneath  thy  boughs. 

renMi/son,  Talking  Oak. 
2t.  The  gallows. 

Some  who  have  not  deserved  judgement  of  death,  though 
otherwise  perhaps  offending,  have  beene  for  their  goods 
sake  caught  up,  and  carryed  straight  to  the  bough. 

Siiemer,  State  of  Ireland, 
boughl  (bou),  r.  t.    [<  bought,  ».]    To  cover 
over  (ir  shade  with  boughs.     [Poetic] 
.\  mossy  track,  all  over  boughed 
I'or  half  a  mile  or  more, 

Coleridge,  Three  Graves. 
bough-t,  n.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bow^. 
bough'H,  n.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  buff-. 
bough't,  interj.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  io2. 
bough-house  (bou'hous),  «.  A  blind  constructed 
of  boughs  for  the  concealment  of  a  sportsman 
from  the  game. 


tr\  house  at  Haver 
•i'lic  late  Mr,  I) , 

3.  The  more  or  less  conventional  representa- 
tion in  ornamental  work  of  a  bouquet  or  vase 
full  of  flowers.  Dutch  cabinets  nf  inlaid  wood  have 
for  their  nitist  common  decoration  bough-pots  in  iianels. 
boughtH  (bout),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  written 
biiughte,  biightc,  etc.,  also  bout,  boirt,  etc.,  now 
reg.  with  partial  differentiation  of  meaning  bout 
(see  bouti);  <  ME.  bought,  bowght,  bougt,  'bugt, 
jirob.  a  var.,  I'everting  to  the  original  vowel 
of  the  verb,  of  ME.  bijst,  bigf,  bi<ikt  (mod. 
E.  bight,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  byht,  a  bend'(=  MLG. 
LG.  Inicht,  >  D.  bogt,  G.  bucht,  Sw.  Dan.  bugt, 
a  bend,  turn,  bay,  bight;  cf.  Icel.  biigdiut, 
a  bend,  a  coil),  <  bugtin  (pp.  bogen),  E.  bow, 
bend:  see6o«-l.]  1.  Abend;  flexure;  curve; 
a  hollow  angle. 
Mal/eru,  a  malander  in  the  bought  of  a  horse's  knee. 

Cotgrave. 
2.  A  bend  or  curve  in  a  coast-line.  See  bight. 
—  3.  A  bend,  fle.xure,  turn,  loop,  coil,  or  knot, 
as  in  a  rope  or  chain,  or  in  a  serpent ;  a  fold  in 
cloth.     See  bout^. 

In  knots  and  many  boughtes  upwound. 

Spenser,  F,  Q,,  I,  i,  15, 
The  dragon-&o«(/Afs  and  elvish  emblemings 
Beg.an  to  move,  seethe,  twine,  and  curl. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette, 

bought^,   !'.   t.     [Early  mod.  E.    also  bowght, 

bt'wt:  <  bought^,  «.]     To  bend;  fold;  wind. 
bought-  (bat).     Preterit  and  past  participle  of 

bull. 
bought'*,  boucht  (bucht),  n.  Same  as  hught. 
boughten  (ba'tn),  a.  A  form  of  bought-,  weak 
past  participle  of  buy,  used  adjectively,  and 
assimilated  to  strong  participial  forms  in  -en: 
chiefly  used  in  poetry,  and  colloquially  in  the 
United  States  in  the  sense  ot  purchased,  as  op- 
posed to  home-made. 

For  he  who  buried  him  was  one  whose  faith 
Recked  not  of  boughten  prayers  nor  passing  bell. 

Soufhey,  Madoc  in  Wales,  xiv. 
.She  had  some  good  clothes  in  a  chist  in  the  bedroom, 
and  a  boughten  bonnet  with  a  good  cypress  veil, 

S,  O,  Jewttt,  Deephaven,  p.  201, 
boughtyt  (bou'ti),  a.   [<  bought^  -\-  -j/l.]  Ha^-ing 
.  boughts  or  bends ;  bending.     Sherwood. 

■chJsaUaSd  bpughy  (bou'i),  «.    [<  boughl -i- -yl.:\    Abound- 
mg  m  boughs. 
bougie  (bii'ji ;  F.  pron.  bo-zhe'),  «.     [F.,  a  wax 
candle,  a  bougie,  =  Pr.  bugia  =  It.  bugia  =  Sp 
bujia  =  Pg.  bugia,  a  wax  candle,  ^   -  - 


Sometimes  the  bougies  are  perfumed  with  essences,  so 
that  in  burning  they  m,ay  give  off  an  agreeable  odour. 

H'orkshop  lieetipts,  1st  ser,,  p,  369, 
2.  A  slender  cylinder,   smooth  and  fle.xible- 


di-iven  before  a  sea-dike  to  resist  the  action  of 
the  waves, 
bouldering-stone  (bol'der-ing-ston),  H.  Smooth 
translucent  flint  pebbles,  found  in  gravel-pits 
and  used  to  smooth  the  faces  of  emery-wheels 
and  glazers  by  abrading  any  large  grains  of 


used  to  dilate  or"  open  the  rectum,  urethra,  or  wi''Zv''L''^t'"  ^?"p?'  °" -""'•"'  ^"••'^*'^''?- 
esophagus,  in  cases  of  strictm-e  or  other  dis-  DOUlder-paving  (bol  der-pa'ving),  «.     A  pave- 


e:iscs  of  those  parts. 
bouillabaisse  (bo-lya-Iias'),  n.  [F.,<  Pr.  bouille- 
abaisse,  equiv.  to  Fl' bouillon  abaisse :  bouillon, 
broth,  soup  (see  bouillon);  abaisse,  pp.  of  abais- 
scr,  reduce :  see  abase.']  In  cookery,  a  kind  of 
fish-chowder  popular  in  some  parts  of  France, 
especially  at  Marseilles. 

This  SoiiUlabai^se  a  noble  dish  is, 

A  sort  of  soup,  or  broth,  or  stew. 
Or  hotchpotch  of  all  sorts  of  fishes, 

That  Greenwich  never  could  out-do  ; 
Green  herbs,  red  peppers,  mussels,  saffem, 

Soles,  onions,  garlic,  roach  and  dace ; 
All  these  you  eat  at  Terra's  tavern 
In  that  one  dish  of  EouUlabaisse. 

Thackeray,  Ballad  of  Bouillabaisse, 

bouilli  (bo'lye;  F.  pron.  bo-ye'),  n.    [F.,  prop. 

pp.  of  bouillir,  boil:   see  boil-.']     Meat  boiled 

with  vegetables,  especially  in  making  bouillon; 

boiled  or  stewed  meat  of  auv  kind, 


bouillon  (bb'lj^on;  F.  pron. 'bo-yon'),  n.  [F., 
broth,  soup,  etc.  (see  bullion-),  <  bouillir,  boil: 
see  fto(?2.]  _  1.  A  kind  of  clear  soup,  consisting 
of  the  strained  liquid  from  a  slow  and  prolong- 
ed boiling  of  meat  (usually  beef)  in  the  piece 
and  sometimes  whole  vegetables. — 2.  In  far- 
riery, an  excrescence  of  flesh  in  a  woiind; 

proud  flesh. 


inent  of  robtde-stones. 

boulder-stone  (bol'der-ston),  n.  Same  as  boul- 
der, of  which  it  is  the  older  form. 

bouldery  (bol'der-i),  rt.  [<  boulder  +  -yl.]  Re- 
sembling a  boidder ;  full  of  bouldere. 

The  superjacent  beds  consist  of  coarse  bouldery  shingle 
in  a  sandy  clay  matrix,  Geikie,  Ice  Age,  p,  192. 

boulei  (bol),  n.  The  proper  French  spelling  of 
buhl. 

boule2  (bo'le),  n.  [Gr.  Sm'/r;,  will,  counsel,  ad- 
vice, plan,  a  council,  senate,  <  .ioi'/.e(T6ai,  dial. 
iW/.cntiai,  ='L.  rclle  =  AS.  wilhin,  E.  will:  see 
will,  c]  1.  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a  legislative  coun- 
cil, originally  aristocratic,  consisting  of  the 
heads  of  the  citizen  families,  sitting  under  the 
presidency  of  the  king.  Later,  in  Ionian  states, 
where  a  democratic  polity  had  prevailed,  the  boule,  par- 
ticularly at  Athens,  became  a  second  or  higher  popular 
assembly,  corresponding  to  the  senate  in  modern  govern- 
ments. At  Athens  the  boule  consisted  of  600  citizens  over 
30  years  of  age,  chosen  annually  by  lot,  .60  from  eatb  tribe. 
It  had  charge  of  the  oflicial  religious  rites  iniportaiit  in 
the  aiuiinl  woild,  and  its  chief  legislative  duties  were  to 
examine  .ir  ]iri'pare  bills  for  presentation  to  tlie  popular 
assenibl>'  (Uie  real  governing  body),  which  could  modify 
or  reject  the  conclusions  reached  by  the  senate,  and  to 
advise  the  assembly  reg.arding  affairs  of  state.  The  -Athe- 
nian boule  had  also  some  executive  functions,  especially 
in  connection  with  the  management  of  the  navy  and  the 
cavalry.    Compare  gerusia. 


boule 

2.  The  legislative  assembly  of  modem  Greece. 

A  (Jret'k  diiiloniat  once  told  nif  tlmt  in  tliL-  Houli\  or 
Assembly,  of  his  i-ouritry  no  part  of  the  Kovornniriit  i-x- 
IHMises  w:i.s  watrhud  so  clost'Iy  as  tliost;  of  the  tliftlotnatic 
S(jrvi(!L'.  AcM'  /'niitrton  lifv.,  I.  225. 

bOUle''t.      An  obsolofo  fdi'iii  of  liowl. 
Boulenge's  chronograph.    See  chronograph. 

boule-saw,  ".      Hce  huhl-sinr. 

boulet,  boulette  (bO-lil',  b<i-let'),  ».  [F.,  a 
bullet,  a  I'etlock,  >  K.  hiillct,  q.  v.]  In  the 
m<iiii(i<\  a  liDi'se  whose  fetlook  or  pastorn  .joint 
Im'HiIs  fcirwanl  and  out  of  its  natural  position. 

bouleuterion  (l»")-lu-tG'ri-on),  «. ;  pi.  buidcutc- 
na  (-a).  [*'''•  liuv'/.n'ri/pioi',  <  liov'/.eicir,  a(i\ise, 
take  counsel,  <  jiov'Aii,  eoun.sol:  see  houlc~.^  In 
ancient  and  modern  Greece,  a  senate-house  or 
;issi')nl)ly-ehambor. 

boulevard  (bd'le-vard;  F.pron.bol'viir),)!.  [F.; 
older  tonus  houlcrcrt,  boulcrrrc,  <  D.  or  MLG. 
holwcrk;  (i.  hoUinrk;  bidwark:  see  Imliriirh.] 
Originally,  a  bulwark  or  rampart  of  a  fortilioa- 
tion  or  fortilied  town  ;  hence,  a  public  walk  or 
street  occupying  the  site  of  demolished  fortifi- 
cations. Tlio  name  is  now  sometimes  extended  to  any 
street  or  walk  encircling  a  town,  and  also  to  a  street  which 
is  of  especial  width,  is  given  a  park  dike  appearance  l)y  re- 
serving spaces  at  the  sides  or  center  for  shade-trees,  fhiw- 
el's,  seats,  and  the  like,  and  is  not  nsed  for  heavy  teaming. 

boulevardier  (bo'le-viir-der;  F.  pron.  bijl-viir- 
d.ya'), /I.  [F.,  <  i()i(teTO/"rf,  boulevard.]  One  who 
frequents  a  boulevard,  especially  in  Paris. 

bouleversement  (bo-lo-vers'mont),  «.    [F.,  < 

hoiilcrcrsvr,  overthrow,  overturn,  <  boule,  a  ball 
(>  E.  hiiici-),  +  rcrser,  turn,  overtnra,  <  L.  ver- 
surc,  turn:  see  verse,  etc.]  A  turning  upside 
dow-n  ;  the  act  of  overturning  ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing overturned;  overthrow;  overtui'n ;  subver- 
sion; hence,  generally,  convulsion  or  confusion. 

boule-work  (bol'werk),  n.     Same  as  bulil. 

boulimia,   boulimy  (bo-lim'i-ii,    bo'li-mi),  n. 

JSaiiu'  as  biiliiiiiii. 

boulinikon  (bo-lin'i-kon),  n.  [A  trade-name, 
<  Cir.  .ioi'f,  ox,  -1-  '/.ivov,  flax,  linen.]  A  kind  of 
oilcloth  made  from  a  pulp  composed  of  buffalo 
or  other  raw  hide,  cotton  or  linen  rags,  and 
coarse  hair.     Encyc.  Brit. 

boulon  (bo'lon),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  harp 
with  lilirous  strings,  used  by  the  negroes  of 
Seuegambia  and  Guinea. 

boultel't,  «.     Same  as  boltcl. 

boultel-'t,  ".  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boutell;  <  ME. 
hitllcllc,  hidtell,  <  OF.  "biilctel  (earlier  buretel), 
mod.  F.  bluteau,  a  meal-sieve,  <  biiletcr,  mod.  F. 
blutir,  sift,  bolt :  see  bolt~.'\  1.  A  kind  of  cloth 
made  for  sifting ;  hence,  a  sieve. —  2.  The  bran 
or  refuse  of  meal  after  dressing. 

boultert,  «.     See  butler-. 

boultint,  >i.     Same  as  boltel. 

boulting,  II.     See  bolting'^. 

bount  (l>oun),  a.  [The  earlier  and  proper  form 
of  IioiiikH,  q.  V. ;  <  ME.  boiiii,  bonne,  ready,  pre- 
pared, <  Icel.  bidini  (>  ODan.  bune),  ready,  pre- 
pared, pp.  of  hiia,  till,  get  ready:  see  bond-, 
boor,  lioiccr^,  etc.]  Ready;  prepared;  on  the 
point  of  going  or  intending  to  go. 

.she  was  buun  to  go  the  way  forthright. 

Chaucer,  Franklin's  Tale,  1.  7.')9. 
Well  chanced  it  that  A(l<df  the  night  when  he  wed 
Had  confcss'd  and  had  saiil'd  him  ere  buuiie  to  his  bed. 
Scott,  Harold  the  Danntless,  iv.  14. 

bount  (boun),  V.  [<  ME.  bouncn,  bowncn,  <  boitn, 
prepared :  see  6oM»,  a.]  I.  trans.  To  prepare; 
make  ready. 

The  kyng  boskes  lettres  anon,  to  bowncn  his  hemes  [men). 

Josej/h  of  An  mat  hie  (cd.  .Skeat),  1.  414. 

I  wold  boun  me  to  batell.        DeKtntction  o/  Troi/,  I.  827. 

II.   intra ns.  To  make  ready  to  go  ;  go :  as,  to 

busk  and  boun,  a  common  e.xpressiou  in  old 

ballads. 

So  mourned  he,  till  Lord  Dacre's  band 
Were  bowninff  back  to  Cumberland. 

&■<>«,  L.  of  L.  M.,  V.  30. 

bounce  (bouns),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bounced,  ppr. 
bouncinij.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bonn.se,  <  ME. 
bounscH,bunsen,  Ijeat,  strike  .suddenly;  cf.  LG. 
buii.sen,  a.  dial,  bnmb.ien,  beat,  knock,  =  D.  bon- 
:en,  bounce,  throw;  ct.  D.  bmix,  a  bounce,  Sw. 
bu.f,  dial.  bnm.s  =  G.  bums,  bunibs,  bumps,  adv. 
interj.,  at  a  bounce,  at  once  ;  cf.  Icel.  bops, 
imitating  the  sound  of  a  fall.  All  prob.  orig. 
imitative;  c{.boun<l-  and  (<«»h^)'-.]  I,  trans.  If. 
To  beat;  thump;  knock;  bang. 
Wilfully  him  throwing  on  the  gras 
I>id  Ijeat  anil  bounae  his  head  and  brest  ful  sore. 

Siicn.ier,  F.  Q.,  III.  .\i.  27. 
lie  bounced  his  head  at  every  post.  Swi/t. 

2.  To  cause  to  bound  or  spring:  as,  to  bounce 
a  ball. — 3.   To  e.)ect  or  turn  out  without  cere- 
mony; e-xjicl  vigorou.sly;  honco,  to  dismiss  or 
41 


641 

discharge  summarily,  as  from  one's  employ- 
ment or  post.    [Slang,  U.  S.] 

II.  inlriins.  If.  To  beat  hard  or  tliuni]),  so  as 
to  make  a  sudden  noise. 

Vet  still  he  bet  and  bounst  upon  the  tlore. 

Spciuier,  V.  Q.,  V.  11.  21. 
Up,  then,  I  say,  both  young  and  old,  both  man  and  maid 

a-mayiug. 
With  drums,  and  guns  that  ^loice  aloud,  and  merry  tabor 
playing ! 

lieau.  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iv.  5. 
Another  btninccH  as  haril  as  he  can  knock.  .Stri/t. 

2.  To  .spring  or  leap  against  anything,  so  as  to 
reboun<l;  l)eat  or  thump  by  a  spring;  spring  up 
mth  a  rebound. 

Against  his  bosom  bounc'd  his  heaving  heart. 

Drijden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  i.  .'iSO. 

3.  To  leap  or  spring;  come  or  go  unceremoni- 
ously. 

As  I  sat  quietly  meditating  at  my  table,  I  heard  some- 
thing bounce  in  at  the  closet-windijw. 

Su'ift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  ii.  5. 

4.  To  boast  or  bluster;  exaggerate;  lie. 

He  gives  away  comitrics,  ami  disposes  of  kingdoms ;  and 
bounccif,  blusters,  and  swaggers,  as  if  he  were  really  sover- 
eign lord  and  sole  master  of  the  universe. 

Jip.  Lou'th,  Letter  to  Warburton,  p.  14. 

If  it  had  come  to  an  oath,  I  tlon't  think  he  would  have 
houneed,  neither  ;  but,  in  cfjmmon  occurrences,  there  is  no 
repeating  after  him.  Foote,  The  Liar,  ii.  1. 

bounce  (bouns), )!.  [^(.bounce,  v."]  1.  A  sudden 
spring  or  leap. —  2.  A  bound  or  rebouud:  as, 
you  must  strike  the  ball  on  the  bounce. — 3.  A 
heavy  blow,  thrust,  or  thump. 

I  heard  two  or  three  irregular  bouiirc.-i  at  my  landlady's 
door,  and  upoTi  the  upoiiin^'  ul  it,  a  loud  cheerful  voice  in- 
quiring whether  the  philosopher  was  at  hoTue. 

Addi-fon,  Sir  Roger  at  Vauxhall. 

4t.  A  loud  heavy  sound,  as  of  an  explosion;  a 
sudden  crack  or  noise. 
I  don't  value  her  resentment  the  bounce  of  a  cracker. 

Gotdnnuth,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iii. 

5.  A  boast;  a  piece  of  brag  or  bluster;  boast- 
ful language;  exaggeration. — 6.  A  bold  or  im- 
pudent lie;  a  downright  falsehood;  a  bouncer. 
[Colloq.] 

"  Why,  whose  should  it  be?"  cried  I,  with  a  flounce ; 
"  I  get  these  things  often  ;  "—but  that  was  a  bounce. 

(Jotdsniith,  Haunch  of  V^enison,  I.  42. 
(^h,  Cicero !  .  .  .  not  once  did  you  give  utterance  to 
such  a  botince  as  when  you  a.sserteil,  that  never  yet  did 
human  reason  say  one  thing,  and  Xature  say  another. 

De  Quiiiceif,  .Secret  Societies,  i. 

7.  Expulsion;  discharge;  dismissal.  [Slang, 
U.  S.]  —  8.  [Perhaps  of  diff.  origin.]  A  local 
English  name  of  the  dogfish  or  sliark,  Scijllio- 
rhinus  catulus — To  get  the  grand  bounce,  to  be  put 
out  or  discharged  summarily  from  one's  post  or  employ- 
ment. [Slang,  U.  S.] 
bounce  (bouns),  ar?(!.  [<  fiowrece,  «.  and  n.]  With 
a  bounce ;  suddenly. 

Rapp'd  at  the  door,  nor  stay'd  to  ask, 
But  botince  into  the  parlour  entered. 

Gray,  Long  Story. 

bounceable  (boun'sa-bl),  a.  [<  bounce  +  -able.] 
1.  Capable  of  being  bounced,  as  a  ball. —  2.  In- 
clined to  bounce,  or  lie.     [Rare.] 

bouncer  (boim'ser),  n.  [<  bounce  +  -er'^.']  1. 
One  who  orthatwhich  boimees. — 2.  Something 
big  or  large  of  its  kind. 

The  stone  must  be  a  bouncer.  De  Quinccy. 

3.  A  large,  strong,  vigorous  person :  as,  she  is 
a  bouncer. — 4.  A  strong  muscular  fellow  kept 
in  a  hotel,  restaurant,  or  other  public  resort,  to 
bounce  or  expel  disorderly  persons.  [Slang, 
U.  S.]  —  5.  A  liar;  a  boaster;  a  bidly. — 6.  A 
barefaced  lie.     [CoUocj.] 

But  you  are  not  deceiving  me?  You  know  the  first  time 
you  came  into  my  shoj)  what  a  bouncer  you  told  me. 

Colman  the  Youwjer,  John  Bull,  ii.  3. 

bouncing  (boun'sing),  J),  a.  [Ppr.  of  bounce,  c] 
1.  Vigorous;  strong;  stout:  as,  "the  bouncinfi 
Amazon,"  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2;  "a  bouncing 
lass,"  liulwer,  Pelham,  xlix. —  2.  Exaggerated; 
excessive ;  big.     [Colloq.] 

We  have  had  a  merry  and  a  lusty  ordinary. 
And  wine,  and  good  meat,  and  a  tuntneiioj  reckoning. 
Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  i.  2. 

3.  Lying;  bragging;  boastful. 

1  never  saw  such  a  Imuncinfj,  swaggering  puppy  since  I 
was  born.  Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iii. 

bouncing-bet  (boun 'sing-bet'),  H.  [That  is, 
liounciiuj  Bet :  Bet,  Betsy,  familiar  forms  of  Jiii- 
Mbeth.i  A  name  of  the  common  soapwort,  Sa- 
/lonaria  officinalis.     See  Saponaria. 

bouncingly  (boun'sing-li),  adv.  Boastingly. 
Harroir,  Pope's  Supremacy. 

bound!  (bound),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bownde, 
bincne ;  <  ME.  boundc,  bounc,  bunnc,  <  OF.  bunne, 
bonne,  bone,  bune,  also  bunde,  bonde  (AF. 
boundc).  earlier  bodne,  <  ML.  bodina,  hodrna 
(also,  after  OF.,  bunna,  bonna),  earlier  butiiia. 


bound 

a  bound,  limit.  Cf.  liourn^,  a  variant  of  the 
same  word.]  1.  That  which  limits  or  circum- 
scribes; an  external  or  limiting  line;  hence, 
that  which  keeps  in  or  restrains ;  limit ;  con- 
fine :  as,  the  love  of  money  knows  no  bounds. 
Illimitable  ocean,  without  bound, 
Without  dimension  I  MUttni,  P.  L.,  ii.  892. 

The  dismal  night  — a  night 
In  which  the  boundtt  of  heaven  and  earth  were  lost. 

TenntjKon,  C(jming  of  Arthur. 

But  the  power  of  the  West-Saxon  ruler  stretched  beyond 

the  bounds  of  Wessex,  where,  eastward  of  the  Andreds- 

weald,  the  so-called  "Eastern   Kingdom"  grouped  itself 

round  the  centre  4»f  Kent.    J.  Ii,  Green,  Conq.  oi  Eng.,  p.  (iG. 

2.  pi.  The  territory  included  within  boundary- 
lines;  domain. 

These  rascals  who  come  hither  to  annoy  a  noble  lady  on 
my  boundti,  Sctitt,  Peveril,  I.  vii. 

3.  A  limited  portion  or  piece  of  lanil,  enjoyed 
by  the  owner  of  it  in  respect  of  tin  only,  and 
by  virtue  of  an  ancient  prescription  or  liberty 
for  encouragement  to  the  tinners.  I'ri/ce.  [Corn- 
wall.]—Butts  and  boimds.  See  (»(«■-'.  — To  beat  the 
boundst,  tt)  trace  out  the  boundaries  of  a  parish  by  touch- 
ing certam  points  with  a  rod.  =  Syn.  1.  Border,  Conjine, 
etc.     See  ttoundary, 

bound'  (bound),  J',  t.  [<  ME.  bounden,  <  bounde, 
n.]  It.  To  confine  within  fixed  limits;  restrain 
by  limitation. 

0  God  !  I  could  be  bounded  in  a  nut-shell,  and  count 
myself  a  king  of  infinite  space,  were  it  not  that  I  have  bad 
dreams.  Shak,,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

It  is  not  Italy,  nor  France,  nor  Europe, 
That  must  btiund  me,  if  my  fates  call  me  forth. 

/?.  Jonnon,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  serve  as  a  limit  to;  constitute  the  extent 
of ;  restrain  in  amount,  degree,  etc. :  as,  to 
bound  our  wishes  by  our  means. 

Quaff  innnortality  ami  joy,  secure 

Of  surfeit,  where  full  measure  only  bounds 

Excess.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  639. 

3.  To  form  or  constitute  the  boundary  of; 
serve  as  a  bound  or  limit  to :  as,  the  Pacific 
ocean  bounds  the  United  States  on  the  west. 

The  lasting  dominion  of  Rome  w.is  bounded  by  the  Rhine 
and  the  Danube.       E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  107. 

4.  To  name  the  boundaries  of:  as,  to  bound 
the  State  of  New  York.  =  Syn.  To  circumscribe,  re- 
strict, hem  in,  border. 

bound-  (bound),  V.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ; 
<  F.  bondir,  leap,  bound,  orig.  make  a  loud  re- 
sounding noise;  perhaps  <  LL.  bombitarc,  hum, 
buzz,  freq.  verb  <  L.  boinbus,  a  humming  or 
buzzing,  >  bomb^,  q.  v.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  leap; 
jump ;  spring ;  move  by  leaps. 

Before  his  lord  the  ready  spaniel  bounds. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  99. 

2.  To  rebound,  as  an  elastic  ball.  =  syn.  Leap, 

Spring,  etc.    See  skip,  v.  i, 
II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  leap.     [Rare.] 
If  I  might  buffet  for  my  love,  or  bound  my  horse  for 

her  favours,  I  could  lay  on  like  a  butcher,  and  sit  like  a 

jack-an-apes,  never  off.  Shak,,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2, 

2.  To  cause  to  rebound:  as,  to  bound  a  ball. 
bound-  (bound),  n.     [<  bound^,  i\]     1.  A  leap 

onward  or  upward ;  a  jump ;  a  rebound. 
The  horses  started  with  a  sudden  bound.  Addison, 

These  inward  disgusts  are  but  the  first  ftownrfs  of  this 

ball  of  contention.  Decay  of  Christ,  Piety. 

2.  In  ordnance,  the  path  of  a  shot  between 
twogi'azes:  generally  applied  to  the  horizon- 
tal distance  passed  over  by  the  shot  between 
the  points  of  impact. 

bound-'  (bound),  J),  a.  [Pp.  of  bind;  as  an 
adj.,  in  the  sense  of  obligatory,  usually  in  the 
fuller  form,  bounden,  <  ME.  bounden,  <  AS. 
bundcn,  pp.  of  bindan,  bind:  see  bind.]  1. 
Made  fast  by  a  band,  tie,  or  bond  ;  specificaUy, 
in  fetters  or  chains ;  in  the  condition  of  a  pris- 
oner. 
Now  Annas  had  sent  him  bound  unto  Caiaphas. 

John  xviii.  24. 

Hence — 2.  Made  fast  by  other  than  physical 
bonds. 

We  are  bound  together  for  good  or  for  evil  iu  our  great 
political  interests. 

D.  n'ebster,  Speech,  Pittsburgh,  July,  1S33. 

3.  Confined ;  restrained ;  restricted ;  held  firmly. 
Besides  all  this,  he  was  bound  to  certain  tributes  all 

more  or  less  degrading.  Brougham. 

Hence — 4.  Obliged  by  moral,  legal,  or  com- 
pellable ties;  under  obligation  or  c'ompulsion. 
When  the  case  had  been  heani,  it  was  evi<lent  to  .all  men 
that  the  bishop  had  done  only  what  he  was  Imund  to  do. 
Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vL 

5.  Certain;  sm-e.     [Colloq.] 

Tluise  of  bis  following  considered  him  as  smart  as  chain- 
lightning  and  bouiui  to  rise. 

Uowells,  Modem  Instance,  xxz. 


bound 

6.  Determined;  resolved:  as,  he  is  bound  to 
do  it.  [CoUoq.,  U.  S.] — 7.  Ill  cntom.,  attached 
by  the  iiosti-rior  oxti-emity  to  a  peqieiulicular 
object,  and  supported  in  an  upright  position 
against  it,  by  a  silken  tliread  passing  across 
the  thorax,  as  tlie  dirysalides  of  i'crtain  lA]ii- 
iUilitciti. —  8.  Constipated  in  the  bowels;  cos- 
tive.—  9t.  Pregnant:  said  of  a  woman. — 10. 
Provideii  witli  binding  or  a  cover:  said  of  books, 
etc.:  as,  hoiiiiil  volumes  can  be  obtained  in  ex- 
change for  separate  parts;  bound  in  leather. — 
Bound  electricity,  f^if  //ii(»c(io;i.— Bound  extra,  in 
(ulll.iiiiiiiii;  (as  uppi.sfil  to  half- iir  iiuiiil.  rliiii.liiiL,-l,  lull- 
tni.k'ii.anii  foinarili.l  alul  llriisllcd  with  iMra  lalr  (kimlV- 
allv  by  liiiiul)  and  in  tile  best  miiterials :  aiiplieil  to  bound 
books.— Bound  up  In.  (a)  Embodied  in;  inseparably 
connected  witli. 
The  whole  Stitte  .  .  .  being  bouml  up  in  the  sovereign. 

Jlniiq/ham. 

QnaiTel  not  raslily  with  adversities  not  yet  understood, 
and  overlook  not  the  mercies  often  Imtind  up  in  them. 

Sir  T.  Bromm,  Christ,  llor.,  i.  29. 
(fc)  Having  all  the  .iffections  centered  in ;  entirely  devoted 
to. 

.She  IS  tlie  only  child  of  a  decrepit  father  whose  life  is 
houml  up  i'nhei-3.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  449. 

bound*  (bound),  a.  [With  excrescent  -d  after 
II,  as  in  sound^,  round^,  etc.,  or  by  confusion 
with  bound'^,  <  ME.  boun,  boune,  ready,  pre- 
pared: see  iiiHH,  «.]  Prepared;  ready;  hence, 
going  or  intending  to  go;  destined:  with  to 
or  for:  as,  I  am  /)o((«(7 /or  London;  the  ship  is 
bound  for  the  Mediterranean. 

A  chieftain  to  the  Hijihlauds  bound. 

Caritpbell,  Lord  UUiu's  Daughter. 
Willing  we  sought  your  shores,  and  hither  bound, 
The  port  so  long  tlesired  at  length  we  found. 

Dri/den,  .'Eneid,  vii.  294. 

boimd^t  (bound),  r.  i.  [Var.  of  boun,  v.,  as 
bound*,  a.,  ot  boun,  a.'i    To  lead;  go.     [Rare.] 

The  way  that  does  to  heaven  bownd. 

Speuser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  67. 

boundary  (boim'da-ri),  n. ;  pi.  boundaries  (-riz). 
[<  io««(/l -t- -((n/ .-"cf.  ML.  bunnarium,  boiina- 
rium,  a  field  with  certain  limits.]  That  which 
serves  to  indicate  the  boimds  or  limits  of  any- 
thing ;  hence,  a  limiting  or  bounding  line ;  a 
bound :  as,  the  horizon  is  the  boundary  of  vision ; 
the  northern  bomidarij  of  the  United  States. 

Sleep  hath  its  own  world, 
A  boujufari/  between  the  things  misnamed 
Death  and  existence.  Byron,  The  Dream,  i. 

The  Tam;u"  was  fixed  as  a  boundary  for  the  West  Welsh 
of  Cnrnw.iU.  as  the  Wye  had  been  made  a  boundary  for 
the  North  Welsh  of  our  Wales. 

J.  1{.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  212. 
=Syn.  Boundary,  Bouml,  Border,  Conjiiu!,  Frontier.  A 
boundary,  in  its  stricter  sense,  is  a  visible  mark  indicat- 
ing a  dinding-line  between  two  things,  or  it  is  that  line 
itself;  it  marks  otf  a  given  thing  from  other  things  like 
in  kind,  as  one  field  or  country  from  another.  A  bound,  on 
the  other  hand,  is  the  limit  or  furthest  point  of  extension 
of  one  given  thing,  that  which  limits  it  not  being  specially 
considered ;  it  caTi  be  used  of  that  which  is  not  limited 
by  anything  like  in  kind :  as,  the  bvundarien  of  a  field, 
but  the  bou/i't^  of  space  ;  the  boundarie.'<  of  a  science,  but 
the  bouniU  of  knowledge.  Hence  the  figurative  uses  of 
bouiul :  as,  " I  believe  I  speak  within  boundii,"  wheveboun- 
darieif  would  be  absurd.  Thus,  the  bounds  of  a  parish  may 
be  defined  by  cei-tain  marks  or  bomularie^,  as  heaps  of 
stones,  dikes,  hedges,  streams,  etc.,  separating  it  from  the 
adjoining  parishes.  But  the  two  words  are  often  inter- 
changeable. A  border  is  a  belt  or  band  of  territory  lying 
along  a  bound  or  boumtary.  A  conjine  is  tlie  regioli  at  or 
near  the  edge,  and  generally  a  nairower  margtn  than  a 
border,  .k/rontier  is  a  border  viewed  as  a  front  or  place  of 
entrance :  as,  he  w.as  met  at  the  .frontier.  The  word  is 
u.seil  most  in  connection  with  military  operations :  as, 
their /ro«(ter*-  were  well  protected  l)y  fortresses. 

I  at  least,  who,  in  my  own  West-Saxon  home,  find  my 
own  fields  and  my  own  parish  bounded  by  a  boundary 
drawn  in  the  year  577,  am  not  disposed  to  disbelieve  the 
record  of  the  events  which  led  to  the  fixing  of  that  boun- 
dary. JB.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  105. 
He  pass'd  the  flaming  bounds  of  space  and  time. 

Gray,  Prog,  of  Poesy,  iii.  2. 

His  princedom  lay 
Close  on  the  borders  of  a  tenltory 
Wherein  were  tnuulit  earls,  and  caitiff  knights. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
The  lieavens  and  sea 
Meet  at  their  eoniines,  in  the  middle  way. 

hryden,  Ccyx  and  Alcyone,  I.  164. 
.•Ethelfla?d  strengthened  her  western   frontier  against 
any  inroad  from  the  Welsh  by  the  erection  of  forts  at 
Siargatc  and  liridgenorth. 

J.  J{.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  190. 

bovind-bailifft  (bouud'ba"lif),  «.  [<  bound^  + 
bailiff;  so  called,  according  to  Blackstone.  in 
allusion  to  the  bond  given  by  the  bailiff  for  the 
faithful  discharge  of  his  duties ;  but  the  term  is 
merely  a  fictitious  explanation  of  hum  bailiff.'] 
A  sheriff's  officer;  a  bumbailiff. 

bounded  (boun'ded),  /<.  ((.  Having  bounds 
or  limits;  limited;  cii-cumscribed ;  confined; 
cramped;  narrow. 


642 

The  meaner  cares  of  life  were  all  he  knew ; 
Bounded  his  l)lca8Ures,  and  his  wishes  few. 

Vralttie,  The  Library. 

An  eye  well-practised  in  nature,  a  spirit  boumled  anil  poor. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  iv.  7. 

boundedness  (boun'ded-nesj.  n.  The  (piality 
ol  being  boimded,  limited,  or  circumscribed; 
limited  extent  or  range. 

lioth  are  singularly  bounded,  our  working-c-hiss  repro- 
ducing, in  a  way  unusual  in  other  countries,  the  hounded- 
lo'ss  of  the  middle.     M.  Arnold,  The  Kadir  of  Liberalism. 

bounden  (boun'den  or  -dn),  ;).  a.  [Older  form 
of  biiund'-i,  pp.  of  bind.']  X.  Obliged;  bound,  or 
under  obligation ;  beholden. 

I  am  much  boumlen  to  your  majesty. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  3. 
It  is  no  common  thing  when  one  like  you 
I'erforms  the  delicate  services,  and  therefore 
I  feel  myself  mtich  bounden  Ui  you,  Oswald. 

Wordsworth,  The  Borderers,  i. 

2.  Appointed;  indispensable;  obligatory. 

I  offer  this  my  bounden  nightly  sacrifice.         Coleridye. 

[In  both  senses  archaic,  its  only  i)resent  com- 
mon use  being  in  tlie  phrase  bounden  duty.] 
boundenlyt  (boun'den-li  or  -dn-li),  adv.  In  a 
bounden  or  dutiful  manner:  as,  "most  boun- 
dcnly  obedient,"  Ocliin,  Sermons  (trans.),  Epist. 
Dedicatory,  1583. 
bounder  (boim'der),  H.  1 .  One  who  limits ;  one 
who  establishes  or  imposes  bounds. 

>'ow  the  bounder  of  all  these  is  only  God  himself. 

Fotherby,  Atbeomastix,  p.  274. 
2t.  Boundaiy. 

Kingdoms  are  bound  within  their  bentnders,  as  it  were 
in  bands.  Fotherby,  Atlieomastix,  p.  274. 

3t.  Formerly,  in  Cornwall,  England,  an  officer 
whose  business  it  was  yearly  to  renew  (hence 
also  called  the  reneicer  or  tollar)  the  marks  in- 
dicating the  corners  of  a  tin-bound.    This  had  to 
be  done  once  a  year,  and  usually  on  a  saint's  day,  and  the 
operation  consisted  in  cutting  out  a  turf  from  each  corner, 
and  piling  it  on  the  top  of  the  little  bank  of  turf  already 
laid  there.    Pryee. 
boundless  (bound'les),  a.     [<  bound'^  +  -less.] 
Without  bofuids  or  limits;  unlimited;  uncon- 
tiued;  immeasurable;  illimitable;  infinite  :  as, 
boundless  space ;  boundless  power. 
He  who,  from  zone  to  zone. 
Guides  through  the  boundless  sky  thy  certain  flight. 

Bryant,  To  a  Waterfowl. 
In  England  there  is  no  written  constitution  ;  the  powers 
of  Parhament,  of  liing.  Lords,  and  Commons,  acting  to- 
gether, are  literally  bou7ulless. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  191. 

boundlessly  (bound'les-li),  adv.    In  a  boundless 

manner. 
boundlessness  (bound'les-nes),  «.     The  state 
or  iiuality  of  being  boundless  or  without  limits. 
bounduret  (boun'dur),  n.      [<  bound^  +  -ure. 
t'f .  biiiinilary.  ]  A  limit  or  bound.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 
bounteous   (boun'te-us),   a.      [Early  mod.  E. 
also  hoiintiiiiHs :  <.  ME.  bountyuous,  boiiteuous, 
earlier  bountevous,  bountyreus,  hontyrous,  <  OF. 
bontif,  bontire,  benevolent,  <  honte,  goodness, 
boimty:  see  bounty  saiA  -ous.]    1.  Full  of  good- 
ness to  others;  gi^'ing  or  disposed  to  give  free- 
ly; fi-ee  in  bestowing  gifts;  bountifid;  gener- 
ously liberal. 

Such  w;is  her  soul;  abhoning  avarice. 
Bounteous,  but  almost  bounteous  to  a  vice. 

Dryden,  Eleonora,  1.  86. 
I  wouder'd  at  the  btmnteous  hours, 
The  slow  result  of  winter  showers : 
You  scarce  could  see  the  gr.ass  for  flowers. 

Tenny.^on,  Two  Voices. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  emanating  from  boimty ; 
freely  bestowed ;  liberal;  plentiful;  abundant. 
Beauteous  niggard,  why  dost  thou  abuse 
The  bounteous  largess  given  thee  to  give  ? 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  iv. 
=  Syn.  1.  ^runificent.  generous,  beneficent,  kind. 
bounteously  (boun'te-us-li),  adr.     In  a  boim- 
teous  manner;  with  generous  liberality;  liber- 
ally; generously;  largely;  freely. 

Let  me  know  that  man, 
^Vhose  love  is  so  siiu-crc  to  spend  his  blood 
For  my  sake  ;  I  will  huoot<nu.4!i  rc(|uite  him. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Honest  Man  s  Fortune,  ii.  2. 

bounteousness  (boun'tf-us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  bounteous;'  liberality  in  bestonTiig 
gifts  or  favors ;  munificence ;  kindness. 

bounteth,  bountith  (boun'teth,  -tith),  n.  [Sc, 
<  late  ME.  bountith,  <  OF.  buntet,  bontet,  earlier 
foi-m  of  bonte,  >  ME.  bounte,  E.  bounty,  q.  v.] 
Bounty;  specifically,  the  bounty  given  in  addi- 
tion to  stipidated  wages. 

bountevoust, «.  A  Middle  English  form  of  boun- 
Iniu.':.     Chaucer. 

bountiful  (boun'ti-fid),  a.  [<  bounty  +  -fid.] 
1.  Lil)eral  in  bestowing  gifts,  favors,  or  boun- 
ties; munificent;  generous. 


bouquet-holder 

God,  the  bounfi.ful  author  of  our  being.  Locke. 

Our  king  spares  nothing  to  give  them  the  share  of  that 
felicity  of  which  he  is  so  bountij'ul  to  his  kingdom. 

I)ryden. 
2.  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  bounty; 
abundant;  liberal;  ample:  as,  a  6oHn?(/"M/ sup- 
ply. 

Nurse  went  up  stairs  with  a  most  bountiful  cut  of  home- 
baked  bread  and  butter.      Brooke,  Fool  of  Quality,  I.  167. 

The  late  bountiful  grant  from  His  Majesty's  ministers. 
Burke,  Nabob  of  Arcot. 

bountifully  (boun'ti-fiil-i),  adv.  In  a  boiuitiful 
manner;  liberally;  largely. 

They  are  less  bountifully  provided  than  the  rich  with 

the  materials  of  happiness  for  the  jji-esent  life. 

Up.  I'orteous,  Lectures,  II.  xvii. 

bountifulness  (bouu'ti-fid-nes),  71.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  liountiful ;  liberality  in  the  bestow- 
ment  fif  gifts  and  favors. 

bountiheadt,  bountihoodt  (boun'ti-hed.  -hud), 

n.     [<  liie  of  Spenser's  words;  <  lionnty  -t-  -head, 
-hood.]     Boimteousness;  goodness;  virtue. 
On  flrme  foundation  of  true  Untntyhed. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  II.  xiL  1. 

bountith,  ».  See  bounteth. 
boun-tree  (bOn'tre),  n.  [An  unexplained  var. 
of  biiur-lrei .]  Same  as  bour-tree.  [Scotch.] 
bounty  (boun'ti),  «.;  pi.  bounties  (-tiz).  [<  ME. 
hountee,  boitntc,<,  KF.  bountee,  OF.  bonte,  bonteit, 
bontet,  buntet,  mod.  F.  bontt;  =  Pr.  bontat  =  Sp. 
bondad  =  Pg.  bondade  =  It.  bonta,  <  L.  boni- 
ta(t-)s,  goodiness,  <  bonus,  good:  see  6oo»3.] 
If.  (xoodness;  virtue. 

Ne  blott  the  bounty  of  all  womankind 

'Mongst  thousands  good,  o'ue  wanton  dame  to  find. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IIL  i.  49. 

2.  Liberality  in  bestowing  gifts  and  favors; 
generosity;  munificence. 

Let  US  adore  Him  for  the  streams  of  bounty,  which  flow 
unceasingly,  from  the  fountauis  of  His  life,  to  all  His 
countless  creatures.  Channiny,  Perfect  Life,  p.  S4. 

3.  A  favor  bestowed  with  a  benevolent  dispo- 
sition ;  that  which  is  given  bounteously ;  a  free 
gift:  as,  "thy  morning  6((Mnfies,"  Cowper. 

We  concluded  our  visit  with  a  bounty,  which  was  very 
acceptable.  Addison,  Sir  Koger  and  tlie  Witches. 

4.  A  premium  or  reward;  specifically,  a  pre- 
mium offered  by  a  government  to  induce  men 
to  enlist  into  the  public  sei"viee,  or  to  encourage 
some  branch  of  industry,  as  husbandry,  manu- 
factures, or  commerce.  — Boimty  emigrant,  one 
whose  passage  to  the  country  where  he  intends  to  remain 
is  partly  or  \\h>'lly  paid  by  the  government  of  that  coun- 
try.— Bounty  Land  Act,  a  I'niled  states  statute  of  1S50 
(9  Stat.,  5-0 1.  granting  lands  to  those  engaged  in  the  mili- 
tary service,  or  to  their  widows  or  minor  children,  in 
amounts  propcrtioned  to  time  of  ser\ice. — Queen  Anne's 
bounty,  a  fund  instituted  by  Queen  Anne  from  the  first 
fruits  and  tithes  of  the  larger  benefices  of  the  English 
Church  to  augment  the  smaller  clerical  livings.  =  Syn.  2. 
Liberality,  Generosity,  etc.     See  beneficence. 

bounty-jumper  (boun'ti-jum'''per),  H.  One  who 
enlists  as  a  soldier  for  the  sake  of  a  bounty 
offered,  and  then  deserts,  as  during  the  Ameri- 
can civil  war  of  1861-65. 

Bringing  into  the  ser\ice  many  bounty.jumpers,  as  they 
were  called,  who  enlisted  merely  for  money,  and  soou  de- 
serted to  enlist  again. 

Ilioyinson,  Young  Folks'  Hist.  U.  S.,  p.  306. 

Bouphonia  (bo-fo'ni-ii),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  iioi'ipdvia,  a 
festival  with  sacrifices  of  oxen,  <  ^oe^oiof,  ox- 
slaying  {iiovipovar,  slaughter  oxen),  <  /fcic,  an 
ox,  +  -ejiovo^,  slaying  (cf.  (liom^,  (povi/,  slaughter, 
mm'der),<  *^in'E/i',  slay,  kill.]  An  ancient  Attic 
festival  in  honor  of  Zeus,  more  commonly  called 
Diipolia  (wliich  see), 
bouquet  (bo-ka'),  n.  [¥..  a  nosegay,  a  plume, 
<  OF.  bousquet,  bosquet  =  Pr.  bosquet,  lit.  a  lit- 
tle bush,  dim.  of  base  =  OF.  bos,  a  wood,  bush : 
see  boi.s,  bosh'et,  busket,  and  bush.]  1.  A  nose- 
gay; a  bunch  of  flowers;  hence,  something  re- 
sembling a  biuich  of  flowers,  as  a  cluster  of 
precious  stones,  a  piece  or  flight  of  fireworks, 
etc. 

He  entered  the  room  thus  set  off,  with  Iiis  hair  ilressed 
in  the  first  style,  and  with  a  handsome  boutju^t  in  his 
breast.  Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  97. 

I  have  a  bou'juet  to  come  home  to-morrow  made  up  of 
diamonds,  and  ruliies,  and  emeralds. 

Coloiaii  autl  Gurriek,  (-'lamlestiue  Marriage,  i.  2. 

2.  An  agreeable  non-spiritous  perfume  char- 
acteristic of  some  wines, 
bouquet-holder  (bo-ka'hol'der),  «.  A  contri- 
vance for  holding  together  the  stems  of  cut 
flowers,  whether  held  in  the  hand  or  secured  to 
the  dress.  Bouquet-holders  held  in  the  hand  are  repre- 
sented in  ancient  Egyptian  bas-reliefs  and  paintings :  they 
have  .always  been  used  in  China  made  of  fine  ba-sket-work 
and  of  valuable  minends;  and  in  the  eighteenth  century, 
in  western  Europe,  women  carried  fiat  fi:\sks  of  metal  »ir 
glass  inserted  within  the  corsage,  holding  tall  nosegays 
which  covered  the  bosom.    Also  called  bouquctier. 


bouquetier 

bouquetier  (bii-Uc-tOr' ;  F.  pron.  bo-k6-tya'),  »• 
[F.,  a  llowci'-vaso,  boiiciuot-lioldcr,  <  boin/ucl : 
gee  huiKiurt.}  A  liouquct-holilor,  cspociiilly  ono 
(lcsif,'ii(Ml  t(i  bii  ciiiTicd  ill  tho  liaiul. 

bouquetin  (F.  pmn.  bd-kij-taii'),  «.  [F.,  earlier 
li,iiir-rsl((iii,  liDiic-d'rxtiiin  (CotKrave),  lit.  'wool- 
f;iiat '  [liDiic,  jj;()at ;  tic,  of;  cutain,  mod.  F.  iHiiin, 
carded  wool),  but  appar.  ori^.  a  (raiispositioii 
of  (i.  stiiulKwU,  I),  ntnnhnk :  fn'o atcinbok.']  The 
Kunipcan  il)(>.\  or  stciiilmk,  Copra  ihcx :  honee, 
a.  iiaiiio  of  the  roek-goats  of  tlio  Kcmis  Ihcx. 

bourt,  bouret,  »•  Middle  KugTish  fonus  of 
h(nn  1'^. 

bourachi,  bourock  (biir'ach,  -ok),  ».    [Sc, 

also  vvi'ittfii  hiiirriick,  homick,  prob.  dim.  of 
bourJioKrc,  =  E. /)(*«•<  fl,  q.  v.  C(.  l/our<icli'^.]  1. 
An  iiiclosui'i':  applied  to  the  little  houses  built 
in  |ihiy  liy  ehildren. —  2.  A  small  eot  or  hut. 

bourach-  (biir'aeh),  It.  [Se.  (ef.  borrti,  biirradli, 
a  lieap  of  stones),  <  Gaol,  burriicli,  a  projeeting 
bank;  ef.  hiirni,  burr,  a  knob  or  bunch,  borradh, 
a  swelling.  Cf.  ?)(i«ra(7|i.]  1.  A  small  knoll. 
lliKj;/. —  2.  A  heaj);  a  confused  heap;  a  clus- 
ter, as  of  trees  or  people;  a  crowd. 

bourasque  (bO-rask'),  «.  [F.  bdumsqiic,  now 
boiirra.iquc  =  It.  bi>r(i.ico,  a  storm,  tempest, 
gust :  see  bora.ico.']     A  tempest ;  a  storm. 

These  were  members  of  tlie  Heltcr  Skelter  (.'lub,  uf  tlie 
■VViltlllre  Cluli,  luut  utlier  associations  formeil  for  the  ex- 
press purpose  of  getting;  rid  of  care  ami  sobriety.  Such 
dashers  occasioned  many  a  racket  in  Meg's  house  and 
many  a  bmiraaque  in  Meg's  temper. 

Saitt,  St.  Ronan's  Well,  I.  27. 

Bourbon  (bor'bon),  n.  [<  F.  Bourbon,  >  Sp. 
Borboii,  It.  liorbone.']  1.  A  member  of  tlie  last 
royal  family  of  France,  or  of  any  of  its  branches. 
The  family  took  its  name  from  its  ancient  seij;niory  of 
Hoiiilion  (now  I'.ourhon  rArchaiiibaiilt,  in  tin-  department 
of  Allier),  audsueeeeded  to  tlie  throne  liy  .■olhitenil  inheri- 
tanre  in  l;">sll,  in  tlie  lu'i-son  of  Henry  1\'.  The  llourbon 
dyna.sty  w:is  deposed  in  1792,  and  restored  in  1S14.  The 
re\olntion  of  1S30  brought  to  the  throne  Louis  I'hilippe 
(who  was  deposed  in  1S4S),  of  the  younger  or  Orleans 
ln'aneh,  wliieh  sueeeeded  to  all  the  claims  of  the  family  on 
tlierxtiiirtioiiof  the  elder  liramli  in  ISSS.  A  liHc  of  Bour- 
bon soverei;.rns  has  reij-'ned  in  Spain  (with  two  interrup- 
tions) since  1700,  and  a  branch  of  this  line  held  the  throne 
of  Naples  or  the  Two  Sicilies  from  1735  to  18(51. 
2.  One  who,  as  was  said  of  the  Bourbons,  "for- 
gets notliing  and  learns  nothing";  hence,  in 
U.  iS.  2)oUtics,  an  extreme  conser\'ative ;  espe- 
cially, one  who  is  behind  the  time  and  is  op- 
posed to  all  progress:  originally  applied  to 
certain  members  of  the  Democratic  party. —  3. 
[/.  c]  A  kind  of  whisky  made  of  wheat  or  In- 
dian corn :  originally  limited  to  the  corn-whisky 
made  in  Bourbon  county,  Kentucky. 

Bourbonian  (biir-bo'ni-an),  (I.  Of  or  pertain- 
ini,'  to  the  family  or  dynasties  of  the  Boiu'bons. 

Bourbonism  (biir'bon-izm),  H.  [<  Bourbon  + 
-ism:  =  V.  liourbonii<nic.~\  1.  The  opinions  of 
those  who  adhere  to  the  house  of  Bourbon ; 
legitimism.  —  2.  In  T.  .S'.7jri?i((e'»',  obstinate  con- 
servatism; opposition  to  progress. 

Bourbonist  (li(>r'bon-ist),  n.  [<  Bourbon  + 
-iiil :  =  F.  Bourboni.ite.']  One  who  supports  the 
claims  of  the  members  of  the  house  of  Bour- 
bon to  the  thrimes  they  lield ;  specifically,  a 
supporter  of  the  claims  of  the  members  of  this 
family  to  the  throne  of  Franco. 

Bourbon  palm.    Hee  jiolm. 

bourd't  (biird),  II.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bmmrd, 
hoordc,  <  ME.  bonrdc,  boiirdc,  borilc,  biirdc  = 
MI),  bocrdc,  I).  bocrt=  OFries.  biird=  LU.  bocrt, 
a  jest,  <  OF.  boiirdc,  bordc,  mockery,  banter, 
jest,  F.  boiirdc,  bouncer,  huniljilg,  =  Pr.  bordii, 
a  jest,  a  cheat,  a  lie ;  cf.  Bret,  bourd,  a  jest  (prol). 
<  F.),  Gael,  buirtc,  a  gibe,  taimt,  /)«)•(,  buirt, 
moclcery,  =  Ir.  buirt,  a  gibe,  taunt.  ( )rigin  and 
relations  uncertaiii.]    1.  A  jest;  a  joke;  ftm. 

Whether  our  inaistcr  speake  earnest  or  bordc. 

Udall,  Roister  Doister,  i.  4. 

Gramercy,  Borrill,  for  thy  eoini)any, 

For  all  thy  jests,  and  all  thy  merry  himrtls. 

Drai/lan,  Shepherd's  tiarland,  p.  5;^. 

2.  Mockery;  scoffing, 
bourd't  (btird),  r.     [<  ME.  hnurden,  <  OF.  bniir- 
dir,  sport;  from  the  noun:  see  bourd^,  «.]    I, 
■iHlrans.  To  jest ;  joke;  say  things  in  jest. 

My  wit  is  greet,  though  that  I  Imurde  and  pleye. 

Chaucer,  I'ardoner's  Tale,  1.  31(3. 

II.  tran.'i.  To  make  game  of. 

Shew 
But  any  least  aversion  in  your  look 
To  him  that  boiirdc  you  next,  and  your  throat  opens. 

/;.  Jtnison,  Catiline,  i.  1. 

bourd'-t,  ".     An  obsolete  variant  of  board. 

bourdert  (bor'der),  K.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
boordcr,  boarder,  hourdour ;  <  MK.  bourdour, 
burdourc,  bordcre,  etc.,  <  AF.  bourdour,   OF. 


643 

hnrdcor,  a  jester,  <  bnurdcr,  border,  jest:  see 
biiurd^.]     A  jester;  a  joker;  a  butToon. 

bourdon'  (biir'don),  «.  [<  ME.  lit>urdon,<,  OF. 
Iiourdoii  =  I'r.  Iiordo  =  Sf).  bordon  =  Pg.  bordilo 
=  It.  bordonc,  a  staff,  prob.  <  LE.  Iiurdo(n-),  an 
ass,  mule ;  cf.  Sp.  iniilcta,  a  crutch,  prop,  sup- 
port, a  particular  use  of  mulcla,  fem.  ilim.  of 
/H«fo,  a  mule]  1.  (a)  A  staff  used  by  jiilgrinis 
in  the  middle  ages,  (b)  A  baton  orcanloral  staff, 
(c)  A  ])lain  thick  silver  wand  used  as  a  liadge  of 
otiice. — 2.  A  lance  used  in  the  just.  See  lance. 
— 3.  In  licr.,  a  |iilgriiri's  staff  used  as  a  bearing. 

bourdon-  (bor'don),  H.  [<  ME.  bourdon,  bur- 
douii,  biirdoun,  <  OF.  bourdon,  mod.  F.  bour- 
don, drone  of  a  bagpipe,  bass  in  music,  =  Sp. 
bordon  =  Pg.  Iiordao  =  It.  boriloiic,  <  ME.  hur- 
d(i{n-),  a  drone.  The  E.  word  is  now  burden, 
the  refrain  of  a  song:  see  /)«n/eH''.]     In  munic: 

(a)  The  drone  of  a  bagi)ipe,  or  a  monotonous 
and  repetitious  gi'ound-melody.     See  burden'^. 

(b)  An  organ-stop,  usually  of  10-feet  tone,  the 
pipes  of  which  are  generally  made  of  wood,  and 
produce  hollow,  smooth  tones,  deficient  in  har- 
monics and  easily  blended  with  other  tones. 

bourdon-  (bor'don),  c  ».  [<.  bourdon-,  II.']  In 
inuxic,  to  drone,  as  an  instrument  during  a 
paus(^  in  singing. 

bourdonasset,  »•  [<  OF.  bourdona^sc,  <  bour- 
ibin,  a  statT:  see  bourdon'^.]  A  lance  having  a 
light  hollow  handle  of  great  diameter:  appa- 
rently the  same  as  bourdon^,  2. 

bourdonn6  (bor-do-na'),  a.  [OF.,  <  bourdon,  a 
staff.]  In  /(PC,  terminating  in  knobs  or  balls: 
as,  a  bourdonne  cross,  which  is  the  same  as  a 
CJ'H.s'.?  poiiimie.     See pommee. 

bourgi  (l)org),  71.  [F.,  <  ML.  btergus,  <  OHG. 
IVIHG.  burc,  G.  burg  =  E.  borouijli"^,  q.  v.  Cf. 
burtj^,  buri/h.]  A  town  ;  a  borough :  chiefly  with 
reference  to  French  towns.     [Rare.] 

Ve  think  the  rustic  cackle  of  your  bourtj 

The  murmur  of  the  world !       Tfiimfson,  Geraint. 

Bourg-  (borg),  n.  A  name  given  to  the  red  wine 
of  a  large  district  in  France  in  the  department 
of  (Tironde,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Dordogne. 

bourgade  (bor-giid'),  n.  [F.,  <  bounj,  a  town, 
market-to-mi :  see'ioK/v/l.]  A  straggling  vil- 
lage ;  a  small  French  or  Swiss  market-town. 

The  canton  consists  only  of  villages  and  little  towns  or 
huiirnnd.'s.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  :i2. 

bourgeois'  (bor-zhwo'),  n.  and  a.  [F.,  mod. 
ff)riii  of  OF.  burijci.s,  a  citizen,  >  E.  burycss,  q. 
v.]  I.  )(.  1.  In  France,  a  citizen;  a  burgher; 
a  man  of  middle  rank. —  2.  A  small  French 
coin  of  the  fourteenth  centiuy.  The  bourgmis 
simple  was  worth  about  a  cent  and  a  half,  the  bourgeois 
fort  twice  as  much. 

II.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  or  consisting  of  trades- 
people or  citizens  of  midtUe  rank:  as,  bourgcoifi 
surroundings ;  the  bourgeois  class  of  France. 
Hence  —  2.  Wanting  in  dignity  or  refinement ; 
common;  mean. 

We  have  no  word  in  English  that  will  exactly  define 
this  want  i>f  propriety  in  diction.  Vulgar  is  too  strong, 
and  eomnionplaee  too  weak.  Perhaps  bounjcois  comes 
as  near  as  any.      Lowll,  .\molig  my  Books,  Ist  ser.,  p.  2(3. 

bourgeois-,  burgeois  (ber-jois'),  ».  [Supposed 
to  be  so  called  from  a  type-foimder  named 
Bourt/cois:  see  lioiirgeobi^.  The  F.  name  for 
this  typo  is  i/aiUarde;  see  gaiUitirdc,  i/alliard.'] 
A  size  of  printing-type  measuring  about  100 
lines  to  the  foot,  ne.\t  larger  than  brevier  and 
smaller  than  long-primer. 

This  line  is  printed  in  huitrycuis. 

bourgeoisie  (l)or-zliwo-ze'),  «.  [F.,  <  bour- 
geois, a  citizen :  see  bourgeois^.}  Properly,  the 
French  middle  classes,  but  often  apjjlieil  to  the 
middle  classes  of  any  country,  especially  those 
depending  on  tra<le. 

There  is  no  i/fiffr.'/c'ji.s-o;  to  speak  of ;  immediately  after 
the  aristocracy  come  the  poor  people,  who  are  very  poor 
indeed.  //.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  2(i;3. 

bourgeon,  ».  and  r.     See  burqcon. 

bourgignot,  bourginot,  «.  variants  of  burga- 
nit. 

Bourguignon  (F.  pron.  biir-ge-nyou'),  n.  [F., 
<  /.'o»;(;o</»(.  Burgundy.]  A  native  or  an  inhab- 
itant id'  Burgundy;  aBurgundian. 

Bourignian  (bij-rin'yan),  <;.  Pertaining  to  the 
BourigiLonists  or  to  their  doctrines. 

Bourignoiyst  (lio-rin'yon-ist),  n.  One  of  a  sect 
foimded  by  Antoinette  Bourignon  {l()16-80), 
a  religious  enthusiast  who  assumed  the  Au- 
gustinian  habit,  and  traveled  in  France,  Hol- 
land, England,  and  Scotland,  .she  maintained  that 
Cliristianity  does  not  consist  in  faith  and  practice,  hut  in 
inward  feeling  ami  sujiernatural  impntse. 

bourn',  bourne'  (born),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
booriic,  buruc,  <  ME.  bourne,  borne,  var.  of  earlier 


bouse 

burnr  (whence  the  reg.  northern  form  bitrn^,  q. 
v.),  <  AS.  biirne,  burnii,  a  stream:  see  hitrifi. 
Cf.  E.  mourn,  <  AS.  inurnan.]  A  stream;  a 
brook :  same  as  biirn,^. 

Come  o'er  the  bourn,  Bessy,  to  me. 

iShak.,  I.ear,  iii.  c  (song). 
I'J'Iu'  woril  fn-enrs  in  various  place-names  in  (Jreat  Britain, 
as  Ikn'rinHiiiiiUi  (that  is,  mouth  of  the  burn  or  rivulet), 

W,'Ktli.,tini-\  elc.l 

bourn-',  bourne-  (liorn  or  biim),  «.    [Early  mod. 

E.  also  btiriic ;  <  F.  borne,  formerly  also  bourne,  a 
var.  of  OF.  bodiic,  bonne,  a  limit,  l)Ound,  boun- 
dary, >  E.  fco«M(/l,  (|.  v.]  Abounii;  limit;  desti- 
nation; goal:  as,  "beyond  the  bourn  of  sunset," 
Tcnnijson,  Princess,  Conclu.sion. 

The  undiscovered  country,  from  whose  bourn 

No  traveller  returns.  Shah.,  ilandet,  iii.  1, 

There  at  last  it  Lay.  the  tfotirn  of  my  long  and  weary 

pilgrimage,  realising  the  plans  and  hopes  of  many  and 

many  a  year.  li.  /'.  liurton,  Kl-.Mediiiah,  p.  3S9. 

bourn-',  bourne'*  (born),  v.  t.     See  bonc'^. 

bournless  (born'-  or  biirn'Ies),  «.  [<  liourii"  + 
-less.]     Having  no  bourn  or  limit.     [Kare.] 

bournonite  (biir'no-nit),  «.  [After  Count  do 
Bournon,  a  French  mineralogist  (1751-182.')).] 
A  sulphid  of  antimony,  lead,  and  co])per,  of 
a  steel-gray  color  and  brilliant  metallic  luster, 
found  in  the  Ilarz  mountains,  Cornwall,  and 
Mexico.  Wki'fl.orc  is  a  variety  which  owes  its  name  to 
the  form  of  the  twin  crystals,  resembling  a  cog-wheel. 
Also  called  clulHiifinite. 

bournous  (bor-nos'),  «.    A  French  spelling  of 

burnouse. 

bourock,  n.     See  bourach^. 

bourran,  «.     See  buran. 

bourree(b6-ra'),  H.  [F. :  see  fiorce .]  1.  A  lively 
dance,  originating  either  in  Auvergne  or  in  Bis- 
cay.—  2.  A  musical  composition  in  which  the 
strict  rhythm  and  cheerful  character  of  such  a 
dance  are  embodied,  it  is  nsmdly  written  in  duple 
rhythm,  the  phraser  being  two  measures  long,  beginning 
with  the  Last  half  of  the 
up-beat.  It  was  much 
used  as  one  member  of 
the  old-fashioned  suit*', 
and  is  stilt  popular  as  a 
form  of  composition.  It 
is  allied  to  the  jinmt. 

bourrelet  (bor-la'), 

H.     [F. :  see  burlel.] 

1.    The   stuffed  roll 

(see     bnrlet)    which 

formed  a  part  of  fe- 
male   head-dress   in 

the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury.—  2.     In    milit. 

costume,  a  wreath  or 

turban  of  stuff,  worn 

upon   the  helmet. — 

3.  In  her.    See  tortil. 
bourse  (bors),  n.  [F., 

a     purse,     bursary, 

an  exchange,  <  OF. 

borse,  <  ML.  bursa,  a 

purse,  bag,  etc.:  see  burse,  purse.]     1.  A  stock 

exchange;  specifically,  the  stock  exchange  of 

Paris,  and  hence  used  of  continental  Eiu-opean 

e.'ichanges  in  general. 
Fraternities  and  eompanies  I  approve  »»f,  as  merchants' 

bourses,  colleges  of  druggists,  physicians,  musicians,  etc. 
liurton,  Anat.  of  .Mel.,  To  the  Reader,  p.  (35. 

2t.  The  bag  of  a  wig.     See  bng^,  3. 

bour-tree  (biir'tre),  n.  [Sc,  also  spelled  bitr- 
trec,  bore-tree,  and  boun-trec,  and  fonnerly  burt- 
tree,  <  ME.  burlrc,  <  bur-  (uncertain,  but  not, 
as  supposed  l)y  some,  <  bore^,  as  if  from  the  use 
of  ekler-twigs,  with  the  pith  removed,  as  tubes; 
cf.  Sc.  bourtree-,  liounlnj-gun,  an  air-gim  of  el- 
der) -I-  tree]  A  Scotch  name  of  the  ekler-tree, 
Sainliucu.s  nigra.  — Bourtiee-snn,  a  popgun  or  bean, 
shooter  made  of  the  wood  <»f  the  b«»nr-tree  after  the  pith 
has  been  renmved. 

bousa  (bo'sii),  n.    Same  as  boca. 

bouse'  (bouz,  also  bijz,  but  in  the  latter  pron. 
usually  written  booj:e),  r.;  prct.  aiid]>p.  boused, 
ppr.  bousing.     [Also  written  bowse,  liou:c,  and 
also,  repr.  the  now  most  common  though  dial, 
pron.,  boose,  boo:c :  early  mod.  E.  bou.se,  bowse, 
<  ME.  bousen  (rare),  appar.  <  MI),  busen,  later 
buiscn,  bui/sen  =  ti.  bansen,  drink,  guzzle;  cf. 
MD.  buLie,  a  large  drinking-vessel,  appar.  iden- 
tical with  I),  buis,  a  tube,  pipe,  conduit,  chan- 
nel.   Cf.  ^K*',  a  box,  barrel,  and  see  boss-,  box'-.] 
Same  as  bou:e,  which  is  now  the  usual  form. 
As  though  bold  Robin  Hood 
Would,  with  his  Maid  Marian, 
Sup  and  boti'sc  from  horn  and  can. 

Reals.  Lines  on  the  Mermaid  Tavern. 

bousel  (l)ouz,  also  boz,  but  in  the  latter  pron. 
usually  written  boo.:c,  q.  v.),  h.     Same  as  boo.:c. 
No  bouse  f  nor  no  tobacco  ? 

ilwssiivjer.  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debta,  i.  1. 


mm- 


Bourrelet  in  head-dress  of  Queen 

Is^ttH:aii  of  It.tvaria;  about  1393- 
(Fnim  Vii)llet-1<;-Duc*s  "Diet,  du 
Moliitier  frainjais.") 


bouse 

bouse",  bowse-  (lious),  c.  t.;  prot.  and  ]>|i. 
Iiiiii.iril,  hiiirsril,  ppr.  iKiiixiinj,  bdicminj,  [Foriu'i- 
ly  also  writtfii  hotiss;  orifjin  unknown. J  .\<iiit., 
to  haul  with  taoklo. 

AfliT  tlu-  ri^^itij;  its  iMnfM'il  well  (aiit,  Mk-  wi/iiips  and 
i\»viTiiiw8  [must]  Ik-  rc|)lni'c<l.  whu-h  is  a  vi-ry  nii-c  piece 
o(  wink,  K.  11.  Dana,  Jr.,  liet.ile  the  Mast,  p.  II). 

To  bouse  up  the  Jib,  llgiirativelj',  tu  get  "tight"  or 

clniiik.     |SI;[ii;.'.| 

bouse-'  (l>i>us  or  biis),  H.  [K.  dial.,  formerly  hoii.i; 
iirit;iii  obscure]  In  miiihuj,  oiv  nii.xeil  with 
vi'iiisloni' ;  .socoiiil-olas.s  ore,  which  must  uu- 
licrfio  furthor  preparation  before  going  to  the 
smeller.     [North.  Eng.  leail-miuiug  districts.] 

bouse',  ".     Same  as  boosc^. 

bouse-team  (bous'tem),  h.   In  mining,  the  place 


644 

bout-hammert,  «.  [For  ahnnt-hammpr,  oquiv. 
\<>  iilii>iil-.sl(ili/i ,  q.  v.]  A  blacksmiths'  ham- 
mer ;  an  about-sledge. 

1  am  f<ir  \'uleaii  now,  fur  Mars  nti  more; 

If  my  wife  seoM,  my  hintt -hnmmer  sliall  roar. 

Ufau.  and  Fl.  (?),  Faithful  Krielids,  iv.  B. 

boutisalet,  «•  [An  isolated  instance ;  jjrop. 
l)(/olii-S(il''-l  A  sale  of  booty ;  a  cheap  sale,  as 
a  sale  of  booty  commonly  is. 


The  great  boiitimle  of  colleges  ami  chantries. 

Sir  J.  liaiiivard,  Edward  VI. 


p.  »8, 


bouton  (bii'ton),  n.    [F.]    Button.    BUkra  bou- 
ton.    Same  as  AU'j/po  button  or  xUcer  (which  ser,  uiider 
iilcrr). 
boutonnifere  (bo-ton-iar'),  n.     [F.]     A  button- 

_  __  ^  liiile  bouquet. 

wlicrc  bouse  is  dei>osited  outside  of  the  mine,  boutS,  «.     See  ftoof.s-2. 

ready  to  be  dressed  or  prepared  for  the  smelter,  bouts-riines  (bo're-ma'),  >i-}>l-    [F.:  bnul.'i,  pi.  of 

[North.  Eng.]  ' '  '-""  ' "'■  '■•""'  —"   -'    -'■  -  ■  ^ 


boustrophedon  (bO-stro-fe'dou),  «.  [<  Or.  jSov- 
a7/)(>i5'/i>oi',  fmiiiug  backward  aud  forward  like 
o.xeu  in  jdowiiig,  <  /iorr,  ox,  +  crfiii^rir,  turn.] 
A  method  of  writing  shown  in  early  Greek  in- 
scriptions, in  which  the  Hues  run  alternately 


bout,  eiiii  (see  butt");  rinie.s,  mase.  pi.  of  riinr, 
pp.  of  rimer,  rime,  <  rime,  n.,  rime:  see  nrnfl.] 


Kimiug  words  given  out  as  the  line-endings  of  a 
stanza,  the  other  parts  of  the  lines  having  to 
be  supplied  by  the  ingenuity  of  the  person  to 
whom  the  words  are  given, 
from  right  to  left  and  fi-om  left  to  right,  as  the  Bouvardia^  (bo-var'di-a),  n.  [XL.,  named  in 
fui-rows  made  in  plowing  a  field,  the  plow  pass- 
ing alternately  backward  and  forward. 

It  Inis  heen  notieeil  Iiy  Pjoetih  iuid  Franz  that  in  the  ear- 
liest e.\amplGs  of  btnixtroithfdon  writing  the  first  line  is 
from  right  to  left,  and  the  second  from  left  to  right. 

Isaac  TaijUir,  Tlie  Alphabet,  II.  34,  note. 

1 


[<  hoiise'^  +  -y' 


bousy  (bo'zi),  a 
Same  as  booj:;/. 

bout'  (bout),  H.  [A  latter  and  parallel  spelling 
of  hiiin/jit'^,  q.  v.]  1.  A  turn,  loop,  coil,  or 
knot,  as  in  a  rope  or  chain ;  a  bend  or  flexure. 

Aud  at  the  lowest  end  forget  it  not 
To  leave  a  bout  or  comp<-iss  like  an  eye. 
The  link  that  holds  your  hook  to  hang  upon. 

John  Dennys,  in  Arher's  Eng.  (iarner,  I.  150. 
In  notes,  with  many  a  winding  bout 
Of  linked  sweetness  long  drawn  out. 

Milton,  LAUegro,  1.  139. 

2.  The  part  of  a  sling  that  contains  the  stone. 
—  3.  A  going  and  returning,  as  in  plowing, 
reaping,  etc. ;  hence,  as  much  of  an  action  as 
is  performed  at  one  time ;  a  single  part  of  an 
action  which  is  caiTied  on  at  successive  inter- 
vals.—4.  A  round  at  anything,  as  in  some  eon- 
test;  a  set-to;  atrial:  as,  a  i«M«  at  single-stick 
or  fisticuffs. 

The  gentleman  wiU,  tor  his  honour's  sake,  have  one  bout 
with  you.  Sliak.,  T.  N.,  in.  4. 


houor  of  Dr.  Bouvard,  director  of  the  Jardin 
des  Plantes,  Paris.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Rubiacea,  natives  of  Mexico  and 
Central  America.  They  are  herbs  or  low  shrubs  with 
showy  corymbs  of  red,  yellow,  or  white  flowers.  .Several 
species  are  found  in  greenhouses. 
Cf  boo'ii  ^  ^OUWeryt,  ".  Same  as  boii-crij-.  Irviny. 
~J-i  Ijouza  (bii'za),  «.     Same  as  i*o~a. 

bouze,  «.  and  V.     See  boo:e. 

bouzyl,  «.     See  boozy. 

Bouzy-  (bo'zi),  n.  A  name  given  to  certain 
sparkling  wines  from  the  small  town  and  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name  in  the  department  of 
Marne  in  France.  The  name  is  also  given,  in- 
appropriately, to  many  other  sparkling  wines. 

bovate  (bo'vat),  n.  i<  ML.  borata,  <  L.  fio.s- 
(bor-),  ox :  see  Bos.'^  An  allotment  of  land  in 
early  English  %allage  communities,  the  holder 
of  which  was  bound  to  furnish  one  ox  to  the 
plow-team ;  an  oxgang. 


The  full  husband-land,  or  virgate,  was  composed  of  two 
borates,  or  oxgangs,  the  bovate  or  oxgang  being  thus  the 
eighth  of  the  hide  or  canicate. 

Se^bohvi,  Eng.  Vil.  Com.,  p.  61. 

Manifestly  the  bovate  or  o.\gang  represented  the  tillage, 
not  of  an  ox-team,  but  of  one  ox  of  the  team,  that  is,  it 
was  the  share  of  the  tilled  land  appropriated  to  the  owner 
of  one  of  the  eight  associated  oxen  contributed  to  the 
cooperative  eight-ox  plough.     N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  481. 

Look'ee,  master,  if  you'd  wanted  a  6oM«  at  boxing,  quar-  Bo'VeaS  (bo've-e),  11.  j>l.      [NL.,  <  Bos  (Bov-)  + 


ter-stall,  or  short-staff,  I  should  never  be  the  man  to  bid 
you  cry  off.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  1. 

5.  A  round  of  indulgence,  as  in  di-ink:  as,  a 
drunken  bout. 

Here,  replenish  again  ;  another  bout. 

B,  JoTuton,  Epiccene,  iv.  1. 

6.  A  turn  or  fit  of  illness :  as,  a  severe  bout  of 
rheumatism. — 7.  In  music,  an  inward  curve  of 
a  rib  of  an  instrument  of  the  violin  kind,  by 

which  the  waist  is  formed This  (or  that)  bout, 

this  (or  that)  time  or  occasion. 

She  got  off  for  that  bout.  Sir  H.  L'Estratuie. 

The  Prince  ...  has  taken  me  in  his  train,  so  that  lam  Bovichtliys(b6-^'ik'this),    n.      [NL.,    <  L.   hns 
m  no  danger  of  starving  for  (Am  6o«(.  •  (ior-)  (=  Gr.  ,3oi'f),  ox,  -|-  Gr.  i^ft'f,  fish.]     The 

.       ^.,        ,  ^  Go(dsm,(A,  The  Bee,  No.  1.     typical  genus  of  the  family  BonpA«»/;(?fl'. 

bout-t,  orf!'.  and  pre/).     [Early  mod.  E.  and  E.  bo-sriculture  (bo'vi-kul-tiir).  «.    [<  L.' iox  (ftoi-), 
dial.  var.  of  but^,  q.  v.]     Same  as  but^.  ox,  +  culturii,  culture.] "  The  breeding  and  rear- 

bout'Mhout),  arte,  and  j)re;j.     [Ahhr.ot  about,     ing  of  cattle  ;  stock-raising.     [Rare.] 
q.  V  ;  now  commonly  written  'bout.}     About,  bovid  (bo'vid),  a.  and  n.     I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
[(  olloq.  or  naut.]  the  iJocWo',-  bovine. 

boutadet  OJo-tiid')    «.      [F.,  <  boutci;  thrust,         H.  n.  One  of  the  Bovida: 
iiutt :  see  6«rti.]    1.  A  sudden  outburst  or  out-  Bovidae  (bo'vi-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Bos  (Bov-), 

ox,   +  -irfrt'.]     A  family  of  hollow-horned  ru- 


■ew.l  A  di\-ision  of  Boridw,  practically  equiva- 
lent to  the  genus  Bos  in  a  large  sense,  or  to 
the  modern  subfamily  Bovince. 

Bovey  coal.    See  coal. 

Bovichthyidae  (bo-vik-thi'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Borichthys  -f  -idee.']  A  family  of  acanthopte- 
rygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Bovichthys, 
ha\-ing  the  lower  pectoral  rays  unbranched  and 
simply  articulated,  the  ventral  fins  jugular  and 
separated  by  a  wide  area,  the  anal  fin  moderate, 
and  no  scales.  Only  two  or  three  species  are 
known  ;  thev  inhabit  antarctic  seas. 


break. 


His  first  boutade  was  to  kick  both  their  wives  one  morn, 
ing  out  of  doors,  and  his  own  too.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  iv. 

2.  In  nuLfic:  (n)  Especially,  in  the  early  eigh- 
teenth century,  a  composition  having  an  im- 
liromptu  aud  capricious  character.  (6)  An  im- 
promjjtu  dance. 

boutant  (bo-ton'),  a.  [F.,  ppr.  of  bouter,  thrust : 
see  /.i(«l.]     See  arc  boutant,  imder  occl. 

boute-feut  (bot-fe'),  n.  [P.,  a  forked  match- 
lioldcr,  formerly  used  for  firing  cannon,  <  bou- 
ter. thrust,  -I-  feu,  fire,  <  L.  focu.%  a  fireplace.] 
An  incendiary;  one  who  incites  to  strife. 

Animated  by  a  base  fellow  called  .lohn  i>  Cbambtr  a 
very  boutfXtu,  who  bore  much  sway  among  the  vulgir 
tliey  sjitercd  into  open  rebellion.     Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VIl! 

But  the  h-ardiness  of  Stuart's  opinions,  his  personal  at- 
laiks  and  the  acrimony  of  his  literary  libels,  iiresentcd  a 
new  feature  m  .Scottisl:  "'  -  -  .       .     ■-. 


minants,  the  ox  tribe,  containing  the  bovines. 
The  family  was  formerly  nearly  coextensive  with  tile  ge- 
nus Bos  in  a  large  sense,  including  cattle  as  distinguished 
from  goats,  sheep,  and  antelopes.  In  this  acceptation 
the  family  corresponds  to  the  modern  subfamily  Borinte. 
It  has  been  founti  impossible,  however,  to  draw  any  sh.arp 
dividing  line  between  cattle  and  other  hollow-horned 
ruminants,  among  some  of  which,  as  the  antelopes,  con- 
n.Tting  links  occur.  Therefore,  notwithstanding  the  fa- 
miliar difference  between  an  ox  and  a  sheej),  for  exam- 
ple, or  a  goat  and  an  antelope,  the  family  Bovida  now 
contains  all  of  these  which  have  hollow,  persistent  horns, 
common  to  both  sexes,  generally  two,  sometimes  f<mr, 
and  certain  common  cranial  characters  by  which  they 
collectively  differ  from  the  saiga  on  the  one  hand  and 
from  the  pronghorn  on  the  other,  these  two  so-called 
antelopes  being  made  respectively  the  typea  of  the  fami- 
lies .Sni'j/irfoP  and  Antilocapridte.  The  Bovidm  as  thus 
defined  are  conventionally  divided  into  five  subfamilies ; 
Boyiiux,  cattle ;  Ombovino",  muskoxen ;  Ovitue,  sheep ;  Ca- 


.. „  ^''^'n"',  goats ;  and  .1  n//?o/«?i*p,  antelopes.  See  these  words. 

horror  ilmt  ^l!j^t''!^^l  literature,  of  such  ugliness  and  boviform  (bo'vi-form),  a.     [<  L.  bos  (bor-),  ox, 

norror.  mat  every  honourable  man  soon  averted  Ills  fai-i.      j-  *■ e  -i      tt      •         }\       ^  £ 

from  this  (,„„f.-/a,.     /, ///„™W.'.  Calam  of  Auth    n  .'0.'  +.':'"«:'■  form.]      Having  the  form  of  au  OXj 

hn.i*',^^^!'!^^           c.               ■    .      ,                ;  f  ~  -  1),, vine  m  form  .ind  structure. 

bouteroUet,  «.    Same  as  ioteroi.  Bovlll's  Act.    See  aci. 


Bavista  ammophita. 
{ From  Lc  Maoutand  De- 
caisne's  "'  Tr.^ile  general 
de  Botanique.") 


bo'w 

Bo'Tlnae  (bo-vi'ne),  «._/'/.  [NL.,  <  Bos  (Bor-)  -^ 
-inir.  (T.  Iioriiie.]  The  typical  subfamily  of 
the  family  Boridu' ;  cattle ;  oxen ;  bovines.  They 
are  of  lai-gc  size  and  more  or  less  massive  form.  'Hie  head 
is  carriecl  low  upon  a  short  neck,  tlie  legs  are  relatively 
slKirt,  with  the  canon-bones  little  or  no  longer  than  the 
phalanges,  the  hoofs  broad,  the  ujulfle  nakeil,  the  bonis 
simple  and  unbranched,  and  the  tail  tufted  at  the  end. 
There  are  four  inguinal  teats.  The  leading  genera  are 
iidit,  Bubatug,  Anoa,  liixim,  and  Poeptia{fU4,  oroxeii,  butfa- 
loes.  bisons,  anil  yaks. 

bo'vine  (lio'vin  or  -vln),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  bovine 
=  I'r.  burin,  <  LL.  borinus,  <  L.  bos  (bov-),  ox.] 

1.  ".  1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  oxen,  or 
specifically  to  the  Borinie:  boviform.  lience  — 

2.  Ox-like;  stolid;  inert;  dull. 

This  bovine  comfort  in  the  sense  alone. 

Lftuvlt,  Three  Mem.  Poems. 

II.  >i.   One  of  the  Borina: 

Bovista  (bo-vis'tii),  H.  [NL.,  <  G.  hofist  (=  Sw. 
bofisi),  <  bo-  (of  uncertain  origin;  cf.  buffcn, 
puffen  =  'E.  jmff)  -i-Ji.ft  =  E.  fsfi,  foisll,  «.,  in 
its  orig.  sense.  Cf.  Lycoperdon .}  A  genus  of 
gasteromycetous  fungi,  or  puffballs,  closely 
allied  to  Lycopcrdon,  but  dif- 
fering from  the  latter  in  the 
absence  of  a  sterile  base,  and 
in  the  structure  of  the  cover- 
ing or  peridium,  the  outer 
part  of  which  shells  off.  Tliree 
species  are  found  in  Great  Britain 
and  a  number  more  in  Xorth  Ameri- 
ca.   Several  species  are  edible. 

bO'wl  (hou),  V.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  boice,  bouejh ;  <  ME. 
bou-en,  buwen,  bugen,  <  AS. 
bugan  (pret.  beiih,  pi.  bugou, 
pp.  bogen),  bend,  bow,  flee, 
strong  verb,  only  in  trans.,  = 
OS.  *bugan  =  MD.  biighen, 
D.  buigen  =  MLG.  biigen  = 
OHG.  biogan,  JIHG.  G.  bie- 
gen  =  Icel.  "bjuga  (preserved  in  pp.  boginn  and 
pret.  3d  pers.  pi.  refl.  bugusk),  bend;  prob.  = 
L.  fugcre  =  Gr.  (psiyeiv,  flee,  =  Skt. -/  bhuj,  bend. 
Orig.  and  prop,  intrans. ;  whence  the  derived 
factitive  form,  AS.  bygan,  biegiin,  began,  ME. 
bugeii,  etc.,  mod.  E.  dial,  bay,  weak  verb,  trans., 
cause  to  bend :  see  bay^.  Cf.  Icel.  buga  =  Sw. 
buga,  weak  verb,  bow,  make  a  bow.  Hence  ult. 
the  secondary  verbs  bay^,  bnck^,  buckle^,  and 
the  nouns  boir",  bought^  =  bout^  =  bight,  bail^, 
bold,  etc.]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  become  bent  or 
crooked ;  assume  a  curved  form  ;  bend ;  etirve. 
[StUl  in  colloquial  use  in  Scotland.] 
Better  bow  than  break.  Proverb. 

Like  an  ass  whose  back  with  ingots  botes. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  I. 
2t.  To  tend ;  turn ;  incline. 
Thei  bowiden  awei  fro  the  lawe  of  God. 

Wyclif,  Baruch  iv.  12. 

3.  To  bend  or  curve  downward ;  take  a  bent 
posture  or  attitude ;  stoop. 

The  flame  o'  the  taper 
Bows  toward  her,  and  would  under-peep  her  lids. 

Shak.,  Cynibeline,  ii.  2. 
As  to  soft  gales  top-heavy  pines  bow  low. 

Pope,  Dmiciad,  ii.  391. 

4.  To  bend  the  neck  under  a  yoke ;  submit  or 
become  subject;  yield:  as,  to  bow  to  the  in- 
evitable. 

On  of  us  two  mot  bowe  douteles. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wile  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  440. 
Oft«n  tyme  it  is  betere  to  bote  than  to  ber^t. 

Eabeeg  Bonk  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  34. 

5.  To  bend  the  body  or  head  in  worship,  or 
in  token  of  reverence,  respect,  or  submission : 
with  to  or  before,  and  sometimes  emphasized 
by  down. 

The  rest  of  the  people  bolted  down  upon  their  knees. 

.luilges  vii.  (J. 
The  evil  boic  be.fore  the  good.  lYov.  xiv.  19. 

To  bow  and  sue  for  grace 
M'ith  suppliant  knee.         MUton,  P.  L.,  i.  111. 

6.  To  make  a  bow;  incline  the  body  or  the 
head  toward  a  person  by  way  of  salutation  or 
friendly  recognition,  or  in  acknowledgment  of 
some  courtesy. 

U.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  beud ;  make  curv-ed 
or  crooked ;  cause  to  assume  and  retain  a  bent 
shape. 

Tliey  rather  breake  him,  than  bowe  him,  rather  marre 
him.  then  mend  him.     Aschani,  The  Scholeniaster,  p.  31. 

2.  To  cause  to  stoop  or  become  bent,  as  with 
old  age  or  a  burden ;  hence,  to  crush. 

Whose  heavy  hand  hath  bow'd  you  to  the  grave. 

S/iaJc.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 
Bote  him.  yet  bow  him  more, 
Dash  that  same  glass  of  water  iu  his  face. 

i>,  Joti^on,  ilaguetick  Lady,  ill.  4. 


bow 

3.  To  causo  to  bond  in  submissiiin ;  eauso  to 
siilxiiit;  siib(bio. 
Hiiw  nut.  iiiinr  liotH'iir. 

Fltti-hi  I-  {KitU  iiiiiithci).  Two  \(»lilu  Kinsinuii,  iii,  G. 
Autlicrity  fni-|.'t-ts  u  dyiiiK  kinc. 
Liiiil  wiilnw'd  (if  the  itowt-r  in  liig  cyo 
'I'hiit  huir'd  the  will.    Tfnntjmn,  Mtirtu  tl'v\rthnr. 

4t.  To  biMid;  iuUec't;  causo  to  deviate  from  a 
given  eoiidition. 

We  hiiw  things  the  contrary  way  to  make  them  come  to 
(heir  natural  Ktraiglitness.  liacin,  Atheism. 

5t.  To  incHno;  turn  in  a  particular  direction; 

iiilbii'iicc. 
Not  to  hinv  ami  hia-s  tlieir  opinions.  FitlU^r, 

Kor  troubles  and  adversities  do  more  bow  men's  minds 

to  religion.  liacon, 

6.  To  bend  or  incline  in  worship  or  adoration, 
or  in  token  of  submission,  homage,  respect, 
civility,  condescension,  or  attention. 

And  they  i-ried  before  him.  How  the  knee;  and  he  made 
him  ruler  over  all  the  land  of  K^'ypt.  t'en.  xli.  4;i. 

.\nd  Moses  made  luiste,  and  btiwrd  his  head  toward  the 
earth.  Ex.  xx.\iv.  8. 

They  came  to  meet  him,  and  hinved  themselves  to  the 
ground  before  him.  2  Ki.  ii.  15. 

Jiow  down  thine  ear,  and  hear  the  words  of  the  wise. 

Prov.  xxii.  17. 

7.  To  express  by  a  bow  or  by  bowing:  as,  to 
boir  one's  thanks  or  assent. —  8.  To  accompany 
or  usher  in,  out,  etc.,  with  a  bow  or  bows. 

1  saw  the  station-nuister  hoiv  them  into  the  carriage. 

Diekens. 
Ancient  Hospitality,  long  since, 
With  ceremonious  thrift,  bowed  out  of  door."*. 

Lowdl,  Under  the  Willows. 
To  bow  down  the  back.  See  baeki. 
bow'  (bou),  II.  [<  ME.  Iioire,  a  bend,  <  bowcii, 
lieiiil:  see /wH'l,  I'.  Ct.  Iioif".']  An  inclination 
of  the  head  or  a  bending  of  the  body  in  salu- 
tation, or  in  token  of  reverence,  respect,  civil- 
ity, submission,  iissent,  or  thanks. 
bow-  (bo),  K.  [<  ME.  liiiicc,  lioylie,  hoge,  etc.,  a 
bend,  curve,  bow  for  shooting,  etc.,  <  AS.  tioija, 
a  bow  for  shooting,  a  rainbow  (in  general  sense 
'  bend '  only  in  com]). )  (=  OS.  bugo  =  UFries. 
hoijii  =  I),  hooy  =  MLG.  huge  =  OHti.  hogo, 
MH6.  huge,  G.  biigcii  =  Icel.  hogi  =  OSw.  boghi, 
Sw.  hdgi-  =  Dan.  bite,  a  bow,  etc.),  <  bugaii  (pp. 
hogeii),  bow,  bend:  see  Jowl,  t'.]  If.  A  bend; 
a  curve. 
The  bowe  of  the  ryver  of  Humber. 

Tiri'im,  tr.  of  Higden  (ed.  1865),  II.  87. 

2.  A  weapon  consisting  of  a  strong  strip  of  elas- 
tic woo<l  or  other  elastic  material,  with  a  string 
stretched  between  its  ends,  used  for  shooting 
arrows,  when  the  bow  has  been  bent  to  its  full  extent 
by  pulling  the  string  back  from  it,  the  recoil  of  the  string 
(ligaiiist  the  inner  side  of  which  the  notch  of  the  arrow 
is  placed)  when  released  impels  the  arrow.  The  bow 
and  arrow  have  been  used  in  all  ages  and  by  many  peoples 
as  a  weapon,  and,  though  superseded  in  the  ailvance  of 
civilization  by  firearms,  are  still  in  use  among  savage 
tribes,  ami  are  the  otticially  recognized  weapon  of  the 
Manclm  garrisons  of  China,  where  archery  is  still  one  of 
the  subjects  of  cxaininatiMufororticers  in  the  regular  army. 
Bows  were  at  one  time  divided  into  toualxiwn  and  eroys. 
boim.  During  the  nnddlc  ages  the  nationsof  Europe  used 
longbows  of  r>  or  fj  feet  in  length,  the  shorter  ones  being 
used  by  hor.semen,  and  the  longer  by  the  foot-archers.  The 
hows  now  commonly  used  in  archery  are  of  two  kinds,  the 
single-piece  tiow,  or  self-bow,  and  the  back  or  union  bow. 
The  single-piece  bow  is  made  of  one  rod  of  hickory,  lance- 
wood,  or  yew,  the  last,  if  perfectly  free  from  knots,  being 
eonsiilered  the  most  suitable  wood.  The  union  bow  is  made 
of  two  ar  sonietimcs  three  pieces  glueil  ttigether.  See  cuts 
tnuler  arbalhtt'i',  Imwntnn,  and  croHsbow. 

3.  The  name  of  several  implements  shaped  like 
a  bent  bow.  (a)  In  tmisic,  an  implement  originally 
curved,  hut  now  almost  straiglit,  by  means  of  which  the 
tone  is  produced  from  instrnments  of  the  violin  kind.  It 
is  made  of  a  slender  stalf  of  elastic  wood,  to  the  two  slightly 
projecting  ends  of  which  a  (jnantity  <»f  hoi^e-hairs  (about 
8U  or  100)  ;u-e  fastened.  These,  being  rubbed  with  resin 
and  drawn  over  tlie  strings  of  tlie  instrument,  cause  it  tt) 
sound.  (/')  An  implement  consisting  of  a  piece  of  wood 
curveil,  and  having  a  string  extended  from  one  extremity 
to  the  other,  used  (l)  by  smiths  in  turning  a  drill,  (2)  by 
turners  in  turning  wood,  and  (;l)  by  hatters  in  preparing 
fur  aiul  wool  for  their  use. 

4.  Any  bent  or  curved  thing.  Specifically— (a)  A 
raiidjow. 

Ami  it  shall  come  to  pass,  when  I  bring  a  cloud  over  the 
earth,  that  the  bow  shall  be  seen  in  the  cloud.   (Jen.  ix.  14. 

(b)  The  part  of  a  yoke  which  endu'aees  the  animal's  neck  ; 
hence,  the  yoke  it^sclf. 

As  the  ox  hath  his  bow,  sir,  the  horse  his  curb,  and  tlie 
falcon  her  bells,  so  man  hath  his  desires. 

Stiak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  3. 

(c)  III  saddlery,  one  of  two  pieces  of  wooil,  united  so  as  to 
form  an  arch  fitting  the  horse's  back,  which  serve  to  give 
the  sadille  its  proper  form.  ((/)  In  Jireanii^,  the  guard  of 
the  trigger,  (c)  I'he  bent  guard  of  a  sword-hilt,  t' )  0"c 
of  the  bent  slats  whiiHi  support  the  hood,  canopy,  or  tilt 
of  a  covered  wagon  or  carriage.  (*/)  The  framing  of  the 
lenses  of  a  pair  of  spectacles.  (A)  In  arch. :  (It)  An  arch 
(of  masonry),  as  in  a  gateway  or  bridge  or  in  a  tlying  but- 
tress. A'.  K.  D.  {•!)  A  part  of  a  building  which  jirojects 
from  a  straight  wall,  properly  curved,  but  sometimes, 


64B 

ntinre  loosely,  polygonal  in  plan.  (0  In  driiftinfi,  a  llexible 
strip  whicli  can  be  Itent  to  any  desired  ruivc  :  an  in-cograpli. 
5.  An  instrumc'nt  formerly  usi'il  for  taking  (he 
sun's  altitude  nt  seit,  consisting  of  a  large  arch 
of  90°  gradinitod,  a  shtink  or  slalT,  a  siih^  vane, 
a  sight-vane,  and  a  horizon-vane. —  6.  A  knot 
composed  of  one  or  two  loops  iind  I  wo  ends;  a 
bow-k:iot ;  hence,  a  ("single  bow"  or  "double 
bow")  looped  ormimental  knot  of  ribbon,  etc. ; 
a  ribbon,  neck-tie,  etc.,  tied  in  such  a  knot. — 
7.  A  stroke  of  the  bow  of  a  violin :  as,  the  up- 
bmr  or  the  down-huw. — 8.  A  ring  or  loop  of 
metal  forming  a  handle,  (a)  The  loop  at  the  en.i ..( 
thehajidle  (d  a  key.  (fc)  One  of  the  two  hoops  of  a  pair  of 
scissors  fitted  for  the  thumb  arid  the  lingers-    See  litu'f^  and 

lioui.-  Backofabow.  See /««si .- Bows  and  bills,  the 
cry  raised  in  old  tinus  by  the  Ijiglish  to  give  an  alarm  in 
their  canip  or  to  encourage  the  people  to  take  to  arms.  - 
Bow  top,  or  top  bow,  in  i-ott,-li-l'iiitdiwf,  a  i)ieee  of  wood 
used  to  support  the  roof-boards  or  the  leather  of  the  top 
of  a  carriage.— Compound  bow,  a  bow  made  of  two  or 
more  pieces  lashed  or  riveted  together. —  Grafted  bOW, 
a  comiiouud  liow  formed  of  two  jiieces  joined  together  at 
the  handle.  —  Self-bow,  in  (in-lorif,  a  bow  nulde  of  one 
entire  jiicce  of  wood.  Also  called  xinfjle-piece  bow.- - 
Sinew-l)acked  bow,  a  bow  who.se  elasticity  is  increased 
liy  the  use  of  sinew  along  the  back,  either  in  a  cable  of 
twine,  :us  among  the  Rskimos,  or  laid  on  solid  by  means  of 
glue,  as  with  many  tribes  in  the  western  ridted  States. - 
Single-piece  bow.  same  as  .m  (;  (m  «•. — To  bend  ■  m-  draw 
a  bow,  to  shiKit  with  a  bow.— To  draw  the  (m  a)  long- 
bow, to  exaggerate;  lie.  — To  have  two  Strings  (or 
more  than  one  string)  to  one's  bow,  to  have  more 
than  one  means  of  accomplishing  something. 

Miss  llertram  .  .  .  nnglit  be  said  Ut  have  two  xlrinrin  to 
her  bow.  She  had  Rushworth-ffdiiigs  and  Crawford-feel- 
ings, and  in  the  vicinity  of  Sothertou  the  former  laid  con- 
siderable elfect.  Jaiie  Austen,  Mansfield  Park,  viii. 

bow'^  (bo),  V.  [<  bow^,  n.  In  some  eases  biiw~ 
(bo),  r.,  can  hardly  be  distinguished,  as  writ- 
ten, from  ftoH'l  (bou),  r.]  I.  triiii.i.  1.  To  bend 
into  the  form  of  a  bow  ;  inflect ;  curve :  as,  to 
bow  a  ribbon;  bowed  shutters. 

A  three-pence  bow'd  would  hire  me. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  .1. 
Insects  in  inserting  and  withdrawing  their  proboseides, 
bote  them  forwards  or  upwarrls. 

Darwin,  Fertil.  of  (Irchids  by  Insects,  p.  lUi 

2.  In  iiiu-fie :  (a)  To  pei'form  by  means  of  a  bow 
upon  a  stringed  instrument:  as,  to  how  a  ])as- 
sage  well,  (h)  To  mark  (a  passage)  so  as  to  in- 
cLcate  the  proper  method  of  bowing. — 3.  In 
lidt-iiiiiking,  to  separate  and  distribute  in  the 
basket  (the  filaments  of  felting-fur)  by  means 
of  a  bow. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  be  curved  or  bent. —  2. 
To  perform  or  play  by  means  of  the  bow :  as, 
a  -violinist  who  bows  with  great  taste. 

bOW'*  (bou),  H.  [Same  word  as  hoiigh"^,  bnt  in 
the  naut.  sense,  first  in  the  17th  century,  and  of 
LG.  or  Seand.  origin  :  Icel.  hdgr  =  Norw.  bug  = 
Sw.  bog  =  Dan.  bong,  bor,  bow  of  a  ship,  also 
shoulder  of  an  animal,  =  D.  beieg,  bow  of  a  ship, 
=  MLG.  hiH-h,  buck,  bow  of  a  ship,  shoulder 
(>G.  bng  in  this  sense),  =  AS.  hog,  holt,  arm, 
branch:  see  bought.']  If.  Same  as  bougli'^. 
Compare  with  boirpot  for  honglijiot. —  2.  Xant., 
the  forward  part  or  liead  of  a  ship,  beginning 
where  the  sides  trend  inward,  and  terminating 
where  they  close  or  imite  in  the  stem  or  jirow. 
A  narrow  bow  is  called  a  lean  bow ;  a  broad  one, 
a  bold  or  bluff  how. — 3.  The  foremost  oar  used 
in  rowing  a  boat,  or  the  jierson  who  pulls  that 
oar;  the  bo w-oar.  —  Doubling  of  the  bow  (/kh//.), 
thick  planking  at  the  bow  of  a  vessel  to  protect  it  from 
injury  by  the  anchor-bill.—  On  the  bOW  (nniil.),  on  that 
part  of  the  horizon  which  is  within  45  of  the  line  ahead. 

bO'W*  (bou),  II.     A  Scotch  form  of  bid  ft. 

I  trust  you  remember  you  are  owing  to  the  laird  four 
stones  of  barley-meal,  and  a  I'ow  of  oats. 

.S'coK,  Alihot,  II.  82. 

bOW^  (bo),  n.  [Also  wiitten  bu ;  <  Icel.  bfi,  a 
fiirm,  stock,  cattle  (=  Dan.  Sw.  ho.  dwelling, 
=  AS.  hii  =  US.  hil,  dwelling,  =  1).  Iionii;  tillage, 
building,  =  OHG.  hu,  dwelling,  tillage,  biuld- 
ing,  MHG.  bii,  bou,  G.  ban,  tillage,  building), 
<  (>»<(  =  AS.  biian,  dwell :  see  bi/-,  hoicer^,  boor, 
etc.,  from  the  same  root.]  A  herd  of  cattle; 
the  stock  of  cattle  on  a  farm:  as,  a  bow  of  kye 
(that  is,  cows).  [Obsolete,  except  in  Scotland 
and  the  north  of  England.] 

bow'H,  bowet,  ".  [Prob.  a  reduced  form  of 
/<»//■*.]  The  provisions  of  a  benefice  granted 
by  the  ])ope.     N.  E.  D.     [Scotch.] 

bowablet  (boii'a-bl),  o.  l<  bou'^  + -nhle.l  Car- 
pable  of  being  bowed  or  bent ;  flexible. 

bow-arm  (bo'iinn),  n.  1.  The  anu  that  moves 
the  bow  in  playing  an  instrument  of  the  violin 
family;  a  violinist's  right  arm.  See  boir-liand. 
—  2.  In  arelienj,  the  arm  employed  in  holding 
the  bow,  ordinarily  the  left  ann. 

bow-backed  (bo'bakt),  a.  Having  a  back  bent 
like  a  bow.     Tennyson. 


bowel 

bow-bearer  (bo'bar'r-r),  n.  in  old  Eng.  lair, 
an  unilei'-ofllcer  of  ii  forest,  whose  duty  was  to 
give  iiirorniation  of  trespasses. 

bOW-bellt  (l)o'bel),  H.  One  bom  within  the 
souiul  of  the  liells  of  the  cliiii'(di  of  How,  which 
is  near  the  center  of  the  City  of  London;  a 
cockney,     lieaii.  and  I'l. 

bow-beht  (bo 'bent),  «.  Bent  like  a  bow; 
crooked. 

A  sibyl  old,  bow-bent  with  crooked  age. 

Milton,  Vac.  Ex.,  1.  (i!». 

bow-billed  (bo'bild),  a.   Having  the  bill  bowed 

cu'  iireiiate,  as  some  birds. 

bow-boy  (bo'boi),  n.  A  boy  who  uses  a  bow; 
spceilically,  Cupid.     Sliak. 

bow-brace  (bo'bras),  n.  A  covering  of  bone, 
metal,  or  leather  for  protecting  the  left  iirm  of  a 
bowman  fi'oni  the  percussion  of  the  bow-string. 

bow-case  (bo'kas),  n.  A  long  btig  of  wood, 
leather,  or  cloth,  in  which  a  bow  is  kej)t  when 
not  in  use. 

bow-chaser  (bou'cha''ser),  n.  A  gun  pointed 
ovrr  the  bow  of  a  ship  of  war,  for  firing  at  a 
chased  vessel. 

bow-cla'Vier  (b6'kla"vi-i'r),  «.  A  musical  in- 
strument having  a  keyboard  and  strings  like 
a  liarpsich(U'd  or  piano,  in  whicli  the  tones 
were  produced  by  the  friction  of  little  bows  or 
resiiuMl  wheels  pressed  against  the  strings. 
Such  an  instrument  is  said  to  liave  been  attempted  about 
ItiCHf  at  Nuremberg,  and  many  were  constructed  in  the 
eightecutll  century.      Also  called  huir-hurf^^ieh'O-d. 

bow-compass,  bow-compasses  (bCkum^pas, 

-e/  ),  )i .     See  eoinimss. 

bowd,  II.     See  biiud^. 

bowdark,  ".     See  bodarl: 

Bowdlerism  (boil'ler-izm),  n.  [<  Bawdier 
(Thomas  Bowtller,  who  published  in  1818  an  ex- 
purgated edition  of  Shakspere)  -t-  -ixni.']  The 
practice  of  omitting  from  an  author's  etUted 
writings  words  or  passages  considered  offensive 
or  indelicate. 

Bowdlerization  (bod'ler-i-za'shon),  n.  [< 
Boicdii  ri;e  -I-  -iitiun.'\  Expiu'gation  of  offensive 
or  indelicate  ]iassages  or  words  from  an  edited 
book  or  writing. 

Bowdlerize  (bod'ler-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
Biiwdleri-ed,  ppr.  Bowdlerizing.  [<  Bowdlcr  (see 
Bowdlerism)  -(-  -ijc]  To  exjiurgate  in  editing 
by  expiuiging  words  or  jiassages  considered 
offensive  or  indelicate. 

HemH'.  when  the  incessant  human  sacrifices  in  Israel 
during  the  nu'e  of  the  kings  are  all  put  ilown  to  the  in- 
Hiieiice  of  foreign  iilolatries,  we  may  fairly  iminire  whether 
editorial  Dowdlerisiil'j  has  not  prevailed  over  historical 
truth.  Iliixleii,  in  Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  489. 

bow-drill  (bo'dril),  n.  A  drill  worked  by  means 
of  a  bow  anil  string.  The  string  is  turneil  about  the 
spindle  of  the  drill,  which 
is  movetl  by  ;i  recipriic:it- 
iiig  motion  of  the  bow. 

Bow-dye  (bo'di),  n. 
A  kind  of  scarlet 
color,  superior  to 
madder,  but  inferior 
to  the  true  scarlet 
grain  for  fixedness 
anil  dm'ation:  first 
used  in  Bow,  London. 

bowed  I  bod),  /).  a.    [< 
bow-  -\-  -i(/'-^.]     1.  Bent  like  a  bow;  embowed. 
In  heraldiyalso  termeA  Jlected  or  rctleeied. — 2. 
Having  a  convex  or  bulging  form :  as,  a  boned 
shield. 

bowed-embowed  (bod'em-bod'),  a.  See  em- 
bowed. 

bowel  (bou'el),  n.  [<  ME.  howel,  bowcle,  hniiel, 
bnel,  biiel,  <  OF.  boel,  hiiel.  m.,  also  hocle,  buele, 
f.,  F.  boi/aii  (whence prob.  E.  hnijon,  q.  v.)  =  Pr. 
huikl  =  It.  hiidello,  <  ML.  bolelhis,  an  intestine, 
<  L.  botellnn,  a  sausage,  dim.  of  holnlns,  a  sau- 
sage, orig.  an  intestine.]  1.  One  of  the  intes- 
tines of  an  animal;  a  division  of  the  alimen- 
tary canal  below  the  stomach ;  a  gut,  especially 
of  man :  chiefly  used  in  the  plural  to  denote  the 
intestines  collectively. —  2t.  One  of  the  viscera; 
any  internal  organ  of  the  body,  as  the  stomach, 
liver,  brain,  etc. — 3.  pi.  The  interior  part  of 
anything. 

Kush'd  into  the  bowels  of  the  battle. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  Yl.,  i.  1. 
It  was  great  pity,  so  it  was, 
That  villainous  saltpetre  should  he  digg'd 
Out  of  the  bowels  of  the  hannless  earth. 

Shak.,  1  Uen.  IV.,  i.  3. 

4.   pi.  The  inner  parts  as  the  seat  of  pity  or 
kindness;  hence,  tenderness;  compassion. 

lie  that  relieves  another  upon  the  bare  suggestion  and 
bowels  of  pity,  doth  not  this  so  much  for  his  sake  as  for  his 
own.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  2. 


bowel 

WImt  the  plnglio,  Imvi'  yon  ihi  tmwrlx  (or  your  own  kin- 
dred? Slwritlan,  School  for  Si-amhO,  iii.  ."1, 

5t.  I'l-  Offspring;  children. 

Thini'  own  lnncflx,  which  ih>  call  thcu  sire, 
The  niere  elfusion  of  Vhy  jiroper  loins. 

Sliak.,  M.  for  Jl.,  iii.  1. 
To  move  the  bowels,  t*)  produce  evacuation  of  the 
Itowels  l»y  aihninisterin^  a  suitable  aperient  or  cathartic. 
bowelt  (Ijoii'cl),  r.  t.;  pret.  aiul  pp.  bitwtlvd  or 
lioirilUil,  ]ipr.  bowcliny  or  Ixnrclling.  [<  ME. 
boicilcn:  cf.  OF.  hockr;  from  the  noun.]  Tn 
take  out  the  bowels  of;  eviscerate;  penetrate 
the  bowels  of;  disembowel. 

Drawn  and  hniiifcd  in  his  armour,  t,akcn  down  alive  and 
liniivll.d.  Slow,  Edward  II.,  an.  132B. 

bowellesst  (bou'el-les),  a.  [<  bowel  +  -less.'] 
Without  tenderness  or  pity;  unfeeling. 

Miserable  men  commiserate  not  themselves;  boicellest 
unto  others,  and  merciless  unto  their  own  howcls. 

Sir  T.  Jlruume,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  7. 

bowel-pryert  (boii'el-pri''6r),  «.  One  who  prac- 
tises ilivinatiou  by  examining  the  intestines  of 
animals.      Ilollaiid. 

bowel-pryingt  (bon'el-pii'iug),  n.  Divination 
by  cxaiuiiiiup  the  bowels  of  animals.    Holland. 

boweaite  (bo 'en-it),  h.  [After  George  T. 
Jioweii,  who  described  it  in  1822.]  A  variety 
of  serpentine  from  Smithfield,  Rhode  Island, 
of  light-green  color  and  fine  granular  texture. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  hardness  and  its  re- 
semblance to  .jade. 

boweri  (bou'er),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boiir, 
boiiri;  etc. ;  <  ME.  houi;  <  AS.  bur,  a  dwell- 
ing, house,  room,  chamber  (=0S.  bf(r=  MLG. 
bur,  a  house,  cage,  LG.  biiur,  a  cage,  =  OHG. 
biir,  a  chamber,  MHG.  bio;  G.  baiier,  a  cage, 
=  Icel.  bur,  a  chamber,  larder,  store-room,  = 
Sw.  bur  =  Dau.  bur,  formerly  buur),  <  biian  = 
Icel.  bua,  etc.,  dwell.  Cf.  booth,  bottle'^,  build, 
etc.,  from  the  same  root.  Hence  ult.  boor, 
boicer^,  and  ncigli-bour,  nciiih-bor.}  1.  A  dwell- 
ing or  habitation;  particularly,  a  cottage;  an 
unpretentious  residence;  a  rustic  abode.  [Now 
only  poetical.] 

Courtesy  oft-times  in  simple  bowers 

Is  found  as  great  as  in  the  stately  towers. 

Sir  J.  Harington,  tr.  of  Ariosto,  xiv.  62. 

2t.  An  inner  room;  any  room  in  a  house  ex- 
cept the  hall  or  public  room;  hence,  a  bed- 
chamber. 

In  hast  came  rushing  forth  from  iimer  botore. 

Speiiser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  5. 

3.  Especially,  a  lady's  private  chamber;  a  bou- 
doir.    [Poetical.] 

The  feast  was  over  in  Branksome  tower. 
And  the  l.adye  had  gone  to  her  secret  bower. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i.  1. 

4.  A  shelter  made  with  boughs  or  twining 
Ijlants;  an  arbor;  a  shady  recess. 

I  only  begged  a  little  woodbine  bower 
Where  I  might  sit  and  weep. 

W.  3[ason,  English  Garden,  3. 
bowerlf  (bou'tr),  r.     [<  bower''-,  w.]     I.  trans. 
To  inclose  in  a  bower,  or  as  in  a  bower;  em- 
bower; inclose. 

O  nature  !   what  hadst  thou  to  do  in  hell, 
Wlien  thou  didst  bower  the  spirit  of  a  fiend 
In  mortal  paradise  of  such  sweet  flesh  ? 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  2. 
II.  intrans.  To  take  shelter;  lodge. 
Spredding  pavilions  for  the  birds  to  boure. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  x.  6. 
bower^  (bou'er),  n.    [<  bow''  +  -frl.]    One  who 
or  that  which  bows  or  bends ;  specifically,  a 
muscle  that  bends  the  joints. 
His  rawbone  armes,  whose  mighty  brawned  botcrs 
Were  wont  to  rive  Steele  plates.    Spe}iser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  41. 

bower^  (bou'er),  n.  [<  bou-S  +  -erl.]  An  an- 
chor carried  at  the  bow  of  a  ship.  The  two  bower- 
anchors  were  formerly  of  unequal  size,  and  were  called 
the  beat  and  umall  bower  respectively  ;  but  when  <as  gen- 
erally now)  of  equal  size,  they  are  known  as  the  starboard 
and  i>ort  bowers. 

The  whaler  .  .  .  made  a  clumsy  piece  of  work  in  get- 
ting her  anchor,  being  ol>liged  to  let  go  her  best  bower, 
anil,  liually,  to  get  out  a  kedge  and  a  hawser. 

It.  Jl.  Vtiim,  .Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  250. 

bower*  (bou'er),  n.  [<  bow^,  1,  =  boughX, 
+  -c-rl.]  In  falconry,  a  young  hawk  when  it 
begins  to  leave  the  liest  and  to  clamber  on  the 
boughs.    Also  called  howcss,  bowet. 

bower^t,  «.  [Ijate  ME.  bouccr,  <  D.  houwer,  a 
farmer,  jjcasant  (in  this  sense  jirop.  borr),  also 
a  builder,  =  G.  baui-r,  a  peasant,  also  a  builder: 
see  hiior,  and  cf.  ftoHccfi.]    A  jieasant ;  a  farmer. 

bower"  (bou'er),  n.  [E.  spelling  of  G.  bauer,  a 
peasant,  a  farmer  ;  in  a  German  pack  of  cards, 
the  knave  or  jack ;  =  D.  boer,  a  farmer,  the 
knave  in  cards,  >  E.  boor,  q.  v.]  In  euclin; 
one  of  the  two  highest  cards,  or,  if  the  joker 
is  used,  the  second  or  third  highest,    nie  bowcra 


646 

are  tlu'  knave  of  trumps,  the  higher  of  the  two,  called  the 
ritjfit  btnfvr,  ami  the  knave  of  the  suit  liaving  the  same  color 
as  the  trump,  called  the  te/l  bower. 

lint  the  bands  that  were  pl.iyed 

liy  that  heathen  Cilinee, 
And  the  jioints  that  he  made. 
Were  quite  frightful  to  see  — 
Till  at  last  he  put  down  a  ritjht  Imwer, 
Which  the  same  Nye  had  dealt  unto  me. 

llret  llarte.  Heathen  Chinee. 

bower''  (bo'er),  «.  [<  bow-,  n.  and  r.,  +  -ct'1. 
Cf.  bowyrr.']  If.  A  bow-maker;  a  bowyer. — 
2.  One  w^ho  plays  with  a  bow  on  a  violin  or 
other  stringetl  instrument. 

bower*'  (bii'er  or  boti'er),  n.  [Also  written 
hooer ;  <  bow^,  a  head  of  cattle,  farm-stock,  -f- 
-c)"l.]  A  person  who  rents  or  leases  the  dairy 
stock  on  a  farm,  together  with  jiasture  and  fod- 
der for  them,  and  makes  what  he  can  from 
their  produce,  the  cultivation  of  the  farm  still 
remaining  with  the  farmer  or  proprietor.  [S. 
W.  counties  of  Scotland.] 

bower-anchor  (bou'er-ang'kor),  11.  .An  anchor 
carried  at  a  shijj's  bows.     See  bower^. 

bower-bird  (bou'er-berd),  n.  The  name  of  the 
Australian  oscine  passerine  birds  of  the  gen- 
era I'tiloiKirhynrhus.  Chlamydodera.  etc..  consti- 


bow-knot 

bow-fast  (bou'fast),  H.     Saut..  a  rope  or  chain 

liv  \\  liii  h  a  ship  is  secured  at  the  bow. 
bow-file  (btj'ni),  n.    A  file  having  a  bowed  or 

1  urvid  edge;  a  rilller. 
bowfin  (bou'fin),  «.     A  name  of  the  mudfish, 
.liiila  ralra.     Also  calleii  brinillt;  t/riitdli;  law- 
yer, iloi/lish,  etc.     See  cut  imder  Amiida: 
bowget,  '■.     Sec  biiiii/e^. 

bow-grace  (bou'gras),  n.  \aut..  a  frame,  or 
comiiosition  of  junk,  laid  out  at  the  sides,  stem, 
or  bows  of  a  ship  to  seciu'c  it  from  injury  by  ice. 
bow-hand  (bo'hand),  «.  1.  In  arrliiry',  the 
hand  that  holds  the  bow,  commonly  the  left 
hand. — 2.  In  mu.iir,  the  hand  that  draws  the 

bow ;  a  violinist's  right  hand Qn  the  bow-hand. 

(a)  (In  the  wrong  side  ;  wrrjngly  ;  inaccurately. 

He  shoot«s  wyde  on  the  boice  hand,  and  very  farre  from 
the  marke.  Speiuter,  State  of  Ireland. 

{b)  Wrong  in  one's  calculations. 

Uber.  Well,  you  must  have  this  wench,  then  ? 
Ric.  1  hope  so  ; 

I  iini  iimeh  "'  the  how-hanil  else. 

liean.  ami  Ft..  Coxcomb,  i.  3. 

bow-harpsichord  (b6'hari)"si-k6rd),  n.  Same 
as  b'iu--rlaricr. 

bow-head  (bo'hed),  «.  A  species  of  right 
whale ;  the  polar  right  whale  or  Greenland 
whale,  Bahrna  mysticelus.  See  also  cut  mtder 
wliali: 

bow-headed  (bo'hed-ed),  a.  Ha^-ing  a  bowed 
or  bent  head,  as  a  right  whale. 

bowie  (bou'i),  ».  [Perhaps  from  OF.  buie,  prob. 
same  as  buire,  a  water-pitcher,  vessel  for  wine, 
<  buire,  F.  boire,  <  L.  bibere,  drink.]  A  large 
wooden  milk-bowl.    [Scotch.] 

bowie-knife  (bo'e-nlf;  in  the  Southwest  pro- 
nounced bo'e-nif),  n.  [After  its  inventor. 
Colonel  James  Bowie,  died  1836.]  A  hea^y 
sheath-knife  first  used  in  the  early  part  of  the 
present  centiu'y  in  Kentucky  and  other  parts  of 
the  United  States  which  were  then  on  the  bor- 
ders of  civilization.  Tlielilade  is  from  3  to  10  inches 
long,  and  has  only  one  edge ;  the  back  is  straight  for  three 


Satin  Euwer-bird  \Plilo)i.irliym:ltits  itoloscriccus). 

tuting  viith  some  authors  a  subfamily  Ptilwio- 
rhynchince,  of  the  family  Oriolidw.  They  are  re- 
markable for  building  what  are  called  bowers,  runs, or  play- 
houses, which  they  adorn  with  gay  feathers,  rags,  bones, 
shells,  and  other  white,  bright,  or  conspicuous  objects. 
There  are  several  species  of  both  the  genera  named  ;  the 
best-known  are  the  satin  bower-bird,  P.  holosericeus,  and 
the  spotted  bower-bird,  C.  maeulata.  The  bowers  are  not 
the  nests  of  the  birds,  but  places  of  resort  where  they 
amuse  themselves. 
bower-eaves  (bou'er-evz),  «.  pi.  The  eaves  of 
a  bower  or  bedchamber. 

A  bow-shot  from  her  bower-eavesi. 

Teiimison,  Lady  of  Shalott,  iii. 

bowered  (bou'erd),  «.  [<  bower''  +  -ed-.]  Fur- 
nished with  bowers,  recesses,  or  alcoves.  Ten- 
nyson. 

bowerly  (bou'er-li),  a.  [See  burly'-.']  Large ; 
stout;  bmly.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

bower-maid  (bou'er-mad),  ii.  [<  bower'^  + 
iiuiitl.  a.  Hi,,  bounnaidcu.'i  A  young  woman 
in  attendance  on  a  lady;  a  lady's-maid;  a  wait- 
ing-woman.    [Now  only  poetical.] 

bower-thane  (bou'er-than),  n.  [Mod.  form  of 
ME.  hurthiiii,  <  AS.  bur-lhegn,  <  bur,  bower, 
+  Ihegu,  thane.]  A  chamberlain  under  the 
Saxon  kings. 

The  chamberlain,  or  bower-thane,  was  also  the  royal 
treasirrer.  Thorpe,  tr.  of  Lappenberg's  Hist.  Eng.,  v. 

bower-woman  (bou'er-wum"an),  II.  Same  as 
bow(  r-uiaid.     .^cott. 

boweryl  (bou'er-i),  a.  [<  bower'  H-  -y'.J  Of 
the  nature  of  a  bower;  containing  bowers; 
leafy;  shady. 

bowery- (bou'er-i),  «.;  pi.  ftoweries  (-iz).  [Also 
written  bowcrie  and  bouwery ;  <  D.  bouwerij,  a 
farm,  prop,  farming,  husbantlry,  <  bouwer,  a 
farmer:  see  bower^  and  boor.]  Among  the 
Dutch  settlers  of  New  York,  a  fai-m ;  a  coimtry- 
seat ;  a  rural  retreat .  Hence  the  name  of  the  floweni, 
a  long,  wiile  street  in  the  city  of  New  York,  originally  a 
road  through  the  bowel y  or  fann  of  Peter  Stu>"vesant,  the 
la^t  Dutch  colonial  governor  of  New  Netherlands. 

A  goodly  bowerie  or  farm  was  allotted  to  the  sage  Oloffe 
in  consideration  of  the  service  he  had  rendered  to  the 
public  by  his  talent  .at  dreaming. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  133. 

bowess,  bowetl  (bou'es,  -et),  n.  [See  bower^.] 
In  faleanry,  a  yotmg  hawk  when  it  begins  to 
letive  the  nest. 

bowetl  (bou'et),  n.     See  bowess. 

bowet^  (bo'et),  n.    Same  as  buat. 


Bowie-knife  and  Sheath. 

quarters  of  its  length,  and  then  curves  toward  the  edge  in 
a  shghtly  concave  sweep,  while  the  edge  liuishes  towani 
the  point  in  a  convex  curve.  The  guard  is  very  small, 
and  the  tongue  is  of  the  full  breadth  of  the  grip  or  barrel, 
which  is  formed  of  two  rounded  pieces  of  wood  or  bone. 
The  best  knives  were  made  by  frontier  blacksmiths,  of  old 
horse-rasps  and  the  like,  and  natiu-ally  dilTered  much  in 
size  and  pattern.  The  tenu  is  used  at  present  for  almost 
any  large  slieatb-knife. 

bowingl  (bo'ing).  H.  [Verbal  u.  of  ?)0!c-.  r.]  1. 
The  operation  of  separating  and  aiTanging  as 
desired  the  filaments  of  some  fibrous  material, 
as  hatters'  fiu'  or  (in  Eastern  countries)  cotton, 
by  \-ibrating  a  bow-string  upon  it.  in  hat-making, 
as  practised  on  a  small  scale,  the  felting  of  the  fiu-or  wool 
is  partly  accomplished  by  Ijowing. 
2.  In  mu.^ic:  (a)  The  general  method  of  using 
the  bow  in  plair'ing  upon  an  instnmient  of  the 
violin  family,  it  includes  the  metho.l  ...f  li..lilint;  the 
bow,  the  direction  in  which  it  is  moved,  tlie  pressure  put 
upon  it,  the  part  of  the  hair  that  is  eniplnyed.  Uie  place 
upon  the  strings  where  it  is  applied,  and  every  other  detail 
in  the  management  of  the  bow  which  infinences  the  ijiiality 
and  loudness  of  the  tone  produced.  (/>)  The  method  by 
which  the  notes  of  a  given  passage  are  distiib- 
uted  between  up-  and  down-strokes  of  the  bow. 
To  secure  an  intended  effect,  or  general  nniforniit>  ain<  iiig 
many  players,  the  boiciii'j  of  a  passage  is  indie;itid  by  vari- 
ous marks;  i — i  or  i — i  indicates  a  stroke  i>egliining  with 
the  nut,  that  is,  down  ;  while  v  or  *^  indicates  a  stroke 
Itegiuniiig  with  the  point,  that  is,  up. 

bowing-  (bo'ing),  H.  [<  how^,  «.,  +  -ing'^.']  A 
lease  of  the  dairy  stock  on  a  farm.  See  bower^. 
[Scotch.] 

bowlngly  (bou'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  bending  man- 
ner.    Hiiloet. 

bow-instrument  (b6'in''str6-ment),  «.  A 
stringed  instnmient  played  by  means  of  a  bow, 
as  the  double-bass,  the  small  bass  or  \iolon- 
cello,  the  tenor,  the  >'iolin  proper,  etc. 

bow-iron  (VtoT'ern),  H.  A  clasp  or  holder  used 
to  secure  the  bows  of  a  carriage-top. 

bowfcl  (bonk),  n.     Same  as  bulk'.     [Scotch.] 

bowk-  (bonk),  r.  t.     Same  as  buck'^.    [Scotch.] 

bow-kail  ibou'kal).  «.  [Cf.  borecole.']  Cab- 
bage.    Burns.     [Scotch.] 

bowking  (bou'kiug),  «.     Same  as  buching-. 

bow-knot  (bo'not),  u.  A  slip-knot  made  by 
drawing  a  jHirtiou  of  a  cord,  ribbon,  etc.,  in  the 
form  of  a  bow  thi-ough  an  involution,  which  is 


bow-knot 


647 


then  tifclitoncd  round  tlic  I)ow.      The  knot  is  bow-legged  (1>o'1('K"p<I  or -lce<l),  a.   Having  the 


siniplo  if  tlieri'  is  only  one  bow,  double  if  there 
are  two ;  it  t-Jin  be  easily  imtied  by  drawing  the 
))ow  back. 
bowl'  (bdl),  «.  [Prop.,  as  in  early  mod.  E., 
hull,  and  still  so  s])t'll('d  in  some  senses  (see 
hoin  and  /-"//-) ;  <  M  K.  holli;  <  AS.  holhi,  a  bowl, 
=  OFri<>s.  liiilht  (in<-onni.)  =  ()H(i.  holla.  MIKi. 
hdllc,  a  round  ves.sel,  Li.  hallc,  a  l)ulb,  onion,  = 
leel.  hiilli  =  Sw.  hdl  =  Dan.  Imlli;  a  bowl ;  ef.  V. 
bill,  a  bowl,  G.  hnwlf,  a  bowl,  <  E.  /xiir/l.  Some- 
what confused  with  hiiwl-  and  other  forms  from 
h.  hiiliu  (see  hull'i,  hilP,  boil-,  etc.);  prob.  ult. 
akin  to  bub'^,  biill^,  etc.]      1.    A  low-standing  bOWllne  (bo'lin  or  -lin). 


lej^s  liowed  outward;  bandy-logged. 

In  jH'rsmi  the  (hike  W!L1  of  the  niiihlle  size,  well  niaile, 
except  tli.1t  he  wiw  sciiiewhiit  Imw-leifiii'tL  Pn-m'ittt. 

bowler'  (bo'ler),  n.  [<  bou-n  +  -<rl.]  1.  A 
workman  who  shapes  the  bowl  of  a  spoon. — 
2t.   One  who  makes  bowls. 

bowler-  (bo'ler),  u.  [<  bitwV-,  r.,  +  -crl.]  1. 
One  who  ))lays  at  bowls. — 2.  In  cricket,  the 
player  who  bowls  or  sers'es  the  ball ;  the 
pitcher.— 3.  [<  bowl",  n.,  +  -erl.]  A  low 
crowned  stiff  felt  hat;  a  "billycock." 
biiwlcr-hiit.     y.  E.  1). 


concave  vessel  used  for  various  doiueslic  and 
Other  jinrposcs,  chiefly  for  holding  liciuids  or 
liipiid  food.  A  b»i\vl  is  proiierly  solilewhatheiiiisplieri- 
cal,  l;iit;i'r  than  u  cup  iiiiil  deeper  ami  less  IhirinK  than  a 
bashi  (altliniiijli  in  (Jreat  Bl-itaiii  howls  for  t^ihle  use  arc 
coninioiily  called  hattins),  and  without  a  cover  ;  hut  howls 
for  some  speiitle  uses,  as  sutrar-howls,  are  widely  varied 
in  shape  ami  provided  with  covers. 

And  thou  slialt  make  the  dishes  thereof,  and  spoons 
thereof,  .  .  .  and  hiiid.-:  thereof,  to  cover  [marKin,  pour 
outi  withal.  Ex.  xxv,  20. 

More  specifically — 2.  A  large  drinking-cup ;  a 
goblet:  in  this  sense  now  chiefly  figurative,  as 
an  emblem  of  festivity  or  dissipation. 

Come,  forw.ard,  iieiitlenien,  to  church,  my  boys! 
When  we  have  done,  I'll  give  you  cheer  in  buwln. 

Ikau.  ami  FL,  Scornful  Lady,  iv.  2. 
There  St.  .lohn  niinsles  with  my  friendly  howl 
The  feast  of  reason  and  the  How  of  soul. 

/'.,/«•.  Imit.  of  Horace,  I.  127. 
But  let  no  footstep  heat  the  lloor. 
Nor  botd  of  wassail  mantle  wurni. 

Tcuni/sim,  In  Memoriain,  cv. 

3.  Anytlung  ha\-ing  the  general  shape  or  use  of 
a  bowl,  as  a  natural  depression  in  the  ground, 
the  pound  or  central  portion  of  a  fishing-weir, 
tlie  hollow  or  containing  part  of  a  vessel  or 
utensil  having  a  stem  or  a  handle,  etc. :  as,  the 
biiirl  of  a  chalice,  a  spoon,  or  a  tobaeeo-piiJe. 
bowl-  (bol;  E.  dial,  boul  (the  reg.  historical 
prou.) ;  Sc.  bol),  n.  [<  ME.  bmrh;  houle,  <  0¥. 
bouh,  F.  boiilc  =  Pr.  bohi  =  Sp.  Pg.  bola  =  It. 
boUa,  hiillii,  a  ball,  <  L.  hulbi,  a  bulible,  a  stud, 
any  rouml  oljject,  >  E.  bull-,  bills,  etc.  Some- 
what confused  with  /;oh-A,  hoW^,  and  fc«//l.]  If. 
A  ball;  any  sphere  or  globe.  [So  used  till  late 
in  the  seveiiteenth  century.]  —2.  A  large  solid 
ball  of  hard  wood  used  in  playing  (a)  the  game 
of  bowls  on  a  level  plat  of  greensward  called 
a  bowling-green,  or  (b)  the  game  of  skittles  or 
ninepins  on  a  long,  lloored  surface  of  wood 
called  a  bowling-alley.  {Use  hoich.)  in  the  for- 
mer game  the  howls  are  luaile  with  a  bias,  that  is,  oblate 
on  one  siile  and  prolate  on  the  other,  and  arc  of  a  size 
which  admits  of  their  heins!  clasped  more  or  less  flrmly 
between  tlic  thumb  and  the  tinkers.  In  the  latter  same 
the  balls  are  sometimes  much  larger,  and  furnished  with 
holes  to  facilitate  grasping  them,  and  are  but  slightly 
.biased,  if  at  all. 

Like  an  uninstructed  bowler,  he  thinks  to  attain  the 
■  -    ■  ■  ••      Scoll. 


n. 


[Early  mod.  E. 


also   h(iiiiii),   hiiliiii;   bdliii,  boirliiii;,  bolliiKjc,  b(i 

li/ii,  etc.;  <  MI'j.  boiccliinc,  boiiliiic,  a  comiioiind 

prob.  not  formed  in  E.,  but  of  Seand.  origin : 

leel.  luKjliiui  (ran')  =  Norw.  boijlina  =  Sw.  bofi- 

liiia,  bo'lin  =  Dan.  borliiic  (or  huijliiic,  formerly 

bougUiic)  =  D.  bo({ilijii  (>  OF.  boclinc,  bolinc,  V. 

boulitu;  (i.  boliim);  <   Icel.  bbij.  Sw.  bo(),  etc., 

shoulder,  bow  of  a  ship  (see  /«)«■•'),  -I-  Una  =  E. 

line'"  ;  the  first  element  is  then  the  same  as  E. 

bow'i,  and  the  strict  E.  pron.  would  bo  bou'lin. 

Cf.  bowsprit.']    1.  Niiut.,  a  rope  leading  forward  DOW-oar  (bou  or) 

and  fastened  to  the  leech  of  a  si|nare  sail.    It  is 

used  to  steady  the  weatherdeech  of  llie  sail  and  keep  it 

forward,  and  thus  to  make  the  ship  sail  nearer  the  w  iiid. 

He  afterwards  said  that  we  sailed  well  enough  with  the 
wmd  free,  but  that  give  him  a  taut  hnwliiu,  ami  he  wouM 
heat  us,  if  we  had  all  the  canvas  of  the  Royal  (ieorge. 

It  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Heforc  the  .Mast,  p.  "3. 

2.  In  .■ihip-bniblinii,  a  curve  representing  a  ver- 
tical section  of  the  bow-end  of  a  ship — Bow- 
line on  a  bight,  a  iMiwline-knot  ina<le  on  the  bight  of  a 
rope.  — On  a  bowline,  said  of  a  ship  when  sailing  close  to 
the  wind. 

The  Ayaeueho  went  off  en  a  bowline,  which  brought 
her  to  windward  of  us. 

M.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  M;ist. 

To  check  the  bowline,  to  slacken  it  when  the  wind  be- 
eonus  mole  fav..r:>hie.  To  sharp  the  main  bowline 
■  ■r  bale  tbe  bowline,  i"  pull  it  harder. 

bowline-bridle  (.Ijo'bu-bn'dl),  «.  The  span  on 
the  leech  of  a  sail  to  which  the  bowline  is  at- 
tached. 

bowline-cringle  (b6'lin-kring"gl),  n.  The  loops 
worked  in  tlie  leech  of  a  sail  to  which  the  bow- 
line or  Ijowline-ljridle  is  attached. 


bowsprit 

the  addition  of  a  small  amount  of  hydrochloric 

acid, 
bowman^  (bo'man),  n. ;  pi.  bowmen  (-men).     [< 

MK.  howcman ;  <  liinc"  +  man.]     A  man  who 

uses  a  bow ;  an  archer.     See  cut  in  preceding 

column. 
bowman^  (bou'man),  n.;   pi.  bowmen  (-men). 

[<  /)(;«■•',  'i,  +  man.]     The  man  who  rows  the 

foremost  oar  in  a  boat;  the  bow-oar.     Totten. 
Bowman's  corneal  tubes.    See  corneal. 
Bowman's  disks,  glands.    See  rfwA-,  aland. 

Also  bowman's-root  (bo'iM.Tnz-nit),  "•  1.  A  popu- 
lar name  f,'iven  in  the  United  States  to  plants 
of  the  genus  ^'(7/c«(((,  perennial  rosaceous  herbs, 
the  roots  of  which  are  used  as  a  mild  emetic. — 
2.  A  name  of  Ltidwiiiia  alternifolia. 
Also  called  beaumont-root. 
bow-net  (bo'net),  n.  [Not  found  in  MT.. ;  <  AS. 
boqa-net,  boqc-nel :  see  how-  and  W(7l.]  A  con- 
trivance for  catching  lobsters  and  crawfish, 
made  of  two  round  wicker  baskets,  pointed  at 
the  end,  one  of  which  is  thrust  into  the  other, 
and  having  at  the  mouth  a  little  rim  bent  in- 
ward to  oppose  the  return  of  the  fish. 

■"  «.  1.  The  foremost  oar  used 
in  pulling  a  boat.— 2.  The  person  who  pulls 
tbe  bow-oar. —  3.  In  a  whale-Vjoat,  the  oar  next 
to  the  forward  one.  C.  M.  ticammon. 
bow-pen  (bo'pen),  w.  A  drafting-compass,  car- 
rying a  pen  (or  pencil) 
at  the  extremity  of  one 
leg.  The  two  legs  of  the  lom- 
pass  form  a  bow  or  siiring 
which  tends  to  oj)eii  it,  hut 
is  retained  in  any  desireil  po- 
sition by  means  of  a  set-serew. 

bow-piece  (bou'pes),  n. 
A  piece  of  ordnance  car- 
ried in  the  liow  of  a  siiip. 

bow-pin  (bcVpin),  n.  1. 
A  cotter  or  key  for  keep- 
ing the  bows  of  an  ox- 
yoke  in  place. — 2.  A 
small  pin  or  piece  of 
wood  with  a  nead  or 
knot,  \ised  by  hatters  in 

vibrating  the"  string  of  the  bow  used  in  bowing 
fur  or  wool. 


bowline-knot  (bo'lin-not),  H.     A  certain  knot  bowpot,  «.     See  bongUpot. 
much  used  bv  sailors.     See  Avion.  bow-saw  (bo  sa),  «.    A  sweep-saw ;  a  turning- 

bowlingl  (biVlin^'),  H.     l<bowa  +  -nir/l.]-     In     saw.     Hee ./ramc-saw 
(hldny,  the  washing  of  fabrics  by  passing  them  bowsel  (bou/,),  r.  i.     Same  as  booze. 
over  rollers  in  a  vessel  of  water.  bowse-,  r.  t.     See  bouse-. 

The  pieces,  after  the  last  dip,  are  washed  over  rollers  by  bowsert,   «•      [Early  mod.  E.  bowswr,  app.ar.  a 

the  process  known  as  bowUn.;.  corruption  of  OF.  boursicr,  a  bursar :  see  /;«)■- 

O'XeUI,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  2s4.     sar.]     The  bursar  or  treasui'er  of  a  college. 

bowling-  (bo'ling),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  bou-r^,  r.]  bowseryt,  "•    [Early  mod.  E. :  see  bowser  and 

—        o    .    .     ."       ...  .,       .  bur.farii.]     A  bursary  or  treasurei-'s  office  in  a 

college. 
bow-shot  (bo'shot),  «.    1.  A  shot  from  a  bow. 


The  act  of  playing  with  or  at  bowls. 

our  hou'lin'j. 


We  grant  you,  sir. 
The  only  benefactor  ti. 
To  all  our  merry  sports  the 
Fletchc 


first  provoker. 
Spanish  Curate,  iii.  2. 


jack  by  delivering  his  tuirf  straightforward  upon  it.     .. „-,,.  ,„■.  ,  i 

„s  itishisftoir?  bowlmg-alley   (bo'hng-ar'i),  H.     A  covered 

a}         "i.«n     A  ,„n,-hlp^fspr]  hvl.ovs  n     I'l''''^'  f"''  H'^'  f^'^me  of  bowls,  provided  with  a 
4  (proi  .  bol)    A  maible  used  bj  boys  m  h  planking  on  which 


3.  A  turn  at  a  game  of  Taowls 

next.      _ ,, ,  '  -^     - 

Dlav  in  the  nliu'al,  the  game  itself.    [Scotch.]     -        ,,-.^,     ,    „        c 

-5.  In  a  kni'tting-'macMne,  the  roller  or  anti-     to  roll  the  balls.     See  mnei^.ns. 

friction  wheel  on  which  the  carriage  traverses, 

— 6.  One  of  the  buoys  or 

fishers  about  Yarmouth,  England,  to  supp 

the   drift-net  and  keep   its   edge   nppermo 


t. 
These  bowls  are  colored  to  mark  the  divisions 
of  the  Heet  of  nets.-  Burnt  bowl,  etc.  See  burnt. 
bOwF  (bol),  i:  [<  bowr^,  n.]  I.  intrans.  1. 
To  play  with  bowls  or  at  bowling:  as,  "  chal- 
lenge her  to  bowl,"  Slial:,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1.-2. 
To  roll  a  bowl,  as  in  the  game  of  bowls. — 3. 
To  deliver  the  ball  to  be  played  by  the  bats- 
man at  cricket.- 4.  To  move  horizontally, 
vrith  a  rapid  and  easy  motion,  Uke  a  ball :  as, 
the  carriage  bowled  along. 

We  bowled  along  the  great  North  road.  Mrs.  Gore. 

I       II.  trans.  1.  To  roll  or  trundle,  as  a  bowl. 
Break  all  the  sjlokes  and  fellies  from  her  wheel. 
And  bowl  the  round  nave  ilown  the  hill  of  h.  aven. 

,S7i[(t.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

S.  To  pelt  with  or  as  with  bowls. 

1  had  rather  he  set  quick  i'  th'  earth. 
And  botvld  to  death  with  turnips. 

.Sliak:,  .M.  W.  of  W.,  ill.  4. 

To  bowl  out,  in  crli^ket,  to  put  out  of  jday  by  knocking 
<l.iwii  ones  hails  or  stumps  by  a  hall  delivered  by  tlie 
howler:  as.  Smith  wa.s  bnwM  out  at  the  first  ball.— TO 
bowl  over,  to  knock  down ;  kill.    lUunting  slang.) 

If  the  animal  inusses  near  him  it  rec|uires  but  little  skill 
t.i  linirl  it  oivr  witll  his  double  barrel  as  it  goes  by. 

.SjiortxinaiiK  UazMrer,  p.  S2. 

bowl-alleyt  (bol'al'i),  n.     Same  as   bowling- 

alUit. 

bowlder,  ».    See  boulder. 


bowling-crease  (bo'ling-kres),  n.     See  crease'^. 
rtoatruserby'h;n-ing:  bowling-green  (bo'ling-gren),  n.   A  level  piece 
Enrfand.  to  support     '''  greensward  kept  smooth  for  bow  mg 

bowling-ground  (bo'hng-ground),  n.    A  bowl- 


ing-green. 

The  subtlest  bowling-ground  in  all  Tartary. 

B.  Jonson,  Masques. 

bowl-machine  (boi'ma-sben"),  «.     A  lathe  for 

making  wooden 
bowls. 
bowls  (bolz),  n. 
[PI.  of  bowl'i.  n.] 
A  game  played 
with  bowls  on 
a  bowling-green: 
applied  also  to 
skittles  or  nine- 
pins (which  see). 
—American  bowls. 

Same  ;is   niin'i'in.^.  ~ 

Carpet    bowls,    a 

parlor  game  similar 
to  that  played  on 
a  bowling-green,  in 
which  small  Iwills  of 
porcelain  oreartliell- 
waii-  are  used. 

bowl-spirit  (boP- 

spir'it),    H.      In 

dyeing,  nitrate  of 

„-•,.■      tin,  prepared  by 

Bowman,  iflh  cenniry.    (From  Viollet-lc-  ,..„1,.;.,™       t>,„.o 

niic'b"Ilict-.lu  Mobilier  fran^.iis." )  dissolving       pure 

His  armor  consists  of  u  short  h.iulterk  tiu   iu    nitrlC   acid 

covered  by  A  Ic-alhcr  Jack,  a  steel  cap,  «   ...jq    rp,„      wifh 

and  a  steel  bracer  on  the  left  fore.irm.  Old  J       IW.,  ^Mlll 


—  2.  The  distance  traversed  by  an  aiTow  in 
its  flight  from  a  bow. 

Three  bim'-thots  from  the  Sachem's  dwelling 

They  laid  her  in  tlie  walnut  shade. 

Whittiir,  Bridal  of  Pennacook,  iii. 

bowsprit  (bo'-  or  bou'spiit),  n.  [Also  boJtsprit, 
early  mod.  E.  also  bolesprit,  boresjirit,  -sprcet, 
etc.;  <  ME.  bou.ipret :  cf.  Sw.  bogspriit  =  Norw. 
bogspri/t  =  Dan.  hugspryd  (foniierly  bougspri/d, 
bovsprod)  =  MLG.  bochsprct,  L(t.  boogsjirct  =  D. 
hoeg.ipriet,  >  G.  bugspriet,  bowsprit.  The  var. 
E.  forms  show  that  the  word  was  not  a  native 
compound,  but  is  rather  of  Seand.  or  EG.  ori- 
gin ;  <  Sw.  hog,  etc.,  =  E.  how'-i  (of  a  ship),  + 
.'•prilt,  etc.,  =  E.  ■•<prit:  see  bow'^^  and  sprit,  and 
ef.  bowline.]  A  large  spar  which  yirojects  for- 
ward from  the  stem  of  a  sliip  or  other  vessel, 
lieyimditexteiulthe  jib-boom  and  the  Hying  jib  boom.  The 
bowsprit  is  secured  downward  by  th«  bobstays  and  the 


a.  Bowsprit ;  f>.  Bol^stays. 

nammoninit  (which  see),  ami  at  the  sides  by  the  Imrfprit- 
'Klirondx,  wiiieh  are  sceurcil  to  the  bows  of  the  ship.  fToni 
the  outer  end  of  the  bowsprit  a  spar  ealleil  the  murlninali' 
or  ib.liihin-atriker  projects  downwar.l  to  support  ihe  mar- 
tingale-stays, and  two  smaller  spars,  calhil  uluskfrK.  prij- 
ject  sidewise  to  support  the  jib-guys.  On  the  foretopmastr 


bowsprit 

stay,  the  jib-stay,  iiiiil  tlu-  flying-Jib  stay  (which  extend 
dowiiwiird  from  tlif  fun-topiiuist-hi'iui  iitiil  tlif  f<»ri*tni»- 
f;alliintiiiiLst-tu>iiil  ti>  tlu-  t-iuis  of  tin-  liowsin-it,  jih-)>noiii, 
nnd  (iyinti-jili  Ihmhii)  :iri-  sft  tlif  foiftiiinniLst-.st;iysjnl.  tin* 
jiii.  Hiiil  till*  Ilvinj:  jili.  Corruiitly  uritti-ii  ('vllsjtrit.  Bed 
of  tbe  bowsprit,  sw  v./i-  Bowsprit-cap,  tla- cujp  on 
tlu'oiitiTfudottlK'  liiiMspnt,  tliniii;;!!  \iliiih  tin'  jili-liooni 
tnmrsis.  See  caji.  Running  bowsprit,  :i  iKUvsnrit 
tliiit  f;iti  In-  run  out  iinil  in  like  i\  jili-houni.— standing 
bowsprit,  !i  pertnanenlly  llxeil  bowsprit. 

bowssen't,  i'.  '.    Same  as  lm<i:e. 

bowssen-'t,  c  '.  [<  t'oni.  beu:i.  immerse,  drown.] 
To  (liiek ;  iiniiier.se  (espeoially  in  a  holy  well, 
as  for  the  euro  of  madness).     See  extract. 

The  water  fell  into  a.  close  wnlled  plot ;  upon  this  wiiU 
Wiis  tlu-  frantiek  peraon  set,  and  from  thence  tumbled 
licadloi]):  into  the  pond  ;  where  a  strong  fellow  to«»ed  him 
up  and  down,  until  the  patient,  by  foie;;oiriK  his  strength. 
had  somewhat  foiwl  his  fury ;  but  it  there  appeared  small 
anieiulment,  he  was  huwsneiwd  again  nn<l  again,  while  there 
renutiiieii  in  him  any  hope  of  life  for  recovei7. 

Jt.  Citrt'n',  .Survey  of  Cornwall. 

bowstaff  (bo'staf),  «.;  pi.  hou-sfnre.s  (-stavz). 
In  (urltcry,  a  selected  and  prepared  piece  of  tim- 
ber for  a  bow;  the  bow  in  a  rough  state.  Yew 
is  the  timber  generally  preferred,  and  jirior  to  the  nse  of 
gmipowder  bowstaves  were  an  important  article  of  com- 
merce. 

bowstring  (bo'string),  n.  [<  hoii:'^  +  string ;  cf. 
AS.  hixjcii   (for   hoijan,   gen.  of  hoga)  streiig.'] 

1.  The  string  of  a  bow,  by  which  it  is  drawn 
and  the  arrow  cliscbarged.  Bowstrings  are  made 
of  many  materials,  a  very  common  one  being  rawhide, 
which  does  not  stretch  easily.  Bows  from  western  Africa 
have  the  strings  of  twisted  or  plaited  cane ;  those  of  the 
Hindus  ai-e  frequently  of  silk,  not  twisted,  but  of  parallel 
threads  bound  together  at  intervals. 

2.  A  similar  string  used  for  strangling  offend- 
ers in  the  Ottoman  empire ;  hence,  by  meton- 
ymy, execution  by  strangling. 

There  w;is  no  dilference  whatever  between  tlu-  polity  of 
our  country  and  that  of  Turkey,  and  ...  if  tlu-  kin^,'  did 
not .  .  .  send  mutes  with  binc-titrinfis  to  Siuu-roft  and  Hali- 
fax, this  was  only  because  His  Majesty  was  too  gracious 
to  use  the  whole  power  which  he  deriveti  from  heaven. 

Macaidaif,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

bowstring  (bo'string),  r.  t.  [<  bowstring,  «.] 
1.  To  furnish  with  a  bowstring. — 2.  To  stran- 
gle with  a  bowstring. 

bowstring-bridge  (bo'string-brij),  u.  A  bridge 
in  which  the  horizontal  thrust  of  the  arch  is 


sustained  by  a  liorizontal  tie  attached  as  nearly 
as  possible  at  the  chord-line  of  the  arch.  Also 
called  tciisioii-liridge. 

bowstring-girder  (b6'string-ger"der),  n.  A 
east-  or  wrought-iron  or  built-up  girder,  having 
a  tie-rod  that  forms  an  integral  part  of  it :  much 
used  in  store-fronts,  etc.   See  buiestring-hridge. 

bowsy,  (I.     Same  as  hou:>/. 

bowtt,  n.     See  bouf^. 

bowtell  (bo'tel),  n.     Same  as  boltcl. 

bow-timbers  (bou'tim"berz),  n.  pi.  Naiit.,  the 
timbers  that  form  the  bow  of  a  ship. 

bow-window  (bo'win'do),  n.  A  window  btiilt  so 
as  to  pro,ject  from  a  wall ;  properly,  one  that  is 
in  plan  a  segment  of  a  circle.    See  bay-window. 

bow-wiset  (bo'wiz),  «(/(:.  In  the  form  or  figure 
of  a  bow.     Trerisa. 

bow-wood  (bo'wud),  n.  1.  Wood  used  for 
making  bows;  timber  suitable  for  bows. — 2. 
The  Osage  orange,  Madura  aurantiaca,  of  the 
Mississippi  valley,  its  very  strong  and  elastic  wood 
was  much  used  by  the  Indians  for  their  bows.  See  J/((- 
cttira. 

bow-wow  (bou'wou'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
boitgli-iroKgh,  bowgli-wiiwgb,  bnw-waw,  etc.,  imi- 
tative of  the  repeated  bark  of  a  dog;  ef.  L.  bau- 
bari,  Gr.  fiaiXnv,  bark:  see  b(iw'2,  fcf/ic(l,  etc.] 
The  loud  bark  of  a  dog,  or  an  imitation  of  it. 
— Gone  to  tbe  bow-wows,  gone  to  ruin;  utterly  lost. 
It'ollo'il  -The  bow-wow  theory.    See  lantnuuje. 

bowyerl  (bo'yer),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bowicr ; 
<  ME.  bowi/erc,  bow^ere,  bowcrc,  <  bou-e,  boge 
(see  boir^,  «.),  +  -ere,  -er.  The  y  represents 
orig.  g;  so  in  sawyer,  ult.  <  AS.  saga,  saw,  and 
lawyer,  ult.  <  AS.  lagii,  law.  Cf.  bower^.^  If. 
An  archer;  one  who  uses  a  bow:  as,  "the  bow- 
?/(r  king,"  Dryden,  Iliad,  i.  C48. 

They  lay  in  earth  their  hotpjier-cliief. 

linjaal,  Legend  of  trie  Delawares. 
2.  One  who  makes  bows. 

Good  shooting  may,  perchance,  be  more  occupied,  to  the 
profit  of  all  bomjer.1  and  Hetchers.      Ancham,  Toxophilus. 

bowyer-t,  ».     Same  as  boyer.     iSkinncr. 

bowze,  bowzy.     See  booze,  boozy. 

boxl  (boks),  «.  [<  ME.  box,  <  AS.  box=D.  bus 
{-boom,  -tree)  =  OHG.  MHG.  buhs  {-bourn),  G. 


648 

hnclis  =  Sw.  hux  (-bom)  =  Dan.  bui  (-bom)  = 
F.  liuis  =  Pr.  bois  =  Sji.  box  =  Pg.  buxo  =  It. 
/lo.v.svi,  /jH.s'.sv),  <  L.  buxus  =  tJr.  m'ioc,  box-tree, 
lioxwocxl ;  hence  box-,  q.  v.  f'f.  box-tree.']  A 
small  evergreen  tree  or  shrul),  liiixus  semper- 
rirens,  a  dwarfed  vai-iety  of  which  is  useil  for 
ornamental  lieilges,  and  iu  gardening  as  an 
edging  foi'  flower-beds.  See  liuxus  and  box- 
wotid.  African  box,  a  name  given  to  Mijritine  Afrieana. 
-  Marmalade  box.  Same  as  ;«<ii>nyi. 
box-  (boks),  n.  [<  ME.  box,  <  AS.  box,  a  box, 
chest,  =  UllU.  buhsa,  MHG.  biilisc,  G.  biichse,  a 
box,  barrel  of  a  gun,  a  gun,  =  MD.  buise,  buyse, 
a  drinking-vessel  (>  prob.  E.  bouse'^,  q.  v.),  D. 
buis,  a  pipe,  tube,  channel,  bus,  a  box,  pot,  bar- 
rel of  a  gun  (cf.  E.  blunderbuss),  bok,  box  of  a 
coach,  =  ML(jr.  Iiussc,  a  box,  pipe,  =  Icel.  byssa, 
a  box,  mod.  a  gun  (the  D.,  MLG.,  and  Icel.  forms 
have  been  affected  by  the  F.  forms  :  see  boisl^), 
<  L.  buxus,  buxuni,  anything  made  of  boxwood 
(ef.  Gr.  7ri''f(f,  a  box,  >  E.  pyx),  <  huxus  =  Gr. 
iri'f Of,  box-tree,  boxwood:  see  iojl.  The  forms 
in  Rom.  and  Tent,  are  numerous  and  involved : 
see  boisf^,  boost'^,  busli^,  Imsliel,  boss'^,  etc.]  1. 
A  case  or  receptacle  for  articles  or  materials  of 
any  kind.  When  used  absolutely,  bi>x  usually  siginties 
a  rectangular  case  of  wood  with  a  lid  or  a  removable 
cover,  and  with  a  clear  inner  space  for  storing  or  packing ; 
but  for  specific  uses  boxes  are  made  of  any  adaptable  ma- 
terial, and  of  any  size  or  shape,  or  may  consist  of  com- 
partments in  a  larger  receptacle,  with  or  without  covers, 
or  with  permanent  covers  and  top  or  side  openings. 
Among  such  specific  kinds  are  cash-boxes,  bandboxes, 
pill-boxes,  ballot-boxes,  dice-boxes,  the  boxes  in  a  print- 
ers' case,  etc.  For  boxes  known  by  other  names,  see 
chetit  and  trunk. 

2.  A  money-chest,  especially  one  in  wliich 
money  for  some  particidar  purpose  is  collected 
or  kept :  as,  a  poor-iox  /  a  missionary-iw. 

So  manle  moe,  so  everie  one  was  used. 
That  to  give  largely  to  the  baxL'  refused. 

Spemer,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  1224. 

3.  The  quantity  that  a  box  contains. —  4.  A 
receptacle  under  the  driver's  seat  on  a  carriage ; 
hence,  the  seat  itself. 

Where  would  you  like  to  sit?  In  or  out?  Back  to  the 
horses  or  the  front?    Get  you  the  box,  if  you  like. 

Disraeli,  The  Young  Duke. 

5.  A  package  or  case  of  presents,  especially 
Christmas  presents. 

Such  a  box  as  our  prentices  beg  before  Christmas. 

Cotijrave. 

6.  A  compartment  or  place  shut  or  railed  off  for 
the  accommodation  of  a  small  number  of  peo- 
ple in  a  public  place,  (a)  A  compartment  in  the 
common  room  of  a  tavern  or  other  house  of  refreshment. 
((/)  A  seated  compartment  in  a  theater  or  other  place  of 
anmsement:  as,  "the  boxis  and  the  pit,"  Dryden.  (c)  In 
courts  of  justice,  the  seats  set  apart  for  jurymen  and  the 
stand  for  witnesses. 

The  whole  machinery  of  the  state,  all  the  apparatus  of 
the  system,  and  its  varied  workiugs,  end  in  simply  bring- 
ing twelve  good  nu'n  into  a  box. 

ISniti.jliain,  I'lesent  State  of  the  Law,  Feb.  7,  1S28. 
((f)  A  separate  compartment  or  a  roomy  stall  for  a  horse 
in  a  stable  or  railroad-car. 

7.  A  place  of  shelter  for  one  or  two  men  en- 
gaged in  the  performance  of  certaiu  duties; 
as,  a  sentry-ioj .-  a  signalman's  box. —  8.  A 
snug  house ;  a  small  country-house  for  tempo- 
rary use  diu'ing  the  continuance  of  some  sport, 
as  of  hunting:  as,  a  shooting-ioj. 

Let  me  keep  a  brace  of  hunters — a  cozy  box  —  a  bit  of 
land  to  it,  and  a  girl  after  my  own  heart,  and  I'll  cry  (inits 
with  yon.  Buht'er,  PeUiani,  Ixxvii. 

9.  In  inach.:  (a)  A  cylimlrical  hollow  iron  in  a 
wheel,  in  which  the  axle  runs,  (b)  In  a  pump: 
(1)  The  cajj  covering  the  top  of  the  pump.  (2) 
A  pump-bucket.  (3)  A  hollow  plunger  with  a 
lifting-valve.  (4)  A  casing  about  a  valve,  (c) 
The  pulley-case  in  a  draw-loom  on  which  rest 
the  rollers  that  conduct  the  tail-cords,  (d) 
The  receptacle  for  a  shuttle  at  the  end  of  the 
lathe  of  a  loom,  (e)  The  socket  for  the  screw 
in  a  screw-vise.  (_f )  The  opening  into  wliich 
the  end  of  a  rib-saw  is  wedged. — 10.  In  earp., 
a  trough  for  cutting  miters.  See  miter-box. — 
11.  Naut.,  the  space  between  the  back-board 
and  the  stern-post  of  a  boat,  where  the  coxswain 
sits. — 12.  In  founding,  the  flask  orframe  which 
holds  the  sand. — 13.  The  keeper  into  which 
the  bolt  of  a  lock  enters  in  locking.  Also  called 
the  ,':taple  of  the  lock. — 14.  In  a  printers'  case, 
the  compartment  for  a  single  character:  as, 
the  n-Iiox  is  empty;  the  eomnvjL-box. — 15.  A 
battery  for  wild-fowl  .shooting;  a  sink-box. 
—Antifriction  box.    sie  rinti/Hrii,,,,.-  Aquatic  box. 

Seenfyioi^c— Hot  bOX,  a  jouioal-box  heated  by  the  fric- 
tion of  a  rapidly  revolving  axle  or  arbor,  as  in  a  locomo- 
tive or  railroad-car. 

A  real  American  is  not  comfortable  without  a  hot  box 
occasionally  in  the  course  of  a  long  journey. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Houudabuut  JoiU'ney,  p,  8. 


box-coil 

In  a  box.  In  a  tight  box,  in  a  ij.rijb-ving  or  embarrass- 
ing sitnali"ri  ;  in  a  ditlii  ult>.  In  the  (or  a)  WTOng  bOX, 
in  an  a»'kv\;tt'<l  situation  ;  mi.stakin. 

"Sir,"  (juoth  I,  "if  you  will  hear  how  St.  Augustine  ex- 
pounded thai  place,  you  sliall  jH-rceive  that  you  are  in  a 
UTonij  btix."  ItiiUeif,  Works,  p.  103  (15.M). 

I  perceive  that  you  and  I  are  in  a  wronn  box. 

J.  L'dalt,  Diotrephes,  p.  31. 

He'd  soon  find  himself  in  tlie  wruinibox  with  Sarah  .lane 

1) ,  I  w,arrant.  U.  A.  Sala,  The  late  .\li-.  D . 

Omnlbus-box.  See  (oii«i7»«».  — Salting-box  (wilit.),  a 
small  lni\  containing  mealed  powder  which  is  sprinkled 
upon  tbe  fuses  of  shells  that  they  may  take  lire  from  the 
bla.st  of  the  powder  in  the  chamlier. 
box-  (boks),  I',  t.  [<  box-,  H.]  1.  To  place  in 
a  box;  inclose  as  in  a  box;  confine  ;  hoard. 

Saving  never  ceiised 
Till  he  had  box'd  up  twelve  score  pounds  at  least. 

Crabhr,  The  Borough. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  box,  as  a  wheel. — 3.  To 
make  a  hole  or  cut  (in  a  tree)  for  the  sap  to  col- 
lect: as,  to  iox  a  maple. — 4.  A'o«^,  to  cause  (a 
vessel)  to  tiu'n  short  romid  on  her  heel  by  bra- 
cing the  head-yards  aback:  sometimes  followed 
by  o_;r.'  as,  to  box  off  a  vessel.  See  haul. —  5. 
To  form  into  a  box  or  the  shape  of  a  Ijox :  as, 
to  hejx  the  scenes  on  a  stage.— To  box  the  com- 
pass, to  nanu'  the  points  of  the  compass  in  tlieir  order; 
hence,  figuratively,  to  make  a  complete  turn  cu'  round. 
boX'^  (boks),  «.  [<  ME.  box,  a  blow,  buffet 
(the  verb  is  not  found  in  ME.);  supposed  to 
be  of  Scand.  origin :  Dan.  bask,  a  slap,  blow, 
baske,  strike,  slap,  thwack,  but  this  is  repre- 
sented in  E.  by  6«a7(1,  q.  v.,  while  Sw.  ha.sa.  beat, 
whip,  flog,  bus,  a  beating,  is  represented  by 
baste^,  q.  v.  Cf.  MD.  boke,  early  mod.  D.  bcuk, 
MHG.  bue,  a  blow,  connected  ^vith  the  verb, 
MD.  bokeyi,  MHG.  boehen,  strike,  slap:  see  buck*. 
None  of  these  fonns  suits  the  case;  and  it  is 
most  probable  that  the  sense  has  originated  in 
some  ])articular  use  of  box^,  n.  or  c]  If.  A 
blow  of  any  kind. 

The  kyng  castes  up  his  schelde,  and  covers  hym  f.aire. 
And  with  his  burlyche  brande  a  box  he  hvme  reaches. 
Morte  Arlhure(K  E."  T.  S.),  1.  llll. 

2.  A  blow ;  specifically,  a  blow  on  the  head 
with  the  fist,  or  on  the  ear  wiih  the  open  hand. 

Give  him  a  box,  hai'd,  hard,  on  Ids  left  ear. 

E.  Joiison,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii.  4. 

He  represented  to  him  very  warmly  that  no  gentleman 
could  take  a  box  on  the  ear.  ...  "I  know  that ;  but  this 
was  not  a  box  on  the  ear,  it  was  only  a  slap  o"  the  face." 
Ladij  M.  W.  Montagu,  Letters,  June  22,  1T.S9. 

box3  (boks),  V.  [<  boxS,  n.  Cf.  F.  boxer  =  D. 
boksen  =  LG.  baak-seii  =  Icel.  byxa  =  Nonv. 
baksa  =  .Sw.  baxfi  =  Dan.  baxe  =  G.  baxen,  boxen, 
all  <  E.  boxS.~\  I.  tr<ius.  To  beat ;  thrash ; 
strike  with  the  fist  or  hand ;  especially,  to  strike 
on  the  ear  or  side  of  the  head :  as,  "they  box  her 
about  the  ears,"  Xorth,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  115. 

By  heaven  !  a  little  thing  wouUl  make  me  box  you. 

Cltajfiiian,  (Jentleman  I'sher,  iii.  1. 

II.  intrans.  To  fight  ■with  the  fists,  w'hether 
bare  or  incased  in  boxing-gloves;  combat  with 
or  as  with  the  hands  or  fists. 

A  leopard  is  like  a  cat,  he  boxes  with  his  fore  feet. 

jV.  Grew. 

box-and-tap  (boks'and-tap'),  n.  An  apparatus 
for  cutting  the  wooflen  screws  used  for  carpen- 
ters' benches,  etc. 

box-barrow  (boks'baro),  w.  A  large  four- 
sidi'd  wlicelbarrow  for  carrying  bulky  loads. 

box-beam  (boks'bem),  n.  A  hollow  l>eam  hav- 
ing sides  of  plate-iron  united  by  angle-irons. 

box-bed  (boks'hed),  n.  A  boxed-in  bed,  or  a 
lied  that  folds  up  in  the  form  of  a  box. 

boxberry  (boks'ber'i),  ». ;  pi.  boxberrirs  (-iz). 
Tlie  wintergreen  or  checkerbeny  of  North 
America,  Gaultheria  jiroeunihens. 

box-car  (boks'kiir),  H.  An  inclosed  and  cov- 
ered freight-car. 

box-coat  (boks'kot),  )(.  1.  A  heavy  overcoat 
worn  by  coachmen. —  2.  Early  in  the  present 
centmy,  an  overcoat  with  a  cape.  ai)proximately 
of  the  form  of  the  coachman's  great-coat:  in- 
tended originally  for  travelers  on  the  outside  of 
coaches. 

I  sluall  believe  it 
.  .  .  when  I  shall 
see  the  traveller  for 
s(nne  rich  trades- 
man part  with  his 
adnared  box-coat,  to 
spread  it  over  the 
defenceless  shoul- 
ders of  the  poor  wo- 
nnui,  etc. 

Lamb.  Modern 
[Gallantry. 
box-coil    (boks'-  Box-coil  with  return  hends. 

koil),  H.  A  steam-heating  apparatus  con.sist- 
ing  of  a  series  of  straight  tubes  connected  by 


box-coil 

return  bonds,  arranged  in  tlio  form  of  a  paral- 
lclii|ii)iidon. 

box-crab  (Imks'krab),  n.  Tho  popular  name 
of  a  ciab  of  the  genus  Calappa:  so  called  from 
its  resemblant'e  when  at  rest  to  a  box.  See  cut 
imder  ( '<il(i)>im. 

box-day  (boks'dii),  «.  In  tho  Scottish  law- 
courts,  a  day  apiioiiited  by  tho  judges  during 
the  vacations  on  which  pleadings  or  any  papers 
ordered  by  tlu^  court  have  to  be  lodged.  Also 
l)<).riii<i-il(ii/. 

box-drain  (l)oks'dran),  H.  An  uiulergi'ound 
drain  regularly  built  with  upright  sides  and 
a  flat  stone  or  brick  cover,  so  that  the  section 
has  the  appearance  of  a  scpuire  box. 

boxent  (bok'sn),  (I.  [<  JIK.  hoxi'ii,  replacing 
AS.  liijTii  for  'lii/.ri  II  for  'boxen,  <  box  (see  bux^ ) 
+  -<«.]  1.  Made  of  boxwood:  as,  "boxen  haut- 
boy," day,  Prol.  to  Shep.  Week. — 2.  Resem- 
bling box. 

IUt  f;iilc(l  i-liec'ks  are  cluuig'd  to  boxen  hue.        DnjtUn. 

boxerl  (bok'ser),  «.  [<box"  +  -er^.']  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  pack  or  put  up  things  in  boxes. 

boxer^  (bok'ser),  >i.  [<  bdx'i  +  -erl.]  One  who 
fights  with  his  fists  ;  a  pugilist. 

Boxer  shrapnel.    See  shmpncl. 

box-fish  (biiks'tish),  n.  A  name  of  sundry  plec- 
tognath  tislies  of  the  suborder  GijmnodoHtes  and 
family  Tctroilmitiila:     [Kare.] 

box-frame  (boks'fram),  n.  Tho  inclosed  space 
insiile  a  window-casing  in  which  tho  balance- 
weights  are  hung. 

box-girder  (boks'gor"der),  tt.  In  mcch.,  a  kind 
of  girder  resembling  a  box,  made  of  boiler- 
plates fastened  together  by  angle-irons  riveted 
to  the  top  and  bottom  plates.  Sudi  girders  aic 
niuoti  used  for  spans  of  from  3U  to  GO  feet,  on  aecount  of 
tlieir  elastieity  and  i)o\v'er  of  resistinj^  impact. 

boxhaul  (boks'hal),  v.  t.  yatit.,  to  veer  (a  .shij)) 
round  on  her  heel  when  it  is  impracticable  to 
tack.  'I'his  is  effected  by  putting  tlie  helm  a-lei-.  ln-acing 
the  llead-yards  flat  aliack,  squaring  the  after-yards,  taliin^^ 
ill  tile  drivers,  and  hauling  tlie  head-sheets  to  windward. 
When  the  vessel  begins  to  gather  steruway  the  helm  is 
shifted  juid  tile  sails  trimmed.     Snnith. 

box-hook  (boks'huk),  ii.  1.  A  hand-tool  resem- 
bling a  cotton-hook,  used  in  handling  heavy 
freight. — 2.  A  eant-hook  used  in  pressing 
down  the  covers  of  boxes  so  that  they  can  be 
nailed  or  screwed. —  3.  Gripping-irons  used  in 
hoisting  heavy  boxes  or  bales. 

boxiana  (bok-si-an'ii  or  -a'na),  n.  pi.  [A  feigned 
Latin  form,  <  box'^  +  -i-aiia :  see  oh«i,  -(in(i.~\ 
The  annals  of  prize-fighting;  the  literature  of, 
or  gossip  or  anecdotes  concerning,  pugilism. 

boxingl  (bok'sLug),  n.  [<  box^  +  -i"<J^-]  l- 
Naut.,  a  square  piece  of  dry  hard  wood  used 
in  connecting  the  frame-timbers  of  a  ship. — 2. 
One  of  the  cases  on  each  side  of  a  window  into 
which  the  inside  shutters  are  folded. — 3.  pi. 
The  sides  of  a  window-frame  where  the  weights 
hang. — 4.  pi.  Among  millers,  coarse  flour  sepa- 
rated in  the  process  of  bolting. — 5.  The  pro- 
cess of  fitting  a  piece  of  wood  to  receive  a 
tenon. — 6.  The  giving  of  a  box  or  present,  as 
at  Christmas.     See  boxinij-daij. 

boxing-  (l)ok'sing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bnx^,  r.] 
The  act  or  jiractice  of  fighting  with  the  fists, 
with  or  witliout  boxing-gloves;  spamng. 

boxing-day  (bok' sing-da),  H.  1.  In  England, 
the  first  week-day  after  Christmas,  when  Christ- 
mas boxes  or  presents  are  given  to  one's  em- 
ployees, to  postmen,  etc. —  2.  In  the  Scottish 
law-coiu'ts.  same  as  box-iUiij. 

boxing-glove  (bok'sing-gluv),  n.  A  padded 
glove  used  in  sparring. 

boxing-machine  (bok' sing-ma- shen"),  n.  A 
machine  used  for  boring  out  tlie  boxes  of  the 
hubs  of  car-wheels. 

boxing-match  (bok'sing-mach),  n.  A  contest 
at  )>oxing;  a  pugilistic  encoimter;  aprize-fight. 

boxing-night  (l)ok'sing-nit),  n.  In  Kngland, 
the  first  week-night  after  Christmas;  the  night 
of  boxing-day. 

boxing-off  (bok'sing-of),  n.  Naut.,  tho  act  of 
forcing  the  ship's  head  off  the  wind  by  bracing 
the  heail-yards  aback. 

box-iron    {boks'i"eru),   «.     A  smoothing-iron 
containing  an  inclosed  space  for  live  coals  to 
keep  it  hot. 
box-keeper  (boks'ke'per),  ».     An  attendant  at 

the  boxes  of  a  theater. 
box-key  (boks'ke),  II.    A  socket-key  for  turn- 
ing larg(>  nuts. 
box-lobby  (boks'lob"i),  «.     In  a   theater,  the 

lobby  leading  to  the  boxes, 
box-lock  (boks'lok).  H.     A  door-lock  ilesigned 
to  bo  fastened  to  the  sm'face  of  the  door. 


649 

box-metal  (boks'met'al),  n.  A  brass,  bronze, 
or  antifrietion  alloy  used  for  the  jom'nal-boxes 
of  axles  or  shafting. 

box-money  (boks'mun"i),  n.  At  lin:nriJ,  money 
paid  to  tho  person  who  furnishes  the  box  and 
dice. 

box-office  (boks'of  "is),  n.  The  oflice  in  a  thea- 
ter in  which  tickets  are  sold. 

box-packing  (boks'pak"ing),  n.  Cotton-waste 
or  siiEiilar  material,  saturated  with  a  lubricant, 
for  packing  tho  journal-box  of  an  a.xle  or  shaft. 

box-plait  ( boks'i)lat),  H.  A  double  fold  or  plait, 
as  ou  a  shirt-bosom  or  in  tho  skirt  of  a  woman's 
dress. 

box-plaiting  (boks-pla"ting),  n.  1.  A  method 
of  folding  cloth  alternately  in  oi)])Osite  direc- 
tions, so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  double  plait  or 
fohl  on  each  side. —  2.  The  plaits  formed  in  this 
manner. 

box-seat  (boks'set),  «.  A  seat  in  a  theater- 
box,  or  on  tho  box  of  a  coach. 

box-set  (boks'set),  n.  In  a  theater,  a  scene 
which  is  boxed  in  with  walls  and  coiling. 

box-setter  (boks'sef'er),  II.  An  ajiparatus  for 
fitting  axle-boxes  to  the  hubs  of  wheels. 

box-slater  (boks'slii  "ter),  h.  An  isopod  crusta- 
cean of  the  family  Idotckke.     H.  A.  Nicholson. 

box-slip  (boks'slip),  n.  A  slij)  of  boxwood  in- 
laid in  the  beechwoodof  whicli  molding,  tongu- 
ing,  and  grooving  planes  are  made,  to  form  an 
edge  or  wearing  part. 

box-snuffers  (boks'snuferz),  H.  pi.  Snuffers 
having  a  receptacle  for  the  burnt  wick  cut  olT. 

box-stall  (boks'stal),  n.  A  roomy  inclosed  stall 
in  which  horses  or  cattle  can  be  kept  without 
tying. 

box-strap  (boks'strap),  n.  In  mnch.  and  build- 
in;/,  a  flat  bar  with  right-angled  bends,  used  to 
confine  a  rectangular  bar  or  projection. 

box-thorn  (lioks'thorn),  u.  A  name  given  to 
plants  of  the  genus  Lijeium,  more  particularly 
/..  hnrbiiriiin. 

box-tortoise  (boks'tor'tis),  ji.  A  tortoise  with 
a  hinged  ])lastron  which  can  be  so  closely  ap- 
plied to  the  edge  of  the  carapace,  when  the 
head,  tail,  and  limbs  have  been  drawn  in,  that 
tho  animal  is  practically  boxed  up  in  the  shell; 
a  tortoise  of  the  family  Cistudiiiidw.  Generally 
called  box-turtle  in  the  United  States. 

box-trap  (boks'trap),  v.  1.  A  contrivance  for- 
merly used  in  firing  military  mines,  consisting 
of  a  rectangular  box  placed  vertically  in  com- 
munication with  the  mine.  The  upper  end  was 
fl<ised,  and  a  few  inches  below  the  top  was  a  Sliding  shelf 
upon  which  was  placed  a  piece  of  ignited  punk.  The 
mine  was  tired  by  withdrawing  the  slielf  by  means  of  a 
long  cord,  and  allowing  the  ligllted  punk  to  fall  ujtou  the 
l)owder-train  below. 

2.  A  trap  in  the  form  of  a  box,  used  for  cap- 
turing small  animals. 

box-turtle  (boks'ter'tl),  n.  The  common  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  box-tortoise. 

box-valve  (boks'valv),  «.  A  box-shaped  por- 
tion of  a  pipe,  in  which  a  valve  is  placed. 

boxwood  (boks'wiid),   II.      [<  i'u-l  +  H'oorfl.] 

1.  'The  fine  hard-grained  timber  of  the  box, 
much  used  by  wood-engravers  and  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  musical  and  mathematical  instru- 
ments, tool-handles,  etc.  The  largest  supplies  come 
from  the  Levant.  The  wood  is  very  free  from  gritty 
matter,  and  on  that  account  its  sawdust  is  much  nseil  for 
cleaning  jewelry  and  for  other  purposes.     Sec  Ilitxii^. 

2.  The  name  given  to  several  trees  which 
have  hard,  compact  wood,  taking  a  fine  polish : 
in  tho  United  States  to  ('<«•««*■  flaridn,  and  in 
the  West  Indies  to  Schcvfferia  frutcsccii.^;  Vilex 
mnbromi,  and  Tccomii  pciitaphijlla.  Some  spe- 
cies of  E Ileal i/ptu,i  and  of  Trixtania  are  so  called 
in  Australia. 

boyl  (lioi),  w.  [<  ME.  hoij,  boijc,  boi  ;  of  obscure 
origin,  prob.  LG. :  cf.  E.  Fries,  bni,  boy,  a  young 
man;  not  easily  connected  with  MLG.  LG. 
bore,  a  boy,  a  knave,  =  MD.  boef,  a  boy,  D. 
boef,  a  knave,  =  OHG.  *buobo  (only  as  a  proper 
naine,  liuolio),  MHG.  huiibe,  G.  bubc,  dial,  bub, 
bua,  a  boy,  a  knave,  =  Icel.  biifi  =  Sw.  bo/,  a 
knave.  Cf .  Icel.  Biii,  Dan.  Boi/e,  a  proper  mime.] 

1.  A  male  child,  from  birth  to  full  growth, 
but  especially  from  tho  end  of  infancy  to  the 
beginning  of  youth :  also  applied  to  a  young 
man,  implying  immaturity,  want  of  vigor  or 
judgment,  etc. 

Speak  thou,  bou : 
Perhaps  thy  ehililishness  will  move  him  more 
Than  can  our  reasons.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  3. 

Men  of  ivorth  and  parts  will  not  easily  admit  the  famil* 
iurity  of  Itayx,  who  yet  need  the  care  of  a  tutor.        Locke. 

2.  In  familiar  or  playful  use  (usually  in  the 
plm-al),  a  gi'own  man  regarded  as  one  of  the 


boycott 

younger  members  of  a  family,  as  an  intimate 
friend  or  associate',  or  as  having  in  any  respect 
a  boyish  relation  or  character. 

Then,  t<»  sea,  hoifx.  Sfiak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

\\c  arc  Koman  biii/H  alt,  and  bin/i  of  mettle. 

Ftffi-lwr,  Honduca,  ii.  4. 
.Spccillcally,  in  the  fnitcd  Stati-s  -  (n)  In  the  South,  es- 
jiecially  before  the  abolition  of  slavery,  a  negro  man.  {b) 
An  unscrupulous  local  politician,  especially  in  a  large 
city;  one  of  the  managers  or  subordinates  of  the  "ma- 
chine" of  a  jiai-ty  in  local  politics  and  elections:  as,  a 
ticket  not  acceptable  to  the  hji/n. 

3.  A  young  servant;  a  page:  as,  "  6o)/.s,  grooms, 
and  lackeys,"  .S'/uiA'.,  lien.  VIII.,  v.  2.  Hence  in 
compound  wtu'cts  sometimes  applied  to  grown  men  with- 
out any  idea  of  youth  or  contempt ;  as,  a  jmtboif. 

4.  [Supposed  by  some  to  be  "a  corniption  of 
Hind,  bliaiee,  a  servant";  but  the  Hind,  word, 
prop,  blidi,  means  '  brother,'  and  hoi/  in  this 
use  is  merely  the  E.  word.  Cf. '"'//-.]  In  India 
and  the  treaty-ports  of  China  and  .Japan,  etc., 
a  native  male  servant,  especially  a  iiorsonal 
servant;  a  butler  or  waiter,  house-boy,  office- 
boy,  etc.,  as  distinguished  from  a  coolie  or 
porter :  in  common  uso  among  foreigners. — 
Boy-bishop,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  St.  Xichohis, 
the  patron  of  scholars,  but  more  particularly  of  school- 
boys, from  the  fact  that  he  was  remarkable  for  very  early 
piety;  also,  a  name  given,  according  to  a  very  ancient 
custom,  which  was  abolished  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
to  a  )ioy  chosen  from  the  cathedral  choiron  St.  Nicholas's 
day  (December  Oth)  a.s  a  mock  Idshop.  The  boy  enjoyed 
episcopal  honors  till  Innocents'  Day  (December  2Sth),  and 
the  rest  of  the  choir  were  his  prebends. 

In  those  bygone  times  all  little  biiyseither  sang,  orserved, 
about  the  altar,  at  church;  and  the  first  thing  they  did 
upon  tlie  eve  of  their  patron's  festival  was  to  elect  from 
among  themselves,  in  every  parish  church,  cathedral,  and 
nobleman's  chai)el,  a  bishop  and  his  officials,  or,  as  they 
were  then  ealleil.  "  a  Nicholas  and  his  clerks, '  This  boT/- 
bisliiili  and  his  mlnistei-s  afterwards  sang  the  first  vespers 
of  their  saint;  and,  in  the  evening,  arrayed  in  their  ap- 
propriate vestments,  walked  all  about  the  parish, 

Unck.  Cliureh  of  our  Fathel-s,  III,  ii,  215. 
Old  boy,  a  familiar  name  for  the  devil. 

They  used  to  have  witch  Sabba'  days  and  witch  sacra- 
ments, and  sell  their  souls  to  the  old  fjoi/. 

Mrs.  .S'r.oc.',  (Il.ltown,  p,  194. 
Roaring  boys.  See  roarinfi. — Yellow-boys,  gold  coins; 
guineas,  eagles,  napoleons,  etc,  [Slang.] 
boyl  (boi),  r.  t.  [<  ftoy/l,  «.]  If.  To  treat  as  a 
boy,  or  as  something  belonging  to  or  befitting 
a  boy. 

My  credit's  niurder'd, 
Baffled,  and  boy'd. 

Bfau.'aud  Ft.,  Knight  of  ilalta,  ii.  3. 

2.  To  act  or  represent  in  the  manner  of  a  boy: 
in  allusion  to  the  acting  by  boys  of  women's 
parts  on  the  stage.     [Rare.] 

I  shall  see 
Some  squeaking  Cleopatra  boy  my  greatness. 

Shak.,  A,  andC,  v,  2. 

boy-  (boi),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  written  boijee, 
bhoijee,  boec,  bhoee,  repr.  Hind,  bhoi,  <  Telugu 
boi,  prop,  a  man  of  the  fisherman  caste,  whose 
usual  occupation  is  tho  caiTying  of  litters  and 
palankins,  or,  as  in  Madras,  domestic  service.] 
In  India,  as  far  north  as  the  Nerbudda  river,  a 
palankin-bearer.  Yule  and  Burnell,  Anglo-Ind. 
Glossary. 

boyar  (boi'ilr),  n.  [<  Russ.  boijarinii,  pi.  boyare, 
formerly  bolyariuu  =  Bulg.  bolcriii  =  Serv.  hol- 
yar  =  Pol.  bojor  (>  Turk,  boyar  =  Hung,  bojdr 
—  Lith.  bajorus  =  MGr.  jioi/.ai'ii,  jW.wdni,  etc.),  < 
OBulg.  bolyariuu,  appar.  <  boliy,  gi'eat,  illustri- 
ous.] A  personal  title  given  to  the  highest  class 
of  Russian  oflicials  previous  to  the  reign  of  Peter 
the  Great.  The  title  conferred  a  rank  in  the  state,  but 
brought  no  special  duties  with  it.  There  was.  however,  a 
couiuril  of  boyars,  and  it  was  custtunary  to  add  to  pub- 
lic papei-s,  "The /'oi/arA-  have  approved  of  it,"  The  title 
griulnally  dieil  out  in  the  reign  ttf  Peter  the  Great,  as  it 
was  no  longer  newly  conferred,  {.Schjiylt-r,  Peter  the 
(ireat,)  The  tenn  in  popidar  usage  came  to  signify  the 
higher  aristocracy.  It  still  lingei's  in  Kuniania,  where  the 
popular  name  for  the  con,servatives  is  the  boyar  party. 

boyard  (boi'jird),  «.     Same  as  hoyar. 

boyau  (bwo-yo'),  «.;  pi.  boyaux(-y67,').  [F., 
<  OF,  boel,  a  gut,  >  E.  bowel:  see  bowel  and 
bayou.']  In  fort.,  a  ditch  covered  with  a  para- 
pet, serving  as  a  means  of  communication  be- 
tween two  trenches,  especially  between  the 
first  and  third  parallels.  Also  called  a  :i(j:ag 
or  an  iiiiproaeli. 

boy-blindt  (boi'blind),  a.  Blind  as  a  boy; 
undiscorning :  as,  "so  boy-bliiid  nnd  foolish," 
Fletelier  {and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  iii.  2. 
[Rare.] 

boycott  (lioi'kot),  v.  t.  [From  the  name  of  the 
first  prominent  victim  of  the  system.  Captain 
Boyeott,  a  farmer  at  Lough  Mask,  Connemara, 
and  the  agent  of  Lord  Erne,  an  Irish  land- 
lord.] To  combine  (a)  in  refusing  to  work  for, 
buy  from,  sell  to,  give  assistance  to,  or  liave 
anykind  of  dealings  with,  and  (b)  in  prevent- 
ing others  from  working  for,  buying  from,  sell- 


boycott 

ing  to,  assistinj;,  or  liaviiifj  any  kind  of  Coal- 
ings with  (a  person  or  ei>ni]mny),  on  account 
of  political  or  other  iliflcrcncos,  or  of  disafri'cc- 
ments  in  business  nuittors,  as  a  means  of  in- 
flicting punishment,  or  of  coercing  or  intimi- 
dating. Tlie  Hi>ril  was  iiitroiliucil  in  Inland  in  18S0, 
and  siMtn  liocantc  (like  tlie  prai-ticc)  coiniiion  throliclidUt 
llu*  Eiii;li.sli-siti-:ikini;  world,  ami  w;!;;  adnpted  by  the  news- 
jiapeiN  ill  nearly  every  Eumiieaii  laii;;iia^e. 

boycott  (boi'kot),  11.  [<  hoi/cotl.  r.]  An  or- 
ganized attempt  to  coerce  a  person  or  party 
into  compliance  with  some  demand,  by  com- 
bining to  abstain,  and  compel  others  to  abstain, 
from  having  any  business  or  social  relations 
with  him  or  it;  an  organized  persecution  of  a 
person  or  company,  as  a  means  of  coercion  or 
intimidation,  or  of  retaliation  for  some  act,  or 
refusal  to  act  in  a  particular  way. 

boycottee  (boi-kot-§'),  «.  [<  boycott  +  -cfl.] 
One  who  is  boycotted.     [Rare.] 

boycotter  (boi'kot-er),  «.  [<  boycott  +  -erl.] 
One  who  boycotts  ;  one  who  takes  part  in  the 
organized  persecution  called  a  boycott. 

boycotting  (boi'kot-lng),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  boy- 
cott, c]  The  act  or  practice  of  subjecting  an 
obnoxious  person  or  company  to  the  organizeil 
persecution  called  a  boycott.     See  boycott,  v. 

Boiicotthvj  orisinally  implied  the  organized  pei-seeutiini 
of  an  individual  by  an  entire  community;  as  transplanted 
t<»  this  country  [United  .states]  it  implies  the  persecution 
of  an  individual  by  organized  forces,  and  it  is  a  plir.ase 
which  at  the  present  time  is  much  in  the  mouths  of  those 
who  call  themselves  workingmen. 

Phila.  Record,  No.  4529,  p.  2. 
Boycottiiifj  was  not  only  used  to  punish  evicting  land- 
lords and  agents,  tenants  guilty  of  paying  rent,  and  trades- 
men who  ventured  to  hold  dealings  with  those  against 
whom  the  [Land]  League  had  pronounced  its  anathema ; 
hut  the  League  was  now  strong  enough  to  use  this  means 
as  an  instrument  of  extending  its  organization  and  filling 
its  coffers.  Shopkeepers  who  refused  to  join  and  subscrilie 
received  reason  to  believe  that  they  would  be  deprived  of 
their  custom ;  recalcitrant  farmers  found  themselves  with- 
out a  market  for  theii"  crops  and  cattle. 

Annual  ReffUter,  1S80. 
boydekint,  »■     .An  obsolete  form  of  bodkiiii^. 
boyer  (boi'er),  «.    [Formerly  also  bowyer;  z=  F. 
boyei;  <  Flem.  boeyer  =  D.  boeijer,  a  vessel  used 
to  lay  buoys,  <  Flem.  boey  =  D.  boci,  a  buoy:  see 
6»o.V.]     A  Flemish  sloop  with  a  raised  work  or 
castle  at  each  end. 
boyeryt,  ".    [<  6o.yl  + -en/.]    Boyhood.     North. 
boyhood (boi'hud),«.   i<boy}  + -twod.']    1.  The 
state  of  being  a  boy  or  of  immature  age ;  the 
time  of  life  dm-ing  which  one  is  a  boy. 

Look  at  him  in  his  buyhood.  Stm/t. 

Turning  to  mirth  all  things  of  earth 
As  only  boyhood  can.  Hood,  Eugene  Aram. 

2.  Boyish  feeling;  light-heartedness.  [Bare.] 
— 3.  Boys  collectively. 
boyish  (boi'ish),  a.  [<  6o_i/l  +  -is/il.]  Belong- 
ing to  a  boy;  pertaining  to  boyhood;  in  a  dis- 
paraging sense,  childish,  trifling,  puerile:  as, 
''a  boyish  odd  conceit,"  .7.  BailUe. 

I  ran  it  thi-ough,  even  from  my  bot/i^fi  days. 
To  the  very  moment  that  he  bade'me  tell  it. 

Shak.,  OtheUo,  i.  3. 
=Syn.  .Turenile,  Pmrile,  etc.    See  youthftd. 
boyishly  (boi'ish-li),  adv.     In  aboyish  manner. 
boyishness  (boi'ish-nes),  n.     The  quality  of 
being  boyish. 
b03rism  (boi'izm),  n.     [<  boy^  +  -ism.']     1.  The 
state  of  being  a  boy;  boyishness. 

The  boyi^m  of  the  brothers  ...  is  to  be  taken  into  ac- 
count. T.  Il'arton,  Notes  on  Milton's  Smaller  Poems. 

2.  Something  characteristic  of  a  boy ;  pueril- 
ity. 

A  thousand  such  boyixmn,  which  Chaucer  rejected  as  be- 
low the  dignity  of  the  subject.  Dryden,  Preface  to  Fables. 
[Rare  in  both  uses.] 
Boyle's  law.    See  laic. 

boyn  (boin),  H.  [Sc,  also  spelled  boiti,  boyen, 
bowyne;  perhaps  <  OF.  biiion,  extended  form  of 
buic,  a  vessel  for  water  or  wine,  >  prob.  Sc. 
6oin«,  q.  v.]  1.  A  washing-tub.  Oalt.—2.  A 
Hat,  broad-bottomed  vessel,  into  which  milk  is 
emptied  from  the  paU. 
Also  called  bine. 
boy-QUeller  (boi'kwel'er),  71.  One  who  quells 
or  conquers  boys ;  one  who  is  able  to  cope  only 
with  boys.     [Rare.] 

Where  is  this  Hecter? 
Come,  come,  thou  boy-guellcr,  show  thy  face. 

.Sliai:,  T.  andC,  V.  5. 
boyshipt  (boi'ship),  «.    [<  hoyl  -i-  -shij).]    Boy- 

hciod.  Beaumont. 
boy's-love  (boiz'luv),  «.  A  name  of  the  south- 
ernwood, Artemisia  Abrotannm,  from  an  oint- 
meut  made  with  its  ashes  used  by  young  men 
to  jiromote  the  growth  of  a  lieard. 
boy  S-play  (boiz'pla),  «.  Childish  amusement; 
anything  free  from  risk  or  severe  labor ;  any- 


650 

thing  easy  or  trifling,  as  opposed  to  tho  earnest 
business  or  hard  work  of  a  man. 
'i'his  is  no  boyy-jdny.  Ftilrhfr,  llonduca,  ii.  3. 

boyuna  (boi-ii'na),  n.  [Cf.  Sp.  boyuna,  fem.  of 
boyuno,  belonging  to  cattle.  <  boy,  now  buey  = 
Pg.  boi,  ox,  <  Ij.  bos  ibov-),  ox :  see  Bos.  Cf. 
boa.]  1.  A  large  serpent  of  South  America, 
black  and  slender,  ha\'ing  an  intolerable  smell. 
—  2.  A  hannless  reptile  or  snake  common  in 
Ceylon. 

boza  (bo'za),  w.  [Also  written  bosa,  bouza, 
liousa,  boo:ah,  boo:ch,  etc.,  F.  boiica,  6.  busa, 
etc.,  Russ.  Serv.  etc.  biiza,  <  Ai:  bu:e,  Pers.  bfca, 
Hind.  6«crt,  bozd,  Turk,  boza,  a  thick  white  fer- 
mented drink  made  fi-om  millet.]  1.  A  popu- 
lar Egyjjtian  drink,  made  by  boiling  miUet^seed 
in  water  and  fermenting  the  infusion,  adding 
afterward  certain  astringent  substances. —  2. 
An  inebriating  mbrture  of  daniel-meal,  hemp- 
seed,  and  water. —  3.  A  preparation  of  honey 
and  tamaiinds. 

bozon  (bo'zon),  n.     In  her.,  same  as  bird-bolt^. 

Bp.     An  abbreviation  of  liishop. 

Br.     In  ehem.,  the  sj-mbol  of  bromine. 

Braban^on  (bra-bon-son'),  )(.  [F.,  man  of  Bra- 
bant, a  jirovince  of  Belgiimi.]  Same  as  Bra- 
hduter. 

BrabanQOnne  (bra-bon-son'),«.  [F.,<  Brabant. ] 
The  popular  patriotic  song  of  the  Belgians  since 
1830,  when  they  threw  off  Dutch  rule.  The  words 
were  composed  by  a  French  actor  named  Jenneval,  then  at 
Brussels.  Each  verse  ends  with  a  varied  refrain  relating 
to  the  substitution  of  the  tree  of  liberty  for  the  orange,  in 
allusion  to  tlie  sovereign  house  of  Orange,  then  ruling  the 
Netherlands. 

Brabanter  (bra-ban'ter), )(.  [<  Brabant  +  -eel. 
See  Brabam^on.]  One  of  a  class  of  mercenary 
soldiers  and  bandits  from  the  old  duchy  of  Bra- 
bant, who  figured  in  the  Anglo-French  wars  of 
the  eleventh  and  thirteenth  centuries. 

Brabantine  (bra-ban'tiu),  a.  [<  Brabant  + 
-/«('!.]  Pertaining  to  Brabant,  formerly  a 
duchy,  now  partly  comprised  in  the  provinces 
of  North  Brabant  and  Brabant,  belonging  re- 
spectively to  the  Netherlands  and  Belgium. 

brabble  (brab'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brabbled, 
ppr.  hralibling.  [<  D.  brabbelen,  confound, 
stammer.  Cf.  blabber^  and  babble.]  To  wran- 
gle ;  dispute  or  quarrel  noisily. 

He  held  me  with  brabbliny  till  the  clock  strook,  and  then 
for  the  breach  of  a  minute  he  refused  my  money. 

Greene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Loud,  and  Eng. 
llelantius,  thou  art  welcome,  and  my  love 
Is  with  thee  still ;  but  tiiis  is  not  a  place 
To  brabble  in.  — Calianax,  join  hands. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maids  Tragedy,  i.  2. 


brace 

braccae  (brak'se),  n.     See  bracce. 

braccate  (hrak'at),  a.     [<  L.  'braccatus,  prop. 


breeches:  see  breech.] 


Bracc;itc. —  Foot  of  Snovry  Owl. 


brabble  (brab'l),   «.     [<  brabble,  v.] 
a  clamorous  contest;  a  wrangle. 

This  petty  brabble  will  undo  us  all. 

Shak.,  Tit.  .\nd.,  ii.  1. 

brabblement  (brab'l-ment),  n.     [<  brabble  + 

-nient.]     A  clamorous  contest ;  a  brabble. 

brabbler  (brab'ler),  n.     [<  brabble,  r.,  +  -erl. 

Cf.  D.  brabbelaar,  stammerer.]     A  clamorous, 

noisy,  quarrelsome  fellow. 

We  hold  our  time  too  precious  to  be  spent 

With  such  a  brabbler.  Sliak.,  K.  John,  v.  2. 

brabbling  (brab'ling),  j'-  "■  [Ppi'-  of  brab- 
ble, I-.]  Clamorous;  wrangling;  quarrelsome; 
noisy. 

He  gave  notice  to  his  government  that  commerce  would 
have  no  security  in  Antwerp  "  in  those  brabbliwi  times." 
Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II,  18. 

brabblinglyt  (brab'ling-li),  adr.  In  a  brab- 
bling manner. 

Neither   bitterly    nor 
brabblinyly. 
Bp.  Jewell,  Def.  of  Apol. 
[for  Ch.  of  Eng.,  p.  44. 

bracse  (bra'se),  )(. 
pi.  [L. :  see  breech, 
brceehes.]  laantiq., 
a  garment  equiv- 
alent to  the  mod- 
em trousers,  it  was 
made  either  loose  or 
close-fitting,  and  its  use 
was  characteristic  of  the 
Gauls  and  of  Oriental 
peoples.  It  was  not  worn 
by  the  Greeks,  nor  by  the 
Romans  before  tlie  end  of 
the  republic.  After  the 
first  century  a.  d.,  how- 
ever, it  came  into  use 
among  the  Romans,  es- 
pecially in  the  military 
forces  stationed  in  in- 
clement climates  ;  and 
toward  the  close  of  the 
empire  it  was  very  gen- 
erally adopted,  though  never  in  nnieh  favor  within  the 
walls  of  Rome.    Also  improperly  spelled  bracca. 


im^i^ 


-  Statue  of  Paris,  Vatican 
Museum. 


bracaliis.  <  bracce,  pi., 
In  ornith.,  having  the 
tarsi  feathered ;  hav- 
ing the  feet  funii.shed 
with  feathers  to  the 
V)ases  of  the  toes  or 
of  the  claws. 
bracciale  (brak-si-iT- 

le ;  It.  jiron.  brat- 
cliiii'le),  n. ;  pi.  bra<- 
eiali  (-Ii).  [it.,  a  bras- 
sard or  chevron,  also 
as  in  def.,  <  L.  brac- 
chiale,  an  annlet,  bracelet,  etc.,  <  bracchium  (> 
It.  braccio),  arm.]  A  projecting  bracket  of  iron 
or  bronze,  having  a  socket  and  ring  for  hold- 
ing a  flagstaff,  torch,  or  the  like,  and  sometimes 
a  large  ring.  These  brackets  are  alflxed  to  Italian  pal- 
aces of  the  time  of  the  Renaissance,  and  ;ire  often  of  great 
richness  of  design,  especially  at  .Sienna  and  Florence. 

braccio  (brat'chio),  n.  [It.,  <  L.  bracchium, 
arm:  see  irncfl.]  A  measure  of  length  used  in 
Italy,  vaiying  from  half  a  yard  at  Lodi  to  a 
yard  at  Milan.     See  brans'^.  ' 

bracel  (bras),  n.  [<  ME.  brace.iOY.  brace,  brase, 
brasse,  brache,  the  two  arms  extended,  an  arm- 
ful, a  fathom,  pair,  F.  brasse  =  Pr.  brassa  = 
Sp.  braza  =  Pg.  irafo,  a  fathom,  <  L.  brachia, 
jjl.  of  brachium,  bracchium.  aim.  prob.  <  Gr.  ,}pa- 
xi"r,  arm ;  cf.  Ir.  and  Gael,  brae  =  W.  braich 
=  Bret,  breach,  the  aiTU.  From  the  L.  singular 
bracchium  comes  OF.  bras,  braz,  F.  bras  =  Sp. 
brazo  =  Pg.  bra^o  =  It.  braccio,  arm.  Hence 
bracelet  a,nd  embrace.]  1.  A  prop  or  support; 
specifically,  in  arch.,  a  piece  of  timber  placed 
near  and  across  the  angles  in  the  frame  of  a 
building  in  order  to  strengthen  it.  WTien  used 
to  support  a  rafter  it  is  called  a  stmt. —  2. 
That  which  holds  two  or  more  things  tirmly 
together;  a  cincture  or  bandage. —  3.  A  pair; 
a  couple :  as,  a  brace  of  ducks  :  used  of  persons 
only  with  a  shade  of  contempt  or  colloquially. 

But  you,  my  brace  of  lords,  were  I  so  minded, 
I  here  could  pluck  his  highness'  frown  upon  you. 

S/iak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
Will  he  have  a  brace, 
Or  but  one  jmrtridge? 
Fletcher  ^and  anotlter),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  i.  1. 

The  two  muskets  I  loaded  w  ith  a  brace  of  slugs  each. 

Defoe,  Robinson  Crusoe. 

4.  A  thick  strap  by  which  a  carriage-body  is 
suspended  from  C-springs.  E.  H.  Knight. —  5. 
hi  printing,  a  vertical  double-cun-ed  line,  used 

to  connect  two  or  more  lines:  thus,  i       , >  or 

'  bowl  (' 

two  or  more  staves  in  music. —  6.  A  leather 
band  placed  about  the  cords  of  a  drum  and 
sliding  upon  them:  used  to  raise  or  lower  the 
tone  by  increasing  or  lessening  the  tension  of 
the  cords:  as,  "the  braces  of  the  war  drum," 
Derham,  Phys.  Theol. —  7.  ji/.  Straps  passing 
over  the  shoulders  to  sustain  the  trousers;  sus- 
penders.—  8.  A  de\'ice  for  supporting  a  weak 
back,  curved  shoulders,  etc. —  9.  Anxf. :  (a) 
One  of  the  ropes  fastened  to  the  yards  of  a 
ship,  one  to  each  yard-arm,  which,  reaching  to 
the  deck,  enable  the  yards  to  be  swung  about 
horizontally.  They  also  help  the  yards  to  sup- 
port the  strain  caused  by  the  wind  on  the  sails. 
(6)  1)1.  Straps  of  brass  or  metal  castings  fas- 
tened on  the  stem-post,  to  receive  the  pintles 
by  wliich  the  rudder  is  hung. — 10.  A  defense 
or  protection  for  the  arm ;  specifically,  one 
used  in  archery.     Same  as  bracer,  2. 

"  It  hath  been  a  shiel 
'TwLxt  me  and  death  " :  and  pointed  to  this  brace. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  ii.  1. 
lit.  State  of  defense. 

For  that  it  [CyprusJ  stands  not  in  such  warlike  brace. 

But  alto-.tiicr  lacks  the  abilities 

That  Wiodcs  is  dress'd  in.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

12.  The  state  of  being  braced;  tension;  tight- 
ness. 

The  laxness  of  the  tympaiumi  when  it  has  lost  its  brace 
or  tension.  Uolder. 

13t.  An  arm  (of  the  sea). 

^  He  sclial  so  p.asse  the  wature,  that  ys  cleped  the  brace  of 
Seint  tJeorge  [ML.  Bracliium  S.  Georgii],  that  is  an  arm 
of  the  sea.  llaunderille,  p.  126. 

14.  A  curved  instnmient  of  iron  or  wood  for 
holding  and  tm-niug  boring-tools,  etc. ;  a  bit- 
stock.  There  are  various  fonns  of  braces,  the  most  com- 
mon being  the  carpenteri^'  brace,  bit-brace,  bil-ntoek.  or 
hand-braee,  wiiieh  is  a  tool  for  turning  a  hnring-bit  or 
auger.  It  consists  of  a  erank-fi)rnied  shaft,  with  a  nietll 
socket  called  the  pad  at  one  extremity,  and  on  the  other 
a  swiveled  head  (or  cushion  or  ghield),  by  which  the  boring- 


brace 


tool  or  bit,  fixed  in  iho 
workman. 


pjlil,  is  prossfil  forward  by  the 
See  aiifjlf-ln-ai'''  it)),  and  ent  under  bitxtttck. 
15.  A  wondcii  rod  with  spiked  oiids, 
used  ti)  siippcirt  sconory  in  a  tlieator. 
— 16.  /)'.  The  loatlu'V  slides  on  tlio 
eords  of  a  snaro-dj'iun,  I)v  wliieh  tlio 
tension  of  the  lu'ad  is  varied.  Brace- 
bit.  Sec  hit  1 .  -    French  brace,  an  an^'le-luaee 

(vviiiclisee).    Geared  brace,  a  iiiiriTiK-tcinl  tile 
hit  or  drill  of  wliieli  is  tinned  tty  a  liand-eranii 
and  l)evel-gear.  —  Principal  brace,  in  hinil- 
ill!!,  a  l>raee  immediately  under  tlie  jtiineipal 
rafters,  or  jtarallel  to  tlleni,  and  in  a  ntate  of 
eonipression.     It  serves  to  assist  tile  prinei- 
H.iini-br.ii:.-.     I'-'ds  in  suppnrtiui^  the  roof-timbers.    Swi/f. 
Ratchet-brace,  a    carpenters'  brace   in 
wliieli,  by  means  of  j^earinti,  a  back-anil-forth  motion  is 
converted  into  a  rotary  one,  thus  causiiif;  tlie  ttit  to  turn. 
—  Wind-brace,  a  diJij^onal  brace  to  tie  the  rafters  of  a 
roof  to;;ether  and  jtrevent  racking.     In  the  best  examples 
of  medieval  niofs  the  wind-liraces  are  arclied,  and  run  from 
the  principal  rafters  to  the  puriins.    Kiicyc.  Brit.  =  Syn.  3. 
C'iii/ili\  i'tc.     See  pair. 
bracel  (bras),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  hraccd,  ppr. 
hracinii-     [<  ME.  liraccii,  brace,  embrace,  <  OF. 
bracer,  hnii-icr,  hrassvr,  <  hracc,  embrace,  =  Pr. 
brass(ir=  It.  hrareiarr,  brace;  from  the  noun.] 
If.  To  clasp  or  jjcrasp;  embrace;  hold  firmly. 
Hwet  freiHle,  I  fele  mortal  detlie  me  brace, 
Ncucr  After  thys  comforth  to  purehaee 
0(f  surnery-crafte  ne  with  medicine, 
For  stutfeii  I  am  ful  of  uenyiiie. 

Rum.  0/  Partenaij  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  I.  1440. 
A  sturdy  lance  in  his  right  hand  he  braved. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  'I';isso,  xi.  75. 

2.  To  bind  or  tie  closely;  fit  or  secure  by  ties; 
bandage ;  strap. 

The  women  of  I'liina,  by  bracinii  and  binding  them, 
from  their  infancy,  liave  very  little  feet.  Locke. 

They  bract'd  my  aunt  against  a  board, 
To  make  her  straight  and  tall. 

0.  ir.  Holmes,  lly  Aunt. 

3.  To  string  or  bend  (a  bow)  by  putting  the 
eye  of  the  string  in  the  upper  nock  preparatory 
to  shooting. —  4.  To  make  tense;  strain  up;  in- 
crease the  tension,  tone,  or  vigor  of;  strength- 
en :  used  both  literally  and  figuratively :  as,  to 
brace  the  nerves. 

The  tympanum  is  not  capable  of  tension  that  way,  in 
such  a  manner  as  a  drum  is  braced. 

Holder,  Elements  of  Speech. 
He  drank  — 'twas  needful  his  poor  nerves  to  brace. 

Crabbe,  The  liorough. 

Strong  affection  braced  the  feeble  mind  of  the  princess. 

Maeaulai/,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

5.  To  fix  in  tlie  position  of  a  brace ;  hold  firm- 
ly in  place:  used  reflexively:  as,  to  hracc  onc'.s 
*"e?/ against  a  post  or  a  crowd. — 6.  To  furnish 
with,  or  support  or  prop  by,  braces:  as,  to  hracc 
a  building  or  a  falling  wall. —  7.  Xaut.,  to  swing 
or  turn  around  (the  yards  of  a  ship)  by  means 
of  the  braces. 

We  caught  the  southeast  trades,  and  ran  before  them 
for  nearly  three  weeks,  without  so  nnah  :is  altering  a  sail 
or  bracing  a  yard.  li.  II.  Dana,  Jr. ,  Before  the  Sljust,  p.  b'i. 
8.  In  writing  and  printing,  to  imite  or  connect 
by  a  brace,  as  two  or  more  lines,  staves  of 

music,  etc To  brace  aback.   See  aback.— To  brace 

about,  to  brace  (tin-  yards  of  a  ship)  in  a  contrary  direc- 
tion.—To  brace  fortht,  to  press  forth. 

The  prince  of  planetis  that  proudely  is  piglit 
Sail  brace  furth  his  hemes  that  oure  belde  blithes. 

I'or*  I'tails.  p.  123. 
To  brace  in  (naut.).  to  slack  the  lee  braces  and  haul  in 
the  weather  ones.  —  To  bracB  Sharp  {naut.).  to  cause  the 
yards  to  have  the  snuillcNt  po,Mlili-  angle  with  the  keel.— 
To  brace  up.  (<0  yaur.  to  lay  the  yards  inore  fore-and- 
aft,  so  that  the  ship  will  sail  closer  to  the  wind,  (//)  To 
incre:ise  the  tensi-m.  tone,  or  vigor  of  :  often  used  ilitran- 
sitively  with  the  object  understood. 
Every  nerve  in  his  frame  was  braced  up  for  a  spring. 

Barltam,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  .'U6. 

brace^t  (bras),  h.  [Origin  obscure.]  In  «;/»- 
ing,  the  llooring  around  the  mouth  of  a  shaft. 
[Cornwall.] 
braced  (brast),^).  a.  1.  In  her.,  interlaced  or 
Unked  together :  said  of  bearings  so  arranged. 
Also  hra:ed. —  2.  In 
cntoin.,  attached  by 
the  caudtil  e-\trerai- 
ty  and  supported  in 
an  upright  or  ob- 
liijiie  jiosition  by  a 
silken  thread  cross- 
ing the  thorax,  and 
fastened  to  the  sup- 
porting surface: said 
of  the  chrysalis  of  a  butterfiy .  Also 
called  girt  or  Imunei.  -Braced  inter- 
laced, in  tier.,  same  as  braced,  1. 

brace-drill  (bras'dril),  ».  A  drill 
shaped  like  a  caI^1enters'  brace, 
used  for  boring  metals,  in  otie  form  a  feeil-serew 
and  back-center,  the  latter  abutting  against  some  rigid 
body  or  part,  are  substituted  for  the  hand-plate  or  breast- 
plate. 


G51 

brace-head  (bras'hod),  n.  In  ro<'A--6ori«.(7,  alarge 
box,  key,  or  wrench,  with  long  levers  or  handles, 
used  in  turning  a  boring-tool. 

brace-key  (liras'ke),  «.  In  milling,  a  tiller  con- 
sisting of  two  iron  liaiidlcs  screwed  together  in 
opposite  ways,  so  as  to  clip  between  them  the 
rods  used  in  deep  borings.  When  the  handles  are 
screwed  on  firmly  they  form  two  levers  for  turning  the  rods 
as  required,  the  tup  length  of  rod  being  furnished  with  a 
swivi-i.     H'.  Morijitn,  Manual  of  .Mining  Ti>oIs,  p.  102. 

bracelet  (bnls'lot),  n.  [<  F.  bracelet,  dim.  of 
OF.  hriieel,  brachel,  an  armlet  or  defense  for  the 
arm.  <  ML.  brachile,  <  L.  bracchiule,  an  arndet,  < 
brucchiuni,  the  arm:  see  bracc'^,  h.]  1.  An  or- 
namental band,  ring,  or  clasped  chain  for  the 


Tliree  Ctievrons 
Braced, 


nr<-ice-drill. 


Egyptian  and  Assyrian  Bracelets. 

wrist,  now  worn  mostly  by  women.  Bracelets 
were  among  the  earliest  personal  onuunents,  atid  are  seen 
in  rich  ami  varied  forms  in  ancient  Egyptian  and  .Assyrian 
sculptures.  They  have  been  worn  almost  ttniversally, 
from  the  earliest  times  to  the  present  day,  by  both  sav:ige 
and  civilized  peoples.    See  annlet,  armilla,  and  bangle'^. 

I  di?cked  thee  .also  with  ornaments,  and  I  put  bracelets 
upon  thy  hands,  and  a  chain  on  thy  neck.      Ezek.  xvi.  II. 

Both  his  hands  were  c\it  off,  being  known  to  have  worn 
bracelets  of  gold  about  his  wrists.  Sir  J.  Ilayward. 

2.  Humorously,  a  shackle  for  the  wrist;  a 
handetiff. 

There  he  shall  keep  close. 
Till  I  provide  hini  files  and  food ;  for  yet 
His  iron  bracelets  are  n<it  off. 
Fletclier  {and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  ii.  6. 

3.  A  piece  of  armor,  whether  the  lower  part  of 
the  brassart  or  the  wrist-piece  of  the  gauntlet 
(which  see). 

Armed  with  back  and  breast,  head  piece  and  bracelets. 
Scott,  Legend  of  ilontrose,  ii. 

4.  In  palmi.stri/,  a  mark  across  the  inside  of  the 
wrist,  single,  double,  or  triple. 

brace-mold  (bras'mold),  n.  In  arch.,  a  mold- 
ing formed  by  the  imion  of  two  ogees,  and  in 
section  resembling  the  brace  used  in  printing. 
Sometimes  a  small  bead  is  inserted  between 
the  ogees. 

brace-pendant  (bras'pen"dant),  n.  Nattt.,  a 
length  of  rope  or  chain  into  which  the  brace- 
block  is  spliced. 

bracer  (bra'ser),«.     [<.brace,v.,  -H -erl ;  in  sense 

2,  <  ME.  bracer,  hrasere,  <  OF.  bras,  the  arm:  see 
brace'^,  h.]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  braces, 
binds,  or  makes  firm  ;  a  band  or  bandage. — 2. 
In  archerji,  a  wrist-guard  worn  over  the  sleeve 
on  the  left  arm  as  a  protection  against  the  fric- 
tion or  the  catching  of  the  bowstring,  it  is  com- 
iTioidy  of  leather,  but  sometimes  of  metal,  and  was  for- 
merly even  of  ivory,  and  frequently  a  decorative  object. 
The  glove  is  sometimes  made  to  serve  as  a  bracer.  See 
cut  under  bowman^. 

Upon  his  arm  he  bar  a  gay  bracer. 
And  by  his  side  a  swerd  and  a  bokeler. 

Chaucer,  (Jen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  111. 
A  bracer  serueth  for  two  causes,  one  to  sauc  his  arme 
from  tile  strype  of  the  strynge,  and  his  tl()ublet  fnmi 
wearynge,  and  the  other  is,  that  the  str.\iige  glytiynge 
sharpelye  ami  quicklye  of  the  bracer,  may  nuike  the 
sharper  shoote.  Aschani,  Toxophilus. 

3.  That  which  braces  or  stimulates  the  nerves ; 
a  tonic ;  specifically,  a  dririk  taken  early  in  the 
morning.     [Collo([.] 

brace-stake  (bras'stak),  n.  A  stake  competed 
for  liy  braces  of  dogs  instead  of  individuals,  as 
in  fielil-trials. 

bracht,  brachet  (brach  or  brak),  n.  [In  tlie 
pron.  brach  jilso,  and  properly,  written  hratch 
(see  hratch,  hratchct);  <  ME.  hrachc.  <  OF. 
brachc,  F.  brafpic  =  Pr.  brae  =  Sp.  Pg.  hriicn  = 
It.  bracco  (cf.  ML.  hraccus,  braecv),  <  OHG. 
braceho,  MHG.  G.  bracke  =  D.  hral-  =  Sw.  brack, 
a  dog  tliat  liunts  by  the  scent ;  origin  unkiiowai. 
The  mod.  pron.  brak  follows  mod.  F.  bratjnc, 
and  I'ctjuires  the  spelling  'tiraci:  (or,  as  F., 
braijue).]  A  bitch  of  the  bound  kind;  specifi- 
cally, a  species  of  scenting  hound;  a  pointer  or 
setter. 

.■\  sow  pig  by  chance  sucked  a  brach,  aiul  when  she  w;is 
grown  would  miraculously  hunt  all  mamier  of  deer. 

Burton,  Auat.  of  Mel. 


Bracllial  Appendages 
iif  K/iymhonetlii  «i- 
^ruans.  ir,  adductor 
impressions;  /,  teeth. 


brachiate 

Brachelytra  (bra-kel'i-trii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Qr. 
jiinixn,  short,  -I-  i'/vrpuv,  a  sheath,  shard:  see 
elytron.}  In  Latrcille's  sy.stem  of  classifica- 
tion, a  division  of  (.'olcojitera  indtiding  the 
rove-beetles,  or  Stiiiihi/liniila',  which  have  the 
elytra  short,  not  nearly  covering  the  abdomen, 
the  antenna!  short,  not  clavate,  and  usually 
two  anal  appendages.  Some  of  these  insects  are 
kimwn  as  encktails,  from  the  way  they  have  of  cocking 
up  their  tails.  With  the  Staplnilinitliv  the  Pseliijitiidce 
arc  sometimes  associated  midcr  Iir'icb>  (i/lni.  ']  hese  are 
trimerous,  with  fixed  abdomen  and  no  anal  appenilages. 
Sec  cut  UMilcr  nne-beetle.     Also  called  Ilrachi/elylra. 

brachelytrous  (lira-keri-trus),  a.  [<  Brache- 
li/tra  +  -oi/.s'. ]  Having  short  elytra;  sjiecilical- 
ly,  jiertaining  to  the  Jirachclytra.  Also  brachy- 
eli/tri/ii.s. 

brachett,  «•     See  hratchct. 

brachia,  «.     Plural  of  brachium. 

brachial  (Ina'ki-  or  brak'i-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
hnichiiili.f,  hracehiali.t,  <  brarhinni  (prop,  brac- 
cliiinn),  arm:  seehrace^,  «.]  I.  rt.  1.  Belonging 
to  the  arm,  fore  leg,  wing,  pectoral  fin,  or  other 
fore  limb  of  ii  vertebrate;  especially,  belonging 
to  the  upper  part  of  such  member,  from  tlie 
shoulder  to  the  elbow. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  brachia  of  the  lirachiopotla  or  of  other  ani- 
mals, as  the  wings  of  pteropods,  the  arms  of 
cejihalopods,  the  rays  of  criuoids,  etc Bra- 
chial appendages,  a  pair  of  organs 
characteristic  of  tlie  braehiopods, 
and  suggesting  the  name  of  the 
class  Braehiopoda ;  they  are  prolon- 
gations of  the  lateral  portions  of  the 
lips  or  margins  of  the  month,  and  :ivc. 
therefore  also  called  tiiliial  o/v""- 
da;/e.«.— Brachial  artery,  or  hu- 
meral artery,  the  princiiial  artery 
of  the  upper  arm;  the  cojitirniation  of 
tile  axillary  artery  from  its  exit  from 
the  axilla  to  its  (livision  into  railial 
and  ulnar  arteries,  which  in  man 
occurs  just  below  the  elbow.— Bra- 
chial plexus,  the  network  or  interlacing  of  the  anterior 
branclus  of  lower  cervical  and  upper  dorsal  spinal  nerves, 
whicli  arc  distributed  to  the  fore  limb;  the  lirachi|dex.— 
Brachial  veins,  the  venre  comites,  or  ctunpanion  veins, 
of  the  brachial  artery,  which  unite  with  each  other  and 
with  the  basilic  vein  to  foi-m  the  axillary  vein. 

II.  n.  1.  In  (c/(rt.,  one  of  the  series  of  bones 
to  which  the  rays  of  the  pectoral  fins  of  fishes 
are  attached. 

The  fourth  or  lowest  of  the  four  brachials  which  together 
may  represent  the  humerus,  ami  to  which  the  fin-rays  are 
attached.  Mieart,  Eleni.  .\nat.,  p.  162 

2.  In  human  anat. :  («)  The  brachial  artery. 
(6)  In  the  Latin  form  brachialis  (anticu.i),  a 
muscle  of  the  front  of  the  upper  arm.  arising 
from  the  front  of  the  humertis  and  inserted  into 
the  ulna,  fiexing  the  forearm.  Also  called 
anticobrachialis.  See  cut  under  mtiscle. —  3. 
One  of  the  .ioints  of  the  branches  of  a  crinoid, 
between  the  radials  and  the  palmars ;  one  of  the 
joints  of  the  third  order,  or  of  a  division  of  the 
radials. 
brachiale  (brak-i-a'le), «.;  pi.  brnckialia  (-li-a). 
[L.,  prop.  neut.  of  brachiali.',:  Iiracchialis:  see 
brachial,  bracelet.'}  1.  In  erinoids,  same  as  bra- 
chial, 3. 

At  the  third  radiale,  the  series  bifurcates  into  two  series 
of  brachialia.  Iluxteif,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  500. 

2.  Eeclcs.,  a  reliquary  in  the  shape  of  a  hand 
and  forearm,  usually  held  erect  with  the  hand 
open  and  the  fingers  wearing  rings. —  3.  pi.  See 
extract. 

Besides  their  gloves,  our  bishops  wore,  on  occasions, 
a  certain  kind  of  loose  sleeves,  called  brachialia,  which 
could  be  easily  drawn  over  the  alb  high  up  almost  to  the 
elbow,  and  thus  hinder  the  cults  of  that  vesture  and  its 
beautiful  apparels  from  being  splashed  when  the  bishop, 
on  Holy  Saturday,  baptized  the  new-boiu  infants  in  the 
font  which  he  had  just  hallowed. 

Bock,  Chiu-ch  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  164. 

brachialgia  (brak-i-al'ji-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bra- 
chium, hracchium,  arm.  -I-  Gr.  -a?--)ia,  <  a/)f(i',  feel 
pain,  <  a'/)ot;,  pain.]     Neuralgia  in  the  arm. 

brachialia,  n.     Plural  of  brachiale. 

brachialis  (brak-i-a'lis),  ».  [L.]  See  brachial, 
n..  2  (//). 

Brachlata  (brak-i-a'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  L.  brachiatus,  breicchiatus:  see  brachiate.'] 
An  order  of  erinoids,  the  brachiate  erinoids  or 
erinoids  proper,  having  five  or  more  branching 
arms.  There  are  two  families.  Encrinider  and  Cmnatu- 
liilie.  This  division  includes  all  the  living  erinoids,  as  well 
as  nianv  of  the  extinct  ones,  and  is  di.stinguished  from  the 
nidxti.i'dea  and  C'/stuidea,  all  of  which  are  extinct.  Also 
called  Ilrachata. 

brachiate  (brii'ki-  or  brak'i-at),  a.  [<  L.  bra- 
chiatuii,  hracchiatus,  having  arms:  see  brachial.} 
1.  In  bot.,  ha\ing  widely  spreading  branches 
arranged  in  alternate  pairs,  or  decussate;  ftir- 
nishetl  with  brachia.— 2.  In  :iml.:  (a)  Ha\-ing 
brachia  of  any  kiml ;  brachiferous.  (6)  Specifi- 
cally, of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brachiata. 


brachiferous 

brachiferOUS  (bra-kif  o-rus),  n.  [<  li.  hrnehia, 
jil.  (il  liriifliium,  hracrliium,  arm,  +  firrc  =  K. 
!)<(/(i.J  BoaiiiiK  brachia:  ajiplicd  to  tlio  sub- 
umbrollar  disk  of  ]>iscojihora  (wliieh  see). — 
Brachiferous  disk.    Hcc  txtract. 

In  most  *>f  tin-  Uliizostomiiliu,  not  only  do  tiu^  fdjres  of 
the  lips  unili-,  hut  tin-  oiiiiosit<-'  walls  of  the  liyihunth  be- 
neath the  nmhrella  are,  as  it  were,  imsheii  in,  so  as  to  form 
fonrelianihei-s,  the  walls  "f  whiehiiiiite,  heiome  lurforateil, 
and  thns  iihe  rise  to  a  siih-umbi-ellar  eavity,  with  a  roof 
formed  by  the  undirella,  and  alloor,  the  braclii/crousdink, 
suspended  liy  four  pillars.     Iliuleii,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  125. 

BracMna  (bra-ki'nii),  H.  [NL.,  <  L.  hrachium, 
lii-dccliiKm,  anil,  +'-(H»l.]  A  supposed  larval 
stae;c  of  a  starlish,  as  an  Asteracanlliioii :  a 
name  given,  like  JSiphinarm  and  Briich'wlaria, 
under  the  impression  that  the  organism  was  a 
distinct  animal. 

Brachinidse  (bra-kin'i-de),  H.  ;>/.  [NL.,  <  Bra- 
cliitiuii  +  -ilia:']  A  family  of  adephagoiis  bee- 
tles, typified  by  the  genus  Jiniciiiiiiis:  now 
merged  in  CarabidcB.  Also  Brachinida  and 
Brdcliiiiifhu. 

Brachininse  (brak-i-ni'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bra- 
chiinit:  +  -//«(-.]  The  bombardier-beetles  as  a 
subfamily  of  Carabida: 

BrachinUS  (bra-ki'nus),  n.  [NL.,  so  named  in 
reference  to  the  shortness  of  the  wing-cases ; 

<  Gr.  jipaxh,  short.]  A  genus  of  adephagous 
beetles,  of  the  family  Carabidce,  sometimes  giv- 
ing name  to  a  family  BracMnidcv.  They  are 
the  bombardier-beetles,  of  which  B.  crepitans  is 
an  example.     See  cut  under  Jwrnhurdier-hoctlc. 

brachiocephalic  (brak"i-o-se-farik  or  -sef'a- 
lik),  (/.  [<  L.  hrachiiiiii,  hracc.hinm  (Gr.  jipax'- 
<ji'),  arm,  -I-  Gr.  KKpa'///,  head,  +  -/o.]  In  anat., 
of  or  pertaining  both  to  the  upjier  arm  and  to 
the  head:  as,  the  tjrachiocephaUc  (imiominate) 
artery  and  veins. 

Brachiolaria  (brak"i-9-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
hrachiulum,  dim.  of  hrachium,  hracchium,  arm, 
+  -aria.  Cf.  Brachina.']  The  larva  of  a  star- 
fish :  a  name  given  by  Leuckart  imder  the  erro- 
neous impression  that  it  was  a  distinct  animal. 
See  Bipimiaria. 

Brachionichthyinse  (brak"i-o-nik-thi-i'ne).  11. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Briichioiiichthys  +  -iiKc]  In  Gill's 
classification  of  fishes,  a  subfamily  of  Antenna- 
riidw,  with  the  rostral  spine  or  tentacle  and  two 
robust  spines  developed,  the  second  dorsal  well 
developed,  the  body  oblongoclavitorm,  and  the 
pelvic  bones  short. 

brachionichthyine  (brak"i-o-nik'thi-ui),  a.  and 
11.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Brachionichthyiiiw. 

II.  11.  A  fish  of  the  subfamily  Brachionieh- 
thyinm. 

Brachionichthys  (brak"i-o-nik'this),  «.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  jiimxiw,  arm,  -I-  ',t^i(;,  fish.]  A  genus  of 
fishes  with  pediculatc  pectorals,  typical  of  the 
subfamily  Brinliionirlilln/ime. 

brachionid  (bra-ki'o-uid),  re.  A  rotifer  of  the 
family  Braciiinuidw. 

Brachionidae  (brak-i-on'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Brachiotiits  +  -idm.']  A  family  of  rotifers,  in- 
chidiug  the  genera  Brachionns,  A  nurma,  NotKun, 
and  Saceulus,  having  a  broad  shield-shaped  lori- 
cate body  and  short  jointed  foot:  in  a  wider 
sense  also  called  Brachioiiwa. 

Brachionus  (bra-M'o-nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /?/)a- 
^-'ui',  arm,  shoulder:  see  bracliium.~\  A  genus 
of  rotifers,  tyjjieal  of  the  taraily  Brachionida:  or 
Brachionwa.  B.  iirceolaris  is  an  example.  See 
cut  under  trochal. 

brachiopod,  brachiopode  (brak'i-o-pod,  -pod), 
«.  and  a.    I.  h.  One  of  the  Brachi'upoda. 

In  most  Brachiopods,  the  oral  area  is  narrowed  to  a 
mere  groove,  and  is  produeed  on  each  side  of  the  mouth 
into  a  long  spirally -coiled  arm,  fringed  with  tentacles ; 
whence  the  name  of  Brachiopoda,  applied  to  the  gioup. 

Huxley,  .\nat.  Invert.,  p.  397. 
Age  of  brachlopods,  the  Silurian  period. 
II.  (I.  Same  as  hracliiojiodous. 
Brachiopoda  (brak-i-op'o-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  /</)«,t/(ji',  arm,  -I-  ttoi'^ '(-mi-)  =  E.  />.<»/.]  A 
class  of  moUusk-like  animals  distinguished  by 
the  development  of  two 
labial  (generally  called 
hruchial)  appendages,  di- 
verging from  either  side 
of  the  mouth.  'Jhe  animal  is 
invested  in  a  mantle  which  ex- 
tends laterally  and  forward,  is 
highly  vascular,  and  secretes  a 
shell  composed  of  dorsal  and 
ventral  valves  opening  aborally ; 
it  is  without  ftK)t  or  hranehire, 
respiration  biiu;;  effected  by  the 
braucliial  luuntle.  liy  the  old- 
er naturalists  the  species  were  a  typical  Br.,chiopod  ( 7-.r^ 
regarded  aa  bivalve  shells,  or  iraiuia  tiiina). 


652 

at  least  as  true  mollnsks;  hut  by  later  writers  they  have 
liren  sejiarated  as  representing  (alime  or  with  /'<)l;t2ua)ii 
peculiar  branch  or  subkiugdom  Mottuscrndfii,  and  approxi- 
mated to  or  associated  with  the  worms,  Veruws.  The  class 
is  generally  4lividcil  into  two  subcdiUises  or  orders,  Arthro- 
jnntiattt  or  Ctiyti'iiffnitff.  and  t.ffni'"tfKita  or  Tretciitcrata. 
The  families  of  till'  in;u  tinilat.'  or  lyopomatous  braehio- 
|)oils  are  the  Ltiu/i'li'lir.  Cni/iii'lir,  and  Dittcinidiv,  all  of 
which  have  living  rcpicscntatives.  Tile  families  of  the 
articulate  uj-  artbroponialous  br;irhinpods  are  the  Terebra- 
tulidtf,  IiliJiiirlii'iuili\l/r,  Tli'-iiiihr,  .Spiri/enihe,  Kiiniiicki- 
nida\  J'fu'tamtndir,  Stnit't"<inrnidii\  Orthidir,  and  Pro- 
duct idee.  The  species  are  very  loum  rinis,  nearly  4,000  llav- 
ing  been  described;  they  are  niost!yr\ti  net,  and  all  marine. 
They  flourished  especially  tturiug  the  Silurian  period,  and 
some  Silurian  genera,  as  Lini/ula,  are  still  extant.  .See  cut 
under  Liii'/uliito'.  Many  of  the  species,  especially  of  the 
family  Tn-fln-atulidce,  are  known  as  lampsliells. 

brachiopode  (brak'i-o-p6d),  n.  and  a.    See 

liriicliiiipiid. 
brachiopodous  (brak-i-op'o-dus),  ff.     [As  Bra- 

clii<ipi)dn  +  -(i«.s-.]     Belonging  to  the  class  Bra- 

cliiniiiiild.     Also  brachiojiod. 
brachiplex  (brak'i-pleks),  II.     [<  L.  briichiuni, 

brucchiuni,  arm,  +  NL.  j;fcj;H,s.]     The  brachial 

ple.xus  of  nerves.     See  brachial  plexus,  under 

brachial. 
brachiplexal  (brak-i-plek'sal),  a.     [<  hrachi- 

jilu:  +  -«/.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  brachi- 

plex. 
brachistocephali  (bra-kis-to-sef 'a-li),  n.pl. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  ;</j<i,iv(7rof,  superl.  of  jipaxH,  short, 
+  Kiipa'/J/,  head.]  Those  persons  or  races  of 
men  who  are  braehistocephalic. 

brachistocephalic  (bra-kis"to-se-farik  or  -sef '- 
a-lik),  (/.  [As  brachistocephali  +  -«■.]  In  ethnol., 
having  or  pertaining  to  a  head  whose  transverse 
diameter  is  to  its  length  about  as  .85  to  1. 

brachistochrone  (bra-kis'to-kron),  n.  [Word 
invented  by  John  Bernoulli  in  169-1;  <  Gr. 
l^paxioTor,  superl.  of  ftpaxi'i,  short,  +  XP^^C, 
time:  see  chronic.']  The  cm've  upon  which  a 
body  moves  in  the  least  possible  time  from  one 
given  point  to  another.  According  to  the  nature  of 
the  forces  that  are  su]iiioscd  to  act  upon  the  body,  and 
the  constraints  to  which  it  may  be  subject,  the  brachisto- 
chrone takes  various  geometrical  forms,  mostly  spiral  or 
consisting  of  branches  united  by  cusps,  likr  the  cyi.loid, 
which  is  the  brachistochrone  for  a  body  mo\ing  under  a 
constant  force  and  subject  to  no  condition  exccjft  that  de- 
fining the  brachistochrone.  Until  recently  always  spelled 
briii'lt  j/stocli  run  e. 

brachium  (bra'ki-  or  brak'i-um),  n. ;  jil.  brachia 
(-ii).  [L.,  prop,  bracchiiaii,  the  arm,  >  ult.  B. 
braciA,  n.,  q.  v.]  1.  The  upper  arm,  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  elbow,  coinciding  in  extent 
with  the  humerus;  the  arm  proper,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  antebrachium  or  forearm. — 2. 
The  humerus.  [Rare.] — 3.  An  arm-like  process 
of  the  brain.  See  phrases  below. — 4.  An  arm- 
like part  of  a  body.  .Specifieally— (a)  In  crinoids, 
one  of  the  rays  or  arms  given  off  from  the  calyx,  and  to 
which  the  pinnulje  may  be  attached.  See  cut  under  Cri- 
noidea.  (6)  In  eephalopods,  one  of  the  long  arms  or  ten- 
tacles which  bear,  in  the  AcftabuU/ei-a,  the  rows  of  suckei-s. 
See  cut  under  Dibranchiata.  (c)  One  of  the  suliumbrellar 
tentacular  processes  upon  the  brachiferous  disk  of  a  dis- 
eophorous  hydrozoan.    .See  cut  under  Discophora. 

The  long  tentacles  which  terminate  each  brachium  [of 
Ct'i'hea]  are  blue.  Iluxleit,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  127,  note. 

5.  In  bot.,  an  arm-like  pi'ocess  or  appendage: 
applied  by  Bentham  to  the  projecting  processes 
at  the  summit  of  the  column  in  some  orchids. 
—  Brachia  conjunctiva,  two  rounded  white  tracts  in  the 
brain  passing  forward,  one,  the  brarhium  roiijiiiirtinun  an- 
Irriiis,  from  the  nates,  and  the  other,  the  brarli  in  in  nuijiinc- 
tiriun  j'ostt'rifiA,  from  the  testis,  on  the  outer  side  of  the 
mcseiicelihalou.     Also    called   brnchin   cfirpurmn   ijuadri- 

firiiiinuniiii,  bnirhia  i>/  fin'  optic  /(Wjcv.— Brachia  con- 
Junctoria  or  copulativa,  the  superior  peduncles  of  tlie 
cerebellum.—  Brachia  of  the  optic  lobes.  See  bracbia 
conjunctiva. —  Brachium  pontls,  the  middle  peduncle  of 
the  cerebellum,  a  median  mass  of  tibrtuis  nerve-tissue 
connecting  the  pons  Varolii  with  the  cerebellum,  over- 
hung and  concealed  by  the  lateral  lobe  of  the  cerebellum. 
See  pontibrachium. 

Brachmant,  "•     Same  as  Brahman. 

brachy-.  [NL.  brachy-,  <  Gr.  fipaxn,  short.] 
An  element  in  some  words  of  Greek  origin, 
meaning  short. 

brachycatalectic  (brak-i-kat-a-lek'tik),  a.  and 
11.  [<  L.  brachycatidecticiim,  prop,  brachycata- 
lectitm  (sc.  mctrttm,  meter),  <  Gr.  jipaxvua-a'Ati- 
KTov  (sc.  piTpov,  meter),  <  fipaxi'i,  short,  -t-  "nard- 
ATiKTiiq,  verbal  adj.  of  Kara'/.y-jeiv,  leave  off,  stop; 
cf.  KaTa'AyKTiKof,  deficient:  see  catakctic]  I. 
a.  In  pros.,  wanting  the  last  foot  of  the  last 
dipody:  as,  a  brachycatnlectic  verse  or  line.  This 
term  is  properly  applied  (Uily  to  lines  measured  by  dipo- 
ilies,  such  as  trochaies  and  iambics.  The  ordinary  Eng- 
lish heroic  line,  as,  for  example, 

Of  miin's  first  dis  [  Obedience  iiud  |  thC  fruit, 
is  an  iambic  trimeter  brachycatalectic,  as  contrasted  with 
the  corresponding  acatalectic  trimeter,  as, 

Se6  how  he  lies  |  at  random,  care  |  li^ssly  dHfus'd. 

II,  M.  A  verse  wanting  the  last  foot  of  the 
last  dipody. 


brachyelytrous 

brachycephali    (brak-i-sef'a-H),   n.  pi.     [N7j.. 

jil.  of  hrarhyri  jilidliis :  see  bracli ycrphdloiis.']  In 
ethnol.,  tliiise  people  whose  cephalic  index 
(sec  ciplidlir)  is  .sii  and  upward,  and  who  con- 
sequently have  short  sktills  or  are  brachyce- 
pliulii-. 
brachycephalic  (brak"i-so-fal'ik  or  -sef  a-lik), 
a.  [\sbrachyeejihal-ous  + -ic.~\  Short -headed: 
applied,  in  ethnol.,  to  heads  whose  diameter 
from  side  to  side  is  not  much  less  than  that 
from  front  to  back,  their  ratio  being  as  80  to 
100,  as  those  of  the  Mongolian  type;  and  also 
to  races  or  individuals  having  such  heads:  op- 
posed lo  dolichocephalie.  Tb,-re  are  two  sections  of 
this  group,  brachijiliicpluilir  and  <'iiriir,j,l,tiHi'.  It  is  sup- 
posed that  a  brachycephalic  race  inlial-iteil  f',uroi)e  before 
the  Celts.  Also  brachyccphaLnua,  braclnjkiphulic,  brachy- 
kephalous. 

For  the  extremes  of  these  varieties  [of  cranial  forml, 
Ketzius  proposed  the  names  of  brachy-h-phalic  or  short- 
headed,  ami  dolicho-kephalic  or  long-headetl,  which  have 
come  into  general  use.     Daumin,  Origin  rtf  World,  p.  427. 

Brachycephalidae  (brak"i-se-fari-de),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Brarliyeephaliis  +  -(>?«'.]  A  family  of 
oxydactyl  ojiisthoglossate  anurous  batrachians. 

iiiintliir. 

Brachycephalina  (brak-i-sef-a-li'na),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Brachycephdliis  +  -inn-.']  A  sujier- 
family  group  of  frogs,  including  the  families 
I'hrynisridir  and  Brachycejihdlidic. 

brachycephalism  (brak-i-sef'a-lizm),  11.  [< 
braehyccplial-ic  +  -ism.']  In  ethnol.,  the  quality, 
state,  or  condition  of  being  brachycephalic. 
Also  brachyhephdlism,  brachycephaly. 

brachycephalous  (brak-i-sef'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL. 
hraehyiiphdliis,  <  Gr.  jipaxviit^a'/.oc:,  short-head- 
ed, <  fymx>X,  short,  +  Kf^a///,  head.]  Same  as 
brachycephalic.  Also  wiutten  brachyl-ephaloiis. 
The  prevailing  form  of  the  negro  head  is  dolichocepha- 
lous  ;  that  of  civilized  races  is  mesocephalous  and  brachy- 
cephalous. Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIH.  500. 

Brachycephalus  flirak-i-sef 'a-lus),  n.  [NL. : 
see  briieliyeeptidliiiis.]  The  tyjjical  genus  of 
the  family  BrachyciphaUdce.    By  recent  herijctolo- 


Br.-izilian  Toad  {Brachycffhahis  ephippitim). 

gists  it  is  referred  to  the  family  Enyy-itomidiT  (in  an  en- 
larged sense)  or  Phrynixcidw.  B.  fphippiiiin  is  a  small 
bright-vellow  Brazilian  toad,  with  a  lionv  plate  saddled  on 
the  back. 

brachycephaly  (brak-i-sef'a-li),  «.  [<  brachy- 
cephiil-ic  +  -y.]     Same  as  brachycephalism. 

Brachycera  "(bra-Ms'e-rii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pl.  of  brachycerus,  lit.  short-honied:  see  bra- 
chycerous.]  A  suborder  of  Viptera,  including 
those  dipterous  or  two- winged  flies  which  have 
short  anteniue,  apparently  not  more  than  three- 
jointed,  one-  or  two-jointed  palpi,  and  laivae 
developed  from  the  egg.  They  arc  aipiatic  or  ter- 
restrial, feeding  on  vegetable  or  animal  food,  or  pai-asitic, 
the  perfect  insect  feeding  on  the  juices  of  plants  or  ani- 
mals. The  great  majority  of  dipterous  insects,  including 
all  the  ordinai-y  flies,  belong  to  this  suborder.  The  fam- 
ilies are  variously  gi-ouped ;  by  some  they  are  classeil  as 
Dichfelce,  Tetrachwtie,  and  Jhxctchwtie,  according  to  the 
number  of  pieces  composing  the  proboscis.  -Another  di- 
vision is  into  two  tribes,  Nuscaria  and  Tanyatomata. 

brachycerOUS  (lira-kis'e-ms),  a.  i<  NL.  bra- 
eliyeerus,  lit.  short-homed, <  Gt. ,ipox>i:,  short,  -f- 
/..'/im;,  horn.]  In  rH/()w.,ha\'ing short  antenna^; 
specifically,  of  m-  pei-taining  to  the  Brachycera. 

brachydiagonal  (brak*i-di-ag'o-nal),  a.  and  h. 
[<  Gr.  ,iprt,ii'f,  short,  +  diaijniial.]  I.  a.  Short 
and  diagonal:  as,  the  hraehydiaiional  a.\is,  the 
shorter  lateral  axis  in  an  orthorhombic  crystal. 
II.  n.  The  shorter  of  the  diagonals  in  a 
rhombic  jirism. 

brachydomatic  (brak'i-do-mat'ik),  a.  r<  bra- 
ehiphiiiir  -f-  -iitie-.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
a  brachydome. 

brachydome  (brak'i-dom),  n.  [<  Gr.  ppax'tK, 
short,  +  ih'j/ia  (iS«//ar-).  a  house,  chamber.]  In 
crystal.,  a  name  given  to  jdanes  in  the  ortho- 
rhombic  system  which  are  parallel  to  the  shorter 
lateral  (or  brachydiagonal)  axis  while  inter- 
secting the  other  two  axes.     See  domc^,  5. 

Brachyelytra  (brak-i-el'i-tra),  n.  pl.  Same  as 
Jirdi'hi  (ylrii. 

brachyelytrous  (brak-i-el'i-trus),  a.  Same  as 
brachelytrous. 


brachygrapher 

brachygrapher  (bva-ki^'ra-fer),  «.  [<  hra- 
fhi/i/nijili!/  +  -cil.]  A  writer  iii  shoi-thuud ;  a 
stenogniiiticr. 

IK'  aski-ii  till-'  braclnfftrapher  whether  ho  wTnto  tho  noU'H 

iif  tliat  sniiinii.  (Jaifliiii,  Notfs  (»n  IJon  Quixiite,  i,  8. 

brachygraphy  (Ijra-kis'ra-fi),  ».  [=  F.  hraclni- 
gr(lj>liic,  <  (ir.  /i/m  p'r,  short,  +  -)pii<l>iii,  <  ypnil>ni\ 
write.]  The  art  or  practice  of  writing iushort- 
haml ;  steiiognipliy. 

Ami  lit;  is  to  taki-  tlie  wliolu  (lances  from  the  foot  liy 
brai'ltifitntptni,  and  so  make  a  iiK-niorial,  if  not  a  map  of 
the  ImsiiK'ss.  li.  Jon^on,  I'an's  Anniversary. 

What  have  wc  hero  —  the  Art  of  lirachUirajtlii/  ? 

Mnrxtnii mill  Jlfirkstrtf,  Insatiate  Countess,  v. 

brachykephalic,  brachykephalous,  etc.    See 

lirdflijiii I'liiilif,  hriiclnicijilKiliiux,  etc. 
brachylogy  (bra-kil'o-ji),  n.    [=F.  hriicliiilixjii; 

<  (_ir.  lijiiixi-''^")  i'l,  brevity  in  si)eech  or  writing,  < 
liliaxi'f-i'y'":,  short  iu  sjioech,  <  i^/mxht  short,  + 
'Aiyrtv,  speak. J  In  rlict.  and  (jram.,  brevity  of 
diction ;  a  eoncMse  or  atiridged  form  of  expres- 
sion ;  especially,  non-repetition  or  omission  of 
a  word  vvlieu  its  repetition  or  use  woidd  be  ne- 
cessary to  conifilete  the  grammatical  constrnc- 
tion:  as,  I  do  not  think  so  now,  but  I  have 
(tliought  so) ;  this  is  as  good  (as)  or  better  than 
that. 

Brachymeridae  (brak-i-mer'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NTj., 

<  Brdcliiimrni.f,  2,  +  -iiliv.'i  A  family  of  batra- 
chians,  mimed  from  the  genus  Brdclii/mcnix. 
diiiithi  r. 

Brachymerus  (brak-i-me'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
lil>a,xi'{:,  short,  +  /"/p'if,  a  thigh.]  1.  In  iiitaiii.: 
{a)  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  named  by 
De.iean  in  18;!4.  (A)  A  genus  of  hymeuopterons 
insects. —  2.  In  hcrjict.,  the  typical  genus  of 
Brachijmcriihv.  Smith,  1849. —  3.  A  genus  of 
braehioi)ods,  of  the  family  Pentamerida:.  X.  S. 
Shahr,  1805. 

brachymetropia  (brak"i-me-tr6'pi-a),  11.   [NIj., 

<  Gr.  ,J/)o  v'f,  short,  +  fuTpiw,  meastu'e,  +  uij) 
(wrr-),  eye,  sight.]     Same  as  myopia. 

brachymetropic  (brak"i-me-trop'ik),  a.  Same 
as  mi/ojiic. 

brachymetropy  (brak-i-met'ro-pi),  n.  See  hra- 
t'lniniiiroijia. 

brachyodont  (brak'i-o-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  fipaxh, 
short,  +  (Viorr  (cmSoit-)  =  E.  t<>otli.~\  Having  a 
short  or  low  crown :  applied  to  the  teeth  of  the 
Ccrridd;:  distinguished  from  hypsodont.  See 
extract. 

The  true  nioIai"s  of  the  Cervidffi  are  brackitodont,  and 
those  of  the  Bovidie  hypsodont ;  i'.  c,  the  teeth  of  tlie 
former  have  comparatively  short  crowns,  whieli  .  .  .  take 
their  place  at  once  witll  the  neck  ...  on  a  level  witll  or 
a  little  above  the  alveolar  border. 

ir.  [I.  Flnm-r,  in  Encyc,  Brit.,  XV.  431. 

Brachyoura,  brachyoural,  brachyouran,  etc. 

Si'c  Ilrfu-hi/tinty  etc. 

bracbypinacoid  (brak-i-pin'.a-koid),  )i.  [<  Gr. 
lipaxii;  short,  +  jiiiiacoiil.'i  In  cyi/sfal.,  a  plane 
iu  the  orthorhombic  system  which  is  parallel 
to  the  vertical  and  shorter  lateral  (braehydiag- 
onal)  axes. 

brachypleural  (brak-i-plo'ral),  a.  [<  Gr.  ilpaxk, 
short,  +  NL.  pkiira  +  -«?.]  Literally,  having 
short  i)leura:  specifically  said  of  trilobites  all  of 
whose  anterior  pleura  are  of  the  same  relative 
length  iu  the  adult :  opposed  to  macropleural. 

The  Swedish  Paradoxides,  like  those  of  the  typical  Me- 
nevian  beds,  and  uidike  those  of  Bohemia,  are  all,  so  far  as 
determined,  of  the  Brachi/pleural  type. 

-■liner.  JuHi:  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXXIII.  476. 

Brachypodes  (bra-kip'o-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  :iimxie.  short,  +  Jroi'g  (-oil-)  —  Y,.  foot.']  In 
Suiulevali's  classification  of  birds,  the  sixth 
phalanx  of  the  cohort  CicMomorjihiv,  including 
8  families  of  dentirostral  oscine  I'asscrcs,  such 
as  the  wa.xwings,  orioles,  swallow-tlycatchers, 
caterpillar-<'atcliers,  and  drongo-shrikes. 

Brachypodinae  (brak"i-po-iU'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Bmchjipii.t  i-jiml-),  4  (d),  +  -i'nrt'.]  A  sub- 
family of  the  family  Mcridiibv  (Swainson),  com- 
prising short-legged  thrushes  now  known  as 
I'llciioiiotiiUr,  ami  various  other  birds.  [Not  iu 
use.] 

brachypodine  (bra-kip'o-din),  a.  and  n.  I. 
o.  Short-footed,  as  a  thrush  ;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Brnchypodina: 

II.  II.  A  bird  of  the  subfamily  BrocV()/;)W?(H(C. 

brachypodOUS  (bra-kip'o-dus),  (1.  [As  Braihij- 
pod-r.s  +  -(>«.>-.]  1.  Iu  liot.,  having  a  short  foot 
or  stalk. — 2.  In  :ool.,  short-footed.  See  Bra- 
chi/pii.':,  Brorlii/podrs. 

brachyprism  (luak'i-prizm),  >i.  [<Gr.  fipaxi'C. 
short,  +  -jiinfia,  a  prism.]  In  cri/stdl.,  a  prism 
of  an  oitliorhonibic  crystal  lying  between  the 
unit  prism  and  the  brachypiuacoid. 


653 

In  the  topaz  crystal  the  brarhypritm  and  the  pjTamid 

are  the  predominant  elements,  associated  with  the  jirisin. 

Knci/,:  Ill-it.,  X\I.  3(i(i. 

Brachypteracias  (bra-kip-te-ra'si-as),  n.  [NL., 

<  hriu'liiiiitiriis  (see  hrarhiiptiriiu.'i)  +  {<'oy)<iciiiK : 
see  I'lirniiiis.]  A  remarkiible  genus  of  Mada- 
gasciin  jiicarinii  birds,  of  the  family  ('oruviidtv. 
The  type  is  /)'.  Ii ptiisiiiim.     iMfrcsiKii/r,  1834. 

Brachypteraciinae  (bia-kip-te-ra-si-i'ne),  w.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  Brurliiipliriiriiin  +  -iiiii:']  The  groiind- 
rollers,  a  peculiar  Madagascan  subfamily  of 
birils,  of  the  family  Coraciida;  represented  by 
the    genera    Briivhijpteraciu.t,    Atelornis,    and 

Gt^ollitl.sfrs. 

Brachypterae  (bra-kip 'to-ro),  n.  pi.     [NI^., 

fern.  pi.  of  hniclnipti'rn.i:  see  hrnchiipUrous.'\  1. 
In  (^ivier's  system  of  classilicat  ion,  a  division  of 
I'almiiirdc.i,  embracing  diving-birds,  as  grebes, 
loons,  auks,  and  penguins. — 2.  In  Sundevall's 
system  of  classification,  the  fourth  jihalanx  of 
the  coliort '  'irliloiiiorplnr,  embracing  tlu'ce  fami- 
lies of  the  short-wingeil,  long-tailed  wren-war- 
blers of  the  Australian,  Indian,  and  Ethiopian 
regions. 

Brachypteri  (bra-kip'te-ri),  n.pl.  [NL.,  masc. 
pi.  of  tiiiirlii/plrriiK:  see  hrachijp1orons.'\  In 
oniilli.,  a  group  of  short-winged  diving-birds, 
as  the  auks,  hious,  and  grebes;  the  t'riiKtldriif 
or  I'lpiiipudis  of  som(t  authors. 

brachypterous  (bra-kip'to-nis),  a.  [<  NL. 
hrdclii/ptiru.i  (>  F.  linichi/p'ti're),  <  Gr.  flfiaxi- 
■TTTipoc;,  short-winged,  <  lipax'X,  short,  +  TTTepiy,  a 
wing,  feather,  =  E.  fvdtltci:]  In  oritilli.,  having 
short  wings;  brevipennato.  Specitlcally  applied  to 
tllose  water-birds,  as  the  lirachyptrri  or  lirachyptrrff, 
whose  winu's  when  folded  do  not  reach  to  the  root  of  the 
tail. 

Brachypus  (brak'i-pus),  H.  [NL.  (pi.  hrachy- 
podcs),  <  Gr.  jipaxir,  short,  +  ■rroix  (-ot!-)  =  E. 
foot.']  1.  In /irc;»/.,  a  genus  of  lizards.  Fitz- 
inger,  182G. — 2.  In  conch.,  a  genus  of  gastro- 
pods.—  3.  In  rntiim.:  («)  A  genus  of  beetles. 
Schonhcrr,  182G.  (h)  A  genus  of  dipterous  in- 
sects, of  the  family  l)olirhopodida\  Mcigcn, 
1824. —  4.  In  ornitli.:  (d)  A  genus  of  swifts. 
Meyer,  1815.  See  Apiis,  Micropm,  and  Cypseliiit. 
(6)  A  genus  of  thrushes  and  other  birds,  of  the 
subfamily  Briichyjiodiini:     .'^iriiiiiaon,  1S24. 

brachypjrramid  (brak-i-pir'a-mid),  n.  [<  Gr. 
lipax'i,  short,  -1-  -ipaim;,  pyramid.]  In  on/.s'to/., 
a  pyramid  iu  an  orthorhombic  crystal  lying  be- 
tween the  zone  of  imit  pyramids  and  the  brachy- 
domes. 

Brachyrhamphus  (brak-i-ram'fus),  n.     [NL., 

<  Ixr.  .Ipaxiv,  short,  -f  pniiipo(,  bill,  snout.]  A 
genus  of  brachypterous  braehyurous  tridactyl 
palmiped  birds,  of  the  family  Alcidir,  the  mur- 
relets,  several  species  of  which  inhabit  the  Pa- 
cific coasts  of  Asia  and  America,    n.  kiiilitzi  ami 

B.  hiqmhmctiit,  the  latter  in]iabitiii,i;  Lower  California,  are 
the  leading  species.  They  .-ire  small,  slcnder-hilkd  mm  res, 
related  to  the  species  of  I'lin,  or  i,'uillemnts.  />'.  iiutrnio- 
rafii.<  is  the  marbled  murrelet.     Also  Bvacliiiraiuphux. 

Brachyrhynchinae  (brak"i-ring-ki'ue),  n.  pi. 
[NL., < Briwhyrhynchus,  1,  +  -ina:'\  Asubfamily 
of  heteropterous  insects,  of  the  family  Aradidd; 
typified  by  the  genus  Brdchijrhipichiis.  They  have 
a  very  short  rostium  (whence  tlie  name),  thickened  mar- 
gins of  the  posterior  sediments  of  the  abdomen,  and  the 
elytra  conlined  within  tlie  Ihnits  of  the  abdominal  disk. 
Also  l',riu-liiiflnnii-hiim. 

Brach3nrliynchus  (brak-i-ring'kus),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  lipax'n^  short,  +  pryx'K,  a  snout,  beak.]  1 . 
In  cutom.,  the  typical  genus  of  Brdchyrhyiichi- 
)id:  Ldporti;  1S33. — 2.  A  genus  of  reptiles. 
Fil:iiiiiir,  184:!. 

brachystochrone,  n.  EiToneous,  though  the 
origimil  and  until  recently  the  usual,  spelling 
of  lirdchixliichriiiic. 

Bracbystola  (bra-kis'to-lji).  "•  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fipii  \  ir.  short,  +  nrolii,  a  robe,  stole :  see  atolc".'] 
A  genus  of  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 


Brachyurus 

of  brachyoerous  dii)terous  insects,  character- 
ized by  the  short  i)roboscis.  It  is  composed  of 
such  families  as  the  Lcptidw,  Tlicrevitlm,  JJoli- 

chopodidd',  and  Kyrjihid<v. 

brachystomatous,   brachystomous   (brak-i- 

sto'ma-tus,  bra-kis'to-mws),  ii.  (.As  Bidihy- 
.stomiiid,  Jtrdrhi/xloiiid,  +  -oh.s-.]  liavingasmall 
or  short  mouth,  beak,  or  proboscis;  specifically, 
of  or  jjertaining  to  the  Brdfhi/slomdfd. 

Brachytarsi  (brak-i-tiir'si),  «.  jil.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
lipaxir,  sliort,  +  rapnuc,  tlie  flat  of  the  foot, 
mod.  tarsus:  see  tarsus.']  A  division  of  the 
order  I'msimitc  or  Icmuroids,  represented  by 
the  lenuirs  proper. 

Bracbyteles  (bra-kit'e-lez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
,ipaxi<:,  short,  -I-  Ti'/nr,  end,  with  ref.  to  Ateles, 
q.  v.]  A  genus  of  South  American  spider-mon- 
keys, having  a  thiimb,  though  a  short  one  :  sep- 
arated by  Sjiix  from  Ateles:  synonymous  with 
Krioiha  (which  see). 

brachytypous  (bra-kit'i-pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  [i/mxH, 
short,  -I-  rejrof,  form,  type.]  Iu  mineral.,  of  a 
shoi't  form. 

Brachjnira  (brak-i-fi'ra),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  less  cor- 
rectly Bnicliyoitrii;  neut.  pl.of /)r«(/(//«rH.'.',.short- 
tailed:  see  hrdchyuroits.]  1.  A  group  of  short- 
tailed  stalk-eyed 
dccajjodous  crus- 
taceans, such  as 
ordinary  crabs: 
opposed  to  Mac- 
jMr«  (which  see). 
The  short  and  small 
tail,  or  abdomen,  is 
closely  foldeil  under 
the  eephalothorax, 
f4)rniin;;  the  api..n. 
The  llrwiiiiuiir  are 
sometimes  artillcial- 
ly  divided  into  four 
groups,  Oxy^tnmatat 
Oxifrhi/iK-ha,  Ct/do- 
mc'toiia,  and  Cata- 
mctopa ;  now  more 
freiiuently  into 

about  1()  families, 
without  superfami- 
ly  grouping. 
2.  In  mammdh, 
a  group  of  short- 
tailed  bats,  the 
same  as  Eiiihal- 
lonitridce  (which 
see). 

Also    Brachy- 
oura. 

brachynral 
(brak-i-u'ral),  a. 


Carapace  of  Shore-crab  iCarciniis  m<r. 
'cal  brachyiiran,  showinn  the 
dorsal   and   ventral  surfaces. 


}tas\,  ii  typical  brachyiiran,  showinn  the 
parts  of  trie  dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces. 
Upper  figure  (dorsal)  :  /.rostrum:  c.orhit: 


,:..'.X 


'-t«^ 


Lubber  Grasshopper  {Brachystola  magHa), 


Acridida.  B.  marina,  is  a  large  clumsy  locust,  common 
on  the  western  plains  of  North  America,  where  it  is  known 
a<  (lie  lublier  L'rasslMi|ip,i'. 

Bracbystoma,  Brachystomata  (bra-kis'to-ma, 

brak-i-sto'ni;i-til),  «.  /)/.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jipnxi'c, 
short,  +  aTOftii,  pi.  oTd/iara,  mouth.]    A  tlivisiou 


c/,'cer\Tcal  groove;  ^I.  epigastric  lobe; 
£S.  protogastric ;  ,^3,  mesogastric ;  ^,  hy- 
pogastric :  ^,  uroe.^stric ;  c,  cL  anterior 
ana  posterior  cardiac  lobes:  A,  hepatic 
lobe:  ^1,  *u,  />^.  epibranchial,  niesoljran- 
chial,  and  met.ibranchial  lobes. 

Lower  figure  (ventral) ;  a,  rostral  sep- 
tum :  *,  antennary  sternum,  or  cpistoma ; 
<-.  suture  between  «  and  ^  ;  t/.  supraciliary 
lobe ;  f,  internal  suborbital  lot^ :  /,  anten- 
f  As  brachlliir-OIIS     ™> :  /r.  articular  cavity  for  ophthalmite  ;  A, 
*-,  ,  -,        r,t      ^       same  for  the  antcnnule;  o,  orbit:  jA.  sub- 

*t"     -al.j        onort-     hepatic  region ;  «f/,  anterior  pleural  region. 

taUed :     applied 

to  a  section  of  the  Crngtacea,  as  the  crabs,  to 

distinguish  them  from  the  maerurous  or  long- 

tiiilcd  crustaceans,  as  the  lobsters.   Also  spelled 

tirdchiiiiural. 

brachyuran  (brak-i-U'ran), «.  [As  hrachyur-otis 
+  -dii.]  One  of  the  braehjTirous  crustaceans. 
Also  brachyonraii. 

brachyure  (brak'i-ur),  H.  [<  NL.  i?r«c/iyHrHS.- 
ace  lirdchyiirou.f.']  1.  A  South  American  mon- 
key of  the  genus  Brachyurus,  iu  the  classifica- 
tion of  Spix. —  2.  An  ant-thrush  or  breve  of 
the  genus  I'itta  (or  Brachyurus). —  3.  A  crab  or 
other  brachvtirous  crustacean. 

Brachyurid'ae  (brak-i-ii'ri-de),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Brachyurus,  2,  +  -idw.]  Same  as  rittidw. 
[Not  in  use.] 

bracbynrous  (brak-i-u'rus),  «.  [<  NL.  hracliy- 
nrus,  short-tailed,  <  Gr.  iipaxic,  short,  +  ovjM, 
tail.]     1.  Short-tailed;  having  a  short  tail. 

The  prev:ilenee  of  Maerurous  before  Brarkyuriiun  Po- 
dophtlialniia  is,  apparently,  a  fair  piece  of  evidence  in 
favour  of  progressive  moililication  in  the  same  order  of 
Crustacea.  IliiiUy,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  223. 

2.  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brachy- 
nra. 

Also  hrachynnrous. 
Brachyurus  (brak-i-u'rus),  «.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

AjMixir,  short,  +  oiywi,  tail.]  1.  A  genus  of 
South  American  monkeys,  of  the  family  <  ebidie 
and  subfamily  I'ithcciiua;  containing  the  oua- 
karis  or  short-tailed  sakis,  of  which  there  are 
several  species,  as  B.  ccbus,  B.  riibicuiidd,  B. 
ouakari.  This  genus  was  proposed  by  Spix 
in  1823;  it  is  also  called  Ouakaria. —  2.  .\ 
genus  of  birds,  the  leading  one  of  the  family 
Pittida:  (or  Brachyurida);  the  breves  or  old- 
world  ant-thrushes.  In  this  sense  the  word  was 
introdui'ed  by  Tliunberg  in  1S21 ;  it  was  revived  by  Bona- 
parte in  ISriO,  and  then  used  by  Elliot  iu  Ills  monograph 
of  the  Pittid<£:  but  it  is  now  disused. 


bracing 

bracing  (bra'sing),  11.     [Verbal  ii.  of  hrace^,  v.] 

1.  The  ac-t  of  oue  that  braces,  or  tlie  state  of 
being  braeod. 

The  inomi  sinew  of  the  English,  indeed,  must  have  been 
stronii  wiien  it  fidniitt«d  of  such  stringent  bracing. 

froude,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2.  In  ciifjin.,  a  system  of  braces:  as,  the  bra- 
riiKi  of  a  truss. 

bracing  (bra'sing;),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  hracc'^,  r.] 
llaviii!,'  till'  iiuality  of  giving  strength  or  tone; 
invigorating:  as,  a  fcraivii;/ air. 

'In  iv;ul  liini  (Uryilenl  is  as  liradn;!  xs  n  northwest  wind. 
LouvU,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  79. 

brack' t  (brak),  H.  [Not  fotiiid  in  correspond- 
ing fortn  and  sense  in  ME.  or  AS.  (tliougli  agree- 
ing in  form  witli  tlie  closely  related  early  ME. 
Imu;  <  AS.  ijihnvc,  f/ehnc  ="OS.  j/ibrak  =  MLG. 
brak  =  OHG.  gubreh,  MIIG.  ijcbrvch  =  Icel.  bmk 
=  Sw.  brak  =  Dan.  brat/,  a  loud  noise);  cf» 
MLG.  brak,  neut.,  rarely  masc,  equiv.  to  brake, 
fem.,  a  break,  breach,  defect,  trespass,  =  MD. 
bracckc,  D.  braak,  fem.,  Ineaeli,  breaking,  bur- 
glary, =  ORG.  brdclid,  MHG.  brachc,  fem., 
breaking  (of  ground  after  harvest:  see  brakc^). 
The  word,  in  E.,  is  practically  another  form  of 
bred-  (q.  v.),  which,  with  the  equiv.  brake^, 
breck",  and  break,  n.,  is  practically  a  var.  of 
breaeli  (q.  v.),  break  and  breach  being  the  usual 
representatives,  in  noun  form,  of  the  orig.  verb, 
AS.  brecaii,  E.  break,  etc. :  see  break,  breck, 
fcreocft.]  1.  A  break  or  opening  in  an}4Iiing;  a 
breach;  a  rent.  [Still  in  dialectal  use.] 
The  last  iiour  of  his  promise  now  run  out, 
And  he  l)reak?  Some  brack'ii  in  the  frame  of  nature 
That  foreeth  his  breach. 

Chapman,  R«veBge  of  Bussy  D'Arabois,  iv.  1. 
There  warn't  a  bra^k  in  his  silk  stockin's. 

Mm.  Stowe,  Oldto^vn,  p.  59. 

2.  A  flaw;  a  defect;  an  imperfection. 

You  may  find  time  out  in  eternity,  .  .  . 
Ere  staiu  or  brack  in  her  sweet  reputation. 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  1. 

3.  A  broken  part ;  a  piece. 

bracket  (brak),  J',  t.  [A  var.  of  break;  ef.  brack'^, 
;(.]     To  break. 

bracket  (brak),  n.  [Prop,  adj.,  <  D.  brak,  MD. 
brack  (=  MLG.  brack,  LG.  brak,  brackish,  briny), 
in  corap.  bruk-water,  brackish  water,  brak-goed, 
goods  spoiled  by  salt  water  ( >  Dan.  brak,  G. 
brack,  brackish  (in  eomp.  brackwasser,  brackgut, 
etc.);  G.  brack,  refuse,  trash);  prob.  same  as 
MD.  bracl;,  fit  to  be  thrown  away,  and  ult.,  like 
brack^,  from  the  root  of  break,  q.  v.  Cf.  brack- 
ish, brack;/.']  Brackish  water;  salt  water. 
•Sconi'd  tiiat  the  brack  should  kiss  her  following  keel. 
Diaijtun,  Wm.  de  la  Poole  to  Queen  Margaret,  i.  316. 

bracks  (brak),  «.    [A  var.  of  ftrni-e3,  ?(.]   A  kind 

of  harrow.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
bracken  (brak'en),  n.  [<  ME.  brakcn,  brakan, 
etc.,  a  northern  form,  Se.  bracken,  brechan, 
breckan,  breeken,  braikhi ;  of  Scand.  origin:  < 
Sw.  brakeii  =  Dan.  bregne,  fern,  bracken;  cf. 
Icel.  burkui,  fern  ;  AS.  b'racce,  fern:  see  braked. ] 
A  fem,  especially  the  PterU-  aquUina  and  other 
large  ferns.     See  brakc^. 

The  bracken  rusted  on  their  crags. 

Tennyson,  Edwin  ilorris. 
bracken-clock  (brak'en-klok),  n.  A  lamelli- 
corn  beetle,  AuisopUa'Xl'hiiUopertha)  horticola, 
the  larva  of  which  is  very  desti-uetive  to  grasses 
and  trees.  Curtis. 
bracketl  (brak'et),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  bragget; 
prob.  connected  with  Sp.  hragueta,  a  kind  of 
quarter  or  projecting  molding,  a  particular  use 
of  bragneta  (= OF.  bragiwtte),  the  opening  of  the 
fore  ]iart  of  a  pair  of  breeches,  <  Sp.  Pg.  bragas, 
breeches:  see  breech.  The  word  is  usually  as- 
sociated with  ftrncc'l.]  1.  A  supporting  piece 
or  combination  of  pieces  of  moderate  projec- 
tion, generally  sprhigmg  from  a  vertical  sur- 
face, (n)  In  arch.,  an  ornamental  projection  from  the 
face  of  a  wall,  intended  to  support  a  statue,  pier,  etc.;  a 
corbel,  (b)  In  carp.:  (1)  A 
wooden  support  of  triangu- 
lar outline  placed  under  a 
shelf  or  the  like.  (2)  An  or- 
namt'iital  piece  supporting  a 
liiuiniarbeam.  (3)  A  tie  for 
tn  M'_'tlicning  angles,  (c)  One 
«.>[  tile  stays  that  hold  a  loco- 
motivc-lioiler  to  the  frame; 
.•vls(j,  of  those  used  to  hold  the 
slidc-liars.  (<0  Any  projecting 
W4nKien  or  nu;tnl  piece  fas- 
tened to  a  wall  or  other  sur- 
face as  a  support  for  some  ob- 
ject. liracketJi  for  maehineiy 
are  of  very  nniny  different 
forms,  according  to  the  situa- 
tions in  which  tliey  are  placed 
and  tile  uses  for  wliich  they 
serve,  as  watlbrackett,  hangingbrackeU  or  hangers,  etc. 
See  hanger. 


654 

2.  A  gas-pipe  with  a  burner,  and  often  a  sup- 
port for  a  shade  or  globe,  projecting  from  a 
wall  or  pillar.  .Such  brackets  arc  commonly  provideil 
with  one  fir  nnjre  joints,  in  order  tlnit  the  position  of  tlic 
liglit  may  itc  changed,  and  tJiat  the  liracket  may  he  foldeii 
in  a  smail  space  wlien  not  in  use. 

3.  In  gun.,  the  cheek  of  a  mortar-carriage,  made 
of  strong  jdanking. — 4.  One  of  two  marks  [  ], 
fonnerly  called  crotchet.v,  used  to  inclose  a  note, 
reference,  explanation,  or  the  like,  and  thus  .sep- 
arate it  from  the  context ;  sometimes,  also,  one 

of  a  pair  of  braces  \  \  similarly  used,  or  a  sin- 
gle brace  |  used  to  couple  two  or  more  lines 
or  names.  Hence  —  5.  The  position  of  being 
classed  or  bracketed  with  another  or  others. 
Specifically,  in  the  Ifniversity  of  Cambridge,  from  177!*  to 
1S34,  one  of  a  number  of  classes  into  which  candidates  for 
the  degree  of  B.  A.  were  divided  according  to  their  ex- 
cellence at  the  first  three  days"  examinations.  The  cl.iss- 
list  was  called  the  braeketn,  and  the  last  day's  examination 
the  examination  of  the  brackets. 

A  candidate  who  was  dissatisfied  with  his  bracket  might 
challenge  any  other  candidate  he  pleased  to  a  fresh  ex- 
amination. 

J.  W.  L.  Glai^her,  Proc.  Lond.  Math.  Soc,  xviii.  12. 

6t.  A  name  given  to  a  head-dress  of  the  four- 
teenth century. —  7.  In  mining,  the  platform 
over  the  mouth  of  a  shaft. 
bracketl  (brak'et),  v.  f.  [<  bracket^,  «.]  1.  To 
fm-nish  «-ith  or  support  by  a  bracket  or  brack- 
ets ;  in  writing  and  printing,  to  place  within 
brackets. —  2.  To  place  on  or  within  the  same 
bracket  or  brackets ;  join  or  mention  together 
as  coequal  or  coiTelative ;  connect  by  or  as  if  by 
a  printers'  brace :  as,  the  names  of  Smith  and 
Jones  are  bracketed,  or  bracketed  together,  as 
candidates.  [For  a  coiTesponding  use  of  the 
nomi,  see  brackef^,  n.,  5.] 
bracket'-',  «.  Same  as  bragget^. 
bracket-crab  (brak'et-krab),  H.  A  hoisting  ap- 
paratus fastened  to  a 
wall. 

bracketing  (brak '  et  - 
ing),  n.  [<  bracket^  + 
-!H(/l.]  The  series  of 
wooden  ribs  nailed  to 
the  ceiling,  joists,  and 
battening  to  support 
cornices,  especially 
large  plaster  cornices. 
—  Cove  bracketing.    See 

CQVe.hraeketinfl. 

bracket-trail  (brak'et- 

trill),  w.  MiUt.,  a  kind 
of  built-up  trail  former- 
ly used,  consisting  of 
two  girders  or  brackets 
connected  by  transoms. 
Those  designed  for  siege-guns  were  longer  and  had  two 
sets  of  trunnion-beds.  For  transportation  the  trunnions 
were  shifted  to  the  traveling  trunnion-beds  or  those  near- 
est tile  trnnnion-plate.  .See?ra?7. 
brackish  (brak'ish),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  brak- 
isli ;  <  lirack"  +  -f.s/;!.]  Possessing  a  salt  or 
somewhat  salt  taste ;  salt  in  a  moderate  de- 
gree :  applied  to  water. 

Choakt  with  the  labouring  ocean's  brackish  fome. 

Marstun,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.  i. 

brackishness  (brak'ish-nes),  n.    The  quality  of 

being  brackish ;  saltness  in  a  slight  degree. 
brackly  (brak'li),  a.     [E.  dial.,  as  if  <  brack^  + 

-?)/l,  but  rather  a  var.  of  brocklc  =  brickie :  see 

brickie.]     Brittle.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
Brackmant,  ".    Same  as  Brahman. 
brackyt  (brak'i),  a.     [<  brael:'^  +  -^1.]     Same 

as  brackish  :  as,  "bracky  fountains,"  Draijiitn. 


brad 

Bracon  fbrak'on),  w.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  ich- 
niiiinoii-tlies,  giving  name  to  the  family  liraco- 
niila'.  II.  inipostar  and  B.  charus 
(Kiley)  are  examples. 

Braconidae  (bra-kon'i-de),  «.  pi. 
[.NL.,  <  Braeiin  +  -ida:]  A  family 
of  puiiivorous  hymenopterous  in- 
sects, otherwise  known  as  Ichneu- 
moncs  adsciti,  distinguished  from 
the  true  ichneimion-llies  by  having 
only  one  recun-ent  nerve  in  the  fore 
wilig  instead  of  two.  Tlie  lan  ic  most- 
ly infest  caterpillars  ami  the  larvic  of  bee- 
tles living  in  wood.  The  genera  are  nu- 
mcroiLs.     Also  liranmidctt,  llrariniiles. 

braconni^re  (bra-kon-iar'),  w.  [F., 
<  L.  hractc,  breeches :  see  hracee, 
breech.]  In  the  later  times  of  com- 
plete armor,  a  defense  for  tho 
thighs  and  hips,  composed  of  ring- 
shaped   plates  of   steel  worn   hori-     Braconni^rclnl. 

zontally  one  below  another,  form-  Ic.K'jcs  ^''Dicti 
ing  a  kind  of  skirt,  and  secured  du^jviobiuer  fran- 
to  one  another  either  by  vertical  ^"^ 
straps  to  which  each  plate  was  riveted,  or  by 
being  sewed  to  a  skirt  of  stuff,  or  by  rivets  slid- 
ing in  grooves.  See  Almain-riret. 
bract  (brakt),  H.  [=  F.  bractee,  <  L.  bracten, 
also  brattea,  a  thin  plate  of  metal,  gold-leaf, 

veneer.]     1.  In 


I.  Campanula  :   a, 
teoJes.    ■2,  Marigold 


,  bracts:  *,  l>,  brae- 
,  bracts  of  the 


Bracket-crab. 

a,  a,  frame ;  *,  post ;  c,  handle  ; 

d,  sheave-block. 


:-l 


Brnckct  for  SUxtuc— Cathe- 
dral of  Kciins.  France;  13th 
century. 


(Croisshoivs  uatur^ilsizc.) 


hot.,  a  leaf  m 
a  flower-cluster 
or  subtending  a 
flower,  usually 
differing  some- 
what from  an 
ordinary  leaf  in 
size,  form,  or 
textm-e,  often 
much  reduced, 
and  sometimes 
petaloid,  high- 
ly colored,  and 
very  conspicu- 
ous. —  2.  In 
,.,  „     .     ,  .„     '067.,  a  part  of 

angold :    a,  a,  bracts  of  the  i,    Vi  t 

peduncle;  *.bractsoftheinvolucre.  {From     a  nyuTOZOan    ti- 
de EMan^  and  Decaisne's  "  Traite  general     kencd  tO  a  braCt 

of    a    plant ;   a 

hydrophyllium.    See  cuts  miiiev  Athiinibia  and 

hydrophyllinm. —  3.  A  thin  plate  of  metal  used 

as  an  ornament,  as,  for  example,  one  of  the 

gold  disk-like  ornaments  made  in  Scandinavian 

countries  in  the  Viking  age. 
bracteal  (brak'tf-al),  a.     [=  F.  bract/at,  <  LL. 

Iiriicleiilis,  of  metallic  plates,  <  L.  braetca :  see 

hr{(et.]     Relating  to  or  of  the  natm-e  of  a  bract. 
bracteate  (lirak'te-at),  a.  and  n.     [=  F.  bracte- 

ate,  <  L.  braeteatus,  covered  with  gold-leaf,  < 

braetca :   see   bract.]      I.   a.   IJurnished  with 

bracts,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 

II.  n.  In  nuinis.,  one  of  certain  silver  coins 

cm-rent  in  the  niidtUe  ages, 

chiefly  in  Germany.    Bracte- 

atcs  were  first  isstied  abotit  the 

middle  of   the   twxdfth   century, 

were  of  very  thill  material,  and 

stainpud   with    a   design   in   re- 

liousse. 
bracted  (brak 'ted),  a.     [< 

Iiniet  +  -ed-.]     Furnished 

with  bracts. 

braCteifOrm        (brak  '  te  -  i  -         German  Bracteate,  Brit. 

form),   a.      [=  F.    bractei- 

forme ;  <  L.  bractea,  a  thin 

plate  (mod.  E.   bract),  +  forma,  shape.]      In 

hilt.,  resembling  a  bract. 

bracteolate  (brak'te-o-lat),  a.  [<  L.  braeteola 
(see  bructcole)  +  -atc'^.]  Furnished  with  brae- 
teoles. 

bracteole  (brak'te-61),  n.  [=  F.  bracteidc:  <  L. 
bracleiila,  a  thin  leaf  of  gold,  in  NL.  a  little 
bract,  dim.  of  braetca  :  see  brad.]  In  hot.,  a 
little  bract  situated  tm  a  jiarfial  flower-stalk  or 
pedicel,  between  the  bract  and  the  calyx,  and 
usually  smaller  than  the  true  bract.  Also  called 
hriietlet.     See  cut  under  bract. 

bractless  (brakt'les),  a.  [<  bract  +  -less.]  In 
lull.,  destitute  of  bracts. 

bractlet  (brakt'let),  h.  [<  bract  +  dim.  -let.] 
Same  as  bracteole. 

brad  (brad),  n.  [<  ME.  brad,  usually  brad,  Sc. 
brod  (also  prod:  see  prod),  <  Icel.  broddr,  a 
spike,  =  Sw.  brodd  =  Dan.  brodde,  a  frost-nail, 
=  AS.  briird,  >  ME.  brurd.  a  point,  blade,  or 
spire  of  grass;  cf.  Corn,  bros,  a  sting;  perhaps 
ult.  connected  with  bristle,  q.  v.  See  braird, 
bi'eer^.]      A  slender  flat  nail  having,  instead 


ish  Museum, 
original. ) 


brad 

of  a  hfiad,  a  slight  projoction  on  one  side.    It 

is  iiued  wIkmi  it  in  licsiralilL-  ttiut  tliu  llciiil  slioiild  not 
project,  Oti  in  juinery,  cabinct-wurk,  and  pattcrn-uiakcrs' 
work. 

brad  (l)i'ad),  ;'.  I.;  prot.  and  pp.  brndrlrd,  ppr. 
brdddiiKj.     [<  hriiil,  «.]      To  nail  witli  l>i-ails. 

brad-awl  (lirad'al),  n.  An  awl  used  to  make 
holes  for  brads. 

brad-driver  (brad'dri'ver),  «.  A  tool  used 
principally  for  fastoiiiiis;  moldings  to  door- 
panels  with  brads.  It  consists  of  a  holder  and 
a  i)hinf;(>r  driven  by  a  mallet.  Also  called 
lir<i(l--'«  llir. 

Bradford  clay.    See  clay. 

bradoon  (bru-diin'),  n.     Same  as  bridixm. 

brad-setter  ibrad'seftr),  II.  Same  as  bnul- 
(Iririr. 

bradyarthria  (brad-i-ar'thri-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ji/iiKh-r,  slow,  +  apDimv.  a  joint.]  In  jxitluil., 
slowness  of  speecli  dependent  on  disease  or  de- 
fect in  the  nerve-centers  of  articulation.  Also 
called  bniili/liiliil. 

bradycrote  (brad'i-krot),  a.  [<  Gr.  ftpa/ivc, 
slow,  -t-  Kpu-oc,  a  beating,  clajiping,  etc.]  In 
med.,  pertaining  to  or  producing  infrequency 
of  pulse. 

bradylalia  (luad-i-lii'li-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/<,)i;(l(i;,  slow,  -1- /iii/tof,  talking,  talkative.]  Same 
as  brftdifiiythria. 

bradypepsia  (brad-i-pep'si-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/y/xir)i'T£i/'(fj,  <  jijiaSv^,  slow,  -V  TttTlng,  digestion, 
<  wiTTTtii',  tligest.]     Slow  digestion. 

bradyphasia  (brad-i-fa'zi-il),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/}p«tirc,  slow,  -I-  i^riffff,  speaking,  <  ipavai,  speak.] 
Slowness  of  speech. 

bradyphrasia  (brad-i-fra'zi-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/;(/)«(ir(',  slow,  -1- ^/mo(f,  speech :  sec  phrasc.'\  In 
pittkot.,  slowness  of  speech  due  to  mental  de- 
fect or  disease. 

bradypod,  bradypode  (brad'i-pod,  -pod),  n. 
A  slow-moN-ing  animal;  a  sloth;  one  of  the 
Bnidi/podd. 

Bradypoda  (bra-dip'o-da),  n.  1)1.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fipa^vmi6a,  neut.  pi.  of  /iparfrn-oiif,  slow  of  foot: 
see  Bradyiuis.'i  A  term  proposed  by  Blumen- 
bach  for  an  order  of  mammals,  nearly  the  same 
as  the  subsequently  named  Cuvierian  Edentata, 
or  the  earlier  Bruta  of  Linnseus:  applied  in  a 
more  restricted  sense  to  the  sloths  and  sloth- 
like edentates :  synonymous  with  Tardigrada. 
See  sloth. 

bradypode,  «.     See  bradypod. 

bradypodid  (bva-dip'o-did),  n.  An  edentate 
mammal  of  the  family  Bradiijiodidw. 

Bradypodidse  (brad-i-potl'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bradypiis  (-jiod-)  +  -ida:']  A  family  of  Ameri- 
can edentates,  the  sloths.  Tliuy  liave  I'l  tt-ttli  in  tlju 
upper  jaw  and  Sin  tlie  lower,  uf  persistent  gi"wt  1 1,  eunsist- 
injJt  of  vasodeutine  invested  with  dentine  and  cement  w  itli- 
out  enamel ;  tlieir  foi-e  limbs  are  lonjjer  tlian  the  liind  ones ; 
tliey  liave  not  more  tlian  tliree  ditnis,  bearing  larye  claws ; 
the  tail  is  rudimentary;  the  ears  ju-e  small ;  the  pelajie  is 
coarse  and  erisp  ;  the  stomueh  is  simple ;  there  is  nocaieum, 
and  the  ])laeenta  is  tliseoid  and  deciduate.  There  are  two 
leading'  u'enera  extant,  Bradt/ints  and  Choiojjun.  See  ntuth, 
and  rut  under  i'ltiilnpus. 

Bradypus  (brad'i-pus),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  jSpm'ii- 

THivr,  slow  of  foot,  <  /}/«»ii'f,  slow,  +  TTo/f  (Tfor!-) 

=  E.  foot.']  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Bradiijmdida:  containing  the  ai,  or  three-toed 
or  coilared  sloth,  B.  tridactylu.i  or  torquatiis. 

bradyspermatism  (brad-i-sper'ma-tizm),  II. 

[<  Gr.  )i/<a(5i'f,  slow,  -t-  a-ii>/ja(r-),  seed,  -I-  -i.iiii.] 
In  pathol.,  a  too  slow  emission  of  the  semen, 
brae  (bra),  H.     [=  E.  ?/ra.vt,  q.  v.]     The  side  of 
a  hill  or  other  rising  gi-ound;  an  acclivity;  a 
stretch  of  sloping  ground ;  aslope.     [Scotch.] 

O'er  bank  and  bm^, 
Like  lire  from  Hint  he  (.danced  away. 

Scutt,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  22. 

brag  (brag),  i\  :  pret.  and  pp.  bragged,  ppr. 
bragging.  [<  ME.  braggcn,  bnigen,  <  OF.  bra- 
giier,  flaunt,  brave,  brag,  >  braguc,  pleasure, 
amusement,  liragard,  gallant,  gay  (see  brag- 
gart) ;  of  Celtic  origin  :  cf.  W.  bragio,  brag,  also 
brae,  boastful,  =  Ir.  braguini,  I  boast,  =  Bret. 
braga,  tlaimt,  strut,  walk  pompously,  wear  line 
clothes;  related  to  Gael,  bragh,  a  bm-st,  explo- 
sion, and  thus  ult;  to  E.  break,  Icel.  braka, 
creak,  etc.  Cf .  crack,  boast,  as  related  to  crack, 
break  with  a  noise.  See  bray-,  brairl^,  and 
brare.]  I.  intram^.  1.  To  use  boastful  lan- 
guage ;  speak  vaingloriously  of  one's  self  or 
belongings  ;  boast ;  vaunt :  used  absolutely,  or 
followed  by  of,  formerly  sometimes  by  on  ; 
as,  to  brag  of  a  good  horse,  or  of  a  feat  of 
arms. 

For-why  he  bosteth  and  bra'j'jfth  with  many  bolde  otlles. 
^  Piers  Plowman  {U),  xiii.  '281. 


655 

Conceit,  more  ricli  in  matter  than  in  words, 
liraf/8  of  his  8ut)stance,  not  o/  ornament. 

.S/int.,  It.  and  .T.,  ii.  fl. 
It  was  brarified  by  several  I'apists  that  upon  sneh  a  day, 
or  in  such  a  time,  we  should  llnd  the  hottest  weather  that 
ever  was  in  England ;  and  words  of  plainer  sense. 

PepyH,  Diary,  III.  :(. 
Vet,  lo  !  in  me  what  authors  liave  to  bra(j  on ! 
Reduced  at  last  to  hiss  in  my  own  dra(;on. 

Pojti;  IJuneiad,  ili.  285. 

2t.  To  sound,  as  a  trumpet;  blare;  bray. 

\\'haime  the  voyoe  of  the  trompe  ...  in  goure  eeris 
bra'jiiHIi.  W'J'-Hf.  .losh.  vi.  5  (Oxl.). 

il.  trans.  1.  To  boast  of.     [Rare.] 

lie  braijg  his  service.  Shak.,  C'ymbeline,  v.  3. 

Bear  thy  gootl  luck  with  you  when  ytm  cross  these  i)aved 
stones,  and  by  our  I.ady,  y<Ml  may  braij  Scotland. 

^cott,  Abbot,  I.  xvii. 

2t.  To  blow  (a  trumpet). 

Tluuie  the  Bretones  boldely  bragiji'ne  thcire  tromppez. 
Morle  Arlhiirc,  1,  14S4. 

brag  (brag),  n.     [<  ME.  brag;  from  the  verb.] 

1.  A  boast  or  boasting;  a  vaunt;  also,  boast- 
tiUness. 

Wliat  owtward  hmrr  so  euer  is  borne  by  them,  is  in  deed, 

i>f  it  selfe,  and  in  wise  mens  eyes,  of  no  great  estimation. 

Anchain,  The  Scholemastcr,  p.  34. 

Life  invests  itself  with  inevitable  conditions,  which  the 
unwise  seek  to  dodge,  which  one  and  another  brags  that 
he  does  not  know  ;  brags  that  they  do  not  tiuieh  him  ;  but 
the  braff  is  on  his  lijis,  the  conditions  are  in  his  soul. 

Emerson. 

2.  A  thing  to  boast  of;  source  of  pride. 

Beauty  is  Nature's  bra;i.  Milton,  Comus,  1.  745. 

The  sprout  of  an  aik, 
Boimie,  and  blooming,  and  straight  was  its  make  ; 
The  sun  took  delight  lo  shine  ftu"  its  sake, 
And  it  will  be  i\\\i'bra>j  o*  the  forest  yet.     Border  ballad. 

3.  A  game  of  cards:  same  as  poker. — 4.  A 
bragger. 

bragt  (brag),  a.  [<  ME.  brag ;  from  the  noun.] 
Proud ;  boasting :  as,  "that  bragge  prescrip- 
tion," Staplcton,  Fortress  of  the  Faith  (1565), 
fol.  68.     Also  used  adverbially. 

.Seest  how  bra^  yond  Bullocke  beares. 
So  smirke,  so  smoothe,  his  pricked  eares? 

Spenxer,  Shep.  Cal.,  Feb. 

Bragantia  (bra-gan'shi-ii),  H.  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  undershrubs,  of  the  natm'al  order  Aristolo- 
chiacem,  including  three  or  four  species  of  the 
East  Indies.  B.  tomcntosa  is  very  bitter,  and  is 
used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic  and  emmenagogue. 

bragaudt,  bragawdt,  n.     Same  as  bragget^. 

bragay  (bra-ga'),  n.  [E.  dial.;  origin  un- 
known.] A  local  English  name  of  the  gadoid 
tish  other-ivise  called  the  bib. 

braggadocio  (brag-a-do'shio),  «.  [<  Bragga- 
diicliiii,  name  of  a  boastfid  character  in  the 
"Faerie  Cjueene"  (ii.  3);  coined  by  Spenser  < 
E.  brag,  with  an  Italian-seeming  termination.] 

1.  A  boasting  fellow ;  a  braggart. 

What  rattling  thuuderclappe  lireakes  from  his  lips? 
O  !  'tis  native  to  his  part.      For  acting  a  moderne  bra<j- 
tjadoch  ...  it  may  seenie  to  suite. 

Manton,  Antonio  and  MeUida,  Ind.,  p.  4. 

The  world  abouiuls  in  terrible  fanfarons,  in  the  masiiue 
of  men  of  honour  ;  but  these  brayijadociog  are  easy  to  l>e 
detected.  Sir  R.  L'Estrange. 

2.  Empty  boasting;  brag:  as,  "tiresome  ftc«r/- 
gadocio,"  Bidwcr,  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  iv.  '2. 

He  sliook  his  list  at  Lord  Wicklow  .and  (luoted  Cicero- 
nian hni'ioildnciog. 

Disnidi,  (luoted  in  Edinburgh  Itev.,  CLXIII.  514. 

braggardt  (brag'jird),  a.  and  «.  Earlier  form 
of  braggart. 

braggardiset,  »•  [<  OF.  bragardi.ie,  <  liragard, 
bragging:  aeo  braggart.']  Bragging;  braggar- 
disni.     iliiislicu. 

braggardismt  (brag'iir-dizm),  n.  [<  braggard 
+  -ism.]  Boastfulness;  vain  ostentation:  as, 
"  what  braggardism  is  thist"  Sliak.,  T.  G.  of  V., 
ii.  4.     Also  braggartism. 

braggart  (brag'art),  a.  and  «.  [Formerly  brag- 
gard;  =  JID.  braggacrd,  a  fop,  <  OF.  bragard, 
gay,  gallant,  flaunting,  also  braggard,  bragging, 
braggadocio-like,  <  bragucr,  flaunt,  brag :  see 
/;)•((;/,  ('.  The  E.  braggard,  braggart,  as  a  noun, 
is  practically  a  var.  of  bragger.]  I.  a.  Boast- 
ful; vauntingly  ostentatious. 

Shout  that  his  bra{niart  hosts  are  put  to  rout ! 

His  empire  has  gone  down  !    it.  U.  Stoddard,  Cajsar. 

Talking  of  tiiiuself  and  his  plans  with  large  and  braif- 
i/art  vagueness.  llotrt'ils,  Modern  Instance,  \i. 

II.  n.  A  boaster;  a  vaunting  fellow, 
who  knows  himself  a  braifitart. 
Let  him  fear  this  ;  Un-  it  will  come  to  pass, 
That  every  braifjart  shall  be  found  an  .ass. 

Shak.,  Alls  Well,  iv.  3. 


braggartly  (brag'jirt-li),  a. 
Boastful. 


[<  braggart +  -ly^.] 


brahma 

Who  ever  saw  true  learning,  wisilom,  or  wit,  vouchsafe 
mansion  in  any  proud,  vain-glorious,  and  brat^garlty 
spirit  ■'  CImpman,  Iliad,  iii.,  Comment. 

braggartry   (brag'iirt-ri),   n. ;   pi.  braggartrics 
(-riz).     [<   braggart  +  -ry.]     Vain  boasting; 
boastfulness.    Mrs.  Gore.     [Rare.] 
braggatt,  ».     Same  as  bragget'^. 
bragger  (brag'6r),  «.     [<  ME.  braggere;  <  brag 
+  -(cl.]     (Jiie  who  brags. 

Evere  ware  thcs  Bretons  brof/neres  of  olde. 

Morte  Arlhure,  I.  1348. 

The  loudest  braqqfrx  of  Jews  and  firecians  are  found 

guilty  of  spiritual  ignorance.     Hammond,  .Sermons,  p.  627. 

bragget't,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  bracket^. 

bragget-t  (brag'et),  n.  [Also  written  braggat, 
bracket,  braket  (ami,  after  W.,  bnigaiit,  bragaiid, 
bragaicd,  bragoe),  fonnerly  also  braekicort,  Sc. 
bragirort,  bregicort  (in  simulati(m  of  irort'^);  < 
ME.  braget,  bragat,  bragiit.  <  W.  bragaicd,  bra- 
god,  a  kinil  of  meatl  (=  Corn,  brigand,  bragot,  a 
kinil  of  mead,  =  Ir.  Iiraeat,  malt  licjuor),  <  brag 
(=  Ir.  braich  =  Gaeli  braicli),  malt,  <  bragio, 
issue,  sprout,  =  Gael,  bracli,  fei-ment,  =  Ir. 
bracaiin,  I  ferment :  perhaps  akin  to  E.  breic'^.] 
A  kind  of  mead  made  of  ale  boiled  with  honey, 
seasoned  with  pepper,  cloves,  mace,  cinnamon, 
nutmegs,  and  fermented  with  wort  or  yeast. 

His  mouth  was  sweete  as  bra^/ot  is  or  nieth. 

Chaucer,  Jliller's  Tale,  1.  75. 

Good  ale,  perrys,  braijoen,  sydcr,  and  metheglins,  waa 
the  true  auntient  British  and  Troyan  drinks. 

Marnton,  Dutch  Courtezan,  v.  1. 
And  we  have  served  there,  armed  all  in  ale. 
With  the  brown  bowl,  and  charged  with  braijfiat  stale. 
B.  Jonson,  Gypsies  Metamorphosed. 
Such  a  dainty  doe  to  be  taken 
By  one  that  knows  not  neck-beef  from  a  pheasant, 
>'or  cannot  relish  bra(i<jot  from  anil»rosia? 

Fletchfr  and  Shirlfij,  Night-Walker,  i.  4. 

bragging  (brag'ing),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  brag,  v.] 

Boastful. 

Lotid  and /^rair^rinj;  self-importance.  W.  Black. 

braggingly  (brag'ing-li),  adr.  In  a  bragging 
manner;  boastingly. 

bragless  (brag'les),  a.  [<  brag  +  -less.]  With- 
out bragging  or  ostentation.     [Rare.] 

Dio.  The  bruit  is.  Hector's  slain  —  and  by  Achilles. 
Ajax.  If  it  be  so,  yet  braiflcss  let  it  be. 
•  A'Aiut.,  T.  and  C,  v.  10. 

braglyt  (brag'li),  adv.  [<  brag,  a.,  -f-  -ly^.] 
Bravely ;  finely. 

How  hragly  it  [a  hawthorn]  begins  to  bud. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  March. 

bragott,  ".     Same  as  braggct^. 

braguette  (bra-gef),  «.  [OF.:  see  brackefi.] 
A  piece  of  annor  corresponiling  to  a  cod-piece. 
Also  -written  brayctte — Great  braguette.  a  name 
sometimes  given,  at  the  end  <)f  the  fourteenth  century,  to 
the  tassets,  when  developed  into  a  sort  of  skirt.  See  frra- 
eonoiire. 

bragwortt  (brag'wert),  ti.  A  Scotch  form  of 
briiggvt-. 

BrahmaS  Brahm  (brii'mii,  briim),  «.  [Hind. 
bralini,  brahma,  <  Skt.  bralt'man  (nom.  brah'ma), 
neut.,  devotion,  adoration,  worship,  prayer, 
sacred  word,  divine  science,  theosophy,  the 
impersonal  divinity;  referred  to  the  V  brih, 
barh,  be  thick,  gi'eat,  strong,  >  hriliant,  great, 
mighty,  lofty,  ult.  akin  to  AS.  beorg,  E.  barrow, 
a  hill,  mound:  see  barroic^.]  In  Hindu  reli- 
gion, the  highest  object  of  philosophic  adora- 
tion ;  the  impersonal  and  absolute  divinity ;  the 
ineffable  essence  of  the  sacred.     Also  Braiiia. 

Brahma-  (brii'mii),  n.  [Hind.  Brah'ma,  <  Skt. 
brahman'  (nom.  brahma'),  masc,  one  who  prays 
or  worships,  a  pray-er,  worshiper,  directing 
priest,  overseer  of  sacred  things,  also  the  im- 
personal divinity.]  In  later  Hindu  religion  or 
theosojihy,  the  personified  Brahm;  the  divini- 
tv  conceived  as  a  god;  the  creator.  Unknown  in 
tin-  'ilibr  sai  rnl  littrature.  Brahma  Itecomes  by  degrees 
an  olijfct  "f  ailnratiiin  to  the  Brahmans.  and  is  aititicially 
coint  tilled  into  a  triiniuti  or  trinity  with  \'ishiiu  and  Siva, 
lieing  regarded  ;us  Crcitor,  Mhilc  Vislinii  is  l'rcsi'r\er,  and 
Siva  is  Destroyer.  Urahnia  was  never  wcu'shiped  liy  the 
people,  and  only  one  temple  sacred  to  him  is  known.  By 
modern  Hindus  he  is  represented  as  a  red-colored  figure, 
with  four  heads  and  four  arms,  and  often  accompanied  by 
his  vehicle,  tlie  swan.— Day  Of  BralUna.    See  ilani. 

braluna'^  (bra 'mil),  n.  [An  abbreriation  of 
Brahmaputra. ]  A  variety  of  the  domestic  hen, 
of  large  size,  belonging  to  the  Asiatic  class. 
The  lifiht  brahman  are  white  and  black  in  color,  the  black 
appearing  on  the  hackle  feathers  as  a  rich  stripe,  heavier 
in  tlic  lun  th.aii  in  the  cock,  and  also  in  tiie  w  ing-iirimaries, 
tile  upper  web  of  the  secondaries,  and  in  tlie  tail,  the  sickles 
of  the  cock  being  glos-sy  green-black.  The  dark  brahma 
cock  shows  a  breast  of  solid  lilaek  or  black  mottled  with 
white,  hackle  and  saddle  silver-white,  wing-bows  white, 
wing-bars  green-black,  primaries  and  secondaries  black 
edged  with  white,  tail  glossy  green-black  ;  while  the  hen 
is  of  a  uniform  gray  color,  each  feather  penciled  with 
darker  gray,  or  black.  The  brahmas  have  pea-combs  and 
feathered  legs. 


Brahmaic 
Brahmaic  (l)ra-ma'ik),  a.     [<  Brahma^  +  -i>.] 

Brahman,  Bralimin  (bril'inan,  -min),  h.    [For- 

iiii'i'ly  iilsu  Jiriiihuiiiii,  I>i((fkm<iii,  etc.  {Ij.  Uraili- 
iiKiiiiv,  liraclniKiiiis,  (<r.  li/mx"'"''''-,  pl-)  j  ^  Hind. 
hrulniKiii,  coiTuplly  hdmiin,  <  Skt.  brdhmana' ,  m. 
(bnViiiiii)ii',  {.),  <  hmh'matt,  jmiyer,  etc.:  see 
liriihmii'^,  liiiihm.'i  A  ineinber  of  the  sacred  or 
sac'ci'dotal  casto  among  t ho  llindiis.  From  liuing 
in  till-  lit'Kiiiiiiiiw  iiuiividuiils  ami  faiuilii'S  distinguished  for 
wisiloni.  siinitity,  .mil  pDi-tii;  power,  tliuy  (.Tadnally  con- 
siiliilatLMi  tlii-ir  inlluuncu  and  bccanu'  a  striitly  iiercditary 
class,  lioldin;;  in  tlu'ir  hands  thi-  niini.stiy  of  lioly  thiufre, 
tile  eusti>dy  of  the  scriptures  and  knowledjie  of  their  saered 
mill  learned  ilialeet,  and  the  peifonnanee  of  the  sacritlcc. 
They  were  llelil  U>  he  created  from  tlie  mouth  of  Bralnna, 
to  be  inviohihle,  and  entitled  to  the  worshiji  of  the  other 
castes.  Theoretically,  the  life  of  a  lirahnian  was  divided 
into  four  .staj;es,  those  of  student,  householder,  anchorite, 
and  .iscetie.  Jn  lat^T  tiiues  the  relations  and  occupations 
of  the  c;i.stes  have  lieeome  much  confused,  alul  Brahmans 
are  to  he  found  in  every  jjrradc  of  diunitj  ami  of  very  va- 
rious modes  of  life.  There  are  many  siitidivisions  of  the 
caste,  more  or  less  isolated,  fuid  refusin'4  inti  rrourse  with 
one  another.  Also  written  Brainin. — Brahman'S-bead, 
the  name  given  in  India  to  the  seed  of  Ehroravjuix,  made 
into  rosjiries  for  the  priests,  and  into  bracelets,  m  eklaces, 
etc. 

Brahmana  (brii'ma-nji),  n.  [Skt.  Bra'hmana, 
prop,  tlie  dictum  of  a  priest,<  hrahman',  a  priest, 
Brahman.]  One  of  the  prose  portions  of  tiie 
Vedas,  whaeh  contain  injunctions  for  tlie  pcr- 
fonnance  of  sacrifices,  and  explaiti  their  origin 
and  the  occasions  on  which  the  mantras  had  to 
be  used,  sometimes  adding  illustrations  and 
legends,  and  sometimes  mystical  and  philo- 
sophical speculations. 

Brahmanee  (brii'ma-ne),  n.  [Also  Br/ih mince, 
<  Hind,  hrdlimani,  hraltmni,  corruptly  hCinnii,  < 
Skt.  hrCihmani' ,  fem.  of  hrdhmoiia' ,  a  Brahman.] 
A  woman  of  the  Brahman  caste ;  the  wife  of  a 
Brahman. 

My  mother  was  a  Brahmanee,  hilt  she  clave  to  my  father 

well ; 
She  was  saved  from  the  sack  of  JuUesar  when  a  thousand 

Hindoos  fell.  Sir  A.  C.  Lyall,  The  Old  I'indarec. 

Brahmaness  (bra'man-es),  n.  [<  Brahman  + 
-CSS.']     Same  as  Brahmanee. 

Brahmanic,  BrahmanicaKbrii-man'ik,  -i-kal), 
a.  l<.  Brail )n (in  +  -ic,  -ical.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Brahmans  or  to  their  doctrines,  worship, 
and  polity.     Also  Brahmiiiic,  Brahminieal. 

Brahinanism  (brii'man-izm),  «.  [<  Brahman 
+  -«6V«.]  The  religion  or  system  of  doctrines 
of  the  Brahmans ;  the  social  system  of  ancient 
India,  with  the  Brahmans  as  leading  caste. 
Also  Brahminism. 

Brahmanist  (brii'man-ist),  n.  [<  Brahman  + 
-js(.]  An  adlierent  of  Brahmanism.  Also 
Brahminist. 

Brahmin,  Brahminic,  etc.  Si%6  Brahman,  Brah- 
ma:iir,  etc. 

brahminy  (br;i'mi-ni),  a.  [Cf.  Hind,  brdhmmn, 
the  wife  of  a  Brahman,  also  a  ghost :  see  Brah- 
manee and  Brahma.'\    Devoted  to  Siva  by  the 

Brahmans:  s,s,  3.hrahminy\)\i\\ Brahminy  duck, 

the  Caaarca  rittila,  or  ruddy  sheldrake. — Brahminy  kite, 
an  East  Indian  bird  of  prey,  the  IlaUa.'^ti/r  iiulu:^,  rever- 
enced ]>y  the  Hindus  as  sacred  to  Vishnu. 

Brahmoism  (brii'mo-izm),  «.  [<  Brahmo(-So- 
maj)  +  -ism.'\  The  tenets  of  the  Brahmo- 
Soraaj. 

Brahmo-Somaj  (bra'mo-so-miij'),  n.  [<  Hind. 
briihmii,  Brahma  (prayer),  +  samdj,  society,  as- 
sembly, lit.  a  worshiping  assembly.  See  Brah- 
ma'^, Brahman.']  A  moiiotlioistic  religion  in 
India,  which  originated  with  Kn  jah  Ram  Mohuii 
Koy,  a  Hindu  reformer,  who  died  in  1833,  and 
received  a  new  impulse  and  a  new  tlii'ection 
under  his  successor,  Keshub  Chunder  Sen,  who 
died  in  1885.  The  mystical  theology  of  the  Brahmo- 
Somaj  can  only  be  proximately  stated  in  the  language  of 
Occidental  philosophy.  Its  fundamental  tenet  is  the  uni- 
versal presence  of  the  Divine  Spirit,  who  perv,ides  all  na- 
ture and  inspires  all  who  are  willing  to  receive  him.  Man 
is  eipii|iiiiil  for  this  purpose  with  a  faculty  of  spiritual  in- 
sight, a  faith  farnlty,  called  IV/u.  Inspiration  is  a  univer. 
sal  fact,  and  all  the  great  world -teachers  have  been  divinely 
in-spirid  pio]iliits;  all  the  great  world-religions  contain 
some  divine  truth;  and  in  .ill  their  great  sacraments  there 
is  some  sjiiritual  benefit.  It  is  not  clear  whether  Christ 
is  regarded  as  simply  the  greatest  of  these  inspired  pin- 
phets,  or  as  something  more.  .Some  utterances  indicate 
a  recognition  of  his  character  as  divine.  The  Brahnio- 
Somaj  differs  from  Deism  in  teaching  the  personal  com- 
munion of  the  soul  with  a  personal  God,  and  from  Chris 
tianity  in  not  teaching  any  specitlc  revelation  of  a  remedy 
for  8in._  It  is  an  .aggressively  missionary  religion,  and  it's 
preaching  has  been  accompanied  by  works  of  practical 
reformation,  such  tis  the  abolition  among  its  adherents  of 
polygamy,  of  caste,  and  of  idolatry  in  all  its  forms,  thi!  re- 
formation of  marriage  customs,  ami  a  temjierance  reform. 

braidl  (brad),  v.  [Early  mod.  R.  also  brai/ite, 
brci/(le,breiiU;,  etc.,<  ME.  braiilin,  breiiltn,  liruij- 
dcn,  breiidcn,  etc.,<  AS.  brcijdan,  breiian  (pret. 
bnegd,  breed,  pi.  brugdun,  brtulon.,  pp.  broyden. 


656 

broden),  move  to  and  fro,  \nbrate,  brandish, 
draw,  weave,  braid,  turn,  chaiiKc,  etc.,  =  OS. 
fcrf(/rfo«  =  OFries.  Iirida  =  lj(i.  ^(V((/(«  =  OlliJ. 
brctlan  =  Icel.  briijilhii,  drtiw,  weave,  brjiid, 
etc.:  orig.  'move  fjuickly  to  and  fro,  glance'; 
cf.  Icel.  bra<ja,  flicker;  prob.  from  same  root 
•ds  bright^,  q.v.  Cf.  ((';ra((/ and  ujibraid.  The 
word  took  in  AS.  an<l  ME.,  and  in  later  dial, 
use,  a  great  vaiiety  of  senses,  all  arising  ult. 
from  that  of  'quick  motion.'  (Hher  forms,  obs. 
or  dial.,  are  brcatl'^,  brad,  liridi-,  brnuil,  braird, 
broid,  etc. :  see  also  braider,  brander,  browdcr.'] 

1.  trans.  If.  To  take,  draw,  pidl,  or  snatch 
quickly ;  reach ;  throw ;  cast ;  brandish. 

He  lyt  [rideth]  his  spere  brai.idiivj. 

King  Atimuiider,  1.  7373. 
Hir  kerchef  of  hir  heed  she  hrni/ile. 

Cliaiicer,  llan  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  739. 

2.  To  weave  by  passing  three  or  more  strands, 
strips,  or  lines  of  over  and  tinder  each  other 
alternately ;  plait ;  interlace  :  as,  to  braid  the 
hair,  straw,  tape,  etc. 

Braid  your  locks  with  rosy  twine. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  105. 

3.  To  form  by  braiding;  interweave  the  ma- 
terial of  in  strands  or  strips :  as,  to  braid  a  straw 
hat  or  a  rug.. — 4.  In  domestic  econ.,to  beat  and 
blend,  as  soft  substances,  pai-ticularly  to  press 
them  with  a  spoon  through  a  sieve. —  5t.  To 
upbraid;  reproach. 

If  thou  talkest  a  little  longer,  I  thinke  thou  wilt  tiraiii 
mee  with  the  sauing  of  his  life. 

J.  Birnde,  tr.  of  Quintus  Cnrtius,  viii. 
Few  love  to  hear  the  sins  they  love  to  act ; 
'Twould  'braid  yourself  too  near  for  me  to  tell  it. 

Slink.,  Pericles,  i.  I. 
Braided  rug,  a  rug  or  mat  for  the  floor,  formed  by  braid- 
ing strii)S  of  woolen  or  silk  fabrics,  and  afterw.ard  sewing 
them  together.— To  braid  St.  Catherine's  tresses,  to 
live  a  virgin. 

Thou  art  too  fair  to  hraiii  St.  Cntbarinr's  tirnnrx. 

Loii'xfclbm',  Evangeline,  ii.  1. 

ll.intrans.  If.  To  move  quickly ;  start;  rush. 
WHian  she  saugh  tweyne  come  hir  to  socour,  she  hraied 
rudely  oute  of  theire  handes.    Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  ,S.),  iii.  464. 
Troilus  .  .  .  disposed  wod  out  of  his  wit  to  lireyde. 

Chancer,  Troilus,  iv.  2.10. 

2t.  To  start  suddenly  (out  of  sleep) ;  awake. 

With  the  falle  right  out  of  slepe  she  hrayde. 

Chancer,  Reeve's  'Tale,  1.  365. 

3.  To  nauseate;  desire  to  vomit.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
— 4.  To  be  like ;  resemble  in  appearance  or 
character.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
braidl  (brad),  n.  [<  ME.  braid,  breid,  <  AS. 
brwd,  bred  (for  "brirgd,  "bregd),  trick,  deceit, 
gebregd,  quick  motion,  trick,  deceit  (=  Icel. 
bragdh,  a  quick  motion,  trick,  scheme),  <  breg- 
dan  =  Icel.  bregdha,  move  quickly,  etc. :  see 
briiid^,  ('.]     If.  A  quick  motion;  a  start. 

She  waketh,  walwith,  maketh  many  a  hrayde. 

Chaucer,  Good  "Woinen,  1.  1104. 
2t.   A  moment. 

But  curtois,  debonair,  and  vertuous ; 

Hyt  iippered  well  by  hvs  workes  eche  hraide. 

Rom.  of  Parteimy  (E.  E.  T.  .S),  1.  6239. 

For  as  I  sodainely  went  in  hand  therewith,  and  made  it 

in  a  breide.  Sir  T.  More,  Works  (1557). 

3t.  A  turn  (of  work) ;  a  job. — 4t.  A  trick;  de- 
ception. 

Dian  rose  with  all  her  maids, 

Blushing  thus  at  love's  braids. 

Greene,  Radagon  in  Dianam. 

5.  Any  plaited  band  or  fillet.  Speeilie.ally— («)  A 
l)l;Litiii  lianil  of  hair,  whether  twined  around  the  head  or 
bunging  liebind.  (b)  A  narrow  textile  b.and  or  tape,  formed 
by  plaiting  or  weaving  together  several  strands  of  silk, 
(!otton,  wool,  or  other  material,  used  as  trinnning  for  gar- 
ments, for  stay-laces,  etc.  (c)  Straw  or  other  similar  ma- 
terial plaited  into  bands  for  use  in  making  bonnets  or  hats. 

6.  A  wicker  guard  for  protecting  trees  newly 
grafted.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —in  a  braidt,  at  a  braidt, 
in  ;i  moment;  on  the  instant.     Itom.  of  tt/f  linsr. 

braid^t  (brad),  fl.  [An  adj.  use  of  braid^,  n.,  4, 
deceit.]     Deceitful;  crafty. 

Since  Frenchmen  are  so  braid. 
Marry  that  will,  I  live  and  die  a  maid. 

Shale.,  All's  Well,  iv.  2. 

braid^  (brad),  a.    Broad.     [Scotch.] 
braid-bonnet  (brad'bon''''et),  n.    Same  as  bun- 

tirt-piecr. 
braid-comb  (brad'kom),  «.    A  back  eomb  for  a 

woniiin's  hair. 

braider  (lu-a'der),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
braids;  specifically,  an  attachment  to  a  sew- 
ing-machine for  guiding  a  braid  which  is  to  be 
sewed  on  or  into  the  work. 

braiding  (bra'tling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  liniiiO. 
I'.]  1.  The  act  of  making  or  attaching  braids. 
—  2.  Braids  collectively. 

A  gentleman  enveloped   in   niustachios,  whiskers,  ftir 
collars,  and  braiding.  Tltaclicray. 


brain 

braiding-machine  (bra'ding-nia-shen"),  n.  1. 
.\  ijiiicliiiii'  for  weaving  braiil,  or  for  covering 
tubes,  corils,  or  wires  with  a  Hat  or  round 
plidting. —  2.  A  machine  for  sewing  braid  upon 
it  fabric  ;  a  braider. 

braidism  (bra'dizm),  II.  [From  .Tames  Braid 
of  .Manchester,  Eng.,  who  published  his  inves- 
tigations in  1843.]     Hyjjuotism  (which  see). 

braidist  (bra'dist),  n.  [As  braid-ism  +  -ist.'] 
A  hypnotist  or  hypnotizor. 

Braid's  squint.    See  .iquiut. 

braik  (biak),  «.     A  Scotch  spelling  of  brake^. 

brail  (liral),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brayle,  < 
ME.  brai/lr,  <  OF.  braiil,  braial,  braioel,  braoici, 
braieul,  a  cincture,  orig.  for  fastening  breeches 
(cf.  brujictte,  mod.  F.  brinjette,  the  flap  of  trou- 
sers), <  braie  (>  E.  brai/\  cj.  v.),  <  L.  braae, 
breeches:  see  bracw,  breech .]  1.  AV(k/.,  one  of 
certain  ropes  made  fast  to  the  after-leech  of  a 


Sail  set.  Sail  brailed  up. 

rt,  peak-brail :  6,  throat.brail :  c.  lower  brail. 

iore-and-aft  sail,  and  led  through  blocks  on  the 
mast  or  gaff  down  to  the  deck,  to  assist  in  tak- 
ing in  the  sail ;  a  rope  made  fast  to  the  head  of 
a  jib  for  a  similar  purpose. 

The  brails  were  hauled  up,  and  all  the  light  hands  in 
the  starboard  watch  sent  out  on  the  gatf  to  pass  the  gas- 
kets. R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  257. 

2.  la  falconnj :  {a)  A  piece  of  leather  used  to 
bind  up  a  hawk's  wing.  (6)  [<  F.  iiroycM?,  "the 
parts  or  feathers  about  the  Hanks  fimdament, 
called  by  our  falconers  the  braiil  in  a  short- 
■winged  and  the  pannel  in  a  long--n-inged  hauk" 
(Cotgrave).]  The  mass  of  feathers  about  a 
hawk's  fundament;  the  crissum  of  a  falcon, 
brail  (bral),  !'.  <.  l<brail,  11.']  1.  To  fasten  up 
(the  ■wings  of  a  bird). — 2.  Xant.,  to  haul  in  by 
means  of  the  brails :  usually  followed  by  iqi. 

These  trades  lasted  nearly  all  the  way  ...  to  the  line ; 
blowing  steadily  on  our  starboard  quarter  for  three  weeks, 
without  our  starting  a  brace,  or  even  brailinp  down  the 
skysails.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  341. 

brain  (bran),  n.  [<  ME.  brain,  brein,  brayne, 
earlier  bragen,  <  AS.  brccgen,  bregen,  bra'gn  = 
OFries.  brein  =  MD.  breghen,  breghe,  D.  brcin 
=  MLG.  bregen,  bragen,  LG.  brdgen,  bregen, 
brain;  not  in  G.  or  Scand. ;  root  unkno'n'n.]    1. 


Side  view  of  Human  Brain  and  upper  part  of  Spinal  Cord,  the  skull 
and  other  coverings  being  removed. 
(*.  C,  C,  cerebrum,  or  brain  proper,  showing  Uic  convoluted  surface 
of  the  right  cerebral  hemisphere  ;  C*.  cerebellum,  or  little  brain  — 
the  striated  surface  of  its  right  half;  .V<7*.  medulla  oblongat.i ;  N. 
the  spinal  cord  with  beginnings  of  the  spinal  ner^'ta  ;  B,  body  of  sixth 
cervical  vertebra ;  SJ^,  its  neural  spine,  or  spinous  process. 

In  anat.,  the  soft  grayish  and  whitish  mass  fill- 
ing the  cranial  ca\ity  of  a  vertebrate,  consist- 
ing of  ganglionic  nei-ve-cells  and  nerve-fibers, 
with  the  requisite  susteutaeular  and  vascular 


/*,  frontal  lobe  of  LCicbrum  ;  ft.  tempor.il 
lohe  of  same,  separated  from  A  by  the  Syl- 
vian fissure;  CL,  corpus  callostirii  —  its  fore 
end;  Ct>,  cerebellum;  J/,  nieiliilla  oblonga- 
ta ;  P.  uituitary  body  ;  /,  olfactory  "  nerve  " 
(so  called—  rather  olfactory  lobe,  or  rhinen- 
ccphalonj  ;  //.  optic  nerve,  after  decussa- 
tion with  its  fellow  at  the  chiasm  ;  ///,  motor- 
oculi  nerve;  //'',  pathetic  nerve;  K,  trigemi- 
nal-trifacial nerve  ;  /'/.abducent nerve;  A'//, 
facial  nerve ;  / '///.  auditory  nerve ;  l-V, 
^,'I'issopharyngeal  nerve;  .V,  pneumogastric 
ULTve :  .\'/,  spinal  accessory  nerve;  Xff, 
hy|>ogl'>i.sal  nerve.  The  rounded  masses 
near  ///  are  the  corpora  albicantia ;  VI  rests 
upon  Uic  pons  Varolii. 


brain 

tiss<ic ;  tho  rni'ophaloii  (wliioli  soo) ;  the  part  of 
the  C('rcbros|iiiial  axis  wliieh  is  eontaiiie<l  in 
the  cranium,  it  is  ilividtil  l.y  ainituniists  iiitci  (1) 
the  prosencephalon,  cunipritiilig  the  fiTL-hrul  hemispheres 

(nl-  latenil   halves 
of  the  ecrchnim) 
with  the  olfactory 
litltes  ;  (2)  the  Iha- 
laiiieneephalon, 
rf)mprisiily       the 
thiilunii        optiei, 
ami     other    parts 
about    the     third 
viiitrii'le;  n)  the 
ttii'sr  ncejfhaloit, 
coiniirisiTiK        the 
parts     about    the 
Syhian  aijueduet, 
corpora      ijuadri- 
Kemina  above  and 
crura  cerebri   be- 
low :    (4)   the  ep- 
.  tiri'i>/talitiiy    coni- 
prisiti;;    the  ccre- 
bcllnni   and   pons 
\'arolii;  antl{ri)tlie 
itotturi-phalon   or 
lut'dulla    oblniifja- 
^«,  extending  from 
the    pons    to  the 
foramen  ma^'iium. 
The  proseneeplia- 
Ion  is  now  usually 
divided    into    the 
rhintinci'pjtaloii,  or 
olfactory       lobes, 
and  prosencepha- 
lon proper.     The 
thahunencei)halon 
is  also  called  dien- 
cephaton.  By  Hux- 
ley and  others  the  epencephalon  of  the  above  nomencla- 
ture is  tailed  iiiilni.crj}holoii.  and  the  next  segment  (the 
llflh)  is  tlieu  nanud   miirti-m-'-iihalon.     Common  English 
ei|Uivaleutsof  the  aliove  five  seynientsare/orefrraill,  'tifiv.n- 
bniiii,    inidlintiii.    lundbraiti,  and  aflerhrain;  these  are 
terms  translated  directly  from  the  nomenclature  of  the 
(■eriiian  anatomists,   who  call  them  respectively  I'ordcr- 
birii,  ziviM-li'''ihii-u,  luiltdhini,  Inuti:riiini,  and  nachhirn. 
Hai-ckrl  r'alls  them  pr'itnpsiirln',  di:iittips;ft:h>-,  )ib-si>ji.^if<-li<\ 
■itu'tuiiKiirhr,  and  'pi/i.^iif/ir.     These  live  setrnietlts  are  lun- 
ilanuiitally  distimt,  and  correspond  embryolot;ieally  to 
as  many  cerebral  vesicles  or  brain-bladders  which  arise 
from  three  |iriniitivo  vesicles  by  subdivision.     The  sim- 
plest and  a  common  division  of  the  brain  is  into  the  ce- 
rebrum or  lirain  iirojiir,  the  errehflhriii  or  little  brain,  the 
imnx  rreroiii,  and  the  iiirdulhi.  oU,ni;mta.    (See  cuts  under 
Ci'i-rlirid  and  corpus.)     The  human  brain  is  distinguished 
for  tbc  relatively  enormous  size  and  surface-eomidexity  of 
the  cerebrum  or  prosencephalon,  which  completely  covers 
the  cerebellum  and  olfaet<iry   lobes,   ami  is  marked  by 
many  diep  fissures  or  sulci  separatiuR  (ryin  or  convolu- 
tions.  The  eerebrum  is  divided  into  right  and  left  halves, 
or  cerebral  hemispheres,  connected  by  the  great  trans- 
verse commissure  or  corpus  callosum.     Each  hemisphere 
is  divided  into  three  primary  lobes,  frontal,  parietal,  and 
occipital,  and  many  more  detailed  subdivisions  of  its  sur- 
face are  recognized.     The  interior  of  the  brain  (which  is 
primitively  hollow)  is  traversed  in  the  adult  by  a  set  or 
system  of  connected  cavities  known  as  ventricles  or  ca-lixe. 
The  first  and  second  of  these  are  the  right  and  left  ven- 
tricles of  the  heiyispheres,  or  procceticv  :  the  third  is  the 
diaeivlia;  the  fourth  is  the  rpica'tia  :  passages  eonneeting 
these  are  the  foramina  of  Mom-o  ami  the  aipu'dnet  of  Syl- 
vius.  The  brain  and  adjoinin;;  portions  of  the  spinal  conl 
pive  rise  to  12  pairs  of  nerves,   called  cranial  nerves  he- 
cause  they  emerge  from  foramina  in  the  base  of  the  skull. 
(See  cranitd.)    Brain-substance  is  of  two  kinds,  gray  gan- 
glionic or  cellular  nerve-tissue,  and  white  commissural  or 
flbrous  nerve-tissue.    The  gray  matter  which  invests  the 
cerebrum  and  cerebellum  is  also  called  the  cortical  sub- 
stance, in  distinction  from  the  white  or  medullary  sub- 
stance of  the  interior.     A  brain  is  in  fact  a  collection  of 
gray  ganglia  united  l)y  white  commissures.     Besides  the 
cortex,  there  are  several  ganglia  or  collections  of  gray 
matter  in  the  interior,  as  the  corpora  striata,  the  optic 
thalami,  the  optic  lobes  or  corpora  <iuadrigemina,  the  cor- 
poni  dentata  of  the  cerebellum,  and  the  eorpm-a  olivaria  of 
the  medulla  oblongata.    (::onnecte<l  with  the  brain  are  two 
non-nervous  structures,  the  conarium  or  epiphysis  cerebri 
and  the  pituitary  body  or  hypophysis  cerebri.     The  brain 
is  covered  by  three  membranes  or  vifninites,  of  which 
the  external  is  the  dura  mater,  the  midiUe  the  arachnoid, 
and  the  inner  the  pia  mater.    Most  mammals  have  a  brain 
like  that  of  man,  but  in  descending  the  nnrmmalian  scale 
the  cerebrum  becomes  relatively  smaller  and  has  fewer 
if  any  convolutions,  tho  corpus  callosum  becomes  rudi- 
mentary, and  the  olfactory  lobes  enlarge.    (See  cuts  under 
ffi/ruji  and  sulcus.)    In  the  brain  of  birds  the  hemispheres 
are  smooth,  there  is  no  corjins  callosum  or  pons  Varolii, 
and  the  optic  lobes  are  of  iunuense  size.    There  is  no  brain 
in  the  lowest  vertebrate,  Amphioxus.    The  average  weight 
of  the  brain  in  .adult  males  of  the  European  type  is  about 
1,400  grams  (49.5  otinces) ;  in  women  about  1,2.W  grams 
(44  oimces).    The  brain  is  in  its  highest  activity  the  organ 
of  consciousness  or  miml,  and  its  general  function  is  that 
of  furnishing  the  most  complex  and  extensive  outgoing 
stimulation  of  muscles  and  other  active  tissues  as  a  re- 
sponse, more  or  less  immeiliate,  to  the  most  complex  and 
extensive  incoming  sensory  stinuilation.     With  functions 
of  this  high  degree  of  complexity  are  associated  in  some 
parts  mm-h  simidcr  fnnetituis  resembling  those  of  the  spi- 
n.al  cord.     The  cortex  of  the  eerebr.il  hemisiilieres  is  the 
ptu'tion  of  tho  brain  in  which  the  most  complex  coordina- 
tions seem  to  be  etfecte.l,  .ami  which  is  most  dii-ectly  in- 
volved in  mental  acts.     Certain  iiarts  of  the  cortex  are. 
however,  peculiarly  related  to  certain  sjjecial  incoming  or 
outgoing  stimulations,  and  are  called  sensory  or  motor 
centers.   (See  cerebral,  and  cerebral  localization,  under  (o- 
calization.)    The  corpus  striatum  is  usually  regarded  as 
especially  concerned  with  stimulations  passing  downward, 
and  the  optic  thalamus  with  those  passing  upward ;  among 
42 


667 


braird 


the  latter,  those  of  sight  arc  connected  with  the  hinder  brain-fever  (hran'fe'ver),  ».     Inflammation  of 

jiart  of  the  thalanni.s.    The  nates  arc  involved  in  the  sight-     t],,,  brain:  iihrcnitis-  meniucitis. 
function,  and  the  testes  seem  to  have  close  relations  with  ,,,-,•__„    /i,,,i„;-,     ,.     ;   .   ,,,.„.    .,,,,1  „„    h,„i,.ni.M 
the  stimuli  entering  by  the  auditory  nerve.    The  eerebel-  brainge    (bian,]),     .   (.  ,  pict.  ami  pp.  huiinged, 
Inm  is  concerned  with  the  coordination  of  muscular  eon-     ppr.  hriiiiiyiiif/.    [Ciinnoeteil  with  bramydl,  rush 
tractions  in  the  carrying  out  of  voluntary  .actions,  while     headlong;  as  a  noun,  rushing  headlong,  doing 
the  medulla  oblongata  contains  a  large  number  of  laiiters     jj„ytljiug  carelessly;    origin   obscure.]      To  do 
for  comparativi'lv  snnple  functifins,  as  vasomotor  action,  ^     .,  ■  ■   -i  i     i         •     n  •   ii 
cardiac  action,  respiration,  deglutition,  etc.    (See  also  cut     something    noisily   anil    hnmedly,    especially 
under  .(icyz/Ki/..)!.)    From  its  complexity,  the  brain  is  usu-     through  anger.     Burns.     [Scotch.] 
ally  spoken  of  in  the  plural  in  certain  relations:  as,  to  heat  ^j-a^jjjigJl    (bra'nish),    a.       [<    hraill    +    -i«/jl.] 
■ "' '        ' "' "                                                 Ili'uil.stfong;   passionate;  also,    perhaps,   un- 
real; brain-sick.     [Kare.] 

In  his  bralnisli  apprehension,  kills 
The  unseen  good  old  num.         Skak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  1. 

brainless  (brau'les),  «.     [<  Mi;.  hruMcH  (=D. 
hriiiiloiin) ;  <  brain  +  -fcw.]    Weak  in  tho  brain ; 


out  or  to  rack  one's  brains. 

2.  In  cntom.,  the  iirincipal  ganglion  of  the  ner- 
vous system,  situated  in  the  head,  over  tho 
esophagus,  and  formed  l)y  tho  coalescence  of 
several  supra-osophiigeal  ganglia.  The  m}rves  of 
the  eyes  and  antemuc  are  directly  coimeeted  with  it,  and 
It  gives  off  two  iiiferi.>r  branches  which  surrmnul  the 
c.so|diagU3  and  unite  beneath  in  the  subesophageal  gan- 
glion. Somctinn-s  this  ganglion  is  regardeil  as  a  part  of 
the  brain,  being  .listinguislied  .as  the  ■■.■/•.7,,'Hh/<i,  while  the 
pritu-ipal  <pr  upper  ganglion  is  called  the  eerel/nmi. 

3.  The  same  or  a  eoiTesponding  iiortion  of  the 
nervous  system  in  many  other  invertebrates. — 

4.  Understanding;  intellectual  power;  fancy 


witless:  stni)id:  as,  "the  dull  brainless  Ajax," 
SIkiI.:,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
brainlessness  (bran'les-nes),  «.     The  state  of 
being  brainless;  lack  of  sense;  stuijidity. 

Where  indidencc  in-  brainlessness  has  bl'ought  about  a 
perverse  .satisfaction.  The  American,  VIl.  283. 


magination:  commonly  in  theplui'al:  as,  a  brain-maggOt  (brau'mag"ot),>i.  Same  as  fcram- 
man  of  ftrawts;  "my  irajH  is  too  dull,"  AS'ratt.        »'/i/»,  1.  ,,,,-„    ,      . 

,      ,  ,  ,.     .   ,  •  brainpan   (bran  pan),  n.      [<  ME.  hramnannc 

«od  will  be  w„,-sh,pped  and  served  accoivamg  to  h,s  pre-  "(';^' J'l.,^.;^^";  brcinpanm   =   MLG.   brc,,e. 


script  word,  and  not  according  to  the  brai\ 

Abp.  Saiulys,  Sermons,  fol.  128  b. 

The  poison  and  the  dagger  are  still  at  hand  to  butcher 
a  hero,  when  a  poet  wants  the  bravtis  t<t  save  him. 

Dryden,  I'ref.  to  Dcui  Sebastian. 

To  beat  or  cudgel  one's  brains,  to  try  earnestly  to  re- 
call or  tliiiiknf  something,  or  to  concentrate  one's  attention 
ami  thought  ujMiTt  it :  as,  he  beat  his  brains  for  a  simile. 

Cudgel  thy  brains  no  moi-e  about  it ;  for  your  dull  ass 
will  imt  mend  his  pace  with  beating.    Shale.,  Handet,  v.  I. 

To  have  (something)  on  the  brain,  to  be  extremely  in- 
teresteil  in  or  eager  about  soTnctliing;  l)e  over-persistent 
and  zealous  in  promoting  sonu;  scheme  or  movement 


cnpannc, 
L(j.  bra/;enj)anne);  <  brain  +  j)an.  Cf.  e(|uiv. 
AS.  hetifodpanne,  the  skull,  lit.  'head-pan.'] 
That  part  of  the  skull  which  incloses  the  brain ; 
the  cranium. 
My  brain-pan  had  been  cleft  with  a  brown  bill. 

Shale.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  10. 

I  lejuiit  more  from  her  in  a  tl.a.sh. 
Than  if  my  brainpan  were  an  empty  hull 
And  every  iluse  tumbled  a  science  in. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

brain-racking  (bran'rak'"ing),  a.    Harassing; 

perplexing. 


to  ham  reform  on  fAc  brain.    [Colloi|.l— 'Water  ou  the  hrain-sand  (bran'sand),  n.    In  anat.,  the  earthy 


brain,  dropsy  of  the  brain  ;  hydroee]ihalus. 
brain  (bran),  ji.  t.     [<  ME.  braincn,  dash  out  the 
brains;  from  the  noun.]     1.  To  dash  out  the 
brains  of;  kill  by  beating  in  the  skull. 
There  thou  nmst  brain  hini.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  2. 

When  Uncas  had  brained  his  first  anLagonist,  he  turned 
like  a  hungry  lion  to  seek  another. 

Cooper,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  xu. 

2.    Figuratively,    to    destroy;   defeat;    balk; 

thwart.     [Bare.] 

It  was  the  swift  celerity  of  his  death  .  .  . 

tihak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1 


jiarticles  found  in  the  conarium  or  pineal 
gland,  forming  the  so-callod  iii-irrulu.t  cerebri. 
They  are  minute  accretions  of  calcium  carlionate,  calcium 
pbosldiate,  and  magnesium  phttsltliate,  with  some  animal 
substance. 

brain-sick   (bran'sik),   a.      Disordered  in  the 
undei'.standing ;  fantastic;  crotchety;  crazed. 
IJuicke  wittes  also  be,  in  most  part  of  .all  their  doinges, 
oner  quicke,  hastie,  rashe,  lieailie,  ami  brainsicke. 

Aseham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  :13. 

We  have  already  sufTcred  from  the  misconstrm-tions 

antl  broils  which  seetn  to  follow  this  poor  brain-sick  lady 

wherever  she  comes.  Scott,  Keldlworth,  11.  xviii. 


That  ^r(n'»'(f  my  purpose.      .  .- ,--.--      -,  _,  . 

3t.  To  get  into  the  brain;  conceive;  under-  brainsickly  (bran  sik-li),  adv.     Fantastically; 

stand.     [Kare.]  •"'^^ly-     ,       ,      ,  .,...,,,„.„ 

■m.     .  ,>      1  1...  „,.»i.  .t..<T  oo  n^orini.,11  Y ou  do  uubeiid  youmoble  strcngth,  to  thuiK 

Tis  still  a  dream;  or  else  such  stuff  as  madmen  ^_^  brain-siekly  of  things.  Sh%k.,  JLacbeth,  il.  2. 

brain-sickness  (bran'sik-nes),  Ji.    Disorder  of 
tliobvaiii:  insanity.     Holhind. 

n.     See  brain-coral. 
brainstone-coral  (bran'ston-kor'al),  «.     Same 


Tongue,  aiul  brain  not.  Shak.,  Cymbelilie,  v.  4. 

brain-bladder  (bran'blad'''6r),  n.     In  embryo}., 
a  cerebral  vesicle ;   one  of  the  hollow  dilated  ,^^.      .„„.  /K,.n„'<.io„\ 
portions  of  the  brain  of  any  embryonic  crania,  bra  ns  one  (bi=u     U,n) 


vertebrate. 

In  all  Skulled  Animals,  from  the  Cyclostomi  to  llan. 
the  same  ptirts,  although  in  very  various  forms,  develop 
from  these  Hve  original  brain-bladders. 

Ilaeckel,  Evol.  of  M.an  (trans.),  II.  220. 

brain-box  (bran'boks),  «.   The  cranium  proper; 

tho  cranial  part  of  the  whole  skull,  containing 

the  brain,  as  distinguished  from  the  facial  parts 

of  the  same. 
brain-case  (bran'kas),  «.     Same  as  brain-box. 
brain-cavity  (bran'kav"i-ti),  H.     1.  One  of  the 

ventricles  of  the  brain.— 2.  The  interior  of  the 

cranium  or  skull,  containing  the  brain. 
brain-coral  (bran'kor  "al),   n.      The  popular 

name  of  coral  of  the  genus  Meeindrina :  so  called 

because       it 


resembles  in 
its  superfi- 
cial appear- 
ance the  eon- 
volutions  of 
tho  human 
brain.  The  ge- 
nus is  of  tlic 
family  iVcrt/irfW- 
7iid(e,  belong- 
ing to  the  apo- 
rose  division  of 
stone-corals.  ALso  called  brainstone  and  hrainstone-corat . 
brained  (brand),  a.  [<  brain  +  -ed'^.'[  1.  Fur- 
nished ■with  brains :  used  chiefly  in  composi- 
tion: as,  crack-?)r(»»«/ ,■  harebrained. 

If  the  other  two  he  brained  like  us.  the  state  totters. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  2. 

2.  [Pp.  of  fcrniw,  1'.]  Having  the  brains  knocked 
or  dashed  out;  killed  by  a  blow  which  breaks 
the  skull. 
brain-fag  (briin'fag),  n.     Mental  fatigue  or  ex- 
haustion, as  from  overwork. 

In  states  of  extreme  brain-fag  the  horizon  is  narrowed 
almost  to  the  passing  word.  Jf  iluf,  IX.  17. 


Brain-coral  {Mfctndrina  certbri/jrtnts). 


as  braiii-ciiral. 
brain-throb   (bran'throb),   «.     The  throbbing 

of  the  brain. 
brain'ward  (bran'wiird),  adr.  and  a.     Toward 
or  tending  toward  the  brain. 

If,  from  any  cause,  there  is  excessive  brainward  deter- 
mination of  the  blood,  the  pleth(U-a  of  the  cajiillaries  gives 
rise  to  increased  mental  excitement. 

Huxley  and  Voutnans,  Physiol.,  §  40'.>. 

brain-wave  (bran'wiiv),  n.  A  so-called  tele- 
patliic  viljration  supposed  to  be  concerned 
in  the  transference  of  a  thought  from  one  mind 
to  another  by  other  than  jihysical  means  of 
commuiiiciition. 

Such  expressions  as  brain-wave  (Knowles),  mentiferous 
ether  (Maiiilsley),  .  .  .  testify  to  this  natural  though  pre- 
mature desire  to  ticket  or  identify  a  force  which  .  .  . 
cannot  at  present  be  correlated  with  nen-e-force. 

I'me.  .S'lic.  Psych,  nesearch,  Oct.,  ISSH,  p.  178. 

brain-'WOrk  (bran'werk),  ».  Intellectual  labor ; 
(•(■rcliratiiiii. 

brain-'WOrm  (bran'w^rm),  n.  1.  A  woi-m  in- 
festing or  supposed  to  infest  the  brain.  Also 
called  brain-maggot. —  2.  The  vermis  of  the 
cerebellum. 

brainy  (bra'ui),  a.  [<  brain  +  -)/l.]  Having 
a  good  brain;  intelligent;  shai-p-witted ;  quick 
of  coniprohension. 

braird  (brard),  n.  [In  sense  <  AS.  brord,  a 
point,  bhulo  of  gj-ass  (see  brad) ;  but  the  form 
depends  rather  upon  ME.  brcrd,  <  AS.  brerd, 
brcord,  ONorth.  breard,  edge,  brink,  =  OHG. 
brort,  edge,  eti-. ;  prob.  connected  with  AS. 
brord.  a  [loint.]  A  grain-crop  when  it  fii-st 
makes  its  appearance  above  gi'ound.  [Scotch.] 
The  braird  of  the  l.ord.  that  begins  to  rise  so  green  in 
the  land,  will  grow  in  peace  to  a  plentiful  harvest.     Oall. 

braird  (brard),  r.  /.  [<  braird,  m.]  To  spring 
up,  as  seeds:  shoot  forth  from  the  earth,  as 
grain;  germinate.     [Scotch.] 


brairo 

brairo  (bra'ro),  II.  [A  I'orriiptioii  of  V.  hliiircaii, 
liMili.'!!-.]  A  Cauadiiiii  French  naino  of  !lir 
Aiiiivican  bailger,  Tuxiiieii  aiiirricitiia. 

braise',  c  ami  «.     See  braize'^. 

braise-',  "■    s^i'''  hniKi-. 

brais6,  brais6e  (lini-za').  «.     [F.]     Braized. 

braiser,  "•    i^ic  linii:ir. 

brait  (ln'iit),  «.  [Origin  unknown.]  Among  jew- 
eli'i's.  a  rou;;li  dianionil. 

braize',  braise'  (braz),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
hiinsrtl.  ppr.  hiiii::iii<j.  [<  F.  hrai^fr,  cook  over 
live  coals,  <  hriiixc  =  Pr.  hnma  =  Sp.  bi<isa  = 
Pg.  I>in::<i  =  It.  hrariii.  bnixcia,  biugia,  etc., 
live  coals,  embere  (cf.  F.  brascr,  solder;  OF. 
and  F.  ciii-hrascr,  OF.  cs-braxci;  a-brtiser  =  Pr. 
ciii-hriuirr  =  Up.  a-hra.iar  =  Pg.  a-bra:nr  =  It. 
ah-brnciarc,  etc.,  set  on  fire);  of  Scaud.  origin: 
<  Dan.  briiae,  fry,  =  Sw.  brnsa,  flame,  =  Icel. 
bra.iii,  harden  by  fire  :  see  briiss'^  and  br(i:icr'^.'\ 
To  eook  (meat )  by  stewing  in  a  thick  rich  gravy 
with  vegetables,  etc.,  and  then  slowly  baking. 

braizei,  braise'  (braz),  «.  [<  braizc^^,  v.']  In 
VDohri/,  braized  meat. 

braize'-^  (braz),  «.  [Also  braise;  perhaps  akin  to 
harsc,  bnss^,  and  brcaiiA,  q.  v.]  1 .  An  acanthop- 
terygian  fish  of  the  genns  I'tif/nis.  I',  ruhiaris, 
of  the  family  Sparidw,  found  iu  British  seas. 
Also  called  bccl-cr. —  2.  A  local  Scotch  name 
of  the  roach.     Also  bra:c. 

braize''  (braz),  «.  [A  var.  of  breeze^.l  The 
dust  of  charcoal  which  accumulates  around 
the  fui-naee  of  charcoal-works ;  coal-dust. 

The  dust  or  braize  of  the  Philailelphia  coal-yards  is 
sohl  for  use  in  fire-boxes  [of  locomotivesl  of  suitable  con- 
struction. Encijc.  Brit.,  XVIU.  601. 

braizer,  braiser  (bra'zer),  n.  [<  braize^,  braisel, 
+  -f)l.]  A  covered  pot,  stew-pan,  or  kettle 
used  iu  braizing. 
braizing-pan  (hra'zing-pan),  «.  A  small  cov- 
ered pan  or  air-tight  oven  in  which  meat  is 
braized. 
brakel  (brak).     Obsolete  or  archaic  preterit  of 

bicak. 
brake^  (brak),  «.     [Var.  spelling  of  break :  cf. 
brack^  and  brake'^.']     If.  A  break;  brack;  flaw. 
The  slighter  brakrs  of  our  reformed  iluse. 

Webster,  Works,  iv.  141.  UlalUieell.) 
2.  A  mechanical  device  for  arresting  the  mo- 
tion of  a  vehicle :  now  usually  classed  with 
brakcS.  See  brakc^,  «.,  9. 
brake-f  (brak),  v.  [<  ME.  brakcii  (=  D.  braken), 
vomit,  a  secondary  form  of  brekeii,  E.  break  = 
G.  Iinrlicn,  break,  vomit :  see  break,  and  cf. 
parbrake.]     I.  iiitraiis.  To  vomit. 

Bralciin  orcastyn,  orspewe,  vonio.   Prompt.  Parr.,  p.  47. 
And  ils  an  hounde  that  et  gras  so  gan  ich  to  brake. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  vii.  430. 

n.  trails.  To  vomit ;  cast  up. 

The  whal  ...  a  warth  fyndez 

There  he  brafcez  vp  the  bu>Tne  [man,  sc.  Jonah]. 

Alliterative  Poemg  (ed.  Morris),  1.  3339. 
brake-*  (brak),  n.  [<  ME.  brake,  an  instrument 
for  breaking  flax,  also  a  name  for  other  me- 
chanical contrivances ;  not  found  in  AS.,  but 
prob.  of  LG.  origin :  MLG.  LG.  brake  =  MI). 
braeckc,  D.  braak  (rlas-braak,  flax-brake)  =  Sw. 
brfika  {liii-brdka,  flax-brake)  z=  Dan.  brage,  a 
brake  (cf.  OD.  brake,  a  clog  for  the  neck,"MD. 
braecke,  biriake.  an  instrument  for  holding  by 
the  nose  ;  cf.  OHG.  breclia,  MH(4.  G.  brechc,  a 
brake) ;  <  MLG.  LG.  D.,  etc.,  brekeii  =G.  hreclien 
=  AS.  brcean,  E.  break,  q.  v.  BrakeS  is  thus 
practically  equiv.  to  break,  «.,  of  which,  in 
some  recent  uses,  it  is  only  a  different  spelling, 
conformed  to  the  older  word.]  1.  A  tool  or 
machine  for  breaking  up  the  woody  portion  of 
flax,  to  loosen  it  from  the  harl  or" fibers.— 2. 
The  handle  or  lever  by  which  a  pump  is  worked. 
—  3.  A  bakers' kueadlng-machine. — 4.  A  sharp 
bit  or  snaffle :  as,  "  a  snaffle  bit  or  brake,"  Ga.i- 
coiffiic,  Steele  Glas.—  5.  An  apparatus  for  con- 
fining refractory  horses  while  being  sho<l.— 6. 
A  medieval  engine  of  war  analogous  to  the  bal- 
lista. 

Yet  ceased  not  cyther  the  brah's  or  scorpions,  whereof 
these  liischarged  stones  thicke,  the  other  sent  out  darts 
**  'i>st.  lloUand,  tr.  of  .■Vmmianus,  xx.  8. 

They  view  the  iron  rams,  the  brakes,  and  slings. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Ta.sso. 
7.  A  large  heavy  harrow  for  breaking  clods 
after  plowing.  Also  called  draq.—S.  A  kind 
of  wagonette.  A  large  and  hea\'\-  variety  of 
this  vehicle  is  used  for  breaking  in  yo"ung 
horses  to  harness.— 9.  Anv  mecluiuical  device 
for  arresting  or  retarding  the  motion  of  a  ve- 
hicle or  car  by  means  of  friction.  The  most  .oiii 
mon  form  is  that  of  curved  wooden  cjr  iron  shoes  pressed 
against  tile  rims  of  the  wheels.  In  this  sense  sometimes 
spelled  break.    Sec  air-brake. 


658 


bramble 


/"'v//'.|  A  ['.•rn-l)rake. 
brake-hanger  ( bri"ik'hang''<T),  ii.  A  link  or  bar 
liy  uliirli  biakc-beams  and  their  attachments 
an-  susjicnded  I'roiii  a  Iruck-franic  or  car-body. 
Car-IiuH(ier\  IHrl.  Parallel  brake-hanger,  a  bar 
or  link  so  attached  to  a  brakc-lieam  nii  to  maintain  the 
brake-head  and  brake-shoe  in  the  same  relative  positions 
whirl  till-  brakes  are  released,  thus  preventing  the  lirake- 
liois  fr.iiii  striking  against  the  wheel. 


10.  The  fore  part  of  a  can-iage,  by  which  it  brakebusht,  ".  [MK-  brakebiixlie ;  <  brake^  + 
is  turned. —  II.  A  basket-makers'  tool  foi 
^tri|)ping  the  bark  from  willow  wands. — 12t. 
An  old  instrument  of  torture.  Also  called  the 
Diikc  of  Exeter's  (liiii(/lit(r.  Automatic  brake,  a 
brake  which  acts  nif<li;iTiii:dly  uiidtr  certain  circum- 
stances, as  on  a  railroiid-lrain  ulicri  <nie  car  bcconies  de- 
tached from  the  rest.— Block-brake,  a  brake  used  in 
retarding  a  moving  jiart  by  ttic  pressure  upon  it  of  a  sta- 
tionary iilock.—  Compressed-air  brake.   See  air-imike. 

Continuous  brake,  a  series  of  car  brakes,  so  arrangerl  i,-„irQ  >,ao,l  n.,.,iir'i.«,i  i    .         k     •  c  i 

tliat  all  .ail  be  c.ntrnlle.l  fn.m  some  one  point  on  the  Drake-liead  (brak  lied),  H.  A  piece  of  wood  or 
train.  See  «i> //rate.  Double-lever  brake,  a  brake  on  """  iasteiied  to  a  brake-beam  and  bearing 
a  car-truck  or  four-wheeled  car,  having  two  levers  so  ar-  agauist  the  wheels,  forming  both  a  brake-block 
ranged  that  the  pressure  on  the  two  sets  of  shoes  will  he     jm,!  a  lirake-shoe 

equal.  — Single-lever  brake,  a  brake  which  has  but  a   u^ob-n  1,»„„„^  l\.'-^  '\        // a  \  r/  j.      i    i    i 

single  lever,  to  which  the  forie  is  applied.   The  fulerun.    DraKe-nopper  (brak    hop"<>r),  ii.     [<  brake*  + 

l((i)ilier.]  A  name  foi-  the  gi'asshopper-warbler, 
.•<!/hi(i  toeii.slrlhi.  or  Locii.itcll<i  mcvia.  Muegil- 
lirrai/.  [Local,  British.] 
brakeman  (brak'man),  H. ;  pi.  brakeiiieii  (-men). 
1.  A  man  whose  business  is  to  apply  the  brakes 
on  a  railroad-train  which  are  operated  by  hand. 
— 2.  In  wKHiHc/,  the  man  in  charge  of  the  wind- 
ing-engine. 

Sometimes  spelled  breakman,  and  in  Great 
Britain  often  called  hrakesiiiaii. 
brakent,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  braekeii. 
brake-shaft   (brak 'shaft),  ».      The  shaft  on 
which  is  wound  the  chain  by 
which  the  power  of  a  car-brake 
operated  liy  hand  is  applied  to 
the  wheels. 

brake-shoe  (brak'sho),  «.  A 
piece  of  wood  or  metal  fitted 
to  a  brake-block,  or  forming 
one  piece  with  it,  and  ser\-ing 
as  a  rubber  to  retard,  by  fric- 
tion with  the  wheel-tread  or 
-tire,  the  movement  of  a  wheel. 
—  Brake-shoe  valve,  in  an  air-  or  "■"' 

vacuum-brake,  a  valve  so  arranged  as  to  relieve  the  pres- 
sure upon  the  wheel  when  it  becomes  too  great. 

man),    h.  ;    pi.    brakesmen 


Plan. 

Single-lever  Car-brake. 

The  single  lever  F.  pivoted  at  mid-length,  is  operated  by  chains 

and  rods  from  the  brake-wheel  on  either  platfonn.     To  the  lever  are 

attached  rods  G.  H,  proceeding  to  the  Wake-bars  which  carry  the 

shoes- 

of  the  lever  is  upon  one  brake-beam,  and  from  its  shorter 
ann  a  rod  extends  to  the  brake-beam  of  the  other  pair  of 
wheels  of  the  same  truck.— To  bleed  the  brakes  See 
Heed. 

brake^  (brak).  c.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  braked,  ppr. 
braking.     [=  MLG.  LG.  D.  braken  ( >  F.  braqiier) 


=  Sw.  br&ka  =  Dan.  braqe,  brake;  from  the  C"^r2'Z"^,^-Z' 
noun.   CL  break,  V.-]    If.  To  crack  or  break  (the  ''ff,^,f,™*?J^™^  ™^' 
stalks  of  flax)  in  order  to  separate  the  woody  .&L  "rnt^in''"!!\ 


Now  written  break. 


portions  from  the  fiber. 

It  [flax]  must  be  watered,  dried,  braked,  tew-tawed,  and 
with  much  labor  driuen  and  reduced  in  tlie  end  to  be  as  soft 
and  tender  as  wooU.      Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xix.  (jiroeni). 

2.  To  retard  or  stop  the  motion  of  by  the  ap-  Drake-strap  (brak'strap). 
plication  of  a  brake. 
brake*  (brak),  «.     [<  ME.  brake  (see  brake^) ; 
not  in  AS.,  but  prob.  of  LG.  origin:   MLG. 
brake,  bush,  bushes,  LG.  brake,  a  willow-bush  ; 
orig.  appar.  rough  or  broken  groimd ;  cf.   D. 


brake-spool  (Ijrak'spol),  «.  An  enlargement, 
by  a  sleeve  or  otherwise,  of  a  brake-shaft  to  give 
greater  speed  and  less  power  to  the  brake.  Car- 
Builder's  Diet. 

n.     The  strap  sur- 
rounding the  pulley  of  a  friction-brake. 

brakett,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  bragget^. 

brake-van  (brak'van),  n.  On  European  "rail- 
ways, the  van  or  car  in  a  freight-train  to  the 
wheels  of  which  the  brake   is   applied. 


See 

braak  {-faitd)  =  MLG.  brake  =  G.  bradie,  land  J'Ttf  ;fi,»  i  ,^.  -vi,    -is  i      a  u     •       *  , 

broken  but  not  sowed,  MHG.  brdche,   OHG.  brake-Wheel  (brak  hwel),  «.     1.  A  horizontal 
■    -  ■       -      -       -  -         -'-      -      .  -       hand-wheel  on  the  platform  of  a  railroad-car, 

or  on  the  roof  of  a  box-ear,  used  to  control  the 
brake. — 2.  A  heavy  wheel  furnished  with  cams 
to  control  the  action  of  a  trip-hammer, 
brakisht,  a.     See  braekisli. 
braky  (bra'ki),  a.     [<  brakei  +  -yl.]     Full  of 
brakes;  abounding  with  brambles  or  shrubs: 


brdclia,  the  breaking  of  land  after  harvest  (= 

MLG.  brake  =  MD.  braecke,  D.  braak,  breaking, 

a  break :  see  brack^) ;  hence  in  comp.,  G.  braeli- 

feld.  equiv.  toD.  fccfloWrtrtrf,  fallow  land;  OHG. 

MHG.    brachmanot,     'plowing-month,'    June; 

whence  separately  as  an  adj.,  D.  braak  =  G. 

braeh  (>  Dan.  brak),  fallow;  ult.  <  D.  breken  = 

OHG.  brechan,  MHG.  brechen,  G.  brechen  =  AS. 

brecan,  E.  break;  being  thu.s  closely  akin  to 

brack''-  and  to  brake3.']     1.  A  place  overgrown 

with  bushes  or  brushwood,  shrubs,  and  bram- 
bles;  a  thicket ;  in  the  United  States,  a  cane-  ,      ,,        .       .      ,  ,,.         .,.  ,        , 

brake,  that  is,  a  tract  of  ground  overgrown  with  brallt.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  brawl. 

cane,  Arundinaria  macrosperma.  Brama  (bra  ma),  «.    [NL.]    The  tj-pical  genus 

This  green  plot  shall  be  oiu-  stage,  this  hawthorn  brake     "jf  fi^^hes  of  the  family  BramMa:.    The  pomfret, 

our  tiring-house.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  1.     ^-  ''".'''•  '*  ^'^  example.     .Schneider,  IbOl.     See 

He  staid  not  tor  brake,  and  he  stopped  not  for  stone,         ''"^  ""'1''''  siii-brciini. 
He  swam  the  Esk  river  where  fonl  there  was  none.  Bramah  lock,  preSS.     See  the  nouns. 

Sco«,^  Young  Loehinvar.  BramantesQUe  (brS-man-tesk'),  a.    Relating  to 
'  '    '  or  having  the  character  or  style  of  the  works 

(if  Bramaute  (1-144-1514),  a  noted  Italian  archi- 
tect, whose  studies  of  the  antique  exerted  much 
influence  upon  the  classic  revival.  He  prepared 
the  original  design  for  the  rebuilding  of  St  Feter's  at 
Rome,  of  which  the  execution  was  interrupted  by  his 
death.  The  epithet  Bramantesfpie  was  early  applied  to 
the  style  of  architecture  now  called  Kenaissaiice,  from  the 
preeminent  position  held  by  Bramaute  in  its  formation. 

The  artist  who  introduced    Renaissance  architecture, 
then  called  Bramantegt^ue,  into  Lombaniy. 

C.  C.  Perkin.'.;  Italian  .Sculpture,  p.  182,  note. 


rough;  thorny:   as,  "braki/  thickets  and  deep 
sloughs,"  BjK  Hall,  Heaven  upon  Earth. 

Redeem  arts  from  their  rough  and  brakey  seats,  where 
they  lay  hid  and  overgrown  with  thorns. 

B.  Jongon,  Discoveries. 


The  mid-forest  brake, 
Rich  with  a  sprinkling  of  fair  musk-rose  blooms. 

Keats,  Endymioii.  i. 
2.  A  single  bush,  or  a  number  of  bushes  grow- 
ing by  themselves. 
brakes  fbrak),  n.  [<  ME.  brake,  appar.  <  AS. 
bracee  (rare),  a  fern :  see  bracken.  Appar. 
confused  in  ME.,  etc.,  with  brake*,  a  thicket, 
etc. ;  cf.  brake*,  brakehush,  fern-hrake.'\  The 
name  given  to  Pteris  aqiiiliiia  and  other  large 
ferns.     See  Pteris. 

others  [leaves]  are  parted  small  like  our  ferns  or  fcrotes. 

E.  Tern/,  Voyage,  p.  105.  bramantip  (bra-man'tip).  n.    Same  as  bainalip. 
Buckhom-brake,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  Bramatherium  (brii-ma-the'ri-iuu),   ii.     [NL., 


flowering  fern,  Osmunda  reao/iVv  — Cliff-brake,  a  com 
mou  name  of  the  genus  Pellma.—  Rock-brake,  the  plant 
Allosortts  crispxts. 

brake-bar  (brak'bar).  n.  A  bar  connecting  the 
brake-shoes  of  opposite  wheels  of  a  carriage  of 
any  kind. 

brake-beam  (brak'bem),  «.  A  wooden  bar 
sinniorting  the  brake-blocks  of  a  car-truck. 

brake-block  (brak'blok),  «.  A  wooden  or 
metal  lilock  holding  the  shoe  or  piece  which 
bears  against  the  tread  or  tire  of  a  wheel  wlieu 
the  brake  is  applied. 


prop.  ^ Brahmatherium,  i  Brahma^  +  Gr.  ih/pior, 
wild  beast.]  A  genus  of  gigantic  artiodactyl 
mammals  of  imcertain  position,  related  to  .Si- 
ratbrrium.  Like  the  latter,  it  had  four  horns,  and  its  re- 
mains occur  with  those  of  Siratherium  in  the  middle  and 
l.-ite  Tertiary  deposits  of  the  Sivalik  hills  iu  India.  /'«/- 
."//-;-  and  Ctiiith-rmi,  lS4o. 
bramble  (bram'bl).  «.  [<  ME.  brembel.  breinbil, 
bremniil,  <  AS.'  brtrnibcl.  brcmbil.  prop,  bremel 
(also  breniber,  ME.  breniber:  see  brambh berry), 
=  ODaii.  breinle.  bri/mle  =  LG.  brummel  (-bereii, 
pi.),  bramble;  dim.  of  the  form  seen  in  ME. 


bramble 

hnimr,  l)r!iinl)li',  =  Ml),  hnicmr,  hrrmr,  I).  Iirnnm 
=  ML(  I.  In'ftm,  hrdiiic,  hrriiic,  hnnnntt ,  L( !.  hriiitm, 
briunlilo,  broom-pliint,  =  OIKl.  hniiiid,  hruiiiii, 
Mllli.  Iiranii ,  liniiiilili',  (i.  <li;il.  (Swiss)  hriniiiii, 
bi'iirnlili',  11.  Iiriiiii.  Inainr,  brci(iiii-|il![iit  (also  iiii 
awl,  iiuMi'li,  li'Diii  till'  SL'use  of  ■  tlmi'ii ').  Akin 
to  hrixim^,  q.  v.]  A  name  comtuon  to  plants 
of  the  genus  Hiihioi,  espeeially  and  usually  in 
Enf;lan(l  tlu'  coininon  blacklieiTV,  !'■  fnilirosiis  : 
oi't-asionally  (from  llicsc  plants  licing  armed 
with  prirklcs),  any  rough  prickly  shrub,  as  the 
dogroso,  Hdfit  aiiiiiiii. 

'I'lie  hraiiilite  Hour  tluit  berL-th  tlm  reil  licpc. 

Chaiia-r,  Sir 'I'hopas,  1.  .'Jft. 

bramble  (luam'bl),  v.i.;  prot.  and  pp.  hram- 
blcd,  ppr.  Iirdiiililiiif/.  [<  lyriniiltlr,  «.]  To  pick 
braml)los  or  blackberries. 

All  persons  ftniinl   lirimil'lin;/,  iinttiili.,',  ami  otlierwise 
trespflssiii^' in  .  .  .  Wm.iis,  wiij  In- prnsccutird. 

Qiii>t..l  ill  .V.  aint  v.,  7t!l  si-r.,  II.  .'W. 

brambleberry  (bram'bl-ber  i),  ii. ;  pi.  hram- 
hlihirius  (-1/.).  [ME.  not  found,  <  AS.  hrf- 
mil-h(ri(-  (cf.  hrcmher,  ME.  hrimhcr,  ei|uiv.  to 
brriiihrl,  hrriinl,  lirauible)  (=  MLO.  hraiiihcr  = 
OH(i.  Iirdiiihiri,  MIK4.  hrdmlKrc,  hrdnilicr,  (J. 
brombcrre  =  S\v.  hnimbiir  ~  Dan.  br<>iiib<rr,  a 
blackberry,  =  MD.  brdniibcxii;  I),  brddmbi^ic,  > 
F.frdiiihoisc,  Pr.  frdmboiso,  Sp. /)yn»/)«rso.  It. 
dial,  fliinbdcsd,  ML.  frdmbosis,  raspberry),  < 
breiidl,  bramble,  +  bcrir,  beiTV.]  1.  The  beriy 
of  a  liramble;  especially,  a  blackberry. —  2. 
The  plant  itself.     See  bramble.     [Eng.] 

bramble-bond  (bram'bl-bond),  «.  A  band 
made  of  the  long  shoots  of  the  bramble,  for- 
merly useil  in  thatching  roofs. 

bramble-bush  (bram'bl-bush),  n.  [<  bramble  + 
bxKli :  cf.  I).  Iiraamboseh  =  MLG.  brdnihuseb  = 
ODan.  hremlebioil:.']  The  bramble,  or  a  thicket 
of  brambles. 

brambled  (bram'bld),  d.  [<  bramble,  ti.,  + 
-('(/-.]     (Jvergrown  with  brambles. 

Forlnni  slu;  sits  iipuii  tin;  brambled  ftcKir. 

T.  Warton,  Ode,  iii. 

bramble-finch   (bram'bl-fiueh),   n.      Same  as 

briDiililhui. 
bramble-net   (bram'bl-net),  H.     A  hallior,  or 

net  for  eatcliing  birds. 
bramble-rose  (bram'ld-roz),  ».     The  dogrose, 

Rosa  vaiuna. 
Ilramble-ront'g,  faint  ami  pale.  Tfnnymn,  A  Dirge, 

bramble-worm  (bram'bl-werm),  n.     Same  as 

branilluHj,  ll. 
brambling  (bram'bling),  H.  [<  brdinhlc  +  -iiit/^.'i 

A  coiiinuiu  European  conirostral  oscine   ]ias- 

seriue  biril,  of  the  family  Fringillkla;  Fringilla 


Br^mblinp  or  Mount-lin-finch  {Frtn^ilta  tfiotili/ringilia). 

mo)itifr!>i(]illa,  or  mouutain-linch,  closely  re- 
lated to  and  resembling  the  chatlinch,  F.  C(r- 
lihx.  but  larger.     Also  called /)n(»//)/("-/;«(7i. 

brambly  (bram'bli),  a.  [<  hrdmble  +  -yl.] 
Full  of  brambles:  as,  "  feram6/|/ wildernesses," 
'J'ciDii/snii,  The  Brook. 

bramet  (bram),  «.  [<  OF.  brame,  hram,  a  cry 
of  pain  or  longing  (=  Bret,  bram,  a  noise,  = 
Sp.  It.  braiiid,  desire),  <  hrdmer  =  Pr.  bramar  = 
Sp.  bramar,  <'ry  out,  =  It.  bramare,  desire,  long 
for,  <  OHG.  hrcman  =  AS.  bremmaii  =  MD. 
brcmmen,  roar:  see  fcnwil.]  Intense  passion  or 
emotion. 

Throiisli  long  languor  and  liart-buming  brame, 
She  shortly  like  a  jiyned  ghost  liecame. 

Spiiiser,  V.  Q.,  III.  ii.  52. 


659 

bramid  (bram'id),  H.  A  fish  of  the  family  lira- 
niiitd  , 

Bramidae  (brnm'i-de),  ».  />/.  [NL.,  <  lirama  + 
-idir.  I  A  family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes, 
represeuteil  by  the  geims  Jiramd.  li  Inlnngs  to 
the  stlpiTfaliiily  Si-itmbrniiti'U,  and  is  charaeteri/ed  hy  an 
ohloiig  rompresHed  body,  rounded  head,  long  dorsal  and 
anal  Jtns  with  few  anterior  spines,  and  perfeet  thoraeie 
ventral  tins.  The  few  species  are  inhabitantii  of  rather 
(leep  seas.    Sec  cut  under  ptmi/ret. 

Bramin,  etc     See  Brahman,  etc. 

bramoid  (bram'oid),  «.  and  h.      [<  Jirama  + 
-""'■]     I.  d.    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
lirdnilfhe. 
II,  II.  A  fish  of  the  family  liraiiiiild . 

bran'  (bran),  II.  [<  ME.  bran,  also  bren,  brin, 
partly  <  OE.  bren.  liran,  also  refuse;,  dung.  E. 
bran,  bran,  =  Pr.  bren  =  OSp.  bren  —  It.  dial. 
brennn  (ML.  brennUini,  branmuii),  bran,  <  W. 
bran,  bran,  husk,  =  Ir.  bran,  chaff,  =  Bret. 
brcnn,  bran;  and  partly  (like  OF.,  etc.)  directly 
from  the  Celtic]  The  outer  coat  of  wheat,  rye, 
or  other  farinaceous  grain  ;  the  husky  portion 
of  ground  wheat,  separated  from  the  flour  by 
bolting. 

bran'  (liran),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brtinned,  ppr. 
brdiinini/.  [<  liriin^,  /(.]  To  steep  in  a  bath  of 
bran  and  water,  as  clotli  before  or  after  dyeing, 
or  skins  for  tanning. 

lininiied  goods  are  not  afterwards  soaped,  but  simply 
w.ashed  in  the  washing  niaehine  for  half  an  hour  witii 
eold  or  tepid  water. 

Croiikrn,  Dyeing  and  ('alieu-Printing,  p.  :in!t. 

bran"  (bran),  n.  [E.  dial.;  origin  unknown.] 
A  name  of  the  common  crow,  Curnis  eorone. 
Mdedillirrai/.     [Local,  British.] 

bran''  (bran),    r.      A   dialectal   form   of   bren, 

bran-bread  (bran'l>red').  ».  [<  ME.  brdubrcd.] 
Breinl  made  of  bran,  or  of  unbolted  flour. 

branct,  "•  [OF.  branc;  ef.  F.  branclie,  branch: 
see  hrdneh.~\  A  linen  vestment  similar  to  a 
rochet,  formerly  worn  by  women  over  their 
other  clothing. 

brancard  (brang'kard),  n.  [F.,  a  litter,  shaft, 
thill,  <  Pr.  briine,  F.  branehe,  branch,  arm.]  .V 
horse-litter.     Lady  M.  W.  Mtintiiijii. 

branch  (branch),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
branneh  ;  <  ME.  branehe,  brannche,  hrdiiehe,<.  ( )F. 
brdnehe,brdiiee,  F.  t»Y/Hf/if,branch,  =  Pr.  braneii, 
also  branc,  =  OSp.  and  ( )Pg.  branca  =  It.  branea, 
branch,  claw,  =Wall.  branea,  hand,  fore  foot  (> 
6.  braiikc,  dial,  jiranke,  claw,  prdnkc,  brantc, 
prnntc,  a  paw,  esp.  of  a  bear),  <  ML.  branca, 
claw;  perhaps  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Bret,  branc, 
an  arm,  =  W.  Iiraieh,  an  arm,  a  branch,  =  L. 
brdchium,  bracehinin,  arm,  liranch,  claw:  see 
hrnrel,  ».]  I.  ».  1.  A  diWsion  or  subdivision  of 
the  stem  or  a.\is  of  a  tree,  shrub,  or  other  plant 
(the  ultimate  or  smaller  ramifications  being 
called  branchlets,  twigs,  or  shoots);  a  bough. 

A  gl-eat  elm  tree  spread  its  broad  braiu-hi'K  over  it. 

Irmit'i,  .Sketcli-Iiook,  p.  427. 

2.  Something  resembling  a  branch  in  its  re- 
lation to  the  trunk ;  an  offshoot  or  part  extend- 
ing from  the  main  body  of  a  thing;  a  ramifica- 
tion ;  a  subdivision ;  an  outgrowth. 

Withouten  brauiich  of  vyee  in  ony  wyse, 
In  trouthe  alwey  to  don  yow  my  servyse. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  13.3. 

.Spcoiflcally — (a)  Any  member  or  part  of  a  body  or  system  ; 
a  department ;  a  section  or  subdivision  ;  jus,  a  branch  of  a 
society  ;  the  various  bratu-bts  of  learning. 

In  the  United  States  of  America  .  .  .  the  study  of  ju- 
risprudence an<l  of  some  branches  of  politics  has  maiie 
great  progress. 

Sir  G.  C.  Leu'U,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  iii. 

It  is  a  very  jirevalent  notion  among  the  Christians  of 
Europe,  that  the  Moos'Iinis  arc  enemies  to  almost  every 
branch  of  knowledge. 

E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  I.  277. 

(b)  .\  line  of  family  descent,  in  distinction  from  some 
other  line  or  lines  from  the  same  stock :  as,  the  English 
or  the  Irish  branch  of  a  family,  (o)  Any  descendant  in 
such  a  line.     [Rare.] 

His  father,  a  younger  branch  of  the  ancient  stock  planted 
in  .Somersetshire.  R.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

(ll)  In.'/po;H.,  any  portion  of  a  real  curve  capable  of  descrip- 
tion by  the  continuous  motion  of  a  point.  Every  brandi 
cither  extends  to  infinity  or  returns  into  itself  (reentrant 
braiu-h) ;  but  some  old  geometers  considered  a  branch  to 
be  ended  by  a  cusp,  (c)  A  piece  of  pipe  including  a  length 
of  the  main  pipe  and  a  shorter  piece  branching  froui  it. 
When  the  latter  is  at  right  angles  to  the  former,  the 
branch  is&T-branch ;  if  at  an  acute  angle,  it  is  a  Y-branch. 
If  there  are  two  branching  pieces,  it  is  called  a  douiile 
branch,  (f)  The  metal  piece  on  the  end  of  the  hose  of  a 
Jlre-engine  to  which  the  nozle  is  screwed.  (//)  One  of  the 
sides  of  a  horseshoe,  (h)  In  fort.,  the  wing  or  long  side 
of  a  horn-  or  erown-work  :  also,  one  of  the  parts  of  a  zig- 
zag approach.  (0  In  a  sword-hilt,  either  of  twti  pieces 
which  project  at  right  angles  to  the  barrel  and  to  the 
blade  of  the  sword,  fonniiig  guards  for  the  h.-uid.    See 


branchiae 

hilt.  (.O  In  cntmn.,  the  llagelbim  or  outer  portion  of  a 
geiiiciiiatc  antenna.  t.k)  In  utininif,  a  small  vein,  leader, 
or  stiinu  of  ore,  ronm-cted  with  or  seeming  to  branch 
from  the  main  lode.  See /'»/.•.  {/)  In  a  bridle,  either  of  two 
bent  pieces  of  iron  which  iiear  the  bit,  the  cross-cliains, 
and  tile  curb. 

3.  In  the  southern  and  some  of  the  western 
United  States,  the  general  name  for  any  stream 
that  is  not  a  largo  river  or  a  bayou. 

Most  of  the  branehen  or  streams  w  ere  dried  up.     Irving. 

4.  Tli(>  (ii]iloma  or  commission  issued  by  the 
proi>eraiitliiii'itytoa  pilot  who  has  passeil  an  ex- 
amination for  <'onipeteMcy. —  5t.  .'\  chandelier. 
Ash. —  6.  A  branched  camlle.stick  or  candle. 

Tills  (fnnerall  iirocession  was  hcailed  by  an  acolyte  with 
a  i;ross  between  two  clerks,  each  of  whom  caiTied  a  pecu- 
liar kind  <pf  light  called  "a  white  branch,"  because  eom- 
jioscd  of  three  tapers  shooting  up  out  of  one  root  as  it 
were,  being  twisted  together  at  the  lower  end -an  em- 
blem of  the  Trinity.     Itoek,  church  of  our  Fathci-s,  ii.  487. 

Bastard  branch.  Sec  /<(7«/nri/.— Branches  of  ogives, 
in  arch.,  the  rilis  of  groined  vaults  traversing  from  one 
angle  to  another,  and  forming  a  cross  between  the  other 
arches  which  nnikc  the  sides  of  the  siiuare  of  which  the 
branches  are  the  diagonals.  See  arc  i>;fire,  under  nrcl.— 
Branch  herring,   scc/i.r. ;«./.  — Complete  branch,  in 

fietiiii.,  a  biancli  of  a  curve  considered  as  not  interrupted 
by  jiassing  tliroiigh  inlliiity.  Sec  2  ((/),  above.  Falling 
branch,  ii)  <din.,  that  portion  of  the  trajectory  in  which 
the  projectile  approaches  the  earth. 

II.  ".  Consist  ing  of  or  constituting  a  branch  ; 
ramifying;  diverging  from  a  trunk,  main  stem, 
or  main  body:  as,  a  brdiich  road  or  railroad;  a 
branch  society. 
branch  (branch),  r.  [<  ME.  braunchcn,  <  OF. 
braneliir  =  Pr.  brdiieiir,  branch,  =  It.  brdncare, 
grip;  from  the  noim.]  I,  inlrans.  1.  To  spread 
in  branches;  send  out  branches,  as  a  plant. — 
2.  To  divide  into  separate  parts  or  subdivisions; 

diverge;  ramify To  branch  off,  to  form  separate 

Iiarts  or  blanches";  divcrgi;  from  any  main  stem,  line,  or 
coui-se.  — To  branch  out,  to  raniify:  engage  in  lateral 
operations,  jis  in  business;  digress,  as  in  discourse. 

To  branch  out  into  a  long  extempore  dissertation. 

Spectator,  No.  247. 

II.  tran.v.  1.  To  divide,  as  into  branches; 
make  subordinate  divisions  in. 

The  spirits  of  things  animate  .  .  .  are  branched  into 

canals  as  blood  i-s.  Bacon,  .Nat.  Hist. 

2.  To  adorn  with  needlework;  decorate  with 
embroidery;  adorn  with  flowers  or  other  orna- 
ment, as  in  textile  fabrics. 

The  train  whereof  loose  far  behind  her  strayed. 
Branched  with  gold  and  pearl  most  richly  wrought. 

.Speruer. 

Calling  my  otlicers  about  me,  in  my  branched  velvet 
gown.  "  Shalt.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5. 

A  dress 
All  braiKh'd  and  tlower'd  with  gold. 

Tenmmm,  (tcraint. 

To  branch  (a  thing)  out,  to  make  it  spread  out  in  divi- 
sions like  brani-lu-s,     [Karc] 

.■\h,  my  Kiacinlo  .  .  . 

Branches  me  out  his  verb-tree  im  the  slate. 

Brtnrninii,  King  and  Book,  II.  64. 

branch-chuck  (liranch'chuk),  «.  In  mceh.,  a 
chuck  formed  of  four  branches  turned  up  at 
the  cuds,  each  furnished  with  a  screw. 

Branchellildae  (brang-ke-li'i-de).  n.  ]il.  [NL., 
<  lirdnehelliou  +  -(((<(•.]  A  family  of  leeches, 
t\-pilied  by  the  genus  Branchcllinn.  They  are  dis- 
tinguished by  the  develoiunent  of  a  jiair  of  lateral  bran- 
chiform  lobes  on  each  segment  of  tlie  body.  The  oral 
sucker  is  entire  and  striittured  at  itji  origin.  A  common 
Euroiiean  species  is  Branchcllinn  tttrpedinin. 

Branchellion  (braug-kel'i-on),  «.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

;</M  J  j((7.  gills.]  A  genus  of  Hirndinea,  or  leech- 
es, tj7)ical  of  the  family  Branehelliidw,  having 
tlie  siiles  of  the  body  lobate  or  extended  into 
lobe-like  apjieiidages. 
brancher  (bran'cher),  ».  [<  ME.  brancher, 
brdnnelicr,  a  young  hawk;  <  branch  +  -«■!.]  1. 
That  which  shoots  forth  branches. — 2.  A  yotmg 
hawk  or  other  liird  when  it  begins  to  leave  the 
nest  and  take  to  the  branches  of  trees. 

Thareby  branncker.-i  in  brede  bett>T  was  never. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  190. 

I  say  that  the  eyas  should  have  her  meat  unwashed, 

until  she  becomes  a  brancher.  .%o/^  Abbot.  I.  44. 

branchery  (bran'cher-i),  H.  [<  branch  +  -cry.] 
.\  system  of  branches. 

branchia  (braiig'ki-il),  h.i  [LL..  NL. :  see 
branchiir.l  One  of  the  constituents  of  the 
branchial  apparatus;  a  gill.  See  branchiee. 
[Rare.] 

branchia  (brang'ld-a),  n.^pl.  [NL. :  see  bran- 
chitr.]     Same  as  bronchia.     [Rare.] 

branchiae  ibrang'ki-e).  ".;)/.  [L.,  pi.  (cf.  LL. 
(NL.)  lirdneliid,  fern.  sing..  NL.  branchia,  neut. 
pi.,  the  proper  form),  <  Gr.  ftpayxi",  pl-.  gi^s- 
(ipayxinv,  sing.,  a  fin;  cf.  iip&yx°^^  hoarseness, 
fipA'xior  =  /?/)<)), for,  windpipe:  see  brnnchia.'\ 
1.  (Jrgans  subservient  to  respiration  through 


branchiae 

the  medium  of  wator.  They  arc  hiRhly  vascular, 
with  thill  walls,  iiiTiniltinj;  the  aeratiini  of  tlie  hlood  hy 
the  oxyKi'ii  ill  the  water  wliich  rnnies  in  immediate  eon- 
tact  with  them.  Tlley  are  developeil  from  liilfeienl  parts 
of  the  body  in  ditferent  elasses  of  animals.  See  i/iil^,  and 
cuts  umier  I'oliiplm-ophora  alul  Tftnihraiichiata. 

2.  Lu  Arthriti>o<l(t,  as  crustaceans,  specifically, 
the  externally  i)r<)joctiiig  processes  of  the  body 
or  its  limVis.whidi  are  supplied  with  venous 
blood  (whicli  is  tlius  brought  into  contact  with 
the  air  dissolved  in  wator),  and  constitute  a 
special  respiratory  organ.  See  cut  under  I'o- 
dophthdlmid.  other  liinds  of  respiratory  orcans  in 
artlirojiods  M-flracheo-branchiie,  tracheal,  aiii  jmlmonari/ 
8a<l^.     See  tllese  words. 

3.  In  Vcrnus,  any  appendages  of  the  head  or 
body  80  modified  as  to  act  as  a  respiratory  or- 
gan I  the  various  processes  which  protrude  or 
radiate  from  the  head  or  other  region  of  the 
body,  and  have,  or  are  supposed  to  have,  a 
respiratory  fimction.    See  cut  under  Protula. 

In  .  .  .  \Aiiiphi7iomida',  Bunwidee,  ami  TcrdteUufce]the 
branchia;  are  ciliated  branched  plumes  or  tuft.s  attached 
to  the  dorsal  surface  of  more  or  fewer  of  the  .somites.  In 
ISerintlhitv]  .  .  .  they  are  e.velusivel)'  attuehed  to  the  an- 
terior segment  of  the  Itody.  and  present  the  form  of  two 
large  plumes,  each  eonsistin;^  of  a  principal  stem,  with 
many  lateral  branches.  lluj:let/,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  210. 

4.  In  ciitoni.,  gill-like  appendages  on  the  bodies 
of  certain  insect-larva)  and  -pupas  which  live  in 
the  water,  as  many  dragon-ilies  and  gnats. 
They  are  expansions  of  the  inti't,'umcnt.  and  it  is  supposed 
that  tlley  "absorb  air  from  the  water,  and  convey  it  hy 
the  minute  ramilieations  of  the  tracheal  vessels,  with 
which  they  are  abundantly  supplied,  into  the  main  tra- 
cheie.  to  be  distributied  over  the  whole  body."    Newport. 

branchial  (brang'M-al),  a.  [<  NL.  branchialis, 
<  L.  hranehitv,  gills:  see  hranchim.']  1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  braneliia^  or  gills ;  or,  in  ani- 
mals which  have  no  gills  properly  so  called, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  parts  considered  homol- 
ogous with  gUls,  as,  in  a  bird  or  mammal,  parts 
of  the  third  postoral  visceral  arch,  or  of  any 
visceral  arch  behind  the  hyoidean. —  2.  Per- 
formed by  means  of  branchiae:  as,  hranchial 
respiration;  a  hranchial  function.  — Branchial 
aperture,  tlie  aperture  or  outlet  fur  water  which  has  sup- 
phed  the  branchia;,  lyinj^  behind  them.  In  tlslies  there 
are  2,  one  on  each  side ;  rarely  the  two  are  confluent  in 
a  single  inferior  aperture.  In  selachians  they  are  gen- 
erally in  5  pairs,  rarely  in  6  or  7.  In  myzonts  they  are 
usually  in  7  pairs,  rarely  6  or  more  than  7,  and  sometimes 
confluent  in  an  inferior  pair  of  "pores."  In  invertebrates 
they  vary. —  Branchial  arch,  in  fishes,  one  of  the  arches 
of  tlie  branchial  apparatus  wliich  support  the  branchial 
filaments  on  each  side. —  Branchial  bar,  the  luuiteiied 
portion  of  the  branchial  ajiparatiis  whieli  su]ipoits  the 
gills:  same  as  ?irn/;c/(fV//  «j'(7/.  — Branchial  basket.  See 
basket,  10.— Branchial  cavity,  or  branchial  chamber, 
(a)  The  cavity  on  eacli  .side  of  whieli  are  tlie  brauchije:  it  is 
behind  and  generally  contluent  with  the  oral  cavity.  (6) 
In  Crustacea,  a  cavity  or  space  inclosed  by  the  branchios- 
tegite  or  gill-cover  (formed  by  a  free  jdeural  part  of  the 
carapace),  and  bounded  intcniully  by  the  epimera  of  the 
branchiferous  somites.— Branchial  cleft,  one  of  the  lat- 
eral foramina  behind  tlie  iK'ad  which  are  ajiparent  in  the 
embryos  of  vertebrates,  soon  disappearing  in  tlie  liit^her 
types,  hut  longer  persistent  (sometimes  tlirousli  life)  in 
the  lower,  as  in  the  amphibians :  homologous  with  the 
branehial  apc.-dij-ra.- Branchial  coll,  a  spirally  curved 
tube  formed  by  a  diverticulum  of  the  superior  pharyngeal 
mucous  membrane  iu  certain  lishes,  such  as  the  clupeids 
(for  example,  menhaden)  and  related  foMns. —  Branchial 
duct,  in  myzonts,  a  short  canal  (iuterior5  between  a  bran- 
chial piuich  and  the  intestin.al  cavity,  or  one  (exterior)  be- 
tween a  pouch  and  the  exterior  of  the  body.—  Branchial 
fold,  the  series  of  branchial  filaments  around  the  ccuivex 
margin  of  a  branchial  arch.  —  Branchial  frameworlL 
Same  as  branchial  .vfrefc^o/t.  —  Branchial  ganglion,  a 
ganglion  which  supplies  the  branchia<,  as  in  certain  mol- 
lusks.— Branchial  gut,  a  rudimentary  branehial  cliam- 
ber.— Branchial  heart,  a  specialized  wi.leoe.l  vascular 
canal  wbieh  mpplies  tlie  branchia;.— Branchial  lamella, 
arow  of  luaiicliial  filaments  approximated  t(i  one  another 
and  forming  a  lamella-like  structure.  In  fishes  there  are 
generally  two  lamella;  to  most  of  the  arches,  surmounting 
their  convex  edges.  Also  called  branchial  jtlatc.—^rajl- 
chial  pharynx,  a  pharynx  with  a  branchial  apparatus,  as 
in  till  tiniicutes.  -Branchial  plate.  Same  as  bramhial 
lamelln.  Branchial  pore,  a  pore-like  branchial  aper- 
ture common  to  all  the  branehial  ducts  of  one  side,  such 
as  occurs  in  my.xinids  or  hags.—  Branchial  pouch,  in  my- 
zonts and  selachians,  a  pou(;h-like  structm-e  of  the  bran- 
chial apparatus  in  wbieh  and  from  which  the  branchice 
are  developed.— Branchial  ray,  in  selachians,  one  of  the 
cartil.-iginous  rods  radiating  from  a  branchial  arch  back- 
ward, anil  affording  support  to  the  branchial  pouches.— 
Branchial  respiration,  respiration  bv  means  of  bran- 
chne  or  gills.— Branchial  sac,  the  respiratory  chamber 
containing  the  branchi:e  in  the  tunicates.  It  is  the  large 
pharyngeal  dilatation  into  which  the  oral  aperture  leads, 
and  which  presents  the  stigmata  through  which  the  cav- 
ity of  the  sac  coiiimunieates  with  the  atrium.  See  cut 
under  rioiicnfa.  — Branchial  septum,  in  certain  tu- 
nicates (for  exaniiile,  Sulpiiltr).  a  gill  lietachcd  from  the 
wall  of  the  branchial  chamlier  and  foiming  a  rafter  stretch- 
ing from  its  dorsal  wall  to  the  ventral  wall.-  Branchial 
Sinus,  a  vascular  sinus  into  wbieh  lilood  pas.ses  fiom  tlic 
visceral  sac  on  its  way  to  the  liraiielii:e  Branchial 
Skeleton,  the  harder  framework  whieli  is  subseivienr  to 
the  branchiic  in  brancbiferous  animals.  Also  called  liriiii- 
chial  framcimrk.  -Branchial  slit,  the  spaee  betuecn 
neighboring  branchiic  or  braneliial  arches.  -Branchial 
tentacle,  in  certain  worms  (for  example,  tcrebellids)  one 
of  the  tentacle.Uke  organs  of  the  head,  performing  lu  part 


660 

n  respiratory  (unction.  — Branchial  tuft,  In  tublcolous 
chietiipodous  worms,  an  aggregation  of  contractile  ten- 
tacular filaments  in  the  cephalic  region,  assuming  in  part 

tl Ifiee  of  branchiic. 

Branchiata  (brang-ki-a'tii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
1)1.  of  hranchiatus,  having  gills:  see  hrayichiale.'] 
In.;oo7.,  a  name  used  with  various  significations, 
(rt)  III  some  systems  of  cliussilicatioii,  one  of  the  prime 
divisions  of  the  Arthropitda,  by  which  all  crustaceans, 
in  a  broad  sense,  are  collectively  distinguished  from 
the  Tracheata,  or  insects  in  the  widest  sense  (aracjmids, 
myriapods,  and  insects  proper):  so  called  from  having  a 
branchial  instead  of  a  tracheate  respiratory  apparatus. 
In  Cegeiibaur's  system  a  third  prime  division,  I'rotrachc- 
at'i,  established  for  l*rripntus  alone,  intervenes  between 
Jlniitrbffiiri  and  Trachata.  The />Vrtiic/iiafa  are  primarily 
divided  into  Crustacea  proper  (including  the  two  main 
groups  of  Entomostraca  .and  Malacostraca)  and  Peeeilu- 
poda,  represented  by  Limulas,  etc.  (b)  A  division  of  ver- 
tebrates containing  those  which  for  some  time  or  perma- 
nently breathe  by  gills;  the  amphibians  and  fishes,  as 
distiiiguislH'd  from  reptiles,  birds,  and  mammals :  synony- 
mous with  Iehthjfripnida(w\nch  see),  (c)  In  moUusks,  same 
as  liraiirhniimst''n'poda.  (d)  A  division  of  annelids  con- 
taining those  which  lireathc  by  gills,  orthetubicolousand 
errant  worms,  corresjlonding  to  the  groups  Cephalobran- 
chia  and  Notobranehiata.  (e)  A  group  of  echinoiils  with 
gills  on  the  buccal  membrane  and  with  anibulacral  plates 
only  on  the  latter,  including  .all  the  echinoid  families  ex- 
cept Cidan'dte.     Ludirur. 

branchiate,  branchiated  (brang'ki-at,  -a-ted), 
a.  [<  NL.  hranchiatus,  having  gills,  <  L.  hran- 
c///rt',  gills:  see  6ranc/«Vr.]  Having  permanent 
gills :  contrasted  with  pulmonate  or pubnonatecl  : 
as,  ''hranchiated  Vertebrata,"  Huxley,  .Ajiat. 
Vert.,  p.  70. 

Branchlfera  (brang-kif'e-ra),  n.}>l.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  hranchifer :  see  branchiferous.~\  In  zool.: 
(n)  Same  as  Brancliiofiat^tcraj/ofla ;  a  division  of 
Gasteropoda  iuchuling  those  which  breathe  by 
giUs:  opposed  to  ruhnonifcrn.  (ft)  In  De  Blain- 
ville's  system  of  classification,  a  division  of 
univalves,  of  the  order  Ccrvicohranchiata,  equiv- 
alent to  the  family  FissurellidcB ;  the  keyhole 
limpets. 

branchiferous  (brang-kif'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
hranchifer,  having  gills,  <  L.  hranchice,  gills, 
+  fcrrc  =  E.  hear^.}  1.  Bearing  gills ;  having 
branchiae. 

In  the  Amniota,  also,  the  arrangement  which  has  been 
transmitted  from  their  branchiferous  ancestors  is  retained 
during  certain  stages  of  embryonic  life,  in  the  form  of 
clefts  in  the  wall  of  the  pharynx. 

Ge(/enbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  545. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Branchifera. 

branchiform  (brang'ki-form),  a.  [<  L.  bran- 
cilia;  gills,  +  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form, 
character,  or  appearance  of  gills. 

branchihyal  (brang-ki-hi'al),  a.  and  «.  [<  L. 
hraiichia;  gills,  +  NL.  lii/ioidcus),  hyoid,  +  -o?.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  giUs  and  tongue,  or  to 
the  branehial  and  hyoidean  arches. 

II.  «.  One  of  the  elements  or  joints  of  a 
branchial  arch.  The  lowermost  or  hypobranchial  is 
called  the  bajial  tti-anchihyal,  and  the  uppermost  or  epi- 
branchial  is  distinguished  as  the  superior  branchihyal. 
E.  D.  Cope. 

branchiness  (bran'chi-nes),  n.  The  character 
of  lieing  branchy;  the  state  of  being  full  of 
branches. 

branching  (bran'ching),  J).  <7.  [Ppr.  of  branch, 
r.]  Furnished  with  branches;  shooting  out 
branches. 

Not  thrice  your  branching  limes  have  blown 
Since  I  beheld  young  Laurence  dead. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere. 

branchiocardiac  (brang"ki-6-kar'di-ak),  a. 
[<  Gr.  jipajxia,  gills,  4-  mpdia  =  E.  heart :  see 
cardiac.']  Pertaining  to,  lying  between,  or  sep- 
arating a  branehial  and  a  cardiac  region  or  <li- 
vision :  applied  to  a  groove  on  each  side  of  the 
middle  line  of  the  thoracic  poi-tion  of  the  cara- 
pace of  a  crustacean,  separating  the  cardiac  di\-i- 
sion  of  the  carapace  from  the  branchial  division. 

Branchiogasteropoda  (brang"ki-6-gas-te-rop'- 
o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  branchiic,  gills,  + 
NL.  Gasteropoda.]  A  di^dsion  of  gastropo- 
dous  mollusks  which  breathe  the  air  contained 
in  water.  Respiration  m.ay  be  effected  in  three  ways  : 
first,  the  blood  may  be  simply  exposed  to  the  water 
in  the  thin  walls  of  the  mantle-cavity,  as  in  some  of  the 
Heteropoda  ;  secondly,  the  respiratory  organs  may  be  in 
the  form  of  outward  processes  of  the  integument,  exposed 
in  tufts  on  the  back  and  sides  of  the  animal,  as  in  the 
Xndibranehiata,  such  as  the  sea-slugs,  etc.  ;  and  thirdly, 
the  respiratory  organs  may  be  in  the  form  of  pectinated 
or  i>lunie-like  lu-anchiw,  contained  in  a  more  or  less  com- 
plete branchial  chamber  formed  by  an  inlleetioii  of  the 
mantle,  as  in  the  whelks,  etc.  The"  Bratirh'ii:i/tsl,roj)nda 
fall  into  two  distinct  series,  the  one  being  beniiaphiodite, 
with  the  gills  placed  toward  the  rear  of  the  body,  and  the 
other  having  the  sexu.al  organs  in  distinct  individuals. 
The  Itrahi-hloyasterojKtda  are  divided  into  three  orders  : 
(1)  /Viivo/irrtHcAmta  (sexes  distinct,  gills  usually  inclosed), 
as  whelks,  etc.  ;  (2)  Opisthobraiichiata  (sexes  usually 
united  in  the  same  Indiviilnal,  gills  often  exposed),  as 
sea-slugs,  etc. ;  (:t)  neteropmda  (free-swiniining  gastro- 
pods), as  luembera  of  the  genus  Carinaria. 


branchioBtege 

branchiogasteropodous  ( brang  "  ki  -  o  -  gas  - 1  e- 

iiip'ii-ilus),  ((.  I  If  or  pertaining  to  the /irn«- 
chtoiift.^t/  ri/jnula. 

branichiopallial  (brang"ki-6-pal'i-al),  a.  [<  L. 
brancliiw,  gills,  +  jialliuin,  mantle:  see  ]>al- 
lium.]  In  Mollu.sca,  of  or  pertaining  to  lioth 
the  branchia!  and  the  palliimi:  applied  to  a 
ganglion  of  the  nervous  system  in  relation  with 
the  gills  and  the  mantle. 

BranchiopneUSta  ( brang 'ki-op-niis'ta),  ?i.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  <ir.  jiiitq xi'i,  gills,  +  *~vevaTor,  verbal 
uilj.  of  -i-iir,  breathe.]  A  superfamily  group 
of  pulmonate  gastrojiodotis  mollusks,  Ijy  means 
of  wliich  such  aquatic  families  as  Auricididee 
and  IJmnimlte  are  collectively  distinguished 
from  the  JJelicida;  or  land-snails  proper,  the 
latter  being  contrasted  as  Scjihropneuxta.  The 
two  groups  correspond  respectively  to  the  liasvinniato- 
phora  and  Styhninnatoptitira  of  some  authors. 

Branchiopnoa  (brang-ki-op'no-a),  n.pl.    [NL., 

<  <ir.  fiiin) xifi,  gills,  +  --i'o<ir,  breathing  (n-iw/, 
a  breathing),  <  -i'£;i',  breathe.]  A  loose  syn- 
onym of  Crustacea,  crustaceans  being  so  called 
because  thej'  breathe  by  branchife. 

branchiopnoan  (braug-ki-op'no-an),  a.  and  n. 
I.  a.  ( If  (ir  pertaining  to  the  Branchiojinoa. 
II.  ".  A  member  of  the  Branchiopnoa. 
branchiopod  (brang'ki-o-pod),  «.  and  a.     I.  ii. 
xVn  animal  belonging  to  the  order  Branchiopoda. 
Also  brauchiopodc. 
II.  a.  Gill-footed;  branchiopodous. 
Also  braiichiopiidan. 
Branchiopoda  (brang-ki-op'o-da),  «.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  jijia-j xia,  gills,   +   -ovq  {7to6-)  =  E.  foot.] 

1.  In  Latreille's  system  of  classification,  the 
first  order  of  his  Entomostraca,  characterized 
as  haring  a  mouth  composed  of  an  upper  lip, 
two  mandibles,  a  tongue,  and  one  or  two  paii's 
of  maxillse,  and  the  branchiae  more  or  less  an- 
terior: so  called  because  their  branchiie  or 
gills  are  situated  on  the  feet.  The  order  thus  de- 
fined was  divided  into  two  sections :  (1)  Lophyropoda 
(Carcinoida,  Ostracoda,  and  Cladocera);  (2)  I'hyllopoda 
{Cerntophthalma  and  Aspidophora). 

2.  As  defined  by  Huxley,  a  group  of  entomostra- 
cous  Crustetcea,  embracing  only  the  two  groups 
Phyllopodei  and  Cladocera.  it  is  represented  by 
such  genera  as  Apus,  yrhalia,  Branchipus,  Limnetic, 
Dajfhnia,  and  their  allies,  which  pass  into  one  another  so 
gradually  that  the  groups  Phyllopoda  and  Ctaetocera  can 
hardly  be  established.  The  genera  named  conform  to  the 
definition  of  Entomostraca  (which  see)  in  invariably  pos- 
sessing more  or  fewer  than  twenty  somites ;  and  the  tho- 
racic and  abdominal  appendages  are  nearly  always  more 
or  less  foliaceous,  resembling  in  many  respects  the  ante- 
rior maxilliped  of  one  of  the  higher  Crustacea.  See  cuts 
under  Aj'u.^,  Daphnia,  and  Limnetic. 

branchiopodan  (brang-ki-op'o-dan),  «.  and  a. 

Same  as  bninchiopoel. 
branchiopode  (brang'ki-o-p6d),  n.     Same  as 

lirtinchii>i>i'd. 
branchiopodous  (brang-ki-op'o-dus),  a.     [< 
brauehiopiiil  +  -ous.]    Gill-footed';  belongingto 
the  order  lSr<iiirhiojioda. 

Branchiopulmonata    (brang"ki-6-pul-mo-ua'- 

tii),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  branchiopidmo- 
natus :  see  branch iopuhnonate.]  A  division  of 
the  class  Arachnida,  in  an  enlarged  sense, 
adopted  by  somo  naturalists  to  include  the  ex- 
isting genus  Limulus,  or  horseshoe  crabs,  and 
the  extinct  Eurypteriiia  and  Trilobita. 

Following  Prof,  Ed.  Van  Beneden,  I  include  Limulus,  the 
Eurypterina,  and  Trilobites  under  the  Arachnida  as  Bran- 
ehiiiputmonnta.     Oc'it'uliaur.  (.'omp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  six. 

branchiopulmonate   (brang'ki-o-pul'mo-nat), 

a.   and   n.     [<   NL.  hranchiopulmonatus,  <   L. 

branchiae,    gills,    +   puImo{n^,    lung.]      I.    a. 

Pertaining  to  or  ha%'ing  the  characters  of  the 

Branchiopulmonata. 
II.  H.  A  member  of  the  Branchiopulmonata. 
Branchiopus  (brang-ki'6-pus),  n.  [NL.]  Same 

as  Bniiichipus. 

branchiostegal  (brang-M-os'te-gal),  a.  [< 
hranchiostrijc  +  -al.]  Relating  to  or  of  tlie  na- 
ture of  a  branchiostege Branchiostegal  rays, 

branchiostegal  membrane.  See  extract,  and  cuts  un- 
der Lepid'K^inn  and  .^qiintiruj. 

Brnnchlosteyal  rays  are  attached  partly  to  the  inner, 
and  partly  to  the  outer,  surface  of  the  hyoidean  arch. 
They  support  a  membrane,  the  hranchiosteyal  membrane, 
which  serves  as  a  sort  of  inner  gill-cover. 

Huxley,  .\nat.  Vert.,  p.  136. 

branchiostegan  (brang-ki-os'te-gan\  a.  and  ». 
[<   briini-liiiisliiir    +  -an.]      I.  a.   1.    Same    as 
branchiosleiions. —  2.   (If   or  pertaining   to   the 
Hranchiosteiji. 
H.  ».  One  of  the  Brancliiostegi. 

branchiostege  (brang 'ki-o-stej),  n.  [<  Gr. 
,iiur,_\iii,  gills,  -t-  ari-}r/,  a  roof,  a  covering,  <  ari- 
)«r=L.  Ityere,  cover:  see  tegument,  tile.]  In 
fishes,  the  membrane  which  lies  beneath  the 


branchiostege 


r>ei 


operculum  anil  cdvirs  tlic^'ills;  the  branehios-  branchiotrochal  (brauR-ki-ofro-kal),  n.  [< 
tepil  inciMhiaiic.  It  is  suiiporteil  by  the  bran- 
c'liiost(>t<:il  rays.  [Unusual. ) 
Branchiostegi  (biang-ki-os'to-ji),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
])1.  of  hriuirliiDxttuiKS :  sen  hraiirliioslri/f.^  In 
Artedi's  iclilhyologieal  sy.stoin,  an  order  ol' 
bony  fislies  erroiioously  supposed  to  have  no 
branclliostegal  rays,  it  iiuludid  his  Kencr;i  llalulen, 
Ontraciont  Cft'i'^pf''^'"'',  iiiui  Ltqihiiis,  Ihiit  is,  the  idcctiit;- 
nnthous  iuul  iitMlicuhitu  Ilshcs,  with  othtrr  hftoroKcueous 


linoichidtnicli  +  -((/.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
a  brancliiotroiOi  :  as,  liriiiirUii)lnn'li<tl  filia. —  2. 
Having  a  bnincliiotroch,  as  a  jiolyzoan. 

Branchipodidae  (brang-ki-pod'i-do),  «.  ph 

[Nlj.,  <  lirdiiiliipux  (-poll-)  +  -»/((■.]  A  family 
of  thii  Jlriinclti<ip<i(l(t  (I'lnillojioda).  The  eyes  :irc 
stalkeil  or  pefhineujutetl,  there  is  nu  eiu'lipjlee,  uiul  tlle 
iiiiiTiials  swim  upuii  their  liaeks.  The  funiily  is  repre- 
sinteti  hy  the  i£i:tmrii  linuicliijiufi  niiii  Artfinm. 


kinds.     Tlie  linuK-hial  apertures  are  iiiueh  niuToweil,  niul   BrancMpUS  (brang'ki-pus),  l(.     [NL.,  also,  and 


the  hraiieliii'stegal  rays  and  hraneliiio  are  entirely  internal 
and  i..n.'.al,d. 

branchiostegite  (braug-ki-os'tc-jit),  n.  [< 
hraiiehiDsUgc  +  -itt'^.'\  In  CruHtaccti,  a  free 
pleural  part  of  the  carapace  in  relation  with 
the  branchlro,  forming  a  cover  for  the  gills  and 
bounding  the  branchial  chamber  exteriorly. 


prop.,  firdiicliiojius  (cf.  BraiichiojKxUi);  i  Or. 
jipdyxui,  gills,  +  Troi'v  (-o(i-)  =  E.  font.']  Tlio 
typical  genus  of  the  family  liranchipodidw.  ihe 
thuraeie  seKmenta  are  all  free;  the  head  resembles  tluit 
of  an  edrl'iphthalmous  ernstaeean,  hut  carries  a  pair  of 
lar(,'e  stalked  eyes ;  there  are  two  antemiules  (peculiarly 
moditled  in  the  male),  two  anteniKC,  one  pairof  mandililes, 
and  two  jiairs  of  nuixillu.'.     Chiri/cfphalus  is  a  synonym. 


If  the  ln-a,icluu^t,yit,'  is  cut  jiw ay  along  the  groove,  it  branchireme  (brang'ki-rem),  n.       [<  L.   bran- 
will  he  found  that  it  is  attaelied  to  the  sides  of  the  head,      »'•">■"»•  ^-"»>-  \  b  />        i   ,      t      i  ,  e 

which  projects  a  little  beyond  tlie  anterior  part  of  the     •-'"'.'■>  K'HS;  +  '^^'■'««*'.  '"'  oar,  hand  or  foot  of  a 


th'irax."  lluilcii,  Crayfish,  p.  SO. 

brancMostegous  (brang-ki-os'te-gus),  «.     [< 
bruncliionlii/f  +  -o».s.]    1.  Having  covered  gills : 
as,   a  hranchio.'itciioHS  fish. — 2.  Covering    the 
gills:  as,  the  hrnnchiosteyous'mowlovAwc. 
Also  hnnirliiostcr/an. 

Branchiostoma  (brang-ki-os'to-ma),  II.  [NL., 
<Gr.  iiim}xi<',  gills,  +  aro/ja,  mouth  :  see67(H«Y(.] 
1.  A  genus  of  leptocardiaus  in  which  the  mouth 
is  surrounded  by  fringes,  which  were  at  one 
time  erroneously  supposed  to  have  the  fuiic- 


swimmcr.]      A   crustacean   having  branchial 

legs,  or  legs  with  branchiffi  attached  to  them; 

a  branchiopod. 
Brancbiura  (brang-ki-u'ra),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

iifid-j x'",  gills,   +  oiyjii,  tail.]     A  suborder  of 

parasitic   crustaceans,  of  the  order  Siphono- 

stoma  ;  the  carp-lice.    It  consists  of  the  single  family 

Afijutiiiie,  having  large  ci.unpouiui  eyes,  a  long  protrusile 

spine  in  finnt  of  the  .smtorial  tiihc  nf  Ihe  mouth,  ami  four 

pairs  of  elongated  Itiranious  swimming-feet.     Hut  the  Ar- 

iniiiittv  are  by  most  authors  referred  to  the  Bmnrhwpttda, 
branchiurous  (brang-ki-u'rus),  a.    Pertaining 

to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  ISranchiura. 
branch-leaf  (branch'lef),  «.    A  leaf  growing 

on  a  branch. 
branchless  ( In-anch'les),  a.     [<  branch  +  -Zcss.]  branded  (bran'ded),  a.     [A  form  of  briiulcd,(i. 


brand-iron 

of  their  crime  and   for  identification;   hence, 
any  inark  of  infamy ;  a  stigma. 

'J'he  shrug,  the  hum,  <ir  ha;  these  petty  braiul8 

That  calumny  doth  use.  Shale,  \V.  T.,  it.  1. 

Tories    and   Wliigs  had  concuiTcd  ...  in   putting  a 

hraml  ou  Ludlow.  Mamutaii,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

6.  A  fliseaso  of  ])lants  which  usually  appears 

as  blackish  pustules,  resembling  burned  spots, 

the  cause  of  the  disease  being  some  parasitic 

fungus.     The  term  is  usually  restricteil  to  the  tt'louto- 

spfirie  stage  of  fungi  belonging  to  the  tJn-tlinece.     Also 

calleil  ruKi,  smul,  and  (/unj.— Bladder-brand.    Same  »s 

b,u,n,  1, 

brand  (brand),  V.  I.     [<  ME.  braiukii,  brondyn 

=  D.  bramlen  ;  from  the  noun.]    1.  To  bum  or 

impress  a  mark  upon  ^vith,  or  as  if  with,  a  hot 

ii'on. 

Catludicisin  has  been  hramifd  into  the  national  heart 
of  Ireland  and  Poland  by  the  sulferings  they  have  endured 
from  tlie  enemies  of  their  race  and  faith. 

//.  A'.  Oxtnham,  .short  .Studies,  p.  388. 

2.  To  mark  in  some  other  way,  as  with  a  pig- 
ment: as,  to  brand  sheep. —  3.  To  mark  with 
a  hot  iron  as  a  punishment  I'or  crime. 
The  thief  with  branded  [lalras,  and  the  liar  with  cheeks 
abashed.  Swinburne,  In  Time  of  Revolution. 

(Itraniling  was  formerly  a  punishment  for  various  of- 
fenses, but  is  no  longer  practi.scd  in  civilized  countries.] 
4.  To  fi-K  a  mark  or  character  of  infamy  upon; 
stigmatize  as  infamous:   as,  to  brand  an  act 
with  infamy. 

Enormities  branded  and  condemned  by  the  ilrst  and 
most  natural  verilict  of  common  humanity.  South. 

We  find  the  sober  and  the  industrious  branded  by  the 
vain  and  the  idle  with  this  odious  appellation  (miser). 

(JuldKuuth,  The  Hee,  No.  3. 


Head  of  Lancclct  {Branchiost<mta,  or  Amfhioxtts,  lanceotatus), 

enlarged. 

a.  notochord:   *,  representatives  of  fin-rays,  or  neural  spines;   c, 

jointed  oral  ring;  (/.filamentary  appendages  of  the  moiith^;  f.  cUiated 

lobes  of  pharynx  ;y;  ^.  part  of  LI 


lobes  of  pharynx  ;/,  g,  part  of  oranchial  sac ; 


,  spinal  cord. 


tions  of  brauchia):  synonymous  with  .Imphi- 
Oj;ns.  It  represents  a  special  family,  BranehinKlnmidiv, 
ail  order  Pharijn'jobran^hU  or  Clrrostomi,  a  chiss  Lepfo- 
eardii,  and  a  sup'ercljiss  Acrania,  of  vertebrjite  animals. 
.See  these  words,  and  Amphiiixas. 
2.  A  genus  of  myriapods.  Newport,  1846. 
branchiostomatous  (iirang'ki-os-to'ma-tus),  a. 

Same  as  IjranrliiostomoKS. 

branchiostoma  (brang'ki-os-tom),  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  Branchiostoma  ;  an  amphioxus 
or  lancelet. 

branchiostomid  (brang-ki-os'to-mid),n.  Alep- 
toc;irdiau  of  the  family  liranchiostomida. 

Branchiostomidae  (brang"ki-os-tom'i-de),  «. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Branchiostoma  +  -irfic]  The  only 
known  family  of  leptocardiau  vertebrates, 
represented  by  the  genus  Branchiostoma.  The 
bi>dy  is  compressed  and  elongate-fusiform,  being  pointed 
behind  as  well  as  in  front,  and  is  naked  and  colorless,  with 
very  evident  trmisverse  muscular  lines  and  with  slightly 
developed  lln-folds  behind.  No  paired  eyes  are  developed, 
and  the  mouth  is  simply  an  inferior  elongated  slit  sur- 
rounded by  cirri.  The  species  burrow  in  the  sand,  and 
probably  live  in  all  warm  seas.  See  Amphioxtis  and  lance.- 
let,  the  ffU'iner  being  a  synonym  of  llranclnostonta  and  the 
latter  a  iioi)uIar  mime  of  the  species. 

branchiostomoid  (brang-ki-os'to-moid),  a.  and 
«.     I.  a.  (Jf  or  ha\-iug  characteristics  of  the 
BriinfluDstoiitidir. 
II.  II.  A  branchiostomid. 

branchiostomous  (brang-ki-os'to-mus),  «.    [< 

Gr.  li/Miyx'",  gills.  +  ard/ja,  mouth.]  Having 
cirri  (as  if  branchiae)  about  the  mouth ;  pertain- 
ing to  or  ha\nng  the  characters  of  the  Branchi- 
ostoiniilw.  Also  hranrhiostomatous. 
BranchiotOCa  (brang-ki-ot'o-kjl),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  ,i(«i;-  Yia,  gills,  -t-  tukoc,  birth.]  In  Owen's 
classification  of  vertebrates,  a  series  or  so-called 
'•  genetic  section  "  containing  those  which  hiive 
giUs  at  birth,  whence  the  name,  it  included  all 
the  amphibians,  tlslies,  and  tlsh-like  vertebrates,  and  is 
thus  eiiHivalent  to  Ichthiiupiida  (which  see).  It  was  coii- 
tr;isted  with  Pnennwtoea  (binls  and  reptiles). 

branchiotocous  (brang-ki-ot'o-kus),  a.  Per- 
t tuning  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Jlrani-hiiitorii. 

branchiotroch  (brang'ki-6-trok),  n.  [<  Gr. 
liltd)xi"<  gills,  -t-  r/io^iif,  a  wheel.]  The  post- 
oral  or  branchial  di\'ision  of  a  trochosphere,  as 
distinguished  from  the  preoral  cejjhalotroch. 


Destitute  of  branches  or  shoots;  bairen;  bare; 

naked. 

If  I  lose  mine  honour, 
I  lose  myself :  better  I  were  not  yours, 
Than  yours  so  branehle^fs.         .Shak.,  .\.  ami  C,  iii.  4. 

branchlet  (branch'let),  n.  [<  branch  +  dim. 
-let.]  A  little  branch;  a  twig;  a  subdivision 
of  a  branch. 

Slaking  the  leaves  in  the  woods  flutter  on  their  branch- 
lets.  C.  F.  n'oolson,  Anne,  p.  94. 

branch-pilot  (branch'pi"lot),  n.  A  pilot  pos- 
sessing a  diploma  or  certificate  of  competency 
from  the  proper  authority.     See  branch,  I.,  4. 

branch-point  (braneh'point),  «.  In  math.,  a 
point  upon  a  Riemann's  smiace  stieh  that,  in 
going  around  it,  the  values  of  a  function  are 
interchanged. 

branchstand  (branch'stand),  J'.  /.  In  falconry, 
to  make  (a  hawk)  take  the  branch,  or  leap  from 
tree  to  tree,  till  the  dog  springs  the  game. 

branchy    (brau'chi),   a.      [<   branch   +    -ijK] 

1.  Full  of  branches;   having  wide-spreading 

branches. 

The  fat  earth  feed  thy  branchy  root. 

Tennyson,  Talking  Oak. 

2.  Embowered  in  or  overshadowed  by 
branches:  as,  "the  woodman's  branchy  hut," 
J.  Baitlie. 

brand  (brand),  H.  [<  irE.  brand,  brond,  <  AS. 
brand,  brand,  a  burning,  a  sword  (=  OFries 
brand  =  OD.  brand,  a  burning,  a  sword,  D, 
brand,  a  burning,  fuel,  =  MLG.  ftrnwi  =  OHG 


v.,  suiting  its  ultimate  source,  brand.]  1.  Brin- 
dled; of  a  reddish-brown  coioi-.  [Scotch.]  — 
2.  In  :oi)l..  marked  as  if  branded  or  colored. — 
Branded  drum,  n  sciienoid  hsb,  Scicena  oeellala,  with 
braiul-llke  spots  at  the  root  of  the  tail.  Sec  drum,  and  cut 
under  redfUh. 

brandeniburg  (bran'den-berg),  n.  [Named  from 
i;raHf/e«6»)v/ in  Germany.]  1.  A  kind  of  orna- 
mental buttons  with  loops,  worn  on  the  front  of 
a  man's  coat.  See  frog. —  2.  An  ornamental 
facing  on  a  military  coat,  having  somewhat 
the  character  of  the  preceding,  and  forming 
parallel  bars  of  embroidery:  jjcculiar  to  cer- 
tain imiforms,  such  as  those  worn  by  hussars 
and  the  like. 

Brandenburg  porcelain.    See  porcelain. 

branderi  (brau'dir),  «.  [<  brand,  v.,  +  -erl.] 
1.  One  who  brands. —  2.  [G.  brandcr,  <  D.  bran- 
der,  a  fire-ship,  =  E.  brander^.]  A  name  ap- 
plied in  Gennan  universities  to  a  student  dur- 
ing his  second  term.     Lonijfcllow. 

brander^  (bran'der),  n.  [Shortened  from  ME. 
6r««rfjfp,  brand-iron :  see  brand-iron.  Ci.brand- 
ritli.]  1.  A  gritliron.  [Scotch.] — 2.  Same  as 
brandrith,  3.     [North.  Eug.] 

brander-  (bran'der),  !•.  [<  brandcr-,  «.]  I. 
trans.  To  broU  on  a  brander  or  gridii-ou ;  grill. 
[Scotch.] 

II.  intrans.  To  bo  or  become  broUed  on  a 
gridiron.     [Scotch.] 

There's  no  niuckle  left  on  the  spulc-bane ;  it  will  brander 
though  ;  it  will  brander  vera  weel. 

Scott,  Bride  of  Lanimermoor,  I.  xvili. 


MHG.  brant,  G.  brand,  a  burning,  a  brand,  a  brandering  (bran'der-ing),  ».     [<  brandcr^,  a 


sword,  =  Icel.  hrandr,  a  firebrand,  a  sword,  z= 
Sw.  brand  =  Dan.  brand,  a  firebrand,  fii'e),  orig. 
a  burning,  <  *brinnan  (pret.  bran)  =  Goth,  brin- 
nan,  etc.,  bum:  see  burnl.  Hence,  from  OHG., 
in  the  sense  of  'sword,'  OF.  brand,  brant,  bran 
=  Pr.  bran  =  It.  brando,  a  sword  (>  OF.  bran- 
dir,  etc.,  brandish :  see  brandish),  F.  brandon, 
a  torch,  brand:  see  bramlon^.  See  also  brant'^, 
brent'^,  brindeil.]  1.  A  burning  piece  of  wood, 
or  a  stick  or  piece  of  wood  partly  burned. 
Is  not  this  a  brand  plucked  out  of  the  flre  ?   Zech.  iii.  2. 

The  deep-mouthed  chimney,  dimly  lit  by  dying  brands. 
Whittier,  (iarrison  of  Cape  Ann. 


2.  A  sword.     [Now  only  poetical.] 

Then  drew  he  forth  the  brand  Excalibiir. 

Tenni/son,  .Morte  d'.\rth'.ir. 

3.  A  mark  made  by  btirning  with  a  hot  iron, 

as  upon  a  cask,  to  indicate  the  manufactm'er  i,r'a'n'd-iron  (brand'i'em),  n.  [<  ME.  i 
or  the  (luality  of  the  contents,  etc.,  or  upon  an  ,„.,„„,„.„„  irandhinic,  also  brandire, 
animal  as  a  means  of  identification;  a  trade- 
mark ;  hence,  a  mark  made  in  other  ways  than 
by  burning,  as  by  cutting  or  painting. —  4. 
tjuality  or  kind,  as  indicated  by  a  brand:  as, 
flour  of  a  good  brand. 

Any  quantity  of  gunpowder  so  finished  or  blended  as  to 
give  identic;ll  results  at  i)roof  is  termed  a  Inland,  and  re- 
ceives  a  distinctive  number.  Encye.  Brit.,  XI.  323. 

5.  A  mark  fonnerly  put  upon  criminals  with 
a  hot  ix'ou,  generally  to  indicate  the  character 


gridiron,  -\-  -iiiij'^.]     The  operation  of  covering 
the  imder  side  of  joists  with  battens,  to  which 
laths  can  be  fastened  to  give  a  better  hold  to 
the  plastering. 
brand-goose   (brand'giis),  h.     Same  as  brent- 

Ijoosc. 

brandied  (bran'did),  a.  [<  brandy  -I-  -cd^.] 
Mingled  with  brandy;  made  stronger  by  the 
addition  of  brandy;  flavored  or  treated  with 
brandy Brandied  fruit,  fmit  preserved  with  the  ad- 
dition of  brandy  to  the  syrup. 

brandify  (luan'di-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bran- 
difwd,  ppr.  brandifyint/.  [<  brandy  +  -fy.]  To 
brandy ;  mix  brandy  with. 

Vou  drink  tliree  gbasses  of  a  brandyjied  lic|Uor  called 
sherry  at  dinner.  Thackeray,  Early  and  Late  Papers. 

branding-iron  (bran'ding-i''em),  11.  Same  as 
brand-iron,  'i.  ^ 

brandiren, 
brondyrc 
(>  Sc.  brandcr,  a  gi'itliron :  see  brander"),  etc.,  < 
AS.  brandlsen  (=  D.  brandijw  =  MHG.  brant- 
i:cn,  G.  brandeisen  =  ODan.  hrandcjarn  =  Sw. 
brandjern,  a  trivet),  an  andiron,  <  brand,  a  brand, 
-t-  tscH,  iron:  see  brand  and  iron.  Cf.  brand- 
rith.] 1.  An  iron  bar  or  stand  on  which  to 
support  brands  or  burning  wood;  an  andiron. 

A  massy  old  .  .  .  bramlimn  about  a  yard  and  a  half 

wide,  and  the  two  upright  euds  three  feet  six  inches  high. 

W,  Ilowitt,  Kemarkable  Places  (1S42),  I.  30. 


brand-iron 

2.  A  trivet  to  set  n  pot  on. —  3.  An  iron  uspfl 
in  branding. 

■Sluiiut-  buriiing  brotui-yrona  ill  lii-r  ImiHl  tlid  hold. 

Spemer,  V.  ().,  III.  \n.  24. 
4t.  [.\  forced  sense,  with  ref.  to  brand,  a 
sword.]     A  .sword. 

He  with  thfir  inilltituile  wfts  iiniii^ht  ilismflyd, 
But  with  Btoiit  cttliraj^e  turnd  u)><iit  thc-in  all. 
And  with  his  hrondir'on  rulltid  alidut  liiiii  ]a.vd. 

Spfiun;  V.  Q.,  IV.  iv.  .32. 
The  vlllaiiio  met  )iiin  in  the  middle  fall, 
Ami  with  hilt  einb  liet  baeke  his  brondt/ron  bright. 

S/iemer,  I''.  ().,  VI.  viii.  10. 

brandish  (linm'dish),  «>.  [<  ME.  hraimdishfn, 
bruundisiii.  <  OF.  hraiidix.s-,  stem  of  eertain 
parts  of  Indiidir,  F.  hrandir  (=  Pr.  Pg.  brandir 
=  Sp.  hl(i>i(lirz=  ft.  hritndirc),  brandish,  <  brand, 
etc.,  a  sword:  scabnind.']  I,  tnins.  1.  To  move 
or  wave,  as  a  weapon ;  raise  and  move  in  va- 
rious directions;  snake  or  lloiu'ish  about:  a.s,  to 
brandish  a  sword  or  a  cane. 
His  hraiulUhi'xl  sword  did  blind  men  with  his  beams. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  play  with ;  flourish :  as,  "  to 
brandish  syllogisms,"  Locke. 

Il.t  intran.t:  To  move  with  a  flourish;  toss. 
BraiuulUcfw.  nut  with  thin  heed,  thi  sehnldris  thou  ne 
caste.  Babees  Jluok  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  sv. 

He  will  brandinh  against  a  tree,  and  break  his  sword 
.  .  .  eonttdently  upon  the  knotty  bark. 

B.  Jon.ioii,  Every  ilan  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

brandish  (bran'dish),  H.  [<  brandish,  t'.]  A 
shake  or  flourish,  as  of  a  weapon. 

I  can  wound  witli  a  hrandi^-h,  and  never  draw  liow  for 

the  matter.  B.  Joimin,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

BraitdUhi'S  of  the  fan.  Tatter,  No.  157. 

brandisher  (Inan'dish-er),  ».  One  who  bran- 
liislies:  as,  "  lirandislicrs  of  speares,"  Chap- 
man, Ili;id,  ii. 

brandishing^  (liran'dlsh-ing).  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
brandish,  c]     The  act  of  tlourishing  a  weapon. 

brandishing-  (bran'dish-ing),  n.  A  corruption 
of  bratliciiN/. 

brandlet  (liran'dl),  v.  [Also  wi'itten  hranle: 
<  F.  branl&r,  formerly  spelled  hr<in.slcr,  shake, 
prob.  eontr.  from  hrandelcr  (=  It.  hrandolare ;  ef. 
P.  brandiller,  shake,  wag),  <  hrandir,  brandish: 
see  brandish,  brantle,  and  bratrli'.']  I.  intrans. 
To  waver ;  totter ;  shake  ;  reel. 

Princes  cannot  be  too  suspicious  when  their  lives  are 
sought;  and  subjects  cannot  be  too  curious  when  the  state 
brandies.  Lord  Xurthamploii,  in  State  Trials,  1606. 

H.  trans.  To  shake ;  agitate ;  confuse. 
This  new  question  beg.an  to  branle  the  words  of  type  and 
antitype.  Jcr.  Taylor.  Keal  Presence,  .\ii.  §  2S. 

brandlett,  ".     [Cf.  brantail.'\    An  old  name  for 

the  redstart,  IliiticiUa  jihwnicnra. 
brandling  (brand 'ling),  n.     [<  brand  +  -/(Hfirl.] 

1.  The  smolt,  or  salmon  of  the  first  year. —  2. 
A  small  red  worm  of  the  family  Lundiricidie, 
LnmbriCHS  futiiliis,  related  to  the  earthworm, 
but  with  the  boily  banded  with  alternate  brown 
and  yellow  segments.  It  especially  harbors 
in  old  dunghills,  and  is  used  for  bait  in  fresh- 
water fishing.     Also  called  brumbU-uwrm. 

Also  WTitteu  branlin. 

brand-mark  (brand'mark),  H.   A  distinguishing 

mark  burned  upon  the  skin  or  horn  of  an  animal 

as  a  means  of  iilentification ;  hence,  a  mark  cut, 

as  on  timber,  or  jiainted,  etc.,  for  this  pm'pose. 

brand-new,  bran-new  (brand'-,  bran'nu'),  a. 

[<  brand  +  new;  =  ilD.  brandnicuw ;  cf.  the 
equiv.  E.  dial,  brand-fire  neiv,  fire-new  (in  Shak- 
spere),  D.  vonkel-nieMW  =  (t.  funl-el-neu,  lit. 
'spark-new,'  G.  iiageJ-neu,  lit.  'nail-new,'  Uke 
E.  spick-and-span,  new,  span-new,  q.  v.  But  in 
popular  use  the  first  element,  brand,  is  not  felt. 
the  common  form  being  bran-new,  and  bran 
regarded  as  an  intensive  of  7iew.^  New  as  a 
brand,  that  is,  glowing  like  metal  newly  out  of 
the  fire  or  forge;  hence,  quite  new;  fitre-new. 

A  pair  of  hraniiew  jockey-boots,  one  of  Hoby's  primest 
fi^-  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  23. 

The  reassertion  of  an  old  truth  may  seem  to  have  upon 
it  some  glittering  reflection  from  the  brazen  brightness  of 
a  brnml-new  lie.  Swinburne.  Shakespeare,  p.  1S3. 

brandonl  (bran'don),  H.  [<  ME.  braundon.iOF. 
and  F.  brandon  =  I'r.  Jiriindn  =  Sp.  hiando  =  Pg. 
brandan  =  lt.  hrandnne, linmi],  firebrand,  torch; 
in  def.  '3,  with  sense  of  brand,  <  OF.  brand,  etc., 
a  sword:  see  brand.']  If.  A  torch;  a  brand;  a 
flame. 

He  bar  the  dragon  in  his  hande  that  yaf  thourgh  his 
throte  so  gi-ete  braundon  of  tier  that  the  cir  that  was 
blakke  of  the  duste  and  powder  becolu  all  readc. 

Merlin  (R.  K.  T.  S.),  iii.  400. 

2.  A  wisp  of  straw  or  stubble.  [R-ov.  Eug.] 
— 3t.   A  sword. 

Her  right  baud  swings  a  brandun  in  the  air. 

Drummond,  I'lowers  of  .Sinn,  No.  35. 


602 

brandon-t  (bran'don),  n.  [Cf.  hrantle,  branle-.1 
A  kind  ol"  dance. 

bran-drench  (bran'drench),  11.  A  bath  used 
in  leatlier-manufacture,  prepared  by  soaking 
wlicatcin  Ijran  in  cold  water,  diluting  with  warm 
water,  and  straining  through  a  line  hair  sieve. 

brandreth,  ".     See  lirandnth. 

brandrettet,  "•     Suine  as  hrandrilh. 

brandrith,  brandreth  (brand'rith,  -reth),  «. 

[<  ME.  Iiriindriillic,  also  in  corrupt  forms  brande- 
Icdr,  branledc,  liranlcl.  an  iron  tripod  fixed  over 
a  fire;  <  AS.  brandrrda,  an  iindiron  (but  the 
ME.  formmaybefrcjm  Iccl.;  cf.  Icel.  hrandreidh, 
a  gi-ate,  =OH(i.  Iiranlreita,  MHG.  brantreilc),  < 
brand,  E.  brand,  +  *reda  =  Icel.  reidha,  imple- 
ments, rcidhi,  tackle,  rigging,  etc. :  see  arrai/, 
V.  Ci.brander^,brand-inin.~\  1.  An  iron  tripod 
fi.xed  over  a  fire ;  a  trivet ;  a  brand-iron.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —  2.  A  fence  or  rail  round  the  opening  of 
a  well.     [Eug.] 

Wells  are  digged,  and  they  are  compassed  about  with  a 
Brandrith  lest  any  should  fall  in. 

Conwniini,  Visible  World,  p.  109. 

3.  One  of  the  supporters  of  a  corn-stack.  Also 
called  hrander.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
brandschatz  (briint'sliats),  v.  t.  [<  G.  lirand- 
scliat'cn  (MHG.  hriints-chat:en),  lay  (a  town) 
under  contribution,  in  time  of  war,  by  threat 
to  biu'ii,  <  }}rand,  burning,  -I-  sehuUen,  to  lay 
under  contribution,  <  .schat:,  ta.\,  contribution.'] 
To  lay  (a  capttired  to\^^l)  under  contribution,  in 
time  of  war,  by  threat  to  burn  it,  or  by  actually 
bm'ning  it  in  part.     [Rare.] 

He  [Drake]  returned  in  the  midsummer  of  1586,  having 
captured  and  brandachatzed  St.  Domingo  and  Carthagena, 
and  burned  .St.  Augustine. 

Mutley,  United  Netherlands,  II.  102. 

brand-spore  (brand'spor),  «.  Same  as  teleuto- 
sjHiri. 

brandstickle  (brand'stik"l),  «.  [Cf .  bansticklc.  ] 
An  ( irkncy  name  for  the  stickleback. 

bran-duster  (brau'dus"ter).  n.  In  miltinn,  an 
apparatus  for  removing,  by  means  of  agitators 
and  sieves,  the  flour  that  may  cUng  to  bran 
after  it  has  passed  the  bolting-mill. 

brandwlnet  (brand'win),  n.  Same  as  brandy- 
wine. 

Buy  any  brand-wine,  buy  any  braiid--ipine? 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush.  iii.  1. 

brandy^  (bran'di),  n.  [Short  for  brandji-wine, 
q.  v.]  A  spirituous  liquor  obtained  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  wine,  or  of  the  refuse  of  the  wine- 
press. The  average  proportion  of  alcohol  in  brandy 
ranges  from  4.S  to  54  per  cent.  The  name  brandti  is  now- 
given  to  sjiiiit  distilled  from  other  liquors,  anil  in  the 
United  .states  to  that  which  is  distilled  from  eider  and  from 
peaches.  See  <jrande  e/ianiparine,  fine  ehantpatine  (under 
eltanipagne).  cofftiac,  and  eau-de-vie. —  British  brandy,  a 
common  kind  of  brandy  distilled  in  England  from  nialt 
liquors,  and  given  the  flavor  and  color  of  French  brandy 
liy  artificial  means. 

brandyi  (bran'iU),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and.  pp.  brandied, 
■<l>\}T.brandiiing.  [<,  brandy^,  n.]  'To  mix  or  fla- 
vor with  brandy. 

brandy'-  (bran'di),  a.  [<  brand,  n.,  6,  -I-  -»/l.] 
Smutty,     arose.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brandy-bottle  (bran'di-bot'l),  «.  A  name  of 
the  yellow  water-lily  of  Eiu-ope,  Xuphar  Inteuni. 
from  the  odor  of  the  flower  or  the  shape  of  the 
seed-vessel. 

brandy-fruit  (bran'di-frbt),  n.  Fruit  preserved 
in  lirandy,  to  which  sugar  is  usually  added. 

brandy-pawnee  (bran'di-pa  "ne),  n.'  [<  brandy'^ 
+  pawnc:  an  E.  spelliugof  Hind. /x/HJ,  water.] 
Tlie  Anglo-Indian  name  for  brandy  and  water. 

brandy-snap  ( liran'di-snap),  «.  A  gingerbread 
cracker  flavored  with  brandy. 

brandy-winet  (bran'di-win),  n.  [<  D.  hrande- 
wijn,  also  brandtwijn.  formerly  brand-wijn  and 
brandende  irijn  (=  MLG.  bra'nnewin ;  cf.  Sw. 
brdnnrin  =Ban.  bra'ndcrin  =1'\  branderin,  after 
the  D.  form),  <  brandcn  (ppr.  brandende,  pp. 
(jclirandt),  burn,  also  distil  (<  brand  =:li.  brand, 
a  burning),  -t-  wijn  =  E.  wine.  Cf.  G.  brandwein 
(after  the  D.),  brantwein,  branntwein,  MHG. 
branlwein,  brant  wein,  also  prant  wein,  also  <;?- 
}irant  wein,  i.  e.,  burnt  wine.  Now  shortened 
to  brandy^,  q.  v.]     Brandy. 

It  has  been  a  common  saying,  A  hair  of  the  same  dog; 
and  thought  that  braiulii-wine  is  a  common  relief  to  such. 

Witienian,  Surgery. 

brangle'  (brang'gl),  r.  i.  [Prob.  a  modifica- 
tion of  lirandle  or  lirabble,  in  imitation  of  wran- 
gle. Words  of  this  sort,  being  regarded  as 
more  or  less  imitative,  are  sub,iect  to  irreg. 
variation.]  To  wrangle;  disjmtecontentiously ; 
squabble.  [Now,  with  its  derivatives,  obsolete 
or  rare.] 


brant 

Here  I  conceive  that  tlesll  and  blood  will  lurangle, 
And  mnnnuring  Keason  with  the  .\lmighty  wrangle. 

Sylve»ler,  tr.  of  IJu  Bartas. 
.\n  honest  man  will  not  offer  thee  injury;  ...  if  he 
were  a  branqlinq  knave,  'tis  his  fashion  so  to'  do. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  .Mel.,  p.  :i79. 

branglel  (brang'gl), /(.   [<  ()mHf//(  l,  c]  A  wran- 
gle ;  squabble ;  noisy  contest  or  dispute. 
A  branyle  between  him  and  his  neighbour. 

Swi,n,  Works,  XXI..  Letter  410. 
brangle^t,  «.     [Var.  of  brantle,  q.  v.]    A  kind 

of  daiicc.     See  liranlle. 
branglement  (brang'gl-mcnt),  n.     [<  brangle'^ 

-I-  -nirnl.]     A  brangling.  brangle,  or  wrangle, 
brangler  (biang'gler),  «.     One   who  brungles; 
a  quaiTclsome  person. 

This  poor  young  gentleman  .  .  .  was  flrat  drawn  into  a 
quarrel  by  a  rude  braif.tler,  and  then  persecuted  and  like 
to  Ije  put  to  death  by  his  kin  and  allies. 

ScotI,  Monastery,  II.  112. 
branglesome  (brang'gl-sum),  a.      [<  brangle^ 

-¥  -sonir.~\     (Quarrelsome,     ilnckny. 
brangling  (brang'gling),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  bran- 
gle'^, I'.]     A  quarrel  or  wrangle. 

slie  does  not  set  business  back  by  unquiet  branglinrja 
and  ftnd-faulting  (juarrels. 

U'hitliirh-,  Manners  of  Eng.  People,  p.  347. 
branial  (brii'ni-al),  a.  [IiTeg.  <  brain  +  -ial; 
after  cranial,  etc.]  Pertaining  to  the  brain; 
cerebral. 
brank^  (brangk),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  branken.  prance, 
walk  proudly  (of  a  horse),  appar.  a  modified 
form  ot  jirank,  c.J  1.  To  make  a  show  or  fine 
appearance;  prank.     [Rare.] 

Lieutenant  Hornby  .  .  ,  came  lirnnkiu't  into  the  yard 

with  two  hundred  pounds'  worth  of  trappings  upini  him. 

//.  hinij^teii,  Kavenshoe,  .\.\.\ii. 


2.  To  hold  up  the  head  affectedly.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

brank-  (brangk),  «.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  of  Cel- 
tic origin;  cf.  L.  brance.  variant  brace,  quoted 
by  Pliny  as  the  ancient  Gallic  name  of  a  white 
kind  of  corn,  L.  sandala,  var.  scandala,  LL.  scan- 
didd.']     Buckwheat.     [Eng.] 

brank'H,  n.     [Cf.  brangle^.}    Confusion. 

brank^t,  «.     [Cf.  brangle-.]     A  kinil  of  dance. 

brank^  (brangk).  n.     See  branks. 

branks  (brangks),  n.  /il.     [<  Gael,  brancas,  now 
brangas,  brangu.-i,  an  instrument  of  punishment, 
a  kind  of  pillory  (cf.  brang,  a  halter),  =  Ir.  bran- 
cas,  a    halter;    prob.    from 
Teut. :   cf.  D.  jirung.  pinch, 
confinement, /))'((»(/cj-,  pinch- 
ers, barnacle,  collar.  G.  j/ran- 
f/er,  dial,  pfram/er,  a  pillorv, 
"<  D.  LG  'praiigen  =  MHG. 
pfrengen    —   Goth,  praggan 
(in  comp.),  press;  of  Slavic 
origin:  cf.    OBulg.   prenshti 
(in  comp.),  stretch.]    1.  An 
instrument  formerly  used  in 
parts  of  England  and  Scot-  „.„„> 

land  for  correcting  scolding 
women;  a  scolding-bridle,    it  consisted  of  a  head- 
piece inclosing  the  head  of  the  oBender,  with  a  flat  iron 
which  entered  the  mouth  .and  restrained  the  tongue. 

2.  A  sort  of  bridle  for  horses  and  cows,  in- 
stead of  leather,  it  luis  on  each  side  a  piece  of  wood  joined 
to  a  halter,  to  which  a  bit  is  sometimes  adiled,  but  more 
frec(uently  a  wooden  nose  resembling  a  nuizzle.    [Scotch.] 

3.  The  mumps. 

brankursine  (brang'ker-sin),  H.  [<  F.  branc- 
n I  sine,  hranehe-iirsine  =Pr.  branca  or.^-ina  =  Sp. 
Pg.  branca.  nrsina  =  It.  brancorsina,  branca  or- 
sina,  <  ML.  branca,  a  claw  (see  brtinch),  -h  L. 
ursinns,  of  a  bear,  <  itrsus.  bear ;  the  leaves  hav- 
ing some  resemblance  to  bears'  claws.]  Bear's- 
breech,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Jcanthns. 

branle't,  ''.     See  brandle. 

branle'-  (bron'l),  «.  [F. :  see  brantle,  7)ra«'?2.] 
A  kind  of  dance ;  the  generic  name  of  all  dances 
in  which  one  or  two  djmcers  lead  all  the  others, 
who  repeat  all  that  the  first  have  done,  as  the 
grandpere  and  the  cotillion.    See  brantle,  brawft. 

branlin  (bran'lin),  n.     Same  as  brandling. 

bran-new,  a.     See  brand-new. 

branning  (bran'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  fcr««l,  c] 
The  process  of  steeping  cloth  before  or  after 
dyeing,  or  skins  ]ir(-paratory  to  tanning,  in  a 
bath  or  vat  of  bran-water. 

They  [skins]  are  now  ready  for  the  branniwi.  which  is 
done  by  mixing  40  lbs.  of  bran  with  20  gallons  of  «  ater, 
and  keeping  them  in  this  fermentable  mi.vture  f"«r  three 
Weeks.  (Ve,  Diet..  111.  >li. 

branny  (bran'i),  a.  [<  bran^  +  -(/!.]  Having 
the  apiiearance  of  bran;  consisting  of  bran. 

branslet,  «.     See  brantle. 

brant'  (brant),  a.  [Also  ivritten  breni:  <  ME. 
brani,  brent,  <  .'\S.  branl.  bront  =  Icel.  brattr 
=  OSw.  brantcr,  Hw.  brant,  bratt=T>an.  brat, 
steep.]    Steep;  precipitous.     [Now dialectal.] 


brant 

A  mail  iiKiy  .  .  .  sit  on  a  brant  liill  side,  but  if  he  pivc 
never  so  llttli- forwanl,  lie  cainiitt  stop,  .  .  .  Init  he  must 
iiei'ils  run  heailUuig.  Asfftaiii,  'r(>x<ipiulus,  i. 

brant'-^  (brant),  «.     Same  as  hrcnl-nodsc.-  White 

brant^a  naim-  I'f  thesilri\v-;;oi»8e,  An^rr^ov  Chrit)  hiffrh*,. 
rcjw,  in  the  Ijiitcl  States  and  (-'anmla,  wlu-re  it  is  enni- 
luou.  Ttie  pluiiMi'^'e  of  tlu!  aihilt  is  siiow-wliite,  exeeptiui; 
the  hlaeli  piiniinies  anil  usually  a  I'Usty  eolor  on  the  heail ; 
the  hill  alKl  feet  are  ])inkish.     See  eut  untier  Chm. 

Branta  (bran'tii),  ii.  [NL.,  <  hmnt".]  1.  A 
■;i'iiiis  of  •fcoso:  same  as  Ucniicjii  or  TSrcnthiis. 
—  2.  A  ^'eiiiisof  lUicks:  a  synonym  of  i'itli<iutit. 

brantail  (braiL'tal),  n.  [10.  (lia,l.,  for  'hrant-tnH 
or  'hi-((ii(l-t<(il,  that  is,  rod-tail.  Sec  hruiiii,  hraiil- 
fiKi;  liriiit-(ii>iini\~\  A  name  of  the  redstart,  Uii- 
lirilld  iihiiiiiciird.     Mtiiiliii/ii.     [Loeal,  Bntisli.] 

brant-fox  (lirant/foks),  H.  [<  brant"  for  hr<iiid 
(in  allusion  to  its  yellowisli-brown  color)  + 
fiij- :  =  I),  hraiidros  =  G.  hriniil/iiclta,  brant- 
fox,  a  sorrel  liorse;  cf.  Sw.  hrund-riif  =.  Dan. 
/)/v(H(/)((v,  brant-fox  (Kw.  riif  =  Dan.  ra-r,  fo.\). 
See  brriil^,  briiit-ijDuso.l  I'tilpcs  alopcx,  a  variety 
(if  Sucdisli  fox,  smaller  than  the  oommou  fo.\. 

brant-goose    (brant'gos),    «.     Same    as   brent- 

brantlet  ( liran'tl),  «.  [Also  written  bntiisle  and 
l>y  contraction  brtiwl  (see  bnini-),  <  OF.  briiii- 
sli;  F.  braille,  a  dance,  <  branslcr,  now  braitlcr, 
sbalie:  see  braurlb,^  1.  A  kind  of  dance.  See 
braille''^. 

'I'lie  King  takes  out  tlie  Uuehesse  of  Yol'k,  ami  the  Duke 
the  Lniehesse  of  Buekingham,  the  Duke  of  Moniuouth  my 
l.aily  Castlemaine,  ami  so  other  lords  other  ladies;  and 
they  daueed  the  hmntle,  Pepiff,  Diary,  Dec.  30,  l(iti2. 

2.  A  song  for  dance-music. 

Ufaiidi'ti,  lialhids,  virelaves,  and  verses  vaine. 

Speiiser,  V.  (J.,  III.  x.  8. 

branular  (liran'n-liir),  a.  [A  Latin-seeming 
f'oi-m  made  frotn  brain,  atter  f/ranidar  as  relateil 
to  grain.]  Kelating  to  the  brain ;  cerebral. 
I  Rare.  J 

Either  a  triek,  practised  upon  me,  or  it  mipht  he  a  hranv- 
Iftr  illusion.  /.  Tai/liir,  Worhl  of  Mind,  p.  G84. 

braquemardt,  "•     Same  as  braqnomtirt. 

braquemartt,  "•  [OF.,  also  liraqucmard,  bra- 
ilHiiiiiir  (>  ML.  braijamardv.s,  braqncmardus)  \ 
cf.  OF.  bra(]iifl,  a  poniard,  Walloon  bralvt,  a 
sword. 1  A  short  sword  with  a  single  edge. 
It  is  ^'euerally  tlmu^dit  to  liave  lieeii  that  type  of  sword 
in  which  the  back  is  perfectly  straight  and  tlie  edge  curves 
out  ill  such  a  way  that  the  hroadest  part  of  the  blade  is 
near  tlie  point. 

braset,  v.  t.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  brace^. 

brasen,  a.     See  brazen. 

brashl  (brash),  r.  t.  [The  several  words  .spelled 
liniuli  are  chiefly  of  dial,  origin  and  of  mod. 
ajipearanee,  and  appar.  in  part  of  mod.  forma- 
tion. The  senses  overlap,  and  make  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  words  uncertain.  Bra.sli^  is  appar. 
a  po)  Hilar  formation  on  breal;,  bravk^,  with  the 
terminal  form  of  basli,  dash,  crash,  words  of 
similar  sense;  cf.  Iinislil,  «.,  and  brii.sh'^,  a.  In 
the  sen.se  of  'assault,  attack,' it  is  also  lound  in 
early  mod.  Sc.  as  brcschc,  appar.  a  var.  of  bru.'ih. 
«'.;  cf.  MLO.  braxchcn,  brcsclicn,  intr.,  crack, 
make  a  loud  noise,  roar,  boast,  bra.s.'icn,  make 
a  loud  noise,  =  Norw.  brai-k<i,  make  a  loud 
noise,  roar,  boast,  =  Sw.  brashi,  rustle,  bustle, 
boast,  =  Dan.  briixh;  boast,  brag.  See  brastlf.l 
[Scotch.]  1.  To  break  to  ]iieces;  smash:  as, 
he  branhcd  in  the  door. —  2.  To  disturb;  disor- 
der; break  tip  the  order  or  comfort  of. 

I  am  terrilily  hratihcd  with  .all  these  tunildiiigs  about. 

Carlyle,  ill  I'roude,  II.  106. 
3t.  Toas.sanlt;  attack. 

brash^  (brash),  n.  [<  brash^,  r.;  cf.  MLG. 
branch,  a  crack,  crash,  Dan.  brask,  a  boast, 
t)Dan.  also  a  crash,  loud  noise,  a  boast.  In 
sense  4,  cf.  dial,  hraiicli.  The  word  in  this 
sense  cannot  be  taken,  as  supposed,  from  mod. 
F.  brichc  (pron.  nearly  lirash),  breccia;  more- 
over, breccia  is  a  different  thing  from  brash: 
see  breccia,  breach.']  1.  A  crash.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
— 2.  An  assault;  an  attack.  [Scotch.] — 3. 
An  effort;  a  short  turn  of  work.  [Scotch.]  — 
4.  A  confused  heap  of  fragments,  (n)  ln.'/™(.,  a 
mass  of  loose,  broken,  or  angular  fragments  of  rocks, 
resulting  fr«uu  weatlicring  or  disintegration  on  the  spot. 
I.itfll.  {!/)  yaiit.,  small  fragments  of  crushed  ice  collected 
by  winds  or  eiirreiitj*  near  the  shore,  but  so  loosely  eoni- 
pacted  that  a  ship  can  easily  force  its  way  through.  Kaiie. 
The  ice  llrst  forms  in  thin,  irregular  Hakes  called 
"sludge,"  and  when  this  is  compact  enough  to  hold  snow 
it  is  known  as  hraah.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  328. 

(c)  Refuse  boughs  o(  trees;  clippings  of  hedges;  loose 

twigs. 

brash-  (brash),  n.  [Hardly  connected,  as  sup- 
posed, with  Iccl.  Iiri  i/st-lti/cr,  weakness  of  liody, 
<  lirii/vkr,  weak,  inlirm  (in  a  moral  sense),  prop, 
brittle  (see  bra.sh''^),  but  perhaps  a  particular 
use  of  bra.thl,  «.]  1.  A  transient  lit  of  sickness. 
JSurns.    [Scotch.]  —  2.  .\  rash  or  erupt  ion.    [Lo- 


663 

oal,Kng.]  —  3.  Acidity  in  the  month  occasioned 
by  a  disordered  stomach.  Also  calleil  water- 
brash.  Weaning  brash,  a  severe  (onn  of  iliarrliea 
wltii'li  SMriM'times  follows  w,'auing. 

brash''  (brash),  (/.  [Cf.  F,.  dial.  (Xorth.)  brass- 
isli.  brittle;  jirob.,  with  some  alteration  of  form 
(perhaps  by  confusion  with  lirash^,  n.,  4),  <  Iccl. 
Iirei/xkr,  mod.  also  breiskr.  brittle  (cf.  brash-) ; 
lierliaps  nit.  connected  with  break  and  brickie.] 
Hrittle.     [Local,  U.  S.] 

brash*  (brasli),  fl.  [Perhaps  of  Celtic  origin: 
cf.  tiael.  bras,  Ir.  bras,  lirasacli,  hasty,  impetu- 
ous, keen,  active,  nimble;  cf.  also  IJ.  Ixirseh,  > 
G.  Iiarsch  =  Dan.  Sw.  Ixirsk,  harsh,  impetuous. 
Not  connected  with  the  eipiiv.  /■«.v/(l.]  Impetu- 
ous; rash;  hasty  in  temper,  llrusc.  [Collo(i., 
Kng.  and  U.  S.] 

brash'  (brash),  n.  [Appar.  <  hrash*,  a.;  but 
perhaps  a  jiarticular  use  of  brash'^,  «.]  A  vio- 
lent jnish.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brash'  (brasIi),  )'.  ).  [Ajipar.  <  brash*,  a.;  but 
perhaps  a  particular  use  of  brash^,  v.]  To  run 
headlong.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brash^'  (brash),  K.  [Appar.  a  particular  use  of 
lirash^.]     A  siiower. 

brashyl  (brash'i),  a.  [Appar.  <  brash^,  n.,  4,  + 
-//I.J     Small;  rubliishy.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brashy-'  (brash'i),  a.  [<  brash-  +  -yl.]  Subject 
to  l're(iuent  ailment,  as  liorses  ;  delicate  in  con- 
stitution.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

brashy''  (lirash'i),  a.  [Also  brau.ihie;  appar.  < 
lirasli-'  +  -//I.]     .Stormy.     [Scotch.] 

brasiatort,  «.  [ML.,  <  brasiare,  brew  :  see  bras- 
si  ric]     A  brewer. 

brasiatrixt,  «.  [ML.,  fem.  of  hraaiatur,  q.  v.] 
A  female  brewer. 

brasier,  n.     See  brasicr. 

brasil,  "•     Sec  brazil. 

brasilin,  brasiline,  n.    See  braziUn. 

brasils  (bras'ilz),  «.  pi.  [Cf.  brassil,  and  E. 
dial,  brazil,  sulphate  of  iron.]  A  kind  of  coal 
occurring  in  the  middle  of  the  Ten-yard  coal 
in  South  Staffordshire,  and  prefeiTed  by  some 
smelters  for  reverberatory  furnaces,  because  it 
contains  so  much  inorganic  matter  that  a  too 
rapid  consumption  is  prevented.     Percy. 

brasinat  (bra-.si'na),  n.  [ML.,  also  bratsina 
(OF.  bressinc),  <  brasiare,  brassare,  brew:  see 
brasserie.]    A  brew-house. 

brasinariai,  «.    [ML.]    Same  as  hra,<tina. 

brasiumt,  ».  [ML.,  also  bracium :  see  bras- 
serie.]    Malt. 

brasmatiast,  »•  [Gr.  jipaa/iarlac,  eqniv.  to  flpa- 
ori/r,  an  upward  earthquake,  <  jipaaaeiv,  shake, 
throw  up.]  An  earthquake,  when  character- 
ized by  an  upward  movement. 

brasque  (brask),  «.  [<  F.  brusque.]  A  paste 
variously  made,  used  as  a  lining  for  crucibles 
and  furnaces. 

The  hrasiiw  of  the  larger-sized  crucibles  is  formed  of 
antliracite  powder,  powdered  gas-carbon,  and  gas-tar. 

ir.  //,  Gn-i'iueiiml,  .St«^'el  and  Iron.  p.  *1\. 

brasque  (lirask),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brasqueil, 
ppr.  brasqidny.  [<  brasque,  n.]  To  line  with 
brasque. 

The  pig  is  melted  in  a  separate  hearth,  in  fact  is  passed 
through  a  sort  of  "running  out '"  lire  or  refinery  before 
it  reaches  the  finery  proper ;  the  bed  of  this  latter  is 
tiranqiu'd  or  lined  with  charcoal  powder  moistened  and 
rammed  in,  and  so  forcibly  compressed. 

Knctjc.  TSrit.,  XIII.  SISl. 

brass^  (bras),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  bras,  bres,  <  AS. 
bra's,  brass,  =  Icel.  bras  (Haldorsen),  solder  (> 
(Jael.  jirais  =  Ir.  jiras  =  W.  pres,  brass) ;  related 
to  leel.  bra.ia,  liarden  in  the  fire,  =  Sw.  brasa. 
flame,  =  Dan.  bra.se,  fry,  >  F.  braser,  solder 
(see  braize'^);  cf.  OSw.  and  Sw.  brasa,  tire,  Icel. 
bniss  (occurring  once),  a  cook.  Hence  braze-, 
brazen,  bra.sscn,  etc.]  I.  n.  1.  An  important 
alloy,  consisting  essentially  of  copper  and  zinc. 
Tlie  proportion  in  which  the  two  metals  are  combined  dif- 
fei-s  considerably  in  different  kinds  of  brass.  Brass  in  gen- 
eral is  harder  than  copper,  and  eonseijueiitly  wears  better 
than  that  metal.  It  is  malleable  and  ductile,  so  that  it  can 
be  easily  rolled  int*i  thin  sheets,  or  be  hamineretl  into  any 
ilesire<l  shape.  It  turns  easily  in  the  lathe,  ami  can  he 
drawn  into  fine  wire  ;  moreover,  it  h,as  an  attractive  golden 
color,  and  is  cheaper  than  copiier.  The  color  of  brass  \  a- 
ries  with  the  proportions  of  the  ingredients.  A  full  yellow 
variety  cout-aius  about  two  parts  of  e<ipper  to  one  of  zinc. 
This  alloy  was  known  to  the  ancients,  and  w:is  made  by 
them  before  they  had  any  knowledge  of  the  metal  zinc 
as  such.  It  is  not  among  the  nietiUic  substances  men- 
tioned by  Homer;  but  it  was  well  known  Ut  Strabo,  who 
describes  the  mode  of  matiufaetunng  it  from  the  zlnkifer- 
ous  ore  (caliuiiin),  and  calls  the  alloy  urichalc  (opeixoAKo^ ). 
See  orichatc.  jn'nchlMT/c,  prfiue'ti  mr-lal.  monaicinttd.iluniz's 
mi'tal,  and  ttclhte  uietttt.  Ill  rhetorical  comparisons,  bniss 
is  a  eoniinon  type  of  hardness,  durability,  or  oliduracy. 
I'nle.ss  my  nerves  were  brann  or  haninier'd  steel. 

Stiak.,  Sonnets,  exx 
.Men's  evil  manners  live  in  t/ra*-n  ;  their  virtues 
We  write  in  water.  ahak.,  Hen.  \11I.,  iv.  2. 


brassage 

2.  A  utensil,  ornament,  or  other  arti<de  made 
of  brass:  as,  to  clean  tlie  brasses  on  board  a 
ship. —  3.  In  mach.,  a  pil- 
low, bearing,  collar,  box, 
or  bush,  supporting  a  gud- 
geon :  so  called  because  fre- 
ciuently  made  of  brass. — 
4.  In  mrilicral  archa:ol.,  a 
funeral  monument  consist- 
ing of  a  ]ilate  of  brass,  usu- 
ally of  rectangular  shape 
and  often  of  large  size,  in- 
cised with  an  etligy,  coats 
of  arms,  inscriptions,  and 
frequently  accessory  oriia- 
inent.  Such  brasses  are  some- 
times splendidly  enameled.  In 
some  examples  the  designs  are 
executed  in  relief,  or  in  relief 
in  conihination  with  engraving. 
Slabs  of  stone  inlaid  with  figures, 
etc.,  in  brass  are  also  called 
br.asses,  and  are  a  usual  form  of 
medieval  monument.  Both  the 
plates  of  brass  and  the  inlaid 
stones  were  fre(iueutly  placed 
in  the  ordinary  pavement  of 
churches,  t'omparatively  few  of 
such  luonnments  executed  wholly 
in  brass  survive,  as  the  value  of  tl 
be  melted  down  and  appli 


Brass  of  Elc.inor  Bohun 
{dic'l  i^i'.  Ill  Wcbtinin- 
iter  Abbty. 

nietjil  has  eauseil  it  to 
il  to  other  uses. 
Among  the  knightly  Itraitxi'it  of  the  graves, 
And  by  the  cold  Hie  .lacets  of  the  dead. 

'JVnni/Niin,  .Merlin  and  Vivien. 
5.  A  brass  musical  instrument,  or,  collectively, 
the  brass  instruments  in  a  baud  or  an  orches- 
tra.— 6.  Money.     [Now  only  colloq.] 

Withouten  pite,  pilour!  pore  men  thou  robbedest, 
And  beere  heor  bran  on  tlii  bae  to  C'aleys  Ut  sulle. 

I'it'rn  Plowman  (A),  iii.  IS!). 
We  should  scorn  each  bribing  varlet's  hram. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  IV.  v.  12. 

Trying  to  get  out  of  debt,  a  very  ancient  slongli,  calleil 

by  the  Latins  aes  alienuni,  another's  brans,  for  some  of 

their  coins  were  made  of  brass ;  still  living,  ami  dying, 

and  buried  by  this  other's  hra-fs.     Thoreai/,  Walden,  p.  'J. 

7.  In  eoal-niininij,  iron  pjTites.  It  occurs  in  small 
paiticlis  disstuiiiiated  through  the  coal,  or  ill  veinlets  or 
thin  scaly  partings.     (Uarcly  used  except  in  the  plural.] 

8.  Excessive  assurance;  impudence;  brazen- 
ness:  as,  he  has  brass  enough  for  anything. 
[Colloq.] 

She  ill  lier  defence  made  liini  appear  such  a  rocue  that 
the  chief  justice  wondered  lie  had  the  hraat  to  appear  in 
a  court  of  justice.  Roger  Sorth,  Exanien,  p.  Sftti. 

To  me  he  appears  the  most  impudent  piece  of  bra^s 
that  ever  spnke  witli  a  tonfjuc. 

Gotdsiiiifh,  she  St'H.ps  to  Comiuer,  iii. 

Brass-blacking.  H.-c  Wfiri-//)//.— Brass-color,  in  glass- 
makiuf/,  a  preparation  for  staining  ylass,  made  hy  expos- 
jufj;  thin  brass  plates  upon  tiles  in  tin.-  aniifaliii(r-arch  of 
a  glass-house  until  they  arc  completely  nxidized  into  a 
black  powder.  This  powder,  fused  witti  ^I;i.-.s.  j^ives  vari- 
ous tints  of  yreen  and  tunpudse. —  Brass- foil,  "v  brass- 
leaf,  Dutch  leaf  or  Dutch  j^old,  fuina-d  l.y  l.e;itinv:  out 
plates  of  bra-ss  to  extreme  thinness,  — Brass-powder,  cop- 
per and  its  various  alloys  f^rouiid  to  tine  powder  and  used 
with  varnish  for  decorative  purpn.st---^.  Many  of  the  so- 
f.-Ultd  bronze-powders  are  brass-jjowders. 

II,  a.  Made  or  composed  of  brass;  pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  brass;  brazen;  brassy. 
Trumpet,  blow  loud, 
Send  thy  brasfi  voice  through  all  these  lazv  tents. 

Shak.,  T.amU'.,  i.  3. 
Brass  Instrument,  see  wind-  inxt  ru  men  t. — Brass  rule. 

See  rule. 

brass!  (bras),  v.  L  [<  hra^s'^,  u.  Cf.  hraze^.]  To 
cover  or  coat  over  \nth  brass.  Copper  is  bi-assed 
by  exposing  iti  surface  to  the  fumes  of  metallic  zinc,  or 
liy  boiling  it  in  tiiluted  hydrochloric  acid  to  which  an 
amalgam  of  zinc  ami  cream  of  tartar  has  been  ntlded. 
Iron  is  brassed  by  plunging  it,  after  cleaning,  into  melted 
biiiss,  and  by  electro-iltpn.sition. 

brass-  (bras),  H.  [In  dof.  1,  same  as  hrace'^,  q. 
V. ;  in  def.  2,  <  OF.  brassc,  "a fathom  or  an  arm 
full;  or  a  measure  of  five  foot"  (Cotgrave),  F. 
hrafisr,  naut.,  a  fathom  (=  Pr.  brassa  =  Cut. 
hrast>a  =  Sp.  hr<i~<i  =  Pg.  bra^a  (ML.  brassia,, 
bra.s.sa)y  a  fathom),  same  as  brace,  the  two  arms, 
<  L.  brachhiy  pi.  of  brttdiium,  braechiHiu,  arm: 
see  brace^  (of  whieh  bntss'^  is  a  doublet)  and 
brachiuJH.  Cf.  It.  briivdo  (>  Swiss  brache),  a 
measure,  a  'cubit'  or  'fathom,'  lit.  anu,  <  L. 
brachiitm,  ai'm.]  If.  Xiutt.,  same  as  brarr. — 
2.  A  continental  European  measure  of  lenj<rh. 
equal  to  the  extended  arms  or  more  ;  a  fathom. 
The  old  French  bniase  was  C3.9  English  inches;  the  spsiii- 
ish  braza  in  Castile,  Ofi."  inches ;  the  Catalan  brassa,  SO.li 
inclies ;  the  brazaiio  of  tlte  Canary  Isles  (a  variety  ut  the 
Spanisli  brazn),  71. G  inches ;  the  hrwyi  of  Portugal  ami 
llrazil.HG  inches;  tlie  Norwegian  />ra««,  ci^mmonlyused  on 
North  German  nautical  cliarts.  74.1  inches.  (The  wnr<l  is 
cnufused  with  another  derived  from  the  singular  ^racA/KHi 
and  signifying  an  arm's  length.) 

brassage  (bras'aj),  «.  [OF,  brassaffe,  hrojisaif/e 
(MIj.  brticvinjiuni,  bracaf/iinii),  brassage  (cf.  ML. 
bnuaitor,  mintcr),  F.  brassittft;  coinage,  mint- 
age, <  bra^atr,  stir  up  (the  melted  metal):  see 


brassage 


664 


hrtisf:n-if.'\     A  i)orcoiitiif,'e  lovioii  to  pay  for  the  brass-visaged  (l)niR'viz*il,j(i),  ri.   Brazon-fappd ; 
cost  (if  (•(liiiiii),'  iiiiiMcy.     Soo  seiiitui>rit('ic.  iin]iu(lciil :  as,  "that  brinis-risayfd  monster,"  li. 

brassart,  brassard  (bras'jirt,  -iird),  h.    [Also    JiiiisiiH. 
/)r«.s»7(i^l<iiiiior);  <  F.  brassart,  l>rassat,brassal,  brass-wind  (l>ias' wind),  h.    In  wiisir,  that  divi 


now  brasaard,  <  bras,  arm:  seo 
braced,  «.,  and  cf.  bracer,  1!.]  In 
the  armor  of  the  lifteenth  ami 
sixteenth  eentiu'ies,  that  jiart 
whiidi  covered  the  arai,  snjiersed- 
ini;  (lie  vambrace,  bracelet,  rere- 
bnice,  cte. 

brass-band   (brS,s'band'),  n.     A 

band  or  company  of  musieal  jier- 

forniers,  all  or  most  of  whom  l>lay 

npon  metal   (chiefly  brass)  wind- 

iiistniMients  ;  a  military  band. 
brass-bass  (l)ras'bas),  «.    A  per-      n,ass..rt. 

coideous  lish,  Morone  intcrrnpta: 

so  called  from  its  bright  brassy  color,  tinged  ,  .,  ,,        ,.. 

with  blue  on  the  back  and  marked  on  tlie  sides  °T^^^'^7  ^  J^^,  '^ 

■n-ith  7  to  9  large  interrupted  black  l)auds.   it  at- 
tains the  size  of  tlie  common  white  percll,  .and  inliabits 

fresli  waters  of  the  Mississippi  valley. 
brasse^  (bras),  n.     [Cf.  G.  brasscu,  the  bream; 

ult.  =  hiirsc,  bass^,    Cf.  6)'e«»il.]     A  name  of 

the  European  bass. 
brasse'-,  «.     See  brass'^. 


sKin  of  au  orchestra  which  comprises  players 
upon  metal  wind-instruments:  contrasted  witli 
tlie  ifdoil-iriiuf,  tlie  .strimjs,  etc. 
brassyl  (bras'i),  <■(.  [< /<r«s.sl  -I-  -//l.]  1.  Per- 
taining to  or  ha\ang  any  of  tlie  qualities  of 
brass;  brazen:  chiefly  used  in  a  derogatory 
sense:  as,  a  ftrrwsy  taste ;  the  coloring  is  ftros*?/. 

Enoufili  to  press  a  roy.al  nierehant  down, 

Ami  pluck  comniiaerution  of  his  state 

I-'roiu  brajifty  bosoms,  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Brazen-faced;  impudent.     [Colloq.] 

There's  no  Kalhmt 
.So  frmsKiz-impudent  durst  undertake 
The  words  tlnat  shall  helon^'  to  't. 
MiiMlrlnn  (and  another),  Mayor  of  (Jueenborough,  iii.  1. 

.     .  [Also  brnssie,  bressic.    Cf. 

ir«.y.v(.i.     Fish-names  are  very   unstable.]     A 
Scotch  name  of  the  bib,  a  gadoid  fish. 
brastt  (brast).   An  olisolete  form  (present,  pret- 
erit, and  past  participle)  of  burst. 

DreadfuU  Furies  which  tlieir  chains  have  brast. 

Speiiser,  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  31. 
brastiumt,  "■     A  variant  of  brasinm. 


"'  "^^,2"'^)^;,^,  \J;^-''^^:^L  ii;5-  l"^attish  (brat'ish),  n.  .  [E.  dial,  var.  of_6n,. 


braslliiiii,  b(Erstlian,  crackle,  as  burning  wood, 
a  falling  tree,  thunder,  etc.  (=  MHG.  brastelu, 
prastehi,  G.  prasseln,  crackle),  freq.  of  *bras- 
tiaii  (=  OHG.  brastdn,  praston,  MHG.  brusten, 
crackle),  <  herstaii  (pret.  birrst,  "brast),  bui-st: 
see  burst,  brast,  and  cf.  6rMi.Wel,  which  is  a  dou- 
blet of  brastle.]  If.  To  crackle  ;  crack  with  a 
noise. 

Speren  brastlien,  sceldes  gonnen  scanen. 

Layaiiwn,  III.  141. 
2.  To  boast;  brag;  crack.  [North.  Eng.] 
bratl  (brat),  «.  [<  ME.  bratt,  a  coarse  cloak, 
<  ONorth.  bratt,  <  Gael,  brut,  a  cloak,  mantle, 
apron,  rag,  =  Ir.  brat,  a  cloak,  mantle,  veil, 
bratog,  a  rag,  =  W.  brat,  a  rag,  pinafore.] 
If.  A  coarse  mantle  or  cloak.    Chaucer. — 2. 


brassent,  "•     [Sc.  brassin;  <  brass  +  -en 

/<)•((.■-(■«.]     A  variant  of  brazen. 
brasserie  (bras'er-e),  n.    [F.  (ML.  brasscria),  < 

brasscr,  brew,  mash,  stir  up,  <  OF.  bracer,  <  ML. 

braciarc  {brasiare,  braxare,  brassare),  brew,  < 

bracium  {hrasium,  brasum),  brace  (>  OF.  bra:, 

bres),  malt,  L.  (Gallic)  brace  (var.  brance),  a 

kind  of  corn ;  cf.  branlfi.']     In  France,  a  brew- 
ery, or  a  beer-garden  attached  to  a  brewery ; 

also,  any  beer-garden  or  beer-saloon. 

To-day  while  ilr.  B.  was  sitting  in  a  brasserie,  a  lady 
approached  and  shot  him. 

N.  T.  Herald,  Dispatches  from  Paris. 

brassett  (bras'et),  n.     Same  as  brassart. 
brass-finisher  (bras'fin"ish-er),  n.    A  workman 

who  perfects  and  polishes  articles  made  of 

brass. 
brass-founder  (bras'fonii"der),  n.    A  maker  of 

brass  or  of  articles  cast  in  brass. 
brass-furnace   (bras'fer"nas),  n.     One  of  two 

kinds  of  furnace  for  the  rnkking  and  founding  i,^'i,o  ^J"*"!  f"" 

nf  VivQoc     /  ^  .         1      ..      .  ,    ,  ?  brat"  (brat),  71 

oi  orass.    («)  .\  reverberat<iry  furnace  for  large  quanti-     i,„,w  q  i^avfin,, 

ties  of  the  alloy.    (!;)  A  crucible  furnace  for  small  quan-       _'    „    paiiicu 

titles.    lu  tliis  furnace  the  crucible  is  placed  within  a  cast- 
iron  cylinder  lined  with  fire-brick  and  set  over  a  fii-e-pit. 

The  mouth  of  tlie  cylinder  is  covered  with  a  metal  block 

called  a  tili:     Each  crucible  has  its  own  line  connecting 

with  the  chimney.     The  oven  for  drying  cores  is  generally 

placed  above  the  fimiace,  and  connected  with  the  flue  to 

utilize  tlie  heat  of  the  latter. 
Brassica  (bras'i-kii),  n.     [L.   (>  AS.  brassica, 

ME.  ftrassiA-,  6)Y(.siA-j,  cabbage.]   A  genus  of  cru-  "Tats  (brat),  n.     [Cf, 

eiferous  plants,  including  more  than  a  hundi'ed    name  of  the  turbot. 

species,  all  of  which  are  natives  of  Em-ope  and  bratch  (brach),  n.     [The   proper  spelling   of 

northern  Asia.    .Several  species  have  long  been  in  culti-     *''"<'''  ™  tliis  prontmciation :  see  brach,  and  cf . 

vation,  and  are  the  origin  of  a  large  numbei-of  varieties  of     hratehct.']     See  brach.      0-rose. 

plants  used  as  table  vegetables  and  .as  fodder.   B.oleracm  bratchet  (brach'et),  «.      [Sc.  also  bratchart :  < 

has  given  rise  to  a  1  the  forms  of    cabbage,  cauliHower,     ME  bracket   <  OF   brnchef(-Vr   hynn„Pt  ■  Ml 

broccoli,  kohl.r.-ibi.  kale.  Brussels  simmts  etc    cnitivntB.i     f^- "'""«'i  >  ^'•f  •  "'0™f«  (=  i^r.  O)og«ef ,   MLi. 

brachetus),  dim.  of  brache,  a  hoiuid:  see  ftrac/i.] 


braunite 

brrtt  =  AS.  bretl,  a  plank:  see  bnarrl']  In 
miniiiy,  a  Vioard,  jilaiik,  or  brick  lining  or  parti- 
tion in  a  level  or  shaft,  usually  desifrncd  to  form 
an  air-passage  or  confine  the  cuncnt  of  air  to 
a  certain  route.  Also  written  brellicc,  brettis. 
brattice  (brat'is),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bratticed, 
p]ir.  hratlicinij.  [<  brattice,  ?t.]  To  separate 
by  a  brattice. 

The  improvement  of  the  circulation  by  bratticing,  or 
separating  the  upward  anil  downwaril  currents  by  p"lat«8 
'"■tubes.  li.  Wilson,  Steam  Boilers,  p.  16S. 

brattice-cloth  (brat'is-kloth),  n.  In  coal-min- 
inij,  a  heavy  cloth  or  canvas,  often  covered  with 
some  water-proof  material,  and  used  tempora- 
rily as  a  brattice. 

bratticing,  brattishing  (brat'is-ing,  -ish-ing), 

«.     [Also  corruptly  (in  :2d  sense)  brundi.<ihin<j ; 

<  ME.  bretasymjc,  briteij.Hinr/,  an  outwork,  etc., 

<  bretasce,  etc.,  brattice.  See  bartizan,  which 
is  appar.  a  var.  of  bratticing.  In  3d  sense 
directly  from  brattice.  See  brattice.']  1.  An 
ornamental  cresting,  generally  of  open-work, 
as  a  medieval  cresting  of  foliage,  or  the  like. 
—  2.  Any  open-work  of  rich  and  varied  design, 
especially  in  metal. — 3.  A  fence  of  boards  in 
a  mine  or  around  dangerous  machinery.  See 
brattice. 


tice.']    1 .  A  shelf.—  2.  A  seat  with  a  high  back. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

brattishing,  ".     See  bratticing. 

brattle  (brat'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brattled,  ppr. 
brattling.  [Appar.  an  imitative  word.  Cf. 
brastle  and  rattle.']  \.  To  make  a  loud  rum- 
bling or  rattling  noise;  thunder.^— 2.  To  move 
rapidly  with  a  clattering  noise. 

brattle  (brat'l),  n.  [<  brattle,  r.]  1.  A  clatter- 
ing noise  like  that  made  by  the  feet  of  horses 
moWng  rapidly. — 2.  Rapid  motion;  a  short 
rapid  race. 

Thou  need  na  start  awa'  sae  hasty, 
\Vi"  bickering  brattle ! 

Burns,  To  a  Mouse. 
3.  A  \-iolent  attack. 


A  child's  bib  or  apron.    [North.  Eng.]— 3.  A  brattling  (brat'ling),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  braUle, 
clout;  a  rag.    Bums.     [Seoteh.]—4.  The  film        -      -"■         .     »       ..  .  . 

on  the  surface  of  some  liquids,  as  on  boiled 
milk  when  cold.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

[First  in  early  mod.  E. ;  per- 
ciilar  use  of  brat^,'a.  child's  bib  or 
apron,  a  rag,  etc.:  see  brat^.]  A  child:  now 
used  only  in  contempt:  as,  ''this  brat  is  none 
of  mine,"  Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  3 ;  "  their  dii'ty  bratu," 
Tliackeray. 

O  Israel !  O  household  of  the  Lord ! 

O  Abraham's  brats  !  0  brood  of  blessed  seed ! 

Gascoifjne,  De  Profundis. 
bret.]     A  local  English 


v.]     The  act  of  making  a  clattering  noise ;  tu- 
mult; uproar;  quarrel. 

Her  voice  that  clove  tlu-ough  all  the  din,  .  .  . 
Jarr'd,  but  not  drown'd,  by  the  loud  brattling. 

Byron,  Sardanapalus,  iii.  1. 
His  voice  sounded  not  unlike  the  brattUny  of  a  tin  trum- 
pet —  owing  to  the  number  of  hard  northwesters  which 
he  had  swallowed  in  the  course  of  his  sea-faring. 

Irviny,  Knickerbocker,  p.  86, 
bratty  (brat'i),  «. ;  pi.  bratties  (-iz).     [Dim.  of 

braf^.]     An  apron.     [Scotch.] 
branch   (brach),    n.      [E.   dial.,   also   brauche, 
braurhe.     Cf.  ftra«/il,  «.,  4.]     Eakings  of  straw 
to  kindle  fires.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Kent)J 
brauchin  (bra'chin),   H.      [E.   dial.,    appar.  < 


A  collar  for  a  horse, 
with   straw. 


[Eng.] 
Impudently ;   with 

The  quality  or  ap- 


broccoh,  kohl.r.abi,  kale,  Brussels  sprouts,  etc.,  cultivated 
for  their  leaves  or  inflorescence,  or,  in  the  case  of  the  kohl- 
rabi, tor  the  turnip-like  enlargement  of  tlie  stem.  B.  cam- 
pestris  is  the  parent  of  the  turnip  and  of  the  rutabaga  in 
which  the  nourishment  is  stored  in  the  root,  and  of  the 
coUa  anil  rape,  which  are  raised  for  the  oil  of  the  seed.  B. 
alba  and  B.  nigra  are  the  white  and  black  mustards.  The 
charlock,  B.  .Siimpistrum,  usually  a  troublesome  weed,  and 
some  other  species  in  the  East,  are  sometimes  cultivated, 
chiefly  for  their  seeds.    See  cuts  under  broccoli  and  sprouts 

brassie,  «.     See  bra^sy^. 

brassil  (bras'il),  n.  [See  brasils,  brazil]  In 
mining,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  pyii- 
tiferous  material  occurring  in  metalliferous 
veins  or  in  connection  with  coal. 

brassily  (bras'i-li),   adv. 
brazen  confidence. 

brassiness  (bras'i-nes),  M. 
pcaruiice  of  being  brassy. 

brassing  (bras'ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  brassT-,  v.] 

The  operation -* — *-= 1----^    —       .  . 

a  film  of  brass 

Brassolinae  (bras-o-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bras- 
siilis  +  -(■;»(■.]  A  subfamily  of  nymphalid  but- 
terflies, confined  to  America,  of  a  brown  color 
with  short  body  and  thickened  antennie.  Eras- 
mus and  Caligo  are  leading  genera,  the  latter  containing 
the  owl-lmtturflies. 

brassoline  (bras'o-lin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Brass(dina;. 

Brassolis  (bras'6-lis),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
nymphalid  butterflies,  typical  of  the  subfamilv 
Bras.ioliiKc. 

brass-pavedt  (bras'pavd),  a.  Paved  with  brass ; 
hard  or  linn,  as  brass.     Spenser. 

brass-smith  (bras'smith),  «.  A  smith  who 
works  in  brass. 


A  kind  of  hound;  a  brach:  applied  contemptu' 
ously  to  a  child. 

The  bratcfiet's  bay 
From  the  dark  covert  drove  the  prey. 

Scott,  Marmion,  ii.,  Int. 

To  be  plagued  with  a  bratchet  whelp  —  Whence  come  ye, 

ray  fair-favoured  little  gossip?    Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  x.\i. 

bratht,  «•    [So.  also  braith;  <  ME.  brath,  broth, 
braith,  <  leel.  bradhr  =  Sw.  brM  =  Dan.  brad, 
sudden,  hasty.]     Hasty;  violent;  fierce. 
For  this  word  was  Saul  wrath. 
For  oft  sith  was  he  bremli  [brimly]  brath. 
MS.  in  Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Jlorris),  Gloss.,  p.  31. 

bratht,  «•    [ME.,  <  Icel.  brddh,  haste,  <  brudhr, 
hasty:  see  brath,  a.]     Violence;  fierceness. 
In  the  brath  of  his  breth  that  brennez  alle  thinkez. 

Alliterative  I'oeiits  (ed.  Mon-is),  1.  221G. 


The  operation  of  coating  objects  of  metal  with  brathlyt,  adr.    [Sc.  also  braithly;  <  ME.  brathhi, 

*  >      ,     ,      <  Jraffe -f  -/y2.] 

luiiuaj  (uras-o-u  ne).  n.  ))(.     inIj-_<  Hms.     nasniv:  vioient:iv:  fiercerv 

Sdli^ 


briithli/,  braithly,  brathli.  etc 
Hastily;  violently;  fiercely. 

Beris  to  sjt  Berille  and  brnthely  hym  hittes. 

MoHe  Artliure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1771. 
brattach  (brat'ak),  n.   [<  Gael,  bratach,  banner, 
fiag,  ensign,  <  brat,  mantle,  cloak,  veil,  rag: 
see  brat^.]     A  standard.     [Scotch.] 

Their  forces  are  .assembling  on  each  side,  and  not  a  man, 
claiming  in  the  tenth  degree  of  kindred,  but  must  repair  to 
the  llraltach  of  his  tribe.    .Scott,  Fair  .Maid  of  Perth,  I.  xiii. 

brattice  (brat'is),  n.  [=  E.  dial,  bruftish,  a  shelf, 
<  ME.  brctais,  bretasce,  breli.'.;  hrelage,  britaiic 
<OF.  brelechc,  bretesehe,  bcrte.schc,  bret4^sque\= 

Pr.  bertresca  =  It.  berUsca,  baltresca,  ML.  reflex  braunite  (brou'nit),  h.  [<  M.  Brnun,  of  Gotha, 
breteclua,  bretesclna,  bertescha,  berthesca,  ber-  +  -ite^.]  A  native  oxid  of  manganese,  con- 
trcsca,  etc.),  perhaps  <  OHG.  MHG.  bret,  G.     taiuing  also  20  per  cent,  of  manganese  silicate. 


branch  +  -in  for  -ing^.] 

made   of   old    stockings   stuffed 

[Prov.  Eng.  (Cumberland).] 

braudt,  ''.     See  brand,  broid. 

brauderiet,  »•   An  obsolete  variant  of  broidery. 

braugh'Wam,  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  broughicham  and 
broughfiin  ;  origin  uncertain.]  A  dish  composed 
of  cheese,  eggs,  bread,  and  butter,  boiled  to- 
gether. 

braullf,  ''•     -An  obsolete  speUing  of  braiel'^. 

braul^  (bral),  H.  [E.  Ind.]  A  blue  and  white 
striped  cloth  made  in  India. 

Braula  (bra'la),  H.  [NL.]  The  t.vpical  genus 
of  the  family  Braulida:  Braula' cieca  is  the 
common  bee-louse. 

braulid  (bra'lid),  H.  A  bee-louse  of  the  family 
Braidida: 

Braulidae  (bra'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Braula  + 
-ida:]  A  family  of  pupiparous  dipterous  in- 
sects, the  bee-Uce,  represented  by  the  genus 
Braula. 

The  family  Braididtr  comprises  only  a  single  minute 
species,  not  two  millinutcrs  in  length.  The  head  is  large, 
wholly  without  eyes,  tlie  thorax  small  and  without  wings, 
and  the  legs  are  short  and  stout,  with  strong  pectinated 
claws.  These  degraded  Hies  are  parasitic  upon  honey- 
bees, especially  the  drones,  living  among  the  hair  of  the 
thorax.  .Stand.  Sat.  Hist.,  n.  433. 

brauna  (bra'na),  n.  [Braz. ;  also  written  ba- 
rauna  and  ga'rauna.]  1.  A  native  name  for 
Melanoxylon  Braunia,  a  tall  leguminous  tree  of 
Brazil,  the  wood  of  which  is  very  dm'able  and 
beautiful,  and  is  applied  to  many  uses. —  2.  A 
species  of  Cassia. 

brauncht,  n.  and  r.    An  obsolete  form  of  branch. 

Brauneberger  (brou-ne-bar'g^r).  «.  [G.]  A 
white  wine  made  near  Treves  on  the  Jlosel. 


braunite 

It  occtirs  in  tetrairniKiI  i-rytitiils  nf  n  Iirownish-hlack  color 
in  Tlnirinu'iu,  tlir  lliirz.  I'ii-ilniiint,  anil  clHi-wlnTf. 

Brauronian  (lini-ro'iii-an),  «.  [<  Or.  li^nr- 
(«,)ivi(,  of  I'.i'uuroii,  all  cpitlict  of  Ai'tomis,  <  li^iac- 
/ir.'ir,  an  Alfic  villafjc  and  clcnic  near  Marathon.] 
Of  or  rclalin;^  1o  lirauroii,  a.  (U'iii(>  of  Atti<*a,  or 
to  its  iiiliabitaiils;  spccilioally,  an  epithet  of 
Aiicmis,  who  wan  wiiishiped  under  this  title  on 
(lie  AcTo])olis  of  Athens. 

brava  ( Inii'vii).   See  remarks  under  hravo,  iiiterj. 

bravadef  (l)ra-vad'),?i.  [<  V\bntm<le:  seehra- 
fdiiv.]     (Same  as  liniradii. 

The  ^'iTiit  F.arlu'i-fp.  liliu  liinisolf.  this  liot 
And  Ilercc  brai'iulc  shall  in  a  trice  make  vain. 

Fatvthdwe. 

bravado  (hrar-va'do),  n.  and  a.  [Formerly  also 
.  hrarndi-  (<  P.  Iminidr)  =  ODan.  brurat,  <  Sp. 
hrnrada,  now  hrarala  (=  It.  hriimld),  lioast, 
vain  ostentation,  <  lirai'o  =  F.  Iiiuirv  =  It.  hraro, 
brave,  liiiUying:  see  briire  and  br<wo.'\  I.  m. ; 
pi.  brariidn.s  or  bravadocts  (-doz).  1.  Preten- 
tious boldness  or  bravery;  an'ogant  or  boast- 
ful menace ;  swaggering  defiance. 
In  spite  of  our  host's  bravado.  Irving. 

No  sooner  was  this  mad  branado  agreed  upon  than  they 
turned  tlie  reins  of  their  horses  and  made  for  Sevilli'. 

Irvii}<i,  Moorisli  Clironiele,  p.  109. 

2t.  One  who  indulges  in  boastful  and  aiTogaut 
menaces. 

'I'he  hectors  and  bravadoes  of  the  House,  who  show  all 
the  zeal  on  this  oeea.sion.  Pfpi/f,  Diary,  Feb.  28,  1(167. 

II.  a.  Arrogantly  bold  or  menacing ;  said  or 
done  in  bravado:  as,  "bravado  bets,"  Disraeli, 
Coiiingsby,  v.  5. 

bravado  (bra-vii'do),  V.  i.     [<  bravado,  n.]     To 

act  in  a  spirit  of  bravado  ;  storm ;  rage.  [Rare.] 

Like  winds  where  iEoliis  bravadn'd.       Lloyd,  The  Poet. 

bravaisite  (bra-va'zit),  n.  [<  Ilravais,  a  French 
crystallographer,  +  -itc'^.]  A  hydrous  silicate 
of' aluminium  with  small  amounts  of  iron,  cal- 
cium, magnesium,  and  jiotassium,  occurring  in 
crystalline  fibrous  forms  in  the  coal-measures 
ofNoyant,  in  Maine-et-Loire,  France. 

brave"(brav),  a.  and  n.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ; 
=  G.  /*(•<(('  (17th  century)  =  MD.  brauive,  braiic, 
fine,  gallant  (in  appearance),  brave,  fierce,  also 
fine,  gallant  (Kilian),  mod.  I),  braaf,  brave,  gal- 
lant, courageous  (cf.  MD.  braiiweii,  adorn,  bra- 
vercii,  be  fierce,  =  MLG.  brarercn  =  ODan.  bra- 
vere,  strut),  =  Dan.  brar,  brave,  worthy,  =  OSw. 
braf,  Sw.  bra,  good,  >  prob.  Sc.  braw,  good, 
also  pleasant,  fine,  handsome,  etc.,  <  F.  brave, 
brave,  fine,  gallant,  etc.,  introduced  in  the  16th 
centm-y,  <  It.  bravo,  brave,  hardy,  Olt.  tempes- 
tuous (cf.  bravo,  «.,  cutthroat,  assassin,  bravo), 
=  Sp.  Pg.  bravo,  brave,  etc.,  =  Pr.  brau,  fern. 
brava,  brave,  hard,  wicked,  etc.  (MIj.  hravtw, 
a  bravo,  cutthroat);  perhaps  =  OF.  *brou  in 
rabroiier,  check,  cliide,  etc.,  broiia::,  brouhaha, 
a  bluster,  broithoiu;  storms,  blusters,  etc., 
hrouee,  blustering.  Origin  and  relations  un- 
certain. There  appear  to  be  at  least  two 
words  confused:  in  the  seuse  'fiue,  good,'  etc., 
cf.  Bret,  brav,  brao,  fine,  agreeable,  pretty, 
brar/a,  strut,  di'ess  in  fiue  clothes  (see  bray);  in 
the  sense  'bold,  wild,'  etc.,  ef.  OF.  braou,  bran, 
ML.  bravii.f,  bravis,  a  youug  untamed  o.\,  Olt. 
bravo,  temijestuous,  Sp.  brava,  a  heavy  swell 
of  the  sea,  OF.  'brou  (above),  etc.  ;  W.  braiv, 
terror,  fright.]  I.  it.  1.  Possessing  or  exhibit- 
ing courage  or  courageous  endurance ;  in- 
trepid; valiant;  fearless:  as,  a  icare  warrior; 
a  brave  act;  he  was  brave  under  calamity. 

Two  braver  men 
Ne'er  spurr'd  their  coursers  at  the  trumpet's  sound. 

Shak.,  3  Heu.  VI.,  v.  7. 

The  brave  man  is  not  he  who  feels  no  fear,  .  .  . 
But  he  whose  noble  mind  its  fears  subdues. 

J.  liaiUie,  Basil. 

Tlie  coward  sneaks  to  death,  the  braise  live  on. 

Vr.  Sewell,  The  Suicide,  ii.  bb. 

2.  Making  a  fine  display  in  bearing,  dress,  or 
appearance  generally;  having  a  noble  mien: 
said  of  persons. 

I  have  Kold,  ami  therefore  will  be  brave, 
In  silks  I'll  rattle  it  of  every  colour. 

Greene,  Tu  Quoque,  vii. 

3.  Splendid;  beautiful;  gorgeous;  gaudy:  said 
of  things. 

With  blossoms  brave  bedecked  daintily. 

Sjic liter,  V.  Q.,  I.  vii.  32. 

And  wear  my  dagger  with  the  braver  graoe. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iU.  4. 

He  had  them  into  the  very  best  room  in  the  bouse  (a 
very  brave  room  it  was). 

Buni/an,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  262. 

4.  Excellent;  capital;  fine;  admirable.  [For- 
merly in  very  common  use  in  this  sense  as  a  general  term 


665 

of  conimemlatinn :  of  ton  also  used  ironically;  now  obso- 
U'ti!  i-xi-iipt  peiiiapK  in  irony.] 
Iron  is  a  brave  commodity  where  wood  nboundeth. 

Bacon. 
I'll  devise  thee  brawf  punishmentJi  for  liini. 

Shak.f  Much  Ado,  v.  4. 
=  Syn.  1.  Gallant,  Valiant,  Conraf/emtn,  liraiv,  Heroic, 
vuloroiis.  dauntless,  cliivalrous,  doiiKlity.  resolute,  man- 
ful. (Jtillant,  splendid  in  dress  or  qualities,  is  most  iip- 
proprlatL-ly  used  with  regard  to  courage  which  exhibits 
itself  in  deeds  attracrtiny  attenti(ui  and  applause  ;  of  the 
Hrst  four  words  it  is  that  which  may  have  in  it  most  of 
compliment  and  least  of  \\\^\\  commendation,  but  it  is 
often  a  stronj^  won!,  expressing  sjdendid  bravery  in  ac- 
tion :  as,  he  was  a  ifallant  oUicer,  Wiiiant  is  also  brave  in 
action,  especially  in  opi)c)8int:  i)hy8ical  force,  as  in  battle. 
Tlie  W()r<I  is  now  elevated  and  jioetic.  C<nir(i<iroiin  denotes 
tlie  possession  of  tiiat  spirit  which  enables  one  fearlessly 
and  with  full  presence  of  mind  t4)  face  danger.  lira  re  U  the 
most  comprehensive  of  the  words;  it  may  dcTinte  the  pus- 
session  of  the  hi^;hest  and  noblest  kind  of  cour:me  and  for- 
titude, of  that  spirit  which  enables  a  man  to  bear  up  a;;ainst 
evil  and  danger,  Jis  well  as  to  ko  forth  to  face  it.  Coura- 
l/eoun  has  much  of  this  breadth  of  meaning,  but  is  appli- 
cable rather  to  doing  tlian  to  enduring  ;  l»rave  h  both  jias- 
aive  and  active.  Ileroif  conilijnes  the  meaning  of  all  tlie 
other  words  in  the  superlative  degree.  It  indieatesa  lofty 
superiority  to  fear,  a  noltle  self-furgetfulness,  an  almost 
supeilnunan  power  to  dare,  achieve,  or  sutfer.  It  bears 
the  same  relation  to  the  other  words  that  sublime  bears  to 
great,  'jrand,  or  byftif. 

The  Sardinian  fleet  had  been  withdrawn  from  Venice, 
and  the  'lallant  resistance  of  the  Venetians  was  fast  draw- 
ing to  a  close.  JH.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  108. 

Plague  on't;  an  I  thouglit  he  had  been  valiant  and  so 
cunning  in  fence,  I'd  have  seen  him  damned  ere  I'd  have 
challenged  him.  Skak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

Hut  he  rose  upon  their  decks,  and  he  cried : 
"I  have  fought  for  Queen  and  Faith  like  a  valiant  man 
and  true."  Tennyson,  The  Revenge. 

Only  be  thou  strong  and  very  courageous,  that  thou 
mayest  observe  tti  do  aci-ording  to  all  the  law  which 
Moses  my  servant  cninniandcd  thee.  Josh.  i.  7. 

But,  what  witli  pleasure  Heaven  itself  surveys, 
A  brave  man  struggling  in  the  storms  of  fate, 
And  greatly  falling  with  a  falling  state. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  C'ato,  1.  31. 

II.  ",  [Cf.  hravo,  h.]  1.  A  brave,  bold,  or 
daring  person ;  a  man  daring  beyond  discretion. 
Specifically  —  2.  A  North  American  Indian  or 
other  savage  wan'ior :  as,  the  chief  was  accom- 
panied by  two  hundred  braves. 

Two  from  among  them  [Indian  warriors]  advancing, 
4'anie  to  parley  with  Standish,  and  offer  him  furs  as  a 

present ;  .  .  . 
liravt'n  of  the  tribe  were  these,  and  brothers  gigantic  in 
stature.    Longfellow,  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,  vii. 
With  three  strokes  t«)  each,  the  scalps  of  the  victims  be- 
ing suddenly  taken  off,  the  brave  Hies  back  with  his  com- 
panions, tu  hang  the  trophies  in  bis  cabin. 

Bancroft,  Uist.  U.  S.,  II.  431. 

3t.  A  hector ;  a  bully ;  a  bravo. 

Too  insolent,  too  much  a  brace.  Dryden. 

4t.  [<  hravcj  v,]  A  boast;  a  challenge;  a  de- 
fiance. 

I  will  not  bear  these  braven  of  thine. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  1. 
"Tis  time 
To  be  avenged  on  you  for  all  your  braveit. 

Marhnve,  Edward  II.,  iii.  3. 

brave  (brav),  v.  t ;  pret.  and  pp.  hravcd,  ppr, 
braving.  [<  F.  braver j  brave,  affront,  defy,  etc., 
<  brave,  brave.]  1.  To  encounter  with  com-- 
age  and  fortitude ;  set  at  defiance ;  defy  ;  chal- 
lenge; dare. 

Tlie  ills  of  love,  not  those  of  fate,  I  fear  ; 
These  I  can  brave,  but  those  I  cannot  bear.  Dryden. 
Louis  the  Fifteenth  braved  the  hatred  and  contempt  of 
his  subjects  during  many  years  of  the  must  odious  and 
imbecile  misgovernment. 

Macaiilay,  West.  Rev.  Defence  of  Mill. 

2t.  To  wear  a  boasting  appearance  of. 

To  brave  that  wliich  they  believe  not.       Bacon,  Essays. 
Another, 
Reputed  valiant,  lives  by  the  sword,  an<l  takes  up 
Quarrels,  or  braves  them,  as  the  novice  likes. 
To  gild  his  reputation.  Ford,  Fancies,  i.  3. 

3t.  To  make  fine,  showy,  or  splendid.    [Rare.] 

He  [the  sun]  should  have  brav'd  the  cast  an  hour  ago. 
Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v. ;{. 

To  brave  out,  to  face  out ;  brazen  out :  generally  with  an 

iudetlnite  it  as  object. 
However  we  brave  it  out,  we  men  are  a  little  breed. 

Tennyxon,  IMaud,  iv. 

bravely  (brav'li),  adv.      In  a  brave  manner. 
(rt)  Courageously  ;  gallantly ;  splendidly ;  heroically.  ■ 
Who  combats  bravely  is  not  therefore  brave. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  i.  lir>. 
(6)  I-'inely;  gaudily. 

And  decked  herself  bravely,  to  allure  the  eyes  of  all  men 
that  should  see  her.  '  Judith  x.  4. 

(c)  Well ;  prosperously  :  as,  he  is  getting  on  bravely. 
The  tug  was  towing  bravely. 

W.  C.  JiusseH,  Jack's  Coui*tship,  xxi. 

braveneSSt  (brav'nes),  n.  TJie  quality  of  be- 
ing brave;  bravery:  as,  "the  bravcncss  of  the 
exploit,"  RoUandy  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p,  306. 


brawl 

bravery  (bra'ver-i),  n.\  pi,  braveries  (-iz).  [< 
F.  Iiraveric,  gallantly,  nplendor,  etc.,  <  hrave, 
brave:  see  brar<-  and  -ery.']  1.  The  quality  of 
being  brave;  courage;  heroism;  undaimted 
spirit;  intrepidity;  gallantry;  fearlessness, 
llemeinljer,  sir,  my  liege,  .  .  . 
ITio  natural  bravery  of  your  isle. 

Shak.,  ('ymbclinc,  iii.  1. 
Lancelot,  the  flower  of  bravery. 

TennyHon,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

2.  Showiness;  splendor;  magnificence. 

The  bravery  of  their  tinkling  ornainenU.  Is.  iii.  18. 

Great  braivry  of  building,  to  the  marvellous  beautifying 
of  tlie  realm.  Camden. 

No  more  in  the  midniglit  tempest 

Will  she  mork  the  mounting  sea. 
Strong  in  her  oaken  timbers, 
And  her  white  sail's  tjravery. 

flalleck,  Epistles. 
3t.  Show;  ostentation;  parade. 

Prefaces,  .  .  .  and  other  speeches  of  reference  to  the 
person,  are  gix-at  wastes  of  time  ;  and  though  they  seem 
to  proceed  of  modesty,  they  ai-e  bravery.  Bacon. 

Nor  would  I  you  should  melt  away  yourself 
In  flashing  bravery. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  hia  Humour,  i.  1. 

4t.  Bravado;  boast. 

I  commended  but  their  wits,  nunlam,  and  their  brave- 
ries.    1  never  looked  toward  their  valours. 

B.  JoiiKOit,  Epiccene,  iv.  2. 
Tliere  are  those  that  make  it  a  point  of  bravery  to  bid 
deflance  to  the  oracles  of  divijie  revelation. 

■Sir  It.  L' Estrange. 
5t.  A  showy  person. 
A  man  that  is  the  bravery  of  bis  age.  Beau,  ami  Fl. 

He  is  one  of  the  braveries,  though  be  lie  none  of  the  wits. 
B.  Jonxon,  I'ipicieiie,  i.  1. 
=Syn.  1.  Valor,  daring,  pluck,  boldness,  mettle,  audacity. 
For  L-iJinparison,  s6e  brave. 
bravi  (bra've).   See  remarks  under  bravo,  interj. 
bravingt  (bra'ving),  «.    [Verbal  n.  of  hravCf  v.] 
Bravado;  defiance. 

With  so  proud  a  straine  of  threats  and  braoings. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  xxi. 

bravingly  (bra'ving-li),  adv.  In  a  braving  or 
(lofving  manner.     Sheldon.     [Rare.] 

bra'Vlssimo  (brii-vis'i-mo),  iuU-rJ.  [It.,  superl. 
of  brtii'o,  (|.  v.]     Superlative  of  bravo. 

That's  riglit — I'm  steel  —  Bravo !  —  Adamant  —  Bra vissi- 
wo  !  Colman,  Jealous  Wife,  i.  1. 

bra'Vityt,  ".     [<  brave  +  -iff/.]     Bravery. 

bravo  (brii'vo),  iuUrJ.  [It.  adj.  (pi.  bravi,  fem. 
brava,  pi.  bvavc),  >  F.  brave,  >  K.  brave,  q.  v.] 
Well  done!  good!  sometimes  used  as  a  noun: 
as,  "with  bravo  and  hamlc lapping,"  Carlyle, 
French  Rev.,  II.  v.  C. 

The  Italian  I'rinia  Donna  sweeps  a  courtesy  of  careless 
pity  to  the  over-facile  pit  which  unsexes  her  with  the 
bravo!     /,u«W/,On  a<'ertaiu  C(»ndesceii8iou  in  Foreigners. 

[In  Italian  the  word  is  an  adjective,  and  the  correct  usage 
is  to  say  bravo  to  a  male  singer  or  actor,  brava  to  a  female, 
and  6m lu  to  a  company;  but  in  French  and  properly  in 
English  the  wonl  is  a  mere  interjection.  Careful  persons 
familiar  with  the  Italian  usage  do,  however,  discriminate 
as  to  gender.] 
bravo  (bra'vo),  h.  ;  pi.  bravos  or  bravoes  (-voz). 
[It.  (ML.  bravus),  <  bravo,  adj.:  see  brave.']  A 
daring  \'illain ;  a  bandit;  one  who  sets  law  at 
defiance;  an  assassin  or  miu-derer. 

Stab,  like  bravoes,  all  who  come  that  way. 

Churchill,  The  Apology. 
Was  not  this  Venice,  and  is  not  Venice  forever  associ* 
ated  with  bravoes  and  unexpected  dagger  thrusts? 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xi. 

bravura  (bra-vo'ra),  n.  and  a.  [It.,  bravery, 
spii'it,  <  bravo:  see  brave.']  I,  «.  In  tmisic,  a 
fiorid  air,  requiring  great  force  and  spirit  in 
the  performer,  and  serAdng  to  display  his  or 
her  power,  fiexibility  of  voice,  and  distinctness 
of  articulation. 

II.  a.  In  )}iu.sic,  spirited;  florid;  brilliant: 
as,  a  bravnra  air:  chiefly  applied  to  vocal  com- 
positions, but  occasionally  to  instnunental. 

braw  (bni),  a.  aiul  n.  [Sc:  see  brave.]  I,  a. 
Brave;  fine;  gay;  handsome;  pleasant;  agree- 
able ;  worthy;  excellent ;  stout :  as,  a  bnitv  new 
gown ;  a  braw  man ;  braw  lads  and  bonny  lasses. 
[Scotch.] 

There's  braw,  braw  lads  on  Yarrow  braes. 

Bums,  Gala  Water. 

H.  n.  pJ.  One*s  best  apparel;  finery. 

brawdt,  t'.  t.     See  broud,  broid. 

brawderyt»  «•     An  obsolete  variant  of  broidery. 

brawet  (brou'et),  h.  A  young  eel.  Also  writ- 
ten bnttrat.     [North.  Eng.] 

brawli  (bral),  V.  [Early  mod.  E_.  also  brail,  < 
ME.  brallen,  cry  out,  vociferate,  =  D.  brallen, 
boast,  =  Dan.  bralle^  jabber,  chatter,  =  MHG. 
prdlett,  Gr.  jirahleu,  boast,  vaunt,  flaunt;  appar- 
ently identical  with  ME.  hrawleti,  brnuhu,  quar- 
rel, \V.  brawl,  a  boast,  brolio,  boast,  vaunt,  bra- 
gal,  vociferate,  etc.  Cf.  also  F.  brailler  (=:Pr. 
brailar),  cry  out,  bawl,  prob.  <  hraire^  bray :  see 


brawl 

hratfi.  The  ul(.  souree  of  all  these  forms  is 
perhaps  the  same.  See  braij.]  I.  intruiin.  1. 
To  speak  lomlly  and  eomplaiiiiiigly  or  angrily; 
be  clamorous  or  noisy;  quanvl  noisily  and  in- 
decently. 

1  do  the  wrong,  aud  first  begin  tu  brawl. 

Shak.,  llidi.  III.,  1.  3. 

2.  To  roar,  as  water  flowiuf;  over  a  pebbly  or 
rocky  bed  ;  make  a  loud  babbling  noise. 
The  liruuk  thut  hfawU  iiKing  this  wdikI. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  1. 
Crossing  the  lii-ook  at  tlie  fonl,  wliere  it  brawU'd  over 
pebhie  and  shiilU>n'.      LnniiMlnw,  Miles  Standisli.  iii. 
=Syn.  1.  '1'"  wraimle,  .siinaWilo.  ilispnte  (noisily). 

n.  trans.  1.  To  wrangle  about;  be  uoisy  or 
contentious  regarding. 

I  c.ire  not  wliat  the  sects  may  iraui. 

Teniitiiton,  Palace  of  Art. 

2.  To  drive  away  or  beat  down  by  noise. 
[Rare.] 

Your  deep  wit  .  .  . 
Reason'd,  not  hrawt'd  her  ['J'ruth]  hence. 

.Sir  K.  Vi'jbii,  Preface  to  X.'itnre  of  Man's  .Sovil. 
brawli  (bral),  )i.    [<  brawl"^,  c]    A  uoisy  quar- 
rel; loud,  angry  contention;  au  uproar;  row; 
squabble:  as,  " stout polemick  brawl,"  S.  But- 
ler, Hudibras. 

He  is  a  devil  in  private  brawl. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 
A  creature  wholly  given  to  braich  aiul  wine. 

Tenmjson.  Geraint. 
The  whole  world  knows  that  this  is  no  accidental  brawl, 
but  a  systematic  war  to  the  knife,  and  in  defiance  of  all 
laws  and  liberties.  Eirurstm,  Affairs  in  Kansas. 

=  Syil.  Broil,  .\ffray,  etc.  See  quarrel,  n. 
brawl-  (bral),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  T>raU;  a 
corruption  of  earlier  hrunsle,  also  written  hran- 
sel,  braiitle,  hritiH/lc,  etc.,  <  F.  bran.sle,  now 
branle,  a  dance,  same  as  braiislc,  hranle,  verbal 
n.  of  bratisler,  brnnler,  shake,  move,  etc. :  see 
brtiiidte,  brantle,  branle.']  A  kind  of  dance;  a 
branle. 

Good  fellowes  must  go  learne  to  daunce, 

The  brydeal  is  full  near-a ; 
There  is  a  brail  come  out  of  Fraunce, 
The  fyrst  ye  Ixarde  this  yeare-a. 
6oodFellowe.i(l&69).   (//n?/iicf;(,  Note  to  Mtirston's  Plays.) 
Thence  did  Venus  learn  to  lead 
The  Idulian  braicbt.        B.  Joiisoii,  Vision  of  Delight. 
My  grave  lord-keeper  led  the  brawls; 
The  seal  ami  maces  danced  before  him. 

Gray,  Long  Story. 

brawler  (bra'ler),    «.      [ME.  brawlere.']     One 
who  brawls ;  a  noisy  fellow ;  a  wi'angler. 
The  gi-eat  statesman  degenerated  into  an  angry  brawler. 
Buckle,  Civilization,  I.  xii. 

brawlie,  '"''■.     See  bi-awly. 

brawling  (br.a'liug),  ».  [IIE.  braulyng;  verbal 
n.  of  braivl^,  r.]  The  act  of  quaiTcling;  specifi- 
cally, in  Eny.  law,  the  offense  of  quaiTeling  or 
creating  a  lUsturbauce  in  a  church  or  chui'ch- 
yard. 

brawling  (bril'ling),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  braicn,  r.] 

1 .  Contentious ;  quaiTclsome  ;  noisy. 

I  know  she  is  an  irksome,  brauiinrf  scold. 

Sliak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
The  spirit-grieving  sounds  of  brawlimj  commerce. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  160. 
From  bra  a'litig  parties  concords  come. 

Lowell,  To  the  Muse. 

2.  Making  the  noise  of  nishing  water:  as, 
"brawling  springs,"  Collins. 

The  hrawUu'j  streams  shall  soon  be  dumb. 

0.  ir.  Holmea,  Old-Year  Song. 
brawlingly  (bra'ling-li),  adv.     In  a  brawling 
or  quarrelsome  manner, 
brawlins   (bni'liuz),   adv.      Same    as   brawly. 

[Scotch.] 
brawly  (brii'li),  adv.  and  a.  [Also  brawlie ;  = 
E.  bravely.']  Bravely;  finely;  heartily;  very 
well;  in  good  health  or  comiition.  [Scotch.]" 
I  am  brawli/  now  again  —  it  w.is  nae  great  thing  that 
ailed  mc.  Scott,  Abbot,  II.  82. 

brawn  (bran),  n.  [<  ME.  braitn,  brawn,  mus- 
cle, boar's  flesh,  <  OF.  braon,  a  piece  of  flesh, 
=  Pr.  bradnn,  brazon,  braon  =  OSp.  hrahon,  < 
OHO.  hrato  (ace.  bruton),  a  piece  of  flesh  for 
roasting,  MHG.  brdte,  G.  braten,  roast  meat  (= 
AS.  brwdc,  roast  meat),  <  OHG.  brdlan,  MHG. 
brdtiii.  G.  bratin  =  AS.  briedan  =  OPi-ies. 
breda  =  P.  brailcn,  roast,  broil  (cf.  Dan.  brad, 
a  joint  of  meat) ;  cf.  Gr.  -iiifinv,  burn,  blow  into 
a  flame.]  1.  Boar's  flesh  ;  the  flesh  of  the  boar 
or  of  swine,  collared  so  as  to  squeeze  out  much 
of  the  fat,  boiled,  and  pickled. 

I  see  nothing  here  like  Christmas,  excepting  braum  and 
miucepies  in  places  where  I  dine. 

Sirift,  Journal  tu  Stella,  Letter  38. 
2.  A  boar.  Beau,  aud  Ft.  [Nowonly  prov.  Eng.] 
HuUe-nekkyde  was  that  l>ierne,  ami  tirade  in  the  scllolders, 
Brok-brestede  as  a  brawne  witli  brustils  fulle  large. 

llorle  Arthurc  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1095. 


666 

3.  The  flesh  of  a  muscular  part  of  the  body: 
as,  the  brawn  of  the  arm,  thigh,  etc. 

Itwas  ordained  that  unjrtberers  should  be  brent  on  the 
brau-n  of  the  left  han.l.  Hall,  Hen.  VII.,  an.  1.'.. 

4.  Well-developed  muscles;  muscular  .strength. 
Brawn  without  bruin  is  thine.  Dryden,  Kaldcs. 
Here,  then,  is  a  great  stalwart  man,  in  perfect  health, 

all  t/rawn  and  rude  muscle,  set  up  before  us  as  the  ideal 
of  strength.  S.  Lanier,  The  English  >'ovel,  p.  54. 

5.  Figuratively,  the  arm:  from  its  muscles  or 
strength.     [Kare.] 

Ill  hide  my  silver  beard  in  a  gold  beaver, 
And  in  my  vantbruce  put  this  witlier'd  brairn. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  i.  3. 
I  had  purpose 
Once  more  to  hew  thy  target  from  thy  brawn. 
Or  lose  my  arm  for't.  Shak.,  Ci»r.,  iv.  5. 

6.  Head-cheese — Mock  brawn,  the  flesh  of  a  pigs 
head  and  feet  cut  in  pieces,  and  boiled,  pickled,  and 
pressed  into  a  form. 

brawnedt  (brand),  rt.  l<brawn+-ed^.']  Brawny; 

strong:  as,  ''brawned  bowrs,"  Sj)cn.^<'r,  F.  (^.,  I. 

\iii.  -il. 
brawner  (lu'a'ner),  n.    [<  brawn  +  -frl.]   A  boar 

killed  for  the  table. 
brawn-fallent   (bran 'fa "In),   a.     Having   the 

brawny  or  muscular  parts  of  the  body  shrimk 

or  fallen  away ;  wasted  ;  thin  ;  weak. 

^Yere  not  Milo  his  .armes  brawnefallen  for  want   of 
wvastlyng?  Lilly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  127. 

brawniness  (bra'ni-nes),  H.  [<  braicny  + 
-HfAS.]  The  quality  of  being  brawny ;  strength; 
hardiness. 

This  brawnine«e  and  insensibility  of  mind  is  the  best 
armour  against  the  ctmnnon  evils  and  accidents  of  life. 

Loeke,  Education,  §  113. 
brawny  (bra'nl),  a.     [<  ME.  brawny,  fleshy  (of 
fruit);  <  brawn  +  -yl.]    1.  Fleshy;  muscular; 
having  large  strong  muscles  ;  bulky;  strong. 
(_».ve  ilounge  about  her  rootes  yf  that  me  trete 
The  pomes  sadde  and  brawny  wol  it  gete. 

Palladium,  iii.  108. 
The  muscles  of  his  brawny  arms 
.4re  strong  as  iron  bands. 

Luny/ellaw,  Village  Blacksmith. 
2.  Figuratively,  firm ;  hardened ;  ha\'ing  great 
power  of  resistance. 
A  braicny  conscience  which  hath  no  feeling  in  it. 

J.  Mede,  Apost.  of  the  Latter  Times,  ii. 
braws  (braz),  H.  2d.  See  braw,  n. 
braxy  (brak'si),  H.  and  o.  [E.  dial.,  Sc.  also 
braxes,  braxit,  also  bracks,  brail:  Cf.  brack^  and 
brash'^.]  I.  ii.  1.  A  disease  of  sheep  character- 
ized by  iuflaramatiou  of  the  bowels  and  reten- 
tion of  the  irrine :  also  called  the  sicktiess  in 
some  ijarts  of  Scotland.  The  name  is  also  given 
to  a  variety  of  other  diseases  of  sheep. —  2.  A 
sheep  having  the  braxy;  hence,  the  mutton  of 
such  a  sheep. 

II.  a.  Affected  or  tainted  with  braxy:  as, 
braxy  sheep ;  braxy  mutton. 
Also  spelled  braksy. 
brayl  (bra),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  brayen,  <  OF.  brayer, 
breier,  brehier,  F.  broyer  =  Pr.  Sp.  bregar,  pound, 
bray,  prob.  <  MHG.  brechen  =  E.  break,  q.  v.] 
To  pound  or  beat  thoroughly,  as  with  a  pestle 
or  other  instrument ;  triturate,  crush,  mix,  etc., 
by  beating  or  any  analogous  action :  as.  to  bray 
drugs;  to  bray  printers'  ink.     See  brayer^. 

Recipe  the  cromys  of  whyte  brede.  A'  swete  apyls.  A- 
3okkis  of  eggis,  &  braii  tbam  wele. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  63. 

Though  thou  shouldst  bray  a  fool  in  a  mortal-,  .  .  .  yet 

will  not  his  foolishness  depart  from  him.     Prov.  xxvii.  22. 

bray2  (bra),  v.  [<  ME.  brayen,  <  OF.  braire,  < 
ML.  bragire,  bray,  bragare,  cry,  squall,  prob. 
of  Celtic  origin:  see  brag  and  brawl'^.]  I. 
in  trans.  1.  To  utter  a  loud  aud  harsh  cry :  with 
reference  now  especially  to  the  ass,  but  for- 
merly also  to  the  bull,  deer,  and  other  animals, 
as  well  as  to  man. 

Whan  the  siiuyers  hadde  cried  and  braied  for  theire  lord 

louge  while,  thei  toke  hjin  vp  and  bar  hym  to  theire  hos- 

tell.  Jlerlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iu.  467. 

AVlian  the  Sarazin  felte  hym-self  so  diffouled,  he  fledde 

cryinge  aud  braifinge  as  a  bole  [bull]. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  652. 
Laugh,  and  they 
Return  it  louder  than  an  ass  can  bray. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  .Satires. 
Hence  —  2.  To  make  a  loud,  harsh,  disagree- 
aljle  sound. 

Heard  ye  the  din  of  battle  bray  !  Gray,  The  Bard. 

And  varying  notes  the  war-pipes  brayed 
To  ever  varying  elan.  Scott,  ilamiion,  v.  5. 

II.  trans.  To  utter  with  a  lotid,  harsh  sound, 
like  the  ass. 

The  kettle-drum  and  trumpet  thus  brau  out 

The  triumph  of  bis  pledge.         .Shak.,  iiaudet.  i.  4. 

Arms  on  armour  chusbing  brav'd 
Horrible  discord.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  209. 


brazen 

bray^  (bra),  n.  [<  ME.  bray,  a  loud  ery,  also 
brayt,  <  OF.  I>rait  =  Pr.  Iirai ;  from  the  verb.] 
A  harsh  ery,  especially  that  of  an  ass;  hence, 
any  similar  harsh  or  grating  sound. 

Several  times  a  day  we  are  stunned  and  overwhelmed 
with  the  cracked  bray*  of  three  disctu-daut  trumpets. 

Ii.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  .Sarat-en,  p.  'i5. 

bray'^t  (bra),  n.  [<  OF.  braic,  a  kind  of  bastion, 
a  dike  or  bank,  <  ML.  braca,  a  dike  or  bank, 
same  as  OF.  braie,  <  ML.  braga,  jiart  of  a  river 
confined  between  dikes  to  facilitate  the  catch- 
ing of  fish.]  A  bank  or  mound  of  earth  used 
in  fortification;  a  breastwork;  a  bulwark ;  spe- 
cifically, a  wall  or  other  work  in  advance  of 
and  covering  the  gate  of  a  fortress. 

That  tliey  could  scant  put  tlieir  heads  over  the  bray  or 
bulwark.  Hall,  Hen.  VIII.,  an."  16, 

Order  was  given  that  bulwarks.  t>rays,  and  walls  should 
be  raised  in  his  castles  and  strongh<dds. 

Lord  Herbert,  Uen.  VIII..  p.  a. 

bray*  (bril),  «.  [=  Se.  brae,  bra,  <  ME.  braye, 
also  bra,  bra,  etc.,  <  Gael,  braigh,  the  upper  part 
of  any  thingorplace  (braigh  dnthcha,  the  higher 
parts  of  a  district;  braigh  Lorhabar,  the  braes 
of  Lochaber,  etc.),  also  braidh  =  Ir.  braid,  up- 
per part,  height;  cf.  W.  brig,  top,  summit,  bre, 
hill,  peak,  =  AS.  beorh,  E.  barrow,  a  hill,  mound: 
see  fcorroipl.]  A  piece  of  sloping  ground;  an 
acclivity  or  tleclivity. 

Against  a  rocke  or  au  bye  braye. 

.^ticham,  'foxophilns,  Works,  p.  170. 
Push'd  up  the  bray,  indignantly  they  feel 
The  clanking  lash  and  the  retorted  steel. 

Brookes,  The  Fox-Chase. 

brayS  (bra),  n.  [Also  written  brey ;  <  F.  braye, 
"a  close  linnenbreek  or  under-slop,  .  .  .  also 
a  clout.''  pi.  brayes,  ''shoi't  and  close  breeches, 
drawers,  or  uuder-hose  of  linnen,  &c.,"  .  .  . 
also  "barnacles  for  a  horse's  nose"  (Cotgrave), 
mod.  F.  braies,  breeches,  <  L.  brae<e,  breeches  : 
see  bracir,  brail,  aud  breech.]  It.  A  clout  for 
a  young  child.  Kersey,  1708. — 2.  In  her. :  (a) 
Barnacles  or  twitchers  for  subduing  a  horse : 
used  as  a  bearing,  (b)  [Perhaps  a  con'uption 
of  brake^,  break.]  A  bearing  similar  to  the 
preceding  in  fonu,  representing  a  tool  used 
for  breaking  hemp  :  sometimes  called  a  hemp- 
bray,  hemp-brake,  or  hackle.  One  or  other  of  these 
bearings  is  frequently  used  in  allusive  heraldry  for  fami- 
lies of  the  name  Bray  and  the  like. 

brayd,  braydet,  v.  and  «.    See  braid. 

brayerl  (bra'er),  »i.  [<  ftro^l -+- -erl.]  In  print- 
ing, a  small  composition-roller  used  for  tritu- 
rating and  spreading  the  ink  on  a  table  or  slab 
and  daubing  it  on  a  platen  or  disk. 

brayer^  (bra'er),  «.  [<  bray'^  +  -er'^.]  One 
who  or  that  which  brays  like  an  ass. 

Brayera  >  bra-ye'ra),  n.     [NL.]     See  Hagenia. 

brayette  (bra-yet'j,  H.  [F.]  Sa.me  as  braguette. 

braying  (bra'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  brayinge :  verbal 
n.  of  liray",  v.]  1.  The  harsh  crying  of  an 
ass. —  2.  Vocal  or  instrumental  clamor;  harsh 
utterance. 

There  he  stands  with  unimpeachable  passivity  amid  the 
sboiddering  and  braying ;  a  spectacle  to  men. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  11.  v.  2. 

braylet,  ».  and  v.     See  brail. 

braynet,  ".     See  brain. 

braze^  (braz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brazed,  ppr. 
brazing.  [<  ME.  brasen,  <  AS.  brasian,  cover 
with  brass,  <  bra-.'i,  brass :  see  6rn.s\«l.   Cf.  glaze, 

<  glass :  graze,  <  gra.^s.]  To  cover  or  ornament 
with  brass,  or  as  if  with  brass:  as,  "a  tripod 
richly  brazed,"  Chapman,  Odyssey,  xv. 

Show  of  clouds 
That  braze  the  horizon's  western  rim. 

Lowell,  Uniter  the  Willows. 

braze^  (braz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brazed,  ppr. 
brazing.  [<  F.  bra.ier,  OF.  bra.ier,  solder,  <  Icel. 
brasa,  harden  by  fh-e :  see  brass^  and  braize^. 
Partly  confused  with  brazc^,  fioni  the  same  ult. 
soiu'ce.]  1.  To  solder,  especially  with  hard 
solder,  such  as  an  alloy  of  bi-ass  and  zinc. 

In  the  reign  of  Heni-j-  IV.  it  was  enacted  that  all  .arrow- 
heads should  be  well  braced  and  hardened  at  the  points 
with  steel.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  371 

2t.  To  harden  ;  make  callous. 

Let  me  wring  your  heart :  for  so  I  shall,  .  .  . 
If  danmed  custom  hath  not  braz'd  it  so. 
That  it  is  proof  and  bulwark  against  sense. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

braze^,  ».    See  braize^,  2. 

brazed  (brazd),  a.     In  her.,  same  as  braced,  1. 

brazen  (bra'zn),  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  brasen, 

<  ME,  bra.sen.  <  A.S.  braven,  of  brass,  <  bra's, 
brass,  -I-  -en~.]  1.  ilade  of  brass  :  as,  a  brazm 
helmet. — 2.  Pertaining  to  brass;  proceeding 
from  brass. 


brazen 

Trumpeters, 
Witli  hrazen  din  blast  you  tlie  eity's  i-ar. 

Shak.,  A,  unil  C,  iv.  8. 

3.  Extremely  strong ;  impenetrable:  from  brass 
often  ser\'inK  as  a  tjiio  of  strciifrtli,  iinjiciiotra- 
bility.  ami  the  like:  as,  "  cnvivcuiccl  witli  a  hni- 
:i>i  wall,"  sIkiI:..  '.i  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4. — 4.  Impu- 
dent ;  liaviug  u  front  like  brass. 

Such  11  lirazrn  iluji  sure  never  my  eyes  ttelielil. 

(^iitilttiititli.  She  SttHH)3  to  Coiuiuer,  ii. 

Talhnt  .  .  .  iippeareil  ilaily  witll^rtt^^/t  friuit  tiefore  the 
princess  wluise  ruin  lie  liad  plotteil. 

Macattltti/y  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Also  spelled  brageii. 
Brazen  age.  Scc  ai/rii  in  miitlmhtfiy  and  kixtori/,  under 
ii'ii'.  Brazen  distl,  ji  l)rass  ilish  nuule  in  tlie  time  of 
liiiii.v  \  111.,  aii.l  kept  diained  to  a  pilhir  at  Wirliswortli 
in  l)erhysliire,  I'lii^laiul.  It  is  used  liy  the  lead-miners  in 
tile  Low  Peak  as  a  standard  measure.  -  Brazen  horn. 
Same  as  hurtjhuiiiU'-liui-n.  -  Brazen  seaC-  Ki.  .\\v,  l;i),  ill 
Jcit'ixh  «/iY('f/.,  a  large  vessel  of  lira.ss  plaeeii  in  SolomoTi's 
temple,  calletl  a  utolfi'n  srit  in  1  Ki.  vii.  23-2.'),  where  it  is 
descriljed.  It  stood  on  12  t)razen  oxen,  and  was  10  cubits 
from  lirim  ti»  brim,  .S  in  heijiht.  antl  ;i0  \u  eircumft-retice. 
It  wjus  designed  for  tlie  priests  to  wasti  lliemselves  in  be- 
fore lliey  p.'rformed  lli,-  s.  i  vi,e  of  tin-  temple. 
brazen  (bra'zn),  r.  t.  [<  lir(i::fii,  «.]  To  be- 
liiivo  with  insolence  or  effrontery  iu  regaril  to  : 
witli  an  indefinite  it  as  objeet. 

Men  uould  face  it  and  brazen  it.  Latimer. 

To  brazen  out,  ti>  persevere  iu  treating  with  effrontery  : 
with  an  indefinite  if,  or  a  noun  like  matter,  affair,  butd- 
iwns,  etc. 
I'm  resolved  to  brazen  the  bimnefm  out. 

Sir  J.  Vanttrufjh,  "I'lle  Relapse,  iv.  4. 

Thornton.  .  .  ^rrtzeiicrftfoiif  with  his  usual  impudence. 

Butwer,  I'clham,  Ixxviii. 

brazen-browed  (bra'zn-broud),  a.  Shameless  ; 
impudent. 

Noon-day  vices  and  brazen-britwed  inicpiities. 

Sir  T.  BriMfiie,  Clnist.  Mor.,  i.  SR. 

brazen-face  (bra'zn-fas),  n.  An  impudent  jier- 
son  ;  one  remarkable  for  effrontery. 

Well  said,  brazen-face  ;  hold  it  out. 

Shatr..  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 

brazen-faced  (bra'zn-fast),  a.   Impudent;  bold 

to  c-xcess;  shameless:  as,  "a  brtKen-faved  var- 

Ict,"  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 
brazen-fisted  (bra'zn-fis"ted),  a.    Ha\'ing  hard 

lists,  as  if  of  brass. 
brazenly  (bra'zn-li),  (uiv.    In  a  brazen  mau- 

iii-r;  boldly;  impudently. 
brazenness    (bra'zu-nes),    ».     1.   Appearance 

likoliruss;  brassiness. — 2.  Impudence;  excess 

of  assurance. 

He  had  a  sonorous  bass  voice,  and  an  air  of  self.confl- 

dence  inclining  to  brazennesn. 

Oeorije  Eliot.  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  1. 

brazier^  (bra'zier),  n.  [Also  bnisier;  <  ME. 
hni.siere,  brasycre,  a  worker  in  brass,  <  bras, 
brass,  +  -i-erc,  -i/-eri;  as  in  eoltier,  ete.  Cf. 
tr«~t'l.]     An  artificer  who  works  iu  brass. 

brazier-  (bra'zier),  «.  [Also  brusicr;  <  F.  ftra- 
si<r,  a  ]>an  of" live  coals,  formerly  bracicr,  "a 
bmiiiug  coal,  quickfire  of  coals,  hot  embers" 


mmm 


im^-'^'   'iSn^'- 


■j^- 


Bronze  Brjzicr  made  in  1675  by  Pedro  Cerdanys  for  the  Guildhall  of 
B.trcelon;!.    ( From  "  U' Art  pour  Tous."  J 

(Cotgrave)  (cf.  bramire,  a  camp-kettle),  < 
bruhf,  live  coals:  see  irn(>fl.]  An  open  pan 
for  burning  charcoal,  used  especially  for  heat- 
ing rooms  in  southern  and  eastern  countries, 
such  as  Italy,  Cliina,  Japan,  etc. 

Four  nice-loolxing  .lapanese  girls  lirouplit  us  thick  cot- 
ton quilts  to  sit  upon,  and  braziers  full  of  burning  char- 
coal, to  warm  ourselves  by. 

Ladii  Braiiseti,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  II.  xix. 

brazier-'  (bra'zier),  II.  [Auotherfonn  Q{briii:e'i, 
t>.  bnisiiii,  etc.,  liream:  see  biraiii^.]  A  name 
used  on  the  northern  coast  of  Ireland  for  the 
common  sea-bream,  I'diitUiis  ceiitrodiiiitn,s. 

brazil  (Imi-zil'),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hranil 
(with  accent  on  the  first  syllable;  cf.  bninsil, 
bi-i.iscl-ciicl:),  <  ME.  bi-imil,'  bra-ti/U-  =  ODau. 
brdsilic,  Dan.  hni.-<i!ic{-frw)  =  Norw.  briscl,  bri- 
srl,  <  OF.  hri.^il,  mod.  P.  bretiil  =  Pr.  hrc.s-il,  bir- 
::ilh  =  Sp.  OPg.  bra.iil  (>  mod.  It.  bra-silr :  ML. 
brusiliiiiii,  brii.rilr,  br<xilliini,  hri.^illuiii,  liriaiii- 
ciiiii),  lU'ig.  a  rod  dycwiuid  brought  from  the 
East.  Origin  uneerdiin  :  perhaps,  as  Diez  sug- 
ge.sts,  <  I'r.  //;•(■-///»()•  (=  F.  hn'sillir),  break  into 
fragments,  crumble,  <  bri:a,  a  fragment,  little 


667 

bit  (=  F.  hris,  a  breaking  open,  a  wreck,  former- 
ly fragments,  rubbish:  see  //c/.w-,  11.,  brirzc^),  < 
bri:<ir  =  F.  briair,  break  ;  see  liniisi  and  (hbris. 
The  name  would  refer  to  the  furm  in  which  the 
dyewooil  was  imported.  Now  usually  in  comp. 
I>rii:il-in><>il,  with  direct  reference  to  the  coun- 
try Brazil.  The  country,  naiiieil  Snnta  I'm-  liy 
its  (second)  di.scovcrer,  I'cdro  .Mvarez  (Jabral 
(1.500),  afterward  received  tlie  nanii^  l!rii:il,  it 
is  said,  from  King  Emmanuel  of  Portugal,  on 
account  of  its  producing  red  dyewood.  The 
name  had  been  long  before  !i|ipli<'d  to  a  sup- 
(losed  island  in  the  Atlantic,  )ierhaps  by  assu- 
ciation  with  I'liny's  /h.vk/ic  I'urpiiriiriiv  (lit. 
Purple  Ishinils),  soiiii-tinies  siip|iosed  to  refer 
to  Madeira  and  I'ortu  Santo.]  If.  A  heavy  dye- 
wood  of  the  genus  ('ir.wljiinia  {('.  SdjiiHiii),  im- 
ported from  the  East,  now  known  as  siipjiiiii- 
ifdod  (which  see). 

Him  nedeth  not  his  colour  for  to  dien 
With  brasil  ne  with  grain  of  l'i>rtingale. 

Chancer,  C.  T.  (cd.  Tyrwhitt),  1.  l.S-tlH. 

2.  A  very  heavy  dyewood,  from  Brazil  and 
other  parts  of  tropical  America.  The  true  brazil- 
wood is  from  tlie  leguminous  tree  dtnalpinia  echinata, 
l)Ut  the  name  is  also  given  to  V.  pettaplioroides.  Woods 
known  as  peaeh-wood  and  linia-w<pod  are  saiil  to  be  from 
the  same  species.  The  wood  has  a  slightly  aromatic  odor 
and  a  bitter-sweet  tiiate.  T(<  extract  tiic  cohirilig  matte-r. 
the  wood  is  rtiiely  ground,  allowed  t*i  ferment  in  the  air, 
and  then  boiled  in  copper  cylinders  witli  water.  The  ex- 
tract priKluces  purple  dyes  with  salts  of  iron,  and  red  with 
salts  of  alumina,  bakes  used  by  decorators  are  also  made 
from  it,  and  common  red  ink  is  prepared  by  adding  a  little 
alum  and  acid  to  a  decoction  (jf  it.     .-Vlso  spelled  brazil. 

Are  my  bones  brazil,  or  my  flesh  of  oak? 

O,  mend  what  thou  liast  maile,  what  I  have  broke. 

t^narlex.  Emblems,  iii.  ft. 

3.  Sulphate  of  iron.     [North.  Eng.] 
brazil-COCkt,  ".     [Also  written  bnisil-riirk,  and 

(•(iiTiqitly  bri.i.scl-cin-l:,  hriKSil-corl,;  with  ref.  to 
Brazil,  roiiresenting  America,  the  place  of  its 
origin.]  A  turkey. 
braziletto  (braz-i-let'6),  «.  [Pg.  bra^ilfte,  bra- 
zil-wood ;  Sp.  brii.fHete,  F.  bresiUvt,  dim.  of  bmsil, 
etc.:  see  brazil. ']  A  wood  resembling  brazil- 
wood, obtained  from  the  West  Indies  and  parts 
of  Central  America,  from  species  of  Ca.'nilpiiiiii, 
V.  crista  and  ('.  }iectiiiata,  and  the  nearly  allied 
I'eltophorum  Liiina'i.  It  is  ii.seil  for  dyeing  and  in 
cabinet-work.  The  haatard  or  .faUe  braziletto  of  the  same 
region  includes  a  number  of  diltcrent  shrubs  or  trees,  as 
/'icramnia  Antidesnia,  natural  order  Simarvliaceee,  the 
saxifragaceous  Weinmannia  pinnata,  and  the  araliaeeous 
SriiiilnpliiilUnn  eajiitatuin, 

Brazilian  (bra-zil'iau),  ff.  and  «.  I.  a.  [<  Brazil 
(Pg.  lir<i~il,  Sp.  Ilrd'sil,  etc. :  see  ftrn-iV)  -I-  -iaii.] 
Pertaining  to  Brazil,  an  empire  and  the  largest 
country  of  South  America :  as,  Jiradliun  produc- 
tions  Brazilian  balsam.    Sec  (ni;.<«/ii.— Brazilian 

bean.  See  bea  /i  1 .  -  -  Brazilian  cocoa,  gnarana. — Brazil- 
ian pebbles,  lenses  for  spectacles  ground  from  pure, 
colorbss  rock-crystal  olilaineil  from  Brazil.— Brazilian 
plait,  in  i'.nglanil,  plait  maile  of  dried  flag-griuss  which  is 
imported  from  the  West  Indies,  and  perhaps  from  .Smith 
America. 
II.  II.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Brazil. 

brazilin,  braziline  (braz'i-lin),  n.  [<  bra:il 
+  -ill-,  -iiii- ;  also  written  bri':Uiiiv,  after  F. 
brhtliiii\'\  A  eiystallizalile  coloring  principle 
(CigHi405)  obtained  from  brazil-wood.  Also 
^vritfen  bra.siliii,  brii.filini',  bre:iliiie. 

Brazil-nut  (bra-zil'nut),  11.  The  seed  of  the 
fruit  i)f  JScrtlio'Uetia  fixcelsa,  a  tree  of  the  natu- 
ral order  .Myrtacew,  a  native  of  Guiana,  Vene- 
zuela, and  Brazil.  TIm^  fruit  is  nearly  roiiiul  and 
about  0  inches  in  iliametcr,  having  an  extremely  hard 
shell  about  4  inch  thick,  and  containing  from  is  to  24 


rt.  fruit  of  Sertholletta  excelsa  ;  b,  s.imc  with  jiortion  of  shell 
removed  ;  c,  a  single  nut  on  larger  scale. 

triangular  wrinkled  seeds,  which  are  so  fitted  together 
within  the  shell  that  when  once  disturbed  it  is  imptfssible 
to  replace  them.  When  the  fruits  arc  ripe  they  fall  from 
the  tree  and  are  collected  by  Indians.  They  are  then  split 
open  Willi  an  ax.  and  the  .seeds  are  taken  out  and  packed 
in  baskets  for  transportation,  llesides  being  useil  :us  an 
artiile  of  dessert,  a  blaml  oil,  useil  by  watehmakers  ami 
others,  is  exjiressed  from  them.    Scc  Itertbotlefia. 

Brazil-root  (bra-zil'rot),  «.  A  name  sometimes 
i;iv(ii  to  the  root  of  ipecacuanha. 

Brazil  tea.      Same  as  mall'. 

Brazil  wax.     See  inu-. 

brazil-wood  (bra-zil'wud),  «.     Same  aabrazil. 


breach 

brazing-tongs  (bra'zing-tongz),  n.  pi.  Tongs 
with  broad  flat  jaws,  used  in  brazing.  See 
brazi'i. 

breach  (brech ),  ».  [<  ( l )  ME.  breche,  also,  with- 
out assibilafion,  breke  (>mod.  E.  brink,  «.,  and 
dial,  break'-,  <[.  v.),  also  brikkc  (>  mod.  E.  dial. 
brick,  ([.  v.),  <  AS.  *hrccc,  *ycbrccc,  found  only 
in  the  sense  of  'a  piece'  (in  comp.  brcc-mwlum, 
piecemeal,  hliif-ijibrccc,  a  piece  of  bread),  = 
OFries.  brckc,  brclxc,  bre:c,  brc.szc,  brc.<i:ic,  m. 
and  f.,  a  break,  breach,  fracture,  =  MD.  broke, 
a  break,  Vireai'h,  fracture,  =  ML(j.  brckc,  a 
breach,  \iolation  ;  the  above  forms  being  mixed 
with  ('_')  ME.  briiclic,  'brijchc,  also,  without  as- 
sibilafion, brijkc,  brikc,  a  breach,  violation,  in- 
jury, ruin  (>  E.  dial.  Iirick'^,  a  flaw,  Sc.  brick, 
a  breach,  a  diNasion  of  land),  <  AS.  bryce,  bhce 
(=t)H(}.  bnib,  MHO.  O.  briich),  m.,  a  breaking, 
Ijreaeh,  fracture,  violation,  fragment,  piece 
(cf.  i\ID.  bri  iickc,  I),  brcnl:,  f.,  a  breaking,  frac- 
ture, rupture,  crime,  fine,  =  G.  briichc,  f.,  a 
crime,  line);  cf.  (:!)  E.  dial,  brock,  AS.  gchroc, 
neut.,  =  1).  briik,  m.,  =  OllG.  broccii,  MHG. 
brockc,  G.  bmckc,  bmckcii,  m.,  =  Goth,  ijabriika, 
t,  a  fragment,  piece,  bit  (see  brock'-);  and  (4) 
several  other  closely  related  noun  forms  (see 
brack^,  briikr^.  etc.)';  <  brccaii  (pret.  bra'c,  pp. 
broccii),  break.  Brcacli  is  thus  a  deriv.  of  break, 
related,  iu  present  though  not  in  orig.  form,  to 
break  as  aju'ecli  is  to  .i/icak.  Hence  (from  ME.  or 
ML(;.)  OF.  MF.  brccJie,  brc.schc,  mod.  F.  breche, 
a  breach,  gap,  break,  injury,  >  Sp.  Pg.  brecha, 
a  breach,  =  If.  brccciii.  formerly  also  brccchia, 
a  breach,  a  gap,  a  rupture,  =  (i.  brc.iclic,  a 
breach  in  a  wall,  <'fc.  The  If.  breccia,  gravel, 
now  technically  breccia,  =  F.  briclie,  breccia, 
is  closely  related,  but  may  be  taken  from  the 
G. :  see  breccia.  See  brink,  ».,  breek'^,  breck, 
brick^,  bracks,  brake''^,  related  to  and  in  part 
identical  with  breach;  see  also  brick'^.'\  1. 
The  act  of  breaking :  now  used  only  figuratively 
of  the  violatitm  or  neglect  of  a  law,  contract,  or 
any  other  obligation,  or  of  a  custom. 

A  custtun 
More  honourVl  in  the  breach  than  the  <ibservance. 

Shall.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 
The  deadliest  sin  her  mind  could  reach 
Was  of  monastic  rule  the  breach. 

Scott,  Mamiion,  ii.  3. 

2.  All  opening  made  by  breaking  down  a  por- 
tion of  a  solid  body,  as  a  wall,  a  dike,  or  a 
river-bank;  a  rupture;  a  break;  a  gap. 
('(mid  make  old  Trent, 
iiniiik  with  my  sorrow,  to  start  out  in  breaches. 
To  ilrowii  their  herds,  their  cattle,  and  their  com. 

B.  ./oimin,  Sad  Shepherd,  1.  2. 

Thou  hast  made  the  earth  to  tremble ;  thou  hast  broken 

it ;  heal  the  hreacltea  thereof.  Ps.  Ix.  2. 

He  then  led  his  men  to  the  assault,  taking  eliai'ge  liim- 

self  of  those  who  were  to  storm  the  breach. 

Preseotf,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  11. 

3t.  A  break  or  inten-uption  in  utterance. 
-\nd  all  her  sister  Nymphes  with  one  consent 
Siipplide  her  .sobbing  breaches  with  sad  complement. 

Spenser,  F.  Ij.,  III.  iv.  35. 

4.  A  rupture  of  fi^endly  relations ;  difference ; 

(piarrel. 

There's  fallen  between  him  and  my  lord 

An  unkind  breach.  Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  1. 

5.  Infraction;  \'iolation;  infringement:  as,  a 
breach  of  the  peace,  of  a  promise,  or  of  a  eon- 
tract. 

This  breach  upon  kingly  power  was  witliout  precedent. 

Ctareialon. 
It  is  no  breach  of  charity  to  call  these  fools. 

.Sir  v.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  1. 
The  first  steps  in  the  breach  of  a  man's  integrity  .are 
much  more  important  than  men  are  aware  of. 

.■Steele,  Spectator,  No.  448. 

6.  Injury;  wound;  bruise. 

Breach  for  lireach,  eye  for  eye,  tooth  for  tooth. 

Lev.  xxiv.  '20. 

7.  The  breaking  of  waves ;  the  dashing  of  stutf. 

Some  hour  before  you  took  me  from  the  breach  of  the 
sea  was  my  sister  drowned.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  1. 

We  scudded  with  frightful  velocity  before  the  sea,  and 
the  water  made  clear  ttreaches  over  us.     Poe,  Tales,  I.  154. 

Breach  of  arrest,  a  milit^iry  olfense  coinmitted  by  an 
ntb.tr  in  arrest  who  leaves  his  ipiarters  or  limits  without 
autliority  from  his  superior  ofticer.  It  is  punisliable  by 
ciLshiering.  -Breach  of  arrestment,  in  Scots  law,  an  act 
of  conttnipt  of  legal  anttioritj  committed  by  an  arrestee 
disregarding  the  arrcslmcrit  used  in  his  hands,  and  paying 

the  Slim  or  ililiveriiig  llie  uo.jds  arrested  tci  the  1 inion 

debtor.— Breach  of  close,  in  '""',  an  uiuvarrantable  en- 
try on  another  s  laml.  Breach  of  covenant,  a  violation 
of  a  covenant  contaiue. I  in  a  deed  either  to  do  or  refrain 
from  doing  a  ilirect  act.  Breach  of  duty,  the  failure  to 
execute  any  oltice.  emiiloyment,  trust,  etc.,  ill  a  proper 
manner.— Breach  of  promise,  a  violation  of  ones  word 
or  undertaking ;  iion  ftillllnu-nt  of  what  one  had  agreed  to 
do:  often  iiseil  absolutcl>  for  breach  of  promise  of  mar- 
riage. —  Breach  of  the  peace,  a  violation  of  the  public 


Dreacn 

peace,  fts  by  a  riot,  affray,  or  any  tumult  which  is  contrary 
to  law  and  injurious  to  the  public  welfare  — Breach  of 
trust,  a  violation  o(  iluty  by  a  tnistco,  an  cxiiul.n,  or 
other  person  in  a  lUlueiary  position.  — To  batter  in 
breach,  see  l<a«frl,  =  Syn.  1-4. /i«/>'i"',  etc-.  .See/rac- 
nil'.  - 2.  < •penini;.  eleft.  eh:isin,  rift,  rent,  llssure.— 4.  -Mis- 
(indri'standinK,  alienation,  disaffection,  falling  out. 

breach  (bi-ec^U),  r.  [<  hrtach,  n.]  I.  tratm.  To 
make  a  broach  or  opening  in. 

The  first  bonibanliucnt  had  in  no  place  succeeded  in 
breachiiif)  the  walls.  .    . 

C.  D.  Yonffe,  Naval  Uist.  of  Gt.  Britain. 

Koaring  tonents  have  breach'd 

The  track.  it.  Arnold,  Rugby  Chapel. 

n.  intrans.  To  spring  from  the  water,  as  a 
whale. 

Whin  the  watch  at  the  masthead  sees  the  whale  spring 
fri>in  the  water,  he  cries,  "There  she  breaches!" 

Stand.  Sat.  Hist.,  V.  207. 

breaching-battery  (bro'ching-baffer-i),  h.  See 
batlt-n/. 

breachy  (bre'chi),  a.  [<  breach  +  -i/1.]  Apt  to 
break  fences;  unruly:  applied  to  cattle.  [Col- 
loq.] 

breadi  (bred),  ;;.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bred,  < 
ME.  breed,  bred,  <  AS.  bread  (=  OFries.  brad  = 
OS.  brod  =  D.  brood  =  MX,G.  brOt,  LG.  brood 
=  OHG.  MHG.  brot,  G.  brot  =  Icel.  brmtdh  = 
Sw.  Dan.  briid),  bread,  prob.,  like  hroth^,  q.  v., 
from  the  root  of  brcdiran,  etc.,  brew:  see  ftrticl. 
The  AS.  bread  first  appears  in  the  comp.  beo- 
bredd,  bee-bread  (see  bee-bread);  it  is  seldom 
found  alone;  the  usual  word  for  'bread'  was 
Mdf,  E.  loaj"^,  q.  v.]  1.  A  kind  of  food  made 
of  the  flour  or  meal  of  some  species  of  grain, 
by  kneading  it  (with  the  adtlition  of  a  little 
salt,  and  sometimes  sugar)  into  a  dough,  yeast 
beinw  commonly  added  to  cause  fermentation 
or  "lightness,"  and  then  baking  it.  The  yeast 
causes  alcoholic  fermentation  and  the  production  of  al- 
cohol and  carbonic  acid ;  the  latter,  an  expanding  g;is, 
pushes  the  particles  of  dough  asunder,  causing  the  bread  to 
rise,  aud,  with  the  alcohol,  is  soon  expelled  by  the  heat  of 
the  oven.  See  i/cast.  In  tialt-risin/j  bread  the  fermenta- 
tion is  said  to  be  carried  on  by  bacteria.  Bread  is  some- 
limes  made  partly  or  wholly  from  the  products  of  other 
than  cereal  plants,  :is  beans,  lentils,  chestnuts,  some  kinds 
of  bark,  etc. 
2.  Figirratively,  food  or  sustenance  in  general. 

Man  shall  not  live  by  bread  alone.  JIat.  iv.  4. 

But  sometimes  virtue  starves  while  vice  is  fed. 
AVTiat  then  ?  is  the  rewai-d  of  virtue  bread  i 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  150. 
Many  officers  of  the  army  were  arbitrarily  deprived  of 
their  comniissions  and  of  their  breail. 

Ma^axdatj,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Aerated  bread.     See  aerate.— 'Siooiy  bread,     see 

/>^»0(/y.— Bread  Acts,  English  statutes  of  lb22  (;i  Geo. 
IV.,  c.  106)  and  ls;!B  (6  and  7  Wm.  IV.,  c.  .iT)  ivgiilatiiig 
the  making  and  sale  of  bread,  and  x»roliibiiing  tlu-  adul- 
teration of  bread,  meal,  .and  flour. —  Bread  and  butter, 
one's  means  of  living.     [Colloq.] 

Your  quarrelling  with  each  other  upon  the  suliject  of 
bread  and  butter  is  the  most  usual  thing  in  the  world. 

Swift,  To  Duchess  of  Queensberry,  Aug.  12, 1732. 

Brown  bread,  (a)  Wbeaten  bread  made  from  unbolted 
flour,  which  thus  includes  the  bran  as  well  as  the  finer 
parts  of  the  flour  :  in  the  United  States  commonly  called 
Graham  bread,  (b)  In  Xew  England,  wheaten  or  rye  bread 
containing  an  admi.vture  of  Indian  meal  :  a  variety  of  it 
is  called  specifically  Boston  brown  bread. — Hottentot's 
bread.  See  Hottentot.  — St.  John's  bread,  a  diiltb-en's 
name  for  ergot.  Berkeleti. —  Statute  of  bread  and  ale, 
an  English  statute  of  i2r>6,  better  known  as  the  aw/V/ 
jianis  et  cerviA-iee,  regulating  the  sale  of  thtise  commodi- 
ties.—Tatar  bread,  the  root  of  a  cruciferous  plant. 
Cranihi  Ta>ariea,  cultivated  for  food  in  Hungao'.  — To 
break  bread.  .See  break. — To  know  on  which  side 
one's  bread  is  buttered.    See  butteri,  v. 

breadi  (bred),  »■.  t.  [<  bread^,  «.]  In  cookery, 
to  prepare  with  grated  bread ;  cover  \nth.  white 
of  eggs  aud  bread-crumbs. 

bread'-^  (bred),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  breden,  <  AS.  bradan 
(=  OS.  brcdian  =  OHG.  breiten,  MHG.  G.  breiten 
=  Icel.  brcidhja  =  Sw.  breda  =  Dan.  brede  = 
Goth,  "braidjan,  in  comp.  tis-braidjan),  make 
broad,  <  brad,  broad:  see  broad,  a.,  and  cf. 
broad,  v.,  and  broaden.']  To  make  broad; 
spread.     Kay;  G-ro.-ie.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bread-t,  «.  [<  ME.  brede,  <  AS.  brdedu  (=  D. 
bre,  (lie  =  OHG.  breiti,  MHG.  G.  breite  =  Icel. 
brviild  =  Sw.  bredd  =  Dan.  bredde  =  Goth. 
braidei),  breadth,  <  brad,  broad:  see  broad.] 
Breadth.  Also  brede.  [The  older  word,  now 
displaced  by  breadth.] 

Thoughe  it  be  clept  the  Tour  of  Babiloyne,  jit  natlieles 
there  were  ordeyned  with  inne  many  Mansiouns  and 
many  gret  duellynge  Places,  in  length  and  brede. 

Mandevilte,  Travels,  p.  41. 
On  bredet,  abroad. 
Sonve  yblowe  on  brede.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  B30. 

bread-*  (bred),  v.  t.  [Var.  of  hraid^ ;  <  ME.  breden, 
<  AS.  bredan,  bregdan  :  see  braUU.]    In  net-mak- 
ing, to  form  in  meshes ;  net.  Also  breathe,  brede. 
To  bread  or  breatlie  a  net  is  to  make  a  net. 

Encyc.  BrU.,  XVH.  359. 


668 

bread^,  brede  (bred),  n.     [Var.  of  braid^,  n.] 

A  piece  of  embroidery;  a  braid.     [Obsolete  or 

poetical.] 

A  curious  brede  of  needlework.  Dn/den. 

She  every  <lay  came  to  him  in  a  different  dress,  of  the 

most  beautifiU  shells,  bugles,  and  bredes. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  11. 
O  Attic  shape !  Fair  attitude  !  with  brede 
of  marble  men  and  maidens  overwrought. 

Keats,  Ode  on  a  Grecian  I'ni. 
Tlie  .  .  .  wave  that  rims  the  Carib  shore 
With  momentai-y  brede  of  pearl  and  gold. 

Lowell,  Sea-weed. 

bread-and-butter  (bred 'and- but 'er),  a.  1. 
Si'fUiiig  bread  aud  butter,  or  the  means  of  Uv- 
iiig;  controlled  by  material  wants  and  desires; 
mercenary:  as,  the  bread-and-butter  brigade 
(applied  to  office-seekers  in  the  United  States). 
—  2.  Eating  much  bread  and  butter,  as  young 
boys  or  girls ;  hence,  belonging  to  adolescence ; 
in  the  stage  of  growth :  as,  she's  but  a  bread-and- 
butter  miss.  [Colloq.] 
The  w  ishy-w.ashy  bread-and-butter  period  of  life. 

TrvUope,  Barchester  Towers,  xli. 

bread-barge  (bred'biirj),  «.  The  wooden  box 
or  tub  in  which  the  crew  of  a  merchant  vessel 
keep  their  daily  allowance  of  biscuit. 

bread-basket  (bred'bas'ket),  n.  1.  A  basket 
for  holding  or  carrj"ing  bread;  specifically,  a 
tray,  generally  oval  in  shape,  used  for  holding 
bread  at  table. —  2.  The  stomach.     [Slang.] 

I  .  .  .  made  the  soup-maigre  rumlde  in  his  bread-basket, 
and  laid  him  sprawling.        Foote,  Englishman  in  Paris,  L 

breadberry  (bred'ber'i),  «.  An  article  of  diet 
for  convalescents  and  persons  in  delicate  health, 
made  by  poiu'ing  boiling  water  on  toasted  bread 
aud  seasoning  it  with  sugar,  etc. ;  pap. 

bread-chippert  (bred'chip'er),  n.  One  who 
chips  or  slices  bread. 

Not  to  dispraise  me;  and  call  me  pantler,  and  bread- 
chipper,  and  I  know  not  what?       Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

bread-corn  (bred'kom),  «.     Com  or  grain  of 

which  bread  is  made,  as  wheat,  rye,  maize,  etc. 

breadent  (bred'n),  a.  [<  bread^  +  -f«2.]  Made 
of  bread.     [Rare.] 

breadfruit  (bred'Irot),  n.   The  fruit  of  the  tree 

Artocarpus  inoisa.    See  below Breadfruit-tree. 

(«)  The  Artocarpus  incisa,  a  native  of  Java  and  the  neigh- 
boring islands,  but  long  in  cultivation  in  all  the  tropical 
islands  of  the  Pacific,  and  more  recently  introduced  in  the 
West  Indies  and  other  parts  of  tropical  America.  The 
leaves  are  large,  rough,  and  lobed.  The  fruit  is  composed 
of  the  numerous  small  female  flowers  united  into  one  lai'ge 
fleshy  mass  about  the  size  of  a  child's  head,  and  is  covered 
with  hexagonal  marks  externally,  which  are  the  limits  of 
the  individual  flowers.    It  is  roasted  before  being  eaten, 


Braach  of  the  Breadfruit-tree  {Artocarpus  tncisa),  with  staminate 
and  pistillate  inHorescence. 

and  though  insipid  it  forms  the  principal  article  of  food 
in  the  South  Sea  islands.  Another  species  of  Artocarpus 
{A.  inteijrifolia)  yields  a  coarser  sort  of  breadfruit,  called 
jack-fruit.  See  Artoearptis.  Also  called  bread-tree.  (b)  A 
rubiaceous  shrub  of  northern  .\ustralia.  Gardenia  >duli.->. 
bearing  a  small  edible  fruit.— Hottentot  breadfruit,  of 
South  Africa,  the  stem  of  Encephalartos  Cajrer,  which  is 
strippedofitsleaves,  buried  in  the  ground  for  some  months, 
and  then  pomuled,  when  it  furnishes  a  quantity  of  farina- 
ceous matter  resembling  sago.  Also  called  Kajir-bread. 
breadingt,  ".  [<  bread'^  +  -ing''-.]  A  windrow 
or  swath.     [Prov.  Eng.]    See  extract. 

Breadings  of  corn  or  grass,  the  swathes  or  lows  wherein 
the  mower  leaves  them.  Kennctt  (Halliwell). 

bread-knife  (bred'nif ),  n.     A  knife  for  cutting 

broad. 
breadless  (bred'les),  a.    [ME.  bredUes :  <  bread^ 
+  -less.]     Without  bread;  destitute  of  food, 
rlump  peers  and  breadless  bards  alike  are  dull. 

P.  Whitehead,  State  Dunces. 

breadmeal  (bred'mel),  «.  The  mountain-meal 
or  bergmehl  of  Sweden  and  Finland.  See  bcrg- 
vi(hl. 

bread-nut  (bred'nut),  n.  The  fruit  of  the  tree 
Brosimum  Alicastrum,  natural  order  TJrticacece. 


break 

See  nro.timnm.   The  bastard  hread-nul  of  Jamaica  Is  the 

fruit  of  a  similar  species,  Pseudotmedia  njniria. 

bread-room  (bred'rom),  H.  An  apartment 
wliero  bread  is  kept,  especially  such  an  apart- 
ment in  a  ship,  made  water-tight,  and  some- 
tiniis  lined  with  tin  to  keep  out  rats. 

bread-root  (bred'rot),  «.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
I'.-iirriilia,  the  /'.  iKCutenta.     See  I'.ioralea. 

bread-sauce  (bred'sas),  n.  A  sauce  usually 
mudi'  of  grated  bread,  miilk,  onions,  pepper,  etc. 

breadstuff  (bred'stuf ),  ».  [<  bread^  +  stuff,  «.] 
Any  kind  of  grain  from  which  bread  is  made; 
meal;  Uour:  generally  used  in  the  plural  as  a 
commercial  term  to  signify  all  the  different 
varieties  of  grain  and  flour  collectively  from 
which  bread  is  made. 

breadth  (bredth),  «.  [<  late  ME.  bredthe, 
breili  the  (with  suffix  -th  as  in  Imgth,  wklth, 
strength,  etc.),  older  form  brede,  <  AS.  brwdu, 
breadth:  see  breads,  «.]  1.  The  measure  of 
the  second  principal  diameter  of  a  surface  or 
solid,  the  first  being  length,  and  the  third  (in 
the  ease  of  a  solid)  thicl:ne.fs.  Thus,  if  a  rectangular 
parallelopiped  measures  3  feet  by  2  feet  by  1  foot,  its 
breadth  is  2  feet.  The  breadth  of  a  surface  is,  in  the  com- 
mon use  of  the  word,  the  distance  between  the  margins, 
which  are  regarded  as  the  sides,  as  distinguished  from 
length,  or  the  distance  from  end  to  end. 
Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  largeness;  freedom 
from  narrowness  or  restraint;  liberality:  as, 
breadth  of  cidture,  breadth  of  view,  etc. —  3. 
That  quality  in  a  work  of  art,  whether  pictorial 
or  plastic,  which  is  obtained  by  the  simple, 
clear  rendering  of  essential  forms,  and  the 
strict  subordination  of  details  to  general  effect. 
Breadth  of  design,  of  color,  of  light  and  shade,  or  of  sur- 
face treatment,  gives  an  impression  of  mastery,  ease,  and 
freedom  in  the  use  of  material  on  the  part  of  the  .artist, 
which  conveys  a  sense  of  repose  and  dignity  to  the  mind. 
4.  In  logic,  extension;  the  aggregate  of  sub- 
jects of  which  a  logical  term  can  be  predicated. 

—  5.  Something  that  has  breadth  :  specifically, 
apiece  of  a  fabric  of  the  regular  width;  a  ■width. 

—  Essential  breadth,  the  aggregate  of  real  things  of 
wliich.  according  to  its  veiy  meaning,  a  term  is  predicable. 
The  terra  being,  for  example,  is  from  its  meaning  predicable 
of  everything.  — Informed  breadth,  the  aggregate  of  real 
things  of  which  a  term  is  predicable  with  logical  truth, 
on  the  whole,  in  a  supposed  state  of  information. 

breadtben  (bred'then),  r.  t.  [<  breadth +  -en^. 
Cf.  lengthen.]  To  make  broader;  extend  or 
stretch  transversely.     [Rare.] 

To  extend  the  pieces  to  their  utmost  width  a  machine 
called  a  breadthcning  machine  is  employed. 

rre.  Diet.,  I.  067. 

breadthless  (bredth'les),  a.  [<  breadth  +  -less.] 
Without  breadth.     Dr.  H.  More. 

breadthwise,  breadth'ways  (bredth'wiz,-waz), 
adr.  [<  breadth  +  -u-ise,  u-ays.]  In  the  direc- 
tion of  the  breadth. 

bread-tray  (bred'tra),  n.  A  tray  for  holding 
bread. 

bread-tree  (bred'tre),  n.  Same  as  breadfruit- 
trce,  (a)  (which  see,  under  breadfruit). 

bread-'weight,  n.    Same  as  troy  neigh t. 

bread'winner  (bred'win'er),  «.  1.  One  who 
earns  a  livelihood  for  himself  and  those  depen- 
dent upon  him :  usually  restricted  to  one  who 
is  directly  dependent  upon  his  earnings  from 
day  to  day  or  from  week  to  week. 

The  breadipinner  being  gone,  his  goods  were  seized  for 
an  old  debt,  and  liis  wife  was  driven  into  the  streets  to 
beg.  Leekij,  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent.,  xiii. 

2.  That  by  means  of  which  one  earns  one's 
bread.     [Rare.] 

The  book-making  specialist  of  our  generation  probably 
j-ields  to  none  of  his  predecessors  in  the  Uterary  roll  in 
respect  of  industry,  skill,  .and  accuracy ;  but  his  subject, 
as  a  rule,  is  his  business,  his  breadtcintier. 

Quarterly  Rev.,  CLXII.  515. 

breadyt  (bred'i),  a.  [<  breadi^  +  -i/l.]  Resem- 
bling bread. 

break  (brak),  c. ;  pret.  broke  (brake  is  obsolete 
or  archaic),  pp.  broken  or  broke  (obsolescent  or 
poetical),  ppr.  breaking.  [Early  mod.  E.  and 
dial,  also  breck;  <  '^iE.'brckcn  (pret.  brak,  brek, 
brake,  pi.  braken,  breken,  -pp.  broken,  broke),  < 
AS.  brecan  (pret.  breee,  pi.  brwcon,  pp.  brocen) 
=  OS.  brekan  =  OFries.  breka  =  D.  breken  = 
MLG.  breken,  LG.  breken,  brerken  =  OHG.  breh- 
han,  MHG.  brcchen,  G.  brechen  =  Goth,  brikan, 
break  (cf.  Icel.  brdka,  bi-uise,  braka,  creak.  Sw. 
braka,  crack,  =  Dan.  bra-kke,  break  —  weak 
verbs),  =  L./(0H3fr<'(perf. /)'(V7i);  perhaps =Gr. 
prrjvii'ai,  break;  "cf.  Skt.  y/'bhanj  (for  "bhranjl), 
break.  Hence  (from  AS.  etc.)  breach,  break, 
«.,  breck,  breck~,  brick^,  brake'^,  brake-,  brake^, 
brock-,  perhaps  brook'^,  etc.;  (through  Rom.) 
bray^,  breccia,  bricole,  etc.;  and  (fi-om  Li.)  frac- 
tion, fracture,  fragile,  frail^,  fragment,  etc.]  I. 
trans.  1 .  To  divide  into  parts  or  fragments  vio- 


break 

lontly,  as  by  a  blow  or  strain ;  part  by  a  mp- 
tvno  of  Rul)stiinco;  fracture:  usfJ  primarily  of 
rit;i<l  solid  materials:  as,  to  break  a  stoue  or  a 
stick ;  to  hrcdk  a.  wall. 

And  the  widdws  nf  Ashur  art-  loml  in  their  wnil, 
Aiul  the  iiiols  .ire  hntln'  in  the  temple  of  Haal. 

liifniii,  Destruction  of  Sennaeheril). 

2.  Speeifically,  in  hue,  to  open  or  force  one's 
way  into  (adwellinK,  store,  etc.)  biu-glarionsly. 
A  liciuse  is  saiil  to  lie  hrakfii  liy  a  lmrj;hir  wlien  any  part 
or  fasteninK  of  it  is  removed  witll  intent  to  effect  an  en- 
trance. 

3.  To  tlestroy  the  contiiniity  of  in  any  way; 
destroy  the  order  or  formation  of;  disconnect; 
interrupt;  disorder;  specifically,  of  the  skin, 
lacerate :  as,  to  break  the  center  of  an  array ; 
to  break  ranks;  the  stone,  falling,  broke  the  siu-- 
faco  of  tlii^  water;  to  break  an  electric  circuit; 
to  break  one's  sleep;  the  blow  broke  the  skin. 

This  liercditary  riylit  should  lie  Ivept  so  sacred  as  never 
to  brtaie  the  succession.    SwiJ'l,  Sent,  of  Ch.  of  Ent;.  .Man,  ii. 
Nit  other  oliject  breaks 
Tlie  waste,  but  one  dwarf  tree. 

Shrlttii,  Julian  and  Maddalo. 

4.  To  destroy  tho  completeness  of;  remove  a 
part  from;  hence,  to  exchaufjo  for  a  smaller 
amount,  as  a  bank-note  in  payment :  as,  to  break 
a,  set  of  chessmen;  to  break  a  ten-dollar  bill. 

Hut  I  am  uncxsy  aiiout  these  same  four  guineas  :  I  tliiulv 
you  should  liave  {^iven  them  liack  a'.:ain  to  your  master  ; 
and  yet  I  have  Orokrn  them.        Rkharilmm,  Pamela,  xvii. 

5.  To  lessen,  impair,  or  destroy  the  force, 
streiifrth,  or  intensity  of;  weaken:  as,  a  con- 
stitution broken  by  dissipation;  to  brca^  a 
child's  will ;  to  break  tho  force  of  a  blow. 

An  old  nuxu,  In-ukcn  with  the  storms  of  state. 

Shak.,  lien.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 
I'll  rather  leap  down  first  and  break  your  fall.    Di-yden. 
Too  courteous  are  you,  fair  Lord  Lancelot. 
I  jiray  you,  use  some  rou^li  discourtesy 
To  blunt  or  break  her  passion. 

Tcnniimn,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

6.  To  tame ;  train  to  obedience ;  make  tract- 
able: as,  to  break  a  horse  or  a  hunting-dog  for 
work  in  the  field. 

Why,  theu  thou  canst  not  break  lier  to  the  lute? 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

7.  To  violate,  as  a  contract,  law,  or  promise, 
either  by  a  positive  act  contrary  to  the  law  or 
promise,  or  by  neglect  or  non-fulfilment. 

Unhappy  man !  to  break  the  pious  laws 

Of  nature.  Dnjden. 

8.  To  make  bankrupt,  as  a  bank  or  a  merchant ; 
destroy,  as  the  cretlit  of  a  bank. 

The  credit  of  this  hank  lieiUK  thus  broken  did  exceeduiB- 
ly  discontent  the  people.     tJmiiin,  Diary,  Jlai'ch  13,  W<7± 

9.  To  reduce  in  or  dismiss  from  rank  or  posi- 
tion as  a  punishment:  as,  to  break  an  officer. 

It  must  be  allowed,  indeed,  that  to  break  an  Knglish 
trcehorn  ofiiccr  only  for  blasphemy  was,  to  speak  the 
gentlest  of  siu-h  an  action,  a  very  liii,'h  strain  of  absolute 
power.  Swt/I,  Against  Abolishinj;  t'hristianity. 

The  captain  .  .  .  h.as  the  power  to  turn  his  officers  otf 
duty,  and  even  to  break  them  and  make  thcni  do  duty  as 
•  s.ailors  in  the  forecastle. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  11. 

lOt.  To  disband. 

My  birthday  wiis  ominous.  .  .  .  The  regiment  in  which 
my  father  served  lieilVJ:  ()ro/.-f.  Sterne. 

11.  To  make  a  first  and  partial  disclosure  of, 
as  an  opinion  or  project;  especially,  to  impart 
or  tell  caiitiously  so  as  not  to  startle  or  shock ; 
also,  simply,  tell ;  inform :  as,  to  break  unwel- 
come news  to  a  person. 

His  nerves  are  so  weak,  that  the  sight  of  a  poor  rel.ation 
may  he  too  much  for  him.  I  should  have  gone  tlrst  to 
break  it  to  him.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  v.  1. 

12t.  To  cut  up,  as  game.  Skill  in  breaking  the 
killed  deer  was  considered  as  important  in  vencry  as  bold- 
ness in  the  chase  itself. 

They  found  him  by  a  water  side, 
Where  he  brake  the  beast  that  tide. 
The  hart  that  w.ts  so  wild. 

Sir  Trianwiir,  in  Ellis  Collection. 

13.  To  tear.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

In  this  county  [Hamp.shire]  break  is  nsed  for  tear,  and 
tear  for  break :  as.  I  have  a-torn  my  best  decanter  or  china 
dish;  I  have  a-bruke  my  fine  cambric  apron.  Groae. 

To  break  a  blockade,  to  render  it  inoperative  by  driving 
otf  or  destroying  the  blockading  force.-  TO  break  a  gun, 
to  open  it  by  the  action.  — To  break  a  Jest,  to  utter  a 
jest:  crack  a  joke.  Olirai/ :  r><>liniibrnke.—  To  break  a 
lance,  to  enter  the  lists  with  an  opponent :  make  a  trial 

of  skill.  To  break  an  electrical  circuit.  See  eimiii. 
—  To  break  a  path,  a  road,  "i  a  way.  t"  ("iii-  a  paiisagc 
through  oiistaeles  ..I  diiii.iiiii.s  To  break  bread,  (nl 
To  take  a  meal ;  share  .iiii's  hoKpitality.  I'/)  To  celebrate 
the  comnnniion.  To  break  bulk.  (")  'I'o  begin  to  nu- 
loail.  (Ii)  To  remove  a  part  floiil  a  parcel  or  iinantity  of 
goods. 

1  heard  S'  U.  Howard  impeach  S'  \V"  Pen  in  the  House 
of  I/Ords,  for  breakiwj  bnlk  and  tjiking  away  rich  goods  out 
of  the  E.  India  prizes  formerly  Uikeii  by  l/ird  Sandwich. 
Evelyn,  Diary,  April  0,  ICOS. 


669 

To  break  camp,  to  pack  up  tents  and  camp-ntensils,  and 
risunu-  the  iiiarrfi  —  To  break  cover  or  covert,  to  come 
forth  from  a  lurking-place  or  concealment,  as  game  when 
hunted. 

On  this  little  knoll,  if  anywhere. 

There  is  good  chance  that  we  shall  hear  the  hounds  : 

Here  often  they  break  envcrt  at  our  feet. 

Tenmison,  Geraint. 
To  break  down,  (a)  To  take  down  by  breaking ;  destroy 
by  breaking:  as,  to  break  diiwn  a  fence:  figuratively,  to 
ovcrciiine  :  as.  to  break  doirii  all  ^ipposition.  (h)  To  p.ass 
(thein-ess-eakeof  gunpowder)  between  the  toothed  rollers 
of  a  granul.ating  machine.  — TO  break  gates.     Sec  rjalel. 

—  To  break  ground,  (a)  To  upturn  the  surface  of  the 
ground  ;  dig  ;  plow.  (/*)  To  dig  ;  open  trenches ;  commence 
excavation,  a.s  for  building,  siege  operations,  and  the  like ; 
hence,  Ilguratively,  to  begin  to  execute  any  plan. 

How  happy,  could  I  but,  in  any  measure,  .  .  .  make 
manifest  to  you  the  meanings  of  Heroisin  ;  the  divine 
relation  .  .  .  which  in  all  times  unites  a  Great  Man  to 
otlier  men:  and  thus,  as  it  were,  not  exhaust  my  subject, 
but  so  much  !is  break  i/round  on  it. 

Carlifle,  Heroes  ami  Hero- Worship,  i. 

(c)  Naut.,  to  release  the  anchor  from  the  bottom.— To 
break  in,  to  tame  ;  discipline  ;  make  tractable,  as  a  horse. 

—  To  break  jail  or  prison,  to  make  one's  escape  from 
conflncnicnt.  — To  break  joint,  to  be  so  aiTanged,  iis 
Staines,  bricks,  shingles,  etc.,  in  building,  that  the  joints  in 
one  course  do  not  coincide  with  those  in  tho  coutiguotis 
courses.    See  bond^, 

A  wire  cable  is  composed  of  many  threads,  and  these 
completely  break  joint  with  each  other,  and  thus  neu- 
tralize any  defect  in  the  wires.  Luec,  Seamanship,  p.  '241. 
To  break  liberty  or  leave  maut.).  to  remain  away  from 
a  >liiii  aft.  r  llic  time  spi  i  itiiil  for  returning.  -To  break 

squares.  See  siiuare.  To  break  of  a  habit  or  prac- 
tice, to  cause  to  abandon  it.— To  break  off.  («)  To  sever 
by  breaking  :  as,  to  break  ojf  a  twig.  ('<)  To  put  a  sudden 
stop  to ;  interrupt ;  discontinue  ;  leave  otf  ;  give  up  :  as, 
to  break  off  a  marriage  engagement. 

All  amazed  brake  o/his  late  intent. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  469. 

She  endeii  here,  or  vehement  despair 

Broke  off  the  rest.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  1008. 

To  break  one's  fast,  to  take  the  first  food  of  the  day. 
Sec  break/a.-;!. 

Happy  were  our  forefathers,  who  broke  their  /aM.t  with 
herbs.  Taylor. 

To  break  one's  head,  to  cut  one's  head  by  a  blow ;  sttm 
or  kill  one  by  a  blow  upon  the  head. 

He  has  broke  my  head  across,  and  has  given  Sir  Toby  a 
bloody  coxcomb  too.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

To  break  one's  heart,  to  become  heart-broken  or  griev- 
ously afflicted  :  as,  he  broke  his  heart  over  her  misfor- 
tunes.—To  break  one's  mind,  to  reveal  one's  thoughts : 
with  to. 

Break  thy  mind  to  me.  .S/int.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

I,  who  much  desir'd  to  know 
Of  whence  she  was,  yet  fearful  how  to  break 
My  mind,  adventurd  humbly  thus  to  speak.  Dnjden. 
To  break  one's  word,  to  violate  a  promise  or  pledge; 
act  contiuiy  to  an  engagement.— To  break  open,  to  force 
open;  unclose  by  violence;  .as.  to  break  ojirii  a  door. — 
To  breajk  out  a  cargo,  to  unstow  it  so  that  it  may  be 
ciisily  unloaded.— To  break  Prisclan's  head,  to  violate 
the  rules  of  granmiar.  [I'riscian  was  a  celebrated  Koman 
grammarian.] 

Fair  cousiti,  for  thy  glances. 
Instead  of  breakimj  Priscian's  head 
I  had  been  lircaking  lances.  Praed. 

To  break  ranks  (millt.),  to  leave  the  ranks ;  fall  out.— 
To  break  step  (iniUI.).  to  cease  marching  in  cadence; 
inarch  at  will.  -  To  break  the  back,  to  strain  or  dislo- 
cate the  vertcbrtc  as  with  too  heavy  a  luirdin.-  To  break 
the  back  of.  (a)  To  destroy  the  force  or  ellii  iency  of; 
weaken  at  a  vital  point :  as,  one  mistake  broke  the  bark  of 
the  enterprise.  (Ii)  yaut.,tn  break  the  keel  and  keelson 
of,  as  a  ship,  (c)  Figuratively,  to  accomplish  the  greater 
or  most  difflcult  jiart  of:  as,  to  break  the  bark  of  a  heavy 
piece  of  business.  — To  break  the  bank.  .See  tanA-a.— 
To  break  the  grain,  to  destroy  a  tendency  to  crystallize, 
as  in  stearic  acid  by  mixture  witli  palmitic  acid.  — To 
break  the  heart  of,  to  .itllict  grievously;  cause  great 
sorrow  or  grief  to  ;  cause  to  die  of  grief.  — To  break 
the  heartstrings  of,  to  intliet  great  grief  or  hopeless 
sorrow  ttiion;  atlliet  overwhelmingly. 

No  time  to  break  jests  when  the  heartstrinys  are  about 
to  be  broken.  fuller.  Jesting. 

To  break  the  ice,  to  overcome  obstacles  and  make  a  be- 
gimiing ;  especially,  to  overcome  the  feeling  of  restraint 
incident  to  a  neiv  acquaintanceship. 

I  have  often  formed  a  resolution  to  break  the  ice,  and 
rattle  away  at  any  rate. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

The  iee  of  ceremony  being  once  broken.  Scott. 

To  break  the  neck,  to  dislocate  a  joint  of  the  neck. — 
To  break  the  neck  of.  («)  To  destroy  the  main  force 
of  ;  ruin  or  destroy. 

Breaks  the  neek  of  their  own  cause.  Milton, 

(b)  To  get  over  the  worst  part  of ;  get  more  than  half 
through. 

He  was  a  capital  spinner  of  a  yarn  when  he  had  broken 
the  neek  er' his  day's  work.  IJuyhes. 

To  break  the  parlel,  to  begin  the  parley.  Shak.— To 
break  up.   («)  To  cut  up,  as  game. 

IViyet,  yoti  can  carve ; 
nreak  up  this  capon.  Shak.,  L.  L  L.,  iv.  1. 

(b)  To  open  or  lay  open  :  .as,  to  break  up  a  fioor ;  to  break 
up  fallow  ground.  (<•)  To  discontinue  or  jinl  an  end  U< : 
as.  to  break  up  housekeeping.  ((/)  To  .sejiarate ;  disinte- 
grate ;  disbaint ;  as,  to  break  up  a  company  or  an  army. 
(e)  To  impair ;  exhaust ;  fatigue  greatly. 

nie  six  hours  of  deadly  terror  which  I  then  endured 
have  broken  me  up  body  aiul  soul.  Poe,  Tales,  I.  161. 


break 

To  break  upon  the  wheel,  to  torture  or  put  to  death 

by  stretching  on  a  cart-wheel,  or  a  wooden  frame  in  tho 
form  of  a  St.  Andrew  s  cross,  and  breaking  the  limbs  with 
an  iron  bar:  a  mode  of  pnnisliiiient  fnnnerly  much  used 
in  some  parts  of  Knropc  — To  break  water,  to  rise  to  the 
siu"face  of  the  water,  a.s  a  Ilsh. 

Numbers  of  these  fish  [blucflsh]  may  be  seen  breaking 
water  at  any  time  on  the  banks  and  shoals. 

Sports7nan's  Gazetteer,  p.  258. 

To  break  wind,  to  give  vent  to  wind  from  the  body  by 
the  anus.  -  To  break  wordt,  to  violate  a  pledge  or  an 
obligation. 

They  that  break  word  with  Heaven  will  break  again 
With  all  the  world,  and  so  dost  thou  with  me. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  be  separated  into  parts 
or  fragments  imder  the  action  of  some  force, 
as  a  blow  or  a  strain  ;  become  fractured:  as,  the 
rock  hrtikc  into  a  thousand  pieces ;  tlie  ice  broke 
under  his  feet. —  2.  To  become  discontinuous, 
disconnected,  disordered,  or  disintegrated; 
lose  oontinuity  or  fomiation  :  as,  at  the  last 
charge  the  lino  broke  ;  the  circuit  broke. 

Tlie  command,  ('harge,  was  given,  anil  was  executed 
with  loud  cheers  and  with  a  run  ;  when  the  last  of  the 
enemy  broke.  U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  .Memoirs,  I.  351. 

3.  Specifically — (.a)  To  change  suddenly  and 
involuntarily  from  a  natural  to  a  higher  and 
shriller  tone  or  to  a  whisper :  said  of  the  voice. 
{b)  In  )H«.s/c;  (1)  To  change  from  one  register 
to  another,  as  a  mvisical  instrimieut.  (2)  To 
change  from  one  combination  of  pipes  to  an- 
other, especially  when  having  more  than  one 
jiipe  to  the  note :  said  of  compound  organ-stops, 
like  the  mi.\tnre,the  cornet,  etc. — 4.  To  change 
from  one  gait  into  another:  s;ud  of  a  horse :  as, 
to  break  into  a  gallop. —  5.  To  burst;  happen 
or  begin  to  be  with  suddenness  or  violence, 
(o)  To  discharge  itself  spontaneously,  as  a  tumor. 
The  same  old  sore  breaks  out  from  age  to  age. 

Tennyson,  Walking  to  the  ^lail. 
(6)  To  burst  forth  or  begin  with  violence,  as  a  storm. 
A  second  deluge  o'er  our  heads  may  break.  Drydcn. 
The  whole  storm,  which  had  long  been  gathering,  now 
broke  at  once  on  the  head  of  Olive.  Maeaulay,  Lord  ('live, 
(c)  To  burst  into  speech  or  action  ;  generally  followed  by 
out.    (See  phrases  below.) 

I  would  not  have  your  women  hear  me 

Break  into  commendation  of  you  ;  'tis  not  seemly. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  lYagedy,  iv.  1. 

(rf)  To  begin  as  if  with  a  burst  or  bre.ak. 

.\nd  from  our  own  the  glad  shout  breaks, 

Of  Freedom  and  Fraternity  !  Whittier,  Paian. 

6.  To  become  impaired,  weakened,  or  reduced; 
especially,  to  decline  in  health,  strength,  or 
personal  appearance. 

I'm  sorry  Mopsa  breaks  so  Last : 
I  said  her  face  would  never  hist. 

Swi/t,  Cadenils  and  ^'anessa. 

7.  To  begin  to  be :  said  specifically  of  the  day, 
dawn,  or  morning. 

Is  not  that  the  morning  which  breaks  yonder? 

.Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1. 
The  day  of  wrath,  against  which  Leibnitz  had  warned 
the  nionarchs  of  Europe,  was  beginning  to  break. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  365. 

8.  To  force  one's  way  (into,  out  of,  or  through 

something). 

Go,  break  among  the  press,  and  find  a  way  out 

To  let  the  troop  pass  fairly.     Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  3. 

9.  To  fail  in  trade  or  other  occupation ;  become 
bankrupt. 

He  tli.at  puts  all  upon  adventures  doth  oftentimes  break 
and  come  to  poverty.  Bacon,  Riches. 

There  came  divers  of  Antonio's  creditors  in  my  com- 
pany to  Venice,  that  swear  he  cannot  choose  but  break. 
Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  1. 

The  true  original  chairs  were  all  sold,  when  the  Hun- 
tingdons  broke.  Gray,  Lcttei-s.  I.  '217. 

10.  To  lose  friendship ;  become  hostile ;  be  in 
opposition  or  antagonism:  commonly  with  icith. 

To  break  upon  the  score  of  danger  or  expense  is  to  be 
mean  ."Uid  narrow-spirited.       Jeremy  Collier,  Friendship. 

11.  In  pool,  to  make  a  break;  make  the  first 
■shot  or  opening  play.     See  break,  n.,  15. — 12. 

\aiit..  to  hog  or  sag. — 13.  In  liort.:  (a)  To  put 
forth  new  buds.  (6)  To  flower  before  the 
proper  time. 

In  oiur  turnip  and  carrot-beds  a  few  plants  often  break 
—  that  is,  flower  too  soon. 

Daru'in.  Var.  of  Animals  .and  Plants,  p.  5. 

14t.  To  broach  a  subject;  come  to  an  explana- 
tion: with  to  or  icitli. 

The  chamber  beeing  voyded,  he  brake,  with  liini  in  these 
teamies.  ''!/';/,  Euphnes  and  hisflngland,  p.  227. 

Then,  after,  (o  her  father  will  I  break. 

Shak..  Mnch  Ado.  i.  1. 

To  break  across.  See  across.— To  break  away,  (n)  To 

disengage  one's  self  abruptly;  escape,  as  from  a  captor, 

by  sudden  and  violent  action  ;  hence,  to  leave  suddenly. 

Fear  me  not,  man,  I  will  not  break  aivay. 

Shak.,  C,  of  £.,  It.  4. 


break 

(6)  To  he  iliRjiipnt<Ml  fir  disappenr,  a.i  fog  or  clouds.— To 
break  down.  («)  To  come  liown  liy  ItivakiH);:  as,  tlic 
conch  hrokr  down.  (6)  To  fail  in  iiny  uiKlci-tukiiiK  through 
iticnpiicity,  miscalculation,  emotion,  enihurrassnicnt,  or 
loss  of  health. 

Some  dozen  women  did  double  duty,  and  then  were 
blamed  for  breakimj  dnwit. 

L.  M.  Alciilt,  Hospital  .Sketches,  p.  68. 
(<•)  'I'll  Iti.so  one's  hcaltli ;  become  sick.  ('t)Tti  l>c  r»vercome 
by  emotion  ;  weep.  (*■)  'I'oiiranulate,  jm  Kunjiowder.— To 
break  forth,  (a)  To  l>urst  out ;  be  su<ldenly  uumifested ; 
cxhiliit  sudden  activity :  as,  a  cry  broke/orlh. 
His  malice  'gainst  the  lady 
Will  suddenly  break/orlh. 

Sfiak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 
Break  forth,  ye  hearts  that  frozen  winters  bind 
In  icy  chains  more  strong  tlian  close  tlie  year ! 

Jones  Vert/,  I'oems,  p.  4(j. 

(b)  To  nish  or  issue  nut.  (r)  To  jrive  vent  to  one's  feel- 
ings; burst  out;  !iii.  to  break fiirlh  with  fury;  tn  "break 
forth  into  singing,'  Isa.  xliv.  2;i.  To  break  from,  to 
(lisengage  ones  self  from;  leave  abrupM.v  or  \iolently. — 
To  break  in,  to  leave  the  iioinl,  :oiil  start  to  cliasc  game  ; 
s.iid  .if  a  dog  on  point.  — To  break  into.  («)  To  enter  liy 
force,  especially  burglariously :  as,  to  break  into  a  house. 
In  law,  opening  a  latched  tioor,  or  pushing  open  an  unfas- 
tened but  closed  sjush,  may  be  a  iu-eaking  whicli  will  con- 
stitute burglary.    (6)  To  break  forth  into. 

It  is  very  natural  for  men  who  are  abridged  In  one  ex- 
cess to  break  i)tto  some  other. 

Gi'lil.imilh,  Citizen  of  the  World,  Iviii. 
To  break  in  upon,  to  intrude  upon  suddenly  or  vio- 
lently.—To  break  loose,  to  get  free  by  force;  escape 
from  rontinement  by  violence;  shake  off  restraint.  — To 
break  off.  (")  To  part ;  become  separated :  as,  the  branch 
brithe  „f.     i,b)  To  desist  suddenly. 

li.i  nut  break  oj/  so.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1. 

To  break  off  from,  to  part  from  with  violence.— To 
break  out.  {a)  'I'o  issue  forth  ;  arise  or  spring  up:  as,  a 
fire  breaks  oat  ;  a  sedition  breaks  out ;  a  fever  breaks  out. 
ih)  To  appear  in  eruptions;  said  of  certain  diseases;  to 
have  pustules  or  an  efflorescence  on  the  skin :  said  of  a 
person,  (c)  To  throw  off  restraint  and  become  dissolute : 
as,  after  living  (juietly  be  again  broke  out.  (rf)  To  give 
vent  Ui  the  feelings  impetuously  by  speech. 

As  soon  as  my  uncle  Toby  was  seated  by  the  fire,  and 
had  filled  his  pipe,  my  father  broke  out  in  this  manner. 

Sterne,  Tristram  .Shandy,  ix.  3'2. 
To  break  Sbeer  (naut.),  to  be  forced  the  wronir  way  by 
the  wind  or  current,  so  iis  not  to  lie  well  for  keeiiiiii;  clear 
of  the  anchor :  said  of  a  ship  at  anchor.  —  To  break  shot, 
to  leave  the  point,  when  the  gun  is  discli.ii  i;.,!,  to  ibase 
game:  said  of  a  dog  on  point.— To  break  through.  (■') 
To  disregard  or  overcome:  as.Uybreakthmniili  M  rrstiaim 
or  reserve,  (b)  To  act  contrary  to;  violate  witli  impu- 
nity :  as,  to  break  thmtnih  a  I;i\v  (in  such  a  manner  as  to 
avoid  the  penalty):— To  break  up.  (n)  To  dissolve  and 
separate  :  as,  a  comjiaiiv  Ueeok.^  ii/t ;  a  meeting  breaks  up; 
the  ice  breaks  up ;  a  fog  breaks  up. 

We  went  into  i\Irs.  Mercer's,  and  there  mighty  merry, 
smutting  one  another  with  candle  grease  and  soot,  till  most 
of  us  were  like  devils.  And  that  being  done,  then  we  broke 
up,  and  to  my  house.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  430. 

(6)  In  alff.,  siiid  of  an  equation  or  quantic  when  in  con- 
sequence of  particular  relations  between  its  eoefticients 
it  reduces  to  a  product  of  factors  of  lower  degree.— To 
break  with.  («)  'To  part  in  enmity  from ;  cease  to  be 
friends  with ;  quarrel  with :  as,  to  break  with  a  friend  or 
companion. 

Be  not  afraid  to  break 


670 


breakman 


cess  or  projection  from  the  general  surface  of  breaker  (bra'ker),  ».     [<  ME.  hrrkfrc ;  <  break 

any  architectural  part  or  feature. —  5.   In  lidt-  .  .      -      ,. 

iiKihiiij/,  the  angle  fornieci  by  Ihe  l)0(ly  anil  the 

brim  of  a  hat. —  6.   In  a  ship,  the  part  wliere  a 

deck  terminates  and  the  descent  to  i  lie  Me.Nt<h>ek 

begins. — 7.  A  contrivance  to  check  the  velocity 

of  a  wheeled  carriage ;  a  brake.    See /mi/iT^,  9. 

—  8.  Tn  tclei/.:  («)  Acommutator  or  contrivance 
for  inteiTiipting  or  changing  I  he  direction  of 
eU'Clric  currents,  (i)  An  interni])!  ion  oft  lie  con- 
tinuity of  a  conductor. —  9.  In  iiiti.'<ir:  (ii)  The 
point  in  the  scale  wliere  the  (|uaiity  of  voice  of 
one  register  changes  to  l]i:it  of  another,  as 
from  tenorto  alto  or  from  alto  to  soprano,  (b) 
The  jioiiit  where  the  chest-voice  changes  to  the 
liead-voiee.  (c)  The  point  where  a  similar 
change  oecurs  in  a  musical  wind-instrument: 

thus,  in  the  clarinet  such  a 

change  occurs  between  the 

notes  B  Hat  and  B  natural. 

(d)     The     singing,     or    the 

sounding  on  a  trumpet  or 
lioru,  from  lack  of  ability,  care,  or  skill,  of  a 
note  different  from  the  one  intended  to  be  jjro- 
diieed.  (e)  A  note  which  a  singer  produces 
more  imperfectly  or  with  greater  difficulty  than 
the  notes  above  or  below  it.  ( /')  In  an  organ- 
stop,  the  sudden  change  in  the  proper  seale- 
series  of  pipes  to  a  series  lower  in  pitch.  (</) 
In  organ-buildinf/,  the  points  in  the  scale  of 
stops  having  more  than  one  pipe  to  a  note, 
■where  for  any  reason  the  relative  pitch  of  the 
pipes  is  altered :  especially  applied  to  mixture- 
stops  having  several  pipes  to  each  note. — 10. 
Ill  a  bakery,  a  bench  on  which,  or  a  machine  by 
which,  dough  is  kneaded. — 11.  In  miiiinij,  a 
crack  or  fissure  caused  by  the  sinking  of  strata. 
— 12.  In  ti/jK-fouiiiliiifi,  a  piece  of  metal  ne.xt  the 
sliauk  of  a  type  which  is  broken  off  in  finishing. 

—  13.  On  the  stock  exchange,  a  sudden  decline 
in  prices. — 14.  Inpool,  the  .shot  that  breaks  or 
scatters  the  balls  as  piled  together  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  game ;  hence,  the  lii'st  shot  or 
phiy,  or  the  right  to  the  first  play:  as,  it  is  my 
)iri<il-. — 15.  In /or?.,  sameas  6r('s«rc,  1. — 16.  A 
hu'ge,  high-set,  four-wheeled  vehicle,  with  a 
straight  body  and  a  seat  in  front  for  the  driver 
and  another  behind  for  footmen. — 17.  A  reg- 
ular sale  of  tobacco  at  the  time  when  the  hogs- 
heads are  first  opened.    "[Local,  Virginia.]  — 

18.  The  quantity  of  hemp  prepared  in  one  year. 

Best  St.  Petersburg  clean  Hemp  of  the  break  of  the  year 
1796.  Mass.  Mercury,  April  29,  179ti. 

19.  Same  as  bred;  4.-Break  of  day,  the  first  ap- 
peaiance  of  light  in  the  morning;  tlie  dawn  ;  daybreak. 

lie  arrived  with  his  guide,  a  little  after  break  of  dau.  at 
Charing-cross.  Addison,  Foxhunter  at  a  .Masquerade. 


+  -ri'.j  1.  One  who  or  that  which  breaks 
anytliing,  as  a  machine  to  crush  ores,  stones, 
and  otiier  hard  substances.  Specifically  (a)Acoal- 
geltcr  or  -hewer;  one  who  breaks  down  the  coal  so  that 
it  can  be  conveyed  away  to  the  place  where  it  is  raised  to 
the  surface.  (Somersetshire,  Eng.)  (/>)  A  structure  in 
which  coal  is  broken,  sized,  and  prepared  for  market. 
I  Anthracite  region  of  I'enn.l  (c)  One  whose  occupation  it 
is  to  break  up  old  ships  ;  a  ship-breaker.  (</)  .Wi'dV.,  a  cup- 
shaped  loveririg,  usually  made  of  lead,  which  serves  to 
break  a  liibiofglaxsor  plaster  of  Paris  at  the  proper  time 
for  igniting  the  charge  in  fuses  of  a  certain  constmclion. 
Farrow,  .Mil.  Encye.  (.•)  In  cotlon-manvf. ,  a  breaking- 
engine  (which  see).  (J)  In  limn-manuf.,  a  carding-ma- 
chine  to  the  action  of  which  the  tow  is  Hi-st  subjected. 
(si)  a  light,  strong  plow  for  breaking  new  ground. 
2.  A  violator  or  transgressor:  as,  a  breaker  of 
the  law. — 3.  A  wave  broken  into  foam  against 
the  shore,  a  sand-bank,  or  a  rock  near  the  sur- 
face :  generally  in  the  plural. 

The  night-winds  sigh,  the  breakers  roar. 
And  shrieks  the  wild  sea-mew. 

Byron,  Ohilde  Harold,  i.  13. 

4.  [In  this  sense  perhaps  a  corruption  of  Sp. 
barrica,  a  keg.]  A  small  water-cask  used  in 
boats  to  supply  the  crew  with  water  and  for 
ballast. — 5.  A  trainer,  as  of  horses  or  dogs. 
=  Syn.  3.  See  waee. 

breakfast  (brek'fast),  n.  [Late  JfE.  brekefaste ; 
<  bri<ik  +  fast",  ii.  Cf.  F.  dejeuner,  a  break- 
fast, <  dejeuner,  break  fast:  see  dejeuner.]  1. 
The  first  meal  in  the  day ;  the  meal  by  which 
one  breaks  the  fast  lasting  from  the  previous 
day;  the  food  eaten  at  the  first  meal. —  2.  A 
meal  or  food  in  general. 

The  wolves  will  get  a  breakfast  by  my  death.      Dryden. 
Act's  breakfast.    See  aet. 

breakfast  (lirek'fast),  v.    [<  breakfa.st,  n. ;  orig. 

two  words,  break  fast.]     I.  trans.   To  furnish 

with  the  first  meal  in  the  day;   supply  with 

breakfast. 

II.  in  trans.  To  eat  the  first  meal  in  the  day. 

First,  sir,  I  read,  and  then  I  breakfaM. 

Prior,  Ep.  to  F.  Shepherd,  -May  14,  IfiSO. 

breakfast-cap  (brek'fast-cap),  n.  A  small  cap, 
usually  made  of  muslin  or  lace  and  ribbons, 
worn  at  breakfast  by  married  women. 

The  Mistress,  in  a  pretty  little  breakfast-cap,  is  moving 
about  the  room  with  a  feather-duster. 
C.  D. 


With  murderers  and  tr,aitors.  B.  Maumn,  Catiline. 

He  had  too  much  consideration  and  authority  in  the  breakable  (bra'ka-^bl),  «. 

Capable  of  being  broken. 


country  for  her  to  wish  to  break  with  him.  Prescott. 

(M)  To  broach  a  subject  to  ;  m.ake  a  disclosure  to. 
But  perceiving  this  great  alteration  in  his  friend,  he 

thought  tit  to  break  with  him  thereof.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

If  thou  dost  love  fjiir  Hero,  cherish  it ; 
And  I  will  break  with  her,  and  with  her  father, 
And  thou  Shalt  have  her.         Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

break  (brak),  «.  [in  most  senses  of  mod.  ori- 
gin from  the  verb  break,  the  older  noiui  being 
6reac/f  with  its  variants:  see  breach.  In  some 
senses  merely  a  different  spelling  of  the  re- 
lated brakes,  q.  y.]  i  ^  forcible  disruption 
or  separation  of  parts ;  a  gap  or  opening  made 
by  breaking;  a  fractm-e,  rupture,  or  breach: 
as,  a  break  in  a  wall,  a  beam,  or  a  garment. — 

2.  A  breaking  off;  an  interruption  of  continu- 
ity; a  sudden  stoppage  or  suspension;  a  gap 
between  parts;  specifically,  in f)rinUng,  the  gap 
between  two  paragraphs. 

All  modern  trash  is 
Set  forth  with  numerous  breaks  and  dashes.    Smfi. 
He  [*lfred|  looked  on  the  peace  he  had  won  as  a  mere 
break  in  the  struggle,  and  as  a  tmak  that  might  at  any  mo- 
ment come  suddenly  to  an  end. 

./.  /(.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  125. 

3.  A  breaking  or  bursting  out  or  away ;  a  sud- 
den or  marked  transition  from  one  course 
place,  or  state  to  another :  as,  a  break  of  the 
voice;  the  break  of  day;  the  prisoner  made  a 
break  for  freedom. 

Tlie  several  emotions  of  mind,  and  breaks  of  passion   in 
this  speech,  are  admirable.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  106. 

4.  In  arch.:  (a)  A  distinct  variation  in  the 
style  of  a  part  of  a  building  from  that  of  otlier 
parts ;  the  place  where  sucli  a  change  occurs 
in  the  design,  or  the  junction  in  the  building 
of  two  distinct  styles  or  designs,     (h)  A  re- 


Break  of  the  forecastle  ()ia»(.),  the  after-edge  of  the 
topgallant  forecastle.  —  Break  Of  the  poop  (iMut.),  the 
forward  end  of  the  poop-deck. 

[<  break  +  -a6?e.] 


We  shall  see  what  a  breakable  barrier  this  Afghanistan 
is,  if  we  look  at  a  few  plain  facts  plainly. 

Marvin,  Gates  of  Herat,  viii. 

breakage  (bra'kaj),  n.     [<  break  +  -age.']     1. 
The  act  of  breaking. — 2.  The  amount  or  quan 


irrtrner.  Backlog  Studies,  p.  71. 

breakfasting  (brek'fas-ting),  n.  The  act  of 
taking  breakfast ;  a  party  at  breakfast. 

No  breakfastirigs  with  them,  which  consume  a  great  deal 
of  time.  Chesterfield. 

break-in  (brak'in),  n.  In  car]).,  a  hole  made 
in  lirickwork  with  the  ripping-chisel,  to  receive 
a  phig,  the  end  of  a  beam,  or  the  like. 

breaking  (bra'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  break,  v. ; 
=  G.  Iireehunff.]  1.  In  icnrsted-monuf.,  the  pro- 
cess of  uniting  the  short  slivers,  as  received 
from  the  comber,  into  one  continuous  rope  or 
sliver,  by  doubling  and  I'unning  through  draw- 
ing-webs.—  2.  [Imitation  of  G.  brechung.]  Va 
l>hilol.,  the  change  of  one  vowel  to  two  before 
certain  consonants,  as,  in  Anglo-Saxon  (where 
the  phenomenon  abounds),  earni  for  *arm,  arm, 
rnrthe  for  'erilie,  earth,  etc. 


tity  of  anything  broken :  as,  the  breakage  was  breaking-diameter  (bra'king-di-am'''e-ter), 


The  diameter  of  a  test  specimen  of  metal  at 
the  point  of  rupture  when  subjected  to  tensile 
stress.  It  is  measured  and  used  to  determine  the  area 
of  the  cross-section  at  that  point  after  rupture.  'The 
comparison  of  this  area  with  the  original  area  of  the  same 
cross-section  gives  the  degree  of  constriction  or  the  per- 
centage, technically  called  the  eontraetion  of  area. 

breaking-engine  (brii'king-en'jin),  n.     In  cot- 
ton-inatiuf.,  the  first  carding-machine  following 
the  lapper;  a  breaker, 
of  the  stitchwort,  Stellaria  Holostca,  from  the  breaking- frame  (lu'a'king-fram),  «.  Amachine 
fragility  of  its  joints.  for  sjilieiiig  ;iiid  stretching  slivers  of  wool, 

break-circuit   (brak'ser^kit),  n.      Any  de-vice  breaking-'weight (brii'king-wat).  h.  Theweight 


excessive ;  allowance  for  breakage  of  goods  in 
transit. — 3.  Xaut.,  the  act  of  leaving  empty 
spaces  in  stowing  the  hold. 

breakax  (brak'aks),  n.  1.  A  large  tree  of  Ja- 
maica, Sloanea  Jamaicensis,  natural  order  Tili- 
acea: — 2.  A  species  of  Vitharexiilum  with  ex- 
ceedingly hard  wood,  found  in  Mexico. 

breakbone  fe-ver.     Hee  fever  and  dengue. 

breakbones  (IJrak'bouz),  «.    An  English  name 


for  opening  or  closing  an  electrical  circuit , 
circuit-breaker. 
breakdo-wn  (brak'doun),  «.   1.  A  falling  apart, 
as  of  a  carriage;  a  downfall;  a  crash;  hence,  a 
failure ;  a  collapse. 

Well  .  .  .  here  is  another  breakdoum. 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Ourney,  I.  i. 

The  complete  breakdown  of  the  Republican  party  in  the 

state.  r/if  .tmeri'can,  VII.  180. 

2.  A  noisy,  lively  dance,  sometimes  accom- 
panied by  singing,  as  in  the  southern  United 
States.     [U.  S.] 


which  must  lie  Ining  from  a  rod  of  given  cross- 
section  or  placed  upon  any  structui'e  in  order 
to  break  it.  It  measures  the  cohesion  of  the 
material  experimented  upon. 

The  floor  was  loaded  with  pig-iron  to  one-fourth  of  its 
breakiny-weiijht.  Workshop  Receipts,  'id  ser.,  p.  29.'i. 

break-iron  (briik '  i  "  em),  ».  In  carpenters' 
planes  with  double  irons,  the  top  or  fi'ont  iron, 
the  lower  eilge  of  which  is  in  contact  with  the 
face  of  the  lower  cutting-iron  just  above  its  cut- 
ting edge.  .-Vs  the  shaving  is  cut,  the  break- 
iron  turns  or  breaks  it  away  from  the  wood. 


,  Jn"J','  'i"'"'  ""J  '"'^.y  the  quadrilles  are  over,  for  we  are  break-lathe  ( brak'laTH),  H.     A  lathe  having  a 
going  to  have  a  oreafcdowfn  to  wind  up  with.  „       ■      •*     i     i    •  i      \      •  •..  -^ 

XewJinffland  Tales.     g'H'  >"  Us  bed,  m  order  to  increase  its  swing 
Here  is  a  belle  Afrieaine,  so  exhilarated  by  her  sur-     °''  capacity  for  turning  objects  of  large  radius; 
roundings  that  she  is  dancing  a  break-down.  "  gap-hitlie  or  gap-bed  lathe.     E.  H.  hmyht. 

Xtw  Princeton  Rev.,  l\.m.  breakman,  «.     See  hrakeman. 


breakneck 

breakneck  (biak'nck),  ».  iukI  «.  |<  hrrdk  + 
<il),j.  iHck.]  I.  II.  1.  A  fill!  that  breaks  the 
lUH'k;  a  dangerous  business. 

Tcj  (io't,  ur  iHi,  is  (-(Ttaiti 
To  iTir  .1  lireahirrk.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2. 

2.  A  steep  i)hice  entlaiigeriiig  the  iieek. 

II.  II.  Kndangering  the  neck  or  Uf<s  ex- 
tremely hazarilous:  as,  he  rode  at  a  hrrakncck 
pace. 

On  chirnncy-tiips,  .  .  .  over  the  roofs,  .  .  .  on  every 
Inniii-ii'i'n,  signpost,  breakiuck  coiKii  of  vantaije,  sits 
piirri.ili.-  fc.unii,'e.  Curbitr.  Krellcll  Ui'V. 

break-off  (brak'of),  n.     The  p.-irt  of  the  action 
of  :i   lirc'cch-loadiug  tirearni  immediately  be- 
hind Ihc  lire. ■eh. 
break-promise  (brak'prom'is),  «.      One  who 
makes  a  practici'  of  breaking  liis  ]iromise. 

I  will  think  yon  tile  most  piitlu'ti.al  hn'itlc-pri'i/iini',  and 
tin-  most  hollow  lovi-r-.  .SImk.,  As  jon  Like  it.  iv.  1. 

breakshare  (brak'shSr),  «.     [A  ptrversion  of 
liruxij,  siiiiiilal ing  hrciik,  +  uliiin .']  A  tenu  somo- 
tiincs  used  as  an  ecjnivalent  to  hrii.ri/. 
breakstaff  (brak'staf),   ».      The  handle    of   a 
bhic'kMiiilh's  liellows.     ./.  .'<.  riiilliji.s. 

breakstone  (luak'stdn),  u.    [<  bivak  -f  obj. 

kIiiiic,  after  the  1a  name  .svuv/cm/r/,  <.  siij'iiiii,  a 
rock,  -I-  fniiiiiirc,  to  break,  with  si>ociiil  refi-r- 
enee  to  their  use  as  a  remedy  in  cases  of  calcu- 
lus.] A  name  given  to  several  difl'erent  jilants, 
especially  to  species  of  the  genus  Saj-i/rai/ii, 
to  pimpernel  (I'iiiijiiiiclUi  Siij-ifriiijii),  and'to  the 
]iarsley-piert  (AlrlirmiVn  iimiisis). 
break-up  (brak'up),  n.  and  ii.  I.  ».  A  disrup- 
tion; a  dissolution  of  connection;  a  separation 
of  a  mass  into  i)arts;  a  disintegration;  a  di.s- 
liandment. 

Sriflotn  \vii8  there  a  greater  break-up  among  the  specn- 
latnrs  than  in  the  antninn  of  that  year.  J.  S.  Mill. 

The  general  break-up  of  parties  which  took  place  last 
(hcaile.  Tlie  .imeriran,  VIII.  278. 

II.  n.  Pertaining  to  or  in  cele1)ration  of  the 
breaking  Tip  or  termination  of  any  society,  as- 
sociation, meeting,  or  the  like:  as,  a  hrcak-iip 
party  or  ceremony. 

break-van,  «.     See  brake-van. 

breakwater  Cl)rak'wa"ter),  n.  [<  break  +  obj. 
ii-iiti'i-.]  Any  structure  or  contrivance,  as  a 
mole,  mound,  wall,  or  simkcn  hulk,  serving  to 
break  the  force  of  waves  and  protect  a  harbor 
or  anything  exposed  to  the  force  of  the  waves. 
•  'the  biuakwater  at  I'lynionth.  Ens/rlaml,  is  5,100  feet  in 
length,  :v.i\i  feet  wide  at  bottom,  and  45  feet  at  top,  and  at 
the  level  of  low  water  of  spi-in'_'  tides  there  is  a  set-otf  of  IK". 
feet.  The  sea-slope  from  set  'ill  to  top  is  1  in  5.  The  lai-;;est 
work  of  the  kind  in  the  I  nited  states  is  the  Delaware: 
breakwater,  at  the  sonthern  e.xti-emity  of  Delaware  liay. 


Mean  of  26  sections  of  DcKiwarc  Breakwater. 
//.  water-line  ;  /?,  base-line. 

2,5,')8  feet  Ion-  :it  top,  with  an  iee-hreaker  1,353  feet  Ioiir. 
-Floating  breakwater,  a  eontrivanee,  consisting  of  a 
series  of  stiiiare  fi-atnrs  of  timber,  connected  hy  nntoring- 
ehains  or  -cables,  att.-uhed  to  anchors  or  blocks  of  stime 
in  such  a  mainicr  as  to  form  a  basin,  within  which  vessels 
iidin<;  at  anchor  may  be  protected  from  the  violence  of 
the  waves. 

bream^  (l)rem),  «.  [<  ME.  breem,  brcmc,  <  OF. 
irra/HP,  F.  bn'iiie,  <  OHti.  bi-nli.fima,  brah.<iiiia, 
MH(i.  brasiiii,  Ara/i.sfii,  (i.  brn.ssrn  =  OS.  ftr(.«- 
sriiio  =  D.  braxcm  =  OSw.  brii.rii,  Sw.  brajrcn  = 
Dan.  bra.fcii,  a  bream  ;  from  the  same  source  as 
biiriic  =  ftrt.swl ;  cf.  ft/fbsw '.]  1.  A  fish  of  the 
famil.v  ('upriiiiilir,  .ibriimis  braiiiii,  common  in 
the  fresh  waters  of  Europe,  it  has  a  eompiessed 
and  rather  deep  body,  a  sln>rt  obtuse  snout,  small  anil 
somewhat  inferior  month,  nniserial  pharyngeal  teeth,  the 
dorsal  tin  of  abont  12  rays,  and  the  anal  fin  with  26  t<)  :U 
rays  commeneing  nnder  the  last  of  the  ilorsaVs.  It  some- 
limes  attains  a  weight  of  12  to  14  pounds.  The  flesh  is  in- 
sii)id  and  little  esteemed.  Also  called  i/etlow  bream.  See 
Atirnmiii. 

2.  A  eyprinoid  fish  related  to  the  preceding, 
as  for  example  the  white  bream  or  breamflat, 
or  resembling  it  in  ha\ing  a  deep  body,  as  the 
carp-bream,  Ciini.i.vin.s  ijibelio,  a  variety  of  the 
crucian-carp. — 3.  A  name  given  to  various 
KlMiriilir,  more  fidly  called  .iiii-brcamit:  in  Eng- 
land, for  example,  to  species  of  S/iiinis,  I'a- 
(jriiii,  I'agrlliis,  and  Caiitliani.t,  and  in  the  United 
States  to  Diploiliis  linlhrimki,  the  piufish,  and 
to  Lagiiiloii  rhoiiihnidrn,  the  sailor's-choice.  See 
cut  under  Laf/uilnii. —  4.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Bramklce,  as  Ray's  bream,  lirania  raiji. —  5.  In 
some  parts  of  the  United  States,  a  ceiitrarchoid 
fish,  such  as  the  common  sunlish,  Eiqiomotis 
gibbonii.<s,  and  various  s]iecies  of  the  related  ge- 
nus Lcpoinis.  as  the  lilue  bream,  Lepomia  jialli- 
(/h«.— Blue  bream,  the  Lipoin is ixiKMiM.— Bream  fam- 


671 

lly,  the  sea-breams,  or  ^varidrr.     King  of  the  breams, 

l'ii<irllujirr!ilhrinus.  White  bream,  a  llsh  of  the  family 
Ahrainiiia',  Ahrttwini/lltrrii}hj',rkn/i.  fimmiou  in  lOnropean 
waters.  It  is  mnrh  like  the  bream,  but  hjis  a  shorter  anal 
tin.  larger  scales,  ami  two  rows  of  pharyngeal  teeth. 

bream-  (brem),  r.  t.  [Prob.,  like  the  etiuiv. 
hniiim-,  connected  with  brwim^.  I),  brem,  furze, 
frotu  the  materials  commonly  used.]  .V««^, 
to  clear,  as  a  .ship's  bottom,  of  sliells,  seaweed, 
ooze,  etc.,  by  a]>plying  to  it  kimllod  furze, 
reeds,  or  other  light  comliustililes.  so  as  to 
soften  the  pitch  and  loosen  the  adherent  mat- 
ters, which  may  then  be  easily  swept  off.  Also 
called  hriiiim. 

bream-H,  «.  [<  ME.  as  if  *brr»in  =  OHG.  bremn, 
.M  IKi.  hrcm.  m.,  tJ.  brenie,  f. ;  the  same,  without 
the  fiiniiative  -s,  as  hriiiine:  see  brinisc  and 
/<;v<.;y  l.|      Same  as  breeze^. 

breamflat  (l)rem'Hat),  «.  A  local  English  (Cam- 
bridgeshire) name  of  the  white  bream. 

brean  (luen),  r.  i.  [E.  dial.]  To  sweat;  per- 
spire,    [f'rov.  Eng.] 

brear  (luer),  «.     See  breer"^. 

breard  (brenl),  r.     Same  as  braird. 

breast  (brest),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ^irraf,  < 
ME.  bnsi,  bree.sl,  <  AS.  breij.tt  (neut.,  usually 
pi.)  =  OS.  brio.'il  =  OFries.  bria-st  =  leel.  hijiKl 
=  Sw.  briiit  =  Dan.  bri/.st,  neut.,  =  (\vith  vari- 
ation of  vowel  and  gender)  OFries.  brii,st,  burst, 
liorst,  NFries.  bor.st  =  ML(r.  b11r.1t,  LG.  binsl 
=  D.  burnt  =  OHG.  MIIG.  hriist,  G.  brii.fl,  {em., 
=  Goth,  briistx,  fem.  pi.,  orig.  perhaps  a  dual 
form;  origin  uncertain.  Not  being  found  out- 
side of  Teut.,  the  origin  has  been  sought  in 
the  Teut.  verb,  AS.  ber.itiiii,  etc.,  E.  b11r.1t:  sec 
biir.it.}  1.  One  of  two  soft  protuberant  bodies 
adhering  to  the  thorax  in  women,  in  which  the 
milk  is  secreted  for  the  nom-ishment  of  infants ; 
the  mammary  gland  and  associated  structures. 
— 2.  The  outer  part  of  the  thorax,  or  tlie  ex- 
ternal part  of  the  body  between  the  nock  and 
the  belly,  in  man  and  beasts. 

My  Eustace  might  have  sat  for  Hercules; 
So  muscnlar  he  spread,  so  broad  a  hrmst. 

Tenmison,  (hardener's  Daughter. 
3.  In  eiitoiii.,  the  lower  or  sternal  sui-face  of  the 
thorax. — 4.  Figuratively,  the  seat  of  the  affec- 
tions and  emotions;  the  repository  of  con- 
sciousness, designs,  and  secrets ;  the  afifeo- 
tions ;  the  heart. 

Pass  by  my  ontside. 
My  breast  I  dare  compare  with  any  man. 

Shirleii,  Love  Tricks,  i.  I. 
Each  in  his  breast  his  secret  sorrow  kejit.  Jimve. 

5.  The  mind;  the  secret  thoughts. 

The  choice  and  removal  of  senators,  liowever,  was  hy  no 
means  left  perfectly  free  l()  the  censors,  nor  had  it  been 
in  the  breast  of  the  consuls  and  dictat<jrs  before  the  insti- 
tution of  the  censorial  office.  Uraufihaiii. 

6t.  In  »MM,«ic,  the  chest;  capacity  for  singing. 

An  excellent  song,  and  a  sweet  songster ;  a  flue  brrasi 
of  his  own.  B.  Jonsmi. 

In  singing,  the  sonnd  is  originally  iirodnceil  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  lungs;  which  are  so  essential  ati  organ  in  this 
respect,  that  to  have  a  good  breast  was  formerly  a  com- 
mon periphrilsis  to  ilenote  a  good  singer. 

Sir  J.  Hawkins,  Hist,  of  Music,  iii.  466. 

7.  Anything  resembling  the  breast  In  posi- 
tion, either  as  being  in  front,  like  the  human 
breast,  or  below,  like  the  breast  in  the  lower 
animals,  specifically —  («)  In  n;?".,  the  front  part  of  the 
mcdd-lioard  of  a  plow,  (b)  In  <iri7i.:  (1)  The  portion  of  a 
wall  between  a  window  and  the  floor  (2)  The  portion  of 
a  chimney  between  the  flues  ami  the  apartment.  Ji.  If. 
ICniijht.  (c)  In  ear;>.,  the  lowersurfaeeof  a  lianii-rail,  rafter, 
etc.  ((/)  In  mininii:  (I)  The  chamber  or  ro<nu  in  which 
ccjal  is  being  mined.  (2)  The  face  at  which  the  workini; 
is  going  on.  (3)  In  metal-mining,  a  point  at  whi<'li  a  laigr 
quantity  of  ore  is  being  worked:  as,  a  tine  brea.^!  of  ore. 
(c)  The  front  part  of  a  furnace.    (.0  -Same  as  breastiiuj,  1, 

In  order  that  a  wheel  may  he  a  breast  wheel,  it  must  be 
provided  with  the  breast  or  circular  trough. 

Jiankiiie,  Steam  Engine,  §  150. 
(ff)  The  swelling  portion  of  a  hub. 

8.  That  part  of  certain  machines  against  which 
the  breast  of  the  operator  pushes,  as  in  the 
breast-tlrill,  breast-plow,  etc. — 9t.  A  lino  on 
which  persons  or  things  are  ranged  abreast,  or 
side  by  side. 

The  troops  marched  in  close  order,  the  foot  by  twenty- 
four  in  a  breast,  and  the  horse  by  stxteen.  Sn\ft. 

10.  A  bush  for  a  small  shaft  or  spindle Back 

and  breast.  See  biirki .  -  piuar  and  breast.  See  ;<i7- 
/'(/■  To  make  a  clean  breast  of,  to  disclose  (secrets 
whirh  weigh  ujion  one's  mind  or  couseience);  make  full 
coiilession  of. 

breast  (brest),  r.  [<  breast,  «.]  I.  tram.  To 
oppose  with  the  breast ;  act  with  the  breast 
upon ;  bear  the  breast  against ;  hence,  to  meet 
in  front  boldly  or  openly;  stem. 

Behold  the  threaden  sails, 
Borne  with  the  invisible  and  creeping  wind. 
Draw  the  huge  botttuns  through  the  furrow 'd  sea, 
Breastinij  the  lofty  surge.      Shak.,  lien,  "V,,  iii.  (eho.). 


breast-knot 

To  breast  up  a  hedge,  to  . ut  the  face  of  a  hedge  on  one 
side,  so  as  to  lay  ban-  tlie  ptiniipal  tiprighl  stems  of  the 
lilants  of  which  it  is  constituted. 

II.  iiitrnit.i.  To  practise  breasting,  as  for 
deer.     See  bno.itiiiii,  .'). 

breast-backstay  (brest'bak"8ta),  n.  Naut.,  an 
extra  support  to  a  topmast,  consisting  of  a 
rope  extending  from  the  tojimast-liead  on  the 
weather  side  to  the  shiii's  channels  forward  of 
the  standing  backstays.     See  baek.iliiji. 

breast-band  (brest'band),  w.  1.  AV«(f.,aband 
of  canvas  or  a  rope  fastened  in  some  conve- 
nient place,  and  j)assed  round  the  body  of  the 
man  who  heaves  the  lead  in  sounding,  to  pre- 
vent his  falling  into  tlie  sea.  Also  called 
jiiirrel-nipe  (which  see). — 2.  A  broad  leather 
band  placed  across  the  breast  of  a  horse  ami 
used  as  a  substitute  fi>r  a  collar. 

breast-beam  (brest'l)enit.  n.  1.  A  beam  at 
thi'  lircnk  uf  a  (juarter-ilcck  or  forecastle. — 2. 
The  cloth-lieam  of  a  loom. — 3.  The  forward 
tr:iiisvcrse  lieam  of  a  locomotive. 

breast-board  (brest'bord),  n.  A  weighted  sled 
used  in  rope-walks  to  maintain  the  tension  of 
the  yarns  while  ticing  twisted  into  a  strand. 

breast-bone  (brest'bon),  «.  [<.  }.IK.  bre.ilbnn,< 
AS.  Iirii'ixtlniii,  <  lireost,  breast,  -I-  hdii,  bone.] 
The  bone  of  the  breast;  the  sternum. 

breast-chains  (brest'chanz),  n.pl.  Chains  used 
to  support  the  neck-yoke  of  a  carriage-harness, 
and  connected  with  the  hames:  usually  called 
brea.it-strnpn  when  leather  is  used  instead  of 
chains. 

breast-clotht,  ".     A  stomacher. 

breast-cloutt  (brest'klout),  «.  A  bib  for  a  child. 
IVriiiht. 

breast-deep  (brest'dep),  «.  As  deep  as  from 
the  breast  to  the  feet;  as  high  as  the  breast. 

.Set  him  breast-deep  in  earth,  and  famish  him. 

.S'/iaA-.,Tit.  And.,  V.  :!. 

breast-drill  (brest'di-il),  n.  In  mecli.,  a  drill- 
stock  ojieiated  by  a  crank  and  bevel  gearing, 
and  having  a  jiiece  against  which  the  workman 
bears  his  breast  when  engaged  in  drilling. 

breasted  (lires'ted),  rt.  1.  Having  a  breast  (of 
the  kinil  indicateil  in  composition):  as,  Viroad- 
breasteii,  dfe-p-breii.itril,  etc. — 2t.  In  iiiii.iic,  hav- 
ing a  chest:  as,  ''singing  men  well  breasted,'' 
Fiddcs,  Life  of  Wolsey,  App.,  p.  lliS. 

breast-fast  (brest'fast),  «.  A  large  rope  or 
chain  used  to  fasten  the  midshij)  part  of  a  ves- 
sel to  a  dock  or  to  another  vessel,  as  the  bow- 
fast  fastens  her  forward  and  the  stern-fast  aft. 

breast-gasket  (brest'gas'ket),  «.  An  old  name 
for  a  bunt-gasket. 

breast-harness  (bresfhtir'nes),  n.  A  harness 
employing  a  breast-baud,  in  distinction  from 
one  using  a  collar. 

breast-height  (lirest'hit),  «.  In  fort.,  the  in- 
terior sialic  of  a  parapet. 

breast-high  (brest 'hi),  «.  As  high  as  the 
breast. 

Lay  niatlam  Partlet  basking  in  the  sun, 
liirast-hiiih  in  sand.  Dryden,  fork  and  Fox. 

breast-hook  (brest'hiik),  II.  One  of  the  thick 
pieces  of  timber  sliaped  in  the  form  of  knees 
and  placed  directl.y  across  the  stem  of  a  ship, 
to  strengthen  the  fore  part  and  unite  the  bows 
on  each  side.     See  cut  \mi\ev  stem. 

iler  huge  bows  rose  up,  showing  the  bright  copper,  and 
her  stem  and  breast-htioks  dripping,  like  old  Neptune's 
locks,  with  the  brine. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast.  p.  10. 

breasting  (bres'ting),  H.  [<?)rfo.v<-f -hi/?!.]  1. 
In  iHiirli.,  the  curved  channel  in  which  a  breast- 
wheel  t  (U-ns.  It  follows  closely  tlie  curve  of  the  wheel 
through  abinit  a  quarter  of  it^  circumference,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  escape  of  the  water  until  it  has  spent  its  force 
upon  the  wheel.  Also  called  breast.  See  breast-ieheet. 
2.  The  bed  against  -which  the  wheel  of  a  rag- 
engine  works. —  3.  A  metliod  of  deer-lumting 
in  which  several  horsemen  ride  abreast  through 
the  cover  and  shoot  from  the  sadiile. 

Breastinfi  is  employed  where  the  deer  make  their  home 
in  very  high  grass,  such  as  is  to  he  found  on  some  of  the 
prairies  of  the  South-west. 

(;.  B.  Grinnell,  Gun  and  Rod,  p.  1,^2. 

breasting-knife  (bres'ting-nif),  w.  In  shoe- 
iiiiikiiiii.  a  knife  used  in  cutting  a  clean  face  on 
the  siile  of  the  heel  of  a  boot  or  shoe  next  to 
the  waist. 

breast-knee  (brest'ne),  ».  In  ship-building,  a 
large  knee  fitted  in  the  bows  of  a  ship  against 
the  apron  and  stemson,  to  give  additional 
strength. 

breast-knot  (brest'uot),  n.  A  knot  of  ribbon 
worn  on  the  breast. 


What  may  we  not  hope  . 
breast-knot  t 


from  the  intluenee  of  this 
AddUon,  Freeholder. 


I 


breast-line 

breast-line  (brost'lin),  «.     A  rope   used  to 
iniiti'  tlic  i>oiitooiis  of  11  floating  bridge, 
breast-molding  (brosfmolding),  «.     1.   The 
iiidldiiif;  on  a  window-sill. —  2.    Paneling  be- 
neath a  window. 
breast-pain   (brest'piln),   «.     A  distemper  in 
horses,  indicated  by  stiffness  and  staggering 
of  the  fore  legs,  and  inability  to  bow  the  head 
to  the  ground. 
breast-pang  (brcst'pang),  n.    Angina  pectoris. 

Sec  iiHiiiiKi.  [Kare.] 
breastpin  (brest'pin),  n.  A  pin  worn  on  the 
lireiist  for  a  fastening  or  for  ornament;  a 
bro(Pih:  a  scarf-pin. 
breastplate  (brosfpliit),  «.  [ME.  hrcstplate;  < 
brciist  +  jiltitc]  1.  A  square  ornament  worn 
by  the  Jewish  liigh  priest,  consisting  of  the  same 
textile  fabric  as  the  ephod,  and  bearing  twelve 
precious  stones  engi'aved  with  the  names  of  the 
twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  set  in  gold,  'nic  lueast- 
pl.ite  was  hiinj^  by  chains  of  gold  to  tliat  part  of  the  ephod 
wliicli  w.as  on  the  shoulder,  and  the  lower  side  was  se- 
cured to  the  girdle  by  blue  laces ;  for  this  purpose  four 

rings  of  gold  were 
secured  to  the  four 
corners.  It  was 
also  called  the 
brea:<(plate  of  judg- 
ment, because  it 
contained  the 

Urini  and  the 
Thumniiiu. 
2.  The  armor 
for  the  front  of 
the  body,  when 
made  in  one 
piece  reaching 
from  the  waist 
to  about  the 
collar-bone.  It 
was  not  introduced 
until  a  very  late 
period  in  the  his- 
tory of  anuor,  and 
was  not  common 
until  the  early 
years  of  the  six- 
teenth century, 
when  armorfor  the 
limbs  was  being 
See  back  and  breast  (under  back^ ),  corselet, 


Breastplate,  i6th  cenniry;  steel  orna- 
mented with  gilding,  and  bearing  a  coat  of 
amis  on  the  breast.  (From  "  L'Art  pour 
Tous." ) 


abandoned, 
and  cuirass. 

3.  A  sti'ap  that  rims  across  a  horse's  breast. — 

4.  A  plate  or  piece  which  receives  the  butt- 
end  of  a  boring-tool,  and  is  held  against  the 
breast  when  the  tool  is  in  use.  .Also  called  con- 
science SLiiA palette—  5.  The  sternum  or  central 
piece  on  the  lower  side  of  the  cei^halothorax 
of  a  spider,  between  the  bases  of  the  legs. — 
6.  The  lower  shell  or  plastron  of  a  tortoise. 
Danrin. 

breast-plow  (brest'plou),  n.  A  kind  of  spade 
■nitli  a  cross-bar  against  which  the  breast  is 
pressed  to  propel  it,  for  cutting  and  paring  tui-f . 

breast-pump  (brest'pump),  H.  A  small  suction 
apparatus  for  drawing  milk  from  the  breast. 

breast-rail  (brest'riil),  ».  The  upj)er  rail  of 
a  balcony  or  of  a  breastwork  on  the  quarter- 
deck of  a  ship. 

breast-ropet  (brest'rop),  n.  Naut.,  an  old  term 
for  iKirril-rnpe,     See  breast-hand,  1. 

breast-strap  (brest'strap),  n.  A  strap  used  to 
supjiort  the  neck-yoke  of  a  carriage-harness, 
and  connected  with  the  hames  or  collar. — 
Breast-strap  slide,  an  iron  loop  sliding  on  the  breast- 
straj)  and  taking  the  wear  of  the  ring  on  the  end  of  the 
neck-yoke. 

breast-summer,  ».    See  hrest-summcr. 
breast-wall    (brest'wal),   «.     1.   A   retaining 

wall  at  the  foot  of  a  slope. —  2.  A  wall  btult 

breast-high. 
breastweed  (brest'wed),  ?».     A  name  given  to 

the  lizard's-tail  of  the  United  States,  Saururus 

cenums,  from  its  use  as  a  remedy  in  mammary 

inflammation,  etc. 
breast-wheel  (brest'hwel),  n.    A  water-wheel 

with  radial  floats  or  buckets,  upon  which  the 


Breast-wheel- 


672 

watpr  is  admitted  at  any  point  from  ahont  the 
piano  of  the  axlo  to  45°  or  more  above  it.  Tho 
water  is  conlincd  t"  tin*  flo.-its  by  a  linastiiiK  of  planka  or 
masonry,  alin'ist  tnurhint.'  tin-  jHiiiihtTy  of  the  wheel  and 
extcndinc  from  the  hattom  rtf  the  shiice  to  near  the  low- 
est jmint  of  the  wheel.  If  tlie  water  is  admitted  to  the 
wheel  at  a  point  veiy  near  its  summit  and  on  the  same 
side  as  the  sluice,  it  is  culled  a  j/itch-back  wheel. 

breast- wood  (brcst'wiid),  ?j.  In  hort,  the 
shoots  of  fruit-trees  which  grow  out  from  the 
front  of  the  branches  trained  on  espaliers  or 
against  walls. 

breastwork  (brest'werk),  71.  1.  In  fort.,  a 
hastily  constructed  work  thrown  up  breast- 
high  for  defense. —  2.  Saut.,  a  sort  of  balus- 
trade of  rails  or  moldings  which  terminates  the 
(piarter-deek  and  poop  at  the  fore  ends,  and 
also  incloses  the  forecastle  both  before  and 
behind. —  3.  The  parapet  of  a  building. 

breat  (bret),  ».  [Another  form  of  bret,  hrit, 
q.  v.]     A  local  English  name  of  the  turbot. 

breath  (breth),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  brcth,  <  ME. 
brcfth,  breth,  <  AS.  brtpth,  breath,  odor;  cf. 
OHG.  hrddanif  MHG.  hraxUm,  G.  brodcm,  brodeHj 
steam,  vapor,  exhalation;  perhaps  connected 
with  AS.  hr(Edan  =  OHG.  brdtan,  MHG.  hrdttm, 
G.  hraten,  roast,  broil  (see  brawn),  and  with  Gr. 
KpjjOeti',  burn,  blow.  The  vowel  in  breath,  orig. 
long,  has  become  short,  while  remaining  long 
in  the  verb  breathe.']  If.  Vapor;  steam;  ex- 
halation. 

Then  sehalle  thou  caste 

Into  the  pot  and  cover  in  hast, 

And  loke  no  brethe  ther  passe  out. 

Liber  Cure  Cncorum,  p.  19. 

That  is  Mode  and  fire  and  brethe  of  smoke. 

Hampole,  Prick  of  Conscience,  1.  4727. 

\yiien  brenHy  brened  those  liesteg,  &  the  brethe  rysed, 
The  savour  of  his  sacrafyse  sogt  to  hym  euen 
That  all  spedes  &  spylleg. 

Alliterative  Poeim  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  509. 

2.  The  air  inhaled  and  exhaled  in  respiration. 

My  breath  to  heaven  like  vapor  goes  ; 
May  my  soul  follow  soon ! 

Tennyson,  St.  Agnes'  Eye. 

3.  Ability  to  breathe;  life  as  dependent  on 
respiration. 

No  man  has  more  contempt  than  I  of  breath.     Dryden. 

4.  The  state  or  power  of  breathing  freely:  as, 
to  be  out  of  breath  ;  to  be  in  breath. 

The  king  shall  drink  to  Hamlet's  better  breath. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

I  lose  my  colour,  I  lose  ray  breath.   Tennyson,  Eleanore. 

5.  A  single  act  of  breathing;  a  respiration:  as, 
he  swears  at  every  breath;  to  draw  a  full  breath. 

Between  two  breaths  what  crowded  mysteries  lie, — 
The  first  short  gasp,  the  last  and  long-drawn  sigh  ! 

0.  ir.  Holmes,  A  Rhymed  Lesson. 

Hence — 6.  The  time  of  a  single  respiration; 
a  single  act ;  an  instant. 

The  historian  makes  two  blunders  in  a  breath. 

Prcscott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  14. 

Sweet  and  bitter  in  a  breath. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  iii. 

7.  Respite;  pause;  time  to  breathe. 

Give  me  some  little  breath,  some  pause. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  2. 

8.  A  gentle  exercise,  causing  a  quicker  respi- 
ration.    [Rare.] 

Hut,  for  your  health  and  yoiu'  digestion  sake, 

An  after-dinner's  breath.  Shak.,  T.  and  0.,  ii.  3. 

9.  A  respiratory  movement,  as  of  free  air;  a 
blowing. 

Calm  and  imruffled  as  a  summer's  sea. 

When  not  a  breath  of  wind  flies  o'er  its  surface. 

Addison,  Cato,  L  4. 

10.  Spoken  words;  speech.     [Rare.] 

Art  thou  —  thou  —  the  slave  that  with  thy  breath  hast  kill'd 
Mine  innocent  child?  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 

I  will  stand, 
Like  the  earth's  center,  unmoved. — Lords,  your  breath 
Must  finish  these  divisions. 

Bean,  and  FL,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 

11.  A  mere  word;  a  trivial  circumstance;  a 
thing  without  substance ;  a  trifle. 

A  dream,  a  breath,  a  froth  of  fleeting  joy. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  212. 

A  breath  can  make  them,  as  a  breath  has  made. 

Goldstnith,  Des.  ViL,  1.  54. 

12.  An  odorous  exhalation. 

The  breath 
Of  the  fading  edges  of  box  beneath. 

Tc7i7)yxon,  Song. 

13.  In  phiJoh,  a  breathing;  aspiration;  aspi- 
rate sound. 

Even  in  the  latest  Semitic  alphabfts  the  breaths  and 
semi-consonants  of  the  primitive  Si-initic  alphabet  have 
retained  their  original  character. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  .\Ipliabct,  I.  184. 


breathe 

14.  Opinion;  sentiments:  as,  I  would  fain  hear 

his  breath  on  this  matter.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] 
—  Breath  of  the  nostrils,  in  the  iiible.  vita!  breath  (s*-.- 
Gen.  ii.  7);  hcn'<'.  anytliinu  LH.s(.-ntiaI  to  the  existt  in  <•  .if  a 
person  or  an  int^titutjon  ;  the  inspiring  cause  of  anything, 
or  that  which  sustains  it. 

No  institutions  spring  up  in  such  countries  except  those 
which  the  prince  founds,  and  lie  may  Iw  truly  said  to  l>e 
the  breath  ii/tlieir  nostrils.  Broiujhain. 

Out  of  breath,  breatldess ;  short  of  breath. 

Too  much  breathing  put  him  out  of  breath. 

Milton,  Ei».  Hcibson,  ii. 
To  gather  breath.    Sec  [jather.— To  get  one's  second 

breath,  to  rcedver  the  free  use  ..f  the  lungs  aftt^-r  the  first 
exhaustion  imideiit  t<j  ruiiiiin;:,  rowing,  etc.  |1'o11<h).)  — 
Under  the  breath,  in  a  whisper.— With  bated  breath. 

S<.^c  hnf.'-J. 

breathable  (bre'THa-bl),  a.    [<  breathe  +  -able] 

Capable  of  being  breathed;  respirable. 
breathableness  (bre'THa-bl-nes),  u.    The  state 

of  being  lireathable. 
breathe  (breTH),  r. ;  prot.  and  pp.  breathed, 
ppr.  breathi/ifj.  [<  ME.  brethen,  breathe,  blow, 
exhale  odor,  <  breth,  breath:  see  breath.]  I, 
iiitram,  1.  To  di-aw  air  into  and  expel  it  from 
the  Ijmgs;  respire;  figuratively,  to  live. 
When  he  breathed  he  was  a  man.      Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

Where,  in  the  vast  world. 
Doth  that  man  breath/^,  that  can  so  much  command 
llis  blood  and  his  affection*? 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  L  1. 
I  did 
God's  bidding  and  man's  duty,  so,  breathe  free. 

BrowniiKj,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  253. 

2.  To  make  a  single  respiration. 

Before  you  can  say.  Come,  and  Go, 

And  breathe  twice.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  take  breath;  rest  from  action. 

Breathe  awhile,  and  then  to  't  again. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
Well,  let  this  breathe  a  while. 
B.  Joiuion,  Every  JIan  in  his  Humour,  v.  1, 

4.  To  pass,  as  air;  blow:   as,   "when  winds 

breathe  sweet,"  Shak,^  Lover's  CompL,  1.  103. 
Oh,  breathe  upon  thy  ruined  vineyard  still ; 
Though  like  the  dead  it  long  unmoved  has  lain. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  88. 

5.  To  give  utterance  to  disparaging  or  calum- 
nious remarks;  make  insinuations:  with  upon. 

You  must  seem  to  take  as  unpanlonable  otfence,  as  if 
he  had  torn  yoiu"  mistress's  colours,  or  breathed  upon  her 
picture.      B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  liis  Humour,  i.  1. 

6.  To  exhale,  as  an  odor;  emanate. 

And  all  Arabia  breathes  from  yonder  box. 

Po2)e,  R.  of  the  L.,  i.  134. 

7.  Figuratively,  of  inanimate  things,  to  be  in- 
stinct; be  alive. 

The  staircase  in  fresco  by  Sir  James  Thomhill  breathed 
with  the  loves  and  wars  of  gods  and  heroes.  Disraeli. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  inhale  and  exhale  ui  respi- 
ration: as,  to  breathe  \'itiated  air. — 2.  To  in- 
ject by  breathing;  infuse:  with  into:  as,  *'to 
breathe  life  into  a  stone,"  ^Shak.,  All's  "Well,  ii.  1. 

And  the  Lord  God  formed  man  of  the  dust  of  the  ground, 
and  breathed  into  his  nostrils  the  breath  of  life.     Gen.  ii.  7. 
Where  faith  made  whole  with  deed 
Breathes  its  awakening  breath 
hito  the  lifeless  creed.  Loicell,  Comm.  Ode. 

3.  To  exhale;  send  out  as  breath;  express; 
manifest. 

Can  any  mortal  mixture  of  earth's  mould 
Breathe  such  divine,  enchanting  ravishment? 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  245. 
They  [the  Indians)  entered  .  .  .  into  an  agreement  to 
twenty-iiiiu-  rules,  all  breathiny  a  desire  to  conform  them- 
selves to  English  customs. 

Emerson,  Historical  Discourse  at  Concord. 

4.  To  exercise ;  keep  in  breath. 

Methinks  .  .  .  every  man  should  beat  thee;  I  think 
thou  wast  created  for  men  to  breathe  themselves  upon 
thee.  Shak.,  All's  Well.  ii.  3. 

I'll  send  for  one  of  these  fencers,  and  he  shall  breathe 
you,  by  my  direction. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  4. 

5.  To  inspire  or  blow  into;  cause  to  sound  by 
breathing. 

They  breathe  the  flute  or  strike  the  vocal  wire.      Prior. 

6.  To  utter;  speak;  whisper. 

Or  let  the  church,  our  mother,  breathe  her  curse. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 
Thus  breathes  she  forth  her  spite.    Shak. ,  Lucrece,  1.  762. 
That  breathe  a  thousand  tender  vows. 

Tennyson.  In  Memoriam,  xi. 

7.  To  suffer  to  rest  or  recover  breath. 

He  breath'd  his  sword,  .and  rest4.'d  him  till  <Iay. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  VI.  xi.  47. 
A  moment  now  he  slacked  his  speed, 
A  moment  breathed  his  panting  steed. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i 

8.  To  open  and  bleed  (a  vein). 

Every  village  barber  who  breathed  a  vein. 

Sticyc.  Brit.,  XI.  503. 


breathe 

To  breathe  one's  last,  t"  <iit'. 

Ilf,  sjiff  rftiini'd,  the  lauL'  of  ^-lory  paai, 

New  tu  liis  frieiiils"  embrace,  liad  Orcath'd  kin  last, 

breathed  (ln'i'tlit),  rt.    \<.hnath,)i.,+-id-.'\   1. 

Kniliiwt'll  with  breath;  exorcised. 

A  man  so  hrrath'd,  tliat  certain  he  woulil  flght,  yea, 
Kroni  morn  till  nit;lit.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

If  I  be  jnst,  all  praises  nmst 
Bu  given  to  Wi:\l-brcathcd  .Tilian  Thrust. 

Sliirleij,  Hyde  Park,  iv.  3. 

2.  Out  of  breath. 

Mr.   Tiilkin^'hiirn   arr-ivcs   in  his  turret-room,  a  little 
brciithrd  )yy  the  jouriu-y  up.        Dickenx,  Hlejik  House,  xli. 

3.  In  phUoU,  utterofl  with  breath  as  distin- 
fjuished  from  voice ;  nurd  or  mute. — 4.  In  com- 
pounds, liaving  that  capacity  for  breatliiug  in- 
dicated by  the  preti.\:  as,  nlKirl-hrciithcit. 

breather  (bre'SHer),  m.  1.  One  who  l)roathes 
or  lives. 

rthe  .shows  a  body  rather  than  a  life ; 

A  statue,  than  a  hrralhrr.         Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ill.  3. 

2.  One  who  utters  or  whispers. 

Kor  my  authority  bears  of  a  credent  bulk, 

Tliat  no  piulifular  scandal  once  (tan  toueli, 

lint  it  confounds  the  breather.    Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  4. 

3.  One  who  animates  or  inspires. 

The  breather  of  all  life  does  now  expire; 

His  milder  Father  sunnuons  him  away.      Norritt. 

4.  Anjihing,  as  a  walk,  gjinnastie  o.xercise, 
etc.,  that  stimulates  or  gives  healthy  action  to 
the  breathing  organs.     [C'oUoij.] 

.So  here  \\o  ;u-e  at  last  —that  hill's  a  birirlher. 

C<'litian  the  Yoaiiiter,  IVku*  <:entleman,  iv.  11. 

breathfult  (breth'fiil),   a.     [<  hivath  +  -fid.'] 

1.  Full  of  breath:  as,  "the/)ff»W//'«/njello\ves," 
SjHii.^ci;  F.  Q.,  rV.  V.  38. — 2.  Odorous;  fra- 
grant. 

Fresh  Costmarie  and  breathfult  Camomill. 

Spenser,  Muiopotmos,  1.  195. 

breathing  (bre'THing),  «.  [<  ME.  brethipKic,  a 
current  of  air;  yevhaXn.oibraitlic,  c]  1.  Res- 
piration; the  aet  of  inhaling  and  exhaling  air: 
as,  "a  difficulty  of  brcaihiruj,''  Mclmolli,  tr.  of 
Pliny,  vi.  16. 

she  sleeps :  her  breathings  are  not  heard 

In  palace  chambers  far  apart.    TennyKmi,  Day-Dream. 

2.  Aspiration ;  secret  prayer  or  desire. 
Earnest  desires  and  breathings  after  that  blessed  state. 

Tillotson,  Sermons,  I.  x.\iv. 

3.  Aerial  motion ;  respiratory  action. 

There's  not  a  hreathintf  of  the  common  wind 
That  will  forget  thee. 

Wordsieorlh,  To  Toussaint  I'Ouverture. 

4.  Figuratively,  a  gentle  influence  or  opera- 
tion; inspiration:  as,  thefcj'mWd'HjrsofthoSpirit. 

The  air 
Is  like  a  breathing  from  a  rarer  world.    -V.  P.  Willis. 

5t.  A  breathing-place ;  a  vent. 

The  warmth  distends  the  chinks,  and  nuikes 
Kew  breathings,  whence  new  nourishment  she  takes. 

Drijden. 

6.  Physical  exercise,  from  the  fact  that  it  calls 
the  lungs  into  free  play:  as,  the  Oxford  crew 
took  their  hnnthinijs  every  morning  at  ten. 

I  lack  breathing  and  exercise  of  late.  Scott. 

7.  Utterance ;  words. 

I  am  sorry  to  give  breathing  to  my  purpose. 

Shak..  A.  and  C,  i.  3. 

8.  Time  taken  to  recover  breath;  hence,  a 
stop;  a  delay. 

Come,  you  .shake  the  head  at  so  long  a  breathinri. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 
Give  me  a  little  breathing,  till  I  can 
Be  able  to  mifold  what  I  have  seen. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shophcrde-ss,  v.  :i. 
Thou  hast  open'd  our  dirticult  ami  sad  times,  and  given 
us  an  um-xpccted  breathing  after  our  long  oppressions. 

Milton,  Def.  of  llumb.  Rcmonst. 

9.  In  firitm,,  aspiration  or  its  absence,  or  a  sign 
indicating  it.  In  Creek  there  are  two  lireathings  — 
tbr  aspiiatr  [sjiiritus  i/.s/t.'/")  or  the  rough  breathing,  indi- 
cated by  a  ni;irk(')ciiuivalcnt  to  our  letter  /(,  and  thclenis 
(.spiritu^  leuis)  or  the  .smooth  breathing  ('),  indicating 
simply  the  absence  of  the  rough.  Thus  os  is  equal  to  hos, 
but  is  to  is.~  BreatMng  capacity.    .See  eaiuniig. 

breathing-hole  (bre'THing-hol),  H.  1.  A  vent- 
hole,  as  in  a  cask. — 2.  One  of  the  spiracles  or 
stigmata  through  which  insects  respire.  Also 
Ciillcd  brcttthinii-iiorc. — 3.  The  spinicle  or  blow- 
hole of  a  cetacean. — 4.  A  hole  in  the  ice  where 
an  aqiuitio  mammal,  as  a  seal,  comes  up  to 
breathe. 

breathing-mark    bre'THing-miirk),  n.     1.  In 

niitxic,  a  small  mark  (*,  ',  or  V )  placed  above  a 
vocal  score,  indicating  the  point  at  which  the 
singer  may  properly  take  breath. —  2.  Same  as 
spiritus. 

breathing-place  (bre'Tiiing-plas),   n.     1.   A 
place  where  fresh  air  can  be  breathed ;  a  vent. 
13 


673 

Each  bough  .  .  .  flurlinEBnmcsiilIlclcntfrreafAtna'.pfcK'C 
.imong  the  other  branches. 

Raskin,  Kleni.  of  Drawing,  ]).  1U4. 

2.    The  place  for  a  i)ause  in  a  sentence  or  a 
poetic  verse ;  a  cesura. 
That  ciesnra,  or  breathing-plaee. 

Sir  l:  Sidney,  Defence  of  Poesy. 

breathing-pore  (bre'Tlling-por),  n.  1.  In phi/- 
siiil.,  a  microscopic  aperture  for  the  escape  or 
admission  of  air,  as  in  the  cuticle  of  plants. 
See  slom/i. —  2.   Same  as  bniithinij-hiilc,  ',!. 

breathing-space  (l>re'Tlling-s]>as),  «.  A  breath- 
ing-time; an  intermission  of  exertion. 

breathing-time  (bre'THing-tira),  n.  Pause; 
relaxation. 

We  may  have  some  tjreathinglime  between  our  promise 
and  its  accomplishment.      flp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience. 

breathing-tube  (bre'Tlling-tub),  h.  Incntam,, 
I  he  respiratory  t  nbe  of  certain  a(|uatic  larva)  and 
dipterous  pti|iaria.  It  is  a  slemler  integumental  pro- 
longation,  l)earing  at  the  tip  one  or  both  of  the  anal  stig- 
nuita,  through  whicli  the  insect  obtains  air  at  the  surface 
of  the  waterorseniithiid  tilth  in  whicli  it  lives.  Thcbreath- 
ini<-tnbe  is  also  possessed  by  certain  adult  beteropters. 

breathing-'while  (bre'SHing-hwil),  n.     An  in- 
termission of  exertion  ;  a  breathing-time.  Slink-. 
Except  when  for  a  bjreathing-n'hile  at  eve, 
Some  niggard  fraction  of  an  hour,  he  ran 
r.cside  the  river-bank.      Tenngsan,  Aylmer's  Field. 

breathless  (breth'les),  «.  [<  ME.  bretMcs;  < 
breath  +  -fes.s-.]     1.  Without  breath;  dead. 

Denies  the  rites  of  funeral  fires  to  those 
Whose  breathless  bodies  yet  he  calls  his  foes. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  SI. 

2.  Out  of  breath ;  spent  with  labor  or  exertion. 

Unwounded  from  the  dreadful  close, 
But  breathless  all,  Fitz-James  arose. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  V.  IG. 

3.  Tliat  takes  away  the  breath. 

How  I  remember  that  breathless  flight ! 

Long/ellow,  Golden  Legend,  iv. 

4.  Marked  by  an  apparent  forgetfulness  to 
breathe ;  absorbed ;  eager ;  excited. 

The  young  folks  would  crowd  arouml  the  hearth,  lis- 
tening with  breathless  attention  to  some  old  crone  of  a 
negro,  who  was  the  oracle  of  tiie  family. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  168. 
Tire  holy  time  is  quiet  as  a  nun 
Breathless  with  adoration. 

Wordsworth,  Slise.  Sonnets,  i.  30. 

breathlessness  (breth'les-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  lireathless  or  out  of  breath  with  exer- 
tion ;  difficulty  in  breathing. 

breath-sound  (brcth'sound),  n.  In  phijsiiil., 
a  sound  caused  by  the  movement  of  the  air 
in  the  lungs  in  respiration.     Also  called  renpi- 

ratorij  murmur Cogged  breath-sound,  in  pathul., 

an  interrupted  or  jerky  respiratory  sound,  nmst  marked 
in  inspiration.     Also  called  cog-ieheel  respiration. 

breccia  (brcch'iji),  ».  [it.,  formerly  also  hrec- 
cliia,  gravel,  now  technically  breccia,  =  F. 
brcclii;  connected  with  It.  breccia  =  Sp.  Pg.  brc- 
clia,  <  F.  bn'che,  a  breach;  all  of  Teut.  origin: 
see  breach,  and  cf.  brash^,  w.]  In  r/eoL,  a  con- 
glomerate in  which  the  fragments,  instead  of 


Breccia. —  Poliilied  Surface. 

being  roimded  or  water-worn,  are  angultir.  the 
term  is  most  fre<iuently  applied  U>  volcanic  masses  inailc 
up  of  fragments  which  have  become  consotidatcil  intoiock 
before  becoming  rounded  by  friction  against  each  other 
or  liy  the  action  of  water. 

brecciated  (brech'i-a-ted),  a.  [<  breccia  + 
-atc^  +  -eil",]  Having  the  character  of  a  breccia. 

According  to  Professor  Kamsay  the  breeeiated,  sub- 
angular  conglomerates  ami  boultler  beds  of  the  Old  Ked 
Samistone  .  .  .  are  of  glacial  origin. 

J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Time,  p.  294. 

brecciation  (breeh-i-a'shgn),  n.  [<  breccia  + 
-aliiiii.]  The  condition  of  being  brecciated. 
See  hriccia. 

brecht,  «.     A  Middle  EngUsh  form  of  breech. 

brecham  (brech'aml,  II.  [Sc,  also  brcchame; 
prob.  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Gael,  braii/hiteaeh,  a 
horse's  collar,  brait/htlean,  a  cow's  or  calf's  col- 
lar, =  Ir.  hraiiihtlcaii,  a  collar,  Gael,  braideaii, 
a  little  collar,  dim.  of  braid,  a  horse-collar,  a 
brecham,  =  Ir.  braid,  a  collar,  <  Gael.  Ir.  bra- 
f/had,  neck,  throat,  windpipe.]  A  collar  for  a 
Work-horse.     [Scotch.] 


breech 

brechan, breckan  (brek'an), «.   A Scotchform 

of  hnirken. 

breche't,  ".    An  obsolete  spelling  of  breech. 
breche'-f,  w.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  breach. 
Brechites  (brc-ki'tez),  n.     [NL.,  <  (ir.  jifuxttv, 
to  wet:  see  raiii,  and  cf.  amieryilluiii.^     Same 
as  .{sjirrtjiUitni,  2. 
breck  (brek),  n.     [<  ME.  brekke,  var.  of  brcke, 
a  break,  breach,  etc. :  see  breach,  and  cf.  break, 
n.,  fcWc/il,  and  hrack^,  all  ult.  <  break,  q.  v.]     If. 
A  break;  breach;  fracture.     Tusser. 

Swiche  a  fairenesse  of  a  m:kko 
Had  that  swete  that  bone  nor  brekke 
Nas  ther  noon  seen, 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  I.  040. 

2t.  A  bruise,  fi'fr.sry,  1708. — 3t.  A  breach;  a 
gap  in  a  hedge. —  4.  [Also  called ///''«/,• .-  prop, 
land  broken  up  an<l  allowed  to  lie  fallow,]  A 
piece  of  uninelosed  arable  land ;  a  slieepwalk, 
if  in  grass.  JIalliwcll.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  5.  A 
large  new-made  inclosure.  Orosc.  [Prov. 
Eng.]— 6.  A  field.     [.SiilTolk,  Eng.] 

The  bird's  chosen  breeding-place  was  in  wide  fields  — 
brecks,  as  they  are  locally  called  —  of  winter-corn. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  D78. 

breckan, »'.     See  brechan. 

breckins  (brek'inz),  «.  A  dialectal  variant  of 
bracken. 

bred^  (bred).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
breed. 

bred-'f,  «.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bread^. 

brede'f,  «.  and  r.     See  brcad'^. 

brede'-t,  «.     See  bread^,  braid'''. 

brede-H,  c  t.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  breilcn,  < 
AS.  bra'dan,  roast:  see  bratcn.']     To  roast. 

bredge',  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  liridijc'^. 

bredge-t,  ''•  '.     See  bridyc". 

bred-SOret  (bred'sor),  11.  A  whitlow,  or  a  sore 
coming  without  a  wound  or  visible  cause.  Also 
called  breeder. 

bree'^  (bre),  «.  [Sc,  also  brie,  brue,  broo,  <  ME. 
bre,  full  form  breire,  <  AS.  briw,  also  hriff,  a  pot- 
tage of  metil,  pidse,  etc.,  =  Fries.  Iiri/  =  1).  brij 
=  MLG.  bri,  briij  =  UHG.  brio,  MHG.  bri,  brie, 
G.  brei,  broth,  etc.  Connection  with  brcw^,  v. 
(AS.  breowan,  etc.),  is  doubtful.]  Broth;  souj) ; 
juice;  sauce;  water;  moisture  of  any  kind. 
[Scotch.] 

breC"  (bre),  n.  A  dialectal  variant  of  bray*, 
brae. 

bree»  (bre),  J'. «.  [E.dial.]  To  frighten.  Balli- 
u-ell.     [North.  Eng.] 

bree^  (bre),  n.    A  dialectal  variant  of  brow. 

breech  (brech),  «.  [<  ME.  breech,  breehe,  brech, 
also  uuassibilated  lirekc,  brek,  prop.  j)l.  and 
meaning  'breeches,'  the  covering  of  the  breech 
(whence  the  double  pi.  breeches,  the  now  prev- 
alent form  in  that  sense:  see  breeches),  <  AS. 
brec,  also  brwc  (pi.  of  the  unrecorded  sing. 
''6TO('),breeches  (the  additional  sense  of 'breech,' 
given  by  Bosworth.  rests  on  a  doubtful  trans- 
lation of  a  single  passage),  =  OFries.  brOk,  pi. 
brek,  =  D.  brnek  =  MLG.  brOk,  LG.  braak  =  OHG. 
bnioh,  MHG.  brunch,  G.  bruch  =  Icel.  brok,  pi. 
bra-kr,  breeches  (Sw.  bracka,  breeches,  brok, 
naut.,  breeching),  =()Dan.  broij,  breeches,  hose, 
Dan.  brog,  naut.,  breeching.  Cf.  L.  brdca;  pi., 
breeches  (>  It.  braca  =  Sp.  Pg.  braija  =  Pr. 
brai/a  =  OF.  braic,  breeches,  F.  braic,  a  swad- 
dling-band,  >  E.  bray"  and  brail,  <\.  v.),  regard- 
ed as  of  Celtic  origin;  ef.  Bret,  braije: ;  but  the 
Gael.  It.  brii/i,':,  breeches,  is  perhaps  from  E. 
The  relation  of  the  Teut.  forms  to  the  Celtic  is 
uncertain.]  If.  Breeches. 
Thyn  olde  breech.  Chaucer,  I'ardoner's  Tale,  I.  486. 

'I'bat  you  might  still  have  worn  the  petticoat, 
.\nd  ne'er  have  stolu  the  breech  from  Lancaster. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

2.  The  lower  part  of  the  body  behind. —  3.  The 
hinder  part  of  auj-thing;  specificsilly,  the  mass 
of  metal  behind  the  bore  of  a  cannon,  or  the 
part  of  a  small  arm  back  of  the  baiTcl.  including 
the  rear  of  the  latter  in  breecli-loaders. — 4. 
Xaut.,  the  angle  of  a  knee-timber,  the  inside  of 
which  is  called  the  throat. 
breech  (brech),  r.  [<  breech,  ».]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  put  into  or  clothe  with  breeches. 

Who  was  anxious  to  km.>w  whether  the  blacksmith's 
youngest  boy  wiis  breeched.         Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

Have  I  not  shaved  my  people,  and  breeel{^'d  them'? 

Landor,  Peter  the  (treat. 

2.  To  cover  to  the  breech  or  hilt.     [Bare.] 

There,  the  mnrtherers, 
Steep'd  in  the  colours  of  their  trade,  their  daggers 
rnmannerly  breech'd  with  gore.     Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  3. 
[\'arions  other  readings  and  inten»retati(m3,  stleh  as  reccti- 
ett  (soiled  with  a  dark  yellow),  drenched,  sheathed,  etc.,  have 
been  proposed  by  Shuksperiaii  commentators.] 


breech 

3.  To  whip  on  tlio  breoch. 

lijui  not  11  cniirUMius  servinn-mati  conveyed  me  away, 
whilst  lie  went  Ut  feteli  whips,  I  Mtink,  in  my  conscience, 
lie  wouM  have  hrt'rchfti  me, 

H:ihn-I  Ttttilor  (Wii),  UoR  liutli  I^ist  his  Pearl,  vi. 

4.  To  fit  or  furnish  with  a  breech :  as,  to  breech 
a  Ki'i>- — 5.  To  fasten  by  a  breocliing. 

II.  iiitrans.  To  siiiler  wliipping  on  the  breech. 
I  am  no  bircchinti  seliolur  in  the  schools. 

aiiak.,  T.  <it  the  S.,  III.  1. 

breech-band  (brech'band),  n.    Same  as  hreeclt- 

iiiii,  :>. 

breech-barrow  (breeh'bar"6).  h.  A  large  high 
truck  used  in  iiiovinp;  Imcks  in  a  brick-yard. 

breech-block  (brech'blok).  ".  A  movable  piece 
at  tlic  linM'ch  of  a  breech-loading  gwi,  which 
is  withdrawn  for  the  insertion  of  a  cartridge  and 
closed  before  firing,  to  receive  the  impact  of  the 
recoil.  J£.  II.  Kniyht.  See  cut  under  breech- 
loader. 

breech-clout  (brech'klout),  n.  The  cloth  cov- 
ering the  breech,  worn  by  American  Indians 
and  other  micivilized  peoples. 

breeches  (brich'ez,  formerly  and  still  occasion- 
ally bre'chez),  )(.  j>l.  [<  ME.  breclic,  hreches, 
pi.,  usually  brcche,  brcch,  also  breke,  brek  (>  Se. 
breeks,  breik,  etc.) :  see  breech,  itself  pi.]  1.  A 
bifurcated  garment  worn  by  men,  covering  the 
body  from  the  waist  to  the  knees,  or,  in  some 
cases,  only  to  mid-thigh. — 2.  Less  properly, 

trousers  or  pan  taloons Breeches  Bible.  See  Bible. 

—To  wear  the  breeches,  to  usuip  the  authority  ol  the 
hushaml:  s.iiil  uf  a  wife. 

Children  rule,  old  men  go  to  school,  women  wear  the 
breeches.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader. 

=  SylL  See  troitf'er.'i. 

breeches-buoy  (brieh'ez-boi),  n.  In  the  life- 
saving  service,  a  name  given  to  an  apparatus, 
like  a  short  pair  of  breeches,  moving  on  a  rope 
stretched  from  a  wreck 
to  the  shore,  for  the 
purpose  of  landing  per- 
sons from  the  wreck. 

breeching    (brich'ing), 

)i.  [Verbal  n.  of  iircfc/i, 
)'.]  1.  A  whipping  on 
the  breech. 

I  view  the  prince  with  Aris-    • 

tarehus'  eyes, 
"Wliose  looks  were  as  a  breech- 
iiiff  to  a  boy. 
Marlowe  (and  Shakspere'i), 
[Edw.  III. 

2.  Hard,  clotted  wool 
on  the  buttocks  of  a 
sheep.  —  3.  That  part 
of  a  horse's  harness 
which  passes  round  its 
breech,  and  which  ena- 
bles it  to  back  the  vehi- 
cle to  which  it  is  har- 
nessed. The  breeching 
is  connected  by  straps 
to  the  saddle  and  shafts. 
band. 


674 

were  demanded  this  plan  was  ahandoncd,  as  the  mechani- 
cal a])pliances  of  the  day  did  not  allow  of  accurate  tlttiiiK 
and  quick  working;  of  the  hreceli-pieee.  Since  alioul  1840, 
liowever,  breech-loading  flreanns  have  been  made  success- 


Breeches-buoy. 


Also  called  breech- 
See  cut  under  hnrness. — 4.  In  naval 
gun.,  a  strong  rope  passed  through  a  hole  in  the 
eascabel  of  a  gun  and  fastened  to  bolts  in  the 
ship's  side,  to  check  the  recoil  of  the  gun  when 
it  is  fired. —  5.  A  bifurcated  smoke-pipe  of  a 
furnace. 

breeching-bolt  (brieh'ing-bolt),  n.  A  bolt  in  a 
ship's  side  to  which  the  breeching  is  fastened. 

breeching-hook  (brieh'ing-huk),  n.  A  curved 
hook  on  the  shafts  of  a  carriage  to  which  the 
breeching  of  the  harness  is  secured. 

breeching-loop  (brich'ing-lop),  n.  Naut.,  a. 
loop  of  metal  formerly  cast  on  the  breech  of' 
guns,  through  which  the  breeching  was  passed. 

breechless  (breeh'les),  a.    Without  breeches; 
hence,  naked. 
He  beke/.  by  the  bale  fyre,  and  breltlesse  hyme  semede. 
Murte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  10-18. 

breech-loader  (brech'16"der),  n.  A  firearm 
loaded  at  the  breech.  The  tenu  is  gener.iUy  conflned 
to  small  anus,  whether  used  in  hunting  or  in  war,  large 
guns  being  usually  referred  to  as  breech-loading  cannon. 


Martini  Breech-Ioader- 

fully,  and  have  gradually  ctuiic  into  general  use  for  all 
purposes.  Rapidity  of  tiring,  ca.sr  of  clfaiiiMg,  and  cbise 
adjustment  of  the  missile  to  the  bore,  excluding  windage, 
arc  the  advantages  of  this  form  of  aim. 

breech-loading  (breeh'16"ding),  a.  Receiving 
the  charge  at  the  breech  instead  of  the  muzzle : 
apjilied  to  firearms:  as,  a  breech-loading  rifle. 

breech-mechanism  (brech'mek"a-nizm),  «. 
The  parts  comprised  in  the  breecE  of  a  gun ; 
specifically,  the  mechanical  device  for  opening 
and  closing  the  breech  of  a  gun  in  loading  and 
firing. 

breech-piece  (breeh'pes),  ».  1.  The  wrought- 
iron  welded  coil  shrtuik  on  the  rear  end  of  the 
steel  tubes  of  the  Fraser  system  of  heavy  guns. 

Over  the  rear  end  of  the  steel  tube  is  shrunk  a  very  pow- 
erful coil,  called  the  breech-piece.  lire,  Diet.,  IV.  83. 

2.  A  heavy  mass  of  steel  which  supports  the 
wedge  iu  the  Krupp  system  of  gtms. 
breech-pin  (brech'pin),  n.     In  gun.,  a  mounted 
plug  screwed  into  the  rear  end  of  the  barrel 
of  a  lirearm.    lu 
a  breech-loader  the 
plug  forms  the  bot- 
tom of  the  charging- 
chamber  or  well ;  in 
a    muzzle-loader    it 
forms  the  bottom  of 
the  bore. 

breech-screw 

(brech'skrii),  n. 
Same  as  breech- 
j>in. 

breech-sight  (brech'sit),  n.  That  sight  of  a 
gun  which  is  placed  next  the  breech;  the  hind 
sight. 

breech-wrench  (breeh'reneh),  n.  A  wrench 
employed  in  turning  out  the  breech-pin  of  a 
muzzle-loading  firearm. 

breed  (bred),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bred,  ppr.  breed- 
ing. [<  ME.  breden,  <  AS.  bredan,  nourish, 
cherish,  keep  warm  (=  D.  broeden  =  MLG.  bro- 
den,  LG.  broden  =  OHG.  bruoten,  MHG.  brii- 
eten,  G.  briiten,  brood,  hatch),  <  brod,  brood : 
see  brood,  n.,  and  ef.  brood,  r.  Breed  is  relat- 
ed to  brood  as  feed  to  food. ^  I.  trans.  1.  To 
procreate  ;  beget ;  engender ;  hatch. 

Yet  every  mother  breeds  not  sons  alike. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  3. 

2t.  To  produce  within  or  npon  the  body  by 
development  or  organic  process. 

The  worms  .  .  .  that  did  breed  the  silk. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  4. 


Breech-pin. 

,  plug  ;  fi,  tenon ;  c,  tang ;  d,  tang-screw 

hole :  e,  face. 


SpringficUl  Breech-loader. 

Side-view  of  pin  with  breech-block,  rf,  thrown  up;  £,  breech-pin; 

A.  firing-pin  :  m,  thumb-piece. 

The  earliest  European  flreanns  were  made  to  load  at  the 
breech ;  but  as  soon  as  accuracy  of  aim  and  long  range 


Children  would  breed  their  teeth  with  less  danger. 

Locke. 

3.  To  cause ;  occasion ;  produce ;  originate. 

What  pains 
I  have  bestow'd,  to  breed  this  present  peace. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 

I  honour  philosophicall  instructions,  .ind  blesse  the  wits 
which  bred  them.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 

E'en  when  sober  truth  prevails  throughout, 
They  swear  it,  till  atlinuance  breeds  a  doubt. 

Cowper,  Conversation. 
Intemperance  and  lust  breed  infirmities.  Tillotson. 

4.  To  produce;  be  the  native  place  of:  as,  a 
jiond  breeds  fish;  a  northern  country  breeds  a 
race  of  stout  men. 

Hail,  foreign  wonder! 
Wliom  certain  these  rough  shades  did  never  breed. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  266. 

Wliy  doth  .\frica  breed  so  many  venomous  beasts,  Ire- 
land none?  Bttrton,  Aiaat.  of  Mel.,  p.  293. 

The  barren  soil  does  not  breed  fevers,  crocodiles,  tigers, 
or  scorpions.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

5.  To  bring  up;  nurse  and  foster;  take  care  of 
during  the  period  of  growth  :  as,  born  and  bred. 

Young  Arclias, 
A  boy  as  sweet  as  young;  my  brother  breeds  him, 
My  noble  brother  Brisky  breeds  him  nobly. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  v.  7. 
Ah  !  wretched  me !  by  fates  averse  decreed 
To  bring  thee  forth  with  pain,  with  care  to  breed. 

Dryden. 


breeding 

6.  To  form  by  education  ;  train  :  as,  to  breed  a 
son  to  an  occupation;  a  man  bred  at  a  univer- 
sity: commonly  with  up. 

To  breed  up  the  son  to  common  sense. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  tJuvenal's  Satires. 
The  trade  he  breeds  them  up  in.  Locke. 

7.  To  procure  by  the  mating  of  parents,  and 
rear  for  use:  as,  to  breed  canaries;  to  breed 
cattle  for  the  market Bred  out,  degenerated. 

The  strain  of  man's  bred  out 
Into  baboon  and  monkey.        Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  L  1. 
Well  bred,  having  good  manners;  well  instnicted;  as, 
his  actions  show  him  to  be  well  bred.    .See  well-bred. 

A  gentleman  well  bred,  and  of  good  name. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 
I  have  not  seen  a  cobbler  [in  Paris]  who  is  not  better 
hreit  than  an  English  gentleman. 

Sydney  Smith.  To  Mrs.  Sydney  Smith. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  generate.— 5.  To  nourish,  nurture.— 6.  To 
educate,  school,  discipline. —  7.  To  raise. 

II.  intrnns.  1.  To  beget  or  bear  offspring; 
produce  young;  be  fruitful:  used  figuratively 
of  increase  generally. 

That  they  may  breed  abundantly  in  the  earth,  and  be 
fruitful.  Gen.  vili.  17. 

Where  they  most  breed  and  haunt. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  L  6. 
I  make  it  [money]  breed  as  fast.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 
The  mother  had  never  bred  before.  Carpenter. 

2.  To  have  birth;  be  produced;  arise;  grow; 
develop:  as,  maggots  breed  readily  ui  carrion. 

As  fester'd  members  rot  but  by  degree, 
Till  bones,  .and  flesh,  and  sinews  fall  away. 
So  will  this  base  and  envious  discord  breed. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  i. 

3.  To  procure  the  birth  of  young:  with  from: 
as,  to  breed  from  a  mare  of  good  stock. — 4t.  To 
be  pregnant. 

Mercy,  being  a  young  and  breeding  woman,  longed  for 
something  that  she  saw  there,  but  was  ashamed  toask. 

Bunyan,  Pilgiim's  Progress,  ii..  Shepherds. 
To  breed  in  and  in,  to  breed  from  animals  of  the  same 
sturk  that  are  closely  related. — To  breed  true,  to  pro- 
duce ortspring  e.xhibiting  the  same  characteristics  of  form, 
color,  and  general  qualities  as  the  parents:  said  of  ani- 
mals, poultry,  etc.,  of  pure  breed. 
breed  (bred),  n.  [<  breed,  t-.]  1.  A  race  or 
progeny  from  the  same  parents  or  stock;  espe- 
cially, a  race  of  men  or  other  animals  having 
an  alliance  by  nativity  and  some  distinctive 
qualities  in  common,  which  are  transmitted  by 
heredity;  hence,  family;  extraction:  as,  a  breed 
of  men  in  a  particular  country ;  horses  or  sheep 
of  good  breed. 

I  bring  you  witnesses, 
Twice  fifteen  thousand  heai-ts  of  England's  breed. 

Shak.,  K.  John.  ii.  1. 
The  farmer  race  of  Arabs,  the  most  despised  by  their 
fellow  countrymen,  and  the  most  hard-favored,  morally 
as  well  as  physically,  of  all  the  breed. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  250. 

Hence — 2.  Sort;  kind:  in  a  general  sense. 
This  courtesy  is  not  of  the  right  breed. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 
3t.  A  number  produced  at  once;  a  hatch;  a 
brood:  as,  "above  an  hundred  at  a  breed,"  N. 
Grew. —  4t.  Increase  of  any  sort,  especially 
interest  on  money ;  usury. 

For  when  did  friendship  take 
A  breed  of  barren  metal  of  his  friend  ? 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  L  3. 
5t.  Breeding. 

That  countrey  is  a  very  greate  soyle  of  cattell,  and 
verye  fitt  for  hreede.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

breed-batet  (bred'bat),  «.  [<  breed,  v.,  -t-  obj. 
Ixitc'^,  H.]  One  who  breeds  or  incites  to  quar- 
rels: as,  "no  tell-tale  nor  no  breed-bate,"  Shak., 
M.  W.  of  "W.,  i.  4. 

breeder  (bre'der),  «.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
breeds,  procreates,  or  produces  yoirng:  used 
especially  of  the  female. 

You  love  the  breeder  better  than  the  male. 

Shak.,  S  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1. 

2.  One  who  educates  or  rears;  figuratively, 
that  which  rears. 

Italy  and  Rome  have  been  the  best  breeders  ...  of  the 
worthiest  men.  Aseham,  'Tlie  Scholemaster. 

3.  One  who  or  that  which  produces,  causes,  or 
brings  about:  as,  he  was  a  breeder  of  dissen- 
sions. 

Time  is  the  niu^e  and  breeder  of  all  good. 

Shak.,  T.  O.  of  v.,  iii.  1. 

4.  One  who  procures  the  birth  of  young :  one 
who  raises  a  particular  breed,  as  of  animals; 
technically,  in  herd-  and  stud-books,  the  owner 
of  the  dam  at  the  time  of  the  birth  of  the  ani- 
mal recorded. —  Sf.  Same  as  bred-sore. 

breeding  (bre'ding),  «.  ['Verbal  n.  of  breed,  ti.] 
1.  The  act  of  generating  or  producing. — 2. 
The  rearing  of  cattle  or  live  stock  of  any  kind, 
particularly  by  mingling  or  crossing  one"  strain 


breeding 

of  a  speoioR  or  variety  witli  another,  with  a 
view  to  iini)rov()  the  breeil.     See  crosa-hrccdhiii 
and  in-nnil-in. — 3.  Upbrinffiiig;  nurture;  edu- 
cation ;  instruction. 
She  had  her  f/recdinrr  at  my  father's  eliarKC 

Shalr.,  All's  Well,  il.  3. 

4.  Deportment  or  beliavior  in  social  life;  man- 
ners, especially  good  manners :  as,  good  hrctd- 
ing  (politeness);  a  man  of  no  breeding  (that  is, 
a  very  ill-bred  man). 

As  men  of  breeiHnij,  sometimes  men  of  wit, 
T"  avoid  great  erroi-s,  must  the  less  eommit. 

Pope,  Essay  on  t'ritieisin,  1.  2,'iO. 
In  soelety  liis  good  breaiinfi  and  vivacity  made  him  al- 
ways welcome.   Macaulatt,  Dramatists  of  the  Kestoration. 

5t.  Descent;  e.xtraction. 

Honest  uentleman,  I  know  not  yonr  brpedinri, 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  Iv.,  v.  .f. 
Breeding  In  the  line,  hrcedinR  from  animals  of  tlle  same 
variety,  hut.  nf  dilfereiit  parentage.  =Syil.  1.  Generation, 
jirodiictioM.  -  2.  liaisiiiu'.  — 3.  Training;,  discipline. 

breeding-cage  (bre'din;,'-kiij),  u.  1.  A  contri- 
vance used  by  entomologists  for  rearing  in- 
sects in  captivity,  as  a  box  of  wire  netting,  a 
jar  covered  with  cloth,  or  any  similar  arrange- 
ment.—  2.  A  large  cage,  with  a  box,  pan,  or 
comjiartineut  for  a  nest,  in  wliieh  a  pair  of 
birds  are  plaoeil  for  breeding  in  captivity. 

breeding-pen  (bro'ding-pen),  «.  1.  A  pen  or 
inclosure,  or  a  yard  with  the  necessary  house 
for  shelter,  in  which  animals  or  poultry  are 
confined  for  the  purpose  of  producing  pure- 
bred stock. — 2.  At  exhibitions  of  poultry,  a 
certain  number  of  females,  commonly  four,  but 
sometimes  live,  shown,  together  with  a  male,  in 
competition  for  a  prize. 

breedlingt  (bred'ling),  n.  [<  breed  +  -liiig'i^.]  A 
native ;  an  inhabitant. 

Over  most  sjid  fens,  all  the  way  ohserving  the  sad  life 
wliich  the  people  of  the  place  —  which,  if  they  he  born 
there,  they  do  call  the  Breedlinga  of  the  place — do  live. 
Pepys,  Diary,  Sept.  17,  1663. 

breek^,  n.  Scotch,  northern  English,  and  ob- 
solete form  of  breech. 

breek'-t,  «.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  variant  of 
/;(■((//,■  or  breach. 

breeks  (breks),  u.  pi.  Scotch  and  northern  Eng- 
lish form  of  breeches. 

I  liave  linen  brct'lcH  on.   B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  v.  4. 

breemeif,  ».    An  old  spelling  of  hream^. 

breeme-'t,  «■    See  brim*. 

breeri,  brere  (brer),  n.  [=  brier,  q.  v.]  A  com- 
mon English  name  for  the  blackberry,  liubus 
fritticosits,  and  the  dogi'ose,  liosa  caniita  :  hence 
Brerecliff,  Brerecroft,  and  other  names  of  places. 

Tlte  amorous  birds  now  pair  in  every  brake, 
And  build  their  mossy  homes  in  field  and  brere. 

Shelleij,  Adonais,  viii. 

breer"  (brer),  «.  and  r.    [So.]    Same  as  braird. 
breese,  ».     See  breeze'^. 


075 

brinA.  Cf.  Skt.  bhramara,  a  largo  black  bee, 
perhaps  from  the  same  root.]  A  gadfly;  a 
horse-fly;  sj)ecifically,  one  of  certain  strong- 
bodied  dipterous  insects  of  the  family  Taba- 
tlida'.  'I'bere  are  nniny  species.  'I'be  larva'  live  in  moist 
ground,  and  are  suhaquatie.  Tile  black  breeze,  7'a(/«;i(;.f 
atratttji  (Fahrieius),  is  one  of  tlle  largest  I'Jorth  American 
species.    Also  called  breczc-fiy. 

But  he  them  all  from  him  full  lightly  swept. 
As  doth  a  steare.  in  heat  of  .sommers  day, 
With  his  long  taile  the  bnizex  brush  away. 

Speiuer,  F.  (J.,  VI.  i.  24. 
Runs  like  a  lieifer  bitten  with  the  brize, 
About  the  court.  II.  Joimm,  New  Inn,  v.  1. 

breeze' t, '•.  »'.     [<  firccrcl,  «.]     To  buzz. 

breeze'-'  (brez),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brize, 
brie.i.'i ;  =  G.  brise  =  Dan.  bris,  <  F.  Iirize,  now 
brise,  a  breeze,  =  Sp.  brisa  =  Pg.  briza,  the 
northeast  wind ;  cf.  It.  hrczza,  a  cold  wind ;  pos- 
sibly same  as  bisc,  q.  v.,  with  intrusive  -r.J  1. 
A  moderately  brisk  wind ;  a  movement  of  air 
not  so  strong  as  a  gale :  as,  a  refreshing  breeze; 
a  stiff  breeze  at  sea. 

The  heat  of  Sununer  [in  Virginia]  is  in  June,  .Tuly  and 
August,  but  ciunmonly  a  cool  Jiriess  asswages  the  vehe- 
mency  of  tlie  heat. 

S.  Clarke,  Plantations  of  the  English  in  America 
((16"0),  p.  5. 
From  land  a  gentle  breeze  arose  at  night.  Dryilen. 

2.  A  noisy  quarrel;  a  distm'bance;  a  row. 
[Colloq.] 

The  marine  went  forward  and  gave  the  order ;  and  .leTii- 
my,  who  expected  a  breeze,  told  his  wife  to  behave  (luietly. 
Marryat,  Snarleyyow,  I.  xv. 
Land-breeze,  sea-breeze,  l)reezes  blowing  respectively 
from  the  land  to  or  over  the  sea,  and  from  the  sea  over 
the  land.  The  former  is  apt  to  blow  especially  by  night, 
and  the  latter  by  day ;  and  in  some  regions  this  alterna- 
tion occurs  with  great  regularity.  =  Syn.  Gust,  etc.  .See 
uimi,  It. 

breeze'-^  (brez),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  breezed, 
ppr.  breezinij.     [<  breeze"^,  ?i.]    To  blow  gently. 

[Rare.]  — To  breeze  up  (,naut.),  to  blow  with  greater 
strength ;  freshen. 

breeze'*  (brez),  k.  [=  E.  dial,  briss'^  (q.  v.),  dust, 
rubbish,  <  F.  bris,  rubbish,  fragments,  break- 
age, etc.,  <  bri.ier,  break:  see  bruise  and  brazil, 
and  cf.  debris.  But  in  sense  2  perhaps  <  OF. 
brcse,  cinders,  orig.  live  coals,  F.  braise,  live 
coals:  see  braisei.~\  1.  House-sweepings,  as 
fluff,  dust,  ashes,  etc. — 2.  The  material  sifted 
out  from  house-ashes,  extensively  used  in  burn- 
ing bricks;  cinders.     [Eng.] 

breeze-fly  (brez'fli),  «.     Same  as  breeze'''. 

breeze-CVen  (brez'uv"n),  h.  1.  An  oven  for 
the  manufacture  of  small  coke. —  2.  A  fm-nace 
designed  to  consume  breeze  or  coal-dust. 

breezy  (bre'zi),  a.     [<  breeze"  +  -yl.]     1.  Of 
the  nature  of  a  breeze  ;  blowy ;  windy. 
The  breezy  call  of  incense-breathing  morn. 

Gray,  Elegy. 

2.  Fanned  'with  gentle  winds  or  breezes :  as, 
the  breezy  shore. —  3.  Figtu'atively,  brisk ;  live- 
ly ;  sprightly :  as,  a  breezy  essay. 
The  chapteron  "  Value"  isparticuliirly  fresh  andbreezy. 
The  American,  VIII.  S7. 

bregma  (breg'ma),  «. ;  pi.  bregmata  (-ma-ta). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  jSpcyfia,  also  lipexf",  the  front  part  of 
the  head,  sinciput,  prob.  <  fipixen;  wet,  moisten ; 
perhaps  akin  to  E.  rain,  q.  v.]  In  anal.,  the 
junction  of  the  sagittal  and  coronal  sutures  of 
the  skull ;  the  anterior  fontanel,  it  w.as  so  named 
because  in  infants  it  is  soft,  ami  was  thought  to  corre- 
spond with  the  most  hinniti  part  of  the  braiji.  Also  writ- 
ten breelnna  and  breehmitg.     See  cut  under  craniometry. 

Bregmaceros  (breg-mas'e-ros),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
iipiyut,  the  front  part  of  the  head,  the  sinciput, 
-I-  «y;af,  horn.]    A  genus  of  anacanthine  fishes. 


Black  Breeze  ( Tabantis  atratus). 
a,  larva  ;  b,  pupa  ;  c,  imago.    (All  slightly  entarf^ed.) 

breezel  (brez),  n.  [Also  written  bree.<<e,  early 
mod.  E.  brize.  brizze,  brise,  bric.^-e,  <  ME.  brese, 
<  AS.  brcdsa,  brid.sa  (only  in  glosses),  a  gadfly; 
not  found  in  other  tongues,  and  supposed  to 
be  an  iiTeg.  reduction  of  'brim.<:<i  (also  cited 
as  AS.,  but  not  well  authorized:  see  brimsc. 
brimsey)  =  MD.  bremse,  D.  hrcms  =  OHG.  bri- 
nilisa,  MHG.  brim.se,  G.  bremse  =  ODau.  brim.^r, 
bremse,  Dan.  bremse  =  Sw.  broms,  a  horse- 
fly; also  (without  the  formative  -.5)  bream  = 
OHG.  bremo,  MHtJ.  G.  breme,  MD.  bremme  (see 
bream^);  so  named,  perhaps,  from  its  buzzing: 
cf.  AS.  bremman,  roar,  OHG.  brcmaii.  MHG. 
brcmen,  roar,  buzz.  MHG.  G.  bnimmoi,  D.  brom- 
men,  hum,  buzz,  grumble,  \j.  fremere,  roar:  see 


Brtgmaceros  atlantictu. 

containing  a  few  small  pelagic  species,  and 
representing  in  some  systems  a  family  Breg- 
maceri<li<la\ 

bregmacerotid  (breg''ma-se-rot'id),  n.  A  fish 
of  the  family  llrci/macerotida: 

Bregmacerotidae  (breg'ma-se-rot'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bref/maceros  {-rot-)  +  -idcr.}  A  family 
of  gadoid  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Breg- 
maceros. They  have  a  robust  cauilal  portion  truncate 
or  convex  behind,  almost  without  proeiirrent  cauilal  rays 
above  or  below,  with  au  anteiuediaii  anus,  moderate  sub- 


brent-goose 

orbitals,  ti?rminal  month,  jiiuoilar  ventrals  abnfinnally 
developed,  an  occipital  ray,  a  continuous  dorsal  (In  liKfstly 
conllned  to  tlle  caudal  portion,  and  all  anal  marly  .similar 
to  the  long  dorsal.  The  few  known  species  are  of  small  size, 
and  inhabitants  of  the  high  or  deep  seas  ;  their  neaiest  rel- 
atives are  supposed  to  be  the  codfishes. 

bregmata,  ».     Plural  of  bregma. 

bregmatic  (breg-mat'ik),  a.  [<  bregma(t-)  + 
-icT}  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  bregma  :  as,  breg- 
matic tension. 

brehon  (bre'hon),  n.  [<  Olr.  brithem,  a  judge, 
Ir.  Gael,  breithramli,  a  judge,  <  Olr.  brcth,iT. 
Gael,  breilh,  f.,  Olr.  Ir.  brdth,  m.,  judgment,  de- 
cision.] One  of  the  ancient  hereditary  judges 
of  Ireland,  similar  to  those  of  Scotland  during 
its  Celtic  period. 

In  the  territories  of  each  sept,  judges,  called  Brehtmx, 
and  taken  out  of  certain  families,  sat  with  primeval  sim- 
plicity on  ttirfen  benches  in  some  conspicuous  situation, 
to  determine  controversies. 

Hallam,  Const.  Hist.,  III.  330. 

Brehon  laws,  the  am-ient  system  of  laws  of  Ireland. 
These  laws,  originally  unwritten,  and  ileveloped  by  the 
brehons,  were  largely  eml)'>died  at  an  early  period  in  cer- 
tain ancient  writings  known  n(»w  a.s  Brehon  Tracts.  Of 
these  two  have  been  translated  ;  the  Senehuti  Mor,  or  Great 
Book  of  the  Ijiw,  compiled,  it  is  said,  by  nine  "  pillars  of 
Erin,"  under  the  superintendence  of  .St.  Patrick ;  and  the 
Book  of  Aieill,  containing  the  wisdom  of  two  of  the  most 
famous  brehons,  the  "  Roy.al  Comiac  "  and  the  "  Learned 
Cennfaclah."  This  system  of  law  was  not  entirely  super- 
seded by  English  laws  among  the  native  Irish  until  about 
16.',0. 

breithauptite  (brit'houp-tit),  n.  [After  the 
(jernian  mineralogist  J.  A.  F.  Breithaupt  (1791- 
1873).]  An  antimonide  of  nickel  occurring  in 
hexagonal  crystals  and  also  in  massive  foi-ras. 
It  has  a  copper-red  color  and  brilliant  metallic 
luster. 

breitoline  (bri'to-lin),  n.  [Named  for  the  in- 
ventor, L.  Brcit."]  A  musical  instrument  of  the 
'violin  family,  having  five  metal  strings  and 
a  compass  somewhat  lower  than  a  viola.  It  is 
fastened  upon  a  table,  like  a  zither,  and  played 
with  a  bow. 

breloque  (bre-lok'),  71.  [F. ;  origin  imcertain.] 
A  seal,  locket,  charm,  or  other  small  trinket  or 
article  of  jewelry  attached  to  a  watch-chain. 

bremet,  «.     See  brim*. 

bremelyt,  adr.     See  brimly. 

Bremen  blue,  green,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

bremlyt,  "''''•     See  brimly. 

bren^t  (bren),  J'.  [<  ME.  brennen,  the  usual  form 
of  bnrn^,  q.  v.]  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  va- 
riant of  burnl. 

Closely  the  mcked  flame  his  bowels  brent. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,III.  vii.  16. 

The  Romaines  this  Night  [Candlemas  Day]  went  about 
the  City  of  Rome,  with  Torches  and  Candles  brenninrj  in 
Worship  of  this  Woman  Februa,  for  hope  to  have  the 
more  Helpe  and  Succoure  of  her  Sonne  M.ars. 

J.  Brand,  in  Bourne's  Pop.  .4litiq.  (1777),  p.  224. 

bren-t,  «•  An  obsolete  variant  of  ftranl.  Chau- 
cer. 

brennage  (bren'aj),  n.  [<  OF.  brenage  (ML. 
brcnayium),  <  bren,  ML.  brcnnium,  bran  :  see 
ftrndl.]  In  old  law,  a  tribute  or  composition 
'which  tenants  paid  to  their  lord  in  lieu  of  bran 
which  they  were  obliged  to  furnish  for  his 
hounds. 

brenninglyt,  adv.  Burningly ;  ardently.  Chav^ 
ccr. 

brentl  (brent),  n.     [=  firoHfl,  q.  v.]     1.  Steep; 
upright;  straight;  high. — 2.  Smooth;  unwrin- 
kled:  applied  to  the  brow.     [Scotch.] 
Your  Ixmnie  brow  was  brent.       Burm,  John  Anderson. 

Her  fair  brent  brow,  smooth  as  th'  unrunkled  deep 
When  a'  the  winds  are  in  their  caves  asleep.      Ramsay. 

brent''^  (brent),  H.     Same  as  brent-qoose. 

brenta  (bren'ta),  ».  [It.]  An  Italian  liquid 
measui'e,  generally  equal  to  about  18  or  19  gal- 
lons. iUit  the  brenta  of  Creiiia  was  only  10,^  L'nited 
States  gallons,  and  the  brenta  of  Rome  was  37.8.  The 
last  was  quite  exceptional. 

brente  (bren'te),  «.  [Cf.  hrcnta.']  A  Swiss 
liquid  measure,  varpng  in  capacity  from  10.31 
to  17.rir)  gallons. 

brent-fox  (brent'foks),  H.     See  brant-fox. 

brent-goose  (brent'gos),  «.  [Also  brant-goose 
andbrand-goo.se,  often  shortened  to  6)•f«^  brant, 
G.  brcntijansO  inoh.  It.branta);  all  due  to  leel. 
brandgds  (=  Sw.  brandt/ds  =  Dan.  brandg(ia.<i), 
<  brandr  (=  Sw.  Dan.  brand  =  E.  brand :  with 
reference  prob.  to  the  color;  ef.'brant-fox)  -I- 
gds  =  Sw.  gSs  =  Dan.  gaas  =  E.  goose.]  The 
brent  or  brant,  a  goose,  Bemicia  brenta,  of  the 
family  Anatida;  inhabiting  most  of  the  north- 
em  hemisphere.  It  is  smaller  than  most  geese,  and 
has  the  head,  neck,  and  bill  black,  the  neck  witli  patches 
of  small  white  stripes,  the  tail-coverts  white,  and  the  body- 
colors  dark.    It  breeds  in  high  latitudes,  migrating  south 


brent-goose 


676 

bretesse  {bro-tcs'),  «.  [OF.  hrrtrxsc,  F.  hretMir, 
brihschc,  the  battlements  of  a  wall,  etc.:  see  hrcl- 
tice,  hrdlticc,  the  reg.  E.  form  of  the  word.]  In 
medieval  fort. :  («)  A  tower  of  timber  of  several 
storie.s,  crenelated,  loopholed,  and  fitted  with 
other  contemporary  devices  for  offense  and  de- 
fense. It  differed  from  the  bclfrij  in  that  it  was 
fixed  instead  of  movable,  (h)  A  construction  of 
timbei',  of  a  more  or  less  temporary  character, 
projecting  from  a  wall,  etc.,  esjiecially  over  a 
gateway  or  a  passage,  which  by  its  aid  could 


Brcnt.EOOsc  [Btrnicta  firenfa). 


ill  the  mitnmn.  There  are  several  varieties.  Also  called 
braut'ftoour  aiui  Itrmtd-ffooff. 

brenthian  (bren'thi-an\  H.  and  a.     [<  Bieiilhus 

+  -idii.]    I.  II.  A  beetle  of  the  genus  llrciitliiis. 

TI.  II.  i  >f  or  }iertainiug  to  the  genus  Brcnthus. 

brenthid  (bren'thid),  n.  A  beetle  of  the  fam- 
ily liniithidir. 

Brenthidae  (bren'tlii-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Brcn- 
ihii.-'  +  -/(/(/'.]  A  family  of  rh.\Tiehophorous  co- 
leopterous insects,  related  to  the  Cureulionidcc. 
Tliey  are  of  an  eloiijrate  form,  ami  have  lonji  snouts  and 
nionilifnrrn  antennne.     The  genera  are  nuinenius. 

BrenthuS  (breu'tlms),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  liph'ffog, 
an  unknown  water-bird  ;  also,  with  var.  (iph'Bo^, 
applied  to  a  singing  bird.]  1 .  A  genus  of  snout- 
beetles,  remarkable  for  the  excessive  length 
and  narrowness  of  the  body.  The  beak  in  the  fe- 
male is  long  and  tltiform ;  in  the  male,  short,  with  the  man- 
dibles at  the  tip  much  more  developed  and  of  exceptional 
form.  Tlie  rmmerous  species,  mostly  tropical,  constitute 
now  a  distinct  family  of  rhynchophorous  beetles,  and 


Northern  Brenthian,  Brenthus  (Euf  salts)  minutus. 
a.  lar*-a ;  b,  pupa :  c,  female  beetle ;  it.  head  of  male  beetle  ;  f. 
first  joint  of  male  antenna  :  y,  lepf  of  larva  :  ff.  head  of  larva,  front 
view :  A.  labium  of  larva  ;  i,  l.abrum  of  larva  :  J,  mandible  of  larva  ; 
*.  maxilla  of  larva  :  i,  head  of  larva,  from  beneath  ;  m,  end  of  body 
of  pupa,  dorsal  view.    I  Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

the  genus  Brenthus  has  been  separated  into  numerous 
genera.  Only  one  species,  Brcnthus  (Eiipsalis)  iniimtus 
(Drury),  inhabits  the  eastern  portion  of  the  United  States. 
The  larva  bores  into  the  hard  wood  of  oali-trees,  usually 
after  these  have  been  felled.  The  males  are  very  pugna- 
cious.    Also  Brentit^. 

2.^A  gentis  of  geese,  proposed  by  Sundevall  in 
1873  to  replace  Branta.     [Not  in  use.] 

brent-new  (brent'nti),  a.  A  Scotch  form  of 
hrand-new. 

Cotillon  brent-new  frae  France.    Burns,  Tamo'  .Shanter. 

Brentus  (brcn'tus),  «.     S&me  as  Brenthus,  1. 

brequet-chain  (bre-ket'chau).  n.  [Said  to  be 
uaiut'd  after  a  celebrated  French  watchmaker 
named  Brigiwt,  but  influenced  by  F.  hriqiict,  a 
little  chain.]  A  short  watch-guard  or  chain 
to  which  the  watch-key  is  sometimes  attached ; 
a  fob-chain. 

brere,  ».     See  breer^. 

bresillet  (bra-ze-la'), «.  [F.,  brazil :  see  brazil.2 
Saiiie  as  hriizHittn. 

bressomer,  bressummer  (bres'om-er,  -um-er), 

n.     t'oiTuptions  of  Inctt-summer" 

brest'  (brest),  «.  If.  An  obsolete  spelling  of 
brcd.st. —  2.  In  arch.,  a  tonis.  [Bare  or  obso- 
lete.] 

brest^t  (brest),  v.  and  n.  An  obsolete  variant 
of  biir.^t. 

brest-stunmer,  breast-summer  (brest '  sum''- 
er),  ?(.  In  arch.,  a  summer  or  beam  placed 
horizontally  to  support  an  upper  wall  or  parti- 
tion, as  the  beam  over  a  shop-wiudow ;  a  lintel. 
CoiTupfly  written  hrcfsomer,  bre.^sii7>i»ier. 

bret  (bret),  H.  [E.  dial.,  var.  of  birt,  burt;  origin 
unknown.  Cf.  hrit-.']  A  local  English  name  (in 
Cornwall)  of  the  brill,  and  also  of  the  turbot. 


Btetesses. 

(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de  I' Architecture.") 

be  more  readily  commanded  by  the  garrison 
through  machicolations,  etc.  Such  bretesses  are 
distinguished  from  hoardiwj  in  that  the  latter  forms  a  con- 
tinuous g<allery  crowning  a  wall  or  a  tower,  while  the  for- 
mer are  isolated  on  three  sides. 

bretesse  (bre-te-sa'),  a.  [Pp.  of  OF.  *bretcsser, 
hniischer,  provide  with  battlements,  <  bretesse, 
brctcsche,ei:c.:  seebrctessc.^  In /(cr.,  battled  on 
both  sides,  the  projections  coming  opposite  each 
other:  said  of  a  bend,  a  fesse,  or  the  like.  Also 
spelled  brcttesse. 

bretessed  (bre-tesf),  «•  In  her.,  same  as  bre- 
tesse. 

bretexedt,  ".  [ME.,  also  hretaijeil,  pp.,  equiv. 
to  bretessed.']     Firrnished  with  a  bretesse. 

bretfult,  (I.  [ME.,  also  brcrdful,  <  brerd  (<  AS. 
breed,  breord,  top,  brim:  see  braird)  +  -fid.'] 
Brimful:  as,  •'brctful  of  pardouns,"  Chaucer, 
Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T."  1.  687. 

brethelt,  ».     A  variant  of  brothel'^. 

bretherhedet,  »'•  An  old  form  of  hroikerhood. 
Chifueer. 

brethren  (breTH'ren),  n.  Plural  of  brother.  See 
phrases  under  brother. 

bretiset,  ».     Same  as  bretesse. 

Breton  (bret'on),  a.  and  n.  [F.,  a.  andn. ;  ult. 
same  as  Briton,  q.  v.]  I.  n.  Relating  to  Brit- 
tany or  Bretagne,  a  former  pro\ance  in  north- 
western France,  or  to  the  language  of  its  peo- 
ple. 

Here  on  the  Breton  strand  ! 

Breton,  not  Briton.     Tennyson,  Mjiud,  xxiv. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  Brittany. — 2.  The  na- 
tive language  of  Brittany ;  Aiinorie  (which  see). 

brett  (bret),  «.  [Perhaps  from  the  proper  name 
Brett.]  A  four-wheeled  cannage  ha\lng  a  calash 
top  and  seats  for  four  besides  the  driver's  seat. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

brettesse,  «.     See  brettssc. 

brettice  (bret'is),  n.    Same  as  brattice. 

Bretwalda  (bret'wol-dii),  «.  [AS.  Bretiralda. 
otherwise  Bryten-,  Bretcn-waldii,  -wealda,  a  title 
of  uncertain  meaning,  occurring  in  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Chronicle  (A.  D.  827) ;  <  Bret,  otherwise 
Bryt,  sing,  of  Brettas,  Bryttas,  Britons,  or  Bry- 
ten, Britain  (but  tliis  is  disputed),  -I-  -irialda  (in 
comp.),  a  ruler,  <  wealdan,  rule:  see  iriild.]  A 
title  sometimes  applied  to  an  Anglo-Saxon  king 
whose  supremacy  over  some  or  all  of  the  other 
kingdoms  was  acknowledged.  The  nature  of 
this  supremacy  is  unknown. 

It  was  to  these  exploits  that  Ceawlin  owed  that  dignity 
of  Bretwalda,  which  .EUe  before  him  had  gained  by  the 
destruction  of  Anderida 

C.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  .SOS. 

breunerite  (broi'ner-it),  h.  [After  Count  Breu- 
nir  of  Austria.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  the 
carbonates  of  magnesitim  and  iron,  whitish, 
and  after  exposure  brownish,  in  color,  it  occurs 
nsnally  in  rhombiihedral  crystals,  ami  is  intermediate  be- 
tween the  rlioiuliohedral  c;irbonates  of  luaguesiuiu  (mag- 
uesitc)  and  iron  (siderite). 


breviary 

breve  (brev),  n.  [<  It.  brere  =  F.  lirere,  t.  {href, 
m.),  <  \ J.  hrrris,  short:  see  brief.]  1.  In  music: 
(a)  The  third  variety  of  note  usetl  by  medieval 
musicians,  having  one  half  or  one  third  the 
value  or  duration  of  a  long  note,  or  lonya :  its 
form  was  l:^  .  (b)  In  modem  notation,  tho 
longest  note  used,  having  double  the  duration 
of  a  semibreve.  its  form  is  either  [C!!  or  H  •  It 
occurs  rarely,  since  tlie  semibreve  or  whole  note  is  com- 
iiionly  regarded  as  tile  Iruigest  note  necessary,  and  as  the 
standard  to  uhii-li  all  <ither  notes  are  to  be  refen-ed. 
2t.  In  law,  a  n-rit;  a  brief. —  3.  In  icritinri  and 
printinff,  a  mark  (-)  used  to  indicate  that  the 
vowel  over  which  it  is  placed  is  short. — 4t.  In 
pros.,  a  short  syllable. 

Coireetor  of  tmres  and  longes.  Ilall,  Kich,  III.,  an.  3. 
5.  [<  F.  href,  fem.  breve,  short;  from  their  short 
tails.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  ant- 
thrushes  of  the  family  Fittidtc.  Also  called 
brachyure.     See  Brnchyurus,  2. 

brevet,  ''•  '■  [<  ME.  hreren  (—  MD.  brieren  = 
OHG.  brieren  —  Icel.  brefa),  <  ilL.  breriare, 
write  down,  narrate,  prop,  note  in  brief,  <  L. 
brevis,  brief,  whence  breve,  £.  brief  a  writing, 
a  brief :  see  brere,  «.,  brief,  n.  and  v.,  and  bre- 
viatc.]     1.  TowTitedown;  describe. 

As  hit  is  hreued  in  the  best  boke  of  romaunce. 

•SVr  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Kniyht,  1.  2521. 

2.  To  enter  ia  a  book;  book;  brief. 

The  elerke  of  tile  cochyu  shalle  alle  thyng  breue. 

Boke  of  Curtate,  L  553. 
At  countjiig  stuarde  schalle  ben, 
Tylle  alle  be  breuet  of  wax  so  grene, 
Wrytten  in-to  bokes,  with-out  let, 
Tliat  be-fore  in  tabuls  base  ben  sett. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  316. 

3.  To  tell ;  say. 

Breue  us  thi  name.  Ki»y  AlUaunder,  p.  78. 

brevet  (bre-vef),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  brevet,  a  let- 
ter of  indulgence.  <  OF.  brieret,  F.  brevet  (ML. 
hrevetum),  a  commission,  license,  etc.,  lit.  a 
short  writing,  dim.  of  OF.  brief  F.  bref  a  writ- 
ing: see6n>/.]  I.  n.  If.  A  letter  of  authority; 
a  commission. 

I  wol  go  fecche  my  box  with  my  breuettes 
And  a  bulle  with  bisshopes  lettres. 

Piers  Plmcman  (B),  v.  649. 

2.  In  the  British  and  American  armies,  a  com- 
mission to  an  officer  which  promotes  him  to  a 
higher  rank,  without  confen-ing  a  right  to  re- 
ceive corresponding  ndvance  in  pay.  In  Great 
Britain  it  liots  ?i,>t  descLiid  l.'utr  tlian  the  rank  of  captain, 
nor  ascend  bii'lier  than  tliut  "i  lieutenant-colonel,  and  con- 
fers tlie  riglit  to  a  corresponding  advance  in  command. 
In  the  I'nited  States  army  it  extends  from  the  rank  of  first 
lieutenant  to  that  of  lieutenant-general,  but  gives  no 
advanced  command  except  by  special  assignment  of  the 
President.  Brevets  are  conferred  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate  for  "gallant  actions  and  meri- 
torious services." 

They  give  brevets  to  majors  and  captains  to  act  as  colo- 
nels in  the  army.  Siei/t,  Journal  to  Stella,  Letter  61. 

3.  A  patent;  a  w.aiTant ;  a  license;  a  commis- 
sion; an  official  diploma  in  writing,  conferring 
some  privilege  or  distinction.    [French  usages.] 

H.  a.  Assigned  or  conferretl  by  brevet;  ap- 
pointed by  brevet. 

What  is  called  brevet  rank  is  given  to  officers  of  all 
brandies  of  tlie  army  as  a  reward  for  brilliant  and  length- 
ened service ;  and  when  such  nominal  rank  has  been  held  for 
a  certain  number  of  years,  it  is  usually  converted  into  sub- 
stantial rank.  A.  Fontdanque,  Jr.,  How  we  are  tioverued. 
Brevet  officer.    See  officer. 

brevet  (bre-vef),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ftrereited, 
ppT.breretiing.  \_<.  brevet,  n.]  To  confer  brevet 
rank  upon. 

brevetcy  (bre-vef  si),  H.  [<  brevet  +  -cy.] 
Brevet  rank.     [Rare.] 

brevextensor  (brev-eks-ten'sor),  H.  [NL.. 
eontr.  of  breris  exten.Hor,  short  extensor.]  A 
short  extensor  muscle.  [Rare.]— Brevextensor 
dlgitomm,  the  short  extensor  of  the  toes,  a  muscle  lying 
upon  the  instep,  usually  called  extensor  brevis  diffitontm. 
Cvues. 

breviary  (bre'vi-S-ri  or  brev'i-a-ri).  «. ;  pi. 
breviaries  (-riz).  [ME.  hreviar :  <  L.  breviiiriinn, 
an  abridgment  (ML.  specifically  in  def.  2), 
neut.  of  breviariiis,  abridged,  <  breris.  short: 
see  brief]  If.  An  abridgment:  a  compend; 
an  epitome.  Holland. — 2.  In  the  Bom.  lath. 
Ch.,  a  book  containing  the  daily  offices  which 
all  who  are  in  major  orders  are  boimd  to  read. 
It  consists  of  ju-ayers  or  ottices  tit  be  iiseil  at  the  canonical 
hours,  anil  is  .an  abridgment  of  the  services  of  tile  early 
cburcll,  which  from  their  great  length  were  exhausting. 
It  is  made  up  largely  of  the  Psalms,  p.issages  of  tlie  old 
and  New  Testaments  and  the  fatliei-s,  liymns,  anthems, 
etc.,  .all  in  Latin,  arranged  for  the  various  seasons  and 
festivals  of  the  church.  .\  similar  btwk.  kTiown  as  a  jHtrti- 
forium  or  i>ortass.  was  in  use  in  Englanil  before  the  Refor- 
mation, The  Oriler  for  Morning  and  Evening  Prayer  in 
tile  English  Botik  of  roniinon  Prayer  is  mainly  a  transla- 
tion and  condensation  from  the  l)re\iary  according  to  the 
use  of  Sarum.  BesiiJes  the  Roman  breviary,  wliich  is  in 
most  common  use,  there  are  also  others  of  various  ar- 


breviary 

rangcment,  either  of  <-frtjiiii  religions  nnlcrs  or  locnl, 
often  of  llistorirul  iiitrlTiit. 

3.  A  iiaim>  Kiveii  to  similar  coiiipilations  used 
in  the  (ircck  iiiid  Oriental  cluivt'lics.  Absolu- 
tions In  the  breviary.  Sc^'  iiim,i,iiii,ii.  Breviary  of 
AlarlC,  ii  loMipiliitioii  of  till-  writti-ii  mul  iiiiwiittL-ii  l;i«.-i 
of  l:oiMi-,in:iiie  liy  Aljilic  II..  kiiiuof  the  \isi^'otlis,  .\.  I).  .'.OO. 
breviatet,  ''•  t-  [<  L.  hrcriatus,  pp.  of  hrcriarc, 
slKirtcii,  <  hrcvis,  short.  V,i. (Mimiatr,  aniX  hrcvc, 
I'.]    To  abridijc.     Slicrwood.    Soo  al>brcviate. 

breviatet,  breviatt,  »■  [<  L.  hrcriotm,  hreria- 
tum,  iiuut.,  pp.  of  hrcriarc,  shorten:  see  the 
verb.]  1.  A  short  oompeud;  a  brief  state- 
ment; a  .siiraniary. 

I  will  give  yoii  ;i  br>'viat  of  ull  tliat  h.-xth  been  spoken. 
M iddit'tiin,  Family  of  Love,  v.  ."i. 

The  same  little  birviaff^i  of  inflilelity  have  .  .  .  been 
published  and  ilispersed  with  Ki'eat  aetivity. 

Il/i.  Pnrtatu.s,  Charge  to  Dioeese  of  London. 

2.  A  lawyer's  brief.     S.  Butler. 
breviature   (bre'vi-a-tur),  n.      [<.  hrcviiitc  + 

-»/v.J     ,\n  ablireviation.     •loliiisdii.     [Kare.] 
brevicaudate  (brev-i-ka'dat),  a.     [<  L.  hrcvis, 

short,  +  Cauda,  tail.]       Having  a  sliort  tail; 

braehynroiis. 
Breviceps  (brev'i-seps),  II.     [NTj.,  <  L.  hrcvis, 

short,  +  cdjiiit,  ill  I'onip.  -cci>s  (-cijiit-),  head.] 

A  fTonus  of  tailless  amphibians,  typical  of  the 

fMiiiily  lircviciiiituUc. 
brevicipltid  (brev-i-sip'i-tid),  «.     A  toad-liko 

aiiqihibian  of  the  family  lircvicijiitida: 

Brevicipitidae  (bi-ev"i-si-pit'i-de). «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
lirci'iccps  (-cipit-)  +  -ida:]  Afamilyof  firmister- 
nial  salient  amphibians,  tyjiitied  by  the  genus 
Brcriccps.  They  have  dilated  sacral  diapo]ilivses,  [)re- 
coraeoids,  the  coraeoids  directed  imidcratfly  ttackuard 
anil  inneh  dilated  forward  on  the  epicoractiid  cartihtLje, 
and  no  teeth  in  the  npper  jaw.  The  specie-s  are  few  ami 
an-  cniirliu'd  to  Africa.     Also  written  Brc'iri'^ida:. 

breviductor  (brev-i-duk'tor),  II.  [NLi.,  <  L.  hrc- 
vis, short,  +  dnctor,  leader.]  The  short  ad- 
duetorial  muscle  of  the  thigh ;  the  adductor 
brcvis.     [Rare.] 

brevier  (bre-ver'),  n.  [So  called  from  being 
used  in  printing  breviaries ;  <  G.  brevier,  <  F. 
breriairc,K  L.  tircviiirium,  a  breviary:  see  brevi- 
ari/.l  1.  A  size  of  printing-tyi)e  measuring  112 
lines  to  tlio  foot,  next  larger  than  minion  and 
smaller  than  bourgeois.  The  larger  tj'pe  of 
this  Dictionary,  as  in  the  present  paragraph,  is 
brevier. —  2.  Figuratively,  something  smaller 
than  another  taken  as  a  norm.  Caucs,  Key  to 
N.  A.  F.irds. 

breviflexor  (brev-i-flek'sor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
hrcvit!,  short,  -t-  NL.  flexor.']  A  short  iiexor 
muscle.     [Kare.]     See  flexor Breviflexor  dlgl- 

torum,  tile  short  llexor  of  "the  toe.s.     Also  called  lU'xor 

bi-rrimii'iititnuii.—  Breviflexor  hallucis,  tlic  siiort  flexor 

of  the  i;rcat  toe.  Also  called  rfcr...-  hrerix  j,f,lliri.^  pnlis.^ 
Breviflexor  minimi,  llic  short  flexor  of  the  little  tinker 
or  the  little  toe.  Also  called  jit'xor  hrctnn  minimi  diftifi. 
—Breviflexor  poUlcis,  the  short  flexor  of  the  thnnib. 
Also  called  llrxnr  Imris  p.,llins. 

brevifoliate  (brev-i-fo'li-at),  n.  [<  L.  hrcvis, 
short, -l-.fo/(»)«,  leaf :  see  foliate.]  In  6o<.,  hav- 
ing short  leaves. 

brevilingual  (brev-i-ling'gwal),  a.  [<  L.  brcvis, 
short,  -I-  limjua  =  E.  toiifiuc.']  na\'ing  a  short 
or  small  tongue;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  lircviliniiues  or  Brcriliiiijuia. 

Brevilingues  (brev-i-ling'gwez),  II.  pi.  [NL., 
pi,  of  hreriliiiiiuis,  short-tongued,  <  L.  brcvi.t, 
short,  +  liiit/ua  =  E.  toiu/uc.]  In  Merrem's 
classification  (ISK!),  a  group  of  birds  including 
the  hoopoes  and  kingfishers,  or  the  Upupida' 
and  Alci(liind<v  of  modern  authors. 

Brevilinguia  (brev-i-ling'gwi-ii),  H.  /)/.  [NL., 
nout.  III.  of  lireviliiujuis,  short-tongued:  see 
BreriliiKjues.]  In  some  systems  of  classification, 
a  group  of  Lacertilia,  or  lizards,  comprising 
those  with  an  elongated  and  sometimes  snake- 
like body,  a  .short  tongue,  and  generally  eye- 
lids: contrasted  with  Fissiliuguia,  VrassilingHia, 
Vcrtiiiliuijuia,  etc. 

breviloquence  (bre-viro-kivens),  n.  [<  L.  brc- 
riliii/iKiitia.  <  breriloijueii{t-)s,  short-speaking, 
<  hrcvis,  short,  +  loijiiens,  ppr.  of  hiqui,  speak.] 
A  brief  or  laconic  mode  of  speaking.     [Rare.] 

brevi  manu  (bre'\i  ma'nu).  [L.,  lit.  with  a 
short  hand:  brevi,  abl.  of  hrcvis,  short;  iiiaiiH, 
abl.  of  iiKiiius,  hand:  see  brief  and  manual.] 
1.  Offhand;  immediately;  without  delay;  at 
once. —  2.  At  or  by  one's  own  hand;  wilhout 
the  intervention  of  another;  specifically,  in 
Scots  law,  on  one's  own  authority,  or  without 
legal  warrant. 

breviped  (brev'i-ped),  a.  and  ii.     [<  L.  hrcri.s, 
short,  -I-  jics  (ped-)  =  )£..fuut.]     I.  a.  lu  ornith., 
having  short  feet. 
II.  n.  A  bird  having  short  feet. 


G77 

brevlpen  (brev'i-pen),  )(.  [<  NIj.  hreripcnnis  : 
see  Brcriiieniics.]  A  liird  having  short  wings; 
specifically,  one  of  the  Brevipcniiatic  or  Brevi- 
pcinies, 

Brevipennatae  (brev"i-pe-na'te),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
fern.  pi.  of  brcvipennatus,  short-winged:  see 
brcvipcnnatc,]  A  group  of  brachypterous  or 
short-winged  web-footed  birds,  the  Brachyptc- 
res  or  l'i//i<ijioilcs,  including  the  penguins,  auks, 
guillemots,  loons,  and  grebes.     [Not  in  use.] 

brevipennate  (brev-i-pen'at),  n.  and  11.  [<  NL. 
hrcvipciiiKitus,  <  L.  hrcvis,  sliort,  -1-  pciiiialus, 
winged:  see  pciniate.]  I.  a.  Having  short 
\vings;  brachypterous;  specifically,  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Brcvipcimata-  or  Brevipcniics. 
II.  ".  A  bird  having  short  wings. 

Brevipennes  (brev-i-pen'ez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  brcvijiciiiiis,  <  L.  hrcvis,  short,  -f-  pcmia,  wing: 
see  pcii^.]  In  Cuvier's  classification  of  bircls, 
the  first  family  of  (Iralla;  comprising  the  os- 
triches and  cassowaries,  emus,  dodos,  and  di- 
dine  birds,  and  the  apteryx :  an  artificial  grou|i, 
l)ut  in  the  main  the  same  as  Utrutliioncs  or  Ba- 
titie. 

brevirostral  (brev-i-ros'tral),  a.    Same  as  brc- 

vivostrafc. 

brevirostrate  (brev-i-ros'trat),  a.  [<  L.  hrcvis, 
short,  -I-  rostratus,  beaked,  <  rostrum,  beak.] 
In  ornith.,  having  a  short  bill. 

Brevirostres  (brev-i-ros'trez),  H.  jil.  [NL.,  < 
L.  hnris,  sliort,  -I-  rostrum,  beak.]  In  Sunde- 
vall's  classification  of  birds,  a  synouJ^n  of  his 
Cursorcs. 

brevity  (brev'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  hrevitas,  <  hrevis, 
short.]  1.  Shortness;  especially,  surprising  or 
excessive  curtailment  of  the  thing  spoken  of: 
as,  the  hreritij  of  human  life.  Specifically — 2. 
Shortness  in  speech  or  writing ;  conciseness ; 
condensation  into  few  words. 
lireaihi  is  the  soul  of  wit.  Stiatc.,  Uanilet,  ii.  2. 

Tliis  arKunient  is  stated  by  .St.  John  with  his  usual  ele- 
gant brevity  and  simplicity. 

Bp.  Portcous,  Kel.  Observance  of  Good  Friday. 
=  Syn.  2.  Compression,  terseness,  pithiness,  succinctness, 
coTidciisatioii,  seiitentiousliess,  curtness. 

Brevoortia(bre-vor'ti-a),  TO.  [NL. ;  namedafter 
Mr.  J.  Carson  Brevoortjoi  New  York.]  A  North 
American  genus  of  heiTings,  family  Vlupcidu;, 


^.^ 


Menhaden,  or  Mossbunlcer  i^Brevoorlia  tyranntis). 

characterized  by  the  elongated  intestine  and 
carinated  scales.  B.  r//raii»».«  is  the  well-known  moss- 
bunker  or  menhaden,  formerly  included  in  the  genus 
Audita  or  Ctupea  (.4.  or  C  infnltaiiin).  Sec  minltailen. 
brewl  (bro),  r.  [<  ME.  hreivcu  (pret.  hrciv,  later 
brcivcde,  hrcwcd,  pp.  hroivcn,  later  hreircd),  < 
AS.  brcoivan  (strong verb ;  pret.  'brcdiv,  \A.  *bru- 
won,  pp.  (jcbroiveii ;  found  only  in  pp.)  =OFries. 
briuwii  =  D.  brouivcn  =  MLG.  hruweu,  hrowen, 
hrueii,  LG.  bruf/cii,  brucii,  broueu  =  OHG.  briii- 
ivan,  MHG.  briuwen,  bri'accn,  G.  brawn  =  Icel. 
brugija  =  Sw.  hriifnia  =  Dan.  hri/iji/c,  brew; 
proi).  connected  with  L.  dc-frutuin,  new  wine 
boiled  down,  Gr.  jiiivrov  (for  "(ppiiToi'),  a  kind 
of  beer;  the  primitive  meaning,  as  indicated 
by  the  (probable)  derivatives  broth^  and  breads, 
being  prob.  more  general,  'prepare  by  tire,' 
hence  'boil,  brew,  bake.'  See  also  brewis, 
hrose'^.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  produce  as  a  beverage 
by  fennentation ;  prepare  (lieer,  ale,  or  other 
similar  liquor)  from  mtilt,  or  from  malt  and 
hops,  or  from  other  materials,  by  steeping,  boil- 
ing, and  fermentation. —  2.  To  prepare  by  mix- 
ing, boiling,  or  the  like ;  mingle ;  mix ;  eoncoct : 
as,  to  brew  a  bowl  of  punch;  "drinks  brewed 
with  several  herbs,"  Bacon. 

ISnw  me  a  pottle  of  sack.        Slialc.,  M.  W.  of  \V.,  iii.  5. 

A  witch  w-lio  brcw'd  the  philtre.      Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

3.  To  contrive ;  plot ;  prepare :  as,  to  brew  mis- 
chief. 

He  bmv  this  curseilnesse  and  al  this  synne. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  395. 

I  found  it  to  he  the  most  inalieious  and  frantick  surmise, 

and  the  most  contrary  to  his  nature  that,  I  think,  hail  ever 

been  brewed.  Wultvn. 

Or  brew  fierce  tempests  on  the  wintry  main. 

Pope.  R.  of  the  L. ,  ii.  S5. 

II.  iiitrans.  1.  To  conduct  the  operations  or 
the  business  of  brewing  or  making  beer. 

1  wash,  wring,  brew,  liake,  scour.  .SViiiA-, .  M.  W.  of  \V.,i.  4. 
2.  To  be  in  a  state  of  preparation;  be  mixing, 
fonuing,  or  collecting;  be  impending:  chiefly 


briarbot 

in  the  present  participle:  as,  a  storm  is  brcw- 
ing  in  tlio  west. 

There  is  some  ill  a-brewimj  toward  my  rest. 

Shak.,  .VI.  of  v.,  il.  5. 

From  the  appearance  of  the  clouds  a  gale  was  evidently 

brewiiKj.  Slarryat. 

brew^bro),  H.   l<brcw^,r.]  The  mixture  formed 

by  lirewing;  that  which  is  brewed, 
brew'-'t.     Obsolete  form  of  hrec  (which  see), 
brewage  (brii'aj),  n.  [<  lirew^  +  -ai/r.]  A  mixed 
drink;  drink  brewed  or  prepared  in  any  way. 
Ill  no  pullct-sperni  in  my  breiraite. 

Shalt.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  .I. 
Some  well-spiced  brewaye.  Milton,  Areopagitiea. 

A  rich  brewaye  made  of  the  best  Siianish  wine. 

Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng..  ii. 
brewer  (bro'6r),  ».  [<  ME.  hrcwcre  (=  D.  brou- 
»•<)•=  G.  braucr);  <  hrcw^  +  -cr^.]  One  who 
brews;  specifically.ono  whoso  occupation  is  the 
preparation  of  malt  li(iuors.  — Brewers'  grains. 
Same  as  flrajf. 
brewery  (bro'^r-i),  n. ;  pi.  brcwericg  (-iz).  [= 
D.  hrouwcrij  =  G.  lirancrci ;  <  brcw^  +  -<^tf-] 
1.  A  brew-house;  an  establishment  in  which 
brewing  is  earned  on. —  2t.  Brewers  collec- 
tively; the  beer-trade. 

If  they  should  bring  any  distress  and  trouble  upon  the 
London  brewery,  it  would  occasion  the  making  ill  drink, 
and  drive  the  people  to  brew  themselves,  which  would  de- 
stroy the  duty.  C.  Daeenant,  Essays  on  Trade,  I.  79. 

brewett,  n.  [<  ME.  brcwet,  bruet.  <  OF.  brouct, 
pottage  or  broth,  dim.  of  brou.  broth,  pi.  broues, 
>  E.  brenis,  q.  v.]     A  kind  of  pottage. 

brew-house  (bro'hous),  /;.  [<  ME.  brcivhous  (= 
OIIG.  Iiruliiis,  G.  hrauliau.<i);  <  hrciv'^  +  house] 
A  house  or  establishment  in  which  the  opera- 
tions of  brewing  are  carried  on. 

brewing  (bro'ing),  «.     [Verbal  n.  of  hrcw'^,  v.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  preparing  liquors  from 
malt  and  hops;  the  process  of  extracting  a 
saccharine  solution  from  malted  grain  and  con- 
verting that  solution  into  a  fermented  alcoholic 
beverage  called  ale  or  beer.  The  process  usually 
followed  by  the  brewer  may  be  divided  into  eight  distinct 
parts,  viz.,  the  gl-inding  of  the  malt,  mashing,  boiling, 
cooling,  fermenting,  cleansing,  racking  or  vatting,  and  lin- 
ing or  cleaning. 

2.  The  quantity  brewed  at  once. 

A  breieiitg  of  new  beer,  set  by  old  beer,  maketh  it  woi-k 
again.  liacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

3.  A  nuxing  together. 

I  am  not  alilc  to  avouch  anything  for  certainty,  such  a 
heewiiiy  andsiipliistication  of  them  they  make. 

llottand,  tr.  of  I'liny,  xiv.  C. 
brewis  (bro'is),  «.  [<  ME.  hrcives,  browcs, 
tirouwys,  etc.,  <  OF.  hroucs,  prop.  ]il.,  from  sing. 
"brou,  <  ML.  hroduin,  gravy,  broth,  <  OHG. 
ftrorf  =  E.  6rortl,  q.  V.  Of.  iro6tl.]  If.  Broth; 
pottage. 

What  an  ocean  of  brewis  I  shall  swim  in! 

Fletcher  (and  another  '!),  Prophetess,  i.  3. 
Thou  for  all 
The  kitchen  brewiJt  that  was  ever  snpt 
Shalt  not  once  dare  to  look  him  in  the  face. 

Tennynon,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 
2.  Bread  soaked  in  broth  or  the  litpior  in  which 
beef  is  being  boiled ;  also,  brown  bread  warmed 
in  milk. 
brew-lockt,  ».     A  brewing. 

I  ne'er  hurt  their  chnrnings, 
Their  brew-locka,  nor  their  batches. 

Middlcton.  The  Witch,  i.  2. 

brewster^t  (brii'ster),  n.  [<  ME.  brewster, 
hrewcsterc,  browsterc,  a  female  brewer,  also  a 
(male)  brewer,  <  brcwen,  brew,  -I-  -sler.]  One 
who  brews;  a  brewer;  more  especially,  a  wo- 
man who  brews. 

He  [the  chemist]  is  not  a  ^ri^Hw^cr  like  another,  hut  a 
man  who  adds  new  utility  and  value  to  evei-y  creature  in 
the  brewery.  Spectator,  No.  3018,  p.  575. 

brewster-  (bro'ster),  ».  The  sweet-bay.  Magno- 
lia glauea.     [New  Jersey.] 

brewsterite  (bro'ster-if),  n.  [After  Sir  David 
Brewster  (1781-1868).]  A  white,  yellow,  or 
green  pellucid  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family, 
occurring  in  short  prismatic  crystals;  a  hy- 
drous silicate  of  almuiuiiun,  strontiiun,  and 
bariiiiii. 

breydt,  v.  and  n.     See  hraid^.     Chaucer. 

breziline  (bre-zU'in),  «.  [F.  brcMliHc]  Same 
as  hra:iHn. 

brian  (bri'an),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  for 
'brine,  <  brine,  orig.  a  burning.  Cf.  brin^,  var. 
of  feHDil.]  To  keep  fire  at  the  mouth  of  (an 
oven),  either  to  give  light  or  preserve  the  heat. 
[North.  Eng.] 

briar,  briary,  etc.    See  brier,  hricrji,  etc. 

briaroot  (bri  iir-bot),  «.  [<  briar,  brier.  +  (ap- 
par. )  /)()/,  a  var.  of  but'^.]  A  local  Irish  name 
of  the  fish  called  the  angler.  Several  brier-like 
protuberances  arm  the  head. 


Briarean 

Briarean  (bri-a're-an),  a.  [<  LL.  liriareius, 
ptitaiiiiiig  to  tlip  jriiiiit  Briareus,  <  Gr.  Mpiapeic, 
older  (Homeric)  form  \ii)iapfui,<.  jSpiapdi:,  strong.] 
Pertaiuing  to  or  resembling  Briareus,  a  giant 
of  Grecian  mythology  fabled  to  liave  a  hun- 
dred hands;  licnce,  having  or  seeming  to  have 
many  hands;  reaching  or  grasping  in  many 
ilirci'tious. 

Briareidse  (bri-a-re'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bria- 
riuiH  +  -i(/rt'.]  A  family  of  aleyonariaus,  of  the 
order  Gorgoniacew,  ha\nng  an  internal  skeleton 
of  calcareous  spicules,  but  no  homy  axis. 

Briareum  (bri-il're-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  LL.  Bria- 
rciun,  pertaining  to  Briareus:  see  Briarean. ~i 
The  tj-pieal  genus  of  alcyonarians  of  the  family 
BriarchUe. 

Briaridae  (bri-ar'i-de),  n.pl.  Same  as  Briareidw. 

bribable  (bri'ba-bl),  «.  [<brihe+ -able]  Ca- 
pable of  being  bribed ;  liable  to  be  bribed :  as, 
a  bribable  class  of  electors. 

M't-ndell  had  desij^ated  him  by  implication  as  a  per- 
son hriht'd.  or  bribable.  The  Nation,  Jan.  13,  iSTO. 

bribaget  (bn'baj),  H.  [<  bribe  +  -age.']  Bribery. 
bribe  (bnb),  «.  '  [<  JIE.  bribe,  a  gift,  <  OF.  bribe, 
a  gift,  prop.,  as  in  ML.  briba,  Picard  brife,  a 
piece  of  bread  given  to  a  beggar,  =  Sp.  briba  = 
It.  birba,  vagrancy  (cf.  OF.  brilian,  also  Sp.  bri- 
hon,  It.  birboiie,  birbante,  a  vagrant),  prob.  orig. 
a  piece  broken  off  (cf.  bricki,  briek^),  <  Bret. 
brera  =  W.  briwo,  break,  perhaps  akin  to  E. 
break,  q.  v.]  If.  A  gift  begged ;  a  present. 
This  sompnour  .  .  . 

Kod  forth  to  sompne  a  widew,  an  old  ribibe, 
Feyning  a  cause,  for  he  wolde  han  a  bribe. 

Chamer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  80. 

2.  A  gift  or  gratuity  bestowed  for  the  purpose 
of  influencing  the  action  or  conduct  of  the 
receiver;  especially,  money  or  any  valuable 
consideration  given  or  promised  for  the  be- 
trayal of  a  trust  or  the  corrupt  performance  of 
an  allotted  duty,  as  to  a  fiduciary  agent,  a  judge, 
legislator,  or  other  public  officer,  a  witness,  a 
voter,  etc. 

She  did  corrupt  frail  nature  with  some  bribe, 
To  shrink  mine  arm  up  liice  a  wither'd  shrub. 

Shak.,  s  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 
He  that  took  the  silver  basin  and  ewer  for  a  bribe, 
thinketh  that  it  will  never  come  out. 

Latimer,  2d  .Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 
His  horse  was  a  bribe,  and  his  boots  a  bribe;  and  told 
us  he  was  made  up  of  bribes,  as  an  Oxford  scholar  is  set 
out  with  other  men's  goods,  when  he  goes  out  of  to\vn, 
and  that  he  makes  every  sort  of  tradesman  to  bribe  him  ; 
and  invited  me  home  to  his  house,  to  taste  of  his  bribe 
wine.  Peiiya,  Diary,  III.  211. 

3.  Anj-thing  that  seduces:  as,  the  bribes  offered 
by  glory  or  power. 

bribe  (brib),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bribed,  ppr.  brib- 
iiKj.     [<  ME.  briben,  only  in  the  sense  of  'steal,' 

<  OF.  briber  =  Sp.  bribar,  beg,  go  about  beg- 
ging; from  the  noun:  see  bribe,  «.]  I.  trans. 
It.  To  steal. 

For  ther  is  no  thef  without  a  louke, 
That  helpeth  him  to  wast«n  and  to  souke 
Of  that  he  briben  can  or  borwe  may. 

Chaucer,  Cook's  Tale,  L  53. 
I  Imbe,  I  pull,  I  pyU.  Palsgrave. 

Divide  me  like  a  brib'd  buck,  each  a  haunch. 

Shak.,  SI.  W.  of  W.,  V.  5  (fol.  1623). 

[Most  modem  editions  read  here  bribe.] 
2.  To  give  or  promise  a  reward  or  considera- 
tion to  for  acting  contrary  to  desire  or  duty; 
induce  to  a  certain  course  of  action  by  the  gift 
or  offer  of  something  of  value ;  gain  over  or 
corrupt  by  a  bribe. 

How  pow'rful  are  chaste  vows  !  the  wind  and  tide 

You  bribed  to  combat  on  the  English  side.       Dryden. 

No,  sir,  take  your  pitiful  present,  and  know  that  I  am 

not  to  be  bribed  to  screen  your  villanies  by  influence  and 

corruption.  Sheridan,  The  Camp,  i.  1. 

Bribed  with  large  promises  the  men  who  served 

About  my  person.  Tenmjaon,  Geraint. 

n.  intrans.    If.   To  steal.— 2.  To  practise 
bribery;  give  a  bribe  to  a  person. 

An  attempt  to  bribe,  though  unsuccessful,  has  been 
holden  to  be  criminal,  and  the  defender  may  be  indicted. 

Bou  pier. 

bribee  (bri-be'),  «.     [<  bribe  +  -eel-.]     One  who 

receives  or  agrees  to  receive  a  bribe.     [Bare.] 

brlbeless  (l)rib'les),  a.     [<  bribe  +  -less.]    lu- 

capal)le   of  being  bribed;  not  to  be  bribed. 

[Rare.] 

Conscience  is  a  most  bribetess  worker,  it  never  knows 
how  Ut  make  a  false  report. 

Bp.  KeiimM.-:,  On  the  Passions,  p.  534  (Ord  MS.). 

bribe-pander  (Imb'pan'dtr),  »i.     Onewhopro- 

cuics  Ijribcs.     Burke. 
briber  (bri'bcr),  «.     [In  sense  1,  <  ME.  bribour, 

<  OF.  bribeur.  a  thief.  In  sense  2,  directly  < 
bribe,  v.,  +  -crl.]     If.  A  thief;  a  robber. 


078 

Who  savcth  a  thefe  whan  the  rope  is  knet. 
With  some  false  tunie  the  bribour  will  him  quite. 

Lijdiiale,  Trag.,  1.  162. 

2.  One  who  bribes ;  one  who  gives  or  offers  a 
bribe ;  one  who  endeavors  to  influence  or  cor- 
rupt another  by  a  bribe. 

Nor  can  I  ever  believe  tliat  he  that  is  a  briber  shall  he 
a  g'lud  justice.  Latimer,  2d  .Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI,,  1550. 

briberoust  (bri'btr-us),  a.  [<  briber  +  -ous.] 
Pertaining  to  Ijribery. 

bribery  (bri'ber-i),  «.  [<  ME.  briberic,  bribri/e, 
<  OF.  briberie,  theft,  robbery:  see  bribe  and 
-ery.]   If.  Theft;  robbery;  extortion;  rapacity. 

Fy  on  thee  fundlyng. 
Thou  lyfes  bot  bi  brybre. 

Townetey  Mysteries,  p.  194. 

Ye  make  clean  the  utter  side  of  the  cup  and  of  the  plat- 
ter; but  within  they  are  full  of  bribery. 

Gem'va  Bible,  Mat.  xxiii.  25. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  giving  or  taking  a 
bribe,  or  of  influencing  or  being  influenced  by 
a  bribe  or  bribes ;  especially,  the  act  of  paying 
or  recei\'ing,  or  of  agreeing  to  pay  or  receive, 
a  reward  other  than  legal  compensation  for  the 
exercise  of  official  or  delegated  power  irrespec- 
tive of  the  dictates  of  duty,  or  for  a  false  judg- 
ment or  testimony,  or  for  the  performance  of 
that  which  is  known  to  be  illegal  or  unjust. 

Bribery  is  a  princely  kind  of  thieving. 

Latimer,  3d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

Judicial  bribery,  the  bribing  of  a  judge,  magistrate,  or 
any  person  concerned  judicially  in  the  administration  of 
justice.  It  is  the  receiving  or  offering  uf  any  undue  reward 
by  or  to  any  person  whose  ordinary  profession  or  business 
relates  to  the  administration  of  public  justice  in  order 
to  influence  his  behavior  in  office,  and  incline  him  to 
act  contrary  to  the  known  rules  of  honesty  and  integrity. 
Grt.  id'?af. 

bribery-oath  (bri'ber-i-6th),  n.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, an  oath  which  may  be  administered  to  a 
voter  at  a  parliamentary  election,  if  the  poll- 
ing sheriff  see  cause,  certlfi,Tiig  that  he  has 
not  received  a  bribe  for  his  vote. 

bric-^-brac  (brik'a-brak),  «.  [F.,  of  uncer- 
tain origin  ;  according  to  Littrl,  based  on  the 
phrase  de  brie  et  de  broc,  by  hook  or  by  crook: 
OF.  de,  from;  brie,  a  cage  or  trap  for  birds 
(whence  the  phrase  prendre  an  brie  (or  brit), 
to  take  at  advantage);  et,  and;  broc,  a  jug, 
flagon,  tankard,  pot.  According  to  others, 
a  varied  reduplication  of  *brac,  <  MD.  brack- 
goed,  damaged  goods,  waste:  see  brack^.  For 
the  reduplication,  cf.  the  equiv.  E.  tenn  knick- 
knacks.]  Objects  having  a  certain  interest 
or  value  from  their  rarity,  antiquity,  or  the 
like,  as  old  furniture,  plate,  china,  and  curios- 
ities; articles  of  -^-irtu;  ornaments  which  may 
be  pretty  or  curious,  but  have  no  intrinsic  claim 
to  rank  as  serious  works  of  art.  The  term  is 
often  used  ■with  a  sense  of  depreciation. 

Two  things  only  jarred  on  liis  eye  in  his  huiTied  glance 
round  the  room ;  there  was  too  much  bnc-d-brac,  and  too 
many  flowers.  H.  Eiwisley,  Uavenshoe,  x.xxi. 

brichet  (bresh),  71.  [OF.  (ML.  brica) :  see  bri- 
Cdle.]     Same  as  bricole,  1. 

brichettet  (bri-shef),  «.  A  collective  name 
for  armor  for  the  hips  and  thighs.     Planche. 

brickl  (brik),  H.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc,  <  ME.  brike, 
bryke,  unassibilated  form  of  *bryche,  brnche,  < 
AS.  brice,  bryce,  a  breach,  break,  fi'acture,  a 
piece,  fragment:  see  hreck  and  breach,  of  which 
brick^  is  a  dial,  variant:  see  also  brack^.  Cf. 
brick^.]     1.  A  breach.    Jamieson.    [Scotch.] — 

2.  A  rent  or  flaw.     Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — 

3.  A  portion  of  land  (apparently  the  same  as 
breck,  4).     Jamieson,     [Scotch.] 

brickl  (brik),  !•.  t.  [E.  dial.,  var.  of  break;  cf. 
Iiriek'^,  n.]     To  break  by  pulling  back. 

brick^  (brik),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bricke,  brique;  <  ME.  bryke,  later  brique,  after 
OF.  brique,  a  brick,  a  plate,  leaf  or  wedge  of 
metal,  mod.  F.  brique  (cf.  mod.  It.  bricco,  Ir. 
Gael,  bi-ice,  <  E.),  a  brick;  appar.  <  MD.  (Flem.) 
bricke,  brijke,  a  tile,  brick,  bricke,  a  disk,  plate, 
=  MLG.  bricke,  a  disk,  plate,  piece  in  checkers, 
chess,  or  backgammon,  name  of  a  game  played 
on  ice,  =  G.  bricke,  a  small  board,  a  round  wood- 
en plate,  =  Sw.  bricka,  a  piece  m  checkers,  etc., 
=  ODan.  bricke,  hrikke,  Dan.  brik,  brikke,  a  wood- 
en plate,  a  blank  (coin),  a  piece  in  checkers, 
etc. ;  cf.  ODan.  "brik,  partition,  in  comp.  briks- 
dor,  the  door  between  the  choir  and  the  body  of 
a  church  (dor  =  E.  door).  =  Norw.  brik  (brik),  a 
short  table  or  bench  near  the  door  or  fireplace,  a 
bar,  railing,  low  wall  or  partition  of  boards,  = 
Iccl.  brik.  a  low  wall  or  partition  of  boards,  a 
square  taiilet,  a  tablet  or  panel  in  a  bedstead, 
etc.  The  F.  brique,  a  brick,  is  usually  explained 
as  a  particular  use  of  OF,  and  F.  dial,  brique,  a 


brick 

piece,  fragment,  this  bein;.'  n  f.  rred  to  the  AS. 
brice,  bryce,  a  piece,  fragtiifut  (cf.  F.  dial. 
brique  du  pain,  equiv.  to  AS.  hidj'es  brice,  a 
piece  of  bread);  but  neither  of  the  two  Teut. 
forms,  Icel.  brik  (with  long  vowel),  a  tablet, 
etc.,  JLD.  brijke  (with  long  vowel),  MD.  MLG. 
bricke  (with  short  vowel),  a  brick,  tile,  plate, 
etc.,  agrees  in  sense  or  form  with  the  AS.  brice, 
bryce,  a  piece,  fragment,  and  its  cognates,  nor 
can  either  be  brought  into  connection  with  the 
primitive  verb  of  the  latter  (Icel.  breka  =  MD. 
MLG.  breken  =  AS.  brecan,  E.  break),  except 
perhaps  through  the  medium  of  the  OF.  But 
the  sense  of  '  brick,'  which  does  not  belong  to 
the  AS.,  G.,  and  Scand.  forms,  is  a  derived  one; 
cf.  the  explanatory  svnonyms  brickstone,  brick- 
tile.  The  MD.  and  MLG.  cognates  of  the  AS. 
brice,  bryce  (E.  breach,  dial,  brickl,  breck,  q.  v.) 
are  different:  see  breach.  Cf.  MLG.  bricke, 
LG.  prikke  =  MD.  prick,  D.  prik  =  late  MHG. 
2)ryeckc,  jiryckc,  G.  bricke,  jiricke  =  ODan.  bricke, 
a  lamprey;  appar.  a  different  word.]  I.  n.  1. 
A  kind  of  artificial  stone  made  (usually)  of 
moistened  and  finely  kneaded  clay  molded  into 
rectangular  blocks  (the  length  of  which  is  com- 
monly twice  the  breadth),  and  hardened  by  be- 
ing burned  in  a  kiln,  or  sometimes,  especially 
In  warm  countries,  by  bemg  dried  in  the  sun. 
Sim-dried  Ijriclcs  are  usually  now,  as  in  remote  antiquity, 
mixed  with  chopped  straw  to  give  them  greater  tenacity. 
(See  adobe.)  Bricks  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  are 
generally  red  (see  brick-clay),  but  some  clays  produce  yel- 
lowish bricks,  as  for  example  the  Milwaukee  brick  much 
used  as  an  ornamental  building  material  in  the  Vnited 
States.  The  briciis  made  in  China  and  Japan  are  invaria- 
bly of  a  slaty-blue  color.  [Brick  is  used  in  the  singular 
collectively  for  bricks  in  the  mass  or  as  a  material  ] 

Also,  that  no  chjnnneys  of  Tj'mber  be  sutfred,  ne  thacch- 
ed  houses  w'yn  the  Cyte,  but  that  the  o^Miers  do  hem  awey, 
and  make  them  chymneys  of  Stone  or  Bryke  by  mydsomer 
day  next  commjiige,  and  tyle  the  thacched  houses  by  the 
seid  day,  in  peyn  of  lesynge  of  a  noble. 

Ordituxnccs  of  Worcester  (1467),  in  Eng.  Gilds,  p.  386. 

2.  A  mass  or  object  resembling  a  brick :  as,  a 
brick  of  tea;  a  silver  brick.  Specifically — 3. 
A  loaf  of  bread.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 4.  In  l(er.,  a 
charge  simOar  to  a  billet,  but  depicted  so  as  to 
show  the  thickness,  that  is,  in  perspective. — 
Bath  brick,  a  substance  used  for  polishing  or  cleaning 
metallic  utensils,  consisting  of  the  fine  silicious  sand  de- 
posited in  the  river  Parret,  in  Somersetshire,  England, 
of  which  Bath  is  the  capital.  This  material  is  made  into 
bricks  at  Bridgewater,  and  is  extensively  used  in  both 
England  and  America. — Blue  brick,  brick  with  a  Itlue  sur- 
face obtained  in  l)urning.  Tliey  contain  iron  and  lime,  are 
exceediiiL'ly  hard,  and  highly  esteemed  for  durability. — 
Bristol  briclCj  a  name  by  which  Eatli  brick  is  sometimes 
kii"wn  in  the  I  nited  States. —  Carving-brick.  Same  as 
cutlery-brick. —  COncave  briCk,  a  brick  ils^d  in  making 
arches  or  curves ;  a  ctnujtass-brick.  —  Dutch  bricks,  1 'ricks 
of  a  dirty  brimstone-color,  used  for  inw  iir^  \  ai.i.--,  stables, 
etc. — Feather-edged  brick,  a  brick  <-i  a  prismatic  form 
used  for  ar.hfs,  \aults,  etc.— Flanders  bncl£,a  soft  biick 
used  fur  I  IcaniiiL'  knivc-s,  and  fi.r  similar  pm-poses.  The 
name  is  little  if  at  all  used  in  the  United  States. — Flemish 
brick,  a  si>Lcies  of  hard  yellow  brick  used  for  paving. — 
Floating  brtcks,  bricks  made  of  light  silicious  earth 
called  fos^-il  meal,  capable  of  floating  on  water,  and  also 
remarkable  for  their  infusibility  and  as  non-conductors  of 
heat.  They  were  made  by  the  ancients,  and  the  process 
was  rediscovered  in  Italy  in  1791.  Powder-magazines 
have  been  experimentally  made  of  them  with  success. — 
Gaged  brick,  a  brick  n^de  in  the  shape  of  a  wedge,  to 
conform  to  the  radius  of  the  sofiit  of  an  arch. —  Green 
brick,  a  l>rick  not  yet  burned;  unfinished  brick. —  Hol- 
low brick,  a  brick  made  with  perforations  through  it  for 
heating  or  ventilating  purposes,  or  to  [irt-vent  moisture 
from  penetrating  a  wall. — Place-brick,  cnmion  rough 
brick,  for  walks,  cellars,  etc. — Pressed  brick,  brick  which 
has  been  pressed  in  a  machine  or  clamp,  and  is  thus  more 
compact  and  smoother  than  ordinarv-  brick.  It  is  used  for 
fronts  and  the  finest  work.  — Salmon  brick,  a  light,  soft 
brick,  of  inferior  quality,  and  of  a  light  saffron  color,  due 
to  incomplete  burning. —  Stone  brick,  a  very  hard  kind  of 
brick  made  at  Neath,  in  Walts,  much  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  furnaces,  from  its  power  of  resisting  heat. — To 
have  a  brick  in  one's  hat,  to  be  intoxicated.  (Colloq.J 
— Washed  brick,  a  brick  that  has  been  exposed  to  the 
rain  before  being  burned,  and  hence  of  inferior  grade. 

H.  a.  Made  of  brick;  resembling  brick :  as, 
a  brick  wall ;  a  brick-red  color. 
brick2  (brik),  V.  t.     [<  brick'^,  «.]     1.  To  lay  or 
pave  «ith  bricks,  or  to  surroimd,  close,  or  wall 
in  with  bricks. 

A  narrow  street,  closely  bricked  in  on  all  sides  like  a 
tomb.  Diekeiis. 

2.  To  build  in  with  bricks ;  place  in  brickwork. 

Brick  me  into  that  wall  there  for  a  chimney-piece, 
And  say  I  was  one  o'  the  Cajsars,  done  by  a  seal-cutter. 
Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  iv.  3. 

3.  To  give  the  appearance  of  brick  to:  said  of 
a  plastered  wall  when  it  is  smeared  with  red 
ocher  and  joints  are  made  In  it  -with  an  edge- 
tool,  and  then  filled 'svith  fine  plaster  to  resem- 
ble brickwork. 

brick-' (l)rik).  «.  [The  origin  is  uncertain.  Usu- 
ally referred  to  brick-,  various  stories  being  in- 
vented in  explanation.    According  to  one  ac- 


brick 

count,  the  pxpressioii  arose  in  the  English  uni- 
versities  as  a  humorous  translation   of  Aris- 
totle's TeTfxquvoc  111"//),  a  perfect  (lit.  'square' 
or  rectanpilar)  man :  see  tctrayon  and  S(/«are.] 
A  good  fellow,  iu  an  emphatic  sense :  a  term  of 
admiration  bestowed  on  one  who  on  occasion 
or  habitually  shows  in  a  modest  way  gi'oat  or 
unexpected  courage,   kindness,  or  thou^htful- 
ness,  or  otlier  admirable  qualities.     [Colloq.] 
"In  liiiuf  I  iliin't  stick  to  (leclnrc  Father  Dick, 
So  they  calleii  liiin  for  short,  was  a  regular  brick; 
A  inetapltor  taken,  I  liavc  not  tlie  paKe  aright, 
Out  of  an  ethical  work  iiy  tile  Stagyrite'." 
Barham,  IiiKolilsliy  Leaeiuls,  Brothers  of  Birchington. 
.School-fellows  of  Heriot'»  Hospital,  like  bricks  ul  boys, 
supplied  him  with  food  for  six  weeks. 

The  Century,  XXVU.  :):U. 

brick-ax  (brik'aks),  n.  A  two-edged  ax  used 
in  shaping;  bricks. 

brick-barrow  (brik'bar'o),  «.  Iu  hrichnakiiKi. 
a  wheelbarrow  used  for  carrj'ing  bricks,  dit'- 
fering  from  the  ordinary  form  in  having  the 
wheel  in  the  middle,  the  bricks  being  piled 
upon  slats  ninning  lengthwise  at  each  side. 

brickbat  (brik'bat),  n.     A  piece  or  fragment  of 

a  brick  ;  especially,  a  piece  of  a  brick  used  as 

a  missile.  See  bun,  8.- Brickbat  cheese.  .See 
chei'Kf  1 . 

brickbat  (brik'bat),  r.  1.\  pret.  aiul  pp.  brivk- 
bdtkd,  ppr.  briclbaitiiifi.  To  assail  with  pieces 
of  brick:  as,  the  mob  brickbattcd  the  police. 

brick-built  (brik'bilt),  o.  Built  with  brick:  as, 
"tlie  lirirk-bidlt  town,"  Drijdcn. 

brick-clamp  (brik'klamp),  n.  A  stack  of  bricks 
in  order  for  burning.     E.  H,  Knight. 

brick-clay  (brik'kla),  n.  Clay  used  or  suitable 
for  making  bricks  and  tiles ;  a  tolerably  pure 
silicate  of  alumina,  combined  with  various  pro- 
portions of  sand,  and  with  not  Tuore  than  2  per 
cent,  of  lime  and  other  alkaline  earths.  The 
red  color  of  common  bricks  depends  on  the 
presence  of  a  little  iron  peroxid. 

brick-dust  (brik'dust),  H.  Dust  from  disinte- 
grated bricks;  specifically,  the  dust  of  pounded 
Bath  brick  (which  see,  under  brick",  ».),  or  the 
earth  from  which  Bath  brick  is  made. 

brick-earth  (brik'erth),  u.  Any  kind  of  ma- 
terial which  is  suitable  for  making  bricks,  or 
which,  with  or  witliout  the  addition  of  other 
materials,  can  be  used  for  that  purpose,  in  ami 
near  London  the  alluvial  deposits  resting-  upon  the  Lon- 
don clay  are  known  as  brick-earth,  and  they  may  be  de- 
scribed as  beiUK  a  sandy  loam,  passing  by  line  gradations 
into  clay  or  marl.  Xear  London  that  kind  of  earth  which 
without  any  additi.)n  makes  the  best  kind  of  brick  is 
called  by  the  brickioakers  malm  ;  it  is  a  clayey  material, 
containinj;  a  lonsiderahle  quantity  of  chalk  in  fine  parti- 
cles. In  tile  United  States  the  material  used  for  making 
bricks  is  almost  always  called  brick-clay,  or  simply  clay. 

The  collection  of  Sir  Antonio  Brady  contains  portions 
of  no  fewer  than  a  hnndred  elephants,  all  collected  from 
the  brick-earth  of  Ilfnrd.       Huxley,  Physiography,  p.  284. 

brickenl  (brik'u),  r.  t.  [Appar.  <  bricki  + 
-c»  1 .  ]  To  hold  (the  head)  up  and  back ;  bridle. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

bricken-  (brik'n),  a.  [<  brick^  +  -en^.l  Made 
of  brick.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brick-field  (brik'feld),  n.  A  field  or  yard  where 
bricks  are  made. 

brickfielder  (brik'fel'der),  «.  [Appar.  in  allu- 
sion to  the  heat  of  a  brick-field.]  A  hot  north 
wind  prevalent  in  southern  Australia.  [Local 
slang.] 

bricking  (brik'ing),  It.  [<  brick"  +  -iw.ryl.]  1. 
Brickwork. —  2.  An  imitation  of  brickwork 
made  on  a  plastered  surface. 

brick-kiln  (brik'kil),  h.  A  kiln  or  furnace  in 
which  bricks  are  baked  or  burned ;  also,  a  pile 
of  bricks  for  biu'ning,  laid  loose,  with  arches 
underneath  to  receive  the  fuel. 

bricklayer  (brik'hi'er),  h.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  build  with  bricks Bricklayers' itch, 

a  species  of  eczema  produced  on  the  hands  of  bricklayers 
by  the  contact  of  lime. 

bricklaying  (brik'la'ing),  n.  The  art  of  build- 
ing with  bricks,  or  of  uniting  them  by  cement 
or  mortar  in  various  forms;  the  art  or  occupa- 
tion of  laying  bricks. 

brickie  (bVik'l).  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brikic, 
and  tlial.  brocklt;  brucklc ;  <  ME.  brckil,  bnikcl, 
brokvl,  also  bnichcl,  Sc.  brokijll,  briikyl,  etc., 
appar.  <  AS.  "brecol,  'bryccl  (=  MD.  brokel  = 
MLG.  brokel:  cf.  V).  brokkcli,/,  G.  brikklig),  with 
suffix  -ol,  -cl,  forming  ad.teetives  from  verbs, 
<  brccatt  (pp.  brnccii),  break:  see  break.  Now 
superseded  by  the  equiv.  but  etymologically 
diff.  brittle,  q.  v.]  Brittle ;  easUy  broken. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

But  th'  Altare,  on  the  which  this  Image  staid, 
Was,  O  great  pity  !  built  of  brickie  clay. 

Spenaer,  Kuines  of  Time,  1.  499. 


679 

The  purest  Klassc  is  the  most  ftnVA-^,  .  .  .  and  the  (piiek- 
est  wit  tlie  more  easily  woone  to  folly. 

ijreene,  liepentance.  To  the  Header. 

brickleness  (brik'l-nes),  w.  Brittleness.  [Ob- 
solete or  prov.  Eng.] 

bricklow  (brik'16),  II.  [Appar.  of  native  ori- 
gin. J     A  species  of  acacia,  native  in  Australia. 

brick-machine  (brik'ma-shen"),  «.  An  apj>a- 
ratus  for  molding  bricks.  Some  brick-machines 
use  wet  clay  from  a  pug-mill,  (fthers  dry  clay.  In  the  for- 
mer the  clay  is  discharged  from  tlu-  pug-unll  in  a  solid 
stream,  which  is  cut  by  the  brick-nuieliine  into  brick- 
shaped  pieces ;  in  the  latter  the  dry  clay  is  delivered  to 
molds  placed  on  a  horizontal  revolving  table,  while  pis- 
tons press  the  clay  into  them,  and  then  eject  the  inohled 
brick.     .Also  called  l/rick-prens. 

brickmaker  (brik'raa''k6r),Ji.  One  who  makes 
bricks,  or  whose  occupation  is  to  make  bricks. 

brickmaking  (brik'ma"king),  n.  The  art  of 
making  liricks. 

brick-mason  (brik'ma"sn),  n.     A  bricklayer. 

bricknog  (lirik'nog),  a.  Composed  of  timber 
framing  filled  in  with  brickwork :  a.s,  a,  bricknog 
partition. 

bricknogging  (brik'nog-ing),  n.  Brickwork  car- 
ried up  as  a  filling  in  timber  framing. 

brick-press  (brik'pres),  ».  Same  as  brick-inn- 
eliiiir. 

brickstone  (brik'ston),  ».  A  brick.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

brick-tea  (brik'te>,  h.  A  kind  of  tea  formed  by 
softening  the  larger  leaves  and  refuse  twigs  and 
dust  of  the  tea-plant  with  steam  or  boiling 
water  and  molding  them  into  a  brick-shaped 
mass.  In  this  form  it  is  extensively  sent  overland  from 
China  to  Russia.  It  is  consumed  largely  in  Siberia  and 
MMiiiidlia.  where  it  -serves  also  as  a  medium  of  exchange. 

brick-tile  (brik'til),  n.    A  brick.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

brick-trimmer  (brik'trim"er),  n.  In  arcli.,  a 
brick  arch  abutting  against  the  wooden  trimmer 
in  front  of  a  fireplace,  as  a  safeguard  against  fire. 

brickwallt,  ».  [An  accom.  form  of  bricoil,  bri- 
c-o?r.]     Same  as  bricole,  'i. 

brickwise  (brik'nis),  a.  and  adv.  Arranged  like 
bricks  in  a  wall ;  with  the  ends  in  each  row  over 
the  middle  parts  of  the  row  below. 

brickwork  (brik'werk),  «.  Work  done  or  con- 
structed with  bricks  ;  bricklayers'  work. 

bricky  (brik'i),  a.  [<  brick"-  +  -i/l.]  1.  Full  of 
bricks,  or  formed  of  brick.— 2.  Of  the  color  of 
common  brick:  as,  a  brickij  red. 

brick-yard  (brik'yiird),  «.  A  place  where 
bricks  are  made. 

bricoilt,  «.     Same  as  bricole,  3. 

bricole  (bri-kol'),  «.  [In  sense  3,  also  formerly 
brickol,  bricoil,  and  by  popular  etym.  brickicall; 
<  V.  bricole,  also  bricollc,  mod.  F.  bricole,  back- 
stroke, toils,  breast-band,  strap,  =  It.  briccola  = 
Sp.  brigola  (ML.  bricohi ;  ef.  ML.  brica,  OF. 
bridle),  a  catapult,  perhaps  <  MHCt.  brcchcl,  a 
hreaker,  <.  brechcu  =  E.  break.}  If.  A  military 
engine  for  throwing  darts  or  quarrels;  a  kind 
ofcatapiUt.  Also  6cic/(f . — 2.  Harness  worn  by 
men  who  have  loads  to  carry  or  to  drag. —  3t. 
A  side-stroke  at  tennis. 

brid't,  "•     -An  obsolete  form  of  bird^. 

brid'-'t,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  bride. 

bridal  (bri'dal),  n.  and  a.  [Formerly  also 
bridaU;  prop.,  as  in  early  mod.  E.,  bridalc, 
bride-ale,  <  ME.  bridalc,  briidale,  <  AS.  brydealo 
(also  br^d-ealoth,  dat.),  bridal,  Ut.  bride-ale, 
i.  e.,  bride-feast,  <  bryd,  bride,  -I-  ealo  (gen. 
and  dat.  euloth),  ale,  in  eomp.  a  feast:  see  ale. 
Cf.  church-ale,  chrk-alc,  etc.  In  mod.  use  the 
terminal  element  has  been  assimilated  to  the 
suffix  -al,  and  the  word  accordingly  used  also 
as  an  adj.,  like  mqitittl,ete.']  I.  n.  If.  A  feast 
at  a  marriage  ;  a  wedding-feast. 

We  see  no  ensigns  of  a  wedding  here ;  no  character  of 
a  Ijride-ale :  where  be  our  scarves  and  our  gloves? 

B.  JoHKon,  Epiciene,  iii.  2. 
2.  A  marriage ;  nuptials. 

Did  her  honor  as  the  Prince's  bride. 
And  clothed  her  for  her  bridatu  like  the  sun. 

TennynOH,  Geraint. 
Sweet  day,  so  cool,  so  calm,  so  bright. 
The  bridal  of  the  earth  and  sky. 

a.  Herbert,  Virtue. 
II.  a.  Belonging  to  a  bride  or  to  a  wedding: 
as,  a  bridal  wreath. 

Come,  I  will  bring  thee  to  thy  bridal  chamber. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

bridaltyt  (bri'dal-ti),  H.  {_<bridal+ -ty.'i  Cele- 
bration of  a  nuptial  feast. 

At  Quintain  he, 
In  honour  of  this  bridaltee, 
llatll  challenged  either  wide  countee. 

}i.  ./iiit--iim.  Love's  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 

bridal-wreath  (bn'dal-reth),  H.  1.  The  com- 
mon name  of  a  cultivated  species  of  Spireea, 


bridegroom 

S.  hypericifolia,  with  long  recurved  branches 
and  numerous  small  white  double  flowers  in  the 
a.\ils  of  the  leaves. — 2.  The  Francoa  ramosa, 
a  somewhat  shiubby  saxifragaceous  plant  of 
Chili,  with  long  crowded  racemes  of  white 
Howers.  It  is  cultivated  in  England. 
bridel  (bind),  «.  [<  ME.  bride,  bryde,  brude, 
noni.  prop,  without  the  final  e,  brid,'bryd,  brud, 
often  transposed  bird,  burd,  etc.  {see  bir(P),  a 
bride,  a  young  lady,  <  AS.  bryd,  a  bride,  =  OS. 
brud  =  OFries.  breid  =  MU.  brud,  D.  bruid  = 
MLG.  brill,  LG.  brud  =  OUG.  MHG.  brut,  G. 
brant,  bride  (i.  e.,  betrothed  woman),  =  Icel. 
brudhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  brud,  a  bride,  =  Goth,  bruths, 
daughter-in-law  (>  ult.  F.  bru,  earlier  bruy, 
'brut,  ML.  brut,  brulit,  daughter-in-law),  cf. 
comp.  brnth-fath.-i,  bridegroom  (see  bridegroom) ; 
root  unknown.]  1.  A  woman  newly  married, 
or  about  to  be  married. 

He,  only  he,  can  tell,  who,  match'd  like  me,  .  .  . 

HiLs  by  his  own  experience  tried, 

IIow  much  the  wife  is  dearer  than  the  bride. 

Lord  Li/ttellttii,  An  Irregular  Ode. 

2.  A  name  of  the  American  wood  or  summer 
duck,  .lix  .sponsa.     Coue.i. 
bride't  (brid),  v.      [<  bride^,  «.]      I.  trans.  To 
make  a  bride  of ;  marry.     [Rare.] 

I  knew  a  man 
Of  eighty  winters,  this  I  told  them,  who 
A  lass  of  fourteen  brided. 
Fletcher  {and  another).  Two  Xoble  Kinsmen,  v.  2. 

II.  intraiis.  (with  indefinite  if).  To  act  like 
a  bride ;  assume  the  air  of  a  bride. 

Maidens  commonly  now  a  dayes  are  no  sooner  borne, 

but  they  beginne  to  bride  it. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  83. 

bride^  (brid),  n.  [<  ME.  bride,  a  bridle,  <  OF. 
F.  briile,  a  bridle,  string,  strap,  button-loop, 
etc.,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  brida,  a  bridle:  see  bridle.\ 
It.  A  bridle. 

Theo  lady  .  .  .  .syngeth  of  Dydo  and  Enyas, 
How  love  heom  lailde  by  strong  Imde. 

Kiiuj  Alixaunder,  1.  7625. 

2.  In  needlework,  laeemaking,  etc.,  a  loop,  link, 
or  tie. 

bride-alet  (brid'al),  h.  An  old  and  etymologi- 
cal form  of  bridal. 

bride-bed  (bnd'bed),  n.  [<  ME.  (not  found),  < 
AS.  bryd-bed  =  MLG.  brulbeddc  =  D.  bruidsbed 
z=  MHG.  hriitbette,  G.  brautbell.}  The  marriage- 
bed.    .'<hiik.    [Rare.] 

bride-bowlt  (brid'bol),  «.     Same  as  bride-cup. 

bride-brancht  (brid'branch),  «.  A  sprig  of  rose- 
mary f(jrnierly  carried  at  weddings  as  a  token 
of  remembrance. 

I'd  ride  forty  miles  to  follow  such  a  fellow  to  church  ; 
and  would  make  more  of  a  sprig  of  rosemary  at  his  burial 
than  of  a  gilded  bride-branch  at  mine  own  wedding. 

Middletoii,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  i.  1. 

bride-cake  (brid'kak),  n.  Same  as  wedding- 
cake. 

In  the  Xorth,  slices  of  the  Bride-cake  are  put  through 

the  Wedding  King,  they  are  afterwards  laid  under  Pillows 

at  Night  to  cau.se  young  Persons  to  dream  of  their  Ixjvers. 

J.  lirand,  in  lionrne's  Pop.  Antiq.  (1777),  p.  335. 

bride-chamber  (brld'cham'b^r),  n.  A  nuptial 
apartment. 

Can  the  children  of  the  bridechamber  mourn,  as  long 
as  the  bridegroom  is  with  them  ?  Mat.  ix.  15. 

bride-cupt  (brid'kup),  «.  A  bowl  or  cup  of 
spiced  wine  and  other  ingredients  formerly 
seiwed  with  bride-cake  at  wedding-feasts.  Also 
called  bride-bowl. 

Oct  our  bed  ready,  chamberlain  ; 
Host,  a  bride-cup ;  you  have  rare  conceits. 
And  good  ingredients.        B.  Jonnon,  New  Inn,  v.  1. 

bride-day  (brid'da),  «.  The  marriage-day. 
Scott. 

bridegroom  (brid'grom),  «.  [Early  mod.  E. 
bridegrome  (T_\iidale,  A.  D.  1525),  with  inserted  r 
as  in  the  simple  groom  (q.  v. ) ;  <  ME.  bridegome, 
bridgnme,  bredgome.  brudgume,  <  AS.  brydguma, 
also  brydiguina  (brydi  for  bryde,  gen.  of  bryd)  (= 
OS.  fcrHr/fV/HiHO  =  OFries.  brcidgomaz=D.  bruide- 
gom,  inaV/ow  =  MLG.  bn'idegam,L.G.  briidegam, 
brodcgain,  brogam  =  OHG.  brutigomo,  JIHG. 
briutcgome,  G.  bruutigain  =  Icel.  briidhgumi  = 
Sw.  brudguiii,  -guinme,  =  ODan.  hrudigonime, 
brudgoininc,  Dan.  brudgoin),  lit.  bride's  man,  < 
bryd,  gen.  bryde,  etc.,  bride,  +  guina,  man:  see 
ftr'irffl  and  groom.  Cf.  Goth,  b'rulhfath.^,  bride- 
groom,<  bruths,  daughter-in-law  (bride), -I- /nWis 
=  Gr.  -6ai(  =  Skt.  pati,  husband,  lord:  see 
despot,  potent,  etc.]  1.  A  man  newly  married, 
or  about  to  be  married. 
He  that  hath  the  bride  is  the  bridegroom.  John  iii.  29. 
Those  dulcet  sounds  in  break  of  day 
Tliat  creep  into  the  dreaming  brideijruom'i  ear, 
And  summon  him  to  marriage.     Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  uL  2. 


bridegroom 

2.   [Perhaps  in  iillusioii  to  its  s]iarkliiig  apnoar- 
ance.]     A  local  iiamo  in  BanlTshirp,  Scotland, 
of  the  fteninioiis  drafjonet,  Cullioiiymiix  li/ni. 
bride-houset  (Ijiid'hous),  ».     A  public  hall  for 
celebrating  marriages. 

A  hritle-houKt',  us  wlieii  :i  Imll  or  otluT  Iftrjie  place  is  pro- 
viilt-il  t«i  kt'i'pc  the  I)ri4lnll  in,  Nomenciafor  (15sri). 

bride-knott  (brid'not),  n.  A  breast-kuot;  a 
knot  of  ribbons  worn  by  a  guest  at  a  wedding; 
a  wedding-favor. 

bride-lacet  (bi-id'las),  n.  Fringed  strings  of 
silk,  cotton,  or  worsted,  fonnerly  given  at  a  wed- 
ding to  the  friends  of  the  bride  and  gi'oom  to 
tie  u])  the  roseniary-s])rigs  they  carried  (see 
hriiic-liraiich).  After  the  ceremony  they  were 
twisteil  into  the  hats  or  in  the  hair,  and  worn 
as  streamers. 

Nuscfisiys  and  bnde  laces  in  tliuir  li.its. 

llcijHKtod,  WonuiTi  KiUfil  with  Kindness. 

bridelyt  (brid'li),  o.  [<  brkJcT-  +  -li/i.}  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  bride  ;  nuptial. 

Slio.  iiatiiii;  as  a  iieinous  crime  tlie  Imnd  of  bridelij  bed, 
Did  fuld  aiiuut  lier  fatlier's  necit  with  fawning  arms. 

Golding. 

bridemaid,  ».    See  hrUhsniaid. 

brideman,  «.    See  bridesman. 

bridescake  (bndz'kak),  n.     Bride-cake.     See 

ncdtliiiif-CiiUt'. 
bride's-laces   (l)ridz'la"sez),   «.      An   English 
n;ime  of  the  dodder. 

bridesmaid,  bridemaid  (bridz'-,  brid'mad),  «. 

A  young  girl  or  an  unmarried  woman  who  at- 
tends on  a  bride  at  her  marriage  during  the 
ceremony. 

bridesmaiding  (bridz'ma-ding),  h.  The  state 
of  being  a  bridesmaid.     [Rare.] 

I  II  liide  my  time  fur  hridcutiiaiding.  Trolloj^e. 

bridesman,  brideman  (bridz'-,  brid'man),  «. ; 

pi.  bridcsnieit,  bridciiicn  (-men).  [<  bride's,  poss. 
of  bride''-,  or  bride,  +  man.  Cf.  MLG.  brktman 
=  leel.  brudhmadhr  =  ODan.  brudemand;  cf. 
OF.  bruiiien,  a  fianc^.]  A  man  who  attends 
upon  a  bridegroom  and  bride  at  their  marriage. 
bride's-Staket  (bridz'stak),  «.  [Also  bride- 
stdl.e,  <  liride'^  +  stake :  'witli  reference  to  wed- 
ding festi\ities.]  A  stake  or  post  set  in  the 
ground  to  dance  round,  especially  at  a  wedding. 
B.  .Jniisoii. 
bridewell  (brid'wel),  n.  [So  called  from  a  pal- 
ace built  in  1522  near  St.  Bride's  or  Bridget's 
Well,  in  London,  which  in  1553  was  tui'ned 
into  a  penal  workhouse,  oifieially  called  Bride- 
well Hosjutal.]  A  house  of  correction  for  the 
eontinement  of  vagrants  and  disorderly  per- 
sons. Tile  name  is  nuw  generally  given  to  a  prison  in 
connection  witli  a  police-station,  for  tlie  temporary  deten- 
tion of  those  who  liave  ijeen  arrested  i)y  the  police. 
bridewort  (brid'wert),  n.  Species  of  Spireea, 
S.  Vim  aria  and  -S.  saJici  folia,  named  from  the 
feathery  appearance  of  their  panicles  of  white 
flowers. 
bridgel  (brij),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bredge; 
<  ME.  briejye,  bregge,  hrugge  (unassibilated  brig, 
bnigg,  Se.  brig),  <  AS.  brycg,  lirivg  =  OFries. 
brigge,  bregge  =  D.  brug  =  MLG.  brugge,  LG. 
hriigge  =  OHG.  briicca,  MHG.  brucl-e,  hriiclxe, 
G.  briiel-e,  a  bridge,  =  Icel.  bryggja  =  Sw. 
^fyslOfi  =  Dan.  bri/gge,  a  pier,  landing-stage, 
gangway,  rarely  a  bridge ;  cormected  with  Icel. 
hrii  =  Sw.  bro  =  Dan.  bro,  a  bridge,  a  paved 
way.  Perhaps  akin  to  brow ;  cf .  OBulg.  brtiri, 
a  bridge,  also  brow:  see  brow.l  1-  Any 
structure  which  spans  a  body  of  water,  or  a 
valley,  road,  or  the  like,  and  affords  passage 
or  conveyance.  Bridges  are  made  of  various  mate- 
rials, principally  stone,  iron,  and  wood,  and  in  a  gl-eat 
variety  of  form.s.  In  an  arch-  or  arched  bridge  the  pas- 
sage or  roadway  is  carried  by  an  arch  or  arches,  wliich  are 

supported  by  abut- 
ments or  by  piers. 
Such  bridges  are 
constructed  of 
bricli,  stone,  iron, 
steel,  or  wood. 
Brick  is  seldom 
used  alone,  except 


Panel-tniss  Brid^. 


for  comparatively  small  spans,  and  for  unimportant  work 
when  stone  cann<it  readily  be  obtained.  In  more  impor- 
tant works  it  is  often  combined  witll  stone,  which  is  intro- 
duced to  bind,  to  distrilmte  i)re.ssure,  to  protect  the  more 
exposed  portions,  and  for  architectural  effect.  Stone, 
wherever  it  can  lie  used,  is  the  moat  valuable  material,  on 
account  of  its  mas- 
siveness,  stability 
of  form,  and  resis- 
tance to  the  ele- 
ments ;  but  it  is  in- 


_/lXXXXXXXXXl^ 


Common  Truss  Bridge. 


ferior    to    iron    in 

economy,  facility  of 

construction,  anti  ready  adaptability  U)  various  situations. 

Among  the  Unest  monuments  of  anti(|Uity  are  ranked  the 

remains  of  Roman  arched  stone  bridges.   The  largest  stone 


FinL-tnjss  Uriilge. 


080 

arrh  known  is  that  of  the  )iri<lge  of  tlie  Wafihington 
aqueiliict  over  the  Cabin  John  Creek  (span  220  fiet; 
rise  67.25  feet);  the  next  is  that  over  the  river  iJee  at 
Chester  (span  200 
feet;  rise 42 feet). 
Ihc  first  arclied 
bridge  huilt  of  iron 
was  erected  ovtr 
the  river  Severn, 
in  England,  and 
consists  of  5  parallel  ribs  of  cast-iron,  with  a  span  of  100 
and  a  rise  of  40  feet.  The  Sonthwark  bridge  over  the 
Tliames  at  Ixmdon,  the  central  one  of  the  three  arclies  of 
which  has  a  span  of  240  with  a  rise  of  24  feet,  formerly 
ranked  as  the  largest  iron  arched  bridge ;  but  this  span  has 
since  been  more  tlian  doubled,  as  notably  in  the  bridge  over 

the  Mississippi  at 
St.  Louis,  and  the 
Washington  bridge 
over  the  Harlem 
river  in  New  York 
city.  In  an  arcfied- 
beam  bridije  arched 
beams  in  conipres- 
siuii  constitute  the 
principal  members  and  sustam  the  load.  The  beams  are 
sometimes  built  of  parallel  layers  of  plank.s,  which  are 
made  to  break  joint.  In  the  more  important  constructions 
the  arches  are  often  compound.  They  have  been  enii>loyed 
in  modern  Itridges  of  considerable  magnitude.  An  arched- 
trusH  hriilftc  Is  a  form  in  which  the  compression-member 
is  an  arched  bcum, 
as  in  the  McCallum 
truss.  In  a  beam- 
truss  bridge  the 
load  is  supported 
by  beam-trusses  or 
openwork  beams.   A 


Arched-beam  Bridge. 


McCallum  Arched-truss  Bridge. 


compression-chord  and  a  tension-chord  are  essential,  and 
the  stresses  are  transferred  from  one  to  the  other  on  their 
way  to  the  points  of  support  by  means  of  struts  and  ten- 
sion-bars, which  together  are  called  web-members.  See 
phrases  below  for  other  forms. 

At  Trompyngton,  nat  fer  fro  Cantebrigge, 
Ther  goth  a  brook  and  over  tliat  a  brigge. 

Chaucer,  Keeve'a  Tale,  1.  2. 

2.  The  upper  lino  or  ridge  of  the  nose,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  two  nasal  bones. — 3,  In 
engraviug,  a  board  resting  on  end-cleats,  on 
which  the  engraver  rests  his  hand  in  working. 
In  etching  two  bridges  are  used  :  one  with  low  feet  or 
cleats,  to  serve  for  work  on  the  unbitten  plate  ;  the  other 
with  higher  feet,  to  raise  it  above  the  bordering- wax  after 
it  has  been  applied. 

4.  A  wall,  generally  made  of  fire-brick,  which  is 
built  at  both  ends  of  a  reverberatory  fiu'naee, 
to  a  certain  height,  in  order  to  isolate  the  space 
in  which  the  metallurgical  operation  is  con- 
ducted. The  wall  nearest  the  fireijlace  is  called  tlie  fire- 
bridge; the  other,  at  the  opposite  end,  tht;  jiiie-bridge. 

5.  In  gnu.,  the  two  pieces  of  timber  which  con- 
nect the  two  transoms  of  a  gun-carriage .  [Eng.  ] 
—  6.  In  metal. J  the  platform  or  staging  by 
which  ore,  fuel,  etc.,  are  conveyed  to  the  mouth 
of  a  sraelting-fiu'naee. — 7.  That  part  of  a 
stringed  musical  instrument  over  which  the 
strings  are  stretched,  and  by  which  they  are 
raised  above  the  sounding-board,  in  Ijuw-instru- 
ments,  such  as  the  violin,  the  bridge  is  arched,  in  order 
to  allow  the  bow  to  strike  any  one  string  without  touching 
the  others. 

8.  Nant.^  a  raised  platform  extending  from 
side  to  side  of  a  steamship  above  the  rail,  for- 
ward of  amidships,  for  the  use  and  convenience 
of  the  officer  iu  charge,  it  alfords  him  an  uninter- 
rupted view,  and  is  furnished  with  means  for  communi- 
cating, by  automatic  signals,  with  the  engine-room  and 
the  wheel-house.  Many  large  vessels  have  two  bridges, 
one  forward  of  and  one  abaft  the  mainmast ;  and  it  is 
now  very  common  for  the  bridge  to  be  mailc  in  two  tiers, 
one  above  the  other,  with  often  an  outloi.k-stiitioii  still 

higlierthan  tlie  up- 
per tier.  In  side- 
wheel  steamers  the 
bridge  connects  the 
paddle-ljoxes. 

9.  A  metal  bar 
Sui>ported       at 
one     or     both 
ends  of  a  watch- 
plate,  andform- 
ing  a  bearing  for  a  part  of  the  works. — 10.  The 
balance-rynd  of  a  millstone. — 11.  In  car-buihl- 
ing,  a  timber,  bar,  or  beam  which 
is  supported  at  each  end. — 12.  In 
euchre,  a  position  where  one  side 
has  scored  four  points  and  the 
other  only  one. — 13.  In  elect.,  an 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  re- 
sistance of  a  conductor,  the  ar- 
rangement of  whose  parts  bears 
some   resemblance   to   a  bridge. 
A  common  fonn  is  called  Wheat- 
stonc^s  hridgcj  from  the  inventor. 
See    resistance — Archlvolt    of    a 
bridge.    See  aroA/c*//.— Asses'  bridge. 
See      jionx       attinorum. —  Bottom-road 
bridge,  a  l)ridge  whose  roadway  is  sup- 
ported upon  the  biwer  ehonl  in"  a  truss- 
bridge,  or  at  the  bottom   in  a   tubular 
bridge.     Also  called  through  bridge.     Op- 


Bottom-road  or  Through  Bridge. 
( See  below. ) 


bridge 

posed  to  derk-hriil'/c  <*r  top-road  hridtje.  BoX-girdcr 
bridge.  .Mor.-  coiinni'iily  'idled  tubular  hri.hi.  (which 
sec).— Cantallver  bridge,  a  bridge  in  which  the  span 
is  formed  by  bracket-shaped  lieam-trusses,  extending 
inward  from  their  sumiorts  and  connected  at  the  mid- 
dU;  of  the  span  either  directly  "r  by  an  intermediate  truss 
of  ordinary  construction.  When  piers  are  used  to  support 
the  beam-trusses,  they  are  placed  near  the  center  of  each 
truss,  and  not,  as  in  ordinary  truss -bri<Iges,  at  its  emis. 
The  strains  due  to  a  load  upon  the  span  arc  carried  out- 
ward tiiward  the  en<ls  of  the  bridge  and  beyond  the  piers 
by  bracket-arms  similar  to  those  f<jrming  the  central  span, 
the  extremities  of  which  may  be  secured  to  other  piers  to 
serve  the  twofold  purpose  of  resisting  by  theii-  weight  the 


^^^-.'ii^J 


Cantaltver  Bridge,  Niagara  Falls,  New  York. 

Uplift  caused  by  the  load  when  upon  the  central  span  and 
of  themselves  supporting  vertical  pressure;  or  they  may 
form  part  of  other  spans  similar  to  the  central  one.  This 
fonn  of  bridge  presents  the  great  advantage  of  permitting 
the  construction  of  the  main  span  without  scatftildings  be- 
neath. A  tine  example  is  the  cantalivcr  britige  below  >ii- 
agara  Falls,  built  for  the  Micliig;iii  Ct_utr:d  and  Canada 
Southern  railways.  — Clieck-bridge  of  a  fumace,  a  fire- 
bridge: so  called  because  it  \\;is  miiii.mmiI  to  check  the 
draft.— Coimterpoise  bridge,  a  bascule-bridge  in  which 
counter-wei^'lit-s  lulp  to  raise  the  platform. —  Electric 
bridge,  a  term  aiiplit-tl  to  several  contrivances  for  deter- 
mining the  ri  >ist;iiicf  of  an  electric  circuit,  all  essentially 
identical  witli  W  In  ;it;-tones  bridge  (wluch  see,  under  re- 
mfrtHce).— Floating  bridge.  (<()  A  boat,  raft,  or  pontoon 
bridge.  (6)  A  part  of  a  bruise,  Mipiiorted  by  a  caisson  or 
pontoon,  which  can  swing  into  and  away  from  the  line  of 
roadway,  (c)  Milit.,  a  kind  "i  doiibli-  itridgf,  of  which  the 
upper  member  projects  beyond  the  lower,  and  is  capable 
of  being  moved  forward  by  pulleys:  used  for  carrying 
troops  over  narrow  moats  in  attacking  the  outworks  of  a 
fort.— Flying  bridge,  a  suspension-bridge,  or  a  bridge 
l)uilt  for  tenip'-rary  u^--.  as  a  pontottu  bridge.— Hanging 
bridge,  a  su-ptiisinn  l.rid^'c.  The  term  is  generally  ap- 
plied to  the  more  primitive  fnriiis  ttf  sii-.pi -n^i.in-briilui-. — 
Hoist-bridge.  Same  :is  lijfi'.'i  i.rnh!.',-  Induction- 
bridge.  See  i»rft/c^*07i.— Lattice- bridge,  a  bnd^'t-  in 
which  the  web  between  the  chords  or  the  main  compres- 


Lattice-bridge  (side  elevation). 

a,  roadway ;  A,  sleepers  ;  c,  trans\'erse  beams ;  d,  g;  h,  stringers ; 

e,  lattice-ribs ;  J",  cross-beams. 

sion-  and  tension-membei-s  is  formed  by  lattice-work. — 
Leaf-bridge,  a  hinged  lifting  bridge.— Lifting  bridge,  a 
drauluidL''-'  tlie  sjian  of  which  moves  in  a  vertical  plane 
instead  of  hori/niitally.  Also  called  hoi^t-bn'dge.—  'Pivot- 
bridge,  a  swinging  Ijiidge  balanced  upon  a  pivot.     It  is 


;-^=;fta*?^'r 


Pivot-  or  Swing  tr 


often  formed  by  two  equal  spans,  cnvtrinp  a  channel  on 
each  side  of  the  pi vot-iiier.— Pontoon  bridge,  a  platform 
or  roadway  supported  upon  pontoons,  liridges  of  this 
kind  are  largely  ust_d  in  niilitar>'  opt-ratii-ns,  the  pontoons 
being  formed  of  air-tiL-'ht  bags  I'V  Indlou  metallic  vessels. 
—  Rope  bridge,  a  lianging  laidgc  consisting  of  a  platform 
supported  by  mjus.  m-  fcinii)ly  of  a  rope  eairied  across  the 
stream  or  cIuisth,  ami  suiipiuting  a  basket  or  car  which  is 
drawn  liackwaid  and  for\\ard.  Such  bridges  are  used  in 
mountainous  districts,  csptcially  in  India  and  South  Amer- 
ica, and  are  sonu- times  made  of  sufticient  strength  to  atford 
passage  to  droves  vi  loaded  mules.  The  ropes  are  often 
made  of  plaited  thongs  of  hide,  or  even  of  rushes. — 
Suspension-bridge,  a  roadway  suspended  from  ropes, 
chains,  or  wire  cables,  usually  hung  between  massive  tow- 
ers of  masonry,  and  securely  anchored  at  the  e.vtreniities. 
The  most  notable  of  suspension-bridges  is  that  between 
New  York  and  lirooklj-n,  over  the  East  River.  The  main 
span  is  l,505i  feet  long,  the  altitude  at  the  center  135  feet 
above  mean'high  water,  the  height  of  the  towers  STOj 
feet,  and  the  total  length  5,9S9  feet.  The  roadway  is  sus- 
pended from  four  cables  of  steel  wire,  each  15$  inches  in 


East  River  Suspension-bridge.  New  York. 


bridge 

diameter.  —Through  bridge.  Siimo  as  Ixtttom-road  hridfje: 

opposed  ti)  iii-i-k  Unilif  i.r  to/ifixid  hriiiijr.  Top-rokd 
bridge,  a  I'liii^,'!'  in  wliicli  tln'  roiidwiiy  \a  iijiun  c»r  aliuve 
tin-  tippiv  I  Imrii  i»f  the  truss.  Als<»  cuIUmI  lU-ck-bridije.  - 
Trussed-arch  bridge,  jniiUTlu'ii-lteuinliridfK'i' with  whidi 
a  truss  Ikls  \u\n  c  ■■rnlniK-ii  to  stitfen  <ir  strcii^;thcii  it.^ 
Tubulax-arch  bridge,  a.  bridyu  in  which  tlic  primary 


681 


Tubular-arch  Bridge,  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

supportiiiK  nuunburs  lire  art^lietl  tubes.  —  Tubular  bridge, 
a  bridjjo  forming;,  as  ii  whole,  a  preat  linlli»w  lieaiii.  11  is 
a  box-beiini,  siillieieutly  lar^e  t«  admit  of  tht*  iKussage  of 
vehieles  tlirongh  it.  Tlie  tlrst  works  of  tliis  kind  were 
the  Conway  and  Britannia  railway  liritiKe-s  in  Wales.  The 
latter,  over  the  Menai  strait,  opened  in  18r>0,  eonsists  of 
two  independent  reetansnlar  tubular  lieanis  of  wrouj;ht- 
iron  l,.^ill  feet  Ion*;,  with  a  sinijle  sp.-m  of  459  feet,  Tlie 
Victoria  tubular  liridi.'e  over  the  St.  I.awrence  at  Montreal 
is  about  two  uiiles  loti'.;.  ,.\lso  i-ailed  hiix-^irder  bridge, — 
Wbeatstone's  bridge,  .Sci'  nsixtmur. 
bridge'  (lj''i,i);  ''•  t- ;  vrct.  and  pp,  hridi/nl,  ppr. 
liriil;iin(/.  [<  ME.  'Iiri/fiijiit  (uot  foiiiul),  <  AS. 
bri/a/iHii  (iilso  in  coinp.  iifcr-hri/rfjiiiii,  bridgo 
over)=  MLG,  hruyijcn  =  OHG.  hniccOn,  MHO. 
briicktii,  liriicl:cn,  G.  hriirkeii,  bridge;  ef.  leol. 
hriiii,  hriilge  over;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To 
build  ii  bridge  or  bridges  on  or  over ;  span  witli 
a  bridge:  as,  to  hrid</c  a  river. —  2.  To  make  a 
bridge  or  bridges  for. 

Xerxes,  .  .  .  over  Hellespont 

Bridging  his  way,  Europe  with  Asia  join'd. 

MiUiin,  P.  L.,  X.  .SIO. 

3.  Pigurntively,  to  span  or  get  over ;  serve  as 
or  make  a  way  of  passing  or  overcoming :  as, 
conversation  bridqed  the  intervals  of  the  play ; 
to  bridge  over  a  difficulty. 

Every  man's  work,  pursued  steadily,  tends  in  this  way 
to  beecune  an  end  in  itself,  and  so  to  bridge  over  the  love- 
less chasms  of  life,  George  Eliot. 

I  cannot  but  think  that  there  is  room  for  all  of  us  to 
work  in  helping  to  bridge  over  the  great  abyss  of  ignorance 
which  lies  at  our  feet,  Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  71. 

bridge-t,  ''•  *•  [Also  bridge,  <  ME.  briggcn, 
brigiji  II,  by  ajiheresis  for  abriggcn,  abreggen, 
mod.  E.  abridge,  q.  v.]     To  shorten;  abridge. 

Kyreven  man  his  helthe  and  his  welfare, 
.\nd  his  dayes  bnqqen  and  schorte  his  lyf. 
(lectnv,  MS.  Soc.  Ailtiq.,  134,  fed.  251.     (IlulliwcU.) 

bridge-bar  (In-ij'biir),  n.  In  a  ear-coupling,  the 
bar  carrying  tlie  load. 

bridge-board  (bri,j'bord),  n.  One  of  the  notched 
boards  of  a  stair  to  which  tlie  ends  of  wooden 
steps  and  risers  are  fastened.  Also  called 
iintcliAxKird. 

bridge-deck  (bri.j'dek),  n.  A  bridge  of  spacious 
diinensions,  forming  a  partial  deck,  extending 
from  side  to  side  of  a  vessel  amidships. 

bridge-head  (bri.i'hed),  n.  In  fort.,  a  work 
covering  that  end  of  a  bridge  which  is  most  ex- 
posed to  an  enemy;  a  tete-de-pont. 

bridge-islet  (bri,i'i"let),  ».  A  portion  of  land 
which  becomes  insular  at  high  water,  as  the  isle 
of  Lindisfarne  in  England. 

bridge-pit  (bri.i'pit),  n.    1. 

That  part  of  the  moat  of  a 
fortilied  place  which  is  be- 
neath the  di-awbridge  wlien 
it  is  lowered. — 2.  A  pit 
pro\'ided  to  receive  the 
counterpoise  of  a  bascule- 
bri<Ige. 

bridge-rail  (brij'ral),  n.  A 
railroad-rail  having  an 
arched  tread  and  lateral 
foot-flanges.   E.  H.  Knight. 

bridge-stone  (brij'ston),  n. 
ing  over  a  gutter  or  narrow  span. 

bridge-tower  (brij'tou"er),  M.  1.  A  tower  for 
the  defense  of  a  bridge,  usually  erected  ujion 
the  bridge  itself,  the  road  passing  through  arch- 
ways in  its  lower  story,  which  could  be  closed 
by  gates,  hridges  were  commonly  defemled  in  this  way 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  many  such  towers  remain,  :ia  at 
Cahors  in  l-Yanee,  and  notably  at  Prague  in  Bohemia, 
2.  Less  properly,  a  tower  defending  the  ap- 
proach to  a  bridge  in  the  manner  of  a  tete-de- 
pont.  A  notaljle  instance  of  such  a  tower  is  that  at  Ville- 
iicuve,  opposite  Avignon,  on  the  Khone. 

bridge-train  (brij'tran),  n.  Milit.,  a  division 
of  an  army  carrying  the  materials  and  imple- 
ments required  for  the  passage  of  troops  across 
a  river;  a  pontoon-train, 

bridge-tree  (bri,i'tiG),  ».  A  beam  by  which  the 
spiiiiHc  of  tlie  runner  in  a  gi-iuding-mill  is  sup- 
ported. It  can  be  ad.juste<i  so  as  to  vary  the 
relative  distances  of  the  grinding  surfaces. 


A  flat  stone  bridg- 


Bri<l(je-towcr.—  Moldau  Bridge,  Prague,  Bohemi.l. 

Bridgettine  (brij'e-tin),  «.     See  Brigittinc. 
bridge-ward'    (brij'ward),  ».     [<   ME.  briggc- 
inird,  <  AS.  bricgweard,  <  bricg,bnjcg,  bridge, 
-1-  weard,  ward,  keeper.]   The  warden  or  keeper 
of  a  bridge. 

Those  whose  route  lay  along  the  river  .  .  .  summoned 
the  Bridgeward,  and  demanded  a  free  passage. 

Scott,  Abbot,  I.  176, 

bridge-ward"  (brij'ward),  n.  [<  bridge  +  ward 
(of  a  key),]  In  loek.smitliing,  the  principal 
ward  of  a  key.  usually  in  tlie  plane  of  rotation, 

bridgewater  (brij'wa-ti-r),  n.  A  kind  of  broad- 
cloth manufaetiu'ed  in  Bridgewater,  England. 
I'laiiehr. 

bridging  (brij'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bridge^,  r.] 
In  arch.,  a  piece  of  wood  placed  between  two 
beams  or  other  pieces,  to  prevent  them  from 
approaching  each  other.  Sin<ile  bridging  has  one 
pair  of  diagonal  braces  at  the  midlength  of  the  joists.  In 
double  bridging  there  are  two  pairs  of  cross-braees  divid- 
ing the  joi'sts'intn  three  lengths.  More  generally  called 
a  stnittin:!-  or  .^training-pieee.     E.  H.  Knight. 

bridging-floor  (brij'lng-flor),  «.  In  arch.,  a 
floor  in  which  liridging-joists  are  used. 

bridging-joist  (brij'ing-joist),  n.  In  arcix.,  a 
joist  which  is  sustained  below  by  transverse 
beams  called  bind- 
ing-joists; also,  a 
joist  which  is  nail- 
ed or  fixed  to  the 
flooring-boards. 

Bridgittine  (brij'- 

i-tin),  H.     See  Bri- 
gittinc. 

bridgy  (brij'i),  a. 
[<  bridge^  -t-  -//I.] 
Full  of  bridges ;  rc- 
sembUug  a  bridge. 
Sherwood.    [Rare.] 

bridle  (bri'dl),K.  [< 
ME.  bridd,  <   AS. 

bridcl,  also  bridcls  =  OFries.  bridcl  =  MD.  brey- 
del,  D.  breidel  =  MLG.  LG.  breidcl  =  OHG.  bridcl, 
britel,  brittil,  priddil,  prittil,  MHG.  bridcl,  britcl 
( >  OP.  bridcl =lt.  prcdclla,  a  bridle,  also  in  short 
fonn,  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  brida  =  OP.  and  P.  bride,  a 
bridle,  >  E.  bride"^,  q.  v.),  G.  breidcl,  also  britel, 
brittel ;  root  unknown.]  1.  That  portion  of 
the  gear  or  harness  of  a  horse  (or  other  animal 
similarly  used)  which  is  fitted  to  its  head,  and 
by  which  it  is  governed  and  restrained,  con- 
sisting usually  of  a  head-stall,  a  bit,  and  reins, 
with  other  appendages,  according  to  its  par- 
ticular form  and  uses.     See  cut  under  harness. 

Mony  of  hem  fote-men  ther  ben. 

That  rennen  by  the  brudeU  of  ladys  shene, 

Babeei  Book  (E.  E,  T,  .S,),  p,  320. 

And  Mamas,  when  ^vith  ivy  bridles  hound. 
She  led  the  spotted  l.vnx. 

Drtjden,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satires,  i.  203, 

2.  An  old  instrument  of  punishment  and  re- 
straint for  scolds:  a  simpler  foi-m  of  the 
branks. —  3.  Figuratively,  a  restraint;  a  curb; 
a  check. 

A  continual  bridle  on  the  tongue.  Watts. 

This  fort  is  the  bridle  of  the  whole  citty,  and  was  well 
stor'd  and  garrison'd  with  native  Spanyanls- 

Enign,  Diary,  .Ian,  31,  1045, 

4.  The  piece  in  the  interior  of  a  gun-lock  which 
covers  and  holds  in  place  the  tumbler  and  sear, 
being  itself  held  by  the  screws  on  which  they 
turn.     See  cut  under  gun-lock. — 5.  The  piece 


Bridging-joists, 
g  :    ^,  pirder  :    r,  c,  bridging- 
f.d,  ceiling-joists:  e,^,  straps. 


brief 

on  the  end  of  a  plow-beam  to  which  the  draft- 
shackle  is  attached;  the  clevis.  Also  called  muz- 
zle or  iitow-hiad. —  6.  In  much.,  a  link,  flange, 
or  other  attachment  for  limiting  the  movement 
of  any  part  of  a  machine. —  7.  Xaiit.,  a  chain  or 
rope  span  both  ends  of  which  are  made  fast, 
the  strain  or  power  being  applied  to  the  bight. 
—  8.  In  pattiol.,  a  small  band  attaching  two 
parts  to  each  other,  as  two  serous  surfaces  after 
inflammation,  or  the  sides  of  the  urethra  after 
urethritis,  or  stretched  across  a  pustule  or 
vesicle,  modifying  its  shape, — 9.  In  anat.,  a 
frenum  (which  see).  — Branches  of  a  bridle.  See 
6rn»K-/i.  — Mooring-bridle('"ii''.).  the  <  bain  .able  attach- 
ed to  perinariiiit  moorings.  — To  bite  on  the  brldlet,  to 
suffer  great  hardships.     Brewer. 

bridle  (bri'dl),  r. ;  jiret.  and  pp.  bridled,  ppr. 
bridling.  [<  ME.  bridlcn,  bridelcn,  <  AS.  gc- 
brldlian  (=  MI),  breydelen,  D.  breidclcn  =  OIIG. 
brittiUm,  MHG.  briteln,  pritteUi,  G.  brcidelen, 
britcln,  brittcln),  bridle,  restrain,  <  bridcl,  bri- 
dle.] I.  trans.  1.  To  put  a  bridle  on:  as,  to 
bridle  a  horse. 

Where  steeds  nm  arow, 
I  have  seen  from  their  bridled  lips 
Foam  IjIowu  as  the  snow. 

Swinburne,  A  Ijimentatlon. 

2.  To  restrain,  guide,  or  govern ;  chock,  curb, 
or  control :  as,  to  bridle  the  passions. 

Savoy  and  Nice,  the  keys  of  Italy,  and  the  citadel  in  her 
hands  to  bridle  Switzerland,  Burke. 

Oft  liis  smooth  and  bridled  tongue 
Would  give  the  lie  to  his  Hushing  cheek. 

Shelley,  Kosalind  and  Uelen. 

=  SyiL  2.  To  repress,  master,  subdue. 

II.  intrans.  To  hold  the  head  up,  in  the 
manner  of  a  spirited  horse  under  a  strong  rein, 
especially  as  an  expression  of  pride,  scorn,  or 
resentment;  assume  a  lofty  manner  so  as  to 
assert  one's  dignity  or  express  indignation; 
toss  the  head;  strut:  generally  with  up. 

Gave  a  crack  with  her  fan  like  a  coach-whip,  and  bridl'd 
out  of  the  room  with  the  air  and  complexion  of  an  incens'd 
Turkey-Cock.  Cihber,  Careless  Husband,  ii.  2. 

Assure  a  lady  .  .  .  that  she  looks  killing  to-day,  she  in- 
stantly bridlex  up,  and  feels  the  force  of  the  well-timed 
flattery  the  whole  day  after.     GohUmith,  The  Uee,  No,  5. 

How  would  she  have  bridled  had  she  known  that  .  .  . 
[she]  only  shared  his  meditations ! 

Barhmn,  Ingoldshy  Legends,  I,  22. 

If  you  charge  them  with  any  particular  sin,  they  bridle 
up  and  deny  that  sin  fiercely  enough,  Kingsley. 

bridle-chains  (bri'dl-chanz),  n.  pi.     In  mining, 

short  chains  by  which  the  cage  is-attaehed  to 

the  hoisting-rope. 
bridle-hand  (In-i'dl-hand),  n.     The  hand  which 

holds  the  bridle  in  riding;  the  left  hand,    ficott. 
bridle-path  (liri'dl-path),  n.     A  path  which  is 

wide  enough  to  be  traveled  on  horseback,  but 

not  in  a  carriage.     .Also  bridleway. 
bridle-port  (Ini'dl-port),  n.    Xaut.,  the fomard 

port  on  tlie  gun-deck  of  a  frigate, 
bridler  (biid'ler),  n.      One  who  bridles;   one 

who  restrains  or  governs. 
The  prelates  bo-ast  themselves  the onlyfenrffcrjjof  schism. 
Milton,  t'lnneh-Govemment,  i,  7. 

bridle-rein  (bri'dl-ran),  «.  [<  ME.  bridilreyne 
(equiv.  to  AS.  bridcl-thwang,  lit.  bridle-thong); 

<  bridle  -I-  rein.']  A  rein  uniting  a  bit  with 
some  other  jiart  of  the  liarness,  or  leading  to 
the  hand  of  the  rider  or  driver. 

bridle-road  (bri'dl-rod),  n.     A  bridle-path. 

bridle-rod  (bri'dl-rod),  n.  One  of  the  elements 
of  a  ]iarallel  motion,  as  on  the  steam-engine. 

bridle-stricture (bri'dl-strik'tur),  n.  InpathoL, 
a  stricture  formed  by  a  band  crossing  the  ure- 
thral passage. 

bridleway  (bri'dl-wa),  n.    A  bridle-path. 

bridle-wise  (bn'dl-wiz),  a.  Trained  to  obey 
the  bridle :  ajiplied  to  a  horse  which  is  guided 
by  pressiu-e  of  the  bridle  against  his  neck  in- 
stead of  by  pulling  on  the  bit. 

bridoon  (bri-don'),  n.  [<  P.  bridon,  <  bride,  a 
bridle;  see  bridle.']  A  light  snaiHe  or  bit  of  a 
bridle  used  in  addition  to  the  principal  bit,  and 
with  a  separate  rein.     Also  spelled  bradoon. 

brief  (bret),  a.  and  «.     [I.  a.  <  ME.  breef,  bref, 

<  OF.  bref,  brief,  P.  brcf=  Pr.  brcu  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
breve,  <  L.  brevis  =  Gr.  (ipaxix,  short;  ef. abbrevi- 
ate, abridge,  brevity,  brevet,  etc.,  brachygraphy, 
etc.  II.  n.  <  ME.  breef.  brefe,  bref.  a  commis- 
sion, wi-iting,  etc.,  <  OP.  bref,  brief.  P.  bref  z= 
Pr.  brcu,  brieu  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  breve  =  OS.  brcf  = 
D.  brief  =  LG.  brcf=  OHG.  briaf  brief  MHG. 
G.  brief  =  Sw.  bref  =  Dan.  brev,  a  letter,  etc.,  < 
L.  brevis  (se.  libcllus,  a  little  ■\\iiting),  or  neut. 
breve,  a  short  ^\Titing  (see  also  breve  and  brevet), 

<  brevix,  neut.  bvevc,  short:  see  above.]  I.  a. 
1.  Small  with  respect  to  length ;  short. 


brief 

This  inon  that  Mnthcii  jef 
A  peny  that  wus  ro  href. 
Sptciuu^iiJt  of  Lyric  Poetry  (c(\.  Wright),  p.  43. 

It  is  vcrj-dilhcult  to  notice  this  grt-at  hingiiage  suitnltly 
in  the  frrw/ space  avaiialile. 

R.  X.  Ciuil,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  -15. 

2.  Abbreviated ;  cut  or  made  sliort :  as,  the 
brief  skirts  of  a  ballet^danc-er.    [Humorous.]  — 

3.  Short  iu  dui'ation;  lasting  a  .short  time. 
How  bri</  the  life  of  man.     Shak.,  As  you  Lil<c  it,  iii.  2. 
A  fainter  bloom,  a  more  delicate  and  hri>'Jcr  beauty. 

Jlawthuriie,  Scarlet  Letter,  ii. 

4.  Short  in  expression;  using  few  words;  con- 
cise; succinct. 

Duch.   I  will  be  mild  and  gentle  in  my  words. 

A'.  Kiclt.  And  briff,  good  mother,  for  I  am  in  haste. 

Shak.,  llich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

The  brit]/  style  is  that  wliich  e.\prcsseth  much  in  little. 

B.  Joilson,  Discoveries. 

5.  Clever;  good :  as,  a  ftripfdiseourse ;  "hegae 
us  a  very  hricf  sermon,"  Jamicson.  [Scotch.] 
—  6.  Keen.  [Scotch.]  —  7t.  Quick;  ready; 
eager. 

Doe  you  not  perceive  the  noose  you  liave  brought  your 
selfe  into  whilst  you  were  so  hrw/e  to  taunt  other  men 
with  weaknesse?  Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

8.  [Appar.  a  particular  use  of  hrief,  short  (hence 
quick,  active,  rife  ?) ;  but  some  suppose  a  con- 
fusion-ivith  rife.']  Common;  rife;  prevalent: 
as,  I  hear  smalljjox  is  very  brief  there.  [Prov. 
Eug.]— In  brief,    (a)  lu  few  words ;  briefly. 

Open  the  matter  in  brie/.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  1.  1. 

(b)  In  short. 

Ill  brief,  sir,  study  what  you  most  affect. 

Slutk.,T.  of  tlieS.,  i.  1. 
=  Syn.  3.  Short-lived,  ephemeral,  transitory,  fleeting. — 4. 
Compact,  compendious. 

II.  II.  1.  A  short  or  concise  writing;  a 
short  statement  or  account;  an  epitome. 

I  shall  make  it  plain  as  far  as  a  sum  or  brief  can  make 
a  cause  plain.  Bacon. 

And  she  told  me. 
In  a  sweet  verbal  brief.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  3. 

Out  of  your  gentleness,  please  you  to  consider 
The  brie.f  of  this  petition,  which  contains 
All  hope  of  my  last  foi'tunes.        Ford,  Fancies,  ii.  1. 

Specifically — 2.  In  law:  («)  A  fonnal  memo- 
randum in  systematic  order,  but  concisely  ex- 
pressed, of  the  points  of  law  or  of  fact  to  be 
developed  or  expanded  in  argimient,  or  to  be 
pm'sued  in  the  examination  of  a  witness;  in 
English  law,  more  usually  an  abridged  relation 
of  the  facts  of  a  litigated  case  drawn  up  by  the 
attorney  for  the  instruction  of  a  barrister  in 
conducting  proceedings  in  a  court  of  justice. 

Tile  young  fellow  had  a  very  good  air,  and  seemed  to 
hold  his  bri^f  in  his  hand  rather  to  help  his  action  than 
that  he  wanted  notes  for  his  further  information. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  186. 

His  matter  was  so  completely  at  his  command  that  he 
scarcely  looked  at  his  brief.     Ji.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  272. 

(i)  A  writ  summoning  one  to  answer  to  any 
action ;  or  any  precept  of  the  sovereign  in  writ- 
ing issuing  from  any  court  and  ordering  some- 
thing to  be  done,  (c)  In  Scots  law,  same  as 
brieve  (which  see),  (d)  In  England,  a  letter 
patent  from  proper  authority  authorizing  a 
public  collection  or  charitable  contribution  of 
money  for  any  public  or  private  purjiose ;  a  li- 
cense to  make  collections  for  repairing  churches, 
making  up  for  losses  by  fire,  etc. :  sometimes 
called  a  church  brief  or  Ainy's  letter. 

This  day  was  read  in  our  church  the  Briefe  for  a  collec- 
tion for  reliefe  of  y  Protestant  French,  so  cruelly,  bar- 
barously, and  inhumanly  oppress'd. 

JliwliiH,  Diary,  April  26,  1686. 
St.  A  writing  in  general ;  a  letter. 

Bear  this  sealed  bri/if, 
With  winged  haste,  to  the  lord  marshal. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 
4t.  In  music,  same  as  breve,  1. 

Upon  the  word  best  there,  you  see  how  I  do  enter  witli 
an  odd  minum,  and  drive  it  through  the  brief;  which  no 
intelligent  musician,  I  know,  but  will  affirm  to  be  very 
rare.  B.  Joiison,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 

5.  The  name  given  to  certain  official  docu- 
ments emanating  from  the  pope,  having  a  less 
solemn  character  than  a  bull. 

The  Bnll  being  the  highest  Authority  the  Pope  can  give, 
the  Brief  is  of  less.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  86. 

6.  [Also  spelled  breif,  hreef,  <  OF.  brcf  brief, 
a  spell,  talisman,  <  MTj.  breve,  in  pi.  brcrna,  a 
writing  containing  magical  characters  carried 
as  an  amulet  or  talisman :  a  particular  use  of 
L.  ftrecf,  a  writing,  as  above.]    A  spell.    Hums. 

[Scotch.]  =Syn.l.  Ahridinneat,  Comi)endiu)n,Ctnupend, 
etc.     See  alfridyment. 
brief  (bref),  v.  t.     [<  brief,  n.     In  earlier  fonn 
breve,  q.  v.]     1.  To  abridge;   .shorten;  make 
a  brief  of:  as,  to  brief  pleadings. 


682 

Tliy  power  is  confined,  thy  time  is  linnted  ;  both  thy 
latitude  and  extension  are  briefed  np. 

Uev.  T.  Adamtt,  Works,  II.  13.''>. 

Descriptive  lists  of  15,107  stddiers  briefed  an<i  filed  away. 
Rep.  of  Sec.  U.  S.  Treaxury,  1886,  p.  696. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  brief ;  instruct  by  a  brief. 
[Rare.] 

I  never  could  look  a  counsel  in  tlie  face  again  if  I'd  neg- 
lected to  brief  huw  with  such  facts  as  these.  Trollope. 

brieft  (bref),  adv.  [<  brief,  a.]  1.  In  brief;  in 
short;  briefly. 

Bri^,  I  recover'd  him  ;  bound  up  his  wound. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3. 

2.  In  or  after  a  short  time ;  soon ;  quickly. 
But  that  a  joy  past  joy  calls  f»ut  on  me. 
It  were  a  grief  so  brief  to  part  with  thee : 
Farewell.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 

briefless  (bref'les),  a.  [<  brief,  n.,  +  -less.] 
Having  no  brief:  as,  a  briefless  barrister. 

brieflessness  (bref'les-nes),  »i.  The  state  of 
bciTig  without  a  brief  or  a  client. 

briefly  (bref 'Ii),  adv.  [<  ME.  brefli/,  brevely ;  < 
brief  +  -?.'/2. ]  1.  In  a  brief  manner;  concisely; 
in  few  words. —  2.  With  little  length;  shortly: 
as,  in  entom.,  briefly  pilose,  hairy,  or  spinous. 
[Rare.] 

briefman  (bref'man),  «. ;  pi.  hriefnien  (-men). 
One  who  makes  a  brief;  a  copier  of  a  manu- 
script.    Quarterly  Bev. 

briefness  (bref'nes),   «.      [<   ME.    brcffnes;   < 
brief  +  -uess.]     The  state  or  quality  of  being 
brief;  shortness;  bre'vity;  conciseness  in  dis- 
course or  writing. 
We  passe  over  that,  brefnes  of  tyme  consyderynge. 

Coventry  Mysteries,  p.  79. 

There  is  a  briefness  of  the  parts  sometimes  that  makes 

the  whole  long.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

brier  (bri'er),  n.  [E.  dial.and  Sc.  breer;  <  ME. 
brcre,  <  AS.  brer,  also  brwr,  a  brier,  bramble; 
cf.  Icel.  brorr,  a  brier  (rare  and  uncertain). 
Cf.  Ir.  Gael,  preas,  a  bush,  brier  (Ir.  briar,  a 
brier,  also  a  thora,  pin,  bodkin,  is  prob.  bor- 
rowed from  E.).  The  P.  bruyere,  dial,  briere 
(earlier  bruyere,  briere  =  Cat.  hruyuera  =  It. 
dial,  brughiera  (ML.  bruariuiii,  bruera),  heath, 
heather,  prob.  <  Pr.  hrii  =  It.  dial,  brug  =  Swiss 
brucli,  heath;  of  Celtic  origin:  <  Bret,  bruij, 
heath,  =  W.  brwg,  a  brake,  gro'wth),  is  not  re- 
lated. The  reg.  mod.  E.  form  would  be  breer, 
which  exists  dialectally ;  cf.  friar,  eavlier frier, 
<  ME./rere.]  A  prickly  plant  or  shrub  in  gen- 
eral; specifically,  the  sweetbrier  or  the  green- 
brier  (which  see).     Also  spelled  briar. 

The  gentle  shepheard  satte  beside  a  springe. 
All  in  the  shadowe  of  a  Imshye  brere. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  December. 

I  will  tear  your  flesh  with  the  thorns  of  the  wilderness 

and  with  briers.  Judges  viii.  7. 

brier-bird  (bri'er-berd),  «.  A  popular  name 
of  the  American  goldfinch,  Chrysomitris  (or 
Astrat/alinus)  tristis.     See  cut  \mcieT  goldfinch. 

briered  (bn'erd),  a.  [<  brier  +  -ed'^.]  Set 
with  briers.     Chatterton. 

brier-root  (bri'er-rot),  n.  [<  brier,  an  adapted 
E.  form  of  F.  bruyere,  dial,  briere,  heath  (see 
brier),  +  root^.]  The  root  of  the  white  heath. 
Erica  arborea,  a  shrub  often  growing  to  a  large 
size.  Tlie  roots  are  gathered  extensively  in  the  south 
of  France  and  in  Corsica  for  the  purpose  of  being  made 
iuto  tobacco-pipes,  commonly  called  brier- wood  pipes.  The 
roots,  having  been  cleared  of  earth,  and  the  decayed  parts 
cut  away,  are  shaped  into  blocks  of  various  dimensions 
with  a  circular  saw.  The  blocks  are  then  placed  in  a  vat 
and  subjected  to  a  gentle  simmering  for  a  space  of  twelve 
hours,  during  which  they  acquire  the  rich  yellowish-Iirown 
hue  for  which  the  best  pipes  are  noted,  and  are  tllen  in  a 
coiuiition  for  turning. 

brier-'WOOd  (bri'er-'wi'id),  n.  The  wood  of  the 
brier-root,  used  for  making  tobacco-pipes. 

brieryl  (bri'er-i),  a.  [<  brier  +  -;/l.]  Full  of 
briers;  rough;  thorny.     Also  hriary. 


The  thorny  brake  and  briery  wood. 

Fawkes,  Death  of  Adonis. 
A  nightingale  sang  in  the  briery  thickets  by  the  brook- 
side.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  55. 

briery^t  (bri'6r-i),  n.  [For  *hrierery,  <  brier 
+  -ery.  Cf.  fernery,  pinery,  etc.]  A  place 
where  briers  gi-ow.     Huloet. 

brieve  (brev),  «.  [A  Se.  foi'm  of  brief,  n.,  q.  v.] 
In  Scots  law,  a  ■writ  issuing  from  Chancery,  di- 
rected to  any  judge  ordinary,  ordering  trial  to 
be  made  by  a  jury  of  certain  points  stated  in 
the  brieve.  Now  used  chiefly  in  the  election  of  tutors 
to  minors,  the  cognoscing  of  lunatics  or  idiots,  and  the 
ascertaining  of  widows*  tierce. 

brigl  (brig),  «.  [=  6n"*)rel,  q.  v.]  1.  Abridge. 
[Scotch.] 

Now,  do  thy  speedy  utmost,  Meg. 
And  win  the  key-stane  o'  the  briy. 

Burns,  Tarn  o"  Shanter. 


brigandine 

2.  A  utensil  used  in  breweries  and  in  dairies 
to  set  the  strainer  on.  [North.  Eng.] — 3.  A 
kind  of  iron  set  over  a  fire.  Ualliutli.  [North. 
Eng.]  —  4.  A  ledge  of  rocks  running  out  iuto 
the  sea.  E.  D. 
brig2  (brig),  n.  [Short  for  brigantine^,  q.  v. 
Hence  D.  brik,  6.  brigg,  Dan.  brig,  Sw.  brigg, 
V.  brick,  Ar.  brik,  a  brig.]  1.  A  vessel  with  two 
masts  square-rigged,  nearly  like  a  ship's  main- 
mast and  foremast. —  2.  The  place  on  board 
a  man-of-war  where  prisoners  are  confined. — 
Hermaphrodite  brig,  a  lirig  that  is  square-rigged  for- 
ward and  scliooner-rigged  aft.    Also  called  briy-schooiier. 

Slie  passed  out  of  hail,  l)ut  we  made  her  out  to  be  an  her- 

niaplirodite  brig,  with  Brazilian  colors  in  her  main  rigging. 

R.  Ii.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Slast,  p.  18. 

brigade  (bri-gad'),  n.  [=  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  bri- 
gade, <  F.  brigade,  <  It.  brigata  (ML.  brigata, 
lirigada),  a  troop,  company,  <  brigare,  contend: 
see  brigand.]  1.  A  party  or  division  of  troops 
or  soldiers,  whether  cavalry  or  infantry,  regu- 
lars or  militia,  consisting  of  several  regiments, 
squadrons,  or  battalions,  under  the  command 
of  a  brigadier,  or  brigadier-general.  A  brigade 
of  horse  is  a  body  of  eight  or  ten  squadrons;  of  infantry, 
four,  five,  or  six  battalions  or  regiments. 
2.  A  body  of  individuals  organized,  generally 
wearing  a  uniform,  and  acting  under  author- 
ity: as,  afire  brigade. —Uousebold  brigade.  See 
tifiu-tefiiild. 

brigade  (bri-gad'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brigaded, 
ppr.  brigading.  [<  brigade,  n.]  1.  To  form  in- 
to a  brigade  or  into  brigades:  as,  regiments  of 
mUitia  are  brigaded  with  regiments  of  the  line. 

In  the  organization  of  the  army  my  regiment  was  bri- 
gaded with  the  .Sixth,  Seventh,  and  Eighth  Regiments  of 
Louisiana  Infantry. 

Gen.  Rich.  Taylor,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  85. 

Hence  —  2.  To  arrange  or  embodj'  in  a  single 
collection  or  group  ;  gi'oup  together,  as  in  zool- 
ogy, under  a  single  name.     [Eare.] 

The  two  Classes  (Birds  and  Reptiles]  which  he  tHuxley] 
had  previously  brigaded  under  the  name  of  Sanropsida. 
A.  Neieton,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  34. 

brigade-major  (bri-gad'ma"jor),  n.  An  officer 
appointed  by  a  brigadier  to  assist  him  in  the 
management  and  ordering  of  his  brigade. 

brigadier  (brig-a-der'),  H.  [=  It.  brigadiere,  < 
F.  Iirigadier,  <  brigade,  brigade.]  A  general  offi- 
cer who  commands  a  brigade,  whether  of  horse 
or  foot,  and  ranks  next  below  a  major-general. 

brigadier-general  (brig  -  a  -  der '  gen '  e  -  ral),  n. 
Same  as  brigadier. 

brigand  (brig'and),  n.  [Formerly  also  brigant 
(after  It.) ;  <  F.  brigand,  a  brigand,  OF.  brigand, 
brigant,  an  armed  foot-soldier  (ML.  brigantes, 
brigandi,  pi.,  foot-soldiers),  <  It.  brigante,  a 
brigand,  pirate,  also  an  intriguer,  <  brigante, 
ppr.  of  brigare,  strive  after,  contend  for,  solicit, 

<  briga,  strife,  quarrel,  trouble :  see  brigue.]  If. 
A  sort  of  irregular  foot-soldier. — 2.  A  robber; 
a  freebooter;  a  highwayman;  especially,  one 
of  a  gang  of  robbers  living  in  secret  retreats  in 
mountains  or  forests. 

These  solitudes  gave  refuge  to  smugglers  and  brigaitds. 
Buckle,  Civilization,  II.  65. 
Francjois,  with  his  belt,  sabre,  and  pistols,  had  much  the 
aspect  of  a  Greek  brigand. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  33. 
-Syn.  2.  Bandit,  etc.     i>ce  robber. 
brigandage  (brig'an-daj),  n.     [<  F.  brigandage, 

<  brigand  +  -age.]  The  life  and  practices  of 
a  brigand ;  highway  robbery  by  organized 
gangs  ;  figuratively,  organized  spoliation :  as, 
brigandage  in  the  legislatiu'e  or  on  the  bench. 

The  rule  of  the  Turk  has  never  become  a  government; 
it  has  never  discliarged  the  duties  of  government ;  it  was 
foreign  hrigaiidioie  five  hundred  years  back,  ami  it  re- 
mains foreign  brigandage  still. 

F.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  419. 
Many  of  the  peasants  in 
their  distress  had  taken 
to  poaching  or  brigandage 
in  the  forests. 
C.  //.  Pearson,  Early  and 
IMid.  Ages  of  Eng., 
[xxvi. 

brigander,  n.    Same 

as  hrigamiine^. 

brigaridinei    (brig'- 

an-din),  n.  and  ((. 
[Also  brigantine,  bri- 
gander, brigandier 
(obs.)  (ME.  'brigaii- 
tayle — Gower);  <  OF. 
brigandine  (ML.  /')'/- 
gandina,  briga n  tina), 

<  brigand,  a  foot-sol- 
dier:    see     britfand.]       Brig.indine   from   Music    d'Artil- 

11,      1        A    .iio.^;/ii.ol     leric,  Paris,     i  Kroiii  VioUet-le-Duc's 
.    n,    I.    A  medieval     ••Oict.duMobilieifniiijais.") 


brigandine 

coat  of  fciico  niiidc  ol'  linen  or  leather  upon 
which  overiappiuK  seales  cif  steel  were  sewed. 
Till-  platen  of  Mtefl  wtTu  generally  iiiiilird  lti.twi-i-ii  twn 
thicktlfSSCS  iif  stuff.  The  l)ri;:;ui'!ine  \v:ih  esinTi;illy  the 
aniinr  of  tile  iiifatitry  8<ihiier,  hut  wussuiiiutiinuscuiiihiiied 
with  phit^-'-nriuur  eveu  in  costly  suits. 
Furbish  the  spears  and  put  on  tlie  brirraiuiinfu. 

Jer.  xlvi.  4. 

2t.   A  foot-soldier  wearing  a  brigandine;   a 

brigand. 
II.  a.  Made  like  a  brigandine  ;  of  the  nature 

of  a  l)rigan<lino  :  as,  a  brii/andinc  garment, 
brigandine-t  (brig'an-dinj,  n.    An  old  fonn  of 

hl'iifduliin'^. 
brigandish   (brif^'an-dish),  «.     [<  hriyand  + 

-).v/il.]     Ijiko  a  brigand. 

We  faiieied  that  tliey  Ipcasants  near  Naples]  had  ii  hrii]- 
amlUh  li.cik.         C.  I).  Wanur,  Winter  on  the  Nile,  p.  20. 

brigantt  (brig'ant),  n.     Same  as  hrigand. 

brigantinel  (brig'an-tiu  or  -tin),  n.  [=  D.  hri- 
ijiintijii  =  (i.  Iiri<j(iiiliiic  =  Sw.  hriijatitin,  <  1*'.  hri- 
i/antiii,  <  It.  Iirii/an/iiio  (ML.  hr'Kiaiitinus),  a  brig- 
antiue,  orig.  a  roving  or  pirate  vessel,  <  bri- 
(/antn,  a  pirate,  liri^and:  see  brUjitnd,  and  ef. 
brill-  and  briijaiiili III-.]  1.  A  small  two-masteil 
vessel,  square-rif^ged  on  both  masts,  but  with 
a  fore-and-aft  mainsail  and  the  mainmast  con- 
siderably longer  tluin  the  foremast,  it  differs 
from  a  herniaphro4lite  brig  in  having  a  square  topsail  and 
topgullantsail  on  the  niaiiunast.  This  term  is  variously 
applied  by  nuiriners  of  different  nations,  but  the  above  is 
its  most  generally  accepted  detiiutiun. 

Like  as  a  warlike  Rriijandiiw ,  applyde 

To  fight,  layes  forth  her  threatfull  pikes  afore. 

Spcnact^  Muiopotmos. 
2t.  A  robber.— 3t.  Kobbery. 

brigantine'-^  (brig'an-tin),  n.  Same  as  brigan- 
itllir^ . 

brigbotet,  "•  [A  term  in  old  law-books,  repr. 
AS.  brivi/lii/t,  prop,  brijq/bot,  a  contribution  for 
bridge-repairing,  <  bii/cij,  bridge,  -I-  bot,  boot : 
see  ioo/l.]  A  contrilaution  for  the  repair  of 
bridges,  walls,  aud  castles. 

briget,  «•  [ME. :  see  briguc.']  Contention. 
('liiiiiiTr. 

brightl  (brit),  a.  [<  ME.  bright,  briht,  etc.,  < 
AS.  hn/lit,  briht,  transposed  forms  of  the  usual 
lii'iirlit'=  OS.  bcrht,  bcraht  =  UHG.  beraht,  be- 
rch  t,  MHG.  bcrh  t  (in  G.  remaining  only  in  proper 
names,  Albrecht,  liiiprccht,  etc. ;  frequently  so 
used  in  AS.  aud  LG.)  =  Icel.  ?;/«r«r  =  Goth. 
bdirhts,  bright;  prob.,  with  old  pp.  suffix  -t,  < 
Teut.  ■]/  *bcrli  =  Skt.  \/  bhrnj,  shine,  perhaps 
=  L.  flitg-  in  Jiiigrare,  dame,  blaze,  burn, 
flammn  (*flitgin(i),  flame,  =  Gr.  ip.tynv,  blaze, 
iam-n.  iit.  bluck,  bleak^-.']  1.  Radiating  or  re- 
flecting light;  filled  with  light;  brilliant;  shin- 
ing; luminous;  sparkling:  as,  a.  bright  mm. 

It  were  all  one 
That  I  should  love  a  bright  particular  star, 
And  think  to  wed  it,  he  is  so  above  me. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  1. 
Candles  were  lilazini;  at  all  the  windows.    The  public 
places  were  as  brifjht  as  at  noonday. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

2.  Transmitting  light ;  clear ;  transparent,  as 
liquors. 

From  the  brifjhtcst  wines 
He  tum'd  abhonent.  Thoimon. 

3.  Manifest  to  the  mind,  as  light  is  to  the 
eye ;  evident ;  clear. 

He  must  not  proceed  too  swiftly,  that  he  may  with  more 
ease  and  briijtiter  evidence  .  .  .  draw  the  learner  on. 

Watts,  Improvement  of  the  ilind. 

4.  Resplendent,  as  with  beauty ;  splendid. 

Thy  beauty  api)ears, 
In  its  grace's  ami  airs. 
All  hritjht  as  an  angel  new  dropt  from  the  sky. 

Panu'll,  .Song. 

5.  Dlustrious ;  glorious :  as,  the  brightest  period 
of  a  kingdom. 

The  brightest  annals  of  a  female  reign. 

Cotton,  Wonders  of  the  Peake. 

6.  Having  or  marked  by  brilliant  mental  ([uali- 
ties;  quick  in  wit;  witty;  clever;  not  dull:  as, 
lie  is  by  no  means  bright;  a  bright  remark;  a 
bright  book. 

If  parts  alUu-e  thee,  think  how  Bacon  shined. 
The  wisest,  briijhtc.nt,  mcumest  of  mankind. 

/'<!/«',  F.ssay  on  Man,  iv.  282. 

7.  Sparkling  in  action  or  manner;  animated 
or  animating ;  vivacious ;  lively ;  cheerful. 

Be  bright  and  jovial  among  your  guests  to-night. 

Shak.,  Hacbeth,  iii.  2. 

The  golden-crowned  thrush,  .  .  .  with  the  dullest  of 

gold  upon  his  crown,  but  the  bri'fhteitt  of  songs  in  his 

heart.  The  Centuni,  XX.XII.  276. 

8.  Favorable;  pleasing;  auspicious:  as,a,bright 
prospect. 

(live  up  the  promise  of  hri-tht  days  that  cast 

A  glory  on  your  nation  from  afar.    Bryant,  Spain. 


683 

9.  In  painting,  luminous;  glittering;  full  of 
light.  .\  i)icture  is  said  to  be  briyht  wlu-n  the  lights  so 
nmeli  prevail  jus  to  overeiune  the  shadows,  and  are  kept 
so  clear  and  distinct  as  to  produce  an  effect  of  lirilliancy. 

10.  Naut.,  alert;  vigilant. 

Keep  a  briijht  look(uit  there  forwards  !  Cooper. 

=  Syn.  1.  Ulowing,  lustrous, gleaming,  radiant,  efrnlgent. 
—  6.  Acute,  intelligent,  discerning.—  8.  Promising,  en- 
couraging. 
brightlf,  nth.  [<  ME.  brightc,  brigte,  brihtc,  < 
briltl,  hrii/ht :  sec /)(■»/''''.  ".]  HriKhtly.  Chaucer. 
brightl  (brit),  H.  i<  ME.  briiitit,  Ijrigt,  <  AS. 
bi/rhtii,  liirhtn  (=  OHG.  beriihti),  I.,  bmrht, 
neut.,  brightness,  <  beurht,  bright:  see  briglil^, 
«.]     Brightness. 

Darkness  we  calle  the  nyght. 
And  lith  [light]  also  the  bright. 

Towiuhrj  Mysteries,  p.  1. 

bright't  (brit),r.  t.  [<  ME.  brighten,  brihtcn  (with 
rei;.  inf.  sufli.x  -en),  <  AS.  bi/rhlan,  be  bright, 
gdwrlitaii,  make  bright  (=  OHG.  giberchton  — 
Goth,  gabairhtjan,  make  bright),  <  beorht, 
bright.]     To  make  bright;  brighten. 

bright-t,  r.  i.     See  hritc. 

bright-cut  (brit'kut),  a.  Engraved  or  chased 
sii  as  Id  show  the  brightness  of  the  material  as 
left  bv  the  tool ;  not  polished  or  colore<l. 

brighten  (bri'tn),  v.  [<  briiitif^  +  -<•«!.  Cf. 
bright^,  r.]  I.  intrans.  To  gi'Owljright  or  more 
bright;  become  less  dark  or  gloomy:  literally 
or  figuratively. 

Like  the  sun  emerging  from  a  cloud. 
Her  countenance  brighteiis,  and  her  eye  expands. 

Wordsworth,  Laodamia. 

The  great  sweep  of  the  Coliseum,  with  the  blue  sky 
brightening  through  its  upper  tier  of  arches. 

Iliui'thorne,  Marlde  Faun,  i. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  bright  or  brighter  in 
any  manner;  shed  light  on;  make  to  shine; 
increase  the  luster  of. 

Her  celesti.al  eyes 
Adorn  the  world  and  brighten  up  the  skies.      Drydcn. 

2.  To  dispel  gloom  from ;  cheer ;  make  gay  or 
cheerful:  as,  to  brighten  prospects. 

This  makes  Jack  brighten  up  the  room  wherever  he 
enters,  and  changes  the  severity  of  the  company  into  .  .  . 
gaiety  and  good  humour.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  200. 

3.  To  make  illustrious  or  more  distinguished; 
heighten  the  splendor  of;  add  luster  to. 

The  present  (jueen  would  brighten  her  character  if  she 
would  exert  her  authority  to  instil  virtues  into  her  people. 

Swtft. 

4.  To  make  acute  or  witty;  sharpen  the  facul- 
ties of. —  5.  To  add  brilliancy  to  the  colors  of 
(prints,  etc.),  by  boiling  them  in  a  solution  of 
soda. 

brightening  (brit'ning),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bright- 
en, I'.]  1.  The  flash  of  light  which  passes  over 
the  surface  of  the  melted  metal  when  lead 
containing  silver  is  assayed  on  a  cupel  in  a 
muffle.  At  the  moment  of  the  brightening,  the  assay, 
which  had  before  been  in  rapid  motion,  becomes  perfectly 
quiet.  This  occurs  as  soon  as  tlie  last  trace  of  lead  lias 
been  absorbed  by  the  cupel. 

2.  In  (li/cing,  same  as  blooming"^,  1. 
bright-barnessed  (brifhiir'nest),  a.     Having 

brifjlit  armor.     Milton. 
brighthoodt  (brit'hiid),  n.     [ME.  brighthod;  < 
bright^  ■¥ -hood.]     Brightness. 

The  bemes  of  my  trrighthode  ar  byTnande  so  bryghte. 

York  Plays,  p.  3. 

brightish   (bri'tish),   a.      [<  bright^  +  -is/il.] 

Soincwliat  bright. 
brightly  (brit'li),  adr.     [<  ME.  brihtl;/,  brihf- 
liehe,<.  AS.  brihtllcc,  bcorhtlice,  <  1)eiirht,  bright.] 
In  a  bright  manner;  splendidly;  with  luster; 
cheerfully. 

A  substitute  shines  brightly  as  a  king, 
Until  a  kifig  be  by.  Shak.,  11.  of  V.,  v.  i. 

And  Enoch  faced  this  morning  of  farewell 
Brightly  and  boldly.  Tennyson,  Enoch  Ardcn. 

brightness  (brit'nes),  n.  [<  ME.  brighlne.t, 
brihtne.-i.'ie,  etc.,  <  AS.  beorhtncs  (=OHG.  beraht- 
)imi),<  beorht  +  -nes :  see  bright^  and  -fic.s.s.]  1. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  bright;  splendor: 
luster;  glitter:  as,  "  the  brightne.'is  ot  the  sim," 
Acts  xxvi.  13. — 2.  Acuteness  of  intellect  or 
faculty;  sharpness  of  wit. 

The  brifjfitness  of  his  parts  .  .  .  distinguished  him. 

Prior. 

3.  Cheer;  cheerfulness. 

Vexd  witli  the  present  moment's  heavy  gloom. 
Why  seek  ye  brightness  from  the  years  to  come? 

Prior,  Solomon,  iii. 

=  Syil.  1.  Brilliaiu\v,  effulgence.— 2.  Acumen,  mother-wit, 

inueiiiiity. 

Bright's  clause,  disease.    See  clause,  disease. 
brlghtsome  (brit'sum),  a.    [<  bright^  +  -some.'] 
\'cry  bright;  brilliant. 


brilliance 

Out  of  my  Jewelry,  clioose  thy  choice  of  diamonds, 
Till  thou  find  some  as  brightsoine  as  thine  eyes. 

Chaj/inan,  Blind  Beggar. 

brightsomeness  (brit'sum-nes),  n.  Great 
brightnes.s ;  brilliancy. 

The  briglitsomeiiess  of  the  Gospel  was  dimmed  in  be- 
coming Bhorti  lit  many  of  its  grace-working  ordinances. 

Itock,  Cliurch  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  283. 

bright-'WOrk  (brit' wtrk),  n.  Naut.,  those  metal 
objects  about  the  decks  of  a  vessel  which  are 
kei)t  bright  by  poli.shing. 

Brigittine  (brij'i-tin),  n.  and  a.  [Also  Bridget- 
tine,  Ilridgitliiie,  Brigittine,  etc.,<  Hrigitta,  Lat- 
inized form  of  Ir.  Jirigliid,  E.  Bridget,  -t-  -JHt-l.] 

1.  n.  1.  A  member  of  an  order  of  nuns  and 
monks  established  by  St.  Brigitta  (Bridget),  a 
Swedish  princess,  about  1344,  under  the  Augus- 
tinian  rule.  'J'he  nuns  (who  were  much  the  more  mi- 
inerous)  and  monks  dwelt  in  contiguous  houses,  under  the 
temporal  govennnent  c>f  a  prioress.  Before  the  Refor- 
nnUion  the  order  had  spread  into  many  countries  of  Eu- 
rope; and  there  are  still  a  few  houses  of  lirigittine  nuns, 
including  one  in  England  founded  at  a  recent  period  by  an 
English  "comnnmity  that  wa-s  transferred  to  Portugal  in 
Queen  F.lizabeth's  time. 

2.  A  inofnber  of  a  conventual  order  of  virgins 
founded  by  St.  Bridget  of  Ireland  in  the  si.xth 
century,  which  existed  for  several  centuries  in 
various  parts  of  Europe. 

II.  a.  Pertiiining  to  St.  Brigitta  or  to  the  or- 
der founded  by  her:  as,  Brigittine  indulgence. 

brignole  (bre-nyol'),  n.  [F.,  <  Brignoles,  a 
town  in  the  department  of  Var,  France,  cele- 
brated for  its  jjrunes.]  A  variety  of  the  com- 
mon jilum  fm'uishing  the  dried  fruits  known  as 
Provence  prunes  or  Frencli  plums. 

brigoset  (bri-f;os').  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bri- 
giiiis;  <  ML.  Iiriijnsus  (It.  Ijriguso),  <  briga,  con- 
tention: see  hrigue.]    Contentious. 

Very  briqose  and  severe. 

T.  Puller,  Moderation  of  the  Church  of  Eng.,  p.  324. 

brigOUSt,  "■     ■''po  brigose. 

brig-schooner  (brig'sko"ner),  n.  Same  as  her- 
miililniiditc  brig  (which  see,  under  brig^). 

briguet  (breg),'«.  [F.,  a  cabal,  intrigue,  etc., 
OF.  brigne  (>  ME.  Irige)  =  It.  I>riga  =  Pg.  briga 
=  Sp.  Pr.  brega  (ML.  briga),  quarrel,  conten- 
tion, strife,  etc.  Cf.  brigand.]  A  cabal;  an 
intrigue;  a  faction;  contention. 

The  politicks  of  the  court,  the  brigues  of  the  cardinals, 
the  tricks  of  the  conclave.  Chcslerjield. 

briguet  (breg),  v.  i.  [<  P.  brigucr ;  from  the 
uoim:  sea  brigiie,  n.]     To  canvass;  intrigue. 

Our  adversaries,  by  briguing  and  caballing,  have  caused 

so  universal  a  defection  frotn  us.     Siii/t,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  i. 

I  am  too  proud  to  brigue  for  admission.  Bp.  lltird. 

brikeH,  «■  A  Middle  English  variant  of  brick^ 
and  breach. 

(Jenylon  Oliver  .  .  . 

Broughte  this  wortliy  king  in  swich  a  brike. 

Cliaucer,  Jlotik's  Tale,  1.  40O. 

brike"t,  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of  brick". 

brill  (bril),  «.  [Also  written  ;))'(//,  E.  dial. 
jieaii :  prob.  <  Corn,  brilli,  mackerel,  contracted 
from  ijrithctti,  pi.  of  brithel,  a  mackerel,  lit. 
spotted,  <  brith,  spotted,  speckled,  =  W.  brych, 
brech  =Ir.  Gael,  breac,  speckled.  Cf.  Ir.  Gael. 
brcac,  a  trout,  Manx  brack,  a  trout,  a  mackerel. 
Fish-names  are  unstable.]  A  flatfish,  Bothus 
or  Rhombus  la'vis,  of  the  family  I'leuronectida. 
Ill  its  getieral  form  it  resembles  the  tnrbot,  but  is  inferior 
to  it  in  both  size  and  quality.  It  has  scales,  but  very 
small  ones,  and  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  have  more  numer- 
ous rays  tlian  those  of  tlie  tnrbot.  It  is  taken  on  many 
of  the  co:usta  of  Europe,  the  principal  part  of  the  supply 
for  the  London  market  being  from  the  southern  coast  of 
England,  where  it  is  abinidant. 

brillante  (brel-liin'te),  a.  [It.,  =  F.  brillant: 
see  lirillianl.]  In  mimic,  brilliant:  noting  a 
passage  to  be  executed  in  a  brilliant,  dashing, 
sliowy,  or  spirited  manner. 

brilliance, brilliancy  (bril'yans,  -yan-si),  n.  [< 
brilliant:  seo -ance, -ancg.]  1.  The  quality  of 
being  brilliant ;  great  brightness  ;  splendor ; 
luster:  as,  the  brilliance  of  the  diamond. 

.star 
The  black  earth  with  brillianee  rare. 

Tennyson,  Ode  to  Memory,  ii. 

2.  Figuratively,  remarkable  excellence  or  dis- 
tinction ;  admirable  or  splendid  (juality  or  qual- 
ities;  absolutely,  conspicuous  mental  ability  or 
an  exhibition  of  it.  [In  this  sense  brilliancy  is 
more  commonly  used.] 

The  author  does  not  attempt  to  polish  and  brighten  liis 
composition  to  the  Ciceronian  gloss  aud  brilliancy. 

Macaulay. 

Wlien  the  circulation  has  been  artificially  exalted  by 

stimulants,  there  is  an  easy  anil  rapid  current  of  thoughts, 

showing  itself  in  what  we'describe  as  unusual  brilliuney. 

II.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  102. 

=  Syn.  Effulgence,  Lutter,  etc.    See  radiance. 


brilliant 

brilliant  (briryant),  «.  and  «.  [<  P.  hriUatit 
(E.  -Ill-  =  -III-,  repr.  tlio  fonncr  souikI  of  F.  -II-), 
ppr.  of  hrilicr  =:\'v.  Sp.  hrilliir  :=  I't;.  hrilliiir  = 
It.  brilliirc,  glitter,  si)arkl(',  <  ML.  as  if  'hrril- 
larc,  sparkli'  liko  a  boryl  or  othor  prei-ioiis 
stone,  i  h.  hcrilliis,  hcnilliix,  a  beryl,  goiii,  cyi-- 
glass;  cf.  It.  dial,  brill,  a  beryl,  ML.  hrillum, 
an  eyeglass,  >  G.  brillc,  I),  bril,  spectacles:  see 
hcri/l.']  I.  a.  1.  Sparkling  witli  light  or  luster; 
glittering;  bright:  as,  a  brilliant  gom;  a  bril- 
liant dress. 

A  eurrent  of  electricity  is  .  .  .  capable  of  siinmlatiiig 
the  optic  nerve  in  such  a  way  tliat  Itritli/int  colours  are 
perceived,  although  tile  experiment  is  made  in  perfect 
darltness.  litxKl,  .Modern  Chromatics,  p.  95. 

2.  Figuratively,  distinguished  by  admirable 
qualities;  splendid;  shining:  a,s,  a, brilliant v/it; 
a  brilliant  achievement. 

WastiingUin  was  more  solicitous  to  avoid  fatal  mistakes 
than  to  perform  bnUiant  exploits.  Ames. 

Tile  Austrians  were  driven  back  [at  Goito]  with  heavy 
loss,  the  issue  of  the  battle  being  decided  by  a  briUiaiit 
charge  of  the  Cuneo  brigade,  commanded  by  tlie  Crown 
I*rince  in  i)erson.  A".  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  S3, 

=  Sy31.  1.  Lustrous,  radiant,  effulgent,  resplendent,  showy, 
conspicuous.  — 2.  Illustrious,  notalde. 

II.  «.  [Cf.  F.  brillant,  a  diamond,]  1.  The 
form  in  which  the  tliamond  and  other  precious 
stones  are  cut  when  intended  to  be  used  as  or- 
naments, whenever  the  shape  and  cleavage  of 
the  uncut  stone  allow  this  to  be  done  without 
too  much  loss  of  material.  Tlie  brilliant  is  suscep- 
tible of  m-iny  small  modifications  as  regards  the  size,  pro- 
portions,  and  even  the  number  of  the  facets ;  but  in  the 
most  perfect  cut  there  are  68  facets.  The  general  shape  of 
all  brilliants  is  that  of  two  pyramids  united  at  their  bases, 
the  upper  one  being  so  truncated  as  to  give  a  large  plane 

r  I G-.  I . 


684 


brimful 


and  la  formed  by  removing  one  third  of  the  thickness  of  the     A  bnnk,  edge,  or  margin  ;  more  esneeiallv  the 

stone;  the  ii]iposite  small  end,  called  tlie  cufce  or  coffcf,     i;^,,   ,,f  tn.wVt;,,,,   l./.i  '      .      .       '-  •"        . 

is  formc<l  by  removing  one  eighteenth  of  the  thieliiiess  of  .  "  -  "I.  J>""-"""  "< ' 
tin-  stone.  Tlie  ijirdlf  is  the  widest  part,  and  forms  the 
jimction-line  between  the  upper  part,  trailed  the  crown, 
and  the  lower  part,  called  the  paoiliirn.  >'ig.  2  shows  the 
top  (a),  side  (h),  and  back  (c)  views  of  a  modern  jirilliant 
cut  with  58  facets.  T  is  the  table;  C,  the  culet;  G,  the 
girdle ;  A,  the  t«mplets  or  bezels  (of  which  there  are  4  in 
all) ;  B,  the  upper  <{Uoins  or  lozenges  (of  which  there  are 
4);  5,  star-facets  (of  which  there  are  s  in  the  crown);  E, 
skill-  or  half-facets  (S  in  the  crown  and  the  same  number 
in  the  pavilion);  D,  cross-  or  skew.faceta (8  in  each  part); 
/*,  pavilion-facets  (4  in  number);  Q,  lower  or  under-side 
(juoiiis  (of  which  there  arc  4)  — making  58  facets  in  all. 
.Sometimes  extra  facets  are  cut  around  the  culet,  making 
66  in  all.  In  flg.  3,  a  and  h  show  top  and  side  views  of  the 
single  cut,  or  half  brilliant ;  c  is  a  ttip  view  of  the  old  Eng- 
lish single  cut.  In  fig.  4,  a,  b,  and  c  show  top,  side,  and 
back  views  of  a  brilliant  with  42  facets.  In  flg.  5,  a,  ii,  and 
c  show  top,  side,  and  b.ick  views  of  the  split  or  double  bril- 
liant, with  74  facets.  In  fig.  6,  a,  b,  and  c  show  top,  side, 
and  back  views  of  the  Portuguese  cut,  wliich  has  two  rows 
of  rhomboidal  and  three  rows  of  triangular  facets  above 
and  below  the  girdle.  In  fig.  7,  a  gives  a  side  view  of  the 
dmible  rose,  sometimes  called  the  briotctte  when  several 
more  rows  of  triangular  facets  are  added.    Fig.  8  shows 


Fig.  8.—  Regent  Diamond.    ( Size  of  the  original. ) 

the  form  and  size  of  the  fjinious  Regent  diamond,  belong- 
ing to  the  government  of  France.  It  weighs  136}  carats, 
and  is  generally  considered  the  most  valuable  diamond 
known,  having  been  estimated  by  experts  at  twelve  mil- 
lion francs.  It  comes  very  near  being  a  perfect  brilli.ant 
in  form,  but  is  a  little  too  thick  or  deep  for  its  breadth, 
while  the  Koh-i-noor,  as  cut  since  it  came  into  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Queen  of  England,  is  too  thin  or  spread.  Any 
gem  ni.ay  be  cut  in  brilliant  form ;  but  when  the  word  bril- 
liant is  used  by  itself,  it  is  always  understood  to  mean  a 
diamond. 

2.  The  smallest  regular  size  of  printing-type, 
about  20  lines  to  the  inch,  very  rarely  used. 


3.  In  the  manege,  a  brisk,  high-spirited  horse, 
with  stately  action. — 4.  A  bright  light  used 
in  fireworks. —  5.  A  cotton  fabric  with  a  raised 
pattern  figured  in  the  loom,  and  with  or  with- 
out a  design  in  colors.— Double  briUiant,  or  Lis- 
bon cut,  a  form  with  two  rows  oriozengt-aliaped  s<|uares 
anil  three  rows  of  triangular  f.aeets.— Half-brilliant  Cut, 
the  most  simple  form  of  the  brilliant  cut  (.sie  above).  ver\ 
generally  employed  for  stones  which  are  toi>  sniall  to  ad"- 
niit  of  numerous  facets.— Trap-brilliant,  or  split-bril- 
liant, a  form  differing  from  the  full  brilliant  in  having 
the  foundation  sijuares  divided  horizontally  into  two  tri- 
angular facets,  forming  an  obtuse  angle  when  viewed  in 
elevation  (see  altove). 

brilliantly  (bril'yant-li),  adv.  In  a  brUliant 
manner ;  splendidly. 

One  of  tliesc  [banners]  is  most  brillianlhi  displayed. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng'.  Poetry,  II.  56. 

brilliantness  (bril'yant-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  brilliant;  brilliancy;  splen- 
dor; glitter. 

brilllolette,  brillolette  (bril-yo-lef,  -6-let'), 

n.  [F.  Iirillohttc,  <  brill-ant,  brilliant,  -i-'-olettr. 
See  hriolvttc.']     Same  as  briolette. 

brills  (brilz),  n.  pi.  [Cf.  G.  brille,  D.  bril,  spec- 
tacles: see  brilliant.']  The  hair  on  the  eyelids 
of  a  horse. 

brimlf,  «•  [ME.  brim,  <  AS.  brim,  the  sea, 
ocean,  flood  (=  Icel.  brim,  sea,  surf),  orig.  per- 
haps the  (roaring)  surf,  <  'brimman,  strong 
verb,  >  bremman,  weak  verb,  roar  (see  brimS), 
=  MHG.  briinmen,  strong  verb  (>  brummcn, 
weak  verb,  G.  brummen  =  D.  brommcu,  hum. 


t  ween  a  liody  of  water  and 
its  bank,  or  between  the  liank  and  the  adjoin- 
ing level :  as,  to  descend  to  the  brim  of  a  lake ; 
the  river  is  full  to  the  brim. 

There  is  a  clitf  (»t  Dover] :  .  .  . 
Bring  me  but  to  the  very  brim  of  it. 

Skak.j  Lear,  iv.  1. 
By  dimpled  brook  and  fountain  brim. 

Milton,  Comus,  I.  119. 
New  stars  all  night  above  the  brim 

Of  wat^TS  lighten'd  into  view; 
They  climb'd  as  quickly,  for  the  rim 
Changed  every  moment  as  we  flew. 

Tcnnygon,  V'oyage,  st.  4. 

2.  The  upper  edge  of  anytliing  hollow:  as,  the 
brim  of  a  cup. 

lie  froth'il  liis  bumpers  to  the  brim. 

Tennymn,  Deatli  of  the  flld  Year. 

3.  A  projecting  edge,  border,  or  rim  round  any- 
thing hollow :  as,  the  brim  of  a  hat. 

And  therefore  would  he  put  his  bonnet  on, 
Under  whose  brim  the  gaudy  sun  would  peep. 

SItak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1088. 
.Should  the  heart  closer  shut  as  the  bonnet  grows  prim. 
And  the  face  grow  in  length  as  the  hat  grows  in  brim  ? 

Whitticr,  The  Quaker  .\luinni. 
Brim  of  the  pelvis,  in  anat.,  the  upper  orifice  or  inlet  of 
the  pelvis,  formed  by  the  upper  border  of  the  symphysis 
pubis,  the  iliopectineal  line  of  each  ilium,  and  the  prom- 
ontory of  the  sacrum.  =Syn.  See  rim. 
brim-  (brim),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brimmed,  ppr. 
brimming.  [<  brim^,  ».]  I.  trans.  To  fill  to  the 
brim,  upper  edge,  or  top. 

One  brave  June  morning,  when  the  bluff  north-west  .  .  . 
Brimmed  the  great  cup  of  heaven  with  sparkling  cheer. 
Lowtit,  Under  the  Willows. 

I  drink  the  cup  of  a  costly  death, 
Brimm'd  with  delirious  draughts  of  warmest  life. 

Tfnnyi<on,  Eleanore,  st.  8. 
II.  intrans.   1.  To  be  full  to  the  brim:  as,  a 
brimming  glass. —  2.  To  coast  along  near;  skirt. 
[Rare.] 

Where  I  brim  round  flowery  islands.  Keats. 

To  brim  over,  to  run  over  the  brim ;  overflow  :  often  used 
ill  a  figurative  sense. 

He  was  also  absolutely  brimming  over  with  humour. 

Edinburyh  Rev. 
brim3  (brim),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brimmed,  ppr. 
brimming.  [Early  mod.  E.  brimme,  <  ME.  brym- 
men,  be  in  heat,  orig.  roar  (cf.  rut"  for  a  simi- 
lar development  of  sense) :  see  ?<(•(?«  1.]  To  be 
in  heat,  as  a  boar  or  sow.  ~      ~ 

Now  bores  glaitly  bryiiitneth. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  98. 

brim'^t  (brim),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  breeme, 
hreme,  <  ME.  hrim,  brijm,  brem,  brimme,  brymme, 
and  ^vith  orig.  long  vowel,  bryme,  breme,  <  AS. 
brimme,  bryme,  OXorth.  broeme,  celebrated,  fa- 
mous.] 1.  Famous;  celebrated;  well  known; 
notorious.  Il'arner. — 2.  Violent;  fierce;  terri- 
ble ;  sharp. 

The  noyse  of  peple  up  stirte  thanne  at  ones 
As  breme  as  blase  of  straw  iset  on  fjTe. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  155. 

Thistles  thikke 
And  breres  bnnnme  for  to  prikke. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  I.  1835. 

And  nowsith  these  tidings  haue  come  hither  so  brim  of 

y"  gi-eat  Turks  ent^^rprise  into  these  partes  here,  we  cjm 

almost  neither  talke  nor  thinke  of  any  other  thing  els. 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  3. 

I  also  beard  a  violent  storm  described  as  very  brim,  a 

word  which  I  had  supposed  to  be  obsolete  in  this  sense. 

N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  268. 

3.  Strong;  powerful. 

The  child  .  .  .  was  a  big  barn,  &  breme  of  his  age. 

William  of  Palerne,  1.  18. 

4.  Shaiij;  acute. 

.\nd  of  the  stones  and  of  the  sten'es  thow  studyest,  as  I 

leue. 
How  euere  beste  or  brydde  hath  so  breme  wittes. 

Piers  Plotttnan  (B),  xii.  224. 


[Prov.  Eng.] 


buzz,  growl,  grumble);  cf.  OHG.  Jrewroi,  MHG.  brim"  (brim),  «.    [Appar.  a  var.  of  iircnwl.]   A 


surface,  the  lower  one  terminating  almost  in  a  point.  The 
manner  in  which  the  brilliant  is  derived  from  the  funda- 
mental octahedral  form  (a  in  flg.  1)  is  shown  in  flg.  1.  b 
and  c.    The  uppermost  large  flat  surface  is  called  the  table, 


brcmen,  strong  verb,  roar,  buzz,  =  L.  fremere, 
roar,  rage,  =  Gr.  jSpi/jeiv,  roar,  >  iipn/iuc,  a  roar- 
ing, esp.  of  waves,  =  Skt.  •/  bhrain,  wander, 
whirl,  flutter,  be  agitated.  Hence  comp.  brim- 
sand.]     The  sea;  ocean;  water;  flood. 

In  niiddes  the  brig  was  oner  the  brim. 

Legendu  o/ the  llUy  Rood  (e.l.  Morris),  p.  125. 

He  .  .  .  lepitli  dune  into  tlie  lirioime. 

Early  Kn.j.  I'o.oix  {oii.  Fiiinivall),  p.  156. 
brim2  (brim),  n.  [<  ME.  brim,  brem,  brym, 
brimme,  brymme,  margin,  esp.  of  a  river,  lake, 
or  sea  (=  MHG.  brem,  border,  brim,  G.  dial. 
(Bav.)  brdm,  border,  stripe,  G.  brdme,  brame, 
bonier,  edge,  >  F.  berme,  E.  bcrm,  q.  v.;  cf. 
Icel.  ?<r/r»ir=  Sw.  briitn  =  Dan.  brivmme.  border, 
etlge,  lirim);  usually  explained  as  a  ]iarticuUir 
use  of  ME.  brim,  <  AS.  brim,  the  sea,  ocean,  the 
sea  as  sui-f  (hence  brink,  bnm);  see  brim^.]   1. 


fish  of  the  family  Centrarehida;  the  long-eared 
simfish,  Lepomis  auritus. 
brim"   (lu-im),  n.     [A|ipar.   a  var.  of  brined,  q. 
V.    Cf.  Se.  brime  =  E.  brine'^.]    The  forehead. 
[North.  Eng.] 
brime  (brim),  h.     A  Scotch  form  of  brine^. 
brimfillt  (brim'fil),  r.  i.     [<  brim^  +  /Hi.]    To 

fill  to  the  top.     Criisliiiw. 
brimfiret,  ".      [ME.  brimjir,  brinfire,  <  briii-  (< 
brinnen,  hrcnnen,  biuii)  +  Jire,  fire.     Cf.  brim- 
stone.]    Sulphur. 

Towarde  Sodome  he  sag  the  roke 
And  the  brinfires  stinken  smoke. 

Genesis  and  Exodus,  1.  1153. 

brimful  (brim'ful'),  «.  [<  brim^  +  full.]  Fidl 
to  the  brim  or  top ;  completely  full :  rarely  used 
attributively:  as.  a  glass  'brimful  of  "wine; 
"  brimful  of  sorrow,"  Hhak:,  Tempest,  v.  1 ;  "her 


brimful 

brimful  eyes,"  Drijdvn,  Sigisraonda  and  Guis- 
canio. 

My  licart 
liriiit/al  of  tlioso  wild  tales. 

Tennymn,  Fair  Women. 

brimfulness  (brim'ful'nes),  n.  Tlic  state  of 
liciiit;  1  ill  infill;  fullnoss  to  the  top.     [Rare.] 

brimless(liiiiii'lcs),  ».  [</);•;«/-  + -te.s.]  Hav- 
iiif;  nil  lirim  :  a.'i,  a  liriiiiksx  hat. 

brimlyt,  '"''•.  [Karly  mod.  E.  also  hrccmhi,  hremc- 
III,  <  MK.  hri/mli/,  brcmbj,  hrcmcli/ ;  <  brim^  + 
-ly'^.]     1.  Violently;  fiereoly;  tcn-ibly. 

The  kyiige  lilyschit  llookeil]  one  the  Ijeryne  with  liis  liroclc 

eshne  [eyes] 
That  fiille  hri/mli/  for  lirctli  liiynto  as  the  ^-leilys. 

Muria  Arthtm;  1.  IIG. 

2.  Hastily;  quickly. 

lininibi  liefore  us  he  tliai  broyht, 
Oui"  dedes  that  slialle  dam  lis  bidenc, 

Tuwtieley  Mysteries,  ji.  10r». 

3.  Loudly. 

Biiddes  ful  hrcmely  on  the  liowes  singe. 

Willinm  o/  Palenit',  1.  23. 
Tlioii  liast  Mown  tliy  Wast  brecmhie  ahroad. 

Percy  Fill.  MS.,  iii.  71. 

brimme't,  brimme'-t.    See  ImnA,  hrim'^,  etc. 
brimmed  (biimd),  p.  a.    [<  brim'^  +  -ff/'-i.]    1. 

Havin;;  a  lirira;  in  composition,  having  a  hrim 
of  the  kind  sjiccifiod:  as,  a  broad-(jn»iW('(/  hat. 
—  2.  Filled  to  the  brim;  level  with  the  brim. 

May  thy  britmued  waves  for  this 

Their  full  tribute  never  miss. 

Miltmi,  C'onnis,  1.  924. 

brimmer  (brim'er),  «.     [<  hrinfi,  n.,  +  -f)-l.] 

1.  A  Ijowl  full  to  the  top. 

Dear  brimmer!  that  makes  our  liusliands  sliort-sighted. 
Wychcrley,  Country  Wife,  v.  1. 
When  liealths  go  round,  and  kiiuily  brimmers  how. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Liieretius,  iii.  99. 

2.  A  broad-brimmed  hat.     [Rare.] 

Now  takes  liis  brimmer  otf.  A.  Drome,  Songs. 

brimming  (brim'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  brim'", 
v.;  the  allusion  is  to  the  foaming  and  spar- 
kling of  water  when  it  brims  over.]  An  Eng- 
lish name  for  the  gloam  exhibited  at  night  by  a 
school  of  herrings. 
brimmle  (brim'l),  n.     A  dialectal  variant  of 

hiiimlilc. 
brimnesst  (brim'nes),  n.    [ME.  bremncs;  <  brim 
+  -Hfs*-.]     Fierceness  ;  rage. 

At  Mid  .\iirille,  the  mone  when  myrthes  beg>li, 
Tile  season  full  softe  of  tile  salt  water, 
Aiid  the  brevities  abated  of  the  brode  ythes  [waves]. 
Destruclio7i  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  I.  10<«i. 

brim-sand  (brim'sand),  n.  [<  ftriml  -I-  sand.] 
Sea-sand.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

brimse  (brimz),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  hrii/i.-i, 
formerly  hrimsci/ ;  not  found  in  ME.  or  AS., 
thougli  an  AS.  form  'hrimsa  is  generally  cited, 
and  was  possibly  existent  as  the  orig.  form  of 
brec:c'^,  AS.  hrios'ti,  bredsa:  see  hrce^c'^,  where 
forms  cognate  with  brimne  are  given.]  A  gadfly: 
sameas  ftrf<-~el.  HalliwcU.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 

brimseyt,  "•  Same  as /ir/w.sr.   Ciiigriirc  ;  TopsclJ. 

brimstone  ibrim'ston),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  brim- 
atiiii,  bnjinsliin,  brcmstoii,  brumston,  eomipt 
forms  of  hriiiston,  brijtiston,  brcnsUm,  bntii.ston, 
broiistoii,  transposed  bcrnstoii,  borimton,  etc.  (= 
Icel.  bn'Hiiisteinn  ;  cf.  Sc.  bniiLstane,  brunt.st<i)H; 
etc.),  <  brill-,  brcn-  (AS.  bcnic-  in  bcrnchlc,  a 
burnt-offering)  (<  brinncii,  brniiien,  AS.  *briii- 
11(111.  burn),  +  stiin,  stone.    Cf.  brimfire.]    I.  n. 

1.  Suliihur;  specifically,  sidphur  in  a  eoucr(>te 
or  solidified  state,  or  reduced  from  that  state: 
as,  roW-brimxtoiic ;  Huid  brimstone. 

IJotli  were  cast  alive  into  a  lake  of  fire  burning  with 
brimstone.  Kev.  xix.  20. 

2.  The  brimstone  butterfly.  Xcwman.  [Colloq. 
or  prov.  Eng.]— Vegetable  brimstone,  a  name  given 

Ui  tile  ilitlammable  .spores  itf  siieeies  of  Ijiicojiodintn,  em- 
ployed ill  the  preparation  of  fireworks. 

II.  '(.  1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  made  of  biim- 
stouo:  as,  brimstoiu;  matches. 

From  his  brlmsHme  bed  at  break  of  day 
A-walking  the  devil  has  gone. 

Coteridye,  Tiie  Devil's  Thoughts. 

2.  Sulphur-yellow  in  color;  resembling  brim- 
stone  or   sulphur    in    color;    bright-yellow. — 

Brimstone  butterfly,  a  speeies  of  ImtterHy,  Gonojileryx 
ritfiiiini.  iiiaikrd  liy  the  angulation  of  the  wing-tips,  by  tile 
yellow  eolor  of  both  se.xes.  and  by  a  red  spot  ill  the  initldle 
of  eaeh  wing.  .See  cut  iu  next  column. —  Brimstone 
moth,  a  lepidopterous  insect,  Rumia  crattvytita,  having 
yellow  wings  with  light  streaks,  and  chestnut-colored 
spots  on  the  fore  wings. 

brimstone-wort  (brim'ston-wert),  »i.  An  um- 
belliferous plant,  I'euccdamtm  officinale,  the 
roots  of  which  yield  a  yellow  sap  which  quick- 
ly becomes  hard  and  dry  and  smells  not  unlike 
brimstone. 


685 


/  -.-  A 


nriiiistc.ii,  IJiniLOly  I  ,,.<u:f.uryx  rhamttx),  natural  sire. 

brimstony  (brim'sto-ni),  a.  [<  brimstone  +  -i/l.] 
Full  of  or  containing  brimstone;  resembling 
brimstone;  sulpliurous:  as,  ^^brimstumj,  blue, 
and  fiery,"  B.  .lonsiiii.  Alchemist,  iv.  5.    [Rare.] 

brin't, ''.  An  olisolete  variant  of  biirn^.   Vhaucir. 

brin-  (brin),  H.  [F.,  a  blade,  shoot;  origin  un- 
known.]    One  of  the  radiating  sticks  of  a  fan. 

brincht  (biinch),  r.  t.  [Also  written  brincc,  ear- 
ly mod.  E.  bri/nch,  also  brindice,  <  It.  brindi.'<i, 
brindcsi  (Florio),  F.  brindr,  formerly  briiii/iif 
(Cotgrave),  a  drinking  to,  a  toast.]  To  ilrink 
in  answer  to  a  jiledge;  pledge  one  in  drinking. 

brinded  (brin'ded),  a.  [Same  as  E.  dial,  anil 
Sc.  branded,  of  a  reddish-brown  color  with 
streaks  or  patches  of  darker  brown  or  black 
(>  brandie,  a  name  often  given  to  cows  in  Scot- 
land); the  vowel  modified,  appar.  after  Icel. 
briind-  iu  deriv.  bnindottr,  brinded,  as  a  cow, 
for  "brandi'ittr  (cf.  brand-krossotir,  brinded  with 
a  white  cross  on  the  forehead),  <  brandr=E. 
brand.  Thus  brinded,  as  above,  is  nearly  equiv. 
to  branded,  pp.  of  brand,  v.:  see  brand.]  1. 
Properly,  of  a  gray  or  tawny  color  marked  with 
bars  or  streaks  of  a  darker  hue;  brindled:  ap- 
plied more  loosely  to  any  animal  having  a  hide 
variegated  by  streaks  or  spots,  and  by  Milton 
to  the  lioness,  whoso  hide  is  of  a  nearly  uni- 
form hue:  as,  "the  brinded  cat,"  tSlialc.,  Mac- 
beth, iv.  1 ;  "  three  brinded  cows,"  Dryden,  Cock 
and  Fox. 

.She  tamed  the  brinded  lioness 
And  spotted  niolintain-pard. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  443. 
The  brinded  catamount,  that  lies 
High  in  the  houghs  to  wateh  his  prey. 

Bryant,  Hunter  of  the  Prairies. 

2.  In  her.,  spotted:  said  of  a  beast  used  as  a 
bearing. 
brindle  (brin'dl),  n.     [Assumed  from  brindled.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  brinded;  a  color  or  mix- 
ture of  colors,  of  which  gray  is  the  base,  with 
bands  of  a  darker  gray  or  black  eolor:  as,  "a 
natural  brindle,"  liicliardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe. 
—  2.  A  name  of  the  mudfish  or  bowfiii,  Amia 
ratra.     See  cut  under  Amiidce. 

brindled  (brin'dld),  a.  [A  kind  of  dim.  form  of 
brinded.]  Brinded ;  variegated  with  streaks  of 
different  colors. 

And  there  the  wild-cat's  brindled  hide 
The  frontlet  of  the  elk  adorns. 

Scotl,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  2". 

brindle-moth  (brin'dl-m6th),  n.  A  name  given 
liy  some  British  collectors  to  moths  of  the  ge- 
nus Xyh/diasia. 

brine^  (brin),  n.  [=  Sc.  (irreg.)  brime,  <  ME. 
brine,  brijne,  <  AS.  brijne  (=  MI),  brijn),  brine, 
salt  liquor;  a  particular  use  of  bninc  (early  ME. 
6rH«<'  =  Icel. /»■»«/),  a  burning, <  "brinnan,  burn: 
seebriii^,biirni.]  i.  Water  satm'ated  or  strong- 
ly impregnated  with  salt,  Uke  the  water  of  the 
ocean;  salt  water.  Artifleial  brine  is  used  for  the 
preservation  of  the  flesh  of  animals,  rtsh,  vegetables,  etc. 

2.  The  sea  as  a  body  of  salt  water;  the  ocean. 

The  air  was  ealiu.  and  on  the  level  brine 
Sleek  Panofie  witli  all  her  sisters  jilay'd. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  1. 1>S. 

3.  Tears. 

What  a  deal  of  brine 
Hath  w  a-sli'd  thy  sallow  cheeks  for  Kosaline  ! 

Shak.,  K.  and.I.,  ii.  3. 

brine^  (brin),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brined,  ppr. 
brininy.  l<.  brine'^.  n.]  1.  To  steep  in  brine,  as 
corn,  in  order  to  iirevent  smut. — 2.  To  mi.\ 
salt  with;  make  briny:  as,  to  brine  hay. 

If  he  wrung  from  me  a  tear,  I  brin'd  it  so 
With  scorn  or  shame,  that  him  it  nourish'd  not. 

Donne,  Love's  Diet. 

brine-t, «.  [Cf.  North.  E.  brim,  the  forehead; 
<  ME.  bri/ne,  brow,  <  Icel.  briin,  pi.  brynn.  mod. 
brf/r,  brow,  =  Sw.  Dan.  bryn,  brow:  see  brow.] 
The  eyebrow. 

liryiie  or  brow  of  the  eye,  superciliuin. 

J'romiit.  Pan,,  p.  51. 


bring 

brine''  (bnn),  v.  [E.  dial. ;  cf.  equiv.  dial,  brim  ; 
apjiar.  corruptions  of /;/-/«7.]  To  bring:  as,  to 
brine  it  hither.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Norfolk).] 

brine-pan  (bnn'pan),  n.  A  [lit  in  which  salt 
wafer  is  eva]iorafed  to  obtain  the  salt. 

brine-pit  (brin'iiit),  «.  A  salt  spring  or  well 
from  which  water  is  taken  to  be  boiled  or  evap- 
orated for  making  salt. 

brine-pump  (brin'pump),  n.  A  pump  employed 
in  some  sti-am-vesscls  to  clear  tlu'  lioilcr  of  the 
lii'ine  wliicli  collects  at  the  bottom  of  it. 

brine-shrimp  (brin'shrimp),  n.  A  small  bran- 
chicipoddus  crustacean,  .'irtrmia  salina,  found 
in  brai'kish  water  and  in  brine.  See  Artemia. 
Also  called  brine-worm. 

brine-spring  (briu'spring),  n.  A  spring  of  salt 
wafer. 

brine-'val've  (brin'valv),  n.  A  blow-off  valve 
for  removing  concentrated  salt  'water  from  a 
steam-boiler. 

brine-'WOrm  (briu'wferm),  n.  Same  as  brinc- 
slirinip. 

bring  (l>ring),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brnuiilit,  ppr. 
briiit/inri.  [<  ME.  brinf/cn,  occasionally  brenijen 
(jiret.  brof/hle,  brolite,  etc.),<  AS.  bringan  (strong 
jirescnt,  with  jiret.  'brang,  pi.  "brnngon,  forms 
assumed  from  the  once-occurring  pp.  brungen), 
also  brengan  (weak  ]>resent,  with  pret.  brohte, 
]ip.  brolit),  =  OS.  brengian,  rarely  bringian,z=: 
OFries.  brenga,  bringa  =  t>.  brengen  =  OHG. 
bringan,  MIIG.  G.  bringen  (>  Sw.  bringa,  Dan. 
bringe)  =  Goth,  briggan  (pret.  braiitu),  bring. 
The  forms  are  prevailingly  weak;  the  strong 
forms  are  prob.  assumed  after  the  analogy  of 
verbs  like  sing,  .siring,  etc. ;  so  in  Sc.  and  vul- 
gar E.  pret.  brang,  brung.]  1.  To  bear,  con- 
vey, or  take  along  in  coming;  take  to  the  place 
where  the  receiver  is,  or  where  the  bearer  stays 
or  abides ;  fetch :  as,  bring  it  hither,  or  to  me ; 
to  bring  a  book  home. 
Briny  me,  I  pray  thee,  a  morsel  of  bread.    1  Ki.  xvii.  11. 

Di-iny  me  spices,  briny  me  wine. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin,  iv. 

She  from  a  carved  press  bronyht  him  linen  fair, 
And  a  new-woven  coat  a  king  might  wear. 

William  Morris,  ilartlily  Paradise,  I.  295. 

2.  To  cause  to  come  or  accnie ;  be  the  means 
of  conveying  possession  of ;  impart ;  devolve 
upon:  as,  the  transaction  brought  great  profit; 
his  wife  brought  him  a  large  dowry. 

She  shall  briny  him  [in  mamage]  that 
Wliich  he  not  dreams  of.  ,S'/i«^.,  W.  T.,  iv.  4. 

Afusic  that  brinys  sweet  sleep. 

Tennyson,  Choric  Song,  i. 

3.  To  cause  to  come  or  pass,  as  to  a  new  place, 
state,  or  condition;  impel;  draw  on;  lead:  as, 
to  bring  one  to  a  better  mind. 

The  fortress  .  .  .  shall  he  briny  ...  to  the  ground. 

Isa.  XXV.  12, 
Cod  had  brmtyht  their  counsels  to  naught.     Neh.  iv.  15. 
We  briny  to  one  dead  level  ev'ry  mind. 

Pope,  Duiieiad,  iv.  268. 

Profitable  employments  would  be  a  diversion,  if  men 

could  but  be  broityftt  to  delight  in  them.  Locke. 

4.  To  aid  in  coming  or  passing,  as  to  one's 
homo  or  destination;  conduct;  attend;  accom- 
pany. 

Yet  give  leave,  my  lord. 
That  we  may  briny  you  something  on  the  way. 

Shak.,  M.  for  .\I.,  i.  1. 

5.  To  convey  or  put  forth  as  a  product ;  bear 
or  be  the  bearer  of ;  yield :  as,  the  land  brings 
good  liarvests. 

Hecause  she  bronyht  him  none  but  girls,  she  thought 
Her  luisbaiui  loved  her  not.       Ii.  ./unson,  New  Inn,  i.  1, 

6.  To  convey  to  the  mind  or  knowledge  ;  make 
known  on  coming,  or  coming  before  one ;  bear 
or  impart  a  declaration  of. 

Be  thou  there  until  I  briny  thee  word.  Mat.  iii.  l.'i. 

What  aeeusation  briny  ye  against  this  man  ? 

John  xviii.  29. 

7.  To  fetch  or  put  forward  before  a  tribunal; 
make  a  jiresentation  of ;  in.stitute ;  declare  in 
or  as  if  in  court :  as,  to  bring  an  action  or  an 
indictment  against  one;  the  jury  brought  the 
prisoner  in  guilty. 

I'll  briny  mine  action  on  the  proudest  he 

Tliat  stops  my  way.  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

A  friend  of  mine  here  was  doubting  wjiether  he  should 
briny  an  action  against  two  persons  on  so  unfortunate  a 
day  as  Saturday.       K.  H'.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  I.  340. 

8.  To  cause  to  become  ;  make  to  be. 

I  wa-s  bronyht  acquainted  with  a  Blirgundian  Jew  who 
had  married  an  apostate  Kentish  woman. 

Eeelyn,  Diary,  -iug.  2S,  IWL 
To  bring  about,  to  effect ;  accowplisb. 


bring 

It  enabled  hira  to  pnln  the  most  vain  and  Impracticable 
int4)  llis  (iesij^ns,  ami  to  tirinft  about  several  k'rent  events 
tor  the  ailviintiiste  ot  the  pilhlie.         AddiMii,  Freeholder. 

Yes,  yes,  'taitli,  they're  agreed  — he's  cauBht,  he's  en- 
tniiitleil  —  my  dear  Carlos,  we  have  hrouriht  it  about. 

Sheridan,  The  Dueinia,  ii.  4. 
To  bring  a  chain  cable  to,  to  put  it  rouiul  the  capstan 
nadv  f')r  heaviiiL'  up  the  anchor.— To  bring  a  ne8t  Of 
hornets  about  one's  ears.  See  hormi.  To  bring  a 
person  to  his  bearings,  ^iec  bearinq.—  To  briJig  a  ship 
to  anchor,  to  let  ko  ilie  anchor.— To  bring  by  the  lee 
(imiit.),  to  liave  the  wind  eonie  suddeldy  on  the  lee  side, 
o«  iiii:  to  tlie  vawiiid  of  the  vessel,  a  sudden  change  in  the 
wiiul.s  direction,  or  the  bad  steering  of  the  liclnisnian.— 
To  bring  down.  («)  'I'o  take  down ;  cause  to  come  down ; 
lower.  ((')  To  hunnliate :  abase.  Shak.  (c)  To  cause  to 
tall;  hence,  of  game,  to  kill.     ICoUoq.) 

By  my  valour  I  there  is  no  merit  in  killing  him  so  near: 
do,  my  ilcar  Sir  Lucius,  let  me  brinri  him  rioiTO  at  a  long 
shot.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  3. 

To  bring  down  the  house,  to  elicit  a  burst  of  applause 
or  laughter  from  those  ]jresent,  as  in  acting  or  public 
spcakiuK.— To  bring  far  ben.  See  ieni.— To  bring 
forth.  <«)  To  produce,  as  young  or  fruit ;  hence,  give  rise 
to ;  he  the  cause  of. 

Idleness  and  luxury  bring  forth  poverty  and  want. 

Tillotson, 
(6)  To  bring  to  light ;  disclose ;  reveal. 

The  heavens  have  thought  well  on  thee,  .  . 
To  bring  forth  this  discovery. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  3. 

To  bring  forward.  («)  To  produce  to  view ;  cause  to  ad- 
vance, t^)  To  adtluce:  as,  to  brinrr .forward  arguments  in 
support  of  a  sclicmc.  -To  bring  grist  to  the  mill  See 
praf.— To  bring  home  to.  («)  To  prove  conclusively 
to  belong  or  be  applicalde  to  or  be  true  of,  as  a  charge 
of  any  kind,  (b)  'To  impress  upon  the  feeling;  cause  to 
be  felt;  as,  he  hroxiriht  it  home  to  them  very  vividly;  in 
preaching,  strive  to  brinff  the  truth  houte  to  the  hearers. 

Sever.al  prisoners  to  whom  Jeffreys  was  unable  to  bring 
home  the  charge  of  high  treason  were  convicted  of  misde- 
meanours. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 
To  bring  in.  {a)  To  bring  from  another  place,  or  from 
without  to  within  a  certain  precinct. 

Look  you  bring  me  in  the  names  of  some  six  or  seven. 
Shak.,  M.  for  SI.,  ii.  1. 

(b)  To  supply ;  furnish ;  yield ;  especially  used  in  speak- 
ing of  a  revenue,  rent,  or  income  produced  from  a  certain 
source. 

The  sole  measure  of  all  his  courtesies  is,  what  return 
tliey  will  make  liim,  and  what  revenue  they  will  bring  him 
in.  South. 

(c)  To  introduce ;  especially,  to  introduce  to  the  notice  of 
a  legislature ;  as,  to  bring  in  a  bill. 

Cain  was  not  therefore  the  first  murderer,  but  Adam, 

who  brought  in  death.    Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  4. 

Since  he  could  not  have  a  seat  among  them  himself,  he 

would  bring  in  one  who  had  more  merit.  Tatler. 

id)  To  place  in  a  particular  condition  or  station. 

But  he  protests  he  loves  you ; 
And  needs  no  other  suitor  but  his  likings  .  .  . 
To  bring  you  in  again  [namely,  to  your  former  office]. 
Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  1. 

(et)  To  reduce  within  the  limits  of  law  and  government. 
Perforce  bring  in  all  that  rebellious  rout. 

S-penser,  State  of  Ireland. 

To  bring  off.  (a)  To  bear  or  convey  from  a  place ;  rescue  : 
as,  to  bring  off  men  from  a  wreck. 

A  brave  young  fellow,  of  a  matchless  spirit ! 

He  ifrought  me  off  like  thunder,  charg'd  and  boarded. 

As  if  he  had  been  shot  to  save  mine  honour. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  ii.  1. 
(6)  To  procure  to  be  acquitted ;  clear  from  condemnation ; 
cause  to  escape,  (c)  To  dissuade ;  change,  as  from  an  opin- 
ion or  purpose ;  cause  to  abandon. 

'Tis  a  foolish  thing  for  me  to  be  brought  off  from  an 
Opinion  in  a  thing  neither  of  us  know. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  79. 
To  bring  on.  («)  To  bear  or  convey  or  cause  to  be  con- 
veyed with  one  from  a  distance  :  as,  to  bring  on  a  quantity 
of  goods,    (b)  To  cause  to  begin :  as,  to  bring  on  a  battle. 

All  commanders  were  cautioned  against  bringing  on  an 
engagement.  U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  373. 

(c)  To  originate  or  cause  to  exist :  as,  to  bring  on  a  disease. 

(d)  To  induce ;  lead  on. 

With  a  crafty  madness,  keeps  aloof, 
When  we  would  bring  him  on  to  some  confession. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 
To  bring  one's  nose  to  the  grindstone.    See  griiui- 

sloiiF.  — To  bring  out.  (")  I'o  expose;  detect;  bring  to 
light  from  concL-abiient :  ;is,  to  bring  out  one's  Ijjiseness. 
(6)  Tu  find  by  calculation  or  argument ;  deduce  ;  infer. 

The  more  strictly  Mr.  Gladstone  reasons  on  his  premises, 
the  more  absurd  are  tile  conclusions  which  he  brings  out. 
Macaulag,  Gladstone  on  Church  andState. 
(c)  To  publish :  as,  to  bri^ig  out  a  new  edition  of  a  book.— 
To  bring  over,  (a)  To  carry  over ;  bear  across ;  as,  to 
brimr  over  despatches ;  to  bring  over  passengers  in  a  boat. 
(b)  'i'o  convert  by  persuasion  or  other  means ;  draw  to  a 
new  party ;  cause  to  change  sides  or  an  opinion. 

What  did  I  not  undergo  of  danger  in  this  negotiation  to 
have  brought  him  orer  to  his  Majesty's  interest,  when  it 
was  intirely  in  his  hands!       Evelyn,  Diary,  May  24,  1660. 

The  lYotestmt  clergy  will  find  it  perhaps  no  difficult 
matter  to  bring  gi-eat  numbers  over  to  the  church.    Swi/t. 

To  bring  round,  (a)  To  persuade;  as,  I  will  under- 
take to  briarf  him  7-ou7id  to  your  views.  (6)  To  lead  up  to 
in  an  indirect  manner;  as,  he  brought  round  the  conver- 
sation to  his  favorite  topic,  (c)  'To  recover,  as  from  a 
swoon.-  To  bring  to.  («)  To  bring  back  to  conscious- 
ness a-sa  pel-son  partly  drowned,  (b)  Naut.:  (1)  To  heave 
to ;  force  (another  ship)  to  heave  to  or  stop.    ('2)  To  bend 


eso 

(a  sail)  to  its  yard  or  gaff.  To  bring  to  bag,  in  hunting, 
to  kill.  To  bring  to  bear,  "i  to  bear  upon.  (")  lo 
cause  to  have  itilluencc  or  ellect,  or  Ui  tiperate  n])<ui. 

Every  author  has  a  way  of  his  own  in //n'njin'/ his  points 
to  liear.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.  9. 

All  powerful  action  is  perfonned  by  bringing  the  forces 
of  nature  to  bear  upon  our  objects.  Kme.mon,  Art. 

No  force  of  imagination  that  I  can  bring  to  bear  will 
avail  to  cast  out  th'-  youth  of  that  very  imagination  which 
endeavours  to  depict  its  latter  ilays. 

ir.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  230. 
{b)  *To  bring  into  range,  or  tin*  range  of :  as,  to  bring  a  gini 
to  bear  upon  a  target.  — To  bring  tO  booll.  See  book.— To 
bring  to  gaff.  See  gnjr.  —  To  bring  to  light,  to  bring 
into  view;  reveal.  — To  bring  tO  mind,  to  recall,  as  what 
lias  lieeu  forgotten  or  wliat  is  not  ]jresent  to  the  mind. — 
To  bring  to  pass,  to  cause  to  come  to  pass ;  effect. 

Tlie  thing  is  established  by  God,  and  God  will  shortly 
bring  it  to  pans.  (<cn.  xli.  ;;2, 

To  bring  to  the  gangway.   Use  gangu-nii.—To  bring 
to  the  hammer,    see  hammer.— To  bring  under,  to 
subdue;  repress;  restrain;  reduce  to  obedience. 
The  Minstrel  fell !  — but  the  foeman's  chain 
Could  not  bring  his  proud  soul  under. 

Moore,  Minstrel  Boy. 
To  bring  up.  (a)  To  bear,  convey,  or  lift  upward,  (fc) 
In  iirinting,  to  give  the  proper  light  and  shade  to,  as  a 
print  of  an  engraving,  by  means  of  a  suital)le  distribu- 
tion of  pressure  in  the  press,  produced  by  overlays ;  also, 
to  equalize  the  pressure  upon,  as  any  part  of  a  form  on  a 
Iircss,  Ity  underlaying  it  with  cardboard  or  paper,  (c)  In 
tithi'!/.,  to  make  apparent;  make  visible, asa  drawing  or  a 
greasy  spot  upon  the  stone,  (d)  To  rear ;  nurture ;  care 
for  during  adolescence ;  used  with  reference  to  the  needs 
of  both  the  body  and  the  nnnd. 

God  by  tliis  tribulation  calleth  him,  and  biddeth  him 
come  home  out  of  the  countrey  of  sinne,  that  he  was  bred 
■  and  brought  vp  so  long  in. 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  41. 
I  consider  it  the  best  part  of  an  education  to  have  been 
bom  and  brought  up  in  the  country.    Alcott,  Tablets,  p.  4S. 
The  noble  wish 
To  save  all  earnings  to  the  uttermost. 
And  give  bis  child  a  better  britiging-up 
Than  his  had  been.  Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

((')  To  introduce  to  notice  or  consideration :  as,  to  bring 
up  a  subject  in  conversation.  (J)  To  cause  to  advance 
near ;  as,  to  bring  up  forces,  or  the  reserves. 

The  troops  from  Corinth  were  brought  up  in  time  to  re- 
pel the  threatened  movement  without  a  battle. 

i^.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  415. 
(g)  Naut.,  to  stop  (a  ship's  headway)  by  letting  go  an 
anchor  or  by  running  her  ashore.  (A)  "To  pull  up  (a  horse) ; 
cause  to  stop :  often  with  short ;  as,  he  brought  up  his 
horse  short  (that  is,  caused  it  to  stop  suddenly) ;  hence, 
figuratively,  to  stop  suddenly  in  any  career  or  course  of 
action  ;  bring  before  a  magistrate ;  pull  up. 

You  were  well  aware  that  you  were  committing  felony, 
and  have  probably  felt  tolerably  sure  at  times  that  you 
would  some  day  be  brought  up  short.  TmUnpe. 

To  bring  up  the  rear,  to  move  onward  in  the  rear ; 
form  the  rear  portion. — To  bring  up  "With  a  round 
turn  (naut.),  to  stop  (the  running  of  a  rope)  liy  taking  a 
round  turn  on  a  belaying-pin  or  cavil;  hence,  tigurative- 
ly,  to  stop  the  doing  of  anything  suddenly  but  cftectually. 
=  Syn.  Bring  up.  Bear,  etc.     See  raise. 

bringer  (bring'er),  n.  One  who  brings,  in  any 
sense  of  the  verb. 

brinish  (bri'nisli),  a.  [<  brine^  +  -Js7sl.]  Like 
brine;  briny;  salt  or  saltish:  as,  "her  brinish 
tears,"  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 

brinishness  (bri'nisb-ues),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  brinish  or  saltish. 

brinjal  (l)rin'jal),  n.  [Also  improp.  bringall 
=  Pg.  beringela,  <  Tamil  brinjaul,  the  egg- 
plant.] The  East  Indian  name  of  the  fruit  of 
the  egg-plant,  Solanum  McJongena. 

brinjarree  (brin-jar'i),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also 
written  hrinjarec,  <  Hind,  birinjdri,  a  camp-fol- 
lowing dealer  in  rice,  <  biriiij,  Pers.  biritij,  rice  ; 
mi.xed  with  Anglo-Ind.  henjary,  bunjtiry,  hunja- 
rce,  <  Hind,  banjfiri,  bunjdra  (as  in  the  def.),  < 
Skt.  Tiuiij,  merchant:  see  banian^,  biinynn^.'] 
In  India,  a  dealer  in  grain,  salt,  etc.,  who  car- 
ries his  goods  about  from  market  to  market, 
especially  in  the  Deccan. 

brink  (bringk),  n.  [<  ME.  brink,  brenl;  edge,  of 
LG.  or  Seand.  origin:  MLG.  LG.  brink;  brink, 
margin,  edge,  edge  of  a  hill,  a  hill,  =  d.  dial. 
brink,  a  sward,  a  grassy  liill,  =  Ban.  brink, 
edge,  verge,  =  Sw.  brink,  descent  or  slope  of  a 
hill,  =  leel.  brekka  for  *brenka,  a  slope ;  prob. 
connected  ■with  Icel.  bringa,  a  grassy  slope, 
orig.  the  breast,  =  Sw.  bringa,  breast,  = 
Dan.  bringe,  chest.  Cf.  W.  bryncyn,  a  hillock,  < 
hryn,  a  hill;  cf.  hron,  the  breast,  breast  of  a 
hill.]  The  edge,  margin,  or  border  of  a  steep 
place,  as  of  a  precipice  or  the  bank  of  a  river; 
verge;  hence,  close  proximity:  as,  ''the  preci- 
pice's brink,"  Dryden;  to  be  on  the  brink  of 
ruin. 

We  understood  they  were  a  people  almost  upon  the 
very  brink  of  renouncing  any  dependence  on  y  Crowne. 
Eeelgn,  Diary,  June  6,  1671. 
On  the  farthest  brink  of  doubtful  ocean. 

Lowell,  Appledore. 
=  Syn.  See  rim. 


brisk 

briny  (bri'ni),  a.  [<  brinc'^  +  -i/l.]  Pertaining 
to  liriiie;  of  the  nature  of  or  aileeted  Ijy  l)riiie  ; 
salt;  salty:  as,  a  briny  taste  ;  the  briny  flood  ; 
briny  tears. 

Late,  with  the  rising  moon,  returned  the  wains  from  the 

marshes, 
Ijiden  with  briny  hay,  that  fllleil  the  air  with  its  odor. 

Liiiujjellow,  Evangeline,  i.  2. 

brioclie  (bre-6sh'),  n.  [F.,  a  cake,  fig.  a  blun- 
der ;  origin  unknown.]  1 .  A  sort  of  pastry  made 
with  Hour,  eggs,  and  butter. —  2.  A  rouiul  and 
stuffed  cushion  for  tlie  feet  to  rest  on. — 3.  A 
stitch  in  knitting,  originally  used  in  making 
this  kind  of  footstool. 

briolel  (bri'o-let),  n.     See  briolette. 

briolette  (bre-o-lef),  n.  [<  F.  briolette,  also  writ- 
ten briolli ttc  for  briUnUlii:  (whence  E.  also  bril- 
li(itcttc),  <.  fc)'i7/««/,  brilliant;  see  brilliant.]  A 
form  in  wliich  the  diamond  is  sometimes  cut ; 
that  form  which  would  result  fi'om  joining  two 
rose  diamonds  back  to  back  and  adding  several 
rows  of  triangiUar  facets.  (See  rose  and  dia- 
mond.)   Also  brilliolette,  briolet. 

brionin,  brionine,  «.    See  bryonin. 

briony,  ».     See  bryony. 

briquet,  "■     An  obsolete  form  of  brick^. 

briquet  (bri-kef;  F.  pron.  bre-ka'),  n.  [P.,  a 
steel,  tinder-bo.x,  dim.  of  brique,  brick;  see 
brick".]  1.  A  steel  prepared  for  striking  a 
light  with  a  flint.  In  heraldry,  as  a  bearing, 
it  is  almost  peculiar  to  the  collar  of  the  Golden 
Fleece.  See  order. —  2.  A  small  brick. — 3. 
Coal-dust  molded  for  fuel  into  the  shape  of 
bricks  or  balls.  [In  the  last  two  senses  also 
briquette.] 

briseif,  »•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  breeze^. 

brise'-'t,  «•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  breeze'^. 

brise'^  (briz),  n.  [Also  written  brize ;  <  F.  brise, 
a  piece  of  ground  newly  broken  up  for  tillage 
after  Ijnng  long  untilled,  <  briser,  break;  cf. 
bruise.  Cf.  equiv.  E.  dial,  brcck.]  Ground  that 
has  lain  long  untilled.  Kersey,  1708 ;  Halliwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

bris6  (bre-za'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  briser,  break: 
see  bruise.]  In  her. :  («)  Broken:  said  of  any 
bearing  when  depicted  as  torn  asunder.  (?<) 
Bearing  a  mark  of  cadency  or  brisiu'e :  said  of 
a  shield  which  is  differenced  in  this  way.  Also 
spelled  brize. 

brisement  (brez'ment;  F.  pron.  brez'moh),  n. 
[F.,  <  briser,  break:  see  bruise.]     In  surg.,  a 

breaking  or  tearing  asunder Brisement  forci, 

the  forciiile  lircaking  down  of  ankylosis. 

Brisinga  (bri-sing'gil),  «.  [NL.  (P.  C.  As- 
bjomsen),  named  in  allusion  to  Icel.  Brisin- 
ga men  (AS. 
Brosinga  (for 
*Breosinga) 
mene),  the 
necklace  of 
the  Brisings, 
which  figures 
in  Seand. my- 
thology: Bri- 
singa, gen.  of 
BriMngr,  Bri- 
sing;  men  (= 
AS.  mene),  a 
necklace.]  A 
genus  of  star- 
fishes, t^^jical 
of  the  family 
Bri.'<iugida'. 

Brisingida  (bri-sin'ji-djl),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Bri- 
singa +  -ida.]  A  group  of  Astvroida,  or  star- 
fishes, t\-pified  by  the  genus  Brisinga. 

Brisingidae  (bri-sin'ji-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bri- 
singa +  -idee.]  A  remarkable  family  of  star- 
fishes, of  the  order  Asteroidca,  having  the  body 
shaped  as  in  the  ophiuriaiis  or  sand-stars,  with 
long  roimded  rays  distinct  from  the  disk,  and  the 
ambulacral  grooves  not  continued  to  the  mouth. 
B.  corona  fa  is  a  beautiful  Norwegian  species. 

brisk  (brisk),  a.  [Appar.  <  W.  bry.tg  =  Oa.e\. 
briosg,  also  brisg  =  Ir.  'bri.ig,  quick,  nimble, 
lively;  cf.  W.  bry.%  haste,  6)-(/.vio,  hasten,  (jael. 
Ir.  briosg,  a  start,  boiuice,  Ir.  bris,  lively,  brisk, 
Gael.  Ir.  bras,  lively,  hasty,  etc.  Cf.  brash'^. 
Not  connected  with  fri.sk  and  fresh  :  but  some 
refer  to  F.  brusque.]  1.  Quick  or  rapid  in  ac- 
tion or  miition;  exhibiting  quickness;  lively; 
swift ;  nimble :  as,  a  bri.sk  breeze. 

We  split  the  journey,  and  perform 
In  two  days'  time  what's  often  done 
By  brisker  travellers  in  one. 

Cou'per,  tr.  tpf  Horace's  Satires,  i.  6. 

Hence^ — 2.    Sprightly;   animated;  vivacious; 
gay:    as,  "a  brisk,   gamesome    lass,"   Sir   B. 


Deep-sea  Starfisti  {Brisinga  raranata). 


brisk 

V Estrange.— Z.  Full  of  lively  or  exciting  ac- 
tion or  events ;  exciting;  interesting. 

You  have  had  a  hrUk  time  of  it  at  Huwick,  and  all  the 
organs  of  coinliativencss  have  been  calleil  into  action. 

Sijdni'y  Smith,  To  the  ('oiintess  Grey. 

4.  Burning  freely;   bright:   as,  a  bri.ik  fire. — 

5.  Effervescing  vigorously :  said  of  liquors : 
as,  britih  eider. — 6.  I'erformcd  or  kept  uji  with 
briskness;  rapid;  quick:  as,  a  brisk  lire  of  in- 
fantry. 

Brisk  toil  alternatlnR  with  ready  ease.         WordawortK. 
7t.  Vivid ;  luminous. 

Ik'  liunt.s  ahuiit  the  proudest  World  to  Ijuy 

The  clioiee  of  purest  and  of  iirij:litest  Cloth 
Jirijik  in  tile  Tyriali  and  Sidonian  tlye, 
As  due  to  his  fair  Darlinj;. 

J.  hcauvKiHt,  Psyche,  i.  S3. 
Had  it  (my  instrument]  nia^nifli'd  thirty  or  twenty-five 
times,  it  had  made  the  object  appear  more  brink  and  plea- 
sant. A'fWlnil. 
=  Syil.  1.  Alert,  nimble,  <iuit;k,  rapiil,  sprightly,  prompt, 
spry,  smart,  bustling,  wide-awalie,  eager.  .See  actirr  ami 
bustf. 

brisk  (brisk),  r.  [<  brisk,  n.]  I.f  trans.  To 
make  lively;  enliven;  animate;  refresh:  some- 
times with  up.    Killiniibcck. 

II.  iiitriDi.^.  To  become  brisk,  lively,  or  ac- 
tive :  with  iiji. 
brisken  (bris'kn),  r.     [<  bri!<k  +  -(.wl.]     I.   iii- 
tmiis.  To  be  or  become  brisk,  active,  or  lively. 
[Rare.] 

I  heartily  wish  that  business  may  briskni  a  little. 

Quoted  in  If.  Mathewx's  Gutting  on  in  the  World,  p.  209. 

II.  trans.  To  make  brisk  or  lively, 
brisket  (bris'ket),  ».  [<  ME.  brusketic,  <  OF. 
*i/-«.v/,<7,  briisclut,  l&ierbrichct,  mod.  F.  brechel, 
prob.  <  Bret,  brtidicd,  dial,  bnisk,  the  breast, 
chest,  claw  of  a  bird.]  The  breast  of  an  ani- 
mal, or  that  part  of  the  breast  that  lies  next  to 
the  ribs;  in  a  horse,  the  part  extending  from 
the  neck  at  the  shoulder  down  to  the  fore  legs. 
briskly  (brisk'li),  Of?!'.  In  a  brisk  manner; 
(juickly;  actively;  vigorously;  with  life  and 
spirit. 

Ay,  woo  her  briskly  —  win  her,  and  give  me  a  proof  of 
your  address,  my  little  Solomon. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  1. 
briskness  (brisk'nes),  m.     1.  Quickness;  vigor 
or  rapidity  in  action:  as,  the  briskness  of  the 
breeze. —  2.  Liveliness;  gaiety;  vivacity. 

lUsbriskiif'ss,  his  jollity,  and  his  good-himiour.  Drydcn. 
3.  The  sparkling  quality  of  an  effervescing  li- 
quor: applied  also  to  water,  as  in  the  extract. 
The  briskness  of  spring  water,  aucl  the  preference  given 
to  it  as  a  beverage,  is  partly  occasioned  by  the  carbonic 
.acid  which  it  contains.  II'.  A.  Millrr,  Elem.  of  Cheni.,  §348. 

brismak  (bris'mak),  «.    [Origin  unknown.]    A 

torsk.     [Shetland  islands.] 
brissH,  ''•  '•     [ME.  brissen,  var.  of  brisen,  hri/sen, 
bnisen,  bruise :  see  bruise.^     To  bruise ;  break. 
The  Jewes  brisseden  hys  bonys. 

Leyaids  of  the  Holy  Rood,  p.  204. 

briss"  (bris),  n.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  <  F.  bris, 
breakage,  wreck,  formerly  also  fragments,  < 
briser,  break  (see  ftm.sl,  bruise,  and  cf.  de- 
bris) ;  but  perhaps  affected  by  breeze'^,  ashes, 
cinders  :  see  breeze^."]  Dust ;  rubbish.  Ralli- 
vell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Brissidae  (bris'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Brissus  + 
-ir/fc]     Same  as  Kputangida;. 

Brissinse  (bri-si'ue),  ».  jd.     [NL.,  <  Brissus  + 
-//(«'.]     A  sul.ifami." 
the  genus  Brissus 


687 

2.  A  similar  appendage  on  some  plants;  a 
stiff,  sharp  hair. — 3.  In  dipterous  insects  of  the 
division  Briicliiieera,  the  arista  or  teniiiniil  part 
of  the  antenna. — 4.  In  urnitlt.,  a  bristly  fea- 
ther ;  a  feather  with  a  stout  stiff  stem  and  little 
or  no  web.  Rlctal  bristles,  vibrissie.  See  vihrism. 
bristle  (bris'l),  c ;  pret.  and  ])p.  bristled,  p|ir. 
bnstliuij.  [<  ME.  bristlen,  bru.itlcn  (=  G.  biir- 
steln),  bristle;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  erect  the  bristles  of ;  erect  in  anger  or  de- 
fiance, as  a  hog  erects  its  bristles. 

Now,  for  the  bare-piek'd  bone  of  majesty 
Doth  dogged  war  bristle  his  angry  crest, 
And  snarleth  in  the  gentle  eyes  of  peace. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  3. 
Boy,  brittle  thy  courage  up,  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  3. 

2.  To  make  bristly.— 3.  To  fix  a  bristle  on: 
as,  to  bristle  a  shoemaker's  thread. 

H.  intratis.  1.  To  rise  up  or  stand  on  end 
like  bristles. 

Nought  dreadful  saw  he  ;  yet  the  hair 
*Gan  britftl'  on  his  head  with  fear. 

William  Mitrrin,  Earthly  Paradise,  iii.  42. 

2.  To  stand  erect  and  close  together  like  bris- 
tles. 

A  forest  of  masts  would  have  bristled  in  the  desolate 
port  of  Ncwry.  Maeautay. 

3.  To  be  covered,  as  with  bristles:  as,  the 
ranks  bristled  with  spears.    See  to  bristle  with, 

below.-  To  bristle  against,  to  come  incollisi.m  with, 
contradict,  or  oppose  somewhat  rudely.     [Rare.] 

Tlie  wife  may  not  bristle  a(/ainst  her  husband. 

J.  Udall,  On  Ephesians,  v. 

The  annotation  here,  as  in  many  places,  bristles  anainH 
the  text.  Sir  11'.  Ham  iltnn. 

To  bristle  up,  to  show  anger,  resentment,  or  defiance. 
—  To  bristle  with,  (a)  To  be  covered  with  auytliing  aB 
if  with  bristles. 

The  hill  of  La  Haye  Sainte  bristling  with  ten  thousand 
bayonets.  Thackeray. 

As  spectroscopy  becomes  the  daily  work  of  iron-found- 
ers, and  miners,  and  the  like,  it  will  be  foimd  to  be  bris- 
tliny  with  beautiful  seientiflc  truths  in  every  part  of  the 
spectrum,  which  may  be  used  in  these  practical  applica- 
tions of  the  science  of  optics. 

J.  A'.  Lockyer,  .Spect.  Anal.,  p.  l!»ft. 

You  cannot  shut  up  Bui-ns  in  a  dialect  bristlinq  with 
archjiisms.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  23S. 

((/)  To  manifest  conspicuously:  as,  he  bristled  with  ex- 
citement. 

bristled  (bris'ld),  a.  [<  bristle  +  -cf/2.]  1.  Hav- 
ing bristles;  hence,  stiffly  bearded:  as,  ''bris- 
tled lips,"  .S'/tflA-.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. — 2.  In  her.,  having 
bristles  on  the  neck  and  back:  said  specifi- 
cally of  a  boar  used  as  a  bearing.  When  the  bris- 
tles are  of  a  liitferent  tincture,  it  is  specified  :  as,  a  boar's 
head  and  neck  sable,  bristled  or. 

bristle-fern  (bris'l-fem),  n.  The  common  name 
of  species  of  Trichomanes,  especially  T.  radi- 
cans,  from  the  bristle  that  jjrojects  beyond  the 
cup-shai)ed  indusium. 

bristle-grass  (bris'1-gras),  n.  Grass  of  the  ge- 
nus Sctdria. 

bristle-herring  (bris'l-her"ing),  n.  The  name 
of  certain  species  of  the  genus  Dorosoma,  of 
the  family  Dorosomida;  in  which  the  last  ray 
of  the  dorsal  fin  is  prolonged  into  a  whip-like 
filament.  The  species  occur  chiefly  in  tropical  seas  and 
rivers,  but  one,  D.  cepedianum,  is  common  in  the  t'nited 
States,  and  is  generally  called  thread-herring. 


British 

kind  of  pasteboard,  sometimes  glazed  on  the 

surface,  used  by  artists. 
Bristol  brick.    See  briek'^. 
Bristol  diamond.    Same  as  Bristol  stone  (which 

see,  uiKlcr  stone). 

Bristol  milk,  paper,  porcelain,  pottery,  red, 
stone.     Sec  the  nouns. 

brisure  (briz'ur),  n.  [F.,  <  hriser,  break:  see 
bruise.]  1.  In  permanent  fortification,  a  break 
in  the  general  tlireetion  of  the  ]iaraj)et  of  the 
curtain,  when  constructed  with  oriUons  and 
retired  flanks.  Also  spelled  brisure. —  2.  In 
her.,  same  as  cadency,  2. 

briti,  britti  (brit),  v.  [E.  dial.,  also  (in  IL) 
l}riti- :  <  ME.  Iiri/tlen,  <  AS.  bnjttiun,  brittian, 
divide,  distribute,  dispense,  =  Icel.  brytja, 
chop  up;  a  secondary  verb,  supplying  in  ME. 
and  later,  with  the  deriv.  britten,  q.  v.,  the 
place  of  the  primitive,  ME.  "bretcn,  "breoten,  < 
AS.  bredtan  (pret.  bredt,  pp.  'broten),  break, 
bruise,  demolish,  destroy,  =  OS.  "briotan,  Itre- 
ton  =  OHG.  'briozan,  iv.,  break,  MHG.  briezen, 
intr.,  burst  forth,  =  Icel.  brjota  =  Sw.  bryta  = 
Dan.  bryde,  break,  fracture,  refract,  =  Goth. 
"briutan  (not  found,  but  assumed  from  the  other 
forms,  and  from  the  appar.  thence  derived 
Spanish  ML.  ()ri?rtre,demoli.sh,  destroy).  Hence 
britten,  brittle,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  break  in 
pieces;  divide. 

His  hede  thei  ofsniyten,  to  Ix)ndon  was  it  bom, 
The  dede  body  the[i]  britten  [pret.  pi.]  on  ftmr  quarters 
corn.  Lanyto/t,  Chron.  (ed.  Ilearne),  p.  244. 

2.  To  bruise ;  indent.  Hatliiretl.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
H.  intrans.  1.  To  fall  out  or  .shatter,  as  over- 
ripe hops  or  grain.  Grose;  JJalliircll. —  2.  To 
fadeaway;  alter.     Halliu-ell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brit'-,  britf-  (brit),  n.  [Prob.  =  brct  or  bin, 
applied  to  a  different  fish:  see  bret.']  1.  A 
yoimg  herring  of  the  common  kind,  ocoiuTing 
in  large  shoals,  and  formerly  classed  as  a  sepa- 
rate species,  Clupca  minima. —  2.  A  general 
name  for  animals  upon  which  whales  feed,  as 
Clio  borealis,  etc. ;  whale-brit. 

Brit.     -An  abI)re\iation  of  British  and  Britain. 

Britain-crown  (brit 'an-  or  brit'n-kroim),  n. 
[<  Britain  +  crown  :  Britain,  <  ME.  Britaine,  < 
OF.  Bretaine,  Bretait/ne,  F.  Bretaf/ne,  <  L.  Bri- 
tannia, Britain,  <  jiritanni,  the  Britons,  later 
L.  Brito{n-),  aBiiton.  Cf.  AS.  Bryten,  Britain, 
Bryttas,  Brittas,  Brettas,  Britons:  see  British.} 


obverse. 
Britain-cruwn  of  J.-imes  I.,  British  Museum. 


Reversc- 

(Size  of  the  origin 


An  English  gold  coin  first  issued  in  1604  by 
James  I.,  and  cmTent  at  the  time  for  five  shil- 
lings.    It  was  also  issued  under  Charles  I. 
Britannia  metal.    See  metal. 
Britannic  (Ini-tan'ik),  a.     [<  L.  Britannieus,  < 

.  .  „  ,   „     .See  cut     /;)-i7«HKi(/,  Britain.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  Great 

le)   n.  III.     \^1j     <^  jsnssus -t     "'i^^!: i"' '"''•'■•''^'J''-.  „      .  .  .  .       .  Britain:  as,  Her -Britonwip  Majesty, 

ily  of  i  atamidw,tSihy  Iriftle-moss  (br.s'l-mos),«    A  species  of  moss,  i,ritchka,  ».     Same  as  britska.^      ^ 
my       .J  am  uj,aa^,  lypmea  oy         j,^  ^  ,,,^,j.y  ,,.^i,.j,tra,  of  the  genus  Orthotrt-  ^^^^^  ^y^i^^^  „_  ,-  .  ^^^^   ^„,,  ^^  ^,.,-,^^^  ^^^  j^,-,_ 

brissle  (bris'l),  v.  t.     Same  as  birsle.     [Scotch  bristle-DOinted   (bris'l-poin"ted)    a       Termi-     iii";     ^-^u"  ^^''^^"'^  *''>'"'  ""f  ^  "''ki'o^-n-] 
and  North.  Ens.]  uribtie  pomieu   (uuh  i  pom  leu;,   «.      J^ermi      rp^,  j^^  ^^  become  over-ripe,  as  wheat,  barley,  or 

till.  j^uf,-j  _       _         _  natmg  gradually  in  a  very  fine  hair,  as  the     i^gp,      [Prov  Eng  1 

l,l^eIwf-r'Jf^-Tf-ff-     ^"'a''"-  brither(briTH'6r),«.    A  Scotch  form  of  fcroMer. 

bnstletail    (bns  1-tal),    n.     A  common   name  Britjgisjmbrit-i.gi^^),, 

Britic-)  -f  -ism.'] 


Brissotin  (bris'6-tin),  «.     See  Girondist. 

Brissus  (bris'us),  H.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  echi- 
noids,  tyj)ical  of  the  family  Brissida  (Spatangi- 
dw)  aucl  subfamily  Brissina: 

bristle  (bris'l),  n.  [<  ME.  bristcl,  brcstel,  brus- 
til,  licrstic  (=  D.  borstel  =  MLG.  borstel),  dim. 
of  brtiift  (>  Se.  birse,  birs:  see  hrust^,  birse),  a 
bristle,  <  AS.  byrst,  nent.,  =  MLG.  borstc,  f.,  = 
OHG.  burst,  m.,  borst,  nent.,  bursta,  f.,  MHG. 
horst,  m.  and  nent.,  borste,  f.,  G.  bnrste,  a  bristle, 
MHG.  G.  biirstr,  a  brash,  =  Icel.  burst,  f.,  = 
Sw.  borst,  m.,  =  Dan.  borstc,  a  bristle  ;  by  some 
derived,  ivith  formative 


of  the  thysanurous  insects  of  the  suborder 
Cinura:  so  called  from  the  long  filiform  ab- 
dominal appenilages.  They  are  of  the  genera 
Campodea,  Lepisma,  etc.  See  cut  under  C'am- 
piKha. 

bristlewort  (bris'l-w6rt),  «.  A  general  name 
used  by  Lindley  for  plants  of  the  order  Des- 
rau.ridcea: 

bristliness  (bris'li-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
iiii;  Ijristly. 


nm.     ,       -  ^''-t'^%-''/,''°™-*^^''''°Vff^  bristling  (bris'ling),i>.  a.    Standing  up  stiffly 

OHG.    biirrcn.  parrcn    (for  "bar.'icn),  be  stiff,     like  bristles  o     f  j 

stand  out  stiffly;  by  others  connected  with  E 


6«rl,  burr^.]    1.  One  of  the  stiff,  coarse,  glossy 


With  chatt'ring  teeth,  and  bristling  hair  upright. 

Dryden,  Fables. 


haii's  of  certain  animals,  especially  those  of  ,    .  ii_  ,,    •  „■.,         r/ 1.  •  ji  _i_     i  -i   -i    mi  •  i , 
the  hog  kind  which  are  not  hairless;  large  and  bristly  (b.  is  h)  a.    [<  bristle  +  -;/!]   1  .Thickly 

"  -  .      '    --f         -     set  with  bristles,  or  with  hairs  like  bristles; 

rough:  as,   "a   bristly   neck,"    Thackeray. —  2. 


thickly  set  ah)ng  the  back,  and  smaller  and 
more  scattered  on  the  sides.  The  biistles  of  the 
domestic  hog  and  of  some  other  animals  are  extensively 
used  for  making  brushes,  shoemakers*  wax-ends,  etc. 


Resembling  a  bristle  or  bristles. 
Rugged  scales  and  bristly  hairs. 


She  hadde  so  grete  &m(fiw  on  her  bakkc  that  it  trayled  -d   .   .    i  v         j  /i    •  /*   ,  i  -  j\ 
on  the  grounde  a  fadome  large.  BnstOl-DOard  (bns  tol-bord),  n. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  421.     the  city  of  Bristol,  in  England.] 


Bentley. 

[Named  from 

A  fine,  smooth 


[  <  British  (Latinized 
A  word,  phrase,  or  idiom  of 
the  English  language  peculiar  to  the  British. 
British  (brit'ish),  fl.  and  n.  [<  ME.  Britissh, 
Brytisc,  etc.,  <  AS.  Bryttisc,  <  Bryttas.  Brittas, 
Brettas  (sing.  Bryt,  Brit,  Bret,  rare),  L.  Bri- 
tanni,  ML.  also  Britoncs,  Britons,  the  original 
Celtic  inhabitants  of  Britain ;  a  name  of  Celtic 
origin:  cf.  W.  Brython,  a  Briton,  pi.  a  tribe  of 
Britons.]  I,  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Great 
Britain,  or  in  the  widest  sense  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  or  its 
inhabitants:  as,  the  British  people  or  empire; 
British  legislation  or  interests. —  2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  ancient  Britons  or  their  lan- 
guage. 

Sometimes  abbre\'iated  Brit. 
British  gum,  lion,  cti,    Sci-  tin-  nouns.— British  plate, 
albata  (wliicb  see). —  British  sheet-glass.  .Same  A^iirvaa 
glass  (which  see,  under  broad). 

n.  ».  1.  [Used  as  a  plural.]  The  inhabi- 
tants of  Great  Britain,  including  specifically  the 
English,  Welsh,  and  Scotch. — 2.  The  language 


British 

of  tho  ancient  Britons,  rppresented  by  the  mod- 
ern Welsh  and  Cornish. 

Britisher  (hrifish-fr).  n.  A  British  subject  or 
citizen  in  any  part  of  the  world,  but  more  par- 
ticularly a  native  or  an  iidiabitant  of  Great 
Britain,  especially  of  England.  [Now  chiefly 
colloquial  or  humorous.] 

Briton  (brit'on),  ii.  aiul  a.  [<  ME.  Britiin,  Bru- 
tun,  etc.,  <  Ol*'.  lirclon,  a  Briton,  usually  a  Bre- 
ton or  native  of  Brittany  in  France,  <  ML.  Jiri- 
to{n-),  pi.  Uritoncs,  L.  Jlritaiuii,  Britons:  see 
British.]  I.  II.  A  native  of  Great  Britain;  es- 
pecially, one  of  the  original  Celtic  inhabitants 
of  the  island  of  Britain. 
U.  a.  British.  [Rare.] 
A  Briton  peasant.  Skak.,  Cjinbeline,  v.  1. 

britska  (brits'kii),  n.  [Also  written  hrit:ska 
and,  more  prop.,  ?)n7c7iAvi;  <Pol.  hri/e^ka  =  liuss, 
brichka,  dim.  of  Pol.  hri/ka,  a  freight- wagon,  = 
Russ.  briku,  a  sort  of  light  caiTiage.]  In  Rus- 
sia, a  light,  partly  covered  foui--wheeled  car- 
riage. The  Polish  britska,  also  used  in  Russia,  has  a 
pole,  a  body  of  wiekerwork,  and  a  leather  top. 

britt',  britt-.    See  briti-,  brif^. 

brittent  (brit'n),  V.  t.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  brit- 
tciicii,  britiicii,  hri/ttciieii,  bruttciien,  brutiicn,  brct- 
ncn,  divide,  break  tip,  cut  to  pieces,  <  A8.  bryt- 
niaii,  divide,  distribute,  dispense  (ef.  Icel.  brot- 
na,  be  broken),  <  brcotan  (pp.  *brotcn),  break: 
see  6ri<i.]  To  break  up;  cut  to  pieces;  cut  up; 
carve. 

Thus  schall  I  brittifu  all  youre  bones  on  brede. 

York  Plays,  p.  292. 

britterworts  (brit'er-werts),  n.  pi.  The  Diato- 
mtu'civ. 

brittle  (brit'l),  a.  [<  ME.  britd,  bnitrl,  hrotcl, 
etc.,  <  AS.  as  if  "bri/tcl,  with  suffix  -rl  forming 
adjectives  from  verbs.  <  brcotan  (pret.  bredt,  pi. 
*briiton,  pp.  *hrotcii),  break:  see  brit^  and  brit- 
ten.  Of.  brickie,  an  equiv.  word  of  different  ori- 
gin.]    It.  Fickle;  changeable. 

How  brotel  and  how  fiilse  he  was. 

Ctiauc^r,  Good  Women,  1.  2555. 

2.  Breaking  easily  and  suddenly  with  a  com- 
paratively smooth  f  ractui'e,  as  glass  ;  fragile  ; 
not  tough  or  tenacious. 

Brass,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  .  .  .  becomes  brittle 
at  temperatures  approaching  to  redness,  but  while  cold  it 
possesses  considerable  malleability. 

IT.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  619. 

3.  Figuratively,  easUy  destroyed;  perishable; 
fleeting. 

One  woful  day  sweeps  children,  friends  and  wife. 
And  all  the  bi-ittle  blessings  of  my  life  ! 

Drydeti,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  85. 
Brittle  silver  ore.    Same  as  stephanite. 
brittleness  (brit'1-nes),  II.     [<  ME.  lirittiiiwsse, 
hnitcliicn,  etc.]      If.   Instability;  changeable- 
ness. 

The  see  may  ebbe  and  flowe  more  and  lesse, 

The  welken  hath  might  to  shyne,  reyne  and  hayle  : 

Right  so  mote  I  kythe  my  brotehiesse. 

Cliaucer,  Fortune,  1.  63. 
2.  The  property  of  breaking  readily  with  a 
comparatively  smooth  fracture;  frangibility : 
the  opposite  of  toughness  and  tenacity. 

A  rod  of  good  steel,  in  its  hardest  state,  is  broken  al-     .„ 

most  as  easily  as  a  rod  of  glass  of  the  same  size,  and  this     arid  reamers 
brittleness  can  only  be  diminished  by  diminishing  its  hard-      1  -J      A    stn  i 
ness.  G.  A'*,  in  Campin's  Mech.  Engineering,  p.  360.  .-u<ii, 

brittle-star  (brit'l-stiir),  n.  A  name  of  sundry 
sand-stars,  or  ophiurians,  from  their  fragility. 
See  cuts  tmder  Astrophiiton  and  star-fish. 

britzska,  «.    See  britsl:a. 

Briza  (bri'za),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ppi^ecv,  nod  (cf. 
the  commoii  name  f^uaking-r/rass).  The  form 
seems  to  have  been  sugge'sted  by  Gr.  /3f»'Ca,  a 
grain  like  rye,  in  Thrace  and  Macedonia  stiU 
so  called.  Cf.  .aiolie  fipiada,  for  pi(a,  root.]  A 
genus  of  grasses,  commonly  called  quaking- 
grass,  maidenhair-grass,  or  lady's-hair.  There  are 
ten  species,  mostly  natives  of  Europe  and  the  Mediterra- 
nean region,  of  little  agricultural  imiiorlance.  Some  of 
them  arc  cultivated  for  oniament  on  account  of  their 
gracefully  nodding  spikes. 

brize^t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  6ree«ei. 

brize'-t,  «•    An  obsolete  form  of  breeze^. 

brize'*,  n.     See  brise^. 

brize  (bre-za'),  a.     Same  as  brise. 

brizure  (briz'ur),  n.     Same  as  brisure,  1. 

bro.  An  abbreviation  of  brother;  pi.  bras.:  as, 

Smith  Bros.  &  Co. 
broach  (broch),  n.     [Also,  in  sense  of  an  oma- 


688 

broc,  a  spit,  =  It.  brocco,  a  sharp  stake,  a  sprout, 
etc.),  <  Mli.  liroca,  brocca,  a  spit,  a  sharp  stake, 
any  sharp-pointed  thing;  cf.  L.  hnichii.i,  broc- 
chiis,  briiciis,  projecting  (of  the  teeth  of  animals : 
see  Itrochatc);  ])rob.  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  W. 
jirocio,  stab,  prick  (>  E.  jirog);  Gael,  brog,  a 
shoemakers'  awl,  <  brog,  spur,  stimulate,  goad 
(>  E.  /«0(/i).]     It.  A  spit. 

Thre  balefulle  birdez  his  brocliez  they  turne. 

Morte  Artliure,  I.  1029. 
And  some  failed  not  to  take  the  child  and  bind  it  to  a 
broach,  and  lay  it  to  the  fire  to  roast. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  259. 
He  turned  a  broach,  that  had  worn  a  crown. 

Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

2t.  A  spear. 

That  fruit  was  of  a  mayden  bom 
On  a  theoues  tre  is  al  totom 
A  broche  thorwout  his  brest  [bor]n. 
Ler/ends  of  the  Holy  Rood  (ed.  Morris),  p.  IS.'i. 
3.    An  awl;   a  bodkin.     [Prov.  Eng.]  —  4.    A 
spike ;  a  skewer ;  a  sharp  stick ;  specifically,  a 
rod  of  sallow,  hazel,  or  other  tough  and  pliant 
wood,  sharpened  at  each  end  and  bent  in  the 
middle,  used  by  thatehers  to  pierce  and  fix  their 
work.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
Broclic  for  a  thacstare  [thaxter,  thatcher],  tlrmaculum. 
Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  52. 

5t.  A  spur. — 6t.  A  fish-hook.   Prompt.  Parv. — 
7t.  A  spike  or  standard  for  a  candle. 
A  broche  with  a  fote,  ij  new  torches. 

Entjliih  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  327. 
8t.  A  taper ;  a  torch. 
Hewe  fuyr  of  a  Hynt  four  hundred  wynter ; 
Bote  thou  haue  tache  to  take  hit  with  tunder  and  broches, 
Al  thy  labour  is  lost.  Piers  Plowman  (C),  xx.  211. 

9.  A  spindle ;  a  spool.     [Scotch.] 

Broche  of  threde,  vericulum.  Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  52. 

10.  Ino(T/i.,formerly,aspireof anykind;  now, 
specifically,  as  used  in  some  parts  of  England 
and  by  some 
writers  on  arch- 
itecture, a  spire 
which  rises  di- 
rectly from  the 
walls  of  its  tow- 
er, without  par- 
apets and  gut- 
ters.— 11.  A 
narrow  -  point- 
ed chisel  used 
by  masons  for 
hewing  stones. 
—  12.  Any  ta- 
pered boring- 
bit  or  drill. 
Broaches  used  for 
boring  wood  are 
flutLillikctheshell- 
l>it,  liut  tapcrt-d  to- 
ward the  point ; 
but  those  used  in 
boring  metal  are 
solid,  and  usually 
three-,  four-,  or  six- 
sided.  Their  com- 
mon forms  are 
shown  in  the 
annexed  figures. 
Broaches  are  also 
known  as  uideuers 


A,  southwest  tower.  Cathedral  of  Bayeux, 
Normandy ;  B,  Church  of  St.  Nicholas,  Wal- 
cot,  England. 


ht  steel  tool  with  file-teeth  for 
pressing  through  irregular  holes  in  metal  that 
cannot  be  dressed  by  revolv- 
ing tools.— 14.  That  part  of 
the   stem    of    a    key   which 
projects   beyond  the  bit  or 
web,  and  enters  a  socket  in 
the  interior  of  the  lock. — 15. 
That  pin  in  a  lock  which  en- 
ters the   barrel  of  the  key. 
E.  H.  Knight.— 16.  The  stick 
from  which  caudle-wicks  are 
suspended  for  dipping. —  1 7. 
A  gimlet    used    in    opening 
casks  for  sampling  their  eon- 
tents. — 18.  A  fitting  for  an 
Argand  gas-burner. — 19.   A 
start,  like  the  end  of  a  spit, 
on  the  head  of  a  young  stag. — 20.  A  pin  or  clasp 
to  fasten  a  garment ;  specifically,  an  ornamen- 
tal pin,  clasp,  or  buckle,  and  especially  a  breast- 
pin, of  gold,  silver,  or  other  metal,  attached  to 
the  dress  or  depending  from  the  neck :  in  this 
sense  now  usually  spelled  brooch  (wliieh  see), 


../TiL 


Broaches  for  Boring. 

Fig.  a  is  an  example 
of  broaches  or  reamers 
for  wood,  and  fig.  *  of 
those  for  metal. 


mental  pin,  spelled  ftroocA  (see  broodA) ;  early  broach  (broch),  v.'t.    [<  ME.  brochen,  bore,'spur, 


mod.  E.  broche,  <  ME.  broche,  a  pin,  peg,  spit, 
spear-point,  taper,  <  OF.  broche,  F.  broche,  a 
spit,  brooch,  etc.,  =  Pr.  broca  =  Sp.  Pg.  broca, 
an  awl,  drill,  spool,  etc.,  =  It.  brocca,  a  split 
Stick  (with  masculine  forms,  OF.  and  F.  dial. 


spit,  tap  (in  this  sense  cf.  the  phrase  sctten  on 
broche,  set  abroach,  after  P.  mettrc  en  broche: 
see  abroach),  <  OF.  brocher.  spur,  spit,  etc.,  F. 
brochcr,  stitch,  figiu-e,  emboss  (=  Pr.  brocar  = 
Pg.  brocar,  bore,  =  It.  broccare,  urge,  incite, 


broad 

etc.),  <  broche,  etc.,  spit:  see  broach,  n.  Cf. 
brocade,  brochure,  etc.]  If.  To  spit;  pierce  as 
with  a  spit. 

i'he  Erie  that  knew  &  wyst  moche  of  the  chasse  bracked 
the  bore  thrughe  the  lirest. 

Itmn.  <)/  J'arteiMy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  235,  note. 

ni  liroach  the  tadpole  on  my  rapier's  point. 

aiiak..  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 

2t.  To  spur. 

Broches  the  baye  stede,  and  to  the  buske  rydcj. 

ilorte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  918. 

3.  In  ma.tonrij,  to  rough-hew.  [North.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.]-^4.  To  open  for  the  first  time 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  out  something;  more 
especially,  to  tap  or  pierce,  as  a  cask  in  order 
to  draw  the  liquor:  as,  to  broach  a  hogshead. 

Descending  into  the  cellars,  they  broached  every  cask 
they  found  there.  Motley,  Dutch  Eepublic,  I.  564. 

Hence,  figuratively  —  5.  To  open,  as  the  mouth 

for  utterance. 

Desiring  Virtue  might  be  her  first  growth. 
And  Hallelujah  broach  her  holy  mouth. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  i.  68. 

6.  To  let  out;  shed. 

This  blow  should  broach  thy  dearest  blood. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  4. 

7.  To  state  or  give  expression  to  for  the  first 
time;  utter;  give  out;  especiallj-,  begin  con- 
versation or  discussion  about;  introduce  by 
way  of  topic:  as,  to  broach  a  theory  or  an 
opinion. 

This  error  .  .  .  was  first  broached  by  Josephus. 

Raleigh,  Hist.  World,  L  3. 
Here  was  our  Paolo  brought 
To  broacti  a  weighty  business. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  107. 

8t.  To  give  a  start  to ;  set  going. 

That  for  her  love  such  quarrels  may  be  broach'd. 

Shak.,  nt.  And.,ii.  1. 

Droved  and  broaclied.    See  droceS.—To  broach  to 

(mint.,  used  intransitively),  to  come  suddenly  to  the  wind, 
.as  a  ship,  by  accident  or  by  the  fault  of  the  helmsman  (a 
dangerous  position  in  a  gale), 
broacher  (bro'cher),  n.    [<  broach  +  -ejl.]    If. 
A  spit. 
On  five  sharp  broachers  rank'd  the  roast  they  tum'd. 

Dryden,  Iliad,  i.  638. 
2.  One  who  broaches,  opens,  or  utters ;  a  first 
publisher. 
The  first  broacher  of  a  heretical  opinion. 

5ir  R.  L'Estrange. 
Deadly  haters  of  truth,  broachers  of  lies. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 
broaching-press   (bro'ching-pres),  n.      A  ma- 
chine-tool emploj-ing  a  broach,  used  in  slotting 
and  finishing  iron. 
broach-post  (brdch'post),  n.     In  carp.,  a  Mng- 
po.st. 
broach-turner  (broch'ter'ner),   H.    A  menial 
whose  occupation  is  to  turn  a  broach  or  spit ;  a 
turnspit. 

Dish-washer  and  broach-turner,  loon!  —  to  me 
Thou  smellest  all  of  kitchen  as  before. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

broad  (brad),  a.  and  n.  [=  Se.  braid;  <  ME. 
brood,  brod,  <  AS.  brad  =  OS.  bred  =  OFries. 
bred  =  D.  breed  =  MLG.  bred,  LG.  breed  =  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  breit  =  Icel.  breidhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  bred 
=  Goth,  braid.f,  broad.  Hence  bread",  breadth. 
The  pron.  would  be  reg.  brod  (like  goad,  road, 
etc.).]  I.  a.  1.  Wide;  having  great  breadth, 
as  distinguished  from  length  and  thickness ; 
used  absolutely,  having  much  width  or  breadth ; 
not  naiTow :  as,  a  strip  no  broader  than  one's 
hand ;  a  broad  river  or  street. 

In  are  [a]  brode  strete  he  igon  mete  threo  cnihtes. 

Layamon,  I.  217. 
Broad  breast,  full  eye,  small  head,  and  nostril  wide. 

Sttak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  296, 

2.  Large  superficially;  extensive;  vast:  as, 
the  broad  expanse  of  ocean. 

Each  year  shall  give  this  apple-tree 
A  broader  t]nsh  of  roseate  Itloom. 

Bryant,  Planting  of  the  Apple-Tree, 

3.  Figuratively,  not  limited  or  narrow;  liber- 
al; comprehensive;  enlarged:  as,  a  man  of 
hrnad  views. 

In  a  broad,  statesmanlike,  and  masterly  way.     Everett. 

Narrow  spirits  admire  basely  and  worship  meanly; 

broad  spirits  worship  the  right.  Thackeray. 

Specifically — 4.  Inclined  to  the  Broad  Church, 
or  to  the  views  held  by  the  Broad-Church  party 
of  the  Church  of  England.  See  Episcopal. — 
5.  Large  in  measure  or  degree;  not  small  or 
slight ;  ample ;  consummate. 

sit  hym-self  be  bore  blynde  hit  is  a  brnd  wonder. 

Alliteratii:e  Pocim^iii.  Morris);  ii  684. 


broad 

IIo  grins,  and  looks  hmnd  iKinsi-nst'  with  a  stare. 

I'i>]>r,  Duiiciad,  ii.  194. 

6.  Widely  diffused;  open;  full:  as,  in  broad 
sunshine;  /^roar/ daylight. 

Ful  oft,  wliaii  it  is  brmlc  day. 

(jower^  Coiif.  Aniant.,  ii.  107. 
I  count  little  nf  tin-  many  tilings  I  see  piiss  at  broad  noon- 
day, in  lar^c  and  open  strt-ets. 

Sfi-ntr,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  103. 

It  was  hroad  clay,  and  the  people,  recovered  from  their 

paiiie,  were  enal)U'd  to  see  and  estimate  the  force  of  the 

enemy.  Irvin/j,  Granada,  p.  '^2. 

7.  Unconfined ;  free ;  unrestrained,  (a)  Used 
absolutely. 

As  broad  aud  general  as  the  casing  air. 

Shale.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

(b)  Ti^nrt'strained  by  a  sense  of  propriety  or  fitness ;  unpol- 
i.sht'd  ;  loutish. 

Tell  him  his  pranks  have  been  too  bmad  to  hear  with. 
Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

(c)  UnrestraineiJ  liy  considerations  of  decency;  indeli- 
cate; indecent. 

As  chaste  and  modest  as  he  is  esteemed,  it  cannot  be 
denied  hut  in  some  places  he  is  broad  and  fulsome. 

Dnjdi-n,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  Ded. 
(rf)  Vnrestrained  by  fear  ur  caution  ;  lioM  ;  unreserved. 
For  fnun  broad  words,  and  "cause  he  fail'd 
His  presence  at  the  tyrant's  feast.  I  hear, 
Macdurt'  lives  in  disgrace.         AVm/c,  Macbeth,  iii.  6. 

8.  (.'iinraelerized  by  a  full,  stronj:^  utterance; 
coarsely  vi'^orous;  not  weak  oi-  slender  in 
sound:  as, />*'f>//f/ Scotch;  6/"o«(/ J->onc;  abroad 
vowel,  such  as  a  or  d  or  o. —  9t.  Plain;  evi- 
dent. 

I*roves  thee  far  and  wide  a  broad  goose. 

Shak.,  k.  and  .1.,  ii.  4. 

10.  In  ihejiur  arts,  characterized  l>y  Itreadth: 
as.  a  picture  remarkable  for  tlie  hnKniirvnixuent 
of  its  subjeet.  See  breadth,  'A — Aa  broad  as  (it 
is)  long,  equal  upon  the  whole;  the  same  eitlitr  way. 

tt  is  as  broail  as  Innij  whether  they  rise  to  others  or 
briii^'  ndieis  d.twn  to  them.  Sir  Ii.  L'Entramje. 

Broad  Church,  the  popular  designation  of  a  party  in 
the  Churrh  of  [-England.  See  AViVo/^n/m/j.  — Broad  fo- 
Uo,  broad  quarto,  etc.,  names  given  tn  drawingpa- 
per  folded  the  broadest  way.— Broad  gage.  See  ,'m.'/''-. 
—  Broad  glass,  window-glass  of  a  cheap  (piality  formed 
by  binwiim  a  long  cylinder,  cutting  it  apart,  and  al- 
lowing  the  pieces  to  soften  and  tiatten  out  in  a  kiln. 
See  glass.  Also  called 
British  skeet-glanH,  cylin- 
di'r-fflans,  Gfrm/in  jilati-- 
ifluss,  ami  sfircad  iviiulow- 
•if'tss.-  BvosLd  lace,  a 
wuolen  faliric  made  in 
bands  about  4  inches 
wide,  and  use<l  as  an 
ornamental  border  Ui 
the  upholstery  of  a  car- 
riage.  Car-hitilder's  Dirt. 

—  Broad  pennant 
{itaut.),  a  swallow-tailc'l 
flag  carried  at  the  mast- 
head of  a  nian-of-wav  as 
the  distinctive  mark  iff  a 
commodore.  =  Syn.  1. 
Extended,  spread.  —  1 
and  2.  Wide,  Broad.  See 
wide.~7.  (c)  Vulgar,  ob- 
scene. 
II,   »•    1.   A  shallow,  fenny  lake  formed  by 

the  expansion  of  a  river  over  adjacent  flat  land 

covered  more  or  less  with  a  reedy  gi*owth;  a 

flooded    fen,    or 

lake   in   a   fen : 

as,  the   Norfolk 

broads.       [Prov. 

Eng.] 

A    broad    is    the 

spread    of    a    river 

into  a  sheet  of  wa- 
ter, which  is  cer- 
tainly  neither  lake 

nor  lagoon. 

Southey,  Letters 
((1812), ll.  :J07. 
'I'lieu    across    tlie 

mill  -  pool.  aud 

tlirou^'h      the      deep 

ernnks,  out  into  the 

briiads,  and  past  tlie 

withered     beds     of 

weeds  which  told  of 

coming  winter. 

//.  KiiiffMri/, 
[Ravenshoe.viii. 

2.  In  meek.,  a 
tool  used  for 
turuiuff  down 
tlie  insides  and 
bottoms  of  cyl- 
inders in  the 
lathe.  — 3.  An 
Eiifjlish  coin 
first  issued  in 
1619  by  James 
I.,  and  worth  at 
the  time  20i-. 
44 


Jk 


Broad  Pennant  of  a  Commodore, 
United  States  Navy. 


Broad  of  lames  I..  Uritisti  Museum 
vSue  of  the  OTlglni.1,) 


CS9 

Tho  coin  was  also  issued  subsequently.     Also 
fallctl  Iniirrl  antl  hrnafl'pirrc, 
broad  (brail),  ailr.     [<  MK.  brooik,  brode,  <  AS. 
Iirddc  (=  Mll(i.  hrcilt;  (1.  hreit),  broadly;  from 
the  adj.]     If.  Broadly;  opeuly;  plainly. 

Crist  sp:ik  himself  ftll  hrmtil'-  in  holy  writ. 

Chaui-ei;  Ccti.  I'lcl.  to  (,'.  T.,  1.  730. 

2\.  Widely;  copiously;  abundantlv.     Chaucer. 
—  3.  Broadly;  fully." 

Witli  all  his  criiiivs  Ijnutd  liluwii,  iw  (hrsh  aa  M.iy. 

Shak.,Uam\t:t,  iii.. 'J. 
Lying  broad  awiike  I  thought  of  you  aud  EIHu  liuar. 

TenntiHon,  May  <^in'eu  (Com-liisioii). 

broadt,  ''•  '.  [ME.  hrndcii,<  AS.  hrddiaii,  spread, 
<  hrdd,  broad.  Cf.  br<ad-.'\  To  make  broad; 
spread. 

Tyll  the  blessed  bredti  [birdl  hrmtid  his  wiiigis. 

liicliard  tlw  7fc(/(7t'«^. 
broad-arrow  (brad'ar"o),  >i.  [<  ME.  hrodcarow, 
hroitdiirc,  eti'.,  a  heavy  arrow;  <  brood  +  ar- 
row.^ The  royal  mark  of  Brit- 
ish poveruiiient  stores  of  every 
tieseription,  whieh  it  is  felony  to 
obliterate  or  deface.  Persons  un- 
lawfully in  possession  of  goods  marketl 
with  the  broad-arrow  forfeit  the  goods 
and  are  subject  to  a  penalty  of  i;'.ilHI 
The  Oraad-arrinv  wjis  the  cognizaiiee  of  nr.-.Kl-.irrDw. 
Henry,  Viseount  Sydney,  Karl  of  Kom- 
iiey,  .Master-general  of  Ordnance  front  U10.'i  to  1702,  and  was 
lirst  tised  in  his  time.  In  heraldry  it  tlilTers  front  the 
jiheoii  (which  sce)iit  having  the  in.side  of  the  barbs  jdain. 
broadax  (brail'aks),  )i.  [<  ME.  brodax,  brood- 
iixc,  etc.,  <  AS.  brddiix,  <  brad,  broad,  +  nr, 
ax:  see  irodrf  and  ((j'l.]  If.  A  battle-a.\. — 2. 
An  ax  with  a  broad  edge,  for  hewing  timber. 
See  cut  under  «x. 

Then  let  the  sounds  of  meastired  stroke 

And  grating  saw  begin. 
The  hrnad-axi-  to  the  gnarled  oak, 
The  itiallet  to  the  pill ! 

Whdtiff,  Slii])-liiiilders. 

broad-based  (brad'bast),  a.     Ha\'ing  a  broad 
fountlal  ion ;  securely  founded.     [Rare.] 
Her  throne  .  .  . 
Broiul-hased  upon  her  peojde's  will. 

Teiitu/son,  To  the  (Jueen. 

broadbill  (brad'bil),  »i.  1.  The  shoveler-duck, 
SiKitidii  ch/juata.  —  2.  The  spoonbill,  I'latdUd 
leucorodia. —  3.  The  scaup-duck,  FuUgida  mti- 
rila,  and  other  species  of  that  genns. — 4.  A 
birtl  of  the  family  Enrijla'tnido-.  There  are  nine 
or  ten  species  of  broadbills  peculiar  to  the 
Indian  region.     Also  called  hroiidiiioiilh. 

broad-billed  (brad'bild),  <i.  In  iiniitli.,  having 
a  liroad  bill.— Broad-billed  sandpiper,  the  Amti'ivj/a 

/'/'/'(//"/'.'/'"•Aa. 

broadbrim  (brad'brim),  n.  1.  -A  hat  with  a 
very  broad  brim,  especially  the  form  of  hat 
worn  by  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 
Hence — 2.  A  member  of  that  society;  a 
Quaker,     ('iirlijle.     [CoUoq.] 

broad-brimmed  (brad'brimd),  a.  1.  Having 
a  broad  Vwrder,  brim,  or  edge. 

Govert  Lockerman,  without  taking  his  pipe  out  of  his 
moutit,  turned  up  his  eye  from  under  his  brvad-brimmed 
hat  to  see  who  hailed  him  thus  discourteously. 

Irvinff^  Knickerbocker,  p.  251. 

2.  Wearing  a  hat  with  a  broad  brim. 

This  bniad'bnmm'd  hawkerof  holy  things. 

Ti'nntf.fnii,  Maud,  .X. 

broadcast  (brad'kast),  «.  1.  Cast  or  dispersed 
u[ioii  tlie  ground  with  the  hand,  as  seed  in  sow- 
ing: opposed  to  sowed  in  di'ills  or  rows. — 2. 
Widely  spread  or  diffused. 
broadcast  (brad'kast),  H.  In  agri.,  a  method 
of  sciwiiig  in  which  the  seed  is  thrown  from  tho 
hand  in  handfuls. 

My  lads,  said  he,  let  brnad-cast  he, 

.'Viid  cfuiie  away  to  lirill.  Hood, 

broadcast  (brad'kast),  adr.  1.  By  scattering 
or  throwing  at  large  from  the  hand:  as,  to  sow 
hr(i((daist.^2.  So  as  to  disseminate  widely;  in 
wide  dissemination. 

.\n  impure,  so  called,  literature  sown  !<raadc«.sf  over  the 
land.  Blachwood's  Afaij. 

broadcloth  (brad'kloth),  n.  A  fine  woolen  cloth, 
coiiinionly  black,  with  a  finished  surface,  mostly 
used  in  making  men's  garments:  so  called  from 
its  breatlth,  which  is  usually  60  inches. 

Every  whole  wi>i.lleu  elolli,  called  bmnd  clolh,  which 
shall  lie  made  and  .set  to  sale  after  the  feast  called  St. 
Peter  ad  vincula.  which  shall  be  in  the  year  of  our  I.ord 
M.Cl'fC.l.XV.,  after  the  full  watering,  racking,  straining, 
or  tentiiring  of  the  same,  ready  to  sale,  shall  hold  and 
contain  in  length  xxiv  yards,  and  to  every  yard  an  inch, 
containing  the  breadth  of  a  man's  thumb,  io  be  niea-sured 
by  the  crest  of  the  same  cloth,  anil  in  breadth  ij  yards,  or 
vij  titiarters  at  the  least,  within  the  lists. 

EmjUsh  Odds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  351,  note. 

They  be  all  patched  eloutes  and  ragges,  in  comparison 
of  fuirc  wuucu  brvade  cloatheg, 

Atcham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  60. 


broadside 

broaden  (brii'dn),  r.    [<.  Iirmid  +  -m'^.   Ci.  broad, 
r.]    I.  iiitrans.  To  gi-ovv  broad  or  broader. 
To  broadfii  into  boundless  ilay. 

'feiinumn,  In  Mcmoriani,  xcv. 

II,    Irann.    To    make    broad ;     increase    in 

breadth ;  render  more  broad  or  comprehensive : 

as,  ''/')v/o(/rHV/ nostrils,"  Thomson,  Winter. 

broad-eyed  (bnid'id),  a.    Having  a  wide  view 

DP  survey. 
broad-fronted  (brad'fnin"ted),  a.    Having  a 
broad    front;    having  a  wide    forehead:     as, 
■•liriiiid-friiiiti'ii  ('a^sar,"  Shtik.,  A.  and  C,  i.  ."i. 
broad-gage  (brad'ga.j),  a.     Ha\-ing  the  space 
between  (he  rails  wider  than  the  standard  gage 
of  56i  inches:  .said  of  a  railrtiad  track:  ojiposed 
to  nurrnw-fiaiic,  which  signifies  less  than  tho 
standard  width.     See  i/iir/t". 
broadborn  (biad'hom),  «.     A  name  by  whieh 
the   flat-boats   on   the   Mississiiijii   aud  other 
American  rivers  were  formerly  known. 
A  broad-horn,  a  prime  river  conveyance.  Irving. 

'J'he  river's  earliest  commerce  was  in  great  barges, —  keel- 
boats,  briiaiihornx. 

S.  h.  Clfnu'Hn,  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  p.  41. 
broad-horned  (brad'hornd),  a.     Having  wide- 
spread horns.      ]liil<ii  t. 

broadleaf,  broadleaf-tree  (brad'lef,  -tre),  >i. 

A  tall  tree,  T( rniiiiiilid  liilifoliri,  natural  order 
'V;«/ir(7«c«i>,  common  in  .lainaica,  1  tearing  large 
ami   long-pctioleil   leaves   at   the    end   of   tho 
branches. 
broadly  (brad'li),  rtrfj'.    1.  In  a  broad  manner. 

'I'hat  broadly  flows  through  Pylos'  fields. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  v. 
C'ustine  has  spoken  out  more  broadly. 

Burke,  Present  State  of  Affairs. 
These  simple,  in'om/;t/ drapetl  figures  were  sculptured 
by  Niccola  at  Pisa.  C.  C.  f'rrkin.t,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  '21. 
Sjiecifically — 2.  In  :odl.,  so  as  to  extend  over  a 
relatively  large  space :  as,  hroadhj  emargiuate ; 
broadli/  bisiuuate,  etc.  A  part  is  broadh/  trun- 
cate when  the  truncation  is  nearly  or  quite 
equal  to  its  greatest  width, 
broadmouth  (brad'mouth),  n.     A  bird  of  the 

family  Juiri/linnidw  (which  see):  a  broadbiU. 
broadness  (brad'nes),  II.    [<  biiiiid  +  -Hf-.s-.?.]    1. 
Breadth;  extent  from  side  to  side. — 2.  Coarse- 
ness; gi'ossness;  indelicacy. 
Broadness  and  indecency  of  allusion. 

Craik,  Eng.  Lit.,  i.  524. 

broad-piece  ( tirad'pes),  ».    Same  as  hrnad,  «.,  3. 

broad-seal  (brad'sel),  «.  The  official  or  gi'eat 
seal  of  a  country  or  state:  as.  "the  king's 
broad-seal," ,Slieldoii,  Miracles,  p.  61 .  [More  cor- 
rectly as  two  words.]  —Broad-seal  war,  in  C.  .v. 
hi>il.,  a  contest  in  the  House  of  Kepreseiitatives,  in  Decem- 
ber, ls;i9,  as  to  the  admission  or  exclusion  of  five  Whig 
members  from  .New  .Jersey,  who  had  certificates  of  election 
under  the  bro.ad  seal  of  the  State,  but  whose  seats  were 
contested  by  Democratic  claimants. 

broad-seal  (brad'sel),  r.  t.     [<  broad-seal,  ».] 
To  stamp  as  with  the  broad  seal ;  guarantee ; 
make  sure. 
Thy  presence  broad-seals  our  delights  for  pure. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

broad-shouldered  (brad'sh61'''d<'rd),  a.   Having 
the  back  liroml  across  the  shoulders. 
Broad-shouldered,  and  his  arms  were  round  and  long. 

Dryden. 

broadside  (brad'sid),  ;;.  1.  The  whole  side  of 
a  ship  above  tho  water-line,  from  the  Iiow  to  the 
i|uarter. — 2.  A  simultaneous  discharge  of  all 
the  guns  on  one  side  of  a  vessel  of  war:  as,  to 
fire  a  bromUiilc. — 3.  In  general,  any  compre- 
hensive attack  xvilh  weapons  of  any  kind  di- 
rected against  one  point  or  object. 
Oive  him  a  broadside,  my  brave  boys,  with  your  pikes. 
Bean,  anil  Fl.,  i'hilaster,  v.  4. 

4.  A  sheet  printed  on  one  side  only,  and  with- 
out aiTangement  in  columns;  especially,  such 
a  sheet  containing  some  item  of  news,  or  an 
attack  upon  some  jierson,  etc.,  and  designed 
for  distribution. 

Every  member  of  the  convention  received  a  copy  of  this 
draft  of  a  constitution,  printed  on  broadsides  in  large 
type.  Bancro/t,  Ilist.  Const.,  I.  111). 

Van  Citt«rs  gives  the  best  account  of  the  trial.  I  have 
seen  a  broadside  which  confirms  his  narrative. 

.Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi.,  note. 

5.  Any  surface  resembling  the  side  of  a  ship 
in  breadth,  etc.,  as  a  house-front. 

In  the  Kreat,  blank,  gray  broadside,  there  were  only 
four  windows.  Dickens. 

Broadside  on.  with  the  side  in  aiivance;  sidewise.— To 
take  on  the  broadside,  to  treat  freely  and  unceremoni- 
ously. 

Determined  to  tok''  the  world  on  the  broadside,  and  eat 
Iherec.f.  and  be  lllled.  Carh/te,  Diderot. 

broadside  (bi-ad'.sid),  adv.  [<  broad.iide,  h.] 
1.  With  the  broadside  directed  toward  the 
point  specified. 


broadside 

The  Intidiiif;  of  tronps  .  .  .  Iteneath  the  bnttcrios  of  four- 
teen Vf&jcls  of  war,  lying  bruiuhidr  to  tlit;  town. 

Everett,  Orations,  ji.  7i>. 

2.  Pell-mell:  unceremoniously:  as,  to  go  or 
send  hroatlsiac.     [Rare.] 

Jle  used  in  llis  prayers  to  send  the  king,  the  ministers 
of  state.  ...  all  hroiuUide  t<i  hell,  hut  imrticularly  the 
^'eru•I■ill  hiins.-lf.  Swift,  Mem.  of  Capt.  t'reichton. 

broad-sighted  ( brad'si  'ted),  a.     Having  a  wide 

view.     (Jiiiiiii  rlji  l!ci\ 

broad-speaking  (brad'spe  king),  a.  1.  Using 
vulgui'  or  c-oar.si'  language ;  sjicaking  witli  a  vul- 
gar accent. —  2.  Speaking  plainly  out  mtliout 
endeavoring  to  soften  one's  meaning. 

broad-spoken  (brad  '  si)6  kn),  n.  Character- 
ized by  plainness  or  coarseness  of  speech,  or 
by  a  vult;ar  accent ;  unrefined. 

broad-spread  (bnurspred),a.    Widely  diffused. 

broad-spreading  (brad'spred  "ing),  a.    Spread- 
ing widely. 
His  ttro(i<i-»prea4intj  letives.  Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  4. 

broadstone  (briid'ston),  n.     Same  as  ashler, 

broadsword  (brad'sdrd),  n.  A  sword  with  a 
broad  blade,  as  distinguished  from  one  with  a 
narrow  blade  or  from  a  three-sided  thrusting- 
sword;  a  sword  of  which  the  edge  as  well  as 
the  point  is  used 


090  brocket 

or  Conidw:  so  called  from  the  peculiar  colora-     ing  teeth  (of  animals):  see  hrnncli.}    Having 

tion.  tusks,  tu.shes,   or  perennial  teeth;  specifically, 

brocage,  «.     See  hroVngf.  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ilrnchata. 

brocard(brok'ard),  «.     [<  OF.  ftrocflrrf,  a  maxim  brochet,  "■     A  Middle  English  form  of  broach 

(iiMuod.F.  a  taunt,  jeer,  raillery),  ML.  fccor«rrfi-     and  linnich^.     Chaucer. 

cum,  so  called,  it  is  said,  from  Jirocaril,  prop.  broch6    (bro-sha'),   a. 


Burchliard  or  liurkaril,  bisliop  of  Worms  (died 
102.')),  who  published  a  collection  of  ecclesi- 
astical canons,  "Kegulm  Ecclesiasticie,"  also 
known  as  Brocardica  or  Brocurdicorum  opu.s.^ 
1.  A  law  maxim  founded  on  inveterate  cus- 
tom, or  borrowed  from  the  Roman  law,  and  ac- 
counted part  of  the  common  law.  Hence  —  2. 
An  elementary  principle  or  maxim;  a  short 
proverbial  rule ;  a  canon. 

Tile  lej^al  brocard,  "  Falsus  in  uno,  falsus  in  omnibus," 
is  a  rule  not  more  applicable  to  other  witnesses  than  to 
consciousness.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

The  scholastic  brocard  [Nihil  est  in  intellectu  (juoil  non 
fuerit  in  sensu]  ...  is  the  fundamental  article  in  the 
creed  of  that  school  of  philcsuphers  who  are  called  "  the 
sensualists."  Fcrrier,  Inst,  of  Metaphysics,  p.  Sbl. 

brocardic  (bro-kar'dik),  n.     Same  as  brocard. 
I  make  use  of  all  the  brocardics,  or  rules  of  interpreters 


U^-r  PP-  of  brochcr, 
stitch,  sew :  see  broach.}  1.  Sewed  or  stitched : 
said  of  a  book  which  is  not  bound  or  covered, 
except  with  a  paper  wrajjjjer.  See  brochure. — 
2.  Ornamented  in  weaving  with  threads  wliich 
form  a  pattern  on  the  surface;  brocaded:  said 
of  astuff,  specifically  of  silk:  as,  aiTOc/ieribbon. 

brochet  (bro-sha'),  «.  [F.,  a  pike,  luce,  for- 
merly also  a  faucet,  <lim.  of  brochc,  a  spit, 
broach:  see  broach.]  A  fish  of  the  family 
Cichlida;  Creiiicichla  saxatili.'i,  having  an  elon- 
gated form  and  pointed  head,  thus  slightly  re- 
sembling a  pike,  it  is  highly  colored  ami  lias  an 
ocellated  spot  at  the  root  c)f  the  tail.  It  is  an  inhabitant 
of  the  fresh  w  aters  of  .South  America  and  Trinidad.  [Lo- 
cal ill  Trinidad.] 

brochette  (bro-shef),  «.  [F.,  dim.  of  broche,  a 
spit :  see  broach.}  A  skewer  to  stick  meat  on, 
used  in  cookerv. 


.,,,,.-,  .  Jir.  Tat/lor,  Pref.  to  Duct.  Dub. 

the  pomt  is  used.     All  forms  of  sword  which  have  a  hrncatt    »       An  old  fnvm  nf  hi-ncnrip 
flat  blade  for  cuttiuK  are  called  broadsu'ord.%  in  contrast   ^rOCajt,  "•      An  old  loim  Ot  bl  ocacle. 

■  ■ -      ■  brocatel,  brocatelle  (brok'a-tel),   n.     [<  F. 

hrocateUc  =  Sp.  brocatel,  <  It.  broecatcllo,  varie- 
gated marble  (F.  brocatel,  tinsel  or  thin  cloth 
of  gold  or  silver),  dim.  of  broccuto,  brocaded, 
brocade:  see  brocade. ~\  1.  A  variety  of  orna- 
mental marble,  the  most  famous  localities  of 
whicli  are  in  Italy  and  Spain.  That  from  Siena, 
whicli  is  perhaps  the  most  characteristic  and  beautiful 
variety  known,  consists  of  a  p-ouiul  of  yellow  marble  tra- 
versed by  numerous  interlacins;  veins  of  darker  material, 
most  of  which  are  of  a  deep- violet  color. 
2.  An  inferior  material  used  for  curtains,  fur- 
nitiu'e-covering,  and  the  like,  made  of  silk  and 
wool,  silk  and  cotton,  or  piu'e  wool,  but  having 
a  more  or  less  silky  surface. 

The  Vice-chancellor's  chaire  and  deske.  Proctors,  Ac. 
cover'd  with  brocatall  (a  kind  of  brocade)  and  cloth  of 
gold.  Evelyn,  Diary,  July  9,  1669. 

Also  written  brocaiello. 
broccoli  (brok'o-li),  «.  [It.,  pi.  of  broccolo,  a 
sprout,  cabbage-sprout,  tlim.  of  brocco,  a  spit, 
skewer,  shoot :  see  broach.}  One  of  the  many 
varieties  of  the  common  cabbage  (Brassica  ole- 
racea),  in  which  the  young  inflorescence  is  con- 


that  is,  not  only  what  is  established  regularly,  in  law,  but  v,_n„i,,,-._  /vf;  rfii/-,  ry     <  }„.nnhn-  oHtnl,  • 

what  is  concluded  wise  and  reasonable  by  the  best  inter-   TOCnure  (Dro-suur  ;,  n.      [^  .,  <.  bl oche> ,  stitch. 

pretors.  '       "     '       -     -        -  -    - 


to  swiirds  used  for  thrusting  alone.     .See  clai/mon 

broadtail  (brad'tal),  n.  One  of  the  numerous 
species  of  old-world  parrots,  of  the  genus  Pla- 
ti/ei  reus.     P.  L.  l<clatfr. 

bfoadthroat  (brad  '  throt),  n.  [<  broad  + 
throat;  a  translation  of  Euri/lo'itius,  q.  v.]  A 
book-name  of  birds  of  the  family  liuri/lamidtc 
(which  see).  Also  called  broadbill  and  broad- 
mouth. 

broad-tool  (brad'tol),  K.  A  stone-masons'  chisel 
with  a  very  wide  edge,  used  for  finishing. 

broad-tread  (brad'tred),  a.  Having  a  wide 
face  or  tread,  as  a  car-wheel. 

Broadwell  ring.    See  riuc/. 

broadwise  (brad'wiz),  adr.  [<  broad  +  -wise.} 
In  the  direction  of  the  breadth ;  breadthwise  : 
as,  to  measure  broadwise. 

broamt,  «.  [Origin  obscure;  perhaps  a  mis- 
print.]    Apparently,  a  spirit  or  goblin. 

The  approach  of  the  sun's  radiant  beams  expelleth  gob- 
lins, bugbears,  hob-thrushes,  broams,  screech-owl  mates, 
night-walking  spirits,  and  tenebrions. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  iii.  24. 

brob  (brob),  n.  [E.  dial. :  perhaps  an  alteration 
of  brod,  a  nail,  brad,  verb  brod,  prick :  see  brod 
and  Scarf.]  1 .  A  wedge-shaped 
spike,  driven  along  the  side  of 
a  timber  which  abuts  against 
another,  to  prevent  it  from 
Brobs.  slipping. — 2.  In  coal-mining,  a 

short,  thick  piece  of  timber, 
used  for  supporting  the  coal  which  is  being 
holed  or  undercut;  a  prop.  [Midland  coal- 
field, England.] 
brob  (brob),  !'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brobbed,  ppr. 
hrobbincj.  [E.  dial.,  <  brob,  n.}  To  prick  -svith 
a  bodkin.  HalUu-ell.  [North.  Eng.] 
Brobdingnagian  (brob-ding-nag'i-an),  a.  and  n. 
I.  a.  Like  or  likened  to  an  inhabitant  of  the 
fabled  region  of  Brobdiugnag  in  Swift's  "Gul- 
liver's Travels'';  hence,  of  enormous  size;  gi- 


jfi\ 


Broccoli  (Frassica  oUracea.var.). 


It 


traeted  into  a  depressed  fleshy  edible  head, 
is  closelv  similar  to  the  cauliflower. 

German  prose,  as  ™tten  by  the  mob  of  authors,  pre-  ^J!"^? j!'''n'''''b"-     ^*^'""'' rn  '"i""-''''f-      , 
sents,  as  in  a  Brobdinc/nagian  mirror,  the  most  offensive   OrOChan  (broch  an),  n.      [tTael.  Ir.  brochan,  por- 
faults  of  our  own.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i.     ridge,  gruel.]    Oatmeal  boiled  in  water;  thick 

II.  ».  A  gigantic  person.  porridge.     [Scotland  and  Ireland.] 

"SaUy!"screaniedtheSroMin£;;ia3!a)i,"whatbedrooms  brochant  (bro'shant),  a.     [F.,  ppr.  of  brocher, 
is  disengaged?    A  gentleman  wants  a  bed."  stitch,  etc.  :  see  ifoparfe.]     In  /((')'.,  lying  over 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Ourney,  II.  v.  and  covering  :  said  of  any  bearing  which  partly 
covers  another.  Also  brouchant. 
brochantite  (l)ro-shan'tit),  n.  [After  Brochant 
de  Villiers,  a  French  mineralogist  (177:i-lS40).] 
An  emerald-green  mineral  consisting  of  hy- 
drous sulphate  of  copper.  The  crystals  are  m 
thin  rectangular  and  transparent  tables 


gantic. 


broct,  n.  [F. :  see  bric-a-brac.}  A  large  vessel 
witli  a  handle,  and  generally  made  of  metal  or 
I'oarse  pottery,  for  holding  liquids. 

brocade  (bro-kad'),  n.  [<  Sp.  brocado  (—  Pg. 
bnieado  =  It.  broccato :  cf.  F.  brocart),  brocade, 
pro]p.  pp.  of  'brocar  (=  Pg.  brocar,  bore)  =  F. 


see  broach.}  1.  A  pamphlet;  an  unbound 
book,  of  which  the  .sheets  are  held  together  by 
sewing  only.  See  broche. —  2.  Specifically,  a 
small  pamphlet,  or  one  on  a  matter  of  transi- 
torv  interest. 

brockl  (brok),  n.  [<  ME.  brok,  <  AS.  broc  = 
Dan.  brol;  a  badger;  prob.  of  Celtic  origin: 
W.  broch  =  Corn,  broch  =  Bret,  broch  =  Gael. 
Ir.  Manx  broc;  Ir.  also  brech  and  brochd,  a  bad- 
ger; prob.  so  called  from  its  white-streaked 
face,  <  W.  brech  =  Gael.  Ir.  breac,  speckled  (see 
brill);  cf.Gael.  brocacli,  brucach,  speckled  in  the 
face;  cf.  also  Dan.  bror;et,  Sw.  brokiy,  party- 
colored:  see  ftcocAe^  Ci.  bauson.}  A  badger. 
Or  with  pretence  of  chasing  thence  the  brock. 
Send  in  a  cur  to  worry  the  whole  flock ! 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  L  2. 
[Sometimes  used  as  a  tenn  of  reproach. 
Marry,  hang  thee,  brock!  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5.] 

brock2  (brok),  H.  [Shetland  brucl;  <  ME.  "brok 
(not  found),  <  AS.  r/ebroc,  neut..  a  piece,  a 
fragment  (cf.  broc,  affliction,  trouble,  fatigue) 
(=  OHG.  brocco,  MHG.  hrocke,  G.  bracken,  m., 
=  Dan.  brokke  =  Goth,  ga-bruka,  f.,  a  piece; 
cf.  dim.  MLG.  brocket  =  ODan.  broggel,  a  piece, 
fragment),  <.  brecan  (pp.  brocen),  break:  see 
break,  and  cf.  breach  with  its  variants  breck, 
brick^,  brack''-,  etc. ;  cf.  also  hrockle.}  A  piece; 
a  fragment.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

brock^  (brok),  r.  t.  [Also  brok.  =  OHG.  bro- 
chou,  brockon,  MHG.  G.  bracken  =  Dan.  brokke, 
break,  crumble ;  from  the  noim.]  To  break, 
crumble,  or  cut  into  bits  or  shreds.     [Scotch.] 

brock-'t,  ''.  '.  [ME.  brokken,  perhaps  a  secon- 
dary form  of  brekcn  (pp.  broken),  break.  Cf. 
brock-.}  To  cry  out;  miu-mur;  complain:  a 
word  of  somewhat  uncertain  meaning,  found 
only  in  the  two  passages  quoted. 

"What  helpth  hyt  the  crokke 
That  hys  [is]  to  felthe  [fllth]  ydo. 
Aye  [against]  the  crokkere  to*  brokke, 
"  Why  madest  thou  me  so'?" 

William  de  .Sftoreham,  Religious  Poems(ed.  Wright),  p.  106. 

He  singeth  broklcynffe  [var.  croiryntr.  Wright,  Morris]  as  a 
nyghtingale.  Cha'ach;  Miller's  Tale,  1.  191. 

brock*  (brok),  «.  [E.  dial.  :  cf.  ME.  brok  (see 
quot.):  cf.  Icel.  brokkr,  also  brokk-hestr,  a  trot- 
ter, trotting  horse,  brokka,  trot.  Origin  and 
relations  imeertain;  the  alleged  AS.  "broc.  an 
inferior  horse,  a  shaking  horse,  jade"  (Bos- 
worth),  does  not  exist,  the  def.  being  due  to  an 
oiTor  of  translation.]  A  cart-horse  or  draft- 
horse  :  a  word  of  luicertain  original  meaning, 
applied  also  in  provincial  English  to  a  cow. 
Brockett;  Halliwell. 

The  carter  sniot  and  crj-de  as  he  were  wwi, 

Uayt  brok,  hayt  scot.     Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  245. 


i""A"silkT''7'f'''''  ^■"/'''  ''*'':,'  ^P,? '"'"^f '  '•■]  Brochata  (bro-ka'tii),  ».  ;,/.    [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  brock^  (brok),  n.     [Appar.  a  var.  of  bruck,  q.  v.] 


1.  A  silken  fabric  variegated  with  gold  and 
silver,  or  having  raised  flowers,  foliage,  and 
other  ornaments :  also  applied  to  other  stuffs 
wrought  and  enriched  in  like  manner. 

\  gala  suit  of  faded  brocade.  Irvinci 

2.  Akinil  of  bronze-powder  used  for  decorating, 
brocaded  (bro-ka'ded),  a.  1.  Woven  or  worked 

into  a  brocade. 

Brocaded  flowers  o'er  the  gay  mantua  shine. 

Qay.  Panthea. 
2.  Dressed  in  brocade.— 3.  Decorated  ■svith 
flowers,  etc.,  in  relief:  as,  a  brocaded  silk. 
[K.iuivalent  to  French  brocM.} 
brocade-shell  (bro-kad'shel),  n.  A  name  given 
to  Vonus  geographicus,  one  of  the  cone-shells, 


;)/'oc//a/«.9,  projecting  (of  teeth),  having  project-     The   name  of  an  insect. 

ingteeth(of  animals):  see  ftrocAate.]  InBlyth's     Eng.] 

classification  of  mammals,  a  tribe  or  suborder  brockiJ   (brok).    n. 

of  his  Diplodontia,  corresponding  to  the  Pachy-     brock'',  a  badger.]    1.  A  pig.— 2.  Sivill  for  feed- 

dermata,  herbivorous  Ceiacea,  and  Rodentia  of    ing  pigs.     [North  of  Ireland.] 

Cuvier:  so  called  from  usually  having  persis-  brockT  (brok),  «.     Short  for  brocket. 

tently  gro'wing  teeth,  as  the  tusks  of  the  ele-  brock'**   (brok),    n.      [Possibly  shortened 

phantor  the  incisors  of  a  rodent,  or  projecting     broccoli.}     A  cabbage.     [Pi-ov.  Eng.] 

tushes,  as  those  of  the  swine  and  hippopotamus,  brock"  (brok).  n.     A  variant  of  iTO«(7/i2, 

Blyth  divided  his  Brochata  mto  Proboscdea,  Uodentiu.   brockago  (brok'ijj),  H.    [Appar.  <  ftrofi'S -f- 


Halliwell.      [Prov. 
[Perhaps  another  use   of 


from 


Chaerodia  (swine),  and  Syrenia  (Sirenia).  three  of  which 
(all  excepting  Chcerodia)  are  now  recognized  orders  of 
.Voiinualia  :  but  the  name  is  not  ill  use. 

brochate  (bro'kat),  a.  [<  NXi.  brochafus.  hav- 
ing projecting  teeth.  <  L.  brochus.  broechus. 
broccus,  projecting  (of  teeth),  having  project- 


...  -«?«•] 

In  iiutiiis.,  an  imperfect  coin. 

All   imperfect  coins,  curiously  terir.ed   brockaacit,  are 
picked  out.  Oc,  Diet,  til.  349. 

brocket   (brok'et),  a.      [<   Dan.    broget.   older 
form  'hroket,  party-colored:  see  brock'-.}     Va- 


brocket 

negated;  having  a  iiiixtiiro  of  black  or  other 
color  anil  whito :  applied  chietly  to  cattle. 
[Scotch.]  ALso  brncLcil,  hrokcd,  and  hronkit. 
brocket  (brok'ct),  ».  [<  MK.  hrokcl,  substituted 
I'm-  K,  lirt'i-iirt,  mtw  brmiuart,  a  brocket,  so  named 
from  liavinfj  but  one  tine  to  liis  liorn,  <  OF. 
/)/■()(•,  F.  Iiriiclic,  dial,  broc,  a  spit,  broach,  etc.,  a 
tine  of  a  stain's  horn;  cf.  OF.  broi/iict,  dim.  of 
broc,  as  aljovo.  Cf.  E.  priclcct^  <  j)rick;  a  point, 
etc.,  and  U.  spiesscr,  a  brocket,  <  spiesx  =  E. 
«)((-.]  1.  A  red  deer  two  years  old  ;  a  pricket. 
Tile  term  has  been  iiseil  (in  the  plunil)  by  some  natural- 
i8t»  tij  (lesiKiiiite  a  urnup  of  the  lieer  family. 
2.  Any  deer  of  South  America  of  the  genus 
CariflCll.1.      The  rert  liniekct  is  C.  ni/iiK  nf  Brazil ;  the 

wood -hrnrket,   (\   )ii'illnri rfPTtlif. 

brock-faced  (lirok'tast),  a.  IlaviuKa  white  lon- 
f;itudinal  mark  down  the  face,  like  a  badfjer. 

brockisht  (brok'ish),  o.  [<  brocl;^  +  -j.s/il.] 
Like  ii  lirock  or  badger;  beastly:  brutal:  as, 
"bnirl:i.ih  boors,"  Y)'/*.  Utile,  Knglisli  Votaries,  i. 

brockle  (brok'l),  a.  and  ti.  [E.  dial.,  also 
brucklB,  var.  of  brickie,  <  JIE.  brekcl,  brokel, 
briikel :  see  brickie,  and  cf.  brock-,  h.]     I.  a. 

1.  Same  as  brickie. —  2.  Apt  to  break  through 
a  field:  said  of  cattle.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Il.t  »■  Broken  pieces;  fragments;  rubbish. 

brockram  (brok'ram),  II.  Calcareous  breccia 
derived  from  the  waste  of  the  carboniferous 
limestones,  occurring  in  the  north  of  England, 
iu  sandstones  of  Permian  age,  aiul  especially 
well  developed  in  the  valley  of  the  Eden. 
[North.  P:ng.] 

bred  (brod),  «.  [Sc,  <  Icel.  broihlr,  a  spike;  cf. 
Gael.  Ir.  broil,  a  goad,  jirickle,  sting:  see  brad, 
andcf. /irw/.]     1.   A  shari)-pointed  instrument. 

—  2.  A  prick  with  such  an  instrument;  hence, 
an  incitement ;  instigation. 

brod  ( brod),  r.  t.  or  (. ;  pret.  and  pp.  broddcd,  ppr. 

briiddiiiij.    [ibrod,  II.']    To  prick;  spur;  pierce  ; 

prod:  often  used  figuratively.     [Scotch.] 
broddle  (brod'l),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  broddled, 

pjir.  broildliiiij.     [E.  dial.,  freq.  of  brod,  c]    To 

prick;  pierce;  make  holes  in. 

brodekin,  brodequin  (brod 'kin),  «.  [<  F. 

broihijiiiii,  earlier  ^broseijiiiii,  broiiserjuin  =  It. 
borzaeckiim  =  Sp.  borceyui,  formerly  horzegiii, 
bos:effiii,  boheqiiin  =  Pg.  bor:eijiiiii,  <  MD.  bro- 
sckeii,  bro.skcii,  broosken,  buskin :  see  bu.^kiii.'] 
A  buslcin  or  half-boot.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

Instead  of  shoes   and  stoekings,  a  ]iair  of  buskins  or 
bniih'liiii.s.  Erharil,  Hist.  Eng. 

brodellf,  brodePt.     See  brothcn,  brothel'^. 
brodert,  broderert.     See  bmider,  broidercr. 

Brodie's  disease,  joint.    See  the  nouns. 

broellat  (bro-el'ii),  «.  [ML. ;  OF. /xoKcHf.]  A 
coarse  kind  of  cloth,  used  for  the  ordinary 
dresses  of  countrymen  and  the  monastic  clergy 
in  the  middle  ages.     Fairlmlt. 

brogl  (brog),  ».  [Sc,  <  Gael,  broij,  a  shoemakers' 
awl:  see  broach.]  1.  A  pointed  instrument, 
as  a  shoemakers'  awl;  a  joiners'  awl. — 2.  A 
small  stick  used  in  catching  eels.  [North.  Eng.] 

—  3.  A  jab  with  a  sliarp  instrument.  [Scotch.] 
brogl  (brug),  c.  t. ;  pret.  and  j>p.  broqried,  ppr. 

broiiiiiiig.  [<  broii"^,  «.;  of.  Gael,  brofi,  spur, 
stimulate,  goad,  and  see  pro;/.]  1.  To  prick 
with  an  awl  or  other  sharp-pointed  instrument ; 
push  or  thrust,  as  an  instrument:  as,  to  broij 
leather.     [Scotch.] 

Brogging  an  elshin  througli  bend  leather. 

Hcutt,  Heart  of  Midlothian,  v. 

2.  To  catch  (eels)  by  means  of  small  sticks 
called  brofi-s.     [North.  Eng.] 

brog-  (brog),  II.  [Sc.  also  brof/iic,  perhaps  a 
particular  use  of  broii^,  2;  but  cf.  Icel.  bruijij, 
a  scheming,  machination,  lit.  a  brewing,  < 
brucifin.  brew,  concoct:  see  ftrcH'l.]     A  trick. 

brog-'  (brog),  II.  [Perhaps  an  altere<l  form  of 
//o;/i;  but  cf.  ML.  broyiliis,  etc.,  a  thicket,  G. 
briilil,  a  marshy  place  overgrown  with  bushes, 
under  briiil'^.]  A  swampy  or  bushy  place. 
HalliiceU.     [North.  Eng.] 

brog't,  "•     A  variant  of  brof/iic'^. 

brogan  (bro'gan  or  bro-gan'),  n.  [Cf.  Gael. 
broi/tiii,  ]t\.o(  broi/ :  sea  irogiic^.]  1.  A  form  of 
half-boot  in  which  the  part  covering  the  instep 
is  undivided,  and  broad  side-flaps  meet  above 
the  instep-piece,  and  are  tiwl  by  strings. — 2. 
A  boat  used  on  Chesapeake  Bay.    [Local,  U.S.] 

broggerite  (breg'er-it),  II.  [jVfter  the  Norwe- 
gian mineralogist  W.  0.  liroi/i/er.]  A  mineral 
allied  111  uraninite,  and  consisting  largely  of 
uranium  oxid. 

brogglet  (lirog'l),  r.  i.  [Freq.  of  bro;i\  r.,  q.  v.] 
1.  To  pierce;  prick.  [Scotch.] — 2.  To  fish  for 
eels  by  troubling  the  water.     fVriijht. 


Ancient  Irish  Tlrogues. 


001 

broggourt.  A  Middle  English  variant  of  broker. 
brogue'  (l>r6g),  «.  [Sc.  brotj.  broi/iic,  <  Gael, 
h'.  brill/,  a  shoe,  Gael,  also  a  hoof.  The  brogue 
was  made  of  rough  hide;  it  was  regarded  as 
characteristic  of  the  wilder  Irish,  an<l  so  tlio 
name  came  to  designate 
their  manner  of  speaking 
English.]  1.  Foniierly, 
in  Ireland,  a  shoe  made 
of  rawhide,  with  the  hair 
outward,  reaching  as  far 
as  the  ankle  and  tied  by 
thongs. —  2.  A  similar 
foot-covering  worn  liy 
tlie  Scotch  Highlanders, 
but  commonly  nuide  of  deer-hide,  either  freshly 
stripijcd  off  or  half  dried,  and  having  holes  to 
allow  water  to  escape. 

To  shun  the  clash  of  foeman's  steel 

^'o  ilighlaml  broi/im  has  turned  the  heel. 

Scutt,  Nora's  Vow. 
Some  [of  the  new  captains  an<l  lieiitenants]  had  been  so 
used  to  wear  Oroifueit  that  they  stumbled  auii  shuflled 
about  strangely  in  their  military  jack-boots. 

Maraulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 
3.  A  smooth  piece  of  wood  worn  on  the  foot 
in  the  ojicration  of  washing  tin,  when  tlie  ore 
is  in  fino  particles. — 4.  A  dialectal  manner 
of  pronunciation:  especially  used  of  the  mode 
of  pronouncing  English  peculiar  to  the  Irish. 

In  the  House  of  Commons,  the  .Scotch  accent  and  the 
Irish  brftfjH'i  may  be  often  heard.  Quartcrbj  lii'v. 

brogue-  (brog),  n.    A  variant  of  briMj".    ISiiriis. 
brogues  ( brogz),  n.  pi.  Same  as  breeches.   [Prov. 

Eng.] 
broidt  (iiroid),  1'.    [<  ME.  broijden,  broxcden,  etc., 

variants  (due  to  the  pp.  broden,  brogdcii)  of 

breiden,    braideii,   braid :    see   braid'';   and  cf. 

broider.]     Same  as  braid'-. 

Hire  yolwe  lleer  was  browded  [var.  broi/ded,  braided]  in  a 
tresse.  Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  101. 

broider  (broi'der),  ('.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
briiiider,  browdcr,  brander,  broiler;  <  ME.  brinc- 
drcii,  liruiidcreii,  confused  with  (as  if  freq.  fonns 
of)  broiideii,  broicileii  (early  mod.  E. /)/'"((/,  broiid, 
var.  forms  of  braid' :  see  braid',  broiid,  broirdt, 
but  prop.  var.  forms  of  bordiireii,  bordercn, 
E.  border,  v.  (after  broideri/,  brottderij,  (j.  v.) ; 
ult.  <  F.  broder,  usually  border  (=  Sp.  Pg.  bor- 
dar  =  It.  bordare,  <  ML.  "borilare),  adorn  with 
needlework,  prop,  work  on  the  edge,  <  bord, 
border,  edge,  welt,  or  hem  of  a  garment,  etc. : 
see  /lorf/eraiid  board.  Cf.  embroider.']  To  adorn 
with  tigures  of  needlework,  or  by  sewing  on 
ornaments;  embroider:  as,  "a  broidered  coat," 
Ex.  xxviii.  4.  [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 
A  red  sleeve 
Broider'd  with  pearls. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
Buflf  coata  all  frounced  and  broidered  o'er. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  II.,  iv.  16. 

broiderer  (broi'd6r-er),  «.  [<  ME.  ftroK/crerc, 
broiiilerire,  browderere ;  <.  broider  + -cr'.]  One 
who  emliroiilers;  an  embroiderer.     [Rare.] 

broideress  (Ijroi'der-es),  H.  [<  broider  +  -rs.s.] 
A  woman  who  embroiders;  an  embroideress. 
Hood.     [Rare.] 

broidery  (broi'der-i),  H.;  pl.broideric.i  (-iz).  [< 
ME.  broiderije.  broideri' ,  broiiderij,  broicdri/e,  < 
OF.  broderic,  liroidcry,  <  broder,  broider,  bor- 
der: see  broider.  Cf.  embroideri/.]  Embroidery; 
ornamental  needlework  ■wrought  upon  cloth. 
[Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

The  frail  bluebell  peereth  over 
Rare  broid'ry  of  the  purple  clover. 

Tenmjiton,  A  Dirue. 

broignet,  "•  [OF.,  also  fero/H^c,  brugue,  briiiiie. 
ML.  broiiia,  bruiiia,  of  Teut.  origin,  <  AS.  bijriie, 
etc.,  a  cuirass:  see  hijriiie.']  In  the  early  mid- 
dle ages,  a  defensive  garment  made  by  sew- 
ing rings  or  plates  of  metal  upon  leather  or 
woven  stuff.  For  this  was  substituted  the  hauberk  of 
nuxil  by  those  persons  who  eould  afford  the  expense ;  but 
the  broigne,  which  could  be  manufactured  at  home  or  by 
any  perstui  who  could  sew  strongly,  was  in  use  among  the 
peasantry,  and  even  among  foot-soldiers,  at  least  as  late 
!LS  the  fourteenth  century. 

broiU  (l)roil),  r.  [=  Sc.  broihjic,  briili/ic,  <  ME. 
broileii,  <  OF.  briiiller,  broil,  grill,  roast,  <  bniir 
in  same  senses  (F.  bronir,  blight),  <  MUG. 
briiejen,  briien,  scald,  singe,  bm-n.  G.  briihen, 
scald  (=  MLG.  brne/cii,  broicii,  briif/en,  scald, 
cook,  =  MD.  broeijen,  scald,  D,  broeijeii,  hatch, 
brood,  breed,  .soak,  grow  hot),  <  MHG.  briiejc, 
G.  briihe  =  MI),  broeije,  broth,  <  Teut.  •/  'bro, 
warm,  heat,  Cf.  bree',  breiris,  and  see  brood'.] 
I.  trims.  To  cook  by  the  direct  action  of  heat 
over  or  in  front  of  a  clear  fire,  generally  upon 
a  gridiron,  as  meat  or  fish. 


brokage 

III'  rowile  roste  and  sethe  and  broitlr  and  frie. 

Cliaucer,  (ien,  I'rol,  to  ('.  T,,  I,  383, 

II.  intran.1.  1.  To  be  subjected  to  the  action 
of  heat,  as  meat  over  a  fire.  Hence  —  2.  Figu- 
ratively, to  be  greatly  heated;  be  heated  to 
the  point  of  great  discomfort. 

God  save  you,  air  I    Where  have  you  been  broilinri? 

Shak.,  lien,  VIII.;  iv,l, 
3.  To  fret;  stew;  be  ver)' impatient, 

lie  broiled  with  impatience  to  jiut  his  desigii  in  exe- 
cution. .Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  il.  5. 

broil-  (broil),  II.  [In  the  earliest  use  known, 
Lord  Berners's  translation  of  Froissart,  vol.  ii. 
c.  140  (l.')2.')),  the  word  is  sjielled  breiill.  afjpar. 
<  OF.  'breiil,  'brcnil.  "broil,  a  tumult,  broil  (= 
It.  broi/lio,  Olt.  also  brollo,  broi/gio  (Florio), 
confusion,  tumult,  rising,  revolt),  a  verbal  noun, 
agreeing  with  the  newly  formed  mod.  F.  broiiille 
(5  early  mod.  E.  bmilli/,  Sc.  briilijie),  disagree- 
ment, misunderstanding,  falling  out  (cf.  OF. 
brouilli',  broiiilli,^,  quan'el,  contention,  discord, 
confusion),  <  OF.  brmiilli  r,  mod.  F.  broiiiller  (= 
Pr.  brolhur  =  OSp.  brollar  =  Pg.  broUiar=  It. 
brogliarc,  Olt.  also  brolUirc).  confuse,  jumble, 
trouble,  mar,  spoil,  ete.,iirob.  orig.  entangle  as 
in  a  thicket  (cf.  E.  Jlroi/I,  the  name  of  a  wood 
in  Sussex),  <  breiil,  breiiil,  broil  (=  Pr.  briiclh, 
ra. ;  also  OF.  bruellc  =  Pr.  brmlha  =  Pg. 
britlha,  f.),  a  thicket,  grove,  wood,  forest  (agree- 
ing with  the  assumed  forms  cited  above  in 
the  sense  of  'tumult,  confusion'),  =  It.  briiolo, 
a  kitchen-garden,  brolo,  an  orcliard,  Olt.  broilo, 
brollo,  a,  garden,  <  ML.  broilim,  broliiim,  bro- 
giliis,  also  broel,  a  wood,  forest,  park,  deer- 
park,  also  a  field,  meadow,  orchanl,  i)rob.  < 
OHG.  "broil,  MHG.  briiel,  G.  briihl,  a  marshy 
place  overgrown  with  buslies:  a  word  of  un- 
known origin.  Cf.  E.  dial.  (North.)  brog,  a 
swampy  or  bushy  place.]  An  angi-y  tumult; 
a  noisy  quan-el ;  contention;  discord. 

But  t'assaues  retyring  into  Persia  to  pacifle  new  broiteit, 
the  Sultan  recuuered  the  same. 

Purchag,  Pilgrimage,  p,  281, 
Your  intestine  broils 
Weakening  the  sceptre  of  old  Mght, 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  1001, 
And  deadly  feud,  or  thirst  of  spoil, 
Break  out  iu  some  unseemly  broil. 

Seott,  Marmion,  i.  20. 
=  Syn.   Afrail,  .-iltercation.iti':.     See  i/imrri!^,  n. 

broil-t,  I",  I.  [<  liroil^,  II.  Cf.  embroil-.]  To  raise 
a  broil;  quaiTol ;  brawl. 

broiP  (bril),  ».  [Also  written  brijle :  origin  un- 
certain.] In  mining,  a  collection  of  loose  frag- 
ments, usually  discolored  by  oxidation,  resting 
on  the  surt'ace,  and  indicating  the  presence  of 
a  mineral  vein  beneath.  See  outcrop  and  gos- 
san.   [Cornwall,  Eng.] 

broiler!  (broi'ler).  )i.  [<  ftroi/l  -I-  -er'-.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  broils;  any  device  for 
broiling  meats  or  fish. —  2.  A  chicken  fit  for 
broiling. — 3.  A  hot  day.     See  broiling. 

broiler-t  (broi'ler).  H.  [<  broil-,  r.,  +  -er'.] 
One  who  excites  broils  or  jiromotes  quan'els. 

What  doth  he  but  turn  broiler,  .  .  .  make  new  libels 
against  the  church'.'  llnnnooml,  .Sermons,  p.  .S44. 

broileryt,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.  broylerij,  broil- 
lerie,  also  (as  F.)  broiiillerit;  <  F.  broiiillerie, 
confusion,  <  broiiiller,  confuse :  see  broil^.] 
Contention;  dispute. 

broiling  (broi'ling),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  broil'-,  v.] 
Excessively  hot  and  humid;  torrid:  as,  a  broil- 
ing day. 

The  weather  for  this  fortnight  has  been  broiling/  without 
interruption,  one  thinulcr-shower  excepted,  which  did  not 
con]  the  air  at  all.  (Iriiii,  Lettei-s,  I.  :!!)8. 

broillyt,  »■    -An  obsolete  form  of  broil^. 

broilmentt,  "•  [=  Sc.  brulyiemcnt;  <  broil-  + 
-nil  III.]     Aliroil;  a  brawl. 

broinderg  (liroin'derg),  «.  [<  Gael,  brudhearg, 
redbreast,  lit.  red-bellied,  <  brn  (gen.  brnnn, 
dat.  broinn),  belly  (=  W.  bru.  bell_y),  -1-  dearg, 
red.]  A  name  "for  the  redbreast,  Erijthaciis 
rubecula.     MaegiUirraij.     [Local,  .Scotch.] 

brokage  (bro'kSj),  n.  [Also  written  brocage,  < 
ME.  brokage,  brocage,  <  broc-  in  brocour,  bro- 
ker,-t- -Of/e.  ^ee  broker.]  1.  An  arrangement 
made  or  sought  to  be  made  through  the  agency 
of  a  broker  or  go-between. 

He  wowcth  hire  by  mcne  and  bv  brocaqe. 

Chaueer.  .Miller's  Tale,  1,  183, 

2.  The  premium  or  commission  of  a  broker; 
the  gain  or  profit  derived  from  transai'ting  busi- 
ness as  broker  for  another. — 3.  The  trade  of 
a  broker;  the  transacting  of  commercial  busi- 
ness, as  buying  and  selling,  for  other  men.  See 
broke'^,  broker. 

The  Jewes  iu  Kome  .  .  .  live  onely  upon  brokage  and 
usury.  Hveli/n,  Diary,  Jan.  15,  1646. 


brokage 

Proud 
()( Ills  rilli  ildiika  and  suits,  tliough  got  liy  bnkage. 

Mamnger,  Duke  of  MIlun,  iii.  2. 
Marriage  brokage.    See  mamaiie. 
broke'  (l)rok).     Preterit  and  (with  broken)  past 

participlo  of  brcal: 
brokelf,  «•    [A  var.  of  brack^,  q.  v.]   A  breach. 
llnikv  for  broke,  eye  for  eye,  and  tooth  for  tooth. 

Bemn,  Works,  ii.  94.    (Davm.) 

broke-  (brok),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  brokcd,  ppr. 
Iirokinq.  [Formed  from  broker,  like  peddle 
from  peddler,  etc. ;  ME.  broken  (broke*,  brook'i). 
is  not  found  in  this  sense.  See  broker  and 
brokiK/c.']  1.  To  transact  business  for  another 
in  trade ;  act  as  agent  in  buj-ing  and  .selling 
and  other  commercial  business;  carry  on  the 
business  of  a  broker.— 2t.  To  act  as  a  go- 
between  or  procurer  in  love  matters;  pimp. 
And  brakes  with  all  that  can  in  such  a  suit 
Corrupt  the  tender  honour  of  a  maid. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iii.  5. 

■\Ve  do  want  a  certain  neees.sary  woman  to  bmke  between 
thcni,  Cui)id  said.  Fatishau-c. 

3t.  To  transact  business  by  means  of  an  agent. 
lUit  the  gains  of  l)argains  are  of  a  more  dtiuhtful  nature  ; 
when  men  shall  wait  upon  others"  necessity,  brtike  by  ser- 
vants and  instruments  to  draw  them  on,  .  .  .  and  the  like 
practices.  Bacon,  Riches. 

broke^t,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  brookl-. 

broke^i,  v-  t.    A  Middle  English  form  of  brook^. 

broked,  «.     See  broeket.     [Scotch.] 

broken  (bro'kn).  />.  a.  [Pp.  of  break ;  <  ME.  bro- 
ken, often  shortened  to  broke,  <  AS.  brocen,  <  bre- 
can,  break:  see  break.'i  1.  Not  integral  or  en- 
tire ;  fractional:  opposed  to  round,  as  applied 
to  numbers. 

This  new-created  income  of  two  millions  will  probably 
furnish  £(lt)5,iXX>  (I  avoid  broken  numbers).  Burke. 

2.  Eough ;  intersected  with  hills  and  valleys 
or  ravines:  applied  to  the  siu'face  of  a  country 
or  district. — 3.  Bankrupt. — 4.  Imperfect;  tin- 
grammatical;  wanting  in  fluency  or  correct- 
ness of  pronunciation :  as,  broken  French. 

Break  thy  mind  to  me  in  broken  English. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

5.  In  her.,  depicted  as  having  been  forcibly 
torn  off,  leaving  the  end  shivered  or  splintered. 

—  6.  In  entom.,  abruptly  bent  at  an  angle  ;  ge- 
niculate :  said  specifically  of  antennre  in  which 
the  terminal  portion  forms  an  angle  with  the 
longbasaljoint — Broken  beer.  See  ii.ri .  ~  Broken 
cadence.  See  cadence. — Broken  chords,  in  m  usic,  chords 
the  tones  of  which  are  played  in  succession  instead  of  si- 
multaneously. See  aivicyyiu. —Broken  colors,  in  paint- 
ing, colors  produced  by  the  mixture  of  two  or  more  pig- 
ments. The  term  is  usually  applied  to  those  tints  which 
result  from  the  combination  in  various  proportions  of  blue, 
red,  and  yellow,— Broken  line,  a  line  formed  of  a  num- 
ber of  straiyhl  lines  juined  at  their  ends  and  not  forming 
a  continuous  straight  line.  — Broken  man,  a  member  of  a 
elan  which  had  been  liroken  up,  or  one  separated  from  his 
clan  on  account  of  crime  ;  hence,  an  outlaw  ;  a  vagaliond  ; 
a  public  depredator.  (Scotch.  1  —Broken  meat,  victuals, 
fragments  of  food. —  Broken  tnusic,  nnisic  played  on 
harps,  guitars,  and  other  instruments  on  which  the  chords 
are  usually  played  as  arpeggios. 

Fair  prince,  here  is  good  broken  music. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  1. 
Broken  voyage,  in  2vhaie-fi.^hing,  an  unprofitable  voy- 
age, or  a  losing  voyage.  C.  M.  Seanunon,  Marine  Mam- 
mals (Glossary),  p.  310.— Broken  water,  waves  breaking 
on  and  near  shallows,  or  by  the  contention  of  currents  iu 
a  nairow  cliannel.—  Broken  wind.  See  u'iml^. 
broken-backed  (bro'kn-bakt),  a.  [ME.  broke- 
bakked.]  1.  Ha\4ng  the  back  broken,  in  any 
sense  of  the  noun  back:  as,  a  broken-backed 
book. 

Yellow,  thumbed,  devastated  by  flies  and  time,  stained 
with  spots  of  oil  and  varnish,  broken-backed,  dog's-eared 

—  a  son-y  lazar-house  copy,  which  no  bookstall-keeper 
would  look  at.  0.  A.  Sala,  Dutch  Pictures. 

Specifically  —  2.  A'rt«*.,  hogged:  descriptive  of 
the  condition  of  a  ship  when,  from  faulty  con- 
struction or  from  grounding,  her  frame  be- 
comes so  loosened  as  to  cause  both  ends  to 
droop. 

broken-bellied  (bro'kn-beP'id),  a.      Having  a 
ruptured  belly;  hence,  broken  down;  degener- 
ate.    [Rare.] 
Such  is  om-  bnknt-hrlUed  age.     i'.  Sandys,  Essays, p.  168. 

broken-hearted  (bro'kn-har'ted),  a.  Having 
the  spirits  depressed  or  crushed  by  grief  or 
despair. 

lie  bath  sent  rac  to  bind  up  the  brokenhearted.   Isa.  Ixi.  1. 

brokenly  (bro'kn-li),  «r/i'.  1.  In  a  broken,  in- 
terrupted raaniM'r;  without  regularity. — 2.  In 
broken  or  imperfect  language. 

If  you  will  love  me  soundly  with  your  French  heart,  I 
will  be  glad  to  hear  you  confess  it  brokenly  with  your 
Knglish  tongue.  Shak.,  rtcn.  V.,  v.  2. 

brokenness  (bro'kn-nes),  n.  [<  broken  + 
-Jiess,]     The  state  of  being  broken Broken- 


692 

ness  of  heart,  the  st-ate  of  having  the  spirits  crushed  by 
gl-ief  or  desjiair;  abject  mental  misery. 

Helpless,  hopeless  brokennetin  of  heart. 

Byron,  Corsair,  iii.  22. 

Nor  was  this  sulimission  the  effect  of  content,  but  of 

mere  stupefaction  and  brokenness  of  heart.     The  iron  had 

entered  into  his  soul.  Macaulay,  Jlist.  Eng.,  xvii. 

broken-winded  (bro'kn-win'ded),  a.  Having 
sliort  lircath  or  disordered  resjiiration,  as  a 
lu)rsi'.     See  broken  wind,  under  wind". 

broker  (bro'kfer),  «.  [<  ME.  broker  (ML.  re- 
Ilex  broctirius),  usually  brokour,  hrocour  (Al'\ 
brocoiir,  ML.  'brocator;  also,  with  prefix,  AF. 
abroconr,  ML.  abroeator,  with  a  corresponding 
verb,  AF.  abroker,  ML.  'abrocare  (also  in  deriv. 
abrocumcntum  :  see  abbrochment),  act  as  a  bro- 
ker) ;  prob.  of  LG.  origin:  MLG.  briiker,  a  bro- 
ker, =  East  Fries.  fcroAYr,  a  broker  (.sr/(i;).s--/vcoA-cr, 
a  ship-broker) ;  prob.  orig.  '  one  who  uses,  oc- 
cupies, manages';  ef.  MD.  broke,  briiyck,  breuk, 
D.  ejebruik,  use,  custom  (MLG.  brukinge,  use, 
usufruct),  =  OHG.  brfih,  G.  branch,  custom,  gc- 
brauch,  custom,  use,  emplojTuent,  etc.,  =  Dan. 
brng  =  Sw.  bruk,  use,  employment,  custom, 
trade,  business;  from  the  verb,  MD.  hniyeken, 
ghebrnycken,  D.gebruiken,  use,  possess,  =  MLG. 
bruken,  use,  need,  refl.  use,  have  to  do  with,  = 
OHG.  briihhen,  MHG.  bruchen,  6.  brauchen,  use, 
need,  =  AS.  brucan,  ME.  bruken,  brouken,  bro- 
ken, use,  possess,  enjoy,  digest,  mod.  E.  brook, 
endure:  see  brook^.  The  F.  brocanter,  deal  in 
second-hand  goods,  is  prob.  of  the  same  origin.] 

1.  A  middleman  or  agent  who,  for  a  commis- 
sion or  rate  per  cent,  on  the  value  of  the  trans- 
action, negotiates  for  others  the  purchase  or 
sale  of  stocks,  bonds,  commodities,  or  property 
of  any  kind,  or  who  attends  to  the  doing  of  some- 
thing for  another.  Brokers  .are  of  several  kinds,  ac- 
cording to  the  particular  branch  of  business  to  which  their 
attention  is  confined,  as  stock-brokers,  exchanye-brokers, 
bill-brokers,  cotton-brokers,  ship-brokers,  etc.  .See  these 
words. 

Tom  Folio  is  a  broker  in  learning,  employed  to  get  to- 
gether good  editions,  and  stock  the  libraries  of  great  men. 

Addison,  Tom  Folio. 

2.  One  who  lends  money  on  pledges,  or  lets  out 
articles  for  hire ;  a  pawnbroker,  or  a  lender  of 
goods. 

The  price  of  tlrese  hir'd  clothes  I  do  not  know,  gentlemen  ! 

Those  jewels  are  the  broker's,  how  you  stand  bound  for 

"em  !  Fletcher,  AVildgoose  Chase,  iv.  1. 

3t.  A  pimp  or  proctirer ;  a  pander. 

May  be,  you  look'd  I  should  petition  to  you. 

As  you  went  to  your  horse ;  flatter  your  servants. 

To  play  tire  brokers  for  my  furtherance. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Queen  of  Corinth,  i.  2. 
Hence,  broker,  lackey !  iguomv  and  shame 
Pursue  thy  life.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  11. 

[Some  editions  read  broker-lackey.'] 
Broker's  note,  a  bought  or  sold  note  ;  a  voucher  deliv- 
ered by  a  broker  to  his  principal  containing  jtarticuhirs 
of  a  sale  or  purchase.—  Custom-house  broker.  See  co.-^- 
tom-housc— Street  broker,  "i-  curbstone  broker,  a 
stock-broker  who  is  not  a  niendier  I'f  the  stock  exchange, 
but  who  carries  out  the  orders  of  others  1  >y  transactions  in 
the  streets,  or  by  going  from  office  to  office.    [U.  S.] 
brokerage  (bro'ker-aj),  n.     [<  broker  +  -age; 
substituted  for  earlier  brokage.  ]     1 .  The  busi- 
ness or  employment  of  a  broker. —  2.  The  fee 
or  commission  given  or  charged  for  transacting 
business  as  a  broker. 
brokerlyt   (bro'ker-li),  a.     [<  broker  +   -?//!.] 
Mean;  servile. 

We  had  determined  that  thou  should'st  have  come 
In  a  Spanish  suit,  and  liave  carried  her  so;  and  he, 
A  brokerly  slave  !  goes,  puts  it  on  himself. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  4. 

brokeryt  (bro'ker-i),  H.     [<  broker  +  -y.]     The 
btisiness  of  a  broker.     Marlotre. 
broking   (bro'king),^).  a.     [Ppr.  of  broke'^^,  r.] 

1.  Engaged  as  abroker. —  2.  Pertaining  to  the 
business  of  a  broker  or  a  pawnbroker. 

Redeem  from  broking  pawn  the  Idemish'd  crown. 

Shak.,  Rich.  H.,  ii.  1. 

3.  Pandering;  pimping. 

Is  't  you,  Sir  Pandarns,  the  broking  knight  of  Troy? 

Middlefiin,  Blurt,  M:ister-Constable,  ii.  1. 

brokket.     See  brock'^,  hrock^,  etc. 

broma  (bro'ma),  ».  [<  Gr.  ftptJfta,  food,  <  (iilipu- 
cKcni,  2d  aor.  Ij^puv,  eat ;  cf.  j'iopa,  food,  L.  rorare, 
devour,  from  the  same  root.]     1.  Aliment. — 

2.  A  preparation  from  cocoa-seeds  or  -beans, 
used  in  decoction  as  a  beverage. 

bromal  (bro'mal),  n.  [<  brnm{ine)  +  al(cohol).'\ 
A  compoimd  (CBrgCOH)  obtained  by  the  action 
of  bromine  on  alcohol,  it  is  a  colorless,  oily  fluid, 
of  a  penetrating  odor  and  sliarp,  burning  taste.  It  has 
been  used  in  medicine,  having  properties  similar  to  those 
of.hb.ral. 

bromaloin  (bro'ma -loin),  «.  [<  brom(ine)  + 
(biirli)iiliiin.'\  A  substance  (C3^H3i,Bi-,.,(  )]4)  de- 
rived from  barbaloiu  by  replacing  six  hydrogen 


bromlite 

with  six  bromine  atoms.    It  crystallizes  in  yel- 
low needles, 
bromate  (bro'mat),  «.   [<  fcr<»«(iHf) -t- -fl(<l.]   A 
salt  liirmed  by  the  combination  of  bromic  acid 
with  n  base. 

bromatograpliy  (bro-ma^tog'ra-fi),  n.     [<  Gr. 

iipCi/m(T-),  food,  +  -ypuijiia,  <  ypdipeiv,  write,  de- 
scribe.] A  descrij)tion  of  foods.  Also  bro- 
mogriiphy  and  broniatology. 

broinatoiogy  (bro-ma-tol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  fipo}- 
Hfi(7-),  I'docl^  -H  ->o;  ia,  <  '/.iyeiv,  speak :  see  -ology.'] 
Same  as  bromatngrajihy. 

brome  (brom),  «.  [<  Gr.  jipufio^,  a  stench:  see 
bromine.]     Same  as  bromine. 

brome-grass  (luom'gr&s),  n.  [<  brome,  E.  for 
XL.  llroninn,  -i-  gran.'!.]  A  common  name  for 
grasses  of  the  genus  Bromun,  of  which  there 
are  about  40  species  widely  distributed,  chiefly 
through  the  northern  temperate  zone.  They  are 
nearlyallied  tothefescue-grasses(/'eA'/»ea),  butare  mostly 
coarse,  ami  of  comparatively  little  value.  Chess  or  cheat 
(B.  secalinas)  and  .Schrader's  brome-grass  {B.  vnioloides) 
have  been  cultivated  as  annual  forage-grasses.  Also,  cor- 
ruptly, liriiom-grass. 

Bromelia  (bro-me'li-ii),  n.  [NL.,  named  for  Olaf 
Bromel,  a  Swedish  botanist  (1639-1705).]  A 
genus  of  American  tropical  plants,  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Bromeliacecr,  including  four  or  five 
species  having  rigid,  spiny-margined  leaves 
closely  jiacked  tipon  a  sliort  stem.  The  wild  pine- 
apple (B.  Finguin)  is  often  used  as  a  hedge-plant,  and  yields 
what  is  known  as  pinguin  fiber.  The  istle-grass  of  Mexico 
(B.  syteestri.'<)  produces  an  excellent  fiber. 

Bromeliacese  (bro-me-li-a'se-e),  )(.  J)?.  [NL.,  < 
Bronulia  +  -aceee.]  A  natural  order  of  endo- 
genous plants,  with  inferior  ovary,  allied  to 
the  Amaryllidaeeee,  but  with  only  three  of  the 
divisions  of  the  perianth  resembling  petals, 
and  the  rigid  leaves  often  scurfy  and  spiny. 
The  species  are  all  natives  of  tropical  or  subtropical  re- 
gions of  America,  and  many  of  tliem  are  epiphytes.  The 
order  includes  the  pineapple  (Ananas)  and  some  v.aluable 
fiber-plants  of  the  genera  Bromelia  and  Karatas.  The 
other  more  important  genera  are  Tillandsia  (to  which  the 
Spanish  moss  of  the  southern  liiited  States  belongs).  Fit- 
cairnia,  ..^ehniea,  and  BilUiergin.  many  species  of  ubich 
are  cultivated  in  hothouses  for  their  curious  luil)it  and 
showy  flowers. 

bromhydrate  (brom-lii'drat),  «.  [<  brom(ate) 
-t-  hydrate.]     Same  as  hydrobromate. 

bromias  (bro'mi-as),  n. ;  pi.  bromiades  (bro-mi'- 
a-dez).  [Gr.  jipo/jiag,  a  large  cup.]  In  are-lxeol., 
a  cup  or  drinking-vessel  of  the  type  of  the  scy- 
phus,  but  of  larger  size. 

bromic  (bro'mik),  a.  [<  brom(ine)  +  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  bromine — BromlO  acid,  an  acid  contain- 
ing bromine  and  oxygen  witli  Iiydrogen  replaceable  Ijy  a 
liase. — Bromic  silver,  the  nnneral  bromyrite. 

bromide  (bro'mid  or  -mid),  n.  [<  brom(ine)  + 
-ide~.]  A  compoimd  foi-med  by  the  union  of 
bromine  with  another  element  or  with  an  or- 
ganic radical.     Also  bromuret. 

bromidrosis  (bro-mi-dro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fipoiiioi;,  a  stench,  -H  ISpCi^,  sweat,  perspiration.] 
Fetid  perspiration. 

brominated  (bro'mi-na-ted),  a.  [<  bromine -i- 
-ate"  -t-  -ed-.]  In  chem.,  treated  or  combined 
with  bromine.     Fownes. 

bromine  (bro'min),  n.  [<  NL.  bromininm,  <  Gr. 
/3/j(j//of,  also  jipofio^,  a  stench.]  Chemical  sjtu- 
bol,  Br;  atomic  weight,  80.  A  non-metallic  ele- 
ment allied  in  its  chemical  relations  to  chlo- 
rine and  iodine.  It  is  a  dark-reddish  liquid,  opaque 
except  in  thin  layers,  sparingly  soluble  in  water,  liaving  a 
specific  gravity  of  3.19  at  32°  F.  It  is  volatile,  and  emits 
at  ordinary  temperatm*es  reddish  vapors  which  have  a 
powerful  suffocating  odor,  and  are  intensely  irritating  to 
the  mucous  membrane.  \Mien  dropped  on  the  skin,  bro- 
mine produces  corrosive  sores.  It  is  not  found  native, 
but  occui-s  condiined  with  h.ases  in  very  minute  quantities 
in  sea-water  and  the  ashes  of  marine  plants,  and  in  larger 
amount  in  certain  mineral  springs.  Some  ores  of  silver 
also  cmitain  bromine  in  combination.  Witll  hydrogen 
bromine  forms  hydro  bromic  acid  (HBr),  and  with  bronune 
or  hydrobromic  acid  most  metals  form  compounds  called 
bromides,  which  are  extensively  used  in  medicine.  Bro- 
mine itself  is  also  used  medicinally  in  very  dilute  solu- 
tions.    .\lso  called  brome. 

brominism  (bro'min-izm),  «.  [<  bromine  + 
-(M«.]     Same  as  bromism. 

bromise,  r.  t.    See  bromise. 

bromism  (bro'mizm),  11.  [<  brom(ine)  +  -ism.] 
A  diseased  condition  produced  by  excessive 
use  of  bromides,  it  is  characterized  by  somnolence, 
weaknessof  nnnd  and  memory,  confused  speech,  feebleand 
staggering  gait.  inip.aired  senses,  diminished  reflex  excita- 
bility, suppression  of  sexual  instinct,  eruption  on  the  skin, 
feeliieness  of  the  heart,  catarrh,  etc.  Also  called fcrommmn, 

bromite  (bro'mit),  n.     Same  as  bromyrite. 

bromize  (bro'miz),  '■.  ^;  pret.  and  pp.  bromi:ed, 
jipr.  broniizing.  [<  brom{iiic)  +  -).f.]  In  jiho- 
tog.,  to  prepare  or  treat  with  a  bromide.  Also 
spelled  hroniise. 

bromlite  (brom'Ut),  ».  [<  Bromley  (Bromley 
Hill  in  Cumberland,  England)  -t-  -itc-.]    A  car- 


bromlite 

bonato  of  barium  aiul  culcium  in  ortliorhorabio 
crystals,  iutermediato  between  witherito  and 
strontiaiiito.     Also  called  alstonilc. 

bromochloralum  {br6"m6-kl6'ra-lum),  H.  A 
solution  of  tlio  chloi'id  and  bromide  of  alumin- 
ium, fi'c(iuontly  used  as  a  disiul'eotant. 

bromoform  (bro'mo-form),  H.  [<  brom(iiu)  + 
-fiinii,  as  in  chloroform,  i{.  v.]  A  colorless  lim- 
pid li(|uid  of  afcreeablo  o<lor,  formed  by  the 
action  of  bromine  and  jiotassium  hydrate  on 
wood-spirit  or  ordinary  alcohol.  It  is  analo- 
gous to  chloroform,  but  contains  bromine  in 
place  of  chlorine. 

bromogelatin  tbro'mo-jera-tin),  n.  Formed 
from  or  pi'cparod  with  certain  bromides  to- 
gether with  silver  nitrate  and  gelatin,  as  the 
sensitive  emulsions  used  for  preparing  dry 
plates  in  photographic  work.  See  emulsion  and 
(hrflttprr. 

bromography  (bro-mog'ra-fl),  n. 

food,  +  -)i>aipia,  <  ypd^eiv,  write.] 
VKiloiirtiphij. 

bromo-iodized  (bro'mo-i'o-dizd), 

nated  with  bromides  and  iodides, 
(lion  plate  used  in  the  wet  process  of  photog- 
raphy. 

bromuret  (bro'mii-ret),  n.  [<  hrom{i)tc)  + 
-tin  1. 1     Same  as  broiiiidr. 

bromureted  (bro'mu-ret-ed),  a,    [<  hrointint  + 
■(/-'.]    Impregnated  or  combined  with  bromine. 


693 


bronze 


for  the  exudation  of  Vilood  from  the  lining  mem 
brane  of  the  bronchial  tubes,  commouly  called 
hrniifliidl  Ik  iiiorrhadc. 

bronchophonic  (brong-ko-fon' ik),  (I.  Per- 
taining to  or  of  the  nature  of  bronchophony. 

bronchophony  (brong-kof'o-ni), «.  [<Gr.  jipo)- 
.l"f,  the  windpipe,  +  <j>uri/,  voice.]  In  jiatliol., 
an  abnormal  sound  of  the  voice  heard  in  aus- 
cultation of  the  chest.  It  is  loud,  near,  and 
thrilling,  but  not  so  distinctly  articulated  as 
in  jiectoriloquy. 

bronchopneumonia  (brong"k6-uu-m6'ni-a),  H. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  jiitii'/X'":,  the  windpipe,  +  NL.  /;hcm- 
moiiid,  (J.  v.]  In  }i(itliol.,  iutiammation  of  the 
lung-substance,  associated  with  and  usually 
secondary  to  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem 
Ijrani'  of  the  smaller  bronchial  tubes, 
called  fiiltirrliiil  and  lohiilur  piiinmonio. 

bronchopneumonitis  (broug-ko-uii-mo-ni'tis), 
n.  [.\s  hroiichtijinfumoina  +  -itis.']  Same  as 
broHrhoiinciimtniia, 

bronchorrhagia  (brong-ko-ra'ji-ii),  h.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  ;</)«;  V'";.  'he  windpipe,  +  -payia,  <  pi/yvivat, 
break,  burst.]  In  patliol.,  hemorrhage  from  the 
bronchial  tubes. 

bronchorrhoea  (brong-ko-re'ii),  «.    [NL.,  <Gr. 

lipo}\or,  the  windpipe,  +  poia,  a  flovring,  flux,  < 

pch;  flow.]     In  potliol.,  copious  e.xudation  from 

.     ^  the  bronchial  tul>es. 

Bromus    (l)r6'mus),    «.     [NL.    {L.    bromos    in  l)j-onchostenosis(brong-ko-ste-n6'sis),  n.  [NL., 


poyi'a,  hemorrhage.]   A  terra  proposed  by  Andral  brontology  (bron-tol'o-ji),   n.     [<   Gr.   /JpovT^^ 


[<  Gr.  fipijpa, 
Same  as  bro- 

a.      Impreg- 
as  tho  collo- 


Pliny),  <  Gr.  jipo/io^,  also  fUppoc:,  a  kind  of  oats, 
from  same  root  as  j^opa,  food,  and  lipuiia,  food : 
see  broma.]  A  genus  of  grasses;  tho  brome- 
grass  (which  see). 

bromjrrite  (bro'mi-rit),  n.  [<  brom(ide)  +  {arij)ij- 
j-jte.]  Native  silver  bromiile,  of  a  yellowish- 
green  color,  occurring  at  Huelgoat  in  Brittany, 
in  Mexico,  and  in  Chili,  accompanying  other 
ores  of  silver.  Sometimes  called  bromite  and 
brom  ir  silrcr. 

bronchi,  ».     Plural  of  bronchus. 

bronchia  (brong'ki-ii),  ii.  pi.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  fip/iy- 
Xta,  the  bronchial  tubes,  in  sing,  f-ipii}  x""',  eqvii  v. 
to  i3p6yxor,  the  windpipe;  ef.  Jipi'riXia,  the  gills: 
see  brnnchhc.']    The  bronchial  tubes.    See  bron- 

Cllilll. 

bronchial  (brong'ki-al),  a.  [<  bronchia  +  -o?.] 
Belonging  to  the  bronchi  or  the  bronchia. — 
Bronchial  arteries,  luanclK-s  of  the  tlmracio  aorta  ac- 
compaTiyiu^'  the  hroiuhial  tuiies.— Bronchial  glands. 
See  T/innrf." Bronchial  hemorrhage.    Same  as  hmn- 


<  Gr.  fyiii)  ,V"i',  the  windpipe,  +  arevuau:,  constric- 
tion: see  broiicliiosteiiosis.]  In  pathoL,  con- 
striction of  a  bronchus. 

bronchotome  (brong'ko-tom),  n.  [<  Gr.  jip&y- 
t'x;,  the  windpipe,  +  ronu(,  cutting,  verbal  adj. 
of  TtpvEiv,  Tapeiv,  cut.]  In  surij.,  an  instru- 
ment for  making  the  incision  into  tho  larynx 
or  trachea  in  the  operation  of  bronchotomy. 
There  are  many  forms. 

bronchotomy  (brong-kot'o-mi ),  H.  [<  Gr.  I3p6y. 
Xoc,  the  windpipe,  +  Topia,  late  foi-m  of  to//'/,  a 
cutting,  <  ripvEiv,  rapeiv,  cut;  cf.  rinatomi/.^  In 
siiri/.,  the  act  of  making  an  incision  into  the 
wiiidpipe  or  larynx,  usually  for  the  purpose  of 
affording  a  passage  for  air  into  and  out  of  the 
liuigs  when  any  tlisease  or  accident  hinders 
respiration  by  the  usual  channels,  or  to  extract 
foreign  bodies  which  have  lodged  in  the  trachea. 
The  operation  is  called  tracheotuinij  when  tiie  openint;  is 
maile  into  the  trachea,  and  laiynffotonn^  when  made  into 
the  larynx 


orrAoi/ia- Bronchial  membrane,  the  mucous  i,_n_„i,ntra„>,pai  niron-r-ko-tra'ke-all   a     f< 
memhrane  liniii-   the    hionchi    and   bn.iicliial   tul.es.-   oroncnotracneau  orong-KO   na    Ke    ai;,  n.    L\ 


Bronchial  tubes,  the  lamilleations  of  the  Itronchi,  ter 
miiiatin;;  in  tlie  infnndilmla  ot  the  lung's. —  Bronchial 
veins,  tlie  veiiis  acccniiianyin^'  tlie  hroneldal  tuhes  and 
emptying:  into  tlie  superior  intercostal  and  .ozyyous  veins. 

bronchic  (brong'kik),  a.  [<  bronchus  +  -ic] 
Same  as  bronchial. 

bronchidesmus  (brong-ki-des'mus),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  fipuyxoc,  the  windpipe,  4-  Seapd^,  a  band, 
tie,  <  ieiv,  bind,  tie.]  A  membrane  which 
unites  the  bronchi  of  birds  to  some  extent. 

The  membrane  .  .  .  which  was  termed  by  Garrod  the 

bronchidet!niut(  is  complete  in  the  storks. 

Bfl'ho-d,  I'roc.  Zool.  Soc,  June,  18S6,  p.  321. 

bronchiectasic  (brong"ki-ek-tas'ik),  a.  [<  bro7t- 
chiictasis  +  -ic  :  prop.  *l>ronchicctutic.'\  Like  or 
pertaining  to  Ijronchiectasis. 

bronchiectasis  (brong-ki-ek'ta-sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  fipi>yxia,  bronchial  tubes,  +  tKranig,  exten- 
sion, <  iKTeiviiv  =  L.  esten-(l-crc,  extend.]  In 
/in/Ao?.,  dilatation  of  the  bronchial  tubes  as  pro- 
duced in  phthisis  and  chronic  bronchitis. 

bronchiole  (brong'ki-61),  H.  l<  bronchiolus.'i  A 
small  bronchial  tube. 

bronchiolus  (brong-ld'o-lus),  H. ;  pi.  broHchioli 
(-li).  [NL.,  dim.  of  bronchus,  (p  v.]  A  bron- 
chiole. 

bronchiostenosis  (brong-ki-os-te-no'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  (ir.  ,</)o;,v'«,  the  bronchial  tubes,  + 
CThuai^,  contraction.  <  arimvi;  contract,  naiTow, 

<  oTfvdf,  naiTOW.]  In  jiathol.,  contraction  of  a 
bronchus  or  a  bronchial  tube. 

bronchitic  (brong-kit'ik),  a.  [<  bronchitis  +  -ic.} 
Pertaining  to  or" of  the  natui-e  of  bronchitis. 

bronchitis  (brong-ki'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  bronchus, 
windpipe  (see  bronchia),  +  -jd'.v.]  Ill  pathol.,  an 
inflammation  of  the  bronchial  memV)rane.  It 
is  a  complaint  of  very  frequent  occurrence,  and 

may  be  acute  or  chronic Capillary  bronchitis, 

intlaininuti<ui  involving  the  minute  hroneliial  tutjes. 

broncho,  «.     See  bronco. 

bronchocele  (brong'ko-sel  or  -se'le),  h.  [< 
tir.  Ap'r.  xi'Kr/?!/,  a  tumor  in  the  throat,  <  ,ip6yxot:, 
the  windpipe,  +  ki//)/,  a  tumor.]   Same  as  f/oiter. 

bronchohemorrhagia  (brong  "ko-hem-o-ra'- 
ji-ii;,  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  iip6)xui;  windpipe,  +  aifwp- 


lironchus  +  trachea  +  -'(/.]  Situated  partly  in 
the  bronchi  and  partly  in  the  trachea:  specifi- 
cally applied  to  the  syrinx  of  oligomyodian  or 
hapioophonous  birds,  which  is  usually  of  this 
character.     Also  tracheobronchial. 

bronchus  (brong'kus),  n. ;  pi.  bronchi  (-ki). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  jipoyxni:,  the  windpipe:  see  bron- 
chia.J  Either  of  the  two  main  branches  of  the 
trachea:  also  sometimes  used  to  denote  any 
small  bronchial  tube.  See  trachea,  lung,  and 
cut  under  thorax. 

bronco  (brong'ko),  «.  [Commonly,  but  incor- 
rectly, spelled  broncho  ;  appar.  a  partictilar  ap- 
plication of  Sp.  bronco,  rough,  rude,  sturdy, 
crusty,  crabbed,  morose,  =  Pg.  bronco,  rough, 
rude,  coarse,  awkward.]  On  the  northwestern 
plains  of  tho  United  States,  an  unbroken  or 
imperfectly  broken  horse,  usually  a  mustang 
or  Inilian  pony.  ' 

In  and  out  ainons  the  craft  of  heavier  burden  shuffled 
the  small,  toufjli  bronchos.  The  Centurii,  XXXI.  65. 

brondt,  «■     A  Middle  English  form  of  brand. 

brongniardite  (bron-yiir'dit),  ».  [After  the 
French  mineralogist  A.  Dromjniart  (1770- 
1847).]  A  sulphid  of  antimony,  lead,  and  sil- 
ver, occurring  massive  in  Mexico,  with  grayish- 
black  color  and  metallic  luster. 

brontea,  ".     Plmal  of  brontcum. 

Bronteidae  (brou-te'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bron- 
l<s  -t-  -i</(T'.]     A  family  of  trilobites. 

Brontes  (bron'tez),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Bpdvrvc, 
uuc>  of  the  Cyclopes,  lit.  'thunderer,'  <.  .ipoirr//, 
thunder.]  A  genus  of  Devonian  trilobites, 
having  a  broad  radiating  tail,  giving  name  to 
a  family  Brontcida:.     Also  Brontcus. 

bronteiim  (bron-to'um),  «. ;  pi.  brontea  (-a). 
[<  lir.  lipovruoi;  <  lipovrt/,  thunder.]  In  the 
ancient  theater,  a  machine  for  producing  sound 
in  imitation  of  thmider. 

Bronteus  (bron'te-us),  «.  [NL.:  see  Brontes.] 
Same  as  Brontes. 

brontolith  (bron'to-lith),  n.  [<  (ii.  lipovri/, 
thunder,  -I-  '/.iftoi-,  stone.]  An  aerolite  or  mete- 
orolite ;  literally,  a  thunder-stone. 


thunder,  ^■  -'/ii-;ia,  <  '/t)aii,  speak  :  see  -ology.) 
A  discourse  or  dissertation  upon  thunder. 
Brontosaurus  (bron-to-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fipovT//,  thunder,  -I-  ariipoi;,  lizard.]  A  genus  of 
huge  fossil  dinosaurian  reptiles,  notable  for 
their  small  head  and  diminutive  brain-cavity, 
the  whole  skull  not  exceeding  some  of  the 
neck-bones  in  size.  One  species  was  about  .'50 
feet  long,  and  probably  weighed  20  tons  or 
more. 

Brontotheriidae  (bron'to-the-ri'i-de),  n. jtl. 
[NL.,  <  Jlrontothirium  +  -iila:']     A  family  of 
huge  perissodactyl  ungulate  mammals  from  tho 
Miocene  of  North  America,  estaV)lished  for  the 
reception  of  the  genus  Bronlolhiriuni :  same  as 
„      Mcninloiilidir  and  'Iltanothcriida: 
Also  Brontotherium  (bron-to-the'ri-um),  n.     [NL., 
<  Gr.   ,V"'"'/>   thunder,   +   Ur/pim;   beast.]      A 
genus  of  gigantic  extinct  perissodactyls,  tj^ii- 
cal  of  the  family  Brontothcriida: 
BrontOZOUm  (bron-to-zo'nm),   n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
lipdv-iK,  one  of  tho  ('.'yclopes  (see   Bronlcs),  -t- 
Cv(n\  animal.]     A  genus  of  gigantic  animals, 
formerly  supposed  to  be  birds,  now  lielieved  to 
be  dinosaurian  reptiles,  known  only  by  their 
tracks  in  the  Triassii-  fonnation  of  the  Con- 
necticut valley.    The  stride  was  about  8  feet, 
and  the  length  of  the  footprint  about  17  inches. 
bronze  (bronz),  n.  and  (/.      [=  D.   brons  =  G. 
bron:c  =  Dan.  bronze  =  Sw.  brons,  <  F.  bronze 
=  Sp.  bronce  =  Pg.  bronze,  <  It.  bronzo,  bronze 
(cf.  Bulg.  Serv.  Kuss.  bronza,  Sloven,  bronec, 
bruncc,  brunc,  Pol.  bronc,  Alban.  brunzc,  NGr. 
uTT/ioDirCof,  bronze,  appar.  from  the  Kom.),  < 
ML.  bronzium  (also  bronzinus,  prop,  adj.,  >  It. 
briinzino,  bronzed),  bi-onze;  perhaps,  as  some 
suppose,  altered  through  Kom.  intlnenee  from 
an  orig.   "brunitium,  nent.   of  brunilius,  prop, 
adj.,  browm,  but  foimd  only  as  a  noun  (also 
brunicu.v),  applied  to  a  horse,  <  hrunus  (>  It. 
bruiio,  F.  brun,  etc.),  brown,  <  OHG.  bn'in  =  AS. 
brun,  E.  brown:  see  brown,  and  cf.  burni.^h.']     I. 
H.  1.  An  alloy  of  which  copper  forais  the  pre- 
dominating portion,  and  into  the  composition  of 
which  tin  almost  always  enters :  but  the  name 
is  also  given  to  alloys  containing  no  tin.    Tlui 
proportion  of  copper  iji  various  bronzes  is  usually  between 
SO  and  90  per  cent. ;  in  some  it  falls  as  low  as  70.    llie 
proi)ortion  of  tin  in  the  Ijronzes  of  dilferent  ages  and 
tliose  used  for  various  ptn-poses  is  almost  as  variable  as 
that  of  copper.     Bronze  used  for  hells  has  the  lai-gest 
amount  of  tin ;  in  some  it  reaches  25  per  cent.    The  bronze 
formerly  used  for  camion  contaiTied  about  10  per  cent,  of 
tin  and  often  a  small  amount  of  zinc.    Statuary  bronze  is, 
and  lias  Ijcen  from  the  beyinnint;  of  its  use  for  the  piu"- 
pose,  of  very  variable  composition.      In  some  statuary 
called  bn>nzo  there  is  less  than  1  per  cent,  of  tin,  while 
zinc  is  present  in  sufficient  quantity  almost  to  justify 
calling  the  material  brass.     The  zinc  in  various  pieces  of 
statuary  cast  within  the  past  two  or  three  hundred  years, 
and  erecteil  in  some  of  the  principal  cities  of  Europe, 
varies  in  i|uantity  from  less  than  1  per  cent,  to  2.').     Lead 
is  present  iu  many  bronzes,  but  usually  in  small  amount, 
rarely  being  :is  much  as  :i  per  cent.     Bronze  is  an  alloy  of 
importance  to  both  the  arts  and  conunerce,  and  is  also  of 
gi-eat  historical  interest,  since  it  has  been  known  from 
remote  :lges  over  a  large  part  of  the  world.     It  is  pre- 
ferred to  simple  unalloyed  copper,  on  account  b<ith  of  its 
color  and  of  its  greater  durability.    Among  prehistoric 
races  the  use  of  bronze  preceded  that  of  iron ;  and  among 
their  remains  are  found  swords,  axes,  and  other  cutting 
instruments  of  this  material,  sometimes  artistically  made 
and  ornamented,  as  well  as  domestic  implements  and 
utensils  of  many  kinds.     The  ancient  Greeks,  Romans, 
etc.,  made  statuary  of  it  in  enormous  quantities,  and  also 
coins,  recording  tablets,  and  a  great  variety  of  articles  of 
common  use.     It  is  now  not  only  used  for  cannon  (for 
which  purpose  it  has  been  to  a  great  extent  supplanted 
by  steel),  bells,  and  statuary,  but  also  for  parts  of  various 
machines,  especially  bearings,  and  for  screw-propellei-s. 
The  beauty  and  durability  of  bronze  statuary  depend  in 
no  small  degree  on  the  color  and  compositiiin  of  the  oxi- 
dized film  or  incrustation  which  forms  upon  it  when  it  is 
exposed  to  the  weather.      This  is  called  its  imtiiia  (which 
see).     In  recent  limes  numerous  experiments  have  been 
made  with  a  view  to  improve  the  i|uality  of  bronze  in 
various  ways,  in  particular  by  the  aildition  of  small  quan- 
tities of  other  substances,  especially  metals.    The  most 
important  result  of  these  experiments  seems  to  be  phos- 
phiir-hnnize,   an  alloy  patented   by  two    Belgian   metal- 
lurgists about  1870,   and    now   extensively  used   where 
toughness  and    resistance  to  wear  are  re(iuircd.     Tho 
amount  of  plntsphorus  in   phosphor-bronze  is  less  than 
I  per  cent.,  and  the  effect  it  produces  is  juobably  due  to 
its  reducing  action  on  the  oxids  of  the  other  metals  dur- 
ijig  the  process  of  manufacture.     Pliosphor-bronze  is  of 
liner  grain  and  color,  and  is  believed  to  be  much  more 
durable,  than  ordinary  bronze :  and  it  is  thought  by  many 
that  it  will  eventually  be  proved  to  be  the  best  nuiterial 
for  artillery.     Extensive  experiments  havijalso  lieen  miule 
with  nnmganese,  lead,  and  other  metals.     Alinniiiium 
bronze  is  ail  alloy  i>f  copper  and  aluminium  now  in  use, 
especially  where  tensile  strength  is  required.     So-called 
sterl  bronze  is  bronze  lianleiied  by  meehanieal  compression. 
It  h.as  not  come  into  general  use,  but  »  as  intended  by  its 
inventm-  to  be  used  for  cannon.     Sei-  alumhnuni. 
2.  A  work  of  art,  as  a  statuette,  bust,  or  model, 
composed  of  bronze,  whether  cast  or  wrought. 
—  3.  A  brown  pigment  or  coloring  substance 


bronze 


694 


Bold-  bronzing-machine  (l)r(in'ziiig-ma-shen''),  M. 
iiiarhiiK/  I'cir   dccoratinj,'   wall-papers. 


resembling  bronze;  bronze-powder. — 4 
ncss;  impudeuoo;  brass. 

Imbri>\vn\l  with  native  Tronic,  lo  I  Henley  stantls, 

Tuning  liis  voice,  and  balancing  his  hand!). 

I'opf;  Dunciacl.  iii.  1!>0. 

Amber  bronze.  See  a  iN'i./-.  — Bavarian  bron2e.  See 
Bavarian.  Cbemlcal  bronze,  nitrnmuriate  ut  jtlati- 
nuni.  an  tillrieiit  hut  exjicnsivc  hronziii;;  h«jiii<I.  Mal- 
leable bronze,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  tin  wjiii-h  eonlains 
in  addition  A  t()  '1  i>er  cent,  of   nierctu-y.— Manganese 

bronze,  an  alloy  formed  hy  the  addition  of  from  1  to  2  lironZV  (brou'zi) 

pel- cent,  of  manganese  to  the  proport  inns  of  copi)er  and  i  i  ■        i  -i  ■      - 

zinc  nsed  in  inaivinK'  hra,<s.- WWte  bronze,  a  generic     sciiibliug  bronzo :  as,  a  bronzy  appearance, 
name  Riven  to  the  lighter  bronzes  which  ai>proach  the         Tlic  Cicindela  maritinia,  which  is  found  only  on  sandy 
color  of  tin,  _,_...  .     .  .,  ... 

n.  «.  1.  Made  of  or  resembling  bronze :  as, 
a  broii-c  statue. —  2.  Characterized  by  the  use  broo^  (bro).  n.     Same  as  Jrecl. 
of  bronze:  as,  tlie  broii:e  ago.    Bronze  age.    See  broo'-'  (bro),  «.     See  brow,  11. 
archa:,lmiml  «;«•»  nmler  a;/,- Bronze  coloring,  sur.  broochl  (broch  or  broeh),  «.     [Same  as  broach, 
face  elfecLs  re.seml)lnig  those  of  bronzes,  ijroduced  eitiier  i  r  i     •        ^i  ,,.  ..   , 

•     ■  q.  v., /icoof/;  being  the  commoner  spelling  ol  the 


A 

fabrics, 

laliel.s,  etc.,  with  bronze-powder. 

bronzist  (bron'zist),  n.    [<  hron:c  +  -ist.']    One 

whc!  casts  bronzes,  or  works  in  bronze. 
bronzite  (bron'zit),  H.     [<  broti:c  +  -itel.]     A 
ferriferous  variety  of  the  mineral  enstatite,  hav- 
ing sometimes  a  submetallic  bronze-like  luster 
due  to  microseoj)ie  inclusions. 

[<  liroucc  +   -.1/1.]    Ke- 


brook 

n.  trans.   1.  To  sit  over,  cover,  and  cherish : 
as,  a  heu  broods  her  chicks ;  hence,  to  nourish. 
The  thrifty  earth  that  bringeth  out 
And  broodeth  up  her  breed. 

Warner,  Albion's  Eng.,  ii.  11. 

2.  To  cherish  with  care. 

.Sec  how  he  broods  the  boy.        Fletcher,  Bonduca,  iv.  2. 
She  broods  and  blesses  me,  she  calms  and  gathers  me. 
£.  S.  Phrijig,  Beyond  the  Gates,  p.  195. 

3.  To  ponder  over;  plan  or  mature  with  care: 
as,  "to  brood  war,"  liacon,  War  wdth  Spain. 

Vnu'M  sit  and  linml  your  sorrows  on  a  throne.     Dri/den. 


directly  by  application  of  color  to  the  sui'facc,  or  indirectly 
by  changes  due  to  the  action  of  acids,  salt-s,  anil  coloring 
matter.  See  (</";i.'i/i/.— Bronze  green.  .See  green.— 
Bronze  turkey,  a  lap.-e  variety  rif  domestic  turkey  with 
dark-)iniwn  plumage  having  a  brilliant  metallic  luster. 
bronze  (bronz),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bronzed, 
ppr.  bron::iiig.  [=  F.  bron:er  =  Sp.  bronccar, 
OSp.  hron~ar  =  Pg.  bronzear, bronze ;  ef.  It.  ab- 
broii:arc,  tan,  scorch,  sunburn,  imbrown ;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  make  brown  or  of  the  color 
of  bronze,  as  hy  exposure  to  the  sun. 

Seain'd  with  an  ancient  swordcut  on  the  cheek, 
And  bruised  and  bronzed. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
His  face  was  bronzed  as  though  by  burning  climes. 

WiUiam  .UornV,  Earthly  I'-aradise,  I.  414. 

2.  To  give  the  color  or  appearance  of  bronze 
to,  as  by  applying  copper-dust  or  -leaf  to 
the  surface,  etc. —  3.  To  harden  or  make  like 
bronze;  hence,  figuratively,  to  make  hard  or 
imfeeling. 

The  lawyer  who  bronzes  his  bosom  instead  of  his  fore- 
liead.  Scott. 

bronze-backer   (bronz 'bak^'er),  H.     A  name 
given  to  the  black-bass. 
Bronze-backer  is  one  of  its  pet  names  among  the  anglers. 
Goode,  American  Fishes. 

bronzed  (bronzd),  p.  a.  Colored  by  bronzing; 
of  a  bronze  color;  tanned — Bronzed  glass,  orna- 
mental glass  of  dai'k-green  paste,  whi.  li  ]i;is  lie*  u  exposed 
to  corrosive  vapors,  so  that  the  surfan-  i,  Jrl.k-M  eiit  when 
seen  by  rellected  light.  — Bronzed-Skin  disease.  .Same 
as  .'i'ldi.'iou'.-i  disease  (which  see.  nudcr  'li.-^ca.-<e). 

bronze-gold  (bronz'gold),  «.     A  name  given  to  

all  the  so-called  bronzes  which  have  a  golden  brooch^    (brochl     n 
color.  ■    ■  -  ' 

bronze-liquid  (bronz'lik'wid),  n.  A  kind  of 
varnish  mLxed  with  bronze-powder  to  make 
bronze-paint. 

bronze-liquor  (bronz'lik'or),  «.  A  solution  of 
antimony  ehlorid  and  copper  sulphate,  used  for 
bronzing  gun-barrels,  etc. 

bronze-paint  (bronz'pant),  n.  A  pigment  con- 
sisting of  bronze-powder  with  varnish  as  a  ve- 
hicle,    t'ommoiily  called  gold-paint. 

bronze-powder  (bronz'pou  der),  n.  A  pig- 
ment m?.de  by  reducing  leaves  of  Dutch  metal, 
or  some  similar  alloy,  to  powder.  The  color  is 
varied  as  maybe  desired  from  pale-yellow  to  deep-red,  by 
using  different  proportions  of  the  component  metals  cop- 
per and  zinc. 

bronzewing  (bronz'wing),  n.  A  name  for  eer- 
tam  species  of  Australian  pigeons,  chiefly  of  the 
genus  P/m^is,  distingiushed  by  the  bronze  color 
of  their  plimaage.  The  common  bronze-winged  ground- 
■■  P.  chalcoptera,  abounds  in  all  the  Australian  colo- 
ancl  IS  a  plump  bird,  often  weighing  a  pound,  much 


fnvi^ihir'  '^  °'  "  P"'"  IT^ ?i-L'/'ir\-'','%'"J  ''f  """^2'  brood-t,  o.     An  obsolete  form  of  broad. 
invisible.  A.  li.  M  auac€,  ^at.  .Select.,  p.  5i.   v^^^j  »»«».,i..    /\    ■- wi        '    -i\  »  ^ 

' '  brood-capsule    (brod'kap  sul),  n.      A  cyst  or 

capsule  in  which  ta>nia-heads  are  developed,  as 

an  echinococcus  (which  see). 

brood-cavity    (brod'kav*i-ti),  n.     A  brood- 

liuiich,  in  general. 

brood-cell  (briid'sel),  n.  In  bee-culture,  a  cell 
of  a  honeycomb  destined  for  the  reception  of 
a  larva.  The  brood-cells  are  separated  from  the  honey- 
cells,  generally  occupying  atlitferent  comb. 

brooder  (bro'der),  n.  A  device  for  the  artificial 
rearing  of  young  chickens  or  other  birds,  it  con- 
sists essentially  of  an  inclosed  run,  where  the  young  birds 
are  fed,  and  a  covered  place  for  them  to  run  into,  which 
is  kept  at  a  temperature  of  about  90  F.,  either  by  means 
of  a  lamp  placed  beneath  the  metallic  floor,  or  by  hot  air 
or  water-pipes  carried  above  or  below  the  space  occupied 
by  the  cliicks. 


word  in  this  sense.]    An  ornamental  clasp  con- 
sisting of  a  pin  and  a  projecting  or  covering 


\'' 


Brooch  of  the  Mero%'ingian  period,  found  at  St.  Denis  and  now  in  the 
Musee  de  Ciuny.  Paris.     (From  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  franiiiiis." ) 


or  fastening  the  dress,  or  merelv  llfOOding  (bro'ding)  _p.  a,      _   _  ^ 

When  the  garment  is  Large  and  heavv,  .^s     hA'!^"^^'  ""^  "  ^"^^  °°  ^"  ""S^'  ^^'  ^  ^"""^ 


dovi 
nie: 
esteemed  for  tile  taide. 

bronzify  (bron'zi-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bron- 
zified,  ppr.  brouzifrjing.  [<  bronze  -\-  -i-fi/.'i  To 
make  like  bronze ;  cast  in  bronze ;  represent 
in  a  bronze  figure  or  statue. 

St.  llichael  descending  upon  the  Fiend  has  been  caught 
and  brunzijied  just  as  he  lighted  on  the  castle  of  St.  An- 
>-''■'"■  Thackeray,  Xewxomes,  x.x.\v. 

bronzine  (bron'zln),  a.  [=  It.  bromino,  bronzed, 
sunburnt  (cf.  ML.  broiizimis,  n.,  bronze)-  < 
bron-e  -I-  -i«el.]  Resembling  bronze ;  bronze- 
colored. 

bronzing  (bron'zing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  bronze, 
4-.]  1.  The  process  of  giving  a  bronze-like  sur- 
face to  metals,  plaster,  wood,  and  other  sub- 
stances. This  is  commonly  effected  by  the  application 
of  a  liquid  called  clieuiieat  bronze,  a  solution  of  tlie  ehlorid 
(mtromuriate)  of  platinum  ;  it  inav  also  be  done  by  the 
electrotype  j.rocess,  or  by  dusting  with  a  bronze-powder 
Miy  surface  which  lias  been  rubbed  with  linseed-oil  varnish 
2.  A  metallic  color  or  iridescent  appearance 
as  of  bronze. 

By  this  time  the  dark  shadows  ought  to  show  the  green- 
ish, almost  metallic  look  known  as  bronziny. 

Lea,  Photography,  p.  4.'>. 
Bronzlng-salt,  antimony  ehlorid,  so  called  because  it  is 
used  in  the  process  of  brownuig  gun-barrela  aud  other 
articles  of  iron  •  bronze-liquor. 


shield,  used  for 
for  display. 

a  cloak  or  the  ecclesiastical  cope,  the  brooch  has  getier 
ally  been  found  insutticient,  and  has  been  replaced  by  the 
agralf  e  or  some  other  form  of  clasp.  Ornamental  brooches 
are  now  worn  mostly  by  women,  but  were  formerly  worn 
by  both  se.xes,  sometimes  on  the  hat  or  cap.  Also  spelled 
broach. 

He  has  a  wide  beard  and  flowing  yellow  hair ;  a  green 
cloak  wrapped  around  him  ;  a  bright  silver  brooch  in  his 
cloak  over  his  breast. 

Quoted  by  W.  K.  Sullivan,  Introd.  to  O'CuiTys  Anc. 
[Irish,  p.  ccccxlvi. 

With  broches  and  aiglets  of  gold  upon  their  caps. 

M.  Jiobinson,  tr.  of  Sir  T.  Mores  Utopia,  ii.  6. 

Honour  's  a  good  brooch  to  wear  in  a  man's  hat  at  all 
times.  B.  Jonson. 

brooch^  (broeh  or  broch),  v.  t.  [<  brooch\  «.] 
To  adorn  with  or  as  with  a  brooch  or  brooches. 
[Rare.] 

Not  the  imperious  show 
Of  the  fuU-fortun'd  Caesar  ever  shall 
Be  brooch'd  with  me.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  13. 

[Origin  uncertain.]  A 
monotint,  or  picture  in  one  color,  as  a  sepia 
sketch. 
brood  1  (brod),  n.  [<  ME.  brood,  brod,  <  AS. 
hrod  (=  D.  broed  =  MLG.  brot  =  OHG.  MHG. 
brnot,  Ct.  brnt),  brood:  with  formative  -rf,  from 
the  same  root  {'bro.  wai-m,  heat)  as  G.  briilie, 
broth:  see  broil^.  Hence  breed,  q.  v.]  1.  Off- 
spi-ing;  progeny. 

The  lion  roars  and  gluts  his  tawny  brood.  Wordsimrth. 
2.  A  hatch;  the  young  birds  hatched  in  one 
nest,  or  those  placed  together  in  the  care  of  one 
hen,  or  in  an  artificial  brooder:  as,  a  brood  of 
chickens  or  of  ducks.— 3.  That  which  is  bred; 
species  generated;  that  which  is  produced; 
hence,  figuratively,  sort  or  kind. 

Have  you  forgotten  Libya's  burning  wastes,  .  .  . 
Its  tainted  air,  and  all  its  brood:^  of  poison? 

Addison,  Cato. 

4.  In  mining,  any  heterogeneous  mixture  ■with 
tin  or  copper  ore,  as  mundic  or  black-jack.  Ii. 
Hunt. — 5.  A  north  of  Scotland  name  for  sal- 
mon-fry— Ants'  brood.  See  anti.— To  sit  on  broody 
to  be  in  the  act  of  brooding,  like  a  bird  sitting  on  eggs; 
figuratively,  to  ponder. 

There's  something  in  his  soul. 
O'er  which  his  melancholy  sits  on  brood. 

Skak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 
=  Syn.  2.  Coveti,  etc.  See  Hock. 
broodl  (brod),  r.  [<  ME.  broden,  brood  (<  brod, 
brood),  equiv.  to  the  earlier  bredcn,  breed  :  see 
breed,  r.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  sit  persistentlv  on 
eggs,  covering  and  warming  them  with  the  liodv 
and  wings,  for  the  purpose  of  hatching  them": 
said  of  birds. 

Brodyn,  as  byTdys,  loveo,  fetiflco.    Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  53. 
Thou  from  the  first 
Wast  present,  and  with  mighty  wings  outspread 
Dove-like  sat'st  brooding  on  the  vast  abyss. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  21. 

2.  To  rest  fixedly  like  a  brooding  bird. 

Raven  darkness  brooded  o'er  the  deep. 

Sir  W.  Jones. 

3.  To  meditate  long  and  anxiouslv;  remain  a 
long  time  in  anxiety  or  solicitous  thought :  have 
the  mind  dwelling  persistentlv  on  a  subject: 
with  on  or  over. 

Half  mad 
With  exile,  and  with  brooding  on  his  wrongs. 

M.  Arnold,  Empedocles. 


[Ppr.  of  brood^,  r.] 


ing  hen. 

Still  did  the  nightingale 
I'nto  his  brooding  mate  tell  all  his  tale. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  309. 
2.  Warming:  as,  "the  brooding  heat,"  Tenny- 
son, Mariana  in  the  South. —  3.  Pondering; 
thinking  deeply ;  disposed  to  ponder  or  think 
deeply :  as,  a  brooding  disposition. 

I  could  cite  many  instances  where  the  brooding  humor 

...  of  our  new  people  long  since  cropped  out  in  rhyuie. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  59. 

4.  Settled ;  rooted ;  fixed  in  the  heart :  a  fig- 
urative use  derived  from  the  steadfastness  with 
which  a  bird  sits  on  her  eggs. 
A  brooding  and  uuavowed  hostility. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  IL  ii. 
brood-mare   (brod'mar),  «.    A  mare  kept  for 

breeding. 
brood-pouch    (brod 'pouch),    n.     A   pouch,    or 
some  similar  ca\-ity  of  the  body  of  an  animal, 
in  which  eggs  or  young  are  received  and  de- 
tained for  a  time  ;  a  brood-cavity. 

He  [the  male  stickleback]  only  beai-s  the  brood-pouch  and 
alone  builds  the  nest  Claus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  101. 

In  the  Entoprocta  there  is  a  peculiar  brood-pmch. 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  ilX.  433. 

brood-space  (brod'spas),  n.    A  brood-ea-vity. 

-\n  eui:  in  the  brood-space  formed  between  tlie  body  and 
the  mantle.  Gegenbaur,  Colnp.  .\nat.  (trans.),  p.  2«8. 

broody  (bro'di),  a.  [<  ME.  *brody,  <  AS.  hro- 
dig  (=  G.  hriitig).  broody,  <  brod,  brood.]  1. 
Of  a  brooding  disposition";  inclined  to  brood  or 
sit,  as  a  hen. 

Tegetmeier  states  that  a  cross  between  two  non-sitting 
varieties  [of  the  common  fowl]  almost  invariably  produces 
a  mongrel  that  becomes  broodg,  and  sits  with  remarkable 
steadiness.     Sir  J.  Lubbock,  Origin  of  Civilisation,  p.  354. 

2.  Breeding  or  adapted  for  breeding:  as,  a 
hroodi/  bitch. 
broofci  (briik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hroolce, 
hriikc  ;  <  ME.  hrooV,  brok.  <  AS.  broc,  a  stream,  = 
D.  hrocl:  =  MLG.  brok,  LG.  brook,  a  marsh,  pool, 
=  OHG.  bruoh,  MHG.  bruoch,  G.  brucli.  a  marsh, 
bog ;  perhaps  orig.  a  gushing  stream  (cf.  .spring), 
being  possibly  connected  remotely  writh  AS. 
brccan,  etc.,  break,  burst  forth:  see  break.l  A 
natural  stream  of  water,  too  small  to  be  called 
a  river. 

Springs  make  little  rivulets  :  those  united  make  brooks; 
and  those  coming  together  make  rivers,  which  empty 
themselves  into  the  sea,  Locke. 

Brook-trout.    See  trout.— To  fly  at  the  brookt.    See 

b'rbokl  (bruk),  r.  i.  [Appar.  <  brook^,  ».]  To 
draw  together  and  threaten  rain:  said  of  the 
clouds:  with  up.     [Old  and  prov.  Eng.] 

brook-  (bruk),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  brooktn,  broken, 
later  forms  of  brouken.  brukcn,  use,  possess, 
enjoy;  of  food,  digest  (whence  the  mod.  sense 
of  ' stomach,  endure ') :  <  AS.  brfican  (pret.  bredc, 
pi.  brucon,  ])p.  brocen),  use,  have  the  use  of,  en- 
joy, esp.  food,  =  OS.  brukan  =  OFries.  briika 
=  MD.  brui/ckcn,  ghehruiirkcn,  D.  qebruiken  = 
ML({.  brukcn,  use,"=  OHG.  bnVdian,  MHG.  bru- 
clun.  (},  braiichen,  use,  need.  =  Goth,  brukjan, 
use,  =  L. /nil  (for  */r«(/ci), enjoy  (>frMflp.<,  frtuts, 
fructus,  fruit:  seefriiit),  perhaps "=  Skt.  y/ bhuj 
(for  '■bhruji),  enjoy,  esp.  food.      See  broker, 


brook 

also/n//7,  frtirtiftf,   vU-.]     If.   To  use;  OTijoy; 
have  the  full  cmploynu'iit  ol'. 

So  mot  I  brouke  wel  niya  eyeii  twuye. 

Chaucer,  Nuns  Prieafs  Tale,  1.  479. 

2t.  To  earn  ;  deserve. 

Which  niLiiif  slio  hnmhril  iw  well  for  hci"  proportion  im<l 
grace  as  for  thi-  many  happy  voyages  she  made  in  her 
Majesty's  service. 

AVr  K  llawkim,  Voyage  to  the  South  Sea,  p.  11. 

3.   To  bear;   en.liirp;   support;   put  up  with:  broomstaff  (briim'staf), 


always  iu  a  negative  sense. 

Your  son,  sir,  insiiltfti  luo  in  a  manner  which  my  honour 
could  not  hrtiuk.  Shfridan,  The  Rivals 


.s. 

Tliey  coulil  ill  brook  the  sliKhtest  imliKnity  at  his  hand. 
Pri'scotty  l''eril.  and  Tsa.,  Int. 
To  leisurely  deli;^hts  ami  saunterinj;  thoughts 
That  brook  no  ceiling  narrower  than  the  blue. 

Loiivll,  tinder  the  Willows, 

brook-fish  (bruk'fiali),  H.  A  fisli  of  the  family 
I'l/priiKxIiDitiiliv  unA  genus  FiinrUiliis:  same  as 
Jcillilish  anil  iiiunnnijchtiij.     [Ijocal,  U.  S.] 

brookite  {l)ruk'it),  n.  [After  Henry  .Tames 
liroiikr,  an  English  erystallogi'aplier  (1771- 
1857).]  One  of  the  threi^  forms  in  wliieli  titani- 
um dioxid  occurs  in  nature.  It  is  found  in  orlho- 
rhombie  erystals  of  a  lirowii  or  yellow  eolor  to  blaek.  and 
adamantine  to  metallic  luster.  Juriiiite  is  another  name 
for  the  same  mineral.  Aykaiu<ite  is  an  iron-blaek  variety 
from  Mjimirt  Cove,  Arkansas. 

brooklet  (bruk'lot),  n.  [<  brooH  +  dim.  -Ict.l 
A  small  lirook.     Lonrifclloiv. 

brooklime  (lH-uk'lim),'».  [<  ME.  brnl-l(»i]>,  hriik- 

■   lembc,  brokii/itipc,  <  brok,  brook,  -I-  limp,  etc.; 

of  obscure  origin.]     A  jilant,  r<'mnirii  litccu- 

buiiiin,  witli  blue  flowers  in  loose  lateral  spikes. 

See  Vtriiiiii'd. 

brook-mint  (bruk'mint),  H.  [<  AS.  brocmintc, 
<  broc,  brook,  +  minte,  mint.]  The  water-mint, 
Men  thd  si/lvestris. 

brook-moss  (bruk'mos),  /(.  A  name  given  to 
species  of  the  genus  Dichrhiiiia,  slender  aiinatic 
mosses,  with  elongated  leaves  in  throe  ranks, 
and  with  the  fruit  on  short  lateral  branches. 

brookweed  (bnik'wed),  «.  A  plant,  the  water- 
pimpernel,  Siimohis  I'lihrntidi.     See  SaiiiolKf:. 

brooky  (briik'i),  f(.  [<  7)(rtoAl -4- -yl.]  Abound- 
ing with  brooks:  as,  "Hebron's  &rooA-^  sides," 
./.  Jlj/c);  The  Fleece,  ii. 

broom^  (brom),  H.     [<  >ffi.  broom,  hrom,  broom 
(the  plant,  L.  (jeiiista)  (also  applied  to  the  tama- 
risk, L.  niijrim),  a  brush,  <  AS.  brom  =  MI). 
brocin    (cf.   MLtJ. 
(L.  genisUt):    see 

name  of  several  plants,  mostly  leguminous 
shrubs,  characterized  by  long,  slender  branch- 
es and  numerous  yellow  flowers.  The  eomnuMi 
or  Irish  broom  is  the  CytUn-t  iGftiUta)  ta-ujxtritt^,  abun- 
dant throuj;hout  Europe,  and  famous  as  the  j'limta  o<-iii.'<ta 
(French  plante  ffetu't)  which  wa-s  the  bad^e  of  the  I'lan- 
tagenets.  Itisa  valuable  remedy  in  dropsy,  being  one 
of  the  most  etBcieut  of  hydragogues,  ami  its  seeds  are 
used  as  a  substitute  for  coffee.  Spanish  broom  (.Spartium 
juncfuin)  is  a  closely  allied  species,  as  is  also  the  dyer's 
broom  {Geiihta  tiiu-foria),  which  was  formerly  much  used 
as  a  yellow  dye  aU'l  as  the  basis  of  the  once  celebrated 
Kendal  green.  See  cuts  under  Citlisus  and  Genista. 
2.  A  besom,  or  brush  with  a  long  handle,  for 
sweejung  floors,  etc. :  so  called  from  being 
originally  made  of  the  broom-plant.  Brooms  are 
now  made  in  Kurojie  of  this  and  various  other  materials  ; 
and  in  the  I'nited  states  their  manufacture  from  broom- 
corn  is  an  iniiportant  liusin^ss.  A  broom  at  the  masthead 
of  a  vessel  indicates  that  slie  is  for  sale,  a  sign  derived 
probably  from  the  old  habit  of  disjdaying  txuigbs  at  sb<ips 
and  taverns.  — Butcher's  broom,  a  jiriekly  liUaeeous 
shrub.  Rtusfu.f  ai^uhntu.^':  so  called  from  its  use  liy  hntehers 
in  Europe  in  sweeping  their  blocks.  Also  called  knt'e- 
holh/.—Yeilovr  broom,  a  name  sometimes  given  in  the 
United  States  to  the  wild  indigo,  Baptinia  tinctoria. 
brooml  (brom),  iJ.  ?.  [<  iroowil,  «.]  To  sweep, 
or  clear  away,  as  with  a  broom. 

The  poor  old  workpeople  brooming  away  the  fallen 
leaves.  Thackfray,  Newcomes,  Iviii. 

broom"  (briim),  r.  f.     Same  as  brranfi. 
broom-brush  (brom 'brush),  11.    A  whisk-broom 
orclothes-lu'ush  made  from  brooiu-eorn.  [U.  S.] 


695 

and  in  the  United  States  to  species  of  tho  simi- 
lar allied  genera  I'licUpiva  and  Aphyllon.  See 
Orobiinrhitcctv. 
broom-root  (brSm'rot),  n.  A  root  exported 
from  Mexico  and  used  in  tho  manufacture  of 
brushes.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  root  of  a  grass,  also 
kntiun  in  ti-ade  iis  Mi'xican  or  Frrnclt  irhink. 

broom-sedge  (brom'sej),  w.    Same  as  broom- 

Same  as  broom- 
The  stick  or  han- 


brother 

Ground  newly  broken  up. 


[Prov. 


sliH: 


broomstick  (briim'stik),  n. 

die  of  u  lii-oom. 
broom-tree  (brOm'tre),  «.     A  shrubby  compo- 
site, lidccliiiris  sropiiria,  of  the  mountains  of 

Jamaica,  broom-like  from  its  slender,  densely 

crowded,  almost  leafless  branchlets. 
broom-vise  (  briim'vis),  II.    Aclamiiingari'ange- 

nienl  fur  llatlcniug  and  holding  broom-corn  so 

that  it  can  be  sewed  into  brooms. 
broomweed  (briim'wed),  «.    A  species  of  Cor- 

clioni.i,  ('.  .siliijuo.su.i,  of  tropical  America,  used 

for  making  brooms.  Tlie  xweet  brooimrenl  of  the 
tiopies  is  a  eouHuou  weed,  Scoparia  dulcis, of  the  natural 
order  Si'ro/)li  tdnriaci'fF. 

broomy  (brii'mi),  «.  [<  ftrooHfl  + -yt.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  broom;  bearing  broom: 
as,  a  "  broomij  peak,"  ./.  Baillic. 

broose  (briis),  ».  [Sc,  also  spelled  fcr«.se,  briiisr  : 
see   def.]      A  race   at  country  weddings. -To  brothel-  (broth'el), 

ride  the  brooset,  to  run  a  race  on  horseback  at  a  wed-     *■ *'  "^'^-^    ' 

tliug  from  the  church  to  the  place  where  the  wedding- 
feast  wjis  to  be  helil.  He  who  first  reached  the  h(mse  was 
said  to  iriii  tin'  bruoiir,  that  is,  the  hrone,  the  prize  of  spiee- 
ttroth  allotted  to  tin-  victor.    Jamiemn.    See  brose^. 

broozet,  ''.     Same  as  browse^. 

Brora  beds.    See  bed^. 

brose^  (broz),  «.  [Sc,  <  Gael.  brolIi(is{th  sih'iit), 
hroae.    CLbroo.'<e,broth.'i    A  Scotch  dish,  made 

bypouringboilingwater.boiliugmilk, the li(iui<l  brotnel-t,(brotli  el),  r 
ill  which  meat  has  been  boiled,  or  the  like,  on 
oatmeal,  barley-meal,  or  other  meal,  and  imme- 
diately mixing'  the  ingreilicnts  by  stirring.  The 
dish  is  deucuuinated  from  [he  nature  of  the  licpiid  :  as,  knil- 
hrose,  ii'ate.r-brose,  Invf-broxe,  etc.  — AthOle  farose,  honey 
and  whisky  mixed  together  in  equal  parts,  used  in  many 
parts  of  Scotland  as  a  cure  for  hoarseness  and  sore  throat 
arising  from  a  cidd.  In  the  Highlands  oatmeal  is  some- 
times snbstituteil  for  the  iKUiev.  So  called  from  Athole, 
a  district  of  Perthshire,  Scotland  f  brothelryVibroth'el-ri),  H.     {<  brothel^  + -rij.] 

brose^t.r.    An  obsolete  Middle  EngUsh  form  of  "["^^ej^/l/^.l^  2    Lewdness;  obscenity. 

brdiii,   lAi.    brmiiii),   broom  brosely  (broz'li),  h.     [So  called  from  the  town        Z!ro(;>rin/ able  to  violate  the  ear  of  a  pagan 
br(iiiible.'\      1.  The  popular     of  Brn.iclij  iu  Shropshire,  where   there  was  a 


ground.'] 
Eng.] 

brothl  (broth),  II.  [<  ME.  brnlh,  <  AS.  broth  = 
Icel.  briiilli  =  OHO.  brol,  broil  (>  ML.  brodum, 
hnxliitiii,  >  It.  briiiln,  broila  =  Sp.  I'g.  brodio  = 
Pr.  6ro  =  OF.  "broii,  pi.  brouiv,  >  ME.  broiccs,  > 
E.  brcici.f,  q.  v.),  broth;  cf.  Ir.  broth  =  Ga,e\. 
brnt,  broth,  Gael.  Iimthii.t,  broso  (see  hro.ic^); 
prob.  (with  fonnative  -th)  from  the  root  (,'hru) 
of  ftrcicl,  q.  v.]  Liquor  in  which  flesh  is  boiled 
and  macerated,  usually  with  certain  vegetables 
to  give  it  a  better  relish,  in  .Scotland  the  name  is 
seldom  used  except  when  pot-barley  forms  one  of  the  in- 
gredients. 
Cooil  brolh,  with  goocl  keeping,  do  much  now  and  then; 
Good  diet,  with  wisdom,  best  comforteth  men.     7'iwwr. 

broth-t,  ".     See  briith. 

brothel't,  »■  [ME.,  also  brcthd  (and  corruptly 
hriiilil,  brodilh),  a  wretch,  a  depraved  man  or 
woman  ;  der.  brtlhcUiin,  a  wretch  :  <  AS.  'bred- 
thaii,  only  in  comp.  d-brrothiiii,  ruin,  frustrate, 
pp.  f'llirolhni,  degenerate,  base,  trifling;  con- 
nections doubtful.]  .\  wretch;  a  depraved 
person;  a  lewd  man  or  wonum. 

For  uou  is  vche  boye  bold,  brotlid  and  other, 
To  talken  of  the  trinite  to  heou  holden  a  syre. 

Piers  /'loummit  (A),  xi.  61. 

A  brothel,  which  Jlicheas  hight. 

Goirer,  Cimf.  Amant.,  ill.  17S. 

,,  H.  [An  early  mod.  E.  cor- 
rui>tion  of  ME.  bordil,  a  house  of  ill-fame,  by 
contusion  with  ME.  brothel,  a  wretch :  see 
brolheli.]  A  liouse  of  lewdness  ;  a  house  ap- 
pro]iriated  to  the  purposes  of  prostitution;  a 
l)awdy-house ;  a  stew. 

Epicurism  and  lust 
Make  it  more  like  a  tavern  or  a  brothel, 
Thau  a  grac'd  i)alace.  Rhak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

[<  brothen,  n.  Cf.  bm-- 
ilil,ii.]  To  hiiunt  brothels.  ,Syhester,  tr.  ot  Dm 
Bartas. 

brothelert,  brothellert  (broth' el -er),  n.    [< 
brothel"  +  -(7-t.    Cf.  bordekr.}     One  who  fre- 
quents brothels. 
Gamesters,  jockies.  brothellers  impure.    Coicper,  Task,  ii. 

brothel-houset  (broth'el-hous),  «.     A  brothel. 

brothellert,  ».     See  brothclcr. 


of  Br 

large  manufactory  "of  pipes.]     A  tobacco-pipe. 

[Local,  Eng.] 

Brosimum  (bro'si-mum),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jipu- 
uiiiof,  eatable,  <  jipuaii;,  food,  equiv.  to  jSpuua, 
food:  see  bromn.]  A  genus  of  Vrticacew,  sub- 
order .irtiicarpea;  one  species  of  which,  B.  Ga- 
lactoileiidroii,  is  the  cow-tree  of  South  America. 
B.  AUcastriiin,  the  brcailnut-tree,  eonunon  iu  the  woods 
ol  Jamaica,  produces  nuts  which  when  roiisted  are  used 
as  bread,  and  taste  like  hazel-nuts.  The  wood  resembles 
mahogany,  ami  is  sometimes  used  by  cabinet-makers. 
The  leaves  and  young  branches  form  a  most  useful  fatten- 
ing fodder  for  cattle.  The  snake-  or  leopard-wood,  used 
as  veneers  and  for  walking-canos,  is  yielded  by  a  species, 
/>.  Auhh'tii,  fnuu  British  Guiana. 

Brosmiidse  (bros-mi'i-de),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bros- 
miii.<i  +  -irffc]  A  family  of  anacanthiue  fishes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Brosmiiis:  same  as  the 
subfamily  Brosiiiiiiio:     Also  Brosniida: 

Brosmiinse  (bros-mi-i'ne),  H.  jil.  [NL.,  <  Bros- 
iiiiKs  +  -iiiir.]  A  subfamily  of  gadoid  fishes, 
typified  by  the  geuus  Brosmiu.',;  and  distin- 
guished b)'  the  development  of  only  one  long 
dorsal  and  anal  fin  and  the  separation  there- 
from of  the  caudal.     Also  Brosmiiue. 

Brosmius  (bros'mi-us),  II.  [NL.,  <  Icel.  bnisma 
—  Norw.  brosme,  the  vernacular  name  of  the 
Broftiiiiiis  bro-ime.]  A  genus  of  fishes  belong- 
ing to  the  cod  family,  Godidir.  One  species,  found 
on  tlie  northern  cojist  of  Scotland,  is  commonly  called 
the  toruk  or  tusk.  See  tursk. 
broom-bush  (brom'bush),  II.  A  weedy  annual  trostent,  /'/'.  A  MiUdle  English  foi-m  of  hurst, 
composite,  I'arthenium  Histcrophorus,  of  trojii-     p.^^j  participle  of  burst. 

"'   '        '  ~  brosy  (bro'zi),  a.    [<  ftrosel -H -yl.]    Likebrose; 

seniitluid.     [Scotch.] 

brotany  (brot'a-ni),  II.  [A  short  form  (like 
eciuiv.  AS.  jiriiteiie)  of  5IL.  abrotanum:  see 
nliroliiiiiiiii.  ]     Southernwood. 

brotch  (broch),  r.  t.  [Perhaps  a  var.  of  the 
(■([Miv.  broth,  wliich  is  appar.  <  Icel.  bregdhn, 
braid,  knot,  twine,  =  AS.  breijdaii,  E.  hraid^, 
(\.  v.]  To  plait  straw  ropes  round  (a  stack  of 
corn).     .faiiiicKoii.     [Scotch.] 

brotelt,  ".     A  Middle  English  form  of  brittle. 

brotelnesst,  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of  brit- 
II, 


cal  America, 
broom-corn  (brom'kom),  «.  A  variety  of  Sor- 
ghum rulgare,  a  tall  reed-like  gi-ass,  rising  to 
"a  height  of  8  or  10  feet,  a  native  of  India.  The 
branched  panicles  arc  made  into  brooms  and  brushes,  fur 
which  jiurpose  the  plant  is  largely  cultivated  in  the  Umteil 
States.     The  seed  is  used  as  feed  for  cattle. 

broom-grass  (brom'gras),  H.  1.  Same  as 
broiue-graK,<i. —  2.  In  tho  United  States,  some 
species  of  Aiidropogoii,  as  .1.  seopariun  and  .1. 
iiKieriiiiriiK.     Also  called  hroom-Kedije. 

broom-head  (briim 'hed),  n.  An  adjustable 
clasp  fr>r  holding  bunches  of  broom-corn  to  a 
broom-handle. 


broom-rape  (brom'rap),  n.     A  name  given  to  brot-ground  (brot'ground),  n.      [<  "brot,  ult.  < 
parasitic  leafless  plants  of  thegenus  Orobanchc,     AS.  brotcn,  pp.  of  breotun,  break  (see  brott),  + 


B.  Joivton,  Ded.  of  Volpone. 

brother  (bruTH'er),  II. ;  pi.  brother.^  or  brethren 
(-erz,  breTH'ren).  [=  Sc.  brither,  <  ME.  brother, 
<  AS.  brothor,  brother  =  OS.  brothar  =  OFries. 
brother,  broder  =  D.  brocder  =  MLG.  broder,  LG. 
broder,  broor  =  OHG.  bruoditr,  MUG.  bruoder, 
G.  briider  =  Icel.  brodhir  =  Sw.  Dan.  broder, 
bror  =  Goth,  brothor,  a  word  common  to  all 
the  Indo-Em-.  languages :  =  Gael.  Ir.  brathair 
=  W.  braicd,  pi.  brodijr,  =  Corn,  bredar  =  Manx 
Jcflrtr  =  Bret.  brcur,  fcrer  =  OBulg.  bratru,  brati'i 
=  Pol.  and  Serv.  brut  =  Bohem.  brotr  =  Russ. 
bratii  (Hung,  biirdt,  <  Slav.)  =  Lith.  biolis  = 
Lett,  brdlis  =  OPruss.  brittis  =  L.  /ri-(/tr  (>  It. 
J'rate,fra,  with  dim.  fratello  =  Wall,  frote  (> 
Alb.  frot)  =  Pg.  frade  =  OF.  frerc  (>  ME./rcre, 
E.  friar,  q.  v.),  mod.  F.  frire  =  Pr.  fraire,  > 
prob.  OSyt.  frtiire,  freire,  Sp.  froile,  freile,  con- 
tracted/to;/, /(r;/  =  OPg. //•<(■ /r,  Pg.frei,  used, 
like  It.  frote,  fro,  as  an  appellation  of  a  monk, 
the  Sp.Word  for  'brother'  in  the  natural  sense 
being  hermoiio  =  Fg.  irmdo,  <  L.  geniianiis,  ger- 
mane, german  ;  cf.  also  H.froterned,  etc.)  =  Gr. 
(ppaTi/p,  (ppdTijp,  one  of  the  same  tribe,  orig.  a 
brother,  =  Skt.  bhrdtar,  Prakrit  bhdd,  bhaaro 
(Hind,  bhd'i,  bhaiijd,  Panjabi  pdi.  Vk\\  bhdtd) 
=  Zend  and  OPers.  brdtar,  Pers.  birodar  (> 
Turk,  birdder)  =  Pahlavi  bireid  =  Kurdish  bera, 
brother;  ulterior  origin  unknown:  the  term,  is 
appar.  the  suffix  -tar  (E.  -ther)  of  agent.  Tho 
pi.  brethren  is  from  ME.  brctheren,  brethren, 
formed,  with  weak  pi.  ending  -en,  from  blether, 
brethre.brithere,  also  pi.,  an  umlauted  form  of 
AS.  brothru,  also  brothor,  the  usual  ])1.  of  brothor; 
cf.  AS.  dat.  sing,  brether.]  1.  A  male  person, 
in  his  relation  to  another  person  or  other  per- 
sons of  either  sex  born  of  the  same  parents;  a 
male  relati\-e  in  the  first  degree  of  descent  or 
mutual  kinshij) :  used  also  of  the  lower  ani- 
mals: the  converse  of  sister.  See  brother-in- 
law  and  hidf-brother. 

My  brother  and  tliy  uucle,  call'd  .\ntonio. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

2.  A  male  person  in  his  relation  to  any  other 
person  or  persons  of  the  same  blood  or  ances- 
try:  a  member  of  a  common  family  or  race  in 
his  relation  to  all  otlier  members ;  iu  the  plural. 


brother 

all  members  of  a  iiiiiliiular  race,  or  of  the  hu- 
man race  in  geueral,  as  regards  each  otlior. 

.laruh  loM  Kiicliel  that  lit*  was  Ikt  fathiTS  brother  [tliat 

is,  his  Ulicli'  Laljan's].  Gen.  xxix.  rj. 

Li't  us  sfiid  abniaii  unto  our  hrethrvn  cverywlieru,  tliat 

are  It-ft  in  all  the  land  of  Israel.  1  Chron.  xiii.  2. 

Of  whom  sueli  uinssacrc 

Make  they,  hut  ipf  their  brrlhrni:  men  of  men? 

Millun,  l:  L.,  xi.  CSO. 

3.  One  of  two  or  more  men  closely  united  with- 
out regard  to  personal  kinshij),  as  by  a  common 
interest ;  an  associate ;  one  of  the  same  rank, 
profession,  occupation,  or  belief,  especially  in 
law,  religion,  or  organized  cliarity. 

We  few,  we  happy  few,  we  hanil  of  brot/iem; 

For  he  to-ilay  that  sheiis  liis  blooil  with  me 

Shall  lie  my  hvlher.  .S'/in/t.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  .■!. 

4.  Specifically,  as  a  translation  ot  friar,  a  mem- 
ber of  a  mendicant  order. 

Goinj;  to  flnil  a  barefoot  brother  out, 

(Ine  of  our  <u<ier.  Slink.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  2. 

5.  In  the  plural  form  brethren,  the  designation 
of  several  ('hristian  organizations,  derived  from 
the  fa('t  that  the  title  was  used  by  the  primitive 
Christians  in  speaking  of  themselves;  specifi- 
cally, a  sect  of  German  Baptists,  more  popularly 
known  as  Dun/ctrs. —  6.  A  member  of  a  reli- 
gious congregation  wliose  members  do  not  re- 
ceive the  priesthood,  but  devote  themselves  to 
teaching  or  good  works;  also,  a  lay  member 
of  a  community  having  priests. — 7.  Figura- 
tively, one  who  resembles  another  in  manners 
or  disposition. 

He  also  that  is  slothful  in  his  work  is  brother  to  him 
that  is  a  great  waster.  Pi'ov.  xviii.  9. 

Often  abbreviated  l>ro.,  plural  bros. 
[The  jilnral  fui'in  brcthrrn  U  not  n<iw  used  in  the  sense  of 
male  ehildren  of  the  same  parents,  but  only  in  the  wider 
meanin-.,'-s  of  the  word  tu-ulhrr.] — Amyclsean  brothers. 
See  .1 ;//;/.;. <■,(,!.  — Apostolic  Brethren.  See  ni«i!<tul!c, 
n.,  1  (CI.  anil  Apnxioiuu'.  -  Arval  Brethren  or  Brothers. 
See  iinvi/-. -Attidian  Bretliren.  .see  .i^'/./oki. -Bo- 
hemian Brethren,  --^ee  y;<i/i,//i /mi.— Brethren  and 
Clerks  of  the  Common  Life,  a  moiuisti.-  fraternity, 
clerieal  and  lay,  orii.'inatin'.r    in   the   Nelh.  ihtiids  about 

1376,  devoted  to  edneation  and  labcjr,  and  not  1 Tid  by 

perpetual  vows.  Thomas  a  Kempis  belonixed  t.>  it.  It 
spread  widely,  but  became  extinct  in  the  se\'enteenth  cen- 
tm'y.  There  was  a  female  branch  of  the  order.  — Breth- 
ren of  ChelolC,  followers  of  Peter  Chelczicky,  a  Bohe- 
mian reformer  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Tliey  were  or- 
traidzeil  into  a  separate  community  in  14.S7,  and  soon 
became  known  .-is  liohrmian  Brethren. —  Brethren  Of 
the  Cllristian  Schools,  a  Roman  Catholic  order,  con- 
sisting; chielly  of  lay  men,  devoted  to  the  education  of  the 
poor,  founded  in  France  in  ItJTO,  and  now  numerous  in 
various  parts  of  the  world.— Brethren  of  the  Com- 
munity, one  of  the  two  parties  into  which  the  Fran- 
ciscans were  divided  in  the  begimnnj;  of  the  fonrteeiith 
century.— Brethren  of  the  Free  Spirit,  a  sect  which 
arose  in  the  thirteeiitli  centurj',  I'aidheistic  in  doctrine, 
perfectionists  in  principle,  and  eidliusiasts  in  practice. 
—  Brethren  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  or  Brethren  of  the 
Redemption  of  Captives,  an  ord.r  of  monks  in  the 
twelfth  century  who  devoted  tlicuis,  h,s  to  the  redemp- 
tion of  captives  from  the  -Mohainnicdans.  —  Brothers 
of  Charity.  See  charity.—  Christian  Brothers.  See 
Chrutian'i.—  Elder  Brethren,  the  masters  of  Trinity 
House,  London,  the  corporation  charged  with  the  refjula- 
tiou  and  mana?^ement  of  the  lighthouses  aiul  buoys  on 
the  shores  and  rivers  of  England,  with  the  licensing  of 
pilots,  and  with  a  geueral  supervision  over  the  lighthouse 
boards  of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  called  respectively  the 
Commissioners  of  .\..)tbcrn  l.iubts  and  tlic  llalla>t  I'.nard 
of  Dublin.— Exclusive  Brethren.  .See  Jiii„in,iii,  lueth- 
ren.  below—  FuU  brothers.  .See  r«/(.— Plymouth 
Brethren,  Pljrmouthites,  a  sect  of  Christians  which 
first  attracted  notice  at  Plymouth,  England,  in  lS;iO.  but 
has  since  extejuled  over  Ijreat  Britain,  the  United  States, 
ttud  among  the  Protestants  of  France,  Switzerland,  Italy, 
etc.  They  recognize  all  :is  brethren  who  believe  in  Christ 
and  the  Holy  Spirit  as  his  vicar,  but  they  have  no  for- 
mal creed,  ecclesiastical  organization,  or  official  miinstry, 
which  they  condemn  .as  the  causes  of  sectarian  divisions. 
Also  called  Darbyites,  alter  Mr.  Darby,  originally  a 
bairister,  subseipiently  a  clergyman  of  the  Church  ot 
England,  and  thereafter  an  evangelist  not  connected 
with  any  church,  to  whose  efforts  their  origin  and  the 
diffusion  of  their  principles  are  to  be  ascribed.  In  a 
narrower  sense  the  Darbyites  are  a  branch  of  the  Ply- 
mouth Brethren,  entitled  Kxehiaive  Brethren,  on  account 
of  the  strictness  of  their  views  and  the  exclusiveness  of 
their  communion  —  United  Brethren,  or  Unity  of 
Brethren  (I'ltila^  Fratnm),  the  olficial  designation  of 
the  B.diemian  lirethren  and  of  their  Buccessors  the  Mo- 
ravian Brethren,  or  iM(»ravians. 
brother  (bruTn'er),  o.  Bearing  a  fraternal 
relation  in  a  general  sense ;  of  the  character 
of  a  brother :  as,  a  brother  man  or  magistrate. 

It  was  then  removed  and  planted  in  a  remote  place  close 
to  a  brother  long-style  i>lant.  barwin. 

brother  (bruTii'er),  r.  t.  [<  brother,  ».]  1.  To 
consider  or  treat  as  a  brother;  address  as  a 
brother. —  2.  To  relate  as  brothers ;  make  kin. 
One  Die,  one  Mintiige,  one  Humanity  ;  every  man  the 
kinsman  of  every  other  ;  mankind  brothered  in  the  i>nc 
mould  of  the  Creative  Word. 

G.  V.  Boardman,  Creative  Week,  p.  IDG. 

brother-gennan  (bruTH'er-jer'mau),    n.      [< 
brother  +  ycrmani;  cf.  Sp.  hcrmaiio,  a  brother, 


096 

under  brother.']  A  brother  on  both  the  father's 
and  the  mother's  side;  a  full  brother, 
brotherheadt  {bruTH'er-hed),  ».  [<  ME.  bro- 
thi  rhiil,  vitr.  (if  brotherhoii.]  See  brotherhood. 
brotherhood  (brtiTH'er-hud),  n.  [<  ME.  brother- 
hod  (usutilly  brotherhed,  E.  brotherhead);  < 
brother  +  -hood.]  1.  The  fact  or  condition  of 
being  a  brother. 

My  brother  killil  no  man, his  fault  was  thought, 

And  yet  Ills  puinshinent  was  bitter  death. 

WIio  sued  to  me  for  him  V  .  .  . 

Who  spoke  of  brotherhood'        Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  1. 

2.  The  (piality  of  being  brotlierly. 

And  fricndshijt  shall  combine,  and  brotherhood. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  1. 

3.  An  association  of  men  for  any  purpose ;  a 
fraternity. 

The  church  was  a  brotherhood ;  no  other  relation  so 
aptly  distinguished  the  s|iirit  of  union  ami  seli-sacriflee 
which  it  was  desiLined  >honld  lielong  to  it. 

G.  P.  Fi-iher.  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  549. 

4.  A  class  of  individuals  of  the  same  kind, 
profession,  or  occupation. 

The  brotherhood  of  Clu'istendom. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace,  ii. 
The  gloom 
Spread  by  a  brotherhood  of  lofty  elms. 

Wordsworth,  ExclU"sion,  i. 

brother-in-law  (liruTll'er-in-la"),  n.  [<  ME. 
brother  in  liiire,  lirodi/r  ijn  Inwe,  etc.,  after  OF. 
frere  en  liiij  [loi],  ML.  fntter  in  hue.]  The 
brother  of  one's  husband  or  -wife;  also,  one's 
sister's  husband.  For  some  purposes,  but  not  all,  the 
legal  incidents  of  the  affinity  cease  on  the  death  of  the  one 
whose  marriage  formed  the  tie. 

brotherless  (bruTH'er-les),  a.  [<  ME.  *brother- 
Icii,  <  AS.  Iirothorlcds :  see  brother  and  -less.] 
Without  a  brother. 

brotherliness  (liruTH'ei-li-nes),  «.  The  state 
or  ciuality  of  being  brotherly. 

brother-lovet  (lu-uTu'er-luv),  «.  Brotherly  af- 
fection,    shak. 

brotherly  (liruTU'er-li),  a.  [<  ME.  *brotheriy, 
<  AS.  hrothorlie:  see  brother  and  -/i/l.]  Per- 
taining to  brothers;  such  as  is  uatm-til  for 
brothers;  becoming  brothers;  kind;  affection- 
ate: as,  brotherlll\ove.=SYa.  Ilrolheriy,  Frnlrmal. 
The  f^u'mer  of  these  words  expresses  the  more  affection  ; 
the  hatter  is  often  more  formal  or  official. 

Be  kindly  affeetioned  one  to  another  with  brotherly 
love.  Rom.  xii.  10. 

Who,  not  content 
With  fair  equality,  .fraternal  state. 
Will  arrogate  dominion  undeserved 
Over  his  brethren.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  26. 

brotherlyt  (bruTu'er-li),  adr.  After  the  man- 
ner of  a  brother;  kindly;  affectionately. 

With  these  principles  who  knows  but  that  at  length  he 
might  have  come  to  take  tlie  Covenant,  as  others,  whom 
they  Brotherly  admitt,  have  don  before  him. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ix. 

brotherwort  (bruTH'er-wert),  «.  An  old  name 
fur  tlie  creeping  thyme.  Thymus  Si-rjtyllnm. 

brothlyt,  ode.     See  Ijrolhly. 

brothyt,  ".  [ME.;  origin  obscure.]  Shaggy; 
stiff. 

His  berde  was  brothy  and  blake,  that  tille  his  brest  rechede. 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1090. 

brott  (brot),  n.  [Appar.  <  Icel.  brot,  a  broken 
piece,  a  fragment  (ef.  hroti,  trees  felled  and  left 
lying),  <  lirjotii  (=  AS.  breotan,  pp.  broten), 
break:  see  brit^,  and  cf.  brot-ijronnd,  brotiis.] 
1.  Shaken  com.  Broekett.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2. 
pi.  Fragments;  droppings;  leavings.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

Brotula  (brot'u-la),  Ji.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  fishes, 
typical  of  the  family  Brotulidev,  now  restricted 


to  B.  barbata,  a  species  found  in  the  Caribbean 
sea. 

brotulid  (brot'ii-lid).  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Brotnliilir.     Also  called  brotuloid. 

Brotulidae  (bro-tti'li-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Brotula 
+  -idcr.]  A  family  of  teleocephalous  fishes,  tyjii- 
fied  by  the  genus  Brotula,  haWug  various  limits 
in  different  systems.  Made  by  Oill  a  family  of  Ophi- 
di"ideii.  with  jugular  ventrals  reduced  to  cuie  or  two 
r;iys.  and  the  anus  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  length. 

Brotulina  (brot-u-U'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bro- 
tula  +  -ina.]  In  Giiiither's  system  of  classi- 
fication, the  first  group  of  Ophidiida;  having 
ventral  fins  developed  and  attached  to  the  hu- 
meral arch. 


brouse 

Brotulinae  (brot-ii-H'ne),  ?i.  ])1.  [NL.,  <  Brotula 
+  -ino.]  A  subfamily  of  brotuloid  fishes,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Brotula,  to  which  different 
limits  have  been  assigned. 

brotuline  (brot'fi-lin),  ji.  and  a.  I.  n.  A  fish 
of  the  subfamily  Brotulina;. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Brotulina'  or  Brotulida: 

brotuloid  (brot'u-loid),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  Same 
as  brotulid. 

II.  ".  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  liridiilida: 

brotulophidid  (brot-u-lof'i-did),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  fiimily  lirotuloj)hidid(e. 

Brotulophididae  ( brot '  u  - 16  -  fid '  i  -  de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  ISriitulopliis  {-phiil-)  -f  -ider.]  A  family 
of  (Jjihidioideu,  represented  by  the  genus  Bro- 
tulo/diis,  and  incltidingophidioids  with  subbra- 
chial  (or  thoracic)  ventrals  reduceil  to  simple 
filaments,  and  the  anus  in  the  anterior  half  of 
the  length. 

Brotulophis  (bro-tu'lo-fis),  v.  [NL.,  <  Brottda 
+  Gr.  oipir,  a  serpent.]  The  tyjiical  genus  of 
the  family  Brotulojihidida;  having  the  aspect 
of  Brotula,  but  stUl  more  elongate  and  snake- 
like, whence  the  name. 

brotus  (bro'tus),  «.  [Cf.  E.  dial,  brotts,  frag- 
ments, leavings,  droppings,  ult.  <  AS.  breotan 
(pp.  broten),  break:  see  brit^,  brott.]  Some- 
thing added  gratuitously;  an  additional  num- 
ber or  quantity  thrown  in:  same  as  loyniappe: 
used  by  negroes  and  others  about  Charleston, 
South  Carolina. 

brouchant,  a.     Same  as  broehant. 

broudt,  browdt,  '••  '.     [ME.  brouden,  broicden, 
etc.,  also  broiden,  etc.,  variants  of  hraiden,  etc., 
braid :  see  braid^,  and  cf.  broid,  braider.]     1. 
To  braid. 
Hire  yolwe  heer  was  brmvded  [var.  broyded,  breided]  in  a 

tresse, 
Byhyude  hire  bak,  a  yerde  long  I  gesse. 

Chaueer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  191. 
2.  To  embroider. 

Whit  was  hire  smok,  and  brotedid  al  byfore 

-And  eek  behind  on  hire  coler  aboute 

llf  cole  blak  silk.  CiMucrr.  Millers  Tale,  1.  62. 

broudert,  browdert,  i'-  '■     Variants  of  braider. 
Where'er  you  spy 
This  brou'dered  belt  with  characters,  'tis  I. 

B.  Jonmn,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  1. 
brouderyt,  ".     -\  variant  of  broidery. 
broudingt,  brcwdingt,  ".    Embroidery. 

Harness  .  .  .  WTonght  so  weel 
Of  goldsmithrye,  of  browdiihi,  and  of  steel. 

C/m"«r,' Knight's  Tale,  I.  1640. 

brouette  (bro-ef),  n.  [F.,  a  wheelbaiTow,  also, 
in  contempt,  a  carriage,  formerly  also  a  sedan 
chair;  idt,  <  LL.  birota:  see  barouche.]  A 
small  two-wheeled  caniage. 

broughl  (broeh),  «.  [Also  bruyh,  a  var.  of 
biiri/h,  bureh,  for  borouijh :  see  borough^.]  1. 
A  borough. —  2.  A  fortified  ]ilace.  Compare 
broujih-.     [Scotch  in  both  senses.] 

brought  (broeh),  n.  [Also  brni/h,  brogh,  hroch, 
and  liurg,  burrow  :  supposed  to  be  a  particular 
use  of  broiigh'^,  hurg,  for  borough'^,  a  fortified 
place;  btit  in  the  sense  of  'circle,'  •halo,'cf.  iio"- 
roir-,  »..  4.]  1.  An  ancient  circular  building  or 
round  tower  such  as  exist  in  Scotland  and  the 
ad,jacent  islands.  The  Burg  of  Mousa  is  a  cireuhu- 
building  41  feet  high  ;  its  walls,  which  are  double,  with  a 
vacant  space  between  them,  diminish  from  14  feet  in 
width  at  the  base  to  8  feet  at  the  summit,  and  inclose  a 
central  area ;  the  door  is  7  feet  high.  These  structures 
are  older  than  tlie  Scandinavian  invasions,  ami  probably 
date  almost  from  the  bronze  age. 
2.  An  encitmpment  of  a  circidar  form;  a  ring 
fort.  Also  called  I'eeht's  [I'iet's]  house  or 
Peeht's  castle. —  3.  In  the  game  of  curling,  one 
of  the  two  circles  drawn  around  the  tee. — 4. 
A  hazy  circle  around  the  sim  or  luoou,  con- 
sidered as  a  presage  of  a  change  of  weather. 
[Scotch  in  all 
senses.] 

brough-H,  "•   An 

obsolete      spell- 
ing of  hnnr. 

brougham  (luo'- 
am  or  briim),  n. 
[After  the  first 
Lord  Brough- 
am.] A  foui'- 
wheeled  close 
carriage,  with  one  or  two  horses,  and  adapted 
to  carry  either  two  or  four  persons. 

brought  (brot).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
bring. 

brouilleriet,  «■     See  broilery. 

broukt,  '  ■  '.     An  older  form  of  brook". 

brouset,  r.     See  bruise. 


Brougham. 


Broussa  ware 
Broussa  ware.    So«  jioiimj. 

BroUSSOnetia  (bro-so-nC-'shiii),  n. 
M.  llniKsniiiK  t  or  linjusnoiitui,  a  French  natural 
ist  (17G1-1807).]  A  genus  of 
plants,  of  two  or  three  sjiecies, 
natural  order  I'rtiranir,  nearly 
allied  to  the  mulberry,  natives 
of  eastern  Asia  and  the  I'aeifie 
islands.  Tlii; |i:i|iiTni\ill>i.Try (B. pa- 
j)yri/i'ra)  iiiid  />.  Ktemjijcn  iiru  culti- 
vated in  t'lliTiu  uiiii  Jajuin,  where  tile 
irnvk  of  tile  viMinu'  slmots  is  tile  cllief 
niuteriiil  for  tlie  II  i:i  till  f;iit  lire  of  paper. 
From  tile  luuk  of  llu-  paper-liluIljelTy 
is  iilso  nia.le  the  lapail.itll  exten- 
sively useil  tiiroiitjliinit  i'nlyiusia. 

brouzet,  ".  "nd  r.    See  hrowse'^. 

brow  (iirou),  II.    [<  ME.  browe, 
lintirr,   <   AS.    bru,   pi.    briia, 
bn'iini,  eyebrow,  also  eyelash, 
=  ONorth.   bnia   =   (with  an 
appar.  formative  -ii)  leel.  bruii, 
old  pi.  brjJHii,  =  Sw.  Uan.  bripi  (>E.  brine",  q.  v.) 
(cf.  (t.  iniHHC. below),  eyebrow;  elosely related 
to  ME.  birir,  bnow,   brri/,   bre,   bra,  brii,  etc., 
ej-ebrow,  <  AS.  bricw,  brciiw,  also  brty,  eyelid 
(used  dilTerently  from   brii),  =  OFries.  brii  in 
Sg-bre,    eyelid,    =   OS.    brdlici,    briiica    =  Ml). 
braiiiee,   broiiirr,   <'yelid  (D.   icciiklirdiiiiic,  eye 
brow),   =  OHG.   brawn,  MIIG.  bra,  brdwe,   G 
hraiic,  a,\iiO  briiiiiic,  eyebrow,  =  leel.  bra,  eyelid 
=  Gael,  bra,  eyebrow,  =  Bret,  abrant,  eyebrow 


697 

brow-ague  (brou'a''gu),  n.  Frontal  neuralgia. 
[XL.,  after  Browallia  (bro-wal'i-a),  n.  [From  J.  Jlnntall 
(17(17-'),")),  bishop  of  Alio  in  Finland.]  Apenus 
of  South  American  herbaceous  plants,  natural 
order  Scniphiilariucva;  some  species  of  which 
are  cultivated  for  ornament. 

brow-antler  (brou'ant'ler),  n.     1.  The  first 
spike  that  fjrows  on  a  deer's  liead. — 2.  The  first 
branch  or  tine  of  an  antler,  overhanging  the 
forehead.     See  antler. 
Also  called  broii-sna;/. 

brow-band  (brou'bami),  H.  1.  A  band  or  fillet 
worn  round  the  brow. —  2.  In  saililleri/,  a  band 
of  a  bridle,  headstall,  or  halter,  which  passes 
in  front  of  the  horse's  forehead,  and  has  loops 
at  its  ends  through  which  jiassthe  cheek-straps. 

browbeat  (brou'bet),  r.  I.;  pret.  brini-tirat,  jip. 
brinrbcaten,  ppr.  briiirbeatinij.  [<  brow  +  beal.] 
To  depress  or  bear  down  with  lianghty,  stern 
looks,  or  with  an'ogaut  speech  and  dogmatic 
assertions;  in  general,  to  bear  down  by  impu- 
dence. 

He  I  Jeffreys)  soon  found  that  it  was  not  quite  so  easy  to 
browhfat  tile  proud  and  powerful  harons  of  Kn^land  in 
their  own  hall,  a.s  to  intimidate  barristeiti  whose  hread  de- 
pended on  his  favor,  or  prisoners  whose  neeks  were  at  his 
iiierey.  Macaidaii,  Hist.  F.iif^.,  vi. 

Mr.  Necker  .  .  .  wa.s  hnnvheatni  and  intimidated. 

Jfjlerson,  Correspondence,  II.  4S5. 
—  Syn.  To  overhear,  insult,  hnlly,  llector. 

browbeater  (brou'be"terJ,  «.  One  who  brow- 
beats; a  bullv.      JVarren. 


Fruiting  Branch  of 
the  P.^pcr-niulberry 
i  Breidsstmefia  fapy- 
rt/cra). 


=  ()Bulg.  brkri,  iibruri  =  Serv.  brv,  obrra  =  brow-bound  (brou'boimd),  a.     Crowned;  hav- 
Bohem.  Iirwi,  iilirwi  =  Pol.  brew  =  Kuss.  bron  -  ■  •  "'    " 

=  Lith.  bruris,  eyebrow,  =  Gr.  oo^i/r,  eyebrow, 
=  Pers.  abril  =  Zend  brrat  =  Skt.  bhrii,  eye- 
brow; cf.  Ir.  Gael,  abhra,  eyelid.  Perhaps  re- 
lated to  brae,  brny*.  q.  v.,  and  ult.  to  E.  bridi/e^.] 
1.  The  prominent  ridge  over  the  eye,  forming 

an  arch  above  the  orbit.— 2.  The  iirch  of  hair  browden   (brou'dii),  p.   a.     [<  ME.   browdim, 
over  the  eye ;  the  eyebrow.  bruuden,  etc.,  pp.  of  braiden,  breiden,  etc.,  move. 


ing  the   head  encircled,   as  with    a  diadem. 

[Poetical.] 
Brou'-huuiul  with  the  oak.  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. 

A  queen,  with  swarthy  elieeks  and  hold  hlack  eyes, 
Brvw-lmnnd  with  burning  gold.  'l\:nnyn'>n,  Kair  Women. 

browdt,  '■.  t.     See  broud. 


ur  black  silk  hair. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5. 


Your  inky  brows,  yi 

3.  The  forehead. 

Beads  of  sweat  liave  stood  upon  tliv  brow. 

Shak:,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  3. 

4.  The  general  expression  of  the  countenance. 
He  told  them  with  a  niaisterly  /•'/■"«',  that  liy  this  act  he 

had  oblig'd  them  above  what  they  hail  deserved. 

.Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  v. 

To  whom  thus  Satan,  with  contemptuous  brow. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  885. 

5.  In  eutnm.,  that  part  of  an  insect's  head  which 
lies  between  the  clypeus  and  the  vertex,  gen- 
erally just  above  the  antennse. — 6.  The  edge 
of  a  steep  jilace ;  the  ujjper  portion  of  a  slope : 
as,  "the  brow  of  the  hill,"  Luke  iv.  29. —  7. 
In  England,  a  fringe  of  coppice  adjoining  the 
hedge  of  a  field. — 8.  In  coal-miiiiny,  an  under- 
ground roadway  leading  to  a  working-place, 
driven  either  to  the  rise  or  to  the  dip.  Gren- 
leij.  [Leicestershire,  Eng.] — 9.  AV(k^,  an  old 
name  for  an  inclined  plane  of  planks  from  the 


A  Ship's  Brow. 

shore  or  the  ground  to  a  ship,  to  facilitate  entry 
and  exit.  In  this  sense  also  spelled  brouijh. — 
10.  In  a  saw-mill,  an  inclitie  up  which  logs  are 
drawn  to  be  sawed. — 11.  [Also  written  brno : 
taken  as  a  particular  use  of  brow,  "an  ill  brow" 
being  then  orig.  a  frowning  or  unfavorable 
look;  "nae  brow,''  no  (se.  favorable)  look  or 
view.]  View;  opinion:  in  the  phra.ses  oh  ill 
brow,  an  unfavorable  opinion;  nuc  brow,  no 
good  opinion.     [Scotch.] 

Kut  thir  ridings  and  w  appenshawings,  my  Icddy,  I  hae 
nai-  liroo  of  them  ava.  Haiti,  Old  ilortality,  vii. 

Bent  brow.    (<i)  An  arched  eyebrow,   (b)  k  wrinkled  or 
knit  brow .—  TO  knit  the  brows,  to  fro»  n. 
brow  (brou),  r.  I.    [<  brow,  «.]    To  form  a  brow 
or  elevated  border  to.     [Rare.] 

Tending  my  (locks  hard  by  i'  the  hilly  crofts, 

That  brow  this  bottum-glade.    Milton,  Cuiuus,  1.  632. 


draw,  snatch,  pidl,  etc.:  see  ftra/>/i.]  1.  Anx- 
ious: foolishly  fond. —  2.  Vain;  conceited. 
[Pre  IV.  Eng.] 

browderf,  r.  t.    See  brouder. 

browdinet,  "•     See  broudiny. 

browest,  orowist,  «.    See  brewi.i. 
browless  (brou'les),  «.    [<  brow  ■*-  -hss.'i   With- 
out shame.     [Rare.] 
Su  browtfus  was  this  heretick. 

L.  Addimn,  Life  of  Mahomet,  p.  84. 

brown  (broun),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  brown,  broun, 
briin,  <  AS.  bri'in  =  OFries.  brtin  —  D.  bruin  (> 
E.  bruin,  q.  v.)  =  MLG.  briin  =  OHG.  MHG. 
hrun  (>  ML.  brunns,  >F.  Pr.  brun  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
bruno,  brown,  >  F.  briinir,  etc.,  burnish,  >  E. 
burnish,  q.  v.),  G.  braun  =  Icel.  briinn  =  Sw. 
brun  =  Uan.  brnu  =  Lith.  brunas,  brown,  =  Gr. 
'ipfivi'oc,  brown,  in  ^pvvor,  <Pi)ivi/,  a  toad  (cf.  L. 
rubeta,  a  toad,  <  ruber,  red,  reddish) ;  with  for- 
mative -»,  <  V  "bru  =  Skt.  *bbrn,  redupl.  in 
Skt.  babhru,  reddish-bro^vn,  as  subst.  a  beaver 
(nee  bearer'^);  cf.  L. /Hn'«,s-,  dusky,  black.]  I. 
((.  Of  a  dark  or  dusky  color,  inclining  to  red- 
ness or  yellowness. 

i'roKii  he  wail,  and  lene,  and  rough  of  he«r,  more  than 
a-nothcr  man.  .Ve/(i;i  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  40,1. 

Cliceks  lyruim  as  the  oak-leaves.  LomxfMow. 

Brown  atrophy,  bread,  holland,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
—Brown  hematite,  brown  iron  ore.  same  as  linu,- 
jit7.'.  —  Brown  madder.  See  //i'i</</,/-.— Brown  mlx- 
ture,  acough-mi-vturc  contjuiiiiigcamphMrated  tincdirc  of 
opium,  wine  of  antimony,  spirit  i->f  nitroi^s  ether,  and  other 
less  important  ingredients;  the  mistura  glycyrrliizie  coin- 
posita  of  the  pharinacoiHeia.-  Brown  OCher.  See  ocht^r. 
— Brown  pink,  an  artists*  pigment  made  from  Avignon 
berries  ( liham o us  iitft'ctonu.-i),  or,  better,  from  quercitron- 
bark,  as  this  latter  "is  not  so  fugitive.  It  is  sometimes 
called  stil  <(<•  .i/mid.— Brown-red  game,  a  variety  of  the 
game-fowl  in  which  the  hackle  ami  saddle-feathers  of  the 
cock  are  bright-red,  shailing  ulf  to  lemon-yellow,  finely 
striped  with  black,  the  back  and  wing-bows  ricli-red,  the 
primaries,  secondaries,  and  wing-coverts  or  b.ars  and  tail 
black,  the  lireast  and  lower  parts  tif  tlie  body  black,  the 
feathers  having  brown  shafts  and  a  slight  lacing  of  the 
same  color.  The  hen  is  iilaiii  black,  with  hackle-feathers 
edged  with  yellow.— Brown  study,  a  state  of  mental  ali- 
straction  or  meditation  ;  a  reverie.  |Ofteii  w  itll  a  hyphen.) 
Faith,  this  brown  Ktudii  suits  not  with  your  black, 
Your  habit  and  your  tlioughts  are  of  two  colours. 

B.  Jonaon,  Ca-se  is  Altered,  iii.  3. 

My  companion  aiiproached  and  startled  him  from  his  tit 
of  brown-study.  Irviny. 

To  do  (a  person"!  brown,  to  deceive  him  ;  take  him  in. 
lColl.i.|.)  — To  do  up  brown,  to  do  thoroughly.    (Colloq.) 

H.  «.  1.  Adarkcolorinclinedtoredoryellow. 
It  may  be  obtained  by  mixing  red,  black,  and 
yellow. —  2.  A  halfpenny.  [English  slang.] — 
Alizarin  brown,  alizarin  red  "changed  to  a  lnowii  t,y  mix- 
ing fcrrorvanidcof  pot;Lsh  with  the  colnr,  wliicli  is  deeom- 
p.iscil  ill  steaming  and  yields  Prussian  blue.-  Aniline 
brown,  a  l,rowii  pigment  obtained  liy  heating  a  mixture  of 
aniline  violet  or  aniline  blue  witli  hydioclil..rate  of  aniline 
to  240',  ami  keeping  it  at  this  tempel-ature  till  the  mixture 
becomes  browu  lu  color.    This  brown  U  soluble  iu  water, 


Brownlan 

alcohol,  and  acids,  and  can  be  used  in  dyeing.— Antwerp 
brown,  a  color  used  liy  artists,  made  by  mixing  asphaltum 
with  a  drying-oil;  bitunn  ii.  Archil  brown,  a  coal-tar 
color  used  in  dyeing.  Bismarck  brown.  Same  as  phe- 
nylene  frruM'/i.— Caledonia  brown,  a  pigment  used  by 
aitists  in  oil-painting.  It  is  a  native  earth  of  Kngland, 
ami  is  of  an  orange  ru.sset-bruw  n  color.  —  Canelle-brown. 
Same  as  phenyUnc  ^rmc/i.  — Cappagh  brown,  a  pigment 
used  by  artists  in  oil-painting,  made  from  a  species  of 
bog-earth  containing  manganese,  found  near  Cappagh  in 
Ireland.  — Cassel  brown,  a  i»igmcnt  very  similar  to  Van- 
ilyke  brown  (which  see,  below).— Chestnut-brown,  In 
coal-tar  colors,  a  kind  of  maroon  (whiih  sec).  It  can  bo 
dyed  on  silk,  cott<m,  and  wool.— Clnnamon-brown. 
Same  as  ph'-nylenf.  brown. ^TStSt  brOWn,  a  coal-tar  color 
used  in  dyeing,  belonging  to  tiie  oxy  -a/o  group.  — Grenate 
brown,  potassium  isopurpnrate,  prepared  iiy  the  action 
of  potassium  cyanide  on  picric  acid.  It  forms  brownish- 
red  crystidline  scales,  wliicli  are  green  by  rcHected  light. 
It  is  soluble  in  hot  water  and  alcohol,  giving  a  very  ileep 
violet-red  color.  When  dry  it  exjdoiles  very  readily,  and 
is  therefore  kept  in  the  fonn  of  a  paste,  to  whiili  glycerin 
is  added  in  order  to  keep  it  moist.- Havana  brown,  a 
coal-tar  color  similar  t<j  phenyl  brown,  used  to  |,i<.diicc  on 
wool  brown  colors  fast  to  the  light.— Ivorv-brown,  a 
pigment  the  same  as  bone-brown,  except  that  ivory  is 
substituted  for  bone.  —  Leather-brOwn.  same  as  phenyl 
iroOTi.— Madder-brown,  a  brown  dye  derived  from  ca- 
techu and  woikeil  with  madder  coloi-s.— Manchester 
brown.  ^Au\\i:\i^  I'hmyb m^  iinom.-  Manganese  brown, 
a  color  produced  in  dyeing  by  passing  the  c  ..ttoii,  impreg- 
nated with  nianganous  chlorid,  tlirough  a  mixture  of  so- 
(liuni  hypochlorite  and  caustic  so<ia.— Mars  brown,  an 
artists'  pigment,  prejiared  by  calcining  a  mixture  of  sul- 
phate of  iron,  alum,  and  potasll.  Its  color  varies  through 
brown,  yellow,  and  red.  acc<irding  to  the  heat  employcti  in 
calcining.  It  may  be  termed  an  artillcial  ocher.—  Phenyl 
brown,  a  coal-tar  color  useil  in  dyeing.  Its  composition 
is  complex  ami  unknown.  It  is  prepared  by  treating  phe- 
nol with  a  mixture  of  siiliihuric  and  nitric  acid,  and  is 
mostly  used  in  dyeing  leather.  Also  called  Ifatbcr-brmim. 
—  Phenylene  brown,  a  eo.al-tar  color  nseil  in  dyeing.  It 
is  tlic  hydrochlorid  of  triamidoazobcnzene,  ami  is  used 
on  wool,  cotton,  and  leather.  Also  called  Bismarck  brovm, 
caioll>'-brou-n,  ciunaoo'n-tirou'n,  Manchester  brown. — 
Prussian  brown,  a  pigment  used  by  artists,  prepared  by 
calcining  an  alnniiiioiis  Prussian  blue,  forming  a  com- 
pound of  sesquioxid  <if  iron  and  alumina.  It  is  orange- 
brown,  and  resembles  Imriit  sienna,  but  is  not  so  rich  in 
tone.— Purple  brown,  a  pigment  composed  of  oxid  of 
iron.  It  is  sometimes  called  maroon  oji'd.— Resorcln 
brown,  a  coal-tar  color  used  iu  dyeing,  obtained  by  com- 
bining a  diazo-conipound  with  resorcin  in  the  ordinary 
way,  and  acting  on  the  azo-coinpoiind  formed  with  some 
other  diazo-compound.  —  Small  brown,  a  variety  of  mar- 
bled paper  in  which  the  design  consists  of  small  round 
spots  or  sliells.— Spanish  brown,  an  inferior  pigment 
consisting  of  a  highly  adulterated  dark  oxid  of  iron.  It 
is  used  to  some  extent  as  a  priiiiiiig-paint,  but  chietiy  by 
masons  to  color  mortar. —  Spirit-brown,  in  dyeiwi,  a 
color  obtained  by  treating  material  tlyed  yellow  from  bark 
with  peachwood,  logwood,  and  alum.— Vandyke  brown, 
an  important  brown  pigment  used  both  iiy  artists  and 
house-painters.  It  is  a  species  of  peat  or  lignite,  of  a  very 
dark,  semi-transparent,  reddish-brown  color.  —  Verona 
brown,  a  |,igiiient  used  by  artists  in  oil-painting.  It  is  a 
calcined  ferruginous  earth,  of  a  reddish-brown  tone. 
brown  (broim),  r.  [<  ME.  bronnen,  <  AS.  bru- 
nian,  become  brown  (=  OHG.  brunen,  MHG.  bri- 
unen,  make  brown),  <  briin,  brown:  see  broicii, 
a.]  I,  intraii.'i.  To  become  brown. 
II.  trans.  To  make  browu  or  dusky. 

A  trembling  twUight  o'er  the  welkin  moves, 
Browne  the  dim  void  and  ilarkens  lieep  the  groves. 

J.  Barhiw,  Columliiad,  iii.  618. 

Speciflcally  —  (n)  To  produce  a  brown  color  in  by  exposure 
to  heat,  as  of  meat,  bread,  etc.,  to  that  of  a  Bre  in  roasting 
or  toasting,  or  of  the  skin  to  that  of  the  sun.  {!>)  To  give  a 
brown  luster  to  (articles  of  iron,  as  gun-barrels,  etc.),  by 
applying  certain  preiiarations. 

brownback  (broun'bak),  H.  1.  A  name  of  the 
red-breasted  snipe,  ilacrorliamjihus  yriseus. — 
2.  A  name  of  the  great  marbleti  godwit,  Limo- 
sa/edoa. 

brO'Wn-bess  (broun'bes),  H.  [Said  to  bo  formed 
in  punning  imitation  (Bess  for  Bill)  of  brown- 
bill,  the  old  weapon  of  the  English  infantry.] 
A  name  given  to  the  regulation  bronzed  llint- 
loek  musket  formerly  used  in  the  British  army. 

brownbill  ( broun  'bii),  n .  A  kind  of  halbert  for- 
merly used  by  the  English  foot-soldiers.  See 
bill-,  2. 

The  black,  or  as  it  was  sometimes  called,  the  brown-bill, 
was  a  kind  of  halbert,  the  cutting  part  liooked  like  a  wood- 
man's bill,  from  the  hack  of  whicli  projected  a  spike,  and 
another  from  the  head.  Grose. 

brown-blaze  (broun 'blaz),  H.  The  fumes 
which  rise  from  the  fumace-flame  in  reducing 
zinc  when  cadmium  is  present.  They  are  due 
to  oxid  of  cadmium. 

bro'wn-clock  (brouu'klok),  n.  The  cockchafer. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

brown-coal  (broun'kol),  n.  The  variety  of  coal 
more  commonly  named  lignite.  .See  coal  and 
lii/nite. 

brown-crops  (broun'krops),  «.  Pulse.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

brown-george  (bronn'jdrj).  «.  1.  A  largo 
earthen  pitcher. —  2.  A.  coarse  kind  of  bread. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Bro'wnian  (brou'ni-an).  «.  Pertaining  or  relat- 
ing to  any  person  bearing  the  name  of  Brown; 


Brownian 

Bninonian.    Brownian  movement,  n  rapid  nacilla- 

tury  niittinn  often  nhstTvi-il  in  wry  iiiiimU;  i»irtic'lL*8  sua- 

{HMiiU'il  in  wulcT  in"  utlKT  liiniiii,  itH  wlitrii  nirinine  or  Kunl- 
)o};l'  is  nUiln'il  up  in  watt-r,  anil  (Irst  (lus(;ril>L'ii  l»y  Jloljort 
Itrown  (17ri7-18.'tl),  ii  Scutch  liutanist  unil  ii;:ricMillurjst.  It 
is  ;i  pnri-ly  pliysiciil  ijhcuonu-nnu,  nut  vital,  and  is  prob- 
at>ly  lAplaitu-d  by  the  fact  that  the  i)artii-lcs  are  in  veiy 
(Kliiate  i-ijuilibriuni,  and  hence  extremely  sensitive  to 
tlif  sliu'htest  change  of  temperature.  Also  and  uri^iiinlly 
called  Jlniniinittn  iimlU'ii  or  inorcufut. 

brownie  (brou'ni),  n.  [Sc,  dim.  of  hrowii :  so 
culled  from  their  supposed  color.]  In  Scot- 
land, a  spirit  supposed  to  haunt  houses,  partic- 
ularly farm-houses.  The  bnovnie  was  believeil  t.i  be 
very  liscful  to  the  family,  l>artieularly  if  tieatcd  well  by 
them,  and  to  the  servants,  for  whom  while  lliey  slejtt  he 
was  wont  to  do  many  pieces  of  drndf:ery.  In  aiipearanee 
the  brownie  was  said  to  be  meager,  shay^y,  and  wild. 

It  would  he  eafiy  to  trace  the  belief  in  brownies  ...  to 
the  lar,  or  hearth  spirit  of  the  ancients 

Uncyc.  Brit..  II.  204. 

browning  (hrou'ning),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  JroiCH, 
I'.J  1.  The  iu-t  of  making  brown.  Specifically, 
the  process  of  darkeninj;  the  polished  snrf.aces  of  gun- 
biUTels  :ind  other  metallic  objects,  chlorid  or  butter  of 
antimony,  called  l/ruitziufz-nutl,  is  used  in  the  process. 
2.  A  preparation  of  sugar,  port  wine,  spices, 
etc.,  for  coloring  and  flavoring  meat  and  made 
dishes. 

Brownism  (brou'uizm),  H.     [<  Brown  +  -ism.'] 

1.  The  ecclesiastical  system  and  doctrine  of 
the  Brownists ;  Independency  or  Congregation- 
alism. 

ilowever,  I  must,  without  fear  of  offending,  express  my 
fear,  that  the  leven  of  that  rigid  thing  they  call  Brown- 
uvm  has  prevailed  sometimes  a  little  of  the  fui-thest  in 
the  administrations  of  this  pious  people. 

C.  Mather,  JIag.  Chris.,  i.  3. 

2.  The  Brunonian  theory.     See  Brunonian. 
Brownist  (bron'nist),  «.     [<  Brown.  +  -ist.]    A 

follower  of  Robert  lirown  or  Browne  (about 
1550-1033),  a  Puritan,  who  first  organized  the 
body  of  dissenters  from  the  Church  of  England 
afterward  called  Independents.  See  CoiKjrcyci- 
iionalist. 

I  had  as  lief  be  a  Brownki  as  a  politician. 

Shnk.,  T.  N.,  iii.  2. 
If  I  hate  any,  'tis  those  schismaticks  that  puzzle  the 
sweet  peace  of  our  (.^hurch ;  so  that  I  could  be  content  to 
see  an  Anabaptist  go  to  hell  on  a  Bri'irni.-^t'ft  back. 

lluwdl,  Familiar  Letters,  I.  vi.  32. 

The  word  Puritan  seems  to  be  (plashed,  and  all  that  here- 

tofi>re  were  counted  such  are  now  Brownhts.  Milton. 

Brownistic,  Brownistical  (brou-nis'tik,  -ti- 
kal),  o.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brownists  or 
to  their  doctrines  and  practices ;  characterized 
by  Brownism. 

About  the  time  of  Governour  Bradford's  death,  religion 
itself  had  like  to  have  died  in  that  colony,  throu.eh  a  lib- 
ertine and  iJroH'nuVfc/.'  spirit  then  prevailin--' anioni:  the 
people,  and  a  strong  disposition  to  liisennnteiiance  tlie 
gospel-ministry,  by  setting  up  the  "gifts  of  jirivate  t,retli- 
ren  ■  in  oppusition  thereto.    C.  Mntlier,  Mag,  Chris.,  ii.  2. 

brown-leemer,  brown-leeming(broun'le"mer, 

-ming),  H.  Aripe  brown  nut.  Also  called  Jcoii'ji- 
shuUer.     [Prov.  Eug.] 

bro'wnness  (brouu'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing brown. 

brown-shuUer  (broun'shul'''er),  n.  [That  is, 
"browii-.slicllcr.']     Same  as  browiir-lecmer. 

brown-spar  (broun'spiir),  h.  a  name  given  to 
a  ferruginous  variety  of  dolomite. 

brcwnstone  (broun'ston),  >i.  A  name  given  to 
various  kinds  of  dark-brown  sandstone.  In  the 
United  states  it  is  the  sandstone  from  the  quarries  in  the 
Triassic  or  New  lied  Sandstone,  and  especially  such  a  stone 
from  (piarries  in  the  Connecticut  river  valley,  much  used 
as  a  building-stone. 

bro'Wn-stout  (broun'stouf),  »•  A  superior  kind 
of  porter.     See  stout. 

bro'Wnwort  (broun'wert),  «.  [ME.  not  found ; 
<  AS.  bruii-wj/rt,  <  bruit,  brown,  +  tfi/rt,  wort.] 
1.  A  name  of  the  plants  Scroplnthirfit  (tquatictt 
and  .S'.  noilosa,  derived  from  the  color  of  the 
stems. — 2.  A  name  of  the  self-heal,  BrimcUa 
vultjaris.  from  its  use  in  a  disease  of  the  throat 
called  die  briiunc  (the  brown)  in  German. 

brO'Wny  (brou'ni),  a.  and  n.     [<  brown  +  -!/'>■. 

Cf.  brownie]    I.f  a.  Somewhat  bro\vn :  as,  "  liis 

Irowny  locks,"  Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  85. 

II.  H. ;   pi.  brownies  (-niz).      The  top-knot. 

[Local  Kng.  (Cornwall).] 

brow-post(l>rou'p6st),  (I.  In  nrc7j.,  a  cross-beam. 

browse'  (brouz),  «.  [Ajipar.  for  'broitsf,  <  OF. 
broust.  a  sprout,  shoot,  bud,  P.  brouf,  browse, 
browse-wood  (cf.  Sp.  ftroco,  rubbish  of  leaves, 
etc.,  hrota,  brote,  genu  of  a  vine,  bud  of  trees, 
thickets,  rubbish),  prob.  <  MEG.  bro::,  G.  dial. 
(Bav.)  brass,  brosst,  a  bud  (cf.  Bret,  brous,  a 
bud,  shoot,  broiist,  a  thick  bush,  brousta,  browse ; 
prob.  from  the  F.) ;  cf.  OS.  brustian,  sprout,  and 
see  brush.]  The  tender  shoots  or  twigs  of  shrubs 
and  trees,  such  as  (tattle  may  eat ;  green  food  lit 
for  cattle,  deer,  etc.    Also  spelled  browze. 


698 

Tho  whiles  their  gotes  upon  the  l/rmtzfif  fcdd. 

S;/p)«cr,  K  ti.,  HI.  x.  45. 
Up  hither  drive  thy  goats,  anti  play  by  me  : 
This  hill  has  Ijnui'ni'  for  them,  and  sliadi-  for  thee. 

iJrjidfn,  tr.  of  (Jvid's  .Metainorph.,  i.  !M3. 
The  deer  leave  the  mountains  and  come  tu  the  plains 
below  Ui  feed  on  the  browne  of  the  bircli. 

Sportjtman'ti  Gazetteer,  p.  (i3. 

browse'  (brouz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  browscil,  ppr. 
bruwsinij.  [Also  Jrrowzc,  early  mod.  E.  also 
broitsc,  brou^c,  bronze,  appar.  for  "broust,  <  OF. 
broustcr,  F.  broiitir  (cf.  E.  dial,  brut,  Ijrowse) 
=  Pr.  brostar,  nibble  off  the  buds,  sprouts,  and 
bark  of  plants,  browse,  <  OF.  Iirnusl,  a  sprout, 
shoot,  bud:  see  (jtoicstI,  ».]  I,  trans.  1.  To  feed 
on ;  pasture  on ;  graze :  said  of  cattle,  deer,  etc. 

Elysian  lawns 
Browned  by  none  but  Dian's  fawns.     Keats,  Ode. 
The  fields  between 
Are  dewy-fresh,  Itroirsed  by  deep-udder'd  kine. 

Ten/nimn,  tiardener's  Daughter. 

2.  To  nibble  and  consimie;  eatoff:  said  of  cattle. 

The  barks  of  trees  thou  browsedst.    .S'/taA-.,  A.  and  C,  i.  4. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  graze;  specifically,  to  feed 
on  the  tender  shoots,  branelies,  or  bark  of  shrubs 
and  trees :  said  of  herbivorous  animals. 

Such  like  sort  of  fruit,  which  those  animals  brmz'd  upon. 
OldyA,  Life  of  Raleigh. 

The  full  lips,  the  rough  tongue,  the  corrugated  caitila- 
ginons  iialate,  the  broad  cutting  teeth  of  the  ox,  the  deer, 
the  bi'r.--e,  and  the  slieei>,  qualify  tliis  tribe  for  broiesimj 
upon  their  p;uitiire.  Pateit,  Nat.  Theol.,  ii. 

2.  To  feed:  said  of  himian  beings.     [Rare.] 
There  is  cold  meat  i'  the  cave  ;  we'll  browse  on  that. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  6. 

browse^   (brouz),   n.      [Origin    obscure.]      In 
metal.,  imperfectly  smelted  ore. 
browser  (brou'zer),  n.    One  who  browses.  Also 
spelled  Iiroii'-er. 
browse- wood  (brouz'-wud),  n.    Bushes  or  twigs 

ou  which  animals  feed.     [Rare.] 
brow-sickt  (brou'sik),  a.     Sick  with  the  brow- 
ague;  dejected;  hanging  the  head. 

But  yet  a  gracious  influence  from  you 
May  alter  nature  in  our  bi-ow-sick  crew. 

Sucklimi,  Prol,  to  a  Masque. 

browsing  (brou'zin.g),  J(.  [Verbal  n.  of  browse"^, 
r.]  A  place  where  animals  may  browse:  as, 
"  broirsinijsioTthe  deer,"  Howell,  Letters,  I.  ii.  8. 
Also  brotrziiiii. 

brow-snag  (brou'snag),  n.  Same  as  brow-an  tier. 

browspot  (brou'spot),  n.  A  glandular  body 
between  the  eyes  of  a  frog  or  toad ;  the  inter- 
ocular  body,  probably  giving  rise  to  the  fiction 
of  the  jewel  in  the  head  of  these  animals. 

browst  (broust),  )(.  [Connected  with  brow,  a 
form  of /((•(■((■I,  q.  v.]  That  which  is  brewed ;  as 
much  li(juor  as  is  brewed  at  one  time.   [Scotch.] 

browstert,  "-     -An  obsolete  form  of  brewster"^. 

brow-transom  (brou'tran'som),  n.  An  upper 
transom. 

browze,  n.  and  !'.     See  browse'^-. 

browzer,  browzing.    See  broicser,  broiosing. 

broydt,  '■■  '.     An  obsolete  form  of  braids. 

bruang  (bro'ang),  n.  The  native  name  of  the 
Malayan  sun-bear,  Ilelarctos  inalai/anus.  It  luis 
fine  and  glossy  black  fur,  with  a  white  p.atch  on  the  breast. 


bruise 

hrucV),  <Gr.  fltmi'X'ic,  alocust  without  wings.]  1. 
A  genus  of  Cok-ojiterii,  represented  by  the  pea- 
weevils.  It  so  closely  resembles  in  general  appearance 
the  snout-beetles  that  it  is  usually  classed  with  the  Ji/tt/n- 
chophora.  Recent  investigations  liave,  however,  demon- 
strated the  fact  that  it  is  much  more  clo.sely  related  to  the 
leaf-beetles  {Clirysomelidif),  from  which  it  is  distinguished 
only  by  tiie  distinctly  pedunculate  submcntuin.  A  large 
number  of  small  species,  now  subdivided  into  several  gen- 
era, are  comprised  in  this  genus,  all  reailily  recogidzable 
from  their  squarish  form,  somewhat  narrowing  anteriorly; 


Bruang  \Hflarctos  nlalayanus), 

and  a  long  and  very  flexile  tongue,  which  it  insinuates 

into  recesses  of  the  nests  of  wild  bees,  to  rob  them  of  their 

honey.    It  is  eiuiily  domesticated,  very  harmless,  and  fond 

of  children. 
brubru  (luo'bro),  «.     [Prob.  a  native  name.] 

A  book-name  of  an  African  shrike,  the  Lanius 

or  Xilaiis  bridiru. 
bmchid  (bro'kid),  n.    A  beetle  of  the  family 

/>/'»(■/(  «7(c. 
Bruchidae  (bro'ki-de),  «.  pi.    [NL..  <  Hnichus  + 

-ida:.]     A  family  of  phytophagous  Coleoptcra, 

typitied  by  the  genus  Bniehns. 
Bruchus  (liro'kus),  «.     [LL.  briicliu.%  ML.  also 

brucm  (>  ult,  E.  dial,  bruck,  a  field-cricket :  see 


European  Grain-Bnjchus(5.^(iHiii-i'Mr).  (Small  figureshows natural 
size.)    a,  egg  ot  Bruthus  fist,  magnined. 

the  head  being  produced  into  a  short  beak,  and  the  hind 
femora  usually  dilated  ami  in  most  species  toothed.  In  the 
larval  st.ate  they  live  in  the  seeds  of  plants,  especially  of 
the  family  Leouminoste,  as  the  bean  and  pea.  Tile  holes 
often  observed  in  peas  are  made  by  the  perfect  bruchus 
to  effect  its  escape. 

2.  [I.  c]  A  member  of  this  genus.  [The  word 
bruchus  is  used  in  the  Donay  version  of  the  Bilde,  by  litt-ral 
transcription  from  the  Latin,  in  several  places  where  the 
King  James  version  \\tis  locust,  caterjiillar,  ov  eankeneonn  ; 
tlie  first  two  are  also  found  in  Cli.iUoner's  revision  in  some 
places  where  the  Vulgate  has  bruehus.] 

brucina  (bro-si'na),  n.   [NL.]    Same  as  brucine. 

brucine,  brucin  (bro'sin),  «.  [<  Brueea  (a  ge- 
nus of  shrubs  named  after  J.  Bruee  (1730-!H), 
the  African  traveler)  +  -inc"^,  -in'-.]  A  vege- 
table alkaloid  (C2H2GN2O4),  discovered  in  what 
was  thought  to  be  the  bark  of  the  Brueea  anti- 
(hjsentcrica,  but  which  was  that  of  l<tryehnos 
Xux-romica.  Its  taste  is  exceedingly  bitter  and  acrid, 
audit  forms  with  the  acids  salts  which  are  stdubleand  gen- 
erally crystallizable.  Its  action  on  the  animal  economy 
is  similar  to  that  of  strychnine,  but  much  less  powerfuL 

brucite  (bro'sit),  n.  [After  I)r.  Bruce,  a  min- 
eralogist of  New  York.]  1.  A  native  hydrate 
of  magnesium,  usually  fotmd  in  thin  foliated 
plates,  of  a  white  or  greenish  color  and  pearly 
luster. — 2.  Same  as  chondrodite. 

bruck  (bruk),  ».  [E.  dial.,  also  brock;  <  ME.  bruk, 
brule,  a  yoimg  locust,  grasshopper,  =  Sp.  bruyo 
=  It.  brufo,  a  grub,  caterpillar,  <  L.  bruchus: 
see  Bruelnis.]    A  field-cricket.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bruckle  (bruk'l),  a.    A  dialectal  (Scotch)  form 
of  brickie. 
Lasses  and  glasses  are  bruckle  ware.         Scotch  proverb. 

bruet,  >'■     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bretv^. 

bruett,  ".     See  hreiret. 

bruff(bruf),  «.  [E.dial.;  cf.  Wh;?i.]  1.  Hearty; 
jolly;  healthy.— 2.  Proud  ;  elated.— 3.  Rough 
in  manner.     Halliirell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brugh,  ".     See  brou(/h". 

brugnet,  «•  [OF. :  see  broigne.]  Same  as 
broigne. 

bruh  (bro),  n.  A  name  of  the  pig-taUed  ma- 
caque, Maeaciw  nemestrinus. 

bruik  (bruk),  V.  t.    A  Scotch  form  of  brook-. 

bruilzie  (briirzi),  n.     See  bruhjie. 

bruin  (brii'in;  I),  pron.  broin),  n.  [The  name 
given  to  the  bear  in  the  Dutch  version  of  the 
celebrated  tale  or  fable  of  Reynard  the  Fox, 
being  merely  the  D.  bruin  =  OHG.  MHG.  britn, 
G.  braitn  =  E.  brown,  q.  v.]  A  name  given  to 
the  bear.  [As  a  quasi-proper  name,  it  is  often 
^v^itten  M-ith  a  cajjital  letter.] 

bruise  (liriiz).  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bruised,  ppr. 
hriiisiug.  [The  spelling  bruise  is  due  to  t)F. 
bruiser  (see  below);  earlj-  mod.  E.  brii.se.  bruze, 
<  ME.  broosen,  bro,ien,  brusen,  also  broiisen, 
broi/sen,  more  fi'equently  bri/srn,  brisen,  bresen, 
also  brissen,  bresseu,  break,  bniise;  partly  < 
AS.  brysun,  break,  bruise  (to  which  all  the  ME. 
forms  except  broosen,  brosen,  brousen,  broy- 
sen  eotUd  be  referred;  but  the  reg.  mod.  rep- 
resentative of  AS.  brysan  would  be  brize  or 
*breezc :  see  brise^) ;  partly  <  OF.  bru.ser,  broser, 
brui,ser,  bruisier,  lirisi(r,  brisrr,  F.  briser.  break 
(to  which  all  the  ME.  forms  could  be  referred). 
Cf.  bri,is-,  brise'i,  breeze^,  brazil.  It  is  not  certain 
that  the  AS.  form  is  related  to  the  F.  form; 
the  origin  of  lioth  is  unkno\vn.  Cf.  Gael.  Ir. 
ir/.s,  break.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  injure  by  a  blow 
or  by  pressure  without  laceration  ;  contuse,  as 
a  5)liant  substance;  dent  or  lieat  in  without 
breaking,  as  an.'.'thing  hard :  as,  to  bruise  the 
hand;  a  bruised  apple;  '"liis  bruised  shield," 
Mak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.,  Prol.  (cho.). 


bruise 

And  Bhewyd  to  mc  nil  tlic  f'nstyll  with  in  The  towers, 
the  wiiUys  are  sore  hrtmtid  and  hrokyn  with  the  ertlie 
qwake  wliieli  was  iti  Aprill  lust  pust. 

Tinkinijtun,  Diiirie  (it  Enf;.  TruvcU,  p.  18. 

lie  rode  ouer  hyin  on  horsehak  thre  or  foiire  tynies, 
and  briimrd  hym  sore  and  foule  that  nyuh  he  was  ther- 
with  slayii.  ilrrlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii,  476. 

2.  To  crush  by  beating  or  poiiniiing;  pound; 
bray,  as  drugs  or  articles  of  food. 

Man,  like  to  eas.sia,  is  prov  <i  liest,  beiiiK  Itrnind. 

Wi-hxlfi;  Duehi'ss  of  .Vlaltl,  iii.  r.. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  beat  down  or  oppress ;  cud- 
gel, as  the  brain  ;  scourge  ;  damage. 

BruUd  underneath  the  yoke  nf  tyranny. 

SJiiili.',  Itieh.  III.,  V.  2. 

I  will  bntUe  my  brains  and  eontlne  myself  to  inneh 

vexation.  li*'au.  ami  Ft.,  Woman- Hater,  v.  2. 

II,  intrans.  To  fight  with  the  fists;  box. 
limisimj  was  eonsidered  a  hne,  manly  old  English  eus- 
tom.  Thnckfraii. 

bruise  (brfiz),  «.  [<  hniisr,  v.]  A  contusion; 
a  supi'rficial  injury  caused  by  impact,  without 
laceration,  as  of  an  animal  body,  a  plant,  or 
other  imi)ressil)le  object. 

bruiser  (brb'zer),   H.      1.  One  who  bruises.— 

2.  A  concave  tool  for  grinding  the  specula  of 
telescopes.  It  is  nmde  of  lira,ss,  aliont  a  quarter  of  ar] 
ineh  thiek,  hammered  as  near  the  {;a^e  as  ]ios.silile.  l'.y 
this  instrument  the  speeulum  is  prepared  for  the  hands 
of  the  polisher. 

3.  The  name  of  various  machines  for  bruising 
grain,  etc.,  for  feeding  cattle. — 4.  A  boxer; 
a  pugilist ;  a  bully. 

l-'or  do  not  men  delight — 
We  call  them  men  —  our  Iiruvinrn  to  exeite. 
And  urye  with  bribing  gold,  and  feed  them  for  the  fight  ? 

Crabhe. 

Gentlemen  were  bruisers,  and  hrmaers  were  gentlemen. 

J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  7. 

5.  A  name  api)lied  to  various  plauts  supposed 

to  be  efficaoious  in  healing  bruises,  as  bruise- 

■wort,  soapwort,  etc.    [Eng.] 

bruisewort  (broz'wert),  n.     [ME.  hrysewort,  < 

liri/srii,  l.iruise,  +  wort,  wort.]    A  name  given  to 

several  j)lauts,  as  the  daisy  (Bellisjiei-euni-'.),  the 

soapwort  (.s'(7/)oH(//V((  officiiialix).  etc,  from  their 

supposed  efficacy  in  healing  bruises. 

In  the  curious  treatise  of  the  virtues  of  herlis.  Royal 

MS.  18  A.  vi.,  fol.  72  b,  is  mentioned  "britf^ewart,  or  bon- 

wurt,  or  daysye,  uonsolida  nnnor.  good  to  breke  boeehes." 

Wai/,  Promptorium,  p.  52,  note. 

bruising  (bro'zing),  H.     [Verbal  n.  of  bruise,  r.] 

1.  Ill  Hax-workinij,  the  process  of  passing  flax, 
after  rettiug,  between  grooved  rollers,  to  break 
the  woody  portion;  scutching. — 2.  A  method 
of  treating  hides  by  rubbing  the  grained  side 
■with  a  graining-board. — 3.  In  iriiif-iiKikhiy, 
the  process  of  pounding  or  stamping  grapes 
with  a  wooden  maul  or  pestle,  to  soften  the 
skins  and  fleshy  part. 

bruit  (brot),  «.  [<  ME.  brut,  brmjt,  brout,  <  OF. 
bruit,  brui,  F.  bruit,  noise,  uproar,  rumor  (=  Pr. 
bruicli,  bruit,  brut  =  It.  briiilo  ;  ML.  brugitus),  < 
OF.  bruirc,  F.  hruire  =  Pr.  brwjir,  bru:ir  =  It. 
bruin;  rustle,  roar;  of  uncertain  origin.]  1. 
Report;  rumor;  fame. 

A  bruit  ran  from  one  to  the  other  that  the  king  was 
slain.  .SVr  P.  Sidneii. 

There  t^ame  an  uncertaine  briiite  from  liarbatios  i.f 
some  disorder  there.  fjreljiii.  Diary,  June  2(1,  lt>71. 

To  view  wliat  bruit  by  virtue  got,  their  lives  coidd  justly 
crave. 
A  Praise  of  Mistress  Ryce,  Arber's  Eng.  Gamer,  I.  38. 

2.  A  noise;  a  loud  sound;  a  din. 

.Some  fresh  bruit 
Startled  me  all  aheap.  Bood. 

3.  [Mod.  F.,  pron.  brwe.]  In  p^/Z/o?.,  the  name 
given  to  sounds  of  various  nature,  in  general 
abnormal,  produced  in  the  body,  or  evoked  in 
it,  by  percussion  or  suecussion :  used  to  some 
extent  in  English.- Bruit  de  galop,  a  cardiac  sound 
suggesting  a  gallop,  the  normal  Inst  sduiiil  lieiii^' picct-ded 
l)y  a  faint  jiresystolic  sound.  -  Bruit  de  SCie,  a  rougli  car- 
diac murmur,  suggesting  the  sound  of  a  saw. — Bruit  du 
diable  ("Icvil's  bruit),  a  continuous  humnnng  sound  heard 
in  tile  ju;;ular  veins  at  the  b:ise  of  the  neck;  venous  hum. 
It  is  more  frequent  and  more  marked  in  young  persons 
tJKui  in  adults,  and  in  anemic  tlian  in  normal  states. 

bruit  (briit),  r.     l<l,ruit,  «.]    I.  trans.  To  an- 
nounce with  noise;  report;  noise  abroad. 
Uy  this  great  clatter  one  of  the  greatest  note 
Seems  bruited.  S/iak.,  .Macbeth,  v.  7. 

Tliou  art  no  less  than  fame  hath  bruited. 

.S'An*-.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 
It  is  marvell  to  think  what  his  friends  meant,  to  let 
come  abroad  such  shallow  reastiidugs  with  the  name  of  a 
man  so  nuich  bruited  for  learning. 

Milton,  cbureh-Goveniment,  i.  5. 
But  a  dark  rumtiur  will  be  bruited  up. 
From  trilie  to  tribe,  until  it  reach  his  ear. 

M.  Arniild,  Sohrab  and  Rustum. 

II.  iKtrans.  To  give  forth  soiuid  ;  sound. 
Bronze  clarions  awake  and  faintly  bruit. 

Keats,  Endymion,  I 


C99 

bruleH,  v.  t.  [ME.,  <  OF.  hrulcr,  brtislcr,  F. 
briiler,  burn  :  see  hru.^tlc'^.]     To  burn. 

In  enery  part  put  to  wjus  the  fire, 

Ther  paynymes  were  Itruled  and  brend  entire. 

Rum.  uf  Parleimy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  2289. 

Als  tlie  mostc  parte  of  thys  said  abbay 
By  hym  stroied,  bruled  and  scorched  tho  : 
Ther  not  lefte  ne  bode  o  soule  nmn  that  day. 

Jtmit.  o/Parteuai/  (E.  E.  T.  a.),  I.  aslS. 

brule"t,  '■.    An  obsolete  form  of  broil^.   Catholi- 

viiii  .Int/licuin. 

briil6e  (hro'la),  n.  [F.,  prop.  fern.  pp.  of  bril- 
Icr,  burn.]  In  ('anada,  a  piece  of  woodland 
from  wliich  the  timber  has  been  burned;  a 
burned  district. 

brulyement  {brUl'ye-ment),  n.  Same  as  broil- 
iiiiiit.     [Scotch.] 

brulyie  (briil'vi),  «.  [Sc,  also  written  brulsie 
(here,  as  in  iLisoil^ic,  etc..  r  represents  the  old 
r-shaped  //;  -///-,  like  -///-  in  liiUiard.i,  represent- 
ing the  former  F.  sound  of  -//-),  <  F.  brouillc, 
a  quarrel,  etc.:  see  broil'^.]  Same  as  broil". 
liurH.i. 

brulzie  (briU'j-i),  «.     See  brulj/ic. 

Brumaire  (ImVmar'),  «.  [F.  (after  L.  "bruma- 
<'i».s),  <  brume,  fog,  <  L.  bruiiKi,  winter:  see 
bruitie.}  The  second  month  in  the  calendar 
adojited  by  the  first  French  rcpulilic,  beginning 
<  )ctober  22d  and  ending  November  20th  (1793). 

brumal  (brii'mal),  a.  [=  F.  brumtil,  <  L.  bru- 
malis,  <  brumo,  winter:  see  hrumr.']  Belonging 
to  winter;  wintry;  hibernal.  Sir  T.  Herbert; 
<S'(>  T.  liroicne. 

An<l  in  the  sky  as  yet  no  sunny  ray, 

I'.ut  brumal  vapors  gray.  Loniifeltow. 

brume  (brom),  «.  [F.,  fog,  mist,  haze,  <  L. 
Iinimii,  the  shortest  day  in  the  year,  the  win- 
ter solstice,  hence  winter;  prob.  for  *brevima, 
equiv.  to  brerinsima,  superl.  fem.  of  hrevis, 
short:  see  i)-«/.]     Mist;  fog;  vapors.    [Rare.] 

And  sutldenly  through  the  drifting  brume 

The  blare  of  tile  horns  began  to  ring.     Lomj/elloie. 

brummagem  (I)rum'a-jem),  a.  [Formerly  also 
spelled  broiiiiili/lium,  etc.,  corruptions  of  Bir- 
mintjltam  in  England,  where  many  plated  arti- 
cles and  cheap  trinkets  are  made.]  Showy  but 
worthless;  fictitious;  sham.    [Slang or coUoq.] 

brumous  (brii'mus),  a.  [<  bruiue  +  -ous.']  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  winter;  hence,  foggy; 
misty;  dull  and  sunless:  as,  a  ;>/'Mmo«s climate. 

brun  (brun),  ('.     A  dialectal  form  of  burn^. 

brunef,  u.     Same  as  broiyne. 

brunette  (bro-uef),  n.  and  a.  [F.,  fem.  dim.  of 
brun,  brown:  see  brtnrn.  Cf.  burnet^,  burnet-.] 
I.  n.  A  woman  with  dark  hair  and  eyes  and 
bro\vn  or  dark  complexion. 

Your  fair  women  therefore  thought  of  this  fashion  to  in- 
sult the  olives  and  the  brunettes.      Mancliester  Gttardian. 

II.  a.  Dark  in  color;  ha^^ng  a  brownish  or 
olive  tone:  said  of  the  complexion. 

bruniat,  «■     [ML.]     Same  as  broiyne. 

brunion  (bnui'yon),  n.  [<  F.  brugnon,  a  nec- 
tarine, <  L.  jirununi,  a  plum:  see  prnne.l  A 
nectarine. 

Brunner's  glands.    See  gland. 

Brunonian  (bro-no'ni-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  MIj. 
Bniii(i(ii-)  (<  brunu.'i,  brown),  proper  name  cor- 
responding to  E.  Brown  (see  brown),  +  -i«h.]  I. 
a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  any  person  bear- 
ing the  name  of  Brown;  Brownian Bruno- 
nian motion'  ur  movement.     Same  as  Unnmian  more. 

}iu-ni  (which  see,  under  Hrou-nian). — Brunonian theory, 
a  theory  of  medicine  founded  by  Dr.  John  Brown  of 
Edinburgh  (1735-88),  according  to  wliieh  diseases  are 
divided  into  two  classes,  those  resulting  from  a  deficiency 
and  those  resulting  from  an  excess  of  excitement  —  the  one 
class  to  be  treated  with  stinuilants,  the  other  with  deliili- 
tating  medicines.     Also  called  Urou'ni.vn. 

II.  II.  A  student  or  graduate  of  Brown  Uni- 
versity in  Providence,  Rhode  I.sland. 

brunstane  (brun'stan),  n.  A  Scotch  form  of 
hriinsliHic. 

brunswick  (brunz'wik),  n.  [Named  from 
Brunswick  (G.  Brtiuniehwiig)  in  Germany.]  A 
close-fitting  outdoor  habit  for  ladies,  intro- 
duced into  England  from  Germany  about  1750. 
The  upper  portion  wius  made  with  the  lapels  open,  and  a 
collar  like  that  of  a  mans  coat. 

Brvmswick  green.    See  green. 

brunt'  (liruiit),  n.  [<  ME.  brunt,  hront,  shock, 
impetus,  sudden  impulse;  appar..  with  forma- 
tive -t  (cf.  Dan.  Iiriiiiiti;  conflagration,  heat ; 
Goth,  "brun.its,  in  oia-hrun.'<t.s,  a  whole  burnt- 
offering),  connected  with  brunc,  AS.  bri/ne,  a 
burning  (also  brine:  see  brine^  (=  Icel.  bruni, 
a  burning,  >  bruiiii,  advance  with  the  speed  of 
fire,  said  of  a  standard  in  the  heat  of  battle, 
of  a  ship  under  full  sail,  etc.),  <  'brinnan  :  see 
6Mr»i.]      1.    A  sudden  shock  or  impetus;   a 


brush 

collision,  onset,  or  attack ;  a  strentions  effort. 
[Now  rare.] 
Thei  sporered  thcire  horse  over  the  brigge  at  a  brunt. 

Merlin,  ii.  282. 

I  must  resolve  to  stand  to  the  hazard  of  all  brunts  now. 

Ford,  Love's  .Saeriflce,  v.  2. 

It  is  instantly  and  irrecoverably  scattered  by  our  first 
brunt  with  some  real  alfairof  common  life.       Is.  Taylor. 

2.  The  heat  or  utmost  violence  of  an  onset; 
the  strength  or  violence  of  any  contention. 

The  quiver  of  your  arguments  wliich  is  ever  thin,  and 
weakly  stor'd,  after  the  tlrst  brunt,  is  quite  emjity. 

Milton,  Chureh-Goveniment,  i.  6. 
We  find  the  Christian  chivalry  always  ready  to  bear  the 
brunt  of  battle  against  the  Moors. 

Present f,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  rt. 

bruntlf, ''•  i.     [ME.  brunten ;  <  brunt,  n.J     To 
make  a  sudden  start.     Prompt.  I'ltrr. 

brunt-  (brunt),  2Hi.  and  p.  a.    A  dialectal  fonn 
(if  hurut. 

brunyt,  ".     See  byrnie. 

brush  (brush),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bru.she, 
liriisclir  :  <  ME.  hru.-i.slii;  bruselie,  <  OF.  broehi; 
broce,  bruiii.ic,  brossc,  a  bush,  a  bushy  place, 
brushwood,  thicket,  =  Pr.  brosfia  =  Sp.  broza, 
brusliwood,  thicket,  rubbish  of  leaves  and  bark, 
=  ML.  bru.iciii,  a  thicket  (cf.  ML.  bru.teale, 
OF.  broii.'iiiilli;  >  HE.  bru.sehullc,  a  thicket), 
appar.  confused  with  bruscu.i  (>  It.  Sp.  Pg. 
brusco,  F.  brii.sT,  >  G.  briiseh,  butcher's  broom, 
knee-holly;  cf.  It.  bruseu,  "ling  or  heath  to 
make  brushes  or  broomes  \vith"  (Florio),  now 
a  horse-brush),  also  ru.scu.s,  var.  of  L.  riLscHm, 
rii.stuin,  butchers  broom;  hence,  as  a  particu- 
lar sense  of  the  same  word  (from  the  use  of 
small  bushy  plants,  as  heath,  for  the  jjurpose), 
a  brush,  ME.  brusshe,  bruselie,  <  OF.  brouesse, 
broisse,  bro.'isc,  F.  6ros.se  =  Sp.  broza,  bru:a,  a 
brush ;  cf.  ML.  brnstia,  a  kind  of  comb  (resting 
partly  jjerhaps  on  MHG.  biirste,  a  brush,  <  borst 
=  AS.  bi/rst,  bristle :  see  bristle) ;  perhaps  < 
MHG.  broz,  a  bud,  shoot:  see  browse^.  The 
forms  and  senses  are  involved ;  for  the  senses, 
cf.  iroo«/l.]  1.  The  small  trees  and  shrubs  of 
a  wood ;  a  thicket  of  small  trees ;  scrub. 
Out  of  the  thickest  brush.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  15. 

Tlie  country  is  almost  wholly  marshy,  and  covered  witli 
brush  or  low  palms,  withpoinls  hel'e  and  there. 

Scienre,  V.  216. 

2.  Branches  of  trees  lopped  off :  brushwood : 
a  sense  common  in  the  United  States. —  3.  A 
tract  of  country  covered  by  thickets;  hence,  a 
thinly  settled  country ;  the  backwoods.  [South- 
western U.  S.] — 4.  An  insti-ument  of  various 
forms,  according  to  its  intended  use,  consist- 
ing of  a  quantity  of  some  flexible  material 
attached  to  a  handle  or  stock.  Brushes  are  used 
for  aiiplyiiig  paint  and  similar  substances,  cleaning, 
polishing,  rubliing,  smoothing,  etc.  Their  commonest 
materials  are  bristles  and  certain  kinds  of  hair.  For 
some  purposes  these  are  secured  in  a  bunch  to  a  fen-ule 
at  the  end  of  a  handle,  or  bound  or  fastened  to  the  liandle 
itself ;  for  others  they  are  inserted  in  doubled  tufts  into 
holes  bored  in  a  stock,  with  or  without  a  handle,  the  pro- 
jecting doubled  ends  being  secured  by  wires  or  otherwise, 
and  in  ordinary  forms  covered  by  a  back-piece  glued  on. 
Among  the  materials  useii  for  making  brushes  are  bristles, 
hair  of  the  badger,  biar,  aii<l  goat,  hair  from  tlie  tails  of  the 
red  and  black  salile,  i.imels'  hair  (so  called,  but  commonly 
Russian  squirrel),  titch-  (.skunk-)  and  boi^thair,  broom- 
corn,  ratan,  split  cane,  rushes,  cocoanut-tllier,  the  roots 
and  fibers  of  many  tropical  plants,  wire,  spun  glass,  fea- 
thers, etc.  The  word  is  often  compounded,  sllowing  the 
speciile  puriioscs  forwhieh  it  is  used,  as  blacking-,  clothes-, 
dust-,  bat  ,  hair-,  nail-,  paint-,  tooth-,  scrubbing-,  and 
whitewasb-biush.     See  pencil. 

5.  Anything  resembling  a  brush,  as  the  tails 
of  some  animals,  as  the  fo.x,  or  the  panicles  of 
broom-corn  used  in  tho  manufacture  of  brooms. 
— 6.  An  agricultural  instrument  made  of  small 
trees,  as  the  birch,  and  used  instead  of  a  han'ow 
for  covering  grain,  gi'ass-seed.  etc.,  after  they 
have  been  sowti. —  7.  In  dynamo-electric  ma- 
chines (which  see,  under  eleetric),  one  of  the 
bundles  of  copper  wires  or  plates  which  are  in 
contact  with  the  commutator  of  the  armature 
on  opposite  sides,  and  serve  to  take  off  the  posi- 
tive and  negative  currents  of  electiicity  gener- 
ated.— 8.  In  elect.,  the  luminous  phenomenon, 
consisting  of  diverging  rays  of  pale-blue  light, 
observed  when  the  discharge  of  an  electric 
machine  takes  place  into  the  air  from  a  small 
ball  or  rounded  jioint. — 9.  [From  the  verb.] 
A  passage;  especially,  a  quick  rifie  through  the 
brush  or  across  country  ;  a  chase. 

Let  us  enjoy  a  brush  across  the  county.  Fielding. 

10.  A  skirmish;  a  slight  encoiuiter;  a  shock; 
a  collision:  as,  to  have  a  brush  with  the  enemy. 

\a-X  grow  thy  sinews  till  their  knot.s  be  strong, 
.KiiiX  tempt  not  yet  the  brushes  of  the  war. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  3. 


brush 

no  might,  molhiiiks,  linvf  stood  one  fcnurft  with  them, 
and  hiivu  yiuhicd  wlien  thi-re  )uid  ln-en  no  rt-nlfdy. 

Bunifan,  Pilf^rini's  I'rogress,  p.  l«a. 

11.  An  application  of  a  brush,  as  in  sweejnng 
or  dusting;  a  brusliing;  a  removal  as  if  with  a 
brush:  as,  give  my  luit  a  hrusli.     [Colloq.] 

I.oavrs  .  .  .  hrtvi!  with  one  winter's  hrunh 

Kill  from  tla-ir  boughs.  Sliak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

12.  A  jiaintcr;  one  who  uses  a  brush:  as,  a 
brother  fcc«.sA.  —  Haidlnger's  brushes,  optical  ilKurts, 
curly  described  by  the  Austriiiti  mini  ialn;.'i.st  W.  vctn  llai- 
dinger  (IVyfi-ISTl),  appeurins;  like  idlored  brashes,  some- 
times resembling  the  ordinary  inteiferenee-tlt.Mn-es  (see 
inlfi/erencr)  of  u  liiiLviul  crystal,  obsirved  with  ordinary 
transmitted  liiiht  in  sections  ot  certain  minerals,  especially 
those  wliich  cllcet  a  marked  absorption  of  color,  as  an- 
daliisite.  iiilite.  etc.  The  term  also  includes  the  peculiar 
jiluiiorncnon  of  four  small  colored  tnfts  observed  by  some 
pel-sons  with  tlie  naked  eye,  by  others  when  a  Nicol  prism 
is  used,  upon  loi.kin^'  at  a  briu'ht  li^ht,  as  a  white  chunl. 
The  laturplicuomenon  is  sn]iposed  to  be  due  to  thepoliir- 
izinc  action  of  the  eye  itself. -Hydraulic  brush,  ."^ce 
A;(r/raK/i>.— Revolving  brush,  a  cylindrical  brush  sup- 
ported in  a  frame  and  made  to  revolve  rapidly  on  an  axis 
by  jjearingor  other  niechanisni.  Such  brushes  are  used 
forstreet-sweepinj;,  and  also  by  barbers.  —  Rotary  brush. 
Same  as  refotnn>f  brush. =SyTl.  10.  liencounter,  Skinnitth, 
etc.    See  fncottnter. 

brush  (brush),  V.  [<  ME.  briischen,  <  OP.  bros- 
scr,  V.  i.,  beat  the  brush  or  thicket  for  game, 
scour  the  country,  also  simply  cross,  pass,  F. 
bronscr  (=  Sp.  hro;:ni;  brush),  <  brosse,  brush, 
thicket:  see  brush,  h.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  sweep 
or  rub  with  a  brush:  as,  to  brush  a  hat. 

The  rol)es  to  kepe  well  &  also  to  bninchc  them  clenly. 
Babees  Book  (ed.  Fnrnivall),  p.  180. 

Let  their  heads  be  sleekly  combed,  their  blue  coats 
brunhrii.  Shak.,  T.  of  the S.,  iv.  1. 

Dark  wiry  hair  brushed  on  one  side. 

Buliver,  Pelham,  xl. 

2.  To  remove  by  brushing  or  by  lightly  pass- 
ing over :  as,  to  brush  off  dust. 

Thoujih  from  off  the  boughs  each  morn 
We  brush  mellifluous  dews.        Slitton,  P.  L.,  v.  429. 
I  think  the  very  best  tiling  is  to  brush  all  the  old  Dons 
off  the  stage.  Disraeli,  Coningshy,  v.  2. 

3.  To  sweep  or  touch  as  with  a  brush  ;  strike 
lightly  bj'  passing  over  the  surface ;  pass  lightly 
o ver :  as,  to  brush  the  arm  in  jjassing. 

Brush'd  with  the  hiss  of  rustling  wings. 

MUtoii,  P.  L.,  i.  768. 
A  thousand  nights  have  brush'd  their  balmy  wings 
Over  these  eyes.  Dryden. 

4.  Figuratively,  to  ruffle ;  excite. 

Poor  Silas's  loss  served  to  brush  the  slow  current  of 
Raveloe  convei-sation.  George  Eliot,  Silas  Maruer,  x. 

5.  To  furnish  with  brushes  or  branches  of  dead 

trees  to  climb  on:  as,  to  brush  peas To  brush 

up,  to  furbish;  polish;  renovate;  hence,  to  Imiu-ove  in 
any  way ;  make  brighter  or  clearer,  as  the  memory  or  p.ast 
knowledge. 

You  have  commissioned  me  to  paint  yonr  shop,  and  I 
have  done  my  best  to  brush  you  up  like  your  neighbours. 

Pope. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  move  quickly  or  in  haste ; 
rush :  as,  to  brush  past  a  person. 
Then  PoUu-X  .  .  .  brusshit  into  batell, 

Destruelion  of  Trmj,  I.  1210. 
Snatching  his  hat,  he  brushed  off  like  the  wind. 

Goldsmitfi. 
Brush'd 
Thro'  the  dim  meadow  toward  his  treasui'e-trove. 

Tenmjson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

2.  To  move  or  skim  over  with  a  slight  contact, 
as  a  brush.     Vrtjden. 

The  stamens  are  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  corolla,  and 
in  falling  off  do  not  brush  over  the  lowly-seated  sliymas. 
Darwin,  Uilferent  Forms  of  I'loweis,  ]>.  42. 

brush-bird  (brush'berd),  11.  Same  as  scrub- 
bird. 

brush-bum  (bmsh'beni),  n.  The  injury  result- 
ing from  violent  friction,  as  sliding  dovrn  a  rope 
or  a  slope  of  grass  or  ice.  The  effects  are  often 
similar  to  those  of  scalding  water. 

brusher  (brush'er),  n.  1.  One  who  brushes.— 
2.  In  hathcr-mamif.,  one  who  performs  the 
mechanical  work  of  dyeing  skins.  C.  T.  Davis, 
Leather,  p.  72K. 

brushett,  n.     [ME.  bruschet,  <  OF.  brossettcs, 

heath,  ilim.  of  brosse,  etc.,  brush,  heath:  see 

brush  and  -c(2.]    i.  a  thicket.— 2.  Brushwood. 

And  in  that  ilke  brnssehel  by. 

Five  thousand  of  othre  and  more. 

MS.  Ashuiole,  33,  fol.  10.    (IlaUiweU.) 

brushful  (brush'ful),  n.  [<  brush  +  -ful."]  As 
much  as  can  be  lifted  wth  a  brush :  as,  a  brush- 
ful of  paint. 

brush-hat  (brush'hat),  n.  A  hat  which  in  the 
process  of  sizing  is  continually  brushed  witli  a 
hand-brush,  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  a  n:ip 
to  the  surface. 

brushiness  (bmsh'i-nes),  «.  [<  brushy  + 
-)ies«.]     The  quality  of  being  brushy. 


700 

brushing  (bmsh'ing),  ;).  a.    Brisk;  rapid:  as, 

a  hni.sliiiii/  gallop. 

brushing-machine  (brush 'ing- ma -sheu"),  n. 
1.  .\n  ajiparatus  for  removing  the  dust  from 
hats,  or  for  laying  the  nap. —  2.  A  machine 
having  a  cylindrical  brush,  used  to  lay  the  nap 
on  cloth  after  shearing. — 3.  An  apparatus  for 
remo\ing  the  dust  and  fuzz  from  wheat.  It 
consists  of  a  series  of  brushes  and  a  blast  of 
air  for  blowing  away  the  dust  and  refuse. 

brushite  (brush'it),  n.  [After  Prof.  Brush  of 
Yale  Cdllege.]  A  hydrated  phosphate  of  cal- 
cium found  in  the  guano  of  Aves  Islands  an<l 
Sombrero  in  the  West  Indies,  in  slender  mouo- 
i-liiiii-  crystals  of  a  pale-yellow  color. 

brush-jack  (brush'jak),  n.  A  hand-tool  for 
holding  bunches  of  brushwood  while  binding 
them  into  mats  or  fascines  for  use  in  embank- 
ments, etc. 

brushlet  (bmsh'let),  n.  [<  brush  +  dim.  -let.'] 
In  iiiUim.,  a  scopula  or  small  brush-like  organ 
on  the  leg  of  a  ilrone-bee,  used  for  cleansing 
the  body.      Wcstu'ood. 

brushinan(brush'man),  n. ;  pi.  brushiticii  (-men). 
One  who  plies  the  brush;  a  painter. 

How  dithenlt  in  artists  to  allow 

To  other  brushmen  even  a  grain  of  merit ! 

iri.(cof,  fides,  viii. 

brushment  (brnsh'ment),  n.  [<  bru.'ih  +  -ment. 
Cf.  hushtiiciit.J     Brusli  or  small  wood. 

brush-monkey  (brush'mting'''ki),  «.  A  name 
of  the  species  of  small  American  marmosets 
of  the  genus  Midas. 

brush-ore  (bi'i'sh'or),  u.  An  iron  ore  foiuid  in 
the  forest  of  Dean,  England.  Also  called  btack- 
bru.fh.     Ure. 

brush-plow  (brush'plou),  n.  A  strong  plow 
used  for  breaking  up  rougb  land  covered  with 
brush  and  small  trees. 

brush-puller  (brush'ptil"er),  n.  A  machine  for 
jiulliiig  up  brushwood  by  the  roots.  JC.  H. 
Ku  ii/li  f, 

brush-tailed  (brush'trdd),  a.  Ha^^ng  a  bushy 
tail:  si>ecitically  applied  to  certain  j)orcupines 
of  the  genus  Athcrura. 

brush-tongued  (brush'timgd),  a.  HaWng  a 
brushy  tongue :  specifically  applied  to  parrots 
of  the  group  Tricliitriliissiiiiv. 

brush-turkey  (brush'terki),  «.  The  popular 
name  of  a  large  gregarious  rasorial  bird  of 
Australia,  the  Talegallus  lathami,  of  the  family 
MeyapiHliida',  of  about  the  size  of  a  tm'key, 
blackisli-brown  above  and  silvery-gray  below: 
so  called  because  it  lives  in  the  brush  or  scrub. 

brush-'wheel  (brush'hwel),  «.  1.  A  tootliless 
wheel  sometimes  used  in  light  machinery  to 
turn  a  similar  wheel  by  means  of  bristles,  or 
some  brush-like  or  soft  substance,  as  cloth, 
buff-leather,  india-rubber,  or  the  like,  attached 
to  the  circumference. —  2.  A  circular  brush 
used  in  a  lathe,  with  polishing-powders,  for 
cleaning  and  polishing  ctu'ved,  indented,  and 
chased  work. 

brush'WOOd  (brush'wiid),  )i.  [<  brush  +  icoorfl.] 
1.  A  thicket  or  coppice  of  small  trees  and 
shrubs. —  2.  Branches  of  trees  cut  off. 

brushy  (brusli'i),  a.     [<  bru.'ih  +  -yl.]    Resem- 
bling a  brush ;  full  of  brush ;  rough ;  shaggy ; 
long-haired. 
The  brushii  substance  of  the  nerve. 

Boyle,  Works,  III.  343. 

As  soon  as  we  got  down  near  the  brushy  ravine  we  I'ode 

along  without  talking.   T.  Hoosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  129. 

bruskl,  brusque  (brusk),  a.  [<  F.  brusque,  < 
It.  bru.'ieo  (=  Sp.  Pg.  brusco),  rude,  sharp,  sour; 
origin  luiknown.]  Abrupt  in  manner ;  rough; 
rinle. 

We  are  sorry  to  hear  that  the  Scottish  gentleman  .  .  . 
found  but  a  brusk  welcome.  }yotton,  Keliquire,  p.  5S2. 
=  Syn.  ^tie  abrupt. 

brusk^  (briisk),  a.  [Of.  ML.  bruscatus,  of  a 
bronze  color,  pp.  of  bruscarc,  bruxare,  scorch, 
Viurn.]     In  hir..  tawny. 

bruskness,   brusqueriess  (brusk'nes),  n.     [< 
brusk;  hrustjui;  + -«<6.v.]     The  character  of  be- 
ing brusk ;  a  rude,  abrupt,  or  bhmt  manner. 
He  was  almost  fierce  in  his  brusijuene.is. 

Georije  Eliot,  .Mill  on  the  Floss. 

brusque,  brusqueness.    See  brusk^,  hruskncss. 
brusquerie  (briis'ke-re),  n.     [¥.,<.  bru.sque:  see 
brusk  and  -en/.]     Sjame  as  bruskness. 

l>orolhea  .  .  .  spoke  with  cold  briisijuerie.  ...  in 
anuisiug  contrast  with  the  solicitous  amiability  of  her  .ad- 
nnrer.  Georr/e  Eliot,  Jliddlemarch,  I.  26. 

Brussels  carpet,  lace,  sprouts.  See  the  nouns. 

brustl  (brust),  r.    A  dialectal  variant  of  burst: 

as,  "like  to  hrust,"  Burns. 
brust^t,  «.    [ME. :  see  birse,  bristlc.2   A  bristle. 


brutallsm 

No  Jupiter,  no  .\polin, 
No  is  worth  the  brust  of  a  swin. 
Spee.  Early  Eny.  Melr.  Rom.  (ed.  Ellis),  II.  332. 
Roland  longh  [laughed]  and  said, 
IS'o  is  worth  the  brust  of  a  swine. 

Bom.  of  Bolaud. 

brust-t,  a.  [ME.,  for  'brusted,  bristled,  en- 
raged, <  fcriis^,  a  bristle:  seo&ristte.J  Bristled; 
enraged. 

Conu'th  the  maister  budel  (beadle]  brust  ase  a  bore. 

I'olit.  Somjs{_n\.  Wright),  \i.  1.11, 

brusten  (bms'tn).  A  dialectal  variant  of  burst, 
past  iiartici])le  of  burst. 

brustle^t  (brus'l),  r.  [<  ME.  brustlien,  a  par- 
allel form  to  brastlieu,  <  AS.  briistlian,  also 
bivrstlian,  crackle :  see  brastle.  As  an  imitative 
word,  cf.  rustle.'i  I.  intrans.  To  crackle;  mak(( 
a  small  crackling  noise ;  also,  to  rustle,  as  a  sUk 
garment. 

He  routeth  with  a  slepy  noise. 
And  brustleth  .as  a  monkes  fpuae. 
When  it  is  tlirowe  into  the  jianne. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  ii.  93. 
See,  where  the  sea  comes!  how  it  foams  and  brustles ! 
Fleteher,  Spanish  <'nrate,  iv.  7. 

H.  trans.  To  cause  to  crackle ;  crack. 
P>reak  'em  more  ;  they  are  but  brustled  yet. 

Fleleher,  Wife  for  a  .Month,  ii  0. 

brustle'-'t,  «■     A  dialectal  or  obsolete  form  of 

hristU: 

brustle-t  (brus'l),  r.  i.  1.  An  obsolete  or  dia- 
lectal form  of  bristle. — 2.  To  approach  one 
threateningly:  as,  "  I'll  brustle  up  to  him,"  Ot- 
irai/. 

brustle^'t  (brus'l),  v.  t.  [Also  brusell ;  appar. 
a  free],  form  of  bruise,  ME.  brusen,  prob.  sug- 
gested by  brustle^.'i     To  bruise;  crush. 

brustle*  (brus'l),  r.  t.  [Also  written  brusle ;  < 
OF.  brusler,  later  in(/(r(>  ME.  bride,  roast,  fry), 
mod.  F.  bruler  =  Pr.  brushir,  burn,  =  It.  brus- 
tulare,  burn,  now  grill,  fry,  toast,  appar.  (<  L. 
as  if  *per-ustidare ;  cf.  Pr.  usclar  tor  "ustlar  = 
OSp.  ushir  =  It.  ustolare  =  Wall,  ustura,  <  L. 
vstularc,  burn)  dim.  or  freq.  of  Pr.  bruzar, 
bruizar  (for  *bru.ssar)  =  It.  bru.sciare,  bruciare, 
ab-bruseiare  (ML.  bruscnre,  bruxare,  brustare, 
burn,  <  L.  as  if  *pcrust(iri;  freq.  of  L.  perurcre, 
pp.  jxrustus,  biun  through,  <  jxr,  through,  + 
urcre,  burn.  The  forms  touch  some  of  tlifferent 
origin,  as  those  of  broil^,  q.  v.,  and  in  E.  the 
word  may  be  indeed  a  particular  use  of  brustle^, 
crackle:  see  brustle^.^  To  parch.  Halliicell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

brut,  ('.  i.  [E.  dial.,  also  brit,  appar.  <  F.  brou- 
ter,  OF.  brouster,  browse:  see  ftroHW'l.]  To 
browse. 

Bruta  (bro'tii),  «.  2>l.  [NL-,  neut.  pi.  of  L. 
brutiis,  irrational,  brute:  see  brute,']  If.  In 
the  Liunean  system  of  classification,  the  sec- 
ond order  of  Mammalia,  containing  the  gen- 
era Elephas,  Trichcclius,  Bradi/pus,  Mi/rmeco- 
j)ha;/a,  Maiiis,  and  l>as!/2>us. — 2.  In  mod.  :o6l., 
disencumbered  of  the  genera  Elejihas  and  Tri- 
ehechus,  and  same  as  Edentata.  [There  is  a  grow- 
ing tendency  to  use  the  term  in  this  sense  instead  of 
Edeut'itii,  wliich  latter  is  literally  incorrect,  few  of  the 
so-called  edentates  being  tiiothless.] 

brutal  (bro'tal),  a.  [=  F.  brutal,  <  ML.  bruta- 
lis,  savage,  stupid,  <  L.  brutus,  applied  to  dumb 
animals:  see  brute.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling a  brute;  brutish:  as,  brutal  nature; 
"brutal  kind,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  is.  565. 

In  Irish  districts,  men  deteriorated  in  size  and  shape, 

the  nose  sunk,  the  gums  were  exposed,  with  diminished 

brain  and  brutal  fonn.  Emerson,  Eng.  Traits,  p.  299. 

How  widely  doth  the  &r«f«;  courage  of  .\jax  differ  from 

the  amiable  bravery  of  Diomedes ! 

Fieldifift,  Joseph  .\ndrews. 

Hence  —  2.  Savage;  cruel;  inhuman;  unfeel- 
ing: as,  6rKf«?  passions;  bruteil  mamievs. 
Brutal  alike  in  deed  and  word, 
Witli  callous  heart  and  hand  of  strife. 
How  like  a  lleud  may  man  be  made  I 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  iii. 

3.  Rude;  harsh;  coarse;  crude.     [Rare.] 

The  human  eye  and  mind  together  integrate,  so  to 
speak,  the  impressions  of  many  separate  and  selected 
moments  into  one  general  view,  while  the  camera  can 
only  give  a  brutal  cojty  of  an  nnsclected  state  of  things, 
with  all  its  atmospheric  and  other  imperfections. 

Science,  IV.  '202. 

=  Syn.  2.  Brutish,  Beastly,  etc.  (see  brute);  unfeeling, 
rutblcs-s,  rude,  rough,  gi-os's.  merciless,  barbarous. 

brutalisation,  brutalise.     See  brutalizatim, 

brut(di:c. 
brutalism  (bro'tal-izm),  «.     [<  brutal  +  -ism.] 
Tlic  practice  or  exercise  of  brutality;   inhu- 
manity. 

The  industrial  system  of  Europe  required  for  its  admin- 
istration an  amount  of  sntfering,  depravity,  and  brutal- 
ism, which  formed  one  of  the  great  scandals  of  the  age. 
Everett,  Orations,  11.  63. 


brutality 

brutality  (brii-tal'i-ti),  n.;  lA.  hniUilitir.i  (-tiz). 
[=  1''.  hnitiilitc,  <  ML.  liiultilila{t-)s,  <  hruliili.f: 
800  hruldl.]  1.  The  qualit}-  of  bcin;;  brutal; 
inhumanity;  savaniMiess ;  gross  cruelty;  iu- 
seusibility  to  jiity  or  shame. 

It  is  tn  be  ntitcil  that  the  uiireiU-emetl  hnttality  imiiUcil 
l>y  the  .st4>rie8  of  the  eurlier  goiis  is  in  tile  stories  ot  the 
liiter  consiilerably  mitit;tttO(l. 

y/.  Spe7tcer,  Trin.  of  Sociol.,  §  107. 

2.  A  savago,  shameless,  or  inhuman  act. 

The  mere  In-utafili^'n  exercised  in  war  tty  enraged  con- 
(jnerors  are  perhaps  to  lie  hiid  out  of  view  in  estinnttinu 
tlic  practical  etfecta  of  despotism.  liroutjham. 

-  S3T1.  1.  I'.ai'harity,  ferocity,  trncnlence. 
brutalization    ((jro'tal-i-za'shon),  n.     [<   brti- 
M/(-'  ;  SCI'  -«/(')«.]     The  act  of  brutalizing,  or 
tlio  state  of  being  brutalized.     Also  siicUeil 
brutiiUsatinn. 

.Scruples  of  con.sciencc  respectinfi  the  rectitude  of  their 
cause  would  ii;oal>  /e  oHleers  and  soldiers.  So  that  a  cer- 
tain liriittdiziituin  has  to  be  maintained  during  our  pa-ss- 
iii;;  plLxse  of  civilization. 

//.  Siifiicer,  Study  of  .Socio].,  p.  190. 

brutalize  (bro'tal-iz),  i\ ;  pret.  and  pp.  hruUil- 
i:t(l,  ppr.  hnitdli-iiKi.  [=  F.  hnttdUurr,  <  hru- 
1(1 1 :  SCO  linddl.']  t.  Irwis.  To  make  brutal, 
coarse,  gross,  or  inhuman;  lower  to  the  level 
of  a  brute. 

strange  !  that  a  creature  rational,  and  cast 

In  lunnan  nifUtld,  should  brutatizr  by  choice 

His  nature.  Cou'iKr,  Tasl>,  i. 

Degi'aded  and  brutalized  by  a  long  course  of  oppressive 
misgovernment.  Whately. 

II,  intrans.  To  become  brutal,  inhuman,  or 
coarse  and  Ijeastly.     [Rare.] 

He  .  .  .  bndaliztui  with  them  in  their  habits  and  man- 
ners. Addiaon,  Freetiolder. 

Also  spelled  brutalise. 
brutally  (bril'tal-i),  adc.     In  a  l)rutal  manner; 
cruelly;   iiilunnauly  ;  in  a  coarse,  gi'oss,  or  un- 
feeling manner. 
Bndattit  repulsed  I>y  the  attending  lictors. 

Gitldftinifh,  Ahrander  anil  Septiniius. 

brute  (brot),  n.  and  «.  [=  F.  brut,  fern,  brute, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  bruto,  <  L.  brulii.s,  heavy,  imwieldy, 
stupid,  insensible,  unreasonable  ;  particularlv 
applied  in  later  L.  to  the  lower  animals.]  1. 
a.  1.  Senseless;  unconscious. 

Not  walking  statues  of  clay,  not  the  sons  of  finite  earth. 

Bfntley. 

2.  Wanting  reason ;  animal ;  not  human :  as, 
a  brute  beast. 

A  creature  .  .  .  not  prone 
And  brute  as  other  creatures,  but  endued 
With  sanctity  of  reason.        Milton,  F.  L.,  vii.  507. 
I  was  amazed  to  see  such  actions  and  behaviour  in  brute. 
beasts.  Swi/t,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  1. 

3.  Characteristic  of  animals;  of  brutal  charac- 
ter or  quality. 

Jieute  violence  and  proud  tyrannic  power. 

Miltvn,  P.  R.,  i.  219. 
The  oppressed  invoked  the  power  ot  Christianity  to  re- 
sist tile  tyranny  of  bntte  force. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  V.  .S.,  II.  454. 

4.  Blunt  or  dull  of  sentiment ;  without  sensi- 
bility; rough;  unci^-ilized;  insensible. 

The  brute  philosopher  who  ne'er  has  proved 

The  joy  of  loving  or  of  being  loved.  Pope. 

5.  Not  associated  vnth  intelligence  or  intellec- 
tual effort ;  unintelligent ;  irrational. 

A  more  legitimate  kind  of  valour  that,  showing  itself 
against  the  untamed  forests  and  d:u-k  brute  Towel's  of  na- 
ture, to  compicr  nature  for  us.  Carli/le. 

6.  Harsh;  crude.     [Earo.] 

The  brute  fact  is  expressed  in  the  phrase  " One  mans 
meat  is  another  man's  poison." 

0.  W.  Holmes,  A  llortal  Antiiiatliy,  vii. 
=  Syn.  Brute,  Brulijdi,  Bndal,  Beaslljl,  Benlinl.  Itrute  is 
the  most  general  of  these  words,  and  remains  nearest  to  the 
distinguishing  dilference  between  man  .and  bea-st,  in-atioii- 
ality:  as,  bride  force.  Brutvsh  is  especially  uncultureil, 
stupid,  grnvi-ling:  as,  brutes  anil  still  more  brutish  men. 
Brutal  implies  cruelty  or  lack  of  feeling:  as,  bndal  lan- 
guage or  conduct.  Bea^tli/  expresses  that  which  is  alto- 
gether unworthy  of  a  man,  especially  that  which  is  filthy 
and  disgusting  in  conduct  or  manner  of  life.  Bextiul  is 
applied  chiefly  to  that  which  is  carnal,  sensual,  lascivious  : 
as,  bestial  vices  or  appetites. 

The  feats  of  Hercules  .  .  .  were  triumphs  of  brute  force. 
Sumner,  Fame  and  tiliiry. 

The  bndixh,  the  animal  instincts,  as  is  often  the  c;isc, 
had  been  develi)pcd  earlier  than  the  intellectual  qualities. 
Ilau'tburne,  Seven  Gables,  xxi. 
To  mask  ... 
With  a  glassy  smile  his  brutal  scorn. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi. 
This  filthy  simile,  this  beastli/  line. 

Pojie,  Ep.  to  Sat.,  ii.  181. 
Anil  since  his  ways  are  sweet, 
.'Vnd  theirs  are  bestial,  hold  him  les.s  than  man. 

Tenni/sou,  (.'omiiig  of  Arthur. 

H,  «.  1.  A  beast,  especially  one  of  the  high- 
er quailrupeds;  any  animal  as  distinguished 
from  man. 


701 

Rniteg  may  bo  considered  as  cither  aerial,  terrestrial, 

aipiatic,  111-  amjihiliions.  Locke. 

2.  A  brutal  person ;  a  savage  in  disposition  or 
manners;  a  low-bred,  unfeeling  person. 

An  ill  riaturcd  brute  of  a  husband.  Franklin. 

brutehood  (brot'hud),  «.  [<  brut<^  +  -hood.] 
The  state  of  being  a  brute;  the  condition  of 
being  brute  or  brutish  in  natm'e  or  habits. 

It  is  modestly  suggested,  by  no  means  dogmatically  af- 
firmed, .  .  .  that  the  influences  that  have  raiscii  mankind 
from  brutehood  to  its  present  condition  have  not  yet  ex- 
pended their  force.  I'op.  Sri.  .!/<,.,  X.WI.  4111. 

bnitelt,  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of  Itrittlr. 

brutely  (brot'li),  ddr.  1.  In  a  rude  manner;  as 
a  brute.  Miltnii. — 2.  By  brute  force;  without 
intelligent  effort ;  blindly.     [Rare.] 

Property  will  brutehj  draw 
Still  to  the  proprietor. 

Kmerson,  The  Celestial  Love. 

bruteness  (brijt'nes),  n.     [<  brute,  a.,  +  -ncss.] 
The  state  of  being  brutal  or  a  brute.    [Rare.] 
That  sire  he  fowl  hespake  :  Tlion  dotard  vile. 
That  with  thy  brutenesse  shendst  thy  comely  age. 

Spenser,  F.  ().,  II.  viii.  12. 

The  inimobility  or  bruteness  of  Nature  is  the  absence 

of  spirit.  Emerson,  Nature. 

brutification  (bro'ti-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  brutijy : 
see  -/■(/  and  -iitiim.]  The  act  of  brutifying;  the 
act  or  state  of  becoming  or  making  brutal  or 
degraded. 

She  wimld  have  saved  thee,  as  I  said  before,  from  bndi- 
Jieation.  J.  Baillie. 

This  ultra-Circean  transformation  of  spirit  and  brutiji- 
cation  of  speech  we  do  not  find  in  the  lighter  interludes  of 
great  and  perfect  tragedy.  .S'M'i'n^H /■;«',  .Shakespeare,  p.  104. 

brutify  (brij'ti-fi),  I',  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brutifud, 
ppr.  brutifyintj.  [<  F.  brittifiir,  <  L.  as  if  "bru- 
tijicdre,  <  brutus,  brute,  a.,  -I-  -Jicarc,  <  Jiicerc, 
make.]  To  bring  into  the  condition  of  a  brute ; 
degrade  the  moral  or  physical  state  of;  make 
senseless,  stupid,  or  unfeeling. 

Not  quite  brutijied  and  void  of  sense. 

Barrenv,  Works,  III.  5. 

It  has  possessed  only  two  secrets  for  governing,  .  .  .  to 

drain  and  to  i/ndi/y  its  subjects.  Bcntham. 

brutilt,  «.     A  Middle  English  foiin  of  brittle. 
brutisll(bro'tish),  n.     [<  fcrw^-,  «., -f- -is/tl.]     1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  brute  or  brutes. 

There  his  welwoven  t^iyles,  and  subtil  traines. 
He  laid  the  brutiah  nation  to  enwrap. 

Sjfenser,  Astrophel. 

Wandering  gods  disguised  in  brutish  forms. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  i.  481. 

2.  Like  a  brute;  eharaeteristio  of  brutes,  (a) 
Unfeeling  ;  savage  ;  ferocious  ;  brutal. 

Hombarding  of  Cadiz  ;  a  cruel  and  brutish  way  of  mak- 
ing war,  first  begun  by  the  French. 

Kvelyn,  Diary,  August  25, 1695. 
Not  riches 
Can  purchase  him,  nor  honours,  peaceably. 
And  force  were  brutish. 

Fletclter  {and  another "{),  Nice  Valour,  iv.  1. 

(6)  Gross ;  carnal ;  bestial. 
It  is  the  brutish  love  of  this  world  that  is  blind. 

Baxter,  Saint's  Rest,  xiv. 
(c)  XTncultured ;  unrefined ;  ignorant ;  stupid ;  insensible. 

Brutes  and  bndish  men  are  commonly  more  able  to  bear 
pain  than  otliers.  N.  Grew,  Cosmologia  Sacra. 

They  were  not  so  brutish  that  they  could  be  ignorant  to 
call  upon  the  name  of  God.      Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  v.  g  35. 

=  8301.  Brutal,  Beastly,  etc.  (see  brute),  dull,  barbarous, 
aintiial,  sensual. 
brutishly  (bro'tish-li),  ddr.  In  a  brutish  man- 
ner; grossly;  irratiimallv;  stupidly;  savagely. 
Soulh. 
brutishuess  (bro'tish-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
(juality  of  being  brutish  in  nature,  disposition, 
or  appearance ;  savageness. 

Not  true  valour,  but  bruti.^hm:ss.  Bp.  Sjirat. 

In  many  of  the  Cynocepliali,  longitudinal  osseous  ridges 
aredevelo])ed  upon  the  maxillre,  and  greatly  increase  the 
brutisbuess  id  their  aspect.      Huxley,  ,\iiat.  Vert.,  p.  308. 

brutism  (brii'tizm),  n.  [<  briiti-  +  -inm.'i  Brutal 
instincts  or  tendencies;  bruteness;  auimality. 

bruttingt  (bmt'ing),  >i.  [Verbal  n.  of  brut,  v.] 
Browsing. 

Ilonibeam  presen'cs  itself  best  from  the  brutiinej  of  the 
deer.  Eretyn,  Sylva,  I.  vi.  2. 

brutum  fulmen  (brii'tum  ful'men).  [L. :  brit- 
tum,  neut.  of  tirutus,  insensible ;  fulmen,  a  thun- 
derbolt:  see  Itrute  and  ful mind tr.']  A  harmless 
thunderbolt;  mere  noise  like  thunder;  empty 
noise  and  nothing  more. 

Tlie  actors  do  not  value  themselves  upon  the  clap,  but 
regard  it  jus  a  mere  brutum  fulmen,  or  empty  noise,  when 
it  has  not  the  sound  of  the  oaken  plant  in  it. 

Addison,  'I'he  Trunkmaker  at  the  Play. 

Brutus  (brii'tus),  «.  [Apiinr.  iii  reference  to 
lirutus,  ouc  of  the  two  celebrated  Romans  of 


Brynm 

that  name.  Roman  Imsts  and  statues  often 
show  such  an  arrangement  of  the  hair.]  A  for- 
mer mode  of  dressing  the  hair,  in  which  it  was 
bnished  back  from  the  forehead,  and  worn  at 
first  in  disorder,  afterward  in  close  curls.  The 
style  seems  to  have  originated  in  Paris  at  the  time  of  tlio 
KevoIiitioii(17:t;t  !ti),  when  it  was  the  fashion  to  imitate  the 
contetiip'irary  loiici-ption  of  Roman  antiipiity.  As  trans- 
planted til  ICngland,  the  style  lasted  longer  than  in  Franco. 
The  word  is  now  used  for  a  lock  of  hair  brushed  upward 
and  backward  from  the  forehead. 

He  wore  his  hair  with  the  curls  arranged  in  a  Bndus  k 
la  George  the  Fourth.  Mayliew. 

bruyfere  (brii-yar'),  n.  [F.,  formerly  6r«(/<7fi, 
briere,  heath:  see  under  brier.]  The  tree- 
heath  of  Europe,  Lrieii  itrboren. 

Bryaceae  (bri-a'se-e),  «.  pi.  [XL.,  <  linjum  + 
-died-.]  An  order  of  mosses,  comprising  all  tho 
tnie  mosses,  as  distinguished  from  tho  peat- 
moss (Siihdijniim)  and  the  8chizocarj)ous  mosses 
{.\ndreiva).     f^ee  tnosK. 

Bryanite  (bri'iui-it),  h.  [From  their  founder, 
\\  illiaiji  lirijdii  (&hcml  1815).]  One  of  a  Metho- 
dist body,  more  properly  known  as  Bible  Chris- 
tian.'! (which  see,  under  Bible). 

Brydges  clotht.  Same  as  eloth  of  Bruges  (which 
see,  under  elath). 

brygmus  (brig'mus),  H.  [NL.,  <  6r.  (ipiriiidc,  a 
biting,  gnashing  of  teeth,  (,  jiinnriv,  bite,  gnaw, 
gnash.]  In  jxithuL,  gnashing  or  gi'atiiig  of  the 
teeth  during  sleep :  a  sy^llptom  in  certain  dis- 
ea.ses. 

bryle  (bril),  h.     Same  as  bniil^. 

brym't,  brymmeH,  etc.    See  hrirn^,  eto. 

brynkt,  ".    >^ee  brinl: 

bryological  (bri-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to 
bryology;  consisting  of  mosses:  as,  the  bri/a- 
liK/icdl  flora.     Xiiliire. 

bryologist  (bri-ol'o-jist),  k.  [<  bri/olnfiii  +  -ist.] 
A  botanist  who  has  made  a  special  study  of  the 
mosses  and  is  skilled  in  their  determination ; 
a  specialist  in  bryology. 

Thanks  to  our  sole  surviving  bryoloyist,  the  venerable 
Lesquereux,  we  have  at  length  a  comprehensive  manual 
of  North-American  mosses.  Science,  IV.  mi. 

bryology  (bri-ol'o-ji),  v.  [<  Gr.  ftprov,  moss  (see 
linjum),  +  -'/.o)ia,<.  Aeyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 
The  science  of  mosses,  their  structure,  afimities, 
classification,  etc. 

Bryonia  (bri-o'ni-il),  H.  [L.,  <  Gr.  fipvuvin,  also 
ilpvuv?/,  bryony,  i  jipieir,  teem,  swell,  be  full. 
Hence  E.  bryoiiy.]  1.  A  genus  of  plants,  nat- 
ural order  f'xcHrftftoccn';  see  bryony. — 2.  [?.  c] 
The  name  in  the  pharmacopoeias  of  the  root  of 
llrjiiiiiid  nibii  and  Ii.  dioica,  used  as  a  cathartic. 

bryonin,  bryonine  (bri'o-nin), «.  [<  bryony  + 
-»(■-',  -iiK-.]  A  white  intensely  bitter  principle, 
a  glueoside  (C4sHgo<>i9)  extracted  from  the 
root  of  Bryonia  cilba  and  B.  dioica.  Also  spelled 
briniiiii,  brionine. 

bryony  (bri'o-ni),  w.  [<  L.  bryonia:  see  Bryo- 
nid.]  The  common  name  of  species  of  Bryo- 
uid,  a  cucurbitaeeous  genus  of  plants,  possess- 
ing acrid,  emetic,  and  purgative  properties 
which  have  given  them  repute  as  remedies  for 
many  diseases  from  early  times.  Tlie  common 
white-  or  red-berried  bryony,  B.  dioica,  and  the  black- 
berried,  B.  alba,  are  both  natives  of  Europe.  Also  spelled 
ftrion;/,— Bastard  bryony, of  the  West  Indies.  Vitis{Cis- 
sus)  sicyoides.—  'Blai.cik  bryony,  of  Kurope,  the  Tamus 
conunuuis,  a  tall  cliiiibing  plant  belonging  to  the  natural 
order  Itioscnreaceir.  It  lias  large  black  roots,  the  acrid 
jiLire  (if  «bi<-h  lixs  been  used  in  plasti^rs. 

Bryophyta  (inl-of  i-tji),  n.  pi.  [<  NL.  bryo- 
jiliylum,  <  Gr.  flpiov,  moss,  +  i^vTor,  a  plant.] 
A  division  of  the  higher  cryj)togams,  including 
the  lit patieie  and  mosses. 

bryophyta  (bri'o-fit),  n.  A  member  of  the 
Ilriiojiliyfd, 

bryoretin  (bri-o-ret'in),  II.  [IiTeg.  <  bryonin.] 
A  substance  produced  from  the  glueoside  bry- 
onin by  treating  it  with  an  acid. 

Bryozoa  (bri-o-zo'S),  n.  pi.  [Nl^.,  <  Gr.  flpiov, 
moss  (see  Bryum),  +  Cufir,  pi.  C^,  an  animal.] 
A  name  formerly  given  to  the  Polygon,  from 
their  resemblance  to  mosses.  Ehrenbcry,  1831. 
.See  Vtily:od. 

bryozoan  (bri-o-zo'an),  a.  and  «.    I.  a.  In  .067., 
relating  to  the  Bryo:iia. 
II,  II.  One  of  the  Bryo:oa. 

bryozoid  (bri-o-z6'id),  a.  and  n.  Same  as  bryo- 
:iiiin. 

bryozooa  (bri-o-z6'on),  m.     Same  as  bryozoan. 

bryozoum  (bin-o-zo'um),  ii.  [NL.,  sing,  of 
[!ri/ii:oii.]     One  of  the  /)Vi/oco((.     Dana. 

Brytun  (bri'nm).  n.  [NL.  (L.  bryon),  <  Gr. 
.ipiov,  a  kind  of  mossy  seaweed,  tree-moss, 
lichen,  the  clustenng  male  blossom  of  the 
hazel,  11  blossom  or  tlowcr,  <  lipieiv,  teem  or 
swell,  be  full,  grow  luxiuiautly.]    A  large  and 


Bryum 

important  geims  of  mosses,  characterisipd  by 
fruit  linnie  at  tlio  ends  of  tlic  branches,  and  a 
])endent,  jnriform  oapsiile  wliicli  has  a  double 
row  of  transversely  ban'ed  teeth. 

bryzet,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  ftrrfcfl. 

B.  Sc.  '  An  abbreviation  of  Jiuecalaureus  Scien- 
tia\  or  Baehelor  of  Science. 

bu  (bo),  11.  [Jap.]  A  rectangular  silver  coin 
of  Japan,  equal  to  one  fourth  of  a  rio  or  tael. 
It  is  lint  now  in  cirfnliition,  l>nt  the  name  is  still  snnie- 
times  Riven  to  tlie  fnnrtti  pnrt  of  a  .yen  or  dollar.  Also 
spelleil  Into,  and  fornieil.v  ealkil  (erroiieonsly  when  more 
than  one  were  spoken  rif)  irfnix'it  anil  it:t'hrm. 

bu.,  bush.     Abbreviations  of  hiixlivl  or  hii.^licls. 

buansuah,  buansu  (bo-an-so'ii,  bo-an-so'),  n. 

The  native  iiniiie  of  the  C'l/on  jmmcevtts,  the 
wild  dog  of  Nepal  and  northern  India,  sup- 


V, 


Buansuah  ( Cyoit  pritntzvus). 

posed  by  some  to  be  the  original  type  of  the 

dog  tribe,  it  is  of  a  reddish  color,  pale  underneath, 
with  a  bnshy,  peudnlons  tail,  and  in  size  intemiediate 
helween  the  wolf  and  the  jackal,  hut  with  very  strong 
limbs.  It  is  capable  <tf  beinir  tamed,  iien  Cijon. 
Buarrhemon  (bo-a-re'mon),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(ioi'i,  ox,  +  «p/);/i/wi',  speechless :  nee  Jrrhcmoii.'] 
An  extensive  genus  of  pityline  tanagers,  con- 
taining about  35  species,  of  terrestrial  habits 
and  dull  colors.     Bonaparte,  1850.     See  Arrhe- 

lllotl. 

buat  (bii'at),  n.  [<  Gael.  Ir.  buite,  a  firebrand, 
Ir.  also  tii'e.]  A  hand-lantern.  Also  written 
h'liirt.     [Scotch.] 

buaze-fiber  (bu'az-fi'ber),  )(.  The  fiber  of  a 
jiolygalaeeous  bush  of  tropical  Africa,  sScciiri- 
daca  pallida,  described  as  of  excellent  quality 
and  resembling  flax. 

bubl  (bub),  n.  [Perhaps  short  for  bubble;  cf. 
hid>-.'\  1.  A  substitute  for  yeast,  prepared  by 
mixing  meal  or  flour  with  a  little  yeast  in  a 
qtiantit.v  of  warm  wort  and  water. —  2.  Strong 
drink  of  any  kind;  liquor,  especially  malt  li- 
quor.    [Cant.] 

bub-t  (bub),  r.  t.  [Short  for  bubble.']  To  throw 
out  in  bubbles.     Mir.  for  Mags. 

bub-*  (bub),  ».  [Also  bubbij ;  origin  obscm'e ; 
ci.jnij).  The  word  Ijears  a  close  but  accidental 
resemblance  to  Hind,  babln,  bnbi  (a  pron.  u),  a 
woman's  breast.]  A  woman's  breast.  [Vulgar.] 

bub*  (bub),  H.  [Also  buMii/,  a  dim.  form ;  usu- 
ally supposed  to  be,  like  hud^,  a  corrujition 
of  brother.  Cf.  G.  bube,  etc.,  a  boy:  see  boi/.] 
A  bov:   used  in  familiar  address.     [Colloq., 

u.  s.i 

Bubalichth3rinse  (bii-bal-ik-thi-i'ne),  )i.  pi. 
[Nlj.,  <  liuhdlirlitlnjs  +  -imr.']  A  subfamily  of 
( '((^o.«/(»H  ((/((■;  synonymous  with /(■  Wo  Wre(F  (which 
see). 

bubalichthyine  (bu-bal-ik'thi-in),  a.  and  «.  I. 
II.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Hulialielitlii/iiiw. 

II.  )i.  One  of  the  Bnbulichthyinw ;  a  buifalo- 
fish. 

Bubalichthys  (bii-bal-ik'this),  n.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
baUi.s  +  (.ir.  /A''"'f.  a  fish.]  The  typical  genus 
of  catostomoid  fishes  of  the  subfamily  Bnha- 
lirlitliijina';  the  buO'alo-fishes. 

bubaline  (bu'ba-lin),  a.  [<  L.  bnbalinus,  per- 
taining to  the  hubalus,  buffalo.]  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  bubalus  or  buffalo. —  2.  Resembling 
a  buffalo ;  bovin(> :  as,  the  bubaline  group  of 
antelopes:  siiecifically  applied  to  Alcelaphus 
hubalifi,  the  bubaline  antelope. 

bubalis  (bu'ba-lis),  11.  [NL.,  also  bidiale :  < 
(ir.  M'^a'/ir,  an  African  species  of  antelope; 
ddubtfidly  referred  to  jiovc,  ox.]  A  large  bu- 
baline antelope  of  Africa,  .■tlc.elaphus  bubalis. 

Bubalornis  (bii-ba-16r'nis),  »(.  [NL.,  <  Buha- 
lus  +  Gr.  o/>i7f.  a  bird.]  A  genus  of  African 
weaver-birds,  of  the  family  I'loeeidw ;  the  buf- 
falo weaver-birds.  They  are  named  from  their  habit 
of  following  cattle  in  order  to  teed   ou  the  parasites 


702 

which  Infest  tlieir  hides.  li.  rnithrnrhjjnehvH  Is  onnimon 
in  llamaraland,  where  it  is  known  to  tlic  natives  as  the 
tmliitjnishi'it.     Sir  Andrew  Smitti. 

Bubalus  (bu'ba-liis),  «.  [L. :  seo  buffalo.']  1. 
A  genus  or  svl'bgenus  of  bovines,  containing 
the  bulTaloes  jiroper,  as  the  Indian  buffalo  and 
the  African  buiTalo:  sometimes  restricted  to 
the  latter.  Hamilton  ,Smitli,  1827.  See  cuts 
under  buffalo. —  2.  [/.  c]  A  member  of  this 
genus. 

bubber  (bub'er),  «.  [<  buh'i,  ■_',  -I-  -rrl.]  A 
drinker. 

Tlntii^li  I  am  no  mark  in  respect  of  a  huge  butt,  yet  I 
(an  tciryon  j;reat  bubt>crx  have  shot  at  me. 

Middleton,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  1, 

bubble!  (bub'l),  n.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ; 
=  MLG.  bubbele,  LG.  bubbel  =  MD.  bobbel  = 
Dan.  boble  =  Sw.  bubbla,  formerly  bubla,  a  bub- 
ble. The  E.  and  Scand.  forms  are  prob.  of  LG. 
origin,  but  all,  like  the  equiv.  early  mod.  E. 
burble  (see  burble),  L.  bulla  (see  bidla,  bull^, 
boil^,  etc.),  Skt.  budbuda,  Hind,  budbudd,  bul- 
buld,  Hindi  buliild,  Pali  hubbulam,  a  bubble 
(and,  more  remotely,  like  Bohem.  boidicl,  bub- 
Una,  Pol.  babel,  >  Little  Russ.  bombel,  a  bubble 
—  words  ha^•ing  the  same  ult.  base  as  bomb'^, 
bomhus,  q.  v.),  are  prob.  ult.  imitative  of  the 
sound  of  the  gurgling  of  water  in  which  bub- 
bles are  forming.  Cf.  blubber,  blabber,  blob. 
The  senses  of  'a  trifle,  delusion,  trick,'  etc., 
proceed  natiu'ally  from  the  lit.  sense,  and  have 
no  orig.  connection  with  the  accidentally  simi- 
lar It.  bubbola,  bubula,  a  trick,  fib,  sham,  deceit, 
pi.  bubbole,  idle  stories,  formerly  "  bubolc,  bub- 
bule,  toies,  iests,  vanities,  nifles,  trifles,  bub- 
bles" (Florio),  <  bubbolare,  cheat,  trick,  rob. 
formerly  "bubolare,  to  bubble"  [i.  e.,  cheat, 
gidl,  dupe]  (Florio),  <  bubbola,  bubula,  formerly 
hubolu,  jiupola,  puppula,  a  hoopoe  (see  lioop'A, 
hoopoe,  upupa),  the  figm-e  of  speech  being  the 
same  as  the  verbs  gull  and  dupe,  q.  v.]  1.  A 
small  vesicle  of  water  or  other  fluid  inflated 
with  air  or  other  gas,  and  floating  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  fluid.  Such  vesicles  can  sometimes,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  soap-bubble,  be  separated  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  liquid,  or  be  formed  independently  of  it,  by 
blowing  from  a  pipe  or  other  instrument. 

Oh,  Fortune, 
That  thou  hast  none  to  fool  and  blow  like  bubbles 
Bnt  kings  and  their  contents  ! 

FtetcJwr  (ami  anotherT),  Prophetess,  iii.  3. 
Ay,  thus  we  are  ;  and  all  our  painted  glory 
A  hubhle  that  a  boy  blows  into  the  air, 
And  there  it  breaks. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  2. 

2.  A  small  globule  of  air  or  other  gas  in  or  ris- 
ing through  a  liquid. — 3.  The  vesicle  of  air  in 
the  glass  spirit-tube  of  a  mechanics'  level. — 
4.  One  of  the  small  hollow  beads  of  glass  for- 
merly used  for  testing  the  strength  of  spirits  by 
the  rate  at  which  they  rise  after  being  plunged 
in  them.  See  bead,  7. —  5.  Anything  that  wants 
firmness,  substance,  or  permanence;  that  which 
is  more  specious  than  real ;  a  vain  project ;  a 
false  show  ;  a  delusion ;  a  trifle. 

A  soldier,  .  .  . 

Seeking  the  bubble  reputation 

Even  in  the  cannon's  mouth. 

,Shak.,  As  yon  Like  it,  ii.  7. 

War,  he  sung,  is  toil  and  trouble ; 
Honour,  but  an  empty  bubble. 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast. 

6.  An  inflated  speculation :  a  delusive  com- 
mercial project,  especially  one  which  is  put 
forward  as  insuring  extraordinary  profits ; 
hence,  a  financial  imposition  or  fraud ;  a 
cheating  trick:  as,  the  South  Sea  bubble.  See 
below. 

This  may  not  at  first  sight  appear  a  large  sum  to  those 
who  remember  the  bubbles  of  IS2.5  and  of  1S4.S. 

Maeaulall,  Hist.  En:;.,  xxiv. 

7t.  A  person  deceived  by  an  empty  project;  a 
dupe. 

He  has  been  my  bubble  these  twenty  years. 

Arbuthnol,  John  Bull. 

His  pity  and  compassion  make  him  sometimes  a  bubble 
to  all  his  fellows.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  27. 

Bubble  Act,  an  Englissh  statute  of  1720,  intended  to  re- 
strict illusory  schemes  of  corporate  or  associate  organiza- 
tion ;  adopted  to  prevent  the  repetition  of  such  frauds  as 
the  South  Sea  bubble. —  Bubble  and  squeak.  («)  .-V  <iish 
consisting  of  fried  beef  and  cabha;„'e  :  probably  so  called 
from  the  sounds  made  during  frying. 

Rank  and  title!  bubble  and  squeak!  Xo !  not  half  so 
pood  as  bubble  and  squeak;  English  beef  and  good  cab- 
bage. But  foreign  rank  and  title  ;  foreign  cabbage  and 
beef  !  foreign  buljble  and  foreign  squeak ! 

liuturr.  My  Novel,  viii.  S. 
(/')  In  New  England,  hash  or  minced  meat.  — South  Sea 
bubble,  a  llnancial  scheme  which  originated  in  F.ngland 
about  1711  and  collapsed  in  1720.  It  was  proposed  by  the 
-Earl  of  Clxford  to  fund  a  floating  debt  of  £10,(XKl,0lxi,  the 
purchasers  of  wliich  stlould  become  stockholders  in  a  eor- 


bubonlc 

pomtion,  the  ."^outh  Sea  Company,  which  was  to  have  a 
ni'inopidy  of  the  trade  with  Spanish  South  America,  and 
a  part  of  the  capital  stock  of  which  waji  to  constitute  the 
fund.  The  refusal  of  Spain  to  enter  into  commercial  re- 
lations with  England  made  the  privileges  of  the  company 
worthless  ;  luit  by  means  of  a  series  of  speculative  oi>eru. 
tions  anil  the  infatuation  of  the  people  its  shares  were 
inflated  frrun  .tlOO  to  £1,0.50.  lt«  failure  caused  great  dis- 
tri-.^^  tlirout'Iiout  England, 
bubble^  (l)iib'l),  ?'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bubbled,  ppr. 
bnlMini/.  [=  MLG.  LG.  bubbiln  =  MD.  I).  Iiob- 
belen  =  Dan.  b(dtle,  bubble  ;  from  the  noun.]  I. 
intran.s.  1.  To  rise  in  bubbles,  as  liquors  when 
boUing  or  agitated;  send  up  bubbles. —  2.  To 
TWO.  with  a  gurgling  noise;  gurgle:  as,  "bub- 
bling fountains,"  Pope,  Autumn,  1.  43. 

On  yon  swoU'n  brook  that  bubbles  fast 
By  meadows  breathing  of  the  past. 

Tcnin/son,  111  .Memoriani.  xcix. 

3.  To  utter  a  bubbling  or  gurgling  cry.    [Rare.] 

At  mine  ear 
Bubbled  the  nightingale.       Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

H.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  bubble. 

I'd  bubble  up  the  water  through  a  reed,  Keats. 

2.  To  cheat;  deceive  or  impose  on;  hoodwink; 
bamboozle. 

Bubbled  out  of  their  goods  and  money  ! 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.  11. 

When  slavery  could  not  bully,  it  bubbled  its  victim. 

W.  PtiiUips,  .speeches,  p.  377. 

bubble'-  (bub'l),  r.  i.  [Also  bibble;  cf.  bubble"^ 
and  blubber.]  To  shed  tears  in  a  sniveling, 
blubbering,  childish  way.  Jamieson.  [Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 
bubble''  (bub'l),  «.  Snot.  Jamie.son.  [Scotch.] 
bubble-bffWt,  ".  [A  piece  of  fashionable  slang, 
mentioned  by  Pope,  along  with  eosin,  tompiim, 
eolmar,  toupee,  in  the  quot.  below,  as  ''in  use 
in  this  present  year  1727":  supposed  to  stand 
for  *bubble-heau,  <  bubble,  v.,  -+-  obj.  beau;  but 
perhaps  of  no  particular  meaning.  ]  A  t weezer- 
case. 

Lac'd  in  her  cosins  [stays]  new  appear'd  the  bride, 
A  bubble-bow  and  tompion  [watch]  at  her  side, 
And  with  an  air  divine  her  eolmar  [fan]  ply'd. 
Then,  oh  !  she  cries,  what  slaves  I  round  me  see  ! 
Here  a  bright  Redcoat,  there  a  smart  toupee. 

Pope,  Treatise  on  the  Bathos. 

bubbler  (bub'ler),  «.  It.  One  who  cheats.  Pope. 
—  2.  A  fish  of  the  family  Seiernidte.  Aplodinotus 
i/runniens,  the  fresh-water  drumfish,  found  in 
the  waters  of  the  Ohio  river :  so  called  from 
the  peculiar  noise  it  makes.  Also  called  bub- 
bling-fi.^ii. 

bub'Sle-shell  (bub'l-shel),  n.  A  shell  of  the  fam- 
ily i}«?/»/«'and  genus  .B«?/f(.  of  an  oval  form,  with 
the  outermost  whorl  involving  all  the  others. 
Species  are  numerous  in  tropical  and  warm 
seas.     See  cuts  under  Bulla. 

bubbling  (bub'ling),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  bttbbW^,  r.] 

Emitting  or  exhibiting  bubbles ;  giving  out  a 

sound  such  as  is  caused  by  bubbles ;  gurgling. 

The  bubblinfi  cry 

Of  some  strong  swimmer  in  his  agony. 

Byron,  Don  Juan.  ii.  53. 

bubbling-fish  (bub'ling-fish),  n.     Same  as  bub- 

lilf  r,  '2.      Itatinesque. 
bubblyi  (bub'li),  n.    [<  6«66?fl -I- -yl.]    Full  of 

bubbles:    as,  ''bubbli/  spume,"  Xash,  Lenten 

Stulife,  p.  8. 
bubbly2  (bub'li),  o.    I<bubble3-i--yi.]    Snotty: 

as,  the  bairn  has  a  bubbly  nose.     [North.  Eng. 

anil  Scotch.] 
bubbly-jock  (bub'li-jok),    n.     A  turkey-cock. 

[Noi'th.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
bubbyl  (bub'i),  n. ;  pi.  bubbics  (-iz).    [See  bubS.] 

A  woman's  breast.     [Vulgar.] 

^Miy  don't  you  go  and  suck  the  huhbit  ? 

Arbuthnol.  John  Bull. 

bubby-  (bub'i),  n.  [Dim.  of  bub-i.]  A  familiar 
term  of  address  to  little  boys;  bub.     [U.  S.] 

bubo^  (Vm'bo),  II.  [=  F.  bubon  —  Sp.  bubon  = 
Pg.  hulido  =  It.  biibone  =  Wall,  buboin,  <  ML. 
bul)o{n-),  a  timior,  <  Gr.  :iuv.ji'.ii;  the  gi'oin,  a 
swelling  in  the  groin.]  In  med..  an  inflamma- 
tory swelling  of  a  lymphatic  gland,  especially 
such  as  arises  in  the  groin  from  venereal  in- 
fection. 

Bubo'-  (bu'bo),  n.  [L.,  an  owl,  the  horned  owl. 
The  name  is  supposed  to  be  imitative  of  its  cry 
as  if  "bu-bu;  cf.  E.  tu-whoo,  etc.]  A  genus  of 
large  owls  with  conspicuous  jilnmicorns,  rela- 
tively small  ear-aperture,  incomplete  facial 
disk,  and  feathered  feet.  It  contains  the  great  owl 
or  eagle-owl  of  Europe.  B.  maxinius,  the  great  homed 
owl  of  .\orth  .America.  B.  rirffinianus,  and  sundry  other 

sjiecies.     See  cut  (Ul  next  page. 

bubonic  (bu-bon'ik),  o.  [<  ML.  bubo(n-),  a  tu- 
mor (see  bubo^),  -I-  -ie.]  In  pathol.,  pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  bubo. 


Buboninae 


\'lr(jiiiia  Homed  Owl  {liNfro  7'trj^i»mnits). 

Buboninae  (bu-bo-ni'ne),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Buhn~ 
{liiibiiii-)  +  -ilia:]  A  subfamily  of  owls,  family 
jStiigi(l<i\  adopted  by  some  writers  for  the  gen- 
era liiilio,  Scopts,  and  some  other  horned  or 
'•(•at"  owls. 

bubonine  (ba'bo-nin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  liidiiiniiuv. 

bubonocele  (bii-bo'no-sel  or  -se-le),  «.  [<  Gr. 
jioriiui'oKr// 1),  <  jiovpi)v,  the  groin  (see  hiih(A),  + 
nf/A:/,  tumor.]  lu  j/iitliiiJ.,  inguinal  h<'rnia  or 
ruptui'e :  often  restricted  to  an  oblique  inguinal 
liernia  which  has  not  passed  tlie  e.xterual  ring, 
l)ut  occupies  the  inguinal  canal. 

bubuklet,  ".  A  pimjile :  a  word  of  uncertain  f  onn 

and  origin,  found  only  in  the  following  passage, 

where  it  is  put  into  the  mouth  of  a  Welshman. 

His  fiu'c  is  all  biihulch'n,  ami  wt- Iks,  .iml  knobs,  and  llaiuL-s 

of  lire.  Sliak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  C. 

Bubulcus  (bii-bul'kus),  ».  [NTj.,  <  L.  Iiiihiilcus, 
a  iiliiwinari,  herdsman  (cf.  Iiiiliiiliis,  pertaining 
to  o.xeu  or  cattle),  <  hos  ('"»•-),  an  o.x:  see  2>Vy.] 
A  genus  of  herons,  containing  the  buff-backed 
heron,  B.  ibis;  formerly  called  Ardca  hiibulcus 
and  Arileii  russalii,  chiefly  an  Afi'iean  species, 
related  to  the  squacco  heron. 

bubulin  (bu'ljxVliu),  n.  [<  L.  bubiilits,  pertain- 
ing to  cattle  (<  bos  (boi'-),  an  ox:  see  Bns),  + 
-(»-.]  A  peculiar  substanee  existing  in  the 
dung  of  beasts,  which  is  copiously  precipitated 
by  metallic  salts,  tincture  of  galls,  and  alum, 
and  therefore  active  in  the  application  of  cow- 
dung  to  calico-pnnting. 

bucan,  buccan  (buk'au),  ».  [<  F.  boucan, 
"a  woodden-gi-idinm,  whereon  the  Cannibals 
broyle  pieces  of  men,  and  other  flesh"  (Cot- 
grave),  a  place  for  smoking  meat;  said  to  be  a 
native  Carib  word;  hence  biicaiieei;  etc.  See 
biicancfi:']  1.  A  kin<l  of  gridiron  for  smoking 
meat. — 2.  A  place  where  meat  is  smoked.— 3. 
In  the  West  Indies,  a  place  wliere  eolTee  or  co- 
coa is  dried.  III.  London  News. 
Also  bocnn,  houcan. 

bucan,  buccan  (bidi'an),  v.  t.  [Also  written  hon- 
c((n;  <  F.  biiucdnei;  i  boucan,  E.  bumn,  «.,  q. 
v.]  To  cut  into  long  pieces,  salt,  and  smoke  on 
a  bucan,  as  beef:  a  mode  of  preserving  merit 
formerly  ]iraetiseil  by  the  Caribs  and  afterward 
by  Europeans  in  the  West  Indies.  Also  boucan. 
Dressed  in  the  smuke,  which  in  their  lantiuage  they  call 
himoni'il.  Itakhnjt. 

bucaneer,buccaneer(buk-a-ner'),  H.  [<  F.hou- 

aniicr,  a  curer  of  wild  meat,  a  pirate,  <  boii- 
ciiiur,  smoke  meat,  <  boucan,  a  jilace  for  smok- 
ing meat:  see  bucan,  n."]  1.  Originally,  one  of 
tlie  French  settlers  in  Hispaniola  or  Ha_\-ti  and 
Tortugas,  whoso  occupation  was  to  hunt  wild 
cattle  and  hogs,  and  cure  their  flesh. 

It  is  iiuw  hi-h  time  to  speak  of  the  French  nation  who 
inhaliit.  a  1,'reat  jiart  of  this  island  ( Hispaniola].  .  .  .  The 
Hiiiitrrs  are  aijain  divided  into  several  .sorts.  For  some  of 
these  are  oiil.v  liiven  to  hunt  wild  Bulls  and  Cows,  others 
only  hunt  wild  Hores.  The  first  of  these  two  sorts  of 
Hunters  arc  called  Bucan  irrs.  .  .  ,  When  the  Bucaniertt 
go  into  the  woods  t^)  hunt  for  wild  hulls  and  cows,  they 
commonly  remain  there  the  space  of  a  whole  twelvemontli 
or  two  years  without  returning  home. 

Bucdiiierg  of  Amrn'ca  (London,  16S4),  p.  ^0. 
2.  A  pirate;  a  freebooter;  especially,  one  of 
the  piratical  adventurers,  chiefly  French  and 
British,  who  I'ombined  to  make  depredations 
on  the  Spaniards  in  America  in  the  second  half 
of  the  seventeenth  century:  so  called  because 
the  first  of  the  class  were  Freiiclimeu  driven 
from  their  business  of  bucauing  by  the  Spanish 
authorities  of  Hispaniola. 

He  [Warren  HustinirsJ  was  far  too  enlightened  a  man  to 
look  on  a  treat  empire  merely  as  a  hm-canier  wtmld  look 
on  a  galleon.  M(ii-atitit>/.  Warren  Hastings. 

Also  sx)elled  bucanici;  bnccanier. 


703 

bucaneer,  buccaneer  (buk-a-ner'),  r.  i.  [<  buc- 
(iii'i  r.  II.  I  To  act  I  he  part  of  a  pirate  or  free- 
booter.    (Jiiarlcrhj  l!ci\ 

The  irreverent  buccaneering  heo 

Hath  stomied  and  rilled  the  nunnery  of  the  lily. 

Lnu'rlt,  Al  Fresco. 

bucaneerish,  buccaneerish  (buk-a-ner'ish),  a. 
1_<  bucaneer  +  -i.sliK\     Kesembling  a  bucaneer. 

By  moonlight  wo  are  creeping  under  the  frowning  elilfs 
of  Ahoofeyda,  ami  voyage  all  night  in  a  huccaneerinh  fiush- 
i'ln.  C.  D.  M'ariwr,  Winter  on  the  Nile,  ii.  414. 

bucaro  (bo'kii-ro),  H.  [Sp.  hiicaro,  a  vessel 
made  of  an  odoriferous  earth  of  the  same  name, 
>  Pg.  bucaro,  a  sort  of  earth.]  An  earthen- 
ware water-jar  used  in  Spain  and  Portugal. 
Those  made  in  Estremadtu'a,  of  light-redmsh 
clay,  are  especially  esteemed. 

bucca  (buk'ii),  H.;  pi.  bucca-  (se).  [L. ;  hence 
buccii,  biiurhc,  buckle",  buckler,  etc.]  In  anal., 
the  hollow  part  of  the  cheek  which  projects 
when  the  cheeks  are  inflated;  also,  the  entire 
cheek,  and  hence  the  mouth  as  a  whole,  with 
reference  to  its  cavity  and  all  the  surrounding 
parts. 

buccal(buk'al), (7.  [<  hucca  +  -al;=:Y.  buccal.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  bncca  or  cheek. —  2.  Per- 
taining t  o  t  he  sides  of  the  mouth,  or  to  the  moutli 
or  moutli-parts  as  a  whole;  oral;  maxillary. — 
Buccal  artery,  a  branch  of  the  internal  ma-vilhiry  artery. 
~  Buccal  cavity,  tliecavityof  the  month.  — Buccal  fun- 
nel, ill  Ilnlijem.  Sec  i/i".?frtx.— Buccal  ganglia,  in  .w../ 
lu.';efi,  ganglia  wliicli  give  otf  nerves  to  the  mouth  and  ali- 
mentary canal.  They  are  connected  with  the  cerebral 
ganglia  by  a  pair  of  nerves  along  the  esophagus. — Buccal 
glands.  See  e/land. — BuCcal  inass,  in  MnUusea,  the  so- 
calieil  pharynx,  the  organ  of  prehension  and  miustication 
of  food,  present  in  all  niollnskscxci'pt  laiiH-lIil)ranchs.  See 
cut  under  Dibranchiata. —  Buccal  nerve,  {a)  ,\  branch 
of  the  facial  nerve  which  supplies  the  buerinatoraiid  orbi- 
cularis oris  muscles.  ('/)  A  braiicli  of  the  interior  maxillary 
nerve  supplying  the  integument  and  nnicons  nieiitlirane  of 
the  cheek.— Buccal  openings  or  Assures,  in  Voleuplem. 
posterior  proIiiim;ai..ii^>  it  the  nmntb  ra\  it  v,  on  each  side  of 
the  nicutum.  — Buccal  sutures,  in  i'''h"piera,  impressed 
lines  (U-i^'inating  in  the  buccal  fissures  or  corners  of  the 
mouth,  rnniiing  backward,  and  often  coalescing  behind. 
Also  c.dlr^d  t/iiiur  .s'K^i/rc.f.  — BUCCal  Vein,  a  vein  of  the 
cheek  elnptyinu'  intit  the  facial  vein. 

buccan,  buccaneer,  buccaneerish.   See  bucan, 

bui'aneer,  bucaneeri.'ili. 

buccate  (buk'at),  a.  [<  NL.  biiccatus,  <  L.  buc- 
ca, the  cheek  distended.]  In  entom.,  having 
distended  gena',  or  cheeks,  as  certain  DipUra. 

buccellationt  (Imk-se-la'shou),  n.  [<  L.  buccel- 
la,  a  small  mouthful,  small  bread  divided  among 
the  poor  (ef.  hucccllaluni,  a  soldier's  biscuit), 
dim.  of  bucca,  the  cheek,  mouth:  see  /)«<•(■(/.] 
The  act  of  breaking  into  .small  pieces.    Harris. 

bucchero  (bok-ka'ro),  H.  [It.]  In  archecol.,  a 
kind  of  ancient  Tuscan  pottery  of  a  uniform 
black  color,  and  neither  glazed  nor  ]iainted. 
Vases  in  this  ware  are  of  two  chus-ses:  those  scantily  orna- 
mented with  designs  in  low  relief,  impressed  upon  the 
clay  by  the  rotation  of  an  engraved  cylinder ;  and  those 
of  later  date,  profusely  ornamented  with  reliefs  from  inde- 
pendent stamps,  and  with  figures  molded  separately  and 
applied  to  the  surface.  This  ware  is  peculiar  to  Tuscany, 
and  is  found  particularly  iu  the  tombs  of  Vulci,  Chiusi, 
and  the  neighboring  region.  Often  called  bucchero  nei'o 
(lilack  Ijucehero). 

buccin  (buk'sin),  n.     Same  as  buccina. 

buccina  (buk'si-nii),  n.;  pi.  bucciniE{-i\o).  [L., 
prop,  huciiia,  a  (crooked)  trumpet  (>prob.  Gr. 
jivKnvij  (in  deriv.  sometimes  jiovK-),  a  trumpet), 
prob.  for  "boricina,  <  bos  (hoc-),  an  ox,  cow, 
-I-  cancrc,  sing,  play;  orig.  a  cow's  horn.]  An 
ancient  musical  instrument  of  the  trumpet  kind, 
originally  a  horn  of  an  ox  or  cow,  blown  by  a 
shepherd  to  assemble  his  flocks.     See  bussijnc. 

bUCCinal  (buk'si-nal),  a.  [<  buccina  +  -al.] 
1.  Shaped  like  a  trumpet. — 2.  Sounding  like 
a  horn  or  trumpet. 

buccinator  (buk'si-na-tor),  ».;  pi.  buccinaf'iirs 
(biik'si-nij-to're/.).  [L.,  prop.  Iiucinatnr.  <  bfici- 
narc,  pp.  biicinatus,  blow  a  trumpet,  <  buciim, 
tnimpet:  see  6«r(i«((.]  1.  In  rt»o(.,  the  trum- 
peter s  muscle ;  a  thin  flat  muscle  forming  the 
wall  of  the  cheek,  assisting  in  mastication,  and 
also  in  blowing  mnd-instruments  (whence  its 
name). —  2.  Tlie  siieeiftc  name  of  the  trumpeter 
swan  of  North  America,  Ci/ipius  buccinator. — 
Buccinator  nerve,  the  buccal  nerve  of  the  inferior  max- 
illary. 

buccinatory  (buk'sin-a-to-ri),  a.    [<  buccinator 
-¥■  -y.]       Of  or  pertaining  to  the  buccinator 
muscle. 
The  buccinatory  muscles  along  his  cheeks. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  0. 

buccinid  (buk'si-nid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
fiiiiiily  Hucciuidic:  a  whelk. 

Buccinidae  (buk-sin'i-de),  H.  pl.  [NL.,  <.  Buc- 
ciniini  +  -iilic]  \  family  of  rhachiglossate 
]irosobranchiate  gastropoilous  mollusks,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Buvcinum,  to  which  very  dif- 


Bucellas 

ferent  limits  have  been  assigned.  By  the  older 
authors  representatives  of  various  other  modem  families 
were  associated  with  Buecininn.  By  modern  uutlnu-8  it 
is  restricted  to  a  smaller  cielluite  groufi,  dehned  chielly  by 
the  armature  of  the  month.  The  animal  has  a  lingual 
ribbon  armed  with  erect  cusi)idate  median  teeth  anil 
lateral  teeth,  surmounted  by  2  to  5  denticles,  of  which  the 
outermost  are  largest.  The  shell  is  represented  by  that 
known  as  the  whelk.  The  typical  siiccies  are  inhabi- 
tants of  the  cold  seas,  but  others  are  inhabitants  of  warm 
seas.     See  rut  under  Bitccitnnn. 

bucciniform  (buk-siu'i-form),  a.  [<  Buccinum 
+  L.  forma,  ionn.]  Having  the  form  or  ap- 
pearance of  a  buceinoid  whelk. 

Buccinin8e(buk-si-ui'ne),  ».  jil.  [NI-i.,  <  Bucci- 
num +  -ina\]  A  subfamily  of  buceinoid  gas- 
(ro]ioilous  mollusks.     See  Buccinida: 

buceinoid  (buk'si-noid),  a.  and  n.    [<  Buccinum 
+  -aid.]    I.  a.  Resembling  mollusks  of  the  ge- 
nus liuccinum;  shaped  like  a  whelk. 
II.  ».  A  member  of  the  family  Buccinidw. 

Buccinoida  (buk-si-uoi'dii),  H.^^/.  [NL.]  Same 
:is  Iltieeininiles. 

Buccinoides  (buk-si-no-ed'),  H.  jil.  [F.]  The 
name  of  Cuvicr's  third  family  of  pectinibran- 
chiate  gastropods,  sometimes  Latinized  as  Buc- 
cinoida.  The  gi-oup  includes,  btit  is  more  exten- 
sive than,  the  modern  family  Buccinida:. 

buccinopsid  (Imk-si-nop'sid),  H.  A  gastropod 
cd'  tile  family  Biiccinojisida: 

Buccinopsidae  (Imk-si-nop'si-de),  n.  pl.     [NIj., 

<  Hiicciniijisis  -I-  -idle.]  A  family  of  rhachi- 
glossate gastrojiods,  typified  by  the  genus  Buc- 
cinojisis.  The  animal  has  an  elongated  Ungual  riblion, 
with  thin  nnarnicd  median  teeth  and  unicnspid  versatile 
lateral  teeth.     The  shell  is  like  that  of  a  whelk. 

Buccinopsis  (liuk-si-nop'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Bucci- 
num +  tir.  ii'l'ir,  appearance.]  Agenus  of  gastro- 
[lods  with  shells  like  those  of  the  genus  Bueci- 
ninn, tyjiical  of  the  family  Buccinopsida'. 

Buccinum  (buk'si-num),  H.  [L.,  prop,  bueinum, 
a  shell-fish  used  in  dyeing  purple,  <  bilcina,  a 
trumpet.]  The  tyjiical 
genus  of  mollusks  of  tho 
family  Buccinidec.  By 
the  old  authors  numerous 
and  very  heterogeneous  spe- 
cies were  combined  in  it,  but 
by  modern  systematists  it  is 
restricted  to  the  wheiks.  of 
which  B.  umltittiui  is  a  typi- 
cal example. 

Bucc0(buk'6),  H.    [NL., 

<  L.  bucca,  a  babbler, 
blockhead,  fool,  lit. 
one  who  has  distended 
cheeks,  <  bncca,  cheek.] 
In  oruitli.,  a  generic 
name  variously  used. 
ill)  Uy  r.rissou (17(10)  applied 
to  a  genus  of  birils  contain- 
ing an  American  species  of 
the  modern  family  Buccoui- 
dee  and  two  .sjiccies  of  Capito- 
nidix.   (b)  By  Linnieus  (ITtiil) 

used  for  a  genus  of  birds,  containing  one  American  species 
of  Buccimidtv,  erroneously  attributed  to  Africa,  (r)  Ap- 
plied to  a  genus  of  birds,  containing  a  heterogeneous 
lot  of  species  composing  the  two  families  Bueeuuida'  and 
Capitonidee.  (rf)  Transferred  by  Teniminck  (1S20)  to  the 
CupitonidiK,  or  scansorial  barbels,  (c)  Restored  by  Gray 
(184(1)  Ui  the  .\merican  barbacous,  and  used  by  nearly  all 
subseiincnt  tirnithologists  as  the  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Buccoiiidie,  or  putf-birds.  About  1.^  species  are 
known,  all  from  .South  and  Central  America,  having  a 
stout,  turgid  bill,  broad  at  the  base  and  somewhat  hotiked 
at  the  end,  withba-sal  nostrils,  rictiil  vibrissie,  short  round- 
ed wings,  moilerate  roumlcd  tail  of  VI  rectrices,  and  zygo- 
dactyl  feet,  with  the  third  toe  longest.  B.  coUaris  is 
reddish-browu.  with  a  black  ccdlar  ;  the  other  sjiecies  are 
mostly  pied  with  black  and  white,  or  otlierw  ise  variegated. 

buccolabial  (bttk-6-la'bi-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  cheek  and  lip.— Buccolabial  nerve,  the  buccal 
branch  of  the  inferior  maxillary  nerve  :  snmctinies  restrict- 
ed to  its  terminal  branch.'— Superior  buccolabial 
nerve,  the  buccal  branch  of  the  facial  iier\'e. 

Bucconidae  (bu-kon'i-de),  n.  pl.  [NL.,  <  Buc- 
co(.n-)  -t-  -idic]  The  puff-binls ;  the  fissirostral 
zygodaetyl  barbels;  the  barbacous;  a  family 
of  picarian  birds  related  to  the  jacamars,  or 
Oalbulida:  They  have  a  large,  hea>-y  head  and  bill, 
prominent  rictal  vibrissie,  short  rounded  wings  and  tail, 
the  toes  yoked  in  pairs,  tarsi  sciitellate  and  reticulate,  no 
aftcrshafts,  nude  nil  ^'land.  10  primaries.  VJ  rectrices.  opcr- 
culate  nostrils,  and  cycljLshes.  The  family  is  small  ;uid 
compact,  and  conlliicd  to  .\merica,  where  it  is  reprcseilled 
by  about  4;J  species  of  the  7  genera  Btieco,  MalacoptUa, 
Micronioiiacha,  X<niuuln,  flnjuiloplilii,  ^tonaelin  (or  J/o- 
n«.va),  and  Cheti'doiilera.  The  name  was  Ji>rmerly  indefi- 
nitely applied  to  (iitfereut  groups  of  birds  represented  by 
the  genera  Cnpilo,  Meiialwma,  etc.,  as  well  as  Biicco. 

buccula  (buk'u-lii),  H. ;  pl.  buccula:  (-le).  [L., 
dim.  of  /;«(•(■«,  the  cheek  or  puffed-out  mouth. 
Cf.  buckle''^.]  In  anat.,  the  fleshy  part  under 
the  chin. 

Bucellas  (bii-sel'as),  h.  A  Portuguese  wine  for- 
merly much  exported  to  England.  It  is  made 
near  Lisbon. 


Common  Wlielk  {Sttccittum 
undtitum). 


Bucfpk  aiusfolytnoT' 
phus,  magnified, 
t,    suckers; 


bncentanr 

bucentaur  (b»-son'tar),  «.  [=  F.  hucentanrr 
=  lt.  biicoitorin,  hiH'ciitnro,  <  Or.  fioix,  <>x,  + 
hifravi>n<;,  coiitaur.]  1.  A  mythical  monstor, 
half  man  and  half  bull ;  a  cpntanr  with  the  body 
of  a  bull  in  place  of  tliat  of  a  horsp. —  2.  [™/i.] 
The  state  bargo  of  Venice,  in  which  the  ilogp 
and  senate  annually  on  Ascension  day  jicr- 
forincd  the  ceremonial  marriage  of  the  state 
with  the  Adriatic,  symbolic  of  the  commercial 
power  of  the  republic. 

The  apousckss  Adriatic  mourns  her  lord, 

An  annual  marriage  uow  no  more  renewed ; 
The  Jhwentanr  lies  rotting  nnrestored, 
Neglected  garment  of  her  widowhood. 

Bijnn,  Cliilde  Harold,  iv.  93. 

Bucephala  (bu-sefa-la),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  bu- 
ccplialus,  <  Gr.  pnvK(:<lia'/.oc,  ox-headed :  see  Bu- 
cephalus.'] A  genus  of  ducks,  of  the  subfamily 
FuUf/!ilin(r,  based  by  Baird  in  1858  upon  the 
buffle-hea<led  duck  of  North  America  (Anas 
alhtiihi  of  Linuajus,  FuUf/ula  albenla  of  authors 
in  general,  now  liuccphala  albcnUi),  including 
also  the  garrots,  called  by  him  Bucephala  ame- 
ricauu  and  B.  islandicn.     See  biifflc'^. 

Bucephalus  (bii-sef 'a-lus),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  flnv- 
Ki<pa'/.og,  ox-headed,  <  iiov(,  ox,  +  KCipa'/J/,  head. 
Cf.  L.  Bucephalus,  Bucepha- 
la, also  Bucephalus,  <  Gr.  Bou- 
Af^dAof,  the  name  of  the  cele- 
brated war-horse  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great.]  1.  The  cer- 
earian  larval  stage  of  certain 
flukes,  or  Trematnda,  named 
under  the  supposition  that  it 
was  a  distinct  animal.  Buce- 
phalus imUim'n'ithu^,  a  parasite  of 
the  fresh-water  mussel,  whose  spo- 
rocysts  sometimes  fill  all  the  inter- 
spaces of  the  viscera  of  the  mus- 
sel, is  supposed  to  develop  into  the 
trematode  genus  Gasteroiitomum,  a 
parasite  of  fresh-water  fishes. 
2.  In  herpet.,  a  genus  of  Afri- 
can snakes,  of  the  family  Dcn- 
drophklw,  as  the  Burcphalus  ^kTappeS^ls'^'"" 
capensis. — 3.  [/.  c]  A  snake  of 
this  genus:  as,  "the  Cape  bucephnhia,"  Sclatcr. 

Bucerids  (bu-ser'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  short  for 
Bueerotidn'.]    Same  as  Bucerotidee. 

Buceroides  (bu-se-roi'dez),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
ccros  +  -aides.']  In  Blyth's  classification  of  birds 
(1849),  a  division  of  Si/ndaetiili.  including  the 
horubills  and  hoopoes,  or  Bucerntiibv  and  Upu- 
pida:,  respectively  also  called  Appcndirostres 
and  Arculirnstres :  distinguished  from  Halcy- 
oides  (which  see). 

Bucerontidae  (bu-se-ron'ti-de),  u.jil.  Improper 
form  of  Burcrotidw. 

Buceros  (bu'se-ros),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  polxepu^, 
(iovKepaog,  horned  like  an  ox,  <  fiovg,  ox  (see 
Bos),  +  Kcpaf,  horn.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Bucerotidee.  It  was  formerly  coextensive  with 
the  family,  hut  is  now  v.ariously  restricted. 

Bucerotidee  (bu-se-rot'i-d'e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
ceros (-rot-)  +  -idee.]  The  hornbills ;  a  family  of 
non-passerine  insessorial  birds  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  old  world,  ha%ang  a  huge  bill,  sur- 
mounted by  a  boss,  casque,  or  horn,  in  some 
cases  as  large  as  the  bill  itself.  The  technical 
characters  are  a  highly  pneumatic  skeleton,  peculiar 
pterylosis,  no  aftershafts,  hairy  eyelashes,  10  rectrices, 
tufted  el.-Bodochon,  no  ca;ca,  a  gall-bladder,  and  sympel- 
mous  syndactylous  feet.  About  60  species  are  described, 
distributed  in  about  20  modern  genera.  See  horiMU. 
Also  called  BuccrUhe,  Bacemitidce. 

Buchanite  (buk'au-it),  «.  [<  Buchan  (see  def.) 
+  -ite^.]  One  of  a  sect  which  arose  in  1783,  in 
the  Relief  Congregation  at  Irvine,  Scotland, 
nnder  the  leadership  of  a  Mrs.  (more  commonly 
known  as  Lucky)  Buchan.  she  declared  herself  to 
be  the  woman  of  Kev.  xii.,  and  Mr.  White,  the  pastor 
of  the  congregation  to  which  she  belonged,  her  "man- 
child  " ;  and  she  taught  her  followers  that  they  would  be 
translated  to  heaven  without  tasting  of  death.  The  sect 
was  always  small,  and  is  now  extinct. 

bucholzite  (bo'kolt-sit),  n.  [Named  after  the 
chemist  Buchholz  (1770-1818).]  A  variety  of 
fibrolite. 

bucbu  (bu'ku),  n.  [A  native  name ;  also  spell- 
ed biicl;u.]  The  leaves  of  several  species  of 
Barosma,  shrubby  plants  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  having  an  aromatic  taste  and  penetrat- 
ing odor,  and  extensively  used  in  medicine  for 
various  disorders  of  the  stomach  and  urinary 
organs.     See  Barosma. 

buck!  (buk),  11.  [<  ME.  bul:,  buclic,  buU-e,  a 
male  deer;  also,  as  orig.,  a  he-goat ;  <  AS.  bucca, 
a  he-goat  (AS.  yat,  >  K.  r/nat,  is  a  she-goat;  cf. 
(idt-bucca,  a  he-goat ;  cf .  AS.  ha-fer  =  L.  caper,  a 
he-goat;  Gr.  Kriirpof,  a  boar) ;  fcifc  (rare),  a  male 
deer,  =  OS.  huh;  a  he-goat,  =  Fries,  bok  =  D.  buk 
=  OHG.  boch,  MHG.  loc,  G.  bock  =  Icel.  bukkr, 


704 

also  hnkkr  and  hokki,  =  Sw.  bock  =  Dan.  huk,  he- 
goat,  ram,  buck  (deer).  Cf.  Skt.  hukka  (Hind. 
bok,  bokii),  Zend  bu:n,  a  goat.  Hence  (from 
Teut.)  F.  houc,  OF.  hoc  (whence  ult.  E.  butcher, 
f|.  V.)  =  Pr.  boc  =  Cat.  boc  =  S|i.  dial,  boquc, 
OSp.  buco  =  It.  becco  (ML.  bucc.us)  =  \V.  bicch 
=  (Jael.  boc  =  Ir.  boc,  poc  =  Corn,  bijk  =  Bret. 
buch,  boueh,  a  he-goat.]     1.  A  he-goat. 

Asofatiechen  [kid]  .  .  .  kumeth  a  stinkindc  got  tgoat), 
other  [orj  a  huvkr.  Ancren  liiuic,  p.  100. 

Wlu'r  [whether]  I  sal  ete  bules  flesche 
Or  drinke  tlie  blode  of  huckes  nesche? 

Ps.  xlix.  0.)  13  (Mid.  Eng.  version). 

2.  The  male  of  the  deer,  the  antelope,  the  rab- 
bit, or  the  hare :  often  used  specifically  of  the 
male  of  the  fallow-deer;  aroebuek. —  3.  A  gay 
or  fashionable  man ;  a  fop;  a  blood;  a  dandy. 

He  had  brilliant  underwaistcojits,  any  one  of  which 
would  have  set  up  a  moderate  buck.  Thackeray. 

A  whole  class  of  young  bucks  of  the  lower  order  —  "Ar- 
rys'*  is  the  British  term  — get  themselves  up  in  the  closest 
allowable  imitation  of  bull-flght«rs. 

Lathrop,  .Spanish  Vistas,  p.  26. 

4.  A  male  Indian.  [U.S.]  —  5.  A  male  negro. 
[U.  S.]— 6t.  The  mark  of  a  cuckold. 

Buck.^  I  would  I  could  w.ash  myself  of  the  buck! 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

Great  buck,  a  roebuck  in  its  sixth  year  or  older.— To 
blow  the  buck's  homt,  to  lose  one's  trouble ;  go  wliistle. 
She  loveth  so  this  heende  Nicholas 
That  Absolon  may  blowe  the  bukkcs  horn. 

Chancer,  Jliller's  Tale,  1.  201. 

buckl  (buk),  V.  i.  [<  huckl,  n.  Cf.  MHG.  boeken, 
butt  like  a  goat,  also  as  G.  bockcii,  smell  like  a 
goat,  also  buck.  Cf.  buck"  a,ni\  buck*.]  1.  To 
ooptdate,  as  bucks  and  does. —  2.  To  butt:  a 
sense  referred  also  to  buck*  (which  see). 

buck^  (buk),  r.  [Prob.  of  dial,  origin,  not  be- 
ing recorded  in  literature  mitil  recently;  jirob., 
like  the  related  buckle'^-,  of  LG.  origin :"  cf .  MI). 
buckeii,  boeken,  bend,  D.  bukken,  bow,  stoop, 
submit,  yield,  =z  MLG.  hucken,  LG.  bukken  = 
MHG.  bucken,  biicken,  G.  biiekcu,  bend  (cf. 
MHG.  boeken,  sink  down,  tr.  lay  down),  =  Sw. 
bucka  =  Norw.  bnkka  =  Dan.  bukke,  bow;  a 
secondary  verb  from  D.  buigen,  G.  biegen,  etc., 
=  AS.  bngan,  E.  beiw'^,  bend.  Buck"  is  thus  for- 
mally a  secondary  form  of  ftoH'l,  dial.  bugS,  bend 
(cf.  buxom  =  bucksomc.  of  the  same  origin),  hav- 
ing as  its  freq.  form  buckle'^.  In  the  2d  and 
3d  senses  the  verb  might  be  referred  to  bnck^, 
a  goat,  as  caper'^  to  L.  caper,  a  goat.  Cf.  G. 
boeken,  naut.,  heave  up  and  down,  pitch;  of  a 
horse,  bend  down  the  neck  and  fling  out  be- 
hind, usually  referred  to  bock,  a  goat.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  bend  ;  buckle.     [U.S.] 

To  b^cck,  meaning  to  bend,  is  a  common  word  in  the 
South.  The  American,  VI.  237. 

2.  To  spring  lightly.  Halliurll.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
—  3.  To  make  a  violent  effort  to  throw  off  a 
rider  or  pack,  by  moans  of  rapid  plunging 
jumps  performed  by  springing  into  the  air,  arch- 
ing the  back,  and  coming  down  with  the  fore 
legs  perfectly  stiff,  the  head  being  commonly 
held  as  low  as  pos- 
sible :  said  of  a 
horse  or  a  mule. 
—4.  To  "kick"; 
make  obstinate  re- 
sistance or  objec- 
tion: as,  to  buck 
at  improvements. 
[Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To 
piuiish  by  tying 
the  wrists  toge- 
ther, passing  the 
arms  over  the  bent 
knees,  and  put- 
ting a  stick  across 
the  arms  and  in 
the  angle  formed 
by  the  knees.  [U. 
S.]  —  2.  To  throw,  or  attempt  to  throw  (a  rider), 
by  bucking:  as,  the  bronco  bucked  him  off. 
[U.  S.] 

buck-'  (buk),  «.  [<  6»rf-2,  r.]  A  violent  effort 
of  a  horse  or  mule  to  rid  itself  of  its  rider  or 
burden;  the  act  of  bucking. 

bucks  (buk),  V.  t.  [=  Sc.  bouk,  <  ME.  bouken, 
wash  or  steep  in  lye  (not  in  AS.).  =  MD.  bui- 
ken  =  MLG.  buken,  LG.  biiken  =  MHG.  bTwhen, 
bciichcn,  G.  bauehcu  =  Sw.  bijkd  =  Dan.  bijge ; 
cf.  Bret,  bngo  =  OF.  ft hcc  =  Sj).  *bn<jar  =  \t. 
bucare  (Flor'io),  wash  in  lye  (>  F.  buee,  Sp.  bu- 
gada.  It.  hucata  (obs.),  bucato,  washing  in  lye), 
<  ML.  "bucure,  prob.  boiTowed  from  Teut.  Cf. 
Gael.  Ir.  buac,  dung  used  in  bleaching,  the  liquor 


Bucking  Bronco. 


bucked 

in  which  cloth  is  washed,  bleached  linen  cloth, 
linen  in  an  early  stage  of  bleaching  (cf.  Ir.  bu- 
acar,  cow-dung),  <  Gael.  Ir.  bo  =  W.  buir.  a  cow, 
=  E.  coH'i,  q.  V.  But  the  connection  of  these 
Celtic  forms  with  the  Teut.  is  doubtful.]  To 
soak  or  steep  (clothes)  in  lyo,  as  in  bleaching; 
wash  in  lye  or  suds ;  clean  by  washing  and 
beating  with  a  bat. 
buck'*  (buk),  n.  [=  Sc.  bouk:  see  buck^,  r.]  1. 
Lye  ill  which  clothes  are  soaked  in  tlie  opera- 
tion of  bleaching;  the  liquor  in  which  clothes 
are  washed. — 2t.  The  cloth  or  clothes  soaked 
or  washed  in  lye  or  suds ;  a  wash. 

Of  late,  not  able  to  travel  with  her  furred  pack,  she 
washes  buckn  here  at  home.  Shak.,  2  IFen.  VI.,  iv.  2. 

Well,  1  will  in  and  cry  too  ;  never  leave 
Crying  until  our  maids  may  tirive  a  buck 
With  my  salt  tears  at  the  next  washing-day. 

B.  Jonmn,  Tale  rif  a  Tub,  iii.  5, 

If  I  were  to  beat  a  buck,  I  can  strike  no  harder. 

Mas.fiu'rer,  Virgin-MartjT,  iv.  2. 

buck-*  (buk),  r.  t.  [E.  dial.,  not  found  in  ME. ; 
=  MD.  boken,  booken  =  MLG.  boken  (LG.  freq. 
biikern)  =  MHG.  boeken,  puchcn,  G.  pochen  = 
Sw.  boka  =  Norw.  bukei  =  Dan.  dial,  boge,  Dan. 
pukkc,  beat,  knock,  strike,  stamp,  as  ore,  etc.; 
cf.  D.  poken,  jioke,  =  ME.  poken,  pukken,  E. 
pioke  :  see  jioke^.  The  3d  and  4th  senses  touch 
upon  those  of  buck^  and  buck^.]  1.  To  beat. 
Halliwcll.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  lu  mining  andt.  ore- 
dressing,  to  break  into  small  pieces  for  jigging. 
The  tool  with  wliiclx  tliis  is  done  is  called  a  bvckiny-iron, 
and  the  support  on  wliich  the  ore  is  placed  to  be  thus 
treated  a  buckiwr-plate. 

3.  To  push;  thrust.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] — 4. 
To  strike  with  the  head  ;  butt.     [U.  S.] 

buck's  (buk),  n.     [E.  dial.,  prob.  a  var.  of  bouk, 

<  ME.  bonk,  the  tnink,  body,  belly,  <  AS.  buc, 
the  belly:  see  bouk'i^.]  1.  The  breast.— 2.  The 
body  of  a  wagon.     Ualliwell. 

buck^  (buk),  n.  [Perhaps  a  partictdar  use  of 
buck'^ ;  cf.  similar  uses  of  E.  horse,  F.  cheral, 
and  D.  e:el,  an  ass,  an  easel,  >  E.  easel.]  A 
frame.  .Specifically— (a)  A  frame  composed  of  two  X- 
shaped  ends  joined  at  the  middle  by  a  bar,  on  which  to 
saw  wood  for  fuel.  Also  called  sawbttck  and  sauhorse. 
[V.  S.]  (b)  A  frame  or  table  on  which  leather  is  laid 
while  being  glazed. 

buck'^(buk),  «.   [Sc,  <  ME.  buk  (in  comp.),  "bok, 

<  AS.  boc,  beech,  commonly  in  deriv.  bece,  E. 
beech. :  see  beeclA  and  book.]  The  beech :  a  dia- 
lectal word  used  in  literary  English  only  in  the 
compounds  buck-mast  &ni\.  buckwheat;  also  in 
dialectal  buck-lug. 

bucks  (buk),  n.  [.An  abbr.  of  buckpof,  q.  v.] 
An  earthenware  pot  made  of  clay  found  in  some 
parts  of  British  Guiana.     Also  called  buekpot. 

buck"  (buk),  V.  i.  [Appar.  imitative;  but  cf. 
bock,  boke"^,  belch.]  To  make  a  noise  in  swal- 
lowing; gulp.     [Shetland.] 

buck**  (buk),  n.  [<  buck^,  r.]  A  hollow  sound 
which  a  stone  makes  when  throvm  into  the 
water  from  a  height.     [Shetland.] 

bucfcl"  (buk),  n.  [Cf.  Corn,  bnchar,  sour  milk.] 
1.  A  kind  of  minute  fungus  (as  supposed)  in- 
festing ill-kept  dairies.  [Cornwall.] — 2.  The 
spittlc-tly.     [Cornwall.] 

buck-aglie  (TmkTi'gu),  ».     Same  as  buck-ferer. 

buck-and-ball  (buk'and-biil'),  «.  A  cartridge 
for  smooth-bore  firearms  containing  a  spherical 
bidlet  and  three  buck-shot:  now  little  used. 

bucka3?T0  (bu-kji'ro),  «.  Same  as  buckei-^. 
[Western  U.  S.] 

buck-basket  (buk'bas'ket),  n.  A  basket  in 
which  clothes  are  canled  to  the  wash. 

They  conveyed  me  into  a  6»cfr-ta*"tT^;  .  .  .  rammed  me 
in  with  foul  sliirts  and  smocks,  socks,  foul  stockings, 
greasy  napkins.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  5. 

buck-bean  (Imk'ben),  n.     Same  as  bog-beiin. 
buckboard  (buk'bord),  n.     [<  ftKcA- (appar.  as 

in  liurk-wagun,  q.  v.)  -h  board;  but  commonly 

understood    as 

<  buck",  bend,  _  _  , — A 
bounce,  + 
board.]  A  four- 
wheeled  car- 
riage in  which 
a  long  elastic 
board  or  frame 
is  used  in  place 
of  body,  springs,  and  gear.  It  has  one  or  more 
seats.  Tlie  board  is  fastened  directly  to  the  rear  axle  at 
one  end  and  to  the  bolster  of  the  fore  axle  at  the  other 
end.  or  is  used  in  connection  with  a  side-bar  gear.    Also 

ealleil  finrk-war/on. 

bucked  (bukt  or  buk'ed),  a.  fE.  dial.,  also 
bucko rd ;  explained  by  Grose  .is  "soured  by 
keejiing  too  long  in  the  milk  bucket,  or  bv  a 
foul  bucket " ;  but  appar.  <  ftiu7,10  -H  -<(/.]  Sour; 
turned  sour,  as  milk;  rancid.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


bucker 

bUCkerl  (l)uk'(T),  ».  [<  Imcl.-  +  -n-l.]  1.  A 
horsd  tliiit  bucks. — 2.  A  bent  piece  of  wood, 
pspccially  tliat  on  which  a  slanghtorcii  animal 
is  sus|ii'ii(l('ii.  [I'rov.  Eng.]  —  3.  A  horse's  Mud 
leg.      I  I'rov.  Eng.] 

bucker-  (buk'er),  n.   [=  MLO.  Imkir.  a  knocker; 

<  liucl.-*  +  -crl.]  In  niinhtij :  (a)  One  who  bucks 
or  bruises  ore.  {!>)  A  Hat  broad-headed  liam- 
nier  used  in  l)u<'king  ore. 

buckei''  (buk'er),  /(.  [Abbr.  of  huckaijro,  an 
aecoin.,  simulating  hiickcr^,  of  Sp.  vaqucro,  a 
cowherd:  see  i7((/»cn).]  A  cowboy.  T.  lioosc- 
rcll.     [Western  U.  S.] 

bucket  (buk'et),  II.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  hncl-et, 

<  ME.  tiiiki't,  liiikcttc,  hdkiit,  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  ('(dtio,  <  Ir.  huirfiiit  =  Gael,  hiiniid.  a 
biicket,  =C'orn.  hukrt.  a  tub  (Diefenbach),  which 
forms,  if  not  from  E.,  are  connected  witli  Ir. 
Iiiiiciad,  a  knob,  boss,  tiael.  hiiruiii,  a  pustule,  < 
Ir.  bfiriiim,  I  swell,  =  Gael,  hoc,  swell ;  less  prob. 
connected  with  AS.  hue  (or  hue),  a  pitcher,  jug 
(L.  hiijcna,  hijilria).     Cf.  E.  hnak,  dial,  a  pail.] 

1.  A  vessel  for  drawing  up  water,  as  from  a 
well;  a  pail  or  open  vessel  of  wood,  leather, 
metal,  or  other  material,  for  carrying  water  or 
other  licpiid. — 2.  A  vane,  float,  or  box  on  a 
water-wheel  against  which  the  water  impinges, 
or  into  which  it  falls,  in  turning  the  wlieel. — 
3.  The  scoop  of  a  dredging-machine,  a  grain- 
elevator,  etc. — 4.  The  float  of  a  paddle-wheel. 
—  5.  The  piston  of  a  lifting-pump. — 6.  As  much 
as  a  bucket  holds;  half  a  bushel.- Air-pump 
bucket.  See  aii-jmmj).— Dumping-bucket,  u  s(|Mjrt.- 
Itiix  Willi  a  drop-bottom,  used  in  iiiiiniif,'.  — To  kick  the 
bucket,  to  die.    t**lang.l 

"  1^'iiie  liirn  a  pot, "'roared  one,  "for  talking:  about  A-icfcoi,7 
thf  Intrkct ;  lie'.s  a  nice  young  man  to  lieep  a  cove's  spirits 
up,  an,i  tall<  about  '  a  short  life  and  a  merry  one.' " 

Kfiif/steif,  Alton  Loclie,  ii. 

Ventilated  bucket,  a  bucket  in  a  water-wlieel  liaving 
provision  for  tile  escape  of  tlic  air  carried  into  it  by  the 
water. 
bucket  (biik'et), )'.    [(.buekel,n.'\    J.,  iiitraiis.  1. 
To  dip  up  water  with  a  bucket;  use  a  bucket. 

Like  Danaides'  Sieve-like  Tub  is  tilling  ever, 
But  never  full  for  all  tbeir  hucfcethui. ' 

Sillve-^lcr,  Memorials  of  -Mortalitie,  st.  23. 

2.  [In  allusion  to  the  rapid  motion  of  a  bucket 
in  a  well.]     To  move  fast.     [Slang.] 

He  sprang  into  tbe  saddle  smiling,  because  the  visit 
w.as  over,  and  hiit-hett-d  liack  at  a  hand-gallop.       Difkni^. 

II.  trans.  To  pour  water  upon  with  a  bucket. 

Wo  be  to  him  whose  head  is  bucketed  with  waters  of  a 
scalding  bath.     Bjt.  Ilacket,  Life  of  .Abji.  Williams,  ii.  194. 

bucket-engine  (buk'ct-en''jin),  h.  An  appli- 
cation of  the  principle  of  the  water-wheel,  con- 
sisting of  a  series  of  buckets  attached  to  an 
endless  chain  which  runs  over  a  pair  of  sprock- 
et-wheels, from  either  one  or  both  of  which 
power  may  be  obtained:  designed  to  ntilize  a 
stream  of  water  which  has  a  considerable  fall, 
but  is  limited  in  quantity.     E.  H.  Euight. 

bucketful  (buk'et-ful),  II.  [<  buekct'+  -Jul.] 
As  much  as  a  bucket  will  hold. 

bucket-lift  (buk'et-lift),  n.  In  maeli.,  a  set  of 
iron  pipes  attached  to  a  lifting-pump,  as  of  a 
mine. 

bucket-pitch  (buk'et-pich),  11.  In  an  overshot 
water-wheel,  a  cireidar  line  passing  throiigh 
the  elbows  of  the  buckets. 

bucket-rod  (buk'et-rod),  11.  In  mach.,  one  of 
the  wooden  rods  to  which  the  piston  of  a  lift- 
ing-pump is  attached. 

bucket-shop  (buk'et-shop),  n.  An  establish- 
mcut  conducted  nominally  for  the  transaction 
of  a  stock-exchange  business,  or  a  business 
of  similar  character,  but  really  for  the  regis- 
tration of  bets  or  wagers,  usually  for  small 
amounts,  on  the  rise  or  fall  of  the  prices  of 
stocks,  grain,  oil,  etc.,  there  being  no  transfer 
or  delivery  of  the  stocks  or  commodities  nomi- 
nally dealt  in.     [U.  S.] 

"Puts"  and  "calls"  and  /x/H-ft-xArt/*  nperations  arc  gam- 
bling transactions,  and  should  be  treated  aeconlingly. 

The  Xulinix,  X.X.WI.  354. 

bucket-valve  (buk'et-valv),  n.     In  a  steam-en- 
gine, the  valve  on  the  top  of  the 
air-))ump  bucket.    E.  II.  Kui/jlit. 

bucket-'wheel  (Imk'et-hwelj,  H. 
A  machine  for  raising  water, 
consisting  of  a  wheel  over  which 
passes  a  rope  or  chain  carry- 
ing a  series  of  biickets  which 
di|i  into  the  well  and  discharge 
at  the  surface.  In  other  forms 
the  buckets  are  lixed  to  the 
periphery  of  the  wheel. 

buckeye  "(buk'i),  u.    [<  fciicA-i,  a 
deer,  -t-  eye;  iu  allusion  to  the 
45 


70.5 

appearance  of  the  naked  seed.]  1,  An  Ameri- 
can name  for  the  different  species  of  horse- 
chestnut,  Jiseiilus,  native  to  the  United  States. 


Flowering  Branch  of  I-'etid  Ruckeye  (.-Fscitlitt  f^taiira). 

a,  nut;  b,  dehiscing  fruit. 

(From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  Plants  of  the  U.  S.") 

The  species  commonly  distinguished  are  the  sweet  buck- 
eye {.K.  Jlara),  theldiio  or  fetid  buckeye'.*,',  rjlabra),  and 
the  California  buckeye  (.*,'.  Cahjornica).  'The  wood  is 
white,  soft,  ami  spiuigy,  and  furnishes  splints  for  baskets, 
etc. 

The  huckeiies  were  putting  forth  their  twisted  horns  of 
blossom.  R.  L.  Steeenj^ou,  Silverado  Squatters,  p.  54, 

2.  An  inhabitant  of  Ohio,  which  is  often  called 
the  Buekeije  State,  from  the  great  number  of 
horse-chestnuts  in  it. —  3.  A  llat-bottomed 
ceuterboard   schooner   of  small  size  (3  to  15 


Baltimore  Buckeye. 

tons),  decked  over,  and  with  a  cabin  aft,  used 
in  o.vster-fishing  in  Chesapeake  Bay.  Also 
called  bugeije. 

The  buckeyes  .  .  .  are  an  exaggeration  of  the  dugout 
canoe.  .  .  .  The  primitive  btiildi-r  bored  two  holes,  oueon 
each  side  of  the  stem,  through  which  to  pay  out  his  cables. 
These  were  simply  two  round  h'ib-.<.  bored  with  a  large 
auger,  and.  when  the  boat  vmls  <-oniiiig  head  on,  resembled 
ti>  the  fancy  of  the  negroes  the  eyes  of  a  buck. 

C.  /'.  Kuiihanll,  Small  Vachts,  p.  234. 
Spanish  buckeye,  Ihiivuulia  xiieeinm,  a  tree  of  Texas 
and  Mexico,  nearly  related  to  ^Esrutug. 

buck-eyed  (buk'id),  a.  Having  a  bad  or  speckled 

eye  :  said  of  a  horse. 

buck-fever  (buk'fe''ver),  «.  Nervous  agitation 
of  a  hunter  upon  the  apjiroach  of  tleer  or  other 
large  game.     Also  called  hu/'k-ru/iie. 

buckfinch  (buk'finch),  H.  [Cf.  Pan.  Iiof/Jiuke.] 
A  name  for  the  chaffinch,  FrinijiUa  eirleli.^i. 

buckheading  (buk'hed'ing),  h.  Cutting  off 
live  hedge-thorns,  fence-height.  Grose.  [North. 
Eng.] 

buckhorn  (buk'horn),  n.  [=  ODan .  Dan.  bukke- 
hiirn,  a  buck's  horn,  also  fenngi'eek.]  1.  The 
substance  of  the  horns  of  bucks  or  deer,  used 
in  making  knife-handles,  etc. — 2.  A  name  for 
the  club-moss,  Lijei>po(Uum  c/rtfn^ioH.— Buckhorn 
brake.     See  brnke^\ 

buckhorn-sight  (buk'horn -sit),  h.  A  rifle- 
sight  which  has  a  branching  projection  on 
each  siile  of  the  sight-notch. 

buck-hound  (buk'hound),  «.  A  kind  of  hound, 
resembling  a  small  staghouud,  used  for  lumting 
bucks. 

buckle,  bucky  (buk'i),  n.  [Sc.,  of  uncertain 
<uigin.  In  sense  1,  cf.  L.  huerintim,  prop. 
Iiiieiiiuni,  a  shell-fish  useii  in  dyeing  purple  (see 
Bueehiuiii);  also  OF.  bouquet,  "a  great  prawn" 
(Cotgrave).]  1.  The  Sctjtch  name  for  marine 
univalve    shells  in  general,  as  whelks,  etc.: 


buckle 

especially  a]>plied  to  the  rod  whelk,  Chryso- 
(liimu.s  autiijiiii.v,  also  calleil  the  roaring  buekie, 
from  the  sound  heard  when  it  is  held  to  the 
ear. —  2.  A  perverse,  refractory  person;  a  mis- 
chievous madcap.-  DeevU'a  or  deU'a  bucMe.  (n) 
A  particular  species  of  that  kind  of  shells  called  buckiea. 
C'l  Same  as  buekie,  2.     Uoijg. 

bucking'  (buk'ing),  11.  [Verbal  n.  of  huek^,  ».] 
The  act  of  copulating,  as  bucks  and  does. 

bucking'-'  (buk'ing),  II.  [Verbal  n.  of  liuek-,  v.] 
A  vice  peculiar  to  the  hor.ses  of  Mexico,  Texas, 
and  the  western  American  plains,  of  Spanish 
ilescent,  anil  to  mules.     See  buck',  r. 

bucking'-  (buk'ing),  /).  a.  [Ppr.  of  liuek^,  »'.] 
Given  to  bucking;  aildicted  to  the  practice  of 
bucking:  as,  a  liuekiug  horse. 

bucking''  (buk'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  huek'^,  r. 
Also  written  limikiiig.']  The  act  or  process  of 
steeping  or  soaking  in  lye  or  caustic  soda,  as 
in  bleaching  cotton  thread,  etc. 

The  boiling  (atso  called  "  bowkin;/"  or  "buekiitfi")  with 
caustic  soda  solution  takes  place  in  large  iron  boilers  ur 
"kiers." 

./.  ./.  Ilummet,  The  Dyeing  of  I'extile  Fabrics,  p.  73. 

bucking^  (buk'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buek^,  ».] 
The  act  of  bi-eaking  or  pulverizing  ore. 

Buckingham  lace.    See  laee. 

bucking-iron  (liuk'ing-i'ern),  n.  In  mining,  a 
tool  for  bneking  or  pulverizing  ore. 

bucking-kier  (biik'i"K-ker),  ».  A  large  circu- 
lar boiler  or  kier  used  in  bleaching. 

bucking-plate  (buk'ing-plat),  ».  In  mining, 
an  iron  plate  on  which  the  ores  are  placed  iu 
the  process  of  bucking. 

bucking-stool  (buk'ing-stol),  n.  A  washing- 
block. 

buckish  (buk'ish),  a.  [<  buck^,  3,  +  -i.vfcl.] 
Pertaining  to  a  buck  or  gay  young  fellow; 
foppish. 

buckishness(buk'ish-nes). «.  Foppishness;  the 
i|iiality  or  condition  of  a  Imck. 

buckism  (buk'izm),  n.  [<  fcHfi-l,  3,  -I-  -ism.} 
The  (piality  of  lieiug  a  buck;  foppery. 

I  was  once  a  delightful  auctioneer  -  my  present  trade  is 
biteki^in.  Morton,  Secrets  w<jrth  Knowing,  iii,  2. 

buck-jumper  (buk'jum"per),  n.  A  bucking 
horse  or  niuie.     [U.  .S.] 

When  they  found  that  he  sat  n.buek-/itmper  asii  the  an- 
imal symbolized  lite  iirch-tienil  himself,  they  took  him  to 
tlteir  hearts. 

Arch.  Farbct,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  66. 

buckle^  (buk'i),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  huekled,  ppr. 
buekliiig.  [Prob.,  lilse  the  simple  form  huek^, 
of  LG.  origin;  cf.  MI),  buchileii,  biieelielen, 
boeelieleii  (for  'buekelen,  etc. —  Kilian),  strive, 
tugundera  load,  =G.  dial.  (Bav.)  refl.  aiijbiiek- 
cln,  raise  the  back,  as  a  cat  (lit.  buckle"  one's 
self  up);  freq.  of  the  verb  repr.  by  buek-.  Cf. 
MD.  adj.  boeehel,  curved,  bent.  A  different 
word  from  buckle"^,  v.,  though  confiiseil  with  it 
in  some  senses.]     i.  iutrans.  1.   To  bend;  bow. 

Who.se  fever-weakcnil  joints. 
Like  strengthless  hinges,  buckle  under  life. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

Antonio  .  .  .  saw  the  hoards  buckle  under  the  feet  o( 

the  walker.  C.  Mnllu-r,  Mag.  Chris.,  vi.  7. 

The  top-mast  studding-sail  boom,  after  buckliiui  up  and 
springing  out  again  like  a  piece  of  w  balebone.  broke  oil  at 
the  boom-iron.     1{,  H.  Daiiu,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  76. 

2.  To  curl ;  become  wTinkled ;  shrivel  up. 

Melted  and  buckled  with  the  heat  of  the  fire  like  parch- 
ment. I'ei'il.1,  Diary,  .Sept.  .'•,  1(166. 

3.  To  yield  assent;  agi-ee  :  with  to  :  as,  I  can't 
huekle  to  that,  [t'olloq.]  — 4.  To  bend  to  some- 
thing; apply  one's  self  with  vigor;  engage  in 
with  zeal:  with  to:  as,  "go,  huekle  to  the  law," 
Drijilen. — 5.  To  enter  upon  some  labor  or  con- 
test; struggle;  contend:  with  Hi//i. 

The  bishop  was  as  able  and  ready  to  buckle  inth  the 
lord  protector,  as  he  was  rri7/,  him. 

Latimer,  id  Semi.  hef.  F.dw.  VI.,  1649. 

Why  met  you  not  the  Tartar,  anil  defied  him? 
Drew  your  dead-doing  sword,  and  buckled  iritfi  him  i 
Fletctier,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  .5, 

To  buckle  In,  to  close  in ;  embrace  or  seize  the  body,  as 
ill  a  siiiHle.     [f.  S.) 

II.  triiu.i.  To  bend;  curl;  shrivel  as  by  the 
applicatHon  of  heat. 

Like  a  bow  buckled  and  bent  together 
By  some  miire  strong  in  mischiefs  than  myself. 

Ford  and  bekker.  Witch  of  Erlmonton,  ii.  1. 

TJte  force  generated  in  these  plates  [accumulator],  tend- 
ing to  ft«cfr/c  them,  is  .something  enormous,  and  no  ordinary 
separat«»r  would  be  able  to  resist  this.       Science,  IV.  ."JSi), 

buckle^  (buk'i),  M.  [<.  hnekht-,  r.;  usuallv  re- 
ferred to  liuekle-2.  n.     Cf.  Dan.  hiikkel.  a  curl.] 

1.  A  bend,  bulge,  or  kink,  as  in  a  saw-blade. — 

2.  A  contorted  expression  of  the  face.  Cliiireh- 
ill. —  3t.  Any  curl  of  hair,  especially  a   long 


buckle 

curl  carefully  arraiiRpd,  and  tumoil  toward  the 
head,  worn  by  wonu'ii  in  the  oiglituimth  cen- 
tury.— 4t.  The  condition  of  being  curled,  as  of 
hair. 
He  lets  his  wig  lie  in  buckle  (or  a  wliole  ImU  year, 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  129. 

buckle^  (buk'I), «.  [< ME.  boldc,  hoKvl,boclc,  etc., 
<  ( )!•'.  IkicIc.  hiirli;  F.  Imuvlc.  tlio  boss  of  a  shield, 
a  riuK,  a  biickli',  =  Pr.  bnda.  bhica  =  OSp.  bloca 
=  ML«.  /)()/,(•/(•  =  Ml),  bocclcci,  boded  =  MHO. 
bi(cM,  boss  of  a  shield,  G.  budcd,  a  boss,  knob, 
hiimji,  <  ML.  buriila,  bticciilti,  a  beaver,  a  shield, 
the  boss  of  a  shield,  a  buckle,  L.  iHcCK/n,  a  bea- 
ver, a  little  eheek  or  mouth,  dim.  of  biicea, 
cheek:  see  fci/cra.]  1.  A  clasp  consisting  of  a 
rectangular  or  curved  rim,  with  one  or  more 
movable  tougues  secured  to  the  chape  at  one 
side  or  in  the  middle,  and  long  enough  to  rest 
uiion  the  opposite  side :  used  for  fastening  to- 
getlier  two  straps  or  belts  or  the  ends  of  the 
same  strap,  or  for  some  similar  pmiiose.  It  is 
seweii  or  otiierwise  fasteiieil  to  one  i)aniror  end,  and  the 
otlier  is  passed  thrunjrh  it,  being  Ivept  from  slipping  by 
the  tonu'ue  or  tongues,  liuckles  for  use  in  dress  have 
ofti-n  iK'fii  made  highly  ornamental,  especially  for  shoes. 

See  .-liM'-huM,: 

2.  In  lici:,  same  as  arniin<j-bud:lc. — 3.  An 
iron  loop  for  fastening  the  blade  to  the  frame 
of  a  wood-saw —  To  turn  the  buckle  of  tlie  belt 
behind,  to  prepare  to  j\'in  in  close  fiyht. 
buckle-  (imk'l),  r. ;  pret.  and  jip.  bucMed,  ppr. 
buddhuj.  [<  ME.  biidoi,  bolcden,  boden,  buckle, 
stud,  <  OF.  *bodci;  bonder,  F.  bonder,  buckle ; 
from  the  noim.]  I,  trans,  1.  To  fasten  with  a 
buckle  or  buckles. — 2.  To  prepare  for  action 
of  any  kind  (a  metaphor  taken  from  buckling 
on  armor  i)revious  to  engaging  in  battle); 
hence,  to  set  vigorously  to  work  at  anything: 
with  a  reflexive  pronoun. 

The  .Sarazin  .  .  .  him  buckled  to  the  field. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  I.  vi.  41. 
Hereupon  Cartwriglit  buckled  himself  to  the  employ- 
ment. Fuller. 
3t.  To  join  in  battle. 
The  foot  .  .  .  were  buckled  with  them  in  front. 

Sir  J.  Hayxcard. 

4.  To  confine  or  limit.     [Rare.] 

How  brief  the  life  of  man,  .  .  . 
That  the  stretching  of  a  span 
Buckles  in  his  sum  of  age. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2, 

5.  To    join    together;    unite    in   marriage. 
[Scotch.] 

Dr.  R.,  who  buckles  beggars  for  a  tester  and  a  dram  of 
Geneva.  Scutt. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  marry. 

Good  silly  Stellio,  we  must  shortly  buckle. 

Mother  Bombie,    (Halliwell.) 

buckle-beggar  (buk'l-beg"ar),  n,  [Se.,  also 
bnd.ii-tlii-begijdrs;  <  huddc'^,  v,,  5,  4-  obj.  beg- 
gar.^ A  person  who  performs  the  ceremony 
of  marriage  in  a  clandestine  and  irregidar  man- 
ner.    Scott, 

buckled!  (buk'ld),  p.  a,  [<  biiel-le'i  +  -c(1-,'\  Not 
smooth  and  fiat ;  bent,  wavy,  or  wrinkled ; 
having  the  appearance  of  having  been  crum- 
pled—  Buckled  plates,  iron  plates  used  .as  a  foun- 
dation for  llooring  in  fire-proof  buildings,  in  place  of 
brick  arches.  Their  edges  have  a  flat  rim  called  a  fillet, 
and  the  middle  is  slightly  convex.  They  are  generally 
of  a  stiuare  or  an  oblong  form,  and  rest  upon  iron  gir- 
ders with  the  convex  side  upward. 

buckled^  (buk'ld),  p.  a.  [<  bucUe'^  +  -ecP.-] 
1.  Fastened  with  a  buckle. —  2.  In  her,,  hav- 
ing a  buckle,  as  a  belt,  garter,  or  the  Uke. 

buckle-horns  (buk'l-hornz),  «.  ;</.  Short 
crooked  horns  turning  horizontally  inward. 
arose,     [North.  Eiig.] 

buckle-mouthedt  (buk'l-moutht),  a.  Hav- 
ing large  straggling  teeth.     [North.  Eng.] 

buckler  (buk'ler),  «.  [<  ME.  bokeler,  boder, 
etc..  <  OF.  boder,  biidcr,  F.  boudier  {=  Pr. 
bloquier  =  Sp.  Pg.  broqiid  =  It.  brocdiiere  = 
MLG.  bol-ekr  =  'D,  bei(kd(i(ir  =  M}lG.  buckeler 
=  leel.  bukluri.  =  ODan.  buddcr,  bugUrc)  (ML. 
as  if  'bitccidarius),  a  shield,  <  bode,  the  boss  of 
a  shield:   see  bmkle'-i.]     1.  A  shield;   specifi- 


706 

cally,  a  small  shield  intended  to  parry  blows  or 
thrilsts,  but  not  so  large  as  to  cover  the  body. 

The  buckler  of  the  niiildle  ages  in  western  Europe  was 
generally  round,  and  rarely  more  than  two  feet  in  diam- 
eter,  eighteen  inches,  or  even  less,  being  a  more  common 
size.  It  was  generally  grasped  by  the  hand  only,  and  held 
at  arm's-length,  and  in  combat  was  interposed  to  receive 
theJ>low  of  a  sword,  like  the  dagger  which  was  held  for 
this  purpose  in  the  left  hand  in  later  times.  See  shield. 
2.  Naut,,  a  piece  of  wood  fitted  to  stop  the 
hawse-holes  of  a  ship,  to  jircvent  the  sea  from 
coming  in,  or  to  stop  the  ciretilar  hole  iu  a  port- 
lid  when  the  gun  is  run  in.  Hawse-bucklers 
are  now  made  of  iron. — 3.  The  anterior  seg- 
ment of  the  carapace  or  shell  of  a  trilobite. — 
4.  A  plate  on  the  body  or  head  of  a  fish ;  espe- 
cially, a  plate  in  front  of  the  dorsal  fin  in  va- 
rious catfishes,  or  Ncmatognathi, —  5.  A  stage 
of  the  molting  American  blue  craV),  C'aUinectcs 
hostatiLs,  when  the  shell  has  become  nearly 
hard. — 6.  A  piece  of  beef  cut  off  from  the  sir- 
loin.-Blind  buckler.  See  Winrfl. 
buckler  (buk'ler),  r.  t,  [<  buckler,  «.]  To  be 
a  buckler  or  shield  to ;  stipport ;  defend. 

They  shall  not  touch  thee,  Kate  : 
I'll  buckler  thee  against  a  million. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

buckler-fern  (buk'ler-fem),  n,  A  name  of  spe- 
cies of  A.'i2)idium,  especially  of  the  section  Las- 
trea,  which  are  distinguished  by  free  veins  and 
round,  reniform  indusia. 

buckler-fish  (buk'ler-fish),  H.  A  fish  of  the 
genus  Ccplialaspis, 

buckler-headed  (buk'ler-hed'ed),  a.  Having 
a  head  like  a  buckler.     LyiU, 

buckling  (buk'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buckle'^, 
!'.]  The  act  of  bending;  tendency  to  bend  or 
become  wavy. 

The  thinness  ef  the  blade  [of  the  hand-saw]  requires 
that  it  should  be  made  wide  to  give  it  sutticient  stiffness 
to  resist  bueklinfi.   Mvrfjan,  Manual  of  Mining  Tools,  p.  114. 

buckling-comb  (buk'ling-kom),  n,  A  small 
comb  used  to  secure  the  curls  called  buckles 
worn  by  women. 

buck-log  (buk'log),  n.  [<  buck'^,  beech  (as  in 
buck-mast,  buckidieat),  +  log.']     A  beech  log. 

A  brut.al  cold  country  .  .  .  tocamp  ontin  ;  neverafei/cfc- 
^o;;  to  his  tire,  no,  nor  a  stick  thicker  than  your  finger  for 
seven  mile  round.  //.  Kingsley,  Geotfry  H.amlyn,  v. 

buck-mackerel  (buk'mak"e-rel),  n.  A  name 
aViout  Banff,  Scotland,  of  the  scad,  Trachurus 
tradiurus, 

buck-mastt  (buk'mast),  n,  [<  ME.  bukmast  (= 
MLG.  bokmast),  <  buk  for  *bok,  beech  (see 
buck'^,  bcech^),  +  masf^,  Cf.  buckwheat,]  The 
mast  or  fruit  of  the  beech-tree;  beech-mast 
(which  see). 

The  bores  fedynge  is  propreliche  ycleped  akyr  [acorn]  of 
ookys  berynge,  and  bukmast,  MS.  Bodl.,  p.  540.  {Halliu'ell.) 

buck-moth  (btik'moth),  «.  A  name  given  to  a 
delicate  crape-winged  moth,  Hemileuca  maia 
(Drury),  of  the  family  iJo/«6;^ci(?(S.-  so  called,  it 


Exterior.  Interior. 

Buckler,  beginning  of  i6th  century. 

The  hook  Is  intended  for  hanfjing  it  .it  the  girdle.    (From  Viollet.le- 

Due's  "Diet,  du  Mobilier  franjais.") 


Male  Buck-moth  {HcmiUuira  mauzj  and  Eggs,  n.itural  size. 

is  said,  on  account  of  its  flying  late  in  the  faU, 
when  the  deer  run.  The  larvse  feed  on  the  oak  and 
willow,  ami  the  eggs  are  laid  in  niiked  rings  around  their 
twigs. 
buckpot(btik'pot),  «.  [See6«eA'8.]  Acooking- 
jiot  made  in  British  Guiana  from  a  peculiar  local 
clay.  It  is  popularly  supposed  to  be  necessary  for  the 
proper  making  of  the  dish  called  pepper-pot  (which  see). 

buckra  (biik'ra),  H.  and  a.  [In  the  southern 
United  States  also  hockra.  Said  to  mean,  on 
the  Calabar  coast  in  western  Africa,  a  power- 
ful and  superior  being,  a  demon.  ./.  L,  Wilson,] 
I.  H.  A  white  man:  used  by  the  blacks  of  the 
African  coast,  the  West  Indies,  and  the  south- 
em  United  States. 

II.  o.  White:  as,  buckra  yam,  white   yam. 
[Negroes'  English.] 


buckskin 

buckram  (buk'ram),  n.  and  a,  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  ttiicktram,  <  ME.  bokeram,  bockrom,  once 
bougvrcn  (=  MD.  bockeruel),  <  OF.  boijueran, 
bouearan,  boquerant,  bouqucran,  bouqucrrant, 
hougucrant,  bougheran,  bourgrain,  bougrain,  F. 
bougran  =  Pr.  bocaran,  boqucran  =  Cat.  boraran 
=  S]).  bucaran,  bocaran  =  It.  bndicrame :  MLti. 
bukram  =  MHG.  buckcram,  buggcrani :  ML. 
boquerannus,  buckram.  Origin  unknown;  by 
some  conjecturaUy  referred  to  ML.  bixjucna, 
goat's  skin  (cf.  boquinus,  of  a  goat),  <  OF.  boc, 
<  MH(j.  boc,  G.  bock  =  E.  buck^ ;  by  others  sup- 
posed to  be  a  transjiosition  of  F.  bourucan,  bar- 
racan: see  iarroc««.]  I.  n.  1.  Formerly,  a  fine 
and  costly  material  used  for  church  banners 
and  vestments  and  for  personal  wear;  also,  a 
cheaper  material  used  for  linings. 

Fine  linen,  of  that  kind  by  the  iddcr  ecclesiastical  writ- 
ers called  "byssus,"  which,  during  the  middle  ages,  was 
known  here  in  England  tmder  the  name  of  ''buckram," 

Hock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  104. 

2.  In  recent  times,  coarse  linen  cloth  stiffened 
with  glue  or  gum,  used  as  a  stiffening  for  keep- 
ing garments  in  a  required  shape,  and  recently 
also  in  bmding  books. — 3t.  A  buckram  bag 
used  by  lawyers'  clerks. 

Lean.  Alas,  I  was  brought  up 

Ania.  To  be  an  ass, 

A  lawyer's  ass,  to  carry  books  and  buckrams! 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  7. 
How  he  is  metamorphos'd  I 
Nothing  of  lawyer  left,  not  a  bit  of  buckram, 
No  soliciting  face  now. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Little  French  Law-yer,  iii.  2. 

4.  The  ramson  or  bear's-garlic.  Allium  ursinum. 
—  5.  In  the  old  herbals,  the  cuckoo-pint.  Arum 
maculatum. 

II.  a.  Made  of  or  resembling  buckram  of 
either  kind;  hence,  stiff;  precise;  formal. 

Two  rogues  in  buckram  suits.      Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Buckram  scribe.  Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate. 

A  black  buckram  cassock  was  gathered  at  his  middle 
with  a  belt,  at  which  hung,  instead  of  knife  or  weapon,  a 
goodly  leathern  pen-and-ink  case.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  ix. 
[Tsed  as  a  general  term  of  contempt. 

Ah,  thou  say,  thou  serge,  nay,  thou  buckram  lord ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  7.] 

buckram  (buk'ram),  r.  t.  [<  buckram.  «.]  To 
strengthen  with  buckram,  or  in  the  manner  of 
buckram;  make  stiff.     Vowper,  Task,  vi.  G52. 

Natural  good  taste,  and  still  more  his  buckramed  habit 
of  clerical  decorum,  .  .  .  carried  him  safely  through  the 
.  .  .  crisis.  Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  xx. 

buck-sa'W  (buk'sa),  n.  A  saw  set  in  an  upright 
frame  or  bow,  and  used  with  both  hands  in 
cutting  wood  on  a  support  called  a  buck.  [U.  S. 
and  Canada.] 
buck's-beard  (buks'berd),  n,  A  herbaceous 
perennial  plant,  Tragopogon  jiratensis,  more 
usually  called  goat'.s-bcard,  from  its  long, 
coarse,  tawny  pa]ipus. 

buckshish,  biicksheesh  (buk'shesh),  n.  Same 
as  baksliish. 
buck's-horn  (buks'hom),  «.  A  name  given 
to  several  plants  on  account  of  their  forked 
leaves,  as  the  Plantago  Coroiiopus  (also  called 
buck's-horn  plantain),  the  Senebicra  Coroiio- 
pus, and  the  South  African  io6f?ia  coronopi- 
folia. 
buck-shot  (buk'shot),  n.  A  large  size  of  shot, 
so  lutmcd  from  its  use  in  killing  deer Buck- 
shot war,  in  C  S.  hi.st.,  a  contest  in  the  Pennsylvania 
House  of  Kepresentatives,  accompanied  by  mobs  and 
other  viident  demonstrations,  in  December,  1S38,  be- 
tween two  rival  organizations,  the  one  composed  of 
\\'higs,  the  other  of  Democrats,  each  of  "which  claimed 
to  lie  the  true  House.  The  name  is  derived  from  the 
reported  threat  of  a  Whig  member  that  the  mob 
should  feel  ball  aud  buck-shot  before  the  day  was 
over. 
buckskin  (buk'skin).  «.  and  a.  [<  bnck^  + 
skin  :  —  Icel.  biikkaskinn  =  Dan.  bukki.ikind,] 

I.  «.  1.  The  skin  of  a  buck.— 2.  A  kind  of  soft 
leather  of  a  yellowish  or  grajnsh  color,  made 

originally  by  treating  deerskins  in  a  peculiar 
way,  but  now  usually  prepared  from  sheepskins. 
In  its  preparation  a  great  deal  of  manipulation  is  required, 
the  softness  which  is  its  chief  characteristic  being  pro- 
duced  by  the  use  of  either  oil  or  br.ains  in  dressing  it.  It 
was  formerly  used  for  clothingj  as  by  American  Indians, 
frontiersmen,  and  soldiers,  but  is  now  used  principally  for 
thick  gloves. 

3.  2>f,  Breeches  made  of  buckskin. 

A  very  stout,  puffy  man  in  buckskinn  and  Hessian  boots. 

Thackcraii. 

4.  A  person  clothed  in  buckskin :  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  .\meriean  troojis  during  the  Kevo- 
lutionary  War. —  5.  A  horse  of  the  color  of 
buckskin.     [Western  U.  S.] 

II.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  buckskin. — 2. 
Of  the  color  of  buckskin:  used  of  a  horse. 
[Western  U.  S.] 


bucksome 


707 


bucksomet,  "■     An  obsolete  spoiling  of  buxom,  white  flowers  and  wing-angled  fruit,  a  native 

buck-stall  (Imk'stal),  «.     A  toil  or  net  to  take  of  Georgia  and  the  Gulf  States.    Also  called  tili 

(Icrr.      II .  Urnini.  and  ironwond. 

Bucktail  (I'lik'tal),  «.    A  name  originally  given  bucnemia  (buk-no'mi-il),  ii.     [NL.,  <  Or. /?oiif, 

to  till' inenilx'rsoftlieTaminaiiy  Society  in  New  ox,   -t-  i^vi/iiii,  the  leg. J    A  disease  of  the  leg 

Voi-k  city,  but  about  1817-ll()  ext(>ndod  in  its  <listinguished  by  tense,  diffuse,  inflammatory 

,-il)iilication  to  members  of  that  faction  of  the  swelling. 

Dcmocratie-KepublieanpartyintheState which  bucoliC  (bii-kol'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  bucoUcus, 

oi)p()Sed  Do  Witt  Clinton.  <  Gr.   iiovm'/.iKu^,  rustic,   pastoral,  <  /Jovmi/loc,  a 

IJcttcr  success  ill  constitutional  reform  was  attainc.l  in  cowherd,  herdsman,  <  itoi'f,  an  ox  (see  Bos),  + 

New  York,  ill  spite  of  an  incessant  turmoil  Ijctwecii  the  -\'l/oc,  perhaps  for  -KO/jog,  as  in  a(7ro/of,  a  goat- 


rlintiniians  and  the  anti-Clilitoniaiis  —  IlucktailK,  or  'I'ain- 
many  men,  as  they  were  calleti  — ail  of  wliom  professed 
the  republican  creed  of  the  nation. 

Sclwuler,  Hist  U.  S.,  III.  227. 


buckthorn  (buk'th6rn),  n.  [<  hiicl^X  +  thorn. 
According  to  some,  a  mistaken  rendering  of 
the  G.  Inuihni,  a  translation  of  the  Gr.  jri'fd- 
KavOii,  '  boxthorn,'  of  Dioscorides.  ]  1.  The  pop- 
ular name  of  species  of  Hhiimiiiis  (which  see). 
The  comnion  hiicktlnu'n  is  Ii.  eitlhartii-n.< ;  the  dyer's- 
buckthoni.  A',  infi'cturitut ;  the  aldcrtiuckthnin,  Ii.  Fran- 
ffuia.  tn-  in  the  t'nited  States  Ji.  i'n lutitiianfi ;  and  the 
Siberian  Inickthovn,  or  rctiwood,  U.  fr;/Hirtu'iifou. 
2.  A  local  English  iianio  of  the  haddock :  chiefly 

applied  to  dried  haddock.    i>a// Jamaica  buck- 

tliom,  tile  Cherokee  rose  {Rosa  Ifcviiiata),  used  for  hedges. 

-  Sea-buckthorn,  of  the  coasts  of  Europe,  the  Ilippri' 
pha'-  ifinntii"i'l':t.  natural  order  Ehvn'inni-t-ti'.  -Southern 
buckthorn,  of  the  southern  I'nited  States,  a  small  sapo- 
tacc.iis  tree.  Iiininlia  (vriHii/.s.  — Texas  buckthom,  a 
small  tliornj'  shriili  of  a  ^leiius  allied  to  Iiliaiunu.s. 

buck-tooth  (buk'toth),  «.  [<  bud:  (uncertain: 
perhajis  bucIA  ;  cf.  ME.  gal-iothcd,  goat-toothed) 
+  Uidth.']  Any  tooth  that  juts  out  beyond  the 
rest. 

His  jaw  was  underhung,  and  when  he  laughed  two 
white  hiick-teeth  protruded  themselves,  and  glistened  sav- 
agely  ill  spite  of  the  grin.  Thacjcraii,  Vanity  Fair. 

bucku,  "•     See  buchu. 

buck-wagon  (buk'wag'on),  H.  [In  South  Afri- 
can D.  boku'dyin  (in  def.  1),  appar.  <  hole,  =  E. 
bucIA,  a  goat,  +  W(i;;cu  =  E.  wiifion.  Cf.  buck- 
board.']  1.  A  transport-wagon  with  strong  pro- 
jecting framework  extending  over  the  wheels  in  bucrane  (liu'kran),  n. 
order  to  carry  heavj-  loads,  used  in  South  ^Vfrica. 

—  2.  Same  as  buckboard. 
buckwash  fbuk'wosh),  v.  t.     To  wash  in  lye  or 

buck;  cli'anse  by  bucking. 
buckwashing  (buk'wosh"ing),  n.     [Verbal  n. 
of  buckwd.sli,  I-.]    The  act  of  washing  linen,  etc. 


herd,  <  n-f/c/v,  move,  jri/icrrOai,  be;  otherwise 
connected  with  ni'Ar/c,  a  race-horse,  L.  cclcr, 
swift,  Skt. -y/ ''"'.  tlrive.]  I.  a.  1.  Pastoral; 
relating  to  country  affairs,  or  to  a  shepherd's 
life  and  occupation:  as,  bucolic  song. 


Ford.    How  now?  whither  bear  you  this? 
Si-n\     To  the  laundress,  foi-sooth. 
Mrx.  F.    Why,  what  have  you  to  do  whither  they  bear 
it?    You  were  best  meddle  with  bufk-irnshintj. 

Shak.,  M.  VV.  of  W.,  ill.  3. 

buckweedt  (buk' wed),  n.  A  kind  of  herb.  E. 
I'hillip.^  1706. 

buckwheat  (buk'hwet),  ».  [A  Se.  and  North.  E. 
form  (=  1).  boekwcit  =  MLG.  bokwete  =  G.  buch- 
wci::(u  =  Uan.  boglivede),  <  buck'!,  beech,  -1-  wheat. 
Cf.  buck-iiia.st.  It  receives  its  name  from  the  re- 
semblance of  its  triangular  fruit  to  beechnuts. 
The  Nlj.  naTue  Fiujoiijiniin  is  a  translation  of 
the  E.  name.]  1.  The  common  name  of  Fngo- 
pyrum  esculentum,  natural  order  rolijgonaeccv, 
and  of  its  seeds. 


It  is  a  native  of 
tral  Asia,  an  annual  of 
easy  culture,  growing 
on  the  poorest  soils ; 
and  though  the  grain 
is  less  nutritious  than 
that  of  most  cereals, 
it  is  used  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  for 
food  for  both  men  and 
animals.  The  chief 
use  of  its  flour  in  the 
United  States  is  in 
the  generally  popular 
form  of  buckwheat 
pancakes.  Kast  In- 
dian linekwheat  {F. 
Tatarirum)  is  of  in- 
ferior quality  and  is 
less  cultivated. 
2.  In  the  West  In- 
dies, Anrcdtra 
scundcrus,  natural 
order  Chcnopnditi- 
cciv,  an  annual 
climbing  plant  of 
no  imjjortance. — 
Buckwheat  coal,  in 
the  anthracite  region 
of  Pennsylvania,  the  smallest  size  of  coal  sent  to  market. 
It  is  suffieiently  small  to  jiass  through  a  lialf-ineh  mesh.— 
False  buckwheat,  some  elimbing  species  of  I'lihimmum, 
as  /•.  dum.l.iniiii  or  /'.  st-amlf/is.  with  tin-  large  triangu- 
lar seeds  .if  /■'(;.;<p;/.i/rill/l.  — Wild  bUCkWheat,  of  Cali- 
fornia, a  spcci,s  ,.f  Krimiomtm,  E.  J'axvicttlatum,  nearly 
related  to  /'nlniioitinn  and  with  similar  seeds. 

buckwheat-tree  (buk'hwet'tre\  ».    The  Clif- 

toiiid  iiitidd  or  ('.  liiiustrinii,  natural  order  r(/n7- 
Uicew,  a  small  evergreen,  with  showy  fragrant 


"  liylas,"  the  celebrated  thirteenth  iilyl  of  Theocritus, 
...  is  not  a  bucolic  poem,  but  classified  as  narrative  or 
semi-epic  in  character,  yet  exhibits  many  touches  of  the 
biicttlic  sweetness.  .Stedman.  \'ict.  Poets,  p.  '2X1. 

2.  Agrieiiltural :  used  Iiumorously  or  in  dis- 
paragement—  Bucolic  cesura,  bucolic  dleresis.  .'<ee 

cfj,-»ra.  =  Syil.  l^aMoral.  lifixttc,  etc.     See  rural. 

II.  H.  [<  L.  bucolicum,  pi.  bucolica,  neut.  of 
bucolicus:  see  I.]  1.  A  pastoral  poem,  repre- 
senting rural  affairs,  or  the  life,  manners,  and 
occupation  of  shepherds:  as,  the  bucolics  of 
Theocritus  and  Virgil. 

The  first  modem  Latin  huralicjt  are  those  of  Petrarch. 
3'.  Wartiiu,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  §  28. 

2.  A  writer  of  pastorals.     [Rare.] 

Spenser  is  erroneously  ranked  as  our  earliest  English 
bucolic.  T.  WarUtn,  Hist.  Eng.  I'oetry,  s  4D. 

3.  A  countryman  ;  a  farmer:  used  himiorously 
or  in  depreciation. 

bucolica!  (bu-kol'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  bucoUc. 

BucorVUS  (bu-kor'vus),  n.  [NL.,  <. £u{c<ros)  + 
Corru.s:]  A  genus  of  hornbills,  family  Buccro- 
tidce,  based  upon  B.  abi/s.iinicus,  an  African  spe- 
cies, the  groxmd-hombill,  notably  different  from 
the  others  in  its  terrestrial  habits. 

Same  as  bucrauium. 

An  immense  Roman  sarcophagus  of  oriental  granite, 
with  masks  carved  upon  its  lid  and  festooned  bucranrs 
upon  its  sides. 

C.  C.  /^crAri/i.s-,  Italian  Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  liv. 

bucranium  (bii-kra'ni-um),  h.  ;  pi.  bucrania  (-a). 
[In  sense  1,  NL. ;  in  sense  2,  LL.,  a  certain 
plant;  <  Gr.  ftovKpaviov,  an  ox-head,  a  kind  of 
bryony,  <  fiovg,  ox,  +  upavLov,  skull,  cranium.] 


Buddhism 

nently  attached  to  the  jmrent  organism,  and 
sometimes  becoming  detached;  an  incipient 
zofiid,  or  bud-like  beginning  of  a  new  individ- 
ual in  a  compound  animal.  See  cut  under  Com- 
panulorin. —  6.  In  rowV.  and  aiiat.,  a  part  or  or- 
gan like  or  likened  to  a  bud:  as,  a  tactile  bud; 
a  gustatory  bud. — 7.  A  weaned  calf  of  the  first 
year.  Htilliwcll.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 8.  A  young 
lady  just ''come  out"  in  society.  [Slang.]  Ac- 
cessory buds,  buds  suplilementary  lo  the  nonnally  soli- 
tary axillary  hud,  either  at  its  side  or  above  it.-  Adven- 
tltloua  buds,  such  buds  as  are  produced  abnoniially  anil 
without  order  from  any  part  of  the  stem  or  roots,  or  from 
leaves.  -  Blind  bud.  See  Wimd,— Bud-variatlon,  in 
the  outgiowth  of  a  bud,  the  deviation  in  any  respect  from 
the  oriliuary  growth  of  the  plant,  producing  what  is 
eommouly  known  as  a  sport.  Many  remarkable  vaileties 
in  cultivated  jdaiits  arise  in  this  way,  and  are  perpetu- 
ateil  by  any  of  the  processes  of  propagation  by  means  of 
buds.—  Common  bud.  see  ctnmnon. — Embryo  buds. 
See  f//i/</i/u.  — Gustatory  buds.  See  taste-bud.— lo  nip 
In  the  btld.     ."iee  /i/;/. 

bud'  (bud),  I-. ;  pret.  and  pp.  budded,  ppr.  bud- 
diiii/.  [<  ME.  budden  =  1).  botten ;  frimi  the 
noiin.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  ingraft  a  bud  of  or 
on,  as  of  one  plant  on  the  stem  of  another: 
as,  to  bud  a  garden  rose  on  a  brier,  or  a  brier 
with  a  garden  rose.  See  huddiny,  «.,  3. —  2. 
To  put  forth  by  or  as  it  by  the  natural  process 
of  budding. 


From  your  swelling  downs, 
Buds  lavish  gold. 


where  prickly  furze 
Krats,  Emlymion,  i. 


.  from  frieze  of  Temple  of  Vespasian,  Rome 
altar. 


p.  from  a  Roman 


Buckwheat  ^Fagopyrufn  esculentum]. 

a,  flower ;  d,  ovary  ;  c,  fiuit ;  d.  section  n 

same,  showing  embryo. 


1.  In  ni-t,  the  skull  of  an  ox:  an  ornament 
often  sculptured,  frequently  with  adornment  of 
wreaths  or  other  decoration,  on  the  frieze  of  the 
entablature  in  the  Roman  Ionic  and  Corinthian 
orders  of  architecture,  and  also  in  other  situa- 
t  ions.—  2.  The  herb  calf's-snont.  Kersey,  1708. 
budl  (bud),  n.  [<  late  ME.  buddc  =  T>.  hot,  a 
bud  ;  prob.  due  to  OF.  boton,  F.  bouton,  a  bud, 
a  button:  see  6«»oh  and  ftiittl.]  1.  In  plants, 
the  undeveloped  germ-state  of  a  stem  or  branch, 
consisting  of  a  growing  point  inclosed  by  close- 
ly appressed  rudimentary  leaves,  in  winter  buds 
are  usually  protected  by  a»  out,siile  covering  of  scales, 
often  pubescent  or  resinous,  which  fall  off  upon  the  swell- 
ing of  the  bud  in  spring.  Besides  foliage,  the  bud  may  also 
ci>ntaiii  the  rudimentary  inflorescence.  Bulbs  and  bulb- 
lets  are  forms  of  leaf-buds.  Flower-buds  are  unexpanded 
blossoms. 

Soiner  toward  whan  bttddv^  first  appeere. 
Ltjdgale,  .Minor  Poems  (ed.  Halliwell,  1S40),  p.  217. 

2t.  In  arch.,  an  ornamental  boss  or  button. 

The  rolTys  [roofs]  garnyshed  with  sarsnettys  and  huddi/n 
of  golilc.  Arnold's  Chron.  (1602).  p.  Ii. 

3.  The  state  of  budding  or  putting  forth  buds: 
as,  the  trees  are  in  bud. — 4.  In  some  cryptog- 
amous  plants,  especially  some  Urpatica;  one 
of  the  bodies  fomied  asexually  which  become 
detached  and  reproduce  the  jilant;  in  the  jilu- 
ral,  same  as/^cmmir.  See  gemma. —  5.  A  promi- 
nence on  or  in  certain  animals  of  low  organiza- 
tion, as  polyps,  which  becomes  developed  into 
an  independent  kidi\idual,  sometimes  perma- 


II.  intrans.  1.  Toput  forth  or  produce  buds; 
be  in  bud. —  2.  To  be  in  the  condition  of  a  bud; 
sprout ;  begin  to  grow  or  to  issue  from  a  stock 
in  the  manner  of  a  bud,  as  a  horn. — 3.  Figu- 
ratively, to  be  in  an  early  stage  of  develoiimeut. 
— 4.  io  eat  buds:  said  of  birds.     [U.  S.] 

Last  night  I  saw  a  number  of  grouse  buddinfi  upon  a 
neighboring  apple  tree.     Furesl  andHtreain,  X.KVIII.  l:il. 

Budding  fungi,  fungi  which  grow  and  reproduce  by 
budding  ;  chiefly,  the  yeast-fniigi. 

bud-  (bud),  «.  [A  reduction  of  brother;  cf. 
/(»/)*.]  A  familiar  term  for  brother.  [South- 
ern U.  S.] 

bud''t  (bud),  n.  [Appar.  a  var.  of  bode,  an  offer, 
ult.  <  AS.  bcodan,  pp.  boden,  offer:  see  bodel^, 
bodc^,  bid.]  A  gift,  especially  one  meant  as  a 
bribe.     Acts  James  I.     (Jamicwn.)     [Scotch.] 

bud^t,  «'.  t-  [Sc,  also  liudd ;  <  bud^,  «.]  To 
endeavor  to  gain  by  gifts ;  bribe. 

bud*  (butl).  Same  as  hood,  preterit  and  past 
participle  of  behoove.     [Scotch.] 

bud-cell  (bud'sel),  n.  In  bot.,  a  lateral  cell 
{iroduced  upon  the  proembryo  of  some  of  the 
higher  cryptogams,  as  in  the  Characew,  from 
which  the  perfect  plant  is  developed.  Some- 
times called  the  bud-rudiment. 

budded  (bud'ed),  ;).  a.    In  her.,  same  as  botlony. 

Buddha  (bci'dii),  ».  [Skt.,  lit.  'the  EnUght- 
ened,'  pp.  (for  "budhta)  of  ■/  budh  for  *bhudh, 
be  awake,  come  to  consciousness,  notice,  un- 
derstand, etc.,  =  Gr.  -v/  *!ri^  for  '<pvd  in  -vOiadai. 
find  out,  prob.  =  AS.  betidan  (pp.  boden),  an- 
nounce, offer,  E.  bid:  see  bid.]  1.  An  epithet, 
meaning  the  Wise  or  Enlightened  One,  applied 
to  the  historical  founder  of  Buddhism  (accord- 
ing to  some  in  the  eleventh  century  B.  c,  but 
more  probably  in  the  si.xth  century),  regarded 
by  the  Buddhists  as  the  fourth  in  a  series  of  five 
messianic  Biiddhas.  He  was  an  Indian  prince  of  the 
sakya  tribe,  and  hence  called  Sakyamnni  (the  .Sakya  sage), 
the  name  preferred  in  t'iiina  and  Japan.  His  original 
name  was  Siddarthu  (literally,  "the  realization  of  all  the 
meanings."  that  is,  of  the  portents  at  his  birth);  that 
most  used  in  Bumia,  Ceylon,  etc.,  is  Cautama  ^>r  (iidamft 
(literally,  "most  victorious"),  the  sacerdotal  name  of  the 
Sakya  tribe. 

2.  [/.  c]  One  who  attains  to  perfect  enlighten- 
ment such  as  that  ascribed  to  the  founder  of 
Buddhism,  and  devotes  his  powers  to  the  salva- 
tion of  mankind. 

Sometimes  also  Boodh,  Boodha. 
Tree  of  Buddha,  the  bo-tree. 

buddbahood  (bo'da-lmd),  n.  [<  buddha  + 
-hood.]  The  state  or  condition  of  a  buddha. 
See  Buddha  and  Buddhism. 

buddhaship  (bo 'da -ship),  n.  l<  buddha  + 
-,s7(//i.]  The  condition  of  one  who  has  attained 
enlightenment  and  become  a  biuldlia.  See  Bud- 
dha and  Buddhi.fm. 

Buddhism  (bo'dizm),  H.  [<  Buddha -i- -ism;  = 
F.Boudhi.'<mc.]  The  religious  system  founded 
by  Buddha,  or  the  Buddha,  in  India.  Its  essential 
Iirinciplcs.  in  so  far  as  they  can  be  reduced  to  an  Occi- 
dental form  of  thought,  are.  that  man  is  under  the  opera- 
tion  of  certain  inflexilde  laws,  from  which  there  is  neither 
escape  nor  deliverance;  existence  under  them  is  an  evil; 
priestly  rites  and  sacritlces  are  unavailing :  death  is  no 
escape,  but  only  a  transmigration  to  another  form  of  ex- 
istence ;  obedience  to  the  moral  laws  — the  practice  of 
charity,  temperance,  justice,  honesty,  truth— insures  a 
sojouru  iu  lieaven,  followed  by  a  higher  existence  on  tjie 


Buddhism 

parth:  clisolicdlencc  iiisuri's  a  imnigliment  insome  of  the 
ilimimcralile  liot  ninl  coM  lit-lls  (see  uaraka),  situated  in 
tlie  interior  of  the  earth  or  on  its  fiirtliest  verce,  follow- 
ed  by  a  lower  state  of  existence  on  eartli ;  tlie  BU|irenie  fe- 
licity to  he  attained  hy  perfect  ohedience  is  the  suppres- 
sion tif  every  passion  and  desire,  aud  eventually  Nirvana,  or 
unconscious  existence,  if  indeed  Nirvana  lie  ntit  annihila- 
tion. In  its  original  spirit  ajniostic,  if  not  atheistic,  it  has 
heconie  modillcd  in  tnne,  and  now  has  its  rites  and  tem- 
ples, which  vary  in  ditferent  nationalities  and  localities. 
From  India  Buildhisni  spread  over  Ceylon,  ,Iava,  Cocliin- 
fiiina,  Burma,  Tiliet,  AIoUKoIia,  Tatary,  China,  and  Japan, 
hut  wa.s  stanipcil  out  in  India  by  the  rise  of  Hinduism. 
.\ls..s]M-lled  l!i>mlhi.tm. 

Buddhist  (bii'dist),  «.  and  a.  [<  Buddha  + 
-ist ;  =  F.  Jioiidhislc]  I.  «.  One  -n-bo  pro- 
fesses Buddhism;  a  follower  of  the  religious 
system  founded  by  Buddha. 

II.  o.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Buddlia  or  Bud- 
dhism  Buddhist  arcWteoture,  the  oldest  and  most 

characteristic  native  style  of  Indian  ecclesiastical  arclii- 
tecture.  the  earliest  speciinens  dating  from  2.i0  E.  C, 
anil  pievailing  wherever  liuildliism  has  been  established. 
Budilhist  architectural  nKunnnents  may  be  ela-ssed  in  five 
groups  :  (rt)  Stamblnis  or  lats,  pillare  bearing  inscriptions 
on  their  shafts,  with  emblems  or  animals  on  their  capi- 
tals. (&)  Stupas  or  topes,  large  towers,  some  built  in  the 
form  of  a  hemisphere,  othei-s  partly  cylindrical  and  fin- 
ished at  the  top  with  either  a  flat  circle  or  a  pointed 
dome-like  terminal.  The  topes  were  erected  in  honor  of 
some  sacred  event  or  place,  and  are  sometimes  emjiloyed 
to  contain  relicsof  Buddha  or  of  a  saint.  In  the  latter  ease 
the  tojie  is  called  a  dam>ha.  (c)  Kails,  formed  of  elaborately 
sculptured  pillars,  built  around  topes,  temples,  and  other 
sacred  objects.     ((/)  Chaitya  halls,  cut  out  of  the  living 


Buddhist  Architecture. — Interior  of  Chaitya  Hall  at  Karli. 

rock,  and  corresponding  closely  in  plan  with  Christian 
churches.  The  positions  of  the  altar  or  relic-casket,  aisles, 
and  apse  are  frequently  the  same  in  both,  (c)  Viharas,  or 
monasteries,  originally  built  of  red  sandal-wood,  but  in  ex- 
ceptional circumstances  excavated  from  the  solid  rock, 
with  halls  hiiving  their  ceilings  supported  by  elaborately 
sculptured  piUai-s  cut  from  the  natural  rock,  and  surround- 
ed by  a  number  of  small  sleeping-cells.  A  characteristic  of 
the  liuddhist  style  is  the  pseudo-arch,  formed  by  courses 
of  stones  each  overlapping  that  below  it,  till  the  two  sides 
approach  so  closely  that  the  opening  at  the  top  can  be  cov- 
ered by  a  single  stone. 

Buddhistic  (bij-dis'tik),  n.  [<  Bnddhist  +  -jc] 
Pertaining  to  Buddhism:  as,  Buddhistic  litera.- 
tiiri-.     Also  Booilhistic. 

Buddhistical  (bo-dis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  Bud- 
dhistic.   Also  BoiHlhinticiil. 

budding  (bud'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  bmU,  r.] 

1.  In  liot.,  the  putting  forth  or  producing  of 
buds.  In  the  lower  cryptogams  the  term  is  applied  to 
a  form  of  growth  and  reproduction,  a  modification  of 
fission,  in  which  the  new  cell  swells  out  at  the  side  of  the 
parent  cell,  increases  in  size,  aud  at  length  becomes  de- 
tached.    .See  yeast. 

2.  InrooV.,  gemmation;  a  mode  of  ase.xnal  re- 
production in  animals  analogous  to  budding  in 
plants. — 3.  In  hort.,  a  process,  allied  to  graft- 
ing, for  growing  a  different  variety  of  fruit  or 
plant  from  a  given  stock  by  transferring  a  bud 
with  a  little  of  the  woody  tissue  behind  it  to  a 
eleft  in  the  bark  of  the  stock.  Adhesion  takes 
place  l)etween  the  cambium  layers  or  new- 
growth  tissue  of  the  two,  assuring  the  life 
and  growth  of  the  bud.  Jlany  kinds  of 
fruit  are  propagated  in  this  way,  as  well 
as  roses  and  other  plants. 

budding  (bud'ing),  1).  a.  [Ppr.  of 
/<«(/!,  ('.]  1.  Producing  buds:  as,  a 
liiiddiiigtree. — 2.  Being  in  the  con- 
dition of  a  bud;  figuratively,  being 
in  an  early  stage  of  growth ;  being 
at  the  entrance  of  a  period  of  life, 
a  career,  etc. :  as,  a  buddimj  orator. 
Voung  budding  virgin,  fair,  and  fresh,  and 
sweet.  Slink.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  5. 

budding-knife  (bu<l'ing-nif),  n.  A 
knife  used  by  gardeners  in  tlie  op- 
eration of  budding.  The  handle,  usu- 
ally made  of  bone  or  ivory,  tapers  to  an  edge,  which  ena- 
bles it  to  be  used  in  separating  the  bark  from  the  wood 
<jf  tilt-  stock  and  inserting  the  bud. 

buddleif,  "•    See  ftoorffci. 
huddle^  (bud'l),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  huddled, 
ppr.  buddling.     [Cf.  LG.  buttcln  (>  U.  bntteln), 


Budding. 


708 

foam,  ffush.]  In  mining,  to  wash  (ore) ;  sepa- 
rate (the  metalliferous  ores)  from  earthy  mat- 
ters by  means  of  an  inclined  hutch  called  a  bud- 
die,  over  which  water  flows. 

huddle-  (bud'l),  n.  [<  buddle^,  v.]  In  milling,  a 
contrivance  for  dressing  ore,  or  separating  the 
metalliferous  portion  from  the  earthy  gangue. 
The  term  was  originally  used  in  Cornwall,  where  the  iiand- 
liuddle  is  a  long  box  sliglitly  inclined,  on  the  bottom  of 
which  the  ore  is  separated  by  the  aid  of  a  cuiTent  of  water. 
There  are  several  much  more  complicated  forms  of  the 
bu<ldle,  some  of  which  are  stationary  and  others  revolving. 

huddle-''  (bud'l),  «.  [Also  boodle;  said  to  be  < 
D.  huidcl,  also  contr.  buil  (=  OHG.  butil,  MHG. 
biutcl,  G.  heutcl),  a  purse;  from  its  bearing  (/«/- 
deu  (florins),  a  name  given  to  its  flowers:  see 
gulden,  guilder.']     Same  as  boodle^. 

huddle*  (bud'l),  V.  t.  To  suffocate;  drown. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Bude  burner,  light.    See  the  nouns. 

budget  (linj),  r. ;  }iret.  and  pp.  budged,  ppr. 
budging.  [<  F.  bougci;  stir,  wag,  =  Pr.  bnlcgar, 
stir,  =  It.  bulicare.  bubble  up,  freq.  (cf.  Sp. 
bultii;  boil,  be  busy,  bestir  one's  self,  move  from 
place  to  place,  =  Pg.  bulii;  move,  stir,  be  ac- 
tive), <  L.  buUirc,  boil:  see  ftoi72.]  I_  intruns. 
To  move;  stir;  change  position;  give  way: 
now  usually  with  a  negative,  implying  stub- 
born resistance  to  pressui-e. 

I  will  not  bitd'/e  for  no  man's  pleasure. 

SAat,  R.  and,l.,  iii.  1. 

If  the  customers  or  guests  are  to  be  dunned,  all  the 

burthen  lies  upon  my  back ;  he'd  as  lief  eat  that  glass  as 

budfie  after  them  himself.  Goldsmith .  Vicar,  xxi. 

II.  trans.  To  move ;  stir ;   change  the  posi- 
tion of. 
hudge^t  (buj),  a.     [Appar.  <  biidgc'^,  r.     Cf.  Sp. 
hutticiosd,  brisk,  active :  see  budget,  «•.]     Brisk ; 
jocund.     iSoutli. 

budge^  (buj),  n.  and  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  bouge 
(see  bouyc'^).  <  ME.  hoicgc,  a  bag,  <  OF.  bnuge,  <  L. 
bulga,  a  leathern  bag;  a  word  of  Gaelic  origin  : 
cf.  Gael.  If.  balg,  biilg,  a  bag,  wallet,  quiver,  etc. : 
see  belly,  bellows,  bulge,  etc.]     I.  n.  If.  A  lea- 
thern bag. —  2.  Lambskin  dressed  with  the  wool 
outward,  much  used  in  the  Elizabethan  era  and 
since  as  an  inexpensive  fur  for  the  edging  of 
garments,   in  England  some  official  costumes  that  have 
remained  unchanged  are  still  decorated  with  budge. 
Mlien,  let  him  but  in  judgements  sight  uncase. 
He's  naught  but  budge,  old  gards,  browne  fox-fur  face. 
Marston,  Scourge  of  Villaine,  Sat.  vii. 

3.  Same  as  budge-barrel. 

II.  a.  [<  budge-,  2.]  1.  Trimmed  or  adorn- 
ed with  budge  (see  I.,  2):  as,  "budge  gowns," 
Hilton,  Art.  of  Peace  with  Irish. — 2.  Scholas- 
tic; pedantic;  austere;  surly;  stiff;  formal: 
as,  "budge  doctors,"  Milton,  Comus,  1.  707. 
The  solemn  fop,  significant  and  budge ; 
A  fool  with  judges,  amongst  fools  a  judge. 

Cotrper,  Conversation,  1.  299. 
Budge  bachelorst,  a  company  of  poor  old  men  clothed 
in  long  gowns  lined  with  lamb's  wool,  "who  formerly  ac- 
companied the  lord  mayor  of  London  at  his  inauguration, 
hudge-'t  (buj),  »i.    [Origin  uncertain.]    One  who 
slips  into  a  house  or  shop  to  steal  cloaks,  etc. ; 
a  sneak-thief.     Kersey,  1708.     [Slang.] 
budge-barrel  (buj'bar"el),  n.     A  small  barrel 
with  ouly  one  head,  a  piece  of  leather  which 
is  tlrawn  together  upon  strings  being  nailed 
upon  the  other  end.     It  is  used  in  action  for 
carrying  powder  or  cartridges  with  a  gim  or 
mortar.     Also  called  budge. 
budgenesst  (buj'nes),  «.      [<  budget,  a.,  2,  -I- 
-ness.}     Sternness;  severity. 
A  great  Bellona  for  budgeuess. 
.Staiiiliurst,  quoted  in  W.arton's  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  §58. 

budger  (buj'er),  «.  One  who  moves  or  stirs 
from  his  place. 

Let  the  first  budqer  die  the  other's  slave. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  8. 

budgero,  budgerow  (buj'ro),  n.  [Anglo-Ind., 
also  bajra,  rcpr.  Hind.  Imjra,  a  kind  of  pleasure- 
boat.]  A  limibering  keelless  barge,  formerly 
much  used  by  Europeans  traveling  on  the  Gan- 
getic  rivers.  Tule  and  Buruell.  Also  budgero- 
boat,  buggeroiv-boat. 

They  [the  ladies  of  Calcutta]  .  .  .  went  upon  the  river 
in  budgei-ou'S  and  diverted  themselves  with  fishing  or 
fowling.  J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  200. 

budget  (buj'et),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bow- 
get;  <  F.  hougette  (=  It.  bolgetta),  dim.  of  OF. 
bouge,  a  bag:  see  budge".  Hence,  in  sense  4, 
D.  and  F.  budget.]  1.  A  small  bag  or  sack;  a 
pouch  or  portable  depository  for  miscellaneous 
articles:  now  chiefly  figurative:  as,  to  open  a 
budget  of  news. 

If  tinkers  may  have  leave  to  live, 
And  bear  the  sow-skin  biulifet. 

Shak.',  W.  T.,  iv.  3  (song). 


buff 

His  budget  with  corruptions  cramra'd, 

The  eontril^utions  of  the  damnd.  Swi/l. 

2.  A  stock  or  store;  a  collection:  as,  a  budget 
of  news. 

It  was  nature,  in  fine,  that  brought  off  the  cat,  when  the 
fox's  whole  budget  of  invention  faded  him. 

Sir  R.  L'Extrange. 
There  is  no  miracle  in  the  whole  Roman  Catholic  Imd- 
get  better  vouched  than  this. 

Present t,  Ferd.  ami  I.sa.,  ii.  21. 

3.  A  pocket  used  by  tilers  to  hold  nails. — 4. 
In  Great  Britain,  the  annual  financial  statement 
which  the  chancellor  of  the  e.xchequer  makes 
in  the  House  of  Commons,  sitting  as  a  commit- 
tee of  ways  and  means,  in  making  this  statement 
the  minister  gives  a  view  of  the  general  financial  policy  of 
the  government,  and  at  the  same  time  presents  an  esti- 
mate of  the  probable  incf»me  ami  expenditure  for  the  fol- 
lowing twelve  montlis,  and  a  statement  of  what  taxes  it 
is  inteiKled  to  reduce  or  abolish,  or  what  new  ones  it  may 
be  necessary  to  impose. 

His  [.Alfred's]  budget  is  the  first  royal  liudget  we  possess ; 
and  though  the  fact  that  the  national  expenses  were  still 
in  the  main  defrayed  by  local  means  renders  any  compar- 
ison of  it  with  a  modern  budget  imi^ssible,  it  is  still  of  in- 
terest as  indicating  the  wide  range  of  public  activity  which 
even  now  was  open  to  an  English  king. 

J.  R.  (Jreen,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  173. 

Hence  —  5.  Any  similar  official  estimate  and 
statement.  [The  word  in  this  specific  sense 
has  been  adopted  into  the  French  language.] 
—  To  open  the  budget,  to  lay  before  the  legislative  Iwdy 
the  financial  estimates  and  plans  of  the  executive  govern- 
ment. 

budgyt(buj'i),  o.  [<  budget,  «.,  2,  4-  -y^.]  Con- 
sisting of  or  decorated  with  the  fur  called 
budge. 

budla  (bud'la),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  variety  of  bro- 
cade, not  of  the  finest  quality,  manufactured 
in  India. 

budlet  (bud'let),  n.  [<  fti/rfl  -I-  dim.  -let.]  A 
little  bud  springing  from  a  parent  bud. 

budmash  (bud'mash),  n.  [Also  hadmash ;  < 
Hind,  hadin'dsli,  <  Pers.  bad,  bad,  +  Ar.  m'ii.sh, 
means  of  living,  <  Umh,  live.]  A  scoundrel;  a 
blackguard  ;  during  the  time  of  the  Indian  mu- 
tinv  (1S57-.5S),  a  rebel. 

Budorcas  (bii-d6r'k.is),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  (iov^, 
o.x,  +  ihpKn(,  a  gazel.]  A  notable  genus  of 
large  Asiatic  antelopes,  containing  the  yakin, 
Budorcas  taiicolor,  of  the  Himalayas :  some- 
times taken  as  type  of  a  subfamily  Budorcinee, 
so  great  are  its  peculiarities.     See  yakin, 

Budorcinae  (bii-dor-si'ne),  H.  ]il.  [XL.,  <  Bu- 
dorcas +  -ina:]  A  group  of  Himalayan  ante- 
lopes, typified  by  the  genus  Budorcas,  ha\ing 
smooth  round  horns  contiguous  at  their  bases, 
a  tail  like  that  of  a  goat,  and  4  teats. 

budorcine  (bfi-dor'sin),  a.  Of  or  pertaiuing  to 
the  Budiireimv. 

Bud'weis  porcelain.    See  porcelain. 
Budytes  (bii-di'tez),  n.     [NL...  <  Gr.  fioi'iiTiK, 
the  wagtail.]    A  genus  of  small  oscine  passe- 
rine birds,  chiefly  of  the  old  world,  of  the  fam- 
ily Motacillida' :  the  yellow  wagtails,  of  which 
there  are  many  species,  as  B.  Jiaia.     See  ifo- 
tacillida,  wagtail. 
buer,  n.     A  gnat.     Hallitcell.     [North.  Eng.] 
buft,  boef-t,  interj.    An  exclamation  represent- 
ing the  sound  made  by  eructation  in   conse- 
quence of  overeating. 

NAIian  they  for  soules  seye  the  psalm  of  Davit, 
Lo,  buj  they  seye,  cor  nieum  eructavit. 

Chaucer,  .Summoner's  Tale.  1.  226. 

buffi  (buf ),  Ji.  and  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  huffe,  short 

for  buffie'^,  q.  v.]     I.  «.  if.  A  buffalo. 

Buffalo  [It.],  a  baffle,  a  buffe.  Florio. 

Buffte  [¥.],  the  buffe,  hurtle,  bugle,  or  wild  ox.    Cotgrave. 

There  are  also  wilde  beastes  bred  in  those  woods,  as 

Ruffes,  Beai'es,  aud  blacke  Wolues. 

Ilakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  248. 

Tliey  haue  .also  the  qujilities  of  a  Ruffe:  for  if  they  see 

a  man  clothed  in  red,  they  run  ^■pon  him  immediately  to 

kill  hitn.  Ilakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  116. 

2.  A  kind  of  thick  leather,  originally  and  prop- 
erly made  of  the  skin  of  the  buffalo,  but  no w  also 
of  the  skins  of  other  animals,  as  elks,  oxen, 
etc.  It  is  dressed  so  as  to  be  as  flexible  as  pos.-;ible,  and 
without  a  glazed  or  artificially  etdored  surface.  It  is 
used  for  making  belts,  pouches,  gloves,  etc.,  and  in  the 
later  middle  ages  came  into  use  to  take  the  place  in  a 
measure  of  light  armor :  as.  "a  suit  of  buff,"  Shak.,  C.  of 
E.,  iv.  2.     .\lso  called  buff-leather. 

His  doublet  was  of  sturdy  buff. 

And  though  not  sword,  vet  cudgel-proof. 

.S'.  Rutler,  lludibras,  I.  i.  305. 

3.  A  buff-coat  (which  see). 

1 11  make  a  shift  to  drain  it 
Ere  I  part  with  boots  and  buff. 

Praed.  Sir  Niclndas  at  Marston  Moor. 

4.  The  color  of  buff -leather;  a  yellow  color 
deficient  in  luminosity  and  in  chroma. —  5.  pi. 
The  third  regiment  of  the  Hue  in  the  British 


buff 

army :  so  called  from  tlio  color  of  the  facings  of 
their  uniform.  Th,'  "stli  rcniim^nt  is  called  the  Ross- 
sliire  Iliif.-i  fill-  till'  MiiiiiL-  reason. 

6.  Ill  «/((/.,  the  l)uffy  coat.  Hec  huffii. — 7.  A 
buff-stick;  ii  bulI-whccl. —  8.  Tho  bare  sldii : 
as,  to  strip  to  the  hiitf.  [ColliKi.]  In  buff,  naked. 
-  Iron  buff,  a  ii,l..r  pi..,inced  in  dyeini;  with  ferric  nxid, 
liy  liist  inipnu'iiatiiiu  tlie  ccttnn  with  a  ferrous  salt  s<ihi. 
tion,  and  tlieii  passinu'  it  tlirun^h  an  alkaline  solntiun  to 
precipitate  ferrous  hydrate  ;  tlie  latter  is  changed  to  felTic 
hytlrate  by  simple  exposure  to  the  air. 

II.  a.  1.  Made  of  buff-leathor. 

Did  not  I  take  you  up  from  thence,  in  an  old  preiLsy 
htif  diiulilet,  with  lioints,  and  (^-een  velvet  sleeves,  out 
at  the  i-lhousV  Ii.  Jniuon,  Epieiene,  iii.  1. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  bufl'-Ieather ;  brownish-yel- 
low. Buff  Cochin,  .a  variety  of  the  Coehin  fowl  of 
whiili  hoth  cock  anil  lien  are  of  a  uuiforin  hutf  color. 

buffi  (buf),  r.  t.  [<  hiijp,  «.,  7.]  To  polish  with 
a  butf-wliccl  or  buff-stick. 

buff-  (buf),  r.  i.  [<  MK.  "hiijreii,  boffeii,  stam- 
mer, <  OB',  buffer,  hiifcr,  later  and  mod.  F. 
bouffer  (and  boiiffir),  \ndX,  lUow,  =Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
bufur  =  It.  biiffarc,  formerly  also  boffurc,  dial. 
boffar  (ML.  buffarc),  juiff,  blow,  puff  out  the 
cheeks;  a  widely  spread  word,  in  part  imita- 
tive, appearing  in  E.  iu  the  lit.  sense  in  tlie 
form  i>iiff  q.  x.     Cf.  /<«(/"',  buffet^,  biifonii,  etc.] 

1.  To  stammer.     [Now  only  prov.  fing.] 

Renalde  nas  he  no3t  of  t^nijie,  ac  Ilmt]  of  speehe  hiistyf, 
Bofftjnij,  it  niest  [mostl  waune  he  were  in  wratlithe  or  in 
"stryf.  Hubert  of  Gloucfxter,  1.  414. 

2.  To  emit  a  dull   sound.     [Prov.  Eng.  and 

Scotch.] 
buff-  (buf),  n.     [<  buxr^,  i:    Cf.  biiffard,  buffer'^.-] 

1.  A  dull  fellow;  a  drone. — 2.  Nonsense;  triv- 
ial or  idle  talk :  as,  that  is  all  buff'. 

[OiUoq.  or  slang.] 
buff-H  (buf),  II.  [Early  mod.  E.  biiffe  (found  in 
ME.  oulv  in  the  deriv.  form  buffcf^,  q.  v.)  = 
MUG.  b'ltf,  buff,  buf,puf,  G.  ^<»rf  =  MLG.  buff 
=  ODau.  huff  =  Sw.  dial,  buff,  <  OF.  buffe, 
biifc,  a  slap,  box,  blow,  buffet,  prop,  a  slap  on 
the  clieek  (cf.  houffc),  =  Olt.  bujja,  the  cheeks 
puffed  out,  a  yiuff  with  the  mouth,  also  strife, 
contention,  mod.  It.  a  trick,  jest,  =  Sp.  bitfu, 
also  lii'fii,  a  jest,  jeer,  ML.  buff'a,  the  cheeks 
puffed  out  (cf.  It.  biiffii,  dial,  boff,  a  puff  of 
wind,  a  comic  actor,  =Sp.  biifti,  a  comic  actor: 
see  buffoon);  cf.  ML.  biiffare,' OF.  buffer,  biifrr, 
etc.,  puff:  see  ft«;/-.]  A  blow;  a  slap  ;  a  box; 
a  stroke  ;  a  buffet. 

Nathelesse  so  sore  a  fti/.//"  to  him  it  lent, 
That  made  hini  reele,  and  to  his  lirest  his  bever  bent. 
Sfieiuw,  F.  ().,  II.  V.  C. 

To  Stand  buff,  to  endure  blows  without  llinchin!.'  •,  con- 
front without  fear,  [Another  siniiitieation  ha.s  liceii  sii^- 
gesteil  for  the  iilirase,  viz.,  to  stand  strijiped  to  theii'/or 
skin,  like  boxers.] 

And  for  the  good  old  cause  fitaml  buf 
'Gainst  luaiiy  a  bitter  kick  and  cuff. 

S.  Butler,  Ilndibras. 

buff^  (buf),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  buffe  (found  in 
ME.  only  in  the  deriv.  form  biiffif^,  q.  v.)  = 
MLG.  LG.  biiffeu  =  G.  pitffen  =  ODan.  buffe  = 
Sw.  dial,  hiiffii,  <  OF.  buffier,  buffoijer,  slap, 
strike,  maltreat,  <  buffe,  bufe,  a  slap,  box,  blow, 
buffet:  see  biiff'i,  «.]     If." To  strike;  buffet. 

There  was  a  shock 
To  have  buffd  out  the  blood 
From  au;ilit  but  a  block. 
U.  .ftnisitn.  Love's  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 

2.  To  resist ;  deaden,  as  a  buffer. 

buff*  (buf),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  buffe,  buffic, 
<  It.  buffd,  "the  buffie  or  breathing-holes  of  a 
head-piece  or  helmet"  (Florio);  a  particidar 
use  of  buff'a,  the  cheeks  puffed  out:  see  fc«^'-.] 
Ill  old  armor,  the  chin-piece  of  the  biu'gonet, 
corresponding  to  the  aveutaile,  and  pierced 
with  holes  to  allow  breathing.  The  burnonet  bein^- 
a  liulit  helmet  without  face-fiuaril.  the  butt  was  added  to 
it  when  further  defense  was  needed. 

buff"'  (buf),  H.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  boiuih^;  cf.  duff, 
var.  of  douqh,  barf,  var.  of  bargh.^  A  bough. 
IlaUiweU.    '[I'l-ov.'Eng.] 

buffalo  (buf'a-16),  H. ;  pi.  buffaloes  or  -los  (-loz). 
[In  earlv  mod.  E.  usually  buff'e,  buffie  (see  buff"^, 
/<«;//rl)  "=  I),  buff'el  =  MLG.'fcHr?W'=  MHG.  huf- 
fel,  G.  biilYel  =  Sw.  bufel  =  Of)an.  bufel,  boff'rl, 
ban.  biiffcl  «  F.  buffl'e);  in  the  form  biiffah,< 
Sp.  bufalo  =  Pg.  biifalo,  bufaro  =  It.  bufalo, 
bufolo,  bubnlo,  formerly  buffalo,  —  Pi-,  bubali, 
brufiil,  britfe  =  F.  buffie  =  Wall,  binil  =  Hung. 
hiral,  bial  =  Alb.  biinl,  bid  =  Russ.  bulroh'i, 
hullo  =  Little  Russ.  bairol,  buirol,  builo  =  Pol. 
bujwol,  bairol  (barred  0  =  Boliem.  biirol  =  Serv. 
biro  =  OBulg.  buirol li,  Bulg.  birol,  <  ML.  bnfalu.s, 
huffalux,  bufolus  (NL.  bubcilu.f,  also  as  specific 
name  buffelut:),  <  L.  bubalu.'t,  the  wild  ox,  ear- 
lier and  more  properly  an  Af'rieau  antelope  (= 
NGr.  fiovjja'Aoi;,  iiov,ia'/.i,  a  buffalo),  <  Gr.  ^obfia- 


709 

)or,  also  ftov/iah^,  an  African  species  of  ante- 
lope, perhaps  the  hartbecst;  prob.  (simulating 
Gr.  liuiic,  an  ox)  from  ii  ntitive  African  name.  J 
1.  A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  family  liorida; 
the  best-known  species  of  which  is  the  liuh<ilus 
buffelun  or  Boa  bubalus;  larger  than  the  ox  and 


Common  BulTi  I'    ' 

with  stouter  limbs,  originally  from  India,  but 
now  found  in  most  of  tho  warmer  countries  of 
tho  eastern  hemisphere.  It  is  less  docile  than  the 
connnon  ox,  and  is  fond  of  marshy  places  and  rivers.  It 
is.  however,  used  in  tillai;e,  draft,  and  carriage  in  India 
and  elsewhere.  The  female  gives  inucli  more  milk  than 
the  cow,  and  from  the  milk  the  ghee  or  clarified  butter  of 
Imlia  is  made.     The  Cape  bulfalu,  Bubalwi  or  Bos  cajfcr, 


Cape  Buffalo  ( Bubatus  caffer). 

is  distinguished  by  the  shape  of  its  horns,  which  are  black 
and  united  at  their  bases,  forniiug  a  great  bony  plate  on 
the  front  of  the  head.  It  attains  the  size  of  an  ox.  The 
hide  is  exceedingly  tough,  and  a  valuable  leather  is  pre- 
pared from  it,  but  the  tlesh  is  not  highly  esteemed. 
2.  A  name  given  to  various  wild  oxen,  or 
liorino!,  and  particularly  to  the  bison  of  North 
Araeriea,  Bison  aiiicricaiius.  See  bison. —  3.  A 
buffalo-robe. — 4.  A  buffalo-fish. —  5.  A  leather 
hamper  used  for  caiTying  bobbins. —  6.  jil. 
[cap.]  In  U.  S.  hist.,  a  name  given  by  their  op- 
ponents to  those  members  of  the  Locofoco  or 
Etpial  Rights  party  who  in  1836  accepted  the 
overtures  of  the  regular  Democratic  organiza- 
tion (Tammany)  toward  a  coalition. —  7.  pi.  A 
nickname  given  to  tho  dwellers  on  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina. 

buffalo-berry  (buf  a-16-ber'i),  H.  1.  The  fruit 
of  the  Sliejilicrdia  arqentea,  a  shrub  or  small 
tree  which  grows  in  western  North  America. — 
2.  The  tree  itself. 

buffalo-bird  (buf 'a-lo-bi'-rd),  «.  A  bird  of  the 
genus  Sturuopastor :  so  called  because  it  asso- 
ciates with  buffaloes. 

I  never  tired  of  watching  the  frieiuily  relation  between 
the  Bufalo-birdt  (sturnopastor  ialla  ands.  melanopterus) 
and  their  bovine  hosts. 

//.  O.  Forbes,  Eastern  .Archipelago,  p.  55. 

buffalo-bug  (buf'a-16-bug),  n.    A  name  of  the 

carpet-beetle. 

buffalo-chips  (buf'a-16-chips),  H.  ;)/.  The  dry 
dung  of  the  bison,  formerly  used  for  fuel  on  the 
western  jilaius  of  North  America. 

buffalo-cod  (buf'a-16-kod),  ii.  A  chiroid  fish, 
(Ijiliiodoii  ehiHijatiis  :  the  cultus-cod. 

buffalo-fish  (buf 'a-16-fish),  n.  The  popular 
name  of  fishes  of  the  family  Catostomidte.  or 
suckers,  and  genus  letiobus  or  Bubalichthijs. 
They  .are  among  the  largest  of  the  suckers,  somewhat  re- 
semble carp,  and  abound  in  the  lakes  and  rivei-s  of  the 
United  .States.  The  name  was  probably  given  on  account 
of  the  protuberant  or  liuniplike  back,  which  rises  highest 
near  the  front  of  the  dorsal  fin.  Several  species  are  recog- 
nized.    See  Ictiobitux. 

buffalo-gnat  (buf'a-16-nat),  n.  A  kind  of  black- 
tly,  a  dipterous  insect  of  the  genus  Sinudiuni 
aiid  family  Simuliida:.  It  is  found  in  almost  incredi- 
ble numbei*s  in  the  southern  and  western  Vnited  States, 
and  is  a  dreaded  pest  of  cattle,  rendering  the  animals  fran- 
tic, and  in  sniiH-  cases  causing  death. 

buffalo-grass  (btif'a-16-gras),  II.  A  common 
name  for  several  low  grasses  very  prevalent 
upon  the  plains  east  of  the  Kocky  Mountains, 
including  Bucliloc  dacti/loides,  a  dia>cious  spe- 
cies, nnd  Bouteloiia  oligostadiya,  with  others  of 
the  same  genus. 

buffalo-jack  (buf 'a-16-jak),  H.  A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily CiiraiKjida;  Cdraiix  j'isquvtus.     [Bcrmuila.] 


buffer-block 

buffalo-nut  (buf'a-lo-iiut ).  ».     1.  The  fruit  of 

the  North  .Vmerican  shrub  I'l/rularia  oteifera. — 
2.   Till-  plant  itself.     Also  called  oil-nut. 

buffalo-perch  (buf'a-16-perch),  II.  1.  A  fish  of 
the  fnini\y  .Sciwiiida;  Ajytiidiiiotus  (/la]>lodiiioUi.s) 
ijruiDiieiis,  with  elevated  backer  shoulders;  the 
bubbler  or  fresh-water  dnimfish .  Kiifinesqiie. — 
2.  A  fish  of  tho  family  Catostomida;  letiobus 
bubalus;  a  buffalo-fish. 

The  yonng  .  .  .  isoften  sold  in  the  market  as  a  distinct 
species,  uuder  the  name  of  liujfalo  perch.  KirtUind. 

buffalo-robe  (buf'a-16-r6b),  11.  The  skin  of  the 
bison  iif  North  America,  prepared  with  the  hair 
on,  and  used  as  a  carriage-rug  and  in  other  ways 
for  protection  from  the  cold. 

buffardt,  «.  [ME.,  <  OF.  Imuffard.  puffing, 
l)lowing,  swelling;  as  a  noun,  a  glutton;  < 
bouffer,  puff',  blow:  see  buff'-,  and  cf.  buffer'^.] 
A  fool. 

Vi-t  wol  she  .  .  .  take  a  buffard  riche  of  jn'et  vilesse, 
III  hope  that  he  slial  sterue  withynne  a  wiule. 

Lijd'fate,  Minor  roenis,  p.  ;i2. 

buff-coat  (biif'kot),  H.  1.  A  military  coat  made 
of  liufT-leather,  which  gradually  rejjlaced  the 
buff-jerkin  as  armor  of  steel  became  less  com- 
mon, and  was  in  especial  favor  at  the  time 
of  the  English  civil  wars.  The  bnlf-ioat  was  com- 
monly worn  by  itself,  and  was  so  thick  and  unyielding  as 
to  be  considered  proof  against  the  sword,  and  even  against 
a  pistol-ball  except  when  fired  at  short  range.  It  was 
also  worn  over  the  cnirass,  which  it  partly  concealed,  and 
inider  it,  especially  among  soldiers  regularly  enlisted. 
Buff-coats  were  sometimes  ricllly  embroidered  with  col- 
ored silks. 
Hence  —  2.  A  soldier. 

Scliisiuatical  pravity  will  grow  up  under  the  licentious- 
ness of  w  ar  ;  some  profane  buff-eoats  will  authorize  sucli 
inceniiiaries.      Bj>.  lltu-ket.  Life  of  Ahp.  Williams,  ii.  170. 

buffeH,  etc.     See  huff'^,  etc. 

buffel,  buffel-duck,  etc.     See  buffie'^,  etc. 

buffer'  (buf'er).  I,.  [<  buffi  +  -o-l.]  It.  A  per- 
son who  killed  sound  horses  in  order  to  sell 
their  hides. — 2.  Same  as  biiff'-trlicel. 

buffer-  (buf'er),  II.  [<  ME.  buffere,  <  'biifferi, 
bdffen,  stutter,  stammer:  see  buff'^,  v.,  and  cf. 
buffard.]     If.  A  stammerer. 

The  tunge  of  bufferes  [L.  ball)orum\  swiftli  shal  speke 
and  pleyiily.  Wyclif,  Isa.  xxxii.  4  (Oxf.). 

2.  A  foolish  fellow;  a  fellow;  a  duffer:  a  term 
expressive  of  extreme  familiarity,  and  gener- 
ally having  a  flavor  of  contempt.  [Slang  or 
coiloq.] 

As  the  water  gi-ew  rougher 
The  more  my  poor  hero  continued  to  sutler. 
Till  the  Sailors  tliemselves  cried,  in  pity, 
"Poor  Buifer !" 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  X.  305. 

3t.    A  person  who  took  pay  to  swear  false 

oaths ;  a  hired  perjurer, 
buffer-*  (buf'er),  «.  [<  buff-^,  v.,  +  -frl.]  1.  One 
who  buffs  or  strikes ;  a  hitter.  [Rai-e.]— 2.  Any 
apparatus  for  deadening  the  concussion  be- 
tween a  mo^'ing  body  and  one  against  which  it 
strikes.  Specifically,  an  apparatus  attached  to  railroad- 


Part  of  under  frame  of  an  English  railway-carriage,  sliowing  buffing- 
springs,  a  a,  acted  on  at  the  ends  t)y  rods  from  tlic  butTer-bloclcs.  t  e. 

cars  to  prevent  injury  from  violent  contact  or  collision. 
The  buffer  shown  above,  which  represents  the  form  cora- 
moil  on  British  railways,  consists  of  powerful  springs  and 
framing  attached  to  carriages  and  wagons  to  deaden  the 
concussion  between  them  when  they  come  into  collision. 
Hence — 3.  Anything  which  serves  to  deaden 
or  neutralize  the  shock  of  opposing  forces. 

It  is  evident  that  the  period  of  au  indefinitely  collaps- 
ing policy  has  closed.  This  means,  inevitably,  the  near 
apfiroach  of  an  end  to  the  system  of  political  bujfers  so 
far  as  India  is  concerned.      Kdinburr/h  liev.,  CLXIII.  19. 

A  sense  of  humor  .  .  .  may  have  served  aa  a  buffer 
against  the  too  imftiirtunate  shock  of  disappointment. 

Lvirell.  .\niong  my  Books,  2d  ser..  p.  31.-i. 
Hydraulic  buffer.  Sce  /ontraulic. 
buffer-bar  (buf 'er-bar),  H.  A  bar  of  \\Tought- 
iron  placed  at  the  end  of  a  railroad-car  to 
deaden  the  concussion  between  it  and  the  next. 
71\e  bnffer-bai-s  act  generally  upon  a  pair  of  springs, 
which  give  an  elastic  resistailce  when  two  cai-s  come  to- 
•.■etller. 

buffer-beam  (buf 'er-bem),  H.  1.  A  transverse 
timber  secured  to  the  end  sill  of  a  freight-car. 
The  dead-blocks  are  connected  with  this  beam. 
—  2.  The  end  timber  of  the  platform  of  a  pas- 
senger-car. 

buffer-block  (buf'^r-blok),  «.  1.  A  block  or 
piece  of  timber  attached  to  the  end  timber  of  a 
car,  or  of  the  platform  of  a  passenger-car,  above 


buffer-block 

the  draw-bar,  to  koep  the  cars  from  coming 
together  if  tlie  di'aw-bar  gives  way. — 2.  The 
flat  head  of  a  buffer-bar.  See  cut  under  buffer^. 
Also  called  biiffmg-blocl;. 

buffer-head  (buf'6r-hed),  w.  Same  as  huffer- 
blorh:  -2. 

buffer-spring (buf'tr-spring),  n.  Aspring  which 
gives  flastiiMty  to  a  buffer,  so  as  to  lessen  the 
shock  of  collision.     Also  called  biiffiiiy-sjiriiir/. 

See  cut  under  buffer'^ Auxiliary  buffer-spring, 

in  railroad-cars,  a  spring  secured  behind  a  drawsprinK.  t" 
resist  more  strong!}'  the  pressure  on  the  draw-bar  in  buif- 

b'uffeti  (but'et),  II.  [<  ME.  buffet,  boffet,  bofet 
(=  Icel.  btixreit),  <  OF.  buffet,  bufet  (=  It.  buf- 
fcto,  formerly  buffettt),  boffetto;  cf.  Sp.  Pg.  bofc- 
tiuUi),  a  blow,  <  buffe,  bufc,  a  blovc:  see  btiff^.'] 

1.  A  blow  with  the  fist;  a  box;  a  cuff;  a  .slap; 
hence,  hard  usage  of  any  kind  suggestive  of 
blows;  a  violent  shock  or  concussion:  as, "for- 
tune's buffets,"  Slial:,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

Tljc  kyn;v'C  redressed  liyni  and  yaf  hym  soche  a  bu_fel  vpon 
tile  lefte  temple  that  the  blode  braste  oute  of  mouthe  and 
nose.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  :f.n. 

For  God's  sake,  sir,  be  merry,  or  else  bear 
The  bufftn  of  your  fortune  with  more  scorn  ! 

Beau,  and  Fl.^  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  iv.  1. 
We  get  .  .  .  many  a  hufft  of  the  rough  water  of  experi- 
ence, liefore  we  secure  the  bare  right  to  live. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  138. 
2t.  A  blast  of  wind. 

Thay  biwe  a  hafet  in  blande  that  banned  peple. 

Alliteratim  PaenirS  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  SS5. 
buffetl  (buf' et),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buffeted,  ppr. 
buffeting.  [<  ME.  buffeten,  bofeten  =  Icel.  buf- 
fcita  (ef.  Sp.  bofetcar,  abofetear,  Pg.  bofeteur  = 
it.  buffetare,  boffettegiurc — Florio),  buffet ;  from 
thenoim.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  strike  with  the  hand 
or  fist;  box;  beat. 

Then  did  they  spit  in  his  face,  and  hufeted  him ;  and 
others  smote  him  with  the  palms  of  their  hands. 

ilat.  xxvi.  C7. 

2.  To  beat  in  contention ;  contend  against  as 
if  with  blows:  as,  to  buffet  the  billows. 

The  torrent  roar'd  ;  and  we  did  buffet  it 

AVith  lusty  sinews  ;  throwing  it  aside 

And  stemming  it  with  hearts  of  controversy. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

U.  intrans.  To  exercise  at  boxing;  box;  con- 
tend -with  blo-n-s  of  the  fists;  hence,  to  force 
one's  way  by  buffeting. 

If  I  might  buffet  for  my  love,  ...  I  could  lay  on  like  a 
butcher.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

I  caught  her ;  then 
Oaring  one  arm,  and  beai-ing  in  my  left 
The  weight  of  all  the  hopes  of  half  the  world, 
Strove  to  buffet  to  land  in  vain.  Tennyson,  Princess,  Iv. 

buffet^  (buf 'et,  or,  as  F.,  bu-fa'),  n.  [Sometimes 
erroneously  written  beaufet  (simulating  F.  beau, 
fine — a  notion  present,  in  another  fonn,  in  the 
orig.  use),  <  ME.  buffitt,  buffit,  boffet,  bofet  (in 
def.  4,  and  comp.  buffet-stool,  q.  v.)  ='  D.  6. 
Dan.  Sw.  buffet  =  Russ.  bufetu,  a  sideboard,  = 
Sp.  Pg.  bufcte,  a  desk,  ■writing-table,  Pg.  also 
a  sideboard,  <  F.  buffet,  a  sideboard,  a  cup- 
board, in  older  F.  esp.  of  an  elegant  or  costly 
kind,  "a  court  eupboord,  or  high-standing  cup- 
boord,  also  a  eupboord  of  plate,  also  as  much 
plate  as  will  furnish  a  eupboord"  (Cotgrave), 
also  a  desk  or  -writing-table,  <  It.  buffetto,  for- 
merly also  boffetto,  a  cupboard,  sideboard,  buf- 
fet (ML.  bufetum,  a  buft'et,  cf.  buffetiis,  a  coun- 
cil ;  cf.  bureau  in  similar  senses),  appar.  so 
called  from  its  elegance,  being  =  OF.  bufoi, 
buffois,  sumptuousness,  show,  pomp,  fine  equi- 
page, <  bufer,  buffer  (=  It.  buffare,  etc.),  puff, 
blow:  see  buff'i,  and  cf.  *«/<?*!.]  1.  A  cupboard, 
sideboard,  or  closet,  designed  to  hold  china, 
crystal,  plate,  and  other  like  articles. — 2.  The 
space  set  apart  for  refreshments  in  public 
places.— 3.  That  part  of  the  cabinet-'work  of 
an  organ  which  incloses  the  pipes. — 4.  Same 
a,s  buffet-stool.  Wrifilit,PTov. 'Diet.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

buffeter  (buf'et-er),  ».  One  who  buffets  or 
strikes  with  the  hand  or  fist;  a  boxer. 

buffeting  (buf'et-iug),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buffet''-, 
)'.]    A  beating;  a  blow;  a  buffet. 

He  had  withstood  these  buffetinns  to  the  last  till  sick- 
ness overtook  hini.  Sterne,  Tristram  .Shandy,  vi.  13. 

buffet-stool  (buf'et-stol),  n.  [<  ME.  bnffett 
stole,  liofet  stole,  also  simply  buffit,  bofet  (see 
buffet'^,  4) ;  <  buffefi  +  stool.]  "  A  .stool  with 
either  four  or  three  legs,  formerly  used  in  con- 
nection with  the  buffet  or  sideboard,  and  often 
serving  as  a  table  or  sideboard  among  poor 
peojde.     Forby. 

buffiet,  «.     Same  as  buff^^.     Florio. 

buffint  (buf 'in),  a.  and  n.     [Early  mod.  E.,  ap- 
par. for  "bnffen,  <  buff'i  +  -cifl.'\    I,  a.  1.  Of 
buff. 
Buffalino  [It.],  of  buffe,  buffin.  Florio. 


710 

2.   Made  of  buffin:   as,  "buffin  gowns,"  Afas- 
.•iini/er,  City  Madam,  iv.  4. 

ll.  «.  A  coarse  cloth  in  use  in  the  time  of 
Elizabeth  and  James  I. 

Orogranis,  broad  or  narrow,  called  Jluffinfit,  poize 
[weigh]  4  lbs.  one  with  another. 

I.antithmw  MS.,  l.'>92.     (Draper's  Diet.) 

buffing  (buf'ing),  H.  [<  buff'-  +  -iugl.'i  The 
operation  of  diminishing  the  thickness  of  a  hide 
b,v  means  of  a  curriers'  knife  or  a  splitting- 
machine,  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  sup- 
I)leness  of  the  leather ;  hence,  the  layer  so 
shaved  off;  the  amoimt  of  lessening  effected. 

When  about  one-third  taimed,  the  hides  are  removed 
from  the  tanning  liquor  and  a  buff  mj  is  taken  off  of  each 
hide.  C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  586. 

buffing-block  (buf'ing-blok),  n.  Same  as  buff- 
rr-l,lork. 

buffing-lathe  (buf 'ing-liiTH),  «.  A  lathe  in 
which  metal  plates  are  jiolished.  The  buffer 
may  be  of  leather,  cotton,  or  other  material, 
and  is  used  with  various  polishing-powders. 

buffing-machine  (buf 'ing-ma-shen"),  «.  A 
machine  used  tor  buffing  or  polishing. 

buffing-spring  (buf'ing-spring),  n.  Same  as 
butl'f  r-sjiriiiff. 

buffing-'Wheel  (buf'ing-hwel),  «.  Same  as  buff- 
uiieel. 

buff-jerkin  (bufjer^kin),  II.  1.  A  garment  for- 
merly worn  under  the  corselet,  and  made  of  bidl- 
leather,  "whence  its  name.  It  took  the  place 
of  the  acton  and  gambeson. — 2.  A  waistcoat 
made  of  buff-leather;  hence,  a  waistcoat  made 
of  cloth  of  a  buff  color,  it  seems  to  have  been  con- 
sidered the  peculiar  mark  of  constables  and  other  officers 
of  the  law. 

Fighting!  what's  fighting?  it  raay  be  in  fashion 
Among  provant  swords,  and  buff-jerkin  men. 

Fleteher  (and  another),  Elder  Brother,  v.  1. 

buff-laced  (buf 'last),  a.  In  poultry- and  pigeon- 
breeding,  having  the  feathers  laced  or  edged 
with  buff:  said  of  birds  of  which  the  color  is  a 
rich  buff,  each  feather  being  distinctly  laced 
■with  pale  buff,  as  in  the  case  of  buff'-laced  Po- 
lish fowls,  or  of  birds  of  -which  the  color  is  pale 
buff,  each  feather  being  laced  with  dark  buff. 

bufflel  (buf'l),  n.  [<  F.  buffle,  a  buffalo.]  1. 
A  buffalo. — 2.  A  duck,  Bucephala  albeola,  abun- 
dant in  North  America,  it  has  a  short  blue  bill  and 
a  head  the  apparent  size  of  which  is  greatly  increased  by 


Buffle  f.BHcepkala  albeola). 

the  fullness  of  its  feathers.  The  male  is  chiefly  black 
above  and  white  below,  the  head  being  iridescent-bl.ick 
with  a  large  white  occipital  space.  Also  called  buffle-head, 
buffle-duck,  huffie-headed  duck,  spirit-duck,  dipper,  and  but- 
terball.     Also  spelled  buffet. 

buffle-  (buf'l),  r.  [Freq.  of  biiff^,  stammer:  see 
?)H^'2.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  speak  thickly  or  in- 
articulately. [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2t.  To  be  puz- 
zled ;  be  at  a  loss.    Swift. 

II.   trans.  To  handle  "clumsily. 

buff-leather  (buf 'le'^ner),  n.    Same  as  buf^,  2. 

buffle-duck  (buf'1-duk),  n.     Same  as  buffl'e'^,  2. 

buffle-head  (buf '1-hed),  n.     If.  One  who  has  a 
large  or  stupid  head,  like  a  biiffalo's. 
What  makes  you  stare  so,  buffie-heeul  ? 

Plautus  (trans.),  1694. 
2.  Same  as  buffle''-,  2. 

buffle-headedt"  (buf'l -bed "ed),  a.  Having  a 
large  head,  like  a  buffalo's;  dull;  stupid;  fool- 
isli.     (lai/ton.  Notes  on  Don  Quixote,  HI.  3. 

buffle-horn  (buf'l-horn),  n.  The  common  name 
in  .South  Africa  of  the  Burehellia  Capensis,  on 
accoimt  of  the  hardness  and  toughness  of  the 
wood.  It  is  a  rubiaceons  shrub,  with  handsome  flowers, 
sumctinies  cultivated  in  hothouses. 

buffle-WOOd  (buf 'l-wiid),  n.  Same  as  buffle-harn. 

buffo  (buf '6),  n.  [It.,  a  comic  actor,  also  a  puff, 
whiff,  <  buffare,  puff,  rally,  mock:  see  buff-,  biif- 
fimn.']  The  comic  actor  in  an  opera;  a  comic 
singer. 


bufoniform 

buffon,  ".  Same  as  buffont. 
butfontf,  ".  [<  F.  bouffant  (ef.  "  bouffancs  [sic], 
pulls  in  a  gannent"  —  Cotgi-ave),  ppr.  of  bintf- 
fer,  puff  out:  see  biiff'^,  buffet'.]  A  projecting 
or  puffed-out  covering  of  gauze  or  linen  for  the 
breast,  much  worn  by  women  about  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century. 
buffoon  (bu-f(in'),  H.  and  a.  [<  F.  bouffon,  < 
It.  buffone  (=  Sp.  bitfon  =  Pg.  bufao),  a  jester, 
<  buffa  (=  Sp.  tufa),  a  jest,  mocking,  connect- 
ed with  buffare  (=  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bufar  =  F.  bouf- 
fer),  puff,  blow:  see  buff"^.  buffetl.']  I.  «.  One 
who  makes  a  practice  of  amusing  others  by 
tricks,  odd  gestures  and  postures,  jokes,  and 
other  vulgar  jileasantries ;  a  droll ;  a  mcn-y- 
andrew  ;  a  clown  ;  a  jester. 

The  scxu-rll  talk  of  buffoons,  plcasants,  and  jesters, 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  487. 

Buffoons  that  have  a  talent  of  mimicking  the  speech 
and  Ijehaviour  of  other  persons.  Tatler,  No.  268, 

=  Syn.  Seeza/i.v. 

II.  a.  Characteristic  of  a  buffoon ;  buffoonish. 

Neither  buffoon  nor  contemptible.       Lamb,  Old  Actors. 

Buffoon  stories.  Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

buffoon  (bu-f on'),  J'.    [_<  buffoon,  n.]    I,  intrans. 

To  act  the  part  of  a  buffoon.    Dryden.    [Rare.] 

II.  trans.  To  make  ridiculous.     [Rare.] 

Ficligion  .  .  .  despised,  buffooned,  exposed  as  ridiculous. 
Glani'ille,  Sermons,  ix.  343. 

Went  to  see  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's  ridiculous  farce 
and  rhapsody,  called  "The  Recital,"  buffooning  all  plays, 
yet  prophane  enough.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Dec.  14,  1671. 

buffoonery  (bu-fon'er-i),  K.;  pi.  buffooneries 

(-iz).     [<  buffoon  -1-  -ery,  after  F.  bouffonnerie.] 

The  art  and  practices  of  a  buffoon;  lo-w  jests; 

ridiculous  pranks ;  vidgar  tricks  and  postures. 

No  merit  was  secure,  no  person  free 

From  its  licentious  buffoonery. 

Oldham,  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry. 

buffoonish  (bu-fon'ish),  a.    [<  buffoon  -+■  -m7(1.] 

Like  a  1  nilfoon ;  consisting  in  buffoonery.  Blair. 
buffoonism  (bu-fon'izm),  H.    [<  buffoon  +  -ism.] 

The  jiractiees  of  a  buffoon;  buffoonery. 
buffoonizet  (bu-fon'iz),  r.  t.    [<  buffoon,  +  -i:e.] 

To  jest.     Min.sheu.  1617. 
buffoonly  (bu-fon'li),  a.     [<  buffoon   -{•  -ly^.] 

Buffoonish.     [Rare.] 

.^pish  tricks  and  buffuonly  discourse. 

J.  Goodman,  Winter  Eve.  Conference,  1. 

buffo-singer  (buf'6-siug"er),  n.  A  singer  of 
comic  songs  in  opera  bouffe;  a  buffo. 

buff-stick  (buf 'stik),  )(.  A  piece  of  stick  cov- 
ered with  leather,  velvet,  velveteen,  or  other 
material,  and  charge<l  with  emery  or  other  pow- 
der, used  in  polishing. 

buff-tip  (buf 'tip),  «.  1.  A  name  of  a  Japa- 
nese shrike,  Lanius  bueeplialus,  so  called  be- 
cause of  a  buff  patch  on  the  wing. —  2.  A  name 
of  a  moth  similarly  marked. 

buffum  (buf'um),  H.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  mix- 
ture of  several  inferior  kinds  of  oil,  used  as  an 
adulterant  of  linseed-oil.    Encye.  Brit.    [Eng.] 

buff-'ware  (buf'war),  «.  In  cerain.,  a  stone- 
ware made  in  Staffordshire,  England,  from  the 
clay  and  other  ingredients  found  there,  and  not 
decorated.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  natural  color 
of  tlie  clay  when  fired. 

buff-'wheel  (buf'hwel),  «.  A  -wheel  of  wood, 
glue,  leather,  light  fabrics,  or  other  material, 
used  -with  emery,  rouge,  or  other  powders  in 
polishing  glass  and  metals.  Also  called  buffer 
and  buffing-wheel. 

buffy  (buf'i),  a.    [<  bup  +  -yl.]    Buff-colored; 

pertaining  to  buff  on  "the  blood Bufly  coat,  the 

coat  of  fibrin  free  from  red  blood-corpuscles  on  the  upper 
surface  of  a  blood-clot,  which  is  formed  when  the  coagu- 
lation is  delayed  until  after  the  corpuscles  have  sunk  so 
as  to  leave  the  npjier  layers  of  the  blood. 

Bufo  (bu'fo),  n.  [L.,  a  toad.]  A  genus  of 
tailless  amphibians,  typical  of  the  family  Bii- 
fonidw,  and  embracing  the  common  toads  of 
Europe  and  North  America.  See  cut  under 
agua-toad. 

bufonid  (bii'fo-nid),  n.  An  amphibian  of  the 
family  Bufonida: 

Bufonidae  (bii-fon'l-de),  n.  pi.  [NL..  <  Bufo{n-) 
+  -idd.]  Afamily  of  arciferous  salient  amphibi- 
ans, t\'pified  by  the  genus  Bufo.  -without  max- 
illary teeth  and  -with  dilated  sacral  vertebraB 
and  a  broad  flat  tongue,  free  behind ;  the  toads. 
The  body  and  limbs  are  thick,  hea^-y,  and  clumsy,  and  the 
skin  is  warty  or  rugose.  The  species  are  less  aquatic  than 
frogs,  not  arboreal  like  tree-toads,  and  much  less  agile. 
.Miout  KXt  species  are  known.    See  cut  imder  aoua-toad. 

bufoniform  (bii-fon'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  'bufo(n-), 
a  toad,  -I-  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  foi-m  of 
a  toad;  resembling  a  toad;  bufonoid;  specifi- 
cally, of  or  pertaining  to  the  Bufoniformia: 
contrasted  with  raniform. 


Bufoniformia 
Bufoniformia  (bu-fon-i-iVn'ini-ii),  «.  pi.    [NIj., 

<  I;.  liiifii(H-),  a  loud  (NIj.  Ihifii),  +  foniKi, 
form.  +  -(((.]  A  j,'i''ii'P  '"'  sulionlcr  of  salient 
ampliiliiiiiis,  coiUiiiniiig  tlioso  haviiij,' an  aroif- 
(Tons  stcriiniM  aiKl  no  teoth.  It  inchuU's  thu 
liiifittiidw,  IHiiiiojilni/iiida',  and  DciKlrdpliri/iiis- 
ciihf. 

bufonite  (bu'fon-it),  n.  [<  L.  6M/o(n-),  a  toad, 
+  -i7f'2.]  Toadstone;  a  fossil  consisting  of 
the  iii'trilied  tooth  of  Sjiliivrixbts,  I'licniidux,  and 
othor  Mesozoio  ganoid  lishes.  It  wiu  fDiniirly 
iiiiiili  csteeauMl  fcir  its  imaghiury  virtues,  ami  was  wuni 
ill  lilies;  it  \v:i3  tliimulit  tiiori;;iiiate  in  tlle  hbailsof  tuacls. 
bufonoid  (bu'fon-oid),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Eesem- 
bliiif,'  a,  toad;  bufoniforra;  specifically,  of  or 
pcrlaining  to  tlio  liiifonoiiiea. 

II.  n.  A  bufouid  or  other  member  of  the  Bu- 
faiiindea, 
Bufonoidea  (Im-fo-noi'de-ii),  »i.  pi.      [NL.,    < 
lli(ju[ii-)  +  -<ii(k'<i.]     A  siiporfamily  of  areifer- 
ous   phaneroglossato   amphibians,  whoso   tad- 
jiolos  have  a  spiracle  on  the  loft  side  and  whoso 
adults  are  ribless.    It  embraces  all  tlie  Arcifcra 
except  the  Discof/lossida: 
bufta  (Imf'tii),  H.     Same  as  haft'^. 
bug't  (bng),«.     [<  ME.  limidc,  prob.  <  W.  Innj, 
a  hobgoblin,  specter,  hwi/aii,  a  specter,  =  Corn. 
biicca,  a  hobgoblin,  bugbear,  =  Gael.  Ir.  liucaii, 
a  specter,  Ir.  pucci,  au  elf,  sprite  (>  E.  puck). 
Cf.  boy-,  bill/!/,  bugle,  and  see  biti/-.']    A  hob- 
goblin; a  specter;  anything  terrifying ;  a  bug- 
bear. 
Ri^'lit  as  the  luimour  of  melaiichnlye 
Causitli  many  a  man  in  slepe  to  erye. 
For  fere  of  lieris  (l>ears]  ore  of  Ijolis  [hulls]  hlake. 
Or  uUia  that  hlacke  hwjfjtjs  [var.  detwleti]  wo!  him  take. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  1'ale,  1.  lUi. 

Than  befiiinieth  he  to  remember  his  life,  and  from  that 

he  falktii  I.I  thiiike  vpon  his  death.  .  .  .  And  then  be- 

^iiiiiLtii  lit- Id  tliiiike,  that  it  were  good  to  make  sure,  .  .  . 

least  thi'ie  hap  In  be  suehe  blaeke  Imijf/es  indede  as  folke 

eal  diuelles,  whose  tormentes  he  was  wont  to  take  for 

I'oets  tales. 

Sir  T.  More.  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  40. 

The  hug  which  you  would  fright  me  with. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 
Sylvan  and  a  Nymph,  a  man  Buij.  and  a 


711 

bugaboo  (bug'a-b8),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  hngqy- 
biKi,  Sc.  biiiiillliii :  a  kind  of  conipound  of  bui/^ 
and  the  interjc^ction  Ikiii,  W.  /)«■  =  (Jael.  bii,  used 
to  frighten  children;  cf.  io-.]  A  bugbear;  a 
bogy;  a  vain  terror;  something  to  fnghten  a 
child. 

We  have,  as  the  logical  issue  of  eeelesiasticism,  our 
modern  seenlarism,  that  curious  hitffal/iio  of  the  priest, 
and  more  curious  idol  of  the  s*j-called  intldel. 

.V.  .1.  Itei\.  CXr.I.  24.^. 

bugara  (bug'a-rii),  n.  An  erabiotocoid  fish,  or 
surf-lish,  Jliiii.iiirii.i  cnri/i,  with  small  scales, 
imiserial  jaw-teeth,   lower  lip  attached  by  a 


bugle'weed 


the  sun's  rays,     (b)  In  l':iit;laiiil 
wheeled  vehicle  without  a  hood. 
a  light,  one-hoi'se.  four- 
wheeled  vehicle  with  one 
seat,  and  eithi-T-  with  or 
without  a  IhkiiI  iir  lop.— 
Cut-under  buggy,  a  ve- 
hicle in  which  tht;  body 
is  cut  out  to  allow  the 
front  wheels  to  pass  un- 
der when  turning, 
buggy-' (Ijl'K'i),".  [A 
var.  of  tinijii'^,  j)rob. 


:i  light,  one-horse,  two- 
(c)  In  the  United  .States, 


American  Bug^. 


[Enter 

wonum.] 

1  /»(('/. 

i  Bwj. 


Pray,  master  Usher,  where  nnist  I  come  in? 
Am  I  not  well  for  a  Btt<i,  master  Usher '^ 

Chapman.  Centleman  Usher,  ii.  1. 
bug^  (bug),  H.  [A  particular  application  of 
/)"i/l.]  1.  A  term  loosely  applied  to  many 
kinds  of  insects,  commonly  with  certain  dis- 
tinctive adilitions,  as  May-bug,  lady-bug,  land- 
bugs  (Oeucorisiv),  water-bugs  (Hydrucurisce), 
etc. 

You  lie  down  to  your  shady  slumber. 
And  wake  with  a  tfwr  in  your  ear. 

X.  P.  M'tltia,  Love  in  a  Cottage. 

Especially  —  2.  The  Cimcx  lectularius,  the  bed- 
bug or  house-bug,  or  any  member  of  this  ge- 
nus or  of  the  family  Cimici- 


The  bedbug  is  about  ft  inch 


Bedbug  ( Cittttx  lectu- 

lart'us). 

(Vertical  line  shows 

natural  size.) 


dw. 

long,  wingU-ss,  witil  a  rouiulish, 
depressed  liiidy,  of  dirty  rust-eiilor, 
and  ernils  an  ort'ensive  smell  when 
touelu-d.  The  female  lays  her  eggs 
insunimerin  the  crevices  of  furniture 
and  of  the  walls  of  rooms.  Its  larvaj 
are  small,  white,  and  semi-transiiar- 
ent.  They  attain  full  size  in  eleven 
weeks.  The  mouth  of  the  hedliug 
has  a  ;i-jointed  proboscis,  whicli 
forms  a  sheath  for  a  sucker. 
3.  /)/.  In  entom.,  the  llcmip- 
trra,  and  especially  the  het- 
ero|iterous  division  of  that  order. — 4.  An  en- 
tomostracous  crustacean  of  cursorial  habit  or 
bug-like  aspect,  as  an  isopod.  .Some  are  par.asites 
of  fishes,  others  terrestrial.  See  buiilhh.  .•<alre-htt;i,  .tow- 
l/u<t,  pUt-hu't. —  'Rig-hMg.  a  person  of  importance  or  dis- 
tinction. [CoUoip  ]  —  Mealy  bug,  a  species  of  JMi^Uih*phtg, 
as  D.  aditniduiti.  covereti  with  a  white  powdery  substance. 
It  is  often  found  on  the  trunks  of  vines  and  other  hot- 
house platits. 

bug-  (bug),  ^\  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hnqr/ed,  ppr. 
biK/i/iiiii.  [<  bii(/'2,  II.]  To  hunt  for  bugs;  col- 
lect or  destroy  insects:  chiedy  in  the  present 
|iartici]ile  :  as,  to  go  biif/i/iiit).     [Humorous.] 

bug''  (bug),  i\  i. ;  pret.  antl  pp.  bugged,  ppr. 
biiggi/ig.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  buck-  or  of  its  prim- 
itive verb  fcoH'l,  <  ME.  bowen,  biigcu.i  AS.  bu- 
(/((»;  see /)«rf-,  toii-l.]  To  bend.  [Prov.  Eug. 
(Kent).] 

bug'l  (bug),  a.     [E.  dial.  var.  of  bigl,  and  per- 
haps of  bog3-   prob.  confused  with  6|(</1 :  see 
bug^,  and  ct.  buij-wiird.]    If.  Big;  threatening. 
Cheval  df  trompette  [K.],  one  that's  not  afriiid  of  shad- 
owes;  one  whom  no  big  nor  bxiffH  words  can  ten-ifte. 

Cotgrave. 
Paroloni  [It.],  high,  big,  roving,  long  or  bug  wordes. 

Florio. 
2.  Proud ;  self-important ;  pompous ;  conceited. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 


Bugara  ( Hypsunis  faryi). 

median  frenura.  and  the  abdomen  much  longer 
than  the  anal  fin.  it  is  very  common  along  the  I'ali- 
foriiian  roast,  is  of  handsome  appearance,  and  is  much 
used  fur  bait. 

bugbane  (bug'ban),  n.     [<  6u(?2  +  bane.']     A 

name  given  to  species  of  the  ranunculaeeous 
genus  of  [ilaiits  ('imicifuga,  in  Europe  to  ('. 
fwteiis,  and  in  tho  United  States  to  C.  raeeinosd 
and  t'.  Americana,  from  their  reputed  virtues 
as  destroyers  of  bugs.  The  name  is  sometimes 
apijlied  to  the  white  hellebore,  Veratrum  viride. 
Also  called  bugwort.  -False  bugbane,  the  North 
-\mericaii  genus  Trautrettina,  very  siiiillai-  to  Cimici.ftt!ja. 
bugbear  (bug'bSr),  u.  and  a.  [<  6».(/l  -I-  bear'^;  a 
hobgoblin  in  the  shape  of  a  bear.  See  quota- 
tion from  Chaucer  under  bug^.  The  formation 
has  ceased  to  be  felt ;  Evelyn  spells  the  word 
bSgbare.  Ci.bullbcggar.]  Ii  «.  Sometliing  that 
causes  terror;  especially,  something  that  causes 
needless  fright  or  apprehension. 
A  bugbear  take  him  !  Shale,  T.  and  C,  iv.  2. 

You  look  yet  like  a  bugbear  to  fright  children. 

Massinger,  Kenegado,  iii.  1. 
He  will  not  .sleepe,  but  calls  to  followe  you, 
Ciying  that  bug-beares  and  spirits  haunted  him. 

Mamtou,  Antonio  and  Mellida.  II.  iii.  2. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  follow  the  progress  of  this  famous 
bug-bear  [the  Polish  agitation  of  IsfA],  for  sticll  it  was  to 
the  Conservative  inlluences  of  the  old  world. 

R.  ./.  Iliittijii,  Eiig.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  .'136. 

II.  a.  Occasioning  causeless  fear :  as,  "such 
bugbear  thoughts,"  Locke. 
bugbear  (bug'bar),  v.  t.     [<  bugbear,  «.]     To 
alarm  with  imaginary  or  idle  fears.   Abj).  King. 
bug-bite  (bug'bit),  n.     [<  bug^  +  bite,  ».]     Tho 
bite  of  a  bug,  or  the  swelling  caused  by  such  a 
bite. 
Poisoned  by  bad  cookery,  blistered  with  btigbites. 

Cartgte,  .Sartor  Resartns,  p.  .'■»2. 

bugeye  (bug'i),  h.     Same  as  buel'cije,  3. 

bugfish  ( bug'fish),  H.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  menhaden,  Brcvnortia  ti/runnu.i,  because 
a  parasitic  isopod  crustacean,  Cipnothoa pragn.s- 
liilor,  is  frequently  found  adhering  to  the  roof 
of  its  mouth.     See  cut  under  Brevoortia. 

buggalow  (bug'a-16),  H.     Same  as  baggala. 

buggardt,  »■  [A  var.  of  boggard^ ;  cf.  bug^.] 
Same  as  boggard'^. 

buggerl  (bug'er),  «.  [<  MK.  bougre,  a  heretic,  < 
OF.  bougre,  bogre,  a  heretic,  <  JIL.  liulgarus;  a 
Bulgarian,  also,  as  a  common  noun,  a  lieretic, 
the  Bulgarians  being  accused  of  heresy.  The 
popular  detestation  of  "  heretics  "  led  to  the  use 
of  OF.  bougre,  etc.,  a  heretic,  in  the  later  sense.] 
One  guilty  of  the  crime  of  bestiality :  vulgarly 
used  as  a  general  term  of  contumely,  without 
reference  to  its  meaning. 

bugger-  (bug'er),  ».  [<  bug^,  r.  i.,  +  -erl.]  A 
collector  of  bugs  or  insects;  an  entomologist. 
[Humorous.] 

buggerO'W-boat  (buj'ro-bot),  n.  Same  as  bud- 
i/rro. 

buggery  (bug'il^r-i),  «.  [<  OF.  bougrerle,  bogre- 
rie,  heresy,  <  bougre,  heretic :  see  bugger'^.']  The 
crime  of  "bestiality;  sodomy. 

buggineSS  (bug'i-hes),  n.  [<  buggiji  +  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  buggy. 

buggy^  (bug'i),  a.  [<  bug-  +  -yl.]  Infested  with 
bugs. 

buggy2  (bug'i),  H.;  pi.  buggici  (-iz).  [Orig. 
Auglo-Ind.,  <  Hind,  baggi,  bagglii,  a  gig,  a  bug- 
gy, <  Hindi  bag,  move.]  A  name  given  to  sev- 
eral species  of  carriages  or  gigs.  (,i)  in  Imlia,  a 
gig  with  a  large  hood  to  screen  those  who  travel  in  it  from 


in  simulation  of  bufigij-.]  In  cnnl-mining,  a 
small  wagon  used  for  transjiorting  coal  from 
the  working-face  to  the  gangway.     [Penn.] 

buggy-boat  (bug'i-bot),  h.  A  boat  made  so  as 
to  be  I  ;i|iable  of  having  wheels  attached  to  it, 
and  being  thus  convei-ted  into  a  land-vehicle. 

buggy-cultivator  (bug'i-kul"ti-va-tor),  n.  A 
cultivator  with  wheels  and  a  seat  on  whidi  tho 
person  attending  it  may  ride.     JC.  H.  Knight. 

buggy-pIo'W  (bug'i-|ilou),  ?i.  A  plow  with  a 
seal  on  which  the  iilowman  may  ride,  and  usu- 
ally having  several  shares  in  the  same  frame. 
A'.'//.  Knight. 

bughead  (bug'hed),  n.  The  bugfish  or  men- 
haden.    [Local,  r.  S.  (Virginia).] 

bught,  bucht  (biR'ht),  n.  [Sc.  (cf.  equiv.  Gael. 
huchd,  aii[iar.  from  Sc),  also  written  bought, 
boneht,  jirob.  ult.  =  bought'^,  (|.  v.]  1.  A  sheep- 
fold  or  sheep-pon;  especially,  a  small  inclosure 
in  the  corner  of  a  field  for  milking  ewes. —  2. 
A  scpiaro  pew  in  a  church,  with  a  table  in  tho 
center,  hence  called  a  table-seat.     [Scotch.] 

bugiardt,  ".  [<  It.  hugiardo,  a  liar,  <  bugiarc, 
lie  (=  Pr.  bauaar  =  OP.  boiser,  deceive,  cheat), 
<  bugia,  a  lie,  =  Pr.  bau:ia  =  OF.  boisic,  deceit.] 
A  liar.     Bp.  Hacket.     [Rare.] 

bugis  (bo'jis),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  boat  used  for 
trailing  purposes  in  the  East  Indian  arcliipela- 
go :  a  [iroa. 

bugIa  (bug'la),  n.     Same  as  baggala. 

bugiardt,  «.  A  Middle  English  variant  of  bog- 
giint^. 

bugle'  (bii'gl),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bewgte, 
bowgle,  <  ME.  bugle,  bugijlle,  bogijlle,  <  OF.  bugle, 
a  wild  ox  (>  bugler,  F.  beuyler,  bellow),  <  L.  bu- 
ctdus,  dim.  of  bo.s,  an  ox,  =E.  comjI.]  If.  A  sort 
of  wild  ox  ;  a  buffalo. 

These  are  the  beastes  which  ye  shall  eat  of :  oxen,  sheep, 
antl  gootes,  hert.  roo,  and  bugle  [in  the  authorized  version, 
xcild  ox],  wylde  goote,  etc.  Bible,  1551,  Deut.  xiv.  4,  5. 

2.  A  young  bull.     Grose.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bugle^  (bu'gl),  11.  [<  ME.  bugle,  bugul,  etc.,  a 
bugle-honi,  as  if  short  for  bugle-horn,  q.  v. ; 
cf.  F.  bugle,  a  bugle-horn.]  1.  A  hunting- 
horn.  Also  called  bugle-horn. — 2.  A  military 
musical  wind-instrument  of  brass,  once  or  more 
curved,  sometimes  fm'uished  with  keys  or 
valves,  so  as  to  be  capable  of  producing  all  the 
notes  of  the  scale. 

bugle"  (bii'gl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bugled,  ppr. 
bugling.     [<  bugle-,  n.]     To  sound  a  bugle. 

bugle^  (bii'gl),  «.  and  a.  [Prob.  <  ML.  bugolu.^, 
a  female  ornament,  prob.  <  G.  biigel,  a  bent  or 
curved  strip  of  metal,  ring,  stin-up,  =  Icel.  by- 
gill,  a  stirrup:  see  bail^,  boul.~\  I.  ».  A  shining 
elongated  glass  bead,  usually  black,  used  in  dec- 
orating female  apparel:  as,  "  i«(//e-bracelet," 
Sliak.,'W.  T..  iv.  3  (song). 

II.  a.  Having  the  color  of  a  glass  bugle;  jet- 
black:  as,  ''bugle  eyeballs,"  .Shak. 

bugle^  (bii'gl),  H.  [<  F.  bugle  =  Sp.  Pg.  bugula 
=  It.  bugola  (Malin),  irreg.  <  LL.  biigillo,  a  plant, 
also  called  ajuga  replan.'i ;  origin  unknown.  Tho 
late  ME.  bugille  is  glossed  huglossa  :  see  bugloss.] 
The  popular  English  name  for  a  common  low  la- 
biate plant  of  Europe,  Ajuga  rcptans.  The  yellow 
bugle  is  A.  Chauiirpitgs,  and  the  mountain  bugle  .1.  py- 
rainidaliii. 

bugle-call  (bfl'gl-kal),  n.  A  short  melody 
sounded  upon  a  bugle  as  a  signal  or  ortler. 

bugle-cap  (bii'gl-kap),  n.    Same  as  cornet,  4  (b). 

bugle-horn  (bii'gl-horn),  n.  [<  ME.  buglchorn  ; 
iliugli-  -¥  horn.  Cf.  bugle-.]  1.  Same  as /«/- 
glc-,  1. —  2t.  A  drinking-vessel  made  of  horn. 

Janus  .  .  .  drynketh  of  his  buafe-hnni  the  wvn. 

Chaueer,  Franklins  Tale,  1.  517. 

bugler  (bii'glcr),  «.  1.  One  who  plays  a  bugle ; 
siiecilically,  a  soldier  assigned  to  convey  the 
commands  of  the  officers  by  signals  sounded  on 
a  bugle.  Buglers  are  also  eiuployetl  upon 
United  States  vessels  of  war. — 2.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Centriscida-  and  genus  Centriscus;  a 
snipe-fish.     [Tasmanian.] 

bugle-rod  (bii'gl-rod),  ».  The  pastoral  staff  of 
a  bishoj).     Halliwell ;  Wright. 

bugleweed  (bii'gl-wed),  h.  The  common  name 
of  the  North  American  plant  I.ycopus  Virgini- 


bugleweed 

cits,  reputed  astriiiKcnt  and  sedative,  and  used 
as  a  remedy  for  heiuoiTliage  from  the  lungs, 
buglewort  (bu'gl-wtrt),  «.     Same  as  bugle- 

lift  <l. 
bugloss  (liu'glos),  n.  [{Late  ME.  hugiUe:  see 
hmilci)  <  F.  bitglossr,  <  h.  hiiglossa,  buglonso-i,  < 
Cir.  iioi)/.u<!aor,  bugloss.  lit.  ox-tongue  (in  allu- 
sion to  the  shape  and  roughness  of  its  loaves), 
<  lioir,  ox,  +  ■}'/unaa,  tongue:  see  gluss-.^  The 
popular  name  of  the  plant  Anchusa  officinalis. 
The  suutll  wiUl  bimluss  is  Anpertifjo  pi-ocumltcna ;  the 
vii)er"s-lni).'l«iss.  iiVAtKMi  t'ltli/arf ;  the  siiialt  hufiluss,  Ai/- 
cofHft'ji  ariYimn ;  and  the  sea-lniKhiss,  Mertensia  iiuiritima. 
They  are  all  l>orapiiiaceuas  plants,  with  rungh  leaves. 
Also  called  ox-tuw/u*: 

Tliere  poppies,  noddinff,  mock  the  hope  of  toil: 
Tliere  ilie  tihie  bugloM  paints  the  sterile  soil, 

Crabbe,  Village,  i,  6. 
Spanish  bugloss.    Same  as  alkanet,  2. 
buglow  (Img'lo),  n.     Same  as  hnggnln. 
bugong  (bii'gong),  )i.     [AMstraliiUi.]     An  Aus- 
tiaiuui  buttorlly,  IJiiiHi^ limiiiace,  highlyprized 
as  an  article  of  footl  by  the  aborigines. 
bugor  (bu'gor),  «.      [Russ.  bugori,  a  hillock,  a 
heap  (of  sand  or  snow).]     The  elevated  ground 
or  chain  of  liillocks  separating  limaus  or  creeks, 
such  as  those  which  gash  the  shores  of  the 
Black  Sea,  the  Caspian,  etc. 
bug-seed  (bug'sed),   ».     A  common  name  of 
the  Corisjiermum  hi/ssopi folium,  a  chenopodia- 
ceous  weed  widely  distributed  over  northern 
temperate  regions.     The  name  has  reference 
to  the  shape  of  the  fruit. 
bug-shad  (bug'shad),  «.     The  bugfish  or  men- 
haden.    [Local,  U.  S.  (Virginia).] 
bug-wordt  (bug'werd),  H.    [<  bug'^  +  word.']    A 
word  which  frightens;  blustering  talk;  a  bug- 
bear.    Also  bug'/i  word,  bugs-word. 
^0  more  of  that,  sweet  friend ;  those  are  huci's  words. 
Chapman^  Gentleman  Usher,  ii.  1. 
Greedy.  A  man  in  commission 

Give  place  to  a  tatterdemalion  I 
Mar.  No  bto/  words,  sir. 

Massingcr,  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts. 

Death  is  a  hug-word:  thijigs  are  not  brought  to  that 

extremity.  Dryden,  Sir  Martin  Marall,  i.  1. 

bugwort  (bug'wert),  «.  [<  bug-  -i-  u-orf^.] 
^iame  as  bugbane. 

buhach  (bu'hach),  n.  The  powdered  flower- 
hcads  of  the  plant  Pijrethruui  ciucrariccfoUum, 
and  of  other  species,  which  are  effectual  in- 
secticides. Commonly  called  Persian  or  Dal- 
matian insect-powder. 

buhl(bol),  «.  [Short  for  hukl-worl;  orig.  BouUe- 
work  or  Boule-icork.    Buhl  is  a  German-looking 


Buhl. —  Comnioile  executed  by  Boule.  in  the  Biblioth^ue  Mazarine, 
Paris.    (From  "  L" Art  pour  Tous.") 

spelling  of  Boide  or  Boidle,  the  name  of  a  French 
artist  (Aiidr6  Charles  Boule,  1642-1732),  who 
brought  this  kind  of  work  to  high  perfection.] 
A  style  of  inlaid  decoration  in  cabinet-work 
practised  by  Boule,  a  celebrated  designer  un- 
der Louis  XIV. ;  also,  the  articles  so  de'corated. 
Buhl  is  of  wood  richly  inlaid  with  a  kind  of  mosaic,  com- 
posed especially  of  tortoisc-sllell  and  line-  or  Bgure-work 
in  metal,  both  gold-colored  and  white,— Buhl  and  coun- 
ter, a  technical  temi  for  buhl  decoration  when  two  pat- 
terns arc  obtained  by  one  sawing  from  a  sheet  of  metal, 
viz.,  tile  decorative  strip  or  scroll  which  is  used  in  one 
Iilace,  ami  an  open  pattern  of  the  same  which  is  used  else- 
where. 

buhl-saw  (bol'sa),  n.   A  peculiar  kind  of  frame- 
saw used  in   cutting  out 
bulil-work.    Also  spelled 
biiide-saw. 

buhl-work  (bol'werk),  n. 
Same  as  buhl. 

buhr   (ber),   Ji.      Same  as 
/n(i-,s(o«e. —Metallic  buhr. 

See  ?>url. 

buhr-dresser   (bfer'dres"- 

er).  II.     See  bur-dresser. 
buhr-driver  (ber'dri'v&r),  n.     See  bur-driver. 
buhrstone  (ber'stou),  n.    See  burstoue. 
bniki  (buk),  n.  and  v.    A  Scotch  form  of  book. 


^^SC-^HD 


712 

buik2  (bok),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  bulk^. 

build  (bild).  I'.;  pret.  and  pji.  huill,  biiilded,  ppr. 
building.  [Prop.,  as  in  early  mod.  E.,  spelled 
bild,  <  ilE.  bildvn,  bcldcn,  beclilcn,  liyliliii,  buldiii, 
<  AS,  bijldan  (late  and  rare),  build,  <  ludd  (early 
and  common),  a  dwelling,  house  (cf,  Icel,  hot, 
a  farm,  abode,  =  (JSw.  bol,  a  house,  dwelling 
(>  biiija,  build),  =  Dan,  h<il,  a  small  farm),  <  buiin 
(■v/  *bu,  'bo)  =  Icel.  biia,  live,  dwell,  whence  also 
bottle^,  a  dwelling,  bowcr^,  a  dwelling,  big^, 
build,  etc.:  see  bottle^,  bnwer^,  bow",  bij~,  etc., 
big-,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  frame  or  construct, 
as  an  edifice;  form  by  uniting  materials  into  a 
regular  structure ;  erect. 

The  house  was  bxtUded  of  tlie  earth, 
And  shall  fall  again  to  ground. 

Tennyson,  Deserted  House. 

2.  Figuratively — (o)  To  form  by  art  in  any 
way;  construct. 

He  knew 
Himself  to  sing,  and  bitild  the  lofty  rhyme. 

Millun,  Lycidas.  1,  11. 

(6)  To  raise  as  on  a  support  or  foundation; 
rear. 

Who  builds  Ids  hope  in  air  of  your  good  looks, 
lives  like  a  drunken  sailor  on  a  mast. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  4. 

Suspect  not  you 
A  faith  that's  built  upon  so  true  a  sorrow. 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  i.  2. 

On  God  and  Godlike  men  we  build  our  trust. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington,  ix. 

(o)  To  establish,  increase,  and  strengthen :  gen- 
erally with  uj) :  as,  to  build  up  a  fine  business; 
to  build  up  a  character. 

I,  that  have  lent  my  life  to  Imild  up  yours. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 
To  build  castles  in  Spain.    See  ca.<tle. 

II.  iiitraus.  1.  To  exercise  the  art  or  prac- 
tise the  business  of  building;  construct. —  2. 
Figm-atively,  to  rear,  erect,  or  construct  any- 
thing, as  a  plan  or  a  system  of  thought. 

Buddhism  has  its  Tripitakas,  which  its  various  branches 
recognize,  and  on  which  its  several  schools  build. 

Contemporary  liev.,  LI.  207. 

3.  To  rest  or  depend,  as  on  a  foundation ;  base ; 
rely:  ■with  on  or  upon. 

Nay,  I  dare  build  upon  his  secrecy, 
He  knows  not  to  deceive  me. 

B.  Joiuon,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 

This  is  a  surer  way  than  to  build  on  the  interpretation 

of  an  author,  who  does  not  consider  how  the  ancients  used 

to  tliiiik.  Addison,  Ancient  Medals. 

build  (bUd),  «.  [<  build,  r.]  Manner  of  con- 
struction; make;  form:  as,  the  ftwi W of  a  ship. 

Lines  of  steam-ships  should  be  aided  on  the  condition 
that  their  build  be  such  as  would  permit  of  their  easy  coii- 
vcrsiun  into  men-of-war.  The  American,  VIIL  161. 

builder  (bil'der),  «.  One  who  builds,  or  whose 
occupation  is  that  of  building ;  specifically, 
one  who  controls  or  directs  the  work  of  con- 
struction in  any  capacity. 

In  tlie  practice  of  civil  architecture,  the  builder  conies 
lietwecn  the  architect  who  designs  the  work  and  the  arti- 
sans wlio  execute  it.  Eny.  Encyc. 

building  (bil'ding),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bilding,  <  ME.  bildinge,  btjldyvge,  buldijnge, 
rarely  buijldynge ;  verbal  n.  of  bnild,  c]  1. 
The  act  of  constructing,  erecting,  or  estab- 
lishing.—  2.  A  fabric  built  or  constructed;  a 
structure;  an  edifice;  as  commonly  understood, 
a  house  for  residence,  business,  or  public  use, 
or  for  shelter  of  animals  or  storage  of  goods. 
In  law,  anything  erected  by  art,  and  fixed  upon  or  in  the 
soil,  composed  of  different  pieces  connected  together,  and 
designed  for  permanent  use  in  the  position  in  which  it 
is  so  fixed,  is  a  building.  Edw.  Licinyston.  Thus,  a  pole 
fi.xed  in  the  earth  is  not  a  building,  but  a  fence  or  a  wall  is. 

Seest  thou  these  great  buildings?  Mark  xiii.  2. 

3t.  A  flock  or  number :  said  of  rooks. 

Master  Simon  .  .  .  told  me  that  according  to  the  most 
ancient  and  approved  treatise  on  hunting,  I  must  say  a 
muster  of  peacocks.  "In  the  same  w-ay,"  added  he,  with  a 
slight  air  of  pedantry,  "we  say  a  flight  of  doves  or  swal- 
lows, a  bevy  of  quails,  a  herd  of  deer,  of  WTens,  or  cranes, 
a  skulk  of  fo-ves,  or  a  building  of  rooks." 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  259. 

Building  society,  a  joint-stock  benefit  society,  for  the 
purpose  of  raising  by  periodical  subscriptions  a  fund  to 
a.ssist  members  in  building  or  purchasing,  the  property 
being  mortgaged  t«  the  society  till  the  amount  advanced 
is  fnlly  repaid  with  interest. 

building-block  (bil'ding-blok),  H.  1.  One  of 
the  temjiorary  supports  or  blocks  on  which  a 
ship's  keel  rests  while  the  ship  is  building. 
It  is  a  block  of  timber  which  can  be  removed  when  the 
key-pieces  or  templets  are  knocked  away. 
2.  One  of  a  set  of  blocks  ■with  which  children 
imitate  the  construction  of  liidldings. 

building-iron  (bil'ding-i'6rn\  «.  A  hand-tool 
used  in  the  manner  of  a  solderiug-irou,  to  melt 


bulb 

■wax  and  cause  it  to  flow  upon  the  blank  spaces 
betwi'iii  the  types  of  an  electrotype  mold. 

building-lease  (bil'ding-lesi,  ii.  A  lease  of 
land  liir  a  term  of  years  (in  England  usually 
99),  under  which  the  lessee  engages  to  erect 
certain  edifices  on  the  land  according  to  speci- 
fication, these  edifices  falling  to  the  landowner 
on  the  expiration  of  the  lease. 

building-slip  (bil'ding-slip),  n.  The  inclined 
plane  in  a  dock  or  builder's  yard  on  which  a 
ship  is  constructed.  tIr.  ship  is  raised  above  the  slip 
)>>  jiibs  "f  lilorks  on  whicli  it  rests. 

building-stance  (bil'ding-stans),  «.  A  piece 
of  ground  on  which  to  build.     [Scotch.] 

building-wax  (bil'ding-waks),  «.  Beeswax 
used  with  a  building-iron  to  "build  up  "  the 
blank  spaces  between  the  types  of  an  electro- 
IvTie  mold. 

bliildress  (bil'dres),  h.  [<  builder  +  -ess.']  A 
female  builder.     Fuller.     [Kare.] 

built  (bill),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  build,  v.]  1.  Con- 
structed ;  formed ;  shaped ;  made :  often  used 
of  the  human  body,  and  frequent  in  compound 
nautical  terms,  as  clincher-tm«?(,  cUpper-built, 
tngate-built,  etc. 

Like  the  generality  of  Genoese  countrywomen,  strongly 
built.  Latutor. 

2.  Constructed  of  different  pieces ;  not  com- 
posed of  one  piece:  as,  a  built  mast  or  block; 
a  built  rib — BuUt  beam.    See  beam. 

builtt  (bilt),  «.  [For  ft«('W,  II.]  Form;  shape; 
builil;  mode  of  building.     Sir  JT.  Temple. 

built-up  (bilt'up),  fl.  Composed  of  several 
parts  joined  together :  as,  a  built-up  mast,  rib, 
arch,  etc — Built-up  trail.    .See  (ra;;. 

buirdly  (bUrd'li),  a.     [Of  uncertain  origin.   Cf . 
burh/^.]   Large  and  well  made;  stout  in  appear- 
ance; burly.     [Scotch.] 
Buirdly  cliiels  and  clever  hizzies.        Bunu,  Twa  Dogs. 

buisson  (F.  pron.  bwe-s6h'),  n.  [F.,  a  bush,  < 
liuix.  a  box-tree :  see  fcoxl.]  In  gardming,  a 
fruit-tree  on  a  very  low  stem,  with  the  head 
closely  primed. 

buist  (bust),  n.  [Also  -written  boost,  var.  of 
boist,  a  box;  cf.  buistin'-iron,  the  marking-iron, 
tar-buist,  the  bo.x  in  which  the  iron  (orig.  the 
tar)  for  marking  is  kept:  see  boisfi,  boost^.] 
1.  A  box;  a  chest. — 2.  A  coiBn. — 3.  A  bas- 
ket.— 4.  A  distinctive  mark  set  upon  sheep 
and  cattle ;  a  brand ;  hence,  any  distinguishing 
characteristic.     [Scotch  in  all  senses.] 

What  old  carle  hast  thou  with  thee? — He  is  not  of  the 
brotherhood  of  Saint  Mary's  —  at  least  he  lias  not  the 
buist  of  these  black  cattle.  Scott,  Monastery,  II.  58. 

buist  (biist),  )•.  t.  [<  buist,  «.]  To  mark  -with 
a  buist,  as  sheep.     Also  boost.     [Scotch.] 

bukt,  n.     A  Middle  English  form  of  buck^. 

bukel,  «.     A  Scotch  form  of  book. 

buke^  (bo'ka),  «.  [<  Chino-Jap.  bu,  martial, 
military,  +  ke,  family.]  The  military  families 
of  Japan,  as  distinguished  from  the  kuge,  or 
court  nobility ;  the  daimios,  or  tenitorial  nobil- 
ity, and  their  retainers,  the  samm-ai.  The  distinc- 
tion between  buke  and  kuge  ceased  on  the  abolition  of  the 
feudal  system  in  1S71.     See  kuge. 

bukket,  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of  buckK 

Bukkio  (buk'ke  6),  n.     &une  as  £uppo. 

bukkum-WOod  (buk'um-wud),  H.  [<  bukkum, 
a  native  name,  +  wood.]  Same  as  sajipan- 
wood. 

bukshee  (buk'she),  h.  [Also  written  biikhshee, 
rejir.  Hind.  Inik-dii.  a  paymaster.  <  bak.^h,  pay,  a 
gift,  <  Pers.  bak)ihiilan,  give,  forgive.  Cf.  buk- 
shish,  bakshish.]  An  East  Indian  name  for  a 
paymaster  or  a  commander. 

butshish  (buk'shesh),  n.     Same  as  bakshish. 

bulafo,  n.  [Native  name  in  Guinea.]  A  musi- 
cal instrument  used  by  the  negroes  of  Guinea. 
It  consists  of  several  wooden  pipes  fastened  together  with 
leathern  thongs,  with  small  spaces  between  the  pipes. 
In  playing  it  the  pipes  are 

struck  with  small  rods  or  „  ^ 

drniusticks. 

bulata  (bul'a-ta),  H. 
Same  as  balnta-gum. 

bulau(bu'la),  H.  [Ap- 
par.  a  native  name.] 
An  insectivorous 

mammal  of  the  genus 
Gijmnura,  inliabiting 
Sumatra,  Borneo, 
etc. ;  a  g\Tnnm'e. 

bulb  (bulb\  H.  [< 
F.  hulbe,  <  L.  bulbus, 
a  bulbous  root,  an 
onion,  <  Gr.  fio/36c, 
a  bulbous  root.]  1. 
A  form  of  the  leaf-bud,  usually  subterranean, 
in  which  the  stem  is  reduced  to  a  flat  disk. 


J.  Bulb  of  Hyacinth.  9.  Longitudi- 
nal section  of  same. 
a,  summit  of  bud.  or  crowing- 
point:  d,  bases  of  leaves;  c,  crown 
of  root,  or  stem :  d,  fibers,  or  rtxit 
proper ;  e,  young  bulb,  or  odiset. 


bulb 

rooting  from  the  undpr  side,  and  bearing  above 

1 


closely  aiipressod  flrsliy  loaves,  in  tin.  tnni.iitc^ 
or  coated  biilli  Micsc  U-iivus  jirc  in  tin-  funii  nf  ln-uiui 
closely  C(ineenti-ii-  (■i)iitirik'>*,  Jis  in  the  liyaeintli  an<i  <>i[i<in  ; 
in  tl)e  scaly  Itull)  tlu-y  are  narrow,  tliielv,  and  imltricated, 
as  in  the  lily.  'I'lie  sd-ealled  snlitl  hutli,  iis  in  the  crocus 
and  t'ladiolus,  is  more  |jro|perly  a  i-orni,  or  short  thick 
root-stoelc,  inclosed  within  the  dried  slieathiny  hjises  of  a 
few  leaves. 

2.  Any  protuberance  or  expansion  resembling 
a  bulb,  esjiecially  an  expansion  at  tlui  end  of 
a  stalk  or  long  and  slender  body:  as,  the  hiilh 
of  a  tliennonieter;  tlie  liidh  of  the  aorta.  —  3. 
;)/.  Tlie  tonsils.  [Prov.  Eng.] -Aortic  or  arte- 
rial bulb,  .-fame  as  hiilli  uf  Ihe  iiiuta.  -  Artery  Of  the 
bulb.    See  iiriiTii.     Bulb  of  a  hair,  the  sw.piien  part 

at  tlie  orii;in  "f  the  hair.  Bulb  Of  a  tOOth,  the  elnhry- 
onie  inesol.l.'istie  i.aiiiUa  furniiii^' the  trerni  of  tlic  to<ith.  It 
is  capiied  hy  thee|iilpl;i^lii-  enamel  or^'an,  aTul  is  convertol 
into  dentine  exUrnall.v,  while  the  core,  heconiing  highly 
nervous  and  vas.  alar,  fiirnis  tlie  dellnitive  dental  papilla, 
or  toi>thhulli.-  Bulb  of  the  aorta,  in  fnuip.  aimt.  ami 
embryoL,  the  foremost  of  the  three  divisions  of  tile  origi- 


Bulb  of  the  Aorta  of  a  Shark  (/^amutt),  laid  opea,  showing  thick 
muscular  wall,  m,  and  three  rows  of  valves,  ?/,  v,  v. 

nal  cardiac  vessel.  From  it  spring  the  aortic  arches,  and 
from  it  are  developed  the  aorta  and  pulmonary  artery. 
Also  called  anrlir  or  arterial  huth  and  tinlhtis  arti'rinsus. 
—  Bulb  of  the  eye,  the  eyeball.— Bulb  of  the  spinal 
cord,  the  medulla  ol)lont;ata.— Bulb  Of  the  uretlira, 
the  posterior  enlarged  rounded  extremity  of  the  corpus 
spon;:iosum  of  the  penis.— Bulbs  Of  the  fomlx,  the  cor- 
pora alt'iiautia  of  tiie  brain.  — Detonating  biilb.  See 
delfiintiiiii.  -Olfactory  bulb^  the  anterior  enlargement 
of  the  olfactory  tract,  from  which  the  olfactory  nerves  are 
sent  off.     See  cut  under  Elasmobratwhii, 

bulb  (bulb),  ('.  i.  [<  hulb,  «.]  To  project  or  be 
protuberant.      Ercli/n. 

bulbaceous  (bnl-ba'sbius),  a.     [<  L.  bidbaceus, 

<  hiilhiis,  a  hulh:  see  bulb.]    Bulbous.   Johiison. 
bulbar  (bul'bar),  a.     [<  L.  bulbus.  bulb,  +  -«c2.] 

1.  Bulbous. — 2.  In  pathol.,  pertaining  to  the 

raedulla  oblongata — Chronic  bulbar  paralysis,  a 
disease  characterized  b.v  progressive  paral,\>is  and  atr'ipliy 
of  the  muscles  of  the  lips,  tongue,  palate.  phar>ii\.  and 
laryn.v.  Also  called  proirressice  bidbo-uurU  ar  parnhisU, 
proiiremim  atrophic  bulbar  jMrahjsiti,  and  'jlwuv-labiuhi' 
riiwj'at  imrahisif. 

bulbed  (buibd),  a.  [<  bulb  +  -cd2.]  Having 
a  bulb ;  round-headed. 

bulbel  (bid'bel),  tt.  [<  NL.  •biilbellus,  *bulbil- 
his,  dim.  of  L.  bulbus,  bulb.]     Same  as  bulblct. 

bulberry  (bul'ber'i),  ». ;  pi.  bulberries  (-\7.). 
Same  its  bilhcrri/. 

bulbi,  ".     Plural  of  btilbus. 

bulbiferous  (bul-bif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  bulbus, 
bulb,  -1-  fern-  =  E.  liiar^.']  Producing  bulbs: 
as.  htilhifcrous  stems. 

bulbiforin  (bul'bi-form),  a.  [<  L.  bulbus,  bulb, 
+  I'lirmn,  form.]     Bulb-sbaped. 

bulbil  (bul'bil),  H.  [<  NL.  'Imlbillus,  dim.  of 
L.  hulbus:  see  bulb,  bulbus.]     Same  as  bulhlet. 

bulbine  (bul'bin),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  l3o?.:-)h'r/,  a  white 
kind  of  bulbous  plant,  <  jio'Alioe,  a  certain  bul- 
bous root:  see  bulb.]  An  herb  having  leaves 
like  the  leek  and  a  purple  flower;  dog's-leek. 

bulblet  (hulb'let),  H.  [<  bulb  +  dim.  -let.]  A 
little  liulb;  specifically,  in  hot.,  a  small  aerial 
bulb  or  bud  with  fleshy  scales,  growing  in  the 
axils  of  leaves,  as  in  the  tiger-lily,  or  taking 
tlie  jdace  of  flower-buds,  as  in  the  common 
oiiiiin.     Also  bulbvl,  bulbil. 

bulbodiumt  (bul-bo'di-um),  n.  [NX.,  <  Gr. 
lioAf}(li('ir/c,  contr.  form  of  jio'AjioaMj';,  bulb-like, 

<  ,3olfi6g,  a  bulb,  +  eJ<!of,  form.]  A  word  for- 
merly used  by  botanists  for  what  is  now  called 
a  conn. 

bulbose  (bul'bos),  a.  [<  L.  bulbosus :  see  bul- 
bous.] Producing  bulbs;  resembling  a  bulb; 
bulbous.     [Rare.] 

bulbotuber  (bnl'bo-tu'ber),  «.  [<  L.  bulbus, 
biilli. -H  tuhir,  tuber.]     A  corra.     [Rare.] 

bulbous  (bul'bus),  ((.  [=  E.  bulbcux,  <  L.  bul- 
b(isus,<.  bulbus,  bulh.]     1.  Producing  or  gi'OW- 


713 

ing  from  bulbs:  as,  bulbous  p]a,ntB. —  2.  Per- 
taming  to  or  resembling  a  bulb;  swelling  out; 
bulb-shaped. 

Above  the  fringe  of  brushwood  on  the  hill-tops  rise  the 
many  golden  domes  and  butboux  spires  of  cathedral  and 
convents.  A.  J.  C.  Hare,  Kussia,  ix. 

A  burly,  btdbmtg  man,  who,  in  sheer  ostentation  of  hi.i 
venerable  progenitors,  was  the  tlrst  to  introduce  into 
the  settlement  the  ancient  Dutch  fashion  of  ten  pair  of 
breeches.  Iri'inij,  Knickerbocker,  \k  Itw. 

Bulbous  tore,  a  tore  made  with  the  ends  finished  with 
bullt-sb.aped  ornaments. 

bulbull  (bul'biil),  n.  [=  Ar.  Turk.  Rind,  bul- 
//«/,<  IVrs.  Iiulbul,  a  nightingale;  prob.  imita- 
tive; cf.  bullru-bullcii.]  1.  The  Persian  name 
of  tlie  nightingale,  or  a  species  of  niglitingale, 
rendered  familiar  in  English  poetry  by  Moore, 
Byron,  and  others.  The  same  name  is  also  given  in 
scuithcrn  and  southwestern  Asia  to  sundry  other  birds. 
Specifically — 2.  In  ornith.,  a  bird  of  the  fam- 
ily I'l/cudnotirlw. 

bulbul-  (btirbiil),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  name  given 
to  tlie  yak. 

bulbule  (bul'biil),  II.  [<  LL.  bulbulus,  dim.  of 
L.  bulhu.-i,  bulb.]     A  little  bulb;  a  bulblet. 

bulbus  (bul'bus),  H.;  pi.  bulbi  (-bi).  [L. :  see 
bulb.]  A  bulb:  used  chiefly  in  anatomy  in  such 
phrases  as  bulbus  ticuli,  the  eyeball;  bulbus  aiir- 
hv.  the  aortic  bulb.-  Bulbus  arteriosus,    s.ime  as 

bulb  uf  the  aortil  (wliirli  see,  under  /"////).- BulbUS  glan- 
dulOSUS,  or  ventriCUlUS  glandUlOSUS,  the  glanilular 
or  true  stoniaeh  of  birds;  the  proventrieulus.-  BulbUS 
vense  JugUlariS,  the  enlargement  of  the  internal  jugu- 
lar Vein  at  its  (■omineneeinent  in  the  jugular  foramen. 
bulby  (bul'bi),  ((.     [<  bulb  +  -,yl.]     Somewhat 

like  a  bulb;   liulbous. 
bulcardt  (bul'kiird),  «.    A  Coniish  name  of  the 

blenuy. 
bulch^t,  ''•   An  obsolete  variant  of  belch. 
bulch-t,  ".   [Appar.  shortened  from  bulcliiu.]    A 
bull-ciilf:  sometimes  used  familiarly  in  refer- 
ence to  a  person,  either  in  kindness  or  in  eon- 
tempt. 

.So  that  my  bulch 
Show  but  Ills  swartll  cheek  to  me,  let  earth  cleave 
And  break  from  hell,  I  care  not! 

Ford  and  Dekker,  Witch  of  Eilmontiui,  v.  1. 

bulchint  (bul'chin),  H.  [<  ME.  bulchin,  <  bul, 
a  bull,  -1-  dim.  -chin  =  -kin.]  A  yoimg  male 
calf:  often  applied  in  contempt  to  persons. 
Vraytou. 

For  ten  mark  men  sold  a  litille  bulehiin. 

LaiKitoft,  Clironicle  (e"d.  ilearne),  p.  174. 
A  new-weande  bulehiii.  Mar.^ton.  Dutch  Courtezan,  ii.  1. 

buldt,  buldet,  ''•  Middle  English  forms  of  build. 
Chiiucir. 

bulder  (bul'der),  r.  i.     Same  as  bullet: 

buldering  (bul'd6r-ing),rt.  Hot;  stdtry.  [Prov. 
Eng.  (Exmoor).] 

bule^t,  "•    A  Middle  English  form  of  bilc'^,  boil^. 

bule'-^  (titil),  n.     Same  as  botd. 

bule''t,  «•     A  Middle  English  form  of  buW^. 

Bulgar  (bul'gar),  «.  [=  F.  Bul<i<irc  =1  G.  liul- 
yiir  =  Turk.  Bulgar  =  Hung.  Buhjar,  etc.,  ML. 
Bulgarus,  <  OBulg.  Bliujarint'i,  Bulg.  Bli'ignrin 
=  Serv.  Bugurin  =  Russ.  Bolgariuu,  Bulyaru, 
Bulgar;  ML.  Bulgaria,  Russ.  Buhjariija,  etc., 
Bulgaria.  The  name  is  usually  associated, 
without  sufficient  evidence,  with  tlie  river  Volga 
(Russ.  Volga,  ete.).]  1.  A  member  of  an  an- 
cient Finnish  race,  living  on  the  Volga,  the  Don, 
the  Danube,  etc.  A  tribe  of  the  Bulgars  conquered 
the  Slavs  of  Micsia  in  the  seventh  century,  gave  the  name 
Bulgaria  to  the  country,  and  soon  became  partly  Slavic  in 
blood  and  whoUy  in  language. 

2.  One  of  the  Slavic  inhabitants  of  Bulgaria; 
a  Bulgarian. 

Bulgarian  (bul-gii'ri-an),  o.  and  n.  [<  Btdgar, 
Bulgaria,  +  -ian,  -an.']  I,  a.  1.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Bulgars.  Also  Bulgaric. —  2.  Per- 
taining to  Bulgaria,  a  principality  under  the 
nominal  suzerainty  of  Turkey,  lying  south  of 
the  Danube  and  west  of  the  Black  Sea. 

II.  «.  1.  A  member  of  the  race  inhabiting 
and  giving  name  to  Bulgaria ;  a  Slavic  Bulgar. 
—  2.  The  language  of  the  Bulgarians,  or  Slavi.^ 
Bulgars.  it  is  divided  into  two  dialects,  did  Bulgarian 
(also  called  Church  Slavic  or  Slavonian)  and  New  Hule 
riaii.  The  former  is  the  richest  and  best  of  the  sin  i 
tongues,  but  is  extinct  as  a  spoken  language.     See  Sltiri,-. 

Bulgaric  (bul-gar'ik),  a.  and  «.  [<  Bulgar  + 
-'<■.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ancient  Bul- 
gars and  their  modem  rejiresentatives,  the 
Murdviiiians  and  Clieremissians  of  the  A'olga. 

II.  «.  The  speecli  of  the  ancient  Bulgars  and 
the  modern  Bulgaric  Fiuns.     See  I. 

bulge  (bulj),  «.  [<  ME.  bulije,  a  swelling,  hump, 
prob.  the  same  as  bidge,  a  bag,  found  oftener 
in  tlie  OF.  form  bougc,  >  E.  bouge^  and  budge-, 
all  due  to  L.  bulga,  a  leathern  bag;  a  word  prob. 
of  Celtic  origin :  Gael.  Ir.  boly,  a  bag,  akin  to  AS. 


bulk 

hwlg,  a  bag,  etc.  (>  E.  bellou-s,  belly),  and  prob. 
to  Icel.  haggi,  ete.,  E.  hag^:  see  liellij,  bellows, 
baij^,  bdugi^,  liuil<i<-,  and  bilge.]    1.  A  rounded 
protuberance;  a  swelling;  a  swell ;  a  hump. 
Ills  nese  was  ciitted  as  a  cat, 
His  browcs  war  like  litel  buskes. 
And  his  tetlie  like  hare  tiiskes, 
A  fill  grete  bulije  opon  his  bak. 
l'«'ai/itf  and  (Jau'in  (ed.  Kitson,  1S02),  1.  260. 
We  .ailvanced  half  a  mile,  and  encamped  temporarily 
in  a  hill-girt  bul</e  of  the  tlumara  beii. 

/(.  K  Burton,  F.l-Jlediiiah,  p.  :t62. 

2.  The  swirl  made  by  a  salmon  rising  to  the 
surface.  Sportsman's  (la:etteer.-  To  get  the 
bulge  on  one,  to  get  the  advantage  of  a  pereon ;  fore- 
stall and  k'et  till-  better  of  one.     (Slang.| 

bulge  (bulj),  I',  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bulged,  ppr. 
bulging.  [<  bulge,  n.  Cf.  baiji,  v.,  and  belli/,  v., 
ult.  connected  with  bulge.]  1.  To  swell  out; 
be  protuberant. 

He  spoke  :  the  brawny  spearman  let  his  check 
liuhjc  with  the  unswallow'd  piece,  and  turning  stared. 
Tenni/mn,  Ueraint. 
And  the  bultjinij  nets  swept  shoreward, 
With  their  silver-sided  haul. 

I)7u'((i«r,  The  Sycamores. 
2.  To  bilge,  as  a  ship. 

The  grievous  shipwrack  r,f  my  travels  dear 
In  bulijed  bark,  all  jierished  in  disgrace. 

Daniel  (Arber's  Eng.  (inrner,  I.  686). 
Here  I  found  that  the  ship  was  bxdfied  ami  had  a  great 
deal  of  water  in  her  hold.    De/oc,  Kobinson  Crusoe,  p.  61. 
Bulged  cask.     See  rfi«t1 . 

bulgeways  (bulj'waz),  n.  pi.      Same  as  bilgc- 

uiiys. 
bulgy  (bul'ji),  a.     [<  bulge  +  -//l.]     Bending 
outw.ard;  bulging:   as,  "buli/y  iegs,"  Dickens. 
[Rare.] 
bulimia  (bil-lim'i-a),  n.     [=  F.  bouUmie,  <  NL. 
bulimia  (LL.  bnlinia,  L.  bulimu.s),  <  Gr.  (iov'/.ifiia, 
also  /iol'/.i/ior,  great  htuiger,  <  ,)oi f,  ox,  in  comp. 
implying  'gi'eat,'  -(-  /'//lif,  htinger.]     Morbidly 
voracious  appetite;  a  disease  in  wliicli  the  pa- 
tient has  a  constant  and  insatiable  craving  for 
food.     Also  written  bulimy,  boidimia,  bouliniy. 
bulimic  (bii-lim'ik),  a.     [<  bulimia  +  -«>.]     Of 

or  pertaining  to  bulimia. 
Bulimida  (In'i-lim'i-da),  w.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Bulimus 
-H  -idii.]     A  group  or  trilie  of  teiTCstrial  gas- 
tropods, including  the  genera  Bulimus,  Acha- 
tina,  Pupa,  and  Clausilia.    Beck,  1837.    [Not  in 
use.] 
bulimiform   (bu-lim'i-f6nn),  a.     [<  NL.   Buli- 
mus -H  L.  forma,  form.]     Having  that  form  of 
shell  characteristic  of  the  genus  Bulimus. 
bulimoid  (bu'li-moid),  a.     Having  the  appear- 
ance of  or  like  gastropods  of  the  genus  Bulimus. 
bulimous  (bu'ii-mus),  a.     [<  bulimia  -1-  -oka'.] 

("liaracterized  by  bulimia. 
bulimulid  (bii-lim'ti-lid),   n.     A  gastropod  of 

the  fiiinily  Bulimulida: 
Bulimulidae  (bu-li-mu'li-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 
Butimulus   +  -ida'.]     A  family  of  geophilous 
puhnonate  gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus 
Bulimulus,  liaxing  the  mantle  included  in  the 
more  or  less  elongated  and  turreted  shell,  the 
jaw  thin,  provided  with  distant  transverse  ribs, 
and  the  lateral  teeth  peculiar  in  the  elongation 
and  eurvation  of  the  inner  cusp. 
Bulimulus  (bu-lim'u-lus),  H.     [NL.,  as  Buli- 
mus +  dim.  -uliis.]     The  tyjiical  genus  of  the 
family  Bulimulida:      There    are    nine    North 
American  species,  chiefly  of  southwestern  re- 
gions. 
Bulimus  (bu'li-mus),  «.     [NL.  (Scopoli,  1786), 
an  error  (as  if  <  Gr.  jioiMfio^,  great  hunger) 
for    Bulinus    (Adanson, 
1757),  prop,  (as  emend- 
ed by  Oken,  1815)  Bul- 
linus.  <  L.  bulla,  a  bub- 
ble, boss,  stud  (see  bul- 
la), +  dim.   -inus.]      A 
genus  of  land-snails  to 
which  very  different  lim- 
its have  been  assigned. 
t'O  N\'iththe  old  authors  it  was 
a  repository  for  all  land-snails 
having  an  ovate  form,  a  longi- 
tudinal ovate  aperture,  and  a 
non-truncate    columella.      It 
coiiseiiueiitly  inchuied  numer- 
ous     heterogeneous     species 
now  distributed    among  dif- 
ferent families,   (b)  By  recent 
authors    it    is   restricted   to 
Ilelicidip  of  considerable  size, 
represented  by   Ii.  oblowjus. 
(See  cut.)     Such  species  are 
mostly  confined  to  South  America.    B.  oeatus  has  some- 
times a  shell  about  6  inches  long. 
bulimy  (bii'li-mi),  H.    Same  as  bulimia. 
bulkl  (bulk).  H.     [<  ME.  bolkc,  a  heap,  <  Icel. 
bCiIki,  the  cargo  or  freight  of  a  ship  (cf.  mod.  buh 


Bulimus  obloHgus. 


bulk 

Jcast,  be  bulky),  orig.  a  heap,  in  modom  leel. 
buiiki,  a  heap  (see  bunk  and  hiiiicli^),  =  OSw. 
/)()//,■,  a  heap,  S\v.  dial,  hulk,  a  knob,  buncli,  = 
ODan.  Dan.  bull:,  a  bump,  knob;  prob.  iilt. 
from  the  root  of  btU;/,  bellows,  baij^,  etc.,  and 
thus  i-emotelv  connci-ti'd  willi  /<»/.'/<■,  q.  v. 
Cf.  bind;  buiiclA.  In  rcf.  to  tlie  body,  first  in 
early  mod.  E.  bulkv,  tlio  breast,  thorax,  =  JID. 
bulrhr,  '  thorax ' ;  either  the  same  word  as  bulk. 
a  heap,  etc.,  with  whiuli  it  is  associated,  or  the 
same  (with  /  inserted  by  confusion  with  bulk, 
a  lieaj))  as  ME.  bnuk,  bu'k,  buc,  the  belly,  body: 
see  /«)«/.■!,  and  cf.  buck''.  The  sense  of  'breast 
or  chest'  runs  easily  into  that  of  'the  whole 
body,'  ami  tliis  into  the  sense  of  'the  whole 
dimensions,  the  gross.']  If.  A  heap. 
lluikf  or  hope,  cumulus,  acervus.     Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  43. 

2.  Magnitude  of  material  substance;  whole 
dimensions  in  length,  breadth,  and  thickness ; 
size  of  a  material  thing :  as,  an  ox  or  a  ship  of 
great  buJk. 

A  sturdy  mountaineer  of  six  feet  two  and  corresponding 
bulk.  Hawthonie,  Old  Manse,  II. 

3.  The  gross  ;  the  greater  jiart ;  the  main  mass 
or  body:  as,  the  bulk  of  a  debt;  the  bulk  of  a 
nation. 

It  is  certain  that,  though  the  English  love  liberty,  the 
bulk  of  the  English  people  desire  a  king. 

W.  Godwin,  Hist.  Commonwealth,  iv.  2. 
She  will  enjoy  eight  hundred  a  year  Independent  while 
I  live;  and  .  .  .  the  bulk  of  my  fortune  at  my  death. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv,  3. 

The  ease  and  completeness  with  which  the  invaders  had 
won  the  bulk  of  Britain  only  brought  out  in  stronger  re- 
lief the  completeness  of  their  repulse  from  the  south. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  108. 

4t.  The  bottom  or  hold  of  a  ship. 

Alut'o,  .  .  .  the  bidke,  belly  or  bottom  of  a  ship.  Florio. 
5.  The  entire  space  in  a  ship's  hold  for  the 
stowage  of  goods ;  hence,  that  which  is  stowed ; 
the  mass  of  the  cargo :  as,  to  break  bulk  for 
unloading. —  6t.  The  breast;  the  chest;  the 
thorax. 

Y'  bulke,  thora.x.  Levins,  Manip.  Vocab.  (1570),  col.  187. 
'  rcrrtcc  [It.],  the  brest  or  &Hi/t-e  of  a  man.  Florio (\59S). 
7.  The  body  of  a  liviug  creature. 

He  rais'd  a  sigh  so  piteous  and  profound, 

That  it  did  seem  to  shatter  all  his  bulk. 

And  end  his  being.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  1. 

Vast  bulks  which  little  souls  but  ill  supply. 

Drydcyi,  Annus  Mirabilis,  1.  280. 
Bones  of  some  vast  bulk  that  lived  and  roar'd 
Before  man  was.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iii. 

Elasticity  of  bulk.  See  elastieity.—La.den  la  bulk, 
having  tlie  cargo  loose  in  the  hold,  or  not  inclosed  in 
boxes,  bales,  bags,  or  casks.  — To  break  bulk.  See  break. 
=  Syn.  2.  Greatness,  largeness,  extent,  bigness;  Magni- 
t>"li',  Volume,  etc.  See  .-rize. 
bulkl  (bulk),  r.  [<  bulk\  )i.]  I.  intraus.  To  In- 
crease in  bulk ;  grow  large ;  swell. 

He  [Chalmers]  would  dilate  on  one  doctrine  till  it  bulked 
Into  a  bible.  North  British  Rev. 

But  the  more  he  is  alone  with  nature,  the  greater  man 

and  his  doings  bulk  in  the  consideration  of  his  fellow-men. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  193. 

II.  trans.  To  put  or  hold  in  bulk  or  as  a 
mass;  fix  the  bulk  of  in  place:  as,  to  bulk  a 
cargo.     [Rare.] 

Rotting  on  some  wild  shore  with  ribs  of  wreck, 

Or  like  an  old-world  mammoth  bulk'd  in  ice, 

Not  to  be  molten  out.  Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

bulkSf,  V-  i-   [ME. ;  var.  of  bolk,  q.  v.]   To  belch. 
Bulk  not  as  a  Beene  were  yn  thi  throte, 
As  a  karle  that  comys  oute  of  a  cote. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  18. 

bulk^  (bulk),  n.  [<  Icel.  bdlkr,  a  beam,  rafter, 
also  a  wall,  partition,  =  E.  balk^,  a  beam,  ridge, 
etc. :  see  balk'^,  and  cf.  bulkhead.^  If.  A  par- 
tition ;  a  projecting  part  of  a  building. 

Here,  stand  behind  this  bulk.  Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

2.  A  stall  in  front  of  a  shop.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 
3t.  A  large  chest  or  box. 

On  a  bulk  in  a  cellar  was  to  be  found  the  author  of  the 
"W.mderer."  Johnson. 

bulk-*  (bulk),  r.  (.  [<  ME.  bulken;  et  bunch^, 
stilke,  as  related,  through  bunk,  to  6M(fcl.]  If. 
To  strike ;  beat. 

On  her  brestes  gon  thei  bulk. 
And  uchone  to  her  in  to  sculk. 

Cursor  Mundi.    (Halliwell.) 
2.  To  tlirob.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bulkar,  «.    See  bulker^. 

bulkerl  (bul'ker),  n.  [<  bum  +  -erl.]  Naut, 
a  person  employed  to  detennine  the  quantity 
or  bulk  of  goods,  so  as  to  fix  the  amoimt  of 
freight-  or  sliore-dues  to  which  they  are  liable. 
[Kn^-.] 

bulker^  (bid'ker),  )i.  [Also  written  (in  defs. 
1,   2)  bulkar;  <  bulks  +  -c,l.]     If.  A  beam. 


714 

Skinner.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  A  butcher's  stall. 
[Prov.  Eng.J — 3.  One  who  sleei)S  under  bulks 
or  benches;  a  night-walker.  Ildlliwill.  [Prov. 
Eng.] — 4t.  A  common  strumpet  or  jilt.  i'. 
I'hilli }!.•<,  ITOG. 

bulkhead  (bulk'hed),  n.  [<  bulk^,  partition,  + 
/«(((/.]  1.  A  partition.  Speciflcally  — (a)  A  parti- 
tion in  a  ship  to  form  separate  apartments,  or  a  water- 
tight partition  placed  in  the  hull  to  prevent  the  passage 
of  water  or  lire  irom  one  i)art  to  another  in  case  of  acci- 
dent ;  also,  a  screen,  as  for  protection  in  a  tight. 

We  had  only  to  wring  out  our  wet  clothes  [and]  hang 
them  up  to  chafe  against  the  bulkheads. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  33. 
(b)  In  civil  enyin.,  a  partition  built  in  a  tunnel,  conduit, 
or  other  subterranean  passage,  intended  to  prevent  the 
pass!\ge  of  air,  water,  or  mud. 

2.  A  water-face  of  a  wharf,  pier,  or  sea-wall. 
—  3.  A  horizontal  or  inclined  door  giving  ac- 
cess from  the  outside  of  a  house  to  the  cellar. 
[New  Eng.]  —  Bulkhead  door,  a  water-tight  dour  in  a 
bulkhead.— Bulkhead  line,  a  surveyors'  line  showing 
how  far  the  bulklieads  of  piers  may  project  into  a  stream 
or  harbor.— Collision  bulkhead,  a  strong  bulkheaii  built 
across  a  ship,  near  the  bows,  and  designed  to  prevent  it 
from  tilling  with  water  if  the  bows  are  stove  in.— Screen 
bulkhead  ("o!«(.),  a  screen  of  canvas  or  other  cloth,  taking 
tlie  place  <)f  a  bulkhead. 

bulkiness  (bul'ki-nes),  n.  [<  bulhj  +  -ness.'] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  bulky;  magnitude 
in  bulk  or  size. 

bulky  (bul'ki),  a.     [<  bum  +  -yl.     Cf.  Icel. 
bulkalegr,  bulky,  Sw.  dial,  bullkurj,  bunchy,  pro- 
tuberant.]    1.   Of  great  bulk  or  size;   large. 
Hence — 2.  Unwieldy;  clumsy. 
Latreus,  the  bulkii'st  of  the  double  race.  Drt/den. 

The  book  .  .  .  suffers  from  the  editor's  bulku  style. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVII.  104. 
=  Syn.  Bulky,  Massive,  Slassy,  Ponderous,  Burly.  Bulky 
refers  to  prominence,  excess,  or  unwieldiness  of  size  ;  it 
applies  properly  to  material  things  ;  if  applied  to  persons, 
it  imi'lies  tile  development  of  physical  size  at  the  expense 
of  higlitr  qualities.  Massy  is,  strictly,  poetic  for  massive. 
The  two  denote  weight  and  solidity  quite  as  much  as 
size,  while  that  which  is  bulky  may  be  hollow  and  com- 
paratively light :  as,  a  6w^/f// liundle  of  straw;  a  jnassive 
jaw;  " ingoS  of  massy  gold."  Ponderous  primarily  de. 
notes  weight  and  not  size,  but  has  come  to  have  a  secoti- 
dary  suggestion  of  unwieldiness.  Burly  is  applicable  oidy 
to  persons,  and  expresses  bigness,  solidity,  and  force,  with 
something  of  coarseness  of  manner. 

In  1003,  Jonson  produced  his  mighty  tragedy  of  Sejanus, 
a  noble  piece  of  work,  full  of  learning,  ingenuity,  and 
force  of  mind  in  wielding  bulky  materials. 

Whipple,  Old  Eng.  Dram. 
And  bared  the  knotted  column  of  liis  throat. 
The  massive  square  of  his  heroic  breast. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

We  turned  down  into  a  narrow  street,  and,  after  pro. 
ceeding  a  little  way,  passed  under  a  ma.-isy  arched  gate- 
way, and  found  ourselves  in  the  spacious  courtyard  of  this 
princely  mansion.  W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  29. 

Slowly  the  ponderous  portal 
Closed,  and  in  silence  the  crowd  awaited  the  will  of  the 
soldiers.  LonyJ'eUow,  Evangeline,  i.  4. 

bulll  (bid),  n.  [<  ME.  hul,  bule,  bol,  bole  (these 
forms  appar.  after  8cand.),  also  bulle,  appar.  < 
AS.  'bulla  (not  foimd,  but  indicated  by  the  rare 
dim.  bulhtca,  >  E.  bulloim,  q.  v.)  =  MD.  bullc, 
bollc,  T>.  bul  =  MLG.  LG.  btdle  (>  G.  bulle)  = 
Icel.  boli,  a  bull  (of.  baiila,  a  cow:  see  irtw?!),  = 
Norw.  bol  =  ODan.  bul,  a  bull,  Dan.  boll,  a  cas- 
trated bull  (cf.  OBulg.  rolii  =  Serv.  ro  =  Bohem. 
U'ul  {wol-)  =  Pol.  tvol  (barred  /),  an  ox,  =  Russ. 
rolii,  a  bull,  =  Lith.  bullus  =  Lett,  bolli.?):  prob. 
from  the  root  of  bell",  bellow,  q.  v.]  1.  The 
male  of  the  domestic  bovine,  of  which  the  fe- 
male is  a  cow  ;  in  general,  the  male  of  any  bo- 
vine, as  of  the  lUfferent  species  of  the  genus 
Bos. — 2.  An  old  male  whale,  sea-lion,  sea- 
bear,  or  fur-seal. — 3.  [_cap.']  Taurus,  one  of  the 
twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac. — 4.  In  stock-ex- 
change slang,  one  who  endeavors  to  effect  a  rise 
in  the  price  of  stock:  the  opposite  of  a  bear. 
See  bear^,  5. 

2d  Stock.  Zounds,  where  are  all  the  Jews  this  afternoon  ? 
Are  you  a  Bull  or  a  Bear  To  day,  .\braham? 

Sd  Slock.  A  Bull,  Faith,— but  I  have  a  good  Putt  for 
next  week.  Mrs.  Centlivre,  Bold  Stroke,  iv. 

5.  The  bull's-eye  of  a  target. —  6.  pi.  The  stems 
of  hedge-thorns. —  7.  pi.  The  transverse  bars 
of  wood  into  which  the  heads  of  harrows  are 
set.  Grose;  EalUwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 8+.  A 
five-shilling  piece.  Brewer. — 9t.  A  small  keg. 
— 10.  The  weak  grog  made  by  poui-ing  water 
into  a  spirit-cask  nearly  empty.  [Slang.]  — 
BuD-bay.  See  (mvi.— To  take  the  biiu  by  the  horns, 
to  grajiple  with  ur  face  boUlly  some  danger  or  ditliculty. 
[In  cniiipositiiin.  bull  often  implies  'male'  or  'of  large 
size,'  .-IS  in  bull-trout,  perhaps  bulrush,  etc.) 

buUl  (bill),  r.  t.  [<  bum,  n. ;  =  Icel.  h.la,  butt, 
push.]  1.  To  toss  or  throw  up  (hedges),  as 
cattle  do.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  In  the  stock  ex- 
change, to  endeavor  to  raise,  as  the  price  of 
shares,  artificially  and  imduly.  See  the  noun. — 
To  bull  a  barrel,  to  pour  water  into  a  cask,  when  it  is 


bull 

noarly  empty,  to  prevent  it  from  leaking;:.— To  bull  the 
market,  l'*  npemte  fur  a  riiitf  in  prict;;*,  :ls  is  dum-  lij 
l.rokiTS  wliii  arc  l(jn^  in  imy  particular  st^u-k. 

buUi  (bill),  a.  [<  />»//!,  H.,  4.]  lu  the  stock 
rxchduffr,  in  tlie  interest  of  or  favorable  to  tlie 
bulls;  buoyant;  rising:  as,  a  bull  movement; 
:i  hull  market. 

bull-  (bul),  )i.  [<  ME.  bulle,  <  OF.  bulk;  F.  hulk 
=  It.  holla,  bulla  =  I),  bul,  bulle  =  (J.  Dan.  hulk 
=  Sw.  bulla  =  Icel.  hola  (in  baun-bOla,  a  bull  of 
exeommunication  1,  <  ML.  bulla,  a  papal  edict, 
any  edict  or  writing,  a  seal,  L.  bulla,  a  boss, 
knob,  stud,  bubble  :  see  bulla,  bill^,  bilkt^,  bullet, 
bulletin,  boiV^,  buwl^,  etc.]  1.  Same  aabulla,  2. 
—  2.  The  most  authoritative  oflticial  document 
issued  by  the  pope  or  in  his  name:  usually  an 
open  letter  containing  some  decree,  order,  or 
decision  relating  to  matters  of  grace  or  justice. 
It  derives  its  name  from  the  leaden  seal  (Latin  buUa) 
appended  to  it  by  a  thread  cir  liand,  which  is  red  or  yellow 
when  the  bull  refers  to  matters  of  j^ace,  and  uncolored  and 
of  hemp  when  it  refers  to  matters  of  justice.  On  one  side 
of  the  seal  is  the  name  of  the  pope,  and  on  the  other  are 
the  heads  rjf  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  Bulls  are  written  in 
Latin,  either  in  the  ordinary  cur.sive  hand  or  iu  round 
Gothic  characters,  and  have  a  red  seal  on  the  parchment 
itself,  in  which  the  name  of  the  pope  encircles  the  heads 
of  the  apostles.  They  begin  with  the  name  of  the  pope, 
followed  by  the  term  epijicopun  (bishop)  and  the  words 
servus  servorian  Dei  (servant  of  the  servants  of  God)  and 
a  salutation,  and  close  with  the  place  and  date  of  execu- 
tion and  the  subscription  of  the  chancellor  or  other  func- 
tionary of  the  papal  chancery.  The  distinctive  name  of  a 
bull  is  taken  from  the  first  word  or  words  of  the  general  in- 
troduction which  follows  the  salutation  :  as,  the  bull  Uni- 
genitw^,  \\  liicli  bf;:ins  with  the  w«irds  i'iii;ieintuj>  Dei,  etc., 
issued  in  17ia  by  ('k-nient  XI.,  condemning  the  Jansenist 
propositions  set  forth  in  Quesnel's  '-Moral  Reflections." 
A  bi-ief,  though  of  equal  authority  with  a  bull,  differs  from 
it  in  several  important  points,  chiefly  of  form.  It  is 
shorter,  relates  to  subjects  of  inferior  importance,  is  writ- 
ten in  Latin  in  ordinarj'  Koman  letters  and  on  the  smooth 
side  of  the  parchment,  uses  the  word  2>fpa  instead  of  epis- 
copus  in  the  introductory  fomiula,  is  sealed  with  red  wax 
instead  of  lead,  and  w'ith  the  pope's  private  seal,  the  fish- 
erman's ring,  and  is  never  signed  by  the  pope  himself, 
but  by  a  secretary  of  the  papal  chancery.  Both  briefs 
and  bulls  belong  to  a  class  of  papal  documents  generi- 
cally  called  apo.'ntolic  letters;  these  are  enci/dical  when 
addressed  to  the  bishops  of  the  Koman  Catlmlic  world, 
and  from  their  contents  are  called  run.-^titutiuns,  decretal.^ 
(ancient),  synodal  letters  (also  ancient),  rescripts,  tnntus 
proprii,  etc.  Coiifristorial  bulls  are  issued  after  consulta- 
tion with  the  consistory  of  cardinals,  and  are  signed  by  all 
the  cardinals  consulted. 

The  church  published  her  bulls  of  crusade  ;  offering  lib- 
eral indulgences  to  those  who  served. 

PresaAt,  Feid.  and  Isa.,  Int. 

The  pope  has  issued  a  bull  deposing  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Mncaulay,  Disabilities  of  the  Jews. 

3.  An  ofiSeial  letter ;  au  edict;  especially,  an  im- 
perial edict  under  the  Roman  or  the  old  Gennan 
empire.  — Golden  bull,  a  name  given  to  several  cele- 
brated historical  dnriniients.  from  tlieir  golden  seal.  The 
most  notalile  nf  tliese  is  an  edict  or  iniperial  constitution 
made  in  13:>ij  liy  tlie  emperor  Charles  IV..  regulating  the 
mode  of  procedure  in  the  election  and  coronation  of  the 
emperor.— Leaden  bulls,  the  designation  of  official  doc- 
uments (from  theii-  leaden  seals)  sent  by  the  emperors  of 
Constantinople  to  patriarchs  and  princes,  by  the  grandees 
of  the  empire,  of  France,  Sicily,  etc.,  and  by  patriarchs 
and  liishops. 
bulPt  (bill),  n.  [=  F.  bulk,  formerly  bide  =  Sp. 
obs.  bulla  =  Pg.  holha  =  It.  holla,  bulla,  <  L. 
bulla,  a  bubble:  see  buir^.'\  A  bubble. 
Life  is  as  a  bull  rising  on  the  water.  y-^nrU.  (Davies.) 
bull^  (bill),  n.  [Not  found  earlier  than  the  17th 
century,  except  as  ME,  bul  (about  a.  D.  1320)  in 
the  doubtful  passage  first  quoted.  Origin  un- 
certain. Several  anecdotes  involving  Irish 
speakers  have  been  told  (and  appar,  invented) 
to  account  for  the  word.  It  is  usually  asso- 
ciated with  bull",  a  papal  edict,  in  allusion,  it 
is  said,  to  the  contrast  between  the  humble 
professions  of  the  pope,  as  in  his  styling  himself 
'servant  of  servants,*  and  the  absolutely  dicta- 
torial nature  of  his  edicts.  This  explanation, 
which  rests  partly  on  the  passage  quoted  from 
Milton  (cf.  bullish-,  also  in  Milton\  below,  is 
hardly  tenable  on  historical  gi'ounds.  The  Icel. 
hullf  nonsense,  bulla,  talk  nonsense,  chat,  is 
mod.,  and,  if  not  from  the  E.  word,  is  to  be 
associated  with  bulla,  boil,  and  ult.  with  L.  bul- 
la, a  bubble  :  see  ?>»//3.]  A  gross  inconsistency 
in  language ;  a  ludicrous  blunder  involving  a 
contradiction  in  terms:  commonly  regarded 
as  especially  characteristic  of  the  Irish,  and 
often  called  an  Irish  hull. 

Quilk  man,  quilk  calf,  quilk  leon,  quilk  fugul 

I  sal  you  tel,  with-vten  bul. 

Cursor  .1/»mfi"(E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  21269. 

I  may  say  (without  a  Bull)  this  controversy  of  yours  is 

so  much  the  more  needless,  by  how  much  that  al'nut  which 

it  is  (Reformation)  is  so  without  all  controvers>  needful. 

Charles  Hcrlt%  .Ahab's  Fall  (U.44).  Dcd. 

And  whereas  the  Papist  boasts  himself  to  be  a  Roman 
Catholic,  it  is  a  mere  contradiction,  one  of  the  popes 
bulls,  as  if  lie  should  say  universal  particular ;  a  Catholic 
schismatic.  Miltvu,  True  Religion. 


bull 

"Why,  Friend."  snys  he,  ,  .  .  "1  myself  liavc  kno\vno  a 
hcast  winter'ii  om*  whole  stininuT  for  a  jnflUe.'"  "That 
was  a  ItuU,  my  Lm-il,  I  lielecve."  says  tht;  fellow, 

Thnn.'i,  Aiieetlotcs  and  'rradittons  ((.'aindeii  So'c),  p.  70. 
_  Syn.  Kfft'r,  Misfakr.  I'te.  See  hluwlrr. 
bulla  (Ixil'ji).  "•  i  r'- '"'""'  (-e).  [Ij->  !i  bubble, 
boss,  knob,  an  ornanieut,  ctt'. :  lioiicc  K.  hull-, 
l)ull'\  liill'-\  howl'-',  etc. ;  ef.  Hind.  Inilltiild,  liullii, 
a  bubble,  anil  E.  hithhlr'^,  etc;  all  ])Oi'haiis  orig. 
imitative.]  1.  An  ovnainent  in  the  form  of  a 
capsule  or  locket,  in  use  ainou};  the  ancient 
Romans,  who  adopted  it  from  the  Etruscans. 
It  was  worn  especially  around  the  neck  as  an  annllet  by 
Human  eliildfen,  lioth  lioys  and  ^nis,  its  protective  virtue 
i)einn  snppo.sed  to  reside  cither  in  it.s  preidous  material  r)r 
in  some  .siilistanee  iiiilos.-d  within  it.  It  was  of  ^lold  in 
tht;  families  of  the  iiol)ly  horn  ancl  the  rich,  and  of  com- 
moner material  amont;  otiiers.  It  was  laitl  aside  hy  youiij^ 
men  upon  attaiuinf;  maturity,  and  dedicated  to  Hercules 
or  to  the  lunisehold  lares;  hy  young  women  it  was  dedi- 
cated to  Juno. 

Wlien  now  my  polden  Bulla  (hnn^'  on  high 
To  household  Kods)  declar'd  me  past  a  hoy. 

DnjtUii,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satires,  v.  42. 

2.  A  seal  attached  to  a  document.  Spcciflc.ally- 
(a)  A  seal  used  hy  the  emperors  of  <'onstantinople.  and  hy 
the  early  emperors  of  the  Holy  Uoman  (fo-rinan)  Empire. 
and  hy  other  sovereigns.  (/>)  A  lea<len  seal  attachetl  to 
Important  documents  issued  by  the  pojje.    .See  bull'-,  2. 


Hulla  of  Pope  Alexander  IV. 

3.  Any  ornament  of  rounded  form,  especially 
if  suspended,  such  as  those  which  are  attached 
by  small  chains  to  the  Hungarian  crown. — 4. 
In  patliol.,  a  bleb  or  portion  of  epidermis  raised 
by  the  extravasation  of  a  transparent  watery 
fluid,  as  in  erysipelas,  etc. —  5.  In  aiuit.,  an  in- 
flated portion  of  the  bony  external  meatus  of 
the  ear,  forminR  a  more  or  less  well-marked 
prominence  on  each  side  at  the  liase  of  the 
skull  of  many  animals,  usually  constituted  by 
a  bulbous  tjnnpanic  bone.  Also  called  bulla 
ossca.    See  extract. 

In  some  Mar.snpials,  where  the  tympanic  does  not  pass 
heyond  the  annular  condition,  there  is  an  apparently  simi- 
lar bulla,  hut  this  is  formed  by  an  extension  ctf  the  hjises 
of  the  alK  tempurales  ( Ltasyurus,  Petaurista.  Perameles). 
Qffjenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  460. 

6.  [cap.']  A  genus  of  teetibranchiate  (or  pleu- 
robranebiate)  gastropods,  to  which  very  differ- 
ent limits  have 
been  assigned,  (a) 
By  the  old  e<mehoio- 
gists  not  only  were 
most  of  the  tectihran- 
<"hiates  ineluded,  hut 
also  Viu-ious  other  ^'as- 
trojiods  having  shells 
like  or  supposed  to  be 
like  themwere  referred 
to  the  genus,  {b)  By 
recent  writers  it  is  re- 
stricted to  the  hultble- 
shells,  so  called  from 
their  ventricous  oval 
shells,  so  eouvoluted  that  the  last  whorl  enveli>ps  all  the 
others:  typical  of  the  family  BulUdie.  Also  called  Glan- 
dula. 
buUace  (biil'iis).H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hullis, 
liiilloea;  <  ME.  Iiuhis,  bolus,  also  holaslcr,  b<ili/v- 
trv  (ef.  biila.<i  trc,  biihi.^-trc,  where  trc  is  regard- 
ed as  E.  tree),  <  Gael,  hiilai-itear  =  Ir.  bidixtdii-, 
a  buUaoo,  sloe,  connected  with  Ir.  buhM,  a 
prune,  =  Bret,  bolos,  jiolo.f.  bullac<>,  >  prob. 
OF.  balocc,  bchice,  bclhiclie  (F.  dial,  bclocc),  bid- 
lace,  bcllocicr,  bullaee-tree.  Cf.  E.  dial.  (Corn- 
wall) bitllum,  the  fruit  of  the  bullace-tree.]  1. 
A  species  of  plum,  I'runux  iii.<iliti(i,  a  native 
of  Asia  Minor  and  southern  Europe,  but  now 
naturalized  and  cultivate<l  further  north,  it 
differs  from  the  common  i>lnm.  1\  ih>iiu:f^tirti.  ehietly  in 
its  spiny  branches.  The  fruit  is  used  like  damsons. 
2.  The  popular  name  of  Mclirocca  hijuga,  a 
common  West  Indian  tree,  producing  a  green 
egg-shaped  fruit  with  a  pleasant  vinous  and 
aromatic  flavor. —  3.  In  the  United  States,  the 
nniscadine  grape,  Vitis  vulpina. 
BuUadae  (bul'a-de),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Jiiillidcv. 
bullae,  II.     Plural  of  bulla. 

bullah  (bul'il),  H.  [E.  Ind.]  A  weight  equal  to 
4i  pounds,  I'l'sed  in  some  parts  of  the  East  In- 
dies for  gi-ain. 


1  2 

Bubble-shells. 
i.Buila  ampulla  ;  a.  Bulla  {Atys) 


715 

bullantic  (bu-lan'tik),  a.  [<  ML.  hullan(t-).<i, 
ppr.  of  biillarc.  attach  the  seal,  <  bulla,  seal : 
see  bull".]  Pertaining  to  or  used  in  apostolic 
bulls:  as,  bullaulic  letters,  certain  ornamental 
(•ai>itals  used  in  these  bidls. 

bullarium  (Im-lil'ri-um),  n.     Same  as  bullari/^. 

buUaryl  (t)ura-ri),  u.  [<  ML.  bullarium,  a  col- 
lection of  papal  bulls,  <  bulla:  see  bull".]  A 
collection  of  papal  bulls. 

bullary-  (bul'a-ri),  II.  [A  pedantic  (law)  fonn 
of  biiilanj  or  biiilrii/,  as  if  <  ML.  *bullarium,  <  L. 
bullarc  for  bullire,  boil:  see  boU'^.]  A  house  in 
■which  salt  is  prepared  by  boiling. 

bullate  (bul'at),  fl.  [<  L.  bullatu.s,  pp.  and  adj. : 
see  the  verb.]  1.  In  (*«<.,  having  elevations  like 
blisters,  a  bullate  leaf  is  one  whose  surface  between 
the  veins  is  thrown  into  projections,  which  are  convex  on 
the  upper  surface  and  concave  beneath,  as  in  the  cabbage. 
In  tile  bullate  thallus  of  a  lichen  the  concavities  are  on  tlie 
u[»per  surface. 

2.  In /w(</(oZ.,  blistered. — 3.  In «HOf.,  inflated; 
vaulted;  ventricous;  fornicated  and  with  thin 
walls:  as,  a  bullate  tympanic  bono  (that  is,  one 
forming  a  bulla  ossea). —  4.  In  ::o(il.,  having  the 
surface  covered  with  iiTegidar  and  slight  eleva- 
tions, giving  a  blistered  appearance. 

bullatet,  '■■  I.  i^  L.  bullatu.^,  pp.  of  bullarc,  bub- 
ble, <  bulla,  a  bubble:  see  boil",  bulla.]  To 
buljlile  or  boil. 

bullated  (bul'a-ted),  n.  Bullate;  rendered  bul- 
late. 

bullation  (bu-la'shon),  «.  In  a«a<.,  inflation  ; 
fornication  ;  eameration. 

bull-baiting  (bul'b!i"ting),  «.  The  practice  of 
baiting  or  attacking  bulls  with  dogs,  a  sport 
formerly  very  popular  in  England,  but  made 
illegal  in  1835. 

Anioni;  thi'se  who  at  a  late  period  patronised  or  defended 
buU-baUiiur  were  NN'indham  and  Parr;  and  even  Canning 
and  Peel  opposed  the  measure  for  its  abolition  by  law. 

Leckt/,  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent.,  iv. 

bullbat  (biil'bat),  )(.  A  local  or  popular  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  night-hawk  or  long- 
winged  goatsucker,  Vhorileilci papetue  ov  C.  fir- 
(linianua.  So  called  from  its  flying  most  in  the  evening 
or  in  cloudy  weather,  and  from  the  noise  which  it  makes 
as  it  moves  through  the  air.  It  belongs  to  the  family  Ca- 
}>riiuul(jiil(v,  like  the  whippoorwill,  hut  is  of  a  ditfereut 
genus.     Also  called  pivk  and  yiramidiq. 

bullbeart,  «.  [<  bull^  +  bear'^.  Cf.  bugbear.']  A 
bugbear.     Harveij.     (Ilalliirell.) 

bullbee  (bul'be),  n.     Same  as  bullflij. 

bull-beef  (biil'bef),  n.  The  flesh  of  a  bull; 
hence,  coarse  beef.  [In  the  latter  sense  collo- 
qtiial.] 

bullbeggar  (bul'beg"ar),  n.  [In  form,  <  bull'^ 
+  lii-ijiiiir ;  Ijut  prob.  a  corruption  of  a  word 
of  diiierent  origin;  ef.  bullij,  v.,  bullbcar,  a  bug- 
bear, D.  bullcbak;  a  bugbear:  see  bugbear.] 
Something  that  excites  needless  fear;  a  hob- 
goblin ;  an  object  of  terror. 

They  are  all  ,as  mad  as  I ;  tliey  all  have  trades  now, 
And  roar  about  the  streets  like  bull-befif/nrn. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  .Subject,  iv.  2. 

This  was  certainly  an  ass  in  a  lion's  skin  ;  a  harmless 
bull-bcgffar,  who  delights  to  frighten  innocent  people. 

Taller,  No.  212. 

bull-boat  (bid'bot),  n.  A  rude  boat  made  by 
the  North  American  Indians,  usually  a  shallow 
crate  covered  with  the  raw  hide  of  the  bull  elk. 

bullbrier  (biil'bri"i''r),  n.  A  name  given  to  spe- 
cies of  Siiiilax,  S.  I'siudo-China  and  S.  lamncii- 
des,  of  the  southern  United  States,  which  have 
tuberous  roots,  and  stems  armed  with  stout 
prickles. 

bull-calf  (bul'kiif ),  H.  [<  buin  +  calf;  =  D.  hul- 
l:alf=  Icel.  bola-kulfr.]  1.  A  male  calf.— 2. 
A  stujiid  fellow.     Slad: 

bullcomber  (Iml'ko'm^r),  «.  A  name  of  the 
common  English  beetle,  Scarabaus  tijjilia'us,  or 
Ti/plia-us  vulijari-f,  and  other  species  of  the  fam- 
ilv  Sciirahirida'. 

bull-dance  (Inil'dans),  n.  Xaut.,  a  dance  per- 
formed bv  men  only. 

bulldog  (biil'dog),  «.  [<  buW^  +  diuj;  hence  F. 
bouleihiijue,  Russ.  bulidoffii.  Hind,  guldaiil'-kutta 
{kuttd,  dog).  Cf.  equiv".  D.  bullio'nd  (lioiid  =  V^. 
houml),  LG.  bitllcnbiter  =  G.  bitllenbci.iscr  = 
Dan.  bulbidcr,  lit.  'bull-biter.']  1.  A  variety 
of  dog  of  comparatively  small  size,  but  very 
strong  and  muscular,  with  a  large  head,  broad 
muzzle,  short  hair,  tajxTing  smooth  tail,  and 
remarkable  coiu'age  and  ferocity.  Dogs  of 
this  kind  were  formerly  much  used  in  bull- 
baiting,  whence  the  name. — 2t.  A  Jjailiff. 

I  sent  for  a  couple  of  buU-dfijit,  and  arrested  him. 

Farquhar,  Love  and  a  Bottle,  iii.  2. 

3.  The  assistant  or  seirant  who  attends  the 
proctor  of  an  English  university  when  on  duty. 


bullet-bag 

Sentiments  which  vanish  for  ever  at  the  sight  of  the  proc- 
tor with  his  bull-daiiK,  as  they  call  them,  or  lour  muscular 
fellows  which  |8ic)  always  follow  him,  like  so  many  bailiffs. 
WeKtulimtcr  Jlri'.,  .\.\.\V.  2.'i2. 

4.  [Ct  barker'^,  4.]  A  pistol ;  in  recent  use,  a 
small  revolver  with  a  short  barrel  caiTying  a 
large  ball.     [Cant.] 

"  I  have  always  a  brace  of  biiUilnfftt  about  me."  ...  So 
saying,  he  exhibited  a  very  handsome,  highly  (Inished,  and 
richly  mounted  pair  of  pistols. 

Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well,  II.  191. 

5.  \aut.:  (rt)  The  great  gun  in  the  officers' ward- 
room cabin,  {b)  A  general  term  for  main-deck 
guns. — 6.  In  metal.,  tap-cinder  from  the  pud- 
dling-furnace,  after  the  i)ro(i)xid  of  iron  has 
been  converted  into  sesqnioxid  by  roasting. 
It  may  be  used  a.s  an  ore  of  iron  for  making  w  hat  is  know  n 
as  cinder-iron.  It  is  also  extensively  used  as  a  lining  for 
the  sides  of  the  pnddling-furnace.    [Eng.] 

7.  A  name  given  by  the  Canadian  half-breeds 
to  the  gadfly.-  Bulldog  bat.  See  bats.-  Bulldog 
forcepa,  forceps  with  iiointed  teeth  for  grasping  an  ar- 
tery, etc. 

bulldoze  (bill'doz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bull- 
do-fd,  ppr.  buUdiKiutj.  [Also  written  bulUlmc; 
explained  as  orig,  to  give  one  a  r/o.sr  of  the  bull- 
ivhack  or  hull-whip;  but  the  second  element,  if 
of  this  origin,  would  hardly  become  -dii:e.]  1. 
To  punish  summarily  with  a  bull-whii) ;  cow- 
hide.—  2.  To  coerce  or  intimidate  by  violence 
or  threats;  especially,  in  politics,  to  IjuUy;  in- 
fluence unfairly:  apjilied  iiarticularly  to  the 
practices  of  some  southern  whites  since  the 
civil  war.     [U.  S.  slang.] 

The  use  of  this  weapon  [the  bull-whip]  was  the  original 
application  <iUmll(hize.  It  tirst  found  its  way  into  jirint 
after  the  civil  war,  when  it  came  to  mean  intimidation  for 
political  purposes  by  violence  or  threats  of  violence.  Since 
that  time  it  has  aeiiuired  a  widi-r  signilleance,  and  may 
he  used  witli  reference  to  intimidation  of  any  kind. 

ilaii.  !•/  Amer.  Hist.,  XIII.  98. 

bulldozer  (btil'do-zer),  H.  1.  One  who  bull- 
dozes; one  who  intimidates  others  by  threats 
of  violence. —  2.  A  revolver.  [U.  S.  slang  in 
1)otli  senses.] 
buUedt,  p.  a.  [For  boiled,  pp.  of  ME.  bollcii, 
swell:  see  io?Hl.]  SwoUen  ;  expanded. 
And  hang  the  bulled  nosegays  'hove  their  heads. 

B.  Jonsojt,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 

bullen  (biiren),  «.  [Origin  unknown.]  The 
auni  or  chaff  from  hemp  or  flax.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bullen-buUen  (bid'en-biil"en),  n.  [Imitative 
reduplication ;  cf .  bulhiil.]  The  native  name  of 
the  Australian  Ij-re-bird,  Mcmira  superba. 

bullengert,  «■     -A  variant  of  baliugcr. 

bullen-nail  (bul'eu-niil),  n.  A  round-headed 
nail  with  a  sliort  shank,  tinned  and  lacquered, 
used  chiefly  by  upholsterers. 

buller  (biirer),  v.  i.  [E.  dial. :  see  bidder,  boul- 
drr.]     To  roar.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

buUescence  (bu-les'ens),  n.  [<  L.  hunescen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  bullescere,  begin  to  bubble,  <  bullire,  bub- 
ble: see  boift.]  In  bot.,  a,  bullate  condition. 
See  bullate,  1. 

bullet  (bul'et),  n.  [<  F.  boulcl,  a  cannon-ball, 
dim.  of  OF.  boide,  a  ball,  >  E.  boieP,  of  which 
bullet  is  thus  praeticallv  a  diminutive:  see 
Jow;2.]     It.  A  small  ball". 

When  one  doth  die  another  is  elected  by  the  Great  Mas- 
ter and  his  Knights,  who  give  their  voices  by  bidh'tg,  as  do 
the  Venetians.  Samlj/s,  Ti'avels,  p.  ISO. 

Specifically  —  2.  A  small  metallic  projectile 
intended  to  be  discharged  from  a  firearm :  com- 
monly limited  to  leaden  projectiles  for  small 
arms.  Bullets  were 
formerly  always  spheri- 
cal in  form,  but  many 
changes  have  been  made 
in  thent  in  both  shape 
and  structure.  The  bul- 
let used  for  rifles  of 
recent  construction  is 
elongated  and  conical, 
or  rather  ogival,  at  the 
apex,  somewhat  like  half  an  egg  drawn  out,  with  a  hollow 
at  the  base,  into  which  a  plug  of  wood  or  clay  is  inserted, 
and  with  small  cuts  (cannelures)  in  the  metal  outside, 
which  are  filled  with  beeswax  to  lubricate  the  barrel 
wliile  the  bullet  is  passing  through  it.  When  tlie  gun  is 
fired  the  plug  is  driven  forward  to  the  head  of  the  cavity, 
forcing  the  base  of  the  bullet  outward  till  the  lead  com- 
pletely fills  the  grooves  in  the  rifled  balTcl.  The  plug  is 
often  omitted,  the  base  of  the  bullet  being  forced  into  the 
grooves  by  the  expansive  force  of  the  powder. 
3.  In  her.,  a  roundel  sable  (that  is,  a  black 
cirele\  supposed  to  represent  a  cannon-ball. — 
Bullet- compasses.  See  cnni'u.^s.-  Evefy  bullet  has 
its  biUet.  .-^e,'  biilen.—  Naked  bullet  (.unlii.).  an  eion- 
cated  projfctile  with  one  or  more  gr<ioves  or  eannelures 
cneireliiig  it,  as  ilistingnished  from  the  pateheii  bullet  for- 
merly used. 
bullet-bag  (biil'et-bag),  h.  A  leathern  pouch 
for  holding  bullets,  fonuerly  carried  attached 
to  a  baiuloleer  or  baldric.  When  the  baldric  was  not 
worn,  thebullet-bag  was  attached  to  tlie  girdle,  beside  the 
powder-flask. 


a© 


Rifle-bullets, 
nic  ;  *.  EnficW  ;  r,  Springfield  ; 
d,  Prussian  nccdic-gun. 


bullet-headed 

bullet-headed  (liuret-hed'ed),  a.  1.  Round- 
licadi'il. — 2.   Stupid;  doltish. 

bullet-hook  (biU'et-huk),  II.  A  tool  for  cx- 
tnictiiii^  bullets. 

bulletin  (bid'o-tiu),  «.  [F.,  <  It.  hiiUcttiiio,  hol- 
liltiiio,  diiM.  of  hiilhtUl,  boUcttn,  dim.  of  bulla, 
bulla,  a  bull,  odict:  see  bull"  ami  tlii'  ult.  identi- 
cal bill'-K']  1.  An  authenticated  offieial  report 
concerning  some  public  event,  such  as  military 
operations,  the  health  of  a  sovereign  or  other 
distinguished  personage,  etc.,  issued  for  the  in- 
fornnition  of  the  public. 

"  Fulsc  Jis  11  Intllftin  "  became  a  proverb  in  Napoleon's 
tinif.  Carb/li'. 

2.  Any  notice  or  public  announcement,  espe- 
cially of  news  recently  received. — 3.  A  name 
given  to  various  periodical  publications  record- 
ing the  proceedings  of  learned  societies. 
bulletin  (bul'e-tin),  V.  t.  [<  bulletin,  «.]  To 
make  known  by  a  bulletin  publicly  posted. 

It  wonKl  excite  no  interest  to  bullHin  tlie  last  siege  of 
.Teriisalem  in  a  village  where  the  event  was  unlcnown,  if 
tlie  date  was  appended. 

C.  1).  Warner,  Baclilog  Studies,  p.  1-12. 

bulletin-board  (bure-tin-bord),  )).  A  board 
publicly  exposed,  on  which  to  plaeai'd  recent 
news,  notices,  etc. 

bullet-ladle  (bid'et-la'dl),  ».  A  hemispheri- 
cal ladle  tor  melting  lead  to  run  bullets. 

bullet-machine  (bul'et-ma-shen'),  n.  A  ma- 
chine for  forming  bullets.  The  metal,  in  tlie  form 
of  a  coil,  is  cut  into  short  lengths  as  it  unwinds,  and  these 
blanks  are  then  pressed  into  shape  between  dies. 

bullet-mold  (biil'et-mold),  n.  A  mold  for  cast- 
ing bullets. 

bullet-probe  (bul'et-prob),  ».  A  probe  used  in 
exploring  for  bullets  in  wounds. 

bullet-proof  (bul'et-prOf),  a.  Capable  of  re- 
sisting the  impact  of  a  bullet. 

buUetrie  (biil'e-tri),  n.     See  bully-tree. 

bullet-screw  (biil'et-skro),  «.  A  screw  at  the 
end  of  a  ramrod,  wliich  can  be  forced  Into  a 
bullet  in  order  to  draw  it  from  a  gun-barrel. 

bullet-shell  (bul'et-shel),  n.  An  explosive  bul- 
let for  small  arms. 

bullet-tree,  «.     See  bully-tree. 

bullet-wood  (bul'et-wud),  n.  A  very  strong, 
close-gi-ained,  dark-brown  wood  of  India,  from 
a  species  of  ilimusoj)/!.     See  bully-tree. 

ball-facet  (bul'fas),  n.  A  threatening  face  or 
appearance. 

t'onie  hither  to  fright  maids  with  thy  buU-/aces/ 
To  threaten  gentlewomen ! 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  2. 

bull-faced  (biil'fast),  a.  Having  a  large  coarse 
face:  as,  "bull-faeed  Jonas,"  Dryileu,  Abs.  and 
Achit.,  i.  581. 

bull-feast  (bul'fest),  n.     Same  as  bull-fight. 

bull-fight  (biil'fit),  n.  A  combat  between  men 
and  a  bull  or  bulls:  a  popular  amusement 
among  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese.  A  hoi-se- 
nian,  called  a  toreador  or  picador,  attacks  a  bull  in  a 
closed  arena,  irritating  him,  but  avoiding  his  attack. 
After  the  bull  has  been  t^irniented  a  long  time  the  lioi-se- 
man  leaves  him,  and  persons  on  foot,  called  chulos  and 
bandcritleros,  attac4c  him  and  plunge  darts  into  him. 
Finally  the  sport  is  ended  with  the  death  of  the  bull  by 
the  swnrd  of  a  matador. 

bull-fighter  (biil'fi"ter),  n.  One  who  fights 
bulls;  a  human  combatant  in  a  btill-fight. 

bullfinch^  (bul'finch),  n.  [Appar.  <bulli  as  used 
in  comp.  (as  if  in  allusion  to  the  thick  rounded 
bill)  +  finch.  Cf.  equiv.  buehfinch.^  A  very 
conunou  oscine  passerine  bird  of  Europe,  Pyr- 


716 

rhula  vulfjari.'):  a  kind  of  finch  of  the  family 
I'liui/illifla;  with  a  very  short,  stout,  turgid  bill", 
which,  like  the  crown,  is  black,  and  a  body  blu- 
ish above,  and,  in  the  male,  tile-red  below:  a 
favorite  cage-bird,  easily  taught  to  sing  a  va- 
riety of  notes.  The  name  is  extended  to  other  species 
of  the  same  genus,  and  also  to  those  of  some  related  gen- 
era. —  BuUflnch  tanager,  one  of  the  lindos  or  thick-billed 
tanagers  of  the  genus  A"f//*AoHm,  and  others  of  like  charac- 
ter. -Pine  bullfinch,  the  pine  grosbeak,  Pinicola  enu- 
el,',il:T.     See  iinKslirok. 

bullfinch-  (bul'tineh),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
bull-fence,  a  fence  for  confining  bulls,  <  hull^  + 
fence.']  In  England,  a  strong  fence,  or  a  hedge 
allowed  to  grow  high  enough  to  impede  hunt- 
ers, and  much  used  as  a  test  of  skill  in  steeple- 
chasing. 

bullfish  (bul'fish),  n.  A  name  of  the  great  seal, 
riioca  biirbata.  or  Erignathus  burbatus. 

bullfist  (bul'fist),  «.  "  [Also  written  bullfei.it, 
hullfiee:  <  buin  +  fist",  A\a\.  feist,  foist,  a'puir- 
ball,  lit.  a  breaking  of  wind:  see  fist",  foist^. 
The  German  name  bofist  (>  Borista)  and  the 
generic  name  Lycnpcrdon  are  of  similar  sigui- 
lieation.]     A  puffl^all.     See  Lycoperdon. 

bullfly  (bid'fli),  n.  An  insect,  the  gadfly,  so 
named  from  its  tormenting  cattle.  See  gadfly. 
Also  called  bullbee. 

bullfrog  (biil'frog),  n.  The  Eana  catesbiana, 
a  North  American  species  of  frog,  from  8  to  12 
inches  long,  including  the  legs,  of  a  dusky  brown 


Bullfrog  i/iana  catesb. 


or  olive  color  marked  with  darker.  These  frogs  live 
chiefly  in  stagnant  water,  and  utter  a  loud  croaking  sound 
resembling  the  bellowing  of  a  bull,  whence  the  name. 
bull-fronted  (bia'fnm"ted),  «.   Having  a  front 
or  forehead  like  a  bull. 


A  sturdy  man  he  ktoked  to  fell  an  ox. 
Bull-fronted,  rudily. 


Hood. 


■  ,!?^  / 


j,^m 


Uullfinch  {Pj/rrhuia  vulgaris). 


bull-fronts  (bid'frunts),  n.  pi.  [E.  dial.,  also 
called  bull-faces.']  Tufts  of  coarse  grass,  Aira 
cwspitosa.     Brockett. 

bullhead  (biil'hed),  n.  [<  ME.  hulhedc,  name 
of  a  fish  (L.  capito),  <  btd,  bulU,  -I-  hede,  head.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  certain  fishes.  (,i)  in 
England:  (1)  Vranidea  ijohio,  a  fish  about  4  inches  long, 
with  head  very  large  and  broader  than  the  body.  Often 
also  called  i/tiller's-thunib.  Also  locally  applied  in  the 
fiiited  States  to  allied  species  of  the  geiuis  t'ranidea. 
(2)  .-Ifii'iius  catiiphraetu.'i,  called  the  armed  hiilllirad.  (b)  In 
the  L'nited  States,  a  cottoid  fish,  as  Cottu.'i  iiroidamticus 
or  C.  octodccunvpuioi>us,  better  known  as  .^euijiui.  [  bccal.] 
(r)  In  America,  a  species  of  Ammrtis,  also  called  Imrned 
pout.  See  catfisti.  (il)  A  gobioid  flsh,  Eleotris  ijobioides, 
with  a  broad  head,  large  scales  in  36-40  rows,  and  a  black- 
ish-brown color.  It  is  common  in  the  rivers  and  lakes  of 
New  Zealand,  (c)  A  fish  of  the  family  Batraeltidir,  otlier- 
wise  called  hlenuii  bullhead.     Swaingon,  1839. 

2.  A  tadpole.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 3.  A  small 
water-insect  of  a  black  color. —  4.  The  golden 
plover,  Charadriusfulrus. —  5.  A  stitpid fellow; 
a  lubber.     .Johnson. 

bull-head  (bid'hed),  a.  Same  as  bull-headed. 
—  Bull-head  ax.  See  oj-i.— Bull-head  whiting,  a 
sciienoid  fish.  Menticirrtts  alburnus ;  the  southern  king- 
tish.    [Florida.] 

bull-headed  (biirhed'ed),  a.  1 .  Ha\-ing  a  head 
like  that  of  a  bull.  Hence  —  2.  Obstinate; 
blunderingly  aggressive ;  stupid. 

bullhoof  (bul'hof),  n.  A  name  given  in  Ja- 
maica to  a  species  of  passion-flower,  Passiflora 
Murucuja,  with  handsome  scarlet  flowers,  from 
the  shape  of  the  leaves.  It  is  also  applied,  as 
in  Honduras,  to  some  species  of  bully-tree. 

buUhuss  (bid'hus).  n.  [<  buin  +  dial,  huss, 
the  dogfish.]  A  local  English  name  of  the 
dogfish,  Seyllium  catulus. 

bullid  (bul'id),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the  family 
litdliilw. 

BuUidae  (bul'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bulla  + 
-idee.]  A  family  of  tectibranchiate  gastropods, 
tj'pifled  by  the  genus  Bulla,  wliich  has  been 
adopted  with  •nidely  differing  boundaries,  (a) 
By  the  old  authors  it  was  used  for  most  ipf  the  Tectibrati- 
chinta.  ((>)Ily  later  ;iulbors  it  has  I  lecn  variously  restricted, 
and  is  now  mostly  Ihnitcd  to  Teelihraiichiala  with  .an  in- 
volute ovate  shell  and  a  lingual  ribljon  with  numerous 
rows  of  teeth,  each  row  having  a  central  tooth  and  uumer- 


bullion 

nm  nearly  uniform  lateral  teeth.  The  species  are  martne, 
freiincnting  samly  or  muddy  bottoms  near  the  Hh<,re, 
sonietiiMcs  going  Into  brackish  water.  The  shell  is  often 
spotted.     Also  written  llulladir.     .See  cut  under />■";;«. 

bulliform  (bul'i-fonn),  a.  [<  L.  bulla,  a  bubble, 
etc.,  +  forma,  shape.]  1.  Kesembling  a  blister. 

The  buUi/onnur  hygroscopic  cells  of  grasses  ami  seilges. 
.iiner.  Jour.  .S'ri.,  :id  ser.,  X.\.\II.  331. 

2.  Having  the  form  characteristic  of  the  genus 
Bulla,  or  of  gastropods  of  the  familv  Bullida: 

buUimongt,  bullimungt,  n.  [Also"  bulHmony, 
botliinany :  origin  uncertain.]  A  mixtui-e  of 
oats,  peas,  and  vetches.     Tusser ;  Grose. 

buUimony  (buri-m9-ni),  n.    Same  as  hullimong. 

bulling  (biil'ing),  H.  [Appar.  verbal  n.  of  butl^, 
I-.,  1,  throw  up,  toss.]  A  method  of  detaching 
loosened  masses  of  rock  from  their  bed  by  ex- 
ploding gunpowder  which  has  been  poured"  into 
the  fissiu'es. 

bulling-shovel  (biil'ing-shov'l),  n.  In  metal, 
a  peculiar  form  of  shovel  used  in  ore-dressing. 
It  is  of  triangular  form,  with  a  sharp  point. 
See  ran  and  ranning-shorel.     [Eng.] 

bullion^  (biil'yon),  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  holl- 
yon,  <  late  ME.  huliun,  earlier  prob.  'bulion, 
*bullit)H  (AF.  bullionc,  boillon,  a  mint,  ML.  Ah. 
bullio(n-),  bulliona,  an  ingot  of  gold  or  silver), 
for  *bilion,  *billiou,  <  AF.  billon,  OF.  billon, 
mod.  F.  billon  (=  Pr.  billo  =  Sp.  rellon  =  Pg. 
bilhao  =  It.  biglione:  ML.  billio(n-),  prop,  'bil- 
lo(n-) :  all  prob.  <  OF.),  a  cast  lump  or  ingot  of 
metal,  a  place  where  metal  is  cast  or  coined,  a 
mint,  also  base  or  short-weight  coin  taken  to 
be  remelted,  hence  esp.  base  coin  or  the  alloy, 
copper  and  silver,  or  copper  alone,  of  which 
they  were  made ;  lit.  a  block,  stick,  or  log  (cf. 
billon,  a  twig  or  shoot  of  a  full  year's  growth  — 
Cotgrave),  aug.  (or  dim.)  of  bille,  a  log,  stick: 
see  billet^,  billot.  The  form  'billon  or  'billion 
is  not  found  in  ME.  {billon,  as  used  in  E.,  is  from 
mod.  F.  billon:  see  billon);  the  altered  form 
'bullion  is  reflected  in  the  AF.  bullione,  ML. 
-AL.  bulliona,  bullio(,n-).  The  same  change  of 
vowel  occurs  reverselv  in  ML.  AL.  billa  (ME. 
bdle,  E.  bilfi)  for  bulla  (ME.  bulle,  E.  bulP),  a 
writing,  a  brief,  etc. ;  but  the  alteration  in 
question  was  prob.  due  to  association  with  OF. 
bouillon,  ML.  bullio{n-),  a  boiling,  OF.  bouillir, 
boulir,  L.  bullire.  boil,  bubble,  with  ref.  to  the 
molten  metal.  Hce  bullion".]  1.  Gold  or  silver 
in  the  mass;  gold  or  silver  smelted  and  not  per- 
fectly refined,  or  refined  but  in  bars,  ingots,  or 
any  uncoined  form,  as  plate. 

And  that  they  may  be  in  our  sayde  landis  and  lordshippys 
for  too  bye  and  gader,  lade  and  freith  and  cary  away  or 
doo  to  bee  earyed  away  and  conueied  into  the  sayde  kyng- 
dom  of  England  ...  all  suche  wares,  goodis  and  niar- 
chaimdises  .  .  .  excep  bolioa,  h<arnes,  liowes.  arowes,  ar- 
tillary,  ami  other  thingis  which  is  forlioden,  liabilenientis 
of  werre,  and  none  but  such  hanieys  and  wepens  as  they 
shall  bringe  wyth  them. 

Arnold's  Chronicle,  1502  (ed.  1811),  p.  229. 
llieir  trade  being,  by  the  same  Alchemy  that  the  Pope 
uses,  to  extract  heaps  of  gold  and  silver  out  of  the  drossie 
Bullion  of  the  Peoples  sinnes. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

.\  paper  currency  is  employed,  when  there  is  no  bullion 

in  the  vaults.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  32. 

2.  Uncurrent  coin;   coin  received  only  at  its 

metallic  value. 
.\ni\  those  [words]  which  Eld's  strict  doom  did  disallow, 
Auil  damn  for  bullion,  go  for  cuiTent  now. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  Babylon. 

Foreign  coin  hath  no  value  here  for  its  stamp,  and  our 
coin  is  bullion  in  foreign  dominions. 

Locke,  Further  Considerations,  etc. 

3t.  Figuratively,  gold,  as  a  sordid  thing;  mere 
wealth;  mammon. 

Farewell,  my  bullion  gods,  whose  sov'reigii  looks 

.So  often  catch'd  me  with  their  golden  hooks  ; 

Go,  seek  another  slave  ;  ye  all  must  go ; 

I  cannot  serve  my  God  and  bidlion  too. 

Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  13. 
4+.  A  mint  or  assay-ofiiee.  jB/oh«?.- Base  bul- 
lion, pig-lead  containing  silver,  and  usually  also  gold, 
which  are  separated  from  the  baser  metal  "by  retlning. 
[Cordilleran  mining  region.] 
bullion-  (biil'von),  m.  [Early  mod.  E.  bullyon 
(Skeltou)  (not  found  in  ME.),  <  OF.  bouillonl-.  a 
bubble,  a  stud,  a  large-headed  nail,  a  puff  in  a 
gannent  (mod.  F.  bouillon,  a  bubble,  a  puff  in 
a  garment,  a  bull's-eye  in  glass-making),  prop, 
a  variant  of  boullon,  boulon,  a  large-heacled  nail, 
a  stud,  bolt,  pin,  arrow,  mod.  F.  bonlou.  a  bolt, 
pin  (=  Sp.  bollon,  a  brass-headed  nail,  a  kind 
of  ear-ring,  a  shoot  of  a  plant),  <  5H,.  bullio{n-), 
prop,  'bullo(n-),  a  bubble,  aug.  of  L.  bulla,  a 
bubble,  a  stud,  a  boss,  >  OF.  boule,  a  bubble,  a 
ball,  mod.  F.  boule  (>  E.  boicl^,  a  round  ball); 
bouillon^  being  thus  a  different  word  from, 
though  confused  with,  bouillon-,  boillon.  boellon, 
bollon,  a  boiling,  a  measure  of  salt,  broth,  soup, 


bullion 

mod.  v.  linuiUon  (sen  bnuillon)  =  It.  Imglinnr, 
broth  (Florio),  <  ML.  hiilli<t{ii-),  a  measure  of 
salt  (seo  biilliuii'^),  lit.  a  bul)bliiif;,  a  boiliiip,  < 
I,,  hiillirc  (>  OF.  hiiiilir,  houliir,  boiiillir,  mod. 
!■'.  hoiiillir  =  It.  holUrc).  bul)l)lo,  boil,  <  hulla,  a 
lmbl>lo:  seo  bulla,  bull",  buW\  boil".  Cf.  bul- 
/«)hI.]  It.  A  boss;  a. stud;  a  showy  metallic, 
oriuuiii'iit  cither  of  fjold  or  in  imitation  of  j.;olil, 
a.s  a  button,  stud,  hook,  elasj),  buckle,  and  the 
like. 

'I'hc  clasps  mid  buUyojis  were  worth  a  thousand  pound. 
Skftton,  Garhiud  of  Laurel. 

2.  A  fringe  of  thick  twisted  cords,  such  as  will 
lianK  heavily.  Hullion  consisting  of  sill<  cimls  covered 
witli  lliif  ^'iild  or  silver  thread  is  much  used  for  epaulets. 
Also  ciilli.l  iMllwii-Zrinr),-. 

3.  In  ijliisa-mdkinq,  that  ])art  of  the  spheroidal 
mass  of  glass  which  has  been  attaelied  to  the 
jiontil,  after  being  Idown  and  while  undergoing 
the  process  of  Hattening  into  a  sheet.  When 
the  tulie  is  detached,  it  is  called  the  bull'H-ci/i: 
{which  see). 

buUion-^t,  ».  [<  OF.  bouillon,  <  ML.  bulliohi-),  a 
measure  of  salt,  lit.  a  boiling:  .see  bullioii^.]  A 
measure  of  capacity  (of  salt).  Ddvics,  Supp. 
Eng.  (iloss. 

btlllion-bar  (biiryon-biir),  II.  [<  bullion-,  3,  4- 
Ixir^.]  The  barujion  which  the  spheroidal  mass 
of  glass  is  pressed  from  time  to  time  during  the 
]irocess  of  blowing. 

bullioner  (bvil'yon-er),  n.  [<  liiillioit'^  +  -trl.] 
A  dealer  in  Indlion. 

.Melti'd  down  Iiy  the  buttionrrs. 

Jti'ir  Viiic'ilinn,  Ccjin  an<l  Coinage,  p.  60  (Ord  M.S.). 

bullion-fringe  (bul'you-frinj),  n.  Same  as  bul- 
lioi,--:,  L'. 

bullionism  (bul'yon-izm),  K.  [<  bullion-  + 
-i.sm.]  The  system  or  doctrine  of  those  who 
advocate  an  e.xclusively  metallic  currency,  or 
a  metallic  currency  eomljined  with  a  convert- 
ible paper  currency. 

lioston,  the  very  Gihraltar  of  hulliimu-ni. 

n:  Phillip.1,  June  19,  1875. 

bullionist  (bul'yon-ist),  «.  [<  bullion'^  +  -ist.'i 
An  advocate  of  or  a  believer  in  bullionism. 

Your  party  repudiates  him  because  he  is  joined  to  hul- 
liniii.its  and  stoekmunjiers.  H'.  I'hiltips,  June  19,  1875. 

bullion-point  (bul'yon-point),  n.  [<  bullion^, 
3,  +  j)(iint.'\  The  thick  portion  at  the  center 
of  a  disk  of  crown-glass.     E.  U.  Knight. 

buUirag,  '•.  '.     See  bnlh/rati. 

bullish^  (biil'ish),  II.  [<  biiin,  4,  +  -i.s-7(l.]  In 
the  stock  cicliantii;  somewhat  liuoyant ;  advanc- 
ing or  tending  to  advance  in  price,  in  conse- 
(juenoo  of  the  efforts  of  the  bulls:  as,  a  bnlli.^h 
market. 

bullish^  (biU'ish),  (I.  [<  bulli  +  -/,s/|l.]  Par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  a  bull  or  blunder. 
[Rare.] 

A  toothless  satire  is  .-us  improper  as  a  toothed  sleek- 
stone,  and  {IS  buUisli.    Milton,  On  Def.  of  Ilvnnb.  Remonst. 

bullist  (bid'ist),  n.  [<  bulP  +  -ist.'i  A  ^vriter 
of  papal  bidls.     Hiirmar.     [Rare.] 

bullitiont  (bu-lish'on),  »i.  [<  L.  as  if  *bulli- 
tio{n-),  <  bullire,  pp.  bnllitus,  boil:  see  boil^.} 
The  act  or  state  of  boiling;  ebullition.   Bacon. 

bulljub  (bul'jub),  H.  A  tish,  the  miller's-thumb. 
[Derbyshire,  Eng.] 

bullknobCbul'nob),  H.  Same  as  bulljub.  [Derby- 
shire, Eng.] 

bull-neck  (bul'nek),  n.  A  thick  neck  like  that 
of  a  bull. 

bull-necked  (bul'uekt),  a.  Having  a  neck  like 
that  of  a  bull. 

bull-net  (biU'net),  H.  A  large  hoop-shaped 
lish-net. 

buUnose  (bul'noz),  n.  An  overgrown  hard  clam 
or  quahaug,  Mcrecnaria,  too  coarse  for  use. 
[Chesapeake  Bay.] 

bullnut  (btil'nut),  n.  A  species  of  hickory,  Ca- 
n/a toincntiisii,  of  the  southern  United  States. 

bullocki  (bid'ok),  H.  [<  ME.  bullol:  <  AS.  biil- 
luca  (rare),  a  bullock,  dim.  of  an  assumed 
'bulla,  which  is  not  found:  see  buW^.  Cf.  Ir. 
boloij,  a  heifer,  a  bidlock.]  1.  Literally,  a 
young  or  small  bull,  but  generally  tised  of  an 
ox  or  castrated  bull ;  a  fidl-grown  steer. 

Take  thy  father's  young  buttock,  even  the  second  bul- 
lock of  seven  years  old.  Jud<;es  \\.  2.S. 

2.  [In  derisive  allusion  to  ?)K»2.]  .\  papal  bull 
or  brief. 

I  send  you  here  a  buttock  which  T  diil  find  ami>nKSt  my 
bulls,  that  you  may  sec  how  closely  in  time  past  the  foreitu 
prelates  did  practise  about  their  prey.      Latimrr,  II.  37s. 

Bullocks'  bides,  the  name  givtu  iu  comiucrce  to  the 
raw  hitlcs  of  cattle. 


717 

buUock-f  (bill'ok),  v.    A  perversion  of  bully^. 

I'm  bullock  ami  domineer  over  me.  Fnotc. 

buUock's-eye  (bui'oks-i),  «.     [Cf.  huWs-ci/c.'] 

1.  A  small  thick  glass  or  skyliglit  in  a  cover- 
ing or  roof.  Also  called  bitlVs-i-ijc. —  2.  The 
houscleek,  Scmjierriruin  tecloruin. 

bullock' S-heart  {bul'oks-hiirt),  «.  The  Ea.st 
Indian  name  for  the  custard-apple,  Anona  n- 
tiriitiilii. 

bullock-shell  (bul'ok-shel),  n.  A  kind  of  small 
thick  pearl-oyster,  of  the  genus  Mclcagrina,  in- 
habiting tropical  America. 

buUoot  (bu-lof),  n.  [Hind,  balliit,  balut  =  Pors. 
ballut,  an  acorn,  an  oak,  <  Ar.  balliit,  an  oak.] 
In  com.,  the  name  given  to  a  kind  of  acorn  used 
in  India  as  a  medicine. 

bullose  (bul'os),  a.     Same  as  bullous. 

bullous  (bul'us),  a.  [<  L.  bulla,  a  bubble,  boss, 
knob  (see  bulla),  ■¥  -««.v.]  Exhibiting  or  of  the 
nature  of  bulla},  blebs,  or  blisters;  bullate; 
bulbous.     See  bulla,  4. 

bullpout  (biil'|)out),  n.  A  siluroid  fish,  espe- 
cially Amiurus  vibulosus,  of  the  eastern  and 
middli^  United  States:  more  widely  known  as 
catfish.  Also  called  horned  pout  and  bullhead, 
Seo  cut  under  7;'<«?. 

bull-pump  (biirpump),  n.  A  single  or  direct- 
acting  pumping-engine  in  which  the  piston- 
rod  is  attached  directly  to  the  jiumping-rod, 
the  weight  of  the  rods  being  the  motive  force 
on  the  down-stroke. 

bull-ring  (bul'ring),  n.  An  arena  or  amphi- 
theater for  ViuU-fights. 

Every  town  in  Spain  of  any  size  has  a  large  tmU-rinrf. 
The  Century,  .X.VVll.  8. 

bull-roarer  (biirr6r''er),  M.  Along,  thin,  nar- 
row piece  of  wood,  attached  at  one  end  to  a 
string,  by  means  ot  which  it  is  whirled  rapidly 
in  the  air,  causing  by  its  revolution  a  deep 
sidlenroar:  a  favorite  toy  with  children.  Also 
called  tundun. 

The  butt-roarer  is  a  toy  familiar  to  most  children.  .  .  . 
The  ancient  Greeks  employed  at  some  of  their  sacred  rites 
a  precisely  similar  toy,  described  by  historians  as  "a  little 
piece  of  wood,  to  which  a  string  was  fastened,  and  in  the 
mysteries  it  is  whirled  round  to  make  a  roaring  noise.  " 
.  .  .  The  butt-roarer  is  t<»  be  found  in  almost  every  country 
in  the  world,  and  among  the  nu)st  primitive  peoples.  .  .  . 
And  as  an  instrument  enipIoye<l  in  religious  rites  or  mys- 
teries, it  is  found  in  New  Mexico,  in  Australia,  in  New  Zea- 
land, and  in  Africa  to  this  day. 

All  the  Year  Round,  June,  1885. 

bull-rope   (bid'rop),   n.      Xaut.,   a  rope   rove 
through  a  iauU's-eye  on  the  forward  shroud  of 
the  lower  rigging,  to  secure  the  upper  yard-arm 
of  a  topgallant-  or  royal-yard  when  sent  down 
from  aloft. 
bull-rusbt,  "•     An  old  spelling  of  bulru.s-h. 
bulls  (biilz),  n.  pi.     [Perhaps  a  use  of  AkHI.] 
A  name  in  Cornwall,  England,  for  the  fish  Scr- 
ranus  ciibrilla. 
bulls-and-COWS  (bulz'and-kouz'),   n.  jil.      An 
English    name    of    the    plant   wake-robin    or 
cuckoo-pint,  Arum  macxdatum,  with  reference 
to  the  purple   and  the   pale  spadices.     Also 
called   lord.'i-and-ladiis,  for  the   same  reason. 
Seo  cuts  under  Aracca'  and  Arum. 
buU-seggl  (biil'seg),  n.     [<  buin  +  scgg,  seg^.] 

A  castrated  bull.  [Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 
bull-segg-  (bvd'seg),  «.  [Said  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  jiool-sedge.}  The  reed-mace,  Tijpha 
latilhlia. 
bull's-eye  (biilz'i),  «.  1.  Xaut.:  (a)  An  oval 
wooden  block  without  a  sheave,  but  with  a 
groove  around  it  for  the  band 
and  a  hole  in  the  center  through 
which  a  small  stay  or  rope  may 
be  rove.  (6)  A  perforated  ball 
on  the  jaw-rope  of  a  gaff. —  2. 
A  small  obscure  cloud,  ruddy  in 
the  middle,  supposed  to  portend 
a  hurricane  or  storm. — 3.  The 
hurricane  or  storm  itself . — 4.  In 
arch.,  any  circular  opening  for 
light  or  air;  a  bullock's-eye. —  5.  In  astron., 
Aldebaran,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the 
eye  of  Taurus,  or  the  Bull.  See  cut  under  Tau- 
rus.— 6.  A  round  piece  of  thick  glass,  convex 
on  one  side,  inserted  in^o  a  deck,  port,  scuttle- 
hatch,  or  skylight-cover  of  a  vessel  for  tlie 
purpose  of  admitting  light. — 7.  A  small  lan- 
tern with  a  convex  lens  placed  in  one  side  to 
concentrate  the  light. 

He  takes  a  lighted  bull's-ci/c  trom  the  constable  on  duty 
there.  Dickenjt,  Bleak  House,  xxii. 

8.  That  part  of  a  sheet  of  crown-glass  which 
has  been  attached  to  the  pontil.  it  is  thicker  than 
the  rest  of  the  sheet,  and  is  not  iucluded  in  the  lights  or 


BuU's-cyc  of  .1  Microscopc- 


Bull's-eye,  defini- 
tion I  (a). 


bully 

panes  t)f  glass  cut  from  it.  linlls-eyes  were  fonnerly  used 
in  lead-sa-sh  windows.    As  the  manufacture  of  erown.gla«8 

has  nnieh  decline<l, 
imitations  of  bull's- 
eyes  are  made  f<)r 
picturesque  elfecta 
in  window-ghazing. 
See  brittion'-,  3. 

9.  A  planocon- 
vex lens  in  a  mi- 
croscope, ■which 
serves  as  an  il- 
luminator to  con- 
centrate rays  of 
light  upon  an 
opaque  micro- 
scopic object. — 

10.  A  small  and 
thick  old-fash- 
ioned    watch. — 

11.  In  archer;/ 
andguuncri/:  (a) 
The  central  or 
iimermost  divi- 
sion of  a  target, 

usually  round  and  of  a  different  color  from  the 
rest.     See  target. 

One  or  two  beings,  who  have  shot  into  the  very  centre 
and  butt's-cyc  of  the  fashion.  TItackeray. 

(ft)  A  shot  that  hits  the  bull's-eye;  the  best 
shot  that  can  be  made. — 12.  A  coarse  sweet- 
meat ;  a  colored  or  striped  ball  of  candy. 

The  black-bearded  sea-kings  round  were  promising  them 
rock  and  butVu-cyca,  if  they  woidd  oidy  sit  .still  like  "  giule 
maids."  Kiiujxtcy,  Two  Yean*  Ago,  .w. 

Even  the  butVit  eyea  and  gingerl)read  for  the  children  are 
not  miperniitted,  if  they  are  honestly  nuide  an<l  warranted 
lH)t  to  be  poisonous.  Froudc,  Sketches,  p.  -233. 

13.  A  local  English  name  of  the  dunlin,  Tringa 
f///>/»rt.  — Buntline  bull's-eye,  a  large  thindfte  used  in 
the  foot-rope  of  a  sail.     Same  as  lizard. 
buU's-feathert  (bulz'fcTH'er),  ;;.     A  horn.-  To 
bestow  the  bull's  feather,  to  make  a  cuckold. 

Three  cr(»oked  horns,  smartly  top-knotted  with  ribands: 
which  being  the  ladies'  wear,  secni  to  intimate  that  they 
may  very  probably  adorn,  as  well  as  beatow,  the  bull's 
feather.  liichardftun,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  V.  295. 

buU's-foot  (biilz'fiit),  H.     Same  as  colt's-foot. 

buH's-moutb  (bidz'mouth),  ».  The  trade-name 
for  a  species  of  helmet-shell.  Cassis  ruta,  from 
which  some  kinds  of  cameos  are  cut. 

bull-snake  (biil'snak),  H.  A  popular  name  in 
the  United  States  for  a  serpent  of  the  genus 
P(<;/oj'7i/.«,  or  pine-snake,  which  sometimes  grows 
to  the  length  of  6  feet,  and  makes  a  loud  hiss- 
ing noise  when  disturbed,  but  is  of  mihi  dis- 
position and  not  poisonous. 

bull's-nose  (bulz'no/,),  n.  In  carp.,  an  obtuse  an- 
gle formed  by  the  junction  of  two  i)lane  surfaces. 

bull-spink  (bul'spingk),  n.  "The  chaffinch. 
[North.  Eng.] 

bull-stag  (bul'stag),  n.    A  castrated  bull. 

bull-stang  (bul'stang),  M.  A  dragonfly.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bull-terrier  (burter'''i-er).  n.  A  cross-breed 
between  the  bulldog  and  the  terrier,  e.vliibit- 
ing  the  courage  and  fierceness  of  the  one  with 
the  acti-vity  of  the  other. 

bull-trout  (bul'trout),  «.  A  name  loosely  ap- 
plied to  certain  varieties  of  different  species  of 
the  genus  tialiiio,  as  of  *'.  salar,  IS.  trutia,  S. 
cambricus. 

bull-voiced  (biil'voist),  a.  Ha-ving  a  loud 
coarse  voice:  as,  "bull-roiccd  St.  Huruge,"  Car- 
lijle,  French  Rev.,  II.  iv.  2. 

bull'Weed  (bVil'wed),  n.  Knapweed,  Ccntaurea 
mijra. 

bull-'whack  (bul'hwak),  n.  A  heavy  whip  used 
in  the  southwestern  LTnited  States.  See  ex- 
tract.    Also  called  bull-whip. 

In  Texas  antl  western  Louisiana  the  biilt-u-hack  is  a  ter- 
rible whip  with  a  long  and  very  heavy  bush  anil  a  short 
handle.  It  is  used  by  drovers  to  intimidate  refraetol-y  ani. 
mals.  The  use  of  this  weapon  was  the  original  application 
..f  l)ulldoze.  .May.  of  Amer.  Ilixt.,  .\III.  98. 

bull-'whack  (bul'hwak),  v.  t.  To  lash  with  a 
bull-whack. 

bull-'whacker(bul'liwak'er),  II.  One  who  drives 
cattle  with  a  buU-whack.  [Southw^estem 
U.  S.] 

buU-'wheel  (bul'hwel),  ».  1.  In  rope-drilling, 
the  wheel  used  for  raising  the  tools. —  2.  In  a 
saw-mill,  a  large  wheel  used  in  drawing  the  logs 
from  the  water  to  the  carriage. 

bull-whip  (biil'liwip),  n.     Same  as  bull-whack. 

bullwort  (bul'werti,  n.  1.  The  bishop's-weed, 
.iinini  majus. —  2.  The  plant  Scrophularia  aqiia- 
tica. 

bully'  (bul'i),  n.  anda.  [A word  separated,  first 
as  a  noun  and  then  as  an  adj.,  from  such  com- 
pounds as  bully-rook  (also  bullij-rock,  etc.),  etc., 


bully 

corrospoiuUiiK  to  LG.  hnllcrjaan  (Jolin),  hxUrr- 
Mk;  huikr-brook,  u  noisy,  blusteriiif; follow,  hnl- 
Irr-Htiijv,  a  noisy  wagon,  hulhr-wiiUr,  I'Dsiriiit;, 
rushinfj  water,  etc.,  D.  huUe-hnk,  a  bujjboar, 
(iidtkr-hd.it  =  Sw.  bulkr-has  =  Uan.  hiihlir-biixtic, 
a  rudii  fellow,  etc.;  the  tirst  element  being  the 
verb  seen  in  Lti.  htdhrn  =  D.  huhhrin  =  Sw. 
huHra  =  Dan.  buUlrc,  etc.,  roar,  make  a  noise: 
sec  buUcr,  buulder.}  I.  h.;  pi.  biillii's  (-i/.).  1. 
A  blustering,  quarrelsome,  overbearing  fellow ; 
a  swaggerer ;  a  s wasbbuckler ;  one  who  hectors, 
browbeats,  or  domineers. 

They  are  siu-li  Wits  jis  thou  iirt ;  who  iii.ike  the  Name  of 
n  AVit  lis  seaiuhih^us  as  that  of  Bulhf:  ami  signify  a  h)ud- 
lauKhiiit,',  talkiiifj;,  incomgil)le  coxeomh,  as  Ihdty — a  roar- 
iiig  haidiiecl  Cowaiil.  Wrjcherley,  I'hiin  Dealer,  v. 

Tliu  blustering  btdhj  in  our  neighbourinf:  streets. 

Prior,  Epilogue  to  Mrs.  Mauley's  Lucius. 

Daily  conflicts  with  prostitutes  and  thieves  called  out 

and  exercised  his  powers  so  etTectually  that  he  [Jeffreys] 

l)ecanie  the  most  consummate  bntli/  ever  known  in  liis 

profession.  Mat-atdai/,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

2t.  A  companion ;  a  high-spirited,  dashing  fel- 
low :  a  familiar  term  of  address. 

I  love  the  lovely  bidly.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1. 

3t.  A  degraded  fellow  vpho  protects  fallen  wo- 
men and  lives  on  their  gains. 

The  lady  was  only  a  woman  of  the  town  and  the  fellow 
lier  liidltf  and  a  sharper.  Gold:tmith,  Vicar. 

4.  A  Cornish  name  of  the  shanny.     Also  bulhj- 
eod. —  5.  In  Tasmania,  a  species   of  blenny, 
Blen itius  tdum <i n ic.us. 
II,  fl.  1.  Blustering;  hectoring;  rutfianly. 
Those  bidbj  Greeks,  who,  as  the  moderns  do, 
Instead  of  paying  chairmen,  run  them  thro'. 

Smft,  City  Shower. 

2.  Brisk;  dashing;  Jovial;  high-spirited. 

Captain,  a<lieu;  adieu,  sweet  ^ji(^/.'/ Captain. 

JiL'au.  and  FL,  Captain,  iv.  2. 

3.  Fine  I  capital;  good:  as,  a  6h//i/ horse,  pic- 
ture, etc.  [Slang.]— Bully  for  you,  well  done: 
bravo!    [Vulgar,  U.  S.] 

IjuUyl  (biil'i),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bullied,  ppr.  bul- 
lying. [<  6((//.vl,  «.]  I.  <ra«s.  1.  Toactthebully 
toward ;  overbear  with  bluster  or  menaces. 

For  the  last  fortnight  there  have  been  prodigious  shoals 
of  volunteers  gone  over  to  bidly  the  French,  upon  hearing 
the  peace  was  just  signing.  Tatler,  No.  20. 

2.  To  make  fearful ;  overawe ;  daunt ;  terror- 
ize.    [Rare.] 

Proverbs  are  excellent  things,  but  we  should  not  let  even 
proverbs  btdly  us.  Lotvell,  Oration,  Harvard,  Nov.  8, 1886. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  browbeat,  hector,  domineer  over. 

ll.  intrans.  To  be  loudly  arrogant  and  over- 
bearing ;  be  noisy  and  quarrelsome. 

So  Britain's  monarch  once  uncover'd  sat, 
While  Bradshaw  bidlied  in  a  broad-brimm'd  hat. 

Bramston. 
=  Syn.  To  bluster,  swagger,  vapor. 

b'uUy^  (bul'i),  n. ;  pi.  bullies  (-iz).  [Origin  ob- 
scure.] In  miniiuj,  a  kind  of  hammer  used  in 
striking  the  drill  or  borer.  In  its  simplest  form 
it  has  a  square  section  at  the  eye  and  an  octag- 
onal face.     [Eng.] 

bully-cod  (biil'i-kod),  )(.  A  Cornish  name  of 
the  shanny.     Also  bulhj. 

bully-head  (bul'i-hed),  n.  A  hammer  used  by 
miners.   WsocaWeAcat's-liead hammer ovslcdr/e. 

bullying  (bul'i-iug),  p-  a.  [Ppr.  of  6«H.(/l,  ?■.] 
Insulting  with  threats;  imperious;  overbear- 
ing; blustering:  as,  a  bullying  maimeT. 

bullyrag,  bullirag  (bul'i-rag),  v.  t.  [Also  writ- 
ten balliii-<ii/,  etc.;  appar.  free  variations  of 
bully-rook,  bully-rod;  used  as  a  verb.]  To  bully ; 
badger;  abuse  or  scold:  as,  "he  bully-ragged 
me,"  Lei-er.     [Provincial  and  low.] 

bully-rook  (biil'i-ruk),  n.  [Also  written  bully- 
roek  (see  bullyrag),  equiv.  to  LG.  buller-bruok, 
buller-bdk,  a  bully:  see  bullyl.  The  second 
element  is  obscure.]  A  hectoring,  boisterous 
fellow;  a  cowardly  braggart;  a  bully.  Also 
written  bully-rock.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

Suck  in  the  .spirit  of  sack,  till  we  be  delphic,  and  pro- 
phesy, my  buUijrmik.  Shirley,  Witty  Fair  One,  iii.  4. 
The  buUy-riiek  of  the  establishment  fan  inn). 

Irving,  Sketeh-Book,  p.  152. 

bully-tree,  bullet-tree  (biil'i-,  biil'et-tre),  n. 
[Also  bullctrie,  bolletrie;  said  to  be  a  coiTuption 
of  balata,  the  native  name.]  A  name  given 
to  several  sapotaeeous  trees  of  the  West  Indies 
and  tropical  America,  -which  fiu'nish  hard  and 
heavy  timber,  and  in  some  species  edible 
fruits.  The  bully-tree  of  Guiana  is  the  Mimumps  r/lo- 
bum,  a  large  tree  which  yields  the  balata-glim,  a  substi- 
tute for  gutta-i)ercha.  The  bully-trees  of  .lamaica  are 
species  of  Lncuma,  L.  wiammosa  and  L.  HiTiZfr/fora,  though 
the  name  is  also  applied  to  the  iiaseberry  or  sapodilla, 
Achrm  Sajuita,  and  species  closely  allied  to  it,  and  to  u 
niyrsinaceous  tree,  Miirsine  Ueta.  The  white  bully-tree  of 
the  West  Indies  is  Uipholis  saltcifolia  ;  the  black  or  red, 
D.  nigra ;  the-niountain,  1>.  montana.  The  bastard  bully- 
tree  is  Bumelia  retma.    Also  written  Vulktrie,  MUtrie. 


718 

The  RTcen-hcart  of  Surinam,  the  bidififrif,  the  American 
oaks,  and  wood  as  hard  as  niandt<TkIak,  are  not  spared 
l.y  the  teredo.  /'/l/^  .SVi.  M(,.,  .Mil.  .',50. 

bulrush  (bul'rush),  H.  [Formerly  sometimes 
written  bull-rush;  <  ME.  bulrysche,  holroysche, 
<  bole,  bole,  stem  of  a  tree  (ct.  bulwark)  (less 
prob.  <  bul,  hoi,  mod.  E.-itiWl,  implying  Marge  '), 
-I-  ry.schc,  etc.,  mod.  E.  ri(.s/(l.]  The  popular 
name  for  large  rusli-like  pla:its  growing  in 
marshes.  It  is  very  indellnitely  used.  Thus,  while 
.Johnson  says  the  bulrush  is  without  knots,  Dryden  ("  Me- 
leagcr  and  Atalanta")  calls  it  "the  knotty  bulrush." 
Some  authors  apply  the  name  to  Typha  tatl,Htlia  and  T. 
«n.'/»^/ //«;/« (cat's-tail  or  reed-mace);  but  it  is" riifjre  gener- 
ally restricted  to  Scirjmji  lacvMrin,  a  tall  rush-like  pljiiit 
from  which  the  bottoms  of  ch.air8,  mats,  etc.,  are  manu- 
factured. (See  .S'c(>?j(/*.)  In  the  United  States  the  name 
is  commonly  given  to  species  of  Jnncna.  The  bulrush  of 
F.gypt  ( Tx.  ii.  ;i)  is  the  papyrus,  C;iprru.\  Pu/jynts. 

bulrushy  (bid '  rush -i),  o.  [<  bulrH.sh  +  -!^1.] 
Abounding  in  bulrushes;  pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling bidrushes. 

bulse  (buls),  n.  [<  Pg.  holsa  =  Sp.  bolsa  =  It. 
borsa  =  F.  bourse,  <  ML.  bursa,  a  purse :  see 
burse,  bourse,  purse.]  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
bag  or  ptirse  to  caiTy  or  measure  valuables ; 
hence,  a  certain  quantity  of  diamonds  or  other 
valuables. 

Presents  of  shawls  and  silks,  .  .  .  bulses  of  diamonds 
and  bags  of  guineas.  Macautay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xviii. 

bultl  (bult),  n.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  var.  of 
bolt^,  q.  v.]  A  local  English  (Yorkshire)  name 
of  the  common  flounder. 

bult^t,  r.  t.  An  obsolete  (Middle  English)  form 
of  boll2, 

bultelt,  ".     Same  as  bouUcl^. 

bultert,  »•     -Au  obsolete  form  of  bolter". 

bulto^W  (bid'to),  n.  [Said  to  be  <  bull^,  imply- 
ing 'large,'  +  tow,  haul.]  A  mode  of  fishing 
for  cod,  by  stringing  a  number  of  hooks  on  one 
line,  practised  on  the  Ne-wfoundland  banks. 

bulty  (bid'ti),  )(.     Same  as  bolti. 

bul-wark  (biil'wark),  Ji.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bulwarke,  bullwarck,  bulwerk;  <  SlE.  bulwerk,  of 
D.  or  Scand.  origin:  MD.  bolwerck,  D.  and 
Flem.  bolwerk  =  MLG.  LG.  bolwerk  =  late  MHG. 
bolcwerc,  bolwerc,  bolwcreh,  bolwerk,  G.  bollwcrk 
(>  Pol.  bolwark  =  Kuss.  bolverkii  =  OF.  bolle- 
wercque,  boulverch,  boulcrcre,  boulevert,  boule- 
rcrd,  boulever,  boulevart,  F.  boulevard,  >  Sp.  Pg. 
baluarte  =  It.  baluarte,  baluardo,  beluardo,  bello- 
ardo,  bellouardo,uov/balnardo  =  Mh.bolerardus, 
bolvetus  =  E.  boulevard,  q.  v.)  =  Sw.  bolrerk, 
OSw.  bolwark  =  Dan.  bulrecrk,  ODan.  bulverk, 
bulwcrck,  bullwerek,  bolrerek,  bulwirkc:  <  MD. 
bol,  the  bole  or  trunk  of  a  tree,  =  MLG.  bole, 
bolle,  bale  —  MHG.  bole,  G.  bohle,  a  thick  plank, 
=  OSw.  bol,  bul,  Sw.  bm  =  ODan.  Dan.  bul, 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  =  Icel.  bolr,  bulr,  >  E.  bole, 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  stem,  log,  4-  MD.  D.,  etc., 
werk  =  E.  tvork.  The  word  is  thus  lit.  'bole- 
work,'  a  construction  of  logs;  cf.  the  equiv. 
MD.  block-wcrck,  lit.  'block-work.'  The  MHG. 
is  explained  as  also  an  engine  for  throwing  mis- 
siles, a  catapult,  as  if  related  to  MHG.  boler,  a 
catapult,  G.  boiler,  a  small  cannon,  <  OHG. 
bolou,  MHG.  bolen,  boln,  roll,  throw,  sling,  = 
MD.  bollen,  roll,  throw,  D.  bollen,  haul,  hale, 
from  the  same  ult.  source  as  bole:  see  bole^-.] 

1 .  Originally,  a  ban'ier  formed  of  logs,  beams, 
boards,  hurdles,  or  other  materials,  for  the  ob- 
struction of  a  passage  or  defense  of  a  place; 
now,  specifically,  in  fort.,  a  rampart;  a  mound 
of  earth  carried  around  a  place,  capable  of  re- 
sisting cannon-shot,  and  formed  with  bastions, 
cm-tains,  etc. ;  a  fortification. 

My  sayde  Lorde  of  Winchester,  .  .  .  to  theententtodis- 
turbe  my  sayd  Lorde  of  Glouceter  goyng  to  the  Kyng,  pur- 
posyng  his  deth,  in  cause  he  had  gone  that  weye,  sette 
men  of  armys  and  arcluers  at  the  end  of  London  liridge 
next  Suthwerke,  and  in  forbarring  of  the  Kyngis  hygh- 
waye,  lete  drawe  the  chiiyne  of  the  stidpis  there,  and  set 
vp  pipes  and  hurdyllis  in  maner  and  fourme  of  bidwerkis. 
and  sette  men  in  chambirs,  seleres  and  wyndowes  with 
bowys  and  arowys,  to  y  entent  of  fyiiall  distruction  of  my 
sayd  Lorde  of  Glouceteres  person. 

Arnold's  Chronicle,  1602  (ed.  1811),  p.  287. 
It  is  the  strongest  towne  of  walles,  towres,  bulwerkc, 
watches,  and  wardes  that  euer  I  sawe  in  all  my  lyfe. 

Syr  H.  fiinflfrnb',  I'yigryniuge,  p.  10. 
Its  once  glim  bidivarka  turned  to  lovers'  walks. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

2.  Xaut.,  a  close  barrier  running  around  a  ship 
or  a  part  of  it,  above  the  level  of  the  deck,  and 
consisting  of  boarding  nailed  on  the  outside 
of  the  stanchions  and  timber-heads. —  3.  That 
which  protects  or  secures  against  external  an- 
noyance or  injury  of  any  kind;  a  screen  or 
shelter;  means  of  protection  and  safety. 

The  royal  navy  of  England  hath  ever  been  its  greatest 
defence  and  ornament,  .  .  .  the  tloating  bulwark  of  our 
island.  Blackstone,  Com.,  I.  418. 


bumble 

Aristiitle  and  Demosthenes  are  in  themselves  butwarkt 
of  power;  many  hr)st3  lie  in  those  two  names. 

De  Quincey,  Style,  iii. 

4t.  /)/.  Pads  or  defenses  to  protect  the  limbs 
against  the  cliafing  of  armor.     Ilriyht.=syn.  1. 

^'■f  /•iitifiraHon. 

bul'wark  (bul'wark),  r.  t.  [=  MD.  bolwercken, 
1).  bolu-erken  =  MLG.  bolwerken ;  from  the 
noun.]  To  fortify  with  a  bulwark  or  rampart; 
secure  by  a  fortification ;  protect. 

Some  proud  city,  bulwark'd  round  and  arni'd 

With  rising  towers.  Glover,  Leonidas,  viii. 

Bulweria  (bid-we'ri-ii),  n.  [NL.,  from  the 
ljro]ier  name  Bulwer.]  A  genus  of  petrels, 
of  the  family  Procellariida;  based  upon  B.  co- 
lumbina,  a  small  whole-colored  fuliginous  spe- 
cies about  10  inches  long,  the  wings  8,  the  tail 
4J  and  cuneate,  with  graduated  reetrices,  in- 
habiting the  Canary  islands,  etc.  The  genus  is 
intermediate  between  (E»trelata  and  the  small  petrels 
known  as  Mother  Carey's  chickens. 

btunl  (bum,  earlier  bom),  v.]  pret.  and  pp. 
buiuiiied,  p]ir.  bumming.  [<  ME.  bummen,  bom- 
men,  bunibcn,  bomben  (see  bomb'^,  a  var.  fonu), 
hum,  buzz,  guzzle  (=  D.  bommcn  =  G.  bummen, 
hum,  buzz;  cf.  Icel.  bumba,  a  drum);  an  imita- 
tive word,  the  earlier  representative  of  boom^: 
see  buom^,  bumble,  bump'^.~\  I.  intrans.  1.  To 
make  a  hollow  noise ;  boom ;  hum ;  buzz.  Ifars- 
ton. —  2.  To  rush  with  a  miu-muring  sound. — 
3t.  To  guzzle ;  drink. 
Ones  at  noon  is  i-noug  that  no  werk  ne  vseth. 
He  abydeth  wel  the  bet  [better[  that  boiniueth  not  to  ofte. 
Piers  Plounnan  (A),  vii.  139. 
And  who-so  bummed  [var.  bommcde]  therof  [of  the  beste 

ale]  bouste  it  ther-after 
A  galoun  for  a  gl-ote.  Piers  Plowmait  (B),  v.  223. 

4.  To  sponge  on  others  for  a  li\-ing;  lead  an 
idle  or  dissolute  life.     [Colloq.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  dun.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2.  To 

spin  (a  top).— 3.   [Cf.buni]:".]  To  strike ;  beat. 

buml  (bum),  H.     [<  6»)«l,  r.]     1.  An  imitative 

word  expressive  of  a  droning  or  humming  sound, 

as  that  made  by  the  bee ;  a  hum.     [Rare.] 

I  ha'  known 
Twenty  such  breaches  pieced  up,  and  made  whole. 
Without  a  bu)n  of  noise.      B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady. 

2t.  A  drink.— 3.  [Cf.  bunA,  v.,  4,  and  bummle, 
n.,  2.]  A  drunken  loafer;  one  who  leads  au 
idle,  dissolute  life ;  a  bummer.  [CoUoq.] — 4. 
A  drunken  spree ;  a  debauch.  [Colloq.  and  \iil- 
gar,  U.  S.]  Hence  —  5.  A  convivial  meeting. 
[Local,  U.  S.] 

bum'-  (bum),  n.  [Contr.  of  bottom.']  The  but- 
tocks ;  the  part  of  the  body  on  which  one  sits. 
.S//«A-. 

bum^  (bimi), )(.  [Short  for  bumbailiff.]  A  bum- 
bailiif ;  the  follower  or  assistant  of  a  bailiff. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

bumastus  (Ini-mas'tus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  pni'fiaaTo^, 
also  jiuluaadur,  a  kind  of  vine  bearing  large 
grapes.]     A  kind  of  \'ine. 

bumbt,  ''•  iiud  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  boom^^. 

bumbailiff  (bum-ba'lif),  H.  [Prop,  a  dial,  or 
colloq.  term,  equiv.  to  bailiff,  with  a  contemp- 
tuous prefix  of  uncertain  origin,  prob.  ft«/«l,  v., 
dun,  bailiffs  being  best  known  and  most  dis- 
liked in  their  office  of  arresting  for  debt  and 
making  executions;  or  perhaps  bum'^,  n.,  as  a 
term  of  contempt  (cf.  bumS).  Some  assume  the 
prefi.\  to  be  bum-,  in  humorous  allusion  to  a 
mode  of  "  attacliing"  the  person  of  a  fleeing  of- 
fender. Blackstone's  suggestion  that  the  term 
is  a  corruption  of  bound-baiUffis  not  supported.] 
An  under-bailiff ;  a  subordinate  civil  officer,  ap- 
pointed to  serve  writs  and  to  make  arrests  and 
executions.     [Vulgar.] 

I  have  a  mortal  antipathy  to  catchpolls,  bumbaili^s,  and 
little  great  men.  Jrviny,  Knickerbocker,  p.  150. 

bumbardt  (bum'bard),  n.  and  !•.     An  obsolete 

form  of  bombard. 
bumbarrel  (bum'biir'el),  »i.     A  name  of  the 

long-tailed  titmouse,  Aeredula  rosea. 
bumljastt  (bum'bast),  «.     An  obsolete  form  of 

bumbazed  (l)um-bazd'),  j^p.  [Cf.  bamboozle.] 
Amazed;  confused;  stupefied.     [Scotch.] 

bumbee  (bum'be).  «.  [<  bum^  -h  bee.]  A  bum- 
blebee.    [Scotch.] 

bumbelo  (bum'lie-lo),  n.     Same  as  bombolo. 

bumble  (bum'bl).  v.  i.;  pret.  and  jip.  bumbled, 
ppr.  bumbling.  [=  E.  dial,  and  Sc.  bnnimle, 
bummel,  <  ME.  bumbleu  (=01).  bommelen  =  LG. 
bummeln),  freq.  of  bummen,  hum:  see  ?)««/!.] 
It.  To  make  a  humming  noise;  boom;  cry  like 
a  bittern. 

As  a  bytoure  bn  mblith  in  the  mire. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  116. 


Dumblebcc  {fn'tnlms  frtntsylvaniCHs), 
natural  size. 


bumble 

2.  To  makp  a  Rjilasli  in  the  sea.     [Shotlan<l.] 
— 3t.  ToKcold.  — 4.  Tostartofffiuickly.  fl'iov. 

En-] 
bumble  (bum'bl),  H.    l<bumblc,v.   Ct.  bummlc.'i 
1.  A  h'lUvrn,  Jloliiunis  stcllai-i.i.    [Local,  EiiR.] 

—  2.  A    bumlilcbcc.      Also  ImnibcH,    biimmlc. 
rScotch.l 

bumblebee  (bum'bl-be),  ».  A  hu-KO  hiiiry  so- 
i-ial  bee  of  the  family  .t/iida;  sulifainily  tiocid- 

liiKi;  aii<l  genus 
IlomlfKs,  species 
of  which  are 
foiiiid  in  most 
purts  of  the 
world.  There  arc 
npwanl  of  (io  species 
in  North  America 
alone.  Like  other 
social  bees,  tliese 
iiave  males,  females, 
and  drones,  and  live 
in  larger  or  smaller 
conminnities  in  underfjround  burrows,  or  beneath  stones, 
soiis,  stumps,  etc. ;  but  they  also  use  the  nests  of  otlier 
animals,  as  mice  or  birds.  .Sec  Ilomhun,  and  cut  under 
llinrifiliiptrrn.  .\Iso  called  humhh'}tc<\  and  dialcctally  6»»(- 
t>r<\  luniif'fr,  hinnhli'i;  h(niit/dt,  :uul  bttmitUf. 

bumbleberry  (bum'bl-ber'i),  «.  [<  bumble  + 
farr.i/i.J  The  blaekbeny:  so  called,  and  also 
biimbhiife  and  hhick-bouncower,  in  allusion  to 
the  effect  of  blackberries  in  producing  wind  in 
tile  stoniiich.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bumbledom  (lium'bl-dum),  ?i.  [From  Mr.  Butn- 
blv,  the  beadle,  in  Dickens's  "  Oliver  Twist."] 
Fussy  official  pomposity:  a  sarcastic  term  ap- 
plied especially  to  members  of  petty  corpora- 
tions, as  vestries  in  England,  and  implying 
pretentious  inefficiency. 

bumblefoot(bum'bl-fu"t), «.  1.  Adiseaseinthe 
feet  of  domestic  fowls,  especially  of  the  heavier 
breeds,  it  consists  in  a  large,  soft  swellins;  of  the  ball 
of  the  foot,  which  is  inclined  to  suppurate,  and  is  usually 
caused  by  jumping  from  too  high  a  perch  to  a  hard  tloor. 
Hence  —  2.  A  club-foot.  [In  this  sense,  bum- 
ble-foot.'] 

She  died  mostly  along  of  Mr.  Malone's  buwhk  foot,  I 
fancy.  Him  and  old  Biddy  were  both  drunk  a-tlghting  on 
the  stairs,  and  she  was  a  step  below  he ;  and  he,  being 
drunk  and  bumble-footed  too,  lost  his  balance,  and  down 
they  come  together.  li,  Kingsley,  Ravenshoe,  .xli. 

bumble-footed (bum'bl-fiif'ed), o.  Club-footed, 
bumblekite  (bum'bl-kit),  n.     [<  bumble  -\-  kite, 

the  belly.]     Tlie  blackberry.    See  bumbleberry. 

[North.  V.nc;.  and  Scotch.] 
bumblepuppist   (bum'bl-ptip"ist),   n.     [<  bum- 

bhpupi>!)  +  -ist.]    In  whist,  one  who  plays  bum- 

blepuppy ;  one  who  imagines  that  he  can  play 

wliist,  and  undertakes  to  do  so. 

The  huinhlepupimt  only  admires  his  own  eccentricities. 
Peinhriihir,  Whist  or  Kuniblepuppy ?  (1883),  p.  2. 

bumblepuppy  (bura'bl-pnp'i),  «.  1.  The  game 
of  nine-holes.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  In  whist,  a 
manner  of  playing  "either  in  utter  ignorance 
of  all  its  known  principles,  or  in  defiauce  of 
them,  or  both"  (rembridge). 

Between  the  worst  whist  and  the  best  hnmbUpup}>ij  it 

is  aluinst  iiiijiossible  tt>  draw  the  line.    Other  elementary 

folios,  protnziiu,  for  instance,  arc  often  so  much  alike  that 

it  is  diitirult  tn  decide  wlietlier  they  are  plants  or  animals. 

I'rmbridiji',  Whist  or  Uumblepuppy?{l&Ni),  p.  1. 

bumbler  (bum'bler),  n.     A  bumblebee. 
bumbler-box  (bum'bler-boks),  n.     A  wooden 

ti>y  used  by  boys  to  hold  bumblebees, 
bumbles ( bum'blz ),  H.j)?.    [E.dial.]    1.  Bushes. 

—  2.  A  kind  of  blinkers.  Htilliwell.   [Prov.  Eng.] 
bumble-staff  (bum'bl-staf),  n.    A  thick  stick. 

[North.  Eng.] 
bumbot  (bum'bo),  n.     A  drink  made  of  rum, 
sugar,  water,  and  nutmeg. 

|He|  returned  to  his  messmates,  who  were  making  merry 
in  the  ward-room,  round  a  talile  well  stored  with  Innttho 
;md  wine.  Smollett,  Roderick  Random,  xxxiv, 

bumboat  (bum'bot),  n.  [=  Dan.  bumhaad,  ap- 
par.  <  D.  "bumboot,  a  very  wide  boat  used  by 
fishers  in  South  Holland  and  Flanders,  also  for 
taking  a  pilot  to  a  ship :  Rodlng,  Marine  Diet." 
(Wedgwood),  prob.  <  D.  bun,  a  cauf  or  recep- 
tacle for  keeping  fish  alive,  OD.  bon,  a  chest, 
bo.\,  cask  (cf.  MD.  bunne,  bonne,  a  hatchway), 
+  boot,  boat.  Or  perhaps  orig.  D.  *boomboot, 
equiv.  to  MD.  D.  boomischip  (=  MLG.  bomsehip, 
IjG.  boonhsehip  =  G.  baiimseJiiff),  a  boat  made 
out  of  a  single  tree,  a  fisherman's  boat,  canoe, 
<  hoom,  a  tree  (=  E.  beam),  +  schip  =  E.  shij) : 
see  beam,  boom~,  and  sliiji.']  A  boat  used  in 
peddling  fresh  vegetables,  fruit,  and  small 
wares  among  the  vessels  lying  in  a  harbor  or 
roadstead. 

The  Captain  again  the  letter  hath  read 
Which  tllc  bum-boat  woman  brought  out  to  Spithead. 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  155. 


719 

Bumboat  Act,  an  Englisb  statute  of  1761  (2  Oeo.  III.,  c. 
■JN)  for  tlic  suppression  of  thieving,  etc.,  tiy  the  proprie- 
tors of  liumboats  and  other  craft  on  the  Thames.  It  re- 
ooircd  tllc  registration  of  such  vessels. 

bumbolo  (bum'bo-lo),  n.     Same  as  bombolo. 

bumby  (buin'bi),'n.  1.  Stagnant  filth.— 2.  A 
<-loset  or  hole  for  lumber.  Ilalliwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.  (Norfolk  and  Suffolk).] 

biun-clock  (Imm'klok),  n.    [E.  dial.,  <  buml  + 

(Vo(7,l,  make  a  noise:   see  eloclc^,  cluek.'i    An 

insect  which  bums  or  hums,  as  a  chafer  or  bee. 

The  butii-clofk  humm'd  with  lazy  drone. 

llurm,  Twa  Dogs,  1.  2;il. 

Bumelia  (bfi-me'liii),  Ji.  [L.,  <  Gr.  ,%v/it:Xia,  a 
larger  kind  of  ash,  <  (iovg,  ox,  in  comp.  imply- 
ing 'large,'-!-  /ic'/.ia,  ash,  ash-tree.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  i>(ij>otace(e.  They 
are  trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  milky  juice,  a  si)iny  stem,  and 
small  white  or  greenish  llowers,  are  natives  of  the  West 
Inilies,  and  are  called  there  bantanl  bullxi-lrec.  The  fruit 
of  /;.  h/rioi<teti  is  said  to  be  usefid  in  diarrhea. 

bumkin  (bum'kin),  «.  [<  MD.  boomken  (=  G. 
buuinchiu),  a  little  tree,  also  jirob.  used  in  the 
sense  of  little  iioom  or  beam;  <  hoom,  a  tree, 
bar,  boom,  -t-  dim.  -ken  :  see  boom"  antl  -kin. 
Cf.  bumpkin'^.]  Xaut.:  {a)  Formerly,  a  short 
boom  ju-ojecting  from  each  side  of  the  bow  of 
a  ship,  to  extend  the  weather-clew  of  the  fore- 
sail. {]>)  A  short  beam  of  wood  or  iron  j)ro- 
.iccting  from  each  quarter  of  a  vessel,  to  which 
the  main-brace  and  maintopsail  brace-blocks 
are  fastened,  (e)  A  small  outrigger  over  the 
stern  of  a  boat,  used  to  extend  the  clew  of  the 
after-sail.    Also  written  boomkin,  bumpkin. 

We  drifted  fairly  into  the  Loriotte,  .  .  .  breaking  off 
her  starboard  bumpkin,  and  one  or  two  stanchions  above 
the  deck.  H.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  .Mast,  p.  12i;. 

bummalo,  bummaloti  (bum'a-!6,  bum-a-16'ti), 

n.  [E.  Iiicl.]  A  small,  glutinous,  transparent 
teleostean  tish,  of  about  the  size  of  a  smelt, 
found  on  all  the  coasts  of  southern  Asia,  which 
when  dried  is  much  used  as  a  relish  by  both 
Europeans  and  Indians,  and  facetiously  called 
Bombeii)  duck.  It  is  tlie  Harpodon  nehercus,  of 
the  family  ficopclidte. 

bummaree  (bum'a-re),  n.  [Said  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  F.  bonne  mnree,  good  fresh  sea-fish: 
bonne,  fem.  of  bon,  good  ^see  bon*) ;  ntaree,  salt- 
water fish,  <  maree,  tide,  <  L.  mare,  F.  iner,  sea, 
=  E.  merfl.]  A  name  given  to  a  class  of  specu- 
lating traders  at  Billingsgate  market,  London, 
who  buj'  large  quantities  of  fish  from  the  sales- 
men and  sell  them  again  to  smaller  dealers. 

bummel  (bima'l),  r.  and  n.     See  bnnimlc. 

bummer  (bum'er),  n.  [<  ft«»il,  r.  /.,  4,  +  -eel. 
Cf.  buni'^,  n.,  3,  and  bummle,  n.,  2.]  1.  An  idle, 
worthless  fellow,  especially  one  who  sponges  on 
others  for  a  living ;  a  dissolute  fellow ;  a  loaf- 
er; a  tramp;  in  United  States  political  slang,  a 
low  politician;  a  heeler;  a  "boy."  —  2.  During 
the  civil  war  in  the  United  States,  a  camp-fol- 
lower or  a  pliuidoring  straggler. 

The  alarming  irruption  at  the  front  of  individuals  of  a 
class  designated  ...  as  bummers. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXni.  459. 

bummeryt,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  bottomry. 

bummle  (bum'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bummled, 
]>pr.  hiimmlinij.  [A  dial,  form  of  bumble.]  1. 
To  bumlile.— 2.  To  blunder.    [North.  Eng.] 

bummle  (bum'l),  «.  [Sc  also  (in  def.  1)  hum- 
mel, hombell  =  E.  bumble:  see  bumble,  n.  Cf. 
hunA,  n.,  3.]  1.  A  bumblebee. — 2.  An  idle 
fellow ;  a  drone. 

bumplf  (bump),  V.  i.  [First  in  early  mod.  E., 
appar.  a  var.  of  bum"^,  bumb,  bomh^;  cf.  the 
freq.  bumble.  Cf.  "VV.  bwmp,  a  hollow  sound,  a 
boom;  hence  iiileryn  y  bwmp,  the  bittern  {ade- 
ryn,  a  bird),  also  called  bwmp  y  r/ors  {cors,  a 
bog,  fen).  Of  imitative  origin:  see  boonA, 
bumX,  homlA,  bomb-,  bumble,  etc.]  To  make  a 
loud,  heavy,  or  hollow  noise,  as  the  bittern; 
boom.     Dryden. 

bumpH  (bmnp),  n.  [<  bump^,  v.]  A  booming, 
hollow  noise. 

The  bitter  with  his  bumpe. 

.Sketton,  I'hyllyp  Sparowe,  1.  4:!.^. 

bump2  (bump),  1'.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ;  prob. 
developed  from  bump^,  which,  as  orig.  imita- 
tive, is  closely  related  to  6«ih1,  boom,  also  strike. 
Cf.  ODan.  bumpe,  strike  with  the  clenched  fist, 
Dan.  humpe,  tlunnp.  Cf .  also  W.  pwmpio,  thunip, 
bang  (pwmp,  around  mass,  a  lump),  =  Ir.  beu- 
miiim,  I  strike,  gash,  cut,  =  Gael,  heum,  strike  ; 
Ir.  Gael,  beum,  a  stroke,  blow,  =  Corn,  bum, 
bom,  a  blow.  Cf.  bump^,  ».,  and  bounce.']  I. 
trans.  1.  To  cause  to  come  in  violent  contact; 
bring  into  concussion ;  knock ;  strike ;  thump : 
as,  to  bumji  one's  head  against  a  wall. 
Bump'd  the  ice  into  three  several  stars. 

Tennyson,  The  Epic. 


bumpkin 

2.  In  English  biHit-racini/,  to  touch  (the  stem 
of  a  boat  ahead)  with  the  bow  of  the  following 
boat.     See  extract. 

Classic  Camus  being  a  very  naiTow  stream,  scarcely 
wider  than  a  canal,  it  is  impossible  for  the  boats  to  race 
side  by  side.  The  following  expedient  has  therefore  been 
adopted:  they  are  drawn  up  in  line,  two  lengths  Itetween 
each,  and  the  contest  consists  in  each  boat  endeavoring 
to  touch  with  its  liuw  the  stern  of  the  one  before  it,  wliich 
operation  is  called  bmnpiiifi:  and  at  tlie  next  race  the 
bumper  takes  the  place  of  the  bumped. 

V.  A.  llrijitt'-d,  Knglisli  I'ldversity,  p.  G6. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  come  forcibly  in  contact 
with. something;  strike  heavily :  as,  the  vessel 
bumped  against  the  wharf. —  2.  To  rido  with- 
out rising  in  the  stiiTujis  on  a  rough -trotting 
horso.  Ilalliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  3.  In  c/«)«., 
to  give  of!  vapor  intermittently  and  w-ith  almost 
explosive  violence,  as  some  heated  solutions. 
The  vajior  collects  in  large  bnbhiesat  the  lnjttoni,  and  tlien 
bursts  through  the  solution  to  the  surface. 
4t.  To  form  bumps  or  protuberances. 

Long  fruite  fastened  together  by  couples,  one  right 
against  another,  with  kernels  bumpimj  out  necre  the 
place  in  which  they  are  combined. 

Oerarde,  Uerball,  p.  1299,  ed.  163S. 

bump-  (bump),  n.  [<  bump"^,  v. ;  the  sense  of 
'a  swelling' is  derived  from  that  of  'a  blow.' 
Cf.  Dan.  bump,  a  thump,  OD;iu.  bump,  a  thick- 
set fellow,  bumpct,  thick,  fat.]  1.  A  shock 
from  a  collision,  such  as  from  the  jolting  of  a 
vehicle. 
Those  thumps  and  bumpg  which  tlesh  is  heir  to. 

Hook,  Gilbert  Gnrney,  I.  v. 

2.  In  EneiUsli  boat-racinr/,  the  striking  of  one 
boat  by  the  prow  of  another  following  her.  See 
bump^,  i\  t.,  2. 

I  can  still  condescend  to  give  our  boat  a  shout  when  it 
makes  a  bump.  Cambridge  .Sketche^i. 

3.  A  swelling  or  protuberance,  especially  one 
caused  by  a  blow. 

A  bump  as  big  a.s  a  young  cockrel's  stone. 

Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  i.  3. 
I  had  rather  she  should  make  bumps  on  my  head,  as  big 
as  my  two  lingers,  thjin  I  would  olfend  her. 

B.  Jon^on,  Poetaster,  ii.  1 

Specifically — 4.  The  popular  designation  of 
the  natural  protuberances  on  the  surface  of 
the  skull  or  cranium,  which  phrenologists  asso- 
ciate with  distinct  qualities,  affections,  propen- 
sities, etc.,  of  the  mind:  used  ironically  for  the 
word  orr/an  employed  by  phrenologists:  as,  the 
blimp  of  veneration,  acquisitiveness,  etc. —  5. 
The  corner  of  the  stock  of  a  gun  at  the  top  of 
the  heel-plate. 

bump3  (bump),  n.  [E.  dial.]  1.  A  material 
used  for  coarse  sheets.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Derby- 
.shire  and  Yorkshire).]  —  2.  In  London,  a  sort 
of  matting  used  for  covering  floors.  A',  and  (,'., 
7th  ser.,  III.  307. 

bumper^  (bum'per),  n.  [<  bump^  +  -ol.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  bumps. —  2.  A  log  of 
wood  placed  over  a  ship's  side  to  keep  off  ice, 
or  anything  similarly  used ;  a  fender. 

bumper'^  (bum'per)  n.  [Perhaps  a  comiption 
of  bumbard,  bombard,  a  drinlaug-vessel  (see 
bombaril,  ».),  associated  with  E.  dial.  bumji.<<y, 
tipsy,  hum,  ME.  hummcn,  guzzle,  drink:  see 
bumi.]  1.  A  cup  or  glass  filled  to  the  brim, 
especially  when  drunk  as  a  toast. 

rill  a  dozen  bum^it^rs  to  a  dozen  beauties,  and  she  that 
floats  atop  is  the  maid  that  has  bewitched  yon. 

Slwriihni,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  3. 
He  froth'd  his  bumpers  to  the  brim. 

Tennyson,  Death  of  the  Old  Year. 

2.  A  crowded  house  at  a  theatrical  benefit,  or 
the  like — Bumper  game,  a  game  in  which  the  scoring 
is  all  on  one  side. 

bumper^  (bum'per),  i\  t.  [<  bumper^,  n.]  To 
fill  to  the  brim.     Burns. 

bumperize  (bum'per-iz),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp. 
hum}ieri:eil,  ppr.  bumpcri:ing.  [<  bumper-  + 
-ize.]     To  drink  bumjiers.     [Rare.] 

Pleased  to  see  him,  we  kept  bumperizing  till  after  roll- 
calling.  GibtHin,  Memoirs,  p.  68. 

bumper-timber  (bum'per-tim'b^r),  II.  In 
some  locomotives,  a  timber  to  which  the  cow- 
catcher or  pilot  is  fastened,  designed  to  receive 
the  shock  or  blow  of  a  collision. 

bumping-post  (bum'ping-post).  n.  A  timber 
feinlcr  or  buffer,  placed  at  t  he  end  of  a  railroad- 
track  to  prevent  the  cars  from  leaving  the  rails. 

bumpkin',  «.     Same  as  bumkin. 

The  tack  of  the  foresail  is  maile  fast  either  to  the  stern 
or  a  small  bumpkin  eight  inches  long. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  630. 

bumpkin^  (bump'kin),  «.  [F¥ob.  a  particular 
use  of  humiikin^  =  bumkin.  a  short  boom.  Cf. 
block'^  and  blockhead,  a  stupid  fellow.]  An  awk- 
ward, clumsy  rustic ;  a  clown  or  country  lout. 


bumpkin 

What  ft  bumpkin  lie  is  for  n  cftptaiii  in  tlic  ftrmyl  old 
Osliorne  tliouKlit.  TlMtkcmu,  Viinitj'  Fair. 

bumpkinly  {biini]>'kin-H),  «.  [<  humpkiti-  + 
-hl'^T]  ()t  or  ixTtuluius;  to  a  bumpkin  or  clown ; 
donnish. 

lie  is  a  simple,  lilumierinp,  and  yet  concciteil  fellow, 

whn  .  .  .  gives  an  air  of  t»»i;*Jti7iii/r(»niance  t^i  all  lie  tells. 

liichanlmn,  Clarissa  llarlowe. 

bumpsy(bump'si),o.  [E,  dial.;  cf.  h«»«l, drink.] 
Tipsy.     fProv.  Eng.] 

bumptious  (bump'shus),  a.  [A  slang  word, 
jirob.  <  bump",  strike  aKiiiiist,  +  -tious.']  Offen- 
sively self-assertive  ;  liable  to  give  or  take  of- 
fense'; disposed  to  quarrel;  domiuoering;  for- 
waid;  pusuing.     Thackcraij. 

bumptiousness  (bump'shus-nes),  n.  [<  iump- 
lidut!  4  -«C6S.]  The  quality  of  being  bump- 
tious. 

Tom,  iiotwithstaiidinj;  liis  bumptio-usness,  felt  friends 
with  him  at  once.    T.  Hughes,  Tom  Hrowii's  Sehool-Days. 
The  peculiar  bumptioumcss  of  his  lU.azlitt's]  incapacity 
makes  it  particularly  olfensive. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  352. 

bumpy  (bum'pi),  a.  [<  bump"^  +  -i/l.]  Having 
or  marked  by  bumps ;  lia\ang  a  surface  marked 
by  bumps  or  protuberances. 

bumroUt,  "•     A  sort  of  bustle.     [Vulgar.] 

I  disba.sed  myself,  from  my  hood  and  my  farthingal,  to 
these  buinrowlis  and  your  whalebone  bodice. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  ii.  1. 

bum-wood  (bum'wud),  H.     Same  as  burn-wood. 

bun',  bunn  (bun),  ".  [<  ME.  bunue,  bonne,  a 
cake,  a  small  loaf.  Origin  obsciu-e  ;  cf.  Ir.  6k«- 
noij,  a  var.  of  bonuach,  an  oaten  cake,  =  Gael. 
boiinach,  >  E.  bduiioclc,  q.  v.  Skeat  refers  to  OF. 
dial,  bugnc,  a  kind  of  fritter  (a  particular  use  of 
OF.  bugnc.  bUjnc,  a  swelling  caused  by  a  blow: 
see ?<«»(■()«),  >dim.  buf/mt,  bignet,  mod.  F.  beiynet, 
a  fritter.]  A  slightly  sweetened  and  flavored 
roll  or  biscuit ;  a  sweet  kind  of  bread  baked  in 

small  cakes,  generally  round Bath  bun,  a  sort 

of  lij;ht  sweet  roll,  generally  containing  currants,  etc., 
named  from  Bath,  England. 

bun-  (bun),  H.  [Appar.  identical  with  E.  dial. 
boon",  <  ME.  boiic,  also  buunc,  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  <  Gael,  bun,  a  stump,  stock, 
root,  a  short,  squat  person  or  animal,  =  Ir. 
bun,  stock,  root,  bottom,  =  Manx  bun,  a  thick 
end,  butt-end,  =  W.  bwn,  a  spear-head.  The 
2d  and  3d  senses  may  be  of  dili.  origin.]  1.  A 
dry  stalk;  the  dry  stalk  of  hemp  stripped  of  its 
rind. —  2.  The  tail  of  a  hare. —  3.  A  rabbit. 
Also  called  bunny.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bun^  (bun),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  flat-bot- 
tomed boat  square  at  both  ends.     [Canadian.] 

bunce  (Imus),  iutcrj.  [Perhaps  a  coiTuption  of 
L.  bonus,  good.]  Extra  profit;  bonus:  used  as 
an  exclamation  by  boys.  The  cry  "Bmice.'" 
when  something  is  found  by  another  gives  the 
right  to  half  of  what  is  discovered. 

bunch^  (bunch),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  some- 
times bouncli ;  <  ME.  buuche,  a  hump,  prob.  < 
Icel.  buuld  =  OSw.  and  Sw.  dial,  bunkc  =  Norw. 
bunke  =  Dan.  bunke,  a  heap,  pile:  see  bunk,  of 
which  bunch  may  be  considered  an  assibilated 
form.  Perhaps  ult.  connected  with  the  verb 
bunch,  strike:  see  bu>ich".'\  1.  A  protuber- 
ance ;  a  hunch ;  a  knob  or  lump.  [Now  rare.] 
Gobba  [It.],  a  bunch,  a  knob  or  crouke  backe,  a  croope. 

Florio  (1698). 

They  will  carry  .  .  .  their  treasures  upon  the  bunches 

of  camels.  Isa.  -xx.v.  6. 

2.  A  cluster,  collection,  or  tuft  of  things  of  the 
same  kind  connected  in  growth  or  joined  to- 
gether mechanically:  as,  a  bunch  of  grapes;  a 
bunch  of  feathers  on  a  hat. 

On  his  arme  a  bounch  of  keyes  he  bore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  30. 

3.  More  generally,  a  cluster  or  aggregate  of 
any  kind:  used  specifically  of  ducks,  in  the 
sense  of  a  small  flock. 

They  are  a  bunch  of  the  most  boisterous  rascals 
Disorder  ever  made. 

Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money,  v.  2. 
After  the  bunch  of  ducks  have  been  shot  at,  .  .  .  they  fly 
a  long  distance  and  do  not  alight  within  sight. 

Spvrtt^man's  Gazetteer,  p.  218. 

4.  In  mining,  a  small  mass  of  ore.  See  bunchy, 
3,  nmipockct. —  5.  iDjkix-manuf.,  three  bundles 
or  180,000  yards  of  linen  yarn. — 6.  A  imit  of 
tale  for  osiers,   reeds,   teazels,  and  the   like, 

with  no  general  or  fixed  sense Bunch  of  fives, 

in  jniffUisin,  the  list  with  the  five  lingers  clent^lutl  for 
striking ;  as,  he  gave  him  his  bunch  of  fives  (that  is,  struck 
liini  witlihis  fist).     [Slang.  1 

buncbl  (bunch),  V.     [<  bunch^,  «.]     I.  intrans. 
To  swell  out  in  a  protuberance ;  be  protuberant 
or  round. 
Bunching  out  into  a  large  round  knob  at  one  end. 

Woodward,  Fossils. 


720 

II.  tran/s.  To  make  a  bunch  or  bunches  of; 
bring  together  into  a  bunch  or  aggregate  ;  con- 
centrate: as,  to  bunch  ballots  for  distribution; 
to  bunch  profits  ;  to  bunch  the  hits  in  a  game  of 
base-ball. 

cloistered  among  cool  and  bunehed  leaves. 

Kentx,  Endymion,  i. 

bunch-t  (bunch),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  bnnchcn,  bonchcn, 
beat,  .strike;  cf.  D.  bonkcn,  beat,  belabor,  Dan, 
banke,  Norw.  bunka,  beat,  Icel.  bunga,  OSw. 
bdnga,  bunga,  strike :  see  ba>ig^  and  bung^. 
See  bunch^,  n.,  and  cf.  bump",  which  includes 
the  meanings  of  bunclt^  and  bunch".  Not  re- 
lated to  jj««t7t  in  this  sense.]    To  beat;  strike. 

Thei  bonchen  theire  brestis  with  fistes. 

Lydfjatc.    (Uallitcell.) 

I  bujiche,  I  hcate,  jc  jionsse.  He  bunctieth  me  and  beateth 
me.  Palsgrave. 

bunch-backedt  (bunch'bakt),  n.  Hunch-back- 
ed :  as,  "foul  bunch-back'd  toad,"  fihak..  Rich. 
III.,  iv.  i. 

bunch-berry  (bunch'ber"i),  ».  1.  A  common 
name  of  tlie  dwarf  cornel,  Cornus  Canadensis, 
on  accormt  of  its  dense  clusters  of  bright-red 
berries. —  2.  The  fruit  of  the  liidms  saxatilis. 
IfalliirrU.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Craven).] 

bunch-flower  (bunch'flou"er),  n.  The  Mclan- 
tltiuni  f'irginicum,  a  liliaceous  plant  of  the 
United  States,  with  grass-like  leaves  and  a  tall 
stem  with  a  broad  panicle  of  small  greenish 
flowers. 

bunch-grass  (buneh'gras),  n.  A  name  given 
to  many  different  gi'asses  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain region  and  westward,  usually  growing  in 
distinct  clumps.  The  more  abundant  are  Poa  tenui- 
folia,  Orgzopsis  cuapidata,  Festuca  scabreUa,  and  species 
of  Stipa  and  Agropynim. 

bunchiness  (bun'chi-nes),  «.  [<  bunchy  + 
-ness.^  The  state  of  being  bunchy,  or  of  grow- 
ing in  bunches. 

bunch-whale  (bunch'hwal),  ».  A  whale  of  the 
genus  Megaptcra  ;  a  humpback  whale. 

bunchy  (bun'chi),  a.  [<  bunch  +  -i/1.]  1.  Hav- 
ing or  lieing  like  a  bunch  or  hrmch;  having 
knobs  or  protuberances:  as,  "an  unshapen 
bunchy  spear,"  Phacr,  .<Eneid,  ix. 

Chiefs  particularly  aJfect  great  length  of  cord,  which 
does  not  iinprove  tlie  wearer's  appearance,  as  it  makes 
the  kilt  too  bunchy.  Pop.  .Sci.  Mo.,  XXX.  206. 

2.  Growing  or  existing  in  bunches ;  having  or 
formed  of  bunches:  as,  "his  bunchy  tail,"  X. 
Grew,  Museum.  Specifically — 3.  In  mining, 
said  of  a  lode  when  the  ore  is  in-egiilarly  dis- 
tributed through  it  in  small  masses  or ' '  pockets." 

bunco,  ".     See  hunko. 

buncombe,  bunkum  (bung'kum),  «.  [<  Bun- 
combe, a  county  of  North  (Carolina :  see  extract 
from  IJartlett,  below.  ]  Empty  talk ;  pointless 
.speechmaking;  balderdash. 

When  a  crittur  talks  for  talk's  sake,  jisttohave  a  speech 
in  the  paper  to  send  to  home,  and  not  for  any  other  airthly 
ptippus  l)ut  electioneering,  our  folks  call  it  bunkum. 

Ualiburton. 
To  talk  for  Buncombe,  to  speak  for  effect  on  persons 
at  a  distance,  without  regard  to  the  audience  present. 

The  origin  of  the  phrase,  "talking  for  Buncombe,"  is 
thus  related  in  Wheeler's  "History  of  North  Carolina": 
"  Several  years  ago,  in  Congress,  the  member  for  this  dis- 
trict arose  to  address  the  House,  without  any  extraordi- 
nary powers,  in  manner  or  matter,  to  interest  the  .audi- 
ence. Many  members  left  the  hall.  Very  naively  he  told 
those  who  remained  that  they  might  go  too;  he  should 
speak  for  some  time,  but  he  was  only  'talkiw/  fur  Bun- 
combe.'" Bartlett. 

bund  (bund),  71.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  written  band 
(pron.  biuid),  repr.  Hind,  band,  a  dam,  dike, 
causeway,  embankment,  a  particular  use  of 
ba7id,  a  band,  bond,  tie,  imprisonment;  in  all 
uses  also  .spelled  bandit,  <  Skt.  ■/  baiidh  =  E. 
bind,  tie.]  In  India  and  the  East  generally,  an 
embankment  forming  a  promenade  and  car- 
riageway along  a  river-front  or  seaside;  an 
esplanade. 

bunderl  (bim'der),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  surf-boat 
in  use  at  Bombay  and  along  the  JIalabar  coast. 
Also  called  bunder-boat. 

bunder^  (bim'der),  «.     [Also -written  bhunder; 

<  Hind,  bandar,  also  bdnar,  a  monkey,  ape, 
baboon.]  The  common  rhesus  or  other  East 
Indian  monkey. 

bunder'^  (bun'd^r),  n.     [E.  Ind.]     A  term  used 

in  the  East  for  a  canard. 
bunder-boat  (bun'dcr-bot),  »,     Same  as  bun- 

der^. 

Bundesrath,  Bundesrat  (bon'des-riit),  n.   [G. ; 

<  bunden,  gen.  of  bund,  a  league  (see  bundle), 
+  rath,  rat,  council,  counsel,  etc.,  OHG.  MH(t. 
rat  (=  AS.  riSd,  ME.  rede,  E.  rede,  read  (obs.), 
council):  see  rcad^,  ».]  1.  The  federal  coun- 
cil of  the  German  empire,  exercising  legislative 


bung 

functions  in  combination  with  the  Reichstag, 
and  consisting  of  HS  members  representing  the 
26  states  of  the  empire.  In  the  Bundesrath  each 
state  votes  as  a  unit,  the  imperial  chancellor  being  presi- 
dent. 

2.  In  Switzerland,  the  federal  council,  exercis- 
ing execntive  and  administrative  functions,  and 
composed  of  7  members. 
bundle  (bun'dl),  «.  [<  ME.  bundcl  (also  dim. 
buudeht),  <  AS.  'byndel (not  found ){=D.  bnndel, 
biiiidel  =  G.  biindel),  a  bundle,  dim.  of  'bund, 
OXorth.  pi.  bunda,  a  bundle  (=  D.  bond,  usu- 
ally rerboud,  a  bond,  covenant,  league,  =  MLG. 
bunt,  a  band,  a  bundle,  =  MHG.  bunt,  G.  btind, 
a  bundle,  truss,  also  a  tie,  bond,  league,  union, 
etc.,  >  Dan.  bundt  =  Sw.  1>utit,  a  bundle),  <  bin- 
dan  (pp.  biinden)  =  G.  hinden,  etc.,  bind:  see 
bind,  and  cf.  io»(?l.]  1.  A  number  of  things 
bound  together;  anything  bound  or  rolled  into 
a  convenient  form  for  conveyance  or  handling; 
a  package;  a  roll:  as,  a  bundle  of  lace  ;  a  bun- 
dle of  hay. 

Every  schoolboy  can  have  recourse  to  the  fable  of  the 
rods,  which,  when  united  in  a  bundle,  no  strength  could 
bend.  Goldsmith,  Essays,  ix. 

The  optic  nerve  is  a  great  bundle  of  telegraph  wires, 
each  carrying  its  own  message  undisturbed  by  the  rest. 
W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  •Hi4. 

Hence — 2.  A  group  or  a  number  of  things  hav- 
ing some  common  characteristic  which  leads  to 
their  being  held  and  transferred  in  the  same 
ownership. — 3.  In  bot.,  a  fascicular  aggrega- 
tion of  one  or  more  elementary  tissues  travers- 
ing other  tissues.  The  bundle  may  be  either  vascular 
(composed  of  vessels  only)  or  tibrovascular  (containing 
Itoth  fibrous  and  vascular  tissues),  and  is  usually  sur- 
rounded by  a  layer  of  parenchyma,  or  soft  cellular  tissue, 
called  the  bundle-sheath. 

"Concentric"  bundles  occur  in  many  vascular  crypto- 
gams. Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  18. 

4.  In  paper-making,  two  reams  of  printing-pa- 
per or  brown  paper :  established  by  a  statute 
of  George  I. —  5.  In  .fpinuing,  twenty  hanks  or 
6,000  yards  of  linen  yarn.  [Bundle  is  also  used  as  a 
unit  of  weight  for  straw,  and  of  tale  for  baiTel-hoops,  but 
without  any  flxed  value.  .\.  bundle  of  bast  ropes  is  ten, 
by  a  statute  of  Charles  II.!  —  Closed  bundle,  in  bot.,  a 
filtrovascular  bundle  which  is  wholly  formed  of  woody 
and  bast  ti.ssue,  without  a  cambinni  layer,  and  is  there- 
fore incapable  of  further  pi'owth.— Collateral  bundle, 
in  bot.,  a  tibrovascular  bundle  consistiTig  "f  a  strand  of 
woody  tissue  and  another  of  bast,  side  by  side.  — Con- 
Centric  bimdle,  in  Imt.,  a  fibrovascular  bundle  in  which 
the  bast  tis^ne  sminunds  the  woody  tissue,  as  is  common 
in  v.Tscnlar  ciMtti'ganis,  or  the  revei-se. 
bundle  (bun'dl),  r.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bundled,  ppr. 
bundling.  [<  bundle,  «.]  I.  tran.^.  1.  To  tie 
or  bind  in  a  bundle  or  roll :  often  followed  by 
up  :  as,  to  bundle  up  clothes. 

Their  trains  bundled  np  into  a  heap  behind,  and  rustling 
at  every  motion.  Goldsmith,  ^'icar,  iv. 

2.  To  place  or  dispose  of  in  a  hurried,  imcere- 
monious  manner. 

They  unmercifully  bundled  me  and  my  gallant  second 
into  «iur  own  hackney-coach. 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  II.  iii. 

To  bundle  off,  to  send  (a  person)  olT  in  a  hurry  ;  get  rid 
of  uncereniiiniously  :  as,  the  children  were  bumiled  off  to 
bed.  —  To  bundle  out,  to  expel  summarily  :  as,  I  bundled 
him  out  of  doors. 

You  ought  to  be  bundled  out  for  not  knowing  how  to 
behave.  Dicken.t. 

II.  iutrans.  1.  To  depart  in  a  hurry  or  un- 
ceremoniously: often  with  off. 
Is  your  ladyship's  honour  bundling  off  then  ? 

Colman  the  Younger,  Poor  Gentleman,  v.  3. 

See  the  savages  bundle  back  into  their  canoes. 

St.  Nicholas,  XI.  377. 

2.  In  New  England  (in  early  times)  and  in 
Wales,  to  sleep  in  the  same  bed  without  un- 
dressing: appUed  to  the  custom  of  men  and 
women,  especially  sweethearts,  thus  sleeping. 
stopping  occasionally  in  the  villages  to  eat  pumpkin 
pies,  dance  at  country  frolics,  and  bundle  with  the  Yankee 
lasses.  Irving,  Knickerltocker,  p.  295. 

bundle-pillar  (bim'dl-pil'ar),  n.  Same  as  clus- 
ti  red  eohiuin  (which  see,  under  column). 

bundle-sheath  (bun'dl-.sheth),  n.  See  bundle, 
n.,  ;i. 

bungl  (bung),  «.  [<  ME.  buuge.  of  uncertain 
origin;  the  W.  birng,  an  orifice,  a  bung  (cf. 
OGael.  buiuc  =  Ir.  huinne.  a  tap.  spigot,  spout), 
prob.  from  E.  Cf.  OD.  bonne.  MD.  bonde  (>  F. 
bonde),  a  bung;  MD.  bommr^,  D.  boiu^.  dim. 
bommel,  a  bung ;  MD.  bommr".  D.  boiu",  a  drum ; 
MD.  bunghe,  bonghe  =  MLG.  bunge,  a  drum 
(MLG.  biingen,  beat  a  drum:  see  bung-).  The 
E.  word  seems  to  have  taken  the  fonn  of  MD. 
bunghe  (with  eqviiv.  bomnie"),  a  tb-um,  with  the 
sense  of  MD.  bonde  (with  equiv.  bonime^),  a 
bung.]  1.  A  large  cork  or  stopper  for  closing 
the  hole  in  the  side  of  a  cask  thi'ough  which  it 


bung 

is  filloil. —  2.  Tlio  lioli'  or  nrilico  in  a  cask 
thi'c)Uf,'li  wliifli  it  is  iilled;  a  l)ung-holo. — 3t. 
A  pickjMickot ;  a  sharper. 

Awuy,  yuu  uut]Jiirao  rusciil  I  y<»u  filthy  InnK],  iiwuy  ! 

Slial^..  •!  lien.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

4.  A  brewer.    [Eng.  slauR.]  —  5.  A  pile  of  so;;- 
pars  or  .setters  in  a  poreolaiii-kiln. 
bung'  (1""ik),  ''•  '•     l^  '"'".'/',  »■]     To  stop  tlie 
oritice  of  with  a  buiig;  close. 
All  entries  to  tlie  soul  are  so  stoppcil  anil  hungrtl  np. 

Ilaiitiwiiil,  Works,  IV.  (570. 

bung-  (Ihiiir),  I',  t.  [Commonly  regarded  as  a 
imrticular  use  of  hitni/^,  v.;  but  cf.  MLd.  buit- 
(jtn  =  MUG.  himncii,  beat  a  drum,  (i.  dial.  hiDi- 
f/cii,  hiiiiiji  II,  strike  {fre(|.  hiiiiiirhi,  beat),  =OS\v. 
biiiijia,  strike:  see  tiuncli'^.  Vi.  Iiitiiijlc,  /i««;/l.] 
To  beat  severely;  exhaust  by  hard  blows  or 
strenuous  effort ;  bruise ;  maul :  used  chiefly  in 
the  jihrase  biiiiiicil  ii)> :  as,  he  was  all  bunded 
up  in  the  tight;  the  day's  work  has  completely 
biiKiit'il  me  nji.     [Slang.] 

bungall  (bun'gal),  n.  [<  Ir.  bunn,  a  coin,  + 
tjaltdii,  foreign,  lOnglish,  <.(jnU,  a  foreigner,  Eng- 
lishman.] A  base  coin  current  in  Ireland  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  At  one  time  it 
passed  for  si.xpence,  at  anotlier  for  twopence, 
and  ultimately  for  a  penny. 

bungalow  (bung'ga-lo),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,<  Hind. 
hdiijilii  (I'ers.  Iiiiiiiilii),  a  thatched  cottage,  a 
bimgalow,  lit.  belonging  to  Bengal,  Bengaleso 


Bungalow  on  Penang  Hills. 

(house),  <  linnija,  Bengal.  Cf.  Bengali.']  In 
India,  a  one-storied  thatched  or  tiled  house, 
usually  surrounded  by  a  veranda;  in  the  East 
generally,  any  one-storied  dwelling  provided 
with  verandas. 

It  [the  road]  lejiils  to  .  .  .  Faatana,  a  regular  square 
Indian  Innciitlnir,  with  thatched  roofs,  verandahs  covered 
with  iTi'i'iKT;^,  \\  iiidows  opening  to  the  ground,  and  steps 
leading  t'l  the  giirdens  on  every  side. 

Ijtuhi  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunheani,  I.  xiv. 

Dak-bungalow,  a  house  for  travelers,  such  as  are  con- 
structed at  intervals  of  from  12  to  15  miles  on  tlie  high- 
rtiads  in  many  parts  of  India  at  the  expense  of  the  aiithor- 
ities.  The  government  charges  each  traveler  one  rupee 
(about  forty  cents)  a  day  for  tlie  use  of  the  bungalow. 
Bungarus  (bung'ga-rus),  «.  [Also  Bonqarus ; 
NL..  from  the  native  name  buiif/iir  or  bimgnr.] 
A  genus  of  venomous  serjients,  of  the  family 
Elapidiv,  natives  of  India,  and  closely  allied  to 
the  Niijii,  though  the  neck  is  not  so  dilatable. 
In  the  HininartiH  /(lAcintii^,  the  rock-serpent,  the  head  is 
Hat  and  short,  the  muzzle  round,  and  the  upper  j.iws  are 
furTiisiieil  with  grooved  fangs.  The  color  is  generally  of  a 
lij;ht  hue,  relieved  by  bands  or  rings  of  jetty  black.     Also 

lii>lh!(li-lt-<. 

bung-drawer  (buug'dra"er),  n.  A  wooden  mal- 
let of  a  jieculiar  form  for  removing  the  bung 
from  a  cask.      [Local,  Eng.] 

bungerlyt,  »■  [A  var.  of  bungJchj,  <  bungle  + 
-/_v'.J     Bungling;  clumsy. 

Oftentimes  the  Tnore  shallow  in  knowledge  the  more 
bitiinerlif  in  wickedness.       Rev.  T.  Aitaiiijif  Works,  II.  43. 

bungersome  (bung'ger-stim),  a.  [A  dial.  var. 
of  biiiuilisiiinf.']    (Jlumsy.    Crnsc.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bung-hole  (Imng'hol),  n.  A  hole  or  orifice  in  a 
cask  through  which  it  is  tilled,closed  by  a  bung. 

bungle  (buug'gl),  V.  J.;  pret.  and  pji.  buiiyird, 
plir.  buiigUng.  [Prob.  equiv.  to  *b(»ifilc  for 
hdiiglf^,  freq.  of  bnng^,  beat ;  cf.  G.  dial,  bioigrin, 
strike,  beat.  fre(|.  of  Iniiigin,  strike ;  Sw.  dial. 
baiKilii,  work  inefFoctually,  freq.  of  banha,  var. 
biiiikii,  bmihi,  strike,  OSw.  bunga,  beat:  see 
biingi,  biiiicli",  biiiig'^,  and  cf.  botclfi,  bimgle, 
which  also  goes  back  to  an  original  sense 
'  Vieat.']  I.  iiilrriiis.  To  work  or  act  in  a  clumsy, 
awkward,  or  blundering  manner. 

Can  you  fail  or  buntjle  in  y<nir  trade? 

Oldham,  Satires  lui  the  Jesuits, 

1  could  rather  see  thestage  lllled  with  agreeable  objects, 
though  they  might  sometimes  bundle  a  little. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  1. 

II.  trnnii.  To  make  or  mend  clumsily ;  botch ; 
manage  awkwardly  or  blunderingly;  perform 
inefficiently. 

llotch  and  bmujle  up  danuiation 
With  patches.  Shak.,  lieu.  V.,  U.  2. 

46 


721 

T  had  seen  something  of  the  world,  and  had  rontrarted 
about  the  average  bad  habits  of  young  men  who  have  the 
sole  care  of  themselves,  and  i-ather  huntilc  the  matter. 

C.  I).  Wnnur,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  81. 

bungle  (bung'gl),  H.  [<  bungle,  J'.]  A  clumsy 
pertormance;  a  piece  of  awkward  work;  a 
botcli.     H'li/. 

bungler  (bung'gler),  II.  One  who  bungles;  a 
clum.sy,  awkward  workman ;  one  who  performs 
without  skill. 

If  to  be  a  dunceora&un.i/^T  in  any  profession  bo  shame- 
ful, how  much  luoreignominions  and  infamous  to  a  scholar 
to  hr  such,  Harrow. 

bunglesome   (bung'gl-smn),   n.     [<   bungle   + 

-siiiiii.']     Bungling;  clumsy, 
bungling  (Imng'gling),  /).  a.     [Ppr.  of  bungle, 

r.J     1.  Prone  to  bungle;   clumsy:    as,   "this 

bungling  wretch,"   Olilhiim. —  2.  Charaeterizod 

by  clumsiuess ;  botched. 

Letters  to  me  are  not  seldom  opened,  and  then  sealed  in 

a  buiKjUiifj  maimer  before  they  come  to  my  hands.  Stei/t. 

=  S5rn.   t'li'rainhi,  trncoiilh,  eti:.     See  rticA-icrtrrf. 

bunglingly  (bung'gling-li).  adv.  In  a  bungling 
iiuinner;  clumsily;  awkwardly. 

bungo  (biuig'go),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  kind 
of  canoe  used  in  Central  and  South  America, 
and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  United  States. 
BnrtU-tt. 

bungo-tree  (bung'go-tre),  n.  [<  bungo,  a  native 
name,  -I-  Ircc.'j  A  leguminous  tree  of  Sierra 
Leone,  DiuiiclUa  thurifcra,  yielding  a  fragrant 
gum. 

bung-starter  (bung'stiir'ter),  n.  A  kind  of  flat 
mallet  for  starting  a  wooden  bung  from  the 
bung-hole. 

bung-stave  (bimg'stav).  n.  The  stave  of  a  bar- 
rel in  which  the  bung-hole  has  been  made. 

Bungtown  copper.    See  copper. 

bung-vent  (bung'vent),  n.  A  valve-stopper 
designed  to  allow  air  to  enter  a  cask  without 
permitting  the  gases  generated  within  it  to  es- 
cape, or  the  reverse. 

bunion,  bunyon  (bim'yon),  «.  [Formerly  also 
bunion,  bniinioii,  buiinian  ;  <  It.  bugnonc,  a  knob, 
a  boil  or  blain,  aug.  of  equiv.  bugno,  prob.  < 
OF.  bugiic,  buigne,  bune,  a  swelling,  F.  bignc,  a 
bump,  knob,  swelling,  perhaps  <  Icel.  bunga,  an 
elevation,  allied  to  bunki,  a  heap:  see  bunch  and 
bunk.']  A  swelling  on  the  foot  caused  by  the 
inflammation  of  a  bursa,  especially  that  over 
the  metatarsophalangeal  .joint  of  the  great  toe. 
It  may  occur,  however,  over  the  corresponding  joint  of 
the  tifth  digit,  or  more  rarely  over  the  scftphoid  bone. 

Bunium  (Im'ni-um),  H.  [NL.  (L.  bunion  — 
PUuy),  <  (Jr.  poi'vtov,  a  plant,  perhaps  the  earth- 
nut;  cf.  /foi'wof,  a  plant  of  the  rape  kind.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Umbclli- 
fcrce,  with  tuberous  roots,  natives  of  Europe  and 
western  Asia.  H.flexuomm,  alsocalled  mrthnul,  hawk- 
itiit,  kippcniut,  and  pi;iu.ut,  is  a  plant  with  a  root  as  large 
as  a  nutmeg,  bard,  tuberous,  au<l  brown.    See  earthnttt. 

bunk  (bungk),  n.  [Of  Scand.  origin,  prob. 
affected  in  sense  by  bank,  dial,  bcuk,  bink,  a 
bench:  <  (1)  Icel.  bunki  =  OSw.  and  Sw.  dial. 
biinke  =  Norw.  bunke  =  Dan.  bunkc,  a  heap,  pile 
(cf.  MLG.  bunk,  a  bono,  esp.  one  of  the  promi- 
nent bones  of  a  large  animal,  =  OFries.  bunke. 
East  Fries,  bunke,  NorthFries.  6kiiA%  abone),  ap- 
par.  the  same  as  (2)  ODan.  bunke,  a  cargo  stowed 
in  the  hold  of  a  ship,  the  hold  itself,  the  bilge, 
the  bottom,  =  OSw.  hunkr,  part  of  a  ship,  prob. 
the  hold;  jirob.  also  the  same  as  (3)  ODan. 
/)ii«Ac  =  Sw.  bunkc  =  Sor\\'.bi(nka,  buuk,  abroad, 
low  milk-pan,  and  (4)  ODan.  bunke,  (he  site  of 
a  building :  these  forms  being  more  or  less  con- 
fused with  (5)  Icel.  bunga,  a  slight  election, 
=  Norw.  bunga,  a  little  heaj),  biimi,  bi/ng,  bunk, 
a  slight  protuberance  or  dent,  buiigult,  bunkull, 
dented,  appar.  connected  (as  bumji-,  a  blow, 
with  buiiqfi,  a  protuberance,  or  as  bunch-  willi 
hunch^)  with  Sw.  bunga,  strike:  see  Aiiiic/i^and 
bung",  an<l  cf.  buncli^,  which  may  be  considered 
an  assibilatod  form  of  fciiiiA".  Cf.  6i(/i-.]  1.  A 
wooden  case  or  compartment  in  a  vessel,  a 
sleeping-car,  etc.,  and  sometimes  in  a  dwelling- 
house,  used  as  a  sleeping-berth. 

I  should  .  .  .  pjxss  over  the  rest  of  his  voyage  by  saying 
that  he  was  conflned  to  his  bunk,  and  saw  no  more  of  it. 
//.  Ixtmisli'ii,  Kavenshoe,  li.    (Daviex.) 

2.  A  piece  of  timber  placed  across  a  sled  to 
sustain  a  heavy  weight.     [U.  S.] 
bunk  (bungk),  r.  i.     [<  bunk,  «.]     To  occupy  a 
bunk;  hence,  to  occupy  a  bed;  sleep:  as,  the 
two  boys  bunked  together. 

We  turned  in  to  bunk  and  mess  with  the  crew  forward. 
/(,  //.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  R~. 

bunker^  (bimg'ktr),  n.  [<  bunk  +  -ci-l.  Cf. 
banker^  in  the  sense  of  'a  bench,  a  seat.']  1. 
A  bench  or  sort  of  chest  that  serves  for  a  seat. 


bnnt 

— 2.  A  sort  of  fixed  chest  or  box;  a  large  bin 
or  recepta<'le:  as,  a  coal-fc«ii<Y'|-  (which  see). 
—  3.  Ill  tlie  game  of  golf,  a  sand-hole  anywhere 
on  the  gi'ounds. 

bunker-  (bung'ker),  «.  [Short  for  mossbunker, 
q.  v.]    A  menhaden. 

bunker-plate  ( tmng'kifr-plat),  n.  An  iron  plate 
covering  a  hole  in  a  ship's  deck  leading  to  the 
coal-liunker. 

bunko,  bunco  (bung'ko),  n.  [Perhaps  a  corrup- 
tion of  It.  banco,  a  bank  or  money-changer's 
stall;  cf.  fcifiiA-,  as  related  to  fciiiiA'.]  A  swindle 
practised  by  two  or  more  confederates  upon  a 
stranger  (generally  by  gaining  his  confidence 
on  the  ground  of  alleged  previous  acquaintance 
with  himself  or  some  of  his  friends),  who  is  al- 
lured to  a  house,  and  there  fleeced  at  some  game, 
ojienly  robbed,  or  otherwise  victimized.  iVlso 
called  huiiko-gamc.     [American  slang  or  cant.] 

bunko  (bimg'ko),  r.  t.     To  victimize,  as  by  a 
bunko-man.     [American  slang  or  cant.] 
A  Keading  banker  buukoril. 

PhiliHlclphia  7'imes (1883),  .No.  2892,  p.  2. 

bunko-game  (bung'ko-gam),  n.   Same  as  bunko. 

bunko-Joint  (l)ung'k()-,ioint),  ii.  A  house  or 
rendezvous  to  which  strangers  are  allured,  and 
in  which  they  are  victimized,  by  bunko-men. 
[American  slang  or  cant.] 

bunko-man  (bung'ko-man),  n.  A  person  who 
practises  the  bunko  swindle.  [American  slang 
or  cant.] 

bunko-steerer  (lnmg'k6-ster''^r),  «.  That  one 
of  the  swindlers  called  bunko-men  who  allures 
or  steers  strangers  to  the  bunko-Joint  or  rendez- 
vous.    [American  slang  or  cant.] 

bunks  (bungks),  H.  The  wild  succory.  [Prov. 
Eng. ) 

bunkum,  h.     See  buncombe. 

bunn,  ".    See  bun^. 

bunnel  (bim'el),  ii.  [E.  dial.  dim.  of  ?ii(ii2,  «.] 
A  dried  hemp-stalk,  used  by  smokers  to  light 
their  pipes,     (iro.se.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bunney,  «.     See  bunin/'-*. 

bunniant,  ».     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bunion. 

bunningS  (bim'iugz),  11.^1?.  [E.  dial.]  In  leail- 
iniiiiiii/,  a  floor  or  staging  of  wood  built  across 
the  lode  over  the  miners'  heads,  and  on  which 
the  refuse  was  thrown,  so  that  the  mine,  origi- 
nally begun  as  an  open  work,  became  covered 
over  for  its  whole  length,  except  under  the 
"stowses"  or  windlasses.  The  same  thing  w.as  re- 
peated lower  down,  the  process  being  a  sort  of  combi- 
nation of  the  c;ist-after.cast  method  .and  of  nnderh.and 
stopiiig.  The  process  is  no  longer  used.    (Derbyshire.  Eng.] 

bunnyl  (bun'i),  n.;  ■pi.  bunnies  (-iz).  [E.  dial.] 
A  gully  formed  by  water  making  its  way  over 
the  edge  of  a  cliff.     [Hampshire,  Eng.] 

bunny"  (bim'i),  n.  [Dim.  of  bun'^,  a  rabbit.] 
A  pet  name  for  a  rabbit. 

bunny-*  (Imu'i),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  bun- 
ncy.  Cf.  bunion.]  A  swelling  from  a  blow;  a 
bump.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bunny't  (bun'i),  n.     Same  as  bonnij^. 

bunnya,  n.     See  bunga. 

bunoaont(bu'no-d<mt),  a.  [<  NLi.  bunodon(t-), 
<  tir.  jjoiidr,  a  liill,  mound,  -I-  oJoif  (orfoiT-)  =  E. 
tooth.]  In  odont.,  having  the  crowns  of  the 
molar  teeth  elevated  into  tubercles ;  having  tu- 
berculate  molars :  in  general,  opposed  to  lo/iho- 
dont ;  specifically,  having  teeth  of  the  pattern 
]ireseiited  by  the  Bunodonta. 

Bunodonta  (bii-no-don'tii),  II.  pil.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  buiiodon  ;  see  bunoitout.]  The  most  prim- 
itive ty])e  of  the  artiodactyls,  continued  to  the 
present  day  by  the  non-ruminant  or  suilline 
quailnipeds  of  the  families  !<uidw  and  llippopo- 
taiuidir,  or  the  swine  and  hippopotamus. 

Bunotheria  (bu-no-the'ri-ji),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Or. 
(joriiir,  a  hill,  mound,  -I-  I'h/piov,  a  wild  beast.] 
A  superordinal  group  of  mammals  proposed  by 
Cope  to  cover  the  whole  of  the  carnivorous  and 
insectivorous  types  of  monodelphous  mammals 
ancestrally  related  to  e-xistent  fonns. 

bunotherian  (bti-no-the'ri-an),  a.  [<  Bunothe- 
ria +  -an.]  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of 
tlie  Buiiothrria.      E.  I),  Cope. 

Bunsen  burner,  cell,  filter-pump.    See  the 

nouns. 

bunsenite  (buu'sen-it),  n.  [After  the  German 
chemist  Kobert  \V.  Bun.icn.]  Native  nickel 
protoxid,  occtu'ring  in  isometric  octahedral  crys- 
tals of  a  green  color.  The  name  was  also  given 
to  the  gold  tellurid  krennerite. 

buntl  (bunt),  V.  I.  [<  ME.  bunten ;  of  uncertain 
origin;  cf.  Bret,  bounta,  bunta,  push,  shove; 
cf.  also  E.  punt",  pu.sh,  and  butt^.]  1.  To  push 
with  the  horns  or  heail,  as  a  goat  or  a  caU. — 
2.  To  spring;  rear.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


bunt 

buntl  (bunt),  ».  [<  bioili,  r.  i.]  A  push  with 
tho  lu-iul,  or  tho  hpiifl  nnil  luirus. 

bunt-  (bunt),  )i.  [<  Into  M  H.  hiuil :  of  uncertain 
origin.  It  ugrops  in  form  with  Diui.  huiidt  = 
Sw.  hiDit,  a  bundle  (see  bundh),  in  souse  witli 
Dan.  hiiq,  Sw.  huV,  a  belly  (cf.  Dan.  Iniff  ptia 
ft  scjl,  Sw.  hiikpd  cti  sc(iil,  the  buul  (lit.  belly) 
of  a  sail :  see  houk^);  or  with  Dan.  hut/t  =  Sw. 
Iii((it.  a  bend,  >  E.  bout,  a  bend,  turn,  etc.:  see 
/»)i(/l.  liDKiihll,  and  bicilit.]  The  middle  part  of 
a  square  sail;  also,  the  middle,  baggy  part  of 
a  net,  etc. 

In  ftirlinK.  the  stronRcst  ami  most  experienced  stand  in 
the  sliuRS  (iir  middle  i>f  tlie  yard)  to  make  up  the  btnit. 

It.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Bef.>ri-  tlio  Mast,  p.  26. 

bunt-  (bunt),  r.  i.    [<  hiinfi,  «.]    To  swell  out; 

boUy,  as  a  sail. 
bunt^  (bunt),  V.  t.    [<  ME.  *bunten,  bonten,  sift, 

perhaps  a  var.  of  bultcii,  sift,  bolt:  see  bolt^.^ 

To  sift.     [Prov.  Eug.] 
bunt*  (bunt),  «.    [Perhaps  a  dial,  form  of  burnt, 

as  used  in  comp.  bunt-car  for  biinit-car,  etc.] 

1.  A  smut  which  infests  and  destroys  the  ker- 
nels of  wheat ;  an  ustilagineous  fungus,  Til- 
Ictki  curies,  which  causes  serious  damage  in 
Europe,  and  is  becoming  troublesome  in  Amer- 
ica. The  common  smut  of  wheat  and  oats  in  the  United 
States  is  U»tila(]o  carbo,  and  is  not  called  bunt.  Also 
called  btadder-brarul. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  puifball, 
Liifitpcyditn, 

buntbok  (bunt'bok),  n.    Same  as  bontebok. 

bunt-ear  (bunt'er),  n.  [See  bunt-^.l  A  name  for 
the  smut  of  wheat,  oats,  etc.,  Vstihii/o  svyrtuiu. 

bunted  (bun'ted),  n.  [<?)«»/*  +  -(■(?-.]  Affect- 
ed with  bunt ;  containing  the  parasitic  fungus 
which  causes  bunt. 

I'.xtcnially  the  bunted  firain  is  plumper.  Cooke. 

bunter  (bim'ter),  «.  [E.  dial.]  A  woman  who 
picks  up  rags  in  the  streets ;  hence,  a  low,  vul- 
gar woman.     [Prov.  Eng.  or  slang.] 

Her  two  marriageable  daughtei-s,  like  buntcr.<!  in  stuff 
gowns,  are  now  taking  sLxpenny  worth  of  tea  at  the  White 
Conduit  House.  Goldttmith,  Essays,  xv. 

bunter-sandstein  (biin'ter-sand'stin),  n.  [G. 
bunter  mintliitein,  lit.  variegated  sandstone: 
hunt,  spotted,  %-ariegated  (see  buntinej'^);  .•sand- 
stein  =  E.  sandstone.'}  A  German  name  for  the 
New  Red  Sandstone.     See  sandstone. 

bunt-gasket  (buiit'gas"ket),  n.  The  gasket 
which  coulines  the  bunt  of  a  square  sail  when 
furled.     Formerly  called  breast-gasket. 

bunting^  (bun'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bunt^,  t'.] 
1.  The  act  of  pushing,  as  with  the  horns  or 
head;  butting. —  2.  A  game  among  boys,  play- 
ed with  sticks  and  a  small  piece  of  wood  cut 
lengthwise.  HaUiwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  3.  A 
large  piece  of  timber;  a  hea-s'y  support  for 
nnichinery  or  other  structures. 

bunting-  (bun'ting),  n.  [Verbal n.  of  bimt^,  v.} 
The  act  of  swelling  out,  as  a  sail. 

bunting^  (bun'ting),  n. 
Sifting. 

bunting-'  (bun'ting),  w. 
tijii;/  (also  buntijle  for  *buntel,  of  which  Sc. 
buntlin  is  a  dim.  form);  ef.  NL.  (ML.?)  "6«k- 
tihfia,  [G.]  gersthammer,"  i.  e.,  yellowhammer 
(Henisch,  ThesaiU'us,  Augsburg,  1616),  from  E., 
or  else  from  an  imi'ecorded  G.  or  LG.  cognate; 
appar.  named,  with  ref.  to  its  spotted  or  speck- 
led ])liunage,  <  *bunt,  not  recorded  in  ME.  (< 
Mhii. buntjbont, 
LG.  bunt  =  MD. 
D.  bont  =  MHG. 
G.  bunt),  spot- 
ted, speckled, 
variegated,  pied 
(perhaps  <  L. 
jiunclus,  ML. 
also  ])untus, 
pierced,  pricked 
(dotted),  i>p. 
of  punyerc, 

pierce,  prick : 
see  point,  punc- 
tuate), +  -imfi. 
Cf.  buntinij- 

crow,  G.  bunt- 
drossel,  etc.}  1. 
The  popular 
name  of  a  num- 
ber of  coniros- 
tral  oseine  pas- 
serine birds  of 
tho  genus  Em- 
beriza  and  fam- 
ily    Fringillid<e.  Com-buntuiK  ,Ji,„l,rri.a  m,/mr,a). 


[Verbal  n.  of  bunt^,  v.~\ 
[<  ME.  buntynge,  hnun- 


722 

One  of  the  commonest  in  Europe  is  E.  viitutrin,  the  corn- 
liuiiting  or  hunting-lark.  The  yellow  hunting  or  yellow- 
liauitiiLT  is  A',  vilrinit/a  ;  the  cirl  liuiiting,  K.  rirlun  ;  tin; 
iirI"l;iM  bunting,  /'.'.  Imrtulana  ;  the  lilack-lieaded  l)Unting, 
/;,  si-hiinii-liiM.  etc.  'Ilu'se  ru'c  all  the  I-^uro])ean  species  to 
w  bii-h  the  name  properly  pertains.  There  are  many  others, 
all  belonging  to  the  old  world. 

2.  By  extension,  a  name  given  indefinitely  and 
indiscriminately  to  a  great  number  of  emberi- 
zine  and  fringilline  birds  of  all  countries,  and 
also  to  some  birds  not  of  the  family  Fringillidw. 
Examples  are  the  lark-bunting,  of  the  genus  Plerlmphatien ; 
ttie  snow-hunting,  /*.  niratiit;  the  small  American  spar- 
rows of  the  gemis  .'^pizdla  ;  the  American  black-throaterl 
hunting,  Spiza  americana;  the  cow -hunting,  MolntliruK 
peconn ;  the  rice-bunting,  Dolichonyx  orpzimruft. — Bay- 
Winged  bunting,  see/.fiy  "•'";/''''  —Clay-colored  bunt- 
ing, of  North  .America,  the  SinZ'Ua  pnWda,  a  small  bird 
clnsely  resend)liiig  the  chipping-sparrow. 

bunting^  (bun'ting),  «.  [Also  buntine.  Origin 
uncertain ;  perhaps  orig.  meaning  bunting-  or 
bolting-cloth:  see  bunting^.  There  is  no  evi- 
dence to  connect  the  word  with  G.  bunt,  varie- 
gated.] 1.  A  light  woolen  stuff  very  loosely 
woven.  It  is  the  material  out  of  which  flags  of  .ill  kinds 
are  usually  made.  A  variety  of  bunting  is  also  in  use  for 
women's  dresses  ;  it  is  warm,  ancl  drapes  well. 
2.  Flags,  especially  a  vessel's  flags,  collectively. 

bunting-crow  (bun'ting-kro),  /(.  [Appar.  < 
bunting^  -\-  crow^,  but  said  to  be  a  modifiea- 
tion  of  D.  bontc  kraai :  bont,  spotted  (see  bunt- 
ing'^); kraai  =  E.  c>-oi(^2.]  The  hooded  crow, 
Corvus  comix. 

bunting-finch  (bun 'ting-finch),  n.  A  loose 
book-name  of  numerous  American  fringilline 
l)irds  of  tlie  genera  FasscrcUa,  I'asscrculus,  Zo- 
)i<itrivlii(i,  Spi-rlla,  etc. 

bunting-iron  (bun'ting-i"em),  ».  A  glass-blow- 
ers' tube. 

bunting-lark  (bun'ting-lark),  H.  The  common 
bimting,  Emberi:ei  miliaria. 

bunt-jigger  (bimt'jig"er),  n.  Xaut.,  a  small 
purchase  used  to  rouse  up  the  bunt  of  a  sail  in 
furling.     Also  called  bunt-whip. 

buntlint,  «.     Same  as  bunting^. 

But  we'll  shoot  the  laverock  in  the  lift. 
The  buntlin  on  the  tree. 

Hijiule  Etin,  in  Child's  Ballads,  I.  297. 

buntline(bunt'lin),)i.  [(.bunf^ -\- line'^.']  Xaut., 
one  of  the  ropes  attached  to  the  foot-ropes  of 
square  sails  and  led  up  to  the  masthead,  and 
thence  on  deck,  to  assist  in  hauling  up  the 
sail  —  Buntline  bull's-eye.    See  Imll's-eye. 

buntline-clotll  (bimt'liu-kloth),  n.  Naut.,  the 
lining  se'n'ed  up  a  sail  in  the  direction  of  the 
bimtline  to  prevent  it  from  being  chafed. 

buntons  (bun'tonz),  n.  pi.  [Origin  unknown.] 
In  mining,  timbers  or  scantling  put  across  a 
shaft  to  divide  it  into  compartments.  The  in- 
terior faces  of  the  buntons  and  sets  carry  the  guides  which 
conduct  the  cages,  and  on  them  are  also  nailed  the  boards 
forming  the  sheathing  of  the  brattice,  in  case  an  air-tight 
compartment  is  required.    Also  called  bynts  and  dividers. 

bunt-'Whip  (bunt'hwdp),  n.    Same  as  bunt-jigger. 

bunty  (bun'ti),  a.  [<  bunt*  +  -,1/1.]  Infected 
with  smut :  applied  to  wheat  and  other  gi-ain. 

b'untylet,  ".     See  bunting'^. 

b'unya  (bun'ya),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  buunija, 
banya,  and  banyan,  <  Hind,  banyd,  Beng.  bdnyd, 
bdniyd:  see  banian'^,  banyan'^.']  In  India,  espe- 
cially in  Bengal,  a  grain-dealer. 

The  grain-dealer's  shop  tempts  them  to  loiter,  hut  the 
e-\perience  of  previous  attempts  makes  theft  hopeless ; 
for  the  bunrnja,  with  all  his  years,  is  very  nindde  on  his 
legs,  and  an  astonishing  good  shot  with  a  pijikin. 

P.  Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  125. 

bunya-bunya  (bun'ya-bun"ya),  )(.  The  native 
Australian  name  of  the  Araucaria  Jiidwilli,  a 
very  large  tree,  the  wood  of  which  is  strong, 
durable,  and  sometimes  beautifully  marked. 
The  seeds  are  a  favorite  article  of  food  ■with 
the  natives. 

The  nut  of  the  bunya-bicnya,  so  prized  by  the  blacks,  is 
reserved  over  a  district  30  niiles  by  12. 

Etieyc.  Brit.,  XX.  174. 

bunyon,  n-    See  bunion. 

buoy  (boi  or  boi),  n.  [First  in  early  mod  E.,  < 
IID.  boeye,  D.  boci  (pron.  bo'i)  =  Fries,  bui  = 
MLG.  boie,  LG.  boje  (>  G.  bojc)  =  Dan.  b(>ie  = 
Sw.  boj  =  Pr.  boie,  <  OF.  boye  (mod.  F.,  with 
added  suiiix,  bouee)  =  Sp.  boya  =  Pg.  boiti,  a 
buoy :  a  particular  use  of  MD.  boeye.  D.  boei  = 
.MLG.  boie  =  MHG.  boije,  boie,  beic  =  Dan.  Inye 
=  Sw.  boja  =  E.  obs.  boye,  <  OF.  *boye,  Jiuie  =  Pr. 
Iioiu  =  Olt.  boja,  a  fetter,  a  clog,  <  L.  boia,  in  pi. 
hoia;  a  collar  for  the  neck,  orig.  of  leather,  < 
Gr.  /Wefof,  /Wfof,  of  ox-hide,  <  jhvc  =  L.  lios,  ox, 
=  E.  eow'^ :  see  coh-i.  A  buoy  is  a  floating  object 
■  fettered'  at  a  fixed  point.]  1.  A  float  fixed  at 
ii  certain  place  to  show  the  position  of  objects 
beneath  the  water,  as  shoals,  rocks,  etc.,  to  nuirk 
out  a  channel,  and  the  like.    Buoys  lue  of  various 


buoyancy 

fihnpes  and  kinds,  according  to  the  purposes  they  are  in- 
tcndetl  t^p  serve  :  as,  can-hu<ni>t,  made  of  sheet-iron  in  the 
form  of  the  frustum  of  a  c<uie ;  upar-hunyn,  made  of  a  spar, 
which  is  anchored  by  one  end  ;  lietl-fmoi/n,  surmounted  by  a 
bell,  whicii  is  made  to  sound  by  the  .action  of  the  waves  • 


I.  W'histling-buoy.     2.  2.  Can-buoys.    3.  Spar-huoy.     4.  t'nitcd 
States  Life-buoy. 

whigtling-buoyii,  fitted  with  an  apparatus  by  which  air  com- 
pressed by  the  movement  of  the  waves  is  made  to  escape 
through  a  whistle,  and  thus  indii  ate  the  situation  of  the 
buoy,  etc.  In  the  waters  nf  the  rnited  states  the  following 
system  of  placing  buoys  as  aids  to  iiavigatitui  is  prescribed 
by  law  :  Red  buoys  mark  the  starboard  or  right  hand  side 
of  the  channel  coming  from  seaward,  and  bla<  k  the  jpurt 
or  left-hand  side;  mid-channel  dangers  ami  obstructions 
are  marked  with  buoys  having  black  and  red  transverse 
stripes,  and  mid-chatmel  buoys  marking  the  fairway  have 
longitudinal  black  and  white  stripes;  bttoysmarkitig  sunk- 
en wrecks  are  painted  green.  The  starboard  and  p,,i-t 
buo.vs  are  numbered  from  the  seaward  end  of  the  chantiel, 
the  black  bearing  the  odd  and  the  red  the  even  ntimbcrs. 
2.  A  buoyant  object  designed  to  be  thrown 
from  a  vessel  to  assist  a  person  who  has  fallen 
into  the  water  to  keep  himself  afloat ;  a  life- 
buoy. The  life-buoy  now  in  common  tise  in  the  United 
States  navy  consists  of  two  hollow  copper  vessels,  con- 
nected by  a  framework  and  having  Iietween  them  an  up- 
right pole,  weighted  at  the  bottom  atid  sttrmntinted  by  a 
brass  bo.\  containing  a  port-tire.  This  machine  is  hung 
over  the  st«rn  of  the  vessel,  and  cati  be  dropped  by  means 
of  a  trigger.  At  night  the  btirning  of  the  port-fire  serves 
to  point  out  its  position.  See  also  cut  under  breeehes- 
buoi/.—To  Weed  a  buoy.  See  bleed.— To  stream  a 
buoy,  to  let  it  drop  from  the  vessel  into  the  water  before 
the  anchor  is  dropped. 
buoy  (boi  or  boi),  t'.  [_<.  buoy,  n.~i  I.  trans.  1. 
To  support  by  a  buoy  or  as  by  a  buoy ;  keep 
afloat  in  a  fluid ;  bear  up  or  keep  from  sinking 
in  a  fluid,  as  in  water  or  air :  generally  with  njj. 

There  was  heat  enough  in  the  air  to  buoy  it  [water  in 
the  state  of  vapor]  up.  Woodward,  Nat.  Hist. 

Slany  a  flowing  range 
Of  vapour  buoy'd  the  crescent  bark. 

Tennyson,  Day-Dream,  The  Departure. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  support  or  sustain  in  any 
sense;  especially,  to  sustain  mentally;  keep 
fi'om  falling  into  despondency  or  discourage- 
ment :  generally  with  up. 

Your  good  name's  perish'd ; 
Not  all  the  world  can  buoy  your  reputation. 

Fletcher  and  Rouley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  iii.  3. 
The  recollection  of  the  applause  with  wliich  he  had  been 
greeted  stili  buoyed  ttp  his  spirits. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 
It  is  the  poem  that  keeps  the  language  alive,  and  not 
the  language  that  buoys  up  the  poetn. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  125. 

3.  To  fix  buoys  in  as  a  direction  to  mariners: 
as,  to  buoy  or  to  buoy  off  a  channel. 

The  channels  [of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata]  are  badly  buoyed, 
and  there  are  shoals  and  wrecks  on  all  sides. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Suube.am,  I.  v. 
To  buoy  a  cable.    See  cable. 

II.  intrans.  To  float;  rise  by  reason  of  light- 
ness.    [Rare.] 

Rising  merit  will  buoy  up  at  last. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  401. 

buoyage  (boi'-  or  boi'aj),  n.      [<  buoy  +  -age.'] 

1.  A  series  of  buoys  or  floating  beacons,  for 
the  guidance  of  vessels  into  or  out  of  port,  etc. 
— 2.  The  providing  of  buoys. 

buoyance  (boi'-  or  boi'ans).  n.     Same  as  buoy- 

aiici/.    (Quarterly  Jief.     [Kare.] 
buoyancy  (boi'-  or  boi'an-si),  n.     [<  buoyant  : 
see  -ance,  -ancy.]       1.    "The   quality  of  being 
buoyant,  that  is,  of  floating  in  or  on  the  surface 
of  water  or  other  fluids ;  relative  lightness. 

It  seemed  miraculotts  that  she  [the  ship]  regained  her 
balance,  or  preserved  her  buot/ancu. 

'  Iri'in^r,  Sketch-Book,  p.  22. 

2.  The  power  of  suppoi'ting  a  body  so  that  it 
floats:  said  of  a  fluid;  specifically,  the  ujiward 
pressure  exerted  upon  a  body  Ijy  the  fluid  in 
which  it  is  immersed.  This  pressure  is  ecjual  to  the 
weight  of  the  fluid  which  the  body  displaces.  If  the  weight 
of  the  body  is  just  equal  to  this  upwartl  pressure,  it  will 
float,  as  a  balloon  in  the  air  or  a  ship  in  the  water;  if 
greater,  it  will  sink. 


The  rope  whicli  fas- 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  (iov(payo^, 


buoyancy 

On  arriviiiE  iit  tlip  Demi  Siu  I  fnrtlnvitli  proccerled  to 
batho  ill  it,  in  cnlt-r  to  in-civr  tin-  celcbriitiMl  fniniianri/  of 
the  wiitiT.  A".  Ctirznit,  Moiiast.  in  tlie  Levant,  p.  17!>. 

3.  Fifjiinitivoly,  light-lieartednoss ;  choerf ill- 
ness; hojief uliiess ;  elasticity  of  spirit. 

The  Sijanlanls  arc  reraarkalile  for  an  inertness,  a  want 
of  buat/anfn,  and  an  alisenee  of  liope,  wliieh  .  .  .  isolate 
them  from  tile  rest  of  the  civilized  world. 

Itucktf,  Civilization,  II.  i. 

buoyant  dmi'-  <ir  boi'ant),  (I.  [<  liKOi/,  v.,  + 
-diilK]  1.  }laviiif,'tlie  iiualityiii'risingorfloat- 
ing  iu  a  lluid ;  lloatiiig;  relatively  liglit;  tliiit 
will  not  sink. — 2.  Bcariug  up,  as  a  lluiil;  siis- 
taiiiiug  another  body  by  reason  of  greater  spe- 
cific gravity. 

The  water  under  me  was  buoitnnt. 

Dn/ilen,  Ded.  of  Klconora. 

3.  Figuratively,  cheerful ;  hopeful ;  not  easily 
depressed. 

His  was  not  the  buoyant  temper,  the  flow  of  animal 
spirits,  which  carries  a  man  over  every  obstacle.    Prescott. 

His  I  Laiidor's]  iiatni-e  was  so  hiwtfant.  that,  like  the  Faun, 
he  forgot  both  pain  and  pleasure.' 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  JiS. 

4.  Causing  buoyancy  of  mind;  cheering;  in- 
vigorating. 

The  grass  is  cool,  the  sea-side  air 
Buui/ant  and  fresh. 

M.  ArnoliJ,  Empedocles  on  Etna. 

buoyantly  (boi'-  or  boi'ant-li),  ado.  In  a  buoy- 
ant manner. 

buoyantness  (boi'-  or  boi'ant-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  Ix'ing  buoyant;  buoyancy. 

buoy-rope  (boi'iop),  »." 

tens  a  buoj'  to  an  anchor 

Buphaga  (bu'fa-ga),  «. 
ox-oating,</Joi'f, 
ox,  +  <(ia}  eh>, 
eat.]  In  oniitli., 
the  typical  and 
only  genus  of 
the  family  />«- 
phagidw.  There 
are     two      species.  ^y 

li.     nfrffann      and 
/!.    rnilln;,hii,„-hii. 

l..i(h    Alli.'.LM. 

Buphagidae  (im- 

fai'i-ile),  II.  III. 
[NL.,  <  liiiiiha- 
<jn  +  -(>/«'.]  A 
family  of  Afri- 
can sturuoid 
passerine  birds, 
the  oxpeckers, 
beef-eatin's,  or 
piiiue-bci'ufs:  so 
called  because 
they  alight  up- 
on the  backs  of 
cattle  to  eat  the  parasites  which  infest  the 
hides  of  these  animals.  The  family  is  not  well 
marked,  and  is  often  referred  to  the  Sturnida'. 

Buphaginae  (bu-fa-ji'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  liu- 
plKKjii  +  -iH(F.]  The  ox-peckers,  considered  as 
a  subfamily  of  Stuniida;. 

buphaglne  (bii'fa-jin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
llir  Hiiiiliiuiiiiic  or  Biiphagida'. 

BuphagUS  (bu'fa-gus),  »(.  [NL.:  seeiJfyj/ifu/".] 
1.  A  genus  of  Liirida;  the  skua-gulls:  sjTiony- 
moiis  with  stirciirariits.  Mochriiiff;  Coiic.s. —  2. 
Same  as  liiqikaga. 

buphthalmos  (buf-thal'mos),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/ioi'f,  ox,  +  o<ptia'A/j6c,  eye.  Cf.  Gr.  (iouTig,  ox- 
eyed.]  A  disease  of  the  eye,  characterized  by  a 
uniform  spherical  bulging  of  the  cornea,  wliicli 
may  be  so  great  as  to  prevent  the  easy  closing 
of  the  eyelids  and  give  the  eye  a  staring  look. 
Also  called  ccratogMnis,  hi/drojdithdlmia  ante- 
rior, and  hi/drop.^-  of  the  aiilirior  cliniiibcr. 

buphtbalmuni,  buphthalmus  (bfif-tlmrmimi, 

-mus),  )(.  [<  L.  liiiiililliiihiKis,  <  Gr.  jhi'ijiHa'//iin', 
oxeye,  <  ihii;,  ox,  +  bijiUa'/./ws,  eye.]  The  oxeyc 
or  mayweed. 

Buppo (bup'po),  H.  [Jap.,  also  BtikMo,  eontr.  of 
Chino-Jap.  Biit-iii,  Buddha,  +  hfi,  law, doctrine.] 
In  Japan,  Buddhism:  the  religion  of  the  ma- 
.iority  of  the  Jajiaiicse.     Also  called  Bukkio. 

buprestid  (bu-pns'ti<l),  a.  and  ii.     I.  a.  Of  or 
luTtaiiiinf;  to  the  Bujircstidw. 
II.  II.  A  member  of  the  Buprcstida;. 

Buprestidae  (bu-pres'ti-de),  n.jd.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
vrc.sli{d-)s  +  -('rfrt'.]  A  family  of  serrieom  Co- 
IcopUira,  or  beetles,  with  the  first  and  second 
ventral  segments  connate,  the  aiitennn>  seiTate 
(pectinate  in  Xrnorhipis),  and  the  tarsi  with 
membranous  lobe. 

buprestidan  (bu-pres'ti-dan),  a.  and  k.  Same 
as  bupnctid. 


Oxpecker  [Buphaga  a/ricana). 


Bufrtilis  rujipfs. 

(Vertical  line  shows  natural  size. ) 


723 

Buprestis  (bii-pres'tis),  «.  [Nl^.,  <  L.  hiqiritt- 
lis,  <  Gr.  jini'irpi/nTir,  a  beetle  whose  sting  caused 
a  swelling  in  cattle,  or 
which,  being  eaten  by 
cattle  in  the  grass, 
caused  them  to  swell 
up  and  die,<  jimc,  ox,  + 
Trfiiflnv,  blowup,  swell.] 
The  tyiiieal  genus  of 
beetles  of  the  family 
Buprcstida:  B.  rufiiic.s 
is  a  North  American 
species. 

Buproridae  (bu-pro'ri- 

tle),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bii- 
proni.s  +  -(■(/«:.]  A 
family  of  minute  free- 
swimming  cntomostra- 
cous  crustaceans,  of 
the  order  Vopcjioda. 

Buprorus  (bii-pro'rus), 
n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  jiovTrpii>- 
poq,  with  the  forehead 
or  face  of  an  ox,  <  jiovi;,  ox,  +  npi^i>a,  fore  part 
(of  a  ship),  prow.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Biijirorida: 

burl,  burrl  (bir),  h.  [<  ME.  burre,  a  bur  (of  a 
plant) ;  not  found  in  AH. ;  =  Dan.  borrc,  bur- 
dock, burn:  burdock,  bur,  =  Sw.  borre,  a  sea- 
urchin,  in  comp.  kardborrc,  Vjur,  burdock;  cf. 
OF.  bourre  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  borra,  coarse  hair, 
wool,  etc.,  <  ML.  burra,  coarse  hair,  wool,  etc.; 
perhaps  same  as  LL.  burra,  a  shaggy  garment 
(cf.  pi.  burne,  jests,  trifles,  nonsense),  prob.  < 
OL.  htirru.i,  red,  reddish:  see  borel^,  burrd, 
bureau,  birriis,  birrelta,  etc.,  Iiurl\,  burlesque,  etc. 
But  the  relations  of  the  forms  and  senses  are 
uncertain,  and  some  of  the  modem  senses  are 
prob.  of  different  origin.]  1 .  The  rough,  prickly 
case  or  covering  of  the  seeds  of  certain  plants, 
as  of  the  chestnut  and  biu'dock.  Hence — 2. 
The  plant  burdock :  as, "  rude  burs  and  thistles," 
Milton,  Comus,  1.  352. — 3.  In  general,  a  pro- 
tuberance upon,  or  a  raised  portion  of,  an  ob- 
ject, usually  more  or  less  rough  or  irregular 
in  form.  .Speciflcally  — (a)  The  lobe  or  lap  of  the  ear. 
(li)  The  circular  boss  round  the  roi>t  of  an  antler,  (c)  For- 
merly, that  part  of  a  saddle-how  which  protected  the 
thi<<hs  and  knees.  It  was  often  of  steel,  or  plated  with 
steel,  and  engraved  or  decorated  with  gilding.  ((/)  In 
emjrammj,  slight  ridges  of  metal  raised  upon  a  cojtper 
surface  by  the  burin,  the  rocker,  or  the  dry-point.  It  is 
sometimes  wholly  or  partly  removed  by  the  scraper,  hut  is 
often  left  to  produce  a  peculiar  effect  of  its  own  in  the 
print.  In  mezzotint  engraving,  for  example,  the  whole 
elfect  comes  from  tlie  I>iir  raised  by  the  rocker,  which  is 
untouched  in  the  deep  shades  and  more  or  less  burnished 
away  to  form  the  lights,  (f)  In  /ounding,  the  roughness 
left  on  portions  of  a  casting,  which  is  rubbed  off  on  a  stone. 
(/)  The  rough  neck  left  on  a  bullet  in  casting. 

4.  The  name  of  various  tools  and  appliances, 
(a)  A  triangular  chisel  used  to  clear  the  corners  of  mor- 
tises. (/')  .\  small  circular  saw.  (c)  A  fluted  reaniing- 
t<)ol.  (<0  Same  as  bur-drill,  (c)  A  washer  placed  at  the 
head  of  a  rivet.  (/)  (1)  A  movable  ring  adjusted  to  the 
staff  of  a  lance,  and  covered  with  minute  projections  to 
afford  a  grip  to  the  gauntlet.  It  was  grasped  when  the 
lance  was  laid  in  rest.  See  laiwe.  (i)  A  ring  or  plate  at- 
tached to  the  handle  of  a  battle-ax  or  niacc  to  artonl  a 
good  grip  for  either  hand.  (<?t)  Anything  put  under  a 
wheel  to  slop  its  progress. 

5.  A  partially  vitrified  brick;  a  clinker.  Also 
called  hur-hrick. — 6.  The  blank  driven  out  of 
a  piece  of  sheet-metal  liy  a  punch. — 7.  Waste 
raw  silk. —  8.  A  name  for  the  elub-moss,  Lyco- 
podium  claratum.  [Scotch.] — 9.  The  sweet- 
bread.— 10.  [Perhaps  an  error  for  6«)7l.]  Same 
as  hurl^.  2. — 11.  Same  as  hurstone. — 12.  The 
rounded  knob  forming  the  base  of  a  deer's  horn. 

—  13t.  The  external  meatus  of  the  ear;  the 
opening  leading  to  the  tympanum.— Bur  In  the 
throat,  anything  that  appears  to  stick  in  the  throat  or 
produces  a  choking  sensation;  hnskiiiess.  — Metallic  bur, 
a  metallic  grinding-plate  used  in  place  of  the  real  bur- 
stone  f*>r  such  coarse  work  as  grinding  corn  for  stock. 

bur'-',  burr"  (b6r),  w.  [<  ME.  borre,  a  hoarseness 
or  roughness  in  the  throat ;  usually  supjiosed 
to  be  connected  with  fc«cl,  burr^.  but  jierliaps 
of  imitative  origin ;  vf.  birr".]  1.  The  guttural 
pronunciation  of  the  rough  r  common  in  some 
of  the  northern  counties  of  England,  especially 
Northumberland ;  rhotacism. 

An  aunt  of  my  own,  just  come  from  the  North,  with  the 
true  Newcastle  htir  in  her  throat.     Fiiote,  The  Minor,  Int. 

2.  A  whiiTing  noise.     See  birr~,  n. 
bur'-,  burr-  (ber),  r.  i. :  pret.  and  pp.  burred, 
ppr.  biirriiii/.     [<  biir~,  «.]     1.  To  speak  with  a 
guttural  or  rough  pronunciation  of  the  letter  r. 

—  2.  To  talk  or  whisper  hoarsely;  murmur. 
These  hideous  streets,  these  graves,  where  men  alive. 
Packed  close  with  earth-worms,  burr  unconsciously 
About  the  plague  that  slew  them. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  iv. 


burbot 

3.  To  make  a  whirring  noise.     See  birr^,  r. 

bur'',  burr-'  (biT),  «.  [E.  dial,  burr,  early  mod. 
E.  burn;  short  for  ME.  burrour,  burwhe,  a  cir- 
cle, also  a  mound,  etc. :  see /(Mitoh'-.]  1.  Same 
as  burrow'",  '.i. —  2.  A  halo  round  the  moon. 
Compnic  burniie",  4,  brouijifi,  4.  [Prov.  Eng. 
in  both  senses.] 

buract,  " .  [A  form  of  borax,  <  Ar.  bUraq :  see 
liiirax,  u.\  In  anc.  chcm.,  a  general  name  for 
all  kinds  of  salts. 

buran  (bii'i-an),  «.  [Also,  in  F.  spelling,  bonr- 
ntii,  rcpr.  Russ.  buranu.  Cf.  bora.]  A  snow- 
storm ;  especially,  a  long-continued  snow- 
storm, accompanied  by  high  winds. 

buratite  (bi"i'ra-til),  «.  A  variety  of  aurichal- 
cile  (which  see). 

burattino  (bii-rat-te'no),  n. ;  pi.  burattini  (-ne). 
[It.,  appar.  dim.  of  huratio,  bombazine:  see 
bolt-.]  A  particular  kind  of  puppet.  See  ex- 
tract. 

The  linrttitini  ileserve  the  greater  credit  because  they 
axe  agitated  by  the  legs  from  below  the  scene,  and  not 
managed  l>y  cords  from  above,  as  at  the  Marirmette  The- 
atre. Ilfiu'clls,  Venetian  Life,  v- 

bur-bark  (bcr'biirk),  n.  The  fibrous  bark  of 
Triumfetta  semitriloba,  a  tiliaceous  slirub  of 
the  tropics,  yielding  a  very  good  fiber  much 
resembling  jute. 

burblet,  '••  i-  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  burblen, 
bufbuhn,  burbUcu,  brobilcn,  also  (in  def.  2) 
contr.  burlcii ;  cf.  F.  dial.  (Picard)  borbouller, 
murmur,  =  Sp.  borbollar,  burbujenr  =  Pg.  bor- 
bolliiir,  borbulliiir  =  lt.  borbogliare,  bubble,  gush; 
in  another  form  OF.  borboter,  dial.  (Picard)  bor- 
boter,  =  Sp.  borbotiir,  bubble,  gush;  cf.  Picard 
borboter  =  Sp.  barbotar  —  Cat.  barbotejar  =  It. 
dial,  barbottd,  mutter,  mumble;  Gr.  liopiiopiCfiv, 
i-umblo  (see  borboriii/mu.s);  all  ult.  imitative, 
burble  in  E.  being  jiractically  a  var.  of  bubble, 
q.  V.     Ctpurn.]     1.  To  bubble;  gush. 

Uurbloii  [var.  burbcliin],  as  ale  or  other  lykore,  biiUo. 

Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  [S. 

I  burlii/ll,  or  spring  up,  as  water  dothe  out  of  a  spring ; 
this  water  burbylUtli  vp  pretyly.  Pals'jratx,  fol.  ViO. 

.So  the  hre  (bree:  here,  foaming  water]  and  the  brethe 

[wind]  burbelil  to  gedur. 
That  hit  spirit  vp  spitionsly  fyue  speire  lenght 
With  waiter  and  wawes,  that  tlie  wynd  dryues 
All  fore  as  a  fyre  the  tirinament  oner. 

Vestniction  uf  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  3697. 
2.  To  welter. 

Horn  was  leuer  on  the  lond  leng  at  hor  aunter. 
And  be  hrittnet  in  batell,  then  burbult  in  the  tlod. 

Datruclian  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  5760. 

Many  a  balde  [bold]  manne  laye  there  swykede 
Brobillandti  |burbliiig]  in  his  blode. 

MS.  Liiu-oln(\),  i.  17,  fol.  115.     (UalliwM.) 

burble,  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  or  dial.,  <  ME.  bur- 
bli;  burbuUe,  burbijH,  a  bubble;  cf.  Sp.  burbuja 
=  Pg.  borbulha,  a  bubble;  from  the  verb.]  If. 
A  bubble. 

Biirhli'  in  the  water,  bubette.  Pal^yrave. 

2.  A  small  pimple.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
burblyt,  a.     [Earlv  mod.  E.  burbely,  <  ME.  bur- 

liljl :  <  burble  +  -i/."]     Bubbling, 
burbolt^t  (iier'bolt),  h.     A  corruption  of  bird- 
bolt^.     Marston. 

should  on  sudden  shoots 
His  grosse  knob'd  burbolt. 

Marntoii,  What  You  Will,  Ind. 

burbolt'-  (bfer'bolt),  11.  [Like  birdbolt",  a  cor- 
ruption of  burbot.]  A  local  English  name  of 
the  burbot. 

.\s  much  braine  as  a  burbolt. 

Udall,  Roister  Doister,  iii.  2. 

burbot  (ber'bot),  n.  [A  corruption  (perhaps 
through  influence  of  turbot)  of  F.  barbate,  a 
biu'bot,  <  barbc,  <  L.  barba,  beard.  Cf.  barbel.] 
A  fish  of  the  family  (iadida:  Lota  maculosa. 
It  has  an  elongated  form,  depressed  head  antl  shoulders, 
one  barbel  on  the  chin  and  two  on  the  nose,  a  short  low 
anterior  dorsal  commencing  behind  the  pectorals,  and  a 


Burbot,  or  Fresh-water  Cod  {Leta  tnaeulosa). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commis&ipn.) 

long  posterior  one.    It  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  fresh  waters 

of  northern  Europe,  Asia,  and  .Vmerica.  In  favored  north- 
ern localities  it  occasionally  attains  a  weight  of  50  to  60 
IKjunds,  but  rai"ely  exeeeiis  a  few  pounds  in  Rngland  or  the 
United  States.  It  is  generally  regarded  as  inferior  for  food, 
and  in  most  popnhms  communities  is  rejeeteil,  but  in  the 
fur  countries  it  is  extensively  used.  It  is  best  in  cold  wea- 
ther. In  EnglaiKl  it  is  also  called  rony-fi.sh  and  eel-jmut  ; 
in  the  United  States  it  is  better  knowii  as  the  i'lU-jiout, 
cusk,  titiff,  /rath'Water  cod,  and  lawyer;  iu  the  fur  couu- 


burbot 

trips  it  is  qiiHc  generally  Ivnowii  ns  the  logh  or  lochc  and 

inni-tfai  <tr  u\>'thtt. 

burbot-eel  (ber'bot-el),  h.    A  Yorkshire  name 

111'  tlic  col-pont.  ZoarecK  viriptirns. 
bur-brick  (IxT'brik),  m.     Same  as  fci/rl,  5. 
burdf,  burdet,  "•     Variants  of  liinl-. 
Burdach's  colunms.    Sec  columti. 
burdalane,  burdalone  (bur'<la-lan,  -Ion),  n. 
tAppar.  <  liiii<l,  oll'.siiriiif;,  -1-  til<iiic,  alone.'\    The 
last  eliild  surviving  in  a  family.     [Scotch.] 
Ami  Newton  IJoriion,  hirdalotw. 

And  Dalmatic  t>otli  Htout  and  l<een, 
And  i^llaiit  Veitch  upon  tlie  Held, 
A  l)raver  face  wjis  never  seen. 

Min:itrrhii  of  Scottigh  Border. 

burdalisaundert,  ».     Same  as  bordalisaunder. 

burdalone,  ".     See  burdalane. 

burdasht,  oerdasht,  "■  [Origin  obscure.]  1. 
A  1  ringed  sash  worn  by  gentlemen  in  the  seven- 
teenth century.     Steele. —  2.  A  lace  cravat. 

burdelaist,  «•  [F-  Bordclais,  the  district  around 
Bordeaux.]     A  sort  of  grape.     Johnson. 

burden',  burthen'^  (ber'dn,  -thu),  «.    [<  ME. 

Imrdi  II,  hinlcn,  oftener  with  //(.  hiirlhcn,  hirthen, 
lii/rtlien,  <  AS.  bi/rtlien  (=  OS.  hiirthiiiniii  =  OHG. 
burdiii,  biirtlitn,  MRGr.  Inirdcn,  a  burden,  load; 
the  same,  with  diff.  suffix,  as  MD.  barde  =  OHG. 
biirdi,  MHG.  biirdc,  biirde,  G.  biirde  =  leel.  byr- 
dlir,  mod.  byrdlii  =  Sw.  borda  =  Dan.  byrde  = 
Goth,  haurthci.  a  burden;  cf.  Gr.  ipop-oi;,  (popriov, 
a  lim'den),  <  hcran  (pp.  boren),  etc.,  bear:  see 
fcfrt/l.]  1.  That  which  is  borne  or  carried;  a 
load. 

Let  tliem  l)realc  your  l)aclvs  witli  burthciix. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  8. 
Tile  oak,  upon  the  windy  liili, 
Its  dark  green  burthen  upward  heaves. 

M'hittier,  Mogg  Megone,  ii. 

Hence  —  2.  That  which  is  borne  with  labor  or 
difficulty:  that  which  is  grievous,  wearisome,  or 
oppressive ;  also,  an  incumbrance  of  any  kind. 

Many  a  Man  lives  a  tntrden  to  the  Earth. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  6. 
Deaf,  giddy,  helpless,  left  alone,  .  .  . 
To  all  my  friends  a  burden  grown. 

Swift,  The  Dean's  Complaint  (translated). 
The  tturthen  of  an  houoiu" 
Unto  wlxicli  she  was  not  Ijorn, 

Tenni/son,  Lord  of  Burleigh, 

3.  In  England,  a  quantity  of  certain  commodi- 
ties: as,  a  burden  of  gad-steel  (that  is,  120  or 
180  pounds). —  4.  The  capacity  of  a  ship;  the 
(juantity  or  nimiber  of  tons  of  freight  a  vessel 
will  carry:  as,  a  ship  of  600  tons  burden. —  5. 
In  mining,  the  tops  or  heads  of  stream-work, 
overlying  the  stream  of  tin,  and  needing  to  be 
first  cleansed. —  6.  The  charge  of  a  blast-fur- 
nace. 

To  avoid  the  central  accumulation  of  fuel  and  the  lat- 
eral preponderance  of  burden  (ore  and  flux)thus  promoted, 
an  inverted  annular  funnel  is  suspended  underneath  the 
lower  orifice  of  the  cup,  Enciic.  Brit.,  XIII,  308. 

Burden  of  proof,  in  law,  the  obligation  resting  upon  one 
of  tile  iiarties  to  un  action  to  establish  an  alleged  fact  by 
pnuif,  under  penalty  of  having  judgment  given  against 
him,  according  to  the  i>resuniption  recognized  tiy  the  law 
of  evidence  in  case  he  adduces  no  proof!  The  burden  of 
proof  is  said  to  be  shifted  when  the  party  upon  whom  it 
lay  has  produced  sufficient  evidence  to  turn  the  presump- 
tion in  his  favor.  Two  circumstances  are  essential  to  the 
existence  of  a  burden  of  proof :  first,  tliere  must  be  a  ques- 
tion of  fact  between  two  parties  before  a  tribunal  which 
will  render  a  decision  whether  there  is  any  particular  evi- 
dence or  not ;  and  second,  this  decision  must  be  governed 
by  rules  of  presumption,  more  or  less  artiflcially  extended 
so  .as  to  lead  to  a  determinate  result  in  every  case.  In  un- 
forensic controvei-sy  there  will  or  will  not  ije  a  burden  of 
proof,  according  as  these  conditions  are  or  are  not  fulfilled. 
In  ie:isonings,  as  contradistinguished  from  disputations, 
if  they  relate  to  policy,  tliere  is  nothing  to  whicli  the  term 
burden  nf  proof  is  applicalile ;  for  the  decision  will  be  based 
on  considerations  of  likelihood,  economy,  safety,  etc,  but 
never  on  formal  rules  of  presumption,  A  general  habit 
may  Ijc  followed  when  decided  reasons  fail,  in  questions 
botli  of  policy  and  of  morals;  but  the  phrase  burden  of 
proof  is  not  eniiiloyed  in  such  cases.  A  speculative  or 
scientific  inquiry,  on  tile  otlier  hand,  cannot  be  closed  until 
satisfactory  evidence  lias  been  obtained  or  curiosity  dies 
out;  so  tliat  the  U-rm  hiinten  of  proof  has  no  meaning  in 
sucli  a  connection.  Vet  an  indiiiduai  reasonerwho,  being 
imjiatient  of  doubt,  insists  <ui  adopting  an  answer  to  each 
question,  liowever  lilank  mir  ignorance  of  the  facts,  must 
often  resort  toa  merely  formal  presumption  ;  and  such  per- 
sons s.ay  that  tliere  is  a  burden  of  proof  upon  any  possible 
advocate  of  the  hypothesis  which  they  propose  to  reject 
without  proof.  The  term  is  also  used  in  ciuscs  w  here  the  ab- 
sence of  observations  of  a  certain  kind  is  itself  a  significant 
fact,  llius,  we  may  say  that  there  is  a  burden  of  proof 
ui)on  the  evolutioni.sts  to  explain  our  not  lliiiiing  forms 
intermediate  between  recognized  types  ;  that  is  to  say,  the 
liim  occurrence  of  sinh  ol,servations  is  a  fact  to  be  taken 
into  account.  =  Syn.  Weiglit,  incumbrance,  clog,  incubus, 
dr;ig;  freigllt,  buling.  carg<», 

burden!,  burthen'  (ber'dn,  -thh),  v.  t.  [<  hiir- 
den"^,  burthen^,  h.]  1.  To  load;  lay  a  heavy 
load  on;  encumber  with  weight. 

I  mean  not  that  other  meu  be  eased,  and  ye  Intrdened. 

2  Cor,  viiL  13, 


724 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  to  load;  oppress  with 
anything  which  is  borne  with  difficulty  or  trou- 
ble; surcharge:  as,  to  burden  a  nation  with 
taxes;  to  burden  the  memory  with  details. 

If  ytmr  friend  Inis  displeasc<l  you,  you  shall  not  sit  down 
to  consider  it,  for  lie  luis  already  lost  ail  memory  of  tlie 
passage,  ,  ,  ,  and  ere  you  can  rise  up  again,  will  burden 
you  witli  lilessings,  Emerson,  Character, 

3.  To  lay  or  impose  upon  one,  as  a  load,  bur- 
den, or  charge.     [Rare.] 

It  is  absurd  to  burden  this  act  on  Cromwell  and  his 
party.  Colerid'je. 

burden-t,  burthen-t  (ber'dn,  -thh),  n.  [<  ME. 
burden,  birthen,  also  burtliern,  act  of  child-bear- 
ing, altered,  by  confusion  with  hurdcu^,  from 
'burtlier.  <  AS.  byrtlior,  beorthor.  child-bearing 
(cf.  f/rhyrd,  birth),  <  In  ran,  bear:  see  birtIA  and 
burdcn^.'i    The  act  of  bearing  children ;  a  birth. 

If  tliou  be'st  the  man 
That  badst  a  wife  once  call'd  -Emilia, 
That  bore  thee  at  a  burthen  two  fair  sons. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1, 

burden^  (ber'dn),  n.  [Also,  erroneously,  bur- 
then ;  <  ME.  burdoun,  the  bass  in  music,  the 
refrain  of  a  song,  <  OF.  *burdon,  bourdon,  F. 
bourdon  =  Sp.  bordoii  =  Pg.  bordao  =  It.  bordom 
(Florio),  a  humming,  buzzing,  a  drone  or  non- 
working  bee,  a  bumblebee,  also  bass  in  music, 
refrain,  <  ML.  burdo(n-),  a  drone,  a  long  organ- 
pipe;  origin  uncertain.  Hee  bourdon-.']  1.  The 
bass  in  music. — 2.  In  music:  (a)  The  refrain 
or  recurring  chorus  at  the  end  of  the  stanzas  of 
a  ballad  or  song ;  a  refrain. 

And  far  tlie  eclioing  aisles  prolong 

The  awful  burden  of  the  song. 

Scott,  L.  of  L,  M,,  ii,  31. 

(b)  The  drone  of  a  bagpipe,  (c)  The  song  to 
which  a  dance  is  danced  when  there  are  no  in- 
struments. 

Foot  it  featly  here  and  there ; 

And,  sweet  sprites,  the  burthen  bear. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2, 

3.  That  which  is  often  repeated;  a  subject  on 
which  one  dwells ;  the  main  topic:  as,  this  sub- 
ject was  the  burden  of  all  his  talk To  bear  a 

burden,  to  support  the  upper  voice  or  voices  by  singing 
an  under  part  as  an  accompaniment,   Chappell. 

This  sompnour  bar  to  him  a  stif  burdoun. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol,  to  C,  T,,  1.  673, 

burden^t  (ber'dn),  ■».  [<  ME.  burdon,  bordon, 
hiiurdiin,  <  OF.  bordon,  bourdon,  a  staff:  see 
biiurildn^.]     A  club.     S2>enser. 

burdener  (ber'dn-er),  n.    One  who  burdens ;  an 

opjiressor. 

burdenoust,  burthenoust  (ber'dn-,  ber'Tnn- 

us),  </.  [<  burden'^,  burthen'^,  +  -ous.']  1.  Bur- 
densome ;  grievous ;  hea\'y  to  be  borne ;  oppres- 
sive: as,  "the  very  burthenous  earth,"  Drayton, 
Polyolbion,  viii.  112. 

And  with  his  burdenous  l^lowes  him  sore  did  overlade. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  xii.  19. 

Nor  let  that  be  light  to  thee,  which  to  me  is  so  burden- 

ous.  .S'lV  P.  Sidneti. 

His  maintenance  is  burdetwus  smd  chargeable  vnto  mee. 

liakluifVs  Voya'jes,l.  244. 

2.  Cumbersome;  useless. 

To  sit  idle  on  the  household  hearth, 

A  burdenouK  drone.  Stilton,  S,  .\,,  1,  567, 

burdensome,  burthensome  (ber'dn-,  ber'Tnn- 

sum),  <7.  [<  bunUn^,  burthen'i^,  +  -.some.]  1. 
Weighing  like  a  heavj'  burden ;  grievous  to  be 
borne ;  causing  uneasiness  or  fatigue ;  oppres- 
sive; heavy;  wearisome:  as,  "  &Mr<AeJiso«ie  ex- 
actions," Hallam. 

Tlie  debt  immense  of  endless  gratitude. 

So  burdensome.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  53, 

If  the  Peoples  demanding  were  so  Intrd'njtmne  to  him, 
what  was  his  denlall  and  delay  of  Justice  to  them? 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  vi. 
The  inferior  and  burtkensmne  offices  of  society. 

Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  i.  2. 

2t.  Able  to  carry  burdens  or  cargoes. 

For  sale,  Freight  or  charter,  A  strong,  burthenso^ne  Brig 
of  160  tons.  Massaehusett.^ Mcrcuni.  April  29,  1796. 

-Syn.  1.  Onerous,  trnuldesoine,  fatiguing.  Iiard  to  bear. 

burden  somely,  burthensomely  (ber'dn-,  ber'- 
THn-sum-li),  adr.     In  a  burdensome  manner. 

That  as  few  employments  as  possible  may  be  burthen- 
mm,  hi  and  vexatiousty  interfered  with.  J.  S.  Mill. 

burdensomeness,  burthensomeness  (ber'dn-, 

lier'Tlln-sum-nes),  n.  Tlie  quality  of  being  bur- 
densome :  heaviness ;  oppressiveness. 

burdot,  burdont,  ".  [<  LL.  burdo{n-),  also  bur- 
(/"■s.  a  mide.]  A  mule  bred  of  a  Iiorse  and  a 
she-ass:  a  hinny. 

burdock  (bcr'do'k),  n.  [<  fiKcl  -)-  rforfl.]  The 
common  name  of  the  Aretium  Lojijia.  a  coarse, 
broad-leafed  bieumal  weed,  natural  order  Com- 


bureaucratlc 

posiler,  having  the  nunier^ius  awns  of  the  invo- 
lucral  bracts  hooked  at  the  tiji.  it  is  a  native  of 
tile  ■liil  wr.rld,  hut  widely  naturalized  in  America,  ami 
cultivated  as  a  vegetable  in  .lapan.  It  is  in  popular  re- 
pute as  a  4liaphoretic  and  diuretic,  anil  as  a  remedy  for 
rheumatism,  catarrh,  cutaneous  diseases,  etc  — Lesser 
burdock,  a  somewhat  similar,  troublesome  weed,  A'nn- 
thiiim  .,7ri///m. -I i/;/i.— Prairie  burdock,  one  of  the  rosin- 
weeds,  Sitj'hiitm  icchiothiiiiieeinn,  found  on  the  Western 
praiii.-s  of  tllc  I'nited  .states. 

burdock-grass  (ber'dok-gras),  n.  The  Trayu.s 
riiei  inii.iu.i,  a  low  European  grass  of  which  the 
glume  or  seed-husk  is  covered  with  short  stout 
hooks. 

burdont,  «.     See  burdo. 

burdount,  ".   A  Middle  Englishform  of  burden^. 

bur-dresser  (ber'dreser),  n.  A  tool  for  rub- 
bing or  tlressing  the  furrows  of  a  burstone  or 
millstone ;  a  millstone-dresser.  Also  written 
hiihr-dresser. 

bur-drill  (ber'dril),  «.  A  small  dental  drill 
with  a  bur-shaped  head.     Also  called  bur. 

bur-driver  (ber'dri'ver),  H.  A  projection  on 
the  spindle  of  a  millstone,  which  acts  upon  the 
bail,  and  drives  the  stone.  Also  written  buhr- 
drirer. 

bureau  (bii'ro),  «. ;  pi.  bureaus  or  bureaux 
(roz).  [F.  bureau,  pi.  bureaux,  an  office,  a  desk 
or  writing-table,  a  court,  a  chest  of  drawers, 
orig.  a  kind  of  coarse  brownish  or  russet  stuff 
with  which  writing-tables  were  covered,  <  OF. 
buret,  a  coarse  woolen  stuff:  sec  burrel,  ftore/l.] 
1.  A  desk  or  writing-table  with  drawers  for 
papers;  an  escritoire.  Swift. — 2.  A  chest  of 
drawers  for  holding  clothes  and  other  articles. 
Bureaus  at  the  present  day  are  commonly  made  with  an 
adjustable  mirror  standing  upon  them.  This  is  a  compar- 
atively modern  practice,  due  to  a  coml^iuatiou  of  the  func- 
tions of  the  chest  of  drawers  and  tlie  toilet-table. 
3.  An  oflBce  or  place  where  business  is  trans- 
acted.— 4.  A  department  of  government  for  the 
transaction  of  public  business.  In  England  the 
term  is  confined  to  inferior  and  suhoniinate  departments, 
and  in  tlic  I'nited  States  to  certain  subdivisions  of  s-une  of 
the  executive  departments.—  Bureau  Of  Education.  .See 
crfMcadon.— Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing,  an  of- 
fice of  the  Treasury  Department  of  the  I  nited  States  gov- 
ernment, wliose  head,  called  the  chief  of  tlie  Biu-eau  of 
Engraving  and  Printing,  is  charged  witli  the  engraving  and 
printing  of  all  bonds,  Treasury  notes,  national-l*ank  notes, 
certificates,  internal-revenue  stamjis,  etc.,  of  the  Tnited 
States.— Bureau  of  Militaiy  Justice,  a  dirision  of 
tlie  War  Department  of  the  I'nited  States  goveniment, 
tlie  office  of  the  Judge-Advocate  General.— Biireau  Of 
Ordnance.  Hee  Xaeif  Departmenr,  tmder  department. — 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  an  office  of  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment of  the  United  States  government,  whose  head,  called 
the  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  is  charged  with  the 
puldicatiou  of  reports  conveying  statistical  infonuation  as 
to  commerce  and  nayigation,  imports  and  exports,  immi- 
gration, shipping,  etc.  .\  national  Bureau  of  Labor  Sta- 
tistics was  established  in  18&4.  Some  of  the  State  govern- 
ments have  offices  corresponding  nmie  "r  less  closely  to 
one  or  the  other  of  these. — Freedmen's  Bureau,  in  t'.  S. 
hist.,  tlie  name  popularly  given  to  tlic  Bureau  of  Kefugees, 
Freedmen,  and  .-Abandoned  Lands,  an  office  of  the  War  De- 
partment of  tlie  I'nited  States  created  in  1865  to  care  for 
the  interests  of  the  emancipated  negroes  of  the, South,  es- 
pecially witli  respect  to  education,  assignment  of  lands, 
and  protection  of  civil  rights.  It  ceased^o  exist  in  1872. — 
Signal-service  Bureau,  a  bureau  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  presided  over  by  the  chief  signal-officer, 
having  charge  of  military  signaling,  and  of  the  collection 
and  comparison  of  meteorological  observations  through- 
out the  country,  and  the  publication  of  predictions  of  the 
weather  based  upon  them.  — Weather  Bureau.  See 
weather. 

bureaucracy  (bu-ro'kra-si),  n.  [<  F.  bureau- 
eratic,  <  bureau  +  -eratie,  E.  -craey,  govern- 
ment, as  in  aristocracy,  democracy,  etc.]  1. 
Government  by  biu'eaus ;  specifically,  excessive 
multiplication  of,  and  concentration  of  power 
in,  administrative  bureaus.  The  principle  of  bu- 
reaucracy tends  to  official  interference  in  manj'  of  the  prop- 
erly private  aflfaii-s  of  life,  and  to  the  inefficient  and  ob- 
structive performance  of  duty  through  minute  suttdivision 
of  functions,  inflexible  formality,  and  pride  vf  place. 

Republicanism  and  bureaueraeii  are  incompatible  ex- 
istences. W.  B.  Greer,  ilisc.  Ess.ays,  2d  ser.,  p,  55. 

2.  The  body  of  officials  administering  such  bu- 
reaus, considered  collectively. 

Count  Roger  found  a  machinery  of  t.axation  in  full  work- 
ing order,  otlicel-s  acquainted  witli  the  resources  of  the 
country,  books  and  schedules  coustnicted  on  the  principles 
of  strictest  accuracy,  a  whole  tAireaueraeu.  in  fact,  ready 
tt>  his  use,  J.  A.  Sijmonds,  Italy  anil  Greece,  p.  162, 

bureaucrat  (bu'ro-ki-at),  n.  [<  F.  burcaucrate, 
<  bureau  +  -crate,  E.  -erat  as  in  ari.itocrat, 
democrat,  etc.]  An  advocate  or  supporter  of 
bureaucracy;  also,  a  member  of  a  bureaucracy. 
Also  called  bureaucratist. 

The  genuine  httreaucrat  has  a  wholesome  dread  of  for- 
mal respnnsiliility.  and  generally  tries  to  avoid  it  by  t.ak. 
ing  all  matters  out  of  the  hands  of  his  subordinates,  and 
p:is.sing  tiicni  on  to  tlic  higiier  authorities. 

l>.  M.  Wallace.  Russia,  p.  203. 

bureaucratic  (bu-ro-krat'ik>.  «.  [<  F.  bureau- 
cratii/ni  :  »eo  bureaucnil  inu\  -ic]  Relating  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  bureaucracy. 


burette  (bu-rof), 
llagou,  <  biiirv,   V. 


bureaucratic 

Tliero  is  n  Krrat  miiteriul  pidspt-rity  open  to  Hungary  f( 
the  pcojilt^  will  l)c  fontcnt  tti  In-  i[uiftly  K<'Vt*nietl.  ami  if 
Austria  will  he  wise  enoucli  to  relax  a  little  in  the  bureau- 
cratic notions  that  now  inliuence  her. 

Anittfd,  lluni;ary,  p.  251. 

bureaucratical  (Ijii-ro-krafi-kal),  a.    [<  bicrcau- 

criilir  +  -'(/.)     8am<>  as  liimaiicratic. 
bureaucratically  (bu-ro-krat'i-kal-i),  ado.     In 

a  liiircauiTalio  liianiicr;  as  a  Ijureauorat. 
bureaucratist   (liu-ro'kra-tist),   n.     [<  hitrcau- 

critl  +  -ist.\     Samo  as  hurcducrat. 
burelt,  "•     Hi'<^'  liurrd. 
bureo  (Ipii-ra'o),  n.    [S]).,  <  V.  hiireau,  a  biu'eau: 

set'  hiiriiiu.^      A  Spanish  court  of  justice  for 

till!  trial  of  persons  connected  with  the  royal 

housi'lioki. 
burett,    "•     [Cf.   hiircttr.']     A   drinking-vessel. 

Ilillliinll 

[F.,  liim.  of  OF.  buirc,  a 

hoin;    drink,   <    L.   bilxn; 

drink.     Cf.  bib^,  fifivri'.] 

1.  A  vessel  for  contain- 
ing liquids,  usually  pear- 
sliapod  or  flask-shaped, 
with  or  without  a  handle ; 
specifically,  in  English, 
an  altar-cruethavingthis 
form.  Itnrettes  are  maile  of 
rich  materials,  sueh  as  rock- 
ei-ystal,  preeious  nietala,  etc., 
or  of  porcelain  or  faience,  often 
lii^'hly  (iecorateil. 

2.  hi  clicm.,  a  tube,  usu- 
ally graduated  to  frac- 
tious of  a  centimeter, 
used  for  accurately  mea- 
suring out  small  quanti- 
ties of  a  solution. 

bur-fish  (ber'fish),  it.  A 
fish  of  the  family  Diinioit- 
tidtv:  a  porcupine-fish. 

Burette  of  jasper  with  soljl  burgl  (berg),  H.  [ANorth. 
mounting;  time  of  Louis  XV.  "^*&     *■,    .,*^''         ,^      ii    , 

E.  and  be.  and  old  law 
form  of  horoitijlt'^,  ME.  hitnj,  etc.,  AS.  burli.  C'f. 
bidfili.']  A  fortified  town;  a  borough  (which 
sec). 

burg-  (berg),  «.     Same  as  brought. 

burga  (ber'ga),  it.    Same  as  burka. 

burgage  (ber'gaj).  It.  [<  ME  burynpe  (OF.  bitr- 
ilttiji),  <  btirij  (ML.  biii-fftts)  +  -«;/<■.]  In  hiiv : 
\a)  In  England,  a  tenure  in  socage,  whereby 
btirgesses,  citizens,  or  to^\^lsmen  hold  their 
lauds  or  tenements  of  the  king  or  other  lord 
for  a  certain  yearly  rent. 

The  mi  ist  aneient,  perhaps,  of  the  franchises  was  that 
depending  on  liuniuth'  tenure;  this  was  exactly  analogous 
in  origin  to  the  fveeiiokler's  qnalittcation  in  the  counties; 
but  as  the  repressive  principle  extended,  the  right  of  a 
tntrtjatfe  vote  had  become  in  many  places  attached  to  par- 
ticiilar  houses  or  sites  of  houses,  probably  those  which 
were  originally  liable  for  a  (juota  of  the  flrma  burgi. 

Slubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  745. 

(b)  In  Scotland,  that  tenure  by  which  the  prop- 
erty in  royal  burghs  is  held  under  the  crown, 
proprietors  being  liable  to  the  (nominal)  ser- 
vice of  watching  and  warding;  or,  as  it  is  com- 
monly termed,  "service  of  burgh,  used  and 
wont."     (cf)  The  property  so  held. 

bur-gage  (ber'gaj),  n.  A  plate  having  perfora- 
tions which  serve  as  standards  for  the  diame- 
ters of  ilrills,  etc. 

burgage-tenant  (ber'gaj-ten'ant),  n.  One  who 
holds  lands  or  tenements  on  the  tenure  known 
as  burgage. 

Successive  sovereigns  had  granted  the  right,  or  imposed 
the  biinlen,  of  returning  members  to  Parliament  on  the 
corporations,  freeholilers,  or  burgarje-tenants  of  numerous 
small  towns. 

IJiioted  in  '/'.  ir.  Ui'jginmii'sV.ne.  .Statesmen,  p.  116. 

burgage-tenement  (ber'gaj-ten"e-ment),  n.  A 
tenement  held  by  burgage. 

"  Borough  English,"  midcr  which  the  youngest  and  not 
the  eUiest  succeeds  to  the  burijaijc-Uiiemenis  of  his  father, 
has   from  time  im- 
memorial   been    re- 
cognized as  a  widely 
diffused  usage. 
Maiiu;  Early  Hist. 
Inf  Institutions, 
[p.  22-2. 

burgall,  ".    See 

lirnjilll. 

burgamot,".  See 

In  rifitiuiiL 

burgander,       » . 

See  brrt/aiiih  r. 

burganet,  bur- 
gonet  (bci'jra- 
uet,  -go-net),  ». 
[Also  written, 
improp.,  btinie- 
nct;  =  Sp.  buryo- 


SpanisU  Bui^anct,  i6th  century. 


725 

Pg.  boryuii 

io),  <  OF.  bntirgtiiiiitolc,  bnurtiiiifiitdllr,  prop,  a 
Burgiindian  htdnict  (cf.  F.  liiittrymijiiiiii,  a  Hur- 
guiuiian),  <  /liitiri/iiiitii;  Burgundy.]  A  helm<'t 
worn  in  the  si.xteenth  century,  in  two  forms: 
one  without  a  vizor,  formed  like  the  morion, 
and  frequently  fm'uished  with  cheek-pieces  and 
a  movable  nose-guard;  the  other  with  a  vizor, 
and  similar  to  the  armet. 

liis  mayled  haberjeon  she  did  undight, 

And  from  his  head  his  heavy  hurgani-t  did  light. 

fllieiuer,  V.  (J.,  III.  v.  31. 
Sturdy  helms, 
Topt  high  with  plumes,  like  Mars  his  bunitim't. 

Greene,  tPrlando  KiU'ioso. 

burge  (bferj),  M.    A  dialectal  variant  of  brUie/c^. 

[Local,  Eng.] 
burgee    (lier'.je),   n.      [Origin    obscure.]      1. 

Sftut,,  a  swallow-tailed  flag  or  pendant:  in  the 
merchant  service  it  generally  has  the  ship's 
name  upon  it. —  2.  A  kind  of  small  coal  used 
for  burning  in  enguie-fumaces. 

burgeint,  ".  and  v.     See  buri/euu. 

burgen,  n.  and  r.     See  buri/eoii. 

burgenett,  «.    See  btirijnitet. 

burgensic  (bt'-r-jen'sik),  a.  [<  MIj.  burgensis,  a 
citizen,  a  burgess  (see  burijcus),  +  -ic]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  biu'gh  or  town. 

I  strongly  believe  that  the  continual  intercourse  between 
the  towns  of  the  several  trading  countries  of  the  .Middle 
Ages,  kept  up  csiiecially  by  the  Ilalise  Towns,  may  not 
have  been  without  inliuence  in  producing  a  general  simi- 
larity of  development  of  Ininieiutic  life  in  them  all. 

Enijtish  GildK(?,.  E.  T.  S.),  Int.,  p.  liv. 

burgeois,  ».  See  hntirgctnn'^. 
burgeon  (b^r',jon),  n.  [Also  written  bourgeon, 
after  mod.  F.",  early  mod.  E.  also  burgciit,  bttr- 
giii ;  <  ME.  buriiiti,  burgtjoit,  burjoiiit,  biirjion, 
liurijiiit,  <  OF.  borjoit,  btirjoii,  F.  bourgeon,  a 
buii ;  refeiTcd  by  some  to  OHG.  burjan,  raise, 
lift  up.]     1.  A  bud;  a  sprout. 

In  the  moueth  of  May,  when  medoes  bene  gi'Cne, 
And  all  Horisshet  with  flourcs  the  Hides  aboute  ; 
Ihmona  of  bowes  brethit  full  swete, 
t'lorisshet  full  faire. 

Dentructinn  oj  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2736. 

And  the  hyttyng  awey  of  the  root  of  the  vjiie  must  be 

don  in  March,  and  som  men  wil  say  it  must  be  don  or 

(before]  the  knottis  begynne  to  bizrgeon  y*  for  the  streit 

drauing  the  bxirgeons  be  not  huet  [hurt]. 

Arnold's  Chronicle,  U>0'2  (ed.  1811),  p.  167. 

2.  A  boss  used  for  the  cover  of  a  book,  to  pre- 
vent injiuy  to  the  binding.     Often  written  bur- 

IJCIt. 

burgeon  (ber'jon),  r.i.  [Also  written  JoMTi/eoji, 
after  mod.  F.,  early  mod.  E.  also  btirgcin,  bur- 
gen, <  ME.  burjon,  burgeiten,  burgtjnen,  btirjoiten, 
borgounen ,  <  OF.  borjoner,  botirjoitner,  F.  bour- 
geoHuer,  bud;  from  the  noun:  see  burgeon,  h.] 
To  bud;  sprout;  put  forth  new  buds;  shoot 
forth,  as  a  branch. 

Whenne  gratfcs  (grafts]  gynneth  swelle  in  hurgxinymje. 
Palladium,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  7-1. 
Now  bourgeons  every  maze  of  nuiek 
About  the  flowering  squares,  and  thick 
By  ashen  roots  the  violets  Itlow. 

Tennyson,  In  Mcmoriam,  cxv, 

burgess  (ber'jes),  H.  [<  ME.  bitrgcis,  <  OF.  bur- 
geis,  F.  bourgeois  =  Pr.  borges  =  Sp.  burges  = 
Pg.  btirgne:  =  It.  borghese,  <  ML.  burgensis,  a 
citizen,  <  bttrgtt.i,  a  borough,  a  town :  see  bor- 
(luglt^.,  ?ih)y/1.]  1.  In  England,  an  inhabitant 
of  a  borough  or  walled  town,  or  one  who  pos- 
sesses a  tenement  therein ;  a  citizen  or  free- 
man of  a  borough. 

Not  a  petty  burgess  of  some  town. 
No,  not  a  villager,  hath  yet  appear'd 
In  your  .assistance.    Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  iii.  4. 

2.  A  representative  of  a  borough  in  the  British 
Parliament. 

n»e  majority  of  the  burgesses  had  been  returned  by 
constituent  bodies  remodelled  in  a  manner  which  was 
generally  regarded  as  illegal.        Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

Hence  —  3.  («)  The  title  given  before  the  revo- 
lution to  the  representatives  in  the  popular 
branch  of  the  legislature  of  Virginia,  which  was 
stvled  the  House  of  Burgesses,  but  is  now 
ca'lled  the  House  of  Delegates,  (b)  The  title  of 
members  of  the  lower  house  in  the  colonial 
legislature  of  Maryland. — 4.  A  magistrate  of 
a  corporate  town,  in  Coimecticut  boroughs  the  lHinr<l 
of  Imrgesses  eorrespomls  to  the  township  board  or  board  of 
trustees  in  sonic  other  States,  or  to  the  common  council  of 
a  city.  The  vliicf  exiiutive  otticerof  a  Pcnnsylvanian  bor- 
otigli  is  called  tilt-  eliitf  burgi  ss. 
5.  A  member  of  the  corporation  of  a  Scotch 
burgh ;  now,  any  inhabitant  of  a  burgh  of  full 
age,  rated  for  i>oor-rates,  and  not  in  arrears, 
and  who  for  a  ])eriod  of  three  years  has  occu- 
pied any  house,  shop,  orotherbuiUlingin  it,  not 
being  au  alien  and  not  having  received  either 


burghmote 

parochial  or  burgli  relief  for  twelve  months  pre- 
ceding the  last  Whitsunday.  -Burgess  list,  the  list 
of  iiiiiiiiripal  electors  annually  drawn  up  liy  the  rtverseers 
of  I  be  (loorin  England.  — Burgess  roll,  Ibe  burgess  list  as 
levisni  l.y  the  revising  barrister  and  recorded.  (Eng.] 
burgess-ship  (berries-ship),  )(.  [<  burgess  + 
-xbiji.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being  a  btir- 
gess.     tSoutli. 

And  that  no  iirentice  haue  his  fredoni  of  Burgetshippe, 
but  lie  serue  out  fulle  vij.  ycrc  of  prentishode. 

English  (iiUls(V..  E.  T.  S.),  p.  390. 

burgessyt,  "•  [ME.  'burgeisie,  borgeymje,  < 
OF.  biiurgrsie,  borgiiisie,  mod.  F.  boiirgeiiisic 
(=  I'r.  Iiiirgitesia  =  It.  borghesia),  citizenship, 
<  burgcis,  mod.  F.  bourgeois,  a  citizen:  see 
bourgeoisie,  burgess.']     Citizenship. 

Manncs  lyf  ine  the  crthe  is  ase  borgpysye. 

Ayenbite  of  Inwit,  p.  161. 

burggrave,  burggravess,  ".  See  hurgnire,  bur- 

gr(trt  .'>.s\ 
burgh  (berg  or  bur'o),  it.  [Like  burg,  a  North. 
E.  and  He.  ami  ohl  law  form  of  E.  Iinniitglil, 
ME.  burgh,  burg,  etc.,  AS.  burb  :  see  biirougli^.] 
A  corporr.te  town  or  borough  ;  more  especially, 
the  Scotch  term  con-esponding  to  the  English 
borough,  applied  to  several  dififerent  kinds  of 
corporations,  and  to  towns  and  cities  in  Scot- 
land.— Burgli  acres,  acres  or  small  patches  of  land  ly- 
ing in  the  neighborl d  of  royal  burghs,  usually  fcued 

otit  to  and  occupied  by  burgesses  or  persons  resident 
within  the  burgh.— Burgh  of  barony,  a  .nrporation 
somewhat  analogous  to  a  royal  biiruli,  loie-isting  of  a 
determinate  tract  of  ground  within  the  barony,  erected 
by  the  feudal  superior  and  subjected  to  the  govern- 
ment of  magistrates.  The  right  of  electing  nnigistrates 
is  vested  by  the  charter  of  erection  sometimes  in  the 
baron  or  superior  of  the  barony,  anri  sometimes  in  the 
inhabitants  themselves.  —  Burgh  of  regality,  a  kind  of 
liurgh  of  barony  which  had  regal  oi-  ixelusive  jurisdic- 
tion within  its  own  territjiry.— Convention  Of  royal 
burghs.  See  roiiivHfo./i  — Councilor  of  a  bvirgh.  .See 
counciUtr.—Tvee  burgli,  a  burgh  of  barony  "liieh  en- 
joyed, by  crown  charter,  rights  of  trade  botli  home  and 
foreign,  but  which  at  the  same  time  had  to  bear  certain 
public  biu-dens  as  the  price  of  its  privileges. — Parlia- 
mentary burgh,  a  burgh  or  town  wliieh  sends,  or  unites 
with  others  in  sending,  a  representative  to  Parliament. 
In  parliamentary  burghs  the  mode  of  electing  councilors 
and  magistrates  is  the  same  as  in  royal  bm-ghs. —  Police 
burgh,  in  England,  any  pojnilous  place  the  boundaries  of 
which  have  been  ascertained  under  13  and  H  Vict.,  xxxiii., 
and  the  affairs  of  which  arc  managed  by  commissioners 
elected  by  the  inhabitants.  — Royal  burgh,  in  Scotland, 
a  corporate  body  erected  by  a  cliarter  from  the  crown. 
The  corporation  consists  of  the  magistrates  and  burgesses 
of  the  territory  erected  into  the  burgh.  The  magistrates 
arc  generally  a  provost  and  bailies,  dean  of  gild,  trea- 
surer, and  conmion  council. 

burghal  (b6r'gal),  a.  [<  burgh  +  -<il.'\  Of  or 
liertaiuiiig  to  a  burgh:  as,  6h)y/7i(/?  government. 

burghbotet,  »■  [An  old  law  form  of  AS.  burg- 
bat,  <  burg,  bttih,  borough,  +  bot,  compensa- 
tion, boot:  see  6oo<l.]  In  old  Eng.  liitr,  a  con- 
tribution toward  the  building  or  repairing  of 
castles  or  walls  for  the  defense  of  a  city  or 
to^vn.     Also  bnrhbot. 

burgh-brechet,  «•  [An  old  law  foi-m  of  ME. 
bureh-brifhe,  AS.  burg-brice,  -bryce,  -brece,  < 
burg,  borough,  +  bryce,  brice,  breach :  see 
breach.]  lu  Anijlo-Suxnn  late,  the  offense  of 
violating  the  pledge  given  by  every  inhabi- 
tant of  a  tithing  to  keep  the  peace. 

burgher  (ber'ger),  n.  [Not  in  ME.  or  AS.,  but 
formed  after  D.  burger  =  MJ/G.  borgere  = 
OHG.  burgdri.  MHG.  burgare,  burger,  G.  biir- 
ger  =  Dan.  borger  =  Sw.  borgure  '(>  Icel.  bor- 
gari),  a  citizen;  <  burgh  +  -f(l.]  1.  An  in- 
habitant of  a  burgh  or  borough,  wlio  en.ioys  the 
privileges  of  the  borough  of  which  he  is  a  free- 
man ;  hence,  any  citizen  of  a  borough  or  town. 

At  Cologne,  in  the  eleventh  centm-y,  the  terms  burghers 
and  merchants  arc  alternately  used  as  synonymous. 

English  Gilds  (V,.  E.  T.  .S.),  Int.,  p.  cv. 

2.  ["(/).]  One  of  a  body  of  Presbyterians  in 
Scotland,  constitutiiig  one  of  the  divisions  of 
the  early  Secession  Cliurch.  This  chmeh  became 
divided  in  1747  into  the  Associate  Synod,  or  Burghers,  and 
the  lleneral  Associate  Syniod,  or  Antiburghers,  on  the  law- 
fulness of  accepting  the  oatli  then  retpiired  to  be  taken 
by  the  burgesses  in  Edinbtngh,  Glasgow,  and  Perth.  .See 
Antiburgher. 

burghermaster  (ber'ger-mas'ter),  n.  [=G.  6h>- 
<ii mil  isli  r.]     Same  as  burgomaster,  1. 

burghership  (ber'ger-sliip),  n.  [<  burgher 
+  -ship.]  The  state  or  privilege  of  being  a 
burgher. 

burgh-halfpennyt,  ".  Formerly,  a  duty  pay- 
able to  the  superior  of  a  town  for  liberty  to  set 
uji  a  stall  in  market.     Also  bord-halflicnny. 

burghmaster  (berg'mas'ter),  H.  [<  burgh  + 
muster :  after  burgomaster.]  Same  as  burgomas- 
Irr,  1. 

burghmotet,  "•  [An  old  law  fonn  of  AS.  biirh- 
yeinOt,  a  borough-meeting,  <  burh,  burg,  borough, 


buTghmote 

+  gemot,  a  meeting:  see  moot,  mote^.']  In 
Anfilo-Siiiiin  law,  the  meeting  or  court  of  a 
1)urt,'li  KV  borough.     Also  hurtjmotc. 

burglmiote-hornt,  »•  In  Eiuj.  antiq.,  a  liom 
blown  on  court-day,  in  a  public  place,  to  bring 
the  members  of  the  burghmote,  or  later  the 
corjKiration,  together.  It  was  used  until  the 
sovcuti'entli  century.     Also  called  lira::cn-li(>ni. 

burgholdert  (berg'iioFder),  «.  [See  borouijh- 
holilcr  and  borsholder.'i  A  tithing-man;  a bors- 
holder. 

burglar  (berg'lar),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  bourglair, 
<  AF.  *boi(r(il(t'i're  (cf.  ML.  h'ltrylator,  burgulator 
(for  burgi  latro),  shortened  to  hurgator),  a  burg- 
lar, <  AF.  bourg,  OF.  borg,  borough  (see  bor- 
ough'^), +  Uure,  OF.  laire,  hire,  lere  =  Pr.  laire, 
a  robber,  <  L.  nom.  lairo  (cf .  OF.  laron,  F.  larron 
=  Pr.  lairo,  a  robber,  <  L.  ace.  latronem),  a  rob- 
ber: see  larefiiy.^  A  felonious  housebreaker; 
especially,  one  who  commits  robbery  by  break- 
ing into  a  house  in  the  night.     See  burglary. 

The  definition  of  burtjlar,  as  friven  by  Sir  Edward  t'oke, 
is  "he  that  i)y  night  lireaketh  or  ent<;reth  into  a  mansion- 
house  with  intent  to  commit  a  felony." 

Blackstone,  Com.,  IV.  xvi. 

burglar-alarm  (berg'lar-a-larm"),  ".  Any 
alarm  so  arranged  as  to  sound  upon  the  open- 
ing of  a  door,  window,  etc.,  with  which  it  is 
connected — Burglar-alarm  lock,  a  lock  having  an 
attaclnnent  which  when  set  will  sound  an  alarm  if  tlie  bolt 
is  improperly  moved. — Electrical  burglar-alarm,  an 
alarm  consisting  of  apparatus  including  open  electrical 
circuits  which  ai-e  closed  by  a  movement  of  a  door,  win- 
dow, etc.,  and  cause  a  bell  in  an  annunciator  in  the  build- 
ing; or  at  a  distant  station  to  ring. 

burglarert  (berg'lar-er),  «.  [<  burglar  -t-  -er, 
erroneously  added[.]     A  burglar. 

Sir  William  Brain  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  only  for  pro- 
curing the  Pope's  bull  against  certain  burrjlarers  that 
robbed  his  own  house.  Statu  Trials.  1G06. 

burglarian  (berg-la'ri-an),  n.  [<  burglary  + 
-ait.]  A  person  who  abets  or  is  guilty  of  burg- 
lary.    [Rare.] 

burglarious  (berg-la'ri-us),  a.     [<  burglary  + 
-OKS.J     Pertaining  to,   committing,  or  consti- 
tuting burglary:  as,  burglarious  intentions;  a 
burglarious  gang ;  burglarious  entry. 
To  come  down  a  chimney  is  lield  a  burglarious  entry. 

Blackstone,  Com.,  IV.  xvi. 

Openly  organized  conspii-acy,  with  force  and  arms,  made 

burfflarum.s  entrance  into  a  chief  stronghold  of  the  Union, 

0.  \Y.  Holmes,  Essays,  p.  S6. 

burglariously  (berg-la'ri-us-li),  adv.  With  an 
intent  to  commit  burglary ;  in  the  manner  of  a 
burglar. 

burglarize  (berg'liir-iz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
burglarised,  ppr.  burglarizing.  [<  burglar  + 
-ize.']     To  commit  biu-glary  upon. 

burglar-proof  (berg'lar-prof ),  a.  Constructed 
so  as  to  be  capable  of  resisting  the  attempts  of 
burglars,  as  a  safe  or  a  building. 

burglary  (berg'lar-i),  «.;  p\.  burglaries {-iz).  [< 
burglar  +  -y ;  ML.  burglaria.']  The  act  or  crime 
of  nocturnal  housebreaking,  with  an  intent  to 
commit  a  felony  therein,  whether  such  felony  be 
actually  committed  or  not.  To  constitute  this  crime 
the  act  must  be  committed  in  the  night,  orwhen  there  is  not 
daylight  enough  to  discern  a  man's  face.  At  common  law 
it  must  be  in  a  dwelling-house,  or  in  au  adjoining  building 
which  is  a  part  or  parcel  of  the  dwelling-house.  There 
must  be  an  actual  breaking  and  an  entry ;  but  an  opening 
made  by  the  offender,  as  by  taking  out  a  pane  of  glass, 
lifting  a  window,  raising  a  latch,  picking  a  lock,  or  remov- 
ing any  fastening,  amounts  to  a  breaking;  and  putting  in 
of  the  hand,  after  such  breaking,  is  an  entry.  A  breaking 
out,  after  entry  with  felonious  intent,  is  also  burglary.  In 
some  of  the  United  States  the  term  has  been  extended  so 
as  to  cover  the  breaking  and  entering  of  any  building,  at 
any  time,  to  commit  any  crime. 

burgle  (ber'gl),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burgled,  ppr. 
burgling.  [<  burglar,  taken  as  a  noim  of  agent 
in  -ar  =  -fri ;  cf.  peddle,  <  peddler,  pedkr,  ped- 
lar.^    To  commit  burglary.     [Humorous.] 

burgmaster  (berg'mas'ter),  n.  Same  as  burgo- 
master, 1. 

burgmotet,  «.     See  burghmote. 

burgomaster  (ber'go-mas'tfer),  n.  [=  OF. 
bdurgiii-miiistre,  later  bourgamaistre  (Cotgrave), 
Swiss  F.  bijurgmestre,  bour'gemattre  (F.  maitre  = 
E.  master)  =  Sp.  burgomaestre,  after  ML.  burgo- 
magister,  burgimagister  {burgi  magister),  <  "D. 
burgemeester  (=  OPries.  burgamdsiere  =  MHG. 
burgemeister,  burcmeister,  G.  burgemeister  (obs.), 
>  Sw.  borgmdstare  =  ODan.  horgmesfcr  =  Pol. 
burmistrz  =  Bohem.  purmistr  —  Russ.  burgo- 
mistru  =  Lith.  burgmistras  =  Finn,  pormcsfaii), 
<  burg,  =  E.  borough^,  +  meester  =  E. master.  Cf. 
MHG.  burgermeister,  G.  biirgermeistcr  (>  Dan. 
iorgerm ester),  <  biirger,  =  'E.  burgher,  +  meisirr 
=  E.  master.]  1.  A  borough-master;  tlio  chief 
magistrate  of  a  municipal  town  in  the  Netlier- 
lands,  Germany,  and  other  Teutonic  countries, 


726 

nearly  corresponding  to  mayor  in  England  and 
the  United  States,  in  the  monarcliical  states  burgo- 
masters were  often  named  by  tlle  central  government  for 
long  periods,  as  were  the  maires  in  France.  Tlie  German 
govcrinncnts  usually  retain  tlie  right  to  conlirm  or  reject 
tlic  elected  burgomaster.  Also  burglterma^ter,  burghmas- 
trr,  burgmoj^ter. 

2.  The  great  ice-gull  or  glaucous  gull,  Larus 
glaucus,  of  the  arctic  regions,  one  of  tlie  largest 
and  most  powerfid  species  of  the  family 
jAiridte.  It  is  about  30  inclics  long,  pure  white,  with  a 
pale  silvery-blue  mantle  and  yellow  liilt  with  an  orange 


Burgomaster-^ll  {Larus  fflaucus). 

spot.  It  owes  the  name  to  its  tyrannical  and  rapacious 
disposition,  and  the  way  it  domineers  over  the  smaller 
and  weaker  gulls  and  other  birds, 

burgonet,  burgonette,  «.     See  lurganet. 

burgoo  (lier'go),  n.     [Appar.  avar.  olburgood.'] 

1.  A  seamen's  term  for  a  dish  made  of  boiled 
oatmeal  seasoned  ■with  salt,  butter,  and  sugar; 
gruel. 

Don't  stand  staring  there  like  a  cabin-boy  brouglit  up 

before  the  skipper  for  swallowing  the  &»r';oo  as  he  mixed  it, 

G.  A.  Sala,  Ship-Chandler. 

2.  A  kind  of  soup  made  with  man.v  different 
kinds  of  meat  and  vegetables,  highly  peppered 
and  served  very  hot :  popular  in  Kentucky  and 
other  places,  especially  at  barbecues,  picnics, 
and  other  outdoor  feasts. — 3.  A  barbecue,  pic- 
nic, or  woodland  feast  at  which  the  soup  burgoo 
is  served.     [Kentucky.] 

burgood  (ber'giid),  «.  [E.  dial.,  also  burgout 
and  beergood ;  origin  uncertain.  Cf.  burgoo.] 
Yeast.     Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

burgoynel  (ber-goin'),  H.  [Appar.  named  from 
the  inventor.]  An  intrenching-tool  which  com- 
bines a  spade,  an  ax,  and  a  mantlet.     [Eng.] 

burgoyne'-t  (lier-goin'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  iio-- 
goyned,  ppr.  burgoyning.  [A  word  of  the  Ameri- 
can revolutionary  period,  in  allusion  to  the  cap- 
ture of  Burgoyne's  army  at  Saratoga  in  1777.] 
To  smTound  and  captm-e  in  a  body. 

bur-grass  (ber'gras),  H.  1.  A  common  name 
of  a  species  of  Cenelirus,  the  burs  of  which  are 
very  spiny  and  tenacious. — 
2.  Panicum  glutinosum,  a 
tropical  grass  in  'which  the 
glumes  or  husks  'which  in- 
wrap  the  seed  are  very  'vis- 
cous and  adhesive. 

burgrave,  burggrave  (ber'- 
grav),  n.  [<  F.  burgrare  =  {ip. 
burgrave  =  'Pg.  burgrave,  bur- 
gravio  =  It.  burgravio,  <  ilL. 
burggravius,  <  OHG.  burg- 
grdvo,  MHG.  burcgrdve,  G. 
Iiurggraf  (y  Dan.  borggrere  = 
Sw.  burggrefre  =  Pol.  Imr- 
grabia  =  Bohem.  jjurkrabe),  < 
OHG.  burg,  burc,  a  town,  =: 
E.  borough^,  +  grdrjo,  grdvo. 
MHG.  grave,  G.  graf.  a  coimt,  earl,  governor: 
see  graf.]  Formerly,  the  title,  in  some  Euro- 
pean countries,  of  the  hereditary  governor  of  a 
town  or  castle. 

The  former  (burghers]  stood,  in  aU  trade  matters,  en- 
tirely under  the  orders  of  the  lords  of  the  town,  wliether 
these  were  bishops,  burijraves,  or  citizens. 

EnglUh  Gilds  (E,  E.  T,  S,),  Int.,  p.  cxv. 

Tliey  then  requested  that  the  Prince  of  Orange,  who 
held  the  office  of  burgrave  of  Antwerp,  and  whose  influ- 
ence was  unbounded,  might  be  sent  to  them,        J'rescott. 

burgravess,  burggravess  (ber'gra-ves),  n.  [< 
burgrave  +  -e.ss.]     The  wife  of  a  burgrave. 

burgra'Viate  (b6r-gra'vi-at),  «.  [<  ML.  burggra- 
viatus,  <  burggravius,  a  burgrave:  see  burgrave.] 
The  office,  dignity,  or  jurisdiction  of  a  burgrave. 

burguignottet,  «"     [OF.]     Same  as  Imrqanet. 

Burguudian  (ber-gun'di-an),  a.  and  n.  "[<  ML. 
Jiurgundiu   (>  F.  Bourgogne),  Burgtmdy,  <  L. 


Bur-grass  {Cfnchrjts 
tributoides ,. 


burin 

Burgundiones,  LL.  also  Burgundii  Q  AS.  Bur- 
gendas),  pi.,  a  tribe  of  Goths.]  I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Burgundiaiis,  or  to  the  king- 
dom, duchy,  or  province  of  Burgimdy. .  Order 
of  the  Burgundian  Cross,  an  order  foun,lcd"by  the  em. 
pcior  (.'harle.s  \'.,  wliidi  did  not  survive. 

II.  ".  1.  One  of  the  Burgundii  or  Burgun- 
diones,  a  Germanic  tribe  who  settled  in  Gaul 
and  founded  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy  in  the 
fifth  century. 

The  Burgundiam  settled  in  the  southeast  part  of  Oaul, 
tlie  part  nearest  to  Italy. 

A'.  -1.  Freeman,  Old  Eng,  Hist.,  p.  24. 

2.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Burgundy,  suc- 
cessively a  kingdom  and  a  duchy  of  western 
Europe,  varying  greatly  in  extent,  part  of 
which  finaUy  became  the  province  of  Burgundy 
in  eastern  France. 
Burgundy  (ber'gun-di),  «.  A  large  class  of 
wines,  both  red  and  white,  produced  in  Bur- 
gundy in  France,  and  sharing  with  the  Bor- 
deaux wines  the  reputation  of  including  the 
finest  'wines  made. 

The  niL-llow-tasted  Burgundy.  Thomaon,  Autumn,  L  705. 

Burgundy  pitch.    SeejHtch. 
burgwardt  (berg'ward),  n.     [An  old  law  form, 
<  burg,  a  fortified  jilace,  a  castle,  -I-  ward,  a 
keeping.]    The  custody  or  keeping  of  a  castle. 
burht,   n.     Early  Jliddle  EngUsh  and  Anglo- 
Saxon  form  of  borouglA. 

The  burh  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period  was  simply  a  more 
strictly  organised  form  of  the  township.  It  w-as  probably 
in  a  more  defensible  position ;  had  a  ditch  or  mound 
instead  of  the  quickset  hedge  or  "tun"  from  wliich  the 
township  took  its  name ;  and  as  the  "  tun  "  originally  w'as 
the  fenced  homestead  of  the  cultivat<jr,  the  burh  was 
the  fortified  house  and  court-yard  of  the  mighty  man — 
the  king,  the  magistrate,  or  the  noble. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  44. 
burhbott,  ».     See  burghbote. 
burhgemott,  «.     See  burghmote. 
burial  (ber'i-al),  n.    [In  the  second  sense  burial 
is  now  regarded  as  formed  directly  from  bury^ 
+  -al  (cf.  betrothal,  renewal,  etc.),  but  it  is  due 
to  burial  in  first  sense,  <  ME.  buriel,  biriel,  be- 
riel,  a  tomb,  grave,  a  corruption  of  buriels,  re- 
garded as  a  plural  form,  but  really  singular, 
buriels,  biriels,  beriels,  bergels,  a  tomb,  grave,  < 
AS.  byrqels,  a  tomb,  grave,  <  byrgan,  bury  (see 
bury'i),  +  suffix  -els  (cf.  riddle'2,  <  AS.  rWdels).] 
It.  A  grave  or  place  of  sepulture  ;  a  tomb. 

PuUide  it  [the  body]  in  his  newe  biriel,  .  ,  .  and  he 
walowid  to  a  grete  stone  at  the  dore  of  the  biiiel. 

Wydif,  Mat,  xxvii.  60. 
For  prophetes  hem  tolde. 
That  that  blessed  body  of  buriels  sliolde  aryse. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  .xxii.  146. 
Vailing  her  high-top  lower  than  her  ribs 
To  kiss  her  burial.  Shak.,  M,  of  V.,  i.  1. 

2.  The  act  of  burying;  specifically,  the  act  of 
burying  a  deceased  person ;  sepulture ;  inter- 
ment ;  the  act  of  depositing  a  dead  body  in  any 
place  where  it  is  intended  to  remain. 

Till  that  the  duke  give  order  for  his  burial. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  4. 
Pririlege  of  death  and  burial.  Milton,  S.  A,,  L  104. 

Burial  service,  the  religious  service  performed  at  the 

interment  of  the  dead,  or  a  prescribed  order  or  formula 

ft  ir  such  scr\ice. 
burial-case  (ber'i-al-kas),  n.    A  kind  of  cofSn 

so  made  as  to  be  air-tight,  intended  for  the 

preservation  of  the  body. 
burial-ground  (ber'i-al-ground),  «.    A  grave- 

.vard  or  cemetery. 
burial-mound  (ber'i-al-mound),  «.    The  moimd 

raised  over  the  remains  of  deceased  persons  in 

ancient  times  ;  a  barrow. 
burial-place  (ber'i-al-plas),  «.      A  portion  of 

ground  set  apart  for  or  occupied  by  a  grave  or 

graves ;  a  grave  or  a  graveyard, 
burielst,  «.    [ME. :  see  burial]    The  older  form 

of  burial,  1. 
burier  (ber'i-er),  n.    One  who  buries  a  deceased 

person;  that  which  buries  or  covers. 

And  darkness  be  the  burier  of  the  dead. 

Shak.,  •-'  Hen.  IV,,  L  1. 
burin  (bu'rin).  n.     [<  F.  burin,  <  It.  borino  (cf. 

OSp.  boril,  Sp.  Pg.  buril),  a  gravers'  chisel, 

prob.  <  OHG.  bora,  a  borer,  gimlet,  =  E.  bore^, 

«.]     1.  An  engravers'  tool  of  tempered  steel, 

with  a  lozenge- 
shaped       point, 

fixed  in  a  han- 
dle  the   end   of 

which,    held   in 

the      hand,      is 

roimded    at  the 

top;    a    gi-aver.  Burin. 

Pushed  forward  by 

the  hand  in  any  desired  direction,  it  cuts  a  shallow  or 

deep  furrow,  according  to  the  pressure  exerted.     When,  as 


burin 

in  ctchinp,  bitten  linos,  or  liiifs  made  with  tine  dry-point, 
are  imprrfuft  or  weak,  tliu  l)urin  is  ustMi  to  ri'imir  or 
BtreiiKNiun  them. 

2.    Tlu)   mauacr  or  stylo  of  e.xoeufioii  of  an 
engraver:  as,  a  soft  burin;   a  brilliant  huriii. 
—  3.  A  steel  p-aver  used  by  marble-workers. 
Also  .spelled  hurinc. 
burinist  (Im'rin-ist),  n.    [<  burin  +  -ist.'\    One 
who  uses  a  burin  ;  an  engraver. 

-All  till-  Ki'*"it  oi-ii,'iiial  Imrlnititii  (iiti  not  invent,  hut  re- 
pr.Hliircii  witll  llie  hiirin.  Thf  Amrriraii,  V.  124. 

buri-nut  (bfi'ri-nut),  H.  [<  biiri,  native  name, 
+  III)/.]  The  i>him-like  fruit  of  I'arinnrium 
liiuriniim,  a  rosaeeous  tree  of  the  Fiji  islands. 

'I'lif  kfl-lu'ls  :ire  hciitell  nj)  into  !l  eement  of  tlie  consis- 
ti'iny  ot  imtt>'.  uliicli  is  u.si'd  for  stopping liules in cunoes, 
hxiiiL,'  sin;ii-lii-;iil.s  t(»  tlie  Hllafts,  etc. 

burion  (bu'ri-on),  K.  [Origin  uncertain;  per- 
liajis  a  eorruptiou  of  Sp.  (Me.\.)  ijiirriim,  a  spar- 
row.] A  name  of  the  liouso-liueh,  VariioilncHs 
J'nintiilis,  an  abundant  and  familiar  fringilline 
bird  of  the  soutliwestern  United  States,  almost 
domestieated  in  the  towns,  it  resemWes  tlie  com- 
mon i)urple  llncli,  C  purpiireuii,  hut  is  smaller,  with  a 
sttniler  hill  and  more  vivid  crimson-red  markiuKS,  which 
are  restricted  to  definite  areiis  on  the  head,  hack,  and 
hrea.st. 

buriti  (bil-ri-te'),  II.  [Pg.  biiriti,  mirlU;  a  Braz. 
(Tujii-Unarani)  word,  also  written  buriti/,  mu- 
riti,  luurit;/,  iniriti,  iiiorii'lii,  luurirlii,  niuriclir. 
moriclir,  applied  to  the  jialras  Mauritia  flcxnona 
an<l  M.  viiiifera;  according  to  Hartt,  <  i/nii/rd 
or  ijmbiirii,  a  tree,  -I-  eti;  true.]  One  of  tlie 
largest  of  the  South  American  palms,  Manriiia 
viuiferu,  often  growing  to  a  height  of  125  feet, 
the  stem  being  crowned  with  a  thick  round 
head  of  very  large  fan-shaped  leaves.  A  siuKle 
buncli  of  the  fruit  weighs  more  than  one  hundred  p<Minds. 
The  trees  grow  in  vaat  numliers  on  swampy  land,  from 
southern  Brazil  to  tiie  West  Imlies.  The  natives  cut 
them  down,  and  make  cavities  in  the  stems  to  ohtaiii 
the  sweet  sap  wliieli  accumulates  in  them  ;  if  allowed  to 
ferineiit,  a  vinous  liquor  may  lie  made  from  this  sap,  ami 
even  sugar  has  heen  ohtained  from  it.  Hence  the  name 
wiiicpalin,  eonimonly  given  to  the  tree.  The  pulp  he- 
tweeii  the  nut  and  the  outer  covering  of  the  fruit  is  some- 
times eaten,  and  a  beverage  is  prepared  hy  rubbing  the 
pulp  in  water.  The  pith  of  the  leaf-stem  is  used  in  lieu 
of  cork,  and  its  hard  covering  for  making  baskets.  Cords 
are  made  of  (Ihers  from  the  young  leaves,  and  rough 
thatches  are  constructed  of  the  older  leaves. 

burk  (berk),  n.  Another  spelling  of  birk,  dia- 
lectal variant  of  birch. 

burka  (ber'kii),  II.  [Russ.  biirka.']  A  short 
round  cloak  made  of  felt  or  very  coarse  woolen 
stuff,  used  as  a  protection  against  rain  in  Rus- 
sia, Polaiul,  and  Moldavia.     Also  burija. 

burke  (berk),  i'.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burked,  ppr. 
burkiiiij.  [From  the  name  of  an  Irishman  in 
Edinburgh  who  committed  the  crime  repeated- 
ly, and  was  tried  and  e.xecuted  in  1829.]  1. 
To  murder  by  suffocation  in  order  to  sell  the 
body  for  dissection.  This  method  was  selected 
because  it  left  no  marks  of  violence  upon  the 
victims. 

"Von  don't  mean  to  say  he  was  burked,  Sam?"  said  Mr. 
Pickwick.  Dickeiin,  Pickwick. 

The  rest  of  the  rascals  jumped  on  him  and  Burkfd  him. 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  27:i. 
2.  Figuratively,  to  smother;   shelve;  get  rid 
of  by  some  indirect  manoeuver:  as,  to  burke  a 
parliamentary  question. 

burker  (ber'ker),  n.     One  who  bui'kes. 

Burke's  Act.    See  act. 

burking  (ber'king),  11.  [Verbal  n.  of  burke,  t;.] 
The  practice  of  killing  persons  for  the  ptrrpose 
of  selling  the  bodies  for  dissection. 

burli  (berl),  n.  [<  ME.  burk;  appar.  <  OF.  dial. 
bouril,  bnurril,  flocks  or  ends  of  thread  which 
disfigiu-e  cloth  (Wedgwood),  <  bourrc,  <  ML. 
burra,  a  flock  ot  wool,  coarse  hair,  etc.:  see 
fcio-l.  Cf.  burJet.l  1.  A  small  knot  or  lump 
in  thread,  whether  woven  into  cloth  or  not. — 
2.  A  knot  or  an  excrescence  on  walnut  and 
otiier  trees,  used  for  ornamental  veneering. 

burll  (berl),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  burle;  <  burn, 
".]  1.  To  pick  knots,  loose  threads,  etc., 
from,  as  in  finishing  cloth  ;  specifically,  to  pick 
(wool)  by  hand. —  2t.  To  cleanse  (cloth),  as 
with  fidlers'  earth  or  a  similar  substance. 

To  come  then  to  the  niysterie  of  fuller's  craft,  flret  they 
wash  and  scour  a  piece  of  cloth  witli  the  earth  of  Sardinia, 
then  they  perfume  it  with  the  smoke  of  brimstone,  which 
dime,  they  fall  auou  to  burliii'i  it  with  ciiin)lia. 

lIMamI,  tr.  of  I'liuy,  xx-xv.  17. 

burl-t,  r.  i.     [ME.  burlcn,  contr.  of  burbleu,  bub- 
ble, welter:   see  burble.     Cf.  D.  borrvlcii,  bub- 
ble, guzzle  {borrcl,  a  bubVile,  a  dram),  =  LG. 
burrcln,  bubble,  gush.]     To  welter. 
Many  a  holde  iiarou  in  that  place 
Lay  fnirlamt  yn  his  own  lilode. 
ilVfeo/7'"(i>«.«(Rit.son's  Metr.  Rom.,  II.),  I.  'JS. 
Betres  lav  tntdint'l  in  liur  lilode. 
Le  Bone  Florence  (Kitsoiis  lletr.  Horn.,  IIJ.),  I.  1039. 


727 

burl-  (b6rl),  n.     [A  contr.  of  biirblf,  «.,  2,  in 

same  sense.]     A  pimple.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
burl'',  I'.     Same  as  birl^. 

He  toll!  me  to  hurt  nut  the  beer,  as  he  was  in  a  hurry, 
and  I  burled  out  a  glass  and  gave  it  to  him. 

Londnu  TiuieH,  Law  Reports. 

burlace  (bdr'las),  «.    [Contr.  of  burdeUiia,  q.  v.] 

A  sort  of  grape, 
burlap  (ber'lap),  «.  [Formerly  iorcZa/* ;  origin 
unknown.  The  form  suggests  a  contr.  of  ME. 
tmrcl,  E.  burril,  a  coarse  cloth,  +  litjiiicu,  lap. 
wi'ap.  Referreil  by  some  to  U.  biirliijiji,  club- 
moss,  Lijciijiiidiuiu  cliiriituiii,  lit.  bear's  paw  (cf. 
Nlj.  LycDjiiidium,  wolf's-foot),  <  lu'ir,  =  E.  bear-, 
+  liijij),  <  OH(i.  I<iiipii,*{he  flat  hand.]  A  coarse 
heavy  material  made  of  jute,  lla.x,  hemp,  or  ma- 
nila,  and  used  for  wrajipings  and  in  uphol- 
stery: commonly  in  the  plural. 
burlaw,  ».     See  burlaw. 

burledt,  "•    [ME.,  possibly  for  'barrukd,  equiv. 
to  Al'\  i(nTi//c  ;  see  barruly.'}     In  Aer.,  striped. 
Under  was  A  serpent  of  verite, 
A  taill  burled  had  of  ailner  and  Asure. 

Jioin.  (,/  f'arlnia;/  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  3402. 
With  siluer  And  Asure  the  tail  bnrlid  was. 

Uum.  0/  Parle  nan  (J,.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2809. 

burler^  (ber'l^r),  n.  [<  6ttr/l  +  -crl.]  One  who 
hurls  cloth. 

burler-  (ber'ltr),  n.  [<  burl'-\  =  iir/l,  -I-  -crl.] 
In  Cumberland,  England,  the  master  of  the 
revels  at  a  wedding-feast,  whose  duty  is  to  see 
that  the  guests  are  well  furidshed  with  drink. 
liieirer. 

burlesque  (b^r-lesk'),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly 
also  burlesk ;  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  buiiesk,  <  F.  bur- 
lesque, <  It.  burlcsco,  ludicrous,  <  buria,  a  jest, 
mockery,  raillery,  perhaps  dim.  of  LL.  burra, 

J)l.  burra;  jests,  trifling,  nonsense:  see  bur^.] 
[,  a.  Tending  to  e.xcitc  laughter  by  a  ludicrous 
contrast  between  the  subject  and  the  manner  of 
treating  it,  as  when  a  serious  subject  is  treated 
ridiculously  or  a  trilling  one  with  solemnity. 

It  is  a  dispute  among  the  critics  whetlier6i/r/*'.'{7M^  poet- 
ry runs  best  in  heroic  verse,  like  that  of  the  Dispensary, 
or  in  doggerel,  like  that  of  Hudibras. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  249. 

II.  11.  1.  A  burlesque  literary  or  dramatic 
composition;  travesty;  caricature. 

Burletique  is  therefore  of  two  kinds  :  the  first  represents 
mean  persons  in  the  accoutrements  of  heroes  ;  the  other 
describes  great  pei-sons  acting  and  speaking  like  the  basest 
among  the  people.  Addixon,  Spectator,  No.  249. 

This  contrast  between  ideas  of  grandeur,  dignity,  sanc- 
tity, perfection,  and  ideas  of  meanness,  baseness,  pro- 
fanity, seems  to  be  the  very  spirit  of  burlesque. 

Ilulchemii,  Thoughts  on  Laughter. 

2.  A  piece  composed  in  burlesque  style;  a 
travesty;  m  modem  use  often  specifically  a 
theatrical  piece,  a  kind  of  dramatic  extrava- 
ganza, usually  based  upon  a  serious  play  or 
subject,  with  more  or  less  music  in  it. —  3.  A 
ludicrous  or  debasing  caricature  of  any  kind; 
a  gross  perversion. 

Who  is  it  that  admires,  and  is  from  the  heart  attached 
to,  national  representative  assemblies,  but  must  tiUTi  with 
llon'or  anil  disgust  from  such  a  profane  burlegque  and 
abominable  pervei-sion  of  that  sacred  institute? 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 
=  Syn.  rarodtt,  Traeeati/,  etc.  i>ce  caricature. 
burlesque  (ber-lesk'),  »'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bur- 
Icsiiucd,  ppr.  burlestjuiuij.  [<  burlesque,  a.]  I. 
trans.  To  make  riilictdous  by  mocking  repre- 
sentation ;  caricature ;  travesty. 

They  bttrlejiquett  the  prophet  .Tercmiah's  words,  and 
turned  the  expression  he  used  into  ridicule, 

Stillingfieet,  Works,  II.  iv. 
The  characteristic  faults  of  his  [.Tohnson's]  style  are  so 
familiar  to  all,  .  .  .  and  have  been  so  often  burlesqued, 
that  it  is  almost  superfluous  to  jiiiint  tlieiii  out. 

Maeaitla/i,  lioswelVs  .Tohnson. 

II.  iiitrans.  To  use  caricature.     [Rare.] 

burlesquer  (ber-lcs'ker),  «.  One  who  bur- 
lesques or  turns  to  ridicule. 

burlett,  ".  [<  F.  bourlet,  bnurrelet.  a  roll  of  cloth 
or  leatuer  stuffed  with  hair  or  wool,  etc.,  a  sup- 
porter of  satin,  etc.,  for  a  ruff  or  collar,  also  a 
kind  of  hood,  <  bourrc,  flocks  of  wool,  hair,  etc., 
used  for  stuffing  saddles,  balls,  etc.:  see  bur- 
re/.]  1.  Acoif ;  astuffedroU  tosupporta  ruff; 
a  standing  or  stuffed  neck  for  a  gown,  ilin- 
.slieu. —  2.  A  hood.     .(.s/i. 

burletta  (ber-let'jt),  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  burla, 
mockery:  seoi'turlcsquc.]  A  comic  opera;  a 
musical  farce. 

burleyt,  "•  [Origin  obscure;  cf.  burly.]  The 
butt-end  of  a  lance.     Wilhclm.  Mil.  Diet. 

burliness  (ber'li-nes),  n.  [<  burlij  +  -Hf.svs.] 
The  state  or  (juality  of  being  burly. 

burling-iron  (ber'ling-i'em),  n.  A  kind  of 
pincers  or  tweezers  used  in  burling  cloth. 


bum 

burling-machine  (ber'ling-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
machine  lor  removing  knots  and  rough  places 
from  woolen  cloth  before  it  is  fulled. 

burlyl  (ber'li),rt.  [=E.  dial.ioM'cr/^,  <  ME.  fiwr- 
ly,  burely,  borly,  burliche,  borliclie,  borlic,  etc., 
large,  Iiuge.  Of  uncertain  origin ;  hardly  = 
OlIG.  burlih,  purlili,  elevated,  liigh  (<  bar,  an 
elevation,  -I-  -lih  =E.  -ly^).  There  is  nothing  to 
prove  the  supposed  Celtic  origin.]  1.  (ireat  in 
bodily  size;  bidky;  large;  stout:  formerly  used 
of  things,  but  now  only  of  persons,  and  imply- 
ing some  degree  of  coarseness. 

The  br.aunehes  were  borly,  sum  of  bright  gold, 
Sum  syluer  for  sothe,  semlist  of  hew. 

Destruclion  n/  Trmj  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  4903. 

Burly  sacks  and  well  stuffed  barns. 

Drayton,  I'olyolbion,  xiv.  118. 

Down  through  the  crashing  under-wood 

The  burly  sherilf  came.  Whillier,  The  Exiles. 

2t.  Boisterous;  loud. 

So  when  a  burly  tempest  rolls  his  pride. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  v.  224. 

^Syn.  1.  Massive,  Poiuleroutt,  etc.     See  bulky. 
burlylf,  ".  *.     To  make  burly;  cause  to  bulge 
out. 

'I'hink'st  thou  that  paunch,  that  burlieA  out  thy  coat, 
Is  thriving  fat;  or  tlesh,  that  seems  so  brawny? 

Quarter,  Emblems,  i.  12. 

burly"  (ber'li),  a.  [<  bmi^  +  -yl.]  Having 
burls  or  excrescent  knots:  as,  a  burly  tree. 

Burman  (ber'man).  n.  [<  Burma  +  -an.]  A 
nalive  or  an  inhabitant  of  Btuina,  a  British 
possession  in  Farther  India,  it  wa.s  formerly  an 
liidependelit  kiligdolii,  but  Jiarts  of  it  were  annexed  to 
(Ireat  Britain  in  1^2(;  and  ls.'>2,  and  the  remainder  on 
.lanuary  1st,  lft*«,  in  roiisequeiice  of  wars. 

A  Burntan,  being  the  property  of  the  king,  can  never 
quit  the  country  without  his  especial  permission,  which  is 
only  granteil  for  a  limited  time,  and  never  to  women  on 
any  pretence.  Kncyc.  Brit.,  W.  ii,')4. 

bur-marigold  (ber '  mar "i -gold),  n.  A  book- 
name  for  the  more  showy  species  of  liidens. 

Burmese  (ber-mes'  or -Inez'),  a.  and  n.  [<  liur- 
iiiii  +  -esc.]  I.  a.  (Jf  or  pertaining  to  Burma. 
II.  ".  1.  S(»(/.  or  yi/.  An  inhabitant  or  inhabi- 
tants of  Burma.  See  Burman. —  2.  The  lan- 
guage of  the  people  of  Burma.  It  is  one  of  the 
monosvllabic  languages. 

bur-millstone  (ber'mil'stou),  h.  Same  as  bur- 
sttiue. 

burnl  (bern),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burned  or  burnt, 
ppr.  biirninij.  [Under  this  form  and  the  obs. 
or  dial,  brin,  bren,  brun,  are  now  confuse<l  two 
different  but  related  verbs,  which  are  quite  dis- 
tinct in  AS.  and  the  other  older  tongues:  (1) 
burn,  <  ME.  berncn,  barncii,  barnen,  brennen,  < 
AS.  bo'rnan  (pret.  bterndc,  pj).  bwriied)  =  OS. 
brcnnian  =  MD.  bernen  (in  mod.  D.  displaced 
by  the  secondary  fonn  branden :  see  brand,  r.) 
=  LG.  brennen  =  OFries.  berna,  6«)h«  =  OHG. 
brennan,  MHG.  G.  brennen  =  Icel.  brenna=z  Sw. 
brdnna  =  Dan.  bra-nde  =  Goth,  brannjan  (in 
comp.),  burn,  consume  with  fire.  orig.  and  prop, 
trans.,  a  weak  verb,  factitive  of  the  next;  (2) 
burn,  <  ME.  birncn,  beornen,  briniien,  <  AS.  bcor- 
nan,  byrnan  (pret.  barn,  beam,  pi.  burnon,  pp. 
bornen),  a  transposed  form  of  "brinnan  (in  comp. 
on-brinnan)  =  OS.  brinnan  =  OHG.  brinnan, 
MHG.  G.  dial,  brinnen  =  Icel.  brenna,  older 
brinna,  =  Goth,  brinnan,  bin-n,  be  on  fire  :  orig. 
and  prop,  intrans.,  a  strong  verb;  not  known 
outside  of  Tent.  Deriv.  brand,  brine^,  perhaps 
burn-  =  bournl,  etc.]  I.  traiLs.  1.  To  consume 
with  fire;  destroy  or  reduce  to  ashes  by  the 
action  of  heat  or  fire. 

lie  comethe  to  l»-enne  him  self  upon  the  Awtere  of  the 
Temple.  Maiuteville,  Travels,  p.  48. 

Thou  Shalt  hough  their  horses,  and  Imrn  their  chariots 
with  lire.  Josh.  xi.  6. 

2.  To  act  on  with  fire;  expose  to  the  action  of 
fire :  as,  to  burn  clay ;  to  burn  wood  for  charcoal ; 
to  burn  limestone. —  3.  To  jiroduco  by  means 
of  fire:  as,  to  burn  charcoal. — 4.  To  scorch; 
affect  <u-  injure  by  heat:  as,  to  burn  one's 
clothes  by  being  too  near  the  tire;  to  burn  one's 
fingers;  to  6Mrn  bread  or  meat. 

Tlie  sun  doth  burn  my  face. 

Stiak.,  Venns  and  .Adonis,  1.  186. 

5.  To  inflame  or  tan  (the  skin),  as  sunlight. — 

6.  To  produce  an  effect  like  that  tif  fire ;  heat 
or  inflame ;  affect  with  a  burning  sensation :  as, 
ardent  spiiits  burn  the  stomach ;  a  burn ing  fever. 

This  tyrant  fever  bunu  me  up.        Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  3. 

7.  In  cbcni.,  to  combine  with  oxygen;  oxygen- 
ize.—  8.  In  sury.,  to  apply  a  cautery  to;  cau- 
terize.—To  bum  daylight,  to  burn  a  candle  or  candles 
before  it  is  dark ;  waste  light. 


bum 

M(r.  Come,  we  bum  daylight,  ho ! 

Horn.  Nay,  that's  not  so. 
Mer.  1  mean,  sir,  in  delay 

We  waste  our  lights  in  vain,  lilce  lumps  Itv  <lay. 

.SVmi-.,  R.  ami  J.,  i.  4. 
To  bum  down,  to  Imrn  to  the  Brouml,  as  all  tlif  I'cim- 
biistihlf  parts  of  a  builtlin^'.—  TO  bum  in,  in  tjlafs-mak- 
iii'j  ami  piitU'Tii,  to  Ilx  ami  rentlt-r  ihirahlu  (the  c(tloring 
and  ornamentation^  by  means  of  ^roat  and  lontr-t-ontiuued 
heat  in  an  oven  or  Kiln.— To  bum  metals  together,  to 
join  them  by  melting'  tlieir  atljatLiif  idi.'ts.  or  lu-alitij;  the 
adjaitnt  edV'es  anil  rnnning  some  molten  metal  of  the 
sanu-  kiuti  intn  thr  intermediate  spaee.  E.  //.  Kniilht, — 
To  bum  one's  Angers,  to  reeeive  damage  or  loss  from 
meddling  with  or  engaging  in  anything. —  To  bum  Out, 
to  destroy  or  obliterate  by  burning. 
SItist  you  with  hot  irons  hum  out  both  mine  eyes? 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  1. 

To  bum  tbe  candle  at  both  ends,  see  cmullc— To 
bum  up,  to  eonsunie  eompletely  by  fire,  or  reduce  to 
ashes  :  a-s.  to  bunt  uj>  a  paper. 

II.  iiitraiis.  1.  To  be  ou  firo;  flame:  as,  the 
fuel  burns. 

A  still  and  sacred  Are 
That  burn'd  as  on  an  altar. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

2.  To  become  charred,  singed,  or  scorched ;  be 
injured  by  undue  exposure  to  fire  or  a  heated 
surface,  etc. :  as,  milk  or  oatmeal  burns  if  cooked 
■without  stUTing. 

*'  Your  meat  doth  burn,"  quoth  I.    Skak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  become  inflamed  or  taimed,  or  to  become 
disintep-ated  by  the  effect  of  heat  and  reflected 
sunlight,  as  the  skin  from  imusual  or  prolonged 
exposure  to  the  sun  or  to  the  glare  from  a  sheet 
of  water. — 4.  To  glow  like  fire ;  shine;  gleam. 

The  barge  she  sat  in,  like  a  burnish'd  throne. 
Burnt  on  the  water.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 

The  road,  wherever  it  came  into  sight,  burned  with  bril- 
liant costumes,  like  an  illuminated  page  of  I-Yoissart. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  243. 

5.  To  be  inflamed  with  passion  or  desire;  be 
affected  with  strong  emotion:  as,  to  burn  with 
anger  or  love. 

Did  not  our  heart  Intm  within  us  while  he  talked  with 
us  by  the  way  ?  Luke  xxiv.  32. 

True  charity  is  afflicted,  and  burns  at  the  offence  of  every 
little  one.  Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

6t.  To  act  or  behave  with  destructive  violence ; 
be  in  a  state  of  ■s'iolent  action ;  rage. 

Shall  thy  wrath  burn  like  fire?  Ps.  lx.x.\ix.  46. 

The  groan  still  deepens  and  the  combat  bums.  Pope. 
7.  To  be  affected  with  a  sensation  of  heat  or 
burning  pain,  or  acridity;  feel  excess  of  heat : 
as,  the  face  burns;  the  patient  burns  with  a 
fever. —  8.  To  resemble  fire  in  the  effect  or 
the  sensation  produced.     [Bare.] 

The  parching  air 
Bums  frore,  and  cold  performs  the  effect  of  fire. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  695. 

9.  In  certain  games,  to  be  very  near  a  con- 
cealed object  which  is  sought,  that  is,  so  near 
that  one  would  be  burned  if  it  were  fire ;  heuce, 
to  be  nearly  right  in  a  guess.     [CoUoq.] 

However,  the  explorers  must  have  burned  strongly  (as 
children  say  at  hide-and-seek)  when  they  attained  a  point 
su  near  to  the  fountains.  De  Quineei/,  Herodotus. 

To  bum  blue.  See  blue,  a.—  To  bum  down,  to  be  burned 
to  the  ground  ;  be  consumed  by  tire  from  top  to  bottom, 
as  a  building.— To  bum  out,  to  burn  till  the  fuel  is  ex- 
hausted and  the  fire  ceases.— TO  bum  up,  to  be  bm-ned 
completely  or  reduced  to  ashes:  as,  the  paper  burned  up. 
burnl  (bern).  n.  [<  burn^,  v.]  1.  A  hurt  or  in- 
jury caused  by  the  action  of  fire,  especially  on 
a  living  body ;  a  burnt  place  in  any  substance. 
—  2.  The  operation  of  burning  or  baking,  as  in 
brickmaking:  as,  they  had  a  good  burn. —  3. 
A  disease  in  vegetables.  See  brand,  6. — 4.  A 
clearing  in  the  woods  made  by  burning  the 
trees.  [U.  S.]=Syn.  1.  iJura,  SraW.  Cimw  are  pro- 
duced by  heated  solids  or  by  flames,  scalds  by  heated  fluids 
or  vapors.    See  scorch,  v.  t. 

burn'-  (bem),  n.  [Also  written  bourn,  bourne, 
which  with  a  diff.  pron.  is  the  usual  form  in  the 
south  of  England  (see  bourn^,  bourne'i);  <  ME. 
binmw.  cofumonly  burne,  <  AS.  burna,  masc, 
also  burne.  fem.,  a  brook,  stream  (=  OS.  brun- 
no  =  OFries.  burna  =  OD.  borne,  D.  born,  bron 
=  LG.  born  (>  G.  born)  =  OHG.  bruniw,  MHG. 
brunne,G.hruuuen,  brunne,  brunn  =lce\.bru)iur 
=  Sw.  brunn  =  Dan.  briind,  a  spring,  foimtain, 
well,  =  Goth,  brunna,  a  spring),  prob.  <  'briii- 
nan  (pp.  'brunnen),  etc.,  bum:  see  burn^.  Cf. 
the  similar  origin  of  «(Hl  and  torrent.  Not 
connected  witli  Gr.  (jipfap,  a  well.]  A  rivulet; 
a  brook.     [Scotch  and  North.  Eug.] 

Follow  the  deer 

By  these  tall  firs  and  our  f:ist-falling  burns. 

Tennyson,  (>areth  and  Lynette. 

It  occurs  in  various  place-names,  as  Banuock- 
burn,  Black&urH,  etc. 


Bunsen  Burner. 
a,  a,  openings  to  admit  air. 


728 

bum^t,  «'.  '.  [ME.,  <  OF.  Iiurnir,  burnish:  see 
burnish.  In  form  and  sense  the  word  over- 
laps burn^  (cf.  burn^,  v.  i.,  4).]  To  burnish; 
brighten ;  make  gay  or  cheerful. 

Al  his  speehe  :ind  cher  also  he  borneth. 

Chancer,  Troilus,  i.  327. 
The  temple  of  Marz  annypotetitc 
Wrought  al  of  burned  steel. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  112.'). 

burn'*  (beni),  n.  [Appar.  eoutr.  of  burthen'^ 
or  burden'^.']  A  burden  for  one  person.  Dun. 
[Local,  Eng.  (Cornwall).] 

burnable  (ber'na-bl),  a.  [<  6i(r«l,  r.,  +  -able.} 
Capable  of  being  burned. 

burn-beatingt,  «.  A  particular  way  of  manur- 
ing land,  by  cutting  off  the  peat  or  turf,  la.ving 
it  in  heaps,  and  burning  it  to  ashes.  Compare 
bcdt'-i,  n.  and  r.,  and  denshire.   E.  I'hillips,  1706. 

burner  (ber'ner),  n.  1.  A  person  who  burns  or 
sets  fire  to  anythiug. 

The  Milesian  Oracle  was  sacred  to  Apollo  Didyraajus 
amongst  the  Brandiidx,  who  betrayed  the  treasures  of 
their  God  to  Xerxes  the  burner  of  their  Temple. 

Purchas.  Pilgrimage,  p.  332. 

2.  The  part  of  a  lamp  from  which  the  flame  is- 
sues ;  the  part  that  holds  the  wick ;  also,  the  jet- 
piece  from  which  a  gas-flame  issues.  Bm-ners  in- 
clude all  forms  of  apparatus  for  burning  gas,  oils,  or  vapors, 
singly  or  in  combinati'.iu  :  as,  a  hydrocariion  burner,  carbu- 
reting gas-burner,  lime-light  burner,  regenerative  burner, 
etc.  See  lamp-bur ne r  :indi/aS'burner. — Bat'S-wing  burn- 
er, a  form  of  gas-burner  from  which  there  issues  a  broad 
flame  supposed  to  resemble  a 
bats  wing.— Bude  burner,  an 
arrangement  consisting  of  two, 
tliree.  or  niore  concentric  Argand 
burners,  eiich  inner  one  rising  a 
little  attuvethe  nuter,  by  wliich  a 
very  powerful  liu'ht  is  pr.Hhiied. 
Kanied  froni  liude,  in  t'lunwall. 
the  residefice  of  Mr.  Gurney,  the 
inventor.— Btmsen  burner,  a 
gas-burner  invented  by  a  Ger- 
man chemist,  R.  W.  Bunsen.  and 
improved  by  Wallace  and  Gode- 
froy.  It  is  arranged  in  such  a 
way  that  the  gas,  just  previous 
to  burning,  is  largely  diluted  with 
air,  thus  producing  a  non-lumi- 
nous and  very  hot  flame.  It  is  used 
in  chemical  laboratories  and  in 
metallurgical  research  in  connec- 
tion with  a  variety  of  small  fur- 
naces, and  in  nian.v  fiirms  of  gas- 
stoves,  heaters,  steamers,  etc.  —  Fish-tail  "burner,  a  gas- 
burner  whose  jet  takes  tlie  spreading  and  forked  form  of 
a  fish's  tail.— Hydrocarbon  burner,  a  burner  for  pro- 
ducing heat  by  means  of  liitiiid  fuel.  It  has  generally  a 
jet  of  air  or  steam,  <ir  of  both,  carrying  with  it  a  spray 
of  coal-oil  or  petroleum,  which  is  liglited  and  burns 
under  a  boiler.— Regenerative  burner,  in  tjas-liyht- 
ing,  a  device  by  whicli  the  current  of  gas  is  heated  be- 
fore it  reaches  the  flame,  thus  making  combustion  more 
complete. 
burnetlf  (ber'net),  a.  and  n.  [I.  a.  <  ME.  bur- 
net,  <  OF.  brunft,  brunette,  lit.  brownish,  tlim. 
of  hrun,  brown:  see  browu.  Cf.  brunette.  II. 
n.  <  ME.  burnet,  burnette,  <  OF.  bitrnette,  bru- 
nette =  Pr.  bruncta  =  Sp.  bruneta,  brunete,  < 
ML.  bruneta,  brunetutn,  a  bro'svnish,  dark-col- 
ored cloth.]  I,  a.  Bro'svnish. 
Hire  mentel  grene  other  [or]  burnet.  Rel.  Ant.,  1.  129. 
II.  n.  Cloth  dyed  of  a  brown  color. 
burnet^  (ber'net),  «.  [<  ME.  burnet,  pimper- 
nel; <  OF.  brunete,  also  brunette,  the  name  of  a 
plant,  prob.  burnet;  cf.  ML.  hurneta,  spring- 
wort  (Vocab.  ed.  Wright,  2d  ed.,  p.  557,  1.  42)  ; 
prob.  so  called  vnih.  some  allusion  to  color ; 
cf.  burnet'^.']  If.  The  pimpernel,  Anagallis  ar- 
vensis. —  2.  The  common  name  of  species  of 
Poterium,  an  herbaceous  genus  of  the  natural 
order  Bosacew.  The  common  or  garden  burnet  is 
Poterium  Sanynisorba ,  also  called  satad-burnet.  The  great 
burnet  is  P.  o^cinale. 

Of  pympurnoUe  [pimpernel]  to  speke  thenke  y  get 
And  Englysh  ycalled  is  burnet, 

MS.  Sloaiie,  2467,  t.  C.    (EaXUweU.) 

bume't-moth  (ber'net-moth),  n.  A  moth  of  the 
genus  Zi/ijwna  or  Aiithrocera  ;  one  of  the  many 
moths  of  the  family  Zyywnida:  The  sL\ -spotted 
burnet-moth  is  Z.  or  A.  Jilipe-ndulee,  a  common  European 
species,  with  six  red  spots  on  a  dark  ground ;  the  larva  is 
yellow,  spotted  with  black.  Z.  or  A.  loti  is  another  spe- 
cies, the  five-spotted  burnet-moth. 

burnet-rose  (b§r'net-roz),  n.     Same  as  burnet". 

burnettet,  n.    Same  as  burnet^. 

burnet'tise,  v.  t.    See  bumettix. 

burnettize  (ber'net-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bur- 
netti:ed,  ppr.  burnetti:ing.  [<  Bt^iett  (see  Bur- 
nett's liquid,  under  liquid)  +  -ire.]  To  impreg- 
nate, as  timber,  canvas,  cordage,  dead  bodies, 
etc.,  with  Burnett's  liquid,  for  the  purpose  of 
^>rpscr^•ing  tlieni  from  decay. 

Burnett's  liquid.    See  liquid. 

burne'Win  (bor'ue-wiu),  h.  [Sc,  for  fc«ra-(/ie- 
winU.}    A  blacksmith.    Burns, 


burnish 

burnie  (ber'ni),  H.    [Dim.  of  7)«r«2.]    A  rivulet. 

[S,-„t<.h.] 
burning  (ber'ning),  n.     ["Verbal  n.  of  liurn^,  r.] 

1.  Tlie  act  or  i)roccss  of  consuming  by  fire. — 

2.  In  inetal-trnrhiiif),  the  act  or  process  of  unit- 
ing metallic  sm-faces  by  fusing  them  together, 
or  by  running  molten  metal  of  the  same  kind 
between  them. —  3.  In  ccrani.,  the  final  firing, 
as  for  glazing,  fixing  the  colors,  or  the  like :  used 
somewhat  loosely. 

burning  (ber'ning),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  hurn^,  r.] 
1.  Scorching;  hot:  as,  the  hurniny  sands  of 
the  Sahara. — 2.  Powerful;  strong;  vehement; 
ardent. 

That  wliich  I  xirge  is  <)f  a  l/urniuy  zeal. 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  i.  4. 
hike  a  young  hound  upon  a  burning  scent.         Dnyden. 

3.  Causing  excitement,  ardor,  or  enthtisiasm; 
enchaining  or  demanding  attention. 

Tlie  Johannean  problem  is  the  burning  question  of 
modern  criticism  on  the  soil  of  the  New  Testament. 

Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Ch.,  I.  §  84. 
=  S3m.  Blazing,  flaming,  scorching,  fiery,  hot. 
burning-bush  (ber'ning-biish),  n.  1.  The  em- 
blem adopted  by  the  Presbyterian  churches 
of  Scotland  in  memory  of  the 
persecutions  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  bearing  the  legend 
"Nee  tamen  consumebatur" 
(yet  not  consumed),  in  allusion 
to  Ex.  iii.  2.  [Usually  two 
words.]  —  2.  A  name  of  various  «„„„»  i 
shrubs  or  plants,  (a)  The  Ameri- 
can species  of  Euonymus,  E.  atnqntrpurea  and  E.  Ameri- 
cana, celastraceous  shrubs  with  bright-crimson,  pendu- 
lous, four-lobed  capsules,  often  cultivated  for  omaiuent. 


Burning-bush  {Bucftymus  Americana). 

a,  deliiscing  fruit;  i>,  section  of  tlower. 

(From  Gray's  "Genera  of  Plants  of  the  U.  S.") 

See  Euonymus.  (b)  The  artillery-plant,  Pilea  serpylli. 
folia,  (c)  The  plant  Dietamnus  Fraxinella,  so  called  he- 
cause  its  volatile  secretions  render  the  surrounding  air 
inflammable  in  hot  weather. 

burning-fluid  (ber'ning-flo'id),  II.  A  very  ex- 
plosive illuminating  liquid,  consisting  of  a  mix- 
ture of  about  3  volumes  of  alcohol  and  1  of 
eamphene  or  purified  turpentine-oil,  burned  in 
lamps  specially  constructed  f  or  the  purjiose,  but 
superseded  by  petroleum  after  a  few  years'  use. 

burning-glass  (ber'ning-glas),  «.  A  double 
convex  lens  of  glass  used  to  ignite  combustible 
substances,  melt  metals,  etc.,  by  focusing  upon 
them  the  direct  ra.vs  of  the  sun. 

burning-house  (ber'uing-lious),  n.  The  fur- 
nace in  whioli  tin  ores  are  calcined  to  sublime 
till'  sulphur  from  the  p^Tites;  a  kiln. 

burning-mirror  (ber'ning-mir  or),  H.  A  con- 
cave mirror,  usually  of  metal,  used  as  a  bm-n- 
mg-glass.  The  power  of  a  burning-mirror  is  consider- 
ably greater  than  that  of  a  burning-glass  of  equal  extent 
and  eipial  curvature. 

burnish  (bir'nish),  r.  [<  ME.  buniischen,  bur- 
nissen,  <  OF.  burui.<:s-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of 
burnir,  bruuir,  F.  hrunir  (>  G.  briinircii)  (=  Pr. 
bvrnir,  bruiiir  =  Sp.  hruriir,  broriir  =  Pg.  brunir, 
liornir  =  It.  brunire),  polish,  make  brown,  < 
bruu,  bro^^Ti,  also  jioet.  bright,  shining:  see 
brown.  Also  formerly  in  more  orig.  form  burn  : 
see  6«CH'^.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  glow  or 
become  resplendent. 

Now  the  village  windows  blaxe. 
Burnished  by  the  setting  sun. 

J.  Cunningham,  Evening. 


burnish 

The  wide  lake,  cdnoil  with  saiul  ami  grass, 
Was  Inirnixhcd  to  a  door  of  (jhiss. 

Kiiwrsan,  Woodnotos,  i. 

2.  To  polish  by  frietiou;  make  smooth  and 
lustrous:  as,  to  huniixh  steel. 

liunuiik  no  lioncs  witli  thy  teeth, 
for  that  is  vnsL'L'iiiL'ly. 

Wwtlcti,  Boliu  of  iNurturc  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  77. 
VVIio  ihttli  tile  worlii  so  ;,'loriously  IjehoUI, 
Tliat  ixMiar-t4)ps  ami  Iiills  sci'iii  Iturnish'd  gold. 

Shak.,  \'fnus  ami  Atlonis,  1.  H.^iS. 
Il.t    iiilrani:    To  grow,  as  a  cliild ;  thrive ; 
flourish;  boeomo  fat  aiui  sleek;  lience,  to  be- 
come lirif^lit  or  brilliant;  show  eon.sjiicviously. 
Kre  Juiio  hurnishaly  or  young  Jove  was  grown. 

Drj/den. 
I've  seen  a  snalte  in  human  form  .  ,  . 
liumuih  and  malte  a  gaudy  slu>w, 

Sivi/I,  Deseription  of  a  Salamander. 
burnish  (ber'nish),  «.     [<  bi(nii.ili,  i'.]     Polish; 
heuco,  gloss;  brightness;  luster. 

As  to  (.'hrysost^im,  and  liiusil,  uitli  less  of  pomp  and 
swagger  tiiau  Gregctry,  they  liave  not  at  all  more  of  rlie- 
toii<;tI  hur/iish  ami  eompre8.sion.     Dc  Quiiu-etj,  Rhet^jrie. 

burnisher  (ber'nish-6r),  n.  1.  One  ■who  bur- 
nishes or  jiolishes. —  2.  A  tool  of  various  shapes 
»  and  material,  but  eommonly  with  a  smooth, 
slightly  eonvex  head,  used  for  iiolisliing  in  va- 
rious processes  and  operations,  as  in  porce- 
lain-painting, dentistry,  etc. —  3.  Au  instrn- 
ment  of  tempered  steel,  with  slightly  curved 
polished  sides  and  rounded  point,  used  by 
etchers  and  line-engravers  to  remove  rough- 
nesses, scratches,  and  stains  from  the  siu'fuco 
of  a  metal  plate.  Wooil-engraver.s  who  \\  ish  to  take  hy 
hand  a  trial-proof  of  a  hloek,  tlni^lied  or  in  progri-s-s.  ink 
the  raised  lines,  lay  over  them  a  pieit-  of  Tmlia  pajier  and 
a  eard.  and  thrti,  i)y  even  frietion  with  the  liurnislier,  olt- 
tain  the  desired  imju'ession. 

4.  In  shoriiKikiiiq,  a  polishing-machino  which 
holds  the  shoe  firmly  while  a  heated  steel  tool  is 
j)ressed  with  force  against  the  lieel  or  sole,  pre- 
viously moistened  with  a  preparation  of  varnish. 

burnoose,  burnous  (ber-nos'  or  ber'nos),  II. 
[Also  written  hvniDusr,  burnouse,  huriiiis,  hour- 
noun  :  <  F.  burnous,  houmous  =  Sp.  aJboruoz  = 
Pg.  iMirnoz  or  alhoriio:,  a  kind  of  Moorish 
cloak,  <  Ai'.  o/,  the  (see  «/-'-),  +  burnus,  buniiis, 
a  hooded  cloak.]  1.  Au  outer  garment  made 
of  a  coarse  woolen  fabric,  worn  by  men  in  the 
Barbary  States,  througho\it  northwestern  Afri- 
ca, and  in  Arabia.  It  differs  from  the  aba  in  having 
a  hood,  and  in  being  more  eomnionly  made  of  imdyed  wool, 
so  that  it  generally  has  a  lirownish  white  color  without 
stripes  or  pattern  ;  but  it  is  also  made  Ijlack,  and  striped 
with  red  ami  white. 

The  males  were  clad  in  buriwoses  —  brown  or  striped 
woollen  cloaks  with  hoods. 

H.  F.  Burton,  El-JIcdinah,  p.  12.S. 

Hence  —  2.  A  garment  worn  by  women  in  Eu- 
rope and  the  United  States  at  different  times 
since  1850.  it  sometimes  has  a  hood  with  a  tassel  at  the 
end,  and  is  in  general  a  loose  outer  eloak  without  sleeves. 
It  has  been  made  of  many  different  materials,  usually  with 
stripes. 

burnstickle  (bern'stik-1),  n.  [Perverted  froiu 
baiisticklr.']  A  name  of  the  stickleback,  Ga,'<t(- 
riislriis  biiicuh'Cl  tiis. 

burnt  (bernt),  ;).  ff.  [Pp.  of  fciinil,  i'.]  1.  Con- 
sumed or  scorched  by  fire. —  2.  Cnmibly,  and 
partly  or  entirely  unweldable,  from  ha\Tiig 
been  raised  to  too  high  a  temperature  in  con- 
tact with  the  air :  said  of  iron  and  steel.  The 
nature  of  the  change  which  the  metal  under- 

foes  is  not  yet  clearly  understood Burnt  alum, 
ee  alum.— Burnt  bowl,  OUrling-stone,  etc.,  in  games, 
a  howl,  etc.,  whieli  li;is  been  aet-iilentally  touched  ol- 
moved,  and  whieh  nnist  be  removed  as  dead.  — Burnt 
carmine.  See  canninr.— 'Burnt  fox,  a  slang  name  for 
a  student  during  his  seeond  half  year  in  the  <;erman  uni- 
versities. -Burnt  in,  in  rrrdm.,  sometimes  said  of  erdors 
that  have  lieeu  applied  under  tiie  ghize,  and  are  Ilreti  with 
it.  -Burnt  limestone,  eal.ined  limestone.— Burnt  ore, 
roaste.l  ..re. -Burnt  Roman  ocher,  sienna,  sponge, 
terre  verte,  umber.  See  the  nouns.  ~  Burnt  wine, » me 
treated  in  sueh  a  manner  as  to  aequire  a  i»eeuliar  flavor 
suggestive  of  liurning. 

Burnt  wine  is  a  wine  boiled  up  with  sugar  and  some- 
times with  a  little  spiee.  '  Rt'en,  Cye. 

burnt-ear  (bemt'er),  «.  A  foi-m  of  smut  in 
oats,  wheat,  and  other  cereals  and  grasses,  pro- 
duced by  a  microscopic  fungus.  VsHlafio  rarhii. 
The  tissues  of  the  plant  an'  distiii>td  and  repl'aeed  liy  an 
ahundauee  of  blaek  dust-likr  spores. 

burnt-offering  (bemt'of 'er-ing),  »).  An  of- 
tcriug  liurnt  upon  an  altar  as  a  religious  rite; 
specifically,  in  the  .Jewish  ritual,  an  animal  or 
animals  of  a  prescribed  kind,  the  whole  of 
which,  after  ceremonial  preparation,  was  burn- 
ed upon  an  altar;  a  holocaust.  Parts  of  many 
other  offerings  were  burned,  but  the  term  is  generally 
restrieted  to  one  that  was  entirely  so,  sontetimes  speeill- 
eally  ealled  a  n'tiulr  hurtit-tifrrinff.  This  was  the  only  <<f- 
fering  of  the  aueient  patriarehs.'and  is  the  (udy  (uie  meu- 
timied  in  the  book  of  (Jenesis.  Afterward  it  beeame  one 
ol  the  regular  classes  of  sucrillce  under  the  Levitical  law. 


729 

The  regulations  respecting  it  are  given  In  detail  in  Leviti- 
cus I.  and  vi.  8-1:1.  It  represent*-d  the  entire  self-de<h- 
eation  of  the  offerer  Ut  (hid,  and  wjis  always  preceded 
by  a  sin-offering.  The  object  offered  was  to  be  a  nude 
witluiut  blennsh,  a  young  Imllock,  ram,  or  he-goat,  or,  in 
ease  of  poverty,  a  turtle-dove  or  pigeon.  It  was  brought 
by  the  offerer  of  his  own  free  will,  and  slain  by  hinisrh. 
The  public  burnt-offerings  were  :  (1)  the  daily  burnt-ollei' 
ings,  sacrificed  every  morning  anil  evening  for  the  people 
(Num.  xxviii.  3-S);  (_')  the  .salibath  Ijurut-otfering  (Num. 
xxviii.  !»,  10);  (3)  certain  specified  burnt-offerings  on  ap- 
pointed feast-ilays  (Num.  xxviii.  U-2V>,  :i'.t).  Tliere  were 
also  private  burnt-offerings  appointed  for  certain  set 
times.  Free. will  burnt-otferings  might  he  offered  on  any 
special  soleuui  occasion. 

burnt-sacrifice  (btmt'sak'ri-fis),  «.  Same  as 
burnl-iifftrinii. 

burnt-stone  (bemt'ston),  «.  An  antiipie  car- 
neliaii  sueh  as  are  sometimes  found  in  ancient 
ruins  an<l  have  apparently  been  acted  on  by 
fire.  They  appear  dull  externally,  but  show  a  fine  red 
color  when  held  up  to  the  light.  They  are  much  esteemed, 
bringing  a  high  price,  especially  when  ornamented  by  fine 
engraving. 

burnwood  (btm'wiid),  «.  The  Ilhus  Mttojiinin, 
a  pipiscinrius  sjiecies  of  sumac.  fomKl  in  south- 
ern I'lorida  and  the  West  Indies.  Also  called 
Innnirninl. 

bur-parsley  (b6r'p!irs"li),  n.  The  comtnon 
luime  of  Caucalis  iliiucoiiirs,  an  umbelliferous 
plant  with  bristly  bur-like  carpels.  It  is  fre- 
quently found  in  corn-fields  with  chalky  soils 
in  Knglaiid. 

bur-pump,  burr-pump  (ber'pump),  n.    Xaut, 

a  kind  of  pump  in  which  a  cup-shaped  cone  of 
leather  nailed  on  the  end  of  a  pump-rod  serves 
instead  of  a  box,  its  sides  collapsing  as  the'  rod 
descends,  and  expanding  with  the  weight  of  the 
water  as  it  ascends;  a  bilge-pump. 

burri,  burr-,  etc.    See  bur^,  i«r2,  etc. 

Burr  Act.    see  act. 

burraget  (ber'aj),  n.  Au  older  spelling  of 
hiirm/r. 

burramundi  (bur-a-mim'di),  m.  Same  as  bar- 
rum  uiulit. 

burras-pipe  (bur'as-pip),  n.  [<  hurras  (<  F. 
bourriis,  OIL.  *horratius,  bora:ius,  coarse  linen 
or  canvas  (cf.  borratium,  a  coarse  garment),  < 
borrn,  hurra,  coarse  hair,  wool,  etc. :  see  hurrel) 
+  pilK!.^  A  tube  for  holding  lunar  caustic  or 
other  corrosive  substance. 

burrawang-nut(bur'a-"wang-uut), «.  [<  burra- 
wanff,  native  name,  -I-  ««<.]  The  Macrozamia 
spiralis,  a  eycadaceous  plant  of  New  South 
Wales.     It  yields  a  kind  of  arrowroot. 

bur -reed  (ber'red),  n.  The  common  name  of 
species  of  Sparganium,  so  called  from  their 
narrow,  reed-like  leaves  and  Ijur-like  heads  of 
fruit.  The  floating  bur-reed  is  S.  angustifo- 
liiiin.    See  Sparganium. 

burrel  (bur'el),  «.  [Also  \^Titten  burrell,  early 
mod.  E.  also  burcl,  borrcl,  borel,  <  ME.  borel  (see 
borcn),  <  OF.  burel  (=  Pr.  burel  =  Sp.  buriel), 
redtlish  ;  as  a  noun,  burcl,  later  bureau,  a  kind 
of  coarse  cloth  (mod.  F.  bureau,  a  table,  etc.,  > 
E.  bureau,  q.  v.)  (=  Pr.  huirl  =  Sp.  buriel  =  Pg. 
burel  =  It.  burello  =  ML.  burcllus,  burrellus,  bu- 
relUiin,  burallim),  dim.  of  bure  (ML.  hitra),  a  kind 
of  coarse  cloth  of  a  reddish  or  russet  color,  < 
ML.  burra,  coarse  hair  used  for  stuffing,  etc., 
LL.  burra,  a  shaggy  garment  (also  a  cow  with 
a  red  mouth  or  muzzle)  (pi.  hurra:,  trifles, 
jests) ;  cf.  birriis,  a  cloak  of  wool  or  silk  (see 
birrus);  <  OL.  burrus,  later  hyrriis,  red,  jirob.  < 
Gr.  m'ppug,  older  nvpao^,  red,  flame-colored,  usu- 
ally referred  to  irvp  =  E.  fire.  Hence  6«/^-, 
etc-.]  1.  A  kind  of  coarse  russet  cloth  iised  in 
the  midelle  ages. 

His  white  mantle  was  shaped  with  severe  regularity,  ac- 
cording to  the  rule  of  .Saint  Bernard  himself,  being  com- 
posed of  what  was  then  ealled  burrel  cloth. 

Seiitt,  Ivanhoe,  xxxv. 

2.  A  silk  mentioned  in  the  schedule  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's  wardrobe.  Fairholt. — 3.  [Also  bur- 
rel-peur.  altered,  in  simulation  of  hurrel  (OF. 
buret,  reddish),  <  hury,  hiirij-pear :  see  hury^.'\ 
Same  as  burij^. 

burrel-fly  (bur'el-fli),  «.  A  kind  of  reddish 
gadlly,  or  breeze. 

burrellert  (bur'el-er),  n.  [Also  written  burril- 
Itr;  <  burrel  +  -cr^.]  A  maker  of  burrel;  a 
clothmakcr. 

burrel-shot  (bur' el-shot),  n.  [<  'burrel  (per- 
haps <  F.  boutreler,  torment)  +  .^Imt.']  Small 
shot,  nails,  stones,  jiieces  of  old  iron,  etc.,  put 
into  cases,  to  be  discharged  from  a  cannon  at 
short  range;  an  emergency  shot. 

burrhel  (bur'el),  H.  [K.  Ind.]  A  kind  of  wild 
sheep  inhabiting  the  Himalayas;  Oris  burrhel 
of  Ulyth.     Also  harhal. 

burrhstone,  «.    See  burstone. 


bursa 

burridget  (bur'ij),  n.      An   older  spelling  of 

bitnit/i . 
burring  (bcr'ing),  n.     [<  bur^,  burr^,  +  -ing^.'i 
Tlie  ]irocess  of  cleaning  or  removing  the  burs 
and  rulibisli  from  wool  previous  to  carding. 

burring-machine  (bir'ing-ma-shen"),  h.  A 
luachiMe  for  picking  and  burring  wool  before  it 
is  carded. 

burrish  (ber'ish),  a.  [<  fturl,  burr^,  +  -is7il.] 
Koiigli ;  prickly;  burry. 

Burrite  (ber'it),  «.  [<  Burr  (see  def.)  -I-  Me^.] 
In  New  York  Stale  politics,  one  of  that  faction 
of  the  Democratic-Kepublicaii  jiarty  which  sui> 
portcd  Aaron  Burr,  from  about  1797  to  1807. 

burrol  (bur'6),  n.  [Sp.]  A  donkey.  [West- 
ern U.  S.] 

burro-  ( biir'6),  «.  [Cf .  Shetland  burra,  the  com- 
mon rush,  .funrus  squarrosus :  see  6h/1,  hurr^.^ 
A  name  sometimes  given  in  Great  Britain  to 
the  alga  Laminaria  dii/itata. 

burrockt  (bur'ok),  n.  [Origin  uncertain.]  A 
small  weir  or  dam  put  in  a  river  to  direct  the 
stream  to  gaps  where  fish-traps  are  placed. 

burrough'i,  n.  Anobsolete  spelling  of /ottok(//i1. 

burrough-'t,  "•  An  obsolete  spelling  of ')«(((ih-. 

burrough-'t  (hur'6),  «.     Same  as  boynm-^,  1. 

burrow't,  ".     An  obsolete  spelling  of //(>y««7/|l. 

burrow-  (Imr'o),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  abbr.  hur: 
also  fonnerly  bury  (see  bury'^) ;  <  ME.  borow, 
bone,  a  hole  as  a  place  of  shelter,  a  mound,  var. 
(appar.  by  confusion  with  huriiu-e,  horwr,  buruli, 
<  AS.  burit,  E.  biiroiKjIi^,  a  fortified  place,  bor- 
ough) of  /«'(■»■,  Iniiriili,  etc.,  <  AS.  hcorh,  E. 
barrow^,  a  mound:  see  burniir^  =  boriiuijli^, 
and  barriiir^,  berry-.]  1.  A  barrow;  a  mound. 
Sir  T.  Browne.  See  barrow^.  [Now  only  prov. 
Eng.] — 2.  In  minint/,the  heap  of  refuse  rock 
at  the  mouth  of  a  shaft,  or  entrance  of  an  adit- 
level  or  tunnel. —  3.  A  hole  in  the  ground  ex- 
cavated by  au  animal,  as  a  rabbit  or  a  mar- 
mot, as  a  refuge  and  habitation. 

It  [the  lemuuug]  lives  in  ^wrroic*-  made  by  its  long  and 
crooked  claws.  T.  li.  Jonrn,  Mannualia.p.  201. 

4.  [Perhaiis  in  ref.  to  the  usually  circular 
shape  of  mounds;  cf.  the  equiv.  Sc.  hroui/li-, 
otherwise  referred  to  burning  =  burouiih^  = 
6)0«_(/7i  1 ,  q.  v.  In  mod.  E.  dial.  abbr.  iiOT.]  A 
circle.     Compare  biir-^,  liHcr^,  2. 

Burwhe  [var.  hurrowe],  scrcle,  orbiculus. 

I'roinpt.  Parv.,  p.  56. 

burrow"  (bur'6),  v.     [<  burrotc~,  ».]     I.  intrans. 

1.  To  make  a  hole  or  burrow  to  lodge  in,  as  in 
the  earth;  work  a  way  into  or  luidersotnething. 

The  incidence  of  forces  is  the  same   all  around  the 
Karth-wonn  as  it  burrows  through  the  comj)act  grcuuul. 
U.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  250. 

2.  To  lodge  in  a  burrow;  in  a  more  general 
sense,  to  lodge  in  any  deep  or  concealed  jdace; 
hide. 

The  human  vermin  which  .  .  .  burrow  among  all  phys- 
ical and  among  all  moral  pollution. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

II.  tram.  To  perforate  with  a  burrow  or  as 
with  burrows. 

All  the  loo.se  blocks  of  coral  on  Keeling  atoll  were  bur- 
rowed by  vermiform  animals.   Darwin,  Coral  Keefs,  p.  154. 

burrow-'t  (bur'6),  «.    A  variant  of  borrow'^. 

burrow-duck  (biu-'o-duk),  «.  A  name  of  the 
bergauder  or  sheldrake,  Tadorna  rulpanscr  or 
T.  eiirnuta.- 

burrower  (bur'6-er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  burrows.  Specifically — 2.  One  of  the 
fossorial  aculeate  Hymcnojitera ;  one  of  the 
l''i)s.'iiires  (whieh  see). 

burr-pump,  «.     See  bur-pump. 

burry  (ber'i),  a.  [<  6k(1,  burr^.  +  -i/l.]  Full  of 
burs;  resembling  burs:  as,  burry  vfool. 

bursa  (ber'sii),  II.;  pi.  hursw  (-se).  [ML.,  a 
j)0uch,  purse:  see  buive,  bourse,  pur-'nc.]  In 
anat.  and  zoiil.,  a  pouch,  sac.  or  vesicle:  vari- 
ously apjdied  with  a  qualifying  term.-  Bursa 
choroidea,  the  choroid  p(.»uch  ;  the  marsnpium  oritecten 
in  the  interior  of  a  birds  eyeball.  See  mar.minum. — 
Bursa  copulatrix,  a  copulatory  pouch,  .as  in  arthropods. 
—  Bursa  Entiana.  in  lehth.,  the  Kntian  pouch,  a  duo- 
denal portion  of  the  intestine,  succeeding  the  pylorus, 
usually  dilated. —Bursa  Fabrlcil,  iu  ornith.,  the  Kahri- 
cian  pouch  or  anal  gland  ;  a  peculiar  glandular  sac,  whieh 
opens  into  the  antcricir  and  dorsal  region  of  the  cloaca 
in  birds.— Bursa  genitalis,  in  ei-hinoderms,  a  genital 
pouch,  into  which  the  generative  products  pass,  and 
thence  to  the  exterior,  as  iu  the  ophiurians.— Bursa  mu- 
cosa or  synovlalia  (mucous  or  synovial  pouch),  a  closed 
sac  containing  a  small  amount  of  synovia,  placed  be- 
tween parts  moving  on  one  another,  to  facilitate  motion, 
as  between  a  tendon  and  a  bone  or  l>etween  the  skin  ancl 
a  Isuiy  prominence.  These  bursre  are  usindly  lined  with 
endothelinn],  sometimes  not.  They  sometimes  eonmiuni- 
eate  with  the  cavity  of  a  joint.  The  name  is  not  now, 
as  formerly,  extended  to  the  synovial  sheaths  of  tendons 
nor  to  the  synovial  cavities  of  joitits.  .See  cut  under  hoof. 
— Bursa  omentalis,  the  cavity  of  the  lesser  omenttuu. 


bursal 

bursal  (ber'sal),  n.  [<  iwi-sn  + -of.]  Oforper- 
laiiiiiit;  to  ii  feiirsa  or  bvirste. 

bursalis  (bi-r-sii'lis),  «.;  pi.  bursoles  (-lez). 
[NL.,  <  ML.  Imrtia:  see  bursa.l  A  muscle  of 
the  eyeball  of  birds  auJ  many  other  iiaurup- 
sitla,  serviuK  to  operate  the  nictitating  ruem- 
brane  or  third  eyelid,  usually  in  connection 
mth  another  muscle  called  the  pyramklalin.  In 
birds  this  muscle  is  also  called  the  quadrate  or 
timtilfiitiis. 

bursalogy  (bCr-sal'o-ji),  n.  [<  ML.  (NL.)  hursa 
+  tir.  -/o;/o,  <  >f>f(i',  speak:  see  ■ology.']  In 
amit.  and  .-oo7.,  the  study  of,  or  what  is  known 
regarding,  the  bursa}. 

bursar  (ber'siir),  n.  [<  ML.  bursarius  (>  F. 
bviirsier),  a  treasurer,  <  bursa,  a  burse :  see 
fcio-ic]  1.  A  student  in  a  college  who  receives 
an  allowance  from  a  fund  for  his  subsistence, 
called  a  bur.-^c  or  bursnri/.  The  word  was  foriiieily  in 
general  use,  and  is  still  used  in  Seotch  colleges;  hut  in 
Canihridge  such  scholars  are  now  called  sizars,  in  0\ford 
t!i-rviti>rs. 

2.  The  purser,  treasurer,  or  bailiflf  of  a  college 
or  other  community. 

Bursaria  (ber-sa'ri-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  ML.  bursa, 
a  pouch.]  A  genus  of  eiUate  infusorians,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Bursariiclce,  to  which  very  dif- 
ferent limits  have  been  given,  (n)  By  the  old 
writera  numerous  dissiniilai-  forms  were  combined  in  it. 
(b)  By  recent  wTitei-s  it  is  restricted  to  the  B,  trutwa- 
tflla  and  closely  allied  species  inhabiting  fresh  water. 

Bursariidse  (ber-sa-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bur- 
saria +  -/f?(F.]  A  family  of  eiliate  heterotri- 
chous  animalcules,  typified  bj'  the  genus  Bursa- 
riu.  The  oral  cilia  form  a  simple  straight  or  oblique  adoral 
fringe.  The  animalcules  are  free-swimming,  persistent  in 
shape,  and  more  or  less  oval,  but  often  flattened.  Most  of 
the  species  uLCur  in  the  intestines  of  myriapods  and  worms. 

bursarship  (ber'sar-ship),  II.  [<  bursar  +  -shij'-i 
1.  The  office  of  a  bursar. —  2.  A  bursary. 

bursary  (ber'sa-ri),  «. ;  pi.  bursaries  (-riz).  [< 
ML.  bursaria,  office  of  a  bursar:  see  bursar.'] 

1.  The  treastu'y  of  a  college  or  monastery. — 

2.  In  the  universities  and  colleges  of  Scot- 
land, a  grant  of  money  for  a  short  period  of 
years,  obtained  by  a  student,  usually  by  com- 
petitive examination,  to  enable  him  to  prose- 
cute his  studies. 

bursch  (bursh),  H. ;  pi.  burschen  (bur'shen). 
[c;.,  <  MHG.  burse,  a  society,  esp.  of  students, 
])rop.  a  (common)  pm-se  (>  G.  bcirse,  a  purse),  < 
ML.  bursa,  a  purse:  see  burse  smd  j^urse.]  In 
Germany,  a  boy  or  lad;  specifically,  a  student 
at  a  university,  especially  a  corps-student. 

burse  (bers),  71.  [<  F.  bourse,  a,  ptu'se,  bm-sary, 
exchange,  stock  exchange  (see  bourse),  <  ML. 
bursa,  a  purse,  a  bag,  a  skin,  <  Gr.  liipaa,  a  hide, 
skin:  see  purse,  which  is  a  doublet  of  burse.'] 
1.  Abag;  a  pouch;  a  purse.  Specifically— (a)  A 
bag  used  to  cover  a  crown,  (h)  Eccles.,  a  receptacle 
for  the  corporal  and  chalice-cover.  It  is  square  and  flat, 
made  of  cardboard  covered  with  rich  silk  or  cloth  of  gold, 
embroidered  and  studded  with  jewels,  open  on  one  side 
only,  and  placed  over  the  chalice-veil  when  the  sacred 
vessels  are  carried  to  the  altar  by  the  celebrant. 
2t.  Anything  resembling  a  purse ;  a  vesicle ;  a 
pod.  Holland. — 3t.  Abourse;  an  exchange:  as, 
''merchants'  burses,"  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To 
the  Reader. 

Come  then,  my  soul,  approach  this  royal  tnirse, 
And  see  what  wares  our  great  exchange  retains. 

Quarter,  Emblems,  ii.  7. 

4.  A  bursary.  See  bursary,  2.  [Scotch.]_Tlie 
burse,  the  Royal  Exchange  in  London,  built  by  Sir 
Thomas  Gresham  in  1566,  or  the  Xew  Exchange,  cilled 
Britain')*  Bur.^t',  and  afterward  Exeter  'Chani/e,  built  in 
ICoy  by  the  Earl  of  Salisbury  on  the  site  of  the  present  Ex- 
eter  Hall  in  the  Strand.  There  were  shops  over  the  ex- 
change, where  female  flnery  was  sold.  Hence  the  allusion 
in  the  quotation. 

She  saya  she  went  to  the  Bjtrse  for  patterns. 

iliddleton  and  Dekker,  Koaring  Girl,  vi. 

She  has  been  at  Britain's  burse  a  buying  pins  and  nee- 
dles. Gtapthome,  Wit  in  Constab. 

burseholdert,  «■     Same  as  borsholder. 

<pf  whiih  tenn  ech  one  was  bounde  for  another,  and  the 
eldest  or  best  of  them,  whom  they  called  the  Tithingman 
or  Bumeholder,  that  is,  the  eldest  pledge,  became  suretye 
for  all  the  rest.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Bursera  (ber'se-ra),  w.  [NL.,  named  after  Jo- 
;i(him  Burser,  a,  German  botanist  of  the  seven- 
teenth century.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  or- 
der Burseracew,  small  trees  or  shrubs  of  Me.xieo 
and  tropical  America.  There  are  over  40  species, 
with  soft,  brittle  wood,  yielding  a  fragrant  resin  which  is 
used  fur  varnish,  incense,  etc. 

Burseraceae  (ber-se-ra'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bur- 
sera  +  -acea:.]  A  liatural  order  of  polypetalous 
exogens,  shrubs  or  trees  of  warm  countries, 
with  compouml  dotted  leaves.  Very  many  abound 
in  fragniiU  balsams  or  resins  which  have  from  early  times 
been  employed  in  medicine,  fumigation,  and  perfumery. 
Speciesuf  BoauxUia  yield  oUbauuni  or  frankiuceuse.    Co»^ 


730 

miphora  {a  the  source  of  myrrh,  balm  of  Oilead,  and  other 
resins.  Itifferent  kinds  of  gum  elemi  are  obtained  from 
species  of  Cfinarinin,  Bursera,  and  Prolixtut. 

burseraceous  (btr-se-ra'shius),  a.     Belonging 

to  the  natural  OTder'Burseraccw. 
bursiculate  (ber-sik'u-lat),  a.     [<  NL.  bursicu- 

latus,  <  "bursicula,  dim.  of  ML.  bursa,  a  purse, 

pouch:  see  burse,  purse]     1.  Bursiform. —  2. 

In  but.,  resembling  a  smaU  pouch,  or  having  a 

small  pouch-like  ca^aty. 
bursiform (ber' si-form),  a.    [<ML.  fcur.ra, purse, 

+  L.  forma,  shape:  see  purse  ami  form,   n.] 

Pouch-like;  saccate;  saccular;  vesicular, 
bursitis  (ber-si'tis),  n.     [NL.,  <  bursa  +  -itis.] 

In  jiathol.,  inflammation  of  a  bursa. 
Burslem  porcelain,  pottery.     See  porcelain, 

pottery. 
burst  (berst),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burst,  ppr.  burst- 
ing. [E.  dial,  also  brust,  brest,  brast ;  <  ME. 
bersten,  bresten,  brisien  (pret.  barst,  berst,  brast, 
pi.  bursten,  pp.  bursttn,  borsten,  brosten),  <  AS. 
berstan  for  "brcstan  (pret.  ba'rst,  pi.  bursttm,  pp. 
borsten)  =  OS.  brcstan  =  OFries.  bersta  =  L). 
bersten  =  MLG.  bersten,  barsten,  borsten,  LG. 
barsten  =  OHG.  brcstan,  MHG.  bresten,  G.  ber- 
sten =  Icel.  bresta  z=  Sw.  brista  =  Dan.  briste, 
all  orig.  intrans.,  burst,  break  asunder;  prob. 
alUed  to  AS.  brecan,  E.  break,  etc.  Cf.  Ir.  bri- 
sim,  I  break,  Gael,  bris,  brisd,  break:  see  bruise. 
The  spelling  with  u  instead  of  e  is  partly  due  to 
the  pret.  and  pp.  forms.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  fly 
or  break  open  as  an  effect  of  internal  forces  and 
with  sudden  violence ;  suffer  a  \'ioleut  disrup- 
tion; explode. 

And  now  a  bubble  burst,  and  now  a  world. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  L  90. 
A  delicate  spark 
Of  glowing  and  growing  light  .  .  . 
Ready  to  burst  in  a  colour'd  flame. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi.  3. 

Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  to  break  or  give  way 
from  violent  pain  or  emotion :  as,  my  head  will 
burst;  her  heart  burst  ■svith  grief. 
So  they  brjTig  the  bolde  kyng  bjiine  the  schippe  burde, 
That  nere  he  bristez  for  bale,  one  bede  whare  he  lyggez. 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  805. 
No,  no:  my  heart  will  burst,  an  if  I  speak: 
And  I  will  speak,  that  so  my  heart  may  burst. 

Shah.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

3.  To  come  or  go  suddenly;  rush:  as,  the  en- 
emy in  an  instant  burst  upon  us. 

We  were  the  first  that  ever  tmrst 
Into  that  silent  sea. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  ii. 
And  every  bird  of  Eden  burst 
In  carol,  every  bud  to  flower. 

Tennyson.  Day-Dream,  L'Envoi. 

To  burst  in,  to  force  a  way  ^iolently  from  without  an  in- 
closed place  into  it.  —  To  bUTSt  OUt,  to  force  a  way  vio- 
lently from  within  outward. 

He  made  hj-m  to  falle  on  knees  and  haudes  to  the  erthe, 
that  the  blode  braste  o\_ute  of  his  h]ede. 

ilerlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  389. 
For  had  the  p.issious  of  thy  heart  burst  out, 
I  fear,  we  should  have  seen  deciphered  there 
More  rancorous  spit«.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

To  burst  up,  to  explode ;  hence,  to  fail ;  become  bank- 
rupt.   [OoUuq.  and  vulgar.] 

Then  you  think  .  .  .  that  if  Lammle  got  time  he  wouldn't 
burst  up/  Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iii.  1'2. 

H.  trans.  1.  To  rend  by  force  or  violence 
(that  which  confines  or  retains) ;  open  sudden- 
ly and  violently  ;  cause  to  explode:  as,  to  burst 
one's  bonds ;  to  burst  a  cannon. 

He  fasten'd  on  my  neck,  and  bellow'd  out 
As  he'd  burst  heaven.  Shak.,  Lear,  v.  3. 

The  well-trained  apricot  its  bonds  had  Intrst. 

Wiltiani  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  176. 

2t.  To  break,  in  general. 
You  will  not  pay  for  the  glasses  you  have  burst  ? 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  I 

=  Syn,  (v.  i.  and  t.)  1.  To  split,  separate,  rend,  tear. 
burst  (berst),  n.  [<  burst,  r.]  1.  A  sudden 
disruption;  a  ■I'iolent  rending. —  2.  A  sudden 
explosion  or  shooting  forth ;  a  rush ;  an  out- 
burst: as,  a  burst  of  applause  ;  a  burst  of  pas- 
sion ;  "burst  of  thunder,"  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1651. 

Bursts  of  fox-huuting  melody.  /rn'/j;/. 

3t.  Ai^pture;  a  hernia. — 4.  A  smart  race;  a 
spurt. 

There  are  foxes  that  run  so  uncommonly  short  that  you 
can  never  get  a  lAirst  after  them.  Trotlope. 

5.  A  sudden  opening  to  sight  or  view.    [Rare.] 

Here  is  a  fine  burst  of  country. 

Jarie  Austen,  Mansfield  Park,  viii 

6.  A  spree.     [Colloq.] 

burs^tent  (b^rs  tn),  p.  a.     [Older  pp.  of  burst, 
i:]     Affected  with  a  rupture  or  hernia. 
He  w.as  born  bursten  ;  and  your  worship  knows 
That  is  a  pretty  step  to  men's  compassion. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Scornful  Lady, 


Burwell's  operation 

burstennesst,  burstnesst  (bers'tn-,  btrst'nes), 
n.  l<.  hurst)  n,  burst,  i)p.,  + -ness.]  1.  A  broken 
or  bruised  condition;  brokenness;  in  the  ex- 
tract, a  mass  of  bruises. 

H'  as  beat  me 
E'en  to  a  cullis  :  I  am  nothing,  right  worshipful. 
But  very  pap  and  jelly ;  I  have  no  bones, 
My  body  's  all  one  burstness. 

Fletclter  {a}ui  aiwther^,  Nice  Valour,  iii,  1. 

2.  Rupture;  hernia, 
burster  ( bers'ttr),  n.    One  who  bursts ;  one  who 

breaks  in  pieces.     Cotgrare. 
bursting  (bers'ting),  j>.  a.     [Ppr.  of  hurst,  v.] 

Breaking  forth  ;  ready  to  burst  or  expand. 

Vinin;:  sjirin^'  protnnlcs  the  bursting  gems.     Thomson. 

bursting-charge  (bers'tin^-charj),  h.  1.  In 
mining,  a  small  charge  of  hne  powder,  placed 
in  contact  with  a  charge  of  coarse  powder  to 
insure  the  ignition  of  the  latter. — 2.  In  ord- 
nance, the  charge  of  powder  required  for  burst- 
ing a  shell  or  case-shot. 

burstlet,  ".    An  obsolete  variant  of  bristle. 

burstnesst,  «.     See  burstenness. 

burstone  (ber'ston),  H.  [Also  written  irreg. 
bulirstone  and  burrhstone ;  <  6«rl  +  stone.]  1.  ■ 
A  rough,  unhewn  stone.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  A 
name  given  to  certain  silicious  or  silioiocalca- 
reous  stones,  whose  dressed  surfaces  present  a 
bur  or  keen-cutting  textiu-e,  which  makes  thera 
the  best  kind  of  millstones.  The  most  esteemed  va- 
rieties are  obtained  from  the  upper  fresh-water  beds  of  the 
Paris  basin,  and  from  the  Eocene  strata  of  .South  America. 
The  French  burstones  are  of  a  whitish  or  cream  color. 
.\lso  called  bur  and  bur-niillstone. 

burst'WOrt  (berst'wert),  n.  [<  burst,  «.,  3,  + 
wijrt.]  The  Uerniaria  glabra,  a  low  weed  of  Eu- 
rope, natm'al  order  Illecebracea-,  formerly  used 
in  the  treatment  of  hernia.  Also  called  rupture- 
wort. 

burtl  (bert),  n.     Same  as  bret. 

burt2  (bert),  c.     [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  burten,  butt.] 
I.  trans.  If.  To  butt  or  thrust  with  the  horns. 
—  2.  To  press  or  indent.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
H.t  intrans.  To  butt;  thrust  with  the  horns. 

Burton,  as  hornyd  bestys,  comupeto,  arieto. 

Prompt.  Part;.,  p.  56. 

Burt  lyke  a  ramme,  arieto.  Huloet. 

burtert,  n.  [ME.  burter,  burtare;  <  burl-  +  -er^.] 
A  butter ;  an  animal  that  butts,  or  thrusts  with 
its  horns. 

Burtare  [var.  burter],  beste,  comupeta. 

Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  56. 

burthen^  (ber'THn),  n.  and  r.    Older  form  of 

burden^. 
burthen-  (ber'THn),  n.    Older  toTm  of  burden". 
burthen''  iber'THu),  h.     An  eiToneous  form  of 

burdcii'^i,  by  confusion  with  burden^  and  burden^. 

The  sad  burthen  of  some  merry  song. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  i  80. 

burthenoust,  burthensome,  etc.  See  burden- 
ous,  etc. 

bur-thistle  (ber'thisl).  n.  [Also  called  burry- 
tliistli: ;  <  fc«/l  or  burry  +  thi.^tle.]  The  spear- 
thistle,  Carduus  laneeolatu^ :  so  called  from  its 
pricklv  involucre.     See  thistle.     [Scotch.] 

burtle,"  birtle  (ber'tl),  n.  [E.  dial..  <  ME.  bir- 
tylk;byrtyl{-tre).]  A  sweeting  apple.  [North. 
Eng.] 

burton  (ber'- 
ton),  H.  [Origin 
imknown ;  per- 
haps from  a 
proper  name. 
Cf.  aburton.] 
Xaut.,  a  tackle 
used  for  various 
purposes.  —  sin- 
gle burton,  a  tack- 
le rove  with  two 
single  blocks,  and 
largely  used  on 
merchant  ships  for 
loading  and  dis- 
chargiui;  can:<>.  — 
Spanish  burton, 
double     Spanish 

burton,  a  tackle 
rove  with  one  dou- 
ble and  one  or  two 
single  blocks.— Top 
burton,  a  long 
tackle  fonned  of  a  double  and  a  single  block,  the  upper 
block  being  hooked  at  the  topmast-head.  It  is  used  for 
seniiiiiL:  up  "V  down  yards  or  sails,  setting  up  rigging,  etc. 

Burton  skate.    See  skate. 

bur-tree,  ".     Same  as  bour-tree. 

bur^weed  (ber'wed),  n.  [<  fci/rl  +  tceed^-.]  A 
name  common  to  plants  of  thegemis  Xiinthium  : 
also  applied  to  the  bedstraw,  Galium  Aparine, 
and  in  .Tamaica  to  Triumfetta.     See  bur-bark. 

Burwell's  operation.    See  operation. 


I 


[.  Single  Burton.    2.  Double  Spani^  Burton. 
3.  Top  Burton. 


bury 

bury'  (ber'i),  n.  [A  form  eqiiiv.  to  horouf/lA, 
duo  to  tlio  gen.  and  dat.  fonu  hiirig  of  the  orig. 
AS.  hurli,  a  fortified  jjlace,  town,  borough :  see 
boroiiijh^,  burrow'^.]  A  castle,  muiior-liouse,  or 
habitation ;  a  borough.  Tin;  wonl  npptars  in  many 
names  «if  places,  as  in  ('anter6»ri/(AS.  K(-*m.  uuiI  ilat.  Cant- 
wnvn-hi/riiJ,  num.  -burli),  Shrews6ur?/,  Alilcniianturi/,  Bury 
St.  Kilnuinds,  etc. 

To  this  very  day  the  chief  house  of  a  manor,  or  the  lord's 
seat,  is  called  bufy  in  some  parts  of  England.  Mwge. 

bury-  (ber'i),  n.  [Another  form  of  bitrrmo'^, 
orig.  barrow^.  Cf.  ecjuiv.  berry".']  If.  A  bur- 
row. 

It  is  his  nature  to  dij^  himself  buru'/i,  as  the  coney  doth. 

jV.  Grew. 

2.  A  camp  or  heap  of  turnips  or  the  lilie,  stored 
up. 
bury-'  (ber'i),  r.  t. ;  pret.  aiul  pp.  buried,  ppr. 
bitryiiiri.  [Early  mod.  K.  also  liirij  (the  form  to 
which  the  mod.  jiron.  belongs),  <  ME.  hcrycn, 
bericii,  hirycii,  birii-ii,  buryin,  biirieii,  hyrien,  <  AS. 
byrf/aii,  var.l)yri</ii)i,  biir/aii,  birUjiin,  weak  verb, 
bury,  inter  (a  dead  body)  (=  Icel.  byryja,  close, 
shut,  hide,  veil),  appar.  orig.  save  or  keep  by 
covering  or  hiding,  <  beonjan  (pret.  bearh,  pi. 
burgon,  pp.  bor(icii),  also  (jc-bcorf/aii,  save,  pro- 
tect, shelter,  defend,  keej),  preserve,  early  ME. 
bergeii  =  OS.  gi-bcr;iiin  =  D.  berficii  =  MLG.  hcr- 
yen,  bargen,  LG.  ban/en  =  OHG.  bergun,  MHG. 
G.  bergcn  =  Icel.  bjnrga  =  Sw.  berga  =  Dan. 
bjerge  =  Goth,  biiirgan,  (jn-buirgan,  keep,  save: 
not  known  outside  of  Tetit.  Hence  ult.  fcor- 
roM'l,  and  (prob.)  borough^  =  burrow^  =  bury^, 
etc.]  1.  To  deposit  and  inclose  in  a  grave  or 
tomb,  as  a  dead  body ;  consign  to  anj'  final  rest- 
ing-place after  or  as  after  death;  entomb. 

I  hadde  leuer  she  hadde  he  biriM  all  quyk  than  this 
hadde  hir  lie-fallen.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  4B8. 

Lord,  suffer  nie  first  to  go  and  bttry  my  father. 

Mat.  viii.  21. 
I'll  burif  thee  in  a  triumphant  grave. 

Shak.,  R.  and  .T.,  v.  .-i. 

2.  To  cover  or  conceal  from  sight;  sink  or 
lodge  in  or  mider  anj-thing:  as,  to  bury  trea- 
sm'es  in  the  earth  or  under  rubbish;  he  buried 
the  dagger  in  his  enemy's  heart. 

Id  the  deep  bosom  of  the  ocean  buried. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  1. 

All  their  confidence 
Under  the  weight  of  mountains  buried  deep. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  652, 

Hence — 3.  To  cover  up;  keep  secret;  hide; 
conceal. 

I  have  (jis  when  the  sun  doth  light  a  storm) 
Buru;d  this  sigh  in  wrinUe  of  a  smile. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  1. 

He  W.TS  glad  when  he  could  fall  on  his  knees  at  last  and 
bury  his  face  in  the  pillow  of  the  sutt'erer. 

Bret  Harte,  Shore  and  Sedge,  p.  49. 

4.  To  withdraw  or  conceal  in  retirement :  as, 
to  bury  one's  self  Ln  a  monastery  or  in  solitude. 

I  will  bury  myself  in  myself,  and  the  Devil  may  pipe  to 
his  own.  Teniiymn,  Maud,  i.  10. 

5.  To  hide  in  oblivion;  put  away  finally  fi'om 
one's  thoughts:  as,  to  bury  an  injury. 


Busby. 


Give  me  a  bowl  of  wine; — 
In  this  I  bury  all  unkindness,  (\assius. 

Shak.,  J.  C, 


iv.  3. 


To  bury  the  hatchet,  to  lay  aside  the  instruments  of 
war,  forget  injm'ies,  and  make  peace  :  a  phrase  borrowed 
from  the  practice  of  the  American  Indians  of  burying  a 
tomahawk  when  a  peace  is  concluded. 

bury*  (ber'i).  It.  [A  corruption  of  F.  beurrd,  a 
kind  of  pear,  lit.  'buttered,'  |)p.  of  bcurrcr,  but- 
ter, <  beurre  =  E.  butler.  Also  burrcl,  q.  v.]  A 
delicate  pear  of  sev- 
eral varieties. 

buryS  (ber'i),  n.  Soft 
shale  or  clay ;  flucan. 
[Ireland.] 

buryelt,  ".  Seeburial. 

burying  (ber'i-ing), 
«.  [<  ME.  buri/ingr, 
berying,  etc. ;  verbal 
u.  of  bury'i,  v.]  Bu- 
rial ;  sepultiu'e.  John 
xii.  7. 

burying-beetle  (V>er'- 

i-ing-l)e"tl),  ii.  The 
common  name  of  bee- 
tles of  the  family  Sd- 
phidiF.  and  genus  Xi- 
cro)ilKiruit.  So  calleil 
from  their  habit  of  bury- 
ing the  carcasses  of  small 
animals,  as  mice,  moles, 
or  shrews,  in  whicli  they 
have  deposited  their  Buryine-lieetlc  i.Vterofhcrus 
eggs.  am^ricanHj),  natural  size. 


731 

burying-ground  (ber'i-ing-groimd),  n.  A 
gnivcyard;  a  place  appropriafeii  to  the  sepul- 
ture of  the  dead;  a  churchyard  or  cemetery. 

burying-place  (ber'i-ing-plas),  n.  Same  as  bu- 
rying-griiund. 

bus,  buss-'  (bus),  n.  [An  abbr.  of  omnibus;  cf. 
cab,  vau'i.']  An  omnibus,  or  public  street-car- 
riage.    [Colloq.] 

I'm  a  conductor  now,  but  wouldn't  he  long  behind  a  &iw 

if  it  wasn't  from  necessity.  Mayhew. 

He  proposed  that  they  should  go,  per  buss,  a  little  way 

into  the  country.  Dickens. 

busby  (buz'bi),  k.  [Appar.  after  a  proper 
name.]  A  military  liead-dress  worn  by  hus- 
sars, artillerjTneii,  and  engi- 
neers in  the  British  army,  con- 
sisting of  a  fur  hat  with  a  bag, 
of  the  same  color  as  the  facings 
of  the  regiment,  hanging  from 
the  top  over  the  right  side. 
The  bag  appears  to  be  a  relic  of  a 
ilungariiiii  head-dress  from  which  a 
long  padded  liag  hung,  and  was  at- 
tached to  the  right  shoulder  as  a  de- 
fense against  sword-cuts. 

buscon  (bus'kon),  n. ;  pi.  6ms- 
ciiuts  (biis-ko'nez).  [<  Sp. 
bu.-icuu,  a  searcher,  <  huscar, 
OSp.  boscar,  seek  (=  Pg.  />«.s- 
ear  =  It.  bu.scarc,  search  for, 
=  P.  buaqucr  (Cotgrave),  seek, 
shift,  filch),  prob.  <  t)Sp.  bnnci),  Vjush,  tliicket 
(Sp.  bo.s-que),  and  thus  lit.  go  through  a  thicket, 
beat  the  bush,  as  in  lirmting:  see  bush^.]  A 
miner  who  takes  work  as  tribute,  or  who  re- 
ceives as  his  pay  a  certain  proportion  of  the  ore 
obtained;  a  tributer.     [Western  U.  S.] 

bushl  (bush),  H.    [<  ME.  bus.'ih,  buscli,  bosch,  as- 
sibilated  form  of  busk,  bo.sk  (also  in  use),  a  bush, 
a  thicket,  =  D.  bosch,  a  wood,  a  forest,  =  MLG. 
buscli,  busk,  LG.  busk;  <  OHG.  busc,  MHG.  G. 
buscli,  a  thicket,  copse,  bush,  =  Icel.  buskr, 
buski  (Haldorsen)  =  Sw.  buske  =  Dan.  busk,  a 
bush,  a  shrub.     Hence  (from  OHG.)  ML.  bus- 
cus,  hosciis,  >  OP.  bos,  P.  bois  (see  boi.s)  =  Pr. 
bosc  =  OSp.  bosco,  Sp.  Pg.  bosque  =  It.  bosco, 
a  wood,  thicket,  bush.     See  bu.'ik",  busk^,  bus- 
ciin,  boscage,  bosket,  bouquet,  amhiish,  ambuscade, 
etc.]    If.  A  thicket;  a  clump  of  shrubs  or  trees. 
Ther  .as  by  aventure  this  Palamoun 
Was  in  a  busche,  that  no  man  niighte  Mm  see. 
For  sore  afered  of  llis  deth  was  lie. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  I.  dr.!). 

2.  A  shi-ub  with  branches ;  a  thick  shrub ;  tech- 
nically, a  low  and  much-branched  shrub. 

The  Mount  of  Synay  is  clept  the  Desert  of  .Syne,  that  is  for 

to  seyne,  Bussche  brennynge.    MandevUle,  Travels,  p.  5S. 

Each  common  bujth  shall  Syrian  roses  wear.       Drydeii. 

3.  A  stretch  of  forest  or  of  shrubby  vegeta- 
tion; a  district  covered  with  brushwood,  or 
shrubs,  trees,  etc. ;  a  wide  uncultivated  tract 
of  conntiy  covered  with  sci-ub:  as,  the  bush 
was  here  very  dense;  to  take  to  "the  bush  (to 
become  a  iiw/i-ranger):  so  used  especially  in 
the  British  colonies  of  Australasia. 

(lur  first  mile  lay  through  the  most  exiiuisite  tract  of 

bush  it  has  ever  been  my  good  fortune  to  behold  in  any 

land  ;  gl'oups  of  tall  red  or  black  pine  .  .  .  mingled  with 

line  trees  of  various  sorts,  matted  by  luxuriant  creepers. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  'J2;i. 

4.  A  branch  of  a  tree  fixed  or  hung  out  as  a 
tavern  sign.     See  ale-stake  and  ale-gurJand. 

Good  wine  needs  no  bush.  Old  proverb. 

Wicker  battles  dangling  over  even  the  chiefe  entrance 
into  the  palace,  serving  for  a  vintner's  hush. 

Kivlyn,  Diary,  Oct.  22,  1644. 

Outward  figures  which  hang  as  signs  or  bushes  of  their 
inwiird  forms.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  2. 

Hence  —  5t.  The  tavern  itself. 

Twenty  to  one  you  find  him  at  the  bush. 

Beau,  ami  Ft. 
6.  The  tail  or  brush  of  a  fox — To  heat  about 
the  bush.    .See  6«!(i.— To  go  by  tieggar's  bush.   See 

l,e<)<jar.=  SyiL  Shrub,  Uerb,  etc.     See  rrilelabte,  n. 

bushl  (biish),  r.  [<  bush^,  «.]  I.  iutraiis.  To 
grow  tldck  or  bushy;  serve  or  show  as  a  bush. 

Tile  busliiny  alders  formed  a  shatly  scene. 

Pope,  Odyssey. 

II.  traus.  1.  To  set  bushes  about;  support 
with  bushes  or  branched  sticks:  as,  to  bu.sb 
peas. —  2.  To  use  a  bush-haiTow  on:  as,  to  bush 
a  piece  of  wood. — 3.  To  cover  (seeds)  by  us- 
ing a  bush-haiTow:  as,  to  bush  in  seeds, 
bush-  (biish),  H.  [<  D.  bus  =  G.  biische  =  E. 
box-,  a  box ;  all  used  also  in  tlie  sense  of  bush-.] 
1.  A  lining  of  harder  material  let  into  an  ori- 
fice to  guard  against  wearing  by  friction ;  the 
perforated  box  or  tube  of  metal  fitted  into  cer- 
tain parts  of  machinery,  as  the  pivot-holes  of 
a  clock,  the  center  of  a  cart-wheel,  etc.,  to  re- 


bushel 

ceive  the  wear  of  pivots,  journals,  and  the  like. 
Also  called  bushing. —  2.  A  tailors'  thimble. 
Also  called  bushel.  [U.  S.] 
bush'^  (bi'isli),  I',  t.  [<  6«.«/i2,  n.]  To  furnish 
with  a  bush;  line  (an  orifice,  as  one  in  which 
a  pivot  or  axle  works)  with  metal  to  prevent 
abrasion  or  to  reduce  the  diameter. 

A  gun  ehaniber  is  bushed,  in  order  that  it  may  receive  a 
shell  of  smaller  exterior  diameter  than  before. 

Forest  aiut  Stream,  X.XIII.  445. 

bush-babbler  (bush'bab''ler),  H.  A  name  ap- 
plied by  writers  on  Indian  and  Afri<'an  birds 
to  species  of  the  genera  liradypterus,  Cratero- 
pus,  and  other  short -winged  and  slender-billed 
osi-ine  l'a.-:seres,  more  or  less  related  to  the 
old-world  warlilers,  oi'  SijUiidw. 

bush-bean  (bush'ben'),  n.  An  American  name 
for  beans  that  do  not  climb,  or  dwarf  lieans ;  the 
usual  foim  of  string-beans  and  wax-beans. 

bush-block  (bush'blok),  «.  A  block  carrying 
:i  bushing. 

bushbok  (biish'bok),  n.     Same  as  bu.shhuck. 

bushbuck  (bush'buk),  H.  [<  i«.s/(l  -I-  buck'^,  af- 
ter D.  boschbok.]  The  name  given  to  several 
species  of  the  genus  Tragelaphus,  especially 
to  T.  sylvaticus,  an  antelope  of  Caffraria  and 
Cape  Colony,  4  feet  long  and  2i  feet  high,  with 
triangular  subspiral  horns.  The  male  is  dark 
sepia-brown  and  the  female  reddish-brown  above ;  both 
are  white  below.  Also  called  bush-yoal.—  White-backed 
bushbuck,  the  name  given  t^j  the  Cephalophus  sylvieul- 
trix,  a  white-backed  antelope  of  western  .Africa,  5  feet 
long  and  3  feet  high,  with  black,  shining,  poiTited,  nearly 
straight  horns,  sliort,  slender  limbs,  anil  sleek,  glossy, 
deep-brown  hair. 

bushcat  (bush'kat),  n.     Same  as  serval. 

bushchat  (bush'chat),  ".  Macgillivray's  name 
for  the  birds  of  his  genus  Frulicicola,  as  the 
whin-bushehat  (the  whinchat,  Saxicola  or  Pra- 
tiiicola  ruhctra,  of  authors  in  general)  and  the 
black-headed  bushchat  (the  stonechat,  <S.  or 
/'.  rubirnl(t). 

bush-chirper(bush'eher''per),  h.    Abook-name 

of  Afi-ican  birds  of  the  genus  Eremomela,  as  E. 
JIarireutris,  the  yellow-bellied  bush-chirper. 

bush-creeper  (bush'kre'''per),  H.  A  book-name 
of  simdry  Afi'ican  sylviine  birds  of  the  genus 
Thamiiobia,  as  T.  coryphma,  the  corj'ph^e  bush- 
oreeper. 

bush-dog  (bush'dog),  K.  1.  A  canine  quadru- 
ped of  South  America,  the  Icticyon  venaticus, 
or  hmitiug-dog.  See  Ictieyou. —  2.  A  name  of 
the  lemuroid  potto,  I'erodicticus potto. 

bushed  (biisht),  «.  [<  bush^  +  -ed^.]  Lost  in 
the  bush. 

If  you  know  your  way,  well  and  good  ;  but  if  you  once 
get  wrong.  Lord  help  you  !  you're  bushed,  a-s  sure  as  yrui're 
alive.  Maeniiltan's  May. 

bushel^  (bush'el),  n.  [<  ME.  busshel,  buschel, 
buischel,  etc.  (=Icel.  bu.<:sel),<.  OF.  bussel,  boissel, 
F.  boisseau,  <  ML.  hu.<iscllus,  a  bushel,  <  bus.'!ula, 
a  little  box,  a  dim.  formed  from  'bussida  for  bvx- 
ida,  prop.  ace.  of  buxis,  also  (L.)  bujus,  a  box : 
see  boist^,  box'^,  and  cf.  buss-,  ftoss-*.]  1.  A  dry 
measiu-e,  containing  8  gallons  or  4  pecks,  rhe 
imperi.al  bushel  legally  established  in  Great  Britain  in 
1S2C  has  a  capacity  of  2,218.102  cubic  inches,  and  holds  SO 
pounds  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water  at  the  temperature 
of  62°  F.  with  the  barometer  at  30  inches.  Previous  to 
this  the  Winchester  bushel  had  been  the  standard  mea- 
sure from  Anglc»Saxon  times ;  its  capacity  was  2,150.42 
cubic  inches.  The  measures  of  capacity  of  the  United 
States  are  fomided  on  the  Winchester  bushel,  the  im- 
perial system  having  been  created  since  the  separation  of 
the  two  countries.  Tlle  name  Winche.-.'ter  bushel  is  de. 
rived  from  the  fact  that  the  ancient  stand;u-d  bushel-mea- 
sure of  England  w;us  preserved  in  the  town-hall  of  Win- 
chester. Numerous  bushels  were  in  use  in  England  at  the 
time  of  the  adoption  of  the  imperial  system,  l-hus,  by  a 
statute  of  .-^nne,  a  bushel  of  coals  is  to  contain  a  Winches- 
.  ter  bushel  ami  a  ([uart  of  water,  to  be  lOA  inches  in  diam- 
eter, and  to  be  heaped  in  the  form  of  a  cone  0  inclles  high. 
Various  equivalent  weights  of  different  commodities  had 
also  been  made  Inishels  by  law.  Many  of  the  American 
States  have  establishetl  equivalent  weights,  which  vary 
considerably  in  ditferent  States.    Abbreviated  to  Int., bush. 

Of  a  Lunden  buschelU  he  slialle  bake 

XX  louys  [loaves],  1  vndurtake. 

Babefs  Book  (E.  E.  T.  H.),  p.  320. 

2.  A  vessel  of  the  capacity  of  a  bushel. 

The  (^rand  Signior  .  .  .  connnonly  wcareth  a  vest  of 
green,  and  the  greatest  Turbant  in  the  Empire  :  I  should 
not  speake  mueli  out  of  eompasse,  should  I  say  as  lai-ge 
in  eompasse  as  a  hushell.  Sandys,  Travels,  p.  48. 

3.  An  indefinitely  large  quantity.     [Colloq.] 
The  worthies  of  antitiuity  bought  the  rarest  pictures 

with  bushels  of  gold,  without  counting  the  weight  or  the 
inunber  of  the  pieces. 

Drydcn,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy's  .Art  of  Painting. 

bushel^  (bush'el),  «.  [Dim.  of  bush'i,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  biisli'^,  2.     [U.  S.] 

bushel- (bush'el),  ('.«.  or  (.  [<  bushel",  n.]  To 
mend,  as  a  man's  gannent;  repair  men's  gar- 
ments. 


1 


bushelage 

bushelage  (bush'ol-aj),  n.  [<  bushcn  +  -nor.] 
A  iliity  |ia_viiblo  on  comuiodities  by  the  bushel. 

bushel-barrel  (bush'pl-bar'el),  «.  One  of  the 
luilvos  of  a  l)aiTtl  cut  in  two,  fontaiuiug  about 
abuslu'l  aii<l  a  half:  usodfornieasuriugoystors. 

busheler,  busheller  (busli'd-or),  «.  [<  bii-shtt- 
+  -(7-1. ]  A  tailor's  assistant,  whose  business 
is  til  ri'iiaiv  gannents.     [U.  S.] 

bushelman  (busli'd-man),  «. ;  pi.  hushclmcn 
(-iniMi).     Same  as  liKsliiUr. 

bushelwoman  (in'ish'cl-wuiu'an),  ». ;  pi.  hush- 
clwomin  (-wini"en).  [<  butihcl-  +  iromaii.']  A 
woman  who  assists  a  tailor  in  vcpairiug  gar- 
inoiits.     [U.  S.] 

bushet(bush'ot),H.  l<hi(sJA+ dim. -et.  CI.  bus- 
k(l.  hii>:kel.  and  boiiijiul.']  A  thicket;  a  copse; 
a  little  wood.     [Rare.] 

A  biislict  or  wood  on  a  hill,  not  (ar  from  the  wayside. 

Jiaii,  Remains,  p.  251. 

bush-fighting  (bush 'fi"  ting),  n.  A  mode  of 
fighting  in  which  the  combatants  scatter  and 
fire  from  behind  the  shelter  of  bushes  or  trees. 

I  don't  like  tliis  pitiful  ambuscade  work,  this  bush-Jiiiht- 
ing,  Cttlman,  Jealous  Wife,  v.  3. 

bush-goat  (biish'got),  )i.     Same  as  bushbuclc. 

bush-hammer  (biish' ham" er),  «.  A  masons' 
hammer,  (a)  A  heavy  hammer  used  for  breaking  and 
splitting  stones.  (I/)  A  hanniier  consisting  of  cutters  hav- 
ing reetangulai-  steel  plates,  whose  lower  edges  ai'e  sharp- 
ened, and  which  are  placed  side  by  side  and  clamped  by 
the  centnd  piu-t  of  the  hammer.  The  cutting  face  is  thus 
fonned  of  piu-allel  V-edges,  whose  number  and  fineness  of 
cut  are  determined  by  the  number  of  plates.  It  is  used  in 
dressing  millstones,  (c)  A  hanmier  of  the  same  general 
construction  as  the  preceding,  used  in  finishing  the  sur- 
face of  stonework,  (d)  A  masons'  finishing  hammer,  hav- 
ing a  rectangular  face  studded  with  pyramidal  steel 
points.  It  gives  the  finest  surface  of  all  stone-cutting 
tools. 

bush-harrCW  (bilsh'har"o),  n.  An  implement 
consist  ing  of  a  frame  to  which  bushes  or  branches 
are  fastened,  used  for  harrowing  grass-lands 
and  covering  grass-  or  clover-seeds. 

bush-hook  (bush 'hiik),  «.  A  long-handled  bill- 
hook or  brush-cutter. 

bushiness  ( bush'i-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
bushy,  thick,  or  intermixed,  like  the  branches  of 
a  bush. 

bushing  (biish'ing),  n.  [<  bush^  +  -i>u/^.'i  1. 
Same  as  bush'^,  1. —  2.  A  hollow  cylindrical 
mass  of  steel  or  iron  screwed  into  the  rear  end 
of  the  bore  of  a  breech-loading  cannon.  It 
forms  the  seat  for  the  breech-block  or  screw. 

Also  called  boiiching. 
Beveled  bushing.    See  bended. 

bush-lark  (biish'lark),  n.  A  lark  of  the  genus 
Alirdfrn. 

bush-lawyer  (bush'la'''yer),  n.  The  common 
name  in  New  Zealand  of  a  species  of  bramble  or 
blackberry,  Ilubufi  aiistnilis. 

bushman  (biish'man),  n. ;  pi.  bnsltmen  (-men). 
[<  bushi  +  man;  in  second  sense  a  translation 
of  S.  African  J).  Boiijes»iaii.~i  1.  A  woodsman; 
a  settler  in  a  new  country,  as  in  Australia. — 
2.  leap.]  One  of  an  aboriginal  tribe  near  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  similar  but  inferior  to  the 
Hottentots :  so  named  by  the  Dutch  of  South 
Africa.     Also  called  Bosjesman. 

bushmaster  (bush'mas'''ter),  11.  The  Laehesis 
mutus,  a  large  venomous  serptot  of  tropical 
South  America,  of  the  family  Crotalidw.  Also 
called  suruciicu. 

bushmentt  (bush'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  buschetnent, 
huxscmciit,  short  for  ambunlimeiit,  <  OF.  em- 
buschemeiit :  see  ambush,  ainbushnwrit.  In  the 
sense  of  'a  thicket,'  the  word  is  made  to  de- 
pend directly  on  6«.sftl.]  1.  An  ambush  or 
ambuscade ;  any  concealed  body  of  soldiers  or 
men. 

In  the  nether  end  of  the  hall,  a  htishimnt  of  the  Duke's 
servants  .  .  .  began  suddenly  at  men's  backs  to  cry  out, 
.  .  .  "King  Richard."  Sir  T.  Mure,  Works,  p.  64. 

Environing  him  with  a  bushment  of  soldiere. 

Gohliu'j,  tr.  of  Justin,  fol.  G. 

2.  A  thicket ;  a  cluster  of  bushes. 

Woods,  briars,  bueh'inents,  and  waters. 

Kaleigh,  Hist.  Worlil. 

bush-metal  (bush' met "al),  n.  Hard  brass; 
gun-metal ;  a  coni^iosition  of  copper  and  tin, 
used  for  .journals,  bearings  of  shafts,  etc. 

bush-quail  (bush'kwiXl),  n.  A  bird  of  the  fam- 
ily TiiDiicidiv  and  superfamily  Turnicomorphw 
or  llrniijHxUi ;  a  hemipod. 

bush-ranger  (bush'ran".ier),  «.  One  who  ranges 
through  or  dw'ells  in  the  bush  or  woods;  a  bush- 
whacker; specifically,  in  Australia,  a  criminal, 
generally  an  escaped"  convict,  who  takes  to  the 
bush  or  woods  and  leads  a  predatory  life. 


Bush-tit  [Psa/tripii 


732 

bush-shrike  (bush 'slirik),H.  A  South  American 
passi'rine  liird,  of  the  family  Formiiariidw  aiul 
subfamily  ThamnojihUinw ;  an  ant-thrush,  espe- 
cially of  the  genus  T/h/wikojiA //«.<.  The  bu.sli-shrikes 
live  among  thick  trees,  bushes,  and  underwood,  where  they 
perpetually  prowl  about  after  insects  and  young  and  sickly 
birds,  and  are  great  ilestroyers  of  eggs.  Numerous  species 
are  fnunil  in  tlie  hotter  latitudes  of  America. 

bush-tailed  (liiish'tiild),  a.  Having  the  fea- 
thers of  the  tail  aiTanged  in  the  shape  of  a  tuft, 
brush,  or  bush:  applied  to  the  Hatita'.  as  os- 
triches, cassowaries,  etc.,  as  distinguished  from 
ordinary  fan-tailed  birds.  See  cut  under  cas- 
soifiin/. 

bush-'tit  (Ijiish'tit),  n.  All  American  osciue  pas- 
.serine  bird, 
of  the  ge- 
nus Psaltri- 
parus  and 
family  Pari- 
da'.  There  are 
several  species 
in  the  western 
United  States 
and  Mexico,  as 
P.  minimum  Sinii 
P.  inelaiiotis, 
notable  for  their 
diminutive  stat- 
ure and  the 
great  compara- 
tive size  of  theu" 
pensile  bottle- 
shaped  nests. 

bushwhack- 
er (biish'- 
hwak"er),  ». 
[<  bushl  + 
jchacl;  beat, 
+  -eel.]  1. 
One  accus- 
tomed to  sojourn  in  the  woods,  or  beat  about 
among  bushes. 

They  were  gallant  bush-whackers  and  htniters  of  rac- 
coons by  moonlight.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  353. 

2.  In  the  civil  war  in  the  United  States,  a 
member  of  the  irregular  troops  on  the  Con- 
federate side  engaged  in  guemlla  warfare;  a 
guerrilla ;  a  term  applied  by  the  Federal  forces. 
— 3.  A  short  heavy  scythe  for  cutting  bushes. 

He  [a  sturdy  countryman]  is  a  graduate  of  the  plough, 
and  the  stub-lioe,  and  the  lnu<hwhacker. 

Emerson,  Eloquence. 

bushwhacking  (bush 'hwak"  ing),  '«.  [See 
buahirhdi-kir.']  1.  The  action  of  pushing  one's 
way  through  bushes  or  thickets ;  the  hauling 
of  a  boat  along  a  stream  bordered  by  bushes 
by  pulling  at  tiie  lirancbes.  [U.  S.]— 2.  The 
practice  of  attackin;,'  fri>m  behind  bushes,  as  a 
guerrilla ;  irregular  warfare  carried  on  by  bush- 
whackers. [U.S.] — 3.  The  cutting  of  bushes 
with  a  bushwhacker. 

bushy  (biish'i),  0.  [<  bush^  +  -)/l.  Cf.  btisl-i/, 
boskji.]  1.  Full  of  bushes;  overgi'own  with 
shrubs. 

The  kids  with  pleasure  browse  the  bushy  plain.  Dryden. 
2.  Having  many  close  twigs  and  branches; 
low  and  shrubby.  Spenser;  Bacon. —  3.  Re- 
sembling a  bush;  thick  and  spreading  like  a 
bush :  as,  a  bushy  beard. 
A  short  square-built  old  fellow,  with  thick  bushy  hair. 
Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  52. 

4.  In  entom.,  covered  all  round  with  long,  erect 
hairs,  as  the  antenna?  of  many  insects. 

busiheadt,  ".  [ME.  bisyhed  (=  D.  bezigheid);  < 
l}i(ny  +  -head.]     Busyness. 

busily  (biz'i-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  busily,  bisili,  bisi- 
liclif,  bcniliehc,  busiliche,  etc. ;  <  busy  +  -ly^.]  In 
a  busy  manner.  («)  With  constant  occupation ;  active- 
ly ;  earnestly  :  as,  to  be  busily  employed. 

How  busily  she  turns  the  leaves.    Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  1. 
(it)  Carefully ;  with  care. 

Therfore  thei  don  gret  Worschipe  thereto,  and  kepen  it 
fulle  besijly.  Mandenlle,  "Travels,  p.  69. 

(c)  With  an  air  of  hxu-ry  or  importance ;  with  too  much 
curiosity;  importunately;  officiously.     Dryden. 

business  (biz'nes),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  busincs, 
busyncs,  bisynes,  besines,  -nesse,  trouble,  pains, 
labor,  diligence,  busy-ness;  <  busy  ■¥■  -yiess.  The 
notion  that  this  word  has  any  connection  with 
F.  bcsof/ne,  OF.  busoifine,  work,  business,  is  en- 
tirely eiToneous.]  I.  II.  If.  The  state  of  being 
busy  or  actively  employed ;  diligence;  pains. 

By  grete  be^ynesse  [tr.  X.  ditigeiitia]  of  the  writers  ttf 
chronicles,      trevisa,  tr.  of  Higden's  Polychronicon,  I.  5. 

2t.  Care;  anxiety;  solicitude;  worry. 

Littel  rest  in  this  lyf  es, 

Bot  gret  travayle  and  bysynes. 

Hanipole,  Prick  of  Conscience,  1.  544. 
Poverte  is  hateful  good,  and,  as  I  gesse, 
A  ful  gret  l)riiiger-out  of  bi.st/ness. 

Chauar,  Wife  uf  Bath's  Tale,  1.  340, 


busk 

3.  A  matter  or  affair  tliat  engages  a  person's 
attention  or  requires  his  care ;  an  affair  receiv- 
ing or  requiring  attention;  specifically,  that 
which  busies  or  occupies  one's  time,  attention, 
and  labor  as  his  chief  concern ;  that  which  one 
does  for  a  livelihood;  occupation;  employ- 
ment :  as,  his  business  was  that  of  a  merchant; 
to  cany  on  the  business  of  agriculture. 

As  for  your  buyinesses,  whether  they  be  publike  or 
I>riuate,  let  them  l»e  done  with  a  certaine  honesty. 

llabees  Iluuk  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  2:.6. 

They  were  far  from  the  Zidonians,  and  had  no  bujtinrjtn 
with  any  man.  Judges  xviii.  7. 

Having  had  brought  within  their  sphere  of  operation 
more  and  nutre  numerous  butrinesnes,  the  Acts  restricting 
bom's  of  employment  and  dictating  the  treatment  of 
workers  are  now  to  be  made  applicable  to  shops. 

//.  Sfnccr,  Man  vs.  State,  p.  27. 

Specifically — 4.  Mercantile  pursuits  collec- 
tively; employments  requiring  knowledge  of 
accounts  and  financial  methods;  the  occupa/- 
tion  of  conducting  trade  or  monetary  transac- 
tions of  any  kind. 

It  seldom  happens  that  men  of  a  studious  turn  acquire 

any  degree  of  reputation  for  their  knowledge  of  buitineifg. 

Bp.  Purteous,  Life  of  Abp.  .Seeker. 

5.  That  which  is  undertaken  as  a  duty  or  of 
chief  importance,  or  is  set  up  as  a  principal 
purpose  or  aim. 

The  business  of  my  life  is  now  to  pray  for  you. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  1. 

It  is  the  bumness  of  the  following  pages  to  discover  how 
his  lofty  hopes  came  to  terminate  in  disappointment. 

Godwin,  Hist.  Commonwealth,  iv.  2. 
The  business  of  the  dramatist  is  to  keep  himself  out  of 
sight,  and  to  let  nothing  appear  but  his  characters. 

Macaulay,  ililtou. 

6.  Concern;  right  of  action  or  interposition: 
as,  what  business  has  a  man  with  the  disputes 
of  others? — 7.  Affair;  point;  matter. 

Fitness  to  govern  is  a  perplexed  business.  Bacon. 

8.  Theat.,  such  preconcerted  movements  and 
actions  on  the  stage  as  going  up,  crossing  over, 
taking  a  chair,  poking  a  fire,  toying  with  any- 
thing, etc.,  designed  to  fill  up  the  action  of  the 
play  or  character,  and  heighten  its  effect. 

The  business  of  their  dramatic  characters  will  not  stand 
the  moral  test.  Lamb,  Artificial  Comedy. 

The  "comic  business"  [of  "Damon  and  1  l.liias,"  1.S71] 
(these  stage  phrases  are  at  times  so  expressive  as  surely 
to  be  perniissitde)  is  of  the  nature  of  the  broadest  and 
stupidest  farce.  -4.  W.  ir«r(/,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  115. 

Genteel  business  itheat.),  a  role  or  roles  reipiiring  good 
dressing.— To  do  one's  business,  (at)  To  exercise  great 
care ;  show  great  zeal.     Chaucer. 

Thei  .  .  .  rft>rt /jcrc  [tlieir]  it'syHCA'to  destroyen  hire  ene- 
myes.  J/am/eyi^if,  Travels  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  251. 

(b)  To  ease  one's  self  at  stool.  [Vulgar.]  — To  do  the 
business  for,  to  settle;  m.ake  an  end  of;  kill,  destroy, 
or  ruiu.    [Colloq.] 

If  a  pinch  of  snuff,  or  a  stride  or  two  across  the  room, 
will  not  do  the  business  for  me  —  I  take  a  razor  at  once. 
Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ix.  13. 

To  make  It  one's  business,  to  dexolc  mu's  attention 
to  a  thing  and  see  it  done. — To  mean  business,  to  be  in 
earnest  in  regard  to  anything  that  one  jticipuSLS  or  lu"ges. 
[Colloq.]— To  mind  one's  own  business,  to  attend  to 
one's  own  affairs,  without  meddling  with  those  of  cither 
people.— To  send  about  one's  business,  to  dismiss 
peremptorily.  =S5T1.  Trade,  Profession,  etc.  ^ee  occupa- 
tion. 

II.  a.  Relating  to,  connected  with,  or  en- 
gaged in  business,  traffic,  trade,  etc. :  as,  busi- 
ness habits ;  busine.ss  hours ;  business  men. — 
Business  card,  a  printed  piece  of  cardlioard,  or  an  adver- 
tisement iu  a  puldic  jirint,  giving  a  tradesman's  name  aiul 
address,  with  i>articulars  as  to  the  nature  of  his  business. 

businesslike  (biz'nes-lik),  «.  Such  as  prevails 
or  ouglit  to  jirevail  in  the  conduct  of  business; 
methodical  and  thorough. 

Busiridae  (bii-sir'i-de),  «.  7)/.  [XL.,  <  Busiris 
+  -iiUc]  A  family  of  tectibranchiate  gastro- 
pods, tj-pified  by  the  genus  Busiris:  generally 
combineti  with  the  A2>Iysiida: 

Busiris  (bii-si'ris),  )(.  [XL..  <  L.  Bn.tiris,  <  Gr. 
lioinipir,  name  of  a  to^vn  in  Egjiit,  etc..  prob.  < 
jiovc,  an  ox :  see  Bos.]  A  genus  of  gastropods, 
typical  of  the  family  Busiridec:  synonymous 
with  Xiitarchus. 

busk^  (busk),  V.  [<  ME.  buslrn,  prepare,  pre- 
pare one's  self,  get  ready,  go,  hasten  (with  and 
without  the  refl.  pron.),  <  Icel.  bi'iasf:.  get  one's 
self  ready,  a  red.  form,  <  biia,  )>repare  (intr. 
live,  dwell,  =  AS.  bilan  :  see  fal,  bou-eA.  bond-, 
bound^,  etc.),  -I-  sil:  =  Goth,  sik  =  G.  sieh  =  L. 
se,  etc.,  one's  self.  For  the  form,  cf.  6«.sJl.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  get  ready;  prepare;  equip; 
dress:  as,  to  busk  a  fish-liook.  [Old  English 
and  Scotch.] 

Busk't  him  boldly  to  the  dreadful  fight. 

Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Ta^so,  vii.  37. 
2t.  To  use ;  employ. 


i 


1)UBK 

Haf  thy  tliy  holinp  of  thy  hedo.  »t  hnf  horn  thy  pny; 
Buttk  no  initrc  di-biiti'  then  I  the  hede  thonm', 
Wlifti  thou  wyjipud  of  my  ht'ih'  nt  a  wjtn  one. 
Sir  UawaijiK  ami  llie  linen  Knii/hl  (K.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  2248. 

Il.t  iiilrait".  To  get  icaily  and  go;  hasten; 
Imrry. 
"  Now,  come  bu»k"  J)o  otF  ! 

llobinson,  Mid.  Yorkshire  Gloss.    {N.  E.  D.) 
Byschopes  and  hnchelers,  and  l)ant'rt'ttcs  nohille, 
That  howes  to  his  hanere,  hush'  wliene  liyin  lyltys. 

M,frlr  Arthuif  (K.  K.  T.  .S.),  1.  69. 
Many  .  .  .  hunkcii  westward  for  to  rohhe  eft. 

It"h.  of  Ilnniiii;  Ijingtoft's  Cliron.  (ed.  lieanie),  p.  ;J9. 

busk"t,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  busli^. 
As  tlie  bcjlflt  passed  by,  he  start  out  of  a  Imnk-e. 

Udall,  R<il8ter  IJoist^T,  i.  4. 

busk''  (bnsk),  r.  i.  [Prob.  <  Sp.  Pg.  htwcur,  seek, 
.M'ai'cli,  limit  lip  and  down:  sec  bi(.sc(i)i.'}  If. 
To  seek;  hunt  up  and  down  ;  cast  about;  beat 
about. 

My  Lord  Rochester  was  frighted,  and  wa.s  incliued  to 
fall  oil"  from  this,  and  to  fiiuiJc  for  some  other  way  to  raise 
tlie  .supply.      Jituiir  Aiiflh,  F.ife  of  Lord  Cnilford,  II.  IDS. 

( io  biixk  about,  and  run  thyself  into  tlie  next  Ki-eat  mans 
loliby.  Vi'ifchedey,  I'laiu  Dealer,  iii.  1. 

2.  Naut.,  to  beat  to  windward  along  a  coast; 
cruise  off  and  on. 
busk'  (busk),  II.  [<  F.  Intsc,  busque,  busk,  orig. 
the  whole  bodice;  used  as  equiv.  to  hiistf  (a 
busk,  the  quilted  belly  of  a  diiublet,  jirop.  a 
bust),  of  wliich  it  is  prob.  a  corruption :  see 
bust-.]  1.  A  stiffened  body-garment,  as  a  doub- 
let, corset,  or  bodice. 

Her  lony  slit  .sleeves,  stiffe  hunkr,  puffe,  verdingall. 

Is  all  that  makes  licr  thus  angelicall. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  Sat.  vii. 

2.   A  flexible  strip  of  wood,  steel,  whalebone, 
or  other  stiffening  material,  placed  in  the  front 
(if  stays  to  keep  them  in  form. 
busk''  (busk),  n.     [Amer.  lud.  (?).]     An  Indian 
feast  of  first  fruits. 

Would  it  iHit  lie  well  if  we  were  to  celebrate  sueh  a 
fniak,  or  "feast  of  first  fruits,"  as  Bartrani  describes  to 
have  been  the  custom  of  the  Mucclasse  Indians  V 

Thoreau,  Waldeli,  p.  74. 

busked  (buskt),  n.     [<  busH  +  -ed^.']    Wearing 

a  busk;  stiffened  with  a  busk, 
basket  (bus'ket),  «.      [A  var.  of  bosl-ct,  q.  v. 
I'f.  hii.'<litt.'\     If.  A  small  bush. — 2.    Same  as 
bdt^hct. — 3t.  A  sprig;  a  bouquet. 

Yougthes  folke  now  flocken  in  every  where, 
To  gather  Mny-bunketii  and  smelling  brere. 

Si'eu.^i'r,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

buskin  (bus'kin),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bu.s- 
^■(Hl/, prob. for*fcn(i'ii«,<  MD.  hrotuskcn,  broscken 
(>  V.  broiinequin,  hro- 
(lequiti ;  cf.brodekin), 
a  buskin,  dim.  of 
hroof:,  a  buskin,  ap- 
par.  orig.  a  purse ;  cf . 
MD.  horsekiii,  a  little 
purse,  dim.  of  bortu', 
a  piu-se:  see  burse, 
puifie.'i  1.  A  half- 
boot  or  high  shoe 
strajjped  or  laced  to 
the    ankle    and    the 

in  the  Naples  Museum.  lower  part  Of  the  leg. 

The  hunted  red-deer's  undressed  hide 
Tlieir  hairy  buskins  well  supplied. 

.Scoft,  Marraion,  v.  5. 

2.  A  similar  boot  worn  by  the  ancients;  the 
I'ntluirniis,  particularly  as  worn  by  actors  in 
tragedy.     See  cothurnus. 

How  I  could  reare  the  Muse  on  stately  stage, 
And  teaclie  her  tread  aloft  in  bttJikin  tine. 

.Vjiemer,  Sheji.  Cal..  Octolier. 

Henee  — 3.  Tragedy  or  the  tragic  drama,  as  op- 
posed to  comedy. 

He  wad  a  critic  upon  operas,  t<>o. 

And  knew  all  niceties  of  the  sock  and  hujtkin. 

Biiroit,  Beppo.  st.  31. 

4.  A  low  laced  shoe  worn  by  women. — 5.  /)'. 
EccL,  stockings  forming  a  part  of  the  canoni- 
cals of  a  bishop,  usually  made  of  satin  or  em- 
broidered silk. 
buskined  (bus'kind),  n.  l<.biiiikin  +  -C(l-.]  1. 
Wearing  buskins. 

The  bouncing  Amazon, 
Y'ollr  buxkin'd  mistress.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 

2.  Pertaining  to  tragedy;  tragic. 

In  bunkin'd  measures  move 

I'aK-  liricf,  and  pleasing  I'ain.    Orau,  The  Bard. 

busklet,  '•.  '.  [Perhaps  a  var.  of  bustle^,  q.  v.] 
To  bustle  about ;  move  <iuickly. 

It  is  like  the  smoldering  fyer  of  Mount  Chymera,  which 
boyling  long  tyme  with  great  husktiiif/  in  the  bowels  of 
the  earth,  duoth  at  length  burst  out  with  violent  rage. 

OraliiHU!  o/  Arsaneji.  1555.    (UalUivcll.) 


Ancient  Buskins. 
From  the  statuette  c.i  lied  Narcissus, 


733 

busk-pointf,  »■  The  aglet  used  for  the  lace  of 
a  buslt. 

The  floor  was  strewed  with  hu^k-pninls,  silk  gart*'ni,  ami 
shoe-strings,  scattered  here  and  there  ftir  haste  t^i  make 
away  from  me.  Middletfni,  The  Black  Hook. 

buskyt  (bus'ki),  a.  [<  busk'^  +  -y^.  Cf.  bu.'ilii/ 
and  hiiski/.']  Hu.shv;  bosky:  as,  "yon  buski/ 
hill,"  Shak.,  1  lien".  IV.,  v.  1. 

buss'  (bus),  )'.  [Of  uncertain  origin;  cf.  G. 
dial.  (Bav.)  bu.isc)i  (=  Sw.  dial.  j)uss<i),  kiss,  > 
G.  bu.i  (used  by  Luther)  =  Sw.  puss,  a  kiss.  Cf. 
Sp.  Pg.  bii~,  a  kiss  of  reverence,  =  Pr.  bus,  a 
kiss ;  cf.  Sp.  bu:,  Wall.  bu.:r,  lip.  These  fonns 
are  jirob.  tinconnected  with  ME.  ?w(.s.w,  a  kiss, 
late  ME.  btis.'n;  kiss:  see  bass^^.  Cf.  Tiu'k.  bus, 
I'ers.  busfi,  Hind,  bosa,  a,  kiss.]  I.  ?i»»,v.  To 
smack;  kiss;  salute  with  the  lips. 

And  buss  thee  a.s  thy  wife.  .Shak.,  K.  .John,  iii.  4. 

Kissing  and  biutifiw/  differ  both  in  this, 
\\'c  buxs  our  wantons,  but  our  wives  we  kiss.    Ilrrrick. 

n.  intrans.  To  kiss. 

('Mine,  bum  ami  friends,  my  lamb  ;  whish,  lullaby. 
What  ails  my  babe,  what  ails  my  babe  to  cry'^ 

Queries,  Emblems,  ii.  8. 

buss' (bug),  «.  [<  &M«si,  t'.]  A  smack;  a  kiss; 
a  salute  with  the  lips. 

Thou  dost  give  me  flattering  bruises. 

.Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV., ii.  4. 

buss'-'t  (bus),  n.  [<  ME.  bu.ssc  (cf.  D.  buis  = 
MLG.  iK.w,  but:e  =  OHG.  bu:o,  MHG.  bfize,  G. 
biisc  =  Icel.  bmsa,  bucii),  <  OF.  bus.^ic,  buse  = 
Sp.  bu^o  =  Pr.  bus,  a  kintl  of  boat,  <  ML.  bussu, 
bu.sci<i,  a  kind  of  boat,  also  a  bo.x;  one  of  the 
numerous  forms  of  buxuUi,  prop.  ace.  of  biixis, 
also  (L.)  bnjrus,  a  bo.\:  see  boisf^,  box^,  bu.sh'^, 
boss'i,  bushel^,  etc.]  A  small  vessel  of  from  50 
to  70  tons  burden,  caiTyiug  two  masts,  and 
two  sheds  or  cabins,  one  at  each  end,  used  in 
herring-iishing.  The  buss  was  common  in  the  middle 
ages  among  the  ^  enetians  and  other  maritime  communi- 
ties.   It  was  of  considerable  beam,  like  a  galleon. 

It  was  a  sea  most  proper  for  whale-fishing ;  little  busses 
might  cast  out  nets  for  smelts  and  herrings. 

Bp.  Uackel,  Life  of  Abp.  WiUiams,  p.  82. 

His  Majesty's  resolution  to  give  £200  to  every  man  that 
will  set  out  a  bicssf.  ^f^pys,  Diary,  I.  353. 

buss-*,  II.     See  bus. 

buss*  (bus),  II.     A  Scotch  form  of  busli^. 

buss"  (bus),  r.  t.     [E.  dial.  var.  of  biisk"^.]     To 

dress ;  get  ready. 
bussock  (bus'ok),  H.    [E.  dial.,  perhaps  <  "buss 

ioT  busk- or  bii,':hi  + -ock.l    1.  A  tuft  of  coarse 

grass. —  2.  A  sheaf  of  grain. — 3.  A  thick,  fat 

lierson.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
busSOCky  (bus'ok-i),    a.     [<   bii.s-.snck  +   -i/l.] 

Having  bussocks,  tuifts  of  coarse  grass,  or  the 

like.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
There's  nothing  hnasock]!  about  it  [a  cricket-groundl,  no 

rushes,  nor  nothing  of  that. 

(Juoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XI.  2S7. 

bussu-palm  (biis'so-piim),  «.  A  palm,  the  iln- 
nicaria  saccifcra,  found  in  the  swamps  of  the 
Amazon,  whose  stem  is  only  from  10  to  20  fei't 
high,  but  whose  leaves  are  often  30  feet  long 
and  4  or  5  feet  broad.  These  are  used  by  the  Indians 
for  thatch,  for  which  they  are  admirably  adapted.  The 
flbroxis  spathes  are  used  as  bags,  or  when  cut  longitudi- 
nally and  stretcheil  out  answer  the  purpose  of  a  coarse 
but  strong  cloth.     See  Manicaria. 

bussynet,  »■  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  OF.  bus.^iur, 
biiisiiir,  biisiiK',  a  triuupet.]     A  trumpet. 

bust'  (bust),  V.  A  dialectal  or  ^-ulgar  form  of 
burst. 

bust'  (bust),  «.  1.  A  dialectal  or  vulgar  form 
of  burst. — 2.  SpecificaUy,  a  spree:  as,  to  go  on 
a  bust.     [CoUoq.] 

bust"  (bust),  H.  [Formerly  also  bnsto  (<  It.); 
=  (i.  bii.ite,  <  F.  bustc,  <"lt.  busto.=  Sp.  Pg. 
busto,  <  ML.  bu.'<tuiii.  the  trunk  of  the  body,  of 
uncertain  origin;  perhaps  from  ML.  busta,  a 
bo.x,  one  of  the 
forms  of  biirida  : 
see  boist^,  bii.is-, 
hox^,  etc.  Cf.  E. 
chest  and  trinik, 
used  in  a  similar 
manner.]  1.  The 
chest,  thorax,  or 
breast ;  the  trunk 
of  the  human 
body  above  the 
waist. 

It  pressed  upon  a 
hard  but  glowing 
bast 
Which  beat  as  if 
there  was  a  warm 
heart  under. 
Byron,  Don  Juttu, 

[XVi.  122.         Bust  of  Homer,  MuscoNazionale,  Naples. 


bustle 

2.  In  sculp.,  tlie  figure  of  a  person  in  relief, 
showing  only  the  head,  shoulders,  ami  breast. 
The  term  may  be  applied  to  the  head  and  neck  only,  or  to 
the  head  and  neck  with  the  shoulders  and  breast,  or  to  the 
head  with  the  whole  chest,  or  to  the  lieail,  neck,  breast, 
and  siioulders,  with  the  anus  truucaleil  above  the  ellxiw. 

bust'*  (bust),  1'.  ^  [E.  dial.  var.  of  *(/(«<.]  To 
put  a  tar-mark  upon  (sheep). 

bust-'  (bust),  II.  [<  Ijust-^,  V.I  A  tar-mark  on 
sheep. 

bustard  (bus'tjird),  n.  [Formerly  histard ;  < 
OF.  (and  F.  dial.)  histarde,  OF.  also  oustardc, 
hmisiiirdc,  hostiirde,  mod.  F.  nulnrdr  =  Pr.  o«.v- 
tiirdd  =  It.  iittardii  =  Sji.  iirutnriUi  =  Pg.  iibc- 
tiirdii  and  betardii,  bustard,  <  L.  aris  tarda 
(Pliny),  lit.  a  slow  bird:  see  Ares  and  tardy. 
The  lirst  element  appears  also  in  ostrich :  see 
ostrich.]  1.  A  large  grallatorial  bird  of  the 
family  Olididn;  or  of  the  genus  Otis  in  a  wide 
sense.  There  are  about  '20  species,  mostly  of  Africa, 
several  of  India,  one  of  Australia,  and  three  properly 
Eiu'opean.  The  best-known  is  the  great  bustard,  (nil 
tarda,  of  Europe  and  Africa,  n<ited  as  the  largest  Euro- 
pean bird,  the  male  often  weighing  ;iO  pounds,  and  having 
a  lengtti  of  about  4  feet  and  a  stretch  of  wings  of  t;  or  7 
feet,    'llie  little  bustard  is  Otis  tetrax  of  sonthcrn  Europe. 


(Ireat  Bustard  iO/is  t^jr.i. 


The  houbara,  U.  Iiimbara.  is  a  north  African  and  Arabian 
species,  occuiTing  also  in  soiitlicrii  Enropt-.  and  the  allie<l 
Indian  species,  O.  inaniin'mi,  has  sonietiiiies  been  taken 
in  Europe.  O.  aurila  and  (I.  bfiiiratensis  are  al.so  Asiatic. 
The  Australian  species  is  O.  aaglraiix.  The  rest  are  .\fri- 
can.  Only  the  fil-st-named  two  belong  to  the  restricted 
genus  Otis;  the  remainder  are  sometimes  allocated  to  a 
genus  Eupadotis,  sometimes  siilil  iiitosi.v  toimreditfereiit 
genera.  See  also  cut  under  Eupudotis. 
2.  A  name  in  Canada  of  the  common  wihl 
goose,  BernicJa  canadensis.  A.  XewUni Thick- 
kneed  bustard,  a  name  of  the  tliick-knce,  (Edicneuiaa 

rr''/.ihi,iy.  a  kind  of  plover. 

busted'  (bus 'ted),  p.  a.  [<  bust^  +  -frf2.] 
Broken ;  bankrupt ;  riuned :  as,  a  busted  bank ; 
a  busted  miner.     [Slang,  U.  S.] 

busted-  (bus'ted),  ((.  [<  busfi  +  -cd^.]  Adorn- 
ed with  busts.     [Rare.] 

Your  bridges  and  your  biist.-d  libraries.  Tennyson. 

buster  (bus'ter),  ».  [For  burster,  as  biist^  for 
burst.  Cf.  Sc.  bust,  MV..  husteii,  beat,  of  Seand. 
origin:  Sw.  biista,  beat,  thump:  see  ftoA-te'.]  1. 
Something  of  extracnlinary  size. — 2.  A  rois- 
terer.—  3.  A  frolic;  a  spree. — 4.  A  Wolent 
wind.     [American  slang  in  all  senses.] 

bustiant,  ».  [Sc.  also  bustiam  ;  origin  obscure ; 
cf.  fi(stiaii.'\  A  kind  of  cloth,  said  to  be  the 
same  as  fustian. 

bustic  (bus'tik),  u.  [Appar.  of  native  origin.] 
A  sapotaceous  tree  of  tropical  America,  Diiihii- 
lis  salieifolia.  witli  very  heavy  and  hard  wood, 
dark-brown  in  color,  and  susceptible  of  a  high 
polish. 

bustle'  (bns'l).  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bustled,  ppr. 
bu.-itliiKi.  [Prob.  <  Icel.  bustla,  bustle,  splash 
about  in  the  water;  bust!,  a  bustle,  splashing 
about  (cf.  basila.  r..  turmoil,  ba.fti,  turmoil); 
allied  to  Dan.  bu.<ic,  bounce,  pop,  =  Sw.  bu.sa  (pd 
en),  nish  (upon  one),  dial.  ?)«.«/,  strike,  thrust. 
Cf .  hiiskte.'i  To  disi)lay  activity  with  a  certain 
amotmt  of  noise  or  agitation;  bl>  active  and 
stirring;  move  quickly  and  energetically:  some- 
times used  retlexively. 
Ilusttiiui  (/lewn'f/iv  .<  to  dress  up  the  galleys. 

A.  Muiiday,  in  .\rbcr's  Eng.  Gamer,  I.  209. 
And  leave  the  world  for  me  to  bustt^  in. 

Shak..  Rich.  lU.,  L  1. 

At  least  a  dozen  of  these  winged  vintagers  basiled  out 

from  among  the  leaves.         LoukU,  Study  Windows,  p.  9. 


bustle 

bustle'  (l)iis'l),  n.    [<  huxtlr'^,  c]    Activity  witli 
uoiso  ami  agitation;  stir;  hurry-stMin'y. 
A  strange  biwlle  niul  ilistuiliaiico  in  the  world.     South. 

Seldom  lie  varied  feature,  hue,  or  nuisclc, 
And  could  be  very  busy  without  Iniyllr. 

Biinin,  Dnii  .luan,  viii.  39. 

They  seem  to  require  uothinp  more  to  enliven  them 
than  crowds  and  liiisllr,  with  a  jiiiie  and  a  cup  of  coffee. 
E.  W.  Luiir,  Modern  Ek'yptians,  II.  2«i. 

bustle- (I'lis'l),  «.  [Origin  unknown;  supposml 
by  some  to  stand  tor  'hiixldr,  a  dim.  (and  an- 
otlier  application)  of  buxk-i,  q.  v.  Cf.  bugkk, 
var.  of  /)H,sf/<  >.]  Apad,  cushion,  curved  frame- 
work of  wire,  or  the  like,  worn  by  women  on 
tlie  back  part  of  the  body  below  ttie  waist  for 
tlie  j)iu'posp  of  improving  the  fifrtu-e,  causing 
the  folds  of  the  skirl  to  hang  gracefully,  and 
jirc venting  the  skirt  from  interfering  with  the 
feet  in  walking. 

^\^lether  she  was  pretty,  whether  she  wore  much  htaitle. 

Dickenx, 

bustler  (bus'lfer),  n.  One  who  bustles ;  an  ac- 
tive, stirring  person. 

Fortcive  him.  then,  thou  bustler  in  concerns 

Of  little  worth.  Cowpcr,  Task,  vi.  962. 

bustling  (bus'ling),  ]i.  a.  [Ppr.  of  bustle'^,  c] 
Mo\'ing  actively  with  noise  or  agitation ;  briskly 
active  or  stirring:  as,  "a  busy,  fiitsffiwfir  time," 
Crabbe,  The  New'spaper. 

sir  Henry  Vane  was  a  busy  and  hxistliruj  man. 

Clarendon. 

Tlie  table  d'h6te  was  going  on,  and  a  gracious,  Inistlint), 
talkative  landlady  welcomed  me. 

//.  Jayne.i,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  24S. 

bustot  (bus'to).  u.  [It.,  also  Sp.  and  Pg. ,  a  bust : 
see /<««<.]     A  bust;  a  statue.     [Kare.] 

The  bitnto  moulders,  and  the  deep  cut  marble, 
Unsteady  to  the  steel,  gives  up  its  charge. 

Blair,  The  Grave. 

bustuoust,  bustust,  bustwyst.    See  boistous. 

busy  (biz'i),  a.  [<  ME.  hmij,  hi/si/,  besy,  bust, 
bit-sji,  etc.,  <  AS.  bysig,  busy,  occupied  (>  %.S('/», 
occupation,  labor,  toil,  affliction),  =  D.  be^ig 
=  LG.  besit),  busy,  active.  Further  affinities 
doubtful.  The  spelling  with  u  is  due  to  the 
frequent  use  of  that  leTter  in  HE.  with  its  F. 
sound,  the  same  as  the  sound  of  AS.  y,  for 
which  it  was  often  substituted.  The  proper  E. 
representative  of  AS.  y  is  i,  as  in  the  phoneti- 
cally parallel  dkzy,  <  AS.  dysig.']  1.  Actively 
or  attentively  engaged ;  closely  occupied  physi- 
cally or  mentally;  intent  upon  that  which  one 
is  doing ;  not  at  leisure  :  opposed  to  idle. 

My  mistress  sends  you  word 
That  she  is  busy,  and  she  cannot  come. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  2. 

I  write  of  melancholy,  by  being  busy  to  avoid  melan- 
ciioly.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader,  p.  18. 

As  a  boy  he  [Clive]  had  Itcen  too  idle,  as  a  man  he  soon 
became  too  busy,  for  literary  pursuits. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Clive. 

2.  Active  in  that  •which  does  not  concern  one ; 
meddling  with  or  prying  into  the  aifairs  of 
others ;  officious ;  importunate. 

They  be  carefuU  and  diligent  in  their  own  matters,  not 
ciu"iou8  and  busey  in  other  mens  afftaires. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  35. 

On  meddling  monkey,  or  on  busy  ape. 

tihak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 

3.  In  constant  or  energetic  action;  rapidly 
moving  or  moved;  diligently  used:  as,  busy 
hands  or  thoughts. 

With  busy  hammers  closing  rivets  up. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  (cho.). 

The  mnsic-stiiTing  motion  of  its  soft  and  busy  feet. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  i. 

4.  Pertaining  or  due  to  energetic  action ;  mani- 
festing constant  or  rapid  movement. 

I  heard  a  tnisie  bustling. 

Spenser,  Shep.  CaL,  March. 
Tower'd  cities  please  us  then. 
And  the  busy  hum  of  men. 

Milton,  L' Allegro,  1. 118. 

5.  Requiring  constant  attention,  as  a  task. 
[Rare.] 

He  hath  first  a  buity  work  to  bring  his  parishioners  to  a 
right  faith.  Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

Then  Mathematics  were  my  buisi/  book. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  ii.  45. 

6.  Filled  with  active  duties  or  employment. 
T<i-niorrow  is  a  busy  day.  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 

7t.  Careful ;  anxious.    Chaucer.  =Syn.  1  and  2.  Ac- 
tive, Busy,  OjHcious,  etc.  (see  active);  diligent,  assiduous, 
hard-working;  meddling,  intriguing. 
busy  (biz'i),  ('.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  busied,  ppr. 
busying.     [<  ME.  busien,  bisien,  besien,   <  AS. 


734 

liysigan,  hy.iginn,  occupy,  employ,  trouble  (=  T>. 
b<:iyc)i,  use,  cmiiloy),  <  bifnig,  busy:  see  busy, 
a.]  '  To  employ  with  constant  attention;  keep 
engaged ;  make  or  keep  busy :  as,  to  busy  one  s 
self  with  books. 

He  it  thy  course,  to  busy  giddy  minds 

Svitli  foreign  quarrels.      Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

All  other  Nations,  from  whom  they  could  expect  aide, 
were  busied  to  the  utmost  in  their  own  necessary  eonceni- 
iiicnts.  Milton,  Kikonoklastes,  xii. 

busybody  (biz'i-bod'i),  n. ;  pi.  busybodics  (-iz). 
[<  hii.'<y  +  body,  person.]  A  medclling  person; 
one  who  officiously  or  impertinently  concerns 
himself  with  the  affairs  of  others. 

.\  bu»ifbody  who  had  been  properly  punished  for  ninning 
into  danger  without  any  call  of  duty. 

MacauXay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xvi. 

busybodyism  (biz'i-bod"i-izm),  n.  [<  busybody 
+  -ism.]  The  habit  of  busying  one's  self  about 
other  people's  affairs.     [Rare.] 

The  most  common  effect  of  this  mock  evangelical  spirit, 
especially  with  yoimg  women,  is  self-inflation  and  busy- 
bodyism. Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 

busyness  (biz'i-nes),  n.  [<  bu.vj  +  -ness.  Cf. 
business,  the  same  word  with  altered  pron.  and 
meaning.]  The  state  of  being  busy  or  actively 
employed.     See  business,  1.     [Now  rare.] 

Grant.  .  .  isentirely  ignorant  of  the  arts  by  which  pop- 
ularity is  preserved  and  a  show  of  trustiness  kept  up  by 
them.  The  Nation,  Sept.  16,  1889,  p.  224. 

busytyt,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  busy  +  -ty.'\ 
Busyness. 

butl  (hvii),  adv..  pre)!.,  a.iiA  eonj.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  bot,  bote ;  <  ME.  but,  bot,  butr,  bote,  butcn, 
botcn.  with  a  short  vowel;  parallel  with  the 
equiv.  early  mod.  E.  bout  (esp.  as  a  prep.,  with- 
out ;  cf.  about,  the  same  word  with  a  prefix : 
see  bouti,  and  bout^  =  about),  <  ME.  bout,  boute, 
bouten,  earlier  bute,  buten,  retaining  the  orig. 
long  vowel,  <  AS.  biitan,  baton,  poet,  be-ittan, 
ONorth.  biita  (=  OS.  biutan,  butan  =  OFries. 
bi'itcu,  but^i,  bota  =  MLG.  bitten,  but,  LG.  biiten 
=  D.  buiten  =  OHG.  biUzan),  without,  outside, 

<  be,  by,  with,  -f-  Titan,  out,  orig.  from  without, 

<  (7(,  oiit:  see  6f-2  and  out,  and  cf.  the  correla- 
tive bi))'^,  =  Sc.  ben,  within  (<  be-~  +  /h1),  and 
about,  above,  which  also  contain  the  element 
6c-2.]     I.  adv.  It.  Outside;  without;  out. 

Hit  was  swuthe  mouchel  scome  [a  very  great  shame] 

That  scholde  a  queue  beon 

King  in  thisse  londe, 

Heora  suuen  beon  buten  [var.  boute'].  Layamon,  1. 15!J. 
2.  In  or  to  the  outer  room  of  a  cottage  having 
a  but  and  a  ben:  as,  he  was  but  a  few  minutes 
ago;  he  gaed  but  ju.st  now.  [Scotch.] — 3. 
Onlv ;  merelv ;  just.     See  III. 

li.  prep.  "it.  Outside  of;  without.— 2t.  To 
the  outside  of. — 3.  To  the  outer  apartment  of : 
as,  gae  but  the  house.  [Scotch.] — 4.  With- 
out; not  having;  apart  from. 

Summe  [sc.  weren]  al  bute  fet  [without  feet]. 

Old  En'j.  Homilifs  (ed.  Morris),  1st  ser.,  p.  43. 

Of  fassoim  fair,  but  feir  [without  equal].  Dunbar. 

Touch  not  a  cat  but  a  glove.  Scotch  proverb. 

5.  Except;  besides;  more  than,  [in  this  use  gen- 
erally preceded  by  a  clause  containing  or  implying  a  nega- 
tion, and  not  easily  separable  froni  tlie  coiijiiiutiitnal  use, 
under  which  most  of  the  exuinplcs  full.  The  conjunction, 
oil  the  other  hand,  in  some  elliptical  constructions  assumes 
a  prepositional  pliase,  and  in  other  constructions  an  ad- 
verbial phase.    See  itelow.] 

III.  conj-  1 .  Except ;  unless :  after  a  clause 
containing  or  implying  a  negation,  and  intro- 
ducing the  following  clause,  in  which  (the  verb 
being  usually  omitted  because  implied  in  the 
preceding  clause)  but  before  the  noim  (subject 
or  object  of  the  omitted  verb)  comes  to  be  re- 
garded as  a  preposition  governing  the  notm. 

Nis  [Tie  is,  is  not]  buten  an  god  [nom.]. 

Legend  of  St.  Katherine,  p.  367. 
Tlier  nis  hot  a  godd  [nom.]. 

Legend  of  St.  Katherine,  p.  282. 

Nis  non  other  bute  he  [nom.]. 

Old  Eng.  Homilies  (ed.  Morris),  2d  ser.,  p.  109. 
Nefede  [had  not]  he  boten  anne  sune  [ace.]. 

Layamon,  I.  5. 
Away  went  Gilpin  — who  but  he?   Cowper,  John  Gilpin. 

The  clause  introduced  by  but  (the  apparent  object  of  the 
quasi-preposition)  may  tie  a  single  word,  an  infinitive  or 
prepositional  phrase,  or  a  clause  with  that. 

For  albeit  that  pain  was  ordeined  of  God  for  the  pun- 
ishment of  sinnes  (for  which  tlu-y  that  iiener  can  now  but 
sinne,  can  neuer  be  tmt  eiicr  luiiii^iicd  in  liel),  yet  in  this 
world  .  .  .  the  punishment  tjy  tribulation  .  .  .  serueth 
ordinarily  for  a  meane  of  amendment. 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  foL  11. 

Noe  lawes  of  man  (according  to  the  straight  rule  of  right) 

are  just,  but  as  in  regard  to  the  evills  which  they  prevent. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

I  cannot  choose  hut  weep  to  see  him. 

Beau,  and  Fl,,  King  and  No  King,  iii.  3. 


but 

llic  wcddinc  cnest  he  Iwat  his  brpast, 
Vet  lie  c'unrK^tt  choosu  intt  hear. 

Odrridfjfi,  Ancient  Mariner. 
Ni>  war  oiidht  ever  t^i  l>c  iiiulertaken  but  uii<ler  circum- 
stances wUicli  n-ndcr  all  intcrclianKc  of  courtesy  between 
the  L-unibatunta  impossible. 

Macaulay,  Mitfurd's  Uist.  Greece. 
That  hut  for  this  our  souls  were  free. 
And  hut  for  that  our  lives  were  l)le8t. 

O.  W.  Uolmfx,  What  we  all  Think. 
By  ellipsis  of  the  subject  of  the  clause  int  'Mluced  Ity  but 
in  this  construction,  but  Incomes  equivalent  to  that  .  .  . 
not  or  ivbo  .  .  .  lU't. 

There  is  none  8oebadd,Eudoxus,&w/ shall  flmie  some  to 

favoure  his  doin^es.  Spenser,  MnU-  nf  Ireland. 

No  voice  exempt,  no  voice  but  well  coulil  join 

-Melodious  i>art.  Milton,  V.  L.,  iii.  :t70. 

Hardly  a  tavalierin  the  land  6u(  would  have  thought  it 

a  reproach  Ut  remain  behind. 

I'rcttcott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  24. 
What  will  but  felt  the  fleshly  screen? 

Browning,  Last  Ride  Together. 
In  this  construction  the  negative,  being  implied  in  btit^ 
came  to  be  omitted,  especially  in  connection  with  the 
verb  be,  in  the  jirincipal  clause,  the  construction  "There 
is  not  but  one  (iod,"  a-s  in  the  first  example,  becoming 
"There  is  but  one  God,"  lea\ing  but  as  a  quasi-adverb, 
'only,  merely,  simply.'  This  use  is  also  extended  to  con- 
structions not  originally  negative. 

If  God  would  glue  the  goodes  only  to  goo<l  men,  than 
would  folke  take  occasion  t*)  serue  him  but  for  them. 
Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (157a),  fol.  35. 

If  they  kill  us,  we  shall  but  die.  2  Ki.  vli.  4. 

I  am,  my  lord,  hut  as  my  betters  are, 
That  led  me  hither.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  Z. 

Do  but  go  kiss  bini, 
Or  touch  him  hut.         Ii.  Joii^on,  Volpone,  iii  6. 
But  form'd,  and  fight !  hut  bom,  and  then  rebel ! 

Quarle»,  Emblems,  iii.  6. 
For  alms  are  hut  the  vehicle  of  prayer. 

Dnjden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  1400. 

How  happy  I  should  be  if  I  could  tease  her  into  loving 
me,  though  but  a  little  ! 

Sheridan^  School  for  Scandal,  iiL  1. 

Once,  and  but  once,  this  [Bacon's]  course  of  prosperity 
was  for  a  moment  interrupted.       Macaulatj,  Ix)rd  Bacon. 
Against  his  sharp  steel  lightnings 
.  Stood  the  Suliote  but  to  die.     Whittier,  The  Hero. 

To  the  last  two  constructions,  respectively,  belong  the 
idioms  "I  cannot  but  hope  that,"  etc.,  and  "'lean  but  hope 
that,"  etc.  The  former  has  suffered  ellipsis  of  the  jirincipal 
verb  in  the  first  clause :  "  I  cannot  do  anything  but  hope, " 
or  "  anything  else  than  hope,"  or  "otherwise  than  hope," 
etc.,  implying  constraint,  in  that  there  is  an  alternative 
which  one"  is  mentally  unable  or  reluctant  to  accept,  but 
being  equivalent  to  otherwise  than.  The  latter,  "I  can 
hut  hope  that,"  etc.,  has  suffered  further  ellipsis  of  the 
negative,  and,  though  histoiically  the  same  as  the  former, 
is  idiomatically  different:  "I  can  only  hope  that,"  etc., 
impljing  restraint,  in  that  there  is  no  alternative  or  op- 
portunity of  action,  but  being  equivalent  to  only,  tiot 
otherwise  than,  or  no  more  than. 

I  cannot  but  remember  such  things  were, 
That  were  most  precious  to  me.  Shak. ,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
I  cantiot  but 
Applaud  your  scorn  of  injuries. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Laws  of  Candy,  iii.  2L 
They  cannot  but  testify  of  Tinith. 

Milton,  Church-Govenmient,  Pref.,  ii 

I  cannot  but  sympathize  with  every  one  I  meet  that  is 

in  afHiction.  Addison,  A  Friend  of  Mankind. 

He  covXd  but  write  in  proportion  as  he  read,  aiul  empty 
his  commonplace  as  fast  only  as  he  filled  it.  Scott. 

Yet  he  coidd  not  but  acknowledge  to  himself  that  there 
was  something  calculated  to  impress  awe,  ...  in  the  sud- 
den appearances  and  vauishiugs  ...  of  the  masque. 

De  Quincey. 

In  an  interrogative  sentence  implying  a  negative  answer, 
can  but  is  e(iuivalent  to  cannot  but  in  a  declarative  sen- 
tence. 

Wliy,  who  can  but  believe  him?  he  does  swear 

So  eaniestly.  that  if  it  were  not  true. 

The  gods  would  not  endure  him. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  iii  I. 

After  doubt,  or  doubt  not,  and  other  expressions  involving 
a  negative,  bift  may  be  used  as  after  other  negatives,  but 
that  being  often  used  pleonastically  for  that. 

I  doubt  not  but  I  shall  find  them  tractable  enough. 

Shak..  Pericles,  iv.  6. 

Mv  lord,  I  neither  can  nor  will  deny 

But  that  I  know  them.      Shak.,  Alls  Well,  v.  3. 

I  dfntbt  not  but  there  may  he   many  wise  Men  in  all 

Places  and  Degrees,  but  am  sorry  the  effects  of  Wisdom 

are  so  little  seen  among  ns.     Milton,  Free  Conmionwealth. 

I  do  not  doubt  but  England  is  at  present  as  polite  a  na- 
tion as  any  in  the  world.  Steele,  Spectator.  Xo.  6. 
There  is  no  >juestion  but  the  King  of  Spain  will  reform 
most  of  the  abuses.                       Addimn,  Travels  in  Italy. 
Hence  the  use  of  but  with  if  or  that,  forming  a  unitary 
phrase  hut  if.  'indess,  if  not."  Imt  that,  'except  that,  un- 
less ■  (these  plu-ases  having  of  course  also  their  analytical 
meaning,  witli  but  in  its  adversative  use). 
Gramer  for  gurlcs  I  gon  furste  to  write. 
And  beot  hem  with  a  baleys  but  ^^fY  thei  wolde  lemen. 
Piers  Plowman  (A),  xi.  132. 
But  if  I  have  my  wille. 
For  derne  love  of  thee,  leman.  I  spille. 

Chaucer,  Millers  Tale,  L  91. 

Lese  the  fraternete  of  the  gilde  for  euere  more,  but  \f  he 

hauo  grace.  £n<^lish  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  95. 


but 

And  also  hr-  wcvory  sure,  timt  ns  ho  [Ood]  hpcinneth  to 
wnrke  witli  V8,  so  (/>i//  ^^  our  seUf  Hit  ficmi  liiiii)  ho  wil 
iKit  failf  t<>  tjtrit'  vvitli  vs. 

Sir  T.  Mure,  CuriifDit  ii),'iiiiiBt  Tribulation  (167:1),  fol.  17. 
'I'lif  plinisL'  hut  Hull,  oft*-Mi  abbrcviiitfil  to  fr«(,  thus  takes 
an  L'.vtvntiod  ineaiiiuK.    (ft)  If  not ;  unless. 

Elite  iili  lie  liollj-  at  thyn  hestc,  let  liongc  me  ellys ! 

Picrn  IH(iwuw,ti{C\\v.UO.  _         ,     _  , 

()0  Except  that,  otherwise  than  that,  that  .  .  .  not.    (1)  °?,  „t.^,   „ *  .,1;  ."ji','! 

After  nejrative  elaiKses.  ""' .^-...^ 

Sihlonie  but  sonic  gooil  eonuneth  ere  the  end. 

Speiuier,  .Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  172. 
I  Bcc  not  then  Init  we  should  enjoy  the  same  lieeiise, 

B.  Jumvn. 
And  know  there  shall  he  nothing  in  my  power 
Vou  may  deserve,  bttt  you  shall  have  your  wishes. 

Beau,  ami  Ft.,  I'hilaster,  v.  4. 
Nor  fate 
Shall  alter  it,  since  now  the  die  is  cast, 
Btif  that  this  luiur  to  I'nnipcy  is  his  last. 

Fteteher  (and  another),  False  One,  i.  1. 

Believe  not  ttut  I  joy  t^)  sec  thee  safe.  limee. 

I  was  not  so  youiiK  when  my  father  died  but  that  I  per- 
fectly remember  him.  Byron. 
The  negative  clause  is  often  represented  by  the  single 
word  not. 

Not  but  they  thonv:ht  me  worth  a  ransom. 

5.  Butler,  Iludibras. 
An  expletive  what  sometimes,  but  incorrectly,  follows. 

Sot  hat  what  I  hold  it  <iur  duty  never  to  foster  into  a 
pjission  what  we  must  rather  submit  to  as  an  awful  neces- 
sity. Buliver.  butcheT  (bueh'6r). 


735 


Buthus 


or  vege- 


isolatcd  nses  derived  from  the  precodinp.l^Syn.  lloir. 
erer.  Stilt,  Nerertheleitfi,  et<'.  .See  hoirener. 
but!  (but),  H.  [Sc,  <  fcufl,  <i(tv.,  prep.,  and  rniij., 
outside,  without.  Of.  the  correlative  *<■«',  «.J 
The  outer  room  of  a  liouso  ennsisting  of  only 
two  rooms;  tlie  kitehon  :  the  other  room  being 
the  hni.    To  live  but  and  ben  wltb.    See  benK 

[<  ME. /(«(,  frH<t«,  6o/<<;,  a  butcher-rowt  (bueh'6r-r6),  M. 
flounder  (glossed  also  liirho,  turhot,  andpcctcii),     bles;  a  meat-market. 

=  D.  hot,  a  flounder,  plaice,  =  MLG.  hut,  IjG.         \i„y,  large  a  shambles  and   hulcher-rnw  would  such 
hutt,  biittc  (>  G.  bittt,  hiittc),  a  Hounder,  =  Sw.     make  !  Il'hillock,  Manners  of  Ens.  People,  p.  97. 

fcifHd,  a  turbot.     Hence  in  comp. /inHi«<,  q.  v.]  ijutcjier's-broom    (biich  '  6r/,-brom),   «.      See 


tinpuished  from  game  or  other  animal  • 
lalile  friciil ;  butchers'  meat, 
butcheroust  (biich'er-tis),  ((.  [<  hutchcr  +  -ous.'\ 
Jlurderous ;  cruel. 

That  those  thy  hutcheroun  hands 
Should  offer  violence  t<i  thy  llesh  ami  blood. 

Chairman  (?),  Alphorisus,  v.  2. 

A  row  of  sham- 


A  flounder  or  plaice.     [North.  Eng.] 

Ue  tok  .  .  . 

The  butte,  the  schulle,  the  thomebak. 

Havelok,  I.  759. 
Ptotte,  that  is  a  flounder  of  the  fresshe  water. 

BabeeH  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  231. 
but'',  r.    See  6««1. 
but',  n.  and  r.     See  hiitt'^. 
buf'  (but),  fj.     Short  for  ahut.     See  hutt'^. 
but"  (but),  n.     See  hutl^. 

butch  (buch),  V.  t.  [Assumed  from  butclier,  like 
peddle  from  jieddkr.]  To  butcher;  cut,  as 
flesh.     [Rare.] 

Take  thy  huge  oflal  and  white  liver  hence, 
<lr  in  a  twinkling  of  this  true-hlue  steel 
I  shall  be  hutchimi  tlif  e  from  nape  to  rump. 
Sir  II.  Tayliir,  Ph.  van  Art.,  II. 


(•1)  After  interrogative  clauses  implying:  a  negative  an- 
swer. 

Hut  is  it  suffered  amongest  them?    It  is  wonderfidl  hat 
that  the  govemours  doe  redresse  such  shamefnil  abuses. 
Speiuter,  .State  of  Ireland. 

Who  knows  but  we  may  make  an  agreeable  and  perma- 
nent acqiniintanee  with  this  int^'restiiig  family?  T.  llouk. 
(3)  After  imperative  or  exclamatory  clauses. 

Heaven  defend  but  still  1  should  staiui  so. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 
((■)  Excepting  or  excluding  the  fact  that ;  s.ave  that ;  were 
it  not  that ;  unless. 

And,  but  infirmity 
(Which  waits  upon  worn  times)  hath  something  seiz'd 
Ifis  wish'd  ability,  he  had  himself 
The  lands  and  waters  'twixt  your  throne  and  his 
Jlcasur'd  to  look  upon  you.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  v.  1. 

Here  we  live  in  an  old  crumbling  mansion  that  looks 
for  all  the  world  like  an  imi,  but  that  we  never  see  com- 
pany. QoliUinith. 
Last  year,  my  love,  it  w;is  my  hap 

Behind  a  grenadier  to  be, 
And,  hat  he  wore  a  hairy  cap, 
No  taller  man  niethinks  thati  me. 

Thackeraij,  Chronicle  of  the  Dram. 

2.  However;  yet;  still;  nevertheless;  notwith- 
standing: introducing  a  statement  iii  restric- 
tion or  modification  of  the  preceding  statement. 
When  pride  eomcth,  then  cometh  shame :  but  with  the 
lowly  is  wisdom.  Prov.  xi. 


11.      [<  JIE.  boclier, 


iii.  I. 
<   OF. 


hnehirr,  hiiiichkr,  bouchcr,  F.  hmieher  (=  I'r.  ho- 
chier :  ML.  hucairius),  orig.  a  killer  of  he-goats, 
or  seller  of  their  flesh,  <  OF.  hoc,  houc,  F.  bone 
=z  Pr.  hoc  (ML.  hucciis),  a  he-goat:  see  hueli-^. 
C'f.  It.  beccujn,  beccuro,  a  butcher,  <  bee 
goat.]      -  - 

market;  one  whose  occupation  is  the  killing  of 
animals  for  food. —  2t.  An  executioner. — 3. 
One  who  kills  in  a  cruel  or  bloody  manner;  one 
guilty  of  indiscriminate  slaughter. 


iiuhhi  r's  hniiini,  unilrr  hnioiii^. 

butcher's-prickwood  (buch'erz-prik"wud),  n. 
The  beiTjvalder  of  Europe,  Uhnmmis  Prangula: 
so  called  from  its  use  for  skewers. 

butchery  (biich'er-i),  «. ;  pi.  butcheries  (-iz). 
[<  ME.  boclierie,  a  butcher's  shop,  <  OF.  6«- 
elieriv  (lioquefort),  bouclierie  (ML.  'huccaria, 
hucceriii),  F.  bouclierie,  slaughter,  a  butcher's 
shop,  <  bouehcr,  a  butcher:  see  butcher.']  1. 
Slaughter ;  the  act  or  business  of  slaughtering 
cattle.  Hence  —  2.  The  killing  of  a  human 
being,  especially  in  a  barbarous  manner;  also, 
the  killing  of  a  large  number,  as  in  battle ; 
great  slaughter. 

Whom  gaols,  and  blood,  and  butehen.i  delight.  Dryden. 
3t.  The  ]ilaee  where  animals  are  killed  for  mar- 
ket; a  sliambles  or  slaughter-house;  hence,  a 
Iilace  where  blood  is  shed. 

This  house  is  but  a  tnttcherjj  ; 
Abhor  it,  fear  it,  do  not  enter  it. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  It,  ii.  3. 


Syn.  t'arnatje,  Qte.    i^ee  mannacre. 
1.   One  who  slaughters  animals   for  butching  (bueh'iug),  h.     [Verbal  n.  of  fenfrfi^ 

■       -     I'.]    Butchering ;  the  butcher's  trade.    [Rare.] 

Sax  tlionsand  years  arc  nearhand  sped 
Sin"  1  was  to  the  hutehin;/  bred. 

Bani.^;  Death  anil  Dr.  Hornbook. 

Butea  (bu'te-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after  John, 
Earl  of  Bute  (1713-92).]  A  genus  of  legumi- 
nous plants,  natives  of  the  East  Indies,  contain- 
ing three  or  four  species,  small  trees  or  climb- 
ing shrubs,  yielding  a  kind  of  kino  known  as 
butea  yum  or  Beuijiil  liuo.  The  principal  species  is 
fi.  .frondoHa,  the  palas-  or  dhak-tree,  connnon  throughout 
India  and  conspicuous  for  its  abundant  bright  orange-red 
tl<iwcrs.  The  seeds  jield  an  oil ;  the  Bowers  arc  used  in 
(iyeing;  coniagc  is  made  from  the  llbcr  of  the  hark;  and 
a  lac  is  produced  on  the  branches  by  the  puncture  of  a 


Honour  and  renown  are  bestowed  on  contiucrors,  who, 
for  the  most  part,  are  but  the  great  butchers  of  m,ankind, 

Ijf)eke. 


4.  Figuratively,  au  unskilful  workman  or  jier- 
former;  a  bungler;  a  botch.  [CoUoq.  ]— Butch- 
er's broom.  See  fcroom'.— Butcher's  CHeaver.  See 
Churd'K'^  Wain,  under  ?cai». 
butcher  (biich'er),  V.  t.  [<  huteher,  «.]  1.  To 
kill  or  slaughter  for  food  or  for  market. —  2. 
To  murder,  especially  in  an  unusually  bloody 
or  barbarous  manner.  corcu.s. 

A  man  beset  by  assassins  is  not  hound  to  let  himself  be  but-Cnd,  «.  _  See  buU-end 
tortured  and  ftiifcAcrni  without  using  his  weapons.  -D.-t^^ /i...  t„  „\   .,      ri.    Q^ 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 
3.  Figuratively,  to  treat  bunglingly;  make  a 
botch  of;  spoil  by  l)ad  work :  as,  to  butcher  a  job ; 
the  play  was  butchered  by  the  actors.     [Colloq.] 


Now  abideth  faith,  hope,  charity,  these  three;  but  the  butcher-bird  (biich'er-berd),  «.     A  shrike  ;  aij 

•        ,  ^—  ..:::  ...      osciuc  passerinc  bird  of  the  family  ifl« urtrt'.  aud 

especially  of 


greatest  of  these  is  charity.  1  Cor.  xiii.  13. 

The  Jloorish  inhabitants  looked  jealously  at  this  small 
but  proud  array  of  Spanish  chivalry. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  11. 

3.  On  the  contrary;  on  the  other  hand:  the 
regular  adversative  conjunction,  introducing  a 
clause  in  contrast  with  the  preceding. 

Coke's  opposition  to  the  Court,  we  fear,  was  the  effect 
not  of  good  principles,  but  of  a  bad  temper. 

MacaMlaij,  Lol'd  Bacon. 

The  statement  with  which  the  clause  with  but  is  thus  con- 
trasteil  may  be  unexpressed,  being  implied  in  the  context 
or  supplied  by  the  circumstances. 

Of  much  less  value  is  ray  company 
Than  your  good  words.    But  who  comes  here? 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  3. 

Have  you  got  notlilng  for  me?  — Yes,  but  I  have. 

Sheridan. 

Sometimes,  instead  of  the  statement  with  which  the  clause 
with  Imt  is  contrasted,  an  exclamation  of  surprise,  adini- 
rati,  in,  c  ir  other  strong  feeling  precedes,  the  clause  with  bttt 
then  expressing  the  ground  of  the  feeling. 

O,  hut  this  most  delicious  world,  how  sweet 
Her  pleasures  relish !  Qaarles,  Emblems,  ii.  13. 

Good  heavens,  hut  she  is  handsome  !  Adam  Smith. 

4.  Than :  after  comparatives.  [This  construction, 
once  in  good  use,  aud  still  common,  is  now  regarded  as 
incorrect.] 

It  can  be  no  otherwise  bttt  so. 

B.  Joiijion,  Cjnithia's  Revels,  v.  2. 

O  fairest  flower,  no  sooner  blown  bat  blasted. 

Milton,  Ode  on  D.  F.  I. 

1  no  sooner  saw  my  face  iu  it  bttt  I  was  stiu-tled  by  my 
shortness  in  it.  Addimm. 


1- 


Head  of  Red.tailed  Buz- 
zard iSutto  horealis). 


Butcher-bird  {/.auiits  lut{(rvicia»us). 


began.  "  Saii.fi,  Nobles  and  Commons,  iii. 

5t.  Wlien.  [This  use  arises  out  of  the  comparative  con- 
struction, "not  far,  but  .  .  .  ,"  being  equivalent  to  "not 
much  further  than  .  .  ."    See  4.] 

Now  I  beheld  in  my  dream,  that  they  had  not  journeyed 
far,  but  the  river  and  the  way  for  a  time  parted. 

Banijan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  172. 
IBy  further  ellipsis  and  idiomatic  deflection  bttt  has  in 
modern  English  developed  a  great  variety  of  special  aud 


the        genus 

Lanius     (see 

these  words): 

so  called  from 

its       curious 

habit  of  kill- 
ing more  than 

it  immediate- 
ly   eats,    and 

sticking  what 

is   left    upon 

thorns,         as 

a         butcher 

hangs     meat 

upon    hooks. 

The        connnon 

butcher-bird    of 

Europe  is  L. 
excubitor;  two  common  American  species  are  the  great 
northern  shrike,  L.  Itorealis,  and  a  smaller  southern  spe- 
lies,  the  white-nmiped  shrike  or  loggerhead,  L.  Ittdovici- 
aiULii.     See  nitw-kilter  and  nhrike. 

butcher-crO'W  (buch'er-kro),  n.     A  bird  of  the 
family  Ctirrider,  genus  Barita,  inhabiting  New 
Holland,  as  B.  destructor. 
butcherdom  (biich'er-dom),  n.     The  condition 

or  trade  of  a  biitcher.     [Rare.] 

butcherer  (buch'er-ir),   n.      [<   butcher,   r.,  + 

-o'l.]     One  who  butchers ;  a  butcher.    [Rare.]  bu't-gap   (buf- 

butcherliness  (buch'er-li-ues),  II.     The  quality     gap),   u.      [E. 

f  being  butcherlv.     ■Tohu.son.  dial.,  appar.  < 

buti  or  butt-,  a 
bound,  limit, 
+   gcp-l      A 

fence  of  turf. 
Buthus  (bii'- 
thus),  «.  [NL.] 
A  gentis  of 
scorpions,  of 
the  family  Aii- 


Buteo  (bii'te-6),  «.  [L.,  a  buzzard :  see  6»rrard.] 
A  genus  of  ignoble  hawks,  of  the  family  Folcoui- 
die,  sometimes  forming  a  subfamily  Buteoiihitr; 
the  buzzards  or  buzzard- 
hawks  (which  see).  TlU'gcnna 
is  an  extensive  one,  in  itsu-sualac- 
cejitation  containing  about  40  spe- 
cies, of  nearly  all  parts  of  the  world. 
They  are  large,  heavy  hawks,  with 
no  tooth  on  the  bill,  wings  and  tail 

of  r Icrate  size,  and  rather  short 

feet  with  partly  naked,  partly  fea- 
thered tarsi.     The  connn<)n  buz- 
zard of  Europe,   B.  t^tlifari/t,  and 
the  red-taileil  buzzard  of  .\merica,  B.  borealia,  are  typical 
exaniple.s, 

Buteoninae  (bti''te-o-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Biir 
tco(n-)  +  -iHrt'.]  '  A  group  of  buzzard-hawks ; 
one  of  the  conventional  subfamilies  of  I'alcD- 
uidce,  represented  by  the  genus  Butto  and  its 
subdivisions,  and  by  the  genus  Archibulco. 
There  are  no  technical  characters  by  which 
it  can  be  de- 


tennined  with 
I>recision. 

buteonlne 

(bu'te-o-nin), 
a.  l<'Butfo(>i-) 
+  -i'wfl.]  Buz- 
zard-like ;  re- 
sembling a 
buzzard ;  be- 
longing to  the 
group  of  hawks 
of  which  the 
genus  Buico  is 
tyjiical. 


This  point  was  no  sooner  gained,  but  new  dissensions  butcherly  (biich'er-li),  (/.      [<  butcher  +-lyi.] 


Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  a  butcher; 
done  in  the  manner  of  a  butcher. 

Lord  Russell  was  beheaded  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fielils,  the 
executioner  giving  him  three  batcherhi  strokes. 

Erehin,  Diary,  July  21,  16S:t. 

butcher-meat  (buch'6r-met),  h.  The  flesh  of 
animals  slaughtered  by  the  butcher  for  food, 
such  as  that  of  oxen,  sheep,  pigs,  etc.,  as  dis- 


ButJtus  cari'linus,  natural  size. 


Buthus 

(iroclonid<r.  B.  carolhiiis  (Boaiivois)  i.s  rommon 
in  tho  southern  United  States.  Its  stiug  is 
poisouous,  but  seldom  fatal, 
butler  (but'ler),  II.  [Eaiiv  mod.  E.  also  boMcr, 
<  ME.  boMcr,  botUr,  bitUkr.  cte.,  <  Al^'.  bidiiiUcr. 
OF.  butcillcr,  boiiteillici;  boutillicr  (ML.  biiticii- 
lahiix),  <  AF.  biitiiilU;  OF.  boiiUilb.  <  MTj.  bii- 
ticiila,  a  bottle:  seebnltli-.^  1.  ,\  iniui-servant 
in  a  household  whose  principal  duty  is  to  take 
charge  of  the  liquors,  plate,  etc.;  the  head 
male  servant  of  a  liousehold. 

And  lie  restored  tlie  chief  hiiflcr  nnto  his  butlership 
again  ;  and  he  gave  tile  cup  int<i  Phanioh's  hand. 

Gen.  xL  21. 

2.  The  title  of  an  oflicial  of  high  rank  nomi- 
nally connected  witli  the  importation  and  sup- 
ply of  wine  for  the  royal  table,  but  having 
dilTcrent  duties  iu  different  countries  and  at 
various  times. 
butlerage  (but'ler-aj),  w.  [<  butkr  +  -age.2  1. 
Iu  (lid  Eny.  law,  a  duty  of  two  shillings  on  every 
tun  of  wine  importetl  into  England  by  foreign- 
ere  or  merchant  strangers :  so  called  because 
originally  paid  to  the  king's  butler  for  the  king. 

These  oriUii.ary  ilii.ances  are  casual  cir  uncertain,  .as  be 
the  escheats,  the  customs,  butlerage,  and  impost.    Bacon. 

2t.  The  ofBee  of  butler;  butlership.— 3.  The 

butler's  department  in  a  household. 
butleress  (but'ler-es),  II.     [<  butler  +  -ess.']     A 

female  liutler.     Chapman. 
butlersUp  (but'ler-ship),  n.     [<  butler  +  -sliqi.'] 

Tlie  oflice  of  a  butler.     Gen.  xl.  21. 
butlery  (but'ler-i),  n.     [See  buttery.J    Same  as 

huttenfi,  2.     [Rare.] 

There  was  a  butlent  connected  ivitli  the  college,  at  which 
cider,  beer,  sugar,  i)ipes,  and  tobacco  were  sold  to  the  stu- 
deiils.  Gme,  Primer  of  Politeness  (ed.  1SS3),  p.  146. 

butment  (but'ment),  H.  An  abbreviated  form 
of  abutment. 

butment-cheek  (but'ment-chek),  j(.  The  part 
of  the  material  about  a  mortise  against  which 
the  shoulder  of  a  tenon  bears. 

Butorides  (bu-tor'i-dez),  «.  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  small  herons,  of  the  f&mily  Ardeida;,  of  which 
green  is  the  principal  color;  the  little  green 
herons.  B.  virencen^,  the  common  shitepoke  or  fly-up- 
the-crcek  of  the  United  .States,  is  one  species,  and  there 
are  several  otliers. 

but-shaftt,  «.     See  butt-shaft. 

bllttl  (but),  V.  [Also  sometimes  (like  all  the 
other  words  spelled  butt)  written  but,  early  mod. 
E.  hutte,  <  ME.  biitteii,  push,  throw,  <  AF.  buter, 
OF.  buter,  boter,  push,  butt,  sti'ike,  mod.  F. 
bolder,  put,  buter,  intr.  hit  the  mark,  aim,  tr. 
prop,  buttress,  =  Pr.  botar,  boutar.  butar  =  Sp. 
Pg.  boiar  =  It.  bottare,  lance,  buttare,  push, 
thrust,  throw,  fling.;  perhaps  <  MHG.  bozeii, 
strike,  beat,  =AS.  bedtaii,  etc.,  beat:  see  beat^. 
To  the  same  ult.  source  are  referred  6o*sl, 
botch^,  etc. ;  also  abut,  of  which  butt^  in  some 
senses  (II.,  2,  3)  is  iu  part  an  abbr.  form. 
Hence  indirectly  h«ff2^  buttress,  etc.]  I.  trans. 
To  strike  by  thrusting,  as  with  the  end  of  a  beam 
or  heavy  stick,  or  with  the  horns,  tusks,  or  head, 
as  an  ox,  a  boar,  or  a  ram ;  strike  with  the  head. 
The  here  in  the  bataile  the  bygger  hyni  semyde. 
And  byttei  hyine  boldlye  wyth  balefuUe  tuskez. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  791. 
Come,  leave  your  tears :  a  brief  farewell :— the  beast 
With  many  heads  butts  me  away.         Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  1. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  strike  anything  by  thrust- 
ing the  head  against  it,  as  an  ox  or  a  rain  ;  have 
a  habit  of  striking  in  this  manner. 

A  ram  will  butt  with  his  head,  though  he  be  brought  up 
tame,  and  never  saw  that  manner  of  fighting. 

Mai/,  Works  of  Creation. 

■\\nien  they  [shepherds]  called,  the  creatures  came,  e.\- 

pecting  salt  and  bread.    It  was  pretty  to  see  them  lying 

near  their  masters,  playing  and  buttinri  at  themmth  their 

horns,  or  bleating  for  the  sweet  rye-bread. 

J.  A.  .Si/momls,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  310. 

2.  To  join  at  the  end  or  outward  extremitv; 
abut ;  be  contiguous. 

The  poynt  of  that  side  butteth  most  vppon  Gennany. 

Lyhj,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  247. 

Tlicre  are  many  ways  butt  downi  upon  this  ;  and  they  .are 

crooked  .and  wide.        Buinmu,  Pilgrims  Progress,  p.  101. 

3.  Specifically,  in  .•ihiji-buildiiig,  to  abut  end  to 
end;  fit  together  end  to  end,  as  two  planks. 

Also  spelled  but. 
buttl  (but),  ».  [<  ME.  butt;  <  butft,  v.  The 
second  sense  is  due  in  part  to  F.  botte.  a  pass  or 
thrust  in  fencing,  <  It.  butta  =  Sp.  Pg.  bote,  a 
thrust,  blow  ;  from  the  same  source  as  buttt,  c] 
1.  A  push  or  thnist  given  by  the  head  of  an 
animal:  as,  the  butt  of  a  ram." — 2.  A  thrust  iu 
fencing. 

To  prove  who  gave  the  fairer  butt, 

Johu  shows  the  chalk  on  Kobert's  eoat.        Prior. 


736 

Full  butt,  with  the  head  <llrceted  at  an  object  so  a«  to 
strike  it  most  etfcctivdy. 

F/iillf  butt  in  the  frunt  the  fromonde  [forehead]  he  hittez. 
That  the  hurnvscht  blade  to  the  bravne  rynnez. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1112. 
The  corjioral  ran/w/i  butt  at  the  lieutenant. 

Marryat,  Snarleyyow,  I.  \\. 

butt-  (but),  «.  [Also  written  but,  early  mod. 
E.  Iiutte,  <  ME.  but,  butte,  a  goal  (nieta),  a  mark 
to  slioot  at,  but,  butt,  butte,  a  butt  of  land  (ML. 
butta  terra);  <  OF.  "but,  m.,  a  but  or  mark," 
"butte,  {.,  a  but  or  mark  to  shoot  at,"  in  iiii- 
otherform  "  bot,  as  but  [a  mark].  Norm.;  also,  a 
luncheon,  oriU-favoured  bigpiece"  (Cotgi-ave), 
the  same  as  OF.  bot,  end,  extremity,  mod.  F. 
bout,  end,  extremity,  part,  piece,  distinguished  ,  „  , 
from  mod.  F.  but,  m.,  aim,  goal,  mark,  butte,  f.,    Dtltt'=  (but) 


buttal 

Fast-Joint  butt,  a  hinge  in  which  the  pintle  that  holds 
togitbi  r  till-  t\V'.  leaves  IK  n-niov.'iMe.  arul  tile  leaves  are 
•so  iiitiTlo.ke<l  that  they  i;iiii].il  lie  s.|.;iratccl  without  Hrst 
removing  the  pintle.— Hookand  butt.  See /..»,;•.  Loose- 
JOlntbutt,  a  hinge  in  whkli  tin- jciinled  jiortion  is  halved, 
each  half  forming  a  part  of  one  of  the  leaves.  The  pin  is 
ininiovaldy  fixed  to  one  leaf,  and  enters  a  hole  in  the  other 
leaf,  thus  enaliling  the  leaves  to  he  separated  easily.— 
Rising  butt,  a  binge  in  wliich  the  leaf  attacheil  to  the 
ilr.or  rises  sliglitly  as  the  door  is  opened.  This  .action  is 
elfected  by  making  the  surface  upon  which  this  haf  moves 
inclined  iiistea<I  of  horizontal.  'Ilie  objeet  is  lo  give  the 
door  a  tendency  to  close  automatically.  Scuttled  butt 
Same  as  matle-butt.—To  give  the  butt  to,  in  angling 
with  a  light  lly-rod,  to  turn  the  butt  .if  the  rod  toward  the 
hooked  tisli,  thus  bending  tlie  rod  upiui  itself  and  keeping 
a  steady  tension  on  the  line.  — To  Start  or  spring  a  butt 
(iinut.),  to  loosen  the  end  of  a  jilank  by  the  weakness  or 
laboring  of  the  ship. 

'    r.     [<  6h«2,  „.]     I.  trans.  If.  To 


a  mark,  target,  usually  set  upon  rising  grotmd, 
hence  also  a  rising  ground,  knoll,  liill,  butte  ( > 
E.  butte,  f(.  v.);  all  orig.  <  OF.  buter,  buter,  AF. 
buter,  push,  butt,  strike,  mod.  F.  bouter,  put, 
buter,  hit  the  mark,  aim,  prop,  >  E.  &««!,  of 
which  butt-  is  thus  indirectly  a  derivative:  see 
buttt.  The  fonns  and  senses  mix  with  some 
of  appar.  dift".  origin:  cf.  Norw.  butt,  a  stump, 
block,  Icel.  butr,  a,  log,  LG.  butt,   a  stumpy 


lay  down  bounds  or  limits  for. 

That  the  dean,  etc.,  do  cause  all  and  singular  hriuses, 
dwellings  of  the  church,  to  he  bounded  and  butted. 

Abp.  Parker,  in  .Strype  (fol.  ed.),  p.  301. 

2.  To  ctit  off  the  ends  of,  as  boards,  in  order  to 
make  square  ends  or  to  remove  faulty  portions. 
E.  U.  Knif/ht. 
II.  intrans.  To  abut.     See  butfi,  v.,  U.,  2,  3. 

Also  spelled  but. 


© 


F.ist-joint  Butt. 


child;  G.  butt  z=  J),  bot  =  Dan.  Imt,  short  and  butt^  (but),  «..     [Also  ^-ritten  but,  early  mod.  E. 
"•■  ""  -   -  -  hut,butte;<  {l)'irE.bi/tfe,bitt.e,liit,eav\ieTl>utte, 

a  leathern  bottle,  a  wine-skin  (in  late  ME.  Iiitte, 
a  leathern  fire-bucket),  <  AS.  bi/tt,  bijt,  aleathem 
bottle,  =  JH).  butte,  D.  but,  a  wooden  bucket, 
=  MLG.  butte,  LG.  butte,  butt  =  MHG.  biitte,  G. 
Inittc,  biitte,  a  tub,  coop,  =  Icel.  bytta,  a  small 
tub,  a  bucket,  pail,  =  Norw.  bi/tta,  a  tub,  bucket, 
pail,  a  brewing-vat  (cf.  butt,  a  keg,  a  butter- 
tub),  =  Sw.  bi/tta,  a  pail,  =  Dan.  botte,  a  tub, 
coop;  mixed  with  (2)  ME.  *bntte  (not  found  in 
this  sense),  <  OF.  boute,  mod.  F.  botte  =  Pr.  Sp. 
bota  =  It.  botte,  a  butt,  cask;  cf.  (3)  AS.  byden 
=  ilLG.  bodene,  boden,  bode,  bodde,  budde,  also 
bodeme  (by  confusion  with  bodcme  =  E.  bottom) 
=  OHG.  butinna,  MHG.  bntin,  budin,  biitcn,  bit- 
ten, batten,  G.  biitte  (mixed  with  the  above)  = 
ODan.  bodde,  a  butt,  tun,  tub,  vat;  cf.  It.  bot- 
tina,  a  little  butt;  (4)  AS.  buteruc,  biiterie,  bu- 
true,  early  ME.  buttruc  =  OS.  biiterie  =  OHG. 
butirih,  jiuterili,  MHG.  buterich,  biitrich,  a  lea- 
thern bottle,  a  flask,  G.  dial,  biitterich,  biittrieh, 
a  small  tub  or  baiTel,  a  keg  (ML.  butterieiis,  a 
tankard);  and  (5)  see  bottle^,  fi-om  the  same 
idt.  som-ce:  <  ML.  bitttis,  butta,  also  butis,  bitta, 
a  butt,  a  cask,  MGr.  /Jir/f,  jiohnc,  a  butt  (N(jr. 
,3oi TO,  a  tub,  a  ehum,  jiovrai,  a  tub,  a  barrel), 
appar.  shortened  from  the  older  form  (from 
which  directly  the  third  set  of  forms  men- 
tioned), ML.  biitina,  a  flask,  <  Gr.  tturirtj,  later 
(Tarentine)  iivrivij,  a  flask  covered  with  osier 
(cf.  NGr.  jivriva,  a  pan  for  salting  meat).  As 
in  other  vessel-names,  the  precise  application 
varies  in  the  different  languages.  In  the  sense 
of  a  particular  measure  of  wine,  the  word  is 
modem;  cf.  pipe  in  similar  senses.]  If.  A 
leathern  bottle  or  flask  ;  a  bucket:  in  this  sense 
only  in  Middle  English,  usually  spelled  hit  or  bitt. 

That  the  Bitters  lie  redy  w'  hur  horses  and  bittes  to 
brynge  water  .  .  .  when  eny  parelle  of  fujTe  ys  w'yn  the 
cite.  Ewilixh  Gi7J.s(E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  382. 

2.  A  large  cask,  especially  one  to  contain  wine. 

—  3.  A  measure  of  wine  equal  to  126  United 

States  (that  is,  old  wine)  gallons;  a  pipe,    it  is 

r  a  legal  measure  in  Great  Britain,  and  the  com- 


thick,  stubby  (>  P.  bot  in  2)ied  bot,  club-foot,  = 
Sp.  bofo,  blunt,  round  at  the  end) :   referred, 
doubtfully,  ult.  to  the  root  of  E.  beatt,  q.  v. 
prob.  in  part  confused  with  LG.  butt,  etc.,  a 
tub,  etc.,  =  E.  6hH3.]     l.  The  end  or  extremity 
of  a  thing.    Particularly— (n)  The  thicker,  larger,  or 
Iduiit  end  of  a  piece  of  timber,  a  musket,  a  tishing-roil,  a 
whip-handle,  etc.     Also  called  butt-eiul.     (b)  The  thick  or 
fleshy  part  of  a  plant,  etc.    (c)  The  buttocks ;  the  posteri- 
ors.  [Vulgar.]    (ri)  A  buttock  of  beef.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
2.  In  ship-buildinij,  the  end  of  a  plank  or  piece 
of  timber  which  exactly  meets  another  endwise 
in  a  ship's  side  or  bottom ;  also,  the  jimcture 
of  two  such  pieces. —  3.  In  maeh., 
the  scjuare  end  of  a  connecting-    '  ^°^ 

rod  or  other  link,  to  which  the 
bush-bearing  is  attached. — 4.  In 
carp.,  a  door-hinge  consisting  of 
two  plates  of  metal,  or  leaves, 
which  interlock  so  as  to  form  a 
movable  joint,beingheldtogether 
by  a  pin  or  pintle.    They  are  screwed  to  the  butting 
parts  of  the  door  and  casing,  instead  of  to  their  adjoining 
sides  as  are  the  older  strap-hinges.   See/ast-jniiit  butt  and 
looae.joint  butt,  below.     Also  called  butt-hinge. 

5.  In  agri.:  (a)  A  ridge  in  a  plowed  field,  espe- 
cially when  not  of  full  length.  Hence  —  {!))  A 
gore  or  gare.  (c)  pi.  A  small  detached  or  dis- 
joined parcel  of  land  left  over  in  surveying. — 

6.  In  the  leather  trade,  a  hide  of  sole-leather  with 
the  belly  and  shoulders  cut  off;  a  rounded  crop. 

The  heaviest  hides  .  .  .  have  received  the  name  of  ^i(«« 
or  backs.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  83. 

7t.  A  hassock. — 8.  The  standing  portion  of 
a  half-coupling  at  the  end  of  a  hose ;  the  me- 
tallic riug  at  the  end  of  the  hose  of  a  fire-en- 
gine, or  the  like,  to  which  the  nozle  is  screwed. 
— 9.  In  tarejet-.shooting :  (a)  In  archery,  a  mark 
to  shoot  at.  (ft)  In  rifle-practice,  a  wooden  tar- 
get composed  of  several  thicknesses  of  boards, 
with  small  spaces  between  them,  so  that  the 
depth  to  which  bullets  penetrate  can  be  ascer- 
tained, (c)  In  gunnery,  a  solid  embankment  of 
earth  or  sand  into  which  projectiles  are  fired 
in  testing  guns,  or  in  making  ballistic  experi- 
ments, (d)  pi.  The  range  or  place  where  arch- 
ery, rifle,  or  gunnery  practice  is  carried  on,  in 
distinction  from  the  field.  See  target.  Hence 
— 10.  A  person  or  tiling  that  sen-es  as  a  mark 
for  shafts  of  wit  or  ridicule,  or  as  an  object  of 
sarcastic  or  contemptuous  remarks. 

I  played  a  sentence  or  two  at  my  butt,  which  I  thought 
vei-y  smart,  when  my  ill  genius  .  .  .  suggested  to  him 
such  a  reply  as  got  .all  the  laughter  on  his  side.    Budgell. 

That  false  prudence  which  dotes  on  health  and  wealth 
is  the  butt  and  merriment  of  heroism. 

Emer.von,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  229. 

11.  A  goal;  abound;  a  limit. 

Here  is  my  journey's  end,  here  is  my  butt, 
And  very  sea-mark  of  my  utmost  sail. 

Shah:,  Othello,  v.  2. 

12.  In  coal-mining,  the  surface  of  the  coal 
which  is  at  right  "angles  to  the  face.  [Eng.] 
—  13.  A  shoemakers'  knife.     [North.  Eng.] 

Also  spelled  but. 
Bead  and  butt.    -See  bead,  0.— Butt  and  butt,  with  the 
bntt-enils  together,  but  not  overlappiiiL:.  a.s  two  [ilaniis. — 
Butts  and  bounds,  the  abuttals  and  liouiidaiics  i  .f  laud.— 
Butt's  length,  tlie  ordinarv  distance  from  tlic  jilace  of 


no  loni 

nion  sUtement  that  an  imperial  butt  is  126  imperial  gal 
Ions  is  iucoiTeet ;  the  butt  is  110  imperial  gallons.  The 
ine.asure  was  originally  used  cIiieHy  for  Spanish  w  ine,  and 
the  word  w;is  used  to  translate  Spanish  bota,  which  equaled 
126  I'nited  States  gallons,  and  to  distinguish  that  from 
the  Spanish  pipa,  which  citntaiiied  only  114  I'nited  States 
gallons.  Its  present  value  was  legalized  by  a  statute  of 
Anne.  It  is  now  confounded  w  ith  the  i>ipe.  The  pipe  of 
JIadeu-a  is  reputed  to  contain  1 10  gallons ;  of  Canary,  120 ; 
of  Port,  138;  of  Marsala,  112.  The  bota  andjiiyn,  thi-ough- 
out  Spain,  vary  but  little  from  the  values  above  given.  In 
Portuguese  eonntries  two  measures  are  common,  one  of  141 
g.allons  (O])orto,  Lisbon  for  oil),  and  another  of  110  gallons 
(Lisbon,  Madeira,  Porto  Eico,  Baliia).  I'here  is  besides  a 
Portuguese  pipe  of  132  gallons  (Lisbon  for  oil,  Bahia).  In 
Italy  the  name  botte  is  applied  to  a  cask  holding  200 
I'nited  States  gallons  or  more  ;  hut  it  was  in  inanv  places 
confounded  w  itli  the  pii^a.  which  held  only  160  to"l70  gal- 
lons. The  French  word  botte  was  never  used  as  the  name 
of  a  wine-measnre  ;  neither  w:is  the  German  butte  or  Inittc. 
In  Denmark  there  was  a  bmlde  of  123  United  States  gal- 
lons; in  Gotha,  a  measure  of  the  same  nanie  equal  to  115 
I'nited  States  gallons.  The  liutija  of  Bolivia  is  only  9.3 
Tnited  States  gallons.  \  butt  of  'London  beer,  at  the  time 
when  London  beer  was  iiica-siircd  .iitfcrently  from  ale,  was 
3  hogsheads.  A  butt  of  saliium.  by  a  statute  of  Ueiii-y  VI., 
w-as  S4  gallons. 


tiiiL'  to  the  butt  or  mark:  .as,  not  two  butt./  lengths 
from  the  town. 


4.    A  beehive.      [Pi'ov.  Eng.  (Exmoor).]  —  5. 
A  cart.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

[They]  rode  so  cloos  oon  after  another  that  whan  thei  Viittoi'i  "n^.t'on  „  r«l.,M.t  f/^■.  «;,.,/»..)  i  ix 
were  renged  that  oonmyght  have  caste  a  glove  vpontheire  """al'  (but  al),  n.  [Short  for  rtftH/M/.]  If. 
helmcs  that  sholde  not  have  f.alle  to  grounde,  er  thei  hadde  Aboiuidarv;  abound. —  2.  [Cf.  Ourt-,  «.,  o.]  A 
ride  a  bultc  lengthc.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  385.     corner  of  ground.      [Prov.  Eng.] 


buttal 

buttal^  (hut'al),  ?^    A  dialectal  form  of  butter^. 

h/fftr/i'i. 
butt-bolt  (but.'bolt),  H.     An  imbarbod  airow; 

a  butt-slmft. 

I  saw  n  littlo  duvil  lly  out  of  licr  oyt-  like  a  hut-holt. 

which  sticks  ni  this  hmir  up  to  the  fcnthrrs  in  my  hciirt. 

/''(.;•(/  un>l  Ihkker,  Witoli  of  EiIni!)ntoii,  ii.  1. 

butt-chain  (but'chan),  n.  In  harness,  a  short 
rhniii  ;iiiuchtHl  at  one  cn<l  to  the  leather  tn^, 
nuil  at  the  otlier  to  the  swingle-tree.     E.  U. 

Knitjht. 

butte  (bfit),  n.  [F.,  a  risintr  gi'oiin<l,  a  mound, 
<lri^^  a  but  t  to  slioot  at :  soo  hutt-.]  A  fonspicu- 
ous  hill  or  mountain,  especially  one  that  at- 
tracts attention  by  its  isolation,  or  serves  as  a 
landmark:  a  mime  applied  in  the  regions  about 
t!io  upper  Missouri  and  west  to  tlio  Pacific. 
'I'hus.  tin-  "Tlirt-L-  lUfttfs"  were  u  coiis]iicuous  lamliiiiuk 
for  fiuivrrants  to  Oirtjnii.  Onnnf  the  highest  and  gramk-Ht 
numntains  in  the  liiiti-ii  Statis,  Mount  ShasUi,  was  in  the 
early  days  of  t'ulifcrniaii  iiniu'iatiun  known  to  the  Ameri- 
cans almost  exL-lusivuIy  as  shiista  Butte.  Other  i)ronii- 
nent  lofly  peaks  in  (.'alifornia  are  still  called  btittey,  as 
Downievilh!  Buttvn,  Marysville  littttes,  etc.  This  use  rif 
the  wunl  hiifte,  now  gradually  disapi)earint,'  from  the 
rt'^'inn  ill  (lutistion,  is  a  relic  of  French  occupancy  of 
til'-  Nintliwcst,  and  of  the  snbseiiuent  wide  distrihutiou 
thi'iutiti  tliat  region  of  the  Hudson's  liay  Company's  em- 
ployrts,  itiDst  of  whom  Were  of  I'rcnrli  extraction.  Tlie 
wurd  was  iiickcd  up  by  ovt-rland  eini^'rauts  and  carrie<l  to 
the  furthest  West;  and  it  has  been  mucli  used  as  a  place- 
niiiiif,  alone  or  in  combination. 

buttent,  ».     An  obsolete  spelling  of  button. 

butt-end  (but'end),  //.  The  thicker,  larger,  or 
i)luiit  end  of  anythin*^:  as,  the  butt-end  of  a 
musket  or  a  piece  of  timber:  same  as  buti'^y 
1  (^0-     Also  spelled  but-end, 

butter^  (but'er),  n.  [<  ME.  butter,  butfere,  hu- 
tcrc,  <  AS.  butrre  (in  comp.  buter-,  huitov-)  = 
OFries.  butcra,  botcra  =  D.  boter  =  LG.  batter  = 
OHG.  butrd,  bntnr,  MHG.  bitter,  G.  butter  = 
F.  beurre  =  It.  bnrrOy  butiro.  <  L.  buiyrum,  < 
Gr.  l^orrvpoVj  butter,  appar.  <  povg,  cow,  +  rvpoi;, 
cheese,  but  perhaps  an  aceom.  of  some  for- 
eign word.]  1.  The  fatty  portion  of  milk.  As 
lUTpared  for  use,  it  contains  80  to  83  per  cent,  of  fats,  with 
varying  amounts  of  water  and  salt,  and  minute  quantities 
of  sugar  and  curd.  It  is  used  as  a  food  or  relish  by  most 
I)eoples,  and  is  made  directly  from  the  milk,  ur  from  tlie 
cream  jireviously  separated  from  the  milk,  of  cows,  goats, 
and  other  animals.  Agitation  or  churning  separates  tlie 
fats  from  the  milk  or  cream  and  makes  them  cohere  in 
lamps,  which  are  then  worked  together,  freed  as  far  as 
possible  from  buttermilk,  and  usually  mixed  with  salt, 
whicli  preserves  the  butter  anil  develops  its  flavor. 
2.  In  old  chem.,  a  term  appUed  to  certain  an- 
hydrous metallic  chlorids  of  buttery  consis- 
tence and  fusibility.  —  Butter-and-tallow  tree,  a 
gnttiferous  tree  of  Sierra  Leone,  I'entatUsina  buti/raci'a, 
so  called  from  its  abundant  yellow,  greasy  sajt,  wliiih  the 
natives  mix  with  their  food.— Butter  of  antimony,  a 
name  given  to  antimony  trichlorid,  ninde  l-y  distilling  a 
mixtiue  of  ciirrosive  sublimate  and  iiiitiniony,  and  former- 
ly ii-'ed  in  medicine  as  a  caustic— Butter  Of  bismuth, 

butter  of  tin,  butter  of  zinc,  sublimated  chlorids  of 

tbo-^e  iiiei;i],-,.  -Butter  of  wax,  the  oleiminMus  ].art  of 
w;i\,  nbtaiiied  liy  distil !;iti"ii,  lia\  i]e„'  a  buttery  ennsisteuce. 
—Macaj a  butter.  Sre  ('--*•(,>.- Midshipmen's  butter. 
See  (fnvrt'/u.  — Nutmeg-butter,  i^vx^  itntno'-j.-  Paraffin- 
butter,  a  crude  paratHii  which  is  used  for  making  can- 
dles. —  Rock-butter,  a  peculiar  mineral  composed  of  alum 
combined  with  iron,  of  the  consistence  and  iLpiiearance  of 
soft  butter,  occurring  as  a  piasty  exudation  finm  abiminif- 
erous  rocks  at  llurlet  Alum  Works,  I'aisley,  .Scotland,  and 
in  several  places  on  the  continent  of  Europe. —  Run  but- 
ter, clarilterl  butter;  butter  meUed  and  potted  for  culi- 
nary use.  The  name  of  -jht'c  (wbicli  sec)  is  given  tii  a  kind 
of  run  butter  made  in  India.— Vegetable  butters,  a 
name  given  to  certain  concrete  fixed  \eL;et;ib]c  oils  which 
are  solid  at  conimou  temperatures:  so  culkd  from  their 
rescmlilauce  to  butter  produceil  from  tlie  milk  of  animals. 
The  follo'.ving  :ire  the  most  important  of  them.  Cacao- 
hiitt'i-,  or  oil  of  tiieuliroiu;i,  is  olitaiind  from  the  seeds  of 
the  cacao  (Thr<>)>i<nna  Caca")  ftf  tropical  America;  it  is 
"a  yellouisli-white  solid,  having  a  faint  agi-eeable  odor,  a 
bland  chocolate  like  ta.ste,  ami  a  neutral  reaction"  (U.  S. 
Dispensatory,  i».  1041)).  Caitara  hittter  is  obtained  from 
the  fruits  of  i^atrria  Indica;  it  is  a  resin  rather  than  an 
oil.  and  is  used  ;is  a  varnish.  Fulwa  huttrr  is  from  the 
seeds  of  the  Rast  Indian  liaxsia  hu(!/r(fi'''>i;  i-ii'ttiiu  hiitter, 
from  tlie  sr^ds  of  (rKirinia  Inilicj;  Mtifnnih  buttfr,  from 
liassiti  liiti/itliit.  Sfii'i  hatter,  also  cjdied  i/alanioi'  Bam- 
buk  butter,  is  from  the  kernels  of  the  shea-tree,  liuti/ni- 
spprmutii  Parlcii,  of  western  Africa ;  it  resembles  palm-uil, 
lint  is  of  u  deeper-red  color.  See  Basitiu,  cacao,  shea. 
butter^  (but'er),  v.     [<  butter'^,  n,']    I,  trans. 

1.  To  smear  with  butter. 

'Twas  her  brother  that,  in  piu'e  kimliiess  to  his  horse, 
butter'd  his  hay.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

2.  To  Hatter  f^ossly:  as,  he  buttered  him  to  his 
heart's  content.      [CoUoq.]  — Buttered  ale,  a  beer 

brewed  without  hops  or  other  bitter  ingredient,  and 
tia\orfd  with  sugar,  butte)'.  and  sjiiee.— To  knoW  on 
which  side  one's  bread  is  buttered,  to  know  where 
ones  advantage  lies;  be  able  to  take  care  of  one's  self, 
tlulloq.] 

I  know  what's  what,  I  kiioiv  an  which  side 

Mij  broad  is  bntter'd.  Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  ii.  1. 

II,  in  trans.  In  gamhUng  sJang,  to  stake  the 
previous    winnings,   with    addition,  at  every 
throw  or  every  game. 
47 


737 

Itisnflnefilmllolnnnoof  Arr.f 'onKTOve's  prnloguoB  which 
i-niiiiiari's  n  writer  tn  n  Imll^riiiii  KiinK'»tiT  thut  staki'M  nil 
hiswiunini;  ii|niri  one  cust;  nn  tlint  if  he  Icisob  the  hist 
t]ir<i\v  he  is  8iin-  to  hv  imdiinc.  Aiittimii,  Freehnhlci-. 

butter-  (>)Ht'cT),  II.  [<  hiM\  +  -f»l.]  One  who 
or  that  whifh  butts;  an  animal  that  butts. 

butter'  (but'iT),  «.  [<  hulfi,  r.  I.,  2,  +  -crl.]  A 
machine  for  sawing  off  tlie  ends  of  boards,  to 
sfniarc  them  and  remove  faulty  parts. 

butter't,  »•  An  obsolete  form  of  bittern'^.  Com- 
pare hiillcrbiiiiiji. 

butter"t,  II-  [Only  in  ME.  form  bitter,  <  bit, 
billc  (see  biilt^),  +  -fcl.]  One  who  has  charge 
of  a  butt  or  fire-bucket.     See  butt'^,  n.,  1. 

butter-ale  {but'er-jil),  «.  Sarao  as  buttered  ale 
(which  see,  inidcr  butter^,  r.  t.). 

butter-and-eggS  (but'er-and-ogz'),  «.  1.  The 
po]nilar  name  in  the  British  islanils  of  the 
double-flowered  variety  of  yiin-issii.i  iiiirtiiitiiis 
and  of  other  species  of  the  same  genus,  and  in 
the  United  States  of  tho  toad-flax  or  rarasted, 
Liiiarin  rulyiiris :  from  the  color  of  the  flowers, 
which  are  of  two  shades  of  yellow. —  2.  The 
act  of  sliding  on  one  foot,  and  striking  tho  slide 
with  tho  heel  and  toe  of  the  otber  foot  at  short 
intervals.  [Eug.  schoolboy  slang.] 
I  can  do  InUUr-avd-eggs  all  down  the  filiilc. 

Macmiltan'g  Mag. 

butterball  (but'6r-bal),  n.     Same  as  buffle^,  2. 

butter-bean  (but'or-ben),  «.  A  variety  of 
I'linxtolii.i  liiiifitu.1  cultivated  for  the  table  in 
the  United  States.     Seo  lieitii^,  2. 

butter-bird  (but'er-bcrd),  «.  The  name  given 
to  the  rice-bunting,  VoUchonijx  ori/civorii.1,  in 
Jamaica,  where  it  is  in  great  request  for  the 
table.     See  cut  under  hobiiliiik. 

butter-boat  (but'er-bot),  II.  A  vessel  for  the 
table  in  which  melted  butter,  intended  to  be 
used  as  a  sauce,  is  served ;  a  sauce-boat. 

butter-box  (but'er-boks),  n.  1.  A  box  or  ves- 
sel for  butter. —  2t.  A  Dutchman.     [Slang.] 

butterbump  (but'er-bump),  n.  [Also  biitter- 
iiiiiiiq)  (and  cf.  biittcrmuiik),  <  butter,  dial, 
form  of  bitter^,  bittern'^,  (j.  v.,  +  biiiiqA, 
var.  iiiuiii]!.  Cf.  equiv.  boiilnimper.']  A 
name  of  the  European  bittern,  liotaurus 
stcUaris.     Teiini/.'ioii.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

butter-bur,  butter-burr  (but'er-ber),  ». 
A  name  of  the  sweet  coltsfoot,  I'ctasiies 
ndi/iiriK.     Also  called  butter-dock. 

butter-color  (but'er-kul"qr),  ».  1.  The 
color  of  butter;  golden  yellow. —  2.  A  sub- 
stance containing  a  large  amount  of  color- 
ing matter  which  is  mixed  with  butter, 
oleomargarin,  butterin,  or  suine,  to  give 
it  a  rich  yellow  color;  a  preparation  of 
madder  or  of  amotto  thus  used. 

buttercup  (but'er-kup),  II.  A  uaine  given 
to  most  of  the  common  species  of  lianuiicu- 
lim  with  bright-yellow  cup-shaped  flowers 
and  di\'ided  leaves,  such  as  Ii.  iicris  and  Ji. 
biilbo.<iu.^.  Also  called  butter-flower  and  crowfoot. 

butter-daisy  (but'er-da'zi),  n.  The  white  ox- 
eye.     [Fro v.  Eng.] 

butter-dock  (but'er-dok),  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  bitter  dock,  liuinex  obtusifolius,  and  the 
sweet  coltsfoot,  Petasitcs  viiJijarif:,  because  their 
large  leaves  are  used  for  wrapping  butter. 

butter-fingered  (but'er-fing"gerd),  a.  Having 
slippery  or  weak  fingers;  cliunsy  in  the  use  of 
tho  hands.     [Slang.] 

butter-fingers  (but'er-tLng"gerz),  II.  One  who 
lets  drop  anything  he  ought  to  hold;  a  butter- 
fingered  person;  specifically,  in  Itanc-ball  and 
cricket,  one  who  ''muffs"  a  ball.     [Slang.] 

■\\^leIl,  on  the  exeeiitiniier  lifting  the  head  of  the  seventh 
traitor,  as  the  I'leeedinu'  six  had  Iteeii  lifted  to  the  puhlie 
^':ize,  lie  happened  to  let  it  fall,  eries  of  "Ah,  elmnsy!" 
"Halloo,  huttfr-Jini]i:ris !"  Were  hoard  from  various  (jiiar- 
ters  of  the  assenihly.  Ilotik,  (iiUiert  (Jnrney,  II.  i. 

butter-fish  (but'^r-fish),  n.  1.  A  name  given 
to  various  fishes  and  other  marine  animals  hav- 
ing a  smooth  and  unctuous  surface  like  butter, 
(a)  The  fish  Stro/mateus  (or  Poroimt us)  triucantliu^.    It  has 


butterfly-nose 

can  coajit.  but  not  much  esteemed  for  food.  [Massacha- 
sctts  and  New  ^'eirk.  i  (/»)  A  (;aratij.'oid  llsh,  SHi'tif  netijrin- 
his,  otherwise  called  huinphack  hultvr-tinli.  ( WtxHl's  Iloll, 
Massaihlisetts.  j  (c)  A  llsh  of  the  family  iMhridif,  Coriilii- 
(tax  iiuUujt.  It  h.a-s  an  ohlon;;  body  with  small  smooth 
scales,  a  naked  heati,  and  17  dorsal  spines  and  17  raya. 
The  llesli  is  exeeediiiKly  short  in  tile  ^raili,  and  well 
savoreil,  without  heinii  rich.  It  inhahits  the  kelp-hcds 
aroiiiiil  .Vew  Zealand,  (d)  A  hivalve  niollnsk  of  the  fam- 
ily VctUTidw.  TaiM-K  tkcttnitnla  ;  thi;  purr.  |I>oeal,  F.UK. 
(Hampshire).  I  (c)  A  hivalve  niollusk  of  the  family  J/j/i- 
(/«-',  M>/n  nrnmritt ;  the  soft  elaiii. 
2.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Muratioidcs,  especially 
M.  guuiiellus.  [Eng.]  —  3.  A  serranoid  fish,  Eii- 
ncficculrits  j/unctatiis.  Also  called  nigyer-fi^li. 
[West  Ind.] 

butterflip  (but'er-flip),  n.  Tho  avoset,  Uecurvi^ 
ros/rii  oriici  till.    .Moiitiiiju.    [Local,  British.] 

butter-flower  (but'er-flou''6r),  n.  Same  as  but- 
Irrcup. 

Let  weeds  instead  of  butter-Jlow'rs  appear, 
And  meads,  instead  of  daisies,  licniloek  bear. 

(jcij,  .Sllep.  Week,  Friday,  1.  85. 

butterfly  (but'6r-fli),  «.;  pi.  butterflieii  (-fliz). 
[<  ME.  butturflijc,  botrrflije,  etc.,  <  AS.  biiltor- 
fleiiijc,  hutiiflcfje  (=  Ml),  biiterrtieije,  D.  lioter- 
rlicji  =  (}.  bultrrfliific),  a  butterfly,  a  large  white 
moth,  <  butcre,  imt'tcr,  -I-  fledi/e,  a  fly.  Of.  MD. 
botcrroglicl,  a  butterfly,  =  G.  buitcri-oyel,  a  large 
white  moth  (MD.  roijUil,  D.  roijcl  =  G." rotjcl  =  E. 
/oif/l).  Tho  reason  for  tho  name  is  imcertain ; 
it  was  probably  at  first  applied  to  the  yellow 
species.  Grimm  says  it  has  its  name,  as  well  as 
an  old  Gei'inaii  name  iiiolkeudicb  (late  MHG. 
molkciidicji), '  milk-thief,'  from  t  he  fact  that  peo- 
ple formerly  beli(>ved  that  the  butterfly,  or  elves 
or  witches  in  its  shape,  stole  milk  and  butter; 
but  tho  legend  may  have  arisen  out  of  the  name. 
Another  explanation,  based  on  another  name  of 
the  butterfly,  MD.  Iiotcrscliijic,  -seliiete,  -sriictc, 
refers  it  to  tlie  color  of  the  excrement  (.•■■ehijtr).] 
1.  The  common  English  name  of  any  iliunial 
lepidopterons  insect ;  especially,  one  of  the  rho- 
palocerous  Lepidoptera,  corresponding  to  the 


Butter-lish  [Slromatfiis  triaeanthus'l. 

an  oval  form,  rounded  in  front,  with  pores  on  the  hack  in 
a  single  row  above  the  lateral  line,  and  the  dorsal  and  anal 
flns  not  elevated.    It  is  abundant  along  the  eastern  -Viueri- 


Coatweed  Butterfly  {Pafi/tut  gtycerium),  m.ilc,  natural  size. 


old  Linnean  genus  ViipHio,  called  distinctively 
the  butterflies.  See  IJiuriiii,  liliojudocera,  Lepi- 
dojitera,  and  I'apiliii. — 2.  Figuratively,  a  per- 
son whose  attention  is  given  uj)  to  a  variety 
of  trifles  of  any  kind;  one  incapable  of  steady 
application ;  a  showily  dressed,  vain,  and  giddy 
person. — 3.  A  kind  of  flat  made-up  neck-tie. — 
4t.  An  herb  otherwise  called  ragwort.  Kersci/, 
1708 — Butterfly  head-dress.  .See  A.vK/drcsi.-.— Cop- 
per butterflies,  the  English  name  of  the  .small  copper- 
colored  species  of  the  family  Lnnruidtr,  and  especially 
of  the  melius  /-,'/c'e/((^  —  Goatweed  butterfly,  the  pop- 
ular name  of  Paptita  ijlticfriuin,  a  rare  and  intereslin;; 
buttertly,  the  larva  of 'which  feeds  on  the  goatweeds  of 
the  genus  Croton.  The  insect  is  specially  interesting 
from  the  di.ssiniiiarity  of  the  sexes,  or  sexual  dimorphism, 
and  from  the  curious  liabit  of  the  larva,  which  lives  in  a 
cup  made  of  the  folded  leaf.  The  larva  is  clear-green  in 
color,  with  pale-white  granulations  and  iiiterspei-sed  dark 
indentations.  The  chrysalis  is  light-green,  bandeil  with 
dark-gi-ay.  The  male  iinttertly  is  deep  coppery-red,  mark- 
ed with  dark  imrplish-hrown,  while  the  female  is  much 
li,i,dit<T-coInred.  thoui:h  also  marked  with  dark-brown. — 
Sea-butterfly,  a  mollnsk  of  the  subclass  Plcnipoda:  so 
i-alletl  from  its  extended  lateral  foot-lobes,  which  simu- 
late wings. 

butterfly-cock  (but'6r-fli-kok),  n.     Same  as 

liulfiifli/-riitrr. 

butterfly-fish  (but'6r-fli-fish),  «.   1.  An  English 

name  of  the  eyed  blenny,  Bleiiiiiu.'i  ocrllaris. — 
2.  A  fish  of  the  family  \oiiieida;  (lastcrocliisma 
meliimpu.'t,  with  large  black  ventral  fins,  inhab- 
iting the  sea  about  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 
It  attains  a  length  of  more  than  3"  feet,  but  is 
rare. 

butterfly-gurnard  (but'er-fli-ger'nard),  n.  A 
fish  of  tlie  family  Triglidir,  the  Lepidotrighi  ro- 
III ssii  iif  the  Tasmanian  and  Australian  seas. 

butterfly-nose  (but'ir-fli-noz),  ».  A  spotted 
nose,  as  of  some  dogs. 


A  kind  of 

It  (-onsists  es- 


Eutterfly-valve. 


butterfly-orcWs 

butterfly-orchis  (l"it'i'r-lli-<'>r"kis),  n.  A  Brit- 
ish ori'hid,  llulicnaria  bifoliii,  growing  in  woods 
and  open  heaths.  The  great  butt^rjly-orchis  is 
U.  chloidHtha. 

butterfly-plant  (bnt'(>r-fli-plant),  u.  1 .  A  West 
liiiliaii  oirhideous  plant,  Oiicidiinii  I'ajiilio.  Sec 
(liu-id'niiii. — 2.  Aspecios  of  the  Eastludiaii  I'ha- 

IflltO/tsis. 

butterfly-ray  (but'6r-fli-ra),  «.  A  selacliian 
of  the  lamily  Triigonida:,  I'teropJatea  nuicbira. 
It  is  a  kind  of  sting-ray  with  very  broad  pec- 
torals. 

butterfly-shaped  (bnt'er-fli-shSpt),  a.  In  hot., 
sha|iod  liko  a  butterfly;  papilionaceous. 

butterfly-shell  (but'6r-tli-shel),  n.  A  shell  of 
the  scnus  Vfiliitii. 

butterfly-valve  (but'6r-fli-valv),  h 

doubli'  i-lack-valve  used  iu  pinnp.s. 
senlially  of  two  semicircular  clapjiers, 
clacks,  "or  wings  hinged  to  a  cross-rib 
cast  iu  the  pump-bucket,  and  is  named 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  wings  of 
a  butterfly  when  open,  as  represented 
iu  section  in  the  aimexed  cut.  It  is  em- 
Iiloyed  iu  the  lift-buckets  of  large  wa- 
ter-iium|>s,  and  for  the  air-pump  buck- 
ets of  louiU-nsiug  steam-engines.  Also 
callttl  hutt'-i-jjti-^'oi'k.     See  clack-valve. 

butterfly- weed  (but '  er  -  fli- 
wed),  n.  1.  A  name  of  the 
North  American  plant  Ascle- 
j)iai  tuherosa  ;  the  pleurisy-root.  It  has  a  consid- 
erable reputation  as  an  article  of  the  materia  nieilica.  It 
is  an  e-vpector.ant,  a  miltl  cathartic,  :nitl  a  diaphoretic,  and 
is  employed  in  incipient  pulnn-uary  atlcctions,  rheuuia- 
tism,  and  dysentery. 
2.  The  butterflj'-pea,  Clitoria  Mariana. 

butterin,  butterine  (but'er-in),  «.  [<  buttcr''^ 
+  -ill",  -i)ie~.'\  An  artificial  butter  made  b_y 
churning  oleomargarin,  a  product  of  animal 
fat,  with  milk  and  water,  or  by  churning  milk 
with  some  sweet  butter  and  the  yolks  of  eggs, 
the  whole  of  the  contents  of  the  churn  by  the 
latter  method  being  converted  into  butterin. 

butterist,  »■     See  buttres.'i,  3. 

butter-knife  (but'er-nif),  n.  A  blimt  and 
gcnerall.v  ornamented  knife  used  for  cutting 
butter  at  table. 

butterman  (but'er-man),  w. ;  pi.  buttermcn 
(-men).     A  man  who  sells  butter. 

buttermilk  (but'er-milk),  n.  [=  D.  hoternidk 
=  MHG.  biitermilch,  G.  bnffermilch.l  The  liquid 
that  remains  after  the  butter  is  separated  from 
milk.  It  has  a  pleasant  acidulous  taste.  Also 
called  churn-milk. 

I  .  .  .  received  a  small  jug  of  thick  buttermilk,  not  re- 
markably clean,  but  very  refreshing. 

B.  Taylor,  Lauds  of  the  Saraceu,  p.  54. 

butter-mold  (but' er-m61d),«.  Amold  inwhich 
pats  of  butter  are  shaped  and  stamped. 

buttermunk  (but'er-mungk),  n.  [A  variant  of 
buttcrbum}).^  A  local  New  England  name  of 
the  night-heron,  Nyctiardea  grisea  tiwiia. 

butternut  (but'er-nut),  ii.  1.  The  fruit  of 
Jiiglaiis  cinerea,  an  American  tree,  so  called 
from  the  oil  it  contains;  also,  the  tree  itself. 
The  tree  bears  a  resemblance  in  its  general  appearance  to 
the  black  walnut  (J.  niffra),  but  the  fruit  is  long,  pointed, 
and  viscous,  the  nut  furrowed  and  sharply  jagged,  and  the 
wood  soft  but  close-grained  and  light-colored^  turning  yel- 
low after  exposure.  The  wood  takes  a  flue  polish,  and  is 
largely  used  in  interior  finish  and  in  cabinet-work.  The 
inner  bark  furnishes  a  brown  dye,  and  is  used  as  a  mild 
cathartic.     Also  called  ivhite  walnut. 

2.  The  nut  of  Caryocar  niiciferum,  a  lofty  tim- 
ber-tree of  Guiana,  natural  order  Ternstraima- 
eece.  The  nuts  have  a  pleasant  taste,  and  are  exported  to 
some  extent.  They  are  also  known  as  souari-  or  »mvar- 
row-nuts. 

3.  A  name  applied  during  the  civil  war  in  the 
United  States  to  Confederate  soldiers,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  coarse  brown  homespun  cloth,  dyed 
with  luitternut,  often  worn  by  them. 

butter-pat  (but'er-pat),  n.     A  small  piece  of 

butter   formed   into   a   generally  ornamental 

shape  for  the  table. 
butter-pot  (but'er-pot),  n.    In  the  seventeenth 

century,  a  cylindrical  vessel  of  coarse  pottery 

glazed  with  pulverized  lead  ore  dusted  upon  the 

ware  before  it  was  fired.     Marryat. 
butter-print  (but'er-print),   II.     A  mold  for 

stamping  butter  into  blocks,  prints,  or  pats. 

Also  called  biitter-.itaiiip. 
butter-scotch    (but'er-skoeh),  7i.    A  kind  of 

oleagiiious  taffy. 
butter-shag  (but'er-shag),  ».    A  slice  of  bread 

and  butter.     [Local,  Eng.  (Cumberland).] 
butter-stamp  (but'er-stamp),  H.     Same  as  ;)«/- 

ter-iiriiit. 
butter-tongs  (but'cr-tOngz),  ti.  pi.     A  kind  of 

tongs  with  fiat  blades  for  sUoing  and  lifting 

butter. 


738 

butter-tooth  (but'6r-t8th),  H.     [<  butter'^   + 
tooth  ;  i)erhaps  witli  some  vague  allusion   to 
milk-tooth.']     A  broad  front  tooth. 
I'd  hail  an  eye 
Popt  out  ere  this  time,  or  my  two  butter-teeth 
Thrust  down  my  throat. 
Midtllcton,  MaKxiii'jcr,  and  Rowley,  Old  Law,  iii,  2, 

butter-tree  (but'er-tre),  ».  A  species  of  Bas- 
.siti,  found  in  iVfrica,  which  yields  a  substance 
like  butter;  the  shea-tree.  See  .'-7)«(.  The  n.ame 
is  also  given  to  various  other  trees  from  tlie  seeds  of  wbicli 
solid  oils  are  obtained.  .See  tmtterl. 
butter-trier  (but'er-tri"er),  H.     A  long  hollow 

hand-tool  used  in  sampling  butter. 
butter-tub  (but'er-tub),  «.     A  tub  used  for  eou- 

lainiug  butter  in  quantity. 
butterweed  (but'er-wed),  ».    A  common  name 
of  the  horseweed,  Erigeron  Canadeiise,  and  of 
the  Sciiccio  lobatii.s. 
butter-weightt  (but'er-wat),  J(.   More  than  full 
weight ;  a  larger  or  more  liberal  allowance  than 
is  usual  or  is  stipulated  for:  in  allusion  to  a 
custom,  now  obsolete,  of  allowiaig  and  exact- 
ing 17  or  18  ovmces,  or  even  more,  to  the  pound 
of  butter.    In  Scotland  either  tron  weight  or  a 
still  heavier  pound  was  used  for  butter. 
They  teach  you  how  to  split  a  hair. 

Give and  Jove  an  equal  share ; 

Yet  why  should  we  be  lac'd  so  strait  ? 

I'll  give  my  M butter-weight. 

Swift,  Rhapsody  on  Poetry. 

butterwife  (but'er-wif),  n.    A  butterwoman. 

■Johnson. 
butterwoman  (but'er-wum'''an),  n. ;  pi.  butter- 
tcomcii  (-wim"en).     A  wo- 
man who  sells  butter. 

I  see  grave  learned  men  rail 
and  scold  like  butter-women. 
Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  613. 

butter- worker  (but '  er- 
wer"ker),».  An  apparatus 
or  tool  for  freeing  butter 
from  buttermilk. 

butterwort  (but'er-wert), 
n.  l<  biitfer'i^  +  wortl.}  A 
name  common  to  the  spe- 
cies of  Pinguicula.  The  but- 
terworts  grow  on  wet  ground, 
are  apparently  stemle^s,  and 
have  showy  spurred  flowers. 
The  name  is  due  to  the  greasy- 
looking  viscid  siuface  of  the 
leaves,  which  are  covered  with 
soft,  pellucid  glandular  hairs, 
secreting  a  glutinous  liquor  that 
catches  small  insects.  The  edges 
of  the  leaf  roll  over  on  the  insect 
and  retain  it,  aud  the  insects  thus 
caught  are  supposed  to  serve  as  food  for  the  plant.  In  the 
north  of  .Sweden  the  leaves  are  employed  to  curdle  milk. 

butteryl  (but'er-i),  o.  [<  fiifHprl -t- -)/l.]  1. 
Having  the  qualities  (especially  the  consis- 
tence) or  appearance  of  butter. 

Sinking  her  voice  into  a  deeper  key,  she  drove  the  fol- 
lowing lines,  slowly  and  surely,  through  and  through  his 
poor,  miresisting,  buttery  heart.  C.  lieade.  Art. 

2.  Apt  to  let  fall  anji;hing  one  ought  to  hold, 
as  a  ball  in  the  game  of  cricket ;  butter-fingered. 
buttery^  (but'er-i),  )(. ;  pi.  butteries  (-iz.)  [< 
ME.  botery,  botry,  a  buttery,  a  comiption  (due 
to  association  with  botcre,  butter,  and  to  the 
fact  that,  besides  liquors,  butter  and  other  pro- 
%isions  were  kept  in  the  same  place)  of  hofe- 
leryc  (mod.  E.  restored  buttery),  <  OF.  bouteil- 
Icrie,  a  place  to  keep  bottles  or  liquors  (ML. 
biiticularia,  the  office  of  a  wine-taster),  <  bou- 
teille,  boutille,  a  bottle:  see  fewWer  and  botttc".'] 

1.  -An  apartment  in  a  house  in  which  wines, 
liquors,  and  provisions  are  kept ;  a  pantry. 

Take  them  to  the  buttery. 
And  give  them  friendly  welcome. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 
Make  him  drink,  wench ; 
And  if  there  be  any  cold  meat  iu  tlie  tnittery. 
Give  him  some  broken  bread  and  that,  andVid  him. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Captain,  i.  3. 

2.  In  colleges,  formerly,  a  room  where  liquors, 
fruits,  and  refreshments  were  kept  for  sale  to 
the  students. 

In  English  miiversities  the  butteni  was  in  former  days 
the  scene  of  the  infliction  of  corporal  punishment. 

B.  H.  Hall,  College  Words. 
buttery-bar  (but'er-i-bar),  n.    A  ledge  on  the 
top  of  a  buttery-hatch  on  which  to  rest  tan- 
kards. 
Bring  your  hand  to  the  buttery-bar  and  let  it  drink. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  3. 
buttery-book   (but'er-i-btik),  n.    An  account- 
book  kejjt  at  the  buttery  of  a  college. 

Tins  person  wjis  an  assist.ant  to  the  butler  to  put  on 
(that  is,  enter)  bottles  in  the  buttery  book. 

Wood,  Fasti  Oxon.,  ii. 
If  no  rude  mice  with  envious  rage 
The  buttery-booke  devour.      The  Student,  1,  34». 


Butterwort  ^Pin^uicula 
vulgaris). 

(From  Le  Maout  and  De- 
caisne's  "  TraittJ  g^nt^ral  de 
Botanique.") 


button 

buttery-hatch  (but'tr-i-hach),  n.  A  hatch  or 
half-door  giving  entrance  to  a  buttery. 

I  know  you  were  one  cindd  keep 
The  buttery-hatch  still  locked,  and  save  the  cliippings. 
B,  .Joniton,  Alchemist,  i.  1. 

butt-hinge  (but'hinj),  «.     Same  as  butt-,  4. 
butthorn  (but 'thorn),  H.     [Uncertain;  appar. 

<  hut-  (or  else  butt-)  +  thorn,  prob.  in  ref.  to 
the  .spiny  surface  of  the  starfish.]  A  kind  of 
starfisli,  Astropccten  aurantiacus.     See  starji.th. 

butt-howel  (but'hou"el),  H.  A  kind  of  howel 
or  adz  used  by  coopers. 

butting  (but'ing),  ((.   [Verbal  n.  of  6u«l,  r.,  for 
abut.]     An  abutting  or  abuttal. 
Without  buttitifjg  or  boundings  on  any  side. 

Bp.  Beveridf/e,  Works,  I.  xx. 

butting-joint  (but'ing-joint),  H.  A  joint  formed 
by  two  pieces  of  timber  or  melal  united  end- 
wise so  that  they  eomo  exactly  against  each 
other  with  a  true  joint ;  an  abutting  joint,  in 
ironwork  the  parts  are  welded,  and  the  term  is  used  in 
contradistiiKtion  to  lap-joint.     Also  called  butt-joint. 

butting-machine  (but'ing-ma-shen"),  H.  A 
machine  for  dressing  and  finisiiing  the  ends  of 
boards  or  small  timbers  by  means  of  cutters 
attached  to  a  revolving  disk. 

butting-ring  (but'ing-ring),  n .  A  collar  on  the 
axle  of  a  wheel,  inside  the  wheel,  which  it  pre- 
vents from  moving  further  in  ward  along  the  axle. 

butting-saw  (but'iug-sa),  «.  A  cross-cut  saw 
used  to  prepare  logs  for  the  saw-mill  by  cut- 
ting off  the  rough  ends. 

butt-joint  (but'joint),  n.  Same  as  butting- 
join  t.  M 

b'uttlel  (but'l),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  bottle^.  ■ 

buttle-  (but'l),  r.  i. :  pret.  and  pp.  buttled,  ppr.      * 
buttling.     [<  butler,  as  butch  <  butcher,  burgle  < 
burglar,  peddle  <.peddlcr,  etc.]    To  act  as  butler. 
[Pro v.  Eng.] 

butt-leather  (but'leTH'er),  n.  The  thickest 
leather,  used  chiefly  for  the  soles  of  boots  and 
shoes. 

buttock  (but'ok),  n.  [<  ME.  buttok,  bottok ; 
appar.  <  butt",  n.,  1  (c),  +  dim.  -ocA-.]  1.  Either 
of  the  two  protuberances  which  form  the  rump 
in  men  and  animals ;  in  the  plural,  the  rump ; 
the  gluteal  region  of  the  body,  more  protu- 
berant in  man  than  in  any  other  animal;  the 
bottom. 
Like  a  barber's  chair,  that  fits  all  buttocks. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  2. 

2.  The  upper  aftermost  portion  of  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  contour  of  a  ship's  bottom. 
Thearle,  Naval  Arch. — 3.  In  coal-mining,  the 
portion  of  a  face  of  coal  ready  to  be  next  taken 
down.    [Eng.] — 4.   A  piece  of  armor  for  the 

rump  of  a  horse.    See  croupiere Buttock  mailt, 

a  ludicrous  term  for  the  fine  formerly  paid,  in  a  case  of 
fornication,  to  an  ecclesiastical  court.    Scott.    [Scotch.] 

buttocker  (but'ok-er),  n.  [<  buttock,  3,  +  -ei-l.] 
In  mining,  one  who  works  at  the  buttock,  or 
breaks  out  the  coal  ready  for  the  fillers.    [Eng.] 

buttock-line  (but'ok-lin),  h.  In  ship-building, 
the  jirojeetion  upon  the  sheer  plan  of  the  in- 
tersection of  a  plane  parallel  to  it  with  the 
after-body  of  the  vessel. 

Tlie  lines  obtained  by  the  intersections  of  the  planes 

parallel  to  the  sheer  plane  are  known  .as  bow  lines  when 

in  the  fore  body,  and  buttock  line.^  when  in  the  after  body. 

Thearle,  Naval  Architecture,  §  10. 

button  (but'n),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  baton, 

<  ME.  baton,  botoun  (also  coiTuptly  bothun, 
hothom,  in  sense  of  'bud'),  <  OF.  baton  (F. 
houton  =  Pr.  Sp.  baton  =  Pg.  botao  =  It.  bat- 
tone),  a  button,  a  bud;  perhaps  <  botcr,  push 
out,  butt:  see  buit'^.']  1.  An_y  knob  or  ball 
fastened  to  another  body;  specifically,  such  an 
object  used  to  secure  together  different  parts 
of  a  garment,  to  one  portion  of  which  it  is 
fastened  in  such  a  way  that  it  can  be  passed 
through  a  slit  (called  a  buttonhole)  in  another 
portion,  or  through  a  loop.  Buttons  are  sometimes 
sewed  to  garments  for  ornament.  ITicy  are  made  of  met- 
al, horn,  wood,  mother-of-pearl,  etc.,  and  were  fonnerly 
common  in  very  rich  materials,  especially  during  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  when  the  coats  of  gentlemen  at  the  French 
com't  had  buttons  of  gold  and  precious  stones,  jiearl,  enam- 
el, and  the  like.  Later  buttons  of  diamonds  or  of  paste 
imitating  diamonds  were  worn,  matching  the  buckles  of 
the  same  period. 

2.  pi.  (used  as  a  singular).  A  page  :  so  called 
from  the  buttons,  commonly  gilt,  which  adorn 
his  jacket. 

Our  present  girl  is  a  very  slow  coach  ;  but  we  hope  some 
day  to  sport  a  buttons.  Dean  liatnsay. 

3.  A  knob  of  gold,  crystal,  coral,  ruby,  or 
other  precious  stone,  worn  by  Chinese  officials, 
both  ci\-il  and  military,  on  the  tops  of  their 
hats  as  a  badge  of  rank:  hence,  the  rank  itself: 
as,  a  blue  button.  There  are  nine  ranks,  the  first  or 
highest  being  distiuguished  by  a  transparent  red  (or  niby) 


button 

button ',  the  second,  by  dimqiu!  rcil  (coral) ;  the  third,  hy 
transiiarcnt  lilue  (siipphirc) :  Hie  fourth,  by  opaque  blue 
(lapis  lii/.uli) ;  the  tilth,  by  tran8i)arctlt  white  (crystal); 
tllesixtll,  l»y  ol»aqlu-  white;  the  sevelltll,by  plain  Ko!(l ;  tile 
eighth,  liy  woriieii  Kohi;  ami  the  nintli  in-  lovvi-st,  by  plain 
pnbl  with  tlie  cliaraeter  for  "old  a^e  "  enj,n"aved  on  it  in 
two  places.  A  sdiolar  who  has  iiassed  the  siu^tsai  (or 
bachelor)  examination  is  entitled  to  wear  the  last. 

4.  A  knoboriinituberauco  resembling  a  button, 
.speeitlcally  — ((()  The  knob  of  metal  which  t<;nninutes  the 
l)rcccli  of  most  pieces  of  ordnance,  and  which  att'ords  a  con- 
venient iicariin;  for  the  applieatiun  of  hand-spikes,  breech- 
inys,  <■!*■. :  a  cascaliel.  (EuK.)  0>)  A  knob  or  Kuard  secured 
to  the  end  of  a  foil,  to  prevent  the  point  from  penetrating 
the  skin  or  woundin;;.  (c)  The  small  knob  or  ball  by  push- 
ing or  prcssilif^  whiell  the  circuit  of  an  electric  bell  Is  eoni- 
l)Ieted. 

5.  A  bud  of  a  plant.     [Now  only  pi'ov.  Eng.] 

The  canker  galls  the  infants  of  the  spring, 
Too  oft  before  their  buttoiui  be  disclos'd. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  I.  3. 

6.  A  flat  or  elongated  piece  of  wood  or  metal, 
turning  on  a  nail  or  screw,  used  to  fasten  doors, 
windows,  ete. — 7.  A  small  round  mass  of  met- 
al lying  at  the  Ijottoiu  o£  a  crucible  or  cupel 
after  fusion. —  8.  In  an  organ,  a  small  round 
piece  of  leather  which,  when  screwed  on  the 
tapped  wire  of  a  tracker,  prevents  it  from  jump- 
ing out  of  place.  .'<t<ii)icr  and  Barrett. —  9.  A 
ring  of  leather  through  which  the  reins  of  a 
bridle  pass,  and  which  runs  along  the  length 
of  the  reins. — 10.  l\i  :<i(H.:  (a)  The  terminal 
segment  of  the  crepitacidum  or  rattle  of  a  rat- 
tlesnake.    See  crejiitdculum. 

In  the  structure  of  the  end  of  the  tail  of  harmless 
snakes,  we  see  a  trace  of  the  (Irst  button  of  the  rattle  in 
a  horny  cap  that  covers  the  terminal  vertebraj. 

E.  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  197. 

(/))  In  entom.,  a  knob-like  protuberance  on  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  larvaa  of  certain  but- 
terllios,  also  called  the  anal  button  or  crcmast^r. 
Sometimes  there  is  a  second  one,  called  the 
prcanal  button. — 11.  pi.  A  name  given  to 
youug  mushrooms,  such  as  are  used  for  pick- 
ling.—12.  pi.  Sheep's  dung:  sometimes  used 
for  dimg  in  general.  [Prov.  (west.)  Eng.]  — 
13.  A  small  cake.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 14.  A  per- 
son who  acts  as  a  decoy.  .Speeifleally— (n)  An  auc- 
tioneer's accomplice  who  employs  various  devices  to  dc- 
luile  bidders  so  as  to  raise  the  price  of  articles  sold,  etc.  (h) 
A  thimlile-ri2!.'er's  accomplice.  (Eng.  slang.]  — Barton's 
button,  a  iMiIislicd  iMitton  upon  which  a  series  of  many  line 
lines,  iiarallel  and  near  together,  have  been  impressed, 
s<i  as  to  .show  l)rilliaiit  odors  when  exposed  to  light  strik- 
ing it  in  nearly  parallel  rays,  by  an  effect  id  diffraction. — 
Biskra  button.  .Same  as  Aleppo  titer  (which  see,  under 
?(^-('y).  —  Corrigan's  button  (named  after  .Sir  John  Dom- 
inie t'orrigan  of  Dublin  (l.Mi-_»-so)|,  a  button  of  steel  used 
in  sin-gcry,  when  heated  to  luu'  t'.,  as  a  means  of  counter- 
irritation.  Also  called  Cornffans  cautent.  —  Elastic  but- 
ton, a  rounded  knob  at  the  end  of  a  sliding  spring-bolt 
placed  in  the  edge  of  a  door,  and  fitting  into  a  depression 
in  tlu-  opposite  jandt,  intemled  t*»  keep  the  door  closed 
witliout  lieing  li>cl<cd,  yet  so  thatitcan  be  easily  opened. 
—  (juaker  buttons,  tlic  sei-ds  of  the  Nux  mmica.  U.S. 
Dixprn-siiiiu-if,  p.  !)74.— To  hold  by  tbe  Ijutton,  to  button- 
hole ;  detain  in  conversation  ;  bore. 
Not  to  fnild  you  by  the  button  too  peremptorily. 

Mrs.  Gore. 

button  (but'n),  V.  [<  ME.  botonen,  <  hoton,  a 
button.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  attach  a  button  or 
buttons  to. 

His  bouet  tntttened  with  gold. 

Gascoif/ne,  Woodraanship. 

Yoiu-  rapier  shall  be  biitton'd  with  my  head, 
Before  it  touch  my  master. 

Beau,  ami  Ft.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  i.  3. 

2.  To  fasten  with  a  button  orbuttons;  secure,  or 
join  the  parts  or  edges  of,  with  buttons:  often 
followed  by  up :  as,  to  button  tip  a  waistcoat. 

One  whose  hard  heart  is  buiton'd  up  with  steel. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  2. 

He  was  a  tall,  fat,  long-bodied  man,  buttoned  vp  to  the 
tliroat  it]  a  tight  green  coat.  Diekenf. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  capable  of  being  buttoned. 

Diderot  \vrites  to  his  fair  one  that  his  clothes  will 
hardly  button.  Carhjle,  Diderot. 

buttonball,  buttonwood  (but'n-bal,  -wVid),  n. 

The  plaiic-tree  of  the  United  States,  Platanu.i 
ofCidentaliK :  so  called  from  its  small,  round, 
pendulous  fruits  or  nutlets.  Also  incorrectly 
called  siicamorc. 

button-blank  (but'n-blangk),  n.  A  disk  of 
luoial,  bone,  etc.,  to  be  formed  into  a  button. 

button-bush  (but'n-bu.sh),  «.  A  name  given 
to  the  Crplialantliwi  ooridentatis,  a  North  Amer- 
ican shrub,  on  account  of  its  globular  flower- 
lieads.     See  Crphiilontlius. 

button-ear  (but'n-er),  n.  An  ear  that  falls 
over  in  front,  concealing  the  inside,  as  in  some 
dogs. 

buttoned  (but'nd),  p.  a.  1.  Decorated  with 
buttons  or  small  bosses,  as  a  glass  vase. —  2. 
In  her.,  ornamented  with  small  points,  usually 
of  a  different  tiucttu-o  ;  studded. 


739 

buttoner  (but'n-6r),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  buttons;  a  button-hook. —  2.  A  decoy. 

[Eng.  slung.] 

button-fastener  (but'n-fas'ni'r),  n.  A  clasp 
for  I'usteiiiijg  buttons. 

button-floTVer (liut'n-flou''*r), n.  Aname given 
to  species  of  (ionijihin,  shriil)s  and  trees  of  tro]i- 
ical  Americii.  natiii'ttl  order  Oehiiaaa:  Some 
are  occasionally  cultivated  in  hothouses. 

buttonhole  (but'n-hol),  «.  1.  Thi^  hole  or  loop 
in  uliich  a  button  is  caught. —  2.  A  name  given 
to  the  hart's-tongne  fern,  Scotofiendrium  rul- 
garv,  because  its  fructification  in  the  young  state 
resenililcs  a  buttonhole  in  fonnan<laj)pe;ir!ince. 

buttonhole  (but'n-hol),  r.  t. ;  pret.  anil  pp.  but- 
tonliolcd,  ppr.  biittonholiiKj.      [<  buttonliote,  «.] 

1.  To  seize  by  the  buttonhole  or  button  and 
detain  in  conversation;  interview. 

lie  won't  stand  on  the  corner  and  buttonhole  everybody 
with  the  news.  T.  Winthrop,  Cecil  Dreeme,  vi. 

2.  To  make  buttonholes  in. 
button-hook  (bnt'n-htik),  n.     A  small  metal 

hook  used  for  buttoning  shoes,  gloves,  etc. 

button-loom  (but'n-liim),  H.  A  loom  for  weav- 
ing edverings  for  buttons. 

button-mold  (but'n-mold),  H.  A  disk  of  bone, 
woiid,  or  metal,  to  be  covered  'svith  faliric  to 
form  a  button.  E.  //.  Knight Fossil  button- 
mold,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  a  section  of  cncriiiite 
between  twn  joint.s- 

button-nosed  (but'n-nozd),  a.  Same  as  star- 
no.sed :  applied  to  the  condyluie.  See  cut  un- 
der Condjilura. 

button-piece  (but'n-pes),  n.     A  button-blank. 

button-quail  (but'n-kwal),  n.  A  bird  of  the 
family  Tnrnicidte ;  a  hemipod. 

button-solder  (but'n-sol"der),  n.  A  white  sol- 
der composed  of  tin,  brass,  and  copper,  used  as 
a  substitute  for  silver  solder  in  making  buttons. 

button-tool  (biit'n-tol),  n.  An  instrument  used 
cliierty  for  cutting  out  the  disks  or  buttons  of 
leather  'which  serve  as  nuts  for  the  screwed 
wires  in  the  mechanism  connected  ■mth  the 
keys  of  the  organ  and  pianoforte.  It  is  a  mod- 
ification of  the  ordinary  center-bit. 

button-tree  (but'n-tre),  n.  Same  as  button- 
«■('(»/,  1. 

button-'weed(but'n-wed),  H.  1.  Aname  given 
to  several  rubiaceous  plants  belonging  to  the 
genera  t^jierniacoce,  Diodia,  and  Borreria. —  2. 
The  knapweed,  Ventaurea  nigra. 

button'WOOd  (but'n- wiid),  n.  1.  A  common 
name  in  the  West  Indies  of  a  low  combreta- 
ceous  tree,  Conocurpus  crccta,  with  very  heavy, 
hard,  and  compact  wood.  The  white  buttonwood 
is  a  small  tree  of  the  same  order,  Larfuncularia  raceuiosa, 
growing  on  the  shores  of  lagoons  and  having  a  similar 
wood.     Also  called  button-tree. 

2.   See  buttonball. 
buttony  (but'n-i),  a.    [<  button  +  -yl.]    Deco- 
rated with  a  profusion  of  buttons. 

That  butlonxj  boy  sprang  up  and  down  from  the  bo\ 
with  Emmy's  and  Jos's  visiting  card. 

Thaekeray,  Vaiuty  Fail",  ix. 

buttourt,  ".    A  Middle  English  form  of  bittern^. 

buttress  (but'res),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  hut- 

tcras,  butterace,  butras.se,  bottra.s;  <  late  ME.  but- 

tracc,  butterace,but. 


iA 


Abbey  of  St.  Denis.  France. 
,  buttresses ;  t,  t>,  flying  buttresses. 


rasse,  boterace,  < 
OF.  bouterets,  prop, 
pi.  of  bouterct,  6«- 
teret,  a  buttress, 
prop,  adj.,  thrust- 
ing, bearing  a 
thi'ust  (said  of  an 
arch  or  a  pillar) 
(cf.  boutricc,  "an 
ashler  or  binding- 
stone  (in  build- 
ing)," boutant,  "a 
buttress  or  shore- 
post"— Cotgrave),< 
boutcr,  boter,  push, 
thrust,  put,  mod.  F. 
boutcr,  put,  buter, 
prop,  support,  the 
source  of  E.  butt^, 
push,  etc. :  see 
6«»l.]  1.  A  struc- 
ture built  against 
a  wall,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  giving  it 
stability.— 2.  Fig- 
mat  ively,  any  prop 
or  support. 

The  ground  -  pillar 
and  buttress  of  the  good 
old  cause  of  noncon- 
formity, South. 


butyrate 

3t.  [Also  written  buttrice,  buttcris.]  In  far- 
riery, an  instrument  of  steel  set  in  wood,  for 
paring  Ibc  hoof  of  a  horse.  Minsheu;  Kersey. 
-Flying  buttress,  in  niedtemt  arrh..  a  support  in  the 
form  of  a  segment  of  an  areh  springing  from  a  solid 
mass  of  masonry,  as  the  to]>  (d  a  side-aisle  buttress,  and 
atinttiiig  against  another  part  of  tlie  slrueture,  !is  the  wall 
of  a  clearstory,  in  which  case  it  acts  as  a  cmntt-rpoise 
against  tl»e  vaulting  of  the  central  pile:  su  named  from 
its  passing  through  the  air.-  Hanging  buttress,  in 
areli.,  a  featnrt;  in  the  fonn  of  a  tnittrcss,  not  staniling 
Holiil  nti  a  foundation,  but  supported  on  a  corbel.  It  is 
applied  in  debased  styles  chietly  .as  a  tleconation. 
buttress  (but'res),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  Iioterasen  :  see 
liiiltri. '■■■''■,  n.]  To  support  by  a  buttress;  hence, 
to  prop  or  i)rop  up,  literally  or  figuratively. 

To  set  it  upright  again,  and  to  jtrop  and  huttresx  it  up 
for  duratiitn.  Ilurke,  Kcforni  of  Kepresentation. 

A  white  wall,  buttressed  well,  made  girdle  wide 
To  towers  ami  roofs  where  vet  his  kin  ilid  bide. 

ir,«i'n»i,  .Worn'*,  Earthly  I'aradise,  III.  369. 

buttress-to'wer  (but'res-tou"6r),  n.  In  carl;/ 
fort.,  a  lower  projecting  from  tlie  face  of  the 
ram])ait-wall,  but  not  rising  above  it.  It  was 
iifferwtird  developed  into  the  bastion. 

butt-shaftt  (but  'shiift),  H.    A  blunt  or  unbarb- 
eil  iirrow  usimI  for  shooting  at  a  target.     Also 
spelled  but-.tliaft. 
The  blind  bow-ljoy's  butt-shaft.    Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4. 

Mer.  \  fear  thou  hast  not  arrows  for  the  purpose. 
Clip.  O  yes,  here  bo  of  all  sorts  —  llights,  rovers,  ami  butt- 
stiaffs.  Ii.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

butt-strap  (but'strap),  r.  t.     To  weld  together 
(two  pieces  of  metal)  so  as  to  form  a  butting- 
joint. 
Two  pieces  which  are  welded  or  hutt-strapped  together. 
Ttiearle,  Naval  Architecture,  §  208. 

butt-'weld  (but 'weld),  v.  In  inech.,  a  weld 
formed  liy  joining  the  flattened  ends  of  two 
])ieees  of  iron  at  white  heat ;  a  jump-weld. 

butt'WOman  (l)Ut'«'um"au),  n. ;  pi.  buttwomen 
(-wim'en).  [<  butt^,  7,  a  hassock,  +  woman.'] 
A  woman  who  cleans  a  church,  and  in  service- 
time  assists  as  a  pew-opener.     [Eng.] 

butty  (but'i),  «.;  pi.  butties  (-iz).  [E.  dial., 
short  for  "huttij-feUou',  ettrly  mod.  E.  boti/-feloire, 
a  partner  (Palsgrave)  (cf.  huttij-eolUer.  butt;/- 
gang),  <  bot;/,  now  bootij,  plunder,  property 
.shared, +  /e/o«e,  fellow.]  1.  A  comrade,  chum, 
or  partner.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.S.]  —  2.  Spe- 
cifically, in  English  coal-mining,  one  who  takes 
a  contract,  or  is  a  partner  in  a  contract,  for 
working  out  a  certain  area  of  coal.  The  butty- 
coUier,  or  fil"st  man,  as  he  is  called  in  some  eoal-minlng 
districts,  employs  his  own  holers,  fillers,  and  boys,  and  has 
general  charge  of  the  work  in  his  own  particular  "stall." 

butty-collier  (but'i-kol  yer),  H.  In  Englixh 
coal-mining,  the  head  man  of  a  butty-gang.  See 
hut  III. 

butty-gang  (but'i-gang),  H.  A  gang  of  men 
who  take  a  contract  for  a  part  of  a  work,  as  in 
the  construction  of  railroads,  etc.,  the  proceeds 
being  equally  divided  between  them,  with  some- 
thing e.xtra  to  the  head  man. 

butua  (ln"i'tfl-a),  n.     See  abutua. 

butwards  (but'wiirdz),  adr.  [<  but^,  adv.,  + 
-inirds.]  Toward  the  outward  apartment. 
[Scotch.] 

butyl  (bii'til),  H.  [<but(ijric)  + -yl.']  A  hydro- 
carbon alcohol  radical  having  the  composition 
C4Hg.  It  cannot  be  isolated,  and  occurs  only 
in  combination  with  other  radicals — Butyl- 
chloral  hydrate.  Same  inscroton-cldoral hi/drate (which 
sec.  ninicr  eeotoit). 

butylamine  (bu-til'a-min),  «.  [<  butyl  + 
aninii .]     Same  as  tctrylamine. 

butylene  (bu'ti-len).  n.  [<  butyl  +  -cue.']  A 
hydrocarbon  (C4H8)  belonging  to  the  olefine 
series.  It  exists  in  three  isomeric  forms,  all 
of  which  are  gtises  at  ordinary  temperatures. 

butylic  (bu-til'ik),  </.  [<  butyl  +  -ic]  Of  or 
pci'tainiug  to  butyl. 

butyraceous  (bd-ti-ra'shius),  a.  [<  L.  buty- 
niin,  butter  (see  butter'^),  +  -areons.1  Ha'i'ing 
the  quality  of  butter :  resembling  butter ;  con- 
sisting of  or  containing  butter.    Also  butyrous. 

.'\mong  all  races  perhaps  none  has  shown  so  acute  a  sense 
of  the  side  on  which  its  bread  is  buttered  (as  the  Sa.\onl, 
and  so  great  a  rcpngnaircc  fcir  having  fine  phrases  taka 
the  place  of  the  butyraeeuus  principle. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  249. 

butyrate  (bu'ti-rat),  ».  [<  L.  butyrum.  butter, 
+  -1/^1.]  A  salt  of  butyric  acid — Ethyl  buty- 
rate, l'dl-,.r4H70..,  a  very  mobile  liquid,  having  an  odor 
somewhat  like  that  of  the  pineapple.  It  is  solulde  in  al- 
cohol, ami  is  used,  on  account  of  its  odor,  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  perfumery  and  also  .  .f  artilkial  rum  and  other  spir- 
its. It  is  ])repareil  by  distilling  a  mixture  <d  aletdiol  and 
butyric  acid,  with  the  addition  of  a  little  ether.  Known 
in  trade  as  essence  of  pineapple  or  ananas-oil.  -  Glycerin 
butsrrate  or  butyrin,  t'aU,-,(C4H70o)3,  a  glycerid  or  fat 
wliich  occurs  in  butter. 


butyric 

butyric  (bu-tir'ik),  a.  [<  L.  butyrum,  butter,  + 
-if.J  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  buttor.  Bu- 
tyric acid,  I  ':iH7i  0.1  iH,  a  cdDrkiis  imiliile  li<|iiiil  ImvinK  a 
stronu'.  raiii-i(i  siiu-ll  luul  ai-rid  taatf.  Norinul  Imtyrii-  at-iii 
is  niisciltlf  with  water  liiiil  forms  crystJiUine  salts  with  the 
l>ases.  It  is  pnparicl  frmn  Imtttr,  iir  liy  (eniu'iitini;  sugar 
with  ])utrlil  clu'i'Sf.  It  also  oct-urs  in  f<nl-Iiver  t»il  and 
other  tat*,  in  tlie  juice  of  meat,  and  in  the  perspiratiiin, 
and  is  widel.v  distrilmted  in  tlie  vcRetalilc  kingdom.  Bu- 
tyric ether,  tlie  ^ienerie  name  of  a  ela.s.s  of  eomitonnds 
formed  from  liutvrie  aiid  l^y  tlie  sulislilution  of  one  atom 
of  a  Irasic  oiyanic  radical,  siuli  as  i  lliyl.  for  an  atom  of 
livdrotfen.— Butyric  fermentation,  a  kind  of  fermen- 
tiition  or  piitrefactiou  characterized  liy  the  production  o( 
hut.vric  aeiil.  It  is  eauseil  by  a  niicrohc  licloii|,'ing  to  the 
irenus  nnciilus.    Set' /eniu'ntaiwn. 

butjrril  (bu'ti-ril),  II.  [<  L.  hiitjiriim.  butter,  -I- 
-i7.  J  The  radical  (C3H7CO)  of  butyric  acid  and 
its  derivatives. 

butyrin,  butyrine  (bii'ti-rin),  «.  [<  L.  huty- 
rum,  butter,  +  -/«-,  -ine^.]  A  triglycerid,  C3H5 
(C4H702).3,  which  is  a  constant  constituent  of 
butter,  t")getlier  with  olein,  stearin,  and  other 
glycerids.  It  is  a  neutral  yellowish  liquid  fat, 
having  a  sharp,  bitter  taste. 

butyrous  (bfl'ti-ms),  a.  [<  L.  biiti/rmn,  butter, 
+  -(III-':]     Same  as  hiiti/racfous. 

buxeous  (buk'se-us),  a.  [<  L.  biixeus,  pertain- 
ing to  the  box-tree,  <  buxiis,  the  box-tree :  see 
Buxiit.2  Pertaining  to  the  box-tree  or  resem- 
bling it. 

buxin,  buxine  (buk'sin),  «.  [<  NL.  buxina,  < 
L.  buxiis,  the  box-tree :  see  -iii^,  -iiie^.']  An  al- 
kaloid obtained  from  the  box-tree.  It  has  gener- 
ally the  appearance  of  a  translucent  deep-brown  mass; 
its  taste  is  bitter ;  it  e.xcites  sneezing ;  it  is  insoluble  in 
water,  but  is  dissolved  in  small  quantity  by  alcohol  and 
by  ether. 

buxina  (buk-si'na),  n.    [NL.]    Same  as  biixiiie. 
buxine,  «.     See  buxin. 

buxom  (bitk'sum),  (I.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  biick- 
tiiiiiir,  biicknom,  <  ME.  buxom,  buxum,  boxom, 
bouxoiii,  bossiim,  bughsom  (also,  by  absorption 
of  the  palatal,  boiisom,  boicsom,  mod.  E.  as  if 
*bowsoiiie),  earlier  buhsum,  obedient,  submis- 
sive, <  AS.  "buhsum  (not  found)  (=  D.  buig- 
zaam,  flexible,  submissive,  =  G.  biegsain,  flex- 
ible), <  biigan,  bow,  -1-  -sum,  -some :  see  ftorol, 
buck",  and  -somcl  If.  Yielding  to  pressure; 
flexible;  tmresisting. 

Twise  was  he  secne  in  soaring  Eagles  shape, 
And  with  wide  winges  to  beat  the  buxome  ayre. 

Spen.ier,  F.  Q.,  III.  xi.  34. 
Wing  silently  the  btixom  air.  MUton,  P.  L.,  ii.  842. 

The  crew  with  meriy  shouts  their  anchors  weigh. 
Then  ply  their  oars,  and  brush  the  buxom  sea. 

Dryden,  Cym.  and  Iph.,  1.  CIS. 

2t.  Obedient;  obsequious;  submissive. 

To  be  ever  buxom  and  obedient.  Foxe. 

"For-thi,"  seid  Samuel  to  Saul,  "  god  hjTii-self  hoteth 
The,  be  boxome  at  his  biddynge  his  wille  to  fulfille." 

Piern  Plowman  (B),  iU.  263. 
He  did  tread  down  and  disgrace  all  the  English,  and  set 
up  and  countenance  the  Irish;  thinking  thereby  to  make 
them  more  tractable  and  buxom  to  the  government. 

Speiisfr,  State  of  Ireland. 

3.  Having  health  and  comeliness  together  with 
a  lively  disposition ;  healthy  and  cheerful ;  brisk ; 
jolly ;  lively  and  \'igorous. 

A  daughter  fair, 
So  bxtxom,  blithe,  and  debonair. 

3/17(0)1,  L'AIlegro,  I.  24. 
The  bux&m  god  [Bacchus], 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics. 
A  parcel  of  Mix^iin  bonny  dames.  Taller,  No.  273. 

Such  buxom  chief  shall  lead  his  host 
From  India's  tires  to  Zenibla's  frost. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iii.  4. 
[In  this  sense  the  word  is  now  always  applied  to  girls  or 
women,  and  implies  abundant  health  as  shown  In  plump- 
ness, fresh  color,  and  strength.] 

4 .  Showing  vigor  or  robustness ;  sturdy ; 
fresh;  brisk:  said  of  things:  as,  "bttxom  val- 
our," Shal:,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  6. 

Buxom  health  of  rosy  hue. 
Grait,  Ode  on  a  Prospect  of  Eton  College. 

5t.  Amorous;  wanton.     Bfiilei/. 
buxomt,  I'.  >■     [ME.  buxomen;  <  buxom,  a.]    To 
be  obedient ;  yield. 

To  huxom  to  holi  churche,  and  to  al  the  land  also. 
St.  K'hii.  Cmi/.  (Early  Eng.  Poems,  ed.  Furnivall),  1. 445. 

buxomly  (buk'sum-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  btixomli/, 
buxunili,  etc. ;  <  buxom  +  -ly^.]  If.  Obedient- 
ly; humbly. 

To  condyte  me  fro  Cjtee  to  Cytee,  jif  it  were  nede,  and 
buxomly  to  resceyve  me  and  my  Companye. 

Maiidei'illc,  Travels,  p.  82. 
And  grace  axed  of  god  [that  to  graunten  it  is]  redy 
[To  hem]  that  bommeliche  biddeth  it  and  ben  in  willc  to 
amellden  hem.  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xii.  195. 

2.  In  a  l)uxnm  manner:  briskly:  \'igorously. 
buxomness  (buk'sum-nes),  n.   [<  ME.  biixomnes, 
huxuniius,  buli.iumnes,  etc. ;  <  buxom  +  -iicss.'] 
It.  Obedience;  submissiveness. 


A  branch  of  Box  ( SttJints 
sempet^'irens). 


740 

Bote  1  Rule  thus  thl  Ronmc  Rend  out  my  Rihbes  ! 
gif  hit  bco  so  that  Boxuiniwifxe  beo  at  niyn  assent. 

PierH  Plounnan  (A),  iv.  150. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  buxom;  briskness; 
liveliness  :  healthy  vigor  or  plumpness. 

BviXUS  (biik'sus),  n.  [L.,  the  box-tree,  >  E. 
/"«l,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  jilants  whose  species 
afford  the  valiuililc  liard 
wood  called  boxwooil ;  the 
box.  It  is  tlie  most  northern 
arborescent  plant  of  the  natural 
order  Euphorbiaeeif.  B.  Kemper- 
vireiu!,  the  common  box,  is  a  na- 
tive of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  is 
found  from  tlie  Atlantic  to  China 
and.Tapaii,  sometimes  attaining  a 
height  of  i;o  or  .'iO  feet,  though 
the  trunk  is  seldom  more  than  8 
or  10  inches  in  diameter.  The 
finest  qu.-xlity  of  boxwood  is  from 
the  Levant  and  regions  about  the 
Black  Sea.  anil  is  largely  emiiloy- 
ed  in  wood-engraving,  for  mathe- 
matical and  musical  instruments, 
and  for  turning.  There  are  nu- 
merous varieties  in  cultivation 
for  ornamental  purposes,  includ- 
ing the  common  dwarf  bushy 
form  used  for  garden-edgings. 

buy  (bi),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bought,  ppr.  buying. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  buye,  by,  bic,  bye,  <  ME. 
buyen,  byeii,  bien,  bcycii,  biggcii,  buggeii,  etc.,  < 
AS.  bycgan  (pret.  bohtc,  pp.  bohf)  =  OS.  buggean 
=  Goth,  bugjan  (pret.  bauhUi),  buy;  not  found 
in  the  other  Tent,  tongues ;  connections  doubt- 
ful. Hence  in  comp.  ahij'^,  and  by  perversion 
a6irfe2,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  acquire  the  pos- 
session of,  or  the  right  or  title  to,  by  pajing 
a  consideration  or  an  equivalent,  usually  in 
money ;  obtain  by  paying  a  price  to  the  seller ; 
purchase :  opposed  to  self. 

His  [Emerson's]  plan  for  the  extirpation  of  slavery  was 
to  buy  the  slaves  from  the  planters. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  viii. 
Hence  —  2.  To  get,  acquire,  or  procure  for  any 
kind  of  equivalent :  as,  to  buy  favor  with  flattery. 
Euill  men  take  great  payn  to  buy  Hell— and  all  lor  worldly 

pleasure  — 
Dearer  then  good  men  buy  heauen,  for  God  is  their  trea- 
sure.        Rhodes,  Boke  of  Nurture  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  89. 

I  have  bought 
Golden  opinions  from  all  sorts  of  people. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

3.  To  bribe;  corrupt  or  pervert  by  giving  a 
consideration;  gain  over  by  money,  etc. 

There  is  one  thing  which  the  moat  coiTupt  senates  are 
unwilling  to  sell;  and  that  is  the  power  which  makes 
them  worth  buying.  Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

4.  To  be  sufficient  to  purchase  or  procure; 
serve  as  an  equivalent  in  prociu'ing:  as,  gold 
cannot  buy  health. —  5t.  To  aby;  suffer. 

What?  schal  I  /)f/T/  it  on  my  fleisch  so  deere? 

Chaueer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  167. 

Bought  note,  bought  and  sold  notes.  See  note.— To 
buy  a  borough.  See  boroughi.—lo  buy  againt,  to  re- 
deem.   See  againbuy, 

tiod  save  yow,  that  boughte  agayn  niankynde. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  304. 
To  buy  at  a  bargain.  Seetar.wm.— Tobuyin.  ((t)1'o 
purchase  for  one's  self,  especially  shares  or  stock :  op- 
posed to  sell  out. 

She  ordered  her  husband  to  buy  in  a  couple  of  fresh 
coach-horses.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  109. 

What  minor  and  rival  companies  stood  in  the  way  they 
bought  in.  W.  Barrows,  Oregon,  p.  38. 

(6)  To  buy  for  the  owner  at  a  public  sale,  especially  when 
an  insufficient  price  is  offered.— To  buy  into,  to  obtain 
an  interest  or  footing  in  by  purch.ase.  as  of  the  shares  of 
a  joint-stock  company,  and  formerly  in  England  of  a  com- 
mission in  a  regiment.— To  buy  in  imder  the  rule, 
in  the  stock  exchange,  to  purchase  stock  on  behalf  of  a 
member  to  enable  "him  to  meet  a  short  contract,  or  to 
return  stock  which  had  been  borrowed,  on  notice  being 
given  to  the  chairman,  who  makes  the  purchase. — To  buy 
off.  (a)  In  the  English  service,  to  obtain  a  release  from 
niilitiiry  service  by  a  payment.  (6)  To  get  rid  of  the  op- 
position of  by  payment;  purchase  the  non-intervention 
of;  bribe. 

What  pitiful  things  are  power,  rhetoric,  or  riches,  when 
they  would  terrify,  dissuade,  or  biiy  «/" conscience.  .South. 
To  buy  off  counsel,  to  pay  counsel  not  to  take  employ- 
ment from  the  opposite  party. — To  buy  or  sell  the  bear. 
See  bear':!,  6  (a).— To  buy  out.  (a)  To  buy  off;  redeem. 
Dreading  the  curse  that  money  may  buy  out. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 
(6)  To  purchase  all  the  sh.are  or  sh.ares  of  (a  person)  in  a 
stock,  fund,  or  partnership,  or  all  his  interest  in  a  busi- 
ness:  as,  A  bwis  out  B.— To  buy  over,  to  detach  by  a 
bribe  or  consideration  of  some  sort  from  one  party  and 
attach  to  the  opposite  party.— To  buy  the  bargain 
dear.  See  bargain.— To  buy  the  refusal  of,  to  give 
money  for  the  right  itf  purchasing  at  a  fixed  price  at  a 
future  time. — To  buy  up,  to  purchase  or  acquire  title 
to  the  whole  of,  or  the  whole  accessible  supply  of,  as 
shares,  a  crop,  or  a  stock  of  goods  in  market. 

The  noise  of  this  book's  suppression  made  it  presently 
be  bought  up,  and  tum'd  nmch  to  the  stationer's  advan- 
tage. £!celyn,  Diary,  .\ug.  19,  1674. 

II.  iiilrans.  To  be  or  become  a  purchaser. 

I  will  buy  with  you,  sell  with  you.    Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 


buzzard 

buyable  (bi'a-bl),  n.  [<  buy  +  -able.]  Capa- 
ble of  lieing  bought,  or  of  being  obtained  for 
money  or  other  equivalent. 

The  spiritual  lire  which  is  in  that  man  ...  is  not  btiy- 
able  nor  salable.  Carlyle,  French  Kev.,  II.  i.  2. 

buyer  (bi'fT),  n.  One  who  buys;  a  purchaser; 
a  purchasing  agent. -Buyer's  option,  in  the  stock 

exeliange,  a  i)rivilege  which  a  purchaser  has  of  taking  a 
stipulated  amotmt  of  stock  at  any  time  during  a  specified 
number  of  days :  usually  stated  as  buyer  3,  10,  20,  etc., 
.according  to  the  period  agreed  on.    Often  abbreviated  to 

/'.  0. 

buzt,  bUZZ-'t  (buz),  interj.  [See  buc:^,  n.]  A 
sibilant  soimd  uttered  to  enjoin  silence. 

Pol.  Tite  actors  are  come  hither,  my  lord. 
Ham.  Buz,  buz!  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

Cry  hum 
Thrice,  and  then  buz  as  often. 

B.  .fonson.  Alchemist,  t  1. 

buza  (bH'za),  11.     Same  as  bo:a. 

buzz^  (buz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bii:xd,  ppr.  buzz- 
ing. [First  in  early  mod.  E. ;  formed,  like 
equiv.  biss,  bi::z  (dial.),  and  liirss,  hi;::,  q.  v.,  and 
It.  6H--(care,  whisper,  biKjriehio,  a  buzzing,  in 
imitation  of  the  sound.    Ct.bin".]    I,  intraiis. 

1.  To  make  a  low  hiunming  soiuid,  as  bees; 
emit  a  sound  like  a  prolonged  utterance  of  z, 
as  by  a  slow  expiration  of  intonated  or  sonant 
breath  between  the  tongue  and  the  roof  of  the 
mouth  or  the  upper  teeth. 

.\  swarm  of  ilrones  that  buzz'd  about  your  head.    Pope. 

2.  To  whisper  buzzingly;  speak  with  a  low 
huTuming  voice ;  make  a  low  sibilant  sound. 

II.  trans.   1.  To  make  known  by  buzzing. 

How  would  he  hang  his  slender  gilded  wings, 
And  buzz  lamenting  doings  in  the  air  1 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  whisper ;  spread  or  report  by  whispers  ; 
spread  secretly. 

For  I  will  buzz  abroad  such  prophecies 
That  Edward  shall  be  fearful  of  his  life. 

SAn*-.,  3  Hen.  ^1.,  v.  6- 
In  the  house 
I  hear  it  buzzed  there  are  a  brace  of  doctors, 
A  fool,  and  a  physician. 

B.  Jonson,  Slagnetick  Lady,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  share  equally  the  last  of  a  bottle  of  wine, 
when  there  is  not  enough  for  a  full  glass  to 
each  of  the  party.     [Eng.] 

Get  some  more  port,  .  .  .  whilst  I  6t/2z  this  bottlehere. 
Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxxiv. 

buzzi  (buz),  ».  [<  buzz^,  r.]  1.  A  continuous 
humming  sound,  as  of  bees. 

But  the  temple  was  fuU  "inside  and  out," 

And  a  buzz  kept  buzzing  all  round  about, 

Like  bees  when  the  day  is  sunny. 

Hood,  Miss  Kilmansegg. 

A  day  was  appointed  for  the  grand  migration,  and  on 
that  day  little  Commiinipaw  was  in  a  buzz  and  a  bustle 
like  a  hive  in  swarming  time. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  129. 

The  constant  buzz  of  a  fly.  Macaulay. 

2.  A  confused  humming  soimd,  such  as  that 
made  by  a  number  of  people  busily  engaged 
in  conversation  or  at  work ;  the  confused  hum- 
ming sound  of  bustling  activity  or  stir;  hence, 
a  state  of  activity  or  ferment :  as,  the  buzz  of 
conversation  ceased  when  he  appeared;  my 
head  is  all  in  a  buzz. 

There  is  a  certain  buzz 
Of  a  stolen  marriage.  Massinger. 

There  is  a  buzz  ...  all  around  regarding  the  sermon. 
Thackeray,  Newcomes,  I.  xi 

3.  A  rumor  or  report. 

The  buzz  of  drugs  and  minerals  and  simples. 
Bloodlettings,  vomits,  purges,  or  what  else 
Is  conjur'd  up  by  men  of  art,  to  gull 
Liege-people.  Ford,  Lover's  Mehancholy,  iv.  2. 

'Tw.as  but  a  buzz  devised  by  him  to  set  your  brains 
a-work.  Chapman,  Widow's  Tears,  ii.  1. 

buzz'-t,  "•     [Origin  obscure.]    Gossamer. 
For  all  your  virtues 
Are  like  the  buzzes  growing  in  the  fields, 
So  weakly  fastened  t'ye  by  Nature's  hand, 
That  thus  much  wind  blows  all  away  at  once. 
N.  Field,  .\.  Woman  is  a  Weathercock  (Dodsley's  OM  Eng. 
[Plays,  ed.  Uazlitt,  xi.  37). 

buzz-'t,  interj.     See  buz. 

buzzard  (buz'ard),  11.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
busxiinl,  <  me!  biisard,  bosarde.  bnserd,  busherd 
=  MD.  biiyseierd,  biisaerd,  bushard  =  G.  bus- 
shart.  fiH.s«/flc,  biisarf,  <  OF.  busnrt.  liuzart.  F. 
busard  (with  suffix  -ctrd:  cf.  It.  buzzago  (obs.), 
Tvith  diff.  suffix),  a  buzzard!  <  OF.  biise,  buzc. 
F.  bu.ie  =  It.  *bu:zii.  f.  (obs.),  a  buzzard;  ML. 
"butiii,  f.,  biitiuni,  neut.  (also,  after  Rom.,  but- 
ziis.  bizii.i,  bii^io),  for  butio,  buteo,  L.  buteo,  a  buz- 
zard: see  Buteo.]  I.  n.  1.  In  ornith.:  («)  Any 
hawk  of  the  genus  Ilutco  or  subfamily  Buteo- 
ninw.    (See  these  words.)     The  common  buzzard  of 


buzzard 

Europe  is  li.  vulgarix,  a  liini  about  20  inches  long  and 
about  4  feet  in  spi-eail  of  win;;,  of  \  arieKatftl  <iark-bro\vu 
and  liKht  colors,  lieavy  anil  ratlK-r  Kluj^vrisb,  stoojUiig  to 
small  name.  The  roUfili-U-y^ed  buz/unl  is  Arrliihiitr»  itv/n- 
pun,  with  featliered  siianks.  See  cut  under  A  rchibiiii'tt. 
There  are  many  species  of  lUtli'o,  of  nearly  all  countries. 
{b)  Some  other  hawk,  uot  used  in  fsileonry, 
with  a  qualifying  tenn  to  indicate  the  species: 
as,  the  moor-/; «-;■«;•(/,  Vircu.i  arugiitosKS,  of  Kii- 
rope;  the  hon(iy-fc«-;«)v/,  I'criiia  upivorus ;  tlio 
bald  hu::itrti,  tlic  osprey,  PamliDii  luiliaetiis. 
(c)  An  American  vulture  of  the  family  Ca- 
thartidw;  the  tiu'koy-buzzard,  Cathartcs  aura. 
See  cut  under  Cathartcs. —  2t.  A  blockhead;  a 
dunce. 

Blind  huxmrdes,  who  of  lato  ycares,  of  wilfull  malicious- 
nes,  would  neyther  learne  themselues,  nor  could  teach 
others.  Ascham,  'i'lie  ScholeniiLster,  p.  111. 

3t.  A  coward. — 4.  A  hawk  that  flies  by  night. 
HaUiu'ctl.  [Prov.  Eng.]  Compare  fturracrf-moWi. 
—  Buzzard  dollar,  a  name  applied  by  the  opponents  of 
the  island  liiU  of  1S78  to  the  American  silver  dollar  of  iVih 
grains  coined  in  accordance  with  it,  bearing  as  device 
upon  the  reverse  a  figure  of  an  eagle,  derisively  compared 
to  that  of  a  buzzard. 

Il.t  a.   Senseless;  stupid. 

ThoUKht  no  better  of  the  living  (Jod  than  of  a  buzzard 
idol.  Milt'in,  Eikonoklastes,  i. 

buzzard-clock  (buz'ard-klok),  n.  [E.  dial.,  < 
bi(~~urtl,  tor  biixer,  from  its  buzzing  noise,  + 
cluck,  a,  beetle.]  A  local  name  in  England  for 
the  dor. 

Bimimin'  awaay  loike  a  buzzard-clock. 

Tennynan,  Northern  Farmer,  O.  S. 

buzzardet  (buz-ar-def),  H.  [<  bu:;:ar(l  +  dim. 
-cf.]  A  small  North  American  buzzard  de- 
scribed by  Pennant,  but  not  satisfactorily  iden- 
tified: perhaps  the  young  red-shoulderod  buz- 
zard, Butco  liiicatus :  more  probably  the  broad- 
winged  l)uzzard,  liuttii  iioiiisi/lraiiiciis. 

buzzard-hawk  (buz'iird-hak),  «.  A  hawk  of 
the  sulifaiiiily  Buteonincc. 

buzzardly  (buz'iird-li),  a.  [<  buzzard  +  -?yi.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  buzzard;  like  a  buzzard. 

buzzard-moth  (buz'iird-moth),  «.  A  kind  of 
s|iliinx  or  hawk-moth. 

buzzer  (buz'er),  «.  1.  One  who  buzzes;  a 
whisperer;  one  who  is  busy  in  telling  tales  se- 
cretly. SUak. — 2.  A  call  or  alarm  making  a 
low  buzzing  sound,  used  when  it  is  desirable 
to  avoid  loud  noise. — 3.  A  polishing-wheel  used 
in  cutlery-work. 

buzzing  (buz'ing),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  6«««1, «).]    1. 
Kesemljling  a  buzz. 
A  \u\\  buzzing  musical  sound.    Lamb,  Quaker's  Meeting. 

2.  Making  a  buzzing  sound  or  hum:  as,  the 
bii::::iii<i  multitude. 

buzzingly  (buz'ing-li),  adr.  In  a  buzzing  man- 
ner: with  a  low  humming  sound. 

buzzom  (buz'um),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  bussom, 
var.  of  b<s(»ii,  q.  v.]  A  dialectal  form  of  be- 
som.    Brockett. 

buzz-saw  (buz'sa),  H.  A  circular  saw :  so  call- 
ed from  its  sound  when  in  action. 

buzzy  (buz'i),  fl.  [<  buzz+  -I/''-.]  Full  of  buzz- 
ing; buzzing. 

byi  (bi),  prcji.  and  adv.  [<  ME.  hy,  hi,  also  be, 
<  AS.  hi,  bifi,  also  be  (in  eomp.  be-,  under  ac- 
cent /)(-,  l)i<l-:  see  ftf-l,  be-^),  =  OS.  bi,  bi,  be  = 
OFrios.  bI,'be  =  MLG.  hi,  LG.  bi,bi/  =  B.  bij  = 
OHG.  bi,  pi,  bi,  MHG.  bi,  G.  bei  =  Goth,  bi,  by, 
about,  orig.  meaning  'about,'  whence  in  AS., 
etc.,  by,  near,  at,  through,  according  to,  con- 
cerning, etc.;  related  to  L.  aiiibi-  =z  Gr.  a/ifi, 
and  Skt.  abhi,  about:  see  ambi-,  aiiiplii-.  Hence 
the  prefixes  by-^  =  ?«-l,  by-~  =  be-~,  by-3.'\  I. 
Iire/i.  1.  Near;  close  to;  beside;  with;  about: 
as,  sit  by  me ;  the  house  stands  by  a  river. 

Go  to  your  rest,  and  I'll  sit  6i/  you. 

Fletcher,  Sea  Voyage,  iv.  2. 

They  punish  rigorously  them  that  rob  by  the  high  way. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

A  good  poet  can  no  more  be  without  a  stock  of  similes 
by  him,  than  a  shoemaker  without  his  lasts. 

Swi/t,  To  a  Young  Poet. 

He  himself  has  not  the  monies  &.)/ him,  but  is  forced  to  sell 
st^ick  at  a  great  loss.    Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

2.  Near,  or  up  to  and  beyond,  with  reference 
to  motion ;  jjast:  as,  to  move  or  go  by  a  chui'ch. 

Thou  hast  pass'd  by  the  ambush  of  young  days, 
Either  not  assail'd,  or  victor  being  charged. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  Ixx. 
This  music  crept  fry  me  upon  the  waters. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

3.  Along  (in  direction  or  progress) ;  in  or 
through  (the  course  of) ;  over  or  alongside  of: 
as,  to  approach  a  town  by  the  highway. 

We  .  .  .  took  our  journey  into  the  wilderness  by  the 
way  of  the  lied  sea.  Deut.  ii.  1. 


741 

By  the  margin,  willow. veil'd, 
Slide  the  heavy  barges. 

Te/mymni,  Lady  of  Shalott,  i. 

4.  On;  upon;  especially,  through  or  on  as  a 
means  of  conveyance:  as,  he  journeyed  both 
by  water  and  by  rail. 

I  woidd  have  fought  by  land,  where  I  was  stronger. 

Dryden,  All  for  Love,  ii.  1. 

5.  Through,  (o)  Through  the  action  or  opera- 
tion of,  as  the  immediate  agent  or  the  producing 
or  instigating  cause:  as,  the  empire  founded 
by  Napoleon ;  a  novel  written  by  Cooper;  the 
victories  gained  by  Nelson ;  a  picture  pamted 
hy  Rubens.  [Iji  this  use  especially  after  jiassive  verbs 
or  participles,  the  participle  Ijeing  often  omitted :  as,  a 
novel  by  ( 'oopcr  ;  a  picture  by  Kubens.  ] 

All  things  were  made  by  him.  John  i.  3. 

i*rompted  to  my  revenge  by  heaven  and  hell. 

Shak.,  Handet,  ii.  2. 

(6)  \yith  the  perception  of,  as  the  subject  or 
recipient  of  the  actiim  or  feeling :  as,  he  died 
regretted  by  all  who  knew  him  ;  this  was  felt  iiy 
them  to  be  an  intentional  slight,  (c)  Through 
the  means  or  agency  of,  as  the  intermediate 
agent  or  instrument :  as,  the  city  was  destroyed 
by  fire. 

There  perished  not  many  by  the  swoorde,  but  all  by  the 
extremitye  of  famine  which  tliey  themselves  had  wrought. 
Spetmer,  State  of  Ireland. 
Noble  Melantius,  the  land  by  me 
Welcomes  thy  virtues  home  tcj  Rhodes. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  1. 
All  our  miserie  and  trouble  hath  bin  either  by  a  King 
or  by  our  necessary  vindication  and  defence  against  him. 
Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  x. 
Muley  Abul  Hassan  saw  hy  the  fires  blazing  on  the  moun- 
tains that  the  country  was  rising.     Iri'iwf,  Granada,  p.  77. 

(d)  Tlirough  the  use  of;  with  the  aid  of,  as 
means:  as,  to  take  by  force  ;  by  your  leave. 

He  called  his  brothers  by  name,  and  their  replies  gave 
comfort  to  his  heart.  Ireiiiy,  (Jranada,  p.  95. 

And  holding  them  back  by  their  flowing  locks. 

Tennyson,  The  Merman,  ii. 

({■)  In  consequence  of ;  by  virtue  of. 

I  have  endeavoured  to  shew  how  some  passages  are 
beautiful  by  being  sublime,  others  by  being  soft,  others  by 
being  natural.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  369. 

And  how  it  ends  it  matters  not, 
By  heait-break  or  by  ritle-shot. 

iVhittier,  Mogg  Megone,  i. 

6.  In  adjuration:  Before;  in  the  presence  of ; 
with  the  ■witness  of;  with  regard  to  things,  in 
view  of,  in  consideration  of :  followed  by  the 
name  of  the  being  or  thing  appealed  to  as 
sanction:  as,  I  appeal  to  you  by  all  that  is 
sacred. 

The  common  oath  of  the  Scythians  was  by  the  swoord, 
and  by  the  fire.  Spenaer,  State  of  Ireland. 

Swear  not  at  all ;  neither  by  heaven  ;  for  it  is  God's 
tlirone ;  nor  by  the  earth ;  for  it  is  his  footstool. 

Mat.  v.  34,  35. 

By  Pan  I  swear,  beloved  Perigot, 
And  by  yon  mcjon,  I  think  thou  lov'st  me  not. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iii.  1. 

7.  According  to ;  by  direction,  authority,  ex- 
ample, or  evidence  of:  as,  this  appears  by  his 
own  account;  it  is  ten  o'clock  by  my  watch; 
these  are  good  rules  to  live  by. 

They  live  by  your  base  words.     Shak.,  T.  O.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 

First  follow  Nature,  and  your  judgment  frame 

By  her  just  standard.     Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  69. 

8.  In  the  measure  or  quantity  of ;  in  the  terms 
of:  as,  to  sell  cloth  by  the  yard,  milk  by  the 
quart,  eggs  hy  the  dozen,  beef  i^  the  pound; 
to  board  by  the  week. 

Two  thousand  ducats  by  the  year. 

SAaJr.,  T.  of  theS.,  iLl. 

9.  In  comparison:  To  the  extent  of:  noting 
mensm-ation  or  the  measure  or  ratio  of  excess 
or  inferiority :  as,  larger  by  a  half ;  older  by  five 
years;  to  lessen  by  a  third. 

Be  .als  mckil  als  the  forscidc  l.vglit.  to  the  w(.rilu-p  of  iiod 
an  h<)ly  ("hirche,  lcstynj,'licbc  iii  tyiiie  comyng.  witlioutcn 
help  of  mennys  deuocion  nc  may  not  he  nicyntencd  antt 
kept.  .        English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  45. 

Too  long  by  half  a  mile.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

10.  Multiplied  into:  noting  the  relation  of  one 
dimension  to  another  (in  square  or  cubic  mea- 
sure) :  as,  five  feet  by  four,  that  is,  measuring 
five  feet  in  one  tlirection  and  four  feet  in  the 
other. —  11.  During  the  course  of;  within  the 
compass  or  period  of:  as,  by  day:  by  night. 

Dauid  by  hus  dales  dobbede  knyjtes. 

Piers  Plomnan  (C),  ii.  102. 

Old  men  yn  prouerbe  sayde  by  old  tyme 
'*  A  chyld  were  beter  to  be  vnbore 
Thau  to  be  vutaught.  and  so  be  lore." 

Babces  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  399. 


by 

Then  rose  the  King  and  moved  his  host  hij  night. 

Tt-nnyxou,  I'lissiiiy  <»f  Arthur. 

12.  At  (a  terminal  point  of  time);  not  later 
than ;  as  early  as :  as,  bt/  this  time  the  sun  had 
risen;  he  will  he  here  by  two  o'clock. 

lit/  tile  morwe.   Chaucer,  I'uA.  to  Manciple's  Talc,  1.  IC. 
But  If}/  tliat  they  were  ik'ot  within  sight  of  thcni,  the 
women  were  in  a  very  great  sculUe. 

Bunymi,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i>.  247. 
The  cholera  will  Imve  killed  btj  the  end  uf  the  year  about 
one  person  in  every  thuusand. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  the  Countess  Grey. 

13.  At  a  time;  each  separately  or  singly:  as, 
one  hij  one;  two  by  two;  piece  by  piece. 

I'uint  hy  point,  argiiiuenttv  argument. 

Jlouker,  Eccles.  Pol..  I'ref. 

14.  With  reference  to ;  in  relation  to;  about; 
concerning;  with:  formerly  especially  after 
say  J  speaky  etc  ,  now  chietly  after  rfo,  act,  dealy 
etc. 

And  so  I  sey  by  the  that  sekest  after  the  whyes. 
And  aresonedest  resoun.   VUrs  Plowman  {ii),  \\\.  217. 
I  sey  not  this  bu  wyves  that  ben  wise. 

Chaxtcer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  229. 

Thus  prophecy  says  hy  nie.    Tojc-neley  Mynteries,  p.  212. 

They  secretly  made  4-iiiiiiiry  whore  I  had  Hued  before, 

what  my  wordes  and  btlnuiitiui   bad  beene  while  I  was 

there,  but  they  conlde  tlnde  nothing  by  me. 

W\-bbe,  Travels,  p.  31. 

Thou  hast  spoken  evil  words  by  the  tuieen.  t'oxe. 

To  do  61/  scripture  and  the  gospel  according  to  conscience 

is  not  to  do  evil.  Milton,  Civil  Power. 

In  his  behaviour  to  me,  he  hath  dealt  hardly  by  a  rela- 
tion. Fielding. 

15.  Besides;  over  and  above ;  beyond.  [North. 
Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

This  ship  was  of  so  great  stature,  and  took  so  much 
timber,  that,  except  Falkland,  she  wasted  all  the  woods  in 
Fife,  whicli  was  oak-wood,  by  all  timber  that  was  gotten 
out  of  Norroway.    Pi7*oo«tV,  Chron.  of  Scotland,  an.  1511. 

By  book,  by  the  book.    See  b>iok.~'Ry  north,  south, 

east,  west  innut.),  next  in  the  direction  stated:  phrases 
used  in  dfsi^'iiatiiij^  the  points  of  the  compass:  a.s,  north- 
east by  luirth  (between  N.  E.  and  N.  N.  £.)■  See  compaxts. 
—  By  one's  self  or  itself.  («)  Apart ;  separated  from 
others ;  alone. 

When  I  am  in  a  serious  humour,  I  very  often  walk  by 

myself  in  Westminster  Abbey, 

Addieon,  Thoughts  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

As  a  child  will  long  for  his  companions,  but  among  them 

plays  by  himself.  Emerson,  Clubs. 

(&)  Without  aid  ;  by  individual  action  exdiisively  :  as,  I 

did   it   all  by   mi/self.      [Colloq.]~By   the   board.      See 

board.~By  the  "by.  See  byi,  h.— By  the  head  {mutt.). 
the  state  of  a  vessel  so  loaded  as  to  draw  more  forwaril 
than  aft:  opposite  to  by  the  stein.—  'By  the  lee,  said  of 
a  ship  when  the  wind  takes  the  sails  un  the  wrong  side. 

Shoote  him  through  and  thnnigh  with  a  jest;  make  him 
lye  by  the  lee,  thou  Basilisco  of  witte. 

Mariiton,  Wliat  You  Will,  ii,  1, 

By  the  stem  {nauf.),  with  greater  tlraft  aft  than  for- 
ward.—By  the  way.  («)  on  the  road  ;  in  the  course  of 
a  journey  :  as,  they  fell  out  by  the  way.  (b)  Incidentally  ; 
in  the  course  of  ones  remarks :  hence  used  as  an  inter* 
jectional  phrase  introducing  an  incidental  remark :  as, 
by  the  way,  have  you  receiveil  that  letter  yet?    (CVdloq.) 

Their  actions  are  worthy  not  thus  t^>  be  spoken  of  by  the 
way.  Milton,  .apology  for  Sniectynniuus. 

By  the  wind  {naut.),  as  near  to  the  proper  course  as  the 
wind  will  permit ;  close-h;iuled.  — By  way  Of.  {a)  As  an 
example  or  instance  of,  {b)  On  the  point  of ;  jnst  about 
to:  as,  when  I  saw  him  he  was  by  uay  0/ going  to  lirigh- 
ton.  [Colloq.,  Eng.I  (c)  Through:  as,  we  came  ^y  imi/ 0/ 
Boston.— To  set  store  by.    See  store. 

H.  (i<h-.  [The  adverbial  use  is  not  found  in 
AS.,  and  is  rare  in  ME.]  1.  Near;  in  the 
same  place  with;  at  hand:  often  (before  the 
verb  always)  (jualified  by  a  more  definite  ad- 
verb: as,  near  by;  close  by;  hard  by. 
You  did  kneel  to  roe, 
\Miilst  I  stood  stubborn  aiui  regardless  bij. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Kin;;  and  Xo  King,  iii  1. 
Ue  now  retired 
Unto  a  neighb'ring  castle  bt/. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  iii.  301. 

2.  Aside;  off. 

Let  them  lay  by  their  helmets  and  their  spears. 

Shak.,  Kich.  II.,  i.  3. 
lie  no  more  Christians,  put  religion  by. 
Twill  make  ye  cowards. 

Flcteher,  Tlie  Pilgrim,  ii.  2. 

3.  Of  motion:  Across  in  front  or  alongside 
and  beyond :  as,  the  carriage  went  by. 

By  your  leave,  my  masters  there,  pray  you  lets  come  by. 
B.  Jonson,  Cynthiajs  Kevels,  v.  2. 
Pray  you,  walk  by,  and  say  nothing. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  U.  4. 

4.  Of  time:  In  the  past;  over. 

The  moon  among  the  clouds  rode  high. 
And  all  the  city  hum  was  by. 

Scott,  Marmion,  v.  20. 

[For  by  in  composition,  see  6//-3.] 
By  and  by.    (at)  A  repetition  of  by,  near,  close  by :  used 
esjiecially  in  reference  to  a  regular  series,  one  after  an- 
other. 


by 

IVo  yonge kniglitcs ligtrsng 61/ oiirf fcy. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Talc,  1.  153. 

These  were  his  wordis  bi/  and  bit. 

Rom.  o.f  the  Rose,  1.  4581. 
In  tlie  temple,  by  ami  b}i  with  tis, 
These  couples  shall  cterniill.v  be  knit. 

ahak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 
(&t)  At  once  ;  straightway;  innnediately ;  then. 

After  that  you  hauodyned  and  .supte,  hlbolire  not  bi/aiid 
bj/  after,  liut  malie  a  jiause.  syttynge  or  stamlynge  vpryght 
the  space  of  an  howre  or  more  with  some  pastyine. 

Bahees  r,wik  (E.  V..  T.  .S.),  p.  247. 

AVhen  .  .  .  persecution  ariseth  because  of  the  word,  bfj 
ami  bii  [Gr.  tvOvs,  imniediatelyj  he  is  oJfended. 

Mat.  xiii.  21. 
Tlicy  do,  and  by-and-by  repent  them  of  that  which  they 
liave  done.  liurton,  Auat.  of  Mel.,  p.  2;J7. 

(c)  At  some  time  in  the  future  ;  before  long ;  presently. 

I'm  so  vexed,  that  if  I  had  not  the  prospect  of  a  resource 
in  being  knocked  o'  the  liead  by  and  by,  I  should  scarce 
have  spirits  to  tell  you  the  cause. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 
By  and  large,  in  all  its  length  and  breadth ;  in  every 
a.sja-ct  :  a-;,  taking  it  by  and  la  rye ,  this  is  the  most  com- 
jireht-nsive  theory  yetbroacheil. — By  and  maint,  by  ijotli 
side  and  main  passages  ;  on  all  sides. 

Thou !  no,  no,  I  have  barred  thee  by  and  main,  for  I 
have  resolved  not  to  light  for  them. 

Killigrew,  Parson's  Wedding,  ii.  5. 
Full  and  by.  Heefuin. 
byl,  byel  (bl),  «.  [<  b>/,prep.  and  orfc;  in  older 
use  only  in  the  plirase.s  by  the  hi/  and  in,  on,  or 
ujwn  the  btj  (see  def.) ;  due  to  ft//l,  adv.,  in  eomp. 
6^-3.  In  sporting  use  commonly  spelled  6(/f.] 
1.  A  thing  not  directly  aimed  at;  something 
not  the  immediate  object  of  regard:  as,  by  the 
by  (that  is,  by  the  way,  in  passing). — 2.  The 
eonditiou  of  being  odd,  as  opposed  to  even  ;  the 
state  of  ha^^ng  no  competitor  in  a  contest 
where  several  are  engaged  in  paii-s.  Thus,  in 
field  trials  of  dogs,  when  the  immber  of  tliose  entered  for 
competition  in  pau-s  is  uneven,  the  odd  contestant  is  said 
to  have  a  by. 

3  In  cricket,  a  run  made  on  a  baU  not  struck 
by  the  batsman,  but  which  the  wicket-keeper 
has  failed  to  stop. — 4.  In  the  game  of  hide- 
and-seek,  the  goal :  as,  to  touch  the  by.  [New 
England.]  —By  the  hy.  («t)  Same  as  in,  on,  or  iijion 
the  by.  (b)  By  the  way:  introducing  an  incidental  re- 
mark. 

Ry  the  by,  I  hope  'tis  not  true  that  your  brother  is  ab- 
solutely ruined?  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 
There  is  an  old  tough  aunt  in  the  way  ;  — though,  by  the 
by,  she  has  never  seen  my  master  —  for  we  got  acquainted 
with  miss  while  on  a  visit  in  Gloucestershire. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  1. 
In,  on,  or  upon  the  byt,  in  passing ;  indirectly ;  by 
implication. 

It  would  beget 
Me  such  a  main  authority  on  the  bye. 
And  do  youi'self  no  disrepute  at  all. 

B.  Joiuon,  Magnetick  Lady,  i.  1. 
Speak  modestly  in  mentioning  my  services  ; 
And  if  aught  fall  out  in  the  by,  that  must 
Of  mere  necessity  touch  any  act 
Of  my  deserving  praises,  blush  when  you  talk  on  't. 
Bean,  and  Ft.,  Laws  of  Candy,  iii.  2. 
The  SjTiod  of  Dort  condemneth  ttpon  the  bye  even  the 
discipline  of  the  Church  of  England. 

Quoted  in  Fidler's  Church  Hist.,  X.  v.  1. 
To  steal  a  by,  in  cricket,  to  make  a  run  on  a  ball  which 
has  not  been  batted,  but  which  the  wicket-keeper  has 
failed  to  stop. 

He  (the  batsman]  is  never  in  his  ground,  except  when 
his  wicket  is  down.    Nothing  in  the  whole  game  so  trying 
to  boys ;  he  has  stolen  three  byes  in  the  fli-st  ten  minutes. 
T.  Huyhes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  ii.  8. 

byZf,  n.  [ME  by,  bi,  <  AS.  by  =  Icel.  byr,  ba-r,  or 
bier  (gen.  birjar,  byjar)  =  Norw.  bii  ="Sw.  Dan. 
by,  a  town,  -village,  in  Icel.  and  Norw.  also  a 
farm,  landed  estate;  akin  to  AS.  bu  =  OS.  bu 
=  Icel.  6k  =  S\v.  Dan.  ho,  a  dwelling,  habita- 
tion, >  Sc.  how  (see  bow^),  <  AS.  huan  =  Icel. 
bua,  dwell:  see  botver^,  boor,  biefi,  6el,  and  cf. 
by-la  W.J  A  town;  habitation;  dwelling:  now 
extant  only  in  place-names,  especially  in  the 
north  of  England,  as  in  Derbii  (Anglo-Saxon 
Deora  by,  literally  'dwelling  of  deer'),  Whitby, 
etc. 
The  township,  the  by  of  the  Northern  shires. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  I.  90. 

by't,  n.     [Another  and  more  reg.  form  of  bce^, 
<  ME.   bye,   byge,  beiejhe,  beg,  beh,  etc.,   <  AS. 
bcdh,  bcdg,  a  ring :  see  bee-. J    A  ring ;  a  brace- 
let. 
A  by  of  gold,  adorning  the  right  arm.  Planclu'. 

by^t,  V.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  buy. 

by't,  V.  i.    An  obsolete  variant  of  feci. 

by-l.  It.  An  obsolete  variant  of  fei-l,  6(;-l  (un- 
accented). See  fee-l.— 2.  The  modern  fonn  of 
6i-l,  6e-l,  under  the  accent,  as  in  byspell,  byword, 
etc. 

by-2t.    An  obsolete  variant  of  68-2,  Jf-2. 

bT-3.  The  adverb  %l  used  as  a  prefix.  This  use 
flrst  appears  in  the  sixteenth  century,  by-  being  a  quasl- 


742 

adjective,  meaning  side,  secondary,  as  in  by-path,  bp'Street, 

byirny,  by-play,  by-stroke,  etc. 

by-aimt  (bi'ara),  H.  A  side  aim;  a  subordinate 
uiiii ;  a  by-end. 

by-altar  "(bi'al"tiir),  n.  1.  A  minor  or  secon- 
<l;iry  ;iltur,  in  distinction  from  the  higli  altar; 
any  otlier  altar  than  the  chief  one  in  a  churcli: 
now  comraonl}'  called  side  iiU<ir. —  2.  A  name 
given  by  some  writers  on  Christian  arcliuiology 
to  a  table  standing  beside  the  altar,  for  hold- 
ing the  vestments,  the  sacred  vessels,  etc. ;  a 
credence. 

byarh  «.    See  byre. 

byard  (bi'iird),  n.  [Appar.  a  variant  form  and 
use  of  bayard",  q.  v.]  A  liaud  of  leather  cross- 
ing the  breast,  used  by  men  for  dragging  wag- 
ons in  coal-mines. 

byast.     See  bias. 

byats  (bi'ats),  n.  pi.     Same  as  bunions. 

by-ball  (bi'bal),  w.     In  cricket,  same  as  6jl,  3. 

by-bidder  (bi'bid'er),  n.  A  person  employed 
at  public  auctions  to  bid  on  articles  put  up  for 
sale,  in  order  that  the  seller  may  obtain  higher 
prices. 

by-blo'W  (bi'blo),  71.  1.  A  side  or  accidental 
blow. 

Now  and  then  a  by-blow  from  the  pulpit. 

Milton,  Colasterion. 
How  finely,  like  a  fencer. 
My  father  fetches  his  by-blows  to  hit  me  ! 

Middleton  and  Dekkcr,  Roaring  Girl,  i.  1. 

2t.  An  illegitimate  child.     [Colloq.  or -vulgar.] 
The  natural  brother  of  the  king  —  a  by-blow. 

Massinger,  Maid  of  Honour,  i.  1. 
by-book   (bi'btik),  «.      A  note-  or  memoran- 
dum-book;    a    subordinate    book    containing 
notes  or  jottings  to  be  afterward  extended  in 
due  form. 

(Lord's  day.)  To  my  ofBce,  and  there  fell  on  entering, 
out  of  a  bye-book,  part  of  my  second  journall-book,  which 
hath  lily  these  two  years  and  more  unentered. 

Pepys,  Diary,  II.  87. 
by-business  (Wbiz'-'nes),  n.  Business  aside 
from  the  main  business ;  something  quite  sec- 
ondary or  subordinate.  Barrow. 
by-by  (bi'bi'),  inlerj.  [Also  -written  bye-bye: 
a  childish  or  humgrous  variation  of  good-by, 
q.  v.]  Good-by:  a  ehOdish  form  of  farewell, 
sometimes  used  humorously  by  grown  people. 

"Well,  you  are  going  to  be  in  a  passion,  I  see,  and  I  shall 
only  interrupt  you — so,  bye-bye. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 
bycauset,  conj.    An  obsolete  form  of  becauae. 
by-cause  (bi'kaz),  n.    [<  %-•*  4-  cause.']    A  sec- 
ondary cause. 

I  .  .  .  was  one  cause  (a  by-cause)  why  the  purse  was 
lost.  B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  i'air,  iii.  1. 

bycet,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  bice. 

byckornet,  «•     -An  obsolete  form  of  hickern. 

bycockett  (bi'kok-et),  11.  [Also  variously 
\\Titten  abocock,  abococked,  ahococket,  abocked, 
ahoeket,  and  aba- 
cot,  con'upted 
forms  due  to 
misreading  or 
misprinting  of 
bycocket.  <  late 
ME.  hycoket 

(Halliwell),  < 
OF.  hicoquet,  a 
bycocket,  a  kind 
of  cap  (cf. 
"  biqitoqitet,  the 
beak  of  a  la- 
dies mourning 
hood"  —  Cot- 
grave),  prob.  < 
hi-  (L.  bis),  dou- 
ble, +  coque  0 
E.  cock),  a  shell, 
a  boat.  The  al- 
lusion is  to  the 
shape.]  A  kind  of  hat  worn  diuing  the  four- 
teenth, fifteenth,  and  sixteenth  eenttu'ies,  prob- 
ably by  noble  and  wealthy  persons  only,  it  was 
of  the  form  called  by  heralds '(*«/>  0/  niaintfoanef,  that 
is,  with  the  brim  turned  up  either  before  or  litbiml,  and 
with  a  long  point  or  beak,  or  two  such  i)i>ints.  ojiposite. 
Modern  representations  generally  give  it  with  tlic  point 
or  points  behind  ;  but  the  more  lomnion  form  in  the  mid- 
dle ages  seems  to  have  had  the  point  in  front,  as  in  the 
illustration. 

by-common  (bi-kom'on),  a.  [<  by^,  prep.,  be- 
yond, -I-  common.  Cf.  hy-ordinary.J  More  than 
common:  uncommon.     [Scotch.] 

by-concernment  (bi'kon-sern''ment),  n.  A 
suljordinate  or  subsidiary  affair.     Dryden. 

bycornet,  ".    -Aji  obsolete  form  of  bickcrn. 
■Set  rakes,  erookes,  adses.  and  Itycornrs, 
And  double  bited  axes  for  thees  thornes. 

Palladius,  Huabondrie  (E.  E.  I.  S.),  p.  ii. 


Bycocket  of  the  isthcentuo'.  i  From  VioIIet- 
le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran^ais," ) 


bylander 

by-corner  (bi'kor'ner),  n.  A  private  or  out-of- 
tlic-wiiy  comer,     ilassinrjcr  :  Fuller. 

by-course  (bi'kors),  v.  An  irregular  or  im- 
proper course  of  action. 

If  thou  forsake  not  these  unprofitable  by-conrses. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 

byddet,  r.  and  n.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bid. 

bydet,  ''.     An  obsolete  form  of  bide. 

by-dependencyt  (bi'dc-pen'den-si),  n.  Some- 
tliing  depending  on  something  else;  an  acces- 
sory circumstance.     .Shak.,  CjTnbeline,  v.  i). 

by-design    (bi'de-zin"),   71.     An   incidental  or 
subordinate  design  or  purpose. 
They'll  serve  for  other  by-desiyns.    S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 

by-doing  (bi'do-ing),  n.  Subordinate  or  collat- 
eral action;  private  doing. 

by-drinkingt  (bi'dring"king),  «.  A  drinking 
between  meals. 

You  owe  money  here  besides,  Sir  John,  for  your  diet 
and  bthdrinkinys.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV..  iii.  3. 

by-d'weller  (bi'dweF6r),  n.     One  who  dwells 

near ;  a  neighbor. 

bye^t,  p>rep.  and  adv.    See  by^. 

byel,  n.     See  6^1. 

bye-t,  «.     See  *]/2. 

bye^t,  n.     See  by^. 

bye^t,  ''.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  buy. 

bye-ball  (bi'bal),  «.     In  cricket,  same  as  6(/l,  3. 

by-election  (bi'f-lek'shon),  n.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, an  election  field  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  ParMa- 
meut. 

by-end  (bi'end),  )(.  1.  Aprivateend;  a  secret 
purpose  or  design. 

To  have  other  by-ends  in  good  actions  sours  laudable 
performances.  Sir  T'.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  L  10. 

All  persons  that  worship  for  fear,  profit,  or  some  other 
by-end,  fall  withis  the  intendment  of  this  fable. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

2.  An  incidental  or  subsidiary  aim  or  object. 

ramijhleteer  or  journalist  readuig  for  an  argument  for 
a  l>arty,  or  reading  to  wTite,  or,  at  all  events,  for  some  by- 
end  imposed  on  them,  must  read  meanly  and  fragmen- 
tarily.  Emerson,  Universities. 

byert,  »■     -Aji  obsolete  form  of  byre. 

by-fello'W  (bi'fel"6),  n.  In  English  universities, 
a  name  given  to  one  who  has  been  elected  to 
a  by-f eUowship ;  a  fellow  out  of  the  regular 
course.  In  some  colleges  a  by-fellow,  even  when  over 
age,  can  be  elected  to  a  regular  fellowship  when  a  vacancy 
occurs. 

by-fellcwship  (WfeVo-ship),  w.  In  English 
universities,  a  secondary  or  nominal  fellowship. 

Tliere  are  some  Bye-Fellowships,  however,  in  the  small 
colleges  whose  value  is  merely  nominal  —some  £5  or  £6  a 
year.  C.  A.  Bristed,  English  Iniversity,  p.  131,  note. 

byggi  bygg2,  etc.     See  bif/i-,  big^,  etc. 

bygirdlet,  "•  [ME.,  also  bigirdle,  hygyrdylle, 
higurdle,  bigurdel,  <  AS.  higyrdcl,  bigirdel,  big- 
gyrdel  (=  MHG.  higiirtel),  <  bi,  bi,  by,  +  gyrdel, 
girdle :  see  by^  and  girdle,  and  cf.  begird.]  A 
pmse  hanging  from  the  girdle  or  belt. 

The  bagges  and  the  biyurdeles,  he  hath  to-broken  hem  alle, 
Tliat  the  Erl  auarous  lielde.     Piers  Plowman  (B),  viii  S6. 

bygone  (bi'gon),  a.  and  n.  [<  fcyl,  adr.,  +  gone, 
pp.  of  (/«.]  I.  a.  Past;  gone  by;  hence,  out  of 
date;  antiquated:  as,  "thy  bygone  fooleries," 
Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

Tlie  Cliancellor  was  a  man  who  belonged  to  a  bygone 
world,  a  representative  of  a  past  age,  of  obsolete  modes 
of  thinking.  Macatday,  .Sir  \V.  Temple. 

It  is  the  test  of  excellence  in  any  department  of  art, 
that  it  can  never  be  bygone. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  178. 

II.  H.  What  is  gone  by  and  past:  as,  that 
is  a  bygone;  let  bygones  be  bygones;  "let  old 
bygones  be,"  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

by-hour  (bi'our),  n.     A  leisure  hour. 

by-interest  (bS'in'ter-est),  h.  Self-interest; 
private  advantage.     Atterbury. 

by-intimation  (bi'in-ti-ma'shon),  H.  An  inti- 
mation, wlietiier  by  speech,  look,  gestiU'e,  or 
other  means,  so  conveyed  as  to  be  unobser\'ed 
by  those  for  whom  it  is  not  intended ;  an  aside. 

There  were  no  by-intimations  to  make  the  auiiienee 
fancy  their  own  discernment  so  much  greater  than  that  of 
the  iloor.  Lamb,  Old  Actors. 

byke,  «.     See  bike. 

bykert,  '•.  and  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  fticterl. 

bylandt,  «.     [<.  hyT- -h  land.]    A  peninsula.   ^Vlso 

spelled  biland. 

If  1  tind  various  devices  resorted  to  by  wTiters  at  the 
beginning  nf  that  same  century  to  express  a  tract  of  land 
almost  surrounded  by  sea.  so  that  they  employ  ''biland,^' 
"demi-isle,"  "  denii-island."  I  .am  able,  without  much  hesi- 
tation, to  affirm  that  "peninsula"  was  not  yet  acknow- 
ledged to  be  English. 

-ibp.  Trench.  Deficiencies  in  Eng.  Diets.,  p.  4ft 

bylander,  «.    See  bilander. 


by-lane 

by-lane  (bi'lan),  ".    A  jtrivate  lane,  or  one 

foriuiiifj  a  liywiiy.  Burton. 
by-law  (I)i'lil),  M.  [Fonuoily  explainodandnow 
generally  aeeepted  as  made  up  of  fci/l  (by-^) 
and  laii'^,  as  if  'a  subordinate  or  secondary 
law,'  but  in  fact  the  elements  are  lii/",  a  town, 
+  /((H'l,  after  Dan.  liylor,  municipal  law  (cf. 
Dan.  hilar,  an  amendment  to  a  law,  developed 
from  liylar,  but  now  regarded  as  simply  <  bi-  (= 
(i.  bn-  =  10.  bi/-'-^)  +  li>r=  E.  /<(«•!),  =  Sw.  bi/ldij, 
the  commonalty  of  a  village,  the  older  form 
being  Sc.  and  North.  E.  byrliiw,  also  WTitton 
burlaw,  birUiw,  in  comp.  even  birlei/,  barley, 
<  late  ME.  byre  law,  "aijraria,  jilobiscilum" 
(Oath.  Anglicum)  (ML.  birehyia,  birlegia,  bi- 
lafia;  biliKjliirs,  bcUariinis,  pi.;  lienee  prob.  hil- 
/(((/( 1,  <(.  v.),  prop,  town-law  (see  bi/rhiw),  <  Icel. 
baj<rr-loii,  towu-law  (cf.  bajar-ldijiiiaillir,  a  town- 
justieo,  'byrlaw-man'),  <  byjar,  bwjar,  gen.  of 
byr,  Ixer,  or  bwr  (=  Norw.  bo  =  8w.  Dan.  by  = 
AS.  by:  see  by^),  a  town,  +  log  =  Norw.  kxj  = 
Sw.  lti(i  =  Dan.  lor,  law:  see  by-,  «.,  and  ?((«•!.] 
It.  A  local  law;  a  law  made  by  a  municipality 
or  by  a  rural  community  for  the  regidatiuu  of 
affairs  within  its  authority ;  an  or<Unance. 

In  tho  sWres  where  the  Danes  acquired  a  flnn  foothold, 
the  township  was  often  ealleii  a  "It.v";  and  it  had  tlie 
power  <if  enacting  its  own  "bif-laws  "  or  town-laws,  as  New 
England  townships  have  to-day. 

J.  Fiake,  Ajner.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  4G. 

Hence — 2.  A  standing  rule  of  a  legislative 
body,  a  corporation,  or  a  society,  made  for  the 
regulation  of  its  internal  organization  and  con- 
duct, and  distmguished  from  a  provision  of  its 
constitution  in  being  more  particular  and  more 
I'cadily  altered. 

by-lead  (bi'led),  n.    Same  as  by-wash. 

by-legislation  (bi'lci-is-la"shon),  n.  Legisla- 
tion on  subordinate  or  secondary  matters;  by- 
laws, or  the  making  of  by-laws. 

The  Friendly  Societies  Act  .  .  .  gives  power  of  bii-h'tils- 
latiitii,  on  specified  matters,  such  as  terms  of  admission, 
administration,  enforcement  of  rules,  &c.,  all  which  has 
only  to  be  certified  by  a  Crown  registrar. 

Contemimranj  Itti'.,  XLIX.  231. 

bylevet,  '■.     Same  as  behave.     Chaucer. 

by-matter  (bi'maffer),  n.  Something  beside 
the  principal  matter ;  something  incidental. 

I  knew  one  that,  when  he  wrote  a  letter,  would  put 
that  which  was  most  material  into  the  postscript,  as  if  it 
had  liieii  a  bihiiMller.  Bacon,  Cunning. 

by-motive  (bi'm6"tiv),  n.  1.  A  private,  hid- 
den, or  seltish  motive. 

The  certainty  of  rousing  an  unanimous  impulse,  if  not 
always  of  counterworking  siniatcr  by-motivcs  among  their 
audience.  Grote,  Hist.  Greece,  I.  320. 

2.  A  secondary  motive. 
by-name  (bi'nam),  «.    [<  ^£E.  byname  (=  OHG. 
biiicimo,  MHG.  biname,  G.  beiname,  a  cognomen, 
surname);  <  by^  +  name.']      If.  A  secondary 
name ;  an  epithet. 

Suftlsaunce,  power,  noblesse,  reverence  and  gladnesse 
ben  only  dyverse  bi/}iamcs,  but  hir  substance  hath  no  di- 
versite.  Chaucer,  lioethius,  iii.,  prose  9. 

2.  A  nickname. 

A  personal  by-nam^  given  him  on  account  of  his  stature. 
Bp.  Luivth,  Life  of  Wykeham. 

3.  A  pseudonym;  a  uom-de-plume.  [Obsolete 
and  Scotch.] 

by-namet  (In'nam),  r.  t.  [<  by-name,  ».]  To 
give  a  nickname  to. 

Sir  Henry  Percy,  .  .  .  (<i/-;ia»ifi/ Hotspurre,  whohadthe 
leading  of  the  English.      '  Holland,  tr.  of  Camden,  p.  803. 

bynet,  »•     [<  Gr.  iSi-v/,  malt.]     Malt. 

bynni  (bin'i),  n.  [Prob.  native.]  A  fish  of 
the  family  Ci/jirinida;  Barbus  bynni,  related  to 
the  barbel  of  Em-ope.  It  is  a  highly  esteemed 
tish  of  the  Nile. 

by-ordinary,  by-ordinar  (bi'6r"di-na-ri,  -niir), 

((.  [<  /)//!,  jni'/j.,  beyond,  -I-  ordinary,  ordinar, 
orilinary.  Cf.  by-common.']  More  than  ordi- 
nary.    [Scotch.] 

byoii, /'.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  obscure.]  A  quinsy. 
[North.  Eng.] 

byous  (i>i'us),  a.  [Also  written,  improp.,  ma.'s ; 
appar.  <  (<//i,  /iri/i.,  beyond,  over  and  above, 
-t-  -iius.]  Extraordinary;  remarkable:  as,  by- 
ons  weather.     [Scotcli.] 

byous  (bi'us),  adr.  [<  byous,  a.]  E.xtraordi- 
uarily;  uncommonly;  very:  as,  byous  hungry. 
[Scotcli.] 

byously  (bi'us-li),  adv.  [<  byoit^,  a.,  +  -ly".] 
Same  sis  byous. 

by-pass  (bi'pas),  n.  An  extra  gas-pipe  passing 
around  a  valve  or  gas-chamber,  used  to  pre- 
vent a  complete  stoppage  (>f  the  How  of  gas 
when  the  valve  or  chamber  is  closed,  it  is  used 
with  pil..llights.  Tlie  pilntliKlit  supplied  by  the  bypass 
pipe  lights  the  main  burners  when  the  supply  is  turueil  oa. 


743 

by-pass  (bi'pfts),  v.  t.     [<  by-pass,  n.]     To  fur- 
nisli  with  a  by-pass. 
I  next  bij-jtanKcd  the  outlet  valve  with  a  one  inch  pipe. 
Sci.  Amcr.  Supp.,  XXII.  90U9. 

by-passage  (bi'pas'aj),  «.    A  private  or  retired 

passage  ;  a  byway, 
by-passer  (bi'pas"6r),  «.  A  passer-by.  Latham. 
by-past  (l)i'past),  a.     Past;  gone  by:  as,  "_by- 

jKist  perils,"  •Shah:,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  158. 
by-path   (bi'path),   II.      A  byway;   a  private 

path ;  an  indirect  eoui'se  or  means. 

By-patlis  and  indirect  crook'd  ways. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

by-peept  (bi'pep),  «.  i.     To  look  or  glance  aside. 

Shak. 
by-place  (bi'plas),  n.    A  retired  place,  spot, 

or  situation. 

by-play(bi'pla),  H.  1.  In  a  play,  action  carried 
on  aside,  and  commonly  in  dumb  show,  while 
the  main  action  proceeds  ;  action  not  intended 
to  be  observed  by  some  of  the  persons  present. 

*'  Will  you  allow  me  to  ask  you,  sir,"'  lie  said,  address- 
ing .Mr.  Pickwicit,  wlio  was  consideraldy  mystified  by  this 
very  unpolite  by-play,  "whether  that  person  belongs  to 
your  party?"  DickeiLH,  Pickwick,  I.  iii. 

2.  A  diversion ;  something  apart  from  the  main 
purpose. 

Is  he  using  the  alternative  as  a  btf-play  in  argument, 
without  any  consideration  of  its  merit  or  possibility? 

Bushiiell,  Forgiveness  and  Law,  p.  32. 

by-plot  (bi'plot),  M.  A  subsidiary  plot  in  a 
play  or  novel. 

The  minor  characters  and  bye-plot,  too,  giving  the  8t<u-y 
of  a  religious  scepticism.    The  Spectator,  No.  3030,  p.  ll.'iH. 

by-product  (bi'prod"ukt),  n.  A  secondary  or 
additional  product ;  something  produced,  as  in 
the  com-se  of  a  process  or  manufacture,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  principal  product  or  material :  as, 
wood-tar  is  obtained  as  a  by-product  in  the  de- 
structive distillation  of  wood  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  wood-vinegar  or  wood-spirit. 

It  is  constantly  the  case  that  the  bye-prodiicta  of  a  com- 
plex industry  are  f.)uiul  to  be  the  sole  source  of  busineifs 
Iirofits.  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.X.  7.")0. 

by-purpose  (bi' per  "pus),'  n.  An  indirect  or 
concealed  puj-pose  or  design. 

Byramt,  «.     -An  obsolete  spelling  of  Bairam. 

byre  (bir),  «.  [Sc,  one  of  the  many  different 
applications  of  the  Scand.  form  of  E.  bowcr'^, 
orig.  a  dwelling,  AS.  bur,  a  dwelling,  =  Icel. 
biir,  a  pantry,  =  Sw.  bur,  a  cage,  Sw.  dial,  bur, 
a  house,  cottage,  pantry,  granary,  =  Dan.  bur,  a 
cage:  see  fcOH'trl,  and  cf.  bow^.]    A  cow-house. 

Adjoining  the  house  [of  a  Mennonite]  are  the  stable  and 
byre,  which  would  not  disgrace  a  model  farm  in  Oeraiany 
or  England.  i>.  M-  IVallace,  Kussia,  p.  372. 

Field  and  garner,  barn  and  byre, 
Are  blazing  through  the  night. 

Whittier,  At  Port  Royal. 


A  side  report  or 


by-report  (bi're-port"),  n. 
statement. 

But  when  the  cause  it  selfe  must  be  decreed, 
Himselfe  in  person,  in  his  proper  Court, 

To  grave  and  solemne  hearing  doth  proceed. 
Of  every  proofe  and  every  by-report. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Nosce  Teipsum  (1699). 

by-respectt  (bi're-spekf),  n.  A  consideration 
or  thought  aside' from  the  main  one;  hence,  a 
private  end  or  purpose. 

had  some  by-respects  In  the  enacting  of 
Pryden. 


.■Vugustus  . 
this  law. 


byrl,  r.     See  birl^. 

byrladyt,  interj.    A  contraction  of  by  our  lady, 

that  is,  by  the  Virgin  Maiy.     Usually  written 

by'r  lady.     Compare  marry-. 

Byrlady,  no  misery  surmounts  a  woman's. 

Middlelon,  Women  Beware  Women,  i.  2. 

byrlakin,  interj.    A  contraction  of  by  our  lady- 

/,i«  ;  a  diminutive  of  byrlady. 

Mii.W.-Cam.  Married!    To  whom? 

Kiut.  To  a  French  hood,  Inirlakinn,  as  I  understan<l. 

Middlcton,  .■\nytliing  for  a  Quiet  Life,  iv.  2. 

bj^rla^W  (bir'la),  n.  [Also  WTitten  burlaw,  bir- 
hiw,  liirelaw,  in  comp.  even  birley,  barley,  etc.: 
see  by-law.]  1.  A  certain  system  of  popular 
jurisprudence  fonnerly  prevailing  in  northern 
England  and  Scotland.  It  is  descrilied  liy  .sir  Jolni 
Skene,  writing  in  1.W7,  when  the  system  was  in  force,  aj* 
follows  1  "  Ijiws  of  Byrlaw  ar  maid  and  determined  be 
consent  of  neiehtbors.  elected  and  chosen  be  cimimon  con- 
sent, in  the  courts  called  the  Byrlaw  courts,  in  the  quhilk 
cognition  is  taken  of  complaintes  tietuixt  neiehtbor  and 
neichtbor.  The  iiuhilk  men  so  chosen  as  judges  and  arbi- 
trators to  the  etfect  foresaid,  are  commonly  called  Byr- 
lawmen." 

2.  A  district  within  which  the  system  prevails. 
[North.  Eng.] 


bysse 

The  existence  in  any  district  or  parish  of  the  Inrclaw  is 
an  incontestalile  proof  of  IMnish  ot^cupation.  The  par- 
ishes of  Hhelfield.  Eccleslield.  liiailllcld,  and  Ilotherham 
were  and  are  divided  iiitu  ln'n-foirn,  hut  it  is  to  be  remarked 
that  tliese  divisions  are  not  to  be  found  on  the  Derbyshire 
side  of  the  Sheaf.  A',  and  (J.,  7th  ser.,  II.  3»2, 

3.  A  parish  meeting.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 
byrla'W-COUrt  (bir'la-kort),  11.      [Also  written 

birtiy-,  liorli y-eourt ;  <  byrlaw  -t-  court]     The 

court  in  wliii-h  the  byrlaw  was  administered. 

[Scotch.]     See  byrlaw. 
byrlaw-man   (bir'la-mau),  ».      [Also  written 

hirlaw;  birley-,  barley-man;  <   byrlaw  +  man; 

cf.  Icel.  bajar-lof/ma'dhr,  a  town- justice.]      1. 

A    judge   or  arbitrator  in   tlie    IijTlaw-court. 

[Scotch.] — 2.    An  arbiter;   an  oversman;  an 

umpire ;  a  thirdsman.     [The  modem  use  of  tho 

word.] 
byrnet,  "•     See  bymie. 
byrniet,  «■     [ME.,  also  brunie,  breny,  brini,  etc., 

earlier  burne,  <  AS.  byrne,  a  corselet,  a  coat  of 

mail,  =  OHG.  brunna,  brunja,  MIIG.  G.  briinne 

=  Icel.  brynja  =  Sw.  brynja  =  Dan.  bryuje  = 

Goth,  bniiijo:    henc(^  ML.   brunia,  bronia,    Pr. 

bronha,  OF.  brunie,  broiyne,  etc. :   see  broif/ne. 

Of  micertain origin;  cf. OBidg.  bronja,  corselet; 

( )Ir.  bruinn,  breast.]     Same  as  broiyne. 
byrniedt,  p-  «■     [ME.  brumjcd,  bremjed,  etc. ;  < 

bymie  +  -«rf2.]    Armed  with  a  corselet  or  coat 

of  mail. 

I  salle  to  hatelle  the  brynge,  of  brenj/ede  knyghtea 
Thyrtty  thosaunde  be  tale,  thryftye  in  amies. 

Moi-te  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  316. 

by-road  (bi'rod),  /(.  1.  A  side-road;  a  cross- 
road ;  a  road  different  from  the  usual  or  main 
highway. — 2.  A  private  or  secret  way;  a  pri- 
vate means  to  an  end:  as,  "slippery  by-roads," 
Swift. 

Byrbnic  (bi-ron'ik),  a.  Possessing  the  charac- 
teristics of  Byi'ou,  the  poet,  or  of  his  poetry: 
as,  a  Byronic  poem. 

La  Coupe  et  les  Lfevres  (by  Alfred  de  Musset),  a  Byronic 
poem  in  dramatic  form.  y.  .1.  Itev.,  CXXVII.  293. 

Byronism  (bi'ron-izm),  n.  The  characteristics 
of  Byron's  thought,  temper,  poetic  style,  etc. 

by-rdom  (bi'rom),  «.      An  adjoining  room  or 
apartment;   a  side  room. 
stand  in  some  by-room.  Shah.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

byrrhid  (bir'id),  ».  A  beetle  of  the  family 
Byrrliida: 

Byrrhidae  (bir'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Byrrhus  + 
-iila\]  A  family  of  clavieom  Colcoptcra,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Byrrhus. 

Byrrhus  (bir'us),  H.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Byrrhida,  called  pill-beetles  from 
their  roimded  bodies,  and  fi'om  the  way  in  which 
they  pack  their  legs  out  of  sight  when  they  are 
alarmed,  simulating  death  and  presenting  tho 
appearance  of  a  pUl.  B.  pilula  is  a  typical  ex- 
ample.    See  cut  utiiier  pill-bcctlc. 

byrsopid  (ber'so-pid),  n.  A  beetle  of  the  fam- 
ily Byrxopiiliv. 

Byrsopidae  (btr-sop'i-tle),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Byr- 
si,p.v  +  -»/<(•.]  A  family  of  rhynchophorous  Co- 
Icoptera,  or  beetles,  with  the  elytra  pro\ided 
with  a  strong  fold  on  the  inner  face,  pygidium 
of  male  di\ided,  tarsi  setose,  gular  margin  ele- 
vated, and  prosternum  elevated. 

Byrsops(ber'sops),  11.  [<Gr. /iiyjon,  askin,hide 
(see  jiurse),  +  ui/'  (<JT-),  face,  eye.]  A  genus  of 
weevils,  typical  of  the  family  Byrsopidic. 

byst,  byset,  «-     obsolete  foi-ms  of  bice. 

bysidet,  bysidest.     Obsolete  forms  of  beside, 

Ik  sidis. 

by-sitter  (bi'sit''''6r),  ».    One  sitting  near. 

The  blind  In/sitter  guesseth  not 
What  shado'w  haunts  that  vacant  spot. 

Whittier.  The  Meeting. 

by-speech  (bi'spech),  «.  An  incidental  or  cas- 
ual speech  not  directly  relating  to  the  point: 
as.  "to  quote  by-speeches,^^  Hooker. 

byspellt  (bi'spel),  H.  [<  ME.  bispel,  a  proverb, 
a  parable,  <  AS.  bi.<tpell,  hiyspell,  a  proverb, 
parable,  example,  story  (=  MD.  bijspel  =  MUG. 
bisjicl,  bispil,  a  jirovcrb,  parable,  G.  bci.'<picl,  an 
example),  <  bi-,  by,  -t-  .■•pell,  a  story:  see  ,s/)f/?l, 
and  cf.  yo.spel]  A  proverb.  Coles,  1717.  Also 
spelled  by.''pel. 

bysst,  c. /.     [See  6m;^.]    To  buzz;  hum. 

byssaceous  (bi-sa'shius).  a.  [<  L'  as  it  'bys- 
.taciw.  <  bys.'ius:  see  byssus.]  Resembling  a 
byssus;  consisting  of  line  silky  filaments;  re- 
sembling cobwebs. 

byssal  (bis'al),  a.  [<  byssus  +  -al.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  byssus  of  a  mollusk:  as,  byssal 
threads;  byssal  attachment. 

bysset,  "■  L^  byssus.]  A  kind  of  fine  cloth. 
See  byssus,  1. 


byssi 

byssi,  «.     Plural  of  hy.isiis. 

byssifer  (l)is'i-fi'r).  «.     Onp  of  the  lit/xxifera . 

Byssifera  (bi-sif  <;-rii),  «.  /</.  [NL.,  nouf.  iil.  of 
liiinsi/ir :  see  hi/s.\-i/r'r<ii(fi.}  A  fiimily  of  biviih'C 
mollusks,  clmraefoi'ized  by  the  soei'otioii  of  a 
byssiis,  by  moans  of  whicli  thoy  attach  them- 
selves to  foreign  substaiifps.  It  was  instituU'il  hy 
Luinurck  (K  In/n^i/rtra)  in  1809  for  the  geiuTii  I't'itinn, 
Lima,  Pinna,  Mytitun,  Moditda,  Crenalula,  Prrna,  Mal- 
letLi,  and  AriviUa,  now  distrilputfil  amont:  (liltVrcnt  fanii- 
lit'S ;  but  it  was  later  renounct'il  an<i  its  ^'enei'a  refcri-cd  hy 
lliin  to  tlie  families  Mi/tiUia'a,  MfiUrni-ca,  anil  I'ixtfniiirn. 
It  was  ri'stritttil  l>y  (ioMfllss  (ISill)  to  MaUntu,  VulseUa, 
anil  !'<  f/m.  and  is  now  Kyniinynums  \iith  Matlcacea. 

byssiferous  (bi-sif'e-rus),  <i.  [<  NL.  bi/.isifer, 
<  L.  bii.\-si(s  (see  bfissus)  +  fvrre  =  E.  6e«/'l.] 
ProiluciiifT  or  bearinf;  a  byssiis. 

byssin,  byssine  (bis'in),  a.     [<  L.  h>issini(s,  < 

Gr.  jirnaimi:,  <  /iiVrmx;,  bysstis.]  Made  of  bys- 
sua ;  having  a  silky  or  flax-like  appearance. 
Colts.  1717. 
byssogenous  (bl-soj'e-nus),  a.  [<  hyssus  +  -ge- 
)ioi(,',\]  Secreting  or  producing  the  byssus:  as, 
the  by.s,i()i)C)ious  gland. 

Laniellibranchs    ^'ent-i-ally  exhiliit  more  or  less  well- 
marked  traces  of  this  />}fs.^i'i/rniHis  apparatus. 

T.  Gill,  Sniitlisoiiian  lieport,  1885,  p.  777. 

byssoid  (bis'oid),  a.  [<  Gr.  jiicaog,  byssus,  + 
(/(iof,  form.]  Having  the  appearance  of  byssi; 
in  but.,  byssaeeous. 

byssolite  (bis'o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  fivamg,  byssus, 
-1-  '/iHoi;,  stone.]  An  olive-green  variety  of  ac- 
tinolite,  in  long,  line,  capillary  crystals,  from 
St.  Gotthard,  TjtoI,  and  from  Dauphin^.  Also 
called  nmidiitiis. 

byssus  (bis'us),  II.;  pi.  bi/ssi  (-!).  [L.,  <  Gr. 
p'fccoQ  (see  def .  1).  Of  Oriental  origin ;  cf .  Heb. 
but:.']  1.  Among  the  ancients, 
originally,  a  fine  yellowish  flax, 
especially  Indian  and  Egyjitian, 
and  the  linen  made  from  it,  such 
as  the  Egyptian  mummy-cloth ; 
afterward,  also,  cotton  and  silk 
(the  latter,  before  its  origin  was 
known,  being  taken  for  a  land 
of  cotton). — 2.  One  of  the  byssi, 
a  name  formerly  given  by  bota- 
nists to  a  heterogeneous  collec- 
tion of  filamentous  crj-ptogamic 
plants. —  3.  In  concli. ,  a  long,  del- 
icate, lustrous,  and  silky  bunch  ''"'"f  {."^^l"'"- 
of  filaments,  secreted  by  the  foot,  "'  ^  ^"  ' 
and  sernug  as  a  means  of  attachment  to  other 
objects.  It  is  developed  in  various  dissimilar  bivalve 
mollusks,  especially  by  species  of  the  families  Mytilid(r, 
Piniiida',  Amculidce,  Liiniilie,  An-ida,  Tndacniclce,  etc. 
That  of  the  Pinna  is  capable  of  ijeiriL;  woven.  See  Pinna, 
and  also  cuts  under  Drei-'^.tpnid/v  and  Tridarnid(f. 

bystander  (bi'stan"der),  «.  1.  One  who  stands 
near;  a  spectator;  a  chance  looker-on;  hence, 
one  who  has  no  concern  with  the  business  being 
transacted. — 2.  One  of  the  highest  order  of 
penitents  in  the  discipline  of  the  early  church. 
See  consistentes. 

by-street  (bi'stret),  n.  A  separate,  private,  or 
obscure  street ;  a  lane  or  byway. 

To  .avoid  reproach. 
He  seeks  bystreets,  and  saves  the  e.\pensive  coach. 

Gay,  Trivia,  ii.  280. 
They  roam  together  now,  and  wind  among 
Its  by-ittreetg,  knocking  at  the  dusty  inns. 

D,  G.  Jio,'inetti,  Sonnets,  xliii. 

by-stroke  (bi'strok),  n.  An  incidental  or  sly 
stroke;  aside-blow;  a  ruse. 

by -talk  (bi'tak),  n.     1.  Gossip;  scandal.— 2. 

A  subject  of  gossiping  conversation ;  a  byword. 

Thou  suddenly  becamst  the  by-lnlhe  of  neighbours. 

Deklier,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  lud.,  p.  8. 

by-term  (bi'term),  n.  An  irregular  term  or 
time;  a  term,  as  of  a  school,  in  which  some- 
thing is  done  out  of  its  regular  coui'se.  Thus, 
in  Cambridge  University,  England,  to  go  out  in 
a  hji-term  is  to  take  a  B.  A.  degree  at  a  time 
other  than  Januarv. 

Bythites  (bi-thi'tez),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ffvdmg,  a 
deep-sea  animal,  <  liiHioc,  the  deep.]  A  genus 
of  brotuloid  iishes,  tyiiieal  of  the  subfamily  By- 
thiliiiir. 

Bythitinae  (bith-i-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bythi- 
itn  +  -iitic]    A  subfamily  of  brotuloid  fishes, 


744 

typifipd  by  the  genus  Bythile.i.  The  head  is  large 
and  wide,  tile  verticid  huH  are  united,  and  thcventrals  re- 
duced to  simple  filaments  composed  of  two  rays  each. 

by-time  (bi'tim),  n.  Odd  time;  an  interval  of 
li'isurc.     [Scotch.] 

bjrtimet,  prrp.  j<lir.  as  adr.     See  betimc. 

bytouret,  ».   A  Middle  English  form  of  bittern'^. 

bytownite  (bi'toun-it),  n.  [<  Ilytoini  (see  def.) 
+  -//r-.]  A  kind  of  feldspar  from  Bytown 
(now  Ottawa),  Canada,  intermediate  between 
anorthite  .and  labradorite. 

Byttneriacese  (bit'ne-ri-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  lii/ltiirria,  a  genus  named  from  the  German 
botanist  D.  S.  A.  Biittner  (1724-68).  +  -aceo'.] 
A  natural  order  of  plants,  properly  included  in 
the  order  Sterculiaccm  (which  see").  The  typi- 
cal genus,  Byttncria,  consists  of  about  20  spe- 
cies of  tropical  or  subtropical  herbs  or  climbing 
shrubs. 

by-turning  (bi'ter'ning),  n.  A  byway ;  a  road 
leading  off  the  main  road. 

The  many  by-turnings  that  may  divert  you  from  your 
W'ay.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Defence  of  Poesy. 

by-view  (bi'vii),  ».  Private  view;  self-inter- 
ested pm'pose. 

No  by-viewn  of  liis  own  shall  mislead  him. 

Atterbitry,  Sermons,  II.  iii, 

by-walk  (bi'wak),   «.    A  secluded  or  private 

walk.     Drydeii. 
by-walker  (bi'wa"ker),  «.     One  who  walks  by 

or  aside;   one  who  is  not  straightforward;  a 

deceitful  person. 

I  have  ript  the  matter  now  to  the  pill,  and  have  told 
you  of  plain  walkers,  and  of  by-uulkers. 

Latimer,  2d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1S49. 

by-wasb  (bi'wosh),  n.  A  channel  cut  to  con- 
vey the  surplus  water  from  a  reservoir  or  an 
aqueduct,  and  prevent  overflow.  Also  called 
hy-lcad. 

bywater  (bi'wa-ter),  a.  Among  diamond-deal- 
ers, showing  a  tinge  of  yellow;  off  color:  ap- 
]ilied  to  diamonds. 

byway  (bi'wa),  n.  A  by-road;  a  secluded,  pri- 
vate, or  obscure  way;  an  out-of-the-way  path 
or  course :  as,  highways  and  byways. 

Ne.xt  he  showed  them  the  two  by-wayb-,  that  were  at  the 
foot  of  the  hill,  where  Formality  and  Hypocrisy  lost  them- 
selves. Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  264. 

A  vast  and  tangled  m.oze,  the  byways  of  which  our  plan 
does  not  allow  us  to  enter. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Scientific  Ideas,  ii. 

by-westt  (bi-wesf),  prep.  [<  ME.  bi  iceste,  < 
AS.  be  westan,  an  adverbial  phrase,  at  or  in  the 
west:  be,  prep.,  by;  westan,  adv.,  west,  from 
the  west.  Cf.  benorth,  besoiitli,  etc.]  Westward 
from ;  to  the  west  of.     [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

Whereupon  grew  that  by-word  used  by  the  Irish,  that 
they  dwelt  by-ieest  the  law  whieh  dwelt  beyond  the  river 
of  the  Barrow.  .Sir  J.  Darifs,  State  of  Ireland. 

by-wipet  (bi'wip),  »(.  A  secret  stroke  or  sar- 
casm. 

Wherefore  should  you  begin  with  the  Devil's  name  des- 
canting upon  the  number  of  your  opponents?  wherefore 
that  conceit  of  Leirioii  witli  a  Int-irii".^ 

Millvn,  l)n  Def.'of  llumb.  Remolist.,  Pref. 

byword  (bi'werd),  n.  [<  ME.  byirorde,  <  AS. 
blword  (=  OS.  biinirti  =  OHG.  biwnrt,  also  bi- 
wurti,  MHG.  biirort),  a  proverb,  <  bi-,  by,  -t- 
«•())■(?,  word.  Ct.byspell.']  1 .  A  word  or  phrase 
used  proverbially ;  especially,  a  sa.ving  used  in 
mockery  or  disparagement;  a  satirical  or  con- 
temptuous i^roverb. 
A  wise  man  that  had  it  for  a  by-word.  Bacmi. 

I  agree  with  him  fully  in  the  last,  and  if  I  were  forced 
to  allow  the  first,  I  should  still  think,  with  our  old  coarse 
byword,  that  the  same  power  wiiieh  furnished  all  their 
restorateurs  sent  also  their  present  cooks. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace. 
[See  also  extract  under  by-west.'] 
Hence  —  2.  .An  object  of  general  reproach  or 
condemnation;  a  common  subject  of  derision 
or  opprobrium. 

I  will  make  it  [this  house]  to  be  a  proverb  and  a  byword 
among  all  peoples.  2  Chron.  vii.  20. 

Ami  bashful  Henry,  whose  cowardice 
Hath  made  us  bywords  to  our  enemies. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 


Byzantinlsm 

ITa-s  he  all  that  the  woi-ld  loves  and  admires  and  covets? 
.  .  .  lie  must  east  behind  him  their  admiration,  .  .  .  and 
become  a  byword  anil  a  hissing.    Kmerson,  Compensation. 

=  Syil.  1.  Axiom,  Maxim,  etc.     See  ajihorigm. 
byzant  (biz'ant  or  bi-zant'),  n.     Same  as  he- 
:ant,  1. 

In  Anglo-Saxon  times  gold  Injzants  from  Byzantium  were 
used  in  England. 

Jevons,  lloncy  and  Meeh.  of  Exchange,  p.  97. 

Byzantian  (bi-zan'shian),  a.     [<  By:anti-um  + 

-an.]  Same  as  Byzantine. 
Byzantine  (biz'an-'tin  or  bi-zan'tin),  a.  and  ». 
[<  LL.  By:antinus  (also  By:antiacm,  L.  By:an- 
tius,iiv.  liv^at'TiaKu^,  BcCoiTfOf ),  <  By;:iiHttum,  <  Gr. 
Jii%dvTioi>,  said  to  have  been  named  after  Bi'Caf 
(BiCavr-),  its  reputed  founder.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Byzantium,  or  Constantinople,  an  an- 
cient city  of  Thrace,  situated  on  the  Bosporus, 
which  became  the  capital  of  the  Byzantine  or 
Eastern  empire,  or  to  the  empire  itself.  By- 
zantium was  founded  by  a  Greek  colony  in  the  seventh 
century  B.  c,  but  was  of  no  great  importance  until  A.  ii. 
aSO,  when  the  emperor  Constantine  the  Great  made  it 
his  capital,  and  changed  its  name  to  Constantinople,  af- 
ter himself.— Byzantine  architecture,  a  style  of  archi- 
tecture developed  fnun  the  classical  under  the  Byzantine 
empire  during  the  fourth  and  fifth  centuries  A.  !<.,  and, 
under  various  modifications,  used  till  the  final  conquest  of 


Byzantine  Architecture.—  Church  of  St.  Theodore,  Athens. 

that  empire  by  the  Turks  in  A.  li.  14.S3.  It  spread  so  widely 
that  its  iuHuence  even  in  Italy  did  not  wholly  decline  be- 
fore the  fifteenth  century,  and  it  may  be  considered  as 
surviving  still  in  Russian  arcliiteeture,  and  in  a  less  marked 
degree  in  other  eastern  lands.  An  almost  univei-sal  fea- 
ture of  the  style,  in  buildings  of  any  pretension,  is  the  in- 
crustation of  brick  or  rough  stonework  with  nuire  precious 
materials ;  large  spaces  are  left  void  of  bold  architectural 
features,  to  be  rendered  in- 
teresting merely  by  surface 
ornament  of  polished  mar- 
bles presenting  natural 
beauty  of  hue,  or  of  sculp- 
ture in  very  low  relief,  and 
confined  in  the  main  to 
vegetable  or  geometrical 
designs  of  clearly  cut  out- 
line. The  style  depends 
nuich  on  color  for  its  ef- 
fect, and  mosaics  wrought 
on  grounds  of  gold  or  of 
positive  color  are  proftisely 
introduced.  The  leading 
forms  whieh  characterize 
the  Byzantine  style  are  the 
rotmd  arch,  the  circle,  the 
cross,  and  the  dome  sup- 
ported upon  pendentives. 
The  capitals  of  the  pillars 
are  of  endless  variety,  and 
full  of  invention.  \Mlile 
some  are  i>lainly  founded 
on  the  Greek  Corinthian, 
many  resemble  those  of  early  round-arched  western  archi- 
tecture ;  and  so  varied  is  their  decoration  that  frequently 
no  two  sides  of  the  same  capital  are  alike.  The  ancient 
basilica  of  St.  Sophia,  in  Constantinople,  ami  the  church 
of  St.  Mark,  in  Venice,  are  classical  examples  of  Byzan- 
tine architectiu-e. — Byzantine  historians,  a  series  of 
historians  and  clironiclcrs  i.if  the  attairs  of  the  Byzantine 
empire,  scattered  through  the  whole  period  of  its  exis- 
tence. They  are  our  only  source  of  knowledge  of  Byzan- 
tine history.  Their  works  have  been  several  times  printed 
complete  in  the  original  Greek,  the  latest  edition  lieing  by 
Xieluihr  and  others,  in  48  volumes. 

II.  «.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  By- 
zantimn.  Seel. —  2.  [/.  c]  Hanie  asbe:a)it,l. 
Byzantinism  (biz '.an-  or  bi-zan'tiu-izm),  h. 
[<  Bii:antine  +  -ism.]  The  spirit,  principles, 
and  methods  of  the  Byzantines,  especially 'with 
reference  to  literatm'e  and  art :  the  manifesta- 
tion of  Byzantine  characteristics. 

Bymntinism  .  .  .  regulated  all  forms  of  art  by  strictly 
cuuveutioual  rules. 

C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  L 


Byzantine  CapitaL 
Church  of  San  Vitale,  Ravenna. 


si/i*  l/,>'<5»"^ 


'*>i^'^-^ 


1.  Tho  tliird  lot  tor  and  sec- 
ond consonant  in  the  Knfj- 
lish,  as  in  fjencral  ill  tho  other 
iillihubets  derived  from  tho 
I'lienieian.  Tlu- value  uf  the  sign, 
liitWLVtT.  ill  riieiiician  as  in  (Jreek, 
w;is  that  i>f  ii  hard  ;f  (in  f/o,  (five); 
and  HO  al.so  originally  in  latin,  be- 
side the  sign  Ic,  wliich  had  the  i>n)per 
A-  si)nM<l.  Hut  the  Latins  gave  up  lor  a  time  tlie  written 
liistiiK'tion  of  the  fc-sound  frojn  the  ^-sonnd,  writing  Iioth 
Willi  the  same  charaeter,  T;  and  when  later  they  readopted 
the  (listinction,  inst^?ad  of  reducing  C  to  its  original  value, 
and  restoring  k,  they  retained  the  fc-value  for  tlie  c,  and 
added  a  tag  to  tlie  same  charaeter  for  the  .^-sound,  thus 
turning  C.into  G.  Tlie  comparative  table  of  forms,  like 
that  given  for  the  other  letters  (cuiupare  ^  and  /f),  is  as 
follows : 


Hieroglyphic.     Hieratic. 


Pheni- 
cian. 


Early 
Greek  aHu  Latin. 


Great  as  is  the  apparent  differenre  between  Greek  r 
and  our  C,  it  is  due  oidy  to  a  shifting  of  the  position  of 
the  luigle  made  by  the  two  component  lines,  anil  the 
rounding  of  this  angle.  The  hard  or  ^•-sound  whieh  be- 
longed to  this  eharaett^T  in  early  Latin  belonged  to  it  also 
in  Anglo-Sa\.)n  (which,  like  Latin,  made  little  or  no  use  of 
k).  liut  this  /.--sound,  as  being  a  guttural  or  baekjialatal 
mute,  is  particularly  likely  to  be  shifted  forward  along  the 
t<.uigue  and  to  be  changed  into  front-palatal  and  sibilant 
sountls.  especially  before  vowels  like  e,  i,  y,  whicli  favor 
the  front  palatal  position.  Hence  it  conies  that  c,  still  so 
written,  is  pronounced  as  s  in  English  before  e,  i,  »/,  and 
elsewhere  as  k.  Hut  this  "soft"  or  sibilant  c  belongs  to 
the  French  part  of  our  language ;  the  Anglo-Saxon  c,  when 
softened,  gets  the  sound  usually  rejiresented  in  English 
by  f/i,  and  is  so  WTitteii :  for  example,  in  rfn'cken,  cheese, 
church,  birch,  teach.  (See  ch,  and  nsKifn'Inti-in.)  Xo  word 
containing  c  pronounced  *  is  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin,  ex- 
cept a  few  niisspelled,  as  cinder  for  tiindfr,  and  once,  tivice, 
etc.,  iiiDce,  mice,  etc.,  liaving  -ce  fur  original  -es,  -*.  (See 
-«l.)    For  the  sounds  of  ch,  see  cfi. 

2.  As  a  numeral,  in  the  Roman  system,  C  stands 
for  100,  and  is  repeated  up  to  CCCC,  400  (fol- 
lowed by  D,  500),  This  symbol,  originally  0,  that  is. 
the  Greek  theta(0),  was  afterward  rechiced  to  C  und  »"- 
dei"stood  to  stand  for  centum,  a  hundred. 

3.  As  a  symbol:  (n)  In  vnimc:  (l)  Used  in  English 
and  German  to  designate  the  key-note  of  the  natural 
scale.  See  natural  and  scale.  (2)  When  placed  on  the 
staff  immediately  after  the  clef,  a  sign  of  common  time, 
each  mejLsure  containing  4  quarter  notes  or  their  e(|uiva- 
lent.  When  a  vertical  line  is  drawn  through  it,  it  indi- 
cates alia  breve  time,  each  measure  containing  2  or  4  half 
notes,  played  more  quickly  than  in  cnnniiun  time.  (3)  On 
the  keyboard  of  the  oi^an  or  pianoforte,  the  white  key  or 
digital  ni\t  to  the  left  of  each  group  of  two  black  keys. 
The  tuiiiiNi-  C  of  the  keyboard  is  a  usual  starting-point  in 
the  reckoning  of  both  keys,  tones,  and  notes;  it  is  also 
known  as  alto  C.  or  c' ;  the  next  C  below  is  called  tenor  C, 
or  c:  the  second  C  below,  ba^s  c,  or  C;  and  the  next  C 
above,  treble  C.  or  c",  etc.  The  present  pitch  of  middle 
C  is  from  ".i.^o  to  265  vibrations  per  second;  it  is  often 
theoretically  fixed  in  Germany  at  264,  in  Englantl  at  2.S0, 
and  in  France  at  251.  About  1700  it  was  actually  about 
240,  and  in  recent  times  as  high  as  275.  The  major  scale 
of  0,  because  it  comprises  all  the  wliite  keys  and  none  of 
the  black  ones,  is  taken  as  the  normal  or  standard  scale 
of  the  keyboard.  {(>)  In  the  mnemonic  names  of  moods 
of  syllogism,  the  symbol  of  reduction  per  itniwssiOile.  (c) 
In  m/ith.,  C  is  used  to  denote  a  constant  <tf  integration. 
See  also  A,  2  (c),  (d),  (e).  (d)  In  chem.,  the  symbol  for 
carlmn. 

4.  As  an  abbreviation,  c.  or  C  stands,  in  dental 
formulas  of  zoology  {c),  fox  canine  tooth;  in 
United  States  money  (c),  for  cent;  in  thermom- 
eter-readings (C.),  for  crniigrade ;  in  French 
money  (r.),  for  ccntinic ;  in  references  {c),  for 
chapter  (or  Latin  capituJum);  in  dates,  before 
the  number  (c),  for  Latin  circa,  abovit;  in  me- 
teorology (r.),  for  cirru.'^ ;  in  a  ship's  log-book 
{c.)j  for  cloudij ;  and  in  measures  of  volume  (0.), 
for  cubic.  Middle  C,  in  music,  the  note  on  the  first 
Icger  line  above  the  bass  or  below  the  treble  staff.  (See 
above.) 

cai,  ca'i  (ka),  r.  [So.,  =  E.  caUl]  so  a\  fa\ 
foil,  '00,  etc.,  for  E.  all,  fatly  fullj  tcoolj  etc.] 
A  Scotch  contraction  of  cattX. 

ca-,  ca"-,  caa  (ka),  v.  t.  [Pi*ob.  <  Gael,  calc 
=  \v,  catcfim,  drive  with  a  hammer,  calk:  see 
catk^.'l  To  drive  ;  impel;  push;  knock:  as,  to 
ca^  a  man  ower  (over).     [.Scotch.] 

But  ca'  them  out  tn  i>ark  or  hill. 
And  let  them  wander  at  their  will. 

Burns,  Death  of  Mailie. 
Ca'  cannlO.    see  canny. 


ca*^,  ka  (ka),  i\  t.  [Appar.  a  particular  use, 
with  onlj'  phrasal  moaning,  of  ra*'^  or  c(t^ :  see 
def.]  A  word  of  no  definite  individual  mean- 
ing, oecuri'ing  in  the  proverbial  phrase  ca  mc. 
ca  thee  (now  also  daw  me,  claw  tltcc),  help  (or 
serve)  me  and  I'M  help  you. 

Ca  me,  ca  thee  :  coucealc  this  from  my  wife, 
And  I'll  keep  all  thy  knanery  from  thino  vncle. 

T.  Ueiju'ood,  If  you  Know  not  me,  ii. 

ca**f,  ?^     See  coe^. 

ca^  (ka),  n.  A  Babylonian  measure  of  capacity, 
itlontified  with  the  Hebrew  bath  or  ephah. 

Ca.     In  cheni.,  the  symbol  for  calcium. 

ca.  In  dates,  a  contraction  of  Latin  circay  about : 
as,  ca,  1300,  about  1300. 

C.  A.  An  abbreviation  of  chief  accountant j  of 
controller  of  accounts,  and  in  Great  Britain  of 
chartered  accountant, 

Caaba,  ».     See  Kaaha. 

caaing- whale (ka'ing-hwal),  n,  [Sc,  <  caaing{< 
ca-,  caa,  tirivo)  +  whale  ;  because  these  whales 
can  be  di'iven  like  cattle.]  A  largo  round- 
headed  cetacean,  Globicephalus  svineval,  of  tho 
family  Iklphinidw,  resembling  a  ])orpoise  in 
form,  but  of  greater  dimensions  than  those 
usually  attained  by  the  dolphin  family,  some- 
times reaching  a  length  of  upward  of  20  feet. 
It  especially  resorts  to  tlie  shores  of  tlie  Orkney,  Shetland, 
and  Farot'  islands,  Iceland,  etc..  appearinu  in  herds  i>f  from 
lOOto  1,1-MX)  individuals.  Though  closely  n-latcd  to  tlu-  kill- 
ers of  the  genus  Orea,  caaing-wbales  arc  timid  and  imilb-n- 
sive,  feeding  on  small  fish,  moUusks,  and  especially  ccpha- 
lopods.     Also  ca'iwj-wluile. 

caama  (kii'ma),  n,  1.  A  name  of  a  small  South 
African  fox,  Vulpcs  caama. — 2.  A  name  of  a 
large  bubaline  antelope,  Alccluphus  caama,  the 
hartbeest. 

caast,  ".     A  Middle  English  form  of  case^. 

Cab^  (kab),  n.  [Short  for  cabriolet,  q.  v.]  1. 
A  hackney  carriage  with  either  two  or  four 
wheels,  drawn  by  one  horse;  a  cabriolet. 


A  cab  came  clattering  up. 


Thackeray. 


With  great  difficulty  Messrs.  Bradshaw  &  Rotch  (the  lat- 
ter a  member  of  Parliament)  obtained  licences  for  ciudit 
caliriulets  in  1S23,  and  started  them  at  fares  one  third 
lower  than  those  of  hackney  coaches.  The  new  vehicles 
were  hooded  chaises,  drawn  by  one  lioi-se,  and  carrying 
only  one  passenger  besides  the  driver,  who  sat  in  the  cab- 
riolet (or,  as  more  commonly  called  for  brevity,  the  cah) 
with  his  fare.  .  .  .  The  name  cab  is  still  commonly  ap- 
plied to  all  hackney  carriages  drawn  by  one  horse,  whether 
on  two  or  four  wheels.  Pennij  Cyc. 

2.  The  hooded  or  covered  part  of  a  locomotive, 
which  protects  the  engineer  and  fireman  from 
the  weather.     [U.  S.] 

cab^  (kab),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cabbed,  ppr. 
cabbimj.  [<  cab^,  ».]  To  pass  over  in  a  cab: 
as,  to  cab  the  distance:  often  used  with  an  in- 
definite it:  as,  ni  cab  it  to  Whitehall.  [Col- 
loq.,  Eug.] 

cab-  (kab),  «.     Any  sticky  substance.     [Prov. 

E"g-] 

cab^  (kab),  n,  [Appar.  abbr.  of  cabal^."]  A 
small  number  of  persons  secretly  imited  in  the 
performance  of  some,  undertaking.  Halliwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

cab^,  kab  (kal>),  71,  [=  Gr.  Kaj3oc,  LL.  cabu.'i, 
<  Hob.  and  Chal.  kab,  a  hollow,  <  labah,  hol- 
low out.]  A  Hebrew  measure  of  capacity, 
for  both  dry  and  liquid  matter,  it  was  equal  to 
2.021  liters,  or  4^^  rnited  States  pints.  Other  statement* 
appear  to  be  due  to  confusion  of  different  measures  by 
Greek  metrologists;  but  a  yrcat  cab,  of  f  the  ordinary 
size,  is  mentioned  in  the  Talmud. 

They  besieged  it  [Samaria]  until  an  ass's  head  was  sold 
for  fourscore  pieces  of  silver,  and  the  fourth  part  of  a  cab 
of  dove's  dung  for  five  pieces  of  silver.  2  Ki.  vi.  25. 

cab^  (kab),  71,    See  capcl^. 

caba  (kab'ii),  n.     Same  as  caha^,  2  and  3. 

cabackt,  ».  [Russ.  l-abaku."]  A  tavern;  pot- 
house ;  dram-shop.     [Kussiau.] 

cabaged.  (ka-bajd'),  a.     Same  as  caboslied. 

cabal^  (ka-bal'),  n.  [=  D.  kabaal  =  G.  cabale 
=  Dan.  kabalc  =  Sw.  kabal,  a  cabal  (defs.  3  and 
4),  <  F.  cabale  =  Sp.  cabala  =  Pg.  It.  cabala,  an 
intrigue,  a  cabal,  the  cabala:  see  cabala.]  If. 
The  cabala  (which  see). — 2t,  Asecret.  [Kare.] 
746 


The  mea,suring  of  the  temple,  a  cabal  found  out  but 
lately.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Conjoint  intrigue;  secret  artifices  of  a  few 
persons  united  in  some  design:  as,  "eurs'd 
cabals  of  women,"  Dryden. 

Centuries  glide  away  in  the  same  unvaried  roimd  of 
cabals  at  court.  Brmnjham. 

4.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  some  close 
design,  usually  to  promote  their  private  views 
in  church  or  state  by  intrigue ;  a  junto.  The 
name  of  *'the  Cabal"  was  given  to  an  unpoi»nlar  ministry 
of  Charles  II.,  consisting  of  Clilford,  Ashley,  Buckingham, 
Arlington,  and  Lauderdale,  the  initials  of  whose  names 
happened  Ui  comjiose  the  word. 

These  ministers  were  therefore  empliatically  called  tho 
Cabal;  ami  .  .  .  it  h:is  never  since  their  time  been  used 
excejit  as  a  term  of  reproach.       Macaulay,  Hist.  Kng.,  ii. 

=  SyTl.  4.  Combination,  Party,  Faction,  Cabal.  Camarilla, 
Junto.  Combination  is  the  most  general  of  these  words, 
but  it  expresses  least  of  permanence  in  organi»ition ;  it 
often  denotes  the  union  for  special  ends  of  individuals  or 
parties  otherwise  antagonistic:  as,  the  Democrats  and 
(Jrecnbackers  entered  into  a  combination  to  secure  the 
election.  A  party  is  strictly  a  more  dose  and  permanent 
union  of  individuals,  organized  to  proniote  certain  prin- 
ciples or  common  interests  which  they  consider  of  fun- 
damental importance:  as.  the  Low  Church  party,  the- 
Republican  party;  but  tlie  term  is  more  loosely  used 
where  organization  is  wanting :  as,  the  Free-trade  party. 
Combination  and  jfarty  may  express  that  which  is  entirely 
i-eputable  ;  the  other  words  are  chiefly  unfavorable  in  their 
signiflcation,  A  /action  is  conmionly  a  section  of  a  party ; 
it  is  generally  a  comparatively  small  number  of  individ- 
uals, whose  principles  and  objects  arc  often  of  a  captious, 
frivolous,  or  selfish  nature,  but  advocated  so  persi.stently 
as  to  be  annoying,  and  with  so  little  regard  to  the  general 
interest  as  sometimes  to  be  dangerous.  Cabal  and  Junto 
express  a  union  less  comprehensive  than  party  or  even 
faction;  the  intrigues  of  a  cabal  or  junto  are  usually  con- 
ducted mainly  for  the  personal  aggrandizement  of  its  mem- 
bers. Junto  has  almost  entirely  given  place  to  cabal  in 
modern  use.  A  camarilla  is  a  more  or  less  united  btuly  of 
secret  counselors  of  a  ruler,  acting  generally  in  oi»position 
to  his  official  advisers,  and  constituting  a  "  power  beliiud 
the  throne." 

After  numerous  abortive  attempts  and  unsuccessful 
combinations  in  which  Newcastle  bore  the  chief  part,  it 
became  evident  .  .  .  that  the  union  ...  of  Newcastle 
.  .  .  and  Pitt  was  absolutely  necessary. 

Leeky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  viii. 

If  I  could  not  go  to  heaven  but  with  a  party,  I  would 
not  go  there  at  all.  Therefore  I  protest  to  you  I  am  not 
of  the  party  of  federalists. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  U.  439. 

By  a  faction,  T  understand  a  number  of  citizens,  whe- 
ther amounting  to  a  majority  or  minority  of  the  whole, 
who  are  united  and  actuatcil  by  some  common  impulse 
of  passion,  or  of  interest,  advci-se  to  the  rights  of  other 
citizens,  ur  to  the  permanent  and  aggregate  interests  of 
the  community.  Madison,  Federalist,  No.  10. 

In  a  simple  monarchy,  the  ministers  t>f  state  can  never 
know  their  friends  from  their  enemies ;  secret  cabals 
undermine  their  infiuence  and  bhist  their  reputation. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  2S9. 

cabaU  (ka-bal'),  r.  i,;  pret.  and  pp.  caballed, 
ppr.  caballing.  [<  cabal'^,  «.]  To  form  a  cabal; 
intrigue  conjointly;  unite  in  secret  artifices  to 
effect  some  design. 

Bi»se  rivals,  who  true  wit  and  merit  hate, 
Caballing  still  against  it  with  the  great. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iv.  972. 

It  [pride]  may  prevent  the  nobles  from  caballiny  with 

the  people.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  395. 

cabal-t,  "•  [Also  written  caball :  =  F.  cheral  =z 
Vr,  cavalh  =  Cat.  caball  =  Sp.  caballo  =  Pg.  It. 
cavalla,  a  horse,  <  L,  caballua  (>  Gr.  /i«fifl/>.//f), 
an  inferior  horse,  a  pack-horse,  nag;  later,  in 
general  sense  (superseding  L.  cgnns),  a  horse. 
Hence  ult.  (from  L.)  capel^,  cheral,  chiral,  cava' 
lirr,  ehrralicr,  cavalry,  chivalry,  etc.]     A  horse. 

cabala,  kabala  (kab'a-lji),  n.  [ML.  cabbala  (It. 
pg.  cabala  =  Sp.  cabala  =  F.  cabale  =  G.  Dan. 
Sw.  hibbala),  a  transcription  of  Heb.  qabbdldh, 
reception,  the  cabala  or  mysterious  doctrine  re- 
ceived traditioTially,  <  qdbal,  receive,  take,  in 
the  Picl  conjugation  qihbel,  receive  (a  doctrine). 
Hence  cabal'^.]  1.  The  theosophy  or  mystic 
philosophy  of  the  Hebrew  religion,  which  grew 
up  mainly  after  the  beginning  of  the  tenth  cen- 
tury, and  flom'ishod  for  many  generations.  The 
cabala  empluyed  it^tlf  first  in  a  mystic  explanation  of 
I>city  and  cosnioguny,  and  in  the  creation  nf  hidden  mean- 
ings for  the  sacred  Ifchrew  writings,  tJni^  drawing  into  its 
l)rovinee  all  tlie  Hebrew  law  and  philosophy.  Later  cab- 
alists  pretended  to  find  wonderful  meanings  even  in  the 


cabala 

letters  and  forms  of  the  sncrtMl  texts,  nnd  made  for  them- 
solves  elaborate  rules  of  interpretation. 
2.    Any  secret    science ;    esoteric   as    distin- 
guished from  exoteric    doctrine;    occultism; 
mysticism. 
If  I  wholly  mistake  not  the  caltala  of  this  sect. 

Benttey,  i'hileleutherus  Lipsiensis,  §  9. 
Eager  he  read  whatever  tells 
Of  magic,  cabala,  and  spells. 

Smlt,  L.  of  the!.,  iii.  C. 
Also  spelled  cnlihahi,  hihbala. 
cabalassou,  ".     Sec  kdhtilassou. 
cabaletta  (kab-a-let'ii),  n.    [It.  (>  F.  cnhalette); 
ef.  ciinillrtlo  (=  Sj).  "cdballcta,  a  grasshopper), 
a  little  horse,  <  caralli),  a  horse:    see  cnbaV", 
caprl^.'i   A  song  in  rondo  form,  with  variations, 
often   having  an    accompaniment    in    triplet 
rhythm,  intended  to  imitate  the  footfalls  of  a 
oanterin"  horse. 
cabalisin^  (kab'a-lizm),  n.     [<  cabala  +  -ism.'} 
The  secret  science  of  the  eabalists.     [Rare.] 
Allegories,  parables,  cab(Ui^}ns. 

J.  Spencer,  Prodigies,  p.  28". 

cabalism-  (ka-bal'izm),  «.  [<  cabal^  +  -jsm.] 
The  jiraotice  of  forming,  or  the  tendency  to 
form,  cabals  and  cliques.     [Rare.] 

cabalist  (kab'a-list),  n.  [< ML.  cabbalistn  (It.  Sp. 
Pg.  cabalista  =  F.  cabaJiste),  <  cahbaJa,  cabala.] 

1 .  One  versed  in  or  engaged  in  the  study  of  the 
cabala  or  mystic  philosophy  of  the  Jews.  The 
eardinal  doctrines  of  the  eabalists  embrace  the  natnre  of 
the  Supreme  Being,  the  Divine  emanations  or  Sephiroth, 
the  cosmogony,  the  creation  of  man,  psychology,  the 
destiny  of  man  and  the  universe,  and  the  import'  of  the 
revealed  law.  The  eabalists  seem  to  have  endeavored  to 
ideutify  all  such  sciences  as  demonology,  astrology,  chii-o- 
mancy,  sympathetic  medicine,  etc.,  with  their  thc'osophic 
mysticism,  weaving  the  whole  into  a  secret  universal  wis- 
dom or  esoteric  philosophy  of  the  universe.  They  sym- 
pathized «1tl>  many  points  of  Christianity,  so  that  in  the 
lifteentli  and  si-xteenth  centmies  the  cabala  was  by  many 
thought  highly  important  as  a  proof  of  Cliristiauity  and 
as  a  means  of  converting  the  Jews. 

The  Cabalists  had  a  notion,  that  whoever  found  out  the 
mystic  word  for  anything  attained  to  absolute  mastery 
over  that  thing.    Loiccll,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  158. 

2.  In  general,  an  occultist;  a  mystic, 
cabalistic  (kab-a-lis'tik),  a.  and  n.     [<  cabalist 

+  -"■■]  I.  «.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  cab- 
alists, or  to  the  cabala  or  mystic  philosophy 
which  they  professed.  See  cabala  and  cabalist. 
— 2.  In  general,  occult;  mystic;  esoteric;  sym- 
bolical; having  an  interior  or  hidden  meaning. 
=  Syn.  Mr/Stic,  etc.     See  viystenous. 

II.  It.  One  of  the  mysteries  of  the  cabala. 
L.  Aililisoii. 

cabalistical  (kab-a-lis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  cab- 
alistic. 

cabalistically  (kab-a-lis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  the  eabalists. 

Cabalize  (kab'a-Iiz),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  caba- 
U:cd,  ppr.  cabali::imj.  [<  cabala  +  -i:e ;  =  F.  ca- 
baliscr.l  To  use  tlie  method  or  language  of  the 
cabalists.     [Rare.] 

caballaria  (kab-a-la'ri-a),  n.  [ML.,  <  L.  ca- 
balliis,  a  horse:  see  cabal^.}  A  feudal  tenm-e 
of  lands,  the  tenant  furnishing  a  horseman 
suitably  equipped  in  time  of  war,  or  when  the 
lord  had  occasion  for  his  service. 

caballer  (ka-bal'er),  J).  [<  ert6«;i-l--P)-l.]  One 
who  unites  with  others  to  effect  an  object  by  in- 
trigue ;  one  who  cabals. 

A  close  cahaller  and  tongue-valiant  lord. 

Drydeii,  ^neid,  xi.  514. 

caballeria  (ka-ba-lya-re'a),  n.  [Sp.,  cavalry, 
knight-service,  a  specific  tract  of  land,  etc., 

<  caballo,  a  horse:  see  cavalier.}  In  S}Mn. 
Amer.  law,  a  holding  of  land  corresponding 
somewhat  to  the  early  English  knight's  fee.  It 
comprised  a  building-lot  of  100  by  200  feet;  600  fanegas 
of  land  for  a  garden,  and  40  for  planting  trees  growing  in 
drier  or  more  barren  land ;  and  pasture  for  60  breeding 
sows,  100  cows,  20  or  25  horses,  600  sheep,  and  100  goats. 
It  was  equal  to  5  peonias. 

caballero  (ka-ba-lya'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  formerly  ca- 
vallcro,  a  horseman:  see  cavalier.'}  1.  A  Span- 
ish knight  orgentleman.— 2.  A  grave  and  state- 
ly Spanish  dance. 

caballine  (kab'a-lin),  a.  [<  L.  caballiiins,  <  ca- 
ballus,  a  horse:  see  cabal-.}  Pertaining  to  or 
sui^ted  for  a  horse. -Caballine  aloes.  See  al„es.~ 
Caballine  spring, the  fountain  HippoLrcne.    B-aumont 

caban  (ka-ban'),  «.  [Name  in  Philippine  Isl- 
ands.] A  grain  measure  equal  to  3.47  cubic  feet, 
used  in  the  Philippine  Islands.     Also  cavan. 

cabanet,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  cabin. 

cabaret  (kab'a-ret;  F.  pron.  ka-ba-ra'),  n.  [= 
D.  <ahiiret,<  F.cn/«re<,  a  pot-house,  tavern,  "an 
ale-house,  a  tipling  and  victualling  house,  tent 
or  booth  [cf.  F.  dial.  (Norm.)  cabaret,  eaves], 
also  the  herb  huowort  or  foolfoot"  (Cotgrave), 

<  OF.  cabaret,  a  place  inclosed  with  lattice- 


746 


cabbage-rose 


work,  the  entrance  of  a  cellar,  also  a  racket  in    To  form  a  head  like  tliatof  a  cabbage  in  grow- 

tennis.]     1.  A  tavern;  a  house  where  liquors     ing:  as,  a  plant  cabhayrs. 

are  retailed:  as,  "some  caVw/vVor  tennis-court,"  cabbage'-'t  (kub'A.i),  >i.     [An  accom.  form  of  ca- 


Jbp.  liramhall,  Against  Hobbes. — 2.  A  set  of 
vessels  forming  a  service  for  tea,  coffee,  or  the 
like;  for  example,  a  tray  with  tea-pot  or  pitch- 
ers and  cups,  generally  made  of  the  same  ma- 
terial throughout,  as  fine  porcelain  or  the  like. 
Sometimes  a  small  table  or  stand  of  the  same  ware  as  tb' 


biicl(e,  <  i'.  caboclie,  the  head :  see  caboclic,  and 
cf.  cabbaf/c'^.}  1.  The  part  of  a  deer's  head 
wherein  the  horns  are  set.  Coles,  1717. — 2.  A 
part  of  a  head-dress  worn  by  women  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  described  as  n  roll  at  the 
back  of  the  head.    Il'ric/lit. 


vessels  takes  the  place  of  the  tray,  or  stands  upon  the  tray,  cabbage-t  (kab'a'j),  r. '/.    '  [<  cabbage^,  n.     Cf. 
Sevres  norcplniii — tLtnhnrflt  rose  <1ii  Ttiin-v  tho  eot  r.An-  ,       P    . -,       m      •  ■- .         ,*'.'.-    .. 


Stvres  iiorcelain  —  a  cabaret,  rose  du  Ban-y,  the  set  con- 
sisting of  four  pieces.  S.  K.  Iinvnluri/  (1800),  p.  5s. 

3t.  A  certain  plant.  See  etymology. 
cabas  (kab'a),  «.  [Also  in  E.  form  caba  ;  =  D. 
kabas,  a  hand-basket,  <  F.  cabas,  OF.  cabas,  ca- 
bache,  cabat  =  Pr.  cabas,  a  basket  of  woven 
straw,  a  frail,  a  pannier,  =  Pg.  caba:,  a  hand- 
basket,  =  Sp.  capazn,  a  fraU,  a  hamper,  a  large 
basket;  also  Pg.  capacho,  a  mat,  =  Sp.  capacho 
(formerly  cabachn),  m.,  capacha,  {.,  a  frail,  a 
hamper;  ML.  (after  OF.  or  Pr.)  cabassiiis,  caba- 
tiii.s,  cabassio{>i-},  cabacctus,  cabacus.  Origin  im- 
eertain:  (1)  associated  by  some  etymologists, 
and  appar.  in  popular  use,  with  Sp.  Pg.  capaz, 
capacious  (cf.  ML.  capax,  a  vessel  of  consider- 


biishrd.}  To  grow  to  a  head:  said  of  the 
horns  of  a  deer.  Skeltoti. 
cabbage'*  (kab'aj),  r.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cab- 
bayed,  ppr.  cabbuijiny.  [Earlier,  as  in  E.  dial., 
cubbish  —  D.  kabbasscn,  <  OF.  cabasser,  put  into  a 
basket,  <  cabas,  a  basket:  see  cabas.  The  verbs 
bay,  poach,  pocket,  in  the  sense  of  '  purloin,'  are 
of  similar  origin.]  To  purloin;  specifically,  to 
keep  possession  of  part  of  a  customer's  cloth 
from  which  a  garment  has  been  made. 

Your  tailor,  instead  of  shreds,  cabbufjen  whole  yards  of 
stuff-  Arhuthnot. 

The  tailor  drew  back  as  if  he  had  been  detected  in  cab- 
baging from  a  cardinal's  robe,  or  cribbing  the  lace  of  some 
cope  or  altar  gown.  Scott,  Anne  of  Oeierstein,  xix. 


able  capacity),  <  L.  capax,  capacious,  <  capere,  cabbage3(kaVaj),  «.  \<c.abba(je^,r.}  Anything 
hold  {sea  capacious);  but  prob.,  (2)  ^vith  aug.     '='-''•  .c   ->.- 

sufii.x  -as,  -az,  -a;:o,  -acho  (=  It.  -accio;  cf.  It. 
capaccio,  a  large  head),  <  F.  cape  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
capa  =  It.  cappa,  <  ML.  capia,  a  cape,  cloak,  be- 
ing thus  lit.  'a  large  (or  coarse)  cape'  or  cover 
(mat  or  bag)  for  the  dried  figs,  dates,  raisins, 
primes,  etc.,  which  it  was  orig.  used  to  contain. 


genus 
Pieris,  whose  larvse  or  caterpillars  are  injurious 

\         r 


filched ;  specifically,  cloth  purloined  by  a  tailor 
who  makes  garments  fi-om  material  supplied  by 
his  customers. 
cabbage-bug  (kab'aj-bug),  n.  The  Muryantia 
histrioiiica,  more  fully  called  harleejuiii  cabbage- 
buy,  from  its  brilliant  markings,  it  has  spread 
from  Guatemala  to  Me.vico,  and  thence  into  the  United 
tr^,,.^.. ',,1+    '^^1,1       ..-^  1    •    S     \    t"   -r\  States,  and  is  dfstrurtive  t<3  cabbages. 

?lTi  i  hf  vT  '  l""".l°"^-]    /•  ^  ^•■^'^'^''i  cabbage-butterfly  (kab'aj-but"er-fli),  n.    A 
a  kind  of  basket   pannier,  or  frail,  made  of     butteftty  of  the  familv  I'apiUonida'  an     ge. 
woven  rush-  or  palm-leaves  or  grass,  generally  ' 

of  a  round  form,  serving  to  carry  pro-visions, 
especially  figs,  dates,  raisins,  or  prunes. — 2. 
A  similar  basket  used  as  a  traveling-bag;  a 
hand-bag. —  3.  A  lady's  work-basket  or  reti- 
cule. In  this  and  the  preceding  sense  also  (in 
the  United  States)  caba. 

Being  seated,  she  proceeded,  still  with  an  air  of  hurry 
and  embarrassment,  to  open  her  cabas,  to  take  out  her 
books.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Professor,  xiii. 

cabasset  (kab-a-sef;  F.  pron.  ka-ba-sa'),  n.  [F. 
cabasset,  a  slight  helmet  or  casket,  dim.  of  cabas, 
a  basket.]  A  military  head-piece  in  use  in  the 
sixteenth  century  for  both  infantry  and  cav- 
alry. It  resembled  a  hat  with  a  rounded  top,  sometimes 
slightly  conical,  or  with  a  ridge  running  from  front  to  rear 
over  the  crown,  but  without  a  high  crest,  and  had  a  uar- 
low  brim. 

cabassOU,  n.     See  kabassoii. 

cabaya  (ka-bii'ya),  «.  [Pi-ob.  <  Ar.  kabd,  a  ves- 
ture.] 1.  A  light  cotton  surcoat  worn  by  Eu- 
ropeans in  Java  and  neighboring  countries. — 
2.  In  the  Barbary  states,  a  similar  garment, 
the  same  as  the  caftan  of  the  Levant. 

cabbage!  (kab'aj),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cubage, 
cabige,  cabidge,  cabbidye,  with  term,  accom.  fi-om 
the  earlier  type  cubbish,  cubbysshe :  <  OF.  cubus, 
dial,  cuboche  (=  It.  cabuccio  (Florio),  capuccio, 
cajipuccio;  ML.  reflex  gubusia),  prop,  chou  ca- 
hus  (=  Pr.  caulet  cabus ;  cf.  MD.  kabuyskoole, 
D.  kabuiskool  =  MLG.  kubuskOl),  cabbage, 
lit.  headed  cole:  cliou,  F.  chou,  cole,  cabbage  cabbage-flea  (kab'aj-fle),  H.   A  name  of  a  small 


Male. 
European  Cabbage-butterfly  [^Pttrt's  rafa),  natural  size. 

to  the  cabbage  and  other  cruciferous  plants. 
The  common  European  species  is  P.  rupee,  which  has  found 
its  way  into  (.'anada  and  the  northern  United  States. 


{see  cole'~);  cabus,  fem.  cabuise,  cabuce,  headed, 
large-headed  (cf.  OF.  eaboce,  F.  cabochc,  head; 
It.  capuccio,  a  little  head  (cf.  capouch,  capu- 
chin); It.  lattuga  capuccia  =  F.  laictues  cubuces, 
pi.  (Cotgrave),  cabbage-lettuce;  OHG.  kabu:; 
cupnz,  MHG.  kappus,  kappiz,  kubu:,  6.  kappes, 
kappus,  kappis  (also  in  comp.  kappes-kohl,  kup- 
pes-kraut),  cabbage),  <L.cajJH;, head:  seecaput. 
Cf.  cubbayc^.}  1.  A  variety  ot  Brassica  oleracea 
in  which  the  thick,  roiuided,  and  strongly  vein- 


ed  leaves  are  crowded  in  a  large  compact  head  J^i^^Z"^'r^;-  ■      -,-., 
upon  a  short,  stout  stem.     SeeBra^^ca.    Manv  cabbage-moth  (kab  ag-moth)    n 
kinds  are  extensively  cultivated  for  use  as  a  vegetable  and      '''"  •-"'  ->"<■'"''  brussicec,  or  pot-herl 


in  salads,  pickles,  etc.  The  tree-  or  cow-cabbage  is  a  coarse 
form  raised  for  cattle,  very  tall  and  branching  when  in 
flower.  From  the  prominence  of  this  species,  the  whole 
order  of  Cruci/erce  is  sometimes  called  the  cabbage  family. 
2.    The  large  terminal  bud  of  some  kinds  of 

palms,  as  the  cabbage-palm Dog's  cabbage,  a 

succulent  urticaceons  herb,  Thebjtjonum  Cynucrainbc,  of 
the  .south  of  Europe,  sometimes  used  as  a  pot-herli.  — Sea- 
cabbage,  or   sea-kale,  a   perennial    cruciferous  herb, 
Cno/,V  , „«/■/(,■,„«,  of  the  shores    "~ 
put-lu'ili,  ispcri;dly  in   ETiyland, 

u.^ed.  Skunk-cabbage,  a  perennial  araeeons  plant  i.f 
the  United  Stat.-»,  s,inii.l,u;ir/,ti.i  fieli'lii.i.  found  in  lo<.ist 
grounds,  and  ;;ivin^'  out  a  very  fetid  odor,  especially  when 
bruised.  The  hooded,  shell-shaped,  pur]dish  sjtathe  aj)- 
pears  in  early  spring,  followed  by  a  tuft  of  large  smooth 
leaves.  The  seeds  and  root  are  said  t^  be  antispasmodic. 
—  St.  Patrick's  cabbage,  .S'«xiYro7«  t/i/i(<r(W(i,  the  Uui- 
don  pride  ..r  none-so-pretty  of  English  g.ardens. 
cabbagel  (kali'aj),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cubbuyed, 
Jipr.  cabbuyiny.  [Cf.  F.  cabusser,  grow  to  a  liead 
(Cotgrave) ;  from  the  noun.    Cf .  cabbage'^,  v.} 


beetle,  Ualtica  consobrinu,  of  the  family  Uulti- 
cidtr,  the  larvas  of  which  infest  cabbages. 

cabbage-fly  (kab'aj-fli),  n.  The  Jnthomi/ia  bras- 
sic(e,  a  fly  belonging  to  the  same  family  {ilus- 
cidce)  as  the  house-fly,  and  the  same  genus  as 
the  turnip-  and  potato-flies,  its  larva;  or  maggots 
are  destructive  to  cabbjiges  by  producing  disease  iu  the 
roots  on  which  they  feed. 

cabbage-maggot  (kab'aj-mag'ot),  n.  The  larva 
of  Anthomyia  brassica,  the  cabbage-fly.  Also 
called  cabbayc-worm. 

The  Mames- 
herb  moth,  a  moth 
measm-ing  about  If  inches  across  the  open  fore 
wings,  which  are  dusky-brown  clouded  «itli 
darker  shades,  and  marked  \vith  pairs  of  dark 
spots  on  their  front  edge,  and  with  various 
streaks  and  spots  of  a  yellowish  or  white  color. 
The  caterpillar  is  greenish-black,  and  is  found  iu  autumn 
feeding  on  the  hearts  of  cabbages.    It  ch.-uiges  to  a  brown 
pupa, 
f  Europe,  cultivated  as i  Cabbage-oll  (kab'aj-oil),  «.     Same  as  rape-oil. 
The  young  shoots  are  cabbage-paLui  (kab'aj-piim),  n.     Same  as  cab- 
bage-tree,  1. 

cabbage-rose  (kab'aj-roz),  n.  A  species  of  rose, 
Jlosa  CI  iiti/olia,  of  many  varieties,  with  a  large, 
round,  com]>act  flower,  supposed  to  have  been 
cidtivated  from  ancient  times,  and  especially 
suiteil  from  its  fragrance  for  the  manufacture 
of  rose-water  and  attar.  Also  called  Prorence  rose, 
by  error  for  I'njriiis  roxc,  from  the  town  of  that  name  in 
the  ilepartment  M  Seiiu'-et-Mju-ue,  tYance,  where  these 
roses  are  still  lai-gely  cultivated. 


European  Cabbage-worm 
{Pieris  r-a/rf . ,  natura I  size. 
a,  worm,  or  larva ;  6,  pupa. 


cabbage-tree 

cabbage-tree  (kab'ilj-trO),  «.    1.  A  namo  given 

til  iii.ciiy  s|iccics  (if  piUiii.s  tho  tciidcr  prrowiiig 
Icaf-liuds  i.f  wliicli  arciisod  as  a  vct;i-talik\  The 
cMl.l.a-. -tier,  ..r.alila!!u.liilllnLttu,„f  tli.^  s.MitliLTh  I'nituil 
.Stutfs,  Sahiit  I'almetUt,  is  :i  I'an-k-affd  piilni  ^^^rctwiiiK  tu 
the  lu'i«lit,  uf  fruiii  :iO  to  .'lU  feet.  The  eahlia(;e-tree  of  tlie 
West  Indies,  the  tree  ini>8t  generally  known  u.s  tlie  cnh- 
biVjc-iKdm;  is  ii  species  of  Orvmhxa  (formerly  included  in 
the  nenus  Arectt),  ().  olrrateii,  a  lofty  and  iiraceful  palin 
with  a  strait;ht  cylindrical  trunk,  .sometimes  150  m-  •l^)^)  feet 
Inuh,  hcarin;,'  a  licad  of  lon^f  piiuiate  leaves.  The  cahba^e 
is  the  terminal  h-af-hud,  the  removal  of  which,  though 
itften  done,  destroys  the  tree.  The  Australian  cabbage- 
tree  is  a  fan-leafed  palm,   Livisfona  austrati:i. 

2.  A  nanie  given  to  species  of  Anilira,  legumi- 
nous trees  of  tropical  America,  hearing  racemes 
of  red  flowers  and  roundish,  hard,  one-seeded 
jmJs,  and  yielding  tho  autheluiiutio  cabbage- 
tree  bark  of  pliarmaoists.  .Jamaica  cabbage-tree 
hark,  also  called  wurm-bark,  is  obtained  from  A.  iiwrmls, 
a  native  of  the  West  Indies,  and  the  .Surinam  hark  fmni 
A.  rt'tiim.,  found  in  Surinam  and  Cayenne.  A  similar  liark 
is  furni.shed  by  -l.  nntliclminfira  of  lirazil. 

3.  In  New  Zealand,  an  arborescent  liliaceous 
plant,  Conli/litic  iiiiliriKd.  Black  cabbage-tree,  an 
arboreous  composite  of  St.  He- 
lena, Melanodeudrim  inteifri^l'u- 
Hum,  one  of  the  few  cmlemic 
trees  still  remaining  on  the  isl- 
and. 

cabbage  -  wood  (kab '  aj  - 
wild),  II.  A  name  given  to 
tho  wood  of  Eriodeiidron 
(iiifriwtuosuni,  and  to  that 
of  spoeies  of  Aiulira.  See 
calihiii/c-  tree. 

cabbage-worm     (kab '  aj  - 

wcrni),  /(.    The  larva  of  tlie 

cabljage -butterfly  or  of  the 

cabbage-moth. 
cabbala,  "•     See  cabala. 
cabbidget,  «■    -'^  obsolete 

form  of  eiibhagc^-. 
cabbish^t  (kab'ish),  n.     An 

obsolete  and  more  original 

form  of  ailihiuii'i. 
cabbish'-'  ( kab'ish),  r.  t.    An  obsolete  and  dialee- 

tal  form  of  iiibbaije^. 
cabbie  (kab'l),  v.  t.  or-i.;  pret.  and  pp.  cahblcd, 

ppr.  cabbUiig.      [Origin  unknown ;  cf.  accable, 

<  F.  accabler,  crush,  overwhelm.]  In  metal.,  to 
break  up  into  pieces  (iron  which  has  been 
smi'lted  with  charcoal,  balled,  and  flattened), 
preparatory  to  the  processes  of  fagoting,  fus- 
ing, and  rolling  into  bars. 

cabbler  (kab'lcr),  h.  In  metal.,  one  who  cabbies. 

cabbyl  (kab'i),  n.  ;  pi.  cabbies  (-iz).  [<  caftl ;  a 
kind  of  dim.  of  cabma)i.'\  A  cab-driver  or  cab- 
man.    [CoUoq.,  Eng.] 

cabby2  (kab'i),  a.  [<  cab^  +  -)/l.]  Sticky; 
clammy.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

cabega  (ka-ba'sii),  «.  [Pg.,  lit.  head,  chief,  = 
Sp.  ciibc:a,  <  L.  caput,  head.]  1.  The  Portu- 
guese name  of  the  finest  kind  of  silk  received 
from  India,  as  distinguished  from  the  bariga, 
or  inferior  land.  Also  called  cabesse. —  2.  -A. 
nominal  money  of  account  in  some  parts  of  the 
west  coast  of  .Africa. 

Cabeiri,  «.  )<l.     See  Cabiri. 

Cabeirian,  Cabeiric,  «.    See  Cdbirian. 

Cabeiritic,  ".     See  Cabintic. 

caber  (ka'ber),  II.  [Sc,  also  written  cabir,  l-aliar; 

<  tiael.  cabin;  a  pole,  stake,  rafter,  =  Ir.  cabar, 
a  coupling ;  cf.  ('orn.  keber,  W.  ceibrcii,  a  rafter; 
I).  A'eper,  a  rafter.]  A  pole;  a  rafter;  abeam; 
a  large  stick.  Specilically  — (a)  A  lonj;  peeled  sapling; 
or  undressed  stem  of  a  yomig  tree  used  in  the  Ilijihlaiid  (or 
Scottish)  game  of  tossing  the  caber,  (h)  One  of  the  peeled 
saplings  sometimes  placed,  instead  of  boards,  on  the  tie- 
beams  of  a  cott.ige  to  form  the  kind  of  loft  called  the  balks, 
or  on  the  raftei-s  to  form  a  supjiort  for  the  thatch,  (r)  A 
transverse  beam  in  a  kiln  for  drying  grain.    Jawii'son. 

Caberea  (ka-be're-ii),  «.  [NL.]  Tho  tj-pical 
genus  of  the  family  Cabereiila:  C.  hookcri,  a 
Euriipcan  species,  is  an  example. 

Cabereidae  (kab-e-re'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
berea +  -«/(r.]  A  family  of  infuudibulate  chi- 
lostomatous  polyzoans,  of  the  order  Ihjiiinolic- 
matii,  having  an  unjointed  stock  with  slender 
branches,  and  two  or  more  rows  of  cells  with 
vibraeula  or  sessile  avicularia  at  the  back. 
The  species  are  generally  associated  %vith  the 
CeUulurudic.    Less  correctly  written  Cabercada: 

cabesse  (ka-bes'),  II.  [F.,<  Pg.  cabcga:  see  ca- 
brni.]     8ame  as  cabeqa,  1. 

cabezon  (kab'e-zou;  Sp.  pron.  kii-beth-6n'), 
«.  [Sp.,  <  cafcec'n,  head:  see  cabega,  caveson.l 
Same  as  bighead. 

cabial  (ka-be'i),  H.  [Braz.]  A  Brazilian  name 
of  the  capibara.     [Little  used.] 

A  molar,  "which  can  be  attributed  only  to  a  gigantic 
cabiai,  or  a  dwarf  elephant."     Pop.  Sci.  Mu.,  XXVI.  42S. 


747 

cabidget,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  cabbage'^. 

cabin  (kali'in),  II.  [^  ME.  cabaii,  cabaiic,  also 
assiliilated  ehabaiie.  a  little  house,  a  small  room, 
esp.  in  a  ship,  <  1)1".  eahiiiii;  f.  (MP.  also  cabaiii, 
m.),  V.  cabaiie  (also  cabiiie  after  E.  cabin)  =  Pr. 
cabana  =  Sj).  rabaila  =  Pg.  cabana  =  It.  cajian- 
na,  <  ML.  ca/ianiia,  a  cabin,  prob.  of  Cidtie  ori- 
gin :  W.  Cuban  =  Ir.  Gael,  cabaii,  a  cabin,  booth, 
dim.  of  (W.)  cub,  a  booth,  a  hut.]  1.  A  hut ;  a 
cottage ;  a  small  house  or  habitation,  especially 
QUO  that  is  poorly  constructed. 

Some  of  green  boughs  their  slender  cabiits  frame. 

J''ttir/ax. 
By  the  peat  Arcs  of  a  hundred  Ihousanil  ruliinn  had 
inghtlybeen  s\ing  rude  ballads  which  predicted  the  deliv- 
erance of  the  ojiprcssed  race.    Macaiifini,  Hist.  L^ng.,  xii. 

2.  A  small  room;  an  inclosed  place. 

.So  long  in  secret  caliin  there  he  held 
Her  captive  to  his  sensuall  desyre. 

SiiciM-r,  V.  Q.,  I.  vl.  -23. 

3.  -An  apartment  in  a  ship  for  oflicers  or  pas- 
sengers. In  pas-Senger-steamers  the  cabin  is  diviilcd  into 
state-rooms,  or  the  ])rivate  rooms  itf  tho  passengers,  and 
an  apartment  (sometimes  more  than  one)  for  the  use  of 
all,  called  the  mtixm,  generally  used  :is  a  dining-niom.  In 
an  ordinary  merchant  vessel  the  cabin  is  the  apartment 
occupied  by  the  master  of  the  vessel.  In  a  man-of-war  it 
is  the  apartment  used  by  the  commanding  olTicer,  or  the 
officer  connnamling  the  squadron,  the  apartments  of  the 
other  <i11iccrs  being  called  the  iranl-i-nnm  an<i  (of  the  petty 
(illicers)  tlie  uteffaf/e.  In  (Ircat  I'.iitain  the  word  catdit, 
when  ajiplied  to  tile  private  apartment  of  an  oflicer  or  a 
p;isscngcr,  is  synonymous  with  state-room  as  used  in  the 
I'Uitcil  States. 

4t.  Same  as  cabinet,  4. 

They  wotdd  not  stay  perhaps  the  Spanish  demurring, 
and  jiutting  olf  such  wholesome  acts  and  counsels  as  the 
politic  Cabin  at  Whitehall  had  no  mind  to. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  iv. 

Jealoushaughtincsse  of  Prelates  and  cabin  (_'oun.sellonrs. 

Milton,  Arcopagitica,  p.  3. 

After-cabin,  the  best  or  stern  calun  of  a  vessel.—  CablU 

car.   See  curl.—  Cabin  passenger,  one  who  has  the  best 

acconnnodation  a  shiji  affords.  — Second  cabin,  the  part 

of  a  steamship  allotted  to  the  use  tif  intermediate  or 

second-class  passengers,  or  the  general  accommodation 

afforded  them. 

cabin  (kab'in),  V.     [<  cabin,  j(.]     I.  trails.   To 

confine  as  in  a  cabin. 

Hut  now  T  am  cabin'd,  crihh'd,  confin'd,  bound  in 
To  saucy  doubts  and  fears.         Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

II.  intrans.   To  live  in  a  cabin;  lodge. 
I'll  make  you  feed  on  berries,  ami  on  roots, 
.\nd  feed  on  curds  and  whey,  and  suck  the  goat. 
And  cabin  in  a  cave.  Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 

cabin-boy  (kab'in-boi),  n.     A  boy  employed  to 
wait  on  the  officers  and  passengers  in  the  cabin 
of  a  ship. 
cabined  (kab'ind).  a,     [<  cabin  +  -erf2.]     Con- 
fined; naiTow.     [Bare.] 

Ere  the  blat)bing  easterti  scout, 
The  nice  inoi-n,  on  the  Indian  steep. 
From  her  cahin'd  loop-hole  peep. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  140. 

cabinet  (kab'i-net),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  cabinet,  a 
closet,  a  receptacle  of  curiosities,  etc. ;  cf.  OF. 
cabaiiette,  a  littleeabin  (=  It.  cabiiietto — Florio), 
dim.  of  cabane,  cabine,  a  cabin:  see  cabiii.'i  I. 
«.  It.  A  little  cabin ;  a  small  habitation  or  re- 
treat. 

Hearken  awhile,  from  thy  greene  cabinet, 
The  rurall  song  of  c;ircfull  ('i)linet. 

.s'/'c/i.vtw,  Sbep.  Cal.,  Decendjer. 
Lo,  here  the  gentle  lark,  weary  of  rest. 
From  his  moist  cabinet  moiuits  up  on  high. 

Shak.,  Venus  ami  Adonis,  1.  8r)4. 

2.  A  small  room;  a  retired  apartment;  a  closet. 
— 3.  A  private  room  in  which  consultations  are 
held ;  specificall.v,  the  closet  or  private  apart- 
ment in  which  a  sovereign  confers  with  his 
privy  council  or  most  trusted  ministers. 

You  began  in  the  cabinet  what  you  afterwards  practised 
in  the  camp.  Drydcn. 

Tho.se  more  refined  arts  of  the  cabinet,  on  which  the 
Italians  were  accustomed  to  rely,  nuich  more  than  on  the 
sword,  in  their  disputes  with  one  another,  were  of  no 
avail  against  these  rude  invaders. 

rrescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  14. 

Though  bred  in  the  cloister,  he  distinguished  himself 
Ixith  in  the  cabinet  and  the  camp. 

Prc^cott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  25. 

Hence  —  4.  An  executive  council;  the  select 
coiuicil  of  a  sovereign  or  of  an  executive  govern- 
ment; the  collective  body  of  ministers  who  di- 
rect the  government  of  a  nation  or  country. 
In  (Jreat  HriUiin.  though  the  executive  government  is  vest- 
ed nominally  in  the  crown.  It  is  practically  in  a  connnittee 
of  nnnisters  called  ttie  cabinet,  which  is  of  cunparatively 
modern  development.  Every  cabinet  imduiies  the  First 
Lord  of  the  Trea-sury,  who  is  generally  chief  of  the  minis- 
try, or  i)rime  mitnster,  the  Lord  Hi^di  chancellor,  the  Lord 
Pi-esident  of  the  Council,  the  chancellor  of  the  E\chei|Uer, 
ami  the  five  Secretaries  of  State,  with  two  or  more  other 
members,  at  the  prime  minister's  discretion.  In  the  I'liited 
States  Ihe  caljinel  is  a  cidlcctive  popular  name,  not  rciog- 
nized  by  law,  for  the  heads  of  the  eight  executive  ilepart- 
meiits,  namely,  the  Secretaries  of  State,  the  Treasury, 


Oabirian 

War,  the  Navy,  the  Interior,  and  Agriculture,  the  Postmaa- 
tcr-fJeneral,  and  the  Attorney-lJeneral.  They  areappoint- 
ed  by  the  President,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  Senate,  and  arc  removable  at  the  I'resident's  plea- 
sure. They  have  as  a  body  n«»  legal  functions,  huf  by 
custom  meet  the  President  at  stated  times  for  consulta- 
tion. The  term  cabinet  is  also  sometimes  api)lied  to  the 
executive  council  of  a  governor  or  of  a  mayor. 

It  is  to  the  antagonism  between  the  cotirt  an<l  the  ad- 
nnnlstratiou,  between  the  curia  and  the  catnera,  or  in 
inotlern  language  the  court  and  the  cabinet,  that  many  of 
the  eonstitutioiml  quarrels  of  the  centuiy  are  owing. 

Stubbii,  Const.  Hist.,  S  247. 

5.  A  meeting  or  session  of  a  cabinet  council. 
Cabinet  after  Cabinet  piussed  over,  and  no  mentifin  was 

ever  nnide  of  the  affairs  of  the  Kast,  tiii  one  day,  at  the 
end  of  a  Cabiiwt,  Palmerston,  in  the  most  e;i-sy,  noncha- 
lant way  imagittable,  said  that  he  thought  it  right  to 
mention  that  he  hail  been  a  long  time  engaKcd  in  nego- 
tiation upon  the  principles  agreed  upon  at  the  C'li-in.t  at 
Windsor,  atid  that  he  hail  drawn  up  a  Treaty  uith  winch 
it  was  tit  that  the  Cabinet  should  be  ac([Vlainted. 

Brit.  Qnartedij  Jtec,  I„\.XXIII.  74. 

6.  A  piece  of  furniture  having  shelves  or  draw- 
ers, or  both,  or  simply  cupboards  inclosed  with 
doors;  especially,  one  of  ornamental  character, 
decorated  with  carving,  inhiying,  painting, 
lacquer,  medallions  of  painted  jwrcelain,  or 
enamel  or  metal  appliques. 

Look 
Within,  in  my  blue  cabinet,  for  the  pearl 
I  had  sent  me  last.  B.  Junmin,  Catiline,  ii.  1. 

7.  Any  part  of  a  building,  or  one  or  more  whole 
buildings,  set  apart  for  tho  conservation  of 
works  of  art,  antiquities,  etc. ;  hence,  by  me- 
tonymy, the  collection  itself:  as,  a  mineral 
cabinet. — 8.  la  printing,  an  inclosed  frame  for 
printers'  cases,  generally  used  for  job-type. — 
Cabinet  of  arms,  a  display  of  the  escutcheons,  together 
with  tile  sword,  spurs,  and  the  like,  of  a  gentleman  after 
hisileceasc.  Inceitain  partsof  Europe  these  are  arranged 
in  a  frame,  and  hung  upon  tho  wall  of  a  church,  after  the 
funeral.  iJf'rv.— Kitchen  cabinet,  in  (/.  .S".  hint.,  a  co- 
terie of  intimate  friends  of  I'losidont  Jackson,  generally 
supposed  to  have  more  Inlluence  with  him  during  his  presi- 
dency (Is29-:i7)  than  his  otticial  advisers:  so  called  in  allu- 
siini  to  their  private  and  familiar  status,  as  if  adnutted  to 
the  White  House  through  the  kiteheu. 

From  the  Kitchen  Catnnet  seems  to  have  come  the  first 
proposition  to  make  the  "natiomil  conventions,"  which  are 
customary  even  to  the  present  day,  .  .  .  the  exponents  of 
the  "  will  of  the  people."   //.  van  UoUt,  Const,  iiist.,  II.  33. 

II.  a.   1.  Confidential;  secret;  private. 

others  still  gape  t'  anticipate 
The  cabinet  designs  of  Fate. 

S.  Butler,  Iludihras,  II.  iii.  24. 

2.  Relating  to  a  cabinet ;  belonging  to  or  con- 
stituting a  body  of  ministers  of  state:  as,  a 
cabinet  minister;  a  cabinet  council. — 3.  Be- 
longing to  a  jirivate  collection,  private  cellar, 
or  the  like,  and  therefore  presumably  of  supe- 
rior quality:  as,  cnftiHf twines.  Hence  —  4.  Of 
such  size,  beauty,  or  value  as  to  be  kept  in  a 
cabinet,  or  to  be  fitted  for  use  in  a  private 
chamber:  as,  a  cabinet  edition  of  a  book;  a 
cabinet  organ ;  a  cabinet  pianoforte ;  a  cabinet 

pictiu-e;  cabinet  pliotographs Cabinet  council. 

(at)  Private  counsel ;  secret  advice. 

Those  arc  cabinet  counciU, 
And  not  to  be  communicated. 

Maaidnger,  Duke  of  Alilan,  IL  1. 

ib)  (1)  A  council  held  with  privacy:  the  confidential  coun- 
cil of  a  prince  or  an  executive  nnigistrate ;  acouncil  of  cab- 
inet ministers  held  with  privacy  to  deliberate  upon  pub- 
lic affairs.  (2)  The  members  of  a  privy  e<iuncil ;  a  select 
immber  of  confidential  counselors;  specilically,  same  as 
cabinet.  I.,  4.— Cabinet  file.  See/fci.-  Cabinet  organ, 
a  small,  portable  organ,  usually  a  reed-organ  or  harmo- 
nium. 

cabinet  (kab'i-net),  v.  t.  [<  cabinet,  ».]  To  in- 
close in  or  as  in  a  cabinet.     [Rare.] 

Thislstheframeof  most  men's  spirits.  .  .  .  to  adore  the 
casket  and  contemn  the  jewel  that  is  eat/ineltcd  in  it. 

lleu'ift.  Sermons,  p.  87. 

cabinet-maker  (kab'i-net-ma'k6r),  n.  [<  cab- 
inet, G,  +  maker.']  One  whose  occupation  is 
the  making  of  household  furniture,  such  as 
caliinets,  sideboards,  tables,  bedsteads,  etc. 

cabin-mate  (kab'in-mat),  H.  [<  cabin  +  moffl.] 
( )fie  who  occupies  the  same  cabin  with  another. 
BeiiH.  and  Fl. 

cabir,  ».     See  caber. 

Cabirean  (kab-i-ro'an),  H.  [<  Cabiri  +  -eaw.] 
I  )ne  of  the  Cabiri. 

Cabiri  (ka-bi'il),  n.  pi.  [Less  prop.  Cabeiri ;  L. 
Cabiri,  <  (ir.  K(i.Jr//)0(.]  In  Or.  antiq.,  divini- 
ties of  Semitic  origin,  connected  witli  volcanoes, 
and  hence  falling  into  the  category  of  the  deities 
of  fire  ami  of  creative  life,  ihey  wore  worshiped 
in  mysteries  eeleln-ated  especially  lit  the  islands  of  Lemnos, 
Indn"-<  's.  and  Samothrace,  whence  their  cult  was  introduced 
into  other  places, 

Cabirian,  Cabiric  (ka-bir'i-an,  -ik),  a.  [<  Ca- 
biri +  -an.  -(('.]  Pertaining  to  tlie  Cabiri  or 
their  worship;  hence,  strange  and  mysterious; 
occult.     Also  spelled  Cabeirian,  Cabeiric. 


Cabiritic 

Cabiritic  (kab-i-rit'ik),  «.  Samo  as  Cahirian. 
Also  spoiled  Cabciritii: 

cable  (ka'bl),  «.  [<  ME.  cable,  cabeJ,  cahi/ll<'  = 
MO.  D.  MLG.  LG.  MHCi.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  kdbcl  = 
leel.  kddhall,  <  OF.  cable,  F.  cdhle  =  Sj).  cable 
=  Pg.  cabre  =  It.  cappio,  <  ML.  capulum,  c<ip- 
liim,  a  cable,  a  rope,  <  L.  cupere,  take,  hold:  sec 
capacious,  captive,  etc.]     If.  A  rope. 

Thogh  jelosie  be  haiiped  bi  a  cabU. 

Chaucer,  Comiilaint  of  Venus,  1.  33. 

Specifically — 2.  (a)  A  lai-ge,  strong  rope  or 
chain,  snch  as  is  used  to  hold  a  vessel  at  an- 
chor. Ropes  made  of  bemp,  jute,  or  eoir  were  universally 
used  ill  former  times,  but  luive  now,  except  in  small  ves- 
sels and  tlshing-craft,  been  superseded  by  eliaius.  Chain 
ejiides  are  {Jtenerally  composed  of  8  lengths  of  15  fathoms 
eaeb.  fastened  together  with  shaekies,  making  in  all  120 
fathoms.  Swivels  are  inserted  in  the  dilferent  lengths  to 
prevent  twisting.  Cables  are  also,  for  special  uses,  made 
of  wires  twisted  together,  (fc)  See  Submarine  cable, 
below,  (c)  The  traction-rope  of  a  cable-rail- 
road.—  3.  In  arch. :  (a)  A  molding  of  the  torus 
kind,  with  its  sm-faee  cut  in  imitation  of  the 
twisting  of  a  rope.  (6)  A  cj'lindrical  molding 
inserted  in  the  flute  of  a  column  and  partly 
filling  it.  — Endless  cable.  See  c/ii/^ss.— Kippering 
the  cable.  See  nipper.  I'.— Submarine  or  electric- 
telegraph  cable,  a  cable  composed  of  a  single  wire  or 
a  strand  of  wires  of  pure  copper,  embedded  in  protecting 
substances  and  covered  exteriuilly  by  coils  of  coated  iron 
wire,  for  conveying  telegraphic  messages  under  water. 
(.See  teleijraph.)  The  copper  wire,  or  embedded  strand  of 
wires,  is  called  the  core,  and  is  insulated  by  lajcrs  of  gutta- 
percha or  india-rubber,  each  layer  being  sciiuruted  from 
the  next  by  a  coating  of  resinous  matter.  The  insulating 
layers  are  generally  separated  from  the  outer  wires  by  a 
padding  of  jute  or  hemp  saturated  with  tar  or  other  pro- 
tective substance.  One  wire  is  found  to  be  better  than  a 
strand  as  regards  conducting  power;  but  the  latter  is 
safer,  since  if  one  wire  breaks,  messages  can  still  be  con- 
veyed through  the  others.  —  To  bitt  the  cable("'i"'.),  to 
wind  it  around  the  bitts.-7-To  bring  a  chain  cable  to. 
See  dri/w.  — To  buoy  a  cable,  to  suiijinrt  it  by  floats  to 
keep  it  clear  from  a  rocky  bottom,  cir  to  indicate  by  means 
of  buoy  and  buoy-rope  the  place  wliere  its  end  lies  wlieu 
detached  from  the  ship. — To  heave  a  cable  short.  See 
Ataoc— To  nip  the  cable.  See  nip,  r.— To  serve  a 
cable,  to  wind  rope  about  it  as  a  protection  against  chaf- 
ing.—TO  slip  the  cable,  to  disconnect  it  from  the  ship 
and  let  It  run  out,  thus  freeing  the  ship  from  li.'i- aiulior.— 
Wire  cables,  cables  formed  by  wires,  sometimes  twiste<i 
alioiit  eacli  other,  but,  when  used  for  snsiH-nsion-bridges, 
more  cummonly  laid  parallel,  bound  together,  wrapped 
with  canvas,  and  then  served,  or  wound  with  wire,  and 
painted.     Each  wire  is  separately  stretched  and  tested. 

cable  (ka'bl),  r.;  pret.  and  pp.  cabled,  ppr. 
cabling.  [<  cabh,  ?t.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  fasten 
■with  a  cable. 

Cast  out  the  cabled  stoue  upon  the  strand. 

J.  Dyer,  Fleece,  ii. 

The  ship  was  leisurely  chained  and  cabled  to  the  old 

dock.  G.  W.  Curtis,  Prue  and  I,  p.  e6. 

2.  In  arch.,  to  fill  (the  flutes  of  columns)  with 
cables  or  cylindrical  pieces. — 3.  [Cf.  equiv. 
tcire,  c]     To  transmit  by  a  telegraph-cable. 

II.   in  trans.    To  send  a  message  by  a  tele- 
graph-eable. 

cable-bend  (ka'bl-bend),  n.  Naut. :  (fl)  A  small 
rope  formerly  used  to  fasten  the  ends  of  a 
rope  cable  so  as  to  secure  the  knot  by  which  it 
is  attached  to  the  anchor-ring,  (b)  The  knot 
or  clinch  by  which  a  cable  is  attached  to  an 
anchor. 

cable-carrier  (ka'bl-kar"i-er),  n.  A  tub  or 
bucket  susjiended  from  grooved  wheels  travel- 
ing on  a  cable,  or  directly  attached  to  a  mov- 
ing cable,  and  used  to  transport  sand,  minerals, 
or  heavy  materials  on  a  wire  ropeway.  See 
toircicay. 

cabled  (ka'bld),  a.  l<  cable,  n.,  +  -ed^.']  1.  Fas- 
tened or  supplied  with  a  cable  or  cables. —  2. 
In  arch.,  having  the  ornament  called  a  cable. 
—  Cabled  flute,  in  arch.,  a  flute  of  a  column  coutaining  a 
cable-molding.     See  cable,  n.,  3. 

cable-drilling  (ka'bl-dril"ing),  n.  Same  as 
ropc-drillinf). 

cablegram  (ka'bl-gram),  n.  [Improp.  <  cable 
+  -i/ram,  as  in  telegram.']  A  message  sent  by 
a  telegraph-cable;  a  cable-despatch.  [CoUoq.] 

cable-gripper  (ka'bl-grip"er),  n.  Xaut.,  a  de- 
\-iec  placed  over  a  cable-well  to  prevent  the 
cable  from  running  out. 

cable-hatband  (ka'bl-hat"band),  ■».  A  kind 
of  hatband  consisting  of  a  twisted  cord,  worn 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centimes,  and 
in  some  modem  uniforms. 

I  had  on  a  gold  cable-hatband,  then  new  come  up,  which 
1  wore  about  a  murrey  French  hat. 

B.  Jonsan,  Every  Alan  out  of  his  Uumoiu". 

cable-hook  (ka'bl-huk),  ».     A  gripping  device 

for  liandliiig  a  ship's  cable, 
cable-laid  (ka'bl-lad),  a.     1.  Naut..  formed  of 

three  strands  of  plain-laid  or  ordinary  rope. 

Kope  for  cables  is  made  in  this  way  so  as  to  be  more  ini. 


748 

pervious  to  water,  but  cable-laid  rope  is  about  30  per  cent, 
weaker  than  plain-laid  rope  of  the  same  size.    Rope  cables 
are  from  10  to  20  inches  in  circum- 
ference. 

2.  Twisted  after  the  manner 
of  a  cable :  as,  a  cable-laid  gold 
chain. 

cable-molding  (kii'bl- mol- 
ding), )(.     Same  as  cable,  3. 

cable-nipper  (ka'bl-nip'er),  n. 
A  device  for  securing  to  a  ca- 
ble the  messenger  or  rope  by 
which  it  is  handled. 

cable-railroad    (ka'bl-ral"- 
rod),  H.      A  street-  or  other 
railroad  in  which  the  ears  are 
moved  by  an   endless   cable 
traveling  in   a   small    tunnel 
under  the  roadway,  and  kept      cabie-i,.i,i  Rope. 
in  motion  by  a  stationary  en- 
gine,   ilotion  is  comnmnicated  to 
the  cars  by  means  of  a  grip  extended  through  a  shtt  in  the 
covering  of  the  tunnel,  aud  so  arranged  as  to  be  under  the 
contri>l  of  the  brakeman. 

cable-road  (ka'bl-rod),  n.  Same  as  cable-rail- 
r(i(i<l. 

cable-screw  (ka'bl-skro),  n.  A  small  screw 
resembling  a  twisted  cord,  used  as  a  fastening 
for  tlie  soles  of  boots  and  shoes. 

cable's-length  (ka'blz-length),  H.  An  ajjpro.x- 
iniate  measure  of  length,  generally  considered 
to  be  100  fathoms  =  GOO  feet,  or  -^g  of  a  nautical 
mile  :  frequently  used  in  sailing  directions  for 
na\'i  gators. 

cable-stopper  (ka'bl-stop"er),  n.  Naut,  a  de- 
vice to  prevent  a  cable  from  running  out.  it 
generally  consists  of  a  short  piece  of  stout  rope,  with  a 
hook  in  one  end  and  a  knot  or  toggle  in  the  other.  One 
end  is  linoked  to  a  ring-bolt  in  the  deck,  aud  the  other  is 
hushed  to  tile  cable.    See  stopper. 

cablet  (ka'blet),  n.  [Dim.  of  cable.  Cf.  F.  cd- 
blot  and  cdbleau,  cablet.]  A  little  cable  ;  spe- 
cifically, any  cable-laid  rope  under  9  inches  in 
circumference. 

cable-tier  (ka'bl-ter),  n.  The  place  in  the  hold 
of  a  ship  where  rope  cables  are  stowed. 

cable-tire  (ka'bl-tu-),  «•  A  large  rope  for  rais- 
ing weights. 

cable-tools  (ka'bl-tolz),  11.  pi.  Tools  used  in 
cable-drilling  or  rope-driUing.  The  length  of  the 
set  of  tools  attached  to  the  rope,  or  used  in  rope-drilling, 
in  Pennsylvania,  is  about  62  feet,  and  the  weight  nearly  a 
ton.  The  separate  parts  are  the  rope-socket,  siuker-bar, 
jars,  auger-stem,  and  bit. 

cableway  (ka'bl-wa),  ».  A  taut  wire  or  other 
cable  over  which  a  car  caiTying  a  hanging  load 
rolls,  propelled  by  a  hauling-rope  or  other 
power. 

cabling  (ka'bling),  n.  [<  cable,  n.,  3  (b),  + 
-/»(/!.]  1.  The  filling  of  the  flutes  of  a  column 
with  cable-moldings.  Hence — 2.  The  cable- 
moklings  themselves. 

cablish  (kab'lish),  n.  [<  OF.  *cablis.  chablis, 
F.  chablis,  wind-fallen  wood  (ML.  cablicia)  (cf. 
eqiuv.  OF.  cable,  caable,  pi.  caables,  equiv.  to 
chablis),<.  *cabler,  chabler,  in  comp.  accabler,  cast 
down:  see  accable.']  In  old  forest  law,  wind- 
fall wood ;  wood  thrown  down  by  tempestuous 
weather:  also  sometimes  applied  to  brushwood. 

cabman  (kab'man),  n.  \  pi.  cabmen  (-men).  [< 
(■((il  +  man.']     The  driver  of  a  cab. 

cabob,  kabob  (ka-bob'),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Pers. 
kabiuib,  kihauh,  roast  meat,  <  kab,  an  ox.]  1. 
An  Oriental  dish  consisting  of  small  pieces  of 
beef  or  mutton,  seasoned  with  pepper,  salt,  gin- 
ger, etc.,  and  basted  with  oil  and  garlic  while 
being  roasted  on  a  skewer  or  spit,  sweet  herbs 
being  sometimes  placed  between  the  pieces. 

Cabubs,  or  meat  roasted  in  small  ]iieces,  that  may  be  eat 
without  dividing.    Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  57. 

2.  An  Anglo-Indian  name  for  roast  meat  in 
general.     Tule  and  Burncll. —  3.  A  leg  of  mut- 
ton stuffed  with  white  herrings  and  sweet  herbs. 
jrright. 
Also  spelled  kabab,  cobob. 

cabob,  kabob  (ka-bob'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
eabobbed,  kabobbed,  ppr.  cabobbing,  kabohbing. 
[<  cabob,  ?(.]  To  make  cabob  of;  roast,  as  a  leg 
of  mutton,  with  savory  herbs,  spices,  etc.,  at  a 
quick  fire.  Sir  T.  Herbert.  Also  spelled  kabab, 
cobob. 

caboceer  (kab-o-ser'),  «.  [Prob.  < Pg.  cabeceira, 
the  head,  chief,  <  cabe^a,  the  head :  see  ca- 
fccfa.]  The  name  given  to  local  governors  in 
western  Africa  appointed  by  the  king  over 
towns  or  districts. 

Rbmer  once  peeped  in  at  an  open  door,  and  found  an 
old  negro  caboceer  sitting  among  twenty  thousand  fetishes 
in  bis  private  fetish-museum,  .  .  .  performing  his  ilevo- 
tions.  E.  D.  Tyliir,  Prim.  Culture,  II.  146. 


cabr6 

cabochet,  »■  [<  OF.  mhoche,  the  head,  <  It.  ca- 
pocchia,  knob  of  a  stick,  etc.,  <  ca/io,  <  L.  ciqmt, 
head.  As  a  fish-name,  cf.  cabas,  eel-pout,  MD. 
kabuys-hoofd,  the  buUbead,  from  the  same  ult. 
source;  OF.  cabot,  "the  gull-fish,  bullhead, 
miller's-thumb";  cabote,  "as  cabot;  or  (more 
properly)  a  gurnard"  (Cotgrave) :  see  c/ihoshed, 
cabbage^,  cabbage'^,  and  cf.  the  E.  name  bull- 
head.] 1.  A  head.  Hco  cabbage". — 2.  A  name 
of  the  miller's-thumb  or  bullhead. — 3.  A  tad- 
pole.    K.  I). 

caboched,  'i.    See  caboshed. 

cabochon  (ka-bo-shon'),  n.  [F.  (=Sp.  cabujon 
=  Pg.  eabuchdo),  <  caboche,  head,  pate:  see  ca- 
biiche.]  A  polished  but  uncut  precious  stone. — 
En  cabochon,  in  the  style  of  a  eaboclion,  that  is,  rounded 
convex  on  top,  and  flat,  concave,  or  convex  on  the  back, 
without  facets.  Garnets,  turquoise,  moonstone,  cafs-eye, 
listeria,  and  other  gems  are  cut  in  this  form. 

cabocle  (ka-bok'le),  n.  The  Brazilian  name  of 
a  mineral  resembling  red  jasper,  foimd  in  the 
diamond-producing  sand  of  Bahia.  It  contains 
phosphoric  aeid,  alumina,  lime,  baryta,  protoxid 
of  iron,  and  water.  • 

Cabomba  (ka-bom'ba),  «.  [Native  Guiana 
name.]  A  genus  of  aquatic  plants,  known  as 
water-shields,  of  the  natural  order  yi/mphccacew, 
with  small  shield-shaped  floating  leaves  and 
finely  dissected  submerged  ones,  and  small 
trimerous  flowers.  There  are  two  or  three  species, 
natives  of  the  warmer  portions  of  America,  of  which  one 
species,  C.  Caroliniatui,  is  found  in  stagnant  waters  along 
the  southern  coast  of  the  United  States.  Cabomba  was 
formerly  classed  in  a  separate  family  Cabombaceee  with 
the  single  other  genus  Hitdru/'dtis  or  Ilraxenia,  the  ^orth 
American  water-shield.     .See  Uiidropellis. 

caboodle  (ka-bo'dl),  n.  [A  slang  term,  eon- 
Jectm'ed  to  be  a  corruption  of  kit  and  boodle : 
see  fioorf/fl.]  Crowd;  pack;  lot;  company: 
used  only  with  whole:  as,  the  whole  caboodle 
(that  is,  the  whole  number,  crowd,  or  quantity). 
[Slang.] 

It  would  not  even  make  me  raise  my  eyebrows  to  hear 
to-morrow  morning  that  the  ichole  caboodle  had  been  sold 
out.  New  York  Times,  Sept.  2,  1887. 

ITie  whole  caboodle  came  out  and  fell  upon  me. 

PicayaiK  (New  Orleans),  Feb.  23,  1858. 

cabook  (ka-biik'),  n.  The  name  given  in  Ceylon 
to  a  rock  which  is  there  extensively  used  as  a 
building-stone,  it  is  gneiss  in  a  peculiar  stage  of  de- 
composition, and,  although  soft  and  easily  quarried,  it 
hardens  on  exposure  to  the  air.  The  gneiss  contains 
mucli  magnetic  iron  disseminated  through  it,  and  it  is  the 
decomposition  of  this  mineral  which  gives  to  the  soil  the 
ferruginous  tinge  conspicuous  in  parts  of  Ceylon. 

cabooleat  (ka-bo'le-at),  n.  [<  Hind,  kabuliyat, 
a  written  agreement,  <  kabul,  consent.]  An 
agi'eement  made  between  the  Indian  govern- 
ment and  the  zemindars,  or  feudatory  landhold- 
ers, for  the  farming,  management,  and  collec- 
tion of  the  revenue. 

caboose  (ka-bos'),  «.  [Also  eoboose;  <  D.  hahuis 
=  MLG.  kabuse,  L6.  kabuse,  kabii.'ie  (>  G.  ka- 
buse)  =  Dan.  kabys  =  Sw.  kabysa ;  also  E.  cam- 
boose,  <  F.  cambuse,  <  D.  kombuis,  a  ship's  gal- 
ley, formerly  also  a  booth,  hut,  store-room ; 
perhaps  fi-om  same  root  as  cabin,  q.  v.]  1.  The 
cook-room  or  kitchen  on  shipboard;  a  gaUey; 
specifically,  the  inclosed  fireplace,  hearth,  or 
stove  used  for  cooking  on  small  vessels. 

The  lawn  is  studded  with  cabooses,  over  one  of  which  a 
Councillor  may  be  seen  carefully  skimming  the  water 
covering  his  twelve-pound  salmon. 

The  Centuni,  XXVI.  550. 

2.  A  ear  for  the  use  of  the  conductor,  brake- 
men,  etc.,  on  a  freight-train.     [U.  S.] 

cabos  (ka-bos'),  H.  [See  caboche.]  A  name 
of  the  eel-pout. 

caboshed,  caboched  (ka-boshf),  a.  [<  caboche 
+  -ed'i,  after  F.  cubochc.  <  caboche,  a  head:  see 
caboche,  cabbage-.]  In  her., 
represented  alone  and  afi'ront^ : 
said  of  the  head  of  a  stag  or  roe- 
buck when  no  part  of  the  neck 
is  seen.   Also  cabossed,  cabaged. 

cabossed  (ka-bosf),  a.  Same 
us  calin.'ihed. 

cabot  (ka-bo'),  H.  [F.  dial.]  A 
dry  measiu'e  in  general  use  in 
the  island  of  Jersey.    The  smnii 

cabot,  used  for  wheat,  is  ^  of  an  English  bushel.  The 
lartre  cabot,  for  barley,  etc..  is  one  third  larger.  As  with 
the  bushel,  equivalent  weights  arc  used,  which  vary  with 
the  biilkiness  of  the  material. 

cabotage  (kab'o-tSj),  «.  [F.  (=  It.  cabottag- 
gio),  <  eaboter,  coast,  lit.  go  from  cape  to  cape, 
<  Sp.  cabo,  cape :  see  cape-. ]  Xaut.,  na\igation 
along  a  coast;  coasting-trade. 

Cabr6  (ka-bra'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  cabrer,  rear,  < 
OF.  cabre  (F.  chdvre),  <  Sp.  cabra,  <  L.  capra,  a 


cabrd 

she-goat,  fem.  of  enper,  n  ho-goat :  aeo  capcr^. 
Cf.  ailiri<i!c.'\  In  Iter.,  rcprpsented  as  roaring: 
sail!  Ill'  :i  liorso. 

cabrerite  (ka-bro'rit),  h.  [<  Cabrera  (see  dcf.) 
+  -iti".']  A  Iiyiiroiis  arsciiiatc  of  nickel  and 
iiiat;ii(>sium,  (n-currinK  in  fibrous  or  granular 
masses  of  an  a|>})lo-f;rcen  color:  first  found  in 
till'  Sii'vra.  Cabrera,  Spain. 

cabrilla  ika-bririi;  Sj).  pron.  kii-bre'lya),  n. 
[S]i.,  a  lisU  (seo  def.  («)),  a  prawn,  also  a  little 
goat,  dim.  of  (■(//)(•«,  a  goat:  see  tviyye/'l.]  Aname 
of  certain  serranoid  fishes,  (a)  In  Spain,  Serranm 
cabrilla,  a  Hsh  of  the  MtMliterranean.  .See  Serranuji.  (It) 
Ktiineplu'luit  ca/irnilus,  a  Ilsli  of  a  brown  color,  with  rouiRl 
dark  spots  ami  two  large  black  ones  at  the  base  of  the 
spinous  dorsal  tin,  partly  extending  on  the  lln,  and  witli  a 
few  rounded  pale  spots  on  the  body,  and  all  the  fius  spot- 
ted. It  is  connnon  in  the  Caribbean  sea  ami  alon^  the 
Florida  coast,  anil  is  an  excellent  food-fish,  (r)  Parala- 
brux  eliitluatiiK,  a  grayish-Kreen  fish  with  obscure  broad 
dusky  streaks  ami  bars  which  form  reticulations  on  the 
sides,  and  shaded  with  dark  color  along  the  middle  of  the 
sides.     It  abounds  along  the  southei-n  coast  of  (.'alifornia. 

cabriolet  (kab'ri-61),  H.    Same  as  aijirinlc. 

cabriolet  (kab-ri-o-lii'),  ».  [=  G.  k-(ihriol(t  = 
Boliem.  kahrioktl'a,  etc.,  <  F.  calirio/ct,  dim.,  < 
Cdbriotc,  a  leap :  see  ctipriidc.  Now  shortened  to 
<■«/);  see  (■(//<!.]  Properly,  a  covered  one-horse 
carriage  with  two  wheels :  now  often  made  with 
foiH'  wiieels  and  a  calash  top.     >See  cttiii. 

cabrit  (kab'rit),  ii.  [<  Sp.  ailirito,  a  kid,  =  OF. 
cahrit,  F.  rahri,  a  kid,  =  I'r.  ciihril,  <  ML.  capri- 
iiii,  a  goat,  <  L.  caper,  a  goat.]  A  name  of  the 
American  pronghorn,  Antihicapra  amcricana. 

cabrite  (kab'rit).  H.  [NL.  Cnhritn,  appar.  < 
S]).  ciihrita,  a  sho-kid,  kidskin  dressed,  fem.  of 
eahrito,  a  kid,  dim.  of  eabra,  a  goat.]  A  lizard 
of  the  family  Laartiilie,  Cabrita  lesehnoiilti, 
with  the  lower  eyelid  partly  transparent  and 
movable.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of  central  and 
southern  India. 

Cabrouet  (kab-ro'et),  h.  [Appar.  a  modification 
of  eiibridlet,  q.  v.]  A  kind  of  cart  used  on  sugar- 
plantations  in  the  southern  United  States. 

cab-stand  (kab'stand),  n.  A  place  where  cabs 
stand  for  hire. 

caburet,  ».  A  small  Brazilian  owl,  the  eholiba 
of  Azara,  the  Sciips  bramliensis  of  modern  nat- 
uralists.    [Not  in  use.] 

caburnt  (kab'ern),  h.  [Origin  unknown;  said 
to  bo  connected  with  cable.']  Xaut.,  a  small 
line  made  of  spun,-yam,  to  bind  cables,  seize 
tackles,  etc. 

cacagoguet  (kak'a-gog),  n.  [<  Gr.  kukkti,  excre- 
ment, +  ii)  u)  or,  drawing,  leading,  <  ayeiv,  drive, 
lead.]  An  ointment  made  of  alum  and  honey, 
applied  to  the  anus  to  produce  evaCTiation. 

cacain  (ka-kii'in),  H.  [<.  cacao  +  -in'-.']  Inchon., 
the  essential  pinueiple  of  cacao. 

Cacalia  (ka-ka'li-a),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  KaKoXia,  a 
plant  not  identified,  perhaps  colt's-foot.]  A 
genus  of  Comjiosito',  nearly  related  to  Senecio, 
with  wliieh  it  is  sometimes  united,  but  mostly 
of  dilTeri'ut  habit.  The  species  are  white-flowered 
perennials,  natives  of  North  America  and  Asia  ;  nine  are 
fiunid  in  the  eastern  United  States.  Commonly  known  as 
liidmn  plantain. 

cacam  (kak'am),  n.  [Ar.  Heb.  Vhalham.]  A 
wise  man:  an  official  designation  among  the 
Jews,  synonymous  w'ith  rabbin.     Coles,  1717. 

They  have  it  [the  Law]  stuck  in  the  jambs  of  their  dores, 
and  covered  with  glasse  ;  written  by  their  cacanUy  and 
signed  with  the  names  of  God. 

Sandijs,  Travailes  (1052),  p.  114. 

The  Talmud  is  stuffed  with  the  traditions  of  their  Rab- 
bins and  C(U-(i(/i.s'.  Howell,  Letters,  ii.  S. 

cacao  (ka-ka'6),  n.     [=  D.  Dan.  Sw.  G.  Russ., 

etc.,  knkao ^Y .  cacao  =  It.eaceao,  <  Sp.  cacao^ 
Pg.  cacao,  cacan,  <  Mex.  caciinull,  cacao  (accord- 
ing to  Seuor  Jesus  Sanchez,  orig.  a  Nahuatl 
word).  Cf.  Sp.  cacahual,  cacaotal  =  Pg.  ea- 
caual,  a  plantation  of  chocolate-trees;  Pg.  <■«- 
camiro  ^  F.  cacaoi/er,  a  chocolate-tree.  See 
cocoa-.]  'The  chocolate-tree,  Thcobroma  Cacao, 
natui-al  order  Sterculiacea\  The  cacao  is  a  small 
evergreen  tree,  from  1(5  to  40  feet  high  when  growing  wild, 
a  native  of  tropical  -America,  anil  much  cultivated  there 
and  to  sonn*  extent  in  .\sia  and  Africa.  Its  fruit  is  a  some- 
what pear-shaped  pointed  pod,  lo-furrowed,  from  5  ti>  10 
niches  huig,  and  contains  numerous  large  seeds  embedded 
in  a  sweet  pulp.  These  seeds  are  very  nutritive,  contain- 
ing 50  per  cent,  of  fat.  are  of  an  agreeable  flavor,  and  are 
used,  both  in  their  fresh  ^tjite  and  wlieii  dried,  as  an  arti- 
cle of  food.  The  seeds  when  roasted  and  divested  of  their 
husks  and  crushed  are  known  as  cwoa-uibif.  These  are 
gromnl  into  an  oily  paste,  and  mixed  with  sugar  and  fla- 
voring matters,  to  nuike  chocolate,  the  most  important 
product  of  the  cacao.  (See  chocolate.)  Cocoa  consists  of 
tile  uilis  alone,  either  unground  or  ground,  dried,  and 
powdered,  or  of  the  crude  paste  dried  in  Makes.  Hroma 
consists  of  the  dry  powder  of  the  seeds  after  a  thorough 
expression  of  the  oil.  A  decoction  is  also  made  from  the 
husks  alone,  under  the  name  of  cocoa  .^hclU.  These  sub- 
stances, containing  the  alkaloid  theobromine,  analogous 


Fniitin(f  Br.-inch  of  Cacao  (  Thtahroma 
Cacao). 


749 

to  thein  and  cafloln,  arc  very  extensively  used  as  snbstl- 
tnt<!8  for  tea  and  coffee.  The  oil  from  the  seeds,  called 
cacao-butter,  is 
.solid  at  ordinary 
temperatures, and 
has  a  pleasant 
odor  anil  choco- 
late-like taste.  It 
is  used  for  sup- 
positories, and  for 
making  soap,  po- 
matums, etc. 

cacao  -  butter 
(ka-ka'6-but  "- 
6r),  n.  The 
oil  expressed 
from  tlio  seeds 
of  the  choco- 
late-tree, TApo- 
broma  Cacao. 
See  cacao. 

cacao-nut  (ka- 

ka'o-iiut),  n. 
The  fruit  of 
the  Thcobroma 
Cacao.  Seeca- 
cao. 
cacatedt,  a.  [< 

Iv.  cacatus:,  pp. 
of  cacare :  see  c«cil.]    Defiled  with  excrement. 
If  your  grace  please  to  be  cakatett,  say  so. 
Middleton,  Massimjcr,  and  Itowlei/,  'I'he  Old  Law,  v.  1. 

cacatory  (kak'a-to-ri),  «.     [<  NL.  cacatoriu.t, 

<  Ii.  as  if  *cacator,  <  cacare,  pp.  cacatus:  see 
frtcfc'.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  the 
discharge  of  excrement  from  the  bowels. — 
Cacatory  fever,  a  kind  of  intermittent  fever  accom- 
Iianicd  by  c'i]ii,iii3  alvine  discharges. 

Cacatua  (kak-a-tti'a),  n.     [NL.  (Vieillot,  1818), 

<  'Malay  kakatiia  :  see  cockatoo.]  Agenusof  par- 
rots, of  the  family  I'sittacidcc  and  subfamily  Ca- 
catiiintc,  containing  the  typical  cockatoos.  Tlie 
species  are  of  rather  large  size'for  this  family,  with  short, 
square  tails,  and  a  beautiful  erectile  crest :  white  is  the 
usual  color,  the  crest  being  tinged  with  yellow  or  rosy. 
There  are  upward  of  14  species,  all  East  Ind'iaTi,  P.-ijiuan,  or 
Australian.  C.  ffalerita  is  the  large  sulphur-crested  cocka- 
too ;  C.  sidphurea,  the  smaller  sulphur-crested  ;  other  spe- 
cies are  C.  dncorpai,  V.  Icadbcatcri,  and  V.  roscicapilln.  In 
Cacatua  proper  there  is  only  one  carotid  artery,  an  anom. 
aly  in  this  group  of  birds.  Also  later  called  Plyctolophtis. 
See  cut  under  cockatoo. 

Cacatuidae  (kak-a-tii'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
catua  +  -itJa;.]  The  cockatoos  as  a  separate 
family  of  birds.     See  Cacatuince. 

Cacatuinae  (kak'a-tu-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
catua +  -ina'.]  The  cockatoos,  a  subfamily  of 
I'sittacidcc,  represented  by  Cacatua.  They  ha^e 
the  orbital  ring  completely  ossified,  a  bony  bridge  over 
the  temporal  fossa,  the  left  carotid  artery  nonnal,  and 
no  ambiens  muscle.  They  are  birds  of  medium  and  large 
size,  with  greatly  hooked  bills,  short  square  tails,  and  an 
erectile  crest.  Besides  the  genus  Cacatua  and  its  sub- 
divisions, containing  the  white  coekat^^os,  this  group  in- 
cludes Cabti'torhfiiichu.t,  the  black  cockatoos,  and  Micro- 
ctlossa,  cockatoos  with  very  large  bills  and  slender  tongues. 
All  are  included  in  the  geographical  range  given  for  Caca- 
tua. Tlie  subfamily  is  sometimes  raised  to  the  rank  of  a 
family  under  the  name  of  Cacatuidcv.  Also  called  Phjc- 
toloph  in/r. 

Caccabinae  (kak-a-lu'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.  {(ii.  R. 
Gray,  185.5),  <  Caccabi.'i  +  -inic.']  A  subfamily 
of  gallinaceans,  of  the  family  Tetraonidw  or 
Perdicidce,  typified  by  the  genus  Caccabis;  the 
rock-partridges  of  the  old  world.  Besides  the  sev- 
eral species  of  Caccabij<,  this  group  includes  Lerwa  nici- 
cola  of  Tibet,  and  the  -Asiatic  species  of  Tctrao(jallu.^. 
The  term  is  not  nnich  used,  the  species  being  generally 
.associated  with  the  Pcrdicincf. 
Caccabis  (kak'a-bis),  n.  [NL.  (Kaup,  1829),  < 
Gr.  KaiiKaj3ig,  another  form  of  KaKKa,iTj  (usually 

called  TripSi^),  a 
partridge.  C'f. 
cackle.]  Agenus 
ofold-woridpar- 
tridges,  some- 
times giving 
name  to  a  sub- 
family Cacca- 
biner :  the  t\-pi- 
cal  rock-par- 
tridges. C.iaxali- 
li«,  C.  rtt/a,  and  ('. 
pctroita  are  Euro- 
pean species;  oth- 
ers inhabit  north- 
ern .-Vfrica  and 
Asia.  C  ntfa  is  the 
common  red-legged 
partridge ;  C.  }>€tro- 
sa  is  the  Rarbary 
partridge. 

cacchet,  v.    A  Jliddle  English  form  of  eatch^. 

cachsemia,  cachsemic.    See  cachemia,  cachemic. 

cachalot  ikach'-  or  kash'a-lot),  «.     [Also  fo<7i- 

«/i(/;    F.  cachaliit,   !Sp.   cachalote,  Russ.  kash<i- 

loti,  G.  kuschalot,  kaschclot,  Sw.  kaschclot,  Dan. 


RciMcgged  Partridge  {Caccabij  rufa). 


caeblboa 

ka^kclot,  D.  ka:il(it ;  of  unknown  origin,  per- 
haps Eskimo:  cf.  "Greenland  kifjniilik"  (VVeb- 
ster's  Diet.).  French  etymologists  derive  the 
F.  word  from  the  E.,  and  that  from  Catalan 
quichal,  tooth,  "because  the  animal  is  armed 
with  teeth."]  1.  A  name  of  the  spei-m-whale, 
Physctcr  or  Catodon  macrocejilialu.s;  a  large, 
toothed  cetacean  of  the  family  I'hi/.scteridw  or 
CatodonUdw,  having  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw,  and 
an  enormous  blunt  head,  in  a  cavity  of  which 
spermaceti  is  contained,  and  sometimes  attain- 
ing a  length  of  80  feet.  The  cachalot  is  gregarious, 
going  in  herds  sometimes  of  several  hundred  individuals, 
and  feeds  chielly  on  cephalopoils.  The  motith  contains  no 
whalebone.  The  blubber  yields  the  flue  oil  known  as 
sperm-oil,  and  ambergris,  a  kind  of  bezoar,  is  found  in  the 
alimentary  canal.  See  cut  under  Plnjucter. 
2.  /)/.  The  sperm-whales  as  a  family  of  ceta- 
ceans ;  the  J'hi/sctcridw.  [In  this  sense  the  word 
is  chiefly  a  book-name.] 
cachel  (kash),  n.  [F.,  <  caeher,  hide,  <  L.  co- 
actarc,  press  together,  constrain,  force,  freq. 
of  cogere,  constrain,  force :  see  cogent.  The 
term  was  adopted  into  E.  from  tlie  speech  of 
the  Caiuidian  voyageurs  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
countiy.]  1.  A  place  of  concealment^  especial- 
ly in  the  ground  or  under  a  caini. —  2.  A  store 
of  provisiims  or  other  things  deposited  in  such 
a  place  of  concealment,  for  present  convenience 
or  for  future  use. 

After  breakfast  I  started  across  the  floe  for  Cape  Riley, 
to  bring  on  board  my  cache  of  Monday  last. 

Ji.  M'Connirk,  Arctic  and  Antarctic  Voyages,  I.  90. 

Greater  care  should  be  taken  in  the  caching  of  pro- 
visions, for  frequently  in  Lieutenant  rJreely's  book  men- 
tion is  made  of  a  cache  found,  either  partially  devoured 
by  bears,  wolves,  or  foxes,  or  rendered  uneatable  by  mould. 
Westminster  lire,  CXXV.  485. 

cachel  (kash),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cached,  ppr. 
caching.  [<  cachc'^,  n.]  To  conceal,  generally 
by  burying  in  the  ground  or  under  a  caini. 

We  left  Irving  Bay  on  the  :iOth  of  .tune,  cachiwj  all  our 
heavy  stuff  in  order  to  lighten  the  sled  as  much  as  pos- 
sible, ir.  //.  Gilder,  Schwatkas  .Search,  p.  131. 

Spear  and  arrow  beads  have  been  fotmd  cached. 

Smithsonian  Report,  18S1,  p.  681. 

cache-t,  »'.  A  Middle  English  form  of  catch^. 
Cliaurer. 

cachectic  (ka-kek'tik),  a.  [<  L.  cachecticus.  < 
Gr.  KaxtK'iiioi;,  ^  Kci^xfiia,  cachexy:  see  cachexy.] 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  cachexy. 

Miss  Letty  was  altogether  too  wholesome  ...  a  young 
girl  to  be  a  model,  according  to  the  llat-chested  and  ca- 
chectic ])attern.  0.  W.  Holnien,  Elsie  Venner,  xvii. 

cachectical  (ka-kek'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  ca- 
chectic. 

Young  and  florid  blood  rather  than  vapid  and  cachecti- 
cal. Arbuthnol,  Effects  of  Air. 

cachelcoma  (kak-el-ko'ma),  ». ;  pi.  cachelco- 
mata  (-ma-tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KnK6c,  >>ad,  +  i'/Ku- 
fia,  sore,  iilcer,  <  f^^Korr,  ulcerate,  <  f/«<f  =  L. 
idcK.t.  ulcer:  see  ulcer.]  A  foul  or  malignant 
ulcer. 

cachemia  (ka-ke'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  koko^, 
bad,  -1-  a'l/ja,  blood.]  A  morbid  state  of  the 
blood.     Also  spelled  caehermia. 

cachemic  (ka-ke'mik),  a.  [<  cachemia  +  -ic] 
Afflicted  with  cachemia.  Also  spelled  eacha'mic. 

cachemire  (kash'mer),  n.  A  French  spelling 
I  if  ea.-'hnierc. 

cache-pot  (kash'pot),  «.  [<  F.  caeher,  hide,  + 
pot,  pot.]  An  ornamental  pot  or  covering  for 
concealing  a  common  flower-pot  containing 
plants  kept  in  an  apartment. 

cachet  (ka-sha'),  n.  [F.,  <  caeher,  hide:  see 
cached,  «.]  A  seal — Lettre  de  cachet,  in  Frencli 
hist.,  a  letter  or  order  under  seal ;  a  private  letter  of  state  : 
a  name  given  especially  to  a  written  order  iirocccding  from 
and  signed  by  the  king,  and  countersigned  1  ly  a  secretary  of 
state,  and  used  at  first  as  an  occasional  means  of  delaying 
the  course  of  justice,  but  later,  in  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries,  as  a  warrant  for  the  imprisonment 
without  trial  of  a  jicrson  obnoxious  for  any  reason  to  the 
government,  often  for  life  or  for  a  long  period,  and  on 
frivolous  pretexts,  Lcttres  de  cachet  were  abolished  at 
the  i;cv..lutii>n.        . 

cachexia  (ka-kek'si-a),  n.  [NL. :  see  cachexy.] 
Same  as  cachexy. 

cachexy  (ka-kek'si),  n.  [<  NL.  cachexia,  <  Gr. 
™  Vf;'n.  <  mKtie,  bad,  +  ff/f,  habit,  <  (",t:f"',  have.] 
A  morbid  condition  of  the  body,  resulting 
either  from  general  disease  (as  sj-philitic  ca- 
chexj')  or  from  a  local  disease — Negro  cacliezy, 
a  propensity  for  eating  liirt,  peculiar  to  the  natives  of  the 
West  Indies  and  Africa. 

cachibou  (kash'i-bo),  H.  [Native  name.]  An 
aromatic  resin  obtained  from  I>ur.<!era  ginnnii- 
fcra,  a  tree  of  the  West  Indies,  Mexico,  and 
Central  America.  It  resembles  carauna,  from 
an  allied  tree  of  the  same  region.  Also  called 
chibou. 


cachlnnation 

cachinnation  (kak-i-na'shon),  «.  [<  L.  cachin- 
>iati<i(ii-),  <  cai-liiiiiKire,  pp.  rachiniiatu.i,  laugh 
loudly  or  immoderately  ;  imitative,  like  Gr.  nn- 
Xaiew,  aayxaieiv,  and  nayxn/ni;  and  AS.  ccahhc- 
lan,  of  same  sense.  Cf.  E.  cackh;  f/agfilc,  fiir/- 
glc,  chuclk;  and  cough.'i  Loud  or  immoderate 
laughter. 


760 


cacoon 


laying  an  egg  or  by  a  goose  when  excited  or  cacoepy  (kak'6-ep-i),  «.     [<  Gr.  KOKoinna,  faulty 


liiilfuiis  grimaces  . 
natUnt. 


t^ttcodcd  this  unusual  cachin- 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering. 


alarmed 

Tluise  Spanish  ('rcolcs,  however  they  may  afterwards 
cackle,  like  to  lay  tlieir  plans  noiselessly,  lilic  a  lien  in  a 
liarn.  U.  If.  Cable,  Old  t'reolc  Days,  p.  94. 

When  every  goose  is  cackling.  Shak.,  SI.  of  V.,  v.  i. 
2.  To  laugh  with  a  broken  noise  like  the  cack- 
ling of  a  goose  ;  giggle 


A  sharp,  dry  cachinnation  appealed  to  his  memory. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales. 

cachinnatory  (ka-kin'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  cachin- 
iKiir :  sei'  i-ddiinnatioii.'i  Of  or  pertaining  to 
eaehinnation  ;  relating  to  or  consisting  in  loud 
laughter. 

To  which,  of  course,  I  replied  to  the  hest  of  my  cachin- 
natonj  powers.  Buhver,  Tclham,  xxxvi. 

cacholong  (kash'o-long),  n.    [Said  to  be  <  Cncli, 
the  name  of  a  river  in  Bokhara,  +  Kalmuck 
diohn;!,  stone.]    A  variety  of  opal,  often  called 
pcail-i^pal,  usually  milk-white,  sometimes  gray- 
ish- or  vellowish-white,  in  color,  and  opaque  or  »l'li.'i,-J^I""'vf ""l,  « 
slightly  translucent  at  the  edges.   It  often  envelops  p,^ti?k",?-'fw ' .",;,!  . 
c.iiiiihi.ii  chiiUedony,  tlie  two  minerals  being  united  by  in-  *"*i'''-J  '.'^"'^/A  '•  "i""  «• 
siiisil.li- shades.                                                                                   /.onn  ^L-q_L-„   1     „        A    T!,. 

cacholot,  ".     See  caclialot. 

cachou(ka-sh6'),  H.    [F.-.  see  cashew.]  Asweet- 

meat,  generally  in  the  form  of  a  pill,  made  of 

the  extracts  of  lieoric-e,  cashew-nut.  gum,  etc.,     ing  bad 

used  by  tobacco-smokers  and  others  to  sweeten  cacocholia  (kak-o-ko'li-a),  n. 


language,  <  Kmor,  bad,  -t-  fTof,  word.]  Incor- 
rect pionunciation ;  mispronunciation :  opposed 
to  orthoepy. 

Orthoepy  is  entirely  independent  of  phonolot-y,  and 
phonology  finds  in  orthoepy  only  the  materials  upon  »  hich 
it  works,  which  indeed  it  ttnds  no  less  in  cacocjnj. 

li.  0.  While,  Everyday  English,  p.  40. 

Nic  grinned,  cackled,  and  laughed  till  he  was  like  to  kill  caCOetheS  (kak-6-e'thez),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  KaKotfiec 

'•''>»**="■  ArUuthnot.  John  Bull,     an  ill  habit,  neiit.  of  Haaoifiijc   ill-disposed,  ma- 


lignant,  <  /io/cor,  bad,  ill,  -1-  l/lor,  habit,  custom : 
see  ethics.}  A  Iiad  custom  or  habit ;  a  bad  dis- 
position—  CacoetlieB  loquen<U,a  mania  for  talking; 
morliid  desire  for  gossip  or  speechmaking.— Cacoethes 
scribendl,  a  morbid  propensity  for  writing;  an  it<-li  for 
autliorsliip.     The  phrase  is  taken  from  Juvenal  (.Satires, 


the  lireath. 

cachucha  (ka-cho'cha),  n.  [Sp.  (>  Pg.  cachu- 
clia),  a  dance,  also  a  kind  of  cap,  also  (in  Amer- 
ica) a  small  boat.]  1.  A  Spanish  dance  simi- 
lar to  the  bolero. —  2.  A  musical  piece  in  triple 
rhythm,  like  the  bolero. 

cachunde  (ka-ehiju'de),  «.  [Sp.,  =  Pg.  cachon- 
<le.~\  A  medicine  composed  of  many  aromatic 
ingredients  (musk,  amber,  euteh,  mastic,  aloes, 
rhubarb,  etc.),  highly  celebrated  in  India  and 
China  as  an  antidote,  stomachic,  and  antispas- 
modic. 

Cacicus  (kas'i-kus),  n.  [NL.  (Cuvier,  1799- 
1800),  <  cacique,  q.  v.  Cf.  Cassfcu^.}  1.  A 
genus  of  American  oscine  passerine  birds, 
the  caciques,  of  the  family  Icterider,  compre- 
hending numerous  species  of  Mexico  and  Cen- 


3.  To  prate;   prattle;   tattle;  talk  in  a  silly 
manner.     Johnson. 

cackle  (kak'l),  ii.  [<  cackle,  r.]  1.  The  shrill 
repeated  cry  of  a  goose  or  hen. 

The  silver  goose  liefore  the  shining  gate 
Tliere  flew,  and  t)y  her  cackle  sav'd  tlie  state. 

Dryden,  .-Eneid,  viii.  87*2. 
2.  Idle  talk;  silly  prattle. 

Tiiere  is  a  buzz  and  cackle  all  round  regarding  the  ser- 
nion.  Thackeraif,  Newcomes.  I.  xi. 

cackler  (kak'ler),  «.  l.  A  fowl  that  cackles. 
—  2.  One  who  giggles.— 3.  A  telltale;  a  tat- 
tler.    Johnson 

chicken.    [Old  slang.] 
Same  as  chcA'I. 
caco  (ka-ko'),  n.     A  Brazilian  mining  term  for 
the  sugary  quartz  found  in  some  gold-veins. 
caco-.     [L.  etc.  caco-,  <  Gr.  /vOKOf,  bad.]     An 
element  in  some  words  of  Greek  origin,  mean-  cacogenesis  (kak-o-jen'e-sis),  «. 

kfiKor,  bad,  +  jfvfCTif,  generation 
[NIj.,  <  Gr.  KQ/vof, 


cacogalactia  (kak"o-ga-lak'ti-ii),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr. 
(,«««■,  liad,  -I-  ;n/«  (ya'/MKT-),  niilk.]  la  pathoL, 
a  bad  oiincUtion  of  the  milk. 

cacogalia  (kak-o-ga'li-S),  H.  [NL.]  Same  as 
ideot/o/iictia. 

cacogastric  (kak-o-gas'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  KOKdc, 
bad,  -I-  J  acri/p,  the  stomach,  -1-  -ic.  See  f/astric.] 
Pertaining  to  a  disordered  stomach;  charac- 
terized by  dyspepsia;  dyspeptic. 

The  woes  that  chequer  this  imperfect  cacogastric  state 
of  existence.  Carlyle,  Misc.,  III.  221. 

[NL.,  <  Gr. 
-,  „  see  genesis.} 

In  ««(/.,  a  morbid  formation,  whether  congen- 
ital, as  a  monstrosity,  or  of  later  development, 
as  a  tumor. 
cacographic  (kak-o-graf'ik),  a.  [<  cacography 
+  -/(■.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  cacography  or 
bad  writing;  ill-written. —  2.  Pertaining  to  or 
characterized  by  bad  spelling ;  wrongly  spelled. 
cacographical  (kak-o-graf'i-kal),  a.  '  Same  as 
Ciicdgrdjiliir. 
+  ;r!7"'f)  jniee :  see  cliijmc.}  A  morbid  state  of  cacography  (ka-kog'ra-fi),  «.  [=  F.  cacogra- 
the  fluids  of  the  body;  "abundance  of  corrupt  jMe,  bad  spelling,  a  collection  of  iU-speUed 
humors  in  the  body,  caused  by  bad  nourish-  words  for  correction,  <  Gr.  hoko^,  bad,  +  -ypatpia, 
ment,  or  by  ill  digestion  "  {E.  I'hillijis,  1706).  <  ■)pa(pciv,  write ;  foi-med  in  antithesis  to  orthog- 
cacochymic  (kak-o-kim'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  caco-  raphy.}  Bad  WTiting  or  spelling. 
chyniia  -f  -ic.}  I.'  a.  Ha^^ng  the  fluids  of  the  cacolet  (kak'o-la), 
body  vitiated,  especially  the  blood. 
II.  n.  A  dyspeptic;  one  suffeiing  from  caeo- 


baii,  -f  10/7/,  bile.]  A  morbid  state  of  the  bile! 
cacocholyt  (ka-kok'o-li),  n.  Same  as  cacocholia. 
cacochylia  (kak-o-kiri-il),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  KUKdc. 

bad, -1-  vi'/of,  .juice:  see  chyle.}     Indigestion  or 

dciiraved  chj'lification. 
cacochylyt  (ka-kok'i-li),  >i.    Same  as  cacochylia. 
cacochymia  (kak-o-kim'i-a),  H.     [NL.,  also  in 

E.  form  cacochymy,  <  Gr.  KaKo^i'/jia,  <  kokui:,  bad, 


chymia. 


tral  and  South  America,  typical  forms  of  which  Cacodemon,  cacodaemon  (kak-6-de'mon). 


have  a  large  bill,  very  stout  at  the  base,  rising 
upon  the  forehead  somewhat  like  a  casque. 
Such  are  C.  persicus  (Linnseus)  and  C.  ha:mor- 
rhoiis  (Liimfeus).  Now  usually  spelled  Cassi- 
<•«*'. —  2.  A  genus  of  Coleoptera,  of  the  family 
Afi'liisomida: 
cacique  (ka-sek'),  ji.  [=  F.  cacique,  <  Sp.  Pg. 
cacique,  of  Haytian  origin.]  1.  The  title  of 
native  princes  or  head  chiefs  of  Hayti,  Cuba, 
Peru,  Mexico,  and  other  regions  of  America, 
who  were  found  reigning  there  when  these 
countries  were  discovered  by  the  Spaniards. 
Also  applied  to  the  chiefs  of  independent  tribes 
of  Indians  in  modem  times. —  2.  In  the  Fimda 


[ML.  cacodwinon,  an  evil  spirit,  <  Gr.  Kanoiaijiuv, 
possessed  of  an  e\'il  spirit,  also  (as  a  noun)  an 
evil  spirit,  <  Kawif,  bad,  evil,  -(-  daifiuv,  spirit, 
demon.]     1.  An  evil  spirit;  a  de-STl. 

Hie  thee  to  hell  for  shame,  and  leave  this  world, 
Thou  cacoilcrnion!  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

2.  In  med.,  the  nightmare. — 3.  In  astrol.,  the 
twelfth  house  of  a  scheme  or  figure  of  the 
heavens:  so  called  from  its  signifying  dread- 
ful things,  such  as  secret  enemies,  gi-eat  losses, 
imprisonment,  etc.  E.  rhillips,  1706. 
cacodemonial  (kak  "o-de-mo'ni-al),  a.  [<  caco- 
demon +  -i-al.}  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic 
of  a  cacodemon  or  e^-il  spirit. 


H.  [F.,  used  orig.  in  the 
Pyrenees,  and  perhaps  of  Basque  origin.]  A 
kind  of  pannier  in  the  form  of  a  seat,  fixed  on 
the  back  of  a  mule  or  horse,  for  carrying  travel- 
ers in moimtainous districts,  or sickor woimded 
persons,    it  is  composed  of  strong  iron  rods  with  joints, 


and  jjp.  eiicodrnioni~ed,  ppr.  cacodemonizing. 
[<  cacodemon  -\-  -ize.}  To  turn  into  a  cacode- 
mon.    Southey. 

cacodoxical  (kak-o-dok'si-kal),  a.  [<  cacodoxy 
+  -ieat.}     Erroneous;  heretical. 

cacodoxy  (kak'o-dok-si),  ».;  pi.  cacodoxies 
(-siz).  [<  Gr.  naKOihila,  heterodoxy,  wrong  opin- 
ion, <  AQ/cddofof,  heterodox,  <  naKoi;,  bad,  +  du;a, 
opinion,  doctiine.]  A  false  or  wrong  opinion 
or  opinions ;  en-oneous  doctrine,  especiallv  in  cacoloffv   (■ka-koraliiV 


mental  Constitutions  of  Carolina,  1669,  a  digni-  cacodemonize   (kak-6-de'mon-iz),  c.  t.;    pret. 

tary  of  the  next  rank  to  the  landgraves.    There  '  '  •    -        ■■ 

were  to  be  two  in  each  county.— 3.  A  bird  of 

the  genus  Cacicus  (which  see). 
Also  written  cassique,  caziquc,  cazic. 
cack^  (kak),  !'.  i.     [Also  cacky,  cackie;  <  ME. 

cakken  =  D.  kakken  =  LG.  kackcn  =  G.  kacl-en 

=  Dan.  kakke;  prob.,  like  It.  cacarc  =  Sp.  cagar 

=  Bohem.  kakati  =  Pol.  kakac,  <  L.  cacarc  =  Gr. 

KUKKav,  of  same  sense.]     To  ease  the  body  by 

stool.     Po2>e. 
cacki  (kak),  n.     [Also  cacky,  cackie;  <  cocfei,  v. 

Cf.  OF.  caca,  excrement.]     Human  excrement :  cacodyl,  cacodyle  (kak'6-dil,  -dil), 

usually  in  the  plm-al.     [Scotch.]  '  '       '  .,•..- 

cack2  (kak),   n.     [Origin   obscure.]      A  shoe- 
makers' name  for  an  infant's  shoe. 
cackerelt  (kak'er-el),  n.     [<  OF.  caquerel,  ca- 

garel,  said  to  be  from  same  root  as  cwctl  (OF. 

caca,  n.).]    A  fish  which  was  said  to  void  ex- 
crements when  pursued ;  according  to  some,  a 

fish  which  when  eaten  produces  laxness  of  the 

bowels.     Skinner;  Johnson. 
cackle  (kak'i),  V.  and  n.     Same  as  cack^. 
cackle  (kak'l),  r.  i.  ■  pret.  and  pp.  cackled,  ppr. 

cackling.     [<  ME.  cakelen        "  ^    .    -   - 


Min    ;  1  ,      Tr.*T'","',"'*''^.^'  f  P;  *'«*'^'''«  cacodylic  (kak-6-dil'ik),  a.     [<  cacoehfl  +  -/, 
=  MLG.  kakelen,  LG.  kakeln  =  G.  kaleln  =  Sw.     Containing  the  basic  radical  cacodyl  " 


matters  of  religion ;  heresy. 

'.'    '  " ':  '■',  ■■;,      [<Gr, 

KUKui^TlC,  ha-sang  a  bad  smell  (<  kokuc.  bad,  + 
oCfi",  smell),  -t-  ih/,  matter.]  Diniethyl  ar- 
sine,  As(CH3)2,  a  metalloid  radical,  a"  com- 
pound of  arsenic,  h.vdrogen,  and  carbon,  it 
was  first  obtained  in  a  separate  state  as  dicacodyl,  As.^ 
(CH,'j)4,  by  Bunsen  in  1S.'!7,  and  fomied  the  second  in" 
stance  of  the  iscdation  of  a  compound  radical,  tllat  of  cy- 
anogen by  Gay-Lussac  Ijeing  the  first.  It  is  a  clear  liquid, 
heavier  than  water,  ami  refracting  light  strongly.  Its 
smell  is  insupportably  offensive  (whence  its  name),  and  its 
vapor  is  highly  poisonous.  It  is  spontaneously  intlam- 
malde  in  air.  Alkai-sin  is  the  protoxid  of  cacodyl.  Also 
written  kakoiii/l,  knkodiile.     See  alkarsin. 

] 


kackla  =  Dan.  kagle,  cackle,  gaggle ;  closely 
related  to  E.  gaggle  =  D.  gaggelen  =  G.  gackeln, 
gackern,  also  gackscn,  cackle,  cry  like  a  goose 
or  hen;  cf.  Sp.  cacarear ^Vg.  cacarejar,  cackle, 
as  a  hen,  or  crow,  as  a  cock.  All  imitative ;  cf. 
cachinnation,  and  words  there  mentioned,  esp. 
gag/^lenud giggle.  See  also  cw*!.]  1.  To  utter 
a  noisy  succession  of  thin,  shrill,  broken  notes : 
specifically  used  of  the  C17  made  by  a  hen  after 


Cacolet,  or  Mule-chair. 

united  by  bands  of  strong  cloth,  the  arrangement  of  the 
bands  affording  sufficient  elasticity  to  permit  the  occu- 
pant to  sit  or  lie.  Military  cacolets  are  of  two  kiuds :  one 
in  the  form  of  two  arm-chaii-s,  suspended  one  on  either 
side  of  a  mule,  used  by  pei-sons  not  too  severely  wounded ; 
the  other  in  the  form  of  a  bed  laid  at  length  along  the 
mule's  back.  The  French  introduced  the  use  of  cacolets 
during  the  Crimean  war  (1S51-5). 

'     '    '  .  i  .,  [=  F.  cacologie,  < 

Gr.  Htthn'/.oyia,  evil-speaking,  abuse,  •\'itupera- 
tion,  <  KOKoMyoc,  speaking  evil,  slanderous,  < 
Komif,  bad,  H-  /.iytiv,  speak.  The  rhetorical 
sense  is  modem.]  If.  -in  evil  speaking.  Bai- 
ley, 1727. — 2.  A  bad  choice  of  woi'ds  in  writing 
or  speaking;  also,  vicious  pronunciation. 

Debated  with  his  custoniers,  and  pretentled  to  correct 
their  caeolugii,  provincialisms,  and  other  defects. 

Foote,  in  Jon  Bee's  Samuel  Foote. 

cacomixl  (kak'o-mik-sl),  n.  [Mex.]  See  Bas- 
so ris.  1. 

caconym  (kak'o-nim),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kaad^,  bad,  -f- 
'uvoiin,  uivua,  a  name.]  A  bad  name  for  any- 
thing ;  a  name  which  is  in  any  way  undesirable 
or  objectionable.     Coucs. 

a.    Pertaining   to 
cMconyiiis  or  to  caconymy.     Cones. 

caconymy  (ka-kon'i-mi),  H.  [<  caconym  +  -y. 
Cf.  si/nonymy.}  The  use  of  caconyms;  bad 
nomenclature  or  terminology.     Coues. 


Cacodyl- 
ic acid,  (CHriJoAsOOH,  a  crystalline  arsenic  compound  caCOnymic  (kak-6-nim'ik), 
soluble  in  water,  odorless,  and  said  not  to  be  an  active 
poison,  although  it  contains  54.4  per  cent,  of  metallic  ar- 
senic, ciinivalejit  to  71.4  per  cent,  of  arsenious  oxid. 
cacoeconomy  (kak-e-kon'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  mjKcSf, 
bad,  -I-  it'iKovouia,  economy  (cf.  naKoiKovducu;,  a  bad 

steward):   see   economy.}     Bad  management;  cacoon  (ka-kiin'),   n.     [Also  kakitna;  an  Afri 

maladministration.     [Rare.]  t-an  name.]     A  commercial  name  for  the  large 

-Marvellous  cacojconomi/ of  their  government.  beans  of  the  Entada  scandens,   natural  order 

Sydney  Smith.     Ltguminosa;,   used   for  making  scent-bottles, 


cacoon 

purses,  etc — Antidote  cacoon,  «  name  irfven  In  Jn- 

ninini  to  the  FeuilUa  cnriltfuliii,  a  woody  nuciirhltnceoiw 
cliiiil'.T  of  tropical  America.  Tlle  large  seeclH  are  piirKa- 
tivc  :iih1  emetic,  and  are  used  as  a  popular  reniedy  for 
v:ii-i'ttis  diseases,  and  as  an  antidote  aiganist  the  poison  of 
tlir  iriniHJiiiiei-l,  lihnu  toxiciideudron.     See  Feuillea. 

cacophonia  (kak-o-fo'ni-il),  «.    [NL.]    Same  as 

ciiniiilKiiii/. 

cacophonic,  cacophonical,  cacophonious  (kak- 
(i-fdu'iU,  -fou'i-kal,  -t'6'ui-us),  u.  [Same  as  ca- 
nijilininms. 

cacophonous  (ka-kof'o-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  KaK6<tiu- 
vuc,  harsli-soimdinK:  see  cncoplionij.^  Sound- 
ing harshly ;  ill-souiuUug ;  discordant:  opposed 
to  euphnninus. 

cacophony  (ka-kof  o-ni),  ». ;  pi.  cacophonies 
(-iiiz).  [<  NL.  cacoplioiiia,  <  Gr,  KaKo<punia,  < 
naKciipui'iic,  harsh-souuding,  <  Kaadf;,  bad,  +  (jmvt/, 
sound,  voice;  in  antithesis  to  eHp/iOHi/.]  1.  A 
oonibiuatioii  of  discordant  sounds ;  specifically, 
iu  rlii't.,  a  faulty  choice  or  arrangement  of 
words,  jirodufitip;  iMhamionious  or  discordant 
combinations  of  si(ninds,  or  too  great  frequency 
of  such  combinations  as  are  for  any  reason  un- 
pleasant to  the  ear;  also,  the  uncouth  or  dis- 
agreeable sound  so  produced:  the  opposite  of 
euphony. 

The  Lancashire  folk  speak  quick  and  curt,  omit  letters, 
or  souiui  tlirec  or  four  words  all  tuf^ether  :  thus,  I  wou'- 
didd'n.  or  I  wuudyedd'd,  is  a  caru/ihunif  which  stands  for 
I  wish  you  would  !  y.  D'Isracli,  Aiuen.  of  Lit.,  I.  171. 

2.  Inpafhol.,  a  depraved  voice;  an  altered  state 
of  the  voice. 

cacoplastic  (kak-6-plas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  KOKtif, 
bad,  -t-  -'/.arjTiKoc,  i  TtAaaruc,  verbal  adj.  of  Tr'/.aa- 
crtiv,  form:  see  jilastk:  Cf.  Or.  naKorr/MaToc,  ill- 
conceived.]  In  pnthol.,  susceptible  of  only  a 
low  degree  of  organization,  as  the  indurations 
resulting  from  chronic  inflammation,  iibrocar- 
tilage,  cirrhosis,  etc.     DuityUson. 

cacopragia  (kak-o-pra'Ji-ii),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ko- 
iM:-inr,ia,  ill-doing,  <  KaHoirpa-jlir,  adj.,  ill-doing, 

<  KwMi;,  bad,  +  ~paaoeiv  {■\/  *Trpay),  do.]  Disease 
of  those  viscera  which  minister  to  nutrition ; 
depraved  condition  of  the  organic  functions. 

cacopragy   (ka-kop'ra-ji),   n.      Same  as  caco- 

cacosomium  (kak-o-s6'mi-um),  n.\  pi.  cacoso- 
niid  (-;i).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /,aMf,  bad,  +  au/m,  body.] 
A  lazaretto  for  leprosy  and  other  incurable  dis- 
eases. 

cacosyntheton  (kak-o-sin'the-ton),  j(.  [L.,  < 
Gr.  ^a^of,  bad,  -l-  cvvHhtov,  a  compound,  neut.  of 
avfdtTo^,  put  together:  see  si/nthctic'l  A  faulty 
composition,  or  joining  together  of  words  in  a 
sentence.     Miiishai,  1617.     [Rare.] 

Cacotechny  (kak'o-tek-ni),  n.     [<  Gr.  KOKOTexvia, 

<  KaKui;,  bad,  +  Tex"'!,  art.]  A  corruption  or 
corrupt  state  of  art.     [Rare.] 

cacothymia  (kak-o-thim'i-il),  H.      [NX;.,  <  Gr. 

kdkoOviiia,  malevolence,  <  kqkoc,  bad,  +  Bv/i6^, 

miiiil.]     In  pathol.,  a  disordered  state  of  the 

niiiiil. 
cacothymy  (ka-koth'i-mi),  n.    Same  as  caco- 

thijnti'i. 

cacotrophy  (ka-kot'ro-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  naKo^,  bad, 
-I-  rpocji//,  noiu'ishment.]  In  ^«((7«o/.,  disordered 
nutrition. 

cacoxene  (kak'ok-sen),  n.  [<  Gr.  KOKdin'oc,  nn- 
frieniUy  to  strangers,  inhospitable,  <  KUKor,  bad, 
+  i'lvc,  a  stranger,  a  guest.]  Ayellowish  silky 
mineral,  occurring  in  fibrous,  radiating  tufts. 
It  is  a  hydrous  phosphate  of  iron,  and  is  found  iu  tlle  iron 
ore  of  Bohemia,  to  which  its  presence  is  an  iujui-y  (hence 
its  niiiue).     Also  written  kakoxene,  kakoxine. 

cacoxenite  (ka-kok' sen-it),  n.  [<  cacoxene  + 
-itf-.}     Same  as  cacoxene. 

cacozyme  (kak'o-zim),  n.  [<  Gr.  kokoc,  bad,  + 
s'l'/^'/,  leaven.]  A  microscopic  organism,  such 
as  the  bacteria,  capable  of  producing  disease. 


Giaat  C.ictus  t,Cergits 
giganteus). 


Flower  0(  Ihc  Giant  Cactus  ( Ccrctti  £tganteHS\ 


7B1 

Cactaceae  (kak-ta'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  cactn.<i  + 
-dCKi'.]  A  very  peculiar  order  of  American 
polyi)etalous  dicotyledonous  plants,  the  cactus 
or  Indian-fig  family.  They  are  Kreen  and  lleshy,  most- 
ly without  true  leaves,  are  globular  or  culuumar  or  joint- 
ed, and  are  usually  arme<l 
witli  huudles  of  spines.  The 
llowers  have  numerous  sepals, 
petals,  and  stamens,  and  are 
often  large  and  very  showy. 
The  fruit  is  ustially  a  pulpy 
hen'y,  with  numerous  seeils, 
frciiueutly  large  ami  edihle. 
They  are  natives  nu)atly  of  dry 
and  liot  regions,  wliere  they 
form  a  prominent  anil  charac- 
teristic part  of  the  vegetation. 
The  principal  Kcnera(all  former- 
ly included  iu  the  single  Lin 
nean  genus  Cacluji)  are  .!/«  nun  il- 
laria,  MelftcacfUit,  and  Krliiim- 
cactitJt,  which  are  glol)ose  or  nvjil 
plants,  sometimes  gigantic;  ('>■ 
renji,  often  climbing  or  erect  and 
culunuiar,  sometimes  arbores- 
cent and  :iO  to  M  feet  higli; 
Opuntht,  jointed  and  with  tlie 
joints  often  flattened  ;  and  J'hift- 
locactux,  which  is  freiinently  cul- 
tivated in  greenhouses  for  its 
large  flowers,  as  are  also  other 
genera,  both  for  their  flowers 
and  their  curious  forms.  Opun- 
tia,  the  prickly  pear,  is  the  only 
genus  found  wild  in  the  nortli- 
ern  t'liited  Stjitcs.  The  order 
is  of  little  eriitHiniic  v:due. 

cactaceous  (kak-ta'shius), 
((.    [<  NL.  'cactaccus.   See 
Cactacew.'\     Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
C'actacew. 

cactal  (kak'tal),  a.  [<  cactus  +  -at.']  In  hot., 
of  or  belonging  to  the  cactus  group  or  order  of 
plants:  as,  the  cocta?  alliance. 

cacti,  ".     Plural  of  cactus. 

cactin,  cactine  (kak'tin),  n.  [<  cactus  +  -!')i2, 
-i«t-.]  The  red  coloring  matter  extracted  from 
the  fruit  of  some  of  the  cacti. 

cactus  (kak'tus),  H. ;  pi.  cacti  or  cactuses  (-ti,  -tns- 
ez).  [L.,  <  Gr.  kokto^,  a  prickly  plant.]  The 
old  and  Linnean  name  for  the  group  of  plants, 
considered  a  single  genus,  which  now  form  the 
order  Cactacca:  in  popular  use  the  name  (with  its 
plural  cacti)  is  still  applied  to  members  of  this  order 
without  distinction.  The  cochineal  cactus  is  the  Opuntia 
Tuna,  Xopalea  cochiniUi/era,  and  other  species  eultivateil 
for  the  cochineal  insect ;  the  hedgehog  cactus,  species  of 
Echitwcacttt.t;  the  melon  or  melon-thistle  cactus,  species 
ot  Metncnctus  ;  the  nipple  cactus,  species  of  MamiUaria  ; 
the  night-blooming  cactus  (or  night-blooming  cereus). 
CcrcM.s  fjrandijlont,^,  and  other  species  ;  the  old-man  cac- 
tus, Crmtx  si'iiiliji,  etc 

cactus-wren  (kak'tus-ren),  n.  The  name  given 
by  Coues  to  the  wrens  of  the  genus  Campi/lo- 
rhijnchus,  from  their  frequenting  and  nesting 
in  cactuses.  The  brown-headed  cactus- wren  is  C.  hrun- 
ncicapilhts  ;  the  St.  Lucas  cactus-wren  is  C  ajfittiji.  There 
are  numerous  other  species  of  .Mexico  and  Central  America. 
See  cut  under  Campitlnrhynchtis. 

cacumen  (ka-ku'men),  n. ;  pi.  cacumina  (-mi- 
nii).  [L.,  the  top,  peak,  smnmit,  point.]  The 
top  of  anything,  (a)  In  the  pharmacopaua,  the  top 
of  a  plant.  *(6)  In  anat..  the  culmen  of  the  vermis  supe- 
rior of  the  cerebellum.— Folliun  cacluninlB.  See  /o- 
lium. 

cacuminal  (ka-kii'mi-nal),  a.  [<  L.  cacumen 
(cacuniiii-),  top,  peak,  summit,  +  -n?.]  Per- 
taining to  a  top  or  stimmit. 

cacuminatet  (ka-kfi'mi-nat),  r.  f.  [<  L.  cacu- 
minatus.  pp.  of  cacuminare,  make  pointed,  <  ca- 
cumen (cacumin-),  point.]  To  make  sharp  or 
pointed.     Coles,  1717. 

cad  (kad),  H.  [Prob.  short  for  Sc.  cndic,  caddie, 
caddi/,  an  errand-boy.  etc.:  see  caddie.']  1.  A 
boy,  a  fellow :  a  general  term  of  slight  contempt 
applied  originally  to  various  classes  of  persons 
of  a  low  grade.  («)  .\u  errand-hoy  ;  a  messenger.  ('<) 
A  bricklayer's  assistant,  (c)  .-V  tlumble-rigger's  confed- 
erate. 

I  will  appear  to  know  no  nu)re  of  you  than  one  of  the 
cads  of  the  thiml)le-rig  knows  of  the  pea-holder.    T.  Jlook. 

(rf)  .\  loafer;  a  hanger-on  aliout  iuu-yards.  (c)  A  passen- 
ger taken  up  surreptitiously  by  a  stage-coach  driver  for 
his  own  iieniuisite.    (.0  The  conductor  of  an  omnibus. 

The  conductor,  w-ho  is  vulgarly  known  as  the  cad. 

Mayhetv. 

Z.  A  mean,  vulgar,  ill-bred  fellow  of  whatever 
social  rank :  a  term  of  great  contempt. 

There's  a  set  of  cadi  in  that  club  that  will  say  anything. 

Thackeray. 

cadacet,  "■    An  old  spelling  of  caddisl. 

cadamba  (ka-dam'bii),  «.  [Hind.  l-ada»i.'\  A 
rubiacootis  tree  of  tndia,  yaiiclea  or  Antlioce- 
phahi,<i  Cadamba,  often  mentioned  by  the  poets 
of  that  cotmtry.  It  bears  numer«>us  snuill  yellowish- 
brown  flowers  collected  in  dense  balls.  The  deep-yellow 
wuud  of  tUis  and  other  species,  ulsu  called  cadamba,  ia 


caddis 

used   for  furniture,  flooring,  packing-boxes,  cte.     Also 

written  hidinnhn. 
cadan  (kad'an),  n.     [E.  dial.;  another  form  of 

<•)«/</(■«'-',  q.  v.]    A  local  English  name  for  the 

fry  of  tlic  coal-tish.     Also  called  cudden. 
cadast,  »•     An  old  spelling  of  caddi.sl. 

cadaster,  cadastre  (ka-das'ti-r),  ».    [<  F.  ca-- 

daslri;  OK.  ciipdastre  z=  Sp.  cata.ifrn  =  Pg.  ca^ 
tiastro  =  It.  catastro,  cataslo  (ML.  reflex  calas- 
trum,  ratastum),  <  ML.  as  if  *capitastrum,  a  sur- 
vey and  valuation  of  real  property,  prop,  a 
register  of  the  poll-tax  (cf.  ML.  cajdtularium,  a 
cadaster,  <  capitulum,  a  chapter :  see  capiiu- 
Uirij),  <  L.  caput  (capit-),  head:  see  caput,  capi- 
tal'^, etc.]  A  register  of  the  real  property  of 
a  country  or  region,  with  the  extent,  value, 
and  ownership  of  each  holding  or  lot,  serving 
as  a  basis  of  taxation;  a  kind  of  Doomsday 
Book. 

It  is  certain  that  the  great  cadantre  or  Domesday  Book, 
the  terror  of  inhabited  England,  was  treated  as  the  regis- 
ter of  tlu;  excheipier,  Eticyc,  Brit.,  IX.  174. 

cadastral  (ka-das'tral),  a.  [<  cadaster  +  -a!.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cadaster;  according  to  or 
for  the  purposes  of  a  cadaster;  having  refer- 
ence to  the  extent,  value,  and  ownership  of 
landed  property  as  a  basis  for  assessment  for 
fiscal  purposes :  as,  a  cadastral  survey. 

cadastration  (ka-<las-tra'shqn),  n.  The  act  of 
making  a  cadaster;  detailed  official  surveying. 

AVliat  is  required  is  a  i)Ublic  ami  compulsory  system  of 
land  registl*ation,  based  ujiou  careful  cadajtt ration. 

Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXV.  23. 

cadastre,  ».    See  cadaster. 

cada'ver  (ka-dav'er),  H.  [=  F.  cadavre  =  Sp. 
Pg.  cadaver  =  It.  cadavere,  cadarern,  <  L.  cada- 
ver, a  corjise,  <  cadere,  fall.  Cf.  Gr.  izrijfta,  a 
corpse,  <  TTiVrfn',  fall.]  A  dead  body;  a  corpse: 
as,  "araere  cadaver,"  Boi/le;  especially,  a  body 
prepared  or  used  for  dissection. 

Not  one  of  these  writers  would  have  treatecl  ...  a 
work  ou  the  science  of  anatomy  as  a  collection  of  rules 
for  making  bones  or  for  procuring  cadarern. 

S.  Lanier,  'The  English  Novel,  p.  33. 

cada'7eric  (ka-dav'er-ik),  a.    [<  cadaver  +  -I'c] 

1.  Relating  to  a  dead  body;  pertaining  to  or 
derived  from  the  changes  induced  in  a  corpse 
by  putrefaction :  as,  cadaveric  phenomena. 

The  researches  that  have  brought  the  cadaveric  alka- 
loids ...   to  light.  Pop.  .S'rj.  ,Vo.,  XX.  42'2. 

2.  Resembling  a  cadaver  or  dead  body ;  ca- 
daverous—  Cadaveric  rigidity.  Same  as  riyor  mor- 
tis (which  see,  niuler  rinor). 

cada'7erine  (ka-dav'er-in),  a.  [<  L.  cadaverinus, 

<  cadaver,  a  corpse:  see  cadaver.'}  Same  as 
cadai'cric. 

cada'7erous  (ka-dav'er-us),  a.  [<  L.  cadarero- 
sus,  corpse-like,  <  cadaver,  a  corpse:  see  ca- 
daver.] Pertaining  to  a  dead  body;  especial- 
ly, having  the  appearance  or  color  of  the  body 
of  a  dead  person;  pale;  wan;  ghastly. 

.\  cadaverous  man,  composed  of  diseases  and  com- 
plaints. Fcttham,  Resolves,  ii.  31. 

.\  pale  cadaverous  face.  Marryat,  Snarleyyow,  I.  i. 

cada'verously  (ka-dav'6r-us-Ii),  adv.  In  a  ca- 
daverous manner. 

cadaverousness  (ka-dav'er-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  cadaverous. 

cada'Wt,  "■     See  caddoiv. 

cad-bait  (kad'bat),  «.    [Less  correctly  cad-bate ; 

<  cad  for  caddis"  +  bait^,  «.]  Same  as  caddis- 
uorm. 

caddast,  »■     See  caddis^. 

caddawt,  n.    See  caddow. 

caddet,  "•    See  ladi. 

caddew,  «.     See  caddis". 

Caddice',  ».      Sec  caddis^. 

caddice'-',  ».     See  cailtlis". 

caddice-fly,  ".    See  caddis- fti/. 

caddie  (kad'i),  w.  [Sc,  also  written  caddy, 
cady  (and  abbr.,  with  extended  use.  cad,  q.  v.); 
prob.,  with  accent  shifted  from  second  to  first 
syllable,  <  earlier  cadcc,  <  F.  cailet.  a  yotmg- 
er  brother.]  1.  A  cadet. — 2.  A  boy,  especially 
as  employed  in  rimning  errands ;  hence,  specifi- 
cally, one  who  gains  a  livelihood  by  ruiming 
errands  or  delivering  messages;  also,  one  who 
carries  the  clubs  of  persons  plaviug  at  golf. 
[Scotch.] 

caddis^,  caddicel  (kad'is),  «.  [Formerly  cad- 
lias,  ciiddes,  ME.  cattas  (>  AF.  cada:;  mod.  P. 
cadis,  <  E.);  i)roh.  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Ir. 
Gael,  cadan.  cotton,  W.  cadas,  a  kind  of  cloth. 
Hence  F.  cadis,  a  coarse  woolen  serge.]  It. 
Flock  or  wadding  of  any  fibrous  material  for 
stuffing,  bombasting.  and  the  like,  useiHu  the 
fifteenth  century  and  later. 
Cadas,  bonibiciuiuiu.  Prompt.  Pore.,  p.  67. 


caddis 

2.  A  kind  of  lint  for  dressing:  wounds.  Jamie- 
son, —  3f.  Wool  usod  for  coarse  embroidery, 
nearly  like  the  modem  crewel. 

Cadttaji  or  cnile,  snyctte.  Palsgrave. 

4f.  A  kind  of  worsted  tape  or  ribbon. 

The  countr>'  dame  ginlet  h  hir  self  e  as  straiKtit  in  the  wast 
with  ft  course  caddia.  lis  the  Madame  of  the  court  with  a 
silke  riband.  I'l/ly,  Euphues  and  his  Eiighiiid,  p.  220. 

Caddi^sett,  cambrics,  lawns.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

5t.  A  kind  of  coarse  woolen  or  worsted  stuff. 
(a)  Tlie  variegated  stuti  used  by  the  Highlanders  of  Scot- 
laud.    JohnnoH.    (0)  A  coarse  serge. 
Eight  velvet  pages,  six  footmen  in  cadvt. 

Shirley,  Witty  Fair  One,  iii.  5. 

caddis'-^  caddice-  (kad'is)^  «.  [Called  by  va- 
rious similar  names,  as  caddy^  caddcw,  cadew, 
cad~bait,  cod-bnit;  origin  obscure.]  The  larva 
of  the  eaddis-tlv.     See  caddis-xcorm. 

caddis-fly,  caddice-fly  (kad'is-fli),  n.  An  adult 
or  inia-ro  of  one  of  the  ueixropterous  insects  of 
the  suborder  Trichopteraj  and  especially  of  the 
family  Phnjganeidie.  in  Great  Britain  the' insect  is 
also  called  May-ftji,  from  the  usual  time  of  its  appearance ; 
Init  in  the  United  States  tlie  May-fly  is  one  of  the  Ephe- 
m'-ridiT.     See  caddia-tvorm. 

caddis-gartert  (kad'is-gar^ter),  n.    [<  caddis^ 
+  [farter.~\    A  garter  made  of  caddis.     Shak. 
See  caddis^^  1. 
caddish  (kad'ish),  a.     [<  cad  4-  -ish^.']     Like  a 

cad;  ungentlemanly. 
caddis-sfirimp  (kad'is-shrimp),  h.  An  am- 
pliipodous  crustacean  of  the  genus  Cerapus, 
family  Vorophiido'.  The  species  are  so  named  because 
they  live  in  tubes  formed  of  agglutinated  sand  and  mud, 
which  they  carry  about  with  them,  thus  resembling  cad- 
dis-wnrms. 
caddis-worm  (kad'is-werm),  n.  The  larva  of 
the  caddis-Hy.  it  is  also  called  caddis  or  caddice,  cad- 
bait  ^  cadeiv,  cade- 
worm,  and  case- 
wonn,  names  de- 
rived from  the  case 
or  shell  which  the 
larva  constructs  for 
itself  of  various  for- 
eign substances,  in- 
cluding small  sticks, 
stones,  shells,  etc. 
The  grub  lives  under 
water  till  it  is  ready 
t'j  be  transformed 
into  the  fly,  is  very 
voracious,  devour- 
ing large  quantities 
of  fish-spawn,  and  is 
extensively  used  by 
anizlers  for  bait. 


762 

cadee^t,  «•     Same  as  cadet^,  2. 

cadee-t,  ».    See  kadi. 

cade-lamb  (kad'Iam),  n.  [<  ME.  'cadc-lamh, 
'ciidUiiiili,  kod-tonib;  <  cflrfel  +  lamb.]  1.  A 
domesticated  lamb ;  a  pet  lamb. 

He  brought  his  cade-Iamb  with  liim  to  mass. 

Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  224. 
2.  A  pet  child.     [Pi'ov.  Eng.] 

cadelle  (ka-del'),  «.  [F.,  appar.  <  L.  catelhis, 
fern.  cdMla,  a  little  dog,  dim.  oicatuJu.^,  a  young 
dog,  a  whelp.  Cf.  LL.  catus,  a  cat:  see"  cal.] 
A  French  name  of  the  larva  of  a  beetle  of  the 
family  Tiogositid(c,  the  Trngo.^ita  mauritanica. 
It  is  aliout  3  of  an  inch  lonu,  is  whitish,  with  scattered 
hairs,  anil  lias  a  horny  black  head  with  two  curved  jaws. 
It  is  extremely  destructive  in  f,Tanaries,  and  is  often  im- 
fiorted  with  prain  into  countries  where  it  is  not  indi- 

KCIinUS. 

cadenas  (kad'e-nas;  F.  pron.  ka-de-na'),  n. 
[F.,  <  OF.  cadenas,  cadcnat,  c<idcna»,  a  padlock, 
<  It.  catenaccio,  a  padlock,  a  bolt  or  bar  of  a 
door,  <  catena,  <  L.  catena,  a  chain:  see  catena, 
cJiain.]  In  the  middle  ages  and  later,  a  casket, 
with  lock  and  key,  to  contain  the  articles  used 
at  table  by  a  great  personage,  such  as  knife, 
fork,  spoon,  salt-eellar,  and  spices.  Early  examples 
have  commonly  the  form  of  a  ship  (whence  such  were  often 


cadenette 

portion  observed  by  a  horse  in  all  his  motions. 

—  7.  In  her.,  descent:  a  deWce  upon  the  es- 
cutcheon by  which  the  descent  of  each  member 
of  a  family  is  shown. — 8.  Proportion.  [Rare 
and  poetical.] 

A  body  slight  and  round,  and  like  a  pear 
In  growing,  mo<lest  eyes,  a  hand,  a  foot 
Lessening  in  i>erfect  cadence. 

Tcnnifxtm,  Walking  to  the  Mail. 
Broken  cadence,  in  mxunc,  an  inten-upted  cadence.— 
False  cadence,  the  dosing  of  a  cadence  in  another 
cb.pnl  tliaii  tluit  of  the  tonic  preceded  by  the  doniinant. 

—  Half  cadence,  ^mwii  a.^  imperfect  cadenr*\  .\Is..  .■.■di- 
ed ImI(  i/uf..— Perfect,  complete,  or  whole  cadence, 
the  chord  of  the  dominant  followed  by  that  uf  the  tonic ; 
also,  the  chord  of  the  dominant  seventh  followed  by  tliat 


si^r  I  ir  JH 


ir 


m. 


Perfect  Cadence. 


-^ 


Imperfect  Cadence. 


of  the  tonic.  These  two  forms  of  the  perfect  cadence 
were  in  ancient  church  modes  called  authentic,  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  plagal  cadence.  An  example  of  each 
form  in  C  major  is  here  given.  The  end  of  a  jiiecc  should 
properly  be  a  complete  cadence,  incomplete  and  inter- 
rupteil  cadences  being  suitable  only  as  temporarj"  enclings 
for  phrases  or  periods  in  the  midst  of  a  piece.— Imperfect 
cadence,  the  chord  of  the  tonic  followed  by  that  of  the 
domin.int ;  it  rarely  occurs  as  a  fin,il  close.— Interrupted 
or  deceptive  cadence,  a  cadence  formed  bv  a  chord 
foreign  to  that  which  was  expected,  thus  evading  the  close 
and  decei\ing  expectation.  Thus,  in  the  example,  the 
second  chord  has  A  in  the  bass  instead  of  C,  w  hich  is  nat- 
urally expected.  Also  called  suspended  cadence— medial 
cadence,  a  cadence  in  ancient  church  music  in  which  the 
mediant  was  the  most  important  note. — Mixed  cadence, 
a  cadence  in  which  a  subdominant  is  followed  by  a  domi- 
nant, and  this  by  a  tonic  chord  :  so  called  from  its  being  a 
combination  of  the  authentic  and  plagal  cadences  of  ancieut 
church  music— Plagal  cadence,  a  cadence  which  con- 


P 


-4 L 


Caddis-ay  and  Worms.  jj. 

I.  Caddis-fly.    2.  Larva  incasefonnedof  Cauule       (kadi), 

strawordrygrass-stalks-    3. 1  n  case  formed      l\    t.  I      Tiret.     and 

of  small  stones.     4.  In  case  formed  of  grass-  -  --     - 

roots.    5.  In  case  formed  of  shells. 


pp.  caddled,  ppr. 

caddUny.  [E. 
To  coax;  spoil. —  2. 
To  tease;  scold;  an- 


dial.,  var.  of  coddle.]  1. 
To  attend  officiously. — 3. 
noy.     [Prov.  Eng.J 

cad'dle  (kad'l),  «.  [E.  dial.,  <  caddie,  r.]  A 
dispute;  contention;  confusion;  noise. 

caddow  (kad'6),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  caddau;  < 
ME.  cadowe,  cadaw,  cadawe',  appar.  <  ca.  ka,  kaa, 
CO,  a  chough,  +  daw:  see  coe,  chough,  and  daw'^.] 
A  chough ;  a  jackdaw.     Bay.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

caddyl,  n.     Same  as  caddie. 

caddy-  (kad'i),  n.     Same  as  caddis^. 

caddyS  (kad'i),  n. ;  pi.  caddies  (-iz).  [E.  dial.] 
A  ghost ;  a  bugbear.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

caddyl  (kad'i),  n. ;  pi.  caddies  (-iz).  [A  cor- 
ruption of  cntti/,  q.  v.]  1.  Originally,  a  box  con- 
taining a  catty  of  tea  for  exportation ;  hence, 
any  small  package  of  tea  less  than  a  chest  or 
half-chest. —  2.  A  box  for  keeping  tea  when  in 
use.  Tea-caddies  contain  commonly  one,  two, 
or  more  canisters  made  of  metal.  Hence — 3. 
Any  jar  or  canister  for  holding  tea. 

cadei  (kad),  «.  [<  ME.  cade,  cad,  a  lamb;  cf. 
E.  dial,  cad,  a  young  pig;  Icel.  kdd  (Haldorsen), 
a  new-born  child.]  If.  A  domesticated  animal ; 
a  pet.     ?<ee  cadc-lamh. — 2.  A  sheep-tick. 

cadel  (kad),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  cadcd,  ppr. 
cading.  [<  cade^,  «.]  To  bring  up  or  nourish 
by  hand,  or  with  tenderness.     Johnson. 

cade2  (kad),  H.  [<  ME.  cade,  <  F.  cade  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  cmJo  (cf.  OBulg.  Jcadi  =  Serv.  kada  = 
Russ.  kadi  =  Lith.  kodis  =  Hung,  kdd),  <  L. 
cadus,  a  jar,  a  liquid  measure,  <  Gr.  naSor.  a  jar, 
a  liquid  measure.]  1.  A  barrel  or  cask. — 2. 
A  measure  containing  500  herrings  or  1,000 
sprats. 

Cade.  We  John  Cade,  so  termed  of  our  supposed  father,— 
Dick.   Or  rather,  of  stealing  a  cade  of  herrings. 

Shak.,  2  Uen.  VI.,  iv.  2. 

I  tooke  and  weighed  [an  Epistle]  in  an  Ironmongers 

scales,  .and  it  coiuiterpoyseth  a  Cade  of  llerriug,  and  three 

Holland  Cheeses.    Naah,  Haue  with  you  to  Satfronwalden. 

cade^  (kad),  n.     [F. :  see  cade-oil.]    Juniper. 


Cadenas  of  a  Duke  of  Orleans,  15th  century.    (From  Viollet-Ie-Duc's 
"Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran^ais.") 

called  n(f[Y.  nef,  a  ship,  a  nave:  see  iMcc]);  those  of  the 
Renaissance  are  generally  oblong  cases,  divided  into  com- 
partments. The  cadenas  was  placed  on  the  table,  beside 
the  person  who  was  to  use  it. 
cadence  (ka'dens),  )(.  [<  ME.  cadence  (=  It. 
cadenza,  >  F.  cadence),  <  ML.  eadentia.  lit.  a 
falling,  <  L.  caden{t-)s,  ppr.  of  cadtrc,  fall: 
see  cadeut.  Cadence  is  a  doublet  of  chance,  q. 
v.]  If.  A  faU;  a  decHne;  a  state  of  falling  or 
sinking. 

The  sun  in  -western  cadence  low.  Milton,  P.  L,,  x.  92. 
2.  A  fall  of  the  voice  in  reading  or  speaking, 
as  at  the  end  of  a  sentence ;  also,  the  falling 
of  the  voice  in  the  general  modulation  of  tones 
in  reciting. — 3.  A  regular  and  agreeable  suc- 
cession of  measured  sounds  or  movements; 
rhj-thmic  flow,  as  the  general  modulation  of 
the  voice  in  reading  or  speaking,  or  of  natural 
sounds. 

To  make  bokes,  songes,  dytees, 
In  rynie,  or  elles  in  cadence. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  623. 
Blustering  winds,  which  all  night  long 
Had  roused  the  sea,  now  with  hoarse  cadence  lull 
.Sea-faring  men.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  287. 

Another  sound  mingled  its  solemn  cadence  with  the 
w-aking  and  sleeping  dreams  of  my  childhood. 

0.  \V.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  ix. 
The  preacher's  cadence  flow'd. 
Softening  thro'  all  the  gentle  attributes 
Of  his  lost  child.  Tenmjson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

Specifically — 4.  In  music:  (a)  A  harmonic 
formula  or  sequence  of  chords  that  expresses 
conclusion,  finality,  repose,  occurring  at  the 
end  of  a  phrase  or  period,  and  involving  a  clear 
enimciation  of  the  tonality  or  key  in  which  a 
piece  is  written.  See  phrases  below,  (h)  The 
concluding  part  of  a  melody  or  harmony,  or 
the  concluding  part  of  a  metrical  line  or  verse : 
as,  the  plaintive  cadence  of  a  song.  Also  called 
a  fall,  (c)  Especially,  in  France,  a  trill  or  other 
embellishment  used  as  part  of  an  ending,  or  as 
a  means  of  return  to  a  principal  theme.  Com- 
pare cadenza. — 5.  Measure  or  beat  of  any  rhyth- 
mical movement,  such  as  dancing  or  marching. 
—  6.  In  the  manege,  an  equal  measure  or  pro- 


i 


4 U 


^ 


Interrupted  Cadence. 


Plagal  Cadence. 


sists  of  the  chord  of  the  subdominant  followed  liy  that  of 
the  tonic :  frequently  used  at  the  close  of  chants  ur  hymn- 
tunes  with  the  word  '"amen,  '  and  sometimes  popularly 
called  the  amen  cadence. — Suspended  cadence,  :ui  in- 
terrupted cadence. 
cadence  (ka'dens),  r.  t ;  pret.  and  pp.  cadenccd, 
ppr.  cadcncing.  [<  cadence,  //.]  To  regulate 
by  musical  measure:  as,  weH-ceidenced  music. 
These  parting  numbers  cadenc'd  bv  my  grief. 

Philips,  To  Lord  Carteret. 
Certain  cadenced  sounds  casuallv  heard. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  231. 

cadency  (ka'den-si),  H.  [Extended  form  of 
cadence:  see  ^ncij.~\  1.  Regiilarity  of  move- 
ment ;  rhythmical  accord. 

But  there  is  also  the  quick  and  poi^ant  brevity  of  it 
[repartee]  to  mingle  with  it ;  and  this,  joined  with  the 
cadeiici/  and  sweetness  of  the  rhjTue,  leaves  nothing  in  the 
soul  of  the  hearer  to  desii'e. 

Dn/den,  Essay  on  Dram.  Poesy. 
2.  In  her.,  the  relative  status  of  younger  sons. 
Also  hi^ure — Marks  of  cadency,  in  her.,  bearings 
used  to  distinguish  the  shields  of  the  second  son,  tlie  third 
son,  etc.  This  is  sometimes  effected  by  a  bearing  differ- 
ing only  in  details  on  the  shields  of  the  different  sons,  as 
a  label  having  three,  four,  or  more  points,  to  mark  their 
respective  order.  It  is  also  effected  by  means  of  a  totally 
different  bearing.  Thus,  in  modem  times  it  lias  beeu 
ordained  that  the  eldest  son  should  wear  a  label  during 
the  lifetime  of  his  father,  or  until  he  inherits  tlie  pater- 
nal shield,  without  marks  of  cadency  ;  the  second  son  a 
crescent,  the  third  a  mullet,  the  fourth  a  martlet,  the  fifth 
an  annulet,  the  sixth  a  l!cur-de-lys,  the  seventh  a  rose,  the 
eighth  a  cross  moliue.  the  ninth  a  double  quatrefr»il.  The 
mark  of  cadency  may  become  a  permanent  part  of  the 
shield  if  the  younger  son  acquires  estates  of  his  own  and 
builds  up  a  family  of  consequence  ;  thus  the  bordure,  which 
is  originally  a  mark  of  cadency,  has  often  become  a  perma- 
nent bearing,  and  the  shield  which  contains  it  l>ears  new- 
marks  of  cadency  when  borne  by  the  sons  of  its  i>ossessor. 

cadene  (ka-deu'),  «.  [<  F.  cadencj  <  Pi*.  cade»a. 
a  chain.  =  Sp.  cadena^  a  chain,  the  warp  in 
weaving,  <  L.  catena,  a  chain:  see  catena  and 
chain.'\  A  common  kind  of  carpet  imported 
from  the  Levant.     E,  H.  Enitjht. 

cadenette  (ka-de-nef),  n.  [F. :  so  called,  it  is 
said,  in  the  17th  century,  from  Marshal  Cade- 
net,  who  particularly  affeeted  this  fashion.]  A 
love-lock,  or  tress  of  hair  worn  longer  thau  the 
others. 


cadcnt 

cadent  (ka'dcnt),  n.  [<  L.  r.nilcn{l-)s,  ppr.  of 
cadcrc  (in  lato  poptiliir  L.  cadirc,  >  It.  cadcre  = 
Sp.  aiiT  =  Pg.  (V(ic  =  I'r.  rincr  =  OF.  clicoir, 
mod.  F.  chuii),  full,  =  Ski.  ■»/  j-(«/,  fall.  Ilcuec, 
from  L.  aidcrc,  ult.  E.  cadence,  chance,  case^, 
casual,  cadaver,  accident,  incident,  accident,  etc., 
decay,  decadence,  etc.]  1.  Falling;  sinking. 
[Rare.] 

With  cadi'nt  tears  fret  cliuiiiicls  in  her  cheeks. 

Shak.,  Lejir,  i.  i. 

2.  In  astral.,  falling  from  an  angle  :  ajjplietl  to 
tho  third,  sixth,  iiinlh,  and  twelfth  houses, 
vvhieli  follow  the  meridian  and  the  horizon. — 

3.  Specifieally  applied  to  the  tenth  of  Professor 
1 1. 1).  Rogers's  lifteon  divisions  of  the  Paleozoic 
strata  of  Pennsylvania,  which  suggest  meta- 
phorieally  tho  difforcut  natural  ]ieriods  of  tho 
day.  It  eoiros])onds  to  tho  Hamilton  gi-oup  of 
the  New  York  survey. 

cadenza  (ka-den'zii),  H.  [It. :  seo  cffffc'Htr.]  In 
music,  a  moro  or  less  elaborate  flourish  or  showy 
passage  introduced,  often  extemporaneously', 
just  before  tho  end  of  an  extended  aria  or  con- 
certo, or  as  a  eonnective  between  an  intermc- 
diato  and  a  final  division,  it  is  always  inteiuied  to 
display  tlle  teclmieal  prnficietley  of  tlie  performer,  ami  to 
arouse  woiuier  ami  applause,  ami  hence,  except  in  tile 
Iiands  of  a  master,  is  ()ften  (ieficient  in  intellectual  or  ex- 
pressive charaeter,  as  well  as  iiicouL^i-uous  witli  the  re- 
niaimler  of  tlio  piece.  Modern  etunposers,  therefore,  usu- 
ally writ*  out  cadenzas  ia  full,  instead  of  trustin;;,  as  w:»a 
customary  in  the  seventeenth  and  ci;,'htecnth  centuries, 
t<i  the  taste  and  readiness  of  singers  and  players.  Also 
called  cnth'iia: 

cade-oil  (kiXd'oil),  n,  [After  F.  huile  de  cade 
(ML.  oleum  de  cada,  oil  of  juniper;  G.  Jcaddi;/- 
iil):  huile,  oil  (seo  ml);  de  (<.  L.  lie),  of;  cade 
(=  Pr.  cade  =  Sp.  cada  =  ML.  cada),  juniper, 
prob.,  like  G.  kaddiri,  kaddih,  <  Bohem.  I'aililc, 
juniper.]  An  oil  strong  with  empyreumatie 
principles,  extracted  fi-om  juniper-wood  by  dis- 
tillation, and  used  in  France  and  Germany,  in 
veterinary  practice  and  in  human  therapeutics, 
for  eczema  and  other  skin-affeetions.  Also 
called  oil  of  cade, 

cader  (ka'der),  n.  [E.  dial.,  in  def.  2  also  spelled 
cddiir.]  1.  A  small  frame  of  woo<l  on  which  a 
fisherman  keeps  his  line. —  2.  A  light  frame  of 
wood  put  over  a  scytlie  to  preserve  and  lay 
tho  corn  moro  even  in  the  swathe.  HaUiwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.  in  both  senses.] 

cadesset,  «•  An  obsolete  form  of  caddoio.  Mar- 
lowe, 

cadet^  (ka-def),  n.  [In  17th  centmy  cadce,  later 
Sc.  cadee,  a  younger  son  (and  in  extended  sense 
cadic,  caddie,  etc.:  seo  caddie  and  cad),  <  F. 
cadet,  a  younger  son,  <  OF.  dial,  capdet,  <  ML. 
caiiitcllum,  a  little  head,  ilim.  of  L.  caput  (ca- 
pit-),  head.  The  cadet  was  the  'little  head'  of 
his  own  branch  of  the  family,  iu  distinction 
from  the  eldest  son,  tho  'head'  of  tho  whole 
family.  The  former  practice  of  providing  for 
tho  younger  sons  of  the  French  nobility  by 
making  them  officers  of  the  army  gave  rise  to 
tho  military  use  of  the  word.]  1.  The  younger 
or  youngest  son. 

lie  ffhe  atihate]  was  the  cadrt  of  a  patrician  fatnily,  .  .  . 
"With  a  polite  taste  for  idleness  and  intiit.'ue,  and  for  whom 
no  secular  sinecure  could  he  found  in  the  State. 

HowelU,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

Hence — 2.  One  of  the  yoimger  members,  or 
the  youngest  member,  of  any  organized  associa- 
tion or  institution. — 3.  One  who  carried  arms 
in  a  regiment  as  a  private,  but  solely  with  a 
view  to  aequiring  military  skill  preparatory  to 
a  commission.  His  service  was  voluntary,  but 
he  received  pay,  and  was  thus  distinguished 
from  a  volunteer. — 4.  A  young  man  in  train- 
ing for  the  rank  of  an  officer  iu  the  army  or 
navy,  or  in  a  military  school.  Speciflcally— («) 
One  who  is  under  training  for  a  commission  in  the  army 
or  navy  hy  a  course  of  insLructiun  and  military  discipline 
in  the  United  States  .Military  Academy  at  West  Point,  or 
the  United  States  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis.  Cadets 
arc  nominated  for  adniission,  after  evamination,  hy  the 
President  or  a  mcmher  of  Conjiress,  {h)  tine  who  is  under- 
Boin-^  a  similar  course  of  instruction  and  discipline  in  the 
koyal  Military  Academy  at  Woolwich  or  the  Royal  .Mili- 
tary Academy  at  Sandlmrst  in  Kn^Iand.  the  mimerous 
cjidet-schools  of  Germany,  etc.— Corps  Of  cadets.    See 

cadet'-^  (ka^def  ),  n.  An  East  Indian  bird,  JEtho- 
plUia  miles,  a  species  of  Cro  honey-sucker,  of 
the  family  Xicliiriiiiida', 

Cadet's  fuming  liquid.    See  alkin-sin, 

cadetship  (ka-det'shi[i),  n,  [<  cndcl'^  +  -«/i(/).] 
The  state  of  being  a  eadot;  an  aj^pointmont  as 
cadet. 

cadew,  ».     Same  as  caddis-worm. 

cade-worm  (kad'wcrm),  n.    Samer  as  caddis- 
worm. 
43 


75,3 

cadge^t  (kaj),  )■.  [<  ME.  caggen,  cagen,  of  ob- 
scure origin.]     I.  trans.  1.  To  bind;  tie. 

Forth  thay  [workers  in  the  viney.anl)  ^otz 
WryUien  it  woichen  ,V  don  ^;ret  pyrie, 
Kcruen  &  cagt/en  «V:  man  (makenj  tiit  elos. 

Alliteralim-  I'wms  (cd.  Morris),  i.  511. 
To  cadge,  a  tenn  in  making  hone-Iaco. 

Thoiesby,  Letter  to  Uay  (lTO:i). 

2.  To  bind  tho  edge  of. 

I  cadge  a  garment,  I  set  lystee  in  the  lynyng  to  kcpe  the 
plynhtcs  in  order.  »       I'atsgravc. 

3.  To  stuiT  or  fill:  as,  to  cadge  the  belly. 

II.  iiilraiis.  To  stuff  one's  self  at  another's 
expense;  sponge  or  live  upon  another. 
cadge-  (kii.j),r'. ;  pret.  and  j)p.  eadijed,  jipr.  cadg- 
ing. [10.  dial.,  prol>.  a  var.  of  catch  in  the  sense 
of  'take'  (cf.  take  in  tht^  sense  of  'carry'). 
Catch  hail  forniorly  a  wider  range  of  moaning.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  carry,  especially  to  carry  for 
stile;  hawk. — 2.   To  oViliiin  by  begging. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  hawk  goods,  its  in  a  cart 
or  otherwise. —  2.  To  go  about  begging, 
cadge^t  (kaj),  »i.     [Perhaps  a  var.  of  c<ige.'\     A 
round  piece  of  wood  on  which  hawks  were  car- 
ried when  exposed  for  sale.     JC.  Phitlijis,  1706. 
cadgerl  (kaj'er),  H.   [<  cadgc^  +  -erl.]   It.  Origi- 
nally, a  carrier;  a  packman. 
A  cadger  to  a  mill,  a  carrier,  ov  loader. 

Hay,  Collection  of  Eng.  Words. 

A  cadger  is  a  hutcher,  miller,  or  carrier  of  any  other 

load.  Keniiett,  p.  ;i(J.    (llatliwdl.) 

2.  Ono  who  carries  btitter,  eggs,  poultry,  etc., 
to  market  from  the  country;  an  itinerant  huck- 
ster or  hawker. —  3.  A  person  who  gets  a  living 
by  begging:  as,  "the  gentleman  cadger,"  Dick- 
ens.    [Prov.  or  eolloq.] 

cadger'-'t  (kaj'er),  n.  [<  cadge*  +  -cfl;  but  cf. 
F.  cagier,  one  who  carried  about  falcons  and 
other  birds,  in  a  cage,  for  sale.]  Tho  bearer 
or  carrier  of  hawks. 

The  expected  pleasure  of  the  first  day's  liawking  w.a3 
now  bright  in  his  imagination ;  the  day  was  named,  the 
we.ather  promised  well,  and  the  German  cadgers  and 
trainers  who  had  been  engaged  .  .  .  came  ilown. 

Miss  Edgeworth,  Helen,  xvii. 

cadgy  (ka,j'i),  a.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc;  Sc.  also 
caidgi/,  caigij,  eadij,  keadij ;  prob.  <  Dan.  kaad 
=  Sw.  k&t,  wanton,  =  leel.  kdtr,  merry,  cheer- 
ful.]    1.  Lively;  frolicsome. —  2.  Wanton. 

cadil,  n.     Seo  kadi. 

cadi-,".     Plural  of  frtf?«s. 

cadilesker,  «.     See  kadilesker. 

Cadillac  (kad-i-lak'  or  -lyak'),  n.  [F.,  named 
from  Cadillac,  a  town  iu  Gironde,  Franco.]  A 
sort  of  pear. 

cadist,  ".     Seo  caddis^. 

Cadiz  lace.     See  lace. 

Cadmean  (kad-me'au),  a.  [<  L.  Cadmeu.<!,  Cad- 
tncius,  <  Gr.  Km^ido^,  relating  to  Kii(i//of,  L.  Cad- 
mus.~\  Relating  to  Cadmus,  a  legendary  hero, 
founder  of  Thebes  in  Boootia,  who  is  said  to 
have  introduced  into  Greece,  from  Phenicia, 
the  sixteen  simple  letters  of  the  Greek  alpha- 
bet, a,  (3,  }',  (!,  f,  (,  K,  /.,  fi,  V,  0,  TT,  p,  a,  r,  v, 
which  are  therefore  called  Cadmean  letters. — 
Cadmean  victory,  a  iirovcrl'ial  phr.ase  for  a  victory  in 
which  tile  victors  suiter  as  much  as  the  van([uished  :  per- 
liaps  from  the  myth  of  the  Bteotian  dragon  slain  liy  Cad- 
nuis,  and  the  threatened  attack  upon  him  hy  the  armed 
men  w'ho  sprang  from  its  teeth,  which  he  averted  by  in- 
ducing them  to  kill  one  another,  excepting  tlve,  who  aided 
him  in  founding  Tliebes ;  or  from  the  contest  for  the  sov- 
ereignty of  Tliehes  (the  Cadmean  city)  between  the  bro- 
thers Eteoeles  and  I'olyniees,  who  killed  each  other  ia 
duel,  while  the  partisans  of  the  former  were  victorious, 

■  but  were  driven  from  the  city  on  the  renewal  of  the  war 
ten  years  later. 

cadmla  (kad'mi-ii),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Kad/ieia,  KaH/iia 
(sc.  )^,  earth),  calamin,  fem.  of  KaS/icloc,  Cad- 
mean, perhaps  as  equiv.  to  "Tbeban":  seo 
Cadmean.  Cf.  cidamin,  <  ML.  calamina,  a  cor- 
ruption of  L.  cadmia.']  A  name  used  by  old 
writers  (a)  for  tho  native  silicate  and  carbo- 
nate of  zinc,  and  (A)  for  the  oxid  of  zinc  which 
collects  on  tho  sides  of  furnaces  where  zinc 
hajipens  to  be  present  in  an  ore  and  is  sublimeil. 

cadmiferous  (kad-mif'e-rus),  a.  Containing 
cacbnium. 

cadmium  (kad'mi-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cadmia: 
sve  cadmia.l  Atomic  weight,  112.1;  chemical 
sj-mbol,  Cd.  A  metal  discovered  by  Stromeyer 
in  1817,  resembling  tin  in  color  and  generjil  ap- 
pearance, and,  like  that  metal,  having  a  "cry" 
when  bent.  The  specitlc  gravity  of  the  cast  metal  is 
S.(''".i :  of  the  rolled,  S.tii*.  Its  iuirdness  is  betvveen  that  of 
gold  and  tin,  and  it  is  easily  rolled  tt»  sheets  or  even  to  very 
thin  foil.  It  fnses  at  about  the  same  temperature  as  tin. 
4ti7'  F.,  and  communicates  to  various  alloys  the  property 
t)f  fusing  at  very  low  temperatures.  (.See  Wood's  mctat, 
under  metal.)  If  8  to  10  per  cent,  of  cadmium  l)e  addetl 
to  Rose's  metal,  its  fusing-point  is  lowered  ti>  1(»7'.  Cad- 
mium is  a  eommon  accompaniment  of  zinc  ores,  both 
blende  and  calamin,  and  it  Is  iu  the  smelting  of  these 


caducibranchiate 

that  the  commercial  mct.al  is  obt;iiiied,  wliich  is  done  al- 
most exclusively  in  Silesia  and  liclgium.  Some  kinds  of 
blende  contain  as  much  as  :1  or  4  per  cent,  of  sulphid  of 
cadndum.  This  metal  also  occurs  by  itself  naturally  in 
comliination  with  sidphur,  fornuiig  the  rare  mineral  called 
grecnockite  (which  see).  The  mamifactured  sulplinret  is 
of  importance  as  furnishing  ti  brilliant  aiul  permanent  yel- 
low color  called  cadmium-yellow  (see  below).  This  is  used 
hy  artists,  also  in  coloring  soap,  and  to  sonte  extent  in  cali- 
co-printing; it  is  also  used  for  giving  a  yellow  luster  to 
the  surface  of  porcelain.  The  total  i»rodnce  of  cadmium 
is  snjiposed  to  bo  about  two  t(uis  a  ye.al". —  Cadmium 
l)lende,  the  mineral  grcenrn-kite. 

cadmium-yellow  (kad'mi-um-yel"6),  H.  A 
jiigmi'nt  iireparcd  by  )irecipitating  a  solution 
of  suljihale  of  ctidmiiim  with  sulphureted  hy- 
drogen, forming  sulphid  of  cadmium,  it  v.aries 
in  sbadt;  from  a  light  yellow  to  a  deep  or.angc,  and  all  its 
tones  are  very  <-lear  and  bright.  It  possesses  good  l>ody 
and  is  permanent  to  light  arul  air. 

cadrans  (kad'ranz),  n.  [Prop.  pi.  of  F.  cadran, 
a  dial,  lit.  a  (luadrtint:  aco  f/uadrant.'\  In  gem- 
cutting,  a  wooden  instrument  bj'  which  a  gem 
may  bo  adjusted  to  and  held  at  any  desired 
angle  while  being  polisheil  or  cut. 

cadre  (kad'r),  n.  [F.,  a  frame,  <  L.  quadrum, 
a  square.]  A  skeleton  or  framework;  specifi- 
cally, in  France,  tho  ])ermanently  organized 
skeleton  or  framework  of  a  regiment  or  corps, 
consisting  of  the  commissioned  and  non-com- 
missioned officers,  musicians,  artificers,  etc., 
around  wlioin  the  rank  and  file  may  be  assem- 
bled at  short  notice. 

To  till  the  cadres  of  the  army  a  well-trained  and  organ- 
ized militia  stands  always  rea<ly. 

J.  li.  Solcft,  Blockade  and  Cniisera,  p.  10. 

A  front  line  to  meet  iinmc<liatc  attack  was  constituted 

from  the  remains  of  the  first   battalions  of  regiments, 

while  tlie  cadres  of  the  second  battalions  were  posted 

along  the  line  of  Magdeburg-Erfurt  to  here-formed  there. 

Edinburgh  Iter.,  CLXIV.  213. 

caducaryt  (ka-dii'ka-ri),  a.  [<  L.  caducarius, 
rchitiug  to  property  without  a  master,  <  ca- 
ducum  (or  cadiica  bona),  property  without  a 
master,  iieut.  of  caducns,  falling,  fallen:  seo 
caducous.']  In  old  law,  relating  or  subject  to 
escheat,  forfeiture,  or  confiscation. 

caducean  (ka-dfi'so-an),  a.  [<  caduceus  +  -an.] 
Belonging  to  or  of  tho  natm-e  of  the  caducous 
or  wand  of  Mercury. 

caduceus  (ka-du'se-us),  n.     [L.;  prob.  {d  for  r) 

<  Gr.  KTjpi'Kelov,  Doric  Kapiiiciov,  -mm;  a  herald's 
staff,  neut.  of  ktiiwkcioq,  of  a  herald, 

<  Kt'/pv^,  Doric  si'ipv^,  a  herald,  < 
Kiipvaanv,  ]>roclaim,  annoimcc,  tell.] 
In  classical  myth.,  the  rod  or  wand 
borne  by  Hermes,  or  Mercury,  as  an 
ensign  of  authority,  quality,  and  of- 
fice. It  was  originally  merely  the  Greek 
herald's  staff,  a  plain  rod  entwined  with  til- 
lets  of  wool.  Later  the  fillets  were  changed 
to  serpents :  and  in  the  conventional  repre- 
sentations famili:u'  at  the  present  day  the 
caduceus  is  often  winged.  The  caduceus  is 
a  symbol  of  peace  and  prosperity,  and  in 
modern  times  figures  as  a  symbol  of  com- 
merce. Mercury  being  the  god  of  commerce. 
The  rod  represents  power  ;  the  serpents  rep- 
resent wisdom  :  and  the  two  wings,  diligence 
and  activity.  In  heraldry  it  is  blazoned  as  a 
stalf  having  two  serpents  amiodated  about  it.  mutually 
respeetant,  and  joined  at  the  tails  ;  it  is  a  rare  bearing. 

In  his  hand 
He  tooke  Caduceus,  his  snakie  wand, 
With  which  the  damned  ghosts  he  govemcth 
And  furies  rules,  and  Tartare  tempereth. 

Spemer,  Mother  Hub.  Talc,  1.  1202. 
caduciary  (ka-du'shi-a-ri),  a.     [A  var.  of  cadu- 
cari/.]    1.  In  o/(( /I'oiHHH /nic,  relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  forfeiture  or  escheat:  as,  caduciarij  laws. 
The  purpose  of  the  caduciarg  law  was  to  discoiu-age 
celibaey  and  encourage  fruitful  marriages. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  710. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  not  acquired  by  succession: 
applied  to  certain  rights. 

caducibranch  (ka-du'si-brangk),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  cuducus,  caducous,  +  hranchia;  gills.]  Same 
as  raducihranch  ia  te. 

Caducibranchia  (ka-dii-si-brang'ki-a),  n.j)!. 
Sitmc  as  Caducibrauchiata. 

Caducibranchiata  (ka-dii'si-brang-ki-a'tli),  ». 
2)1.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  caducibranchiiitus :  seo 
caducibranchiate]  A  group  or  division  of  uro- 
dele  amphibians  whose  gills  are  caducous  (that 
is,  those  •\vhich  lose  the  gills  on  attaining  matu- 
rity), as  distinguished  from  I'erennibranehiata, 
which  permanently  retain  their  gills.  Maxilla- 
ries  are  developed,  and  both  jaws  are  dentigerous.  The 
group  is  nsttally  ranked  as  .an  order  or  a  suborder,  anil  con- 
tains all  the  .salamanders.    Contrasted  with  Proleida  and 

TraehiiKliuiiillii. 


Caduceus- 


caducibranchiate  (ka-du-si-brang'ki-at),  a. 
and  H.  [<  XL.  caducibranehiatus,  <  L.  caducus, 
caducous,  +  hranchia;  gills.]  I.  a.  Having 
caducous  branehia)  or  gills;  losing  the  gills  on 
attaining  maturity :  applied  to  amphibians  such 


cadncibranchiate 

as  the  newts,  as  ilistiiiguisheil  from  percnni- 
hranc'niatc  amphibians. 
II.  11.  One  of  tUo  VadueihranchiaUi. 
iUso  cuilucibriuicli. 
caducicorn  (ka-tlii'si-kovn),  a.     [<  Ij.  caihicus, 
ilociiluous,  +  (•()(•«»  =  E./iocH.]     Having  decid- 
uous lionis  or  .antlers,  as  door, 
caducity  (ka-du'si-ti),  n.     [=  F.  caducilc,  < 
ML.  (•a(/«ci7n(/-).-.',  lapse, forfeiture,  lit.  afalling, 
<  L.  cadiicus,  falling:    see  ciiditcous.'i      1.  A 
tendency  to  fall  or  decay;  lienec,  the  period  of 
declining  life ;  senility;  feebleness;  weakness. 
A  lieteiogeueoua  jumble  of  youtli  ami  caducity. 

Chesterfield,  Lettere,  p.  390. 
In  a  miracle-play,  the  whole  life  of  a  saiut,  from  the  cra- 
dle to  maiiynlom,  was  disijlayeil  in  the  same  piece  :  the 
youth,  the  miiMIe  a.^e,  aiui  the  caducity  of  the  eminent 
pcrsonace  required  to  be  enacted  I>y  tliree  different  actors. 
/.  Disraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  393. 

S.  In  LouisUina  Jnio,  lapse ;  failure  to  take  ef- 
fect: as,  the  caducity  of  a  will  from  the  birth 
of  a  legitimate  child  to  the  testator  after  its 
date;  the  caducity  of  a  legacy  from  the  death 
of  the  legatee  before  that  of  the  testator. 

caducous  (ka-dii'kus),  a.  [<  L.  caducus,  fall- 
ing, fallen,  fleeting,  <  cnrfere,  fall :  see  cudcnt,'] 
Having  a  tendency  to  fall  or  decay.  Specifically  — 
(a)  Ittzool.,  falling  off ;  dropping  away  or  sheddinii ;  decid- 
uous, as  the  gills  of  most  amphibians,  the  millv-teeth  of  most 
mammals,  tlie  antlers  of  deer,  etc.;  synonymous  with  rfc- 
ciduom,  but  implying  .an  earlier  or  speedier  falling  otT. 
(6)  In  hot.,  dropping  off  very  early,  and  so  distinguished 
from  deciduous,  .as  the  sepals  of  the  poppy,  which  fall  at 
once  on  the  opening  of  the  flower. 

caduket  (ka-duk'),  a.  [ME.,  <  L.  caducus:  see 
caducous.'}    Caducous;  perishing;  perishable. 

The  fruit  caduke  is  goodly  thus  to  cure. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  212. 

cadus  (ka'dus),  K.;  pi.  cadi  (-tli).  [L. :  see 
cade".']  In  cla.ssical  antiq.,  a  large  vessel  for 
the  drawing  and  transportation  of  liquids,  as 
wine,  oil,  etc.  it  w.as  of  conical  form  at  the  bottom, 
with  a  wide  mouth  and  an  arclied  handle,  admitting  of  its 
use  as  a  bucket.  It  was  usually  an  ordinary  utensil  made 
of  coarse  red  pottery,  but  was  sometimes  made  of  bronze, 
silver,  etc. 

cady  (kad'i),  n.     See  caddie. 

caeca,  «.     Pliu'al  of  cacum. 

caecai,  cecal  (se'kal),  a.  [<  ca:cum  +  -ah']  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  caecum ;  of  the  nature 
of  or  resembling  a  cfficum:  as,  a  cwcaJ  appen- 
dage.—  2.  Blind,  as  a  eul-de-sac  or  cfecum; 
ending  blindly,  like  a  Cieeiuu :  as,  the  cwcal  end 
of  a  duct. 

caecally,  cecally  (se'kal-i),  adv.  In  a  eseeal 
manner ;  blindly ;  as  a  cieeuni,  diverticulum, 
or  eul-de-sae. 


In  the  former  [the  Articulata] 
((rcalht. 


the  intestine  ends 
//.  -4.  Xicholsoji. 


A  gastropod  of  the  family 


CScid  (se'sid),  n. 
<  'ivcidic. 

Caecidse(se'si-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Ccecum  +  -idce.] 
A  family  of  tsenioglossate  gastropods,  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Cacum.  The  animal  has  a 
long  flat  rostrum,  short  tentacles  with  their  bases  in  front 
of  the  eyes,  and  a  short  narrow  foot :  the  shell  is  tubifonu 
and  curved,  and  the  operculum  multispiral.  Tlie  family 
is  remarliable  for  the  combination  of  the  sausage-lilve  shell 
with  the  soft  parts;  it  is  generilUy  placed  near  the  Tur- 
riteltidee.  The  species  are  widely  distributed  in  the  sea, 
itut  are  not  often  collected,  on  account  of  their  small  size. 

Caecidotea  (se"si-d6-te'a),  n.  [Nh.,  <  L.  ccecus, 
blind,  +  Ido- 
tea,  q.  v.]  A 
genus  of  blind 
isopod  crusta- 
ceans, without 
optic  ganglion 
or  nerve,  c. 
styfjia  is  a  species 
aljundant  in  the 
Maunnoth  and 
other  caves  in 
Kentucky.  It  re- 
senddes  a  depau- 
perate specimen 
of  Asellus,  with 
longer  and  slen- 
derer body  and 
limbs,  and  is  re- 
ferred to  the  fam- 
ily Asellidee. 

Caecigense  (se- 
sij'e-ne),  n.j^l. 
[NX,.,  <  L.  cw- 
cif/cinis,  bom 
blind,  <  ccccus, 
blind,  -I-  -ge- 
nus, -bom,  < 
gignere,  bear.] 
A  subdivision  ,    .. 

01  nemipterOUS  „  a,j  ta;ma\  mniinilied,  hair-line  showing 
insects.  Also  natural  size  ;  *.  inner  short  antenna,  highly 
CxCigenim.  S'STS.  ''  P""""^"=  <»Kanisn>s  attached 


754 

Caecilia  (se-sil'i-ii),  ".  [L.,  a  kind  of  lizard 
(called  by  Pliny  caT«.s  serpens),  <  ca-cus,  blind. 
Cf.  Cacilius,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens,  foin. 
('a-cilid.]  1.  The  typieal  genus  of  the  family 
('tuciliidai.  C.  luiiibricoiile.s  of  South  Americ'a  is 
a  tj-pical  example.  Often  spelled  Cacilia. —  2. 
['.  c]  A  member  of  the  genus  CeEcilia;  a  cae- 
cilian. —  3.  [NL.]   In  cntoin.,  same  as  Cacilius. 

Cseciliadae  (se-si-li'a-de),  n.  j'l-    Same  as  Cw- 

ciliiit<r. 

CsBCilise  (se-sil'i-e),  ?!.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Cacilia.] 
A  group  constituted  by  the  family  Ctcciliida. 

CSCilian  {se-sil'i-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Of  or 
jiertaining  to  the  <  '(cciliida'. 

II,  H.  A  worm-like  amphibian  of  the  family 
Caciliida'. 

caeciliid  (se-sil'i-id),  n.    Same  as  eadlian. 

Cseciliidse  (se-si-li'i-de),  n.  ph  [XL.,  <  Cacilia 
+  -iiltr.  ]  A  family  of  serpentif orm  amphibians 
having  no  limbs,  nor  even  pelvic  or  pectoral 
girdles.  They  are  covered  with  small  scales  embedded 
in  ring-like  folds  of  the  skin,  or  are  naked ;  their  eyes  are 
gener.ally  rudimentary  or  concealed,  their  anus  is  termi- 
nal, and  they  have  gills  in  early  stages  of  development. 
The  verteltrfe  are  aniplncu.dous,  and  the  notochord  is  per- 
sistent. There  is  no  sternum  ;  tlie  ril>s  are  short  and  very 
numerous;  the  tongue  is  short  and  fleshy;  and  the  teeth  are 
sharp  and  recurved.  The  family  alone  constitutes  an  order 
variously  named  Ophiomorjtfia,  Gyuniophiona,  Pseudophi- 
dia,  .ipoda,  etc.  It  contains  14  genera.  Civcilia  is  the  prin- 
cipal one,  occurring  in  .South  .\merica  :  5  others  are  South 
American,  3  Asiatic,  and  5  African.  More  than  30  species 
are  kno\vn.  Some  of  the  CceciliidcB  attain  a  length  of 
several  feet;  they  burrow  in  the  ground,  and  sometimes 
take  to  the  water.  According  to  some,  they  live  on  vege- 
table matter ;  according  to  othei's,  upon  worms  and  insect- 
Larva:.  Often,  but  erroneously,  spelled  Cceciliidee ;  also 
Ca'ciliadtv,  Cceciliilce. 

caecilioid  (sf-sil'i-oid),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Eesem- 

bliug  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Caciliida. 
II.  n.  A  ca:oilian  ;  a  cjeciliid. 

Csecilius  (se-sil'i-us),  n.  [NL.  (cf.  L.  Cacilius. 
a  Roman  gens),  <  L.  cacns,  blind.]  A  gentis 
of  neuropterous  insects,  of  the  division  Corro- 
dcntia  and  family  Psocida.  The  species  are 
small  pale  yellowish-green  insects,  found  in 
gardens.     Also  Cacilia. 

Cfficitis  (se-si'tis),  w.  [KL.,  <  ccecum  +  -itis.] 
In  pathoL,  inflammation  of  the  csecum;  typhli- 
tis. 

csecity  (se'si-ti),  n.  [<  L.  c(ecita{t-)s,  blindness, 
<  circus,  blind.]     See  cecity. 

caecum,  cecum  (se'knm),  n. ;  pi.  caca,  ceca  (-ka). 
[L.  (sc.  intestinuiu),  lit.  the  blind  (gut),  neut.  of 
cacu^,  also  written  cccus,  blind.]  1.  In  human 
anat.,  the  blind  pouch  or  cul-de-sac  which  is 
the  beginning  of  the  colon,  into  which  the  ileum 
opens,  and  to  which  the  vermiform  appendage 
is  attached,  it  is  scarcely  more  than  a  rudiment  or 
vestige  of  the  corresponding  large  formation  of  some 
animals.     See  cut  under  intestine. 

2.  In  rooV.,  any  csecal  divertiotdum  or  intesti- 
nal appendage  ending  in  a  eul-de-sao.  See  cuts 
under  Asteroideei  and  intc^a^.  In  mammals  there  is  but 
one  ciecum,  sometimes  of  enormous  extent,  as  in  the  rumi- 
nants and  herbivorous  species  generally.  It  is  given  off 
from  the  colon  at  the  point  where  the  small  intestine  en- 
ters it.  In  birds  there  are  usuallj-  two  ca?ca;  sometimes 
one  ca?cum,  attaining  great  size  in  some  cases,  as  of  the 
herl)ivorous  geese  ;  sometimes  none.  There  being  no  ob- 
vious distinction  between  the  ileum  and  the  colon  in  birds, 
the  site  of  the  cfeca  or  cajcum  is  taken  as  the  beginning  of 
the  colon.  In  fishes  caca  are  often  numerous  and  large. 
A  cardiac  caecum  forms  a  prolongation  of  the  cardiac  end 
of  the  stomach  in  the  blood-sucking  bats  of  the  genus 
liesnwdu^. 

3.  \_caj).]  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Cacida — Cardiac  cseciun.    See  rarrfi'ac. 

caelometer  (se-lom'e-ter),  H.  [<  L.  calum, 
caUi/ii,  the  sky,  heaven,  +  metrum,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  used  to  illustrate  the  elemen- 
tary principles  of  astronomy.  Also  spelled  ca- 
Inmcter. 

caeuation,  ».    See  cenation. 

Caenogaea  (se-no-Je'ii),  «.  [NL.,<  Gr.  unnof, 
recent,  -t-  yaic,  laud.]  In  :oiigerig.,  a  great  di- 
vision of  the  earth's  land-surface  and  fresh  wa- 
ters, consisting  of  the  Nearctic,  Palearctic,  and 
Indian  realms,  thus  collectively  contrasted  with 
Eiiija'a :  so  called  from  the  modern  aspect  of  the 
faunas.     Also  spelled  Cenogaa. 

Caenogaean  (se-no-je'an),  a.  [<  Cwnogaa  + 
-an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Cofno^tea.  Also  spell- 
ed Ccnogaan. 

Caenozoic,  Cenozoic  (se-no-z6'ik),  a.  [Also 
written  kaiuo-.  after  the  Greek;  <  Gr.  naivd^, 
new,  recent,  +  C"'/.  life.]  In  gcol..  containing 
recent  forms  of  life :  applied  to  the  latest  of 
the  three  divisions  into  which  strata  have  been 
arranged  with  reference  to  the  age  of  the  fos- 
sils they  include.  The  Civmzoic  system  embraces  the 
Tertiary  and  Post-terti;iry  systems  of  British  geologists, 
exhibiting  recent  forms  of  life,  in  contradistineti<ui  to  the 
Mesozoic,  exhibiting  intermediate,  and  the  Palcozvic,  an- 


Caesarism 

cicnt  and  extinct,  forms.  It  e«.rresi>ond8  nearly  with  what 
has  been  called  tlie  age  of  manunals.  Also  written  Caino- 
Z'lir,  KainoZ'nc. 

'I'lie  local  ciuitineidal  era  which  began  with  the  Old  R^-d         , 
Sandstone  and  clo.^ed  with  tlie -New  Ked  .Marl  is  .  .  .  later 
than  the  .New  lied  Marl  and  all  the  Cainmoic  or  Tertiary 
toniiatiim.t.  J.  CroH,  Climate  and  Time,  p.  343. 

Caen  stone.    See  stone. 

caer-,  car-.  [W.  catr,  wall,  fort,  castle,  city.] 
A  prelix.  signifying  fortitied  wall  or  castle,  oc- 
curring in  place-names  in  Wales  and  parts  of 
western  and  northern  England:  as,  Caerleon, 
Cardiff,  Carnarvon,  Carlisle. 

Caereta,  ".     See  Ca^reba. 

Caerebinae,  ".  pi.    See  Carcbina. 

caerimoniarius  (ser-i-mo-ni-a'ri-us), «.;  pi.     , 
carimoniarii  (-i).     [NL.,  <  L.  carimonia,  cere-      I 
raony:  see  ceremony.]    A  master  of  ceremonies;      | 
in  the  Eom.  Cath.  Ch.,  an  ecclesiastic  whose 
duty  it  is  to  be  present  at  solemn  episcopal 
functions  in  order  to  see  that  no  confusion  oc- 
curs and  that  no  errors  are  committed  in  ritual 
or  ceremonies. 

caerulet,  caerulean,  etc.     See  cerule,  etc. 

caeruleus  morbus  (se-ro'le-us  mor'bus).  [NL.] 
The  blue-disease.     See  cyanosis. 

Caesalpinia  (ses-al  pin'i-,a),  n.  [XL.,  after 
Andreas  Casalpinus  (1.519-i603),  a  celebrated 
Italian  botanist  and  physician.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order  Leguminnsa.  The  species 
are  trees  or  shrubs  found  in  the  warmer  regions  of  both 
hemispheres,  with  showy  yellow  or  red  flowers,  bipinnate 
leaves,  and  usually  more  or  less  prickly  stems.  They 
yield  various  dyewoods  and  astringent  products  useful  ia 
tanning,  as  the  brazil-wood  of  tn)pical  .America  (from  C. 
echinata,  etc.),  thesappan-woodof  India(from  C.  Saypan), 
and  the  divi-divi  pods  and  algaro\'illa  of  South  America 
(from  C.  tinctoria  and  C.  breci/olia).  C.  ptdcherrima  is 
planted  for  ornament  and  for  hedges,  and  the  seeds  of  C. 
Bonducella  are  well  known  as  nicker-nuts.  The  genus  is 
now  made  to  include  several  old  genera,  as  Guilandina, 
etc. 

Cssar  (se'zjir),  n.  [L.  Caesar,  later  written 
Cccsar,  orig.  a  proper  name,  afterward  eqiuv. 
to  'emperor';  whence  Gr.  Katcafi  =  Goth,  keii- 
sar  =  OHG.  kcisar,  MHG.  Jceiser,  G.  laiser  =  AS. 
cdsere,  ME.  caiser,  laiser,  Jceiser  =  OS.  kesar,  kc- 
sur  =  OFries.  kaiser,  J;eiser,  NFries.  kescr  =  D. 
kci::er  =  Icel.  kcisari  =  Sw.  kejsare  =  Dan.  kejser 
=  Turk,  kayscr  =  OPol.  c::ar,  now  car  (pron.  tsar) 
=  Russ.  tsarl  (>  E.  tear,  tatr,  czar,  q.  v.),  etc., 
all  in  the  sense  of  '  emperor'  or  '  king.'  The  ori- 
gin of  L.  Casar  is  uncertain ;  cf .  casius,  bluish- 
gi'ay  (of  the  eyes),  also  used  as  a  proper  name : 
see  casious.]  1.  A  title,  originally  a  surname 
of  the  Julian  family  at  Rome,  which,  after  being 
dignified  iu  the  person  of  the  dictator  C.  Julius 
Cassar,  was  assumed  by  successive  Roman  em- 
perors, and  finally  came  to  bo  applied  to  the 
heir  presumptive  to  the  throne,  in  the  same 
manner  as  Augustus  was  added  as  a  title  to  the 
name  of  the  reigning  emperor.  The  title  was  per- 
petuated in  the  Kai.^er  of  the  Holy  Itoman  Empire,  a  dig- 
nity first  assumed  by  Charlemagne. 
Hence — 2.  A  dictator;  a  conqueror;  an  em- 
peror; an  absolute  monarch. 

And  she  shall  be  sole  victress,  Cajsar's  Ccesar. 

Shak.,  Rich.  IU.,  iv.  i. 

Caesar  (se'ziir),  r.  [<.  Casar,  n.]  I.  intrans.  To 
imitate  C'a;sar ;  assimie  dictatorial  or  imperial 
power.      [Rare.] 

II.  trans.  To  make  like  Caesar;  raise  to  im- 
perial power.     [Rare.] 

Crowned,  he  viUifles  his  own  kingdom  for  narrow  boimds, 
whiles  he  hath  greater  neighbours ;  he  nmst  l>e  Ce^sared  to 
a  universal  monarch.  Rev.  T.  Adamg,  Works,  I.  491. 

Cassarean,  Cssarian  (sf-za're-an,  -ri-an),  a. 
[<  L.  Casarianus,  relatmg  to  Casar;  tut  the 
obstetric  use  is  prob.  to  be  refen'ed  to  L.  casus, 
pp.  of  caderc,  cut.  Cf.  cesura.]  Pertaining  to 
or  characteristic  of  Csesar.  Also  spelled  Cesa- 
rean, Ccsarian. 

Hooker,  like  many  another  strong  man,  seems  to  have 
had  a  Ceesarcan  faith  in  himself  and  his  fortunes. 

.V.  C.  Tyler,  Hist.  Amer.  Lit.,  L  196. 

Cesarean  section  or  operation,  in  widiHfcry,  the  ope- 
ration by  which  the  fetus  is  taken  out  of  the  uterus  by  an 
incision  through  the  parietes  of  the  abdomen  and  uterus, 
when  the  obstacles  to  delivery  are  so  great  :ts  to  leave  no 
alternative  :  said  (doubtfully)  to  be  so  named  because  Ju- 
lius Caesar  was  brought  into  tlie  world  in  this  way. 
Caesarism  (se'zar-izm),  n.  [<  Casar  +  -ism.] 
Government  resembling  that  of  a  Ca?sar  or  em- 
peror ;  despotic  sway  exercised  by  one  who  has 
been  placed  in  power  by  the  popular  will ;  im- 
perialism in  general. 

His  [Bismarck's]  power  has  become  a  sort  of  ministerial 
CeB^arism.  Lowe,  Bismarck,  II.  556. 

Tlieir  charter  had  .  .  .  introduced  the  true  Napoleonic 
idea  of  Ccesarinni  into  the  conduct  (if  municipal  atfairs; 
.  .  .  the  essential  condition  to  Ccciari.tm  was  the  success 
of  the  Ca;sar.  A'.  A.  Sev.,  CXX.  174. 


Osesarize 

Oaesarize  (s6'zii.r-l7,),  '••  '• ;  pret.  and  pp.  Ctesar- 
j>v/,  ppr.  C(cs('iri::iiui.  [<  Cicsar  +  -ire]  To 
nil«  :is  a  Cn^siir;   tyraniiizo;  l>lay  the  Caesar. 

Caesaropapism  (so  ziji-o-pa'pizm),  n.  [<  L. 
Ca:tai;  Ca'Sar,  omperor,  +  ifjj.  ]>upa,  pope,  + 
-ism.]  Tlio  supremacy  of  tlio  secular  jtower 
over  ecclesiastical  matters. 

Luther  ru'ver  ackno\vlcd(rc(l  Ctvsaropapwm  or  Erastian- 
isin  as  a  priiiciplo  ami  as  a  riglit.       hnnic.  Bi-it.,  XV.  y). 

CSesiOUS  (se'zi-us),  a.  [<  L.  casiiix,  bluisli-jjray.] 
Laveiuler-colored ;  palo-blue,  with  a  slight  mi.\- 
ture  of  gray. 

csesium  (s6'zi-um),  H.  [NL.,  iieut.  of  L.  casiiis, 
bluish-gi-ay.]  Chemical  symbol,  Cs;  atomic 
weight,  1H2.8.  A  rare  metal  discovered  by 
Buuseu  and  KirchholV  by  spectrum  analysis  in 
the  saliu<>  waters  of  Diirklioim  iu  Germany,  and 
subsetpiently  in  other  mineral  waters,  it  has 
never  heen  isolatetl,  and  is  only  known  in  conihination. 
It  is  n  strung  base  belonging,  with  potas-simn,  sodium,  lith- 
ium, and  niliidiuni,  to  the  group  of  alkali  metals.  Osium, 
in  (;oinu'ction  with  rubidium,  is  found  most  abundantly  in 
the  lepidolite  of  Hebron,  Maine.  The  oxalate  aiul  nitrate 
of  eie.sium  ai'c  used  in  ine<iirine. 

caespitose,  caespitosely.    See  cespitose,  cespi- 

tOSlljl. 

caespitous  (ses'pi-tus),  «.    Same  as  cespitose. 
caestus,  «.    See  ccstus-.     ' 
caesura,  caesural,  etc.     See  ccsura,  cesural,  etc. 
cafast,  "•     [V.  ciifas  (Cotgravo).]     A  kind  of 

coarse  taffeta. 
caf6  (ka-fa'),  H.     [F.,  coffee,  a  coffee-house;  = 

E.  coffee,  q.v.'i     1.  Coffee. — 2.  A  coffee-house ; 

a  restaurant. 

I  dined  iu  a  ca/^  more  superb  than  .anything  we  have 
an  idea  of  iu  the  way  of  cott'ee-houses. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  Mrs.  .Sydney  .Smith. 

Caf6  Chantant  (ka-fa  shoh-tofi ),  in  France,  a  publie  idace 
of  entertainment  where  the  guest.s  are  regaled  with  inusie, 
singing,  etc.,  and  served  with  lii.'lit  refreshments.  Such 
establishnients  often  consist  of  open-air  inelosures  planted 
with  trees,  under  which  the  guests  sit  in  summer,  while  the 
singers,  etc.,  perform  on  a  stage.  Also  called  cafe  concert. 
—  Caf^  nolr  (ka-fa  nwor'),  black  cortee;  a  strong  infusion 
of  cotfee  drunk  clear,  usually  at  the  close  of  a  meal. 

cafecillo  (ka-fa-sel'yo),  H.  [Me.x.]  The  Mexican 
name  of  a  species  of  Citharcxi/Ium,  a  verbena- 
coous  tree,  the  seeds  of  which  wlien  roasted  have 
the  combined  flavor  of  coffee  and  chocolate. 

cafeine  (kaf'e-in),  J).  [Fonned  as  e<iff'cin.'\  The 
trade-name  of  a  mixture  of  roasted  grain  and 
chicory  ground  together  and  sold  as  coffee. 
l>c  Ci)laii(jc. 

cafetal,  cafetale  (kaf 'e-tal, kaf-e-ta'le),  n.  [Sp. 
(=  Pg.  fiifc-iil),  <  cafe  =  E.  coffee.]  A  eoffee- 
plantatiou.     [Tropical  America.] 

caff  (kaf),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  clinff^. 

caffat  (kaf 'a),  n.  A  rich  stuff,  probably  of  silk, 
ill  use  iu  the  sixteenth  century. 

caffeic  (ka-fe'ik  or  kaf'e-ik),  a.  [<  caffea  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  cofi'ee Caffeic  acid,  a  vegeta- 
ble acid  (CjjlIsOj)  existing  in  colfce.  It  ei'ystallizes  iu  yel- 
low prisms,  soluble  iu  Iiot  water.  Also  called  caJj'Hannic 
nriii  and  clilnrofienic  (leitt. 

caffein,  caffeine  (ka-fo'in  or  kaf'e-in), )(.  [=  F. 
cafciiic;  <  Nlj.  caffea,  coffee,  4-  -;«-,  -iiie".]  An 
alkaloid,  C8HJQN4O0,  crystallizing  iu  slender, 
silk-like  needles  which  have  a  bitter  taste, 
found  in  coffee-beans.  Coffee  contains  from  o.G  to 
2.2  per  cent.  It  is  a  weak  base,  and  forms  salts  with  the 
strong  mineral  acids.  Calfeiu  and  certain  of  its  salts  ai'e 
used  in  medicine,  ami  tlie  stimulating  effects  of  tea  and 
cotfee  are  hugely  due  to  t!ie  jircsence  of  this  .alkaloid.  It 
issimilar  toif  not  identical  with  the  theili  found  in  tea,  the 

fiiaranin  of  Paidinia  ,se/-6(7w,  ami  the  alkaloid  of  Ilcc 
'araguaieii.^ut.     Also  written  cqfein,  cojh'iiic. 

caffeinic  (kaf-e-in'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  pro- 
duced by  caffein:  as,  a  caffeinic  headache. 

caffeinism  (ka-fe'in-izm),  11.  [<  caffein  +  -ism.] 
A  morbid  state  produced  by  prolonged  or  ex- 
cessive use  of  caffein.  it  is  marked  by  dyspepsia, 
palpitation  of  the  heart,  tremulousness,  irritability,  and 
depression  of  spirits. 

caffeism  (ka-fe'izm),  n.     Same  as  caffeinism. 

caffeone  (ka-fe'6n  or  kaf'e-6n),  «.  [<  NL.  cnf- 
feii,  coffee,  -f-  -one.]  The  aromatic  principle 
of  coffee.  It  is  a  brown  oil,  heavier  than  water.  An 
almost  imponderable  quantity  gives  an  aroiua  to  a  quart 
of  water. 

Caffer,  ».     See  Kaffr. 

Caffer-bread,  Caffer-corn.  See  Kafir-bread, 
-C'irii. 

caffetannic  (kaf-o-tan'ik),  a.  [<  >JX/.  caffea  + 
E.  tiiniiic.]  Pertaining  to  coffee  and  resem- 
bling tannin.  —  CalTetaimlc  acid.  Same  as  cafeic  acid 
(which  see,  under  cajleie). 

caffila,  ".     See  kafila. 

Caffrarian,  a.  and  n.    See  Kaffrarian. 

Caffre,  «.  and  a.     See  Kajir. 

cafilan,  «.     See  kajila. 

caflsso  (ka-fis'6),  n.  [It.  cafisso  =  Sp.  Pg.  cahiz 
(Ml.,,  eafirium,  cafiia),  a  measure  (see  def.),  < 
./Vr.  tjafL.]     A  unit  of  capacity  in  use  in  the 


755 

Mediterranean,  derived  from  the  Arabian  mea- 
sure kafi:  (which  see).  As  a  dry  measure  it  contains 
in  Moroci-oand  Tunis  bn  Tinted  States  (Wim-hcster)  bush- 
els, or  fcj^.ti  liters.  There  is  also  a  irallsso  in  Tunis  of  11 
rnited  states  bushels,  or  4it,'».i»  lite-rs.  In  Trii»oli  it  con- 
tjiins  sometimes  Hi  bushels  (4(X(  liters),  sometimes  i»i 
bushels  (;i20.7  lit<'rs).  In  \'alencia  there  is  a  caflsso  of  (i 
bushels.  As  a  liquitl  measure  it  varies  still  more.  In 
Malta  it  is  !<\  rint<'d  .states  (old  wine)  gallons,  or  43  im- 
perial gallons.  In  Messina  it  is  2.:!  I'nite-d  states  gallons ; 
ni  ■dher  parts  of  Sicily,  :!  gallons.  In  Palermo,  by  a  cafls- 
so of  oil  is  meant  a  weight  of  lu  kilograms. 

cafiz,  «.     See  caliic  and  kafi;. 

cafoyt,  «.  [Cf.  caffd.]  A  material  used  in  the 
eighteenth  century  for  hangings.     FairhoU. 

cafta, »'.     See  kafla. 

caftan,  kaftan  (kaf't.an),  ».  [Ar.  qaftdn,  qaf- 
teii,  >  i'urk.  ipiftan.]  A  garment  worn  by  men 
iu  Turkey,  Egypt,  tiiid  other  eastern  countries, 
consisting  of  a  kind  of  long  vest  tied  about 
the  waist  with  a  girdle,  and  having  sleeves  long 
enough  to  extend  bcyouil  the  tips  of  the  fingers. 
A  long  cloth  coat  is  worn  above  it. 

cag  (kag),  H.     A  dialectal  variant  of  kcf/. 

cage  (kii.j),  H.  [<  ME.  Cdt/e,  <  OF.  eaiffc  (F.  cage), 
also  eiiire,  cave,  =  Sp.  Pg.  e/avia  =  Jt.  i/abbia, 
ij(uj)]ia,  dial,  cabhia,  =  OlIU.  clicria,  MH().  kcrje, 
G.  kt'ifc,  kafich,  kiifig,  a  cage,  <  ML.  *caria,  L. 
cavea,  a  hollow  place,  den,  cave,  cage :  see  cave, 
v.,  which  is  a  doublet  of  cage.]  1.  A  box-like 
receptacle  or  inclosure  for  confining  birds  or 
wild  beasts,  made  with  open  spaces  on  one  or 
more  sides,  or  on  all  sides,  and  often  also  at 
the  top,  by  the  use  of  osiers,  wires,  slats^  or 
rods  or  bars  of  iron,  according  to  the  required 
strength. 

It  happens  with  it  [wedlock]  as  with  caffcs ;  the  birds 
without  despair  to  get  in,  and  those  withindespair  to  get 
out.  Ftorio. 

2.  A  prison  or  place  of  confinement  for  male- 
factors ;  a  part  of  a  building  or  of  a  room  sepa- 
rated frotntherestbybars,  within  which  to  eon- 
fine  persons  under  arrest,  as  sick  or  wounded 
prisoners  in  a  hospital. — 3.  A  skeleton  frame- 
work of  any  kind,  (a)  In  carp.,  an  outer  work  of  tim- 
ber inclosing  another  within  it,  as  the  ca{rc  of  a  windmill  or 
of  a  staircase,  (b)  In  umch.,  a  framework  to  confine  a  ball- 
valve  within  a  certain  range  of  motion,  (c)  A  wire  guard 
placed  iu  front  of  an  eduction-opening  to  allow  liquids  to 
IKiss,  but  prevent  the  passage  of  solids,  (d)  In  viininy, 
a  jdatform  of  wood  strongly  put  together  with  iron,  on 
which  men  are  lowered  and  raised  to  the  surface,  and  on 
winch  the  ore  and  waste  rock  are  raised  in  cai-s,  iu  wliicli 
they  are  conveyed  without  transfer  to  the  place  where 
they  are  to  be  emptied,  or  to  receive  further  treatment, 
(c)  Naut.,  an  iron  vessel  formed  of  hoops  placed  on  the 
top  of  a  pole,  and  filled  with  combustibles.  It  is  lighted 
an  hour  before  high  water,  and  marks  an  intricate  chan- 
nel navigable  f<jr  the  time  during  which  it  burns. 
4.  A  cup  with  a  glass  bottom  and  cover  between 
which  is  a  drop  of  water  containing  animalcules 
to  be  examined  under  a  microscope. — 5.  The 
large  wheel  of  a  whim  about  which  the  hoist- 
ing-rope is  wound. —  6.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  a  chapel  inclosed  with  a  latticework 
or  grating. 

cage  (kaj),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  caged,  ppr.  cag- 
ing. [<  cage,  n.]  1.  To  confine  in  a  cage; 
shut  up  or  confine:  as,  " eagcd  nightingales," 
iShak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  ii.— 2.  To  make  like 
a  cage  or  place  of  confinement :  as,  "the  caged 
cloister,"  SJiak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  -49. 

cage-bird  (ka,j'berd),  «.     A  cageliug. 

cage-guides  (kaj'gidz),  n.pl.  In  mining,  verti- 
cal jiieces  of  wood,  or,  in  England,  rods  of  iron 
or  steel,  or  wire  rojies,  which  are  fixed  in  the 
shaft  and  serve  to  steady  and  guide  the  cage 
in  its  ascent  and  descent:  in  the  United  States 
usually  called  guide-ropes,  or  simply  guides. 

cageling  (kaj'ling), «.  [<  e«(/e -I- -/iH(/l.]  A  bird 
kept  in  a  cage ;  a  cage-bird. 

And  as  the  ca'jHin'j  newly  flown  returns. 
The  seeming-injured,  simple-hearted  thing 
Came  to  her  old  perch  back,  and  settled  there. 

Tenmjiion,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

cage-seat  (kaj'set),  «.  In  mining,  a  framework 
at  the  bottom  of  a  shaft  on  which  the  cage 
drops,  and  which  is  arranged  to  reduce  the  jar 
consequent  upon  its  coming  to  rest. 

cage-shuts  (kaj'shuts),  H.  pi.  In  coal-mining, 
<irops  or  catches  on  which  the  cage  rests  dur- 
ing the  operation  of  running  the  cars  off  and 
on  it,  or  while  "caging."     [.Scotch.] 

caging  (ka'Jing),  H.  [<  cage,  n.,^(d),  +  -ingl.] 
In  coal-mining,  the  operation  of  changing  the 
tubs  on  the  cage.  Orcslcij.  [North  Stattord- 
sliire,  Eng.] 

Cagmag  (kag'mag),  «.  [E.  dial.:  origin  ob- 
scure.] 1.  A  tough  old  goose. — 2.  Unwhole- 
some or  loathsome  meat;  offal. — 3.  An  infe- 
rior kind  of  sheep.     Halliirell.     [Vulgar.] 

CagOt  (ka-go'),  H.  [F.,  =  Pr.  Cagot;  ML.  Ca- 
gotus;  origin  uncertain.]     Uue  of  au  outcast 


cain-colored 

race  inhabiting  the  French  and  Spanish  Pyre- 
nees, of  remote  but  unknown  ongin.  Congeni- 
tal deforndty  is  comnuui  among  them,  owing  to  their  long 
residence  in  tlie  deep,  HUnh-ss  valleys,  and  to  the  hard- 
ships they  have  endin'c<l.  Their  chief  physical  jjeculiar- 
ity  is  said  to  be  the  aliscnce  of  the  lower  Ildjc  of  the  ear. 
They  were  long  proscribed,  ami  held  as  lepers  and  here- 
tics. The  Krench  Kevolution  gave  them  their  civil  rights, 
and  their  conditi<.i;t  has  been  much  improved. 

cahier  (ka-ia'),  n.  [P.,  earlier  catjer,  quayer 
(t'otgi-ave),  <  OF.  quaicr,  >  E.  quire-,  q.  v.]  1. 
In  bookbinding,  a  number  (usually  4  or  6)  of 
double  leaves  of  a  book,  jilacod  together  for  con- 
venience in  handling  and  as  a  preparation  for 

binding.    The  wol-d  is  practically  obsolete,  except  among 
law  copyists,  necttoH  being  the  term  in  use  among  lu'inters 
and  binders  in  America,  anil  <inttterin'j  in  threat  liritain. 
2.  A  report  of  proceedings  of  any  body,  as  a 
legislatiu'e ;  a  memorial. 

cahinca-root  (ka-hing'kij-rot),  n.  The  root  of 
I'liiociieca  )•«(•<«/().<«,  a  rubiaeeous  shrub  of  south- 
ern Florida  and  tropical  America,  and  of  some 
allied  Brazilian  species.  It  has  been  used  as  a 
diuretic.     Also  cainca-root. 

cahincic  (ka-hin'sik),  n.  [<  cuhinca  (-root)  + 
-ic.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  cahinca- 
root.    Also  caincic Cahincic  acid,  c,f,ii„.,()|s,  a 

white,  odorless,  bitter  principle  obtained  from  cahmea- 
root. 

cahiz  (Sp.  pron.  kii-oth'),  n.  [Sp.,  also  cafz : 
see  cafisso.]  A  Spaiiisli  dry  measure,  also 
called  in  Cordova  cafi::.  Qneipo  states  its  capacity 
to  be  exactly  (itiU  litel-s  (ISj  Cniteil  States  or  Winchester 
bushels),  but  measm-es  carefully  conducted  iu  .Marseilles 
in  isao  made  it  •»".«  litere,  or  IS5  Uidted  States  bushels. 
This  refei-s  to  the  caliiz  of  Castile,  also  employed  iu  i'adiz. 
Tlie  cahiz  of  Lima  (likewise  formerly  in  use  in  .Madrid) 
contains  18.9  bushels  (IRW  liters).  Ililfercnt  measures  of 
Alicante  bearing  this  name  contain  7.2  bushels  (252  liters), 
7.1  bushels  (249.3  liters),  and  0.8  bushels  (211.2  liters).  The 
cahiz  of  EogotA  contains  7.4  bushels  (2.'i9.2  liters),  that  of 
Valencia  5.8  bushels  (203  liters),  and  that  of  Saragossa  5.1 
bushels  (180.4  liters). 

cahizada  (Sp.  jiron.  kil-e-thii'dii),  n.  [Sp.]  A 
Spanish  measure  of  land,  very  nearly  equal  to 
an  English  acre. 

cahoot  (ka-hof),  ji.  [Origin  unknown ;  possi- 
bly a  perversion  of  F.  cohortc,  a  company,  gang : 
see  cohort.]  Company  or  partnership:  as,  to 
go  in  cahoot  w  ith  a  person.  Bartlctt.  [South- 
ern and  western  U.  S.] 

caic,  ".     See  caique^. 

cailH  (kal),  H.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  kayle  (and 
keel,  after  equiv.  F.  quille),  <  D.  kegel  =  OHG. 
cliegil,  kcgil,  MHG.  G.  kegel  =  Sw.  kdgia  =  Dan. 
kegle,  ninepin,  skittle,  cone.]  Aninepin;  in  the 
plui-al,  the  game  of  ninepins. 

Exchewe  allewey  euille  company, 

Caijlyt;,  carding  and  hascrdy. 

And  alle  unthryfty  playes.      Rel.  Ant.,  II.  224. 

cail-,  I'.     See  cale^. 

cailcedra  (Ml-sed'ra),  »(.  [Origin  unknown.] 
The  Khaija  Senegalehsis,  a  tall  tree  of  Senegam- 
bia,  resembling  the  mahogany.  Its  wood  is  used 
in  .ioiners'  work  and  inlaying,  and  its  bark  fur- 
nishes a  bitter  tonic. 

caillette  (ka-lef;  F.  pron.  ka-yet').  «•  [P-> 
<  cailler,  curdle.]  The  abomasum,  rennet-bag, 
or  fourth  stomach  of  iniminauts. 

cailliach  (kil'yach),  n.  [Gael,  cailleach,  au  old 
woman;  cf.  cailc,  a  vnilgar  girl,  a  hussy.]  An 
old  woman.     [Highland  Scotch.] 

Give  something  to  the  Highland  crti7/<V(c/i(' that  shall  cry 
the  coronach  loudest.  Scott,  Waverley,  -\Iii. 

caillou(ka-y6'),  «.;  pi. ca!Hoitr(-yoz').  [F.]  In 
her.,  a  tlint. 

cailloutage  (ka-yo-tiizh'),  11.  [F.,  <  caillou,  a 
Hint.]  Fine  pottery,  especially  such  as  is  made 
wholly  or  in  ]iart  of  ]iipe-<iay. 

caimac,  caimacam,  caimacan,  ».  See  kaima- 
kam. 

Caiman  (ka'man),  H.  [NL. :  see  cayman.]  1. 
A  genus  of  tropical  American  AUigatoridn;  con- 
taining such  species  as  C.  palpebrosus  or  ('.  tri- 
(/OHO/Hs,-  the  ca\^nans. —  2.    {i.e.]   A  ca^^uan. 

dain-and-Abel  (kan'and-a'bel),  n.  A  popular 
name  in  England  of  the  Orchis  latifolia,  the 
root  of  which  consists  of  a  pair  of  iinger-liko 
tubers. 

cainca-root  (ka-ing'kji-rot),  JI.  Same  as  cahiti- 
ca-root. 

caincic  (kii-in'sik),  a.    Same  as  cahincic. 

cain-colored  (kan'knl'ord),  a.  "Yellow  or  red 
as  apiilied  to  hair;  which,  being  esteemed  a 
deformity,  was  by  common  consent  attributed 
to  Cain  and  .Indas''  (Xares):  a  word  of  uncer- 
tain meaning,  but  usually  taken  as  here  ex- 
plained, found  only  iu  the  following  passage: 

No,  forsooth  ;  he  hath  but  a  little  wee  face,  with  a  little 
yellow  beard ;  a  cain-coloured  beard. 

SItak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  4. 


calngel 

caingel,  "•     [K.  dial.    Cf.  caintii/.]     A  orabbod 

MUnv.     [Xovth.  Eng.] 
ca'ing-whale,  «.    t^ce  cafiinrj-wlKile. 
caingy,  "•     (K-  <lial. ;   also  aiiii/i/.]     Craljbod; 

diifvisli.  [North.  Eng.] 
ainite  (kau'it),  n.  and  a.  [<  Cain  +  -i7c2.] 
I,  II.  1.  Uno  of  tho  deseoudants  of  Cain,  the 
lirst-born  of  Adam,  aceordiiig  to  tho  account 
in  Genesis. — 2.  A  nieinbcr  of  a  Gnostic  sect 
of  tho  second  century,  who  reganlod  the  God 
of  the  Jews,  the  Demim-go  of  the  Gnostic  sys- 
tem, as  an  evil  being,  and  venerated  all  who 
in  the  Old  Testament  record  opposed  him,  as 
Cain,  Korah,  Dathan,  Abiram,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Sodom.  They  also  lioiioreil  .Iiulas  laciuiiit, 
as  the  iiistnimeiit  of  liiin;;ini;  ahout  the  crucifixion  ami 
so  destroying  tlie  power  of  llie  Demiurge. 
II.  «.  Of  the  race  of  Cain. 

ITie  prineipal  seat  cjf  tlie  dtinitt',  or  more  debased  yet 
energetic  liranch  of  the  human  family,  Wiis  to  the  east- 
ward of  the  site  of  Eden.     Vaivsoii,  Orig.  of  World,  p.  255. 

cainito  (ki-ne'to),  n.  The  fruit  of  tho  Chrijso- 
jiliijlliun  Cainito  of  the  West  Indies  and  South 
America,  resembling  an  apple  in  shape,  and 
considered  a  delicacy.     Also  called  star-appU. 

CainOZOic  (ld-no-z6'ik),  a.     See  V(ciinzoic. 

caique^  (ka-ek' )',  «.  [=  Sp.  caique  =  Pg.  caliique 
=  It.  caicco,  <  F.  caique,  <  Turk,  qayik.'j     1.  A 


Caique. 

long  narrow  boat  used  on  tho  Bosporus.  It  is 
pointed  at  each  end,  and  is  usually  propelled 
by  oars,  from  2  to  16  in  niunber. 

The  prow  of  the  caique  is  turned  across  the  stream,  the 
sail  is  set,  and  we  glide  rapidly  and  noiselessly  over  the 
Bosphorus  and  into  the  Golden  Horn. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  322. 

2.  A  Levantine  vessel  of  larger  size. 

Also  spelled  caic. 
caique-  (ki'ka),  n.    [S.  Amer.]    A  South  Ameri- 
can paiTot  of  the  genus  Caica  or  Deroptijus 
(wliich  see).     P.  L.  Sclatcr. 
cairt,  I'.      [ME.  cairen,  cai/ren,  kairen,  kai/ren, 
go,  appar.  <  leel.  keijra  (=  Sw.  Jciira  =  Dan. 
kjiire),   drive,   urge.     A  diff.   word  from  the 
cquiv.  char'^,  go.]     I.  intrans.  To  go. 
I  am  come  hither  a  veuterous  Knight, 
And  kayrcd  thorrow  countrye  fai'r. 

Percy  Folio  MS.,  Piers  Plowman,  Notes,  p.  5. 
Calcas !  Calcas !  cair  yow  not  home, 
Ne  tiirne  neuer  to  Troy,  for  tene  that  may  falle. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4501. 

We  may  kayre  til  hys  courte,  the  kyngdome  of  hevyne, 
Whcno  oure  saules  schalle  parte  and  sundvre  ff  ra  the  body. 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  H.),  1.  6. 
Better  wol  he  spryng  and  higher  cairc 
Wei  rare  yf  he  be  plannted  forto  growe. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  143. 

II.  trails.  To  carry. 

The  candclstik  bi  a  cost  watg  cayred  thider  sone. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Mon'is),  ii.  1478.. 

Q!a  ira  (sa  e-ra').  [F.,  'it  [the  Revolution] 
will  go  on':  ga,  contr.  of  ceki,  that  (<  w,  this, 
+  la,  there);  ira,  3d  pers.  sing.  fut.  (asso- 
ciated with  aller,  go :  see  aUeij'^),  <  L.  ire,  go.] 
The  earliest  of  the  popular  songs  of  tho  French 
Revolution  of  1789.  its  refrain  (whence  the  name), 
"Ah  !  ta  ira,  va  ira,  (;a  ira,"  is  said  to  have  been  suggest- 
ed by  the  frequent  use  of  this  phrase  by  Franklin  in  Paris 
with  reference  to  the  American  Kevolution.  The  original 
words  (afterward  much  changed)  were  by  Ladre,  a  street- 
singer  ;  and  the  music  was  a  popular  dance-tune  of  the 
time  composed  by  Becourt,  a  dl-ummer  of  the  Grand  Opera. 

caird  (kard),  H.  [<  Gael.  Ir.  ccaril,  a  tinker, 
smith,  brazier.]  A  traveling  tinker;  a  tramp; 
a  vagrant ;  a  gipsy.     [Scotch.] 

Cairene  (ki-ren'),  a.  and  n.     [<  Cairo,  <  Ar.  El- 

KiViira,  the  Victorious,  +  -ene.']     I.  a.  Of  or 

pertaining  to  Cairo,  the  capital  of  Egypt. 

II.  «.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Cairo. 

The  people  of  Suez  are  a  finer  and  a  fairer  race  than  the 

Cairenes.  It.  F.  Burtou,  El->Iedinah,  p.  118. 

Cairina  (ka-ri'nii),  n.  [NL.  (Fleming,  1822); 
supposed  to  be  from  Cairo  in  Egypt,  though 
(like  turkey,  similarly  misnamed)  the  bird  is  a 
native  of  America.  It  is  also  called,  by  aiiother 
error,  muscovii.'\  A  genus  of  ducks,"  contain- 
ing the  muscovy  or  musk-duck,  Cairitia  mo.i- 
chala,  a  native  of  Central  and  South  America, 
now  found  everywhere  in  domestication. 

cairn  (karn),  n.  [Esp.  Sc,  <  Gael,  cam  (gen. 
cairn)  =  Ir.  W.  Manx  Corn.  Bret,  cam,  a  pile, 
osp.  of  stones.  Cf.  (iael.  cam,  Ir.  cnrnaim,  W. 
c«rn«,  pile  up,  heap.]    A  heap  of  stones ;  espe- 


756 

cially,  one  of  a  class  of  largo  heaps  of  stones 
common  in  Great  Britain,  particularly  in  Scot- 
land and  Wales,  and  generally  of  a  conical  form. 
'rilty  air  of  variuus  sizes.  .Some  are  evidently  sepulchral, 
containing  urns,  stone  chests,  bones,  etc.  Some  were 
erected  to  connnemorat<i  a  great  event,  others  appear  to 
have  had  a  religious  significance,  while  the  modem  cairn 
is  generally  set  up  as  a  lamlmark,  or  to  alTest  the  atten- 
tion, as  in  surveying,  or  in  leaving  a  record  of  an  explor- 
ing party  or  the  like.    See  barrow^. 

Cairns  for  the  safe  deposit  of  meat  stood  in  long  lines, 
six  or  eight  in  a  group.        Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  277. 

cainied(karnd),  a.  [<  cairn  +  -c<P.']  Having 
or  marked  by  a  cairn  or  cairns. 

In  the  noon  of  mist  ami  driving  rain, 
Wlien  the  lake  \vhlten"d  and  the  pine  wood  roar'd, 
And  the  caini'd  mountain  was  a  shadow. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

cairngorm  (karn'gorm),  n.  [So  called  from 
the  Cairngorm  mountain  in  Scotland ;  <  (iael. 
cam  (see  cairn),  a  heap,  a  rock,  +  gorni,  blue, 
also  green.]  A  smoky-yeUow or  smoky-bro^vn 
variety  of  rock-crystal  or  quartz,  found  in 
great  perfection  on  tho  Cairngorm  moiuitain 
in  Scotland  and  in  many  other  localities.  It 
is  much  used  for  brooches,  seals,  and  other  ornaments. 
The  color  is  probably  due  to  some  hydrocarbon  compound. 
Also  called  cairngorm-stone  and  smolqf  quartz. 

cairn-tangle,  cam-tangle  (karn'-,  kam'tang'- 
gl),  «.  A  name  for  the  seaweed  Laminaria  di- 
gitata.     See  Laminaria.     [Scotch.] 

cairny  (kar'ni),  a.  l<.cairn  +  -y^.2  Abounding 
■(Nath  cairas. 

caisson  (ka'son),  n.  [F.,  aiig.  of  eaisse,  a  chest, 
a  ease:  see  case^.']  1.  ililit.:  (a)  A  wooden 
chest  into  which  several  bombs  are  put,  and 
sometimes  gunpowder,  to  bo  e.xploded  in  the 
way  of  an  enemy  or  under  some  work  of  which 
he  has  gained  possession,  (h)  An  ammunition- 
wagon;  also,  an  ammunition-chest. —  2.  In 
arcli.,  a  sunken  panel  in  a  coffered  ceiling  or 
in  the  soffit  of  Roman  or  Renaissance  architec- 
ture, etc. ;  a  coffer;  a  lacunar.  See  cut  under 
coffer. — 3.  In  civil  engin. :  (a)  A  vessel  in  the 
form  of  a  boat,  used  as  a  flood-gate  in  docks. 
(h)  An  apparatus  on  which  vessels  may  bo 
raised  and  floated ;  especially,  a  kind  of  float- 
ing dock,  which  may  be  sunk  and  floated  un- 
der a  vessel's  keel,  used  for  docking  vessels 
at  their  moorings,  without  removing  stores  or 
masts.  (See  floating  dock,  inider  (lock.)  (c)  A 
water-tight  box  or  easing  used  in  founding  and 
building  structures  in  water  too  deep  for  a 
coffer-dam,  such  as  piers  of  bridges,  quays,  etc. 
The  ealssou  Is  built  upon  land,  and  then  chained  and  an- 
chored directly  over  the  bed,  which  has  been  leveled  or 
piled  to  receive  it.  The  masonry  Is  built  upon  the  bot- 
tom of  the  caisson,  which  Is  of  heavy  timber.  As  the  cais- 
son sinks  with  the  weight,  its  sides  are  built  up,  so  that 
the  upper  edge  is  always  above  water.  In  some  cases 
the  masonry  Is  at  first  built  hollow,  and  Is  not  filled  In 
until  after  it  has  reached  its  bed,  and  its  sides  have  been 
carried  higher  than  the  surface  of  the  water.  Some- 
times the  sides  of  the  masonry  itself  form  the  sides  of 
the  caisson.  In  another  form  the  caisson,  made  of 
heavy  timbers.  Is  shaped  like  an  Inverted  shallow  box, 
liavlng  sharp,  Iron-bound  edges.  The  weight  of  the  ma- 
sonry forces  the  caisson  into  the  sand  and  mud  on  the  bot- 
tom.   Air  under  pressure  Is  then  forced  into  the  caisson, 


Caisson  of  the  East  River  SuspendoD-lffidge,  New  York. 

driving  out  the  water  and  permitting  the  workmen  to 
enter  through  suitable  air-locks.  .\  sealed  well  or  a  pipe 
and  sand-pump  are  provided,  through  which  the  material 
excavated  under  the  caisson  may  be  removed.  The  latter 
gradually  sinks  under  the  weight  of  the  superstructure 
and  the  removal  of  the  loose  soil  below,  until  a  firm 
foundation  Is  reached,  when  the  whole  Interior  of  it  is 
filled  with  concrete.  The  caissons  beneath  the  towers  of 
the  East  River  suspension-bridge,  connecting  New  York 
and  Brooklyn,  are  of  this  description.  The  fmeumatic 
caisson  Is  an  Inverted  air-tight  box.  into  which  air  is  forced 
t  under  a  pressure  sufficient  to  expel  the  water,  thus  leav- 
ing a  space  in  which  men  can  work  to  loosen  the  soil  .as 
the  caisson  descends.  The  principle  of  the  pneumatic 
caisson  is  applied  to  the  sinking  of  large  iron  cylinders  to 
serve  as  plei"s  or  land-shafts.    Sometimes  written  caissoon. 

caisson-disease  (ka'son-di-zez*),  n.  A  disease 
developed  in  coming  from  an  atmosphere  of 
high  tension,  as  in  caissons,  to  air  of  ordinary 
tension.  It  is  marked  by  paralysis  and  other 
nervous  sjTnptoms. 

caissoon  (ka-son'),  «.  Same  as  caisson,  more 
especially  in  sense  3. 

Caithness  flags.    See  flag*. 


cajote 

caitiff  (ka'tif),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  caitif,  catif,  a 
captive,  a  miserable  wretch,  <  OF.  caitif,  also 
cliaitif,  a  cajitivc,  a  wretched  man,  F.  clii'tif, 
mean,  vile,  =  I'r.  ciiplin,  cnitiu  =  OCat.  caitiu 
=  OSp.  eaptivo,  Sp.  cautivo,  a  captive,  =  Pg. 
cativo,  a  captive,  =  It.  cattivo,  <  L.  captivus, 
captive:  see  cryjh'fe.]    I.  a.  If.  Captive. 

Myn  name  Is  looth.  a  caiti/e  kynge  of  Orcanye,  and  of 
Iconoys,  to  whom  nothlnge  doth  falle  but  niyschef  ne  not 
hath  don  loiige  tyme.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  UL  477. 

2t.  Wretched ;  miserable. 

I  am  so  caytyf  and  so  thral. 

Cliaucer,  Knight's  Talc,  L  CM. 
3.  Servile ;  base ;  ignoble ;  cowardly. 

lie  kcuered  hyni  w-ith  his  counsayl  of  cayttif  wyrdes. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  ilorris),  ii.  1605. 
With  that  he  cranld  out  of  his  nest. 
Forth  creeping  on  his  caitive  hands  and  thies. 

Speiuier,  F.  Q.,  II.  lit  35. 
A  terrlt/iry 
■\ATierein  were  bandit  earls  and  caitif  knights. 

Tennyson,  Geraint 

II.  n.  If.  A  captive;  a  prisoner ;  a  slave. 
.Stokkcd  in  prisoun,  .  .  . 
Caytif  to  cruel  kjiage  Agamemuoun. 

Chaucer,  Trolhis,  Hi.  3S2. 
Avarice  doth  tyTannlze  over  her  caidy  and  slave. 

Ilollaiul. 

2.  A  mean  villain;  a  despicable  knave;  ono 
who  is  both  wicked  and  mean. 

Like  caitif  vile  that  for  misdeed 
£ides  with  his  face  to  rump  of  steed. 

S.  Butler,  Uudibras,  L  liL  349. 
Striking  great  blows 
At  caitifs  and  at  wrongers  of  the  world. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

caitifflyt,  orf'".     Knavishly;  servilely;  basely, 
caitifteet,  «.     [ME.,  also  caiti/te,  caitivtc,  <  OP. 
caitivcttt,  <  Jj.  captirita{t-)s,  captivity:  see  cap- 
tivity.']  The  state  of  being  a  captive ;  captivity. 
He  that  leadeth  Into  eaiti/tee,  schall  go  into  caiti/tee. 
WycliJ,  Kev.  xiii.  10. 

caitivet,  a.  and  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  caitiff, 
caitivenesst,  «.      [ME.,  also  caitifnc.'f,  <  caitif, 

caitive,  +  -ncss.'i   1.  Capti\'ity ;  slavery;  misery. 

—  2.  Despicable,  mean,  and  wicked  conduct. 

It  is  a  strange  caitiveness  and  baseness  of  disposition  of 
men,  so  furiously  and  unsatlably  to  run  after  perishing  and 
uncertain  hiterests.      Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  77. 

CajanUS  (ka-ja'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  catjang,  name 
of  the  plant  in  Malabar.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Legnminosw,  one  species  of  which, 
C.  Indicus,  furnishes  a  sort  of  pidse  used  in 
tropical  countries.  It  Is  a  slirub  from  3  to  10  feet 
high,  and  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  but  now  extensively 
cultivated  tlu-oughout  the  tropics.  In  numerous  varieties. 
The  plant  Is  called  cajan,  pigeon  pea,  Angola  pea,  Congo 
pea,  etc. 

cajeput  (kaj'e-put),  ii.  [<  Malay  kayii,  tree,  + 
jiiiiih,  white.]  A  small  myrtaceous  tree  or 
shrub  of  the  Moluccas  and  neighboring  islands, 
Melaleuca  Cajuputi  or  m  inor,  a  variety  of  M.  Leu- 
cadendron  or  a  distinct  species,  with  lanceolate 
aromatic  leaves  and  odorless  flowers  in  spikes. 
Also  written  cajupiit — Oil  of  cajeput,  or  cajeput- 
Oil,  an  oil  distilled  from  the  leaves  of  the  cajeput,  of  a 
green  color  and  a  penetrating  odor,  used  as  a  stimulant, 
antispasmodic,  and  diaphoretic. 

cajole  (ka-jol'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  cajoled, 
ppr.  cajoling.  [<  F.  cajoler,  coax,  wheedle,  < 
OF.  cctgeoler,  chatter  Uke  a  bird  in  a  cage, 
babble  or  prate,  <  cage,  a  cage:  see  cage.']  To 
deceive  or  delude  by  flattery,  specious  promises, 
simulated  compliance  with  another's  wishes, 
and  the  like;  wheedle;  coax. 

But  while  the  war  went  on  the  emperor  did  cajole  tho 
king  \vith  the  highest  compliments. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Hist.  Ref.,  an.  1521 
Charles  found  It  necessary  to  postpone  to  a  more  con- 
venient season  all  thought   of  executing  the  treaty  of 
Dover,  and  to  cajole  the  nation  by  pretending  to  return  to 
the  policy  of  the  Triple  Alliance.  Macaulay. 

Christian  children  are  torn  from  their  parents  and  ca- 
joled out  of  their  faith.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  238. 

cajolement  (ka-jol'ment),  n.  [<  cajole  + 
-ment.]    Ca.iolefy.     Coleridge.     [Rare.] 

cajoler  (ka-j6'ler),  n.  One  who  cajoles;  a 
wheedler. 

cajolery  (ka-j6'l^r-i),  ». ;  pi.  cajoleries  (-iz). 
[<  F.  eajolcrie,  <  cajoler,  cajole.]  The  act  of 
cajoling;  coaxing  language  or  tricks ;  delusive 
wheedling. 

Even  it  the  Lord  Mayor  and  Speaker  mean  to  insinuate 
that  this  Influence  Is  to  be  obtained  and  held  by  flatter- 
ing their  people,  .  .  .  such  cajoleries  would  perhaps  be 
more  prudently  practised  than  professed. 

Burke,  To  R.  Burke. 

cajon  (Sp.  pron.  kii-hon'),  «.  [Sp.,  prop,  a  large 
chest,  aug.  of  caja,  chest.  Cf.  eai''iton,  cassoon.] 
A  Chilian  weight,  equal  to  6,500  pounds  avoir- 
dupois. 

cajote  (kil-ho'ta),  11.     Same  as  coyote. 


cajuput 

cajuput  (kaj't'i-jiiit),  ".     Sco  cajcput. 

cajuputene  (kaj-ii-pu-ton'),  h.  The  chief  eon- 
stit  uciit  of  oajeput-oil,  obtained  by  coholiatioii. 
It  is  11  liqilitl  of  nil  a^rcciiML'  oiinr,  peniuinurit  in  thu  air 
ami  insiiluhh:  ill  alfolml.     Also  writti-n  i-iiii>iitrm\ 

cake'  (kak),  II.  [<  ME.  (v,/,r,  <  led.  I:iih-n  = 
8w.  IhiIm  =  Diiii.  /.•«;/(',  a  cake,  akin  to  I),  koih; 
a  cake,  gingerbreail,  duiupling,  dim.  kuckji:  (> 
E.  r.oolcii,  <[.  v.),  =  L(t.  /i-o/,y, ■  =  Ollti.  cliuocho, 
MIKt.  kuoclw,  6.  kiiclioi,  a  eake,  a  tart.  The 
word  has  no  connection  with  L.  coquerc,  E. 
coiU'l.J  1.  A  (lat  ov  comparatively  thiu  mass 
of  baked  douf^li ;  a  thin  loaf  of  broad. 

Tliey  baked  unleavt'iiod  cakes  of  the  dowgh  which  tliey 
broii^^ht  out  of  E^ypt.  Ex.  xH.  39. 

Specifically — 2.  A  light  composition  of  flour, 
sugar,  butter,  ami  generally  other  ingi'edients, 
as  eggs,  flavoring  substances,  fruit,  etc.,  baked 
in  any  form ;  distinctively,  a  flat  or  thin  por- 
tion of  dough  so  prepared  and  separately  baked. 
A  cake  that  scumed  mosaic-work  in  spices. 

T.  IS.  AUlrich,  Tlio  Lunch. 

3.  In  Scotland,  spocifieally,  an  oatmeal  cake, 
rolled  thin  and  baked  hard  on  a  gi'iddlo. 

Uear,  laiul  o'  Calces,  and  britlicr  Scots. 

Burnx,  (.'aiitain  Grose. 

4.  A  small  portion  of  batter  fried  on  a  griddle ; 
a  pancake  or  griddle-cake :  as,  buckwheat  cukxs. 
—  5.  Oil-cake  used  for  feeding  cattle  or  as  a 
fertilizer. 

How  much  cafcc  or  guano  tlii.s  labour  wouM  purchase  we 
cannot  even  guess  at.  Anstcd,  Channel  Islands,  p.  407. 

6.  Something  made  or  concreted  in  the  distinc- 
tive form  of  a  cake ;  a  mass  of  solid  matter  rel- 
atively thin  and  extended :  as,  a  cake  of  soap. 

Calces  of  rustling  ico  camo  rolling  down  the  Hood. 

Dryden. 
Tliis  substance  [tufaceous  gypsum]  is  found  in  cake^, 
often  a  foot  long  by  an  inch  in  (lejitb,  curled  l»y  the  sun's 
rays  and  overlying  clay  into  whicli  water  bad  sunk. 

It.  /■'.  Durloii,  El-Jleainali,  p.  354. 

One's  cake  Is  dou^h,  one's  plan  has  failed ;  one  has  had 
u  failure  or  miscarriage. 

M;t  cake  in  dutiirh :  But  I'll  in  among  the  rest ; 
Out  of  hope  of  all  —  but  my  share  of  the  feast. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  1. 
Steward !  your  cake  i4  dmitjh  as  well  as  mine. 

B.  Janson,  Case  is  Altered,  v.  4. 
To  find  the  bean  in  the  cake.    See  bean^. 
cake'  (kak),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caked,  ppr.  caking. 
[<  cake^,  K.]     I.  trans.  To  form  into  a  cake  or 

compact  mass Caking  gunpowder,  the  operation 

of  pressing  the  ingredients  of  powder,  after  they  have  been 
tlioroiiglily  incorporated  and  moistened,  it  is  elfected 
eitlier  liy  the  hydraulic  press  or  by  rollers. 

II.  ill  trans.  To  concrete  or  become  formed 
into  a  hard  mass. 
Clottcil  blood  that  caked  within.  Addiftou. 

cake-  (kak),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caked,  pjir. 
cakinij.  [E.  dial.:  see  catWc]  To  cackle,  as 
geese.  [North.  Eng.] 
cake-alum  (kak'al'um),  n.  Stilphate  of  alu- 
mina containing  no  alkaline  sulphate.  Also 
called  jiateiit  alum. 
cake-bread  (kak'bred),  h.  [<  ME.  cakehrecd, 
<  ciikv  +  breed,  bread.]  Fine  white  bread; 
manchot. 

Then  to  retorne  to  the  new  Maires  hous,  there  to  take 

cakebrede  and  wyne.        Entjlish  iiiids  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  418. 

Ilis  foohsh  schoolmasters  have  done  nothing  but  run 

up  an<i  down  the  country  with  him  to  l>eg  puddhigs  and 

cake-hread  of  his  tenants. 

IS.  .Tomon,  iJartholoinew  Fair,  i.  1. 

cake-copper  (kak'kop"er),  n.  One  of  the  forms 
in  wliich  copper  is  sent  to  market  by  the 
smelters.  A  cake  is  about  lit  inches  long,  12J  wide,  and 
1-|  tliick,  and  weighs  about  \\  hundredweight. 

cake-lake  (kak'lak),  n.     A  crimson   coloring 

■  iiiatler  obtained  from  stick-lac.  Also  called 
Idc-ili/r  and  Inc-liike. 

cake-steamer  (kak'ste'''m(ir),  n.  A  confection- 
ers' apparatus  in  which  the  dough  of  some 
kinds  of  cake  is  e.vposed 
to  the  action  of  steam 
just  before  baking,  to  , 
give  the  cake  a  rich  and     /."  \ 

attractive  color  and  sui- 
face. 

cake-urchin     (kiik'er 

chin),  H.    A  flat  sea-iii 
cliiii:    a,   sand-dollar;    :i 
clypeasfrid,    as    one   of 
the    genus    hcliiiiaracli- 

iiiiisov  .Mriiita.    MiUita  ^"'■^ ' ;;.„„„;;;'.■" """ 

iliiiiii/iiifdrii  and  l.'rliiiiu- 

jv((7iii/Hi' jxoma  are  common  United  States  cako- 
urc!iins. 
cal  (kal),  M.     [Corn.]    A  Cornish  miners'  name 
for  the  mineral  wolfraifi  or  wolframite,    it  is  a 
compound  of  tungstic  acid  with  iron  and  varying  (luanti- 


Calabi-ishcs. 


757 

Ilea  of  inniigane.se.    It  is  one  of  the  mliier.als  commonly 

associated  wilh  tin  ore. 
Cal.     All  abbreviation  of  California. 
calaba  (kal'a-bji),  ».     [A  native  name.]     See 

I'dliijilnilliim. 
calabart,  ».    Same  as  cnJnher. 
Calabar  bean.    See  bcau^. 
calabarin,  calabarine  (kal-a-biir'in),  n.     [< 

(Jaliiliar  (liriui)  +  -(«'-,  -in<:'^;  t^\i.  calal><irina.'\ 
An  alkaloid  olitained  from  the  (Jalatiar  beau  by 
Harnock  and  Witkowski  in  187G.  It  is  nearly 
insoluble  in  ether,  and  ilifTers  in  physiological 
character  from  physostigmin. 

calabar-skin  {kal'a-bUr-skin),  n.  The  name 
given  in  commerce  to  the  skin  of  the  Siberian 
S({uirrel,  used  for  making  muffs,  tijipets,  etc. 

Calabasll  (kal'a-bash),  ii.  [I'rob.,  through  F. 
caleha.ise,  <  I'g.  caliilxi^a,  .also  eaha^a,  =  Sp.  ca- 
laha::a  =  Cat.  carabassa,  a  gourd,  a  calabash,  < 
Ai'.  qar',  a  gourd,  +  ydhis,  ai/bas,  dry.  Cf.  cara- 
pacc,  carapar,  of  same  origin.]  1.  A  fruit  of 
the  tree  Crcscentia  Cujctc  lioUowod  out,  dried, 
and  used  as  a  vessel  to  contain  liquids.  These 
shells  are  so  close-grained  and  hard  that  when  containing 
liciuid  tliey  may  be  used  several  times  as  kettles  upon 
the  lire  witliout 
injury. 

2.  A  gmu-d 
of  any  kind 
used  in  the 
same  way. 
Siicli  vessels  arc 
often  dccor.-it- 
ed  with  con- 
ventional pat- 
terns and  llg- 
lires  made  in 
very  slight  re- 
lief by  scrap- 
ing away  the 
surface  surrounding  thoni,  and  are  sometimes  stained  in 
variegated  colors. 

She  had  an  ornamented  ridiiha-^h  to  liold  her  castor-oil, 
from  which  she  iiiadea  fresh  toilette  every  tunc  slieswam 
across  the  Nile.    Ii.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  139. 

3.  A  popular  name  of  the  gourd-plant,  Laye- 
iiaria  riihiaris. — 4.  A  name  given  to  the  red 
cap  or  tarboosh  of  Tunis.  See  tarboosh  and/i".r. 
—  Sweet  calabash^  the  njime  in  the  West  Imiies  of  the 
cdililc  fruit  of  Pa.'.'sifltira  maUfonnU. 

calabash-tree  (kal'a-bash-tre),  «.  1.  A  name 
given  to  the  Crcscentia  Ciijcte,  a  bignoniaceous 
tree  of  tropical  America,  on  account  of  its 
large  gourd-like  fruits,  the  hard  shells  of  which 
are  made  into  numerous  domestic  utensils,  as 
basins,  cups,  spoons,  bottles,  etc.  The  black 
calabash-tree  of  the  West  Indies  is  Crcscentia 
cucurbitina. — 2.  A  name  given  to  the  baobab 
of  Africa,  Adiinsnnia  diijitata.     See  baobab. 

calabazilla  (kal'a-bil-sel'ya),  II.  [ile.x.  Sp. 
(=  Sp.  ealiibiicilla,  a  piece  of  wood  in  the 
shape  of  a  gourd,  a  gourd-shaped  ear-ring),  dim. 
of  calabaza,  a  goiu'd:  see  calabash.'^  In  south- 
ern California,  the  Cuciirbita  percnnis,  a  native 
species  of  squash,  with  an  exceedingly  large 
root.  The  pulp  of  the  green  fruit  is  used  as  a 
substitute  for  soap,  and  the  macerated  root  as 
a  medicinal  remedy. 

calabert,  ».  [<  ME.  cnhibre,  also  calabcrc,  cal- 
(ibrerc,  <  Ij.  Calabria,  Calabria.]  The  fm'  of  a 
small  .animal  of  about  the  size  of  a  squirrel, 
bred  for  the  most  part  in  High  Germany.  E. 
I'liillips.  [The  fur,  which  was  of  a  gray  color, 
was  exported  from  Calabria;  hence  the  name.] 
Ills  elokc  of  catahre.  Piers  Piuvnitnii  (C),  ix.  293. 

Costly  grey  amices  of  calaber.  BiK  Hate. 

calaboose  (kal-a-bos'),  «.  [<  Sp.  calubn:o  =  Pg. 
calahoiii;!!,  a  dungeon,  prob.  <  Ar.  qal'a,  a  cas- 
tle, +  bus,  hidden.]  A  )irison;  especiall.v,  a 
common  jail  or  lockup.  [Western  and  south- 
westi-rn  V.  S.] 

calabrasella  (kal'a-bra-sel'a),  n.  [Origin  un- 
known.] A  game  of  cards  for  three  persons, 
jilayed  w'ith  a  pack  of  40  cards,  the  10-,  9-,  and 
8-spots  being  discarded.  One  pei-son,  to  wliom  cer- 
tain advantages  are  given,  plays  alone  against  the  other 
two,  and  wins  or  loses  according  as  he  makes  more  or 
fewer  points  than  they. 

calabre't,  «.    See  calaber. 

calabre-'t,  ».     [F.,  <  ML.  calabra.']    Amilitary 

iiigiiie  used  during  the  middle  ages;  a  variety 

of  the  picrrier. 

calabreret,  »•    !;*ee  cnUibcr. 

Calabrian  (k,i-la'bri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Cala- 
bnii.  ( 'ahiliria,  <  Calaber,  a  Calabrian,  one  of  the 
Calabri  from  whom  ancient  Calabria  took  its 
name.]  I.  a.  I'.elouging  to  or  characteristic  of 
ancient  or  modern  ('alabria.  The  fonner  (called  by 
the  Creeks  Mes.sapia  or  .lapygia)  w:us  the  southeastern 
projection  of  tlu-  peninsula  of  Italy;  the  latter  is  tlie 
southwestern  one  (anciently  I'.riittiiim). 

II.  ».  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Calabria. 


calamary 

calabur-tree  (kal'a-lu'r-tro),  v.  The  .Uiintini/ia 
Culabura,  a  tiliaceous  tree  of  the  West  Indies, 
the  bark  of  which  is  used  for  making  cordage. 

calabusst,  «■  [Origin  uncertain;  jierhaps  a 
var.  of  "ralabaee  for  calabash,  a  gourd,  the  last 
syllable  being  jierhaps  assimilated  to  that  of 
harquelm.'iC  ami  btuiiderbii.ss.]  A  liglit  musket 
having  a  wheel-lock,  first  used  about  1.578.  E.  I). 

calade  (ka-lad'  or-lad'),  ».  [F.,  <  It.  c«/n/o,  a  de- 
scent, <  riilarc,  fall,  =  F.  caler,  lower,  =  Sp. cedar, 
penetrate,  pierce,  let  down,  =  Pg.  calar,  pene- 
trate, lower,  conceal,  <  ML.  calare,  let  down, 
descend,  <  L.  chalare,  let  down,  slairkcn,  <  (Jr. 
Xn'Aav,  let  down,  slacken.]  A  slope  in  a  man6ge- 
ground,  down  which  a  horso  is  ridden  at  speed 
ill  training  him,  to  ply  his  haunches. 

Caladium  (ka-la'di-um),  H.  [NL.,  <  kale,  a  n.a- 
tive  name  for  the  edible  rhizome.]  A  genus 
of  tuberous-rooted  acaulescent  plants,  natural 
order  Araccu;  with  large  hastate  or  sagittate 
leaves,  which  are  often  variegated  in  color. 
They  are  natives  of  tropical  .America.  About  a  dozen 
species  are  kimwn,  though,  owing  to  their  great  variabil- 
ity, a  very  much  larger  iiiiinber  have  been  described.  They 
are  favorite  foliage-plants,  and  many  forms  are  found  in 
cultivation. 

caladriet,  "•  [ME.  (=  Sp.  cnladre,  var.  of  ea- 
limilrid,  a  lark):  see  calandru,  calender". '^  A 
bird,  probably  a  kind  of  lark. 

A  cormoraunt  and  a  catadrie.  Wyclif,  Deut.  xiv.  IS 

Calsenas,  n.  See  Calcenas. 
calaite  (kal'a-it),  n.  [<  L.  eallali  (<  Gr.  na^- 
/ni<;  or  wa'/uir,  a  sea-gi'een  precious  stone)  + 
-(7< '-'.]  A  name  given  to  the  turquoise. 
Calamagrostis  Ckal"a-ma-gros'ti8),  «.  [NTi.,  < 
(Jr.  Ka/aiioe,  a  reed  (see  calamus'),  +  aypuaTir,  a 
kind  of  grass:  see  Aflrostis.']  A  small  genus  of 
coarse  grasses,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia; 
the  reed  bent-grasses.  The  American  species 
that  have  been  referred  to  it  are  now  placed  in 
JJci/ruxia. 
calamanco  (kal-a-mang'ko),  n.  [=  D.  kala- 
mink  =  G.  kahnank,  kalmanri,  <  Sp.  calainaco  = 
F.  calcmandc,  calmande,  <  SIL.  calamancus,  cti- 
lamacus,  calamancus,  transpositions  of  ctimc- 
laiicum,  <  Gr.  Ka/.icAavKiov,  a  head-covering:  see 
camelaucium.1  A  gloss.v  woolen  satin-twilled 
stuff,  checkered  or  brocaded  in  the  warp,  so 
that  the  pattern  showed  on  one  side  only. 
Also  spelled  calUinanco,  calimanco. 

A  morning  gown,  though,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  not  a  cala- 
manco one,  with  great  flowers.   Lona/ellow,  Ilypcrion,  i.  7. 

calamander-'WOOd  (kal-a-man'der-wiui),  H. 
[Sujijiosed  to  be  a  corruption  of  Coriimandel 
ieood.~\  A  beautiful  kind  of  wood,  the  product 
chietly  of  llin.fpijros  qua'.sifa,  natural  order  Ebe- 
nacem,  a  large  tree  of  Ceylon,  it  is  very  suitable 
wood  for  ornamental  cabinet-work,  showing  alternate 
bands  of  brown  and  black,  is  very  hard,  and  takes  a  high 

polish. 

calamar  (kal'a-miir),  II.     Same  as  calamarij. 

Calamaria  (kal-.a-ma'ri-ii),  n.  [NL.  Cf.  eaUi- 
niiiri/.}  1.  The  tyjiical  genus  of  serjients  of  the 
family  Calaiiiariidw,  having  the  labial  plates 
reduced  to  four  or  five,  and  containing  species 
peculiar  to  the  East  Indies.  C.  albivcntcr  is  an 
example. — 2.  A  genus  of  lopidopterous  insects. 
Mnore,  1S7S. 

calamarian  (kal-a-ma'ri-an),  n.  A  snake  of  tho 
genus  Cnhiiitaria  or  family  Calamariidw. 

Calamariidffi  (kal-a-ma-ri'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Calamaria  +  -(<(«■.]  A  family  of  aglyjiho- 
dont  or  colubrino  serpents,  the  dwarf  snakes, 
typified  by  tho  genus  Calamaria,  and  contain- 
ing a  large  number  of  small  inofl'ensivo  species 
in  which  tho  head  is  not  marked  off  from  tho 
body  by  a  constriction  or  neck.  They  are  found  in 
most  parts  of  file  worhl,  living  under  stones  and  logs,  and 
I>reyiiig  upon  worms  and  grubs.  They  are  now  generally 
associated  in  the  same  family  with  the  Colubridn;. 

calamarioid  (kal-a-mii'ri-oid),  a.  [<  Calamaria 
+  -oid.'\  Resembling  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Calamariidw. 

calamarious  (kal-a-ma'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  cala- 
mariiis  taken  in  a  lit.  sense,  pertaining  to  a 
reed,  <  ealiinius,  a  reed.  Cf.  eala)narij.'\  Kecd- 
like:  ai>pliod  to  grasses  with  short  rigid  culms. 

calamaroid  (kal'a-ma-roid),  «.  A  less  conect 
form  of  calamarioid. 

Eiglit  .uit  of  ten  Calamaroid  genera  are  peculiar  to  this 
fauna.  diinlher.  Encye.  llrit.,  X.K.  4(». 

calamary  (kal'a-tna-ri),  ". ;  pi.  calamaries  (-riz). 
[Formerly  also  calaiuiiric  and  calamar;  =  F. 
calmar,  cahniar,  cidamar  =  Sp.  calamar,  also 
calamarcto,  inkfish,  calamary,  =  Pg.  calnmar, 
iiikfish,  =  It.  ralamajo,  inkfisli,  calamary,  ink- 
stand, =  G.  kalmar,  inkstand,  =  NGr.  m'/a/tiiiu, 
iiikal:iuii,  ha?.iifiapi  Ila'/.(ii7niui;  inkfish,  <  NL.  <«(<J- 
marius,  a  particiUar  use  (pen-case,  inkstand, 


a   Squid   {Loligo 

■vulgaris). 


calamary 

inkfish)  of  L.  cnhimarius,  portaining  to  a  pon, 
<  calamus,  a  rccil,  a  pen :  spp  adamiis.]  1.  A  cut^ 
tK'fisli;adeeacerou8orriocHpo(lou8 
ctiplialopod  of  the  order  IHbrnnchi- 
(ita,  having  a  pen-shaped  internal 
skeleton  or  euttle-ljone,  as  in  the 
genus  Loligo  and  related  fomis. 
i'liL'  biiily  is  oblong,  soft,  llesliy,  tniitriiiK, 
niiil  Hanked  lieliiml  by  two  triaiiuular  fliis, 
nn>\  ccintniiis  a  pcnshapcil  glailiiia  or  in- 
ternal horny  ikxilile  shell.  They  have 
two  sacs  calleil  ink  bass,  from  which  they 
discliarge,  when  alarmed  or  pursued,  a 
black  fluid  which  conceals  them  from 
sight.  The  species  arc  found  in  most  seas, 
and  furnish  food  to  dolphins,  whales,  etc. 
Also  calUd  n'lidd,  sea-skcvr,  pn'ke,  cltttle- 
fi»h,  inkfUh.  and  pcniish. 
2.  The  internal  skeleton,  cuttle- 
bone,  gladius,  or  pen  of  a  cala- 
mary. 
Also  called  eaUimhar. 

calambac  (kal'am-bak),  ti.  [=  F. 
caldmhac,  <  Sp.  caJaiiilinc  =  I'g- 
catamha,  <  Pers.  kalambak,  a  fra- 
grant wood.  Ct.calambour.^  Same 
as  agnllochum. 

calambar,  «.     Same  as  calamary. 

calambour  (kal'tim-bor),  n.  [< 
V.  calambour,  calamboure,  -bourg, 
etc.,  appar.  perverted  forms,  ear- 
lier calambuquc,  <  Sp.  calambuco  = 
Pg.  calambuco,  also  (after  F.  ca- 
lambour) calamburo ;  prob.  from 
game  source  as  calambac,  and  part- 
ly identified  with  it.]  A  species  of  agallochum 
or  eaglewood,  of  a  dusky  or  mottled  color  and 
light," friable  texture,  but  not  very  fragrant.  It 
is  used  by  cabinet-makers  and  inlayers. 

calambuco  (kal-am-bu'ko),  ».  Same  as  calam- 
bour. 

calami,  ".     Plural  of  calaynus. 

calamiferous  (kal-a-mif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  cala- 
luuf:,  a  reed,  -\-  ferre  =  E.  bear^.'i  Producing 
reeds  or  reedy  jilants ;  reedy. 

calamin,  calamine  (kal'a-min),  n.  [<  P.  cala- 
mine  =  Sp.  calamina  =  MHG.  kalemine,  G.  A-n/- 
mt4,  now  galmei,  <  ML.  calamina,  a  corruption 
of  li.  cadmia :  see  cadniia.']  The  native  hydrous 
silicate  of  zinc,  an  important  ore  (if  tlint  metal. 
It  occurs  in  crystals  which  are  oftcTi  heniiniorpliic  (hence 
the  synonym  heminmrphile),  in  crystalline  groups  with  bo- 
tryoidal  surface,  and  also  massive  ;  the  color  varies  from 
white  to  pale  green,  blue,  or  yellow.  It  is  often  associated 
with  zinc  carbonate,  sometimes  with  smithsonite  (also 
called  calamin),  in  calcareous  rocks.  It  is  used  as  a  pig- 
ment in  ceramic  painting,  producing  a  brilliant  green  col- 
or in  glazed  pottery. 

calamint  (kal '  a-mint),  re.  [<  ME.  calamynt  = 
F.  C(dament=i  Sp.  calamento  =  Pg.  calnmiiitha  = 
It.  calamento,  <  ML.  catamhitlia  (calamiutlium, 
-mcnta,  -mentum,  etc.,  calomcnta,  etc.),  <  L.  cala- 
miuthe,  <  Gr.  Kahi/ih'ffii,  also  Ka'/.aiuvth(,  a  kind 
of  mint,  <  iia?M-,  perhaps  for  Ka/o-  for  KaAog, 
beautiful,  -I-  ftiv6a,  mint.]  A  book-name  for 
plants  of  the  genus  Calamintha. 

Calamintha  (kal-a-min'thii),  H.  [NL.  ML.,  < 
L.  calamiiithe:  see  calamiiit.'i  A  genus  of  la- 
biate strongly  fragrant  herbs  or  imdershrubs, 
of  the  northern  temperate  zone.  The  common 
European  species  are  used  in  milking  herb-teas.  There 
are  about  40  species,  including  the  common  calamint  (C. 
o/^ci;i/i?w),  the  wood-calamiut(C.  «i//yfl(ica),  the  lesser  cala- 
mint (C.  Nepeta),  the  field-  or  stone-basil  or  horse-thyme 
(C.  CUniyxHiium),  and  the  basil-thyme  (C.  ^lc(KO^). 

calamistt  (kal'  a-mist),  n.  [<  L.  calamus,  a  reed, 
+  -ist.J  A  piper;  one  who  plays  on  a  reed  or 
pipe.     Blount, 

calamistra,  n.     Plural  of  calamistrum. 

calamistral  (kal-a-mis'tral),  a.  [<  calamistrum 
+  -«?.]  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  functions 
of  calamistra. 

calamistratet  (kal-a-mis'trat),  V.  t.  [<  L.  cala- 
mistratus,  pp.  of  *calamistrarc,  cui\,  as  the  hair, 
<  calamister,  also  calamistrum,  an  iron  tube  for 
curling  the  bair:  see  calamistrum.']  To  cm-l  or 
frizzle,  as  the  hair.     Cotgravc;  Burton. 

calamistrationt  ( kal  "a  -  mis  -  tra '  shon),  n.  [< 
calamijstrate.]  The  act  of  curling  the  hair. 
[Kare.] 

Calauiistratioruf,  ointments,  Ac,  .   ,  .  will  make  the 
veriest  dowdy  otherwise  a  goddess. 

Buitim,  Anat.  of  McI.,  p.  470. 

calamistrum  (kal-a-mis'trum),  «.;  pi.  calamis- 
tra (-trii).  [NL.,  a  special  use  of  L.  calamis- 
trum, an  iron  tube  for  curling  the  hail'  (see  cal- 
amistratc),  <  calamus,  a  reed :  see  calamus.']  One 
of  the  curved  movable  spines  forming  a  double 
row  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  si.xtli  or  penul- 
timate joint  of  the  posterior  legs  of  ccrlaiu 
spiders.  The  calamistra  are  used  to  cmi  ami  bind  the 
lines  of  silk  issuing  from  the  spiniici-ets,  foriniug  a  filmy 
web  peculiar  to  the  species  possessiiig  these  orgaiis. 


758 

Tlie  function  of  the  calamiHntm  has  been  proveil  by 
Mr.  lllniTkwall  to  be  the  carding,  »ir  tt'asing  ami  ciirliiig, 
id  a  peciiliar  kind  of  silk,  secreted  and  emitted  from  the 
fuiirtil  pair  of  spinners.  Kiicyc.  Brit.,  II.  2ir2. 

calamite  (kara-mit),  n.  [<  NL.  Cnlamitcs,  q. 
v.]  1.  A  fossil  of  the  genus  Calamitcs. —  2.  A 
variety  of  tremolite  occurring  in  imperfect  or 
rounded  prismatic  crystals,  longitudinally  stri- 
ated, and  sometimes  resembling  a  reed. 

Calamites  (kal-a-mi'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kala- 
/iirr/:;,  reed-like,  <;  Kii/.afto^,  L.  calamus,  a  reed.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  plants,  of  which  the  structure 
is  complicated  and  obscure,  but  whieli  are  gen- 
erally admitted  to  be  allied  to  the  recent  Eqni- 
sctacccE  or  horsetails;  the  calamites.  Whether 
Calamites  should  be  consitlered  as  being  a  peculiar  fom» 
of  Equisetttcete,  or  as  constituting  a  ilistinct  but  allied 
order,  has  not  yet  been  fully  established.  The  calamites 
are  considered  to  have  been  cryptogamic  plant-s,  biit  tli*:ir 
relations  to  living  cryptogams  are  peculiar,  ami  especially 
exceptional  in  their  complex  structure  aiiil  the  exogenous 
growth  of  the  woody  cylinder.  The  foliage  of  the  cata- 
mites was  verticillate ;  and  it  is  thought  by  some  that 
Aaterophyllites,  Anntilaria,  and  even  Splirnn/'ln/ltinn, 
with  their  whorled  leaves,  represent  the  leaf-beaiing 
branches  of  calamites,  although  this  h.as  not  been  actiiiilly 
proved  by  discovery  of  the  leaves  attached  to  the  stems. 
The  calaiuites  are  among  the  commonest  and  most  charac- 
teiistic  fossil  plants  fif  the  co.il-meilsures. 

calamitous  (ka-lam'i-tus),  a.     [<  F. ealamitcux, 

<  L.  catamitosits,  <  calamita(t-)s,  calamity:  see 
calamity.]  It.  Miserable;  involved  in  calam- 
ity or  deep  distress;  wretched. 

Ten  thousands  of  calamitous  persons. 

South,  Works,  VII.  xi. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  or  marked  by  calamity  or 
great  misfortune ;  bringing  or  resulting  from 
calamity;  making  wretched;  distressing  or  dis- 
tressful: as,  a  cateM»'to!(S  event;  "that  fn/oHii- 
tousTprison,"  Milton,  S.  A.,  1. 1480;  "this  sad  and 
calamitous  condition,"  South. 

But,  even  admitting  the  calamitoxts  necessity  of  War,  it 
can  never  be  with  pleasure  —  it  cannot  be  without  sailness 
unspealtable  —  that  the  Cliristian  soul  surveys  its  fiendish 
encounters.  Sumner,  Orations,  I.  173. 

=  Syn.  2.  AfHictive,  disastrous,  distressing,  grievous,  de- 
ploraiile,  lialeful,  ruinous. 
calamitously  (ka-lam'i-tus-li),  adv.     In  a  ca- 
lamitous manner ;  in  a  manner  to  produce  great 
distress. 
calamitousness  (ka-lam'i-tus-nes),  ».     The 
quality  of  bringing  calamity  or  misery;  deep 
distress;  wretchedness;  misery. 
calamity  (ka-lam'j-ti),  )).;  pi.  calamities  (-tiz). 
[<  P.  calamite  =  P'r.  calamitat  =  Sp.  calamidad 
=  It.  calamita,  <  L.  calamita(t-)s,  loss,  injury, 
damage,  misfortune,  disaster,  ruin,  prob.  con- 
nected with  in-columis,  unharmed ;  root  tmeer- 
tain.]     Ajiy  great  misfortune  or  cause  of  mis- 
ery; in  general,  any  event  or  disaster  which 
proiluces  extensive  evils,  as  loss  of  crops,  earth- 
quakes, etc.,  but  also  applied  to  any  misfortune 
which  brings  gi'eat  distress  upon  a  single  per- 
son; misfortune;  distress;  ailversity. 
Affliction  is  enamour'd  of  thy  parts, 
And  thou  art  wedded  to  calamity. 

Sluik.,  E.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 
Calamity  is  man's  true  touchstone. 

Beau,  aiid  Ft.,  Triumph  of  Honour,  i.  1. 
The  deliberations  of  calamity  are  rarely  wise.      Burke. 
'T  is  sorrow  builds  the  shiuiiig  ladiler  up. 
Whose  golden  ruuiuls  are  oiir  caltnnitic.^. 

Lowell,  Death  of  a  Friend's  Child. 
=  Syll.   Dimstcr,  Cata.Hropfte,  etc.  (see  )nijs/or(u?ic),  hard- 
ship, adversit.v,  alHiction,  lilow,  stroke. 
Calamodendron(kal'''a-mo-deu'dron),)(.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  «2/.(2/(of,  a  reed,  +  dcv(Jpov,  a  tree.]  A 
fossil  plant  belonging  to  the  coal-measures,  and 
formerly  held  to  be  a  gymnospermous  exogen, 
but  now  believed  to  be  a  calamite  retaining  its 
structure  and  esijeeially  its  exogenous  vascular 
zone.     See  Calamites. 

Calamodyta  (.kal"a-mo-di'ta),  n.  [NL.  (Meyer, 
1815),  <  Gr.  Ka'Aa/JodvTTig,  a  bird,  perhaps  the 
reed-warbler,  <  m^ji/ws,  a  reed,  +  fiiTj/g,  diver, 

<  6ecn;  get  into,  enter,  dive.]  A  genus  of  birds, 
gi'ving  name  to  a  subfamily  Calamodytin(c:  a 
synonym  of  Acrocephalus.  The  typical  species 
is  Acrocephalus  aquaticus.  Also  called  Calamo- 
hcrpe. 

CalamodytinSB  (kal"a-m()-<li-ta'ne),  11. 1^1.   [NL., 

<  Calamodyta  -1-  -ina\]  In  G.  R.  Gray's  system 
of  classification  (18G9),  a  subfamily  of  small, 
dentirostral,  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  his  fam- 
ily Lusciniidce,  the  reed-warblers;  the  warblers 
of  the  acrocephaHne  tyjie,  having  a  minute, 
spurious  first  primary,  and  in  typical  forms 
an  elongated  head  and  relatively  large  bill. 
Siiiidi-y  genera  are  Acroceplialus  (of  which  Culamodyta, 
C'ltamiilierpc,  and  Catamodus  are  mere  synonyms),  Locus- 
t<lbt.  Luxri niohf ,  arid  Cettta. 

calamodytine  (kal'''a-mo-di'tin),  a.  Having 
the  characters  of  a  reed-warbler;  pertaining 
to  the  Calamodytinai ;  acrocephaliue. 


calandra 

Calamoherpe  (kal"a-m<")-her'pe),  n.  [NL. 
(Hole,  l>^i;ii),  irreg.  <  Gr.  K(i'/a/m<:,  reed,  +  ifmetv, 
creep.]     Sjiiiii'  as  CalamfKlyfa. 

Calamospiza  (kal'''a-m(}-spi'za),  n.  [NL.  (C.  L. 
Bonaparte,  1838),  (  Gr.  Kii'/.a/ioi;,  a  reed,  +  rnrH^a, 
a  bird  of  the  finch  kind,  perhaps  the  chaffinch, 
<  aTTiL,civ,  chirp,  pipe,  l)eep.]  A  genus  of  frin- 
gillino  passerine  birtls  of  Nortli  America,  con- 
taining the  lark-bunting  of  the  western  States 
and  Territories,  Calamospiza  bicolor,  the  male 


^^k 
'M^ 


Lark-bunting  ( Calamospiza  binolor). 


of  which  is  black,  with  a  white  patch  on  the 
wing,  and  resembles  the  bobolink  in  some 
other  respects.  It  is  about  7  inches  long,  nests  on  the 
gi'ound,  and  has  the  habit  during  the  breeding  season  of 
soaring  aloft  to  sing,  like  the  skylark.  The  inner  sec- 
ondaries are  as  long  as  the  pi-imaries  iii  the  closed  wing, 
and  the  bill  resembles  that  of  a  grosbeak.  The  sexes  are 
markedly  distiiict  in  coloi'atioli. 
calamus  (kal'a-mus),  H. ;  pi.  calami  (-mi).  [In 
ME.  (Wyelif)  cntoHi^;  <  L.  calamus,  a  reed,  a 
cane,  hence  a  pipe,  pen,  arrow,  rod,  etc.,  =  Ar. 
qalam  (>  Turk,  (/alcm),  a  pen,  reed  pen,  pencil, 
brush,  chisel,  etc.,  <  Gr.  Ha'/a/ioc,  a  reed,  cane, 
etc.,  =  Skt.  I:alamas  =  L.  culmus,  a  stalk,  stem, 
straw,  =  AS.  healm,  E.  halm,  haulm,  a  stalk, 
stem:  see/in/m.]  1.  A  reed;  cane. —  2.  A  kind 
of  fragrant  plant  mentioned  in  the  Bible  (Ex. 
XXX.  23,  etc. ),  and  supposed  to  be  the  sweet-flag, 
Acorus  Calamus,  or  the  fragrant  lemon-grass  of 
India,  Andropogon  Schananthus ;  the  sweet-flag. 

Another  goblet !  quick  !  and  stir 
Pomegi'anate  juice  and  drops  of  myrrh 
And  cala7nus  therein ! 

Lono/ellow,  Golden  Legend,  iiL 

3.  [cap.]  A  very  largo  genus  of  slender,  leafy, 
climbing  palms,  natives  chiefly  of  eastern  Asia 
and  the  adjacent  islands.  Their  leaves  are  armed 
with  strong  reversed  thorns,  by  meaiis  of  which  they  often 
climb  the  loftiest  trees.  The  sheathing  leaves  cover  the 
eiitire  stem,  and  when  removed  leave  a  slender-jointed 
polished  cane,  in  some  species  reaching  200  feet  in  length. 
These  are  extensively  used  in  bridge-making,  for  the  ropea 
and  cables  of  vessels,  aiid,  when  split,  for  a  gi'eat  variety 
of  purposes.  They  form  the  ratan-canes  of  commerce, 
used  in  large  quantities  for  the  caning  of  chairs,  etc.  One 
of  tlie  larger  species,  C.  Scipionum,  furnishes  the  ^lalacca 
caiies  used  for  walking-sticks.  The  fniits  of  C.  Draco 
yield  the  red  resin  known  in  commerce  as  dragoii's-blood. 

4.  A  tube,  usually  of  gold  or  silver,  through 
which  it  was  customary  in  the  ancient  church 
to  receive  the  wine  in  communicating.  The 
adoption  of  the  calainus  doubtless  arose  from  caution, 
lest  any  drop  from  the  chalice  should  be  spilled,  or  .any 
other  iiTeverence  occur.  It  has  fallen  into  disuse,  except 
that  it  is  still  retained  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in 
solemn  papal  celebratioiis,  for  the  commuiiion  of  the 
Pope.  It  is  also  known  by  the  names  camia,  puyillaris, 
and  Jistula. 

5.  iii  music,  a  flute  or  pipe  made  of  reed. — 6. 
In  ornith.,  the  hard,  horny,  lioUow,  and  more  or 
less  transparent  part  of  the  stem  or  scape  of  a 
feather;  the  barrel,  tube,  or  quill  proper,  which 
bears  no  vexilla,  and  extends  from  the  end  of 
the  feather  inserted  in  the  skin  to  the  begin- 
ning of  the  rachis  where  tlie  web  or  vane  com- 
mences. See  cut  under  njtershaft. —  7.  -An  an- 
cient Greek  measm-e  of  length  of  10  feet. — 
Calamus  scriptorius  (liteially.  a  w ritiiig-pcii).  the  li»wer 
(Iioitirioi)  p.irtinn  of  tlie  tl<">r  i.f  the  fouith  ventricle  of 
the  liiain,  bounded  "ii  each  .side  liy  the  iliverging  funiculi 
gi-aciles,  the  point  where  these  come  together  below  being 
likeiieil  to  the  point  of  a  pen. 

calanchl  (ka-lan'chi),  «.  A  unit  of  weight  for 
pearls,  used  in  Pondicherry,  equal  to  0.14  gram, 
or  2i  grains  troy. 

calando  (ka-lan'do).  [It.,  ppr.  of  calare,  de- 
crease :  see  caladc.]  In  music,  a  direction  to 
slacken  the  time  and  decrease  the  volume  of 
tone  gradually. 

calandra  (ka-lan'dra),  n.  [NL. ;  cf.  E.  calen- 
der" (ME.  chalauudre,  also  caliidrir),  <  F.  ca- 
laudre  =  Pr.  calandra  =  Sp.  calandria  =  Pg.  ca- 
lliandra  =  It.  calandra  =  MHG.  galander  (ML. 
calandra,  chalandra,  cabtndrns.  calandris,  also 
caladriu.'i,  caladrus,  a  kind  of  lark,  also  calandra, 
calandru,%  a  wee%il),  <  Gr.  Ka/u^xl/mr  (also  x"- 
XnwVCi  NGr.  ;ia/'.<Ji'(5/)a),  a  kind  of  lark.]  1.  In 
ornith. :  («)  A  large  kind  of  lark,  Melamieorypha 
calamtra,  with  a  stout  bill,  inhabiting  southern 


calandra 

Europe  and  northern  Al'iira.  Tho  term  has 
been  the  lionk-niunc  of  tlir  spccii's  for  cent ti- 
rics.  (I))  [(Vi/).]  Mailii  by  licsson,  in  IHliT,  a RO- 
iit'ric  name :  a  synonym  of  MiluiKicori/plKt.  Also 
Cidiiudrina,  (c)  In  tho  form  Caliiiulyia,  applied 
tiy  Dcs  Mnrs  to  tho  Amorii-an  inocking-thrushos 
of  tho  genus  J/(»«/s. —  2.  [<■"/).]  In  <»?(;»(.,  a  ge- 
nua of  weevils,  typical  of  the  family  ('(dtindriticc. 
WdiiiL'  of  tlii'  niiiiuU;  spt'i-ii's  ctinnnit  Ki"^-iit  Iiavnc  in  j,'ran- 
arit's,  ill  Imtli  tlu'ir  larval  and  their  pcrfuct  wtato.  'J'liey 
arc  \X'ry  iniintiruua,  and  aniuii^  thoni  arc  thu  wuU-kuuwn 


759 


Gmin-wccvils. 

n,  com-weevil  [Calandr/t  s^rattarin) ;  fi,  ricc-wccvil  {Calandra 

oryxa);  f,  larva  ;  rf,  pupa.    (Small  figures  show  natural  sizes. ) 

corn. weevil,  C.  rrmnaria  (T.innmiis),  and  the  riee-weevil, 
C.  ontzir.  'I'lic  gru-Kru  wurin,  wliicti  liestroys  jialni-trees 
in  S<mtli  America,  is  tlic  larva  of  C  palmantm,  and  is 
nearly  ".:  inclies  lon^j.  The  j^rnh  is  eajjerly  sought  for  Ity 
the  natives,  wlio  cook  and  cat  it.  Tliis  species,  witli  C 
unrrlutri.  destroys  also  the  siignr-canes  of  the  West  Indies. 

calandrelle  (kal-an-drel'),  n.  [A  F.  form,  <  NL. 
i-(il(iii<h-(U(t,  dim.  of  calandra,  q.  v.]  A  name  of 
the  .short-toed  lark,  Alaiida  caJnndrcVa. 

calandrid  (ka-lan'drld),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  tho  characters  of  the  Ca- 
laiidridw.    Also  calandroid. 

II.  H.  A  weevil  or  suout-beotlo  of  the  family 
('(dandrid(v. 

Calandridae  (ka-lan'dri-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
laiidra,  2,  -I-  -('rfic]  A  family  of  rhyiiehophorous 
ViiU'optira  having  strong  folds  on  the  inner 
faces  of  the  elytra,  tho  pygidium  undivided  in 
both  sexes,  tibiio  jiot  serrate,  geniculate  au- 
tonnse,  no  labrura,  the  last  spiracle  not  visible, 
and  tho  last  dorsal  segment  of  the  male  more 
or  less  retractile  and  concealed.  Species  of  tlie 
leading  genus,  Calamlrn  (or  Sitophibix),  are  known  as 
cuni'  or  ffvain-weevils,  Tlie  family  is  related  t()  the  Cur- 
cuh'otifdce,  and  is  often  included  therein.  See  cut  under 
rfila  Ultra. 

Calandrinae  (kal-an-dri'ue),  ii.  p?.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
liiiiilra,  2,  +  -iiiw.']  A  subfamily  of  Ciircidio- 
nidw,  containing  weevils  of  varying  size  with 
geniculate  clubbed  antenme  and  a  steep  or  ver- 
tical pygidium,  tj-pified  by  tho  genus  Calandra, 
and  corresponding  to  tho  family  VaUiudrida\ 

calandroid  (ka-lan'droid),  a.  Haiaeasadandrid. 

calandrone  (kal-an-dro'uo),  11.  [It.]  A  small 
reed-instrument  of  the  clarinet  kind,  with  two 
holes,  used  by  the  peasants  of  Italy. 

calangay  (ka-lang'ga),  n.  A  species  of  white 
jiarrot,  a  native  of  the  Philippine  islands. 

calanget,  «■  and  v.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
rhullrniii'. 

calanid  (kal'a-nid),  11.  A  copepod  of  tho  family 
Vidanidw. 

Calanidae(ka-lan'i-de),»!.j)/.  [NL.,<  Cn/oHK.s-t- 

-idiv.'\  A  family  of  giiathostomatous  copejiods, 
of  tho  suborder  Encapepoda,  having  very  long 
anterior  antenure,  only  one  of  them  modilied 
for  prehension,  and  the  posterior  antenniB  bi- 
ramous.  The  fifth  pair  of  feet  is  niodifted  in  the  male 
to  assist  in  coiJulation.  Calanu.f,  Celochilits,  Tanora,  and 
Diaptomus  are  genera  of  this  family. 

Calanus  (kal'a-nus),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
copepods,  tjipical  of  the  family  Calanida:  C. 
paro  is  an  example. 

calao  (ka-la'6),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  general  name 
of  the  hornbills,  or  birds  of  the  family  Buccro- 
tidir :  adopted  liy  Brisson  in  17G0  for  the  whole 
of  them,  as  Bnccros  Itydrocnrax  of  tho  Philip- 
liines,  />'.  oJinruritx  of  tho  Moluccas,  etc. 

calapitte  (kal'a-pit),  «.  [<  Malayan  calappa, 
the  cacao-troe.'J  A  stony  concretion  occasion- 
ally present  in  the  cocoauut,  much  worn  by  the 
Malays  as  an  amulet  of  gi'oat  virtue.  Also 
called  riiiitiddc  lH:iiar. 

Calappa '(ka-la|)'|i),  ».  [NL.  Of.  calapitlc.']  A 
genus  of  lirachyurous  decapod  crustaceans, 
sometimes  giving  name  to  a  family  Vahippida: 
('.  diprcssa  and  I',  yranidata  are  among  tho 
species  known  as  bnx-cralii. 

calappian  (ka-lap'i-an),  n.  [<  Calappa  + 
-inn.]    A  crustacean  of  the  family  Caluppidw. 


1 


Box-crab  ICttfttpfia  dtfressa ). 


calappid  (ka-lap'id),  ».     Same  as  calappian. 

Calappidae  (ka-lap'i-do),  «.  pi.  [NL.,<  Ca- 
Uipiiii  +  -iila:'\  A  family  of  brachym-ous  de- 
capod crustaceans,  t  J^)iticd  by  the  genus  Calap- 
pa; tho  box-crabs.  They  have  a  roilmled  carapace 
Biihtriangiilar  anteriorly,  a  triangular  Imeeal  frame,  anil 
the  male  generative  oi)enings  on  the  hasal  joint  of  the  last 
pair  of  legs.  One  of  their  most  characteristic  features  is 
the  manner  in  which  the  large  crested  pincers  fold  against 
the  front  of  the  carapace.  The  genera  are  several,  and  the 
species  inhahit  tropical  seas. 

calappold  (ka-lap'oid),  a.  and  ».     I.  a.   Per- 
taining to  or  having  tho  characters  of  tho  Ca- 
htjijiidw. 
II.  n.  A  calappian  or  calappid. 

calascione,  colascione  (kii-,  k6-lii-shi6'no),  «. 
[It.]  A  musical  instrument  of  lower  Italy,  of 
the  lute  or  guitar  family,  having  two  catgut 
strings  timed  a  fifth  apart,  and  i)layed  with  a 
plectrum.  It  is  said  to  be  closely  similar  to 
tho  very  ancient  Egyptian  nofre  or  nefer. 

calash  (ka-lash'),  n.  [Also  formerly  eaksh, 
calcclic,  <  I'\  caleclw  =  Sp.  calr.ia  =  It.  calcssc, 
calcsso,  <  G.  kalcschc,  k-aUn.sc,  <  Bohem.  koleska  = 
Pol.  k(ilasl:a  =  Buss,  kobja.ika,  a  calash,  dim.  of 
Bohem.  kolcsa  =  Pol.  kolasn,  a  calash  (cf.  OBulg. 
kolcsinitsa  =  Russ.  kolc.'initsu,  a  car,  chariot; 
Bohem. kolcao  =  Russ.  kohso,  a  wheel), <  OBiUg. 
Serv.  Bohem.  kolo  =  Pol.  kola  (barred  I),  a 
wheel.]     1.  A  light  carriage  with  low  wheels, 


either  open  or  covered  with  a  folding  top  which 
can  be  let  down  at  pleasure.  Tlie  Canadian  ca- 
lash is  two-wheeled,  and  has  a  seat  on  the  splashboard  for 
the  driver. 

An  old  cnlanh,  belonging  to  the  abbess,  lined  with  green 
frieze,  was  ordered  to  be  drawn  into  the  sun. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vii.  21. 

2.  Tho  folding  hood  or  top  usmilly  fitted  to 
such  a  carriage.  Si>ccilically  called  a  calash-top. 
—  3t.  A  hooil  in  tlie  form  of  a  calash-top  worn 
by  women  in  tho  eighteenth  century  and  until 
about  1810.  It  wa.s  very  large  and  full,  to  cover  the 
head-dresses  of  the  jteriod,  and  was  made  on  a  framework 
of  light  hoops,  capable  of  licing  folded  back  on  the  shoul- 
ders, or  raised,  by  pulling  a  rilibon.  to  cover  the  head  and 
project  well  over  the  face.  Similar  hoods  had  been  worn 
at  earlier  times,  but  the  reintroduction  under  this  name 
appears  to  date  from  17(i.5. 

Jlrs.  Bute's  eyes  flashed  out  at  her  from  under  her  hiack 
calaiih.  Thaekcraii,  Vanity  Fair. 

calata  (ka-lii'ta),  n.  [It.,  a  dance,  also  a  slope, 
descent,  <  calarc,  let  down,  lower,  descend: 
see  caladc,  calando.']  A  lively  Italian  dance 
in  J  time. 

calathi,  «.     VVavaX  ot  calathux. 

calatllia,  »•     Plural  of  calathium. 

calathidimn  (kal-a-thid'i-um),  H. ;  pi.  cnlathidia 
(-ii).  [NL.,  <  Ur.  'Ka'/nltii'iinv,  dim.  of  mlulh^,  L. 
calatliii.i,  a  basket  for  fruit,  flowers,  etc.,  hence 
the  bell  of  a  (Corinthian)  capital:  see  calatlius.] 
In  hot.,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  liower- 
head  in  the  order  Cumpusitw.  Also  called  cala- 
tliimn. 

calathiform  (kara-thi-f6rm),  n.  [<  L.  calathus, 
a  basket,  +  forma,  form.]  In  hot.  and  :odl., 
liemis|ihpric;il  or  cimcave,  like  a  bowl  or  cup. 

calathium  (ka-la'thi-um),  H.;  pi.  valathia  (-a). 
.Same  as  cdlothiilinm. 

Calathus  (kal'a-thus),  ». ;  ]il.  calathi  (-tlu). 
[L.,  <  (ir.  KiO.aihr,  a  vase-shaped  basket:  see 
calathidinni.'i  1.  In  classical  untiq.,  a  basket 
in  which  Greek  and  Roman  women  kept  their 


calcar 

work.  It  is  often  represented  on  monuments, 
especially  as  a  symbol  of  maidenhood. —  2. 
[cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  adephagous  beetles, 
of  tho  family  Carahida;  having  obliriuely  sinu- 
ate elytra  and  serrate  claws.  C.  inqmnctuta  is 
an  example. 

calaverite  (kal-a-v6'rit),  n.  [<  Calaveras 
(see  (let.)  -f-  -ill-.']  A  rare  tellurid  of  gold,  oc- 
curring massive,  of  a  bronze-yellow  color  and 
metallic  luster,  lirst  found  in  Calaveras  coun- 
ty, California. 

calcagiumt  (kal-ka'ji-um),  n.  [ML.  (after  OF. 
cannoiir),  <  calccata,  a  road:  see  causnj.']  A 
tax,  anciently  paid  by  the  neigliboring  inhabi- 
tants of  a  country,  for  the  making  and  repair- 
ing of  common  roads.     E.  I'ltdlijis,  ITOfi. 

calcaire  (kal-knr'),  n.    [F.,  limestone,  <  L.  cal- 

ciiriiis:  see  calcarcotis.']     Limestone Calcaire 

gr088ier(literally,  coarse  limestone),  a  calcareous  di  pi-.sit 
1)1  tile  Paris  basin,  belonging  to  the  Miildle  Kocene  gronp 
of  the  Tertiary,  and  nearly  the  equivalent  of  the  itagsbot 
beds  of  tho  London  basin.  It  is  a  coarse-grained  rock  ; 
hencx'  the  name.  It  is  rich  in  fossils,  especially  of  niol- 
lusks  of  the  genus  Cerithiuni,  and  some  beds  contain  gi-eut 
numbers  of  Furautlni/era.  It  is  extensively  used  in  tho 
rough  parts  of  buildings  in  and  about  Paris. 

calcanea,  «.     Plural  of  calcancum. 

calcaneal  (kal-ka'ne-al),  a.  [<  calcanctim  + 
-al.\  1.  In  anat.,  relating  to  tho  calcancum 
or  heel-bone:  as,  foto(He«i  arteries,  ligaments, 
etc. —  2.  In  ornith.,  of  or  pertaining  to  tho 
back  upper  part  of  tho  tarsometatarsus  (tar- 
sus of  ordinary  language)  of  a  bird,  where  there 
is  often  a  tuberosity  regarded  by  some  orni- 
thologists as  a  calcancum,  and  so  named  by 
them:  as,  a  cnte/HC«Z  tubercle;  cotofweai  tuber- 
osity.    See  cut  under  tarsometatarsus. 

In  most  birds,  the  posterior  fare  of  the  proximal  end  of 
the  middle  metatarsal,  and  the  adjacent  surface  of  the  tar- 
sal bone,  grow  out  into  a  process,  wliicii  is  coininonly,  but 
improperly,  termcil  adcnwul,  Iluxletj,  .\liat.  Vert.,  p.  254. 

calcanean  (kal-ka'ne-an),  a.  [<  calcancum  -¥■ 
-an.]     Belonging  to  the  heel;  calcaneal. 

calcaneiun  (kal-ka'ne-um),  n. ;  pi.  calcanea  (-ii). 
[L.,  the  heel,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel.]  1.  In 
anat.,  one  of  the  tarsal  bones,  the  os  calcis,  or 
bone  of  tho  heel ;  tho  outer  one  of  the  bones  of 
the  proximal  row,  in  its  generalized  condition 
called  the  fibularc;  in  man,  tho  largest  bone  of 
the  tarsus,  formiugthe  prominence  of  the  heel, 
bee  cuts  under /«o(,  liock^,  and  Ornithoscclida. — 
2.  In  ornith. ,3,  bony  process  or  protuberance  on 
the  back  of  tho  upper  end  of  the  tarsometatar- 
sal bone:  so  called  because  considered  by  some 
as  the  representative  of  the  os  calcis;  but  tho 
latter  is  more  generallv  regarded  as  represented 
in  tho  outer  condyle  of  the  tibia. 

calcantt  (kal'kant),  «.  [<  L.  calcan(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  calcarc,  tread,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel.]  A 
bellows-treader;  a  m.an  who  worked  the  clumsy 
bi'llows  of  old  Cierman  organs  with  his  feet. 

calcar^  (kal'kiir),  H. ;  pi.  calcaria  (kal-ka'ri-il). 
[L.,  a  spur,  <  calx  {calc-),  the  heel:  see  cab'-.] 
1.  In  hot.,  a  spur;  a  hollow  projection  from  tho 
base  of  a  petal  or  sepal;  the  nectary  (necta- 
rium)  of  Linnams. —  2.  In  anat.,  a,  projection 
into  tho  posterior  horn  of  the  lateral  ventricle 
of  tho  brain  of  man  and  some  other  mammals ; 
the  calcar  avis  or  hippocampus  minor. — 3. 
In  ornith.,  a  spur,  (a)  The  homy  process,  with  a 
bony  core,  borne  upon  the  lower  and  inner  part  of  tho 
shank  of  sundry  gallinaceous  birds,  as  the  turkey,  phea- 
sant, domestic  cock,  etc.  It  is  of  the  same  nature  as  a 
claw,  or  as  the  horns  of  cattle,  but  differs  from  a  claw  in 
being  an  offset  from  the  side  of  a  bone,  not  at  the  end  of 
a  phalanx.  There  is  sonietiines  a  pair  of  spurs,  one  abovo 
the  other,  on  each  shank,  as  in  the  genus  Putt/piectron. 
(See  cut  mulct  catcarate.)  Spurs  are  commonly  developed 
only  in  the  male  sex,  not  passing  a  rudimentary  condition, 
if  found  at  all,  in  the  female.  (.See  cut  under  larmniieta- 
tarnus.)  (b)  A  similar  but  usually  smaller  horny  process 
borne  upon  the  side  of  the  pinion-bone,  near  the  wrist- 
joint,  of  various  birds,  as  the  jacanas,  spiir-wiuged  goose. 
etc.  (c)  I.oosely  applied  to  the  claws  of  birds,  especially 
the  hind  claw  when  notably  long  and  straight,  as  in  larks, 
spur-hccled  cuckoos,  etc. 

4.  In  Rotifcra,  a  spur-like  setigerous  process 
more  or  less  closely  attached  to  tho  single 
ganglion  of  these  animals,  near  the  trochal 
disk. —  5.  In  Chiroptcra,  a  slender  elongated 
bono  or  cartilage  upon  the  inner  side  of  tho 
ankle-joint,  assisting  in  tho  support  of  tho  pa- 
tagium. — 6.  [cfl;<.]  [NL.]  In  cntom.,  a  genus 
of  atracheliate  beetles,  of  tho  famity  Tcncbrio- 
uida:  />(;;■(»«,  1821. —  7.  [myi.]  [NL.]  hiconch., 
a  genus  of  Tiiollusks.  ilontfort,  \i<W. —  8.  Tho 
spur  forming  jiart  of  any  ceremonial  costume. 

calcar'-'  (kal'kiir).  n.  [<  L.  calcaria.  a  lime-kiln, 
fell),  of  calcarins,  pertaining  to  lime:  see  c<d- 
carcons.]  1.  In  glass-works,  an  oven  or  fur- 
nace for  calcining  tho  materials  of  frit,  prior 
to  melting.    Also  called  fritling-furnacc. — 2. 


Calcaratc  Foot  of 
Pheasant  {PolypUc- 
iron  ehidrtanum). 


calcar 

In  mcftil.,  an  anncaling-arch  or  -oven.     E.  H. 

Kiiif/Iit. 
calcarate  (kal'ka-rat),  a.    [<  L.  cal/xir,  a  spur 

(see  calcar^),  +  -«/tl.]    In  hot. 

and  zool.,   spuiTed ;   fui'iiislied 

with    spurs   or  sp>ir-liko   pro- 
cesses: as,  a  caJcaratc  corolla, 

such  as  that  of  larkspur, 
calcarated   (kal'ka-ra-ted),   a. 

Saini'  as  Cdlcardtc. 

Calcarea  (kal-ka'ro-a),  «.  pi. 
[Nil.,  iieut.  pi.  of  h!*calparmis, 
Cdlcarius :  soo  calcareous.']  The 
chalk-spouges,  which  have  the 
skeleton  composed  chiefly  of 
carbonate  of  lime:  now  gener- 
ally rcsarded  as  one  of  two 
main  ilivisious  or  subclasses  of 
Simnfiia:,  the  other  being  Silicca. 

calcareo-.  Combining  form  of 
(■nlraniiu.s  (Latin  calcariui). 

calcareo-argillaceous  (kal- 
kare-6-iir-ji-la' shins),  a.  Consisting  of  or  con- 
taining a  mixture  of  chalk  or  lime  and  clay: 
as,  a  calcareo-argillaceous  soil. 

calcareobituminous  ( kal  - ka  "  re  -  6  - bi  -  tu '  mi- 
nus), a.  Consisting  of  or  containing  Ume  and 
bitumen. 

calcareocorneous  (kal-ka"re-6-k6r'ne-us),  a. 
Consisting  of  substance  that  is  both  chalky  and 
homy:  as,  the  calcareocorneous  jaw  of  a  mol- 
lusk. 

calcareosiliceous  (kal-ka're-o-si-lish'us),  a. 
Consisting  of  or  containing  chalk  and  sand 
mixed  together:  as,  the  calcareosiliceous  beds 
of  the  ocean. 

calcareosulphurous  (kal-ka"re-6-surfer-us),  a. 
Having  lime  and  sulphur  in  combination,  or 
jiartaking  of  both. 

calcareous  (kal-ka're-us),  «.  [Formerly,  and 
more  correctly,  cah-arious,  <  L.  calcarius,  per- 
taining to  lime,  <  calx  (calc-),  lime:  see  coh'l.] 
Partaking  of  the  nature  of  lime;  having  the 
qualities  of  lime;  containing  lime;  chalky:  as, 
calcareous  earth  or  stone Calcareous  algae,  ma- 
rine alg-t;  which  in  process  of  growth  secrete  large  tiuaii- 
titiesof  lime,  obscuring  their  vegetable  etructure  and  giv- 
ing the  appearance  of  coral ;  coralline  alga;.  Some  are 
attached  at  the  base  in  tlie  ordinary  manner ;  others  form 
incrustations  on  rocks  and  other  objects. —  Calcareous 
sacs,  in  atuit.,  same  .as  cah'i/cron-^  glands  (uliich  see, 
under  ^v^rt"^')-  — Calcareous  spar,  crj"stallized  calcium 
carhdiKite  or  caU-ite.  Also  called  calc-spar.  See  calcite. — 
Calcareous  sponges,  the  chalk-sponges,  or  Calci^poiiffite. 
—  Calcareous  tufa,  an  alluvial  deposit  of  calcium  car- 
biiniite.     .See  catcitc. 

calcareotisness  (kal-ka're-us-nes),  n.  Tlie 
quality  of  being  calcareous'. 

calcaria,  «.     Plural  of  calcar^. 

calcariferous  (kal-ka-rif'e-rus),  a.  [Iniprop.  < 
L.  calcarius,  of  lime,  +  ftrrc  =  E.  bear^.  The 
proper  form  is  calcifcrous,  q.  v.]  In  f/col.  and 
minvral.,  lime-yielding:  as,  calcarifci'ous  strata. 
Also  applied  to  petrifying  springs  charged  with  carl)onate 
of  lime,  which  is  deposited  as  a  crust  of  calcareous  tufa. 
lUare.] 

calcariform  (kal-kar'i-fonn),  a.  [<  L.  calcar, 
a  spur,  +  forma,  shape.]  In  hot.  and  zool., 
shaped  like  a  calcar  or  spur;  spiir-like. 

calcarine  (kal'ka-rin),  a.  [<  calcar'^  +  -»hc1.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  heel  or  heel- 
bone;  calcaneal.  /('.  H.  Flower. —  2.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  calcar  of  the  brain Calcarine  sulcus 

or  fissure,  that  fissure  of  the  brain  which  causes  a  pro- 
jCL-ti'in  on  the  (lour  of  the  posterior  horn  of  the  lateral 
ventricle,  giving  rise  to  the  hippocampus  minor.     See 

calcarioust,  a.    See  calcareous. 

calcarone  (kal-ka-ro'ne),  ». ;  pi.  calcaroiu  (-ne) . 
[It.  dial.,  aug.  of  calcara,  a  kiln.]  A  kiln  of 
simple  construction  used  for  obtaining  sulphur 
from  its  ores,  it  Ims  a  base  sloping  to  an  outlet  where 
the  melted  sulphur  may  flow  out.  The  sides  are  made  of 
masses  of  gypsum.  The  kiln  is  filled  with  sulphur  ore 
which  is  heaped  above  the  side  walls  and  covered  with 
burned-out  ore.  The  sulphur  ore  is  then  lighted  at  the 
toi>.  and  the  heat  of  combustion  gradually  melts  the  sul- 
jihur  throughout  the  kiln.  The  melted  mass  runs  off 
thiouL'li  the  outlet  at  the  base. 

calcaset,  ".     See  colocasia. 

Calcatores  (kal-ka-to'rez),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
L.  calcator,  a  treader  (of  grapes),  <  calcarc, 
]>]).  calcatus,  tread,  traiiqile,  <  calx  (rate-),  the 
lieel:  see  cnlx'^.]  In  Blyth's  system  of  classifi- 
cation (1849),  an  order  of  birds  containing  the 
I're.isiroslrcs  and  Lonyirostrcs  of  Cuvier;  the 
stampers.      [Not  in  use.] 

calcatoryt    (kal'ka-to-ri),  n.      [<  LL.  calcato- 
rium,  a  wine-press,  <  L.  calcator,  one  who  treads 
(grapes) :  see  C'alcatores.~i    A  wine-press. 
Above  it  well  the  cataitiiri/  make, 
A  wync  pitte  the  oon  half  either  to  take. 

Palladim.  Uusboudrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 


700 

calcet,  »■  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  chalk:  see 
calx^  and  chalk.]     Lime. 

Sub.     Hnw  4lo  yon  Rnblinie  him? 
Fa<-*\   With  the  calcc  of  egg-shells,  white  marble,  talc. 
B.  Joufion,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

Calceamentum  (kaFse-a^meu'tum),  n. ;  pi.  cal- 
ccamcnta  (-tii).  [ML.,  a  particular  use  of  L. 
calceamentum,  a  covering  for  the  foot,  <  cal- 
ccarc,  fiu'nish  with  shoes:  see  calccatc,  r.]  A 
sandal  forming  a  part  of  the  imperial  insignia 
of  the  Holy  liomau  Empire.  It  was  made  of 
red  silk  richly  embroidered,  and  in  shape  re- 
sembled the  Koman  sandal. 

calceatat,  ».  [ML.:  see  caitseway.']  A  cause- 
way.    E.  Pliiliij>.<,;  1706. 

calceate  (kal'se-at),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calce- 
ateil,  ppr.  calceatiug.  [<  L.  calccutus,  pp.  of 
calce.are,  shoe,  <  calceus,  also  calcius,  a  shoe, 
a  half -boot,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel:  see  calx'^.] 
To  shoe ;  fit  with  shoes.     [Rare.] 

calceate,  calceated  (kal'se-at,  -a-ted),  a.  [< 
L.  ealceatus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  Shod;  fitted 
with  or  wearing  shoes.     Johnson.     [Rare.] 

calced  (kalst),  a.  [<  L.  calceus,  a  shoe,  -I-  -ccV^ 
=  -ntei:  see  calceate.]  Shod;  wearing  shoes: 
as,  a  calced  CaiTnelite  (that  is,  one  who  does 
not  belong  to  the  discalced  or  barefooted  order 
of  Carmelites). 

calcedon  (kal'se-don),  )i.  [fiee  chalcedonij.]  In 
Jewclri/,  a  foul  vein,  like  chalcedony,  in  some 
jjrecious  stones.     Also  spelled  chalcedon. 

calcedonic,  calcedonian,  «.    See  chalccdonic, 

cltdlctdonian. 

calcedony,  «.     See  chalccdontj. 

calcedon3^,  ".     See  ckalcedonyx. 

calceiform  (kal'sf-i-form),  a.  [<  L.  calceus,  a 
shoe,  -1-  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
shoe  or  a  slipper,  as  the  corolla  of  Calceolaria. 
Also  calceolate. 

Calceolaria  (kal"se-o-la'ri-a),  ».  [NL.,  so 
called  fi-om  the  resemblance  of  the  inflated  co- 
rolla to  a  slipper,  fem.  of  L.  calceolarius,  per- 
taining to  calceolus,  a  slipper,  dim.  of  calceus, 
shoe:  see  calccatc,  «'.]  A  large  genus  of  orua- 
mental  herbaceous  or  shruliby  plants,  natural 
order  Scrophulariacew,  natives  of  the  western 
side  of  America,  from  the  Strait  of  Magellan  to 
Mexico.  They  are  distinguished  by  a  peculiar  corolla 
witli  two  deeply  saccate  lips,  the  lower  one  the  larger. 
Several  species  have  long  been  cultivated  as  house-  and 
bedding-plants,  and  have  now  become  very  greatly  modi- 
fied by  hybridization.  The  roots  of  C.  aracknoidea,  the 
parent  of  many  of  our  hybrids,  are  used  in  Chili  for  dye- 
ing woolen  cloth  crimson,  under  the  name  of  rclhun. 
The  plant  is  sometimes  called  slipperwort. 

calceolate  (kal'sf-o-lat),  a.  [<  L.  calceolus, 
dim.  of  calceus,  a  shoe:  see  calceate.  v.]  Same 
as  calceiform. 

calces,  ".     Plural  of  calx^. 

calcic  (kal'sik),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  + 
-((■.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  lime;  containing  cal- 
cium: as,  calcic  chlorid,  or  chlorid  of  calcium. 

calcicole  (kal'si-kol),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  -h  colcrc,  inhabit.]  Growing  upon  lime- 
stone :  said  of  lichens. 

They  [sjixicole  lichens}  may  be  divided  into  two  sections, 
viz.,  calcicole  and  calcifugous.        Enajc.  BHt.,  XIV.  562. 

calcidera  (kal-sid'e-ra),  n.  [Prob.  African.] 
A  bark  used  by  the  natives  of  the  western  coast 
of  Africa  for  the  cure  of  fevers. 

calciferous  (kal-sif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  fcrrc  =  E.  bearl.]  Containing  carbo- 
nate of  lime.  Applied  to  calcareous  sandstones  occur- 
ring in  northern  New  York  and  Canada,  and  further  west, 
of  which  the  geological  position  is  near  the  base  of  the 
Lower  Silurian  series,  and  directly  above  the  rotsdam 
Sandstone.  In  some  localities  tlie  calciferous  formation 
consists  of  impure  magnesian  limestone,  portions  of  which 
are  very  hard  and  silicious,  anrl  CMntain  geodes  of  (piartz 
cryst.als.— Calciferous  asbestinite.  See  asbestinitc— 
Calciferous  glands.    SeeytaH./. 

calcific  (kal-sif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-).  lime, 
+  -ficns,  <  faccrc,  make.]  In  :ool.  and  anat., 
calcifying  or  calcified;  that  makes  or  is  con- 
verted into  chalk  or  other  salt  of  lime :  as,  a 
calcific  deposit  in  cartilage  or  membrane  in  the 
process  of  forming  bone ;  a  calcific  process. 
Spccitically  applied,  in  untith.,  to  that  pai-t"of  the  oviduct 
of  a  bird  where  the  e'-'u-shil!  is  secreted  ,ind  deposited 
U|i..u  tlie  e-g-pod.— Calcific  segment.     See  eah-ijij. 

calcification  (kal"si-fi-ka'shoii),  n.  [<  ealeify : 
see -firatiou  and -fi/.]  1.  A  changing  into  limo; 
tlie  process  of  changing  or  being  changed  into 
a,  stony  substance  by  the  deposition  of  salts  of 
lime,  as  in  the  formation  of  petrifactions. —  2. 
In  coin,  and  anat.,  the  deposition  of  salts  of  lime 
in  any  tissue,  as  in  membrane  or  cartilage  in 
the  formation  of  bone.  IJut  calcillcation  may  occur, 
as  in  cartilage,  in  old  age  or  disease,  without  involving 
the  histological  changes  leading  to  the  production  of  true 


calcine 

hone ;  hence  there  is  a  distinction  between  ossification  and 

calcillcfition. 

3.  A  calcific  formation  or  structure. 

calciform  (kal'si-fonn),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  -f  forma,  form.]  1.  In  the  form  of  chalk 
or  lime. — 2.  Shaped  like  a  pebble;  i>ebbly; 
gravelly. 

calcifugous  (kal-sif 'u-gus),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (cale^), 
lime,  -H  fuf/rrc,  flee,  -I-  -ous.  Cf.  calcicole.] 
Avoiding  limestone :  applied  to  certain  saxico- 
lous  lichens,  and  opposed  to  calcicole. 

calcify  (kal'si-fi),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calcified,  ppr. 
Cdlciji/iuf/.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  -f-  -ficare,  < 
faccrc,  make:  see  -fy.]  I.  trans.  To  mako 
calcic ;  harden  by  secreting  or  depositing  a  salt 
of  lime — Calcifying  or  calcific  segment,  in  urniiU., 
the  calcific  tract  or  portion  of  the  oviduct  of  a  bird,  also 
called  the  uterus,  where  the  egg-shell  is  secreted  and  de- 
posited upon  the  egg-pod. 

II.  in  trans.  To  turn  into  bone  or  bony  tissue ; 
become  hard  like  bone,  as  cartilage  or  mem- 
brane, by  the  deposition  or  secretion  of  a  salt 
of  lime. 

calcigenous(kal-sij'e-nus),  a.  [<L.  calx  (calc-), 
Ume,  -t-  -ijcnus,  <  iiignere,  gcnere,  produce.]  In 
chem.,  forming  lime  or  calx:  applied  to  the 
common  metals,  which  with  oxygen  form  a 
calx  or  earth-like  substance. 

calcigerous  (kal-sij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  calx(calc-), 
lime,  -f  (jcrere,  bear,  +  -ous.]  Producing  or 
containing  lime ;  calcophorous :  as,  the  adci- 
{jcroiis  tubules  of  bone. 

calcigrade  (kal'si-grad),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
heel,  -t-  firadi,  walk.]  Walking  on  the  heel; 
sinking  the  heel  deeper  than  the  other  parts  of 
the  foot  in  walking. 

calcimeter  (kal-sim'e-ter),  ?i.  [<  L.  calx(calc-), 
lime,  -t-  mctrum,  measure.]  An  apparatus  in- 
vented by  Scheibler  for  testing  bone-dust  and 
other  materials  for  lime. 

calcimine  (kal'si-min  or  -min),  n.  [<  L.  calx 
(calc-),  lime,  -(-  -miue  for  -iu(".]  A  suxjerior 
kind  of  white  or  tinted  wash  for  the  walls  of 
rooms,  ceilings,  etc.     IncoiTectly,  kalsomine. 

calcimine  (kal'si-min  or  -mIn),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  calcimincd,  ppr.  calciminimj.  [<  calcimine, 
n.]  To  wash  or  cover  with  calcimine:  as,  to 
calcimine  walls.     Also,  incorrectly,  lalsomine. 

calciminer  (kal'si-mi-ner),  n.  One  who  calci- 
mines.    Also,  incorrectly,  kalsomincr. 

calcimurite  (kal-si-mfl'rit),  n.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  -h  muria,  salt  liquor:  see  muriatic.]  A 
species  of  earth  of  a  blue  or  olive-gi-een  color, 
of  the  consistence  of  clay.  It  consists  of  cal- 
careous earth  and  magnesia  tinged  with  iron. 

calcinable  (kal'si-na-bl  or  kal-si'na-bl),  a.  [< 
calcine  -h  -able:  =  j".  calcinable.]  Capable  of 
being  calcined  or  reduced  to  a  friable  state  by 
the  action  of  fire. 

calcinatef  (kal'si-nat),  !'.  t.  [<  JIL.  calcinatus, 
pp.  of  ealcinarc :  see  calcine.]  To  calcine.  Ba- 
con.    [Rare.] 

calcination  (kal-si-na'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  calci- 
nacioun,  -tion,  <  F.  calcination,  etc.,  <  ML.  calci- 
natio(ii-),  <  caleinare,  pp.  calcinatus :  see  cal- 
ciuc.]  1.  The  act  or  operation  of  calcining,  or 
expelling  from  a  substance  by  heat  some  vola- 
tile matter  with  which  it  is  combined,  or  which 
is  the  cementing  principle,  and  thus  reducing 
it  to  a  friable  state.  Thus  chalk  and  carbonate  of 
lime  are  reduced  to  lime  by  calcination  or  the  e-xpulsion 
of  carbonic  acid.  See  calcine,  v.  t. 
2.  In  metal. :  (a)  The  operation  of  reducing  a 
metal  to  an  oxid  or  metallic  calx:  now  called 
oxidation.  I're.  (h)  The  process  of  being  cal- 
cined, or  heated  with  access  of  air:  nearly 
equivalent  to  roa.iting.  (e)  The  process  of 
treating  certain  ores,  especially  of  iron,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  them  more  manageable  in 
the  furnace,  nothing  being  taken  from  or  added 
to  the  material  thus  treated.  This  is  done  with 
some  Swedish  iron  ores. 

calcinatory  (kal'sin-  or  kal-sin'a-to-ri).  )i. ;  pi. 
calcinatories  (-riz).  [<  ML.  caleinatorium  (sc. 
ras,  vessel),  neut.  of  "calcinatoriiis.  pertaining 
to  calcination,  <  caleinare,  pji.  ealeitiatus:  see 
calcine]    A  vessel  used  in  calcination. 

calcine  (kal'sin  or  kal-sin'),  r.  ;  jirct.  and  pp. 
ratrined,  ppr.  ealeitiiHij.  [<  F.  eateinrr  =  I*r. 
Sp.  Pg.  ealcinar  =  It.  caleinare,  <  ML.  calei- 
nare. reduce  to  a  calx,  <  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime, 
cal.x  :  see  ffT^rl.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  convert  into 
lime  or  calx  by  llie  action  of  heat ;  treat  (lime- 
stone) by  the  process  of  calcination  for  the 
formation  of  limo.  [Hare.]  —  2.  To  oxidize,  as 
a  metal,  by  heating.  [Rare.]  —  3.  In  metal., 
to  subject  to  the  action  of  heat,  with  access  of 
air:  nearly  equivalent  to  roast  (which  see). — 
Calcined  cocoon,    see  cocooni. 


calcine 

II.  inlratis.  To  bo  ooiivortod  into  a  powdor 
or  frialilo  substance,  or  into  a  calx,  by  the  ac- 
tion of  heat. 

Thi.s  crystal  is  n  lu'lliiciil  fissile  stone,  ...  in  n  very 
slnini,'  heul  calciniiin  without  fusii>n.       jVrwfoii,  Optleks. 

calciner  (kal'si-nor  or  kal-si'ner),  n.  1.  One 
wlio  calcines. —  2.  An  oven  or  a  furnace  for 
calcining;  ores.     See  calcine,  v.  t. 

calcinize  (kal'si-niz),  v.  [<  calcine  +  -irc] 
Same  as  ailcinc. 

CJuil's  ilreail  wratli,  which  quick  doth  calcinize 
The  nutrblc  mountains,  and  the  ocean  dries. 

Si/lvcsler,  The  Trophies,  I.  12no. 

Calciphora  (kal-sif'o-rii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  fiitciphiiriis :  see  calcipliorou.s.^  A  section  of 
decapod  dibraiichiato  Vvphulopiida,  having  the 
internal  shell  calcareous.  They  are  mostly  extim  t, 
as  the  family  llr/iuinitiilir,  hut  are  still  represented  Ity 
liviiiL;  foi-nis,  as  the  ^cncia  Spiruta  and  Sepia.  Tlie  term 
is  rontrastcil  with  Cliinuhiiphora. 

Calciphorous  (kal-sif 'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  calci)ihn- 
riis,  <  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  +  Gr.  -(pupor,  <  (f>li<iiv 
=  E.  hcar^.  Cf.  calcophorous,  calcifcrous.']  Hav- 
ing the  internal  shell  calcareous ;  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Calciphora. 

Calcispongiae  (kal-si-spon'ji-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  calx  {(uilc-),  lime,  +  sjiomjia,  a  sponge,  j  A 
group  of  the  I'urifcra  or  Sinmijia',  among  which 
are  representatives  of  the  most  primitive  or 
fundamental  typo  of  poriferal  structure;  tho 
chalk-sponges.  They  have  no  fibrous  skeleton,  but  al- 
ways ptissess  an  cxoskeleton  composed  of  numerous  spic- 
ula,  hardened  by  deposits  of  carbonate  of  lime  in  concen- 
tric layers  about  an  axis  or  basis  of  aTiimal  .snl)s(ance. 
They  are  usually  if  not  always  herrii;i|ilir'i.lite.  inoilucint; 
bipth  ova  and  spermatozoa  from  mudilied  crlls  of  the  en- 
dodenii ;  imprej;natiou  and  early  embryonic  stages  of 
development  are  carried  on  while  the  ova  remain  in  the 
biiily  of  the  ]»arent.  In  a  wiiler  sense,  the  Calcinptni'uw 
include  the  ph>si-inarians  as  well  as  the  olynthians,  and 
are  primarily  dividtil  into  the  two  orders  Vlnjscmariii  ami 
OlijntltKid'n.  Ilie  former  consists  of  the  Geneva  Ilutipliji- 
sciiia  and  Gufitruphiiscma;  the  latter  is  divided  into  four 
suborders,  Aarnnr^,  Syctines,  Lettcoiii'i.\  .and  I'harctrnncn. 
Tliey  are  also  called  Calcarea,  and  are  dilferently  divided 
under  that  name. 

calcispongian  (kal-si-spon',ii-an),  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  tho  Calcispongia;. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  I'alcitipuiiyia';  a  chalk- 
spongo :  as,  "an  iutrusivo  calcispongian,"  A. 
Ilijatt. 

calcite  (kal'sit),  «.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  linic,  + 
-i  Ji'2.]  Native  calcium  carbonate,  or  carbonate 
of  lime,  one  of  the  commonest  of  minerals,  it 
occurs  in  a  j;reat  variety  of  crystalline  forms,  rhonibohe- 
drons,  sealeuohedrons,  et<;. ;  the  fundamental  form  being 
a  rhomboheibon  with  a  terminal  an,!.,'le  of  105",  p.arallel  to 
which  the  crystallized  mineral  hits  highly  perfect  cleav- 
age, so  that  a  mass  of  it  breaks  up  with  a  blow  into  a 
preat  number  of  small  rhombohedrons.  The  transparent 
colorless  variety  is  called  Iceland  spar  or  doiibti/  irfract- 
in^  spar,  and  is  used  for  the  prisms  of  polariscopes.  Dog- 
toitth  apar  is  a  variety  in  acute  scalenohedral  crystals. 
Satin-spar  is  a  fibrous,  and  argentine  a  pearly  lamellar  v,a- 
riety ;  the  granular,  compact,  or  cryptocrystalline  varie- 
ties constitute  marble,  limestone,  chalk,  etc.  St-alactites 
and  stalagmites  are  forms  depositetl  in  limestone  caves; 
calc-sinter,  calc-tull,  or  travertin  is  a  ])iirons  deposit  from 
springs  or  rivers  which  in  flowing  through  limestone  rocks 
have  become  charged  with  calcium  carbonate.  Agaric 
mineral,  or  rock-milk,  is  a  soft  white  variety  easily  crum- 
bleil  in  the  lingers;  it  is  sometimes  deposited  in  caverns. 
(See  cut  under  spar.) 

calcitic(kal-sit'ik),a.   [<  (•o7cifc  + -I'e.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  formed  of  calcite :  as,  calcilic  cement. 
Under  atmospheric  influences,  the  calcific  cement  ap- 
pears to  be  replaced  by  oue  which  is  in  large  part  sili- 
ceous. Scienc£f  IV.  71. 

calcitrant  (kal'si-trant),  a.  [<  L.  calcitran(t-)s, 
jipr.  of  cdlcilrarc,  kick:  see  calcitrate.']  Kick- 
ing; refractory. 

calcitrate  (kai'si-trat),  V.  t.  [<  L.  calcilratus, 
}ip.  of  cdlcitrarc,  kick,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel. 
Cf.  recalcitrant.^     To  kick.     [Rare.] 

calcitration  (kal-si-trii'shon),  n.  [<  calcitrate 
+  -(()«.]  The  act  of  kicliing.  See  recalcitra- 
tion.     [Hare] 

The  birth  of  the  chilil  is  caused  partly  by  its  cate'lrad'on 
breaking  the  niembranes  in  which  it  lieth. 

/los.-j.  Arcana  .Microcosmi,  ji.  52. 

calcium  (kal'si-mu),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  calx  (calc-), 
liiur:  see  calx^  and  clialk.'i  1.  Chemical  syrn- 
liol.  Ca;  atomic  weight.  40.  A  metal  having  a 
light-yellow  color  and  In'illiant  luster,  about  as 
hard  as  gold,  very  ductile,  and  having  a  specilic 
gravity  of  about  1.57.  it  oxiilizes readily  in  moistair, 
and  at  a  reil  heat  burns  vividly,  forming  calcium  oxid.  i'at), 
or  ipiicklirne.one.if  the  alkaline  earths.  Hn  ailding  water 
this  forms  c'al.ium  hvdnite,  (■a(llll>..  or  slaked  lime.  Cal- 
cium is  not  found  native  in  the  metallic  state,  Imt  it  unites 
Willi  most  (tf  the  uon-nu'talli<-  elenn'ots  in  comiiounds 
which  aie  widely  <listribuled  in  nature  and  extensively 
used.  The  mineral  calcite.  all  limestone  or  marble,  ami 
the  chalk  deposits  are  calcium  carbonate  ;  gypsum  is  cal- 
cium sulphate  ;  and  calcium  also  enters  into  the  compo- 
sition of  nearly  all  the  native  silicates. 
2.  A  calcium  light.  [(loUoq.]  —Calcium  light,  a 
very  intense  white  light  produced  by  turning  two  streams 


701 

of  pas,  ono  of  oxygen  an«l  the  other  of  liydrogen.  In  a  state 
of  igriiti<u),  upon  a  ball  of  lime.  Cai>tan)  Drunnnoiul,  the 
inventor,  proposed  the  use  of  this  light  in  lighthouses. 
Another  light,  previously  invented  by  him  (182.'»),  was  em- 
ployed in  geodetieal  surveys  when  it  was  required  to  ob- 
serve tlie  angles  subtended  between  distant  stations  at 
night.  The  light  was  ijroilnceil  by  placing  a  ball  or  dish 
of  lime  in  the  focus  of  a  parabolic  mirror  at  the  station  to 
he  rendered  visible,  and  direc-ting  upon  it,  through  a  flame 
arising  from  alcohol,  a  stream  of  oxygen  gas.  Also  called 
Ih-uiuiiutnd  ii'f/tt,  oxi/calciuuL  li'jht,  ItinebaUdiijht,  and 
lliiL,.li,dil. 

calciVOrOUS  (kal-siv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  rorarc,  eat:  see  roracion.i,  and  cf.  cal- 
cicolc]  Living  upou  limestone :  applied  to  cer- 
tain lichens. 

calclet,  ''.  t.     Sec  calculc. 

calcographer  (kal-kog'ra-fir),  n.  [<  calcogra- 
pliif  +  -<)i.]     One  who  practises  calcography. 

calcographical  (kal-ko-graf'i-kal),  a.  [<  cal- 
ciii/raptii/  -t-  -(■«(/.]     Pertaining  to  calcography. 

calcography  (kal-kog'ra-fi),  n.  [<  L.  ca'lx 
(calc-),  lime,  +  Gr.  -ypa^ia,  <  ypcKpiii',  write.] 
Tho  art  of  drawing  ^vith  black  or  colored  chalks 
or  pastels. 

calcophorous  (kal-kof'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  calcn- 
phiiruH,  <  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  +  Gr.  -ij>ni>'ir,  <  <pr- 
piw  =  E.  hcar^.  Prop,  calcifcrous,  q.  v.]  Pro- 
ducing or  containing  lime;  calcigerous:  as,  the 
calcophoron.s  tubules  of  bono  (also  called  caua- 
liciili  ciilciijihori). 

calc-sinter  (kalk'sin"ter),  n.    [<  G.  kalk-sinter, 

<  kalk  (<  L.  calx,  calc-),  lime,  +  .tinier,  a  stalac- 
tite :  see  ■sinter.']  Travertin,  or  calcareous  tnfa, 
tho  material  deposited  from  water  holding  lime 
in  solution.     Seo  travertin. 

calc-spar  (kalk'spiir),  n.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  4-  .spar'^.  Cf.  calc-sinlcr.]  A  name  ap- 
plied to  any  of  the  very  nimierous  crystallized 
and  cleavable  varieties  of  calcite;  ealoai-eous 
spar. 

calc-tuff  (kalk'tnf),  n.  [<  L.  calx  (calc--),  lime, 
+  '",(/'.]  An  alluvial  formation  of  calcium  car- 
bonate.    Seo  calcite. 

calculability  (kal"kiylii-bil'i-ti),  «.  The  quali- 
ty of  being  calculable ;  capability  of  being  cal- 
culated. 

We  have  structures  or  machines  in  which  systematic 
action  is  the  object  aimed  at.  .  .  .  The  solar  system,  a 
timepiece,  a  steam-engine  at  work,  are  examples  of  such 
machines,  and  the  chjiractA-'ristie  of  all  such  is  their  cat- 
cutabilitif.  B.  .Stewart,  Conserv.  of  Energy,  p.  15S. 

calculable  (kal'kii-la-bl),  ((.     [=  F.  calculable, 

<  L.  as  if  "calculabilis,  <  calculare :  sec  calcu- 
late, V.I  1.  Capable  of  being  calculated  or  es- 
timated ;  ascertainable  by  calculation  or  esti- 
mation. 

The  .  .  .  operation  of  various  forces  visible  and  calcu- 
tabic.  Anstcd,  Channel  Islands,  p.  249. 

The  vicissitudes  of  language  are,  thus,  a  thing  over 
wliicli  our  volitions  rarely  have  a  catculal/te  control. 

F.  Halt,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  290. 
2.  That  may  bo  coiuited  or  reckoned  upon: 
apjilied  to  persons. 

calculary  (kal'lai-la-ri),  n.  and  a.  [<  L.  calcn- 
larinn,  lit.  pertaiiiing  to  a  pebble,  found  only  in 
the  secondary  sense  of  '  pertaining  to  calcula- 
tion,' <  calculus,  a  pebble,  also  calculation:  see 
calculus,  calculate,  r.J  I.  ». ;  pi.  caleularics 
(-riz).  1.  In  lot.,  a  congeries  of  little  stony 
knots  often  found  in  tho  pulp  of  the  pear  and 
other  fruits,  formed  by  concretions  of  the  sap. 
—  2.  In 7)(iWi«/.,  a  calculus. 

II.  a.  In  mcd.,  relating  to  or  of  tho  nature 
of  calculi;  arising  from  calculi  or  gravel. 
calculate  (kal'ku-lat),  !■. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calcu- 
lated, ppr.  cali-iiliitiiKj.  [<  L.  caleulatus,  pp.  of 
calculare  (>  ult.  ME.  calculen,  calclen :  see  e«/- 
cule,  v.),  reckon,  orig.  by  means  of  pebbles,  <  cal- 
culus, a,  pehhlo:  sec  calculus.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
ascertain  by  computation ;  eom]mte;  reckon  up 
arithmetically  or  by  items:  as,  to  calculate  iu- 
terest,  or  the  cost  of  a  house. 

A  cunning  man  ilid  calculate  my  birth, 
And  t^dil  me  that  liy  water  I  should  die. 

.SVia*-,,  2  Hen.  VI.,  Iv.  1. 

2.  To  make  an  estimate  of;  compute  by  weigh- 
ing related  facts  or  circumstances  in  the  mind: 
as,  to  calculate  chances  or  probabilities. —  3. 
To  fit  or  prepare  by  tho  adaidation  of  means 
to  the  end;  make  suitable;  pliin:  generally  in 
th(^  perfect  participle,  and  frequently  (though 
im)iroperly)  in  the  sense  of  Jilted,  without  any 
thought  of  intentional  adaptaliou. 

He  does  not  think  the  Chunh  of  England  so  narrowly 
calculated  that  it  cannot  fall  in  with  any  regular  species 
of  government.   SwiJ'l,  Seiitinu'iits  of  a  I'll,  of  Eng.  Man,  ii. 

Religion  .  .  .  is  .  .  .  calatlated  for  our  benefit. 

Tillotson. 
There  is  no  human  invention  so  aptly  calculated  for  tho 
forming  a  free-born  people  as  that  of  a  theatre. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  167. 


calculation 

Tills  letter  was  admirably  ci^-j/fu/c*/  to  work  on  thoso 
to  wlioin  it  was  addres.seil.      Macaidait,  Hist.  Eng.,  xviii. 

4.  Toj)urpose;  intend;  design:  hh,  ho  calculates 
to  do  it;  h(^  calculates  to  go.     [Local,  U.  S.] — 

5.  To  think;  giu'ss.  [CoUoq.,  NewEng.]  =  Syn.  1 

and  2.  t'alciilule,  i'luupute,  Jiec/ctni,  Ciiunt.  Catcutalc  ap- 
plies to  the  ni'ist  elaborate  and  varied  mathematical  pro- 
cesses ;  as,  to  raleiUal''  an  eclipse  or  a  nativity.  C'tmt]fute 
is  more  applicable  to  the  simpler  jirocesses:  as,  to  com- 
pute  the  interest  on  a  note.  Jlut  mathematicians  make 
the  opposite  distinction ;  in  their  language,  to  cnnimts 
means  to  make  elaborate  calculatifms  with  the  art  <»f  a 
Iierson  trained  to  this  business,  lieckon  is  essentially  tho 
same  .as  ctnnputc,  but  may  be  simpler  yet:  as.  to  rcclcon 
interest,  or  tlie  amount  of  a  bill,  or  the  days  to  a  coming 
event.  To  coiuU  is  to  reckon  one  by  one.  The  figurative 
uses  of  these  words  are  not  suggesteil  by  any  comparison 
of  their  literal  meanings;  in  tliem  all  some  mental  esti- 
mate may  be  supposed  to  be  made,  akin  to  an  arithmeti- 
cal process.  "I  rcckim  that  the  sulferings  of  this  present 
time  are  not  worthy  to  be  compared  witli  the  glory  which 
shall  be  revealed  in  us."  Rom.  viii.  IS.  The  use  of  calcu- 
late for  reckon  in  such  a  ease  as  this  is  an  Americanism. 
"  I  count  not  myself  to  have  apprehended."  Phil.  iii.  13. 
licckini  may  be  used  in  such  A  comicction,  hut  not  the 
other  two  words. 

When  they  come  to  model  heaven 
And  ealctdate  the  stars.         Miltun,  V.  L.,  viii.  80. 
After  its  own  law  and  not  by  arithmetic  is  tho  rat*  of 
its  (tho  soul's]  progress  to  be  cinnpiacd. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  scr.,  p.  249. 
He  presently  confided  to  me,  .  .  .  that,  judging  from 
my  personal  appearance,  he  should  not  have  thought  niu 
the  writer  that  he  in  his  generosity  reckonrd  me  t^i  be. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  05. 
Honour  and  pleasure  both  are  in  thy  mind, 
And  all  that  in  tlie  world  is  counted  good. 

.Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxxiv. 

H.  intrans.  1.  To  make  a  computation ;  ar- 
rive at  a  conclusion  after  weighing  all  tho  cir- 
cumstances; fonn  an  estimate ;  reckon:  as,  wo 
calculate  better  for  ourselves  than  for  others; 
to  calculate  on  (that  is,  with  expectation  of) 
fine  weather. 

The  strong  passions,  wliether  good  or  had,  never  calcu- 
late. l'\  ir.  Itobcvtson. 

2t.  To  speculate  about  future  events ;  predict. 

I  lid  men,  fools,  ami  children  calculate.  Sliak.,  J.  C,  i.  3. 
3.  To  suppose  or  believe,  after  deliberation; 
think;  'guess';  'reckon':  as,  you  are  wrong 
there,  I  calcuhitc.  [Colloq.,  New  Eng.] 
calculate*  (kal'ku-lat),  n.  [<  calculate,  v.]  Cal- 
culation. 

Nor  were  these  brothers  mistaken  in  their  calculates, 
for  the  event  made  good  all  their  prognostics. 

itogcr  Xoyth,  Examen,  p.  C02. 

calculating  (kal'kii-la-ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cal- 
culate, ('.]  (iiven  to  forethought  and  calcida- 
tion;  especially,  given  to  looking  ahead  with 
thoughtful  regard  to  self-interest;  deliberate 
and  selfish;  scheming. 

With  his  cool  calculating  disposition,  he  easily  got  tho 
better  of  his  ardent  rival.  Gttdunn,  St.  Leon. 

calculating-machine  (kal'lai-la-ting-ma- 
shen"),  "•  Any  machine  which  performs  nu- 
merical calculations.  The  principal  kinds  are;  (a) 
Multiplying  and  dividing  machines.  {If)  I)ilference-en- 
gines,  which  calculate  ami  lu-int  tables  from  the  initial 
values  of  the  tabular  number  and  its  first,  second,  etc., 
dilferences.  The  fil-st  of  these  w.as  that  of  Babbage,  of 
which  the  Scheutz  machine,  now  at  the  Albany  observa- 
tory, is  a  mollification,  (c)  The  analytical  engine  of  Bab- 
bage, which  wa-s  designed  to  calculate  and  print  tables  of 
a  function  from  constants,  but  was  never  actually  con- 
structed, (d)  Tide-predicting  machines,  of  which  several 
have  been  constructed,  wifli  one  of  which,  that  of  FeiTel, 
the  regular  tide-tables  published  by  the  United  States 
Coast  Survey  are  now  computed,  (e)  Machines  for  iiite- 
gi-ating  dirt'erential  eiiuatiuiis,  though  these  are  rather  in- 
struments than  machines.  (/)  I.ogical  niachines.  for  de- 
ducing coiirlusions  from  premises.  There  are  also  impor- 
tant instruments  for  iierforining  calculations,  which  are 
not  usually  ealletl  machines.  Such  are  the  abacus,  tho 
celestial  globe,  and  Hill's  machine  for  predicting  eeliiises 
and  occultations,  used  in  the  calculation  of  the  .-Vmeriean 
ephemeris.  (See  cut  under  at/ants.)  There  are  also  various 
caleulating-seales,  such  as  Napier's  bones.  Many  of  these 
ileviees  are  of  considerable  utility,  such  as  Airy's  stick  for 
gaging  cylindrical  vessels,  and  the  pagers'  rod.  Some  in- 
struments perforin  calculations  subsidiary  to  the  process 
of  measurement,  as  Hie  planimeter. 

calculation  (kal-kii-la'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  calcu- 
lacion,  -lion,  <  L.  calculatio(n-),  <  calculare, 
reckon:  see  calculate,  »•.]  1.  The  act  of  calcu- 
lating; the  art,  jiractice,  or  manner  of  comput- 
ing by  numbers;  reckoning;  computation:  as, 
to  liiiil  a  result  by  ealculaiion;  the  calculutiun 
was  a  ditlicult  one. 

In  rigorous  logic,  and  by  calctilation  carried  far  enough, 
the  time  must  come  when  the  dead  in  our  country  will 
outnumber  and  disjiossess  the  living. 

n'.  It.  (ireij,  Misc.  Essays,  1st  scr.,  p.  10.1. 
Whenever  we  term  aritlliiulic  the  scieme  of  ealndatiun, 
we  in  fact  allude  to  that  rudimental  periml  of  the  science 
of  numbers  when  pebbles  (caleuti)  were  used,  as  now  among 
savages  they  often  are.  to  facilitate  the  practice  of  count- 
ing. Abp.  Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  123. 

2.  A  series  of  arithmetical  processes  leading  to 
a  certain  result. — 3.  An  estimate  formed  in  the 


calculation 

mind  by  comparing  tlie  various  circumstaneos 
and  facts  which  bear  on  the  matter  in  baud. 
The  lazy  gossips  of  tlie  port, 
Abhorrent  <»f  u  calculation  urost, 
Began  to  cliate  as  at  a  personal  WTong. 

Teniiitmn,  Enoch  Ardcn. 

4.  The  habit  of  forming  mental  estimates ;  a 
trait  or  an  element  of  intellectual  character 
which  shows  itself  in  the  habit  of  formulating 
and  revolving  schemes  in  the  mind,  or  forecast- 
ing the  progress  or  results  of  an  undertaking. 

CaUulaUun  might  come  to  value  love  for  its  profit. 

Emerson,  Essays,  lstser.,p.  216. 

Every  virtue  may  take  two  shapes,  the  one  lower  and 
the  other  higher ;  fur  every  virtue  may  spring  from  calcu- 
lation, and  on  the  other  hand  every  act  of  virtue  may  he  a 
religious  act  arising  out  of  some  worship  or  devotion  of 
the  soul.  J.  R.  Scclcrf,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  159. 

=  Syn.  4.  Deliberation,  circumspection,  wai'iness,  fore- 
thoiiu'lit.  priulence. 
calculative  (kal'ku-la-tiv),  a.     [<  calculate  + 
-ivc]    Pertaining  to  calculation;  involving  cal- 
culation. 

Long  habits  of  calcrUative  dealings. 

Burke,  Popery  Laws. 

calculator  (kal'ku-la-tor),  V.  [L.  (>  JIE.  eal- 
hclatour),  <  calculare,  calcidate:  see  calculate, 
V.2  1.  One  who  calculates,  computes,  or  reck- 
ons.— 2.  One  who  estimates  or  considers  the 
force  and  effect  of  causes  vnfh  a  view  to  form 
a  correct  estimate  of  the  effects. 
Ambition  is  no  exact  calculator. 

Burke,  Duration  of  Parliaments. 
3.  A  calculating-machine. —  4.  A  form  of  or- 
rery invented  by  Ferguson. 
calculatory  (kal'ku-la-to-ri),  a.     [<  L.  calcula- 
Mf(«s,  <  calculator:  see  calculator.']    Belonging 
to  calculation.     Sherwood. 
calculet  (kal'kul),  n.     [<  F.  calcul,  <  L.  calculus, 
reckoning :  see  calculate,  v.1  A  reckoning ;  com- 
putation. 
The  general  calcule  .  .  .  exceeded  eight  millions. 

Howell,  Voeall  l-'orrest. 

calculet,  ''•  t.     [ME.,  also  calculcn,  calclen,  <  OF. 
calculer,  F.  calculer  =  Sp.  Pg.  calcular  =  It. 
calculare,  <  L.  cnlcularc,  reckon,  calculate:  see 
calculate,  !'.]    To  calcidate;  reckon:  used  espe- 
cially with  reference  to  astronomical  and  as- 
trological calculations.  _   ^ 
So  when  this  Calkas  knew  by  calkulynge, 
And  ek  by  answer  of  this  Apollo, 
That  Grekes  sholden  swiche  a  peple  brynge, 
Thorugh  which  that  Troye  moste  ben  fordo, 
He  caste  anon  out  of  the  town  to  go. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  71. 
calculi,  ».  Plural  of  calculus. 
calculifragOUS  (kal-ku-lif 'ra-gus),  a.  [<  L.  cal- 
culus, a  pebble,  stone  in  the  bladder,  +  fran- 
gere  (frag-),  break,  +  -ous.']  In  surg.,  haWng 
power  to  dissolve  or  break  calctUus,  or  stone  in 
the  bladder;  lithotritic. 

calculose  (kal'ku-los),  a.     l<  It.  calculosus :  see 

calculous.']     1.  Same  as  calculous.     [Rare.]  — 

2t.  Full  of  stones  or  pebbles ;  stony ;  gravelly. 

The  feldes  calculose,  eke  harde  and  drie 

Thai  love,  and  hattest  ayer,  fortlii  thai  ripe 

And  Uoureth  with. 

Pallailius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  54. 

calculous  (kal'ku-lus),  a.  [<  L.  calculosus,  < 
cakulus,  a  pebble,  a  stone:  see  calculate,  v.] 
1 .  Stony ;  gritty ;  hard  like  stone :  as,  a  calcu- 
lous concretion. —  2.  Arising  from  calculi,  or 
stones  in  the  bladder ;  caused  by  calculi :  as, 
a  calculous  disorder. —  3.  Affected  with  the 
gravel  or  stone  :  as,  a  calculous  person. 

calculus  (kal'ku-lus),  ». ;  pi.  calculi  (-11).  [L., 
a  small  stone,  a  pebble,  a  stone  in  the  bladder, 
a  pebble  used  as  a  counter,  counting,  calcula- 
tion, etc.,  dim.  of  calx  (calc-),  a  stone:  see 
caW^.]  1.  A  small  stone  ;  a  pebble. —  2.  In  pa- 
thol.,  a  general  term  for  inorganic  concretions 
of  various  kinds  formed  in  various  parts  of  the 
body.  Those  concretions  formed  in  the  gall-bladder  are 
called  6i7iar(/ caic»Zt,  or  gall-stones;  those  formed  by  a  mor- 
bid deposition  from  the  urine  in  the  kidneys  or  bladder  .are 
called  renal,  cystic,  or  urinari/  calculi ;  those  formed  in  the 
substance  of  the  lungs  are  called  2fulnionarti  calculi ;  and 
those  formed  in  the  salivary  glands  or  their  ducts  are  called 
salirary  calculi.  There  are  also  gouty  concretions  called 
arthritic  calculi,  and  others  called  pancreatic  calcxUi,  lac- 
ri/mal  calculi,  sjtermatic  calculi,  etc. 
3.  In  math.,  any  highly  systematic  method  of 
treating  a  large  variety  of  prolilems  by  the  use 
of  some  peculiar  system  of  algebraic  notation, 
r.y  tttc  calculus,  without  qualification,  is  geunalh  under- 
stijoil  the  differential  calculu.i,  invented  by  Li-ilniitz  (al- 
though N'ewton's  method  of  fluxions  comes  virtually  to  the 
eauie  thing).  In  this  method  quantities  are  conceived  .as 
varying  continuously,  and  when  e(iuatious  exist  involving 
several  quantities,  these  quantities  will,  in  ct)nseciuence 
of  these  equations,  vary  together,  so  that  there  will  be 
equations  between  their  rates  of  change,  the  ililferential 
or  intiuitely  small  inereuieut  of  a  variable  being  denoted 
by  the  letter  d  written  before  the  syndjol  denoting  the 
variable.    The  differential  calculus  treats  of  the  values  of 


762 

ratios  of  these  differentials,  and  of  the  fundamental  for- 
nuiliis  into  which  these  ratios  enter.  The  intci/ral  calculus 
treats  <d  integration,  or  the  stnniuatioii  of  an  infinite  series 
of  <li(lereutials ;  it  is  largely  an  inverted  sUitenieut  of  a 
part  of  the  doctrine  of  the  differential  calculus,  but  it 
also  introduces  iuiaginarj  <)uarititits  and  leads  up  to  the 
theory  of  functions.  —  Barycenlric  calculus,  .'^ee  hnri/- 
Mntrie.— Calculus  Of  enlargement,  a  nutlioil  of  obtain- 
ing algebraical  tle\eloj.iiii  iit^,  '  tr,.  iiv  ttie  use  of  E  (see 
caiculuaof  finite  »/o/w,  n.-..)  and  ottnr  s>  iidiols  of  opera- 
tion.—CsilCUlUS  Of  equivalent  statements.  Same  .as 
calculus  0/  (ojic— Calculus  of  finite  differences,  a 
method  of  calcldating,  mainly  fiy  nirans  of  tlir  >vriilj.jN  I,, 
A,  and  S :  the  first,  E,  siginfyiug  tlie  oiiciatioti  of  inricasiui; 
the  independent  variable  of  a  fimctiou  fpy  unity  ;  the  sec- 
ond, A,  the  increase  in  the  value  of  a  finictir)n  produced 
by  increasing  its  variable  by  utiity ;  and  the  third,  £,  the 
operation  of  adding  all  values  of  the  ftinction  for  integral 
values  of  the  variable  from  unity  up.  The  calcidus  of 
fifiite  differences  differs  from  the  differential  calculus,  not 
merely  iti  considering  finite  differences  instead  of  differ- 
entials, but  also  in  not  assuming  continuity. —  Calculus 
of  forms,  the  theory  of  invariants,  etc.,  treated  syinftoli- 
cally  after  the  maimer  of  Gordan.— Calculus  of  func- 
tions, a  branch  of  the  calculus  of  finite  tliift-reiices ;  a 
method  of  finding  functions  which  fulfil  ;;i  veil  conditions. — 
Calculus  of  logic,  a  method  of  workiiiL'  out  conclusions 
from  gi\cii  ineiiiiscs  by  means  of  an  algelnaic  notation. — 
Calculus  of  operations,  the  general  nuthod  of  treating 
mathematical  proldems  f'y  operating  algcl-rairally  niton 
symbols  of  operation.— Calculus  of  probability.  See 
j»ro))a6iZi7!/.— Calculus  Of  quaternions,  tlie  method  of 
calculating  by  means  of  quaternions.  —  Calculus  Of  va- 
riations, a  branch  of  the  differential  calculus,  using  6, 
the  sign  of  the  variation  of  a  function,  for  the  solution  of 
problems  of  maxima  and  minima. — Fluxional  or  flux- 
ionary  calculus.  See  method  of  Jluxions,  under  jiux- 
ion. —  Fusible  calculus,  a  variety  of  urinary  crmcretion 
consisting  of  mixed  .ammonium-magnesium  and  calcium 
phosphates.  It  is  so  named  because  it  fuses  before  the 
blowpipe. —  Imaginary  calculus,  the  method  of  calcu- 
lating by  the  use  of  an  imaginary  unit,  the  square  of  which 
is  supposed  to  be  —1,  and  which  is  added  and  multiplied 
like  a  number. —  Mulberry  calculus,  a  urinary  concre- 
tion consisting  chiefly  of  oxalate  of  lime.  Many  of  these 
calculi  in  form  and  color  somewhat  resemble  the  fruit  of 
the  mulberry. — Residual  calculus,  a  method  of  calcu- 
lating by  the  operation  called  re-^iduation  (which  see);  a 
branch  of  the  integral  calculus  invented  by  Cauchy. 
caldera  (kal-da'ra),  )i.  [Sp.,  a  kettle:  see  cal- 
(Iro)!.]  A  large  kettle  or  caldron ;  hence,  in 
geol.,  an  amphitheatrical  depression  in  a  volcan- 
ic formation.  The  term  was  originally  used  in  describing 
volcanic  regions  occurring  where  Spanish  is  the  current 
language,  and  was  introduced  by  Von  Buch  in  his  classic 
description  of  the  Canaries.  Its  use  Ijas  been  extended 
thence  to  other  countries,  and  by  it  is  understood  a  large 
amphitheatrical  or  kettle-like  depression  occurring  in  vol- 
canic rocks,  smrounded  by  high  and  steep  walls,  which 
are  usually  more  or  less  broken  away  on  one  side  or  cut 
through  by  deep  ravines  (barrancoJi).  Calderas  are  gen- 
erally admitted  to  be  volcanic  craters  enlarged  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  sea  after  submergence  of  the  mass,  or  by  the 
action  of  subterranean  disruptive  forces. 

From  the  crest  of  the  gi-eat  escarpment  of  the  Atrio  [of 
Monte  Somma],  or  what  the  Spaniards  would  call  the 
"  Caldera,"  deep  ravines  or  "  Itan'aueos"  very  near  each 
other  radiate  outwards  in  all  directions. 

Sir  C.  Lyell,  Priu.  of  Geol.  (10th  ed.),  I.  634. 

Calderari  (kal-de-ra'ri),  «.  pi.  [It.,  pi.  of  cal- 
(Icraro,  equiv.  to  calderajo,  a  brazier,  a  copper- 
smith :  see  caldron.  Cf .  Carbonari.]  A  secret 
society,  formed  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples  short- 
ly before  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  in 
1815,  for  the  purpose  of  opposing  the  Carbonari 
and  upholding  absolute  government. 

caldeset,  «'.  t-     See  chaldese. 

Choused  and  caldes'd  ye  like  a  blockhead. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  iii.  1010. 

caldron  (kal'dron),  H.    [Earlymod.  E.  eaudron  : 

<  ME.  caldron,  calderon,  usually  eaudron,  cau- 
flroun,  cauderoun,  caicdron,  etc.,  <  OF.  *caldron, 
*caudron  (Picard  eaudron,  cauderon),  assibi- 
lated  *chaldron,  *chaudron,  chaudcron  (>  E.  chal- 
dron in  different  sense:  see  chaldron),  F.  chau- 
dron  (=  Sp.  calderon  =  Pg.  caldcirao  =  It.  cal- 
dcrone,  a  large  kettle),  aug.  of  OF.  eaudicrc, 
*cliaudierc  (>  E.  dial,  chaldcr^,  F.  chaudiere  = 
Pr.  caudiera  =  Sp.  caldera  =  Pg.  caldcira  =  It. 
caldaja,  caldara  (obs.)  (also  caldajo,  ealdaro, 
m.),  a  kettle,  <  L.  caldaria,  a  kettle  for  hot 
water,  fern,  of  caldarius,  suitable  for  heating, 

<  caldus,  calidus,  hot,  <  calerc,  be  hot :  see  cal- 
id.]  A  very  large  kettle  or  boiler.  Also  spelled 
cauldron. 

In  the  midst  of  all 
There  placed  was  a  eaudron  wide  and  tall, 
Upon  a  mightie  fomace,  burning  whott. 

Spenser,  1'.  Q.,  II.  ix.  29. 

calel,  «.     See  cole^  and  7ifl?fl. 

cale- (kal),  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  In  coal-min- 
ing, a  specified  number  of  tubs  taken  itito  a 
working-place  during  the  shift.  Gresley.  [Mid- 
land counties,  Eng,] 

Cale^  (kal),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caled,  ppr.  caling. 
[E.  dial.,  also  written  call;  origin  obscure.] 
I.  trans.  To  throw. 

II.  iutrans.  1.  To  move  irregularly. — 2.  To 
gambol.    Halliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.  in  all  senses.] 

cale-*  (kal),  n.  [<  cahS,  r.]  Turn :  as,  it  is  his 
cale  to  go.     [North.  Eng.] 


calendar 

calecannon,  colecannon  (kiil-,  kol-kan'on),  «. 

[Appar.  <  0((/<  1,  citlfA,  cabbage,  -I-  cannon  (uncer- 
tain).] A  favorite  Irish  dish,  made  by  boiling 
and  mashing  together  greens,  young  cabbage, 
or  spinach,  and  potatoes,  and  seasoning  with 
butter,  pepper,  and  salt.  A  plainer  kind  is  made 
among  the  poorer  classes  by  boiling  the  vegetables  till 
nearly  done,  then  adding  the  raw  potatoes  to  them,  and 
draining  them  when  fully  Ixdled.    Also  WTittcn  colcaruion. 

caleche,  n.     Sec  calash. 

Caledonia  brown.    Sec  hroicn. 

Caledonian  (kal-e-do'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Caledonia,  an  ancient  name  for  Scotland,  + 
-an.]  I,  a.  Pertaining  to  Caledonia  or  Scot- 
land; Scottish;  Scotch. 

The  arrival  of  the  Saxons  (in  Britain]  checked  the  pro- 
gress of  the  Caledonian  marauders. 

Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  20. 

H.  n.  A  native  of  Caledonia,  or  Scotland; 

a  Scotchman. 

caledonite  (kal'e-do-nit),  n.  [<  L.  Caledonia, 
Scotland,  +  -iti^.]'  A  blue  or  greenish-bluo 
mineral,  a  hydrous  sulphate  of  lead  and  copper, 
foimd  in  attached  crystals,  with  other  ores  of 
lead,  at  LeadhUls  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotland, 
and  at  Roughtcn  Gill  in  Cumberland,  England, 
also  in  Himgary  and  the  Harz  mountains. 

calefacient  (kal-e-fa'shient),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
calefacien{t-)s,  ppr.  of  calcfacere,  make  warm 
or  hot,  <  calere,  be  hot,  +  facerc,  make.  See 
calefy  a,nd  chafe]     I.  o.  Warming;  heating. 

II.  n.  That  which  warms  or  heats;  in  7ned., 
a  substance  which  e.xcites  a  sensation  of  warmth 
in  the  part  to  which  it  is  applied,  as  mustard, 
pepper,  etc. ;  a  superficial  stimtilant. 

calefaction  (kal-e-fak'shon),  «.  [<  L.  calcfac- 
tio(n-),  <  calcfacere:  see  calefactire,  calefacient.] 
1.  The  act  or  operation  of  warming  or  heating ; 
the  production  of  heat  in  a  body  by  the  action 
of  fixe,  or  by  the  commtmieation  of  heat  from 
other  bodies. —  2.  The  state  of  being  heated. 

As  [if]  the  rememln-ance  of  .  .  .  calefaction  can  warm  a 
man  in  a  cold  frosty  night. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Pref.  to  Psychozoia,  i. 

calefactive  (kal-e-fak'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  calefac- 
tus  (pp.  of  calcfacere :  see  calefacient)  -{■  -ivc] 
Adapted  to  make  warm  or  hot ;  communicating 
heat.     Also  calefactory. 

calefactor  (kal-e-fak'tor),  n.  [<  ML.  calcfactor, 
one  who  warms  (calcfactor  eerie,  chafe-wax),  < 
calcfacere,  make  warm :  see  calefactire.]  A 
kind  of  small  stove. 

calefactory  (kal-e-fak'to-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
cahfactorius,  <  calefactus,  pp.  of  calcfacere, 
make  warm:  see  calefacient.]  I.  a.  Same  as 
calefactire. 

li.  H.;  pi.  calefactories  (-riz).  [<  ML.  cale- 
factorium,  neui.  of  L.  calefactorius :  see  above.] 
1.  A  chamber,  provided  with  a  fireplace  or 
stove,  used  as  a  withdrawing-room  by  monks, 
and  generally  adjoining  the  refectory.  It  is 
very  often  a  portion  of  the  substructure  of  the 
dormitory. — 2.  A  chafingHlish  of  silver  or  other 
metal,  to  contain  burning  charcoal,  placed  upon 
the  altar  in  cold  weather. 

calefyt  (kal'e-fi),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  calefied,  ppr. 
calefying.  [<  L.  calcfieri.  gi-ow  hot,  pass,  of  calc- 
facere, make  hot ;  cf.  ML.  caleficare,  make  hot 
(>  ult.  E.  chafe,  q.  v.):  see  calefacient.]  I.  iu- 
trans. To  grow  hot  or  warm;  be  heated. 

Clirystal  will  calefy  unto  electricity. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  1. 

II.  trans.  To  make  warm  or  hot. 

caleidophone  (ka-li'do-fon),  jj.  See  Icaleido- 
jihoiie. 

calembouT,  calembourg  (kal'em-bor;  F.  pron. 
ka-loii-bor'),  n.  [F.,  said  to  be  from  an  abbot 
of  Kalemherg,  an  amusing  personage  in  Ger- 
man anecdotes,  or  a  narrator  of  amusing  anec- 
dotes; or  from  a  count  of  Kalenherg,  \fho  made 
amusing  mistakes  in  speaking  French.]  A 
pun ;  a  play  on  words. 

calemes  (kal'e-mez),  n.     Same  as  eanienes. 

calendar  (karen-diir),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
calender  :  <  ME.  calendar,  calender,  kalender  = 
D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  kalender  =  F.  calendricr  =  Pr. 
ealendier  =  Sji.  Pg.  It.  cakndario.  It.  also  calen- 
daro,  <  L.  calendariuni.  in  classical  L.  usual- 
ly kdlendiirium,  an  account-book,  interest-book 
("so  called  becaiise  interest  became  due  on  the 
calends),  in  ML.  a  calendar;  neut.  of  calen- 
darius,  kalendarius,  adj.,  <  calendn;  kalenda; 
calends:  see  calend.^.]  1.  A  collection  of 
monthly  astronomical  tables  for  a  year,  ar- 
ranged by  weeks  and  days,  with  accompanjing 
d.lta  ;  an  almanac.  It  was  so  called  from  the  Itoman 
calcndif,  the  name  given  to  the  first  ilay  of  the  month, 
and  written  in  large  lettera  at  the  head  of  each  mouth. 


calendar 

Let  this  iK-rnii-ious  liniir 
Stand  ftye  accursed  in  the  ratnidarf 

Shak.,  Macheth,  iv.  1. 
The  Egyptians  were  the  fli-st  to  institute  a  sacrecl  calen- 
dar, ia  wliich  every  day  —  atniust  every  liour —  liad  its  spe- 
cial religiima  cereinuny.  FailliH  n/  the  WtirU,  p.  140. 

2.  A  system  of  reckoning  time,  especially  the 
method  of  lixing  the  Icugtli  and  divisions  of 
the  year. — 3.  A  table  or  tables  of  the  days  of 
each  month  in  a  year,  with  tlieir  iiinnbers,  for 
use  in  fixing  dates. —  4.  A  table  or  catalogue 
of  persons,  events,  etc.,  mad(>  out  in  order  of 
time,  as  a  list  of  saints  with  tlio  ilatos  of  their 
festivals,  or  of  the  causes  to  bo  tried  in  a  court; 
specifically,  in  British  universities,  a  chrono- 
logical statement  of  the  exercises,  lectures,  ex- 
aminations, etc.,  of  a  year  or  of  a  courso  of 
study. 

The  care  T  have  had  to  even  your  content,  I  wish  might 
be  found  in  the  calemlar  of  my  past  endeavours. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  3. 

lie  keeps  a  calendar  of  all  the  famous  dishes  of  meat 
that  have  been  in  the  court  ever  siru'e  o\w  great-j-rand- 
father"8  time.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  i.  1. 

Rh.adamanthus,  who  tries  the  lighter  causes  below,  leav- 
ing to  his  two  brethren  the  heavy  ea/emtars. 

Lamb,  'J'o  the  .Shade  of  EUiston. 

5t.  A  guide ;  anything  set  up  to  regulate  one's 
conduct. 

Kaleiuler  is  she 
To  any  woman  that  wol  lover  be. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  642. 

6.  A  series  of  emblematic  pictures  of  t  he  months : 
a  common  motive  of  decoration  during  the  mid- 
dle ages,  in  sculp-  ^  ,,..,.,. 


763 


calf 


[Irreg. 
lioyle. 


the  Orcgorian  calemlar.  Tlie  Julian  calendar,  or  "old  calendographer  (k.il-<M-dog'ra-fer),  «. 
style,"  is  still  retained  in  Itns^ia  and  i:ree<e  whose  dales  ,;  j[j^_  ailcii(l(iiriiuii ).  a  calendar,  +  Cr 
conse(iueidly  are  now  ]■•  days  in  am  ar  of  those  of  other  .  :,  -i  (i  wlin  ni'iVna  <--ili.iiilnv« 
fhrl8t!anc..untrle8.-Mohammedan  calendar,  the  lu-  "^'''^^■J  "no  wlio  makes  (..lUnUais. 
nar  calemlar  employed  m  all  .\bdiammedan  countries,  [KarcJ 
though  there  is  another  peculiar  to  Persia.  The  years  con-  calendrer,  caleuderet  (kal'en-drer, -der-tr),  Jt. 
sist  of  3;,4  or  '.m  days,  in  the  mean  3M JA-  The  beginning  rj^i^^  contr.  (■(ilintUr  ;  <  calender'^,  v.,  +  -crl.] 
of  the  year  thus  retrogrades  through  different  seasons,  l  „,„.,,,,,  ...l,,,  ,-,loii(lr-rs  clotli  n-nier  etc 
completing  their  circuit  in  about  :i:i  yearp.  'Ihey  arc  num-  A  poison  w  Ik)  ( .Ui  imt  is  c  lotli,  paper,  etc. 
bere.l  from  the  hejira  (which  see),  the  tlrst  day  of  the  Hrst  CalendnC,  CalendriCal  (ka-len  drik.  -dri-kal), 
year  being  July  luth,  A.  i).  622.  The  IMioth  year  liegan  (,.  [Irreg.  <  vidciKliir  +  -ic,  -icill.']  Pertaining 
Sund.ay.  November  12th,  1S82.— Republican  calendar,     (^  .^  (•al<niliir.     rHare.] 


l^i 


Part  of  a  Calendar  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury (July).— From  portal  of  Amiens 
Cathedral. 

solar 


ture,  painted  glass, 
earthenware  tiles, 
and  the  like.  For  each 
mouth  the  zodiacal  sign 
is  representerl,  with  one 
or  more  pcisons  engaged 
in  lalHirs  or  sjxn'ts  char- 
acteristic of  the  mi>iith. 

—  Calendar  -  amend- 
ment Act,  an  English 
stJitute  of  1751,  which 
to.ik  etlect  in  1752,  es- 
tahlishing.fanuary  Istas 
the  beginning  of  each 
year  (instead  of  Lady- 
day,  March  25th).  adopt- 
ing the  Gregorian  or 
"new  style"  in  place  of 
tile  Julian  or  "  old  style" 
calendar,  and  canceling 
the  then  existing  excess 
of  11  days  by  making  the 
3d  of  September,  1752, 
the  14th.  Also  known  as 
Lnrd  ChexlerfiehVs  Act 

—  Calendar  month,  a  solar  oionth  as  it  stands  in  al- 
man.a.'s.  -Calendar  moon.      Saoi,-  as  ,rel.:il,i.^licid  iiwmi 

(which  sec,  under  f.v7i'.v».«(i<-(i7).  —  Eccleaiastical  calen- 
dar, an  arrangement  of  the  civil  year  einplnycd  liy  the  li- 
turgical churches  to  designate  the  days  set  apart  for  partic- 
ular religious  celebratitni.  As  many  feasts  of  the  church 
depend  upon  Easter,  the  date  of  wliich  varies  from  year  to 
year,  either  the  calendar  nmst  vary  every  year  or  must  con- 
tain siinplv  the  matter  from  wliich  a  true  calendar  can  be 
computed  fio'e.ach  year.  In  the  lloman Catlndic Church, 
special  circuinsLances  in  the  history  of  e.ach  nation  alfect 
its  liturgical  calendar;  hence  every  nation,  and  to  scnue 
extent  every  religious  order  .and  even  every  ecclesiiistical 
province,  has  its  own  calendar.  The  German  Lutheran 
Church  retained  at  the  Reformation  the  Roman  Catholic 
calendar,  with  the  saints'  days  then  observed.  The  Church 
of  England  still  retains  in  its  calendar  certain  festivals, 
calleil  Idack-letter  days,  for  which  no  service  is  prcscrilied, 
and  which  have  been  ondtted  by  the  Protestant  Kpis.-.ipal 
Church  of  America.  See  Kiv!ter.  —  Gregorian  calendar, 
the  reformed  Julian  calendar  introduced  hy  the  hull  of  Pope 
Gregory  XIII.  in  February,  1582,  and  adopted  in  laigland 
in  September,  1752-.  the  "new  style"  of  distril.utmg  and 
naming  time.  The  length  of  the  year  of  the  Gregorian  cal- 
endar is  regulated  by  the  Gregorian  rule  of  intercalation, 
which  is  that  every  year  whose  number  in  the  common 
reckoning  since  Christ  is  not  divisililo  by  4,  !is  well  ;ts  every 
year  whose  nunilier  is  divisible  bv  l»0  hut  not  by  400,  shall 
have  3(15  days,  and  that  all  other  years,  namely,  those  whose 
numbers  are  divisilue  by  400,  and  those  divi.sible  by  4  and 
not  by  IW,  shall  have  368  days.  The  Gregorian  year,  or  the 
mean  length  of  the  years  of  the  Gregorian  calendar,  is  305 
days,  5  hours,  49  minutes,  ami  12  seconds,  and  is  too  long  by 
26  seconds.  The  Gregorian  rule  has  sometimes  been  stated 
as  if  the  year  4000  ahd  its  midtiidcs  were  to  be  common 
years:  this,  however,  is  not  the  rule  enunciated  by  Greg- 
ory. The  Gregorian  calemlar  also  regulates  the  time  of 
Easter,  upon  which  that  of  the  other  movable  feasts  of 
the  church  depend ;  and  this  it  does  by  establishing  n  llc- 
titious  moini.  whiih  is  purposely  made  to  depart  from  the 
place  of  the  true  moon  in  order  to  la-evcnt  the  coincidence 
of  the  Christian  Paschal  fciist  n  ith  that  of  the  Jews.— He- 
brew calendar,  the  luni-solar  calendar  useil  by  the  Jews 
since  the  second  i-entury  of  the  Christian  era.  The  years, 
nunibereil  from  the  creation,  are  either  ordinary,  contain- 
ing 12  lunar  months  and  353,  354,  or  355  ilays,  or  cmbolis- 
mic,  containing  13  lunar  months  and  3S3,  :is4,  or  3S5  days. 
In  every  cycle  of  19  years  7  are  cmbolismic,  to  bring  lunar 
and  solar  time  into  agreement.  To  tlnd  the  number  of  the 
Hebrew  year  beginning  in  the  course  of  a  given  Gregorian 
vear,  aild  3761  to  the  number  of  the  latter.  -Julian  cal- 
endar, the  sidar  calendar  as  ailjusted  by  Julius  Ciesar.  in 
which  the  chicmologieal  reckoning  was  first  made  dellnite 
and  invariable,  and  the  average  length  of  the  year  tlxed  at 
.S65i  days.  This  average  year  (called  the  Julian  year)  be- 
ing too  long  by  a  few  minutes,  the  error  was  rcctittcd  in 


the  calendar  of  the  first  French  rcpiLblic.  The  year  c 
sistc(l  of  365  days,  to  which  a  360th  was  to  be  addeii  "ac- 
cording as  the  piisition  of  the  ctpiinox  requires  it,"  so  that 
the  year  should  always  begin  at  the  midnight  of  the  Paris 
oliservatory  preceding  the  true  autumnal  ciiuinox.  The 
numbci-s  of  the  years  were  written  in  Koman  numerals. 
The  year  I.  began  September  22d,  1792,  but  the  calendar 
was  not  introduced  until  October  5th,  1793.  Every  period 
of  four  years  was  called  a  franciade.  The  years  of  366  days 
were  called  yrxtile.  There  were  12  months  of  30  days  each, 
and  5  or  C  extra  days  at  the  end  called  Kimseulntlidm.  Thu 
names  <if  the  months,  beginning  at  the  autumnal  ctiulnox, 
wrie  WiMb-ndaire,  llrnmaire,  Krimairc,  Nivose,  Plnviose, 
N'entose,  Gcmnnal,  Floreal,  Prairial,  -Messidor.Thcriuidor, 
and  Kructidor. 
calendar  (kal'en-dar),  V.  t.  [<  calendar,  «.]  To 
outer  or  wTite  in  a  calendar;  register. 

Twelve  have  been  inartyi's  for  religion,  of  whom  ten  are 
calendared  for  saints. 

Waterhou»c,  Apol.  for  Learning,  p.  2-17. 

And  do  you  not  recall  that  life  was  then  calendared  by 
moments,  threw  itself  into  nervous  knots  or  glittering 
hours,  even  as  now,  and  not  spread  itself  abroad  an  cfpia- 
ble  felicity?  Bmcrson,  Works  and  Days. 

The  greater  and  increasing  treasures  of  the  Rccord- 
OiRce  .  .  .  lately  calendared  and  Indexed. 

A'.  A.  Itev.,  CX.WI.  540. 

calendar-clock  (karen-djlr-klok),  n.  A  large 
hall-  or  wall-clock  having  ilials  or  other  appli- 
ances for  indicating  the  days  of  the  week, 


calends,  kalends  (Ual'cndz),  «.  /d.    [<  ME.  la- 

Ictuhs,  rarely  sing.,  the  first  day  of  the  month, 
<  AS.  ailciid,  a  month,  <  L.  ailoitia;  in  classi- 
cal L.  usually  kalcnda;  pi.,  the  first  day  of  the 
month,  also  by  extension  a  montli,  <  "ailrrc, 
calarc  =  Gr.  mhlv,  call,  summon  (not  coiiiiect- 
ed  with  E.  caW^).  The  reason  of  the  name  is 
uncertain.]  1.  In  tlio  Roman  calendar,  Iho 
first  day  of  the  month.  From  this  the  days  of  the 
lireccilitig  month  were  counted  backward  to  the  iiles, 
which  in  March,  May,  July,  and  f>ctol)er  corresponded  to 
the  15th,  and  in  all  the  other  months  to  the  13th  day  of 
the  month.  Thus  the  16th  day  of  -Maich  by  our  reckoidng 
was  in  tlic  Roman  calendar  the  17th  day  before  the  calends 
of  April  (the  first  of  April  being  included),  or  more  brielly 
17tli  calenils ;  the  14th  day  of  January. wim  the  19th  day 
before  the  calends  of  February ;  the  14th  day  of  any  month 
with  thirty  days  being  the  ISth  before  the  calends  of  the 
succeeding  month. 
2t.  The  beginning  or  first  period. 

Now  of  hope  the  kalemlea  bigynne. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  li.  7. 
On  or  at  the  Greek  calends  (Latin  ad  knlmdaK  Oriiran), 
at  no  time;  lu-vcr:  an  ancient  Koman  phrase  alludiirg  to 
the  fact  th.at  the  Greeks  had  nothing  corresponding  to  the 
Roman  calends ;  hence,  to  say  that  a  tlebt  woidil  be  paid  at 
the  Greek  ealenitx  meant  that  the  ilebt  would  never  be  paid- 
Calendula^  (ka-len'du-la),  II.  [NL.,  dim.,  <  L. 
(ilciidir,  the  first  day  of  the  month ;  from  its 


month,  or  year,  with  sotnetimes  the  phases  of  pi.Qaucing  flowers  almost  all  the  year  round.] 

the  moon,  as  well  as  the  hours  and  minutes.  ^         ^^  q£  plants,  natural  order  Composike, 

calendarial  (kal-en-da'n-al),  a.     [<  cakiidarij  .^^th  yellow  or  orange  flowers,  having  a  power- 

+  -<il.'\     ^amo  as  cnlciuhiri/.  ,      ,     .  ful  but  not  pleasant  odor,  natives  of  the  Medi- 


calendary  (kal'cn-da-ri),  n.  [<  L.  Cdlendariiui, 
hiliiiiliii-iii.'i :  see  calendar,  n.}  Belonging  to 
the  calendar. 


terranean  region  ;  the  marigolds.    The  common  or 

pot  marigold,  C.  njUeiiuilU,  is  an  «dd  ornament  of  country 

gardens.    Its  (lowers  are  used  to  give  a  yellow  color  to 

Ti    ,.„  1  ,-.„;....,;„„,  ™«,.ti,  cheese,  and  to  adulterate  saffron.     In  medicine  it  hius  had 

The  usual  or  cale,ular,jmo»tt>  ^  '  ^  ^  ,^,„^^|    ,„,  ,^„^„  „,„,  .,u,,,  .^^^..^es,  and  ita 

kir  I.  isroum,  v  ulg.  l.rr.,  n.  1-      j|„^.„„,,,  ,,  ,„„i  ^,  „„„„  for  wounds  and  bruises. 

calender!  (kal'en-der),  ».     [<  F.  calaiidrc.  <  calendula'-  (ka-len'dti-la),  n.    [XL.,  for  'calan- 

ML.  cehndra,  a  calender,  a  coiTuption  of  L.  eij-    fjni,,^  *calaiidriila,  dlrii.  of  calaiidra,  a  lark:  seo 

liiidriis,  a  roller,  cylinder:  ace  ci/tiiukr.^     1.  A    calandra  and  calender"^. '\     In  oniitli.:  (of)  An 

machine  consisting  of  two  or  more  cylinders  or    oij  ^nd  lUsused  name  of  the  crested  vrreu  of 

rolls  revolving  very  nearly  in  contact,  between    Europe,  Heyidiis  cristatus.     Bris.son,  1760.    (b) 


which  are  passed  woven  fabrics,  paper,  etc., 
for  preparation  or  finishing  by  means  of  great 
pressure,  often  aideil  by  heat  communicated 
from  the  interior  of  the  cylinders.  The  object  of 
the  calender  for  cloth  and  paper  is  to  give  the  material  a 


The  specific  name  of  the  ruby-crowned  kinglet 
of  North  America,  licfiulits  calendula.  Linna-us, 
17C6.  (c)  [crt/).]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  African 
larks,  of  which  C.  crassirosiris  is  an  example. 

Sivainsnii,  ISiiT. 


perfectly  smooth  and  e(|ual  surface,  and  sometimes  to  pro-  _„i„_j„i,-'     „„i'._  j,,Uv,„ /!,«  ^^■n'A,-,  li^^   «      T/ 
duce  a  supertlcial  glaze,  as  in  certain  cotton  and  linen  CalendulUl,  calcnduline  (ka-len  <lu-hn),  «,     [< 
fabrics  ami  what  is  specilkally  calleil  calendered  pajier.  or    Calendula'-  +  -lii^,  -ine^.\     A  mucilaginous  sub- 
a  wavy  sheen,  as  in  w.atered  silk,  etc.    The  larger  rolls  in    stance  or  gum  obtained  from  the  leaves  and 
such  a  calender  are  usually  made  of  solidilied  paper  or     fl^g^s  of  the  common  marigold, 
pasteboard  turned  exactly  true,  with  intermediate  cast-  „„,  " +2, Vv„  i„„'t,-;,\    „      1 'iv^,!  l.v  ^irW  nniti 
iron  cylinders.    Calenders  are  attache.l  to  paper-making  CalentCS  (ka-len  tez),  ".    L.i\  en  Dy  ^.ir  \\  .  11am- 
luachincs  for  expressing  the  water  from  the  felted  web  of    iltoii  ns  another  name  for  camencs  (wlucu  see;, 
pajier,  and  for  the  linishing  processes  of  smoothing  and     pi-oli;,bly  a  mistake  for  cclantes. 
glazing.    They  are  also  used  for  spreading  india-rubber  calenture  (kal'en-tur),  n.     [<  F.  calenture,  <  Sp. 
nto  sheets  suitable  for  making  rubber  fabrics,  etc.  7,,     ■,       ,,,,,,.„    i,--f    „    ,.ol„v,f,„.o   f   ^nl^ninr 

2.  An  establishment  in  which  woven  fabrics    O'K;)  cuhnt'ira,  heat,  a  ealentiire,  <  c^>lentar 
are  prepared  for  market  by  the  use  of  the  cal-    beat    <  \.ealere    PPr   c«/<»(  -  .v    bo     o  :  see 


are  prepared 

ender  and  the  other  necessary  processes. 

It  is  as  usual  to  say  that  goods  are  packed  as  that  goods 
arc  dressed  at  a  calender.  Encjc.  Brit.,  1\.  CS2. 

3.  [Prop,  calendrer,  q.  v.]    A  calendrer. 
calender!  (kal'en-der),  V.  t.     [=  F.  calandrer; 

from  the  noun.]     To  press  in  a  calender,  as 

cloth  or  pajior. 
calender'-t  (karen-di-r),  n.     [<  F.  calendrc,  ca- 

htndir,  ealandc,  now  only  calandre,  a  kind  of 

lark,  also  a  weevil:  seo  <'«?a)ir?ia.]     1.  A  lark. 

See  calandra,  1. —  2.  A  weevil. 

Calender^,  Kalender  (kal'en-der),  n.    [=  F 


calid,  calefacient,  etc.]  A  kind  of  deliritira 
sometimes  caused,  especially  within  the  trop- 
ics, by  exposure  to  excessive  heat,  particularly 
on  board  ship. 

Now  I  am  made  up  of  fire,  to  the  full  height 
Of  a  deadly  calenture. 
Fletrher  (and  another).  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  V.  1. 
Interest  divides  the  church,  and  the  ealenlures  of  men 
breathe  out  in  problems  and  unactive  discourses. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1S35),  Dcd.,  I.  3. 
This  calenture  which  shows  me  the  maple-shadowed 
plains  of  lierkshire,  .  .  .  beneath  the  salt  waves  which 
come  feeling  their  nay  along  the  wall  at  my  feet. 

O.  II'.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  x. 


calender,   <   M:  qalandar,    >  Ttirk.   qalander,  galescence  (ka-les'ens),  n.     [<  L.  calescen(t-)s. 

Hind,   qalandar.']     One  of  an  order  of  der-    j,p[.  qj;  calescere,  grow  warm  or  hot,  inchoative 

vishes  foimded  in  the  fourteenth  century  by    of  cn/crc,  be  warm  or  hot:  see  c«(irf.]    Growing 

an  Andalusian  Arab  named  Yusuf,  who  was  ex-    ^-jimith;  increasing  heat. 

pelled  from  the  order  of  Bcktashis  on  aecoimt  calevilet,  ».     An  obsolete  foi-ra  of  calrille. 

of  his  extreme  arrogance.    The  Calemlers  are  wan.  caleweist,  "•     [ME.,  appar.  a  corrupt  form  of 

{>l\  caitlotl.]    A  fine  variety  of  pear,     lloin.  of 

the  Iliise. 
calf  1  (kiif),  H. ;  pi.  calves  (kavz).     [E.  dial,  also 

cauf:  early  mod.  E.  also  adre,  <  ME.  calf.  <  AS. 


defers  who  jircach  in  the  market-places  and  live  by  alms. 
Though  the  title  Calender  asserts  for  its  bearere  a  life  of 
great  purity,  the  members  of  this  order,  even  before  the 
death  of  its  founder,  fell  into  the  grossest  licentiousness 
and  debauchery,  and  have  not  iicsitJlted  at  assassination. 
They  hold  that  salvation  is  as  little  affected  by  vice  and 
crime  lus  by  virtue  and  holiness,  and  that  sin  stains  the 
body  only  and  can  be  uniovcd  by  ablutions. 

On  the  road  I  caused  my  beard  and  eyebrows  to  be 
shaven,  and  assumed  a  calender'^  habit. 

Arabian  Xiyhts,  Hist,  of  Third  Calender. 

calender^!,   "•     An  obsolete  corrupt  form  of 

riiliiinitir  for  coriander. 
calenderer,  "-     See  calendrer. 
calendering-rubber  (kal'en-der-ing-rub'er),  n. 

A  utensil  formerly  used  for  calendering. 


cea'lf  {\i\.  eeulfa.<!,  masc,  eaill'<rii,eealfru,  neut.) 
=  OS.  /,«.'/■=  D.  kalf=  MUi.  \M.-lal/=  Icel. 
hVt'r  =  Sw.  kalt'=  Dan.  kalv  =  UHG.  call),  clialb 
(1)1.  chelbir),  MHO.  kalp  (i>l.  kclbcr).CT.kalb,  neut., 
OH(}.  clialbd,  MUG.  kalbe,  i.,  a  calf,  =  Goth. 
kalho.  f.,  a  heifer;  related  to  AS.  cilfor{-loinb), 
E.  dial,  ehilrer,  =  OHt>.  chilburra.  MHG.  kilbere, 
a  female  lamb,  G.  dial.  (Sw-iss)  kilber,  a  young 
ram ;  cf.  Ir.  culpa,  colpack,  cow,  heifer,  bul- 
lock; the  Lapp,  kalbe,  Finn,  kalpc,  are  borrowed 


calf 

from  G.  Perhaps  akin  to  Skt.  garhha,  the 
womb,  an  embryo,  =  Gr.  lipi<poc,  an  embryo. 
In  tho  (ierivoil  senses  7,  8,  9,  of.  Dan.  kalv,  a 
dctiiflu'd  islot,   anil  see  calve,  li,  and  (vhy-i.] 

1.  The  young  of  t!io  cow  or  of  other  bovine 
(|Uadrupeds.  in  customs  laws,  .ind  .as  i'stal)lisheil  by 
treaties  of  commerce  between  many  European  countries, 
n  youns;  aninuil  ceases  to  be  a  calf  wben  it  li.is  slied  its 
two  front  milk-teeth,  which  takes  place  some  time  be- 
tween its  loth  anil  its  24th  month. 

2.  Tlio  young  of  marine  mammals,  as  seals 
and  cetaceans,  the  adults  of  which  are  called 
bulls  and  cows. —  3.  In  her.,  a  fawn.— -4.  Calf- 
skin leather:  as,  a  shoe  made  of  calf;  a  book 
bound  in  calf. — 5.  A  bookbiuding  in  calfskin. 
— 6.  An  immatiu'e  or  raw  person ;  a  silly  dolt; 
a  weak  or  cowardly  man.     [CoUoq.] 

Some  silly,  doting,  brainless  calf.   Draiitoii,  Nymphidia. 

7.  A  small  island  lying  near  a  largo  one  (the 
two  being  compared  to  a  cow  with  its  calf) : 
as,  the  calfoi  Man.    Admiral  Smyth.    [Eng.]  — 

8.  A  mass  of  earth  which  separates  from  tho 
walls  of  a  cutting  or  excavation,  and  falls  in. 
Compare  calve,  3,  and  caut'l.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Tak  heed,  lads,  there's  a  cauf  a-comin. 

Lincolnshire  Glossan/  (E.  D.  S.,  ed.  Peacock). 

9.  Kaiit.,  a  mass  of  floe-ico,  breaking  from  under 
the  floe  and  rising  to  tho  surface  of  the  water, 

often  with  violence Divinity  calf,  a  dark-luown 

caU  bookbinding  decorated  with  blind -stamping,  and  with- 
out gilding:  so  called  because  used  in  liindiiig  theological 
works. — Half  calf,  a  bookbinding  of  which  the  back  and 
corners  oidy  are  in  calfskin.  —  Mottled  calf,  a  p.ale-col- 
ored  calf  bookbinding,  decorated  by  the  sprinkling  of 
acids  in  drops. — Smooth  calf,  a  binding  in  plain  or  un- 
decorated  leather. — The  calves  Of  the  lips,  metaphori- 
cally used  in  Hosea  xiv.  2  for  sacrifices  of  prayer,  praise, 
and  thanksgiving,  the  captives  of  Babylon  being  unable 
to  offer  sacrifices  in  the  temple. —  Tree  calf,  a  bright- 
brown  calf  bookbinding  stained  by  acids  in  conventional 
imitation  of  the  trunk  and  branches  of  a  tree. 

calf  2  (kaf ),  n. ;  pi.  calves  (kavz).  [<  ME.  calfe, 
calf,  <  Icel.  fca?^  =  Norw.  Jcalve,  dial,  kalv,  haavc, 
=  "Sw.  half,  in  eomp.  hen-kaJf,  calf  {ben,  leg,  = 
E.  ftonel),  =  Dan.  dial,  l-alve,  Icalle,  kal;  cf. 
Ir.  calpa,  colpa,  Gael,  calpa,  calf  of  the  leg.] 
The  thick  fleshy  part  of  the  human  leg  behind, 
between  the  knee  and  the  ankle,  chiefly  formed 
by  the  gastrocnemius  and  soleus  muscles,  which 
are  relatively  larger  in  man  thau  in  any  other 
animal,  for  the  better  suppoi't  of  the  body  in 
the  erect  attitude. 
■  Long.  His  leg  is  too  big  for  Hector. 
Dum.  More  calf,  certain.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

calf-bone  (kaf'bon),  n.     The  fibula. 

calfkill  (kiif'kil),  H.     LambkiU  or  sheep-laurel, 

Kiibnia  nnrjxsti/'olia. 
calf -lick  (kiif'lik),  n.    Same  as  cow-lick. 
calf-like   (kiiflik),  «.  or  adv.    Resembling  a 
calf;  in  the  manner  of  a  calf. 

.So  I  charm"d  their  ears. 
That,  calf-like,  they  my  lowing  foUow'd. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

calf-love  (kiif'luv),  11.    A  youthful  transitory 
passion  or  affection,  as  opposed  to  a  serious 
lasting  attachment  or  love. 
It's  a  girl's  fancy  just,  a  Idnd  o'  calf-love ;  let  it  go  by. 
Mrs.  Gaakcll,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xx. 

calf's-foot  (kiifs'fut),  ».  A  name  of  the  Arum 
mneuhitiim,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf. 

calf's-head  (kafs'hed),  n.  The  pitcher-plant 
of  California,  Darlingtonia  Culifornica,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  ventrieose  hood  at  the  siuumit  of  the 
leaf.     See  IJarliiigtonia. 

calfskin  (kiif'skin),  «.  1.  The  hide  or  skin  of 
a  calf. 

Thou  wear  a  lion's  hide  !  doff  it  for  shame, 
And  hang  a  calf's-skin  on  those  recreant  limbs. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 
2.  Leather  made  of  calves'  skins,  a  common 
material  for  boots  and  shoes,  and  also,  when 
differently  prepared,  for  bookbinding.  Calfskin 
differs  from  moroeco  in  having  a  very  smooth 
and  uniform  surface. 

calf-snout  (kiif 'snout),  n.  The  snapdragon,  An- 
tirrlilntiin  majic^. 

calf-trundlet,  «•  The  ruffle  of  a  shirt;  the 
(lounci's  of  a  gown.      Wright. 

calf-'ward  (kiif 'ward),  n.  A  place  where  calves 
are  kept  in  tho  field.  Also  written  cauf-ward. 
[Scotch.] 

callatour-'WOOd  (kal'i-a-tor-wiid),  51.  A  kind 
of  dyewuod  which  grows  in  India  on  the  Coro- 
mandel  coast.  It  is  sometimes  confounded  with 
red  saniial-wood. 

caliber,  calibre  (lial'i-btr),  n.  [<  F.  calihrc, 
fi-irmcrly  also  ipialihrc,  bore  of  a  gun,  size, 
capacity  (lit.  ami  fig.),  also  weight,  =  Sp.  Pg. 
calibre  =  It.  calilirn,  caliber.  Origin  uncertain; 
perhai)s  <  L.  (ML.)  (/iid  libra,  of  what  dimen- 
sions, weight:  qua,  abl.  fern,  of  quis,  who,  what, 


764 

=  E.  1/7(0,  wha-t;  lihrd,  abl.  of  libra,  balance, 
counterpoise,  measure  for  liquids,  a  i)Ound: 
see  libra,  ('{.cantilever,  eantaliver.  Littr6  sug- 
gests Ar.  Icdlab,  a  form,  mold,  model ;  cf.  Pers. 
kdluh,  a  mold.     Doublets,  caliper,  caliver,  q.  v.] 

1.  The  diameter  of  a  body,  especially  of  tho 
hollow  inside  of  a  cylinder:  as,  tlie  caliber  of 
a  piece  of  ordnance  or  other  firearm,  in  tlie 
llnitcd  States  the  cali)>erof  a  flrearni  is  expressed  in  deci- 
nuil  parts  of  an  inch  ;  thus,  a  rifle  of  .44-iMrli  ia!ibiT('>fti-n 
shortened  to  "a44-caliberrifle,""a32-caltl'er  pistol,'  etc.); 
of  a  camion,  either  by  the  diameter  of  its  bnrc.  as  a  lo-iiicli 
gun,  or  by  the  weight  of  a  solid  round  slmt  ^\hi^■ll  it  can 
carry,  as  a  12-pounder.  In  Great  Britain  tin-  calibel"s  of 
small  arms  are  conunonly  expressed  in  decimal  parts  of  an 
inch :  of  field-guns,  by  the  weight  of  a  solid  round  shot 
which  will  fit  the  l>ore,  as  a  (i-pounder;  of  heavy  guns,  in 
tons,  as  a  3S-ton  gun  or  a  100-ton  gun.  In  France  and  in 
other  countries  on  the  continent  the  caliber  is  expressed 
in  millimeters  or  centimeters. 

The  energy  of  the  brain  depends  mainly  on  the  calibre 
of  its  arteries. 

G.  11.  Lewes,  Prohs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  ii.  §  47. 

2.  Figuratively,  compass  or  capacity  of  mind; 
the  extent  of  one's  intellectual  endowments. 

Coming  from  men  of  their  calibre,  they  were  highly  mis- 
chievous. Burke,  Appeal  to  Uld  Whigs. 

A  thinker  of  Comte's  calibre  does  not  live  and  write  to 
no  purpose.  J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  1C4. 

3.  In  horol. :  («)  The  distance  between  the 
two  plates  of  a  watch  which  determines  the 
flatness  of  the  movement.  (6)  The  plate  upon 
which  is  traced  the  arrangement  of  tho  pieces 
of  a  clock;  tho  pattern-plate.  E.  II.  Knight. 
—  Caliber-compasses,  calibers.    See  caliper. 

caliber  (kal'i-ber),  V.  t.  [<  caliber,  «.]  In  gun., 
to  ascertain  the  caliber  of;  calibrate.  See 
caliper.     [Little  tised.] 

caliber-gage  (kal'i-ber-gaj), 
ard  for  measm'ing  cali- 
bers, whether  external  or 
internal.  A  usual  combination 
form  (see  the  annexed  cut)  is  made 
with  prongs  or  jaws  having  an 
opening  of  exactly  the  required 
caliber  for  external  measure- 
ments, and  a  bar  of  the  exact 
gage  for  internal  measurements. 
Other  forms  are  plugs  or  rings, 
etc.     Also  caliper-fja^c. 

caliber-rule  (kal'i-bf'r-rol),  n.  1.  Gunners' 
calipers,  an  instrument  in  which  a  right  line 
is  so  di-vided  that,  the  first  part  being  equal 
to  the  diameter  of  an  iron  or  leaden  ball  of  1 
pound  weight,  tho  other  parts  are  to  the  first 
as  the  diameters  of  balls  of  2,  3,  4,  etc.,  pounds 
are  to  the  diameter  of  a  ball  of  1  pound.  It  is 
used  by  engineers  to  determine  a  ball's  weight 
from   its  diameter   or 


A  tool  or  stand- 


Calibcr-gage. 


CESe 


¥) 


caliber,  and  ■vice  versa. 

— 2.  An  outside  caliper 

formed  by  a  rule  hav- 
Caiiber-nik.  iug  a  graduated  slide 

with  a  projecting  foot, 
between  which  and  the  end  of  the  rule  is  placed 
the  piece  to  be  measured. 
Also  calipcr-rule. 
caliber-square  (kal'i-bcr-skwar),  «.    A  rule 
carrying  two  cross-heads,  one  of  which  is  ad- 
justed slight- 
ly by  a  nut, 
the  other  be- 
ing  movable 
along        tho 
rule.     On   one 
side    the    cross- 
heads  are  adapt- 
ed to  the   mea- 
surement  of  in- 
terior diameters  Caliber-square. 
or  sizes,  and  on 

the  other  side  to  the  measurement  of  external  sizes.  Also 
caliper-square. 
calibogUS  (kal-i-bo'gus),  n.  An  American  cant 
name  for  a  drink  made  of  rum  and  spruce  beer. 
calibrate  (kal'i-brat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cali- 
brated, ppr.  calibrating.  [<  caliber  +  -a/(2.] 
1.  To  determine  the  caliber  of,  as  the  interior 
of  a  thermometer-tube.  ScocaJibration.  Hence 

—  2.  To  determine  the  relative  value  of,  as  dif- 
ferent parts  of  an  arbitrary  scale. 

It  is,  however,  possible  to  calibrate  the  galvanometer, 

—  that  is,  to  ascertain  by  special  measurements,  or  by 
comparison  with  a  standard  instrument,  to  what  strengths 
of  current  particular  amounts  of  dellection  corrcspoml. 

.S'.  /•.  Tliompson,  Elect,  and  ilag.,  p.  llio. 

calibration  (kal-i-bra'shon),  n.  [<  en  libra  tr  -h 
-("«.]  The  act  or  process  of  calibrating,  espe- 
cially of  ascertaining  the  caliber  of  a  thermom- 
eter-tube, %vith  the  -view  of  graduating  it  to  a 
scale  of  degrees,  or,  if  graduated,  of  discover- 
ing and  measuring  any  errors  duo  to  inequality 
in  the  bore ;  also,  the  determination  of  tho  true 
values  of  the  divisions  of  any  graduated  scale. 


calico-printing 

The  calibration  of  a  thermometer-tube  is  effected  by  insert- 
ing a  column  of  mercury  of  a  known  length,  and  ascertain- 
ing that  il  retains  tile  same  length  in  all  parts  of  the  tube. 

calibre,  «.     See  caliber. 

Caliburn  (kal'i-bern),  n,  Anotlier  name  for  Kx- 
calibur,  the  sword  of  King  Artliur:  as,  "  f '«/i- 
burn'.'!  resistless  brand,"  Scutt,  Bridal  of  Trier- 
main,  i.  l.">. 

calicate  (kal'i-kat),  a.  [A  corrupt  form  of  caly- 
eate,  as  if  <  L.  calix  (calic-),  a  cup  (see  calix),  + 
-ate^.~\     See  calycatc. 

calice  (kal'is),  ».  [<  ME.  calls,  chalice,  <  OF. 
calicc,  a  cup,  assibilated  'chalice,  >  E.  chalice, 
q.  v.,  (.h.  calix  (calic-),  acnp:  sue  chalice]  If. 
A  cup,  usually  a  communion-cup;  a  chalice. 

Eating  tho  holy  bread  and  drinking  the  sacred  cMlice. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

2.  In  :niil.,  the  little  cup  in  which  the  polyp  of 
a  coral-producing  zoophyte  is  contained. 

calices(kari-sez),  n.2>l.  In  o»n(.  and  .coy/.,  a  cor- 
rupt form  of  cahjccs,  plural  of  calyx  (which  see). 

caliche  (ka-le'che),  n.  [Sp.,  a  pebble  acciden- 
tally inclosed  in  a  burnt  brick,  also  a  flako 
of  lime  detached  from  a  whitewashed  wall ; 
in  Hex.  Sp.  recent  soft  or  earthy  Umestone ; 
used  by  Humboldt  as  equiv.  to  Sp.  cali:a,  lime- 
stone (ef.  calizo,  limy,  calcareous);  <  cal,  <  L. 
ca?^,  lime:  see  ca/ji.]  The  local  South  Ameri- 
can name  of  the  native  impure  nitrate  of  soda 
(Chili  saltpeter),  of  much  importance  in  the 
commerce  of  South  America. 

CaliciferoUS,  a.     See  calyciferous. 

calicle,  n.     In  roo?.,  same  as  calyclc,  2. 

calico  (kal'i-ko),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
callico  (cf.  Dan.  kaliko,  Sw.  kalliko,  F.  calicot, 
Sp.  called,  <  E. ;  Sp.  calicut,  calieud,  a  silk  stuff) ; 
so  called  from  Calicut  (in  early  mod.  E.  also 
Calicoie,  C'alcco)  in  India,  whence  it  was  first 
imported.]  I,  n.;  pi.  calicoes  or  -cos  (-koz). 
1.  Properly,  any  ■n'hite  cotton  cloth:  as,  un- 
bleached calico,  shirting-Ort//co,  etc.  CaUeo  was 
first  manufactured  in  Lidia,  whence  it  was 
introduced  into  Europe. —  2.  In  the  United 
States,  printed  cotton  cloth  of  a  coarser  quality 
than  muslin. 

II.  a.  1.  Made  of  calico:  as,  a  calico  gown. 
—  2.  Resembling  printed  cotton  or  calico; 
spotted;  piebald:  as,  a  coKco  horse.     [Rare.] 

Tlie  kind-licarted  Antony  alighted  from  his  calico  mare, 
and  kissed  thcni  all  with  infinite  loving-kindness. 

In-iinj,  Knickerbocker,  p.  419. 

calico-back  (kal'i-ko-bak),  n.  A  local  name 
on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States  of 
the  tumstone,  Strcpsilas  interpres. 

[The  name]  Calico-back  [has  reference]  to  the  curiously 
variegated  plumage  of  the  upper  parts. 

.SpttrtsmaJi^s  Gazetteer,  p.  1G4. 

calico-bass  (kal'i-ko-bas),  n.  A  name  of  a  sun- 
fish,  I'oiniixys  sparoidcs,  of  the  family  Centrar- 
chida:  Also  called  grass-bass,  strawberry-bass, 
and  bar-fsk.     See  crajtpic. 

calico-bush  (kal'i-ko-biish),  n.  A  common 
name  of  the  K(dmia  latifolia,  the  mountain  lau- 
rel of  tho  United 
States. 

calico-printer 

(kal'  i-ko-prin'"'- 
ter),  «.  One  whose 
occupation  is  the 
printing  of  cali- 
coes. 

calico-printing 
(kal'  i-ko-  jirin  "- 
ting),  «.  The  art 
of  impressing  de- 
signs in  color  up- 
on cloth.  The  sim- 
plest method  is  the  use 
of  engraved  wooden 
hlocks,  pressed  upon 
the  cloth  by  h.and.  A 
separate  block  is  re- 
quired for  each  color. 
IJlock-printiug  hiusalso 
been  effected  by  means 
of  machinery.  For 
most  work  a  cylinder- 
press  is  used.  'The  pat- 
terns are  engraved  up- 
on the  sm'face  of  cop- 
per rollers,  and  the 
movement  of  the  cloth 
is  continuous  and 
rapid.   The  colors  usct 


Calico-printing  Machine,  adapted  for 
two  patlem-njlteTS. 
The  cloth  is  unwound  from  roller  /, 
and  p,TSses  t>eneath  the  smooth  rollem, 
receiving  an  impression  from  eachof  the 
two  rollers  f,  f,  .is  it  p.isses.  The  roller 
a  runs  in  joum.-il-boxes  which  are  regu- 
lated by  a  set-screw  b  at  each  end.  and 
a  smc«thing-rollcr  c,  actuated  by  a  set- 
screw  d,  holds  the  cloth  against  the 
roller  a.  The  pattem-tfllers.  e,  c.  are 
inked  by  the  aprons.  /.  /,  which  pass 
overthe  rollers  i.  i.  i.  the  outside  surfaces 
of  the  aprons  coming  in  contact  w  ith  the 
surfaces. if  the  rol Icrs ^-.  i-.  which  revolve 
in  the  ink-troughs.  A.  A.  After  receiving 
the  impressions  from  the  pattem-ioilers. 
c,  c.  the  cloth,  w  ffi  m,  is  led  olf  to  be 
dried  and  folded. 


are  either  substantive 

or  adjective  :  the  for- 

nierhavc  an  artiintvfor 

thcclotli.  andli.vlhcin- 

selvcs  ;idlurc  and  form 

pcriiiaiicnt  dvcs;  the  bitter  will  not  of  themselves  adhere 

to  the  lilu-rs.  or,  it  tli.v  do,  are  not  pirniaiicnt,  but  require 

to  be  llMil  by  mordants.     The  various  .styles  of  printing 

are  called  the  bandana,  china-hlue,  decoloring,  discharge, 

viadder,  jtadding,  resist  style,  etc. 


calico-wood 

calico-wood  (kari-ko-wiiii),  )i.  Tho  snowdrop- 
troe,  Uaksiii  tctnijjlcni,  of  tlii'  soutlicrn  United 
States,  liavinj^  a  Kol't,  oom|)act,  liKht-brown 
wood. 

Calicula  (ka-lik'iVla),  «. ;  p\.  calicula;  (-lo). 
[NIj.,  f. ;  cf.  L.  caliculus,  m.,  dim.  of  calii  (ca- 
lic-),  a  eiip ;  but  tho  proper  form  would  be  "culij- 
culii:  nv(:  aili/cU:']  1.  A  calycle. —  2.  [(Yy).]  A 
genus  of  lepidoptorous  iusecls.     iValkvr,  1H5H. 

callcular  (ka-lik'u-l;ii),  «.  [<  L.  Cdliculus  (see 
calicitlii)  +  -(()•.]  Formed  like  a  cup;  ealalhi- 
form;  eyathiform:  as,  "  calicular  leaves,"  Sir 
T.  Jirnwiir,  Vulfj.  Kn\,  ii.  3. 

caliculate  (ka-lik'u-lrit),  a.     [<  NL.  caliculdtiiK, 

<  caUcnId,  (|.  v.]  1.  Ill  bot.  and  zniil.,  same  as 
calicular. —  2.  JIavinK  a  calicubi  or  calyx. 

calidt  (kal'id),  a.  [<  L.  ailiilii.s,  hoi,  <  ciilirf, 
be  hot.  Hfuco  also  ult.  (<  Jj.  culiilus)  calilnin, 
chaldron,  chaldcr,  etc.,  an(l  (<  calerc)  calefacient, 
calefy,  chafe,  calor,  calorie,  etc.]  Hot;  burning; 
ardent. 

calidad  (kii-li-dild'),  «.  [Sp.,  =  E.  quality,  q.  v.] 
A  Cuban  tobacco  of  .superior  quality. 

Calidge  (kal'ij),  «.  A  Idud  (if  Indian  pheasant: 
.same  as  lialccije,      IV,  11.  li'iisscll. 

calidityt  (ka-iid'j-ti),  n.     [<  L.  as  if  'caliditas, 

<  calidus,  hot:  see  calid.']     Heat. 

Nor  (ioth  it  [ice]  only  suljiiiifc  inito  .in  actmil  heat  but 
not  endure  the  potential  ctdiilitti  of  inmiy  waters. 

Sir  T.  l>r<m>ne,  Vulg.  Err.,  il.  1. 

Calidris  (kari-dris),  n.  [NL.  (as  a  genus  in 
Cuvier,  17i)9-lS00;  improp.  chalidris,  Belon, 
1555),  <  Gr.  Ka'Ai6pt(,  a  var.  reading  of  OKa'/udpi^, 
in  Aristotle,  a  speckled  water-bird,  prob.  the 
redshank  (Totamis  calidris,  Liunajus),  perhaps 

<  TOaAif  (CT/.a>.iiS-),  a  hoe,  mattock,  shovel,  <  aiM/.- 
?.tn;  stir  up,  hoe,  probe,  search.  Cf.  Erennctcs 
('searcher'),  applied  to  a  genus  of  sandpipers, 
in  allusion  to  their  probing  habits.]  1.  [/.  f.] 
An  old  name  of  simdry  small  spotted  wading 
birds  of  Europe,  of  the  family  Scolopuoida'.  See 
Arcnuria. —  2.  A  genus  of  sandpipers  (Brisson, 
1760),  with  the  knot,  Tringa  canutus,  as  the 
tyiie. — 3.  [l.  c]  The  specific  name  (Linna?us, 
17GG)  of  the  spotted  redshank,  Totamis  calidris. 
— 4.  A  genus  of  three-toed  sandpipers,  includ- 
ing only  the  sauderling,  Calidris  arcnaria.  This 
is  the  ciuTent  meaning  of  the  word,  dating  back 
to  Cuvier,  1800. — 5.  \l.  c]  The  specific  name 
of  tho  sanderling  with  those  who  call  the  bird 
Armaria  calidris. 

caliduct  (kal'i-dukt),  n.  [<  L.  calerc,  bo  warm 
(or  calidiis,  warm),  -1-  ductus,  a  leading  (see 
duct) ;  more  correctly  caloriduct,  q.  v.]  A  pipe 
or  duct  used  to  convey  hot  air  or  steam  from  a 
furnace  to  the  apartments  of  a  house.    [Rare.] 

calif,  caliph  (ka'lif),  n.     [<  ME.  calife,  caliphe, 

<  F.  calife,  <  Ar.  khalifa,  khalifah  (>"Turk.  kha- 
lifa), eaiif,  lit.  a  successor,  <  khalafa,  succeed.] 
Literally,  a  successor:  the  title  given  to  the 
successor  of  Mohammed  as  head  of  the  Moslem 
state  and  defender  of  the  faith.  The  calif  is  vested 
with  ahsoluti;  authority  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the 
religion  and  civil  polity  of  the  Mohammedans.  He  is 
calleil  imam  by  the  Shiahs,  who  hold  that  the  successor  of 
Mohammed  should  he  a  descemlant  of  the  i>rophet's  own 
family.  (See  imum.)  The .Sunni  MoliammedaTis  hold  that 
the  calif  shinild  be  one  of  the  Koreisli,  tlie  tiilie  to  which 
the  prophet  belonged.  Four  so-called  "perfect"  califs 
reigned  at  Medina  from  the  death  of  Mohanuned  to  061, 
13  Omniiad  califs  at  Damascus  to  750,  and  37  Abbasid 
califs  at  Bagdad  to  1268,  when  the  temporal  power  of  the 
califs  was  overthrown  liy  the  Turks.  There  were,  how- 
ever, titular  Abbasid  califs  in  Egypt  (successors  of  a  mem- 
ber of  the  family  who  fled  thither  in  125s)  until  the  usur- 
pation of  the  califate  by  the  Turkish  sulUin  .Sclim  I. 
(lfil2-'20);  the  office  has  since  remauied  in  the  ottoman 
(Sunni)  dynasty.  Tlie  title  calif  was  assumed  by  the  Om- 
niiad rulers  of  Mohammedan  Spain  at  Cordova  (755-1031), 
after  the  overthrow  of  the  family  in  -\3ia.  The  Eatimite 
rulers  of  E'.'vpt  (Wr.l-ll?!)  also  called  themselves  califs. 
Al.so  spoiled  kidi/.  kl,ali,f,  etc. 

califate,  caliphate  (ka'li-fat),  n.  [<  calif  + 
-atci.  Cf.  Tiu-k.  khalifet,  Ar.  khalafa,  califate.] 
The  office  or  dignity  of  the  califs,  or  the  govern- 
ment of  a  calif.  Also  spelled  caliphat,  kalifatc, 
khalifiite. 

California  coffee,  condor,  jack,  etc.    See  tho 

nouns. 

Calif ornian  (kal-i-for'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Cali- 
forma  +  -an.]  I.  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  Cali- 
fornia, one  of  the  Pacific  States  of  the  United 
States:  as,  CaliforniaH  gold. 

II.  w.  A  nativo  or  an  iuliabitaut  of  Califor- 
nia.—Lower  Callfornlan,  pertaining  to,  (»r  all  inhabi- 
tant of.  Lower  or  I'.aja  ralifornia,  a  pcninsuiar  territory 
of  Mexico,  south  of  tlie  .><tatc  of  California  (in  this  relation 
calleil  tipper  or  Alta  California). 

califship  (ka'lif-ship),  «.  [<  calif  +  -ship.] 
S.'inie  .IS  califate. 

caliga  (kal'i-ga),  n. ;  pi.  caligw  (-je).  [L.,  a  shoe, 
a  boot,  esp.  a  soldier's  boot.  Cf .  calccus,  a  shoo, 


765 

and  see  cnlccatc]  1.  In  Rom.  antiq.,  a  mili- 
tary shoe ;  the  most  common  form  of  foot-cov- 
ering of  all  ranks  up  to  centurion,  it  lonsisteil 
of  a  strong  sole  \\  ith  i>i't>jecting  nails,  having  sccui-cd  to  it, 
in  the  most  usual  form,  a  number  of  straps  or  thongs  so 
disposed  as  to  inclose  the  foot  as  high  ai>  the  ankle,  but 
leaving  the  toes  exposed. 
2.  A  bishop's  stoclcing.     See  buskin,  n.,  5. 

llnr  English  bisliojts  began  at  an  early  jieriod  to  wear 
these  caliijtK  or  episcopal  stockings. 

Uitck,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  il.  249. 

caligatef  (kal'i-gat),  n.    [<  L.  caliyatus,  booted, 

<  ctdiija,  a  shoe,  a  boot.]  1.  One  wearing 
stockings. —  2.  A  common  soldier;  also,  a 
faint-hearted  coward.     Coles,  1717. 

caligated  (kal'i-g.a-ted),  a.  [<  L.  caligatus, 
booted,  <  caliga,  a  boot.]  In  ornith.,  lamiiii- 
jilantar;  having  the  typical  osciiio  tarsus. 

Having  only  nine  primaries  and  cali(/ated  tarsi,  it  was 
an  oscine  form. 

P.  L.  ScUiler,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  XI.  60. 

caligation (kal-i-ga'shon),  »i.  [< L. caligatio(n-), 

<  culiiiarc,  p|i.  caVujatus,  bo  in  darkness,  <  caligo, 
darkness:  seo  c<digo.]  Darkness;  dimness; 
cloudiness;  specifically,  dimness  of  sight:  as, 
"a  caliiiation  or  dimness,"  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg. 
Err.,  iii.  18. 

Caligidse  (ka-lij'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Caligus 
+  -ida-.]  A  family  of  sipnonostomous  crusta- 
ceans, the  species  of  which  are  ectoparasilic 
upon  fishes.  They  have  a  Hat  body  with  a  shield-  or 
buckler-like  cephalothorax,  and  small  or  reduced  abdo- 
men ;  a  large  genital  segment,  especially  in  the  female; 
four  pail's  of  biramous  pleopods  or  swimming-feet;  and  a 
suctorial  mouth  with  styliform  mandildes.  The  females 
have  long,  string-like  egg-tubes.  The  Califjidce  live  on 
the  skin  and  gills  of  marine  fishes.  There  are  a  number 
of  genera  besides  Cah)ii(s. 

Caligides  (ka-li-zhed'),  n.pl.  [P.  pi.,  repr.  NL. 
Caligida;  q.  v.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  clas- 
sification, a  tribe  of  his  Siiihono-itoma,  or  para- 
sitic crustaceans,  approximately  equivalent  to 
the  modern  ordi'r  Siidioiiostoma. 

caliginosity  (ka-lij-i-uos'i-ti),  «,  [<  L.  as 
if  *caliyinosita(t-)s,  <  caliginosus,  caliginous.] 
Darkness ;  dimness.     [Rare.] 

caliginous  (ka-lij'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  caliginosus, 
<.  caliyo  {caligin-),  (hirknesa:  see  ca/if/o.]  Dim; 
obscure;  dark,     llalliwcll.     [Rare.] 

caliginously  (ka-lij'i-nus-li),  adv.  Obscurely. 
[Rare.] 

caliginousness  (ka-lij'i-nus-nos),  n.  Dimness ; 
obscurity.     [Rare.] 

caligo  (ka-li'go),  «.  [L.,  darkness,  dimness, 
prop,  mist,  vapor,  fog.]  1.  Dimness  of  sight; 
caligation.  Also  called  «c/i(y4". — 2.  icajt.]  [NL.] 
A  genus  of  butterflies,  of  tho  subfamily  Ilras- 
solinee.  C.  curyhjchus  is  the  enormous  nwl-butterfly  of 
South  America,  sointtinus  cxpaiuling  i)  inches.  C.  uraiut^ 
is  another  species  \vitli  an  nvaie.'c  bar  across  the  wings. 

caligrapher,  caligraphic,  etc.    See  calUgra- 

pdier,  etc. 

caligula  (ka-lig'tj-lii),  n. ;  pi.  caUgtda  (-le).  [L. 
Caligula,  dim.  of  caliga,  a  boot,  esp.  a  soldier's 
boot:  see  caliga.]  1.  In  ornith.,  a  boot;  an 
oereate  or  fused  tarsal  envelop. — 2.  [cap.] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  lopidopterous  insects.  Moore, 
1862. 

CaligUS  (kal'i-gus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  caliga,  a 
boot.]  A  genus  of  parasitic  suctorial  crusta^ 
ceans,  of  the  group  called  Epizoa,  or  fish-Iico, 
having  the  elongated  labium  and  metastoma 
united  in  a  tube  which  incloses  the  sharj)  styli- 
form mandibles,  typical  of  the  family  Caligida;. 
C.  eurtus  is  a  parasite  of  the  cod. 

calimanco,  «.     See  calamanco. 

calin  (ka'lin),  n.  [Sp.  calin  =  Pg.  caliin;  ot 
Eastern  origin.]  A  compound  metal,  of  which 
the  Chinese  make  tea-canisters  and  tho  like. 
The  ingredients  are,  apparently,  lead  and  tin. 

caliological  (kal-i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to 
caliology. 

caliology  (kal-i-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kaha,  a 
dwelling,  hut,  nest  (=  L.  cella,  a  hut,  cham- 
ber: see  cell),  +  -Ao-jia,  <  7.i)en;  speak:  see 
-ology.]  That  department  of  ornithology  which 
relates  to  birds'  nests. 

The  extraordinary  taste  ami  ability  many  birds  display 
in  this  matter,  as  well  as  the  wide  range  ot  their  halii- 
tudes,  furnishes  (Uie  of  the  most  delightful  departmouta 
of  ornithology,  called  caliology. 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  227. 

calipash  (kal'i-pash  or  kal-i-pash'),  "•  [A  form 
of  calabash  with  sense  of  carapace,  q.  v.  Cf. 
cidipcc]  In  cookery,  that  part  of  a  turtle  which 
belongs  to  the  upper  sliieUl,  consisting  of  a  fatty 
gelatinous  substance  of  a  dull-greenish  color. 
Also  spelled  callipasli. 

For  now  instead  t>f  rich  sir-loins,  we  see 
Greeo  c<Ui}twsh  and  yellow  calipee. 

Prol.  to  Thr  Dramatist. 


a,  spring.calipers ;  b.  common  form 
with  arc;  c,  inside  calipers;  d.  insi.lc 
.in.I  outsitlc  c.ilipers ;  f.  spriiig-c.ili- 
l>crs  with  pivoted  opcr.Ttitii:  screw  .iiid 
mit :  /,  Vernier  calipers  for  inside  .Tnd 
oiitsiuc  me.isurcments  which  read  to 
thousandths  of  inches. 


calk 

calipee  (kal'i-pe  or  kal-i-pe'),  n.  [Soo  calipash.] 
That  part  of  a  turtle  which  belongs  to  the  lower 
shield,  consisting  of  a  fatty  gelatinous  sub- 
stance of  a  light^yellow  color.  Also  spelled 
callipcc. 

Dobbin  helped  himself  to  turtle  soup ;  for  the  lady  of 
the  house,  before  whom  the  tureen  w:uj  placed,  was  so 
ignorant  ipf  the  contents,  that  she  was  going  to  help  Mr. 
Sedlcy  without  bestow- 
ing upon  him  either cali- 
jiash  or  cati/n'L'. 
Thacktrait,  Vanity  Fair. 

caliper  (kal'i-per), 
n.  [Also  written 
calliper,  a  corrup- 
tion of  caliber,  q.  v.] 
An  instrument  for 
measuring  diame- 
ters ;  a  caliber : 
commonly  in  the 
Jiliu-al.  The  term  cali- 
per or  calipern  is  used 
generally  to  denote  an 
instnimeiit  for  measur. 
ing  tho  exterior  diame- 
ter of  any  cylindrical 
body,  and  slar-jagc  or 
iiuiide  caliperA  for  an  instrument  used  for  obtaining  tho 
interior  diameter  of  the  bore  of  a  gun,  casmg,  or  jacket. 

Not  by  volume,  but  by  ([iiality,  which  the  caliiters  fail 
to  measure  or  scales  weigh,  does  wit  decl.are  the  values  of 
the  imponderable  essences,  sensibility  and  thought. 

^l(co((,  Table-Talk,  p.  l-)3. 

caliper  (kal'i-ptr),  r.  t.  [<  caliper,  n.  Cf. 
caliber,  v.]  To  ascertain  the  diameter  of  (any 
cylindrical  body)  by  means  of  calipers,  or  by  a 
star-gage  :  as,  to  caliper  a  gun. 

caliper-gage,  -rule,  -square.  See  calihcr-gagc, 
etc. 

caliph,  caliphate,  «.     See  crdif,  califate. 

Calippic  (ka-lip'ik),  a.  [More  correctly  Cal- 
lipjiic,  <  Gr.  Kd/./lOTTrof,  Callippus.  Tho  name 
moans  '  having  a  beautiftil  horse,'  <  Ka'A/.i-,  Ka- 
'/6c,  beautiful,  +  irr-of  =  L.  equus,  a  horse.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Calippus  (Callippus),  a  Greek 
astronomer  of  the  fourth  century  before  Clirist. 
—  Calippic  period,  a  period  equal  to  four  Metonic  cycles 
less  one  day,  proposed  by  Calippus  to  correct  the  excess 
of  the  Metonic  reckoning.  It  contains  27,759  days.  .Also 
called  Calijtpic  r/tcle. 

Calisaya  bark.    See  Holirian  bark,  under  bark^. 
calisthenic,  calisthenics,  etc.   See  callisthcnic, 

etc. 
calivert  (kal'i-ver),  «.  [Formerly  also  calecver, 
<  F.  calibre,  caliber,  bore:  see  caliber.]  In  tho 
sixteenth  century,  a  hand-firearm  lighter  than 
tho  musket  and  fired  without  a  rest ;  especially, 
such  a  gun  when  of  fixed  diameter  or  caliber 
for  a  whole  company  of  soldiers  using  the  same 
ammunition.    Also  spelled  cedliver. 

Such  as  fear  tho  report  of  a  caliver. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  Iv.  2. 

He  is  so  hung  with  pikes,  halherts.  petronels,  caliverg, 
and  muskets,  that  he  looks  like  a  justice  of  peace's  hall. 
B.  Jotuion,  Epiceene,  iv.  2. 

We  had  our  particular  calibre  of  haniuebuse  to  our  re- 
giment ...  of  which  word  calibre  came  first  that  unapt 
term  wo  use  to  call  a  liarquebuse,  a  caliver. 

Maitland,  Hist.  London. 
callx,  «. ;  pi.  calices.  [A  form  of  calyx,  by  con- 
fusion with  L.  calix,  a  cup,  >  E.  calice,  chalice, 
q.  v.]  See  calyx. 
Calixtinel  (ka-liks'tin),  n.  [<  ML.  Calixtini, 
a  sect  so  called,  referred  to  calix,  a  cup,  tho 
cup  of  the  eueharist;  in  form  as  if  from  Calix- 
tus,  a  proper  name:  see  -inci.]  One  of  a  sect 
of  Hussites  in  Bohemia,  who  published  tlieir 
confession  in  1421,  the  leading  article  of  which 
was  a  demand  to  partake  of  the  cup  {calix) 
as  well  as  of  the  bread  in  the  Lord's  supper, 
from  which  they  were  also  called  XJiraquists 
(L.  uterqne,  both).  Their  tenets  were  conceded  by  tho 
articles  <»f  Basel  in  1433,  and  they  became  the  predondnant 

fiarty  in  Bohemia.  They  aimed  to  restore  the  cup  to  tho 
aity,  to  subject  clergy  accused  ot  crime  to  lay  .authority, 
and  to  deprive  the  clergy  of  lands  and  tenii><'ral  jurisdic- 
tion. Cradually  they  lapsed  from  the  severity  of  their 
principles,  and  by  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  eenttiry 
liad  cea.sed  to  be  of  any  importance,  serving  only  U>  pre- 

diare  the  way  for  Protestantism. 
alixtine-  (ka-liks'tin),  n.  [<  George  Calixtus 
+  -i«el.]  A  follower  of  George  Calixtus,  a  Lu- 
theran theologian,  who  died  in  1656.  See  <S^«- 
crelist. 
calk',  caulk  (kak),  r.  t.  [Prob.  the  same  word, 
with  extended  sense,  as  ME.  caukcif,  tread,  as 
a  cock,  <  OF.  cauquer,  tread,  tent  a  wound,  = 
Sp.  di.al.  calcar  =  Pg.  calcar  =  It.  calcarc,  tread, 
trample,  <  L.  calcare,  ti'ead,  trample,  ti-catl 
do^\ni,  treail  in,  <  calx  (cale-),  heel :  see  calx-, 
and  cf.  calcitrale.  Cf.  Gael,  calc  =  Ir.  calcam, 
drive  with  a  liammer,  calk  (sec  ca-).  The  mod- 
ern sense  of  E.  calk'^  agrees  with  the  appar. 
imrelated  F.  calfatcr,  caljfeittrer  =  Pr.  calufutar 


Horeeshoe-Calks, 


calk 

=  Sp.  calafatear  =  l'g.  calafctar  =  lt.  ealafatarc 
(ML.  cahifatnrc,  MGr.  xa^f^arf/r),  calk  a  ship: 
of  iiiiccrtaia  (perhaps  Ar.)  origin.]  To  drive 
oakum  iuto  the  seams  of  (ashiporothervessel). 
Hee  calking^,  1.— CaUdng-chlsel.  Secc/iwri. 
calk^  (kalk),  V.  t.  [Also  spelled  caique;  =D.  ial- 
kcrcn  =  G.  kaHcicrcii  =  Dan.  kalkcre,  <  F.  cahjucr 
=  It.  caicarc,  calk,<  L.  as  if  *calc(i>T,<.C(ilj- (calc~), 
lime:  see  f/i«K'.]  1.  To  cover  witli  chalk,  as  the 
back  of  a  design,  for  the  purpose  of  transferring 
a  copy  of  it. —  2.  To  copy,  as  a  drawing,  a  map, 
etc.,  by  tracing.  See  calking-. 
calk-'  (itak),  «.  [Also  \vritten  cmik,  cork;  appar. 
short  for  calkcr-  or  calkin,  q.  v.]  1.  A  spur  pro- 
jecting ilo«ni  ward  from  a  horse- 
shoe, serring  to  prevent  slip- 
ping.— 2.  A  piece  of  iron  with 
sharp  points  worn  on  the  sole 
or  heel  of  the  shoe  or  boot  to 
prevent  slipping  on  the  ice  or 
to  make  it  wear  longer:  also 
worn  by  lumbermen  in  the 
■woods,  and  especially  on  the  drive.  [U.  S.  ] 
Calk^  (kak),  V.  t.    [Also  written  cock;  <  ca//,-3, ;;.] 

1.  To  fit  with  calk.s,  as  horseshoes. — 2.  To  in- 
jure or  hurt  with  a  calk,  as  when  a  horse  wounds 
one  of  his  feet  with  the  calk  on  another  foot. 

calk^t, ''.    [Short  for  calcide,  q.  v.]   To  calculate. 

calkeri,  caulker  (ka'ker),  ».  [<  ratt-i  +  -cci.] 
One  who  calks;  especially,  one  whose  occupa- 
tion is  the  calking  of  ships. 

calker-  (ka'ker),  n.  [Also  called  calkin,  and  in 
the  United  States  caik  (see  calk^);  prob.  con- 
nected with  caftl  and  L.  calx,  heel.  Cf.  L.  cal- 
car,  a  spur.]     Same  as  calk^.     [Eng.] 

calker-'t,  ».  [<  calk^  +  -ecl.]  One  who  calcu- 
lates nativities.     Kares. 

calketrapt.  «.    Same  as  caltrop. 

calki,  «.     See  kalki. 

calkin  (ka'kin),  n.    Same  as  calk^.     [Eng.] 

On  this  horse  is  Arcite 
Trotting  the  stones  of  Athens,  which  the  calkins 
Did  rather  tell  than  trample. 

Fletcher  {and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  4. 

calkmgl,  caulking  (ka'Mng),  n.  [Verbal  n. 
of  calk^,  v.}  1.  The  operation  of  filling  the 
seams  of  vessels  with  oakum,  to  prevent  pene- 
tration of  water.  The  oakum  is  forced  below 
the  surface,  and  the  space  outside  of  it  is  filled 
with  melted  pitch. — 2.  In  carp.,  a  dovetail 
tenon-and-mortise  joint  by  which  cross-timbers 
are  secured  together,  much  used  for  fixing  the 
tie-beams  of  a  roof,  or  the  binding-joists  of  a 
floor,  down  to  the  waU-plates. 

calking^  (kal'ldag),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  caK-2,  v.'] 
The  copying  of  a  picture  or  design  by  means  of 
tracing.  Three  methods  are  used :  (1)  rubbing  the  back 
of  the  design  with  a  pencil,  chalk,  or  crayon,  and  tracing 
over  its  lines  with  a  hard  point,  which  causes  the  coating 
on  the  back  to  make  an  impression  of  them  on  a  sheet  of 
paper  or  other  material  placed  beneath  ;  (2)  following  over 
the  lines  of  the  superunposed  design  iu  the  same  way  as 
above,  but,  instead  of  coating  the  back  of  the  design  with 
a  painting  medium,  interposing  a  piece  of  prepared  trans- 
fer-paper between  it  and  the  surface  which  is  to  receive 
the  copy ;  (3)  tracing  the  design  directly  upon  a  piece 
of  transferent  paper,  oiled  linen,  or 
tlie  like,  fixetl  over  it.  Also  written 
caulkiivi,  crking,  and  cogqinr].  Am^  i 

calking-iron   (ka'king-i"em),    'J 

n.    A  chisel  used  for  calking         caiting-iron. 
the  seams  of  vessels. 

calking-mallet  (ka'king-mal "et),  n.  A  mallet 
or  beetle  for  driving  calkiug-irons. 

calk-swage  (kak'swaj),  n.  A  tool  for  forming 
calks  on  horseshoes. 

calli  (kal),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cal,  calle,  < 
ME.  callen,  kalleii,  <  AS.  ccallian  (rare),  call, 
=  OFries.  kcUa,  kaltia,  speak,  =  MD.  kallen, 
speak,  sav,  talk,  D.  kallen,  talk,  chatter,  = 
ML(i.  kallen,  speak,  talk,  call,  =  OHG.  challon, 
MHCi.  kalhn,  speak  loudly,  talk,  =  Icel.  kalla, 
say,  call,  name,  =  Sw.  A-aHn  =  Dan.  kaklc,  call, 
=  L.  garrire,  talk  (see  garrulous),  =  Gr.  }-npi't'v, 
Doric  yapiev,  speak,  proclaim,  =  Skt.  ■\/  gar, 
sing.  Not  connected  with  L.  calare  =  Gr.  Kalelv, 
call:  see  calends.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  utter  in  a 
loud  voice ;  read  over  in  a  loud  tone ;  hence,  to 
pronounce  or  announce. 

Uor  parish  clerk  who  calU  the  psalms  so  clear. 

Gay,  Shep.  Week,  vi.  49. 

2.  To  attract  or  demand  the  attention  of  (a 
person  or  an  animal),  or  arouse,  as  from  sleep, 
by  loudly  uttering  his  (its)  name,  or  some  other 
word  or  exclamation. 

Answer  as  I  call  you.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  2. 

3.  To  invite  or  command  to  come;  summon  to 
one's  presence ;  send  for :  as,  to  call  a  messen- 
ger; to  call  a  cab. 


760 

rhftraoh  shall  call  yon,  ami  shall  say,  \\'hat  is  your  oc- 
cupation ?  Geii.  xlvi.  33. 
Anil  sent  forth  hU  servants  to  call  them  that  were  bid- 
den to  the  wedding.  Mat.  xxii.  3. 
Call  hither  CUilord ;  bid  him  come  amain. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

Be  not  amazed  ;  call  all  your  senses  t^i  you  ;  defend  your 

reputation.  Shak.,  M,  W,  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

4.  To  convoke;  assemble;  issue  a  summons 
for  the  assembling  of:  as,  to  call  a  meeting: 
often  with  together:  as,  the  king  called  his 
council  together. 

Sanctify  ye  a  fast,  call  a  solemn  assembly,  gather  the 
elders  and  all  the  inliabit;mts  of  the  land.  ,Ioel  ii.  14. 

5.  To  name ;  apply  to  by  way  of  name  or  des- 
ignation. 

And  God  called  the  light  Day,  and  the  darkness  he 
called  Night.  Gen.  i.  b. 

And  from  thense  we  Ascendid  a  lytyll  And  come  to  a 
nether  tower  Callyd  Galilee. 

Torklngton,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  30. 

6.  To  designate  or  characterize  as;  state  or 
affirm  to  be;  reckon;  consider. 

Call  you  that  backing  of  your  friends  ?  A  plague  upon 
such  backing!  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

He  [.Tames  II,]  was  willing  to  make  for  his  religion  exer- 
tions and  sacrifices  from  which  the  great  majority  of  those 
who  are  called  religious  men  would  shrink. 

Macaulaij,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

7.  To  indicate  or  point  out  as  being ;  manifest, 
reckon,  or  suppose  to  be. 

This  speech  calls  him  Spaniard,  being  nothing  but  a 
large  inventory  of  his  own  commendations. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Philaster,  i.  1. 

He  was  a  grave  personage,  about  my  own  age  (which 
we  shall  call  about  fifty).  Scott. 

The  whole  army  is  called  "00,000  men,  but  of  these  only 
80,000  can  be  reclioned  available.  Browihaiii. 

8.  To  select,  as  for  an  office,  a  duty,  or  an  em- 
ployment; appoint:  as,"Patil,  .  . .  cfl//edtobean 
apostle,"  Eom.  i.  1. — 9.  To  invoke  or  appeal  to. 

I  call  God  for  a  record  upon  my  souL  2  Cor.  L  23. 

10.  In  shooting,  to  lure,  as  wild  birds,  within 
range  by  imitating  tlieir  notes — Called  session, 
a  special  session  of  a  legislative  body  summoned  by  the  ex- 
ecutive. |U.  S.]  — To  call  a  card,  in  whist,  u  name  a  card 
which  lias  been  improperly  exposed,  retiuihng  the  player  to 
whom  it  Ijelongs  to  pl.ace  it  face  up  on  the  table,  that  it 
may  be  played  whenever  an  oppiment  wishes.  Such  a  card 
is  known  as  a  called  card. —  TO  call  a  chapeL  See 
chapel. — To  call  back,  to  recall ;  summon  or  bring  back ; 
hence,  to  revoke  or  retract. 

I  have  joys. 
That  in  a  moment  can  call  hack  thy  wrongs. 
And  settle  thee  in  thy  free  state  again. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  llaids  Tragedy,  v.  4. 
To  call  forth,  to  bring  or  summon  to  action  :  as,  to  call 
forth  all  the  faculties  of  the  mind. — To  call  in,  to  col- 
lect :  as,  to  call  in  debts  or  money  ;  or  to  withdraw  from 
circulation  :  as,  to  call  in  clipped  coin  ;  or  to  summon  to 
one's  house,  invite  to  come  together:  as,  to  call  in  neigh- 
bors and  friends. — To  call  names,  to  use  opprobrious 
epithets  toward  ;  apply  reproachful  appellations  to.  Stri/t. 
—  To  call  off,  to  summon  away ;  divert:  as,  to  call  ojl  tha 
attention;  to  call  ojf  workmen  from  their  employment. 
—To  call  out.    (a)  To  challenge  to  a  duel. 

Yet  others  tell,  the  Captain  fix'd  thy  doubt. 
He'd  call  thee  brother,  or  he'd  call  thee  otd. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 
(6)  To  summon  into  service :  as.  to  call  out  the  militia, 
(c)  To  elicit;  bring  into  play;  evoke. 

New  territory,  augmented  numbers,  and  extended  in- 
terests call  out  new  virtues  and  abilities,  and  the  tribe 
makes  long  strides.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  181. 

"Venice,  afterwards  the  greatest  of  all.  is  the  city  which 
may  most  truly  be  said  to  have  been  called  out  of  nothing 
in  after-times.  E.  A.  Freeman,  \en\ce,  p.  11. 

To  call  over,  to  go  over  by  reading  aloud  name  by  name ; 
as,  to  call  over  a  list  or  roll  of  names. — To  call  the  roll, 
to  read  aloud  from  a  list  the  names  of  the  members  in  a 
legislative  or  other  body.— To  call  to  account,  to  de- 
mand an  explanation  or  accounting  from. 

The  king  had  sent  for  the  earl  to  return  home,  where  he 
should  be  called  to  account  for  all  his  miscarriages. 

Lord  Henry  Clarendon. 
To  call  to  mind,  to  recollect ;  revive  in  memory. 

I  cannot  call  to  mind  where  I  have  read  or  heard  words 
more  mild  and  peaeef  nil.         Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  01. 

To  call  to  the  bar,  to  admit  to  the  rank  of  barrister. 
[Great  Britain.]- To  call  up.  (rt)  To  bring  into  view  or 
recollection  :  as,  to  call  up  the  inu^;e  of  a  deceased  friend. 
(6)  To  bring  into  action  or  discussion  :  as,  to  call  iip  a  bill 
before  a  legislative  body,  (c)  To  require  payment  of :  as, 
to  call  up  the  sums  still  due  on  shares.  =  Zyn.  3  and  4. 
Call,  Invite,  Bid,  Convoke,  Summon,  assemble,  convene. 
Call  is  generic,  and  applicable  to  sumnmnses  of  all  kinds. 
Invite  is  more  formal,  .ind  in  compliance  with  the  require- 
ments of  courteous  ceremony ;  bid  in  this  sense  is  obsolete 
or  poetic.  Convoke,  literally  to  call  together,  iniplies  au- 
thority in  the  agent  and  an  organization  which  is  called 
into  session  or  assembly ;  as,  to  convoke  the  Houses  of  Par- 
liament. Summon  implies  authority  in  the  suiumoner 
and  usually  formality  iu  the  method. 

Call'd  her  to  shelter  in  the  hollow  oak. 

Tenni/son,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 
He  [the  Govenior]  dispatched  his  Chamberlain,  an  el- 
derly and  dignifled  jierson.age,  bearing  a  silver  mace  as  tlie 
bodge  of  his  office,  ...  to  invite  me  to  dinner. 

O'Donovan,  Mcrv,  p.  116. 


call 

As  many  as  ye  slnall  find,  bid  to  the  marriage. 

ilat  xxii.  9. 
In  capital  cases  the  grand  council  is  convoked  to  pro- 
nounce sentence.  J.  Adamn,  Works,  IV.  338. 
Some  trumpet  ifummon  hither  to  the  walls 
These  men  of  Anglers.  Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 
6  and  6.  To  designate,  entitle,  term,  style. 

II.  intrans.    1.  To  make  a  sound  designed 

(or  as  if  designed)  to  attract  attention ;  demand 

heed  to  one's  wish,  entreaty,  etc. ;  shout ;  ci-y. 

The  angel  of  the  Li>rd  called  to  H.-igar.        Gen.  xxi.  17. 

Who  is  that  calls  so  coldly?      Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

And  from  the  wood-top  calls  the  crow  through  all  the 
gloomy  day.  Bryant,  Death  of  the  l-lowere. 

2.  To  make  a  short  stop  or  visit :  followed  by 
at.  for,  or  on  or  upon  :  as,  to  call  at  a  house  or 
place,  for  a  person  or  thing,  or  ttpon  a  person. 
(See  phrases  below.)  [Johnson  supposes  this 
use  to  have  originated  in  the  custom  of  denot- 
ing one's  presence  at  the  door  by  a  call.'] 

Yet  say  the  neighbours  when  they  call. 
It  is  not  bad  but  good  laud.     Tennyson,  Amphion. 

3.  In  poker,  to  demand  that  the  hands  be 
shown —  To  be  ("r  feel)  called  on,  to  be  (or  feel)  under 
obligation,  compulsion,  or  necessity  (to  do  something). 

He  was  not  called  on  to  throw  away  his  own  life  and  those 
of  his  brave  followers,  in  a  cause  perfectly  desperate,  for 
a  chimerical  point  of  honor.   Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  7. 

To  call  for.  (a)  To  demand;  require;  claim;  as,  a  crime 
calls  /or  punishment,  (b)  To  make  a  stop  or  brief  visit 
for  the  procurement  of,  as  a  thing,  or  the  company  of  a 
person  to  another  place.—  TO  Call  on  or  upon,  (a)  To 
demand  from  or  ap])eal  to  :  as,  to  call  on  a  person  to  pay 
what  he  owes ;  to  call  upon  a  person  for  a  song,  {b)  To 
pray  to  or  worship ;  invoke ;  as,  to  call  on  the  name  of 
the  Lord,  (c)  To  make  a  short  visit  to,  as  a  person  <u-  a 
family,  usually  for  a  special  purpose. — TO  call  Out,  to 
nuike  utterance  in  a  loud  voice ;  bawl. 

calll  (kal),  n.    [<  caia,  v. ;  JIE.  cal  =  Icel.  kail.] 

1.  A  loud  cry;  a  shout. 

They  gave  but  a  call,  and  in  came  their  master. 

Banyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 

2.  An  invocation  or  prayer. 

Hear  thy  suppliant's  call.  Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  403. 

3.  Demand;  requisition;  claim,  public  or  pri- 
vate: as,  the  calls  of  justice  or  humanity;  to 
have  many  calls  upon  one's  time. — 4t.  Voca- 
tion; employment;  calling. 

Still  cheerful,  ever  constant  to  his  call.  Dryden. 

Specifically — 5.  A  divine  vocation  or  sum- 
mons :  as,  the  call  of  Abraham. 

St.  Paul  himself  believed  he  had  a  call  to  it  when  he 
persecuted  the  Christians.  Locke. 

6.  A  summons  or  notice  to  assemble;  a  no- 
tice requiring  attention  or  attendance:  as,  the 
president  issued  a  call  for  a  meeting  to  be  held 
next  week. —  7.  A  specific  invitation  or  re- 
quest, as  of  a  public  body  or  society ;  particu- 
larly, the  invitation  presented  by  a  congrega- 
tion (or  on  their  behalf)  to  a  clergyman  to  be- 
come their  pastor,  or  the  document  containing 
such  an  invitation. 

All  who  accept  calls  and  serve  churches  are  pastors. 

Bibliotheca  Sacra,  XLIII.  420. 

8.  An  in'vitation  or  request  (usually  expressed 
by  applause)  to  an  actor  to  reappear  on  the 
scene,  or  to  come  before  the  curtain,  to  receive 
the  acknowledgments  of  the  audience. —  9. 
ililit.,  a  stimmons  by  bugle,  pipe,  or  dram,  for 
the  soldiers  to  perform  any  duty:  as,  a  bugle- 
call. — 10.  Xaut.,  a  peculiar  silver  whistle  or 
pipe  used  by  the  boatswain  and  his  mates, 
whose  special  badge  it  is.  It  is  used  to  attract  at- 
tention to  orders  about  to  be  given,  and  to  direct  the  per- 
formance of  duties  by  various  strains  or  signals.  In  old 
times  a  gold  call-and-chaiu  w.is  the  badge  of  an  admiral. 
11.  The  cry  or  note  of  a  bird. — 12.  Inhunting: 
(n)  A  note  blown  on  the  horn  to  encourage  the 
hounds.  (6)  A  pipe  or  whistle  for  imitating 
the  notes  of  wild  birds  and  thus  luring  them 
■within  range  of  the  gun. 

What,  was  your  mountebank  their  call ?  their  whistle? 
B.  Joiuon,  Volpone,  ii.  5. 

13.  An  assessment  on  the  stockholders  of  a 
corporation  or  joint-stock  company,  or  mem- 
bers of  a  mutual  insurance  company,  usually 
for  pajTuent  of  instalments  of  their  unpaid 
subscriptions,  or  for  their  promised  contrilni- 
tions  to  pay  losses. — 14.  A  request  that  hold- 
ers of  bonds  which  have  been  dra'wn  for  re- 
demption by  a  government  or  corporation  will 
present  them  and  receive  pajinent  of  the  prin- 
cipal sums  mentioned  in  them,  and  whatever 
interest  may  then  be  due,  no  further  interest 
being  payable  after  the  date  named. — 15.  In 
the  stock  exchange,  the  privilege  (secured  by 
contract  and  for  a  consideration)  of  claiming  or 


caU 

doraanding  nn<l  reoeivinp;  (a)  a  portain  niimbor 
of  shares  of  soino  |iartic»lar  stock,  at  a  spoci- 
fiod  prico  ami  witliiii  a  statcil  period,  or  (//) 
tho  ililTiTOiici'  of  vaUio  at  llio  tiiiin  of  making 
tho  demand  over  that  specified  in  the  contract, 
if  the  prico  has  risen ;  hence,  tho  doeuuieut  it 
self.  Till'  followiii-^  is  11  copy  of  the  form  coniinoiily  used : 
"  New  York,  [date].  For  value  reecived.  the  bearer  umy  call 
on  lue  for  (so  many)  shares  of  th(!  coiniuou  stock  of  [such 
and  such  a|  Railroad  Company,  at  [so  umelil  per  cent.,  any 
time  witliin  [so  miinyj  days  from  ilate.  The  iiearer  is  en- 
titled to  all  ilividen<ls  or  extra  dividends  declared  during 
tlie  time.  Kxpires  (<late]  at  lit  P.  M." 
16t.  Anthority ;  command, 
oh  !  sir,  I  wish  he  were  within  n)y  call  or  yours. 

Sif  J.  Ih'nham. 

17.  Occasion;  cause;  business;  necessity:  as, 
you  had  no  call  to  lie  there.    [Colloq.] 

They  had  no  wish  to  fall  away  from  Ciesar  and  his  Em- 
pire ;  but  they  felt  no  great  call  to  fl^ht  for  then». 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Anier.  Lccts.,  p,  126. 

18.  A  short  visit:  as,  to  make  a  call;  to  pay 
one  a  Cdll. 

Kvidently  the  morning  call  is  a  remote  sequence  of  that 
system  under  which  a  suborilinate  ruler  had  from  time  to 
time  to  show  loyalty  to  a  chief  rnler  by  presenting  him- 
self to  do  homage.  //.  Spriicer,  I'rin.  of  Sociol.,  §  ;i81. 

19.  In  ]ioI:cr,  a  demand  for  a  show-down  ;  tlio 
show-down  itself. — 20.  A  brood  of  wild  ducks. 
MalliwcH.—At  call,  without  previous  notice;  on  de- 
mand :  applied  especially  to  loans  repayable  on  demand, 
or  bank-tleposits  repayable  wheuever  asked  for. — At 
one's  beck  and  call  .See  for/f-'.— Call  of  the  house, 
a  roll-call  in  a  parliamentary  body,  for  the  purjiose  of  as- 
certaining what  members  arc  absent  w  itiiont  k-Hve  or  just 
cause.  In  the  House  of  Rej>resentatives  at  Wasliin-'ton  it 
may  be  made  at  any  time;  in  the  llritish  lIoti.se  ot  Com- 
mons it  is  always  on  some  days"  notice.— Call  to  the  bar, 
in  England  and  Ireland,  the  formal  ndmission  nf  a  per.son 
to  the  rank  of  barrister. —  Electric  Call,  a  signal  ojierated 
by  electricity;  an  annnnciat^^r  or  call-bell. —  House  of 
call.  See  /iow5''.  — Money  on  Call,uioney  loaned  snbjcct 
to  recall  at  any  moni^-'iit.  See  call-loan. — Port  of  call. 
Sej  port.-Vxiis  and  calls.  See  jnit,  ?i.— Within  call, 
within  hearing-distance. 

I  saw  a  lady  ivithin  call.  Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

call-t  (kal),  »■     An  obsolete  spelling  of  cauV-. 

calla  (kal'ii),  V.  [NL.  (Linna?us),  <  L.  calla, 
otherwise  cal.^a  or  calija,  the  name  in  Pliny  of 
an  unidentified  plant;  the  correct  reading  is 
supposed  to  bo  "calyx,  <  Gr.  wi/cf,  the  cup  or 
calyx  of  a  flower  :  see  cali/.v.'i  1.  [cap.']  A  ge- 
nus of  araceous  plants,  of  a  single  species,  ('. 
paliistris,  the  water-arum,  which  oeeiu-s  in  cold 
marshes  in  Europe  and  North  America.  It  has 
lieart-shapt-d  leaves  from  a  creeping  root-stock,  an  open 
white  spathe,  and  red  ben'ics.  Its  root  is  extremely  acrid, 
but  is  made  harmless  by  heat,  and  yields  an  eatable 
starch. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Calla. — 3.  A  plant  of 
the  allied  genus  Rkhardia,  or,  according  to  the 
latest  authorities,  Zaiitcdeschia :  the  common 
calla  of  houso-eultivation.  It  is  often  errone- 
ously called  calla-Hlji,  from  the  lily-like  appear- 
ance of  its  pure-whito  flowers. 

Callaeas  (ka-le'as),  H.  [NL.  (J.  R.  Forster, 
1788),  in  reference  to  the  wattles,  <  Gr.  Ko/Jiaiov, 
a  cock's  comb,  pi.  wattles.]  The  typical  genus 
of  tree-crows  of  the  subfamily  Calkcaliiia;,  in- 
cluding the  wattled  tree-crows  of  New  Zealand. 
C.  clmTea,  the  leading  species,  is  of  a  dark  color,  about 
the  size  of  a  magpie,  with  a  long,  graduated  tail,  and  ca- 
runcles at  the  base  of  the  bill. 

Callseatinse  (ka-le-a-ti'ne),  «.  j>l.  [NL.  (G.  R. 
Gray,  1841),  <  CaUa^as  (-at-)  +  -iiiw.']  A  subfam- 
ily of  oseine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Corvi- 
dh,  the  tree-crows  of  Asia,  tho  East  Indies,  Aus- 
tralia, and  Polynesia.  Besides  Cnllirax,  the  leading 
forms  are  Strutkulea.  ciiwrea  of  Australia;  Critpiyhhiita 
variatui,  the  temia  or  benteot  of  Java,  of  a  bronzed  green- 
ish-black color ;  and  Temmirits  (or  Drnilrvcitta)  ca'jaf'itn- 
da,  the  wandering  pie  of  India.  There  arc  several  other 
species  of  these  genera.  Certain  African  forms,  as  Criip- 
lorhina  afra,  are  also  sometimes  included  in  this  group, 
the  general  relationships  of  which  arc  with  the  magines 
and  otlier  long-tailed  javs.     Also  called  Oltmcojdnce. 

calleeatine  (ka-le'a-tin),  a.    Pertaining  to  or 

haviuLT  the  characters  of  tho  Calheatinw. 
callaesthetics,  «.    See  callcsthctics. 
callainite  (ka-la'rdt),  n.    [<  Gr.  Kan/nvor,  KaUi- 

viir.  like  the  m/./.a'i^,  mi/.air,  a  turquoise,  -h  -itt-. 

Of.  cahiitc]    A  hydrous  aliuainium  phosphate 

related  to  turquoise. 
callant(kal'aut),  H.   [Mao  calhni.OSe.galaiKl,  a 

young  man,  '<  F.  f/aliiiit,  a  gallant:  see  galhitit.'] 

A  young  lad ;  a  striiiling ;  a  boy.     [Scotch.] 
Ye're  a  daft  callant,  and  I  must  correct  you  some  of 

these  days.  Scott,  Wavcrley,  Ixxi. 

callatt,  «.  and  r.     See  callct. 

call-bell  (kal'bel),  ?(.  A  small  (usually  station- 
ary) bell,  used  as  a  signal  to  summon  an  at- 
tendant, etc.  A  common  form  consists  of  a  stationary 
hand-bell  which  is  rung  by  means  of  a  clapper  pivoted  nt 
one  end,  anil  acted  on  bv  means  of  a  virtfcal  plunger. 
Also  called  (itHcnff.— Electric  call-beU,  a  mechanical 


7C7 

contrivance,  cor.sisting  essentially  of  a  ponK-hell  and  a 
small  electromagnet,  to  the  armature  of  which  the  ham- 
mer of  the  bell  is  attaclicd.  'I'he  arrangement  is  such  that 
when  the  circnit  is  loiupK'tcd,  as  by  pressing  down  a  bnl  ■ 
ton,  the  cuiTcnt  posses  by  a  spring  to  the  ai  luature,  thence 


iric  Cnll-bcll. 


^.  push-btitton  by  which  tht-  circuit  is  completed ;  P,  hammer  .ind 
(Toiig^ :  C,  spring  by  which  cont.ict  is  made  liclwccn  tlic  armature  of 
the  elcctroiiiiignet  and  the  wire. 

to  the  electromagnet;  its  core  is  magnetized,  the  anua- 
ture  is  attracted,  and  the  hammer  strikes  the  gong.  The 
circuit  being  broken  by  the  motion  of  the  armature  away 
from  the  spring,  the  electromagnet  cea-ses  to  act,  the 
armature  flies  back,  completes  the  circuit  again,  and  thus 
the  automatic  action  of  the  hammer  continues  as  long  as 
the  current  iiiusses. 

call-bird  (kal'bfrd),  ?i.  A  bird  tauglit  to  allure 
others  into  a  snare;  a  decoy-bird.    Goldsmith. 

call-box  (kal'boks),  )(.  In  a  theater,  a  frame, 
usually  hung  in  a  greenroom,  in  which  calls  or 
tiotices  to  attend  rehearsals,  etc.,  are  placed. 

call-boy  (kiirboi),  n.  1.  A  boy  whose  duty  it 
is  to  call  actors  upon  the  stage  at  tho  proper 
moment. — 2.  A  boy  who  repeats  the  orders  of 
the  captain  of  a  steamboat  to  tho  engineer. 
[Eng.] — 3.  A  boy  who  answers  a  call-bell. 

call-button  (kal'but'n),  «.  A  push-button  or 
other  device  for  closing  an  electric  signal  or 
a  telephone  circuit,  and  ringing  a  call-bell  or 
sounding  an  alarm. 

call-changes  (ka,l'chan",iez),  n.  pi.  In  hcll-riiifj- 
imj,  the  method  in  which  the  ringers  are  told 
when  to  ring  by  a  call  from  the  conductor,  or 
by  following  a  written  order. 

cailerl  (ka'ler),  n.  [<  call^  +  -«rl.]  Ono  who 
calls,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb;  especially,  one 
who  pays  a  short  complimentary  visit. 

caller^  "(kal'er),  a.     [Prob.  due  to  Icel.  l;aldr  = 
Sw.  fcrt?/,  cold:  see  CO/'?.     Ct.calver,']    1.  Cool; 
refreshing:  as,  a  caller  breeze.     [Scotch.] 
Sae  sweet  his  voice,  sae  smooth  his  tongue. 
Ills  breath's  like  caller  air. 

Beattie,  There's  nae  Luck  about  the  House. 

Gang  awa,  bairn,  and  take  a  mouthful  of  the  caller  air. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  ab. 

2.  Fresh ;  in  proper  season :  applied  chiefly  to 

fish  :  as,  caller  herrings.     [Scotch.] 

callesthetics  (kal-es-thet'iks),  )(.  [<  call-  for 
(•((//(-  (<  Gr.  Ka?.?.i-,  ko/m:.  beautiful)  +  c-stlictic-.'i.'\ 
A  term  proposed  by  VvTiewell  for  esthetic.'^,  the 
science  of  the  perception  of  the  beautiful,  the 
term  esthetics  to  be  extended  to  perception  in 
general.  Krauth,  Vocab.  Phil.  Also  spelled 
calla-sthctics. 

callett  (kal'et),  n.  [Also  written  callat,  callot  : 
<  F.  caillclte,  a  frivolous  babbling  woman,  dim. 
of  caillc,  a  quail:  see  quail-.']  1.  A  tattling  or 
talkative  woman ;  a  scold ;  a  gossip. 

Come  hitlier,  you  old  callct,  you  tattling  huswife. 

Gascoigiw. 

2.  A  trull ;  a  drab ;  a  lewd  woman. 

lie  call'd  her  whore  ;  a  beggar,  in  his  drink, 
Could  not  have  laid  such  terms  upon  his  eallet. 

.S'Aa*.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 

callett  (kal'et),  v.  i.  [<  callct,  n.]  To  rail ; 
scold. 

To  hear  her  in  her  spleen 
Callct  like  a  butter-ipiean. 
It.  Bralhwaite,  Care  s  Cure,  in  Panctlono. 

calleting  (karet-ingi,  p.  a.  Scolding:  as,  a 
catUlinn  wife.     [North.  Eng.] 

calley-stone  (kal'i-ston),  h.  [<  'callci/,  prob. 
connected  with  calliard,  -i-  stone.'}  In  crnil- 
miiiiiif/,  a  kind  of  hard  sandstone,  more  or  less 
argillaceous.     See  ganistcr.     [Yorkshire,  Eng.] 

calli,  II.     Plural  of  call  Its. 

calli-.  [<  Gr.  KIU./.1-,  usual  combining  fonn  (later 
m'/.o-:  see  calo-)  of  xa/df,  beautiful,  fair,  good, 
noble,  orig.  'na'/i/u^,  =  Skt.  kiilt/a,  well,  healthy; 
perhaps  =  AS.  Iidl,  E.  whole,  q.  v.,  =  Icel.  heill, 


calligraphic 

E.  hnlc^,  q.  v.]  The  first  clement  in  some  ■words 
of  (Jrerk  origin,  signifying  lieatitifnl. 

Calliaenas  (kal-i-("'nas).  «.     Same  as  Cnlfenas. 

Calliandra  (kal-i-an'drii),  11.  [<  Gr.  Ku'/'/i-,  Ka- 
'/I'lr,  beautiful,  +  avini  (fifil/)-),  a  man,  mod.  a  sta- 
men, the  long  colored  stamens  being  the  most 
conspicuous  jiart  of  the  flower.]  A  genus  of 
ornamental  slirubs  and  perennial  herbs,  of  tho 
order  LcfiiiiiiiiKi.'ia;  comprising  about  80  species, 
natives  of  tropical  America  and  northward  to 
tho  borders  of  the  United  States.  Several  of 
the  species  yield  an  astringent  juice. 

Callianira  (kal  "i-a-ni'rii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaUi-, 
Ka'/6c,  beautiful,  +  -avtipa  (as  in  nvnavei/m,  jiu- 
rmveipa,  etc.),  <  nvfjp,  a  man.]  1.  Tho  tj-pical 
genus  of  the  family  C'alUainrida:  J'croii  and 
Lesiicur,  1810. —  2.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects,     lliibncr,  1816. 

Callianiridae  (kal  i-|i-nir'i-fle),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
('iitliiiiiira  +  -/'/«'.]  A  family  of  saccate  or 
stenostom.afous  ctenophorans,  with  a  rounded 
body,  two  filiform  tentacles,  and  no  oral  lobes. 

calliard  (kariiird),  «.  [Cf.  caUey-slonc ;  per- 
luips  connected  with  F.  cailloii,  a  flint,  pebble, 
prob.  <  L.  calcnlus,  a  pebble:  see  calculus.}  In 
coal-niiuiiifi.  a  hard,  smooth,  flinty  gritstone. 
(Ireslri/.     [North.  Eng.] 

Callicarpa  (kal-i-kiir'pji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ra??(-, 
kti'/iir,  beautiful,  +  Mi(j-of,  fruit.]  A  consider- 
able genus  of  widely  distributed  verbenaceous 
shrubs.  The  best-known  species  is  C.Auteneana.ut  the 
Cnited  States,  called  French  mnlhen'j/,  cultivated  for  orna- 
nieiit  on  arcouut  of  its  abundant  violet-colored  hemes. 

Callicephalus  (kal-i-sef'a-lus),  n.  Seo  Callo- 
ce/>litiliiii. 

Callichroma  (kal-i-kro'ma),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  na?.- 
Ai-,  im'/m;,  lieautifn],  +  XP^M"}  color.]  A  genus 
of  longieom  beetles,  of  the  family  Ceramhi/eida:, 
ha^'ing  an  acute  scuteUum,  lateral  prothoracie 
spines,  and  fore-coxal  cavities  closed  behind. 
C.  mmckata  is  a  large  bronzed  green  European  species 
about  an  inch  long,  exhaling  a  musky  odor;  C.  gjilemli' 
i/iiiit  is  a  bronzed  reddish  species  of  the  southern  United 
.states.     Also  Colachrouia. 

callichthjrid  (ka-lik'thi-id),  H.    A  fish  of  tho 

famil V  I'allieh thiiirla'. 

Callichthyidae  (kal-ik-thi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Calliehthi/s  +  -/(/((■.]  A  family  of  nematogna- 
thous  fishes,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Callieh- 
tlii/s,  containing  small  fresh- water  South  Amer- 
ican catfishes. 

Callichthys  ( ka-lik'this),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kd?.?j;)f- 
tlvc,  name  of  a  fish,  <  i,a>.'Ai-,  koUc,  beautiftil,  +  ix- 
6i%,  a  fish .  ]  A  genus  of  nematognathous  fishes, 
of  the  family  Siluridw,  or  sheat-fishes,  or  made 
the  typo  of  Calliehtlnjida;  characterized  by  two 
series  of  bony  plates  on  the  sides  from  head  to 
tail.     The  species  are  South  American. 

callicot,  ».    See  calico. 

callid  (kal'id),  a.  [<  L.  callidus,  expert,  shrewd, 
<  cidlere,  be  expert,  know  by  experience,  lit. 
be  callous,  <  calliim,  also  callus,  hard,  thick 
skin:  seo  callous,  callus.}  Skilled;  expert; 
shrewd.     [Rare.] 

Callidity  (ka-lid'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  callidita(t-)s,<.cal- 
Uclus:  sve  callid.}   Skill;  discernment;  shrewd- 
ness.    Also  callidness.     [Rare.] 
Her  eagle-eyed  callidity.      C.  Smart,  Tho  Hop-Garden. 

Callidium  (ka-lid'i-um),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaUt-, 
ku/.or,  beautiful,  H-  ilim.  term. -i<hov.}   Agenusof 

longieom     bee- 

f  >N  j'^        ^    ''y      Ccramliyei- 

l  \  ''^^'^ /  }    'la:,    containing 

>  v  .(.*a,  ^  ^    species  of  flat- 

tened form  with 
spineless      pro- 
thorax  and  ely- 
tra, usually 
thickened   fem- 
ora,   and     eyes 
not    embracing 
the  base  of  tho 
antenna;,  c.  haju- 
^lA-aiul  C.  antenna. 
turn  are  examples. 
Its  lar\'ic  infest  fir- 
trees,  causing  oval 
perfoi-ations  where 
the  inutiire  insects 
make  their  escape, 
callidness  (kal'id-nes),  h.     Same  as  callidity. 
calligrapher  (ka-Ug'ra-f^r),  «.  [<  calligraphy  + 
-(7-1.  J    Uno  skilled  in  calligraphy.    Also  spelled 
caligrajiher.  halligrapher. 
calligraphic  (kai-i-graf 'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  Ka'/7t- 
}/«jO'm><',  <  Ka//(;/jH<5oc:  see  calligraphy.}    Relat- 
ing or  pertaining  to  calligraphy.    Also  spelled 
ccSigruphiv,  kalligraphic. 


Calluliutn  antenttaturtt. 

(Verticil  line  shows  natural  size.) 


calligraphical 

calligraphlcal  (kal-i-graf  i-kal),  a.     Same  as 

enlUiir(i]iliH\ 

calligraphist  (ka-li^'ra-fist),  ;i.  [<  camgraplnj 
+  -(,•./.]  Uiio  skilloit  ill  funit;nii)liy.  Also 
spelled  cnliqraphist,  kalUgmphist. 
calligraphy  (ka-lig'ra-fi),  ».  [=  F.  calligrajMe, 
<  Gr.  KuA>.i)f>a<j}ia,  <  KcMiypdipo;,  writing  a  beau- 
tiful bund,  <  na'A?j-,  m/.6r,  beautiful,  +  )iiaipfi'; 
write.]  The  art  of  beautiful  writing;  fair  or 
elegant  writing  or  penmanship ;  by  extension, 
handwriting  in  general;  penmanship.  Also 
spelled  caligra2)htj,  kalligrajthy. 

Jfy  calUgraiihy,  a  fair  hand 
Fit  for  a  secretary. 

if.  Joiwon,  Magnctick  Lady,  iii.  4. 

The  principle  of  caUifrrapky,  or  the  striving  after  ele- 
pance  and  n-u'iilarity  of  form  [in  pfiiMiansliip],  wiiicii  m.ay 
be  noticed  in  the  stiuurc  [Iii. inew]  eliaiartcr,  where  the 
letters  are  separate,  distinct.  \vill-])r"i,..iti<ine(i. 

T.  II.  Iliinie,  Introd.  to  .study  of  lluly  .Script.,  II.  16. 

Callimorplia  (kal-i-mor'fii),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KaA/ufiviitj/oi:,  having  a  beautiful  form,  <  kuVai-, 


768 

Be  not  deceived,  to  tidnlc  lier  lenity 
Will  l)e  perpetual :  or,  if  men  be  wanting, 
The  gods  will  be,  to  audi  a  calliiifj  cause. 

/».  Jinwni,  *'atilinc,  iii.  1. 

calling-crab  (ka'ling-krab),  n.  A  crab  of  the 
family  Vci/jioilidw  and  genus  GclaxiiiiiiJi :  so  call- 
ed because  one  of  its  claws,  which  is  much 
larger  than  the  other,  is  waved  or  brandislied 
when  the  animal  is  disturbed,  as  if  to  beckon  or 
call.  In  tile  I'nitcd  states  it  is  called yit/(/ier-crrt/^  (r.  pit- 
ffiUator  is  extremely  numerous  on  tlic  southern  Atlantic 
coast,  wliere  liieat  troops  inlnibit  the  marshes  I)aclc  of  the 
beaclies.  Tliey  dij;  lioles  in  tlie  ground,  of  sucli  size  tliat 
the  large  claw  exactly  serves  as  u  8t<jpper  to  tlie  entrance. 
iSee  cut  under  GflasimuA-. 

calling-hare  (ka'ling-hSr),  «.  A  pika;  any 
species  of  the  genus  Lafjoinys  and  family  Larjii- 
Viyiihv.  The  animals  are  so  called  from  tlie  reiterated 
sipiealcing  cries  whicli  tliey  emit  while  concealed,  usually 
among  rocks. 

Callioenas  (kal-i-e'nas),  n.     Same  as  ^alanas. 

callionymid  (kal-i-on'i-mid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  ( 'iiUioiDjniidw. 

Callionymidse  (kal"i-o-uim'i-de),  v.  pi.    [NL., 

<  CiiUiuin/iiiKu  +  -iija:']  A  family  of  aeanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Calliony- 
miis.     Species  are  known  as  clrugoncts. 

Callion7min8e  (kal  "i-on-i-mi'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  CulUoiiytiiUS  +  -iHrt'.]  The  eallionymids  as 
a  subfamily  of  fishes ;  in  Giinthei-'s  system  of 
classification,  the  foui-th  group  of  Gohikla;  hav- 
ing the  ventral  fins  widely  apart  from  each 
other,  and  two  separate  dorsal  fins. 

Callionymus  (kal-i-on'i-mus),  11,  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ha'AAium/io^,  a  kind  of  fish,  lit.  having  a  bcau- 


Blue-spangled  Peach-worm  {Callituorpha  fulvicostn). 

a,  larva ;  b,  imago  or  moth  ;  c,  one  segment  of  larva,  enlarged,  side 

view;  d.  same,  top  view.     (Moth  and  larva  natural  sUe.) 

Kokliq,  beautiful,  +  liopi^ii,  form.]  A  genus  of 
moths,  of  the  family  Arciiida;  or  referred  to  the 
Lithdsiidce.  C.  jacobcea,  so  called  from  its  feeding  on 
the  ragwort,  Scnccio  jacob(ea,  is  a  common  British  species 
known  .as  the  pink  underwing,  expanding  Ih  inches,  with 
black  body  and  legs,  and  greenish-black  upper  wings  mark- 
ed with  pink. 

callimus  (kal'i-mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka7M/!o^, 
a  poetical  form  of  KoWf,  beautiful.]  1.  lu  min- 
eral., the  loose  and  movable  central  core  or 
stony  matter  in  the  cavities  of  eaglestone. — 
2.  leap.']  In  cntom.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous 
insects. 

calling  (ka'ling),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  calUnge; 
verbal  n.  of  coHl,  !'.]  I.  ii.  1.  The  act  of  sum- 
moning ;  a  call  or  summons. 

What !  stand'st  thou  still  and  he.ar'st  such  a  callinp! 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

2.  The  act  of  convoking  or  assembling. 

A  Bill  for  the  frequent  callinrf  and  meeting  of  Parlia- 
ments. Macanlaij,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

3.  An  invitation.  .Specifically,  in  theol. :  (a)  The  in- 
vitation extended  in  tlie  gospel  to  all  to  repent,  and  accept 
Christ  as  a  saviour.  (6)  The  more  special  invitation  ad- 
dressed to  the  hearts  of  individuals  Ity  tlie  direct  influence 
of  tlie  Holy  Spirit.    .See  cfectual  callitifj,  below. 

Give  diligence  to  make  youi-  calling  and  election  sure. 

2  Pet.  i.  10. 

4.  The  profession,  trade,  occupation,  or  em- 
ployment to  which  one  is  called  by  aptitude, 
necessity,  etc. ;  usual  occupation,  profession, 
or  employment ;  vocation. 

His  calling  laid  aside,  he  lived  at  ease. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  i. 

5.  Name;  appellation;  title. 

I  am  more  proud  to  be  Sir  Kowland's  son. 

His  youngest  son  ;  and  would  not  cliange  that  calling. 

To  be  adopted  lieir  to  Frederick. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 
Calling  of  the  plaintiff,  a  form  in  English  courts  of 
law  of  calling  up'>n  tile  plaintiff  to  appear  in  eases  where, 
for  want  of  sulficient  evidence,  he  consents  to  lie  non- 
suited or  to  witlidraw  himself.  Calling  the  plaintiff  by 
the  court  crier  was  once  always  necessary  in  a  trial  after 
the  jury  had  come  in  with  tlie  verdict,  and  Ijefore  ita  an- 
nouncement. If  no  answer  was  made,  the  plaintiff  was 
nonsuited,  but  could  renew  bis  action  on  better  evidence. 
—  Effectual  calling,  in  Calmnittic  theul.,  the  calling  Ijy 
Go.ls  word  and  Spirit  of  those  whom  he  has  predestined 
unto  life,  outof  sin  and  death,  unto  grace  and  salvation  by 
Jesus  Christ.  It  is  so  designated  to  distinguish  it  from 
that  universal  call  which  the  gospel  extends  to  all,  but 
which,  according  to  Calvinistic  theology,  is  ineffectual 
except  when  accompanied  by  the  special  influences  of 
God's  Holy  Spirit. 

Effectwil  calling  is  the  work  of  God's  Spirit,  whereby, 
convincing  its  of  our  sin  and  misery,  enlightening  our 
minds  in  the  knowledge  of  Christ,  and  renewing  our  wills, 
he  doth  persuade  and  enable  us  to  embrace  Jesus  Christ, 
freely  olfered  to  us  in  the  gospel. 

The  Shorter  Catechium,  Qu.  31. 
=^n.  4.  PuYitnit,  busiiieits,  etc.    See  occupatioti. 

n.  a.  Clamant;  crying.     [Earo.] 


Gemmous  Dragonet  { Callumymus  iyra). 

tiful  name,  <  Ka?.?a-,  koao^,  beautiful,  +  ow/ia, 
ovo/ia,  name.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Cnllioiii/iiiida: 

Calliope  (ka-li'o-pe),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  KaX^id-?;,  lit. 
haN-ing  a  beautiful  voice,  <  koA/,;-,  xaAdf,  beau- 
tiful, +  otji  =  L.  vox,  voice.]  1.  In  Gr.  myth., 
the  muse  who  presided  over  eloquence  and  he- 
roic poetry.  Also  spelled  A'«W(oj)f. —  2.  [/.  c] 
The  name  given  to  a  harsh  musical  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  number  of  steam-whistles 
tuned  to  produce  different  tones.  Also  called 
steam-organ. — 3.  [NL.]  In  oniitlt.:  (a)  A  ge- 
nus of  small  sylviino  1)irds,  related  to  Cyunc- 
cula,  the  tjqje  of  which  is  an  Asiatic  warbler. 
Calliope  iMmcluitkcnsis.  Goidd,  ISdO.  The  tenn 
had  previously  been  the  specific  name  of  the 
same  bird.  (6)  [I.  c]  The  specific  name  of  a 
humming-bird,  Stcllida  calliope,  inhabiting  the 
western  United  States  and  Mexico,  having  the 
crown  and  back  golden-gi'een,  the  gorget  violet 
and  lilac,  set  in  sno^\•y-white. — 4.  A  genus  of 
mammals.  Ogilby,  1830. — 5.  A  genus  of  dipter- 
ous insects. —  6.  A  genus  of  amjihipods. 

callipash,  callipee.     See  calipash,  calipee. 

Callipepla  (kal-i-pep'la),  n.  [NL.  (Wagler, 
1832),  <  Gr.  nalliTvc-'AoQ,  beautifully  robed,  <  m'l- 
AI-,  KaUq,  beautiful,  +  7rt'-/of,  robe.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  beautiful  crested  quails,  of  the  subfamily 
Ortyginw  (or  Odontopiliorinw)  and  family  i'crrfi- 


Scaled  Quail  [Callifffta  sgitamata). 

cid(e,  inhabiting  the  southwestern  United  States 
and  Mexico.  The  best-known  species  is  C.  «7wa»iafa,  the 
scaled  or  blue  quail,  witli  a  whitish,  full.  si>ft  crest,  and 
the  plumage  marked  in  halfi  iiii;s.  abundant  in  Arizoiua, 
New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  soutlnvard.  C.  elettaJiit  and  C. 
douglagi  are  other  Mexican  species.    The  {diimed  or  hcl- 


callithumpian 

met  quails  (hnphorti/x  and  0>Tor/i/x)  are  by  some  lirought 

under  Caltiprpta.  but  nsu.ally  keiJt  apart. 

2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.    Dcjcan, 

1834. 

calliper,  ».     See  caliper. 

CalhppiC,  ".     See  Calippie. 

Callipsittacus  (kal-ip-sit'a-kus),  n.  Same  as 
('idopsitta. 

callipyga  (kal-i-pi'gji),  ».  [I^.  (Hodgson, 
1841;,  <  (ir.  KaA/i7Tv}'or,  iiame  of  a  famous  statue 
of  Aphrodite  (Venus),  <  Ka'A/i-,  kuAmc,  Ixautifid, 
+  TTV}!/,  buttock.]  i.  An  East  Indian  bird, 
Lciotliri.r  callipyga,  having  a  beautiful  rump. — 
2.   \_cnp.']    Same  as  Leiothrix. 

Callirhinus,  «.    See  Cidlorhiiius. 

Callirrhoe  (ka-lir'6-e),  h.  [NL.,<  Gr.  KnA?.ii)p6^, 
one  of  the  Oceanlds,  also  a  famous  fountain 
without  the  walls  of  Athens  (now  again  so 
called),  <  Ka?Mppooc,  HaAAipfioc,  beautiful-flow- 
ing, <  KaA.'Ai-,  xa/.Of,  beautiful,  +  I'luv,  flow.]  1. 
In  hot.,  a  small  genus  of  low  malvaceous  herbs 
with  perennial  roots,  natives  of  Texas,  and  also 
found  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  They  have  very 
showy  crimson  or  purple  llowers,  and  are  frequently  cul- 
tivated. 

2.  In  cool. :  (a)  A  genus  of  ccphalopods.  Also 
Calliroc.  Moiiifori,  ISIO.  (6)  A  genus  of  aca- 
lephs.    AXao  Callirhoe.  I'eron  and  Lesueiir, 1S09. 

callisection  (kal-i-sek'shou),  n.  [<  L.  callus, 
hard  skin,  +  sectio(n-),a.  cutting:  .see  section.] 
Painless  vivisection ;  the  dissection  of  living 
animals  wliich  have  been  anesthetized. 

Callisoma,  ".     See  Calosoma. 

Calliste  (ka-lis'te),  n.  [NL.  (Bole,  1826),  < 
Gr.  KaA./.iaTj],  fern,  of  Ka'Af-iarnr,  superl.  of  Ka/6f, 
beautiful.]  An  extensive  genus  of  beautiful 
Central  and  South  American  tanagers,  of  tho 
family  Tanagridw,  containing  most  of  the  weak- 
billed  forms,  notable  even  in  this  brilliant 
family  for  the  elegance  and  variety  of  their 
coloration.  The  limits  of  the  genus  vary  with  dilferent 
authors,  Init  upward  of  50  species  are  usually  referred  to 
it.     Calti^-tu!^,  Calli.'ipiza,  and  Culoapi^a  are  synonyms. 

Callistephus  (ka-lis'te-fus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ko/'ai-,  Hn/.or,  beautiful,  -¥■  cricpoc;,  poet,  for  ari- 
(pavog,  a  crown,  <  ari(j)eiv,  put  around,  crown.]  A 
genus  of  composite  plants,  containing  a  single 
species,  C.  Cltinciisis,  the  China  aster,  which  has 
been  long  in  cultivation,  and  is  much  prized  as 
a  hardy  annual,  remaining  long  in  flower. 

callisthenia,  «.     Plural  of  odlisthcnium. 

callisthenic  (kal-is-then'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Ka?2i-, 
iMAoi;,  beautiful,  -^  c0ivo(,  strength.]  Relating 
or  pertaining  to  callisthenics ;  designed  to  pro- 
mote health  or  bodily  development  and  symme- 
try.    Also  spelled  calistlienic. 

When  the  .  .  .  morning  occupations  are  concluded, 
these  unfortunate  young  women  perform  what  they  call 
callisthenic  exercises  in  the  garden.  I  saw  them  to-day 
.  .  .  pulling  the  garden  roller. 

Thackeraii,  Book  of  Snobs,  xxvii. 

callisthenics  (kal-is-then'iks),  ".  [PI.  of  callis- 
tlienic:  see  -ics.]  The  art  or  practice  of  exer- 
cising the  muscles  for  the  jmrpose  of  gaining 
health,  strength,  or  grace  of  form  and  move- 
ment ;  a  kind  of  light  gymnastics.  Also  spelled 
calisthciucs. 

callisthenium  (kal-is-the'ni-um),  71. ;  pi.  callis- 
thcnia  (-ii).  [NL.,  <  callistlun-ics  + -iitm.]  A 
place  for  the  practice  of  callisthenics.  Also 
spelled  culisthenium. 

After  tlie  play  the  calisthcninm  was  thrown  open,  and 
the  girls  danced  until  supper-time.  X  Y.  Tribtine. 

Callithamnion  (kal-i-tham'ni-on),  n.  [<  Gr. 
KOAM-,  Kn/(if,  beautiful,  +  Oaiivlov,  dim.  of  Bduvoc, 
a  small  shrub.]  A  large  genus  of  marine  algffi, 
belonging  to  tho  order  Florideoj  and  suborder 
Cera  m  iea;.  They  consist  of  branching  filaments,  each  of 
which  is  usually  a  single  row  of  cells.  This  genus  contains 
some  of  the  most  delicate  and  beautiful  species  of  tho 
order. 

Callithrix  (kal'i-thriks),  II.  [NL.  (L.,  a  plant 
used  for  coloring  the  hair;  also  in  pi.  culUtri- 
chc^,  a  kind  of  ape  in  Ethiopia) ;  less  correctly 
Callitrix;  <  Gr.  Ka/lidpi^  (h.a'AJ.iTpix-),  with  beau- 
tiful hair  or  mane,  <  *«/*/.(-,  naAoc,  beautiful,  -f- 
ep(j(7/»t-).  hair.]  1.  A  genus  of  South  Ameri- 
can platyrrhine  monkeys,  of  the  family  Ccliidw 
and  subfamily  yycti2)i'tliccina;  having  the  tail 
not  prehensile;  the  sagouins  or  saguins,  of 
which  there  are  numerous  species,  c.  iiersvnatus, 
the  masked  sagouin,  is  an  example.  C.  torquatus  is  tho 
collared  teetee. 

2.  [?.  c]  An  African  green  monkey,  Cercopi- 
tlircii.':  salnrns. 

callithumpian  (kal-i-thum'pi-an),  a.  and  n. 
[Also  spelled  caUthiimjiian  :  humorously  formed 
<  Gr.  KaA?i-,  Ka'Aui; beautiful,  +  E.  thump  +  -(<;».] 
I.  «.  Pertaining  to  tho  noisy  concert  or  sere- 
nade so  called. 


callitbumpian 

II.  n.  1.  A  noisy  conport,  characterized  by 
■bcatinj:;  of  tin  pans,  blovvin;;  of  liorns,  sliouts, 
proiiiis,  catcalls,  ote. :  usually  given  as  a  scre- 
luulo  to  pel-sons  who  have  excited  local  ridi- 
cule or  hostility;  a  charivari. —  2.  One  who 
takes  part  in  such  a  concert.     [U.  S.] 

Callitriche  (ka-lit'ri-ko),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  'KaUi- 
riii\'/,  assumed  fem.  of  KaA/.(r/«,i'i/f;  (fern,  also 
-or),  later  form  of  Hn}'/iOpii,  with  beautiful  hair: 
gee  Viillilliiix.]  1.  Ill  liiit.,  a  small,  widely  dis- 
tributed genus  of  slender,  apetalous,  nionu3- 
cious,  dicotyledonous  a(iuatic  herbs.  Its  alllni- 
tlL'S  are  ol)SfUr'e.  and  it  is  iiy  stune  considercii  as  constitut- 
ing'a  ilistinct  oi-iIlm*  Cattitnchaci'te,  by  otllers  referreil  to  tllo 
IItdoraij>L'a!  or  to  the  Eu/tfwrbiaceoe,  Tllo  common  sjiecics 
are  known  as  u'atfr'.-itant'i>rt. 

2.  In ^'()o7.,  a  genus  of  bivalve inollusks.    Origi- 
nally CdUityii-lins.      I'lfli^  1791. 

Callitris  (kal'i-tris),  h.  [NIj.,  <  Gr.  KaUi-,  ko- 
>.ur,  beautiful;  the  element  -tris  is  obscure.] 
A  genus  of  coniferous  trees,  nearly  related  to 
Citiiressiix,  consisting  of  14  sjiecies,  natives  of 
Africa,  Madagascar,  Australia,  and  New  Cale- 
donia. The  best-l<nown  species  is  C.  'jiui'lrinifn's.  tlie 
arar-treeof  Algeria,  yieliiinga  hijxlily  prized  wood,  the  cit- 
rous or  tliyine  wood  of  the  il<pmans,  which  is  very  hcauti- 
ful.  atnl  is  much  used  by  the  Turks  for  the  lloiu-s  and 
ciMiuLis  of  their  mosques,  liccause  they  believe  it  to  be 
impel  ishalile.  It  supplies  the  aronnitic  gum-resin  called 
sandarac. 

callivert,  "•    See  cnlircr. 

call-loan  (kal'lon),  «.  A  loan  of  money  repay- 
abh'  on  demand. 

Call-me-to-yOU  (kal'me-to'yo),  n.  A  name 
given  to  the  pansy,  rii)lf(  tricolor.  Also  called 
ciuiMc-mc-to-jimi  and  ciill-mc-ld-i/ou, 

call-note  (kai'ndt),  II.  The  call  or  cry  of  a  bird 
or  otlier  animal  to  its  mate  or  its  young. 

The  chii-pin^  raU-ntili'  of  the  gecko.  Owen,  Anat, 

Callocephalon  (kal-o-sef'a-lon),  n.  [NL.  (Les- 
son, lS;i7)  (prop.  Cdlli-  or  Ciilo-),  <  Gr.  aaUi-, 
Ka'Ao^,  beautiful,  +  Kiipa7ili,  head.]  A  genus  (or 
subgenus  of  ('(iliiptorhi/ncJiiis)  of  Australian 
cockatoos,  subfamily  (kicntidiKp.  C.  guleatiim, 
the  ganga  cockatoo,  is  the  only  species.  Also 
('(illieipltnlii.i. 

Callorninus  (kal-o-ri'nus),  n.  [NL.  (prop. 
Ciilli-  or  Ciilo-),  <  Gr.  mlh-,  Ka7.6g,  beautiful,  + 
/)(f,  piv,  nose.]  A  genus  of  eared  seals,  of  the 
family  OturiitUe,  including  the  northern  sea- 
bear,  the  well-known  fur-seal  of  Alaska,  C.  «r- 

.••■(  H  HS. 

callosal  (ka-16'sal),  a.  [<  callosum  +  -al.'\  Of 
or  |iertaining  to  the  callosum,  or  corpus  cal- 
lijsuiu.  -Callosal  gyrus.    See  wnw. 

callose  (kal'os),  (I.  [<  L.  cdllriyus  :  see  caUoiis.'] 
In  hot.  and  ~()<(7.,  haviugcallositiesorhard .spots; 
callous;  hardened. 

callosity  (ka-los'j-ti),  ».;  pi.  callosities  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  cnllositi'  =' Sp.  rallosiddd  =  Pg.  cnllosi- 
(ladc  =  It.  calUisitn,  <  L.  ra/l<isil(i{t-)s,  <  i-iil/osiis, 
callous:  see  (V(//(/HS.]  1.  The  state  or  quality  of 
beiug  hardened  or  callous. —  2.  In  a  concrete 
sense,  any  thickened  or  hardened  part  on  the 
surface  of  the  human  body  or  that  of  any  ani- 
mal, such  as  the  hard  and  often  somewhat  bony 
lumps  that  arise  in  places  exposed  to  constant 
pressiu'e  and  friction,  the  cicatrized  surfaces 
of  old  ulcers  or  wounds,  etc.,  the  natural  cuta- 
neous thickenings  on  the  buttocks  of  gibbons 
anirother  monkeys,  etc. — 3.  In  hot.,  any  part 
of  a  plant  unusually  hard. —  4.  lu  ciitom.,  an 
elevated,  rounded  jiortion  of  the  sm'face,  gen- 
erally smooth,  and  paler  than  the  surroiuiding 
parts,  appearing  like  a  swelling Ischial  callos- 
ity, ill  zonl.,  the  naked,  indurated,  and  usually  gayly  col- 
ored Imttock  of  a  monkey. 

Callosoma,  >i.     See  Calosomn. 

callosomarginal  (ka-lo'so-mLir'ji-nal),  «.  [< 
cnllosi(i/i  +  iiKinjiiial.']  In  anat.,  lying  between 
the  convolution  of  the  corpus  callosum  and  the 
marginal  convolution  of  the  brain:  as,  the  cal- 
loKomarf/iiKd  sulcus  or  fissure. 

callosum  (ka-lo'sum),  «.  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  cal- 
losK.'i ;  see  c<illoi<s.]  Same  as  corjitts  callosum 
(which  see,  under  corpus). 

The  brain  of  the  cat,  lacking  the  callomm. 

Alien,  and  Neurol.,  IV.  513. 

callot^  (kal'ot),  ((.     Same  as  calotte. 

callot-t,  »•  and  r.     See  callct. 

calloteclinics  (kal-o-tek'niks),  n.  pi.  [Prop,  cal- 
li-  or  cal<i- ;  <  Gr.  Ka?.?.iTrx'''oc  (later  Ka?o-),  mak- 
ing beautiful  works  of  art,  <  Ka?.h-,  m'/.oc,  beauti- 
ful, -I-  Tcxvr/,  art.]  The  fine  or  ornamental  arts. 
[Rare.] 

callous  (kal'us),  a.    [Also  callo.'sr:  =  F.  callciix 

=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  callo.w,  <  L.  callosiis,  hard-skinned, 

thick-skinned,  hard,  <  ealliim.  also  callu.i,  hard 

skin.     Cf.  callid.]     1.  Hard;  hardened;  indu- 

49 


769 

rated,  as  an  ulcer,  or  the  skin  on  some  part  of 
the  body  from  exposure  to  continuous  pressure 
or  friction:  a,s,  "a  callous  cicatrice,"  llollaud, 
tr.  of  Pliny,  xvi.  31;  "a  callous  ulcer,"  Dunyli- 
son. 

First  of  the  train  the  patient  rustic  came, 
Whose  callous  hand  had  form'd  the  scene. 

Oohhmitti,  Threnodia,  ii. 

2.  Hardened  in,  mind  or  feelings ;  insensible ; 
unfeeling:  as,  "the  callous  diplomatist,"  Ata- 
caulaij. 

In  jirospernus  times,  when  men  feci  the  greatest  anlor 
in  their  pursuit-s  of  gain,  they  manifest  the  most  fallttnn 
apattiy  to  politics.  Ames,  Works,  II.  1;17. 

It  is  an  immense  blessing  to  bo  perfectly  cai^JMjj  t«»  ridi- 
cule. Dr.  Arnold. 

3.  In  cntom.,  swollen  and  smooth:  as,  a  cal- 
lous margin,  one  very  thick  and  irregularly 
rounded  or  lumpy .  =  Syn.  2.  Ilurdennl,  elo.  (sue  nb- 
dnratc),  unsusceptible,  uuimprcssible,  ilulilferent,  deaf, 
dead,  etc. 

callous  (kal'us),!!.  t.  To  harden  or  make  callous. 
The  rall"nit<(i  sensibilities  of  people  of  fashion. 

Science,  X.  90. 

callous-beaked  (kal'us-bekt),  a.  Having  a 
callous  beak :  applied  to  the  tanagers  of  tlie 
genus  lilianiiihocalus,  from  the  callosity  at  the 
base  of  the  bill. 

callously  (kal'us-li),  adv.    In  a  callous,  hard- 
ened, or  unfeeling  manner, 
callousness  (kal'us-nes),  n.     The  state  of  being 
callous,    (vi)  Hardness;  induration:  applied t<) the  body. 
A  caltou.fHfus  of  his  feet.    Jer.  Taylor,  Repentance,  vii.  8. 
(&)  Insensibility  of  mind  or  heart. 
A  calloustiess  and  numbness  of  soul. 

Baitlcy,  Sermons,  1. 

Great  vindictiveness  is  often  united  with  great  tender- 
ness, and  great  calloit^ness  witli  great  magnanimity. 

ifcti/,  Enrop.  Morals,  I.  140. 

callow^  (kal'o),  a.  and  w.  [<  ME.  caUiwe,  calcw, 
calu,  <  AS.  calu  (cnlw-)  =  D.  l-aal  —  OHU.  calo, 
clialo  (cnlaw-),  MHG.  hd  {kahr-),  G.  kahl  =  Sw. 
A'rt7,  bald,  bare  (cf.  Dan.  Uidlcl,  polled,  en  liullct 
ko,  a  cow  without  horns:  ko  =  E.  coxl),  prob., 
with  loss  of  orig.  initial  s  (cf.  scall),  =  L.  calrus 
(orig.  *scalrus^),  bald  (>  It.  Sp.  Pg.  calm  =  Pr. 
calv  =  OF.  chau,  F.  cliaure:  see  Calvarij,  Cal- 
vinism, B.ndchauvin).]  I.  a.  It.  Bald;  without 
hair. 

.\  man  of  whos  heed  heeris  fleten  awei  is  cahi. 

n's/cli/ {e<i.  Purv.),  Lev.  xiii.  40. 

Cahi^  was  his  heuede.  King  .Uisaundcr,  1.  59.S0. 

2.  Without  feathers ;  that  has  not  yet  put  forth 
feathers ;  naked ;  unfledged,  as  a  young  bird : 
as,  '' callow  young,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  420. 

My  callow  wing,  that  newly  left  the  nest. 

y*.  Fletctier,  I'urple  Island,  i. 

They  [the  young  of  the  partridge]  arc  not  callow  like  the 

young  of  most  liirds,  but  more  perfectly  developetl  and 

precocious  even  than  chickens.    Thoreait,  Wahien,  p.  *244. 

3.  Pertaining  to  an  mifledged  bird:  as,  "c/il- 
low  down,"  Drayton,  The  Owl. — 4.  Youthful; 
juvenile  ;  very  immature  :  as,  a  callow  youth. 

All,  if  we  had  possessed  these  in  our  callow  days. 

D.  G.  Mitclitll,  Kound  Together. 

Il.t  "•  A  bald  person;  a  baldhead. 
What  hath  the  calewe  ido. 

Life  0/  St.  Dunslan,  Early  Eng.  Poems 
|(ed.  I'luuivall),  p.  34. 

callow^  (kal'o),  n.  and  a.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  (•«/- 
/oH'l,  bare.]  I.  ».  1.  .An  alhuial  flat  along  a 
river-course:  a  term  used  by  writers  on  Irish 
geology  and  agriculture. —  2.  In  coal-mining, 
the  baring,  or  cover,  of  open  workings.  Greslcy. 

[E"K-] 
II.  ((.  Having  the  character  of  an  alluvial 

Hat:  as,  cfl^/oH' land;  a  on/?oi(' meadow. 
Calluella  (kal-u-el'ii),  «.     [NL.,  dim.,  <  Gr. 

MJ/zor,  beauty,  M/of,  beautiful.]     A  genus  of 

tailless  amphibians,  typical  of  the  family  Cal- 

luillida:     Also  spelled  Caluclla. 
calluellid  (kal-u-el'id),  H.     A  toad-like  am- 

d>liibiaii  (if  the  family  Callucllida: 
alluellidse  (kal-u-el'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cal- 
Uulla  +  -i<liv.'\  A  family  of  (irmisternial  sali- 
ent amphibians,  t\-pilicd  by  the  genus  Callurlla. 
They  have  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw,  ililated  sacral  apojihy- 
ses,  precoracoids  resting  upon  coracoids,  no  oraosteruuiu, 
and  a  small  cartilaginous  stenium. 
Calluna  t  ka-lu'nii,),  n.  [NL.  (so  called  from  its 
use  in  making  brooms),  irreg.  <  tir.  Ka'/.'/.ivcw, 
sweep,  clean,  beautify,  <  Ka/6r,  beautiful.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Eriracea\  nearly 
allii'd  to  I'.rica,  from  which  it  is  distinguished 
chiefly  by  the  structure  of  its  capsule  and  the 
small  number  of  its  seeds.  There  is  but  one  species, 
C.  rnl'jaris.  the  comuion  heather,  which  ctivcrs  and  orna- 
meuta  much  of  the  heath  and  muorland  districts  of  Great 


calm 

Britain,  and  is  fouini  In  the  northern  temperate  and  boreal 
regions  of  tile  old  world.    It  also  oceure  in  North  America, 


Common  Heather  ( Caliuna  vu/^ari's),  with  branch  on  larger  scale. 

though  very  sparingly  and  only  in  a  few  localities  near 
the  coast,  from  Newfoundland  to  Martha's  Vineyard, 
Massaeliusetts. 
callus  (kal'us),  H. ;  pi.  colli  (-i).  [L.,  also  cal- 
biin,  hard  skin:  see  ciilli/ns  and  calliil.']  1.  In 
anal.:  (a)  Hard  skin;  a  callosity,  (h)  A  new 
growth  of  osseous  tissue  between  and  around 
the  extremities  of  fractured  bones,  serving  to 
unite  them. —  2.  In  hot.,  any  ruiusually  hard 
excrescence  upon  a  plant ;  also,  the  thickening 
of  the  substance  of  the  perforated  septa  be- 
tween sieve-cells,  and  the  close  cellular  struc- 
ture which  is  formed  over  wounds,  by  which 
the  inner  tissues  are  protected  ami  healing  is 
effected. — 3.  In  hort.,  the  cap  or  thickening 
formed  over  the  end  of  a  cutting  before  it  sends 
forth  rootlets. — 4.  In  conch.,  a  callosity  or  in- 
durated thickening  of  a  shell  by  the  deposit  of 
some  liard  substance  different  from  the  rest  of 
the  shell. 

The  columellar  lip  is  covered  with  a  thick  deposit  of 
callus.  Stand.  A'at.  Hist.,  I.  351. 

callys  (kal'is),  n.  Same  as  killas. 
calm^  (kiim),  n.  and  a.  [I.  h.  Early  mod.  E. 
also  caulm,  caum,  cawm,  <  ME.  calmc  (=  D. 
kalm-te  =  LG.  kalm,  >  G.  kalm),  <  OF.  calme,  F. 
calmc  =  Sp.  It.  Pg.  cahna,  calm,  calmness,  still 
weather,  =  Pr.  chaumc,  the  time  when  the  flocks 
rest  (cf.  F.  chomcr,  formerly  chanmcr,  rest), 
orig.,  as  still  in  Sp.  and  Pg.,  heat,  the  hot  part 
of  the  day  (cf.  F.  dial,  connia.-.;  hot — Cotgrave), 
<  LL.  caunia,  the  heat  of  the  sun,  <  Gr.  naipa, 
great  heat,  <  nalav,  bin-n :  see  ca  uma  and  caus- 
tic. The  I  is  unoriginal,  being  due  to  confor- 
mation with  L.  calor,  heat,  or  with  words  like 
palm  (L.  jialma),  etc.  II.  a.  <  ME.  calmc  (= 
D.  kalm),  <  OF.  calmc,  F.  calmc  (ML.  calnnis); 
from  the  noim.]  I.  n.  1.  The  condition  of  be- 
iug without  motion,  agitation,  or  disturbance; 
stillness :  properly  of  the  air,  and  hence  of  the 
sea  and  of  the  weather  in  general. 
A  blont  hedo  in  a  caulme  or  downe  a  wind  is  very  good. 
Ascham,  Toxophilus  (ed.  Arber),  p.  137. 
And  thlis  fonde  the  wynde  agcns  vs  or  ellys  such  calmtjs 
that  we  sped  but  lytyll  of  our  waye. 

Torkington,  Uiarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  57. 

While  we  lay  in  i\\eicabns  we  caught  several  great  sharks. 

Dampicr,  Voyages,  I.  70. 

2.  Freedom  from  mental  agitation  or  passion; 

tranquillity;  quiet;  serenity. 

Each  perturbation  smouth'd  with  outward  calm. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  120. 
The  unnatural  excitement  was  succeeded  by  an  unnat- 
ural calm.  Maraulag,  Horace  Walpole. 
Too  near  to  God  for  doubt  or  fear. 
She  shares  the  eternal  calm. 

Whitlier,  Battle  Autumn  of  1S62. 
A  despotic  calm  is  usually  the  triumph  of  error. 

Jrrons,  Pol,  Econ.,  p.  298. 

3.  The  scum  of  liquor.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — Dead 
calm,  stark  calm,  flat  calm,  terms  n.'ied  by  seamen  to 
dcii.ite  lhc■gr.■ate^t  pus.sihle  calm.— ReglOU  Of  Calms.or 
calm  latitudes,  the  tracts  iu  the  .\tlantic  and  I'aciflc 
oceans  on  the  cmiflnes  of  the  trade-winds,  where  calms  of 
long  duration  prevail.  At  the  winter  solstice  its  average 
northern  limit  is  in  5'  N.,  and  in  tlie  months  about  tlie 
summer  solstice  12'  N.  The  southern  limit  lies  nearly 
always  to  the  north  of  the  equator,  varying  between  V 
and  3"  N. 

II.  a.  1.  Without  motion;  still;  not  stormy; 
undisturbed ;  not  agitated ;  serene. 

Be  calm,  good  wind.  Stiak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  i.  2. 

Calm  is  the  morn  without  a  sound. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriani,  xi. 
The  bay  was  oily  calm.  Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 

2.  Free  from  mental  agitation;  undisturbed  by 
passion;  not  agitated  or  excited;  quiet;  serene; 
tranquil,  as  the  mind,  temper,  or  attention:  as, 
"calm  words,"  .s/i(/A-.,  K.John,  ii.  1. 
With  gentle  breath,  calm  look,  knees  humbly  liow'd. 

Sliak..  K.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 
The  temper  of  Hastings  was  etpial  to  almost  any  trial. 
It  was  not  sweet ;  but  it  «  as  calm. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 


Quiet  and  ealin,  witliout  n  fear 
Of  (iuMiiir  ilarklj  liirkiiit,'  near, 
The  weal}  laborer  left  liis  iilniicli. 

HVii'^iVi-,  Pentucket. 
=Syn.  2.  Calm,  Placid,  Tranquil,  Serene ,  Quiet,  Cool,  Com- 
vomt.CMeelnl,  simiiith,  peaceful,  uiirullled,  iinjierturha- 
ble.  All  the  iuilicized  wonls,  when  ai)i)lied  to  the  niiml, 
still  6ugs;est  the  physical  phenomena  which  they  prima- 


rily denote.    Calm  iniplies  that  the  niiml  i^iai^^^^^^^^  Calmlv  (kam'Ii),  fu?)'.  Qviietlv;  ppaeofullv;  wit 

tatcd.  even  by  care  and  anxiety,     there  is  a  tendency  to  use  v'***"*^  v  .  /;  -^  .''i  .> 

the  word  to  express  the  most  complete  mastery  of  the     out  passion,  agitation,  tumult,  Jistui-bance,  < 


th> 

emotions 

ner :  as.  in  spite  of  his  ai 


calm  770 

calmer  (ka'm^r),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
ojilms,  or  has  the  power  to  still  and  make  quiet; 
one  who  or  that  which  allays,  pacilies,  or 
soothes. 

Angling  was  ...  a  clieerer  of  his  spirits,  n  diverter  of 
sadness,  a  calmeroi  unquiet  thouglits. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  i.  1. 

rith- 

or 

violence. 

And  calmly  run  on  in  obedience.    Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  4. 

The  gentle  stream  which  ca^m^y  flows.    Sir  J.  Denham. 

A  man  coole  and  temperate  in  his  passions,  not  easily 

bctraid  liy  his  choUer :  That  vies  not  oath  with  oath,  nor 

heat  with  lieat ;  but  replies  calmly  to  an  angry  man,  and 

is  too  hard  for  iiim  too. 

Bp.  Earle,  ilicro-cosmog^rapliie,  A  Stayed  Man. 

;natura!'ly'snen?.and  CalmneSS   (kiim'nes),   «.     The    stato    of  being 
calm.      (rt)  Quietness;  stillness;  tranquillity,  as  uf  the 
elements. 
The  gentle  calmness  of  the  flood.  Sir  J.  Denham. 

Wlien  mighty  rivers  gently  creep. 
Their  even  calmness  does  sujipose  them  deep, 

DrydeUy  Epistles,  i.  10. 

(&)  Quietness;  mildness;  unruffled  state  of  the  mind, 
passions,  or  temper. 

Sir,  'tis  flt 
You  make  strong  party,  or  defend  yourself 
By  calmness,  or  by  absence  ;  all's  in  anger. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  2. 

Even  the  gambling-table  fosters  ...   a  capacity  for 
bearing  losses  with  calmnesii,  and  controlling  the  force  of 
the  desires.  Lecky,  Eui"op.  Morals,  I.  155. 
=  S3ru.  JtuUffcrence,  Itisensibility,  etc.  (see  apathy),  quie- 
tude, serenity,  repose,  composure,  placidness,  peaceful- 
nt-ss. 
....       Calmuck,  ».     See  Kalmucl\ 
^ZZ^:i^^<;:m^S:^y^Z'^<^  \^:X  calmy  (ka'mi)  a.     [Apoet  e.xtension  of  o«/,«l, 
" '-    ,^c._:.,    ,  .„     ^.  Qj  ,;  calm^,  tt.     Cf.  stilly,  a.j     Calm;  tran- 
quil; peaceful.     [Poetical.] 

A  still  and  calmy  bay.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  30. 

Tezciico's  cahnif  lake.  Southey. 

calo-.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kn>-o-,  a  less  usual  form  for 

Ka'/'/i-,  combining  form  of  Ko/of,  beautiful:  see 

aiUi-.]     See  caUi-. 

Calochortus  (kal-o-k6r'tus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
m'/MC,  beautiful,  +'  jfdprof,  grass,  any  fodder. 


.xpress  ___ 
hut  it  is  also  used  for  the  mere  outward  man 
he  reuiiUUfd  rf/^//(.     Placid 

iiy  derivation  associaleii  with  tlu-  notii f  pleasure  ;  it 

(■cni-rallv  applies  to  that  which  heloiiRS  to  the  nature,  luit  is 
also  cs|ic,iiillv  used  of  the  face  :  as,  a  jiliirid  smile.  I'raii- 
oHiV  imiilies  not  so  much  a  mastery  of  self  amiil  disturb- 
iiiK  circumstances  as  freedom  from  that  whicli  agitates,  a 
settled  calm.  Serene,  by  its  a.ssoeiation  with  the  aspects 
of  the  skv,  implies  an  exalted  calm,  a  traiuiuillity  that 
rises  above  clouds  or  storms.  Quiet,  when  app"  '  *"  ""  " 
disposition,  implies  that  the  jierson  is  naturally 
unilenionstrative ;  externally  it  implies  that  one  is  fro 
f rom  >".movances :  as,  to  leave  him  in  (^iiiVt.  Like  tranfinii, 
but  mililie  the  rest,  it  is  not  suggestive  of  a  triumpli  of 
self-control  over  natural  agitation  of  feelings  or  confusion 
of  mind.  Cool  is  tlle  opposite  of  heated  ;  it  indicates  that 
state  in  which  the  heat  of  feeling  is  perfectly  kejit  down, 
so  that  the  intellectual  faculties  are  not  hindered  from 
their  best  operation.  Composed  is  applicable  to  the  state 
of  both  thoughts  and  feelings,  while  collected,  gathered 
together,  can  be  used  only  with  reference  to  the  thoughts. 
Composed  differs  from  collected  also  in  expressing,  liV;e 
calm,  merely  a  frame  of  mind  ;  while  colleeled,  like  cool, 
expresses  a  readiness  for  action  with  the  full  and  unim- 
peded force  of  the  mind.    See  apathy. 

Calm  me,  my  God,  and  keep  nie  calm,  .  .  . 
Yes,  keep  me  calm,  though  loud  and  rude 
The  sounds  my  ear  that  greet. 
Calm  in  the  closet's  solitude, 
Calm  in  the  bustling  street. 

//.  Bonar,  The  Inner  Calm. 
1  proportion  as  the  nienta 

and .        ,        .       . 

and  deliberate  thought.    H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  40. 
The  placid  marble  Muses,  looking  peace. 

Tennyson.  Princess,  iv. 
Farewell  the  tranquil  mind  !  farewell  t'cuitent ! 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 
Cloudless  forever  is  her  brow  .fcrenc. 
Speaking  cairn  hope  and  trust  within  her. 

Lowell,  Irene. 
For  mine  own  part,  I  could  be  well  content 
To  entertain  the  lag-end  of  my  life 
With  quiet  hours.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

There  is  the  glib  tongue  and  cool  self-possession  of  the 
salesman  in  a  large  shop,  which,  as  is  well  known,  over- 
power the  prudence  and  resolution  of  housekeepers  of 
both  sexes.  Emerson,  Eloquence. 

His  (Dante's)  gait  was  grave  and  gentlemanlike;  and  his 
bearing,  whether  public  or  private,  wonderfully  composed 
and  polislied. 

Quoted  in  Lowell's  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  18. 
Early  and  provident  fear  is  the  mother  of  safety ;  be- 
cause in  that  state  of  things  the  mind  is  firm  and  collected, 
and  the  judgment  unembarrassed.         Burke,  Unitarians. 

calml  (kam),  V.     [<  SIE.  cnlmen  (=  F.  calmer  — 
Sp.  Pg.  cdlmar =lt.  calmare),  intr.,  become  still 


as  the  wind  or  elements. —  2.   To  still,  appease, 
allay,  or  pacify,  as  the  mind  or  passions. 
Time's  glory  is  to  calm  contending  kings. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1. 939. 
Scarce  was  her  head  laid  on  the  pillow,  ere  a  deep,  re- 
freslliug  sleep  closed  her  eyes  and  calmed  her  seivses. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  .Shirley,  xx. 

St.  To  becalm. 

Like  to  a  ship  that,  having  'scap'd  a  tempest, 
Is  straightway  calni'd  and  boarded  with  a  pirate. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  9. 

II.  wtraiis.  To  become  calm  or  quiet:  as, 
the  tempest  no'sv  began  to  calm. 
calm'^  (kiim),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  Se.  also  caum, 
caulm  ;  appar.  a  var.  of  canA,  a  comb,  cog,  etc. : 
seecawl.]  1.  A  cog  of  a  •wheel.  [North. Eng.] 
— 2.  pi.  A  mold;  a  frame,  etc. — 3.  p/.  The 
small  cords  through  which  the  warp  is  passed 
in  a  loom.  — In  the  caulms,  in  the  state  of  being  framed 
or  moiieled.  Jamieson. 
calm-'t,  "•     A  dialectal  form  of  qualm. 

sick  of  a  cabn.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

calmant  (kal'mant),  n.  [<  F.  calmant,  ppr.  of 
calmer,  to  calm:" see  calm'^.']  A  quieting  med- 
icine or  other  therapeutic  agent. 
calmati've  (kal'ma-tiv),  a.  and  «.  [<  calm  + 
-«/((■(•.]  I.  «.  Quieting  excessive  action  of  any 
organ;  relieving  nervous  agitation;  sedative. 

II.  n.  A  quieting  di-ug  or  other  therapeutic 
agent;  a  soothing  remedy. 

Where  there  is  exhaustive  mania,  with  high  excitement 
and  cerebral  anaemia,  wine  or  whiskey  I  have  always  found 
to  be  the  best  calmative  and  soporific. 

E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  2.'!3. 

calm-belt  (kiim'belt),  V.  A  zone  or  region 
cnibraeing  from  four  to  six  degrees  of  latitude 
punillcl  to  the  equator,  characterized  by  the 
prevalence  of  calms  during  the  greater  part  of 
the  year. 

Panama  is  within  the  equatorial  calm-belt,  where  the 
periodical  calms  continue  ten  or  eleven  months  in  the 
year.  Science,  IV.  435. 


caloric 

URivally  sold  in  the  form  of  a  white  powder,  odorless,  taste- 
les-s  anil  insoliilile  in  water,  alcohol,  or  ether.  Calomel 
is  extensively  used  in  medicine,  especially  in  inllanima- 
tions  of  serous  membranes  and  an  a  purgative.  Also 
called  mittchlorid  and  protochlorid  of  mercury,  and  conw. 
nirs  mcreory. 

Calophyllvun  (kal-o-fil'um),  n.  [NL.  (cf.  Gr. 
Kit/'/ ii\,v/'/ iir,  with  beautiful  leaves),  <  Gr.  Ka'/ltc, 
beautiful,  -I-  <pi'A/.ov  =  h.fi)liiiiii,  leaf.]  1.  In  hot., 
a  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Hutlifcrw.  The 
sjiecies  are  large  timber-trees  of  tlie  tntpics.  rich  in  bal- 
samic resins,  with  oily  seeds,  and  sbiniiig  leaves  which 
have  numerous  transverse  parallel  veins,  giving  the  plants 
a  very  beautiful  appearance.  C.  Juojdtyllum  yields  a 
medical  resin,  the  tacamahac  of  the  East  Imlies.  The  seeds 
yield  an  oil  which  is  in  high  rejuite  f<ir  rheumatic  com- 
plaints and  bruises.  The  galba-  or  calaba-tree,  C.  Calaba, 
of  the  \\  est  Indies  and  llnizil,  the  keena,  C.  tomentusuui, 
of  Ceylon,  the  C.  Tarmn'thuea  of  the  Isle  of  Bourbon  and 
Madagascar,  and  other  species,  furnish  resins  and  oils,  as 
well  as  strong  and  dmable  timber,  'llie  fruits  of  some 
species  are  edible. 

2.  In  socil.,  a  genus  of  rugose  stone-corals,  of 
the  family  CijathophjillifhE.     J.  1).  Dana,  ]S4(). 

Calopsitta  (kal-op-sit'ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  m/.6r, 
beautiful,  -t-  ^u-raKur,  a  parrot  (abbr.  after  V"'t- 
Ta,  collateral  fonn  of  cirra,  a  nuthatch).]  A 
genus  of  cockatoos,  sometimes  made  the  type 
of  a  subfamily  CalopsUtinic,  the  cockateels : 
usually  restricted  to  a  single  species,  the  Aus- 
tralian eockateel,  Calopsitta  novte-hoUaniUa: 
Also  Ciillip.iittacns. 

Calopsittinae  (kal'''op-si-ti'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Calopsitta  +  -ilia;.}  A  subfaimly  of  Cacatuida; 
represented  by  the  genus  Calopsitta  ;  the  cock- 
ateels. 

Caloptenobia  (kal"op-te-n6'bi-a),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Ciihijitctius  -I-  Gr.  /3(of,  life.]  Agenus  of  hjTue- 
nopterous  parasites,  of  the  familj-  Proctotry- 
pidce,  founded  by  Eiley  in  1877.  The  only  species 
whose  habits  ai*e  known  is  parasitic  upon  the  eggs  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  locust  and  the  Car<dina  locust,  iKdipoda 
Carolina.  It  often  occurs  in  great  nuniliers,  and  destroys 
many  eggs  of  these  injurious  insects.  Caloptenobia  is  sy- 
nonymous witli  Scelio  (Latreille). 

CaloptenilS  (kal-op-te'nus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ka?.6^,  beautiful,  +  TT-ifvdr,  feathered,  winged, 
akin  to  ivTspuv  =  E.featlicr.'i     A  genus  of  gi'ass- 


prop.  an  inclosed  space,  =  L.  hortits,  a  garden: 
see  hortus.l  A  genus  of  liliaeeous  bulbous 
plants,  allied  to  the  tulip  and  fritillary.  It  con- 
tains over  30  species,  natives  of  tile  western  I'liited  States 
and  Mexico.  Tlie  flowers  are  large  and  showy,  and  vei-y 
\ariously  colored. 

Calocliroma,  «-     See  Calllehroma. 

Galodendron  (kal-o-den'di'on),  H.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

/xa>df,  beautiful,  +  iivi^pov,  a  tree.]     A  genus 

of  beautiful  Diosma-like   Cape  Colony  trees, 

natural  order  Ruiacece.     C.  Capense  is  an  evergreen 

tree  40  feet  higli,  with  beautiiul  flowers  and  foliage.    Its 

„  -       Y,  -IX.  1      m        .-n  •   t       shining  black  seeds  are  used  for  necklaces,  etc. 

from  the  noun.]     I.  fmHS    1     To  sill;  quiet,  Qaloenas   (ka-le'nas),   n.      [NL.,   <  Gr.   nam, 

beautifiu,  +  oa-a^,  a  ■wild  pigeon  ot  the  color 
of  ripening  grapes  (the  wild  pigeon,  Columba 
oenas,  or  the  rock-dove,  C.  livia),  <  oivr/,  the 
(gi'ape-)  ■\'ine ;  cf.  olvoc,  vnnc :  see  ritic,  «-i«e.] 
A  remarkable  genus  of  pigeons,  containing  a 
single  species,  Calcenas  nicoharica,  the  Nico- 

bar  pigeon, with 
long,  acumi- 
nate, pendulous 
feathers  on  the 
neck  like  the 
hackles  of  a 
cook,  a  very  tu- 
mid bill,  green- 
ish coloration, 
i;2rectrices,  and 
the  epithelial 
lining  of  the  giz- 
zard ossified.  It 
is  sometimes  made 
the  type  of  a  fam- 
ily Cahvnadida:  or 
subfamily  Caloena- 
dince,  but  the  char- 
acters hardly  war- 
rant this  distinction  from  the  family  Columbidce.  Also 
Cultlf^iia.<'\  and  erroneously  Catipna^,  Callicfrm-". 
calography  (ka-log'ra-fi),  n.    Another  form  of 

culliiirapliy. 
calomel  (kal'o-mel),  «.  [Formation  uncertain, 
being  variously  given ;  appar.  <  Gr.  Ka'/  6c,  beau- 
tiful^^  fair,  -(-  /ii'/.of,  black  (or  fii'Ki  —  L.  mcl, 
honey,  in  allusion  to  its  name  mercurius  diilcis, 
'  sweet  mercury')-]  Hemi-,  sub-,  or  protochlo- 
rid  of  mercury,  or  mereurous  ehlorid,  Hg.2(!"1.2. 
It  was  formerly  prepared  b>'  grindiuL'  in  a  mortar  mercury 
sulphate  with  "as  nnuli  mercury  as  it  already  contained, 
ami  heating  the  mixture  w  itli  salt  until  it  sublimed.  It 
is  now  prepared  by  subliming  corrosive  siil)limate  with  the 
proper  quantity  of  mercury.  It  also  ocelli's  native  in 
tetragonal  crystals,  which  are  white-gray  or  yellowish  in 
color  and  have  an  adamantine  luster.  It  is  sectilc,  and 
is  hence  called  horn-mercury  or  horn-quicksilver.    It  is 


Nicobar  Pigeon  {Caiamas  niccbarica). 


Rocky  Mountain  Grasshopper  i.CaU)ptenus  sfretus). 

a,  (I.  newly  hatched  larvs :  f>.  full-grown  lan-a  ;  e,  pupa  ;  d,  female 

locust.    (All  natural  size.) 

hojipers,  of  the  family  Acridida:  c.  feumr-ru- 
brum  is  the  common  red-legged  grasshopper  of  the  Ignited 
States  ;  C.  spretu^  (Tliomas)  is  the  Itocky  Mountain  grass- 
hopper or  locust,  which  does  inealculalde  damage  to  vege- 
tation. 
calor  (kal'or  or  ka'lfir).  n.     [<  L.  calor,  heat, 

<  culere,  be  hot.]     Heat.     [Eare.] 
calorescence  (kal-o-res'ens),  n.      [<  L.   calor, 

heat,  -+-  -(sce»ce;  cf.  calesceiice,  etc.]  A  name 
given  by  Tyndall  to  a  luminous  phenomenon, 
obseiwed  when  the  in-visible  heat-rays  from  an 
appropriate  source  are  converged  to  a  focus 
by  a  lens  or  mirror  upon  a  piece  of  charcoal, 
which  is  thus  heated  to  incandescence. 

In  catorescencji  the  atoms  of  the  refractory  body  .are 
caused  to  \ibrate  more  rapidly  than  the  waves  which  fall 
upon  them.  Tyndall,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  67. 

caloric  (ka-lor'ik),  a.  and  n.     [=  F.  calorique, 

<  L.  calor,  heat :  see  calor.'i  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to  heat  or  the  piTnciple  of  heat. 

The  velocity  of  an  asteroid  when  it  strikes  the  sua 
measures  from  445,7.=)0  to  630,400  metres ;  the  caloric  ef- 
fect of  the  percussion  is  consequently  equal  to  from  2TJ 
to  .".S  millions  of  degrees  of  heat. 

J.  It.  Mayer  (trans.),  in  Grove's  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  275. 

Caloric  engine,  a  name  given  by  Ericsson  to  his  improved 
air-eii-iiic,  t.i  distinguish  it  from  other  air-engines  on  the 
same  principle.  The  smaller  motiirs  of  his  design  have 
been  useii  to  a  considerable  extent  in  situations  where  but 
little  power  h.is  been  required.  The  term  caloric  engine 
has  lieen  popul.arlv  applied  Ui  hot-air  engines  as  a  class. 
See  air-eniiine.—  Caloric  paradox.  Sec  spheroidal  state, 
under  .spheroidal. 

II.  «.  The  name  given  to  a  supposed  subtle 
imponderable  fluid  to  which  the  sensation  and 


caloric 

phenomena  of  heat  were  formerly  attributed ; 
hence,  liciit — Sensible  un.l  Insensible  caloric,  uh- 

M.l.l,-   IrMMS  fur  K.WWi'W.'  illlll   Idtilll  lirdt .       Sff  lllitl . 

caloricity  (kal-o-ris'i-li),  n.  [=  K.  caloririti',  < 
caloriiitic  =  K.  caloric]  The  jiower  in  auimals 
of  (leveU)i)ing  the  quantity  of  lieat  necessary 
to  life  anil  to  enable  theni  to  resist  atmospherii' 
colli,  so  as  to  preserve  at  all  times  anil  in  every 
part  an  internal  temperature  nearly  equal. 

caloriduct  (ka-lor'i-dukt),  n.  [<  L.  calor,  heat, 
+  (liirliix,  a  leading,  <  diiccrc,  lead.  Of.  (iqui- 
tliict,  ami  see  citlidiict.}  A  tube  or  passage  for 
conveying  heat.     See  citlhhtct. 

calorie,  ».     [F.]     See  calory. 

calorifacient  (kal"o-ri-ta'sbient),  a.  [<  L.  co- 
lor, licat,  +  J'(u-icn{t-)s,  ppr.  ot  facere,  make.] 
Heat-producing.  Also  calorificient,  calorijiant, 
and  ciilorijieiit. 

calorifiant  (kal'o-ri-fi'ant),  a.  [Also  written 
cdliirijiiiit ;  <  L.  calor,  heat,  +  F.  -Jiant,  ppr. 
of  -//<)•,  E.  -fii.  make.]     Same  as  calorifacient. 

calorific  (kal-o-rif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  calorificus, 
heat-producing,  <  calor,  heat,  -l-/rtCfrc,  make.] 
Capable  of  producing  heat;  causing  heat;  heat- 
ing ;  calorifacient. 

Wc  ilistinguish  .  .  .  the  pravitjitive,  luminiferoiis,  and 

calorijic  properties  of  the  sun.  J.  S.  Mill,  Logic. 

Bro^il  golden-white  day,  with  calorijic  beams,  beating 

strongly  upon  lis.  Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  166. 

Calorific  rays,  heat-rays.     See  heat  and  xj^cctnim. 

calorification  (ka^lor"i-fi-ka'shon),  «.  [=  F. 
ralorijicalion,  <  L.  calor,  boat,  +  -ficarc,  (.facere, 
make]  The  production  of  boat,  especially  ani- 
mal heat. 

calorificient  (kal'o-ri-fisb'ient),  a.  Same  as 
cKtorifacicnt. 

calorifics  (kal-o-rif'iks),  «.  [PI.  of  calorific: 
see  -(<■•<.]     The  science  of  beating. 

calorifient  (kal"o-ri-fi'ent),  a.  Same  as  calori- 
filcidit. 

calorimeter  (kal-o-rim'e-ter),  «.  [<  L.  calor, 
lieat,  -I-  metrnm,  <  Gr.  /ihpov,  measure.]  An 
apiiaratus  for  measuring  the  quantity  of  beat 
given  off  by  a  body  tinder  different  conditions: 
used  in  determining  the  specific  heat  of  differ- 
ent substances,  the  latent  heat  of  fusion,  ex- 
pansion, or  vaporization,  and  the  beat  of  com- 
bustion, or  of  chemical  combination  in  general. 
In  the  ice-ealorinieter  the  substance  to  be  operated  on  is 
incbised  in  a  ca\'ity  of  ice,  and  the  quantity  of  heat  is 
detennined  by  observing  the  increase  of  volume  due  to 
the  nielting  of  a  portion  of  the  iee.  In  other  forms  the 
rise  in  temperature  of  a  known  quantity  of  some  liquid,  as 
water  or  nu'rcury,  or  the  amount  of  expansion  caused  in  a 
known  volume  of  mercury,  is  noted. 

calorimetric,  calorimetrical  (kal  a-ri-met'rik, 

-ri-kal),  a.     Of  or  bclcmgiug  to  the  calorimeter 
or  to  calorimetrj'. 

There  are  two  methods  of  measuring  the  intensity  of  a 
beam  of  light:  1.  Calorimetrical.  .  .  .  *2.  Photonietrical. 
A.  Daniell,  Priii.  of  Pliysies,  p.  463. 

calorimetrically  (kal"o-ri-met'ii-kal-i),  adr. 
By  means  of  the  calorimeter;  in  accordance 
wtb  the  principles  and  methods  of  calorimetry. 

Tlie  total  intensity  of  radiation  may  be  measured  caUt- 
riiiulricatlif.  A.  Daiu'r/t,  I'l'in.  of  Physics,  p,  iti:l. 

calorimetry  (kal-o-rim'e-tri),  71.  [<  calorime- 
ter.]  The  measiu'ement  of  the  quantity  of 
heat  in  thermal  units  (see  thermal  and  calory) 
which  a  body  absorbs  or  gives  otit  in  passing 
through  a  certain  range  of  temperature,  or  in 
changing  its  state  (as  in  fusion  or  vaporization), 
or  the  heat  which  is  produced  by  chemical 
combination ;  the  art  or  process  of  using  the 
calorimeter. 

calorimotor  (kal"o-ri-m6'tor),  «.  [<  L.  calor, 
heat,  -t-  motor,  mover:  see  motor.]  A  form  of 
voltaic  battery,  consisting  of  one  or  more  cells 
in  which  the  plates  used  are  large,  so  that  the 
internal  resistance  is  very  small.  The  current 
produced  may  Inive  a  low  electromotive  force  while  the 
quantity  of  electrical  energy  is  large,  and  hence  can  pro- 
duce considerable  heating  effects  in  a  short  external  cir- 
cuit.    Hare's  detlagrator  w.as  an  early  form. 

calorist  (kal'o-rist),  n.  [<  Ij.  calor,  heat,  + 
-/.s7.]  One  of  those  who  tipheld  the  theory  that 
the  sensation  and  jdienomena  of  beat  are  at- 
tributable to  a  lluid  called  caloric. 

The  theory  of  the  calurist-t,  as  those  who  held  this  view 
were  called,  and  called  themselves,  is  now  utterly  dis- 
proved. Pop.  Encyc. 

calory  (kal'o-ri),  n.  [<  F.  calorie,  <  L.  calor. 
lieat.]  In  pltys.,  the  quantity  of  heat  necessary 
to  raise  the  temperature  of  a  kilogram  of  water 
from  0°  to  1°  centigrade.  It  is  the  uint  of  heat 
ordinarily  employed  in  calori?netry  by  modern  pbysicist.s, 
instead  of  the  thermal  unit  li.iscd  on  the  F.nglish  measures. 
(.See  Ihennal.)  The  small  calory  or  tlicrlnal  unit  on  the 
C.  (!.  s.  system  is  the  heat  reciuired  to  raise  tlie  tempera- 
ture of  one  grain  of  water  from  0'  to  1  (*.  Although  this 
particular  degree  of  the  scale  is  always  specillcd  iu  formal 


771 

definitions,  yet  it  is  practically  assumed  tliat  the  specific 
heat  of  water  is  constant ;  so  that  if  tlie  calory  were  de- 
fined in  terms  of  the  degree  from  20'  to  2V,  it  would  more 
accurately  represent  the  meaning  in  use.  Also  spelled 
calorie. 

The  Calorie  is  equal  to  41,.'i!)3,010,000  ergs  or  423.98.'> 
kilogi'anime-metres.    A.  DanicU,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  317. 

Calosoma,  Callosoma  (kal-o-so'mji), ».  [NL., 
<  (Jr.  Na'/6r,  beautiful,  -1-  nu/za,  body.]  A  large 
genus  of  beautiful  adcphagous  ('olcii)itera,  or 
carnivorous  beetles,  of  the  family  Carahiila: 
C.  Mficop/ianta,  about  an  inch  in  length,  is  the  largest  and 
handsomest  British  insect  of  the  family.    C.  imiuintor. 


Rummaging  Ground-beetle  {Calosotna  scrutatirr),  with  Lirva  of 
C.caiidum.    (Natural  size. ) 

C.  scrutator,  and  C.  calidum  are  other  species  of  this 
widely  distributed  genus,  commonly  called  </round-ffcettes. 
Also  spelled  C:illi.wma. 

calote,  II.     Same  as  calotte. 

Calotermes  (kal-o-ter'mez),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ra- 
/'jf,  beautiful,  -f  L.  termcs,  tarmes,  a  wood- 
worm :  see  termcs.']  One  of  the  principal  genera 
of  white  ants  or  termites,  of  the  family  Tcrmi- 
tidw  or  isopterous  Neiiroptera.  it  contains  both 
winged  sexual  individuals  and  apterous,  fully  developed, 
but  sexually  aborted  individuals.  C.  Jtavicollii  of  south- 
ern Europe  is  an  example. 

The  nests  <)f  species  of  Calotcnties  are  the  most  incom- 
plete ;  they  only  gnaw  passages  in  wood,  which  mainly 
rmi  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the  tree.  There  is  no 
si)ccial  place  for  the  queen.     Claus,  Zool.  (trans.),  p.  560. 

Calotropis  (ka-lot'ro-pis),  «.  [NL.  (in  allusion 
to  the  keel  of  the  flower),  <  Gr.  /ca/iif,  beautiful, 
+  TpuTi^,  a  ship's  keel,  <  Tpc-civ,  turn.]  A 
small  genus  of  asclejnadaceous  shrubs.  The 
bark,  wliich  is  known  as  tniidar  and  ycrcum  (names  also 
given  to  the  plants  themselves),  is  a  medicine  famous 
among  Oriental  physicians.  It  is  employed  in  many  dis- 
eases, especially  in  dysentery,  as  an  alterative  tonic  and 
diaphoretic,  and  as  a  substitute  for  ipecac.  C.  procera 
ranges  from  India  to  the  t'ape  \'erd  islands,  and  C.  tjiijau. 
tea  from  India  to  Borneo  and  China.  The  silky  fiber  of  the 
latter  is  finer  in  quality,  and  is  used  for  the  robes  of  the 
native  princes,  for  bowstrings,  and  for  fishing-lines  and 
-nets,  as  it  is  almost  indestruetible  in  water-  The  wood  of 
both  species  is  made  into  charcoal  for  gunpowder,  the 
aeriil  milky  juice  mixed  with  salt  is  used  to  remove  hair 
from  hides,  and  the  haira  of  the  seeds  are  employed  for 
stufting  mattresses. 

calotte  (ka-lof),  «.  [<  F.  calotte,  a  skull-cap, 
dim.  of  OF.  cale,  a  kind  of  little  cap,  >  E.  caiil^, 
q.  v.]  1.  A  jilain  skull-cap  or  coif  of  hair- 
cloth, satin,  or  other  fabric,  worn  (a)  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  clergy  to  cover  the  tonsure 
when  exposed  to  drafts;  (i)  in  England,  by 
ser,ieauts-at-law  on  their  wigs. —  2.  In  armor 
and  costume,  that  part  of  any  head-dress  which 
covers  closely  the  crown  of  the  head:  as,  the 
calotte  of  the  helmet. —  3.  Anything  Ila^^ng 
the  form  of  a  small  cap,  as  the  cap  of  a  sword- 
hilt. —  4.  In  arch.,  a  dome  or  cupola,  or  some- 
thing of  similar  form,  as  a  cup-shaped  ceiling, 
the  lieail  of  an  alcove,  etc. —  5.  In  iiniith.,  a 
hood  or  cap  of  color  upon  the  top  of  a  bird's 
head. 

Also  written  calote  and  catlot. 

calottist  (ka-lot'ist),  H.  [<  F.  calottiste,  <  ca- 
lotte :  see  def.]  A  member  of  a  society  which 
sprang  up  at  Paris  in  the  last  years  of  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.,  under  the  name  of  the  Regi- 
ment do  la  Calotte:  so  called  from  the  cap 
which  formed  the  symbol  of  the  society,  it  ex- 
ercised a  satirical  criticism  by  sending  its  emblem  and 
other  symbols  ami  medals  to  tliose  who  made  themselves 
in  any  way  ridiculous,  and  had  extended  its  operations  to 
the  highest  ranks  of  society  before  it  was  suppressed. 

Calotype  (kal'o-tip),  ».  [<  Gr.  Ka/6c,  beautiful, 
-I-  71-01;,  impression,  type.]  A  photographic 
process  devised  by  Fox  Talbot  about  1840,  but 
not  now  in  use.  In  this  process  a  reflected  innige  is 
impressed  on  sensitized  pajier  by  exiMisure  in  a  camera, 
developed  by  gallointrate  of  silver,  and  fixeil  by  hypo- 
sulphite of  soda.    The  paper  used  is  prepared  by  being 


caltrop 

saturated  with  Iodide  of  pota.«tsium  and  then  washc<l  with 
intrate  of  silver,  thus  forming  an  iodide  of  silver,  which  is 
rendered  very  sensitive  to  light  by  a  wash  of  gallic  acid 
and  nitrate  of  silver. 

After  due  instructions,  wo  seated  ourselves  at  the  open 
windows,— Storg  to  sketch,  and  I  to  take  a  mental  cato- 
type  of  the  view.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  il?. 

calotypist  (kal'o-ti-pist),  n.  [<  calotype  +  -int.] 
Oiii'  who  takes  photographs  by  the  calotype 
process. 

I  imprint  her  fast 
On  the  void  at  last, 
As  the  sun  does  whom  ho  will 
By  the  catotyputt'it  skill. 

Browning,  Mesmerism. 

caloyer  (ka-loi'er),  n.  [<  F.  caio^/cr  =  OBulg. 
kalaijiru,  Bulg.  l:iiloger  =  SeTV.  kaludjer =R\ish. 
kuloijcru  =  Alb.  kalojer,  <  LGr.  Ka/dyr/por,  Ka'/6- 
yrjpui;,  NGr.  Ka?.o}epor,  a  monk,  lit.  good  in  old 
age,  venerable,  <  Gr.  ku/uc,  beautifid,  good,  -I- 
yiipur,  old  ago ;  cf. ;  ipuv,  NGr. )  ty»f,  an  old  man.] 
A  monk  of  the  Greek  Chm-ch.     See  monk. 

calp  (kalp),  H.  [Prob.  of  Ir.  origiu.]  The  local 
Irish  designation  of  certain  beds  of  shales, 
sandstones,  and  clays,  containing  thin,  un- 
workable seams  of  coal.  The  calp  belongs  to 
the  Lower  Carboidferous  series.     See  culm. 

calpa,  ".    See  Icalpa. 

calpac(karpak),  H.  [Armenian.]  Alargo black 
cap  of  sheeiiskiu  worn  by  Armenians  and  Turks. 

Calpar  (kal'par),  H.  [L.,  a  vessel  for  liquids. 
Cf.  Gr.  hi'O-ri,  an  urn,  Ka/jric,  a  pitcher.]  A 
fimu  of  large  Roman  jar.     See  doliiim. 

calpel  (kalp),  «.  [(jiael.  'calpa,  colpa,  a  cow  or 
horse,  calpach,  colpaeh,  a  heifer,  a  steer,  a  colt.] 
A  tribute,  commonly  a  horse  or  cow,  paiil  by  a 
member  of  a  Highland  clan,  or  a  vassal,  to  the 
chief,  in  return  for  his  protection. 

Calpe-  (kal'pe),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  na'/-r),  an  urn.] 
A  genus  of  Noctuidw,  founded  by  Treitsehke  in 
1S25.  The  subfamily  Calpidi  was  fonntled  on  this  gemis 
by  tlueni^e  in  1641,  and  the  family  Calpidtf  by  the  same 
author  in  1852.  They  have  the  body  stout,  not  crested ; 
palpi  long,  .ascending;  second  joint  robust,  pilose,  the 
thiril  usually  short;  antenna;  acuminate  ;  atnlomen  hard- 
ly extending  beyond  hind  wings ;  hind  tiliia;  with  long 
spin's ;  and  fore  wings  with  interior  border  excavated  and 
mure  or  less  dentate. 

Calpidas  (kal'pi-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Calpc-  + 
-ida.]  A  family  of  noctuid  moths,  named  from 
the  genus  Calpc.     ducnec,  1852. 

calc[ue,  1:  t.     See  calk". 

calsonst  (kal'sonz),  n.pl.  [Also  calsounds,  cal- 
:ooii.H :  <  F.  cal.ion.f,  now  calefons,  =  NGr.  na/.T- 
Coi-riov,  <  It.  cahoni,  aug.  of  calza,  a  stocking,  < 
Jj.  calcciis,  a,  shoe.]     Drawers:  hose. 

They  wear  ...  a  smoeke  of  callico  .  .  .  :  under  this,  a 

paire  of  caLiounds  of  the  same,  which  reach  to  their  ancles. 

Sandys,  TYavels,  p.  63. 

The  better  sort  of  that  sex  here  wear  linen  drawers  or 
eahiioit.^.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels  in  Africa,  p.  11  >. 

calstokt,  ».  See  kalestock. 
caltetepon  (kal-te-tep'on),  ?i.  [Mex.]  A  name 
of  the  Jle.vican  varanian  or  monitor  lizard,  Ile- 
lodcrma  horriitum,  a  venomous  species. 
Caltha  (kal'thJi),  II.  [<  L.  ealtha,  a  plant,  prob. 
pot-marigold,  Calendula  officiualin:  origin  un- 
known.] A  genus  of  ranunculaceous  plants, 
with  stout  creeping  root-stocks,  flowers  having 
showy  yellow  sepals  but  no  petals,  and  fruit 
consisting  of  many-seeded  pods  in  clusters. 
The  species  are  marsh-herbs,  found  in  the  temperate  and 
cold  regions  of  both  hemispheres,  Howering  in  e.arly  s])ring. 
The  common  marsh-marigold,  ('.  iialuntrin,  known  in  the 
rnitcil  states  as  cous-tips,  is  frequently  used  as  a  pot-herb, 
calthropt,  n.  See  caltrop. 
caltrap,  ".  and  r.  See  caltrop. 
caltrop,  caltrap  (kal'trop,  -trap),  n.  [Also 
written  calthrop,  early  mod.  E.  also  caltrappc, 
caltroppe,  calteroop,  <  ME.  callrap,  calletrappe, 
calkctrapjie,  -trepjic,  kalketrappe,  ealcctreppe,  a 
caltrop  (def.  1),  also  a  plant,  sea-thistle  (gloss- 
ed trihulu.s  mariiiu.t  .saliunca),  <  AS.  (as  a  plant- 
name)  calcatrippe  (glossed  heracha).  contr.  col- 
tneppc  (glossed  rhamnus,  whin),  =  OF.  caudc- 
trap  for  'caucctrape,  F.  chnusse-trape,&  caltrop, 
star-thistle,  =  It.  calcatrippa,  star-tbistle,  <  ML. 
calcatrippa,  cakatripa.  caleatrcpn,  also  caleitri- 
pa,  calcitrapa,  calearippa,  calatrijipa,  a  caltrop, 
also  applied  to  several  plants  (>  NL.  calcitrapa, 
applied  to  the  star-thistle),  supposed  to  stand 
for  *calcitrappa.  <  L.  calx 
{calc-),  heel,  +  ML.  trap- 
pa,  a  snare,  of  Teiit.  ori- 
gin, E.  /ra;)l.  Cf.  ML. 
ealcitrare,  cause  to  stum- 
ble, in  classical  L.  kick.] 
1.  Formerly,  a  military 
instrument  with  four  iron 
points  disposed  in  such 
a  manner  that,  three 
caitnp.  of   them    being   on  the 


caltrop 

ground,  the  fourtli  iioiiit(-(l  upward.  Cnltrops  wore 
8cntU:ro(l  on  tllu  uriiuml  mIictl'  an  I'tn-niys  invnlry  were 
to  piiss,  to  impeilo  tlieir  prDgR'Ss  by  uunnilini,'  the  liorses' 
feet. 

Also  fullo  of  caltrappus  liyt  was  settc, 
As  niesehys  both  nmile  wythinno  a  nette. 

Archc€oto</i<i,  XXI.  r>l. 

I  think  tliey  ha'  strew'il  the  highways  with  caUraps,  I ; 
No  liorse  tiares  pass  'em. 

Fletcher  (niirf  a/mther),  I.ovi''.s  Pilgrimage,  1.  I. 

2.  pi.  Broken  pottery  or  coarse  pots  of  easily 
broken  ciirthenwiire,'or  otlier  things  adapted 
to  wound  horses'  feet,  used  in  i)laeo  of  caltrops 
projjer.  Airliwol.  Jour.,  XI.  :)S8. — 3.  In  hot, 
a  name  of  several  plants.  'I'lie  name  wa.s  applieil 
first  to  the  spiny  heads  or  fruita  of  the  plants,  from  theii- 
resemblanee  to  the  military  instrnnient,  and  then  to  the 
plant.s  theniselvi'S.  The  eominon  ealtrop  or  caltrojjs  is 
Ceiiiiiiiri'd  Caleitrapa  (the  star-thistle),  found  in  waste 
j)la<H's  in  the  smith  of  England.  The  lieads  are  covered 
with  long  yellow  spines.  'The  name  is  also  ;xiven  to  Tri- 
buliix  ^cnv.v/rj.v,  a  plant  of  the  Metliti-riantaii  retiinn,  with 
a  spiny  pentagonal  fruit.  'I'he  wati  r-t  altri'p  is  Tinpa  na- 
/(//*>-,  the  fruit  of  whieh  has  sevei-al  hoi-ns  formed  of  the 
indiiratrd  lolMsof  tile  calyx. 

caltropt,  caltrapt, ''•  *•    \MR.  caltrajypyn ;  from 
the  noun.]     To  entangle  -with  caltrops. 
Calti-appyn,  liame.  Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  59. 

Caluella,  ».     See  CaUudla. 

calumba  (ka-lum'bii),  n.  [NL.,  said  to  be  from 
liiltdiil),  its  native  name  in  Mozambique.]  A 
ri'i'dit  form  of  columbo,  the  common  name  for 
tlu'  root  oi  Jatearhiza  XHilmata  and  other  plants. 
fSee  roliimho. 

calumet  (kal'u-met),  n.  [<  F.  calumet,  prop,  a 
dial,  form  (used  in  Canadian  F.  and  thence 
introduced  into  E.  and  literary  F.)  parallel 
to  clxiliiiiicaii,  a  reed-pipe,  <  OF.  clialcmcl,  < 
LL.  ciilaiiicUns,  a  little  reed,  dim.  of  L.  cdhi- 
tiiiis,  a  reed:  see  calamus.1  A  kind  of  tobacco- 
pipe  used  by  the  Indians  of  North  America. 

Its  bowl  is 
usually  of  soft 
red  soap- 

stone,  and  the 
tube    n    long 
reed        orna- 
mented  with 
feathers.  The 
calumet       is 
used  as  a  sym- 
bol or  an  instrument  for  declaring 
peace  or  war.  To  accept  the  calumet 
is  to  agree  to  the  terms  of  peace ;  to 
refuse  it  is  to  reject  them.  The  calu- 
met of   peace    is   used   to  seal   or 
Calumet.  ratify  contracts  and  alliances,  in  the 

friendly  reception  of  strangers,  and 
as  a  safeguard  in  peaceful  traveling.  The  calumet  of  war, 
differently  made,  is  used  in  the  proclamation  of  war.  The 
reed  or  stem  is  the  important  part  of  the  pipe,  and  is  held 
to  have  a  sacred  signification. 

Allien  passed  the  sacred  calumet 
From  Up  to  lip  with  fire-draught  "wet. 

Whittier,  Truce  of  Piscataqua. 

Calumet  eagle,  any  eagle  having  black  and  white  tail- 
featiiers  siiitahle  for  decorating  the  calumet  of  the  In- 
dians. I'.Dtti  tlie  ii'.dden  eagle  (.4*;Hii«  c/in/.s'ar/t(.s-)  and  the 
bald  t:mk'  (IJaliaetus  leucocephalu-fi)  furnish  the  required 
fc;itlR-rs  at  certain  stages  of  their  plumage. 
calumner  (ka-lum'ner),  n.  [<  *calitmn,  v.  (<  F. 
calomnicr,  <  L.  calnmniari),  calumniate,  +  -f/'l.] 
A  calumniator.     [Kara.] 

To  the  calwii  yiers  of  Lysimachus  he  promiseth  he  will  not 
recriminate.    CkrUtian  Relifjion's  Appeal,  ii.  38  (Ord  MS.). 

calmnniate  (ka-lum'ni-at).  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
cahuiiitlatcd,  ppr.  calinnniatimj.  [<.Jj.c<iUiiiiiii- 
«fHs,  pp.  of  caluiiiniari  (>  It.  cahinninrc,  ailoit- 
niare,  calognare  =  Sp.  Pg.  cahminiar  =  F.  ca- 
lomnier,  OF.  cJialoni/cr,  chalentjer,  >  E.  challenge, 
q.  v.),  slander,  <  calumnia,  slander:  see  calum- 
ny, and  ef.  challenge,  «;.]  To  utter  calumny 
regarding ;  charge  falsely  and  knowingly  with 
some  crime  or  offense,  or  something  disrepu- 
table; slander. 
Calumniated  by  apostates.  Macaulaii. 

I  pray'd  them,  being  so  calumniated, 

They  would  commission  one  of  weight  and  worth 

To  judge  between  my  slaiider'd  self  and  me. 

Ten/iii/iun,  Colnnibus. 
=  Syn.  Defame,  CaUimniate,  etc.     See  asperse. 
calumniation  (ka-lum-ni-a'shon),  n.     [<  L.  as 
if  *calumniat>o{n-),  <  calumnidri:  see  calumni- 
ate.}    The  act  of  calumniating;  calumny. 

The  slander  and  calumniation  of  her  principal  counsel- 
lors agi-eed  best  \vith  the  huraoui-s  of  some  malecontents 
within  the  realm.  Bacon,  Obs.  on  a  Libel. 

These  descriptions  ...  are  delivered  dispassionately, 
and  not  thro^vnout  in  the  heat  of  controversy  and  calum- 
7ualinn.  T.  H'arto/i,  Milton's  Silvarum  Liber. 

calumniator  (k.a-lum'ni-a-tor),  n.  [L.,  <  ca- 
hiiiiniari:  sea  calumniatc.'i  One  who  calumni- 
ates or  slanders;  one  who  falsely  and  knowing- 
ly accuses  another  of  anything  of  a  disgraceful 
character,  or  maUeiously  proiiagates  false  ac- 
cusations or  reports. 


772 

The  devil,  the  father  of  all  calumnieitoTs  and  liars. 

Abp.  Ussher,  Alls,  to  a  Jesuit,  p.  98. 

The  calumniators  of  Epicurus's  philosojihy. 

Cowley,  Liberty. 
A  wicked  thing  is  a  calumniator.  Brouffham. 

=Syil.  Slanderer,  defamer,  backbiter,  libeler,  detractor, 
trailncer. 

calumniatory  (ka-lum'ni-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as 
if  'cdhDiiniatiiriu.i,  <  valumniaior.^  Slanderous: 
as,  "calumniatory  information,"  Bp.  Montagu, 
Appeal  to  Caesar,  p.  17. 

calumnious  (ka-lum'ni-us),  a.  [<  L.  calumni- 
(isu.f.  <  calumnia :  see  calumny,']  Using  calum- 
ny; containing  or  implying  calumny;  injirri- 
ous  to  reputation ;  slanderous:  as,  "calumuious 
knave,"  Shah:,  All's  Well,  i.  3 ;  "calmnuiou,-,-  mis- 
statements," Motley. 

Virtue  itself  'scapes  not  calumniiton  strokes. 

.S'/in*.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 
The  weak  stroke  of  their  cahtmniouti  tongues. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Kevels,  iii.  2. 

calumniously  (ka-lum'ui-us-li),  adv.  In  a  ca- 
lumnious manner;  slanderously. 

calumniousness  (ka-lum'ni-us-nes),  «.  The 
(luality  of  being  calumnious  ;  slanderousness  ; 
clefamatory  quality. 

The  bitterness  of  my  stile  was  plainness,  not  cabtjnnioits- 
)«■.«.      Bp.  Morton,  Discharge  of  Imput.  (ed.  1633),  p.  227. 

calumnize  (karum-niz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  ])p.  cal- 
»h;hL-((/,  ppr.  cttlumnizing.  [<  calumny  +  -/re.] 
To  calumniate.     Varies.     [Rare.] 

calumny  (kal'um-ni),  n. ;  i»l-  calumnies  (-niz). 
[<  F.  calomnie  (OV.  chedonge,  clialengc,  >  ME. 
chalenge :  see  challenge,  «.,  which  is  a  doublet 
of  calumny)  =  Pr.  calonja,  calumpnia  =  Sp.  Pg. 
calumnia  =  It.  calvunia,  calunnia,  calogna,  < 
L.  calumnia,  OL.  kalumnia,  trickery,  artifice,  a 
false  accusation,  <  calri,  calrere,  deceive,  in- 
trigue against.]  False  accusation  of  crime, 
misconduct,  or  defect,  knowingly  or  malicious- 
ly made  or  reported,  to  the  injury  of  another ; 
imtruth  maliciously  spoken,  to  the  detraction 
of  another ;  a  defamatory  report ;  slander. 

Be  thou  as  chaste  as  ice,  as  pm"e  as  snow,  thou  shalt 
not  escape  crtfwmHT/.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

The  last  days  of  Tillotson  were  altogether  embittered  by 
the  stream  of  calumny,  invective,  and  lampoons  of  whicli 
he  was  the  object.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  i. 

=  Sjm.  Lying,  falsehood,  libel,  aspersion,  detraction,  back- 
biting, defamation,  evil-speaking. 
CalurUS  (ka-lu'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  naUi;,  beau- 
tiful, +  oi'pa,  tail.]  A  genus  of  trogons,  the 
paradise  trogons,  the  most  magnificent  birds 
of  the  family  Trogonido'.  They  are  rich-green  and 
eannine  in  color,  with  the  upper  tail-coverts  projecting 
like  delicate  sprays  a  foot  or  two  beyond  the  tail.  ALso 
called  Pharomaerus  or  Pharumachrus. 

cal'va  (kal'va),  )(.;  pi.  calrw  (-ve).  [NL.,  fern, 
of  L.  cah-us,  bald:  see  caZtoit'l.]  In  entom. :  (a) 
The  upper  part  of  the  epicranium  of  an  insect, 
including  the  front  and  vertex.  ( h)  With  some 
^vriters,  the  whole  head-case  or  cranium. 

Calvairt  (kal'var),  w.  [ME.,  <  L.  calvaria,  the 
skull:  see  tV(/rar^.]     A  skull. 

An  other  thinge  that  lightly  may  be  founde, 
The  calvair  of  an  horsed  asse  or  mare, 
.Sette  that  nppe. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  36. 

cal'Varia  (kal-va'ri-a),  n. ;  pi.  calrarice  (-e).  [L., 
the  skull:  see  dal vary.]  The  calvarium  (which 
see). 

cal'7arian  (kal-va'ri-an),  fli.  [<  calvarium  + 
-an.]  Pertaining  to  the  ealvariimi — Calvarian 
hook,  a  stout  houk  used  in  removing  the  calvarium  in  au- 

to[)sifS. 

cal'varium  (kal-va'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  calvaria  (-a). 
[NL.,  neut..  <  L.  calvaria,  tern.:  see  Calrar'i/.] 
That  part  of  the  cranimn  which  is  above  the 
orbits,  temples,  and  occipital  protuberance ; 
the  skull-cap.     See  cut  under  cranium. 

Cal'vary  (kal'va-ri),  n.  [<  L.  calvaria,  a  skull 
(used  in  the  Vulgate  to  translate  the  Heb.  (lol- 
gotha),  <  calva,  the  scalp  without  hair,  fem.  of 
calrus,  bald:  see  callow'^-.]  1.  A  place  of  skulls; 
Golgotha;  specifically,  the  place  where  Christ 
was  crucified,  it  was  probably  a  small  hill  in  the 
vicinity  of  ancient  Jerusalem;  its  assumed  site,  covered 
by  the  church  of  the  Holy  Sepulcher  within  the  modern 
city,  is  disputed. 

2.  [?.  c]  In  Roman  Catholic  countries,  a  rep- 
resentation of  the  passion  of  Christ,  often  of 
life-size,  erected  sometimes  on  a  hill  near  a 
city,  sometimes  near  a  church  or  in  a  church- 
yard, and  sometimes  in  a  chapel.  The  various 
scenes  of  Christ's  sufferings  and  erucilixion  are  represcii trd 
by  statuary  and  carving  often  highly  colored.  Stone  cal- 
varies arc  a  special  feature  of  medieval  and  Kenaissance 
art  in  Brittany,  and  calvaries  in  wax,  placed  in  ciiurches, 
arc  much  in  vogue  in  Italy  and  elsewhere. 

3.  [/.  c]  A  rocky  moimd  or  hill  on  which  three 
crosses  are  erected:  an  adjunct  to  some  reli- 


Cal'Tinism 

giouR  houses — Calvary  cross,  "r  cross  of  Calvary. 
See  eroKK.-  Congregation  of  Our  Lady  of  Calvary. 

Si-c  niin/rej/ation. 

cal'Ve  (kiiv),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calved,  ppr.  calv- 
ing. [<  ME.  culven,  <  AS.  craljian  (=1).  Icalren 
=  East  Fries,  kalfen  =  MUG.  G.  hilhen  (dial. 
kalheln)  =  Icel.  kelj'a  =  Norw.  kalva,  also  kjclra, 
kjceve  =  Sw.  kalfra  =  Dan.  kalve,  also  ka'lve, 
calve),  <  ccalf,  calf:  see  calf^.  In  the  derived 
senses  2  and  3,  cf.  Dan.  k<ilve  (in  sense  2)  = 
Flem.  in-kalren  =  East  Fries,  iii-kalfen,  cave 
in;  in  E.  now  care:  see  care^,  v.]    i,  intrant. 

1.  To  bring  forth  a  calf  or  calves:  sometimes 
used  contemptuously  of  human  beings,  and  by 
Milton  of  the  earth  at  the  creation  of  cattle, 
etc. 

Knowcst  thoil  the  time  when  the  wild  goats  of  the  rock 
bring  forth '^  or  canst  thou  mark  when  the  hinds  do  calee  / 

Job  .xxxix.  1. 
The  grassy  clods  now  caleed.  Milton,  V.  L.,  vii.  103. 

2.  To  become  separated  from  or  lose  a  portion 
of  itself:  said  of  a  glacier  when  icebergs  are 
broken  off  from  it. — 3t.  To  become  detached 
and  fall  inward^  as  earth  or  rock  from  the  walls 
of  a  cutting :  -vNath  in.     Now  cave  in. 

The  rock  coined  in  upon  him. 

Quoted  in  A'.  a/ii(  Q.,  4th  ser.,  XIL  inc. 

II,  trans.  To  give  birth  to,  as  a  cow  to  a 
calf ;  bring  forth. 

Kot  Romans,  .  .  . 
Though  calv'd  i'  the  porch  o'  the  Capitol. 

Shak,,  Cor.,  iii.  1. 

cal'yer  (kal'ver),  a.  [<  ME.  calvur,  calwar, 
fresh  (applied  to  fish) ;  appar.  a  corruption  of 
caller,  callour,  fresh :  see  caller-.]  Fresh ;  newly 
caught,  as  fish:  applied  particularly  to  fish,  and 
especially  to  salmon,  dressed  as  soon  as  caught. 
The  term  was  also  applied  to  fish  dressed  in  a  particular 
way,  as  with  oil,  vinegar,  and  spices.  See  calver,  v.  [Now 
only  prov.  Eng.  ] 
Calriir  as  samoon,  or  othyr  fysslie.    Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  59. 

calvert  (kal'ver),  n.    The  flaky  or  fat  flesh  of 
calver  fish. 
Caleer  of  samon,  escume  de  saumon.  Palsgrave. 

cal'ver  (kal'ver),  V.  t.  [Orig.  only  in  p.  a. 
calvered,  for  calver:  see  calver,  a.]  If.  In  conk- 
cry,  to  prepare  (fish)  in  a  certain  way,  appa- 
rently by  a  kind  of  pickling  and  spicing. 

My  foot-boy  shall  eat  pheasants,  crt^rc/''(f  salmons,  knots, 
godwits,  lampreys.  B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iL  1. 

Great  lords  sometimes 
For  change  leave  calver'd  salmon,  and  eat  sprats. 

Massinger,  The  Guardiau,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  crimp  (fish).     A'ares. 

cal'ves.  ".     Plural  of  calf^,  calf^. 

cal'pes -snout  (kiivz' snout),  n.  [For  calfs- 
inout.]  A  name  of  the  snapdragon.  Antirrhi- 
num 7najus,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the 
seed-vessel  to  a  calf's  head. 

cal'Ves'-tongue  (kiivz'tung),  «.  An  early  me- 
dieval mokbng  consisting  of  a  series  of  pointed, 
tongue  -  shaped 
elements,  all 
pointing  in  the 
same  direction, 
usually  down- 
ward or  inward. 
It  occurs  as  a 
modification  of 
a  label  or  roll 
molding  sur- 
rounding an 
arched  door  or 
window. 

cal'ville  (kal'- 
vil),  H.  [F.,  ap- 
par. adapted (as 
if  <  It.  carovclle 
(Florio),  caravclla.  a  sort  of  pear)  <  L.  calvus, 
bald,  with  a  smooth  skin.]    A  sort  of  apple. 

cal'Ving  (ka'ving),  «.  [<  JIE.  calvyng ;  verbal 
n.  of  calre,  r.]  1.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  a 
calf:  said  of  cows,  whales,  and  seals. 

The  Russians  providently  prohibit  bay-whaling,  a  prac- 
tice destructive  to  the  cow  whales  about  the  time  of 
calving.  K.  Forbes. 

2.  The  separation  of  masses  of  ice  from  a  gla- 
cier from  time  to  time  as  it  extends  itself  into 
the  sea,  giving  rise  to  icebergs. 

Calvinian  (kal-%-in'i-an),  a.  [See  Calrinism.] 
Prrtaining  or  relating  to  CahHn  ;  Calvinistic. 

Cal'Vinisni  (kal'vin-izm),  «.  [=  F.  Calri)ii.<imc,  < 
Citlriii,  equiv.  to  F.  Chaurin  (see  chanri)iism) 
and  derived  from  L.  Calviiiu.':,  a  Roman  cog- 
nomen, lit.  'bald,'  <  ealru.<t,  bald:  see  callow'^.] 
The  theological  tenets  or  doctrines  of  John  Cal- 
vin, a  French  I^otestant  theologian  (l.'iOiMU). 
The  peculiar  characteristics  of  his  system,  as  derived  from 


Calves'-toncfue  Molding,  Kcnilworth 
Cfiurch,  EngLind, 


Calvinisin 

his  '*  Institutes,"  are  liis  ilortriiirs  of  orijjiiial  sin,  namely, 
that  we  ilerive  from  .\dani  "  ncjt  only  tile  pnnislniieiit,  Ijut 
also  t!ie  pollution  t<j  wliieh  the  i)nnislinient  is  justly  due"  ; 
of  freeiiom  of  the  will,  namely,  tliat  man  '"in  liis  present 
state  is  despoiled  of  frredtuu  of  will  and  sui)je(-t  to  a  mis- 
enilile  sliiveiy  '' ;  of  urure.  or  that  "  the  Lorit  lioth  begins 

and  ( ipleles  the  good  work  in  us,"  and  j;ives  us  "  hoth 

will  and  power";  of  predestination,  or  "the  eternal  de- 
cree of  Cod,  l»y  which  he  has  deternnned  in  himself  what 
he  would  have  liecome  of  every  individual  of  mankind  "  ; 
and  of  iierseveranee,  <u'  the  doctrine  tliat  all  the  eleet  will 
eertainly  be  saveil.  ralviuisni  has,  however,  been  nuvteri- 
ally  nioditleii  sinee  Calvin's  day,  and  the  name  is  applied 
to  modern  systems  of  theolo;^  which  dilfer  more  or  less 
widely  from  Ins  system  in  eaeli  of  these  ])articulars.  (See 
CalvinUf.)  (Jeuerully,  Calvinism  may  be  said  to  rest  upon 
the  absolute  sovcreiijnty  of  <iod  over  all  his  creatures. 
It  is  in  a  nioditied  form  tlie  the(doyieal  system  of  most 
Baptists,  Presbyterians,  and  Conyregationaiists. 

If  Arniiuianism  most  eomnu'iuls  itself  to  our  feelinps, 
Catmni-)ini  is  nearer  to  the  facts,  liowever  harsh  and  for- 
bidding tliese  facts  nuiy  seem. 

Fi-uHde,  Slu)rt  Studies  on  Great  Subjects,  II.  12. 

Calvinist  (kal'vin-ist),  n.  [=  F.  Calriniste: 
see  Cahinism.l  Primarily,  an  adherent  of 
the  theologieal  system  of  Jolm  Calvin.  See 
Culrlnistn.  The  name  is  also  yiven  to  theolo{;ians  who 
llold  the  doctrine  of  the  Divine  Sovereignty  as  tlie  central 
truth  of  their  system,  but  dejiart  more  or  less  widely  from 
tile  eonelusiiins  of  Calvin,  iiarticularly  as  rejjards  uncondi- 
tional eleelion  and  reprobation  anil  free  will.  Strirt  Cal- 
viiiiuls  llold  substantially  the  original  views  of  Calvin; 
hjfii'i--Ciili'ini^l.t  add  some  corollaries  which  he  denied, 
inelndin^  a  denial  of  all  validity  to  the  use  of  human 
means;  nwl'-fnti'  CntinniMg  modify  his  views,  and  liold 
that  mail  possesses  free  will  notwithstandiii;.;  the  fall,  and 
that  bis  respniisihility  is  limited  to  his  voluntary  acts. 
Ameiican  Cuii;;ri'i^atioiialists  and  the  so-called  Mew  School 
I'reshyteriaiis  are  generally  moderate  Calvinists. 

Calvinistic  (kal-vin-is'tik),  «.  Of  or  pertain- 
iuK  to  Calvin,  or  to  Calvinism. 

The  most  eomjilete,  interlinked,  compact,  and  self-con- 
sistent theology  in  the  world  is  tlie  Calvliiiittic. 

//.  H'.  lleeclter,  Statement  of  Belief. 

Calvinistical  (kal-vin-is'tl-kal),  a.  Same  as 
Ciilriinsfic. 

Calvinize  (kal'vin-iz),  I'.  /. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Cal- 
liid-i  il,  ]i\ti\  Cidri)ti::in(i.  [<.  Ciilrin  +  -isc.  See 
Ciiliiiiisiii.]     To  convert  to  Calvinism. 

calvish  (kii'vish),  a.  [More  prop,  cal  fish;  < 
(•'((/■I  +  -/.v7(l.]     Like  a  calf.     Slicldoii. 

calvities  (kal-vish'i-ez),  ».  [L.,  baldness,  < 
e»/(;«,s,  bald:  see  calloir^.^  Diffused  or  general 
baldness,  appearing  usually  first  on  the  crown, 
or  on  tho  forehead  aud  temples. 

calvityt  (kal'vi-ti),  H.  [<  F.  calvitie,  <  L.  mUi- 
tiis.]     Baldness;  calvities. 

Calvous  (kal'vus),  a.  [<  L.  calms,  bald:  see 
cn//«(cl.]     Bald. 

calxl  (kalks),  )i.;  pi.  calxcs  or  (as  if  L.)  calces 
(kalk'sez,  kal'soz).  [<  L.  cn/.r(plural  'calces  not 
used),  a  small  stone,  a  counter  (>  dim.  calcu- 
lus, q.  v.),  limestone,  lime  (>  AS.  ccalc,  E.  rliali, 
q.  v.),  prob.  =  (jr.  ,ia''.<f,  a  small  stone,  lime- 
stone.] 1.  Lime  or  chalk. —  2.  The  ashy  sub- 
stauce  which  remains  after  metals,  minerals, 
etc.,  have  been  calcined.  Metallic  ealxes  are 
now  generally  called  oxids. — 3.  Broken  and 
refuse  glass,  which  is  restored  to  the  pots. — 
Calx  cMorata  or  chlorlnata,  ehlorinated  lime,  a  wliite 
powdi  r  ulilaiie  .1  I'V  e\]>i-siiig  ^l;^k^d  lime  to  the  action  of 
chlorine  ^a-i  until  absorption  ceases;  used  as  a  disinfec- 
tant and  lilraehinj;  agent.     .\lso  called  clilm-id  afliim-. 

calx'-'  (kalks),  «.;  pi.  calces  (kal'sez).  [L.,  the 
heel,  lieuco  calcitrate,  calcar'^.']  In((«of.,  the 
heel :  commonly  used  in  the  Latin  genitive  {cal- 
cis),  as  in  os  caleis,  the  heel-bone  or  caleaneum. 

calybite  (kal'i-bit),  ».  [<  Gr.  Ka^-vjiirTi^,  living 
in  a  hut.  <  naXlifii/,  a  hut,  cell,  <  KaVmreiv,  cover.] 
One  of  a  class  of  early  Christians  who  lived  in 
huts. 

Oalycanthaceae  (kal''i-kan-tha'se-e),  11.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Cdhjcanthus  +  -aeca'.']  A  natural  order 
of  dicotyledonous  plants,  allied  both  to  the 
MaiiiioliacetB  and  to  the  iJo.socwc.  They  arc  hardy 
shriibs,  well  known  in  gardens  for  tlie  delicious  fragrance 
of  their  blossoms.  The  order  contains  only  two  genera  : 
Caliicaiithii.i,  of  tlie  United  States,  and  ChitmnmUltM,  oi 
Asia.    See  cut  under  Cali/eanthu^. 

calycaiithemous  (kal-i-kan'the-mus),  a.  [< NL. 
(■(diitiintliemus,  <  (iv.  (cti/tiif  (xaAiw-),  calv.x,  +  iiv- 
Htfini',  a  flower.  Cf.  Gr.  KaAvKovde/wv  (of  same 
formation),  a  kind  of  lioneysuckle.]  In  bot., 
having  petal-like  sepals. 

calycanthemy  (kal-i-kau'the-rai),  ».    [<  NL. 

'mh/cdiillii iiiiii.  <  cidncautlicmiis :  see  calijcan- 
thciiioiis.  ]  An  abnori'uity  of  form  in  a  flower,  in 
which  the  caly.x-lobes  have  become  petaloid, 
as  in  some  varieties  of  primrose.. 
Oalycantllus(kal-i-kan'thus),M.  [NL.(socaUed 
from  tlie  cup-shaped  receptacle  inclosing  the  pis- 
tils),<  (ir.  ncihii  (kci'Avk-),  a  cup,  +  I'lrflnr,  a  flower.] 
Tho  sweet  shrub  or  Carolina  allspice  of  the 
United  States,  an  aromatic  shrubby  genus  of 
four  sjjecies,  with  lurid  purple  flowers  wliich 
have  the  odor  of  strawberries.    The  bruised  leaves 


%^^ 


Flowering  branch  of  Calycan. 
thus  Jloridus. 


Calyctlluratc. 
Section  of  peach-blossom,  showing  the 
st.^mens    and    petals   inserted  on   the 
thi«at  of  the  calyx. 

L.  calyx  (cali/c-),  ealyx,  + 


773 

and  hark  are  also  fragrant.  The  most  common  species 
freiineiit  in  cultivation,  is  C.  Jluriitutt.  Also  called  Mraiv 
hi'rrii-pluut. 

calycate   (kal'i-kiit),  a. 

[<   NL.  cahjcatiis,   <  L. 

calyx  (calyc-),  caly.x.]  In 

hot.,    provided    with  a 

calyx, 

calyces,    ".      Plural  of 

eahjj-, 

calyciferous  (kal-i-sif- 
o-nis),  a.  [<  L.  calyx 
lc(dyc-),  calyx,  -1-  fcrrc, 
=  E.  bcari,  +  -ous:  see 
calix,  calyx,  and  cf.  caly- 
ci>}}hi>riins.']  In  hot.  and 
zoi'il.,  bciiring  or  sup- 
porting the  calyx.  Also 
calirifirniis. 

Calyciflorae     (ka-lis-i- 

flo're),)!. /)/.  [Nil.,  fern, 
pi.  of  calycijliirus,  <  L. 
calyx  (cah/c-),  calyx,  + 

Jhs  (Jliir-),  flower,  corolla.]  In  Do  CandoUe's 
classification,  a  subclass  of  polypetalous  dico- 
tyledons, in  which  the  corolla  and  stamens  are 
inserted  upon  a  disk  which  is  coherent  with  the 
calj'x,  and  which  is  sometimes,  with  tho  calyx, 
adnate  to  the  ovary.  It  inchides  the  Legnminosa; 
Ii'osacra;  Saxifrar/acca;  anil  otherrdated  orders. 
calycifloral  (ka-lis-i-flo'ral),  a.    [As  Calyeiflorw 

+  -id.]  Same  as  cahjciflnrale. 
calyciflorate  (ka-lis-i-flo'rat),  a.  [<  NIj.  calyci- 
Jloratiis  :  see  i'alycifloric.']  In  hot.,  having  the 
petals  and  sta- 
mens borne  upon 
the  calyx ;  specifi- 
cally, pertaining 
to  the  Calyeiflorw. 

calyciflorous  (ka- 

lis-i-llo'rus),  a.  [<. 
NL.  calyriflonis  : 
see  Cidyeiflora:'] 
Same  as  calyci- 
florate. 

calyciform      (ka- 
lis'i-form),  a.     [< 
forma,  shape.]     In 
liol.  and  zoiil.,  havingthe  form  of  or  resembling 
a  ealyx. 
calycinal  (ka-lis'i-nal),  a.     Same  as  calycinc. 
calycine  (kal'i-sin)',  a.     [<  L.  ealyx  (calyc-), 
calyx,   +  -JHfl.]     1.   In  bot.,  iiertaining  to  a 
calyx;   situated  on  a  calyx. —  2.  In  -o((V. :   (a) 
Resembling  the   calyx  of  a  plant.      (/<)  Spe- 
cifically, in  crinoids,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 

calyx:  as,  calycinc  perisome Calycine  pores,  in 

erinoids,  orifices  of  caualieuli  which  traverse  the  iiilerr;tdii 
of  tile  perisome  and  place  the  cu;loniatie  cavity  in  eom- 
ninnieation  with  the  exterior. 
calycle  (kal'i-kl),  h.  [<  L.  calycidus,  dim.  of 
calyx  (calyc-),  a  calyx:  see  calyx,  and  cf.  cali- 
eida.']  1."  In  bot.,  an  outer  accessory  calyx,  or 
set  of  leaflets  or  bracts  looking  Uke  a  calyx,  as 
in  the  pink.  Also  called  calycidus. —  2.  In  zool., 
a  calice  or  little  caljTC ;  some  part  of  a  zoiiphyto 
like  or  likened  to  the  calyx  of  a  plant.  Speeifl- 
cally—  («)  In  corals,  the  tmp-cidl  or  corallite  in  wliich  each 
jiolypite  or  indi\idn:il  jiolypof  a  polypidoni  is  lodged,  {li) 
In  'llmlmzim,  the  n-riptacli^  in  which  a  iHrlyjiite  is  lodged, 
as  in  tlie  ealyptoblastic  liydrozoans  ;  a  liydrotlieca. 
Also  calice,  calielc,  aud  calycule. 
calycled  (kal'i-kld),  a.  [<  calycle  +  -erfs.] 
Same  as  e<dyeulate. 

calycoid,  calycoideous  (kal'i-koid,  kal-i-koi'- 

de-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  *kalvii.o£iiiii:,  contr.  /caXra(j(S//(-, 
lilce  a  budding  flower,  <  KuAif  (m7.vn-),  calyx,  + 
firTor,  form.]  In  hot.  and  zool.,  like  a  calyx  in 
fdviu,  eiilor,  or  appearance. 

Calycophora  (kal-i-kof'o-rii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  (if  eidyrophorus,  <  Gr.  Ha/vi  (aa'/vK-),  a  calyx, 
-f  -,ji(),mr,'-lifaririg,  <  i^epeiv  =  E.  Iiear^.']  An  order 
or  suborder  t)f  siplionophorous  oceanic  hytii'O- 

V.oans,  having  a  long  stem  with  a  somatocyst 
or  body-sac  at  the  proximal  end,  but  no  pueu- 
matophore.  The  Cali/cnphora  lu-e  very  delicate  organ- 
isms of  specially  composite  structure,  and  so  trans|iarent 
that  they  are  rendered  visible  at  a  little  distame  only  by 
their  bright  tints.  They  are  mostly  found  lloating  or  s«  ini- 
ming  on  the  surface  of  tropical  seas,  trailing  tbeir  long 
chain  of  appendages  after  them  as  they  dart  forward  w  ith 
a  rhythmical  movement  according  witli  the  simultaneous 
contractions  of  the  nectoealyces  or  swimniingbells  with 
which  they  are  provided.  There  are  scvenil  families,  of 
which  l)i I'ditiiilw  and  IliypitiindiUlir  are  the  leading  ones. 
The  Cnliirojilwra  constitute  with  the  I'hijxnpliora  the  sub- 
ehuss  Sii>fii>n'>i>h>rn  (which  see).    Also  Calycuptioriiife. 

Calycophorae  (kal-i-kof'o-re),  n.  pi.    [NL.] 

Satnc  as  Calycophora. 
calycophoran  (kal-i-kof'o-ran),  «.  and  H.    I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Calijcophura. 


Oalypte 

II.  )).  One  o{  ibe  Calycophora. 
calycophorld  (kal-i-kof'o-rid),  «.    One  of  the 

('(dyeiiplmriilie. 

Calycophoridae  fkal'i-ko-for'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.] 
SniiiK  as  Calyriiiihiira. 

calycophorous  (kal-i-kof'o-rus),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Calycophora. 

Calycozoa  (kal"i-ko-z6'a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
ealycozoon,  <  Gr.  kqAv^  (koavk-),  a  ealyx,  +  Cvof, 
an  animal.]  An  order  of  diseophorous  hydro- 
zoans,  the  lucernarian  acalephs:  so  called  be- 
cause of  their  cuii-shajie,  having  the  umbrella 
or  disk  without  a  velum,  pedunculaleil  aboral- 
ly,  and  capable  of  attachment  at  the  aboral  pole. 
They  have  four  wide  vascular  pouches  with  narrow  septa, 
ami  eii^Iit  teiitariilifcrons  processes  around  the  edge  of 
the  uiiilirclla,  di\idiiig  it  into  as  many  lobes,  the  genera- 
five  products  bring  discharged  into  the  body-cavity.  There 
is  lint  one  family,  Liirfniariidtje.  These  organisms  are  of 
gelatinous  consistency,  variously  colored,  and  semi-trans- 
parent; when  ditaebed,  they  swim,  like  all  niedusoiils,  by 
eoiitractjons  of  the  umbrella.  They  arc  regarded  by  some 
as  the  most  generalized  type  of  the  class.  Leuckarl.  .Seu 
Ltici'rnaria. 

calycozoan  (kal"i-ko-z6'an),  «.  and  n.     I.  a. 

( If  or  pertaining  to  the  Calycozoa. 
II.  i(.  One  of  the  Calycozoa. 

calycozoic  (kal'i-ko-zo'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Cidyeozoa. 

calycozoon  (kal'i-ko-zo'on),  )i.  [NL.,  sing,  of 
Cidyriiziia,  (|.  v.]     One  of  the  Calycozoa. 

calycular  (ka-lik'u-liir),  a.  In  bot.  and  zool., 
belonging  to  or  of  the  natui'o  of  a  calycle. 

calyculate,  calyculated  (ka-lik'u-hit,  -la-ted), 

((.     [<  NL.  ealyeulalus.  <  L.  eidyeulu.'<,  a  calycle: 
see  calycle.]     1.  In  hot.,  having  bracts  which 
resemble  an  additional  external  calyx. —  2.  In 
zo'JL,  having  a  calycle. 
-Also  calycled. 

calycule  (kal'i-kiil),)!.  [<calycuhis,q.v.]  Same 
as  eidyele. 

calyciilus  (ka-lik'u-lus),  «.;  pi.  ealyculi  (-li). 
[Ij..  dim.  of  calyx  (calyc-),  a  calyx.]  Same  as 
(■idijelr.  1. 

Caljnnene  (ka-lim'o-ne),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  in- 
tended to  represent  Gr.  Ki:Ka7.vfijtivT/,  fern,  of 
Kcna^vfi/iivor,  jip.  pass,  of  fca/.iirrfa',  cover,  hide.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  trilobites  found  in  the  Si- 
lurian rocks.  ('.  hlunioibachi  is  known  as  tho 
Dudley  trilobite.  liroHgniart,  ISii.  .lUso  Ca- 
lynieiiif. 

Calymenidae  (kal-i-men'i-de),  >i.  i>l.  [NL.,  < 
( '(dyiiieiie  -t-  -ida:']  A  family  of  trilobites,  named 
from  th(>  genus  Calymene. 

Calymma  (ka-lim'a),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka'Avfina,  a 
covering,  as  a  hood,  a  veil,  a  net,  the  skull,  a 
shell,  etc.,  <  Ku7.i-Teiv,  cover.]  1.  A  genus  of 
noctuid  moths.  JIiibiier,^^\(). —  2.  The  tj'pical 
genus  of  ctenophorans of  the  family  Ct/Zi/w )«((/«•. 
Esehsehnltz.  ISliy. 

Calymmldae  (ka-lim'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
lyiiniia.  2,  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  lobate  cteno- 
plmraiis. 

calymna  (ka-lim'nii),  H.  [NL.  Cf.  Calymene, 
Calymma.']  The  principal  part  of  the  extra- 
capsular body  of  a  radiolaiian,  a  structmeless, 
clear,  and  transparent  .jelly-envelop,  which  in- 
cludes the  whole  central  capsule  and  often  also 
the  whole  extracapsular  skeleton. 

calyont,  "■  [<  ME.  calioun,  <  OF.  caillau,  cail- 
to,  F.  eaillou,  a  pebble :  see  calliard.]  Flint 
or  pebble-stone,  used  in  builtiing  walls,  etc. 
Palsijrare ;  Promjd.  I'arc. 

calyphyomy  (kal-i-fi'o-mi),  ».  [<  Gr.  xdP.i'i,  a 
calyx,  +  (pttii;  grow.]  "  In  hot.,  the  adhesion  of 
the  sepals  of  a  flower  to  the  petals. 

Calypso  (ka-lip's6),  ».  [L.,  <  Gr.  Ka?.i>i^<j,  a 
name  borne  by  several  female  personages  in 
mythologj-,  particvilarly  by  the  nymjih  who  held 
Ulysses  (Odysseus)  captive  in  her  island  on  his 
return  from  Troy :  trailitionally  so  named  from 
the  story  that  siio  hid  Ulysses  from  men,  <  \a- 
/i--«i\  hide.]  1.  In  bot.,  a  genus  of  beauti- 
ful orchids,  consisting  of  a  single  species,  C. 
borcalis.  it  is  a  small  tnberotis  plant  found  in  high  lati- 
tudes througllout  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  having 
only  a  single  thm,  many-nerved  leaf,  ami  a  single  varie- 
gateil  purple  and  yellow  flower  at  the  eiul  of  a  slender 
sbealliiiig  stem,  with  a  large  lip  somewhat  like  that  of  the 
ladys  slijiper,  CyprijiadiuuL  It  grows  in  cold  bogs  and 
wet  woods,  appearing  as  soon  as  the  snow  pielts. 
2.  In  zoiil. :  (a)  A  genus  of  crustaceans.  Risso, 
1816.  (h)  A  genus  of  chalcid  hymenopterous 
insects,  of  the  subfamily  I'inuiiia',  founded  bv 
Haliday  in  1841:  now  called  Kuryophrys  (which 
see). 

Cal3rpte  (ka-lip'to),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.xa/i-TTiic,  cov- 
eretl.  \erbal  adj.  of  Ka'/.i-Trrsiv,  cover.]  A  subge- 
nus of  humming-birds,  the  helmet  hummers, 
having  metallic  scales  on  the  crown  as  well 


Helmet  Huimning-bird  \Calypte  cosla). 


Calypte 

as  on  the  tliroat,  and  tlic  gorgpt  prolonged  into 
a  ruff.    Two  species,  6".  anna:  and  6'.  coatee,  in- 
habit   Califor- 
nia and   Mex- 
ico, 
caljrpter    (ka- 

lip'ter),  n. 
Same  as  eahip- 
tra.  1. 

Calypteratae 
(ka-Iip-te-ni'- 
te),  H.  pi.     See 
Cali/ptnitw. 

calypteria 
(kal-ip-te'ri- 
a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<J  6r.  Ka'AvTTTt]- 
pinv,  a  covering,  <  iia7.v-:TTeiv,  eovor.]  In  nniith., 
tail-coverts;  the  feathers,  usually  small,  at  the 
base  of  a  bii-d's  tail,  luiderlyiug  aud  overlying 
the  reetriees.    Illkjcr ;  SundevoJl.    See  covert. 

calypto-.  [<  Gr.  Ka/i'xrdf,  covered,  verbal  adj. 
of  KuAi'-Trtv,  cover,  hide.]  An  element  in  many 
compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  hid- 
den, covered;  specifically,  hooped;  hidden  by 
being  invested  or  covered  over  with  a  calji^tra 
or  something  like  one :  synonymous  with  cnjpto-, 
but  more  specific,  crypto-  denoting  any  mode  of 
concealment. 

Calyptoblastea  (ka-lip-to-blas'tf-ii),  n.  pi. 
[S'L.,  <  Gr.  An/i'--of,  covered,  -I-  ji'/anrlig,  germ.] 
An  order  of  permanently  attached  hydroid  hy- 
drozoans,  with  a  hydriform  trophosome,  and  hy- 
drothecai  and  gouangia.  Tlie  ]>ulypites  .ire  uniteil 
by  a  ccenosarc,  and  are  invested  with  a  chitinous  polypiu-y 
or  perisarc.     Synonymous  with  Cdmpanularice. 

calyptoblastic  (ka-lip-to-blas'tik),  a.  [As 
Ciiliijitobliist-ca  +  -ic.~\  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Cdliiiiiobldshd :  having  the  generative  buds  in 

a  capsule.— Calyptoblastic  hydroids,  those  hydroids 

whose  gonophoivs  are  tuvcivd  with  a  gonotlieca.  They 
include  the  campaTuilarian  and  sertularian  hydroids  and 
their  allies,  as  (listin;4uished  from  tlie  tubularian  hydroids. 

Calyptocephalus  (ka-lip-to-sef'a-lus),H.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  (ca/.wTrdf,  covered,  +  Ke<j>a/.i],  head.]  1.  A 
genus  of  toads,  of  the  family  Cystigtmtliiiia, 
having  the  skull  most  extensively  ossified,  the 
ossification  involving  the  derm  and  overarch- 
ing the  temporal  fossae,  whence  the  name.  C. 
gaiji,  the  type-form,  is  a  large,  green,  web-foot- 
ed Chilian  species. — 2.  In  entom.,  a  genus  of 
lampyrid  beetles,  founded  by  Gray  in  1832,  hav- 
ing the  head  entii'ely  covered  by  the  prothorax, 
and  from  3  to  10  bipectinate  antennal  joints. 
The  few  species,  averaging  about  10  millimeters  in  length, 
inhabit  the  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  the  new 
world ;  one,  C.  ht/arius,  is  found  in  the  United  States. 

calyptocrinid(ka-lip-to-krin'id),  n.  Acrinoidof 
the  family  ('ah/ptocritiiilw  or  Ei(cahiptocriiiid(e. 

Oalyptocrinidae  (ka-lip-to-krin'i-de),  >i.  jyl 
[NL.,  ablir.  of  EuealyptocriniiliE.']  Same  as  E>i- 
caliipt(irrini(J(v. 

Calyptomena  (kal  -  ip  -  tom '  e  -  na),  11.  [NL.  (so 
called  because  their  green  plumage  hides  them 
in  the  foliage),  <  Gr.  m'/.v-TOfiivij,  fem.  of  KaWv- 
TTvunevog,  ppr.  pass,  of  Ka?.v--eiv,  cover,  hide.]  A 
genus  of  birds,  of  the  family  Euriilwmidce.  c.  vU 
rulia,  the  only  species,  inhabits  Java  and  Borneo.  The 
genus  is  sometimes  m.ade  tlie  type  of  a  subfamily  Calypto- 
'meiiina\ 

Calyptomera  (ka-lip-to-me'ril),  H.  2^1.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  /ca/iirrriif,  covered,  +  /ir/pog,  thigh.]  A  divi- 
sion of  eladoeerous  crustaceans,  a  suborder  of 
Chtdoccra,  ha\'ing  a  well-developed  shell  in- 
cluding the  limbs,  and  broad  lamellar  ambula- 
tory feet, not  distinctly  segmented:  contrasted 
with  Gymnomera.  It  contains  such  families  as 
Ddpliiiiidcc  and  Lynceidw. 

calj^tomerous  (ka-lip-to-me'rus),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Calyptomera. 
calyptopis  (ka-lip'to-pis),  M.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ka/.v-Tuc,  covered,  +  of,  eye,  face.]  The  zoea- 
stage  of  a  schizopodous  einistacean,  as  in  mem- 
bers of  the  genus  EiipliauKin.  Daua. 
Calyptorhynchus  (ka-lip-16-ring'kus),«.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  Kohmrd^, 
covered,  4- 
piyxoc,  snout, 
beak,  bill.]  A 
genus  of  cocka- 
toos having  the 
beak  buried  in 
the  feathers, 
whence  the 
name,  it  con- 
t.ains  the  black 
cockatoosor  coeka- 
teels  of  Australia, 
such  as  C.  ttatiksi, 
C.   Juiiereug,    etc. 


774 

The  BCnns  sometimes  (rfves  name  to  a  subfamily  CaJj/;)(o- 

rfnim-fiina-.  including  the  genus  CttUnrrplifilnn  (which  see). 

Calyptra  (ka-lip'trS),  h.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Aa/i'nr^ra, 
a  veil,  <  Ka/.i-rfn,  cover,  hide.]  1.  A  hood; 
a  covering;  a  lid.  Specifically,  in  Imi. :  (a)  The  linod 
of  the  theca  or  capsule  of  mosses.  It  is  tlie  archegonium 
which  has  continued  to  gi'ow  and  has  been  carried  ujt  by 
the  elongation  of  the  peduncle  of  the  capsule.  In  liver- 
worta  the  archegonium  is  burst  through  by  the  growing 
peduncle,  and  remains  at  its  b;ise.  (b)  Any  hooil-like  body 
connected  with  the  organs  of  fructification  in  (lowering 
jilants.  In  I'ilfanthiift  it  covers  over  the  flower  and  is 
fnniieil  of  united  bracts:  in  Kurahiptm*  and  Endenmia  it 
i-  simply  a  lid  or  operculum  to  the  stamens.  Also  called 
cnh/pter.  See  cut  in  preceding  column. 
2.  [cap.']  In  £ool. :  («)  Same  as  Calyptriva.  (b) 
A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects,  (c)  A  genus 
of  coelenterates. 

Calyptrsea  (kal-ip-tre'ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ko- 
'/i-TTTpa,  a  veil,  <  ko/.v-tciv,  cover.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Calyptrwida;  containing  the 


I.  Calyftraa  (.Trochtia)  radians. 


lyptr^a  dilhiynni. 


cup-and-saucer  limpets.     Laniard:.  1799.     See 
also  cut  under  limpit. 
calyptraeid  (kal-ip-tre'id),  «.     A  gastropod  of 
the  family  Cahjptra^tdie. 

Calyptrseidse  (kal-ip-tre'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Cali/ptrcca  +  -idw.~\  A  family  of  prosobranehi- 
ate  gastropodous  moUusks,  including  the  bon- 
net-shells, chambered  limpets,  slipper-limpets, 
and  cup-and-saucer  limpets. 

Calyptratae  (kal-ip-trii'te),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  fem. 
pi.  of  (■iiliip1rutiis,<.  Gr.  Ka'/i-Tpa,  a  veil.]  A 
di-s-ision  of  the  familj'  Miiseidw,  containing  flies 
with  tegulfe  or  membranous  scales  above  the 
halteres:  contv&sted  vnth  Acalyptrata:  Also 
Calypterata: 

calyptrate  (ka-lip'trat),  a.  [<  calyptra  + 
-ofe'I.]  1.  In  hot.,  furnished  with  a  calyptra,  as 
a  capsule  or  a  flower;  resembling  a  calyptra,  as 
a  calyx  that  comes  off  like  a  lid  or  an  extin- 
guisher. See  cut  under  fo?j/j:)<ra. —  2.  la  MoL, 
invested  or  covered  with  some  part  or  organ 
like  a  eal\Titra  or  calyx;  operculate. 

calyptriform  (ka-lip'tri-f6rm),  a.  [<  NL.  ca- 
lyj'tra,  q.  v.,  -t-  1,.  forma,  shape.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  cah'ptra;  opercular. 

caljrptrimorphous  (ka-lip-tri-m6r'fus),  a.  [< 
Gr.  m/.i-Tpa,  a  veil,  +  pop(p!/,  shape.]  Having 
the  form  of  a  hood  or  lid;  calyptriform. 

calyptrogen  (ka-lip'tro-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  kg/Ii- 
-Tpn,  a  veil,  cover,  +  -;fi''/f,  producing:  see 
-f/CH.]  In  hat.,  the  root-cap;  a  series  of  large 
cells  forming  a  cap-like  covering  for  the  ter- 
minal growing-point  of  a  root. 

calyx  (ka'liks),  «.;  pi.  calyxes,  calyces  (ka'lik- 
sez,  kal'i-sez).  [<  L.  calyx,  pi.  calyces,  <  Gr. 
KdP:!f,  pi.  Ka/.vKic,  the  cup  of  a  flower,  the  calyx, 
a  husk,  seed-vessel,  <  mAh-Teiv,  cover;  cf.  Ki/ii, 
a  cup,  and  L.  calix,  a  cup  (>  E.  calice  and  chalice, 
q.  v.).  In  modem  use  the  L.  calyx,  Gr.  /cd/if,  a 
calyx,  and  its  derivatives,  are  often  confused 
with  L.  calix,  a  cup,  and  its  derivatives.]  1. 
In  hot.,  in  general,  the  outer  set  of  the  envelops 
which  form  the  perianth  of  a  flower,  it  is  usually 
miTc  berliaceous  and  leaf-like  than  the  corolla,  but  it  is 
often  higlily  colored  aud  corolla-like,  and  is  sometimes  the 


Calyptras. 
;  d,  dUuidiatc ;  c,  niitrifonn. 


Calyxes. 

a,  a,  a.  trisepalous  calyx  of  Actaa  ;  b,  gamosepalous  calyx  of 

Bryephyltum  ;  c,c,  bilabiate  calyx  of  Salvia. 

first  to  fall.  It  may  form  the  entire  perianth,  no  corolla 
being  present;  or  when  there  are  several  whorls  of  envel- 
ops, they  may  so  grade  into  each  other  that  the  calyx  can- 
not be  strictly  separated  from  the  bracts  without  and  the 
pitals  within.  The  parts  of  a  calyx  when  distinct  are 
called  sepals,  and  it  is  disepalous,  trisepaluus.  etc.,  ac- 
cording to  their  uumber.   Wbea  they  are  more  or  less  co- 


camaleu 

ftlescent  into  a  cup  or  tube,  it  is  said  to  he  gamosepalous 
or  nionosepalous,  and  may  he  regular  or  irregular,  i»r  va- 
riously tootbeil,  cleft,  or  divided,  anil  either  free  from  the 
ovary  or  a<lnate  to  it. 

2.  In  liiimiui  aniit.,  one  of  the  cup-like  or  in- 
fnndibulifonn  beginnings  of  the  ureter  in  the 
pelvis  of  the  kidney,  surrounding  the  apices  of 
the  Malpighiau  pjTamids,  each  receiving  usu- 
ally more  than  one  pj-ramid.  ihcre  are  from  seven 
to  thirteen  such  calyces,  converging  and  uinting  in  tliree 
infundibula,  which  in  turn  combine  Ui  form  the  pelvis. 
(In  this  sense  calyx  is  generally  found  in  the  pluial  form, 
cabjcfx  or  (incorrectly)  caticeg.] 

3.  In  zool. :  (rt)  The  cup  at  the  base  of  the  cil- 
iated tentacles  on  the  lophophore  or  oral  disk 
of  polyzoans.  See  I'liimatclla.  (?<)  The  pedi- 
cellated  Graafian  follicle,  ovarian  capsule,  or 
oWsac  of  a  bird,  consisting  of  two  membranes 
of  lax  tissue  and  blood-vessels,  rupturing  at  a 
point  called  the  stigma  to  discharge  the  o\'um, 
then  collapsing,  and  finally  becoming  absorbed. 
(f)  In  crinoids,  the  cup  at  the  summit  of  the 
stalk  or  stem,  whence  the  brachia  radiate  and 
on  the  surface  of  wliich  is  the  mouth.  The  b.ase 
of  the  caly.x  is  the  sunnnit  of  the  stem,  which  may  be  a 
modified  joint  or  ossicle  composed  of  coniluent  joints.  See 
cut  under  Crlnoldea.  (f?)  In  Hydro:oa,  a  genera- 
tive capside  developed  in  the  a.xilsof  a  brancheil 
hydroid  stock,  containing  either  medusa-buds 
or  sexual  organs,  (e)  Some  other  calyeitonn 
or  cup-shaped  part  or  organ  of  an  animal. 

calzoonst,  n.  pi.     See  calsons. 

cam'  (kam),  «.  [A  dial,  form  of  eomb\  <  ME. 
eaiiih,  <  AS.  camli  =  D.  }:am  =  G.  Vamm  =  Dan. 
Sw.  lam,  etc.,  a  comb;  also  applied  to  several 
mechanical  de^nees,  as  D.  iom,  a  bridge,  sley, 
=  G.  kamm,  a  cog  (Inmm-rad,  a  cog-wheel),  = 
Dan.  kam,  a  cog,  bit.  ridge  (kam-lijid,  a  cog- 
wheel): seeoo»(bl.]  1.  A  comb.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
—  2.  A  ridge,  hedge,  or  long  earthen  mound. 
[North.  Eng.]  —  3.  In  mach.,  a  device  for  con- 
verting a  regidar  rotary  motion  into  an  irreg- 
ular, fast  and  slow, 
intermittent  rota- 
ry or  reciprocat- 
ing motion.  It  prop- 
erly includes  the  cam- 
wheel,  pl.ain  or  geared, 
the  cam-shaft,  the 
heart-wheel,  the  wip- 
er, the  wiper-wheel, 
and  the  eccentric.  The 
simplest  form  is  that 
of  a  heart-shaped, 
lobe-shaped,  or  other- 
wise eccentric  wheel, 
which  imparts  motion 
to  another  wheel  either 
by  means  of  geal'ing  or 
by  rolling  contact.  In- 
stead of  following  the 
irregular  face  of  the 
cam-wheel,  the  friction-wheel  may  travel  in  a  cun'ed  race 
or  guiding  path  on  the  side  of  a  cam-disk,  as  in  the  cam- 
wheel  of  a  harvester.  In  another  form  of  cam  the  face  of 
the  wheel  is  cut  into  gears  or  into  projecting  teeth  that 
may  engage  another  gear,  or  an  arm  or  a  pinion  upon  a 
shaft,  to  give  a  quickly  changing  rising  and  falling  motion. 
Such  cams  are  also  called  wiper-u-heels,  and  are  used  to 
operate  stamps  and  tilt-hannners.  The  heart -wheel  accom- 
plishes the  same  object,  but  in  a  less  abrupt  manner,  while 
eccentric  cams  of  various  shapes  may  impart  a  slow  thrust 
and  quick  return,  as  in  many  machine-tools.  TTie  wiper, 
a  cam-shaped  arm,  is  very  generally  used  to  operate  the 
valves  of  beam-engines.  The  cam  in  some  of  its  forms  ap- 
pears in  a  great  vai-iety  of  machines,  wherever  an  irregu- 
l.ar  speed  or  motion  or  a  rapid  reciprocating  motion  is 
required,  as  in  the  harvester,  printing-press,  sewing-ma- 
chine, etc.  X  cam-shaft  is  a  shaft  ha\ing  tumblers  or 
wipers.  The  heart-wheel  is  a  heart-shaped  cam.  (See  fc. 
centric.)  Cams  for  determining  motion  for  cutting  and 
tracing,  .is  in  certain  machines,  are  called  ghaper-plata. — 
Solid  cam,  a  form  of  cam  employed  when  the  series  of 
changes  in  velocity  aud  direction  reqxnred  are  too  numer- 
ous to  be  included  in  a  single  rotation  of  a  cani-plate.  The 
cam  is  formed  on  the  surface  of  a  cone,  either  parallel  to 
the  axis  or  spirally,  and  the  cone  as  it  revolves  is  made  to 
tra\el  also  in  the  direction  of  its  JLXis  by  means  of  a  screw. 

cam-t  (kam),  a.     [Also  written  kam :  <  W.  Ir. 

Gael,  ram,  crooked.    Ct.  (jamh.jamh.'i   Crooked; 

bent  or  bending — Clean  cam, "holly  awry ;  entirely 

away  from  the  purpose. 

This  is  clean  kam.  Skak.,  Cor.,  iii.  1. 

Cama,  «.    See  Chamn. 

Cainacea(ka-ma'sf-a),  ».  pi.    See  Cliamacea. 

camaieu  (kam'i-ii),  ».  [Also  written  f«»mi/rt< ; 
<  F.  camaieu  =  It.  cammeo,  >  E.  cameo,  q.  v.] 
1.  A  cameo. — 2.  In  the  arts:  («)  A  painting 
executed  in  a  single  color,  varied  only  by  shades, 
as  of  gray,  when  it  is  called  <■«  iiri.saillc.  or  in 
\e\\ov,-,eii  ciraeic;  a  monochrome  painting.  (6) 
A  painting  in  two  or  three  tints,  as  of  brown, 
red.  yellow,  or  gi-een.  in  which  the  natural  hues 
of  the  objects  represented  are  not  rendered. 
(<')  A  species  of  printing  with  several  blocks, 
of  uniform  tint ,  or  of  two  or  three  pale  tints,  and 
tones  of  different  degrees  of  intensity,  which 
produces  the  effect  of  a  stimip-  or  pencil-draw- 


2N 

Cams. 
I.  Elliptical  cam,  used  for  giving  mo- 
tion to  the  levers  of  punching-  and  snear- 
ing-raachines.  2.  The  heart-cam  or 
heart-wheel,  much  used  in  cotton-ma. 
chinery  to  produce  a  reeular  ascent  and 
descent  of  the  rail  on  which  the  spindles 
are  situated.  3.  Form  of  cam  much  used 
in  iron-works  for  setting  in  motion  the 
tilt-hammers. 


camaieu 

ing.  (i1)  An  iniitnlioii  (if  pen-and-ink  drawings 
on  coIdhmI  jiajicr  by  moans  of  two  blocks,  ono 
liavinK  tlic  design  engraved  upon  it  in  outline 
with  eross-halcliinfjs,  and  the  other  colored  in 
bister,  with  all  tlic  lights  taken  out,  so  us  to 
leave  the  ground  of  the  paper  white.  The  im- 
pression may  be  linished  with  brush  or  pencil. 
—  Costume  en  camaieu  I  I'M,  ii  costume  cuinposcil  of 

scvrral  shaiks  nf  the  isliuiu  cel.ir. 

camail  (ka-mfd'),  ».  [F.,  a  eamail,  also  a  hoad- 
di-ess  worn  by  priests  in  winter,  <  Pr.  capmalh 
(=  It.  funiiii/lio  =  Sp.  riiiiiiil),  <  cap  (<  L.  c<(jiut), 
head,  +  iiiiilhii  =  F.  minUt;  >  E.  ;««i71.]  1.  A 
hood  of  chain-mail,  whether  attached  to  the 
hauberk  or  separate ;   specifically,   that  form 


775 

camass  (ka-mas'),  (I.  [Also  written  ramiix, 
/.««/«.<,  anil  fiudintixli  (q.  v.),  the  native  Amer. 
Ind.  name.]  The  Indian  inimo  of  the  western 
species  of  ('diiKisiiitt,  ('.  cscittciilii  and  ('.  I,i  irUl- 
linii,  which  are  found  gi'owing  in  moist  meadows 
from  uortliern  California  to  British  Columbia 
and  eastward  to  western  Montana.  Its  imlhs  an- 
collccteil  in  Iiirge  i|uantitics  f<»r  fond  ;  they  lire  uhont  an 
ineli  in  ctiurneter,  and  are  sweet  and  nutritious.— Death 
camass,  ttie  poisonous  root  of  Zyt/atknUM  venen".-<ti.-<,  of 
tile  same  re^noii. 

Camassia*(ka-mas'i-a),  M.  [NI,.,  <  mmo.v.v, 
<liiiiiiiir-ili,  i|.  v.]  A  geniis  of  bulbous  liliaceous 
plant.s  of  North  America,  nearly  related  to 
Scillii  of  the  old  world.  Tliey  have  lone  linear  leaves 
and  a  .scape  heai-inn  a  raceme  of  lilue  flowers.  One  sjie- 
cies,  C.  Fraseri,  is  found  in  tlie  Athintie  .States,  and  there 
arc  two  or  three  others  west  of  tlie  llocliy  Jlountains. 
.See  canta^ts. 

camass-rat  (ka-inas'rat),  n.  A  rodent  (juadru- 
licil  of  tlie  family  (Icomi/iiltf  and  genus  Tliomn- 
mi/n  (which  see):  so  called  from  its  fondness 


Camai].;,  14th  century. 
( From  ViolIeMc-Diic's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilicr  fran^ais." ) 

of  hood  which  was  attached  to  the  edge  of  the 
basinet.  See  hasinct. —  2.  A  tippet  or  small 
mantle  worn  by  some  Roman  Catholic  clergy, 
with  different  edgings  of  fur  to  mark  dilTereut 
raidcs:  sometimes  confounded  with  the  amice. 
Also  called  eli(ip-(h-)nuit, 

camailed  (ka-mald'),  a.  [<  camail  +  -ed".'] 
Furnished  with  a  camail;  attached  to  a  ca- 
mail :  .said  of  the  .steel  cap  to  which  the  eamail 
was  fastened  at  its  lower  edge. 

camaillet,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  camel. 

camakt,  camakat,  «•    Same  as  camoca. 

Camaldolite  (ka-mal'do-lit),  «.  [<  Catuahloli 
(see  def. )  +  -(7<'-.]  A  member  of  a  nearly  ex- 
tinct fraternity  of  monks  founded  in  the  vale 
of  Camaldoli  in  the  Apennines,  near  Arezzo,  in 
1018,  by  St.  Romuald,  a  Benedictine  monk. 
They  were  lierinits  at  first,  Init  afterward  tlley  as-sociated 
in  convents,  'i'liey  were  ori^^iiially  distiniruislieil  for  tlieir 
extreme  asceticism,  tlieir  rules  in  regard  to  fasting',  si- 
lence, and  penances  lieiiiff  most  severe.  They  wear  white 
robe.s.  Also  called  Camtihtii/iaii,  CaiiiatdvU'iisian,  Caiital- 
<1<ilc.^i\  iiii'l  CniiutliliUr. 

Camaldule,  Camaldulian  (ka-mal-dul',  -tlu'- 

li-.;in),  II.     Same  as  Camaldolite. 
camaraderie  (katn-a-rad-re'),  «.     [F.,  <  cama- 
radc,  comrade:  see  comrade.^   Companionship; 
good-fellowship ;  intimacy. 

I'nlimited  caiimraderie  with  scrihljlers  and  daubei"s, 
llc^'elian  pllilosopliers  and  Hungarian  pianists,  waiting 
for  engagements.        //.  James,  Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  p.  225. 

camarage  (kam'a-raj),  11.  [<  Sp.  camaraje,  < 
caiiKini,  a  storehouse,  <  L.  caniara,  camera,  a 
vault:  seo  eaiiieni.~i     Rent  paid  for  storage. 

Camarasaurus  (kam"a-ra-sa'rus),  n.  [NL., 
prop.  *Vaiii(iromuriis,  <  Gr.  m/iapa,  a  vaulted 
chamber,  -t-  aavfjnr,  a  lizard.]  A  genus  of  colos- 
sal dinosaurian  reptiles,  from  the  Cretaceous 
formation  of  Dakota.  The  species  C.  mpremus  is 
one  of  the  largest  liiiown  land-animals,  about  SO  feet  long, 
the  thigh-lione  6  feet,  and  a  dorsal  vertel>ra  3  feet  wide, 
liotli  fnie  and  hind  liiutis  arc  well  developed,  and  tlie  huge 
reptile  probably  wandert-d  along  the  shores  or  in  shallow 
water,  and  was  aide  to  browse  on  the  tops  of  trees.  A". 
/).  Coiv,  ls77. 

Camarata  (kam-a-ra'tii),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  ]il. 
of  camaratits,  var.  of  L.  camcratiis,  vaulted, 
arched :  see  camcrate.']  A  suborder  proposed 
for  such  forms  of  palfeocrinoids  as  have  the 
lower  arm-plates  incorporated  into  the  calyx 
by  intoiTadial  plates,  and  in  which  all  compo- 
nent parts  of  the  test,  dorsally  and  ventrally, 
are  solidly  connected  by  sutures.  It  comprises 
the  families  Vlatijcrinida-,  lihiidocrinida:,  Acro- 
erhiida;  tind  ('ali/iiliiiriiiidw. 

camarate  (kam'a-rat),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  tho  Camarata. 

camara-wood  (kam'a-ril-wud),  n.  [<  cumaru, 
the  Braz.  name,  +  E.  icoorfl.]  A  hard,  tough, 
and  durable  wood  obtained  in  Esseijuibo,  Brit- 
ish Guiana,  from  IHptcrijx  odorata  and  1>.  tctra- 
jihi/lla.     See  Diptcri/x. 

camarilla  (kam-a-riVii),  «.  [Sp.,  a  small  room, 
dim.  of  eamara,"a  room,  <  Ij.  camara,  camera, 
a  vault:  see  camera,  chamber.']  ■  A  company 
of  secret  counselors  or  advisers;  a  cabal;  a 
clique.  From  meaning  the  jirivate  chamber  of  the  king, 
tile  word  came  to  signify  a  body  of  eourtiei-s,  sycopliants, 
priests,  etc..  acting  as  unaccredited  and  secret  counselors, 
as  distinguished  from  a  legitimate  ministry  or  eouneil. 

Encircled  with  a  dangerous  camarilia.  London  Times. 
^Syn.  Faetion,  Junto,  etc.    See  calmU^. 


Cania&s-rat  (  Thomomys  ttrlfioid^s). 

for  the  bulbs  of  the  camass.  T.  talimM-n,  one  of 
the  pouched  rats  or  pncketgoiihers,  inhabits  the  north- 
western tinted  .States  and  the  adjoining  portions  of  lirit- 
isli  .Vmerica. 

camata  (kam'a-tii),  n.  Tho  commercial  name 
of  the  half-grown  acorns  of  the  Qiiercii.i  J'.iji- 
loiix,  dried  and  used  for  tanning.  In  a  still 
younger  condition  they  are  called  camatiiia. 

camatina  (kain-a-te'nii),  ».     See  eaniata. 

camaurum  (ka-ma'mm),  II. ;  pi.  eamaiira  (-ril). 
[ML.]  A  conical  cap  worn  by  the  popes  of 
Home  in  the  tenth  century;  an  early  form  of 
the  mitir,  perhaps  the  origin  of  the  papal  tiara. 

camayeu,  «.     See  camaieu. 

cambarine  (kam'ba-rin),  a.  [<  Camharus  + 
-/«(!.]  I'ertaining  to  crawfishes  of  tho  genus 
Caiiihariix:  correlated  with  astacinc. 

The  caitilxtn'ne  region  t.akes  in  most  of  the  I'alaiarctic 
region,  with  the  Neotropical  region  as  far  as  Guatemala 
and  the  West  Indies,   lltixU'if,  Proe,  Zobl.  Soc.,  1878,  p.  780. 

cambaroid  (kam'ba-roid),  a.  [<  Cambarus  + 
-iiiiL]  Kt'Sembling  crawfishes  of  the  genus 
Caniliarus. 

Cambarus  (kam'ba-nis),  n.  [NIj.,var.  of  L. 
eanimarus,  camarus,  also  fiamiiiarns.  a  sea-crab : 
see  Gaiiiiiiariix.']  A  genus  of  tluviatile  craw- 
fishes, of  the  family  Astacida',  having  no  pleuro- 
branchiffi.  The  species  are  numerous.  C.  jwUucidMn  is 
the  tiliiid  crawfish  of  the  Maminotli  Cave  of  Keutncky. 

cambaye  (kam-ba'),  n.  [Named  from  Camliai/ 
in  India.]  A  kind  of  cotton  cloth  made  in  Ben- 
gal and  elsewhere  in  India. 

Cambay  stone.     See  carnclian. 

cambee  (kam'be),  n.  An  aromatic  resin  of  In- 
dia, olitained  from  Gardenia  lucida  and  resem- 
bling elemi. 

camber^  (kam'b6r),  n.  [E.  dial.  (cf.  Gael,  ca- 
iiiafi,  a  bay:  see  cammocl-);  ult.  <  cam'^,  bent.] 
A  harbor.     tIaUiiriil.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

camber-'  (kam'ber),  )'.  t.  [<  F.  cambrcr,  areli, 
vaidt,  bend,  <  L.  camerare,  arch,  <  camera,  an 
arch,  vault.  Cf.  chamber,  c]  To  arch;  bend; 
curve,  as  ship-planks. 

camber-  (kam'ber),  n.  [<  camber^,  v.']  1.  A 
convexity  upon  an  upper  surface,  as  of  a  deck 
amidships,  a  bridge,  a  beam,  or  a  lintel. —  2. 
The  cuiwe  of  a  ship's  plank. — 3.  A  small  dock 
or  part  of  a  dock,  protected  by  a  breakwater, 
where  boats  and  smtiU  craft  may  lie  (juietly. 

camber-beam  (k;im'ber-bem),  II.  In  arch.,  a 
beam  which  is  laid  upon  the  straining-beam  of 
a  trimcated  roof  to  support  the  covering  of  the 
summit.  It  slopes  from  the  middle  toward  each 
end,  to  provide  for  the  running  off  of  water. 
/;.  IT.  KiiU/ht. 

cambered  (kam'l)erd).  ji.  a.  [<  Climber-  +  -ecV-.l 
Bent  upward  in  the  middle;  arched;  convex. — 
Cambered  deck.    See  deck. 

cambering  (kam'bCr-ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cam- 
In  r~.  c]     Bending;  arched. 

cambering-machine   (kam'ber-ing-ma-shen''), 

II.     A  machine  used  for  bending  bcanis  or  iron 
rails  to  a  cur\-e  in  a  vertical  plane. 
camber-keeled  (kam'b^r-keld),   a.     Having  a 
keel  slightly  arched  ujiward  in  the  middle  of 
the  length,  but  not  so  much  as  to  be  hogged. 


cambric 

camber-slip  (Uam'ber-sliii),  ».  A  slightly 
cm'ved  guide  and  siijiport  of  wood,  used  as  a 
centering  in  laying  straight  arches  of  brick. 

Camberwell  beauty.    !See  bcautij. 

camber-window  (kani'ber-wiii"d6),  h.    A^vin- 

iliiw  areheil  at  the  top. 

cambiall  (kam'bi-al),  a.  [<  ML.  cambialin,  < 
ciniihiiiiii.  exchange:  see  cambium^.']  Relating 
to  excliango  in  commerce.     [Rare.] 

cambial-  (kam'bi-al),  a.  [<  cambium-  +  -«/.] 
In  lull.,  formed  of  or  pertaining  to  cambium. 

cambiale  (kam-bi-a'le),  «.  [It.,  <  ML.  eambialis, 
of  exchange:  see  cambial^.']  A  bill  of  ex- 
change. 

Cambiform  (k.am'bi-form),  a.  [<  cambium-  + 
Ij.  forma,  shape.]  In  bot.,  resembling  cambium- 
cells.  Applied  to  elongated  tllill-walled  cells  which  are 
found  in  sieve-tissue,  and  have  the  markings  but  not  the 
perforations  of  sieve-disks.    They  are  also  known  as  lat- 

cambio  (kam'bi-6),  II.  [Sp.,  <  ML.  cambium, 
exchange:  see  cambium'^.']  1.  Barter;  the  giv- 
ing or  taking  of  liills  of  exchange. — 2.  A  bill 
of  exchange. — 3.   \  bourse  or  exchange. 

cambist  (kam'bist),  «.  [<  F.  cambintc,  <  It. 
cambiKta  =  Sp.  cambista,  <  Ij.  rambire,  exchange, 
trade:  see  <?//«»</(.]  One  versed  in  the  opera- 
tions of  exchange  and  tho  value  of  foreign 
moneys;  a  dealer  in  notes  and  bills  of  ex- 
change. 

'I'lie  word  cfniiftiiif,  though  a  term  of  .antiquity,  is  even 
now  a  teclinieal  word  of  some  use  among  merchant  trad- 
ers and  tiankers.  Rres,  Cyc. 

cambistry  (kam'bis-tri),  n.  [<  cambist  +  -ry.] 
The  science  of  exchange,  weights,  measures, 
etc. 

cambium^  (kam'bi-um).  «.  [MIj.,  also  cambia, 
exi-lumge,  coimuerce,  <  L.  cainbin;  exchange, 
whence  idt.  E.  cliaiiije :  see  ehaiiffc.]  In  ciril  lair, 
exchange ;  the  e.xchange  of  lauds,  money,  or 
eviiiences  of  debt. 

cambium'-  (kam'bi-imi),  n.  [NL.,  a  particular 
iiplilieation  of  ML.  caiiibium,  exchange:  .see 
cambium^.]  1.  In  bot.,  a  layer  of  tissue  fonned 
between  the  wood  and  the  bark  of  exogenous 
plants.  It  was  believed  by  the  older  botanists  to  lie  a 
mucilaginous  lluid  exuded  between  the  wood  and  the  bark, 
and  organized  into  new  wood  and  new  liark.  It  is  now 
known  to  be  not  a  fluid,  but  a  layer  of  extremely  delicate 
thiii-walled  cells,  tilled  with  protoplasm  and  organizable 
nutrient  matter,  and  appearing  like  a  thin  tilm  of  mucilage. 
These  cells  lievelop  on  the  one  side  into  a  Layer  of  new 
wood,  and  on  the  other  of  new  bark,  while  at  the  same 
time  fresh  cambium  is  formed  for  the  eontiimation  of  the 
work.  It  is  by  the  renewal  of  this  process  yeiu*  after  year 
that  the  increase  of  growth  in  the  stem  is  effected,  as  in- 
dicated by  its  concentric  rings.  In  the  jirimary  fibrovas- 
cular  bundles  of  the  stem  a  similar  layer  of  camliiuni,  witli 
the  same  function,  is  always  found  between  the  woody 
and  crilirose  portions. 

2t.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  fancied  nutri- 
tious humor  which  was  supposed  to  repair  the 
materials  of  which  the  body  is  composed. 

camblett,  «•     Same  as  camlet. 

camboge  (kam-boj'  or  -boj'),  «.     Same  as  gam- 

hot/r. 

cambokt,  ».    A  Middle  English  form  of  cam- 

llKirl:-. 

camboose  (kam-bos'),  «.    Same  as  caboose, 

cambrai  (ktim'bra),  h.  [<  F'.  Cambrai:  see 
cambric.'i  A  name  given  to  imitation  lace,  that 
is,  lace  made  by  machinery  and  not  by  hand. 

cambrasine  (kam'bra-zen),  II.  [<  F. cambrcsine. 
Cf.  ciimbric.']  A  name  given  to  batiste  and 
cambric  of  line  quality. 

Cambray  stone,  moss-agate. 

cambrel-(kam'biel),  «.     Same  as  gambrel. 

Cambrian  (kam'bri-au).  o.  and  «.  [<  Cam- 
bria +  -an.']  I.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to 
Wales  or  Cambria ;  Welsh. 

The  Camhrian  mountains,  like  far  clouds, 
That  skirt  the  blue  horizon,  dusky  rise.        Thomson. 

Cambrian  group,  in  fjfot.,  the  name  originally  given  by 
Sedguick  to  certain  strata  supposed  liy  him  to  underlie 
the  .Silurian  of  .Mnrchison,  but  which  since  that  time  have 
been  fully  recognizeii  as  belonging  to  the  Silurian  series 
itself.  The  term,  although  not  recognized  by  the  Silu- 
rian specialists  Barrande  and  .lames  Hall,  is  still  used  to 
a  considerable  extent  by  English  geologists  as  ineluding 
various  undetermined  portions  of  the  Silurian.  By  the 
larger  number  it  is  understood  to  be  the  eijuivalent  of 
the  primordial  rocks  of  Barrande  and  the  l'ot.sdam  sand- 
stone of  the  New  York  geological  survey.-  Cambrian 
pottery,  a  name  given  to  the  productions  of  the  factory 
of  Swansea  ill  Wales,  established  ill  1790.  The  mark  was 
a  trident. 
II.  II.  A  Welshman, 
cambric  (kiim'brik),  II.  [Early  mod.  E.  cam- 
bric!:, camcricl';  =  Flem.  kameriil:  lamcri/ks- 
doel;  cambric  (cf.  D.  huiiicrd'wk  =  G.  lammcr- 
tuch  =  Dan.  himmerdug  =  Sw.  kammarduk 
(Flem.  D.  dock  =  G.  tucb,  etc.,  =  E.  duckS,  cloth), 
cambric),  =  Sp.  cambray  =  Pg.  cambraia  =  It. 


cambric 

cambraja,  formerly  cdinhnii  (Florio),  <  F.  ffl?«- 
hiai/.  Utile  (Ic  Cam  hill  11.  ciunliric  (Cotftrave):  so 
ealied  from  D.  Kiiniirijk,  Flcm.  Kuimryli.  ML. 
Camrraciini,  F.  ( 'umbriii,  Ciimbnii/,  a  town  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France.]  1.  A  thin,  fine 
linen,  said  to  have  been  lirst  niauufaetm-ed  at 
Cambrai  iu  France,  introduced  in  the  sixteenth 
ceutui\v  for  tlie  fine  ruffs  worn  at  that  period, 
as  well  as  for  bauds,  kerchiefs,  etc. ;  in  modern 
times,  the  finest  linen  made.  See  batislc.  An 
iliiitutlon  of  ciunbric  is  umdc  of  tine  c-iitt<»n  yarn,  haril- 
twistctl.  Mualin  is  a  name  often  applied  to  a  kind  of 
linen  cambric  manufactured  in  Great  liritain  from  flax. 

I  would  your  cambric  were  as  sensible  as  your  finder, 
that  you  might  leave  pricking  it  for  pity. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  3. 
2.  Same  as  cambric-muslin,  2. 

cambric-grass  (kam'brik-gras),  )(.  The  silk- 
grass  or  rauiic-plant  of  China,  BcBhineria  nivea. 
See  cut  uiidcr  Biehmcria. 

cambric-muslin  (kam'brik-muz"lin),  n.  1. 
Fine  cotton  cloth  made  in  imitation  of  linen 
cambric. —  2.  A  somewhat  coarser  cotton  cloth, 
finished  with  a  glaze,  much  used  for  linings. 

cambril  (kam'bril),  n.     Same  as  (/ambrcl. 

Cambro-Briton  (kam'br6-brit"on),  n.  AWelsh- 
man. 

Cambro-Silurian  (kam'bro-si-lii'ri-an),  a.  [< 
Cambr(iiin)  +  Siliirinn.']  In  geol.,  a  term  for- 
merly used  by  some  English  geologists  as  in  a 
gi'eater  or  less  degi'ee  equivalent  to  Lower  Si- 
lurian. 

cambuca  (kam-bu'kii),  n.  [ML.,  also  cambutta : 
see  cainbuck^,  camnwcl^-.'\  1.  The  curved  club 
used  in  the  game  of  golf  or  pall-mall.  See  cam- 
mock-. —  2.  A  pastoral  staff:  commonly  used 
for  its  earlier  and  more  simple  shape,  in  which 
the  crook  at  the  top  does  not  ciu'vo  inward 
spirally,  but  forms  approximately  a  half-circle. 
Also  ciimhuttn. 

cambuck^  (kam'buk),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  spelled 
kamhuck  (Prior),  var.  of  canimock^,  q.  v.]  Same 
as  ciimniDClA.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cambuck"  (kam'buk),  n.  [E.  dial.,  var.  of 
caninwck",  <  ME.  ciimbok:  sec  cnmmock".  Cf. 
cambucii.']  1.  Same  as  frtww/nc/,-.  .SYoic,  Sur- 
vey (ed.  1720),  i.  251.  {Halliwcll.)  —  2.  Thedry 
stalks  of  dead  plants,  as  of  hemlock.  Halli- 
u-ell.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

cambutta  (kam-but'S),  «.  [ML.]  Same  as 
ciimliiicn. 

cam-cutter  (kam'kuf'er),  n.  A  machine-tool 
sjiecially  adapted  for  cutting  and  finishing  cams 
of  small  sizes  and  of  all  curves. 

came^  (kam).     Preterit  of  come. 

came"  (kam),  n.  [Sc,  also  kamc,  kaim ;  var.  of 
rami,  comlA,  q.  v.]  1.  A  comb. — 2.  A  ridge. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

came^  (kam),  n.  [Prob.  a  particular  use  of 
came-  =  canA  =  comb^.~\  If.  The  batch  or 
amount  of  lead  necessary  to  make  sash-bars 
for  100  square  feet  of  glazing ;  also,  this  amount 
cast  into  small  rods  or  bars  12  or  14  inches  long, 
and  ready  for  drawing.  Hence  —  2.  The  pre- 
pared sash-bar  itself,  ha^ang  a  section  like  an 
I,  more  or  less  rounded  at  each  end,  and  called 
in  technical  language  gla^ier^  turned  lead  or 
window-lead. 

camel  (kam'el),  ■».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cam- 
mel :  <  ME.  camel,  kumel,  also  chamel,  <  OF. 
camel,  chamel,  F.  chameau  =  Pr.  camil  =  Sp. 
camelln  =  Pg.  camelo  —  It.  cammello  =  ONorth. 
camel,  carnal  (see  AS.  word  below)  =  D.  kameel 
=  6.  kamel  =  Dan.  kamcl  =  Sw.  kiimel  =  Icel. 
kamell  (rare)  =  OBulg.  Bulg.  Sevy.'kamila  = 
Hung,  yamila,  <  L.  camelus,  <  Gr.  Kafir/Auc,  m. 
and  f.  (NGr.  K(i/«//or,  m.,  nauij'Aa,  f.),  <  Heb.  gd- 


776 

called  by  a  name  derived  from  that  of  the  ele- 
phant: (lOth.  ulbandus  =  OH(i.  olbcntd,  MH(!. 
olbente  —  AS.  nifeiid  =  OS.  olbhuiit  =  Icel.  iil- 
/((Wi,  a  camel.]  1.  A  large  ruminant  quadru- 
ped of  the  family  Camelidce,  genus  Cameln.s, 
used  in  Asia  and  Africa  as  a  beast  of  burden. 
There  are  two  distitut  species  of  camels  :  (1)  The  .\rahiaii 
camel,  C.  dromedanu.^'.  with  one  hnnip.  andfourcallosilit-s 
on  the  fore  legs  and  two  on  the  hind  legs.  It  is  a  native 
of  Arabia,  and  is  now  known  only  in  the  domesticated 
state :  it  is  used  chiefly  in  Arabia  and  Kgypt,  There  are 
several  breeds  or  artificial  varieties.  The  drumedary  is  one 
of  these,  being  simply  a  "blooded"  or  th"roui.'bln-i-d  camel 
of  great  speed  and  bottom,  used  as  a  saddlc-iiniiiial,  and 
comparing  with  the  heavier  and  slower  varieties  as  a 
race-hnrse  does  with  a  cart-horse  ;  it  is  not  a  dilferent 
animal  zoologically  speaking,  (2)  The  Bactrian  camel,  ('. 
bactrianun,  with  two  humps,  of  which  there  are  also  ilif- 


Atabtao  Came),  or  Dromedary  i^Camelus  drcmttiarius). 

m/V  =  At.  jamal.  jcmel  =  ("optic  ijamul,  a  camel. 
In   the  older  Tent,  languages  the  camel  was 


Bactrian  Carael  \,Cain€lus  l>cjt:lri,jfiiij, i. 

ferent  breeds.  The  name  carnal  is  sometimes  applied  to 
the  species  of  the  American  genus  Auchcnia,  as  the  llama, 
alpaca,  and  vicuila,  collectively  known  as  tlie  camels  of 
the  new  world.  The  Arabian  camel  is  poetically  called 
the  ship  of  the  desert.  Camels  constitute  the  riches  of 
an  Arabian  ;  without  them  he  could  not  subsist,  carry  on 
trade,  or  travel  over  sand,v  deserts.  Their  nnlk  and  flesh 
are  used  for  food  and  their  hides  for  leather,  and  their 
liair  is  a  valuable  article  of  trade  and  manufacture.  By 
the  camel's  power  of  sustaining  abstinence  from  drink  for 
many  days,  due  to  the  reserve  it  can  carry  in  its  iieculiarly 
constructed  cellular  stomach,  and  of  subsisting,'  on  a  feu 
coarse,  dry,  prickly  plants,  it  is  especially  lifted  for  the 
parched  and  barren  hind^  of  .\siaand  Africa,  Camels  carry 
from  COO  to  1,000  pounds  liunlin. 
2.  A  water-tight  structure  placed  beneath  a 
ship  or  vessel  to  raise  it  in  the  water,  in  order 
to  assist  its  passage  over  a  shoal  or  bar,  or 
to  enable  it  to  be  navigated  in  shallow  water. 
It  is  first  filled  with  water  and  sunk  alongside  the  vessel, 
to  which  it  is  then  secured.  As  the  watei-  is  pumped  (Uit, 
the  camel  gr.adual!y  rises,  lifting  the  vessel  with  it.  Camels 
have  also  been  used  for  r.aising  sunken  vessels. —  Camel's 
hair,  the  hair  of  the  camel,  from  wliich  very  fine  f.abrics, 
especially  shawls,  are  made  in  the  East,  and  alsn  caiiiets, 
tent-cloths,  etc,  InEnropeitisnsedchietly  ftirniixing  with 
silk.  The  best  comes  from  Persia.  The  so-called  camel  s- 
hair  pencils  or  brushes  used  in  painting  are  not  made  <A 
camel's  hair,  but  commonly  of  hair  from  the  tails  of  Rus- 
sian and  Siberian  squiiTcls.  See  brush. —  Camel's-hair 
cloth.  («)  An  Oriental  fabric.  See  piitto.  (b)  A  French 
imitation  of  this  fabric ;  a  warm  and  light  woolen  cloth 
with  a  gloss,  but  having  long  hairs  standing  up  upon  it. 
Diet,  of  Xeedleu'ork. —  Camel's-hair  shawl,  a  name  "ft.  n 
given  "in  the  United  States  to  the  ca^hmtic  shawl.  — Cam- 
el's hay.    Same  as  camcl-arass. —  Camel's  wool,  mohair, 

camelaucium  (kam-e-h'i'si-um),  n. ;  pi.  eamelau- 
cia  (-a).  [ML.  camelacium,  camelaucium,  more 
frequently  camelaucum,  calamaucum,  etc.,  < 
LGr.  KaueXavKiov ;  origin  imcertain ;  usually  re- 
ferred to  Gr.  m/ir//-oc,  camel :  see  camel,  and  cf. 
calamanco.']  A  low-cro'vvned  cap  formerly  worn, 
chiefly  in  the  East,  by  royal  persons  and  eccle- 
siastics, especially  bishops  and  monks. 

camel-backed  (kam'el-bakt),  a.     Having  a 
back  Uke  that  of  a  camel ;  htunpbacked. 
Not  that  he  was  crook-shouldered  or  camfl-bncked. 

Fuller.  Holy  War,  p.  215. 

camel-bird  (kam'cl-berd),  ».  A  book-name  of 
the  African  ostrich,  Struthio  camelus.  See  cam- 
cloniifhes. 

camelcade  (kam-el-kad'),  n.  [Irreg.  <  camel  -(- 
-cade,  as  in  caralcade.']  A  body  of  troops 
moimted  on  camels.     [Humorous.] 

camel-cricket  (kam'el-krik'''et),  H.  Same  as 
ciinul-in^ect. 

cameleer  (kam-e-ler'),  n.  [<  camel  +  -eer.  Cf. 
equiv.  F.  ckamelier.']    A  camel-driver. 

A  number  of  Arab  cameleers,  who  had  come  with  trav- 
ellers across  the  Desert  from  Egypt,  were  encamped  near 
u.>.  B.  Taitlor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p,  IJl, 

cameleont  (ka-me'le-on),  n.  An  older  English 
spelling  of  chameleon. 

camel-grass  (kam'el-gras).  «.  A  fragfrant  grass 
of  the  warmer  regions  of  Asia,  including  several 
species  of  Andropogon.    Also  called  camel's  hay. 

camelid  (kam'el-iti),  n.  A  ruminant  mammal 
of  the  family  Camelidce 

Camelidae  (ka-mel'i-de),  h.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Came- 
lus -\-  -idcv.]  A  family  of  ruminant  artiodac- 
tyl  tylopod  mammals.    They  have  incisor  teeth  iu 


Camellia 

both  jaws,  specialized  canim-s  in  the  lower  jaw,  a  difTuse 
jdacenta,  imperfectly  i|nadripartite  stomach,  the  ui)per  lip 
(deft,  the  hind  limbs  largely  free  from  the  common  integu- 
ment, so  that  the  lower  jjart  of  the  thigh  and  the  knee 
project  from  the  belly,  broad  elastic  feet,  and  no  InjrnB. 
The  family  inclniles  two  living  genera,  Camelun  or  true 
camels  of  the  cdd  world,  and  Am-fu-nia  or  llamas  of  the 
new,  with  nutny  fossil  ones,  chiefly  American.  See  cuts 
under  r-tinfi  and  llama. 

camelina^  (kam-e-li'nii),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L. 
cameliniis;  with  ref.  to  JIL.  camclinum,  camel- 
ine :  see  cameline".']  A  woolen  material  with 
small  basket-pattern  and  loose  upstanding 
liiiirs.     Did.  of  Needlework. 

Camelina-  (kam-e-U'nii),  n.iA.  [XL.,  <  Camelus 
+  -inn-.']     Same  as  Camclidie  or  Cumeloidca. 

camelina''  (ka-meri-na),,  M.  [NL.,  said  to  bo 
formed  (if  so,  prop.  "Chamwlina)  <  Gr.  A'"/""i 
on  the  ground  (dwarf),  -1-  '/iivv,  fla.x.  Hence 
camelinc'-i.]  i|_  Treacle-mustard  ;  wormseed. 
Kersey,  1708. —  2.  [cnj^.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Cruciferie.  Tlie  most  commipu  and 
probably  the  only  species,  C.  saliva,  gold-of-pleasnre  or 
false  flax,  is  a  native  of  southern  Europe  and  western  Asia, 
but  is  widely  naturalized  as  a  weed.  It  is  an  annual, 
with  obovoid  pods  and  yellow  flowers,  and  has  been  cul- 
tivated for  the  fiber  of  its  stems  and  the  oil  expressed 
from  its  seeds. 

cameline^  (kam'e-lin),  a.  [<  L.  camelinns,  per- 
taining to  a  camel,  <  camelus,  a  camel:  see 
cumil.  Cf.  cameline-.]  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling camels  or  the  Camelidir:  eameloid. 

cameline-t,  "•  [ME.,  <  OF.  cameline,  eamelin  = 
Pr.  eamelin  =  It.  cannnellino,  <  ML.  camclinum, 
also  camelinns,  a  stuff  made  of  camel's  hair.  < 
L.  eamelinu-s,  ijertaining  to  a  camel,  <  camelus,  a 
camel:  see  camel.  Cf.  camlet.]  A  stuff  used 
in  the  middle  ages  as  a  material  for  dress.  It 
is  commonly  said  to  have  been  made  of  camel's  hair,  and 
importe.l  fri'Mi  the  East;  Imt  as  it  is  repeatedly  mentioned 
as  a  common  and  cheai)  stuff,  it  is  probable  that  it  was 
an  imitation  of  the  Eastern  fabric.  It  w.as  made  as  early 
as  the  tbirteenlh  century  in  Flanders  and  Brabant,  of 
many  colors. 

And  dame  Abstinence-strejTied 
Toke  on  a  robe  of  kamebine. 

Eoin.  of  the  Hose,  1.  7367. 

cameline^  (kam'e-lin),  n.  and«.     [<  F.  cameline 
=  Sp.  Pg.  camelina,  <  NL.  camelina  :  see  came- 
lina^.]    I.t  11.  Treacle-mustard;  wormseed. 
Cameline  [¥.],  the  herb  eanieline,  or  treacle  mustard, 

Cotrrrave. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  plants 

of  the  genus  Camelina:  as,  cameline  oil. 

camel-insect  (kaiu'el-in"sekt),  «.  An  orthop- 
terous  insect  of  the  genus  Mantis,  or  praiiing- 
insects  :  so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  the 
long  thorax  to  the  elongated  neck  of  the  camel. 
In  the  United  States  these  insects  are  known  as 
rear-hor.ses.  Also  called  eamel-crieket  and  cam- 
el-hienst. 

cameliont,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  chameleon. 

camellert,  "■    -A.  camel-driver. 

Our  companions  had  their  cradles  struck  down  through 
the  negligence  of  the  Cawellers. 

Sandys,  Travels  (ed,  16,i2),  p.  107. 

Camellia  (ka-mel'ia),  ».  [NL.,  after  George 
J  oseph  Kamel,  a  Moravian  Jesuit  and  traveler  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  by  whom  the  Camellia 
•Japonica  was  first  described.]  1.  A  genus  con- 
taining about  a  dozen  species  of  shrubs  or  small 
trees,  belonging  to  the  natural  order  Tcrnstrce- 
miacco',  natives  of  tropical  and  eastern  Asia 
and  the  Indian  archipelago.  Tliey  all  have  thick, 
shining,  evergreen  leaves  and  white  orrose-ci.'lored  tlowers. 
The  genus  is  divided  into  two  sections,  one  with  pendu- 
lous flowers  and  persistent  sepals,  represented  by  file  tea- 
plant.  C.  tUeifera  (see  tea),  the  other  with  erect  flowers 


Camellia  [C.  yapanica) 


and  deciduous  sepals,  of  which  the  coramim  cultivated 
camellia,  C  Jajumica,  is  a  conspicuous  example.  Of  this 
species,  witll  beautiful  but  odorless  flowers  and  elegant 


Camellia 

laurel-like  leaves,  sevfr;il  lititnlt.-.l  varieties  have  been  pr<  »- 
iluecil.ius well  asnuniLMDUslij  Ill-ids  wltli  the Inrner-flnweriil 
C.  retu-ntatn  nf  Cliiiia  and  the  fraj^nint-U-iifed  V.  Sai'au'iua 
of  .lapim.  The  dried  leaves  t>(  tin-  la.st  species  are  said  to 
lie  nuxed  witli  ti'a.  autl  tile  seeds  yield  an  ttil  wliieh  is  useit 
fnr  various  liornistir  juirposes. 

2.  [/.  <:]  A  fliiwcr  of  the  geuus  Camellia,  espe- 
ciully  of  r.  .fiiiiiniicd. 

camel-locust  ( k;im'cl-I6"kust),  n.  Same  as  cam- 
f!~itis'  (■(. 

camel-necked  (kam'el-iipkt),  o.  Having  a  neck 
like  (ir  likiuod  to  a  L-amol's.  — Camel-necked  flies, 

ncnroptcrous  inseets  of  the  family  SiaddO!. 

cameloid  (kam'e-loid),  a.  [<  Gr.  'Ka/t>/?Mii6i/r, 
coiitr.  Mi/;;//t,')(5;/f,  camel-likp,  <  Kn/n/'/nc,  camel,  + 
fiiiof,  form.]  Of  or  iicrtaihiiiK  to  the  Cunicloi- 
(V'li :  ]ilialanf;it;rade,  as  a  niiniiiant. 

Cameloidea  (kam-e-loi'de-ji),  ».  jil.  [NL.,  < 
I'tiiiirhix  +  -i>i<l)o.'\  The  (V/wK'/irfa;  regarded  as 
a  superfamilv  Ki'o"!'  •  equivalent  to  Tijtopoda, 
or  I'l'roni  jiliiildiii/ii/itifla. 

Camelopard  {ka-mel'o-  or  kam'e-lo-i)ard),  «. 
[=  F.  riniii'lojiard,  ciinK'h'iijHiril  =  Sj).  aiiiin- 
Irojxirdo.  <  L\j.  caiiHhipaniiis,  JIL.  also  camc- 
Icnpanldliis,  a  shortened  form  of  L.  camclopar- 
(lalis,  ML.  also  ramclojiiiyddliif,  <  Gr.  Ka/iTj?.o-aii- 
iWmi;,  a  giraffe,  <  Ka/irf/o^,  a  camel,  -f-  Trt'ifxW/.fc^ 
later  -(iixlm;,  a  jiard  (leopard  or  panther).]  1. 
The  giraffe:  so  called  from  a  certain  resem- 
blance in  form  to  a  camel,  and  from  ils  spotted 
coloration,  like  that  of  the  pard  or  leopard. — 
2.  In  liir.,  a  bearing  representing  a  crcatm'e 
like  a  giraffe,  but  with  long  and  generally  curved 
horns,  borrowed  from  the  medieval  bestiaries. 
Also  formerly  cdmclupdrdal,  cumclopanlcl. 

camelopardalt,  camelopardelt,  ".    [Also  ea- 

)id liiiinnldll ;  —  Sp.  iiiiii<ll<ii>dr<ldl  =  i'iX'  cdiiiclo- 
}idrtUd  =  It.  raiiiDivllnjidrddhi,  <  L.  cdiiiihjiar- 
(tfilin,   ML.  also   cameloparddlus :    see  camclu- 

j>ard.'i     A  camelopard.     Miiixhcii. 

uamelopardalidse  (ka-mel"o-  or  kam'e-lo-pjir- 
ihil'i-de),  ".  ])l.  [NL..<  Cdmdopdrddlis  +  -ida:~\ 
Same  as  Cdinrhtpardidd'. 

Camelopardalis  (ka-mel-o-  or  kam"e-lo-piLr'da- 
lis),  II.  [NL.:  see  Cdiiiclojidrd.J  1.  A  genus  of 
ruminant  quadrupeds:  same  as  Giraffa. —  2.  A 
northern  constellation  formed  by  Bartseh  and 
named  Iiy  Ilevelius.  it  is  situated  between  Cepheus, 
I'eiseu-^,  I  rs:t  Major  and  Minor,  and  Draco.  As  given  ijy 
Heviliii^,  tilt-  naine  was  Caitu'hpanlnlir.^: 

camelopardelt,  »•    See  cuiinlopnrdal. 

Camelopardidae  (ka-mel-o-  or  kam  e-lo-piir'di- 
<le),  ti.pl.  [NL.,  <  *Cdm<h>pdrdiis  (cf.  Cdmcln- 
pdfdidis)  +  -i'rffc.]  A  family  of  ruminant  quad- 
rupeds: same  as  Giraffulcv.  Also  called  Camclo- 
jtdrddlidd'. 

camelornithes  (kam''el-6r-m'thez),  u.  ]>1. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  Kdiit/?ioc,  camel,  -I-  oinnr,  pi.  iipvilhr, 
bird.]  The  camel-birds:  a  name,  not  techni- 
cal, sometimes  applied  to  ostriches,  from  their 
points  of  resemblance  to  the  camel  in  appear- 
ance and  habit. 

camelott,  ".     An  old  spelling  of  camlet. 

camelry  (kam' el-ri),  H.;  pi.  ramc/rir.v  (-riz).  [< 
Cdiiiel  +  -rij ;  formed  on  the  model  of  edndl- 
r//.]  1.  A  place  where  camels  are  brought  to 
bo  laden  or  unladen. —  2.  Troops  mounted  on 
camels. 

Till-  Dnslish  General  there  aiul  then  abandoned  his  boats 
and  dismounted  llis  camdrif.     Spectator,  No.  3018,  p.  ;>S1. 

camel' S-thorn  (kam'elz-thom),  «.  1.  A  spiny 
leguminous  shrub,  Alhatii  ilduroriim,  of  which 
the  camel  is  very  fond,  and  which  yields  a 
manua-like  exudation  from  its  leaves  and 
branches. — 2.  Erroneously,  a  spiny  rhamna- 
ceous  shrub,  /.i::ijphus  iiiimiiiiildi'id,  of  Persia 
and  India,  which  bears  an  edible  berry,  aiuI  the 
leaves  of  which  are  used  as  fodder  for  sheep 
and  goats.— 3.  In  South  Africa,  several  spe- 
cies of  Acacia  which  are  browsed  upon  by  the 
giraffe,  especially  A.  Girdffiv  and  A.  erialohd. 

Camelus  (ka-me'"lus),  II.  [L. :  sec  cn««  /.]  The 
typical  geuus  of  Camcliilw,  having  the  back 
humped,  it  contains  two  species,  both  of  the  old  world, 
r.  tfrtniirftariit^i,  the  .-Vrabian  camel,  and  C.  bactrianua,  the 
liartrian  camel  ;  tile  latter  hiis  two  humps,  the  former 

on.-,      S,-.-  nim.'l. 

Camembert  cheese.  See  chee.se'^. 
Camenae  (ka-me'ne),  n.  pi.  [L.,  sing,  camena, 
OL.  cdsmena ;  akin  to  cnrmiii,  a  song :  see 
f/iocml.]  In  Rom.  ninth.,  prophetic  nymphs,  of 
whom  there  were  four,  the  most  celebrated 
being  ^Egeria.  The  poets  frequently  ajiplied 
the  name  to  the  Muses. 
Camenet,  ".  [<  L.  camena:  see  Camena:']  One 
of  the  Camenaj. 

Deuyne  Camfius,  that  with  your  sacred  food 
Have  fed  ami  fosterdc  op  from  tender  yeares 
A  liappve  num  ttwit  in  your  fau«uir  stoode. 

tfuej/f,  Souette  of  lidwaides  of  the  Chappell. 


777 

camenes  (kam'en-ez),  n.  [See  def.]  In  logic, 
the  mnemonic  name  of  a  mood  of  the  fourth 
figure  of  syllogism,  of  which  the  major  premise 
is  a  universal  aflirniative,  the  minor  a  univer- 
sal negative,  and  the  conclusion  a  universal 
negative  proposition:  as.  Whatever  is  expe- 
dient is  conformable  to  nature ;  nothing  con- 
formable to  nature  is  hurtful  to  society ;  there- 
fore, nothing  hurtful  to  society  is  expedient. 
Tliis  mood  wa-s  formerly  considered  Ity  all  (as  it  is  still  by 
some)  logicians  as  beliuiKiiiK  U)  the  first  IlKure,  ami  as  such 
was  called  cclanteit.  When  put  into  the  fourth  figure  it 
was  called  daiiifntftt,  then  camcntett,  then  camenex,  also 
caleuifti.  Of  the  seven  letters  of  the  word  cniiwiixA,  six  arc 
si^nillcant.  Csif;nillcs  reduction  to  ninnnl ;  a,  e,  e  indi- 
cate the  quantity  and  qualify  i>f  the  premises  and  conclu- 
sion :  »i.  si^nitles  transposition  of  the  premises  in  reiiuc- 
tiou.  and  ti  the  simple  conversion  of  the  conclusion. 

cameo  (kam'e-d),  n.  [<  It.  cammeo,  a  cameo,  = 
I'\  camve  (>  G.  camec  =  Dan.  kamre  =  Sw.  kamr) 
and  camaicii  (see  camnicii)  =  Sp.  camafro  =  Pg. 
aimafco,  cnmafcio,  caiiidfca  (cf.  MilG.  i/dmaliiii, 
chammachiu,  a  kind  of  diamond),  <  JIL.  cam- 
nuciiit,  caniahutu.s,  cumahotiis ;  of.tmknown  ori- 
gin.] 1.  An  engraring  in  relief  upon  a  gem, 
a  hard  stone  of  moderate  size,  or  a  similar  ma- 
terial, or  the  object  itself  so  engraved,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  an  iiitaiflio;  specifically,  such 
an  engraving  upon  a  stone  or  a  shell  having 
two  or  three  layers  differing  in  color,  such  as 
an  onyx,  agate,  etc.,  and  so  treated  as  to  utilize 
the  effect  of  the  variety  of  coloring.  Cameos  on 
stone  are  called  ulimr  camrits,  in  coutnidistinctiou  to  the 
nhdl  caiiu'os:  or  those  cut  (Ui  shells  which  have  superposed 
layers  varyin;;  in  colru-,  such  as  the  Cassis  rti/a,  wliich  gives 
red  on  sardonyx,  the  Cassis  inatln'tasmriensis,  white  on 
dark  claret,  tlie  Cassis  cunuila,  white  on  orange,  the 
Strombas  <tifiiis,  wliite  on  pink,  and  other  tropical  shells. 
Cameos  in  distinct  liands  of  colors  have  been  im»Iuced 
since  at>ont  1.''0  u.  e.  ;  and  some  of  the  ancient  examples, 
as  the  Sainte  chapt-lle  agate,  in  Paris  (13  liy  11  inches), 
representing  the  apotheosis  of  Augustus,  ami  the  Vienna 
onyx  (H  l>y  ^  inches),  rciu'cseiding  allcgorieally  the  corona- 
tion of  .-\ngustus,  suri>a-ss  in  si/e  ami  in  delicacy  of  execu- 
tion tlie  best  modern  specimens. 
Hence — 2.  Eaisod  or  anaglyi>liic  workin  art  on 
a  miniature  scale;  specifically,  the  art  of  engrav- 
ing small  figures  in  relief:  opposed  to  intaglio  : 
as',  a  stone  or  shell  cut  in  Cdiiirn;  a  vase  orna- 
mented in  camcn — Cameo  Incrustation,  the  pro- 
duction of  casts  in  relief  within  a  c<tating  of  Ilint-ghiss. 
The  process  consists  in  forming  the  design  to  be  inerusted 
of  less  fusible  material  than  the  glass  coating,  which  is 
welded  ujion  the  design  while  in  a  soft  couilition. —  In 
cameo.    Sce  catin'i),  i,  above. 

cameo-glass  (kam'e-6-glas),  »i.  1.  Same  as 
caKcd  ijlanx.  See  also  cameo  i/laxs,  imder  f/lasis. 
—  2.  A  convex  glass  used  in  the  mounting  of 
hand-painted  photogi'aphs. 

cameo-press  (kam'e-o-pres),  n.  A  small  screw- 
press  usetl  to  give  a  convex  roundness  to  pho- 
tographic portraits.  The  card  is  jiresscil  between  the 
bed  and  platen,  w  Inch  are  respectively  convex  and  con- 
cave.   ;•;.  //.  Kiii;iiit. 

cameo-shell  (kam'e-6-shel),  II.  A  shell  of  the 
family  Cdssidiiltr,  Cn.f.v/.s'  madaijascariciisis  (so 
called  by  mistake),  or  C.  cameo.  The  species 
is  an  inhabitant  of  the  Caribbean  and  neigh- 
boring seas. 

cameotype  (kam'o-o-tip),  n.  [<  camcn  +  type, 
as  in  ddijucrrcotjipc,  etc.]  A  name  fonuerly 
given  to  a  small  vignette  daguerreotype  for 
mounting  in  a  jeweled  setting. 

cameo-ware  (kam'e-O-war),  II.  A  class  of  fine 
jiottcry  ornamented  with  figiu'es  in  relief,  of  a 
different  color  from  the  ground,  and  usually  on 
a  small  scale.  The  so-called  Wedgwood  ware 
is  of  this  class.  See  jasper-ware,  and  Wedgwood 
ware,  rmder  ware. 

camera  (kam'e-rii),  w. ;  pi.  cameras,  camera; 
(-riiz,  -re).  [<  L.  camera,  camara,  a  vault 
(ilL.  a  chamber),  <  Gr.  Kiifidpa,  a  vaulted  cham- 
ber, anything  with  an  arched  cover;  akin  to 
L.  caiiiur,  curved,  crooked,  W.  Ir.  Gael,  cam, 
crooked,  Gr.  Kciu-Taii,  bend:  see  cam",  camber^, 
cliamber,  comrade.}  1.  In aiic.  orc/j.,  an  arched 
F  p,       A 

V 


camera 

roof,  ceiling,  or  coveiing;  a  vault. —  2.  Xaut., 
a  small  vessel  used  on  tlio  coasts  of  the  Bos- 
porus and  the  Bla<-k  Sea.  Also  camara. —  3. 
The  variety  of  camera  obseura  used  by  jihotog- 
raphers.  it  is  made  nsiuilly  in  the  form  of  a  box  in  two 
Iiarts.  connected  by  an  extensible  beUows-like  arrange- 
nieut  serving  to  ailjnst  the  fi>eus,  ami  having  one  or  more 
lenses  fixed  in  tlie  front.  I'hotograjihie  caim-nis  are  made 
in  a  great  variety  of  shapes  and  sizes,  according  to  use, 
as  the  }Hic.k('.t-caintn-a,  cupiiinff  cainrra,  la iid scaiM^-raniera, 
and  jiorlrait-cniiti:ra :  and  many  dilfereut  forms  of  lenses, 
some  of  higlily  specialized  types,  are  used.  Provision  is 
made  for  inserting  in  the  back  of  the  camera  carriers  or 
plate-lnddei-a  containing  the  dry  or  wet  sensitive  plates 
or  tlie  jiapcr  films,  etc.,  on  which  the  jdiotograiihs  are 
taken.     See  crtWU'rao/we»r«,  below,  and  pholnarajiln/. 

4.  In  anat.:  (a)  The  so-called  liftli  ventri<do 
of  the  brain,  between  the  lamina;  of  the  septum 
lucidum.  (/))  Some  other  chambered  or  vaulted 
part  or  organ,  as  the  peiicardium  (camcrii  cor- 
dis, chamber  of  the  heart),  the  cranial  cavity 
(cowif  raov(«/(),  etc.— Camera  aquosa  (Latin,  humid 
chamber),  the  anterior  aqueous  cliainbcr  of  the  eyeball, 
bounded  in  front  by  the  cornea,  behind  by  the  iris  ami 
crystalline  lens. — Camera  luclda  (Latin,  clear  cham- 
ber), an  invention  of  the  chemist  Wollaston,  designed 
to  facilitate  the  delineation  of  distant  objects.  It  con- 
sists of  a  solid  prismatic  piece  of  glass  mounted  upon  a 
brass  frame.  The  prism  has  its  angles  so  an-auged  that 
the  rays  from  the  object  appear  retlected  as  shown  below, 
and  is  covered  at  the  top  by  a  metallic  eyepiece,  the  hole 
in  which  lies  half  over  the  edge  of  the  prism,  so  as  to  atford 
a  person  looking  through  it  a  view  of  the  picture  retlected 
through  the  glass,  and  a  direct  view  of  his  pencil  or  tra* 


Camera  I.ucida. 

eing-point.  In  the  figure  the  object  to  be  traced.  /.  is  op- 
posite the  perpendicular  surface  of  the  prism,  d  r,  and  the 
rays  proceeding  from  /  pass  through  this  surface  and  fall 
on  the  inclined  plane  c  o,  which  makes  an  angle  with  d  c 
of  67A" ;  from  this  they  are  totally  reflected  to  the  plane 
b  a.  \vhich  makes  an  angle  of  l:i.'>^  with  h  c.  and  are  again 
reflected  to  the  eye  at  e  above  the  horizontal  plane,  which 
makes  an  angle  of  675°  with  the  plane  a  h.  The  rays  of 
light  from  the  object  proceeding  upward  from  h  toward 
the  eye  of  the  observer,  he  sees  the  image  at  m.  and  by 
placing  the  paper  below  in  this  place  the  image  may  be 
traced  With  a  pencil.  The  brass  frame  of  the  prism  has 
usually  two  lenses,  one  concave  and  the  other  convex,  the 
fm-mer  to  be  used  in  front  between  /  and  d  e  for  near- 
sighted persons,  and  the  latter  at  c  for  those  who  are  far- 
sigiiteil.  The  size  of  the  picture  may  also  be  increased  or 
diminished  by  lengtliening  or  shortening  brass  tubes  eoii- 
neeted  with  the  frame.  This  instrument  has  undergone 
various  modillcations.  It  is  extremely  convenient  on  ac- 
count of  its  portability.  -  Camera  obseura  (Latin,  dark 
chamber),  an  apparatus  in  which  the  images  of  external 
objects,  received  through  a  convex  lens,  m-c  exhibited 
distinctly  and  in  their  natural  cidors  on  a  white  surface 
placed  at  the  focus  of  the  lens.  '1  he  simplest  form  of  this 
instrument  consists  of  a  darkened  chamber,  into  which  no 
light  is  permitted  to  enter  except  by  a  small  hole  in  the 
window-shutter.  An  image  of  the  objects  opposite  the  hole 
will  then  appear  on  the  wall,  or  m\  a  white  screen  so  placed 
as  to  receive  the  light  coming  from  the  <ipening.  .\  convex 
lens  may  be  fixed  in  the  hole  of  the  shutter.  Portable  cam- 
eras are  constrnetcd  of  various  forms,  but  the  design  of 
them  all  is  to  throw  the  images  of  external  objects,  as  per- 
sons, houses,  trees,  landscapes,  etc.,  upon  a  plane  m curved 
surface,  for  the  purpose  of  drawing,  the  making  of  photo- 
grapliic  pictures,  or  mere  amusement.  The  surface  on 
which  the  image  is  thrown  may  be  covered  with  a  .sheet 
of  paper,  on  which  tlie  figure  may  be  traced  by  hand  with 
a  pencil :  but  the  picture  is  most  distinctly  seen  when  the 
image  is  formed  on  the  back  of  a  silvered  mirror.  The 
figure     represents 

a  portable  camera  "^^ 

obseura.  The  cam- 
era obseura  is  of  ten 
made  in  the  form 
of  a  circular  build- 
ing capable  of 
holding  a  number 
of  people,  who 
stand  about  a  jilain 
white  table  which 
is  placed  in  the 
center  of  the  struc- 
ture, ami  on  which 
the  luminous  im- 
age is  projected 
by  a  lens  on  the  roof. 


Portable  Camera  obs*.Tira. 

L,  lens;    .V.  reflecting  mirror;    G.  ground 

glass,  ujion  wliicli  the  image  is  formed. 


riiotogr.iphcri'  Ciiiicra. 
A.  swiug.t).ick  camera :  B,  lens ;  C.  movatile  stand  :  1).  plate-tioldcr; 
K.  ground  class :  F,  improved  platc.holder  for  plates  of  difTercnt 
sizes. 


Ily  turning  the  lens  around,  a  pano- 
rama of  the  neighboring  sceneiy  is  exhibiteil  on  the  ta- 
ble. Cameras  for  use  in  sketching  are  niafle  in  the  shape 
of  a  cone,  with  a  lens  and  a  rertecting  mirror  at  the  ajiex 
and  a  drawing-table  inside.  One  side  of  the  box  is  cut 
out,  and  at  this  opening  the  artist  sits,  partly  enveloped 
by  a  dark  curtain  which  serves  to  shut  out  extraneous 
light.     See  ttptiijraph. 

The  human  eye  is  a  small  camera  iihscxtra  of  wonder- 
fully perfect  construction.  Lmnmel,  Light  (trans.),  p.  102. 
Copying  camera,  a  camera  used  for  copying  and  enlarging 
photographs  from  negatives.  The  solar  camera,  for  copy- 
ing by  direct  solar  light,  is  usually  erected  out  of  doors 


camera 

and  directed  toward  tlic  sun,  tin-  ncRativo  beins;  placed 
near  the  lens  and  sheets  of  sensitive  imper  in  the  plane  of 
focus,  t'oio'inj;  eanienus  used  with  eleetric  llKhts  are  also 
iniwle  of  very  great  size,  for  itrodueiuu  life-size  copies  of 
portraits,  the  eanuTa  consisting  essentially  of  a  dark  rr>oni 
in  wliieli  the  eiusel  liolilinK  the  pre)>ared  i]aper  travels 
aloiiK  the  plane  of  focus  on  rails  laiil  on  the  lluor.  — De- 
tective camera,  a  portable  jihotoKraphic  camera  adapt- 
ed for  inakiii);  instantaneous  pictures,  especially  of  mov- 
ini;  objects,  while  it  is  carried  in  the  liaTid  or  otherwise 
about  the  i)ersou.  The  exposure  is  made  by  means  of  a 
spring,  the  object  to  be  photographed  being  brought  with- 
in the  range  of  the  lens  by  means  of  a  llndervarionsly  de- 
vised.—In  camera,  in  law,  in  chambers ;  in  private  :  ap- 
plied  to  a  trial  conducted  with  closed  doors  for  some  spe- 
cial reason  tnucl)ing  the  nature  of  the  case  or  the  evidence. 

—  Multiplying  camera,  iu  plwtu;/.,  a  camera  fitted  with 
a  nmnber  of  small  lenses,  so  that  it  can  take  a  mnnber  of 
pictures  at  one  expi  isnre.    It  is  used  for  taking  ferrotypes. 

—  Solar  camera.  See  ro;).i/iii,';  camera.— Stereoscopic 
camera,  a  double  camera  giving  two  pictures  u|ion  the 
same  plate,  or  a  camera  with  a  single  lens  and  a  shifting 
<lt'vice  f->r  ejecting  the  same  end. 

cameradet,  »■  [<  F-  camcradc:  see  cowirarfc] 
All  obsolete  form  of  comrade. 

Tliese  are  his  eamcrades,  his  walking  mates ! 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

camerae,  ».     Latin  plural  of  camera. 

camera!  (kam'e-ral),  a.  [<  It.  camcrale,  per- 
ttiiniiig  to  a  camera  or  treasury,  <  ML.  camera, 
a  chamber,  public  office,  treasury:  see  camera 
and  chamber,  and  cf.  chamberlain  and  camer- 
Ungo.']  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  camera  or  cham- 
ber. 

cameralist  (kam'e-ral-ist),  n.  [<  NL.  camera- 
llslii,  a  tiuaucier, '<  It.  camerale :  see  cameral.'] 
A  financier;  one  skilled  iu  the  principles  and 
system  of  public  revenue. 

Frederick  William  I.,  himself  a  c\e\^T  cameraXut,  and 
author  of  the  masterly  financial  s.vstem  of  Prussia,  took 
the  important  step  <  -f  i>  >uiuling,  at  Halle  and  Frankfort  on 
the  (>der,  special  chairs  of  economy  and  cameralistic  sci- 
ence, ir.  Rottcher,  Pol.  Econ.  (tr.ans.),  §  19. 

cameralistic  (kam"e-ra-lis'tik),  a.  [<  cameral- 
ist +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  finance  and  public 
revenue. 

Chairs  of  canu'i-ah'^tic  science  were  founded  in  univer- 
sities. Encile.  Brit.,  XIX.  303. 

cameralistics  (kam"e-ra-lis'tiks),  «.  [<  camer- 
alist +  -ics :  =  F.  cdmeralistiqiw  =  G.  camera- 
listil:.']     The  science  of  state  finance. 

camerardt,  «.    A  variant  of  camcradc.    G-reene. 

camerarius  (kam-e-ra'ri-tts),  »?. ;  pi.  camerarii 
(-i).  [IIL.,  <  camera,  a  chamber,  public  office, 
treasmy,  etc. :  see  camera,  cameral,  and  cham- 
ber.1  A  chamberlain ;  a  keeper  of  public  money ; 
a  treasm'er. 

camera-stand  (kam'e-ra-stand),  n.  A  support 
for  a  photographic  camera.  For  indoor  work  a 
usual  form  is  an  adjustable  table  mounted  on  casters,  and 
having  various  devices  of  racks  and  pinions,  levers,  hinges, 
screws,  etc.,  to  enable  the  operator  to  raise,  lower,  or  tilt 
it  with  ease  and  rapidity,  according  to  the  nature  of  his 
work.  In  outdoor  photography  some  form  of  tripod  is 
commonly  used  as  a  camera-staud. 

camerate  (kam'e-rat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cam- 
erated,  ppr.  canierating.  [<  L.  eamcratus,  pp. 
of  camerare,  arch  over,  <  camera,  an  arched 
roof.  Cf.  camber'"  and  chamber,  r.]  To  build 
in  the  form  of  an  arch  or  vaidt.     [Rare.] 

camerated  (kam'e-ra-ted),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  camer- 
ate, t'.]  1.  In  arch.,  arched;  vaidted:  as,  a 
camerated  Toof.  TVeale. —  2.  In -oo7. ,  divided  by 
partitions  into  a  series  of  chambers ;  cham- 
bered; hollowed  out;  fornicated;  vaulted. 

There  are  no  buccal  teeth  [in  Trocheta  subvindis,  Dutro- 

chetj,  and  the  alimentary  tube  is  only  slightly  camerated. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  405. 

cameration  (kam-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  eamera- 
tio{n-),  <  camerare:  see  camerate.'}  1.  An  arch- 
ing or  vaulting.  Evelyn.  [Bare.] — 2.  A  divi- 
sion into  compartments  or  ehamberlets.  Also 
called  chambering. 

These  nuclei  [iu  Foramini/cra,  etc.]  may  be  simple  or 
multiple  ;  in  the  latter  ease,  "they  have  no  special  relation 
^J  the  cameration  <if  the  skeleton. 

Uuzh'ii,  .\nat.  Invert.,  p.  563. 

camerickt,  cameriket,  "•  Old  spellings  of  cam- 
bric    I'lanche. 

camerine  (kam'e-rin),  H.  [<  L.  camera,  a 
vault:  see  camera.']  A  nummulite;  one  of 
the  foraminiferous  shells  found  iu  nummuMtie 
limestone. 

cameritelous  (kam"e-ri-te'lus),  a.  [< L.  camera, 
a  vaidt,  +  tela,  a  web:  see  toil".']  Character- 
ized by  the  habit  of  making  intricate  webs  in 
which  to  hide :  applied  to  certain  spiders. 

C£lmerlingO  (kam-er-Ung'go),  «.  [It.,  formerly 
caini  rif  iif/o,  =  E.  chamberlain,  q.  v.]  The  cham- 
bcrhiin  of  the  pope,  having  charge  of  the  secu- 
lar interests  of  the  papacy.  He  ranks  as  one  of  the 
four  chief  officers  of  the  pope,  the  othei-s  being  the  cardi- 
nal vicar,  the  cardinal  patron,  anil  the  cardinal  peniten- 
tiary. He  is  always  chosen  from  the  college  of  cardinals, 
and  is  therefore  usually  called  MrUinul  axnuirUiujo.   Dur- 


778 

ing  a  vacancy  in  the  Holy  .See  he  takes  charge  of  all  the 
temporalities  and  presides  over  the  apostolic  chaniber  or 
Jialacc.     .\lso  cnmerleitfju. 

Cameronian  (kam-e-ro'ni-an),  a.  and  n.     I.  a. 

Kclatiiig  or  pertaining  to  liichard  Cameron  (see 
II.)  or  to  the  Camcroniaiis:  as,  a  (Jamcronian 
clergyman. 

II.  n.  1.  One  of  the  followers  of  Richard 
Cameron  in  Scotland,  who  refused  to  accept  the 
indulgence  granted  to  the  Presbyterian  clergy 
in  the  persecuting  times  of  Charles  II.,  lest  by 
so  doing  they  should  be  understood  to  recog- 
nize his  ecclesiastical  autliority.  They  were  known 
at  first  as  The  .Sueietieh-,  but  were  afterward  organized  as 
the  Refonned  Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland,  most  of 
which  iu  1S7G  was  merged  in  the  Free  Church. 
2.  i>l.  A  name  given  to  the  26th  regiment  of 
British  infantry,  from  its  ha\'ing  been  origi- 
nally composed  of  the  Cameronians  who  tiocked 
to  Edinbiu'gh  during  the  revolution  of  1688.  Their 
nucleus  consisted  of  the  men  who  fought  under  Richard 
Cameron  at  .\irtrs  Moss  in  Ui^O,  ulien  he  was  killed. 

camerostoma  (kam-e-ros'to-mii),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
camera  (Gr.  Kaiidpa),  a  vault,  -f-  Gr.  crd/ja,  a 
mouth.]  In  sodl.,  the  anterior  part  of  the  body 
of  Arachnida,  forming  a  vault  over  the  mandu- 
catory organs. 

cameryt  (kam'e-ri),  n.  A  certain  disease  in 
horses,  characterized  by  warts  on  the  palate 
and  soft  parts  of  the  mouth.     E.  Phillips,  1706. 

cameset  (ka-mez'),  n.     [An  "English"  speUiug 
of  camisc :  see  catnis.']     Same  as  camis. 
Oh,  who  is  more  brave  than  a  dark  Suliote 
In  his  snowy  camese  and  his  shaggy  capote? 

Byrun,  Childe  Harold,  ii.  72,  song. 

camestres(ka-mes'trez),ji.  [Seedef.]  In  logic, 
the  mnemonic  name  of  a  mood  of  the  second 
figure  of  syllogism.  The  letters  of  the  word  have  these 
signiflcations :  C,  that  the  mood  is  to  be  reduced  to  cela- 
rent ;  a,  that  the  major  premise  is  a  luiiversal  affirmative  ; 
m.  that  tlie  premises  ai-e  to  be  transposed  in  reduction :  e, 
that  the  minor  premise  is  a  universal  negative ;  s,  that  this 
premise  is  to  be  simply  converted  in  reduction ;  c,  that  the 
conclusion  is  a  universal  negative  ;  s,  that  the  conclusion  is 
to  be  simply  converteil  in  reduction.  The  following  is  an 
example  of  this  mood,  with  an  implied  reduction :  He 
that  is  of  God  heareth  my  words  ;  ye  hear  them  not ;  this 
is,  then,  because  ye  are  not  of  God. 

camil  (kam'il),  n.  A  dialectal  form  of  camo- 
mile.    [Somerset,  Eng.] 

camion  (kam'ion),  «.  [F.,  a  dray,  truck,  pin; 
origin  unknown.]  A  truck  or  wagon  used  for 
transporting  cannon. 

camist  (kam'is),  n.  [Also  written  camise, 
camiis,  camese  (cf.  ME.  kenies,  <  AS.  cemcs,  < 
ML.  eamisa):  <  OF.  camise,  F.  chemise  (>  E. 
chemise,  q.  v.)  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  eamisa  =  It.  cami- 
scia,  camicia  =  Ar.  Pers.  Hind,  qamis,  a  shirt,  < 
LL.  camisia,  ML.  camisia,  eamisa,  a  shirt,  tunic, 
prob.  from  the  orig.  fonn  (*hamithja)  of  OHG. 
hemidi,  MHG.  hemede,  hemde,  G.  henid z=OFries. 
hemctlic,  a  shirt,  connected  with  OHG.  hamo  = 
AS.  hama  (in  eomp.)  =  Icel.  hamr,  a  skin,  hams, 
a  snake's  skin,  =  Goth.  *hama,  covering,  cloth- 
ing, >  gahamon,  cover,  anahamon,  clothe,  etc. : 
see  Aomfl,  hem^.'\  1.  A  shirt.  Compare  che- 
mise.— 2.  A  light  morning-gown  or  similar 
loose  garment. 

All  in  a  Camis  light  of  purple  silk. 

S2}eiiser,  F.  Q.,  V.  v.  2. 

camisadet  (kam-i-sad'),  n.  [Also  camisado;  < 
F.  camisade,  a  sudden  assaulting  or  surprisal 
of  the  enemy,  <  It.  camisciata,  incaniisciata 
(Florio),  now  camiciat<i,  incamiciata  (=  Sp. 
*camisada,  cn^amisada,  lit.  a  '  shirted' attack: 
see  camisated),  <  catniscia,  camicia  z=S]}.  eamisa 
=  OF.  camisc,  F.  chemise,  a  shirt :  see  camis, 
chemise.']  1.  An  attack  by  siu'prise  at  night 
or  at  break  of  day:  probably  so  called  because 
made  by  soldiers  wearing  shirts  over  their  ar- 
mor, in  order  that  they  might  be  recognized  by 
their  friends  in  the  dark. 

They  had  appointed  the  same  night  ...  to  have  given 
a  cainiaado  upon  the  English.  ,S'(>  J.  Ilai/ivard. 

2.  A  shirt  worn  by  soldiers  over  their  armor  in 
a  night  attack  to  enable  them  to  recognize  one 
another.     [A  mistaken  use  of  the  term.] 

Two  thousand  of  our  best  men,  all  in  camisadoctt  with 
scaling  ladders. 

.S'lV  R.  Williamg,  Actions  of  the  Low  Countries,  p.  S2. 

Camisard  (kam'i-zard),  n.  [F.,  <  OF.  camise,  a 
shirt.  Cf.  camisade.]  One  of  the  French  Prot- 
estants of  the  C^vennes  who  took  up  arms  in 
defense  of  their  ci^^l  and  religious  liberties 
early  in  the  eighteenth  century:  so  called  from 
the  white  blouses  worn  by  the  peasants  who 
were  the  chief  actors  in  the  insurrection. 

camisatedt  (kam'i-sa-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  *cami.m- 
tiis,  eaniisiatiis,  <  eamisa,  a  shirt:  see  eami.s; 
and  cf.  camisade.]  Dressed  with  a  shirt  above 
the  other  garments,    Johnson. 


cammock 

camiset,  "■     See  cami.s. 

camisiat  (ka-mis'iii),  H.  [LL.  (ML.  also  ea- 
misa): see  cattiis.]  1.  A  shirt;  a  tunic. —  2. 
An  alb. —  3.  A  shrine  in  which  the  Book  of  the 
Gospels  used  at  high  mass  was  formerly  pre- 
served. It  was  frequently  made  of  gr>ld,  richly  jeweled. 
Many  such  existed  iu  the  English  cathedrals  and  parish 
ihut'his  liefore  the  Reformation.     Lee,  Glossary. 

camisole  (kam'i-s61),  H.  [F.,  <  It.  camiciiiola, 
dim.  of  camicia  =  F.   chemise :   see  chemise.] 

1.  A  short  light  garment  with  sleeves,  usually 
of  material  that  will  wash,  worn  by  women  as  a 
dressing-sack  or  in  moming-tlress. 

Mrs.  O'Dowd,  the  good  housew-ife,  arrayed  in  curl-papers 
and  a  camisole,  felt  that  lier  duty  was  to  act  and  not  to 
sleep.  Thackeraff,  Vanity  Fair,  xxx. 

2.  A  strait-jacket. 

camister  (kam'is-ter),  n.  [Appar.  <  c^imis  + 
-ster.]  A  clergyman;  a  minister.  [Vagabonds' 
slang.] 

camlet  (kam'let),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cam- 
blet,  chamlet,  camelot,  <  F.  camelot=  Pr.  chama- 
hite  =  Sp.  camelote,  chamclote  =  Pg.  cameldo  = 
It.  cambellotto,  ciambellotto  =  D.  kamelot  =  G. 
camelot,  kamelot  =  Dan.  kamelot,  <  ML.  camelo- 
tion,  camlet,  po])ularl.v  imderstood  as  a  deriv. 
of  L.  camelus,  camel,  but  in  fact  <  Ar.  khamlat, 
khamalat,  camlet  ( silk  and  camel's  hair,  also  all 
silkor  velvet;  cf.  mikhmal,  >Hind.  makhmal,  vel- 
vet), <  khami,  pile,  plush,  a  carpet  witli  a  long 
pile,  a  cushion,  etc.]  1.  A  rich  stuff  used  for 
dress  as  early  as  the  thirteenth  century,  it  was 
more  costly  and  finer  than  cameline.  It  is  frequently 
mentioned  as  in  use  in  both  England  and  France  down  to 
the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

The  Cadilescher  is  clothed  iu  Chamlet,  Satten,  Silke, 
Damaske,  or  Veluet  of  seemely  colour. 

Purehas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  314. 

After  dinner  I  put  on  my  new  cauieUitt  suit,  the  best 

that  I  ever  wore  in  my  life,  the  suit  costing  ine  above  £24. 

Pei'iis,  Diary,  June  1,  1664. 

2.  A  vei7  durable  plain  cloth  used  for  cloaks 
and  the  like ;  a  water-proof  material  in  common 
use  before  the  introduction  of  india-rubber. 
All  the  kinds  of  camlet  are  in  a  certain  sense  imitations  of 
Oriental  eamel's-hair  cloth ;  they  ,are  made  of  hair,  espe- 
cially that  of  goats,  with  wool  or  silk,  and  present  a  veined 
or  wavy  appearance. 
camlet  (kam'let),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  eamleted, 
eumletted,  ppr.  cumleting,  camletting.  [<  camlet, 
}(.]  To  cause  to  resemble  wavy  or  watered 
camlet.     [Bare.] 

I  also  inspected  the  manner  of  cbamblettiiuj  silk  and 
grograms  at  one  Mons'  La  Dories  in  Moretields. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  May  30, 1662. 

camletteen  (kam-le-ten'),  n.  [<  camlet  +  -een.] 
A  kind  of  fine  worsted  camlet. 

camletto  (kam-let'6),  n.     Same  as  camletteen. 

cammakat,  "•     .Another  spelling  of  camoca. 

cammaron  (kam'a-ron),  n.  [<  Sp.  camaron,  a 
shrimp,  <  L.  cammarns,  eamarus,  var.  gamma- 
riis,  a  sea-crab:  see  Gammarus.]  A  fresh-wa- 
ter shrimp  or  prawn,  resembling  the  crawfish. 
Uu.cleii. 

cammas  (kam'as),  «.     Same  as  eaniass. 

cammed  (kamd),  «.  [E.  dial.,  <  5IE.  cammed, 
cammijd;  <  cam"  +  -eep.]  1.  Crooked. —  2t. 
Crooked-nosed;  short-nosed. —  3.  Cross;  ill- 
natured.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cammerellt,  ».    A  dialectal  variant  oigamhrel. 

cammish  (kam'ish).  a.  [E.  dial.,  <  cam-  + 
-isk.]  Awkward;  clumsy.  Halliwcll.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

cammock^  (kam'ok),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  cambiick, 
kambtick;  <  ME.  cam moJ',  <  AS.  cammoc,  cam- 
mocc,  cammuc,  commuc  (also  once  cammoce,  per- 
haps miswi-itten  for  caniniocc),  a  plant,  glossed 
peiieedatium.]  1.  A  leguminous  plant,  the  rest- 
barrow.  Ononis  arrensis. 

Canunoken  and  wedes 
Fouleth  the  fruite  in  the  felde. 

F'iers  Ploirman  (B),  xix.  309. 

2t.  An  umbelliferous  plant,  probably  the  shep- 
herd's-needle,  Scandix  Pcctcn. 
cammock^  (kam'ok),  n.  [E.  dial.  andSc;  E. 
dial,  also  camhuck,  Sc.  camack ;  <  ME.  cambnk 
(ML.  cambuca,  cambuta,  canibutta),  of  Celtic 
origin.  Cf.  Gael,  camag,  anything  crooked  or 
curved,  a  club,  crook,  ciu'l,  bay,  etc. ;  cf.  equiv. 
Sc.  cammon,  <  Gael.  Ir.  camaii,  a  club  for  golf 
or  cricket,  <  cam,  crooked,  bent :  see  cam".]  1. 
A  crooked  stick  or  club;  a  crooked  beam;  spe- 
cifically, a  crooked  club  used  in  the  game  of 
hockey  or  shinny. 

Though  the  cammock,  the  more  it  is  bowed,  the  better 
it  servcth,  yet  the  bow,  the  more  it  is  bent  and  occupied, 
the  worse  it  waxeth.      Lyh/,  Euphues,  .\nat.  of  Wit,  p.  46. 

Crokyd  as  a  camokc.  Skelton  (ed.  Dyce),  I.  117. 

AirUc  crooks  the  tree,  that  good  catnmnk  should  be. 

Say,  Proverbs  (ed.  1678),  p.  361. 


1 


cammock 

2.  The  game  jilaycil  willi  such  a  club;  hockey 
<n'  shinny. 
cammocky  (kam'ok-i),  a.  [E.  dial.,  <  ramnuick^ 
+  -//'.J  Like  1)1'  due  to  cammock;  liavinf;  a 
disai;ri'uab!e  t;oat-lik((  smell:  ajiplieil  to  cheese, 
from  Ihe  notion  that  this  smell  is  duo  to  the 
cows  <'.itinii  cammock.      [South.  Kng.] 

camocat,  camacat,  "•    [MK.  mnuwa,  cammulM, 

<  Mlj.  ciimocd,  ciiiiiiicd,  OF.  eaiiiocas,  MGr.  k(i- 
/imwiu:.]  A  thick  silk  fabric,  tho  name  of  which 
iii'.st  appears  in  the  foiu-teenth  century,    it  was 

lisoii  ill  the  nianilfacturo  of  aMU(>r(silcli  as  tllu  ganil)e«oTi), 
for  church  vcstmcnt-s  (in  wliicli  ca.se  white  cainoca  is 
especially  mentioned),  for  civic  rohes,  and  for  bed-hang- 
ings. 

My  great  l)ed  of  Idue  catnaka  with  grilfins,  also  another 
lied  of  caiittika  striped  with  white  and  1)lack. 

Witt  »)/■  Lfn-d  Ih'xiieti'ttcr  (Ia75),  quoted  in  Rock. 

camomile,  chamomile  (kara'o-mil),  n.    [Tlio 

spelling  i-liiiiiiiimilr  is  recent,  and  iii  imitatiou 
of  the  Latin ;  early  mod.  E.  atmomil,  aimamii 
(E.  dial,  aiiiiil),  <  ME.  i-(imiimijlc.,  friiiKimcUc, 
camnmijllr  =  1).  MlKi.  G.  I:iii)iillf  —  T)im.  kamillc 
(-hlniiist)  =  Sw.  kdmill  {-tilommti),  <  OF.  caiiia- 
millc,  F.  cdiiiniiiillc  =  Pr.  It.  ciimomiUii  =  Sp. 
cammiiilii  =  P;;.  catiuimclc,  <  ML.  camamilla, 
(•(iiiioniillii,  <  L.  chamomilta  and  prop,  chaimvme- 
lon^  <  (Jr.  ,vn//rt'- 
ftr/Aor,  lit.  earth- 
apple  (from  the 
apple-like  smell 
of  the    flower), 

<  \niiai^  on  the 
eai-tli  (=  L. 
Iiiimi:  see  /(«(«- 
hic"),  +  /if/'Aov, 
an  apple,  =  L. 
■malum.  Of.  ctiit- 
mrlinii.}  Tho 
common  name 
of  Aiilhvmis  110- 
hilis,  a  low 
creeping  com- 
posite plant  of 
Europe,  with 
strongly  scent- 
ed foliage, 
which  jias  long 
been  in  culti- 
vation and  of 
popular  repute 
as  a  bitter  sto- 
machic and  ton-  camomile  i^lnlhrmi!  itoi/lis). 
ic.    Tlie  camomile- 

tiitwers  of  commerce  are  the  product  of  a  cultivated  double 
variety,  known  as  the  r/arden  or  Roman  camomile.  The 
sinLrle'form  is  distinguished  as  Scotch  camomile.  It  was 
formerly  iinaj.'ined  tliat  the  more  the  plant  was  trodden 
upon  the  more  luxm-iantly  it  gi'ew,  and  this  was  a  favorite 
subject  of  alliisiiin  in  ancient  writers.  The  corn-  or  tleld- 
camomilc.  .iiil/i>  iiii^  arveniri.^,  is  sparingly  naturalized  in 
tile  United  .states.  The  dog's  or  stinking  camomile,  -4. 
Cittula,  is  more  usually  known  as  'iitatfweed.  The  yellow 
camomiie.  A.  tiiictoriu,  with  yellow-rayed  flowers,  is  stime- 
times  cultivated  for  ornament  and  yields  a  yellow  dye. 
The  German  camomile  of  trade  consists  of  the  tlower-lieads 
of  Matricaria  Chamomilla.  Wild  camomile  is  the  /ever- 
few. 

For  though  the  cauwmUe,  the  m<ire  it  is  trodden  the 
faster  it  grows,  yet  youth,  the  more  it  is  wa-sted,  the  sooner 
it  weai-s.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

camoocht,  ».  [Also  ca/nouccio,  used  in  the  same 
sense,  appar.  repr.  It.  como.icio,  a  chamois,  wild 
goat  (see  chamois),  perhaps  affected  in  E.  use 
by  It.  camiiso,  a  person  with  a  flat  nose:  see 
camous.'\  A  term  of  abuse  equivalent  to  goat 
(see  etymology). 

Whoever  says  you  have  a  black  eye,  is  a  camooch. 

Middleton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  L  2. 
Speak  not;  I  will  not  hear  thee:  away,  camouccio! 
I  IS.  ,/oimin,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humonr,  v.  3. 

Camorra  (k.a-mor'a),  n.  [It.;  cf.  obs.  It.  "ca- 
morra,  an  Irish  rugge,  also  an  upper  cassock," 
"camorro,  a  woman's  frock"  (Florio),  now  ca- 
morra, an  ugly  person  (applied  to  a  woman).] 
A  secret  organization  formed  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  under  the  Bourbon  government, 
first  publicly  known  about  18i;0,  partly  political 
and  partly  of  the  nature  of  a  standing  ngilanco 
committee,  which  exercised  great  power  at 
times  among  the  lower  classes,  settling  disputes 
and  acting  as  referee,  punishing  real  or  imagi- 
nary crimes,  and  exacting  pajnnent  for  all  such 
services,  it  became  guilty  of  many  violent  acts  in  the 
interest  of  private  vengeance  or  avarice.  Although  for 
political  reasons  tolerated  iiinler  Ferilinand  II.  (1S30-69), 
it  W1U1  attacked  by  the  L'ovinniient  of  Francis  II.,  in  re- 
venge for  which  it  united  with  the  opponents  of  the  Bour- 
bons ami  aided  in  the  overthrow  of  that  dynasty.  At 
present  the  organization  is  (Hit  of  favor,  and,  though  re- 
taining a  nominal  existence,  is  of  noimpovtanee  as  a  body. 

Camorrism  (ka-mor'izm),  II.  [<  Camorra  + 
-iam.^     The  system  and  mode  of  action  of  the 


779 

Camorra;  hence,  organized  mob-law;  system- 
atic rejection  or  abrogation  of  the  regular  forms 
of  law. 

Camorrist  (ka-mor'ist),  II.  [<  It.  camorrista : 
si'c  t'diiKirra.']  A  member  of  the  <!amorra;  one 
wlio  favors  tho  principles  or  practises  the  meth- 
(mIs  of  tlie  CamoiTa. 

camoucciot,  «.     See  camooch. 

camouche,  «.     Same  as  kamichi. 

camouflet  (F.  pron.  ka-mii'fla),  n.  [F.,  smoke 
puffed  into  a  sleejier's  face ;  origin  unknown.] 
Milit.,  a  mine  witli  a  charge  so  small  as  not  to 
jiroduco  any  crater  when  exploded.  .Such  a  mine  is 
often  sunk  in  the  wall  of  eartli  between  two  parallel  gal- 
leries, in  order,  by  blowing  the  earth  into  one  of  them,  to 
siitfocate  or  cut  otf  the  retreat  of  the  miner  who  is  at  work 
ill  it.     When  used  for  this  purpose  it  is  also  called  atttificr. 

camoust,  camust,  "■  [Karly  mod.  E.  also  Crt- 
moy.s,  <  ALE.  camois,  canioi/s,  <  OF.  camu.^,  F.  ca- 
mii.i  =  Pr.  camus,  camu.-.iit  =  It.  camnso,  canio- 
.icio,  flat-nosed.  Cf.  E.  dial,  and  ME.  cammed, 
Sc.  camow-iiom'd,  cam-iioscd,  flat-nosed,  ult.  con- 
nected with  cam",  q.  v.]  Depressed;  flat; 
crooke<l:  said  only  of  tho  nose. 

Koiind  was  his  face  and  ramois  was  his  nose. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  I.  14. 

camousedt,  camusedt,  a.    [<  camous,  camus,  + 

-<,(/-.]     Same  as  ciimiiii,<i. 

And  though  my  nase  be  camuKcd,  my  lips  thick. 
And  my  ehiii  bristled.  Pan,  great  Pan,  was  such. 

/>.  Jimj<on,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  1. 

camouslyt,  adv.    Awry.    Skelton. 

camoysl,  a.     Same  as  camous.     iSir  T.  Browne. 

Camp't  (kamp),  II.  [<  ME.  camp,  comp,  battle, 
conflict  (cf.  caiiipi/iiiic,  foot-ball),  <  AS.  camp, 
comp,  battle,  conflict,  =  OFries.  kamp,  komp 
=  D.  kamp  =  ML(t.  kamp  =  OH(i.  camp, 
kamph,  cliampf,  MllCi.  (i.  kampf,  a  light,  battle, 
esp.  in  older  use,  of  a  tight  between  two,  z= 
Sw.  Dan.  kamp,  liattle,  conflict,  =  Icel.  kapp 
(assimilated  from  'kamp),  contest,  zeal,  eager- 
ness, vehemence,  a  race  (cf.  ODan.  kap,  zeal, 
now  only  in  the  phrase  inn  kap,  in  competition) ; 
regarded  bj'  some  as  an  orig.  Tent,  word,  but 
prob.  <  L.  caiiijiiis,  a  iield,  a  plain,  later  some- 
times a  battle-field,  in  ML.  also  a  camp,  battle: 
see  caiiip'^.]     1.  (.lonfliet;  battle. 

AUe  the  kene  meiie  of  kanipe,  knyghtes  and  other. 

Morte  Arthure{B.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3702. 

2.  An  English  form  of  the  game  of  foot-hall. 
It  was  played  by  two  parties  i>f  twelve  men,  ranged  in 
two  lines  120  yards  apart.  A  ball  was  laid  in  tile  middle, 
and  on  a  given  signal  each  party  rushed  forward  to  kick 
or  throw  it  to  the  opposite  goal. 

campl  (kamp),  t'.  i.  [<  ME.  campen,  <  AS. 
campiaii  (=  OFries.  kampa,  kempa  =  D.  kam- 
pcn  =  OHG.  chamfan,  chemfaii,  MHG.  keiiip- 
fi-n,  6.  kampfcii  =  Dan.  ktrmpe  =  Sw.  kdmiia), 
fight,  contend,  <  camp,  a  conflict :  see  the  noun. 
In  def.  2,  cf.  frecj.  cample.']  1.  To  fight;  eon- 
tend  in  battle  or  in  any  kind  of  contest ;  hence, 
to  strive  with  others  in  doing  anything. —  2.  To 
wrangle ;  argue.  [Obs.  or  dial,  in  both  senses.] 
— 3.    To  play  at  the  game  of  camp.     Tusscr. 

camp2  (kamp),  H.  [<  F.  camp,  a  camp,  for- 
merly also  a  field,  a  parallel  form  to  champ,  a 
field,  =  Pr.  camp  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  campo,  <  L. 
campus,  a  field,  a  jilain,  a  place  of  action,  in 
ML.  also  a  camp,  a  battle,  =  Gr.  aij-oc,  Dor.  kH- 
ffof,  a  garden,  orchard,  plantation:  see  camp'^.} 
1.  A  place  where  an  army  or  other  body  of 


campaign 

men  is  or  has  been  encaniped  ;  the  collection 
of  tents  or  other  temporary  structures  for 
the  accommodation  of  a  number  of  men,  par- 
ticularly troops  in  a  temporary  station  ;  an  en- 
campment. When  an  army  in  the  field  is  to  remain 
for  some  time  at  a  particular  spot,  it  may  be  stationed  in 
an  intrenched  camp,  sun'ouiided  by  earthworks,  redoubts, 
etc.  A  Jtitin'i  camp  is  an  elieampinent  oeenpied  for  a 
very  l)rief  period.  The  camps  of  the  ancient  Roman 
soldiers,  even  though  for  a  stay  of  cuily  a  night,  were  (»f 
the  intrenelied  class,  customarily  in  the  shape  of  a  rec- 
tangle  sniTounded  by  a  foss  ifo»^a),  with  a  stake-faced 
embankment  (i^altuin)  on  the  inside.  In  the  typical 
Roman  camp  there  were  four  gates,  one  at  each  siile  and 
one  at  each  end,  and  the  interior  was  divideil  into 
streets.  The  broatlest  street,  100  feet  w  ide,  ran  between 
the  side  gates.  Tlio  other  streets,  .SO  feet  wide,  ran  at 
right  angles  to  this  from  end  to  end  of  the  camp.  A 
camp  of  instruction  is  a  camp  formed  for  the  reception  of 
troops  wlio  are  sent  to  be  trained  in  maiKcuvering  in  large 
bodies  and  in  campaigning  duties  in  general.  There  are 
permanent  camps  of  this  kind  at  Aldershot  in  England,  and 
at  C'halons-siir-Marne  in  France. 

2.  A  body  of  troops  or  other  iicrsons  encamp- 
ing together ;  an  army  with  its  camp-equipment. 

Fm-  I  shall  sutler  be 
Unto  the  camp,  and  profits  will  aeeriie. 

.Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  il.  1. 
The  whole  had  the  appearance  of  a  splendid  court 
rather  than  of  a  military  arniament  ;  and  in  this  situa- 
tion, carrying  more  slmw  than   real    foree  with  it,  the 
cdjHjMirrived  at  Hernice.  Hume,  Hist.  Eng.,  V.  319. 

3.  In  Ilritish  ai/ri.,  a  lieap  of  turnips,  potatoes, 
or  other  roots  lai<l  up  in  a  ti'ench  and  thickly 
covered  with  straw  and  earth  for  preservation 
through  the  winter.  In  some  places  called  a 
pit,  in  others  a  buri/.-  To  break  camp,    see  itrcak. 

camp-  (kamp),  V.      [<  canqfi,   )/.]     I.   trans.   1. 
To  put  into  or  lodge  in  a  camp,  as  an  anny  ;  en- 
camp.   [Rare.] — 2.  To  afford  camping-ground 
for;  afford  rest  or  lodging  to.    [Rare.] 
Ilad  our  gi-eat  palace  the  capacity 
To  caiiij;  this  host,  we  all  would  sup  together. 

SiMk.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  8. 

3.  To  bury  in  pits,  as  potatoes ;  pit.  Loudon. 
[Local,  Eng.] 

II.  intraiis.  1.  To  establish  or  make  a  camp; 
go  into  camp:  sometimes  with  doicii. —  2.  To 
live  in  a  camp,  as  an  army :  as,  we  camped  there 
three  days. — 3.  To  live  tem])orarily  in  a  tent 
orients  or  in  rude  places  of  shelter,  as  for  health 
or  pleasure:  generally  with  out. 


campSf, 


[<  L.  campa.  campe,  <  Gr.  Ka/nrri,  a 


Typical  Plan  of  Roman  Camp. 
.-/.  pnetoriuni :  W,  qua-stor  and  prefects:  .-f.  tribunal,  etc.: 
tribunes;  C,  forum:  A  /:'.  /^.  legionaries  ^T^i.^^ii.  Princil)CS. 
Ha.«itatil:  0.  cavalry:  //,  /.  allies,  foot  and  ht'p,c:  y,  .luxili 
troops :  A',  picked  cohorts ;  /-.  special  or  extraordinary  cohorts : 
special  or  extraordinary  squadrons  of  horse:  .V,  Oecunutn  ijate 
pra^tori.an  gate :  P.  portii  princip-ilis  dcxtra :  f.  porta  principali: 
nistra  :  1,  3.  3. 4,  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth  Icffions :  s,  6,  ri^fht 
lelt  wuiKS. 


cateriiillar.]     A  c.ateridllar.     /;'.  J'hillips,  1706. 

campable  (kam'p.i-bl),  a.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  a 
]ierversion  of  capable.'}  Able  to  do.  Grose. 
[North.  Eng.] 

campagi,  ".     Phu-al  of  campaf/us. 

campagnol  (kam-pa-nyol'),  ii.  [F.  (=  It.  caiii- 
piiiliiuiilii),  <  campagnv  =  It.  camjiapiia,  a  field, 
open  country:  seecampaig».~\  A  French  name 
of  various  species  of  field-mice  or  voles,  as  .Ir- 
ricola  arralis  and  A.  ar/restis ;  hence,  any  vole 
or  meadiiw-mouse  of  the  subfamily  AiTicoUnce, 
family  iluriihv. 

campagUS  (kam'pa-gus),  II. ;  pi.  campagi  (-ji). 
[LL.,  perhaps  <  L.  campus,  a  field:  see  camp-.'] 
In  Hum.  autiq.,  a  low  shoe  or  slipper  covering 
the  toes,  ha\nng  the  h^el-piece  earned  around 
on  each  side  nearly  to  the  ankle-bone,  but  leav- 
ing the  instep  and  the  sides  of  the  foot  un- 
covered, and  secured  on  tho  foot  by  ribbons 
or  straps.  It  was  peculiar  to  the  wealthy  and 
official  classes. 

campaign  (kam-p5n'),  «.  [<  F.  campaigiic,  now 
camjiagnc  (assibilated  champagne.  >  E.  cham- 
paign), an  open  field,  a  miUtary  campaign,  = 
Sp.  campal!a  =  Pg.  campanha  =  It.  campagiia,  < 
ML.  Campania,  a  level  country,  in  classical  L. 
used  only  as  the  name  of  the  level  cotmtry  near 
Naples,  Campania,  now  Campagiia  (Campanus, 
of  Campania,  a  Campanian),  <  'campanus  (LL. 
canijianeiis  or  campaniu.s),  of  ii  field,  <  eamjius, 
afield:  see  com//-.]  If.  An  open  field;  a  large 
open  plain.  Now  champaign. —  2.  The  opera- 
tions of  an  army  during  one  season,  or  in  a  defi- 
nite enterprise:  as,  the  Vicksburg  campaign. 
— 3.  Continued  or  sustained  aggressive  opera- 
tions directed  to  the  aceoiniilishment  of  some 
particular  object:  as,  the  temperance  cnw/miV;;!; 
especially,  in  U.  S.  politics,  organized  action  in 
influencing  voters  in  an  election,  etc. :  as,  the 
last  presidential  campaign. 

We  should  get  those  amendments  out  of  tho  way  before 
we  strike  out  for  the  summer  campaign. 

S.  Bowles,  Letter  to  H.  L.  Dawes,  Feb.  16, 1857. 

4.  In  metal,  the  time  during  which  a  furnace 
remains  in  operation  without  stopjiage Cam- 
paign wig.    See  iciV;. 
campaign  (kam-pan'),  V.  i.     [<  campaign,  «.] 
To  serve  in  a  campaign. 
The  officers  who  camuai'jited  in  the  late  rebelUon. 

Sir  R.  iluigraiv,  Irish  KebellioD,  p.  6 


campaigne 

campaigne  (kam-inln'),  «.  [Prop.  *caiiipa»c,  < 
V.  ciiiiijiaiw,  a  lioll,  H  fringe,  tuft,  etc. :  soo  cam- 
paiic.^  A  narrow  kind  of  pillow-lace,  used  es- 
pecially as  an  edging  to  broader  laces. 

campaigner  (kam-pa'ner).  It.  [<  aimpaiiiu  + 
-('(•l.]  One  wlio  is  or  has  been  in  active  ser\icG 
in  a  cnni))aign  or  campaigns. 

IJoth  liorsi'  aiiii  ridi-r  wore  oltl  campaifinc''^,  ati*!  stniul 
without  iiiMviiij;  a  jnuscle.      Smollftt,  Huiniilirt'y  ('linker. 

Tile  i)l:iin  I)i'fi>re  the  town  was  full  of  tents,  and,  long 
before  the  town  or  the  tents  were  within  sight,  the  sight 
of  aetual  cainpai(/iiers  gave  a  keen  feeling  of  what  was 
going  on.  K.  A.  Freeman,  Veniee,  p.  265. 

campana  (kam-pa'na),  H.  [=  F.  campane  = 
Pr.  Sp.  It.  camp(iiin."<  ML.  camjinno,  a  bell.] 

1.  Hcclcs.,  a  church-boll. — 2.  A  bell-like  dish 
or  cover  used  in  making  sulphuric  acid. — 3.  In 
hot,,  the  pasquo-dower,  Anemone  I'ulsatiUa. 

Ciniifttna  here  he  crojia.     Drailtoii,  PoIyoUiion,  xiii.  227. 

campanal  (kam-pri'nal),  «.  [<  *c(impima  for 
Cam im II Ilia  +  -ill.']  l{elated  to  the  C'ampiinu- 
lacecc :  applied  by  Liudley  to  one  of  the  largest 
of  his  alUances  of  plants,  of  which  the  bellworts 
may  be  regarded  as  the  tj^ie. 

campane  (kam-pan'),  n.  [F.  campane,  a  bell, 
tutt,  fringe,  etc. :  see  cnmpaiid.']    In  her.,  a  bell. 

Campaned  (kam-pand'),  II.  [<  aiiiipane  +  -ed-.] 
In  her.,  bearing  campanes  or  bells. 

campanero  (kam-pa-ne'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  a  bellman, 
<  ciimpaiia,  a  bell:  see  caiiipana.~\  A  Spanish 
name  of  the  South  American  bell-birds,  as  the 
arapunga  and  others  of  the  genus  Chiismnrliyn- 
chiis :  so  called  from  the  beU-like  sound  of  their 
voice.     See  iirdjiiiniia. 

campaniaf  (kam-pa'ni-il),  11.     [ML. :  see  cam- 
jHiiipi.]     A  large  open  plain;  a  champaign. 
In  vast  camjiania^  there  are  few  cities.    Sir  W.  Temple. 
Forerunners  of  that  great  day  of  battle ;  which  shall, 
like  light  horsemen,  seonr  the  campanin. 

Jer.  Taijlor,  Works,  I.  371. 

Campanian  (kam-pa'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Ciiiiipaiiid  (see  caiiipaiijn,  n.)  +  -an.]  I.  a. 
Belonging  to  or 
characteristic  of 
Campania,  an  an- 
cient province  of 
southern  Italy,  in- 
clmling  the  Nea- 
politan plain. 

II.  ((.  A  native 
or  an  inhabitant  of 
Campania. 

campaniform 

(kam-pau'i-form), 
a.  [<  NL.  caiiipaiii- 
f or  mis,  <  ML.  aini- 

£ana,  a  bell,  + 
.  forma,  shape.] 
Having  the  .shape 
of  a  bell;  campan- 
ulate;  bell-shaped. 
WsocainpaiiiUforiii. 

campanile  (kam- 
pa-ne'le),  «.;  pi. 
campaniles,  camjm- 
niU  (-lez,  -li).  [It., 
=  Sp.  Pg.  cainpaml 
=  F.  campanile,  < 
ML.  campanile,  < 
campana,  a  bell: 
see  campana.']  In 
arch.,  a  bell-tower;  especially,  in  some  parts 
of  Italy,  a  detached  building  erected  for  the 
purpose  of  containing  bells ;  also,  in  the  Renais- 
sance style,  a  particular  form  of  bell-turret, 
such  as  the  two  western  towers  of  St.  Paid's 
cathedral  in  London,  St.  Peter's  and  the  Pan- 
theon in  Rome,  etc.  Many  of  the  campaniles  of  Italy 
are  lofty  and  magnificent  structures;  that  in  Cremona  is 
395  feet  high,  and  that  in  Florence,  designed  by  Giotto 
early  in  the  fourteenth  century  for  the  cathedral  of  Santa 
Maria  del  Fiore,  is  the  most  perfect  work  of  the  Pointed 
style  in  Italy. 

campaniliform  (kam-pa-nil'i-f6rm),  a.  Same 
as  eami>anifiinn. 

campanologist  (kam-pa-nol'6-jist),  n.  [<  ca»i- 
paiiDliiiiii  +  -ist.]  One  skilled  in  the  art  of 
campanology. 

campanology  (kam-pa-nol'o-ii),  n.  [<  ML. 
caiiipaiui,  a  bell,  +  Gr.  -Aoyia,  <  ?.lytiv,  speak: 
see  -oUiijij.]  1.  The  art  or  the  principles  of 
bell-founding,  bell-ringing,  etc. 

The  enthusiastic  notices  which  the  London  papers  give 
of  the  easting  of  a  new  big  bell  for  St.  Paul's  may  justify 
the  publication  here  of  a  few  notes  on  the  subject  of  cam- 
pawAoijij.  Philadelphia  liecord,  Jan.  14,  1S82,  p.  8. 

2.  A  treatise  on  this  art. 

Campanula  (kam-pan'u-la),  n.  [ML.,  dim.  of 
campami,  a  bell;  from  the  form  of  the  corolla. 


Campanile  of  Giotto.  Florence. 


Flowering  Branch  of  Qainpa- 
Hula  Mediutn, 


780 

Cf.  campana,  pasque-flower.]  1.  A  large  ge- 
nus of  plants,  which  gives  its  name  to  the 
natural  order  Campa- 
nulacea: ;  the;  bell-flow- 
er genus.  Tlie  species  are 
herbaceous  plants,  with  bell- 
shaped  flowers  usually  of  a 
white  or  blue  color.  I'he 
most  conjmon  and  best- 
known  wild  species  is  the 
delicate  harebell,  C.  rolun- 
di/(ilia,  the  bluebell  of 
Scotland,  which  is  found 
growing  in  rocky  places 
around  the  globe  in  the 
northern  temperate  and  arc- 
tic zones.  Many  species  are 
cultivated  for  their  showy 
flowers,  the  most  frequent 
being  C.  Medium,  known  as 
canterbury-bells.  C.  llanun- 
eulus  is  frequently  cultivat- 
ed in  southern  Europe  for 
its  edible  tuberous  roots. 
2.  [I.e.]  Achasuble:  so 
called  from  its  conical 
shape  when  put  about 
the  body .—  3.  [/.  c]  In 
:0()l.  and  anat.,  some 
caiii]ian\iliitp  or  bell-shaped  part  or  organ. — 
Campanula  HaUeri,  in  ichth.,  the  swollen  end  of  the 
fakiiurm  process  in  the  eye  of  a  fish.    See  extract. 

A  vascular  darkly-pigmented  process  ...  is  found  in 
the  eyes  of  many  Teleostei,  and  ...  its  end  ...  is  pro- 
vided with  a  swelling  irnmjiamda  Ilalleri),  which  is  at- 
tached to  the  hinder  i)art  of  the  capsule  vf  the  lens. 

Gcjenhntir,  Cninp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  531. 

Campanulaceae  (kam-pan-ii-la'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  i.'ampaniila  +  -uceie.]  A  "natural  or- 
der of  monopetalous  dicotyledonous  plants, 
the  bellworts,  mostly  herbaceous,  with  bland 
milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  a  regidar  bell- 
shaped  or  rotate  corolla,  distinct  stamens,  and 
numerous  seeds  in  a  capsule  usually  opening 
by  valves  or  lateral  slits.  They  are  natives  chiefly 
of  northern  temperate  regions,  and  are  of  little  value  but 
for  ornament.  The  principal  genus  is  Campamila.  The 
order  is  sometimes  made  to  include  the  LobeliacecB.  See 
cuts  under  Campanula  and  harebell. 

campanulaceous  (kam-pan-u-la'shius),  a.  Be- 
longing to  the  natural  order  Campanulacew. 

Campanularia  (kam-pan-u-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL., 
<  ML.  eamjianiila,  a  little  bell.]  The  tj-jiical 
genus  of  the  family  ('ampainilariida;  having 
cup-shaped  hydrotheete  at  the  ends  of  ringed 
stalks  and  polypites  with  a  circlet  of  tentacles 
below  the  conical  pro- 
boscis. 

Campanularise  (kam- 
Iian-u-la'ri-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.  Cf.  Campanularia.] 
In  Claus's  system  of  clas- 
sification, a  suborder  of 
Hijdromeiluscc,  character- 
ized by  the  chitinous 
skeletal  tubes  ■widening 
out  round  the  polyp-head 
to  form  cup-like  hydro- 
tliii-n':  same  as  Calijplo- 
hliLiliii.  Also  called  Vcai- 
ciihitii. 

campanularian  (kam- 
pan-u-la'ri-an),  a.  and  n. 
I.  a.  Campanulate;  ca- 
lyptol.dastie ;  ha'vingbell- 
shaped  hydrothecie :  said 
only  of  the  Cali/ptobla,s- 
tea  or  Cainpanulariiv. 
Also  cainpanularidaii. 

II.  «.  A  member  of  the 
genus  i'ampanularia. 

CTampanularida  (kam- 
pau-u-lar'i-dii),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Campanularia  + 
-ida.]  A  suborder  or  other  di-s-ision  of  the  ca- 
lyptoblastie  hydroid  hydrozoans,  distinguish- 
ing the  campanularian  from  the  sertularian 
forms  of  the  Cah/ptohlastea. 

campanularidan  (kam-pan-u-lar'i-dan),  a. 
Same  as  campanularian. 

campanulariid  (kam-pan-ii-lar'i-id),  n.  A  po- 
l\-li  of  the  family  Camjianiilariidee. 

Campanulariidse  (kam-pan'u-la-ri'i-de),  ».  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Campanuhiria  +  -ida:]  A  family  of 
calyptoblastie  hydroid  hydrozoans,  having  the 
cells  terminal,  pedimculate,  and  campanidate, 
and  the  polypites  with  a  large  trumpet-shaped 
proboscis.  Campanularia.  Clylia.  Ohelia,  etc.,  are  gen- 
era of  this  family.  Also  written  CamiKinnlaridir,  Cam- 
paiinhiriada'.     See  cut  vmder  Campanularia. 

campanulate  (kam-pan'u-lat),  a.     [<  ML.  cam- 

2niiuilatu.i,<  campanula,  a  little  bell, dim.  of  cnw- 
pana,  a  bell :  see  campana.]  Having  the  form  of 


ji,  hydranth ;  e,  its 
duncle;  e,  hydrotheca 
mouth :  If,  tentacles ;  i',  di- 
gestive cavity,  continuous  with 
Dody-cavity.A.contained  in  the 
peduncle,  and  in  the  stolon  or 
creeping-stem,  5;  S,  gonnn^i- 
um  containing  two  inedusiform 
zooidsorgonophores,  tc,  w,'  />, 
blastostyle  or  peduncle  of  the 
gonophore:  a",  the  somatic 
cavity  in  connection  with  that 
of  the  stolon ;  C,  a  bud. 


camp-follower 

a  bell;  bell-sliaped.  in  bot.,  applied  to  many  parts 
of  plants,  particularly  to  the  corolla.  In  entinn.,  said  of 
surfaces  which  are  rounited  at  one  end,  with  the  sides 
somewhat  incurved  an<l  then  spreading  out  to  the  i)ther 
end;  ujrplicd  especially  t<t  the  metanotum,  the  broader  end 
being  tile  base.  The  abdomen  uf  an  insect  is  said  to  be 
campanulale  when  the  basal  joint  is  slender  and  the 
secfuid  dilaterl  jmd  hollowed  at  the  apex,  so  tliat  tlie  third 
joint  is  rci  ei\cd  within  it. 

Campanulina  (kam-pan-u-li'nil),  «.  [NL.,  < 
ML.  raiiijiiiuiila,  dim.  of  campana,  a  bell.]  The 
fyjiical  genus  of  the  family  Campanulinida: 

campanuUnid  (kam-pan-u"-lin'id),  H.  A  polj-p 
of  the  family  Canqiaiiulinidw. 

Campanulinidse  (kam-pan-u-lin'i-de),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Campanulina  +  -ida:.]  A  family  of  ser- 
tularian or  calyptoblastie  hydroid  hydrozoans. 
They  are  eolonies'of  polyjis,  which  are  differentiatcil  into 
alimentary  zobids,  with  one  verticil  of  filiform  tentacles, 
and  generative  polyps,  having  the  polypostyles  without 
mouth  or  tentacles.  Both  kinds  of  zooids  are  investeil  by 
chitinous  capsules.  The  polypostyles  only  produce  by 
budding  sexual  zobids,  which  are  rudimentary  medusa?  and 
never  bec'>me  free.     Campanulina  is  the  tyi>ical  genus. 

Campbellite  (kam'bel-it),  «.  [<  Campbell  (see 
def.)  +  -ite'".]  1.  A  member  of  the  denomina- 
tion otherwise  known  as  the  Disciples  of  Christ, 
founded  by  the  Rev.  .AJexander  Campbell.  The 
Campbellites  were  also  called  Xexc  Lights.  See 
disciple.  [LT.  S.] — 2.  One  of  the  followers  of 
the  Rev.  John  McLeod  Campbell,  who,  when 
deposed  in  1831  for  teaching  the  universality  of 
the  atonement,  founded  a  separate  congrega- 
tion. [Scotch.] — 3.  [/.  c]  A  local  name  of 
a  simfish,  Pomoxi/s  annularis,  abundant  in  the 
Mississippi.     Also  called  neu-light. 

The  names  new-light  and  Campbellite  are  due  to  the  fact 
that  it  became  abundant  and  the  subject  of  observation 
when  the  religious  denomination  bearing  those  names  ori- 
ginated. Stand.  Sat.  Hint.,  III.  235. 

camp-ceiling  (kamp'se'^ling),  «.  In  arch.,  a 
ceiling  sloping  on  either  side  from  the  vertical 
walls  toward  a  plane  surface  in  the  middle,  so 
as  somewhat  to  resemble  a  coved  ceiling.  It 
is  most  frequently  used  in  garrets,  giving  the 
roof  a  resemblance  to  the  top  of  a  tent. 

camp-chair  (kamp'char),  n.  A  light  chair  con- 
structed like  a  camp-stool,  but  with  a  back. 

camp-drill  (kamp'tlril),  n.  A  portable  drill 
having  two  arms  which  extend  outward  from 
the  ends  of  a  connecting  piece,  the  upper  arm 
carrying  the  drill,  and  the  lower  serving  as  a 
rest  for  the  work  which  lies  between  the  two. 

Campeachy  'wood.    Same  as  loguood. 

Campephaga,  Campephagidae,  etc.    See  Cam- 

piiphiiiid,  etc. 
camper^t  (kam'ptr),  «.   [<  ME.  canipar;  <  catiip^ 

+  -c)l.]     One  who  plays  at  the  game  of  camp. 

Tusser. 
camper-  (kam'per),   n.     [<  caiiqi^,  v.,  +  -crl.] 

One  ^^•ho  camps  out,  or  lives  in  a  camp. 
A  true  and  circumstantial  delineation  of  the  eamper'g 

life  in  the  Maine  forests.  The  American,  VII.  169. 

camperknowst,  «•  [E.  dial.,  prop,  "caynpcr- 
nolls,  lit.  mushrooms  (of  which  in  part  the  dish 
was  prob.  composed),  =  MD.  kamj/ernoelie.  D. 
hampernoeljc  =  MLG.  kampernol,  mushroom,  < 
It.  campignuolo,  >  F.  champignon,  a  mushroom: 
see  champignon.]  Ale  pottage,  made  ■nith  sugar, 
spices,  etc.     (rrose. 

campesont,  «.     Same  as  (/amftesoH.     Wright. 

campestral  (kam-pes'tral),  a.  [<  L.  campeslris, 
<  eamjius,  a  field:  see  camji-.]  Pertaining  to  an 
open  field ;  gro'wing  in  a  field  or  on  open  ground. 

The  campestral  or  tnld  beech  is  blacker  and  more  tltir- 
alile.  Mortimer. 

campestrian,  campestrine  (kam-pes'tri-an, 

-trill),  a.     Same  as  ciimpentral. 

camp-fightt  (kamp'fit),  n.  [<  c«»y>l  +  fght; 
cf.  ML.  campus,  a  duel:  see  camjA.]  In  vld 
law,  a  trial  liy  duel,  or  the  combat  of  two  cham- 
pions, for  the  decision  of  a  controversy. 

camp-fire  (kamp'fir),  n.  1.  A  fire  in  a  camp 
for  warmth  or  cooking:  as,  a  soldier's  or  a 
hunter's  camp-fire.  It  is  commonly  built  in  the 
open  air  and  on  the  ground. 

A  huge  camp'Jire  blazing  up  beneath  the  forest  arches. 
Forest  and  Stream,  XXI.  5. 

2.  Among  the  members  of  the  society  called 
the  Grand  -Ai-my  of  the  Republic,  a  meeting  or 
reunion  of  the  members  of  a  post.  [U.  S.] 
camp-follower  (kamp'fol  o-er),  H.  One  who 
follows  a  camp  or  an  army  without  being  offi- 
cially connected  with  it,  as  a  sutler,  washer- 
woman, etc. 

The  troops  were  attended  by  a  great  multitude  of  camp- 
followers.  Macaulay. 

In  the  moment  of  failure  tat  Bannockhurn).  the  sight  of 
a  body  of  camp-followers,  whom  they  mistook  for  reen- 
foixrcments  to  the  enemy,  spread  panic  through  the  Eng- 
lish host.        J.  B.  Green,  Short  Ilist.  Eug.  People,  iv.  §  6. 


campbene 

camphene,  camphine  (kam-fen'  or  kam'fen), 

II.  l<  c<iiiiiilii,<ii-)  + -iiic, -iiu-.]  1.  Thegenorio 
naiin'  of  tiio  volatile  oils  or  hydrocarbons  hav- 
iiifC  tho  general  fonniJa  C'kjHk;,  which  are 
isomeric  or  polymeric  with  oil  of  turpentine. 
Miiiiy  campllLMic'S  exist  ready  fornieil  in  jiIjitiU,  as  oil  of 
cl'tves.  lierKamot,  etc.  Tliey  are  liquid  at  urdinary  teiii- 
Ii.-i-;it  lives,  and  are  distinguished  from  uiic  anotljer  l)y  their 
odors.  ttoiliri;^-points,  and  action  on  polarized  light.  They 
alpsiirb  u\)j,'en  and  convert  it  into  ozone.  The  name  is  sy- 
nonymous witli  Ifrpi'iw  ;  but  by  some  authorities  the  latter 
is  made  the  ;;eneric  name  of  all  tho  volatile  hydrocarbons 
havinii  tile  formula  t'loHifj.  while  coinphriw  is  limited  to 
those  teri>enes  vvliich  are  solid  at  ordinary  temperatnivs. 
2.  The  commercial  terra  for  purified  oil  of  tm'- 
pentiue,  obtaineil  by  tlistilliug  tho  crude  oil  over 
quicklime  to  free  it  from  resin.  It  gives  a  bril- 
liant light  in  lamps  having  a  very  strong  draft  for  the 
Iirevention  of  smoke,  and  was  extensively  used  before  the 
iiitrtiduetion  of  petndenra. 
camphic  (kam'fik),  a.  [<  camph(or)  +  -ic]  Of 
or  pertaininf;  to  cam|)lior:  as,  camphic  acid. 

camphine,  ».    >See  cdiuplicuc. 
camphiret  (kam'fir),  »t.    [See  camjj/ior.]    1.  Aii 
o)d  form  of  camphor. 

Wood  of  aloes,  camphire  and  many  other  things. 

Ilukluiit't;  Vvifa^ft'H,  11.  56. 

2.  In  the  authorized  version  of  the  Hible  (Cant. 
i.  14,  iv.  13),  a  faulty  rendering  of  tlie  Hebrew 
name  of  tlie  henna-plant,  Lawsaiiia  iillia. 
camphiredt  (kam'fird),  a.  [<  canqihire  tcivcam- 
jihiir  +  -(■((-.]  Impregnated  with  camphor; 
camphorated. 

Wash-balls  perfumed,  camphired,  and  plain. 

Tatler,  No.  101. 

camphogen  (kam'fo-jen),  w.  [<  ML.  campho- 
(ni),  camphor,  +  L.  -rjeii,  producing:  see -;/(■«.] 
A  colorless  liquid  (C10H14)  produced  by  dis- 
tilling camphor  with  phosj)liorous  pentoxid. 
Also  called  ci/mnif. 

camphol  (kam'fol),  H.  [<  camph(or)  +  -o/.] 
Same  as  Borneo  camphor  (which  see,  tmder 
ctimiihor). 

campholic  (kam-fol'ik),  a.     [<  camphol  +  -j'c] 

Kclated  to  or  containing  camphol Campholic 

acid,  .'in  acid  (I'loHigOo)  produced  from  camphor  I'y  tlie 
artinii  of  alcoholic  potash  solution.  It  is  a  white  volatile 
solid,  insoluble  in  cold  water. 

camphor  (kam'for),  n.  [Now  spelled  to  imi- 
tate the  ML.  form,  but  imtil  recently,  and  still 
dial.,  camphire,  early  mod.  E.  camphire,  caiiipher, 
ciiiiifcre,  <  P.  ciniiphrc  =  Sp.  caiifor,  canfora, 
(ilcaiifor  =  I'g.  canfora,  alcanfor  =  It.  canfora 
=  D.  Icamfer  =  MHO.  camphcr  (also  i/affcr),  G. 
kamjifer  =  Dan.  Sw.  kanifer  =  Pol.  I'umfora  = 
Bohem.  kamfora,  kamfr,  kafr  =  Russ.  kamfara, 
<  ML.  campliora,  canfora,  camforum,  also  cafu- 
rn,  NL.  c<imphora  =  MGr.  NGr.  Ka<povpa  =  Turk. 
kilfiir,  <  Ar.  and  I'ers.  kdfiir  =  Skt.  karpiira 
=  Hind,  kdpnra,  camphor,  <  'MaXny  kaphr,  cam- 
phor, lit.  chalk,  lime;  kdpiir  bariis,  Barus  cam- 
phor, the  camphor  of  Sumatra  and  Java  {Barus, 
a  place  on  the  west  coast  of  Sumatra) ;  kdpiir 
tohori,  Japan  camphor.]  A  whitish,  translu- 
cent, volatile  substance  closely  related  to  the 
ethereal  oils,  with  a  tough  crystalline  texture, 
a  peculiar  penetrating  odor,  and  an  aromatic 
cooling  taste,  tho  product  of  various  trees  and 
plants  of  eastern  Asia  and  the  adjacent  isl- 
ands. See  camphor-tree,  common  or  huu-el  cam- 
phor (CioHn;' >)  is  distilled  from  the  wood  of  a  lauraceous 
tree.  Cinu'un<'uiK/ii  cain/'hnra.  iiiul  is  obtained  in  its  crude 
state  from  Formosa  and  .Tapau  and  afterward  refined  by 
sublimation.  It  is  of  frc({Uent  use  in  medicine  as  a  ner- 
vous stimulant  and  antispasmodic  in  typhoid  and  hysteri- 
cal states.— Alantcamptlor.C]  nil  i(ii>,  a  camphor  resem- 
bling' I)cpi>frmint  in  taste  and  smell,  found  in  the  roots  of 
Inul,i  llrhuhnii.  Artificial  camphor,  ('loHnsIU'l,  or 
hiitlnifhiiirnlf  of  tiiri^i'itthu-inl.  a  solid  obtained  by  treat- 
ing oil  of  turpentine  with  gaseous  hydrochloric  acid.  It 
has  the  odor  and  t.aste  of  commini  camphor,  but  is  less 
pungent,  and  is  somewhat  terebinthinate.  —  Blumea 
camphor,  or  ngai,  a  substance  having  the  same  compo- 
sition as  I'.nrneo  camphor,  but  dilfcring  from  it  in  turning 
polarized  li:;bt  to  the  left.  It  is  obtained  by  distillation 
from  a  tall  herbaceous  composite,  Btnntra  bahanii/cra, 
growing  abundantly  in  tropical  eastern  .\sia,  and  is  used  by 
the  I'hinese  in  medicine  and  in  iierfuming  the  flner  kinds 
of  ink.— Borneo  camphor,  also  known  as  Jlnrm,  Ma- 
Idiian,  or  Sinnatni  atinpluu-.  I',, ,11, ,11,  a  substance  very 
similar  in  its  proiicrties  to  common  camphor.  It  is  found 
in  a  solid  crystalline  state  in  fissures  in  the  trunk  of 
Dn/ohalannp.t  arotnatica,  a  gigantic  forest-tree  of  Suma- 
tra'and  Horneo.  It  sometimes  occura  in  masses  several 
liouTids  in  weight.  Also  ealled  honu'id  and  catnphol. — 
Campliora  monobromata,  I'mUi.r.HrO.  a  substjince  ob- 
tained liy  reiihuing  on.'  bydrogen  atom  in  camphor  with 
bromine.  It  is  used  in  nioliiinr  as  a  sedative.  Also  called 
mnnnbromat'-fl  cami'hnr.  hi-iunatfd  nnnphnr.  broTninatfil 
ca);i;jA«/-.  — Camphor-Julep  or  -water,-a  saturated  solu- 
tion of  caniplior  in  water.  -Cedrene  camphor,  i'i:,llo,.,o, 
the  crystalline  port  inn  of  oil  nf  ml  r,d;ir.  obtain. d  byco..l- 
ing  the  oil  until  the  .rystals  s.  parate.  aii.l  aft«rwar.l  press- 
ing out  the  li.|ui.l.  — Tobacco  camphor.a  name  given  by 
Gmelin  to  nicotianin.  Un\  Di.t,.  111.  416.  |()tlier  so- 
called  camplmis  (stear..ptenesl  arc  ..btained  from  various 
volatile  <iils,  constituting  the  least  volatile  portion  ol  the 
oil  and  crystallizing  at  ordinary  temperatures.] 


781 

camphor  (kam'for),  1'.  t.  f<  camphor,  ».]  To 
iiiipregiiiite  or  wash  with  camphor;  camphor- 
ale.      L'^ill'e.J 

camphoraceous  (kam-fo-ra'shius),  a.  [<  cam- 
phor -)-  -actons.}  Of  tfie  nature  of  or  resem- 
bling camphor. 

camphorate  (kam'fo-riit),  r.  (. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
inniphonilid,  )i]ir.  cam/ihoratiny.  [<  NL.  cain- 
phoratns,  pp.  of  camphorarc.  <  caniphora,  cam- 
plior:  see  (v((H///i«r  and -«<<^'l.]  To  treat  or  im- 
]iregnate  with  camphor:  as,  "'a  camphorakd 
drtiughf,''  Dumili.'ion. 

camphorate  (icam'fo-rat),  a.  and  «.  [<  NL. 
camphoratu.s,  pp.:  see  tho  verb.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  camphor  or  impregnated  with  it:  as, 
"camphorate  li([Uors,"  Boyle,  Works,  I.  i'Si. 

II.  11.  [=lsh.  c<tniplioralum,\w\ii.']  hi  chcm., 
a  com)>oiind  of  camphoric  acid  with  different 
l>ases. 

camphoric  (kam-for'ik),  a.  [<  camphor  +  -ic.} 
I'ertaining  to  or  derived  from  camphor Cam- 
phoric acid,  '')iiHi,;04.  a  dibasic  acid  produced  fr.'in 
cainph.ir  by  digestion  with  nitric  acid.  It  forms  crystal- 
line cohu'Icss  llakes,  which  are  not  readily  soluble  in  cold 
water. 

camphor-oil  (kam'fqr-oil),  «.  1.  A  yellowish- 
bi'owii  liquid  whicli  drains  from  tlio  crude 
camplior  of  commerce,  having  a  camphor-like 
odor  and  taste,  and  containing  a  considcfoblo 
(pumtity  of  camphor  in  solution. — 2.  A  red- 
dish volatile  oil,  isomeric  witli  oil  of  turpen- 
tine (C'lQHjg),  oljtained  from  the  Drijnlxilanop.i 
aromatica  by  ttipping  the  tree,  and  from  reser- 
voirs which  form  in  tho  trunk.  It  is  but  rarely 
met  with  in  commerce.  Also  called  camphor- 
wood  oil. 

camphoronic  (kam-fg-ron'ik),  a.  [<  camphor 
+  -one  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from 
camphor — Camphoronic  acid,  ('.,iiioOr„  a  tribasic 
acid  f.>rmc<i  by  the  oxidation  of  camphor  or  camphoric 
!u-i(l  by  nitric  aci.l.  It  forms  colorless  microsc.jpic  uee- 
.llcs,  which  arc  volatile  and  readily  S()luble  in  water. 

camphor-tree  (kam'fqr-tre),  ».  1.  The  r»«««- 
momiini  caniphora,  a  lauraceotis  tree  which 
yields  the  camphor  of  commerce,  found  in  Ja- 
pan, along  the  southern  maritime  regions  of 
China,  and  especially  in  Formosa.  The  timber  is 
excellent  and  much  prized  for  making  clothes-chests  and 


Branctl  of  Camphor-tree  (Cinnamomnm  camphora). 

cabinets.  Camphor  is  obtained  from  the  root,  trunk,  and 
branches  by  exposing  the  chips  in  closed  vessels  to  the 
vapor  of  boiling  water.  The  hctt  steam  volatilizes  the  cam- 
l)hor.  winch  is  .l.-positc.l  in  the  njiper  part  of  the  vessels. 
2.  The  Driiohiilaniijis  aroniafica,  a  tree  of  Su- 
matra and  Borneo,  j-ielding  Borneo  camphor 
(whicli  sec,  uiiderc((m/;/i(;r).  See Dri/obalaiiops. 
camphor-wood  (kam'for-wud),  n.  The  wood 
of  tlie  camphor-tree Camphor-wood  oil.    Same 

as  caitiii/u>r-ui(,  2. 

camphrene  (kam-fi'en'),  n.  [<  camphor  -h  -cnc.'} 
A  volatile  product,  to  which  the  formula  Co 
Hj^O  has  been  given,  formed  by  the  action  of 
sulphuric  acid  on  camphor,  it  may  be  simidy 
Iihoi'one  (a  contleilsation  product  of  acetone)  with  slight 
impurities.     L'.  .S'.  Dispengalonj. 

campion  (kam'pi-on),  II.  [Cf.  "camjiiii.^,  an 
herb  that  bears  a  pretty  flower"  (Kersey,  1708) ; 
prob.  ult.  <  L.  canqiu.f,  a  field.  Cf.  champion-, 
champaiipi.'\  The  popular  name  of  certain 
plants  belonging  to  the  genera  Lychnis  and 
Silenc  (which  see).  Hla<lder-campion  is  SHene  inita- 
ta  ;  sea-campion.  .S.  warititiul ;  moss-campion,  S.  acauti^ ; 
starry  campion,  A',  -strllala  ;  red  alpine  campion,  Lychnii 
alpiiia  ;  rose-eampiou,  L.  (or  AfpruttUmiiia)  cvruiiaria  and 


Campophaginae 

Ij.  FUtft.,T(ivi» ;  red  campi.'ii.  L.  tUnrnn;  white  campion, 
/..  vrxprrtina;  corn-canipii>n, /,.  (fit/(«i/o;  and  meadow- 
.■ainpi.iii.  /,.  Flntt-cuculi. 

camp-kettle  (kamp'ket'l),  h.  A  pot  for  the  use 

of  soldiers  or  others  in  a  camp, 
cample  (kam'pl),  r.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  campled, 
ppr.  campliiKj.    [E.  dial.,  also  camble  (and  cam- 
po) ;  freq.  of  camp^.'\    To  contend;  argue ;  talk 
noisily.     [Prov.  Kng.] 

If  they  be  incensed,  angry,  chid  a  little,  their  wlvea 
must  not  cample  again,  hut  take  it  in  good  part. 

Uurliin,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  .'.91. 

camp-meeting  (kamp'mo'ting),  n.  A  religious 
gathering  for  prayer,  instruction,  exhortation, 
etc.,  held  in  an  encampment  formed  in  a  wood, 
grove,  or  fielil,  generally  continued  for  a  week 
or  more.  The  practice  of  holding  such  meetings  migi. 
nated  in  the  I'niteil  States  in  17!«>,  and  is  still  common, 
especially  in  the  Methodist  denomination.  Called  by  Mor- 
mons winnt'UK-elin'j. 

campo  (kara'po),  «.  [Pg.  Sp.  It.  campo,  <  L. 
camjiii.s;  a  field:  see  camji-.~\  1.  The  name 
given  in  Brazil  to  patches  of  land  in  tlie  midst 
of  the  dense  forests  of  tho  country  which  are 
either  entirely  bare  of  trees  or  are  only  sparsely 
covered  with  tliem. 

The  country  around  Santarem  is  a  cam^to  region ;  a 
sliglltly  elevated  and  nnclulating  tract  of  land,  wooded 
only  in  patches,  or  with  single  .scattered  trees. 

//.  It*.  Hates,  Naturalist  on  the  Ktver  Amazon,  p.  170. 

2.  Tlie  Italian  acre,  a  measure  of  land  vary- 
ing in  different  states  from  J  of  an  English  acre 
to  li  acres. 
Campodea  (kam-po'de-a),  n.   [NL.,  <  Gr.  na/iirii, 
a  caterpillar,  +  ti'loi;,  fonn.]    The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Cam- 
podcidm.      C.   staphylinus    is   an 
example. 

Campodea  is  supposed  to  be  "the  rep- 
resentative of  a  form  from  which  many 
other  gi'onps  liave  been  derived." 

Pasefte,  Z06I.  Class.,  p.  lOli. 

Campodeae  (kam-p6'de-e),  n.  jil. 
[NL.]  iidnw  as  Campodeidw.  A. 
.S.  I'ackard. 

campodeid  (kam-p6'de-id),  H. 
An  insect  of  the  family  Campo- 
dcidcc, 

Campodeids  (kam-po-de'i-de),  v. 
pi.  ['SVj.,  i  Campodea  + -ida\']  A 
remarkable  family  of  tliysanurous 
insects,  tyjiified  by  the  genus  Cam- 
podea, illustrating  a  generalized  or  synthetic 
type  from  which  other  groups  may  have  been  de- 
rived. They  arc  of  elongated  form,  the  abdomen  having 
10  segments  and  ending  in  t  longlllaments,  and  have :{ pairs 
of  legs,  simple  tracheic,  andnoeye-s.  In  general  aspect  the 
Cainp'fl'it/ir  recall  some  of  the  niyriapods;  they  arc  re- 
lateii  t.>  I'uduridfi',  and  especially  to  Lepi/fiitidiE.  The  fani. 
ily  contains  the  genus  yieotftia  besides  Campodea,  and  to 
it  the  genus  lapi/x  is  sometimes  referred.  Also  Campodetje, 
and  less  correctly  Cainpffdidte. 

campoi  (kam-poi'), »;.  [The  Cantonese  pron.  of 
Chin,  kicn,  selected,  +  pei,  fire.]  A  selected 
and  carefully  fired  variety  of  Congou  tea. 

campong  (kam'pong),  H.  [Malay  kampong,  an 
inelosure.]  A  native  village  in  the  islands  of 
the  Malay  archipelago. 

All  islands  are  liable  to  the  linguistic  difficulty  of  their 
littoral  being  occupied  by  a  superior  seafaring  and  com- 
mercial race,  either  continuously  r.r  in  detached  campoHiis, 
while  the  interior  and  unexplored  nuumtains  become  the 
refuge  of  shy  and  uncivilized  indigenes. 

R.  X.  CufI,  Hod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  132. 

Campophaga  (kam-pof'a-gii),  «.  [NL.  (Vieil- 
lot,  l.sKj),  <  (ir.  Kiip-ij,  caterpillar,+  (fa-,dv,  eat.] 
A  genus  of  birds,  typical  of  the  subfamily  Cam- 
pophagina:  (which  see) ;  the  caterpillar-catch- 
ers proper,  such  as  C.  nigra  of  AJErica.  Also 
Campepliai/a. 

Campophagidae  (kam-po-faj'i-de),  n.  jil.    [NL., 

<  Campojiliiuia  -t-  -ida:'\  A  family  of  old-world 
turdoid  passerine  birds,  named  from  the  genus 
Campophaga,  containing  more  or  less  shrike- 
like  birds  with  soft  plumage,  that  of  the  rump 
usually  with  stiffened  shafts,  the  bill  giypanian 
with  covered  nostrils,  and  the  wings  moderate 
or  long.  The  family  is  better  known  by  its  couventional 
composition  than  by  its  intrinsic  character,  consisting,  ac- 
coniing  to  the  latest  authority,  of  the  genera  Arlamidcx, 
Canipocluera,  J'tcro^todueffs,  Oi-aucatu^,  Kdi'liisoma.  Lulw- 
tux,  CatupajdiafiOr,  Pericrocotitx,  Lalaijf,  and  Siiwmorphug. 
Many  of  the  species  are  called  catfrpillar-catcfterg.  Also 
written  Cainpeithaaidee. 

Campophaginae  (kam'po-fs-ji'ne),  5/.  jd.    [NL., 

<  Cnmpoi<liaiia  +  -ina:']  A  gi-oup  of  old-world 
dentirostral  oscino  passerine  birds  of  uncertain 
position,  sometimes  referred  to  the  Laniida  or 
shrikes,  oftener  to  the  ifiiscicapida'  or  flycatch- 
ers, or  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  family,  Cam- 
pophagidiv:  the  caterpillar-catchers.  I'ampo- 
phagn  is  the  leading  genus.  Also  written  Cavi- 
pephagina,  Campephaginw. 


CampocUa  sta. 
phytiHus. 


campophagine 

campophagine  (kain-pofa-jin),  a.  [<  Campo- 
jili(i;/(i  +  -(«(l.]  Foediug  upou  caterpillars; 
specifically,  of  or  ]«'rtaimnff  to  the  Cumpopha- 
ginw  or  Vamjiophayida:.     Also  written  campe- 

Campophilus  (kam-pof'i-lus),  «.  [NL.  (first 
Ciimiiipliilus—G.  K.  Gray,  1840),  <  Gr.  ko/itj?,  a 
caterpillar,  + 
<j>i/MC,  loving.] 
A  genus  of 
wootlpeckers  of 
tlie  largest  size, 
of  the  fam- 
ily I'icidw,  in- 
habiting the 
warmer  parts 
of  America ; 
the  ivory-billed 
woodpeckers. 
They  have  a  lonj;, 
straight,  truncate, 
beveled  aiul  ridgeil 
bill  of  ivory- 
like hardness  and 
whiteness,  a  Very 
sleniler  neck,  the 
head  crested,  antl 
the  coloration 
black,  white,  and 
scarlet.  The  best- 
known  species  is  C. 
priiwipali^  of  the 
sonthern  United 
States,  about  20 
inches  long  and  30 
or  more  in  extent 
of  wings,  .\nother, 
C.  (mpfrlatijt,  is  still  larger. 

Campostoma  (kam-pos'to-mil),  «.  [NL.  (Agas- 
siz,  18,55),  <  Gr.  m/i-?/,  a  bending,  -t-  croun, 
mouth.]  A  genus  of  American  c^-prinoid 
fishes,  of  the  family  Ci/priiikla;  characterized 


Ivory-billed  Woodpecker  {Canifofikitus 
principatis). 


See  ivorybill.    Also  wTitten 


stone-roller  ^Cit'npaslania  anantalitm). 

by  the  enormous  length  of  the  intestine,  which 
is  six  or  seven  times  as  long  as  the  body,  and 
is  wound  in  many  spiral  coils  around  the  air- 
bladder.  The  species  swann  in  the  spring  in  brooks  of 
the  southern  and  western  United  States,  and  are  known  as 
sione-rolh'fs.     The  genus  is  the  type  of  the  Campostomince. 

Campostominae  (kam-pos-to-mi'ne),  J),  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Campostoma  +  -inm.'i  A  subfamily  of 
Cijiiriiiidw,  t}^5ilied  by  the  genus  Campostoma. 

campostomine  (kam-pos'to-min),  a.  and  ».  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Campostominw. 

II.  ».  A  cyprinoid  fish  of  the  subfamily  Cam- 
jiontomiiKv. 

camp-sheathing  (kamp'she"THing),  «.  [Also 
in  modified  forms  camp-sheeting,  cnmpsheet, 
campslied,  cumpshot ;  <  camp  (perhaps  a  corrup- 
tion of  cam,  Dan.  fcnm,  a  ridge :  see  cam^)  + 
sheathing  (or  sheeting,  or  shed,  taken  in  the  same 
sense).]  A  structure  consisting  of  a  guide- 
pile,  a  wale,  or  a  horizontal  piece  of  timber, 
and  a  series  of  planks  about  three  inches  thick 
and  placed  vertically,  erected  at  the  foot  of  an 
embankment  or  a  soft  cutting  to  resist  the  out- 
ward tlirust  of  the  earthwork. 

campsheet,  campshed,  campshot,  camp- 
sheeting  (kamp'shet,  -shed,  -shot,  -she"ting), 
H.     Same  as  camp-sheathing. 

camp-stool  (kamp'stol),  11.  A  seat  or  stool  with 
cross-legs  and  a  flexible  seat,  so  made  as  to  be 
folded  up  and  packed  away  when  not  in  use. 

campteriiun  (kamp-te'ri-um),  «.;  pi.  campteha 
(-ii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KafiiTTi/p,  a  bending,  turning 
(cf.  Ka/i-Tor,  bent),  <  Kd/nrreiv,  bend.]  In  ornitli., 
the  bend  of  the  wing ;  the  fore  and  outer  bor- 
der of  the  wing,  as  far  as  the  bones  extend. 
C fines. 

Camptolaemus  (kamp-to-le'mus),  n.  [NL. 
(first  Camptolaimus—G!.''R.  Gray,  1841),  <  Gr. 
Ka/i-T6g,  flexible,  +  /miuoc,  the  throat.]  A  not- 
able genus  of  sea-ducks,  of  the  subfamily  Fu- 
ligidinw,  having  as  type  the  pied  or  Labrador 
duck,  C.  labradorius.  They  have  a  leathery  expan- 
sion of  the  edges  of  the  upper  mandible,  a  distinct  nail, 
slight  frontal  angles,  i-liglit  teeth  in  the  upper  mandible 
(those  of  the  lower  Ik-Iul:  pnnnincnt  and  vertical),  bristly 
cheeks,  short  and  vaulted  wings,  a  short  and  14-feathered 
tail,  and  the  coloration  of  the  male  entirely  black  and 
white.  Tlie  genus  is  supposed  to  be  on  the  point  of  ex- 
tinction. Tile  steamer-duck  of  South  America  is  some- 
times placed  in  this  genus. 


782 

Camptosorus  (kamp-to-so'nis),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

K(ui-r(ir,  bent,  +  au/ior,  a  heap,  mound  (fruit- 
dot)  :  see  sorns.]  A  genus  of  ferns,  of  the  tribe 
Asplenicce,  comprising  two  species,  one  of  which 
is  found  in  eastern  North  America,  the  other 
in  eastern  Asia;  the  walking-fern,  it  has  fruit- 
dots  both  parallel  and  obliiiue  to  the  midrib,  and  the  tip 
of  tlie  fnuid  bends  over  and  takes  root,  giving  origin  to 
a  new  plant. 

camptotropal  (kamp-tot'ro-pal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
Ka/iTTTOc,  fie.xible,  taken  as  equiv.  to  Kau-l/.oc, 
bent,  cur\-ed,  -I-  -pi-tiv,  turn.  C'f.  campylotro- 
jiitl.]     In  b<it.,  same  as  campi/Iotropal. 

camptulicon  (kamp-tu'li-kon),  K.  [An  artifi- 
cial trade-name,  <  Gr.  Ka/irr-uc,  flexible,  -I-  oi'/xir, 
woolly,  thick,  crisp,  curled.]  A  kind  of  cloth 
resembling  india-rubber,  made  of  a  compound 
of  inferior  india-rubber  and  powdered  eork. 
It  is  used  for  various  purpi»ses,  such  as  facings  for  knife- 
boards,  lloorinats  for  steamers,  shields  on  door-steps,  and 
the  like, 

campulitropal,  campulitropous  (kam-pu-lif- 
ro-pal,  -pus),  a.     Same  as  campylotropal. 

cam-pump  (kam'pump),  w.  A  steam-ptunp  in 
which  the  motion  is  regulated  by  the  action  of 
cams. 

campus  (kam'pus),  H.  [L.,  a  field :  see  camp~.'\ 
The  green  upon  or  about  which  tlie  buildings 
of  an  American  college  or  university  generally 
stand;  tlie  college-yard. 

camp-vinegar  (kamp'vin"e-gar),  ?!.  Ami-xture 
of  vinegar  with  Cayenne  pepper,  soy,  walnuts 
catchup,  ancho'vies,  and  garlic. 

campylite  (kam'pi-Ht),  n.  [<  Gr.  KaumAoc, 
bent,  curved  (connected  with  Kii/i-n-Ten;  bend, 
curve),  +  -ite''^.]  A  mineral,  a  variety  of  mi- 
metite  or  arsenate  of  lead,  in  which  phosphorus 
largely  replaces  arsenic.  It  is  found  in  Cum- 
berland, England.  The  crystals  are  curved; 
hence  the  name. 

campylometer  (kam-pi-lom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr. 
Kau-i-hii;,  bent,  curved,  +  fierpov,  a  measm-c] 
An  instrument  for  meastrring  the  length  of 
lines,  straight  or  curved,  on  maps  or  plans.  It 
is  so  divided  that  the  actual  length,  correspond- 
ing to  the  given  scale,  may  be  read  from  it. 

Campyloneura  (kam 'pi-lo-nu'rS),  n.    [NL. 

(Fieber,  1801),  <  Gr.  Kau-i/.og,  cur\-ed,  -1-  veipoi; 
vein.]  A  genus  of  true  bugs,  or  Beteroptera,  of 
the  family  Phytocorida;.  The  Phi/tom-itla;  as  the 
name  indicates,  feed  on  vegetables,  liut  C/inij>idi>n.fiya  and 
some  allied  genera  form  an  exception  to  tliis  rule,  C. 
vitripeniiis  (Say),  the  glassy-winged  soldier-bug,  is  known 


can 


Cinipylotropal 

Seed  of  Cjp- 

pa  ris. 


Transveree  Section  of 
Campylospemjous  Fnjit 
of  C&niutn  maculafum. 
(7,  a,  seeds,  channeled  up. 
on  tlie  inner  face. 


Glassy-winged  Soldier-bug  and  Pupa  (Campy/ortfunj  vifrrpennis). 
[Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

to  be  predaceous  and  to  attack  leaf-hoppei-s.  It  is  pale 
greenish-yellow,  and  has  delicately  transparent  wing-cov- 
ers ornamented  with  a  rose-colored  or  brownish  cross. 
The  larva  and  pupa  are  more  opaque,  and  are  of  a  uni- 
form bluish-white  color. 

Campylorhynchinae  (kam'pi-lo-ring-ki'ne),  «. 

}il.  [yh.,(.  Camiiylorhyiichus-h-ina.J  A  group 
of  oscine  passerine  birds,  commonly  refeiTed 
to  the  family  Troglodytidce  or  wrens.  The  feet 
are  not  strictly  laniiniplantar,  the  lateral  tarsal  plates 
being  divided  or  not  perfectly  fused  in  one,  and  the  tail 
is  broad  and  fan-shaped,  with  the  indi\idual  feathers 
widening  toward  the  end,  whence  the  name  fan-tailed 
wrens,  which  is  applied  to  the  group.  It  is  confined  to 
the  warmer  parts  of  -America,  and  is  represented  chiefly  by 
the  genera  Canipytorhi/ncku*;  Satpinctes,  and  Catherpes. 
The  species  are  numerous,  especially  those  of  the  first- 
named  genus,  and  are  known  as  cactus-wretu,  caflon- 
n-rens,  and  rvck-wreTU^.  See  cuts  under  CampylorhyTichus 
and  ca)^i>n-ir/rn. 

campylorhynchine  (kam"pi-lo-ring'kin).  a.  In 
ornitli.,  having  the  bill  bent;  specificaUy,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Campylorhynchinir. 

Campylorhynchus  (kam"pi-l9-ring'kus),  n. 
[NL.  (Spix,  1824),  < Gr.  Ka/irri/.og,  bent,  curved, 
+  l>vyxo(,  snout,  beak.]  The  typical  and 
largest  genus  of  the  Cainpylorhynchinip  or  ian- 
tailed  wrens,  ineludinf;  the  numerous  species  of 
cactus-wrens  which  inhabit  the  warmer  parts 
of  America.  They  are  of  large  size,  having  a  length  of 
7  or  S  inches,  with  the  tarsus  scutellate  behind,  the  lateral 
toes  of  equal  length,  the  wings  and  tail  of  about  equal 
length,  and  the  tail  broail  witli  plane  feathers.  The  up- 
per parts  are  brown,  with  sharp  white  streaks;  the  un- 
der part.s  white,  boldly  spotted  with  black ;  and  the  tail- 
feathers  barred  with  black  and  white.    Two  species  occur 


Brown-headed  Cactus-wren  {Campylarkynchus  truMfuieapiUus). 

in  the  southwestern  United  States,  C.  Imtnneicapilliui, 
the  brown-headed  cactus-wren,  and  C.  ajinis,  the  St. 
Lucas  cactus-wren. 

campylospermate  (kam'pi-lo-sper'mat),  a.  In 

hot.,  same  as  eampyJospiermous. 
campy lospermous  (kam'pi-lo-sper'mus),  a. 
[<  Gr.  Kau-i'/oq,  curved,  +  a-^ipfia,  a  seed:  see 
sperm.']     In  hot.,  having  the 
albumen  of  the  seed  curved 
at  the  margin  so  as  to  form 
longitudinal  furrows,  as  the 
fruits  of  some  umbelliferous 
plants,  as  in  sweet  cicely. 
campylotropal      (kam -pi- 
lot '  ro-pal),  a. 
[<  Gr.  Kan-iv.oc, 
curved,   -I-    -pc- 
-fiv,  tmii.]     In 
hot.,  ciu'ved  in 
such  a  manner 
as  to  bring  the 
true  apex  close 
to  the  base:  ap- 
plied to  an  ovule  or  seed.     Also 
campifotropal,    campntitropal,     campulitropous, 
ciiinpylotrnpous. 
campylotropous  (kam-pi-lot'ro-pus),  a.     Same 

as  canijiylotropal. 
cam-shaft  (kam'shaft),  n.  A  shaft  with  cams  or 
wipers  used  to  lift  the  pestles  of  stamping-mills, 
camsterie  (kam-ste'ri),  a.  [Also  camsteary, 
camsteeric,  camstairie,  camstrairy ;  cf.  camstrud- 
geous,  of  same  sense ;  perhaps  con-uptions  of 
Gael,  comh-stri,  -strlgh,  -strith,  strife,  broil, 
quarrel  (comh-stritheach,  contentious),  <  comh- 
(=  L.  con-,  com-),  together,  +  stri,  strife,  con- 
tention.] Froward;  perverse;  unmanageable. 
[Scotch.] 

He's  a  rantxtfary  chie\d,  and  fasheous  about  marches, 
.  .  .  but  deil  o'  me  if  I  wad  wraug  Jock  o'  Dawston  nei- 
ther. Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  II.  x^-ii. 

camstrudgeous  (kam-stmj'us),  a.  Same  as 
C'lmstrric.     [Scotch,  colloq.] 

camusit,  camusedt,  a.     See  cammts,  camoused. 

camus'-'t,  «.     See  camis. 

cam-wheel  (kam'hwel),  n.  A  wheel  formed  so 
as  to  move  eccentrically  and  produce  a  recipro- 
cating rectilinear  and  inten-upted  motion  in 
some  other  part  of  the  machinery  connected 
with  it.     See  rami,  3. 

camwood  (kam'wud),  «.  [<  native  name  lamhe 
+  E.  H'ocirf.]  A  dyewood  closely  allied  to  bar- 
wood,  from  the  same  region,  and  apparently 
the  product  of  another  species  of  Baphia. 

canl  (kan),  r. ;  pret.  could.  [The  forms  are: 
(1)  Ind.  pres.  1st  pers.  can,  2d  canst,  3d  can, 
pi.  can,  <  ME.  can,  canst,  can  (also  con,  etc.), 
pi.  cunncn,  cunne  (also  council,  conne),  <  AS. 
cann  or  can,  canst,  cann  or  can  (also  conn,  etc.), 
pi.  cunnon.  (2)  Pret.  could  (the  /Toeing  inserted 
in  ignorant  imitation  of  should  and  icould, 
where  the  I  is  ratlical),  <  ME.  coude.  couthe, 
earlier  cnthe,  pi.  coudc,  couden,  couthe.  couthoi, 
earlier  cuthen,  <  AS.  cidhe,  pi.  ciithon  (for 
*cunthc.  "cunthon,  the  n  being  lost,  as  in  miith, 
mouth,  f()H(,  tooth,  etc.).  (3)  Ixd.  can  (,tn  can), 
assumed  from  the  ind.  form,  occasionallj"  used 
in  mod.  E.  as  a  convenient  snbstitvite  for  to  be 
able.  or.  as  in  the  example  cited  from  Bacon, 
analogously  with  will  as  an  independent  verb ; 
ME.  inf.  cunncn.  ennnc,  also  connen,  eonne  (usu- 
ally 'to  know,'  rarely  'to  can').  <  AS.  cunnan, 
scarcely  used.   (4)  The  ppr.,  ME.  cunning,  kuti- 


can 

nyngr,  etc.,  carlior  and  north,  form  ciinnand,  is 
mod.  E.  cunniiKj,  with  a  partly  doflpctod  son.se: 
Boe  ciiiiiiiiiii,  «.,  and  cioniituj,  >i.  (5)  The  jip. 
couth  is  found  in  mod.  E.  only  in  comp.  un- 
couth, and  deriv.  kith,  Icitlic,  q.  v. ;  ME.  couth, 
toud,  cuth,  <  AH.  citth  (for  "cunth,  liko  pret. 
ciitlic  above),  known.  The  JIE.  and  AS.  .sense 
of  can  as  an  independent  verb  is  'kiiow';  as 
an  auxiliary,  "bo  able';  but  the  latter  use  is 
rare  in  A8.,  being  supplied  by  mivij,  E.  may. 
The  <'()f;nate  forms  (1st  and  3d  pers.  pres.  and 
pret.  ind.,  and  inf.)  are:  OS.  lun,  htiista,  kun- 
iiaii  =  OFries.  /,«»,  kundn,  kuunu,  koniia  =  D. 
kail,  l:oii(lr,  kuniicn  =  MLG.  kmi,  kuiulc,  kun- 
iiiii,  kiiiiitcti,  koiicii,  L(i.  kiiii,  kundr,  koiicii  = 
OH(t.  chan,  kaii,  chuiiilii,  choiulii,  koiiila,  chon- 
ntd,  knusla,  chuuuaii,  MHG.  kiiii,  kundc,  kondc, 
kunncii,  kuniian,  G.  kaiiu,  koniitc,  koiincn  =  leel. 
kdini,  kuiiiii,  kniinii  =  Sw.  knn,  kundc,  kunun  = 
Dan.  kdu,  kunilr,  kunnc  =  tToth.  kann,  kuntha, 
kunniin,  know;  prop,  a  preterit  present,  AS. 
cann  being  orig.  a  strong  pret.  (with  ))p.  *<;««- 
ncn,  whence  the  later  weak  pret.  cuthc,  an<l  weak 
pp.  ciith)  of  an  assumed  inf.  *cinnan  (wheueo 
the  factitive  ccnmin,  make  known,  =  Icel.  kcnna, 
make  known,  know:  see  AthI),  Teiit.  ■/  'kin, 
"ken  (=  Lith.  :inuu,  know,  recognize,  =  Oil-. 
iidi/cin,  perf.,  knew),  orig.  'perceive,  get  know- 
leiigo  of  (pret.  'have  perceived,  have  gotten 
knowledge  of,'  and  hence,  iii  indefinite  or  pres- 
ent time,  'know'),  this  root  being  parallel  with 
the  ult.  related  'knd,  "kno  in  AS.  cndiran,  E. 
know,  L.  (jno-sccrc,  etc.  (see  know);  in  another 
view  orig.  'beget,  get'  (pret.  'have  gotten'), 
connected  with  AS.  cennan,  beget,  produce, 
ctjnn,  kin,  gc-ci/nd,  kind,  etc.,  y/  'ken,  L.  "yen, 
etc.,  but  this  root,  though  equally  widely  ox- 
tended,  appears  to  be  fundamentally  distinct 
from  the  root  *kcn,  know:  see  l;cn'^,  kin^,  kind, 
pcnuti,  etc.  Hence  ult.  con^  (=  cf(«l),  con'^, 
(■««!,  (■««'-,  cunning,  couth,  uncoutli  (=  unco), 
kith,  kithc,  etc.]  A.  As  an  independent  verb. 
I.t  trans.  1.  To  know ;  understand. 

Anil  PoiMlce.s  rtinl  Aiitciiiye,  that  nKiche  cowtte  of  werre, 

issed  uute  of  the  hoste  all  urnied  in  to  the  foreste  of  Bry- 

oke.  Merlin  (K.  E.  T.  a.),  iii.  38(i. 

For  Latine  ne  caiust  thou  iiat  yet  I)ut  sniale,  my  litel 

Somie,  Chmtcer,  Astrolal)e,  Pi-ef. 

Clerkys  that  canne  the  scyens  seuene 

Seys  that  eiirtasy  came  fro  heucn. 

Bal/eeK  lliiut  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  17. 

She  covld  the  Bilile  in  the  lioly  tongue, 

Aud  read  it  without  pricks. 

/)'.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  i.  1. 

And  can  you  these  tongues  perfectly? 

Brau.  and  Ft.,  C'oxcoinb,  iv.  4. 
O,  she  coidd  the  art  of  woman  most  feelingly. 

Deklcer  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  i.  1. 

2.  To  know  how  to  do;  be  able  to  do. 

We  are  mortal  ; 
Aud  can  but  deeds  of  men. 

B.  Joniion,  Sejanus,  i.  2. 
I  know  your  liery  temper, 
And  that  you  can,  and  dju"e,  as  nuteh  as  men. 

Fletciier,  Double  Marriage,  iv.  t. 
Thou  little  wotest  what  this  right-hand  can. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  16. 

Tocanorcon  thankorthankst  (A.S.  tfionccunnan;  also 
tttnnc  icitan,  =  OS.  thanlc  tritan,  etc. :  see  w'lVl,  litenilly,  to 
know  thanks;  hence,  to  recognize  obligation;  give  thanks. 

Y  con  thee  gret  thotike.  Wittiam  of  Paleriw,  1.  297. 

I  con  him  no  thanlcs  for  't.  Sfialc. ,  All's  Well,  iv.  .S. 

[So  in  early  use  the  negative,  to  con  iinthank,  to  give  no 
thanks. 

Al  that  goud  we  hem  doth, 

Heo  hit  blutheleicho  underfoth  (blithely  receive]. 

And  einiHfii  v.^;  tinffi'ine.  Latianirin,  I.  140.] 

To  con  magret  [maugrej,  to  show  displeasure  at ;  blame. 
See  inauffrc,  n, 

Vef  I  wiste  the  kynge  looth  wolde  cmiTie  me  no  maugre, 
I  wolde  scy  that  he  sholdc  go.    Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  605. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  have  ability;  be  able.    Still 
80  used  in  Scotch :  as,  I'll  no  can  go. 
He  sceal  him  connc  sculde  [he  shall  can  (be  able  to)  shield 
him  well]. 

Mural  Ode,  st.  167  (Early  Eng.  Poems,  cd.  Furnivall,  p.  22). 

In  evil  the  best  condition  is  not  to  will,  the  second  not 
to  can.  Bacon,  Of  Great  Place. 

And  now  that  we  understand  each  other,  ye'll  can  name 
your  business.  li.  L.  Stccenson,  Kidnapped,  xxi.x. 

B.  As  an  auxiliary.    1.  To  be  able;  properly, 
to  be  able  jihysically ;  hence,  by  extension,  to 
be  able  mentally,  morally,  or  legally ;  possess 
the  qualities,  qualifications,  or  resources  ne- 
cessary for  tiie  attainment  of  any  end  or  the 
accomplisliraent  of  any  pui-pose,  the  specific 
end  or  purpose  being  indicated  by  the  verb  to 
which  can  is  auxiliary. 
Can  the  llg-tree  .  .  .  bear  olive  benies?         Ja«.  iii.  12. 
Thou  caiutt  not  say  I  did  it :  never  shake 
Thy  gory  locks  at  me.  SItak.,  Slacbeth,  iii.  4 


783 

Thy  love  doth  plead  so  prettily  to  stay. 

That,  trust  me,  I  eonld  weep  to  part  with  thee. 

Beaxi.  and  Ft.,  Philaster,  li.  1. 

What  can  we  suppose  this  will  come  t^)? 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  il. 

It  is  a  contradiction  to  imagine  that  Omnipotence  can 
ilo  that,  which,  if  it  could  be  done,  would  render  all 
power  insignlllcant.  Tillulson,  Works,  II.  xcix. 

All  that  Adam  had,  all  that  Cmsar  could,  you  have  and 
can  do.  Emerson,  Nature. 

(Formerly  used  also  in  the  inllnitive. 

He  feigneth  him  to  cnnne  arede 

Of  thing  which  afterward  shuld  falle. 

Oouvr,  Cont.  Amant.,  II.  168. 
I  shall  not  connc  answere.  Chaucer.] 

2.  May:  noting  merely  permission:  as,  you  can 
have  it  if  you  wish ;  can  I  speak  to  you  a  mo- 
ment? [Chielly  colloq.]-Can  but,  cannot  but. 
See  &u(l,  eonj. 

cani  (kan),  ?(.  [<  c««i,  c]  Knowledge;  skill; 
ability.     [Scotch.] 

can-  (kan),  «.  [<  ME.  eannc,  <  AS.  cantic  (trans- 
lating L.  "crater  vol  canna")  =  D.  kan,  a  pot, 
mug,  =  OHG.  channa,  MUG.  G.  kannc,  a  can, 
tankard,  mug,  =  Icel.  kanna  =  Sw.  kanna  = 
Dan.  kande,  a  can,  tankard,  mug,  also  measure, 
>  ML.  canna,  caua,  a  vessel  or  measure  for 
liquids,  >  OF.  canne,  cane,  V.  dim.  canette,  a 
.jug.  By  some  the  Tent,  fonns  are  derived  tYom 
L.  canna,  a  reed,  cane:  see  cane^.'\  1.  A  ves- 
sel of  small  or  moderate  size  and  made  of  any 
material,  but  now  generally  of  shcet-metai, 
such  as  tin,  and  used  as  a  driuking-cup  or  to 
contain  liqiuds,  preserves,  etc.  Cans  are  generally 
cylindrical  in  form,  as  drinking-  and  preserving-cans ;  but 
in  some  ta.ses  tlicy  are  S(|nare  or  conical,  and  are  some- 
times proviiirii  with  a  handle  and  spout,  as  oil-cans  for 
lubricating'  purposes,  watering-cans,  etc. 

There  weren  sett  sixe  stonun  Cannes.    Wtjeli/,  .fohn  ii.  6. 

I  hate  it  as  an  unllUed  ca)l.  Sliak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 

Fill  the  cup,  and  fill  the  can. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin,  iv, 

2.  A  measm'e  of  liquids  in  the  Shetland  islands, 
containing  about  an  English  gallon.  .Jamirxon. 
—  3.  The  revolving  cylindrical  holder  into 
which  the  sliver  falls  from  a  carding-machine. 
—Cup  and  can.    See  ci/ji. 

can-  (kan),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canned,  ppr.  can- 
ninij.  [<  can-,  «.]  To  put  into  a  can;  espe- 
cially, to  put  into  sealed  metal  cans  or  glass 
jars,  for  jireservation,  as  prepared  vegetables, 
fruits,  and  meats. 

can-^t  (kan).     A  frequent  Middle  English  cor- 
ruption of  gan,  began,  preterit  of  ginnen,  begin 
(see</i«l):  often  equivalent,  witli  the  infinitive 
of  a  principal  verb,  to  the  preterit  of  that  verb. 
Allace  !  Aurora,  the  syllie  1-arke  can  cry. 

Sir  I).  Lymlsaif,  Prol.  to  Dreme. 

With  gentle  wordes  he  can  her  fayrely  greet. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iv.  46. 

So  can  he  tume  his  earnest  unto  game. 

Spenser,  F.  ().,  II.  i.  31. 

can*  (kan),  H.  [E.  Ind.]  The  catty  or  pound 
of  Cochin  China,  equal  to  1  pound  G  ounces 
avoirdupois. 

cana  (kii'nii).  n.  [Sp. ;  cf.  cafia,  a  cane,  reed: 
see  (Y(«(i.]  A  measure  of  length  used  through- 
out Si)ain,  and  varying  from  1.7  yards  at  Barce- 
](uia  to  2.3  in  Aragon. 

Canaanite  (ka'nan-it),  n.     [<  Canaan  +  -ite".] 

1.  A  descendant  of  Canaan,  son  of  Ham  (Gen. 
X.  lo-lO);  more  generally,  one  of  the  i>rimitive 
inhabitants  of  the  land  of  Canaan,  nameil  from 
hun,  lying  between  the  Jordan  and  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  included  in  modern  Palestine. 
The  Camianites  proper  ((Jen.  xvi.  21,  etc.)  were  otie  of  a 
number  of  tribes  to  which  the  name  was  collectively  ap- 
plied, severally  governed  by  so-called  kings,  and  which 
were  coniiuered  by  the  Ismelites  after  a  prolonged  strug- 
gle. 

2.  A  title  of  one  of  the  twelve  apostles  ("Si- 
mon the  Canaanite,"  Mat.  x.  4),  called  elsewhere 
(Luke  vi.  15,  Acts  i.  13)  Zelotes,  that  is,  the 
zealot:  it  is  a  transliteration  of  an  Aramaic 
word  signifying  zeal,  or  a  zealot. — 3.  [^  c]  A 
variety  of  massive  white  pyroxene  oocurriug  in 
limestone  at  C'amian,  Connecticut. 

Canaanitish  (ka-nan-i'tish),  a.  [<  Canaanite 
+  -i.ih.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Canaan  or  the 
Canaanites. 

Shattered  portions  of  the  Canaanitish  nations  escaped. 

Go(c/i. 

canabert,  »•  [A  var.  of  caneva.^  (OP.  caneras, 
cancrcr.i,  etc.),  canvas:  see  canrag.'}  A  linen 
cloth  mentioned  in  the  wardrobe  accounts  of 
Henry  VII.     Fairholt. 

canabyt,  «■     An  old  spelling  of  canopy. 

Canace  (kan'a-se),  H.  [NL.  (Von  Reichenbach, 
1853),  after  Canace,  Gr.  Kav&Kii,  daughter  of  .^o- 


C.in.id.i  Grouse  {Canace  canatUnsii). 


canal 

Ins.]  AKenusofRallinaceouslDirtls,  of whiehthe 
tyije  is  the  Canada  gi'ouse  or  spnice-partridge, 
Vfinaee  ca- 
nadensis. It 
i8  cliaracU-rized 
by  ft-atlitTed 
tarsi,  aliHcncc 
of  a  crest,  a 
short  tail  of  16 
or  20  obtuse 
feathers,  the  ab- 
sence of  pecu- 
liarly leiiffth- 
eiietl  feathers  of 
the  neck,  and 
dark  blended 
or  eonspicuotiH- 
ly  variegated 
coloration.  'I'lie 
species  are 

woodbind  and 
arburicole,  and 
are  coiiflneil  U) 
North  America. 
The  most  nota- 
ble species,  af- 
ter the  one 
named,  is  tlic 
dusky  grouse  of 
the  Rooky  Mountains,  C.  ohscura.  There  are  several  other 
spfcif.f  nr  varieties.     .Also  called  Di'mlraf/ajntx. 

canaclet,  conaclet,  «.    [ME.]    A  word  of  un- 

(•('rtiiiii  origin  and  meauing,  foiuid  only  in  the 
following  passages: 

llie  coperi»une3  of  the  canacles  that  on  the  cuppo  reres. 
Alliterative  Pocmn  (vd.  .Morris),  ii.  1461. 
Clatoring  of  ro/mir/ffx  that  kesteii  tlu>  biirdes. 

Alliterative  J'limift  (ai.  Morris),  ii.  1.'.15, 

Canada  (kan-yjl'dii),  n.  [Sp.,  <  catia,  cane,  reed, 
paasaj^o,  tunnol:  i^ce  caiff^  and  catiott ,  cauiff»i.'\  A 
valley:  the  common  name  in  Sjtain  of  rather 
iiaiTow  valleys,  and  especially  of  such  as  are 
walled  in  by  precipitons  slopes.  This  word  was 
used  by  early  Spanish  writers  on  California  (as  Venegas), 
and  occurs  in  the  name  of  one  well-known  locality  in  that 
state,  Caftada  de  las  Uvas.  In  general,  Iiowever,  all  val- 
leys (excepting  ijuite  broad  ones)  and  most  detlks,  jis  well 
as  deep  and  well-marked  ravines  or  gorges,  are  through- 
nut  the  t'ordilleran  region  of  the  United  States  called 
I  aiiuiis.     See  ctiflo/i. 

Canada  (ka-nii'da),  n.  [Pg.]  A  Portuguese 
liquid  measure,  it  is  equal  in  Lisbon  to  1.47  I'nited 
States  quarts,  1.23  English  quarts,  or  l.:il)r>  liters,  in  oporto 
to  2.2;i  United  States  quarts  or  2.114  liters,  iu  Kio  to  2.81 
liters,  in  Bahia  to  7.25  United  States  quarts,  and  in  Ceylon 
to  1.00  United  States  quarts.     Also  cavada. 

Canada  balsam,  rice,  etc.    See  the  noims. 

Canadian  (ka-na'di-an),  a.  and  w.  [<  CfDt/ifia  + 
-///».]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Canada,  a  British 
possession  in  America  north  of  the  United 
States.  The  Dominion  of  Canada  includes  all  of  British 
America  except  Newfoundlanil ;  but  the  name  Canada  is 
also  restricted  so  as  to  include  only  the  provinces  of  On- 
tjirio  and  Quel)ec  (formerly  X'pper  and  Lower  Caiuida,  or 
Canada  West  and  Kast).—  Canadian  embroidery,  a  name 
given  it)  a  kind  of  embroidery  made  yvitU  .small  jut-ces  of 
fur,  of  the  skins  of  reptiles,  "antl  the  like,  applied  to  the 
surface  of  the  stutf,  and  combined  with  needlework  done 
with  poreupine-ipiills  split  so  fine  that  they  are  lle.\ible, 
anil  dyed  in  various  colors.  Diet,  of  yerdleit-vrk. 
II.  n,  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Canada. 

canaigre  (ka-na'ger),  ti.  In  Texas,  a  s])ecies 
of  dc K'k,  liumcx  hifiiU'noscpalu.Sj  the  root  of  which 
is  nsed  in  tanning. 

canaille  (ka-uar),  ?*.  [<  F.  mnaiUcy  <  It.  cana- 
ijiia  (=  Sp.  cauaUa  =  Pg.  canaJha),  rabble,  prop, 
and  ong.  a  pack  of  dogs,  <  cane  =  Pg.  cao  =  Sp. 
van  (obs.)  =  F.  chienj  <  L.  canis,  a  dog:  see  Ca- 
nis,  and  cf.  Irnncl'i^,  a  doublet  of  canaille]  1. 
The  lowest  orders  cf  the  people  collectively; 
the  rabble;  the  ^'ulgar. 

To  keep  the  sovereign  canaille  from  intruding  on  the 
retirement  of  the  poor  king  of  the  French.  Burke. 

2.  Originally,  a  mixture  of  the  coarser  particles 
of  flour  and  fine  bran  or  shorts  for  feed;  now 
occasionally  used  for  the  grade  known  as  "fine 
feed''  or  ''  finished  middlings.''  Also  spelled  ca- 
naif,  ranaly  and  canclL 

canakin  (kan'a-kin),  11.     Same  as  cannilcin,  1. 

canaF  (ka-nal')»  »•  [=  D-  fcanaal  =  G.  Dan. 
Sw.  kana'ty  <  F.  canal  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  canal  =  It. 
canale,  <  L.  canalis.  a  channel,  trench,  pipe,  ca- 
nal; cf.  Skt.  -/  khan,  dig.  See  channel'^  and 
kcnncl'^f  doublets  of  canal^.}  1.  .^Vn  artificial 
waterway  for  in-igation  or  navigation,  canals 
appear  to  have  been  nrst  used  for  conveying  water,  and 
were  merely  shallow  ditches  with  a  slight  fall.  They 
natumlly  became. when  large  enough,  a  roailw  ay  for  Itoals, 
and  eventually  for  ships.  A  canal  may  be  ^  mere  cutting 
to  unite  bodies  of  water  for  the  passjige  of  lK»ats,  as  iit 
some  of  the  chains  of  lakes  in  the  eastern  United  States; 
or  a  continuous  waterway  formed  by  a  series  of  long  levels 
united  by  locks  and  carried  over  rivers  and  valleys  by 
means  of  bridges,  us  the  Erie  canal;  or  a  canalized  river; 
or  a  navign-ble  passage  connecting  lakes  or  seas,  as  the 
Welland  canal  in  Canada,  or  the  Suez  canal,  .\mong  the 
longest  canals  are  the  Ganges  canal  in  India,  about  350 
miles  long,  theCrund  Canal  in  Chhia,  about  bOO  miles,  and 
the  Erie  canal  in  New  York,  363  miles.  The  James  and 
Kanawha  Kivera  Navigation  canal,  147  miles  long,  over- 


canal 

canicby  its  locks  a  prndeof  l.Olfi  feet,  nnd  the  Morris  canal 
in  New  Jersoy,  101  miles  Iouk,  one  of  l.(i7-l  feet.  The  .Suez 
ciumlOiiu-nt'd  in  istiit)  islHi  niiU'.s  lon^'.  and  is  level  throngh- 
out.  It  istlu'lar^isl  in  the  wniM  in  iioint  (.)f  sectional  area, 
anil  tlie  must  important  in  a  ei'mnurrial  aspect.  Cunalizeci 
rivers  are  common  in  western  Kurope,  On  ordinary  nar- 
row eanals  boats  are  usually  drawn  hy  horses  or  mules 
tra\flin';  on  a  tow-path,  though  steam-propulsinn  and 
sttani-t.nvirii;  are  nuw  used  to  some  extent ;  lar-.'er  ones, 
i-alk'd  sluf'-rnnal.'iy  as  the  .Suez,  the  Tsoifli  Holland,  the 
Mellainl,  etc.,  arc  naviptted  l)y  vessels  of  dilFerent  sizes, 
u])  to  tlic  larj;est  under  sail  or  steam. 

2.  lu  arch.y  a  ohannol;  a  groove;  a  flute:  thus, 
the  cinKtl  of  the  volute  is  the  eluirmel  on  the 
face  of  the  eireumvolutiouvS  inclosed  by  a  list 
iu  the  Ionic  capital. — 3.  In  anat.,  a  duct;  a 
channel  throuj^jh  which  a  lluid  is  conveyed  or 
solids  pass ;  a  tubular  cavity  in  a  i^art,  or  a  com- 
munication between  parts.  See  duct. — 4.  In 
zoij}.,  the  name  of  suntlry  grooves,  furrows, 
apertm-os,  etc.,  as:  {(i)  the  channels  of  various 
actiuozoans;  (/>)  the  afferent  and  efferent  pores 
of  sponges ;  {c)  the  groove  observed  iu  different 
parts  of  certain  univalve  shells,  and  adapted  for 
the  protrusion  of  the  longcylindi'ieal  siphon  or 
breathing-tube  possessed  by  those  animals. — 5, 
In  hot.,  an  elongated  intercellular  or  intrafas- 
cicular  space,  either  empty  or  containing  sap, 
resin,  or  other  substances — Abdominal  canal,  in 
anat.,  same  as  iwiuinal  crtafr/,— Alimentary  canal, 
alisphenoid  canal,  alveolodental  canal.  Slt  the  ad- 
jectives.—Alveolar  canal.  ((0  Aiit<'ri<-i\  the  canal  in  the 
sujicrior  maxillary  hone  containin','  tlic  antcriur  ^superior 
dental  nerve,  (b)  Inferior,  tlie  inferior  dental  canal,  (c) 
Mt-iiiiiii,  the  canal  in  the  superior  maxiUary  hone  rontain- 
intjlhe  middle  superior  dental  nerve.  (</)  I'ostcriur,  the 
canal  in  tlie  superior  maxillary  Imne  containing  the  poste- 
rior superior  dental  nerve.— Ajnbulacral  neural  canaL 
See  'f//(/H(^fr-m;.— Anterior  palatine  canal.  (")  The  ca- 
nal formed  I'y  theuniniidf  tliecanalesincisivi.  It  opens  on 
tile  palate  jnstliehiiid  the  in.isnr  teetll.  Also  called  (YV(^'- 
rior  palatini  J'o^sa.  (h)  The  canalis  ineisivns  on  either  side, 
(c)  The  canales  incisivi  with  the  anterior  palatine  canal  in 
sense  a.— Aquiferous  canals.  See  rt7»i;/rrous.— Arach- 
noid canal,  a  portion  of  tlie  subarachnoid  space,  where 
the  arachnoid  crosses,  without  dipjiin,^'  into,  the  lon^'itu- 
dinal  and  transverse  fissures  of  the  brain,  — Atrial  canal, 
auditory  canal.  See  the  adjective-;.  —  Auricular  canal, 
the  constriction  between  the  auricular  and  ventricular  por- 
tions of  a  fetal  heart.  — Axial  canal.  See  n.r/rt^.— Ber- 
nard's canal,  a  supi -lenient  ary  duct  of  the  pancreas.  Also 
called  Snninn'iii's  •■.(if iL  —  Ca.na.1  ot  Bartholin.  Same 
as  'hirf  •■/  nartholi,,.^ Carnal  of  Cloquet.  Same  as  hya- 
laid  caiiid.  -  Canal  of  Corti,  the  space  lying  between  the 
teetfU'ial  membrane  and  basilar  membrane  of  the  cochlea. 
—  Canal  of  CotunniUS,  the  aipneductus  vestibuli  (which 
sec,  under  aquced actus).— CdiXidil  of  Fontana,  an  ainiular 
series  of  spaces,  which  lie  in  the  sclerotic,  just  in  front  of 
the  place  of  attachment  of  the  iris,  and  C(  .ninmiiicate  freely 
with  the  anterior  chamber  of  the  eye.  Also  called  canal  of 
Hurins,  ciliai-y  caiml,  and  Fontaun's  .s^xkv.s-.— Canal  Of 
Gartner.  Same  as  Gaertnerian  cana^.^Canal  Of  Gui- 
di.  Same  as  Vidian  crr^mL  — Canal  of  Hovlus.  Same  as 
canal  of  Fontana,— Ca.ndl  of  Huguier.  Same  as  lli/inti''' 
rian  canal.  Seebelow.  — Caual  of  Lbwenberg,  the  canal 
iu  the  cochlea  bounded  by  the  membrane  ttf  Keissuer,  the 
tectorial  membrane,  and  the  outer  wall  of  the  cochlear  ca- 
nal. It  is  the  upper  free  portion  of  that  canal.—  Canal  Of 
Miiller.  same  !w  duct  of  M ullcr.^ Cajisil  of  Nuck,  the 
pouch  of  peritoneum  (processus  vaginalis)  which  in  the  fe- 
male embryo  extends  down  along  the  round  ligament  of 
the  uterus,  and  which  may  jiersist  to  a  ;:reater  or  less  ex- 
tent iu  the  adult. —  Canal  of  Petit,  the  amiular  series  of 
connected  spaces  iu  the  suspensory  li^^anient  encircling 
the  crystallinelensoftheeye.  — Canal  OfReissner.  Same 
as  coclilear  canal.~Ca.nai  of  Rivinus.  Same  as  duct  qf 
Iiivinm\—  Canal  of  Rosenthal.  Same  as  ttpiral  canal  of 
the  modiolus.— Ca,nal  of  Schlemm,  a  circular  canal,  of 
elliptical  cross-section,  lying  iu  the  substance  of  the  scle- 
rotic slightly  anterior  to  the  canal  of  Fontana.— Canal  Of 
Stenson.  Same  as  duct  nf  Stcnsim.  —  Canal  Of  Stilling. 
Same  as  h>/al'iid  canal.— Ccinal  Of  Wharton.  Same  as 
duct  nf  W/iartun.  —  CaJial  of  Wirsung,  the  pancreatic 
duct.— Canals  of  Breschet.  canals  in  the  dipioe  of  the 
cranial  bones,  in  which  Breschefs  veins  run.— Canals  Of 
Recklinghausen,  the  system  of  canals  iu  the  cornea  ;  the 
comtnunications  between  the  cell-spaces  of  the  cornea. — 
Carotid  canal.  See  ramtid.  -  Central  canal,  the  median 
canal  of  the  spinal  cord.  — Central  canal  of  the  modio- 
lus, the  largest  of  t  he  canals  iu  the  modiolus  of  the  cochlea 
of  the  ear.  — Cerebrospinal  canal,  (a)  The  neural  or 
craniuvertelual  canal  formed  by  the  skull  and  the  spine, 
and  contaiinngtlie  brain  and  spinal  marrow,  (t)  The  primi- 
tive coiinii'.n  and  continuous  cavity  of  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord,  not  iiifre<iuently  more  or  less  extensively  obliterated 
in  the  latter,  l)ntiu  the  former  modilied  in  the  form  of  the 
several  ventricles  and  rjther  cavities.  Ciliary  canal. 
Sanieasc(//iai(»/  Funtaaa.-CochXQBX  Canal,  the  pmpcr 
cavity  of  the  cochlea,  connected  bv  the  canalis  reuniens 
with  the  cavity  of  other  parts  of  the  labviinth  of  the  ear. 
Also  culled  canal  of  Ih'imncr.—'QQnlal  canal,  (a)  An- 
terior, a  small  canal  branching  off  from  the  infraorbital 
canal  in  the  floor  of  the  orbit,  ami  descendim.'  in  the  front 
wall  of  the  antrum.  It  transmits  vessels  ami  nerves  to 
the  front  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw.  (&)  Iiiferior,  the  chan- 
nel iu  the  inferior  nuixillary  or  lower  jaw-bone,  which 
transmits  the  inferior  dental  nen-es  and  vessels,  (c)  Poii- 
terior,  one  or  more  fine  c-anals  entering  the  superior  max- 
illary hone  about  the  middle  of  its  posterior  surface,  and 
transmitting  the  posterior  dental  vessels  and  nerves.— 
Digestive  canal.  Same  as  filiinnitarn  canal.  — "E^giCH- 
latory  canal,  same  as  riar)ifa(i'r'i  dwf  (which  see,  under 
di/rt).  -  Eustachian  canal,  the  l.onv  eanrd  in  the  petnuis 
portion  of  the  temporal  b<.ne  wbich  b-nns  ]iart  of  the 
Eustachian  tube.— Facial  canal,  tbeaiinaductnsFullopii 
(which  see,  under  <i7(or./"<7(/.v):  .so  called  because  it  trans- 
mits the  facial  nerve  tlinuigh  the  temporal  Itone.—  Gaert- 
nerian canal,  or  duct  of  Gartner,  the  rcmaim  iu  the  fe* 


784 

male  of  the  obliterated  archiuephric  canal  or  Wolffian 
duct,  forming  a  ciecal  ajppendage  or  cid-dc-sat;  of  the  geni- 
tal pa.s.saties,  or  a  c(Uil  coiinectin;;  the  latter  with  the  paro- 
varium. Gas tro vascular  canal,  genital  canal  See 
the  adjectives.— Haversian  canal,  thetiack.utraeeof  a 
blood-vessel  in  bone;  aeylindric  al  lioll-.iv  in  Ihum-  in  which 
an  artery  or  a  vein  runs.  These  canals  are  mostly  r.)  minute 
or  microscopic  size ;  on  transsection  of  cumiiact  buiie-tis- 
suc  they  appear  as  rouml  holes,  but  in  longisection  they 
arc  seen  to  he  branching  and  auastuUHJsing  canals.  \\'lien 
large  and  irregular,  as  they  often  are,  in  growing  hotie 
and  in  t!ie  cancellous  tissue  of  adult  hone,  they  are  called 
Ilarcrxian  yj'arat.  The  medullary  cavity  or  marrow-eav- 
ity  of  a  long  bone,  as  a  humerus  or  fenuu-,  is  really  a 
gigantic  Haversian  canal,  llUed  with  fat,  numerous  blood- 
vessels, and  connective  tissue.  Sec  cut  under  Ooui'. — 
Hepatic  canal.  Same  a.s  licpatic  duct  (whieli  see,  under 
(/(/(•O.  —  Huguierian  canal,  a  small  passage  f..r  the  chorda 
tympani  nerve  throii- lit  be  temporal  bom-  between  it?- squa- 
mosal and  petrosal  elements.  ])aiallil  witli  tlie<  da^erian  lls- 

surc.  Also  called  f-no//f.7//f^,7"'''-.— Hunter's  canal,  tile 
canal  formed  by  the  vastus  in ternus  nuiscleon  oiir  side  and 
the  adductor  longus  and  adductor  magnus  on  theothei',  to- 
gether with  a  strong  fibrous  baud  passing  over  from  the 
vastus  to  the  tendons  of  the  adductors.  The  femoral 
artery  runs  through  this  caual  to  become  the  pni>liteal. 

—  Hyaloid  canal,  the  tine  canal  in  the  vitreous  humor 
of  the  eye,  <  AtiiiditiL,'  fn-m  the  optn-  papilla  to  the  lens  cap- 
sule, which  contains  in  the  enduyo  the  li.\aloid  artery,  but 
persists  for  a  time  after  the  disappearance  of  tliat  vessel. 
Also  called  caual  if  Ch"{iirt  and  canal  if  Sti/litia. ~ln~ 

cisor  canal.  See  ov(^.'n<./-y»rt/a^"//ffa/;f(/.— infraorbital 
canal,  the  canal  leading  from  the  infraorbital  groove  on 
the  orbital  surface  of  the  superior  maxillary  lione.  and 
opening  at  the  infraorbital  foramen.  It  transunts  the  in- 
fraorbital nerve  and  artery.— Inguinal  canal,  a  canal  iu 
the  groin,  about  two  inches  long,  passing  from  the  internal 
to  the  external  al»d<uninai  ring.  It  lies  just  above  and 
parallel  to  Pouparfs  ligament,  and  tran-niits  the  spermatic 
cord  in  the  male  and  the  rouml  ligament  in  the  female. 
Also  called  abdominal  canal.  — hacTymaX  Canal,  (a) 
Same  as  nasal  canal,  {b)  One  of  tlie  canaliculi  lacrymales 
(which  see,  under  caytaiii;w;«.s).— Madreporic  canals, 
mucous  canals.  See  the  adjectives.  — Nasal  canal,  the 
bony  canal  loduiuLM be  nasal  duct,  and  formed  by  the  supe- 
rior maxillary,  lacrynial,  and  inferior  turbinated  bones.— 
Nasopalatine  canal.  Same  as  anterior  palatine  canal. 
-Neural  canal,  {a)  The  tube  formed  by  the  centra  and 
neural  arches  of  vertehrre,  in  whicli  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord  lie.  {b)  In  echinoderms,  a  canal  of  which  a  part  of  the 
wall  is  formed  by  the  ambulacral  nerve  and  its  connec- 
tions; the  track  or  trace  of  the  ambulacral  nerve  and  its 
connections. 

This  band-like  nerve  [ambulacral  nerve  of  a  starfish] 
constitutes  the  superficial  wall  of  a  canal,  which  extends 
through  the  whole  length  of  the  ambulacrura,  and  may  be 
termed  the  ambulacral  neural  canal.  It  is  divided  by  a 
longitudinal  septum.  At  its  oral  end  .  .  .  each  ambu- 
lacral nerve,  when  it  reaches  the  oral  membrane,  divides 
into  two  divergent  branches,  which  unite  with  the  corre- 
sponding branches  of  the  other  ambulacral  nerves  to  form 
tlie  oral  ring.  Answering  to  the  latter  is  a  wide  circular 
■neural  canal,  into  which  the  ambulacral  neural  canaU- 
open.  Huxh'ii,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  47*. 

Obturator  canal,  a  fumiel-sbaped  o]ienin-  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  obturator  nicnilirane,  transiniitiii','  the  obtura- 
tor vessels  and  nerves.— Pterygopalatine  canal,  same 
as  ca  nal  ir  id  us  jdia  njngeus  {which  see,  under  canalicul  !(••<). 

—  Sacral  canal,  the  sacral  portion  of  the  neural  canal.— 
Santorini's  canal.  Same  as  Bernard'.'^  canal. ^Semi- 
circular  canal,  one  of  the  three  inemlnanous  eaniils  lead- 
ing otf  from  au'l  returning  into  the  utriculus  of  the  inner 
ear:  also  apjilied  to  the  bony  cliannels  iu  which  these 
lie.  A  vertical  superior,  a  vertical  posterior,  and  a  hori- 
zontal or  external  semicircular  canal  are  distinguished. 
See  cut  under  ^ar.—  Sheathing  canal  (canalis  va-ijinalis), 
the  communication  of  the  cavity  of  the  tunica  vaginalis 
testis  with  the  general  peritoneal  cavity  of  the  abdomen. 
In  man  it  soon  closes,  leaving  the  tunica  vaginalis  a  shut 
sac—  Spinal  canal,  the  canal  formed  by  the  series  of  ver- 
tehne  eontaiiiin'4  the  spinal  cord.  Also  called  vertebral  ca- 
nal.—Spiral  canal  of  the  cochlea,  the  sj.iral  channel  iu 
the  petrous  I lone  in  which  tliecochlear  portion  of  the  mem- 
branous labyrinth  is  contained.  — Spiral  canal  Of  the 
modiolus,  a  minute  sjnral  canal  at  the  base  of  the  o.ssc- 
ons  lamina  spiralis  of  the  ear,  winding  spirally  about  tlie 
modiolus  or  columella  of  the  cochlea.  It  contains  the 
ganglion  spirale  of  the  cochlear  nerve.— Sternal  canal. 
See^■^■/■/(f(/.— Stiebel'S  canal,  a  tube  observed  in  certain 
niollusean  embryos,  and  reuanled  as  ju-ohably  an  e^■anes- 
cent  embryonic  nephridium.— Vertebral  canal.  Same 
as  spinal  canal. —  Vidian  canal,  a  canal  running  iu  the 
sphenoid  bone  from  the  foramen  lacerum  medium  to  the 
sijhenomaxillary  fi^'ssa,  and  containing  the  Vidian  nerve 
and  artery.     Also  called  canal  of  Giiidi. 

canaU  (ka-nar)j  v,  t;  pret.  and  pp.  canaUed, 
ppr.  candUinf/.  [<  canal^,  ??.]  To  intersect  or 
cut  with  canals. 

Engineers,  hke  kobolds  and  enchanters, —  tunnelling 
Alps,  canalling  tlie  American  Isthmus,  piercing  the  Ara- 
bian desert.  Enierson,  Works  and  Days. 

canal^  (ka-nal').  «•     Same  as  cauaiUc,  2. 

canal-boat  (ka-nal'bot),  7K  A  comparatively 
long  and  narrow  boat  used  on  canals  for  the 
conveyance  of  goods  or  passengers,  and  com- 
monly moved  by  traction. 

canal-coal  (kan'al-kol),  n.  A  corrupt  form  of 
camtel-coaL 

canales,  ».     Plural  of  canahs, 

canalicular  (kan-n-lik'u-lar),  a,  [<  L.  canali- 
cnh(f<,  dim.  of  vanaliSj  a  channel:  see  canal^j 
H.,  channel^.']  1.  In  anat.  and  ^yy/.,  resembling 
a  small  canal;  canal-shaped. 

A  iliviiiing  of  the  mesoderm  occurs,  which  takes  the 
form  either  of  cana/irnhir  cavities,  or  of  a  coniiilete  split- 
ting of  the  mesoiierm  into  an  outer  plate  attaehecl  to  the 
ectoderm,  and  an  inner  one  attached  to  the  endoderm. 

Gc>/cnOaur,  Conip.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  60. 


Microscopical  Structure  of  Bone,  ma^ified  about 

6oo  diameters. 

c,  e,  bone-corpuscles  in  their  lacuna; ;  d,  d,  ca- 

□altculi  of  bone. 


canalis 
2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  canaliculi;  canaliciilate. 

Tlie  reticulated  tissue  of  lA)\(iT  is  theti  seen  U\  he  a  sys- 
tern  of  canals,  which  is  but  a  modified  form  of  the  cana- 
licular  spaces  of  the  spines. 

Jour.  Hoy.  Micros.  Soc,  2d  ser.,  VI,  60. 

Canalicular  abscess,  an  abscess  of  the  breast  which 

comnmidcates  «  ith  the  lactiferous  ducts. 

canaliculate,  canaliculated  (kan-a-lik'u-lat, 

-l;"i-I('(l),  //.  [<  Ij.  rdHftltcnldtiiSj  <  caualiei(h(.%  a 
little  channel,  diin.  of  cana/is,  a  channel:  see 
cafial^j  /?.]  Channeled;  fun-o\ved;  grooved, 
Specitlcally— (fi)  In  eiitmn.,  havin;^  a  central  loii^dtudinal 
furrow,  wliich  is  hroail  and  well  tiellncd,  hut  not  very 
deep:  said  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  thorax  when  it  is 
grooved  for  the  reception  of  tlie  rostrum,  {b)  Shaped  into 
a  canal  or  canaliculus ;  being  a  channel,  in"ouve,  (gutter, 
or  sj.out.  as  the  lip  of  a  whelk,  (c)  In  hot.,  havijig  a  deep 
loiiLntiidinal  groove.  :ls  a  petiole  of  a  leaf,  etc. 

canaliculus  (kan-a-lik'u-lus),  n.;  pi.  canaliculi 

(-li).  [L.,  dim.  of  canalis,  a  channel:  see  cftatt- 
nel^j  canal'^j  ».]  In  anat.  and  rooV.,  a  little 
gi'oove,  furrow,  pipe,  tube,  or  other  small 
channel. 

'I'he  canaliculi  which  originate  in  one  lacuna  most  fre- 
quently run  into  a  neighboring  lacuna,  or  else  into  a 
neighboriiit:  Haversian  canal.  //.  Gra;/.  .Anat.,  p.  40. 

Canaliculi  biliferi,  the  idle-ducts.-  Canaliculi  calco- 
phori.  ■'^ee  caki'/dnjrnn.i. —Ca.naHc}Xli  caroticotym- 
panici,  two  or  three  short  canals  leading  from  the  caro- 
tid canal  into  the  tympanum  ami  transmitting  hrauches 
of  the  carotid  plexus.— Canaliculi  dentiiun,  the  minute 
canals  of  the  dentine.—  Canaliculi  lacrymales,  the  lac- 
rymal  canals,  small  tubes  iK^'iniiinz  ;it  the  pimeta  lacry- 
malis,  and  opening  into  the  laci yin:d  >:v  either  separately 
or  by  a  common  opening.—  CanaHculi  Of  bone,  the  micro- 
scopic branch- 
ing tubules  ra-  \-> 
diating  from 
the  lacuntc  of 
bone,  and  con- 
necting one  la- 
cuna with  an- 
other. —  Ca- 
nalictUi  pe- 
trosi,  two 
very  small  ca- 
nals, or  in 
some  cases 
channels,  on 
the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  pe- 
trous portion 
of  the  tem- 
poral bone, 
transmitting 
the  large  and 
small  superfi- 
cial petrosal  nerves.— Canaliculi  vasculosi.  the  nutri- 
tious and  Haversian  canals  of  bone.— Canaliculus  pha- 
ryngeus,  a  groove  on  the  umier  surface  of  the  va>:in;il 
process  of  the  iPtery.:oid  jjrouess  of  the  sphenoid  bone, 
moreor  less  completely  converted  into  a  canal  by  the  sphe- 
noid process  of  the  palatine  bone.  It  transmits  the  ptery- 
gopalatine vessels  and  the  pliaryniieal  or  pter>-opalatine 
nerve.     Also  called  j-fcri/'io/.alatinr  e<f /*a/.— CanallCUlUS 

pterygopalatinus,  sphenopalatinus,  sphenopha- 
ryngeus.  same  as  canniii-ifius  jdiariinpcn.^.—  Canalicu- 
lus tympanlcus,  the  niinute  canal  in  the  petrous  portion 
of  Ilie  tcnipoial  tione  which  transmits  Jacolisous  nerve. 

Canalifera  (kan-a-lif'e-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  canalifcrus :  soe'cahaliferoHS.']  A  family 
of  gastropods,  characterized  by  the  extension 
of  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  shell  and  mouth 
into  a  canal-like  spout,  it  was  formed  by  Lamarck 
(1809)  for  the  genera  Ceritliiuin,  Turbinrlla,  Fasciolaria^ 
Fynda,  Fa.sus,  Murex,  and  Pleurotoma,  which  have  been 
accepted  by  modern  conchologists  as  types  of  different 
families.     [Obsolete.] 

canaliferous  (kan-a-lif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  cana- 
lifcrus, <  L.  canalis,  canal,  +  fcrre  =  E.  bear^.^ 
Having  a  channel  or  canal. 

Canalirostra  (ka-nal-i-ros'tra),  n.  pj.  [NL.,  < 
L.  canalis,  a  canal,  +  rostnnn,  pi.  rostra,  a 
beak,  mod.  rostrum.]  A  superfamily  of  hemip- 
terous  insects,  consisting  of  the  Tinffida\  Ara- 
did(c,  andPhi/matido',  hsLving  a  deep,  long  groove 
on  the  prosterniun  into  which  fits  the  rostiiim. 
Also,  incorrectly,  CanaHrostri.  Amyoi  and  Ser- 
rillc,  1843. 

canalirostrate(ka-nal-i-ros'trat),  «.  [<  Canali- 
rostra +  -at<^.}  Having  a  channeled  beak  or 
rostrum;  specifically,  having  the  characters  of 
the  Canalirostra. 

canalis  (ka-na'lis),  n. ;  pi.  caiiales  (-lez).  [L., 
a  channel,  pipe,  groove,  etc.:  see  canal^,  ».] 
In  anat.  and  -ro(>7.,  same  as  canal,  3  and  4 ca- 
nales laqueiformes,  the  loojisof  Henle  inthekidnevs.— 

Canalis  carotiCUS.     See  camtid  canal,  miilcv  can >f  id.— 

Canalis  Cloqueti,  the  hyaloid  canal.—  Canalis  cochlese 
Osseus,  the  entire  spiral  osseous  canal  of  the  cochlea, 
containing  the  scala  vestibuli,  seala  cocblcie  ar  canalis 
cochlearis.  and  scala  tymi)ani.— Canalis  COndyloideus, 
the  canal  opening  at  the  posterior  condyloid  foramen.  It 
transmits  a  vein  to  the  lateral  sinus.— Canalis  cranio- 
pharyngeus,  the  craniopharyngeal  caiml.  euiniectin>;  the 
ceiebial  uith  the  Ituecal  cavity.    See  cratiiu/diartni^nal. — 

Canalis  gynsecophorus,  a  ^^\  niecophorc—  Canalis  hy- 
POglOSSi.  the  anterior  condyhdd  foramen,  wliich  trans- 
mits the  twelfth  or  hypoglossal  nerve.  —  Canalis  inclsi- 
VUS,  the  canal  leailing  down  from  the  nasal  fossa  on  either 
side  to  join  its  fellow  and  form  or  open  into  the  anterior 
palatine  canal  or  fossa.  It  transmits  the  anterior  palatine 
vessels.     Also  called  incisor  canal,  antetior  palatine  canal, 


canalis 

iiicUor/oramni,  and  fornnfii  t'/srninon. — Canalla  mus- 
CUlOtUbarlUS,  tlle  juint  i;ill:ils  f..r  till'    l:ilsluilii!Ul  tulw 

mill  iIr- tensor  fyinimni.  Canalla nasolaciymalls.  .Scu 
lui.iiil  i-iuial,  uiiilei-  ciiiiil'.-  Canalla  reumena,  tin-  ca- 
ii!il  l)y  wliifli  tho  8in;i;tiluM  of  tin;  iiitfrnal  rjir  i-nmiiiniii- 
cati'H  with  lliu  ciiimlis  cochlearia.  —  Canalla  va^lnalla. 
,Si'i-  slinit/iiii^t  caiiat,  miller  ca/ia/1. 
canalization  (kii-nal-i-za'slion),  n.  [<  camili:e, 
ullcr  V.  ciiiKilisdlidii.^  1.  The  coiiHtruetion  of 
ciiuals,  or  tho  (.'stiiblisilimout  Of  couimunicatioii 
by  means  of  canals. 

Canaliitatiim  on  :i  ^^raiul  sciile  —  the  uniting  of  seas  and 
oeeaiis  by  navii;able  eaiials — had  been  *'in  the  air"  ever 
since  the  miiblle  of  the  eeiiturv. 

KJinburi/h  A.i'.,  CLXIV.  9. 

Spoeifically — 2.  Tho  conversion  of  a  natural 
streiim  or  ii  chain  of  lakes  or  marshes  into  a 
continuous  caual,  suitable  for  navigation,  by 
means  of  weirs,  barrages,  locks,  sliort  cuttings, 
etc.  Cuiiali/.eil  rivers  are  euiiiinon  in  France;  in  the 
Iiiited  states  the  MonoiiKallehi  and  Kaiiawlia  rivers  af- 
fui'ii  instaiii  es.  Tile  Suez  canal  is  in  jiart  the  result  uf 
the  (  aiiali/.ation  of  natural  bodies  of  water. 
Also  s]ielle<l  caiiiilisation. 
canalize  (k,;i-ual'i/,),  c  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  canal- 
Led,  ppr.  canali:i>ifj.  [<  canal  +  -he;  after  ¥. 
caiKiUsir.']  1.  To  make  a  canal  through ;  pro- 
viiio  with  a,  canal  or  canals. — 2.  To  convert 
into  a  caual:  as,  to  canalize  a  river.  « 

The  Blavet  is  numtized  tlu-oughout  its  course  through 
the  department.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  813. 

Also  spelled  canalise. 

canal-lift  (kii-nal'lift),  H.  1.  A  hyth-aulie  ele- 
vator for  raising  a  tank  filled  witli  water  in 
which  a  caual-boat  may  float.  Sueh  an  apiiliance 
is  used  on  the  eanal  near  ilaneliester,  Knglaud,  to  trans- 
fer boats  from  one  level  to  another. 
2.  A  cradle  on  which  a  canal-boat  may  rest 
and  be  drawn  up  by  cable  along  an  inclined 
railroad.  A  lift  of  this  kind  is  in  use  on  the 
Morris  canal  in  New  Jersey. 

canal-lock  (ka-nal'lok),  n.    An  inclosure  with 
gates  at  eacK  end,  forming  a  connection  be- 


Caaal-lock. 

yt,  vertical  longitudinal  section :  B,  pl.in  ;  f,  locle-chumbcr  ; 
S.S  >  tjales;  Ml.  «.  underjjround  conduits. 

tween  the  upper  and  lower  levels  of  a  canal, 
enabling  boats  to  pass  from  one  to  the  other. 
See  lock,  in  the  accompanying  cut  e  represents  the 
inclosure  technically  called  a  lock-chamber.  A  boat  hav- 
ing entered  this  chamber  from  (/',  the  gates  at  </'  are  closed 
and  those  at  ij  opened ;  the  water  in  e,  being  thus  rein- 
forced with  part  of  the  water  beyond  ff,  rises  to  the  same 
level  with  it,  and  the  boat  proceeds. 

canam  (ka-uam'),  H.  A  dry  measure  of  Pondi- 
clierry,  India,  equal  to  72  liters,  or  2  United 
States  busliels. 

Cananeet,  ".     [ME.]     An  obsolete  form  of  Ca- 
naaniti.'ih. 
The  wcuuan  Cananee.  Chaucer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  1. 59. 

Cananga  (ka-nang'gil),  H.  [NL.,  from  tho  Ma- 
layan iiaiiu'.]  A  genus  of  large  anonaceous 
evergreen  trees,  including  three  species,  all  Ma- 
layan. The  most  common  species  is  C.  oitorata,  the  ilang- 
ilang.  which  is  cultivated  throughout  India  and  in  other 
tropical  eciuiitries.  The  large  fragrant  tlowers  yield  an 
attar,  and  an  oil  is  expressed  from  the  seeds. 

Canara  butter.    See  hutkr^. 

canard  (ka-niir'  or  ka-nilrd'),  «.  [<  F.  ca- 
nard, a  hoax,  a  broadside,  a  (juack,  a  particu- 
lar use  of  canard,  m.  or  f.,  a  dtu'k,  prop,  only 
m.,  a  tlrake,  <  cane,  f.,  a  duck  (cf.  ML.  vanar- 
dnn,  a  kind  of  boat).  Origin  unknown;  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  connected  with  MLG.  LU. 
I:ane  (>  G.  l-ahn)  =  D.  kaan,  a  boat.  The  con- 
nection of  the  sense  'a  hoax,  cheat'  with  the 
orig.  sense  "a  duck'  is  prob.  to  bo  explained 
from  the  old  jihrase  rcndciir  dc  canard  d  moitii'; 
a  cozener,  guller,  liar.  lit.  one  who  half-sells  a 
duck,  that  is  (appar.),  pretends  to  sell,  and 
cheats  in  the  operation;  an  expression  prob. 
due  to  some  local  incident.  In  def.  2,  cf.  Pa- 
risian F.  canard,  ii  newspaper,  can<irdier,a  }out- 
nalist.]  1.  An  absurd  story  or  statement  in- 
tended !is  an  imposition ;  a  fabricated  story  to 
which  currency  is  given,  as  by  a  newspaper; 
a  hoax.  Hence  —  2.  A  broadside  cried  in  the 
streets:  so  called  from  the  generally  sonsa- 
tioual  nature  of  its  contents.  Ini^.  Diet. 
50 


785 
Canarese,  Kanarese  (kan-a-res'  or  -rez'),  a.  and 

n.  [<  Canara,  Kanara  (see  def.),  +  -esr.']  I, 
n.  Of  or  pertaining  to  either  of  two  districts  in 
western  India,  CiiUed  respectively  Nortli  and 
South  Canara  (or  Kanara). 

II.  n.  1.  sing,  and  jil.  A  native  or  natives  of 
either  of  these  districts. —  2.  A  language  of  the 
Draviiliau  group,  nearly  allied  to  Telugti,  being 
ouo  of  several  languages  sjjoken  in  these  dis- 
tricts, and  over  a  large  tract  as  far  north  as 
Bidar.     Also  called  Karnatn. 

canarin,  canarine  (kan'ii-rin),  n.    [<  canara  + 

-in-,  -/«(-.]  A  compound  (C3N3S3H)  u.sed  in 
dyeing,  formed  by  oxidizing  sulphocyanido  of 
potassium  with  chlorate  of  potassium  in  the 
)>resenco  of  sulphuric  and  liydrochloric  acid. 
It  produces  very  fast  yellow  shades  on  cotton. 

Canariiun  (ka-na'ri-um),  «.  [NL.,  <  canari,  an 
E.  Ind.  name.]  A  gentis  of  large  evergreen 
trees,  of  the  natural  order  Burseracea;  chiefly 
of  tropical  Asia  and  tho  adjacent  islands.  There 
arc  many  species,  abounding  in  fragrant  resins,  though 
the  larger  mniiber  are  but  little  known.  The  black  dani- 
inar-tree  of  India,  C.  sirictum,  yields  a  brilliant  black  gum 
which  is  used  nu-dirinallyaiid  for  other  purposes.  Manila 
elenii  is  supposed  to  be  the  product  of  C.  commune,  a  spe- 
cies cultivated  in  the  Moluccas  and  elsewhere  for  its  fruit, 
which  is  eilible  and  furnishes  a  pleasant  oil. 

canary  (ka-na'ri),  «.  anil  a.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  canarin 
(dance  and  bird)  =  F.  cnnnri  (bird),  canaric 
(dance);  cf.  U.  kanarienvoijcl,  can;iry-bird ; 
named  with  reference  to  the  Canary  islands, 
which  take  their  name  from  Gran  Cnnaria, 
one  of  the  principal  islands  of  the  group,  L. 
Canaria  insula,  so  called  because  of  its  largo 
dogs,  conarirtbiung  fem.  of  canarius,  pertaining 
to  dogs,  <  canis,  a  dog:  see  Canis.']  I.  n.;  pi. 
canaries  (-riz).  1.  \Vine  made  in  tho  Canary 
islands,  it  was  anciently  included  under  the  general 
name  sack.  In  the  eighteenth  century,  and  as  late  as  1820, 
it  was  in  spcci.al  demand  in  England.  The  principal  brands 
are  Tcneriffe  and  Vidonia. 

Cananj  was  the  Drink  of  our  wise  Forefathers,  'tis  Bal- 
samick,  "and  saves  the  charge  of  'Pothcearies'  Cordials, 

Mrs.  Ceiiltlfrc,  liold  Stroke,  iii. 

2t.  A  lively  French  and  English  dance,  of  dis- 
puted origin,  similar  to  the  jig:  named  from 
the  Canary  islands.     Often  written  canaries. 
I  have  seen  a  medicine 
That's  able  to  breathe  life  into  a  stone, 
Quicken  a  rock,  and  make  you  dance  canary. 

Shak.,  Alls  Well,  ii.  1. 
I'll  make  you  a  dish  of  calves'  feet  dance  the  Canaries, 
And  a  consort  of  cramm'd  capons  fiddle  to  'eiu, 

Fletcher  (and  others),  Hloody  Brother,  ii,  2, 

3t.  A  melody  intended  for  such  a  dance,  written 
in  sextuple  (or  sometimes  qinidruple)  rhj-thm. 
— 4.  A  canary-bird  (which  see). —  5.  A  sov- 
ereign (gold  coin):  so  called  from  its  color. 
[Prov.  Eng.]  —  6.  A  kept  mistress.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —  7t.  A  word  put  by  Shakspere  in  its 
singular  and  plural  forms  into  the  month  of 
Mrs.  Quickly,  in  the  explanation  of  which  com- 
mentators differ.  It  is  probably  an  intentional 
blimder  for  qnandarij. 

Vou  have  brought  her  into  such  a  canaries,  as  'tis  won- 
derful. The  best  courtier  of  them  all  .  .  .  could  never 
have  brought  lier  to  such  a  canarii. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  \f.,  ii.  2. 

n.  a.  Of  the  color  of  the  domestic  canary- 
bird;  bright-yellow. 
canaryt  (ka-na'ri),  V.  i.     [<  canari/,  n.,  2.]     To 
dance ;  frolic ;  perform  the  old  dance  called  a 
canary. 

Jig  olf  a  time  at  the  tongue's  end,  canary  to  it  with  your 
feet,  huniom'  it  witli  turning  up  your  eyelids. 

Shak.,  L,  L.  L.,  iii.  1, 

canary-bird  (ka-na'ri-bdrd),  n.  An  oscine 
passerine  bird  of  tho  family  Frinffillida;  so 
called  because  indigenous  to  the  Canary  isl- 
ands; a  kind  of  finch,  Frintjilla  canaria,  or  Car- 
diiclis  canaria,  one  of  the  commonest  and  best- 
known  cage-birds,  everywhere  kept  and  bred 
in  confinement.  The  native  bird  isdarkandslnaked, 
somewhat  rcsemliling  a  linnet  or  si...kin,  the  iinitonuly 
bright-  or  pale-yellow  color  which  eonimonly  distinguishes 
the  plumage  of  tlie  cage-bird  being  the  result  of  artilieial 
selection.  The  cultivated  varieties  are  numerous,  with 
consi<ierable  diversity  of  color,  and  there  are  many  hy- 
brids with  allied  species,  as  the  goldllnch.  linnet,  siskin, 
and  bullllneh.  The  birds  were  intnuinred  iiit<t  Kurojie  in 
the  fifteenth  or  sixteenth  century,  —  Canary-bird  flower. 
(rt)  A  species  of  Tropa'ulum.  T.  pcrnrrinum.  with  deeply 
cut  leaves  and  bright  canary-yellow  tlowers,  tile  lower 
petals  of  which  are  small  and  fringed.  Also  called  canartj- 
f.-.'7'.'r,     {h)  Same  as  ttird-plant. 

canary-creeper  (ka-na'rl-kre''p6r),  «.  The 
canary-bird  (lower"(which  see,  under  canary- 
hird).' 

canary-finch  (ka-na'ri-finch),  H.  The  canary- 
biril. 

canary-grass  (ka-na'ri-gris),  n.  Phalaris  Ca- 
nariensis,  nattirail  order  G^raminete,  a  native  of 
the  Canary  islands,     its  seed  is  used  ;is  food  in  the 


cancel 

(Canaries,  Barbary,  and  Italy,  and  is  extensively  cultivated 
elsewhere  for  canary-birds.  The  reed  canary-ffrasa,  /*. 
aiundifiacea,  is  a  coinmoii  species,  a  variegated  form  of 
which  Is  the  ribbon-grass  of  gardens. 
canary-moss  (ka-na'ri-m6s),  11.  A  name  of  the 
lichens,  lliircclla  linctoriii,  etc.,  which  yield  ar- 
cliil  and  litmus.  Also  called  ca)i«r,y-«iect/.  See 
cut  unilcf  arrliil. 

canary-seed  (ka-na'ri-sed),  n.  The  seed  of 
ciiiniry-grass,  used  for  feeding  birds. 

canary-stone  (kii-na'ri-.ston),  n.  A  very  beau- 
tiful and  scmiewliat  rare  variety  of  camelian, 
so  named  I'lom  its  yellow  color. 

canary-weed  (ka-iia'ri-wed),  n.  Same  as  ca- 
narff-initss. 

canary- wood  (ka-na'ri-wud),  11.  The  hand- 
some, dark-colored,  mahogany-like  wood  of 
Pcrsca  Indica  and  .Ijiollnnias  Canarie».tis,  lau- 
raceous  trees  of  the  Azores  anil  Madeira:  so 
called  because  it  was  lirought  originally  from 
tho  Ciinaries.     Also  called  Madeira  maliuf/any. 

canaster  (ka-nas't6r),  «.  [=  MLG.  kanaster  = 
F.  caniistre,  <  Pg.  canastra  =  Sp.  canastro,  ca- 
nasta, usuall.v  canasta,  a  large  basket,  <  Gr. 
KiivaaTim',  a  wicker  basket:  see  canister.^  X.  A 
rush  basket  made  in  the  Spanish  countries  of 
South  America  and  used  for  ]iacking  tobacco 
for  exportation.  The  tobacco  sent  to  Europe 
packed  in  these  baskets  takes  from  them  the 
name  of  canaster  tobacco.  Hence  —  2.  A  kind 
of  tobacco  for  smoking,  consisting  of  the  dried 
leaves  coarsely  broken. 

Meanwhile  I  will  smoke  my  canaster. 
And  tipple  my  ale  in  the  shade. 

Thackeray,  Imitation  of  Horace. 

canatillo(kan-,a-tel'y6),  H.  [Mex.]  The  Mex- 
ican name  of  a  plant  of  the  genus  Ephedra, 
ttsed  as  a  styptic  and  as  a  remedy  in  syphilitic 
complaints. 

can-bottle  (kan'bot''l),  n.  The  long-tailed  tit- 
nioiise.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

can-buoy  (kan'boi),  k.  A  large  cylindrical  or 
conical  floating  buoy,  used  as  a  mark  for  shoals, 
etc.     See  hiioy. 

cancan  (kan'kan),  «.  [<  F.  cancan,  a  dance 
(see  def.) ;  a  slang  or  cant  term,  perhaps  a  par- 
ticular use  of  cancan,  tittle-tattle,  gossip,  scan- 
dal, said  to  be  <  L.  quamqnam,  although  (be- 
cause "in  the  schools  of  tho  middle  ages  the 
proper  pronunciation  of  this  word  was  the  sub- 
ject of  fierce  contention,  one  party  pronoun- 
cing it  can-can,  and  the  other  ijiianiiuiini  "),  but 
prob.  <  cancani  r,  tattle,  chatter,  gossip,  appar. 
an  imitative  reduplication,  to  be  compared 
with  the  E.  cackle,  tjnack,  etc.]  A  kind  of  dance 
performed  in  low  resorts  by  men  and  women, 
who  inilulge  in  extravagant  postures  and  las- 
civiqjis  gestures;  hence,  a  quadrille  or  a  similar 
dance  performed  in  this  manner. 

can-cart  (kan'kiirt),  H.  A  light  two-wheeled 
vehicle  with  a  bent  axle  for  supporting  a  large 
can  hung  on  trunnions  between  the  wheels, 
used  for  carrying  milk,  etc. 

cancel  (kan'sel),  n.  [In  older  E.  form  chancel, 
q.  v.,  <  OF.  chancel  =  Sp.  cancel  =  Pg.  canccllo, 
cancella  =  It.  cuncello,  a  lattice,  grating,  <  ML. 
cancclliis,  cancella,  L.  *cancellns,  always  in  pi. 
cancelli,  a  lattice,  grating,  railing,  bar  in  a  court 
of  justice,  barrier  in  public  spectacles  (see  can- 
celli), dim.  of  cancer,  pi.  eancri,  a  lattice  :  a 
word  scarcely  used.  See  the  verb.]  If.  Lattice- 
work, or  one  of  the  cross-bars  in  latticework; 
a  latticework  or  grated  iuclosui'e;  hence,  a 
barrier;  a  limit. 

A  prison  is  but  a  retirement,  and  opportunity  of  serious 
thoughts  to  a  jicrson  whose  spirit  .  .  .  desires  no  enlarge- 
ment beyond  the  cancels  of  tlie  body, 

Jer.  Taylor,  Life  of  Christ,  III,,  Disc,  xv.  §  9. 

2.  [<  cancel,  c]  In  printimi,  a  page,  sheet,  or 
other  part  of  a  printed  work  suppressed  and 
destroyed  before  pulilication  ;  the  act  of  reject- 
ing a  part  of  a  printed  work.  The  cancel  ordered 
on  the  discovery  of  a  fault  in  unpublished  printed  mat- 
ter is  usually  followed  by  correct  reprinting;  )>ut  a  cancel 
is  sometimes  made  without  reprinting, 

3.  [<  cancel,  r.]  In  innsic,  the  sign  :,  when  used 
to  millify  the  effect  of  a  sharp  or  a  flat  pre- 
viously occun-ing  either  in  the  signature  or  as 
an  accidental. 

cancel  (kan'sel),  «'. ;  pret.  and  Tpp. .canceled  or 
cancelled.  ])pr.  canceling  or  cancelling.  [For- 
merly also  canecll;  <  F.  canceller,  OF.  canceller, 
canceler  =  Pr.  Pg.  cancellar  =  Sp.  cancelar  = 
It.  euncellure,  <  L.  cancellarc,  make  like  a  lat- 
tice, esp.  to  strike  out  a  WTitiug  by  drawing 
lines  across  in  the  form  of  latticework,  <  can- 
celli, pi.,  a  lattice,  grating,  railing,  bar  in  a  court 
of  justice,  barrier  in  public  spectacles:  see 
cancel,  n.     Hence  ult.  (<.  L.  cancelli)  also  chan- 


cancel 

eel,  chancellor,  etc.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  incloso 
with  latticework  or  a  railing. 

A  littlt*  I'lisciirc  place  cancelled  in  with  iron-worlc  is  tlie 
pillar  or  stump  at  which  .  .  .  our  Saviour  was  scourKeti. 

Evelyn. 

2.  To  di'aw  lines  across  (something  written)  so 
as  to  deface;  blot  out  or  obliterate:  as,  to  can- 
eel  sevoral  lines  in  a  luamiscript. 

Tile  sums  you  hornnvd  are  rt-lurn'd,  the  bonds 
Caiicdl'it,  ami  your  aequittauee  formally  seal'il. 

Beau,  ami  FL,  Laws  of  Candy,  iv.  2. 

The  iiuleiitures  were  cancelled.  Thackeray. 

3.  To  annul  or  destroy;  make  void;  set  aside: 
as,  to  cancel  a  debt  or  an  engagement. 

Know  then,  I  here  forget  all  former  griefs, 

Cancel  all  grudge.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  v.  4. 

His  subjects  slain, 
His  statutes  cancelVd,  and  his  treasure  spent, 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  4. 

4.  (a)  In  math.,  to  strike  out  or  eliminate,  as 
a  number  or  quantity  constituting  a  common 
factor  in  a  dividend  and  divisor  or  the  numera- 
tor and  denominator  of  a  fraction,  or  a  common 
term  in  the  two  members  of  an  equation,  (b) 
In  printing,  to  strike  out,  reject,  or  throw  aside, 
as  some  portion  of  a  printed  work,  (c)  In  music, 
to  suspend  the  power.i)f  (a  sharp  or  a  flat)  by  in- 
serting tlie  sign  B.  =  Syn.  2.  Erase,  Expunfie,  etc.  (see 
ejl'iee).  sti'ilve  out ;  destroy,  scratch  out,  rub  out,  wipe  out. 
—  3.  Iit:j'eal,  Re.-^-ciwl.  etc.     See  aholi.^h. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  become  obliterated  or  void. 
[Rare.] 
A  rash  oath  that  caneell'd  m  the  making.  Cowley. 

cancelation,  cancellation  (kan-se-la'shon), 
n.  The  act  of  canceling;  specifically,  in /Hnf/i., 
the  striking  out  or  removal  of  a  common  factor 
or  term.     See  cancel,  v.  t.,  4  (n). 

canceleert,  canceliert  (kan-se-ler'),  n.  [<  F. 
*c(incckr,  assibilated  chanccler  {*esehancekr} 
(=  Pr.  canchckr,  chancelar),  reel,  stagger,  wa- 
ver, Ut.  go  in  zigzags,  being  the  same  word  as 
canccler,  ilraw  lines  across  in  the  form  of  lat- 
ticework :  see  cancel,  t'.]  The  turn  of  a  hawk 
upon  the  wing  to  recover  itself,  after  miss- 
ing in  the  tirst  stoop.     Also  written  caticeller. 

The  tierce  and  eager  hawks,  down  thrilling  from  the  skies. 
Make  sundry  canceleers  ere  they  the  fowl  can  reach. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xx.  229. 

canceleert,  canceliert  (kan-se-ler'),  r.  i.    [< 

canctlrcr,  ».]  Infalronri/,  to  turn  two  or  three 
times  on  the  wing  before  seizing  the  prey,  as 
a  hawk  in  stooping,  especially  when  it  misses. 
Also  written  canceller. 

The  partridge  sprung, 
He  [the  hawk]  makes  his  stoop;  but,  wanting  breath,  is 

forced 
To  caitceb'er.  Massinrjer,  The  Guardian,  ii.  1. 

canceler,  cancellerl  (kau'sel-er),  n.  Oae  who 
or  that  which  cancels ;  specificallj-,  a  hand- 
stamp  or  stamping-machine  for  tlie  cancela- 
tion of  postage-stamps;  a  canceUng-stamp. 

canceliert,  "•  and  r.     See  canceleer. 

cancellng-stamp  (kan'sel-ing-stamp),  K.  A 
hand-stamp  for  defacing  and  canceling  post- 
age-stamps or  checks. 

cancellarean  (kan-se-la're-an),  a.  Same  as 
eanctUnriiin^.      [Kare.] 

cancellareate  (kan-se-la're-at),  a.  [<  ML.  can- 
ceUarius :  see  chancellor.']  Belonging  to  a  chan- 
cellor.    [Rare.] 

Cancellaria  (kan-se-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.  (Lamarck, 
1801;  cl.'Mlj.  cancellarius':  see  chancellor),  <  L. 
cancelli,  a  grating:  see  cancel,  )•.]  The  tyjiical 
genus  of  Caim  UiiriiiUv,  having  an  oval  cancel- 
lated shell  witli  the  last  whorl  ventrieous,  aper- 
ture oblong  and  eanaliculated,  canal  short,  and 
columella  obUquely  plicate.  There  are  many 
species,  of  which  O.  reticulata  is  an  example. 

The  shell  is  almost  always  marked  otT  into  stiuares  by 
transverse  ribs  and  revolving  lines,  which  gives  rise  to  the 
name  of  the  principal  genus  Cancellaria. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  337. 

cancellarian^  (kan-se-la'ri-an),  a.    [<  ML.  can- 

cillin-ins:  see  cftaKceHoc.]  Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  chancellor;  cancellareate.  Also  spelled 
cancellarean.     [Rare.] 

cancellarian'-^  (kan-se-la'i-i-an),  a.  [<  Cancel- 
laria +  -an.']  In  coneh.,  pertaining  to  the  Can- 
cellaria or  to  the  Cancellciriidce. 

cancellarild  (kan-se-la'ri-id),  n.  A  gastropod 
fif  tlie  faniilv  Vnnccllariiihv. 

Cancellariidae  (kan"se-la-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Cancellaria  +  -i(l(e.]  A  family  of  toxoglos- 
sate  prosobranchiate  gastropods,  typified  by 
the  genus  Cancellaria,  having  the  proboscis 
rudimentary,  the  teeth  two-rowed,  and  the 
shell  cancellated  and  inoperculate.  They  are 
vegetarians. 


CanceUate  Structure  of  Bone. — Upper 
part  of  femur,  in  section. 


786 

cancellarioid  (ban-se-la'ri-oid),  a,  [<  Cancel- 
laria +  -Old.]  Hesenibling  the  members  of  the 
genus  ('(nicilliiria ;  (•aiiceliarian. 

cancellate,  cancellated  (kan'se-lat,  -la-ted), 
a.  [<  L.  eaneellatn.t,  \>p.  of  cancellare,  make  like 
or  provide  with  a  lattice:  see  cancel,  r.]  Sep- 
arated into  spaces  or  divisions,  as  by  caneeUi. 

Specilically  -(fl)  In  zool,,  niarked  by  lines  cro.s.sing  each 
othiT;  marked  latticewisc;  reticulated;  .showing  a  net- 
work of  lines.  The  shell  of  Cancellaria  reticulata  is  a 
good  example. 

The  tail  of  the  castor  is  almost  bald,  though  the  beast 
is  very  hairy;  and  cancellated  with  some  resemblance  to 
the  scales  of  fishes.  JV.  Grew,  Museum. 

{b)  In  anal.,  same  as  in  zoology,  but  especially  said  of  the 
light  spongy  or  porous  te.vtiire  of  bone  resulting  from 
numerous   thin    osseous 
lamina;  with  intervening 
spaces  large  enough  to 
be  readily  seen   by  the 
naked  eye.   Such  texture 
occurs   in   the   ends   of 
long  bones,  as  the  hume- 
rus and  femur,   and  in 
the    interior     of     most 
shoit.  Hat,  or  irregular 
bones.     The  spaces  are 
chiefly    vascular    chan- 
nels, filled  with  connec- 
tive tissue,  fat,  etc.,  be- 
tween plates  or  layers  of 
more  compact  bone-tis- 
sue,   (c)  In  bot.,  applied 
to  leaves  consisting  en- 
tirely of  veins,  without 
connecting  parenchyma, 
so  that  the  whole   lc:if 
looks  like  a  sheet  of  open 
network  ;  in  mosses,  applied  to  cell-structure  having  such 
appearance. 
-Also  cancellous. 
cancellation  (kan-se-lii'shon),  «.      [<  L.  can- 
celUititi(n-),  <  cancellare,  pp.  caneellatus :    see 
cancel,  v.]      1.  See  cancelation. — 2.  In  anat., 
reticulation ;  the  state  of  being   cancellated : 
as,  the  cancellation  of  bone. 
canceller^,  n.     See  canceler. 
canceller-t,  «•  and  r.     Same  as  canceleer. 
cancelli  (kan-sel'i),  n.  pi.     [L.,  a  lattice,  etc.: 
see  cancel,  n.]     Cross-pieces  or  reticulations 
forming  a  latticework  or  grating.    Specifically  — 
(a)  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  VIx.,  the  iiarts  of  a  latticework  parti- 
tion between  the  choir  and  the  body  of  the  church,  so  ar- 
ranged as  not  to  intercept  the  view. 

The  .Altar  is  inclos'd  with  CaneeUi  so  as  not  to  be  ap- 
proach'd  by  any  one  but  the  Priest,  according  to  the  faslt- 
ion  of  the  Greek  Churches. 

Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  27. 
{&)  In  zoot.  and  anat.,  the  reticulations  or  intersections 
constituting  cancellated  structure  or  icticulated  texture  ; 
a  composition  of  m:ui>  ^jjaccs  bounded  by  lines  or  siu-faces 
forming  a  network  nrbtttiic-like  arrangement,  such  as  the 
light,  spongy,  cancclhtted  tissue  of  bones.  The  word  is 
little  used  except  for  this  kind  of  osseous  texture,  and  the 
singular,  eaneelliis,  is  not  in  use.  See  cancellate.  (b). 
cancellous  (kan'se-lus),  a.  [<  L.  canccllosus,  < 
cancelli:  see  cancel,  r .]     Same  as  cancellate. 

On  examining  a  section  of  any  bone,  it  is  seen  to  be  cont- 
posed  of  two  kinds  of  tissue,  one  of  which  is  dense  and 
compact  in  texture,  like  ivory;  the  other  consistinir  nf 
slender  fibres  and  lamella?,  which  join  to  form  a  retiiiilar 
structure  ;  this,  from  its  resemblance  to  lattice-work,  is 
called  caneellous.  H.  Gray,  Anat.,  p.  45. 

cancer  (kan'ser),  n.  [L.  cancer  (cancr-)  =  Gr. 
Kapnivo^,  a  crab,  also  in  astronomical  and  medi- 
cal senses;  cf.  in  same  senses  Skt.  Jcarkata, 
I'arl'atal'a,  >  Hind,  l-arl;  Hindi  l-elcra,  a  crab, 
also  in  astronomical  sense.  Hence  (from  L.), 
through  AS.,  canker,  q.  v.,  and,  through  V., 
chancre,  q.  v.]  1.  [cap.]  [NL.]  In  .rooV., 
the  tyi^ical  genus  of  brachyurous  decapodous 


Common  Crab  of  the  Pacific  Coast  [Cancer  mugisrer). 

crustaceans  of  the  family  Cancridee:  formerly 
more  than  conterminous  with  the  order  De- 
capoda,  now  restricted  to  the  common  edible 
crab  of  Europe,  C.  paijurus,  and  its  immediate 
congeners.  See  crab^. —  2.  [cap.]  In  a.-<fron.. 
a  constellation  and  also  a  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
represented  by  the  form  of  a  crab,  and  show- 
ing the  limits  of  the  sun's  coui'se  nortiiward  in 
summer;  henccj  the  sign  of  tlie  summer  sol- 
stice (marked  2d). — 3.  In  pathiil.,  a  malignant 
tumor  technically  named  carcinmna  (which 
see) ;  also,  by  extension,  any  malignant  tumor, 


cancrid 

as  one  of  certain  adenomata  and  sarcomata. 
— 4t.  A  plant,  possilily  cancerwort. 

Who  taught  the  poore  beast  having  pois4>n  tasted. 
To  .seek  th'  la-ailie  cancer,  and  liy  that  to  cure  him. 

Great  liritaincs  Troy ,  I.  ir^iO. 

Adenoid  cancer,  an  adenocarcinoma. — Alveolar  can- 
cer, coUoid  can- 
cer,    encepha- 
loid  cancer.  See 

the    adjectives.— 

Tropic  of  Can- 
cer.    Sii-  Iroiilc. 

cancerate 

(kan'se-nit). 
V.  i. ;  pret.  and 
■p\i.caneerated, 
ppr.  cancerat- 
inij.  [<  L.  can- 
ccratus,  adj., 
prop.  iip.  of 
*cancerare,  in- 
ceptive can- 
cerascere,  be- 
come cancer- 
ous, <  cancer, 
a  cancer:  see 
cancer.]  To 
grow  icto  a 
cancer;  be- 
come   eaneer-  tu  ^    .  n  .-    ,- 

The  Constellation  Cancer. 
OUS. 

canceration  (kan-se-ra'shon),  H.  [<  L.  as  if 
'e<tneertitio{n-),  <  canceratus :  see  caiwerate.]  A 
growing  cancerous,  or  into  a  cancer. 

cancer-bandage  (kan'ser-bandaj),  n.  Aband- 
age  so  arranged  as  to  I'esemble  the  legs  of  a 
crab.     Also  called  the  split-cloth  of  eight  tails. 

cancer-cell  (kan'ser-sel),  n.  In  pathol.,  a  cell 
characterized  by  a  large  nucleus,  bright  nucle- 
olus, and  irregular  form,  frequently  occun-ing 
in  malignant  tumors. 

cancerine  (kan'se-rin),  «.  [<  L.  cancer,  a  crab, 
+  -(/»-.]  An  artificial  guano  prepared  from 
horseshoe  antl  other  crabs  in  Newfoundland, 
New  Jersey,  and  elsewhere. 

cancerite  (kan'se-nt),  n.  [<  L.  cancer,  a  crab, 
+  -itii.]  A  iieti-ilied  crab;  a  fossil  brachj-u- 
rous  crustacean. 

cancer-juice  (kan'ser-jos),  H.  A  milky  liquid 
which  can  be  squeezed  out  of  a  divided  cancer. 

cancer-mushroom  (kan'ser-mush"rom),  n. 
The  mushrooui-shaped  mass  produced  by  can- 
cer of  the  uterus  when  it  affects  the  parts  about 
the  OS  and  leaves  the  cervix  intact. 

cancerous  (kan'se-ms),  a.  [=  F.  cancereu.r,  < 
ML.  canccrosus,  <  L.  cancer,  a  cancer.]  Like 
cancer;  virulent;  also,  affected  with  cancer. 

Tliere  is  a  cancerous  malignity  in  it  which  must  be  cut 
forth.  Hallam. 

cancerously  (kan'se-rus-li),  adr.  In  the  man- 
ner of  a  cancer. 

cancerousness  (kan'se-rus-nes),  ».  The  state 
of  being  cancerous. 

cancer-root  (kan'ser-rot),  n.  A  name  in  the 
United  States  of  several  plants  belonging  to 
the  natiu-al  order  Orobanchacea;  more  particu- 
larly Epiphei/ns  Virtjiniana,  Conopholis  Ameri- 
cana, and  AphijUon  uniflorum.  All  are  low  herbs 
w  itliout  green  color,  white,  pale-brown,  or  purplish,  and 
jiaia-sitic  oil  the  roots  of  trees. 

cancer-weed  (kan'ser-wed), «.  The  rattlesnake- 
root,  Prenanthes  alba,  of  the  United  States,  a 
milkj--jiuced  composite  baring  an  intensely 
bitter  root,  which  is  used  as  a  domestic  tonic. 

cancerwort  (kau'ser-wert),  n.  1.  The  common 
name  of  the  annual  species  of  Linaria.  L. spuria 
and  L.  Elatine,  common  European  weeds. —  2t. 
An  old  name  for  a  species  of  Veronica. 

canch  (kanch),  H.  [E.  dial.]  If.  Asmall  ipian- 
tity  of  corn  in  the  straw  put  into  the  corner  of 
a  barn;  a  small  mow. —  2t.  A  short  tm-n  or 
spell  at  anything. — Sf.  A  trench  cut  sloping  to 
a  very  narrow  bottom. — 4t.  A  certain  breadth 
in  digging  or  treading  land. —  5.  In  coal-min- 
ing, that  part  of  the  floor  or  roof  of  a  gangway 
which  has  to  be  removed  in  order  to  equalize 
the  gi'ade,  when  there  has  been  a  slight  fault 
or  break  in  the  strata. 

canchalagua  (kan-cha-lU'gwa),  n.  [Sp.,  also 
caiiclieliigua,  eanchitagna.]  The  Spanish  name 
in  Chili  and  California  of  species  of  the  gen- 
t  ianaceous  genus  &•)/?/(  roYMiseil  as  bitter  tonics. 

canciller  (Sp.  pron".  kitn-thel-yar'),  u.  [Sp. : 
sec  rliiincellor.]    In  Mc.rican  law,  a,  chancellor. 

cancra,  ».     Plural  of  cancrum. 

cancredt  (kang'kerd),  a.  An  obsolete  form  of 
caiihred. 

cancrid  (kang'kridl,  n.  A  crab  of  the  family 
Caucrida'. 


Oancridse 

Cancridae  (knnK'kri-ilo),  ».  /l^  [NL.,  <  Cancer 
(Cuiicr-)  +  -i(l(i:]  TIr)  family  of  cralj.s  of  wliich 
tlio  gi'iius  Cdiitvr  is  tlic  type;  tlif>  cetilral  fam- 
ily (if  liruc'liy  iirims  decapod  crustaceans,  lis  i\M- 
iiitiuii  \,irirs  uitli  (iitliTciit  sy.sU;n)8  of  cljuwillcatioii,  l)ut 
in  any  i  ;isc  tin-  iimi-la  int.-  injlliy.  Tlie  slx-cics  arc  inoHtly 
litiuial  antl  niinK-ruus,  hrin^'  rcpresentoil  in  almost  evury 
n';;ittn.     St-L'  cat  nndcr  c<tiic<i\ 

cancriform  (kang'kri-fonn;,  «.  [=  F.  cancri- 
foniic,  <  L.  cancer,  a  crab,  a  caucor,  +  forma, 
sllapl^]  1.  Having  tho  fomi  of  a  crab;  rc- 
sonibling  or  related  to  a  crab  in  structure ; 
bracliyurous  ami  decapod,  as  a  crustacean ;  car- 
cinomorphic.    Also  caiicrohl. — 2.  Cancerous. 

cancrine  (kang'krin),  ((.  [<  L.  as  if  'caiicrhius, 
<  cancer,  a  crab :  see  caiicir.^  Ha\'iug  tho  (juali- 
ties  of  a  crab. 

Cancrinea  ( kang-kriu'e-ii), «.  /)?.  [NL.,  <  Cancer 
(Cancr-)  +  -/«(,<(.]  A  group  or  legion  of  can- 
croidean  crustaceans,  containing  the  typical 
marine  representatives  of  the  sin)erfamily  Can- 
croiilca,  and  especially  tho  families-  Cancridm 
and  I'lirtidiido'. 

cancrinite  (kang'kri-uit),  «.  [<  Cancrin  (a  Rus- 
sian minister  of  tinance,  177;i-1845)  +  -((c-.] 
In  mineral.,  a  silicate  related  to  nephelite,  but 
jieculiarin  containing  carbon  dioxid.  it  occurs 
nla-^.■-ivc  an<l  in  inili.^timt  crystals,  white  to  yellow  aini 
red  in  ( iilor.  It  is  found  in  tho  Ural  niountauis,  Norway, 
Trans>  ivania,  ami  Maine. 

cancrisocial  (kaug-kii-so'shal),  a.  [<  L.  can- 
cer leaner-)  +  E.  sochil.'\  Bocial  with  crabs; 
associated  with  a  crab  iu  vital  economy  :  ap- 


787 

Cancromidae  (kang-krom'i-de),  H.  ]il.  [NTj.,  < 
Cancrnma  +  -irfrt.]  The  boat-billed  herons, 
or  ( 'ancriimina',  elevated  to  the  rank  of  a  faiuily. 
See  ( 'aiicriintina', 

Cancrominse  (kang-kro-mi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Caiicronia  +  -(««■.]  A  subfamily  ofherons,  of  the 
family . I /•(/<•/(/((',  represented  by  the  single  genus 
Cancromn,  characterized  not  only  by  the  form 
of  the  bill  (see  Canc.ronia),  but  also  by  the  pos- 
session of  4  instead  of  3  or  2  powder-down 
tracts;  a  grou])  sometimes  elevated  to  the  rank 
of  a  family.     See  cut  under  btialhill. 

cancrophagOUS  (kang-krof'ti-gus),  «.  [<L.  can- 
cer (eaner-),  a  crab,  +  Gr.  '^aydv,  eat.]  Same 
as  cancriretrtnis. 

cancrum  (kang'krum),  ti. ;  pi.  cancra  (-kril). 
[NL.,  a  iieut.  forai  of  L.  cancer  (masc),  a  can- 
cer.] A  rapidly  progressive  ulcer.— Cancrum 
orisCk'annrenuas  sloniatitis)  anil  cancrum  nasi  (i;ani.'rc- 
nons  rhinitis),  very  fetid  destructive  ulcerations  of  the 
walls  of  the  huccul  alul  nasal  cavities,  nsnally  seen  in  ill- 
fed,  delicate  children.     .\lso  called  noma, 

cand  (kand),  «.  [Cf.  W.  can,  brightness.]  In 
Cornwall,  Kngland,  lluor-sparor  tluorito  occur- 
ring as  a  veinstone :  called  by  the  Derbyshire 
miners  blue-John.  Nut  used  in  America,  where  this 
kind  of  veinstone  is  of  rare  occurrence,  although  ahundant 
in  certain  mining  regions  of  Europe. 

candareen  (kan-da-ren'),  «.  [<  Malay  Icon- 
ilriii.]  Tho  name  given  by  foreigners  in  China 
and  the  far  East  to  tho  Chinese  fun,  tho  100th 
part  of  a  liaug  or  ounce.  As  a  weight  it  is  e(|ual  t.> 
aliout  f>.8  grains  troy,  and  as  a  money  of  account  it  nuiy 
lie  considered  e<inal  to  1.4  cents.    See  tlainf  and  tafL 

Candavaig  (kan'da-vag),  n.  [Sc,  perhaps  < 
Gael,  ceann,  head,  -f-  'duhhach,  <  ilulth,  black; 
foul  salmon  being  called  'black  fish'  (.lamie- 
son).]  A  foul  salmon;  one  that  remains  in 
fresh  water  till  summer,  without  going  into  the 
sea.     [Local,  Scotch.] 

candelt,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  candle. 

candelabrum  (kan-de-la'brum),  n. ;  pi.  candela- 
bra (-brii).  [L.,<  candcla,  a  candle :  see  candlc.'\ 
1.  In  aniitj.:  («)  A  candlestick,  (fc)  A  lamp- 
staud ;  a  kind  of  stand  used  among  the  Komans 
to  support  a  lamp  or  lamps.  .Such  stands  vary  in 
height  from  those  of  only  a  few  inches,  and  intended  to 
rest  upon  a  table  or  shelf,  t^i  those  of  4  feet  or  more, 
which  raised  the  lamps  to  a  heiglit  sufticient  to  illuminate 
an  apartment.  In  general,  such  candelahra  consist  of  a  long 
shaft  or  rod  rising  from  a  l)ase  with  thl-ce  feet,  and  support- 
ing a  cirenlar  cap  or  disk  with  elaborate  ornamentation. 
.Some  examples  are  of  enormtnis  size  and  weight,  cfiveritig 
at  the  base  a  triangle  of  G  ur  7  feet  on  each  side,  and  ris- 


Cancnsocial  Animals. —  Sea-anemone  {Sa^artia  ^arasitua)on  a 
whelk  t  Bitccinum  undatiim)  inhabited  by  a  hernut-crab  {Pairurui 
bfritftaritus)' 

plied  to  sea-anemones  and  other  animals  which 
grow  on  the  shell  of  a  crab,  or  on  a  shell  of 
which  a  hermit-crab  has  also  taken  possession. 
In  some  cases  the  a-ssoeiation  seems  to  he  not  merely  for- 
tuitous, but  to  invcdve  some  etuumuuity  of  vital  interest. 

cancrivorous  (kang-kiiv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  can- 
cer leaner-),  a  crab,  +  rorarc.  eat,  devour.] 
Crab-eating;  carcinophitgous:  applied  to  sun- 
dry animals.     Also  cancroplKUjoitx. 

cancrizans  (kang'krl-zanz),  a.  [<  ML.  cancri- 
zan.s,  ppr.  of  cancri:arc,  walk  backward  like  a 
crab,  <  L.  cancer  (cancr-),  a  crab.]  (Join;;  ormov- 
iug  backward,  like  a  crab:  in  vnisii;  usid  of  a 
canon  the  sub.ject  of  which  is  ri'peated  3.'  the 
answer  backward  iustea<l  of  forward. 

cancroid  (kang'kroid),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  cancer 
(eaner-),  a.  cancer,  crab,  -H  Gr.  chhc,  form.]  I. 
(1.  1.  In  pathol.,  of  the  nature  of  or  resembling 
cancer. — 2.   In  .-«»V.,  same  as  cancriform,  1. 

II.  n.  In  jialliol.:    (a)  An  ciiithelioma.     (h) 
An  adeiLoma.     (e)  A  keloid. 

Cancroidea  (kang-kroi'de-il),  H.  pi.  [NI-i.,< 
Cancer  (Cancr-)  +  -oidca.  Cf.  cancroid.'^  A 
superfamily  or  tribe  of  bracliyurous  decapod 
crustaceans,  containing  the  families  Cancridce 

and  I'ortnnida:  it  corresjionds  to  ('//<■'"""'"/'"■ 
'riu#-  have  the  carapace  usually  transverse  and  the  antero- 
lateral margins  arched,  the  inimth-cavity  siibiinadratc.  9 
bralu-hia'  witli  elferent  channels  terminatinu-  at  tin-  jialate, 
and  the  male  organs  in  the  lm.ses  of  the  llfth  pair  of  legs. 

cancroidean  (kang-kroi'df-an),  «.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Cancroidea. 

Cancroma  (kang-kro'ma),  H.  [NL.  (Liunajus, 
ITOti).  named  with  reference  toF.  crabier,  crab- 
eater  (in  zool.  and  ornith.),  <  L.  cancer  (cancr-), 
a  crab.  For  the  form,  cf.  L.  cancroma,  ean- 
ceroma,  under  carcinoma.'^  A  genus  of  altrieial 
grallatorial  birds,  of  the  order  Ilerodiones  and 
family  Ardeidw ;  the  boatbills  or  boat-billed 
herons  of  tropical  America,  characterized  by 
the  dilatation  and  inflation  of  the  cochleari- 
form  bill.  There  is  but  one  well-cstablislieii  species,  C. 
eocMenria.  The  genus  is  typical  of  a  subfamily  Cancro- 
miiue.    Also  called  Cancraphaijwi,    See  bualbill. 


:.---  i-ir>te\aiti{>lc,  cpochofXapoleonl. ;  second 
example,  Koriian,  from  Pompeii. 

ing  to  a  proportionate  height ;  these,  often  made  of  marble, 
were  tisetl  in  eoimection  with  religions  observances,  and 
were  rather  nu)numents  or  votive  olfcring^  than  utensils. 

2.  Any  branched  candlestick  diffei-ing  fi-om  a 
chandelier  or  bracket  in  resting  upon  a  foot. 

Some  very  beautiful  candelabra  exist  in  churches,  most 
commonly  made  to  hold  seven  candles.  One  in  Milan  ca- 
thedial,  "f  bronze,  dating  from  the  twelfth  century,  is  per- 
haps the  richest  in  existence.  Tile  "  seven-branched  can- 
dlesticks '  of  the  llebrew-s  (sec  candtentick)  are  properly 
camlelabra. 

3.  A  variety  of  arabesque  in  which  a  strongly 
marked  vertical  motive  is  present.  Thus,  a  shaft 
or  a  sort  of  pilaster  frt>nt  which  the  scrollwork  of  the  de- 
sign is  given  olf  is  calleil  a  candeUtbrinn,  and  gives  the 
name  ot  candelabrum  to  the  design  itself. 

4.  7)/.  In  sponges,  branching  terminal  spines. 
Enci/c.  lirit. 

candencyt  (kan'den-si),  n.     [<  L.  candcniia, 

whiteness,  <  enH(/<?H(f-)s:  see  caiirfen*.]     Heat; 

fervor. 
candent  (kan'dent),  a.     [<  L.  canden(t-)s,  ppr. 

of  canderc,  bo  white  or  hot:  see  candid.']     1. 

■\Vhitemng;  making  white.     [Rare.] 


candid 

Civtllzlng  tho  stems  of  his  trees  annually  with  liquid 
litn<-,  and  meditating  how  to  extend  that  canileni  baptism 
even  to  the  leaves.  Ijotcflt,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  litf. 

2.  Very  hot;  heated  to  whiteness;  glowing 
with  white  heat. 

The  candent  vessel.  Boiilc,  Works,  I.  482. 

canderos  (kan'de-ros),  Ji.  [E.  Ind.]  An  East 
Indian  gum  resembling  amber,  but  rather  white 
iu  color  and  more  jiellucid.  It  is  sometimes 
fashioned  into  toys  of  various  kinds,  which  ara 
verv  light  and  take  a  gooil  polish. 

candescence  (kau-des'ens),  «.  [<  L.  candc- 
.seen(t-)s:  see  eandcisccnt.]  iia.uw  na  incundes- 
eiiiei.     [Rare.] 

candescent  (kan-des'ent),  a.  [<  L.  cande- 
scen(l-)s,  ppr.  of  candcsccrc,  become  white,  be- 
gin to  glow,  inceptive  of  canderc,  be  white  or 
hot,  glow:  nee  candid.]  iia,nie  aa  incandcuccnt. 
[Uare.] 

At  sight  of  the  star  yet  above  the  cave,  though  less  can- 
flr.^,-'  lit  than  bef(»re.  L.  iVaUacc,  lien-llur,  p.  "."i. 

candicantt  (kan'di-kant),  a.  [<  L.  ctindican(l-)ii, 
ppr.  of  candicarr,  be  whitish,  <  condere,  be  white : 
see  candid.]     Wa.xing  white.     JIailii/. 

candid  (kan'did),  a.  [<  F.  eandide=  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
Candida,  <  L.  candidus,  bright,  radiant,  j)ure, 
clear,  sincere,  frank,  <  'canderc,  shine,  glitter, 
glisten,  bo  bright,  bo  white,  glow,  glow  with 
heat  (iu  comp.  acccnilcrc  ami  incendcre,  set  on 
tire:  see  acecnd,  incense,  incendiary,  etc.),  akin 
to  Gr.  ^av6ur,  golden-yellow  (seo  xantlio-),  ko- 
Oa/ioc,  clear,  clean,  pure  (see  cathartic),  LGr. 
Kiiixia/jor,  a  coal,  and  to  Skt.  i^ehandra,  chandra, 
shining,  chandra,  chandramas,  tho  moon,  <  y/ 
^chand,  chand,  orig.'skandh,  shine.  Hence  also 
(<  h.'candere)  candle,  (\.  v.]     If.  Bright;  white. 

The  box  receives  all  black  :  but  pour'd  from  thence. 
The  stones  came  candid  forth,  the  hue  of  innocence. 

Dri/deii. 

2.  Honest  and  frank;  open  and  sincere;  in- 
genuous; outspoken:  of  persons:  as,  to  be 
candid  with  you,  I  think  you  are  wrong. 

Open,  candid,  and  generous,  bis  heart  was  the  constant 
cfjmpanion  of  his  hand,  and  his  tongue  the  artless  index 
of  his  mind.  Canniwj. 

I  nmst  be  candid  with  you,  my  dear  Jeffrey,  and  tell 
you  that  I  do  not  like  yotir  article  on  the  .Seoteh  Courts. 
Sydncii  Smith,  To  Francis  Jeffrey. 

3.  Free  from  undue  bias;  fair;  just;  impar- 
tial :  of  persons  or  their  acts :  as,  a  candid  view 
or  construction. 

Candid  and  dispassionate  men.  Irving. 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.  Candid,  Fair,  Ojicn,  Frank,  Ingenuoxiit, 
Xatce,  .Sincere,  imprejudiced,  nidfiased.  The  first  seven 
words  apply  to  the  spirit,  cxpicssion,  or  maimer.  The  can- 
did man  is  aide  to  look  imiiaitially  oti  both  sides  of  a  sub- 
ject, especially  giNing  dne  weight  to  arguments  or  opinions 
opposed  to  his  own,  and  due  credit  to  the  motives  of  op- 
IHincnts;  candid  speech  is  essentially  the  same  in /rank 
speech,  sometimes  going  so  far  lus  to  be  blunt.  /'«(>  belongs 
primarily  to  conduct,  but  ill  regard  to  sj,cccli  and  thought 
it  is  the  same  as  candid:  as,  a  ni:iii  preeminently  /tiir  in 
dealing  with  opposing  views.  Open  is  opposed  to  con- 
cealment; tho  uj'cii  man  docs  not  cultivate  a  politic  re- 
serve, but  expresses  his  opinions  freely,  v^ithout  sto|iping 
to  think  of  tlieir  elfeet  upon  his  own  interests.  Frank, 
literally, .free;  the  freedom  may  be  in  regard  to  one's  own 
ojiinions,  which  is  the  same  as  oitennemt,  or  in  regartl  to 
things  belonging  to  others,  where  the  freedom  may  go  so 
far  as  to  be  unpleasant,  or  it  may  disregartl  conventional 
ide.as  .as  to  reticence.  Hence,  w  hile  o}.enncm  is  consistent 
with  timidity,  ,/Wol^-n^«s  implies  some  degl'ce  of  boldness. 
Inifcnuntix  implies  a  pennaneiit  moral  qnality,  an  elevated 
inability  to  be  other  than  honest  tir  open,  even  to  one's 
own  loss;  there  is  a  peculiar  subjective  cast  to  the  word, 
as  tliougli  the  man  stood  most  in  awe  of  the  tlisappro- 
bation  of  his  own  judgment  and  conscience ;  hence  the 
close  connection  between  tnticnnuusne^fi  an<l  modesty, 
Xaive  expresses  a  real  or  an  assumed  nnconsciousness  of 
the  way  in  which  one's  words  meet  conventional  rules,  or 
of  the  construction  which  may  be  put  upon  Ihein  by  others; 
iiaiveti^  is  thus  an  openness  or  frankness  proceeding  from 
native  or  .assumed  simplicity  or  artlessness.  Sincere  ex- 
presses the  spirit  and  language  that  gt»  with  the  love  of 
truth  ;  the  rineere  man  is  necesssirily  candid  and  fair,  and 
as  open  and  frank  as  seems  re^iuired  by  truth. 

He  [Drydenl  was,  moreover,  a  man  of  singularly  o;>m 
soul,  and  of  a  temper  self-conlident  enough  to  be  candid 
even  with  himself.    Ijowelt,  Among  my  Iktoks,  Istser.,  p.  7. 
1  like  not/atr  terms  and  a  villain's  mind, 

Sliak.,  M.  of  v.,  L  3. 
True,  some  are  open,  and  to  all  men  known. 

/•o/te,  Moral  Essays,  L  51. 
O  Tnith  is  easy,  and  the  light  shines  clear 
In  hearts  kept  open,  honest  and  sincere  I 

.4.  Colee,  Tlie  Evangel. 
With /ran*  and  with  uncurbed  plainness 
Tell  us  the  dauphin's  mind.        Shak.,  lien.  V.,  i.  2. 
If  an  i7iaentionj<  detestatii>n  of  falsehood  be  but  care- 
folly  and  eiu'ly  instilled,  that  is   the  true  and  genuine 
method  to  obviate  dishonesty.  Locke, 

Infuse  into  their  young  breasts  such  an  infjenuoujt  and 
noble  ardour,  as  will  not  fail  to  make  many  of  them  re- 
nouned.  Milton,  Education. 

He  makes  no  secret  of  his  view  that  poetry-  stands  high- 
est among  the  arts,  and  that  he  (William  \N'ordsworth]  is 
at  the  head  of  it.  Uc  expresses  such  opinions  in  the  most 
naive  maujier.  Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  143. 


candid 

But  had  thy  love,  still  odiously  protended, 
Been,  US  it  <ni;,:lit,  tfinn'rr;  it  would  Imve  tnught  thee 
Kiir  other  ivnsonings.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  874. 

candidacy  (kau'di-da-si),  «.  [<  caii(lida{te)  + 
-ai.]  Tlie  state  of  being  a  oaiulidate,  espe- 
cially for  an  elective  office;  caiulidatiire. 
candidate  (kan'di-dat),  II.  1=  F.  aiiididfit,  < 
h.  ciiiKliddliifi,  a  candidate,  lit.  '  wliite-robod ' 
(.so  called  because  iu  Koine  those  who  sought 
office  wore  a  glittering  white  toga),  <  caiididiis, 
white,  shining:  see  candid,  which  has  thus  an 
etymological  couuection  with  aiiididatc.']  A 
person  who  seeks  or  is  put  forward  by  other.s 
for  an  office  or  honor;  one  who  offers  himself 
or  is  proposed  for  office  or  preferment,  by  elec- 
tion or  ai)i)ointment :  as,  a  candidate  for  the  of- 
fice of  sheriff,  or  for  a  degree. 

He  had  luiticipated  h.iving  all  the  mixed  and  miserable 
feelings  of  one  about  making  his  appearance  in  the  pulpit 
as  a  caTidkiate  on  exhibition. 

If.  M.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  I.=i5. 

candidate  (kan'di-dat),  r.;  pret.  and  pp.  caii- 
didaUd,  ppr.  cniididatiiuj.  [<  candidule,  w.] 
I.+  trans.  To  render  qualified  as  a  candidate. 

Without  quarrelling  with  Rome,  we  can  allow  this  pur- 
gatory, to  purify  and  cleanse  us,  that  we  may  be  the  better 
camiidaled  for  the  court  of  heaven  and  glory. 

Feltlmni,  llesolves,  ii.  57. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  a  candidate;  seek 
or  aspire  to  some  office  ;  offer  one's  self  or  one's 
services  as  a  candidate,  as  a  clergyman  seeking 
a  parish  or  a  charge ;  compete  with  others  as  a 
candidate. 

Let  him  put  the  question  to  some  [ohoir-singers]  who 
every  spring  have  to  candidate  for  a  situation. 

The  Ceiduni,  XXVIII.  308. 

candidateship  (kan'di-dat-ship),  H.     [<  candi- 
date +  -sliip.'\     Candidatm-e. 
candidature  (kan'di-da-tur),  n.     [<  F.  candi- 
daturr,  <  candidat,  candidate.]     The  state  of 
being  a  candidate ;  candidateship ;  candidacy. 
candidatUS  (kan-di-da'tus),   H.     [L. :  see  can- 
didate, «.]     A  candidate  for  a  public  office  at 
Kome.     Shak. 
candidly  (kan'did-li),  adv.    In  a  candid  man- 
ner ;  openly ;  frankly ;  without  trick  or  disguise ; 
ingenuously. 
Not  so  fairly  .and  candidly  as  he  ought. 

Camden,  Elizabeth,  an.  1598. 

No  doubt  an  overestimate  of  ourselves  and  of  our  own 

doings  is  a  very  common  human  failing,  as  we  are  all 

ready  to  admit  when  we  candidly  consider  our  neighbors. 

Lowell,  Stanley. 

candidness  (kan'did-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  candid;  openness  of  mind  or  manner; 
frank  honesty  or  truthfulness;  fairness;  in- 
genuousness. 

The  candidness  of  .an  upright  judge. 

Feltham,  llesolves,  ii.  26. 

candied  (kan'did),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  candii\  r.] 
1 .  Preserved  with  sugar,  or  incrusted  with  it ; 
covered  with  crystals  of  sugar,  or  with  matter 
resembling  it :  as,  cawrfierf  raisins. —  2.  Wholly 
or  partly  crystallized  or  congealed:  as,  candied 
honey. —  3.  Figuratively,  honeyed;  flattering; 
gloziig. 

Why  should  the  poor  be  flatter  d? 
No,  let  the  candied  tongue  lick  absurd  pomp, 
And  crook  the  pregnant  hinges  of  the  khee 
Where  thrift  may  follow  fawning. 

Sliak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

candify  (kan'di-fi),  v.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
dificd,  ppr.  candifijing .  [<  candi/^  4-  -fi/.J  To 
make  or  become  candied ;  candy.     [Rare.] 

Candiot,  Candiote  (kan'di-ot,  -6t),  a.  and  II. 
[<  It.  t'andia,  Crete  (<  Ar.  Kliaiideli :  see  def.), 
-t-  -ot-,  -ote.]  I.  a.  Ot  or  jiertaining  to  CaniUa, 
the  name  given  by  the  Venetians  to  the  island 
of  Crete  and  its  chief  city,  from  the  Arabic 
name  of  the  latter;  Cretan.  [Now  little  used.] 
II.  «.  An  inhabitant  of  Camlia  or  Crete ;  a 
modern  Cretan. 

candite  (kan'dit),  «.  [<  Candy  (see  def.)  + 
-ite'^.']  A  variety  of  spinel  from  Candy,  Cey- 
lon.    Also  called  ceylonite  or  ceijlanite. 

canditeer  (kan-di-ter'),  H.  [Origin  uncertain.] 
In  /<ic/.,  a  frame  used  to  lay  brushwood  or  fagots 
upon,  to  ])rotoct  or  cover  a  working  party. 

candle  (kan'dl),  h.  [<  ME.  candel,  can'dele,  < 
AS.  candel  =  F.  chandelle  =  Pr.  Sp.  candela  = 
Pg.  candca  =  It.  candeta  =  Wall,  candel  =zOIt. 
caiiicl,  cainncl.  It.  coinncal  =  Gael,  coinnell  = 
W.  caHi(';/W  =  OBulg.  Icaniidilo,  Bulg.  l:iindilo  = 
Serv.  kandilo  =  Buss,  kandila,  A(n»Mr  =  NGr. 
Kav6r/>.a  =  Ar.  (jandit  (>  Turk,  qandil,  Sp.  can- 
dil,  a  lamp),  <  L.  candeUt,  a  candle,  <  canderc, 
be  white,  bright,  sliining:  see  candid.  Hence 
(through  F.)  chandler,  chandelier,  ehandrij,  etc.] 
1.  A  tajjor;  a  cylindrical  body  of  tallow,  wax, 


788 

spermaceti,  or  other  fatty  material,  formed  on  a 
wick  composed  of  linen  or  cottoti  threads  woven 
or  twisted  loosely,  or  (as  formerly)  of  the  jiith  of 
a  rush,  and  used  as  a  source  of  artificial  light. 

Miche  of  my  candel  in  waaste  y  spende, 
Mauye  wickid  windia  hath  wastid  it  away. 

ihjmns  to  ViTijin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  69. 

Neither  do  men  light  a  candle,  and  put  it  under  a  bushel, 
but  on  a  candlestick.  -Mat.  v.  lb. 

2.  One  candle-power:  used  as  a  standard  of 
comparison.  See  candle-power. —  3.  In  .'«><ki- 
maniif.,  a  name  given  to  the  jets  of  sulphurct(Ml 
hydrogen  and  carbonic  o,\id  which  escape  from 
various  parts  of  the  roasted  mi.xture  of  so<lium 
sulphate,  coal,  and  limestone,  during  the  pro- 
cess of  manufacture.  — Bell,  book, and  candle.  See 
tdii.— Candles'  ends.   .See  cdndir-.nd. 

Faith  !    'tis  true,  tiir, 
We  are  but  spans  and  candles'  ends. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  iii.  5. 

Electric  candle,  a  form  of  the  electric-arc  lamp,  a.s  the 
.Tablochkotf  caiulle,  wliicb  resembles  an  ordinary  candle 
in  form.  See  electric  li.ihi.  under  c/.rfnc.— Excommu- 
nication by  candle,  a  form  of  exconniiuuieution  in 
which  the  offender  was  allowed  time  to  repent  oidy  while 
a  candle  burned  out. —Flat  candle,  the  can. lie  burned 
in  a  Hat  candlestick  (which  see,  under  candlestick). 

The  idea  of  a  girl  with  a  really  fine  head  of  hair,  liaving 
to  do  it  by  one  fiat  caiulte  and  a  few  inches  of  looking- 
glass.  Vickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv. 

Mineral  candle,  a  kind  of  candle  made  from  a  semi-fluid 
naplitliii  otitained  from  wells  sunk  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  lini«:iildy  river  in  Burma.— Not  fit  to  hold  a  (or 
the)  candle  to  (one),  very  inferior.  The  alhision  is  to 
link-hoys  who  held  torches  or  caudles  to  light  passengers. 

Some  say,  compared  to  Buononcini 

That  Mynheer  Handel's  but  a  ninny; 

Others  aver  that  he  to  Handel 

Is  scarcely  lit  to  hold  a  candle. 
Biiruiii.  Fe'nd.s  between  Handel  and  Buononcini. 
Ru3h  candle,  a  candle  made  of  tlie  pith  of  certain  rushes. 
I)eeled  except  on  one  side,  and  dipped  in  tallow.— Sale  by 
candle.  See  auelion  hii  i iieli  ot  enmlle,  imder  auction. — 
The  game  is  not  worth  the  candle  (fe  jeu  ne  vaut  pas 
la  el'iiu'l./f,').  tlie  oliject  is  not  wortli  the  pains  requisite 
for  its  attainment  :  a  jilirase  of  French  origin.— To  bum 
the  candle  at  both  ends,  to  be  reckless  and  exti'avagant ; 
live  too  fiiit,  especially  by  the  exhaustion  of  vitality  by 
overwork,  the  combination  of  hard  work  with  dissipation 
or  fatiguing  pleasui'es,  or  the  like. 

You  can't  burn  the  candle  at  both  ends,  and  make  any- 
thing by  it  in  the  long  run  ;  and  it  is  the  long  pull  that 
yon  are  to  rely  on.  ,S'.  Bowles,  in  Jlerriam's  Bowles.  I.  200. 
To  drilik  off  candles'  endst  (that  is,  the  melted  tallow 
at  the  burning  ends  of  candles),  a  feat  at  one  time  practised 
by  amorous  gallants  to  altord  a  strong  testinnuiy  of  zeal 
for  the  lady  whose  health  was  drunk. 

Drinks  of  candles'  ends  for  flapdragons. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Carouse  her  health  in  cans 
And  candles'  ends. 

Fletcher,  Monsieur  Thomas,  ii.  2. 

Yellow  candle,  a  Eussian  tallow  prepared  from  the  fat 
of  oxen. 

candle-balance  (kau'dl-baVans),  n.  A  device 
used  in  photometric  research  for  measuring 
the  rate  of  consumption  of  a  burning  candle. 
It  consists  of  a  balanced  lever  or  scale,  on  the  shorter  arm 
of  which  the  candle  is  supported,  while  a  weight  is  hmig 
on  the  longer  arm  or  scale-beam  in  such  a  way  as  tt>  bal- 
ance it  exactly.  The  candle  is  then  lighted,  and  the  weight 
is  shifted  to  a  known  weight,  say  one  ounce.  When  the 
candle  has  lost  one  ounce  in  weight,  the  scale  again  bal- 
ances, and  this  closes  an  electric  circuit  and  gives  a 
signal. 

candle-bark  (kan'dl-bark),  n.  A  candle-case. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

candle-beam  (kan'dl-bem),  n.  In  old  chiu'ches, 
a  horizontal  bar.  rail,  or  beam  furnished  with 
prickets  for  holding  candles,  around  each  of 
which  was  a  saucer  to  catch  the  drippiitgs. 
t'aiidle-beanis  were  jilaced  over  or  near  the  altar,  and  also 
at  the  entrance  to  the  choir  or  chancel,  where  the  rood- 
l)eam  or  rood-screen  w'as  placed  in  richer  churches. 

candle-bearer  (kan'dl-bar"er),  «.  A  candle- 
beam. 

There  shall  he  a  candle-bearer,  enriched  witll  a  car\ing 
of  the  Holy  Trinity ;  on  the  top  of  which  three  candles 
shall  be  burnt,  on  Sundays  and  Feast-days,  so  long  as  the 
means  of  the  Gild  allow  it. 

Fnfitish  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  263. 

candleberry  (kan'dl-ber''i),  n.;  jd.  candlcbcrries 
(-iz).  1.  The  fruit  of  Ateurite.i  trdoha,  the 
candleberry-tree :  so  named  because  the  ker- 
nels, when  dried  and  stuck  on  a  reed,  are  used 
by  the  Polynesians  as  candles.  Also  called 
candlcnut. —  2.  The  wax-mji-tle,  Myrica  ccri- 
fera,  and  its  fruit.     See  Myrica. 

candleberry-tree  (kan'dl-ber'i-tre),  n.     The 

A/eiiritea  triliiba.     See  .tleiirites. 
candle-bomb  (kan'dl-bom).   «.     A  small  glass 

bubble  tilled  with  water,  which  when  placeil  in 

the  wick  of  a  candle  exjjlodes  from  the  force 

of  the  steam  that  is  generated. 
candle-case  (kan'dl-kas),  n.     A  cylindrical  box 

used  for  holding  candles. 


Candlemas-bell 

Petruchio  is  coming  in  a  new  liat  ami  an  old  jerkin  ;  a 
pair  of  old  breeches,  thl'ice  tiu'lied ;  a  pair  of  b(H,ta  tliat 
have  been  candle^ases,  one  buckled,  another  laced. 

.Via*-.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

candle-coal,  ".     See  canncl-coal. 

candle-end  ikanMl-end),  n.     The  fag-end  of  a 

candle  burned  down;  hence,  a  petty  saving;  a 

scrap;  ii  fragment;  a  worthless  trifle:  chiefly 

in  the  plural.     [Archaic] 
candle-fir  (kan'dl-fcr),  H.     Fir  that  has  been 

Ijurieil  in  a  moss-  or  peat-bog  for  a  long  time. 

It  is  sjilit  and  used  in  some  jjiaces,  especially  in  tlie  rural 

l.arls  of  Inland,  to  burn  for  light. 
candle-fish  (kan'dl-flsh),  n.     1.  The  eulachon, 

TlialeiclitliysjMtciJicus,  an  anadromoue,  deep-sea. 


Candle-fisti  { THaliich/hys  fiacificui). 

sahnonoid  fish  of  the  smelt  family,  Argentinidce, 
resembling  a  smelt  in  form,  but  with  weaker 
dentition,  smaller  scales,  dusky  coloration,  and 
attaining  a  length  of  nearly  a  foot,  it  occurs  in 
immense  shoals  off  the  northwest  coast  of  America  in  the 
spring,  and  ascends  all  the  rivers  north  of  the  Columbia 
to  spawn.  At  the  time  of  the  runs  the  flsh  is  extremely 
fat,  and  is  not  only  used  for  food,  as  a  favorite  pan-tish, 
but  for  the  manufacture  of  eulachon-oil,  proposed  as  a 
substitute  for  cod-liver  oil  in  medicine :  and  it  is  also  made 
to  serve  as  a  natural  candle  by  inserting  in  it  the  pith  of 
a  rush  or  a  strip  of  bark  as  a  wick  (whence  the  name). 
2.  An  aeanthopterygian  fish  of  the  west  coast 
of  North  America,  Anoplopoina  fimbria,  type  of 
the  family  Anoplopomida;  resembling  a  pollock, 


Candle-fish  Ul'tof.^-J 


and  attaining  a  length  of  20  inches  and  a  weight 
of  5  poimds.  See  Anoplopomidcc.  Also  called 
black  candle-fish,  horse-mackerel,  and  heshow. 

candle-fly  (k'an'dl-fli),  n.  It.  A  firefly.  Florio. 
—  2.  A  Chinese  and  East  Indian  lantem-flj',  of 
the  family  Fiilfioridw  and  genus  Fidcjora,  such 
as  F.  cdiidiliiria.     See  cut  tmder  lantern-fiy. 

candle-holder  (kan'dl-h61"der),  n.  A  person 
who  holds  a  candle ;  hence,  one  who  remotely 
assists,  but  is  otherwise  not  a  sharer,  in  some 
affair  or  undertaking. 

I'll  be  a  candle-holder  and  look  on. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  4. 

candle-light  (kan'iU-lit),  «.  [<  ME.  candel-liht, 
<  AS.  cundel-Uoht,  <  candel,  candle.  -I-  leoht, 
light.]  1.  The  light  of  a  caudle ;  illumination 
by  candles. 

That  children  hath  hi  catideltiht 

Heore  [tixeirl  shadowe  on  the  wall  isen  [seen]. 

Early  Enff.  Poems  (ed.  F'urnivall,  1862),  p.  138. 
In  darkness  candle-light  may  serve  to  guide  men's  steps, 
which  to  use  iu  the  day  were  madness. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  II.  iv.  §  7. 

2.  The  time  at  which  candles  or  lamps  are  light- 
ed: an  expression  much  used  in  places  or  re- 
gions where  no  correct  standard  of  time  is  easi- 
ly accessible:  as,  the  evening  service  will  begin 
at  early  candle-liijht. 

Between  ilaylight  and  candle. llaht.  .Swift. 

Candlemas  (kan'dl-mas),  «.  [<  ME.  caiidel- 
masse,  -niesse  (cf.  D&n.  kyndehnisse  =  Svi.  kyn- 
delsmessn,  after  E.),  <  AS.  candel-incrsse,  <  can- 
del,  candle,  -t-  nia'sse,  mass.  The  ML.  terms 
were  candcJaria,  candclatio,  candclosa.  aleo  can- 
dela.'\  An  ecclesiastical  festival  held  on  the 
second  day  of  February  in  lionor  of  the  pre- 
sentation of  the  infant  Christ  in  the  temple  and 
the  pm'ification  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  it  seems  to 
have  been  instituted  in  the  fii-st""half  of  the  fifth  century, 
though  some  authorities  heUeve  it  to  be  older.  It  was 
first  observed  in  the  East.  The  feast  takes  its  name  from 
the  custom,  as  old  as  the  seventh  century,  of  carrying 
lighted  caiuUes  in  procession  in  menuiry  of  Simeon's  words 
at  the  presentation  of  the  infant  (Luke  ii.  32),  "a  light  to 
lighten  the  t! entiles,  anil  the  glory  of  thy  people  Israel." 
On  this  day  Roman  Catholics  consecrate  the  candles  and 
tapers  to  be  usetl  in  their  churches  throughout  the  ensuing 
year.  The  feast  is  retained  in  the  Anglican  Church,  and 
is  also  observed  tiy  the  Lutherans.  It  is  also  called  file 
Puririeatinn,  and  in  the  Greek  (^hureh  the  Hypa^nte. 
In  Scotlantl  tlie  date  of  this  festival,  Fehruarj-  2d,  is  one 
of  the  tiuaiter-davs  for  paying  and  receiving  reuts,  inter- 
est. s,-li,,,d  fees,  etc. 

Candlemas-bell  (kan'dl-mas-bel),  n.    The 

snowdrop,  (•alanthiis  nirulis:  so  called  from 
the  time  of  its  flowering. 


candle-mine 

candle-mine  (kiin'dl-min),  n.  A  minoof  j^ease 
or  tallow:  a  tm-in  wliicli  Kliakspero  makes 
Prince  Homy  apply  to  Falstall"  ou  account  of 
his  fatness. 

candle-mold  (kan'dl-mold),  11.  A  cylindrical 
inet;il  mold,  or  frame  of  such  molds,  used  in 
niakin;;  eundlcs. 

candlenut  (kan'dl-nut),  n.  Same  as  candlc- 
licrrii.  1. 

candle-power  (kan'dl-pou'er),  n.  The  illumi- 
natint;  jiower  of  a  caudle;  specifically,  the 
illuminating  power  of  a  eandh^  of  determinate 
comjiosition  and  rate  of  burning;,  taken  as  a 
unit  in  estimating  the  luminosity  of  any  illumi- 
nating agent:  as,  a  gas-jet  of  '25  ciinMc-poicir. 
Tile  .stainlard  usually  uniploycil  fr)r  this  pui-posu  i»  a  sper- 
macrti  runiUe  liurninj;  lit  tliu  rate  of  120  grains  of  sperm 
per  liMur. 

candle-quencherst,  ».;*/.    Candle-snufifers. 

Ctiiuh-hinfiifhrr.f,  an<l  forsothe  where  the  snotfcs  ben 
ipienchii),  be  thei  luaad  of  moost  piiyr  ^old. 

Wydi/,  Ex.  XXV.  .•?3  (Oxf.). 

candle-rush  (kan'dl-rush),  h.  A  popular  name 
of  .liiiii-iis  i-jfuiius,  from  the  fact  that  its  pith  is 
used  in  Europe  for  rush-lights. 

candle-shearst  (kau'dl-shcrz),  «.  pi.  [<  late 
i\IK.  eiiii(litsrlnrs.'\     An  old  namo  for  snuffers. 

candlestick  (kan'dl-stik),  H.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  contr.  canstivic ;  <  ME.  caiiflclstih;  -stikk-c,  < 
AS.  caiulet-sticea,  <  aiiidcl,  candle,  -t-  sticca,  a 
stick.]  An  instrument  or  utensil  for  holding 
a  candle.  Candlestieks  are  of  several  sorts  ;  those  with 
a  pricliet  upon  whieh  the  candle  is  set,  and  usually  hav- 
inj;  a  saucer  or  bowl  surroundingr  the  pricket  to  catch 
the  drippinjjs;  those  with  a  forceps  (see  r/ij'-raiti!frxtick)\ 
and  tlio.se  made  with  a  sock.-t  or  nr./l,-,  Tlu- last  is  the 
eoiuuion  form. —Flat  candlestick,  a  hi'droOMicaiMllestick 
with  a  bri  lad  tiat  fo.  d  or  disli.  —  Seven-branched  candle- 
stick, a  ean<lclabruni  having  a  central  stial't  and  three 
lirallchesoM  each  side,  cotnlnon  in  the  ehunliesof  the  mid- 
dle aixt'^.  in  allusion  to  tlie  candlestick  of  the  tabernacle 
(Fa.  XXV.  :i\)  and  the  seven  lamps  of  the  Apocalypse. 

candle-tree  (kan'dl-tre),  n.  [Tr.  of  the  Sp. 
palo  (le  ct/rt.*;  ixilo,  a  cudgel,  pole,  etc.,  <  L. 
palus  (see  p(ilei);  ile,  <  L.  ih;  of;  rclas,  pi.  of 
reld,  watchfulness,  also  candle,  <  L.  riyil, 
watchful:  see  rigilatit.']  1.  A  bignoniaceous 
tree  of  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  Parmcnticra 
ccrifini,  the  fruit  of  which,  nearly  4  feet  long, 
has  the  appearance  of  a  yellow  wax  candle  and 
a  peculiar  a]iple-like  smell,  and  is  eaten  by 
cattle. — 2.  In  the  United  States,  the  Catalpa 
hi/jiKininiilcs,  from  its  long  round  pods. 

candle-waster  (kan'dl-was'tcr),  «.  One  who 
wastes  candles ;  specifically,  in  contempt  or  re- 
proach, one  who  wastes  or  consumes  candles  in 
occujjiitions  considered  unprofitable  or  harm- 
ful, as  dissipation  or  excessive  or  late  study. 
[Now  rare.] 

Patch  grief  with  proverbs;  make  misfortune  drunk 
With  camtte-U'a.-ttt'i\-i.  Shal\,  .Much  A<lo,  v.  1. 

A  whore-son  hook-worm,  a  caiulle-wtixter. 

B.  Joiuiun,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iii.  2. 

candlewood  (kan'dl-wud),  w.  1.  A  name 
given  in  the  British  West  Indies  to  several 
trees,  as  («)  to  Ami/ris  balgamifcra  or  rhodes- 
wood,  (b)  to  (hiratca  Guioiiciisis,  and  (c)  to  >S'ci((- 
(hiplii/lliDii  ciipitatum. —  2.  The  genus  Fouquicra 
of  northern  Mexico  and  the  atl.jacent  United 
States,  including  several  species  with  erect, 
slender,  very  resinous,  and  often  leaHess  stems, 
and  large  bright-scarlet  flowei'S. 

candlingt,  ».  [<  viindlc  +  -j"/?!.]  A  supper 
given  by  landlords  of  ale-houses  to  their  cus- 
tomers on  Candlemas  eve.     WriijUl. 

cando  (kan'do),  ».  A  measure  of  length  used 
in  (ioa,  formerly  equal  to  47  English  inches,  but 
now  usually  taken  as  equtil  to  the  Portuguese 
vara  (43. 'J  inches). 

candock  (kan'dok),  H.  [<  (•«»'-  -1-  (lock^.  Cf. 
equiv.  (i.  kaiiiicii-kraiit,  lit.  'cauwort.']  1.  A 
local  English  name  for  one  or  more  species  of 
Eiliiisrtiiiii,  or  horsetails,  given  because  some 
of  the  kinds  are  employed  in  polishing  tin  cans 
and  other  metallic  vessels. 

Let  the  pond  lie  dry  six  or  twelve  months,  ...  to  kill 
the  water  weeds, as  water  lilies,  cnH(/ocA'x,  reate,  and  bul- 
rushes. /.  iVatton,  Complete  Anj^ler. 

2.  The  yellow  water-lily,  Xui>liar  Ixlcuni :  so 
calle<l  from  its  dock-like  leaves  and  fl.agon- 
sliaped  seed-vessels. 

candor,  candour  (kan'dor),  «.  .  [The  latter 
spelling  still  used  in  England ;  <  F.  caiideur  = 
Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  candor  =  It.  (•(luilurr,  <  L.  ciindor, 
ace.  cmidorem,  brightness,  radiance,  purity, 
clearness,  sincerity,  frankness,  <  miiderc,  be 
white  or  bright:  see  ctiiidid.']  If.  .Wniiteuess; 
clearness;  brilliancy.  .Sir  T.  Brounc. — 2. 
Openness  of  heart ;  a  disposition  to  treat  sub- 


789 

jects  with  fairness ;  freedom  from  reserve  or 
disguise;  frankness;  ingenuousness;  sincerity. 

Mi;.'ht  1  but  iiersuailc  you  to  iljspensc 
A  little  with  your  catutuiir,  and  consent 
To  make  your  house  the  8ta;;e  on  which  we'll  act 
A  comic  scene,    .Manttin^t^r,  Parliament  of  I^ove,  iv,  .'J. 
A  canilimr  which  is  only  found  where  men  fluht  for  truth 
and  not  for  victory.  Lmlij  lIMand,  Sydney  Smitli,  ii. 

candredt,  ».    See  cantrcd. 

candroy  (kan'droi),  )i.  [Origin  tmknown.]  A 
nuichine  used  in  preparing  cotton  cloths  for 
]iriiiting. 

canduc(kan'duk),  H.  [N.African.]  The  name 
of  a  North  African  fox,  I'ldpcs  iidusta. 

candyl  (kau'iii),  «.  and  a.  [<  F.  candi  (also 
Sucre  candi,  where  candi  is  regarded  as  pp.  of 
the  verb),  <  It.  candi  {zucchcro  canditii)  =  Sp. 
candi,  a::iicar  candi,  or  candc,  =  Pg.  candi,  can- 
dil  (a.saucar  candi).  <  Ar.  (jandi,  uuide  of  sugar,  < 
qand,  qanda  {sokkcr  qanda)=  Pers.  qiind,  sugar, 
sugar-candy,<  Ilinil.  klidnd,  sugar,  jtroh. (.kliand, 
a  piece  (cf.  kliandat,  kliandit,  broken),  <  Skt. 
khanda,  a  jiiece,  a  portion  (cf.  kliandava,  sweet- 
meats), <  V  kitand,  bretik.]  I.  h.  ;  pi.  candies 
(-diz).  A  soliil  preparation  or  confection  of 
sugar  or  molasses,  or  both,  boiled,  insj)issated, 
ami  worked  by  pulliug  to  a  crystalline  consis- 
tence, either  alone  or  combined  with  flavoring 
and  coloring  substances;  hence,  any  confec- 
tion having  sugar  as  its  basis,  however  pre- 
pared. Candy  made  of  or  with  molasses  is 
specifically  called  molasses  candy  and  taffy. — 
Candy-pull,  a  gatherins;  of  young  people  for  the  puriiosc 
of  niakini;  and  eating  molasses  candy.  The  name  is  de- 
riveil  from  the  process  of  pulling  reiiuivcd  in  making  the 
candy.  [U.S.] 
Il.t  «•  Sugared;  sweet. 

Why,  what  a  camht  deal  of  courtesy 

This  fawning  greyhound  tlien  did  proffer  me  ! 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 
It  is  a  cordial  of  a  c.aiuly  taste. 

Midilleton,  MicroCyiiicon,  Prol.  to  bk.  i. 

candyl  (kan'di),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  candied,  pjir. 
CKudi/iiHi.  [Th(^  verb  seems  to  appear  in  E. 
before  the  noun,  but  is  due  to  the  uoim :  F. 
candir,  <  It.  candire,  to  make  into  candy,  < 
candi:  see  candyl,  w.]  I.  Irons.  1.  To  form 
into  congelations  or  crystals ;  congeal  in  a  cry.s- 
talline  form  or  inspissated  concretion:  as,  to 
candy  sugar,  honey,  etc. —  2.  To  preserve  or  iu- 
crust  with  sugar,  as  fniits,  by  immersing  them 
in  it  while  boiling  and  removing  them  sepa- 
rately or  in  mass. —  3.  To  cover  or  incrust  with 
concretions  or  crystals,  as  of  ice. 
The  cold  brook, 

Candied  witli  ice.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

Now  no  more  the  frost 

Candies  the  grass.  Caretf,  Spring. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  take  the  form  of,  or  be- 
come incrusted  by,  candied  sugar :  as,  pro- 
serves  candy  with  long  keeping. — 2.  To  be- 
come crystallized  or  congealed. 

In  manufacturing  candy  from  molasses,  .  .  .  the  can- 
din'nff  rcsult.s  from  boiling  the  molasses  to  free  it  from 
water,  and  then  .  .  .  pulling  it  by  the  hands,  so  as  to 
develop  the  colorless  saccharine  crystals  which  serve  to 
hi<le  the  dark  impurities.   A'ichul.^,  Fireside  Science,  p.  *JiJ. 

candy-,  kandy  (kan'di),  n. ;  pi.  candies  (-diz). 
[<  Tatnil  kandi  =  Mariltlii  kliandi,  a  measure 
of  weight,  <  Skt.  khanda,  a  portion,  piece  :  see 
eandy^.]  An  East  Indian  unit  of  weight,  usual- 
ly 20  maimds,  but  sometimes  21  or  22,  and  vary- 
ing in  different  localities  and  for  every  com- 
modity. The  most  usual  value  is  from  404  to  5tiOpouuils 
avoil'dupois.  The  candy  is  stunetimes  considered  as  a  dry 
mcjisure,  varying  from  15  to  30  United  States  bushels. 

In  an  ordituiry  season  the  yield  of  a  plot  —  or,  as  the 
natives  call  it,  poda  — of  an  acre  and  three  <iuarters  [of 
madder]  will  be  about  eight  candies  of  .SOO  lbs.  each. 

.1.  (r.  !■'.  Eliot  James,  Indian  Industries,  p.  US. 

candy-sugar  (kan'di-shiig^'iir),  n.  Same  as 
rmk-i-inidy  or  (lihrallar  rock.     [Great  Britain.] 

candytuft  (kan'di-tuft),  n.  [<  Candy,  F.  Can- 
die,  Candia,  the  ancient  Crete,  +  tuft.']  The 
popular  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Ihcris, 
especially  /.  umhcllata,  having  tufted  flowers, 
Vu'oughl  from  the  island  of  Candia.  See 
Iheris. 

cane^  (kan),  «.  [<  ME.  cane,  canne,  <  OF.  cane, 
canne  (also  assibilated  chane,  channe),  F.  cannc 
=  Pr.  cana  =  Sp.  catiii  =  Pg.  canna,  cana  =  It. 
eanna,  a  reed,  a  cane  (and  hence,  as  a  measure 
of  length,  F.  canne  =  Sp.  cana.  perhaps  directly 
<  Heb.  ijdneh,  as  a  measure  of  length:  see 
eaneh),  <  L.  eanna,  in  ML.  also  cana.  <  (jr.  miito, 
«ii'i7/,  a  reed,  cane,  perhaps  of  Eastern  origin  : 
cf.  Heb.  Ijdneh,  a  reed.]  1.  A  rather  long  and 
slender  jointed  woody  stem,  more  or  less  rigid, 
hollow  or  pithy,  as  that  of  some  p:ilms,  grasses, 
and  other  plants,  such  as  the  ratau,  bamboo, 


canel-bone 

and  sugar-cane;  also,  the  stem  of  raspberries 
or  blackberries. 

He  spoke  of  his  tropical  home  in  the  can£»  by  the  nurple 
tide.  Tcnni/snn,  The  \Vreck. 

2.  Sugar-cane:  as,  a  plantation  of  en «<;,■  f«H<;- 
sugar. — 3.  The  i>\m\t  Ariindi naria  macrnsperma 
of  the  southern  United  States,  foi-ming  cane- 
brakes.  See  Arundinaria. — 4.  The  stem  of  a 
plant,  as  the  bamboo,  tised  as  a  walking-stick ; 
hence,  any  walking-stick.  The  word  was  not  ai,plled 
to  a  walking  stick  eailiei-  than  the  sixteenth  century;  a 
cane  "gartii^hed  \\i\\\  gold  liaving  a  perfume  in  the  top" 
an<l  other  conveniences  attached  to  it  is  mentionetl  in  an 
inventory  of  Henry  N'lII.'s  time  ;  but  it  was  not  until  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.  that  the  cane  became  almost  universal 
in  the  hands  of  men  of  quality.  At  tliis  time  canes  were 
generally  made  of  the  length  now  common,  tliat  is,  2  feet 
10  itiches  to  3  feet ;  but  in  the  eighteenth  century  it  l)e- 
came  usual  to  have  them  very  long,  4  feet  or  more,  and 
ornamented  with  a  great  bunch  of  riblHins  tietl  near  the 
top.  Such  canes  were  carried  by  women  as  well  as  men. 
'the  heads  of  these  canes  fretiuently  contained  perfume- 
bottles  or  vinaigrettes:  they  were  sometimes  fitted  with 
eyc-gla,sses.  which  could  l>e  opened  and  shut ;  and  occa- 
sionally a  crutch-shaped  handle  was  utilized  iis  a  small 
telescope,  the  cross-piece  being  nnitic  tubular  and  fitted 
with  lenses.  The  hcails  were  of  porcelain,  enanuded  metal, 
and  other  rich  materials.  .See  sivord-caiie  and  pislot-cane. 
5.  A  lance  or  dart  made  of  cane.     [Kare.] 

The  flying  skirmish  of  the  darted  caiie.  Drt/den. 

Cane  chair.  («)  A  chair  maiie  of  ratan,  the  nniin  supports, 
arms,  back,  ami  the  like  being  composed  of  the  Sidid 
canes,  deprivcl  of  their  smof>th  siliceous  sintace.  either 
singly,  or  grouped  in  twos  and  threes,  the  parts  being 
botnid  together  by  split  or  shaved  cane,  and  the  seat  and 
liack  formed  of  woveu-work  of  the  same  material,  (b)  A 
chair  having  the  seat,  or  the  seat  and  back,  made  of  thin 
strips  of  cane,  retaining  tlieir  luitural  smooth  surface, 
interlaced  or  woven  together, —  Clouded  cane.  Same  as 
Malaeca  cane. 

Sir  Plume,  of  amber  smitf-box  justly  vain, 
And  the  lUCe  coniluct  of  a  clouded  caiie. 

/■(>/-(■,  K.  of  the  L.,  iv.  124. 
Collecting-cane,  a  c,ane-gun  used  by  naturalists  for  col- 
lecting specimens.  .See  rrtn''-.'/»M.  — Hydraulic  cane. 
See  Ai/rfmtiifc— Malacca  cane,  a  eaiu-  mad'-  of  the  brown 
mottled  or  clouiled  stem  of  the  palm  Catuiims  .'<fijfiimititi, 
without  removal  of  the  l)ark,  brought  from  Singapore  and 
Malacca,  but  produced  chielly  in  Sumatra.  Also  called 
etuwird  eaii''.=Syn.  4.    See  staf. 

canel  (kan),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caned,  ppr.  can- 
ine/. [<  cane'^,  )i.]  1.  To  beat  or  flog  with  a 
caue  or  walking-stick. 

1  know  you  have  Uto  much  respect  for  yourself  to  cam 
me  in  this  honourable  habit.        Steele,  Spectator,  No.  88. 

2.  To  fm-nish  or  complete  with  cane ;  fill  the 
center  of  the  back  or  the  seat  with  interwoven 
strips  of  cane:  as,  to  cdiie  chairs. 

cane-,  cain  (kan),  ».  [Sc,  <  OF.  cane  (ML. 
cana,  eanum),  a  tax,  perhaps  a  particular  use 
of  cane,  rule  or  order,  measure,  ult.  identical 
with  cane,  a  reed,  etc.,  but  with  sense  o£  the 
deriv.  canon  :  see  cane^  and  canon'^.]  In  Scot- 
land, rent  paid  in  kind,  as  in  jioultry,  eggs, 
etc.;  hence,  any  tax,  tribute,  or  duty  exacted. 

Cane'H,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  can". 

cane't,  «.     An  obsolete  foiTU  of  khan^. 

cane-brake  (kau'brak),  n.  A  thicket  of  canes; 
in  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  land  thickly 
overgi'own  with  Arundinaria. 

Slow  work  it  was,  something  like  hacking  and  hewing 

and  squeezing  one's  way  tlirough  a  cane-brake  altera  bear. 

ir.  M.  Baker,  .New  Timothy,  p.  118. 

cane-colored  (kan'kul'ord),  a.  Of  the  color  of 
cane;  straw-colored. 

caned  (kand),  a.  [Origin  unknown.]  FiUed 
with  white  matter;  made  white;  mothery: 
said  of  vinegar.     HaUiirell. 

cane-gamet  (kan'gam),  h.  The  game  of  quin- 
tain: so  called  because  hollow  canes  were 
sometimes  used  instead  of  lances.     Strutt. 

cane-gun  (kiiti'gun'),  ».  A  weapon  comprising 
a  gun-barrel  with  its  discharging  devices,  ar- 
ranged so  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  an 
ordinary  walking-stick.     K.  H.  Kniijht. 

canell,  kaneh  (kil'ne),  ».  [Heb.  qaneh,  a  reed: 
see  (■«/«!.]  A  Hebrew  measure  of  6  cubits, 
translated  reed  in  the  authorized  version  of 
the  Bible,  equal  to  10  feet  H  inches. 

cane-harvester  (kan'hiir'ves-ter),  «.  A  ma- 
cliiue,  resembling  in  form  the  common  corn- 
harvester,  used  to  cut  and  gather  sugar-cane 
or  sorghum. 

cane-hble  (kan'hol),  «.  A  hole  or  trench  for 
planting  the  cuttings  of  cane  on  sugar-planta- 
tions. 

cane-killer  (kiin'kil'6r),  n.  In  Jamaica,  an 
annual  scrophulariaceous  plant,  Aleetra  Brasi- 
liensis,  which  is  parasitic  upon  the  roots  of 
sugar-cane,  etc. 

canelH,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  canncl^. 

canel-'t,  «.     See  cannel". 

canei-H,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  kennell. 

canel-bonet,  ».  An  obsolete  form  of  cbamiel- 
boue. 


canell 

canell  (ka-ncl'),  h.     Same  as  canaille,  2. 

Canella'  (ka-norji),  n.  [NL.  (>F.  canncUe,  ca- 
iicllcr  (>  E.  rainui-,  q.  v.)  =  Sp.  cancla  =  Pj?. 
CiincJa,  caiicHa  =  It.  caniirUii,  I'orinerly  also 
canella),  <  ML.  caiiclln,  canncUa,  ciuiiamon:  sec 
frtHH(?/2.]  1.  A  genus  of  low  aromatic  trees, 
representative  of  the  order  Canellacca:,  of  only 
two  species.  The  principal  spccios  is  C.  nlha,  tlie 
whitcwonil  or  wihi  cinimmon  of  the  West  Indies  and 
soutliern  Florida,  wliith  yields  canella  nr  white  cinnamnn 
hark.  This  hark  has  a  |)le.asant  einnanion-Iike  odor  and 
a  l)itter  pun;:ent  taste,  and  is  used  in  the  AVest  Indies  as 
a  eondinient  and  in  medicine  as  an  aromatic  stimulant. 

2.  [I.e.']  [Fg.]  A  common  name  in  Brazil  for 
varions  laiiraeeotis  and  other  aromatic  trees. 
The  canella  preta  (black  cinnamon)  is  Nee- 
tandra  mollis. — 3.  [_l.  c]  The  bark  of  Canella 
nihil.     See  def.  1. 

canella-  (ka-nel'ij),  n.  [Genoese  dial.,  <  It. 
eaniiella,  dim.  of  caniia  :  see  cane'^  and  canna'^, 
and  cf.  Canella^.']  A  Genoese  measure  of 
length,  of  9,  10,  10*,  or  12  palmi  of  9.81  inches 
each. 

Canellaceae  (kan-e-la'se-e),  V.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
in llu  1  +  -iifcif.l  A  small  natural  order  of  thala- 
niiHnral  ]ilants,  consisting  of  fragi-ant  and  aro- 
matic trees  belonging  to  the  genera  Canella  and 
Ciin)(imo(tiHilrnn  of  tropical  America,  and  Cin- 
namosma  of  Madagascar,  and  comprising  only 
five  known  species.  The  affinities  of  the  order 
are  obsom-e,  but  it  is  perhaps  related  to  the 
Bixacea;. 

canellaceous  (kan-e-la'shius),  a.  [<  Canella- 
ecw:  see -dccoKS.]  In  6o?.,  related  or  belonging 
to  the  order  Canellacea: 

canella-WOOd  (ka-nel'ii-wud),  M.  A  beautiful 
cabinet-wood  from  Guiana,  the  product  of  a 
lauraeeous  tree,  Aijdendron  canella.  Also  writ- 
ten eannela-wood. 

canellet  (ka-nel'a),  a.  [OF.,  pp.  of  caneller, 
fluted,  grooved,  chaBneled:  see  cancl^,  caiinel^, 
r.,  eliannpl'^.]     In  her.,  same  as  inveeted. 

canelle-brown  (ka-nerbroun'),  H.  [<  F.  candle, 
eiinnclk,  cinnamon  (see  eatitiel'^),+  l>roirn.~\  Cin- 
namon-brown; also,  a  dye  of  this  color.    See 
plicni/lenc   brown,   un- 
der b'roicn,  n.  ^."^-"^^ 

cane-mill(kan'mil),»(. 

A  mill  for  grindjug 
sugar-canes  for  the 
manufacture  of  sugar. 
See  sufiar-mill. 

canephore  (kan'e- 
for),  H.  [<  L.  canepho- 
ra,  also  canephoros,  < 
Gi*  KavrjipopoQ,  basket- 
bearer,  <  Kaveov,  a  bas- 
ket of  reed  or  cane  (< 
Kcivva,  a  reed :  see 
cane^),  +  -ipopoc,  < 
(^fpE"'  =  E.  6earl.]  1. 
One  of  the  bearers  of 
the  baskets  contain- 
ing the  implements  of 
sacrifice  in  the  pro- 
cessions of  the  Dio- 
nysia,  Panathenrea, 
and  other  ancient  Gre- 
cian festivals.  The  of- 
fice was  one  of  honor, 
much  coveted  by  vir- 
gins.—  2.  In  arch.,  a  female  figure  bearing  a 
liiisket  on  her  head.  Sometimes  improperly 
ciiufounilrd  with  inryatid. 

canephoros  (ka-nef 'o-ros),  «. ;  pi.  eanephori 
(-ri).     [L.]     Same  as  canephore. 

canescence  (ka-nes'ens),  n.  [<  canescent:  see 
-ence.']     A  whitish  or  hoary  color. 

canescent  (ka-nes'ent),  a.  [<  L.  eanescen{t-)s, 
ppr,  of  canescere,  tieeome  white  or  hoary,  in- 
ceptive of  eanere,  be  white  or  hoary,  <  eaniis, 
white  or  hoary.]  Growing  white  "or  hoary; 
tending  or  approaching  to  white ;  wliitish :  ap- 
plied to  lioary,  whitish  pelage,  plumage,  or  other 
covering  of  animals,  and  to  plants  with  gray  or 
hoary  pubescence. 

cane-scraper  (kan'skra"per),  n.  A  machine 
for  removing  the  woody  bark  of  ratan  canes. 

cane-splitter  (kan'spUfer),  «.  An  apparatus 
for  cutting  and  riving  splints  from  ratan.  £. 
II.  Knight. 

cane-stripper  (kan'strip"er),  n.  A  knife  for 
stripping  the  stalks  of  the  sugar-cane  and  cut- 
ting off  tlieir  tops. 

cane-sugar  (kan'shug"ar),  w.  1.  Sugar  obtained 
from  tlie  sugar-cane,"  as  distinguished  from 
beet-root  sugar,  grape-sugar,  starch-sugar,  etc. 
See  sugar. — 2.  A  general  name  for  saccharose, 


Canephore  from  the  Parthenon 
frieze. 


790 

C12H22O11,  whether  derived  from  cane,  sor- 
ghum, sugar-beet,  or  maple,  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  glucoses,  milk-sugar,  maltose,  etc, 

canet  (ka'net),  n.  [Origin  not  ascertained.] 
A  name  of  the  bamboo  mole-rats  of  the  genus 
Ilhi:i>m)/.i,  as  11.  snmiitrunus.     E.  Bhjth. 

cane-trash  (kan'trash),  ?i.  1.  In  sni/ar-making, 
refuse  of  canes  or  macerated  rinds  of  canes, 
used  as  fuel  in  boiling  the  cane-juice ;  bagasse. 
—  2.  Tlie  dead  leaves  of  the  sugar-cane  torn 
off  to  allow  the  stalk  to  ripen. 

canette  (ka-nef),  «.  [F.,  a  beer-jug,  dim.  of 
OF.  cane,  a  can:  see  can'^.']  A  pitcher  or  jug 
with  a  cover,  holding  from  1*  to  3  pints,  in 
shape  it  is  c.vlindrical  or  nearly  so,  and  sometimes  has  the 
cylindrical  body  raised  on  a  sort  of  foot.  By  far  the 
greater  nniulier  of  canettes  are  of  stoneware  or  fine  earth- 
enware, with  a  cover  of  pewter  or  the  like. 

The  ea/ic?/c  of  white  ware  .  .  .  is  richly  ornamented. 
Whi-aH>-;i  and  Delamotte,  Art  Work  in  Earthenware,  p.  CO. 

canevast,  ".    An  obsolete  form  of  canras. 
can-frame  (kan'fram),  n.    A  cotton-^o^•ing ma- 
chine in  which  the  roving  is  received  into  cans. 
canful  (kan'ful),  H.     [<  can^  +full.']    As  much 
as  a  can  will  hold. 

cangt,  ".  and  «.  [ME.,  also  kang.  Cf.  cankK] 
I.  a.  FooUsh. 

Nis  he  a  m  ng  knit  [knight]  thet  secheth  reste  ithe  uihte 
[in  the  fight]?  Ancren  Riicte,  p.  358. 

To  kesten  kauri  eien  upon  gunge  wummen. 

Ancren  Riwle,  p.  56. 
II.  n.  A  fool. 

Thet  is  al  thes  canries  blisse.  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  214 

canga  (kang'gii),  n.  [The  name  is  said  by  Eseh- 
wege  to  be  an  abbr.  of  an  African  word  tapan- 
hoacaiiga,  meaning  'negro's  head,'  and  applied 
to  the  rock  on  account  of  its  rough  sm'faoe,  as  it 
weathers  in  round,  concretionary  forms.]  A 
breccia  composed  chiefly  of  massive  brown  iron 
ore,  irregularly  mixed  with  femiginous  mica- 
slate,  clay-slate,  and  quartz,  and  sometimes 
containing  fine  crystals  of  gold.  [A  term  used 
by  writers  on  Brazilian  geology  and  mining.] 
cahgan,  kangan  (kang'gan),  n.  A  kind  of 
coarse  cotton  cloth  manufaetm'cd  in  China,  in 
pieces  19  inches  broad  and  6  yards  long.  Iniji. 
Vict. 

canget,  »'•  '•    [ME.  cangen,  also  acangen;  <  cang, 

/(.]     To  befool. 

We  arn  caniiedt'.  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  362. 

cangeantt,  a.     [OF.,  ppr.  of  conger,  unassibi- 

lated  form  of  changer,  change:  see  change,  v.] 

Changing. 

Rich  gold  tissue,  on  a  ground  of  green, 
Where  th"  artfuU  shuttle  rarely  did  encheck 
Ihecanrieant  coloui"  of  a  niallai'd's  neck. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  The  Decay,  1.  107. 

cangle  (kang'gl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cangled, 
l>pr.  canijling.  [Sc,  appar.  freq.  of  eanlc^,  q.  v.] 
1.  To  quarrel. —  2.  To  cavil.     Jamieson. 

canglyt,  odr.  [<  ME.  cangliche;  <  cang,  a.,  + 
-li/.]     Foolishly. 

Forthui  thet  te  wummen  lokede  canfflicke  o  weopnien 
[on  men].  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  33S. 

cango  (kiing'o),  H.     [Jap.]    Same  as  in^/o. 

cangue  (kang),  ».  [<  Pg.  cangue,  a  wooden  col- 
lar (aceom.  to  Pg.  canga,  a  yoke),  <  Chinese 
lang,  bear  on  the  shoulders,  +  kia,  a  wooden 
collar  worn  by  criminals.]  The  name  given  by 
foreigners  to  the  Chinese  kia,  or  portable  pil- 
lory, which  persons  con\'icted  of  certain  petty 
crimes  are  condemned  to  kang,  or  carry  on  the 
shoulders,  for  periods  varying  from  a  few  days 
to  three  months,  it  consists  of  a  square  wooden  col- 
lar from  20  to  GO  poiuids  in  weight,  with  a  round  liole  for 
the  neck.  As  it  usually  measures  3  or  4  feet  .across,  the 
convict  is  unable  to  reach  his  mouth  or  defend  himself 
from  insects,  and  is  thus  dependent  on  the  good  offices  of 
his  friends. 

cangy  (kan'ji),  a.  [E.  dial. ,  also  cain^y ;  prob. 
<  eang  +  -i/l.]  Cross;  crabbed;  peevish;  ill- 
hirmorcd.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

can-hook  (kan'huk),  n.  Acontrivance  forsling- 
ing  a  cask  by  the  ends  of  its  staves,  formed  by 
reeving  a  piece  of  rope  through 
two  flat  hooks  and  fastening 
the  ends,  the  tackle  being 
hooked  in  the  middle  of  the 
bight. 

Canicula  (ka-nik'u-la),  n.     [L. 

(>  Pi-.  Sp.  Pg.    Canicula  =  It.  _^_ ^ 

Canicola)   (also  in  E.  and  F.  -»"■■""•>■ 

form  Canicnlc),  dim.  of  eanis,  a  dog:  see  Canis.] 
A  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  constella- 
tion Canis  Major,  the  largest  and  brightest  of 
all  the  fixed  stars.  Also  called  the  dog-star  and 
Siriiis.     See  first  cut  rmder  Canis. 

canicular  (ka-nik'u-Uir),  «.  [<  lute  ME.  canic- 
ular, <  L.  caiiicularis,  <  Canicula,  the  dog-star 


canine 

(dies  caniculares,  dag-day h)  :  aeeCanictda.']  Per- 
taining to  Canicula,  the  dog-star,  or  to  the  dog- 
days. 

Tlie  sun,  incens'd  by  eastern  wind, 
Afflicts  mc  with  canicular  aspect. 
Greene  ami  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 
Ill  never  dig  in  quarry  of  an  heart 

To  liave  no  part ; 
Nor  roast  in  fiery  eyes,  which  always  are  canicular. 
Donne,  Dialogue. 
Canicular  days,  a  certain  nunitier  of  days  before  and 
after  llie  liL-li.ual  rising  of  Canicula.    See  doff-daifs. 

I'nto  some  [such  as  are  south  of  thee(ininnx]theca?ii>i//flr 

daftn  are  in  the  winter.     Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  13. 

Canicular  year,  the  Egyptian  natural  year,  which  was 

cniiiimtrd  from  one  heliacal  rising  of  i'anicula  to  the  next. 

Canicule  (kan'i-kiU),  n.      [<  F.  Canicvle,  <  L. 

Caiiicnla:  sec  Canicula.']  Hame  as  Canicula. 
Canid  (kan'id),  }(.  A  carnivorous  mammal  of 
the  family  Canidce. 
Canidse  (kan'i-de),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Canis  + 
-idii:]  A  family  of  digitigrade  carnivorous 
mammals,  of  the  order  I'era;  suborder  Fissipe- 
dia,  and  series  Cijnoidea ;  the  dog  tribe,  CnHi- 
na,  or  canine  quadrupeds,  such  as  dogs,  wolves, 
and  foxes.  The  p<aroccipitaI  processes  of  the  skull  are 
closely  applied  to  the  auditory  iiulla;  the  mastoid  process 
is  small  or  obsolete ;  the  external  auditory  meatus  is  short 
or  imperfect ;  the  carotid  canal  is  well  developed,  open- 
ing into  the  posterior  lacerate  foramen ;  the  condyloid 
ami  glenoid  foramina  are  distinct  ;  tliere  is  an  intestinal 
cajcum ;  the  prostate  gland  is  salient  and  the  penis-bone 
large ;  the  teeth  are  typically  42  in  number,  but  range  from 


1 

I 


Skult  of  a  Fox  [Urocyott  littoralis'),  illustrating  canine,  cranial,  and 
dental  characters. 

38  to  46,  according  to  the  varying  number  of  molars,  the 
iiiolai"s  being  A  to  ^,  the  premolars  \,  the  canines  },  and 
the  incisors  3;  the  claws  are  non-retractile;  the  muzzle 
is  produced ;  and  the  belly  is  usually  pinched.  The  lead- 
ing genera  are  Canis,  Cyon^  Lycaon,  Icdojon,  Lycnlopex, 
Pseudalopex,  Vulpes,  Urocyon,  and  Nyctereutes,  constitut- 
ing the  subfamily  Canince,  and  MegalotU  (or  OtocyonX  rep- 
resenting a  subfamily  Megalotince. 

Canina  (ka-ni'na),  n,pl.  [NL.,  <  Canis  +  -ina^. 
Cf.  L.  caninus,  pertaining  to  a  dog :  see  canine.'] 
A  group  of  digitigi-ade  oarnivorons  mammals, 
coincident  with  the  family  Canidce;  the  dog 
tribe.     See  Cynoidca. 

Caninse  (ka-ni'ne),  n.  ph  [NL.,  <  Canis  + 
-i)uv.  Cf.  C(n)inr.'\  The  typical  subfamily  of 
tire  family  Ca)iida%  embracing  all  of  the  family 
excei)ting  the  genus  Mctjahtis,  having  the  up- 
per molars  2  or  only  1  (3  in  McyaJotis)  and  the 
sectorial  teeth  elongated.     See  Canidw. 

caninalt  (ka-ni'nal),  a.  [<  canine  +  -«/.]  Ca- 
nine. 

Caninal  anger,  vented  by  snapping  and  snarling  spirits 
on  botli  sides.  Fuller. 

canine  (ka-nln'  or  ka'nin),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ca- 
ninns,  pertaining  to  a  dog,  <  ranis,  a  dog:  see 
Cants.}  I,  o.  i.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  dog; 
having  the  character  or  qualities  of  dogs; 
characteristic  of  dogs;  like  or  likened  to  a  dog. 

—  2.  Specitically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ca- 
iiida: — 3.  Affecting  or  derived  from  dogs :  as, 
canine  rahies;  canine  xiriis. — 4.  Pertaining  to 
a  canine  or  dog-tooth.— canine  appetite,  a  mor- 
bidly voracious  appetite;  an  inordinate  or  iiisatial)le  de- 
sire for  food ;  bulimia. 

An  exorbitant  appetite  of  usual  things,  which  they  will 
take  in  such  quantities  till  they  vomit  them  up  like  dogs  ; 
whence  it  is  called  canine.  Arbuthnot. 

His  foible  is  a  canine  appetite  for  popularity  and  fame. 

Jej/'erson,  Correspondence.  II.  S9. 

Canine  eminence,  a  vertical  prominence  on  the  outer 

surface  of  thu  superior  maxillary  bone,  caused  by   the 

rout  of  the  canine  tooth.     Also  calleil  canine  prvniiiicnce. 

—  Canine  fossa,  a  shallow  foesa  l)ctween  the  alveolar 
promiiR'ncc  ol  the  canine  tooth  andtlie  b;i5e  of  the  malar 
process  of  the  superior  maxilla.— Canine  laugh,  in  ^^n- 
f/)o/.,  a  facial  exj»ressiou  resulting  fn-m  s;.:i>iii  oi  the  ca- 
nine muscle,  or  levator  anguli  oris  (vUvatnr  of  tla-  corner 
of  the  nioutliX  the  corners  of  the  mi>nth  being  drawn  up 
and  sliouiim  tlu-  .side  teeth,  as  is  done  Ity  a  dog  in  snariing. 
Also  lalk'd  tbe  stiidonic  smile (rixits  .s77n/c)»M'».v).—  Canine 

letter,  tlie  letter  R.  See  R.~  Canine  madness,  rabies  ; 
hydrophobia:  so  called  because  it  mo.>.t  frciiiuntly  a(Tects 
(logs  and  otlier  canine  (|uadiupLHis,  ami  is  usually  com- 
municated by  tluin  I'v  inoinlation  witli  saliva  in  the  act 
of  biting.— Canine  muscle,  the  levator  anguli  oris.  See 
i('C((^)r,— Canine  prominence,  same  as  canine  emi- 
7iyju*c.  — Canine  teeth,  (a)  The  canines.  See  11.,  3.  (6) 
The  conical  pnn  esses  on  the  inside  of  the  mandible  of  an 
insect,  towani  its  aj'cx. 

II,  n.  1.  A  dog.  [Colloq.  or  humorous.]  — 
2.  Technically,  in  j:odl.,  one  of  the  Canida;  or 


canine 

Canina  ;  a  dog,  wolf,  fox,  fonnec,  or  jaokal;  a 
cynoi<I,  Uioiiid,  or  aloi)ocoi(l. —  3.  Ono  of  tho 
four  sliarp-])niiited  toarinp-tooth  of  most  mam- 
mals, situatcil  one  on  oach  sido  of  each  Jaw,  op- 
posite one  anotlicr,  between  tlie  incisors  or  eiit- 
tinfif-tectli  and  the  molars  or  grinders.  They  arc 
loni;  iuhI  esijeeially  efficient  in  the  dug,  whence  the  name. 
In  the  wihl  hoar  they  are  developed  into  two  imiraof  pro- 
jeflin};  tnsks.  The  upper  canines  in  tlie  human  jaw  arc 
calUd  '■i/r-trrth,  and  tlio  lower  ones  stomach -ttuith. 
caniniform  (ka-niu'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  Ij.  caninus 
(s(*.  tlens  =  K.  tooth),  canine,  +  fonnuj  shape.] 
Kesembliiig  a  eaniiie  tooth. 

No  caniniform  premolars  in  either  jaw  [of  TranuUda-]. 
Kncyc.  Brit.,  XV.  430. 

canionsf  (kan'yonz),  n.  pi.  See  cannon^  ??.,  7. 
caniplet  (kan'i-pl),  n.  [A  corruption  of  OF. 
vtniirily  also  cunivct,  dim.  of  canij)  kuife:  see 
IniiJ'r.]  A  small  kiiifo  or  dagger, 
Canis  (ka'nis),  a.  [L.,  a  dog,  =Gr.  KhuviKw-) 
=  E.  lumnd,  q.  v.]  The  tyjiical  genus  ot  the 
family  Canida'.  aud  subfamily  CattiufC.  The 
name  is  used  with  varyint;  latitude;  it  wius  formerly  co- 
extensive with  the  family,  hut  is  imw  usually  restricted  to 
tlie  dot;s  and  the  true  wolves  and  jackals  having  42  teeth, 
the  typical  canine  dentition.    The  genus  is  eosmopnlitan. 

The  common  dog 
is  Caniti  /ami- 
liaris;  it  is  not, 
however,  a  spe- 
cies wliicli  exists 
in  nature,  but  is 
an  artilieial  pro- 
duct, the  result 
of  domestication, 
including  the  de- 
scentiaiits  of  prob- 
ably several  feral 
stocks.  The  com- 
mon wolf  isCrt«J« 
lupiui;  the  jack- 
al, Canis  anrfus. 
The  foxes  and  the 
fox-like  or  hyena- 
like canine  quad- 
rupeds are  now 
usually  placed  in 
other genera  than 
Canis,  as  Vulpen, 
Li/caon,  Icticffon, 
etc.  .See  doff,  and 
cut  under  Cani- 
(^rt.— Canis  Ma- 
jor, the  (Jn-at 
!ind  eontaining  tlie 
icavens. 


^■' 

• 

N-^ 

Y^irUis^^^^^^^ 

/  \ 

1  ^      MirjajTl 

/••^ 

j] 

v\ 

y  -    y 

\\ 

:,  *>^ 

^/-ifciu 

Phuftid 

'"''           • 

^ 

The  Constellation  Canis  Major,  according  to 
ancient  descriptions  and  figures. 


Dor,  a  cotistellalion  fi)Uowiiig  Orion, 

gi-f:it  white  star  Sirius,  the  briglitest  in  the 


The  Constellation  Canis  Minor. 


Canis  Minor,  the  Little  Doj;,  a  small  ancient  coustcUa- 
tinii  loIliiwinK  Orion  and 
soutli  of  (Jeniini.    It  con- 
tains the  star  I'rocyon,  of 
the  first  magnitude. 
canister  (kan'is-ter), 
>i.      [Formerly   also 
caiiiiinkr,  <  L.  cniiia- 
tnim,  a  basket  woven 
from  reeds,  =  MLG. 
kanaster,  <  Gr.  kovi- 
CTp<A\     KavampoVy     a 
wicker  basket,   also 
au     earthen    vessel 
(cf.  F.  cunustre,  <  Pg. 
auiaslra  =  Sp.  canas- 
tr<;  usually  canasto, 
a  basket:   see  canaster),  <   wirra,  a  reed:   see 
ca«ei.]     It.  Properly,  a  small  basket  made  of 
reeds,  twigs,  or  the  like. 

Wiite  lilies  in  full  canisters  they  bring. 

Driiden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Eclogues. 

2.  A  small  box  or  case  for  tea,  coffee,  etc. — 
8.  In  the  Horn.  Cath.  Cli.,  the  metallic  vessel 
used  to  contain  the  altar-broatls  or  wafers  be- 
fore consecration.  See  altar-brcaU. — 4.  Can- 
ister-sin )t. 
canister-shot  (kan'is-ter-shot), 

casi-shfit,  1, 

canities  (ka-nish'i-ez),  n.     [L., 
esp.  <if  the  hair  of  the  aged,  < 
white-haired,  cani,  n.  ]>\.,  white  hair.]     In  j«i- 
tliiil.,  whiteness  or  grajniess  of  the  hair. 

canitudet,  «•  [<  Ij-  can'itmln,  hoariness,  <  canus, 
hoary:  see  (v,J("».s.]     Hoariness.    ii/o««(,  1G5G. 

canjica-wood  (kau'.ii-kii-wud),  n.  A  South 
.Vnierican  wood,  lighter  and  of  a  yellower 
brown  than  rosewood,  it  is  exiiorted  from  Brazil 
in  trinnned  logs  from  «  to  10  inches  in  diameter,  for  tlic 
tise  <^f  cabinet-maicers  and  tnrnei-s.     .\lso  itni/icfi-woitd. 

cankl  (kangk),  r.  (.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  a  var.  of 
i-iiiiijtl,  talk,  etc. ;  but  cf.  Icel.  kankast,  roll., 
jeer,  gibe,  kank,  n.,  gibe;  cf.  al^o  cackle.']  1. 
To  talk.  Halliwcll.—2.  To  cackle.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

cank"  (kangk),  V.  i.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  short 
form  of  ronqiier  ('conker),  taken  as  a  freci. 
verb.]  To  preserve;  overcome;  conquer;  con- 
tinue.    Ualliucll.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


«.     Same  as 

white,  hoary, 
canu.^,  white, 


791 

cank-*  (kangk),  M.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  unknown.] 
The  local  name  in  the  coal-regions  of  Derby- 
shire and  Leicestershire,  England,  of  a  hard, 
ferruginous  sandstone,  sometimes  called  bur 
ill  other  districts. 

canker  (kang'ker),  H.  [<  ME.  canker,  kankir, 
<  AS.  cancer  =  D.  kanker  =  OHG.  chanchar, 
cancnr,  G.  kanker  (ME.  also  cancrc,  <  OF.  ilial. 
cancrc  (F.  chancre,  >  E.  chancre,  q.  v.)  =  Sp. 
Pg.  canero,  also  cancer,  =  It.  ctinero,  canchcrn, 
formerly  also  cancaro),  a  canker,  <  L.  cancer,  a 
crab,  a  cancer:  see  cancer.']  1.  A  cancerous, 
gangi-cnous,  or  ulcerous  sore  or  disease,  whether 
in  animals  or  plants;  lience,  any  corroding  or 
other  no.xious  agency  producing  ulceration, 
gangrene,  rot,  decay,  etc. 

And  tlieir  word  will  eat  as  d<jtli  a  canker.  2  Tim.  ii.  IT. 
.Speeiflc.illy  —  (a)  Caneruni  oris  (wliich  sec,  under  can- 
crum).  (b)  A  (lisea-sc  or  fungus  attacking  trees  or  other 
plants  and  causing  slow  decay,  (c)  lu/arriert/,  a  disease  in 
iiorees'  feet,  causing  a  discharge  of  fetid  matter  fr<un  the 
cleft  in  the  middle  of  the  frog,  generally  originating  in 
a  diseased  thrush. 

2.  A  canker-worm  or  insect-larva  that  injures 
plants  by  feeding  on  them. 

To  kill  cankers  in  the  musk-rose  buds. 

•SVmt.,  M.  .M.  D,,  ii.  :i. 

3.  Figuratively,  anything  that  corrodes,  cor- 
rupts, destroys,  or  Irritates;  irritation;  pain; 
grief;  care. 

Banish  the  canker  of  ambitious  tlioughts. 

Shak.,  ■>  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

Grief,  that's  beauty's  caiikcr.  Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

What  is  tliis  but  a  new  learning,  a  new  cai\ker  to  rust 

and  coiTupt  the  old  truth '?  "    Lafimer,  Misc.  Sel. 

The  worm,  the  ca^xker,  and  the  grief 

Are  mine  alone  [ 

liyron,  On  my  Tbirty-si.\tli  Year. 

4.  Rust.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 5.  In  hot.:  (a)  The 
canker-rose  or  (ield-poppy,  I'aparer  Mhaas.  (b) 
The  wild  dogrose,  liosa  canina. 

To  jiut  down  Richard,  that  sweet  lovely  rose, 
Aud  plant  this  thorn,  tliis  canker,  Bolingbroke. 

.Shak..  1  Uen.  IV.,  i.  3. 
He  held  out  a  rose. 
To  draw  the  yielding  sense,  whieli,  come  to  hand, 
lie  sliifts,  aud  gives  a  canker. 

MidtUeton  and  Rmdeij,  Fair  Quarrel,  iii.  2. 

(c)  A  toadstool.  [Prov.  Eng.] -Black  canker, 
a  dise:tse  in  turnij)S  and  otlier  crops  produced  by  a  specii-s 
of  caterpillar.  See  Athalia. 
canker  (kang'ker),  V.  [<  ME.  cancren  (after 
ML.  cancerare),  <  canker,  n.]  I.  trans.  To  in- 
fect with  canker,  either  literally  or  figuratively ; 
eat  into,  corrode,  or  corrupt ;  infect  as  with  a 
poisonous  influence ;  render  ill-conditioned  or 
venomous;  make  sour  and  ill-natm-ed. 

Restore  to  God  His  due  in  titlie  and  time; 
A  tithe  purloined  cankers  the  whole  estate. 

O.  Uerbert,  Church  Porch,  xv. 
The  bramble 
No  wise  man  ever  planted  by  the  rose, 
It  cankers  all  her  beauty. 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  iv.  4. 
May  this  angel 
New  mould  his  cankered  heart.  Coleridge. 

U.  in  trans.  1.  To  corrode;  grow  corrupt; 
be  infected  with  some  poisonous  or  pernicious 
influence ;  be  or  become  ill-conditioned  or  ma- 
lignant. 

And  as,  with  age,  his  body  uglier  grows, 

So  his  mind  cankers.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  fret;  become  peevish.     Jamieson. — 3t. 
To  decay  or  waste  away  by  means  of  any  nox- 
ious cause ;  grow  rusty  or  discolored  by  oxida- 
tion, as  a  metal. 
Silvering  will  sully  and  canker  more  than  gilding. 

ISacon,  Phys.  and  Med.  Remains. 

cankerberry  (kang'ker-ber'i),  «.;  pi.  canker- 
lurries  (-iz).     In  Jamaica,  the  fruit  of  Solanum 

lialidniensi:. 

canker-bit  (kang'kfer-bit),  a.    Bitten  with  a 

caiikiivd  or  envenomed  tooth.     Shak. 
Canker-bloomt  (kang'ker-blom),  «.    [=  D.  kan- 
kerblncni,  wild  rose,  wild  poppy.]     1.  A  bloom 
or  Mower  eaten  by  canker. — 2.  A  bloom  or 
flower  of  the  dogrose. 

The  canker-blooms  have  full  .is  deep  a  dye 
As  the  perfumed  tincture  of  the  roses. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  liv. 

canker-blossom  (kang'ker-blos'um),  «.  1.  A 
caiikcr-bloom. — 2.  That  which  causes  canker 
in  a  blossom. 

Ome!  you  juggler!  you  canker-blossom  I 

You  thief  of  love !  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

canker-dortt,  «.  [ME.,  <  canker  +  dort.]  Anxi- 
ety; distress. 

Was  Troilus  naught  in  a  cankef-dort. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1752. 

cankered  (kang'kfrd),  ;;.  o.  [Pp.  of  canker,  >:] 
1.  Affected  with  canker:  as,  a  cawAcrn/ tree. — 


canker-worm 

2.  Ill-natured;  <'roK8;  crabbed;  venomous;  ma- 
lignant; wicked. 

Tile  baser  mind  ft  selfe  displayea 
In  cancred  malice  and  revengefnil  spight. 

SiieiiMT,  V.  IJ.,  VI.  vil.  1. 

A  cankcr'd  grandame'a  will!  Shak.,  K.  Jfdin,  fi.  1. 

The  (Jovenior  .  .  .  assured  His  .Majesty  that  never  were 
courtesy  and  gentleness  so  ill  requited  as  his  had  been  by 
tliis  ingrate  ami  cankered  Duke. 

Motleij,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  460. 

cankeredly  (kang'kfrd-li),  adv.  In  a  cankered 
manner;  crossly;  cralibedly.     Mir.  for  Mags. 

cankeredness  (kang'kcrd-nes),  «.  The  state 
of  lii'iiig  cankered;  crabbedness. 

canker-fly  (kang'ker-lli),  n.  Any  fly  that  preys 
(111  fruit. 

cankerfrett  (kang'ki^r-fret),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  can- 
crej'rete,  eaten  into  by  a  canker,  <  canker  + 
frete,  pp.  of  J'r<t)-n,  fret,  eat :  see  canker  and 
/rc<l.]     To  eat  into  like  a  canker. 

If  Ood  break  oil  the  soul  betimes  from  this  sin.  ere  it 
have  canker/retted  the  soul.  />.  Ito'jers. 

cankerfrett  (kang'ker-fret),  n.  [<  cankerfret, 
r.]  1.  A  cankerous  sore  or  blister  in  the 
mouth. —  2.  Copperas. 

cankerlyt  (kang'k6r-li),  a.  [<  canker  +  -ly'^.'] 
Caiikercd, 

canker-nail  (kang'kfer-nal),  n.  A  hangnail. 
[S,-„t,-),.l 

cankerous  (kang'ker-us),  a.  [<  canker  +  -ous ; 
nfU'V  canccroii.i,  q.  v.]  1.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
resembling  canker;  corrosive;  ulcerous;  gan- 
grenous: as,  a  cankerous  sore  or  eruption. — 2. 
Causing  canker;  chafing;  corroding;  idcerat- 

ing. 

Tyrannic  rule 
rnknown  before,  whose  cajikerous  sliackles  seiz'd 
Tile  eiivenom'ii  soul.  Thomson,  Lil>erty,  Iv. 

Hither  may  come  tlie  prisoner,  escaiiiug  from  his  dark 
.and  narrow  cell  and  cankerous  chain. 

Uatrthorne.  Old  Manse. 

canker-rash  (kang'ker-rash'),  w.  In  patliol.,  a 
variety  of  scarlet  fever  complicated  with  ulcer- 
ations in  the  throat. 
canker-root  (kang'ker-rot),  n.  A  name  of  va- 
rious astringent  or  bitter  roots  used  as  a  remedy 
for  ajihthie,  as  .Staticc  Caroliniana,  Co2>tis  Iri- 
folia,  etc. 

cankert  (kang'kert),  a.  A  Scotch  form  of  can- 
kered. 

Nor  anxious  fear,  nor  cankert  care, 
E'er  mair  come  near  him. 

Burns,  Elegy  ou  Robert  Ruisseaux. 

canker-'Weedt  (kang'ker-wed),  H.    An  old  name 

(if  tlic  plant  ragwort. 
canker-'WOrm    (kang'ker-werm),   n.     A  name 
given  to  certain  catei-pillars  which  are  very 
destructive  to  fruit-  and  shade-trees.    The  spring 
canker-ivorm,  Anisopterijx  vernata.  is  found  in  the  United 


Fig.  2. 
Spring  Cankcr-woxm  {AMisofCfryx  ivmata). 
Fig.  1.  a.  full-grown  lar\'a:  *.  egg.  enlarged  (natural  size  shown 
in  small  mass  at  the  side) ;  c,  d.  one  ioint.  enlarged,  side  and  dorsal 
views.  Fig.  2.  a,  l>.  male  and  fcin.alc  moths,  twth  natural  size ;  c. 
joints  of  antenna  of  female  moth  ;  rf.  ioint  of  her  abdomen,  showing 
spines ;  e,  her  ovii>ositor.    (c.  ti,  and  c  enlarged.  1 

States  from  Maine  to  Texas.  The  eggs  are  deposited  upon 
trees.  The  larva?,  after  feeding  upon  tlie  foliage  for  about 
a  niontli,  sometimes  entirely  destroying  it,  descend  by 
threads  to  the  gnmnd,  in  which  tliey  burrow  and  undergo 
transformation,  the  moths  issuing  in  April,  or  sometimes 
in  March.  The  male  is  winged,  but  tlie  female  is  wing- 
less, and  is  oliliged  to  climb  up  llie  tree-trunk  in  order 
to  deposit  her  eggs.  Hence,  an  olistnictiTe  bandage,  oil- 
trough,  or  tarred  Ijand  placed  about  trees  is  a  common 
mode  of  protecting  them.  The  fall  canker-xcorm,  Aniso- 
ptenix  pomctaria,  is  more  distinctively  a  northern  species. 
The  moths  issue  mainly  in  the  fall,  and  the  eggs  are  ex- 
posed. See  geometrid,  meantrer,  and  sjtan-tnjrm. 
And  oft  he  lets  bis  cancker-iritrmes  light 
Upon  my  bratmehes,  to  worke  me  more  spiglit. 

S/ienser,  Shep.  Cal.,  February. 

That  which  the  locust  hath  left  hath  the  canker-imrm 
eaten.  <Joel  i.  4. 


cankery 

cankery  (kanp'k6r-i),  «.  [<  canker  +  -yi.]  1. 
Cankered;  corroded;  rusty. —  2.  Ill-natured; 
crabbed;  venomous;  vexing:  as,  "O  cunkrie 
care,"  J!i«ni.y. 

canking  (kang'king),  ;).  a.  [Ppr.  of  fn«il,  !•.] 
Whining;  dissatisfied.  [Pi'ov.  Eng.  (Derby- 
shire).] 

cannai  (kan'!i),«.  [L.,  a  reed,  cane:  seecanei.] 
1.  [en/'.]  [NLi.]  a  genus  of  reed-Uie  plants, 
natural  order  Mnrantacca;  several  species  of 
which  are  known  by  the  name  of  Indian  shot, 
from  their  round,  shining,  hard,  heavy  seeds, 
niey  are  nutives  of  the  tropics,  ami  there  are  many  spe- 
cies and  varieties  in  cultivation  for  their  singular  sho^vy 


Indian  Shot  {Canna  /ndt'ca). 
a,  foliage  ;  t,  flower;  c,  fruit,  dehiscing. 

flowers  and  very  ornamental  foliage.  The  common  In- 
dian shot  of  gardens  is  C.  Indica.  The  rootstocks  are 
farinaceous,  and  the  tuberous  roots  of  some  species  are 
used  as  a  vegetable.  A  species  cultivated  in  the  West  In- 
dies, supposed  to  be  the  C.  edulu  of  South  America,  yields 
a  kind  of  starch  or  arrowroot  known  as  tou.'^-lrs-jnfn-s. 
2.  The  upright  shaft  or  stem  of  any  ornamen- 
tal ob.ieet  or  xitensil,  especially  when  of  metal, 
as  of  a  candlestick. — 3.  Ecdcs.,  the  pipe  or 
tube  by  which  the  sacred  wine  was  taken  from 
the  chalice.  See  calamus,  4.  These  tubes  were 
made  of  precious  material,  frequently  of  silver.  In  a  few 
cases  the  canna  seems  to  have  been  fixed  to  the  chalice. 

4.  A  linear  measure  in  use  in  some  parts  of 
Italy.  Its  length  varies  from  44  to  118  inches,  accord- 
ing to  the  locality  in  which  it  is  used  and  the  material 
to  which  it  is  applied.    The  canna  of  Malta  Is  S2.2  inches. 

5.  [cap.']  [NL.]  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects. Walker,  1865. —  6.  A  name  of  the  eland, 
Oreas  canna. 

canna^  (kan'a),  n.  [<  Gael,  canach,  cotton, 
cotton-grass,  cat's-tail,  =  Ir.  canach,  cotton, 
down.]  Cotton-grass,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Eri- 
ophorum. 

Still  is  the  camia's  hoarj-  beard. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  il  15. 

canna^  (kan'a).  [Sc,  prop,  can  na,  cannot: 
na  =  E.  Hol.]"   Cannot.     [Scotch.] 

Cannabene  (kan'a-ben),  n.  [<  Cannabi.1  +  -ene.'] 
A  colorless  oil  (C18H20)  obtained  fi'om  Canna- 
bis Indica. 

cannabic  (kan'a-bik),  a.     [<  L.  cannabis,  hemp, 

+  -ic]     Of  or  pertaining  to  hemp Cannabic 

composition,  a  substitute  for  papier  mache,  made  of  a 
mixture  of  iienip  ami  resin. 

cannabin,  cannabinei  (kan'a-bin,  -bin),  n.   [< 

Cannabis  +  -in-,  -inc-.]  A  resin  obtained  from 
the  plant  Cannabis  Indica.  It  is  probably  the 
active  principle  of  the  drug  hashish. 

Cannabinaceae  (kan"a-bi-na'se-e),  n.pl.  [NL.. 
<L.  cannabis,  hemp,  +  -acecc.']  A  natural  order 
of  plants,  the  hemp  family,  properly  included 
in  the  order  Vrticacew. 

cannabinei,  «.    See  cannabin. 

cannabine-  (kan'a-bin),  a.  [<  L.  cannabinns,  < 
cannabis  =  E.  lienip.]  Pertaining  to  hemp; 
hempen.     [Rare.] 

Cannabineae  (kan-arbin'f-e),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L. 
cannabis,  hemp,  -t-"  -««■.]'  In  some  classifica- 
tions, a  suborder  of  plants^  of  the  natural  order 
Vrticacem ;  the  hemp  family  as  a  suborder. 

Cannabis  (kan'a-bis),  «.  [L.,  =  E.  hemp,  q.  v.] 
A  genus  of  urtieaceous  plants,  of  a  single  spe- 
cies, C.  Indica.     See  bhang  and  hemp. 

canne^  (kan),  n.  [F.,  cane:  see  e«n«l.]  If. 
An  old  spelling  of  cane'^. —  2.  A  French  mea- 
sure of  length,  varving  according  to  locality 
from  1.78  to  2.62  me"ters,  or  1.95  to  2.87  yards. 

canne^t,  «.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  caif^. 

canned   n.     See  kannc. 

cannell  (kan'el),  n.  [<  ME.  canel  (also  assibi- 
lated  chanil,  >  mod.  E.  channel),  <  OF.  canel, 
chenal,  <  L.  canalis,  a  channel:  see  channel^, 


792 

kennel^,  and  canal^,  doublets  of  canwcA.]  It.  A 
channel;  a  stream  of  water;  the  bed  of  a  stream. 
Thei  prutchiden  a3ens  this  water,  and  dronken  podel 
water  of  the  canel. 

Wycti/,  .Select  Works  (ed.  Arnold),  U.  335. 
Again  he  did  the  waters  ga, 
Til  thalr  canels  that  thai  comen  fra. 

Cursor  Mundi,  i.  IS66. 
2t.  A  conduit ;  a  pipe. 

Catu'U  or  pipes  wynca  forth  to  lede 
Into  the  vat. 

PalladiM,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  IS. 

3t.  The  throat. 

.So  now  thou  hat3  thi  hert  hoUe,  hitte  rae  bihou[e]s; 
Halde  the  now  the  hyge  bode,  that  .\rthur  the  rast, 
&  kepe  thy  kanfl  at  this  kest,  if  hit  keuer  mav. 
Sir  Uawaiine  and  the  Green  Kniriht  (E.  E.  T.  S.'),  1.  229S. 

4.  The  lowest  part  of  the  edge  of  a  tool,  which 
has  received  the  finishing;  the  finishing  bevel 
of  a  knife,  as,  or  other  edged  tool. 

It  [a  pocket-knife]  must  be  held  [in  honing]  at  an  angle  of 
20  to  25  degrees,  and  have  an  edge  similar  to  a  chisel.  This 
is  technically  called  the  cannel,  and  is  marked  on  all  new 
knives  by  a  fine  white  line,  which  does  not  remove  or  touch 
the  polished  surface.  A  Trade  Circular,  18S7. 

5.  [<  rniiHfZl,  c]  A  style  of  weaving,  making 
a  corded  or  rep  tissue.     E.  H.  Knight. 

cannell  (kan'el),  V.  t.  [<  F.  canneier.  formerly 
eanclf/r,  caneller,  channel,  flute,  groove,  <  cane), 
a  channel,  groove :  see  cannel'^,  n.,  and  cf.  chnn- 
ncl'^,  c]  To  channel;  groove;  chamfer.  Jamie- 
son. 

cannel-t  (kan'el),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  canel, 
<  ME.  canel,  canclc,  canelle  =  IID.  D.  kaneel  = 
JILG.  kannel,  LG.  kaneel,  kneel  =  late  JIHG. 
kanel,  G.  cancel,  kanel  =  Sw.  Dan.  kanel,  <  OF. 
canelle,  F.  cannellc  =  Pr.  Sp.  canela  =  Pg.  ca~ 
nela,  canella  =  It.  canella,  now  cannella,  <  ML. 
canella,  cannella,  cinnamon,  so  called  from  the 
form  of  a  roll  or  quill  which  it  assumes  in  dry- 
ing, lit.  a  little  pipe  (OP.  canelle,  F.  cannellc,' a. 
quill,  faucet,  cock,  spout,  etc.),  dim.  of  (L.) 
cana,  canna  (OF.  cane,  F.  canne,  etc.),  a  cane, 
reed :  see  cane^,  and  cf.  camion.]  Cinnamon. 
In  Arabia  is  store,  niir  and  canel. 

Tremsa,  tr.  of  Higden's  Polychronicon,  I.  99. 
Alle  maner  of  spicerie,  .  .  .  as  of  gyngevere,  clowe-gylo- 
fres,  canelle,  zedewalle,  notemuges,  and  maces. 

Manderille,  Travels,  p.  187. 

cannePt,  «■    -An  obsolete  form  of  kennel^. 

cannela-wood,  «.    Same  as  canella-wood. 

cannel-cpal,  candle-coal  (kan'el-,  kan'dl-kol), 
n.  A  higlily  bituminous  coal,  very  compact, 
and  burning  readily  with  a  bright  flame.  It  is 
not  so  distinctly  stratified  as  ordinary  bituminous  coal,  but 
breaks  into  more  or  less  regularly  formed  cubical  frag- 
ments. The  term  is  said  to  be  applied  to  coals  of  this  kind 
because  they  burn  like  a  candle.  See  coal.  Also  written 
caital-coat,  kennel-coal. 

cannellated  (kan'e-la-ted),  a.  [<  canncT^  + 
-ate^  -I-  -erfS.]  Jxi  arch.,  channeled  or  fluted: 
as,  "ceinnellated  pilasters,"  €.  C.  Perkins,  Ital- 
ian Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  xlvii. 

cannelure  (kan'e-liii'), ».  [F.,  <  canneier,  groove, 
flute:  see  cannel'^,  v.]  1.  A  groove  or  channel 
on  a  decorative  surface,  as  the  channeling  on 
Doric  columns.  Much  of  the  decoration  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century  is  in  scroll-formed  or  spiral  camielures. 
2.  A  rectangular  groove  cut  around  the  cylin- 
drical part  of  a  bullet  to  contain  the  lubricant, 
which  consists  generally  of  bayberry  tallow  or 
Japan  was.  There  may  be  from  3  to  5  cannelures ;  there 
are  3  in  the  United  States  regulation  bullet.  The  lubri- 
cant prevents  leading  and  fouling  of  the  bore  in  firing. 
See  cut  under  cartridiic. 

cannelure  (kan'e-lur),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canne- 
tnrcd,  ppr.  cannchiring.  [<  cannelure,  n.]  To 
foi-m  a  gi'oove  or  channel  on:  as,  a.  cannelured 
bullet. 

cannequin  (kan'e-kin),  n.  [F.,  also  canequin; 
origin  unknown.]  White  cotton  cloth  from 
the  East  Indies.     E.  H.  Knight. 

cannery  (kan'e-ri),  n. ;  pi.  canneries  (-riz).  [< 
can-  -t-  -ery.]  An  establishment  for  canning 
or  preser\Tng  meat,  fish,  or  fruit  in  cans  or  tins 
hermetically  sealed. 

Several  new  canneries  have  been  established,  one  on 
Bristol  Bay,  where  four  hundred  cases  of  canned  and  thir- 
ty-two hundred  ami  fifty  barrels  of  salted  s.ilmon  were  put 
up  during  the  season.  Sctence.  I\  .  475. 

cannett  (kan'et),  H.  [=  F.  canette.  <  OF.  canet, 
m.,  dinette,  {.,  a  young  duck,  dim.  of  cane,  a 
duck:  see  canard.]  In  her.,  a  bearing  repre- 
senting a  duck  without  beak  or  feet.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished from  the  martlet  in  being  without  the  forked 
tail  of  the  latter. 

cannetet,  «.  [ME.,  =  It.  canneto,  <  L.  canne- 
tnni,  a  thicket  of  reeds,  <  canna,  a  reed.]  A 
thicket  of  reeds. 

Cannetes  olde  eke  tynie  is  nowc  to  wede 
And  of  to  kytte  it  that  thaire  root  uneseth. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  I.  S.),  p.  81. 


cannon 

cannibal  (kan'i-bal),  «.  and  a.  [Formerly  also 
i-anibal ;  =  F.  cannibale  =  G.  ranibale,  now  can- 
nibale,  <  Sj).  canibnl  =  Pg.  cnnihal  (NL.  cani- 
balis),  a  cannibal,  a  savage,  a  corruption  of  Cari- 
bal  (NL.  Cnribulis),  a  Carili,  the  form  used  by 
Columbus  (Oct.,  1498),  and  afterward  changed 
to  canibal,  "pro|)ter  rabiera  caninam  anthropo- 
phagonim  gentis,"  to  express  the  canine  vora- 
city of  the  Caribs,  who  were  said  to  be  man-eat- 
ers; as  if  from  L.  can  is,  a  dog.  The  more  cor- 
rect form  is  presented  in  Sp.  Caribe,  a  Carib, 
also  a  cannibal,  savage.  >  E.  Carihbee :  see  Carib. 
In  the  Carib  tongue  the  word  is  said  to  have 
signified 'a  valiant  man.']  I.  n.  1.  A  human 
being  who  eats  human  llesh ;  a  himian  man- 
eater  or  anthropophagite. 

That  face  of  his  the  hungry  cannibaU 
Would  not  have  touch'd.    Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 
Is  there  anything  here  to  eat 
But  one  another,  like  a  race  of  canniliah? 

Fletcher,  Kule  a  Wife,  Ui.  2. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  animal  that  eats  the  flesh  of 
members  of  its  own  or  kindred  species. 

They  [worms]  are  cannihah,  for  the  two  halves  of  a  dead 
worm  placed  in  two  of  the  pots  were  dragged  into  the  bur- 
rows and  gnawed.  Darwin,  Vegetable  ilould,  p.  36. 
H.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  can- 
nibals or  cannibalism:  as,  "caH«i6a? ferocity," 
ilacnulaij.  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 
cannibalism  (kan'i-bal-izm),  n.  [<  cannibal  + 
-ism.]  1.  The  eating  of  human  flesh  by  human 
beings. 

It  is  rather  startling  to  find  that  just  two  hundred  years 
ago  in  London  the  Physician  in  Ordinary  to  the  King  rec- 
ommended cannibalism  to  Englishmen  without  the  small- 
est apology  or  hesitation. 

F.  P.  Cobbe,  Peak  in  Darien,  p.  179. 
Hence — 2.  The  eating  of  any  animal  by  an- 
other indi\-idual  of  the  same  species, 
cannibalistic  (kan  i-ba-lis'tik),  a.     [<  cannibal 
+  -istic]   Characterized  by  cannibalism ;  given 
to  eating  its  own  kind, 
cannibally  (kan'i-bal-i),  adv.     In  the  manner 
of  a  cannibal:  as,  " cannibally  given"  (addict- 
ed to  cannibalism),  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5.    [Eare.] 
cannie,  a.  and  adr.     See  canny. 
cannikin  (kan'i-kin),  n.     [<  can-  +  euphonic 
-i-  -I-  dim.  -kin.]     1.  A  little  can  or  cup.    Also 
written  canakin. 

And  let  me  the  canakin  clink. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3  (song). 
2.  A  wooden  bucket  for  holding  sugar,  rice,  etc. 
cannily  (kan'i-li),  adr.     [Sc,  also  written  can- 
nilie ;  <  canny  +  -/.'/".]     In  a  canny  manner. 
He  lean'd  him  ower  his  saddle  bow. 

And  cannilie  kiss'd  his  dearie.  

Duke  of  AthuVg  Xnrse,  in  Child's  Ballads,  VUL  228. 

canniness  (kan'i-nes),  n.  [<  canny  +  -ness.] 
Caution;  shrewdness. 

cannionst,  "•  pi-    See  cannon,  n.,  7. 

cannipert  (kan'i-per),  n.  A  corruption  of  cali- 
per. 

cannoid  (kan'oid),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kana,  a  reed,  a 
tube,  -I-  nioc,  form,  shape :  see  eane^  and  -oid.] 
Tubular :  having  tubes :  applied  to  the  skeleton 
of  certain  raiUolarians. 

cannon  (kan'on),  «.;  pi.  cannons  (-onz)  or  can- 
non. [Early  mod.  E.  also  canon;  =  D.  kanon  = 
G.eanone,  now  kanone,  =  Dan.  Sw.  kanon,  a  can- 
non (gun),  <  F.  caiion,  a  gun  (cannon),  barrel 
of  a  gim,  any  tube  or  pipe  {canon  parfiimatoire, 
a  surgical  tube),  a  graft,  a  cannon-bit,  a  roll  or 
cuff  {canon  de  chaiisscs,  or  simply  canons,  pi., 
E.  canons,  cannons,  canions,  cannions)  (Cot- 
grave),  cannon-bone,  OF.  canon,  a  tube,  pipe, 
conduit,  bobbin,  =  Sp.  caiion,  a  gun  (cannon), 
tube,  pipe,  funnel,  quill,  lamp-chimney,  can- 
non-bit, spindle,  roller-fold  in  cloth  (>  E.  caiion, 
canyon,  q.  v.),  =  Pg.  canhao.  a  gim  (cannon), 
cannon-bit,  pi.  rolls  (cannons),  =  It.  cannone, 
a  gun  (cannon),  ban-el  of  a  gun.  pipe,  conduit, 
cannon-bit  (Florio),  tube,  bobbin  (>NGr.  havm't, 
a  cannon),  <  ML.  canon,  a  tube,  pipe,  gim  (can- 
non) (canoniis.  a  bobbin),  prop.  aug.  of  L.  canna, 
ML.  canna,  cana,  a  reed,  pipe,  tube,  but  mixed 
with  the  nearly  related  canon,  a  rule,  in  its  lit. 
sense  of  'a  straight  rod,'  <  Gr.  Karuv,  a  straight 
rod,  a  rule,  <  mrr/,  a  rare  form  of  .toit;?,  mitq, 
L.  canna,  a  reed:  see  ortHfl  and  canon'^.  In  the 
minor  senses  2,  3,  4,  etc.,  also  spelled  canon,  but 
prop,  cannon.  In  the  sense  of  'cannon-bone,' 
cf.  It.  cannoli  (Florio),  cannon-bones,  cannella, 
arm-bone  (cf.  cannel-).]  1.  An  engine,  sup- 
ported on  a  stationary  or  movable  frame  called 
a.  gun-carriage,  for  thro  wing  balls  and  othermis- 
siies  by  the  force  of  gunpowder ;  a  big  gun ;  a 
piece  of  ordinance.  Cannons  are  made  of  iron,  brass, 
bronze,  or  steel,  and  of  ditferent  sizes,  carrj'ing  balls  from 
3  or  4  iiounds  weight  up  to  2.OC1O  pounds  and  more.  The 
caliber  or  power  of  cannon  may  be  expressed  (1)  by  the 


cannon 

wciRlit  of  tlic  shot  flrcil :  iis,  ii  :ii  iKiiindor ;  (2)  hy  the  cli- 
aim-u  r  i)f  tlie  Iwru  :  as,  ii  liiiicli  kuii  ;  iir  (:i)  liy  the  wciijht 
cit  thi'  Kiiii  ilselt:  lis,  an  s-humlicilwciKlit  umi;  a  'is-loii  gun. 
IlL'Inre  tile  introihlctiuil  uf  ariiii>i--iihitiiiK,  Ihi:  naval  KUns 
in  nsu  inlinc-of-ttattlo  ships  and  CligatcH  were <i8-iK)uniici-s 
(1)5  hundredweight),  S-iiieli  shell-guns  (00  huudrcdweight), 

I) 

■^    B        F  A 


y?^^ 


^^ 


1J- 


^ 


Steel  Ficld-(jun  (Anny). 
A,  tube;  A  Jacket;   C,  elliptical  chamber;  D,  tninnion-rint; :  Ii, 
sleeve :  F,  kcy-rinjf ;  G,  base-ring ;  //,  interniptcd  screw  fcnnctiirc  ; 
/,  Frcirc  gas-check  or  obturator ;  CK,  bore. 

and  32-pounders  (42  to  ba  hundredweight).  Now  ships  are 
spoken  of  iu  iirrned  with  tlj-,  12-,  IS-.  2.^>-.  :i8-,  etc.,  ton  Kuns, 
th(-'  istoii  ^'ini  throwing  40U-ponnd  projirliles,  anti  tlie  25- 
ton  f^lln  (iOiJpolHid,  and  so  on,  the  wei;.'lit  ol  tlie  Imll  rising 
witii  the  weiglit  of  the  piece,  t'aniiun  weighiii;;  more  tlian 
1(H)  tons  Itave  recently  been  eonstrinteti.  'llio  HHl-ton  gun 
iselnirged  with  ;140  pounds  ttf  powdci',  aiiddiseli:irgesal)olt 
of  steel  or  chilled  iron  weighin;;  2,tMH)  pounds.  Cannon  of 
tile  smaller  calibers  are  mounted  on  wlu-clfd  carriages  for 
service  as  rtehl-pieccs.  In  the  rnited  St:ites  army  the 
guns  in  service  itreS-,  10-,  13-,  15-,  and  20-ineh  smooth-bore 
Rodman  guns,  and  ;i-,  a.2-,  4.5-,  8-,  and  12-incli  rillcil  gtnis. 
The  .\merican  S-inch  rilled  gun  is  the  10-ineh  Kodman 
smooth-bore,  lined  with  a  coiled  wrought-iron  or  steel 
tube.  The  ;i.2-inch  gun  is  a  steel  fleld-pieee.  In  the 
United  States  n;ivy,  U-,  8  .  10-,  12-,  and  13-inch  steel  guns 
have  been  iidtniteil  for  cruisers  of  recent  design.  The  prin- 
cipal p.arts  of  a  eanuou  are  ;  1st,  the  breech,  which  is  the 
mass  of  soliil  met:tl  behind  the  bottom  or  end  of  the  bore, 
ami  extending  to  the  base-ring;  2d,  in  innzzlc-loading  can- 
non, (be  cn--<rai>tl,  a  ]u-ojeition  in  rear  of  tin-  Iklsi- ring,  in- 
cluding the  I,-ti>ih,  the  spherical  Jiart  betw  ceii  the  kiiub  and 
the  b:Lse-ring  being  c:illed  the  ha.sc  of  the  hi-eeeli ;  yd,  the 
reinforce,  the  thickest  part  of  the  cylinder,  extending  frtun 
the  l);use-riug  forward;  4th,  the  trttnniiui.^,  which  plojcct 
on  each  side,  and  serve  to  sojiport  tbc  cannon;  5tb,  the 
bore  or  caliber,  the  interior  of  the  cylinder,  wherein  tlie 
jiowtler  and  shot  are  loilged,  :ind  w  liicli  niay  be  smooth  or 
rilled,  though  rilled  <aniious  liave  virtually  snper.sedcd  the 
smootli-borcs;  c.tb,  llie  »iw"/i' or  »iiiii//i  of  llu- bore.  Can- 
non are  often  made  so  :is  to  be  loaded  at  the  l.trcech,  vari- 
ous devices  being  cToployed  to  effect  this  object.  Catmou 
Were  fotiueily  classed  as  wbnle  cainious,  demi-cannons, 
cnlvcrins,  saliers,  itr.,  but  ;ire  now  elassifled  as  guns, 
howitzers,  earronades,  and  mortars ;  also  as  field-,  moun- 
tain-, cojvst-,  sea-,  and  siege-guns.     See  ,*/»». 

2.  lu  much.,  a  hollow  cylindriea!  piece  tlirough 
which  a  revohnug  shaft  passes,  ami  which  may 
revolve  iinlependeiitly, 
and  with  a  greater  or  less 
speoil  than  that  of  the 
shaft.  Such,  for  example,  is 
the  prolongation  of  the  eye  of  a 
wheel  when  bored  to  fit  a  spindle 
or  shaft  on  which  it  is  intended 
to  work  loose,  as  the  part  a  of  the  wheel  A,  loose  on  the 
shaft  h. 

3.  That  part  of  a  bit  let  into  the  horse's  mouth. 
Also  ciiiiuii,  raiiiioii-bit,  canon-hit. —  4.  Tlie  can- 
non-bone.—  5.  The  car  or  loop  of  a  bell  by  which 
it  is  suspended.     Also  spelled  canon. 

Church  bells  used  always  to  be  huug  by  6  long  ears, 
called  canonH,  which  cut  a  large  piece  out  of  the  stock, 
and  weakened  it  very  much. 

Sir  E.  Beckett,  Clocks  and  Watches,  p.  3C8. 

6.  In  surg.,  an  instrument  useil  iu  sewing  up 
wounds. — 7t.  pi.  Ornamental  rolls  which  ter- 
minated the  breeches  or  hose  at  the  knee.  Min- 
shcii,  1617.  Also  wi'itten  cn«ioH,s',  crt«Hio«.s,  and 
canons. 

'Tis  pity  that  thou  wast  ever  bred  to  he  thrust  through 
a  pair  of  caiuons;  thou  wouldst  have  made  a  pretty  foolish 
waiting-woman. 

Middleton,  More  Dissemblers  Besides  Women,  i.  4. 

Chausses  cl  quenii  de  merlus,  round  breeches  with  strait 
cannimis,  having  on  the  seat  a  piece  like  a  fishes  tail, 
and  worn  by  old  men,  scholars,  and  such  niggardly  or 
needy  persons.  Cotijrave. 

(Lord's  Day.)  This  morning  I  put  on  my  best  black  cloth 
suit,  .  .  .  with  my  bl.tck  silk  knit  canonn  1  bought  a  month 
ago.  /'«?«/»,  Diary,  II.  611. 

8.  [<  cannon,  v.,  2.]  In  billiards,  a  carom :  little 
used  in  the  United  States,  but  common  in  Great 
Britain.  See  en  com.— Cannon  of  sevent,  cannon 
of  elghtt,  cannon  with  a  7-  or  s-inch  bore.  '1  he  latter 
was  termed  a  cannon  royal  (which  see,  below). 

In  the  morning  come  Jlr.  Chichly  to  Sir  W.  Coventry, 
to  tell  him  the  ill  success  of  the  ginis  made  for  the  Loynll 
I/ondon ;  which  is,  that  in  the  trial  every  one  of  the  great 
gnus,  the  whole  camwn  of  gevcn,  as  I  take  it,  broke  in 
pieces.  Pepy,<,  Diary,  II.  404. 

Cannon  royal,  a  cannon  or  big  gun  formerly  in  use.  It 
weigheil  N.OOO  pounds,  and  was  12  feet  long,  the  diam"tcr 
of  the  bore  being  s  inches.  It  carried  a  charge  of  32) 
pounds  of  powiler.  and  a  ball  weighing  48  pounds.  Also 
called  caiuiun  iil  eiohl  (that  is.  S-iucl>  bore).  Ji.  Phillips, 
170«.— Rifled  cannon,  or  rifle  cannon,  a  piece  of  ord- 
nance in  the  surface  of  whose  bore  spiral  grooves  or  nfles 
are  cut  to  impart  rotation  to  the  jirojectjle. 
cannon  (kan'on),  r.  i.  [<  r.  cnnonncr  =  Sp. 
(•»ff(»((nr  =  Pg.  canhonear=lt.  cannonare;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  discharge  cannon ;  cannon- 
ado. —  2.  In  billiarii.i,  to  make  a  cauiinn  nr 
carom :  henco,  to  strike  one  thing  and  then 
rtdiounii  au(i  strike  another;  carom.  [Great 
Britain.] 


793 

The  first  (torpedo]  struck  one  of  the  iron-cUds  just  abaft 
the  fore-chains,  .  .  .  did  not  exidtnle,  btit  cannoned  off  as 
it  were  to  the  shore.  A'.  A.  Jtev.,  C.XXVII.  380. 

The  train  sent  her  violently  forward  against  a  woman, 
from  whom  she  canitoned  off  against  the  hrick-layer. 

Sfixs  Tootteti'g  MinKion,  p.  80. 

cannonade  (kan-on-ad'),  «.  [=  G.  ennonaik, 
l.iiiiiiiiadi;  <  !•'.  c<inonnatle  (=  I'g.  canhonada  = 
It.  caiitionata),  <  canon,  cannon:  see  cannon 
iiiid  -(«/<;'.]  A  continued  discharge  of  cannon 
or  artillery;  specifically,  such  a  discharge  di- 
rected against  an  enemy. 

cannonade  (kan-on-ad'),  r. ;  jirot.  and  pp.  can- 
nonaded, ppr.  cannonading.  [<  cannonade,  ».] 
I.  trann.  To  attack  with  ordnance  or  artillery ; 
batter  with  cannon. 

II.  in  trans.    To  discharge  can- 
non; lire  large  guns. 

Both  armies  eantionaded  all  the  ensu- 
ing day.  Taller,  No.  o;). 

cannon-ball  (kan'on-bal),  n.  A 
ball  or  missile,  originally  of  stone, 
but  now  usually  of  cast-iron  or 
steel,  designed  to  be  thrown  from 
a  eaiuion.  Sjihcrical  projectiles  are 
now  to  a  great  extent  superseded  by  elon- 
gated ones,  so  that  the  term  tiall  as  applied 
t(t  them  is  not  literally  correct. —  Can- 
non-ball mill,  a  mill  for  grinding  certain 
kinds  of  dry  materials.  It  consists  of  a 
cylinder  in  which  revrdving  cannon-balls 
effect  the  desired  grinding.  Cannon- 
ball  tree,  the  can  run  pita  (iniftnensin,  of 
tropicjil  .-Vmeric:i,  bearing  a  large  globose 
fruit  with  :i  woody  shell. 

cannon-baskettCkan'on-bas'ket), 

)(.     A  gabion. 
cannon-bit  (kan 'on-bit) 
as  cinniitn,  3. 


Cannon.bone  of 
left  hind  leg  of 
horse,  seen  from 
behind. 

I,  the  cannon- 
txine.  lx:ing  the 
middle    metatar- 

Same   "'  ^'""-  be.oing 

c  and  3.  the  two 
.plint-tiones, 


Tji     reduced  metatar- 
sal bones.     The 


ing   cannon-bon 
and    splint-bones 
of  the   fore  limb 
are  the  metacar- 
pus. 


cannon-bone  (kan'oii-bou),  «  ^^  ^^ 

1'arri( ni  and  ret.  .sn're/.,  one  of  the  whoic"i'rthe me 
functional  and  coiiiplete  meta-  f;'^',^^"'^  "J,,,",!',' 
carpal  or  metatarsal  bones  of  a  ]"'!'>='"'='=".  "'' 
hoofed  quatlruped,  supporting  the  The  cotrcsijiJnd^ 
weight  of  the  body  upon  the  feet. 
The  former,  iu  the  fore  leg.  extends  from 
the  carpus  or  so-called  "knee"  to  the  fet- 
lock-joint, and  the  latter,  in  the  hind  leg, 
from  the  tarsus  or  "hock"  to  the  fetlock- 
joint.  In  a  solidnngulate,  as  the  horse,  the  cannon-bone 
is  the  single  (third)  metaearp.al  or  metatarsal ;  in  cloven- 
footed  (luadrupcds,  :is  the  ox.  it  is  composed  of  two  meta- 
carpals or  metatiirsals  fused  in  one.  The  rudimentary  or 
incomplete  lateral  metacarpals  or  metatarsals,  on  either 
side  of  the  e.annon-l)one,  are  ciUed  jtptinl-hones.  The  can- 
non-bone represents  the  extent  of  the  limb  frtun  the  cjtrpo- 
metacarpal  or  tarsiuilctatiirsal  ;irtirnl:ition  to  tbc  nietii- 
earpo-  or  metatarsophalangeal  articulittion.  Also  spelled 
rnnnnJnun: 

cannon-bullet  (kan'on-bul"et),  n.    A  cannon- 

liall.  [Rare.] 
cannoneer  (kan-on-er'),  n.  [Also  written  can- 
nonirr :  <  F.  canonnier  (=  It.  cannonicrc).  < 
canon,  cannon :  see  cannon  and  -cer.']  One  who 
takes  part  in  the  loading  and  discharging  of 
cannon;  an  artillerjnnan. 

Let  the  kettle  to  the  trumpet  speak, 
The  trumpet  to  the  cannoneer  without. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  V.  2. 

cannoneering(kan-on-er'ing),  «.  [<  cannoneer 
+  -i'Hjrl.]  The  actor  art  of  using  cannons; 
practice  >vith  cannons.     Also  cannonicring. 

Gunnery,  cannoneeriufj,  btuubarding,  mining. 

liurke,  \'in<i.  of  Nat.  Society. 

cannoningt  (k'm'on-ing),  n.  [^'el•bal  n.  of 
cannon,  c]     A  loud  noise,  as  of  cannon. 

cannon-lock  (kan'on-lok),  «.  A  contrivance 
placed  over  the  toiich-liole  of  a  cannon  to  e.\- 
]ilode  tlie  charge. 

cannon-pinion  (kan'on-pin'yon),  H.  In  a  clock 
or  watch,  a  squared  tubular  ]iiece,  placed  on  the 
srbor  of  the  center-wheel,  and  adapted  to  hold 
tlie  minute-]i;tnd.     IC.  II.  Knight. 

cannon-proof  (kan'on-prof),  a.  Proof  against 
(';inii(>ii-sliof . 

cannon-range  (kan'on-ranj),  «.  The  range  of 
a  cannon ;  the  whole  field  that  can  be  reached 
with  projectiles  from  a  cannon,  or  tlie  cannon 
of  a  given  battery  or  port ;  cannon-shot :  as,  to 
come  within  cannon-range. 

cannonry  (kan'on-ri),  n.  [<  cannon  +  -ri/.] 
Artillery;  cannon  in  general.     [Rare.] 

cannon-shot  (kan'ou-shot),  ».  1.  A  ball  or 
shot  for  cannon. —  2.  The  range  or  distance  a 
cannon  will  throw  a  ball. 

cannon-stove  (kan'on-stov),  h.  A  tall  cylin- 
drical stove,  somewhat  resembling  a  cannon  set 
up  on  its  breech. 

Cannopylea  (kan"o-pi-le'a),  n.  ]>l.  [NIj.,  < 
(Jr.  Miiitt,  a  reed.  +  -i/'/,  a  gate.]  A  gi-oup  or 
li'srion  of  radiolarians:  same  as  I'liaodaria. 

Cannoraphididae  (ka-nor-a-tid'i-de),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Cannoru^/liijs  {-phid-)  +  -ida:]     A  fam- 


canoe 

ily  of  phtDodarian  radiolarians  witli  a  skeleton 
consisting  of  detached  hollow  tubes  or  reticu- 
lated pieces  of  silex,  deposited  tangentially 
around  the  central  capsule.     Also  called  C'an- 

norhaiiliida.     Ilacclccl. 

Cannorapbis  (ka-uor'a-fis),  ji.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ki'n-ia,  a  reed,  +  /la^i'r,  a'needle,  also  a  needle- 
shaped  fish,  <  imiTTHv,  sew.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Cannoraphididw.  Also  Cannarha- 
phlt. 

Cannosphaera  (kau-o-sfe'rii),  n.     [NI-i-,  ^  Gr. 

Kiiri'ii,  a  fccil,  +  aiial'i>a,  sphere.]  The  typical 
genus  of  llic  family  Canno.sjilia'ridir. 

Cannosphaeridae  (kau-o-sfe'ri-de),  u.  pi.  [NL., 

<  l'iiiin<i!<pli<rr(i  +  -iila\'\  A  family  of  pha>o- 
darian  radiolarians  with  a  fenestrated  shell, 
spherical  or  subspherical,  and  double.  The  in- 
ner shell  (medullar  layer)  is  composed  simply  of  solid 
beams;  the  outer  (cortical  layer),  of  hollow  tubes  with  ra- 
dial spicules  at  the  noilcs  of  junction.  The  two  layers 
.are  couuectt'd  by  hollow  radial  rods.  Also  Cannogpherida. 
Ilaeekel, 

cannot  (kan'ot).  A  way  of  writing  can  not, 
duo  to  the  silencing  in  pronunciation  of  one  of 

the  «'s. 

cannula  (kan'u-lii),  n.  [L.  (ML.  also  canula), 
dim.  of  <-«»)«;,  a  reed,  pipe:  see  ff/H'l.]  1.  A 
small  tube  used  by  surgeons  for  various  pur- 
poses, as  for  a  sheath  to  a  stylet  or  other  sharp 
instrument,  along  with  which  it  is  thrust  into  a 
cavity  or  tmnor  eotitaiuiiig  a  fluid.  The  perfo- 
ration being  made,  the  sharp  iTislrunieut  is  withdrawn  and 
the  tube  left,  iu  order  that  the  fluid  may  pass  through  it. 
Also  canula. 
2.  Eccles.,  a  cruet  for  use  at  the  altar.    See 

cntct.-  Bellocq's  cannula,  an  instrument  for  plugging 
the  [Misteriur  ikiits  to  slop  bleeding  from  the  nose. 

cannular  (kau'fi-liir),  n.  [<  cannula  +  -ar^.'i 
I'ubtdar;  having  the  form  of  a  tube.  Also  can- 
ular. 

cannulate  (kan'n-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  catt- 
nnlaliil.  ppr.  eannulating.     [<  cannula  +  -atc-.'\ 

To  make  hollow,  like  a  cannula Cannulated 

needle,  ;t  surgeon's  needle  made  hollow  to  allow  a  wire 
or  thread  to  pass  through  its  entire  length. 

canny,  cannie  (kan'i),  a.  [Sc,  of  uncertain 
origin;  popularly  associated  with  can'^,  n.,  skill, 
knowleilge,  ability,  and  cunning'^,  knowing,  and 
thus  ult.  with  cfljjl,  r.,  know;  but  perhai)S  ult. 
due  to  Icel.  !:<pnn  (for  l-mnn,  i.  e.,  koenn),  wise, 
skilful,  expert,  clever,  =  AS.  ccnc,  bold,  E.  lecn, 
sharp  (cf.  E.  sharp  in  a  similar  sense):  see 
/iTf«i.]  A  term  of  commendation  of  various 
apjilication.  1.  Knowing;  cautious;  prudent; 
wary;  watchful;  cunning;  artful;  crafty. 

I  trust  in  t!od  to  use  the  world  as  a  raiinit  and  cunning 
master  doth  a  knave  servant.  Hutlter/ord,  Letters. 

Wiateer  he  wins  IU  guide  with  canny  care. 

iUnnsay. 

White-tail  [deerj  are  very  caiin]t,  and  know  perfectly 
well  wliat  tlireatens  danger  and  what  does  not. 

T.  Rousecelt,  Uunting  Trips,  p.  113. 

2.  Skilled;  handy;  expert. 

His  wife  w;is  ;i  cannie  body,  and  could  dress  things  very 
well  fiU'  anc  in  her  line  o"  business.    Scott,  Old  Mortality,  v. 

3.  Moderate;  reasonable,  (n)  in  expense :  (■'nigai; 
not  extravagant,  (t)  In  charges  or  exactions :  Not  extor- 
tionate,   (e)  In  conduct:  Not  severe. 

4.  Quiet;  easv;  soft.  («)  t)niet  in  disjiosition  ;  gen- 
tle ;  tnictable.    (Ii)  tjuiet  in  movement ;  still ;  slow. 

I'll  he  her  nurse,  and  I'U  gang  aboot  on  my  stockin' 
soles  as  canny  as  pussy. 

Dr.  John  Brotcn,  Rah  and  his  Friends. 

(c)  Snug;  comfortable;  neat. 
Edge  me  into  some  canny  post.  lianifati. 

5.  Safe;  not  dangerous ;  fortimate;  luckj'. — 6. 
Good;  worthy. —  7.  Possessed  of  supernatural 
power;  skilled  in  magic. 

Cannu  Elshic,  or  the  Wise  Wight  o'  Muckelstane  Moor. 
Scott,  Black  Dw.arf,  p.  39. 

canny,  cannie  (kan'i),  adv.  [Sc]  In  a  caimy 
manner ;  canuily ;  cautiously ;  gently ;  slowly. 

Ye'll  tak  me  in  your  arms  twa,  lo.  lift  me  cannie. 

Bonnie  Annie,  in  Child's  Ballads,  III.  43. 

Speak  her  fair  and  cannij.  Scott,  Pirate,  I.  66.  ' 

Ca'  cannie  (literally,  drive  gently),  proceed  with  caution ; 
don't  :iet  rashly.     [Scotch.] 

canoat,  ".     [See  canoe.']     A  canoe.     lialeigh. 

CanoblC  (ka-no'Vtik).  a.    Same  as  Canopie. 

canoe  (ka-no'),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  canoo, 
canow,  canoicc,  orig.  canoa;  =  Pg..It.  canoa  = 
F.  canot  =  D.  kanoo  =  Sw.  lanot  =  Dan.  kano, 
<  Sp.  canoa,  <  candoa,  the  native  West  Indian 
(Carib)  name.]  I.  n.  A  light  boat  ilesigned  to 
be  propelled  by  a  ])addle  or  jiaddles  held  in  the 
hands  without  fixed  supports,  llie  canoes  of  sav- 
age niees  are  constructed  of  itark  (as  the  birch-bark  canoe 
of  the  American  Indians)  or  hides,  or  formed  of  the  tninks 
of  trees,  excavated  by  burning  or  cutting  them  into  a  suit- 
able shape.  The  birch-bark  canoes  are  lii:ht  ;ind  can  he 
carried  on  the  shouldets,  one  large  enough  for  luiU'  per- 


canoe 

sons  sometimes  weighing  no  more  than  40  or  M  pounds. 
Tlic  modern  ciinoe,  eniijl.jyid  <  hitlly  for  plcnsiire,  is  u  light 
Ijont,  carvel-  or  clinkerliuilt,  slinrp  at  liolh  ends  and  with 
a  beam  one  eiglitli  or  one  sixth  its  liimtli ;  it  is  usually 


Iiulians,  Alaska. 


built  nf  wood,  but  sometimes  of  canva-s.  paper,  galvanized 
iron,  or  otlier  material,  and  often  provided  with  sails.  The 
typical  woiiilen  eruisins  canoe  is  about  14  feet  long,  27  to 
80  inches  l.iani,  deikcd  (■vcr,  and  fltteil  with  water-tight 
compartments.  The  paddle  is  S  or  lu  feet  long,  and  the 
sails  are  usually  lugs. 

I  encountered  with  tw(t  Cniioweg  of  Indians,  who  came 
ahoord  me.  Capt.  John  Smilh,  Works  (Arber),  p.  10. 

To  paddle  one's  own  canoe,  to  make  one's  own  way  in 
life ;  depend  upon  ones  own  unaided  exertions  for  suc- 
cess.    [Colloq.  ] 

H.  a.  Canoe-shaped,  (a)  Applied  by  Penns.vlvania 
geologists  to  the  mountains  of  that  .State  whose  structure 
gives  them  a  resemblance  in  form  to  an  Indian  canoe. 
There  are  anticlinal  and  synclinal  canoe  mountains,  the 
one  being  like  the  other  inverted,  (b)  Applied  in  embry- 
ology to  an  early  state  of  a  vertebrate  embryo,  when  it  has 
acquired  a  definite  long  axis  and  bilaterally  synnuetrical 
sides  curved  in  over  the  yolk-sac,  as  in  man. 

canoe  (ka-no'),  i:  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canoed,  ppr. 
canoeing.  [<  canoe,  ?i.]  To  paddle  a  cauoe ; 
sail  in  a  canoe. 

canoe-birch  (ka-no'bereh),  n.  A  tree,  Bcfiilapa- 
pyrifcra  ov  puinjracca,  also  known  as  the  paper- 
birch,  and  sometimes  as  the  white  birch,  the 
tough  durable  bark  of  which  is  used  for  making 
canoes  in  North  America  by  the  Indians  and 
others.  Tlie  bark  of  the  young  trees  is  chalky- 
white. 

canoe-cedar  (ka-no'se'dar),  V.     See  cedar,  2. 

canoeing  (ka-no'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  canoe, 
f.]     The  art  or  practice  of  managing  a  canoe. 

Canopinfj,  as  the  term  is  now  |1SS.3]  understood,  dates 
back,  in  the  United  States,  to  1871,  when  the  New  York 
Canoe  Club  w-jis  organized.       Forest  ami  Stream,  XXI.  5. 

canoeist  (ka-no'ist),  n.     [<  canoe  +  -ist.']    One 
who  padilli's  a  canoe ;  one  skilled  in  the  man- 
agement of  a  canoe. 
Ail  this  country  lies  withiu  the  reach  of  tlie  canoeist. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXX.  226. 

canoeman(ka-no'man),}i. ;  pi.  canoemcn  (-men). 
One  occupied  or  skilled  in  managing  a  canoe. 

canoe-wood  (ka-no '^viid),  H.  The  tulip-tree, 
Liriodendron  Tulipifera. 

canon^  (kan'on),  n.  [<  ME.  canon,  canoun,  a 
rule,  <  AS.  canon,  a  rule,  canon  {canones  hoc, 
the  book  of  the  canon),  =  D.  canon  =  Ci.  canon, 
lanon  =  Sw.  Dan.  l-anon  =:F.  canon  =  Sp.  canon 
=  Pg.  canon  =  It.  canonc  =  W.  canon  —  Kuss. 
l-anonti,  <  L.  canon,  a  rule,  in  LL.  also  the  cata- 
logue of  sacred  writings,  <  Gr.  kovuv,  a  rule, 
the  catalogue  of  the  sacred  writings,  a  rule  of 
the  church;  the  orig.  sense  being  'a  straight 
rod,'  <  Kovr/,  a  rare  form  of  nam),  kAvvu,  a  reed: 
see  cane^.  Cf.  cannon,  a  doublet  of  cano)A,  and 
canon^,  a  deriv.]     1.  A  rule  or  law  in  general. 

Contrary  to  thy  established  proclaimed  edict  and  conti- 
nent canon.  Shak,,  L.  L.  L..  i.  1. 
O,  that  this  too  too  solid  flesh  would  melt, 
Thaw,  and  resolve  itself  into  a  dew  ! 
Or  that  the  Everlasting  had  not  fixed 
His  cation  'gainst  self-slaughter ! 

Shak.,  H.anilet,  i.  2. 
She  shocked  no  canon  of  taste. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  v. 

The  scientific  canon  of  excluding  from  calculation  all 
incalculable  data  i)laces  Metaphysics  (in  tlic  same  level  with 
Physics.     G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  54. 

2.  Ec.c.hs. :  (a)  A  law  or  rule  of  doctrine  or  dis- 
cipline, enacted  by  a  council  or  other  compe- 
tent ecclesiastical  authority. 

Vaiious  canons,  which  were  made_in  councils  held  in 
the  second  century.  '  Hook. 

In  the  wording  of  a  canon,  it  is  not  enough  to  admonish 
or  to  express  disapprobation  ;  its  wording  must  be  expli- 
citly permissive  i-r  pinliibitory,  backed  by  the  provision, 
expressed  or  adiiiitttdly  understood,  that  its  infringement 
will  be  visited  \\  ith  punishment. 

The  Churchman,  LIV.  462. 

(b)  In  liturgies,  that  part  of  the  liturgy  or  mass 
■which  includes  the  consecration,  great  obla- 
tion, and  great  intercession,  it  begins  after  the 
Sanctus  (in  the  Koman  liturgy,  and  other  Latin  liturgies 
influenced  by  the  Koman,  with  the  words  Te  it^itur),  and 
ends  just  before  the  lord's  Prayer,  sometimes  counted  a 


794 

part  of  it.  The  Roman  canon  is  divided  into  ten  portions 
or  paragraphs,  generally  named  from  their  initial  words. 

See  liturtfi/. 

3.  The  books  of  the  Holy  Seriptvire  accepted  by 

the  Christian  clnireh  as  containing  an  authori- 
tative rule  of  rclifxiiius  failli  and  jiraetiee.  With 
the  exccjition  of  tiie  bonks  *  ailed  aulili  ^iuh'iui,  the  cation- 
irity  of  which  Wiis  not  at  first  miiversally  recognized,  the 
canon  of  the  New  Testament  has  always  c<msisted  of  the 
same  books.  Tlie  books  compriseil  in  the  Hebrew  Bible, 
and  constituting  the  Hebrew  canon,  that  is  to  say,  the 
books  of  the  Old  Testament  as  given  in  the  authorized 
version  from  Genesis  to  Malachi  inclusive,  are  universal- 
ly rccHuaiized  as  canonical.  The  canonical  character  of 
llic  linnks  nnt  fouud  lu  the  Hebrew,  but  containe<l  in  the 
S,iitnai,'int  or  \'n!gate,  was  disputed  by  many  in  tile  early 
clinrcli;  and  altluiiiL'h  they  arc  iccci\'cd  without  distinc- 
tion \>y  tlic  (Jicck  flitircli.  and.  witli  tin-  exception  of  some 
among  the  number,  Ijy  the  Roman  ratholict'hnrch,  they  are 
not  accounted  canonical  by  the  Anglican  Church  (which, 
however,  treats  them  as  ecclesiastical  books,  that  is,  books 
to  be  read  in  the  church),  nor  by  any  of  the  Protestant 
churches.  See  antilegomena,  apocrypha,  2,  deuterocanoni- 
cal,  and  ecclesiastical. 

4.  The  rules  of  a  religious  order,  or  of  persons 
devoted  to  a  strictly  religious  life,  as  monks 
and  nims ;  also,  the  book  in  which  such  rules 
are  written. —  5.  A  catalogue  or  list;  specifi- 
cally, the  catalogue  of  members  of  the  chapter 
of  a  cathedral  or  collegiate  church. —  6.  A  cat- 
alogue of  saints  aclcnowledged  and  canonized, 
as  in  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Eastern  churches. 
—  7.  In  art,  a  rule  or  system  of  measiu'cs  of 
such  a  character  that,  the  dimensions  of  one  of 
the  parts  being  given,  those  of  the  whole  may  be 
deduced,  and  vice  versa,  .k  canon  is  established, 
for  instance,  when  it  is  shown  that  tlie  Icieith  of  any  well- 
proportioned  figure  is  a  certain  niiiiibcr  of  times  that  of 
the  head  taken  as  a  unit,  and  that  the  lcii;itb  of  the  head  is 
contained  a  certain  number  of  times  in  the  torsi » or  the  legs. 

8.  In  music,  a  kind  of  fugal  composition  in  two 
or  more  parts,  constructed  according  to  the 
strict  rules  of  imitation.  One  voice  or  instrument 
begins  a  melody,  and  after  a  few  beats,  the  number  de- 
pending xipon  tlie  character  of  the  melody,  a  second  takes 
up  the  same  melody  at  the  beginning,  at  the  same  pitch 
or  at  some  definite  interval,  and  repeats  it  note  for  note, 
and  generally  interval  for  interval.  The  principle  of  the 
canon  is  that  the  second  voice  or  instrument,  when  it  be- 
gins the  melody,  must  combine  continuously,  according 
to  the  strict  rules  of  liarmony,  with  that  jiait  at  which  the 
first  voice  has  arrived,  and  when  tlie  third  \oiee  begins  it 
must  combine  in  the  same  manner  with  those  parts  at 
which  the  other  two  have  arrived,  and  so  on  for  any  num- 
ber of  voices.  A  round  is  sometimes  improperly  called  a 
eanon. 

Here  we  had  a  variety  of  brave  Italian  and  Si).anish 
songs,  and  a  canon  for  eight  voices,  which  M  r.  L-  -ck  had 
lately  made  on  these  words :  "  Domiue  salviim  fai-  Kegem." 

Pepys,  Diary,  I.  26. 

9.  In  math. :  {a)  A  general  rule  for  the  solu- 
tion of  cases  of  similar  natm-e.  {h)  An  exten- 
sible table  or  set  of  tables,  (c)  A  collection  of 
formulas. — 10.  In  logic,  a  ftmdamental  and 
invariable  maxim,  such  as.  Nothing  ought  to 
be  done  without  a  reason. — 11.  In  the  Kantian 
philosophij,  the  science  which  determines  the 
right  use  of  any  faculty  of  cognition :  as,  pure 
logic  is  the  canon  of  the  formal  use  of  the  tm- 
derstanding  and  reason;  transcendental  ana- 
lytics is  the  canon  of  the  use  of  the  under- 
standing a  priori,  and  so  on. — 12.  In  phar.,  a 
rule  for  compoimding  medicines. — 13.  In  (;/•. 
hijmnologij,  a  hymn  consisting  normally  of  a 
succession  of  liine  odes,  but  usually  of  eight 
(sometimes  of  only  three  or  four),  the  sec- 
ond being  omitted,  except  in  Lent,  the  num- 
bers of  the  third,  foiu'th,  etc.,  however,  remain- 
ing unaltered.  See  ode,  tetraodion,  triodion. — 
14t.  Annual  charge  for  use  of  land ;  rent ;  a 
quit-rent. — 15.  In  jrrinting,  a  large  text  print- 
ing-type, in  size  about  17^  lines  to  the  linear 
foot :  so  called  from  its  early  employment  in 
printing  the  canon  of  the  mass  and  the  ser- 
vice-books of  the  church — Ancyrene  canons.  See 
J iic.vn'jie.— Apostolic  canons,  sec  npuxiuU,-.—  Boole's 
canon,  in  math.,  a  certain  rule  according  to  which  a  dif- 
ferential equation  can  be  integrated  if  certain  suflicieiit 
but  not  uecessary  conditions  are  fulfilled.— Canon  can- 
crizans.  See  cancrtzaii*.— Canon  law,  rules  or  laws 
relating  to  faith,  morals,  and  discipline,  enjoined  on  the 
members  of  any  church  communion  by  its  lawful  ecclesi- 
astical authority ;  specifically,  a  collection  of  rules  of  ec- 
clesiastical order  and  discipline  embodied  in  the  Corpus 
.luris  Canonici  (body  of  canon  law).  It  is  a  compilation 
from  the  canons  of  councils,  the  decrees  of  the  popes  and 
fathers,  and  the  decretals  and  canonical  replies  made  to 
questions  put  at  various  times  to  the  Roman  pontiffs. 
The  principal  parts  of  which  it  consists  are  the  Decretiim. 
or  collection  of  decrees  made  by  Gratian  A.  D.  1151.  and 
the  decretals  of  Gregory  IX.,  to  which  are  added  the  decre- 
tals of  Boniface  VIII..  the  Clementine  constitutions,  and 
tlic  books  called  the  Extravagantes  of  John  xxii.  and  the 
Lxtiavagantes  Communes.  The  canon  law  of  the  Church 
of  laigland  consists  of  canons  passed  in  natiomU  and  pro- 
vincial synods  and  foreign  canons  adopted  by  custom  and 
common  law.  The  canon  law  of  the  Greek  Church  is  em- 
bodied in  the  collections  called  the  Syntagma  Canoimm, 
Nomocanon,  and  Synagoge  Canonum  of  Photius.  See  ;ie- 
nuH'anon.—  Cauon  lawyer,  a  person  versed  in  the  canon 
law. 


canonic 

Ovld  was  not  only  a  fine  poet,  but  (as  a  man  may  speak) 
a  great  Canon  lawyer.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  l>.  85. 

Canon  of  Lyslppus,  in  Gr.  art,  a  system  of  typical  pro- 
jiortions  fur  the  human  bo<ly,  based  upon  the  works  of 
the  sciilpt^ir  Lysijtpus  of  sicyon.  Lysippus  made  the 
head  smaller  than  his  iiredecessors,  and  sought  tti  exjiress 
a  strongly  marked  muscular  development.  — Canon  of 
PolycletUS,  in  Gr.  art,  the  system  of  typical  ]iroportiolis 
for  the  Imman  body  elaborated  by  the  sculptor  Polycletus, 
or  dediucd  from  his  works.  It  is  held  U\  be  particularly 
illustrateil  in  his  figure  callccl  the  doryphoriis  (which  see). 
—  Canons  of  Inlierltance,  in  Imr,  rules  rlireeting  the  de- 
scent of  real  property.  — (Circular  canon,  ill  music:  (a)  A 
eanon  whose  subject  returns  iiit4»  itself ;  an  infinite  or  i>er- 
petual  canon.  (6)  A  canon  whose  subject  ends  in  a  key 
one  semitone  above  that  in  which  it  began,  so  that  twelve 
repetitions  traverse  the  circle  of  keys.  —  Enigmatical 
canon,  canon  aenigmaticus,  riddle  canon,  in  i'i,i  mu- 
sic,a  canon  in  which  one  ]»art  was  written  out  in  full  and 
the  number  of  parts  was  given  ;  the  remaining  parts  were 
to  be  written  out  by  the  student  in  accordance  w  ith  the 
requirements  of  an  enigmatical  inscription  written  ujion 
the  music.  See  iiiscrijiiicii.—  Perpetual  canon,  in  mxisic, 
a  canon  so  constnicted  that  it  iiia>  lie  11  !!■  ated  any  num- 
ber of  times  without  break  in  time  or  ili,\tlini.  =  Syn.  Or- 
dinance, Rcjidatiiiii,  etc.     See  lini'\. 

canon'-^  (kan'on),  n.  [<  ME.  canon,  canoun, 
cannn,  assibilated  chanoun,  <  OF.  canone,  as- 
sibilated  chanone,  chanoinne.  F.  clianoine  =  Pr. 
canonge  =  Sp.  canoniyo  =  Pg.  conego  =  It.  ca- 
nonico  =  AS.  canonic,  ME.  l:anunTc  =  MD.  Ay(- 
nonick;  D.  kanonick  =  late  MHG.  lanonike,  Gr. 
canonich,  now  usually  canonicu.s,  =  Icel.  kanoki, 
kannli  =  Sw.  kanik,  also  kanonicus,  =  Dan. 
kannik  =  Iluss.  kanonikii,  <  LL.  ML.  canonicn.s 
(also  canonius),  a  canon  or  jirebendary  (prop, 
adj.,  jiertaining  to  the  rules  or  institutes  of  the 
church  canonical:  see  canonic,  canonical),  later 
also  (ML.)  simply  canon  (LGr.  Kavui;  a  eanon, 
prebendary),  <  L.  canon,  <  Gr.  Karuv,  a  nde:  see 
whohI.]  a  dignitary  who  possesses  a  prebend 
or  revenue  allotted  for  the  performance  of  di- 
vine service  in  a  cathedral  or  collegiate  chtireh ; 
a  member  of  the  chapter  of  a  cathedral  or  col- 
legiate church.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in 
England  and  elsewhere  canons  were  formerly  divided  into 
three  classes,  reyular,  secular,  and  honorary.  The  reyu- 
lar  canons  lived  in  monasteries,  and  added  the  profession 
of  vows  to  their  other  duties.  Secular  or  lay  canons  did 
not  live  in  monasteries,  but  they  kept  the  canonical  hours. 
Honorary  canons  were  not  obliged  to  keep  the  hours.  The 
name  .foreign  canons  was  given  to  such  as  did  not  offi- 
ciate in  their  canonries:  opposed  to  mansionary  or  resi- 
dentiary canons.  Canons  of  the  English  cathedrals  must 
be  in  residence  for  three  months  each  year.  Collectively, 
with  the  dean  at  their  head,  they  form  the  chapter.  There 
are  also  canons  of  a  lower  grade,  called  minor  canons,  who 
assist  ill  perfoniiiiig  the  daily  choral  service  in  the  cathe- 
dral. Honorary  canons  may  also  be  appointed,  but  receive 
no  emolument. 

In  the  Chirche  of  Seynt  Sepulchre  was  wont  to  ben 
Chanoiins  of  the  ordre  of  seynt  Augustyn,  and  hadden  a 
Priour :  but  the  Patriark  was  here  Sovereygne. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  79. 

Because  they  were  enrolled  in  the  list  of  clergy  belong- 
ing to  the  church  to  which  they  became  associated,  the 
cathedral  and  collegiate  clergy  of  the  higher  grades  con- 
tinued to  be,  and  are  yet,  called  canojts. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  83. 

canon-'t,  "•    ■^ce  cannon,  7. 

canon,  canyon  (kan'yon;  Sp.  pron.  kii-nyon'), 
H.  ['rhe  E.  spelling  canyon  (Uke  the  ult.  iden- 
tical canyon)  suits  the  prommciation,  Sp.H  be- 
ing equiv.  toE.  ny ;  <  Sp.  canon,  aug.  otcaiia,  a 
tiibe,  funnel,  cannon:  see  cannon  and  o/wfl.] 
The  name  given  throughout  the  Cordilleran  re- 
gion of  the  United  States  to  any  rather  naiTOW 
valley  \\-ith  more  or  less  precipitous  sides,  and 
also  frequently  applied  to  what  would  properly 
be  called  in  English  a  deiUe,  ravine,  or  gorge. 
This  use  of  the  word  cation  is  peculiiu-  to  the  United  States, 
it  being  rare  in  .Mexico,  and  not  at  all  known  in  Spain  or 
in  Spanish  South  America.  The  word  used  in  Spain  and 
the  Argentine  Republic  is  cafiada ;  in  Peru,  tjuebrada  :  and 
in  Chili.  ;/((r'/rt /(/(/.  A  small  and  steep caAon.  called  in  Eng- 
lish fori'ttr.'gory,  ov yiilc/i.  is  known  in  Spain  and  Spanish 
America  as  ;^a;V((/(c(/aiid  tjniebra.=SyTL  Gorge,  etc.  See 
nilhy. 

canon,  canyon  (kau'yon),  v.  i.  [<  cation,  can- 
yitii.  11.1  To  enter  a  defile  or  gorge:  .said  of  a 
stream.     [Western  U.  S.] 

canon-bit  (kau'on-bit),  H.     Same  as  canmtn,  3. 

canon-bone,  «.     See  eannon-ione. 

canoness  (kau'on-es),  v.  [<  ML.  canonissa  (> 
F.  chaiiitine.isc),'a,  fem.  form  of  canon:  see  can- 
on" and  -csn.]  J^cclcs.,  a  member  of  a  commu- 
nity of  women  living  under  a  rule,  but  not 
obliged  to  make  any  vows  or  to  reuoimce  the 
world. 

There  are  in  popish  countries  women  they  call  secular 
catwtic^ses,  living  after  the  example  of  secular  canons. 

Aylijfe,  Parergon. 

canonialf,  a.  [<  ME.  canonitl.  <  ML.  as  if  "ca- 
nonialis,  <  canonitl,  a  canonicate,  <  canon,  a 
canon:  see  cohom'-.]     Same  as  canonical. 

canonic  (ka-non'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  canonicus, 
pertaining  to  a  canon  or  rule,  esp.  (in  'ML.)  to 
the  Scriptural  or  ecclesiastical  canons,  <  Gr. 


canonic 

(di'oi'/Mif,  <  Kfii'ui'  (nai'iii'-),   >  I/,  cdniin,   a  rule, 
etc.:  neo  canuH^  and  faiion-.\     I.  a.  Same  as 
(■rt«OHiC«/. 
You  arc  my  Iciinied  niul  cantmic  iieiKhbnur. 

Jl.  Juiuun,  Tiilf  cif  ft  Tub,  i.  3. 
Canonic  Imitation,  in  muxic,  tlic  cxuct  or  inuthwlicul 
hnitiitinii  of  oiu-  vuiee-pjirt  by  another.     Sec  cn«";ii,8. 

II.  «.  [( i  r.  To  savowwii',  iieut.  of /.avov(K(ic :  see 
abov(>.]  In  tlio  E/ticiircdii  jiliilnsnjilii/,  a  name 
for  lofjic,  considered  as  siijiidyiiifi;  a  noi-m  or 
rule  to  whieli  reasoniuf;  has  to  eouform. 
canonical  (ka-nou'i-kiil),  «.  and  ii.  [As  ca- 
iiDiiic  +  -(d.  Of.  ML.  ciiitiDiicnUs,  pertaining  to 
a  canon,  <  canonicun,  a  canon  or  prebendary: 
see  cannifl.'^  I.  a.  1.  Of  tlio  nature  of  or 
constitiitinfj  a  canon  or  rule ;  accepted  as  a 
norm  or  rule:  as,  caiiouicnl  writings. 

The  term  caiiitninit  si^iniHed  norniat,  as  constittltint;  a 
nile  and  sourec  of  faith,  or  it  \va.s  used  as  a  synonym  of 
authorized,  or  apiirnvcd  in  tliis  clniracter. 

ii.  J\  /■'(*/«'<-,  lie;j:in.  of  Christianity,  p.  57;{. 

2.  Fomiing  a  part  of  tlie  sacred  canon.  See 
caiioii'^,  3. — 3.  Conformed  or  conforming  to 
rule;  fixed  or  determined  by  ndo;  specifically, 
regulated  by  or  in  accordance  with  the  canons 
of  the  church;  authorized:  us,  canonical  age; 
canonical  hours. 

Tllese  two  ])relati'S  |(iiso  of  Wells  ami  Waller  of  Hen-- 
fonil,  havin;;  doiilifs  aliout  the  cilinnili-nl  eoiiijietetiey  of 
Archljisliop  .Sti^anil,  went  to  Nicolas  II.  in  IWl,  and  re- 
ceived consecration  at  his  Itands. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  704. 

We  have  one  (successful  epic]  liere,  subdivided  into  ten 
distinct  iioenis,  eacll  of  which  suits  the  canonical  require- 
ment, and  may  be  read  at  a  sinjile  siltint'. 

^Slfdiniin,  \'ict.  Poets,  p.  177. 

Canonical  age.  See  a.'/e.— Canonical  books,  or  ca- 
nonical Scriptures,  tliose  books  or  writin^-s  whidi  are 
received  !>>■  the  ehin-eh  as  the  rule  of  faith  and  practice. 
(See  ((/»»->«/>/e/.  ■.:.)  -Canonical  dissection,  in  maili..  a 
staniiaid  mode  nf  enltin^^  up  a  Kiemauu's  surface. —  Ca- 
nonical epistles,  an  appellation  given  to  those  epistles 
of  the  New  l\'stameiit  which  ju'C  called  ffeneral  or  catli- 
tilic.  I'hey  ai'e  the  cjjistles  of  Peter,  John,  James,  and 
,lude.  —  Canonical  form,  in  alfi.,  the  simplest  form  to 
which  a  i|uantie  can  be  reduced  without  loss  of  gener- 
ality. Thus,  a  liinary  qnautic  of  the  (2  Ht  ■}-  l)th  degree 
can  iie  expressed  ;us  the  sum  of  m  +  1  powers.  —  Ca- 
nonical hours,  certain  state-d  times  of  the  day,  fixed  by 
te(l.sj;i>tieal  laws,  appropriated  to  the  offices  of  prayer 
autl  lievotiou.  I[i  the  Roman  ratholic  Church  the  ca- 
noniral  hours  are  the  seven  i)eriods  of  daily  prayer,  viz., 
matins  (consisting  of  noeturus  with  lamls),  prime,  tcrce, 
sext,  nones,  evensoug  or  vespers,  and  complin.  In  Eng- 
land the  same  name  is  also  sometimes  given  to  the  hours 
from  eight  o'cl()ek  to  twelve  in  the  forenoon,  before  and 
after  which  maniage  cannot  be  legally  perhjrmed  in 
a  iiarish  church. —  Canonical  letters,  letters  formerly 
interchanged  by  the  orthodox  clergy,  as  testiuauiials  of 
their  faitli,  to  keei>  up  the  catholic  coninninion,  and  to 
distinguish  them  from  heretics. —  Canonical  life,  the 
method  or  rule  of  living  prescribed  by  the  ancient  clergy 
who  lived  in  community.  It  was  less  rigid  than  the  mo- 
nastic life. — Canonical  obedience,  liie  oi.edienee,  as 

regnlati-d  by  the  canons,  of  an  ecclesiastic  nf  ln\\(  rrank  to 
his  superita-,  as  i>f  a  presltyter  to  his  bishop.  —  Canonical 
punishments,  sn-h  ]>nnisllments  as  the  ehureh  may 
inlliet,  iis  exconnnnnieation,  <legradation,  penance,  etc.— 
Canonical  scholar,  a  scholar  in  a  cathedral  sehoul  ^^ho 
is  suiqittrted  upon  ati  episcopal  foundation. —  Canonical 
Bins,  in  the  ancient  clun'ch,  those  sins  for  which  capital 
punishment  was  inllicted,  as  idolatry,  murder,  adultery, 
heresy,  etc. 

II.  n.  pi.  [Cf.  ML.  cnnnnicre  restes,  canoni- 
cals.] Tlie  dress  or  habit  prescribed  by  canon 
to  he  worn  by  the  clergy  when  they  otHciatc ; 
hence,  the  prescrilied  official  costume  or  deco- 
ration of  any  functionary,  as,  in  English  iisage, 
the  pouch  on  the  gown  of  an  M.D.,  the  coif  of  a 
serjeant-at-law,  the  lambskin  on  tlu'  hood  of  a 
B.  A.,  the  strings  of  an  Oxford  undergraduate, 
the  tippet  on  a  barrister's  gown,  proctors'  and 
subproctors' tippets,  etc. 

.\n  ecclesiastic  in  full  canonicals.  Macaulaii. 

canonically  (ka-non'i-kal-i),  (tdi\  In  conform- 
ity with  a  canon  or  rule ;  specifically,  in  con- 
formity with,  or  in  the  manner  prescril>ed  by, 
the  canons  of  a  church:  as,  "canonicalli/  ad- 
mitted bishops,"  Up.  JUile,  Apology,  p.  -3. 

canonicalness  (ka-non'i-kal-nes),  «.  The  qual- 
ity of  l>eiiig  canonical. 

The  i-andnicalmsg  of  the  Apostolic  Constitutions. 

Up.  Unmet,  Hist.  Own  Times,  an.  1711. 

canonicate  (ka-non'i-kat),  n.    [=  F.  canonical, 

<  ML.  'canonicatus,  n.,  office  of  a  canon;  cf. 
canonicatus,  pp.  of  canonicarc,  make  a  canon, 

<  ffiHo»/™,s',  a  canon  :  aee  canonic,  canon-.']  Tlie 
of1i<'e  of  a  canon;  a  canonry. 

canonicity  (kan-o-nis'i-ti),  n.     [=  F.  canonieiti, 

<  ML.  ''cannnicita{t-)i,  <  canonicns,  canonical.] 
The  quality  of  being  canonical ;  canonicalness. 

The  canonicihi,  that  Is.  the  divine  authority,  of  tlie 
books  of  the  New  Testament. 

J.  11.  Si-n-mnn.  H.velopment  of  Christ.  Doet,  iii.  i. 

canonisation,  canonise,  etc.  See  canonization, 

canonize,  etc. 


795 

canonism  (kan'on-izm),  «.     [<  canon^  +  -i.s'«i.] 

Adiieicrice  to  canon  or  nile. 
canonist  (kau'on-ist),  n.     [=  F.  canoniste;  < 

canon^  +  -ist.]    One  skilled  in  ecclesiastical 

or  canon  law. 

He  must  be  a  canonint :  that  is  to  say,  one  that  is  brought 
up  in  the  study  of  the  pope's  laws  and  decrees. 

Latimer,  Sernnni  of  the  Plough. 

West  and  Clark,  the  Bishops  of  Ely  and  of  Path,  .  .  . 
were  both  celebrated  canonintH  and  devoted  adherents  of 
the  old  religion.        Ii.  W.  iJiion,  Hist.  Church  of  Eiig.,  i. 

All  through  the  Middle  Ages  the  lawyer  who  was  avow- 
edly a  priest  held  his  own  against  the  lawyer  who  pro- 
fesse<l  to  be  a  layman;  and  ours  [England]  is  the  only 
country  in  which,  owing  to  the  peculiar  turn  of  (mr  legal 
history,  it  is  ditficult  to  see  that,  on  the  wliole,  the  canon- 
ist exercised  as  mucli  inllnenee  on  the  course  of  legal  de- 
velopment as  the  legist  or  civilian. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  jj.  '17. 

Canonistic  (kan-o-njs'tik),  ((.  [<  canoni.ll  +-ic.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  canonists. 

Tliey  became  the  ai)t  scholars  of  this  canoniMic  exposi- 
tion. Milton,  Tetrachordon. 

canonizant  (ka-non'i-zant),  n.  [<  cannnize  + 
-«»(!.]  In  math.,  a  certain  covariant  used  in 
reducing  qualities  to  the  canonical  forms.  The 
eanoni/.;od  "f  ^i  ipiautie  of  odd  orde]'  is  the  cataleetieant 
of  the  penultimate  einanant.  Thus,  the  canonizant  of  the 
quantic  (a,  b,  c,  d,  e,/)(x,  t/)^  is 

az  +  by,  hx  -1-  cy,  ex  -f  dy 
bx  -(-  cy,  ex  -1-  dy,  dx  +  ey 
ex  1-  tiy,    dx  +  ey,    ex  +/y. 

canonizatet  (ka-non'i-zat),  V.  t.  [<  ML.  canoni- 
zatu.i,  pp.  of  canonisarc,  canonize:  see  canon- 
ize.']    To  canonize. 

canonization  (kan^'on-i-zil'shon),  n.  [=  F. 
ciDiiinisalion,  <  ML.  canonizarc,  canonize:  see 
canonize]  In  the  Horn,  f'atli.  Cli.,  the  act  of 
enrolling  a  beatified  jn-rson  among  the  saints. 
See  beatification,  originally  each  bishop  was  aecus 
tomed  to  declare  that  particular  deceased  i>ersons  should 
be  regarded  as  saints  ;  but  the  exercise  of  this  power  was 
gradually  assumed  by  the  impes,  who  since  117!)  have  ex- 
ercised the  exillisivc  right  of  canonization.  In  order  t4> 
canonization,  it  must  he  shown  that  two  miracles  have 
been  wrtuight  by  the  candiilate  before  beatillcation,  and 
two  more  aftt:r  it  by  his  intercession.  The  pope,  on  ap- 
plication, resumes  the  case  of  the  beatified  i)erson,  with 
the  view  of  testing  his  qualitleations  f()r  the  higher  rank 
wliich  is  claimed  for  him.  A  secret  consistory  is  sum- 
moned, at  w  hiili  three  cardinals  are  appointed  to  inquire 
into  the  matter,  wlio  make  their  report  at  a  second 
private;  meeting.  In  the  third,  whiili  is  a  juiblic  consis- 
tory, one  person,  called  the  adcocatnx  dialxili,  or  de\  il  s 
advocate,  attacks  the  person  to  be  canonized,  raises  doulds 
as  to  the  miracles  said  to  have  been  wiou^bt  Ity  him,  and 
exposes  any  want  of  formality  in  the  piocedure;  while 
another  person,  called  advoaittia  Jn-i,  or  (Jod's  advocate, 
supports  liis  claim.  Lastly,  a  fourth  ctmsistory  is  held,  in 
wliicll  the  votes  of  the  prelates  are  taken  for  or  against 
the  canonization.  If  a  plurality  of  votes  are  cast  in  favor 
of  the  candidate,  the  p<ii>e  announces  the  day  a^ipointeil 
for  tile  ceremony,  w  liich  takes  place  at  St.  Peter  s.  Also 
spelled  c'tnonixotion. 

canonize  (kau'on-iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
onized, ppr.  canonizing.  [=  F.  canoniscr,  < 
ML.  canonizarc,  canonize,  put  into  the  canon 
or  catalogue  of  tho  saints,  <  canon,  a  canon, 
catalogue  of  the  saints,  etc.  :  see  canon'^.]  1. 
To  enroll  officially  in  tlie  canon  or  catalogue 
of  tho  saints;  declare  to  be  a  saint;  regard  as 
a  saint.     See  canonization. 

The  king,  desirous  to  bring  into  the  house  of  Lancaster 
celestial  hon<nir,  tiecamc  suitor  to  Pope  Julius,  \fi  canonize 
King  Henry  VI.  for  a  saint.  JSacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

The  best  of  them  will  never  be  canonized  tor  a  saint 
when  she's  dead.  Uoldnmith,  (lood-Natured  Man,  i. 

And  has  a  Champion  risen  in  arms  to  try 
His  Country's  virtue,  fought,  and  breathes  no  more ; 
Him  in  tlieir  hearts  the  peojile  canonize. 

Word.'.'irorth,  Eeeles.  Sonnets,  i.  :i2. 

2.  To  admit  into  tho  canon,  as  of  Scripture. 
[Rare.] 

Bathslieba  was  so  wise  a  woman  that  some  of  her  coun- 
sels are  canonized  for  divine.  fip.  Hall,  liaviil's  End. 

3.  To  embody  in  canons.     [Rare.] 

Planting  our  faith  one  while  in  the  old  convocation 
house  ;  and  another  while  in  the  chapel  at  Westminster; 
when  all  the  faith  and  religion  that  shall  be  there  canon- 
ized is  not  sutticient  without  plain  convineement,  and  the 
charity  of  patient  instruction.  J/i'i^en,  Areopagitiea,  p.  55. 

Also  spelled  canonise. 

canonizer  (kan'on-i-z6r), »».  One  who  canonizes. 
Also  s]ielled  canoniscr. 

canonlyt  (kan'on-li),  a.  [<C(J«o«1 -)- -?i/l.]  Ac- 
cording to  the  canon;  canonically. 

canonry  (kan'on-ri),  «. ;  pi.  canonrics  (-riz).  [< 
canon-  -i-  -ry.]    The  benefice  filled  by  a  canon. 

The  patronage  of  the  canonrics  w:us  secured  to  the  Arch- 
bishop of  York  by  the  Act  13  and  U  Viet,,  c.  IW,  s.  25. 

N.  and  Q.,  6tli  scr.,  IX.  479. 

canonst  (kan'onz),  H.  ])l.     See  cannon,  n.,  7. 
canonship  (kan'on-shi]i).  n.    f  <  canon-  +  ship.] 
The  position  or  office  of  canon ;  cauom-y. 


canopy 

canon-wiset  (kan'on-wiz),  «.  Versed  in  the 
canon  law:  as,  "canon-wise  prelate,"  Milton, 
Keformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

cafion-'wren  (kan'yon-ren),  «.  A  bird  of  the 
family   Troijludijliihv  and  genus   Catlicrjwn,   as 


Canon-wren  {.Ctitherpes  ntexicanus). 

C.  mexicamts:  so  called  from  its  frequenting 
canons.     Conex.    See  Cathcrjns. 
canooskie  {ka-nos'ki),  H.  A  local  nameinAlaska 
of  the  crested  auklet,  Simorhi/nchns  criMatellus. 

II.  ii:  Elliott. 

can-opener  (kan'o'pn-er),  n.  An  implement  for 
cutting  «\>en  one  end  of  a  sealed  tin  can. 

CanopiC(ka-nri']iik),  a.  [<  L.  Canojiicwt,  <  Cano- 
jin-i :  se('  Canopiix.]  Of  or  pertainingtoCanopus, 
an  ancient  city  of  Egj'pt.  Also  written  Canobic. 
-  Canoplc  vases,  vases  of  a  special  type,  with  tops  in  the 
form  of  lieatls  of  human  beings  or  divinities,  used  in  an- 
cient Egypt  to  hold  the  entrails  of  embalmed  bodies,  four 
being  jirovided  for  each  body.  They  were  made  in  large 
numbers  at  Canopus,  whence  their  name.    Their  form  is 


Etruscan  Cinopic  Vases. 

that  of  a  reversed  truncated  cone  rounded  otf  above  henii- 
spherically,  with  the  opening  in  the  top,  which  is  closed 
by  the  head  as  a  lid.  Their  material  is  generally  terra- 
cotta, but  frequently  some  valuable  stone.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  vases  of  similar  form  containing  the  ashes 
of  the  dead  found  in  Etruscan  tombs  of  the  eightll  and 
seventh  centuries  B.  c.  The  Etruscan  examples  have  han- 
dles, and  bear  human  arms  as  well  as  the  head,  represent- 
ed either  in  low  relief  along  the  bo<ly  of  the  vase,  or  in 
comiilete  relief,  and  soraetinies  articulated  t^i  the  handles. 
Against  the  walls  (of  the  mummy-chamber]  were  piled 
.  .  .  libation  jars  of  bronze  and  terra  cotta,  and  canopic 
raxen  of  precious  Lycopolitau  alabaster. 

Harpers  Mag.,  LXV.  187. 

Canopus  (ka-no'pus),  »i.  [L.,  the  brightest 
star  in  the  constellation  Argo,  named  from 
Canojin.'!,  <  Gr.  Krii'uTor,  earlier  Kiirw/ior,  a  town 
in  Lower  EgJ^>t.]  Tho  brightest  star  but  one 
in  tins  heavens,  one  magnitude  brighter  than 
Arcturus  and  only  half  a  magnitude  fainter 
than  Sirius.  It  is  situated  in  one  of  the  steering-paddles 
of  Argo,  about  ;i5  south  of  Sirius  ami  about  the  same 
distance  east  of  .-\chenar ;  it  is  of  a  white  or  yellowish 
color,  and  is  coiispicuous  in  Florida  in  w  inter.  .-V.strono- 
mere  call  it  a  or  alplia  Aryujf,  or  a  or  alplta  Carince.  .See 
cut  under  Aryo. 

canopy  (kan'o-pi),  Jl. ;  pi.  canopies  (-piz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  cannpij,  canapic;  =  D.  kanapec  = 
G.  canapce,  kanapec,  a  canopied  couch,  sofa.  <  F. 
canapd  (after  It.),  prop,  conopee  (Cotgrave)  = 
OPg.  qanapc  =  Sp.  Pg.  canape  =  It.  canope 
=  Wall,  canapcn,  a  canopy,  canopied  couch,  < 
ML.  canapcuni,  canapcinin,  canapinni,cnnopium, 
prop,  conopcnm,  a  mosquito-net,  a  tent,  pa- 
vilion, <  Gr.  KuiuTf/oi',  Kuvu-riji;  an  Egyptian 
bed  with  mosquito-curtains,  a  pavilion,  <  nuvuxji 
(«ji(jr7-),  a  gnat,  mosquito,  perhaps  an  accom. 
of  a  foreign  (Egy])tian?)  word,  but  appar.  'cone- 
faced,'  as  if  from  some  fancied  likeness  to  a 
cone,  <  Auior,  a  cone,  +  ii\j;  face :  see  cone  and 
ojilic]     1.  lu  general,  any  suspended  covering 


Canopy. 
Portal  of  the  church  of  St.  Ptre-sous-Veze- 
lay,  France.    (From  V'ioIlet-le-Duc's  "  Diet, 
de  I' Architecture."} 


canopy 

that  serves  as  a  protoetioii  or  shelter,  as  an 
awuiiig,  the  tester  of  a  beii,  or  the  like;  espe- 
cially, ail  ornameutal  coveriuj^  of  cloth  suspend- 
ed oil  posts  over  a  throne  or  the  seat  of  a  high 
dignitary,  or  any  covering  of  eloth  so  disposed. 
Uc  was  escorted  by  the  iiiilitiiiy  of  tlie  city  under  a 
royal  canopy  borne  by  the  deputies. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  12. 

2.  In  specific  figurative  use,  the  sky:  as,  any- 
where under  the  canopy,  or  the  canopy  of  heaven. 
But.  of  what  substance  shall  1,  after  thee 
(0  Mateldess  llaker),  make  Ileav'iis  Canapeij? 

Siilvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  Weeks,  i.  2. 
..Vnd  now 
The  forest's  solemn  canoiiies  were  changed 
For  tlie  imiform  and  lightsome  evening  sky. 

Shetleii,  Alastor. 

8.  In  arch.,  a  decorative  hood  or  cover  sup- 
ported or  sus- 
pended over  an 
altar,  throne, 
chair  of  state, 
pulpit,  and  the 
like ;  also  the  or- 
namented pro- 
jecting head  of 
aniche  or  taber- 
nacle. Tlie  label- 
molding  or  drip- 
stone which  sur- 
rounds the  head  of 
a  door  or  window, 
if  ornamented,  is 
also  called  a  can- 
opy. 

4.  Naiit:  (a) 
A  light  awning 
over  the  stern- 
sheets  of  a  boat. 
(b)  The  brass 
framework  over 
a  hatch. —  5.  A 
large  smoke- 
bell.  See  smoke- 
bell.  Car-Build- 
er's Diet. 
canopy  (kan'o- 
pi),  f.  t.;  pret. 
and  pp.  canopied,  ppr.  canopying.  [<  canopy,  «.] 
To  cover  with  a  canopy,  or  as  with  a  canopj'. 

Trees  .  .  . 
Which  erst  from  heat  did  canopy  the  herd. 

Shak.,  Sonuets,  xii. 
Canopied  with  golden  clouds.         Chapman,  IHad,  .\iii. 
A  bank 
With  ivy  canopied.        Milton,  Comus,  1.  544. 
Beneath  thy  pinions  canopy  my  head.  Keats. 

canorae  (ka-no're),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.  (sc. 
aves,  birds:  see  Ares)  of  L.  canorus:  see  cano- 
ro««.]  The  singing  birds.  See  Cantatores  and 
Cantores. 
canorous  (ka-no'rus),  a.  [<  L.  canorus,  sing- 
ing, musical,  <  canere,  sing:  see  cant-.'\  Mu- 
sical; tuneful.     [Bare.] 

Birds  that  are  canorous  .  .  .  are  of  little  throats  and 
short  necks.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err,,  vii.  14. 

The  Latin  has  given  us  most  of  our  canorous  words,  only 
they  must  not  be  confounded  with  merely  sonorous  ones, 
still  less  with  phrases  that,  instead  of  supplementing  the 
sense,  encumber  it. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  Istser.,  p.  75. 

canorously  (ka-no'rus-U),  adv.    Melodiously; 
tunefully. 
canorousness  (ka-no'ms-nes),  n.   Muslcalness. 
Spenser  .  .  .  chooses  his  language  for  its  rich  c(i««rt>(w- 
71CSS  rather  than  for  intensity  of  meaning, 

Loivell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  1S4. 

canoust,  «•  [<  L-  canus,  white,  hoary,  esp.  of 
the  gi'ay  hair  of  the  aged.]  Hoary;  gray. 
cansn  (kaush),  «.  A  small  mow  of  com,  or  a 
small  pile  of  fagots,  etc.  Halliwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 
canstickt  (kan'stik),  ?i.  A  contraction  of  can- 
dlestick. 

I  had  rather  hear  a  brazen  cansticli  turn'd. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 

canstowt.    -An  old  abbreviation  of  canst  thou. 

cant^  (kant),  n.  [=  D.  kant,  border,  edge,  side, 
brink,  margin,  corner,  =  OFries.  kant  (in 
eomp.),  side,  =  MLG.  kant,  kante,  LG.  kante  (> 
G.  kante  =  mod.  Icel.  kantr  =  Dan.  Sw.  kant), 
border,  edge,  margin,  prob.  <  OF.  cant,  corner, 
angle,  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  canto,  side,  edge,  corner, 
angle,  <  ML.  cantus,  side,  comer.  Of  uncertain 
and  prob.  various  origin:  (1)  in  part,  Uke  W. 
cant,  the  rim  of  a  circle,  <  L.  cantlius,  ML.  can- 
tiis,  contus,  the  tire  of  a  wheel  (in  ML.  also 
explained  as  the  nave  or  spokes  of  a  wheel,  in 
L.  also  poet,  a  wheel);  of.  Gr.  KavHoc,  the  felly 
of  a  wheel  (a  late  word,  perhaps  due  to  the  L., 
which  was,  according  to  (^uintilian,  a  barbarous 


796 

Ilispanian  or  African  word) ;  (2)  ef .  Gr.  KovBi^, 
the  corner  of  the  eye  (see  can  tli  u,s) ;  (3)  cf .  OBulg. 
ka"tu  =  Bulg.  kilt  =  Sloven,  kot  =  Serv.  kut  = 
Bohem.  kout  =  Pol.  ka^H  =  Russ.  ktilu  =  Lett. 
kante,  a  corner.  In  some  senses  the  noun  is 
from  the  verb.  Hence,  cantle,  canton^.]  If. 
A  comer;  an  angle;  aniche. 

Tile  .  .  .  principal  person  in  the  temple  wa.s  Irene,  or 
Peace  ;  she  was  placed  aloft  in  a  cant. 

II.  Junson,  Coronation  Entertainment, 

2.  The  comer  of  a  field. — 3.  An  external  or 
salient  angle :  as,  a  six-canted  bolt,  that  is,  one 
of  si-s.  cants,  or  of  which  the  head  has  six  angles. 
— 4.  One  of  the  segments  forming  a  side  piece 
in  the  head  of  a  cask. —  5.  A  ship's  timber, 
near  the  bow  or  stern,  lying  obliquely  to  the 
line  of  the  keel. — 6.  A  piece  of  wood  which 
supports  the  bulkheads  on  a  vessel's  deck. 
[Eng.]  —  7.  A  log  that  has  received  two  side 
cuts  in  a  sawmill  and  is  ready  for  the  next  cut. 
— 8.  An  inclination  from  a  horizontal  line;  a 
sloping,  slanting,  or  tilted  position. 

When  the  berg  first  came  in  contact  with  the  ship,  a 
large  tongue  of  ice  below  the  water  was  forced  under  the 
bows  of  the  vessel,  raising  her  somewhat,  and  with  the 
help  of  the  wind  giving  her  a  cant. 

C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Exp.,  p,  245, 

9.  A  toss,  thrust,  or  push  with  a  sudden  jerk : 
as,  to  give  a  ball  a  cant, — 10.  In  whale-fishing, 
a  cut  in  a  whale  between  the  neck  and  fins. 
E.  D. 

canti  (kant),  !'.  [=  D.  kanten,  cut  off  an  angle, 
square,  =  G.  kanten,  cant,  tilt,  =  Sw.  kanta, 
bevel,  =  LG.  freq.  kanteln,  kantern,  turn  over, 
tilt,  af-kanteln,  cut  off  an  angle,  =  Dan.  kecntre, 
upset,  capsize,  cant;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans. 
1.  To  put  or  set  at  an  angle ;  tilt  or  move  from 
a  horizontal  line :  as,  to  can  t  or  cant  up  a  plank ; 
to  cant  over  a  pail  or  cask. —  2.  A'aut.,  to  ttirn 
(something)  so  that  it  is  no  longer  fair  and 
.square ;  give  (a  ship)  an  inclination  to  one  side, 
as  in  preparing  her  to  be  careened. — 3.  To  set 
upon  edge,  as  a  stone. — 4.  To  throw  with  a 
sudden  jerk;  toss:  as,  to  cant  a  ball. 

The  sheltie  canted  its  rider  into  the  little  brook. 

Scott,  Pirate. 

5.  To  cut  off  an  angle  of,  as  of  a  square  piece 
of  timber. 
II.  intrans.  To  tOt  or  incline ;  have  a  slant. 

The  table  is  made  to  cant  as  usual,  being  clamped  in 
position  by  a  nut  screwed  up  against  a  quadrant  under- 
neath, Ure,  Diet,,  IV,  963, 

cant^  (kant),  v.  [First  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
century;  usually  referred  to  L.  cantare  (>  ult. 
E.  chant,  q.  v.),  sing  (in  form  a  freq.  of  canere, 
pp.  cantus,  sing,  from  a  root  represented  in  E. 
by  the  noun  hen,  q.  v.),  in  eccl.  use  (ML.)  also 
perform  mass  or  di%'ine  service,  and,  as  a  noun, 
an  anniversary  service  for  the  dead,  alms,  esp. 
when  given  as  an  anniversary  observance  (see 
cant^,  n.  and  a.).  The  word  coh(  may  thus  have 
become  associated  with  beggars ;  but  there  may 
have  been  also  an  allusion  to  a  perfunctory 
performance  of  divine  service,  and  hence  a  hy- 
pocritical use  of  religious  phrases.]    I.  intrans. 

1.  To  speak  with  a  whining  voice  or  in  an 
affected  or  assumed  tone  ;  assume  a  particular 
tone  and  manner  of  speaking  for  the  purpose 
of  exciting  compassion,  as  in  begging;  hence, 
to  beg. 

You  are  resolved  to  cant,  then  ?  where,  Savil, 
Shall  your  scene  lie  ? 

Beau.  a?ul  Fl.,  Scornful  Lady,  v.  3. 

2.  To  make  pharisaical,  hypocritical,  or  whin- 
ing pretensions  to  goodness ;  affect  piety  with- 
out sincerity ;  sham  holiness. 

I  could  not  cant  of  creed  or  prayer. 

.Scott,  Rokeby,  i  18. 

3.  To  talk  in  a  certain  special  jargon ;  use  the 
words  and  phraseology  peculiar  to  a  particular 
sect,  party,  profession,  and  the  like. 

A  merry  Greek,  and  cants  in  Latin  comel.v. 

B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  ii.  2. 
The  Doctor  here, 
Wlien  he  discourseth  of  dissection, 
Of  vena  cava  and  of  vena  porta, 
Of  miseraics  and  the  mesenteriiuu, 
\ATiat  does  he  else  but  cant^ 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  iv.  1. 

II.  trans.  To  use  as  a  conventional  phrase- 
ology or  jargon. 

Is  it  so  difficult  for  a  man  to  ca  nt  some  one  or  more  of  the 
good  old  English  cants  which  his  father  and  grandfather 
canted  Itefore  him,  that  he  must  learn,  in  the  schools  of 
the  Utilit.irians,  a  new  sleight  of  tongue,  to  make  fools 
clap  and  wise  men  sneer? 

Macaulay,  On  West,  Reviewer's  Def.  of  Mill. 

cant-  (kant),  H.  and  a.  [<  cant~,  r.]  I.  n.  1. 
A  winning  or  singing  manner  of  speech ;  spe- 


Cantab. 

eifically,  the  whining  speech  of  beggars,  as  in 
asking  alms. —  2.  'I'hc  language  or  jargon 
spoken  by  gipsies,  thieves,  professional  lieg- 
gars,  or  tlie  like,  and  containing  many  words 
different  from  ordinary  English ;  a  kind  of  slang 
or  argot. — 3.  The  words  and  plirases  peculiar 
to  or  characteristic  of  a  sect,  party,  or  profes- 
sion; the  dialect  of  a  class,  sect,  or  set  of  peo- 
ple: used  in  an  unfavorable  sense. 

Of  all  the  cants  which  are  canted  in  this  canting  world, 
though  the  cant  of  hyjKtcrites  may  be  the  worst,  the  cant 
of  criticism  is  the  most  tormenting. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Sliandy,  iii  12. 
The  cant  of  party,  school,  and  sect 
Provoked  at  times  his  honest  scorn. 

Whittier,  lly  Namesake. 

4.  A  pretentious  or  insincere  assumption,  in 
speech,  of  a  religious  character;  an  ostenta- 
tious or  insincere  use  of  solemn  or  religious 
phraseology. 

That  he  (Richard  Cromwell)  was  a  good  man,  he  evinced 
by  proofs  more  satisfactory  than  deep  groans  or  long  ser- 
mons, by  humility  and  suavity  when  he  was  at  the  height 
of  human  greatness,  and  by  cheerful  resignation  under 
cruel  wTongs  and  misfortunes  ;  but  the  cant  then  common 
in  every  guard-room  gave  him  a  disgust  wliich  he  had  not 
always  the  prudence  to  conceal.  Macaulay,  Hist  Eng,,  i. 
Supplied  with  cant  the  lack  of  Christian  grace. 

Whittier,  Daniel  Xeall. 

Hence  —  5.  Any  insincerity  or  conventionality 
in  speech,  especially  insincere  assumption  or 
conventional  pretense  of  enthusiasm  for  high 
thoughts  or  aims. 

But  enthusiasm,  once  cold,  can  never  be  warmed  over 
into  anytluug  better  than  cant. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p,  157. 
=  SyiL  2  and  3.  Cant,  Slany,  Colloquialism.  Cant  be- 
longs to  a  class ;  slanrt  to  no  one  class,  except  where  it  is 
specified:  as,  college  »?««/; ;  parliamentary  *-^rt/K/,  Slang 
is  generally  over-Wvid  in  metaphor  and  threadbare  from 
use,  and  is  often  vulgar  or  ungrammatical ;  cant  may  be 
correct,  but  unintelligible  to  those  outside  of  the  class 
concerned.  Cant  has  also  the  meaning  of  insuicere  or 
conventional  use  of  religious  or  other  set  phrases,  as  above. 
A  colloquialism  is  simply  an  expression  that  lielongs  to 
common  conversation,  but  is  considered  too  homely  for 
refined  speech  or  for  writing. 

The  Cant  or  flash  language,  or  thieves'  jargon,  was  scarce- 
ly known  even  by  name  in  the  United  States  until  ,  ,  , 
some  forty  years  ago.  Science,  V,  3S0. 

Tlie  use  of  slang,  or  cheap  generic  terms,  as  a  substitute 
for  differentiated  specific  expressions,  is  at  once  a  sign 
and  a  cause  of  mental  atrophy, 

0,  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol,  of  Life,  p,  276, 

Colloquialisms  have  a  place  in  certain  departments  of 
literature,  namely,  familiar  and  humorous  writing,  but  in 
grave  compositions  they  are  objectionable, 

J.  De  iliUe,  Rhetoric,  §  270. 

H.  a.  Of  the  nature  of  cant  or  jargon. 

The  affectation  of  some  late  authors  to  introduce  and 
multiply  cant  words  is  the  most  ruinous  corruption  in  any 
language.  Stri/t. 

cant^  (kant),  »;.  [Said  to  be  vagabonds'  slang. 
Cf. ML. frtHfrtCf, pi.  coH^o'm,  alms:  see  cant~,  c] 
Sometliing  given  in  charity.     Inqt.  Iliet. 

Cant^  (kant),  II.  [Short  for  OF.  encant,  P.  en- 
can  =  Pr.  enquant.  encant  =  OSp.  encante  =  It. 
incanto  (ML.  incantum,  i)icantus.  inquantns),  an 
auction,  orig.  a  call  for  bids  at  an  auction,  <  L. 
in  quantum,  for  how  much?  See  quantum, 
quantity,  etc.]  An  auction;  sale  by  auction. 
Grose.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Numbers  of  these  tenants  are  now  offering  to  sell  their 
leases  by  cant.  SwI/t,  Hist,  Eng,,  Wm,  II, 

cant-*  (kant),  r.  t.     [<  cant*,  n.    Cf.  equiv.  ML. 
iucantare,  incjuantare.']     1.  To  sell  by  auction. 
Is  it  not  the  general  method  of  landlords  to  .  ,  ,  cant 
then*  land  to  the  highest  bidder? 

Sjrift,  Against  the  Bishops, 

2t.  To  enhance  or  increase,  as  by  competitive 
bidding  at  an  auction.  [Prov.  Eng.  in  both  uses.] 
\Mien  two  monks  were  out\-3'ing  each  other  in  canting 
tlie  price  of  an  abbey,  he  (William  Rufus]  observed  a  third 
at  st>nie  distance,  who  said  never  a  word  :  the  king  de- 
manded why  he  would  not  offer ;  the  monk  said  he  was 
poor,  and  besides  would  give  nothing  if  he  were  ever  so 
rich;  the  Idng  replied,  Tlien  yon  are  the  fittest  person  to 
have  it,  and  immediately  gave  it  him. 

Swift,  HUt,  Eng,,  Wm,  XL 

cant=  (kant),  a.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc,  also  canty;  < 
ME.  cant,  kant,  kaunt,  bold,  brave;  origin  ob- 
scure.] Bold;  strong;  hearty;  lusty.  Now 
usually  canty  (which  see). 

And  Nestor  anon,  with  a  nowmlier  grete 
Of  knightes  &  cant  men,  cairyt  him  with 
Lyuely  to  his  londe,  &  leuvt  liym  noght. 

Destmction  of  Troy  (E,  E,  T,  .S.),  L  3573. 
Tlie  king  of  Beme  was  c^nt  tuid  kene, 
Bot  there  he  left  both  play  and  pride, 

.Minot,  Poems,  p,  30. 

cants  (kant),  V.  i.  [E.  dial.,  <  cant^,  a,]  To  re- 
cover or  mend ;  grow  strong. 

can't  (kiint  orkant).  A  colloquial  contraction 
of  cannot. 

Cantab,  (kan'tab).  1.  An  ablireviation  of  the 
Latin  adjective  Vautabrigiensis  (see  Cuntabri- 


Oantab. 

ffinn) :  as,  Joliii  .Tones,  M.  A.  Cantab,  (that  is. 
Master  of  Arts  of  Cambridge  University). — 2. 
[As  u  Ileum.]  A  inemlier  or  graduate  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge  in  England. 

The  rattlu-paUid  trick  of  a  young  cnnfab.  Scott. 

Cantabu  are  sketched  in  a  series  of  Acailemical  portraits, 
anil  University  life  then  was  apparently  nuuh  the  same  as 
It  is  now.  Fiirtni'ihtlij  Itco.,  N.  S.,  XL.  05. 

3.   [As  an  a(l.jective.]    Of  or  belonging  to  tlie 

University  of  Cambridge. 

How  oft  the  Caiitiih  supper,  host  and  puest, 
\Vould  eclu)  helpless  laughter  to  your  jest ! 

TeiDijimn,  To  the  Rev.  \V.  11.  Brookfleld. 

cantabank  (kan'tji-bangk),  «.  [A  pi.  ranta- 
lidiiiiiii  is  eited  in  llalliwell;  <  It.  (■(ii(tambii)ic(i, 
formerly  caiitiiilxtitco  (Florio),  a  mountebank, 
a  ballad-singer,  lit.  one  who  sings  on  a  bench, 

<  cantarc,  sing,  +  in,  on,  +  bitiico,  hench:  see 
caul-,  («1,  baiil:~.  Cf.  moiintehniil;  .mltimh(iiieo.'\ 
A  strolling  singer;  a  eommon  ballad-singer: 
used  in  contempt.    [Kare.] 

Ua  was  no  tavern  cantnhunk  that  made  it, 
But  a  squire  minstrel  of  your  Highness'  court. 

Sir  11.  Tatjlor,  I'll,  van  Artevelde,  I.,  iii.  2. 

cantabile  (kan-til'be-le),  a.  [It.,  <  L.  eantabi- 
lis,  that  maybe  sung:  see  cantahlc.^  In  music, 
e.xecuteil  in  the  stylo  of  a  song;  flowing;  sus- 
tained; lyrical. 

cantablet,  «.  [<  L.  catikihiUs,  that  may  bo 
sung,  <  cdiitare,  sing:  see  cant-.  Cf.  chant/ible.] 
That  may  be  simg.     Bailey,  1727. 

Cantabrian  (kau-ta'bri-an),  a.  [L.  Cantabria, 
Cantabria,  in  northern  Spain.]  Pertaining  to 
the  Cantabri,  an  ancient  people  of  northern 
.Spain,  or  to  Cantabria,  the  region  foi-merly  in- 
habited by  them. 

Cantabrigian  (kan-ta-brij'i-an),  a.  and  «.  [< 
ML.  Cdii/abrif/iciisis,  pertaining  to  Cambridge, 

<  Viiiitiibriijin,  Cambridge.]  I.  a.  Relating  to 
Cambridge,  England,  or  to  its  university.  Also 
iiicoiTeetly  spelled  C'aiit(tbri(l<jitiii. 

II.  II.  1,  An  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Cam- 
bridge.—  2.  A  student  or  graduate  of  Cam- 
bridge University.     Abbreviated  Cantab. 

Cantabrigically  (kan-ta-brij'i-kal-i),  adv.  Af- 
ter the  manner  of  the  students  in  Cambridge 
Univei'sity.     [Humoroiis  and  rare.] 

cantaliver,  cantilever  (kan'ta-liv-6r,  kan'ti- 
h'v-er),  «.  and  a.  [Also  written  caiUilicer,  can- 
tah'ver,  eantcUver; 
of  uncertain  origin. 
The  form  cantiilirer 
(accented  canUili'- 
vcr  in  Bailey,  1733 
— canii'lirer,  John- 
sou,  1755)  appears 
to  be  the  earliest, 
and  is  nearest  the 
probable  original, 
namely,  <  L.  (NL.) 
quanta  libra,  of 
what  weight  or  bal- 
ance (L.  quanta, 
abl.  fern,  of  quan- 
tum, how  much  (see 
quantity):  libra, 
abl.  of  libra,  a 
pound,  weight,  bal- 
ance, counterpoise 
(see  libra.  Here); 
cf.  caliber,  calircr, 
prob.  of  similar  formation),  a  phrase  which,  if 
used  technically  in  early  modern  (NL.)  works 
on  architecture,  would  naturally  take  in  E.  the 
forms  given.     Hardly,  as  by  some  supposed, 

<  canll,  an  angle,  +  -«-,  -(-,  a  mere  syllable  of 
transition,  -I-  lever,  a  support ;  cf.  E.  dial,  lever, 
the  support  of  the  roof  of  a  house.]  I.  n.  1. 
A  block  or  large  bracket  of  stone,  metal,  or 
wood,  framed  into  the  wall  of  a  building,  aud 
projecting  from  it,  to  support  a  molding,  a  bal- 
cony, eaves,  etc.  Cantalivers  serve  the  same 
end  as  modillions  and  brackets,  but  are  not  so 
regularly  applied.  Hence  —  2.  One  of  two  long 
brackets  or  arms  projecting  toward  each  other 
from  o]>p()site  banks  or  piers,  serving  to  form  a 
bridge  when  united  directly  or  by  a  girder. 

II.  a.  Formed  on  the  principle  of  the  canta- 
liver, or  with  the  vise  of  cantalivers — Cantaliver 

bridge,     see  hrkiijA. 

cantaloup  (kan'ta-16p  or-I6p),  m.  [Also  writ- 
ten vantaldUjic,  ca'iilaleup,  cantclo'uji,  canteloupe, 
etc.;  <  F.  cantaliiuji,  <  It.  cantalupo,  a  canta- 
loup, so  eall(>d  from  Vaiitaluini,  a  town  in  Italy 
where  it  was  lirst  grown  in  Europe.]  A  va- 
riety of  muskuiflou,  somewhat  ellipsoidal  in 
shape,  ribbed,  of  pale-green  or  yellow  color, 
and  of  a  delicate  llavor. 


Cantalivers.—  House  on  Fifth  Avenue, 

New  York. 


797 

cantankerosity  (kan-tang-ke-ros'i-ti),  n.  [< 
cantanhrriiu.'i  +  -ity.]  Cantanterousness.  [Hu- 
morous.] 

Sir,  the  gentleman  from  South  f'arolina  made  a  speech  ; 
and  if  I  may  he  allowed  to  coin  a  word,  I  will  say  it  hail 
more  fantanhcrotttty  in  it  than  any  speech  I  ever  heard  on 
this  Moor. 

.1.  I!iirlin>inm*\  Speech  in  House  of  Kepr.,  Juno  21, 18.^1. 

cantankerous  (kau-taug'ke-rus),  a.  [Pro]), 
dial.,  with  suffix  -aus,  <  E.  dial,  ranliinkcr, 
"contauker,  a  corruption  (by  assimilation  of 
ad.jacent  syllables)  of  ME.  contcckour,  conte- 
kour,  prob.  also  "contackour,  'contakour,  a  quar- 
relsome person,  <  eimteek,  cnnttick,  cunlek,  con- 
lak,  contention,  quarreling:  see  ronteck,  cmi- 
leekour.']  Given  to  or  marked  by  ill-tempered 
contradiction  or  opposition;  contradictory; 
mulish;  contentious;  cross;  waspish;  iU-na- 
tured:  as,  "  a, cantankerous huiaour,"  Thackeray. 
[CoUoq.] 

There's  not  a  more  hiltcT  cantankcrotig  toad  in  all  Chris- 
tendom. Goidnmith,  .She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

I  hope,  Mr.  F.tlklaud,  :us  there  are  three  of  us  come  on 
purpose  fur  the  game,  you  won't  be  so  cantaiikeroxut  a«  to 
spoil  the  party  Iiy  sitting  out.    Sheridan.  'I'he  Kivals,  v.  ."J. 

cantankerously  (kan-tang'ke-ms-li),  adv.  In 
a  cantankerous  manner;  ill-naturedly;  wasp- 

islily;  crossly,     [(,'olloq.] 

cantankerousness  (kan-tang'ke-ms-nes),  «. 
The  state  or  (juality  of  being  cantankerous; 
ill-tempered  opposition ;  crossness ;  waspish- 
ness.     [Colloq.] 

Ity  .all  means  tell  the  truth,  we  reply,  hut  wc  refuse  to 

believe  that  the  truth  is  to  be  found  in  cantankentujtnesn. 

London  Times,  Aug.  14,  IStiS. 

cantar  (kan'tar),  n.  [=  It.  cantaro  =  Bulg. 
kantar,  kentar  =  Serv.  kantar,  <  Turk,  qantdr 
(kantdr),  <  Ar.  qintdr,  a  hundredweight,  quin- 
tal (>  It.  quintale  =  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  F.  quintal, 
>  E.  kintal,  quintal,  q.  v.),  <  L.  ceutcuarins,  con- 
sisting of  a  himdred  (poimds,  feet,  years,  etc.) : 
see  centenary,  centner,  and  quintal,  all  ult.  doub- 
lets of  cantar. '\  An  Arabian  and  Turkish  unit 
of  weight,  a  hundred  rotls  or  pounds.  Many  dif- 
ferent rotis  are  in  use  in  Mohammedan  countries,  for  dif- 
ferent commodities,  and  each  has  its  cantar.  The  cantar 
thus  has  all  values  from  1)8.05  pounds  avoirdupois  (the 
government  cantar  of  Alexandria)  to  880  pounds  (tlie 
great  cantor  of  Aleppo).  The  cantar  of  Constantinople 
is  12-f.65  pounds,  that  of  Smyrna  127.43  pounds ;  that  of  the 
calif  Almamun  (A.  n.  813-.'i3)wa8  103  4  pounds. 

cantara  (kiin'tii-ra),  «.  [<  Sp.  cdntara  =  Pg. 
vantara,  also  cantaro,  a  liquid  measure  (see 
def.),  <  cantara,  cantaro  =  It.  cantaro,  a.  jar  or 
pitcher,  <  L.  cantliarus,  a  drinking-vessel:  see 
cantliaru.i.']  In  Spain  and  Portugal,  same  as 
arniba. 

cantata  (kan-tii'ta),  n.  [It.,  <  cantare,  <  L. 
cantarc,  sing:  see  cant-.']  Originally,  a  musical 
recitation  of  a  short  drama  or  story  in  verse 
by  one  person,  without  action,  accompanied  by 
a"  single  instrument,  and  later  with  airs  or 
melodies  interspersed ;  now,  a  choral  composi- 
tion, either  sacred  in  the  manner  of  an  oratorio, 
but  shorter,  or  secular,  as  a  lyric  drama  or  story 
adapted  to  music,  but  not  intended  to  be  acted. 

Cantate  (kan-ta'te),  )(.  [L.,  2d  pers.  pi.  pres. 
impv.  of  Prt«<«re,  sing:  seocHii^^.]  The  ninety- 
eighth  psalm,  so  called  from  the  first  words 
in  Latin,  Cantate  (O  sing),  more  fidly  Can  talc 
Domino  (Sing  ye  unto  the  Lord),  it  is  appointed 
in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  to  be  used  as  a  canticle 
after  the  first  lesson  at  Evening  Prayer,  except  when  it 
is  read  in  the  ordinary  course  of  the  Psalter  on  the  nine- 
teenth day  of  the  month.  In  the  English  book  it  is  the 
alternate  of  the  Matjmjicat.  In  the  American  book  it 
lias  the  Bonnm  est  conjiteri  as  its  alternate,  and  is  itself, 
since  1S80.  an  alternate  of  the  Maijnijicat. 

cantationt  (kan-ta'shon),  H.  [<  L.  cantatio{n-), 
<  cantarc,  pp.  cantatus,  sing:  see  c««f2.]  A 
singing.     Cockcram. 

Cantatores  (kan-ta-to'rez),  ?;.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
L.  cantator,  singer,  <  cantarc,  pp.  cantatus, 
sing:  see  caiiJ^.]  In  ornith.,  a  group  of  pas- 
serine perching  birds,  more  or  less  nearly  co- 
extensive with  Pdsscrcs,  Cantores,  or  Oscinas; 
the  singing  birds  or  songsters,  in  Macgillivray's 
system  (1830),  where  the  term  is  Ilrst  technically  used, 
the  Cantatores  are  the  flfth  order  of  birds  ;  the  order  as 
there  constituted,  however,  is  not  exactly  conterminous 
with  any  now  recognized  group  of  birds,  but  includes 
some  heterogeneous  non-oseine  forms. 

cantatory  (kan'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *ean- 
tatoriu.s,  <  cantator,  singer:  see  Cantatores.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  singing  or  to  singers.  Dr. 
S.  Miller.     [Kare.] 

cantatrice  (kan'ta-tres;  It.  pron.  kau-ta-tre'- 
clie),  H.  [F.  cantatrice,  <  It.  cantatrice,  <  L. 
cantdlriccni,  ace.  of  aintatrix,  tern,  of  cantator, 
a  singer:  .see  Canttitores.'\  A  female  singer: 
applied  esiiecially  to  one  who  sings  in  opera 
or  public  concerts. 


canterbury 

cant-block  (kant'blok),  n.  A  large  block  used 
in  canting  whales,  that  is,  turning  them  over 
in  llensing.     A'.  //.  hnii/lit. 

cant-board  (kaut'bord),  n.  A  division  made 
in  the  conveyor-box  of  a  flour-bolt  to  separate 
dillercnt  gi-ades. 

cant-body  (kant'l)od'''i),  «.  In  xbip-builtUnf/, 
the  portion  of  a  vessel  which  contains  the  cant- 
frames. 

tlie  square  body  ends  and  the  cant-bodif  commences 
just  where  the  itngles  between  the  level  lines  and  square 
stations  in  the  half-hreadth  plan  begin  to  deviate  greatly 
from  right  angles,  or  where  a  ditlieulty  is  found  in  obtain- 
ing suitable  timber  owing  to  the  bevelling  required. 

Thearle,  Naval  Arch.,  §  54- 

cant-chisel  (kant'chiz'el),  «.  A  large  strong 
chisel  having  a  rib  and  the  basil  on  one  side. 

cant-dog  (kaut'dog),  n.  Same  as  cant-hook,  1. 
Ilrockcll.     [I'rov.  Eng.] 

canted  (kan'ted),  a.  [<  canf^  +  -ecP.}  1. 
Having  cants  or  angles:  in  arch.,  applied  to 
pillars,  turrets,  or  towers  the  plan  of  which  is  a 
polygon. — 2.  Tilted  to  one  side. 

canteen  (kan-ten'),  n.  [A1.S0  cantine;  <  F.  can- 
tine,  <  It.  cantina,  a  cellar,  cave,  grotto  (cf. 
dim.  citntinclta,a,  small  cellar,  ice-pail,  cooler), 
=  Sp.  cantina;  dim.  of  It.  Sp.  canto,  a  side, 
corner,  angle:  sec  cant'^.']  1.  A  sort  of  sutler's 
shop  in  barracks,  camps,  garrisons,  etc.,  where 
provisions,  liquors,  etc.,  are  sold. 

The  king  of  France  established  a  sufficient  number  of 
canteens  for  furnishing  his  troops  with  tobacco.  Itees,  Cyc. 

Much  of  the  time  formerly  wasted  in  the  canteen,  to  the 
injury  alike  of  health  and  morals,  is  now  devoted  to  read- 
ing. Dr.  J.  Brown,  Sjiare  Hours,  3d  ser.,  p.  181. 

2.  A  vessel  used  by  soldiers  for  can'ving  water 
or  liquor  for  drink,  in  the  British  army  the  canteen 
is  a  small  vessel  capable  of  containing  3  pints,  which  ia 
carried  by  each  soldier  on  the  march,  on  foreign  service, 
or  in  the  tteld.  In  the  United  States  army  the  regidation 
canteen  is  of  tin,  covered  with  a  woolen  fabric,  is  circular 
in  shape,  with  sharp  periphery  and  bulging  sides  like  a 
dolllde-convex  lens,  fitted  with  a  cylindrical  spout  stop- 
ped by  a  cork,  and  holds  about  3  i>ints;  it  is  slung  over 
the  shoulder.  A  much  larger  kind,  of  the  same  materials, 
but  with  flat  sides,  and  holding  a  gallon  or  more,  is  some- 
times u.sed,  but  not  commonly  carried  on  the  person. 

3.  A  square  box,  fitted  up  with  compartments, 
in  which  British  officers  on  foreign  service  pack 
a  variety  of  articles,  as  spirit-bottles,  tea  and 
sugar,  plates,  knives,  forks,  etc. 

cantelt,  ".     See  canllc. 

canteleup,  canteloup,  ».    See  cantaloup. 
canter'  (kan'tir),  n.    [An  abbr.  of  Canterbury 
ij(dlop :   see  yulloji.'}     1.   A  moderate  rimning 
pace  of  a  horse ;  a  moderate  or  easy  gallop. 

The  canter  is  to  the  g.allop  very  much  what  the  walk  is 
to  the  trot,  though  proi>ably  a  more  artificial  pace. 

I'oiuttt,  The  Horse,  p.  547- 

2.  Figuratively,  a  brisk  but  easy  movement  of 
any  kind;  a  running  over  or  through;  a  run; 
a  scamper. 

A  rapid  canter  in  the  "  Times  "  over  all  the  topics  of  the 
day.  Sir  J.  Stephen. 

To  wtn  in  a  canter,  in  horse-racinfi,  to  distance  all  the 
other  horses  so  much  that  urging  toward  the  end  of  the 
race  is  unnecessary  ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  overcome  an 
opponent  easily. 
canter^  (kan'ter),  r.    [<.  canter^,  n.]    J.intrans. 

1.  To  move  in  a  canter:  said  of  horses. —  2. 
To  ride  a  cantering  horse. 

II.  trans.   To  cause  to  canter, 
canter-  (kan'tir),  «.    [<  cant^,  r.,  +  -frl.]     1. 
One  who  cants  or  whines;  a  professional  beg- 
gar or  vagrant. 

Jugglers  and  gj'psies,  all  the  sorts  of  confers,  and  colo- 
nies of  beggars.  B,  Jonson. 

2.  One  who  talks  cant,  in  any  sense  of  the 
word;  especially,  a  canting  preacher. 

You  are  the  second  part  of  the  society  of  canters,  out- 
laws to  order  and  discipline,  and  the  only  privileged 
church-robbers  of  Christendom. 

B.  Jomon,  Bartholomew  Fair,  v.  2. 

On  'Whitsunday  1  went  to  the  church  (W*  is  a  very  faire 
one),  and  heard  one  of  the  canters,  who  dismiss 'd  the  as- 
sembly rudely  and  without  any  blessing. 

Kcelt/n,  Diary,  June  4,  1652. 

canter*  (kan'ttr),  n.  [<caH(4,  r., -f- «ri.]  One 
who  bids  at  an  auction.     See  extr..ct. 

A  class  of  men  called  canters,  who  were  accustomed  to 

hid  for  the  tithe  of  their  neighboni-s'  land,  and  who  by 

Whitehoy  terrorism  were  almost  extirpated  from  Munster. 

Lechi,  Eng.  in-lsth  Cent.,  xvi. 

canterbury  (kan'ter-ber-i),  H.  [<  Canterbury 
(a  city  of  England),  in  AS.  Cantivaraburh,  gen. 
and  dat.  -byriy,  <  Cantirara,  gen.  pi.  of  Cant- 
iforf,  people  of  Kent  (<  Cant,  Cent,  Kent,  + 
icare,  pi.,  inhabitants,  related  to  ircr,  a  man: 
see  wer),  +  burh,  city:  see  borough^,  bury^.] 
A  stand  with  divisions,  for  holding  music,  port- 
folios, loose  papers,  etc.,  usually  made  some- 


canterbury 

what  ornamental  as  a  piece  of  furniture,  ami 
mountcil  on  ciistors. 

canterbury-bell  (Uan'tiT-ber-i-bol'),  »•  The 
popiihir  11111110  of  Uio  plaut  Cumpdiiula  Traclic- 
lium,  giveu  to  it  by  Ueraid  bi'causo  of  its  abun- 
dance about  C'auterbuiy,  Knglaiid.  Tin-  mammon 
cniiWrlmry-liull  nf  tlio  k"''''"-'""  's  t'.  MciHum,  a  nativu  of 
central  Europe,  ot  wliiuli  there  arc  several  viirieties.  See 
cut  under  C(iiitj>anula. 

Canterbury  gallop.  See  f/nUnp. 
canterinet,  "■  L^''*'-  i-"iii<i'i/iu;  <  Ij.  amtcriuun, 
caiillicriiiK.'',  of  a  liorso  (liordcitm  cunteriuum, 
horse-barley,  -winter  barley),  <  cantmus,  can- 
tlieiiiis,  a  gelding.]  Of  a  horse — Canterine 
barley,  hurse-hnrley. 

This  inoone  is  sowe  eke  barlii  canleriim  ; 
Laude  lene,  or  filttc.  or  dric,  is  for  it  digne. 

Pallaillii.i,  Unshondrie  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  187. 

cant-fall  (kant'fal),  «.  The  fall  rove  through 
the  cant-blocks  at  the  mainmast-head  of  a 
■whaler,  fonninga  purchase  for  turning  a  whale 
over  wliilo  flensing,  or  cutting  off  the  blubber. 

cant-file  (kant'fil),  n.  A  tile  the  cutting  faces 
of  which  fonn  an  obtuse  angle.  It  is  used  for 
filing  interior  faees  in  machine-worli,  as  of  spanners  or 
\iTenches. 

cant-frames  (kant'framz),  n.  pi.  In  ship-huikl- 
iiiff,  the  fi'ames  or  ribs  of  a  ship  which  are  near 
the  extremities,  and  are  canted  away  from  the 

Jierpendieidar. 
antharellus  (kan-tha-rel'us),  H.  [NL.  (Jus- 
sieu,  1789),  dim.  of  L.  cantliarus,  a  drinking- 
cup  (see  caiithanis),  with  ref.  to  the  shape  of 
the  fungus;  but  prob.  suggested  by  the  P. 
cliantereUe,  a  mushi'oom  {Aijiiricus  canthardliis, 
Linnseus,  1753):  see  chanterelle.']  A  genus  of 
hymenomycetous  fungi,  allied  to  A(jaricns. 
The  chanterelle,  Cantharellus  ciharls,  is  a  well- 
known  edible  species. 
canthari,  «.  Plural  of  cantharus. 
cantharid  (kan'tha-rid),  «.  [<  ME.  cantharide, 
cantaride  =  P.  caiitharidc  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  canta- 
rida  =  It.  cantaride,  <  L.  cantliaris  (-rid-):  see 
Cantharis.']  If.  Some  worm-insect  injurious 
to  plants. 

Bestes  forto  sle 
That  dooth  thi  yjTies  harm  let  sle  the  flie. 
The  cantharide  in  roses  that  we  se. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  32. 

2.  A  beetle  of  the  genus  Cantharis  or  group 
Vanfharides ;  especially,  C.  vesicatoria.  See 
cut  under  Cantliaris. 

Cantharidse  (kan-thar'i-de),  n.  p)l.  [NL.,  < 
Cantharis  +  -)*c.]  A  family  of  coleopterous 
insects,  the  type  of  which  is  the  genus  Can- 
tharis.   Other"  genera  are  Mcloe  and  Mylabris. 

cantharidal  (kan-thar'i-dal),  a.  [<  canthari- 
des,  2,  +  -«/.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  cantharides;  composed  of  or  treated  mth 
eantharidin. 

cantharidate  (kan-thar'i-dat),  H.  [<  cantharid- 
ic  +  -atr^.]     A  salt  of  cantharidic  acid. 

Cantharides  (kan-thar'i-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  L.  c<uitharis  (-rid-),  the  Spanish  fly;  or  F. 
l^l.  ot  cantliaride:  see  Cantharis.']  1.  In  co67., 
a  group  of  beetles  containing  the  genus  Cantha- 
ris and  a  number  of  closely  related  genera. — 
2.  [/.  c]  A  medicinal  preparation  of  Spanish 
flies,  used  for  blistering  and  other  purposes. 

cantharidian  (kan-tha-rid'i-an),  a.  [<  L.  can- 
tharis (-rid-),  the  Spanish  fly,  -t-  -ian.]  Pertain- 
ing to  beetles  of  the  genus  Cantharis;  made  of 
cantharides. 

( 111,  how  they  fire  the  heart  devout, 

Like  canthariduin  plasters.      Burns,  Holy  Fair. 

cantharidic  (kan-thar-rid'ik),  a.  [<  cantharid-in 
+  -(■(■.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  ean- 
tharidin. 

eantharidin,  cantharidine  (kan-thar'i-din), «. 
[<  L.  cantharis  (-rid-),  the  Spanish  fly,  -I-  -in-, 
-ine^.]  A  jjeculiar  poisonous  substance  (CsHg 
O2)  existing  in  the  Cantharis  vesicatoria  (Span- 
ish fly)  and  other  insects,  and  causing  vesica- 
tion. It  is  a  volatile  erystalline  hody,  very  soluble  in 
ether,  alcohol,  and  essential  oils.  Cantharidin  is  even  1  let- 
ter prepared  from  Mylahria  cichnrii  than  from  the  Spanish 
fly.  .as  the  former  insect  contains  less  fat.  It  is  only  in 
sotutinii  that  this  substance  possesses  blistering  powers. 

Cantharina  (kan-tha-ri'na),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cantharus,  3,  -I-  -ina^.]  In  (jirnthei-'s  classifica- 
tion of  fishes,  the  first  group  of  Sparidw,  having 
more  or  less  broad  trenchant  teeth  in  front  of 
the  jaws,  no  molars  nor  vomerine  teeth,  and 
the  lower  pectoral  rays  branched.  The  spe- 
cies are  mostly  vegetable-feeders.  Also  Can- 
thariua;  Cantharini. 

Cantharis  (kan'tha-ris),  n.  [Tj.  (>  E.  cantharid, 
q.  v.),  <  Vn:  Kcivtlaiii^',  a,  hlistcring  fly,  <  KavtiapoQ, 
a  kind  of  beetle.  VA.  cantharus.]  l.Agenusof 
coleopterous  insects  having  the  head  separated 


798 

from  tlie  thorax  by  a  neck ;  the  type  of  the  family 
Cantharid(C.  The  best-known  spei-iea  is  that  whiih  is 
called  the  Sjtanitih  or  blivterin'j  Jly,  C.  vesicatoria.    This 


Spanish  Fly  {Cant/taris  vesicatoria). 
a,  female;  ^,  male.     (Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

insect  is  9  or  10  lines  in  length,  of  a  shining  green  color 
mixed  with  azure.  It  has  a  nauseous  smell,  and  is  when 
bruised  extensively  used  as  the  active  element  in  vesica- 
tory or  blistering  plasters.  It  feeds  upon  the  leaves  of 
trees  and  shrubs,  prefeiTing  the  ash.  The  flies  are  col- 
lected in  Spain,  Italy,  Hungary,  and  southern  Russia ;  the 
Russian  ones  are  the  largest  ami  most  esteemed. 
2.  [?.  c  ;  pi.  (•"»//(r/)7r?(.s  (kan-thar'i-dez).]  A 
member  of  the  genus  Cantliaris. 

cantharus  (kan'tha-rus),  H.;  pi.  canthari  (-ri). 
[L.  cantharus  (MIJ.  also  cantharum,  cantarus, 
cantarius,  a  tankard,  >  It.  cantaro  =  Sp.  cantaro, 
cantara:  see oaKfflra), alargedrinking-cup  with 
handles,  a  tankard,  jiot,  also  a  kind  of  sea-fish, 
etc.,  <  Gr.  Kavdapoc,  a  sea-fish,  the  sea-bream,  a 
kind  of  beetle,  etc.,  also  a  kind  of  drinking-cup, 
a  tankard,  a  pot.]  1 .  In  classical  an  tiq.,  a  ^vide- 
mouthed  cup  or  vase,  with  a  foot,  and  two  han- 
dles rising  above  the  rim.  It  was  used  espe- 
cially for  diinking  wine. —  2.  [LL.]  A  fotmtain 
or  cistern  in  the  atrium  or  coui'tyard  before  an- 
cient and  some  Oriental  chui-ehes,  where  per- 
sons could  wash  before  entering  the  church;  a 
laver.  Now  generally  called  j)ftfn?c. — 3.  icaj}.] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  acanthopterygian  fishes,  of 
the  family  Sparidw.  C.  {/riscus,  a  British  spe- 
cies, is  known  as  the  black  bream,  or  black  sea- 
bream.  Cuvier,  1829.— 4.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  ge- 
nus of  mollusks.     Monifort,  1808. 

canthi,  «.     Plural  of  canthus. 

canthitis  (kan-thi'tis),  «.  [NL.,  <  canthus  + 
-itis.]  Intiammation  of  one  or  both  canthi  of 
the  eye. 

CantHon  (kan'thon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  miSuv,  a 
pack-ass,  applied  humorously  in  Aristophanes 
(Pax  82)  to  a  beetle;  cf.  KavOapoc,  a  kind  of 
beetle:  see  cantharus.]  A  genus  of  lamellicorn 
beetles,  of  the  family  ScaraUeidce,  containing 
dung-beetles  resembling  those  of  the  genus 
Copris  in  having  narrow  epipleuiw,  hornless 
head  and  prothorax,  and  slender  cm'ved  hind 
tibiie.  C.  Iwris  is  a  common  United  States  spe- 
cies, black,  and  half  an  inch  long. 

cant-hook  (kant'Iiiik),  n.  1.  A  wooden  lever 
with  an  iron  hook  hinged  at  the  end  for  canting 
or  tiu'uing  over  heavy  logs. —  2.  A  sling  with 
hooks,  used  to  empty  casks  by 
raising  and  tipping  them. 

canthoplastic  (kan-tho-plas '- 
tik),o.  Pertaining  to  or  consist- 
ing in  eanthoplasty :  as,  a  cau- 
thopliistic  operation. 

eanthoplasty  (kan'tho-plas-ti), 
n.     [<  Gr.  Kiii'66g,  the  comer  of 
the  eye  (see  canthus),  +  tt'/mcti'ii;,  verbal  adj.  of 
-'/aaativ,  form,  mold.]     The  operation  of  slit^ 
ting  up  the  outer  canthus,  or  corner  of  the  eye, 
so  as  to  enlarge  the  opening  between  the  lids. 

canthus  (kan'thus),  n. ;  jjl.  canthi  (-tin).  [NL., 
<  Gr.  Kavtiug,  the  corner  of  the  eye :  see  cant^.] 

1.  Tlie  angle  formed 
by  the  jimction  of  the 
eyelids.  The  two  canthi 
of  tlic  human  eye  are  dis- 
tiHi:uishcd  as  the  outer, 
tiinporal,  or  tenner,  and 
the  intier,  nasal,  or  great- 
er. In  most  animals  the 
corresponding  canthi  are 
called  the  posterior  and 
anteriiyr. 

2.  In  entom. :  (a)  One 
of    the    upper    and 


Catit.hook. 


,  inner  Canthus ;  d,  outer  Can- 
thus. 


canting-coin 

lower  or  anterior  and  jiosterior  extremities  of 
the  compound  eyes  of  insects,  (b)  A  corneous 
jirocess  of  the  clypeus,  completely  or  jiartly  di- 
viding the  coiujjound  eye.  It  is  found  in  certain 
beetles,  whicli  tlius  appear  to  have  four  eyes. 
cantict,  cantickt,  "■  [<  L.  canticum,  q.  v.]  A 
song. 

[He]  gave  thanks  unto  (ioA  in  some  flnc  canticks  made 
in  praise  of  the  Divine  bounty. 

L'rijuhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  i.  23. 

cantica,  ».     Plural  of  canticum. 

cantickt,  ".     See  can  tic. 

cantick-quoin  (kan'tik-koin),  n.   Same  as  cant- 

inii-roiii. 
canticle  (kan'ti-kl),  M.  [<  ME.  canticle,  <  L. 
eanticulum,  dim.  otcanticum  Oalso  AS.  cantic), 
a  song,  <  cantus,  a  singing,  <  canere,  sing:  see 
cant^,  chant.]  1.  One  of  the  non-metrical 
hymns  recorded  in  the  Bible  as  sung  on  some 
special  occasion,  and  expressive  of  joy,  thanks- 
giving, or  confidence  in  God's  lielp. —  2.  One  of 
these  hymns,  or  a  composition  of  similar  char- 
acter, arranged  for  chanting,  and  so  used  in 
church  service.  Both  the  Roman  Catholic  and  the 
Greek  churches  use  as  canticles  the  songs  of  Mitses  (Ex. 
XV.  1-1!)  and  Deut,  xxxii.  1-13),  Hannah  (1  .Sam.  ii.  1-10), 
and  Habakkuk  (iii.  2-19).  In  Isaiah  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church  has  canticles  taken  from  chapters  xii.  and 
xxx\iii.  (10-20),  and  the  Greek  from  chapter  xxvi,  (9-20). 
The  Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  and  Anglican  eiiurches  all  use 
the  Benedicite  as  found  in  the  third  chapter  of  Daniel 
in  the  Septuagint  and  Vulgate,  comprising  verses  35-06 
of  the  Song  of  the  Three  lloly  Children  in  the  English 
Apocrypha;  the  Greek  Church  also  employs  the  jireced- 
ing  verses  (3-34)  as  a  separate  canticle.  The  three  taken 
from  the  gospels,  and  acci'iiliimly  known  as  the  Keanijel- 
ical  Canticles {UAmtiXy,  the  Mc'ini/nat,  the  Benedietus.  and 
the  Nunc  Diniittis),  are  also  used  by  all  the  three  churches 
just  n.amed.  The  Te  Deuui  is  accounted  a  canticle,  al. 
though  not  found  in  the  Bible,  llie  English  and  Ameri- 
can Books  of  (Common  Pi'ayer  also  use  certain  psalms  as 
canticles,  namely,  psalms  Ixvii.  (Dfus  ^tisertatur).  xcviii. 
(Cantate),  and  c.  (Jutjitate),  to  which  the  American  book 
adds  xcii.  (Bonum  est)  and  ciii.  {Benedic).  Some  writers 
also  account  the  Venite  (psalm  xcv.),  the  Gloria  in  Excel- 
sis,  and  the  Tnsa;iion  canticles. 
Specifically — 3.  [cap.]  pi.  The  Songs,  other- 
\rise  called  the  Song  of  Songs,  or  Song  of  Sol- 
omon (LL.  Canticum  Canticorum  ifialamonis), 
one  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  Untu 
the  nineteenth  century  it  was  universally  ascribed  to  Solo- 
mon, but  some  critics  now  think  it  of  later  date. 
4+.  A  division  of  a  song  or  poem ;  a  canto. 
iSpenser. 

canticum  (kan'ti-kimi),  »(.;  pi.  cantica  (-kii). 
[L. :  see  canticle.]  1.  In  the  ancient  Roman 
drama,  any  passage  sung  by  the  actors ;  espe- 
cially, in  comedy,  a  solo  accompanied  by  dan- 
cing and  music. —  2.  [LL.]  A  canticle — Canti- 
cum Canticorum,  the  Song  of  songs,  or  Canticles. 

cantilate,  cantilation,  etc.  See  cantillate,ete. 

cantilet,  r.  t.     An  eiToneous  spelling  of  cantle. 

cantilena  (kan-ti-le'nS),  n.  [=  F.  eantilenc  = 
Sp.  cantilena,  cantincla  =  Pg.  luintilena  =  It. 
cantilena,  <  L.  cantilena,  a  song,  in  classical  use 
an  old  song,  gossip,  <  cantillare,  dim.  of  cantare, 
sing:  see  cant-,  chant.]  1.  \n  niedieial music: 
(a)  A  singing  exercise  or  solfeggio,  (b)  A 
cantus  firmus,  or  melody  for  chm-ch  use. —  2. 
In  modern  m  usic,  a  ballad  or  light  popular  song. 

cantilever,  n.     See  cantalirer. 

cantillate  (kan'ti-lat),  r.  /.  and  /.  [<  L.  cantil- 
latus,  pp.  of  eautillare,  sing  low.  hum,  dim.  of 
cantare,  sing,  chant:  see  cant-.]  To  chant, 
intone,  or  recite  in  a  half-singing  style,  as  iu 
Jewish  synagogues.  Also  spelled  cantilate. 
[Rare.] 

cantillation  (kan-ti-la'shou),  n.  [<  L.  as  it 
*caiitillatiinn-),  <  cantillare:  see  cantillate.]  A 
chanting,  intoning,  or  recitation  in  a  half-sing- 
ing style :  especially usedin .Jewish synagogues. 
Also  spelled  cantilation.     [Rare.] 

cantillatory  (kan'ti-la-to-ri),  a.  Chanted,  or 
arranged  for  chanting:  as,  cantillatory  re- 
sponses.    Also  spelled  eantilatorij. 

cantily  (kan'ti-li),  adr.  In  a  cauty  manner; 
cheerfully ;  livelily.     [Scotch.] 

cantine  (kan-ten'),  n.     See  canteen. 

canting  (kau'ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  ca«<2,  v.]  1. 
AfEectedly  or  hj-pocritically  pious;  whining: 
as,  a  canting  hj-pocrite  ;  a  cantimj  tone  of  voice. 

A  pedant,  cantiiur  preacher,  and  a  quack, 
Are  load  enough  to  break  one  ass's  back. 

Dnjden,  Pto\.  to  rilgrim,  1.  49. 

2.  In  her.,  allusive  ;  descriptive  of  the  bearer's 
name,  estate,  or  the  like.     See  allusire  arms, 

under  arm- Canting  coat,  a  coat  of  arms  in  which 

allusive  bearings  arc  used, 
canting-coin  (kan'tiiig-koin),  «.     A  triangular 
wooden  block  witli  which  a  cask  is  chocked  to 
keep  it  from  rolling  when  stowed.     Also  called 
cantick-quoin. 


cantlngly 

cantingly  (kan'tinjj-li),  ndr.  In  a  canting 
miiMiirr;  \vlniiinf;ly;  liypocritically. 

canting-wheel  (kan  '  tinfj-liwijl),  ».    A  star- 

wIkoI  tor  ;in  tndlcss  chain,  tlic  cogs  having 
tlic  e<irnors  cut  off  or  canted.     /:,'.  //.  Kuuiht. 

cantini^re  (kan-tO-nyar'),  «.  [F.,  fcni.  of  cnw- 
tiiiiii;  sutler,  <  am  tine,  a  sutler's  shop,  a  can- 
teen :  see  iantc(ii.'\  A  I'eiuale  sutler  to  a  regi- 
ment ;  a  vivandiere. 

cantino  (kan-to'no),  II.  [It.,  <  cnntitrc,  <  L.  can- 
turr,  sing:  seo  cant-,  cliaiit.}  The  treble  string 
of  a  violin. 

cantiont  (kan'shon),  n.      [=  F.  chanson  (see 
chaiiniiit),  <  L.  cdiitioht-),  a  song,  <  caiierc,  pp. 
cantiin,  sing:  see  caid^,  v.}      A  song;  anything 
that  is  sung. 
Siiigit)^  11  Caution  of  C'otins  limkiiifj:. 

Spenser,  sliep.  Cal.,  October,  Cilosf?e. 

cantle  (kan'tl),  «.     [<  ME.  cantel,  cantil,  <  OF. 

eiiiitil  (F.  clianteaii)  =  Pr.  cantel,  a  corner,  a 

piece,  bit  (cf.  Sp.  cantillo,  a  little  stone),  < 

AIlj.  canlclliis,  dim.  of  can  tun,  side,  eornor:  seo 

cant^.     Ueuce  ult.  scantic,  scantlct,  scaiUliny, 

q.  v.]     1.  A  corner;  fragment;  piece;  portion. 

See  how  this  river  ucmies  me  erankin;^  in, 

And  cuts  ine,  from  the  best  of  all  my  land, 

A  huge  half-moon,  a  monstrous  cantle  out. 

SImk.,  1  lien.  IV.,  iii.  1. 

Do  yon  remember 
The  cantle  of  inmiortal  cheese  you  carried  with  you  ? 

Fletcher  {and  another),  Queen  of  Corinth,  ii.  4. 

2.  The  protuberant  part  of  a  saddle  behind; 

the  hind  bow.  In  the  warsadilks  .if  the  Tniddk-  anes, 
after  the  thirteenth  century,  tile  i-aiill'-  w;is  made  biuh 
and  strong  enouj;h  to  bear  the  \VL■i^•Id  and  iin-ssurr  of  tbe, 
person  ijf  the  rider,  who.wlien  be]»ut  laiirr  in  rest  t"rbar;.,'e, 
stoixl  up  in  tlie  stirrups  and  liraeed  iiiiii^Llf  ;e^'aiiif-t  it. 
Cantlet  (kan'tl),  c.  i.  l<<-anllc,n.i  Tocutiuto 
pieces ;  cut  a  piece  out  of. 

The  Duke  of  Lorraine  was  for  cantliii'jowt  some  part  of 
France,  which  lay  next  his  territories. 

Dnjden,  \'ind.  of  Duke  of  Guise. 

cantlet  (kant'let),  n.  [Dim.  of  cantle,  n.  Cf. 
scdiitlct.']   Acorner;  piece;  fragment;  a  cantle. 

liuge  cantletn  of  his  buckler  strew  the  {ironnd. 

Dnjden,  tr.  of  t)vid's  Jletauiorph.,  xli. 
Thanks  to  his  clasp-knife,  he  was  able  to  appropriate  a 
wing  of  fowl  anil  a  slice  of  ham  ;  a  cantlet  of  colil  custard- 
pudding  he  thought  would  harmonize  with  these  articles. 
Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxxiii. 

cantling  (kant'ling),  n.       [<   cant''-  +  -iJHsrl.] 
The  lower  course  of  bricks  iuolosiug  a  brick- 
elamp. 
cantlyt,  "f'"-     [<  cant^,  a.,  +  -?;/-.]     Boldly. 
Tlien  criet  he  full  cantlij  the  knightes  \'pou, 
And  the  tyde  men  of  Tl'oy,  with  a  tore  steuyn. 
In  hast  for  to  bye  to  there  bed  prinse. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6504. 

cant-molding  (kant'moF'ding),  ».  A  molding 
with  a  beveled  face. 

canto  (kan'to),  h.  [<  It.  canto  (=  Pg.  Sp.  canto 
=  F.  chant,  >  E.  chant),  <  L.  cantus,  a  song,  < 
caucrc,  sing:  see  cant",  chant."]  1.  A  part  or 
division  of  a  poem  of  some  length :  as,  the  six 
cantos  of  "The  Lady  of  the  Lake."— 2.  In  /««- 
sic,  the  highest  voice-part  in  concerted  music ; 
soprano. 

canto  fermo  (kan'to  fer'mo).  [It.,  <  ML. 
cantiis  limine:  L.  cantus,  song;  firmiis,  firm: 
see  chant,  canto,  and  firm.']  1.  Firm  or  fixed 
song;  the  ancient  traditional  vocal  music  of 
the  Christian  ehm-ch:  so  called  because,  its 
form  being  settled  and  its  use  prescribed  by 
ecclesiastical  authority,  it  was  not  allowable  to 
alter  it  in  any  manner.  It  was  originally  sung  in  uni- 
son ,  or  in  octaves  only,  and  in  its  strictest  fomi  one  note  was 
assigned  to  each  syllable  of  the  words.  After  the  third  een- 
turv  it  was  alb.wahlc  to  add  otbcrp.arts  iu  hai'mony  with 
the'caut"  ftrnio,  which  was  then  assigned  to  the  tenor  voice 
and  sung  without  change,  the  otlier  parts  moving  above 
and  below  it  in  counterpoint  more  or  less  free,  the  com- 
poser being  at  liberty  to  give  to  each  syllable  as  many 
notes,  and  to  arrange  them  in  such  maimer,  as  his  tast« 
and  his  ideas  of  bannony  and  fitness  ilictated.  These  ad- 
ditional parts,  being  more  elaliorate  and  ornamental  than 
the  canto  fermo,  were  called,  in  coutradistiuction  to  it, 
canto  jhiiinita. 

2.  A  theme  or  subject  taken  by  a  composer 
from  th<>  ancient  canto  fermo  of  the  church, 
for  contrapuntal  treatment.  The  term  is  also  techni- 
cally appli.d  to  themes  written  in  imitation  of  the  ancient 
canto  tt-riiio,  and  treated  contrapuntidly.    See  plain-son::. 

canto  figurato  (kan'to  fig-O-rii'to).  [It.,  <  ML. 
canlii.f  j'KjiiratHs:  L.  cantus,  song;  fii/icratus, 
figured,  tiorid:  see  chant,  canto,  and  JUjured.] 
Figured  or  tIori<l  song.     Seo  canto  fermo. 

canton!  (kau'tou),  «.  [=  O.  cant^m  (but  Swiss 
li.  usually  iirt" sfG  nrd),  <  F.  canton=  Sp.  can- 
tun  =  Pg.  cantaii  =  It.  cuntone,  <  ML.  canlo{n-) 
(also  cantwium),  a  region,  district,  quarter  of 
a  city,  also  a  squared  stone,  <  cantimC)  OF.  cant 
=  Sp.  Pg,  It.  canto),  a  corner:  seo  caiit^.]     1. 


iilii 


Ar);cnt,  a  Canton 
ermine. 


799 

An  angle  or  corner ;  also,  an  angular  space  or 
nook. 

In  a  canton  of  the  wall,  right  against  the  North  end  of 
the  Sepulchre,  there  is  a  clift  in  the  rock. 

Sandys,  l^ravailes,  p.  148. 

2.  A  portion  of  space;  a  parcel  of  ground. 

There  are  no  grotesques  in  nature :  not  any  thing  framed 
to  ml  up  empty  cantons,  and  uimecessary  spaces. 

Sir  T.  Bromie,  Rellgio  Jlcdici,  i.  15. 

3.  A  small  district;  a  sulidivision  of  a  country. 
Specifically  — (a)  In  Switzerland,  one  of  the  separate  teri'i- 
torial  members  of  the  confederation,  constituting  a  dis- 
tinct state  or  government. 

The  canton  of  I'nderwald  consists  only  of  vilLages  and 
boroughs,  although  it  is  twenty-five  miles  in  length  and 
seventeen  in  breadth.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  31*1. 

(t>)  In  France,  the  territorial  division  be- 
low an  arrondissenient  and  above  a  com- 
mune. .See  arrondissement. 
4.  In  licr.,  a,  part  of  the  cliief, 
cut  off  on  either  the  left-  or  tlu; 
right-hand  uiiper  corner.  It  is  al- 
ways bounded  by  straight  horizontal  and 
vertical  lines,  and  is  generally  consid- 
ered one  of  the  subordinarics.  See  or- 
dinary. 

The  King  gave  us  the  armes  of  England  to  be  borne  in 
a  canton  in  our  ai'ines.  Evelyn,  Diiuy,  Aug.  21,  HJ02. 

5.  A  ilistiuct  part  or  division:  as,  the  cantons 
of  a  painting  or  other  representation,  or  of  a 


A  square  piece  or  canton  of  the  fish  Tuny  salted  and 
condited.  Hollawi,  I'liny,  II.  434. 

canton^  (kau'ton),  V.  t.  [=  F.  cantonner;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  divide  into  cantons  or  dis- 
tricts, as  territory;  divide  into  distinct  por- 
tions; with  out,  to  cutout  and  separate. 

They  canton  out  to  themselves  a  little  Goshen  in  the 
intellectual  world.    Locke,  Conduct  of  Understanding,  §  i. 
You  shall  hear  how  I  have  canton'd  out  the  day. 

Mrs.  Centlivre,  Love  at  a  Venture,  i. 

2.  To  allot  separate  quarters  to  the  different 
divisions  or  parts  (usually  regiments)  of:  as, 
to  canton  an  army  or  a  detachment.  [In  this 
sense  pronounced  kan-tou'  and  kan-ton'.] 

The  practice  of  cantoning  a  body  of  soldiers  near  the 
plain  where  the  kings  are  elected,  has  been  adopted  by 
several  foreign  power's  for  near  a  century. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  376. 

canton'"!,  «•     A  variant  of  canto. 

Write  loyal  cantons  of  contenuied  love. 

And  sing  them  loud  even  in  the  dead  of  night. 

SiMk.,  T.  N.,  i.  6. 

cantonal  (kan'ton-al),  a.  [<  F.  cantonal  (= 
Pr.  cantonal),  <  canton :  see  canton^.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  a  canton  or  cantons. 

Canton  crape.    See  crape. 

cantone  (kan-ton-a'),  a.  [F.  cantoiinc,  pp.  of 
cantonner:  see  canton^,  v.]  In  her.,  same  as 
cantoiiiil,  1. 

cantoned  (kan'tond),  a.  [<  cantoii^  +  -ecP; 
after  F.  cantoniic.']  1.  In  her.,  between  or 
surrounded  by  charges  which  occupy  the  cor- 
ners: said  of  a 
cross  when  de- 
picted of  the 
full  size  of  the 
field,  as  an  hon- 
orable ordinary. 
—  2.  Furnished 
at  the  angles  or 
sides  mth  some 
projecting  part: 
in  «)f7(..  applied 
to  a  bidldiug  of 
which  the  cor- 
ners are  deco- 
rated with  pro- 
jectingpilasters 
or  coins.  The 
expres.sion  is  more 
particularly  em- 
ployeil  in  describ- 
uig  pillars  sueli  as 
those  of  the  Renais- 
sance style,  which 
have  a  ju-ojecting  shaft  on  each  of  their  faces  or  on  each 
of  Ibcir  aMi;bs. 

Canton  flannel.    QMflnnnel. 

cantonite  (kan'ton-it),  H.  [<  Canton  (seedef.) 
+  -(7(  -.]  Cop])er  sulphid  (covellite)  in  cubic 
crystals,  probably  pseudomorphous,  from  the 
Canton  mine  in  Georgia. 

cantonize  (kan'ton-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
tonized,  ppr.  canioni:inri.  [^(  cantoiA  +  -izc.'] 
To  canton  or  diWde  into  small  districts. 

Thus  was  all  Ireland  cantonized  among  ten  persons  of 
the  English  nation.  Sir  J.  Daries,  State  of  Ireland. 

cantonment  (kau'ton-  or  kan-ton 'ment;  in 
India,  kau-ton'ment),  n.    [<  F.  cantonn'cmcnt,  < 


1  2 

CantoDcd  Building. 
I.  Hi'itcl  de  Villc,  Arr-is,  France. 
3.  College  of  the  Sapicnza,  Rome. 


Oantuarlan 

cantonner,  oanicrn:  avo  cantoiA,  v."]  1.  Apart 
or  division  of  a  town  or  village  assigned  to  a 
liurticular  regiment  of  troops;  es]iccially.  in 
India,  a  ]iermanent  military  station  forming 
the  nucleus  of  tlie  European  (piarter  of  a  city. 

You  find  by  degrees  that  an  Indian  station  consists  of 
two  parts:  the  eant'oimeots  <»f  the  Europeans,  the  native 
city  and  biaaar.         IK.  //.  Russell,  Diary  in  India,  I.  ISO. 

2.  pi.  The  dwelling-])laces  occupied  by  an 
army  during  any  suspension  of  active  opera- 
tions in  the  (ield;  the  temporary  shelter,  other 
than  that  of  tents,  which  an  army  may  oc- 
casionally take,  as  when,  during  a  season  of 
excessive  heat,  the  troops  are  distributed  in 
villages,  houses,  etc.,  but  so  as  not  to  Ije  widely 
scattered;  military  quarters;  specifically,  the 
vrinter  ([uarters  of  an  army. 

Tile  troops  lay  principally  in  cantonments  alx>ut  the 
iiioutb  of  the  Thames.     Barham,  Ingoblsby  Legends,  I.  89. 

cantoon  (kan-ton'),  «.  A  strong  cotton  cloth 
smooth  on  one  side  and  corded  on  the  other. 
See  corded. 

cantor  (kan'tor),  «.  [L.,  a  singer,  <  canere, 
sing:  see  cant-,  «•.]  Ecclcs.,  an  officer  whose 
duty  is  to  lead  the  singing  in  a  cathedral  or  in 
:i  ciiUegiate  or  parish  church;  a  precentor. 

cantoral  (kau'to-ral),  «.  {<  cantor  +  -al.l 
Relating  or  pertaining  to  a  cantor  or  precentor : 
as,  a  eiintoriil  staff. 

Cantores  (kan-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  can- 
tor, a  singer,  <  canere,  sing:  see  cant-,  r.]  In 
Blyth's  classification  (1849),  the  fourth  order  of 
birds,  including  the  restricted  I'asserina;  or  the 
Passcrinm  of  Cuvier  divested  of  all  their  hetero- 
geneous elements:  it  was  thus  equivalent  to  the 
order  I'asscres  of  modern  naturalists.  See  Can- 
to torex,  Oscines,  and  I'asseres. 

cantoris  (kan-to'ris),  a.  [L.,  gen.  of  cantor,  a 
singer:  seo  cantor.]  Eccles.,  of  or  belonging  to 
the  cantor  or  precentor:  as,  the  cantoris  side 
of  the  choir,  the  side  on  the  left  or  north  of  one 
facing  the  altar:  opposed  to  the  decani  side. 

Cantor's  theorem.    See  theorem. 

cant-piece  (kant'pes),  n.  In  .ship-building,  one 
of  the  pieces  of  timber  secured  to  the  angles 
of  fishes  and  sidetrees,  to  take  the  place  of  any 
piece  that  may  prove  deficient,     ll'eale. 

cant-rail  (kant'ral),  n.  1.  A  triangiUar  rail. 
UuUiwcll.  [Prov.Eng.]  — 2.  Afire-pole.  Hal- 
liircll.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 3.  A  timber  running 
along  tlie  tops  of  the  upright  pieces  in  the  sides 
of  the  body  of  a  railway-carriage  and  supporting 
the  roof  and  roof-sticks.  [Eng.  ]  Called  in  the 
United  States  a  plate.     Car-Builder's  Diet. 

cantraip,  cantrap,  «.    See  cantrip. 

cantred  (kan'tred),  H.  [Also  cantref,  cantrev, 
l:antnj;<  ME.  <;a«rfc«te  (SiL.  cantredus,  candre- 
diis,  cantarcdus),  <  W.  cantref,  a.  hundred  (i.  e., 
a  district  so  called),  <  cant  (=  L.  centum  =  E. 
hund-red)  +  tref,  also  tred,  tre,  a  dwelling- 
place,  homestead,  town.]  In  Wales,  a  division 
of  country ;  a  hundred. 

The  princijial  land  measure  |of  Wales!  was  the  erw, 
which  seems  to  have  contained  about  the  same  area  as 
irar  English  acre.  Fourerws  ciinstitulcda  tydd.vn  or  ten- 
ement ;  12,800  erws  formed  the  territorial  division  called 
a  cymwd,  and  about  double  that  number  a  cantrev. 

Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXV.  75. 

cantrip,  cantrap  (kan'trip,  -trap),  «.     [Sc, 

also  written  cantraip;  origin  unknown.  Ac- 
cording to  one  conjecture,  <  Icel.  ijandr,  witch- 
craft, -t-  f/Y(/)/),  tramping;  according  to  another, 
<  cant-,  in  sense  of  'charm  or  incantation,'  -I-  So. 
rni7)  =  E.  rope,  a  cord,  and  orig.  meaning  'magio 
cord,'  cords  knotted  in  various  ways  figuring 
frequently  iu  old  spells  or  charms.  Cf.  cok- 
tnijilion.]  1.  A  charm;  a  spell;  an  incanta^ 
tion.     Eainiay. 

And  by  some  deev'lish  cantrip  slight 
Eacli  in  its  cauld  hand  held  a  light. 

Burns,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 

2.  A  piece  of  mischief  artfully  or  adroitly  per- 
formed ;  a  trick. 

As  Waveiiey  passed  him,  .  .  .  approaching  bis  stirrup, 
he  hade  "Tak'  heed  the  auld  Whig  played  him  nae  riiH- 
tri ji."  Scoll,  Waverley,  x.vix. 

cant-robin  (kant'rob'in),  n.  The  dwarf  dog- 
rose.     [Scotch.] 

cant-spar  (kant'spiir),  H.  Xaut.,  a  small  polo 
or  spar  fit  for  making  a  small  mast  or  yanl,  a 
boom,  or  the  like. 

cant-timber  (kant'tim'ber),  «.  In  ship-build- 
inij,  one  of  the  timbers  at  the  end  of  a  ship 
which  rise  oliliqui'ly  from  the  keel.  The  pair  at 
the  stem  (called  knight'-heads)  Umu  a  bed  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  bowsprit,  and  incline  forward, while  the  pair 
at  the  stern  incline  aft. 

Oantuarlan  (kan-tii-a'ri-an),  a.  [<  ML.  C'an- 
tuarius,   Cantuarcnsis,  of  Canterbury,   <  AS. 


Oantuarlan 

Cantwarf,  pi.,  tlip  iiilial>itaTits  of  Koiit  (or  Can- 
terbmy):  see  auilirhiinj.^  Of  or  portaiuiiig 
to  Ciintprbiu'V,  ospeciiilly  us  the  arcliiopis- 
eopnl  see  of  the  primate  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. 

cantus  (kan'tiis),  «. ;  pi.  cantus.  [L. :  see  chant, 
<(into.'\  A  soiiK  or  melody;  especially,  an  ec- 
clesiastical melody  or  style  of  music.  Cantus 
Ambroslanus  ILL.  I.  Mh'  .sl.vKof  <Iiinrli  music  iiistitiiti-il 
In  \nilnusi-,  tlic  liist  s-tvlc  cit  iililin-sciii),'  (which  see).— 
Cantus  ecclesiasticus  (M  I.. I.  (")  Chmdi  music  iu  gcn- 
iTiil.  (h)  l'hiin-s.iMs;iu  iiarticiilm-.  (c)  A  musical  rcnilelim.' 
of  a  liturjiy.  Jis  contrasted  witli  mere  reading'.— Cantus 
flgUratUs'|MI..|,  llgurated  plain-souK,  or  counterpoint. 
•See  iilH(../i.(l'ra'".  — Cantus  firmUS  l-MI-.l,  tlu-  meloily  m 
plain-sonj;(oriuinall.VKiven  to  tlie  letior  voire),  or  u  melody 
taken  as  the  theme  or  suhjeet  for  eontrapuntal  eomrosi- 
tion.  .See  rnii^o /erain.— Cantus  Gregorianus  |ML.), 
the  style  of  church  nmsic  iuslitntr.l  l.y  (ire:.;ory  tlie  lireat, 
the  second  style  of  iilainsoni;.  -  Cantus  mensurabUis 
[>IL.],  measured  or  metrical  melody,  luivinj;  all  its  notes 
conimensinate  in  duration  :  invented  aliollt  the  twelfth 
ceuturv.— Cantus  planus  IML.l.  plain  song. 

canty  (kan'ti),  a.     [North  E.  and  Sc,  also can(; 
<  ME.  eanl.  l-unt,   spirited,  bold:   see  cunt^.^ 
Lively ;  sprightly ;  cheerful :  applied  to  persons 
and  things. 
Contented  wi'  little  and  cantie  wi'  mair.     Bums,  Song. 
Then  at  her  door  the  cantij  dame 
Would  sit,  as  any  linnet  gay. 

Wufdswurth,  Goody  Blake. 
There  were  the  bailie's  wife,  and  the  bailie's  three 
daughters,  and  the  Viailie's  grown-up  son,  and  three  or 
four  stout,  bushy  eyebrowed,  canty  o\i!i  .Scotch  fellows. 

Dickenji,  Pickwick,  xlix. 

Canuck,  Kanuck  (ka-nuk'),  ».  and  a.     [Of 
Amer.  Ind.  origin.]     I.  n.  A  Canadian :  a  nick- 
name in  the  United  States. 
II.  (I.  Canadian. 

canula,  ".     See  cannula. 

canut  (ka-niit'),  n.  [<  NL.  canntus,  specific 
name  of  the  knot:  see  l;n(>t".'\  A  book-name 
of  a  sandpiper,  the  knot,  Trinf/a  caiiutus.  See 
knot".     liduanJs. 

canutillo  (ka-no-te'lyo),  n.  [Sp.  caitutiHo,  lit.  a 
small  pipe  or  tube,  (Urn.  of  caHuto,  a  pipe,  part 
of  a  eane  from  knot  to  knot,  <  calia,  a  cane, 
pipe:  see  cane^.]  In  the  United  States  of  Co- 
lombia, one  of  the  line  separate  crystals  of 
emerald  found  in  that  country. 

The  canuti 
stones. 

canvas  (kan'vas),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  canvesse,  canmcsse,  <  ME.  canvas,  Icanvas, 
cancvas  =  D.  l;anefas=:  G.  canncvas,  Icancvas  = 
Sw.  kanfass  =  Dan.  kannevas  =  Russ.  kanva,  < 
OF.  can'cras,  caueoers,  also  (in  deriv.)  *canahas, 
also  assibilated  clumevas,  chaneva::,  clianvcnas, 
mod.  F.  caneras  =  Pr.  canahns  =  Sp.  canama- 
zo  =  Pg.  canhamaqo  =  It.  canavaccio,  formerly 
also  cancraccio,  cannevaccio,  canapaz:o,  can- 
vas, hempen  cloth,  <  ML.  cannerasium,  canaba- 
eius,  prop.  *cannabaceum,  *cannobacens,  neut.  or 
mase.  of  adj.  cannabacciis  (>  OF.  chcincvace),  of 
hemp,  <  L.  cannabis=E.  hemp:  see  hemp,  Canna- 
bis, and  -aceous.  Hence  canras,  v.,  and  cancans, 
r.  and  «.]  I.  n.  ■  pi.  canvases,  sometimes  can- 
fasses.  1.  A  closely  woven,  dense,  heavy  cloth 
of  hemp  or  flax,  used  for  any  purpose  for  which 
strength  and  durability  are  required.  Specifi- 
cally—(a)  Sail-cloth  (which  see),  (b)  A  carefully  woven 
fabric  used  as  a  surface  or  support  fi>r  oil-painting.  It  is 
prepared  by  stretching  it  on  long  frames,  and  covering 
it  with  one  or  two  coats  of  neutral-colored  paint.  Four 
kinds  are  known  in  trade  :  single  prime,  smooth,  Roman, 
and  twilled. 

Touch'd  the  canvas  into  life. 

Addison,  To  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller. 

2.  A  fabric  woven  in  small  square  meshes,  used 
for  working  tapestry  or  embroidery  with  the 
needle. 

And  on  the  flore  yeast  a  canevas. 
Chaucer.  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  3SG. 

3.  Xaiit,  eloth  in  sails,  or  sails  in  general: 
as,  to  spread  as  much  canvas  as  the  ship  will 
bear. 

In  the  north,  her  canvas  flowing, 
Rose  a  ship  of  France. 

Tf7tnt/Sfm,  Tlie  Captain. 
Boll  of  canvas.  See  M;2,_  chess-board  canvas.  See 
chies-bvard.—To  be  or  live  under  canvas,  to  he  or  live 
in  tents.—  To  give  one  the  canvas,  to  receive  the  can- 
vas, to  dismiss  a  person,  or  to  be  dismissed:  old  phrases 
eijuivalent  respectively  to  to  give  one  the  sack  and  to  f/et 
the  sack,  said  to  be  in  allusion  to  the  canv.is  used  for  me- 
chanics' tool-bags. 

JUd.  If  she  would  affect  one  of  us,  for  my  part  I  am  in- 
different. 

Vent.  So  say  I  too,  but  to  give  u£  both  the  canvas  .' 

Shirley,  Hyde  Park,  i.  1. 
II,  a.  Made  of  canvas. 

Wherc-e'er  thy  navy  spreads  her  canvas  wings, 
Homage  to  thee  and  peace  to  all  she  brings. 

M'aller,  To  the  King. 

can'Vas  (kan'vas),  r.  ^;  pret.  and  pp.  canrased 
or  canvassed,  ppr.  canvasing  or  canvassing.     [< 


800 

canvas,  «.]     1.  To  provide  or  cover  with  can- 
vas. 
The  door  had  been  nailed  up  and  eanvoBSfd  over. 

Dickens. 

2t.  To  toss  as  iu  canvas;  shake;  take  to  task. 
I'll  canvas  thee  between  a  pair  of  sheets. 

S/iaA-.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

3.  To  sift;  examine;  tliscuss:  in  this  sen.so 
now  usually  spelled  canvass  (which  see). 
canvasback  (kan'vas-bak),  n.  A  Nortb  Amer- 
ican duck  of  the  family  Anatid(ca,nA  svibfamily 
Fi(lif/iilin(c,  the  Fidigula  (or  Aristonctta)  vallis- 
neria,  higlily  esteemed  for  the  delicacy  of  its 
flesh.  It  is  found  in  North  America  at  large,  breeding 
from  the  Northern  States  northward,  and  wintering  in  the 
lliddle  States  and  southward,  being  especially  abinulant 
in  wiiiteralnir.'  the  Atlantic  coast,  where  it  feeds  much  on 


Canvasbacks  {Fictisitta  {.-iristotuttti)  vatlisneria,. 

the  wild  celery,  Vallisneria  spiralis,  and  is  then  in  the 
best  condition  for  the  table.  The  name  is  derived  fiom 
the  color  of  the  back,  which  is  white,  very  finely  verndc- 
ulated  with  narrow,  zigzag,  blackish  bars  or  rows  of  dots. 
In  general,  the  canvasback  closely  resemliles  the  connnon 
pochard  or  redhead,  Fuliindaferina,  but  the  bill  and  head 
are  ilifterently  shaped.  The  head  is  not  coppery -red,  as  iu 
the  pochard,  Ijut  dusky  reddish-brown,  and  the  size  is 
greater. 


caoutcliouc 

legislature  disclosed  a  majority  of  six  in  favor 
of  the  measuie. —  3.  A  seeking;  .solicitation; 
specifically,  systematic  solicitation  forthe  votes 
and  support  of  a  district  or  of  individuals  by  a 
candidate  for  office  or  l)y  Ids  friends. 

No  previous  cammss  was  made  for  me. 

Burke,  Speech  at  Bristol,  Nov.  .'i,  1774. 

The  fall  campaign  in  this  city  has  been  begun  already  by 
the  organization  of  a  great  anti-Tamnumy  movement,  with 
a  general  committee  of  twelve  hun<lred  and  all  the  appli- 
ances of  an  active  canvass.  The  Nation,  XX\'ll.  18. 

4.  Discussion;  debate. 

"Worthy  UiG  canvass  and  discussion  of  Briber  and  consid- 
erate men.        Dr.  II.  .More,  Pre-existence  of  the  .Soul,  Pref. 

Can'Vasser  (kan'vas-er),  V.   1.  One  who  solicits 
votes,  mercantile  orders,  etc. 
As  a  canvasser  he  ["Wliarton]  was  irresistible. 

Slacaulag,  Uist  Eng.,  xx. 

2.  One  who  examines  the  returns  of  votes  cast 
for  a  public  officer;  a  scrutineer. 

can'Vas-Stretcher  (kan'vas-strech"er),  «.  A 
wooden  frame  consisting  of  four  strips  mor- 
tised together,  ujion  which  canvas  is  stretched 
for  artists  to  paint  upon. 

can'Vas-WOrk  (kan'vas-werk),  n.  1.  Embroi- 
dery upon  eloth  over  which  canvas  has  been 
laid  to  guide  the  stitches,  the  thi-eads  of  the 
canvas  being  then  pulled  out. — 2.  A  kind  of 
embroidery  done  in  Berlin  wool  upon  silk  can- 
vas with  plush-stitch,  which  when  completed 
has  the  appearance  of  velvet  pile.  Also  called 
raised  canvas-work.    I>ict.  of  Xcedleicork. 

cany  (ka'ni),  a.  [<  cflHei -1- -yi.]  1.  Consisting 
or  made  of  cane. 

Of  Sericana,  where  Chineses  drive 

■\Vith  sails  and  wind  their  cany  waggons  light. 

J7i((o)i,  P.  L.,  Ui.  439. 

2.  Al)0unding  with  canes:  as,  ca«y  brakes. 


canvas-climhert  (kan'vas-k]i"mer),)i.   A  sailor  canyon,  «.  and  v.     See  canon 


who  goes  aloft  to  handle  sails.     [Rare.] 
From  the  ladder-tackle  washes  off 
A  cnnrai-clinibcr.  ,Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  1. 

canvas-cutter  (kau'vas-kut^er),  n.  A  machine 
for  cutting  canvas,  cardboard,  and  other  fab- 
rics into  strips, 
or  the  crystallized  and  more  valuable  cauvass  (kan'vas),  V.  [Formeriy  canvas,  hemg 
Encyc.  Brit.,  VIII.  170.  merely  a  particular  use  of  canvas,  v.  (et.  Vt . 
canabasscr,  "to  canvas,  curiously  to  examine, 
search  or  sift  out  the  depth  of  a  matter" — Cot- 
grave),  lit.  sift  as  through  canvas,  this  fabric  in 
its  coarser  texture  having  been  used  as  a  sifting- 
cloth ;  <  cayivas,  n.  Cf .  bolt,  v.,  sift,  examine,  of 
similar  origin.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  examine;  scru- 
tinize. 

The  .  .  .  merits  of  the  petitioners  are  canvassed  by  the 
people.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxiiL 

As  if  life  offered  nothing  but  a  variety  of  diversions,  and 
it  was  incumbent  upon  one  who  appreciated  life  at  its  true 
value  to  canvass  that  variety  in  the  shortest  space  possi- 
ble. J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  28S. 

Specifically — 2.  To  sift  or  examine  by  way  of 
discussion  ;  discuss ;  debate. 

An  opinion  that  we  are  likely  soon  to  canvass. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

To  canvass  with  official  breath 
The  future  and  its  viewless  things. 

Af.  Arnold,  A  Wish. 

The  very  undue  disposition  of  what  is  questionably 
called  "good  society"  to  canva.^'S  in  an  ill-natured  manner 
the  character  and  position  of  one  who  did  not  stoop  to 
Hatter  its  many  vulgar  fancies. 

Gladstone,  Gleanings,  I.  S3. 

3.  To  sift  or  investigate  by  inquiry;  examine 
as  to  opinions,  desires,  or  intentions;  apply  to 
or  address  for  the  purpose  of  influencing  ae 


canzont,  n.  [<  It.  camona,  canzone,  a  song,  bal- 
lad: see  c«)!-OH«.]     A  poem;  a  song. 

Cannot  the  body  weep  w  itlmut  the  eyes? 
Yes,  and  frame  deepest  ir<t/i:nits  ..f  lament. 

Middteton,  Solomon  Paraphnased,  xviL 

canzona,  canzone  (kan-zo'nil,  -ne),  n.  [It.,  a 
song,  ballad,  ode,  =  F.  chanson  =  E.  cantion,  < 
L.  cantiu{ii-),  a  song:  see  chan.s:nn  and  cantion.'\ 

1.  A  particular  variety  of  lyric  poetry  in  the 
Italian  style,  and  of  Provencal  origin,  which 
closely  resembled  the  madrigal.     Grove. 

The  Canzoniere  includes  also  a  few  political  poems—  a 

canzone  to  Italy,  one  supposed  to  be  addressed  to  Cola  di 

Kienzi,  and  several  sonnets  .against  the  court  of  .Avignon. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  .'i04. 

2.  In  music:  (a)  A  setting  of  such  poetry,  dif- 
fering from  the  madrigal  in  being  less  elaborate 
and  artistic,  (b)  An  instrumental  piece  resem- 
bling a  madrigal. 

canzonet  (kan-zo-nef),  H.  [<  It.  canzonctta, 
dim.  of  canzone:  see  canzona.']  1.  A  little  or 
short  song,  shorter  and  less  elaborate  than  the 
aria  of  oratorio  or  opera. 

Tlie  canzonet  and  roimdelay. 

Rogers,  An  Italian  Song. 

I  amused  the  fair  Discretion  with  some  canzonets,  and 
other  toys,  which  could  not  but  be  ravishing  to  her  inex- 
perienced ears.  Scott,  Jlonastery,  II.  96. 

He  drank  a  few  cups  of  claret,  and  sang  (to  himself)  a 
strophe  or  two  of  the  canzon£ttes  of  the  divine  Astrophel. 
Scott,  Monastery,  II.  131. 
Poor  soul !  I  had  a  maid  of  honour  once ; 
She  wept  her  true  eyes  blind  for  such  a  one, 
A  rogue  of  canzonets  and  serenades. 

Temiyson,  The  Princess,  iv. 

2.  In  music,  a  short  concerted  air;  a  madrigal. 


tion,  or  of  ascertaining  a  probable  residt:  as,  to  canzonette,  ".     Same  as  canzonet. 

canvass  the  people  of  a  city  with  reference  to  caouane,  caouanne  (kil-wiin'),  n._  [A  F.  spell 


an  approaching  election,  for  tlie  promotion  of 
a  public  undertaking,  or  the  like. — 4.  To  tra- 
verse for  the  purpose  of  inquiry  or  solicitation ; 
apply  to  or  address  the  inhabitants  of  with  ref- 
erence to  prospective  action:  as,  to  canvass  a 
district  for  votes,  for  subscriptions,  etc. —  5t. 
To  shake;  take  to  task.  See  canvas,  v.  t.,  2. 
II.  intrans.  To  solicit  or  go  about  soliciting 


ing  of  a  native  W.  Ind.  name  (XL.  cnouana).'] 
A  name  of  the  loggerhead  tm-tle,  7"/(((/<i.s\o- 
cheljis  carctta  or  T.  caonana.  J.  E.  (Irai/. 
caoiitchin,  caoutchine  (ko'chin),  «.  [<  caout- 
ch{i)nc)  +  -in-,  -(»<'-'.]  An  inflammable  vol- 
atile oil  produced  by  distillation  of  caoutchouc 
at  a  high  temperatme.  Also  caoutchoucin  and 
caautclioucinc. 


votes,  interest,  orders,  subscriptions,  or  the  caoutchouc  (ko'chuk),  «.      [=  G.  caoutschiick 


like:  followed  by /or ;  as,  to  canvass  for  an 
office  or  preferment;  to  canvass  for  a  friend; 
to  canvass  for  a  mercantile  firm, 
canvass  (kan'vas),  H.  [<.  canvass,  r.]  1.  Ex- 
amination ;  close  inspection ;  scrutiny :  as,  a 
canvass  ot  votes.  Specifically  —  2.  An  exami- 
nation or  scrutiny  of  a  body  of  men,  in  order  to 
ascertain  their  opinions  or  their  intentions,  es- 
pecially whether  they  yf\\\  vote  for  or  against  a 
given  measure  or  candidate ;  an  estimate  of 
the  number  of  votes  cast  or  to  be  east  for  or 
against  a  candidate  or  bill ;  as,  a  canvass  of  the 


=  Kuss.  kauchukii,  <  F.  caoutchouc,  formerly 
also  caoutchou,  from  the  native  S.  Amer.  name 
cahucltu.']  An  elastic  gimimy  substance,  the 
inspissated  milky  juice  of  various  tropical 
trees  belonging  to  the  natiu'al  orders  Apocy- 
naccec,  Vrticacea;  and  Euphorbiacca- ;  india- 
rubber  (which  see) — Artiflclal  caoutchouc,  a 
thick  solution  of  glue  to  which  soiiium  tnngstate  and 
hydrochloric  acid  are  added.  A  precipitate  of  glue  and 
tungstic  acid  is  formed,  which,  when  cool,  can  be  made 
into  sheets.— Caoutchouc  cement.  Same  as  nifc^er  c«- 
nient.{b).  See  c.;ii.h/.- Mineral  caoutchouc.  Sec  miit- 
eral. — Vulcanized  caoutchouc.    See  viUcunization. 


caoutcboucin 

caoutchoucin,  caoutchoucine  (ko'chu-sin),  n. 

Siiinc  as  t'doutchin. 
cap'  (kiip),  //.     [(1)  Early  mod.  E.  also  capm, 

<  ME.  atf>i)<\  coppc,  Iccppr,  <  AS.  caypc,  also 
eappr,  =  UFrics.  hippc  =  Ml),  kapptj  I),  htp  = 
ML(l.  \AT.kappc  =  0\UT,  chappa,  MIKJ.  (i.  hoppr 
=  Norw.  kappa  =  S\v.  hippa  =  Oaii.  hippe  = 
OF.  c«7>^,  F.  cape,  also  c/i<//'(?  (<  ML.  cappa),  a 
cap,  hood,  cowl;  i>araUel  with  (2)  E.  cojk-^,  < 
ME.  royvp,  earlier  (y/yir,  <  AS.  *vdpv-=.  Icel.  Avi/ui 
=  Norw.  kaapa  =  Sw.  /.-rfyv/  =  Dan.  kaabc  (< 
ML.  cdpa)-j  {;J)  E.  (v^x'l,  <  ME.  (Y/;;r,  <  Pr.  Sp. 
Pp.  (V^/'rt  =  it.  cappa^  a  hood,  cape,  cloak  ;  all 

<  ML.  cappa,  also  cdpa^  a  cai>o,  a  hooded  cloak, 
a  woril  of  uncertain  ori^n;  said  to  be  <  L.  ca- 
pere,  take,  take  in,  *'quia  quasi  totuin  capiat 
noininem,"  because  it  envelops,  as  it  were,  the 
whole  person  (Isidorus  of  SeWlle,  19,  31);  by 
others  referred  to  L.  caput.,  liead;  but  neitlier 
derivation  is  satisfactory.  See  capc'^  and  copc^, 
doublets  of  cap"^,  and  the  deriv.  chapel,  chaplet, 
chaplain,  chaperon,  etc.]  1.  A  eoveriug  fur 
the  head;  a  liood ;  now,  especially,  a  head- 
coverinjL?  or  head-dress  made  of  soft  material 
and  usually  lilting  more  closely  to  the  head 
than  a  hat.  Men's  caps  are  usually  inailc  of  cloth,  silk, 
or  fur,  arc  without  u  liriiu,  except  soinetiiiics  a  peak  in 
front,  cover  the  crown  or  top  of  the  head,  and  are  worn  Jis 
an  outdoor  cove^in^^  Woiuens  caps  are  made  of  lace, 
muslin,  ribbons,  nutl  other  light  materials,  and  sometimes 
cover  both  the  back  ami  sides  of  the  head,  as  well  as  tlie 
top.  They  are  worn  as  an  indoor  coverinjj  or  ornament. 
Caps  are  in  many  cases  made  to  serve,  by  their  form,  color, 
ornanu-ntuti'in,  t'te.,  as  insi;;nia  of  rank  or  dii.'nity,  or  em- 
blems of  paitirnlar  prinripks  or  cuciipittinns,  as  the  ec- 
clesiustii  al  i;ip  (.see  hinttn),  the  i-ap  ot  lilierty  (see  Phry- 
ffian  Clip,  belnw),  tlie  fool's  caj),  the  nur.ses  cap,  etc. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  cap  in  appearance, 
position,  or  use.  .Specifically  — («)  In  hot.,  the  pileus 
of  a  mushroom.  See  pilnt.t.  (b)  In  oniith.,  the  plleum  or 
top  of  a  bird's  head,  especially  when  in  any  way  notable, 
as  by  special  coloration.  See  pHeum.  (c)  A  percussion- 
cap,  (rf)  An  inner  plate  secured  as  a  cover  over  the  move- 
ment or  "works"  of  some  kinds  of  watches:  now  nearly 
disused,  (e)  Natif. :  (1)  A  covering;  of  metal  or  of  tarred 
canvas  for  the  end  of  a  rope,  to  prevent  fraying.  (2)  A 
large  thick  block  of  wood,  strengthened  by  iron  bands, 
and  having  a  square  and  a  round  hole  in  it,  used  to  con- 
fine the  heel  of  one  mast  to  the  head  of  another  above 
which  it  is  erected.  The  stiuare  hole  of  the  lower  cap  is 
flxcil  firmly  on  the  tenon  in  the  head  of  the  lower  mast, 
while  the  topmast  traverses  through  the  round  liole.  The 
topmast-cap  is  secured  in  the  same  way  on  the  head  of  tlie 
topmast,  the  topgallantmast  passing  through  the  round 
hole.  The  bowsprit  also  is  fitted  with  a  cap,  through  which 
the  jib-boom  passes.  (."5)  One  of  the  square  blocks  of  wood 
laid  upon  others  on  which  the  keel  of  a  vessel  rests  in  the 
process  of  building.  (/)  In  bonkhimlin;/,  the  envelop  of 
paper  which  the  binder  puts  around  the  edges  of  a  book- 
cover  to  protect  it  from  injury  while  he  is  at  work  on 
other  parts  of  the  book,  (y)  In  mach. :  (l)  The  upper  half 
of  a  journal-box  :  the  lower  half  is  called  the  pillim'.  K. 
H.  Knight.  (2)  The  tire  or  face  of  a  glaze-wheel.  (."J)  The 
terminal  section  of  a  pipe  having  a  plug  at  the  end.  (4) 
The  part  connecting!  a  pump-rod  with  a  working-beam. 
(5t)  The  band  connecting  the  handstatf  and  swlugel  of  a 
flail ;  the  capling.  {k)  The  movable  top  of  the  house  of  a 
wiucimill.  (0  In  ca(7>.,  the  uppermost  of  any  jissemblage 
of  parts,  as  the  lintel  of  a  door  or  window-frame,  a  luui- 
zontal  beam  joining  the  heads  of  a  row  of  piles,  etc.  ( /) 
In  inininfj,  as  sometimes  used,  any  kind  of  rock  beneath 
which  miners  expect  or  hope  to  find  ore  in  paying  »inanti- 
ties.  Sometimes,  though  rarely,  it  is  used  for  outcrop, 
especially  when  this  is  comparatively  barren  of  ore.  Any 
unproductive  rock,  whether  it  be  a  purtiun  of  a  vein  or 
not,  may  be  called  cap  or  cappiwi  if  v:ilii;ib].'  ore  is  ftunui 
beneath  it.  In  such  cases  the  lode  mi^:lit  In-  said  by  some 
Ui  he  capped,  {k)  lucnitl-iuiniii'i,  the  liluisli  halo  of  ignited 
gas  appearing  above  and  around  thr  rlanie  of  a  safety-lamp 
when  a  dangerous  amount  of  llrf -damp  is  present.  Also 
calleil  hlwmp.  (/)  In  hn\,  the  figure  of  a  cap  used  in 
charges,  and  as  part  of  a  crest  or  an  accessory  in  a  coat  of 
arms,  sometimes  of  very  conventional  shape. 

3.  [<  foolscap,  orig.  used  with  ref.  to  the  old 
water-mark  of  the  fool's  cap  and  bells.]  A  name 
given,  with  distinctive  qualifications,  to  several 
sizes  of  WTitiug-paper.  Foolscap,  usually  fohled  the 
long  way,  ranges  from  12  x  15  to  1'2.J  x  l.'i A  inches.  Law 
cap,  folded  the  narrow  way,  is  of  the  same  dimensions. 
Pot  cap  and  lr;ial  cap,  always  flat  or  unfttMed,  are  i:i  x  Iti 
inches.  Fiat  cap,  or  /all  cap,  is  14  x  17  inches.  Dotihk 
cap  is  17  X  2y  inches.  In  England  pot  is  12*  x  If.*  inches, 
anil  foolscap  or  cap  is  i;U  x  10^  inches.  Exchange  t-'op  is  a 
thin,  highly  calendered  paper  of  good  quality,  made  of  new 
stock,  and  used  for  prhiting  bills  of  exchange,  etc. 

4.  The  head,  chief,  or  top;  the  acme. 

Thou  art  the  cap  of  all  tlie  fools  alive. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

5.  Head,  chief,  or  master.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  6. 
An  act  of  respect  performed  by  uncovering  the 
head. 

(live  a  cap  and  make  a  leg  in  thanks.  Fuller. 

7.  A  cap-sheaf  (which  see).— 8.  ph  Fungi. 
[Prov.  Eug.]— 9t.  A  cape.  See  capc'^.-A 
featherin one's  cap.   See  f.<(rA< /■.— Belt-railcap.  See 

belt-i-alL—  Black  cap.  (.a)  the  cap  worn  by  a  judge  when 
passing  sentence  of  death.  (Ilritish.]  {!>)  The  cap  drawn 
over  the  head  of  a  criminal  immediately  before  he  is 
hangeil.— Cap  copped,  in  /or.,  a  bycockct  used  as  a  bear- 
ing.—Cap  in  crown,  ni  her.,  the  cap  within  the  rim  or 
circle  of  the  crown,  and  covering  the  head.  Such  caps 
are  represented  of  dilfercnt  colors,  which  arc  mentioned 
51 


ROT 

in  the  blazon.  -  Cap  Of  a  cannon,  a  piece  of  had  laid 
over  the  vent  to  keep  the  iiriming  clry.  Also  called  an 
«/<nin.— Cap  Of  dignity,     same  as  cap  o/  maint.-iianc.-. 

-  Cap  of  estate,  same  as  caj>  «/  mrtintcnaucc.  Cap 
of  fence,  any  defensive  head-dress;  specifically,  one 
quilted,  stulfcd,  or  lined  with  iron,  or  having  plates  of 
iron  sewed  Itetween  the  thicknesses.  See  coat  of  feme, 
under  ^•'w^  — Cap  of  liberty,     see  I'lin/'nan  rap',  below. 

-  Cap  of  mall.      Sanir  a.s  coif  of  mail  (which  see.  under 

*■'">),  — Cap  of  maintenance.  See  Mo/i/j^/m/ir..— Four- 
cornered  cap,  tlie  sciuare-topped  cap  worn  in  Knglish 
universities  ami  public  schools.  The  caj)  part  fits  close  to 
the  head,  and  is  8nrm»>unted  by  a  sijuaro  fiat  board  mea- 
suring al)ont  a  font  diagonally  across.— Phrygian  Cap, 
the  pointed  <rap,  with  its  apex  turned  over  toward  the 
front,  connnonly  wtirn  by  some  of  the  peoples  of  Asia 
Minor  in  chussical  times,  and  considered  by  the  (Jrecks  as 
a  distinctive  part  of  Oriental  as  contrasted  with  Hellenic 
costume.  This  fonn  of  cap  is  now  received  as  tlie  type  of 
the  cap  of  liberty.  See  cut  un<ler  tmai'.— Statute  cap, 
a  woctlen  cap  enjoineil  to  be  worn  by  an  Knglish  statute 
passed  in  \^~\  in  the  interest  of  the  cap-makers:  as.  "jilain 
utatute-caps,"  Shak.,  L.  L.  h.,  v.  2.— To  set  one's  capt, 
to  deceive,  beguile,  or  cheat  one. 

Yit  this  maunciple  ncffc  here  aller  [  =  of  them  all]  cappe. 
Chaucer,  Oen.  I'rol.  to  C.  T.,  I.  566. 
To  set  one's  cap  at  or  for,  to  use  measures  to  gain  the 
regard  or  atfectious  of;  aim  to  secure  in  marriage:  said 
of  a  Wfunan  in  regard  to  a  man. 
capi  (kap),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capped,  ppr.  cap- 
pinej.  [<  cc/pi,  ».]  I,  trans.  1.  To  put  a  cap 
on ;  cover  with  or  as  with  a  cap,  iu  any  sense 
of  that  word ;  cover  the  head,  top,  end,  or  some 
particular  part  of:  as,  to  cap  a  dunce  at  school ; 
to  cap  (the  nipple  of)  a  gun. 

The  cloud-ca/j//(/  towers.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  I. 

Bones  capped  liy  a  layer  of  hanl  cement. 

Owen,  Anat.  Vert. 

Hampstead  Heath  is  .  .  .  formed  of  I-ondon  clay  capped 
by  Lower  Bagshot  sand.        Ilxixley,  Physiography,  p.  25, 
The  snow  has  capped  yon  distant  hill. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  An  Old  Year  Song. 

2.  To  complete ;  consimiraate  ;  cro^-n ;  bring 
to  a  climax ;  follow  up  with  something  more  re- 
markable than  what  has  previously  been  done  : 
as,  to  cap  a  story  with  its  moral ;  he  capped  this 
exploit  by  another  still  more  audacious. —  3. 
To  puzzle.  [North,  Eng.] — 4t.  To  deprive  of 
the  cap. 
As  boys  sometimes  used  to  cap  one  another. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

5.  To  salute  by  taking  off  the  cap :  as,  to  cap 
a  proctor. 

You  would  not  cap  the  Pope's  conmiissioner. 

Tenni/son,  Queen  Mary,  iv.  2. 

Capped  quartz.  See  guartr.— Capped  rail,  an  iron 
rail  with  a  steel  cap  or  tread.  See  rail.—TO  cap  a  rope 
(nauf.),  to  cover  the  end  of  it  with  tarred  canva-s  or  metal, 
—  To  cap  off,  ill  ijlass-makinff,  to  detach  (a  cylinder  of 
blown  glass)  I'y  drawing  a  circle  around  the  closed  end.— 
To  cap  texts  or  proverbs,  to  quote  texts  or  proverbs 
alternately  in  emulation  or  contest.  See  to  cap  verses, 
below. 

I  will  ca^  that  i>rotvrf*  with  —  There  is  flattery  in  friend- 
ship. Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  7. 
Henderson  and  th'  otlier  masses, 
Were  sent  to  cap  texfs  and  put  cases. 

S.  Duller,  Hndibra-s.  III.  ii.  1240. 

To  cap  the  climax,  to  go  to  the  utnuist  limit  in  words  or 
action  ;  exceed  expectation  or  belief :  iis,  that  story  capx 
the  climax  ;  his  conduct  in  this  affair  caj^s  the  climax  of 
absurdity. 

In  due  time  the  old  gentleman  capped  the  cliynax  of  his 
favors  Ipy  dying  a  C'ln-istian  death. 

Iliurthornc,  Twice-Told  Tales.  I.  445. 
To  cap  verses,  to  ((Uote  alternately  versos  each  beginning 
with  the  same  letter  with  which  the  last  ended.  The  cap- 
ping of  Latin  verses  is  a  common  game  in  classical  schools. 
No  verse  may  be  used  twice,  antl  no  liesitati'.'U  or  delay  is 
permitted ;  so  that  a  moderate  i)rollciency  in  the  game 
supposes  several  thousand  verses  arranged  in  the  memory 
alphabetically.  If  the  c<)rrectness  of  a  verse  is  challenged, 
the  player  who  gave  it  nntst  show  where  it  occurs. 

II,  iu  trans.  To  uncover  the  head  in  rever- 
ence or  civility. 

still  eappihij,  cringing,  applauding  — waiting  at  men's 
diioi-s  with  all'attability.  liurton,  Anat.  of  Mel. 

cAp-  (kiip),  «.  [Same  as  eop^  =  E.  cup,  q.  v.] 
A  wooden  bowl :  as,  a  caj)  of  pon-idge  and  milk. 
Also  etmp.     [Scotch.] 

cap'*  (kap),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capped,  ppr.  cap- 
piinj.  [<  D,  kapen  (=  Sw.  kapa)y  seize,  catch, 
make  prize  of,  as  a  privateer  or  pirate  (>  D. 
kaapj  privateering);  appar.  <  L.  caperc,  take, 
seize,  capture:  see  capable^  captive,  capture^ 
etc.  Hence  rff/>er3  and  mpper3,  v.]   1.  To  arrest. 

T^velve  shillings  you  must  pay.  or  I  nuist  cap  you. 

lieau.  aiul  Fl.,  Knight  of  Huriiing  I'eslle,  iii.  2. 
Ralph  has  friends  that  will  not  suller  him  to  be  capt  for 
ten  times  so  much. 

Beau,  ami  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  seize;  lay  hold  of  violently  ;  specifically, 
to  seize  (a  vessel)  as  a  prize;  lience,  to  entrap 
or  insnare.  [Scotch  and  prov.  Kng.] 
cap"*  (kap),  r.  ^;  pret.  and  pp.  capped,  ppr. 
capping.  [Unassibilated  fonn  of  cliap^,  chop^, 
({.  v.]  1.  To  ehap,  as  the  hands. —  2.  To  wrin- 
kle.—3.  To  coagulate.     [Prov.  Kug.] 


capacious 

cap.  An  abbreviation  (a)  of  capital^;  (6)  of 
Latin  cafmt  or  capitnlnni,  chapter;  (c)  inprint- 
ing,  of  rapifalize, 

capa  (kii'pii),  //.  [Sp.,  a  cloak,  cape :  see  cape^, 
ca}^.'\  1.  A  Spanish  capo  or  cloak. —  2.  A 
Ctilmn  tobacco  of  fine  quality,  specially  suited 
for  the  outsides  or  wrappers  of  the  best  cifiars. 

capability  (ka-pa-bil'i-ti),  ». ;  pi.  eajtabilities 
(-tiz).  [<  LL,  as  if  "capabititail-js,  <  capahiliSj 
capable:  see  capable.]  The  quality  of  being 
capable;  ability  to  receive,  or  power  to  do; 
capacity  of  undergoiug  or  of  doing  ;  capacity ; 
ability ;  capableuess. 

There  are  nations  in  the  East  so  enslaved  by  custom  that 
they  seem  to  have  Inst  all  i)ower  of  change  except  the  ca- 
pabilit;/  of  being  destroyed.  H'.  K.  CUj/ord,  Lectures,  1. 105, 
We  have  arrivecl  at  the  stage  where  new  eapnhilitien  are 
no  longer  imperiously  demanded  by  the  advancement  of 
culture.  W'eUh,  Eng.  Lit.,  I.  296. 

capable  (ka'pa-bl),  a.  [<  F.  capable,  capable, 
able,  sutlicieiit,  able  to  liold.  <  LL.  capabilis, 
comprehensible,  Kuseeptible  (tlie  modern  senses 
iu  part  coinciding  witii  those  of  L.  capax,  ca- 
pacious), <  L.  capcre,  take  hold  of,  seize,  hold, 
etc.  (whence  ult.  a  great  number  of  E.  words, 
as  capacious,  captious,  captive  =  caitiff,  captttrCj 
accept,  except,  intercept,  preccjttj  conceive,  de- 
ceive, perceive,  receive,  conception,  deception,  etc., 
receptacle,  recipient,  occnpij,  etc.).  =  Goth,  haf- 
jan  =  AS.  heblnuij  K,  heave,  lift,  raise,  orig. 
*  hold':  see  heave.]  If.  Able  to  hoM  or  contain ; 
s\i£Qcieutiy  capacious  (for) :  followed  by  of. 

The  place  chosen  was  the  cathedral  church,  capable  of 
about  400  persons.  Lord  Herbert. 

2t.  Capacious;  extensive;  comprehensive:  as, 
*'a  capable  and  wide  revenge,^'  Shak.,  Othello, 
iii,  J. —  3.  Able  to  receive;  open  to  infiuences; 
impressible;  receptive;  susceptible;  admitting: 
usually  followed  by  <f:  as,  eapaftle  o/pain  and 
grief;  capable  of  \od^  dumtion;  capable  of  he- 
ing  colored  or  altered:  sometimes  used  abso- 
lutely. 

His  form  and  cause  conjoin'd,  preaching  to  stones, 
Would  make  them  capable.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

If  thou  be'st  capable  o/ things  serious,  thou  must  know 
the  king  is  full  of  grief.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

To  his  capable  ears 
Silence  was  music  from  the  holy  spheres. 

Keats,  Endyraion,  ii. 
We  have  no  right  to  conclude,  then,  that  the  order  of 
events  is  always  capable  of  being  explained. 

»'.  K.CUihrd,  Lectures,  L  149. 

4t.  Able  to  be  received.     [Rare.] 

Lean  upon  a  rush, 
The  cicatrice  and  capable  impressure 
Thy  palm  some  moment  keeps. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5. 
5t.  Fitted  or  deserving  to  receive:  as,  *^ capa- 
ble of  mercy,"  Lord  Herbert. 

That  place  in  the  world's  account  wiiich  lie  thinks  his 
merit  capable  nf, 

B.  JoiiMin,  I'ref.  to  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 

6.  Suflieiently  able   (to   do   something):   as, 

a  man  capable  of  judging. 

Every  mind  seems  capable  of  entertaining  a  certain 
quantity  of  happiness  which  no  institutions  can  increase, 
no  circumstances  alt<fr.  ami  entirely  in<lepen<lent  of  for- 
tune. Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xliv. 

7.  Having  legal  power  or  capacity :  as,  a  bas- 
tard is  not  capable  of  inheriting  an  estate. 

nf  my  land, 
Loyal  and  natural  boy,  111  work  the  means 
To  make  thee  capable.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  1. 

8.  Possessing  a  good  degree  of  intelligence  or 
ability;  qualified;  able;  competent:  as,  acajja- 
6/<?  judge;  a  capable  instructor. 

To  be  born  rich  and  feeble  is  as  bad  a  fate  as  to  be  bom 
poor  and  capable.  Pop.  Sci.  J/o.,  .\XV.  4S7. 

=SyiL  8.  tJualiHed.  fitted,  adapted,  eflicieut,  clever,  skil- 
ful, gifted,  accomplished. 

capableness  (ka'pa-bl-nes),  «.  The  state  or 
(quality  of  being  capable;  capability;  capacity. 

capably  (ka'pa-bli),  adv.  In  a  capable  man- 
ner. 

capacifyt  (ka-pas'i-fi),  v.  t.  [<  L.  capax  (ca- 
pac-),  capable,  +  -fy,  q.  v.]     To  qualify. 

Wisdom  capacifies  us  to  enjoy  pleasantly  and  innocently 
all  good  things.  Bai-roxc,  Sennous,  I.  L 

capacious  (ka-pa'shus),  a.  [<  L.  capax  {capac-), 
able  to  contain,  able  to  contain  mtich,  wide, 
large,  spacious,  also  capable,  susceptrble  (<  ca- 
;>crc,  hold,  contain:  aeo  capable),  +  -ous.  For 
the  term.,  cf.  audacious,  fallacious.]  If.  Capa- 
ble of  recei\'ing  or  holding:  as,  a  jar  capacious 
of  '20  gallons. —  2.  Capable  of  hohling  much; 
roomy;  spacious:  as,  a  c(/j»(/o/oh^v  vessel ;  a  c«- 
pacious  bay  or  harbor;  a  capacious  mind  or 
memory. 

Down  sunk  a  hollow  liottom  broad  and  deep. 
Capacious  bed  of  waters.        Milton,  V.  L.,  vii.  290. 


capacious 

Hie  fancy  which  he  (Kihiiuinl  Hiirki]  hnd  In  common 
with  nil  mnnklrul,  iind  very  piiil>aWy  in  no  eminent  de- 
gree. In  him  was  urKed  into  niniHniil  iiotivity  under  the 
necessities  of  his  cajtaciotiti  understanding. 

De  Quincey,  Rhetoric. 

3t.  Disposed  to  receive  or  take  comprehensive 
views  (of). 

For  I  write  not  to  such  translators,  but  to  men  mpnnouD 

of  the  soul  and  genius  of  their  authors,  without  which  all 

their  labour  will  be  of  no  use  hut  to  disEraec  themselves, 

and  injure  the  author  that  fidls  into  their  slauKhterliouse. 

Uriiden,  Life  of  Lucian. 

capaciously  (kft-pa'shus-li),  adv.    In  a  capa^ 

cious  iiiaiinor  or  tlesrep. 
capaciousness  (ka-pu'.shus-nes),  n.    The  state 

or  quality  of  buiiif,'  (■apucioiis.  («)  Wideness;  larye- 
ni-ss;  f\ten>iMn('-ss.  ^/')  C'lniiirfheiisiveness;  power  of 
taking  a  wide  survey;  applied  to  the  mind. 

capacitate  (Ica-pas'i-tat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
capaciUikd,  ppr.  capacitating.  [<  capacity  + 
-<it(".'  Cf.  the  equiv.  It.  capacitare,  from  an  as- 
sumed L.  *c<y«iCitare.]  1.  To  make  capable ; 
enable. 

By  this  instruction  we  may  be  capacitated  to  observe 
these  errors.  Dn/den. 

Specitieally —  2.  To  furnish  with  legal  powers ; 
qualify:  as.  to  capacitate  one  for  an  ofBce. 

capacitation  (ka-pas-i-tii'shon),  )i.  [<  capaci- 
tiitc  :  acL- -atiuii.]  The  act  of  making  capable. 
[Hare.] 

capacity  (ka-pas'j-ti),  n. ;  pi.  capacities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  capadti  =  Pr.  capacitat  =  Sp.  capaci- 
(tad  =  Pg.  capacidade  =  It.  capacita,  <  L.  ca- 
pacita{t-),<i,  <  capax  {cnpac-},  able  to  contain: 
see  capacious.]  1.  The  power  of  receiving 
or  containing ;  specifically,  the  power  of  con- 
taining a  certain  quantity  exactly;  cubic  con- 
tents. 

Our  globe  is  sailing  on  through  space,  like  some  huge 

ocean  steamer,  whose  capacitu  fur  coal  is  strictly  limited. 

It.  D.  llitchcuck,  Address  istli  Anniv.  Un.  Theol.  Seni. 

2.  Receptivity^  susceptibilitj'  to  being  pas- 
sively affected  in  any  way ;  power  of  receiving 
impressions,  or  of  being  acted  upon. 

Faculty  ...  is  properly  limited  to  active  power,  and, 
therefore,  is  abusively  applied  to  the  mere  passive  artec- 
tions  of  mind.  Capacity,  on  the  other  hand,  is  more  prop- 
erly limited  to  these.  Its  primary  signification,  which  is 
literally  room  for,  jis  well  as  its  employment,  favors  this ; 
although  it  cannot  be  denied  that  there  are  examples  of  its 
usage  in  an  active  sense.  Leibnitz,  as  far  as  I  know,  was 
the  first  who  limited  its  psychological  application  to  the 
passivities  of  mind.  .  .  .  The  active  (power]  may  be  called 
faculty,  and  perhaps  the  passive  might  be  called  capacity. 
or  receptivity. 
Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Jletaphysics,  Bowen's  Abridgment,  viii. 

Capacity  signifies  greater  passiveness  or  receptivity  than 
.  .  .  (power  or  faculty].  Hence  it  is  more  usually  applied 
to  that  in  the  soul  by  which  it  does  or  can  suffer,  or  to 
dormant  and  inert  possibilities  to  be  aroused  to  exertions 
of  strength  or  skill,  or  to  make  striking  advances  through 
education  and  habit.       A'.  Porter,  Human  Intellect,  §  36. 

3.  Active  power;  ability:  as, Ttienta\ca2>aciti/; 
the  capacity  of  a  substance  to  resist  pressure. 

Hate,  and  fear,  and  remorse,  and  crime  have  in  them  the 
capacity  of  stirring  in  us  a  horror  of  moral  repugnance 
such  as  pagan  art  had  no  means  of  awakening.    J.  Caird. 

Man's  capacitiei  have  never  been  measured. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  12. 

Powhatan  gaue  him  Namontack  his  trustie  servant,  and 
one  of  a  shrewd,  subtill  capacitie. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  1. 167. 

4.  Ability  in  a  moral  or  legal  sense ;  legal  quali- 
fication ;  legal  power  or  right :  as,  a  man  or  a 
corporation  may  have  a  capacity  to  give  or  re- 
ceive and  hold  estate ;  A  was  present  at  the 
meeting  in  his  capacity  of  director  (that  is,  in 
virtue  of  his  legal  qualification  as  a  director). 

Ouer  that,  that  the  same  Master  and  Wardeyns,  and 

their  successours,  shuld  be  perpetual]  and  haue  capacite. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  310. 

He  had  been  restored  to  his  ca2>acity  of  governing  by 
renouncing  the  errors  of  Popery.  Brvutfham. 

Hence  —  5.  Character;  profession;  occupation  ; 
fimction. 

You  desire  my  thoughts  as  a  friend,  and  not  as  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament ;  they  arc  the  same  in  both  capacities. 

Sinift. 
6t.  A  license;  authorization. 

They  gave  the  monks  leave  to  depart,  and  most  of  them, 
they  BJiid,  desired  capacitirs  or  licenses  to  depart  to  be 
granted  to  them,  though  some  desired  to  be  assigned  to 
other  places  of  religion. 

li.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Chmch  of  Eng.,  v. 
Breathing  capacity.  Same  as  differential  capacity.— 
Capacity  for  heat,  tlie  anttmnt  of  heat  required  to  raise 
the  temperature  "f  any  ol.jeit  une  degree,  being  the  pro- 
duet  o(  its  mass  into  its  si)eeinc  heat.  Also  sometimes 
usetl  as  a  synonym  of  specljic  heat,  when  it  is  generally 
called  the  sjtecirtc  capacity  /or  /(mt.— Capacity  Of  a 
conductor,  in  eh-rt.,  the  quantity  of  electricity  reciuired 
to  raise  its  potential  fr<)m  zero  to  unity.  The  capacity 
of  a  sphere  is  proportional  to  its  radius,  and  in  tlie  C.  a. 

5.  system  is  numerically  eipial  to  its  radius  expressed  in 
centimeters.  The  capacity  is  increased  by  proximity  to  a 
charge  of  an  oppoitltc  kind,  as  is  shown  by  a  condenser 


802 

like  the  I/cyden  Jar.  The  i/ni7  n/  capacity  is  the  fararl. 
or,  pnutieally.  the  micmfarad.  See /<im</.— Differential 
capacity,  extreme  differential  capacity,  or  vital 
capacity,  the  amount  of  air  whieh  lan  lie  expelled  from 
the  lungs  liy  the  greatest  jiossilde  i-\|iintti"n  after  the 
greatest  possible  insjiir.-itinn.  It  is  usually  about  214  cu- 
bic inches.— Specific  Inductive  capacity,  in  elect.,  the 
ratio  of  eajiueity  "i  an  iuenmulator  formed  of  the  di- 
electric substjHice  wlinsc  spei  ille  eajiaeity  is  spoken  of  to 
the  capacity  of  an  ar,  niiiul:itnr  of  tin-  .same  form  and  si/e 
tilled  with  air.— Standard  measure  of  capacity.  See 
jiM!(wnrc.— Thermal  capacity  of  a  boily,  in  thennody- 
iiamics,  the  quantity  of  heat  required  to  raise  its  tem- 
perature by  one  degree  on  the  abstdnte  thermodynamic 
scale.  Sir  If.  Thomsan,  Eneyc.  Brit..  XI.  .'.Tt'..  —  Vital  ca- 
pacity. Same  as  differential  caj>ae>ty.=Sya.  1.  Dinien- 
sions.— 3.  .-iptitude.  Faculty  (see  yeniiis),  turn,  forte,  apt- 
ness; Ahility,  Capacity  [fii^a  ability). —  5.  Office,  sphere, 
])ost,  function. 

capade  (ka-pad'),  n.  [Origin  uncertain.]  In 
li(il-miil:in(/,  a  bat.     E.  H.  Kniijht. 

cap-a-pie  (kap-ji-pe'),  adr.  [Earlier  also  cap-a- 
pe, e(i2>-a-pee,  capiapee,  cape-a-pc ;  <  OF.  dc  c«p 
a  pie,  from  head  to  foot  (now  de  pied  en  cap, 
from  foot  to  head) :  cap,  head  (see  cupe~) ;  i>ie, 
pied,  <  L.  pies  ( ped-)  =  E.  foot,  q.  v.]  From 
head  to  foot ;  all  over.  Also  written  cap-a-pie. 
See  cuts  under  armor. 

Armd  at  all  points,  exactly,  cap-a-pe. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

A  yellow  ointment,  with  which,  after  they  [the  Indians] 
have  bathed,  they  anoint  themselves  capapee. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  iii.  1[  42. 

Far  from  being  disheartened,  however,  he  was  seen, 
anued  cap-a-pie,  on  horseback  from  dawn  to  evening. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  4. 

caparison  (ka-par'i-son),  n.  [<  OF.  caparas- 
moi,  capcrassoii,  F.  caparagon,  <  Sp.  capara^on 
=  Pg.  capara:ao,  a  cover  for  a  saddle,  a  cover 
for  a  coach,  a  kind  of  aug.  of  capa,  a  eloak, 
cover,  <  ML.  capa,  cappa,  a  cape :  see  o«j)l  and 
capc^.]  1.  A  cloth  or  covering,  more  or  less 
ornamented,  laid  over  the  saddle  or  furniture 
of  a  horse,  especially  of  a  sumpter-horse  or 
horse  of  state. 

What  cares  he  now  for  cm-b  or  pricking  spur  ? 
For  rich  caparisons  or  trapping  gay? 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  L  286. 
Hence  —  2.  Clothing,  especially  sumptuous 
clothing;  equipment;  outfit. 

My  heart  groans 
Beneath  the  gay  caparison. 

Smollett,  The  Regicide,  iii.  4. 

caparison  (ka-par'i-son),  V.  t.  [<  caparison,  «.] 
1.  To  cover  with  a  caparison,  as  a  horse. — 2. 
To  dress  sumptuously;  adorn  with  rich  dress. 

caparisoned  (ka-par'i-sond),  p.  a.     [Pp.  of  ca- 


War-horse  Caparisoned,  from  seal  of  Philip  of  Bur^ndy. 

parisov,  i'.]     1.  Covered  with  a  caparison  or 
decorated  cloth,  as  a  horse ;  decked ;  adorned. 
The  steeds,  cajjari-son'd  with  i>urple.  stand 
With  golden  trappings,  glorious  to  behold.    Dn/den. 

2.  In  her.,  harnessed:  used  of  a  horse  when 

saddled  and  prepared  for  the  field Caparisoned 

ancient,  in  her.,  covered  with  barding  and  housse.—  Ca- 
parisoned modem,  in  tier.,  having  saddle,  etc.,  like  a 
modern  eav<alry  charger. 

capcaset  (kap'kas),  n.  A  ease  for  containing 
caps,  collars,  or  other  articles  of  apparel;  a 
small  traveling-case.  In  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury it  seems  to  have  become  a  receptacle  for 
papers,  money,  etc. 
A  capcase  for  your  linen  and  your  plate. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Noble  Gentleman,  v.  1. 

Shut  up  in  a  silver  capcase.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel. ,  p.  602. 
cape^  (kap),  «.  [<  ME.  cape,  <  OF.  cape,  F.  cajw, 
iilso  assibUated  chape,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  capa  = 
It.  capjta,  a  cloak,  cape,  <  ML.  capa,  cappa,  a 
cape,  whence  also  by  different  channels  E.  cap^ 
and  copc^,  which  are  thus  doublets  of  capc^ :  see 
<■«/)!,  c»;)(;l.]  1.  A  circular  covering  for  the 
shoulders  and  adjacent  parts,  either  separate 
or  attached  to  the  top  of  a  garment,  as  that 
of  a  gown  or  au  overcoat. — 2.  A  short  eircu- 


capellane 

lar  garment  lianging  from  tlie  shoulders,  worn 
fur  protection  against  the  weather. — 3.  The 
coping  of  a  wall.  [North.  Eng.] — 4.  jil. 
Ears  of  com  broken  off  in  thrashing.  [North. 
Eng.] 

cape-  (kap),  «.  [<  F.  caj),  a  cape,  headland, 
head  of  a  ship,  also  lit.  a  head,  <  It.  capo  =  Sp. 
Pg.  cabo,  a  cape,  headlanil,  end,  extremity, 
It.  also  lit.  a  head,  <  L.  caput,  head:  see  caput, 
capital^,  etc.]  1.  A  piece  of  land  jutting  into 
a  sea  or  a  lake  beyond  the  adjoining  coast-line. 
—  2.  [caji.~\  A  wine  resemblbigsheiTy  or  canary, 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope Cape  ash.    See 

n.«/il.— Cape  chestnut,  Jasmin,  etc.     See  the  mmns. 

cape-  (kap),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cajicd,  ppr. 
capinf/.  [<  cape",  n.,  after  the  orig.  F.  cup,  in 
sense  of  'head  of  a  ship';  ef.  F.  mcttrc  le  cap 
au  nord  (sud,  etc.),  bear  north  (south,  etc.).] 
jVa!<<.,  to  keep  a  course;  head  or  point:  as,  how 
does  she  capcf 

cape^  (ka'pe),  n.  [ML.,  2d  pers.  sing.  pres. 
impv.  of  L.  cnpfre,  take :  see  cayyofi/e.]  In  Eng- 
land, a  judicial  writ,  now  abolished,  used  in 
proceedings  by  the  king  or  a  feudal  lord  to  re- 
cover land  on  the  default  of  a  tenant :  called 
cape  from  its  initial  word.  The  cape  magnum,  or 
yramt  rape,  was  the  writ  for  possession  when  the  tenant 
"failed  to  appear.  The  cape  2'arrum,  or  jtetit  cape,  was  the 
shorter  writ  issued  when  the  plaintiJf  prevailed  after  the 
tenant  had  appeared. 

cape*t,  V.  i.  [ME.  crtjjew  =  MLG.  LG.  kapen  = 
OHG.  chapfen,  MHG.  Icapfoi,  gaze,  stare,  gape: 
in  form  a  diff.  word  from  gape,  in  which  in  E. 
it  is  now  absorbed:  see  gape.]     To  gaze;  gape. 

This  Nicholas  sat  aye  as  stille  as  stoon, 

And  evere  caped  [var.  gapyd]  upward  into  the  eir. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  L  287. 

cape-a-pet,  adv.    See  cap-a-pie. 
cape-cloakt  (kap'klok),  «.   A  cloak  with  a  cape, 
caped  (kiipt),  a.     [<  cape'^  +  -erf2.]     Furnished 
with  a  cape  or  tippet. 

He  (Lord  Kilmarnock]  wears  a  caped  riding  coat,  and 
has  not  even  removed  his  laced  hat. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  422. 

capelif,  capleif,  «■  [ME.,  also  caput,  etc.,  = 
leei.  kapiill,  <  Gael,  capidl  =  Ir.  capull,  caput,  < 
L.  caballus,  a  horse:  see  cahal"  and  cheval.]  A 
horse. 

And  gaf  hym  capeles  to  hws  cart. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xxii.  333. 
Bothe  hey  and  cart  and  eek  his  caples  thre. 

Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  256. 

capel'-,  caple^  (ka'pl),  n.  [Origin  unknown.] 
In  mining,  a  wall  of  a  lode :  so  called  by  Cornish 
miners,  and  chiefly  when  the  cotmtry  closely  ad- 
jacent to  the  lode  itself  has  been  more  or  less 
altered  by  those  chemical  agencies  under  the 
influence  of  which  the  latter  was  formed.  Tliis 
alteration  tlsually  shows  itself  in  a  silicifieation  and  harden- 
ing of  the  rock.  The  capels  are  sometimes  themselves  so 
impregnated  with  met^iUiferons  p.articles  as  to  be  worth 
working;  iri  such  cases  they  are  usually  recognized  as 
forming  a  part  of  the  lode.  If  barren  of  ore,  they  are 
considered  as  belonging  to  the  country.  At  the  Mary  Ann 
wheal  (or  mine)  in  Cornwall,  anil  perhaps  in  other  mines, 
the  capel  is  called  the  cab ;  it  is  there  described  as  con- 
sisting of  chalcedonic  cjuartz,  and  is  considered  as  being 
a  part  of  the  lode,  although  baiTen  of  ore.  The  word  is 
rarely  beard  outside  of  Cornwall.  In  the  United  .States 
casino  takes  its  place  to  some  extent. 

capeP  (ka'pl),  n.  [Cf.  ca}A,  «.,  2,  and  capling.] 
The  horn  joint  which  connects  the  two  parts 
of  a  flail.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Capelan  (kap'e-lan),  «.  1.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Gadida;  Gadus  minutus,  the  poor. — 2.  Same  as 
cnplin-. 

capelin  (kap'o-lin),  n.     Same  as  caplin^, 

capeline,  capelline  (kap'e-lin),  n.  [<  F.  cape- 
line  =  Sp.  Pg.  capeUinu  =  It.  cappellina,  <  AIE. 
capellina,  capclina,  cappilina, 
dim.  of  capeUa,  itself  a  dim. 
of  cajHi,  cappa,  a  cap,  hood : 
see  <•«/'!,  r«;'(l.]  A  small 
skull-cap  of  iron  worn  by  litiht- 
armed  men,  such  as  arolurs, 
in  the  middle  ages.  Also 
written  cappclinc,  chajielinc. 

Capella  (ka-pel'a),  n.     [L.,  a 
star  so  called,  lit.  a  she-goat,      capeiine.  13th  cen- 
dim.  of  cupra,  a  she-goat :  see   '^'>'-  .P'^f'^"'  "P""  "■."= 

1    -,     ^.      V  ..^   jji,..!      •        e-mail     but     not     at- 

capcr^.]  A  star,  the  titth  m  tached  to  it.  (From 
the  heavens  in  order  of  bright-  5'^i^o^l?riJ"Ji>iS--'i 
ness.     It  is  situated  ou   the   left 

shoukier  of  Auriga,  in  front  of  the  Cireat  Bear,  nearly  on  a 
line  with  the  two  northernmost  of  the  seven  stars  forming 
Charles's  Wain;  and  it  is  easily  recognized  hy  the  prox- 
imity of  "the  Kids,"  three  stars  of  the  fourth  magnitude 
forming  an  isosceles  triangle.  The  eolor  of  Capella  is 
nearly  thi-  same  jus  that  of  the  sun.  See  cut  muler  Auriga. 
capellanef  (kap'e-lan),  «.  [<  ML.  capdlanus : 
see  chaplain.']  A  chaplain  ;  a  curate  of  a  chap- 
el.    FulUr. 


capellet 

capellet  (kap'e-lot),  II.  [<  F.  caprlrt,  <  LL. 
niinlli'lniii,  nijicllcliis,  a  little  fap,  dim.  of  ai- 
pilUi,  a  (ra[),  eaiK',  hood,  dim.  of  cajiii,  citjijiii,  a 
ca]),  cape:  see  ciijA,  cajic^.]  A  kind  of  swell- 
iiif;  like  a  vvcu,  Ki-owiiiK  on  the  baek  )iart  of  a 
horse's  hock,  or  on  the  point  of  the  tdbow.  .lUso 
written  ciijiiilct. 

capellina  (Sp.  pron.  kii-pe-lye'nil),  n.  [Sp.,  an 
iron  helmet,  the  Iieailjju'ee  of  a  hchuct:  see 
ciijiiliiir.']  In  I  ho  western  mining  districts  of 
the  United  States,  a  vessel  employed  in  sepa- 
rating the  quicksilver  from  the  amalgam.  H. 
ir.  Hallcck. 

capelline,  ».     See  capelhic. 

capellmeister,  ».    See  h-dpcUmeister. 

cape-merchantt,  cap-merchantt,  »■     [An  E. 

aeeoni.  of  It.  <■((/«<,  head  (see  ciljii-),  +  mcraiiilr, 
merchant  (.see  iiicrchaiit).'\  A  master  merchant. 
Specilirally— (rt)  TIic  imrscr  ur  aupercai-go  of  a  sliip.  (h) 
The  chief  manager  of  a  trading  expedition  or  of  a  factory, 
Kiicry  of  the  pettie  niarcliants  to  sliewc  his  reckoning 
to  tlic  cu^ic  marchant,  when  they,  or  any  of  them,  sliall  he 
rtMinired.  Jlakhiyt'n  Voijatjett,  1.  22S. 

The  president  and  Captain  Martin's  sickness  compelled 
nil-  to  tie  niitr-intn-lianl. 

Capfuiit  JultH  Siuilh,  Quoted  in  Tyler's  Amer.  Lit.,  I.  23. 

caperl  (ka'per),  V.  i.  [Short  for  equiv.  capri- 
<il<;  formerly  spelled  cuprcaU,  <  It.  capriolare, 
caper,  leap  about  as  a  goat  or  kid  (cupriitla,  > 
F.  capriole,  now  cabriole,  a  caper,  a  capriole),  < 
capriolo.  a  kid  (as  tlim.  of  ca]irio,  a  roeliuck,  a 
wild  goat),  <  L.  caprcoim,  a  kind  of  wild  goat, 
dim.  of  (ML.)  eiiprciis,  in  fern,  form  caprca,  a 
wild  goat,  proj).  adj.,  <  caper,  m.  (ML.  also  ca- 
bro{ii-)),  a  he-goat,  capra,  f.,  a  she-goat  (>  It. 
capro,  in.,  capra,  f.,  =  Sp.  cahroii,  m.,  cabra,f., 
=  Pg.  cnhro,  m.,  cabra,t.,  =  Pr.  cnbra,  f.,  =P. 
cabri  (<  ML.  caiiritiia),  m.,  OF.  clicrrc,  chicvrc, 
F.  clih'rc,  f..  >  ult.  E.  chcrvril,  cliirrcllc,  clicrron, 
etc.).  Of.  Gr.  mJT/jof,  a  boar;  AS.  hafcr  =  lce\. 
Iiafr,  a  buck,  a  he-goat.  See  caprct,  capriole.'] 
To  leap;  skip  or  jump;  prance;  spring:  as,  to 
caper  about  (as  a  lamb  or  a  child);  "making 
a  roan  horse  caper,"  Tcniujson,  Lancelot  and 
Elaine. 

lie  capers,  he  dances,  he  has  eyes  of  youth. 

Shak.,  M.  \V.  of  W.,  iii.  2. 

caperl  (ka'per),  11.  [<  caper^,  ti.]  A  leap;  a 
skip  or  spring,  as  in  dancing  or  mirth,  or  in  the 
frolic  of  a  kid  or  lamb,  or  a  child ;  hence,  a 
sportive  or  capricious  action ;  a  prank. 

We  that  are  true  lovers  run  into  strange  capers. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  It,  ii.  4. 
To  cut  capers.  See  cut. 
caper-  (k;i'per),  n.  [Of  the  product,  usually  in 
pi.  eajicr.i;  ME.  caperis,  capparcs,  capjieris,  after 
L. ;  <  F.  capre,  cappre,  now  edpre  =  It.  cappcro 
(=  Sp.  Pg.  with  Ar.  article  aleaparra)  =  D.  Irip- 
jier  =  G.  kaper  =  Dan.  kapcrs  =  Sw.  kapri.'i,  <  Ij. 
cappari.'f,  <  Gr.  mTT^afiii;,  the  caper-plant,  a  ca- 
per, <  Ar.  kabbdr,  qabbdr  =  Pers.  kabar,  capers.] 
A  plant,  Capparis  spiiiosa,  the  buds  of  which 
(called  capers)  are  much  used  as  a  condiment. 
Tile  liush  is  a  low  shruli.  growing  on  old  walls,  in  hssures 
of  rocks,  or  among  rubliish,  in  tiie  countries  bordering  tlie 


803 

caper^  (ka'per),  «.  [=  G.  kaprr  =  F.  caprc,  < 
1).  kaper  (=  Dan.  kaper  —  Sw.  knpare),  a  priva- 
ti'er,  <  kapeii  =  Sw.  kajia  (cf.  G.  kajirni  =  Dan. 
kapre,  from  the  noun),  take,  seize,  mak(!  a  prizes 
of  at  sea :  see  ra//'.]  Ximl.,  a  liglit-armcd  ves- 
sel of  the  seventoouth  century,  used  by  the 
Dutch  for  privateering. 

Tlie  trade  into  the  Straight  can  neither  be  Becured  by 
our  own  convoys,  nor  liy  the  French  lleeta  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, front  the  Unteli  capers. 

Sir  W.  Temple,  To  the  Duke  of  Orniond,  Works,  1, 122, 

caperatet,  «.  [<  L.  caperatus,  ])p.  of  rapcrarc, 
wrinkle,  draw  together  in  ^\Tinkles.]  Tofrown. 
Ciilrs.  1717. 

caper-bush  (ka'i)er-busli),  II.     Same  as  caper^. 

capercaillie,  capercailzie  (ka-p^r-kal'yo),  «. 
[A  book-word  of  uncertain  etym.,  and  IJenee 
of  unstable  form  ;  also  written  capercallij,  ami 
formerly  capcrcaiUe,  -cayllie,  -cailc,  -callie,  -eali, 
-ealy,  -kuUij,  -calcp,  -cail,  -kaillie,  cohbcr-kelij ; 
also  capercaili/ie,  "caiiircailj/e  or  wilde  liorse" 
(Boece,  tr.,  a.  i>.  1530),  capcrcaliicaiic,  and  (with 
~  rcpr.  the  old  form  of  ij,  an(l  properly  pro- 
nounced;/) capercailzie  (A.  D.  Ki\),-cahc  (said 
to  have  been  first  used  A.  D.  1578),  -kailzei,  etc. ; 


'\:',S.- 


Caper-bush  {Capparis  sfinosa). 

Mediterranean,  The  buds  are  eolleeted  and  preserved  in 
vinegar.  In  some  parts  of  Italy  the  unripe  trnit  is  eni- 
Idoyed  in  the  same  way.  Also  called  cajxr-bmh  or  caper- 
ptaiit,  ami  formerly  caper-tree. 

The  caper  plant,  with  its  white-and-purple  blossoms, 
flourishes  among  the  piles  cf  rnbbish. 

Jl.  Taylor,  Umds  of  the  Saracen,  p.  20C. 

Bean-caper,  the  Ziiaaphi/ttnm  Faha<vK  the Howcr-buds of 
which  are  used  its  capers. '  Wild  Caper,  the  caper-spurge. 
Euphorbia  Lathtiris.  whose  iunuature  capsules  are  used 
OS  a  substitute  for  real  capers. 


Capercaillie  (  Tetrao  Hro£allus). 

ft 

Latinized  capricalca :  a  Se.  word  of  Gael,  ori- 
gin, the  Gael,  form  being  crtpHW-c"i7/e,  ex^jlaiued 
as  the  'cock  of  the  wood,'  or  lit.  the  'horse  of 
the  wood'  (ajipar.,  like  the  NL.  name  iirogal- 
liis,  '  ox-cock,'  in  ref .  to  its  size),  <  capull,  horse, 
or  rather  mare  (see  capell),  +  citille,  a  wood, 
forest.  But  the  Gael,  form  may  be  an  accom. 
one,  and  the  word  is  otherwise  explained  as  < 
Gael,  cabliar,  a  hawk,  any  old  bird,  +  coilcacli, 
a  cock.  Cf.  Gael.  eomp.  eoileaeli-eoille,  a  wood- 
cock (eoille,  a  wood) ;  eniUnili-ilnhh,  a  Idack- 
cock  (diibh,  black) ;  coileaeh-J'raoich,  a  moor- 
cock or  red-grouse  cock  (fraocli,  heath,  moor): 
ciiikaeh-oidlicMe,  an  owl,  lit.  night-cock  (oidhche, 
night).]  The  Scotch  name  for  the  wood-grouse, 
Tetrao  iiroijallus,  the  largest  of  the  gallinaceous 
bii'ds  of  Eiu'ope,  the  male  sometimes  weighing 
113  to  \'S  pounds.  It  is  most  freciuently  found  in  the 
northern  parts  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  Ncjrway  anil 
Sweden  being  its  favorite  homes.  For  some  time  it  was 
almost  or  wholly  extinct  in  Great  Britain;  hut  it  now 
ag.ain  holds  a  place  in  the  British  fauna,  and  constitutes 
one  of  its  greatest  ornaments.  The  male  is  commonly 
called  the  mountain-rock  or  cock-qf-the-teoods. 

capercalzet,  "■     Same  as  capercaillie. 

capercla'wt,  cappercla'wt,  »••  t.     [Erroneous 
forms  of  ejaiiperclaw.]     To  tear  with  the  nails; 
clapperclaw;  abuse. 
Uc  capcrclaurtit  Beza  very  sore.  Birch. 

caper-cutting  (kti'ptr-knt'ing),  a.  Dancing  in 
a  frolii-some  manner;  tlighty.     lliau.  and  I'l. 

caperde'Wsiet,  «•  [Origin  unknown.]  The 
stocks. 

1  here  engage  myself  to  loose  ye, 
And  free  your  heels  from  caperdeicsie. 

S.  Butler,  Iludihras,  II.  i.  831, 

caperer  (ka'per-6r),  n.    One  who  capers,  leaps, 
and  skips  about,  or  dances  frolicsomely. 
The  nimble  caperer  on  the  cord, 

l)n/den,  tr,  of  .Juvenal's  Satires, 

caperkailliet  (ka-per-kal'ye),  n.  Same  as  ca- 
pi  reiiitlif. 

caperlash  (ka'ptr-lash),  n.  [E.dial.]  Abusive 
lano-uatre,     IlaUiuell.     [North.  Eng,] 

Caperlonger  (ka-per-long'ger).  H.  [<  It.  cappa 
bmija  (now  liairia),  pi.  "  eappelonghe,  a  kinde  of 
long  skallops  "or  cockles"  (Florio):  cappa,  a 
cape;  longa,  liiiifla,  fem.  of  loiii/o,  liiiiqo,  long: 
see  eapcA  and  /()«;/!.]  A  bivalve  mollusk  of  the 
family  I'innida;  or  wing-shells,  I'iiina  pcclinata, 


capibara 

havingawedge-shapeil  shill  gapingat  the  broad 
einl :  the  laigi'st  of  British  bivalves.  [Local  at 
Plymouth  in  England.] 

capernoity  (kap-er-iKii'ti),  «.  [Also  rapper- 
iioili/,  -noilie,  -nulie,  -noileii ;  fonnation  uncer- 
tain.] ('rabl)cd;  iiritable;  peevish,  •lamiesoti, 
[Scotch.] 

capernoity  (kap-6r-noi'ti),  n.  [Cf.  capernoity, 
II. \     The  noddle.    Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 

caperont,  ".  [<  It.  caiiperone,  aug.  of  capparo, 
caper.]     A  kind  of  caper.     See  e.xtract. 

Capperoni  [It. J,  a  kind  of  great  capers  for  sallets,  called 
capcrom.  Florio. 

caper-plant  (ka'per-])lant),  H.    Same  as  caper". 

capers  (ka'jierz),  11.  pi.  The  buds  of  the  caper- 
jplant.     See  eaper^. 

caper-sauce  (ka'per-sas),  n.  A  sauce  seasoned 
with  or  containing  capers:  usually  a  white 
sauce. 

caper-spurge  (kii'p6r-sp6rj),  n.  A  plant,  Eu- 
plwrbia  Lailiyri.i,  also  called  loild  caper.  See 
eajier-  and  .yiiirge. 

caper-tea  (ka'per-te).  ».  A  x>eculiar  kind  of 
lilack  tea,  with  a  knotty  curled  leaf,  so  named 
from  its  fancied  resemblance  to  the  caper. 

caper-tree  (ka'per-tre),  H.  The  Capjiaria  tio- 
liili.s,  a  small  tree  of  Australia,  with  a  pulpy 
fruit  of  the  size  of  a  large  orange. 

Capetian(ka-p6'shian),  rt.  [After  F.  Vapiticn, 
<  Capet.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  pos- 
terity of  Hugh  Capet,  founder  of  the  dynasty 
which  succeeded  the  Prankish  Carolingians  on 
the  throne  of  France  (a.  d.  987) :  as,  the  Capc- 
tian  family  or  dynasty;  Capetian  documents. 
The  succeeding  royal'houses  (that  of  Valois,  l:i2.s,  and  that 
of  Bourbon,  l;i.sit)  being  of  the  same  blood,  t'apct  was  poi)U- 
larly  considered  their  family  n:mie;  hence  Louis  XVI,  was 
arraigned  before  the  National  Convention  under  the  name 
of  Louis  Capet, 

capeuna  (kap-e-o'nii),  H.  [Braz.]  A  fish  of 
the  family  HiEinnlonidw,  JJtemulon  tririttatuiu 
or  fjliailrililieatum.  it  has  a  more  slender  body  ami 
smaller  month  than  most  of  its  rongeners,  and  the  body 
has  three  or  four  distinct  longitudinal  golden  streaks  on 
the  sitles.  It  inha)>its  the  Caribbean  sea  an<l  Brazilian 
coast.      ,\Is>i  called  white  ijni at. 

cape-'Weed  (kap'wed),  H.  1.  The  archil  lichen, 
lioccrlla  tiiietoria :  so  called  from  the  Ca]>o 
Verd  islands,  whence  the  article  is  exported. 
—  2.  In  Australia,  the  Crypto-stemma  caleiidula- 
cea,  a  composite  plant  of  South  Africa  (the 
Cape),  allied  to  the  marigold,  wliich  has  become 
extensively  naturalized  in  some  districts. 

capful  (kaji'fiil),  «.  [<  capi  + -fid.']  As  much 
as  tills  a  caj) ;  a  small  quantity. 

ITiere  came  a  capful  of  grape  right  in  our  faces. 

W.  It.  Russell. 
A  capful  of  wind  (itaut.),  a  moderate  gale  lasting  only  a 
short  time, 

I  warrant  yon  you  were  frightened,  wa'n't  you,  last 
night,  when  it  blew  but  a  capful  of  wind. 

Defoe,  Robinson  Crusoe. 

caph,  kaph  (kaf),  n.  [Heb.  kaph.]  An  ancient 
.lewish  liquid  measure,  equal  to  about  ;2i  pints. 

caphar  (kaf'iir),  n.  [Ar.  kliafar,  road-guard, 
road-toll,  <  kliafara,  watch,  guard.]  1.  A  post 
or  station  where  money  is  collected  from  pas- 
sengers for  maintaining  the  security  of  the 
roads.  * 

I  and  my  hoi-se  swam  separately  ashore :  at  a  small  dis- 
tance from  thence  was  a  caphar,  or  turnpike. 

Bruce,  Source  of  the  Nile,  Int.,  p.  Ivi. 

2.  The  tax  so  collected. 

These  Caphars  are  certain  iluties  whieh  Travellers  are 
obliged  to  pay,  at  several  passes  njion  the  Koad,  to  Ofil- 
cers,  who  attend  in  their  appointed  Stations  to  receive 
them.  Maundrell,  Alcpi)o  to  Jerusalem,  p,  4. 

In  the  self  same  place  a  Temple  was  erected,  .  .  .  unto 
which  the  Arabians  would  not  suiter  us  to  ascend,  .  .  . 
untill  we  had  jpayed  the  caphar  they  demanded, 

Sandys,  Travailes  {1M2),  p,  13.'>, 

capias  (ka'pi-as),  H.  [L.,  take  (impv.),  '2d  pers. 
sing.  pres.  subj.  (an  impv.  use)  of  capere,  take : 
see  capable.]  In  law,  a  writ  in  a  civil  action 
directing  that  the  person  of  the  defendant  be 
taken  into  custody,  llie  eonnnonest  kinds  are  the 
capias  ad  respondendum  (take  to  answer),  which  is  is* 
sued  to  arrest  before  judgment  (this  is  the  usual  sense 
when  the  word  capias  is  used  alone),  and  the  capias  ad 
satisfaciendum  (take  to  satisfy,  usually  abbreviated  to 
ea.  sa.),  whieh  is  issued  after  judgment,  for  execution 
against  the  person,  A  testatum  capias  was  a  second  or 
further  wiit,  allowed  in  certain  cases  where  the  return  of 
the  llrst  attested  the  absence  of  the  defendant, 

capibara  (kap-i-bii'ni),  ».  [Sp.  Pg,,  from  the 
native  name.]  The  cabiai,  carpincho,  or  gi- 
gantic water-cavy  of  South  America,  Uydro- 
chccni.f  capibara,  "the  largest  living  quadruped 
belonging  to  the  hystricomoriihic  series  of  the 
siniplicident  rodents  ;  the  t\^)l?  and  only  known 
re])resentative  of  the  family  Ilydroeliurida'.  It 
is  related  to  the  Caeiida-,  but  distinguished  from  them  by 
certain  cranial  and  dental  eharactei's.    The  auiiual  is  3 


capibara 

or  4  feet  long,  hna  n  mafsivu  liudy,  a  heavy  Oat  licad,  broad 
obtuse  imizzlc,  small  eyi-s  ami  enrs,  short  stout  U-rs  with 
hooMikc  claws,  a  mere  stuini)  of  a  tail,  coarse  iiclase,  and 
brownish  coloration,  and  weighs  about  100  pounds.  It 
abounds  in  tropical  rivers,  and  is  especially  common  in 


Capibara,  or  Water-cavy  [//ydroclttvriis  caj^ibara). 

Brazil  and  amoni,'  tlie  islands  of  the  La  Plata,  living  gen- 
erally in  small  ci>miiaiiies  in  tlie  heavy  vet^ctation  of  the 
banks,  and  on  alarm  taking  to  the  water,  in  which  it 
swims  and  dives  with  ease.  It  is  mild  and  iin>frensive  in 
disiuLsiticiM,  and  is  easily  tamed.  The  flesh  is  edible.  .\lso 
called  imlcr-hog  and  water-piy.  Also  written  cainjlara, 
capil/ar,  capivara. 

In  shaded  nooks  beneath  the  boughs,  the  aipybaras, 
rabbits  as  large  as  sheep,  went  paddling  sleepily  round 
and  rouml.  Kimjdey,  Westward  Ho,  p.  356. 

capidgi  (kap'i-ji),  n.  [<  Turk,  qapiji,  lit.  a  por- 
ter, doorkeeper,  <  qnpi,  door,  gate.]  An  execu- 
tioner in  Turkey  and  Persia. 

In  Turkey  and  Persia,  when  the  enemies  of  a  great  man 
have  sufficient  influence  to  procure  a  warrant  for  his  death, 
a  capidiji  or  exec\ltioner  is  despatched  with  it  to  the  vic- 
tim, who  (juietly  submits  to  his  fate. 

T.  II.  Uoriie,  Introd.  to  .Study  of  Holy  Script.,  III.  140. 

capillaceous  (kap-i-la'shius),  a.  [<  L.  capilla- 
cetis,  hair-like,  of  hair,  <  aqtilliix,  liair:  see 
capilliiri/.'i  Hair-like  in  dimensions  or  appear- 
ance ;  capillary. 

capillaire  (kap"-i-lar'),  n.  [F.,  the  maidenhair 
fern  (=E.  caiiiUary,  n.,  3),  anda  sjTup  made  from 
it,  <  LL.  capiUaris  (se.  hcrha,  herb),  maidenhair: 
see  capillary.']  1.  The  maidenhair  fern, -Jrfmjj- 
tum  Capillus-Veneris. —  2.  A  kind  of  syrup  pre- 
pared with  maidenhair  fern ;  also,  by  extension, 
any  simple  syrup,  as  of  sugar  or  honey,  flavored 
with  orange-flowers  or  orange-flower  water. 

capillament  (ka-pil'a-ment),  n.  [<  L.  capilla- 
mcntiuii,  the  hair,  hairy  fibers  of  plants,  <  ca- 
piUiis,  hair :  see  capillary.']  A  filament  or  fine 
fiber;  specifically,  in  hot.,  the  filament  form- 
ing the  stalk  of  the  stamen ;  a  small  fine  thi'ead 
like  a  hair. 
The  solid  capillainents  of  the  nerves. 

B2>.  Berkeley,  Siris,  §  224. 

capillarimeter  (kap"i-la-rim'e-ter),  «.  [<  L. 
capilliirin  (see  capillary)  +  metriim,  measure.] 
A  device  for  testing  oils  by  the  size  of  the 
drops  which  fall  from  a  point  of  standard  size 
imdei'  fixed  conditions  of  temperature,  etc. 

capillariness  (kaji'l-la-ri-nes  orka-pil'a-ri-nes), 
n.  The  state  of  beiiig  capillary;  capillarity. 
[Rare.] 

capillarity  (kap-i-lar'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  capiUaris 
(see  capillary)  +  -ity.'f  The  state  or  condition 
of  being  capillary ;  capillary  attraction. 

I  was  .already  perfectly  familiar  with  the  notion  of  a 
skin  upon  the  surface  of  liquids,  and  I  had  been  taught  by 
means  of  it  to  work  out  problems  in  capillaritti. 

W.  E.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  147. 

capillary  (kap'i-la-ri  or  ka-pil'a-ri),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  caj}illaris,  pertaining  to  "the  hair  (LL. 
kcrlm  cajiillaris,  raaiilenhair  feru),  <  cajyillus, 
the  hair,  i)rop.  of  the  head  (for  *capitlus^),  < 
caput  (capit-),  head:  see  cajriit.]  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  hair:  as,  a  capillary 
lotion  J  capillary  fibers  or  threads. — 2.  Specifi- 
cally, m  hot.,  resembling  hair  in  the  manner  of 
growth:  applied  in  this  sense  by  Ray,  Boer- 
haave,  and  other  early  botanists  to  ferns. 

CnpitUiry  or  capillaceous  plants  are  such  as  have  no 
main  stalk  or  stem,  but  grow  to  the  ground,  as  hairs  on 
the  head ;  and  which  bear  their  seeds  in  little  tufts  or 
protuberances  on  the  backside  of  their  leaves.       Quiiicy. 

3.  Resembling  a  single  hair;  specifically,  in 
atiat.,  having  (as  a  tube)  so  small  a  bore'that 
water  cannot  be  poured  into  it,  and  will  not 
run  through  it. — 4.  Pertaining  to  a  capillary 
or  to  capillaries:  as,  cc(j;i Wan/ circulation. 

The  (piickness  with  which  a  withered  slip  revives  im 
being  placed  in  water,  shows  tls  the  part  which  rapillan/ 
action  plays.  //.  Spencer,  I'rin.  of  Biol.,  s  I'i. 

5.  Pertaining  to  the  phenomena  of  the  rise 
of  fluids  in  tubes  and  chinks,  and,  more  gen- 
erally, to  the  collecting  of  liijuids  in  drops, 


804 

their  spreading  over  surfaces  (as  oil  on  water), 
anil  various  other  phenomena  explicable  proxi- 
mately by  siu-faee-tension  and  ultimati'ly  by 
cohesion  and  adhesion,  considered  as  forces 
acting  at  finite  but  insensible  distances. —  6. 
In  siir(/.,  linear:  descriptive  of  a  fracture  of 
the  sktill  without  separation  of  the  parts  of 
the  injured  bones — Capillary  anteimae,  in  eninm., 
anleiiiue  in  which  the  joints  are  lung,  slender,  and  very 
luosely  articulated,  the  outer  ones  being  generally  a  lit- 
tle longer;  this  is  regarded  a.s  a  niodillcation  tif  the  da- 
vate  type.— Capillary  attraction,  capillary  repul- 
sion, tlie  execs,-,  (ir  dclli  iciicy  id  the  attraction  of  one  iif 
tw.i  fluids  (the  otlicr  being  generally  .air)  for  the  wall 
of  a  vessel  with  wliicli  they  have  a  common  line  of  con- 
tact. The  common  surface  of  the  wall  and  of  the  more 
attracted  lluid  makes  the  acuter  angle  with  the  conimmi 
snifacc  I  if  the  fluids.  Capillary  attraction  is  i>roximatcly 
acctiuntcd  fur  by  surface-tension  ;  but  the  latter  has  in  be 
cvplained  liy  the  attractions  between  the  niuUcules  of  the 
fluids.  See  capiUaru  tiih.s,  liebiw.— CapUlary  bottle, 
a  bottle  with  a  droppiii-.--tiilic,  used  in  pn  jiaring  olijects 
for  the  microscope.— CapUlary  bronchitis.  Se.  /moi- 
c/o7i.<.— Capillary  electrometer.  Sec  elect ro-capillary. 
—  CapUlary  filter,  a  simiilc  watci -Alter,  consisting  of 
a  cord  ol  louse  liiicr,  as  a  cotton  candle-wick,  one  end  of 
which  is  placed  in  the  water,  wliik-  the  other  end  hangs 
over  the  edge  of  the  vessel.  The  «  alcr  is  drawn  through 
the  cord  by  capillary  action,  without  its  impurities.— Ca- 
pillary pyrites,  in  III! ureal.  .See  i/ii7/cri7e.— Capillary 
repulsion.  .'<cr  eupiliurii  aiiraeiiun,  above.— Capillary 
tubes,  tulles  with  vci,\'  Miiall  liores,  of  which  the  diameter 
is  only  a  half,  a  third,  a  fourth,  etc.,  of  a  line.  If  a  tube 
of  this  sort,  open  at  licdh  ends,  is  taken  and  one  of  its 
ends  immersed  in  water,  tlie  water  will  rise  within  tlie  tube 
to  a  sensible  height  above  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the 
vessel,  the  height  being  inversely  as  the  diameter  of  tlie 
bore ;  that  is,  the  smaller  the  bore  the  gi-eater  tlie  height. 
Different  liquids  rise  in  capillary  tubes  to  dittcreiit  heights. 
The  rise  is  explained  by  the  action  of  cohesion  as  a  force 
acting  at  insensible  distances  (lience  called  eapUlavy  at- 
traetion),  which  produces  a  tension  of  the  superficial  film 
of  the  liquid  (see  sur/aee-tension)  that  exerts  a  pull  up- 
ward where  the  surface  is  concave,  as  when  the  tube  is 
moistened  by  the  liquid  (as  glass  or  metal  by  water,  alco- 
liol,  etc.),  but  a  pressure  downward  where  the  surface  is 
convex ;  consequently,  those  liquids  which  do  not  adhere 
to  or  wet  the  surface  of  the  tube  immersed  in  them  stand 
lower  within  thau  without.  Mercury,  for  example,  is  de- 
pressed in  a  glass  tube,  but  rises  in  one  of  tin,  to  which  it 
can  adhere.  The  oil  rises  in  the  wick  of  a  lamp  or  candle 
liythisprinciple.— Capillary  vessels,  in  n)iB(.,  the  capil- 
laries. 

II.  «.;  pi.  capillaries  (-riz).  1.  A  tube  with 
a  small  bore.  Specifically — 2.  In  aitat.:  (a) 
One  of  the  minute  blood-vessels  which  form 
a  network  between  the  terminations  of  the 
arteries  and  the  beginnings  of  the  veins.  They 
are  formed  of  a  single  endothelial  coat,  and  the  finer  ones 
may  be  no  larger  in  diameter  than  is  suflieieiit  to  allow 
the  passage  of  a  blood-corpuscle.  (^)  One  of  the  mi- 
nute lymphatic  ducts,  (c)  One  of  the  intercel- 
lular passages  in  the  liver  which  tmite  to  form 
the  bile-ducts. —  3t.  In  hot.,  a  fern:  especially 
applied  to  such  ferns  as  grow  like  tufts  of  hair 
on  walls.     Sir  T.  Browne.     See  I.,  2. 

capillationt  (kap-i-la'shon),  11.  [<  L.  capilla- 
iio{tt-),  prop,  being  hairy,  <  capillaius,  hairy,  < 
capillits,  hair:  see  capillary.]  1.  A  blood-ves- 
sel like  a  hair;  a  capillary.  Sir  T.  Browne. — 
2.  Hairiness;  a  making  a  thing  hairy.  Bailey, 
1727. 

capillaturet  (ka-pil'a-tur),  n.  [<  L.  capillatitra, 
the  hair,  esp.  false  hair,  <  capillaius,  hairy:  see 
capillation.]  A  bush  of  hair;  frizzling  of  the 
hair.     [Rare.] 

capilli  (ka-pil'i),  11.  pi.  [L.  (NL.),  pi.  of  capil- 
lus,  hair:  see  capillary.]  In  ciitom.,  hairs  on 
the  upper  part  or  front  and  vertex  of  an  in- 
sect's head. 

capillifolious  (ka-pil-i-fo'li-us),  a.  [<  L.  capil- 
lus,  liair,  +  folinin,  leaf :  see  folio.]  Having 
hair-like  leaves. 

capilliform  (ka-pil'i-fonn),  a.  [<  L.  capillus, 
hair,  -I-  forma,  form.]  In  the  shape  or  form  of 
a  hair  or  hairs:  as,  a  capilliform  fiber. 

capillitiuin  (kap-i-lish'i-um),  h.  [L.,  the  hair 
collectively,  <  CfyjfWffS,  hair:  see  capillary.]  In 
hot.:  (a)  The  variously  constituted  intricate 
filamentous  structure  which  together  with  the 
spores  fills  the  spore-case  of  many  of  the  low- 
er fuBgi,  especially  the  Myxomycetcs.  (h)  The 
tlu-eady  or  hair-like  filaments  developed  with- 
in the  spore-capsules  or  sporangia  of  certain 
Mycetocoa. 

capillose  (kap'i-los),  a.  [<  L.  capillosus,  <  ca- 
pillus, hair:  see  capillary,]  Hairy;  abounding 
with  hair. 

capirote  (kap'i-rot),  n.  A  name  of  the  com- 
mon blackcap  warbler  of  Europe,  Sylvia  atri- 
captilla. 
capistra,  «.  Plural  of  capiistrum. 
capistrate  (ka-pis'trat),  a.  [<  L.  capistratus, 
pji.  of  capistrare,  tie  with  a  halter,  bind,  fas- 
ten, <  capistruni,  a  halter:  see  capistruni.]  In 
ornith.,  cowled  or  hooded;  masked;  ha^-ingthe 


capital 

front  of  the  head  covered,  as  if  by  a  mask,  with 
marked  color. 

capistriun  (ka-pis'trum),  n.;  pi.  capi.stra  (-trS). 
[L.,  a  halter,  a  muzzle,  a  band,  <  capere,  hold: 
see  capalile.]  1.  A  bandage  worn  by  ancient 
flute-players  to  prevent  tlie  undue  distention  of 
the  cheeks  in  blowing  their  instruments. —  2.  In 
surij.,  a  bandage  for  the  head. — 3.  In  ornitli.: 
{(I)  Properly,  the  face  of  a  bird;  the  part  of 
the  head  about  the  bill,  especially  when  dis- 
tinguished in  any  way,  as  by  a  mask  of  color. 
Sundcvall.  {h)  A  mask  of  color  enveloping  more 
or  less  of  the  head  like  a  hood,  as  in  the  hooded 
gull,  Ltirus  cdjiistratus. 

capita,  ".     Latin  plural  of  caput. 

capitaine  (kap'i-tan),  n.  [F.  capitainc,  a  cap- 
tain.] A  labroid  fish,  Laihnoliimus  niaxinius 
or  fiilcdtus,  better  known  as  hoijftsh.  See  cut 
under  Iior/Jish. 

capital'^  (kap'i-tal),  a.  and  ».  [<  ME.  capital,  < 
OF.  and  F.  capital  (AS.  capital,  in  comp.  cupi- 
tol-ma-ssc,  first  mass)  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  capital  = 
It.  capitate,  <  L.  capitalis,  relating  to  the  head, 
and  hence  to  life,  dangerous,  capital,  also  chief, 
preeminent,  <  caput  (cupit-),  head:  see  caput.] 

1.  a.  If.  Relating  to  the  head;  situated  on  the 
head. 

Needs  must  the  serpent  now  his  capital  bruise 
Expect  with  mortal  pain.  Miltun,  P.  L.,  xii.  383. 

2.  Used  at  the  head  or  beginning,  as  of  a  sen- 
tence, line,  or  word.  See  capital  letters,  below. 
— 3.  Affecting  the  head  or  life;  inciuTing  or 
invoU'ing  the  forfeiture  of  life;  punishable 
with  death:  as,  treason  and  murder  are  capital 
ofl'enses  or  crimes ;  hence,  fatal ;  most  serious : 
as,  a  capital  mistake. 

By  the  lawes  of  all  kingdomes  it  is  a  capitall  crime  to 
devise  or  purpose  the  death  of  the  king. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

The  law  which  made  forgery  capital  in  England  was 
passed  without  the  smallest  reference  to  the  state  of  so- 
ciety in  India.  Macaulay,  \\'aiTen  Hastings. 

4.  First  in  importance ;  chief;  principal. 

This  had  been 
Perhaps  thy  capital  seat,  from  whence  had  spread 
AU  generations.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  343. 

Whatever  is  capital  and  essential  in  Christianity. 

Is.  Taylor. 
The  capital  peculiarity  of  the  eloquence  of  all  times  of 
revolution  ...  is  that  the  actions  it  persuades  to  are  the 
highest  and  most  heroic  which  men  can  do. 

B.  Choaie,  Addresses,  p.  173. 

A  ministry  which  has  been  once  defeated  on  a  capital 

question  rarely  recovers  its  moral  force.  ■• 

Leelcy,  Eng.  in  ISth  Ceut.,  i. 

5.  Very  good;  excellent;  first-class:  as,  a 
capital  singer  or  player;  a  capital  dinner;  a 
capital  fellow. 

"Wlien  the  reading  was  over,  nobody  said  capital,  or  even 
good,  or  even  tolerable.       T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  I.  ii. 

In  a  dirty  little  inn,  ill-kept  by  friendly,  simple  people, 
1  had  a  capital  breakfast. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  52, 

Capital  cross.  See  cro^.?t.— Capital  letters  (capital  A, 
1>,  C,  etc.),  in  icritinn  and  p'rititiny.  lettel-s  of  a  larger  face 
tlian,  and  dirt'eriiig  in-.ire  or  less  in  form  from,  the  letters 
constituting  the  Imlk  of  the  text  (small  or  lower-case  let- 
ters), and  L-orrcsiioiiding  in  the  main  (especially  in  print- 
ing)  to  the  majuscules  of  ancient  inscrijitions  and  manu- 
scripts, which  were  wholly'  written  in  .such  letters:  so 
called  because  used  in  headings,  and  at  the  bc;:innilig  or 
head  of  sentences,  lines  of  poetry,  piojicr  iiaiiics,  etc. — 
Capital  manset.  See  manse.—  Capital  offense,  crime, 
or  felony,  a  crime  or  offense  which  iiividvcs  tlie  penalty 
of  death.  All  the  more  serious  offenses  against  society 
were  punishable  with  death  until  comparatively  recent 
times  (the  number  in  England  in  Blackstone  s  time, 
without  benefit  of  clergy,  being  leo);  but  now  the  oijy 
civil  crimes  generally  treated  as  capital  are  mirrder,  pi- 
racy, and  treason,  to  which  rape,  arson,  and  one  or  two 
othei-s  are  added  in  some  countries  or  states. —  Capital 
stock.  See  capital-,  n.,  and  stock.^SyD..  4.  Leading, 
prominent,  important,  essential.— 5.  Prime,  splendid,  per- 
fect. 

II.  n.  1.  The  city  or  tovni  which  is  the  of- 
ficial seat  of  government  in  a  country,  state, 
or  province,  or  of  justice  in  a  county. —  2.  A 
capital  letter  (which  see,  imder  I.).  Abbre- 
\Tated  cap Rustic  capitals,  in  early  Koman  manu- 
scripts, a  form  of  letters  dirtering  from  the  square  capitals 
in  that  the  lines  are  more  free  and  the  forms  more  slender 
and  less  angular.— Stjuare  capitals,  in  early  Koman 
manuscripts,  a  form  of  letters  in  which  the  horizontal 
lines  are  carefully  made  at  right  angles  with  the  vertical 
strokes.  The  forms  are  btlsed  on  those  of  the  lapidary 
inscriptions.  The  rustic  and  square  capitals  were  used 
conteiiiporaneously,  and  were  generally  superseded  by  the 
uncial  characters  as  early  as  the  sixth  century. 
capital'-  (kap'i-tal),  H.  [=  D.  Vapitaal  =  6. 
Dan.  lapital  =  Sw.  capital.  <  F.  capital  =  Sp. 
Pg.  ca]iital  =  lt.  capitate,  <  ML.  eapHale,  wealth, 
stock  (whence  also  ult.  the  earlier  E.  forms 
cliattel  and  cattle,  q.  v.),  prop.  neut.  of  L.  capi- 
talis, principal,  chief:  see  capitaU.]  1.  In  po- 
lit.  econ.,  that  part  of  the  produce  of  industry 
which,  in  the  form  either  of  national  or  of  in- 


1 


capital 

dividual  woalth.  is  iivailiililo  for  furtlior  pro- 
dui'tioii;  an  at'ciiiniilatioii  of  tlip  products  of 
past  labor  capable  of  being  used  in  the  sui)port 
of  present  or  future  labor. 

Wluit  ai/'ital  ilot's  fur  proiluction  is  to  alford  the  shi.*l- 
ter,  protcrtiim,  tools,  ami  inatcriais  winch  tliu  worl<  re- 
quiiTS,  ami  to  feed  ami  otiu'rwlsu  aiiiintain  tlie  laliorers 
duriiiKtliL- process.  .  .  .  Wiiatevertliin;;s  arc  destined  for 
tills  use  — (iestineii  to  supply  prociuetive  lai^or  with  these 
various  prerutiuisites  —  arc  aipilal. 

J.  S.  Mil!,  I'ol.  Econ.,  I.  iv.  §  1. 

Capital  ...  is  tliat  part  of  wcaltli,  excluding  unim- 
proved land  and  natural  afjcents,  .  .  .  wiuch  is  devoted  to 
tile  production  of  wealth.       F.  A,  Walket\Vol.  Econ.,§7;i. 

2.  Speeilically,  the  wealth  employed  in  carry- 
ini;  OM  a  particular  trade,  manufacture,  busi- 
ness, or  undertaking;  stock  in  trade;  the  actual 
estate,  whether  in  money  or  property,  which  is 
owned  and  omploj-ed  by  an  individual,  firm,  or 
corporation  in  business.  As  coninionly  used  to  in- 
iiieate  linaneial  rts'Mirees.  it  implies  ownersilip.  antl  does 
not,  witliout  qualiticatiou,  include  borrowed  money. 
With  reference  to  a  corporation,  it  is  the  agKi'eyate  of  the 
sum  sutisrrilied  and  paid  in,  or  secured  to  tie  paid  in,  liy 
the  sliareholders,  with  the  addition  of  all  undivided  gains 
or  profits  realized  in  the  use  and  investment  of  those  sums ; 
or  if  losses  have  been  incurred,  then  it  is  tiie  residue  after 
deducting;  sucli  losses.  See  btork. 
8.  Figuratively,  productive  resources  of  any 
kind,  whether  pliysical  or  moral ;  means  of  in- 
fluence or  of  increasing  one's  power. 

The  Lords  iiave  no  constituents  to  talk  to,  and  no 
speeches  to  make  merely  as  political  rapilal.    IJitart.  lit'f. 

Active  capital.  See  <icni»-.— Circulating  capital, 
that  iiart  of  capital  wliieii  is  consnmetl  in,  or  as.suTnes  a 
new  form  by  the  cJfeet  of,  a  single  use,  or,  liavini;  been 
once  used,  ceases  to  be  directly  availal»Ie  fortiie  same  ser- 
vice, as  the  wages  of  laborers,  or  the  raw  materials  used 
in  tile  manufacture  of  any  article. 

Capital  wliich  .  .  .  fultils  the  whole  of  its  office  in  tlie 
production  in  wliich  it  is  engaged,  Ijy  a  single  use,  is  called 
Circuliitiiiij  Ciij'iliU.  J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Ecoii.,  I.  vi.  §  I. 

Fixed  capital,  capital  which  is  of  a  permanent  character 
and  is  availalile  for  more  tliaii  a  single  use,  as  the  build- 
ings in  which  and  tlie  machinery  liy  which  articles  are 
manufactured. 

Capital  which  exists  in  any  of  these  durable  shapes,  and 
the  return  to  which  is  spread  over  a  period  of  correspond- 
ing dnraticui,  is  called  Fixi^d  Capital. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  vi.  §  1. 
To  make  capital  of,  to  seize  and  use  for  the  furtherance 
of  prixali-  ad\'aiitagc  or  party  purposes. 
capital  (kap'i-tal),  «.  [<  JIE.  capitnle,  prop. 
'capitil. =zOF.  cliapitil,  F.  chtijiiUaii  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  capitd  =  It.  capitcllo  =  G.  capital,  kapi/al 
=  D.  hijiitecl  —  Dun.  tcajiital  =iiv;.  l(ijiiliV,i  L. 
capitcUum,  the  head  of  a  column  or  pillar,  also 
lit.  a  little  head  (see  capiteUum  and  cadet),  dim. 
of  caput  (capit-),  head :  see  capital^,  caput-J  1. 
The  liead  or  uppermost  member  of  anything. 
Speeilically.  in  airli.,  the  uppermost  part  of  a  column, 
pillar,  or  pil.aster,  which  serves  as  tlie  crown  of  the  shaft, 


Medieval  Capital Abbey  of  Vizclay,  13th  century.   (From  Viollet- 

IC'Duc's  "  Diet,  de  r  Architecture." ) 

and  as  a  member  of  transition  between  it  and  the  entab- 
lature, or  other  portion  of  the  structure  above  the  pillar. 
In  classical  architecture  the  dilferent  orders  have  their 
respective  appro|iriatc  capitals ;  lint  in  the  Egyptian,  In- 
dian, .Mooiisji.  r.yzantiiic,  and  medieval  styles  the  capitals 
are  endlessly  divri^iiiid. 

2.  In  fori.,  the  line  which  bisects  the  salient 
angle  of  a  ravelin.— 3.   The  head  of  a  still,  a 

chimney,  etc Angular  capital,  a  term  applied  to 

the  modern  Ionic  capital,  which  li;i-  four  similar  sides  ami 
all  its  volutes  placed  at  an  angle  of  i:;..  \iitli  tin-  plane  of 
the  frieze.  See  aiifile-capital.—Axi&  Of  tie  Ionic  capi- 
tal, ."^cc  «x/.sl. 
capital^  (kap'i-tal),  !'.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  capi- 
tated mcaiiitattrii,  ]»pr.  etipitaliiii/ or  capifalliii;/. 
[<  capital'^,  II.']  To  furnish  or  crown  with  a 
capital,  as  a  pillar  or  column.  [Rare.] 
The  white  column  capitallnl  with  gilding. 

CliarluUe  liruiUe,  Villett*,  xs. 


RO.'i 

capital'*!  (kap'i-tiil),  h.  [<  ME.  eapilcl,  capittr 
(partly  <  AS.  ca/iitiil),  also  assibilated  cliapi- 
tcl,  cliapitic,  clitipitrc,  <  OF.  capitle,  eliapitle, 
eliapitrr,  F.  chiipitrc  =  Sp.  capitiilo  =  Pg.  ea- 
pittdii  =  It.  capitolo  =  I),  kajipitrl  =  (i,  eapitel 
=  Dan.  hiipitet  =  Sw.  capilet,  <  ]j.  cupitidum,  a 
chapter,  lit.  a  little  head,  dim.  of  caput  (capil-), 
head :  see  caput,  and  cf.  chapter,  chapiter,  doub- 
lets of  cupital^.l  A  chapter  or  section  of  a 
book. 

capitalisation,  capitalise.    See  capitalization, 

eiipifiitr.' , 
capitalism  (kap'i-tal-i/.m),    )i.     [<  capital^  + 
-ism.]     1.  The  state  of  having  capital  or  prop- 
erty; possession  of  capital. 

The  sense  of  capitalism  sobered  ami  digniflcil  Paul  de 
Ilorac.  Thackeray,  Newconies,  xlvi. 

2.  The  concentration  or  massing  of  capital  in 
the  hands  of  a  few ;  also,  the  power  or  influence 
of  large  or  combined  capital. 

Industry  is  carried  on  l>y  the  concentration  of  large 
sums  of  capital ;  it  is  there  [in  England]  that  c«y/i7a/ijf»t  has 
developed  most  largely,  and  luis  tiiua  prepared  the  causes 
of  its  own  destruction. 

Orpen,  tr.  of  Lavelaye's  Socialism,  p.  209. 

The  working-men  find  tlie  journals  out  of  synipatliy 
witli  their  aims  and  aspirations,  and  have  learnt  to  regard 
them  as  hopelessly  subservient  to  wliat  they  call  fapital- 
ism.  iV.  .1.  Iti-v.,  C.\1,I1I.  312. 

capitalist  (kap'i-tal-ist),  n.  [<  capital"  +  -ist  ; 
=  F.  capitali.itc.]  One  who  has  capital ;  espe- 
cially, a  man  of  largo  property  which  is  or  may 
be  employed  in  business. 

I  take  the  expenditure  of  the  capitalist,  not  the  value 
of  the  capital,  as  my  standard.     Burkf,  A  Regicide  Peace. 

I  wish  to  see  workmen  becoming  by  degrees  their  own 
capitalisf.-!.^  sharers  in  all  the  profits  and  all  tiie  advan- 
tages wbicli  capital  confers.    Jevonii,  Social  Reform,  p.  ll'.l. 

capitalistic  (kap''i-ta-lis'tik),  a.  [<  capitalist 
+  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  capital  or  capital- 
ists; representing  or  carried  on  by  capital  or 
capitalists ;  founded  on  or  believing  in  capital- 
ism: as,  capitalistic  production;  capitalistic 
opinions. 

He  [Lassalle]  tells  the  workingmen  .  .  .  that  the  great 
industrial  centres  are  the  germs  of  the  future  state,  in 
which  the  capitalixtic  shall  be  superseded  by  tlie  socialistic 
method  of  production,  tr.  S.  flai/,  (Jemian  Cultiu-e,  p.  63. 
The  characteristic  feature  of  the  capitalistic  system  of 
production  is  that  industry  is  controlled  liy  capitalists 
employing  free  wage-labour;  that  is,  wliile  the  capitalist 
owns  and  controls  the  means  of  production,  the  free  la- 
bourer has  lost  all  ownership  in  land  and  capital  and  has 
nothing  to  depend  on  but  liis  wage. 

Uncyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  212. 

capitalization^  (kap'-'i-tal-i-za'shon),  «.  [< 
capitali'iA  +  -ation.]  The  use  of  capital  let- 
ters at  the  beginning  of  words  in  writing  or 
printing.     Also  spelled  capitalisatiou. 

capitalization- (kap'i-tal-i-za'shon),  «.  [< 
capil<ili-t~  +  -iitioii ;  =  F.  capitalisation.]  The 
act  of  capitalizing,  (a)  The  applicatimi  of  wealth  as 
capital,  especially  in  large  amounts,  to  the  purposes  of 
trade,  manufactures,  etc. 

Economies,  then,  is  not  solely  the  science  of  Exchange 
or  Value ;  it  is  also  the  science  of  Capitalisation. 

Jevons,  Pol.  Ecou.,  p.  241. 

(6)  Tile  act  of  computing  or  realizing  the  present  value 
of  a  jieriodical  payment,  (e)  Conversion  into  capital :  .as, 
the  creditors  e<insentcd  to  the  capilali^atiun  of  half  their 
claims.     Also  spelled  cnpitatL^afioit. 

capitalize^  (kap'i-tal-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
capitalized,  ppr.  capitali::iii(j.  [<  capital'^  + 
-i:e.]  To  begin  with  a  capital  letter:  as,  to 
capitalix  the  first  word  of  a  sentence.  Also 
spelled  cajiitalise,  and  abbreviated  to  cap. 

capitalize-  (kap'i-tal-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cap- 
italized, ppr.  capitali::i)ig.  [<  capital-  +  -isc;  = 
F.  capitaUser.]  To  convert  into  capital  or  into 
an  equivalent  capital  sum.  (a)  To  convert  (wealth 
or  other  property)  into  capital  wliich  may  be  used  for 
purposes  of  trade,  manufactures,  etc.  (6)  To  compute  or 
realize  the  present  value  of  in  money:  applied  to  tlie 
conversion  of  a  periodical  payment  for  a  detlnite  or  an  in- 
definite length  of  time  into  a  single  payment  or  capital 
sum:  as,  to  cai^i((iit2e  a  pension ;  to  capi(a/i"ze  rents. 

As  to  the  project  of  capitalizing  incomes,  that  fs  an- 
other affair.  London  Times,  Jan.  22,  IS.***!. 
(c)  To  convert  (floating  debt)  into  stock  or  shares.  Also 
spelled  capitalise. 

capitally  (kap'i-tal-i),  adv.    1.  By  the  loss  of 
one's  head  or  life. 
He  was  punished  capitally. 

lip.  Patrick,  i'.araphr.ases  and  Com.,  tJen.  xliii.  1.''. 

2.  In  a  capital  manner;  iu  a  preeminent  de- 
gi'eo;  excellently;  finely:  us,  she  sung  capitalli/. 

Away  here  in  the  wild  lialkan  mountains,  there  is  old 

Mr.  Somcbodypolf'sson,  .  .  .  who  talks  English  capifrtf/j/. 

J.  Baker,  Turkey,  p.  221. 

capitalness  (kap'i-tal-nes),  «.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  capital;  preeminence. 
[Bare.] 


capitibranchiate 

Capitan-pacha,  «.      Sic  enptuin-pasha. 

capitata,  ».     Plural  of  eajiilatuiii. 

capitate  (kap'i-lat),  a.  [<  L.  capitatus,  having  a 
head,  <  caput  (eapit-),  head:  see  caput.]  1.  In 
hot.,  head-shaiied,  or  collected  in  a  head,  as  a 
dense  terminal  cluster  of  sessile  or  nearly  ses- 
sile ilowers ;  having  a  rounded  head :  as,  a  capi- 
tate stigma. — 2.  In  tirnith.,  having  an  enlarged 
extremity:  as,  the  capitate  feather  of  a  pea- 
cock's tail. —  8.  In  cntom.,  suddenly  enlarged 
at  the  end  so  as  to  form  a  ball  or  oval  mass: 
applie<l  to  the  antenna?  of  insects  when  this 
form  is  produced  by  several  expanded  terminal 
joints,  as  in  most  of  the  Curcidiouida: 

capitation  (kap-i-ta'shon),  n.  [=  F.  cajiitatiov, 
poU-tax,  <  LL.  capit<itio(u-),  the  poll-tax,  <  \j. 
caput  (eapit-),  head:  see  caput.]  1.  Numera- 
tion by  the  head ;  a  numbering  of  persons,  as 
the  inliabitants  of  a  city. 

''IJaptize  all  nations"  must  signify  all  that  it  can  sig- 
nify, all  that  are  reckoned  in  the  (■«//j7a(io7w  and  accounts 
of  a  nation.  Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  \tSXi),  I.  127. 

2.  A  tax  or  imposition  upon  each  head  or  per- 
son ;  a  poll-tax.  tiir  T.  Browne.  Also  called 
a  capitation-tax. 

No  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  siiall  be  laid  unless  in 
proportion  to  the  census  or  enumeration  herein  before  di- 
rected to  be  taken.  Const.  0/  (I.  S. 

Capitation  grant,  a  grant  of  so  much  per  head ;  specifl- 
caily,  in  Great  liritain,  a  grant  annually  paid  by  govern- 
ment to  schools  on  account  of  each  jiupil  wlio  passes  a 
certain  test  examination,  and  to  volunteer  military  com- 
panies on  account  of  such  members  as  reach  the  stage  of 

'"ellleieTits.  ' 

capitatum  (kap-i-ta'tum),  «.;  pi.  capitata 
(-tii).  [XL.,  neut.  of  L.  cajiitatu.<i,  headed:  see 
capitate,]  The  large  capitate  bone  of  the 
carpus,  more  fully  called  os  capitatum ;  the  03 
magnum.  Se(>  cut  under  hand. 
Capitella  (kap-i-tel'ii),  «.  [NL.,  fem.  dim.  of  L. 
cajtut  (eajiit-),  head:  see  cajiut.]  1.  The  typi- 
cal genus  of  the  family  Cayiitellidic :  synony- 
mous with  Lumbriconais. —  2.  [/.  c]  Plural  of 
cajiilrlliim. 
Capitellar  (kap-i-tel'ilr),  a.  [<  L.  capiteUum,  a 
small  head,  the  capital  of  a  eolimiu,  dim.  of 
caput  {eapit-),  head:  see  capiteUum.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  capiteUum. 
capitellate  (kap-i-tel'at),  a.  [<  NL.  capiteUa- 
tus,  <  L.  capiteUum,  a  little  head:  see  capitel- 
lum.]  1.  In  ^()^,  growing  in  small  heads. — 2. 
Having  a  capiteUum  or  capitulum. 
Capitellidse  (kap-i-tcl'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
i'apiieUd  +  -/</«•.]  A  family  of  marine  poly- 
cha>tous  annelids,  tyjufied  by  the  genus  Ca- 
pitella, lacking  parapodia,  and  having  the 
vascular  system  reduced  or  wanting.  Other 
genera  of  this  family  are  Xotomastus  and  Da- 
si/hranelius. 

capitelliform  (kap-i-tel'i-f6rm),(7.  [<  L.  cajii- 
teUuin  (see  eapitellum)  +  forma,  form.]  Same 
as  eapitidiftirm. 

capiteUum  (kap-i-tel'um),  n. ;  pi.  capitella  (-a). 
[L.,  a  small  head,  dim.  of  caput  (eapit-),  head: 
see  caput,  capital'^,  and  cadct^.]  1.  In  anat.: 
((()  The  roimded  convex 
articular  eminence  upon 
the  distal  e-\tremity  of 
the  humerus  (eapitellum 
humeri),  which  is  re- 
ceived in  the  cup-shaped 
head  of  the  radius.  (6) 
The  head  of  a  rib  (capi~ 
tcllum  ctista-),  as  distin- 
guished from  the  tuber- 
culimi  or  shoulder.  Also 
called  capitulum. — 2.  In 
rooV.,  the  tentacular  por- 
tion of  the  body  or  the 
hydranth  of  a  hydroid 
polj-p;  that  part  of  the 
hydranth  which  bears 
tentacles  and  appears  to  be  analogous  to  a 
head. 

Tlie  aboral  pole  grows  out  int^i  a  stalk-like  part,  which 
carries  the  head,  and  is  distinguished  as  the  eapitellum  or 
hydranth.  Gcgenbanr.  Coinp.  .Anat.  (trans.),  p.  92. 

Capitibranchla,  Capitibranchiata  (kap  i-ti- 
brang'ki-ii.  -braiig-ki-a'tii),  11.  jil.  [XL.:  see 
capitibriiiifhiate.]     Same  as  Cephaliihrituehia. 

capitibranchiate  (kap  i-ti-brang'ki-at),  a.  [< 
y\j.  capitiliniiichiatus,  also  capitohrauchiatus,  < 
It. caput (capit-),\\e&di,  +ftr'aMc/ii(E, gills.]  Same 
as  cephaluhranchiatc. 

Iu  the  tubicolous  capito-branchiatc  forms. 

Ctaus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  377. 
In  some  capito-hranchiatc  Cha;topods  cartilage  forms  a 
skeletal  supiKirt  for  the  gill-idumes. 

Jincyc.  Brit.,  XVL  076. 


Lower  end  of  I.cft  Human  Hu- 
merus (front  vicwl. 
ti,  internal  epicondyte ;   #, 
external  cpicondylc ;  c,  troch- 
lea ;  d,  capiteUum. 


Capito 


80(5 


Oapito  (kap'i-to),  n.  [L.,  a  fish  with  a  large  capitopedal  (kap'i-to-ped'al),  a.  [<  L.  caput 
head,  prop,  adj.,  lai'Ko-lieaded,  <  cainit  (ca/tit-),  (ai/i'l-),  liead,  +  pes  (perl-),  foot,  +  -til.l  Per- 
heaii:  see  caput.']  A  genus  of  baibets,  typical 
of  the  subfamily  Capitoiiinw  as  restricted  by 
G.  R.  Gray  in  1841  to  the  American  scansorial 
barbets  or  thicklieads.  The  word  was  oriiiiiially  used 
in  this  connection  liy  Vicillot  in  181G;  it  was  transferred 


Peruvian  Barbet  [Capito fieruvianus). 

In  1820  hy  Temminclv  to  the  puff-birds,  or  American  flssi- 
rostral  iiarbets,  of  tlie  family  liucconidof,  and  sul)seiiueiitly 
became,  at  tlie  liands  of  otlier  writers,  a  loose  synonym  of 
various  genera  of  old-  as  well  as  new-world  barliets,  in- 
eluded  in  families  known  as  Meffalcpintdce,  Capit07iid(e, 
etc.  Its  proper  and  now  cnirent  sense  is  that  here  indi- 
cated. .See  barhet'^^  Bitccunidte,  Cfipitonida.'. 
Capitol  (kap'i-tol),  H.  [(ME.  *cap>ti>>lc,  capa- 
toijUc)  =  F.  cap'itolc  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  capitolio,  <  L. 
cxipitolium,  <  caput  (capit-),  the  head:  see  ca- 
put.] 1.  In  Kome,  and  in  Roman  cities  and 
colonies,  the  precinct  and  temple  of  Jupiter 
Optimus  Ma.Kimus,  the  protector  of  the  city. 
The  t'apitol  at  Kome,  situated  on  tile  southwestern  surn- 
mit  of  the  Capitoliue  hill,  w.as  the  center  of  the  official 
religion  of  the  state.  In  it  the  cult  of  Juno  and  of  Mi- 
nerva was  associated  with  that  of  Jupiter.  It  was  tlu-ee 
times  destroyed  by  fire,  and  each  time  restored  with  aug- 
mented magnificence ;  the  last  edifice  continued  to  e.'sist, 
though  despoiled,  till  about  the  tenth  century.  The  whole 
of  the  Capitoline  hill  (originally  Jlons  Saturnius  or  Tar- 
peiusjwas  also  called  the  Cipitol ;  on  the  second  of  its  two 
summits  w.as  the  citadel.  The  modern  Capitol,  or  museum 
of  the  Capitol,  stands  in  the  space  between  the  sum- 
mits. Meetings  of  the  senat*  and  other  legisLative 
bodies  have  been  held  in  or  on  the  Capitol  in  both 
ancient  and  modern  times.  Literary  references  or 
inscriptions  prove  the  existence  of  a  capitol  on  the 
model  of  that  in  Rome  in  more  than  twenty  provin- 
cial cities  of  Italy,  Gaul.  Spain,  Africa,  and  the  East ; 
and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  a  similar  foundation 
was  established  in  every  regularly  constituted  Ro- 
man colony.  The  Roman  capitol  of  Toulouse,  which 
has  been  more  than  once  renewed,  has  been  the  ;« 
chief  seat  of  authority  in  that  city  from  medieval 
times  to  the  present  day. 

The  cake-bakers,  being  returned  to  Lernd,  went 
presently,  before  they  did  either  eat  or  drink,  to  the 
Capitol,  and  there  before  their  king,  ciUled  Picro- 
chole,  .  .  .  made  their  complaint,  showing  their 
panniers  broken,  their  coats  torn,  etc. 

liabelaus  (tr.  by  I'rquhart),  (iargantua,  xjvi. 

2.  In  the  United  States,  the  edifice  occupied 
by  Congress  at  Washington ;  also,  in  the 
separate  States,  the  state-house,  or  house 
in  which  the  legislature  holds  its  sessions. 
Capitolian  (kap-1-to'li-au),  a.     Same  as  Capi- 

tlllillC. 

Capitoline  (kap'i-to-lin),  a.  [<  L.  Capitolinus, 
<  Capitoliuin,  the  Capitol.]  Pertaining  to  any 
Roman  Capitol,  or  to  Jupiter  the  Protector,  of 
whose  worshijj  the  Capitol  was  the  official  seat; 
specifically,  pertaining  to  the  Capitol  at  Rome, 
or  to  the  hill  on  which  it  stood:  as,  the  Capito- 
line Museum.- Capitoline  games,  in  ancient  Rome, 
annual  games  orit-inally  instituted  by  Camillus  in  honor 
of  Jupiter  rapitobiiiis.  and  in  commemoration  of  the  pres- 
ervation of  the  Capitol  from  the  Gauls.  They  were  rein- 
Btitute.l,  after  having  fallen  into  disuse,  by  Domitian  and 
were  thereafter  celebrated  every  fifth  year. 

Capitonidae  (kap-i-ton'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 


(capil-),  liead,  +  pes  (pal-),  foot,  +  -al.] 
taining  to  the  head  and  foot. 

Kiglit  and  left  of  the  neck  [in  Patdln]  arc  seen  a  pair  of 
minute  oblong  yelhjw  bodies,  which  were  originally  de. 
scribed  by  Lankester  as  orill.cs  p.issiMy  connected  with 
the  evacuation  of  the  generative  pioilucts.  On  account 
of  tlieir  position  they  were  termed  l)y  him  the  capito- 
pedal  orifices,  being  placed  near  the  junction  of  head  and 
f.'ot.  Eneye.  Brit.,  XVI.  640. 

capitula,  ».    VhiraX  ot  capitulum. 

capitulant  (ka-pit'u-lant),  n.  [<  ML.  capitu- 
laii{t-)s,  ppr.  of  capitularc:  see  cajiitulatc] 
One  who  capitulates  or  surrenders.  Alison, 
Hist.  Kurope. 

capitulante  (Sp.  pron.  kii-pe-to-liin'te),  n. 
[Sp.,  prop.  pp.  of  capitular,  <  ML.  capitularc, 
arrange  in  heads  or  chapters:  sec  capitulate.'] 
A  contractor.  [Use  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  acquired  from  Mexico.] 

capitular  (ka-pit'u-lar),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  cajntit- 
lairc  =  It.  capitoiare,  a.  and  n.,  <  ML.  capitu- 
laris,  pertaining  to  a  chapter  (cf.  LL.  capitularc, 
neut.,  a  poll-tax),  <  L.  capitulum,  a  chapter  (sec- 
tion of  a  book,  or  a  council),  lit.  a  little  head : 
see  capitulum,  chapter,  and  capital*.]  I.  a.  1. 
Belonging  to  a  chapter,  in  any  sense  of  that 
word.    Also  capitulary. 

The  next  step  would  have  been  to  impose  monastic  vows 
upon  all  the  capitular  clergy. 

i'.  A.  Freentaii,  Hist.  Xorm.  Conq.,  11.  301. 

2.  In  iot.,  growing  in  a  capitulum  or  head. 
See  capitate. — 3.  In  anol.  and  anat.,  pertain- 
ing to  a  capitulum.- Capitular  mass.  See»Mssi. 
—  Capitular  process,  in  anat.,  a  small  process  or  prom- 
inence on  a  vertebra,  with  which  the  capitulum  of  a  rib 
articulates ;  the  articular  facet  for  the  head  of  a  rib.  See 
cuts  under  attas  and  cervical. 

II.  n.  1.  An  act  passed  in  a  chapter,  as  of 
knights  or  canons. —  2.  p?.  The  body  of  laws 
or  statutes  of  a  chapter  or  of  an  ecclesiastical 
council.  This  name  is  also  given  to  the  laws,  civil  and 
ecclesiastical,  made  by  Charlemagne  and  other  princes  in 
general  councils  and  assemblies  of  the  people.  They  are 
so  called  because  divided  into  chapters  or  sections. 

That  great  legislator  knew  too  well  tlie  importance 
attached  by  all  mankind  to  local  customs,  to  allow  his 
imperial  capitulars  to  interfere,  unnecessarily,  with  flie 
Frisian  laws.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  22. 


Capitol  of  the  UiiiteJ  States,  Waihington.  D.  C. 

3.  A  member  of  a  chapter. 

Statutes  which  shall  bind  the  chapter  itself,  and  all  its 
members,  or  capitulars.  Ayliffe,  Paiergon. 

In  the  preceding  senses  also  capitulary. 

4.  [Sp.,  <  ML. :  see  above.]  In  parts  of  Amer- 
ica settled  by  Spaniards,  a  regidor  elected  to 
the  ayuntamiento  or  town  council,  as  distin- 
gmshed  from  one  appointed  by  the  executive 
authority. 

capitularly  (ka-pit'u-liir-li),  adv.    In  the  form 
or  manner  of  a  chapter,  as  of  a  religious  order. 


nothing  but  when  all  three  were  capilularlv  met. 

Swift,  To'  Jlr.  St.  John. 

and  n.    I.  a. 


capitulum 

terms  of  agreement ;  treat;  also,  to  enter  into 
an  agreement ;  confederate. 

Do  not  bid  me 
Dismiss  my  soldiers,  or  capitulate 
Again  with  Rome's  mechanics.     Stiak.,  Cor.,  v.  8. 
Percy,  Northumberland, 
Tlie  arclibishop's  Grace  of  York,  Douglas,  Jlortimer, 
Capitulate  against  us.  Shak.,  1  lien.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

He  who  took  so  hainously  to  be  offer'd  nineteen  Propo- 
sitions from  the  Parlamcnt,  capitulated  heer  with  God 
almost  in  as  many  -Vrticles.      Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxv. 

2.  To  surrender  to  an  enemy  on  stipulated  con- 
ditions. I'sed  especially  regarding  an  army  or  a  garri- 
son, when  the  terms  of  surrender  are  specified  and  agreed 
to  by  the  parties. 

Mondragon  was  determined  not  to  yield  at  discretion, 
although  vei-y  w  iUing  to  capitulate. 

Motlen,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  628. 
I  am  ashamed  to  think  how  easily  we  capitulate  Ut  badges 
and  nanus,  to  large  societies  and  dead  institutions. 

Emeriton,  Self-reliance. 

capitulate,  capitulated  (ka-pit'u-lat,  -la-ted), 
«.  [<  XL.  capitulatus,  <  L.  capitulum :  see 
capitulum.]  1.  Having  a  capitulum  or  knob. 
Specifically — 2.  In  hot.,  head-like:  applied  to 
the  apothecium  of  a  lichen  when  it  is  irregu- 
larly rounded  or  globular  and  seated  on  the 
ape.x  of  a  stem-like  portion  of  the  thallus,  as  in 
Cladonia.    Lindsay. 

capitulation  (ka-pit-u-la'shqn),  n.  [=  D.  la- 
pitulatic  =  F.  capitulation  {}  G.  capitidation  = 
Dan.  ka]/itidatio>i)  =  Sp.  capitulacion  =  Pg.  ca- 
pitida<;(io  =  It.  capitolazioue,  <  ML.  *capitula- 
tio(n-)  (ef.  capitidatio(n-),  an  index  of  chapters), 
<capitulare.capitu\a.te:  see  capitulate.]  1.  An 
article  or  articles  of  agreement;  formal  agree- 
ment.    [Rare.] 

With  special  capitulation  that  neither  the  Scots  nor  the 
French  shall  refortify.     Bp.  Burnet,  Records,  No.  50,  i.  2. 

Specifically — 2.  The  act  of  capitulating  or  sur- 
rendering to  an  enemy  upon  stipulated  terms  or 
conditions ;  also,  the  treaty  or  instiiiment  con- 
taining the  conditions  of  such  a  sun-ender. 

My  idea  was,  that  all  persons  taken  in  war  were  to  be 
deemed  prisoners  of  war.  That  those  who  sun-ender  on 
capitulation  (or  convention)  are  prisoners  of  war  also. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  I.  \Gi. 

3.  (rt)  In  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  the  con- 
tract or  pledge  entered  into  by  the  elected  em- 
peror, before  receiving  coronation,  with 
the  electors,  in  which  the  latter  generally 

.  secured  some  concession  as  the  price  of 
their  votes,  {b)  pi.  (1)  The  name  given 
by  Europeans  to  those  treaties  and  con- 
cessions of  the  early  sidtans  of  Turkey 
which  secure  to  foreigners  resitling  there 
rights  of  exterritoriality,  in  continuation 
of  similar  privileges  granted  to  foreign 
residents  by  the  Byzantine  empire. 

These  privileges  are  in  genei-al  called  Capitula- 
fiim.^;  not  in  the  sense  now  usual  of  a  suri'ender  of 
light,  for  they  were  a  free  grant,  but  in  the  old 
^t-nse  of  an  agreement  under  heads  and  articles  — 
•Capitula."  The  word  was  not  unusual  in  such  a 
sense  in  old  French  treaties  and  conventions,  for 
we  read  of  a  "  Capitulation  and  Contract  of  Mar- 
ri,age"  between  Dom  Pedro  of  Portugal  and  the 
Princess  Marie  of  Savoy. 

E.  Schuyler,  Amer.  Diplomacy,  pp.  59,  GO. 

(2)  Conventions  formerly  entered  into  by 
the  Swiss  cantons  to  regidate  the  employment 
of  Swiss  troops  by  the  popes,  the  Netherlands, 
and  the  kings  of  .Spain,  Naples,  and  France. 

capitulator  (ka-pit'u-la-tor),  n.  [<  ML.  as  if 
*capitidator,  <  capi'tu'lare :  see  capitulate.]  One 
who  capitulates. 

capitulatory  (ka-jnt'u-la-to-ri),  a.  [<  capitu- 
late -H  -ury.]  1.  Briefly  stated;  drawn  up  in 
heads  or  chapters. — 2.  Relating  to  or  of  the 
natui'e  of  a  capitulation  or  surrender  on  con- 
ditions. 


Capito(u-) -i- -idle.]    A  family  of  non-passerine  caDitula.rv  fka -nit' fi   15  ril    a 
zygodactyl  birds,  the  scansorial  barbefs,  inhab-  '"slmeTlIaiuul^^l^^''"'^'  "' 
iting  the  warmer  parts  of  both  hemispheres, 
leading  genera  are   Po;ioiuirlninchux.  Meiiala-ma.   Calo 


The  keeper.  Sir  Simon  Harcourt,  alleged  you  could  do  Capitule  (kap'i-tul),  n.     [<  L.  capitulum,  a  ehap- 
'"""" '""  "■'''■"  ""  **■ ■'•■'"' *  ter :  see  capitulum  and  chapter.]    It.  A  chapter. 


,         r  "     .        .  ".  ~  " •"" '  .■•.;,.*... ..!«,   Calo- 

rnamphm,  etc.,  of  the  old  world,  and  Cajnto  of  the  new 
The  family  name  is  almost  ine.xtricablv  confused  with 
Burcomdw.  See  barber^  and  .Megalcemiiw,  and  cuts  un- 
der Capita  and  Poiionorhnnchus. 

Capitoninse  (kap"i-t6-m'ne),  «.  ;>;.  [NL.,  < 
CapU(,(n-)  +  -inw.]  A  subfamily  of  MegaJtc- 
midie,  tj-pified  by  tlie  genus  Capito  ;  the  thick- 
heads, or  American  scansorial  barbets,  confined 
to  Central  and  South  America,  and  represent- 
ed by  about  12  species  of  the  genera  Caiuto  and 
Tctrafioiinps.    See  cut  under  Capito. 

capitonine  (kap'i-to-nin),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Capitonidw  proper 
or  Ca;pitoninai. 


The  capitulary  acts  of  York  Cathedral. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  iii.  §  35. 

H.  n. ;  pi.  capitularies  (-riz).  Same  as  cajyit- 
nlar,  1,  2,  and  3. 

More  than  one  law  was  made,  forbidding  .all  Sunday 
labour,  and  this  prohibition  was  reiterated  by  Chai-le- 
niagne  in  his  Capitularies.     Leckij,  Europ.  Slorals,  II.  259. 

capitulate  (ka-pit'u-lat),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
capitulated,  ppr.  capitulating.  [<  ML.  capitu- 
latus, ])p.  of  cajiitulare,  an-ange  in  heads  or 
chapters,  hence  aiTange  conditions  (esp.  of  sur- 
render), <  L.  capitulum,  a  chapter:  see  capitu- 
lum, capitular,  and  chapter.]  1.  To  draw  up  a 
writing  in  chapters,  heads,  or  articles ;  hence, 
to  draw  up   articles  of  agreement;    arrange 


The  contents  of  this  capitule  [are]  by  you  much  to  be 
pondred.  llakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  229. 

2.  In  hot.,  same  as  capitidum.  3. 

capituliform  (ka-pit'u-li-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  ca2>i- 
tiiluiii,  a  little  head,  -f  forma,  shape.]  Resem- 
bling a  small  head  or  capitulum.  Also  capitel- 
lif'inii. 

capitulum  (ka-pit'u-lum),  n. ;  pi.  capitula  (-la). 
[L.,  a  small  head,  a  capital  or  head  of  a  column, 
a  chapter,  dim.  of  caput  (capit-).  head:  see 
caput,  and  cf.  capitellum,  capitular:  see  also 
capital^,  chapiter,  chapter.]  1.  In  anat.,  the 
head  of  a  bone ;  especially,  the  head  of  a  rib, 
as  distinguished  from  its'  shoulder  or  tuber- 
cidum.  Also  called  capitellum.  See  cut  im- 
der  endoskeleton. —  2.  In  Cirripedia,  specifi- 
cally, the  valves  of  the  shell  collectively,  in- 


capituluin 

closing  more  or  loss  of  I  lie  boily  of  tlio  animal, 
as  (iistiiiKiii-'^litHl  from  the  peduncular  part  of 
the  eroature.  When  a  iiuilunclc  cxisti,  as  in  hriiax,  it 
is  tlie  liiniter  part  of  the  buily  which  is  incluscd  in  the  capi- 
tvihnii. 

3.  In  hot.,  a  close  head  of  sessile  flowers,  as  in 
the  Coiiipositte;  also,  as  used  by  some  early 
botanists,  the  receptacle  of  various  fungi ;  in 
mosses,  a  close,  dense  cluster  of  leaves.  Also 
called  cdpitulc. — 4.  In  cntom. :  («)  The  enlarged 
terminal  portion  of  tlie  lialter  or  poiser  of  a  dip- 
terous insect,  (b)  Tlie  enlarged  terminal  por- 
tion of  the  sucking  month  of  a  fly,  fonnod  by 
two  suctorial  Haps  called  lahcllii.  (c)  The 
knob  at  the  end  of  a  capitate  antenna. —  5.  One 
of  the  stallied  spheroidal  sporangia  of  certain 
mycotozoans. 

capivara,  «.     Same  as  capibara. 

capivi  (ka-pe'\n),  n.     Same  as  copaiba. 

caple',  caple".    See  aipcC^,  mptl'^. 

Caplin' (kap'lin),  n.  [<  co/*' -I- dim. -K«.]  The 
cap  or  band  of  leatlier  on  a  flail  through  which 
the  thongs  pass  that  connect  the  swingol  to  the 
statf.     Also  cnjiUug. 

caplin^  (kap'lin),  n.  [Also  capelin,  caplan, 
capcUtii,  and,  by  corruption,  kibliny,  kilihliny ; 
<  l'\  etipldii,  capelan ;  origin  unknown.]  A 
fish,  formerly  referred  to  the  Sahnoiiidw  imdi'r 
the  name  Siilmo  arcticua,  now  known  as  Mdllotus 
fillosKti,  and  assigned  to  the  smelt  family,  Ar- 
gentifiida:  It  is  G  or  8  inches  long,  ami  reseinl)les  a 
smelt  in  iijipearalice,  but  is  more  closely  related  to  the 


Caplin  {MallotHs  vitlosits). 

eulachon  or  caniUe-fish,  from  which  it  differs  cliiefly  in 
the  tiro.ader  many-rayed  pectoral  fins  and  the  peculiar 
aoaU's  of  the  male.  In  that  sex  there  is  a  raised  band 
alonj;  the  sides  of  the  body  above  the  lateral  line,  con- 
sistin':;  of  elon;^ated  imbricated  scales  with  free  project- 
int;  points,  giving  a  villous  appearance  like  the  pile  of  vel- 
vet. The  caplin  occurs  in  immense  shoals  in  all  the  north- 
ern seas,  aiul  is  an  important  food-fish  to  the  natives, 
thiiuL^i  its  chief  use  is  as  bait  for  cod. 

capling  (kap'ling),  n.     Same  as  capJin'^. 

cap-merchantt,  ».    See  capc-mcrchant. 

cap-moneyt  (kap'mun'i),  ii.  In  fox-huntiiui, 
the  money  formerly  collected  for  the  hunts- 
man on  the  death  of  the  fox. 

capnomancy  (kap'no-man-si),  11.  [=  F.  capno- 
mantic  (Cotgrave)  ='Sp.  Pg.  capnomancia,  <  Gr. 
KaTrv6(,  smoke  (akin  to  Lith.  kvapas,  vapor,  =  L. 
rapiir,  etc.:  see  rapor),  +  fiavreia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  the  ascent  or  motion  of  smoke. 

capnomor,  kapnomor  (kap'no-mor),  ti.  [<  Gr. 
KaiTvui,  smoke,  +  fioipa,  a  part  (or  stem  */jop-), 
<  /.icipeaHai,  divide,  apportion,  allot.]  A  trans- 
parent, colorless,  oil-like  fluid  (C20H22O0)  ob- 
tained from  the  smoke  of  organic  bodies  or 
from  the  tar  of  wood. 

capo  (ka'po),  H.  [E.  dial.,  var.  of  capeU.']  A 
working-horse,  (irose.  [Prov.Eng.  (Cheshire).] 

CapOC  (kap'ok),  M.  [Punjabi  Tcapdh,  Hind,  ka- 
]i(~i.i,  cotton.]  A  fine  short-stapled  cotton  of 
the  East  Indies,  used  chiefly  to  stuff  cushions, 
line  jialanquins,  etc. 

capocchiaf  (ka-pok'ia),  n.  [It.,  fem.  of  capoc- 
cliid,  dull,  heavy,  silly,  lit.  big-headed,  aug.  of 
(Viyn),  the  head:  seecajw'A]  The  feminine  form 
of  capocchio,  a  fool:  used  ooaxingly  in  the  fol- 
lowing passage. 

Alas,  poor  wretch  I  a  poor  capncchia. 

Shak.,  T.  andC,  iv.  2. 

capocht,  w.  and  )'.  t.     See  cnpouch. 

capon  (ka'pon),  )(.  [<  ME.  capon,  capiin  (also 
assibilated  cliapoun,  after  F.  chapuii),  <  AS.  ai- 
pi'tii  =  MD.  kappoen,  D.  kapoeii,  kapuin  =  LG. 
Sw.  Dan.  kapun  =  MHG.  kapun,  G.  kapaun  = 
F.  cliapon  =  Pr.  Sp.  capon  =  Pg.  capao  =  It. 
capponc,  <  L.  capo(n-)  (also  capus,  >  OHG. 
clmppo,  MHG.  kappc)  (ML.  also  caponus),  < 
Gr.  KOTvav,  a  capon,  prol).  <  -y/  *KaTT,  repr.  by 
Kd^Teiv,  cut.]  1.  A  castrated  cock;  a  eock- 
chicken  castrated  for  the  purpose  of  improv- 
ing the  flesh  for  table. 

Oh,  a  capon, 
A  bird  of  grace,  an  't  be  thy  will !  I  honour  it. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  v.  2. 

2t.  [So  called,  it  is  said,  because  letters  were 
often  conveyed  inside  of  fowls.     Cf .  F.  poulct,  a 
fowl,  also  a  love-letter,  a  billet-doux.]   A  letter. 
(1,  thy  letter,  thy  letter;  he's  a  good  friend  of  mine: 
Stand  asiile,  nood  bearer.     Boyct,  you  can  carve; 
Itreak  up  tliis  cajion.  .SItak.,  1..  L.  L.,  iv.  1. 

Norfolk  capon,  a  red  herring.     (Local,  Eng.J 


807 

capon  (ka'pon),  v.  t.  [=  G.  kapauncn  =  F. 
vhiiponmr  =  Pr.  cuponar  =  It.  ciijiponarv :  from 
the  noiui.]     To  make  a  capon  of;  caponize. 

caponett  (ka'))on-et),  H.  [<  capon  +  dim.  -t(2.] 
A  young  capon. 

caponiere,  caponniere  (kap-o-ncr'),  n.  [<  F. 
capoiniicfc  =  It.  ctippouUra,  a  covered  lodg- 
ment, <  Sp.  capiincra  (=  Pg.  capocira),  a  covered 
lodgment,  a  cage  or  coop  in  which  to  fatten 
fowls,  <  Sp.  capon  =  Pg.  capUo,  a  capon :  see 
citpon.']  Infort.:  (a)  A  covered  lodgment  sunk 
4  or  .')  feet  into  a  ditch  for  its  defense,  encom- 
passed with  a  parapet  about  2  feet  high,  serv- 
ing to  siipport  several  planks  laden  with  earth, 
(ft)  A  passage  from  one  part  of  a  work  to  an- 
other, protected  on  the  right  and  left  by  a  wall 
or  parapet,  and  sometimes  covered  overhead. 
Wlien  there  is  a  parapet  on  one  side  only,  it  is 
called  a  dimi-c<i]i(>nicrc.  (c)  One  of  a  series  of 
bomb-proof  arched  structiu'cs  for  receiving 
cannon  which  fire  througli  embrasures  pierced 
in  the  front  or  mask-wall  of  the  casemates: 
used  for  flanking  ditches.  Malum DouWe  ca- 
poniere, in  f'li't.,  a  ditch-defense  arran^red  for  llanl<iiit.' 
purp<isi'S.  The  double  caponiere  is  Kciieiaily  placed  ir) 
tile  middle  of  the  ditch,  so  as  to  fire  in  tioth  directions. 

caponize  (ka'pon-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  oa- 
p(jiii:iil.  \)\)T.  caponicing.  [<.  capon  + -isc.^  To 
make  a  capon  of.     Also  spelled  caponise. 

caponniere,  »•     See  caponiere. 

capon's-feather  (ka'ponz-feth"6r), «.  Same  as 
capon^s-Uiil. 

capon's-tail  (ka'ponz-tal),  11.  1.  A  species  of 
valerian :  so  called  from  its  spreading  white 
flowers. — 2.  The  columbine,  Aquilcgia  vulgarifi. 
—  Capon's-tail  grass,  a  species  of  fescue,  Fcstuca  Myu- 
run. 

caporcianite  (ka-p6r'shian-it),  >i.  [<,  Capor- 
i-ianii  (SCO  def.)  +  -(7(2.]  A  mineral  related 
to,  or  perhaps  identical  with,  laiunontite,  from 
Monte  de  Caporciano,  Tuscany. 

capot  (ka-pof),  H.  [F.,  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  connected  with  capote:  see  capote.] 
A  winning  of  all  the  tricks  at  the  game  of 
piquet.     It  counts  40. 

capot  (ka-pot'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capotted, 
ppr.  caponing.  [<  capot,  h.]  In  the  game  of 
piquet,  to  win  all  the  tricks  from. 

That  last  game  I  had  with  my  sweet  cousin  I  capollnl 
her.  Lamb,  ilrs.  Battle  on  Wliist. 

capotasto  (It.  prou.  kil'potas'to).  [It.:  capo,<. 
h.  caput,  head  (see  capc^);  tasio,  key,  touch,  < 
tastare,  touch,  feel:  see  taste.']  A  contrivance 
attached  to  stringed  instruments  with  frets, 
like  the  gidtar,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the 
pitch  of  all  the  strings  at  once.  Also  capo  di 
ta.tto. 

capote  (ka-pof),  n.  [F.  capote,  t.  (formerly 
also  capot,  cappot,  m.)  (=  Sp.  Pg.  capote  =  It. 
eappotto,  >  Turk,  quput,  qapud),  dim.  of  cape, 
a  hood  or  cape:  see  cape'^.]  1.  A  large  coarse 
cloak,  properly  with  a  hood.  Specifically— (a)  In 
some  military  uni'forms,  the  regulation  outer  giinnent,  con- 
sisting of  a  very  long  and  full  cloth  coat.  (4)  An  outer  gar- 
ment for  women,  made  of  camlet  or  cloth,  covering  tlie 
person  completely  and  reaching  nearly  to  tlie  ground. 
(0)  An  outer  garment  forming  a  usual  part  of  the  costume, 
and  worn  by  both  women  and  men,  among  many  tribes 
of  the  Levant-  It  is  made  either  of  rough  cloth  or  of 
skins  retiuning  their  hair. 

She  [an  Albanian  woman]  went  and  put  on  a  new  capote, 
a  sort  of  white  frock  coat,  without  sleeves,  embroidered 
in  bright  colours  do^vn  the  seams,  which  showed  her  fig- 
ure to  ailvantage.  /(.  Cunon,  lIon.a5t.  in  the  Levant,  p.  211. 

2.  The  hood  or  top  of  a  wagon,  as  of  a  buggy, 
or  any  similar  ])rotection  for  a  vcliicle. 

capou'ch  (ka-posh'),  ».  [Also  capocli,  capuchc  = 
G.  kapii-e  =  Dan.  kabutln;  <  F.  capuchc,  also 
capncc,  <  It.  cappuccio,  <  ML.  eaputium,  capi- 
fium,  capuceiitm,  cajipucium,  etc.,  a  cowl  or 
hood:  scQ  caputimn.']  A  monk's  hood  or  cowl ; 
especially,  a  hood  of  peculiar  pointed  form 
worn  by  the  Capuchin  monks. 

capoucht  (ka-i)osh'),  v.  t.  [Also  capoch,  ca- 
puchc; <.  cajiouch,  11.]    1.  To  cover  with  a  hood. 

Between  the  cicada  and  that  we  call  a  grasshopper  the 
differences  are  very  many,  for  first,  tliey  are  dilferently 
cucullated  or  capouched  upon  the  head  and  back. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  3. 

2.  To  blind  or  hoodwink. 

cappadine  (kai)'a-din),  n.  [Cf.  capiton.']  A 
sort  of  silk  flock  taken  from  the  upper  part  of 
the  silkworm's  coeoou  after  the  true  silk  has 
been  woufid  off,  used  for  shag  in  making  rugs. 

Cappadocian  (kap-a-do'shian),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Cajipailocia  +  -an.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Cap- 
padocia,  an  ancient  province  and  kingdom  of 
Asia  Minor,  now  part  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 

II.  H.  A  native  or  au  inhabitant  of  Cappa- 
docia. 


Caprellidae 

Cappagh  brown.    S.e  imia-n. 

cap-paper  (kap'pa  per),  ».     1.  A  coarse  paper, 

so  called  from  being  used  to  make  caps  to  hold 

commodities. —  2.  A  kind  of  writing-paper  in 

large  sheets.    See  cap^,  «.,  .3. 

capparid  (kap'a-rid),  n.  [<  Capparis  (-rid-),  q. 
v.]     In  bot.,  a  plant  of  the  natural  order  Cap- 

pariilaeea'. 

CapparidaceaB(kap"a-ri-da'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  i'djiparis  (-rid-)  +  -iicea:]  A  natural  order  of 
jilants,  sometimes  shrubs  or  trees,  nearly  re- 
lated to  the  Crucifera;  from  which  they  JifTcr 
in  having  six  or  more  stamens  which  are  not 
tetradynamous,  the  pod  without  a  partition 
and  often  stalked,  and  kidney-shaped  seeds 
with  a  coiled  embryo.  They  are  natives  chiefly  of 
tropical  and  subtritpieal  regions,  an<l  possess  more  or  less 
acrid  qualities.  The  princi])al  genera  are  Capparis  and 
Cletime.  Some  species  of  OynamlropinH  ami  Polanigia,  gen- 
era of  this  order,  are  cultivated  for  ornament.  .See  cut« 
under  ca/ter'^  and  Cleojne. 

capparldaceous  (kap'a-ri-da'shius),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Capparidacea'. 

capparideous  (kap-a-rid'e-us),  a.  Same  as 
eapparidaecous. 

Capparis  (kap'a-ris),  11.  [L.,  the  caper-bush, 
the  caper:  see  caper"^.]  A  genus  of  shrubby 
Jilants,  of  tropical  and  warm  regions,  of  which 
the  most  familiar  species  is  the  caper,  C.  spinosa. 
See  caper".  The  iiroducts  of  some  species  are  used  aa 
irritants  or  as  antispasmodics,  and  some  tropical  Ameri- 
can species  are  Raid  to  be  poisonous.  The  berries  of  C. 
Smlada,  which  is  abundant  in  tropical  Africa,  ai'e  used  for 
food. 

cap-peak  (kap'pek),  n.  The  peak  or  stiff  pro- 
jecting front  piece  of  some  kinds  of  caps. 

cappeline,  n.    See  capclinc. 

capper'  (kap'er),  ».  [<  cap^  -{-  -<')■!.]  1.  One 
wlioso  business  is  the  making  or  selling  of  caps. 
[Kare.] — 2.  A  tool  for  fitting  percussion-caps 
to  shells. 

capper-'t  (kap'er),  «.  A  Scotch  form  of  cup- 
prr,  a  cujjbearer.     See  <?rt;<2  and  cujiper. 

capper^  (kap '  er),  r.  t.  [Cf.  Dan.  kapre  =  G. 
kapern,  seize;  from  the  noun  caper'^  (Dan. 
kaper,  etc.)  or  freq.  of  the  verb  cap'^,  seize: 
see  cap'i  and  cajier'^.]  To  seize;  lay  hold  of 
violently;  specifically,  to  seize  (a  vessel)  as  a 
jirizc.     [Scotch.] 

capper*  (kap'er), )(.  [Appar.  <  caj)^  +  -erl,  lit. 
'seizor';  but  in  def.  1  perhaps  associated  with 
uttercap  =  attercop,  a  spider,  and  in  def.  2  per- 
haps a  particular  use,  in  allusion  to  "the  spider 
and  the  fly."]  1.  A  spider. —  2.  A  stool-pigeon 
in  a  gambling-house,  or  a  person  employed  at 
auctions  to  raise  bids  deceptively.     [Slang.] 

capper clawt,  i-  t.    See  caperclaw. 

cappernoity,  a.     See  capemoitij. 

cap-piece  (kap'pcs),  n.  In  carp.,  a  piece  of 
timber  covering  the  heads  of  a  scries  of  uprights 
or  other  vertical  structure. 

capping-plane  (kap'ing-plau),  h.  In  joinery,  a 
plane  used  for  working  the  upper  surface  of 
staircase-rails. 

cap-pot  (kap'pot),  n.  In  glass-making,  a  cru- 
cible having  a  lid  or  cap. 

cap-pudding  (kap'pud"ing),  V.  A  pudding 
rounded  at  the  top,  which  top  consists  of  cur- 
rants, raisins,  or  the  like,  and  resembles  a  cap. 
Imp.  Diet. 

Capra  (ka'prii),  n.  [L.,  a  she-goat :  see  eaper^.] 
A  genus  of  "iniUow-horned  ruminants,  of  the 
family  Boridw,  typical  of  the  subfamily  Capri- 
«(r,  an(l  typified  by  the  common  goat,  Capra 
hircu.'i.  There  are  several  other  species,  among 
them  the  ibexes,  Capra  ibex,  C.  pyramiea,  etc. 
See  goaf,  and  cuts  under  ccgagrus  and  ibex. 

caprantilopine  (kap-ran-til'o-pin),  a.  [<  L. 
capra,  a  she-goat,  -f-  NL.  antiloi)inns:  see  frt- 
/)crl  and  antilopiiic]  Partaking  of  the  char- 
acters of  both  a  goat  and  au  anteloiie ;  nemo- 
rlnedine. 

caprate  (kap'rat),  «.  [<  eapr(ic)  +  -ate^.]  A 
salt  of  capric  acid. 

capreallt,  caprelt,  "•    Old  forms  of  capriole. 

Caprella  (ka-prel'ii),  «.  [NL.,  dim.  from  L. 
capra,  a  she-goat :"  see  capcr^.]  Tlie  typical 
genus  of  the  family  CapreUida.  c.  linearis  is  a 
sluggish  inhabitant  of  rocky  tide-pools  of  the  Atlantic 
coast  <if  Europe,  preying  on  various  animals,  as  hydroids 
and  polyzoans.     See  mantis-nhrimi)  and  »pfcter-shrinip. 

Caprellidae  (ka-prel'i-de),  H.  }>l.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
prella +  -ida:]  A  family  of  edriophthalmous 
licraodipodous  crustaceans,  typified  by  the  ge- 
nus Caprella,  characterized  by  the  attenuate 
fomi,  the  ruilimentary  abdomen,  and  the  cer\i- 
cally  placed  anterior  legs.  Some  of  the  forms  are 
calle'd  ntantiK-Khrinij'K,  fnnii  tlieir  superficial  resemblance 
to  the  insect  known  as  inautin,  and  tpecUrnhrimpe,  from 
their  strange  aspect 


Caprellidse 

The  Caprellidct  arc  long  nnrt  ulciulcr  forms  with  well- 
dcvelopeu  niitcnnic  aiiJ  aiitcDniiln).  Thi-y  live  in  suit 
water,  wallviiig  around  on  8nl)niarlne  plants  in  a  very 
delilierate  munnur,  and  progress  by  a  douliling  up  o(  the 
body  in  about  the  same  way  that  the  nieasuriug-worni 
does.  The  most  common  species  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
received  its  name  (Caprella  gcometrica)  from  tliis  habit. 
Stuml.  Sal.  Ilisl.,  II.  73. 

caprelline  (ka-prerin),  n.  Pertaining  to  or 
haviiif;  tlic  diaracters  of  the  Caprcllidw. 

capreolt,  capreolet,  "•  [=  MF.  caprcole,  cn- 
priiiUi,  aijiiidlc,  u  toiulril,  <  L.  crijircdlKS:  see 
caiiiriiliis.]  1.  A  buck  or  he-goat. — 2.  A  ten- 
di'il;  a  caprcolus. 

capreolary  (kap're-o-la-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  capreo- 
lariuf,  <  L.  mprcolus,  a  tendril:  see  ca^prcoUis.'] 
Same  as  nijircolate,  2. 

capreolate  (kap're-o-lat),  n.  [<  L.  capreolus, 
a  tendril  (see  caprcolus),  +  -fff(l.]  1.  In  hot., 
proviiied  with  tendrils. — 2.  In  anat.,  resem- 
bling tendrils :  applied  to  tlie  spermatic  vessels, 
or  vasa  oapreolaria,  from  their  twisted  appear- 
anee. 

capreoli,  «.     Plural  of  capreolus. 

capreoline  (ka-pre'o-lln),  a.  [<  Capreolus,  3,  + 
-jHfl.]  Pertaining  to  the  subgenus  Capreolus; 
specilieally,  relating  or  akin  to  the  roebuck. 

capreolus  (ka-pre'o-lus),  »(.;  pi.  capreoli  (-li). 
[L.  caprcohis,  ML.  also  capriolus,  a  wild  goat, 
roebuck,  chamois,  a  tendril  of  a  plant,  dim.  of 
*caprcus,  fern,  cuprea,  a  wild  goat:  see  cuper'^ 
and  caprioh'.'\  If.  A  buck  or  he-goat.  E. 
Phillips,  1700.— 2.  The  tendril  of  a  plant.— 
3.  [cap.l  [NL.]  A  subgenus  of  deer,  includ- 
ing the  roebuck,  Capreolus  caprwa.  Hamilton 
Smith,  1827. 

caprett,  «.  [ME.  (translating  L.  caprca  in  Vul- 
gate), =  OF.  *ehcvret,  m.,  cherrete,  checrettc,  a 
kid  (as  dim.  of  ehevrc,  a  goat),  a  wild  goat,  F. 
chevrette,  f.,  a  doe,  roe  (see  chevrette),  =  It.  ca- 
pretto,  m.,  capretta,  f.,  <  ML.  caprctus,  m.,  *ca- 
preta,  f.,  equiv.  to  capreolus,  capreola,  a  wdld 
goat:  see  capreolus,  capcr'^.'\  A  roebuck;  a  roe. 
As  capret  and  liert  thou  shalt  etc.  WycU.f,  Deut.  xii.  15. 
A  moi^st  swift  renner,  as  oon  of  the  caprettis  [var.  ca- 
pri'tis]  that  dwellen  in  wodis. 

Wydi/,  2  Ki.  [2  Sam.]  ii.  18. 

capric  (kap'rik),  a.  [<  L.  caper,  a  goat:  see 
C(y«'(l.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  goat.  Also 
caprinic — Capric  acid,  CioHo,|0.),  a  peculiar  acid  first 
discovered  by  Clievreul  in  the  butter  of  cows'  milk.  It 
ocelli's  also  In  goats'  milk,  In  cocoiinut-oil,  and  in  several 
kinds  of  fusel-oil.  It  is  crystalline,  somewhat  soluble  in 
hot  water,  and  has  a  faint  goat-like  smell  when  cold,  which 
becomes  more  offensive  on  heating.  Also  called  rutic  acid. 
capriccio  (ka-prich'io),  n.  [<  It.  capricdo : 
see  caprice.']  If.  A  caprice;  a  whim.  Also 
caprichio. 

Will  this  capricio  hold  in  thee,  art  sure? 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 
Sometimes 
(In  quite  opposed  capriccios)  he  climbs 
The  hardest  rocks  and  highest,  every  way 
Running  their  ridges.     Chapman,  Homeric  Hynins. 

2.  A  musical  composition  in  a  free,  irregular, 
and  often  whimsical  style :  iirst  applied  to  de- 
viations from  strict  forms,  like  the  fugue,  espe- 
cially when  in  quick  tempo,  but  now  extended 
to  any  fancifully  iiTegular  piece.   Also  caprice. 

capriccioso  (ka  -  pre  -  chio  '  so),  adr.  [It.,  <  ea- 
p>riccio,  caprice :  see  capriccio,  caprice,  and  ca- 
pricious.]    In  music,  in  a  free,  fantastic  stylo. 

caprice  (ka-pres'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ea- 
priche,  capritch,  and  caprichio,  capriccio,  after 
It. ;  <  F.  caprice,  <  It.  capriccio  =  Sp.  Pg.  ca- 
prichii,  a  caprice,  whim;  of  disputed  origin; 
usually,  but  without  sufficient  evidence,  de- 
rived from  It.  caprio,  a  goat  (as  if  orig. '  a  goat- 
leap').  Cf.  C((7«')'l  and  cfl;)Wo/<;.]  1.  A  sudden 
start  of  the  mind ;  a  sudden  change  of  opinion 
or  humor,  without  apparent  or  adequate  mo- 
tive ;  a  whim,  freak,  or  particular  fancy. 

I  found  the  night  as  full  of  beauty  as  the  day,  when 
caprice  led  me  from  the  brilliancy  of  St.  Mark's. 

Umvells,  Venetian  Life,  ii. 

2.  The  habit  of  acting  according  to  varying 
impulses ;  caprieiousness. 

Everywhere  1  oltserve  in  the  feminine  mind  something 
of  beautiful  caprice,  a  floral  exulierance  of  that  charm- 
ing wilfulness  which  characterizes  our  dear  human  sis- 
ters, I  fear  tlirough  all  worlds.  l)c  Quince^. 

3.  Same  as  capriccio,  2.  =  Syn.  1.  Vagary,  humor, 
whim,  crotchet.     2.  I''icklencss. 

caprichet,  capritcht,  «.  [See  caprice.]  A  ca- 
price. 

shall  a  man  fear  caprichex .' 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  v.  1. 
O  hold,  for  pity,  Sir, 
1  am  too  great  a  sufferer, 
Abus'd  as  you  have  been  h'  a  witch, 
But  conjur'd  int'  a  worse  capritch. 

S.  Butter,  Hudlbias,  III.  i.  310. 


808 

caprichiot,  «•  See  capriccio,  1. 
capricious  ( ka-prisli '  us) ,  n .  [Formerly  also  ca- 
priccious ;  =  ¥.  capricicui  =  Sp.  Pg.  cajiricho- 
so  =  It.  capriccioso,  capricious;  from  the  noun: 
see  cajiricc.]  Characterized  by  caprice  ;  apt  to 
change  opinions  suddenly,  or  to  deviate  from 
one's  purpose ;  unsteady ;  changeable ;  fickle  ; 
subject  to  change  or  irregularity:  as,  a  man 
of  a  capricious  temper. 

Nor  unnoted  pass 
The  sycamore,  cairricioux  in  attire, 
Now  green,  now  tawny,  and  ere  autumn  yet 
Have  chang'd  the  woods,  in  scarlet  honours  bright. 
Courper,  The  Task,  i.  318. 
The  king,  ,  .  .  under  the  influence  of  cajfricious  pas- 
sions, suddenly  dissolved  .  .  .  parliament. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  379. 
A  bud  taken  from  any  one  of  the  branches,  and  grafted 
on  another  tree,  produces  either  one  of  the  pure  kinds  or 
a  capricious  tree  producing  the  three  kinds. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  357. 

=  Syn,   Freakish,  unsteady,  fanciful,   whimsical,  fitful, 
crotchety,  uncertain. 
capriciously  (ka-prish'us-li),  adr.     In  a  capri- 
cious manner ;  whimsically ;  iiTegularly. 

The  unskilled  laborer  has  ceased  to  be  at  the  mercy  of 
a  master ;  but  the  force  that  the  master  once  applied  to 
him  capricioudy  is  now  applied  to  him  instead  by  his 
whole  social  environment,  and  that  not  capricimidy,  but 
with  tlie  regularity  of  a  natural  law. 

ir.  //.  Maltock,  Social  Equality,  p.  191. 

caprieiousness  (ka-prish'us-nes),  n.  1.  The 
quality  of  being  capricious;  whimsicalness ; 
unsteadiness  of  purpose  or  opinion:  as,  "great 
caprieiousness  of  taste,"  Pennant,  Brit.  Zool., 
Class  4 ;  '■  the  caprieiousness  of  a  sickly  heart," 
Irving,  Sketeh-Book,  p.  94. — 2.  Unsteadiness; 
liableness  to  sudden  changes;  irregularity:  as, 
the  caprieiousness  of  fortune. 

Capricorn  (kap'ri-kOrn),  H.  [=  F.  Capricorne  = 
It.  Capricorno  (=  Sp.  Pg.  Capricornio,  after  ML. 
Capricornium);  <  L.  Capricurnus,  a  zodiacal 
constellation  (see  def.)  (>  ML.  capricornium, 
the  -winter  solstice),  Ut.  'goat-horned'  (and 
hence  in  ML.  capricornus,  a  steinbok,  ibex),  < 
calmer  (capr-),  goat,  -f-  cornu  =  E.  horn.  Cf.  6r. 
a'iyoKepuQ,  goat-horned,  the  constellation  Capri- 
corn.] 1.  An  ancient  zodiacal  constellation 
between  Sagittarius  and  Aquarius ;  also,  one  of 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  winter  sol- 
stice: represented  on  ancient  monuments  by 
the  figure  of  a  goat,  or  a  figure  having  the  fore 


The  Constellation  of  Capricorn,  according  to  ancient  descriptions 
and  figures. 

part  like  a  goat  and  the  hind  part  like  a  fish.  Its 
symbol  is  W. —  2t.  [/.  c]  An  ibex;  a  steinbok. 
He  shew'd  two  heads  and  homes  of  the  true  capricorne, 
which  animal,  he  told  us,  was  frefjuently  klU'd  anumg 
the  monntaines.  Evelyn,  Diary  (1W6),  p.  189. 

Capricorn  beetles,  beetles  of  the  family  Ceramhucidce 
(wliich  see).  — Tropic  Of  Capricom.    See  tropic. 

capricornifyt  (kap-ri-kor'ni-fi),  r.  *.  [<  Capri- 
corn (with  allusion  to  horn,  v.)  +  -i-fi/.]  To 
horn;  cuckold.     [Low.] 

caprid  (kap'rid),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
C((prida'ov  Caprinic;  relating  to  a  goat;  hircine. 

Capridael  (kap'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Capra  + 
-idw.]  The  Caprina;  or  goat  tribe,  elevated  to 
the  rank  of  a  family  of  hoUow-horned  rumi- 
nants. 

Capridae-  (kap'ri-de),  n.pl.    Same  as  Caproidw. 

caprificate  (kap'ri-fi-kat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
eititriUcated,  ppr.  caprificatiny .  [<  L.  capriji- 
catns,  pp.  of  eaprificare :  see  caprify.]  To  ripen 
by  caprilication;  caprify. 

caprification  (kap"ri-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  L. 
caprificatio(n-),  <  eaprificare:  see  cajmfi/.]  A 
process  intended  to  accelerate  the  ripening 
of  the  fig,  and  to  improve  the  fruit,  it  consists 
in  susnen.iiiig  tiranclies  of  the  wild  fig  (see  capriliq)  in 
till'  LUltivatc.l  trees,  and  subjecting  the  fruit  to  t'li'e  at- 
tacks of  the  gall  insects  which  are  thus  introduced.  The 
inacticc  is  one  of  great  antiquity,  Imt,  tliougli  still  fol- 
lowed in  many  localities,  is  of  very  doubtful  utility. 
Ciiprilication  is  also  clfectcd  by  planting  an  occ!isi<inal 
wild  Itg  .among  the  others.  In  some  jHirtions  of  France 
the  same  object  is  attained  by  toucliing  a  drop  of  oil  to 


caprimulgine 

the  orifice  of  the  fruit,  by  which  its  ripening  is  hastened 

nearly  a  week. 

caprificus  (kap-ri-fi'kus),  n.  [L.,  the  wilii  fig- 
trco,  lit.  'goat-fig,'  <  coper  (cajir-),  a  goat,  -i- 
fi<-us,  fig:  see  eapcr^  and _/(/■/•]     The  caprifig. 

caprifig  (kap'ri-fig),  n.  [<  L.  caprificus,  a  wild 
fig,  the  second  element  being  accom.  to  E. 
fit):  see  caprificus.]  The  uncultivated  male 
form  of  the  common  fig,  Ficm  Carica,  which 
is  practically  dioecious,  though  staniinate  and 
pistillate  flowers  are  found  upon  the  same  tree. 
The  fruit  of  the  caprifig  is  hard  and  useless,  but  is  the 
home  of  a  small  gnat-like  gall-insect,  Blaxtophai/a  yrutt- 
Hwum,  which  in  escaping  from  the  orifice  covers  itself 
with  pollen  ami  thus  becomes  a  means  for  effecting  the 
fertilization  of  the  edilile  fig.    See  caprification. 

caprifolet,  caprifolyt  (kap'ri-fol,  -fo-li),  n.  [= 
I),  kamperfoilie  =  Dan.  kaprifolium  =  F.  cherre- 
fcuille  =  It.  caprifotjlio,i.  ML.  eajiri/olium,  wood- 
bine, honeysuckle:  see  caprifolium.]  Wood- 
bine; honeysuckle. 

There  was  a  pleasaunt  Arber,  not  by  art 
But  of  the  trees  owne  inclination  made,  ,  ,  . 
With  wanton  yvie  twine  entrayld  athwart, 
And  Eglantine  and  Capri.fotc  emong. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  III.  \i.  44. 

Caprifoliaceae  (kap-ri-fo-li-a'se-e),  «.  ;(/.  [NL., 

<  Caprifolium  +  -acew.]  A  natural  order  of 
monopetalous  dicotyledons,  allied  to  the  Ruhi- 
aeece.  it  includes  a  number  of  erect  or  twining  shrubs 
and  herbaceous  plants,  comprising  the  honeysuckle,  elder, 
viburnum,  and  snowberry.  The  characteristics  of  the 
order  are  opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  an  inferior 
ovary,  4  or  5  stamens  uijon  the  tube  of  the  regular  or 
in-egular  corolla,  and  the  fruit  usually  a  berry  or  drupe. 
Many  species  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  but  the  order 
is  utlieiwisc  nf  little  value. 

caprifoliaceous  (kap-ri-fo-li-a'shius),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Caprifoliacece. 

caprifolium  (kap-ri-fo'li-um),  «.  [ML.,  wood- 
bine, houeysuekle,  lit.  'goat-leaf,'  <  L.  caper 
{capr-),  a  goat,  +  folium,  leaf:  see  caper'^  and 
Ji/iVl.  Sometimes  en-oneously  explained  as  for 
*capparifolium,  <  L.  capparis,  caper,  -f  folium, 
leaf,  with  ref.  to  the  likeness  of  its  leaf  to  that 
of  the  caper:  see  caper".]  1.  Woodbine  or 
honeysuckle. — 2.  {cap.]  A  section  of  the  nat- 
lu'al  order  Caprifoliacea;  including  the  trum- 
pet honeysuckle,  the  yellow  honeysuckle,  and 
the  American  woodbine. 

caprifolyt,  "•     See  eaprifole. 

capriform  (kap'ri-foi-m),  a.  [<L.  caper  (capr-), 
a  goat,  -1-  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  of 
a  goat,  or  of  something  belonging  to  a  goat; 
goat-like:  as,  capriform  horns. 

caprify  (kai)'ri-f3),  r.  1.\  pret.  and  pp.  eaprified, 
ppr.  caprifi/inff.  [<  ME.  caprificn,  <  F.  as  if 
*caprifier  =  Sp.  caprihigar  =  Pg.  caprificar,  <  L. 
eaprificare,  subject  figs  to  the  stinging  of  the 
gall-insect,  <  caprificus,  the  wild  fig-tree:  see 
caprificus.]  To  subject  to  caprification  (which 
see). 

In  Ju>'n,  as  sonne  is  hiest,  to  caprifie 

The  fig-tree  is.  that  is  to  signifie 

The  figges  grene  of  caprifigtree  rende 

With  tree  made  like  a  sawe  on  hem  suspende. 

Falladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  125. 

caprigenous  (kap-rij'e-nus),  a.  [<  L.  caprige- 
nus,  <  caper  (capr-),  a  goat,  +  -genus,  -born: 
see  -genous.]  Produced  by  a  goat;  belonging 
to  the  goat  kind. 

Caprimulgidae  (kap-ri-mul'ji-de),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Cajirimulgus  +  -iiUc]  A  family  of  fissi- 
rostral  cypseliform  non-passerine  birds,  of  the 
conventional  order  Picarice;  the  goatsuckers 
or  night-jars.  They  are  chiefly  of  nocturnal  or  cre- 
puscular haliits,  have  a  broad,  flattened  head,  large  eyes 
and  ears,  and  a  very  small  bill  with  deeply  cleft  rictus 
generally  provided  with  long  bristles.  They  have  very 
small  feet,  frcquentlyof  auabnormal  number  of  phalanges, 
the  hind  tnu  being  short  and  usually  elevated,  the  front 
toes  wet.itied  at  tile  base,  and  the  middle  claw  usually  pec- 
tinate. Their  plumage  is  sidt  and  lax.  and  the  wings  and 
tail  are  variable  in  development.  There  are  about  14 
genera  and  upward  of  100  species,  of  the  temperate  and 
tropical  jiortioiis  of  botll  hemispheres.  They  are  divided 
into  4  siibfainilies.  Podaryince,  Steatornithiiife,  Xyctibii- 
utv,  and  Caprimiityince. 

Caprimulginae  (kap'ri-mul-ji'ne), «.;)?.    [NL., 

<  I  'aprimuliiKs  +  -ina:]  The  typical  subfamily 
of  Caprimulijidir,  including  the  true  goatsuck- 
ers and  niglit-jars.  These  birds  are  of  nocturnal  or 
crepu.sctilar  Iciliits.  insectivorous,  and  in  temperate  coun- 
tries migratory  ;  the  young  are  downy  at  birth,  contrary 
to  the  rule  among  Altricetf.  The  Caprintuhjiiuv  are  very 
generally  distriluited  in  both  lieniispheres.  Caprinnd- 
yus,  the  leading  genus,  is  confined  to  the  old  world. 
Leading  American  genera  are  yyctidromus,  Antrontumus, 
and  Chordeiles,  See  cuts  under  Antrottomus  and  yoat- 
socl:cr. 

caprimulgine  (kap-ri-mul'jin),  a.  and  n.     I.  a. 

Of  or  pertainiug  to  the  Caprimulgidw  or  the 
genus  Caprimulgus. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Caprimulgida' ;   a  bird  of 
the  goatsucker  family. 


I 


1 


Caprimulgus 


809 


Capsidae 


Far  over  tlio  liiHn»y  aia i.f  lieads may  li(!  sccn  Rascality  capiOyl  (kap'ro-il),  » .     [  <  rdjiroi 
opnodHi/oiihursfBtroni  lluTi.yal  »'»il-  ,     .,  iXn,  matter.  I    'riio  radical  (CnH 

CarUjU:  Lrcnch  Rev.,  I.  vi.  10.      ^Jjj  ^^^^  Us  derivatives. 


■(ijiro(ic)  +  -ijl,  (.  Gr. 
1^0)  of  caproic 


CaprimulgUS  (kap-ri-murf;us),  ii.  [Ij.,  a  milk- 
er of  goats;  also  a  bird  so  called,  the  goat- 
sucker (soo  anatswhvr) ;  ^  Cfipcr,  fern,  criprri,  a  .      .  ,,      ,  .       ,,  r/r  •       /„  j\      " — .-. ,_ —  ,    ,   ,       ,, 

goat,  +  m,4ore  =  E.  milk.]     The  typical  and  capnped  (kap  ri-pod)  «     [<  L  caprq,esj-pc(l.)    c^pryl  (ka,,'ril),  ».     [<  «,;„■(«■)  +  -;/  .] 
^      '       ■       ■■'  ,.-■,,•',.,        <  ciiiwr{r<ii,r-),  a.  goat,  +  pes  {prd-)z=E.  foot.]     ^ranie  radical  (('sUn)  n 

Having  feet  like  those  of  a  goat.  

capritcht,  «.  See  cnprUhv. 
caprizant  (kap'ri-zaut),  a.  [<  F.  cnprisant  = 
Pg.  caprizantc  =  It.  cnpi'iz:antc,  <  ML.  capri- 
£aii{t-)s,  ppr.  of  *mpriz(trc,  leap  like  a  goat, 
<  L.  caper,  a  goat.  Cf.  cnjiricc]  Leaping :  used 
of  the  pulse  when  it  seems  to  leap,  an  impcr-  , 

feet  dilatation  of  the  artery  being  succeeded  capsal  (kap  sal),  «.    [A  c 
■'  A  capstan;  speeihcally,  ii 


most  e.xtonsive  genus  of  goatsuckers,  of  tli 
subfamily  ('<ipriiinilf/i>i(r,  formerly  contermi- 
nous willi  the  family  CaprimiihjiiUv,  but  now 
commonly  restricted  to  species  strictly  con- 
generic with  tlio  European  goatsucker,  night- 
jar, night-chuiT,  or  fern-owl,  t'apriniiiUjKs  ciiro- 
JHi'H^s.  Iti  this  .'irccpliition  i)t  the  freiius,  luine  of  the 
sjiecies  are  Ann-iir:iii,  the  American  whippooruills,  etc., 
liein;;  luiw  usually  incluiied  in  the  mentis  Antnififomus. 
Tilt  re  ale  ujiuanl  <if  oO  species  of  Capriiind'jut!  proper. 

caprin,  caprine-  (kap'rin),  n.  [<  capr{ie)  + 
-in-,  -iiic".]  A  substance  found  in  butter, 
which,  with  butjTiii  and  caprone,  gives  the  but- 
ter its  peculiar  taste  and  odor.  It  is  a  com- 
pound of  eaprie  acid  and  glycerin,  or  a  caprate 
of  glycerin. 

Caprina  (ka-pn'na),  n.  [NL.,  fern,  of  L.  <•«- 
jiriini.'i,  relating  to  a  goat;  in  allusion  to  the 
shell,  which  resembles  a  goat's  horn.]  A  ge- 
nus of  fossil  bivalve  mollusks  of  the  Creta- 
ceous period,  by  some  regarded  as  a  member 
of  the  Jludishc',  or  family  Ilippuritida,  and  by 
others  as  the  typo  of  a  family  ('(ipriitiila: 

Caprinae  (ka-pri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Caprn  + 
-ilia.]  The  goat  tribe  considered  as  a  subfam- 
ily of  Biifiiliv,  characterized  by  having  horns 
which  are  subangular  in  section,  curved  back- 
ward, with  an  anterior  rectilinear  ridge  con- 
tinuous around  the  convex  ctu've. 

caprine^  (kap'rin),  a.  [<  L.  caprinus,  <  caper 
(capr-),  a  goat:  see  capcr^.]    Like  a  goat;  hir- 


by  a  fuller  one. 


An  or- 

ot  existing  in  the  free 
state,  but  found  in  a  number  of  compounds. 
caprylic  (ka-pril'ik),  a.    [<  capryl  +  -ic]     Re- 
lated to  or  containing  the  radical  capryl,  Cg 

Hi  7 Caprylic  acid, ('-llir,<'<>. on,  a  volatile  fatly  acid 

found  coinlTimd  as  an  etlur  in  cows'  hutter,  and  in  much 
larsier  i|uantity  in  coc-oanut-oil.  At  ordinaiy  tempera- 
tures it  is  a  liijuid,  solulile  in  h.iilinj;  water. 

[A  corruption  of  cn;w«nH.] 

among  American  lura- 


[<  capro{ic)  +  -ateK]     bermeii,  a  r.mghcapstan  built  on  a  raft 


caproate  O^ro^  ^^'^^^^^^i^  Capsaria  (ka.^Jsa'ri^a),  «■  ^j^^^tM.  <  ^^<^ 
■'  '  +  -ana.]     A  division  of  heteropterous  insects 


\  salt  for 

cap-ro^'ckTkap'rok),  n.    In  Icad-nnninp,  a  stra-  containing  broadly  ovate  iof^-^f;^^"^^ 

tum  immediately  .nider  which  the  lead-bearing  cap-SCreW  ( kap'skro),_  ,t.     ^  screw-bolt  ^v  >th 

crevices  begin  t6  widen  and  become  productive,  a  cnbica    head,  used  in  securing  the  ends  of 

[Lead  regions  of  the  upper  Mississippi.]  steam-cUuHtcrs.                                    „  „„„o^!nn. 

ckproiC  (Ua-pr6'ik),«.^    [<   c«y.TO-,   assumed  ^ap-SCUttle  (kap'skuta)   ,^     J^««^   a  coyerm^ 

stem  of  L.  cnpcr,  a  goat,  +  -id]     Of  or  per-  toi' ;^  hatch  made  so  as  to  fit  over-  the  outside 

taining  to  a  goat ;  dirived  from  a  goat.     Also  ."f  the  coaming,  to  keep  out  water 


cine;  pertaining  to  the  Caprina;. 

Tlieir  physiognomy  is  canine,  vulpine,  caprine. 

Bp.  Uaudeii,  Life  of  Up.  Brownrigg,  p.  236. 

caprine",  "•     See  caprin. 

Caprinella  (kap-ri-nel'a),  n.  [Nl,.,  dim.  of  Ca- 
priiiii,  q.  v.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Capriiitllittu'. 

Caprinellidae  (kap-ri-nel'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Caprinella  +  -ido:.]  A  family  of  fossil  bivalve 
molhisks,  typified  by  the  genus  Caprinella.  The 
typical  forms"  have  a  suliconical  right  valve  witli  a  liga- 
meiital  fiuTow  on  its  convex  side  and  a  large  hinge-tooth 
supported  by  an  oblique  plate,  while  the  left  valve  is 
spiral  and  provided  with  two  teeth,  of  which  the  antericir 
is  borne  on  a  plate  that  loiiuitiidinally  traverses  the  uiii- 
bonal  cavity.  By  some  the  spii  ii  s  are  referred  to  the  Hip- 
imrilida',  and  by  otliers  to  tile  Cluiiniilw.  They  lived  dur- 
ing the  Cretaceous  epoch. 

caprinic  (ka-prin'ik),  a.  [<  capirin.  +  -ic.] 
iSamo  as  eaprie. 

Caprinidse  (ka-prin'i-de),  V.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
prina +  -('(/((■.]  A  family  of  extinct  bivalve 
mollusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Caprina,  to 
which  different  limits  have  been  given.  By  some 
it  is  restricted  to  the  genus  Caprina  ;  by  otliers  it  is  e\- 
tendeil  to  embrace  tlie  genera  Cajiriiia,  Capriiulla,  and  Ca- 
prutiiia.     All  tile  species  lived  in  the  Cretaceous  seas. 

capriole  (kap'ri-61),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
eapriiil,  eaprioll,  capreall  (whence  by  abbr. 
caper:  see  eaper'^),  also  later  cabriole  (and  Sc. 
caprej) ;  =  D.  eapriool  =  (i.  eaprialc  =  Sw.  l;a- 
priol  =  Dan.  kapriolc,  <  E.  capriole  (16th  cen- 
tury), now  cabriole  =  Sp.  Pg.  eabriola,  <  It.  ea- 
pri'nla,  also  eavriola,  carriuola,  a  caper,  capriole, 
frisk,  leap,  lit.  a  leap  like  that  of  a  kid  or  goat, 
<  capriolo,  earriolo,  m.,  eapriola,  eavriola,  f.,  a 
kid,  a  fawn  (Florio),  also,  without  dim.  force, 
a  wild  goat,  a  roebuck,  =  Cat.  Pr.  cubirol  = 
OF.  chevcrol,  eherroil,  F.  cherrenil,  m.,  OF.  clie- 
vrollc,  chcvreullc,  f.,  <  L.  capreohts,  m.,  LL.  ca- 
prcola,  f.,  ML.  also  c.apriolit.%  eapriola,  a  wild 
goat,  roebuck,  roe :  see  cn;ireo?H«  and  m;)crl.  Cf. 
F.  eapriot,  n.,  eaprioter,  v.,  caper  (Cotgi-ave).] 

1.  A  caper  or  leap,  as  in  dancing;  a  sudden 
bound ;  a  spring.     [Archaic] 

With  lofty  turues  and  capriols  in  the  ajTe 
Wliich  with  the  lusty  tunes  accordeth  faire. 

Sir  J.  Daoies,  Dancing,  st.  68. 

His  teeth  doc  eapev  whilst  he  eates  his  meat, 
His  heeles  doe  caper  w  liilst  he  takes  his  scate ; 
His  very  soule,  liis  intellectual. 
Is  nothing  but  a  mincing  capreall. 

Mansion,  .Scourge  of  \  lUame,  xi. 
Permitting  no  capriolci  of  fancy,  but  with  scope  enough 
for  the  outbreak  of  savage  instincts. 

Umvtkomi;  Blithedale  Romance,  ix. 

2.  In  the  mandge,  an  upward  spring  or  leap 
made  Tiv  a  horse  without  advancing,  the  hind 
legs  being  jerked  out  when  at  the  height  of  the 
leap.— 3t.  A  kinil  of  head-dress  worn  by  women. 

capriole  (kap'ri-61),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capri- 
oled, ppr.  caprialintt.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
capreall,  anil  by  abbr.  caper  (see  caper'^) ;  <  F. 
eabrinler  =  Sp!  Pg.  eabriolar,  <  It.  eaprinlarc, 
caper,  leap;  from  the  noun:  see  capriole,  «.] 
To  execute  a  capriole  ;  leap ;  skip. 


capronic Caproic  acid,  Celli/io,  the  sixtli  in  the 

series  of  fatty  acids,  a  clear  mobile  oil  wliicli  together 
with  eaprie  acid  may  be  prepared  from  butter,  from  co- 
coanut-oil,  and  from  various  other  sources ;  its  salts  are 
termed  caproates.  It  is  a  mobile  lluid,  colorless,  inllam- 
mable,  and  has  a  very  acid  and  penetrating  taste. 

caproid  (kap'ro-id),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Caproida: 
II.  H.   A  fish  of  the  family  Caproida. 

Caproidae  (ka-pro'i-do),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Capro.i 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  aeanthopterygian  fishes, 
represented  by  the  genus  Capros,  and  related 
to  the  Zenidw.  They  have  a  compressed  body,  project- 
ing snout,  very  protractile  upper  jaw,  ctenoid  scales,  and 
many  vertebrie.  The  principal  species  is  the  Capros  aper 
or  hoar-flsh.    Also  Capridce.    See  cut  under  boar-fish. 

Both  the  Zenidte  and  the  Caproida  exhibit  a  very  sin- 
gular mode  of  locomotion.  This  is  to  a  large  extent  ef- 
fected by  a  scarcely  perceptible  vibratory  motion  of  the 
diirsal  and  anal  fills,  and  they  are  thus  enabled  to  steal 
upon  their  victims  unnoticed.    Stand.  Nat.  Ilist.,  III.  209. 

capromyan  (kap-ro-mi'an),  n.  [<  Capromijs  + 
-an.]  A  rodent  quadruped  of  the  group  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Cupromijs. 

Capromys  (kap'ro-mis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kcnrpo^, 
a  wild  boar  (cf.  L'.  caper,  a  goat :  see  caper^),  + 
five:  =  E.  moii.'ic.]  A  genus  of  hystricomorphic 
rodent  mammals,  of  the  family  Oetodontidw  and 
subfamily  Echinomijinw,  or  hedgehog-rats,  pe- 
culiar to  the  island  of  Cuba,  where  two  species 
occur,  ('.  pilorides  and  C.  prchcnsilis,  called  re- 
spectively the  kuiia-conga  ov  pilori-rat  and  the 
liutia-carabali. 

caprone  (kap'ron),  n.  [<  caproic)  +  -one]  A 
clear  colorless  oil  obtained  from  butter,  and  to 
which  with  caprine  the  peculiar  flavor  of  butter 
is  partly  due.     It  is  a  ketone  of  caproic  acid. 

capronic  (kap-ron'ik),  a.  [<  caprone  +  -ic] 
Same  as  caproic. 

Capros  (kap'ros),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Koirpof,  a  wild 
boar,  also  a  sea-fish.]  A  genus  of  aeanthop- 
terygian fishes,  of  the  family  Carangidte,  or  the 
tyiie  of  a  distinct  family  Cdproidw.  C.  aper  is 
the  boar-fish.  Lacepede,  1804.  See  cut  under 
boar-fish. 

Caprotina  (kap-ro-ti'nii),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  Capro- 
tina,  a  cognomen  of  Jiino.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
bivalve  mollusks,  considered  by  some  to  bo  tj-pi- 
cal  of  a  family  Caproiinidw. 

Caprotinidae  (kap-ro-tin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Caprotina  +  -idtc]  A  family  of  fossil  bivalve 
mollusks,  tTOified  by  the  genus  Caprotina.  Tlie 
valves  are  neaVly  alike  in  form,  but  dissimilar  ill  sculpture, 


Cap-shore  (<i). 


Right  V.-IIVC. 


Caprotina  striata. 


a, a',  positions  of  .idductor  muscles;  c.  c,  cartilage-pits;  /.  /.  lig.v 
mental  inflections;  t,  /'.teeth. 

the  right  being  striated  or  ribbed,  and  the  left  Hat  or  convex 
with  a  imirginal  umbo.  The  interior  is  sliown  in  the  an- 
nexed cuts.  The  species  have  been  lefcrreil  variously  to 
the  families  llippurilidir,  Cliainidte,  mui  Caprinida;  all 
are  confined  t^)  the  Cretaceous  seas. 
Caprovls  (kap'ro-^^s),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  caper,  a 
goat,  +  oris,  a  sheep,  =  E.  en-e.]  A  subgenus  of 
the  genus  (Iris,  including  several  species  of  wild 
sheep,  as  the  moufflon  of  Sardinia  and  Corsica 
and  the  argali  of  Asia.     See  cut  under  urgali. 


Capsella  (kap-scl'il),  «.  [L.,  a  small  box  or 
coffer,  dim.  of  capsa,  a  box:  see  ca.ic'^.]  A 
small  genus  of  cruciferous  plants;  shepherd's- 
purse  (which  see). 

cap-sheaf  (kap'shef),  n.  1.  The  top  sheaf  of  a 
stack  of  grain;  thecrowner.  Hence  —  2.  Fig- 
uratively, the  summit ;  the  extreme  degree  of 
anything:  as,  this  letter  is  the  cap -sheaf  oi  his 
impudence. 

.Success  in  foreign  commerce  will  be  the  cap-sheaf,  the 
crowning  glory,  of  Philadelphia. 

Buchanan,  in  Curtis,  II.  29. 

cap-shore  (kap'shor),  71.    Naut.,  a  small  spar 
supporting  the  forward  edge  of  the  cap  of  a 
lower  mast. 
capsicin,  capsicine  (kap'si- 

siii),  ».  [<  Capsicum  + -in^, 
-inc-.]  An  active  principle 
(C9H14O2)  obtained  from 
the  fruit^of  several  species 
of  the  genus  Capsicum,  ap- 
pearing in  colorless  crys- 
tals and  extremely  acrid.  It 
is  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  fonns 
cryslidlizable  s,alts  with  acetic,  ni- 
tiir,  am'  nlphuric  acids. 
Capsicum  (kap'si-kiun),  n. 
[NL.  (so  called  from  the 
shape  of  the  fniit),  <  L. 
etipsa,  a  box :  see  case".] 
1.  A  genus  of  herbace- 
ous or  shrubby  South 
American  plants,  natm-al 
order  Solanacca;  with  a 
wheel-shaped  corolla,  pro- 
jecting and  converging  stamens,  and  a  many- 
seeded  ben'y.  Many  of  the  species  are  very  exten- 
sively cultivated  for  their  fruit,  which  contains  an  ex- 
ceedingly pungent  principle,  capsicin.  The  fruit  or  pod 
is  llesliy  and  very  variable  in  shape  and  color,  some- 
times inflated  ami  as  large  as  an  orange.  It  is  used  for 
pickles,  sauces,  etc.,  and  also  in 
medicine  as  a  valuable  local  and 
genenal  stimulant.  Cayenne  or 
red  pepper  consists  of  the  ground 
pods  of  various  species,  especially 
of  C.  /astic/ialum,  the  African  or 
Guinea  i)eppcr,  or  spur-peppcr, 
and  of  the  common  red  pepper  of 
the  garden,  C.  annuum.  The 
pods  of  both  of  these  species 
are  also  known  as  chillicn,  and 
before  they  arc  ground  its  pod 
peppers.  C.  baccatumis the  Iicrry- 
bearing  capsicum,  or  bird-pepper, 
and  C.  fnilinisiiin  is  the  goat-pep- 
per. Tlie  bonnet-pepper,  C.  tetra- 
(jonnui,  has  a  large  and  very  lleshy 
"fruit,  and  is  much  cultivated  in 
the  West  Indies.  The  cherry-pep- 
per, C.  cerasi/orme.  with  small 
round  fruit,  is  sometimes  culti- 
vated for  ornament.  The  bell-pepper  is  a  large-podded 
variety  of  C.  annuum,  of  which  there  are  many  varieties. 
2.  II.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus  or  its  fruit. 
capsid  (kap'sid),  n.  One  of  the  Capsiilw. 
Capsidae  (kap'si-de),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cap.ius  + 
-ida:]  A  family  of  heteropterous  hemipterous 
insects,  of  the  series  Geocores  or  land-bugs, 
tyiJified  by  the  genus  Capsus,  and  founded  by 
Wcstwood  in  1840.  It  is  of  large  extent,  conUiining 
many  small  prettily  colored  species  of  convex  form.  Tlie 
antenna;  are  long,  often  witli  the  second  joint  thickened 
at  the  tip,  and  very  slender  terminal  joints ;  the  labrnm  is 
long;  ocelli  are  wanting;  the  legs  are  long  and  slender, 
with  .'i-jointeil  tiU-si  sometimes  i>rovided  with  pulvilli. 
The  females  h.ave  a  long  slender  ovipositor  received  in  a 
slit  under  the  abdomen.  They  are  active  bugs,  and  sub- 
sist on  the  juices  of  plants  and  trees ;  some  .are  particu- 
larly f<ind  of  ripe  fruit.  Several  gmups,  corresponding 
more  or  less  nearly  with  Cnjwitte,  are  ciilled  Capsaria, 
Capsida,  Capsina,  and  Capsini. 


Red  Pepper 
(CapsicttM  annuum). 


cap-sill 

cap-sill  (kap'sil),  H.  The  upper  horizontal  beam 

ill  till'  timbor-framiiiR of  a  briilRe,  viaiUict,  etc. 
Capsina  (kai>-si'iiii).  u.pl.     [NL.,  <  Cainus  + 

-iiKi.]    A  group  of  heteropterous  insects.     See 

Capsitla: 
capsize  (kap-siz'),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capsized, 

ppr.  cajtsi^int/.     [Origin  unknown ;  tlie   Dau. 

kapsejsc  is  from  E.]     I.  iiilriiiis.  To  turn  over 

or  upset :  as,  take  care  that  the  boat  does  not 

capsi::e. 
Tlie  boat  swept  sheer  over  the  dam  with  all  on  board, 

flUhig  and  capsizing  instantly. 

J.  T.  Trowbridge,  Coupon  Bonds,  p.  299. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  upset;  overturn  (a  boat  or 

vessel). 

Wiat  if  carrjing  sail  capsize  the  boat? 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ix.  18. 

2.  To  move  (a  hogshead  or  other  vessel)  for- 
ward by  tm-ning  it  alternately  on  the  heads. 
Halliwdl.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
capsize  (kap-siz'),  H.     [<  capsi:c,  i-.]     An  up- 

sit  :  au  overturn. 
cap-square  (kap'skwSr),  ?i.  In  gun.,  one  of  the 
strong  plates  of  iron  or  brass  which  are  fitted 
over  the  trunnions  of  a  gun  and  secure  it  on 
the  carriage.  See  cut  under  gun-carriage. 
capstan (kap'stan),  H.  [Formerly  also  e«;Mto;!«, 
cupstand  (simulating  stand),  capstern  (simiilat- 
ing  stern),  once  cnpstriug  (simulating  string), 
cupistcn,  caston  (dial,  capsal,  q.  v.);  =  MD. 
kapcstant,  D.  ka(q)stander  (simulating  kaap- 
slandcr,  a  lighthouse,  <  kaap,  MD.  kape,  =  E. 
cape-,  +  standcr,  axletree,  MD.  stander,  stan- 
daerd,  a  column,  pillar,  mill-post,  standard,  D. 
standaard,  a  banner,  =  E.  standard)  =  6.  kabe- 
stan,  <  F.  cabestan  =  Pr.  cabestan,  <  Sp.  cabe- 
strante,  usually  cabrestante  (=  Pg.  cabrestante) 
(simulating  cabra,  a  goat,  an  engine  for  throw- 
ing stones,  +  estantc,  a  shelf,  naut.  a  prop  of 
a  cross-beam,  as  adj.  fixed,  lit.  standing,  <  L. 
stan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  stare,  stand),  a  capstan,  prob. 
<  cabestrur,  <  L.  capistrnre,  tie  with  a  halter,  < 
capislruni  (>  Sp.  cabestro  =  Pg.  cabresto  =  It. 
capcstro  =  Pr.  cabestre  =  OF.  chevcstre,  F.  che- 
vetrc),  a  halter,  miizzle,  baud,  <  capere,  hold :  see 
capistrum  and  capable.']  An  apparatus  work- 
ing on  the  principle  of  the  wheel  and  axle, 
used  for  raising  weights  or  appljing  power.  It 
consists  of  an  upright  l)arrcl,  either  smuotli  or  having  ribs 
called  whelps,  which  are  arranged  about  a  spindle.   Above 

the  barrel  is  the 
capstan-head, 
which  has  holes 
to  receive  the 
ends  of  levers  or 
bars  by  which  the 
barrel  is  revolv- 
ed. At  the  bottom 
of  the  barrel  is  a 
pawl-head,  with 
pawls  to  catch  a 
ratchet-ring  or 
pawl-rim,  which 
is  secured  to  the 
floor  or  platform. 
A  capstan  ditfera 
from  a  windlass 
in  ha\ing  a  verti- 
cal instead  of  a 
horizontal  axis. 
The  capstan  em- 
ployed to  draw 
coal  from  pits  is 
usually  called  a 
gin,  and  when 
worked  by  horses  a  whim-gin.  On  board  ship  it  is  used 
for  weighing  the  anchor,  warping  ship,  etc. — Chinese 
capstan,  a  ditferential  device  for  hoisting  or  hauling.  It 
is  the  same  as  the  ditferential  windlass  (which  see,  under 
windtajii^).  except  that  its  axis  is  vertical. — Power-cap- 
Btan,  a  capstan  in  which,  by  the  application  of  cog-wheels, 
great  power  may  be  gained  at  the  expense  of  speed. — 
Steam-capstan,  a  capstan  turned  by  a  steam-engine. — 
To  come  up  with  the  capstan,  to  turn  it  the  contrary 
way.  su  as  to  slacken  tlie  rope  about  it.— To  heave  at 
the  capstan,  to  cause  it  to  turn  by  pushing  with  the 
brexst  against  the  bai-s.— To  man  the  capstan,  to  place 
the  sailors  at  it  in  readiness  to  heave.— To  pawl  the 
capstan,  to  fix  the  pawls  so  as  to  prevent  the  capstan 
from  recoiling.— To  rig  the  capstan,  to  prepare  it  for 
heaving  by  fixing  the  bars  in  the  holes  or  otherwise.— To 
surge  the  capstan,  to  slacken  the  rope  wound  round 
upon  it. 

capstan-bar  (kap'stan-biir),  n.  One  of  the 
lever.s,  generally  of  wood,  by  which  a  capstan 
is  turned — To  swifter  the  capstan-bars,  to  fasten  a 
small  rope  round  the  outer  ends  of  all  the  capstan-bars 
before  hearing  round,  so  that  they  cannot  be  accidentally 
unslui>ped. 

capstan-barrel,  ".    See  capstan. 

capstanet,  capstandt,  ».    See  capstan. 

capsternt,  ".     Sec  ca2)stan. 

capstone  (kap'ston),«.  1.  In  nrc/i.,  the  upper- 
most or  finishing  stone  of  a  structure,  as  of  a 
parapet,  a  turret,  etc.  Flat  capstones,  or  flags,  are 
often  laid  upon  walls  of  bricks  or  small  stones  to  protect 
the  joints  from  intlltration  of  water,  as  well  as  to  bind 
the  structure  together. 


,  capstan.head 
pawl: 


Capstan. 

*.  barrel ;  c,  pawl-riin  and 
;  ^,  capstan-bar. 


810 

2.  In  zool.,  a  fossil  eehinite  (sea-urchin)  of  the 
genus  I'lintdus:  so  named  from  its  resemblance 
to  a  cap. 

capstringt,  ».    See  capstan. 

capsula  (kap'su-la),  n.;  pi.  copsute  (-le).  [L.] 
Same  as  capsule. 

capsulaescic  (kap-su-les'ik),  a.  [<  L.  capsula 
(see  raj)f.-ulc)  +  wsc-ulus,  horse-chestnut  (see 
csculin),  +  -ic]     Derived  from  capsules  of  the 

horse-chestnut — Capaulsesclc  acid,  an  acid  found 

in  the  capsules  of  horse-chestimts. 

capsular  (kap'su-liir),  o.  [<  L.  capsula  (see 
cajisuk)  +  -arS.'i  Hollow,  like  a  chest  or  cap- 
sule ;  pertaining  to  or  having  the  structure  of 
a  capsule.— Capsular  artery,  the  middle  suprarenal 
artery.— Capslilar  ligament,  the  ligament  which  sur- 
rounds every  movable  articulation,  and  enntain.s  tlie  sy- 
novia like  a  bag.  See  diarttirosis. —  Capsular  vein,  the 
suprarenal  vein. 

capsulary  (kap'sii-la-ri).  a.     Same  as  capsidar. 

capsulate,  capsulated  (kap'su-lat,  -la-ted),  a. 
[<  capsule  +  -atel.]  Inclosed  in  a  capstUe,  or 
as  in  a  chest  or  box.     Also  cap.9ulcd. 

capsule  (kap'sul),  n.  [=  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  kapsel, 
<  F.  capsule  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  capsula,  <  L.  capsula, 
a  small  box  or  chest  (ef .  capsella),  dim.  of  capsa, 
a  box:  see  case^.]  l.  A  small  casing,  envelop, 
covering,  etc.,  natural  or  artificial,  usually  thin 
or  membranous ;  a  cover  or  container  of  some 
small  object  or  quantity  of  matter.  Specifi- 
cally—  2.  In  bot.,  a  dehiscent  pod  or  seed-ves- 
sel, either  membranous  or  woody,  composed  of 


Capsules,  after  dehiscence. 
a,  asphodel ;  i,  ar^emone ;  c,  violet. 

two  or  more  carpels,  which  at  maturity  becomes 
tlry  and  opens  by  regiUar  valves  corresponding 
in  number  to  the  carpels,  or  twice  as  numerous. 
The  term  is  sometimes  ajiplied  to  any  dry  dehiscent  fruit, 
and  even  to  the  spore-cases  of  various  cryptogamic  plants. 

3.  In  client. :  (a)  A  small  saucer  made  of  clay  for 
roasting  samples  of  ores,  or  for  melting  them. 
(6)  A  small  shallow  vessel  made  of  Berlin  ware, 
platinum,  etc.,  for  evaporations,  solutions,  and 
the  like. —  4.  In  anat.  and  zool.,  a  membrane 
or  ligament  inclosing  some  part  or  organ  as 
in  a  bag  or  sac ;  a  saccular  envelop  or  invest- 
ment :  as,  the  capsule  of  the  crystalline  lens  of 
the  eye  ;  the  capsule  of  a  joint,  as  the  hip. —  5. 
In  anat.,  some  part  or  organ  likened  to  a  cap- 
sule: as,  the  adi'enal  capsules. — 6.  In  Protozoa, 
the  included  perforated  test  of  a  radiolarian. — 
7.  In  entom.,  a  homy  case  inclosing  the  eggs 
of  an  insect,  as  those  of  the  cockroach.  Also 
called  ootheca. —  8.  A  cap  of  thin  metal,  such  as 
tin-foil,  put  over  the  mouth  of  a  corked  bottle 
to  preserve  the  cork  from  drying,  wine  of  good 
quality  when  bottled  was  formerly  sealed  with  wax  upon 
the  cork,  but  the  use  of  the  capsule  is  now  almost  univer- 
sal, the  grower's  or  dealer's  name  or  device  being  com- 
monly stamped  upon  it. 

9.  A  small  gelatinous  ease  or  envelop  in  which 
nauseous  medicines  are  inclosed  to  be  swal- 
lowed.— 10.  The  shell  of  a  metallic  cartridge  or 

of  a  fulminating  tube Adrenal  capsule,  an  ad- 

renal(which  see). — Atrabiliary  capsule,  the  suprarenal 
capsule,  or  adren.al.— Bonnet's  capsule,  the  posterior 
part  of  the  tunica  vaginalis  of  the  eye,  behind  the  point  of 
perforation  of  the  tendons  of  the  muscles  of  the  eyeballs. 

—  Bowman's  capsule,  tlie  capsule  of  a  Malpighian  body 
of  the  kidney.  — Capstile  Of  Glisson,  the  sheath  of  con- 
nective tissue  eiiveli'ijinL:  tlie  luaiiehes  of  the  port.al  vein, 
hepatic  artery,  ami  liepatir  diut  as  they  ramify  in  the  liver. 

—  Capsule  Of  the  kidney,  tlie  smooth  fibrous  memlu-ane 
clns(h  iinesting  the  kidney,  and  forming  its  outer  coat. — 
Capsule  of  the  lens,  the  transparent,  ehastic,  brittle,  and 
stnutureU'SS  membrane  inclosing  the  lens  of  the  eye. — 
Central  capsule,  the  capsule  of  a  radiolarian.— Exter- 
nal capsule,  the  layer  of  white  nervous  substance  be- 
tween the  elaustmra  and  the  putamen  of  the  brain. — In- 
ternal capsule,  the  layer  of  nerve-fibers  passing  upward 
in  the  l)rain  from  the  crura  cerebri  to  the  cortex,  between 
the  caudate  nucleus  and  the  optic  thalamus  on  the  one 
side  and  the  lenticular  nucleus  on  the  other. —  Marsupial 
capsule,  in  Pohjzoa  (or  Bn/uzna),  an  individual  of  a  colony 
serving  only  for  the  reception  of  ova. — Nidamental  cap- 
sule, in  conch,,  a  case  in  which  the  embryos  of  certain 
moUusks  are  contained. 

The  nidamental  rapxidfn  |of  the  whelk.  Buccinum]  are 
aggregated  in  roundisb  masses  which,  when  thrown  ashore 
and  drifted  by  the  wind,  resemble  corallines.  Each  cap- 
sule contains  five  or  six  young. 

S.  F.  Woodward,  Mollusca,  2d  cd.,  p.  2ia 


Captain 

Suprarenal  Capsiile,  a  small  flattened  body,  somewhat 
glandular  in  appearanre,  but  with  inrduet,  which  in  many 
aninial.s  sniiniiunts  the  ki<iney.  Also  called  suprarenal 
Imihi  and  ailniiat.  .See  cut  under  kidneg.  —  UrtiCatiDg 
capsule,  a  nematoeysl,  cnida,  or  thread-cell. 

capsuled  (kap'suld;,  a.     Same  as  capsulate. 

capsuliferous  (kap-su-lif'e-ms),  a.  [<  L.  cap- 
.f  1(1(1  (see  capsule)  +  j'crrc  =  E.  bear^.^  In  bot. 
and  :(i()l.,  bearing  capsules. 

capsuligerous  (kap-su-lij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  cap- 
sula (see  capsule)  +  gerefe,  bear.]  Same  as 
capsuliferous. 

capsulitis  (kap-su-U'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  capsula 
(see  cnjisulc)  -f-  -itis.l  Inflammation  of  the  cap- 
sule of  the  lens  of  the  eye. 

capsulogenous  (kap-su"-loj'e-nus),  a.  [<  L. 
capsula  (see  capsule)  +  -genus,  producing:  see 
-genous.']  Producing  a  cai)sule :  specificallj'  ap- 
plied to  certain  glands  of  earthworms,  opening 
on  the  surface  by  papillae  and  supposed  to  assist 
in  the  secretion  of  the  capsule  or  cocoon  of 
those  animals. 

capsulotomy  (kap-sii-lot'o-mi),  n.  [<  L.  cap- 
sula (see  capsule)  -i-  MGr.  ro/iia,  a  cutting:  see 
anatomy.']  In  surg.,  incision  of  the  capsule  of 
the  lens  of  the  eye. 

Capsus  (kap'sus),  n.  [NL. :  said  to  be  <  Gr. 
h(J-Tcii;  gulp  down  ;  cf.  lidfir,  a  gidping  down.] 
A  genus  of  insects,  tj-pical  of  the  family  C'ap- 
sidie,  founded  by  Fabricius  in  1803.  .\s  now  re- 
stricted, it  contains  bugs  usually  of  medium  size  and 
broadly  ovate  form,  with  moderate  or  narrow  neck,  per- 
fect wings  and  hemel>-tra,  and  second  antennal  joint  long- 
est and  clavate.     C  tri/asciatus  is  an  example. 

captt  (kapt),  J),  a.  [Pp.  of  cajA,  i'.]  Overcome 
in  argument. 

capt.  An  abbreviation  of  captain. 

captain  (kap'tan),  H.  and  a.  [<  ME.  captain, 
capitain,  -cin,  -eyn,  =  D.  kapitein  =  Dan.  kaptejn, 
kapitajn  =  Sw.  kapiten,  <  OF.  capitain,  capitaine 
(vernacular form e/ifcetai'Hf,  >E.  chieftain, q.v.), 
F.  capitaine  =  Pr.  ca2>itani  =  Sp.  capitnn  =  Pg. 
capitao  =  lt.  capntano,  <  ML.  capitaneus,  -anius, 
-anus,  a  captain  (also,  and  prop.,  an  adj.,  princi- 
pal, chief),  <.li. ca2>ut(capit-). head:  seeca2>itaP; 
etc.  Cf.  headman  and  hetnian.'}  I.  n.  1.  One 
who  is  at  the  head  of  or  has  authority  over 
others;  a  chief;  a  leader;  a  commander,  espe- 
cially in  military  affairs,  in  the  Bible  the  term  is 
applied  to  a  king  or  prince,  to  a  general  or  commander  of 
an  army,  to  the  governor  of  a  province,  etc. 

Captain  of  the  host  of  the  Lord.  Jos.  v.  14. 

Anoint  him  to  be  captain  over  my  people.    1  Sam.  ix.  16. 

Great  Mars,  the  captain  of  us  alL 

Shttk.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

Great  in  council  and  great  in  war, 

Foremost  captain  of  his  time. 

Teiini/aon,  Duke  of  Wellington. 
More  specifically — (a)  In  the  army,  the  officer  who  com- 
mands a  company,  whether  of  infantry,  cavalry,  or  artil- 
lery. (6)  In  the  navy,  an  officer  next  in  rank  above  a  com- 
mander, and  ranking  in  the  I'nited  States  service  with  a 
colonel,  and  in  the  British  with  a  lieutenant-colonel,  and 
after  three  years'  service  with  a  colonel,  in  the  army.  Offi- 
cers of  this  gi-ade  in  the  British  ser\ice  were  formerly  desig- 
nated post -captains,  (c)  The  commander  or  master  of  a 
merchant  vessel.  (/J)  In  some  of  the  public  schools  of  Eng- 
land, a  title  given  to  the  senior  scholar,  (e)  In  base-ball, 
rowing,  etc.,  the  head  or  leader  of  the  nine,  the  crew,  or 
the  body  of  players  on  one  side.  (/)  In  mining,  the  head 
man  or  superintendent  of  the  niinhig  operations ;  the  per- 
son who  directs  and  is  responsible  for  the  miners'  work.  As 
a  title,  often  abbreviated  capt. 

2.  A  name  commonly  given,  in  the  form  long- 
finned  cajitain,  to  the  fish  otherwise  known  as  the 
lanthorn  giu-nard.  —  Captain  en  piedt,  a  captain  kept 
in  pay,  that  is,  not  refonned.  See  captain  rc/ormed,  below. 
E.  Phillips,  1706.— Captain  of  the  poll,  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  England,  the  first  in  rank  among  those  who 
graduate  without  honors,  known  as  the  poUoi  or  poll. 

There  are  also  many  men  every  year  contending  for  the 
Captaincy  of  the  Poll,  some  fttr  the  honor,  such  as  it  is, 
others  because  it  will  help  them  to  get  Poll  pupils  after- 
w.ai-ds.  C.  A.  Bristed,  English  University,  p.  310. 

Captain  reformed!,  a  captain  who  upon  the  reducing 

of  forces  lost  his  company,  but  w.as  continued  as  eajitain, 
either  as  second  to  another  or  without  a  post.  .See  r.for- 
mado.  E.  Phillips,  1706.— Captains  of  tops,  captains 
of  the  forecastle,  captains  of  the  afterguard,  and 
captains  of  the  hold,  ratings  of  petty  officers  in  the 
I'nited  States  navy,  whose  duties  are  to  superintend 
the  men  in  their  diilereiit  tlepartments.- Fleet  captain, 
in  the  United  states  navy,  an  officer  temporarily  appointed 
by  the  Navj-  Department  to  act  as  chief  of  stalf  to  the  e^ini- 
mander-in-chief  of  a  fleet  or  sipiadron.  Also  called /n^- 
captain. 

Il.t  a-  [The  orig.  (ML.)  use,  but  in  E.  later 
than  the  noun  use.]  1.  Of  chief  rank,  excel- 
lence, or  value;  chief;  principal. 

Like  stones  of  worth  they  thinly  placed  are. 

Or  ca2>tain  jewels  in  the  carcanet.  Shak.,  Sonnets,  lii. 

2,  Of  commanding  character ;  fitted  to  lead. 

Why  then  women  are  more  valiant 
That  stay  at  home,  if  bearing  carry  it. 
And  the  ass  more  captain  than  the  lion. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iiL  5, 


captain 

captain  (kap'tan), «'.  <.  l<.ciipinin,ii.'}  To  act 
as  loader  to;  be  captain  over;  command. 

It  Wiis  iiatiinit  tliat  im-ii  who  captaitifd  or  at-eompanieil 
the  cxodiis  from  existiiij;  forms  ami  associutions  into  the 
doubtful  wiUieriicss  that  led  to  thu  prctini.scd  hind  shouhl 
find  more  to  tlicir  imrpost'  in  the  Ohl  Testament  than  in 
the  New.  Lowell,  Among  my  lioulis,  Ist  ser.,  p.  2;iS. 

captaincy  (kap'tau-si),  n.  [<  captain  +  -cy.] 
The  niiik.  post,  or  commission  of  a  captain. 

captaincy-general  (kap'tan-si-jen'e-ral), «. 
[<  nijilaiiinj  +  iiciicral.  Of.  Sp.  capitania  t/c- 
ncral.]  Tlio  ollico  or  jm'isdiction  of  a  captain- 
general;  spi'cilically,  one  of  tlio  military  divi- 
sioTis  of  Spain.     Also  captaiit-iicnrralcij. 

captainess  (kap'tan-es),  H.  [<  captafii  +  -ess. 
Vt.  cliiij'laiiics.t.]  A  female  commander.  [Rare.] 

Out !  traitor  Absence  !  Darest  tliou  counsel  nie 
From  my  dear  Captaiiip.s.t  to  run  away  ? 

Sir  I'.  Siitiie!/,  in  Arber's  Kng.  Garner,  I.  547. 

captain-general  {kap''tan-jen'e-ral),  n.  [<  coj,- 
tdiii  +  (ji  iitral.  Of.  Sp.  ciijiitan  general.']  Tlie 
commander-in-chief  of  an  army  or  of  the  mili- 
tia; specifically,  the  commander  of  a  military 
division  in  Spain. 

The  magnanimous  and  most  illustrious  .  .  .  captain- 
general  of  the  Grecian  army,  .Atfamennion. 

Stialc.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  3. 
[The  governor  of  Rhode  Island  is  l)y  title  captain-general 
and  c-onnnander  in-chief  of  the  military  and  naval  forces 
of  the  state.) 

captain-generalcy  (kap  "  tan  -  jen '  e  -  ral  -si),  n. 
[<  captain-gciiinil  +  -cy,]  Same  as  cdptaincy- 
ffrncraJ. 

captain-lieutenantt  (kap"tan-lu-ten'ant),  n. 
Formerly,  in  Great  Britain,  an  ofBcer  wSo,  with 
the  rank  of  captain  and  pay  of  a  lieutenant, 
commanded  a  company  or  troop.  The  first  or 
colonel's  company  of  a  regiment  of  infantry  was 
commanded  by  a  captain-lieutenant. 

captainlyt  (kap'tan-li),  a.  [<  captain  +  -/(/!.] 
Pi'rtaining  to  or  befitting  a  cuptain. 

captain-pasha,  capitan-paclia(kap"tan-,kap"- 

i-tau-pasli'ii),  n.  [<  captain  or  capitan  (repr. 
Turk,  qaptun  or  qapuddn  {kdj^tan,  kapmiun) 
-paxlid)  +  pasha:  see  cajitain  and  jiasiia.] 
Formerly,  the  colloquial  title  of  the  Turkish 
minister  of  marine,  and  of  the  chief  admiral  of 
the  Turkish  fleet.  Also  written  capndan-pasha. 
captainryt  (kap'tan-ri),  n.  [<  F.  capitainerie, 
<  ML.  capitancria,  captainship,  <  capitanns : 
see  captain.']  The  power  or  command  over  a 
certain  district;  chieftainship.  Spenser. 
captainship  (kap'tan-ship),  n.  [<  captain  + 
-sliiji.]  1.  The  olfiee  of  captain,  or  of  chief 
commander. 

Therefore,  so  please  thee  to  return  with  us, 
And  of  our  Athens  (thine  and  ours)  to  take 
The  caplaitwhiii.  Stialc.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  2. 

2t.  The  command  of  a  clan  or  government  of 
a  certain  district ;  chieftainship. 

To  diminish  the  Irish  lords  lie  did  abolish  their  .  .  . 
usurped  captainships.        5ir  ,/.  i>a  yw'*',  State  of  Ireland. 

3.  Skill  as  a  captain  or  leader:  as,  he  displayed 
good  captain.'iliip. 

captal  (kap'tal).  It.  [Pr.,<  L.  capitalis,  chief: 
see  (v/yj(7«?l.]  A  medieval  title  of  dignity  and 
military  authority  in  the  south  of  France :  as, 
the  Captal  de  Buch  fought  on  the  English  side 
in  fiaspony,  etc.,  under  Edward  III. 

Captantes  (kap-tan'tez),  «.  2il.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L. 
('<(/)/((»(/-)»■,  ppr.  of  captare,  take,  catch:  see 
caj>t<itii>n.]     Same  as  Raptorcs.     A.E.Brehm. 

captation  (kap-ta'sbou),  n.  [<  L.  captatio{n-), 
a  reaching  after  something,  <  captare,  pp.  eap- 
tatiis,  reach  after,  desire  eagerly,  allure,  frcq. 
of  capcre,  pp.  captus,  take,  seize:  see  capable.] 
It.  The  act  or  practice  of  gaining  favor  or  ap- 
plause by  flattery  or  addi-ess.  jLikon  Basilikc. 
—  2.  A  name  given  by  Descourtis  to  the  open- 
ing stage  of  the  hypnotic  or  mesmeric  trance. 
Sometimes  eaWed  fascination. 

caption  (kap'shon),  n.  [<  L.  cajitio(n-),  a  tak- 
ing, seizing,  fraud,  deceit,  fallacy,  <  capcre, 
pp.  cajitiis,  take :  see  capable]  1.  Seizure ;  eaj)- 
ture;  taking;  catching.  [Rare.]  — 2t.  Captious 
or  specious  arguments  or  caviling;  the  act  of 
caviling  or  taking  exception ;  sophism ;  quib- 
ble or  (luibbling. 

It  is  manifest  that  the  use  of  this  doctrine  is  for  eaptiun 
and  contradiction.    Bacnn,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 
I  beseech  you,  sir,  to  consider  with  what  strange  cap- 
tiont  you  have  gone  about  to  delude  your  king  and  coun- 
try. CltUlinijivorth.,  Kelig.  of  Protestants,  L  S. 

3.  The  act  of  taking  or  apprehending  by  a  ju- 
dicial process.  [Rare.] — 4.  In  law,  a  certili- 
cate  stating  the  time  and  place  of  executing  a 
commission  in  chancery,  or  of  taking  a  de]io- 
sition,  or  of  the  (inding  of  an  iiidietment,  and 
the  court  or  authority  before  which  such  act 


811 

was  performed,  and  such  other  particulars  as 
are  necessary  to  render  it  legal  and  valid,  writ- 
ten upon  or  attached  to  the  document  to  which 
it  relates. —  5.  Tlie  heading  or  title  of  a  legal  in- 
strumeiitorof  a  chapter,  article,  section,  or  page: 
as,  the  caption  of  Genesis  i. ;  an  editorial  under 
the  caption  "A  new  Force  in  Politics."  [U.  S.] 
—  Letters  of  caption,  in  Scuts  law,  a  writ  (now  obso- 
lete) issued  at  the  instance  of  a  creditor,  commanding  an 
officer  Ui  take  and  imprison  a  debtor  or  obligant  till  he 
pays  the  debt  or  performs  the  obligation.  Sec  lifirning. 
~  Process  caption,  in  Scots  law,  a  summary  warrant  of 
ineaveeration  for  the  purpose  of  forcing  back  a  process, 
that  is.  the  documents  or  any  document  belonging  to  a 
lawsuit,  which  may  have  been  unduly  and  contumaciously 
retaineil  by  the  party  whose  receipt  stands  tiierefor  in 
the  court  books. 

captious  (kap'shus),  a.  [<  F.  captieux  =  Pr. 
capcios  =  Sp.  Pg.  capcioso  =  It.  capsioso,  <  L. 
captiosiis,  deceptive,  fallacious,  sophistical,  < 
captio(n-),  deception,  fallacy,  so])hisin:  seeca;)- 
tion.  In  def.  3  associated  with  capacious  or 
capable,  in  the  orig.  sense  'taking':  see  cajm- 
cioiis.]  1.  Apt  to  notice  and  make  much  of  un- 
important faults  or  defects;  disposed  to  find 
fault  or  raise  objections ;  prone  to  cavil ;  diffi- 
cult to  please ;  faultfinding;  touchy:  as,  a caj> 
tious  man. 

A  vulgar  man  is  captious  and  jealous.  Chesterfield. 

A  captious  skeptic  in  love,  a  slave  to  fretfulncss  and 
whim  —  who  has  no  difficulties  but  of  his  own  creating  — 
is  a  subject  more  tit  for  ridicule  than  compassion. 

SlieriiUui,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 

2.  Proceeding  from  a  faultfinding  or  caviling 
disposition;  fitted  to  harass  or  perplex;  censo- 
rious; caqiing;  hence,  insidious ;  crafty:  as,  a 
captious  question. 

Cajittous  or  fallacious  ways  of  talking.  Locke. 

With  these  moditlcations  and  with  all  branches  of  the 
Government  in  political  harmony,  and  in  the  al)sencc  of 
partisan  incentive  to  en /Vi'u(/,v  obstruct  ion,  the  law  as  it  was 
left  by  the  amendment  of  1S(J'.)  w,is  much  less  destructive 
of  executive  discretion.    Applcton's  A  nn.  Cyc,  1886,  p.  244. 

3t.  Capable  of  receiving;  capacious. 

Yet,  in  this  captious  and  intenible  sieve, 
I  still  pour  in  the  waters  of  my  love. 

Shatc.,  All's  Well,  i.  3. 

4.  Insnaring ;  captivating.  [Bare  and  hiunor- 
ous.] 

Away  with  despair,  no  longer  forbear 
To  fly  from  the  captious  co<iuette. 

Byron,  Hours  of  Idleness. 
=  Syn.  1.  Captious,  Carping,  Caviling,  faultfinding,  hy- 
percritical, crabbed,  testy,  pettish,  splenetic,  all  express 
unainiable  temper  and  behavior,  with  wrongheadedness. 
(.'aptiou^  expresses  a  disposition  to  catcli  at  little  or  in- 
otfensive  things,  and  magnify  them  into  great  defects,  af- 
fronts, etc.  Carping  is  a  strong  word  noting  faultfinding 
that  is  both  unreasonable  and  unceasing ;  it  applies  more 
to  criticism  on  eonduet,  while  caviling  applies  to  objec- 
tions to  arguments,  opinions,  and  the  like :  as,  it  is  easier 
to  cavil  than  to  disprove.    See  petulant. 

He  frequently  found  fault,  was  captious,  and  seemed 
ready  for  an  outbreaking.         Frantdin,  Antobiog.,  p.  92. 
Avoid  the  censures  of  the  carpinq  world, 

Shak',  Kich.  III.,  in.  6. 
I  write  not  to  content  each  cavilling  brain. 
But  eyes  of  noblest  spirits. 

Ford,  l)ed.  of  Honour  Triumphant, 

captiously  (kap'shus-li),  a<h\  1.  In  a  cap- 
tious, critical,  or  faultfinding  manner. 

Use  your  words  .as  captiously  as  you  can,  in  your  arguing 
on  one  side,  and  apply  distinctions  on  the  other.      Locke. 

2.  So  as  to  catch  or  insnare ;  insnaringly ;  cap- 
tivatingly.     [Bare.] 

captiousness  (kap'shus-nes).  n.  The  quality 
(it  being  captious;  disposition  to  find  fault; 
inclination  to  object ;  peevishness. 

Captiousness  is  another  fault  opposite  to  eivilit.v. 

Locke,  Education,  §  143. 

captivancet,  »■  [Also  written  captirauncc ;  < 
L.  cii]itiran{t-)s,  ppr.  of  eaptirare,  take  captive  : 
see  captivate,  v.]     Captivity. 

At  length  he  spyde  whereas  that  wofuU  .S(iuyrc, 
Whom  he  had  reskewed  from  captivauiue 
Of  his  strong  foe,  lay  tomblcd  in  the  myre. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  45. 

captivate  (kap'ti-vat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cap- 
tiratrd,  ppr.  captirating.  [<  L.  captivatns,  pp. 
of  eaptirare,  take  captive,  <  captirus,  captive : 
see  captive,  a.  and  v.]  If.  To  seize  by  force, 
as  an  enemy  in  war,  or  anything  belonging  to 
an  enemy;  captm'e  ;  take  captive. 

The  FYench  king  captivated  to 
The  English  monarcke. 

Warner,  Albion's  England,  v.  2S. 
It  does  not  institute  a  magnitleent  auction  of  finance, 
where  captivated  provinces  come  to  general  ransom,  by 
bidding  against  each  other. 

liurke.  Conciliation  with  America. 

2t.  To  bring  into  bondage  ;  subdue ;  place  in 
subjection. 

I>et  us  Christian  men  grant  nothing  contrary  to  the 
Scripture,  but  ever  captivate  our  re:ison  unto  that. 

Fryth,  Works,  p.  18. 


captive 

He  deserves  to  be  a  slave  that  is  content  to  have  the 
liberty  of  his  will  so  captivated.  Kikon  IlasUike. 

(iod  uses  not  to  captivate  (a  man]  nmler  a  perpetunll 
childhood  of  prescription,  but  trusts  him  with  the  gift  of 
reason  Ui  be  his  own  chooser.    Milton,  Areopagitiea,  p.  17. 

3.  To  overpower  and  hold  by  excellence  or 
beauty;  cliaiTn  or  lure  by  any  means;  engage 
the  regard,  esteem,  or  affections  of;  fascinate. 

Anon  he  rears  upright,  curvets  and  leaps. 
As  who  should  say  "  Lo,  thus  my  strength  is  tried ; 
And  this  I  do  to  captivate  the  eye." 

Sliak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  I.  281. 

Wisdom  80  captivates  him  with  her  appearance  that  he 
gives  himself  up  to  her.  Addison,  Guardian. 

I  was  captivated  with  the  beauty  and  retirement  of  the 
place.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  514. 

It  is  not  merely  what  he  [Chaucer]  has  to  say,  but  even 
more  the  agreeable  way  he  h.asof  saying  it,  that  captivatet 
our  attention  and  gives  him  an  assured  place  in  litera- 
ture. Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  260. 

—  Syn.  3.  To  enslave,  enchant,  lead  captive,  enamour,  be- 
witch. 

captivatet  (kap'ti-vat),  a.  [<  L.  captivatus, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  Taken  captive ;  made  pris- 
oner ;  fascinated ;  insuared. 

What  though  I  be  enthrall'd?  .  .  . 

Tush !  women  have  been  captivate  ere  now. 

Sliak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 

captivating  (kap'ti-va-ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of 
captivate,  v.]  Having  power  to  engage  the  re- 
gard, esteem,  or  affections ;  winning ;  fasci- 
nating; bewitching. 

Her  understanding  excellent,  her  mind  improved,  and 
her  manners  captivating. 

Jane  Austen,  Pride  and  Prejudice,  p.  160. 

Captivation  (kap-ti-va'shon),  «.  [<  L.  capti- 
vatio{n-),  <  eaptirare,  take  eajitive:  see  capti- 
vate, v.]  The  act  of  captivating;  the  state  or 
condition  of  being  captivated. 

The  captivation  of  our  understanding. 

Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  21. 

captive  (kap'tiv),  a.  and  n.  [In  earlier  E. 
caitiff,  now  with  difi'erent  sense  (see  caitiff); 
=  F.  captif,  fem.  captive,  OF.  chetif,  etc.  (see 
caitiff),  =  Pr.  captiu,  eaitiu  =  OCa,t.  caitiu  =  OSp. 
captivo,  Sp.  catttii'O  =  Pg.  cativp,  captivo=  It. 
cattivo,  <  Li.  captivus,  a  captive,  prop,  adj.,  taken 
prisoner,  <  captus,  pp.  of  capcre,  take,  seize, 
captm'e,  etc.:  see  capable.]  I.  a.  1.  Made 
prisoner,  as  in  war;  kept  in  bondage  or  con- 
finement. 

\Mien  many  times  the  captive  Grecians  fall, 

Even  in  the  fan  and  wind  of  your  fair  sword. 

You  bid  them  rise  and  live.       Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  3. 

The  captive  bird  that  sings  within  thy  bow'r. 

Pope,  Summer,  1.  46. 

2.  Bound  or  held  by  other  than  physical  means, 
as  by  the  ties  of  love  or  other  passion ;  capti- 
vated. 

My  woman's  heart 
Grossly  grew  captive  to  his  honey  words. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  1. 

3.  Holding  in  confinement :  as,  captive  chains. 

—  Captive  balloon.  See  ballooni.—  lo  take  captive, 
to  capture  :  make  a  prisoner  of. 

II.  ».  1.  One  who  is  taken  prisoner,  espe- 
cially a  prisoner  taken  in  war  by  an  enemy; 
one  taken  and  kept  in  confinement. 

Like  captives  bound  to  a  triumphant  car. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  ^^.,  i.  1. 

2.  Figuratively,  one  who  is  charmed  or  sub- 
dued by  beauty  or  excellence,  by  the  lower 
passions  of  his  own  iiatm'e,  or  by  the  ^viles  of 
others ;  one  whose  affections  are  seized,  or  who 
is  held  by  strong  ties  of  love  or  any  other  pas- 
sion. 

Yet  hath  he  been  my  captive  and  my  slave. 

And  begg'd  for  that  which  thou  unask'd  .shalt  have. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  I.  101. 

=  Syn.  1.  Prisoner,  Captive.  The  word  7/rijto/ifr  emphasizes 
the  idea  of  restraint  of  liberty,  but  is  not  rhetorical  or  espe- 
cially associated  with  feeling:  the  pnVowerof  war  and  the 
prisoner  for  crime  may  be  shut  up  in  a  ]>rison,  kept  by 
guards  within  defined  limits,  or  given  a  restricted  liberty 
on  parole.  The  word  captive  suggests  being  completely  in 
the  power  of  another,  whether  confinedor  not ;  it  has  come 
to  be  a  rhetorical  word,  suggesting  helplessness  and  re- 
sulting unhappiness,  Cajiturcd  soldiei-s  under  guanl  are 
strictly  prisoners,  but  are  *>ften  and  properly  called  cap- 
tiveii.  When  we  speak  of  a  coptire  bird,  we  suggest  its 
longing  for  lilierty.  The  rights  and  interests  of  a  iirison- 
er  an  likely  to  be  respected,  but  ihecaptive  may  be  abused 
or  even  sonietimes  sold  into  slavery.  Scccaptivity. 
Come,  Sleep  :  O  Sleep  !  the  certain  knot  of  peace. 

The  baiting-place  of  wit,  the  balm  of  woe, 
The  poor  man's  wealth,  the  prisoner's  release, 
Th'  indifferent  judge  between  the  high  and  low. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Astrophel  and  Stella,  sL  39. 
Go,  see  the  captive  bartered  as  a  slave ! 
Crushed  till  his  high,  heroic  spirit  bleeds. 

Rogers,  Pleasures  of  Memory,  it 

captive  ikap'tiv),  i:  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  captived, 
ppr.  eaptiviny.     [=  F.  captivcr  =  'Ft.  caplivar  = 


captive 

Sp.  cauiivar  =  'Pg.  catirar,  captivar  =  \t.  catii- 
varc,  <  L.  captivarc  (soe  rajilivatc,  v.),  <  captiriis, 
captive:  see  captive,  a.  and  «.]  If.  To  make 
captive ;  bring  into  subjection. 

Captio'd  etonmlly  in  yron  incwcs. 

Speimr,  1".  Q.,  II.  v.  27. 

2.  To  captivate ;  insnare.     [Rare.] 

Love  now  captiv'd  liis  Iienrt,  wliii-lj  erst  waa  free. 

Fordy  Uunuur  Triiunphaiit,  i. 
Beauty,  which  captives  all  things,  sets  me  free. 

Drydcn,  Epistles,  iii.  38. 
Slie  wlto  captivcd  Anthony, 
The  Serpent  <if  oUi  Nile, 

R.  II.  Stoddard^  Shakespeare. 

captivity  (kap-tiv'j-ti),  «.  [<  F.  captii'iU  =  Pv. 
cti]>tnil<il  =  Sp.  caiitifidad  =  Pg.  etilircirozz:  It. 
catlivila,  <  L.  ca2itivita{t-)s,  <  riiptiriis,  captive: 
see  captive.']  1.  The  state  of  being  a  prisoner, 
or  of  coming  into  the  power  of  au  enemy  by 
force  or  the  fortune  of  war. 

Antl  hut  for  Owen  Glendower  had  been  king, 
Wiiu  kept  liini  in  captivity  till  he  died. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2. 

2.  Subjection;  the  state  of  being  under  con- 
trol; bondage;  servitude. 

bringing  into  captivity  every  thought  to  the  obedience 
of  Christ.  2  Cor.  x.  5. 

Thou  hast  led  captivity  captive.  Ps.  l.vviii.  18. 

3t.  Captives  collectively;  a  body  of  captives. 

Wht-n  God  bringeth  back  the  captivity  of  his  people, 
Jacul)  sliall  rejoice,  and  Israel  shall  be  glad.  Ps.  liii.  6. 
=Syn.  finprigojiincnt,  Captivity,  Confinement,  Incarcera- 
tion, 1  mniurcment.  There  is  the  same  distinction  between 
imprisniinu'ut  and  captivity  as  l)etwcL'n  frisuwr  and  cap- 
tive. (See  captive.)  Confinement  is  the  most  ;.'cneral  word 
for  being  kept  within  bounds  against  ones  will,  as  by  force 
or  sickness;  we  speak  of  solitary  confinement,  and,  figur- 
atively, of  too  great  eotifinement  (though  voluntaiy)  to 
one's  books.  Incarceration  is  the  being  put  into  a  jail  or 
prison ;  the  word  is  rhetorical,  suggesting  ignominy,  with 
narrow  range  and  great  safeguards  against  escape.  Im- 
inurcmcnt,  literally  shutting  within  w.alls,  is  now  freely 
figurative  ;  in  either  sense  it  suggests  depth  of  separation 
or  seclusion  from  friends,  home,  or  the  world,  and  small 
likelihood  of  getting  or  coming  out.  (See  servitude  and 
serf.) 

Even  like  a  man  new  haled  from  the  rack, 
So  fare  my  limbs  with  long  imprisonment. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  b. 
But  made  hereby  obnoxious  more 
To  all  the  miseries  of  life. 
Life  in  captivity 

Among  inhuman  foes.        Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  108. 
Though  my  person  is  in  confinement,  my  mind  pan  ex- 
patiate on  ample  and  useful  subjects  with  .all  the  freedom 
imaginable.  S.  Johnson,  Lite  of  Savage. 

Enforced  detention,  incarceration  within  four  walls, 
was  another  method  of  coercion  which  grew  ami  gained 
favom-  under  the  feudal  system.     Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  747. 
The  chains  of  earth's  immurement 
Fell  from  lanthe's  Spirit. 

Shelley,  Queen  Mab,  i. 
captor  (kap'tor),  «.     [<  L.  captor,  <  caiiere,  pp. 
cuptiis,  take,  'capture :  see  capable,  and  of.  cap- 
ture.']    One  who  captures  or  takes  (a  person  or 
thing)  by  force,  stratagem,  or  surprise ;  one  who 
takes  a  prisoner  or  a  prize, 
captorial  (kap-to'ri-al),  a.     [<  L.  captor,  one 
who  takes  (see  captor),  +  -ial.']   Inroo?.,  adapted 
for  taking,  seizing,  or  holding;  raptorial. 
capturable   (kap'tur-a-bl),   a.      [<  capture  + 
-able.']     Capable  of  being  captured;  liable  to 
capture.     Carli/le. 
capture  (kap'tiu-),  v.     [<  F.  capture  —  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  captura  =  It.  cattura,  <  L.  captura,  a  taking, 
catching  (of  animals),  <  cuperc,  i)p.  captus,  take : 
S6Q  capable,  captive.]     1.   The  act  of  taking  or 
seizing;  seizure;  ail'est:  as,  the  capture  of  au 
enemy,  of  a  ship,  or  of  booty,  by  force,  sur- 
prise, or  stratagem ;  the  capture  of  a  criminal. 
The  capture  of  Alclwyd  by  his  IF.adliellit  s]  allies,  the 
Picts,  in  7.18,  seemed  to  leave  the  rest  of  striitlil'lyde  at 
his  mercy.  J.  R,  Green,  v.m\.  of  Kug.,  p.  2C3. 

2.  Tlio  thing  taken;  a  prize, 
capture  (kap'tui),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  captured, 
ppr.  capturing.  [<  capture,  jr.]  1.  To  take  or 
seize  by  force,  sm-prise,  or  stratagem,  as  an 
enemy  or  his  property;  take  captive;  make  a 
prize  or  prisoner  of:  as,  to  cnjjfMce  a  vessel  or  a 
fortress;  to  rajj/wre  prisoners. 

The  absorption  of  animal  matter  friun  captured  insects 
explains  how  Drosera  can  llr>urisli  in  extremely  poor  peaty 
8oiJ.  Darwin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  17. 

2.  To  win  by  ingenuity  or  skill  against  resist- 
ance or  competition :  a"s,  to  capture  a  prize  for 
marksmanship. 
Capuan  (kap'u-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Capua  +  -an.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Capua,  an  an- 
cient city  of  Campania  in  Italy. 

To  the  enervating  contagion  of  Cajiuan  elfeminacy  his- 
torians have  always  attrihuted  the  want  of  success  which 
subseciuently  atteiuled  the  Carthaginian  conmiander  in 
nl8  Italian  campaigns.  J'incyc.  Brit.,  V.  79. 

II.  «.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Capua. 


812 

capucciof  (ka^puch'io), ».  [It.,  prop,  cappuccio : 
^i-i- ciijiDKrli,  n.]    A  capuchin  or  hood.    Spenser. 

capucet,  capuchet,  ".     Same  as  ciipnucli. 

Capuchin^  (kaji'ii-ehin  or  kap-o-slien'),  «. 
[=  F.  Ciipucin  =  .Sp.  cupuchino  =  Pg.  capuchinho, 
m.,  a  monk,  and  F.  capucine  =  Sp.  capuchina 
=  Pg.  capuchinha,  f.,  a  nun,  of  the  order  of  St. 
Francis,  <  It.  cappuccino,  a  Franciscan  monk,  so 
called  from  the  cowl  he  wore,  dim.  of  cappuccio, 
a  cowl,  >  F.  capuchc,  capucc,  >  E.  cnpuchc,  ca- 
poucli :  see  capouch.]  1.  A  member  of  a  men- 
dicant order  of  Franciscan  monks,  founded  in 
Italy  in  l.')28  by  Matteo  di  Bassi,  and  named 
from  the  long  pointed  capouch  or  cowl  which  is 
the  distinguishing  mark  of  tlieir  dress.  According 
to  the  statutes  of  the  order,  drawn  up  in  l:',2i),  the  monks 
were  to  live  by  begging ;  they  were  not  to  use  gold  or  silver 
or  silk  in  the  decoration  of  their  altars,  and  the  chalices 
were  to  be  of  pewter.  The  Capuchins  are  most  numerous 
in  Austria.  In  the  United  States  they  have  convents  in 
the  dioceses  of  Green  Bay,  Milwaukee,  Leavenworth,  and 
New  Vork.    See  Franciscan. 

2.  [I.  c]  A  variety  of  pigeon  with  a  range  of 
inverted  feathers  on  the  back  of  the  head,  like 
the  cap  or  cowl  of  a  monk. —  3.  [I.e.]  A  South 
American  monkey,  Cchns  capucinus,  having 
black  on  the  head,  like  the  hood  or  cowl  of  a 
Capuchin;  hence,  any  sapajou  or  monkey  of 
the  genus  Ccbus.  Also  written  capucine.  See 
cut  under  Cebinee. — 4.  [/.  e.]  One  of  the  bald- 
headed  fruit-crows  of  South  America,  Gymno- 
cepihalus  ealvHS — Capuchin  cross.    Sec  cm.w. 

capuchiri't  (kap' u -chin  or  kap-u-shen '),  «. 
[Prop.  *capuclion  =  Dan.  eapuchon,  <  F.  eapiu- 
chon,  <  capuchc,  a  hood:  see  capouch,  and  cf. 
Capuchin^.]  1.  A  large  loose  hood  worn  bj' 
women  in  the  eighteenth  century. —  2.  A 
hooded  cloak  of  the  same  period. 

Sly  aunt  pulled  off  my  uncle's  shoes,  and  carefully 
wrapped  his  poor  feet  in  her  capuchin. 

Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 

capucinadet,  «.  [F.,  <  capndn,  Capuchin,  -f- 
-adi;  -adel.]  A  Capuchin's  tirade;  a  weak  ser- 
mon or  discom-se. 

It  was  a  vague  discourse,  the  rhetoric  of  an  old  profes- 
sor, a  mere  Capueinctde.      Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  vii.  4. 

capucinel  (kap'u-sin),  «.  [<  F.  capucin  (NL. 
capucinus),  lit.  a  Capuchin  monk:  see  Capu- 
chin'^.]    Same  as  capuchini,  3. 

capucine"  (kap'u-sin),  n.  [<  F.  capucine,  nas- 
turtium, also  the  color  of  its  flower,  <  It.  cup- 
puccina,  nasturtium  (so  called  from  the  form  of 
the  corolla),  <  cappuccio,  a  hood:  see  capouch.] 
A  rich  reddish-orange  color;  the  color  of  the 

flower  of  the  nasturtium Capucine  madder,  a 

mailder  lake  of  the  aho^e  color. 

capudan-pasha  (kap"u-dan-pash'a),  n.  Same 
as  captain-pasha. 

capult,  M-     See  capeX^. 

capulet  (kap'u-let;  F.  pron.  ka-pii-la'),  n.  1. 
A  hood  worn  by  the  peasant  women  of  the 
French  slope  of  the  Pyrenees.  It  is  made  of 
fine  white  or  red  cloth,  sometimes  bordered 
with  black  velvet. — 2.  Same  as  capellct. 

capulid  (kap'u-lid),  «.  A  gastropod  of  the  fam- 
ily ('apulida: 

Capulidse  (ka-pu'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Capulus 
+  -ida\]  The  subfamily  Capulinw  elevated  to 
the  rank  of  a  family.     P.  P.  Carpenter,  1861. 

Capulinae  (kap-u-li'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Capulus 
+  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  gastropods,  tyjiified  by 
tlte  genus  Capulus.  The  animal  closely  resembles 
the  slipper-limpet,  but  the  muscle  is  not  fixed  to  any  shelly 
support  in  the  form  of  a  cup  or  deck.  Tlie  shell  is  irreg- 
ularly e<»uica!,  and  more  or  less  twisted  at  the  apex. 

Capulus  (kap'u-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cojiulus,  a 
handle,  also  a  sepulcher,  tomb,  <  capcrc,  hold, 
contain :  see  capable]  A  genus  of  pectini- 
branehiate  gastropods  with  a  pjTamidal  shell, 
belonging  to  the  subfamily  Capulinic  and  family 
Caliiptraidw :  synonjnnous  with  Pileopsis. 

caput  (kap'ut),  «.;  pi.  capita,  rarely  caputs 
(-i-tjl,  -utz).  [L.,  the  head,  prob.  =  AS.  hcd- 
fod,  E.  licad,  q.  v.  Hence  capital'^,  capital'^,  etc., 
captain,  chief,  chieftain,  chef,  chiere^,  achieve, 
etc.]  1.  In  «H«f.,the  head;  the  head  or  upper 
extremity  of  some  part  of  the  body. —  2t.  -An 
abbre\iation  of  the  phrase  caput  senatus  (liter- 
ally, head  of  the  senate),  a  council  or  ruling 
body  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  England. 
Your  caputs,  and  heads  of  colleges. 

Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

3.  In  Rom.  law,  the  standing  before  the  law, 
or  the  personal  status,  of  a  citizen,  a  deprivation 
of  liljcrty  or  civic  rights,  or  a  moditlcation  of  family  re- 
lation by  adoption,  etc.,  Wiis  termed  capitis  dimin'utin, 
which  was  characterized  as  maxima,  media,  m  minima,  ac- 
cording as  it  altcctcd  the  first,  second,  or  third  of  the  ele- 
ments above  named.  -  Caput  COU,  the-  In-ad  of  the  colon  ; 
the  ca'cum.- Caput  cornu,  caput  comu  posterioris, 
the  expanded  extremity  of  the  posterior  horn  of  gray  sub- 


car 

stance  in  the  spinal  cord.— Caput   galllnaglnis,  the 

snipe's  he.ad;  the  crista  nrethnel  which  see,  under  urethra). 

—  Caput  medusae,  the  network  of  dilated  veins  radiating 
from  tile  umliiliciis.  seen  when  the  portal  eirculation  Ls 
obstriictcil  ill  tile  liver,  as  in  cirrliosis,  and  this  collateral 
ciriailatifin  is  developed  in  comiiensation.-  Caput  mor- 
tuum,  literally,  a  dead  head,  (n)  A  fanciful  term  used 
by  the  old  chemists  to  denote  the  residuum  of  clieiiiieals 
when  all  their  volatile  matters  had  escaped  ;  specilieally, 
oxid  of  iron,  which  is  the  residue  left  when  snipliate  of 
iron  is  distilled  at  a  red  heat.  Hence  —  (i)  Anything  from 
which  ail  that  rendered  it  valuable  has  been  taken  away. 

" Everything  of  life  and  beauty,"  wTitcs  the  critic,  "has 
been  extracted,  and  a  cajnU  mortuum— that  is,  Charles 
Kean's  Mephistopheles  — remains. " 

Fortniylitly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XL.  86. 
Caput  ohstiptim  spasticum,  spasm  in  the  region  of  the 
exteiiial  t'lanehi'l  the  sjiiiial  accessory  nerve;  wryneck. 

—  Caput  succedaneum,  an  edematous  swelling  of  the 
pii  sentiML'  portion  oi  tlie  scalp  of  the  new-horn. 

caputal  (kap'ut-al),  o.  [Improp.  <  caput  +  -al; 
distinguished  from  the  proper  form  capital.] 
In  cntom.,  pertaining  to  or  situated  on  the 
head.     [Rare.] 

caputia,  n.  Plural  of  caputium. 
Caputiati  (ka-pu-shi-a'ti),  n.  pi.  [ML.,  pi.  of 
Cdjiutiatu.':,  pp.  of  caputiarc,  cover  the  head  with 
a  hood,  <  caputium,  prop,  ctipitium,  a  hood, 
capouch:  see  caputium,  cajiouch,  it.]  A  short- 
lived semi-political  and  commimistic  sect  de- 
voted to  the  Virgin  Marj',  which  appeared  in 
the  interior  of  France  about  1182:  so  caUed 
from  their  hood  or  capouch. 
caputium  (ka-pu'shi-um),  n.;  pi.  caputia  (-shi-ii). 
[JIL.,  also  capucium,  cajinccium,  cajipuceium 
(after  the  Rom.  forms,  it.  cappuccio,  foi-merly 
also  capuccio,  =  Sp.  Pg.  capucho  =  F.  capuce, 
whence  E.  capuchc,  capouch,  q.  v.),  also  capii- 
tiuni,  as  if  <  L.  captit  (capit-),  head  (of.  cabbage^, 
cabbage^,  caboche),  but  prop.  <  cajia,  cappa,  a 
cape, hood,  cowl:  seeca}A,cajic^,cojie^.  Hence 
(from  cajjutium)  capouch,  capuchc.  Capuchin, 
etc.]  1.  In  general,  a  hood  attached  to  a  gar- 
ment in  ecclesiastical  or  otlier  canonical  cos- 
tume, as  the  hood  of  a  Bachelor  of  Arts,  or  of  a 
fellow  of  an  English  imiversity,  or  that  attached 
to  a  monk's  gown,  a  cope,  or  the  like. —  2.  A 
short  hooded  cloak  similar  to  the  armilausa. 
capybara,  «.  See  capibara. 
carl  (kiir),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  carre,  <  ME. 
carre  (also  assibilated  char,  charre,  chare,  cf. 
charet,  chariot),  <  OF.  car,  also  carre  (assibilated 
char,  >  F.  char),  =  Pr.  car  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carro  = 
D.  lar  =  MLG.  l-are  =  OHG.  carra,  eharra, 
charro,  MH6.  G.  I:avrc  (also  OHG.  garra,  garro, 
MHG.  gitrre)  =  leel.  kcrra  =  Dan.  I,arre  =  Sw. 
hirra  =  Bohem.  kdra  =  Pol.  l-ara  =  Lith.  karas, 
<  ML.  carrus,  m.,  carra,  {.,  a  wheeled  vehicle, 
L.  carrus,  a  two-wheeled  vehicle  for  transport- 
ing burdens ;  of  Celtic  origin :  Bret,  karr,  a  char- 
iot, =  W.  car,  a  raft,  frame,  drag,  =  OGael.  car, 
a  car,  cart,  or  raft,  =  Ir.  carr,  a  cart,  drag, 
wagon;  perhaps  akin  to  L.  currus,  a  chariot, 
currere,  run,  Skt.  ■/  char,  move.  Hence  ult. 
carack  (carick,  carrick),  career,  cargo^,  carica- 
ttire,  caroclie,  carriage,  carrtj,  carruca,  cart, 
charge,  charet,  chariot,  discharge,  etc.]  1.  A 
wheeled  vehicle  or  conveyance,  especially  one 
having  only  two  wheels,  (a)  The  two-wheeled  pas- 
senger-conveyance much  used  in  Ireland  and  specifically 
called  a  jauntiny-car.  (b)  The  low-set  two-wheeled  vehi- 
cle of  burden  used  in  many  p.arts  of  Great  Britain,  espe- 
cially for  hogsheads  and  the  like,  (c)  In  Birmingham  and 
other  towns  of  England,  a  four-wheeled  hackney-carriage, 
as  distinguished  from  a  hansom,  which  is  called  a  cab. 
Did  ye  not  hear  it? — No  ;  'twas  but  the  wind. 
Or  the  car  rattling  o'er  the  stony  street. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  22. 

2.  A  chariot  of  war,  triumph,  or  pageantry  ;  in 
poetic  and  figurative  usage,  any  elaborate  con- 
veyance used  in  proceedings  characterized  by 
dignity,  solemnity',  or  splendor:  as,  Phoebus's 
car;  the  car  of  Juggernaut ;  a  triumphal  car. 

Let  the  bell  be  toll'd  : 

And  a  reverent  people  behold 

The  towering  car,  the  sable  steeds. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington. 

3.  A  vehicle  running  upon  rails.  Heehor.ie-car, 
railroad-car.  [U.  S.] — 4.  The  basket  of  a  bal- 
loon, in  which  the  aeronaut  sits Adhesion-car. 

See  adhesion. — Aerial  car.  Seeaenfl/.— Bobl^ailed  car. 
See  bohtaihd. —  Cabin-car,  a  conductor's ciu"  on  a  freight- 
train;  a  caboose. — Drawing-room  car,  a  railroad  pas- 
senger-car more  luxurious  in  its  appointments  than  an  or- 
dinary car.  It  generally  contains  ai  iii-c!lairs,  footstools, 
sofas,  etc.  Also  called  jnirlor-ear  and  palace-car.  [U.  S. 
and  Canada.]  —Irish  jaun ting-car.  Hee  Jaunt iny-car. — 
Pneumatic  car,  a  ear  driven  on  rails  or  tramways  by 
compressed  ait  rontaiiied  in  reservoirs  tilled  bj  means  of 
air-pumps.— Revolving  car,  a  cylindrical  receptacle  or 
car  which  revohes  as  it  travels.— The  Northern  Car,  a 
name  for  the  constellation  of  the  Great  Bciu-,  eomnionly 
known  in  England  as  Charles's  Wain,  and  in  the  I'niteil 
States  as  the  (ircat  Dipper.     See  cut  under  l^rsa. 

car"  (kiir),  H.     [ME.  ker,  <  Icel.  kjarr,  pi.  kjiirr, 
copse,  brushwood  (cf.  kjarrmjjrr,  a  marsh  over- 


grown  witli  bruslnvixiil:  mtjrr  =  E.  niirr),  = 
Norw.  A/Vrr,  Igiirr,  a  iniirHli,  osp.  a  marsli  over- 
grown with  brushwood,  =  Sw.  ki'irr,  a,  marsh, 
fen,  morass,  moor,  =  Dan.  Inr,  formerly  ^ya-r, 
a  marsh,  bofj,  thicki't,  pool.  Cf.  corse-.']  1. 
A  wood  or  grove,  generally  of  alders,  on  a  moist 
soil. —  2.  Any  hollow  place  or  marsh.  [Prov. 
Eiig.  in  both  senses.] 
carH  (kar)t  "•  [Sc,  al.so  written  lar,  ler,  cnir, 
caar,  curry,  <  ME.  car,  kcrrc,  <  Uael.  cacrr,  left, 
left-handed,  awkward.]  Left,  as  opposed  to 
rUjht. 

Ill  a  knot,  l)i  a  clytre,  nt  the  kerrc  side, 
TluT  as  the  roph  rocher  vn-rydi'ly  watg  fallen, 
Thay  felilen  to  the  fynilyns.',  A  fiekej  lioni  after. 
f!ir  Gawayiie  and  the  Onrn  liniyht  (E.  K,  T.  S.),  1.  1431. 

car^  (kiii');  *'•  *• ;  pret.  and  i)i>.  carrcd,  ppr.  cor- 
riiiij.  fE.  dial.,  al)br.  of  carry.]  To  carry. 
[Prov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 

car'"'  (kiir),  «.  [<  ME.  *cary  *carre,  <  AS. 
(ONorth.)  citrr,  a  rock,  appar.  <  tiael.  cnrr,si 
rocky  shelf  or  projecting  \nivt  of  a  rock.  Cf. 
riiirii.]     A  rock.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

car.     An  abbroWatiou  of  carat. 

car-.     See  cfirr-. 

Carabaya  bark.    See  bark^. 

Carabici  (kii-rab'i-si),  w.  2>t.  [NL.,  pi.  of  "Ca- 
rabiciit!,  dim.  of  Ciiriibus,  q.  v.]  In  Latroille's 
system  of  classification,  a  group  of  carnivorous 
oradephagous  pentamerous  Colcoplcra,  embra- 
cing the  caraboid  beetles. 

carabid  (kar'a-bid),  n.  A  beetle  of  the  family 
Cariihida' ;  a  caraboid  ;  aground-beetle. 

Carabidse  (ka-rab'i-de),  «.  pJ.  [NL.,  <  Carahus 
+  -irffc]  A  family  of  Colcoptcra  or  beetles 
whose  metastcrniim  has  an  anteeoxal  piece 
separated  by  a  well-marked  suture,  reaching 
from  one  side  to  the  other,  and  extending  in  a 
triangular  process  between  the  hind  coxa^,  with 
the  autennfe  11-jointed,  and  the  hind  coxaj 
movable  and  small.  Tlie  anteTinte  arise  at  the  side 
of  tile  head  lietween  the  base  of  tlie  niaiidililes  and  tile 
eyes.  The  siieeies  are  usually  large  and  adi'im-d  w  ilh  Kril- 
liant  iiietallir  enlors,  and  are  eitlier  win;.;  less  or  have  wiii^js 
not  adapted  for  Hying.  Tilere  are  more  than  0,i.Hi(t  known 
speeies,  all  of  which  are  conlinonly  railed  [irifiuKl-hrrllfs, 
varyiiij;  from  a  very  minute  size  up  to  2  or  ;i  inehes  in 
leni^ctli.  The  honihardier-heetle,  IlracfuDifs  fyrpiltiu^,  he- 
loiiKS  to  this  family,  (itlier  names  of  the  earaboid  group 
of  insects  are  Carahi,  Caraftici,  Carahidtt,  Ci'rabini,  Cava- 
boidif,  Ctt  rabites,  Carabidea,  Carabides,  Carabilia.  See  cuts 
under  bombardier-beetle  and  ground-beetle. 

carabideous  (kar-a-bid'e-us),  a.  [<  Carabidtv 
+  -coK.t.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  or  having  the 
charaeter.s  of  the  Carabida'. 

carabidoid  (ka-rab'i-doid),  a.  Same  as  cara- 
h„i,l.  -2. 

Carabinae  (kar-a-bi'ne),  )(.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cara- 
bus  +  -ilia'.]  The  tyjiical  subfamily  of  Cara- 
bida', containing  largo  handsome  species  whose 
mesosternal  epimeron  reaches  the  coxa,  and 
whose  middle  coxal  ca\'ities  are  not  entirely 
closed  by  the  sterna. 

carabinet,  «•    See  carbine. 

carabineer,  "■     See  carbineer. 

caraboid  (kar'a-boid),  a.  and  ii.  [<  Gr.  Kapaftou- 
iVyc ,  like  a  carubus,  <  /lapo/iof,  a  carabus,  -I-  eiMof, 
form.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus 
Carabus;  resembling  a  carabus. — 2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  second  larval  stage  of  insects 
which  midergo  hypermetainorphosis,  as  the 
blister-beetles,  Mchidw.  The  caraboid  stage 
succeeds  tlie  triunguliae  and  precedes  the  scar- 
abteoid  stage.     Also  carabidoid. 

II.  «.  A  member  of  the  genus  Carabus,  or  of 
the  family  Carabidtc;  a  carabus. 

Carabus  (kar'a-bus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kapajloc,  a 
liiirucd  beetle','  also  the  sea-crawfish  or  spiny 
lobster  (also  a  kiml  of  light  ship).  See  cara- 
vel.] 1.  The  typical  genus  of  Carabiiiw,  now 
restricted  to  species  of  meiliuin  or  lar^e  size 
and  handsome  coloration,  ha\'ing  tlie  third  an- 
tennal  joint  cylindrical,  the  labrura  not  fur- 
cate, the  mandibles  with  no  external  setigerous 
punctiu'e.  the  posterior  co.xa;  contiguous,  and 
the  anterior  co.xal  cavities  open  behind.  There 
are  many  species,  especially  in  Europe,  where  the  genus 
reaches  its  hi;;liest  development.  C.  gerrattut  is  the  com- 
monest American  species,  g  to  .^  of  an  inch  lonj;,  black, 
with  bluish  edges  of  the  prothorax  and  elytra,  the  latter 
being  punctate. 

2.  [/.  <:.]  A  member  of  this  genus,  or  of  the  fam- 
ily (V()y(?;(V/ic. —  3t.   ['.  f.]  A  caravel. 

cairact,  «■     See  carark. 

caracal  (kar'a-kal),  H.  [<  F.  c<iraeal,  said  to 
bo  <  Turk,  t/arii  ipdaq:  qiira,  black;  qulaq.  ear.] 
A  carnivorous  digitigrade  quadruped  of  the  Fe- 
lida;  or  cat  family,  and  genus  Lynx,  L.  cara- 
cal, inhabiting  portions  of  northern  Africa  and 
southwestern  Asia.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a  fox. 
Is  of  a  uniform  deep  brown  or  wine-red  color  above,  ex- 


81, T 

ccpt  a  spot  under  each  eye.  and  has  tufts  of  long  black 
hair  which  terminate  the  ears,  whence  its  name.  It  pos- 
sesses great  strength  and  ferocity,  and  is  sometimes  used 


.«^- 

X 


eM 


Car.ic.il  {lynx  caracal). 

in  the  chase  of  the  smaller  quadrupeds  and  of  the  larger 
kinds  of  biriis.  It  h:is  been  snpposeil  to  be  the  lynx  of 
the  ancients,  and  is  sometimes  called  Persian  lynx.  Also 
called  anak-el-ard. 

caracara  (kar-a-kar'ji),  n.  [So  called  in  imita- 
tion uf  their  hoarse  cry.]  The  popular  name 
of  the  hawks  of  the  subfamily  I'ulyborina'  and 
genera  I'idyborus,  I'haU'oba'nus,  ficnex,  Milrago, 
Ibycter,  and  Duptrius,  all  of  which  are  confined 
to  America.  The  name  is  speidally  applicable  to  the 
species  of  I'tdyhoniK,  of  which  there  are  several,  as  /'. 
rheriray,  P.  audnbttm.  and  P.  luliisus,  of  the  southern 
fniteil  States  and  wanner  parts  of  America.  These  are 
large,  viiltiiredike  hawks,  of  terrestrial,  ambulatory,  not 
saltatory,  habits,  preying  chiefly  upon  earrion.    The  head 


Caracara  \P0tyhort4s  cherivay). 


and  neck  .are  extensively  denuded;  the  legs  and  wings  are 
comparatively  long ;  the  beak  is  t^iotbless,  with  the  cere 
ending  vertically,  tlie  nostrils  liiudi  nii,  linear,  and  obliinie, 
with  concealed  tllln-rele.  Thongil  Vllltlirilu'  in  ;:ellt  ral  as- 
pect and  economy,  the  earacanes  approach  the  typical  fal- 
cons  in  some  anatomical  eliaraetelrs,  as  in  the  iieeuliar 
structure  of  the  shoulder-joiut,  the  extensively  ossilied 
nasal  bones  with  central  nasal  tubercle,  and  the  .anterior 
keel  of  the  palate.  The  eomnion  earaeara  is  much  varied 
with  white  and  black  barring  of  the  plumage,  and  isabmit 
I'l  inches  long.    Also  called  enrcara  and  carrtineha. 

Caraccesque,  Carraccesque  (kar-a-chesk'),  a. 

In  art,  resembling  or  characteristic  of  the  Ca- 
racci  or  Canacci,  Italian  painters  of  the  latter 
part  of  the  sixteenth  and  the  earlier  part  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  founders  of  the  eclec- 
tic or  Bolognese  school  of  painting. 
carack,  carrack  (kar'ak),  ».  [Also  written 
carac,  carick,  carrick,  carrock,  <  ME.  caracke, 
carrik;  =  D.  kraak  =  G.  karackc,  kracke,  <  OF. 
carraque,  F.  caraquc  =  Sp.  Pg.  carraca  =  It. 
curacca,  <  ML.  carraca,  carncii  (also  caracala 
{i.e.,  carricata)  navis,  'laden  ship'),  prop,  car- 
rica,  a  ship  of  burden,  <  carricare,  load  a  car, 
<  L.  carrus,  a  car:  see  car^,  caricature,  caryiA, 
and  cliarffc.]  A  large  round-built  vessel  of  con- 
siderable depth,  fitted  for  fighting  as  well  as  for 
burden,  such  as  were  used  by  the  Portuguese 
and  Spaniards  in  trading  with  America  and 
the  East  Indies. 

The  Genuois  coinen  in  sumlry  \vises 
luto  this  land  with  diners  marchandiscs 
In  great  Caraek:<,  arrayed  withouten  lacke 
With  eloth  of  gold.  llakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  19:i. 

On  eoi*sair's  galley,  carack  tall. 
And  plundered  Christian  earaval. 

Wliittier.  Denie. 

caracoll  (kar'a-kol),  H.     Same  as  caracole,  2. 

caracol-t  (kar'a-kol),  >i.  An  obsolete  form  of 
rariicitra. 

caracole  (kar'a-kol),  n.  [Also  %vritten  caracol 
(esp.  in  sense  2),  <  F.  caracole,  a  caracole,  a 
gambol,  a  spiral  staircase,  fonnerly  caracol,  a 
snail,  <  Sp.  caracol  =  Cat.  caraijol  =  Pg.  cara- 
col, a  snail,  a  winding  staircase,  a  carauolo,  = 


Caramania  gum 

It.  cnragolo,  also  caraipioln,  cararpiola,  a  snail, 
winding  stair,  criracollo,  a  caracole,  =  OF.  ca- 
qucrole,  F.  ilial.  coqiiereiille,  a  snail.  Origin  un- 
certain ;  erroneously  derived  by  the  .Spanish 
Academy  from  L.  cochlea,  coclea,  a  snail,  snail- 
shell :  see  ciiclilen.]  1.  In  the  manee/e,  a  .semi- 
round  or  lialf-tiii'ii  which  a  horseman  makes, 
either  to  the  right  or  to  the  left. —  2.  In  arch., 
a  spiral  staircase. 

caracole  (kar'a-kol),  !'.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cara- 
coled, pjir.  caraciiliiiy.  [<  caracole,  n. ;  =  F. 
caracoler  =  Sp.  caraeolear  =  Pg.  caracolar  = 
It.  caracollarc.]  1.  To  move  or  advance  in  a 
series  of  caracoles ;  prance. 

Prince  John  caracoled  within  the  lists  at  the  head  of  his 
jovial  party.  Scott,  Ivalihoe,  I.  irL 

day  youths,  in  rich  brilliant  dresses,  caracole  up  to  the 
carriages  ou  tiery  steeds. 

J.  K.  Cooke,  Virginia  Comedians,  II.  xxi. 

2.  To  wheel,  as  cavaby. 

caracoli,  >i.     See  caracoly. 

caracolite  (kar'a-ko-lit),  H.  [<  Caracoles  (see 
def.)  -I-  -ill-.]  A  riire  mineral  from  Caracoles, 
Chili,  consisting  of  oxychlorid  of  lead  and  sul- 
phate of  sodium.  It  occurs  in  colorless  ortho- 
rhombic  crystals,  which  are  hexagonal  in  aspect 
through  twinning. 

caracolla  (kar-a-kol'a),  n.  [NL. ;  also  writ- 
ten, less  pro]).,  car<icoihi ;  <  Sp.  caracol,  a  snail: 
see  eiiramle.]  1.  A  snail  of  the  family  Ilelici- 
(ke,  with  the  whorls  of  the  shell  flattened  to- 
ward and  keeled  at  the  edges. — 2t.  [cap.]  A 
genus  of  such  lanil-siiails. 

caracoly,  caracoli  (kar'a-kol-i),  «.  [Origin 
unknown.]  An  alloy  of  gold,  silver,  and  cop- 
per, of  which  an  iuierior  kind  of  jewelry  is 
made  by  the  Caribs. 

caracora  (kar-a-ko'rji),  n.  [Formerly  also 
caracol;  a  Malay  wor3.]  A  proa  of  Borneo 
and  other  islands  of  the  East  Indies. 

caract't,  "•    [Also  chnract,  <  ME.  caract,  carect, 

<  OF.  caract,  eharact,  m.,  caractc,  carccte,  ka- 
rectc,  cnrate,  f.  (=  Pr.  carecta,  f.),  character, 
sign,  mark,  shortened  from  caraeter,  ME.  car- 
actcr :  see  character.]  1.  A  distinctive  mark, 
especially  as  indicating  character  or  value. 

They  are  men  that  set  the  caract  and  value  upon  things 
as  they  love  them.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

2.  Character;  kind;  sort. 

No,  beauty,  no  :  you  are  of  too  good  caract 
'Jo  be  left  so,  without  a guanl. 

B.  Joiuon,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 

3.  Estimate. 

You  do  mist.ake 
5Iy  caract  of  your  friemlship  all  this  while, 
Or  at  what  rate  I  reckon  your  assistance. 

B.  ,/ontifni,  Magiietiek  Lady,  i.  1. 

4.  A  formula  of  enchantment. 

lie  sliulde  make  his  saeriflce 
And  rede  his  carect  in  the  wise, 
As  she  him  taught. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant,,  II.  247. 
Whan  that  a  man 
\\'ith  his  earecte  him  w<dde  cnehauntc. 

G'neer,  Co»i.  Amant,  I.  57. 

caract^t,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  carat. 

A  mark,  being  an  ounce  troy,  is  divided  into  twenty- 
four  equal  parts,  called  caractn.  Cocker. 
Diamonds,  two  whereof 
Do  double  the  twelfth  caract.             Carticright. 

caractert,  ".     -\"  earlier  form  of  character. 
Caradoc  sandstone.    See  sandstone. 
carafe,  caraffe  (ka-raf),  n.    [=  D.  karaf=  G. 
karaffe  =  Dan.  karaffc,  karaffel,  <  P.  carafe, 

<  It.  caraffa  =  Sp.  Pg.  i/arrafa,  a  vessel  for 
cooling  liquids,  prob.  <  Ai.  (/hirdf,  a  vessel,  < 
ijharafa.  draw,  as  water.]  A  glass  water-bottle 
or  decanter. 

Caragana  (kar-a-ga'nii),  n.  [NL.,  <  caragan, 
the  name  of  the  original  species  among  the 
Jlogul  Tatars.]  A  genus  of  leguminous  trees 
or  simibs,  all  Asiatic  and  chiefly  Siberian,  with 
feathery  jiale-green  foliage  and  yellow  flowers 
appearing  in  early  spring.  The  species  are  all 
(iruameiital,  and  several  are  in  cultivation. 

carageen,  «.     See  carrageen. 

caragenin,  «.     See  carrageenin. 

caragheen,  «.    See  carrageen. 

caramgt,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  carrion. 

caraipi  (kar-a-e'pe),  «.  [S.  Amer.]  The  pot- 
tery-tree  of  Para,  Moquilea  utilis.  the  powdered 
bark  of  which  is  mixed  with  clay  for  making 
vessels  for  domestic  use.  Potterv  thus  made  is 
capable  of  withstanding  a  high  degree  of  heat. 

Caraite,  n.     Sec  Karaite. 

carajara,  carajura  (kar-a-ja'ni.  -jo'rii),  n.  [A 
native  S.  Amer.  name.]  A  red  coloring  mat- 
ter obtained  from  liignonia  chica.     See  chico. 

Caramania  gtmi.  Same  as  Bassora  gum  (which 
see,  under  gum-). 


caramba 

caramba(ka-ram'bii).  "■     Same  as  cnrn»i6o/«. 

carambola  (ka-ram'bO-la),  "•  [E.  InJ.]  Tho 
arid  fruit  of  the  Arer'riiim  Caraiiihiila  of  tropi- 
cal Asia,  wliicU  resembles  the  bilimbi,  aud  is 
often  cultivated.  It  is  used  for  making  tarts, 
etc. 

carambolet  (kar-am-bol'),  «.  [<  F.  cnmmhole 
=  S|).  Pg.  It.  carambola;  origin  unknown.  In 
E.  now  sliorteucd  to  carom,  q.  v.]  In  billiards  : 
(a)  The  red  ball  placed  on  the  mark.  (6)  A 
carom  (which  see). 

carambolet  (kar-am-bol'),  V.  i.  [<  P.  caram- 
boicr  (=  G.  karambolicrcu  =  Dan.  karambolcrc 
=  Sp.  carambolcar  =  Pg.  carambolar),  carom, 
<  carambok,  carom  (in  billiards).  In  E.  now 
shortened  to  carom,  q.  v.]  In  billianU,  to 
carom. 

caramel  (kar'a-mel),  Ji.  [<  F.  caramel,  burnt 
sugar,  =  It.  caramclla  =  Sp.  Pg.  carumelo,  a 
lozenge,  sugar-candy,  prob.  a  corruption  of 
ML.  calamellus  {mctUtus),  sugar-cane  (also  by 
8imidationo«Hfl»(e/to,  cannamelUi,  aud  separate- 
ly cana  mcllis,  'cane  of  honey'),  calamellus  be- 
ing prop.  dim.  of  calamus,  a  reed,  cane:  see 
calamus.']  1.  Anhydrous  or  bm'nt  sugar,  a  pro- 
duct of  the  action  of  heat  upon  sugar.  When  cane- 
sugar  is  heated  in  an  oil  or  metal  bath  to  between  210"  and 
220'  C,  it  begins  to  assume  a  brown  color  of  continually  in- 
creasinK  depth,  and  when  the  tumefaction  has  ceased  the 
vessel  contains  a  black  substance  to  which  the  name  of 
caramel  lias  been  given.  It  has  a  high  luster,  like  an- 
thracite, and  dissolves  readily  in  water,  giving  it  a  tine 
sepia  tint.  Its  composition  is  the  same  as  that  of  cane- 
sugar  in  its  compound  with  oxid  of  lead.  It  is  used  for 
giving  a  brown  color  to  spirits,  soups,  gravies,  etc. 
2.  A  sweet,  variously  composed  and  flavored, 
but  generally  consisting  of  chocolate,  sugar, 
and  butter,  and  dark-colored. 
Sometimes  spelled  caromcl. 

caramelization  (kar-a-mel-i-za'shon),  Ji.  [< 
C(iramcli:c  +  -ation.']  The  transformation  of 
sugar  into  caramel. 

caramelize  (kar'a-mel-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
caramelized,  ppr.  caramelizinij.  [<  caramel  + 
-ize.'i  To  transform  or  convert  into  caramel: 
as,  caramelized  sugar. 

caramote  (kar'a-mot),  n.  [F. ;  ef.  Sp.  cara- 
mui/o  =  Pg.  caramujo,  a  kind  of  sea-snail,  =  It. 
caramogio,  a  dwarf,  a  shrimp.]  A  rather  large 
species  of  shrimp,  Peneeus  caramote,  common  in 
the  Mediterranean,  where  it  is  caught  in  great 
numbers  and  salted  for  exportation. 

carangid  (ka-rau'jid),  H.  A  fish  of  the  family 
i^iiriinijidie. 

Carangidse  (ka-ran'ji-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
ranx  {-rang-)  +  -idm.]  A  family  of  acanthopte- 
rygian  fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Caraiix, 
to  which  various  Limits  have  been  assigned, 
(a)  In  Giinther's  system,  a  family  of  Acanthoptenifjii  cotto- 
scombri/urmes,  with  the  skeleton  firm,  no  bony  stay  for  the 
preoperculum,  teeth  conical  or  triangular  if  present,  the 
spinous  portion  of  the  dorsal  present  (sometimes  rudi- 
mentary), the  body  compressed,  oblong  or  elevated,  with 
10  abdominal  and  14  caudal  vertebra;.  In  this  sense  it 
has  been  used  by  most  European  ichthyologists  since  1S62. 
It  includes  fishes  which  have  been  distributed  by  others 
in  the  families  CaranyidcB,  Pomatomidce,  Psettidce,  Zan- 
clidte,  Caproidte,  £'juuUd(e,  etc.  (p)  In  Gill's  system  re- 
stricted to  Scombroidea  with  10  abdominal  and  from  14 
to  16  caudal  vertebne,  a  short  or  atrophied  first  dorsal 
fin,  second  dorsal  and  anal  long,  opposite,  and  nearly 
alike,  generally  two  anal  spines  detached  and  fonuing  a 
finlet,  and  non-protractile  jaws.  These  limits  have  been 
adopted  by  most  recent  American  ichthyologists.  It  em- 
braces numerous  species  of  tropical  tishes,  the  best-known 
of  which  are  the  cavallies,  pompanos,  and  pilot-fish. 

Carantxidtv  is  the  family  name  for  the  fishes  generally 
known  as  cavally  or  crevaUe,  jack,  pompano,  scad,  etc. 

Stand.  Xat.  Hist.,  III.  186. 

Caranginx  (kar-an-ji'ne),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Ca- 
ranx  {-rang-)  -i-  -ince.l  A  subfamily  of  Carangi- 
d(V :  the  cavallies  or  horse-mackerels.  The  prc- 
maxillaries  are  protractile,  the  pectoral  fins  long  and  fal- 
cate, the  aual  flu  is  like  the  second  doi-sal  and  with  its  base 
longer  than  the  abdomen,  the  maxillary  has  a  supplemen- 
tarj*  bone,  the  doi-s.il  outline  is  more  curved  th,in  the  ven- 
tral outline,  and  the  back  and  abdomen  are  rounded.  Also 
Carancini,  Caraiurini.     See  cut  under  Caraiix. 

carangine  (ka-ran'jin),  a.  and  n.     I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  haring  the  characters  of  the  Ca- 
rangiiKc  or  Carangidw. 
II.  H.  A  member  of  the  subfamily  Carangina:. 

carangoid   (ka-rang'goid),  «.  aud  n.     [<  NL. 
Caranx  {-rang-)  +  6r.  cUo^,  shape.]     I.  a.   Of 
or  pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Carangidw. 
II.  H.   One  of  the  Carangida:. 

caranna  (ka-rau'a),  n.    Same  as  carautia. 

carantot,  "•     Same  as  coranto. 

Come,  gallants,  who'le  run  a  cara»i(o,  or  leapealevalto? 
.Varston,  The  Fawne,  ii.  1. 

Caranx  (kar'anks),  «.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Sp.  ca- 
ranguc,  caranga,  a  kind  of  flatfish  in  the  West 
Indies.]  The  tN-pical  genus  of  the  family  Ca- 
rangidw.   Caranx  chrysoii,  C.  hippos,  and  C.  lattu  are 


814 


Horse-mackerel  iCaranx  Ai/^s). 

visitors  to  the  coast  of  the  United  States,  and  are  known 
as  horsi'-iit'ickcrelg. 
Carapa  (kar'a-pa),  n.  [NL.  (Pg.  caraipa),  <  ca~ 
raipiy  a  native  Ouiana  name.]  1.  A  genus  of 
troi)ical  trees,  natural  order  Meliaccte.  a  Soutli 
American  species,  C.  Gtiiaiiensi^,  is  a  fine  large  tree,  the 
bark  of  whicli  is  In  repute  as  a  febrifuge.  Oil  made  from 
its  seeds  (called  carap-oil  or  crab-oil)  is  used  for  lamps. 
The  wood,  called  carapa-wood  or  crab-wood,  is  light  and 
takes  a  good  polish  ;  it  is  used  for  making  furniture,  and 
also  for  the  spars  of  ships.  The  oil  of  the  African  species, 
C.  Toulmicouna,  called  coondi,  kundah,  or  tallicoona  oil, 
is  used  by  the  negroes  for  making  soap  and  anointing  their 
bodies,  its  taste  being  so  bitter  that  it  serves  as  a  defense 
against  bites  of  vermin.  The  oil  of  the  South  American 
carapa  is  used  for  the  same  purpose. 
2.  [/.  c]  A  tree  belonging  to  this  genns. 
carapace  (kar'a-pas), «.  [Also  carapax;  <  F. 
car  apace  J  <  Cat.  cara- 
1  hassa  =  Sp.  carapacho 

=  It.  dial.  caravaz::a,  a 
gourd :  see  cala  hash .  ] 
1.  The  shell  of  a  turtle 
or  tortoise;  specifical- 
ly, the  upper  shell,  the 


2.  Cross-section  oTCarapace  and 
Plastron  of  Tortoise,  r,  centrum  of 
a  vertebra;  mx,  its  expanded  neu- 
ral spine ;  r,  expanded  rib,  fonn- 
ing  one  mass  with  a  lateral  scute 
and  ending  at  a  marginal  plate  ; 
tc,  interclavicular  scute,  or  ento- 
plastron ;  hp,  hyostemal  scute,  or 
epiplastron. 

^b*.  pygS'l  plate;  m,  series  of  mar- 


i.Carapace  of  Tortoise  [Etnys), 
dorsal  surface,  outside.  The 
heavy  lines  indicate  the  divi- 
sions of  the  epidermal  plates  or 
scutes  forming  the  tortoise-shell ; 
the  light  lines  show  the  sutures 
of  the  bony  plates  underlying 
and  supporting  the  shell.  i-8, 
expanded  neural  spines  of  ver- 
tebrae ;  rl-rS,  expanded  costal 
plates  of  ribs ;  me,  nuchal  plate ; 
ginal  plates. 

under  shell  'being  called  the  plastron.  See  also 
cut  under  Chelonia. — 2.  In  Mammalia,  the  shell 
of  an  armadillo. — 3.  In  Cirripedia,  the  multi- 
vaUnilar  shell,  test,  or  case. — 4.  In  higher  Cru-'i- 
taeea,  the  shield  covering  the  cephalothorax, 
sometimes  separaWe  into  a  cephalostegite  and 
an  omostegite.  See  cut  under  J;m(5. —  5.  One 
of  the  many  hard  cases,  tests,  or  shells  which 
are  likened  to  a  carapace,  as  those  of  certain 
infusorians ;  a  lorica. 

carapacial  (kar-a-pa'shal),  a.  [<  carapace  + 
-irt/.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  a  carapace. 

Tlie  lateral  portions  of  the  carapacial  ridge,  becoming 
deeper,  are  converted  into  branchiostegites,  aud  the  cav- 
ities which  they  overarch  are  the  branchial  chambers. 

Huxletf,  Crayfish,  p.  217. 

carapax  (kar'a-paks),  n.     Same  as  carapace. 

carap-oil  (kar'ap-oil),  n.  Oil  obtained  from 
Carapa  Guianensis.     See  Carapa,  1. 

carasow,  ».     See  curassow. 

Carassius  (ka-ras'i-us),  n.  [NL.,  <  F.  carassin, 
a  carp:  see  crucian.]  A  genus  of  carps  or  cyp- 
rinoid  fishes  containing  the  common  goldfish, 
('.  auratus.     See  gokljisli. 

carassow,  «•     See  curassow. 

carat,  karat  (kar'at),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
earact  (sLmulating'corflcf,  character,  a  charac- 
ter, mark,  stamp)  ;=D.i-«raat  =G.  toraf(MHG. 
karat,  gardt)  =  Dan.  Sw.  karat,  <  F.  carat  =  Pr. 
carat  =  It.  carato  =  Sp.  Pg.  quilate,  OPg.  cui- 
rate  =  Turk.  Pars,  qirdt,  <  Ar.  qirdt,  qirrdt,  a 
earat,  the  twenty-fourth  of  an  ounce,  four  bar- 
leycorns, also  a  pod,  husk  (=  LL.  cerates),  < 
Gr.  Ktpariov,  the  fruit  of  the  locust-tree,  also, 
like  L.  siliqua  (see  siliqua),  a  weight,  the  carat, 
also  and  Ut.  a  little  horn,  dim.  of  aipa^  (Kcpar-), 
a  horn,  akin  to  E.  horn  :  see  cerato-  and  horn.] 
If.  An  old  weight  equal  to  a  scruple,  or  the 
twenty-fourth  part  of  an  otmce  troy. —  2t.  A 
unit  of  mass  formerly  used  in  various  countries 
for  weighing  gold,  it  was  generally  the  24th  part  of 
a  mark  of  gold,  and  was  subdivided  into  12  grains.  It  was 
ctmmionly  equal  to  about  150.o  troy  grains. 
Hence — 3.  A  twenty-fourth  part:  specifically 
used  in  expressing  the  fineness  of  gold  when 
used  as  jewelry.  Tims,  pure  gold  being  considered  as 
24  carats  tine,  if  two,  six,  or  ten  twenty-fourths  of  alloy 
(commonly  copper  or  silver)  is  present,  the  gold  is  said  to 
be  22, 18,  or  14  carats  flue,  aud  so  on.    The  gold  used  by 


caravan 

jewelers  is  seldom  over  18  carats  fine,  except  m  weddinR- 
rings,  the  standaril  llneness  of  whicli  is  22  carats.  Gold 
of  IS  carats  tine  is  almost  invariably  tised  in  mounting 
diamonds,  while  14-carat  gold  is  said  t<j  be  ordinarily  used 
in  tlie  I'niteil  States  for  gold  chains,  etc. 
4.  A  unit  of  weight  for  precious  stones,  divided 
by  .jewelers  into  4  grains,  called  diamond-grains, 
but  equal  to  about  3^  troy  grains,  151i  English 
carats  being  taken  a.s  equal  to  an  ounce  troy. 
In  1S77  the  wijight  of  the  carat  waa  fixed  by  a  syndicate 
of  Ix>ndon,  Paris,  and  Amsterdam  jewelers  at  205  milli- 
grams, or  lfil.76  carats  to  the  troy  ounce.  Under  the 
translated  form  xcpartoi-,  or  c*rratium,  siliqua  was  adopted 
by  Constantine  into  the  syst«m  of  weights  of  the  empire 
as  j^  of  an  ounce,  equal  to  189  milli^nims.  In  Italy  it  re- 
mained as  a  part  of  the  system  of  weightj?,  in  general  with 
the  same  relation  to  the  ounce  and  with  nearly  the  same 
value.  The  Arabic  qirat  was  the  24th  part  of  the  niithkal, 
and  was  subdivided  sometimes  into  4,  sometimes  into  3 
grains,  its  value  for  gems  being  very  nearly  :i  graioB 
troy.  The  Castilian  carat,  j^.t  of  a  Oastilian  ounce,  or 
3.1*>4  troy  grains,  was,  like  the  rest  of  the  ('.istilian  sy». 
tein,  adopted  from  the  Ambs.  From  .'^pain  this  has  passed 
to  the  rest  of  Europe  and  to  America,  with  only  small 
motiifications,  less  than  unlegalized  units  commonly  un- 
dergo, under  the  name  of  the  Amsterdam  or  diamfrnd 
carat,  which  is  usually  divided  into  tj4ths.  I'earls  are  sold 
by  the  diamond-grain  and  not  by  the  carat,  while  small 
baroque  pearls,  coral,  rough  garnets,  and  the  inferior 
kinds  of  stones  are  sold  by  the  ounce  troy.  The  subdi- 
visionsof  the  carat  are  always  expressed  in  fourths,  eighths, 
sixteenths,  etc. 
Often  abbreviated  car.  or  K. 
carat  (kar'at),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  earact; 
<  carat,  earact,  n.]     To  try  or  refine  (gold). 

Carattare,  to  touch  or  tiie  gold,  to  refine  or  make  per- 
fect, to  earact.  Florio. 

carate  (ka-ra'te),  ».  [S.  Amer.]  A  cutaneous 
disease  occurring  in  South  America,  which  pro- 
duces scarlet,  brown,  or  blue  blotches,  espe- 
cially on  the  face,  hands,  and  feet. 

caravma  (ka-ra'nii),  H.  [Also  written  cnrana, 
caranna  (NL.  crtraHo);  native  name.]  A  soft, 
greenish-brown,  balsamic  oleo-resin  produced 
by  a  buTseraceous  tree,  probably  Protium  Ca- 
rana,  foimd  on  the  head  waters  of  the  .Amazon 
and  Orinoco,  it  is  exported  in  little  masses,  rolled  up 
in  leaves  of  flags.  It  has  an  agreeable  aromatic  smell,  anil 
a  bitterish  slightly  pungent  taste.  It  was  formerly  used 
in  plasters. 

caravan  (kar'a-van  or  kar-a-van'),  n.  [=  D. 
karavatin  =  G.  karairane  =  Dan.  karavane  =: 
Sw.  kararan,  <  F.  eararane,  <  Sp.  earavana  = 
Pg.  earavana  =  It.  carorana  (SIL.  caraeanna, 
caravenna,  carranna,  carianus=  MGr. Koft'?di'/oi>, 
NGr.  xapjiavi)  =  Turk,  kdrwdn  {ki/dricdn)  =  Ar. 
kairawdn  =  Hind,  karwdn,  <  Pcrs.  kdncdn,  kdra- 
tcdn,  a  caravan.  Prob.  orig.  Pers.,  but  by  some 
considered  orig.  Ar. ;  cf .  Pers.  kdr,  business, 
work,  At.  kair,  trade,  profession,  kird,  kinca, 
hire,  hiring.  In  sense  3  shortened  to  ran :  see 
i'rt«3.]  1.  A  company  of  travelers,  pilgrims,  or 
merchants,  in  mauy  parts  of  .\sia  and  Africa, 
who  associate  together  that  they  may  travel 
with  greater  security,  especially  through  des- 
erts or  regions  infested  by  robbers.  Nearly  M 
commerce  in  these  countries  was  fonnerly  earned  on  by 
caravans,  using  camels  chiefly  for  transportation;  and 
they  are  still  mmierous,  though  largely  superseded  by 
other  methods. 

Men  who  pass 
In  troop  or  carapan.        Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  323. 
Great  caravans,  formerly  composed  of  Pagans,  now  of 
Mahometans,  passed  from  west  to  east,  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  in  ancient  times,  to  buy  and  disperse  India  goods 
through  -Africa.  Bruce,  Source  of  the  Nile,  II.  61. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  large  number  of  persons 
ti-aveling  together,  especially  when  mov-ing 
slowly  or  v\-ith  much  baggage;  poetically,  any 
large  number  of  persons,  or  even  animals,  con- 
sidered as  travelmg  together  to  a  common  des- 
tination. 

Their  aery  caravaji,  high  over  seas 
Flying.  Miltun,  P.  L-,  vii-  428. 

When  thy  summons  comes  to  join 
The  innumerable  caravan,  which  moves 
To  that  mysterious  realm  ...  of  death. 

Bntant.  Thanatopsis. 

3.  A  large  covered  carriage  used  for  conveying 
passengers,  or  a  company  of  people  traveling 
together,  or  a  traveling  exhibition  or  show; 
hence,  any  large  covered  wagon  or  cart  for 
travel  or  transport :  often  abbreviated  to  rn/i. 

Alike,  gay  widow,  virgin,  wife. 
Ingenious  to  diversify  dull  life. 
In  coaches,  chaises,  carornn.',  and  hoys. 
Fly  to  the  coast  for  daily,  nightly  joys, 

CoiPi>''r,  Retirement. 
He  had  never  seen  such  a  fat  boy  in  or  out  of  a  travel- 
ling caiarail.  Dickens,  Pickwick,  II.  x.xvi. 
4t.  A  number  of  vessels  or  barks  in  company, 
or  an  expedition  with  such  vessels. 

Their  galleys  still  spread  over  the  Levant  and  came 
back  victorious  from  their  caravans,  as  their  cruises 
against  the  Moslems  were  called.  Prcscott. 

5t.  A  hood  with  hoops  or  springs  of  whalebone 
aud  an  aiijustable  veil  for  the  face.    Fairholt. 


caravan-boiler 

caravan-boiler  (kiir'a-vaii-lici  U-r),  «.  An  old 
IVirm  of  stciuii-boiler,  rescinbliiig  ti  wagon. 

caravaneer  (kar'ii-van-er'),  «.  [<  F.  curnvn- 
nicr  (=  Sp.  mravaiicro  =  I'g.  airoranciro),  <  ca- 
rtwaitc,  caravan.]  One  wlio  loads  tho  camels, 
etc.,  of  a  caravan. 


caravansary  (kar-a-vau'sa-ri),  «. ;  -ph  caravan- 
sarir.i  i-riy.).     [=  i\  ccirai'iDisirui,  -ncrail  =  It. 
'ravaitaenii  =  Sp.  caravunscrrallo  =  Pg.  cara- 
iicara  =  Turk,  kxrwdnmruy  =  Iliud.  kdnvdn- 


cat 


»'""Y        —  ^ ......  ................  ..J  —  ^-...*«.  .....  (..(,1- 

snro,  <  Pcr.s.  k-anfdii.sural,  <  kdrwdn,  caravan,  -t- 
sardi,  a  palace,  a  ])ublic  ciUflce,  an  inn:  «(•<■ 
seraijlio.^  In  the  East,  a  place  appointed  for 
receiving  and  lodging  caravans ;  a  kind  of  inn 


Caravel,  isth  century. 


Interior  of  Caravansary  at  Aleppo. 

where  the  caravans  rest  at  night,  being  a  large 
square  building,  with  a  spacious  court  in  tlie 
middle.  Here  travek'rs  find  shelter  ami  uccinninuda- 
tiiin-s,  Iiut  are  obliged,  if  tliey  have  not  bruiight  tlieir  own 
supplies,  tu  proeurc  provisions  and  all  neeessaries  for  both 
men  and  beiists  at  the  neighboring  bazaar.  Also  written 
caravatiserai,  caravanvera. 

It  is  a  mere  carmmnsan/,  fit  for  a  man  of  genius  to 
lud^'e  ill,  I>ut  nnt  to  live  in.'      0.  H'.  Ilnhiws,  Autocrat,  i. 

caravel,  carvel  (kar'a-vel,  kar'vel),  11.  [=  D. 
kan-fcl  =  (J.  I.riifecl,  crarel  =  F.  carnvcUc  =  It. 
carariila  (>  Turk,  qaravela),  <  Sp.  caravclii.  also 
carabclfi  (=  Pg. 
caravchi),  a  car- 
avel, ilim.  of  (•(!- 
raha=Pg.  airti- 
vo,  also  carchi), 
crevo,  a  small 
vessel,  <  ML. 
earahus,  a  kind 
of  boat,  <  Gr. 
Hnpaiiof;,  a  kind 
of  light  ship 
(NGr.  KapiiSi); 
prob.  a  particu- 
lar use  of  Kapa- 
pog,  a  beetle, 
a  sea-crawfish : 
see  Carabus.'] 
Naut.,  the  name 
of  several  kinds 
of  vessels,  one  variety,  used  in  Portugal,  is  a  vessel  of 
from  100  to  150  tons  bimlen ;  another  is  a  flshing-vessel  of 
from  10  to  15  tons ;  and  a  third  is  a  large  Turkish  ship  of 
war.  The  name  was  also  given  to  a  small  ship  used  by 
the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  in  the  tlf  teentli  and  sixteenth 
eenturies  for  long  voyages.  It  was  narrow  at  the  poop 
and  wide  at  the  bow,  and  earried  a  double  tower  at  its 
stern  and  a  single  one  at  its  bows.  It  had  four  masts  and 
a  bowsprit,  and  the  prineipal  sails  were  I.ateen  sails.  Two 
of  the  vessels  with  whieh  Columbus  crossed  the  Atlantic 
and  diseovered  America  were  of  this  description. 

The  king  of  Portingal  njinded  to  arme  certaine  Camels 
to  discouer  this  .Spieerie.  IlaHuyt's  V'uyages,  I.  217. 

The  armament  consisted  of  two  caraveU,  or  light  vessels 
mthout  decks,  and  a  third  of  larger  burden. 

frescutt,  I'erd.  and  Isa.,  i.  16. 

The  seas  of  our  discovering  over-roll 

Mini  imd  his  gold  ;  the  frailer  ruravd, 

\\  itli  wliat  was  mine,  came  hajipily  to  the  shore. 

Tennyiion,  Columbus. 

carawala  (kar-a^wii'la),  n.  A  venomous  ser- 
IKiit  of  oouthern  India  and  Ceylon,  Uypnalc 
iirpii,  a  viviparous  species  of  the  \'iperLne  series. 

caraway  (kar'a-wa),  H.  [Also  written  carra- 
xray,  early  mod.  E.  also  caroway,  <  Sp.  alciira- 
hucya,  caraway,  <  Ar.  al,  the,  +  karmyd,  hira- 
Kiyd,  caraway-seeds,  caraway-plant,  prob.  <  Gr. 
K&pov,  caraway,  >  L.  careiim,  fih.  cdriini  (>  It. 
caro  —  Florio),  cumin,  caraway.  Another  form 
is  E.  tlial.  and  Sc.  carry,  ciirrey,  <  F.  can-i  =  It. 
cnm  =  I),  karwci  =  JILG.  kar.we,  G.  kanr, 
kaibc,  karicei  =  Dun.  karvc,  <  Sp.  cnrri,  short  for 
alcaravea  =  Pg.  tilcnrnvia,  variants  of  tho  forms 
before  mentioned,  or  directly  from  the  Ar.  with- 
out the  article]  1.  A  Inennial  iihmt,  ('arum 
Cartii,  of  the  natural  order  l'iiihtllif<  ra;  with  a 
tapering  i-oot  like  a  jiarsiiip,  which  when  young 
is  used  as  food,  but  has  u  very  strong  flavor. 


815 

It  is  n  native  of  Knrope  and  Asia,  and  is  frequently  culti- 
vated for  its  fruit,  or  so-called  seeds,  which  have  an  aro- 
matic smell  and  a  varm  innigent  t:u*tc.  They  are  useil  iw 
a  irarniinative  in  medicine,  and  for  flavoring  cakes,  etc., 
and  a  volatile  oil  is  obtained  from  them  by  distillation. 
2.  The  yiyclla  sativa  or  black  caraway,  a  ra- 
nunculaceous  plant  of  southern  Europe,  the 
seeds  of  which  are  aromatic  and  used  for  the 
same  purposes  as  common  caraway. — 3.  Col- 
lectively, tho  seeds  of  the  caraway, 
lilaunderelle,  or  pepyns,  with  cnraurt/  in  conflte. 

Jlabecs  lluok  (K.  E.  T.  S.),  p,  108. 

4t.  A  kind  of  sweet  cake  or  comfit  containing 
caraway-seeds. 

Then  cheese  with  fruite  On  the  table  set. 
With  Bisketes  or  Carowayeg,  As  you  may  get. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  343. 
A  dish  of  caraways.  Sfiak.,  2  Uen.  IV.,  v.  3. 

5.  A  kind  of  apple.     Mason. 

caraynet,  «•     An  old  form  of  carrion. 

carbamate  (kiir'ba-mat),  n.  [<  carbam(ic)  + 
-ati  1.]     A  salt  of  earbamic  acid. 

carbamic  (kilr-bam'ik),  a.  [<  carb(onic)  +  am- 
((■(/()  +  -ft'.]  Relating  to  a  substituted  carbonic 
acid  containing  tho  amide  radical  NH._>.  car- 
bamic acid,  CON  U^* '11,  an  acid  not  known  in"llie  free 
state,  but  forming  salts  and  ethers,  as  methyl  earbannite, 
CONli.jOCII.^.  Its  ammonium  salt  occurs  in  commercial 
annniiniiini  carbonate. 

carbamide  (kiir'ba-mid  or  -mid),  ii.  [<  carb(on) 
+  (iiiii<l<\'\  1.  A  compound  identical  with  urea, 
having  the  formula  C()(NHo)2.  It  is  found  in 
many  of  the  animal  juices,  and  occurs  most  abundantly 
in  urine. 
2.  A  general  name  for  the  derivatives  of  urea. 

carbazotate  (kiir-baz'o-tat),  «.  [<  carha:ut(ic) 
+  -atc^.']  A  salt  fonued  by  the  union  of  ear- 
bazotie  acid  with  a  base. 

carbazotic  (kiir-ba-zot'ik),  a.  [<  carb(on)  + 
a::iitc  +  -/c]  Composed  of  or  pertaining  to  car- 
bon and  azote Carbazotic  acid,  i',!H._.(N()2)30H, 

picric  acid  ;  aerystalli/alile  arid  ohlaineil  by  the  action  of 
nitric  acid  on  phenyl,  iiidiun,  :tnii  "tin  r  animal  anil  vegeta- 
ble sub-stances.  It  forms  sliinin^  yfllnw  crystals,  sparingly 
soluble  in  cold  water,  and  having  an  intensely  bitter  taste. 
It  is  used  chiefly  in  dyeing.  When  silk  which  Inxs  been 
treated  with  a  mordant  of  alum  or  cream  of  tartar  is  im- 
mersed in  a  solution  of  this  acid,  it  is  dyed  a  beautiful 
permanent  yellow  color ;  and  by  the  use  of  indigo  and 
picric  acid  together  various  shades  of  green  are  obtained. 
Its  salts  explode  violently  when  struck. 

carberry  (k!ir'ber''i),  «.;  pi.  carberrws  (-iz). 
The  gooseberry.     [North.  Eng.] 

carbtydrate  (karb-hi'drat),  n.  Same  as  car- 
bohydrate. 

carliide  (kiir'bid  or  -bid),  n.  [<  carb(on)  + 
-/(/fl.]  A  compound  of  carbon  with  a  metal. 
Formerly  called  carburet. 

carbine'^t  (kiir'bin),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cara- 
bine, carabin,  carbcenc,  a  musketeer,  <  F.  cara- 
bin,  "  a  carbine  or  curboene  [misprinted  for  car- 
teoie],  an  arquebuzier  armed  with  a  murrian 
and  breastplate,  and  serving  on  horseback" 
(Cotgrave),  mod.  F.  carabin,  a  surgeon's  ap- 
prentice, earlier  OF.  calabrin,  calabricn,  orig. 
one  who  worked  a  war-engine,  <  calabre,  a  war- 
engine:  see  calabre^.  In  this  sense  obsolete, 
being  replaced  by  carbineer.']  A  soldier  ai-med 
with  a  carbine ;  a  carbineer ;  a  musketeer. 

N.ay,  I  knew, 
However  lie  wheel'd  about  like  a  loose  carbine. 
He  would  charge  home  at  length  like  a  brave  gentleman. 
Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money,  v.  1. 

carbine-  (kiir'bin),  n.  [Formerly  also  carabine, 
=  D.  karabijn  =  G.  karabiner  =  Dan.  karabin  = 
Sw.  karbin,  <  F.  caral>inc,  <  It.  carabina  =  Sp. 
Pg.  carabina  (>  Ar.  (/iiarabina,  qarbdna),  a  car- 
bine; from  (V(r6/H(  1.]  1.  In  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, a  fireann ;  one  of  the  many  names  given 
to  the  lighter  form  of  harquebuse. — 2.  In  mod- 
ern times,  a  short  ritle,  es[)ecially  one  adapted 
to  the  use  of  moiuited  troops. 

carbineer  (kiU-bi-ner'),  n.  [=  D.  karabinier  = 
Dan.  karabiner  =  Sw.  karbincrarc,  <  F.  cara- 
binier  (=  Sp.  carabinero  =  Pg.  carabineiro  =  It. 
carabinirrc,  carabino),<.  carabine:  see  carbine^.} 
A  soldier  armed  with  a  carbine.  Also  formerly 
written  carabineer. 

carbine-thimble  (kar'bln-tliim''bl),  «.     A  stiff 

sui'ki't  of  leather  fastened  to  a  D-ring  on  the 
right  side  of  a  saddle,  to  hold  the  muzzle  of  a 
carbine. 
carbo  (kiir'bo),  it.  [NL.  (L.);  so  called  from 
their  coal-black  color:  see  carbon.]  A  name 
of  several  black  water-birds,  (a)  The  black  guille- 
mot of  the  North  Paeitle,  tiria  carlo.  (6)  The  common 
cormorant,  Ptiaiacrocorax  carbo.  (ct)  [cap.]  A  genus 
of  cormorants,  giving  name  to  the  Carbonida.  Lad- 
p:dc.  1800. 

carboclet,  "■     A  Middle  English  form  of  car- 

litinelt:     Chancer. 
carbohydrate  (kiir-bo-lii'driit),  «.       [<  carbon 

+  hydrate.]     A  general  name  for  a  group  of 


carbon 

organic  bodies  containing  G  carbon  atoms  or 
some  multiple  of  G,  and  hydrogen  and  o.xygon 
in  the  proportion  in  which  they  fonn  water 
(H2O),  that  is,  twice  as  many  hydrogen  as 
oxygen  atoms,  as  starch,  sugar,  and  cellulose. 
Also  rarbhydrate. 
carbohydroUS  (kiir-bo-hi'drus),  a.  [<  carbo- 
hydr{atr)  H-  -om.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  tho  na- 
ture of  a  carbohydrate. 

Borodin  .  .  .  nuiintains  .  .  .  that  tho  energy  of  the 
respiration  in  leafy  shoots  xnider  constant  external  condi- 
tions is  a  function  of  the  carlmttyilroiu  material  which  is 
present  in  the  plant.        Sinithaunian  iieport,  ls«l,  p.  393. 

carbolated  (kiir'bo-la-ted),  a.  [<  carbol{ic)  + 
-ate'^i  +  -cd-.]    Impregnated  with  carbolic  acid. 

carbolic  (kiir-bol'ik),  n.  [<  carb(on)  +  -ol  + 
-ic]     Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  carbon  or 

coal Carbolic  acid,  a  substance  ((',;ll-.iill)  t..uiiil  in 

that  part  of  tlie  lieavy  oil  of  coal-tar  which  distils  over 
between  .■i29'  and  374"  F.  I'roni  tliis  product  of  lo.il-tar  it 
is  almost  exclusively  prepared.  It  has  feeble  acid  prop, 
erties,  but  in  chemieal  structure  is  allied  to  the  alcohols, 
and  belongs  to  a  class  of  eomiiounds  called  j'/u'itntn.  When 
imre  it  rrystullizes  in  white  or  colorless  needles,  which  have 
tbi-oiloi-  of  creosote  and  a  burning  taste.  I'lu-y  deliiiuesee 
readily  and  liecome  liquid.  It  is  an  irritant  ]ioison  when 
taken  in  large  doses,  but  in  doses  of  from  1  to  3  grains  it 
is  used  internally  as  a  therapeutic  agent.  Its  eliief  medi- 
cinal use,  however,  is  as  a  disinfectant  in  antiseiitie  sur- 
gery, and  as  an  external  application  to  unhealthy  sores, 
compoiuiil  fractures,  abscesses  after  they  liave  lieen  open- 
ed, and  tissues  that  are  exposed  as  a  result  of  surgical  opera- 
tiims.  The  action  of  tlic  arid  is  not  only  to  exclude  germs 
that  induce  pntref.utinn,  tint  also  to  destroy  such  as  may 
have  liccn  admitted,  for  winch  reason  it  is  introduced 
into  tile  interior  of  tlie  wound.  Also  called  phenicacid.— 
Carbolic-acid  paper,  wrapping-paper  saturated  with 
steai'iii  and  carliolic  acid,  used  for  preserving  meats,  etc. 

carbolize  (kar'bol-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
btili:cd,  ppr.  carboUzing.  [<  carbol-ic  +  -i:e.'] 
To  impregnate  mth  carbolic  acid.  Also  spelled 
carbolise. 

carboluria  (kar-bo-lii'ri-a),  n.  [<  carbolic  +  Gr. 
ovpov,  urine.]  A  condition  of  the  urine  charac- 
terized by  dark  discoloration,  symptomatic  of 
poisoning  by  carbolic  acid. 

carbon  (kar'bon),  n.  [=  F.  earbon€=  Sp.  car- 
liono  =  Pg.  carbone  =  It.  carbonio,  <  NL.  car- 
bo(n-),  carbon,  mod.  forms,  in  chem.  sense ;  cf. 
F.  charbon  =Pr.  carbo=Sp.  carbon  =  Pg.  carrao 
=  It.  carbone,  a  coal,  coal,  older  forms,  in  orig. 
sense ;  <  L.  carbo(n-),  a  coal,  whether  a  glowing 
coal  or  a  dead  coal,  charcoal.]  1 .  Chemical  sym- 
bol, C;  atomicweight,  11.97.  An  element  found 
in  natui-e  in  two  distinct  forms :  the  diamond, 
whieh  is  extremely  hard,  of  high  specific  grav- 
ity (.3.5),  usually  colorless  and  transparent,  with 
brilliant  adamantine  luster,  and  crystallizes  in 
octahedrons;  and  graphite,  wliich  is  very  soft, 
of  low  specific  gravity  (2),  black  and  opaque, 
with  metallic  luster,  and  crystallizes  in  hexag- 
onal plates.  See  diamond  a,nd(/rai)hilc.  Its  phys- 
ical [iroperties  vary  greatly  with  its  ditterent  forms.  It  is 
comtiustible,  burning  to  carbonic  acid  (('( »._>).  In  combina- 
tioit  it  is  universally  distributed  through  the  animal  and 
vegetable  kingdoms  being  a  constituent  <»f  every  living 
tissue.  By  the  action  of  heat  on  such  tissues,  w  ith  iiartial 
or  complete  exclusion  of  air,  carbon  is  jirocnred  in  aiuor- 
ptious  form  more  or  less  mixed  with  other  matters.  Sueh 
products  are  animal  charcoal,  lampblack,  wood  charcoal, 
coke,  and  gas-carbon.  The  number  of  its  compounds  with 
the  other  elements  is  endless;  and  at  present  more  com- 
pounds of  carbon  are  known,  probably,  than  of  all  other 
elements  taken  together.  It  isi)resentin  tlie  atmosphere 
as  carbon  dioxid,  or  carbonie-aeidg.as,  and  in  the  same  form 
in  some  mineral  waters ;  it  also  appears  in  the  salts  called 
carlionates,  .as  calcium  carl>onate  in  coral,  in  the  shells  of 
many  sea-animals,  in  the  eomuion  mineral  caleite,  includ- 
ing chalk,  limestone,  marble,  etc.,  and  as  iron  carbonate 
in  the  miner.'d  sidcritc,  etc. 

2.  The  form  of  the  diamond  generally  called 
carbonado;  the  black  diamond. — 3.  In  electric 
liijhting,  a  carbon-point  (see  below).-  Bisulphld 
of  carbon.  See  W*-t(i/irtM/.— Carbon  dioxid.  sameie,cnr- 

bonic  acid  (whieh  see.  under  carbonic). —  CarbOD-pOlBtS, 
in  etertric  lijlitiiuj.  two  rods  of  vcrj*  hanl,  compai  t  rarlxin, 
between  which  the  electric  are  is  formed,  proiltuin-a  light 
of  great  brilliancy.  See  voltaic  arc,  innier  ate.  and  etectrxc 
liillit,  under  c/.v^rie.— Carbon  process,  in  phototj.,  a  pro- 
cess of  producing  photographic  jiositive  pictm-es  in  a  pig- 
ment composed  of  carbon,  in  order  to  insure  tlieir  penna- 
nency.  The  thin  paper  on  whieh  the  iiopression  from  the 
negative  is  taken  is  coateil  with  gelatin  colored  with  the 
earlton  pigment,  and  sensitized,  usiKlll\  with  bichromate  of 
potash.  .-Vfter  exposure  to  light  tnnicr  tlie  negative  it  is 
attixed  face  downward  upon  anollier  sheet  of  paper,  and  is 
plunged  with  it  int^>  a  hot-water  bath,  «  hieh  iletaches  the 
tlrst  paper  and  leaves  the  gelatin  tllm  uncovered.  The 
water  dissolves  those  portions  of  the  tllni  jxhich  have  not 
been  rendered  in.soluble  by  the  action  of  light  through  the 
transparent  portions  of  tlie  negative  upon  the  sensitizing 
medium,  and  the  more  itr  less  insoluble  jKirtions  i>f  the 
Hlni  form  a  positive  picture,  which  is,  however,  reversed 
in  its  relations  of  right  and  left.  If  a  second  transfer  of 
the  tllm  from  its  support,  to  restore  these  relations  in  the 
finished  print,  is  required,  the  first  transfer  is  not  made  to 
a  paper  surface,  but  to  a  sheet  of  glass,  zinc,  or  caoutchouc. 
The  same  end  may  be  acci>m]dished  without  the  second  " 
transfer,  by  strippiutr  the  negative  film  from  the  glass,  and 
printing  with  its  face  outward,  by  reversing  the  right  and 
left  of  the  negative  by  the  use  of  a  prism,  or  by  other  de- 


carbon 

vices. —  Carbon  spar,  a  imiue  piven  to  aeverftl  mtiieral 
cnrbimiUfS.  luv i-nrlmiiati- nf  iniiKncsiuin, nf  ziiu",  etc.  —  Car- 
bon telephone,  a  ("im  of  teK-phoiie  invented  Iiy  Edison, 
in  wJilcli  the  vihnttiinis  of  llie  iliaphra^rn  of  the  niontll- 
pieee  proiliu-e,  by  varialile  iiressure  upon  a  pieee  of  e<ini* 
pivsJieil  carlKin  plaeeti  in  the  circuit,  variations  in  tlic 
electric  current  wliicii  iniiuee  sonorous  vilirations  in  tlie 
receiver.— Gas-carbon,  a  form  of  ainitrpJums  carbon 
wliieh  is  produccii  in  the  ret<M-ts  ivliere  coal  is  Iieated  for 
tile  manufacture  of  illnininatiiip  gas.  It  forms  an  iron- 
jrray  tleptisit  on  tlic  siiles  and  upjier  j>art  of  tlie  retort.  It 
is  extn-niely  liaril,  ami  is  a  good  conductor  of  heat  and 
electr-icity.  It  is  used  in  tile  preparation  of  carln»n  Itat- 
tery -plates,  and  also  for  tlie  carbon-points  used  with  tlie 
electric  arc-light.  Also  called  coal-gas  charcoal  and  gas- 
graphite. 

carbona  (kjir-bo'na),  «.  [NL. :  seo  carbon.'] 
In  miiiinfi,  a  ma.ss  of  stanniferous  rook,  irregu- 
lar in  form,  and  not  possessing  the  general 
character  of  a  lode.  Such  a  mass,  however,  is  ordi- 
narily subordinate  to  a  lode  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  The 
carliona  is  in  sonic  respects  analogous  to  the  "  pipes"  and 
**llat-s"  of  the  North  of  England  lead-mines.  The  carbona 
of  tlic  St.  Ives  lode  in  Cornwall,  England,  was  one  of  the 
most  reniarliable  of  tllesc  occurrences,  and  one  of  the  first 
towhicli  tliis  name  was  given.  It  was  compo.sed  of  feldspar, 
quart/,  blacl;  tourmalin  (scliorl),  tin  ore  (cassiterite),  and 
some  cupriferous  ore.  It  also  contained  fluor-spar,  which 
was  not  [tresent  in  tlie  lode  itself. 

carbonaceous  (kiir-bo-na'shius),  a.  [<  carbon 
+  -uccous.']  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  car- 
bon; containing  carbon  or  coaly  matter Car- 
bonaceous sbale,  a  soft  shaly  rocli  througli  whidi  coaly 
or  bilnininous  matter  is  abundantly  dirtused  in  fine  parti- 
cles. Siuli  sliales  are  abundant  in  some  parts  of  the  United 
States,  e^jiecially  in  tJie  Devonian  and  .Silurian  series. 

carbonadet  (kar-bo-nad'),  n.  [=  G.  Dan.  lar- 
boniKic,  <  F.  carhoiiadc,  carbonnade,  <  It.  car- 
bonata  (=  Sp.  carbonada  =  Pg.  cararonada), 
carbonade,  <  carbone  (=  Sp.  carbon  —  Pg.  car- 
vao),  a  coal:  see  carbon.]  In  coolccry,  a  piece 
of  meat,  fowl,  or  game  cut  across,  seasoned, 
and  broiled ;  a  chop.     Also  carbonado. 

I  will  make  thee  slice  the  brawns  of  thy  arms  into  car- 
bo7uides,  and  eat  them. 

J/arioMie,  Tamburlaine  the  Great,  I.,  iv.  4. 
If  I  come  in  his  [way]  willinglv,  let  him  make  a  carbo- 
nado of  me.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 
Broil  them  on  the  coals 
For  carboTiadoes, 

Ma^siiiffcr,  The  Bondman,  iii.  3. 

carbonadet,  carbonado^t  (kar-bo-nad', -nii'do), 
r.  t.  [<  carbdiKide.  ;i.]  1.  To  make  a  carbo- 
nade of;  score  across  and  grill. 

Will  he  have  a  brace. 
Or  but  one  partridge,  or  a  short  legg'd  hen, 
Daintyly  carbonadoed  ? 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  i.  1. 
2.  To  cut  or  hack,  as  in  fighting. 
Draw,  you  rogue,  or  I'll  so  carbonado  your  shanks. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 
AVith  his  keen-edged  spear 
He  cut  and  carbonaded  them. 

Massinger,  Picture,  ii.  1. 
Wlio  could  surmise  a  man  ever  could  rise 
A\lio'd  been  thus  carbnnado'd,  cut  up,  and  dissected? 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  230. 

carbonado!  (kar-bo-na'do),  n.     [Sp.,  <  carbono, 
carbon :  see  carbon.]     Same  as  bort,  2. 
carbonado-t  (kar-bo-na'do),  n.  and  v.    Same  as 

carbonade. 

Carbonari,  ».     Plural  of  Carbonaro. 

Carbonarism(kar-bo-na'rizm),  ?i.  [<  Carbonari 
+  -inm.]  The  principles,  deeds,  or  cause  of  the 
Carbonari ;  sympathy  with  or  support  of  them. 
The  determination,  the  self-forgetfulness,  the  audacity 
of  the  Nihilists,  compared  with  whose  conspiracies  the 
plots  of  Carboyiartjfm  are  merely  child's  play,  are  a  fact  so 
foreign  to  onr  nature  that  we  can  liardly  understand  it. 
Orpen,  tr.  of  Lavelaye's  Sui'ialisni,  p.  196. 

Carbonaro  (kar-bo-na'ro),  «.;  pi.  Carbonari 
(-ri).  [It.,  lit.  (as  carbonajo),  a  charcoal-burn- 
er, <  L.  carbonarius,  a  charcoal-burner,  a  col- 
lier, <  carbo(n-)  (>  It.  carbone),  coal,  charcoal: 
see  carbon.]  One  of  the  members  of  a  secret 
political  society  called  the  Carbonari,  formed 
in  the  kingdom  of  Naples  during  the  reign  of 
Murat  (1808-14)  by  republicans  and  others  dis- 
satisfied 'with  the  French  rule.  Tliey  were  origi- 
ihally  refugees  among  the  mountains  of  the  Abruzzi  prov- 
inces, ami  took  their  name  from  the  mountain  charcoal- 
burners.  Their  aim  wa-s  to  free  their  country  fi'om  foreign 
domination,  .ifter  having  .lided  the  Bourbons  in  the  expul- 
sion of  the  Erench,  the  organization  sjircad  over  all  Italy 
as  the  champions  of  the  national  liberal  cause  against  the 
reactionary  governineuts.  ki  one  time  the  l'arb(jnari  num- 
bered several  liundred  thousand  adherents.  They  were 
concerned  in  the  various  revolutions  of  the  times  until 
crushed  out  by  the  Austrian  power  in  Italv.  About  1820 
they  spread  into  France,  and  played  an  important  part  in 
(■rench  politics  until  tlie  revolution  of  1S30. 

Louis  Napoleon  began  as  a  Carbonaro  and  conspirator, 
and  narrowly  escaped  the  fate  which  terminated  the  course 
of  his  elder  brother  and  removed  at  least  one  rival  out  of 
his  way.  W.  n.  Qreg,  Misc.  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  154. 

carbonatation  (kiir'bo-na-ta'shgn),  «.     Same 

as  rarhomtlion. 
carbonate'   (kiir'bq-nat),  h.     l<  earbon{ic)  + 

-a«tl ;  =  F.  carbonate  =  Sp.  Pg.  carbunato.]     1. 


816 

In  clicm.,  a  compound  formed  by  the  tmion  of 
carbonic  acid  witli  a  base:  as,  calcium  carbo- 
nate; copiieT  carbonate.  Tlie  carbonates  arc  an  im- 
portant da.ss  of  salts,  many  of  them  being  extensively  used 
in  tile  arts  and  in  medicine. 

2.  jd.  The  common  name  in  the  Cordilleran 
mining  region  of  ores  consisting  in  large  part 
of  carbonate  of  lead,  and  usually  containing 
silver.  This  is  an  important  class  of  ores  in 
Colorado  and  Utah.— 3.  Same  as  carbonado  or 
bort.  [Kare.]— Hard  carbonates,  salts  containing 
carbonic  aciil  with  iron  for  a  base.— Soft  carbonates, 
salts  containing  carbonic  acid  with  a  base  of  lead. 
carbonate^  (kar'bo-nat), 
carbonated,  ppr.  carbon 

-ate^;  =F.  carbonater  —  .J.J.  ^„,,„^,„.,y,,.,     j.„        v      •     j.-       ,,  ■■    ,       .    -,  ,      , 
improgiiatc  or  saturate  with  carbonic  acid.—  carbonization  (kar  bo-ni-za  shon), 


carboy 

ica,  is  separable  into  three  more  or  less  distinct  fooups: 
the  coal  nieasures,  the  millstonegrit,  and  the  mountain 
limestone.  The  first  of  these  tliree  is  a  series  of  shales 
and  clays,  with  which  the  coal-beds  themselves  are  inter- 
stratified.  'J'his  part  (if  the  series  is  sometimes  several 
thousand  feet  in  thickness,  and  the  number  and  thickness 
of  the  intercalated  coal  beds  differ  greatly  in  dilferent  re- 
gions. The  millstonegrit  is  a  dctrital  rock  ordinarily 
quite  silicious,  and  assuming  all  degi'ees  of  fineness,  from 
that  of  a  fluegrained  giitstone  to  that  of  a  coarse  conglom- 
erate. Its  thickness  varies  gi-eatly  in  various  regions.  The 
mountain  limestone  is  a  calcareous  rock,  often  rich  in  fos- 
sils of  niariue  origin,  and  sometimes  having  a  thickness 
of  over  :;,000  feet.  See  coal,  coal-iiieagure*,  milUtone-ffrit. 
and  mountain  limegtune  (under  limestone).  (In  teclinical 
use,  commonly  with  a  capital.  ] 


t)    V    t  •   pret    and  pp      "s''.  commomy  wun  a  capital.] 

ta'tinf/.  'i<carbon(ic)-h  Carbonisation,  carbonise,  etc.    See  carboni:a- 

=  Sp.  carbomitar.]     To     '"'"■  ''[''■  ..       ,,  ..     ,        ■    -,  ^     , 


Carbonated  springs,  springsof  water  impregnated  w  ith 
eal  I i(  -arid  ^a^.   Tht  y  areenmmon  in  volcanic  countries. 

carbonation  (kiir-bo-na'shon),  n.  [<  carbo- 
nate-: see -ation.]  The  act  or  process  of  caus- 
ing combination  with  carbonic  acid;  specifi- 
cally, a  process  of  defecating  beet-,  sorghum-, 
or  cane-juice  by  the  addition  of  milk  of  lime, 
and  subsequently  precipitating  the  lime  as  car- 
bonate by  leading  into  the  solution  a  stream  of 
carbonic-acid  gas.     Also  carbonatation 


..   .,         U-  C""- 

boni:c  (seo  -ation);  =  F.  carbonisation  =  Sp. 
carboni-acion  =  Pg.  carboniza^ao.]  1 .  The  oper- 
ation of  converting  wood  or  other  organic  sub- 
stance into  coal  or  charcoal.  The  volatile  constit- 
uents are  diiven  off  by  combustion,  and  a  more  or  less 
pure  carbon  remains  behind.  The  term  is  also  used  for 
the  slow  transformation  of  wood  into  coal  by  natural  pro- 
cesses. 

2.    Same  as  carburi:atinn. — 3.   Same  as  car- 
bonation.    Also  spelled  carlmnisation. 
-  carbonization-bed  (kar  "bo-ni-za'shon-bed),  n. 

carbon-black  (kar  bon-blak),  n.    A  fine  lamp-    hicharcoal-hnniini/,  a  rectangidar  wooden  box, 
black  used  in  making  printing-inks  and  paints,    higher  at  the  rear  than  at  the  front,  contain- 
nnf.^rn!"!';  ^L^^.^^u"'  "'•'  1'""m  "'  f  «-'^"'l'*,'  ''',','  ''/    Ing  wood  covcrcd  with  a  laver  of  earth,    it  has  a 
f,f,'  1  ,   „?  W„T-  n     !'    f       ,  "'     f  ;H'f^7^'  '""'  •^""'■'^^     helrth  at  the  front  or  lower  end,  and  forms  a  kind  of  kiln ; 
m  n  1  mv  r;r;;,r,n  ■'  '°''  ''"''  "^"     the  fire  gradually  extends  backward  fr,m.  the  hearth,  and 

i)oiiin.iniRi>  anuedtoini.  ,  ,.      the  charcoal  is  withdrawn  as  fast  as  it  is  made. 

carbon-bronze  (kar  bon-bronz),  n.     An  anti-  carbonize  (kar'bo-niz),  V.  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  car-- 

boni:rd,iqiv.rarbont:inii.  [(.carbon  -i-  -i:e;  =  F, 
carboniiier=iip.  Pg.  ciirlioui:ar  =  lt.  carboniz- 
zarc.]  1.  To  convert  into  carbon  by  combus- 
tion or  the  action  of  tire,  or  by  other  natural  pro- 
cesses.—  2.  To  cover  with  carbon  (in  the  fomi 
of  charcoal  or  lampblack). —  3.  To  carburize. 

Also  spelled  earlionise. 
Carbonizing-fumace,  an   apparatus   for    carbonizing 
,„^      Wood,  liisiiile^ratiiig  rocks,  etc.     E.  U.  Knight. 
.See  carbon  tele-  carbonizer  (kar'bo-ni-zer),  n.'  A  tank  of  ben- 
zol or  other  hydrocarbon,  through  which  air 
is  jiassed  to  carry  off  an  inflammable  vapor. 
E.  1).    Also  spelled  carboniser. 
carbon-light  (kar'bon-lit),  n.    An  electric  arc- 
light. 


friction  alloy  of  'which  the  principal  constitu- 
ent is  copper.  It  was  invented  by  Baldman  and 
Weisman,  and  is  used  for  journal-bearings,  etc. 
carbon-button  (kar'bon-but  'n),  n.  A  small  disk 
of  carbon,  usually  of  compressed  lampblack, 
used  in  a  form  of  telephone  invented  by  Edison. 
The  resistance  which  it  offers  to  the  passage  of  an  electric 
current  depends  upon  the  pressure  to  which  it  is  sub- 
jected, so  that  when  it  forms  a  part  of  a  circuit  of  con- 
stant electromotive  force  the  clUTent  strength  will  vary 
with  viuiations  of  pressure  on  the  disk.  .  -  . 
phone,  under  carbon. 
carbonic  (kar-bon'ik),  a.  [=  F.  carbonique  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  carbonico,  <  NL.  carbonicns,  <  car- 
bo(n-),  carbon:  see  carbon  and  -ic.]  Pertain- 
ing to  carbon,  or  obtained  from  it Carbonic 

acid,  Co.,,  more  properly  called  carbonic  anhodrid  or     •*':----■  ,,  ..    »t_  -    ,-*  i        \ 

carbon  dioxid,  a  gaseous  compound  of  12  parts  by  weight  CarbOnOnydrOUS  (kar"bo-nO-hl'drus),  «.  [< 
of  carbon  and  32  of  o.\ygen,  colorless,  without  smell,  22  carbon  +  itydr{0f/en)  -t-  -ons.]  Composed  of 
times  as  heavy  as  hydrogen,  and  existing  in  the  atmosphere     carbon  and  hvdroo'en. 

U)  the  extent  of  1  volume  in  2.500.    It  is  reduced  to  a  ««-!-„— «-«rt+-.^  /i--f„  -ul ,„/.,  +a^n     „       ry  xtt 

liquid  by  high  pressure  and  cold;  and  it  is  obtained  as  a  Carbonometer  (kar-bo-nom  e-ter),  n.  [<  NL. 
solid  white  substance  by  means  of  tlie  intense  cold  pro-  carbo(n-),  carbon,  -H  L.  mctrum,  a  measure.] 
diiced  by  the  sudden  expansion  of  the  liquid  when  al-  An  instrument  for  detecting  the  presence  of 
lowed  to  escape  from  pressiu-e.    It  has  a  pleasant  acidu-    carbonic  acid  bv  its  action  on  lime-water. 

Ions,  pungent  taste,  and  aerated  beverages  of  all  kinds —  .,„_t ,-i  ■•   f'-u  ,  r/         »,        i  -i 

beer,  champagne,  and  carbonated  mineral  water-  in  p.art  CarbOnOUS  (kar  bo-nus),  a.  [<  carbon  -f  -oils.] 
owe  their  refreshing  qualities  to  its  presence ;  for,  though  Pertaining  to  or  containing  carbon —  Carbonous 
poisonous  when  taken  into  the  lungs,  it  is  harmless  when  oxid.  Same  as  carbonic  oxa^which  see,  under  corhonic). 
taken  into  the  stomach  in  moderate  quantity.  Dissolved  parhnn-TinTipr  ^lcni''bnTi-nn"Tipr'>  »  Pni,t>i'fii>ofl 
inwater,itformsadibasica.i,l,(ri,OH).,,wlio5esalts,the  CarDOn-paper  (l^ar  Don-pa  per),».  Papei  taced 
carbonates,  are  widely  and  al.iiii.lautlv  distributed  in  na-  ■"■'*'!  carlion  or  lampblack :  UbCd  between  two 
ture.  It  is  incapable  of  maintaining  combustion  or  animal  sheets  of  )iaper  for  the  purpose  of  reproducing 
life,  acting  as  a  narcotic  poison  when  present  in  the  air  to  upon  the  lower  sheet  anything  'which  may  be 
^'>'^^«''}^''*'°lon\y4or-,percent.     It  is  disengaged  from    -(vrittcn  or  clrawu  upon   the   upper   sheet,   or 

fermenting  liquors  and  from  decomposing  vegetable  and         -    +    i  -4.1,        \         :,. 

animal  substances,  and  is  largely  evolved  from  fissures  in    prmtcil  upon  it  by  a  type-'wnter. 
the  earth,  constituting  the  choke-damp  of  mines.  From  its  Carbon-point  (kiir'bon-point),  n.     See  carbott- 
weight  it  has  a  tendency  to  subside  into  low  places,  vaults,     po/n  ^s,  under  carbon. 

and  wells,  rendering  some  low-lying  places,  as  the  upas  pnr'hnTi'  Tirint.  rknT'linii-nriTitl  n  A  iiIintnornTili 
valley  of  Java,  and  many  caves,  uninhabitable.  This  gas  CarDOn-printHKai  oon  pnnt;,  H.  A pnotograpn 
is  formed  and  given  out  during  the  respiration  of  animals,  m  liermanent  inks  or  colors,  bee  carbon  2>roccss, 
and  in  all  ordinary  combustion,  from  the  oxidation  of  car-  under  carlion,  and  irondliKnifiipe. 
bon  in  the  fuel  It  is  evolved  from  the  colored  parts  of  the  carbonyl  (kiir'bon-il),  n.  '[(carbon  +  -i/l.]  A 
flowers  of  plants  both  by  night  and  day,  and  from  the  green  l,,T,,,tiretieal  oro^nTiic  radio-,  IhixnTKr  the  formnln 
parts  of  plants  during  the  night.  In  direct  or  difiuse  day-  liJT>ot"<^">-'^l  organic  racucal  na^^ng  tne  tormiua 
light,  plants  absorb  it  energetically  from  the  atmosphere     CO. 

through  their  leaves,  and  decompose  it,  assimilating  the  CarDOrUndum  (kiir-bo-run  dum),  ;;.  A  product 
carbon.andretnrningmostof  the  oxygen  to  the  air.— Car-  of  the  electric  fiu'nai-e  used  in  place  of  emery 
bomc-acid  engine.  («)  A  fire-engine  from  wliicli  water  ^s  an  abrasive  material.  The  reaction  of  the 
is  ejected  by  the  pressure  of  carbomc-acid  gas,  which  15     f  ■     v;-i  1   j-qc      «-('4-0('(i 

evolved  in  a  chamber  connected  with  the  water-reservoir,  turnacc  is  Mtio+dt  —  rMl_ -r_LU. 
(h)  An  engine  which  is  moved  by  the  expansive  force  of  CarbOTTinate  (kar-b6-%-i'nat),  n.  [<  NL.  car- 
condensed  carbonic  acid.— Carbonic-acld  water.  See  boin-},  carbon,  -t-  L.  rin(uni),  wine  (for  'alco- 
hol'), +  -o'fl.]  See  earbovinate  of  potassium, 
xuider  i)ota.'<siuni. 
carboxyl  (kar'bok-sil),  «.  [<  carb(on)  -f-  ox- 
(//!/< /I )  -1-  -,!//.]  A  hii-^iothetical  organic  radical 
having  the  formula  COOH.  it  may  be  regarded  as 
a  compound  radical  made  up  of  c!U"boiiyl  (CO)  and  hy- 
droxyl  (IIH).  This  carboxyl  group  (COOH)  exists  in  all 
organic  acids,  its  hydrogen 
being  replaceable  by  a  basic 
element  or  group,  thus  form- 
ing a  salt,  .as  acetic  acid  (*'H;i 
COOH),  sodium  acetate  (CH3 
COONa),  etc. 

carboy  (kar'boi),H.  [nt. 

<  Hind.  Pcrs.  qardba,  a 

large    flagon.]       If.    A 

demijohn. 

Six  carlmi/x  of  Isphahan  'Wine. 

Hanwati,  17,S4,  quot.  in  Yule 

[and  Buniell's  Glossary. 
2.  A  large  globular  bottle  of  green  glass,  pro- 
tected by  an  outside  covering  consisting  either 


rated  waters,  under  aerate. —  Carbonic  or  carbonous 
oxid,  a  substance  (CO)  obtained  by  allowing  carbonic  acid 
to  pass  over  red-hot  fragments  of  charcoal,  contained  in  a 
tube  of  iron  and  porcelain,  and  also  by  several  other  pro- 
cesses.  It  is  a  colorless,  inodorous  gas,  a  little  lighter  than 
air,  li.os  neither  acid  nor  alkaline  projierties,  is  very  poison- 
ous, and  burns  with  a  jiale-lavcnder  flame.  This  sul)stance 
is  produced  when  a  eual-Ilre  burns  witli  a  sninkeless  flame, 
and  the  ]iale-lavender  flame  ]iroduced  liy  its  combustion 
may  often  be  oljserved  playing  over  such  a  fire. 

Carbonidae  (kiir-bon'i-de),  h.  jil.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
}}o(n-)  -t-  -/(?«■.]  A  name  of  tlie  cormorant  fam- 
ily.   J.  F.  Brandt,  ^fi3Q.    See  fhalacrocoracidee. 

carboniferous  (k:ir-bo-nif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  car- 
bo{n-),  coal,  +  ferrc  =  E.'hear^.]  Containing 
or  yielding  carbon  or  coal.  In  .wof.,  .almost  ex- 
clusi\cly  used  in  designating  that  asseinblage  of  strata 
from  which  the  coal  of  England.  France,  (jerniany,  and  the 
United  States  is  for  the  most  part  obtained.  Tlie  (Carbon- 
iferous series  is  of  the  Paleozoic  age,  and  is  the  most  re- 
cent portitui  of  the  Paleozoic.  It  is  overlaid  by  the  Permian 
rocks,  which  belong  to  the  closing  era  of  the  Carbonifer- 
ous age,  and  is  underlaid  by  the  Devonian.  The  Carbon- 
iferous, over  large  areas  both  in  Europe  and  North  Amer- 


Carboy. 


carboy 

of  basketwork  or  of  a  wooden  box :  used  chiefly 
for  contaiiiing  eortiiiu  acids  (such  as  vitriol  or 
sulphui'ic  acid)  and  other  higlily  ooiTosivo  li- 
quids likely  to  act  chemically  upon  stoneware. 
car-brake  (kiir'brak),  >i.  A  brake  used  to  ar- 
rest the  motion  of  a  raili'oad-car.  wiieii  oper- 
ated by  Imml,  it  eonipriaes  a  bruke-wlu-el,  hriike-sliaft, 
brake-chain,  Ijrake-lever.  and  brake-shoe,  witli  their  va- 
rious parts.  (See  hrukn-gha/t,  brakc-xhw,  ainl  brake- 
wheel.)  Wliere  otlicr  than  hand-power  is  used,  t!»e  brake 
consists  essentially  of  tlie  slioe  and  lever  aiul  some  means 
(as  a  coiled  sprinj^,  steam,  compressed  air,  or  the  pressure 
of  the  air  acting  in  a  vacuum)  for  devclopinji  power  and 
applying;  it  to  operate  the  brake-lever.  When  all  the 
brakes  of  a  train  are  oi>erated  together  by  a  siuKle  aj)- 
plication  of  power,  tlie  apparatus  is  called  a  C'lnthmnuit 
brake.  The  most  important  forms  of  such  brakes  are  the 
Westinshonse  brake  and  the  vacuum-brake.  (.See  air- 
brake.)  Some  rnntiiiuous  brakes,  as  the  improveil  West- 
inglKtuse,  are  oiierated  Iiy  the  breakiu}^  apart  of  the  cars 
in  tlie  train,  and  are  called  automatic  or  self-settiiitj  brakes. 
See  cut  iin.bi/imfc'a. 

car-bumper  (kiir'bum"p6r),  n.    A  buffer. 

carbuncle  (kiir'bmiK-kl),  n.  [<  ME.  airhididr, 
-bonclc,  also  assibilatcd  chnrhunvlr,  -honclr, 
-boclr,  -hiii-lc,  <  OF.  carbuncle,  -bouclc,  assibi- 
lated  chiirbttnclc,  -biicic,  -bonclc,  -bode,  schcr- 
buncle,  ¥.  cacdrboticlc  =  Pr.  curbuiicle,  ciir- 
bonclc  =  Sp.  Pg.  corbmiclo  =  It.  ctirboiichio  = 
D.  karbniikrl  =  JIIKt.  karbuiiM,  also  karfuii- 
kel,  G.  tctirfimkcl  (as  if  connected  with  fiiiikc, 
a  spark)  =  Dau.  k'urfKiikel  (prob.  <  G.)  =  S\v. 
karbunkcl,  <  L.  carbnnculus  (ML.  also  carrun- 
cuIkh,  ciirniculiw),  a,  gem,  an  intlamed  tumor  or 
boil,  a  disease  of  plants  caused  by  hoar-frost, 
also  lit.  a  little  coal,  dim.  of  c<irbo{n-),  a  glow- 
ing coal:  see  carbon.']  1.  A  beautiful  gem  of 
a  deep-red  color,  inclining  to  scarlet,  found 
chiefly  in  the  East  Indies,  wiien  held  upto  tlusun 
it  loses  its  deep  tinge,  ami  liecomcsof  tlteccibir  of  a  liui'ii- 
ing  coal.  It  was  formerly  believed  to  lie  capable  of  sinn- 
ing in  darkness.  The  carbuncle  of  the  aTuiciits  is  julicvcd 
to  have  been  a  garnet,  some  varieties  of  "liich  still  go  by 
that  name,  though  the  iiaiue  included  also  the  ruby  and 
the  spinel. 

2.  In  pathol.,  a  circumscribed  inflammation 
of  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue,  result- 
ing in  suppuration  and  sloughing,  and  having 
a  tendency  to  extend  itself,  undermining  the 
skin.  It  i.s  somewhat  similar  to  a  boil,  but 
more  serious  in  its  effects. 

It  was  a  pestilent  fever,  but  there  followed  no  car- 
bunele.  Bacon. 

3.  In  her. :  (a)  A  charge  or  bearing  generally 
consisting  of  8  radiating  staffs  or  scepters,  4  of 
which  are  vertical  and  horizontal  and  4  diag- 
onal or  saltierwise,  and  supposed  to  represent 
the  precious  stone  carbuncle.  Also  called  cs- 
carbuiicle.  (b)  The  tincttire  red,  when  describ- 
ing a  nobleman's  escutcheon  according  to  the 
system  of  blazoning  by  precious  stones.  See 
bla-o)i,  H.,2. —  4.  A  whelk  or  "toddy-blossom" 
on  a  drunkard's  face. 

carbuncled  (kar'bung-kld),  a.  [<  carbuncle  + 
-ed'-^.]     1.  Set  with  carbuncles. 

lie  has  deserv'd  it  [armour],  were  it  carbuiicled 
Like  holy  l'h..ebns'  car.  Sliak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  8. 

2.  Afflicted  with  carbuncle,  or  having  the  color 
of  a  carbuncle;  glowing  like  a  carbuncle,  as 
from  drink:  as,  "a  carbuncled  face,"  Brome, 
The  Good  Fellow. 
carbuncular  (kar-bung'ktj-liir),  a.  [<  L.  car- 
buiiculu.'i,  carbuncle,  -f  -a'r-'.']  Belonging  to  a 
carbuncle;  resembling  a  carbimclo;  red;  in- 
flamed  Carbuncular  fever.  Same  as  malignant  an- 
thrax (which  see,  nruicr  aittlirax}. 

carbimculate  (kilr-bimg'ku-lat),  a.     Same  as 

carlmitciihrr. 
carbunculation  (kiir-btmg-ku-la'shon),  «.      [< 
L.  carliui(Cul(tUo{ii-),  <  carbuncularc,  pp.  crtrbun- 
culdtus,  have  a  carbuncle,  or  (of  plants)  the 
disease  called  coW)HH<-»?Hs;  seo  carbuncle]   The 
blasting  of  the  young  buds  of  trees  or  plants  by 
excessive  heat  or  cold. 
carbunculinet  (kiir-bung'ku-lin),  o.   [Cf.  equiv. 
L.  carbuuculosu.%  containiiig  red  sandstone,  < 
carbunculus,  red  sandstone.]     Containiug  red 
sandstone. 
In  sandy  lando  thai  (cliestnuts)  stande  if  that  it  wepe 
Black  erthe  is  apte,  anil  londe  carbuncnhjnc 
And  ragstoon  all  to  rajite  is  for  hem  digue. 

Palladium,  ilusbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  216. 

carburett  (kiir'bu-ret),  H.  [=  Sp.  Pg.  carburcio, 
Pg.  also  carburo,  =  F.  carbure,  <  NL.  carbo  : 
see  carbon.]     Same  as  carbide. 

carburet  (kiir'bfi-ret),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
hurdid.  carhurc'ttcd,  ppr.  carburrtint/,  carburet- 
tiiKj.     [<  rarburrl.  u,]     Same  as  ciirhuri:c. 

carbureted,  carburetted  (kiir'bu-ret-ed),  ;>.  a. 
[Pp.  of  cinhurct,  I-.]  Combined  with  tarbon 
in  the  inuniier  of  a  carburet  or  carbi.le:  as,  car- 
bureted hytlrogon Heavy  carbureted  hydrogen. 


817 

Same  as  cfAi/fcOT.— Light  carbureted  hydrogen,a  com- 
pound of  carl  "in  jitid  hydrogen  (fll^)  which  occurs  in  coal- 
mines (llr(>-damp)  and  about  stagnant  pools. 

carbureter,  carburetor  (kiir'bu-ret-er,  -or),  ?i. 
l<  carbunt  + -(-r^, -or.]  1.  An  apparatus  for 
adding  hydrocarbons  to  non-luminous  or  poor 
gases,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  an  illumi- 
nating gas.  This  iselfccted  by  the  addition  of  volatile  hy- 
drocarbons, or  by  placing  material  rich  in  hydrocarbons  in 
the  charge  in  the  gas-ret^irt,  or  by  causing  the  gas  to  pass 
through  liipiiii  hydrocarbons  to  take  up  the  more  volatile 
vapors.  Air-carbureters  arc  of  this  last  class.  Various 
devices  are  employed  to  saturate  the  air  with  the  vapor, 
hut  all  are  essentially  alike. 
2.  A  hydrocarbon  used  for  this  purpose. 

The  lightest  distillates  tit  American  petroleum,  Sher- 
wood oil,  or  shale,  have  been  much  investigated  in  regard 
to  use  as  anaesthetics  or  as  carburetters. 

Ure,  Diet.  lU.  399. 
Also  carburetter,  carburettor. 

carburetted,  /'.  ".    See  carbureted. 

carburisation,  carburise.  See  carburization, 
carbuyi;:c. 

carburization  (kar"bu-ri-za'8hon),  n.  [<  car- 
hurize  -\-  -ation.]  The  process  of  adding  car- 
bon, especially  to  iron;  any  process  which 
has  as  its  chief  result  the  increasing  of  the 
amotint  of  carbon  present  in  a  metal.  Thus,  ce- 
ment-steel is  iron  which  has  been  changed  to  steel  by 
being  carburized  by  the  so-called  cementation  process. 
Also  siielled  earbunnation. 

carburize  (kiir'bu-riz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
burizcd,  ppr.  carburizina.  [<  carbur(ct)  H-  -ice.] 
To  cause  to  unite  with  carbon  or  a  liyilrocar- 
bon,  as  when  the  illuminating  jiower  of  a  gas 
is  increased  by  mingling  with  it  the  vapor  of 
volatile  hydrocarbons.   Also  carburi.ie,  carburet. 

carburometer  (kar-bu-rom'e-t6r),  II.  [<  car- 
liHr{ti)  +  -o-iiictcr,  <  L.  inctruin,  a  measure.] 
An  apparatus  invented  by  M.  Coquillou  for  de- 
termining the  amount  of  carbonic  oxid,  hyih'o- 
gen,  etc.,  in  gases  contained  in  fuels.  £.  II. 
Knight. 

carbyl  (kiir'bil),  «.  [<  carb(on)  +  -ijl.]  A 
name  given  by  Magnus  to  the  hydrocarbon 
ethylene  when  it  acts  as  a  basic  radical,  as  car- 
byl'sulphate,  C2H4(S03)2. 

carcajou  (kar'ka-jo),  n.  [F.,  from  a  native 
name.]  1.  The  American  wolverene,  Gulo 
lii.scus.  See  wolverene. —  2.  Erroneously  —  (o) 
the  American  badger,  Taxidea  amcricana ;  (6) 
the  cougar,  Felis  concolor. 

The  wolverene  has  been  confused  not  only  with  the 
lynx  and  cougar  in  early  times,  but  also  quite  recently 
with  the  American  badger,  Taxidea  americana.  Thus 
F.  t'uvier  (supp.  to  liulfon,  ed.  1831, 1.  267)  treats  at  length 
of  "le  carcajou  ou  blaireau  am^ricain,"  ...  to  which  he 
misconceives  the  name  carcajou  to  belong. 

Coues,  Fur-bearing  Animals,  p.  45. 

carcan  (kar'kan),  n.     [<  p.  earcan :  see  carea- 

liet.]  Same  as  carcanet. 
carcanet  (kiir'ka-net),  n.  [Formerly  also  car- 
kanet,  sometimes  carqucnet  (with  dim.  -ct  or 
for  'carcani),  =  D.karkant,  <  OF.  carcant,  car- 
can,  carchant,  charchant,  cherchant,  mod.  P. 
carcan  =  Pr.  carcan  =  It.  carcnme  (ML.  carcan- 
num,  carclianiiuin),  a  collar  of  jewels,  an  iron 
collar;  (1)  perhaps,  with  suffix  -ant  (cf.  OF. 
carcaille,  a  carcanet,  with  suffix  -<iille,  =  E. 
-al),  <  OHG.  (/««-cn=Icel.  At'erA:=  Dan.  kra-rk, 
the  throat:  see  qucrkcn.  (2)  Less  prob.  ML. 
carcannum  =  crango,  a  collar,  appar.  <  OHG. 
cragc,  chragc,  throat,  neck,  MHG.  krage,  throat, 
neck,  collar,  G.  kragcn,  collar,  <'apo,  gorget,  dial, 
neck:  see  crag".  (.3)  Some  refer  to  Bret,  kcr- 
clien,  the  bosom,  breast,  the  circle  of  the  neck, 
same  as  kelchcn,  collar,  <  kelch,  a  circle,  circuit, 
akin  to  W.  cclcb.  roimd,  encircling.]  1.  A  neck- 
lace or  collar  of  jewels. 
Jewels  in  the  carcaiwt.  Shak.,  Sonnets,  lii. 

.-Vbout  thy  neck  a  carkanet  is  bound. 
Made  of  the  Ruble,  Pearle,  and  Diamond. 

Uerrick,  To  Julia. 

Then  in  the  light's  last  glimmer  I'ristram  show'd 
And  swung  the  ruby  carcanet. 

Tennyson,  The  Last  Tournament. 

2t.  A  circlet  of  gold  and  jewels  worn  as  an  or- 
nament for  the  hair. 
Curled  hairs  hung  full  of  sparkling  carcaiuts.   .Wanton. 

carcara  (kiir-kar'ii).  n.     Same  as  caracara. 

carcass,  carcase  (kiir'kas),  ».  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  carcaasc,  carkax.^t,  carkis,  <  ME.  carkea,  car- 
kci/s,  karkcis,  carcai/.'i:  (1)  <  OF.  carcag,  cnrcoi).; 
also  assibilated  cliarcois,  charco.i,  cliarquois, 
charcliois,  mod.  F.  dial,  cliarcoi.i,  charquois,  m., 
OF.  also  carquasse,  mod.  F.  carcassc,  f.,  car- 
cass, skeleton,  frame,  OF.  also  flesh,  =  Sp.  car- 
casa  =  Pg.  carcassa,  carcass,  =  It.  carcassa,  f., 
a  shell,  bomb,  skeleton,  hulk  (ML.  carca-iiuin, 
carcoisium,  a  carcass  ;  cf.  It.  carcanic,  a  carcass 
—  a  corrupt  form,  or  diff .  word),  associated  with. 


Carchariidse 

and  perhaps  ilerived  from  (as  the  'shell'  or 
'case'  left  by  the  departed  spirit),  (2)  OF. 
carquais,  carcoi.f,  carquois,  F.  carquois,  m.,  = 
Sp.  carcax  =  Vg.  carcaz  =  It.  carcas.<io,  m.  (ML. 
carcaissum ;  Croatian  karka.sh),  a  quiver,  prob. 
a  corruption  (appar.  simulating  initially  L. 
caro  {cam-),  flesh;  cf.  carrion)  of  ML.  Inrcai^ius, 
MGr.  TapKiwiDV,  aqtiiver,  =  TuTk.  Hind,  tarkash, 
<  Pers.  Uirkasli,  a  quiver.]  1.  The  dead  body 
of  an  animal ;  a  corpse :  not  now  commoidy 
applied  to  a  dead  human  body,  except  in  con- 
tempt. 

Wheresoever  the  carca«e  is,  there  will  the  eagles  be 
gathered  together.  Mat.  xxiv.  28. 

Beside  the  path  the  unburied  carcass  lay. 

Bryant,  The  Ages,  x. 

2.  The  body  of  a  living  animal,  especially  of 
a  large  animal;  in  contempt,  the  human  body. 

To  pamper  his  own  carcass.         South,  Sernuais,  I\*.  ii. 

3.  Figuratively,  the  decaying  remains  of  a 
bulky  thing,  as  of  a  boat  or  ship. 

Tlie  Goodwins,  ...  a  very  dangerous  flat  and  fatal, 
where  the  carcases  of  many  a  tall  ship  lie  buried. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  Hi.  1. 
Some  niinoua  bones  .  .  .  and  stonie  Relicpies  of  the 
carkassen  of  more  than  foure  thousand  Places  and  Cities. 
Pureha^,  I'ilgi-image,  p.  319. 

4.  The  frame  or  main  parts  of  a  thing  unfin- 
ished, or  without  ornament,  as  the  timber- 
work  of  a  house  before  it  is  lathed  or  plas- 
tered or  the  floors  are  laid,  or  the  keel,  ribs, 
etc.,  of  a  ship. —  5.  An  iron  case,  shell,  or  hol- 
low vessel  filled  with  combustible 
and  other  substances,  as  gunpow- 
der, saltpeter,  sulphur,  broken  glass, 
turpentine,  etc.,  thrown  from  a  mor- 
tar or  howitzer,  and  intended  to  set 
fire  to  a  building,  ship,  or  wooden 

i,arca.ss.  Jefenso.  It  has  two  or  three  apertures, 
from  which  the  tire  blazes,  and  is  sometimes  made  to  serve 
by  its  light  as  a  gui<ie  in  throwing  shells.  It  is  some- 
times equipjjed  with  pistol-barrels  loaded  with  powiler  to 
the  muzzle,  which  explode  as  the  compositi<tn  burns  down 
to  them.  — Carcass-flooring,  in  building,  a  grated  frame 
of  timberwork  which  sujiports  the  boarding  or  lioor- 
boanls  above  aud  the  ceiling  below. —  Caxcass-roOfing, 
a  grated  frame  of  timberwork  which  spans  the  building, 
niul  carries  the  boarding  and  other  covering.—  Carcass- 
saw,  a  kind  of  teU(Ui-saw,  having  a  backing  of  metal  bent 
over  and  banuiiered  down  to  strengthen  the  back. 

Carcavelhos  (kilr-ka-val'yos),  n.  [Pg.,  <  Car- 
cnccUiiis,  a  village  in  Portugal.  Commoner 
forms  in  England  are  calcavella  and  ciilcavcl- 
los.]  A  sweet  wine  grown  in  the  district  of 
the  same  name  in  Portugal. 

carcelaget  (kjir'se-laj),  «.  [<  OF.  earcelage  = 
Sp.  carcclaje,  carcerajc  —  Pg.  carceraijein,  prison 
fees,  incarceration,  <  ML.  carcelagium,  equiv. 
to  carccrarium,  prison  fees,  <  L.  career,  a  pris- 
on.]    Prison  fees.     E.  Phillips,  1706. 

Carcel  lamp  (kUr-sel'  lamp).  [From  the  name 
of  the  inventor.]  A  lamp  in  which  the  oil 
is  fed  to  the  wick  by  means  of  a  pump  op- 
erated by  clockwork,  sometimes  used  in  light- 
houses and  as  a  domestic  lamp. 

carceralt,  a.  [<  L.  carceralis,  <  career,  a  prison, 
=  Sicilian  Gr.  KapKapov.]  Of  or  belonging  to  a 
prison:  as,  "carcccrt/ endurance," /'ojc. 

carceratet  (kar'se-nXt),  v.  t.  [<  LL.  carceratus, 
pp.  of  carcerarc,  imprison,  <  L.  career,  prison : 
see  carceral.  Cf.  incarcerate.]  To  imprison; 
incarcerate. 

carcerular  (k>ir-ser'o-lar),  a.  [<  carccrulc  -(- 
-«)■-  ;  =  F.  carvcrulairc.]  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling a  carcerule. 

carcerule  (kiir'se-rijl),  n.  [=  F.  carcerule,  < 
ML.  carcrrulii,  dim.  of  L.  career,  a  prison.]  In 
bot. :  (((t)  A  now  obsolete  name  for  one  of  the 
component  parts  of  a  schizocarp  (which  see). 
(/))  A  dry  indehiscent  pericarp  with  several 
cells  and  many  seeds. 

carcharisedian  (kiir'ka-ri-e'di-an),  n.  A  shark 
of  the  family  Carchariidee  or  Galcorhinida:. 
Sir  J.  I!icliar<i«in. 

Carcharias  (kiir-ka'ri-as),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  nap- 
Xapiac,  a  kind  of  shark,  so  caUed  from  its  sharp 
or  jagged  teeth,  <  aapxapor,  sharp,  jagged.]  1. 
The  tj^iical  genus  of  selachians  of  the  family 
Carchariida'.—2.  Same  as  Carcharinus. 

Considerable  confusion  exists  concerning  the  species  of 
Carchariat,  from  the  fact  that  the  generic  term  has  been 
used  by  different  authors  for  greatly  different  sharks. 

Stand.  Xal.  Jlist.,  III.  SO. 

3.  An   early  name  of  the  genus  Odontaspis. 
IlaHncsquc,  ISIO. 
carchariid  (kiir-kar'i-id),  n.     A  shark  of  the 
family  '  arcliariida^. 

Carchariidae  (kiir-ka-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Carcharia.'i  +  -iVficj'  A  family  of  anarthrous 
sharks,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Curchariai, 


Carcbariidae 

to  which  different  limits  have  been  assigned 
by  various  iebtliyologists.  (n)  In  fiiinther's  system 
of  classilli-ation  it  is*a  fiuuily  of  Sclachoiilrl,  clmracterizcd 
1)V  tlir  uirtitaliiitr  inembraiie  of  tlu-  t-yc,  tlif  prusfncc  of  an 
aiial  nil.  and  two  il<'vclo|ieil  ilorsal  llns.  {h)  Hy  .lordan  and 
l.illitit  it  was  sulistitntL'd  fit!-  ihlitiitaapidtv  (wliicli  scr). 

Carchariicae  (kiirka-ri-i'iie),  ".  jil.  [NL.,  < 
farchiirias  +  -i«n'.]  In  GUiitber's  system  of 
classififation,  a  siilifamily  of  Carchariidw,  hav- 
iiijj  tlie  teetli  uuieuspid,  sharp-edged,  smooth 
or  si'rrate,  and  erect  or  oblicxue,  and  the  snout 
proiliiccil  h)ngitudijially. 

Carcharinus  (kiir-ka-ri'nus),  II.  [NL.,  <  L. 
aiirlidiiis,  a  kind  of  sliark  or  dogtish  (cf.  Gr. 
^a/(,^•a/Jl«;■,  a  kind  of  shark),  <  Gr.  Kapxapo;, 
sharp,  jagged.     Cf.  Carcharias.'i    A  genus  of 


Blue  Sliark  [Carcharinits ^laucus 


sharks,  of  the  family  GuUorlihiiihv,  comprising 
some  of  the  largest  and  most  voracious  of  sela- 
chians. The  blue  shark  is  C.  glaucus.  Also 
Carcliarias. 

Tlie  genus  Carcharinu?  eniljraces  the  Ijlue  sharks,  the 
sharlvs  of  story.  .  .  .  The  species  of  Carcharinus  share 
witli  tlie  species  of  Carcharodon  the  name  man-eater 
sharks.  Stand.  Nat.  Hint.,  III.  82. 

carcharioid  (kar-kar'i-oid),  (f.  and  n.     [<  Gr. 

Kapxaiiuii:,  a  kind  of  shark,  -I-  fMof,  shape.]     I, 
(/.  Resembling  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Carchariiikr. 
II.  II.  A  carchariid. 

Carcharodon  (kiir-kar'o-don),  II.  [NL. :  see 
c(irclHiri/<loitt.'\  A  genus  of  man-eater  sharks 
of  enormous  size  and  with  serrate  teeth,  of 
the  family  Lamiiidw.  The  only  species.  C.  rundeleti, 
attains  a  length  of  40  feet,  and  is  found  in  all  tropical  and 
temperate  seas.  Teeth  of  extinct  nu-mbers  of  this  genus 
indicate  species  of  still  more  enormous  dimensions. 

carcharodont  (kiir-kar'o-dont),  a.  [<  NL.  car- 
cliaroiliiii(t-),  <  Gr.  napxapoSuv,  commonly  nap- 
Xapodovc,  with  sharp  or  jagged  teeth,  <  mpxa- 
poc,  sharp,  jagged,  -I-  cxioif  (bSovr-)  =  E.  tontli.l 
1.  Having  compressed  trenchant  teeth,  like 
those  of  members   of  the  genus   Carcliarias. 

—  2.  Having  acute  or  pointed  teeth:  as,  "all 
snakes  are  carcharodont,"  Giinther,  Encyo.  Brit., 
XX.  432. 

carchesiuni  (kSr-ke'si-um),  11.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Kap- 
X>/<yior,  a  driiikiug-cup,  the  masthead  of  a  ship.] 
1.  PI.  carchci-ia  (-a).  In  classical  aiitiq.,  a 
drinking-vase,  resembling  the  canthariis,  but 
ha\Tng  its  bowl  narrower  in  the  middle  than 
above  and  below,  and  its  projecting  handles 
strengthened  by  being  connected  with  the 
bowl  at  about  tlie  level  of  the  rim.  Also  I'ar- 
cliesioii. —  2.  [caji.']  [NL.]  A  genus  of  peritri- 
chous  ciliate  iiifusorians,  of  the  family  Vorti- 
ccllida:  Tlie  animalcules  are  associated  in  den- 
driform colonies.    C.  pohjinniim  is  an  example. 

In  Carchesium  the  zobids  are  united  in  social  treedike 
clusters,  hut  the  muscle  of  the  pedicle  does  not  extend 
through  the  main  trunk ;  the  individuals  can  withdraw 
themselves  to  tlie  point  of  branching  of  tlieir  stock,  hut 
the  colony  cannot  withdraw  itself  from  its  position. 

Slaml.  Sat.  Hist.,  I.  45. 

carcini^  «•     Plural  of  carciniis. 

Carcinmse  (kiir-si-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
ciniis, 2,  +  -i«rF.]  A  subfamily  of  crabs,  of  the 
family  I'ortiinidw,  typified  by  the  genus  Carci- 
n  lis.  The  carapace  is  but  slightly  if  at  all  transverse,  and 
the  clielipeds  are  rather  small.  Its  hest-kno«ai  repre- 
sentatives belong  to  the  genera  Poitunus,  Carcimis,  and 
ri'iii/'un/rhuK,  which  last  includes  the  lady-crab  of  the 
riiitril  states.   See  cuts  under  Corci?iujj  and  P/ff(?/07n/c/i?/.s\ 

carcinoid  (kiir'si-noid),  a.  [=  F.  carchiofde,  < 
Gr.  KapKivoc,  a  crab,  -f-  eWor,  shape.]  1.  Crab- 
like; specifieaUy,  pertaining  to  the  Carcinoida. 

—  2.  Cancroid;  carcinomorphic. 
Carcinoida  (kjir-si-noi'dii),   H.  pi.     [NL.:   see 

carcinoid.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, a  section  of  his  Braneliiopoda,  incongru- 
ously composed  of  the  zoeaj  of  various  crus- 
taceans, the  genera  Nehalia,  Cuina,  Condylura, 
and  certain  copepods,  as  Cyclops.  [Not  now 
in  use.] 

carcinological  (kiir"si-no-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  car- 
ciiiohigij  +  -ical ;  =  Sp.  careiiiMgico.']  Per- 
taining to  carcinology. 

carcinologist  (kar-si-nol'o-jist),  n.  [<  carci- 
noloijij  +  -ist.']  One  ver.sed  in  the  science  of 
carcinology. 

The  sanction  of  many  eminent  carcinoloijitts. 

EiKxjc.  Brit.,  \'I.  665. 

carcinology  (kar-si-noro-ji),  n.  [=  P.  carci- 
nulogie  =  Sp.  carcinologi'a,  <  Gr.  Kopidvo;,  a  crab 


818 

(=  L.  cancer:  see  cancer),  +  -?jryia,  <  T.tyciv, 
speak:  see  -ology.']  That  department  of  zo- 
ology which  relates  to  crustaceans,  or  crabs, 
.slu'iiups,  etc.  Also  called  criistaccoliigy  and 
tiiiiUicoslracology. 
carcinoma  (kiir-si-no'mji),  n. ;  pi.  carcinomata 
(-ma-tiij.  [L.  (also  in  accom.  form  canccroma, 
cuncriima)  (>F.  carciiiomc  = 'ti\<.  Pg.  It.  carci- 
noma), <  Gr.  KapKivu/M,  a  cancer,  <  KiipHwoin;  af- 
fect with  cancer,  <,Hapnivo(,  a  crab,  cancer:  see 
carcinus  and  cancer.]  A  tumor  which  grows 
more  or  less  rapidly,  tends  to  break  down  and 
ulcerate  in  its  later  stages,  propagates  itself 
in  neighboring  or  more  distant  jjarts,  and  af- 
ter excision  very  frequently  recurs;  a  cancer, 
in  the  stricter  sense  of  that  word.  A  carci- 
noma is  characterized  microscopically  by  trabecular  and 
nodular  masses  of  cells  of  epithelial  form  and  origin, 
running  in  a  stroma  of  tissue  of  mesoblastic  origin.  Sev- 
eral types  are  distinguished  :  (1)  flat-celled  epithelioma; 
(2)  cylinder-celled  epithelioma ;  (3)  simple  carcinoma  (car- 
cinoma simplex),  a  variety  of  glandular  carcinoma  forming 
nodular  tumors  of  considerable  consistency ;  (4)  carcinoma 
scin-liosum,  or  scirrhous  cancer,  a  variety  forming  very 
hard  nodules  of  almost  the  consistency  of  cartilage ;  (5) 
carcinoma  gelatinosum,  or  cancer  with  colloid  degenera- 
tion of  the  epithelial  parts ;  colloid  cancer ;  (6)  carcinoma 
myxomatodes,  or  cancer  with  the  stroma  consisting  of  mu- 
cous tissue  ;  (7)  cylindroma  carcinomatodes ;  (8)  carcinoma 
giganiocellulare ;  (9)  melanocarcinoma.  Certain  pathol- 
ogists exclude  the  epitheliomata  from  the  carcinomata, 
and  hold  that  the  latter  are  not  of  epithelial  origin,  hut 
are  purely  a  mesoblastic  formation.  Some,  again,  founding 
the  definition  of  carcinomata  entirely  on  anatomical  fea- 
tures, independently  of  histo^'ciietic  consideiations,  in- 
clude in  them  the  sarcomata  alvcolaria.  The  softer  carci- 
nomata are  as  a  rule  the  more  rapidly  fatal.  The  earlier 
a  cancer  is  removed,  the  greater  is  the  prolongation  of  life 
ami  the  chance  of  escaping  a  return.  See  cylindroma, 
f}titlu'Vnnna,  mrcuina. — Alveolar  carcinoma.    See  alve- 

uliir. 

carcinomatous  (kiir-si-nom'a-tus),  a.  [<  car- 
cinoma{t-)  +  -ous ;  —  F.  carcinoinateux  =  Pg. 
carcinoiiiatoso.']  Pertaining  to  carcinoma ;  can- 
cerous; like  a  cancer,  or  tending  to  become 
one. 

Carcinomorpha  (ka,r"si-no-m6r'fa),  «.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Gr.  KapKivoc,  a  crab,  4-  popipi/,  form.]  In 
Huxley's  system  of  classification,  the  cancroid 
or  carcinoid  crustaceans,  as  crabs  and  crab- 
like,  short-tailed,  10-footed,  stalked-eyed  crus- 
taceans. It  is  nearly  the  same  as  Brachyura  in  an  or- 
dinary sense,  but  includes  such  forms  as  Ranina,  Hotnola, 
and  Droniia. 

carcinomorphic  (kiir"si-no-m6r'fik),  a.  [As 
Carcinoiiiiirpha  +  -/c]  Carcinoid  or  cancroid; 
specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Carcino- 
iiiiirpha. 

carcinophagOUS  (kar-si-nof'a-gus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
Kapnivof,  a  crab,  -I-  (jiayeiv,  eat.]  Eating  crabs 
and  other  crustaceans ;  cancrivorous. 

carcinus  (kar'si-nus),  n. ;  pi.  carcini  (-ni).  [NL., 
<  Gr.  Ka/jd/i'of,  a  crab,  cancer,  =  L.  cancer :  see 
cancer.  Cf.  carcinoma.]  1.  InpathoL,  a  can- 
cer or  carcinoma. —  2.    [_cap.]    In  zooL,  a  ge- 


Green  Crab  [Carcinus  tnanas'. 

nus  of  bra'chyuTous  decapod  crustaceans;  the 
shore-crabs.  C.  nicenan,  the  green  crab,  is  a  very  com- 
mon British  species  of  small  size,  much  used  for  food. 

car-coupling  (kiir'kup"ling),  K.  An  arrange- 
ment for  connecting  the  cars  of  a  raih-oad- 
train.     See  coupling. 

cardl  (kard),  n.  [<  ME.  card  =  D.  kaart  =  G. 
karle  =  Dan.  kort,  a  card,  a  map,  =  Sw.  lort, 
a  card,  karia,  a  chart,  <  F.  carte,  a  card,  ticket, 
bill,  map,  chart,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carta,  <  ML. 
carta,  also  cliarta,  a  card,  paper,  a  writing, 
chart,  charter,  <  L.  cliarta,  a  leaf  of  paper,  pa- 
per, a  \rating,  a  tablet,  <  Gr.  ,^:apr;/,  also  ,vaprr/f, 
a  leaf  of  paper,  a  separated  layer  of  the  papyrus- 
bark,  any  thin  leaf  or  sheet,  as  of  lead.  See 
chart,  a  doublet  of  card^,  and  cartel,  charter, 
etc.]     It.  A  paper;  awiiting;  achart;  amap. 

I  haue  caused  that  your  Ltu-dship  shall  receiue  herewith 
a  little  Mappe  or  Cardc  of  the  world. 

Hakluyt's  Voyaries,  I.  215. 
The  i>laces  are  Modon  and  Coron.  which  arc  hut  twelve 
miles  distant  the  one  from  the  other ;  and  do  stand  in 
our  way  to  Scio,  as  you  may  plainly  see  hy  the  card. 

CampiuH,  iu  Arber's  Eng.  Oarner,  1.  53. 


card 

He  is  the  card  or  calendar  of  gentry. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

2.  A  piece  of  tliick  pai)er  or  pasteboard  pre- 
pared for  various  purposes.  Specifically  — (a)  A 
piece  of  cardboard  on  which  are  various  figures,  spots, 
names,  etc.,  used  in  playing  guiiies ;  especially,  one  of  a 
set  of  52  such  pieces  of  cardboard  (distinctively  called 
plaxjinihoirdu)  arranged  in  4  suits  of  13,  each  suit  consist- 
ing of  10  pieces  on  which  are  printed  colorerl  spots  varying 
iu  number  from  1  to  10,  different  in  form  in  the  different 
suits,  and  called  spades,  clubs,  diamonds,  and  hearts,  ac- 
cording to  their  shape,  and  3  face-cards,  called  the  king, 
queen,  and  knave  or  jack.  The  color  of  the  spades  and 
clubs  is  black  ;  that  of  the  diamonds  and  hearts,  red.  An 
additional  card,  the  joker,  is  sometimes  used  In  euclu-e. 
See  euchre,  jvhint,  etc. 

Sche  seyd  that  tlier  wer  non  dysgysyngs,  ner  harpyng, 
ner  lutyug,  tier  syngyn,  ner  non  lowde  dysports,  but 
pleyng  at  the  tabyllys,  and  schesse,  and  cards. 

PastoH  Letters  (ed.  1875),  III.  314. 
The  European  world  is,  I  think,  here  at  an  end  :  there 
is  sui-ely  no  card  left  to  play. 

.Sydney  Smith,  in  Lady  Holland,  vi. 
(6)  A  piece  of  cardboard  on  which  is  written  or  printed 
the  name,  or  the  name,  address,  etc.,  of  the  person  pre- 
senting it,  as  in  making  a  social  visit,  announcing  the 
nature  ami  place  of  one's  business,  etc.     Cards  intended 
for  the  former  use  are  called  rixitiny^ard.-^,  and  for  the 
latter  husin^ss  cards,     (c)  A  paper  on  which  the  points  of 
the  compass  are  marked  ;  used  with  a  movable  magnetic 
needle  to  form  a  compass.     See  compass  and  compass-card. 
All  the  quarters  that  they  know 
I'  the  shipmau's  card.       Shak.,  Macbeth,  L  3. 
The  card  of  goodness  in  your  minds,  that  shews  ye 
When  ye  sail  false  ;  the  needle  touch'd  with  honour, 
That  through  the  blackest  storm  still  points  at  happiness. 
Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  ilL  2. 
On  life's  vast  ocean  diversely  we  sail. 
Reason  the  card,  but  passion  is  the  gale. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  108. 
(d)  A  piece  of  pasteboard  or  heavy  note-paper  on  which  is 
written  or  printed  an  invitation  to  a  public  or  private 
entertainment,  especially  an  invitation  to  or  announce- 
ment of  a  wedding. 

3.  A  short  advertisement  of  one's  business,  or 
a  personal  statement  of  any  kind,  in  a  news- 
paper or  other  periodical. —  4.  Anj^hing  re- 
sembling a  card  in  shape  or  use :  as,  a  card  of 
matches;  "cards  of  yellow  gingerbread,"  if.  T. 
Cooke,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  393. —  5.  A 
frame  filled  with  honeycomb ;  a  sheet  of  honey- 
comb. Phin,  Diet.  Apiculture,  p.  20. — 6.  A  per- 
forated sheet  of  cardboard  or  metal,  used  in  a 
Jacquard  loom  as  a  guide  for  the  threads  in 
weaving  a  pattern. —  7.  An  eccentric  person, 
or  any  one  who  has  some  notable  peculiarity; 
a  character.     [Slang.] 

A  card  iu  our  Northern  parts  signifies  a  brawling  vaga* 
bond.  Goldsmith,  Works  (ed.  1885),  IV.  454. 

Such  an  old  card  as  this,  so  deep,  so  sly.  Dickens. 

Commanding  cards,  in  u-hist  and  other  games,  the  best 
card.--  iiiiplayed  in  their  respective  suits. —  Cooling  cardt, 
prrtbably.  a  card  the  playing  of  which  is  so  decisive  of  the 
game  as  to  cool  the  courage  of  the  adversary;  hence,  figura- 
tively, something  to  damp  one's  hopes  or  ardor.  Other  ex- 
planations are  given. 

There  all  is  marr'd ;  there  lies  a  coolinij  card. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 
These  hot  youths, 
I  fear,  will  find  a  cooliiu]  card. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Island  Princess,  L  3. 
On  the  cards,  publicly  made  known  as  likely  to  take  place : 
said  in  reference  to  "events"  in  horse-racing,  as  inscribed 
or  written  down  in  proper  form ;  hence,  anything  likely 
or  po.^.-.iliU-  to  happen  :  .as,  it  is  quite  on  the  cards  that  the 
niiiiistr>  may  go  out. — To  Call  a  Card.  SeecaWl.r. —  TO 
speak  by  the  card,  to  speak  with  precision,  as  from  exact 
information. 

We  must  speak  by  the  card,  or  equivocation  will  undo 
us.  "  .Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1. 

card^t  (kard),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  *carden  (in  verbal  n. 
cardying,  cardinge,  cardyng);  from  the  noun.] 
To  play  at  cards. 

card-  (kilrd),  H.  [<  ME.  carde  =  D.  kaarde  = 
MLG.  karde  =  0^G.  kartd,  chartd,  MHG.  karte, 
G.  karde,  dial,  kardii,  kartcl  =:J)iii\.  karte,  karde 
=  Sw.  karda  (cf.  Icel.  karri)  =  F.  earde  =  Sp. 
Pg.  carda  =  It.  cardo,  a  card  (cf.  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
cardo,  a  thistle;  cf.  F.  chardon,  a  plant  the 
head  of  which  is  used  as  a  flax-comb,  G.  kar- 
dendistel  (also  kardct^chdistel),  the  thistle  wliich 
is  used  as  a  flax-comb :  see  cardoon),  <  ML.  car- 
diis,  a  thistle,  a  card,  for  L.  cardans,  a  thistle 
(used  for  carding).  <  curere,  card;  cf.  Gr.  Hcipeiv, 
shear,  =  E.  6'/i('(ir.]  1.  A  brush  mth  wire  teeth, 
used  in  disentangling  fibers  of  wool,  flax,  or 
cotton,  and  lading  them  parallel  to  one  another 
preparatory  to  spinning.  In  h.and-ciuds  the  wires 
are  short  and  are  passed  slantingly  through  leather,  which 
is  then  nailed  upon  a  board.  T^vo  of  these  bruslies  are 
used,  one  in  each  hand,  and  iu  use  are  drawn  past  each 
other,  the  fibers  being  between  them.  In  the  carding- 
maehine.  which  has  superseded  hand-carding,  the  cards 
are  formed  by  hard-drawn  wire  staples,  each  furnishing 
two  teeth,  drawn  through  leather  and  bent  at  a  certain 
angle.  The  material  thus  prepared  is  called  card-clothiivj. 
See  cardiny-machine. 

2.  A  carding-machine. —  3.  A  currycomb  made 
from  a  piece  of  card-clothing. 


card 

card^  (kiird),  V.  t.  [<  MK.  carden  (=  D.  kaarden 
=  LG.  kcKtrten  =  G.  kurdcii  =  L)an.  A-nr(c,  knrde 
=  Sw.  kitrda  (cf.  leel.  karra)  =  F.  carder  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  Crtrf?ar  =  It.  cardarc);  <  card^,  «.]  1. 
To  c-oiub  or  opeu,  as  wool,  lliix,  hoiup,  ^•U^.,  with 
a  fard,  for  tho  purpose  of  disontaiigliiig  the 
iiljors,  cleansing  from  extraneous  matter,  sep- 
arating the  coarser  parts,  and  making  fine  and 
soft  for  spinning. 

Gu  card  iiiiil  spin, 
Ami  leave  tile  business  of  the  war  to  men. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovids  Metamorph.,  .xii. 

Perhaps  to  card 
Wool  for  the  Housewife's  spimlle. 

W'lTtUwurth,  Michael. 

We  don't  card  silk  with  eonili  that  dresses  wool. 

Brawninij,  Kin^  and  Boole,  II.  74. 

2t.  To  mingle ;  mix ;  weaken  or  debase  by  mix- 
ing. 

Vim  card  your  beer,  if  you  see  your  guests  begiu  to  be 
drurili.  half  small,  half  strong. 

Greene,  Quip  for  an  I'pst.  Courtier. 

The  skipping  king  .  .  .  carded  his  state. 

^hak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  Hi.  2. 

Cardamine  (kiir-dam'i-ne),  II.  [NL.  (cf.  F.  air- 
daiiiiiic  =  8p.  mrdamiiio  =  Pg.  eardamina  =  It. 
cardaiiiiiie),  <  L.  canhiiiiiiiii,  <  Gr.  KupiSuaivii,  also 
KapMuiic,  a  cress-like  herb,  prop.  adj.  'cress- 
like,' <  mpi'iafim',  a  kmd  of  cress,  nasturtium,  = 
Skt.  kardaiim,  a  certain  plant.  Cf.  curdamom.~\ 
A  genus  of  annual  or  perennial  pungent  herbs, 
natm'al  order  Cnicifcrie,  natives  of  the  cooler  re- 
gions of  the  northern  hemisphere,  with  leaves 
usually  pinnate  and  racemes  of  white  or  pur- 
ple flowers.  It  ineludes  the  cuckoo-tlower  or  lady's- 
smock  (C.  pratensiii),  bitter-cress  (C.  amara),  and  other 
species,  the  leaves  of  which  are  pleasantly  pungent,  are 
eaten  as  a  salad,  and  have  had  a  reputation  as  an  anti- 
scorbutic and  puriller  of  the  blooil.  The  genus  is  some- 
times made  to  incb'de  the  toothwort,  Dentaria. 

cardamom  (k;ir'da-mom),  «.  [Also  cardtimitiii, 
and  formerly  ciirdiiiiioiiic,  cardiiiiioii ;  =  D.  kar- 
ddiinnii  =  MJIti.  kardamuoiiie,  kurdcmuome.  car- 
deiiiDiiic,  a.  knnliiiiiiimcn  (dim.  knrdamiiiiiel)  = 
Dan.  kdi-demomc  =  Sw.  kiirdrmumiiia,  <  F.  car- 
damonie  (OF.  cardcmoiiu)  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carda- 
vioiiio  (Pg.  also  cardaiiio,  It.  also  cardamoiic),  < 
L.  eardaiiioinniii,  <  Gr.  nain'iiinu/ioi;  cardamom, 
for  ' aapda^afiu/iov,  <  Kri/j(!«//oi',  a  kind  of  cress,  + 
a/iu^iov,  a  kind  of  Eastern  spice-plant:  see  Car- 
ddiiiine  and  Amomum.~\  One  of  the  capsules  of 
different  species  of  plants  of  the  genera  J  ;ho- 
mitiH  and  Elcttiiriu,  natural  order  ZiiujiheraceiE : 
generally  used  in  the  plural.  These  capsules  are 
thin  and  Klled  with  brown  aromatic  seeds,  which  are  used 
in  meilicine  as  a  carminative  and  stomachic,  as  well  as 
in  making  sauces,  curries,  and  cordials,  seasoning  cakes, 
etc.  The  cardamoms  of  commerce  are  the  product  of 
Eletfaria  Caydainoitiuin,  a  native  of  the  forests  of  south- 
ern India,  where  it  is  also  cultivated,  and  of  a  larger- 
fruited  variety  of  the  same  species  found  in  Ceylon.  'The 
jilaiit  is  recd-iike,  with  large  lanceolate  leaves,  and  grows 
to  the  hci.jht  of  from  6  to  10  feet.  Various  otlier  kinds 
are  u.sed  in  the  East  Indies  and  in  China,  chietly  the  round 
or  cluster  Lurdumoms  of  Siani  and  Java,  the  fruit  of  Ayno- 
inmn  Cartlainnininn ;  the  wild  or  bastard  cardamoms  of 
Siam.  olitained  from  A.  xaiitliwiden ;  the  Bengal  carda- 
moms, from  A.  aroinatkum;  the  Javan,  from  A.  inaxi- 

itltint,  etc. 

Cardan's  rule.    See  rule. 

cardass  (kiir-das'),  n.  [=  G.  kardetsche,  for- 
merly kiirtiitsche,  <  F.  cnrdtism;  <  It.  cardasso, 
also  aug.  cardassonc  (obs.)  (cf.  Sp.  rardiua  = 
Pg.  cnrdii^a),  a  card  (to  card  wool  with),  < 
airdd,  a  card:  see  c-urrf'-^.]  A  card  to  card  wool 
with. 

card-basket  (kiird'bas'ket),  n.  An  ornamental 
basket  for  holding  visiting-cards  which  have 
been  received. 

cardboard  (kiird'bord),  n.  A  stifif  kind  of  pa- 
per made  by  pasting  together  two  or  more 
thicknesses  of  paper,  drying  and  pressing;  a 
tliin  pasteboard. 

card-case  (kiird'kas),  «.  A  small  pocket-case, 
generally  of  an  ornamental  kind,  for  holding 
the  visiting-cards  of  the  bearer. 

card-catalogue  (kard'kat'a-log),  II.  A  cata- 
logue, as  of  books  in  a  library,  in  which  the 
entries  are  made  on  separate  cards,  which  are 
tlien  arranged  in  order  in  boxes  or  drawers. 

card-clothing  (kiird'klo  Tiling),  «.  Wire  card 
used  to  cover  the  cylinders  and  slats  of  a  eard- 
ing-machine  and  for  other  purposes.   See  card^. 

card-cutter  (kard'kufer),  II.  A  machine  or  an 
instrument  for  trimming,  squaring,  and  cutting 
carilboard.  ' 

cardecut,  cardicuet  (kiir'de-ku),  «.  [<  P. 
qiuirt  d'lcii:  quart,  fourth  part  (see  quart);  de, 
of;  ecu,  shield,  crown-piece,  <  OP.  escu  =  Sp. 
Pg.  rticudo  =  It.  xciido.  shield,  kind  of  coin,  <  L. 
scutum,  shield:  see  scudo  and  csck^W/w/i.]  A 
quarter-crown  (quart  d'ecu),  an  old  French  sil- 


819 


Cardecu  (quart  d'^cu)  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  in  the  British  Museum. 
(Sixc  of  the  original.) 

ver  coin.  The  weight  of  the  sjjecimen  repre- 
sented in  the  above  cut  is  146  grains. 

Vou  see  this  cardecu,  the  last  and  the  only  ciuintessence 
of  nfty  crowns.   Beau,  and  /'(..Thierry  ami  Theodoret,  v.  1. 

I  could  never  yet  finger  one  cardicue  of  her  ijounty. 

Chapman,  Monsieur  D'tHive,  ii.  1. 

A  set  of  hilding  fellows.  .  .  .  The  bunch  of  them  were 
not  wortli  a  cardecu.  Scott. 

cardel  (kiir'del),  ».     A  hogshead  containing  64 

gallons,  in  use  among  whalers. 

Cardellina  (kiir-de-U'nS),  «.  [NL.  (cf.  Sp. 
ciirdiliiia  =  It.  cardelliiio,  cardcrinu,  cardeUo 
(Florio),  also  cardcllettn,  goltUinch,  thistle- 
finch),  <  L.  cardiicUs,  goldfinch  (see  Varduelis), 
+  -i)(«l.]  A  genus  of  beautiful  ^Vmerican  os- 
cine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  .MiiiotUtidie 
and  s\xhta,m\\y  lietophagina: ;  the  rose  fly-catch- 
ing warblers.  The  bid  is  parine  Iti  shape  and  scarcely 
notched,  the  wings  are  long  and  pointed,  the  tail  isshort 
and  even,  and  the  plunulge  is  richly  colored.  C.  aniictaor 
C.  ruhri/ron.^  is  the  red-fronted  warbler;  C.  rubra  is  the 
rose  warbler,  entirely  red  with  silvery  aurieulars;  both 
are  found  in  Texas  and  southward.  C.  versicolor  inhabits 
Guatemala. 

carder't  (kiir'der),  «.  [<  cnrrfl,  v.,  +  -er^.]  One 
who  plays  at  cards;  a  gamester:  as,  "coggers, 
iv(crftra,  tlicers,"  Bp.  H'ooltoii,  Christian  Manual, 
I.  vi. 

carder-  (kiir'dt'r),  «.  [<  card^,  v.,  +  -erl ;  =  D. 
kiiard.stir (su&x  -ster)  =  G.  kardcr  =  F.  airdrur 
=  Pr.  cardairc=  Sp.  cardador  =  It.  carduti)rc.'\ 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  cards  wool ;  speeifl- 

cally,  the  machine  employed  in  carding  wool. 

Tlie  spinsters,  carders,  fullers,  weavers. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  2. 

2.  [cap.']  One  of  an  association  of  Irish  rebels 
who  tortured  their  victims  by  driving  a  wool- 
or  flax-card  into  their  backs  and  then  ilragging 
it  down  along  the  spine. 

This  shall  a  Carder,  that  a  White-boy  be  ; 
Ferocious  leaders  of  atrocious  bands.  Uood. 

carder^  (kiir'der),  11.     [E.  dial.,  prob.  a  corrup- 
tion of  cr/fWoH',  q.  v.]  A  jackdaw.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
carder-bee,  carding-bee  (kiir'der-,  kiir'ding- 

be),  II.  A  name  given  to  several  species  of 
large  bees  of  the  genus  Boiiibus,  especially  the 
European  .Bo)«iMS  wKscorw/H,  from  their  habit  of 
carding  and  plaiting  the  moss  with  which  their 
nests  are  constructed.  When  building,  the  bees  form 
a  line  from  the  nest  to  the  moss  which  is  to  be  used,  all  of 
them  facing  toward  the  moss.  The  first  bee  bites  olf  some 
sprigs  of  moss,  cards  and  rolls  it  with  the  jaws  and  feet, 
and  passes  it  to  the  second,  who  further  maidiiulates  it 
before  passing  it  to  the  third,  and  so  on  until  the  material 
reaches  the  nest,  where  other  bees  arc  employed  in  ftdting 
and  plaiting  the  bits  with  wax  into  a  dome-like  form  made 
to  harmonize  with  the  irregularitiesof  the  ground,  so  that 
it  is  hardly  distinginshalde.  In  the  beginning  of  the  year 
the  bees  work  singly,  each  female  starting  a  new  colony. 
card-grinder  (kiird'grin  ■'der),  ».  A  machine 
for  sharjiening  the  teeth  of  the  cards  used  in 
carding  wool,  flax,  and  cotton.     See  card-. 

cardia  (kiir'di-ii),  «.    [XL.  (>  F.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 

cardia,  tho  cardiac  orifice),  <  Gr.  mpi^m  =  L.  cor 
(coril-)  =  E.  heart,  q.  v.]  1.  The  heart.  Ililder. 
—  2.  The  upper  part  of  the  stomach,  where  the 
esoj)hagus  or  gullet  enters  it.  See  cardiac. 
caraiac  (kilr'di-ak),  ((.  and  ii.  [In  ME.  cardiacle, 
II.,  q.  V. ;  =  V.  cardiaqiic  =  Sp.  cardiacn  =  Pg. 
It.  cardiaco,  <  L.  eardiacus,  <  Gr.  HapihakOc,  < 
Kap6ia  =  E.  heart.'}  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  heart. —  2.  Exciting  action  in  the  heart ; 
having  the  quality  of  stimulating  action  in  the 
circidatory  system.  Hence  —  3.  Cordial;  pro- 
ducing strength  and  cheerfulness. —  4.  Per- 
taining to  the  esophageal  portion  of  the  stom- 
ach: opposed  to  pi/loric — Cardiac  aorta.  See 
ntirfit.  — cardiac  arteries  and  veins,  the  coronary  ar- 
teries and  veins  of  the  heart.— Cardiac  asthma,  ilys|i- 
ntra  due  to  imperfect  action  of  the  heart.-  Cardiac 
CSecum,  the  cardiac  end  of  the  stomach,  when  it  is  elon- 
gated and  convoluted  like  a  ca'cutn.  as  in  the  lilood-suckitig 
bats,  Drxomdid.r.  -  Cardlac  crisis,  an  attack  of  angina 
pectoris  and  irrejiular  pnlsi-,  especially  such  as  occurs  in  tlie 
course  of  loconmior  aia\ia.  -  Cardiac  dullness,  the  dull- 
ness of  the  sound  pmdured  by  |ielvussion  ovcrtliiit  part  of 
the  cheat  when'  the  luai  t  lies.  Tlie  area  of  superlUial  dull- 
ness may  be  marked  cod  byliglit  iiercus,sion.  and  represents 
the  space  where  the  heart  is  uncovered  by  the  luug.    The 


cardiid 

area  of  deep  dullness,  which  marks  the  otitllnes  of  the  heart 
itself,  can  be  ilistinguished  indy  l»y  strong  percussion.— 
Cardiac  ganglion.     See  i/aniftUm.  -  Cardiac  glands, 

tubular  glands  of  the  muoius  mendirane  of  the  stomacli, 
most  numerous  in  tiic  caniiac  region.  Tiie  i>ortioii  ne.\t 
the  orifice,  lined  with  epitiiilium  like  that  of  the  surface  of 
the  gastric  mucous  nuTiiliraiie.  is  short,  and  twcj  or  more 
tulmles  open  into  it.  These  are  lined  witii  short,  colunniar. 
coarsely  granular  cells  calleil  i)rincipal  or  central  cells, 
and  Ijetween  these  and  the  basement  membrane  the  so- 
called  jiarictal  cells  are  found.  — Cardiac  line,  in  c/iiro- 
ui'ineii,  the  line  of  the  heart,  which  runs  across  the  palm 
from  the  outer  side  toward  the  base  of  the  first  finger. — 
Cardiac  orlflce.  the  es(pphageal  opening  of  the  stomach. 
—  Cardiac  passlont,  an  old  name  for  heartburn.  See 
fari/iii(f/i(i.  — Cardiac  plate,  cardiac  ossicle,  a  trans- 
verse arched  calcification  extending  across  the  stomacli 
in  some  crustaceans,  as  a  crawfish,  and  articulating  at 
each  end  with  a  pterocardiac  ossicle.  See  cut  under 
Astacidie. —  Cardiac  plexus,  the  pb-xus  formed  by  the 
anastomosis  of  pneumogastric  and  sympathetic  and  other 
nerves  going  to  the  heart.— Cardiac  sacs,  in  echino- 
derms,  radial  dilatations  t>r  diverticula  of  the  stomach,  as 
of  a  starfish.  Each  may  be  more  or  less  sacculated,  and 
extend  some  way  into  the  ray  or  arm  to  which  it  corre- 
sponds.-Cardiac  tube,  a  primitive,  rudimentary,  or  em- 
bryonic heart,  in  a  simply  tnbubir  stage.— Cardiac  ves- 
sels, the  arteries  and  veins  of  the  heart. —Cardiac 
Wheel,  in  vieeh.,  a  heart-wheel :  a  cam-wheel  in  tlie  form 
of  a  heart.  .See  Acarf-cam.—  Middle  cardiac  nerve,  the 
largest  of  the  three  cardiac  nei-vcs,  arising  from  tlie  nnd- 
<lle  cervical  sympathetic  ganglion,  and  jtroceeding  to  the 
deep  cardiac  plexus.  Also  called  nervus  eardiacus  vufj- 
nils. 

II.  ».  A  medicine  which  excites  action  in  the 
stomach  and  animates  the  spirits;  a  cordial. 

cardiacal  (kiir-di'a-kal),  a.     Same  as  cardiac. 

Cardiacet,  "■  [Appar.  <  Gr.  mpiSiuHi/,  fem.  of  aap- 
iSiaki'ir,  relating  to  the  heart ;  see  cardiac.']  A 
heart-shaped  precious  stone.    Crahb. 

Cardiacea  (kiir-di-a'se-ii),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
dium  +  -acea.~\  1.  lii  Cuvier's  system  of  clas- 
sification, the  fourth  family  of  liis  testaceous 
acephals,  approximately  corresponding  to  the 
modern  family  Cardiida: — 2.  A  superfamily  of 
bivalve  moUusks,  formed  for  the  families  Car- 
diida; Adaciiidtc,  Veniliidw,  and  Glos.iidie. 

Cardiacese  (kUr-di-a'se-e),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
(liiiiii  +  -acriv.']     Same  as  Cardiida. 

cardiaclet,  "•  [ME.,  with  unorig.  term,  -le,  < 
OF.  cardiaquc,  n.,  <  L.  eardiacus,  having  pain 
about  the  heart:  see  cardiac.'}  A  pain  about 
the  heart.     Chaucer. 

cardiac-pulmonic  (k!ir"di-ak-pul-mon'ik),  a. 
Same  as  earilioputmonary. 

Cardiadae  (kiir-di'a-de),  n.  1)1.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
diiiiii  +  -ada:'}     Same  as  Cardiidie. 

cardiagra  (kiir-di-ag'rii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KapSia, 
=  E.  heart,  +  a-jpa,  a  eatcl^ng.  Cf.  chiraijra, 
podagra.']    \npathiA.,  pain  or  gout  of  the  heart. 

cardiagraphy  (kiir-di-ag'ra-fi),  n.  A  less  cor- 
rect form  of  Cdrdiiipraphii,  1. 

cardialgia  (kiir-ili-arji-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  mp- 
(l/o/; in,  heartburn,  <  KapSia'lyi/^,  having  the 
heartburn,  <  napiia,  =  E.  heart,  +  af)ni;,  pain.] 
In pathoL,  the  heartburn;  a  burning  sensation 
in  the  upper,  left,  or  cardiac  orifice  of  the 
stomach,  rising  into  the  esophagus,  due  to  in- 
digestion; gastralgia. 

cardialgy  (kiir-iU-arji),  «.  [=  F.  cardialgie  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  cardialgia,  <  NL.  cardialgia,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  cardialgia. 

cardianastrophe  (kiir  '  di  -  a  -  nas  '  tro  -  fe),  n. 
[XL..  <  <ir.  napAia,  =  E.  heart,  +  avaarpoiii/,  a 
turning  back:  see  aiiastraiihc.]  A  malforma- 
tion in  which  the  heart  is  placed  upon  the  right 
instead  of  the  left  side. 

cardiasthma  (ksir-di-ast'mii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KupAia.  =  E.  heart,  +  aallpa,  asthma :  see  asth- 
ma.'] In  patlial.,  dysimcea  caused  by  disease  of 
the  heart ;  cardiac  dyspnoea. 

cardiatrophia  (kiir  <li-a-tr6'fi-a),  n.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  iirpooni,  want  of  nour- 
ishment: as^.  atrophij.]     In  ^irtWio/.,  atrophy  of 
tlie  heart. 
cardicentesis  (kiir'di-sen-te'sis),  n.    Same  as 

eardioeeiitesis. 

cardicuet,  «•    See  cardecu. 

Cardidae  (kiir'di-de),  n.  pi.     Same  as  Cardiidce. 

cardiectasis  (kur-di-ek'ta-sis),  II.    [NL.  (>  F. 

cardieeta.<:ie),  <  Gr.  sapt'iia.  =  E.  heart,  +  eKraat^, 
stretching  out,  dilatation:  see  ectasis.2  Dila- 
tation of  the  heart. 

cardiform  (kar'di-form),  o.  [<  ML.  cardiis,  a 
card  (see  card-),  +  L.  forma,  shape.]  •  In  ichth., 
ha\-ing  the  appearance  of  a  card  (see  cariP); 
having  slender  teeth  closely  set  like  those  of  a 
card. 

cardigan  (kiir'di-gan),  II.  [Named  from  the 
Earl  of  Cardigan  "(1797-1868).]  A  close-fit- 
ting knitted  woolen  jacket  or  waistcoat.  Also 
called  cardigan  jacket. 

cardiid  (kiir'di-id),  )i.  A  bivalve  moUusk  of 
the  family  Cardiida:. 


Oardiid88 

Gardiidse  (kar-dri-do),  h.  pJ.  [NL.,  <  Cardi- 
urn  +  -hUv.'}  The  family  of  cockles,  typified 
by  the  j;!;enus  Cardiuni.  it  is  n  ^roup  of  siplKumte 
lu'rt(lU'.ss  niollusks  ortiacheate  Inmellihnuichs,  cunsisting 
i_>f  thf  cofkK's  and  tlieir  allies,  liavinjj;  tMiuivalve  convex 
slu-lls.  with  iiroinineiit  uniboiies  or  beaks  curved  toward 
tlif  lun^e,  which,  viewed  sidewise,  ylve  a  heart-shaped  fi;;- 
ure.  SeeCnrrfiKHi.  OihtiTtorm&nre  Cardiacece,  Cardia<Ue, 
Cantula'. 

cardinal  (kiir'di-nal),  a.  and  «.  [I.  a.  <  ME. 
i-anlimit  =  D.  lardi'nnal  =  G.  Dan.  tSw.  hardinal- 
(used  only  in  conip.)  =  F.  cardinal  =  Pr.  cardc- 
nal  =  Sp'cardiual  =  Pg.  cardial  =  It.  cardinalc, 
important,  chief,  <  L.  cardinalis,  pertaining  to 
a  hinge,  lienco  applied  to  that  on  which  some- 
thing turns  or  iie])ends,  important,  principal, 
chief  (ef.  a  somewhat  similar  use  of  E.  })irotal). 
II.  It.  <  ME.  cardinal,  cardcnal  (after  OF.),  late 
AS.  cardinal  =  D.  kardinaal  =  MHG.  lardendl^ 
G,  kardinal  =  Dan.  Sw.  kardinal  =  OF.  cardi- 
7Hd,  cardcnal,  F.  cardinal  =  Pr,  Sp.  cardcnal 
=  Pg.  cardeal  =  It.  cardinalc  =  Russ.  kardinalii, 
<  ML.  cardinalis,  a  chief  presbyter,  a  cardinal, 
from  the  adj. ;  <  L.  cardo  (cardin-),  a  hinge;  cf. 
Gr.  Kpaddi'j  swing.]  I.  a.  1.  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  of  the  nature  of  a  hinge;  noting  that  on 
whieh  something  else  hinges  or  depends ;  hence, 
cliief;  fundamental;  preeminent;  of  special  im- 
portance: as,  cardinal  virtues  or  sins;  the  car- 
dinal doctrines  of  a  creed;  the  cardinal  points. 

Thise  uoiir  uirtues  byeth  y-cleped  cardinals,  uor  thet  hi 
bycth  heghest  amang  the  uirtues,  huer-of  the  yealde  [old] 
fllosofes  speke.         Ayenbite  of  Inwit  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  124. 

Every  man  gradually  learns  an  art  of  catching  at  the 
leading  words,  aiul  the  cardinal  or  hinge-joints  nf  transi- 
tion, which  proclaim  the  general  course  of  a  writer's  specu- 
lation. De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

Even  in  societies  like  our  own,  there  is  maintained  in 
the  army  the  doctrine  that  insubordination  is  the  cardinal 
offence.  //.  Speticer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  &32. 

2.  In  conch.  J  of  or  relating  to  the  hinge  of  a  bi- 
valve shell:  as,  cardinal  teeth. —  3.  In  cnfom.y 
pertaining  to  the  cardo  or  base  of  the  maxilla, 
which  is  sometimes  called  the  cardinal  piece. — 
4.  [See  II.,  3,]  Of  a  ricb  deep-red  color,  some- 
what less  \nvid  than  scarlet — Cardinal  abbot.  See 
rtfc/>"/.  — Cardinal  bishop,  priest,  deacon.  See  II..  i. 
— Cardinal  finch,  cardinal  grosbeak.  See  cardinal- 
&iV'/.— Cardinal  margin,  the  upper  margin  or  hinge  of 
a  hivuivf  >ii.ii.  <.Miit;tiiiing  the  teeth. — CardinaJ  num- 
bers, tlif  niiTiili.  rs  ('11'%  ticd,  three,  etc.,  in  distiiutiun  from 
Jirsf.  srnutil.  tliinl.  I'tc,  which  are  called  ordinal  nuntbers. 
—  Cardinal  points,  (a)  Ingeog.,  north  and  si.uth,  east 
ainl  "fit,  ..r  tlu-  f..iir  intersections  of  the  Imrizun  with  tlie 
iii..ri(li;iii  and  tlie  ]»rime  vertical  circle,  (b)  In  astnd.,  the 
ri>i!iL'  and  xtting  uf  t^e  sun.  the  zenith,  and  the  nadir.— 
Cardinal  redbird.  See  crtrrf(?trt^-/;jrrf.— Cardinal  signs, 
in  a.-itfun.,  Aries,  Libra,  Cancer,  and  Capricorn. —  Cardi- 
nal tanager,  a  North  American  tanager  of  the  genus  Pi- 
ra>i>ja,  as  the  scarlet  tanager  or  the  summer  redliird,  /'. 
ruhni  ..r  /'.  ifMiva:  so  called  from  the  red  color.— Cardi- 
nal teeth,  tlie  liinge-teeth  of  a  bivalve  close  to  the  uni- 
hones,  as  (hstinguished  from  those  further  away,  called  the 
lateral  tttth.  See  cut  under  t'ca/n'.— Cardinal  trilost, 
a  local  English  (Cornwall)  name  of  stin'4-rays  with  twu 
spines.  See  (nVosf.— Cardinal  virtues,  the 'most  iinpur- 
tant  elements  of  good  cliaracter;  specifically,  in  ancient 
philosophy,  justice,  prudence,  temperance,  and  fortitude. 
As  there  are  four  cardinal  virtne)!,  upon  which  the 
whole  frame  of  the  court  d..th  mii\e,  so  are  these  the 
four  cardinal  properties,  with.ait  uhicli  the  body  of  com- 
pliment moveth  not.       B.  Joii^oa,  Cynthia's  Kevels,  v.  3. 

Cardinal  winds,  those  which  blow  from  the  cardinal 
puiuts. 

II.  n,  1.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  member 
of  the  Sacred  College,  a  body  of  ecclesiastics 
who  rank  in  dignity  next  to  the  pope  and  act  as 
his  counselors  in  the  government  of  the  church. 
In  case  of  a  vacancy  in  the  papal  office  they  maintain  order 
in  the  church  and  protect  its  interests  till  a  new  pope  is 
elected  by  themselves  from  their  own  number.  They  are 
appointed  by  the  jfope,  and  are  divided  into  three  classes 
or  orders,  called  in  full  cardinal  biiihops((i),  cardinal  priests 
(50),  and  cardiiud  deacons  (14).     A  cardinal  priest  may  be 

a  bishop  or  an  arch- 
Itishop,  and  a  car- 
dinal deacon  may 
be  of  any  ecclesias- 
tical grade  below 
bishop.  The  college 
of  cardinals  is  sel- 
dom full,  vacancies 
nearly  always  exist- 
ing. The  dress  of  a 
cai-dinal  is  a  red 
soutane  or  cassock, 
a  rochet,  a  short 
purple  mantle,  and 
a  low-crowmd, 
broad-brimmed  red 
hat  (not  actually 
worn),  with  two 
cords  depending 
from  it,  one  from 
cither  side,  each 
having  fifteen  tas- 
sels atits  extremity. 
2.  A  cloak,  ori- 
ginally of  scarlet  cloth,  with  a  hood,  much  worn 
by  women  at  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth 


820 

centurr:  so  named  from  its  similarity  in  shape 
and  color  to  one  of  the  vestments  of  a  cardinal. 

At  a  later  period  the  nuitcrial  as  well  as  the  color  varied. 
Malcidm,  writing  in  1S07,  says  the  cardinal  w.as  almost 
always  of  black  silk  richly  laced.    See  utozetta. 

Sir.  I  must  take  leave  of  my  mistress  ;  she  ha.s  valuables 
of  mine  :  besides,  my  cardinal  and  veil  are  in  her  room. 
Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  i.  ^. 

3.  A  rich  deep-red  color,  somewhat  less  vivid 
than  scarlet :  named  from  the  color  of  the  vest- 
ments of  a  cardinal. —  4.  A  hot  drink  similar 
to  bishop,  but  usually  made  with  claret  instead 
of  port,  of  which  bishop  is  compounded. —  5. 
In  ornitli.:  (a)  A  bird  of  the  genus  Cardinalis 
(which  see),  as  the  cardinal  redbird,  Cardinalis 
virffiniannSj  and  some  related  species,  as  C.  i(f- 
ncus  and  others,  (b)  A  name  applied  to  sev- 
eral other  crested  finches  of  America,  as  the 
species  of  the  genus  Paroaria,  and  the  Gubcr- 
nairix  cristatella — Cardinal's  hat,  in  her.  See  hat, 
ami  cut  above. — Texas  cardinal,  I'l/rrhuloxia  Kinuata. 
See  Pi/rrliuloria. 
cardinalate^  (kiir'di-nal-at),  n.  [=  D.  I'ardina- 
laat  =  F.  cardinalat  =  Sp.  cardenalato  =  Pg. 
cardinaladOj  cardcalado  =  It.  cardinalafo^  <  ML. 
cardinalatnSy  <  cardinalis,  a  cardinal:  see  cardi- 
nal and  -ate^.~\  The  office,  rank,  dignity,  or  in- 
cumbency of  a  cardinal.     Also  cardinalship. 

An  old  friend  of  his  was  advanced  to  a  cardinnlate. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

Beaufort  liad  made  the  great  mistake  of  his  life  in  1426, 

in  accepting  the  cardinalate.     Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  657. 

cardinalate^t  (kiir'di-nal-at),  r.  t.  [<  cardinal, 
n.,  +  -ate-.'\  To  make  a  cardinal  of;  raise  to 
the  office  of  cardinal.     Bp.  Hall. 

cardinal-bird  (kiir'di-nal-berd),  V.  The  cardi- 
nal, cardinal  grosbeak,  or  cardinal  redbird,  Car- 
dinalis rirginianuSj  an  oscine  passerine  bird  of 
the  family  Fringillidw,  called  by  Cuvier  the  car- 
dinal finch.  It  is  from  8  to  9  inches  in  length,  and  of  a 
fine  red  color,  including  the  bill,  the  female  beini:  duller 
in  color  than  tlie  male.  Its  face  is  blaek  and  tlie  luMil 
crested.  It  is  sometimes  called  the  Viniinia  ni'jhtin'jalc, 
on  account  of  its  song,  and  also  scarlet  fjrosbeak.  It  is 
common  in  many  parts  of  the  United  States,  especially  in 
the  south.  The  name  is  extended  to  other  species  of  the 
genus  Cardinalis  and  to  some  related  genera.  See  car- 
dinal, n.,  .^     See  cut  under  Cardinalis. 

cardinal-flower  (kar'di-nal-flou''''er),  71.      The 
name   commonly  given  to  Lobelia  cardinalis, 
because  of  its  large,  very  showy,  intensely  red 
flowers :  it  is  a  native  of  North  America,  and 
is  often  cultivated  in  gardens.    A  similar  species, 
L.  syi'hiUtica,y.-\th  bright-blue  flowers,  is  sometimes  called 
bhte  cardinal-jiower. 
When  fades  the  cardinal-flower,  whose  heart-red  bloom 
Glows  like  a  living  coal  upon  the  green 
Of  the  midsummer  meadows. 

R.  W.  Gilder,  An  Autumn  Meditation. 

Cardinalis  (kar-di-na'lis),  n.  [XL.  :  see  cardi- 
/*<(/.]     1.  A  genus  of  cardinal-birds,  or  cardinal 


ardinal's  Hat  ust.l  horatdit.illy  as  part  of 
the  armorial  achievement  of  a  cardinal. 


Cardinal-bird  {Cardinalis  Virginian tts). 

grosbeaks,  of  the  family  FringilUdce,  having  red 
as  the  chief  color.  The  bill  is  stout,  conical,  and  red. 
the  wings  are  very  short  and  rounded,  and  tlie  tail  is 
rounded  and  longer  than  the  wings.  It  includes  several 
species  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  See  cardinal,  n. , 
5,  and  cardinal-bird. 

2.  [/.  c]  In  brachiopods,  a  muscle  which  opens 
the  shell. 
cardinalitial  (kar'-'di-na-lish'ial),  a.  [<  cardi- 
nal +  -ifiaL  Cf.  Sp.  cardcnalicio  =  Pg.  cardi- 
nalicio  =  It.  cardinali::io.~\  Of  ov  pertaining  to 
a  cardinal;  of  the  rank  of  a  cardinal.  [Rare.] 
Raised  him  to  the  cardinalitial  dignity. 

Card.  Wiseman,  Lives  of  the  Last  Four  Popes. 

cardinalize  (kjir'di-nal-iz).  v.  f.  [<  cardinal  + 
-i^c :  ~  V.  cardinaliscr  =  Sp.  cardcnali-ar.'\  1. 
To  make  a  cardinal  of.  Sheldon.  [Rare.]  —  2. 
To  make  cardinal  in  color.     [Rare.  ] 


cardiogmus 

Shrimps,  lobsters,  crabs,  and  "ray-fishes,  which  are  car- 
dinalized  with  boiling.        L'rtjuhar'f,  tr.  uf  Rabelais,  i.  39. 

cardinal-red  (kar'di-nal-red),  a.  Of  a  cardinal 
coh»r. 

cardinalship  (kjir'di-nal-ship),  n.  [<  cardinal 
4-  -ship.]     Same  as  cardinalate^.     Bp.  Hall. 

cardines,  n.     Plural  of  cardo. 

cardingH  (kar'ding),  n.  [<  ME.  cardijng ;  ver- 
bal n.  of  card^y  r.]     Card-playing. 

Use  not  dyceing  nor  carding ;  the  more  yow  use  them 
the  lesse  yow  wil  be  esteemed. 

liabees  Bonk  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  360. 

My  Lord  is  little  at  home,  minds  his  carding  and  little 
else,  takes  little  notice  of  any  body.  J'ept/s,  Diary,  II.  113. 

carding-  (kiirMing),  n.  [<  ME.  cardyng ;  ver- 
bal n.  of  card'^,  r.]  1.  The  process'of  comb- 
ing wool,  flax,  or  cotton. — 2.  A  loose  roll  of 
cotton  or  wool  as  it  comes  from  a  carding-ma- 
chine:  chiefly  in  the  plural. 

The  motion  thus  communicated  to  the  carding  twisted 

it  spirally ;  when  twisted  it  was  wound  upon  the  spindle ; 

anothercnrrfiHf/ was  attached  to  it,  ilrawn  out  and  twisted. 

A.  Barlow,  Weaving,  p.  384. 

carding-bee,  n.     See  carder-bee. 
carding-engine  (kar'ding-en'jin),  n.     Same  as 
cardfni/-}/iarhiiir. 

carding-macbine  (kar'ding-ma-shen''),  ».  A 
machine  for  carding  fibers  of  wool,  flax,  or 
cotton,  preparatory  to  dra^\'ing  and  spinning. 
In  the  earlier  c-arding-machines  the  ttliei's  were  fed  by 
hand  to  a  cylinder  upon  which  card-cJotlung  was  laid  in 
strips  parallel  to  the  a.\:is,  and  were  removed  from  these 


Carding-raachine. 

j^,  main  cylinder ;  Z>,  f, /^.  G,  toothed  rollers:  /.bearings;  A'.roller: 

L,  toothed  drum,  or  doffer. 

strips  by  hand  as  they  became  full.  In  modern  cotton- 
carding  machines  a  loose  roll  of  fibers,  called  a  lap,  is 
placed  in  guides  and  rests  upon  a  roller,  which  as  it  re- 
volves unwinds  the  lap  and  delivers  it  to  the  feed-roll,  on 
passing  through  which  it  is  seized  by  the  cai-d-teeth  npon 
a  small  cylinder,  called  the  licker-in,  from  which  it  is 
drawn  by  the  teeth  of  the  clothing  of  the  main  cylinder. 
Other  small  cylinders  successively  remove  the  fibers 
from  and  deliver  them  to  the  main  cylinder.  The  tufts, 
tangles,  or  knots  which  are  not  loosened  by  the  action  of 
these  cylinders  project  beyond  the  teeth  of  the  main  cylin- 
der, and  are  caught  by  the  teeth  of  a  succession  of  wooden 
slats  caUed  card -tops,  top-cards,  or  t02)-fiats,  from  which 
they  are  cleared  or  stripped  by  hand  or  by  mechanical  de- 
vices. The  fibers  upon  the  main  cylinder  are  laid  parallel 
upon  it,  and  are  removed  by  means  of  the  do/n\  a  cylin- 
der moving  in  an  opposite  direction  from  the  main  cylin- 
der and  at  a  very  much  slower  rate,  and  whose  whole  sur- 
face is  covered  by  card-clothing.  The  cotton  is  stripped 
from  the  doffer  in  a  thin  continuous  sheet  of  its  full  width, 
by  means  of  a  comb  vibrating  vertically  in  contact  with 
the  teeth  of  the  doffer.  This  sheet  of  fibers  is  drawn  to- 
gether into  a  ribbon,  traverses  a  funnel  or  trumpet,  and  is 
passed  between  successive  pairs  of  rolls,  which  draw  out 
and  condense  the  sliver,  and  finally  deliver  it  into  the  can 
ready  for  the  drawing-frame,  where  it  is  doubled  and 
drawn  preparatory  to  twisting orspinniug.  For  fine  work, 
the  operation  of  carding  is  repeated.  The  i)reparator>' 
card  or  cards  are  called  breakers,  and  those  machines  on 
which  the  carding  is  completed  are  called  nnishers.  The 
principle  of  the  wool-earding  machine  is  identical  with 
that  of  the  cotton-carding  machine,  and  it  is  chiefly  distin- 
guished fioin  the  hitter  by  agreatnund.)cr  of  small  cylinders 
called  urchin,'^,  which  wurk  in  pairs  and  are  called  workers 
and  clea}iers.  Tlie  worker  is  the  larger  of  tlie  two  ;  it  strips 
the  wool  from  the  large  main  cylinder,  and  is  itself  clean- 
ed by  the  smaller  cylinder  or  cleaner,  which  delivers  the 
wool  back  to  the  main  cylinder,  when  it  is  again  seized 
by  the  next  worker.  Wool-fibers  are  oiled  to  facilitate 
carding  and  to  prevent  felting. 

cardio-.  [^«^L.»  etc.,  cardio-,  sometimes  less 
prop,  cardia-,  <  Gr.  Kopdio-,  combining  form  of 
Hapdia  =  E.  heart.']  An  element  in  some  words 
of  Greek  origin,  meaning  heart. 

cardiocele  (kar'di-o-sel),  n.  [<  Gr.  KapSia,  = 
E.  heart,  +  KifAr),  tumor.]  In  pathol..  the  pro- 
trusion of  the  lieart  through  a  wound  of  the 
diaphragm. 

caroiocentesis  (karMi-o-sen-te'sis),  n.  [XL.,  < 
Gr.  KQpf'^ta,  =  E.  heart,  +  Kh^rr/ot^,  a  pricking,  < 
KeiTav,  prick,  pimcture:  see  center.]  In  thera- 
peutics, intentional  puncture  of  the  walls  of 
the  heart,  as  for  the  purpose  of  aspii*ation. 
Another  form  is  cardicentcsis. 

cardiodynia  (kar'^di-o-din'i-a),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr. 
Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  odl-vrj,  pain.]  In  pathoL, 
pain  in  the  heart. 

cardiogmust,  ».  [XL.,  <  Gr.  napSia,  =  E.  heart, 
4-  o'iiior,   a  fun*ow.]      In  pathoL,   cardialgia; 


The  Cardioid. 


cardiogmus 

aneurism  of  thp  liourt  or  aorta;  dilatation  of 
thi>  heart  ;  angina  i)Cctoris. 

cardiognostict,  "■  [<  Ur.  Kapi^ia,  =  E.  Iwart,  + 
yn.inrik-"  ,  knowing.]  Knowing  the  heart ;  know- 
ing the  sci-ri't  thonghts  of  men.     Kcmcij,  170H. 

cardiogram  (kiir'di-o-gram),  «.  [<  Gr.  KiipMn, 
=  E.  Tirdii,  +  yimuua,  a  writing.]  In  iilii/.sinl., 
a  tracing  taken  with  the  cardiograpli  from  the 
licating  of  tlie  heart. 

cardiograph  (kiir'di-o-gi-iif ),  ».   [<  Gr.  Kapdia.  = 

E.  hctnl,  4-  '^imiptii;  write.]  In  physinl,,  an  ap- 
paratus for  reeoi'ding  by  a  tracing  the  move- 
ments of  tlio  heart,  it  consists  t-sseiitiiilly  of :» ilcvico 
(!us  :i  liollow  cuj)  contiiiiiiiig  a  sprint:  pressed  against  the 
chest)  for  producing  in  an  elastic  (Uapliragin  viliratioiis 
which  correspoTiil  to  the  movements  of  tiic  heart,  tllese 
vibrations  Ijeing  recorded  by  means  of  a  h*ver  in  a  traciiiK 
upon  a  revolving  cylinder.  It  was  invented  liyMarey; 
in  his  origimU  experiments  he  introduced  hollow  sounds 
eniiing  in  ela.stic  ampulho  into  the  auricles  and  ventricles 
of  tile  lieart  of  a  horse. 

cardiography  (kiir-di-og'ra-fi),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten (in  sense  1)  less  correctly  cardiaf/raplni : 
=  F.  c(ir(liiiiiraplti(\  and  less  correctly  cardia- 
giajjhic,  <  Gr.  KapiMa,  =  E.  Iiitirt,  +  -ypa<pia,  < 
■)'pa<pen;  write.]  1.  An  anatomical  description 
of  the  heart. — 2.  Examination  with  the  cardio- 
gi-aph. 

Carduiiiniphii,  in  which  a  tracing  is  oldained  of  the  put- 
satioTis  of  the  heart.  I'u/i.  Sci.  Mn.,  X.W.  193. 

cardioidl   (kiir'di-oid),    II.      [<   Gr.    KapSiociMj^, 

lieart-shaped,    <   KapMa,    =   E.   heart,   +  fjiiof, 

form.]     A  curve  wliich  may  be 

considered   as  the    path   of    a 

point  on  the  circumference  of 

a  circle  which  rolls  on  another 

circle  of  equal  size. 
cardioid'-  (kiir'di-oid),  «.     [< 

Citrdiiiiii  +  -iiid.'i     Resembling 

or  having  the  characters  of  tiie 

('(inliidir. 

Cardioidea  (kar-di-oi'de-a),  «. 
jil.     [XL.,  <  Cardiiim  -t-  '^idca.]     A  group  of 
cardioid  Ijivalves. 

cardio-inhibitory  (ka,r"di-o-in-hib'i-to-ri),  a. 
[<  Gr.  mpiVta.  =  E.  heart,  +  inhibitor;/.'}  In 
phijsidl.,  stopping  the  pidsations  of  the  heart 
or  diminishing  their  frequency  and  strength. 

cardiology  (kiir-di-ol'o-ji),  11.  [=  F.  airdiolo- 
giv  (cf.  Sp.  Pg.  cardiaioi/ia),  <  NL.  cnrdiohigiii, 

<  Gr.  KiipiVia,  =  E.  heart,  +  -/o)ia,  <  '/.i)cn;  speak  : 
see  -ologi/.']  In  anat.  and  jihi/iiol.,  a  discourse 
or  treatise  on  the  heart ;  a  scientific  statement 
of  the  facts  relating  to  the  heart. 

cardiomalacia  (kiir''tli-o-ma-la'shi-a'),H.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  Kiiiii'iKi,  =  E.  heart,  +  pa/.aaia',  softness,  <. 
/«i/«n«;,  soft.]  In  {lathoL,  morbid  softening  of 
the  muscular  tissue  of  the  heart,  especially  fi'om 
obstruction  of  a  branch  of  tlie  coronary  arteries. 

cardiometry  (kiir-di-om'e-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  napiMa, 
=  E.  Iinirf,  +  fiirpov,  measure.]  In  anat.,  the 
process  of  ascertaining  the  dimensions  of  the 
heart  without  dissection,  as  by  means  of  per- 
cussion or  auscidtation. 

cardiopalmus  (kiir"di-o-pal'mus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  kujHSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  TvaAfiS;,  palpitation, 
quivering,<  ^u'/.'/.en;  poise,  sway,  swing,  quiver.] 
Inpathnl.,  palpitation  of  the  heart. 

cardiopericarditis  (kiir"di-6-per"i-kiir-ili'tis), 
n.  [XL..  <  Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  ~ep/Kdp('itnr, 
pericardium:  see  pericardium.']  In  pathol.,m- 
flammation  of  the  heart-muscle  and  pericar- 
dium. 

cardiopnevimatic  (kilr"di-o-nu-mat'ik),  a.  [< 
Gr.  iinp(ha,  =  E.  heart,  +  ~revua(T-),  lung:  see 
]iiieuiiiatie.']  Pertaining  both  to  the  heart  and 
to  the  air  of  the  lungs  ami  air-passages:  as, 
cardioinieiimatic  movement,  the  movement  of 
the  air  in  the  air-passages  by  the  beating  of  the 
heart. 

cardiopulmonary  (kiir"di-6-purmo-na-ri),  a. 
[<  (Jr.  iMpAia,  =  E.  heart,  +  L.  jiiihiio(ii-),  limg: 
see  jiiilmiiiiarij.]  Pertaining  both  to  the  heart 
and  to  the  lungs.     Also  cardiae-pidmonic. 

cardiopyloric  (kar"di-6-pi-lor'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
mpiia,  =  E.  heart,  +  T^v'Aupoi;,  ])ylorus:  see  /ly- 
larus,  i>>/hiric.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  canllao 
and  ])yioiii^  portions  of  the  stomach — Cardio- 
pyloric muscle  (of  the  stomach  iif  certain  crustaceans, 
as  tile  er;i\\  tisti),  one  of  a  pair  of  muscles  which  pass,  one 
on  each  side,  liencath  the  lining  of  the  stomach,  from  the 
cardiac  to  the  pyloric  ossicles. 

cardiorhexls  (kiir'di-o-rek'sis),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
hapiSia,  —  E.  heart,  +  pf/iic,  a  breaking,  rupture, 
< />//; nraj,  break.]     Kupture  of  the  heart. 

cardiostenosls  (kiir'di-o-ste-no'sis),  ».    [NL., 

<  Gr.  Mi/)iij(j,  =  E.  heart,  +  mtvuaiQ,  a  narrow- 
ing, <  Trtroir,  make  narrow,  <  orci'iif,  narrow.]  A 
narrowing  of  the  conus  arteriosus  of  the  heart. 


821 

cardiotomy  (kiir-di-ot'6-mi),  n.  [=  F.  rardin- 
tiiiiiie,  <  Gr.  Knpiia,  =  t.  heart,  +  rupi/,  a  cut- 
ting: at^e  aiKitomii.']     Dissection  of  the  heart. 

cardiotromus  (k'iir-di-ot'ro-mus),  II.  [NL.,  < 
lir.  kapiSia,  =  E.  heart,  +  -pi/iiir  =  L.  Iremere, 
tremble:  see  tremble.}  In  ;j«W(»/.,  fluttering  of 
the  heart,  especially  a  slight  degree  of  that  af- 
fection. 

carditis  (kiir-di'tis),  «.  [NL.  (>  F.  cardite), 
<  (Jr.  haj»iio,  =  E.  heart,  +  -iti.'i.}  In  pathoL, 
inflammation  of  the  muscular  substance  of  the 
lieart ;  myocarditis. 

Cardium(kiir'di-um),  «.  [NL.,  <Gr.  mpAia  =  'E. 
heart,  <|.  v.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Cardiida;  embracing  the  true  cockles,  of  which 
the  best-known  species  is  the  common  edible 
one,  ('.  edide.  The  large  prickly  cockle  is  C.  aculeulum. 
In  this  genus  the  foot  is  largely  developed,  and  used  not 
only  in  progression,  but  also  in  the  excavation  of  hollows 
in  tile  sand  or  mud.  Ity  some  authors  the  C.  contfitum  of 
Africa  is  considered  aa  the  type,  while  by  others  it  is  re- 
gariled  as  representing  a  distinct  genus,  Tropidocardiuin. 
.See  cut  niitler  corkti: 

card-maker  (k!lrd'ma"ker),  11.  One  who  makes 
cards;  specifically,  one  who  makes  cards  for 
combing  wool  or  ila.\. 

.^ni  not  I  f'hristopher  Sly,  old  Sly'a  son,  of  Burton- 
heath  :  liy  birth  a  pedler,  liy  education  a  card-maker,  by 
traiisiiiutation  a  liear-herd,  and  now  by  present  profession 
a  tinkeiV  Shak.,  T.  of  the  .S.,  Ind.,  ii. 

card-match  (kiird'mach),  «.  One  of  the  matches 
formerly  made  by  dipping  in  melted  sulphur 
(now  in  the  usual  preparation  for  friction- 
matches)  a  thin  strip  of  wood  in  the  form  of  a 
tootlied  card. 

It  should  be  my  care  to  sweeten  and  mellow  the  voices 
of  these  itinerant  tradesmen,  .  .  .  and  to  take  care  in  par- 
ticular that  those  may  not  make  the  most  noise  who  have 
the  least  to  sell,  which  is  very  observable  in  the  venders 
ot  card-inalches.  Addison,  London  Cries. 

cardo  (kar'do),  n. ;  pi.  cardiiics  (-di-nez).  [L., 
a  hinge:  see  cardinal.}  1.  In  co»f/(.,  the  hinge 
of  a  l)ivalve  shell. — 2.  Jnentom.,  the  basal  joint 
of  the  maxilla,  a  narrow  transverse  piece,  artic- 
ulating with  the  lower  side  of  tlie  head.  See 
cuts  under  Uijmemiptcra  and  liiseeta. —  3.  In 
ilijriapoda,  the  distal  or  exterior  one  of  two 
pieces  of  which  the  protomala  or  so-called 
mandible  consists,  the  other  piece  being  the 
stipes.  See  protomala,  and  cut  under  epila- 
hriiiii.     A.  S.  Packard. 

cardpl  (kUr'dol),  «.  [<  NL.  (aiia)card(ium),q.Y., 
+  -ol.}  An  oily  liquid  (C21H30O2)  contained 
in  the  pericarp  of  the  cashew-nut,  Anacardiiim 
occidciitale.     It  is  a  powerful  blistering  agent. 

cardoon, chardoon  (kiir-,  char-don'), «.    [<  ME. 

carddiiii,  <  OF.  eardnn,  chardoii,  F.  cardan  =  Sp. 
cardan,  cardo,  cardoon,  lit.  thistle,  <  ML.  car- 
do{n-),  another  form  of  eardii.i,  cardniis,  a  this- 
tle :  see  card".}  If.  A  thistle. —  2.  The  Ci/nara 
Carduncidiis,  a  perennial  plant  belonging  to 
tlie  same  genus  as  the  artichoke,  and  some- 
what resembling  it.  it  is  a  native  of  the  countries 
bordering  the  .MeditelTanean.  Us  tliick  lleshy  stalks  and 
the  ribs  of  its  leaves  are  blanched  and  eaten  in  Spain  and 
France  as  a  vegetable. 
cardophagUS  (kiir-dof 'a-gus),  n.;  pi.  cardo- 
jihagi  (-ji).  [<  Gr.  mpdo;  (=  L.  cardnus),  a  this- 
tle (see  card-),  +  tpd-jeiv,  eat.]  An  eater  of 
thistles;  hence,  a  donkey.     [Humorous.] 

Kick  and  abuse  him,  you  who  have  never  brayed ;  but 
bear  with  him  all  honest  fellow  cardo]iha<ri ;  long-eared 
messmates,  recognize  a  brother  donkey  ! 

Thackeray,  Virginians,  xix. 

card-party  (k!ird'p!ir"ti),  n.  A  number  of  per- 
sons met  for  card-playing. 

card-player  (kiird'pla"6r),  n.  One  who  plays 
at  games  of  cards. 

card-playing  (kiird'pla'ing),  ».  Playing  at 
games  of  cards. 

card-rack  (kiird'rak),  H.  1.  A  rack  or  frame  for 
holding  cards,  especially  visiting-cards. 

The  empty  card-rack  over  the  mantelpiece.  7'tiackeratf. 
2.  A  small  shelf  or  case  on  the  outside  of  a 
freight-car,  iised  to  hold  the  shipping  direc- 
tions.    [U.  S.] 

card-sharper  (kiird'shiir'ptr),  n.  One  who 
cheats  in  plajnng  cards;  one  who  makes  it  a 
business  to  fleece  the  unwary  in  games  of 
cards. 

card-table  (kiii-d'ta'TDl),  h.  A  table  on  which 
cards  are  played. 

card-tray  (kiird'tra),  n.  A  small  salver  for  a 
servant  to  receive  and  delivervisiting-cards  on. 

carduet,  "•     [ME.  cardue,  <  I.i.  carduus,  a  this- 
tle :  see  card-.}    A  thistle. 
The  cardue,  that  is,  a  low  erbe,  and  ful  of  thornes. 

n'ydi/,  4  12]  Ki.  xiv.  i)(Purv.). 

Carduelis  (kiir-du-e'lis),  n.  [L.,  the  thistle- 
linch,  goldfinch,  <  carduus,  a  thistle :  see  card^-.} 


care 

A  genus  of  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the  fam- 
ily I'ringiUida-,  liaving  as  tj'pe  tringilla  cardue- 
lis, tlie  Etirojioan  goldfinch,  now  usually  called 
Cardiirli.s  ilei/ans.  The  limits  of  the  genus  v,ary  great- 
ly ;  to  it  ale  of(i-ii  referred  the  siskin.  C'«i'//(o'/ij*/*//i»h^,  and 
the  raiiary,  ('.  rnnnria.  It  has  been  extended  to  include 
tile  Aiiiericaii  g'ddtlnehcs,  now  usually  refelTed  to  Chryao- 
iiiifn's  or  .\.^tnfrallnus.     Sec  fjoldjinch. 

Carduus  (kiir'du-us),  «.  [L.,  a  thistle:  see 
card".}  A  genus  of  erect  herbs,  natural  order 
Composita;  resembling  the  thistles  (Cnicus), 
from  wliich  they  are  distinguished  by  the  fact 
that  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  are  not  plumose. 
Tliey  are  mostly  natives  ol  the  Mediterranean  region. 
The  most  eoininon  species  is  the  Idessed  thistle,  C.  (or 
Cnicitit)  Ix'iu'tlictttn,  or  Cetitaiirea  heneilicia,  sometimes  cul- 
tivated for  ornament,  and  widely  naturalized.  In  former 
times  it  was  held  in  high  esteem  as  a  remedy  for  all  man- 
ner of  diseases. 

care  (kar),  «.  [<  ME.  care,  sorrow,  anxiety,  < 
AS.  cearii,  earn,  son'ow,  anxiety,  gi'ief,  =  OS. 
kara,  lament,  =OiIG.  kara,  chara,  lament  (esp. 
in  comp.  chara-.sang,  a  lament,  MHG.  Kartac 
{tac  =  E.  day),  also  Kariritac,  G.  Kar-,  Char- 
freitag,  Good  Friday,  MHG.  Karwochc,  G.  Kar-, 
Char-woche,  Passion  week;  cf.  E.  (arc  Snndai/, 
Chare  Thnrsdai/),  =  Goth.  A-«/y/,  sorrow;  cf.Icel. 
kwra,  complaint,  murmur;  akin  to  OHG.  epic- 
ran,  sigh.  The  primary  sense  is  that  of  inward 
grief,  and  the  word  is  not  connected,  either 
in  sense  or  form,  with  L.  cura,  care,  of  which 
the  primary  sense  is  pains  or  trouble  bestow- 
ed upon  something:  see  cnrc.  Doublet  chare 
(in  Chare  Thursday);  deriv.  chary,  q.  v.]  It- 
Grief;  sorrow;  affliction;  pain;  distress. 

He  was  feelile  and  old. 

And  wyth  care  and  sorwe  ouercome. 

liitb.  of  Giouce«ter,  p.  SOI. 
Fro  pointe  to  pointe  I  wol  declare 
And  writcn  of  my  woful  care. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  L  44. 
"Phoebus,  that  first  fond  art  of  medicine," 
Quod  she,  "anil  coude  in  iMi-y  wiglites  care 
Remede  and  rede,  Viy  herlies  he  knew  fyne." 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  660. 

2.  Concern;  solicitude;  anxiety;  mental  dis- 
turbance, unrest,  or  pain  caused  by  the  appre- 
hension of  evil  or  the  pressure  of  many  burdens. 

Cart^keeps  his  watch  in  every  old  man's  eye. 
And  where  care  lodges  sleep  will  never  lie. 

Sliak.,  E.  and  J.,  ii.  3. 
If  I  have  carea  in  my  mind  I  come  to  the  Zoo,  and  fancy 
they  don't  pass  the  gate. 

Thackeray,  Round  about  the  Christmas  Tree. 

3.  Attention  or  heed,  ivith  a  view  to  safety  or 
protection;  a  looking  to  something;  caution; 
regard;  watchfidness:  as,  take  core  of  yourself. 

I  am  mad  indeed. 
And  know  not  what  I  do.     Yet  have  a  care 
Of  me  in  what  thou  dost. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  2. 

"Want  of  Care  does  us  more  Damage  than  Want  of  Know- 
ledge. Franklin,  Poor  Kieliard  s  Almanack,  17;>S. 

4.  Charge  or  oversight,  irap!.\'ing  concern  and 
endeavor  to  promote  an  aim  or  accomplish  a 
purpose:  as,  he  was  under  the  care  of  a  phy- 
sician. 

That  which  coraeth  upon  me  daily,  the  care  of  all  the 
churches.  2  Cor.  xi.  28. 

In  most  cases  the  care  of  orthography  was  left  to  the 
printers.  Sauthey,  Life  of  Hunyan,  p.  40. 

Tlie  musical  theatre  was  very  popular  in  Venice  as  early 
as  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century ;  and  the  care  of 
the  state  for  the  drama  existed  from  tlie  tli-st. 

Ilinvdlit,  Venetian  Life,  v. 

5.  An  object  of  concern  or  watchful  regard  and 
attention. 

Is  she  thy  care?  Dryden. 

His  first  care  is  his  dresse,  the  next  his  bodie,  and  in  the 
\Tliting  of  these  two  lies  his  soiile  and  its  faculties. 

Bp.  Karl*\  .Miero-eosniographic,  A  Gallant. 
Extraordinary  care,  ordinary  care.  See  the  adjec- 
tives.—Take  care,  I'e  careful;  beware.  — To  have  a 
care,  see  A«iv.— To  have  the  care  of,  to  have  chai-ge 
of.  =Syn.  Care,  Concern,  Sidiciiude.  Anxietti.  Care  is  the 
widest  in  its  range  of  meaning  ;  it  may  lie  with  or  without 
feeling,  with  or  without  action  :  as,  the  care  of  a  garden. 
In  its  strongest  sense,  care  is  a  painful  burden  of  thonglit, 
perhaps  from  a  multiplicity  and  constant  pressure  of 
things  to  be  attended  to  :  as,  the  child  was  a  great  care  to 
her.  Concern  and  golicitude  are  a  step  higher  in  intensity. 
Concern  is  often  a  regret  for  painful  facts.  Care  and  con- 
cern may  represent  the  object  of  the  thought  and  feeling  ; 
the  others  represent  only  the  mental  state  :  a.s,  it  shall  be 
my  chief  concern.  Solicitude  is  sometimes  tenderer  than 
concern,  or  is  attended  with  more  manifestation  of  feeling. 
Anxiety  is  the  strongest  of  the  four  words  ;  it  is  a  restless 
ilread  of  some  evil.  .As  compared  with  nolicilude,  it  is 
more  negative  ;  as,  solicitude  to  obtain  preferment,  to  help 
a  fi-iend  ;  anxiety  to  avoid  an  evil.  W  e  speak  of  care  for 
an  aged  parent,  concern  for  her  comfort,  solicitude  to  leave 
nothing  undone  for  her  welfare,  aiiriely  as  to  the  effect  of 
an  exposure  to  cold.  (For  ajtprehension  and  higher  de- 
gl'ees  of /ertr,  see  aiarm.) 

It  was  long  since  oWrvedby  Horace  that  no  ship  could 
leave  care  behind.  Johnson, 


care 

He  [Sir  Thomas  More]  thoim-h  t  any  unusual  ileiJTee  of  sor- 
row and  conctrn  improper  on  such  an  occasion  (liis  death) 
as  liad  notliing  in  It  wliicli  could  deject  or  teiTily  him. 

AddiKon,  Spectator.  No.  349. 

Can  jour  snlicilude  alter  the  cause  or  unravel  the  in- 
tricacy of  human  events?  JSIair,  .Sermons. 

Education  is  the  only  interest  worthy  the  deep,  control- 
line  anxietv  of  the  tlloUKhtful  man. 

If.  Phillips,  .Speeches,  Idols. 

care  (kSr),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cared,  ppr.  car- 
iiiij.  [<  ME.  carcii,  carieii,  be  an.xious,  be 
prieved,  <  AS.  cearian,  be  aiixious.  =  OS.  lii- 
roii.  lament,  complain,  =  OIIG.  loroii,  charon, 
complain,  =  Goth.  Icuron.  be  anxious;  cf.  leel. 
hrra  =  Sw.  kara  =  Dan.  Iwre.  complain ;  from 
the  noun.]     If.  To  feel  grief  or  sorrow ;  grieve. 

Ther  ne  ne  schulen  heo  neuer  karien  ne  swinlceu. 

Old  Eng.  Homilies  (ed.  Jlorris),  I.  193. 

Be  ay  of  chier  as  light  as  lef  on  lynde, 

And  let  hem  care  and  wepe  and  h  ryng  and  wayle. 

Chaucer,  Clerics  Tale,  I.  1135. 

2.  To  be  anxious  or  solicitous ;  be  concerned 
or  interested:  commonly  with  about  or  for. 

-Master,  caresi  thou  not  tliat  we  perish  ?       Mark  iv.  38. 

Our  cause  then  must  be  intrusted  to  and  conducted  by 

its  own  undoubted  friends,  those,  whose  hands  are  free, 

whose  hearts  are  in  the  worti,  who  do  care/or  the  result. 

Lincoln,  Speech  before  111.  State  Convention.  IS58. 

3.  To  be  inclined  or  disposed ;  have  a  desire : 
often  with /or. 

>ot  caring  to  observe  the  wind.  Waller. 

An  autlior,  who,  I  am  sure,  would  not  care  for  being 

praised  at  the  expense  of  another's  reputation.    Addison. 

I  will  only  say  tliat  one  may  find  grandeur  and  consola- 
tion in  a  starlit  night  without  caring  to  ask  what  it  means, 
save  grandeur  and  consolation. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  376. 

4.  To  have  a  liking  or  regard :  with  for  before 
the  object. —  5.  To  be  concerned  so  as  to  feel 
or  express  objection;  feel  an  interest  in  oppos- 
ing: chiefly  with  a  negative:  as,  He  says  he  is 
coming  to  see  you.  I  don't  care.  Will  you 
take  something  f  I  don't  care  if  I  do.  [Colloq.] 
—To  care  for.  (u)  See  2.  (b)  Same  as  3.  (c)  To  look  to ; 
take  care  of ;  perform  what  is  needed  for  the  well-being 
or  good  condition  of :  as,  the  child  was  well  cared  /or. 
(d)  Same  as  4. 

careawayt,  "•    A  reckless  fellow. 

But  [such]  as  yet  remayne  without  eyther  forcast  or 
consideration  of  anything  that  may  afterward  turn  them 
to  benefit,  playe  the  wanton  yonkers  and  wilfull  Care- 
awaj/es.  Touchstone  o.f  Cojn2>lexio7ls,  p.  99. 

care-clotht,  ».  [In  Palsgrave  (1530),  carde 
clothe,  appar.  for  carre  cloth  :  OF.  carre,  square, 
broad,  carre,  squared,  square,  mod.  F.  carre,  a 
(square)  side,  carre,  square.]  A  cloth  held 
over  the  heads  of  a  bride  and  bridegi-oom  dur- 
ing the  marriage  ceremony  as  performed  in 
England  in  the  middle  ages.    See  the  extracts. 

At  the  "  Sanctus,"  both  the  bride  and  Ijridegroom  kiielt 
near  the  altar's  foot ;  and  then,  if  neither  had  been  mar- 
ried before,  over  tiiem  a  pall,  or,  as  it  used  to  be  called, 
the  care^cloth,  was  held  at  its  four  comers  by  as  many 
clerics.  Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  173. 

In  the  bridal  mass,  the  York  varied  somewhat  from  thfi 
Sai'uiu  use :  only  two  clerics  held  the  care-cloth,  and  a 
blessing  was  bestowed  by  the  priest  with  the  chalice  upon 
the  newly  married  folks. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  175. 

care-crazed  (kar'krazd),  a.  Crazed  or  mad- 
dened by  care  or  trouble. 

A  care-craz'd  mother  to  a  many  sons. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 
carectt,  n.  Same  as  caract^. 
careen  (ka-ren'),  v.  [Formerly  carinc,  <  F. 
carener,  now  carener  (=  Sp.  carenar  =  Pg.  que- 
renar  =  It.  carenare),  careen,  <  carcne,  carine, 
now  carene,  =  It.  carena,  <  L.  carina,  the  keel 
of  a  ship:  see  carina.']  I.  trans.  Xaiit.,  to 
cause  (a  ship)  to  lie  over  on  one  side  for  the 
purpose  of  examining,  or  of  calking,  repairing, 
cleansing,  pajing  with  pitch,  or  breaming  the 
other  side. 

n.  intrans.  To  lean  to  one  side,  as  a  ship 
under  a  press  of  sail. 

Sloops  and  schooners  constantly  come  and  go,  careening 
in  the  wind,  their  white  sails  taking,  if  remote  enough,  a 
vague  blue  mantle  from  tlie  delicate  air. 

T.  W.  Uiggiiiiton,  Oldport,  p.  199. 

Such  a  severed  block  will  be  found  by  the  geologist  to 

have  careened,  one  side  or  edge  going  down  while  the 

other  came  up.  Science,  III.  481. 

careen  (ka-ren'),  ?!.    [<  careen,  r.]     A  slanting 

position  in  whicli  a  ship  is  placed,  that  the  keel 

may  be  repaired ;  the  place  where  this  is  done. 

i'hey  say  there  are  as  many  Gallies  and  Galeasses  of  all 

sorts,  belonging  to  St.  ilark,  either  in  Course,  at  Anchor, 

iu  Dock,  or  ujion  the  Coreen,  as  there  be  Days  in  the  Year. 

UoiccU,  LetU-rs,  I.  i.  ■}&. 

And  they  say  it  [the  galeas]  is  the  self-same  Vessel  still, 

though  often  put  upon  the  Careen  .mil  trimmed. 

llowell.  Letters,  I.  i.  31. 


822 

careenage  (ka-re'naj),  «.  [<  careen  +  -age; 
after  F.  careiiage.'}'  1.  A  place  in  which  to 
careen  a  ship. 

The  scourings  of  slave-ships  had  been  tlirown  out  at  the 
ports  of  debarkation  to  mix  with  the  mud  of  creeks,  ca- 
reenanes,  and  mangrove  swamps. 

A'.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  S40. 
2.  The  cost  of  careening. 

career  (ka-rer'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  careere, 
carreer,  carrier,  careire,  <  F.  carriere,  now  ,car- 
riere,  road,  race-course,  course,  career,  <  OF. 
cariere,  a  road  (=  Pr.  carricra  =  Sp.  carrera  = 
Pg.  carreira  =  It.  carricra,  career),  <  carier, 
transport  in  a  vehicle,  carry:  see  carry.']  1. 
Tlie  gi'ound  on  which  a  race  is  run ;  a  race- 
course ;  hence,  course ;  path ;  way. 

They  had  run  themselves  too  far  out  of  breath  to  go 
back  again  the  same  career.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  A  charge  or  run  at  full  speed,  as  iu  justing. 
Make  a  thrust  at  me,  .  .  .  come  in  upon  the  answer, 

control  your  point,  and  make  a  full  career  at  the  body. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  4. 

Full  merrily  .  .  . 
Hath  tills  career  been  run.    Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

Such  combat  should  be  made  on  horse. 
On  foaming  steed,  in  full  career. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  JI.,  iv.  31. 

3.  General  course  of  action  or  movement; 
procedure;  course  of  proceeding;  a  specific 
course  of  action  or  occupation  forming  the  ob- 
ject of  one's  life:  as,  "honour's  fair  career," 
Dryden. 

Brief,  brave,  and  glorious  was  his  young  career.   Byron. 

This  pressing  desire  for  careers  is  enforced  by  the  pref- 
erence for  careers  which  are  tllought  respectable. 

H.  Spencer,  Man  vs.  State,  p.  29. 
[Sometimes  used  absolutely  to  signify  a  definite  or  con- 
spicuous career  of  some  kind ;  as,  a  man  with  a  career 
before  him.] 

4.  In  the  manege,  a  place  inclosed  with  a  bar- 
•  rier,  in  which  to  rim  the  ring. —  5.  In  falcotiry, 

a  flight  or  tour  of  the  hawk,  about  120  yards. 
career  (ka-rer'),  r.  i.     [<  career,  «.]     To  move 
or  run  rapidly,  as  if  in  a  race  or  charge. 

AVIien  a  ship  is  decked  out  in  all  her  canvas,  every  sail 
swelled,  and  careering  gaily  over  the  curling  waves,  how 
lofty,  how  gallant  she  appears ! 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  22. 

Tluis  the  night  fled  away,  as  if  it  were  a  winged  steed, 
and  he  careering  on  it.        Hawthonxe,  Scarlet  Letter,  xx. 

careering  (ka-rer'ing),  }j.  a.     In  her.,  running, 
but  placed  bendwise  on  the  field:   said  of  a 
horse  used  as  a  bearing. 
careful  (kar'ful),  o.  and  n.      [<  ME.   careful, 
carfith  <  AS.  cearful,  earful,  anxious,  <  cearu, 
anxiety,  +  full,  full:  see  care  and  -/»/,  1.]    I.  a. 
If.  Fiill  ofcare  or  gi'ief ;  grieving;  sorrowful. 
This  .  .  .  wyf  that  careful  widue  was. 
St.  Edni.  Conf.  (Early  Eng.  Poe"ms,  ed.  Furnivall),  1.  465. 
Ac  the  careful  may  crye  and  carpen  atte  gate, 
Bothe  afyngred  and  a-thurst ;  and  for  chele  quake. 

Piers  Plouinan  (B),  x.  58. 

2.  Full  of  care;  anxious;  solicitous.  [Archaic] 
Martha,  thou  art  care/H^  and  troubled  about  many  things. 

Luke  X.  41. 

Be  not  so  careful,  coz ;  your  brother's  well. 

Shirley,  Maid's  Revenge,  ii.  4. 

St.  Filling  with  care  or  solicitude;  exposing 
to  concern,  anxiety,  or  trouble ;  eare-eaustng ; 
painful. 

Either  loue,  or  sor[r]ow,  or  both,  did  wring  out  of  me 
than  certaine  carefull  thoughtes  of  my  good  will  towardes 
him.  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  90. 

By  Him  that  rais'd  me  to  this  care.ful  height 
From  that  contented  hap  which  I  enj'oy'd. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

4t.  Excited;  eager;  vehement. 

Then  was  the  King  carefull  &  kest  for  wTath 
For  too  bring  that  beurde  in  balle  for  euer. 

Alisaumlcr  of  Macedoine  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  671. 

5.  Attentive  to  aid,  support,  or  protect ;  pro-vi- 
dent :  formerly  with  for,  now  generally  with  of, 
before  the  object. 

Thou  hast  been  careful  for  us  with  all  this  care. 

2  Ki.  iv.  13. 
Are  God  and  Nature  then  at  strife, 
"That  Nature  lends  such  evil  dreams  ? 
So  careful  of  the  type  she  seems. 
So  careless  of" the  single  life. 

Tennyson,  In  Jlemoriam,  Iv. 

6.  Giving  good  heed ;  watchful :  cautious :  as, 
be  careful  to  maintain  good  works;  be  careful 
of  your  conversation. 

Have  you  been  care.ful  of  our  noble  prisoner, 
Tiiat  he  want  notliing  fitting  for  his  greatness? 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  King  and  No  King,  iv.  2. 
A  luckier  or  a  bolder  fisherman. 
A  carefuUer  in  peril  did  not  breathe. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

7.  Showing  or  done  with  care  or  attention:  as, 
carf/!(/ consideration.  =Syn.  2.  Concerned,  disturbed. 


carene 

troubled.— 5.  ProWdent,  tlinughtful,  heedful. — 6.  I'ru- 
dent,  wary,  etc.     See  list  under  cautious. 

U.t  «.  One  full  of  care  or  sorrow. 
Thus  iiaue  I  ben  his  lieraude  here  and  in  belle, 
And  confortcd  many  a  careful  that  after  Ids  comynge 
wayten.  Piers  Pltjwman  (B),  xvi.  248. 

carefully  (kar'ful-i),  arfr.  [<  ME.  carfulli, 
cunfullichc,  etc.,  <  AS.  carfuUice,  <  earful:  see 
careful  jind -ly".]     If.  Sorrowfully. 

CarfuUi  to  the  king  criande  sche  saide  (et«.). 

William  of  Palerne,  1.  4347. 

2.  With  eare,  anxiety,  or  solicitude ;  with  pains- 
taking. 

He  found  no  place  of  repentance,  though  he  sought  it 
carefully  with  tears.  Ueb.  xii.  17. 

3.  Heedfully;  watchfully;  attentively;  cau- 
tiously; providently. 

If  thou  carefully  hearken  unto  the  voice  of  the  U>rd. 

l>eut.  XV.  5. 

carefulness  (kSr'fiU-nes),  «.  [<  ME.  Cbre-, 
carfulness,  <  AS.  carfulnys,  'cearfulnes,  <  cear- 
ful, careful,  +  -nea,  -ness:  see  careful  and 
-ness.]     1.  Anxiety;  solicitude.     [Ai'chaic.] 

Drink  thy  water  with  trembling  and  with  carefulness. 

Ezek.  xii.  18. 
He  had  a  particular  carefubicss  in  the  knitting  of  his 
brows,  and  a  kind  of  impatience  in  all  his  motions. 

Addisfm,  The  Political  Upholsterer. 

2.  Heedf Illness ;  caution;  vigilance  in  guard- 
ing against  evil  and  providing  for  safety. 

care-killing  (kar'kil  ing),  a.  Destroying  or 
preventing  eare;  remo'^'ing  anxiety. 

careless  (kar'les).  a.  [<  ME.  careies,  <  AS.  car- 
leas,  'cearleds,  without  anxiety  (=  Icel.  Iwru- 
lauss,  quit,  free),  <  earn,  cearu,  anxiety,  +  -leas, 
-less:  see  care  and  -less.']  1.  Free  from  care 
or  anxiety;  hence,  undisturbed;  cheerful. 

In  blessed  slumbers 
Of  peaceful  rest  he  careless  rests  in  peace. 

Ford,  Fames  MemoriaL 

Thus  msely  careless.  Innocently  gay. 
Cheerful  he  played. 

Pope,  Epistle  to  Miss  Blount,  1.  IL 
The  jocund  voice 
Of  insects  chii'pingout  their  careless  lives 
On  these  soft  beds  of  thyme-besprinkled  turf. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  iii 

2.  Giving  no  care;  heedless;  negligent;  un- 
thinking ;  inattentive ;  regardless ;  unmindful. 

A  woman,  the  more  curious  she  is  about  her  face,  is  com- 
monly the  more  careless  about  her  house.  B.  Jonson. 
O  ye  gods, 
I  know  you  careless,  yet.  behold,  to  you 
From  childly  wont  and  ancient  use  I  call. 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

3.  Done  or  said  ■without  care;  unconsidered: 
as,  a  careless  act ;  a  careless  expression. 

With  such  a  careless  force,  and  forceless  care, 

-As  if  that  luck,  in  very  spite  of  cunning. 

Bade  him  win  all.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  5. 

He  framed  the  careless  rhynie. 

Beatlie,  The  Minstrel,  ii.  6. 

4t.  Not  receiving  care;  imeared  for.      [Rare.] 

Theii*  many  wounds  and  carelesse  hainies. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  iv.  38. 
=  Sy]l.  2  and  3.  Supine,  Indolent,  etc.  (see  listless);  in- 
cauti'ius,  tlnuit:htless,  remiss,  forgetful,  inconsiderate. 
carelessly  (kar'les-li),  adr.  In  a  careless  man- 
ner or  way;  negligently;  heedlessly;  inatten- 
tively ;  -without  care  or  concern. 

An  ant  and  a  grasshopper,  walking  together  on  a  green, 
the  one  carelessly  skipping,  the  other  carefully  prying 
what  H  inter's  provision  w.is  scattered  in  the  way. 

Greene,  Conceited  Fable. 

carelessness  (kar'Ies-aes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  lieing  careless;  heedlessness;  inat- 
tention; negligence. 
care-lined  (kar'lind),  a.  Marked  by  care ;  hav- 
ing lines  deepened  by  care  or  trouble,  as  the 
face. 

That  swells  with  antic  and  uneasy  mirth 

The  hollow,  care-lined  cheek.  J.  Baitlie. 

carencyt  (ka'ren-si),  H.  [=  F.  carence  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  carenci'a  =  It.  earen:a,  earemia.  <  ML. 
carentia,  <  L.  caren(t-)s.  ppr.  of  carerc,  want, 
be  ^vithout.  Cf.  caret^.]  Want;  lack;  defi- 
ciency.   Bp.  Richardson. 

carene^t  (ka-ren'),  H.  [<  ME.  carene,  carine, 
karine,  karin  =  ML6.  karene.  karine,  <  ML.  ca- 
rena. a  fast  of  forty  days,  Lent,  corrupted  (after 
the  OF.  form,  and  prob.  by  association  -with  L. 
fflcfcf,  want,  lack,  ML.  carentia.  want,  penury: 
see  careneij)  from  quadragintana,  equiv.  to  quti- 
dragesima  (>  OF.  care.wie,  F.  car^nie  =  Pr.  ca- 
resma,  carema,  carania,  quaresme.  quareme  = 
Cat.  quaresma  =  Sp.  cuarama  =  Pg.  quaresnia 
=  It.  quaresinia).  Lent,  lit.  (L.)  fortieth,  <  L. 
quadraginta,  forty:  see  quadragesima,  quaran- 
tine.]    A  forty  days'  fast  formerly  imposed  by 


carene 

a  bisliop  upon  plorRy  <ir  luity,  or  by  an  abbot 
upon  monks.     Sniitlis  Diet.  Clirinl.  Antiq. 

Alsii  I'upi'  SilucstxT  gi-aimtyil  to  all  thcym  y'  dayly  gothe 
to  tliL-  chiruhu  of  .Saint  Putcr  thf  iij.  part  of  allu  his  syiuies 
reU'Ct-d,  ,  .  .  and  al>ouc  this  is  Knuuitytl  xxviij  C.  yere  of 
]>ar(loii,  ami  the  nierytis  of  its  many  k'litis  or  karifiis. 

Arnolds  Chronicle,  15oa  (cd.  1811,  p.  146). 

Here  folow*  the  j^nowelege  of  what  a  karyne  vs.  It  is  too 
poo  wulward  and  liarfott  vij.  yere.  Item,  U)  fast  on  bred 
and  watler  the  l''ryday  vij.  yel-e.  Item,  in  vij.  yere  not 
t4io  slepe  oon  nyglit  tliere  ne  slepith  a  notlier.  Item,  in 
vij.  yere  nott  to  eom  vndir  noo  eouen-d  plaee  liut  yf  it  bee 
too  liere  masse  in  tlie  eliyreli  dore  or  porelie.  Item,  in 
vij.  yere  not  t()  tie  nor  dryncke  ont  of  noo  vessel  but  in 
tlie  same  tluit  lie  made  hys  anow  in.  Item,  he  that  f uUlll- 
eth  alle  thes  poyntis  vij.  yere  dui-in;;,  dothe  and  wynnetlie 
a  Karinif,  that  ys  to  sey  a  Lenton.  Thus  may  a  man  haue 
at  Home  j^ret  pardon  and  sonle  helth. 

Arnold's  Chrmikle,  1.M2  (ed.  1811,  p.  l.'iO). 

carene'-'t  (ka-ren'),  11.  [<  L.  carenum,  carceniim, 
<  (ir.  Kiiimimv,  Kiipvivov,  Kapvvov.']  A  sweet  "wiue 
boiled  'dowu. 

Carene  is  boyled  nere 
From  three  til  two. 

Palladius,  Uusbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  204. 

Carentanet  (kar'en-tSu),  n.  [<  ML.  quarcntcna, 
ciiri  nliiiii,  niso  ciircnti,  au  indulgence  or  exemp- 
tion rroiji  l\w  fust  of  forty  days :  see  carene^  and 
(/ii(ir<iiitiiii.'\  A  papal  Inihdgeuee,  midtiplying 
the  remission  of  penance  by  forties. 

caress  (ka-rcs'),  II.  [<  F.  aircssc,  <  It.  c(irc:::a 
=  S|i.  niricia  =  Pg.  caricias  (pi.),  endearment, 
fondness,  <  ML.  caritiii,  dearness,  value,  <  L. 
cuniK,  dear  (whence  also  ult.  E.  elirir'",  charitij, 
dicrisli,  q.  v.),  prob.  orig.  *ciiiiin(S  =  Skt.  kaiiini, 
beautiful,  charming,  <  v^  l^'nm,  love,  desire,  per- 
haps =  L.  aniiire  (for  'camtire^),  love  :  see  amor, 
etc.  C£.  W.  earn,  love,  =  L'.  earaim,  I  love, 
cam,  a  friend.]  Au  act  of  endearment;  an 
expression  of  aflfeetion  liy  touch,  as  by  strok- 
ing or  patting  «-itli  the  hand:  as,  "conjugal 
caresscn,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  56. 
C'hillint;  his  caresses 
By  the  coldness  of  her  manners. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xx.  1. 

caress  (ka-res'),  «'•  <•  [<  F-  carcsscr  (=  It.  ea- 
riz::are  :  cf.  Sp.  a-earieiar  =  Pg.  eariciar,  a-eari- 
eiar),  <  eiiresse,  a  caress.]  1.  To  bestow  ca- 
resses upon ;  fondle. 

Care^s'd  or  chidden  by  the  dainty  hand. 

Tennyson,  .Sonnets  to  a  Coquette. 

Hence  —  2.  To  treat  with  fondness,  affection, 
or  kindness. 

Caressed  at  court  and  at  both  the  universities. 

Baker,  Charles  II.,  an.  1683. 

caressing  (ka-res'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  earess,  c] 
Treating  with  endeaiTBont;  fondling;  affection- 
ate; fond:  as,  a  onrf.s.svH// manner. 

caressingly  (ka-res'ing-Li),  ade.  In  a  caressing 
manner. 

Care  Sunday  (kar  sun 'da).  [E.  dial.,  also 
Carliiiij  Siindai/,  Carle  Siinilui/,  Ciirlinij,  <  care, 
grief,  +  Siind'aij,  Cf.  Chare  Tliiirsdaij  and  the 
similar  G.  Char-,  Kar-frcitag,  Good  Friday. 
See  care,  «.]  The  fifth  Sunday  in  Lent ;  Passion 
Sunday.     [Prov.  Eng.]     See  Carliiiij. 

caret!  (ka'ret ),  II.  [<  L.  caret,  there  is  wanting, 
3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind.  of  earerc,  want,  lack : 
see  carencij.']  A  mark  ( ^)  used  in  writing,  in 
correcting  printers'  proofs,  etc.,  to  indicate  the 
proper  plaee  of  something  that  is  interlined  or 
written  in  the  margin. 

caret^  (ka'ret),  n.  [<  NL.  caretta,  name  of  a 
turtle,  <  Sp.  careta,  a  mask  of  pasteboard,  a 
wire  mask  used  by  bee-keepers,  dim.  of  cara, 
the  face :  see  c/iecrl.]  A  name  of  the  hawkbill 
sea-turtle,  Eretmochelys  imlirieata. 

caretaker  (kar'ta"ker),  n.  One  who  takes  care 
of  something,  Specifleally  — ((f)<)newho  isemployed 
at  a  wharf,  i|uay,  or  other  exposed  place,  or  in  a  building 
or  on  an  estate  during  the  absence  of  the  owner,  to  look 
aftir  f:onils  or  property  of  any  kind.  ('))  A  person  put 
upon  tin-  premises  of  an  insolvent  to  take  care  that  none 
<if  thr  |no|irrty  is  removed. 

care-tuned  (kar'tund),  a.  Tuned  or  modulated 
by  care  or  trouble ;  mournful. 

More  health  and  liap|iirnss  betide  myliCKe, 
Than  can  my  eare-tun'd  tonjiue  deliver  him. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  2. 

care-worn  (kar'wom),  a.  Worn,  oppressed,  or 
burdened  with  care ;  showing  marks  of  care  or 
anxiety :  as,  he  was  weary  and  care-worn ;  a 
care-worn  countenance. 

And  Philip's  rosy  face  contractiiiR  grew 
CaiTU'ttrn  and  wan.  Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

Carex  (ka'reks),  H.  [L.,  a  sedge  or  rush.]  1. 
A  large  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Cypera- 
Ce<r:  the  sedges.  They  are  perennial.  Krasslike  herbs, 
gi'owins;  chiefly  in  wet  places,  with  triangular-  solid  culms 
and  imisexnal'tlowers  aggl'egated  in  sT)ikelets.-  The  herb- 
age is  coarse  and  iiniutritions.  and  tlic  genus  is  of  com- 
paratively little  value.    A  variety  of  C.  aciUia,  however, 


823 

which  is  abundant  in  some  parts  of  Oregon,  is  remark- 
able for  yieliling  an  excellent  <)uality  of  hay  ;  and  tlie 
roots  of  the  sea-sedge,  C.  airiiaria,  found  on  the  shores  of 
the  Italtic,  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  sarsaparilla.  About 
700  species  are  known,  distributed  all  over  the  world, 
though  they  are  rare  in  tropi'-al  r-Lrioiis. 
2.  [/.  c ;  pi.  carices  (ka'ri-suz).]  A  plant  of 
this  genus. 

A  sand-bank  cfivercd  with  scanty  herbage,  and  imper- 
fectly bound  together  by  bent-grass  and  carices. 

Kncyc.  Brit.,  XI.  6:U. 

careynet,  »■    An  obsolete  form  of  cnrrio«. 
carft.     A  Middle  English  (Anglo-Saxon  eearf) 

preterit  of  kerrcn,  carve. 
carfaxt  (kilr'faks),  n.     [<  ME.  carfax,  carphax, 

cdrfaiia.  corruptions  of  earfoiiliCi,  also  carfowyh, 

<  OF.  carrcfotiri/.':.  earrefor,  earrcfoiir,  qiiarrc- 
fiiur,  V.  c'lrrrjour  (v;hcnee  also  E.  earrcfoiir)  = 
Pr.  carrcforc',  <  ML.  qiiadrifiircus,  having  four 
forks,  <  L.  quatuor,  =  Fj.foiir,  -H  J'lircn,  >  AS. 
fore,  >  E.  fork.']  A  place  where  four  (or  more) 
roads  or  streets  meet :  now  used  only  as  the 
name  of  such  a  place  in  O.xford,  England. 

Then  thei  enbusshed  hema-gcin  acarfmrihut  vj  weyes. 
Merlin  (ed.  Wheatlcy),  ii.  273. 

carfoukest,  «.    See  carfax. 

carfuffle  (kiir-fuf' 1),  v.  and  «.  Same  as  cur- 
fiijHc.     [Scotch.] 

carga  (kiir'gii),  H.  [Sp.,aload:  see  crtJY/ol  and 
chari/e, )(.]  A  Spanish  unit  both  of  weight  and 
of  measure,  varjing  in  different  places  and  for 
<litVerent  commodities,  but  generally  about  27.") 
pounds  avoirdupois  as  a  weight  and  40  gallons 
as  a  measure. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  carya  —  the  "  burro  "  or  donkey 
carya  of  150  lbs.,  and  the  "  mule"  carya  of  .'100. 

L.  llainilton,  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  28. 

cargazont  (kiir'ga-zou),  n.  [Also  wTitten  car- 
i/iisoii :  Sp.  ear;/a:oii{y  ¥.  eartjai.'<oii),  a  cargo, 
aug.  of  earijo,  carga,  a  load:  see  cargo^.]  A 
cargo. 

The  ship  Swan  was  sailing  home  with  a  caryazon  valued 
at  ,t;80,lMio.  Howell,  Letters,  I.  vi.  42. 

cargeese,  ».     Plural  of  eargoose. 

cargo!  (kiir'go), )!. ;  pi.  cargoes  or  eargos  (-goz). 
[Sp.,  also  carga,  a  burden,  load,  freight,  cargo 
(=  Pg.  cargo,  a  charge,  office,  cart/a,  a  burden, 
load,  =  It.  carico,  carica,  also  carco,  =  OF.  charge 
(AF.  *earlc,  hark,  >  ME.  kark,  eark:  see  cark). 
P.  charge,  a  burden,  etc.,  >  E.  charge,  n.),  < 
cargar  =  F.  charger,  load,  >  E,  charge,  r. :  see 
charge.]  1.  The  lading  or  freight  of  a  ship; 
the  goods,  merchandise,  or  whatever  is  con- 
veyed in  a  ship  or  other  merchant  vessel.  The 
lad'ing  within  the  hold  is  called  the  inboard  caryo,  in  dis- 
tinction from  freight,  such  as  horses  and  cattle,  carried 
on  deck.  The  term  is  usually  applied  to  goods  only,  but 
in  a  less  technical  sense  it  may  include  persons. 

Vessels  from  foreign  countries  have  come  into  our  ports 
and  gone  out  again  with  the  earyoes  they  lU'ought. 

.S'.  Adams,  in  liancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  457. 

2.  [Appar.  a  slang  use,  perhaps  of  other  ori- 
gin, Cf.  cargo^.]  A  term  of  contempt  applied 
to  aman,  usually  explained  as  "bully''  or  "bra- 
vo": found  only  in  the  following  passage. 

Will  the  royal  Augustus  cast  away  a  gentleman  of  wor- 
ship, a  captain  and  a  eommander,  for  u  couple  of  con- 
demned caititl'  calumnious  caryos  > 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 

To  break  out  a  cargo.  Sec  break. 
cargo-t  (kiir'go),  intcrj.  [Appar.  a  corruption 
of  It,  canero,  a  canker,  used  also,  like  E.  pox,  as 
an  imprecation:  see  canker.  Less  prob.  based 
on  It.  coraggio,  courage,  used  as  an  encourag- 
ing e.xclaraation:  see  conragc]  An  exclama- 
tion of  surprise  or  contempt. 
But  caryo'.  niv  fiddlestick  cannot  play  without  rosin. 

Wilicins,  .Miseries  of  Enforced  -Marriage  (1607). 
Twenty  pound  a  year 
For  three  good  lives?    Caryo !  hai  Trincalo  i 

T.  Tumkis  ('.'),  Albumazar. 

cargo-block  (kar'go-blok),  n.  A  tackle  for 
hoisting  bales  and  packages,  which  disengages 
itself  autiiniatically. 

eargoose  (kar'gos),  «.;  pi.  cargeese  (,-ges).  [< 
(•(()■-  (perhaps  <  Gael,  eir,  a  cock's  comb  or  crest) 
-f  goose]  The  gaunt  or  great  crested  grebe, 
I'odieciis  cri.<<latiis.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cariacou,  carjacou  (kar'i-a-ko,  kiir'ja-ko),  «. 
[S.  Anier.]  The  native  name  of  some  kind  of 
South  ,\inerican  deer,  extended  to  all  Ameri- 
can deer  of  the  genus  Cariacu.i  (which  see). 

Cariacus  (ka-ri'a-kus),  H.     [NL.  (J.  E.  Gray), 

<  cariacou.]  The  genus  of  deer  {Ccrrida')  of 
which  the  Virginia  or  common  white-tailed 
deer  of  North  America,  Cariacu.i  rirginianu^,  is 

tjT-lica!.  It  also  includes  the  lilack-tail  or  niiile-deer(C. 
m(/c/-'./ix).  the  Columbian  deer(r.  Co/ (/ n(/m'«71»a-).  and  others, 
all  of  which  are  smaller  than  the  stags  (the  genus  Cermus) 
and  otherwise  dillerent.    See  also  cut  under  mule-dear. 


caribou 


Doc  of  tlic  Virgin!;!  Deer  { Cartacui  virffiniaHUJ 


cariama,  (;ariama  (kar-,  siir-i-ii'ma),  n.  [Braz. 
cariama  (Brisson,  Marcgrave),  later  written 
^uriaiiia,  ecricma,  sariaiiia,  .veriiiiia,  scriama.] 
1.  The  native  name  of  a  grallatorial  bird  of 
South  America,  the  serienia. —  2.  [ca/i.]  [NL.] 
A  genus  of  birds  (Brisson,  17(iO),  the  type  be- 
ing the  seriema,  the  I'alamedea  cri.-itata  (Lin- 
naeus), ilicrodacti/liiK  maregrarii  (Geoflroy  St. 
Hilai re), />/e/(«/"/i//».s' m.s'/r/f ».'.■(  Illiger), now  usu- 
ally called  Cariiiiiiii  crislala  :  a  liini  of  uncertain 
affinities,  sometimes  classed  with  cranes,  some- 
times witli  hawks,  and  again  left  by  itself. 

Cariamidae  (kar-1-am'i-de),  H.  /)/.  [NL.  (Bona- 
parte, 1850),  <  Cariama  +  -ida'.]  The  family  of 
birds  formed  for  the  recejitioii  of  the  Cariama 
Cri.<ltata,  or  seriema.  The  form  Cariannnte  ((.;.  R. 
Gray,  1871)  is  found  as  a  subfamily  name.  Itcsides  the  seri- 
ema, the  family  contains  a  related  though  quite  distinct 
species,  Chunya  Imnileisteri.     Also  called  Dir/toteiphidw. 

cariamoid  (kar'i-a-moid),  a.     Pertaining  to  or 

liaviug  the  characters  of  the  Cariamoideie. 
Cariamoides  (kar"i-a-moi'de-e),  n.  jil.     [NL., 

<  ('ariiniia  -i- -oidea:li  A  superfamily  provided 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  Cariamidw,  upon 
the  supposition  that  these  birds  are  either 
erane-like  hawks  or  hawk-like  cranes. 

Carian  (ka'ri-an),  rt.  and  h.  [<  L.  Caria  (Gr. 
Kapia)  +  -«H.]  I.  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
ancient  kingdom  and  pro\ance  of  Caria,  ia  the 
southwestei-n  part  of  Asia  Minor. 

II.  II.  A  native  of  Caria,  or  the  language  of 
the  primitive  people  of  Caria,  who  were  dis- 
possessed by  the  Greeks. 

cariatedt  (ka'ri-a-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  cariatus,  pp. 
ofcariare,^  L.  eariaii(t-).-i.  adj., decaying,  rotten, 

<  carir.i,  decay:  see  caries.]    Same  as  carious. 
Carib,  Caribbee  (kar'ib,  -i-be),  «.    [<  Sp.  Pg. 

Ciiribe,  a  Carib,  a  cannibal,  <  W.  Ind.  Carib, 
said  to  mean  orig.  a  valiant  man.  Hence  ult. 
cannibal,  q.  v.]  One  of  a  native  race  inhabit- 
ing certain  portions  of  Central  America  and  the 
north  of  South  America,  and  formerly  also  the 
Carilibeau  islands. 

Caribbean  (kar-i-be'an),  a.  [NL.  Carib(eus, 
Caribhtrus;  <  Cariblwc  + -an.]  Pertaining  to 
the  Caribs  or  Cariblices.  or  to  the  Lesser  An- 
tilles, formerly  inhabited  by  them,  comprising 
the  eastern  and  southern  chains  of  the  West 
Indies,  or  to  the  sea  between  the  West  Indies 
and  the  mainland  of  America,  Also  spelled 
Carrililieaii Caribbean  bark,    sce  tmrk-. 

Caribbee,  «.  See  Carib.  Also  spelled  Caribee, 
Carritibee. 

caribe  (kar'i-be),  n.  [Sp.,  a  Carib,  a  cannibal: 
see  Carib  and  cannibal.]  The  vernacular  name 
of  a  very  voracious  South  American  fish.  .Ser- 
rasaJmo  piraya,  and  other  characins  of  the 
subfamily  .ScrriLwlmonina:  (which  see). 

In  some  localities  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  catch  fishes 
with  the  honk  and  line,  as  the  (isll  hooked  is  immediately 
attacketl  by  the  raW/'e  .  .  .  and  torn  to  pieces  before  it  can 
be  w  ithdraw*n  from  the  water.    Stand.  Sat.  Uist.,  III.  134. 


Caribee,  «.    See  Caribbee. 


Caiibou  ^Ransifrr  caribou). 


caribou 

caribou,  cariboo  (kar'i-l)o),  n.  [Canadian  F. 
ciiribuii.  Aracr.  lud.]  The  Amcriean  woodland 
reindeer,  Ji'augi/cr  caribou  or  It.  larniiibis,  in- 
liabiting  northerly  North  America  as  far  as  f  ho 
limit  of  trees,  where  it  is  replaced  by  the  bar- 
ren-gi'ound  reindeer,  to  whicli  the  name  is  also 
extended,  it  is  a  variety  of  the  reimker,  ami  has  never 
been  ilomestieateii,  but  is  an  object  of  chase  for  the  sake  of 
it>  IIi'>h.    Also  spelled  carriboit.    See  cut  on  preceilin-ipapc. 

Carica  (kar'i-kU),  h.  [NL.,  a  new  use  of  Ij.  ca- 
ric<(,  a  kind  of  iliy  fig  (se.  Jiciis,  fig),  lit.  C'arian ; 
fern,  of  C((ricus,'<.  Carta:  see  Caiiaii.'i  1.  A 
penns  of  plants,  natural  order  J'apai/acca;,  con- 
sisting of  about  20  speoies,  which  are  natives 
of  tropical  America.  The  best-known  is  ('.  I'a- 
jtai/n.  the  papaw  (which  see). —  Sf.  A  kind  of 
dry  lig  ;  a  lenten  fig.     E.  riiillijis,  1706. 

caricature  (kar'i-ka-tm),  n.  [Formerly  in  It. 
form  caricatid-a  =  1).  larikatioir  =  G.  rarica- 
tiir,  kaiikatur  =  Dan.  S\v.  hinl-atur,  <  F.  cari- 
cature, <  It.  ciiricatiira  (=  Sp.  Pg.  caricatiira), 
a  satirical  picture,  <  cariciire,  load,  overload, 
exaggerate,  =  F.  charger,  load,  >  E.  charge,  q. 
v.]  A  representation,  pictorial  or  descriptive, 
in  which  beauties  or  favorable  points  are  con- 
cealed or  perverted  and  peculiarities  or  defects 
exaggerated,  so  as  to  make  the  person  or  thing 
represented  ridiculous,  while  a  general  like- 
ness is  retained. 

Now  and  then,  indeed,  he  [Drj'den]  seizes  a  very  coarse 
and  marked  distinction,  and  gives  us,  not  a  likeness,  but 
a  strong  canVofdjv,  in  which  a  single  peculiarity  is  pro- 
truded, and  everything  else  neglected. 

Macaulay,  Dryden. 

Perhaps  a  sketch  drawn  by  an  alien  hand,  in  the  best 
faith,  might  have  an  air  of  caricature. 

Hoivells,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 
=  Syn.  Caricature,  Burlesque.  Parody,  Travesty.  The  dis- 
tiniiuishiiiLT  mark  of  a  caricature  is  that  it  absurdly  ex- 
au'.ri.i;iti*s  tluit  which  is  characteristic,  it  may  he  by  pic- 
ture or  by  language.  A  burlesque  renders  its  subject  lu- 
dicrous by  an  incongruous  manner  of  treating  it,  as  by 
treating  a  grave  subject  lightly,  or  a  light  subject  gravely. 
JlurU'sque  may  be  intentional  or  not.  A  parody  inten- 
tinnally  burlesques  a  literary  composition,  generally  a 
imeni,  by  imitating  its  form,  style,  or  language.  In  a 
jKinidy  the  characters  are  changed,  while  in  a  travesty 
they  are  retained,  onI\'  the  hiuL'uage  being  made  absurd. 
(.See  travesty.)  In  a  l>iiii>.^'pif  of  a  literary  work  the  char- 
acters -are  generally  changed  into  others  which  ludicrously 
sU'.'Liest  their  originals. 
caricature  (kar'i-ka-tiir),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
caricatured,  ppr.  caricaturing.  [<  caricature, 
n. ;  =  F.  earicaturer  =  Sp.  caricaturar.']  To 
make  or  draw  a  caricature  of;  represent  in 
the  manner  of  a  caricature ;  burlesque. 

Hogarth  caricatured  Chui'cllill  luider  the  form  of  a  ca- 
nonical bear,  with  a  club,  and  a  pot  of  beer. 

Walpole,  Anecdotes,  IV.  Iv. 

So  much  easier  it  is  to 
caricature  life  from  our. 
own  sickly  conception  of 
it,  than  to  paint  it  in  its 
noble  simplicity. 
Lowell,  .\raong  my  Books, 
[1st  ser.,  p.  376. 

caricature-plant 

(kar'i-ka-tur-plant ), 
11.  An  acanthaceous 
plant  of  the  Indian 
archipelago,  Grapto- 
jthijUum  hortensc :  so 
called  from  the  cu- 
rious variegation  of 
the  leaves,  which  are 
often  so  lined  as  to 
present  grotesque 
likenesses  to  the  hu- 
man profile. 

caricaturist  (kar'i- 
ka-tiir-ist),  n.  [<  caricature  +  -ist ;  =  F.  carica- 
turiste  =  Sp.  caricaturista.']  One  who  draws  or 
writes  caricatures;  specifically,  one  who  occu- 
pies himself  with  cb'awing  pictorial  carieatiu'es. 

carices,  «.     Plural  of  carex,  2. 

caricin,  caricine  (kar'i-sin),  v.  [<  Carica  + 
-ill-,  -iuc~.~\  A  proteolytic  ferment  contained 
in  the  juice  of  the  green  fruit  of  the  papaya- 
tree,  Cm-ica  Papaya.  Also  called  papaiyi  and 
papatiotin. 

caricdgrapby  (kar-i-kog'ra-fi),  n.  [<  L.  carex 
(caric-),  sedge,  +  Gr.  -} /la^j/a,  WTiting,  <  ypa<pew, 
write.]  A  description  or  an  account  of  sedges 
of  the  genus  Carex. 

caricologist  (kar-i-kol'o-jist),  n.  [<  *caricol- 
figij  (<  L.  carex  (caric-),  sedge,  +  Gr.  -Xoyia,  < 
>i;t(i',  speak:  see  -ologij)  +  -ist.']  A  botanist 
who  especially  studies  plants  of  the  genus 
Carex. 

caricous  (kar'i-kus),  a.  [<  L.  carica,  a  kind 
of  dry  fig  (see  Carica),  +  -o««.]  Eesembliug  a 
fig:  as,  a  caricous  tumor. 

Oarida  (kar'i-da),  n.  jfl.     Same  as  Caridea. 


Caricature-plant  i,tjraptopkylluyn 
hortensc). 


824 

Caridea  (ka-rid'e-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  napir 
(«ip/<S-),  a  shrimp  or  ])rawn:  see  fV(ri(/c.«.]  A 
series  or  division  of  macriirous  decapod  crus- 
taceans, contaiuing  the  shrimps,  prawns,  etc. 
It  is  a  large  and  varied  group,  characterized  by  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  carapace  from  the  mandibular  and  antennal 
segments,  by  the  large  basal  scale  of  the  antenuje,  and  by 
only  one  or  two  pairs  of  chelate  limbs.  It  corresponds  t'> 
Latreille's  Carides,  or  fourth  secticm  of  such  crustaceans, 
and  is  divided  into  several  modern  families,  as  Alpheidce, 
Craii'ionida',  Pala'iuontdir,  and  J'l'tui'idte. 

caridean  (ka-rid'e-an),  o.  and  n.      I,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  ha^•iIlg  the  characters  of  the  Cari- 
dea :  caridomorphic. 
II.  )i.  A  member  of  the  Caridea  or  Carido- 

luorplia. 
Carides  (kar'i-dez),  n.  pt.     [NL.,  pi.  of  *Caris, 

<  Gr.  Kapn',  pi.  napiicg,  later  xapiiicf,  a  small  crus- 
tacean, prob.  a  shrimp  or  prawn.]  A  synonym 
of  Crustacea.     Haeclct. 

Carididae  (ka-rid'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  *Caris 
(see  Carides)  +  -ido'.']  In  some  systems  of 
classification,  a  family  of  macriirous  decapod 
crustaceans;  the  prawns  and  shrimps.  It  con- 
tains suchgeneraas  I'ala'mon,  Peiueus,  Crungon, 
Pontonia,  Al])heus,  and  is  conterminous  with 
Cariitia. 

Caridomorpha  (kar"i-d9-m6r'fa),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  liapt^  (Kupii-),  a  shrimp  or  prawn,  +  pop(pi/, 
form,  shape.  See  O/r/rfca,  ('or/f7«-,  etc.]  A  di- 
vision of  macrurous  Crustacea ;  caridean  crusta- 
ceans proper,  as  prawns  and  shrimps.    Huxley. 

caridomorphic  (kar"i-do-m6r'fik),  a.  [<  Cari- 
domorpha +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Caridomorpha  ;  caridean. 

caries  (ka'ri-ez),  n.  [=  F.  carie  =  Sp.  caries  = 
Pg.  carie,  caries  =  It.  carie,  <  L.  caries  (ML. 
also  carta),  decay,  prop,  a  hard,  dry  decay,  as 
of  wood,  bones,  walls,  etc.]  1.  A  destructive 
disease  of  bone,  causing  a  friable  condition  and 
worm-eaten  appearance,  attended  with  suppu- 
ration. If  is  probable  that  several  distinct 
pathological  processes  lead  to  this  morbid  con- 
dition.—  2.  A  disease  of  the  teeth,  residting  in 
the  disintegration  of  their  substance  and  the 
formation  of  cavities.  In  man  and  carnivorous 
animals  it  is  supposed  to  be  caused  by  one 
of  the  bacteria,  Leptothrix  huccalts.  See  Lep- 
tothrix. — 3.  In  hot.,  decay  of  the  walls  of  the 
cells  and  vessels. 

carillon  (kar'i-lon),  11.  [<  F.  carillon,  formerly 
also  corrtllon,  quarillon  (Cotgrave)  (>  It.  cart- 
(7?iOH«(Florio)  =  Pg.  corriHif/o  =  JIL.  cartlloiius), 
a  var.  of  OF.  *carignon,  curenon,  quarregnon,  a 
cliime  of  bells,  a  carillon,  orig.  appar.  a  set  of 
four  bells,  being  identical  with  OF.  carillon, 
carrtllon,  quarillon,  Icarillon,  also  carignon,carri- 
gnon,  carrinon,eiirenoii,  carrcnon,  carregnon,  car- 
reignon,  quarrrigiion,  eta.,  a  square,  a  square  of 
parchment,  parchment  or  paper  folded  square, 

<  ML.  quatcrnio(n-),  a  paper  folded  in  four 
leaves,  a  quire  (prop.,  as  in  LL.  quaternio{n-), 
a  set  of  four),  equiv.  to  quaternium,  (luaternus, 
quaternum,  paper  folded  in  four  leaves,  a  quii'e, 
>  OF.  quaer,  quaier,  quayer  (>  E.  quire'^),  eayer, 
mod.  F.  cahter,  <  L.  quatcriii,  four  each,  <  epta- 
fer,  four  times,  <  quatuor  —  'E.  four :  aee  quater- 
nion, a  doublet  of  carillon,  quire'^  and  cahter, 
approximate  doublets,  and  quadrille,  carrel-, 
etc.,  square,  etc.,  related  words.]  1.  A  set 
of  stationary  bells  timed  so  as  to  play  regu- 
larly composed  melodies,  and  sounded  by  the 
action  of  the  hand  upon  a  kej'board  or  by  ma- 
chinery. It  diffei-s  from  a  chime  or  peal  in  that  the  bells 
are  fixed  instead  of  swinging,  and  are  of  greater  number. 
The  number  of  bells  in  a  chime  or  peal  never  exceeds  12; 
a  carillon  often  consists  of  40  or  50.  The  carillons  of  the 
Netherlands  were  formerly  famous,  but  the  best  are  now 
found  in  England.  The  carillon  of  Antwerp  cathedral 
consists  of  60  bells ;  that  of  Bruges  is  much  larger. 

2.  A  small  instrument  furnished  with  bells, 
properly  tuned,  and  with  finger-keys  like  those 
of  the  pianoforte. — 3.  A  simple  air  adapted  to 
be  performed  on  a  set  of  bells. — 4.  The  rapid 
ringing  of  several  large  bells  at  the  same  time, 
with  no  attempt  to  produce  a  tune  or  the  effect 
of  tolling. 
carina  (ka-ri'nii),  «. ;  pi.  carina  (-ne).  [L.,  the 
keel  of  a  boat: "see  careen.']  1.  A  keel.  Siiecin- 
cally — (rt)  In  hot.,  same  as  keel.  4.  (M  In  zoul.  and  ariaf., 
a  median,  inferior  part  i>f  a  thing,  like  or  likened  to  a 
keel:  especially  ai>]'licd  in  I'rnitholuL'y  to  the  keel  of  the 
bre.ast-bone  which  nii»t  birds  pussess,  such  birds  being 
called  cari}Uitc,  an<l  constituting  a  prime  division,  Cari- 
nata:.     See  carinatc. 

2.  An  intermediate  piece,  between  the  tergum 
and  the  scutum,  of  the  multivalve  carapace  of  a 
ciiTiped,  as  a  barnacle  or  an  acoru-shcU.     See 

cuts  under  Balanus  and  Lepas Cjirina  fomlcls, 

the  keel  of  the  fornix,  a  median  longitudinal  ridge  upon 
the  under  surface  of  that  part  of  the  brain. 


Carinayia  cymbium. 


Carinellidae 

carinal  (ka-ri'nal),  a.  [<  carina  +  -al ;  =  F. 
earinal.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  ca- 
rina.—  2.  In  bot.,  having  the  keel  or  two  lower 
petals  of  a  flower  inclosing  the  others:  applied 
to  a  form  of  estivation  which  is  peculiar  to  a 
tribe  (Ca-salpinte)  of  the  Lcguminosa: 

Carinaria  (kar-i-na'ri-ii),  »i.  [NL.,  <  L.  carina, 
;i  keel;  from  the  shape.  See  careen.]  A  ge- 
nus of  nucleobranchiate  mol- 
luscous animals,  of  the  order 
Jleteropoda,  referable  to  the 
family  Firolidec,  or  Pterotra- 
cheidie,  or  made  the  tj-pe  of  a 
family  Carinariidw.  The  vis- 
ceral sac  is  a  projecting  saccular 
mass,  placed  at  the  limit  of  the  hinder  region  of  the  foot, 
covered  with  the  mantle  and  a  hat-shaped  shell.  The 
shells  are  known  to  collectors  under  the  names  of  I'emas'g. 
slipper  and  ylass-nautilus.  The  gills  are  protected  by  a 
small  and  very  delicate  shell  of  glassy  translucem;e.  The 
animal  itself  is  about  '2  inches  long,  and  is  of  oceanic  hab- 
its. It  is  so  transparent  that  the  vitarfunctious  may  be 
\\atclu-d  with  the  aid  of  a  microscope. 

carinarian  (kar-i-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  genus  Carinaria  or  family 
Carinariido!. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  genus  Carinaria  or 
family  Carinariido: ;  a  carinariid. 

carinariid  (kar-i-na'ri-id),  )(.  A  heteropod  of 
the  family  Carinartida: 

Carinariidae  (kar"i-na-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Carinaria  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  gastropod 
mollusks,  of  the  order  Hctenqioda,  represented 
by  the  genera  Carinaria  and  Cardiapoda.  They 
have  a  greatly  reduced  visceral  mass  and  a  hyaline  shell, 
well-developed  tentacles,  projecting  gills  beneath  the  mar- 
gin of  the  shell,  and  a  prominent  mesopodium  or  middle 
lobe  of  the  foot,  produced  like  a  keel  or  vertical  fln  from 
the  under  surface  of  the  body,  whence  the  name.  See 
cut  under  Carinaria. 

Carinatse  (kar-i-na'te),  n.  j)L  [NL.,  fem.  pi. 
of  L.  carinatus,  keel-shaped:  see  carinatc] 
One  of  two  prime  divisions  of  birds  instituted 
by  Merrem  in  1813 ;  his  A  res  carinatce,  including 
ail  birds  then  kno^-n  to  have  a  carinatc  sternum, 
as  opposed  to  Ares  ratittr,  or  "flat-breasted" 
birds,  consisting  of  the  struthious  orratite  birds. 
The  division  was  adopted  in  1B67  by  Huxley,  who  ran^d 
the  class  Aves  in  the  tliree  "  orders  "of  Saurura,  Ratitte, 
and  Carinatce,  and  it  is  now  generally  current.  The  Cari- 
iiatce  include  all  ordinary  birds  (all  living  birds  excepting 
the  Hatitce).  They  have  no  teeth;  a  cai-inate  sternum 
(see  cut  under  carinatc);  few  caudal  vertebrae  ending  in  a 
pygostyle ;  wings  developed,  and  with  rare  exceptions  fit 
for  flight ;  metacarpals  and  metatarsals  ankylosed ;  nor- 
mally in  adult  life  no  free  tarsal  bones  and  only  two  free 
carpal  bones;  heteroctclous  or  saddle-shaped  vertebra; 
the  scapula  and  coracoid  (with  few  exceptions)  meeting 
at  less  than  a  right  angle ;  and  the  furculum  usually  per- 
fected. The  Carinatce  are  made  by  Coues  one  of  five  sub- 
classes of  Aves. 

carinate  (kar'i-nat),  a.  [<  L.  carinatus,  keel- 
shaped,  pp.  of  carinare,  furnish  with  a  keel  or 
shell,  <  carina,  keel,  shell,  etc.:  see  careen.] 
Shaped  like  or  furnished  with  a  keel ;  keeled. 
Specifically  —  («)  In  but.,  having  a  longitudinal  ridge  like  a 
keel,  as  the  glume  of  many  grasses,      (b)  In  zool.,  ridged 


Carinate  Sternum  of  Common  Fowl,  side  and  front  views,  shoving  ca, 
the  carina  or  keel  characteristic  of  Carinata.  borne  upon  the  lopho- 
steon,  which  extends  from  r,  the  rostrum  or  manubrium,  to  mx.  the 
middle  xipiioid  processor  xiphisternum  ;  pto,  pleurosteon,  bearing *:/, 
the  costal  process;  and  fn&,  the  bifurcated  metosteon. 

lengthwise  beneath,  as  if  keeled  :  specifically  applied  in 

ornithology  to  the  keeled  sternum  of  most  birds,  ami  to 

the  birds  possessing  such  a  sternum. 
carinated  (kar'i-na-ted),  a.     Having  a  keel ; 

keeled. 
carinet,  r.  and  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  careen. 
Carinella  (kar-i-nel'ii),   n.     [NL.,  dim.  of  L. 

carina,  keel,  vessel,  shell,  etc. :  see  carina,  ea- 

rrni.]     The  t^-pical  genus  of  the  family  Cari- 

nrllidie. 

Carinellidae  (kar-i-nel'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,   < 

Carinella  -\-  -tda:]  Afamilyof  rh\Tichocadous 
turbellarians,  or  nemcrtean  worms,  represented 
by  the  genus  Carinella,  having  the  lowest  type 
of  sti'ucture  among  the  yemertea.     The  family 


Oarinellidas 

typifies  a  prime  division  .  if  t  lie  Xemcrtca,  called 
V<tlii'iinfnnrtcti  (wiiieh  see). 

cariniform  (ka-iiu'i-f6rm),  n.  [<  L.  carina, 
keel,  +  forma,  slmpe.]  Carinato  in  form;  hav- 
ing tlie  shape  or  ajiiiearaneo  of  a  carina  or 
keel :  s]ieeilically  applied  to  the  long,  thin, 
sharji  adipose  tin  of  certain  siluroid  fishes. 

Carinolateral  (ka-ri-no-lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  L. 
cariiiii,  a  keel^  +  Intus,  side:  see  lateral/]  In 
Cirripvdia,  lying  on  each  side  of  the  carina. 
See  cnt  under  lialanus. 

Oil  ciirli  aide  of  the  carina  is  a  ff)inpartnient  termed  ca- 
rlitO'liiti-nil.  JJuxU'y,  Anal.  Invert.,  p.  254. 

Carinthian  (ka-rin'thi-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Ca- 
riiilhiit  +  -an.]  I.  a.  Of  orlielonging  to  Carin- 
thia,  a  crown-land  and  duchy  of  the  Austrian 
empire  lying  to  the  east  of  the  Tyrol  and  north- 
east of  Italy:  as,  the  Carinthian  Alps Carin- 
thian process,  in  mftat.,  u  iiruccss  in  nse  in  Curintliiii  for 
convcitiii^'  i»i^-  into  wrouKlit-iron,  tiie  metal  Ix-inp  treated 
in  tile  form  of  thin  disks  whieli  are  worked  into  blooms, 
read.v  to  lie  hammered  out  into  bars. 
II,  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Carinthia. 

cariole  (kar'i-61),  11.  [=  Dan.  kariol,  <  F.  luri- 
olc,  now  carriole,  =  Pr.  rarriol,  m.,  carriola,  f., 
<  It.  carriiiola  =  Sp.  carriola,  a  small  vehicle, 
dim.  of  It.  Sp.  Pg.  carro,  a  vehicle,  ear:  see 
WH-l.  Hence  by  simulation  E.  carryall.']  1.  A 
small  open  carriage ;  a  kind  of  calash. — 2.  A 
covered  cart. 

cariopsis,  n.     See  earyopsis. 

cariosity  (ka-ri-os'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  cariosus,  cari- 
ous, -I-  -iti/.]     The  state  of  being  carious. 

carious  (ka'ri-us),  a.  [=  F.  carieux  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  cario.so,  <  L.  cariosii.i,  <  caries,  decay :  see 
caries.]  1.  Affected  with  caries;  decayed  or 
decaying,  as  a  bone. —  2.  Having  a  corroded 
appearance :  applied  in  entomology  to  surfaces 
which  are  thickly  covered  with  deep  and  very 
irregular  depressions,  with  jagged  ridges  be- 
tween them,  like  a  metal  plate  that  has  been 
exposed  to  a  strong  acid. 

cariousness  (ka'ri-us-nes),  n.  Same  as  cariosity. 

caritative  (kar'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [=  ,Sp.  Pg.  It. 
caritatiro,  <  ML.  caritatirn.^,  <  L.  carita{t-)s, 
love,  charity:  see  charily.]  Benevolent;  be- 
neficent; charitable.     [IJare.] 

Then  follows  the  caritativr  principle,  .  .  .  the  princi- 
ple of  lirotIieli.v  love,  as  seen  in  voluntary  action  in  behalf 
of  otliers.     /;.  T.  El\i,  Past  and  Present  of  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  53. 

car-jack  (kar'jak),  11.  A  screw  or  liydraulic 
.jack  used  in  lifting  cars  or  locomotives,  or  in 
replacing  them  on  the  track  when  derailed. 

carjacou,  «.     See  cariacon- 

cark  (kiirk),  H.  [<  ME.  cark,  trouble,  anxiety 
(the  alleged  AS.  *carc,  *ccarc,  *be-carcian,  *be- 
ccarcian  are  not  found),  <  AF.  *cark,  kark,  a 
load,  burden,  weight,  the  xmassibilated  form 
of  OF.  chari/c,  >  ME.  charye  (which  varies  with 
cark  in  some  instances),  a  load,  burden ;  cf. 
cark,  chark^,  r.,  also  chanje  and  carpo.  The 
W.  care,  care,  anxiety  (>  carcus,  solicitous),  = 
Gael,  earc,  care,  =  Bret,  kar;/,  a  load,  burden,  are 
prob.  from  E.  or  F.  The  resemblance  to  care, 
with  which  cark  is  alliteratively  associated,  is 
accidental.]  If.  A  load;  a  burden;  a  weight; 
specifically,  an  old  measure  of  weiglit  for  wool, 
equal  to  the  thii'tieth  part  of  a  sai-jjlar. — 2.  A 
bui'den  of  care;  a  state  of  anxious  solicitude; 
care;  concern;  trouble;  distress.    [Archaic] 

Now  I  see  that  al  the  cark  schal  fallen  on  myn  heed. 

Gameljnt,  1.  754. 
And  what  then  follows  all  your  carkr  and  eariiiK 
And  selfatllietion?  Massinger,  Koman  .Actor,  ii.  1. 

And  at  night  the  swart  mechanic  comes  to  drown  his  cark 

and  care, 
QualtiiiK  ale  from  pewter  tankards,  in  the  master's  anti<iue 
cliair.  Lonrifdlow,  Nuremberg. 

cark  (kiirk),  v.  [<  cark,  n. ;  <  ME.  carken,  also 
charkoi,  varying  with  chargen,  load,  biu-den,  < 
AF.  "corker  (in  comp.  sorkarker,  surcharge, 
(leskarhr,  discharge),  unassibilated  form  of 
OF.  eharqer,  load:  see  cark,  n.,  and  charye.  v.] 
I.  trans.' \.  To  load;  burden;  load  or  ojipress 
with  grief,  anxiety,  or  care;  woiTy;  perplex; 
Tex.  [Archaic] 
CarkiU  [var.  charkid]  wit  care.  Cursor  Mundi,  I.  23994. 
Thee  nor  carkctli  care  nor  slander. 

Ttnimmn,  A  Dirge. 

2t.  To  bring  to  be  by  care  or  anxiety ;  make  by 

carkiug. 

Care  and  cark  himself  one  penny  richer.  South. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  be  full  of  care,  anxious,  so- 
licitous, or  concerned. 

Cnriti/ir/and  caring' all  that  ever  you  can  to  gather  goods 
and  rakeriehes  toiiether.      llMnnd,  tr.  of  l"lutarch.  p.  .'.. 

Hark,  my  husband,  he's  singing  and  hoiting,— and  Im 
fain  to  car^  and  care. 

Beau,  ami  FL,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  l.  3. 


825 

carking  (kiir'king),  ;).  a.  [Ppr.  of  cark,  x\] 
Distressing;  perjilexing;  giWng  anxiety:  now 
scarcely  used  except  in  the  phrase  carking  care 
or  core.?. 

Thrice  happy  and  ever  to  tie  envied  little  Burgh,  .  .  . 
without  vainglory,  without  riches,  without  learning,  and 
all  their  train  of  carking  cares. 

Irmng,  Knickerbocker,  p.  162. 

carkled  (kiir'kld),  a.  [E.  dial.]  Crumpled; 
wavy. 

And  the  blades  of  grass  that  straightened  to  it  turned 
their  points  a  little  way ;  .  .  .  yet  before  their  carkled 
edges  bent  more  than  a  driven  saw,  down  the  water  came 
again.  Ii.  I).  Slackmore,  Lorna  Do<jue,  p.  US. 

carl  (kiirl),  11.  [(1)  Early  mod.  E.  and  Sc.  also 
carle,  <  ME.  carl,  carle,  <  AS.  cart,  a  man,  churl, 
as  a  proper  name  Carl  (after  OHfl.),  in  carh.i 
wain,  'the  carl's  or  churl's  wain,'  now  Charles's 
ff'ain  ((|.  v.,  mider  tcain),  and  (after  Scand.)  in 
comp.,  '-man,'  in  hut.sc-carl,  ship-man,  Ims-carl, 
hiis-karl,  'house-carl,'  one  of  the  king's  body- 
guard (=  OFries.  hH.'i-kerl,  a  man  (vassal),  = 
Icel.  hii.f-karl,  a  man  (vassal),  one  of  the  king's 
body-guard),  or  'male,'  'he-,'  as  in  earl-man, 
ME.  carman  (Icel.  karl-madhr),  a  man  (as  op- 
posed to  a  woman),  *carl-cat  (North.  E.  carl- 
eat),  a  male  eat,  'earl-fuyel  (=  Icel.  karl-fnyl), 
a  male  bird  (tlie  last  two  forms  in  Somner,  but 
not  found  in  use),  OD.  kaerle,  a  man,  husband, 
churl,  fellow,  D.  karel,  a  f(dlow,  =  OHG.A«r/, 
karal,  chart,  choral,  MH(>.  karl  (OHG.  also 
charlo,  charle,  MH(i.  charle,  karle),  a  man,  hus- 
band, (i.  (after  LG.)  kerl,  a  fellow,  =  Icel.  karl, 
a  man  (as  opposed  to  a  woman),  a  churl,  an  old 
man  (also  in  comp.,  'male,'  'he-'),  =  Norw.  S\v. 
Dan.  karl,  a  man,  fellow;  used  also  as  a  proper 
name,  AS.  Carl,  E.  Carl,  Karl  (after  G.)  =  D. 
Karel  =  Dan.  Karl,  Carl  =  Sw.  Karl  =  OHG. 
Karl,  Karal,  MHG.  Karl,  Karel.  Karle,  G.  Karl, 
Carl,  whence  (from  OHG.)  ML.  Carliis,  Caro- 
lus,  Karlus,  Karoliis,  Korulii.i,  NL.  Carolus,  > 
It.  Carlo  =  Sp.  Pg.  Carlos  =  OF.  Karliis,  F. 
Charles,  >  E.  Charles  (see  carolus,  carotin,  Caro- 
line, etc.) ;  the  same,  but  ■with  difi.  orig.  vowel, 
as  (2)  MLG.  kcrlc,  LG.  kerl,  kerel,  kirl  (>  G. 
kerl)  =  OD.  kccrle,  D.  kerel,  a  man,  chm'l,  fel- 
low, =  OFries.  kerl  (in  comp.  hun-kerl,  above 
mentioned).  Fries.  t:erl,  t:irl  =  AS.  ccorl,  a 
churl,  E.  o7(Kr/,  q.  v. ;  appar.,  with  foi-mativo  -I, 
from  a  root  *kar,  'ker,  and  by  some  connected, 
doubtfully,  with  Skt.  jdra,  a  lover.]  1.  A  man ; 
a  robust,  strong,  or  hardy  man ;  a  fellow.  [Now 
only  poetical,  or  prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
The  mellere  was  a  stout  carl  for  the  nones. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  i'rol.  U)  C.  T.,  1.  645. 
^Vlly  sitt'st  thou  by  that  ruined  hall, 
Thou  aged  carle  so  stern  and  gray  V  Scott. 

2.  A  rustic;  a  boor;  a  clown;  a  churl. 

Therein  a  cailcred  crabbed  Carle  does  dwell. 
That  has  no  skill  of  Court  nor  conrtesie. 

Spemer,  V.  Q.,  III.  ix.  3. 

It  seems  as  if  you  had  fallen  asleep  a  carle,  and  awak- 
ened a  gentleman.  Scutt,  .Monastery,  I.  223. 

3.  Same  as  carl-hemp.     [Scotch.] 

carlt  (kiirl),  r.  j.    l<.carl,n.]    To  act  like  a  churl. 
They  [old  persons]  carle  many  times  as  they  sit,  and  talk 

to  themselves;  they  are  angry,  waspish,  displeased  with 

themselves.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel..  \i.  132. 

carl-cat  (karl'kat),  n.    A  male  cat;  a  tomcat. 

Grose.     [North.  Eng.] 
carl-crab  (kiirrkrab),  H.     A  local  Scotch  name 

of  the  male  of  the  common  black-elawed  sea- 

ci-ab.  Cancer  pagurus. 
carle^,  ».  and  r.     See  carl. 
carle'-,  «.     Same  as  cauralc. 
Carle  Sunday  (kiirl  sun'da).    See  Carting'^,  1, 

and  fare  Sunday. 
carlet  (kiir'let),  n.     [<  F.  carrelct,  a  square  file, 

a  three-edged  sword  (>  Sp.  camlet,  a  straight 

needle  with  a  triangular  point),  dim.  of  OF. 

carrel,  F.  earreau,   a  square,  tile,  pane:   see 

carrel-  and  quarrel-.]     A  single-cut  file  with 

a  triangular  section,  used  by  comb-makers. 
carl-hemp  (kiirl'liemp),  «.      JIale  hemp.     Also 

e<trl.     [Scotch.]     In  the  following  passage  it  is  used  as 

a  symbol  of  robustness  of  character. 

Come,  firm  Resolve,  take  thou  the  van. 
Thou  stalk  o'  carl-hemp  in  man  ! 

Burm,  To  Ilr.  Blacklock. 

carlick  (kar'Uk),  «.  [E.  dial,  form  of  charlock, 
q.  v.]     Same  as  charlock.     [Local,  Eng.] 

carlie  (kiir'li),  n.  [Sc.  dim.  of  earl.]  1.  A 
little  carl. —  2.  A  boy  who  has  the  appearance 
or  manners  of  a  little  old  man.     Jamieson. 

carlin,  carline'  (kiir'lin),  n.  [Also  carting,  < 
Icel.  karlinna,  a  woman,  =  Dan.  helling,  prop. 
"ka-rling,  =  Sw.  kdrung,  an  old  woman,  a  crone ; 
cf.  kari,  a  man:  see  carl.]  An  old  woman:  a 
contemptuous  term  for  any  woman.    [Scotch.] 


Oarllst 

Tlic  carline  she  was  stark  and  Bture, 
She  alf  the  hinges  ilang  the  dure. 

Ci'KiMlrick  (Child's  Ballads,  T.  155). 

Carlina  (kiir-H'nii),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  carline  =  Sp. 
It.  carlina);  so  called,  it  is  said,  after  the  em- 
peror Charlemagne  (OHG.  Karl),  whose  army, 
according  to  the  doubtful  story,  was  saved  from 
a  plague  by  t)io  use  of  this  root.]  A  genus 
of  Composi'tw  differing  from  the  true  thistles 
in  having  tlio  scales  of  the  involucre  searious 
and  colored.  The  species  are  all  natives  of  Europe  and 
the  .Me<iiterianeaii  region.  The  most  common  is  tlie  car- 
line  thistle,  C.  vut;iaris,  the  scales  of  which  are  so  hygro- 
scopic that  the  heads  are  used  as  a  natural  weather-glass. 
The  root  of  C.  acauli^,  also  called  carline  thistle,  had  for- 
merly a  high  reputation  for  medicinal  virtues  in  various 
diseases. 

carline',  H.    i^ee  carlin. 

carline-  (kiir'lin),  n.  [<  F.  carlin,  <  It.  carlina: 
see  earlino.]     Same  as  carlino,  1. 

carline-'  (kiir'lin),  «.  and  «.  [<  F.  carline,  the 
thistle,  so  called  :  see  Carlina.]  I.  a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Carlina  :  as,  the  carline  thistle. 
II.  n.  A  kind  of  tliistlo,  Carlina  rulgaris  or 
('.  araulis.     Se(>  Carlina. 

carline',  carling-  (kiir'lin,  -ling),  n.  [<  F.  car- 
//«(/)«'=  Sp.  pg.  carlinya=:  Muss,  karlinsii ;  ori- 
gin unknown.]  1.  A  piece  of  timber  in  a  ship, 
ranging  fore  and  aft  from  one  deck-beam  to  an- 
other, and  forming  with  the  beams  a  framing 
for  the  deck-planks  to  rest  upon. —  2.  A  trans- 
verse iron  or  wooden  bar  placed  across  the  top 
of  a  railroad-car  from  side  to  side  to  support 
the  roof-boards.  Sometimes  called  a  rafter. — 
Carline  knees.    .See  knee. 

Carling't  (kiir'ling),  «.  [Short  for  Carling  Sun- 
day, also  Carlin  Hiinday,  Carle  Sunday,  appar. 
corruptions  of  Care  Sunday,  q.  v.]  1 .  The  Sun- 
day before  Palm  Sunday;  the  fifth  Sunday  in 
Lent,  commonly  known  as  Passion  Sunday. 
It  was  an  old  custom  to  eat  a  certain  kind  of 
peas  on  that  day.  Hence  —  2.  [/.  c]  pi.  The 
peas  eaten  on  Passion  Sunday;  "grey  peas 
steeped  all  night  in  water,  and  fried  next  dav 
in  butter"  {ISrockett). 

carling-,  »•     See  carline^. 

Carling  Sunday  (kar'ling  sun'da).  Same  as 
liuitiHj^,  1. 

carlino  (kiir-le'no),  n.  [It.,  also  Carolina  (>  F. 
Sp.  carlin  =  Pg.  carlim,  carlino):  named  from 
the  emperor  Charles  (It.  Carlo:  see  earl)  VI., 
in  whose  time  the  coin  was  first  issued,  about 


Carlino  of  Pope  Cletr.cnl  XIV..  British  Museum. 
V  Size  of  the  orit;inaI.  j 

1730.]  1.  An  Italian  silver  coin  formerly  cur- 
rent in  Naples,  Sicily,  and  Rome.  The  Roman 
carlino  here  represented  weighs  nearly  43  grains.  Tlie 
value  of  the  carlino  of  Rome  was  about  16  United  States 
cents,  of  that  of  Naples  8,  and  of  that  of  Sicily  4.  Also 
called  cartine. 

2.  A  Sardinian  gold  coin  of  Charles  Emmanuel 
I.  (17.3.')),  of  the  value  of  120  lire,  or  about  §28. 
Carlisht  (kiir'lish),  a.    [<  ME.  carliseh,  karlische, 
common;  <<■<()■/ -t- -i,s7il.    Cf.  churlish.]    Churl- 
ish.    [Old  and  prov.  Eng.] 

Her  father  hath  brought  her  a  carlish  knight, 

Sir  John  of  the  north  eountrJlye. 

Percy's  Reliques,  p.  SS. 

carlishnesst  (kiir'Ush-nes),  «.     Churlishness. 

Carlism  (kiir'lizm),  ».  [<  F.  Carlisme  =  Sp. 
( 'arlismo  =  It.  I 'arlismo,  <  NTi.  'Carli-tinus.  <  Car- 
lus,  Carolus(>¥.  C/i«rte  =  Sp.  Carlos  =  It.  Car- 
lo, Charles):  see  carl  and  -ism.]  The  claims 
or  opinions  of,  or  devotion  to,  the  Carlists  of 
France,  or  of  Spain.     See  Carlist. 

Carlist  (kar'list),  «.  and  a.  [<  F.  Carlisle  =  Sp. 
Carlista  =  It.  Carlista,  <  NL.  "Carlista,  <  Car- 
lus,  Carolus,  Charles:  see  Carlism.]  I.  n.  1. 
Formerly,  one  of  the  partizans  of  Charles  X. 
of  France,  and  of  the  elder  liiie  of  the  French 
Bourbons,  afterward  called  LegiUmists. —  2.  A 
follower  of  the  fortunes  of  Don  Carlos  de  Bor- 
bon,  second  son  of  Charles  IV.  of  Spain ;  a  sup- 
porter of  the  claims  of  Don  Carlos,  and  of  his 
suecessoi-s  of  the  same  name,  to  the  Spanish 
throne,  based  upon  his  asserted  right  of  suc- 
cession in  l.'*33,  in  place  of  his  niece  Isabella  II., 
which  has  caused  several  outbreaks  of  ci\il  war. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to  Carlism,  or  to  the  Carl- 
ists. 


car-load 

car-load  (kar'Iod),  »i.    The  load  carried  by  a 

ear,  cspeoially  a  freiRlit-ear;  a  customary  unit 

of  measure  in  the  United  States,  equafto  70 

banels  of  salt,  90  barrels  of  flour,  9,000  feet  of 

boards,  340  bushels  of  wheat,  430  bushels  of 

potatoes,  etc. 
carlock  (kiir'lok),  n.     [=  F.  carlocl:  <  Russ. 

hirlidai.]     A  sort  of  isinglass  obtained  from 

Russia,  made  of  tlie  sturgeon's  bladder,  and 

used  in  clarifjiug  wine, 
carlott  (kiir'lot),  H.      [A  dim.  otcarl,  q.  v.]    A 

countryman;  a  churl;  a  clown. 

The  cottage  .  .  . 
niat  tlie  old  carlot  once  was  master  of. 

SItak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5. 

Carlovingian  (kiir-lo-vin'ji-an),  a.  and  n.   Same 
as  Ctiroliiiyian. 

Tlie  Carhvinrjian  dynasty  ended  and  tliat  of  the  Capets 
ct'intiifiucd.  Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Coust,,  p.  53. 

Carlsbad  twins.    See  twin. 

carl-tangle  (kiirrtang"gl),  n.    Same  as  cairn- 

tdiiilh.     [Sooteli.] 
Carludovica    (kiir"lu-do-vi'ka),    n.       [NL., 
nanunl  in  honor  of  Charles  (Sp.  Carlos)  IV.  of 

Spain  and  his  consort,  Maria  Louisa  (ML.  Lu-  carminate"  (kar'ini-nat),   n.      [<  cannin-ic  + 
rfunra)  of  Parma.]     1^  A  small  genus  of  palm-    .„/,!.]     A  salt  of  carmiuie  acid. 

carmine  + 
f  cannine 

as,  canninatcd  color Carminated  lake.    See  lake. 

carminative  (kiir-min'a-tiv),  o.  and  n.  [= 
F.  ciiniiiiiiitif=  till.  Ptc- It.  carminativo,  <  NL. 
(A.  D.  1G122)  carminativiis,  <  "carmiiiarc  (Sp.  car- 
miiiar),  expel  wind,  prob.  a  particular  use  of 
L.  carminare'^,  card,  as  wool,  hence  cleanse,  < 
earmold  (carmiii-),  a  card  for  wool,  <  carcre, 
card  (see  card^);  or,  less  prob.,  of  ML.  car- 
miiiarc'^,  use  incantations,  charm,  L.  make 
verses,  <  airmen^  (caniiin-),  a  song,  verse,  in- 
cantation, charm.]  I.  a.  ExpeUiug,  or  having 
the  quality  of  expelling,  wind  from  the  alimen- 
tary canal. 


826  carnality 

This  mountain,  overlookinp  the  l)ay  of  Acre  In  northwest-  carmvlie    ».     See  carnulr 

eru  J'ulestiiK',  lias  Ijeen  fnini  early  times  a  resort  for  her-  «o*.«, /u;  ...'.  \  *..       rrr\               *      /-i  i^-     /            \  r. 

mits,andinii.',(iBertlioid,aCalai..iuMnioMl(,iM  obedience  carn(k,iiiO,  n.     [ihe  proper  Celtic  (nom.)form 

tn  a  professed  revelation  from  tlic  proplitt  I'.lijah,  built  O'  cairn,  (j.  v.]     A  rock,  or  heap  of  rocks.     See 

there  u  tower  and  a  church  and  pithi  red  annind  him  about  ciiini.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

ten  c..n„,auions.      Krom  tl.is  sn.all  begi.ming^arose  the  camadinCt   (kar'na-<ien),   n.      [Mi.s^NTitteu   f«r- 

iiariliiir :  <  It.  " caniadhio,  a  carnation  colour" 


i  si  led  a  discalced  or  reformed  branch  carnage  (kiir'nai),  «.      [<  F.  carnane  =  Pr.  car- 
ing'of  both  monks  and  nuns,  sometimes      )/«(,//._  Sn     i-rl'rtinin  P<r     / 

irm.-liirx.    The  habit  of  the  order  is  a  •'  .  ~  ?''■    ,  '  ""■'^  T  f^'  ' 


Carriielite  oidt-r.  According'  to  an  early  rule,  the  nuuiks 
were  to  live  in  separate  cells,  to  abstain  from  meat,  and 
to  observe  a  strict  filst  from  the  Exaltation  of  the  Cross 
(.September  14th)  to  Easter,  .Sundays  being  excepted. 
Ou  iiig  to  Mollanimedan  persecutions,  the  Carmelites  aban- 
doned .Mount  Carniel  and  established  tliemselves  in  1238 
in  Cyprus  and  elsewhere.  In  the  sixteenth  century  .St. 
Theresa,  a  Spanish  lady  of  noble  family,  built  a  con^'ent 
at  Avila  and  established 
of  the  order,  consist 
called  barffvoti-d  Oi 

cassock,  scapular,  and  hood  of  brown  color,  and  a  white 
cloak,  the  hood  covering  the  head  and  face  and  having 
holes  for  the  eyes.  In  the  United  States  there  are  con- 
vents <if  the  order  in  the  dioceses  of  Leavenworth,  Newark, 
Pittslini-Ldi,  Baltimore,  .St.  Louis,  and  New  Orleans.  The 
three  convents  last  named  follow  the  rule  of  St.  Theresa. 
2.  [?.  f.]  A  variety  of  pear. — 3.  [/.  c]  A 
woolen  material  similar  to  beige  cloth. 
II.  a.  Belonging  to  the  order  of  Carmelites. 
Carmest,  n.jil.  [ME.,  <  OF.  carmc,  pi.  carmcs, 
contr.  of  * carmelite.']  Carmelite  friars.  Horn, 
of  tlic  h'osc 


(Florio),  <  L.  as  if  'cnniattis  (see  caniutionl),  < 
Cfiro  {earn-),  flesh.     Cf.  incarnadine]     Carna- 
tion, or  something  having  tliat  color. 
The  rosy-coloured  camarilitie. 

MidiiUtun,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  ii.  2. 


like  plants,  of  the  natural  order  I'andanaew.  carminated  (kar'mi-nii-ted),  a.'    \< 

Theyarenativesof  tropical  America,  and  are  either  stem-       ...  -2,  +    ,,,,2  \    Mivpd  n-itli  nrirmdon 

less  or  have  climbing  stems  which  cling  to  the  trunks  of      ""     ^    f "   -J,  iuixea  witn  or  macie  o 


trees  by  aerial  roots.  The  large  fan-like  leaves  of  C. 
palmata  are  the  material  of  which  the  well-known  Pan- 
ama hats  are  made,  each  hat  being  plaited  from  a  single 
leaf. 

Hence  —  2.  [/.  c]  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
a  Panama  hat.     Imp.  Diet. 

Carlylean,  Carlyleian,  a.     See  CarlijUan. 

Carlylese  (kiir-li-les'  or  -lez'),  a.  and  ».     I.  a. 
Hanic  as  Carhjlian. 
II.  //.  Same  as  CarbjUsm,  1. 

Carlylian  (kiir-li'li-an),  a.  Relating  to  or  re- 
sembling the  opinions  or  style  of  Thomas  Car- 
lyle,  a  noted  Scotch  writer  (1795-1881).  Also 
Carlylean,  Carlyleian. 

He  (Thomas  Hughes]  Is  CarlylHan  in  his  view,  plus  a 
deep  and  earnest  faith  in  the  people. 

R.  J.  llinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  104. 

Carlylism  (kiir-li'lizm),  «.  1.  The  style  or  a 
peculiarity  of  the  style  of  Thomas  Carlyle.  it  is 
characterized  by  conversational  and  irregular  sentences 
and  a  copious  diction  abounding  in  metaphor  and  allusion. 
It  is  marred  by  the  forced  use  of  words,  the  coinage  of  un- 
couth terms  to  suit  the  purpose  of  the  moment,  and  the 
introduction  of  many  foreign  idioms. 
2.  The  leading  ideas  or  teachings  of  Thomas 


. ,  carnar/em  =  It.  car- 
ijyio,  slaughter,  butchery,  <  ML.  curnaticum, 
a  kind  of  tribute  of  animals,  also  prob.  used, 
like  its  equiv.  carnatum,  in  the  additional 
sense  of  'time  when  it  is  lawful  to  eat  Uesh' 
(>  F.  charnage  =  Pr.  carnaUjiie  (ef.  Sp.  Pg.  car- 
nal), season  when  it  is  lawful  to  eat  flesh ;  cf. 
ML.  reflex  carnngium,  a  dinner  of  flesh),  <  L. 
caro  (cam-),  flesh :  see  carnal.]  If.  The  flesh  of 
slain  animals ;  heaps  of  flesh,  as  in  shambles. 
His  ample  maw  with  human  carnaiie  filled. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  ix.  352. 
2t.  The  flesh  that  is  given  to  dogs  after  the 
chase. —  3.  Great  destruction  of  men  or  ani- 
mals by  bloody  ^-iolenee;  slaughter;  butchery; 
massacre. 

In  the  caniape  of  Sedgemoor,  or  in  the  more  fearful 
carnane  of  the  Bloody  Circuit.    Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

Inspiring  appetites  which  had  tasted  of  blood  with  a 
relish  for  more  unlicensed  canuuje. 

Pre><cott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  3. 
A  battle  was  attempted  by  a  large  miscellaneous  mass 
of  students,  peasantry,  and  burghers.    It  soon  changed 
to  a  carnage,  in  which  the  victims  were  all  on  one  side. 

Motley,  Dutch  Kepublic,  III.  89. 
=  Syn.  3.  Butchery,  etc.  See  mas>:acre,  n. 
carnage  (kiir'naj),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carnaged, 
ppr.  carnaijing.  [<  carnage,  «.]  To  strew  or 
cover  with  carnage  or  slaughtered  bodies:  as, 
"  tliat  carnaged  plain,"  Hoiithey,  Joan  of  Arc,  ix. 
II.  n.  A  medicine  which  tends  to  expel  wind,  carnal  (kiir'nai),  a.     [<  ME.  carnal  z=  OF.  car- 


and  to  remedy  colic  and  flatulence.  Canninatives 
are  chiefly  olitained  from  the  vegetable  kingdom,  the  prin- 
cipal being  ginger,  cardamoms,  aniseed,  and  caraway-seeds. 
Several  of  the  essential  oils  are  also  used  as  carminatives, 
as  those  of  peppermint,  anise,  caraway,  and  juniper  ;  also 
ardent  spirits,  especially  in  the  form  of  aromatic  tinctures. 
— Dalby's  carminative,  a  prep.-iration  used  especially 
for  children,  for  which  the  following  is  a  common  for- 
mula :  oil  of  peppermint  1  part,  oil  of  nutmeg  2,  oil  of  ani- 
seed 3,  tincture  of  castor  30,  tincture  of  asafetida  1,1,  com- 
pound tincture  of  cardamoms  30,  peppermint-water  900, 


Carlyle,  who  inculcated  especially  the  impor-  carmine  (kiir'min  or  -min),  n.    [=  D.  karniijn 


tance  of  individual  force  of  character,  and  men's 

need  of  rttlers  and  leaders  of  strong  character. 

carmagnole  (kar-ma-nyol'),  n.    [F.  carmagnole 

(>  Sp.  carmanola),  of  uncertain  origin,  but  prob. 

<  C((n«((;/Kr)/((  in  Piedmont.]  1.  [(Y(^).]  A  popu- 
lar dance  and  song  among  republicans  in  the 
first  French  revolution. — 2.  A  garment  and 
costume  worn  in  France  during  the  revolution, 
and  considered  as  identified  with  the  revolu- 
tionary party.  The  name  first  became  known  in  1792 
as  that  of  the  coat  worn  by  the  Marseillese  in  Paris  and 
generally  adopted  by  the  revolutionists,  having  short  cling- 
ing skirts,  a  broad  collar  and  lapels,  and  several  rows  of 
buttons.  It  was  afterward  extended  to  a  costume,  com- 
prising in  addition  large  black  woolen  pantaloons,  a  red 
cap,  and  a  trieolored  girdle.  The  name  of  the  song  and 
dance  was  taken  from  that  of  the  garment, 

3.  The  wearer  of  such  a  dress ;  any  violent 
revolutionist. — 4.  A  bombastic  report  of  the 
successes  and  glories  of  the  French  anns  during 
the  revolutionary  wars ;  hence,  any  bombastic 
address  or  document. 

carmani  (kar'man),». ;  pi.  carmen  (-men).    A 
man  who  drives  a  car  or  cart. 

The  carmen  and  coachmen  in  the  city  streets,  mutually 
look  upon  each  other  with  ill-will. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  174. 

carman'-t,  n.    [ME.,  also care»m«,  for  "carlman, 

<  AS.  carlman,  <  Icel.  karlmadhr,  a.  ms^n,  <  karl, 
a  man  (male),  -I-  madhr,  man  (person).  See 
carl,  and  cf.  carlin.]    A  man. 

Carefulle  caremane,  tliow  carpez  to  lowde. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  957. 

carmele,  carmylie  (kar'mel,  kiir-me'li),  «. 

[Also  written  caramcd  and  cormeillc,  and  sim- 
ply corr,  <  Gael,  cacrmeal,  the  heath-pea.]  The 
heatli-pea,  Lathj/rus  macrorrlii.ru.s.     [Scotch.] 

Carmelint,  «.     Same  as  Carmelite. 

Carmelite  (kiir'mel-it),  n.  and  a.  [=  Sp.  Pg. 
carmeUta  =  It.  carmelito  (carmelitano)  (cf.  F. 
carme :  see  carmes),  <  LL.  Carmelites,  fern.  Car- 
mclitis,  <  Gr.  Kaf>;i!//.iT;/c,  tern.  Kap/ir/'/.iTi^,  an  in- 
habitant of  Mount  Carmel  (ML.  Carmelites,  a 
fnar  of  the  Carmelite  order),  <  K,ii„„,/.oc,  L 
CnrmeJMs,  Carmel.]  I.  n.  1.  A  mendicant  friar 
of  the  order  of  Our  Lady  of  Mount   Carmel. 


=  G.  Dan.  Sw.  larmin  =  Russ.  l-arminii,  <  F, 
carmin  =  It.  carminio,  <  Sp.  carmin  (=  Pg. 
carmim),  a  contr.  form  of  cnrmesin  (now  car- 
mesi,  after  the  Ar.  form)  =  Pg.  carmesim  =  It. 
carmesino  (also  cremisi,  cremisino)  =  OP.  "cra- 
moisin,  cramoisyne  (>  ME.  cramosin,  crcmosyn, 
crimisine,  crimosin,  E.  crimson,  q.  v.),  F.  cra- 
moisi  =  G.  karmesin  =  D.  l-arme;:ijn  =  Dan. 
karmesin  =  Russ.  karmazinii,  <  ML.  carinesinus, 
kermesinus,  crimson,  cannine,  <  kermes  (Sp. 
carmes,  also  with  Ar.  art.  alkermes,  alquermes), 
the  cochineal  insect  (see  kermes),  <  Ar.  and 
Pers.  qirmi::i,  crimson,  qirmi~,  crimson,  <  Skt. 
ivi'mi/rt,  produced  by  an  insect,  <  krimi,  a  worm, 
an  insect  (=  E.  worm,  q.  v.),  -I-  y/  jan,  produce, 
=  Gr.  ■/  *;n'  =  L.  •/  *gen  =  AS.  centum,  etc., 
produce:  see  genus,  generate,  etc.,  and  ken~.] 
1.  The  pure  coloring  matter  or  principle  of 
cochineal,  to  which  the  formula  Ci7HigOjo  has 
been  assigned.  It  forms  a  pm-ple  mass  sol- 
uble in  water. — 2.  That  one  of  two  or  more 
lakes  of  different  strengths  prepared  from  the 
same  coloring  matter  which  contains  the  great- 
est proportion  of  coloring  matter  to  the  base, 
which  is  generally  alumina.  Specifically — 3.  A 
pigment  made  from  cochineal,  it  is  a  transparent 
crimson  of  consideralile  luminosity  and  intense  chroma. 
It  is  pivpaivd  from  a  deicntion  of  cochineal,  the  cnbiring 
matter  luiii^  pixtipitate.i  by  some  aluniinnus  salt,  form- 
ing a  lake.  — Burnt  carmine,a  jiigment  obtained  bv  par- 
tially chamiii;  uariiiine.  It  is  ;i  n-ddisli  j.unile  of  extreme 
richness.— Carmine  of  indigo,  indigo  carmine.  See 
t»!rf?;/o,—  Carmine  spar,  same  as  cfinnhiite. 
Carminic  (kiir-min'ik),  o.  [<  carmine  +  -ic] 
In  client. .  pertaining  to  or  derived  fi-om  carmine, 
the  coloring  principle  of  cochineal.-Carminic 
acid,  C,7HisO,o.  an  acid  found  in  the  buds  of  some 
plants,  but  most  abundantly  in  tlie  cochineal  insect.  It 
forms  a  red  an        '  ' 

(hu-es  <-ar!iiin('  ( 

carminite  (kiir'niin-it),  n.  [<  carmine  +  -ite-.] 
An  arseniate  of  iron  and  lead,  occurring  in 
clusters  of  needles  having  a  carmine-red  color. 
Also  called  carmine  spar. 

carmot  (kiir'mot),  n.  The  name  given  by  the 
alchemists  to  the  matter  of  which  they  sup- 
posed the  philosopher's  stone  to  be  constituted. 


nel,  F.  charnel  =  Pr.  camel  =  Sp.  Pg.  carnal  = 
It.  carnale,  <  L.  carnalis,  fleshly,  of  the  flesh 
(ML.,  natural,  of  the  same  blood  or  descent), 
<  caro  (cam-),  flesh,  =  Gr.  npiac,  flesh,  =  Skt. 
krartja,  raw  flesh,  corpse,  carrion,  =  AS.  hrdw 
(z=  OS.  hreu,  hreo  =  OFries.  hre  (in  comp.)  = 
0H6.  hreo,  MHG.  re  =  Icel.  hrw  =  Goth,  hraiic, 
in  comp.),  a  corpse;  prob.  akin  to  AS.  Iircdio, 
E.  ran;  q.  v.,  and  L.  crudng,  raw,  >  E.  crtide, 
and  ult.  E.  crttel,  q.  v.  From  L.  carnalis  comes 
also  E.  charnel,  q.  v.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
flesh;  hence,  flesh-eating;  ravenous;  bloody. 
This  carnal  cur 
Preys  on  the  Issue  of  his  mother's  body, 

Shak.,  Rich,  IIL.iv.  4. 

2t.  Of  the  same  blood  or  descent;  natural; 
kindred;  german. 

In  the  next  territories  adioyning  doe  inhabite  two  car- 
nail  brothers,  dukes  of  the  Tartars,  namely,  Bnrin  and 
Cadan,  the  sonnes  of  Thyaday.    Ilakluyfs  Voya'jes,  I.  66. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  flesh  or  the  body,  its  pas- 
sions and  its  appetites ;  fleshly;  sensual;  lust- 
ful; gross;  impure. 

Our  carnal  stings,  our  unbitted  lusts. 

Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 
Not  sunk  in  carnal  pleasure,        Hilton,  V.  L,,  vill,  693. 

4.  Not  spiritual :  merely  human ;  not  partak- 
ing of  anything  di\-ine  or  holy ;  unregenerate ; 
unsanctified. 

The  carnal  mind  is  enmity  against  God,       Rom.  \iii.  7. 

Meats  and  drinks,  and  divers  washings,  and  carnal  or- 
dinances. Heb.  ix.  10. 

All  appearances  of  mirth  and  pleasantry,  which  were 
looked  upon  as  marks  of  a  carnal  mind. 

Aiitli.son.  Spectator,  No.  494. 

Carnal  knowledge,  sexual  intercourse. =Syn.  3  and  4. 

Sfc  truil'ibi  and  .<<:H.-'-ual. 

carnalism  (kiir'nal-izm),  n.  [<  carnal  +  -ism.] 
Carnality;  the  indulgence  of  carnal  appetites. 

carnalist  (kar'nal-ist),  n.  [<  carttal  -¥  -ist.] 
One  given  to  the  indulgence  of  sensual  appe- 
tites. 


Tliey  are  in  a  reprobate  sense,  mere  cariialists,  fleshly 
minded  men.  Burton,  .\nat.  of  MeL,  p.  633. 

carnalite  (kiir'nal-it),  H.    [<  carnal  -\- -He-.]    A 
worldly-minded iinan ;  a  carnalist.    Ant.  Ander- 

_ __     ^_    son.    [Rare.] 

il'bons  miiss,  and  with  the  alkalis  pro-  Carnality  (kiir-nal'i-ti),  H. ;  \A.  carnalities  (-tiz). 
'  *''"^-  [=  OF.  rarniiliteit,  F.  charnalite  =  Sp.  carnali- 

dad  =  Pg,  carnalidiiile  =  It.  carnalitt't.  -lade, 
-tale,  <  L.  c<irn<ilita{t-)s,  <  carnalis,  carnal:  see 
carnal.]  The  state  of  being  carnal:  fleshliness; 
fleshly  lusts  or  desires,  or  the  indulgence  of 
them;  sensuality;  want  of  spirituality. 
They  wallow  ...  in  all  the  carnalities  of  the  world. 

South,  Sermons,  I.  x. 


carnality 

If  the  forme  of  tlie  Mitiistry  liPKrounded  in  the  worldly 

de^ii't's  of  uutority,   linmnir,  tcnipornll  jurisdiction,  we 

set'  it  witli  onr  eyt-s  it  will  tui-m-  tlu-  inwiinl  jtowcr  and 

purity  of  tile  Gospul  into  tlit-  outwnnl  carnntitii  of  tliu  law. 

MiUnn,  (_'liiirch-(iovernnicnt,  i.  3. 

carnalize  (kiir'nal-iz),  i\  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cnr- 
niili^iil,   ppr.   Cdrnatizing.     [<   carnal  +  -ire.] 
To  make  carnal ;  debase  to  carnality.    [Rare.] 
A  sensual  and  carnalized  spirit. 

J.  Scott,  Christian  Life,  i.  §  2. 

carnallite  (kar'nal-it),  w.  [Named  after  Von 
Canuill.  a  Prussian  mineralogist  (1804-74).]  A 
milk-wliite  or  ]iink-('olored  niiueral  obtained 
from  the  salt-mino.s  of  Stassfurt,  Prussia,  it  is 
a  hydrous  clilorid  of  ningnesinni  and  potassium,  contjlin- 
ing  small  (luantitius  of  sodium,  ruhidiuni,  ciesium,  and 
l)ruriiine. 

carnally  (kiir'nal-i),  adv.  In  a  oarnal  manner; 
according  to  the  llesh;  not  spii'itually. 

The  Apostle  doth  very  fitly  take  the  law  .  .  .  either  spir- 
itually or  Cftrnallif,  aeeordint;  to  the  dilfering  sentiments 
of  those  to  wliom  he  wrote  the  epistles. 

R.  Xelmn,  Life  of  Bp.  Hull. 

carnal-minded  (kilr'nal-min"ded),  a.    Having 

a  carnal  cir  Hesldy  mind;  imspiritual. 
carnal-mindedness   (kar'nal-min"ded-nes),  n. 
Carnality  of  mind. 
Concupiscence  and  canial-mituictbic^fi. 

Jer.  Taittor,  Repentance,  v.  §  3. 

carnardinet,  »■     See  camadine. 

Carnaria  (kar-na'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NIj.,  neut.  pi.  of 
Li.  cariiarius,  pertaining  to  flesh,  <  caro  (rani-), 
flesh:  see  canidl.  Cf.  Cnnias.sia.l  In  Cuvier's 
system  of  classification  as  altered  by  his  editors, 
the  fiesh-eaters  or  third  order  of  mammals,  con- 
taining not  only  the  Carnivora  projier,  as  now 
understood,  but  also  the  Inscctivora,  the  Chirnp- 
tera,  and  simdry  carnivorous  marsupials;  the 
carnassiers.  The  marsupials  were  subsequent- 
ly placed  in  a  separate  group,  Marstijnata. 
Also  called  Carna.ssia.     [Disused.] 

carnaryt  (kar'na-ri),  H.    [Also  written  cornnrif?, 

<  ML.  carnariii,  also  carnarium,<.  Ij.  caro  (cam-), 
flesh:  see  C(irnal.'\  A  bone-house  attached  to 
a  church  or  burial-place;  a  charnel-house. 

Carnassia  (kiir-nas'i-a),  )i.  pi.  [NL.,  adapted 
from  F.  cariiiissitrs  (Cuvier),  carnivora  (sec 
cariias.'iicr) ;  afterward  changed  by  his  editors 
to  Ciniinria.']     Same  as  Carnaria. 

carnassial  (kiir-nas'i-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  car- 
nassiirc,  the  sectorial  tooth  (orig.  fem.  (se. 
dent,  tooth)  of  carnassier,  carnivorous:  see 
carnassicr),  +  -o/.]  I,  a.  Sectorial;  adapted 
for  cutting  and  tearing  Hcsli :  applied  to  the 
specialized  trenchant  or  cutting  molar  or  pro- 
molar  of  the  Carnivora. 

It  .  .  .  appears  tliat  the  sectorial  or  camasgial  teeth  in 
the  two  jaws  (of  the  dog]  differ  in  their  nature,  the  upper 
being  the  last  premolar,  tlie  lower  tlie  anterior  molar. 

lluzli-ii,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  3:'>7. 

II.  n.  A  sectorial  tooth;  the  last  upper  pre- 
molar or  first  lower  molar  tooth  of  those  Car- 
iiivnra  which  have  a  t}^)ically  carnivorous  den- 
tition, as  the  cat  or  dog.  Oicen. 
carnassier  (kiir-nas'i-a),  n.  [F.,  a  carnivorous 
mammal,  <  carna.isier,  fem.  carnas.iiire,  former- 
ly rarnacier,  <  Pr.  carnacicr  (=  Sp.  carniccro 
=  Pg.  carniceiro),  carnivorous,  fleshly,  <  car- 
naza  (=  Sp.  carnaza  =  Pg.  carnaz,  con/ijv;), 
flesh,  <  L.  caro  (cam-),  flesh:  see  carnal.}  1. 
One  of  the  Carnaria  :  a  carnivorous  mammal. 
See  Carnaria. —  2.  [<  F.  carnassicrc  :  see  car- 
nassial .~\  A  carnassial  tooth. 
carnatet  (kilr'nat),  a.  Invested  with  or  em- 
bodied in  flesh:  same  as  the  modern  incarnate, 
which,  however,  is  used  in  the  following  extract 
as  if  the  in-  were  privative. 

I  fear  nothiTig  .  .  .  that  devil  carnatc  or  incarnate  can 
fairly  do  against  a  virtue  so  established. 

Iticliantson,  Clarissa  Harlowc,  v.  46. 

carnation'   (kar-na'shon),  II.     [<  F.  carnation, 

<  It.  carnaijionc,  flesh-eolor, 
also  fleshiness,  =  Sp.  cama- 
cion  (cf.  Pg.  encamaciio), 
flesh-color,  <  L.  carnatio(n-), 
fleshiness,  <  earo  (cam-), 
flesh:  see  c«»"H(i/.]  1.  Flesh- 
color;  pink. 

Her  complexion  of  the  most  daz- 
zling carnation,     liuhver,  Pelham. 

2.  In  iiaintini/,  the  represen- 
tatioi.  of  flesh ;  the  nude  or 
undraped  parts  of  a  figure. — 

3.  In  ^o^:  (a)  The  common 
name  of  the  pink  Dianthiis 
CarijojiliijUii.i,  a  native  of 
southern  Europe,  but  cvtl- 
tivated    from    verv   ancient       n,v.„,j,„, 

.  *  J        Carnation  ii>ta»l/tus 

tunes  for  ats  fragrance  and        caryofHyiiui). 


827 

beauty,  rndcr  cultivation.  In  place  of  the  original  lilac- 
purple  of  the  wild  state,  it  has  assumed  a  wide  variety  of 
tints,  and  innnherless  coniliinations  of  form  and  color. 
These  varieties  are  grouped  l>y  tiorists  into  tliree  classes, 
viz.,  bizarres,  Hakes,  and  pieotees.  Also  calW-d  carnation 
pink,  (h)  The  Ctfsalpinia  pulcherrima,  the  Span- 
ish carnation,  a  leguminoiis  shrub  with  very 
showy  flowers,  often  cultivated  in  tropical  re- 
gions. Also  formerly,  by  corruption,  corona- 
tion. 

Bring  Coronaiionti,  and  Sops  in  wine, 
Worne  of  Paranioures. 

Sjicwicr,  .Shep.  Cat,  April. 

carnation'-^t,  »•     [<  ME.  camadon,  short  for  in- 
carnacion  :  see  incarnation.']     Incarnation. 
These  beleuid  not  in  vergyu  Marie, 
-N'e  treuly  in  Criates  carnaciotur. 

Old  Enij.  Mixcell.,  p.  21(5. 

carnationed  (kiir-na'shond),  o.  [<  carnation  + 
-«/-.]  Having  a  color  like  carnation;  pink. 
Lorclacc. 

carnation-grass  (kiir-nii'shon-gras),  ».  Cer- 
tain sedges,  esiiecially  Carcx  ylanca  and  C.  pa- 
niccn,  so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  their 
leaves  to  those  of  the  carnation. 

carnauba  (kiir-na-o'bii),  H.  [Braz.]  1.  The 
Brazilian  name  of  the  palm  Copcrnicia  cerifcra. 
See  Coiicrnicia. —  2.  The  wax  obtained  from 
this  palm. 

carneity  (kar-ne'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  carncm,  of  flesh : 
see  i-ammn.<:.']     I'''leshine8s.     [Kare.] 

carnelt(kar'nel),  n.  [ME.,  also  kernel,  kirnel, 
kiiniel,  <  OF.  camel,  later  carncati,  F.  creneau 
=  Pr.  camel  (ML.  reflex  cnmcUu.i.  rptamellits), 

<  Mlj.  ercnclbis,  an  embrasure,  battlement :  see 
crenelle.']  Abattlemeut ;  an  embrasure ;  a  loop- 
hole. 

So  harde  sautes  to  the  cite  were  geuen. 
That  the  I^oinli  kemeles  were  to-elatered  with  engines. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  28.')8. 
And  allc  the  walles  beth  of  Wit,  to  holde  Wil  theroute; 
The  camels  beth  of  Cristendam,  the  kuynde  to  sane. 

Picra  Plowman  (A),  vi.  78. 

carnelian,  cornelian  (kiir-,  kor-ne'lyau),  «. 

[More  correctlv  cornelian  (changed  to  carnelian 
in  simidation  of  L.  earo  (cam-),  flesh),  <  F.  cor- 
naline,  <  It.  cornalina  =  Pr.  Pg.  conwlina  =  Sp. 
cornerina,  carnelian;  It.  also  corniola  (>  E.  car- 
neol,  (\.  V.) ;  st  dim.  form,  <  L.  cornii  =  E.  horn; 
so  called  from  its  horny  appearance;  cf.  onyx, 
which  means  lit.  'a  linger-nail  or  claw.']  A 
siliceous  stone,  a  variety  of  chalcedony,  of 
a  deep-red,  flesh-red,  or  reddish-white  color. 
It  is  toleral)ly  liani,  (Capable  of  a  good  i)olish,  and  is  used 
for  seals,  etc.  The  linest  specimens  come  from  Cambay 
(lience  also  called  Caml/ati  xtoncH)  and  Surat,  in  India, 
where  they  are  fixuui  as  nodules  of  a  blackish-olive  color, 
in  peculiar  strata,  :10  feet  below  the  surface.  The  nodules, 
after  two  years'  exposure  t<>  tiie  sun,  are  boiled  for  two 
days,  and  thereliy  acquire  the  beautiful  colors  for  which 
they  ;tre  prized. 

carneolt,  »■  [=  D-  kameool  =  G.  karniol  = 
Sw.  Dan.  kameol,  <  It.  corniola:  see  cornelian.] 
Carnelian.     IC.  J'liillips,  1706. 

Carneospongiae  (kiir  ne-o-spon'jl-e),  «.  ]>!. 
[XL.,  <  L.  carneiis,  fleshy  (see  carneous),  + 
sponr/ia,  a  spontie.]  Fleshy  sponges :  a  class  of 
Porifcra  contrasted  with  Calcisponyice.  it  con- 
tains* the  nmltitude  of  sponges  having  as  conunon  char- 
acters a  very  thick  mesoderm,  a  supply  and  drainage  sys- 
tem like  that  of  ordinary  commercial  sjionges.  the  ectoderm 
and  end*Kierm  as  in  the  Lcucttnen,  and  tlie  skeleton,  when 
present,  either  eeratodoiis  or  siliceous,  with  its  elements 
radiately  or  irregularly  "iisjiosed.  Most  sjionges  belong  to 
this  el;iss.  wliieli  is  divideil  tiy  Hyatt  into  the  orders  llaii- 
tiayr">'/i''i.  (rumininiii'f,  Ccyafoidca,  Ccrato-Silicoidea,  and 

.'<ili,:,„l,,i. 

carneospongian  (kiir'ne-o-spon'ji-an),  a.  and 
n.  I.  (1.  Fleshy,  as  a  sponge;  speciiicall.v,  per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Car- 
neosjningia: 

II.  H.  One  of  the  Cameospongia ;  a  fleshy 
sponge. 

carneous  (kiir'ne-us),  a.  [<  L.  carneu.t,  of 
flesli,  <  earo  (cam-),  flesh:  see  carnal,  and  cf. 
camoii.':.']  1.  Fleshy;  having  the  qualities  of 
flesh :  as,  "  carnrmm  fibres,"  Kaij.  Works  of  Cre- 
ation, ii. —  2.  Flesh-colored;  pink  with  a  tinge 
of  yellow. 

carneyi  (kiir'ni), ».  [Prob.  <  L.  carncus,  fleshy: 
see  carneous.']  A  disease  of  horses,  in  which 
the  mouth  is  so  furred  that  they  cannot  eat. 

camey-  (kiir'ni).  n.  [Also  spelled  carnij :  a 
slang  word,  of  unknown  origin.]  Flattering, 
hypocritical  talk;  flattery.     [Slang.] 

Carney-  (kiir'ni),  v.  [<  carnci/-.  «.]  I.  trans. 
To  insinuate  one's  self  into  the  good  graces  of; 
flatter;  wheedle.     [Slang.] 

II.  intrans.  To  Interlard  one's  discourse  with 
hypocritical  tenns  or  tones  of  flattery  or  en- 
dearment.    [Slang.] 

carnifex  (kar'ui-feks),  n.     [L.,  also  carniifex, 

<  caro  (earn-),  flesh  (see  carnal),  +  facere, 


camivoral 

make.]  1.  A  ]iiiblic  executioner:  ahangman; 
hence,  as  a  term  of  abuse,  a  wretch. 

Let  the  carnl/czcn  scour  their  throats  I 

Middlcton  ami  lioidcy,  Fair  Quarrel,  iv.  4. 

2.  [cm;).]  In  orniili.  :  (a)  A  genus  of  hawks: 
same  as  J/i'eirt.s^o'.  Lesson ,  \M'l.  [Not  in  use.] 
(/<)  A  genus  of  birds:  same  as  J'lieenicercus. 
Sunilrrall,  IH'.iH.     [Not  in  use.] 

carnification  (kiir'ni-fi-kii'shon),  H.  [<  F.  car- 
nijiealiiin  =  Sp.  camefiealio,  camificacion  =  Pg. 
carniftcai;aii  =  It.  earnifica:ione,  (.  L.  as  if  "cxir- 
nificatio(n-),  <  eamilicare,  pp.  camijiealiis :  see 
carnifi/.]  The  act  of  caniif.ving;  in  patliiil.,  a 
state  of  certain  organs  in  which  the  tissue  be- 
comes changed  so  as  to  resemble  that  of  fleshy 
parts.  In  tlie  lungs  it  is  equivalent  either  to 
the  condition  seen  in  atelectasis  or  to  hepati- 
zation. 

carnify  (kar'ni-fi).  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  camifieil, 
ppr.  camifijing.  [<  F.  earnifier  =  Sp.  Pg.  ciirni- 
ficar-sc  (reil.)  =  It.  carnificarc,  <  L.  carnificare, 
also  camiificarc,  only  in  sense  of  'behead,'  i 
caro  (cam-),  flesli,  -I-  facere,  make.  See  car- 
n  if  ex.  ]    1 .  To  form  flesh  ;  gi-ow  fl  eshy .     [Rare.  ] 

I  walk,  I  see,  I  hear,  I  digest.  I  saugnify.  I  carni/y. 

.Sir  .M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  .Mankind,  p.  81. 

2.  In  patlioh,  to  lose  the  normal  structure  and 
become  flesli.v.     See  carnification. 

carnin,  carnine  (kUr'nin ),  «.  [<  L.  caro  (earn-), 
flesh  (see  eamal),  +  -in'-',  -ine^.]  A  substance 
(C7HgN403)  found  in  musciUar  tissue, and  hence 
in  tlie  extract  of  meat.  It  is  a  white  crystalline  pow- 
der, not  readily  solulilc  in  cold  water.  It  forms  a  distinctly 
crystalline  salt  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

carnival  (kilr'ni-val),  n.  [Foi-merly  carnaval 
=  1).  karnaral  =  Dan.  Sw.  G.  karnnal,  <  F. 
cariianil  =  Sp.  Pg.  camar<il,  <  It.  eamoralc, 
ciirnerale,  the  last  three  days  before  Lent;  un- 
derstood in  ]>opular  etjinologj-  as  made  up  of 
It.  came,  flesh,  and  rale,  farewell,  as  if  'fare- 
well, flesh!'  but  prob.  a  corruption  of  ML. 
cameleraincn,  also  camclerarinin,  eamilevaria, 
earni  li  rale,  Shrovetide,  lit.  the  'solace  of  the 
flesh,'  permitted  in  anticipation  of  the  Lenten 
fast,  for  L.  carnis  leramen  (or  ML.  "levarium): 
carnis,  gen.  of  caro,  flesh  (see  carnal) ;  leramen, 
solace,  lightening,  <  lerarc,  lighten,  <  levis, 
light:  see  allcriate.  The  season  was  also 
called  riimein-Uixare,  'flesh-relaxing,'  camisca- 
piuni.  'flesh-taking,'  carnivora,  'flesh-eating,' 
as  well  as  carnipriviuni,  'flesh-privation,'  prop, 
applied  to  the  beginning  of  Lent.]  1.  The  feast 
or  season  of  rejoicing  before  Lent,  obser\"ed  in 
Roman  Catholic  countries  with  public  merri- 
ment aud  revelry,  feasts,  balls,  operas,  con- 
certs, etc.  Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  feasting 
or  revelry  in  general. 

Love  In  the  sacred  halls 
Held  carnival.  Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 

Carnival  lace,  a  variety  of  reticella  lace  made  in  Italy, 
Sjtuiii.  and  Franee  during  the  sixteenth  century. 
carni'Valesque  (kiir*ni-va-lesk'),  a.  [<  carni- 
val +  -csijue;  after  It.  camovalesco.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  a  carnival ;  suitable  to  or 
in  keeping  with  a  carnival.     [Rare.] 

I  ought  fairly  to  confess  that  my  last  impression  of  the 
Carnival  was  altogether  carnicalcgque. 

IL  James,  Jr.,  "iS-ans.  Sketches,  p.  133. 

Carnivora  (kiir-niv'o-ra),  «.  7)/.  [L.,  neut.  pi. 
of  carnivoms:  see  carnivorovs.]  1.  ['.<'.]  In 
general,  carnivorous  animals;  animals  that 
feed  on  flesh. —  2.  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classi- 
fication, the  caniivorons  mammals  proper;  the 
Carnaria  or  Carnassia  of  Cuvier  without  the 
Inscctivora,  the  Chiroptera,  and  the  carnivorous 
Marsupialia,  forming  the  third  family  of  his 
Carnaria,  and  divided  into  the  tribes  I'lanti- 
grada,  Digitigrada,  and  Amphibia  (or  I'inni- 
grada,  the  seals,  etc.).  The  term  was  long  almost 
universally  used  in  this  sense,  ami  is  still  cuiTent ;  but  it 
is  now  usually  superseded  by  Fer(p-  as  an  order  of  mam- 
mals, divitled  into  Fissijiedia  and  Pinnijtcdia.  or  terres- 
trial and  amphibial  carnivores.  Tlie  technical  characters 
of  tlie  order  are  given  under  Feree  (which  see). 

3.  In  cntom.,  in  Latreille's  system,  the  first 
famil.v  of  pentamerous  Coleoptera,  or  beetles: 
svnoinTnous  with  Adephaga. 

carnivoracity  (kiirni-vo-ras'i-ti),  n.  [<  car- 
niriiniiis  ;  tlie  term,  after  voraaiti/.]  Greedi- 
ness of  ayipetite  for  flesh.    I'opc.     [Rare.] 

Carnivorse  (kiir-niv'o-re),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi. 
of  h.  earnirorus:  see  carnivorous.]  In  ichth., 
a  division  of  eyprinodont  fishes.  See  Cyprino- 
don  tida\ 

camivoral  (kiir-niv'o-ral).  a.  [<  Carnivora  + 
-al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  mammalian  order 
Carnivora  or  Ferw  (which  see).  B.  O.  Jl'ildcr, 
Amer.  Neurol.  Ass.  Trans.,  1882. 


carnivore 

carnivore  (kar'ni-vor),  ?i.     [=  F.  carnivore,  < 
L.  ciiriinorus:    see  carnivorous.']     A  carnivo- 
rous animal;  one  of  the  Carnirora. 
Thftt  the  carnivore  may  live  herbivores  must  die. 

//.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  p.  17. 

carnivority  (kar-ni-vor'i-ti),  »i.  Same  as  car- 
niroroiisni'ss.     [Rare.]        ' 

carnivorous  (kar-niv'o-rus),  a.  [=  F.  carni- 
vore =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  ca'rnivoro,  <  L.  cnrnivorus, 
flesh-eatiug,  <  caro  (ciirn-),  uesli  (see  carnal), 
+  vorare,  eat,  devoui-.]  1.  Eating  or  feeding 
on  flesh;  subsisting  upon  animal  food:  applied 
to  animals  which  naturally  seek  animal  food, 
as  the  lion,  tiger,  dog,  wolf,  etc. ;  also  to  plants 
which  feed  upon  insects,  as  the  Droscra  or  sun- 
dew, the  I'inijuicuJa.  the  Vioiuca  or  Venus's  fly- 
trap, and  tlie  various  pitcher-bearing  plants." 

Semper  states  tliat  l>r.  Holmgrill  has  been  altle  to  trans- 
form the  gizzard  of  a  pigeon  ijito  a  carnivorous  stomacll 
by  feeding  tlie  ijird  on  meat  for  a  lt>ng  time. 

ir.  K.  Brooks,  Law  of  Heredity,  p.  93. 

2.  Specifically —  (n)  In  mammal.,  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Carnivora ;  earnivoral;  carnassial. 
(b)  In  entom.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Carnivo- 
ra; adephagous  ;  predatory. — 3.  In  odontog., 
treneliant;  sectorial;  carnassial:  as,  a  carnivo- 
rons  molar  or  premolar. 

carnivorously  (kilr-niv'o-rus-li),  ad-c.  In  a  car- 
nivorous ni;in]ier. 

carnivorousness  (kar-niv'o-rus-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  carnivorous  or  flesh- 
eating. 

G.  Areangeli  lias  observed  the  rise  of  temperature  in 
several  species  of  Aracere,  but  does  not  consider  that 
there  is  sufficient  evidence  to  warrant  the  assumption  of 
carnivorous  habits  in  these  plants,  ...  It  seems  as  if 
some  other  explanation  than  that  of  carnivorousiiess 
would  have  to  be  sought  for. 

Jour,  of  Hot.,  Brit,  and  Fareit)n,  1S83,  p.  266. 

carnokt,  «.  [ME. ;  origin  obscure.]  A  mea- 
sure of  four  bushels,  or  half  a  quarter  of  corn. 

Every  sak  (of  coalj  be  tryed  and  provid  to  be  and  holde 
a  carnok  ;  and  the  ij.  sakkes  to  holde  a  quarter,  whatsoevir 
the  price  be,  vpon  peyne  of  brennyng  of  the  sakkes  and 
parte  of  the  colys.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  426. 

carnose  (kUr'nos),  a.     Same  as  carnous. 

carnosity  (kiir-nos'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  cnrnosities  (-tiz). 
[=F.  car  nasi  te  =  Pr.  carnositat  =  Sp.  carnosidad 
=  Pg.  carnosidade  =  It.  curnottitd,  <  ML.  carno- 
sita{t-)s,  fleshiness,  <  L.  carnosus,  fleshy:  see 
carnoiis.'i     If.  Fleshiness. 

The  olives,  indeed,  be  very  small  there,  and  no  bigger 
than  capers ;  yet  commended  they  are  for  their  carnositi/. 

Holland. 
2.  A  fleshy  growth. 

Carnot's  theorem.    See  theorem. 

carnous  (kiir'nus),  a.  [=F.  chariieux  =  'PT.  car- 
nos  =  .Sp.  Pg.  It.  carnoso,  <  L.  carnosus,  fleshy, 
<  caro  (cam-),  flesh:  see  carnal,  and  cf.  car- 
neons.']  1 .  Of  or  pertaining  to  flesh ;  fleshy :  as, 
"  carnous  matter,"  Holland,  tr.  of  PUny,  xv.  3. — 
2.  In  hot.,  of  a  fleshy  consistence :  said  of  suc- 
culent leaves,  stems,  etc. 
Also  carnose. 

cam-tangle,  n.    See  cairn-tangle. 

carny,  «.  and  v.     See  carney-. 

caroacht,  «.     See  caroche. 

carob  (kar'ob),  11.  [Also  called  carob-iree;  = 
F.  ciironbc,  OF.  carobe  =  Pr.  carobla,  <  It.  car- 
rubo,  carrubbio  =  Sp.  garroho,  al-garrobo  =  Pg. 
aifarrobeira,  carob-tree  ;  It.  carruba  =  Sp.  gar- 
roba,  al-garroba,  garrofa=Fg.  alfarroba,  cai-ob- 
bean,  St.  John's  bread;  <  Ar.  'kliarriih,  bean- 
pods.]  The  common  English  name  of  the  plant 
Ceratonia  .Siliqua.     Se6  Ceratonia. 

The  i>atli  led  through  a  grove  of  carob  trees,  from  which 
the  beans  known  in  Gennany  as  St.  John's  bread  are  pro- 
dULL'd.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  42. 

carob-bean  (kar'ob-ben),  n.  The  pod  or  fniit 
of  tlie  carob ;  St. 'John's  bread.  See  Ceratonia. 
carochet,  caroacht  (ka-roch'),  n.  [Also caroch, 
carocc,  carosse;  =  MHG.  l-arrdschc,  l-arrotsche, 
karrutuch.  hirrosclte,  G.  karosse,  harot.~c  =  'Dan. 
karos.'ie,  <  OF.  caroche,  F.  currosse  =  Sp.  dim. 
carrocilla  and  carrocin  =  Pg.  carro(;a,  dim.  car- 
rocim,  <  It.  carroccio,  carrocca,  formerlv  also 
carroccia,  a  carriage,  <  carro,  a  ear:  see  car^. 
This  word  seems  to  have  helped  to  give  a  con- 
crete sense  to  carriage,  q.  v.]  A  kind  of  plea- 
sure-carriage;  a  coach:  as,  "coaches  and  ea- 
raches," Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel. 

His  corocAcs  shining  with  gold,  and  more  bright  than 
ine  chariot  of  the  sun,  wearing  out  the  iiavements. 

Utapman  and  Shirley,  Chabot,  Admiral  of  France,  iii. 
The  carosse  of  the  Marquis  of  Rosny 
Conducted  him  along  to  th'  arsenal. 

Chapman,  liyron's  Tragedy,  v.  1. 
Let  the  caroch  go  on.  and  'tis  his  pleasuie 
iou  put  out  all  your  torches  and  depart. 

Webster,  White  Devil,  i.  2. 


828 

Carochedt  (ka-rochf),  a.     [<  caroche  +  -ed"-.] 
Placed  in  a  caroche. 
Old  honour  goes  on  crutches,  beggary  rides  caroched. 

Massin<jer,  \'irgin-JIartyr,  iii.  3. 

caroignet,  «•  A  Middle  English  form  of  carrion. 
carol'  (kar'ol),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  carrol, 
Carroll,  <  M£.  carol,  carnlle,  carolc,  a  dance,  a 
song,  <  OF.  Carole,  a  kind  of  dance,  also  a  carol 
or  Christmas  song  (>  ML.  It.  Sp.  carola),  <  Bret. 
koroll,  a  dance,  liorolla,  korolli,  dance,  move  in 
cadence,  =  Corn,  carol,  a  choir,  concert,  =  W. 
carol,  a  carol,  song,  caroli,  carol,  coroli,  dance, 
move  in  a  circle,  =  Manx  earral,  a  carol,  = 
Gael,  carull,  caireall,  harmony,  melody:  from 
the  root  seen  in  Gael,  car,  cuir,  a  tm'n,  a  bar  of 
music,  movement,  =  Ir.  car,  a  turn,  cor,  a  turn, 
music,  circular  motion,  =W.  cor,  a  circle,  choir; 
and  in  E.  car'^,  q.  v.]  If.  A  kind  of  circular 
dance. 

For-thy  wonderly  thay  woke,  &  the  wj^n  dronken, 
Daunsed  ful  dresly  wyth  dere  carolez. 
Sir  Qawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1026. 
Festes,  instruments,  caroles,  daunces. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1073. 
[It  is  often  difficult  to  tell  from  the  context  whether  carol 
is  the  dance  or  the  song  that  seems  to  have  been  sung  as 
an  accompaniment  to  it ;  but  in  Chaucer  it  usually  means 
simply  the  dance.] 

2.  A  song,  especially  one  expressive  of  joy; 
often,  sjjecifieally,  a  joyous  song  or  ballad  in 
celebi-ation  of  Christmas. 

Xo  night  is  now  with  hymn  or  carol  bless'd, 

Shak.,  JI.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 
They  heard  her  singing  her  last  song,  . 
Heard  a  carol,  mournful,  holy. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott,  iv. 
caroll  (kar'ol),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caroled  or  car- 
olled, ppr.  caroling  or  carolling.     [<  ME.  car- 
olen,  <  OP.  caroler  =  Pv.  carolar  =  lt.  carolare; 
from  the  noun.]     I,  intrans.  To  sing;  warble; 
sing  in  joy  or  festivity. 
Hark!  how  the  cheerefull  birds  do  chaunt  thejT  laies, 
.\nd  Carroll  of  Loves  praise. 

Spetiser,  Epithalamion,  1.  79. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  sing  joyously. 
Hovering  swans,  their  throats  releas'd 
From  native  silence,  carol  sounds  harmonious. 

Prior,  Second  Hymn  to  Callimachus. 
2.  To  praise  or  celebrate  in  song. 
The  shepherds  at  their  festivals 
Carol  her  goodness.  Milton,  Comus,  L  S49. 

caroPt,  carrolt  (kar'ol),  n.     [<  ME.  karole,  a 
wreath,  <  ML.  carola,  a  lattice,  railing,  inelo- 
sm'e,  lit.   'a  circle';  same  word  as  carola,  a 
dance:  see  caroU.]      1.   A  ring  of  leaves  or 
flowers ;  a  garland ;  a  •nreath. 
Scho  putte  ilke  resche  in  other 
And  made  a  karole  in  a  stounde  ; 
Tlie  ton  [the  tone,  the  one]  bende  touched  the  grounde 
And  the  other  scho  helde  on  heygh. 

Seven  Sages,  \.  2SS4. 
2.  In  arch. :  (a)  A  small  closet  or  inclosure  in 
which  to  sit  and  read.     (6)  A  bay-window.    Ox- 
ford  Glossary. 
Also  written  carrel,  carrell,  earrall. 
carola  (kar'o-la),  n.     [It.,  a  dance,  ring-dance: 
see  carol''-.]     A  dance  resembling  the  carma- 
gnole, popular  in  France  during  the  revolution. 
caroli,  ".     Plm-al  of  carolus. 
carolin  (kar'o-lin),  n.     [<  ML.  Carolinus,  adj., 
<  Carolus,  Charles:  see  carl,  and  ef.  carlino.'] 
1.  A  gold  coin  first  issued  in  1732  by  Charles 
Philip,  Elector  of  the  Palatinate,  and  afterward 


caroon 

Caroling!  (kar'o-ling),  a.     Same  as  Carolin- 

gian. 

caroling'-',  carolling  (kar'ol-ing),  «.     [<  ME. 

carolinge,  caroli/ng;  verbal  n.  of  carol^,  r.]  The 
act  of  one  who  carols ;  a  song  of  joy,  praise,  or 
devotion. 

Ophelia's  wild  snatches  and  the  sweet  caroliwts  of  "As 
you  Like  it."  Coleridge,  Lit.  Bemains,  I.  82. 

Carolingian  (kar-o-lin'ji-an),  a.  and  v.  [Also 
Carliivingian,  after  F.  Carlovingicn  ;  =  Sp.  Car- 
lovingco  =  li.  Canilingio,  Carlovingio,  Carolino, 

<  ML.  Carolingi,  the  successors  of  Charlemagne, 

<  OHG.  Karling,  Charling,  MHG.  Jidrline,  Kcr- 
linc,  patronymic  deriv.  of  Karel,  Karl,  Charles: 
see  carl  and  -ing'-^.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Prankish  royal  and  imperial  family  or  dy- 
nasty which  succeeded  the  Merovingians:  so 
called  from  Charles  Martel,  duke  of  the  Franks 
and  mayor  of  the  palace.  Charles  exercised  royal 
power  without  the  royal  title.  His  son  Pejiin  the  Sholt 
deposed  the  last  of  the  Merovingians  and  made  himself 
king  A.  I>.  751  or  7o2.  Pepin's  grandson  Charlemagne,  or 
Charles  the  Great,  renewed  the  Western  Empire  by  eon- 
quest,  and  was  crowned  emperor  over  Germany,  France, 
and  Italy  in  SOO.  The  empire  w-as  subsequently  divided 
into  suliordinate  kingdoms,  and  was  finally  broken  up  in 
S.s^,  tlnini.'li  tlu-  title  emperor  was  not  at  once  abandoned. 
f'junlinL'iaii  kiiiL,^s  rontinued  to  reign  in  Germany  till  911 
(Louis  tile  Cbildl,  and  ill  France  till  987  (Louis  V.). 

II.  n.  A  member  or  one  of  the  sovereigns  of 

the  Carolingian  family  or  dynasty. 
Carolinian  (kar-o-lin'i-an),  a.  and  n.     [<  Caro- 
lina +  -ian.]     I.  'a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Car- 

olinas,  or  to  either  of  the  two  States  of  North 

and  South  Carolina. 
II.  H.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  either 

North  or  South  Carolina. 
Caroline  (kar-o-le'no),  n.     See  carlino. 
carolitic,  carolytic  (kar-o-lit'lk),  a.     [Ori- 
gin   (appar.    Gr.) 

not  ob'vious.]     In 

arch.,      decorated 

with        branches 

and  leaves,  as  a 

column.        Guilt. 

Also  'written  car- 

oletic.       [Not     in 

use.] 
Carollia  (ka-rol'i- 

ii),  H.   [NL.]  Age- 

nus  of  small  South 

American      phyl- 

lostomine      bats, 

connecting        the 

genus      Vampyrus 

with  Glossophaga. 

C.   brevicauda    so 

closely  resembles 

species  of  Glosso- 
phaga as  to  have 

been    often    con- 

foimded  'n-ith  it. 
carolling,  ".    See 

caroling-. 
carolus  (kar ' 5  - 
lus),  n. ;  pi.  caroli 
(-U).  [ML.  form 
of  Charles :  see 
carl.]  The  com- 
mon name  of  a 
gold        coin       of 


obverse.  Reverse. 

Carolin  of  Frederick  of  Wiirlemberir.  i3fo,  British  Museum.    (Size 

of  the  original.; 

adopted  in  various  parts  of  Germany,  it  was 
worth  sliglitly  less  than  the  American  half-e'agle  and  a 
little  mole  tlian  tlie  I'.ritish  sovereign.  There  were  24 
caroliijs  to  the  Cologne  mark. 

2.  A  Swedish  gold  coin,  worth  about  two  dol- 
lars. 
Carolina  bark,  pink,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

Caroline  (kar'o-lin  or  -liu),  a.  [<  ML.  Caro- 
linus: see  carolin.]  Of  or  relating  to  a  person 
named  Carolus  or  Charles.  Speciflcally— (n)  Be- 
longing to  or  characteristic  of  the  times  of  Charles  I.  and 
H.  of  England :  as,  the  Caroline  divines. 

He  discovers  that  this  venerable  clergyman  of  the  Coro- 
line  age  had  no  idea  of  his  own  language. 

The  Churchman  (New  York),  LII,  2. 
(b)  Same  as  Carolingian. 


Unite  or  Carolus  of  Charles  I..  British 
Museum.    ^Size  of  the  original.) 

Charles   I.   of  England,  worth   20s.,   ofliciaUy 
called  the  unite. 
carol'Wiset,  adv.     [ME.  carolewyse;  <  caroli-  -¥ 
wise-.]     In  the  manner  of  a  carol. 

.•\ftyr  that  they  wentyn  in  cumpas 
Daunsynge  aboute  this  flour  an  esy  pas. 
And  songyii,  as  it  were,  in  caroletnise. 

(Chaucer,  Good  U'omen,  1.  201  (1st  version). 

carolytic,  a.    See  carolitic. 

carom  (kar'om),  n.  [Short  for  carambole.  n., 
q.  v.]  In  billiards,  the  hitting  of  two  or  three 
balls  in  succession  by  the  cue-ball  from  one 
stroke  of  the  cue:  in  Great  Britain  sometimes 
called  ca)inon.     Also  spelled  carrom. 

carom  (kar'om),  r.  i.  [<  carom,  n.,  or  short  for 
carambole,  v.,  q.  v.]  1.  In  billiards,  to  make 
a  carom  (which  see). — 2.  To  strike  or  collide 
against  a  thing  and  then  rebound  or  glance  off 
again;  cannon:  usually  with  on,  and  common 
in  racing  slang:  as,  Eclipse  caromed  on  High- 
flyer and  injured  his  chance  of  winning. 
Also  spelled  carrom. 

caromel  (kar'o-mel),  n.     See  caramel. 

caroomet,  «.      A  corruption  of  carroon". 

caroon  (ka-ron').  «.  [Prob.  <  Gael,  caoninn, 
the  mountain-ash  or  rowan-tree,  caorunn,  cao- 
rann,  and  in  simple  fonu  caor,  the  berry  of  the 
same,  =  Ir.  caor,  a  berry,  grape,  >  caorthainn, 


caroon 

themoTuitain-ash.]    A  species  of  cherry.    -Sim- 

mii)i(ts.     Also  spi'UoJ  curriion, 
carosse't,  «■     Saun'  as  earache. 
Carosse-',  ».      Sec  kaross. 

carotel,  caroteel  (kar-o-ter,-ter),  «.  [E.  Ind.] 
1.  All  Orii'iitul  wpight  varying  from  5  to  9 
pouuils.  —  2.  Ill  Kiistcm  corameree,  a  bundle, 
generally  of  ili'ioil  fruits,  weighing  about  7 
huiiilri'dwoight.  A  carotol  of  mace  is  3  Iiun- 
dredwciglit.  • 

carotic  (ka-rot'ik),  a.  [=  F.  carotiqxe  =  Sp. 
carolirii,  <  Or.  napu-iKdc,  stupefying,  <  Kapovv, 
stui)efy,  <  (ifi/wf,  stupor,  torpor,  lieavy  sleep: 
see  Crt/'HA'.]  1.  Kelatiug  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
stupor  or  earns. — 2.  Same  as  carotid. 

caroticotympanic  (ka-rot'i-ko-tim-pan'ik),  a. 
[<  citrotic  +  li/iiijKitiic.]  In  iiiKit.,  pertaining  to 
tho  carotid  canal  and  the  tympanum. 

carotid  (ka-rot'id),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  carotidc, 
n.,  ciirotiilicii,  a.,  =  Sj).  carofida,  ii.,  earotidco, 
a.,  =  Pg.  ■eariitidas,  n.  pi.,  =  It.  carotidi,  n.  pi., 
<  NXi.  carotis,  pi.  carotidcs  (cf.  ML.  carotka; 
carotids),  <  Gr.  Kapu-lr,  usually  in  pi.  Ko/jur/iitf, 
the  two  great  arteries  of  the  neck,  so  called,  it 
is  said,  from  a  belief  that  sleep  was  caused 
by  an  increased  llow  of  blood  to  the  head 
through  these  vessels,  <  aaputiv,  Kapovv,  plunge 
into  sleep,  stupefy,  <  sdfjoi;,  stupor:  see  carotic.'] 
I.  K.  The  principal  artery  of  the  neck  of  the 
higher  vertebrates.  There  are  usually  twd  carotids, 
right  ami  left,  giving  off  few  if  any  l>ranches  in  tlie  iierk 
itself,  hut  supplying  the  head.  In  man,  the  right  earotiil 
arises  in  coniinon  with  the  right  suhelaviiui  from  tlie  in- 
nominate artery  ;  the  left  arises  directly  fnmi  the  arch  of 
the  aurta ;  both  ascend  the  neck  nearly  vertie.ally,  hut 
somewhat  divaricating  from  eacli  other,  in  front  of  the 
spinal  column  and  on  each  side  of  the  tracliea,  inclosed 
with  the  pneumogastric  nerve  and  internal  jugular  vein  in 
the  carotid  sheath,  and  divide  opposite  the  upper  border 
of  the  thyroid  cartilage  into  the  infernal  and  external 
caratiils ;  up  to  this  division  the  right  and  left  carotids  are 
termed  the  einnm^m  eiinitUls.  The  extenml  euri>ti'ls  are 
theoilteri'f  the  terminal  branches  of  the  connnom-arotids, 
supplyiii);  mainly  parts  of  the  head  outside  the  luaiii-iav- 
ity ;  their  branches  are  the  superior  thyroid,  lingual,  facial, 
occipital,  posterior  auricular,  ascending  pharyngeal,  in- 
ternal maxillary,  and  temporal  arteries.  The  internal 
carotids  are  the  imierof  the  terminal  branelu-s  of  the  com- 
mon carotids,  ascending  deeply  along  the  si(U-  of  the  neck 
and  entering  the  cavity  of  the  cranium  through  the  carotid 
canal  in  the  temporal  bone,  supitlyiiig  the  brain  and  asso- 
ciate structures.  (See  cuts  under  emluyo  and  lung.)  A 
similar  arrangement  of  the  carotids  is  .-iubstantially  re- 
peated in  mammals.  In  birds  the  disposition  of  these  arte- 
ries varies  much,  but  in  nu>st  cases  there  is  but  one  carotid, 
the  left,  or  siuistroearotid.     Also  earotis. 

II,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  two  gi'eat  arteries 
of  the  neck :  as,  the  carotid  canal.  Also  carotic. 
—  Carotid  arteries.  See  I.— Carotid  canal,  the  pas- 
sage by  which  the  internal  carotid  arterj-  enters  the  cavity 
of  the  cranium  ;  in  man,  a  sinuous  canal  tlirough  the  pe- 
trous portion  of  the  temporal  bone.  —  Carotid  foramen. 
See /ora»n^/i.  — Carotid  ganglion,  a  small  sympathetic 
ganglion  occasionally  fovuid  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
internal  carotid  artery  while  in  the  carotid  canal. —  Ca- 
rotid gland,  in  embryol.,  the  termination  of  the  first  or 
anterior  primitive  aortic  arch,  whence  the  internal  and 
external  carotids  arise. —  Carotid  groove,  the  siguu>id 
groove  on  either  side  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid  bone 
where  the  internal  carotid  artery  and  cavernous  sinus  lie. 
Also  called  cavernous  groove. —  Carotid  nerve.  («)  A 
branch  of  the  glossopharyngeal  which  accompanies  the  in- 
ternal carotid  artery.  (6)  The  large  deep  petrosal  nerve, 
(c)  The  sympathetic  nerve  running  up  along  the  internal 
carotid  artery  from  the  first  cervical  ganglion.— Carotid 
plexus,  the  plexus  of  sympathetic  fibers  lying  on  the 
outer  side  of  the  internal  carotid  while  in  the  carotid 
canal.  — Carotid  sheath,  a  memln-anons  envelop  en- 
sheathing  the  coninein  carotid  artery,  internal  jugular 
vein,  and  pneumogastric  nerve. —  Carotid  tubercle,  the 
prominent  anterior  tubercle  of  the  transverse  process  of 
the  sixth  cervical  vertebra,  against  which  the  counuon 
carotiil  artery  may  be  compressed.  — Cerebral  carotid 
artery,     same  as  internal  carotid.     See  I. 

carotldal  (ka-rot'i-dal),  a.     Carotid.     [Rare.] 

carotides,  ».     Plural  of  rarofi's. 

carotin,  carotine  (kar'o-tin),  n.  [<  L.  earota, 
carrot.  +  -in-,  -(«<:'-'.]  The  coloring  matter  of 
the  carrot. 

carotis  (ka-ro'tis),  II. ;  pi.  carotidcs  (ka-rot'i- 
dez).     [NL. :  see  caroWrf.]     Same  as  earodV/. 

carouge  (ka-roj'),  »■  [Appar.  the  F.  form  of 
a  native  name.  F.  caroidjc  is  otherwise  a  var. 
of  caronhc,  carob:  see  carolt.]  enter's  name 
for  a  bird  of  his  genus  XaiitlioniKs:  applied 
to  various  American  orioles,  hangnests.  or  ba- 
nana-birds of  the  family  Ictcrida;  as  the  Balti- 
more bird  and  orchard-oriole. 

carousal'  (ka-rou'zal),  n.  [<  carouse  +  -al; 
the  form  beiiig  suggested  perhaps  by  the  older 
word  cariin-ial-,  ciirmi.'.d.]  A  feast  or  festival; 
a  noisy  drinking-bout  or  revel. 

The  swains  were  preparing  for  a  carousal. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vii.  43. 

=Syn.  Reivl.  Carousal.  Wasmil,  Spree,  Debaucli,  .'iaiur- 
nulla.  Oniii  agree  in  expressing  times  of  excess  in  drinking ; 
some  of  theni  include  other  sensual  pleasures.  They  are 
in  the  order  of  strength  ami  conseciuent  reprobation  im- 
plied.    A  revel  is  accompanied  with  some  drunkenness, 


829 

disorder,  and  noise.  A  carousal  Is  by  derivation  a  time  of 
drinking  deeply  ;  it  may  he  a  bacchanalian  feast,  a  noisy, 
unrestrained  ilrinking-bout,  M'annait  is  limited  by  its 
associations  with  the  pjmt  so  as  to  l>e  eliielly  poetic  or  to 
express  <leep  drinking.  .Spree  is  cfuisiilered  a  colloquial 
word,  but  seems  likely  to  win  recognition  as  a  convenient 
word  for  a  perioil  of  drunkenness  which  incites  to  wild 
and  reckless  action.  Detmucfi  is  distinctively  excess,  hav- 
ing less  reference  now  than  formerly  to  eating,  applying 
chietly  to  gross  lewdness  or  drunkemu-ss,  which  is  often 
prolonged.  .Sntumntiu,  like  irn^isail,  has  historical  asso- 
ciations ;  it  is  a  strong  word  for  license,  noisy  revelry, 
gross  and  contimied  dehanehery.  (ho;/  is  by  derivation  a 
secret  nocturnal  debauch,  and  by  usage  a  ti|ue  of  jcdning 
in  a  wild  or  frantic  abandonment  to  drunkenness  or  lust, 
or  both  —  the  extreme  in  that  kind  of  miscondnct.  .See 
fea^t. 

O  that  men  should  put  an  enemy  in  their  mouths  to 
steal  away  their  brainsl  that  we  should,  with  joy,  pleas- 
ance,  revet,  and  applause,  transform  ourselves  into  beasts ! 

.Si/m*,,  Othello,  ii.  3. 
The  carousals  in  the  castle-halls ;  the  jollity  of  the  ban- 
quet tables.  /.  D'Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  822. 
We  did  but  talk  you  over,  pledge  yoti  all 
In  ica^isail.  Tennyson,  Princess,  Prol. 
Fat  Luxury,  sick  of  the  night's  dehaucli. 
Lay  groaning.           Pollolc,  Course  of  Time,  vii.  69. 
Among  the  dependencies  of  Athens  8e<lition6  assumed 
a  character  more  ferocious  than  even  in  France,  during 
the  reign  of  terror — the  accursed  Saturnalia  of  an  ac- 
cursed bondage. 

Macaulay,  Mitford's  Hist.  Greece,  p.  188. 
Amid  its  fair  bro.ad  lands  the  abbey  lay, 
Sheltering  dark  orgies  that  were  shanu:  to  tell. 

linjant.  The  Ages,  xx. 

carousal'-',  carousel  (kar'ii-z.al,  -zel),  n.  [Prop. 
c<ir()ii.sel,  <  F.  ciirroicfcl,  a  tilt,  tilting-match,  < 
It.  caroxcllo,  alonn  altered  (by  confusion  with 
carriccllo,  tlim.  of  carro,  a  car,  chariot)  from 
garosello,  a  festival,  a  tournament,  lit.  a  fight, 
quarrel,  <  yaro.fcll(),  quarrelsome,  dim.  from 
(jaroso,  quarrelsome,  <  ijara,  strife,  contention, 
perhaps  another  form  of  i/ucrra,  war,  <  OHG. 
icf)ra=E.  war,  q.  v.]  If.  A  tilting-match  or 
similar  pageant;  military  exercises;  a  tourna- 
ment in  which  cavaliers  executed  various  evo- 
lutions, sometimes  intermingled  with  allegori- 
cal dances  and  scenic  representations. 

Before  the  crystal  palace,  where  he  dwells, 
The  armed  angels  hold  their  carousels. 

Marvell,  Lachrymre  ilusanim  (1650). 
A  royal  carmisai  given  by  Charles  the  Fifth  of  France  to 
the  Emperor  Charles  the  Fourth. 

T.  Warton,  llist.  Eng.  Poetry,  I.  245. 
Leaving  out  the  warlike  part  of  the  carousals. 

Dri/den,  I'ref.  to  Albion  and  Albanius. 

2.  See  carrousel,  2. 
carouse  (k.a-rouz',  formerly  ka-rous'),  )i.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  carowsc  and  garou.ic :  <  OF.  carous, 
later  carousse,  F.  carrottsse,  a  drinking-bout,  = 
Sp.  caraos,  formerly  cardu:,  drinking  a  full 
bumper  to  one's  health,  orig.  an  adv.,  <  G. 
garait,'!,  adv.,  quite  out,  all  out,  as  substantive 
a  finishing  stroke  (cf.  allaus,  E.  all  out,  formerly 
used  in  the  same  way,  of  emptying  a  bumper), 

<  gar,  quite,  completely  (=  E.  ijarc),  +  aits  = 
E.  out.']  If.  A  hearty  drink  or  full  draught  of 
liquor:  as,  to  quaff  or  drink  carouse. 

And  here  with  a  carowsc  after  a  blessing  begins  the  feast. 
Vurchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  20t}. 

A  full  carouse  of  sack.  Varies,  .State  of  Ireland. 

With  my  poniard  will  I  stab  my  flesh, 
Ajld  qualf  carouses  to  thee  of  my  blood. 

Lust's  Dominion,  i.  1. 
Tlie  Prelats  revell  like  Belshazzar  with  their  full  ca- 
rouses in  Goblets  and  vessels  of  gold  snatcht  from  Gods 
Tentple.  Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

2.  A  carousal ;  a  noisy  banquet. 

'the  early  feast  and  late  caroitse.  Pope. 

=  Syn.  2.  See  carousal^. 

carouse  (ka-rouz'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  caroused, 

ppr.  carousing.      [Early  mod.  E.  also  carouse 

aii<l  garouse;  <  OF.  carou.s.tcr,  drink,  quaff,  swill, 

<  CrtroHS,  a  carouse:  seethenoim.]  I.  intrans. 
To  drink  freely  and  with  jollity;  revel  noisily 
or  intemperately. 

"  A  health,"  quoth  he,  a.s  if 
He  had  been  aboard,  carousing  to  his  mates 
After  a  storm.  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

Having  all  day  carous'd  and  banqueted. 

Shak.,  1  Uen.  VI.,  U.  1. 

I  said,  O  soul,  make  merry  and  caroti.se. 

Tenngson,  Palace  of  Art. 

U.i  trans.  To  drink  up ;  drink  to  the  bottom. 

He  in  that  forest  did  death's  cup  carowse. 

Mir.  /or  Mags.,  p.  C4C. 

[Roderigo]  To  Desdemona  hath  to-night  carous'd 
Potations  pottle-deep.  Shak.,  Othello,  iL  3. 

Homer,  to  whom  the  Muses  did  rarow^*; 

A  great  deep  cup  with  heavenly  nectar  flll'd. 

Sir  J.  Varies,  Dancing. 

carousel,  ».     See  carousal"  and  carrousel. 
carouser  (ka-rou'z^r),  h.    [<  carouse,  r.,  -I-  -frl. 
Formerly  also  (/aroitsec]    One  ■who  carouses;  a 


carp 

<lrinker ;  a  toper ;  a  noisy  reveler  or  bacchana- 
lian. 
carousingly  (ka-rou'zing-li),  adv.  In  a  carous- 
ing manner. 
carpi  (kiirp),  r.  [<  ME.  carpen,  speak,  say, 
tell,  <  Iccl.  A'rtr/>n,  boast,  brag  (karp,  bragging), 
=  Sw.  dial,  karpa,  brag,  boast,  appar.  the  same 
as  Sw.  dial,  garpa  =  N'orw.  garpa,  brag,  boast; 
cf.  Icel.  garjir  =  OSw.  garp  =  Norw.  garji,  a 
warlike  or  boastful  man,  also  a  term  ajiplied  in 
the  middle  ages  to  the  Hauseatic  traders  in 
Sweden  and  Norway.  The  orig.  sense  'speak' 
or  'talk'  has  taken  in  mod.  use  a  sinister  ad- 
dition, 'talk  censoriously,'  appar.  by  associa- 
tion with  the  L.  carperc,  carp  at,  slander,  calum- 
niate, revile,  also,  figmatively,  pluck,  pick, 
crop,  gather,  tear  off,  pull  in  pieces,  perhaps 
akin  to  Gr.  /.a/jTof,  fruit  (that  wldch  is  gath- 
ered), and  to  E.  harvest,  q.  v.]  I.  intraus.  If. 
To  speak;  tell. 

When  he  told  hade  his  tale  tomly  [leisurely]  to  the  ende, 
He  endinct  the  kyng,  and  carpit  no  more. 

Destrtution  o/  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2448. 
Now  we  leven  Joseph,  and  of  the  kyng  carpen. 

Joseph  o.f  Arimathie,  I.  175. 

Hwen  thu  art  on  eise,  carpe  toward  Ihesu  and  seie  thise 

wordes.      Old  Eng.  Homilies,  Ist  ser.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  287. 

I  will  now  carp  of  kings.  Percy  MS. 

2t.  To  talk ;  babble  ;  chatter. 

In  felaweschipe  wel  cowrie  sche  laxvghe  and  carp«. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  I>rol.  to  C.  T.,  L  474. 
Kepe  thi  knyfe  both  elene  ,t  scherpe. 
And  be  not  i)esy  forto  kerpe. 

Bailees  Hook  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  23. 

3.  To  censure,  cavil,  or  find  fault,  particularly 
without  reason  or  petulantly:  used  absolutely 
or  followed  by  at. 

other  of  your  insolent  retinue 
Do  hoiu-ly  carp  and  quarrel.  Shak.,  Lear,  L  4. 

No,  not  a  tooth  or  nail  to  scratch 
And  at  my  actions  carp  and  catch.    G.  Herbert. 

n.t  trans.  1.  To  utter;  speak. 

With  coragc  kene  he  carpes  thes  wordes. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  1725l 
Then  our  king  full  of  coiu-age  carped  these  words. 

Percy  MS. 
2.  To  blame ;  find  fault  -with ;  chide. 

Suspecting  that  Euphues  would  be  carped  of  some  curi- 
ous Reader.  Vglg,  Euphues  and  his  Englantl,  p.  214. 
My  honest  homely  words  were  carp'd  and  censured. 

Dryden. 

carpet  (karp),  «.  [ME. :  see  carpi,  t'.]  Speech; 
talk ;  conversation. 

When  non  wolde  kepe  hym  with  carp  he  coged  ful  hyge, 
Ande  rimed  hym  ful  richley,  &  rygt  hym  to  speke. 

Sir  Gawayne  anil  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  307. 

carp-  (kiirp),  n.  [<  ME.  carpe  (not  found  in 
AS.)  =  D.  karper  =  OHG.  charpho.  carfo, 
MHt>.  carphe,  karpe,  G.  karpfen,  karjife  =  Icel. 
karfi  =  Sw.  karp  =  Dan.  karpe :  hence  (from 
Teut.)  ML.  (LL.)  carpa  (>  F.  carpe  =  Pr.  cs- 
carpa  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carpa  =  Wall.  crap),  later 
earpo(n-),  car])io{ii-){'>  It.  carpio,  carpionc),  and 
prob.  Pol.  karp  =  Serv.  karpa  =  Kuss.  karpii 
=  Bohem.  kapr  =  Lett,  karpa ;  also  W.  carp, 
Gael,  earbhauach,  a  carji.  Prob.  an  orig.  Teut. 
word;  if  so,  the  other  forms  are  bonowed.]  1. 
Ateleostean  fish  of  the  family  Cijpriuidtr.Cyjm- 
u  us  carpio.  The  normal  form  has  a  long  compressed  body, 
large  scales  (35  to  31)  being  along  the  lateral  line),  a  long 
dorsal  with  a  strong  serrate  spine  and  17  to  22  rays,  a  short 
anal  with  ;J  simple  and  5  branched  rays,  and  4  barbels  upon 
the  upper  jaw.  It  is  said  to  have  been  intro<luced  into 
Englaiul  in  the  fourteenth  century.  It  is  an  excellent  fish 
for  ponds,  as  it  breeds  rapidly,  grows  to  a  large  size,  some- 
times attaining  the  length  of  4  feet,  and  lives  for  many 
years.  In  old  age  its  scales  become  gray  ami  white.  There 
are  numerous  varieties,  the  most  notable  being  (a)  the 
normal  form  or  scale-carp  jtist  described,  (b)  the  mirror- 
carp,  distinguished  by  very  large  scales  below  the  dorsal. 


Mirror-Carp  {.Cyprinus  carfiia).    (From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Cora- 
mission,  1884.) 

above  the  anal,  and  in  a  median  posterior  row,  and  (c) 
the  leather-carp,  characterized  by  its  almost  or  quite  na- 
ked skin.  The  last  two  have  long  been  the  subjects  of 
special  culture,  and  have  been  widelv  distributed  in  the 
IJnited  States. 

2.  A  fish  related  to  the  common  carp.  The  best- 
known  is  the  gold  carp  or  goldfish,  Carassius  auratus.  See 
cut  under  goldfish, 

3.  A  name  on  the  northeast  coast  of  Ireland 
for  the  common  sea-bream,  Pagellus  ceutrodoii- 
tus. — 4.   An  English  name  of  the  opah. —  5. 


carp 

In  the  United  States,  a  carp-sucker;  a  catos- 
tomoiil  fish  of  the  subfamily  Jctiobiiia;  and  ge- 
nus C'n/'/Jiorff 6'.— Norwegian  carp,  "  nuine  <>(  the  Se- 
Imnlfi  /(irt/i»»j.-.— Prussian  carp,  an  English  bouk-iiuinc 
cif  thr  ( 'if/vf v,s/,f.s'  ruhinnn  or  i/ihi'fio. 
carpadelium  (kiir-pa-de'li-umX  n. ;  pi.  carpa- 
tlifiii  (-jl).  [NL.  (>'lr.  cnrpadke),  <  Gr.  mpTzdc, 
fruit,  +  (Hi;//of,  not  manifest:  see  Adela.']  In 
/lo/.,  siirae  as  cremocarp. 
carpal  (kiir'pal),  a.  and  «.  [<  NL.  cnrpali.s,  <  citr- 
pii.-i,  q.  v.]  t.a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  carpus  or 
wrist. — 2.  In  oitoiii.,  pertaining  to  the  carpus  or 
pterostigma  of  an  insect's  wing, -Carpal  angle, 
ni  f  nttth.^ the  lieiui  uf  the  wing ;  the  salience  formed  at  the 
wrist-joint  or  carpus  when  the  wing  is  closed.  It  is  an 
important  point  in  lieseriptive  ornithology,  since  the  regll- 
lar  measurement,  called  '"length  of  wing  "or  "  the  wing," 
is  from  the  carpal  aiigle  to  the  end  of  tlie  longest  quill- 
feather.  —  Carpal  ossicles.    See  ossicle. 

II.  II.  jVny  one  of  the  bones  of  the  wrist  or 
curpiis :  a  earpale. 
carpale  (kiir-pa'le),  II.;   pi.  carpaUa   (-U-ii). 
[Nil.,  neut.  of  carjKiU.'i :  see  airpiil.']     1.  Any 
bone  of  the  carpus  or  wrist. — 2.  A  bone  of  the 
di.stal  row  of  the  carpus,  articulating  directly 
with  till'  metacarpal  bones.     See  carpus. 
Carpathian  (kar-pa'thi-au),  a.     Pertaining  to 
the  range  of  mountains  in  the  northern  and 
eastern  parts  of  the  Austrian  empire,  called  the 
Carpathians,  fonning  the  northern  and  north- 
eastern boundary  of  Hungary  and  inclosing 
Transylvania. 
carp-bream  (kiirp'brem),  «.     .An  English  name 
of  the  bream  when  its  color  resembles  that  of 
the  carp.     Ihiy. 
carpe  diem  (kiir'pe  di'em).    [L.,  seize  the  day: 
carpe,  2d  pers.  pres.  impv.  of  carpere,  seize  (see 
carp'^);  diem,  ace.  of  dies,  day:  see  dial.']     En- 
joy the  present  day ;  take  advantage  of,  or  make 
the  most  of,  the  present:  a  maxim  of  the  Epi- 
cureans. 
carpel  (kiir'pel),  «.    [=  F.  carpcllc,  <  NL.  carpel- 

liim,  dim.,  <  Gr. 
Kap-n-dc,  fruit :  see 
carpi.]  Iii6o<.,a 
simple  pistil,  or 
one  of  the  sever- 
al members  com- 
posing a  com- 
poimd  pistil  or 
fruit.  In  its  most 
general  sense  it  is 
tliat  organ  of  a  plant 
which  t)ears  ovules. 
A  carpel  is  regarded 
as  a  modified  leaf  ; 
hence  the  term  car- 
popht/l,  which  has  been  proposed  as  a  substitute.  Also 
called  t^arjftii  or  carpidium. 
carpellary  (kiir'pe-la-ri),  n.  [<NL.  carpeUmn, 
carpi'l,  + -HC//1;  =¥.  cnrpellaire.]  Belonging 
to  or  having  some  relation  to  a  carpel. 

Tliese  structures,  which  may  be  called  carpellary  leaves, 
show  their  relationship  to  ordinary  foliage  leaves  in  hav- 
ing pinna;  toward  their  summits.  Bessci/,  Botany,  p.  400. 
The  carpellary  leaves  are  the  foliar  structures  of  the 
flower  which  stand  in  the  closest  genetic  and  functional 
relation-ships  to  the  o^-ules.  They  either  produce  and  bear 
the  ovules  or  are  constructed  so  as  to  enclose  them  in  a 
chamber.  Sach-f,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  429. 

carpentt  (kar'pent),  n.  [ME.  carpent,  <  L.  car- 
pciUuiii,  a  two-wheeled  covered  carriage,  coach, 
or  chariot,  a  cart,  ML.  also  timber-  or  carpen- 
ter-work, framing  (in  this  sense  also  carpeiita, 
>  F.  charpeitte;  cf.  carpenter),  prob.  of  Celtic 
origin;  cf.  Ir.  and  Gael,  carbad,  a  carriage, 
chariot,  litter,  Ir.  and  OGael.  carb,  a  basket, 
carriage,  Ir.  cairbh  =  Gael,  cairb,  a  chariot,  a 
ship ;  perhaps  akin  to  L.  corbis,  a  basket.]  A 
cart. 

.\nd  for  an  acre  lande,  saithe  Columelle, 

Carpentes  XXIIII  is  to  telle. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  179. 

carpentet,  ».     An  erroneous  form  of  carpet. 
Laye  carpentet  aboute  the  bedde,  or  wyndowes. 

Babees  Honk  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  283. 

carpentedt  (kar'pen-ted),  a.     Carpeted. 

carpenter  (kiir'pen-tfer),  n.  [<  ME.  carpenter, 
<  <_)F.  earpentier,  P.  cliarpenticr  =  Pr.  carpen- 
tier  =  Sp.  carpintero  =  Pg.  carpinteiro,  <  It.  cnr- 
pentiere,  <  ML.  carpentariiw,  a  carpenter,  L. 
a  wagon-maker,  carriage-maker,  later  also  a 
coachman,  prop,  adj.,  pertaining  to  a  caiTiage 
or  cart,  <  L.  carpentiim,  a  two-wheeled  carriage, 
coach,  or  chariot,  a  cart:  se>i  carpent.]  1.  An 
artificer  who  works  in  timber;  one  who  exe- 
cutes bv  hand  the  woodwork  of  houses,  shii)S, 
or  similar  constructions.  The  occupations  of 
carpenter  and  joiner  are  often  combined.  See 
joiner. —  2.  An  officer  of  a  ship,  whose  duty  it  is 
to  keep  under  super\asion  and  maintain  in  order 
the  frame  of  the  ship  and  aU  the  wooden  fittings 


a.  3d 

Carpels. 

,  flower  of  Actaa,  with  simple  pistil ; 

b,  tricarpellary  fruit  of  aconite. 


830 

about  h^r. — Carpenter's  crew("f  "^),  a  set  of  men  em- 
ployeii  untiev  tiu-  LuriK-iitrr.  Sfu  li.— Carpenter's  mate, 
a  petty  oniicr  of  a  vi-sst:l  nf  war  wlio  iissists  the  cai-peiiter. 
See  2.— Carpenter's  rule,  a  Ki-uduateil  scale  with  slirles, 
used  to  nuiLsiire  timber  and  east  up  the  contents  of  car- 
pfiitcis'  work. 
carpenter  (kiir'pen-t6r),  i\  i.  [<  carpenter,  ».] 
To  do  carpenters'  work  ;  practise  carpentry, 

lie  varnished,  lie  carpentt- rtui,  he  j:lued. 

Jane  Auvtoi,  Persuasion,  xl. 

Mr.  Grimwiy:  plants,  fishes,  and  carjtentrrg  with  great 
ardijnr.  Dickeyis,  Oliver  Twist,  liii. 

carpenter-bee  (kar'])eu-t6r-be),  n.  The  com- 
umn  iiaiiu'  of  the  cUfTerent  species  of  hymenop- 
terous  insects 
of  the  genus 
Xijlocopa.  One 
species,  X.  viola- 
cca,  inliabits  the 
south  of  Kurope ; 
in  Asia,  Africa, 
and  America  the 
species  are  nu- 
merous. They  re- 
semble common 
bumblebees  in 
general  appear- 
ance. They  usu- 
ally form  their 
nests  in  pieces  of 
half-rotten  wood, 
cutting  out  vari- 
ous apartments 
for       depositing 

their  eggs.  They  Carpenter-bee 
have  sharp-point- 
ed triangular 
mandibles,  well 
adapted  to  bore 
holes  in  wood. 

carpentering  (kar'pen-ter-ing),  n. 
tcr  +  -/»5/l.]     The  employment  or  work  of  a 
carpenter ;  cai-pentiy. 

carpenter-moth  (kiir'pen-ter-moth),  «.  A 
namt'  given  to  certain  large  bombyeid  moths 
of  the  subfamily  ('ftssina\  The  larvie  are  wood- 
borers,  and  (iften  d<i  Liifat  damage  to  forest-trees.  The 
larvaof  tile  locust  CiU-pfnti-r-nioth.A>;e«^'^/«6*"/(("(p(Peck). 


(7,  a  piece  of  wood  bored  by  the  bee,  showing 
grubs  and  food  deposited  in  the  cells;  !?•.  two 
cells  on  larger  scale. 


[<  carpen- 


Male  Locust  Carpenter-moth  {XyUutes  robinia),  natural  size. 

bores  into  the  wood  of  the  locust-tree,  Robinia,  It  re- 
mains in  the  larval  state  three  years,  and  attains  a  length 
of  2^  inches.  It  transforms  to  a  pupa  within  a  silk-lined 
cell  in  its  burrow,  and  issues  as  a  moth  in  the  spring  and 
summer.  The  European  carpenter-moths  are  called  goat- 
mof/i.s-  liy  English  writers,  on  account  of  their  character- 
istic -idnr. 

carpenter's-herb  (kar '  pen -terz - erb),  n.  The 
plant  heal-all,  PruntJht  ruh/aris.  Its  corolla  when 
seen  in  profile  resenililes  a  bill  imok,  and,  in  accordance 
with  the  doctrine  of  signatures,  the  plant  was  believed  to 
heal  wounds  from  edged  tools. 

carpentry  (kar'pen-tri),  w.  [<  ME.  carpentrie, 
-tariff,  <  OF.  carp'entcric,  F.  charpentcrie  =z  Pr. 
Carpentaria  =  Sp.  carprntrria.  c-arphiteria  =  Pg. 
Carpentaria  =  It.  carjtcnferia,  <  ML.  Carpenta- 
ria, a  carpenter-shop,  L.  a  camage-makei^'s 
shop,  prop.  fem.  of  carpentarius,  i)ertaining  to 
a  carriage  or  cart:  see  carpenter.']  1.  The  art 
of  cutting,  framing,  and  joining  the  timbers  or 
woodwork  of  buildings  and  similar  construc- 
tions by  means  of  hand-tools. 

Idealism  is  a  hypothesis  to  account  for  nature  by  other 
principles  than  those  of  carpentry  and  chemistry. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  5C. 
2.  Carpenters'  work ;  any  work  of  the  kind  done 
by  carjienters. 

A  hand.some,  panelled  door,  the  most  finished  piece  of 
carpentry  in  Silverado. 

if.  L.  Stevenson,  Silverado  Squatters,  p.  145. 
carper  (kiir'per),  n.     [ME.  carpare,  a  talker; 
<  carp^  +  -fv-i.]     It,  A  talker. —  2.  One  who 
carps;  a  eaviler.     iShal: 
The  carpers  against  feminine  eccentricity. 

Philndelj)hia  Telegraph,  XL.  1. 
carpet  (kar'pet),  n.  [ME.  carpette,  <  OF.  car- 
pitc,  a  carpet,  a  sort  of  cloth,  F.  carpette,  a  rug. 
=  Sp.  carpeta,  a  table-cover,  =  It.  carpifa,  a 
rug,  <  ML.  carpita,  carpeta,  a  kind  of  thick 
woolen  cloth,  cf.  carpia  (>  It.  carpia  =  F.  char- 
pie  (>  E.  charpie)  =  G.  scharpie),  lint,  <  L.  car- 
pere, pluck,  pull  in  pieces:  see  carj)'^.]  1.  A 
thick  fabric,  usually  woven  of  wool,  or  of  wool 
on  a  linen  ground  or  back,  and  in  more  or  less 
ornamental  designs,  used  for  covering  floors, 
stairs,  etc.     Formerly  the  carpet  (usually  in  a  single 


carpet-bagger 

piece,  like  the  Persian  carpel)  wa^  ;iUo  ^^.  il(a8  it  still  i«  in 
the  East)  for  covering  beds,  cuirbi  ^.  tabks,  etc.,  and  for 
hangings.  (See  tni-rstni.)  The  first  wtjven  carpets  were  pro- 
duced in  Egypt,  I'.atijinnia,  Persia,  and  Hindustan,  whence 
they  were  introduced  into  Europe,  where  they  are  supposed 
to  have  been  tlrst  manufactured  by  the  French  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  IV.,  and  next  in  England,  at  Mortlake  in  Sur- 
rey, in  the  reign  of  James  I.  The  smaller  carpets  of  tlie 
East  are  now  commonly  called  ruga.     See  rv.g. 

Wyndowes  »X:  cupbordes  layde  with  carpettes  and  cuys* 
Bhyns.  Bahees  Hook  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  283. 

Cast  on  a  feather-bed,  and  spfead  on  tlie  sheets 
Under  a  brace  of  your  best  Persian  carpets. 

B.  Jujuion,  Maguetick  Lady,  iv.  2. 
A  Carpet  to  cover  the  Table. 

Heyu'ood,  Woman  Killed  with  Kindness. 

2.  Especially,  a  covering  of  this  material  for  a 
tloor  or  stair,  made  of  several  widths  sewed  to- 
gether and  intended  to  cover  all  the  floor-space 
of  a  room,  as  distinguished  from  a  rug,  which 
is  usually  woven  in  one  piece  of  a  definite  shape 
(either  oblong  or  square),  and  is  designed  to 
cover  a  part  of  the  floor  only. 

Take  care  my  house  be  handsome. 
And  the  new  stools  set  out,  and  brjughs  and  rushes, 
And  flowers  for  the  window,  and  the  Turkey  carpet. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Coxcomb,  iv.  3. 

3.  Figuratively,  anything  used  as  a  carpet,  or 
serving  the  purpose  of  a  carpet. 

The  grassy  carpet  of  this  plain.      Shak.,  Kich.  II.,  iii.  3, 
To  cover  the  wet  earth  with  a  thick  carpet  of  fem, 

Macaiday. 
Aubusson  carpet,  a  carpet  made  at  Aubusson  in  France. 
It  i.s  iiia.lc  in  '.Uf  jiiece,  in  the  hand  or  needlework  style 
of  the  Indian  laipt-ts,  and  is  highly  esteemed  for  the  ele- 
gance of  its  designs  and  colr)ring. —  Axminster  carpet, 
a  variety  of  Turkish  carpet  with  a  chain  nf  lla\  <■!  jut*-,  and 
a  woolen  or  worsted  filling  made  into  a  piU- :  ^n  nauit-d  ir-ini 
tlie  tiiwn  uf  Axuiiuster  in  Devnushirt-.  Kii;;land,  where  it 
was  fnriiKrly  manufactured.  — Brussels  carpet,  a  carpet 
of  a  kimi  nriL'inally  made  in  liru.ssfls,  lia\  iu^'  a  heavy  linen 
web  incb'siii^'  worsted  yarns  of  different  coloi-s,  wliich  are 
raised  in  l.mj.s  to  form  the  pattern.  In  theordinarj-  Brus- 
sels carpet  both  the  pattern  and  the  groimd  are  left  with 
the  loops  uncut;  in  the  imperial  Brussels  carpet  the  pat- 
tern is  raised  above  the  ground,  and  its  loops  are  cut  so 
as  to  form  a  pile,  those  of  the  ground  being  uncut.— (Hie- 
nille  carpet,  a  cariitt  iu  which  the  weft  is  of  chenille  in- 
>\r:u\  of  \;iiii.  Till-  patteHi  is  dyed  in  the  chenille  itself, 
nnthiii;^  showing  at  the  .sui-face  of  the  carppet  but  the  ends 
of  the  chenille  fringe.— Felt  carpet,  a  carpet  in  which 
the  fibers  are  matted  or  felted  to^'t-ther  without  spinning 
or  weaving.— Ingrain  carpet,  a  carpt- 1  made  of  wool  dyed 
in  the  grain,  or  before  it  is  manufactured.  It  is  called 
Scotch  or  (in  England)  Kui(l''nnin.'<ter,  from  the  place 
where  it  is  made,  and  tm>-pl<i  or  three-phi,  according  to  the 
number  of  webs  composing  the  fabric— Paper  carpet,  a 
floor-covering  (plain  or  in  imitatinn  of  ornaniental  \\o.  ds) 
made  of  a  hard  and  tenaciou.s  j.aprr  calUd  Av.-.'.vm„(,  which 
is  made  by  subjecting  the  paper-pulj)  to  the  action  of  chlo- 
rid  of  zinc  and  then  to  strong  pressure,  by  which  means 
the  product  is  rendered  hard  and  tough  like  leather.— 
Persian  carpet,  a  carjiet  made  in  one  piece,  instead  of 
in  breadths  'ir  strips  to  be  joined.  The  warp  and  weft  are 
of  linen  or  hemp,  and  the  tufts  of  colored  wool  are  inserted 
by  twistim,'  them  around  the  warp  all  along  the  row  ac- 
cordiui.'  to  the  wearer's  taste,  no  pattern  being  used.  A 
line  of  tufts  being  inserted,  a  shoot  of  the  weft  is  made,  and 
then  beaten  up  to  close  the  fabric.-  Pile  carpet,  a  carpet 
made  in  the  same  way  as  Brussels  carpet,  but  having  its 
loops  cut,  thus  forming  a  pile  or  soft  surface  —Printed 
carpet,  a  carpet  dyed  or  ])rinted  in  colors;  it  is  either 
woven  in  undyed  colors  and  printed  like  calico,  or  the 
yarn  is  dyed  in  sections,  which  are  adjusted  according  to 
their  future  position  iu  the  fabric.  -  Scotch  carpet.  Same 
as  ingrain  carpet. ~To  be  on  the  carpet  (more  conmion- 
ly  on  the  tapis:  see  below),  literally,  to  be  on  the  table- 
cloth or  table,  as  for  consideration ;  hence,  to  be  under 
discussion ;  be  the  subject  of  deliberation  or  of  intended 
action:  a  translation  of  the  French  phrase  ttre  svr  le  tapis 
(taj'is,  table-cloth,  carpet,  etc.  :  see  tapestry). —  Turkish 
or  Turkey  carpet,  a  carpet  similar  to  the  Persian,  dis- 
tin^'uisht■d  liy  the  selection  of  the  tufts  of  colored  wool 
acrording  to  tlie  pattern  followed,  and  the  manner  of  their 
attailmicMt  to  the  back.  The  cutting  of  the  yarn  gives  it 
the  appearance  of  velvet.— Venetian  carpet,  a  carpet 
with  a  warp  or  chain  of  worste»l,  gi-uerally  arranged  in 
diilerent-colured  stripes.— WUton  carpet,  a  variety  of 
Brussels  carpet  in  which  the  loops  aie  cut  open  into  an 
elastic  velvet  pile  :  so  named  from  being  made  originally 
at  Wilton  in  England. 

carpet  (kar'pet),  V.  i.  [<  carpet,  ».]  1.  To 
cover  ^\'ith  or  as  with  a  carpet ;  spread  with 
cari>ets:  as,  to  carpet  a  room. —  2,  To  bring 
upon  the  carpet  or  under  consideration ;  make 
a  subject  of  investigation ;  hence,  to  reprimand ; 
"haid  over  the  coals." 

carpet-bag  (kar'pet-bag),  n.  and  a.  I,  n.  A 
traveling-bag  made  of  carj^eting  on  a  frame; 
hence,  by  extension,  a  traveling-bag  of  any 
kind  similarly  formed. 

II.  a.  Of  or  characteristic  of  carpet-baggers: 
as,  carpet-haq  government;  carpet-baq  politics. 
[U.  S.  slang*.] 

carpet-bag  (kar'pet-bag),  i\  i.  [<  carpet-hag- 
//(•/■.]  To  act  or  live  in  the  manner  of  a  carpet- 
bagger.    [U.  S.  slang.] 

carpet-bagger  (kiir'pet-bag^er),  ».  One  who 
travels  \\ith  a  carpet-bag;  specifically,  a  person 
who  takes  up  his  residence  in  a  place,  with  no 
more  property  than  he  brings  in  a  carpet-bag, 
\Wth  a  view  of  making  his  way  by  enterprise. 


carpet-bagger 

(at)  In  the  western  fnite.i  States,  a  " wildcat "Imnkor, 
that  is,  one  Willi  liail  mi  iDe.il  aliiilinsplace,  ami  ciiuM  nut 
be  found  when  wanted,  (b)  In  the  «<>utliern  States,  aftiT 
the  civil  war,  a  newcomer  from  tlie  North :  an  ojiproliri. 
ous  term  applied  properly  to  a  class  of  adventurers  who 
took  advantaue  of  the  disor«ard/ed  condition  of  politi,  al 
affairs  in  the  earlier  >ears  of  reconstruction  to  train  con- 
trol of  thepulilicollicisand  to  use  their  inllnence  ovcrtlic 
necro  voters  for  their  own  selllsh  ends.  The  term  was 
often  exiemled  to  include  any  unpopular  person  of  North- 
ern ori;:iii  living  in  the  South- 

A  good  ileal  i>f  liitterncss  of  feclinR  has  been  shown  in 
all  the  conventions  In  regard  to  the  presence,  and  gi-cat 
prondnence  as  niembera,  of  what  the  Louisiana  pcojile 
call  carpet-baggers— men,  that  is,  who  are  new-comers  in 
the  couidry.  The  Nation,  VI.  123  (1S«S). 

carpet-baggism  (kar'pet-bag'izm),  n.    [<  (•«)•- 

ji(l-h(ifi  +  -iniii.]  Government  by  carpet-bat;- 
gers;  the  practices  or  methods  of  carpet-bag- 
gers.    See  carpet-bagger,  (b).     [U.  S.  slang.] 

Whichever  party  is  successful  this  year,  the  vile  scandal 
known  !is  mriirlbutiiiisin  is  doonicl,  and  Ihe  states  lately 
in  rebellion  are  sure  at  Last  of  Inini;  lift  to  themselves. 

C.  /•'.  AilaiiiH,  qnutcd  in  .Merriam  s  Life  of  Howies,  II.  19.1. 

carpet-beater  (kar'pet-be"tt"r),  n.  1.  A  per- 
son emjiloyed  in  cleaning  carpets  by  beating 
the  dust  out  of  them. — 2.  A  carpet-cleaning 
machine,  it  consists  usually  of  vibrating  rods  that 
shake  the  dust  from  the  fabric,  and  revolving  cylinders 
covered  \vith  lirnshcs  to  complete  the  process. 

carpet-bedding  (Uiir'pet-bed"ing),  H.  In  Iwrt., 
a  system  of  bedding  in  which  neat  dwarf -grow- 
ing foliage-plants  alone  are  used  in  the  form 
of  mosaic,  geometrical,  or  other  designs.  Also 
called  lihtioti-bcdding  in  the  United  States. 

carpet-beetle  (k!ir'pet-be"tl),  «.  A  popular 
name  of  Aitthrenus  scroplmlariw,  a  beetle  of  the 


Carpet-beetle  y.-Ittthrenits  scrofhutaria).    a,  beetle  : 
(Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

family  Dermestidw  :  so  called  from  its  destruc- 
tiveness  to  carpets  and  other  woolen  fabrics. 
It  was  brought  into  the  Ignited  States  from  Europe  at  a 
recent  period.  The  beetle  is  about  :i  millimeters  in  length, 
short-oval  in  form,  moderately  convex,  ami  black ;  the  un- 
der side  is  densely  covered  with  white  scales,  while  the  up- 
per side  is  beautifully  variegated  with  patches  of  red  and 
white  scales.  The  larva  is  more  elongate,  dirty-wltite  in 
color,  and  easily  recognized  from  the  tufts  of  rather  long, 
stitf  liair  on  the  sides,  and  especially  at  the  end  of  the 
body.  The  edges  of  carpets  lying  in  dark  j)laces  are  espe- 
cially liable  to  be  daina'„'iil  by  tliese  larva,'.     Also  known 

as  '<"/«;. ,-(,1/./.      See  Aiithnn  ij'.<. 

carpet-broom,  carpet-brush  (kilr'pet-brom, 
-brush),  II.    A  broom  or  brush  for  sweeping  or 
cleaning  carpets. 
carpet-dance  (kiir'pot-dans),  n.     A  dance  or  a 
dancing-party  of  an  easy  and  nneeremoiiions 
character,  the  carpet  not  being  lifted  for  the 
occasion,  as  for  a  ball.     Dickens.  ' 
carpet-friend  (kiir'pet-frend),  n.    One  whose 
friendship  has  no  strength  or  sincerity. 
Max.  .Shall  I  forsake  you  in  my  doubts? 
At^cius.  Vou  must. 

Max.  I  must  not,  nor  I  will  not     Have  I  liv'd 
Only  to  be  a  carpet-friend,  for  pleasure? 

Beau,  and  Ft,,  Valentinian,  iv.  2. 

carpeting  (kar'pet-ing),  H.  [<  car/iet,  «.,  -I- 
-i»;/l.]     Cloth  for  carpets;  cai-pets  in  general. 

carpet-knight  (kUr'pet-nJt),  «.  A  person 
knighted  on  some  ground  other  than  that  of 
military  service  or  distinction;  a  knight  who 
has  not  known  the  hardships  of  the  field.  So 
Shakspere  speaks  of  "a  knight  dubbed  with 
unhaeked  rapier  and  on  carpet  consideration." 

You  are  women. 
Or,  at  the  best,  loose  enrpef-kni^rbts, 

Maa!fin:ier,  Maid  of  Honour,  ii.  .'). 
His  stiuare-turned  joints,  and  strength  of  limb. 
Showed  him  no  earpet-kniglit  so  trim. 
But,  in  close  fight,  a  chanipion  griiii, 
In  camps  a  leader  sage.  Scott,  Alarmion,  i.  5. 

carpet-monger  (kjir'pet-inung'gtr),  «.    1.  A 

dealer  in  carpets. —  2.  One  most  at  home  on  a 
carpet ;  a  lover  of  ease  and  pleasure. 

A  whole  book  full  of  these  iiuondam. car7>c(-mon,7rrx, 
whose  names  yet  run  smoothly  in  the  even  road  of  a  blank 
Terse.  Sftak,,  Much  Ado,  v.  2. 


831 

carpet-moth  (kar'pet-m6th),  H.  A  name  of 
sundry  giinnetrid  moths,  from  their  variegated 
coliiraliiin. 

carpet-rod  (kiir'pet-rod),  H.  One  of  the  rods 
used  to  keep  a  stair-carpet  in  its  place. 

carpet-snake  (kiir'pet-snak),  M.  A  large  Aus- 
tralian serpent,  Moriliii  rarirgaia,  a  kind  of 
python  or  boa:  so  called  from  its  variegated 
coloration. 

carpet-strainer  (kar'pet-stra''n6r),  n.  Same  as 
(■(ir/'i  l-.'ifn  Ichi  r. 

carpet-stretcher  (kar'pet-stroch''*r),  n.     A 

tool  fur  stntchinga  carpet  and  holding  it  firm- 
ly while  being  tacked  to  the  floor, 
carpet-sweeper  (kiir'pet-swe'per),  n.  A  me- 
chanical sweeper  or  broom  for  cleaning  car- 
pets and  collecting  the  dust  in  a  closed  pan. 
It  Is  sometimes  operated  by  means  of  a  crank  on  the 
handle,  but  coininonly  a  cylindrical  brush  is  moved  by 
the  roller-w  heels  that  supiiort  the  apparatus  on  the  floor, 
the  pushing  lorn  ard  of  the  machine  liy  the  handle  serving 
to  keep  it  ill  i>lu-ration. 

carpet-thread  (kiir'pet-throd).  n.  A  heavy, 
three-cord  thread  of  linen  with  a  soft  satin- 
like finish,  used  for  sewing  breadths  of  carpet 
together. 

carpet-walkt  (kar'pet-wak),  «.  A  walk  on 
sniudth  turf.     Eveli/ii. 

carpet-wayt  (kiir'jiet-wa),  n.  A  green  way;  a 
strip  or  border  of  gi'eensward  left  round  the 
margin  of  a  plowed  field.     Itaij. 

carpet-weed  (kar'pet-wed),  11.  The  popular 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  iluUiigo,  incon- 
spicuous annuals,  somewhat  resembling  plants 
of  the  genus  Galium  in  their  habit,  found  in  the 
warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  M.  vcrti- 
cillatii  is  most  widely  distributed. 

carpet-worsted  (kiir'pet-wiirs 'ted),  n.  A 
coarse  kind  of  worsted  sewing-thread,  sold  m 
balls,     met.  nf  Needlework. 

carpholite  (kiir'fo-lit),  n.  [Also  wTitten  kar- 
jiliiililr;  <  (ir.  Kapipiir,  a  dry  stalk,  straw  (<  mp- 
iftn;  dry  up,  witlier),  +  /iOi)(,  a  stone.]  A 
hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium  and  manganese, 
occurring  in  delicate  radiating  tufts  of  a  straw- 
yellow  color  at  the  Bohemian  tin-mines. 

carphologia  (kar-fo-lo'ji-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
mpipo/o}ia,  a  gathering  of  dry  sticks  (or  bits  of 
wool,  etc.),  <  Kiip(pn(,  straw,  dry  sticks,  bits  of 
wool,  etc.,  -f-  ?.i}ew,  gather,  pluck.]  Inpatliol., 
a  delirious  picking  at  the  bedclothes  in  sick- 
ness ;  flocciilation. 

carphology  (kiir-fol'o-ji),  n.  [=  F.  earphologie 
=  Sp.  carfologia  =  Pg.  carplialogia,  <  NL.  ear- 
jiliiildgia :  see  carphologia,^  Same  as  carplio- 
higid, 

Carphophis  (kiir'fo-fis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  icipijior, 
a  small  dry  body,  +  oi/xf,  a  serjient.]  A  genus 
of  small  harmless  worm-like  serpents,  of  the 
family  Calaiiiariida:,  containing  the  common 
wonu-snake  of  the  United  States,  C.  amcena, 
formerly  called  Celiita  amcena. 

carphosiderite  (kar-fo-sid'e-rit),  n.  [<  Gr.  KQp- 
ijior,  straw,  -f-  tjidijplTi/^,  of  iron,  <  ciA^poi;,  iron.] 
A  hydrous  iron  sulphate,  occurring  in  straw- 
yellow  incru.stations. 

carpi,  ".     Plural  of  carpus. 

carpid  (kiir'pid),  n.  [=  F.  carpidic,  <  NL.  car- 
jiidiuiit,  <  Gr.  as  if  *i<ap7ri6ioi',  dim.  of  KapTrog, 
fruit.]     Same  as  carpel. 

carpidium  (kar-pid'i-um),  n, ;  pi.  carpidia  (-a). 
[XL. :  see  carpid.'\     Same  as  carpet. 

carpincho  (kar-pin'cho),  n.  [Native  name  in 
Brazil.]  A  name  of  the  giant  water-cavy  or 
ca|iibara. 

carping  (kilr'ping),  n.    [<  ME.  carpinge  ;  verbal 
n.otcarp^,v.\    If.  Speech:  talk;  conversation. 
Ther  carpinge  comynliche  of  conceill  arisith. 

Richard  the  lledeless,  i.  S7. 
When  thou  sest  any  man  dryiikj7ig 
That  tjlketh  hede  of  thy  karpyitg. 
Soon  a-non  thou  sece  thy  tale, 
Whetiiur  he  drynke  wyne  or  Ale. 

Babeex  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  H. 

2.  The  act  of  caviling;  aea\'il;  unreasonable 
criticism  or  censure. 

Those  .  .  .  carpings .  .  .  made  as  to  the  passage  through 
the  Ked  .Sea.  C.  Leslie,  Short  Method  with  Deists. 

carping  (kilr'ping),  />.  a.     [Ppr.  of  carpi,  f.] 

Faultfinding;  over-critical.  =Syn.  Cariling.ntc.  See 

COpli.HI.-^. 

carpingly  (kiir'ping-U),  adv.  In  a  carping  man- 
ner: captiously. 

carpintero  (kilr-pin-ta'ro),  «.  [Sp.  pajarocar- 
;i(H^;(),  woodpecker,  lit.  'carpenter-bird';  car- 
pintero rial,  the  ivory-billed  woodpecker,  lit. 
'royal  carpenter':  see  carpenter. '\  A  name  of 
several  species  of  woodpeckers  in  the  south- 
western United  States,  tcova  their  tapping  and 


Carpi*ii43  Betutus, 

a,  fruiting  branch  ;  fi,  single  nutlet,  with 

tjract,  on  a  larger  scale. 


Carpocratian 

boring  wood,    one  of  the  commonest  species  to  which 

the  name  Is  given  is  the  California  woodpecker,  Mela- 

nerpes  /onnici- 

vorus ;  another 

is       tlie      Gila 

wood  pecker. 

Centum^     uro- 

jnigiatiit. 

Carpinus 

(kiir-pi'nus), 
«.  [L.,  horn- 
beam.] A 
small  genus 
of  trees  or 
tall  shrubs, 
of  the  natu- 
ral order  Cu- 
jmUferce.  The 
species  have  de- 
ciduous leaves, 
like  those  of  the 
beech,  and  hard 
tough  wood, 
and  are  natives 
of  Europe,  the 
Levant,  and 
North  Ameri- 
ca. The  horn- 
beam of  Kiiropc,  C.  Betulug,  and  tlie  hornbeam  or  blue 
beech  of  the  1  nitcil  States,  C.  Carotiniana,  are  small  trees 
with  heavy,  very  hard,  and  strong  wood,  which  is  sume- 
tinics  used  for  levers,  the  handles  of  tools,  cogs,  etc. 
carp-lice  (kiirp'lis),  h.  pi.  A  general  name  of 
the  small  parasitic  crustaceans  or  fish-lice  of 
the  family  .Irgulida;  forming  with  some  au- 
thors a  suborder  iJr((Hc//(«ro,  by  others  referred 
to  the  liraneliiopiida :  so  called  because  they 
infest  carp  or  cyprinoid  fishes. 

carpmealsf,  carpnelt,  «.     [Origin  unknown; 

cf.  carpet.]    A  kind  of  coarse  cloth  formerly 

made  in  the  north  of  England. 
carpo-.     [<  Gr.  Kap-o-,  combining  form  of  Kap- 

TTor,  fruit :  see  carp^.]     An  element  in  certain 

compound  words,  meaning  fruit. 

carpobalsamum  (kiir-po-bal'sa-mum),  H.   [NL. 

(>  F.  carjiobaliainc  =  Sp.  Pg.  tt.  carpobaLfamo), 
<  Gr.  mpizdq,  fruit, -f-  lia'/.aa/iov,  balsam.]  1.  The 
dried  fruit  of  Conimipliora  (BaUamodendron) 
Opobalsamuni,  the  tree  which  yields  balm  of  Gi- 
lead. — 2.  An  aromatic  volatile  oil  resembling 
oil  of  cloves,  obtained  from  this  fiiiit. 
Carpocapsa  (kar-po-kap'sa).  «.  [NL.  (>  Sp. 
carjiocajiso),  <  Gr.  Kapird^,  fruit,  -I-  /iai/"f>  the  act 
of  devouring,  <  m-Tciv,  gulp  down,  devour.] 
1.  A  genus  of  tortricid  moths,  or  lepidopterous 


Jumping-seed  Carfiocapsa  (C.  saititans), 

a,  larva ;  i,  pupa  ;  r,  moth.    ( Cross  and  perpendicular  lines  show 

natural  sizes.) 

insects,  of  the  family  Tortricidee.  whose  lar\-a3 
are  highly  destructive  to  fruit.  C.immmana  orpo- 
monella  infests  all  Europe  where  apples  and  pears  are  cul- 
tivated, depositing  its  eggs  in  the  fruit  as  soon  a.s  it  is  set. 
Its  larvic  come  to  their  full  size  in  July,  when  the  fruit  is 
about  two  thirds  grown,  and  then  escape  by  boring  their 
way  to  the  outside.  The  larva  of  C.  saltitam  (West.),  the 
jumping-seed  carpocapsa,  iufests  the  seed  of  a  species  of 
Euphorbia,  When  heat  is  applied  to  the  seed  the  larva 
within  jumps;  hence  the  name. 
2.  [/.  c]  An  insect  of  this  genus. 
carpocephalum  (kiir-po-sef'a-lum),  «. ;  pi.  car- 
poeeiiluiUi  (-la).  [NL.'.  <  Gr.  Kap-oi;,  fruit,  + 
Kcifu'/ii,  head.  J  In  Hepaticce,  a  cephalate  struc- 
ture upon  which  the  spore-cases  are  borne. 
Carpiieephatuni  entire  at  margin,  or  nearly  so. 

Bull.  <)/  III,  Stale  Laboratorg,  II.  31. 

Carpocerite  (kiir-pos'e-rJt),  H.  [<  Gr.  Kap-6c, 
the  wrist,  carpus,  -f  nipaf,  horn.]  In  Crusta- 
cea, that  one  of  the  joints  of  an  antenna  which 
is  borne  upon  the  ischiocerite. 

Carpocratian  (kiir-po-kra'shian),  H.  [=  P. 
('arporratieii,^.  Carpocrates :  seedef.]  A  mem- 
ber of  a  sect  of  Gnostics  of  the  second  centmT, 
followers  of  Carpocrates  or  Carpeeras  of  Alex- 
andria. He  taught  the  doctrine  of  metcmp.sychosis  and 
the  preexistence  of  the  soul,  and  maintained  that  the 
world  was  created  by  inferior  spirits ;  that  .Tesus  was  the 
son  of  Joseph,  ami  like  either  men,  except  that  his  soul 
was  pure  and  steadftist ;  that  he  received  from  the  Great 
First  Cause  special  power  to  overcome  the  evils  of  the 
world  through  intimate  recollection  of  his  previous  exist- 
ence ill  an  exalted  state ;  and  that  in  iiroimrtion  as  men 
attain  to  this  recollection  in  their  own  case  they  lU^  freed 
from  the  restraints  of  the  moral  law,  faith  and  charity 
being  the  ouly  necessary  virtues. 


Carpodacus 

OarpodacUS  (kiir-pod'a-kus),  «.  fNL.  (J.  J. 
Kiiup,  18-'9),  <  Or.  mpiroi,  fruit,  +  <!aM)c,  a  bite, 
a  sting,  <  ddKvciv,  bite.]  An  extensive  genus  of 
beautiful  osoine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family 
Fringillicl(C ;  the  piu-ple  finches  or  pm-ple  bull- 


Puiple  Finch  i^Carpodaciis  furfureus'). 

finches,  species  of  which  are  found  in  both 
hemispheres.  Some  shade  of  red  is  the  principal  color 
of  the  males.  The  common  European  species  is  C.  erij- 
thrimis:  the  common  purple  finch  of  the  United  States 
is  C.  purpuretis  ;  the  burion  or  house-finch  of  the  south- 
western I'nited  .States  is  C./roMfa^w.  r\  a  1 

Carpodectes  (kar-po-dek'tez),  n.    [NL.  (0.  Sal- 
vin,  1864),  <  Gr.  Kap-6c,  fruit,  +  SeKTVQ,  a  re- 


832 

gous.]  Fruit-eating;  fnigivorous;  specifically, 
of  or  pertaining  (o)  to  the  genus  of  pigeons  of 
which  rVi(7/«/./u(;;a  is  the  type;  (6)  to  the  mar- 
supial (SarpophiKjn. 

The  typical  group  of  the  carfophagou^  marsupials  is 
tliat  .)f  the  I'halangistidic  or  phalanKcrs. 

Xicolmn,  JIauual  of  Zool.,  p.  6.38. 

Carpophilus  (kar-pof'i-lus),  n.  [NL.  (F.  ear- 
pojihiU;  a.,  fruit-loving),  <  Or.  /ta/jTof,  fruit,  -I- 
0(/of,  loving.]  A  genus  of  clavicom  beetles, 
of  the  family  Xitidulichc,  having  a  bilobed  la- 
brum,  11-jointed  antennte  witTi  a  3-jointed 
oval  club,  legs  moderate,  tibiie  widening  at 
tip,  dilated  tarsi,  simple  claws,  and  2  or  3  dor- 
sal segments  beyond  the  eh-tra.  C.  Iicmiple- 
rus  is  a  small  species  of  wide  geographical 
distribution. 

carpophore  (kiir'po-for),  «.  [=  F.  carpophore 
=  Sp.  carpdfiiro,  <  NL.  carpopho- 
riim,  <  Gr.  Kap~oip6por,  bearing  fruit, 
<  KapTTog,  fruit,  +  -^opof,  <  ipipeiv  = 
E.  //frtci.]  In  hot,  the  prolongation 
of  the  iloral  axis  which  bears  the 
carpels  of  some  compound  fruits, 
as  in  Geranium  and  many  I'mbet- 
lifei'W,  It  is  sometimes  applied,  but  less 
properly,  to  any  stipe  supporting  an  ovary, 
.as  in  the  Capparidacece. 

carpophyl  (kilr'po-fil),  n.     [=  F. 
mrpophijUe,  <  NL.  carpopliyUiim,  < 
Gr.   KopiriJf,   fruit  (see    carp'^),    + 
(j)vA?Mv  =  L.  foJium,  leaf.]     In  bot.. 
carpel 


Carpophore 
(with  carpels) 
of  an  umbelli- 
fer. 


ceiver,  a  beggar,  <   dexeaOai,   6iK!:a0at,  receive,  carpopodite  (kar-pop'6-dit),  n.     [<  Gr.  Kaps-(5f, 
take.]    Agenusof  beautiful  tropical  American     "  "  '     -'-'— ^^        '^    -e^^t-i 

birds,  of  the  subfamily  Cotiiigina;  the  type  of 
which  is  C.  nitidu^  of  Costa  Rica, 
carpogenic  (kar-po-jen'ik),  «.     [<  Gr.  mpirdc, 
fruit.  +  -}fi'W,  pro'ducing  (see  -geiious),  +  -ic] 


genera.  Farlow,  Marine  Algai,  p.  20, 

carpogenOUS  (kar-poj'e-nus),  a.  [As  carpogen- 
ic +  -om.']     Same  as  carpogenic. 

One  or  more  o£  the  cells  termed  carpogenous  cells  di- 
vide. Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  426. 

carpogon,  carpogone  (kar'po-gon,  -gon),  n. 

Siimi-  as  ciirjiiKjiiiiium. 

carpogonium  (kiir-po-go'ni-um),  n. ;  pi.  carpo- 
gonia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  napirdc,  fruit,  -I-  -^ovog, 
producing:  see  -gony.']  In  hot.,  the  female  or- 
gan in  the  Carposporece ;  the  cell,  or  system  of 
cells,  which  after  fertilization  produces  the  sex- 
ual spores,  in  whatever  manner ;  in  Floriclea;, 
the  carpogenic  cell  or  system;  the  procarp. 
The  term  is  most  properly  used  of  Floridece, 
which  are  the  typical  Carposporece. 

carpolite  (kar'po-lit),  n.  [=  F.  carpoUthe  = 
Sp.  carpolito  =  Pg.  carpoJithos,  <  Gr.  KapTzd;, 
fruit,  -f-  '/.idoc,  stone.]  A  fossil  fruit.  Also 
cnrpnjith. 

carpological  (kar-po-loj '  i-kal),  a.  [<  carpol- 
ogij  +  -iciil.  Cf.  F.  carpologique  =  Sp.  carpolo- 
gico.}     Pertaining  to  carpology.     Balfour. 

I  trust  that  in  the  sequel  the  critical  botanist  mil  excuse 
me  for  haWng  neglected  the  strict  terminology  of  carpo- 
loqical  science,  and  made  no  distinction  between  seeds  and 
fruits.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  603. 

carpologist  (kar-pol'o-jist),  n.  [<  carpology  + 
-i.s/.]   One  who  studies  or  treats  of  cai-pology. 

carpology  (kar-pol'6-ji),  n.  [=  F.  carpologie 
=  Sp.  rarpologia  =  It.  carpologia,  <  Gr.  Kapird^, 
fruit,  +  -Aoyia,  <  }Jyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.'] 
That  dirision  of  botany  which  relates  to  the 
structure  of  fruits  in  general. 

carpometacarpal  (kar"p6-met-a-kar'pal),  a. 
[<  carjiu.s  +  metacarjius  +  -n/."]  Pertaining 
both  to  the  carpus  and  to  the  metacarpus:  as, 
the  car]inmctacarpal  articulation. 

carpopedal  (kiir-po-ped'al),  a.  [=  F.  carpo- 
pcilal,  <  NL.  carpus,  carpus,  +  L.  pes  {ped-)  = 
E.  ./V)o/.]  Affecting  both  the  hands  (or  wrists) 
and  the  feet Carpopedal  spasm.   ('O  spasm  of  the 

feet  and  liands,  oceurrini;  in  children  in  laryngismus  stri- 
dulus and  in  other  diseases,  (h)  i.aryngibnms  stridulus. 
IK^ire.]     i^vi;  Ifintni/ittmu^. 

Carpophaga  (kiir-pof 'a-gii),  n.  [NL.  (P.  J. 
Selby,  1835)  (>  Sp.  cdrpdfago),  <  Gr.  Kapno- 
(jiayor,  living  on  fruit,  <  Kap-ic,  fruit,  -I-  <paydv, 
eat.]  1.  A  genus  of  fmit-pigeons,  giving  name 
to  a  subfamily  C'a)7JO/<7ia(7i»<f. — 2.  pi.  A  group 
of  fruit-eating  marsupial  mammals,  consisting 
chiefly  of  the  phalangers  or  rhalangistidce. 
Owen,  1839. 

carpophagous  (kar-pof'a-gus),  a.  [<  Carpo- 
phaga  +  -ous.    Cf.  F.  cdrpop)utge,  oarpopha- 


carnage 

of  the  metacarpus,  and  constituting  the  prox- 
imal division  of  the  skeleton  of  the  manus  or 
hand.  In  man  the  carpus  consists  of  8  iKines  in  2  rows 
of  4  each,  viz. :  in  the  pro,ximal  row  from  the  radial  to  the 
ulnar  side,  tlie  scaphoid,  semi-lunar, 
cuneiform,  and  pisiform  ;  in  the  distal 
row,  the  trapezium,  trapezoid,  mag- 
num, and  unciform.  In  otlier  verte- 
brates the  numljer  of  hones  varies 
nnich :  in  birds  the  free  carpals  arc 
nonnally  reduced  to  two.  See  hand. 
3.  In  Crustacea,  the  fifth  joint 
of  the  normally  7-jointed  leg. 
between  the  meros  and  the  pro- 
podos. — 4.  In  en  torn.,  a  name 
sometimes  applied  to  the  ptero- 
stigma  or  colored  spot  on  the 
anterior  edge  of  the  wings  in 
many  insects. 

carqiiaise  (kiir-kaz'),  n.    [F., 

also  c«(T«isc;  see  carcass.}   An 

annealing-arch    used    in    the 

manufacture  of  plate-glass.  E. 

JI.  Knight. 

carquenett,  ».    See  carcanet. 
Carraccesque,  a.    See  Carac- 

Cf'si/nf. 

carrack,  »•  Sc-e  mracl-. 
carrageen,  carragheen  (kar'a- 

gen),  ".  [From  Carragheen, 
near  Waterford  in  Ireland, 
where  it  abounds.]  A  marine  alga  very  com- 
mon on  rocks  and  stones  on  the  coasts  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  it  is  a  very  vai-iable  weed,  with 
a  flat  dichotomously  branching  frond  of  a  deep  purple- 
brown  color  and  of  a  cartilaginous  texture.  When  dried 
and  exposed  to  sunlight  it  becomes  whitish,  and  in  this 
condition  is  known  as  Iriifh  moS)t,  and  is  used  for  making 
soups,  blanc-mange,  size,  etc.  Also  spelled  carageen,  cara. 
glii'L'i),  carrigeen. 

carrageenin,  carrageenine  fkar-a-ge'nin),  «. 

[<  carrageen  +  -in-,  -/»'-.]  The  mucilaginous 
constituent  of  caiTageen,  represented  by  some 
chemists  under  the  formula  CioHoqOio-  and, 
like  starch,  sugar,  etc.,  appearing  to  be  a  car- 
bohydrate.    Also  caragenin,  lichiniii. 


Right  Carpus  of  a 
Chelonian  {Ch^ly. 
dra  ',  showing  nearly 
symmetrical  dlsposi- 
tion  of  the  carpal 
bones,  R,  radius  :  U. 
ulna.  The  proximal 
series  are  ;  r.  radiale  : 
u.  ulnare  :  i.  interme- 
dium; f,  centr^le:  1-5. 
the  five  carpalia,  or 
distal  carpals.  known 
as  carpale  1.  carpalc 
11.  etc, :  l-V.  the  cor- 
responding metacar- 
pals. 


the  wrist,  carpus,  +  -oix  (:ro(5-)  =  E.  foot.'\ 
In  Crustacea,  the  fifth  joint  of  a  developed 
endopodite,  between  the  meropodite  and  the 
propodite.    Milne-£dwards.    See  cut  under  en~ 

^--,,,  ^ „  s         .,  .  -     dopiodite. 

In  hot. .  fruit-producing :  appUed^in  algology  to  a  carpopoditic  (kar-pop-o-dit'ik),  a.    [<  carpopo- 
cell,  or  system  of  cells,  which  develops  after  fer-    dite  -t-  -Jc]    Of  or  pertaining  to  a  carpopodite. 
tilization  into  spores  and  a  matm-e  eystocarij.      Huiley. 
The  carpogenic  ceU  or  system  varies  in  the  different  Carpospore  (kar '  po  -  spor),  11.      [<   Gr.   Kapizd^, 

"    '      "--'■- ""     fruit,  +  <y-opa,  seed.]     One  of  the  spores  in  red  carragheen.  ".     See  carrageen. 

algffi  (Floridea:)  that  are  produced  m  the  cysto-  carrainet   ».  A  Middle  English  form  of 
carp  as  a  result  of  sexual  fertilization.  '  - 

The  cystocarpic  spores,  or  carpospures,  are  always  pyri- 
form  and  undivided,  and  accompanied  by  paraphyses. 

Farlow,  Marine  Algse,  p.  178. 

Carposporese  (kar-po-sp6're-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
as  carpospore  +  -eie.']  In  hot.,  a  proposed 
division  of  thallophytes  in  which  sexual  re- 
production takes  place,  the  product  of  fertili-  .         . 

zation  being  a  nuiiber  of  spores  (earpospores  carratt,  n.     A  former  spelling  of  catat. 


carrion. 
carrallt,  «•     -An  old  form  of  carol'^. 
Carrarese  (kar-a-res'  or-rez'),  a.  and  >i.    I.  a. 
Pertaining  or  belonging  to  Carrara  in  Italy. 

Obstacles  were  thrown  in  Michelangelo's  way,  and  the 
hostility  of  the  Carrarese  workmen  was  excited  against 
him.  C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  .Sculpture,  p.  276,  note. 

II.  «.  An  inhabitant  of  Carrara. 


or  ascospores),  usually  within  an  envelop,  the  carraway,  «.  heecai 
whole  forming  a  sporocarp  (eystocarp).  it  in-  carrawitcnet,  ».  see 
eludes  the  Floridece  among  algfe,  and  according  to  some  CarTC  t,  carre-t,  etc. 


See  caraway. 

e  carriicitchet. 
eludes  the  /'(orWca!  among  algK,  .and  according  to  some  carre'T,  cane-T,  tie.     See  car  ,  etc. 
.authors  the  Aseomyeetes  and  Bamdiomycetes  among  fungi,   carre  (ka-ra  ),  H.     [t  .,  prop.  pp.  Ot  carrer,  maKe 
carpostome  (kar'po-stom),  n.     [<  Gr.  Kap-6g,     square:   see  quadrate.]    A  vegetable  tracing- 
fruit,  +  (77(i/;a,  mouth.]    Into*.,  anaiTOWopen-    paper,  in  size  18  by  22  inches, 
ing  formed  in  the  cortex  of  the  frond  of  some  carreau  (ka-ro'),  «• ;  pi.  carreaux  (-roz').     [F., 
algaB,  by  which  the  eystocarp  discharges  its     <  OF.  carrel :  see  carrel^,   quarrel".']      If.    A 
spores.  dart ;  a  quarrel.— 2.  An  old  French  game,  simi- 

The  cystocarps  discharge  their  spores  through  carpo-     lar  to  bowls.     Sfrutt. — 3.  Asquareofglass.es- 
stomes  or  narrow  canals  formed  in  the  cortex  of  the     pecially  a  small  one,  used  in  ornamental  glaz- 


Marine  Alga?,  p.  144, 


fronds,  Farlow, 

carp-sucker  (kari:)'suk"er), 
fish  of  the  subfamily  Ictiohina;  having  a  small 


ing, 


Carp-sucker  [IctiobJiS  carfio). 

mouth  protractile  downward,  and  narrow  pha- 
ryngeal bones  with  numerous  thin  teeth.  The 
species  attain  a  large  size,  and  abound  in  the  Mississippi 
valley  and  Great  Lake  region;  one,  Carpiudes  cyprinu.^. 
also  occurs  in  the  .Atlantic  watershed.  Tliey  superficially 
resemble  the  European  carp,  and  are  sometimes  called 
carp  :  they  are  also  known  as  hufalo-Jish. 

carpus  (kiir'pus),  «.;  pi.  carpi  (-pi).  [NL.  (> 
F.  carpe  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carpo),  <  Gr.  Kap-oc,  the 
wrist.]  1.  The  wrist,  wi-ist-joint,  or  carpal  ar- 
ticulation ;  the  proximal  segment  of  the  manus 
or  hand,  corresponding  to  the  tarsus  of  the  foot ; 
the  joint  by  which  the  hand  or  distal  division  of 
the  fore  limb  is  connected  with  the  forearm. 
Thus,  in  a  horse,  the  so-called  "knee"  is  the 
carpus. —  2.  Especially  the  carpal  bones  or 
carpalia,  collectively  considered;  a  number  of 
small  irregularly  nodular  bones  intervening  be- 
tween the  bones  of  the  antebrachium  and  those 


A  catostomoid  carreP  (kar'el),  n.  [<  OF.  carrel,  also  quarrel 
C>HE.  quarcl'E.  quarrel-),  \a,tev  carreau,  quar- 
reau,  F.  carreau  =  Pr.  fni)r/  =  OCat.  quadrel  = 
Sp.  quadrillo  =  It.  (piadrello,  <  ML.  quadrellus, 
a  square  tile,  a  dart:  see  quarrel".  Cf.  carht.] 
1.  Same  as  quarrel-. — 2.  Amixed  fabric  of  silk 
and  worsted  used  in  the  sixteenth  century. 
Fdirholf. — 3.  [Appar.  a  'square'  inclosure; 
but  cf .  carol-.]   A  closet  or  pew  in  a  monastery. 

carrel-t  (kar'el),  n.     Same  as  caral-. 

carrelage  (kar'el-aj),  ».  [F.,<  OF.  carrel,  a, 
square,  pane  (see  carreH),  +  -age.]  Tiling  in 
general;  specifically,  the  decorated  tiling  in 
terra-cotta  in  use  in  the  middle  ages  for  floors 
and  the  like,  and  imitated  in  modern  times. 
See  tile,  and  encaustic  tile,  under  encaustic. 

carrellt  (kar'el),  n.     Same  as  carol-. 

carriable  (kar'i-a-bl).  a.  [<  c<(rry  +  -able.'} 
Capaljle  of  being  carried.     Sherwood. 

carriage  (kar'aj),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ca- 
riaqr.  <  JIE.  cartage,  burden,  baggage,  trans- 
port, <  OF.  cartage,  chariage.  mod.  F.  chantage 
(>  Pg.  carruagem,  a  carriage,  cart,  =  It.  car- 
n'oi/io,  baggage ;  ML.  cariagium,  act  or  price  of 
transporting),  <  cnriVf,  ean-y:  see  carry.  The 
concrete  sense  of  'vehicle'  is  partly  due  to  ca- 
roclic,  q.  v.]  1.  The  act  of  caiTying,  bearing, 
transporting,  or  conveying.  _ 

Fil  nat  tliv  spone.  lest  in  the  cnriage 

It  went  beside,  whiche  were  nat  commendable. 

Babces  Book  (E.  E,  T,  S.),  p,  sa 
The  carriage  of  sounds.  Bacon,  Sat  Hist 


carriage 

The  Streets  be  appointed  ami  set  forth  very  comtnodioiia 
anil  hiiniUoini',  Imth  fur  carrinr/,;  nnil  also  against  tlif 
winds.  .Sir  '/'.  Mure,  Utopia  (Ir.  by  KoljinBon),  ii.  2. 

Specifically  —  2.  The  carrjing  of  Roods,  per- 
sons, etc.;  the  business  of  transportation. 

I  tlii'M  alllrm  that,  it  in  time  of  war  our  Imsiness  had  the 
(■Odd  foilnne  to  increiise,  and  at  the  same  (imc  a  large, 
nay  the  lam-est  proportion  of  cairUvie  had  Ijeen  engroBsed 
by  neutral  nations,  it  ought  not  in  itself  to  have  been  con- 
sidered aa  a  circumstance  of  distress. 

ISurke,  Late  State  of  Nation. 
St.  That -which  is  carried;  goods  transported; 
load ;  burden  ;  freight ;  baggage. 

After  those  days  we  took  up  our  carriaijes,  and  went  up 
to  Jerusalem.  Acts  xxi.  15. 

Uavid  left  his  carriage  in  the  hand  of  the  keeper  of  the 
carriaije.  1  Sani.  xvii.  22. 

The  niarchants  of  Constantinople  aduised  me  ...  to 
by  uncouered  cartes  of  mine  owne  (such  as  the  Russians 
Carrie  their  skins  in),  and  to  ])ut  all  our  carriages,  which 
1  would  daylie  take  out,  into  them. 

IlakluiiVx  Voyages,  I.  94. 
The  coachman  ra.shly  driving  on. 
Till  coacli  and  carriage  both  are  (piite  o'erthrown. 

Middteton  and  Rotdei/,  .Spanish  Gypsy,  iii.  1. 
4.  In  Scots  law,  the  service  of  a  horse  and  cart. 
—  5.  The  price  or  expense  of  cairying. 

The  carriage  of  letters  will  be  very  cheap. 

Addisoit,  The  Kewspaper. 
6.  That  which  is  used  for  carrying  or  transport- 
ing, especially  on  or  over  a  solid  surface,  (a)  A 
wheeled  vehicle  for  the  conveyance  of  persons. 

A  landau  drove  up,  a  magnificent  yellow  carriage. 

Thackeray,  Pendennis,  xxxvi. 
(4)  A  wheeled  stand  or  support :  commonly  in  composi- 
tion :  as,  a  t'un-cd  rria^e,  a  block-carrtrti/e  for  mortars,  etc. 
See  gun-carriage. 

Six  6-in.  4iton  broadside  guns,  mounted  on  Vavassour 
carriages.  Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  p.  809.5. 

(c)  Any  part  of  a  machine  which  carries  another  part:  as, 
the  carriage  of  a  nuile-spiimer,  a  shaftinii.  a  type-writer, 
etc.  (d)  That  part  of  the  frame  of  the  old  hand  printin;,'- 
press  wbieb  supported  and  carried  the  form  of  tyjies  on 
the  bed  (or  eollin,  as  it  was  then  called),  in  its  movement  to 
and  from  tlie  i,hiti-nnr  impressing  surface.  Hand-presses 
are  now  made  vvitiiout  carriage-frames,  and  with  rii)s  run- 
Ding  in  t;roov.d  r;dls.  (c)  In  carp.,  the  timber-frame 
which  suppoits  the  steps  of  a  wooden  stair.  (/)  The  straps 
or  bands  by  wliieh  the  sword  was  hung  from  the  waist- 
belt  in  tlie  sixteenth  century.     See  hanger. 

JJani.  Wh.at  call  you  the  carrtflw.s.''  .  .  . 

Osr.  The  carriages,  sir,  are  the  hangers. 

11am.  The  idu-ase  would  be  more  gernian  to  the  matter, 
if  we  could  carry  caimon  by  our  sides.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

7t.  The  act  of  carrying  or  taking  from  an  ene- 
my ;  conquest ;  acquisition. 

Solyman  resolved  to  besiege  Vienna,  in  good  hope  that 
by  the  carriage  ...  of  that  the  other  cities  would  .  .  . 
be  yielded.  KnoUes,  Hist.  Turks. 

8t.  Ta.x;  imposition. 
By  pryvey  raveyns  or  by  comune  tributus  or  cariages. 
Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  4. 

9.  The  manner  of  carrying  or  managing  one's 
person ;  hence,  behavior ;  conduct ;  deportment ; 
manners. 

A  sail  face,  a  reverend  carriage,  a  slow  tongue. 

tihak.,  T.  X.,  iii.  4. 

This  afternoon  Mr.  Waith  was  with  nie,  and  did  tell  me 
much  concerning  the  Chest,  which  I  am  resolved  U)  look 
into;  and  I  perceive  he  is  sensilde  of  .Sir  W.  Batten's  car- 
riage; and  is  pleased  to  see  anything  work  against  him. 

Pepgs,  Diary,  I.  308. 

But,  sir,  your  air  is  noble  —  something  so  lil)eral  in  your 
carriage,  with  so  penetrating  an  eye,  and  so  bewitching  a 
stnile  !  Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  2. 

lot.  The  act  or  manner  of  carrying  out  busi- 
ness ;  management. 

The  violent  carriage  of  it 
Will  clear,  or  end,  the  business. 

Shak.,  W,T.,  iii.  1. 
They  observed  in  the  sachem  much  state,  great  com- 
mand over  his  men,  and  marvellous  wisdom  in  his  answers 
and  tile  carriage  of  the  whole  treaty. 

Winllirop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  229. 

lit.  Bearing;  import;  tenor;  meaning. 
The  Hebrew  text  hath  no  other  carriage. 

Time's  Storehottse,  p.  112. 
As,  by  the  same  cov'nant 
And  carriage  of  the  article  design'd, 
His  [moiety]  fell  to  Hamlet.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 
Well,  now  you  know  the  carriage  of  the  business, 
Your  constancy  is  all  that  is  required. 

B.  jo/wo/i,  Volpone,  iv.  2. 

12.  In  equity  practice,  control  or  conduct,  it 
implies  the  prionty  of  right  to  go  forward  with  a  pro- 
ceeding in  the  prosecution  of  which  others  also  are  inter- 
ested. 

The  party  which  is  entrusted  with  the  execution  of  the 
dedinnis  is  said  to  have  the  carriage  of  the  commission, 
and  if  the  llrst  ccunmission  is  lost  by  rea.son  of  the  default 
or  neglect  of  the  party  who  had  the  carriage  of  it,  the 
carriage  of  the  second  will  be  given  to  the  adverse  party. 

D.  O.  Lull,'. 

13.  A  drain;  a  fm-row  cut  for  the  purpose  of 
carrying  otT  water.  Grose.  [Prov.  Eng.J  — 14. 
A  customary  dry  measure  used  for  lime,  con- 
sisting of  g4  heaped  bushels.— Composite  car- 

53 


833 

riage,  a  railway-carriage  made  up  of  compartmenta  of 
dilfeient  classes,  as  llrst,  second,  and  third  :  in  use  in  Kng. 
land  and  on  the  continent  of  Kurope.  -  Sea-COast  car- 
riage, a  carriage  for  supporting  lieavy  guns,  usc«l  on  the 
seaboard.  These  carriages  are  n(»t  useii  for  transporta- 
tion.—  State  carriage,  the  carriage  of  a  prince  or  sov- 
ereign, used  when  he  ajipcars  iniblicly  in  state.  =Syll,  9. 
Ih iKirtntenl,   Demeanor,  etc.     See  behavior. 

carriageable  (kar'aj-a-bl),  a.      [<  carriage  + 
-alil(.]     1.  Cajjable  of  being  convoyed  in  a  car- 
riage or  carriages. —  2.  Passable  by  carriages. 
M'e  drove  on  for  some  distance  over  an  old  Roman  road, 
as  carriageable  as  when  it  was  built. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  232. 

carriage-bridge fkar'ijj-bri.i), «.  .V(7i7., abridge 
maile  to  In-  iiuivcd  on  wheels,  for  use  in  attack- 
ing fort  ilieat  ions. 

carriage-company  (kar'iij-kum''pa-ni), «.  Peo- 

2)li'  who  keep  their  carriages;  persons  wealthy 
enough  to  pay  visits,  etc.,  in  their  own  car- 
riages. 

Tliere  is  no  i)hrasc  more  elegant  and  to  my  taste  than 
that  in  which  people  are  described  as  "  seeing  a  great  deal 
ot  carriage-compartg."  Thackeray,  Newconies,  ix. 

carriagedt  (kar'ijjd),  a.     [<  carriar/c,  ».,  0,  + 

-((/-.]     Behaved;  mannered.     See  carriage,  0. 

Aline  lady,  .  .  .  very  well  carrtrt,'/t;rf  and  mighty  iliscreet. 

I'epys,  Diary,  June  14,  IWit, 

carriage-free  (kar'aj-fre),  a.    Free  of  charge 

for  carriage. 

carriage-guard  (kar'a.i-giird),  ji.  A  plate  on 
th(^  bell  of  a  carriage  where  the  fore  wheel  rubs 
when  the  carriage  is  turned. 

carriage-lock  (kar'Sj-lok),  n.  A  brake  for  a 
carriage.     A'.  //.  Kiiifiht. 

carriage-piece  (kar'aj-pes),  n.  In  carp.,  one 
of  the  slanting  pieces  on  which  the  steps  of  a 
wooden  staircase  are  laid. 

carriage-spring  (kar'aj- spring),  h.  A  spring 
fitted  to  the  gearing  of  a  caniage.  The  term  is 
apjilied  espfcially  to  fine  springs  used  on  light  vehicles, 
a.s  distin^'uislied  from  wagon-springs  and  ear-springs. 
When  of  metal  they  are  usually  classed  as  elliptical  and 
C  .siniugs,  the  two  kinds  being  combined  and  used  in  a 
great  variety  of  ways.  Wood  is  used  for  springs  in  the 
side-hiir  system  of  suspension  and  in  the  buckboard,  ami 
is  sometimes  comliined  in  both  cases  with  steel  springs. 
.Sec  siiiebitr  and  buekhoard, 

carriageway  (kar'aj-wa),  m.  The  part  of  a 
road,  street,  or  bridge  intended  to  be  used  by 
wheeled  vehicles ;  a  roadway. 

In  1845  the  area  of  the  carriage-way  of  the  city  was 
estimated  at  418,000  square  yards.  ilayhew. 

carriboo,  »■     See  caribou. 

carrick^  (kar'ik),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  1. 
The  liall  or  block  of  wood  used  in  the  game 
of  shinty. — 2.   The  game  of  shinty.     [Scotch.] 

carrick-  (kar'ik),  «.     See  carack. 

carrick-bend  (kav'ik-beud),  n.  Naut., 
a  particular  kind  of  knot  for  joining 
two  cables  or  hawsers. 

carrick-bitt  (kar'ik-bit),  »i.  Xnut.,  one 
of  the  bitts  which  support  the  windlass. 

carried  (kar'id),  p.  a.  1.  So  ab- 
stracted as  to  lose  the  power  of  atten- 
tion to  matters  at  hand. — 2.  In  an  im- 
paired state  of  mind ;  not  in  full  pos- 
session of  one's  mental  powers,  as  an 
effect  of  fever. 

He  [  David  Deans]  was  heard  to  mutter  some- 
thing about  national  defections,  right-hand  ex- 
tremes, anti  left  liaml  f;illings-oIT ;  but,  as  May 
Uettlyobserveti.  hisheadwasi-nrncrfatthetime. 

.SVu/(,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xlix.      "-(^9*" 

3.  Elevated  in  mind;  transported  with 
joy  or  some  other  strong  emotion ;  beside  one's 
self.     [Obsolete  or  Scotch  in  these  uses.] 
They  lose  their  own  souls,  whilst  covetously  carried. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  .Mel.,  p.  596. 
All  are  passionate,  and  furiously  carried  sometimes. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  .Vel.,  p.  328. 

carrier^  (kar'i-er),  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  car- 
rier, larrijar,  caricr,  <  ME.  cariiarc;  <  carry  + 
-fil .]     1 .  One  who  or  that  which  carries  or  con- 
veys. 
The  air  ...  is  ...  a  carrier  of  sounds. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 
The  oxidation  in  the  body  is  carried  on  by  the  tissues 
themselves :  .  .  .  the  blood  is  merely  a  carrier,  and  the 
lungs  are  the  vehicle  of  discharge. 

ir.  L.  Carpenter,  Elnerg}*  in  N'atnre,  p.  198. 

Specifically  —  2.  One  who  for  hire  imdertakcs 
the  conveyance  of  goods  or  jjersons.  The  law 
distinguishes  between  common  carriers  and  priratc  or 
siieciat  carriers,  tine  who  carries  not  as  a  business,  but 
oidy  on  occasion  by  special  agreement,  is  termed  a  priratc 
or  sivcial  carrier.  One  who  Indds  himself  out  as  a  car- 
rier, inviting  the  employment  of  the  puldic  generally,  is  a 
common  carrier.  lie  is  bound  to  serve  witlumt  fav(u-itism 
all  who  desire  to  employ  liim,  and  ;s  liable  for  the  safety 
of  goods  intrusted  to  him,  except  by  losses  fr<un  the  act 
of  tiod  or  from  public  enemies,  or  unless  special  exemp- 
tion has  been  aprccii  upon ;  and  in  respect  to  the  safety 
of  passengers  carried  he  is  liable  for  injuries  which  he 


carrion 

might  have  prevented  by  special  care.  The  most  familiar 
clasHcs  of  c<»nnuon  carriers  are  railroad  companies,  stage- 
coach proprietors,  expressmen,  truckmen,  ship-owners 
steamboat-lines,  liglitermen,  and  ferrymen.  The  special 
rules  of  liability  which  the  law,  for  reasons  of  j)ublie 
policy,  inqjoscs  on  common  carriers  have  not  been  applied 
in  their  full  extent  to  the  business  of  drovers,  owners  of 
tow-boats,  log-drivers,  and  others  who  do  not  literally 
carry  the  property  intrusted  to  them ;  nor  are  telegraph 
companies  tleemed  common  carriers  in  respect  to  the 
messages  they  transmit. 

3.  A  carrier-pigeon. —  4t.  One  who  manages  or 
arranges  affairs. 

A  master  of  the  duel,  a  carrier  of  the  difTerences. 

B.  Jonson,  Mercury  Vindicated. 

5.  In  macli. :  (n)  A  piece  of  iron  fixed  l)y  a  set- 
screw  on  the  end  of  a  shaft  or  spindle  to  be 
turned  in  a  lathe,  or  to  a  mandrel  on  which 
a  round  object  is  (Iriven  for  the  purpose  of  be- 
ing turned;  a  lathe-dog.  A  projection  in  the 
center-chuck  or  face-plate  drives  the  carrier 
around,  (i)  The  distributing-roller  of  a  card- 
ing-machine.  E.  II.  Knight,  (c)  A  roller  be- 
tween the  drum  and  the  feeding-rollers  of  a 
scribbling-machine,  for  spinning  wool.  E.  Jl. 
Kniglit.  {(I)  In  a  braiding-machine,  a  spool- or 
bobbin-hoUler  which  follows  in  a  curved  path 
intersecting  the  paths  of  other  bobbins,  and  so 
lays  up  the  thread  into  a  braid.  E.  U.  Knight. 
(e)  A  lioist,  as  the  mold-carrier  in  sugar-works. 
(/)  Part  of  the  breech-action  of  a  magazine- 
gun.  See  carrier-ring. — 6.  An  oyster  that 
will  bear  transportation  well.  [U.  S.]— Bar- 
bary  carrier.  Same  as  barb'-i,  2.— Carrier's  sauce, 
poor  man's  sauce.     See  sauce. 

carrier- 1,  ".  and  v.    An  old  spelling  of  career. 

carrier-bird  (kar'i-er-berd),  n.  Same  as  car- 
rier-pigeon. 

As  light  as  carrier-birds  in  air. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriara,  xxv. 

carrier-pigeon  (kar'i-fer-pij'on),  n.  A  pigeon 
of  a  jiarticular  breed  trained  to  convey  from 
07ie  place  to  another  written  messages  tied  to 
the  neck  or  wing,  or  more  commonly  to  the  leg. 
The  destination  of  the  message  must  be  some  point  near 
the  jiigeon's  borne,  whither  it  will  fly  back  from  any  place 
to  which  it  has  been  carried;  iience  it  is  also  calleii  the 
homtng-in'geon.  The  distance  from  which  it  will  return  to 
its  home,  when  in  perfect  condition,  may  be  a  thousand 
miles  or  more. 

Prayer  is  Iimocence's  friend  ;  and  willingly  Uleth  incessant 

"I'wixt  the  earth  and  the  sky,  the  carrier-pigeon  of  heaven. 

Longfellow,  Children  of  the  Lord's  Supper. 

carrier-ring  (kar'i-^r-ring),  ?(.  A  steel  ring 
for  supporting  the  breech-screw  of  a  steel  field- 
piece  when  it  is  withdrawn  from  its  position 
in  the  breech  and  is  swtmg  round  to  open  the 
breech  for  loading. 

The  stops,  which  are  fitted  into  the  carrier-ring  .  ,  . 
and  hold  the  plug  when  the  carrier-ring  is  swung  back. 
Report  of  Chief  of  Ordnance,  U.  S.  A.,  18S4,  p.  512. 

carrier-shell  (kar'i-er-shel),  II.  A  name  of 
sliells  of  the  family  Pliorida;  as  Xenophora  con- 
vliijiopluiru,  given  because 
they  attach  to  themselves 
foreign  bodies,  as  shells, 
stones,  and  corals.  jUso 
called  conchologist  and 
mineralogist. 

carrikt,  carriket, «.  Mid- 
dle English  forms  of  ca- 
raelc. 

carrion  (kar'i-on),  «.  and 
a.  [<  ME.  carioii,  caryon, 
also  caroiii,  caroync,  ca- 
rcync,  carai/iie,  caraigne, 
earen,  etc.,^  OF.  caroigne, 
charoigne,  carongne,  F. 
carogne  =  Pr.  caronlia  =  Sp.  carrofla  =  It.  ca- 
rogna,  <  ML.  ctironia.  a  carcass,  <  L.  caro,  flesh: 
see  <•«)•««(.]  I.  H.  It.  A  dead  body;  a  corpse; 
a  carcass;  Uesh. 

The  ehlrche  sehal  haue  my  careimc  and  kepe  mi  Iwnes. 

Piers  Ploicman  (.A),  vii.  S4. 

They  did  cat  the  dead  carrions  and  one  another  soon 

after.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Ravens  are  seen  in  flocks  where  a  carrion  lies. 

Sir  II'.  Temple. 

Hence  —  2.  A  mere  carcass:  used  of  a  li^-ing 
person,  as  a  term  of  contempt. 

That  foolish  carrion.  Mistress  Quickly. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 
Yon  island  carrions,  desperate  of  tlieir  hones. 
Ill-favour  dly  become  the  morning  field. 

.%«*.,  Hen.  v.,  iv.  2. 

3.  The  dead  and  putrefying  body  or  flesh  of 
animals ;  flesh  so  corrupted  as  to  be  unfit  for 
food. 

As  one 
That  smells  a  foul-flesh'd  agaric  in  the  hidt. 
And  deems  it  carrtwi  of  some  woodland  thing. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lyuette. 


Carrier-shell 
{Xenophora  cimc^tofhffra'l. 


camon 
n.t  "•    Dead  and  putrefying,  as  a  carcass. 
Carrion  men  groaning  for  burial.        Shall.,  J.  C,  ill.  1. 

carrion-beetle  (kar'i-on-be'tl),  ».  A  neeroph- 
a^'ous  i-ok'0|)tor;  a  l)i''etlo  that  feeds  upon  or 
deposits  its  eg^s  in  i-arrion. 

carrion-crow  (kar'i-ou-kro),  n.  1.  The  com- 
mon crow  of  Europe,  Corviis  coronc :  so  called 
because  it  often  feeds  on  carrion.  See  cut 
under  croa-. —  2.  The  urubu  or  black  vTilturc 
of  -Vinerica,  Calharisla  atrata,  a  common  bird 
of  the  southern  United  States,  resembling  the 
turkey-buzzard,  and  feeding  entirely  upon  car- 
riou.-^3.  The  common  crow  of  America,  Cor- 
vus  amcricaiiiix. — 4.  A  name  of  the  European 
rook,  Corvii-'  friiqilriius. 

carrion-feeder  (kar '  i  -  on  -  fe  "  d^r),  n.  An  ani- 
mal tliat  feeds  upon  eaiTion:  said  especially  of 
vultures  and  caracaras.    Darwin. 

carrion-flower  (kar'i-on-flou"er),  n.  A  name 
gri-cn  to  various  plants  the  flowers  of  which 
have  an  offensive  carrion-like  odor,  especially 
to  species  of  the  genus  Stapelia  and  to  Smilax 
herhtwea. 

carrion-hawk  (kar'i-on-hak),  «.  A  hawk  or 
other  bird  of  prey  tliat  feeds  upon  carrion; 
one  of  the  Cathartidw  or  Polyboriiia:,  as  a  eon- 
dor,  turkey-vulture,  or  earacara.     Darwin. 

carrion-viilture  (kar'i-ou-vul"tiir),  «,  A  viil- 
tui'e  that  feeds  on  carrion ;  esiJeoially,  an  Amer- 
ican vulture  of  the  family  CathnrtidK :  as,  "con- 
dors, like  other  carrion-rulturcs"  Darwin. 

carritch  (kar'ieh),  n.  [Also  written  caritch, 
and  in  quasi-phu'al  form  caritches,  a  humorous 
perversion  of  catechism,  q,  v,]  A  catechism. 
[Scotch.] 

carriwitchet  (kar'i-wieh-et),  n.  [Also  spelled 
carrawitchei,  curawitchet,  cancliichet,  prob.,  like 
carrilcli,  a  humorous  perversion  of  catechism, 
q.  v.]  An  absurd  question ;  a  quibble ;  a  co- 
nundrum; a  pun;  a  piece  of  Jocularity  or  face- 
tiousness.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

A  bare  clinch  will  serve  the  tnrn ;  a  carwichet,  a  quar- 
ter-quibble, or  a  pun-        Drydeii,  The  Wild  Gallant,  i-  1. 

He  has  all  sorts  of  echoes,  rebuses,  chronograms,  etc., 
besides  carwliicketti,  clenches,  and  quibbles-  Butler. 

Sir  John  had  always  his  budget  full  of  punns.  conun- 
drums, and  carrawitchets.  Arbuthnot. 

Fun,  pun,  conundrum,  carriwitchet. 

Garrick,  Correspondence,  etc.,  II.  296. 

carro  (kar'6),  n.  [It.,  prop,  a  cart-load:  see 
c«)i.]  A  wine  measure  of  Lombardy  and  Nice, 
equal  to  130  United  States  (wine)  gallons,  108 
imperial  gallons,  or  492.5  liters. 

carroccio  (ka-roeh'io),  H.  [It.,  a  car,  carriage, 
coach,  aug.  of  carro,  a  car:  see  caroche  and 
ea/'l.]  The  car  of  war,  on  ■which  the  standard 
was  borne  into  battle,  peculiar  to  the  Italian 
republics  of  the  middle  ages. 

The  carroccio,  or  "great  car,"  that  bore  the  standard  of 
the  commune,  was  a  symbol  of  independence  widely  ill 
use  among  the  free  cities  of  Italy.  Its  invention  is  as- 
cribed to  Eriberto,  Archbishop  of  Milan  iu  the  eleventh 
century. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Church-buildiug  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  110. 

carrock,  «.    See  earack. 

carrolt,  "•     See  carol^,  carol^. 

carrollite  (kar'o-lit),  n.  [<  Carroll  (see  def.) 
+  -i7e2.]  A  suiphid  of  copper  and  cobalt  ob- 
tained from  Carroll  county,  Maryland. 

carrom,  «.  and  v.     See  carom. 

carronade  (kar-g-nad'),  n.  [<  Carron,  in  Scot- 
lauil,  where  it  was  first  made,  +  -ade^,  as  in 
grenade,  etc. ;  hence  F.  caronade  =  Sp.  Pg.  ca- 
ronada.']  A  short  piece  of  ordnance  having  a 
large  caliber 
and  a  cham- 
ber for  the 
powder,  like 
a  mortar. 

carron-oil 
(kar'on-oil), 
M.      A    lini- 
ment    com- 
posed of  lin- 
seed-oil and  lime-water:  so  called  from  being 
much  used  for  bums  at  the  Carron  Iron  Works 
in  Stirlingshire,  Scotland. 

carrooni,  «.    See  caroon. 

carroon'-^  (ka-ron'),  n.  [Also  in  corrupt  form 
caroome;  prob.  <  OF.  carron,  F.  charron,  <  ML. 
caro(n-)  for  'carro(n-),  a  wagon-maker,  cart- 
WTight,  prob.  also  (like  the  similar  L.  cdr/int- 
tarius,  a  wagon-maker:  see  carpenUr)  a  cart- 
driver,  <  L.  carrun,  a  car,  cart:  see  carl.]  \ 
license  from  the  lord  mayor  of  London  to  keep 
a  cart,     ll'harton. 

carrosseti  ».    See  caroche. 


834 

carrot  (kar'ot),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  carol, 
carotc;  =G.carotte,  larottc,  <  F.  carotc, now ca- 
rotte  =  It.  caroia,  <  L.  carota,  prob.  <  Gr.  naituT^v, 
a  carrot.]  1.  The  common  name  of  plants  of 
the  umbelliferous  genus />((/«■»■<,  the  best-known 
species,  D.  Carota,  j-ielding  in  cultivation  the 
vegetable  of  tlie  same  name,  it  is  a  native  of  Eu- 
rope and  northern  Asia,  and  was  used  as  a  vegetable  in 
early  times.  The  wild  carrot  is  the  same  species  growing 
spontaneously  in  the  fields,  where  it  becomes  a  noxious 
weed  witli  a  small  and  tough  white  root.  The  seeds  are 
used  as  a  diuretic  and  stimulant.  The  native  carrot  of 
Australia  is  Z>.  Irrachiattiit.    See  cut  under  Daucun. 

2.  The  tap-root  of  Daucits  Carota,  cultivated  for 
the  table  and  for  cattle.  There  are  numerous  varie- 
ties, diltvriii^'  uHich  in  size  and  shape.  The  grated  root  is 
used  in  poultices  for  ulcers,  and  the  juice  for  the  coloring 
of  butter. 

3.  A  solid  round  piece  of  rock,  cut  out  in  a 
hole  made  by  a  maehme-drill :  called  in  the 
United  States,  and  often  in  England,  a  core. — 

4.  ]iJ.  Rolls  of  tobacco  formed  by  placing  the 
moist  prepared  leaves  together  in  large  hand- 
fuls,  and  winding  about  them  grasses  or  strips 
of  dry  fibrous  wood,  thus  partially  consolidat- 
ing the  leaves,  so  that  they  require  only  to  be 
groimd,  or  rasped  and  sifted,  to  make  the  finest 
and  purest  snuff,  called  rappee. —  5.  pi.  [From 
the  resemhlance  of  color.]  Yellowish-red  hair 
on  a  human  being.  [Slang.]  — Candy  or  Cretan 
carrot,  the  Athauianta  Cretcnsid,  an  umbelliferous  spe- 
cies of  tlie  Levant,  tile  seeds  of  which  liavt-  properties 
similar  to  those  of  Dauciis  Carota. —  Deadly  carrot,  the 
Thapsia  Garf/anica,  an  umbellate  of  southern  Europe,  an 
acrid  irritant,  formerly  used  in  plasters  for  the  relief  of 
rheumatic  and  other  local  pains. — Oil  of  carrot,  a  vol- 
atile oil,  whose  composition  is  not  known  with  certainty, 
obtained  in  small  quantity  by  distilling  the  roots  of  car- 
rots with  water. 

carrot  (kar'ot),  v.  t.  [<  carrot,  n.,  the  oil  of 
carrot  being  one  of  the  preparations  used  for 
this  purpose.]  Among  furriers,  to  dress,  as  a 
pelt,  by  rubbing  a  preparation  into  it  designed 
to  preserve  it  from  the  ravages  of  insects. 

staple  furs.  .  .  dressed,  carro(ed,  and  cut  from  the  skin. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  837. 

carrotiness  (kar'ot-i-nes),  n.  [<  carroty  + 
-ness.'i  The  condition  of  being  of  a  carroty  or 
reddish-yellow  color;  especially,  this  condition 
of  the  hair. 

carrot-tree  (kar'ot-tre),  «.  A  curious,  some- 
what woody,  umbelliferous  plant,  Moni:ia  edu- 
lis,  foimd  only  upon  the  uninhabited  islands 
lying  southeast  of  Madeira,  on  high  cliffs  over- 
hanging the  sea.  The  roots  are  sometimes  used  for 
food  in  case  of  need  by  temporary  sojoiu-uers  upon  the 
islands. 

carroty  (kar'ot-i),  a.  [<  carrot  +  -j/l.]  Like  a 
carrot  in  color:  an  epithet  given  to  yellowish 
or  reddish  hair. 

carrousel  (kar'o-zel),  «.  [F.]  1.  See  carousal', 
1. — 2.  A  merry-go-round  (which  see).  Also 
■written  carousal,  carousel. 

carrow^t  (kar'6),  H.  [<  It.  and  Gael,  carach, 
cunning,  deceitful,  <  car,  a  twist,  turn,  trick.] 
In  Ireland,  one  who  wandered  about  and  made 
his  living  by  cards  and  dice ;  a  strolling  game- 
ster.    Spenser. 

carrow-  (kar'6),  n.  [Cf.  caruca,  carue.~i  An 
ancient  Irish  subdi-vision  of  land. 

The  Ceathran-hadh,  carrow  or  quarter. 

W.  K.  Sullivan,  O'Cmry. 

carr-swallow,  n.    See  car-sivallow. 
carnica,  ».     See  caruca. 
carrucaget,  «•    See  carucage. 
carrucatet,  «.     See  carucate. 
carry  (kar'i),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carried,  ppr.  car- 
rying.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  carric,  cary,  earie, 

<  ME.  carien,  <  OF.  carter,  caroier  (>  F.  char- 
rier,  also  ckarroyer)  =  Pr.  carregar  =  OCat. 
carrejar  =  OSp.  carrear  =  It.  carreggiare  (ML. 
carricarc),  carry,  orig.  transport  in  a  vehicle, 

<  L.  carrus  (>  OF.  car,  etc.),  a  cart,  car:  see 
c«rl.  Hence,  from  ML.  carricarc,  ult.  E.  cari- 
cature, carl;  cargo,  charge,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  bear  or  convey  from  a  starting-point,  or  in 
going;  take  along  or  transport  by  the  use  of 
physical  strength  or  means;  move  or  cause  to 
be  moved  along  ■with  one:  as,  to  carry  a  cane 
in  the  hand,  or  goods  in  a  ship. 

^\'hen  he  dieth,  he  shall  earn/  nothing  away. 

Ps.  kUx.  17. 

They  will  carry  their  riches  upon  the  shoulders  of  young 

asses.  Isu.  .\.\x.  6. 

Nay,  daughter,  carry  the  wine  in ;  we  will  drink  within. 
iShak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 

2.  To  be  the  means  of  conveying;  serve  as  the 
vehicle  of,  or  as  a  transporting  or  transmitting 
agency  for:  as,  a  ship  or  a  wagon  carries  goods 
to  market ;  the  wind  carried  the  ship  out  of  her 
course ;  the  atmosphere  carries  sounds. 


carry 

Iter  own  feet  shall  carry  her  afar  off  to  sojoiun. 

Isa.  xiil.  7. 
I  must  carry  her  word  quickly. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  5. 

We  shall  probably  not  be  far  wTonj;  in  saying  that  the 
Thames  carricH  down  to  the  sea,  every  year,  14  million 
cubic  feet  of  solid  matter.  Huxley,  Physiog.,  p.  148. 

3.  To  lead  or  conduct  in  going;  escort,  urge, 
or  drive  along:  as,  to  carry  off  a  friend,  or  a 
squad  of  prisoners. 

And  he  carried  away  all  his  cattle.  Gen.  xxi.  18. 

Why  hast  thou  dealt  thus  with  us,  to  carry  us  forth  out 
of  Egypt?  Ex.  xiv.  U. 

I  carried  him  home  to  dinner  with  me. 

Smollett,  Roderick  Random,  IxviiL 

4.  To  lead  or  project  in  a  specified  direction, 
physically  or  mentally;  direct  or  continue  to 
or  toward  some  point  in  space,  time,  or  contem- 
plation: as,  to  carry  forward  a  line  of  survey, 
or  an  undertaking;  he  carried  his  history,  or 
his  readers,  back  to  the  remotest  times;  he 
carried  his  theory  to  its  logical  result. 

Manethes,  that  wrote  of  the  Egyptians,  hath  carried  up 
their  government  to  an  incredible  distance. 

Sir  31.  HaU,  Orig.  of  ^lankind. 

War  was  to  be  diverted  from  Greece  by  being  carried 
into  Asia.  Mit/ord. 

Nothing  short  of  a  miracle  could  carry  far  the  improve- 
ments which  have  been  attempted  and  in  part  begun. 

Brou(/ham. 

Like  all  beliefs  found  successful  in  one  subject,  it  was 
carried  over  into  another.     W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  L 143. 

Hence  —  5.  To  impel;  drive:  as.  the  gale  car- 
ried the  fleet  out  of  its  course. — 6.  To  put  or 
place  forward ;  transfer  to  an  advanced  posi- 
tion or  stage:  as,  to  carry  a  case  into  court,  or 
up  to  the  supreme  court;  in  adding,  we  set 
down  the  units  and  carry  the  tens  (that  is,  trans- 
fer them  to  the  next  column  in  advance). —  7. 
To  conduct ;  manage :  often  with  an  indefinite 
it:  as,  to  earn/ matters  with  a  high  hand;  he 
corrie-rf  iY  bravely :  archaic,  except  with  oh:  as, 
to  carry  on  business.     See  phrases  below. 

Will  the  elephant  Ajax  carry  it  thus? 

Sliak.,  T.  and  C,  ii  3. 
We  have  carried  the  business  nobly. 

Middleton  (and  others).  The  Widow,  L  2. 
He  being  reconciled  the  day  before,  all  things  were  car- 
ried very  lovingly  amongst  all. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  91. 

8.  To  bear  to  a  consummation ;  conduct  to  a 
desired  or  a  successfid  issue ;  gain  or  achieve 
by  management:  as,  to  carry  a  legislative  mea- 
sure, or  an  election;  to  carry  out  one's  purpose. 

I  look  by  her  means  for  a  reformation. 

And  such  a  one,  and  such  a  rare  way  carried. 

That  all  the  world  shall  wonder  at. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Valentinian,  i.  2. 

You  must  either  carry  the  Bill,  or  make  it  as  clear  as 
day  that  you  have  doneall  in  your  power  to  do  so. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  the  Countess  Grey. 

9.  To  gain  by  effort  or  contest;  gain  posses- 
sion or  control  of:  succeed  in  gaining  or  taking; 
take  or  win  from  or  as  from  an  enemy;  cap- 
tm'e :  as,  to  carry  a  fortress  by  assault ;  to  car- 
ry a  district  in  an  election ;  to  carry  off'  a  prize. 

Gonsalvo,  availing  himself  of  these  friendly  dispositions, 
pushed  forward  his  successes,  carryino  one  stronghold 
after  another.  /'rescoK.^Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  2. 

The  Republicans  had  carried  the  country  upon  an  issue 
in  which  ethics  were  more  distinctly  and  visibly  mingled 
with  politics  than  usuiU.      Lotcell,  Study  \\  indows,  p.  157. 

Hence  — 10.  To  succeed  iu  electing:  as,  to  car- 
ry a  candidate.  [Eng.]  — 11.  To  lead  or  draw 
mentally;  transport,  urge,  or  impel  the  mind 
of;  infhience  to  a  course  of  action,  thought,  or 
feeling:  as,  the  speaker  carried  his  audience 
with  him;  his  passion  carried  him  away  or 
astray;  he  was  carried  out  of  himself. 

Why  doth  thine  heart  carry  thee  away  ?         Job  xv.  12. 

Ill-nature,  passion,  and  revenge  will  carry  them  too  far 
in  punishing  others.  Locke. 

12.  To  bear  up  and  support,  whether  in  mo- 
tion or  at  rest ;  move,  hold,  or  sustain  the  mass 
or  weight  of:  as,  to  carry  the  body  gracefully; 
he  carries  his  wounded  arm  in  a  sling ;  the  bridge 
carries  a  permanent  load  of  so  many  tons;  the 
wall  cannot  carry  such  a  weight. 

To  earn/  up  the  body  faire,  is  decent,  and  doth  shew 
A  comely  grace  in  any  tme.  Where  ever  he  doth  goe. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  295. 

Set  them  a  reiisonable  depth,  and  they  will  carry  more 

shoots  upon  the  stem.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

13.  To  bear,  or  bear  about,  as  a  fixed  or  inher- 
ent accompaniment,  physical  or  moral;  hold  as 
an  appurtenance,  quality,  or  characteristic :  as, 
ho  carries  a  bullet  in  his  body;  his  opinions  car- 
ry great  weight. 

No  man  hath  ...  an  attaint  but  he  carrien  some  stain 
of  it.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  i 


carry 

The  name 
Of  friend's  too  narrow  for  liiin,  ami  I  want 
A  word  that  carrifg  more  riivirdty. 

Shirieii,  I^ive's  Cruelty,  i.  1. 

In  some  vegetables  we  see  somethiiii,'  that  carrieit  a  kind 

of  analoKy  to  sense.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Ori(!.  of  Mankind. 

14.  To  hold  or  bear  the  charge  of;  keep  in  pos- 
session or  on  hand  for  disposal  or  management: 

as,  to  carni  a  large  stock  of  goods ;  to  curry  stocks 
01-  bi)iid.s  i'or  a  customer. — 15.  Reflexively,  to 
behave ;  demean ;  deport.  [Now  rare  in  this 
sense,  bear  being  used  instead.] 

lie  carried  himself  so  insolently  in  the  house,  and  out 
of  the  house,  to  all  persons,  that  he  became  odious. 

Claretidon. 

16 1.  To  hold  or  entertain  as  an  opinion ;  uphold. 

Divers  other  foul  errors  were  discovered,  which  had 
been  secretly  carried  ijy  way  of  iutiuiry,  but  after  were 
maintained  by  ilrs.  Hutchinson  and  others. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  Englaiul,  I.  304. 

17t.  To  bear  up  under ;  endure ;  undergo. 

Is  it  in  the  jiower 
Of  flesh  and  blood  to  carrif  this,  and  live? 

Beau,  ami  FL,  I'hilaster,  v.  5. 
Carry  arms  {milit,),  an  order  to  a  company  or  rcKJinent 
directiuiL.'  the  musket  or  rille  to  be  iield  in  tlie  riylit  hand, 
the  barrel  nearly  vertical  and  resting  in  the  hnlhiwof  the 
slioulder  with  tile  guard  to  the  front,  the  arm  hanging  its 
full  length  near  the  body,  the  thumb  and  foretliiger  em- 
bracing the  guard,  the  stock  just  under  the  hamnicr  lieing 
erasped  by  the  remaining  lingers,  with  the  little  linger  rest- 
ing lui  the  hammer.— To  carry  a  bone  In  the  mouth. 
See  /)'»/jei.— To  carry  a  scent,  i"  j'uxhuutiiui,  to  follow 
the  scent.— To  Carry  away.  («)  Xaiit..  to  break  off;  as, 
the  ship  has  carried  awatj  her  jib-boom  (that  is,  has  broken 
it  otf).  Also  said  of  a  rope  or  chain  parted  by  violence. 
A  spar  is  carried  awaff  when  it  is  broken  or  disabled. 

Qualtrough,  Boat-.Sailer'8  Manual,  p.  244. 

(6)  Figuratively,  to  transport;  absorb  the  attention  of; 
lead  astray  or  beyond  bounds :  as,  Ut  be  carried  away  by 
music;  his  passion  carried  him  away. 

Carried  aivay  by  the  delusions  of  fancy,  I  almost  ima- 
gine myself  suiTounded  by  the  shades  of  the  departed,  and 
holding  sweet  converse  with  the  worthies  of  autiiiuity. 

Iroinff,  Knickerbocker,  p.  146. 

To  carry  a  weather  helm  {naut.).  to  keep  the  helm, 

or  have  it  kept,  as  a  ship,  a  little  to  the  windward  side 
in  steering  a  straight  course,  close-hauled.— TO  carry 
COalSt,  to  bear  injuries ;  put  up  with  an  affront. 

Gregory,  o'  my  word,  we'll  not  carry  coaU. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1. 

To  cjirry  coals  to  Newcastle,  to  take  things  to  a  place 
where  they  alreaily  alM.und,  Newcastle  being  in  a  great 
coal-producing  region;  heuce,  to  perform  nnuecessary  la- 
bor; lose  one's  labor.— To  carry  it  ofif.to  bear  out ;  face 
through  ;  brazen  a  thing  out.  — TO  carry  off.  (a)  To  re- 
move to  a  distance,  (fc)  To  kill :  as,  to  be  carried  offhy 
sickness. 

This  was  followed  by  a  fit  of  sickness,  which  had  like  to 
have  ca  rried  her  of  hist  winter.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  95. 
To  carry  on,  to  manage  or  be  engaged  in ;  continue  to 
prosecute  ;  keep  in  progress :  as,  to  carry  on  husbaiulry  or 
war ;  to  carry  on  a  person's  business  in  his  absence. 

They  endeavoured  in  the  War  time  to  have  Printed 
Monthly  Transactions  or  Memoires  after  the  manner  of 
ours  in  London;  but  could  not  carry  them  on  above  two 
Volumes  or  'i'ears,  for  without  great  Correspondence  this 
can  hardly  be  done.  Lister,  Journey  to  Paris,  p.  "S. 

To  carry  one's  bat,  in  cricket,  not  to  be  put  out :  said  of 
that  one  of  tlie  last  two  batsmen  on  one  siile  who,  though 
not  put  out.  has  to  cease  playing  when  his  partner  is  put 
out.  —  To  carry  out.  (o)  To  bear  from  within. 
When  I  have  said  good-night  for  evermore. 
And  you  see  me  carried  out  from  the  threshold  of  the  door. 
Tennyson,  .May  Queen,  ii. 

(6)  To  prosecute  to  the  end  ;  bring  to  a  consummation  ;  ac- 
complish ;  finish;  execute:  as,  he  cnrro'i/oHMiis  purpose. 
— To  carry  the  day,  to  be  successful  against  opposition ; 
triumpli,  as  or  as  if  in  battle. 

In  the  mind  of  a  mental  pathologist  the  progress  of 
spiritualism,  with  its  revived  thirst  for  miracles,  might 
awaken  unpleasant  recollections  of  the  second  century — 
the  eve  of  the  era  when  St.  Gregory  Thaumatmgus  car. 
ried  the  day  against  the  protests  of  the  Koman  Huxleys 
and  Carpenters.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  475. 

To  carry  the  house  (theat.),  to  gain  enthusiastic  ap- 
plause from  all  parts  of  the  house;  gain  the  favor  or 
approval  of  all  present.— To  carry  the  'Wind,  in  the 
viani-'re,  to  toss  the  nose  .as  high  as  the  ears :  said  of  a 
horse!— To  carry  the  world  before  one,  to  meet  with 
uninterrupted  success  ;  be  very  successful  in  spite  of  op- 
position. 

Gentlemen  with  broad  chests  and  ambitious  intentions 
do  sometimes  disappoint  their  friends  by  (ailing  to  carry 
the  world  before  them.  (Jeorije  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  4. 
To  carry  through,  to  support  to  the  end;  sustain  or 
keei)  ficim  falling  or  failing;  accomplish. 

II.  iiitrtuis.  1.  To  act  as  a  bearer;  be  em- 
ployed in  transportation. 

A  horse  eaimot  fetch,  but  only  carry. 

.Shak:,  T.  O.  of  V.,  ill.  1. 

2.  To  bear  the  head  in  a  particulaT  manner,  as 
a  horse.  When  a  horse  holds  his  hcaii  high,  with  an 
arching  neck,  be  is  said  to  carry  well;  when  he  lowers  his 
head  too  much,  he  is  said  to  carry  loUK 

3.  To  act  as  a  conductor ;  be  a  guiding  or  im- 
pelling agent. 

Those  llames  of  lusts  which  haue  come  from  hell,  and 
corru;  thither.  Purchae,  rilgrimage,  p.  tia. 


83.5 

4.  To  propel  a  missile ;  e.xert  propelling  force: 
as,  a  gun  or  mortar  riirrii'.<i  well  or  ill. 

If  any  man  impute  these  victories  of  ours  to  the  long- 
bow, as  camiiny  further,  piercing  more  strongly,  and 
quicker  td  discharge  than  the  French  crossbow  ;  my  an- 
swer Is  ready.  lialeiyh,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Gamer,  I.  71. 

5t.  To  behave  or  deport  one's  self. 

He  carried  so  nuitinously  and  seditiously,  as  that  he  was 
for  the  same,  and  for  his  turl)ulent  carrijiges  towards  both 
magistrates  and  ininistfU(j.  in  the  i»resetice  of  the  court, 
sentenced  to  And  sureties  for  his  giHul  behaviour. 

N,  Morton,  New  Kngland's  Memorial,  p.  203. 

6.  In  falconry,  to  fly  away  with  the  quarry: 
said  of  a  hawk. — 7.  In  huntinfi,  to  run  on 
ground  or  hoar  frost  which  sticks  to  the  feet, 
as  a  hare. —  8t.  To  ride. 

'I'lius  in  peryl,  A  payne,  tt  plytes  ful  harde, 
Bi  contrary  carye;;  tliis  knygt,  tyl  kryst-masse  eueu. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Kniyht{E.  E.  'I.  S.),  1.  734. 

To  carry  on.  (a)  Xaut.,  to  continue  carrying  a  large 
spread  of  canvas. 

A  vessel  close  hauled  could  have  shown  no  more  than  a 
single  close-reefed  sail ;  but  as  we  were  going  before  it 
[the  wind],  we  could  earn/  on. 

It  U.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  386. 
(ft)  To  conduct  one's  self  in  a  wild,  frolicsome,  or  thought- 
less manner;  riot;  frolic.    [Colloii.] 

blaster  Jeremy  carried  on  so  and  laughed. 

11.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  p.  380. 
To  fetch  and  carry.  See/.(c/i. 
carry  (kar'i),  ». ;  pi.  carries  (-iz).  [<  carry,  r.] 
1.  Land  which  sopnrates  navigable  waters  and 
across  which  a  eanoo  or  other  boat  must  be  car- 
ried ;  a  detour  around  obstnictions  in  a  stream ; 
a  portage. —  2.  The  act  of  carrying  a  canoe  or 
boat  and  its  freight  over  land  separating  nav- 
igable waters,  or  around  obstructions  in  a 
stream. — 3.  The  motion  of  the  clouds  as  they 
are  carried  by  the  wind ;  the  clouds  themselves 
thus  carried;  cloud-drift.    [Scotch.] 

The  carry  is  now  brisk  from  the  west. 

Caledonian  Mercury. 

Hence — 4.  The  firmament  or  sky.     [Scotch.] 

Mirk  and  rainy  is  the  night. 
No  a  starn  in  a'  the  carry.  Tannahill. 

5.  A  wagon.  [Prov.  Eug.]  —  6.  lu  falconry, 
the  manner  in  which  a  hawk  flics  away  with 
the  quaiTy. —  7.  The  position  of  a  weapon  when 
the  military  command  to  carry  arms  is  complied 
with:  as,  to  bring  a  rifle  to  the  curry. 

carryall  (kar'i-al),  n.  [Altered  from  cariole, 
simulating  carry  +  alLI  A  light,  covered,  four- 
wheeled  family  carriage,  -with  two  seats,  dra-wn 
by  one  horse.     [U.  S.J 

carrying  (kar'i-ing),  a.  and  «.  [Ppr.  and  verbal 
n.  of  carry,  r.]  I.  a.  1.  Bearing;  conveying; 
supporting:  as,  the  carrying  capacity  of  a  ves- 
sel.—  2.  Requiring  or  necessitating  portage. 

The  waters  leading  into  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Law- 
rence, and  the  carryiny  places  between  them,  .  .  .  were 
made  common  highways  and  forever  free. 

ISancrofl,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  114. 

n.  ".  The  act  of  bearing  or  conveying;  the 
business    of    transportation.  — Carrying -cloth. 

Sajne  iis  iifari?i(;-c(o(/i.— Carrying-trade,  the  trade  or 
business  of  transporting  gooils,  especially  by  water,  from 
country  to  country,  or  from  place  to  place. 

With  the  exception  of  the  railway  interest,  no  branch 
of  business  has  increased  so  rapidly  within  recent  years 
as  the  ocean  carryina  trade. 

D.  A.  irells.  Merchant  Marine,  p.  43. 

carrying-on  (kar'i-ing-on),  n.  1.  Frolicsome 
or  riotous  beliavior:  usually  in  tlio  plural,  car- 
ryings-on. [Colloq.]  — 2.  'Xaid.,  the  keeping 
of  ail  excessive  press  of  sail  on  a  ship. 

carry-'talet  (kar'i-tal),  n.    A  tale-bearer. 
Some  cnrnz-fa/f,  some  pleaseman,  some  slight  zany,  .  .  . 
Told  our  intents  before.  Shak.,  L.  L.  I,.,  v.  2. 

carsackie  (kiir-sak'i),  «.  A  coarse  loose  jacket 
with  a  waist-band,  worn  by  workmen  over  their 
clothes;  a  jumper.     [Scotch.] 

carself,  "-     An  obsolete  form  of  cress. 

carse-  (kars),  «.  [Sc,  formerly  kers,  kerss;  per- 
haps a  pi.  form  of  cor,  a  bog  or  fen,  low  wet 
land:  see  car-.  Cf.  W.  cars,  bog,  fen,  corscn 
=  Bret,  cors,  cor.sen,  bog-plant.  The  Gael. 
cars,  carse,  seems  to  be  borrowed  from  Sc] 
In  Scotland,  a  stretch  of  fertile  alluvial  land 
along  the  side  of  a  stream  ;  the  low-lying  part 
of  a  valley  that  is  watered  by  a  river,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  liigher  grounds:  as,  the 
carse  of  Gowrie;  the  carse  of  Stirling.  Carses 
are  no  w  regarded  by  geologists  as  raised  beaches 
or  terraces. 

carse^  (kiirs),  n.  A  dry  measure  formerly  used 
ill  some  parts  of  France. 

car-seal  (kar'sel),  n.  A  clasp  of  soft  metal  de- 
siguoil  tobiud  theendsof  awive  passed  through 
the  lock  of  the  door  of  a  freight-car.    By  means 


carte 

of  a  hand. tool  the  clasp  is  hrndy  joined  to  the  ends  of  tho 
wire,  thus  sealing  the  door,  which  cannot  be  opened  with- 
out cutting  the  wire  or  breaking  the  seal. 

car-spring  (kiir'spring),  K.  A  spring  serving  to 
lesson  tho  jar  of  a  railroad-ear.  The  devices  useil 
for  this  purpose  are  exceedingly  numerous,  cv>nsiHting  of 
elastic  cushions,  levers,  or  plates  like  ordinary  carriagc- 
s[)i-iiigs,  critiiped  plates,  spiral  and  helical  springs,  etc. 

car-S'tandard  (k!ir'stan'''diird),  II.  In  Iter.,  a, 
bearing  representing  a  standard  borne  on  a 
four-wheeled  car.     See  carroccio. 

car-starter  (kiir'st!ir''ter),  n.  1.  A  device  by 
which  the  momentum  of  a  street-car  is  utilized 
in  overcoming  its  inertia  in  starting  again  af- 
ter stojiping:  this  is  usually  effected  by  means 
of  springs. —  2.  One  who  gives  the  order  or 
signal  for  starting  a  liorse-car  or  railway-train 
at  a  station;  a  car-  or  train-despatcher. 

car-s'wallo'W,  carr-s'wallo'w  (kar'swol"6),  ». 
[I'riib.  <  car-,  a  marshy  place  (where  it  always 
breeds),  -I-  .lu-allon-'-.]  A  name  of  the  black  teni. 
Sterna  or  Ifyttrochelidon  fis,<fij>es. 
cart  (kiirt),  n.  [<  MK.  cart,  kart,  <  AS.  cra't, 
transposed  from  'cart,  =  D.  Irat,  Icrel  z=  leel. 
kurtr ;  of  Celtic  origin:  <  W.  cart  =  tiael.  and 
Ir.  cairt,  a  cart,  dim.  of  Ir.  carr  =  Gael,  car,  a 
car:  see  carl,  and  cf.  charet,  chariot.']  If.  A 
car  or  chariot. 

What  the  sonnes  Sonne  .  .  . 
That  highte  Phetoun  [PhaethonJ  wolde  lede 
Algatti  his  fader  carte. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  ii.  433. 

2.  A  two-wheeled  vehicle,  shorter  and  higher 
set  than  a  car,  usually  for  one  horse  and  often 
without  springs,  for  tho  conveyance  of  heavy 
goods. 

Provide  some  carts. 
And  bring  away  the  armour  that  is  there. 

Shak.,  Kich.  II.,  ii.  2. 
Packing  all  his  goods  in  one  poor  cart. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 

3.  A  cart-load.     A  cart  of  coals  was  formerly 

in  England  81  hundredweight  by  statute To 

put  (or  set)  the  cart  before  the  horse,  to  reverse  the 
proper  order  of  (two)  things. 

Nowe,  hitherto  the  chiefe  care  of  governaunce  hath  bin 
to  the  land,  being  the  meaneste ;  and  to  the  bodie,  being 
the  better,  very  small ;  but  to  the  niyiide,  being  the  best, 
none  at  all,  which  methiukes  is  playnely  to  sett  the  carte 
before  the  horse. 

Quoted  in  Forewords  to  Bahees  Book(F..  E.  T.  S.),  p.  xxiii. 
Village  cart,  an  uncovered  two-wheeled  carriage  for  one 
horse,  with  a  low  body  and  but  one  seat. — Wbltechapel 
cart,  a  light  two-wheeled  spring-cart,  such  as  is  used  by 
butchers,  etc.,  for  delivering  goods  to  their  customers  :  so 
named  from  being  a  style  of  vehicle  originally  much  used 
about  Whitechapel  in  London.  Often  called  chapel-cart. 
cart  (kiirt),  V.  [<  ME.  carten,  <  cart,  n.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  carry  or  convey  in  a  cart:  as,  to 
cart  goods. 

Thespis  was  first,  who,  all  besmear'd  with  lee, 

Began  this  pleasure  for  posterity: 

And  with  his  carted  actois,  and  a  song, 

Amus'd  the  people  as  he  pass'd  along. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iii.  495. 

2t.  To  expose  in  a  cart,  by  way  of  punishment. 

Thou  Shalt  therefore  bee  taken  out  of  thy  proude  Char- 
iot, and  bee  carted.         Dekkcr,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  29. 

She  chuckled  when  a  bawd  was  carted.  Pope. 

II.   intrans.  To  use  carts  for  carriage. 

Oxen  are  not  so  good  for  draught  where  you  have  occa- 
sion to  cart  much,  but  for  winter  ploughing. 

Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

cartaceous,  a.    See  chartaceous. 

cartage  (kiir'taj),  «.  [<  cart  +  -age.']  1.  The 
act  of  eaiTying  in  a  cart. — 2.  The  price  paid  for 
carting. 

cartaret  (kar'ta-ret),  n.  [Appar.  from  the 
propiT  name  Carteret.]  A  sleeping-cot.  Ste- 
jiliens. 

cart-a'ver  (kart'a'vfer),  «.  A  cart-horse. 
[Scotch.] 

cart-body  (kart'bod'i),  «.  [<  ME.  cartchntly:  < 
cart  +  body.]  That  portion  of  a  cart  which 
rests  on  the  axle,  and  contains  or  supports  the 
burden. 

cart-bote  (kart'bot),  h.  In  old  Eng.  law,  wood 
to  which  a  tenant  was  entitled  for  making  and 
repairing  agricultural  implements. 

carte^  (kiirt).  H.  [F.,  a  card:  see  o/rrfl.]  1.  A 
bill  of  fare  at  a  liotel  or  restaurant.  See  a  la 
carte. —  2.  An  abbreviation  tor  cartc-de-iisite  : 
usually  called  card. 

carte-  (kiirt),  n.  [Also  written  gunrtc,  <  F. 
qiiarte,  a  movement  in  fencing,  lit.  fourth  :  see 
e/uart.]  A  movement  in  fencing,  consisting  in 
throwing  the  hand  as  far  as  possible  on  the  in- 
side, with  the  point  of  the  sword  toward  the 
adversary's  breast.     Also  -written  ([uartc. 

The  mystery  of  carte  and  tierce. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  x\i.  119. 

High  carte,  a  thrust  given  inside  the  arm  and  aimed 
at  the  right  tjreast,  the  wrist,  in  supination,  raised  about 


carte 

three  Inches  above  tlio  crown  of  the  head,  durinj;  the 
nllonRcmciit  of  the  riuht  foot.  Jlolando  (cd.  Forsyth).— 
Low  carte,  a  thrust  uilferinR  from  hiKh  carte  in  that  the 
wri.st  is  raised  only  as  liigrh  as  tlic  mouth,  and  the  point 
ainu  .i  at  tlie  pit  o{  the  stomach.  liotando  (ed.  Forsyth). 
carte  blanche  (kiirt  blonsh).  [F.,  =  Sp.  carta 
lihiiicii  =  Pg.  carta  braiica  =  It.  carta  hianca,  lit. 
blank  paper:  see  c«c(/l  ami  blanch'^.'}  1.  A 
blank  piipor;  specifically,  a  paper  duly  authen- 
ticated with  sisnature,  etc.,  and  intnisted  to  a 
person  to  be  filled  up  at  his  di.'icretion;  hence, 
figiu'ativcly,  permission  or  authority  in  a  par- 
ticular matter,  without  condition  or  qualifica- 
tion ;  unrestricted  power  to  act  or  decide. 

Lttrd  Grey  was  ai'med  with  ...  a  carte  lilaii^he  to  cre- 
ate any  number  of  peers  necessary  to  insure  its  success. 
Dieraeli,  Coningsby,  i.  2. 

2.  In  the  game  of  piquet,  a  hand  without  a 
king,  queen,  or  knave. 

carte-de-visite  (kiirt'de-vi-zet'),  n.  [F.,  lit.  a 
visiting-card:  see  card^  and  visit.']  A  photo- 
graphic likeness  mounted  on  a 'card,  formerly 
of  the  size  of  a^-isiting-card.  Also  called  carcl- 
picturc  and  card. 

A  carte-de-viJiitejioHraitof  the  hon.  member  for  Chelsea 
as  he  appears  when  addressing  the  House  of  Commons. 

E.  J.  Uinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  37. 

cartel  (kar'tel),  n.  [<  F.  cartel,  <  It.  cartello 
=z  Sp.  Pg.  cartel,  <  MXi.  cartelliis,  equi%'.  to  char- 
tula,  dim.  of  citarta,  carta,  a  paper,  a  writing: 
see  cai-rfl,  chart,  and  charter.]  1.  A  writing 
or  an  agreement  between  states,  especially 
when  at  war,  as  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners, 
or  for  some  mutual  advantage. 

A  cartel  for  the  excliauge  of  prisoners  had  been  a  subject 
of  negotiation.  Prescott. 

2.  A  letter  of  defiance  or  challenge;  a  chal- 
lenge to  single  combat. 

He  is  cowed  at  the  very  idea  of  a  cartel,  though  it  come 

but  from  a  fool  and  a  swine-herd.        Scott,  Ivanhoe,  x.\v. 

To  the  unknown  libeller  who  had  reflected  on  the  origin 

of  the  Dudleys,  ...  Sir   Philip  Sydney,  in  the  loftiest 

tone  of  chivalry,  designed  to  send  a  cartel  of  defiance. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  102. 
Formerly  also  chartel. 
Cartel-ship,  a  ship  employed  in  the  exchange  of  prison- 
ers, or  in  conimunicatin.g  with  au  enemy. 
cartelt  (kiir'tel),  v.  t.     [<  cartel,  n.]     To  defy ; 
challenge  to  a  duel.     Also  chartel. 

Come  hitlier,  you  shall  chartel  him,  I'll  shew  you  a 
trick  or  two  .  .  .  you  shall  kill  him  with  at  pleasure. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  4. 
carter  (kar'ter),  n.     [<  ME.  carter,  cartere;  < 
cart  +  -erl.]     If.  A  charioteer. 

The  cartere  overryden  with  his  carte. 

Chaucer,  Knighfs  Tale,  1.  1164. 

2.  A  man  who  drives  a  cart,  or  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  drive  a  cart  or  transport  goods 
in  carts. 

Let  me  be  no  assistant  for  a  state,  and  keep  a  farm,  and 
carters.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

3.  A  kind  of  fish.  See  uhif.—'H.  A  kind  of 
insect.     Kennett.     (Halliwell.) 

Carteria  (kar-te'ri-a),  n.  [NX.,  named  after 
H.  J.  Carter  of  Bombay,  who  wrote  on  the 
natural  history  of  the  lao-insect  (1861).]  A 
genus  of  scale-insects,  family  Coceidw.  The  East 
Indian  C.  tacca  is  of  great  commercial  value,  yielding  the 
lac  which  is  used  for  making  varnishes,  sealing-wax,  etc. 

carterly  (kar'ter-U),  a.  [<  carter  +  -Zj/l.] 
Rude,  like  a  carter,  or  like  a  carter's  occupa- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

Aristippus  a  Philosopher,  yet  who  more  courtly?  Dio- 
genes a  Philosopher,  yet  who  more  carterly? 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  40. 
A  carterly  or  churlish  trick.  Cotyrave. 

Cartesian  (kar-te'zian),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  Car- 
tesieii  =  Sp.  Pg.  It'.  Cartesiano,  <  Cartesius, 
Latinized  form  of  Cartes  in  the  name  Descartes 
(Des  Cartes),  of  which  the  first  element  is  a 
removable  prefix.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
French  philosopher  Reu6  Descartes  (1596- 
1650),  to  his  philosophy,  or  to  his  geometrical 
method,  in  order  to  put  philosophy  on  a  sound  basis, 
Descartes  professed  to  begin  by  doubting  .ill  things.  But 
the  doubt,  the  thought,  could  not  be  doubted  :  hence  the 
fundamental  proposition  of  his  philosophy,  Coqito,  eryo 
sum  (I  think,  therefore  I  am).  This  proposition'(wldcli  is 
not  a  syllogism  nor  any  formal  mode  of  inference)  means 
that,  recoginzing  the  fact  that  I  think,  I  am  irresistibly 
led  to  believe  and  clearly  to  discern  that  I  exist,  with- 
out being  able  to  acc<iunt  for  the  inference.  -According 
to  Descartes,  the  consideration  that  the  conception  of  a 
deity  involves  the  conception  of  a  reality  surp;issing  my 
owii  leads  to  the  irresistible  belief  and  clear  percejitibn  of 
the  existence  of  a  God.  Also,  since  veracity  is  an  at- 
tribute of  God,  all  that  is  clearlv  and  distinctly  appre- 
hended must  be  true.  This  is  the  so-called  Carleniaii 
criterion  of  truth.  Substances,  he  taught,  are  of  two  rad- 
ically tlitferent  kinds  :  the  material,  which  are  extended 
and  not  conscious,  and  the  spiritual,  which  are  conscious 
and  not  extended  — a  doctrine  which  is  called  Cartesian 
dualism.  The  Cartesian  doctrine  of  divine  assistance,  or 
occasionalism,  which  was  not  fully  developed  by  Des- 
cartes himself,  is  tliat  whenever  the  soul  makes  a  voli* 


^ 


836 

tion  God  intervenes  to  cause  the  corresponding  motion 
of  the  body.  He  nlao  taught  that  brutes  are  mere  ma- 
chines without  coiiSL-iousTii*s8  (the  Cartenian  automat ij<m), 
and  that  all  space  is  ttllcil  with  mutter,  whicli  turns  about 
in  vortices,  and  so  produces  the  motions  of  the  heavenly 
bodies. —  Cartesian  coordinates,  in  [/'•om.,  the  lines  in- 
troduced (Ui;J7)  by  Ketie  Descartes  lor  dellninp  the  posi- 
tions of  jioints  in  a  jilane.  Two  straight  lines.  OX  and 
<)V,  are  adopted  arbitrarily  as  azen 
of  courdinatfs,  t«  which  all  posi- 
tions are  referred.  Their  j)oint  of 
intersection,  O,  is  called  the  oriV/i'n 
o/  covrdi nates.  From  any  point,  P, 
whose  position  is  to  be  defined,  a 
line,  >IP,  is  drawn  i)arallel  to  OY, 
and  meeting  the  axis  OX  in  XI.  The 
length  PlI,  or  the  ordinate,  and  the 
length  OM,  or  the  abscissa,  being  given,  the  position  of  P 
is  detennined  ;  these  lines  are  called  the  Cartesian  coordi- 
nates of  the  point  P.  The  term  is  sometimes  extended  to  a 
similar  system  for  three  diniensiuns.  — Cartesian  CUTVe. 
See  II.,  2.— Cartesian  devil, 
Cartesian  diver,  or  bottle- 
imp,  a  philoso]thical  toy  used 
to  illustrate  the  principle  of 
specific  gi-avity.  It  consists  of 
a  hollow  figure,  usually  in  the 
fancied  form  of  a  demon,  with 
a  hole  at  some  distance  from 
the  top.  The  figure  is  filled 
with  air  in  the  upper  part  and 
with  water  in  the  lower,  and 
floats  in  a  tall  glass  vessel  near- 
ly full  of  water  and  covered 
air-tight  with  india-rubber  or 
a  piece  of  bladder.  Wlien  this 
cover  is  pressed  do^n,  the  air 
underneath  is  compressed,  and 
water  enters  the  figure  by  the 
hole  so  as  to  bring  the  air  with- 
iu  the  figure  to  an  etiual  degiee 
of  compression.  The  figure  con- 
sequently sinks,  and  does  not 
rise  again  until  the  pressure  is 
removed. — Cartesian  geometry,  geometry  treated  by 
means  of  coordinates ;  analytical  geometry.  See  Cartesian 
coordinates,  above. —  Cartesian  lens,  a  lens  so  shaped 
that  there  is  no  spherical  :ilit.ri  atinn  ;  especially,  a  con- 
cavoconvex  lens  having  one  siiriace  spherical  and  the  other 
ellipsoidal.  Such  lenses  were  proposed  by  Descartes,  but 
never  successfully  executed,  and  were  shown  later  to  be 
needless.— Cartesian  measure  of  force,  the  measure 
of  force  as  proportional  to  the  velocity,  founded  on  the 
observation  that  the  same  force  is  required  to  raise  one 
pound  two  feet  as  to  raise  two  pounds  one  foot.  Owing 
to  the  confused  notions  of  force  of  Descartes  and  his  fol- 
lowers, it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  the  principle  as 
enunciated  by  them  is  correct  or  not ;  but  its  errors  ap- 
pciir,  at  any  rate,  to  have  been  corrected  in  the  final  de- 
velopment of  the  doctrine,  though  it  is  now  superseded. — 
Cartesian  oval,  a  curve,  the  locus  of  a  point  whose  dis- 
tances from  two  fixed  points  are  connected  by  any  given 


Cartesian  Diver. 


Confocal  Cartesian  Ovals. 
F.  F,  F'  are  the  foci :  the  ovals  a  and  A  form  one  guartic  curve, 
likewise  b  and  B.  c  and  C,  d  and  D;  x  is  the  intermediate  circle,  y 
the  orthogonal  circle. 

linear  equation.  A  Cartesian  oval  is  a  real  branch  of  a 
Cartesian  curve.  These  ovals  were  first  imagined  by  Des- 
cartes in  connection  with  the  theory  of  optics.  The  evo- 
lute  of  a  Cartesian  oval  is  the  diacaustic  of  a  circle. 

II,  H.  1.  One  who  adopts  the  philosophy  of 
Descartes;   a  follower  of  Descartes. —  2.  Any 

curve     of     the 


fourth  order 
having  two 
eusps  on  the 
absolute.  There 
are  three  genera 
of  Cartesians.  The 
first  consists  of 
curves  of  the  sixth 
class,  composed  of 
a  pair  of  Cartesian 
ovals,  one  inside 
the  other.  The 
second  genus  con- 
sists of  cur^'es  of 
tlie  fourth  class, 
■which  are  lima- 
tons.  Curves  of 
this  kind  generally 
have  an  acnode 
which  may  become 
a  erunode.  Tlie  third  genus  consists  of  the  cardioid, 
which  is  a  curve  of  the  third  class  with  a  real  cusp. 
Every  Cartesian  has  a  single  bitangent.— Twisted  Car- 
tesian, a  curve  in  space,  the  locus  of  a  point  whose  dis- 
tances from  three  fixed  points  are  connected  by  two  linear 
equations. 


C  artesians. 
_  The  full-line  curve  is  a  liraa^n:  without 
It  and  within  the  loop  is  a  Cartesian  of  two 
ovals.    On  the  other  side  of  the  lima^on  is 
a  Cartesian  having  only  one  real  oval. 


cartilage 

Cartesianism  fkiir-tr-'zinn-izm),  «.  [<  F.  Car. 
tesiauisiKC  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  (artesian Us- mo:  see  Car- 
temtn  and  -ism.'}  The  philosophy  of  Descartes 
as  set  forth  by  him,  and  as  furtlier  developed 
}»v  ins  followers.     See  Cartesian,  a. 

cartful  (kart'fnl),  n.  [<  cart  +  -J'ldj  2.]  As 
uuicli  as  a  cart  will  hold;  a  cart-load. 

Carthagena  bark.    See  hark^. 

Carthaginian  (kiir-tha-jin'i-an),  a.  and  n. 
[Aft(  r  equiv.  L.  Carihaffiniensis,  <  Carthago 
{Cartftaf/in-},  also  Karthago^  Kartago  (Gr.  Kap- 
;t;j?(5wv),  Carthage.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient 
Carthage,  a  city  and  state  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Africa,  near  the  modem  Tunis,  founded 
by  the  Pheniciansof  Tjtc  in  the  ninth  century 
B.  c.  See  Punic — Carthaginian  faith,  i^ee  faith. 
II.  H.  An  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Carthage. 

carthamic  (kar-tham'ik),  a.  [<  earthamin  + 
-/c]  Of  or  pertaining  to  earthamin:  as,  *^ car- 
thamic acid,  a  red  colouring  matter  of  saf- 
flower."  Vre,  Diet.,  I.  660, 

earthamin,  carthamine  (kar'tha-min),  n.  [< 
Carthamus  +  -in-,  -ine-;  =  F.  carthamine  =  Sp. 
cartamina.}  A  preparation  from  safflower,  Car- 
thamus tinctorius.  in  thin  films  it  appears  of  a  gold- 
green  hue ;  against  the  light  it  appears  red.  It  is  used  for 
surface  coloring  or  dyeing.  When  repeatedly  dissolved  and 
precipitated  it  becomes  safflower- carmine,  ilixed  with 
FreiH  li  chalk  it  forms  rouge,  which  is  used  as  a  cosmetic. 

Carthamus  (kiir'tha-mus),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  cnr- 
thame  =  Sp.  edrtamo  =  Pg.  It.  cartamo),  <  Ar. 
qurtum,  qirtim,  <  qartama,  paint:  so  called  be- 
cause the  flowers  yield  a  fine  color.]  A  small 
genus  of  annual  plants,  natural  order  Compositee. 
The  best-known  species  is  C.  tinctorius.  safflower  or  bas- 
tard safi'ri.'U,  extensively  cultivated  for  its  yellow  flowers, 
\\iiirli  are  employed  in  dyeing.    See  saffiotcer. 

cart-horse  (kart'hors),  n.  [<  ME.  carthors, 
cartehors,  <  AS.  cra^tehors,  <  cro't,  cart,  +  hors, 
horse.]  A  horse  that  draws  a  cart,  or  is  in- 
tejuied  or  suitable  for  such  work. 

Carthusian  (kiir-thu'zian),  n.  and  a.  [=  F. 
Chartrcux,  Sp.  Cartujan'o,  a.,  Cartujo^  n.,  Pg. 
CartuxOj  It.  Certosano,  Certosino ;  cf.  D.  Kar- 
thui::er,  G.  Karthduser,  Dan.  Kartheuser,  <  ML. 
CartusiensiSy  also  CarturiensiSj  CartunensiSj  a 
Carthusian,  <  Catorissium,  Caturissium,  Chai- 
trousse,  name  of  the  village  near  which  the 
first  Carthusian  monastery  was  built.]  I.  n.  1. 
One  of  a  contemplative  order  of  monks  founded 
in  1086  by  St.  Bruno  in  the  Grande  Chartreuse, 
a  wild  motmtain  group  in  the  diocese  of  Gre- 
noble in  France.  They  are  remarkable  for  their  aus- 
terity. They  support  themselves  by  manual  labor,  men- 
dicancy being  forbidden.  Their  habit  is  a  haircloth  shirt 
a  white  tunic,  and,  when  out  of  doors,  a  black  cloak  and 
a  cowl.  The  order  was  introduced  into  England  about 
HSO,  and  built  the  Charterhouse  (corruption  oi  Chartreuse. 
used  as  the  generic  name  of  any  Carthusian  monastery) 
in  London  in  1371.  The  monks  of  Chartreuse  now  derive 
a  considerable  revenue  from  the  sale  of  the  well-known 
cordial,  of  their  invention,  which  bears  the  name  of  the 
monastery.  (See  cliartreuse,  2.)  The  Carthusian  nuns 
originated  about  1230,  and,  with  some  .moditicatious,  fol- 
low  the  rules  of  the  Carthusian  monks. 
2.  A  scholar  of  the  Charterhotise  in  London. 
See  Charterhouse, 

Here  [in  the  chapel  of  the  Charterhouse]  is  the  handsome 
memorial  of  the  Carthusians  slain  in  the  wars,  and  on  the 
walls  is  a  commemorative  tablet  to  Thackeray. 

The  Century,  XXVI.  834. 

II.  (7.  Pertaining  to  the  order  of  monks  above 
named. 
cartilage  (kar'ti-laj),  n.     [<  F.  cartilage  =  Pr. 

cartilage  =  Sp.  eartilago  =  Pg.  eartHagem  =  It. 
cartilagincj  <  L.  eartilago  {cartilagin-),  gristle; 
origin  unknown.]  A  non-vascular  animal  tis- 
sue belonging  to  the  connective-tissue  group ; 
gristle.  Tj-pical  hyaline  cartilage  is  a  translucent  sub- 
stance, of  firm  elastic  consistence,  constructed  of  roundish 
cells  embedded  in  a  nearly  homogeneotis  intercellular  sub- 
stance. Fibrocartilage  differs  in  that  tlie  intercellular  sub- 
stance becomes  flbrillated;  it  thus  approaches  ordinary 
connective  tissue.  Reticular,  yellow,  or  elastic  cartilage, 
as  that  constituting  in  man  the  epiglottis,  the  coniicula 
laryngis,  the  Eustachian  tube,  and  gristly  parts  of  the 
outer  ear,  contains  interlacing  elastic  fibers  in  consider- 
able quantity.  In  the  two  latter  forms  the  homogeneous 
substance  remains  unchanged  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  cells,  forming  their  hyaline  capsules.  Chondrin.  a 
substance  resembling  gelatin,  may  be  extracted  from  car- 
tilage by  boiling.  Cartilage  usually  persists  in  parts  of 
the  skeleton  of  adult  vertebrates,  as  on  the  articular  ends 
of  bones,  in  the  thorax,  and  in  various  passages  which  re- 
quire to  be  kept  open,  as  the  windpipe,  nostrils,  and  ears. 
—Alar  cartOage.  See  alar.—  Articular  cartilage,  an 
incrustation  of  hyaline  cartilage  on  the  articular  ends  or 
surfaces  of  bones,  not  covered  by  perichondrium  on  its  free 
surface,  with  a  finely  j:ranular  matrix  and  snialUells.  show- 
ing no  tendency  t-'..<sify.  its  density,  smoothness, and  elas- 
ticity contributiriu'  I"  tlie  free  movement  of  the  pai'ts. — 
Arsrtenoid  cartilages,  two  triangular  pyramidal  carti- 
lages, seated,  one  on  each  side,  on  the  stimmit  of  tlie  poste- 
rior jiortion  of  the  cricoid  cartilage.  To  them  are  attached 
the  posterior  ends  of  the  vocal  cords.  —  Cartilage  Of 
Wrisherg,  a  small  cartilaire  on  either  side  in  the  aryteuo- 
epiglottic  fold.     Also  called  cuneiform  cartilage. —  Carti- 


cartilage 

lagea  of  Sautorlnl,  Uw  lioms  of  the  larynx,  nr  coriiiculn 
Irtl-yiiKis,  I'lTiie  upon  the  arytcTioitl  ciirtiljitii's.—  Cellular 
cartilage,  a  variety  of  cartilacu  uf  whith  t\w  imtochonl 
chii-'lly  L-ijiisiats,  coinposed  almost  entirely  of  lar^e  rvUs 
with  tho  inti'n.-elhihir  matrix  at  a  miniinum.  —  Circum- 
ferential cartilage,  an  annular  piece  of  tllirocartilano 
forming;  a  rim  around  ami  deepening  some  artieular  i-av- 
ity.  as  in  tlic  slioulder-joint  or  liip-joint.— Connecting 
cartilage,  a  Icind  of  lll-»rocartila;;e  oceurrinK  in  joints  of 
sliiilit  mobility  or  none,  as  the  pubic  symphysis,  the  sacnj- 
iliar  s\  III  liimihosis,  autl  tile  intervertebral  articulations. 

—  Costal  cartilage,  tho  piece  of  cartilage  which  prolongs 
the  bony  part  of  a  rib  to  or  towani  tho  sternum  ;  a  tiennipo- 
physis  ;  a  sternal  ril)  when  uin^ssifled.  In  man  all  the  ribs 
have  costal  cartilages;  7  of  theso  reach  the  sternum,  ;j  are 
connected  only  with  one  another,  and  2  form  cartilaginous 
tills  of  tlic  il.iiitiiig  riba.  -Cricoid  cartilage,  the  cricoid. 

—  Cuneiform  cartilage,     ."^ame  as  cartilfi,:  vf  Wri.<lu-r<j. 

—  Dental  cartilage,  the  maxillary  ridge  (which  .hcc, 
under  «i«.r/V;(irv).  —  Ensiform  cartilage,  the  xigihoid 
appendage  of  the  st^-rninn  ;  tho  Last  segment  of  the  ster- 
minl.or  ttie  \i|iUisterriuin  \vln>n  nnossilied,  as  in  man. —  Fl- 
brous  cartilage,  cartilage  mixc  .1  witli  inelastic  white  or 
elastic  yi-Iiiiw  llhrons  ti.ssue  :  usually  called  lihrucinlifa;/!' 
(whichsee).— Hyaline  cartilage,  true  or  pure  cartilage  or 
gribtle.  It  is  of  a  paledivid  or  pearly-bluish  color,  .and  con- 
sists of  roundish  cells  embedded  in  a  nearly  lioiiiogeneons 
intercellular  substance,  that  is,  unmixed  with  lllirous  tis- 
ane. 'I'lie  articular  and  costal  cartilages,  and  the  tcmpor.ary 
cartilages  of  the  fetal  skeleton,  are  of  this  kiml. — Inter- 
articular  cartilage,  a  meniscus  ;  a  cartilaginous  dis- 
eoidal,  ercscentic,  annular,  or  otherwise  shaped  piece 
iiecurring  free  in  the  interior  of  certain  joints,  and  con- 
sisting of  tlbrocartilage,  such  as  the  semilunar  cartihiges 
of  the  knee-joint.  In  man  interarticular  cai'tilages  occur 
in  the  temporomaxillary,  stcrinxdavicular,  acromiocla- 
vicular, ulnocarpal,  and  femorotibial  articulations. — In- 
terosseous cartilage,  a  piece  of  interarticular  carti- 
lage.—Meckel's  cartUage.  -See  Meckdian  rod,  under 
rcff.  — Palpebral  cartilage,     .same  as  tarsal  cartilatie. 

—  Permanent  cartilage,  that  which  remains  unossitied 
throughout  life.—  Semilunar  cartUage,  one  of  the  pair 
of  large,  free,  ercscentic  interarticular  cartilages  <if  the 
knee-joint.  See  cut  under  tiicc,  -Sesamoid  cartilage, 
one  of  several  small  lateral  cartilages  of  the  nose. — 
Siphon-hinge  cartilage,  in  cephaiopods,  one  of  two 
cartil;i'_'iiiiiiis  sockets  on  either  side  of  the  fuiuicl,  into 
which  llr^hy  knoljsof  the  mantle-skirt  are  fitted. —  Strati- 
form cartilage,  a  layer  of  tlbrocartilage  in  an  osseous 
groove  along  wliieli  a  tendon  glides —Tarsal  cartilage, 

a  piece  of  tlbrocartilage  emlied.lcd  in  the  eycli,l, ,. tiibut- 

ing  to  jircserve  its  shaiie.     .\lso  called  palp'  hral  C'irlilifjr, 

—  Temporary  cartilage,  that  cartilage  which  is  replaced 
by  bone  in  the  process  of  ossification. 

cartilage-bone  (kiir'ti-laj-bon),  «.  Bone  that 
is  developed  or  preformed  in  cartilage,  as  dis- 
tiugiiislied  from  membrane-bone. 

Cartilaginei  (k;ir"ti-Ia-jin'e-i),  n.iil.  [NL., 
jil.  of  Xj.ciirtihuihwus :  sdQ  cnrtilaijineous.']  The 
etirtihmincius  fishes.     See  Choiidroptcryijii. 

cartilagineoust  {kar"ti-la-jlu'e-us),  a.  [<  L. 
ciirliliK/nu'iis,  of  cartilage,  <  cartilaijo:  see  car- 
til(ii/r.]     Same  as  ccirtilagiiioKS. 

Cartilagines  (kar-ti-Iaj'i-nez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  airtthKjo  (cartilagin-),  cartilage:  see  carti- 
lage.'\  An  order  of  fishes  hailng  or  supposed 
to  have  a  cartilaginous  skeleton :  nearly  the 
same  as  ClioiKlroptcri/gii. 

cartilaginiflcation  (kar"ti-la-,iin''i-fi-ka'shon), 
)i.  [=  V.  cartilaginificatioii,  <  NL.  as  if  'carti- 
lagiiiijicatio(n-),  <  L.  cartilago  (cartilagin-),  car- 
tUage, +  -ficare,  <  J'acere,  make.]  The  act  or 
process  of  eon  verting  into  cartilage;  chondrifi- 
catioii. 

cartilaginoid  (kiir-ti-laj'i-noid).  a.  [<  L.  car- 
tihigii  (cartilagin-),  cartilage,  +  -oi(l.'\  Hard 
and'  gristly,  like  cartilage ;  cartilaginous  in  ap- 
pearance or  consistency. 

A  well-developed  cartilaffinoid  skeleton. 

E.  n.  Laiikcster,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  431. 

cartilaginous  (kar-ti-laj'i-nus),  a.  [=  F.  car- 
tilaginriix  =  Pr.  cartillaginas  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  car- 
titaginasii,  <  L.  cartilaginasus,  full  of  cartilage, 
<  cartilago,  cartilage :  see  cartilage.}  1 .  Gristly ; 
consisting  of  cartilage;  being  in  tlie  state  or 
form  of  cartilage.— 2.  In  ichth.,  having  a  gris- 
tly skeleton;  ehondropteryt;ian:  a,s,  ii  cartilagi- 
nous fish. —  3.  Like  or  likened  to  cartilage. 
Speciflcally  — ((()  In  eiitum.,  an  epithet  applied  to  a  sub- 
stance thicker  than  a  membrane  (but  not  so  thick  as  to 
be  termed  carneowi),  somewhat  transparent,  flexible,  and 
■whitish,  ilf)  In  bot.,  firm  and  tough  ;  parchment-like,  as 
the  carpels  of  the  apple.— Cartilaginous  branchial 
basket,    see  }[aritipofjranc?tii. 

cartisanet  (kiir'ti-zan),  n.  [F.]  A  small  strip 
of  pareliment  or  vellum  covered  with  thread  of 
silk  or  gold,  or  the  like,  wound  closely  around 
it,  used  in  the  making  of  some  old  varieties  of 
passcment,  guipure,  or  their  imitations.  See 
jiiissi  meiit  and  guipure. 

Cartist  (kilr'tist),  «.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  carta,  charter, 
+  -int.  Cf.  Chartist.']  A  .supporter  of  the  con- 
stitutional charter  in  Spain  or  Portugal. 

cart-jade  (kart'jad),  H.  A  sorry  horse  ;  a  horse 
used  in  tlrawing,  or  fit  only  to  draw,  a  cart.    Sir 

/'.  Siihirll. 

cart-load  (kart'lod),  ».  [<  ME.  cartlode;  <  cart 
-t-  load.]  A  load  borne  on  a  cart :  as  much  as  is 
usually  carried  at  once  on  a  cart,  or  as  is  suffi- 
cient to  load  it.  It  is  an  indefinite  unit  of  weight. 


837 

cartman  (kitrt'man),  )(.;  pi.  cartmcn  (-men). 
A  carter;  one  engagetl  in  carting. 

cartographer,  cartographic,  etc.  See  chartog- 
rtipiicr,  etc. 

cartomancy  (kar'to-man-si),  «.  [=  F.  carto- 
niaiicic  z=  Sp.  Pg.  cartomancia,  <  ML.  carta,  a 
card,  -I-  (ir.  fiaimia,  divination.]  Divination  by 
means  of  playing-canls. 

In  cartomajw;/,  the  art  of  fortune-telling  with  packs  of 
cards,  there  is  a  sort  of  nonsensical  sense  in  such  rules 
as  that  two  (pieens  mean  frieinlship  and  four  mean  chat- 
tering, or  that  the  knave  of  hearts  prophesies  a  bravo 
young  man  who  will  come  into  the  family  to  be  useful, 
unless  his  purpose  be  reversed  by  his  card  being  upside 
down.  £.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  114. 

carton (ki^r'ton),)^.  [F.:  seo(;«r/oon.]  l.Akind 
of  thin  pasteboard. — 2.  A  bo.\  made  from  such 
pasteboard. —  3.  Same  as  cartoon. — 4.  In  rijle 
practice:  (a)  A  white  disk  fi.xed  on  the  bull's-eye 
of  a  target.  It  is  of  much  smaller  size  than  tho 
bidl's-eye,  and  is  chiefly  used  in  deciding  ties 
and  at  a  pool.  (6)  A  shot  striking  the  carton: 
as,  to  make  two  bull's-eyes  and  a  carton. 

cartonnage  (kiir'tou-aj), ».  [F.,  <  carton,  paste- 
board: see  cartoon.]  Pasteboard;  boards  such 
as  are  used  in  bookbinding,  specillcally,  in  Jii/iip- 
toloijy,  a  thin  layer  or  coat  of  a  material  of  the  nature  of 
paper-pnli»,  api)lied  over  the  body  of  the  most  costly  muni- 
miea,  painted  over  the  face  t^j  represent  the  features  of  the 
dead,  and  otherwise  ornamented  elsewhere.  The  material 
was  also  used  for  mummy-eases. 

The  cartonnafje  of  Queen  Ahmes  N'ofretari  is  impressed 
in  parts  with  a  reticulated  sexagonal  pattern. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXV.  192. 

carton-p3,te  (F.  pron.  kiir-toii'pat'),  «.  [F., 
pasteboard:  see  cartoon  and  paste.]  Same  as 
carton-picrrc. 

carton-pierre  (F.  pron.  kiir-t6n'piar'),  n.  [F., 
lit.  stone  pasteboard:  see  cartoon  and  pier.] 
Statuary  pasteboard;  a  kind  of  papier-mach^, 
made  of  a  mixture  of  paper-pulp,  bole,  chalk, 
and  animal  glue,  in  imitation  of  stone  or  bronze. 
It  is  well  adapted  for  molding,  and  is  largely 
used  for  statuary  and  architectural  decorations. 

cartoon  (kiir-ton'),  n.  [<  F.  carton,  <  It.  car- 
tone  =  Sp.  carton  =  Pg.  cartao,  \  ML.  *car- 
to(n-),  pasteboard,  a  cartoon,  aug.  of  carta, 
paper:  see  card^.]  1.  In  art,  a  design  of  the 
same  size  as  an  intended  decoration  or  pat- 
tern to  be  executed  in  fresco,  mosaic,  or  tapes- 
try, and  transferred  from  the  strong  paper  on 
which  it  is  usually  dravvn  either  by  cutting 
out  the  figure  and  outlining  it  on  the  surface 
to  be  decorated  with  a  sharp  point,  or,  in  tho 
case  of  a  composition,  by  pricking,  and  poun- 
cing with  a  bag  of  muslin  filled  with  charcoal- 
dust.  Colored  cartoons  intended  to  be  woven  in  tapes- 
try are  cut  in  strips,  placed  under  the  web,  and  exactly 
copied  by  the  weaver ;  the  seven  by  K^phael,  purchased 
by  Charles  I.  of  England,  are  well-known  examiiles. 
2.  A  picture,  either  a  caricature  or  a  symboli- 
cal composition,  designed  to  advocate  or  attack 
some  political  or  other  idea  of  present  interest 
or  some  prominent  person :  as,  the  cartoons  of 
"Punch." 
Sometimes  written  carton. 

cartoon  (kar-tOn'),  i'.  t.  [<  cartoon,  n.]  1.  In 
painting,  to  make  a  working  design.  See  car- 
toon, n.,  1. 

The  quality  of  finish  in  poetic  execution  is  of  two  kinds. 
The  flrst  and  highest  is  that  where  the  work  has  been  all 
mentally  cartooned,  as  it  were,  beforehand. 

ir.  Sharp,  D.  U.  Kossetti,  p.  410. 

2.  To  caricature  or  ridicule  by  a  cartoon;  make 
the  subject  of  a  cartoon. 
cartoonist  (kiir-ton'ist),  H.     [<  cartoon  +  -ist.] 
An  artist  who  draws  cartoons. 

The  rarto'tnist  llrst  prepared  his  sketch  on  a  small  scale, 
then  made  his  studies  from  nature.    Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  774. 

cartouche,  cartouch  (kiir-tosh'),  ».  [In  first 
sense  formerly  written  cartrage,  now  cartridge, 
q.  v. ;  =  D.  kartets  =  G.  karduse,  kartdtsche  = 
Dan.  kartavke  =  Sw.  kartusch,  <  F.  cartouche, 
formerly  cartoche,  cartuchc,  =  Sp.  cartucho  =  Pg. 
cartuxo  =  Turk.  qartiij=  Ar.  qartdji  =  Hind,  kar- 
tiis,  <  It.  cartoccio,  a  csirtridge,  an  angultir  roll 
of  paper,  aug.  of  carta,  paper:  see  card^.]  1. 
A  roll  or  case  of  paper  liolding  a  charge  for 
a  firearm;  a  cartridge. —  2.  A  cartridge-box 
(which  see). — 3t.  A  case  of  wood  bound  about 
with  marline,  containing  several  iron  balls  of 
a  pound  etich  and  about  400  musket-balls,  to 
be  iireil  from  a  cannon  or  iiowitzer.  Farr(nc, 
Mil.  Eiievc. — 4.  An  oval  or  oblong  figure  on 
ancient  Egyptian  monuments  and  in  pap\Ti, 
containing  groups  of  characters  expressing  the 
names  or  titles  of  royal  personages  and,  rare- 
ly, of  deities:  a  name  given  by  (,'hampollion. 
By  extension  It  now  commonly  signifies  both  the  inclos- 
ing ring  and  its  contents.  Ki-om  a  very  early  date,  if  not 
from  the  beginning,  an  Egyptian  king  at  the  moment  of 


/Sn 


Cartouche  of  Cleo- 
patra. 


Cartouche  of  Ra- 
meses  II. 


cartridge-paper 

coronation  aasumcil,  in  addition  to  liis  family  or  personal 
name,  an  ofilcial,  regal,  or  throne  nanif,  which  took  ita 

place     beeide     tho 
!  '  fornitT,    generally 

preceding  it,  and 
thus  gave  occaaluii 
t<}  a  double  car- 
t^jiiche.  In  iniita- 
tinn  of  the  Genuan 
xchUtte  employed  in 
a  hiraldic  Bense, 
tlie  citrtoiiche  is  in 
Mn^liMh  sometimes 
^tyk■d  a  nhifld  or 
rm-utt/icon,  or  more 
often  merely  an 
uvai. 

Two  names  In  an 

oblong      in  closure 

called  a  cartouche. 

6\  Sftarpf,  Hist. 

(Epypt. 

An  elliptical  curve,  or  oval,  inclosing  a  name,  always 
signified  tliat  the  inclosed  name  was  that  of  a  king  or 
qiicen  ;  and  ChahipoUioti  gave  it  the  name  of  cartouche, 
by  which  it  is  now  called. 

H.  S.  Osbom,  Ancient  Egj'pt,  p.  21. 

6.  A  painted,  engraved,  or  sculptured  orna- 
ment of  irregular  or  fantastic  form,  inclosing  a 
plain  central  space  used  as  a  field  for  inscrip- 
tions, etc.  Such  ornaments  were  much  used  during  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  to  decorate  wain- 
scotings  and  the  title-pages  of  books. 
6.  In  hcr.f  a  name  given  in  England  to  the 
oval  escutcheon  often  seen  in  Italian  heraldry, 
and  generally  considered  to  bo  peculiar  to  ec- 
clesiastics. Italian  escutcheons  are  often  egg-shaped  ; 
but  the  shiLd4l  designated  by  the  word  cartouche  has  both 
ends  equally  curved,  and  therefore  approximates  to  an 
ellipse. 

cartouset,  n.     A  variant  of  cartouche.     Bailey. 

cartridge  (kiir'trij),  ».  [Formerly  cartrage^  a 
coiTuption  of  cartouche^  q.  v.]  A  ease  of  paste- 
board, parchment,  copper,  tin,  serge,  or  other 
material,  holding  tlie  e.xaet  charge  of  gunpow- 
der, in  the  case  of  big  guns,  and  of  powder 

and  bullet  or  shot  for  other  firearms Blanli 

cartridge,  a  cartridge  without  ball  or  shot.— Blasting 
cartridge.  See  biasting-cartridtje. —  Center-fire  car- 
tridge, a  cartridge 

P  E        A C       B 


having  tlie  fulminate 
in  an  axial  position 
instead  of  heing 
ai)out  the  periphery 
of  the  flanged  cap- 
sule. Sometimes 
called  center-pHtncd 
cartridge.  —  Lime 
cartridge,  a  car- 
tridge      containing 


Center-fire  Cartridge. 
A,  metallic  case  of  copper  or  brass ;  S, 
bullet:  C.  cannelures;  ^.  cup  ;  £'.  crimp; 
F,  fulminate  :  G,  two  vents ;  //,  powder. 


compressed  lime,  the  expan-sion  of  which,  when  wet, 
causes  it  to  burst.— Seminal  or  spermatic  cartridge, 
in  cephaiopods.     See  spennatophorc. 

cartridge-bag  (kiir'trij-bag),  «.  In  gun.,  a  bag, 
iiiatle  of  serge  or  soiae  similar  material,  in 
which  the  charge  of  a  eauiion  is  eontauied. 

cartridge-belt  (kiir'trij-belt),  n.  A  belt  worn 
about  the  waist  or  over  the  shoulder,  having 
pockets  or  loops  for  cartriiiges. 

cartridge-block  (kar'trij-blok),  n.  A  wooden 
block  aiTauged  to  receive  cartridges,  and  which 
can  be  secured  to  the  gun  in  a  convenient  posi- 
tion for  loading. 

cartridge-box  (kiir'trij-boks),  n.  A  portable 
case  or  bo.x  of  leather,  with  cells  for  holding 
cartridges,  its  use  followed  verj-  closely  on  the  intro- 
duction of  the  cartridge  itself.  It  was  certainly  in  use 
before  1677.  Pia/icA.'.— Magazine  cartrldge-box.  See 
magazine. 

cartridge-capper  (kar'trij-kap"^r),  n.  An  im- 
plement used  to  place  caps  on  center-fire  car- 
tridge-cases. It  consists  of  a  pivoted  lever  with 
a  stud  below,  wliich  presses  the  cap  firmly  into 
its  seat. 

cartridge-case  (kar'trij-kas),  n.  1 .  A  cartridge- 
box.-— 2.  The  tube  in  which  the  powder  of  a 
cartridge  is  contained.     See  cartridge. 

cartridge-gage  (kar'trij-giij),  n.  l.  in  artil- 
lery, a  flat  steel  gage  for  verifying  the  dimen- 
sions of  metallic  ammunition  for  small  arms. 
Tlie  gage  is  pierced  witli  holes  giving  tlie  maximum  and 
minimum  diameters  of  the  head  and  body  of  tlie  shell,  and 
the  diameters  of  tlie  projectile;  on  the  edges  are  cut 
profiles  for  verifying  the  length  and  form  of  tlie  cartridge- 
case  and  tlie  thiclsness  of  the  head,  the  lengtli  and  form 
of  the  bullet,  and  the  number  and  position  of  the  canne- 
lures. 

2.  A  gun-metal  ring  of  the  required  size,  with 
a  handle,  on  which  is  stamped  the  nature  and 
size  of  the  cartridge.  They  were  of  two  kinds:  one 
for  testing  the  diameter  of  the  'filled  cartridge,  the  other 
for  showing  tile  lengtli  of  the  cartridge. 

cartridge-loader  (kiir'trij-lo'dt'r),  n.    An  ap- 

jiaratus  for  loading  cartridge-shells. 

cartridge-paper  (k,Hr'trij-pa'p^r),  n.  A  thick 
sort  of  pa]ier  originally  manufactured  for  sol- 
diers' cartridges,  but  extensively  used  in  the 
arts,  its  rough  surface  being  well  adapted  for 


cartridge-paper 


838 


carve 


drawing  and  for  othtr  purposes,  such  as  wall-     «o«n<l  in  *''C  Hnndred  Rolls,  m^  Indeed,  almost  eveiT;     rula  :  see  rarunc}c.'\     Having  a  fleshy  exeres- 


pajicr. 
cartridge-pouch  (kiir'trij-pouch),  n. 


poiR'li  lined  with  sheepskin  with  the  wool  on, 
formerly  used  by  mounted  soldiers  to  carry 
metallic"  eartridges.  It  was  attached  to  the 
waist-belt. 

cartridge-primer  (kiir'trij-pri''m6r),  n.  The 
pert ussion-eap  used  in  firingmotallic  cartridges, 
set  in  a  recess  in  the  head  of  the  shell.  See 
cartridijr. 

car-truck  (kiir'truk),  «.  The  wheeled  carriage 
which  supports  a  railroad-car.  in  Eurnpethc  pid- 
eslals  lor  tlie  a.\U-liH\cs  iiri-'  cuinini  mlv  atlailitil  tu  tlie  lioily 
of  the  car.  In  the  I'nited  Status  tlu- 1  ai-l'(»(l\'  is  supported 
upon  two  independent  trnc-ks  placed  Ipencatli  it.  Each  of 
these  may  have  two,  but  usually  four,  and  occasionally  six 
wheels  tlxcci  upon  revolving  iLxles,  whose  journal-boxes 
vibrate  vertically  in  pedestals  secured  to 
the  framework  of  tlie  truck.  The  bolster  or 
cross-beam  which  directly  supports  the  car- 
body  is  in  the  uiiddle  of  the  fraiuew<jrk, 
anil  is  susjiended  from  it  by  equalizing  nars 
and  susjieusiipn-straps,  in  such  a  way  as  to 
distribute  the  weij;ht  upon  all  the  wheels 
and  allow  for  the  sway,  or  freedom  of  mo- 
tion, essential  to  ?asy  riding.  Springs  and 
brake  mecharusm  are  attached  to  the  truck. 
—  Side  bearings  of  a  car- truck.  See 
hcarinq. 

cart-saddle  (kiirt'sad'l),  n.  The 
small  saddle  put  upon  the  back 
of  a  draft-horse  when  harnessed. 
Shut. 

cart-saddlet  (kart'sad"l),  r.  1.  [< 
ME.  cnrt-sadelen ;  from  the  noun.] 
To  harness;  yoke. 

Let  cart'Sadde  vr  Comniissarie  ;  vr  Cart  he 
schal  drawe.    Piers  Ploicman  (A),  ii.  l.=>4. 

cart-tail  (kiirt'tal),  ».  The  tail  or 
back  ijart  of  a  cart. 

If  a  poor  Quaker  was  to  be  scourged  at  the 
cart-tail,  .  .  .  they  waited  in  Dedham  for 
orders  from  the  metropolis. 

Everett,  Orations,  II.  183. 


.  in  the  use  of  another  word  In  the  place  of     ^.p^p^.  ,„.  ^nft  flesh v" protuberance ;  caruncular. 
huie   when,  instead  of  the  anciently  assessed  hida^e  of  a  ^  ,,        *         /i  -  i       .  r       ,^.        t.. 

A  leather     nmnor,  its  more  modem  actual  taxable  value  is  c.\.imiued  CarUIlCUlOUS    (Ka-rung  ku-lusl,    a.      \.=  ^p.   It. 


into  an<l  expressed.    This  new  word  is  cart/cote— the 
laud  of  a  plough  or  plough  team. 

Seebohm,  Eng.  Vil.  Community,  p.  40. 

caruet  (kar'6),  11.  [Later  misread  and  miswrit- 
teii  carve;  <  ME.  cartie,  <  OF.  ciiruc,  atruec,  < 
ML.  carucata,  carrucata,  a  certain  portion  of 
land:  see  carucate.']     A  carueate  (which  see). 

And  a  Carve  of  Land,  fanicata  terra;,  or  a  Hide  of  Land, 
Ilida  terne(wliicll  is  all  one),  is  not  of  any  certain  content, 
l)Ut  as  much  as  a  Plough  can  plough  in  a  Year,  and  there- 
with agrees  Lambard  verbo  Ilyde.  And  a  Carve  of  Land 
may  contain  an  House,  Wood.  .Meadow,  and  Pasture,  be- 
cause by  them  the  Ploughman  and  the  Beasts  of  the 
Plough  are  maintained, 

Anthony  Lowe's  Case  (IGIO),  9  Coke,  123,  124. 


cartulary,  ". ;  pi.  cartularies.  [< 
ML.  curliilarium :  see  chartulary.'\ 
See  cliartulari/. 

The  Duke  of  Devonshire  will  publish  at 
his  own  expense  the  cartularies  of  Furness  Abbey.  .  .  . 
Cartularies  were  the  official  records  of  monasteries. 

The  American,  VIII.  26". 

cartway  (kart'wa),  n.  [<  ME.  carteway,  cart- 
ireij ;  <  eart  +  way.']  A  way  along  which  carts 
or  other  wheeled  vehicles  may  conveniently 
travel. 


Side  Elevation  and  Section  of  Passenger-car  Truck, 
a,  (I,  longitudinal  timbers  of  frame  ;  *,*,  transverse  timbers ;  r,  swinging  bolster ;  rf.  center  casting : 
f,  ^,  gum-springs ;  /,/.  equalizing  bar;  f,  ^.  elliptic  springs  ;  k,  suspension-bar;  j",  i,  yokes  :  J,  swing- 
bars  ;  t,  k,  hangers :  m,  m,  upper  boxes  of  the  axle  :  /,  /,  wheels :  r.  tension-bar,  or  tie  ;  s,  s,  and  f, 
safety-stirrups;  r,  r, brace-rods ;  k,  w.  pedestals ;  »,  brake-shoe  ;  jr. brake-bar;  >,>,  diagonal  brace- 
rods  for  the  pedestals ;  ~,  relieving  springs. 


And  it  was  agreed  that  common  way  be  appendant  to  a 

Carre  of  Land,  .  .  .  and  so  a  Carve  of  Land  consists  of 

Land,  Jleadow,  and  Pasture,  as  it  appears  by  Tirriug- 

hara's  case,  4  Coke,  37  b. 

Mors  V.  Webbe  (1652),  2  Bro\vnlow  (cfe  Goldsborough),  p.  29V. 


■\Aliere  your  woods  are  large,  it  is  best  to  have  a  eart 
icaij  along  the  middle  of  them.        Mortimer,  Husbandry, 


cartwright  (kart'rit),  n.  [<  ME.  carUcriglit 
(spelled  Inrtwryglit),  <  cart  +  toright.']  An 
artificer  who  makes  carts. 

caruaget,  ".    [Also  misread  and  miswritten  car- 
rage;  but  the  n  is  prop,  a  vowel 
Same  as  ennieage. 

carucat,  carrucat  (ka-ro'kii),  v.  [ML.,  a  plow, 
L.  carnica,  a  four-wheeled  cairiage,  <  carrxs, 
a  car:  see  car'^.  Cf.  carue.~\  In  ancient  village 
communities  in  England  —  (o)  A  plow.  (J)  A 
plow-team  of  oxen,  yoked  four  abreast. 

Information  from  the  same  source  [.Statistical  Account 
of  Scotland]  also  explains  the  use  of  the  word  caruca  for 
plough.  For  the  construction  of  the  word  involves  not  4 
yoke  of  oxen,  but  4  oxen  yoked  abreast,  as  are  the  horses 
in  the  earitca  so  often  seen  upon  Komau  coins.  And  the 
"statistical  account"  informs  us  that  in  some  districts  of 
Scotland  in  former  times  "the  ploughs  were  drawn  by  4 
oxeu  or  horses  yoked  abreast ;  one  trod  constantly  upon 
the  tilled  surface,  another  went  in  the  furrow,  and  two 
upon  the  stubble,  or  white  land.  The  driver  walked  back- 
wards, bedding  his  cattle  by  halters,  and  taking  care  that 
each  beast  had  its  equal  share  In  the  draught," 

Seebohm,  Eng,  Vil.  Community,  p.  63. 

carucage,  carrucage  (kar'o-kaj),  w.  [<  ML.  car- 
riieiuiiiim  (for  'carrucaticum)^  also  carruagium 
(after  OF.  earruagc),  <  carruca,  a  plow:  see  ca- 
ruca.'] 1 .  The  act  of  plowing. —  2.  A  former  tax 
on  land  or  landholders,  fixed  at  a  specified  sum 
on  each  carueate,  or  about  100  acres  of  land. 
It  succeeded  the  Danegeld  (which  see). 


Carum  (ka'rum),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  K&pov,  cara- 
way: see  caraway.]  A  considerable  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order  Umhelliferw.  The  species  are 
glattrous  herbs  with  perennial  fusiform  edible  roots,  pin- 
nate ormore  divided  leaves,  and  white  or  yellow  flowers. 
C.  Carui  is  the  caraway -plant,  the  fruit  of  which  is  the  so- 
called  caraway-seed.  (See  caraway.)  Three  species  are 
found  in  the  United  States  west  of  the  Rocky  Slountains, 
the  tuberous  roots  of  which  are  an  important  article  of 
food  to  the  Indians, 
see  carue.]  caruncle  (kar'tmg-kl),  »;.  [Also  carxmcula ;  = 
Sp.  caruncula  =  Pg.  earuiicnla  =  It.  cariincola,  < 
L.  caruncula,  a  caruncle,  dim.  of  caro,  flesh :  see 
carnal.]  1.  A  small  fleshy  excrescence,  either 
natural ormorbid.  Specifically — 2.  Inornith., 
a  fleshy  excrescence  on  the  head  of  a  bird,  as 
the  comb  or  one  of  the  wattles  of  a  hen. 


It  is  especially  important  that  the  fresh  colors  of  the 
[bird's]  bill,  cere,  gums,  eyes,  and  feet,  or  canuicles,  or 
bare  skin,  if  there  be  any,  should  be  noted,  as  the  colors 
of  these  parts  all  change  after  the  preparation  of  a  speci- 
men. C.  F.  Halt,  Polar  Exp.,  1876,  p.  654. 

3.  In  Sot,  a  protuberance  surroundingthehilum 
of  a  seed,  strictly,  it  is  an  outgrowth  of  the  micropyle, 
or  external  orifice  of  the  ovule. 

4.  In  cntom.,  a  naked,  more 
or  less  rounded,  fleshy  eleva- 
tion of  the  surface,  especially 
on  the  body  of  a  caterpillar  or 
other  insect-larva — Lacrymal 
carimcle,  a  small,  reddish,  lleshy 
papilla  at  the  inner  canthus  of  the 
eye.  filling  the  laens  lacrymalis,  con- 
sisting of  a  cluster  of  follicles  like 
the  Meibomian,  and  covered  with 
mucous  membrane.    See  cut  under 


Caruncle. 
Carunculate  Seed  of 
Ricinus       CDmrfiurtit, 
entire    and    cut   longi- 
tudinally. 


eye. 


The  other  remarkable  matter  of  the  year  1198  is  the  Caruncula   (ka-rung ' ku-la),  n.;  pi.  caruncula; 
imposition  of  a  carueate  —  a  tax  of  live  shilUngs  on  each      ''"■      "    -     ^ 
carueate  or  hundred  acres  of  land. 

Stubba,  Const.  Hist.,  §  160. 
Also  formerly  caruage. 
carueate,  carrucate  (kar'o-kat),  n.     [<  ML. 

carucata,  carrucata,  <  carruca,  a  plow:  see  caru- 
ea.]  Formerly,  as  much  laud  as  could  be  culti- 
vated by  one  caruca :  usually  about  100  acres,        _, ..„..,,.,.... 

but  the  quantity  varied  according  to  the  nature  caruncular  (ka-rung'kii-lar),  a.     [=  Sp.  carun- 

of  the  soil  and  the  practice  of  husbandry  in  dif-  ctdar,  <  L.  caruncula  :  see  caruncle.]     Pcrtain- 

ferent  districts.     Also  carue.  ing  to  or  having  the  form  of  a  caruncle. 

A  trace  at  least  of  the  original  reason  of  the  varying  Carunculate,  carUUCUlated  (ka -rung '  kii -liit, 

contenu  and  relations  of  the  bide  and  virgate  is  to  be  -la-teti),  <(.       [=   Sj),   carunculado,  <  L.   carun- 


(;le).  [L.]  Sume  us  caruncle — CaruncuIaB  myr- 
tiformes, the  sli;.dit  elevations  on  the  margin  of  the  va- 
giiiiil  (iiijiee.  the  reiii.iiiis  of  the  hymen, —  Caruncula 
mammillaris,  a  .small  low  eminence  of  gray  matter  be- 
tween the  external  and  iiitei'n;il  mots  of  the  olfactory 
nerve  or  tract.  .Mso  calleil  itilnr  i.lf.ietorivn)  or  ol/actoril 
(»6errfe.  — Caruncula  sublmgualis,  a  small  pajiiUa  un- 
iler  the  tongue,  on  either  siile  cif  the  frenum,  on  which 
Whartiin  s  duct  opens.     .41so  called  caruncula  salivarii 


carunculado,  <  L.  caruncula  :  see  c<irunck.]  Ca- 
runcular; carunculate. 

cams  (ka'nis),  H.  [NL.  OF.  Pg.  caru.s),  <  Gr. 
Kofjoc,  heavy  sleep,  torijor,  stupor.]  In  jiatliol., 
complete  in8en.sibility,  which  no  stimulus  can 
remove  :  the  last  degree  of  coma, 
caruto  (ka-ro'to),  n.  [South  Amer.  name  of 
the  plant.]  A  beautiful  dye  of  a  bluish-black 
color,  obtained  from  the  fruit  of  Gcnipa  Ameri- 
cana, of  the  natural  order  Jlubiacea;a.  shrub  of 
the  West  Indies  and  Guiana, 
carvacrol  (kiir'va-krol),  n.  [<  carry  (F.  Sp. 
It.  carti),  caraway,  -I-  L.  acer  (acr-),  sharp,  + 
-ol.]  A  viscid  oily  substance,  of  a  very  dis- 
agreeable odor  ami  strong  taste, 
made  from  oil  of  caraway.  In  medi- 
cine it  has  been  fotuid  sei-\'iceable 
in  relieving  toothache. 
carvaget  (kiir'vaj),  n.  See  caruage. 
carval  (kar'valj,  «.  [Manx,  =  E. 
caral^,  q.  v.]  A  song,  carol,  or  bal- 
lad, especially  one  on  a  sacred  sub- 
ject, among  the  peasantry  of  the  Isle 
of  Man.     Also  carvel. 

The  Manx  have  a  literature  ^  a  native  ver- 
nacular Gaelic  literature.  .  .  .  This  literature 
consists  of  ballads  on  sacred  subjects,  which 
are  called  carvals.  ...  It  was  formerly  the 
custom  in  the  Isle  of  Man  for  the  young  peo- 
ple who  thought  themselves  endowed  with 
the  ptietic  gift  to  compose  carols  some  time 
before  Christmjis,  and  to  recite  them  in  the 
parish  churches.  Those  pieces  which  were 
approved  of  by  the  clergy  were  subsequently 
chanted  by  their  authors  through  their  im- 
mediate neighbourhoods,  both  before  and 
after  the  holy  festival.  Many  of  these  songs 
have  been  handed  down  by  writing  to  the 
present  time.  .  .  .  The  carvals  are  preserved 
in  uncouth-looking,  smoke-stained  volumes, 
in  low  farm-houses  and  cottages  situated  in 
mountain  gills  and  glens. 

Quoted  in  Introd.  to  Kelly's  Manx  Gram- 
\ntar,  p.  xiv, 

carve^  (kiirv),  r.;  pret.  antlpp.rorifrf, 
oUl  and  poetical  pp.  careen,  ppr.  cari"- 
ing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Icerrc,  <  ME.  lerren 
(pret.  sing,  carf,  Icarf),  <  AS.  eeorfan  (pret. 
cearf,  pi,  curj'un,  pp.  corfen),  carve,  cut,  = 
OFries.  Irrra  =  D.  kerren,  cut,  =  OHG.  'lerbau 
(not  recorded),  MHG.  G.  kerhen,  notch,  indent, 
=  Icel.  kyrfa  =  Sw'.  karfra,  cut,  =  Dan.  karve, 
cut;  prob.  =  Gr.  jpa<peii',  write,  orig.  scratch: 
see  graphic.  Carve  is  the  older  wortl  for  'cut'; 
in  the  general  sense  it  is  now  displaced  by  cut.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  cut  with  an  edged  tool  or  sharp 
instrument.     [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

As  a  coltour  in  clay  cerues  the  forces  [furrows]. 

Alliterative  Poems  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  1547. 
Or  they  will  buy  his  sheepe  out  of  the  cote. 
Or  they  will  carven  the  shepheards  throte. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cat,  September. 
My  good  blade  carves  the  casques  of  men. 

Tennyson,  Sir  Galahad. 

Specifically — 2.  To  cut  into  pieces  or  slices, 
as  meat  at  table ;  di\-ide  by  cutting,  or,  figtira- 
tively,  by  parceling  out:  as,  to  carve  a  fowl; 
to  carve  up  an  estate. 

He  had  been  a  keeper  of  his  flocks,  both  from  the  vio- 
lence of  robbers  and  his  own  soldiers ;  who  could  easily 
have  carved  themselves  their  own  food.  South. 

3.  To  cut  (some  solid  material)  in  order  to 
produce  the  representation  of  an  object  or 
a  design;  fashion  by  cutting:  as,  to  carve  a 
block  of  marble  into  a  statue. 

Carved  with  figures  strange  and  sweet, 
All  made  out  of  the  carver's  brain. 

Coleridye,  Christabel,  i. 

4.  To  produce  by  cutting;  form  by  cutting  or 
hewing;  grave  or  engrave;  sculpture:  as,  to 
carve  an  image ;  to  carve  a  design  in  boxwood. 

We  carved  not  a  line,  we  raised  not  a  stone, 
But  we  left  him  alone  with  his  glory. 

Wolfe,  Burial  of  Sir  J.  Moore. 
The  names  he  loved  to  hear 
Have  been  carved  for  many  a  year 
On  the  tomb. 

O.  W.  Holmes.  The  Last  Leaf. 

5.  To  decorate  by  carving;  produce  cut  or 
sculptured  designs  upon:  as,  to  carve  a  capital; 
to  carve  a  cherry-stone. 

The  Stone  that  made  the  Canopy  was  five  yards  and 
three  quarters  square,  and  varv'd  round  with  a  handsome 
Cornish.  Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  21, 

The  carven  cedarn  doors. 

Tennyson,  .Arabian  Nights. 
Ann<\  the  carven  gray  stone-work  of  the  cathedral. 

Lathrop,  Spanish  Mstas,  p.  5. 

6.  To  mark  as  with  carving. 


carve 

A  million  wrinkles  carvd  litfl  ekin. 

Tmnysnn,  Piiltice  of  Art. 
To  caxve  out.  («)  To  make  or  form  liy  carving  or  parcel- 
iiiK ;  I'lt  nut;  as,  to  carve  tint  a  smaller  estate  from  u 
larger  one. 

With  his  liraiulisll'il  steel  .  .  . 
Carv'il  out  his  i»;ssage.         Shah.,  Slacbeth,  i.  3. 
The  bright  share  carved  out  the  furrow  elean. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  I'arailiac,  II.  202. 
(*)  Figuratively,  to  achieve  by  exertion  or  skill :  as,  to 
carve  out  a  career  for  one's  self. 

II.   in  trans.   1.   To  exercise  the  trade  of  a 
carver;  engrave  or  cut  figures. — 2.  To  cut  up 
meat:  as,  to  ciinv  for  uU  the  guests. 
And  ('((;/  before  liis  fader  at  the  table. 

Cliauccr,  Cieii.  I'rol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  100. 

To  carve  for  one's  self,  to  do  as  one  pleases;  act  inde- 
pendently. 

Those  up  the  river  have  carved  largely /or  thermelves, 
which  .  .  .  they  will  after  repent,  when  they  see  what 
helps  they  have  deprived  themselves  of. 

Winthrop,  llist.  New  England,  I.  40!). 

carve-  (kiirv),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carrcd,  j)pr. 
riin-i)ii/.  [K.  dial. ;  origin  obscure.]  To  grow 
sour;  curdle:  said  of  cream.  Grose;  Ualliwcll. 
[Chi'shiro,  Eng.] 

carve'H,  «•    See  came. 

carvell  (kiir'vel),  n.     [Contr.  of  caravel,  q.  v.] 

1.  Hee  caravel. —  2t.  A  jelly-fish. 

The  carvel  is  a  sea-fome,  floating  upon  the  surface  of 
the  ocean,  of  a  glolious  form. 

.S'lV  T.  Herbert,  Travels  in  Africa,  p.  28. 

3.  A  basket;  also,  a  chicken-coop.      [Prov. 

Eng.] 

carvel-  (kiir'vel),  H.     See  carval. 

carvel-built  (kiir'vel-hilt),  a.  Built  with  the 
planks  all  flush  and  not  overlapping:  said  of  a 
ship  or  boat. 

carvel-joint  (kiir'vel-joint),  n.  A  flush  joint; 
specifically,  one  between  the  planks  or  plates 
of  a  ship  or  boat. 

carvel-work  (kiir'vel-werk),  «.  In  ship-buiUl- 
iiui,  the  putting  together  of  the  planking  or 
plates  with  flush  joints,  as  distinguished  from 
cliticlter-wark. 

carven^  (kiir'vn).  Old  and  poetical  jmst  parti- 
ciple of  carve. 

carven-t,  v.  t.  [Spenser's  imitation  of  IfE.  ker- 
rcn,  inf.,  carve:  see  carrel.]     To  cut;  carve. 

carvene  (kiir'ven),  «.  [<  carry  (F.,  etc.,  cari'i), 
caraway,  -t-  -ciie.^  An  almost  tasteless  and 
odorless  liquid  (CjoHig)  found  in  oil  of  cara- 
way. 

carver  (kilr'ver),  n.  [<  ME.  kerrer,  <  kerven, 
carve:  see  carcel.]  ,1.  One  who  carves,  (o) 
One  who  cuts  up  meat  into  portions  for  the  table.  \b) 
One  who  cuts  ivory,  wood,  or  the  like  in  a  decorative  way  ; 
a  sculptor. 

The  master  painters  and  tiie  carvers  came.  Dryden. 

(c)  Figuratively,  one  who  makes,  sliapes,  or  molds,  in  any 
sense. 
'  Be  his  own  carver,  and  cut  out  his  way 

To  find  out  right  with  wrong. 

Shak.,  Rich.  11.,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  large  table-knife  used  for  carWng  meat. 
carving  (kiir'ving),  H.     [<  ME.  kerriiigc,  verbal 

n.  of  krrroi,  carve:  see  cncrcl.]  1.  The  act 
or  art  of  carving.  Specifically  —  2.  A  branch 
of  sculpture  consisting  of  work  of  decorative 
character  rather  than  statuary  or  monumental 
relief. — 3.  A  device  or  figure  carved;  a  design 
produced  by  carving:  as,  a  tomb  ornamented 
with  carvings. 

The  lids  are  ivy,  grapes  in  clusters  lurk 
Beneath  thefari>i«;;of  the  curious  work. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Eclogues,  iil.  59. 

4.  In  coal-mining,  nearly  the  same  as  cutting 
(which  see).  [Leicestershire,  Eng.]— Carving- 
chisel.     See  ehisri. 

carving-fork  (kar'Wng-fork),  11.  A  large  fork 
used  to  hold  meat  while  it  is  being  carved,  and 
generally  provided  with  a  guard  to  prevent  cut- 
ting the  hand  it  the  knife  slips. 

carving-knife  (kiir'viug-nif).  «.  A  large  knife 
used  fur  carving  meat  at  table. 

carving-lathe  (kar'ving-laTH),  n.  A  lathe 
adapted  for  the  grooving,  channeling,  and  or- 
namenting of  columns,  balusters,  legs  of  tables, 
etc. 

carvistt  (kiir'vist),  n.  [Etym.  unknown;  hard- 
ly "a  corruption  of  carrii-jisi"  (from  being  car- 
ried on  the  hand),  as  "usually  guessed.]  In 
falciinni,  a  voung  hawk. 

carvol  (kiir'vol),  n.  [<  canji/  (P.,  etc.,  carvi), 
caraway,  +  -o/.]  A  liquid  (C10H14O)  of  pleas- 
ant odor  contained  in  oil  of  carawa.v. 

carvy  (kiir'vi),  n.  [<  F.  carri,  caraway:  see  car- 
awai/.]     Caraway.     [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

car-'wheel  (kiir'hwel),  H.  A  wheel  of  a  car,  es- 
pecially of  a  railroad-car.    in  railroadcais  the  wheel 


Washburn  Car-wheel ; 
side  elevation  and  dia- 
metric section. 


839 

has  a  conical  tread  and  a  flange  projecting  beyond  the 
tread  at  Its  Inner  edge,  to  prevent  deniilment.  The 
coning  of  the  tread  or  rim  gives  a 
greater  tiianieter  on  the  inner  or 
liange  side  than  at  the  outer  edge, 
and  is  designed  to  comiteract  in 
part  any  tendency  of  tlie  wlu-el  to 
leave  the  rail. — Paper  car- Wheel, 

a  ear-wheel  witli  a  steel  tire  aii<i  a 
web  of  eomprestied  paper  lietvveen 
piates  which  are  bolted  to  tlie  iiub 
an.i  the  tin-.      K.  II.  Kiiiyht. 

car'whichett  (kiir'hwich-et), 

11.     Same  ii^i  carriifitchet. 

Carya  (ka'ri-ii),  H.  [NL.,  < 
tir.  Kuina,  the  walnut-tree,  <  Kt'tpva,  prop.  KUpva 
(iaaiAmd  or  ttcixuko,  royal  (i.  e.,  Persian)  or  Per- 
sian nuts  (cf.  E.  jK'Hc/il,  ult.  <  Gr.  -fpamuv),  pi. 
of  Kapvov,  a  nut  (of  any  kind),  prob.  akin  to 
Kipac,  horn,  E.  hum,  etc.]  A  genus  of  North 
American  trees,  natural  order  Jitglantluciii; 
confined  to  the  region  east  of  the  Kocky  Moun- 
tains. I'here  are  8  siiccies,  including  the  pecan  (C.  oliete- 
.formi:^),  the  shellbarlc  hickory  (C.  alba),  and  (tthcr  hick- 
ories. Tlie  wood  is  in  general  heavy,  hard,  strong,  and 
tough,  and  is  extensively  used  as  fuel  and  in  the  mami- 
facttne  of  agricultural  implements,  carriages,  handles  of 
t+jols,  boo]is,  etc.    'I'he  bark  yiebls  a  yellow  dye. 

caryatic  (kar-i-at'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Cari/ales,  Cary- 
aus;  in  architectural  sense,  <  L.  Caryatides: 
see  caryatid.}  Pertaining  to  the  Caryans  (in 
this  sense  with  a  capital)  or  to  caryatids :  as, 
"Persian  ami  Caryatic  figures,"  I{.  Stuart. — 
Caryatic  order,  in  areh.,  an  order  in  wliich  the  entab- 
lature i.s  supported  by  female  fignres  instead  of  cttluimis. 

caryatid  (kar-i-at'id),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  caryatidc, 
carialidc  —  Sp.  caridlide  =  Vg.  It.  cariatidc,  <  L. 
pi.  Caryafidrs,  <  Gr.  Kapvariiiec,  caryatids  (cf.  Kn- 
pvuTiik^,  the  priestesses  of  Artemis  at  CaryfE, 
pi.  of  Kaptiiiri^,  a  name  of  jVrtemis),  lit.  '  women 
of  Caryai,'  <  Kap/ai,  ('arya?,  a  place  in  Laconia, 
Greece,  with  a  famous  temi)lo  of  Artemis.  Cf. 
atlantcs,  cancphorc,  2,  and  tilamon.}  I.  h.  ;  pi. 
caryatids,  caryalittcs  (-idz,  -i-dez).  In  arch.,  a 
figure  of  a  woman  dresseil  in  long  robes,  serving 
as  a  column  to  support  an  entablature  or  to  fill 
any  other  ollice  of  a  column.  Vitrtivius  relates 
that  the  city  of  Carya;  sided  with  the  Persians  after  the 


Caryatids. 
Porch  of  the  Erechtheum  at  Athens. 

battle  of  Thermopylrc,  and  that  it  w-as  on  this  account 
sacked  by  the  other  Greeks,  who  took  the  women  cap- 
tive, and  to  jierpetuate  this  event  erected  trophies  in 
which  figures  of  women  dressed  in  the  Caryatic  manner 
were  used  to  sttpport  entablatures.    This  st^.iry  is  proba- 
bly imaginary,  but  no  doubt  the  name  and  perhaps  the 
idea  of  the  ciiryatids  were  derived  from  Caryte. 
Two  great  statues.  Art 
And  Science,  Caryatidg,  lifted  up 
A  weight  of  emblem.      Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

n.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  form  of  a  cary- 
atid; caryatic. 
caryatidean  (kar"i-at-i-de'an),  a.     [<  caryatid 
+  -can.}     Supported  by  caryatids. 

Tllis  Canjatidean  portico  [of  the  Erechtheum]  displays 
very  clearly  the  arrangement  of  the  ceiling. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  40S. 

caryatides,  "•     I^atin  jdural  of  caryatid. 

caryin,  caryine  (kar'i-in),  n.  [<  Carya  +  -in^, 
-iHt'-.J  A  crystalline  principle  founil  in  the  bark 
of  Carya  lonicntosa  (the  mockernut  or  white- 
heart  iiickory),  believed  to  bo  identical  with 
(pirrcitrin. 

caryinite  (ka-ri'i-nit),  n.  [<  caryin  +  -ite-.] 
An  arseniate  of  lead,  manganese,  and  calcium, 
occurring  massive,  of  a  brown  color,  at  the 
lead-mines  of  Lfingban,  Sweiien. 

Caryoborus  (kar-i-ol)'o-rus),  ».  [XL.,  <  Gr.  Ka- 
pivr,  nut,  +  ,.Jo/)of,  eating.]  A  genus  of  rhyn- 
chophorous  coleopters  or  ivee^ils,  of  tlie  fam- 
ily limchida;  differing  from  lirucliiis  by  haWng 
the  fore  coxee  separated  by  the  prosternum.    C. 


caryopsis 

nrihriticua  is  a  species  of  the  southern  United 

States,  infesting  the  palmetto. 

Carvobranchia  (kar  i-o-brang'ki-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  (ir.  ^'l/lcol■,  a  nut  (nucleus),-*-  ,ipdyxia, 
gills.]  An  order  of  gastropods:  proposed  as 
a  substitute  for  Xuchohranchiala  (which  see): 
same  as  lictcropoda.  Mcnkc,  1828 ;  Swainson, 
1839. 

Caryocar  (ka-ri'o-kiiT),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  napvav,  a 
nut  (see  Carya),  +  Ktipu,  head ;  the  globose  fruit 
is  often  as  large  as  a  child's  liead.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  natural  order  Ternstramiaccw,  con- 
sisting of  8  species  of  lofty  trees,  natives  of 
tropical  America.  They  ijroduce  goo.l  timber,  and 
their  fruits  emitain  :i  or  4  large  kidney-shaped  seeds  in- 
clo.sed  in  an  extremely  hard  woody  shell,  reddish-brown 
in  color  ami  covered  with  roundish  protulierances.  They 
are  called  sonari-ntas  or  buttertiuts,  have  a  pleasant  nutty 
flavor,  anil  yield  a  liland  oil.  The  chief  sf^urce  of  these 
nuts  is  C.  nuci/ertnn,  a  tree  fret|uently  reaching  the  height 
of  HX)  feet,  common  in  the  forests  of  llritish  (iuiana,  par- 
ticularly on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  Esseipiibo  and  llerbiee. 
Its  Mi.uiTs  all-  largt?  and  of  a  deep  imrplish-red  color. 

caryocinesis  (kar  "i-o-si-ne'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kdpvi/v,  a  nut  (nucleus),  -I-  Kivr/nir,  movement, 
change :  see  kincsi.<<.}  In  emhryol.,  the  series  of 
active  changes  taking  place  in  the  nucleus  of 
a  living  cell  in  the  process  of  division.  Also 
wri t ten  kn ryoki n csis. 

Caryophyllaceae  (kar"i-o-fi-la'sc-e),  ».  pi. 
[NL. ,  <  ('(iri/dphylhi.i  +  -acca'.]  A  natural  order 
of  polypetalous  jilants,  the  pink  tribe,  includ- 
ing over  800  species  of  bland  herbs,  distributed 
all  over  the  globe,  with  stems  generally  swollen 
at  the  nodes,  and  opposite  leaves,  the  bases  of 
which  aro  frequently  united.  The  Honers  are  reg- 
ular, and  the  numerous  seeds  are  attached  to  a  central 
placenta.  The  greater  number  of  the  species  are  incon- 
spicuous weeds,  like  ehickwccd,  spurrey,  sandwort,  etc., 
but  many  arc  found  as  favorite  plants  in  gardens,  as  the 
pink,  carnation,  sweet-william,  etc.  The  largest  genera 
are  Dianthus,  Sitene,  Lychnis,  and  Arenaria.  .See  cut 
below. 

caryophyllaceous  (kar'i-o-fi-lfi'shius),  a.     [< 

Caryiiidiyllnctif.}  Pcrtainingto  the  Caryophyl- 
lacca; :  especially  applied 
to  flowers  having  five  pet- 
als with  long  claws  in  a 
tubular  calyx.  Also  cary- 
npliyllous.  caryopliyllcoits. 

Caryophyllaeidse  (kar  ■  i  - 

o-fi-le'^i-de),   ».  pi.      [NL., 

<  CaryopliyUwus  +  -ida'.^ 
A  family  of  cestode  platy- 
hclminths,  or  tapeworms, 
characterized  by  ha\nng 
only  one  proglottis,  the 
body  elongated  and  un- 
segmented,  the  head-annatnre  weak,  consist- 
ing of  a  lobed  fringe  without  hooks,  and  eight 
■^inuous  longitudinal  canals  of  the  excretory 
system. 

Caryophyllaeus  (kar'i-o-fi-le'us),  n.    [NL. 

(timefin,  ITIKI),  <  CaryoplnjUiis,  q.  v.]  A  genus 
of  Ccsloidca,  or  tapeworms,  the  species  of  which 
are  endoparasitie  in  cyprinoid  fishes.  It  repre- 
sents the  simplest  cestoid  form,  resembling  a  trematode 
in  structure,  having  no  trace  of  alimeiUary  canal,  but  be- 
ing furnished  with  a  single  set  of  hermaphrotlite  repro- 
ductive organs  and  a  water-vascular  system  ;  the  body  is 
elongated,  dilated,  and  lobate  at  one  end,  like  a  clove, 
whence  the  name.  It  is  the  typical  genus  of  tlie  family 
Caryitiihi/tt'fidte.  C.  mutabilis  is  found  in  the  intestine 
of  eypriiuiiil  lishcs.     Originally  Caryopltyllus. 

caryophylleous  (kar"i-o-flre-us),  a.    Same  as 

carytfphytlaccfHts. 

caryophyllin,  caryophylline  (kar  i-o-fil'in), 

M.  [<  Caryophylliis  +  -iii~,  -inc-.}  A  crj'Stal- 
line  substance  olitained  from  cloves  by  treat- 
ing them  with  alcohol. 

caryophylloid  (kar'i-o-fil'oid),  ».  [<  Caryo- 
pliylliis  +  -iiiil,}  In  hot.,  having  the  form  of  the 
CaryiipliiiUus :  clove-shaped. 

caryophyllous  (kar'i-o-fil'us),  n.  Same  as 
citrynpliylliicciius. 

Caryophyllus  (kar"i-o-firus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
wi/iio^iv/of,  the  clove-tree,  lit.  'nut-leaf,'  < 
Kapvov,  a  nut,  +  <pi?.'/ov  =  L.  folium,  a  leaf. 
Hence  ult.,  from  the  Gr.  iiapv&pi'/}.ov,  E.  gilli- 
Jloiccr,  q.  v.]  1.  Among  early  botanists,  the 
name  of  two  genera,  one  fuinishing  the  clove 
of  commerce,  the  other  including  the  clove- 
pink,  Dianthus,  from  tlie  similarity  of  odors. 
It  was  retaineil  by  Linniens  only  f  oV  the  former, 
and  this  is  now  refeiTcd  to  the  genus  Eugenia. 
—  2.  In  :o6l.:  (n)  Same  as  Caryophyltwus,  of 
which  it  is  the  original  form.  {!>)  A  genus 
of  crinoids:  synonymous  with  Eugcniacriniis. 
Schcuch:cr.     Also  Caryophiillilcs.     Knorr. 

caryopsis  (kar-i-op'sis),  II.  [NL.  ( > F.  curyopse), 

<  Gr.  Kapvov,  a  nut,  -I-  iific,  appearance,  <  -j/  *ojr, 
see:  see  optic.}    In  hot.,  a  small,  one-seeded, 


Caryophyllaceous  Flower 
U^iartihuii. 


caryopsis 

dry,  indeliiscent  fruit,  in  wliich  the  thin  soed- 
coat  is  adherent  tliroiiRhout  to  the  very  thin 
pericarj),  as  in  wlieat  and  all  other  cereal  grains. 
Also  spelled  cariopsis. 

Caryota  (kar-i-6'tii),  n.  [NL.  (L.,  in  Gr.  sense) 
(>  F.  ciiriiote),  <  Grr.  napvuTu^  i^olvii,  a  palm  with 
■walnut -like  I'riut,  lit.  nut-like  jialni:  Kapvuru^, 
nut-like,  <  Kiipvov,  a  nut,  walnut;  ifioix'i^,  palm: 
see  phoiix.]  A  genus  of  large  palms,  natives 
of  Inilia  and  the  Malay  archi|)i'lago,  with  bipin- 
nate  leaves  and  wedge-shaped  leaflets,  strongly 
toothed  at  the  extremity.  The  best-known  species, 
C.  urfih-<,  ciilleil  the  fia:fta>-d  tfapo,  is  a  native  of  India,  antl 
is  of  Kreat  value.  By  severing  the  ends  of  the  successive 
flowering  stems  a  sweet  sap  is  obtained,  wliicli  is  eitlier 
boiled  down  into  syrup  and  sugar,  or  made  by  fermenta- 
tion itito  toddy,  which  yields  arrack  by  distillation.  The 
soft  pith  abounds  in  sago-like  farina,  which  is  made  into 
bread  or  eaten  as  gruel.  The  outer  part  of  the  stem  is 
liard,  strong,  and  ifurablc,  and  is  nuieh  used  for  building 
aiul  for  agricultnral  implements ;  and  the  sheaths  of  the 
leaves  yield  a  very  strong  fiber,  known  as  kittul  Jiber, 
which  is  said  to  be  indestructible. 

cast,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  cuse^. 

casa  (ka'sa),  n.  [L.,  a  cottage,  hut,  cabin, 
shed,  ML.  also  a  house  in  general  (>  It.  Sp.  Pg. 
ca^a,  a  house,  =  (as  if  <  L.  neut.  "casum)  F. 
die:,  in  prep,  die::,  abbr.  of  en  die:,  =  OSp.  en 
cas  =  It.  in  easa  or  a  ea^a,  in  the  house  (of),  at 
(my,  his,  etc.)  house,  with);  prob.  akiu  to  cas- 
trum,  a  castle,  fort,  pi.  a  camp  (see  eastruni, 
diester),  and  to  cassin,  a  helmet;  orig.  a  cover 
or  shelter;  of.  Skt.  \/  dihad,  cover,  cover  over. 
Hence  ult.  casale,  cassod;  casula,  chasuble,  etc.] 
A  house. 

ca.  sa.  In  '(!«',  the  usual  abbreviation  of  cajnus 
ad  sntixfaciendum.     See  capias. 

casal  (ka'sal),  a.  [<  case^,  6,  +  -o/.]  In  gram., 
of  or  belonging  to  case.     [Rare.] 

The  casal  termination  of  the  Saxon  possessive  is  I'S  or  !.«, 
as  appears  in  such  phrases  as  'Godcs  sight,'  'king!**  crown.' 

J.  M.  McCuiUich. 

casalet,  »•  [<  It.  ca-mJe,  a  hamlet,  village,  for- 
merly also  a  farm-house,  manor-house,  dairy, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  casal,  a  farm-house,  <  ML.  casale, 
also  casalis,  a  farm-house,  villa,  hamlet,  \illage, 
<  L.  casa,  a  house.]     A  hamlet;  a  village. 

And  Saterday  in  ye  mornynge  we  landyd  there,  and  wente 
to  suche  casates  as  we  founde  and  refresshed  vs. 

Syr  R.  G^ajl/urde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  i6. 

casarca  (ka-sar'ka),  n.  [NL.,  <  Russ.  cadiarka, 
the  sea-swallow.]  A  name,  speeiiie  or  generic 
(in  this  ease  with  a  capital),  of  the  ruddy  shel- 
drake, Anas  casarca  or  Casarca  rutila,  a  bird 
of  the  family  Anatida;  and  subfamily  Aiiatince, 
inhabiting  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  As  a  ge- 
neric term  it  includes  several  other  species,  as 
C.  tadornoides,  C.  rariegata,  etc. 

casa'ya,  casa've  (ka-sil'va,  -ve), «.    See  cassai-a. 

casbaldt,  ".  [Late  ME.',  also  casbalde;  origin 
uncertain.]    A  term  of  contempt.     TorfcPlai/s. 

casban  (kas'ban),  H.  A  cotton  fabric  similar 
to  jaconet,  but  stouter,  sometimes  hai-ing  a 
glossy  sui'face  like  satin,  and  used  chiefly  for 
linings. 

cascabel  (kas'ka-bel),  n.  [Sp.,  a  little  bell,  the 
button  at  the  breech  of  a  cannon,  also  casca- 
Ul.lo,  =  Pg.  Pr.  cascacel;  origin  uncertain.] 
That  part  of  a  cannon  which  is  behind  the 
base-ring,  including  the  base  and  knob. 

cascadel  (kas-kad'),  n.  [<  F.  cascade=  Sp.  cas- 
cada  =  Pg.  cascata,  <  It.  cascaia,  a  waterfall,  < 
ca^care,  faU,  appar.  associated  in  thought  with 
L.  cadere,  pp.  casus,  fall,  but  prob.  (like  Sp. 
cascar,  break  in  pieces,  beat,  strike,  =  Pg.  cas- 
car,  strike)  an  extension  of  L.  casare,  cassare, 
variant  of  quassare,  shake,  shatter,  shiver,  freq. 
otquatere,  pp.  quassum,  shake:  see  quash,  con- 
cuss, discuss,  etc.  Cf.  cascalho,  cascarilla,  cask, 
casque,  etc.]  1.  A  fall  or  flowing  of  water 
over  a  precipice  or  steep  rocky  decliNity  in  a 
river  or  other  stream;  a  waterfall,  whether 
natural  or  artificial,  but  smaller  than  a  cataract. 
The  river  Tevcrone  throws  itself  down  a  precipice,  and 
tails  by  several  coModes  from  one  rock  to  another. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 
2.  In  elect,  a  peculiar  arrangement  of  Levden 
jars  in  which  the  outer  coating  of  the  firs"t  jar 
which  receives  the  charge  is  connected  to  the 
inner  coating  of  the  second,  and  so  on.— 3.  A 
trimming  of  lace  or  other  soft  material,  folded 
in  a  zigzag  fashion  so  as  to  make  a  broken  or  ir- 
regular band,  as  down  the  front  of  a  gown.  Diet 
ofyecdlework.—^.  The  falling  water  in  the  con- 
stellation Aquarius.  See  Aqiiarius.-Cbaxgedor 
olscnarged  In  cascade.  See  iiuii.ri/,  s.=syii.  i  Cas- 
cade, Calaraet.  A  cataract  is  greater  than  a  cascade,  but 
may  not  be  so  steep ;  one  descent  of  water  may  l)c  bv 
several  cnwarfM,  as  in  the  quotation  above  fr.mi  Addison. 
l^e  distmguishinB  marks  of  a  cataract  are  volume  of  wa- 
ter and  rapidity  of  descent. 


840 

cascade^  (kas-kad'),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cas- 
caded, ppr.  cascading.  [<  cascade^,  «.]  To 
form  cascades;  fall  in  cascades. 

In  the  middle  of  a  large  octagon  piece  of  water  stands 
an  obelisk  of  near  seventy  feet,  for  a  .let-d'Kan  to  cascade 
from  the  top  of  it.      Defoe,  Tour  thro'  (».  Britain,  II.  218. 

The  towii  [of  Subiaco]  ...  is  built  on  a  kind  of  cone 
rising  from  the  midst  of  a  valley,  .  ,  .  with  a  superb 
mountain  horizon  around  it,  and  the  green  Anio  caseaduuj 
at  its  feet.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  271. 

cascade^  (kas-kad'),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  cas- 
caded, ppr.  cascading.  [Appar.  a  perverted 
usoof  c«.stYK?ei.  Cf.  E.  dial,  casi,  vomit.]  To 
vomit.     [CoUoq.] 

cascalho  (kas-kal'yo),  n.  [Pg.  (=  Sp.  cascajo), 
pebbles,  gi-avel,  <  ca.9car,  strike,  Sp.  break  in 
pieces,  shatter:  see  cascade'^,  n.,  and  cascarilla, 
and  as  to  meaning  cf.  brasli''-,  breccia,  debris.] 
Gravel,  coarse  or  line,  mixed  with  more  or  less 
sand;  detrital  material  in  general ;  the  material 
in  which  Brazilian  diamonds  are  found,  as  also 
gold  to  some  extent. 
cascan,  cascane  (kas-kan',  -kan'),  n.  [F.  cas- 
cane.]  In  fort.,  a  hole  or  ca'v-ity,  resembling  a 
well,  made  near  a  rampart,  from  which  an 
undergi'ound' gallery  extends,  or  which  serves 
to  give  vent  to  an  enemy's  mine  and  diminish 
its  destnictive  effect. 
cascara  amarga,  sagrada.  See  bnrk^. 
cascarilla  (kMs-ka-ririi),  v.  [=  F.  cascarille, 
<  Sjj.  cascarilla  (=  Pg.  cascarilha  =  It.  ca,s- 
earilla,  cascariglia), 
dim.  of  cascara,  bark, 
rind,  peel,  husk  (cf. 
casca,  husks,  bark, 
easco,  a  skull,  shard, 
helmet,  cask,  etc.,  > 
E.  c«stl),  <  cascar, 
break,  burst  open : 
see  cascade^-,  n.,  and 
co.«A-l.]  The  aromatic 
bitter  bark  of  Croton 
Eluteria,  a  West  In- 
dian shrub  or  small 
tree  of  the  natural 
order  Euphorbiaceee, 
and  a  native  of  the 
Bahama  islands.  It 
occurs  in  small  thin  frag- 
ments and  brittle  rolls  like 
([uills,  and  is  used  in  medicine  for  its  mild  stimulating, 
tonic  properties.    Also  called  Eleuthera  or  sweettfood  baric. 

cascarillin,  cascarilline  (kas-ka-ril'in),  n.  [< 
ciisnirilla  +  -in",  -iiie-.]  A  white,  crystalline, 
odorless,  Ijitter  substance  (Ci2Hi804)'obtained 
from  cascarilla. 

caschrom  (kas'krom),  n.  [Also  improp.  wiit- 
ten  (jascromh  ;  Gael,  caschrom,  <  cas,  a  foot,  leg, 
shaft,  haft,  handle,  -I-  crom,  crooked :  see  crom- 
lech.] A  long  pick  with  a  cross-handle  and 
projecting  foot-piece ;  afoot-pick:  used  in  the 
Scottish  Highlands  for  digging  in  stony  ground 
where  no  other  instrument  can  be  introduced. 

casco  (kas'ko),  n.  [Pg.,prop.  the  keel  or  bottom 
of  a  ship,  =  Sp.  casco,  the  hull  of  a  ship ;  same 
as  Pg.  Sp.  It.  casco,  helmet,  casque,  cask:  see 
cask^,  casque.]     A  boat  of  the  Philippines,  used 


Cascarilla-plant  {Cretan 

Eluteria). 

a,  male  flower  ;  b,  female  flower; 

c,  fruit. 


chiefly  on  the  river  at  Manila,  almost  rectan- 
gular in  form,  very  flat  and  very  durable,  and 
much  used  for  conveying  cargoes  to  and  from 
ships. 

easel  (kas),  n.  [<  ME.  cas,  caas,  case,  <  OF.  cas, 
F.  cas  =  Pr.  cas  =  Pg.  Sp.  It.  caso,  circumstance, 
event,  hap,  chance,  <  L.  casus  (casu-),  a  falling, 
change,  event,  accident,  misfortune,  <  cadere, 
pp.  casus,  fall  (>  also  cadent,  cadence,  chance, 
accident,  etc.):  see  cadent.]  1.  Literally,  that 
which  happens  or  befalls,  (a)  llap;  contingency; 
event;  chance. 


case 

Tlian  he  tolde  hem  alle  worde  for  worde  how  the  cat 
was  be-fallen.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  iii.  5(50. 

Wisdom  behonith  to  lete  go  and  passe 
Which  that  men  mow  noght  amend  in  no  cas. 

Hum.  of  Parte iMj)  (E,  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  0223. 
(6)  State ;  cf)ndition ;  state  of  circumstances. 
Cumfort«th  hun  in  his  caas,  coueiteth  not  his  goodeg. 
Piers  Plowman  (A),  viii.  52. 
Like  Angels  life  was  then  mens  happy  cace. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  II.  vii.  16. 
Tib.  I  come  to  have  thee  walk. 
Ovid.  No,  good  Tibullus,  I'm  not  now  in  case. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  L  1. 

Tliey  lay,  therefore,  all  day  on  Saturday,  in  lamentable 

case,  as  before.  Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  177. 

2.  A  particular  determination  of  events  or  cir- 
cumstances; a  special  state  of  things  coming 
under  a  general  description  or  rule. 

The  ceremonies  attendant  upon  death  and  burial  are 
nearly  the  same  in  the  cases  of  men  and  women. 

E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyiitians,  II.  286. 

3.  In  wed.,  an  instance  of  disease  under  or 
requiring  medical  treatment,  or  the  series  of 
occurrences  or  symptoms  which  characterize 
it :  as,  the  doctor  has  many  ca.'ses  of  fever  in 
hand;  the  patient  explained  his  case. — 4.  A 
state  of  things  involving  a  question  for  d^- 
cussion  or  decision. 

Tell  hym  how  the  caai  stant  all  as  it  is. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ilL  491. 
Acrei.  I  don't  choose  to  mention  names,  hut  look  on 
me  as  on  a  very  ill-used  gentleman. 
Sir  Luc.  Pray,  what  is  the  case  ? 

Stieridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 
The  plainest  case  in  many  words  entangling.   J.  Baillie. 

Specifically — 5.  In  law:  (a)  A  cause  or  suit  in 
coui't ;  any  instance  of  litigation :  as,  the  case 
was  tried  at  the  last  term,  in  this  sense  case  is 
nearly  synonymous  with  cause,  which  is  the  more  technical 
term.  Cn*e  includes  special  proceedings,  as  well  as  actions 
at  law,  suits  in  equity,  and  criminal  prosecutions:  and  it 
implies  not  only  a  controversy,  but  also  legal  proceedings. 
More  loosely,  however,  it  is  used  for  cause  of  action  :  as, 
he  has  a  good  case. 

This  false  juge  ...  sat  in  his  Consistorie, 
And  gaf  his  doomes  upon  sondry  cas. 

Chaucer,  Doctor's  Tale,  1.  163. 
Force  a  composition  or  wTaugle  out  some  broken  Title, 
or  breake  the  necke  of  the  Case  with  a  I'rohibition. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  133. 

(6)  The  state  of  facts  or  the  presentation  of 
evidence  on  which  a  party  to  litigation  relies 
for  his  success,  whether  as  plaintiff  or  defen- 
dant :  as,  in  cross-examining  plaintiffs  witness, 
defendant  has  no  right  to  go  beyond  the  limits 
of  the  direct  examination,  for  such  inquiries 
are  part  of  his  own  case.  (<•)  Under  American 
procedure,  a  document  prepared  by  the  appel- 
lant on  an  appeal,  containing  the  e'N'idence,  or 
the  substance  of  it,  and  the  proceedings  on 
the  trial  in  the  court  below,  it  is  intended  to 
enable  the  appellate  court  to  review  the  evidence  anil  ' 
the  facts,  as  well  as  to  pass  upon  alleged  enoi-s  of  law, 
and  in  this  differs  from  a  bill  of  exceptions,  which  pre. 
seuts  only  alleged  errors  of  law.  Called  specifically  case 
on  appeal. 

6.  In  gram.,  in  many  languages,  one  of  the 
forms  having  different  offices  in  the  sentence 
which  together  make  up  the  inflection  of  a 
noun:  as,  the  nominative  case,  that  of  the  sub- 
ject of  the  verb,  as  lie,  do'minns  (Latin);  the 
accusative  or  objective  case,  as  him,  dominum : 
the  genitive  or  jwssessive  case,  as  his  (John's), 
domini.  These  are  the  only  cases  in  modern  English, 
and  the  objective  is  not  distinguished  in  fonu  from  the 
nominative  except  in  a  few  pronouns.  In  addition  to 
the  three  cases  found  in  English,  Greek  and  German  have 
a  dative,  Latin  has  a  dative,  an  ablative,  and  a  vocative, 
and  Sanskrit  further  an  instrumental  and  a  locative.  The 
French  has  lost  all  case-distinction  in  nouns.  Some  lan- 
guages, as  the  Finnish  and  Hungarian,  have  many  more 
cases,  even  fifteen  or  twenty.  All  the  cases  but  the  nomi- 
native are  called  oblique  cases. 

7.  A  person  wlio  is  peculiar  or  remarkable  in 
any  respect :  as,  a  queer  case;  a  hard  case:  some- 
times used  without  quaUfieation :  as,  he  is  a 
case.     [Colloq.] 

"  Well,  the  General  can  tell  yon,"  says  the  hunter,  glan- 
cing at  that  individual,  '  what  a  terrible  hard  case  I've 
been."  W.  M.  Baker,  New  llmothy,  p.  114. 

8.  In  logic,  a  proposition  stating  a  fact  coming 

under  a  general  rule;  a  subsumption Action 

on  the  case,  in  law.  a  general  form  of  action  (the  phrase 
being  <iri;^inally  etjuivaleut  to  action  on  tfte  circum.-.tanccf.) 
adopted  to  eniai-ge  the  legal  remedies  at  a  time  when 
forms  of  action  existed  for  trespasses  with  violence  and 
for  debts  resting  in  bon<i,  but  no  form  had  been  provided 
for  wrongs  wilbnut  violence,  such  as  negligence,  or  oral 
or  implied  promise.  It  became  the  most  widely  used  of 
all  comnmn  law  forms,  and  equally  applicable  to  conse- 
(juential  injury  to  the  real  or  personal  property  and  to  the 
personiU  cbaractcr  of  the  party  by  whom  it  was  brought. 
—  Amlstad  case,  a  noted  case  in  the  courts  of  the 
United  States,  in  which  Spaniards  claimed  as  their  slaves 
negroes  who  had  been  kidnapped  in  Africa,  and  who  while 


case 

being  carried  to  Culm  (in  1839)  rose  acninat  their  captors, 
tocik  possession  of  the  vessel,  and  after  chiiinihii;  her  course 
were  talieii  hy  a  United  Htiites  vi-sscl .  .11 1  \u-  Aimrican  coast. 
Theeuui  ts  liehl  that  they  were  fn-c.jinil  imt  [lirates  or  rolt- 

hers.— Bankers'  case,  or  case  of  the  bankers,  the  peti- 
tion of  II..nil»Iee  and  others  to  the  hiironsofthe  exchequer 
in  If.'.il  (14  How.  St.  Ti'.,  IJ  for  tlic  paytiient  of  eertain  an- 
nuitie.s  tiranted  hy  Charles  II.  to  rejiay  money  oriKinaHy 
loane<l  to  hini  on  the  seeurity  of  the  revenues.  «>n  ap- 
peal, the  House  of  Lords  decided  that  the  grant  was  hind- 
Ing  upon  his  suecessor,  and  continued  a  charyc  upon  the 
revenue.— Bates's  case,  an  English  juvKsecution  (IGW) 
of  a  inerehaiit,  in  whiili  the  chum  of  James  I.  to  impose 
duties  as  a  jjersonal  prerogative  was  sustiiined  ;  a  ([Ues- 
tion  afterward  settled  tliu  other  way  under  Cronuvc]), 
Also  called  the  cote  of  the  imponitions. — Bradlaugll's 
case,  a  prulon^red  controversy  (I8Si-8G)  over  the  chum 
of  Cliarh's  llradhitiuli  (*/)  to  take  a  seat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  without  takim;  the  oath  required  of  menihers, 
lie  declaring'  tliat  In-  did  not  acknowludne  i>v  helieve  in  Us 
ohli^atiou  ;  and  later  (h)  to  have  the  oath  administered. 
Two  notahle  le;;al  ilecisions  were  rraehed  in  tlie  course  of 
the  controversy.  In  isM  (12  Law  Hep.,  Q.  li.  D.,  271),  in 
the  ease  of  Cliarles  liradlaugh  v.  Francis  R.  Gossett,  ser- 
geant-at-arins  of  the  House  of  Conunons,  arising  out  of 
a  resohition  excluding  i)laintitf  from  the  House  until  he 
shonid  eiiy;ai;e  not  to  disturb  its  proceedings  by  demand- 
ing to  tiil^e  the  oath  as  a  member,  it  was  held  that  courts 
cannot  lontrol  the  House  in  its  administration  of  laws  re- 
lating tiieiely  to  its  inteinal  procedure,  nor  iniiuire  Into 
the  i)roiiiiety  of  a  restdution  restraining  a  member  from 
duini:  in  the  House  what  he  had  a  lawful  right  to  do, 
and  iliat  action  will  not  lie  against  the  serge  ant- at- arms 
for  obeying  such  resolution.  In  ISafj  (14  Law  Rep.,  Q. 
B.  D.,  t)(i7),  in  the  Court  of  Appeal,  the  case  of  the  At- 
torney tJeneral  r.  I'-raillangh,  for  penalties  under  the  Par- 
liamentary Oaths  Act,  for  voting  in  the  House  without 
having  been  sworn  as  a  member,  it  was  decided  that  a 
memlier  who  ttoes  not  helieve  in  a  Supreme  Being,  and 
upon  whom  an  oath  is  binding  only  as  a  promise,  is  in- 
capalde  of  taking  the  prescribed  oath;  hut  if  he  goes 
through  the  form  ai  taking  it  (as  Bradlaugh  did  by  ad- 
ministering the  oath  t<j  himself  at  Uie  bar  of  the  House), 
he  is  liable  for  viohition  of  the  act.— BtllT's  case,  the 
prosecution  of  Aaron  Burr  for  treason  against  tlie  initcil 
States,  tried  before  Chief  Justice  Marshall  in  1S07.— Cal- 
vin's case,  also  called  the  cane  oJ'ihepo»tnaii,  1(508(2  How. 
St.  Tr.,  r..'i;i;  7  Coke,  1),  an  action  turning  on  questions  of 
allegianee  and  natural-horn  subjects.  It  was  brought  to 
recover  lands  by  Robert  Calvin  against  Richard  and  Nich- 
olas Smith,  to  which  defendants  pleaded  tliat  the  plaintilf 
was  an  alien,  and  incapable  of  bringing  tlie  aeti<ui,  because 
he  was  born  in  Scotland,  though  after  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land descended  to  James  I.,  who  was  also  king  of  Scot- 
land. It  was  argued  by  lawyers  and  judges  uf  the  great- 
est renown,  including  lA)rds  F.acon,  Coke,  I'dlesmere,  Yel- 
verton,  and  Warburton,  and  was  deeideil  in  favor  of  the 
plaintilf.  — Case  agreed,  or  case  stated,  in  lav,  a  state- 
ment of  facts  agreed  <in  iiy  the  parties,  or  made  by  an- 
other court,  to  Ije  submitted  merely  for  decision  of  a 
pointof  law,— Case  law.  See^rnc- Case  Of  conscience. 
See  coiiKcirnrr. —  Case  Of  the  Caroline,  a  name  given  to 
the  ease  of  the  IVople  r.  McLeod.  See  McLrud  case,  be- 
low.— Case  of  the  claimant.  See  Tichhtn-ne  case,  be- 
low. -Case  of  the  seven  bishops.  See  ^i",s/h.;j.— Case 
reserved,  case  made,  a  statement  presenting  points  of 

law  leserved  l-y  the  jU'i;;e  orpai  ties  foi'  .leei>n.u  l)y  the  full 

court.— Civil  rights  cases.  See  en-/;.- Clinton  bridge 
case,  an  important  litigation  in  the  United  States  Su- 
preme t'ourt  (1^70),  which  established  the  doctrine  by 
wbicli  railroad  bridges  may  be  said  to  have  gained  clear 
recognitiou  of  their  rights  of  way  in  preference  to  the  nav- 
igal'le  waters  crossed  by  them,  through  the  power  of  Con- 
gress to  rei.Milate  tTiter-state  conuneree.- Criminal  CaseS. 
See  rn'nn'iKt/.  — Crown  cases  reserved.  See  croim.— 
Darnell's  case,  a  nnted  case  in  Jjigiish  coMstitutii'nal 
law  (1027),  in  which  the  imprisonment  of  Sir  Thomas  Dar- 
nell and  four  others,  for  refusing  t«  subsi-ribe  to  a  forced 
loan,  was  sanctioneil,  the  agitation  resulting  from  which 
was  followed  bv  the  granting  of  tlie  Petition  of  Right.— 
Dartmouth  College  case,  the  hading  American  case 
(1M;»)  on  the  vested  riu'hts  of  Corp. 'rations,  reported  as 
Trustees  f.f  Dartmouth  College  v.  Woodward  (4  Wheatou, 
518),  deciding  tliat  a  corporate  charter,  even  though  it  be 
a  British  elunter  granted  before  the  revolution,  cannot 
be  materiallv  altered  ItyaState  legislature,  it  being  a  con- 
tract within  the  m<-aoiiig  of  the  provision  of  the  Tnited 
States  Constitution  wbich  deprives  the  States  of  the  power 
to  impair  tlie  obligation  of  a  contract.— Dr.  Bonham'S 
case,  an  important  decision  upon  English  constitutional 
law,  rendered  in  U'-OO,  in  the  case  of  Thomas  Bonliam  i'. 
the  I'oUege  of  Physicians  (S  Coke,  107).  for  false  imprison- 
ment. It  was  held  that  an  act  of  Parliament  which  is 
against  common  right  and  reason,  or  is  impossible  to 
be  perf(U'nieil,  is  void  by  the  common  law;  also,  that 
where  the  power  to  commit  to  prison  is  vested  by  patent 
or  act  of  Parliament  in  parties  not  being  a  court,  their 
proceedings  ought  to  be  of  record,  and  the  facts  upon 
which  such  power  is  exercised  are  traversable.— Dred 
Scott  case,  a  case  of  great  historical  importance  among 
the  events  which  preceded  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the 
Vnited  States,  in  which  the  Supreme  Court  held  (in  1S;)7) 
that  a  free  negro  of  slave  ancestry  wjis  not  a  citizen,  and 
could  not  sue  or  be  protected  as  such  in  the  United  States 
courts.  The  statement  that  the  Africans  in  America  had 
long  been  considered  a  subordinate  race  having  "  no  rights 
which  the  white  man  is  bound  to  respect,"  which  was  con- 
tained in  the  opinion  of  the  chief  justice,  gained  universal 
attention  as  a  point  of  attack  in  the  controversy  about  slav- 
ery.—Five  per  cent,  cases,  a  decision  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  in  isM  (110  U.  S.,  471),  bedding  tliat  an  act 
of  Congress  by  whith  a  percentage  of  the  jiroceeds  of  land 
"sold  l)v  I'ongress"'  is  reserved  to  certain  public  uses  of  a 
State  doVs  not  include  lands  disposed  of  by  the  United  States 
in  satisfaction  <if  military  land-warranta.-General case. 
in  math.,  that  special  state  of  things  which  is  considereil 
when,  in  studying  an  analytical  expression,  it  is  assumed 
that  there  is  no  peculiar  relation  l)etween  tlie  constants 
denoted  by  letters.  The  general  c:ise  may  be  very  excep- 
tionah  Thus,  in  linear  associative  algebra,  in  the  general 
case  the  vanishing  of  a  product  implies  the  vanishinc  of 
one  of  the  factors,  yet  among  the  innumerable  possible 
algebras  there  are  but  tliree  in  which  such  an  inference  is 


841 

valid.  — Hampden's  case.  ScectMC  of  ship-money,  under 
nhip-moiu'ij.—  In  case,  in  the  event  or  contingency  ;  if  it 
should  so  fall  out  or  hapjien  that;  supposing. 

A  sure  retreat  to  his  forces,  in  cane  they  should  have  an 
ill  day  or  an  unlucky  chance  in  the  field. 

Bacon,  IHst.  Hen.  VII. 

Irreducible  case,  In  math.,  the  case  in  which  a  cubic 
e((uation  has  three  real  roots,  when  Cardan's  method  of 
sohitjon  involves  imaginaries. —  Kendall's  case,  a  deci- 
sion of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  (l^^l^).  noted  in 
American  constitutional  law,  that  the  court  may  compel  a 
cabinet  olflcer  to  pcrftjrm  a  ministerial  duty.  — Koszta'S 
case,  the  facts  and  resulting  diplomatic  correspondence 
(lsr»;i)  by  which  the  I'nited  States  government  maintained 
the  claim  that  Martin  Kos/.ta,  a  native  of  Hungary,  was 
entitled  to  jiroteetion  as  an  American  citizen  from  sei- 
zure by  the  Austrian  government  wliile  in  Turkisli  juris- 
diction, he  having  previously  legally  declared  his  intention 
to  become  an  American  citi/.eii. —  Marbury'S  case,ade(i- 
sion  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  (liS'Ki).  noted  in 
American  constitutional  history,  which  e-stabbshed  the 
power  of  that  court  to  declare  an  act  of  Congress  v<iid  fi'j- 
contravening  the  United  States  Constitution,  anil  dellned 
the  extent  to  whicli  members  of  the  cabinet  are  amenable 
to  the  courts. —  McLeod  case,  a  cfjiitroversy  between  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  arising  out  of  the  incident  of 
the  destruction  of  the  American  steamer  Caroline  hy  the 
Canadian  authorities  (IKil),  in  the  course  of  which  a  man 
was  killed.  .McLeod  was  arrested  as  one  of  the  attacking 
party,  and  was  indicted  (IH41)  in  New  Y<irk  State  fur  mur- 
der; l)Ut  he  proved  an  alil)i,  and  was  acquitted.  Also  called 
the  cane  of  the  Carnfiiu-.—  Negro  case.  See  Somincrsett'tf 
case,  below, —  Shelley's  case,  the  decision  in  1581(1  Coke, 
89-10C),by  all  the  judges  of  Kngland,of  the  case  of  Nichn- 
las  Wolfe  against  Henry  Shelley,  in  ejectment,  involving 
questions  upon  the  law  of  common  recoveries.  It  is  chielly 
celebrated  for  a  precise  and  clear  statement  hy  defendant's 
counsel  of  a  previously  well-e8tal)lished  rule  of  law  concern- 
ing the  effect  of  the  word  *'  heirs  "  In  certain  conveyances, 
since  known  as  the  rule  in  Shelley's  ease.  This  rule,  which 
is  now  reganled  as  a  rule  of  interpretation  rather  than  a 
rule  of  law,  is  to  the  effect  that  wherever  there  is  a  limi- 
tation to  a  man,  which  if  it  stood  alone  would  convey  to 
him  a  particular  estate  of  freehold,  fidlowed  by  a  limita- 
tion to  his  heirs  or  to  the  heirs  of  his  body  (or  equivalent 
expressions),  either  immediately  or  after  the  inlerpositi<ui 
of  one  or  more  i)artieubir  estates,  the  apparent  gift  to  the 
heirorlieirsof  the  body  is  to  be  cimstruedas  a  limit  at  inn  nf 
the  estate;  that  is  to  say,  ni>t  a  gift  t"  the  heir,  but  a  gift  to 
the  person  first  named  of  an  estate  nf  inluiitance,  such  as 
his  heir  may  take  by  descent.— Sommersett'S  case,  a  fa- 
mous habeas  corpus  case  in  England  in  177*.i,  before  Lord 
Slanstleld,  brouglit  on  behalf  of  Tliomas  Sommersett,  a  ne- 
gro. It  established  the  principle  that  a  slave  brought  upon 
English  soil  became  thereby  free.  Also  called  the  iirtrro  casi\ 
—  Special  case,  a  statement  of  facts  agreed  to  on  liehalf 
of  two  or  more  litigant  parties,  and  submitted  for  the 
opinion  of  a  court  of  justice  as  to  the  law  bearing  on  the 
facts  so  stated.  In  Scots  law,  in  civil  jury  causes,  a  Bi)ecial 
case  differs  from  a  siiecial  verdict  ordy  in  this,  that  the 
special  verdict  is  returned  by  the  jury,  whereas  the  spe- 
cial case  is  adjusted  l>y  the  parties  themselves,  or  by  their 
counsel,  and  sets  forth  the  special  facts  on  which  they 
are  agreed  witliout  the  evidence.— Taltartun'S  case,  a 
noted  decision  in  the  English  courts  in  I47;i,  estattli^hing 
the  power  of  a  tenant  in  tail  to  convert  the  estate  into  a 
fee  simple  absolute  by  suffering  a  connnun  recovery. — 
Tennessee  bond  cases,  a  name  given  to  seventeen  causes 
decided  by  the  Inited  States  Supreme  Court  in  1S85  (114 
I'.  S.  Sup.  Ct.,  iiiili),  wherein  it  was  held  that  the  statutory 
lien  upon  railroads  created  by  act  of  the  Tennessee  Legis- 
lature, Feb.  11th,  1852,  was  for  the  benefit  of  the  State,  and 
not  of  the  holdei-s  of  State  bonds  issued  under  that  act.— 
Tichbome  case,  also  called  the  ea^c  of  the  claimant, 
the  name  given  to  the  history  and  proceedings  of  Thomas 
Castro,  otherwise  Arthur  Orton,  in  his  claim  to  he  Sir 
Roger  Tichborne,  and  heir  to  the  estate  and  baronetcy  of 
Tichborne  in  England  (1868-74),  which  he  prosecuted  by 
suits  in  Chancery  and  in  the  Courts  of  Probate  and  of 
Common  Pleas,  and  which  culminated  in  his  trial  and 
sentence  to  fourteen  years'  imprisoinnent  for  perjury. 
The  case  is  celebrated  for  the  conflicting  nature  of  the 
testimony  as  to  his  identity,  and  for  the  great  public 
interest  excited  by  it.— TO  put  the  case,  to  suppose  the 
event  or  a  certain  state  of  things;  state  a  quf.stinn,  espe- 
cially in  a  manner  to  invite  decision. —Tweed's  case,  the 
proceedings  against  William  M.  Tweetl  anil  others,  known 
as  the  Tweed  Ring,  for  frauds  perpetrated  wliile  they 
were  municipal  ofllcers  of  New  York,  by  which  they  ob- 
tained over  six  million  dollars  from  the  county  of  New 
York.  In  a  civil  case  it  was  decided  by  the  Court  of  Appeals 
of  New  York  in  1874  (People  v.  Ingersoll,  f.s  N.  Y.,  1)  that 
an  action  for  money  fraudulently  oi>tained  from  a  county 
could  not  be  brought  in  the  name  of  the  people  of  the  State. 
This  was  subsetiuently  remedied  by  statute,  and  a  judg- 
ment obtained.  In  a  criminal  case,  Tweed  was  found  guilty 
on  twelve  counts  for  similar  offenses  in  one  indictment, 
and  was  separately  sentenced  to  one  years  imprisonment 
on  each,  with  the  directiiui  that  service  of  one  sentence 
should  not  begin  until  the  completion  of  service  on  a 
prior  sentence.  After  completing  the  term  of  his  fli-st 
sentence,  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  was  served  on  liis 
jailer,  and  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  ls7r>  (People  ex  rel. 
Tweed  v.  Liscomb,  00  X.  Y.,  GoO)  decided  that,  under  the 
statutes  conferring  the  power  to  sentence,  cunuilativc  sen- 
tences in  such  cases  were  not  lawful,  and  discharged  him ; 
but  he  was  immediately  imprisoned  in  default  of  bail  in 
preceding  civil  suits.  Other  nnnnr  decisions  on  (piestions 
of  procedure  are  also  included  under  this  term. —  Twyne'S 
case,  the  leading  case  in  English  law  (l(M):i)  holding  that  a 
conveyance  intended  to  defraud  creditors  is  void  as  against 
them,  if  not  taken  in  good  faith  and  for  valuable  consid- 
eration.—Tyrrel'S  case,  a  noted  decision  in  English  law 
(Ift-'iS).  in  which  after  Parliament,  by  the  statute  of  uses, 
had  thimgbt  to  put  an  end  to  the  bidding  of  land  in  the 
name  of  one  person  to  the  use  of  another,  the  courts  intro- 
duced the  doctrine  of  a  use  upon  a  use,  leading  to  the  pres- 
ent law  of  trusts.  — Virginia  coupon  cases,  the  generic 
name  under  which  are  known  a  number  of  suits  detennirud 
by  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1884.  enforcing  a 
Virginia  statute  which  declared  c<mpons  on  bonds  of  that 
State  receivable  in  payment  of  State  taxes,  nutwithstoudiug 


case 

the  repeal  of  that  statute.  — Wheeling  bridge  case,  the 
case  of  Pennsylvania  v.  Wheeling  and  Belmont  Biidge 
Co.,  decided  by  the  Unitetl  states  Supreme  Court  (in  1861 
and  IS.^fj),  concerning  a  briiige  acrosB  the  Ohio  river  at 
Wheeling,  Virginia.  After  holding  in  1851  (13  How.,  518), 
by  a  divided  court,  that  a  bridge,  though  entirely  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  State  that  authorized  its  construc- 
tion, could  be  enjoined  as  a  nuisance  by  the  courts  of  the 
United  States  if  it  obstructed  inter-state  navigation,  the 
court  held  in  1S55  (18  How.,  421)  that  Congress,  under  the 
constitutional  i)ower  to  regulate  eoninu-rce  between  the 
States,  may  determine  what  shall  or  shall  not  be  deemed 
an  obstruction  t(t  navigation,  and  may  declare  a  bridge, 
when  erected,  to  be  a  lawful  structure  so  as  to  avoid  the 
effect  of  its  having  been  juilicially  declared  a  nuisance.— 
Wild's  case,  an  English  ileeision,  in  15tH>  («  Co.  Rep.,  16 
h),  in  tile  case  of  Richardson  v.  Yardley,  in  ejectment:  so 
called  because  involving  a  devise  to  one  Rowland  Wild, 
which  established  the  rule  for  the  construction  of  wills 
known  as  the  rule  in  Wild's  ease,  viz.,  "that  if  A  ilevises 
his  lands  to  It  and  his  diildren  or  issues,  and  lie  hath  not 
any  issue  at  the  time  of  the  devise,  that  tlie  same  is  an 
estate  tail."=SyTl.  Situation,  condition,  state,  circum- 
stances, plight,  predicament. 

caseU  (kas),  v.  i.     [<  ca.sc'^,  «.]     To  put  cases; 
bring  forward  propositions. 

They  fell  presently  to  reasoning  and  casing  upon  the 
matter  with  him,  and  laying  distinctions  before  him. 

Sir  H.  L'Extrange. 

case^  (kas),  n.  [<  ME.  casse,  kace  =  D.  Ay/a-  =  G. 
kasse  =  Sw.  ka^m  =  Dan.  kasscj  <  OF.  casse  (F. 
casse,  a  chase,  caisse,  a  case,  also  chdssc,  a  chase, 
shrine)  =  Pr.  cayssttj  caissa  =  Cat.  capsa  =  Sp. 
cajttf  obs.  caxa  =  Pg.  caixaj  obs.  caxa  =  It.  cas- 
sOy  <  L.  capsa,  a  chest,  box,  receptacle,  <  ca- 
pere,  receive,  contain,  hold:  see  capable^  capa- 
cious. The  same  word,  in  later  forms,  appears 
as  cash^  and  chase^.']  1.  That  which  incloses 
or  contains;  a  covering,  box,  or  sheath:  as,  a 
case  for  knives ;  a  case  for  books ;  a  watch-ca^e; 
a  pillow-ca^e.  Specifically  —  2f.  A  quiver. 
The  arwes  in  the  caan 
Of  the  goddesse  clatren  faste  and  r>Tige. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1500. 

3.  The  skin  of  an  animal;  in  her.,  the  skin  of 
a  beast  displayed  ^^ith  the  head,  feet,  tail,  etc. 

O,  thou  dissembling  cub !  what  wilt  thou  be, 
"VVhen  time  hath  sow'd  a  grizzle  on  thy  ca^ef 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 
Thus  wise  men 
Repair  the  hurts  they  take  hy  a  disgrace, 
And  piece  the  lions  with  the  fox's  com. 

Fletcher,  Beggars"  Bush,  iii.  1. 

4.  The  exterior  portion  of  a  building ;  an  outer 
coating  for  walls. 

The  case  of  the  holy  house  la  nobly  designed  and  exe- 
cuted by  gi-eat  masters.  Addisim,  Travels  in  Italy. 

5.  Aboxanditscontents;  hence,  a  quantity  con- 
tained in  a  box.  Specifically — («)  Apair;  a  set. 

Pray  thee,  corporal,  stay  ;  the  knocks  are  too  hot ;  and 
for  mine  own  part,  I  have  not  a  case  of  lives. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  2. 

Lictors,  gag  him  ;  do. 
And  put  a  cojse  of  vizards  o'er  his  heail. 
That  he  may  look  bifronted,  as  he  speaks. 

B.  Jomson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 
An  inseparable  ca^e  of  coxcombs,  .  .  .  the  Gemini,  or 
twins  of  foppery. 

B.  Jonmii,  Pref,  to  Every  -Man  out  of  his  Ilumour. 

{}))  Among  glaziers,  225  square  feet  of  crown- 
glass;  also,  120  feet  of  Newcastle  or  Normandy 
glass. — 6.  In  ])rhititigj  a  shallow  tray  of  wood 
divided  by  partitions  into  small  boxes  of  differ- 
ent sizes,  in  which  the  characters  of  a  font  of 
printing-types  are  placed  for  the  use  of  the 
compositor.  Tlie  ordinarj'  case  is  about  16  inches  wide, 
;ii  inches  long,  and  has  boxes  1  inch  deep.  Two  foniis  of 
case  are  required  for  a  full  font  of  Roman  tj'pe :  the  tiftj>er 
case  (so  called  from  its  higher  position  on  the  inclined 
composing-frame),  of  OS  boxes,  which  contains  tlie  capitals, 
small  capitals,  reference-marks,  fractions,  and  other  types 
in  small  rcipiest ;  and  the  lnurr  case,  of  54  boxes  of  un- 
equal size,  which  contains  the  small-text  types,  spaces,  and 
points  most  frequently  reipured.  Hie  cases  and  boxes  are 
arranged  so  that  the  types  oftenest  used  are  most  easily 
reached  by  the  compositor.  For  nnisic,  Greek,  and  He- 
brew, as  well  as  for  display  or  jobiung  type,  or  for  any  font 
of  printing-types  that  lias  more  or  fewer  characteiT*  than 
those  of  Roman-text  type.  caj*es  of  special  form  are  made. 
7.  In  hookbindhiff,  a  book-cover  made  separate- 
ly from  the  book  it  is  intended  to  inclose. —  8. 
A  triangular  sac  or  oa\nty  in  the  right  side  of 
the  nose  and  upper  portion  of  the  head  of  a 
sperm-whale,  containing  oil  and  spermaceti, 
which  are  together  called  head-matter. — 9. 
In  milit.  engin.,  a  square  or  rectangular  frame 
made  from  four  pieces  of  plank  joined  at  the 
corners,  used  (in  juxtaposition  to  similar  frames) 
to  form  a  lining  for  a  gallery  or  branch. — 10. 
In  loam-molding,  the  outer  portion  of  a  mold. 
iVlso  called  cope. — 11.  In  porcelain-making^ 
same  as^  saggar. — 12.  Milit. y  same  as  case-shot. 
— 13.  In  mining,  a  fissure  through  which  water 
finds  its  way  into  a  mine.  [Cornwall.  Rarely 
used.]  — 14.  The  wooden  frame  in  which  a 
door  is  hung.  Also  called  casing. — 15.  The 
wall  surrounding  a  staircase.  Also  called  casing. 


case 

— Case-amooUilug  machine,  n  mnchinc  for  smonthlns 
the  i-a^si'tj  or  comers  of  liooks.  Limp  case,  or  flexible 
case  ill  bookliiiuliii!/,  a  ciise  stritiliuil  oviT  piiper  iloulilcts 
insUiul  of  boards.— To  work  at  case,  in  printinii,  to  set 
typo. 
case-  (kas),  r. :  jiret.  and  pp.  cased,  ppr.  caxnifl. 
[<  c«A('"-,  H.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  covoror  surroiiiul 
with  a  case;  siirrouud  -ivitU  any  material  that 
incloses  or  protects;  incase. 

To  be  cased  up  anil  liuiiR  by  on  the  wall. 

£.  Joitton,  Every  Slaii  out  of  liis  numour,  iil.  3. 
The  jewel  is  cax'il  up  from  all  nicu's  eyes. 

Miildlelon,  Women  Ueware  Women,  i.  1. 
Speciflcally— (o)  In  arch.,  to  face  or  cover  (tlie  outsiile 
wall  of  a  buildina)  with  material  of  a  bett«r  quality  than 
that  of  the  wall  ftself. 

Tlie  wall  |nf  the  Hatym)  is  built  of  solid  stone,  about 
five  feet  in  height  and  four  iii  thickness,  cmcd  all  over 
with  white  marble. 

ISimkhanIt,  in  Burton's  El-SIedinah,  p.  374. 

(6)  In  plasterinn,  to  phxster  (as  a  liousc)  with  mortar  on 
the  outside,  anil  strike  a  ruler  laid  on  it  while  moist  with 
the  edge  of  a  trowel,  so  as  to  mark  it  with  lines  resem- 
bling tlie  joints  of  freestone,  (c)  In  plaxs-makinp.  to 
"plate  "  or  rover  (gla.ss)  with  a  layer  of  a  ditferent  color, 
(rf)  In  bookbindin(i,  to  cover  with  a  case.  See  case-,  n.,  7. 
After  stitching,  books  which  are  to  be  cased  up  with 
uncut  edges  have  their  face  and  tail  cut  square  by  means 
of  a  trimmiiigniachine.  Enciie.  Brit.,  IV.  4i. 

2.  la. printing,  to  put  into  the  proper  compart- 
ments of  compositors'  cases;  lay:  as,  to  ease,  a 
font  of  type. — 3t.  To  remove  the  case  or  skin 
of ;  uncase ;  skin. 
We'll  make  you  some  sport  with  the  fox,  ere  we  case  him. 
Shak..  All's  Well,  iii.  6. 
Cased  glass,  glass  made  in  several  layers,  usually  of  dif- 
ferent (■.dors,  by  cutting  tlirongh  which  to  ditferent  deptlis 
an  elfect  like  that  of  cameo  is  produced.  The  ancient 
Roman  ghiss  of  this  kind  was  cut  by  hand  in  the  man- 
ner of  gem-cutting.  The  process  in  use  at  the  present 
day  consists  in  covering  the  outside  of  a  colorless  glass 
ball  with  a  thin  case  of  colored  glass,  and  fusing  the 
two  together,  repeating  the  operation  as  often  as  desired ; 
the  whole  is  then  blown  into  the  shape  required  before 
tlie  cutting  is  done.  Also  called  cameo-glass. —Gsc&^i. 
sash-frames,  sasll-frames  which  have  their  interior  ver- 
tical sides  hollow  to  admit  the  weights  which  balance  the 
sashes,  and  at  tlie  same  time  conceal  them. 

n.  intrans.  To  cover  one's  self  with  some- 
thing that  constitutes  a  casing. 

Case  ye  ;  on  with  your  visors.      Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 
Casearia  (kas-e-a'ri-ii),  «.     [NL.,  named  from 
J.  Gasearius,  a'Dutch  "botanist  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury, and  missionary  to  Cochin  China.]     The 
principal  genus  in  the  natural  order  Sanujda- 
cea;  including  about  80  species  of  tropical  trees 
or  shrubs,  chiefly  American,  of  little  value.   The 
leaves  and  bark  of  some  species  have  medicinal  prop- 
erties, and  the  fruit  of  some  is  used  in  India  to  poison 
fish. 
caseate^  (ka'se-at),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caseated, 
ppr.  easeating'.     [<  L.  cascus,  cheese,  +  -ate'^.'] 
In  pathoK,  to  undergo  caseous  degeneration; 
become  like  cheese, 
caseate^  (ka'se-at),  w.     [<  fosf((c)  + -«<fl.]    In 
cliem.,  a  salt  resulting  from  the  union  of  caseie 
acid  with  a  base. 
caseation  (ka-se-a'shon),  11.      [<  caseate"^  (see 
-atioii);  =  F.  eiiscation  =  Sp.  caseacion  =  Pg. 
casea(;ao  =  It.  caseazione.']    1.  The  coagulation 
of  milk. —  2.  In  patlioJ.,  transformation  into  a 
dull  cheese-like  mass,  as  in  pus,  tubercle,  etc. 
case-bay  (kas'ba),  n.     In  carj).,  the  space  be- 
tween a  pair  of  girders  in  naked  flooring, 
case-bearer  (kas' bar ■''er),  n.    A  case-bearing 
larva. 

case-bearing  (kas'bar'ing),  a.  In  entom.,  pro- 
vided with  a  case  or  covering:  applied  to  cer- 
tain larv»,  both  aquatic  and  terrestrial,  that 
conceal  themselves  within  a  case  which  they 
form,  and  from  which  they  protrude  the  ante- 
rior portion  of  the  body  when  moving  about. 
See  cuts  under  Acrobasis  and  Coscinnptcra. 
case-binding  (kas 'bin "ding),  n.  A  form  of 
bookbinding  in  which  the  finished  case  (in- 
cluding the  back)  is  made  apart  from  the  book. 
The  ca.se  is  made  first,  ami  the  sewed  book  is  afterward 
inserted  in  it.  The  term  ca-^'C-ljinding  in  the  United  States 
is  usually  ayijilied  to  cloth-bound  books. 
case-bottle  (kas '  hot '''l),  n.  A  bottle,  often 
square  in  form,  made  so  as  to  fit  into  a  case 
with  others. 
case-char  (kas'char),  n.  A  name  of  the  com- 
mon char,  Salmo  salvclinus,  or  Salvelimis  alpi- 
nus. 
case-divinityt  (kas'di-vin"i-ti),  n.  Casuistry. 
Fuller. 

case-ending  (kas 'en "ding),  n.  In  gram.,  the 
letter  or  syllable  lulded  in  inflected  languages 
to  the  root  or  stem  of  a  uoim  to  indicate  its  case. 
See  «j.s-el,  «.,  6. 
casefied  (ka'se-fid),  p.  a.  [<  L.  caseus,  cheese, 
+  -J)/  +  -cd-.]  Cheesy  in  consistence  or  ap- 
pearance. 


842 

case-harden  (kas'hUr'dn),  r.  t.  To  harden  the 
outer  jiart  or  surface  of,  as  anything  made  of 
iron,  by  converting  the  iron  into  steel.  See 
ea.'ie-hardeniiig. 

case-hardened  (kas'hiir''dnd),  p.  a.  1.  Having 
the  outsidi'  hardened,  as  iron  tools,  etc. —  2. 
Figuratively,  not  sensitive ;  having  no  sense  of 
shame;  indilTereiit  to  reproof  or  dishonor. 

case-hardening  (kas'hiird  ning),  «.  In  metal., 
a  ra|iid  process  of  cementation,  in  which  the 
surface  of  wrought-iron  is  converted  into  steel 
by  heating  the  article  to  be  treated  in  an  iron 
box,  in  contact  with  some  animal  matter,  such 
as  bone,  parings  of  horses'  hoofs,  or  leather. 
This  is  done  in  a  smith's  forge,  or  in  any  suit- 
able fiu'nace. 

caseie  (ka'se-ik),  a.  [<  L.  caseus,  cheese,  -t- 
-ic;  =  F.  cas^ique  =  Sp.  caseico.']  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  derived  from  cheese Caseie  acid,  an 

ai-id  obtained  from  cheese. 

casein,  caseine  (kii'se-in),  n.  [<  L.  cascns, 
cheese,  +  -in^,  -ine~;  =  F.  caseine  =  Sp.  casc- 
JHrt.]  The  chief  nitrogenous  ingredient  of  milk. 
It  does  not  coa^^late  spontaneously,  like  fibrin,  nor  by 
heat,  like  albumen,  but  by  the  action  of  acids  and  of  ren- 
net. Cheese  made  from  skimmed  milk  and  well  pressed 
is  nearly  pure  coagulated  casein.  It  is  closely  allied  to, 
if  not  identical  with,  legumin,  which  occui-s  in  many  vege- 
tables. Casein  is  one  of  the  most  important  elements  of 
animal  nutrition  as  found  in  milk  and  leguminous  plants. 
Its  chemical  constitution  is  not  fully  understood.  It  con- 
tains carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  a  little  sulphur,  and  about 
15.5  per  cent,  of  nitrogen.  Also  called  caseum. —  Casein 
glue,  a  glue  made  by  dissolving  casein  in  a  strong  solution 
of  boi-ax,  used  as  a  substitute  for  ordinary  glue  by  book- 
binders and  joiners. 

case-knife  (kas'mf),  «.  1.  A  knife  earned  in 
a  case  or  sheath. 

The  poet,  being  resolved  to  save  his  heroine's  honour, 
has  so  ordered  it  that  the  king  always  acts  with  a  great 
casekm/c  stuck  in  his  girdle,  which  the  lady  snatches  from 
him  in  the  struggle,  and  so  defends  herself. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

2.  An  old  name  for  a  table-knife,  stUl  some- 
times used. 

caseling  (kas'ling),  «.  [E.  dial.,  <  casc"^  +  -ling.l 
"The  skin  of  a  beast  that  has  died  by  accident 
or  violence.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Casella's  anemometer.    See  anemometer. 

case-lock  (kas'lokl,  «.  A  box-lock  fastened  to 
the  face  of  a  door  by  screws. 

case-maker  (kas'ma''''ker),  n.  In  hnokbinding, 
a  maker  of  cases  or  covers  for  books. 

caseman  (kas'man),)).;  pi.  cflse»if«  (-men).  [< 
fH.sc'2  +  )«««.]  One  who  works  at  ease  or  sets 
t\-pe  ;  a  compositor.     [Rare.] 

casemate^  (kas'mat),  n.  [Formerly  also  casn- 
mate,  casamat  (after  It.);  =  D.  Mzemat  =  G. 
casematte,  kasematte,  formerly  ea.samat  (after 
It.),  =  Dan.  kasematte  =  Sw.  kaseinatt  =  Euss. 
ka-cmatu,  <  F.  casemate,  formerly  also  chasmate, 
=  It.  casamaita  =  Sp.  Pg.  casamata  (ML.  casa- 
malta,  for  *casamatta),  a  casemate ;  of  imcer- 
tain  formation:  explained  as  (1)  orig.  It.,  <  It. 
(Sp.  Pg.)  casa  (<  L.  casa),  a  house,  a  little 
house,  +  matta,  fem.  of  mutto,  foolish,  mad, 
weak,  dial,  also  false,  and  dim,  dark  (as  if 
•false,'  'dark,'  or  'concealed  chamber' t);  or 
(2)  orig.  Sp.,  as  if  casa  de  *niata,  for  maiaii:a, 
'  a  house  of  slaughter,'  like  the  equiv.  E.  slaugli- 
tcr-house,  a  casemate  (see  quotations  from  Flo- 
rio  and  Cotgrave),  or  the  G.  mord-kelUr  ('mur- 
dering-cellar'),  a  casemate:  casa,  a  house;  de 
(<  L.  de),  of;  matan:a,  slaughter,  <  ««/?«)•  =  Pg. 
matar,  <  L.  mactarc,  slaughter:  see  mactation, 
mactator,  matador.']  1.  In  fort. :  (n)  A  vault  of 
stone  or  brickwork,  usually  built  in  the  thick- 
ness of  the  rampart  of  a  fortress,  and  pierced 
in  front  with  embrasures,  through  which  artil- 
lery may  be  fired. 

Casamatta  [It.],  a  kinde  of  fortification  called  in  Eng- 
lish a  Casamat  or  a  slaughter  house,  and  is  a  place  built 
low  under  the  wall  or  bulwarcke,  not  arriuing  viito  the 
lieight  of  the  ditch,  seruing  to  skoure  the  ditch,  annoying 
the  eiiemie  when  he  eutreth  into  the  ditch  to  skale  the 
wall.  Florio  (159S). 

Chasmate  [F.],  a  casemate  in  fortification :  a  murthering 
house  placed  in  the  ditch,  to  plague  the  assailants  of  a 
fortress.  Cotfjrave. 

Each  bastion  was  honeycombed  with  casemates  and  sub- 
terranean storehouses.      Motleit,  Hutch  Republic,  II.  lol. 

(ft)  A  shell-proof  vault  of  stone  or  brick  de- 
signed to  protect  troops,  ammuuition,  etc. 
Take  a  garrison  in  of  some  two  hundred. 
To  beat  those  pioneers  off.  that  carry  a  mine 
Would  blow  you  up  at  hist.     Secure  your  ca-tamates. 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  i.  1. 
(cf)  An  embrasure. 

Casemate  [V.],  a  case-mate;  a  loop,  or  loop-hole  in  a 
fortified  wall.  Cotm-aie. 

2.  The  armored  Inilkhead  surrounding  gims  in 
iron-clad  ships  of  war.  and  pierced  with  port- 
holes through  which  the  guns  are  run  out. — 


cash 

Barrack  casemate.  -See  tarraci.— Defensible  case- 
mate, ii  cit-scniate  having  embrasures  or  luMjihok's. 

casemate-t,  "•  An  erroneous  form  of  case- 
ment, (('). 

casemate-carriage  (kas'mat-kar"sj),  n.    A 

carriat;!-  used  in  mounting  casemate-guns. 

casemated  (kas'md-ted),  a.  [<  casemate^  + 
-ed-.]  Furnished  with  a  casemate  or  case- 
mates. 

casemate-gun  (kas 'mat -gun),  «.  A  gun  so 
jilaced  as  to  be  fired  through  the  embrasure  of 
a  casemate. 

casemajte-truck  (kas'mat-truk),  n.  A  heavy 
low  carriage  mounted  on  three  wheels,  the  for- 
ward wheel  being  pivoted  to  facilitate  changes 
of  direction :  used  for  transporting  cannon  and 
ammimition  within  the  galleries  of  jjermanent 
works. 

casement  (kas'-  or  kaz'ment),  n.  [Short  for 
iHC(isim(nt,<,  OF.  cnca.isement,  later  assibilated 
cnelia.-'.-'emrnt  (>  E.  endtasemcnt,  q.  v.),  lit.  a  set- 
ting in  or  incasing:  see  incase  and  -ment.']  In 
arch.:  (a)  A  frame  for  glass,  as  forming  a  win- 
dow or  part  of  a  window,  and  made  to  open  by 
swinging  on  hinges  which  are  generally  affixed 
to  a  vertical  side  of  the  opening  into  which  it 
is  fitted. 

I  released 
The  casement,  and  the  light  increased 
With  freshness  in  the  dawning  east. 

Tennysun,  The  Two  Voices. 

(h)  A  compartment  between  the  mullions  of 
a  window,  (cf)  A  deep  hollow  molding  used 
chiefly  in  cornices,  and  similar  to  the  scotia  of 
classical  or  eavetto  of  Italian  architecture.  Ox- 
ford Glossar;/.  Sometimes,  eiToneouslj",  case- 
nut  fe. 

casemented  (kas'-  or  kaz'men-ted),  a.  [< 
eii.'i(  limit  +  -ed~.'\     Ha-ving  casements. 

caseous  (ka'se-us),  a.  [<  L.  caseus.  cheese,  -I- 
-oits;  =  F.  ca'seeux  =  Sp.  Pg.  caseoso  =  It.  eaci- 
oso.]  Pertaining  to  cheese ;  resembling  or  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  cheese Caseous  degener- 
ation or  transformation,  in  pathoL,  the  transformation 
of  a  tissue  into  a  dead,  cheese-like  mass,  as  in  pus,  tuber- 
cle, etc. 

case-paper  (kas'pa'per),  H.  The  outside  quires 
of  a  ream.     _£.  U.  Knight.     See  casse-paper. 

caser  (ka'ser),  n.  [<  case^,  v.,  +  -erl.]  One 
who  cases. 

case-rack  (kas'rak),  n.  In  printing,  a  square 
ujiright  frame  of  wood  with  parallel  cleats, 
made  to  hold  type-cases  which  are  not  in  use. 
Most  composing-stands  have  the  lower  part 
fitted  up  as  a  case-rack. 

casern  (ka-zern' ),  n .  [=  D.  kazerne  =  6.  kaserne 
=  Dan.  kaserne  =  Sw.  kasern,  <  F.  caserne,  <  Pg. 
caserna  (=  Sp.  eascrna  =  It.  easerina,  >  G.  dial. 
kasarme,  kasarm),  orig.  appar.  a  room  for  four 
(cf.  E.  quartcr.9),  <  L.  quaterna,  fem.  of  quater- 
nus,  pi.  quaterni,  four  each,  four  together:  see 
quaternary,  quaternion,  and  cf.  carillon,  quire-.'i 
A  lodging  for  soldiers  in  gamson  towns,  usual- 
ly near  the  ramparts;  a  barrack. 

case-shot  (kas'shot),  n.  1.  A  collection  of 
small  projectile's,  such  as  musket-balls,  grape- 
shot,  etc.,  put  in  eases,  to  be  discharged  from 
cannon.     Also  called  canister-shot. 

A  continual  storm,  not  of  single  bullets,  but  of  chain- 
shot  and  case-slwt.  Camden. 

2.  In  a  more  modem  sense,  a  shrapnel-shell, 
that  is,  a  spherical  iron  case  inclosing  powder 
and  a  number  of  bullets  and  exploded  by  a  fuse. 
Also  called  case. 

caseum  (ka'se-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  caseus, 
cheese.]     Same  as  casein. 

case'weed  (kiis'wed),  n.  [Formerly  also  cas.<<e- 
weed;  <  ease^  (=  casli",  a  money-box,  a  purse) 
+  icefrfl.]  A  name  of  the  shepherd's-purse, 
CajJsella  Bursa-jiastoris. 

case-'WOrk  (kas'werk),  n.  1.  In  hookhinding  : 
(a)  The  making  of  cases  or  covers  in  which 
sewed  books  are  bound.  (6)  A  book  glued  on 
the  back  and  stuck  into  a  cover  prepared  be- 
forehand to  rceei-s-e  it. —  2.  In  j'rinting,  type- 
setting: composition. 

case-'WOrm  (kiis'werm),  H.  Same  as  caddis- 
worm. 

cashH  (kash),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cass^ 
(q.  v.),  <  ME.  cassen,  <  OF.  eas.ier,  discharge, 
cashier,  =  Pg.  cn«.sflr  (obs.)  =  It.  cas.<iare,  an- 
nul, <  L.  cassare,  bring  to  naught,  destroy,  an- 
nul. <  cassus,  empty,  void.  This  is  the  same 
word  as  quash,  annul  (see  quash-^,  but  differ- 
ent from  (/K(i.s'7(i,  ult.  <  L.  quassare.  hrea]!-:  see 
qnasli^.  Cashier^  is  also  the  same  word,  with 
G.  suffix:  see  cashier^.]  To  discard;  disband; 
cashier. 


Chinese  ("a-sh  i^f  the  r 
LunB-K'iiiK     (1567-73'. 
last  but  four  of  the  Ming     ^ 
nasty.     (Size  of  the  original.) 


cash 

CaaMni]  the  Rreatcst  part  of  his  land  nmiy,  he  only  re- 
taini'd  KKX)  of  the  hest  soUlk-ra. 

air  A.  6'rjr/Kx,  in  IMirohaa'a  PilKriniage. 
CashH,  «•     [<  en*//!,  c]     Disbaiidrapiit. 
cash'-^   (kash),   «.     [=  D.   /,«.s-,   casli,  also  box, 
chest,  =  Sw.  knasa  =  Kuss.  kassa,  money,  <  F. 
cam:  (E.  -xli,  <  F.  -ssc,  of.  quash,  aliolisli'  ptp.), 
a  box,  oaso,  chest,  money-ljox,  counter,  now  a 
printer's  case,  a  cniciblo :  same  word  as  nii.ssc, 
a  case,  etc. :  see  case-  ami  cluisc-,  of  wliic-h  lanli- 
is  a  doublet.]     If.  A  receptacle  lor  money;  a 
money-box. 
Twunty  thousand  pounds  are  known  to  he  in  her  canh. 
Sir  Ji.  Winwiml,  Memorials,  iil.  281. 
This  hank  is  properly  a  general  cruh  where  every  one 
lodges  his  money.       .Sir  ir.  Tciiijili-,  I'nited  Provinees,  ii. 

2.  Money;  ju-iinurily,  ready  money;  money  on 
hand  or  at  command. 

Tile  real  wealth-of  a  nation,  consistinK  in  its  labor  and 
commodities,  is  to  be  estimate<l  by  the  sign  of  that  wealth 

—  its  eireulating  cash.  A.  UamillDii,  Works,  1.  22.1. 
Hard  cash,  (n)  Hard  money;  coin;  specie.  (6)  Money 
in  hand  ;  aitual  money,  as  di8tinguishe<l  from  other  prop- 
erty. =Syn.  2.  See  iiioiic;/- 

cash- (kash),  c.  (.  [<  004/(2, ,,.]  1.  To  turn  into 
money,  or  to  exchange  for  money :  as,  to  caxh 
a  note  or  an  order. —  2.  To  pay  money  for:  as, 
the  paying  teller  of  a  bank  caslieg  notes  when 
presented. 

cash-'  (kash),  n.  [An  E.  oorrtiption  of  an  E. 
Lud.  word,  Telugu  and  Canareso  kdsii,  Tamil 
k(l^,  a  small  copper  coin, 
also  coin-money  in  gener- 
al. The  Pg.  caixa,  a  name 
ap|)liedto  tin  coins  found 
by  the  Portuguese  at  Ma- 
lacca in  1511,  brought 
thither  from  the  Malabar 
coast  in  India,  is  perhaps 
the  same  word,  accom.  to 
Pg.  caixa,  a  ease,  box, 
chest,  also  a  cashier,  = 
E.crt.s/(2  =  cosc2,q.v.]    1. 

The  name  given  by  for- 
eigners to  the  only  coin 
in  use  among  the  Chinese,  and  called  by  them 
isicii  (pronounced  chen).  it  is  a  round  disk  of  cop- 
per alloy,  with  a  square  hole  in  the  middle  for  convenience 
in  stringing,  and  is  of  tiie  value  of  one  tenth  to  one  four- 
teenth of  a  cent.  The  characters  above  and  below  the 
Sfiuare  hole  indicate  the  reign  in  which  the  coin  was  cast ; 
those  on  each  side  (reading  from  right  to  left)  are  called 
t'ltii'f  pao,  and  mean  current  coin,  or  money.  A  utrhuf 
o/  cash  is  a  sum  of  500  or  1,000  cash,  according  to  local- 
ity, strung  together,  in  divisions  of  .^0  or  100.  The  name 
is  also  applied  to  a  simil.ar  coin  (called  a  rin)  in  circula- 
tion in  .Tapan,  one  thousand  being  equal  to  a  yen  or  dollar. 
2.  The  name  sometimes  given  by  foreigners 
to  a  11  (pronoimced  le),  or  thousandth  part  of 
a  Chinese  liang  or  ounce. — 3.  A  copper  coin 
used  for  currency  in  Madras  under  the  East 
India  Company. — 4.  A  coin  of  Pondicherry, 
having  a  value  of  one  third  of  a  cent. —  5.  A 
money  of  account  in  Sumatra,  worth  about  3 
cents. 

cash"*  (kash),  n.  [Cf.  Ir.  coisUghe,  Gael,  coisich, 
a  path,  <  It.  Gael,  cos,  foot.]  A  prehistoric 
wooden  road,  resembling  an  American  plank- 
road,  or  corduroy  road.  Koads  of  this  kind  Imve  been 
fitund  in  Ireland  iu  luany  localities,  aiul  in  some  cases  ai-e 
evidently  connected  with  the  erannogs. 

cash^  (kash),  K.  [Origin  imcertain.]  In  coal- 
iiiiiiiiifi,  soft  .shale  or  bind.     [Scotland.] 

cash-account  (kash'a-kount"),  ».  1.  -An  ac- 
count of  money  received,  paid,  or  on  hand. — 
2.  In  bdiilciii;/,  a,  credit  given  by  a  bank  to  an 
amomit  agreed  tipou  to  any  inilividual  or  house 
of  business  on  receipt  of  a  bond  with  securities, 
generally  two  in  number,  for  the  repayment  on 
demand  of  the  sums  actually  advanced,  with 
interest  on  each  advance  from  the  day  on  which 
it  was  maile.  Pei-sons  baving  such  accounts  draw  upon 
them  for  whatever  sums  within  their  amount  they  have 
occasion  for,  repaying  tliese  advances  as  they  find  oppor- 
tunity, but  geiRi';dl.\'  within  sh«u-t  periods.  Interest  is 
charged  c)nly  on  the  average  balance  which  may  be  tlue  to 
the  bank.  Also  called  bank-auitit  and  canh-credit,  ca^k- 
account  being  more  especially  a  Scotch  name.  The  sys- 
tem of  granting  such  credits  seems  to  have  been  initiated 
by  the  Sciitch  banks. 

cashaw  i  ka-sha'),  n.    A  name  of  the  algarroba 

or  houcy-mesquit.  Prosnpis  jiiliflora. 
cash-book  (kash'biik),  JI.      (Ccash-  +  hook;  = 
I).  /.v(.s7/./<7.-.]     A  book  in  which  is  kept  a  regis- 
ter or  an  account  of  money  received  and  paid. 

—  Petty  cash-book,  a  book  in  which  sijuiU  receipts  and 
jKiyments  are  enfereil. 

cash-box  (kash'boks),  h.     A  metal  or  wooden 

lici.x  for  keeping  money, 
cash-boy  (kash'boi),  n.    A  boy  employed  in  a 

shop  or  store  to  carry  the  money  received  by 

salesmen  from  ciistoiners  to  a  cashier  and  bring 

back  the  proper  change. 


843 

cash-carrier  (kash'kar'i-6r),  h.  a  device  for 
conveying  the  money  received  at  the  counters 
of  a  shop  or  store  to  "the  cashier  and  returning 
the  change,  it  usually  consists  of  a  ear  or  receptiK  le 
traveling  upon  an  overliead  track  or  wire  extending  from 
the  counters  to  a  central  ollice  or  tlesk.  Another  common 
f'>nii  is  that  of  a  pneinnatie  tube. 

cash-credit  (kash'krcd"it),  >i.  Same  as  cash- 
acfonnt,  J. 

cash-day  (kash'dii),  «.  A  day  on  which  cash 
is  rcguliuly  paid  ;  a  pay-itay  or  settling-day. 

casher-box  (kash'er-boks),  h.  [<  'caslicr  (per- 
haps <  F.  caxio;  a  pigeonhole,  case  of  jiigeon- 
hoies,  <  case,  <  L.  cusa,  a  house)  -i-  box-.']  A 
table  used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass,  it  is 
covered  with  coal-ciiulers,  and  (Ui  it  the  glol,e  of  glass  is 
rested  while  the  blowing-tulje  is  disconueeteil  and  a  rod 
attached  to  the  otlier  pole  of  the  glolje  preparatory  to  the 
operati. f  Hashing.     Ji.  II.  Kiihihl. 

cashew  (ka-sho'),  n.  [Also  written  cadjti  (= 
F.  cdrlioii  in  special  sense,  a  sweetmeat:  see 
cachoii) ;  =  Pg.  caju  =  Sp.  cai/oii  (E.  also  acajou 
=  G.  acajou-,  acajaiiuss,  after  F.  acajou  a  jmiii- 
mcs,  the  cashew-tree,  tioix  d'acajou,  the  cashew- 
nut,  by  confusion  with  acajou,  mahogany:  see 
acajou^),  <  Hind,  kdju,  kdujii,  the  cashew-nut.] 
1.  The  .iiiiicnnliuni  occUlcntale  and  its  fruit. 
See  Anacardium  iind  cashew-nut. —  2.  Same  as 
cacliou — Cashew  gum.    See  gum. 

cashew-bird  (ka-sho'berd),  H.  The  name  given 
iu  Jamaica  to  one  of  the  tanagers,  the  Tana- 


AHacardium  occidtHtate. 
t,  1.  I.  cashew-nuts. 


Cashew.bird  [Spindalis  nierieephala). 

(jra  zcna  of  Gosse,  now  Sjiindalis  ni/jricephala, 
an  oscine  passerine  bird  of  the  family  Taua/iri- 
da\  which  feeds  on  the  berries  of  the  bully-tree. 

cashew-nut  (ka-sho'uut), ».  The  kidney-shaped 
nut  of  the  Anacardium  oc- 
cidcntaU  {see  Anacardium), 
consisting  of  a  kernel  in- 
closed in  a  very  hard  shell, 
which  is  borne  upon  a 
swollen  pear-shaped  edible 
stalk.  The  shell  is  composed  of 
two  hard  layers,  between  which 
is  contained  an  acrid  and  almost 
caustic  juice,  producing  on  the 
skin  a  very  painful  and  persistent 
vesicular  eruption.  This  acrid 
<iuality  is  removed  by  heat,  and 
the  kernel  then  becomes  edible 
and  is  much  esteemed,  furnish- 
ing also  a  sweet  oil. — Oriental 
cashew-nut,  or  vtarkinfj-mU,  a 
similar  fruit  of  an  allied  tree  of 
the  East  Indies,  Semccarnu^  An- 
acardiitm.  The  juice  becomes 
black  on  exposure,  and  is  employed  in  uuirking  cotton 
cl'tths  and  as  a  remedy  for  warts. 

cashew-tree  (ka-sho'tre),  n.  The  tree,  Ana- 
rariliniii  iicciilenlak;  producingthe  cashew-nut. 

Cashgar  cloth.    Same  as  /lutto. 

cash-girl  (ktish'giu-l),  n.  A  girl  who  performs 
the  same  duties  as  a  cash-boy. 

cashie  (kash'i),  rt.  [Sc. ;  cf.  Icel.  Aarstr,  brisk, 
bold,  hale,  hearty,  =  Sw.  Dan.  karsk,  hale, 
hearty.]  1.  Luxuriant  and  succulent:  applied 
to  vegetables  and  shoots  of  trees. — 2.  Growing 
very  rapidly;  hence,  delicate;  unable  to  en- 
dure fatigue. — 3.  Flaccid;  soft.  Jumieson. 
[Scotch.] 

cashielawst,  "•  [Sc]  An  old  Scotch  instru- 
ment of  torture,  consisting  of  a  h'eated  iron 
ease  for  the  leg.  Also  called  caspiclaws,  cas- 
jnccaics,  casjiicclaus. 

The  three  principal  torttires  that  were  habitually  ap- 
plied, were  the  peimyvvinkis,  the  boots,  ami  the  caschif. 
laid*:  The  first  was  a  kind  of  thumii-screw ;  the  second 
was  a  frame  in  which  the  leg  w;is  inserted,  and  in  which  it 
was  lu'oken  by  wedges,  driven  in  by  a  hannuer ;  the  third 
was  also  an  iron  frame  for  the  leg,  whicli  was  from  time  to 
time  heated  over  a  brazier.        Lccktt,  Itationalism,  1.  \\~. 

cashier^  (kash-er'),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  cus- 
sccre  (cf.  cush^  =  cass^),  <  D.  cunscren  =  G.  cas- 


casrngs 

sicrcn  =  Dan.  ka.''.f('rc  =  Sw.  kasscra,  cast  off, 
discharge,  discard,  cashier,  annul,  <  OF.  casser, 
discharge,  cashier,  >  E.  cash^,  q.  v.]  1.  To  dis- 
miss from  an  office  or  place  of  tru.st  by  an- 
nulling the  commission  bv  virtue  of  which  it  ia> 
held. 

He  bail  the  insolence  Ut  cashier  the  captain  of  the  lord- 
lieutenant's  own  Itody.guard.  ilacaxUay. 

Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  to  dismiss  or  discard 
from  service  or  from  association. 

The  king  that  cxjielled  the  'J'arlars  al)ont  two  Immlred 
yeares  since,  estaldi.shed  this  their  present  I'olitie,  .  .  . 
cn«wcriii<;  all  the  amient  Xobilitie  and  -Magistrates,  that 
none  is  now  great  but  the  King. 

Purchatt,  Pilgrimage,  p.  440. 

Your  sou,  an't  please  yon,  sir,  is  new  canhier'd  yonder, 

t'ost  from  his  mistress'  favour. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  v.  4. 

They  have  already  cojihiercd  several  of  their  followers 
as  nmtineers.  Atldijton. 

3.  To  reject;  put  out  of  account;  disregard. 

[Rare.] 

.Some  canhier,  or  at  least  eiuleavonr  to  invalidate,  all 
other  arguments.  Loclfe. 

4t.  To  abolish ;  do  away  with ;  get  rid  of. 

If  we  will  now  resolve  to  settle  affairs  either  accoriiing 
to  pure  Itcligitui  or  sound  Policy,  we  must  first  of  all  he- 
gin  rr)undly  to  cashier,  and  cut  away  irttui  the  publick 
ijody  the  noysolu  aud  diseased  tummn-  of  Prelacae. 

Milton,  Refonuation  iu  Eng.,  ii. 

cashier"  (kash-er'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
cashccr ;  =  D.  kassicr  =  G.  kas.iiercr,  ka.isircr, 
prop,  kassicr,  =  Dan.  kasscrcr  =  Sw.  kassiir.i 
F.  caissicr  (=  Sp.  cajcro  =  Pg.  caixeiro  =  It. 
eassicre),  a  cashier,  <  caissc,  a  money-box :  see 
cas)fi,  ca.ic",  and  -icr,  -cer.]  1.  One  who  has 
charge  of  cash  or  money;  one  who  superin- 
tends the  routine  monetary  transactions  of  a 
bank  or  other  commercial  concern;  a  cash- 
keeper. —  2t.   A  money-box;  a  cash. 

cashierer  (kash-er'erj,  n.  One  who  cashiers, 
re,jects,  or  discards:  as,  "a  cashierer  of  mon- 
archs,"  Burke. 

cash-keeper  (kash'ke"pi>r),  n.  One  intrusted 
with  tlic  keeping  of  money  and  money-ac- 
counts; a  cashier. 

cashmere  (kash'mer),  n.  and  a.  [Also  written 
cachcmcre  (and  with  altered  form  aud  sense  casi- 
mire,  cassimcre,  kcr.sei/mcrc,  q.  v.);  =  F.  cache- 
mire  =  D.  kitshcmirc  =  G.  Kaschmir  (schawls) 
=  Dan.  kasemir  =  Turk.  qd:mir,  cashmere,  so 
called  because  first  made  in  Cashmere  (F.  Cache- 
niirc,  G.  Ka.schmir),  now  commonly  written 
Kashmir,  repr.  Ktishmir,  the  native  ntime  (Skt. 
Kai;mira),  a  state  and  valley  iu  the  Himalaya 
moimtains  north  of  the  Paiyab.]  I.  n.  Aline 
and  soft  woolen  fabric  used  for  dress-goods.  It 
differs  from  merino  in  being  twilled  on  one 
side  only. 

II.  a.  Made  of  the  dress-fabric  so  named. 
—  Cashmere  shawl,  or  India  shaicl,  a  shawl  originally 
made  in  tlie  valley  of  (_'iishiiiere,  and  afterward  iu  the  I'au- 
jab,  from  the  line  downy  wool  foimd  aljout  the  roots  oi  the 
hairof  the  wild  goatof  Til)et  ami  the  Himalayas.  It  is  also 
known  as  the  catnel's-hair  shau-i,  from  the  i>oi>ular  notion 
that  the  finest  were  formerly  made  of  tlntt  material. 

cashmerette  (kash-mc-ref),  M.  [Dim.  ot  cash- 
men .]  A  textile  fabric  for  women's  dresses, 
made  with  a  soft  and  glossy  surface,  in  imita- 
tion of  cashmere. 

Cashmerian  (kash-me'ri-an),  a.  [<  Cashmere 
(see  cashmere)  +  -ian.~\  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Cashmere,  a  valley  and  tributarv  state  of  India, 
in  the  Himalaya  mountains  north  of  the  Pan  jab. 
Also  spelled  Kashmirian. 

cash-note  (kash'not),  ».  A  note  for  the  pay- 
iiit'iit  of  money. 

cashoo,  ".     See  catechu. 

Casia,  ".     See  Cassia. 

casimiret,  «.    See  cassimcre. 

casing  (ka'sing),  «.     [Verbal  n.  of  ca.^c-,  r.] 

1 .  The  act  or  process  expressed  by  the  verb 
case.  Specifically  — («)  The  process  of  blowing  one  piece 
of  glass  within  another  of  a  different  color,  while  plas- 
tic, and  then  uniting  them  by  firing,  {h)  In  bookbind- 
ing, the  operation  of  inserting  the  sewed  sections  of  a 
book  into  its  case  or  cover.  The  work  of  pasting  down 
the  cover-leaves,  clearing  out  the  waste,  aiul  pressing  the 
book  is  a  part  of  the  process  of  casing. 

2.  A  case;  a  covering;  an  inclosure.  Siiecifl- 
cally— (d)  The  framewi>rk  aroumi  a  door  or  window. 
Also  called  case,  {b)  A  wooden  tunnel  for  powder-hose  in 
blasting,  (c)  A  covering  surrounding  the  ^moke-stack  or 
ftnmel  of  a  steamboat  to  protect  the  deck  from  the  heat. 
id)  The  cast-ir»>n  b<»dy  of  a  tubed  or  converted  gun.  (c) 
That  portion  <»f  tlie  wall  of  a  blast-ftn-nace  which  lies 
between  the  stutfing  and  the  mantle.  (./")  In  mining. 
the  altered  portion  of  the  "  country  "  not  closely  adjacent 
to  the  lode:  almost  the  exact  eijuivalent  of  the  Cornish 
(•(i/*c(  (which  see).  See  also  gouge  and  selvage.  [Cordille- 
ran  mining  region.! 

casings  (ka'sing?.),  H.  pi.  [E.  dial.,  also  cassons, 
f<(."(*H«,  and  formerly  caseng,  <  ME.  casen  (also 
casard),  cow-dung,  prob.  <  Dan.  kase,  dung  {ko- 


casings 

kase,  pow-dung).]  Dried  cow-dung,  used  for 
fuel.    Also  called  cow-bhikcs.    [North.  Eng.] 

casino  (ka-se'no),  n.  [It.,  a  house,  summer- 
house,  gaming-house,  dim.  of  casa,  a  house,  < 

iL.  caisa,  a  cottage,  hut:  see  casa.'\  1.  A  small 
eouutry-housc;  a  lodge;  a  summer-house  or 
retreat. —  2.  A  club-house  or  public  room  used 
for  social  meetings,  gaming,  dancing,  music, 
etc.;  a  public  dancing-saloon. 

The  times  are  such  thnt  one  scarcely  dares  allude  to 
that  kind  of  company  which  thousands  of  our  youiiK  meu 
of  Vanity  Fair  are  freciuentinj;  every  day,  which  nightly 
nils  casinos  and  dancing-rooms.     Thackcraii,  Vanity  Fair. 

3.  A  game  of  cards,  in  which  the  players,  two 
or  more  in  number,  strive  to  obtain  as  many 
cards  as  possible,  especially  certain  cards  of 
a  counting  value,  as  the  ten  of  diamonds  and 
two  of  spades.  Tricks  are  taken  by  pairing,  that  is, 
by  matching:  a  card  on  the  table  with  one  in  the  hand ; 
cmnhiniit'i,  or  grouping  together  from  the  hoard,  cards 
the  number  of  pips  on  which  equals  the  number  on  that 
played  from  the  hand  ;  and  buildinff,  or  combining  cards 
ou  tlie  hoard  with  one  in  the  liand,  the  trick  to  be  taken 
at  the  jdayer's  next  turn.  In  this  sense  also  spelled  ca/i- 
xiiiu.  —  Big  or  great  casino,  the  ten  of  diamonds,  which 
in  tlie  ^.'ame  of  casino  counts  two. —  Little  or  small  ca- 
sino, tile  two  of  spades,  which  in  the  game  of  casino 
counts  one. 
cask^  (kask),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  caske,  <  F. 
casque,  a  cask,  a  helmet,  =  It.  casco,  a  helmet, 

<  Sp.  Pg.  casco,  a  cask,  wine-vat,  also  helmet, 
casque,  hull,  coat  of  an  onion,  shard,  skull,  < 
cascar,  break  in  pieces,  burst:  see  cascade^-, 
n.,  and  qiuish'^.']  1.  A  close,  water-tight  ves- 
sel formed  like  a  barrel  with  staves,  headings, 
and  hoops,  and  used  for  containing  liquids  or 
substances  which  may  become  liquid:  a  ge- 
neric term  comprehending  the  pipe,  hogshead, 
butt,  barrel,  etc. — 2.  An  irregular  measure  of 
capacity.  A  cask  of  almonds  is  3  hundredweight ;  a  cask 
of  cloves',  etc.,  300  pounds;  a  cask  of  pilchards,  50  gal- 
lons. The  name  is  also  applied  to  various  foreign  mea- 
sures of  capacity,  as  the  Russian  bochka,  the  Polish  beczka, 
etc. 

3.  In  (li/eing,  an  apparatus  for  steaming  and 
thus  fixing  the  colors  of  cloths  which  are 
printed  with  a  mixture  of  dyestuffs  and  mor- 
dants. It  consists  of  a  hollow  cylinder,  within  which  the 
cloth  is  suspended,  the  steam  being  admitted  to  the  in- 
terior of  the  drum. 

4.  A  helmet.  [In  this  sense  now  usually  spelled 
casque  (which  see).]— Bulged  cask,  a  cask  swelling 
in  the  middle. — Splayed  cask,  a  cask  having  a  flaring 
or  conical  form. 

cask  1  (kask), '!■.  t     [<  oai/vl, »(.]     1.  To  put  into 
a  cask. — 2.  To  provide  with  or  put  ou  a  casque 
or  helmet. 
Royally  calked  in  a  helrae  of  Steele. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  v. 

cask-t,  "•  [-An  irreg.  var.  of  cash",  1,  a  chest, 
appar.  liy  confusion  with  casfcl.]  A  casket;  a 
case  or  shell. 

A  jewel,  lock'd  into  the  woefull'st  cask 
That  ever  did  contain  a  thing  of  worth. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

Onely  the  heart  and  soule  is  cleane,  yet  feares  the 
taincture  of  this  polluted  caske,  and  would  have  passage 
[by  thy  revenging  hand]  from  this  loathsome  prison  and 
filthy  truncke.       Speed,  Hist.  Great  Britain  (1611),  p.  379. 

casketlf  (kas'ket),  n.  See  casquefl. 
casket-  (kas'ket),  n.  [Formerly  also  casquet 
(ef.  caskets  =  casquet^),  <  late  ME.  casket,  <  OF. 
and  F.  cassette  (=  Pr.  caisseia  =  Cat.  capseta  = 
It.  cassetta),  a  casket,  (loffer,  chest,  dim.  of 
casse,  a  chest,  box,  >  'E.cash-,  and,  earlier,  E. 
case":  see  casli"^,  «(se2.]  1.  A  small  chest  or 
box  for  jewels  or  other  small  articles. 

The  same  quayer  to  be  put  in  a  boxe  called  a  Casket, 
loken.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  379. 

Here,  catch  this  cas*e( ;  it  is  worth  the  pains. 

Sliak.,  M.  of  v.,  ii.  6. 
Caskets  full  of  pardons.  Strype,  Edw.  VI.,  an.  1549. 

2.  A  fanciful  name  applied  to  a  book  con- 
sisting of  a  number  of  selected  literary  or 
musical  pieces :  as,  a  casket  of  literary  gems. 
[Rare.]  —  3.  A  coffin,  especially  a  costly  one: 
used  as  a  softened  synonym  of  coffin.  [U.  S.] 
—  4.  A  stalk  or  stem.  [North.  Eng.] 
casket^  (kas'ket),  V.  t.  [<  casket'i,  «.]  To  put 
into  a  little  chest. 

I  have  writ  my  letters,  casketed  my  treasure. 

Shak.,  All's  WeU,  ii.  6. 
The  jewel  safely  casketed.  Eeats. 

casket'*  (kas'ket),  m.     Same  as  gasket. 
casknet,  «.     A  corruption  of  casket"^. 
casmalos  (kas'ma-los),  n.     [Native.]     A  name 
of  the  long-billed  crested  black  parrot,  Micro- 
glossus  atcrrimus,  of  New  Guinea, 
caspieca-wst,  caspieclawst,  caspielawst,   ». 

Same  as  i-dshieUiws. 
casque  (kask),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  re",  cask,  caske, 

<  .F.  casque,  a  helmet,  <  It.  casco,  a  helmet,  <  Sp. 


Casquetel,  time  of  Edward  IV..  side  and 
back  views. 


844 

casco,  a  helmet,  skull,  etc.:  see  cask^.}  1.  A 
helmet  of  any  kind.     [Chiefly  poetic] 

My  good  blade  carves  the  casques  of  men. 
My  tough  lance  tlirusteth  sure. 

Tennyson,  Sir  Galahad. 

2.  In  rooV.,  some  process  or  formation  on  the 
head  resembling  a  helmet;  a  galea.  Especially 
applied  in  ornithology  to  the  horn  of  tlie  bill  of  the  horn- 
hills,  and  to  the  frontal  boss  or  shield  of  varicuis  birds,  as 
coots,  gallinules,  and  sundry  species  of  the  family  Jcte- 
ridce.  The  head  of  the  cassowary,  Casuarius  galeatus, 
olfers  a  good  example.     See  cut  under  cassoivary. 

casquetH  (kas'ket),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  casket  = 
D.  kasket  =  G.  casquet  =  Dan.  kaskjet,  a  cap,  < 
F.  casquet,  <  It.  caschetto,  a  little  helmet,  dim. 
of  ca.sco,  a  helmet :  see cask^,  casque.']  Ahead- 
piece  without  a  movable  vizor,  worn  in  the  six- 
teenth century 
and  later.  ^ 

casquet-t,  «•  See 
casket". 

casquetelt,".  [F., 
dim.  of  casque.'] 
A  small  steel  cap 
or  open  helmet 
without  beaver 
or  vi  zor,  but  hav- 
ing a  projecting  umbril  and  overlapping  plates 
behind  for  ease  in  throwing  the  head  back. 

cassH  (kas),  V.  t.     [Older  form  of  cashl,  q.  v.] 

1.  To  quash;  defeat;  annul. — 2.  To  dismiss; 

cashier. 

To  cass  all  old  and  unfaithful  bands, 

Baleirjh,  Arts  of  Empire,  p.  14. 

cass^t,  ".  [Contr.  of  caddis,  as  case-worm  for 
caddis-wonn.]     A  caddis-worm. 

Liivihtici  [It.],  little  easses  [corrected  casses,  ed.  1611]  or 
carth-wormes.  Florio  (1598). 

cassada,  cassado,  «.    Same  as  cassava. 

Cassandra  (ka-san'dra),  71.  [NL.,  <  L.  Cas- 
sandra, <  Gr.  Kaaadvdpa,  in  Greek  legend  a 
daughter  of  Priam  and  Hecuba.]  In  bot.,  a 
genus  of  ericaoeous  plants,  of  a  single  species, 
native  of  the  cooler  portions  of  Em-ope,  Asia, 
and  North  America.  C.  calyculata  is  a  low  shrub  of 
the  northern  United  States,  with  coriaceous  evergreen 
leaves  (hence  its  conmion  name  of  leather-lea/),  and  cylin- 
drical white  flowers  aiipenring  in  early  spriTig. 

cassareep,  cassireepe  (kas'a-,  kas'i-rep),  n. 
[Also  spelled  cussaripe ;  the  South  American 
name.]  A  sauce  made  of  cassava  or  manioc- 
root. 

cassate  (kas'at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cassated, 
ppr.  cassating.  [<  L.  cassatus,  pp.  of  cassare, 
annul,  >  E.  cass^  =  casli'>-  =  quash"  =  casliier'^: 
see  these  words.]  To  vacate,  annul,  or  make 
void. 

This  opinion  supersedes  and  cassates  the  liest  medium 
we  have.  ^ay.  Works  of  Creation. 

The  laws  must  not  so  tolerate,  as  by  conserving  persons 
to  destroy  themselves,  and  the  public  benefit :  but  if  there 
be  cause  for  it,  they  nmst  be  cassated. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  II.  387. 

cassation^  (ka-sa'shon),  n.  [<  F.  cassation  = 
Sp.  casacion  =  Pg.  cassagao  =  It.  cassasione 
(of.  D.  cassatie),  <  L.  as  if  *cassatio(n-),  <  cas- 
sare, annul,  quash:  see  cassate.]  The  act 
of  aumdling,  reversing,  or  canceling;  annul- 
ment. The  Court  of  Cassation  is  the  highest  coiu"t  of 
France,  and  receives  appeals  from  all  other  courts. 

The  confederacy  of  nobles,  too,  was  dissolved,  having 
accnniplislicd  little,  .  .  .  and  having  lost  all  credit  with 
the  pLoplc  hy  the  formal  cassation  of  the  Compromise  in 
conseiiuence  of  the  Accord  of  August. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  38. 

cassation^  (ka-sa'shon),  n.  In  music,  during 
the  eighteenth  century,  a  song  or  an  instru- 
mental piece  similar  to  the  serenade,  intended 
for  performance  in  the  open  aii-. 
cassa'va  (ka-sa'va),  H.  [Formerly  also  casava, 
casave,  cassada,  cassado;  NL.  cassai^a;  <  F. 
cassave,  <  Sp.  casabe,  cazabe  =  Pg.  cassai-e,  < 
Haytian  A'a«;i».]  1.  The  name  of  several  spe- 
cies of  Manihot,  a  euphorbiaceous  genus  of 
stout  herbs,  extensively 
cultivated  for  food  in 
tropical  America  and  ou 
the  coast  of  Africa,  from 
the  tuberous  roots  of 
which  cassava  -  bread, 
cassava-starch,  and  tapi- 
oca are  made.  The  kinds 
that  are  chiefly  used  are  M. 
rttilissima  (bitter  cassava),  .1/. 
Aipi  (sweet  cassava),  ami  .If. 
Carthayinensis.  Also  known 
as  mandiitc,  manioc,  or  ma- 
niocca.  See  manioc. 
r,      V  ,r.  ,„     ,.,    2.  The  Starch  prepared 

Branch  of  Ciss-ivaA/aniA^r      r.  .,  .^      i.     ,, 

ulilisiima).  iTonx    the    Toots    of    the 


Cassia 

cassava-plant.  The  roots,  which  are  sometimes  a  yard 
in  length,  are  grated,  and  the  pulp  is  freed  from  its  milky 
juice.  This  is  done  by  means  of  sacks  made  of  matting, 
which  are  tilled  and  suspended  from  a  beam,  weights  being 
attached  to  the  lower  eiui.  The  meal  thus  dried  is  often 
made  immediately  into  bread  by  baking  it  in  broad  thin 
cakes.  Starch  is  obtained  by  washing  the  meal  in  water 
and  allowing  the  farinaceous  portion  to  settle.  This  starch, 
when  dried  upon  heated  plates,  is  converted  into  tapioca. 
The  juice  itself,  especially  that  from  the  bitter  cassava, 
contains  a  considerable  amount  of  hydrocyanic  acid,  and 
is  very  poisonuus. 

cassa'7a-wood  (ka-sa'va-wud),  n.  The  Turpi- 
nin  (iccidcntalis,  a  stapCyleaceous  tree  of  the 
West  Indies. 

casset,  !'.  t.    See  cass'^. 

casseuoinet,  «.     An  old  form  of  chalcedony. 

casseeret,  r.  t.     An  earlier  form  of  cashier^. 

Cassegrainian  (kas-e-gi'a'ni-au),  a.  Relating 
to  one  Cassegrain,  who  in  IGTJ  described  a  new 
form  of  reiiecting  telescope  essentially  dilfer- 
ent  from  those  of  Newton  and  Gregory.  There  is 
a  hole  at  the  center  of  the  large  mirror  (as  in  the  Gre- 
gorian form),  but  the  rays  leaving  that  mirror,  before 
coming  to  a  focus,  strike  a  small  convex  mirror,  and  are 
reflected  through  the  hole  to  the  eyepiece.  The  telescope 
is  shorter  tlian  the  Gregorian,  the  spherical  aberration  is 
partly  eliminated,  arid  the  loss  of  light  is  about  that  of  the 
Newtonian-     See  telescope. 

Cassel  brown,  green,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

Casselmann's  green.    See  green. 

cassen  (kas'en).     An  English  dialectal  form  of 

the  past  participle  of  cast^. 

cassena  (ka-se'nii),  n.  [Also  cassina,  NL.  Cas- 
sine.]     A  name  of  the  yaupon,  Ilej:  Cassine. 

casse-paper  (kas'pa"per),  n.  [=  D.  kaspapier;  < 
cassc,  F.  casse,  broken,  pp.  of  casser,  break  (see 
cascade'^,  n.,  and  quash^),  +  paper.]  Broken, 
wrinkled,  or  imperfect  paper  set  aside  by  the 
paper-maker. 

Casserian  (ka-se'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  See  Gas- 
striait . 

casserole  (kas'e-rol),  n.  [=  G.  kasserol  =  Dan. 
kusseniHe  =  It.  casseruota  =  Pr.  cassarola,  <  F. 
casserole,  a  stew-pan  (also  dial,  castrole,  >  G. 
tlial.  kastrol,  kastrolle  =  Sw.  kastrull  =  D.  kas- 
trol),  dim.  of  OF.  casse  =  Cat.  cassa  =  It.  ca2::a 
(ML.  caza,  cazia,  cazeola,  catiola),  a  crucible, 
ladle,  =  Sp.  caso  =  Pg.  caqo,  a  fi-ying-pan, 
saucepan,  <  OHG.  che:::i  {"kazzi),  a  kettle,  with 
dim.  che::::il  =  E.  kettle,  q.  v.]  1.  A  stew-pan 
or  saucepan.  Hence — 2.  A  dish  prepared  in 
such  a  pan;  a  sort  of  stew:  as,  a  casserole  of 
mutton. — 3.  A  sort  of  cup  made  of  rice,  mashed 
potatoes,  or  the  like,  and  browned  in  the  oven, 
designed  to  contain  some  delicate  and  highly 
flavored  dish. — 4.  Less  properly,  a  rim  or  edg- 
ing, as  of  rice,  around  the  edge  of  a  dish  of  stew, 
or  the  like. —  5.  A  small  handled  dish,  almost 
as  deep  as  it  is 
wide,  made  of 
porcelain,  and 
holding  from  j 
5  to  20  ounces,  ~ 
used  in  chemi- 
cal    laboratO-  Casserole. 

ries  for  evap- 
orating solutions  to  dryness  and  for  other  pur- 
poses. 

casserole-fish (kas'e-rol-fish),  H.  ACreolename 
of  the  horseshoe  crab  or  king-crab,  Limulus 
polyphemus :  from  its  resemblance  to  a  sauce- 
pan. 

cassette  (ka-sef),  n.  [F.  (=  Pr.  caisseta  =  Cat. 
capseta  =  It.  cassetta),  a  casket,  box:  see  cas- 
ket".] In  the  manufacture  of  ehinaware,  a 
utensil  made  of  potters'  clay  with  sand,  in 
which  the  ware  is  baked.  It  is  usually  round, 
with  a  flat  bottom.     Also  called  coffin. 

cassetur  bre've  (ka-se'ter  bre've).  [L.,  let  the 
brief  be  annulled:  cassetur,  3d  pers.  sing.  pres. 
subj.  pass,  of  cassare,  annul;  brere,  a  short 
writing:  see  cassate  and  brief.]  In  old  law,  an 
entry  on  the  record,  made  by  a  plaintiff  who 
is  met  by  a  well-founded  plea  in  abatement, 
whereby  an  end  is  put  to  the  action,  and  he  can 
begin  anew. 

casse'Weedt  (kas'wed),  n.  An  obsolete  form  of 
eascweed. 

Cassia  (kash'ia),  n.  [L.,  more  correctly  casta, 
<  (Jr.  Kaaia,  mania,  <  Heb.  qetsi'oth,  cassia,  a  pi. 
form,  <  qetsi'dn,  cassia-bark,  <  qatsa',  cut.]  1. 
A  very  large  genus  of  leguminous  herbs,  shrubs, 
and  trees,  mostly  of  tropical  or  warm  regions. 
They  have  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  nearly  regular  flowers, 
and  distinct  stamens  with  the  anthers  opening  by  pores. 
The  leaves  of  several  species  constitute  the  well-known 
cath.artic  drug  called  senjui.  The  purging  cassia,  C.  Fis- 
tula, an  ornamental  tree  of  the  old  world,  but  frequently 
planted  in  tropical  America,  has  very  long  cylindrical 
pods  containing  a  sweetish  pulp  which  is  used  in  medi- 
cine as  a  mild  laxative.     The  seeds  of  C.  occidentalis  are 


Cassia 

used  in  the  tropics  as  a  sulmtitute  for  coffee,  and  are  Icnown 

as  }iff;ro  or  Mofjdad  cofee^  tliuugli  tliey  contain  no  caf- 


846 

Species  of  Ctumla  and  allied  forms  arc  recognized  by 
the  excessively  wide  niur(?ina  uf  the  prothorax  and  elytra, 
and  by  the  lieail  bein^  partly  or  wiioUy  ciitic(.ali-d  beneath 
the  forward  niarj;in  of  the  [irotliorax.  tin-  whole  insect 
tlius  presenting  a  flattened,  roundish,  scale-like  aspect. 
SIdml.  Sal.  Ilial.,  II.  311. 

Oassidse  (kas'i-de),  n.pl.    [NL.]    Siimo  as  Can- 

cassideous  (ka-sid'e-us),  o.     [<  L.  cassis  {cas- 
sul-),  a  lielmot,  +  -cous.]   In  bul., 
helniot-shaped,  as  the  upper  .se- 
pal in  the  genus  Acunitum. 

cassidid  (kas'i-did),  »!.     A  gas- 
tv(i]ii]il  of  the  family  CassUlkla: 


CaiuUlcous  Flower 
ot  Actmituffi. 


Flowers  and  Fruit  of  Cassia  Fistula. 

fein.   .Some  species  furnish  ornamental  woods,  and  several 
are  in  cultivation,  many  liaving  handsome  foliajjje  and 
conspicuous  yellow  llowers. 
2.  [/.  P.]  The  cinnamon  cassia,  wild  cassia,  or 

cassia-bark.     See   cassia-Ugma Clove  cassia, 

the  hark  of  UiciipflUum  carijuphyUatum,  a  little-l<nown 
lauraccous  tree  of  lirazil.  It  has  a  clove-like  odor  and 
the  taste  of  eiiuiamon,  and  is  used  for  mixing  with  other 
spices. 

cassia-buds  (kash'ia-budz),  n.  pi.  The  com- 
mercial name  for  tlie  immature  fniit  of  the 
Chinese  tree  which  yields  cassia-lignea.  They 
are  used  as  a  spice. 

cassia-lignea  (kash'ia-lig'ne-a),  n.  [NL.,  lit. 
ligneous  or  woody  cassia:  see  Ca.ssia  and  ligiic- 
OMv.]  Cassia-bark,  or  wild  cassia,  also  known 
as  Chinese  cinnamon,  a  species  of  cinnamon 
obtained  chiefly  from  the  Cinnainomum  Cassia 
of  southern  China,  it  closely  resembles  Ceylon  cinna- 
nupn,  and  is  used  for  the  same  purposes.  Inferior  kinds 
are  largely  exported  from  southern  India,  Sumatra,  and 
other  East  Indian  islands,  the  product  of  C  iners  and 
other  species. 

cassia-oil  (kash'ia-oil),  n.  A  volatile  oil  ob- 
tained from  cassia-lignea,  resembling  oil  of  cin- 
namon. 

cassia-pulp  (kash'ia-pulp),  n.  The  sweet  pulp 
which  exists  in  the  pods  of  Cassia  Fistula.  It 
is  used  in  medicine  as  a  mild  purgative.  See 
Cassia,  1. 

cassican  (kas'i-kan),  n.  [=  F.  cassicaii:  < 
Ca.isicus  +  -an.']  1.  A  bird  of  the  genus  C'rt.«- 
siciis.  Ciifier. — 2.  An  Australian  and  Papuan 
corvine  bird  of  either  of  the  genera  Hijmnorhiua 
and  Strcpcra;  a  piping-crow.     See  Burita,  (c). 

Cassicinae  (kas-i-si'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  CassicKS 
+  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  Ictcrichr,  typified  by 
the  genus  Cassicus;  the  caciques.  They  have 
naked  exposed  nostrils  and  the  mesorhinium 
expanded  into  a  frontal  shield. 

Cassicus  (kas'i-kus),  n.  [NL.  (Brisson,  1760): 
see  Caciciis,  caciqiic.'i     See  Caciciis. 

Cassida  (kas'i-da),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cassis  (cas- 
sid-),  also  cassida,  a  helmet.]     A  genus  of  mo- 


Black-legged  Tortoisc-bceUc  iCassida  nierifts). 

a,  larva ;  b,  lar\-a.  cleaned  and  enlaiEed  ;  c,  pupa.     (Vertical  lines 

show  natural  sizes. ) 

nilieoru  beetles,  giving  name  to  the  family  Cas- 
sidida;^ ;  the  tortoise-beetles. 


Cassididsel  (ka-sid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Ca.ssida  +  -ida:]  In 
cntom.,a  family  of  phytophagous 
tetramerous  Ciilcopivra  or  bee- 
tles, having  a  rounded  body, 
whence  the  name  of  the  group, 
Cyclica,  in  which  they  were  for- 
merly ranged.  They  are  known  as  tortoixe-heciUii  anil 
hebnet-btrlU'^;  the  dilated  thorax  forming  a  sort  of  lieb 
met  covering  the  head.  The  genera  and  species  are  lui- 
nierous.  Also  written  Cassida!  and  Cassidiadce.  See  cut 
under  VoJfsida. 
Cassididse^  (ka-sid'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cassis 
(Cassid-)  +  -idiE.]  In  conch.,  a  group  of  gastro- 
pod mollusks,  tjqjified  by  the  genus  Cassis,  for- 
merly referred  to  the  Buccinidw,  now  forming  a 
separate  family ;  the  helmet-shells,  or  cameos. 
Tluy  are  characterizeil  by  a 
Kincially  thick  heavy  shell, 
with  a  short  spire,  a  cana- 
liculate aperture,  a  callous 
columcUar  lip,  and  both  lips 
toothed  or  ribbed ;  and  by  a 
large  head  and  foot,  and  a 
prutrusile  proboscis.  The 
lingual  ribbon  has  7  rows  of 
teeth  ;  the  median  rows  are 
transverse  and  nuiltidentatc, 
the  inner  lateral  broad  ami 
nndtidentate,  and  the  outer 
lateral  unguiculate.  The  gen- 
era are  CansLi,  Caanidaria, 
and  Oniscia.  Also  written 
Cajmidiada!,  CasindfB.  See 
hrbin't-shrll  and  camfo-shell. 
Cassidina  (kas-i-di'na), 

He\mex-it\<:tt{Cassis/lammta).     11-    [NL.,<  L.  Cn.S6'/S  (Crt.'.'- 

sid-),  ahelmet,  +  -ina'^.'] 
A  genus  of  isopod  crustaceans,  the  species  of 
which  are  known  as  sli  icld-.slalcrs.  Edwards,  1840. 

Cassidix  (kas'i-diks),  n.  [NL.  (Lesson),  appar. 
made  out  of  a  F.  *cassidiqucs,  pi.,  <  L.  as  if  *cas- 
sidiciis,  adj.,  <  cassis  (cassid-),  a  helmet.]  1.  A 
genus  of  graekles,  or  American  oscine  passer- 
ine birds,  of  the  family  Ictcrida:  and  subfamily 
Quiscalinw,  having  thick  biUs  and  boat^shaped 
tails:  same  as  iScaphidurus  (Swainson,  1831). 
B.  P.  Lesson, 1831. —  2.  [/.  c]  The  specific  name 
of  the  hornbill  of  Celebes,  Buccros  eas.fidix.  C. 
J.  Tcmmincl;  1820. — 3.  A  generic  name  of  the 
same.     C.  L.  Bonaparte,  1849. 

cassidonyl  (kas'i-do-ni),  n.  A  corruption  of 
chalcedony. 

cassidony-  (kas'i-do-ni),  «.  [A  corruption  of 
L.  stwchas  Sidonia,  the  stcechas  of  Sidon,  where 
the  plant  is  indigenous.]  The  popular  name 
of  the  plant  Lavandula  Stwchas,  or  French  lav- 
ender. 

Cassidula  (ka-sid'u-la),  n.  [NL.  (Humphreys, 
1797),  dim.  of  li.'cassis  (cassid-),  a  helmet.]  1. 
The  tyj)ical  genus  of  sea-urchins  of  the  family 
Cassitlulidie^.  Also  Cassidulus;  Laniard;  1816. 
—  2.  In  concli..  a  genus  of 
basommatophorous  pul- 
monate  gastropods,  of  the 
family  Juriculida;  having 
a  squarish  body-whorl, 
very  short  spire,  and 
toothed  lips.  The  species 
inhabit  the  sea-shores  of  the  Indo-Pacific  re- 
gion.     Also  Ca.isidulus ;  Latreille,  182.5. 

Cassidulidse^  (kas-i-du'li-de),  «.  pt.  [XL.,  < 
Cdssidiilti,  1,  H-  -»/«'.]  A  family  of  exocyclic 
or  petalostichotis  eehinoderms,  or  irregular 
sea-urchins,  known  as  heart-urchins,  having  a 
rounded  or  oval  form,  very  fine  spines,  and  no 
fascioles.  It  includes  the  subfamilies  Echino- 
neiniv  and  Suclrolinw, 

Cassidulidae-  (kas-i-dii'li-de),  H.  pi.  [NL..  < 
i  'assiduhis  +  -»/(('.]  A  family  of  proboscis-bear- 
ing iiectinibraiK'hiate  gastropods,  tyjiified  by 
the  genus  Cassidulus.  'Ilicy  are  characterize.!  by  a 
long  neck  and  small  head,  tentacles  small  and  near  the  end 
of  the  head,  and  teeth  oti  the  lingual  ribbon  in  3  rows,  the 
central  moderately  broad,  ami  the  lateral  versatile  and 
bidentate  :  the  shell  is  pear-shaped  or  obconic,  and  with 
a  produced  canal.  The  species  are  inhabitants  of  tropical 
seas. 

Cassidulus  (ka-sid'u-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cassis 
(cassid-),  a  helmet.]'    1.  A  name  of  a  genus  of 


Cassiopeia 

gastropods  taken  for  the  ty()e  of  the  family  Cas- 
sidulidm'^ :  synonymous  with  Melongena. —  2. 
Same  as  Cassidula. 

cassimere  (kas'i-mer),  K.  [Also  ca«i«H'r(? ;  cor- 
ruyited  to  l:rrseyniere,  q.  v. ;  =  D.  ka:imier  =  (>• 
Dan.  Sw.  liisimir,  <  F.  casiniir,  prob.  <  Sp.  casi- 
niiro  =  Pg.  casimira  =  It.  ea.mniro,  >  Turk,  qds- 
niir,  cassiinere ;  ult.  the  same  word  as  ca-ilnnere, 
q.  v.]  A  woolen  cloth  about  30  inches  in  width, 
used  for  men's  wear;  specifically,  a  twilled 
cloth  of  the  above  description,  used  principally 
for  trousers. 

cassina  (ka-si'nii),  n.     Same  as  casscna. 

cassine  (ka-sen'),  H.  [F.,  <  It.  casino,  a  coun- 
try-house, etc.:  see  casino.]  A  small  house, 
especially  in  the  open  countrj';  specifically,  a 
house  standing  alone,  where  soldiers  may  lie 
hid  or  fake  a  jiosition. 

cassinet,  «.     Same  as  cassincltc. 

cassinette  (kas-i-nef),  «.  [=  G.  cassinet,  Sp. 
casinatc;  a  sort  of  dim.  of  ca-isimere.]  A  cloth 
made  of  a  cotton  warp  and  a  woof  of  very  fine 
wool,  or  wool  and  silk,  used  for  waistcoats. 
Also  called  kerseynettc.     E.  U.  Knight. 

Cassinian  (ka-sin'i-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  member  of  the  Italian  and  French 
family  Cassini,  which 
produced  four  genera- 
tions of  astronomers, 
1625-1845.  Also  Cassi- 
noid. 

If  wo  wish  the  plane  of  mo- 
tion to  be  of  Hunted  extent,  we 
nnist  uiake  its  boundary  one  of 
the  Castfittian  ellipses. 
Miiu-hin,  I'uiplanar  Kinemat- 

lics,  VI.  iii.  l.m 
Cassinian  oval,  or  Cassin- 
ian, a  bicircular  quartic  curve, 
tlie  locus  of  a  point  the  pro- 
duct of  whose  distances  from 
two  fixed  points  is  constant. 
The  Cartesian  eciuation  is 
(a:-  +  1/3  -f  a-y-  —  ia-x-  =  mi.  If  m-  <  a-,  the  real  curve 
consists  of  two  ovals ;  if  m-  >  a2,  it  consists  of  one ;  and 
if  m'i  =  a-,  it  becomes  the  lemniscate.  Cassinians  are 
curves  of  the  eighth  class  (except  the  lemniscate,  which 
is  of  the  blxth),  and  have  four  stationary  tangents  on  the 
absolute. 
II.  ".  A  Cassinian  oval. 

cassinite  (kas'i-nit),  n.  A  kind  of  feldspar  from 
Delaware  county,  Pennsylvania,  remarkable  for 
containing  several  per  cent,  of  barrta. 

cassino,  n.     See  casino,  3. 

cassinoid  (kas'i-noid),  n.  and  a.  [As  Cas- 
sin-ian  -h  -oid;  =  F.  cassinoide.]  I,  n.  In  math., 
a  plane  curve,  the  locus  of  a  point  the  product 
of  whose  distances  from  a  number  of  fixed  points 
is  constant ;  a  logarithmic  potential  curve.  See 
Cassinian. 
II.  a.  leap.]  Same  as  Cassinian. 

Cassiope  (ka-si'o-pe),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  Cassiope,  < 
Gr.  Kiiacio-T/,  a  fem.  proper  name.  Cf.  Cassio- 
j)eia.]  A  small  genus  of  ericaceous  plants,  low 
evergreen  shrubs,  resembling  heaths,  natives 
of  al])ine  and  arctic  regions,  chiefly  of  North 
America.  C.  hypnuides,  of  Lal)rador  ami  Greenland 
and  the  mountains  of  New  York  ami  New  England,  is  also 
a  native  of  Lapland  and  arctic  Siberia. 

Cassiopeia  (kas'i-o-pe'ya),  n.  [L.,  also  written 
Cassiojiea,  Cassiepeia,  -pea,  and  Cassiope  (>  F. 
Cassiopic  =  Sp.  Casiopea  =  Pg.  It.  Cas.siopea), 
<  Gr.  KaandKeia,  KaaauTreia,  and  Kanrrni-ri,  in 
myth,  the  wife  of  Cepheus,  king  of  Ethiopia, 
and  mother  of  Andromeda;  aften^'ard  placed 

I 


Four  Confocal  Cassinian 

Ovals. 
F,  F,  foci.  Putting  aa  for 
the  distance  between  them, 
the  equations  of  the  ovals 
represented  are  Ypp  —  o.8a, 
1  pp'  =  a  (the  lemniscate. 
or  figure-a  cun-e).  ^ 9P  = 
i.aa,  V^  pft'  =  1.5a. 


CassiJula  auriS'/elis. 


,-*h/>a 


The  CoDsteUatloD  Cassiopeia,  according  to  the  description  of  Ptolemr. 


Cassiopeia 

among  the  stars.]  1.  A  beautiful  circumpolar 
constellation,  supposed  to  represent  the  wife  of 
Cepheus  seated  in  a  chair  and  holding  up  both 
arms.  It  c<'iitains.SO  stura  briKlil^'i"  than  llu-  sixth  ina;;- 
intmte.  aii<l  is  alwuys  fouiul  opposite  tlie  (Jrt-at  Hear  nii  the 
othursiduufthepolf-star.  In  tluBL-unsttllatiimappcarftl  in 
loTi!  a  tfiiipurary  star bri^liter  than  Wiuis  at  its  liriKlitt'st. 
2.  [NL.]  In  :obl.,  the  typical  genus  of  the  fam- 
ily CassiopciidK.  C.  borhonica  of  the  llediterraiieaii  is 
an i-sainple.  C./midosa  inlinbits  the  noridakeys.  Origi- 
nally C't.^siojtea.  P^rnn  and  Legmn.  1S09. 
Cassiopeiidae  (kas'i-o-pe'yi-de),  «.  2>h  [NL., 
<  ( 'iissiiijH  id  +  -/rfrt".]  A  family  of  rhizostomous 
di.-ici)phorotis  hydrozoans,  represented  by  the 
genus  Cassiopeia.  The  species  are  attached  in  the 
adult  state  instead  of  free-swimming,  being  usually  found 
upon  I'nral  mud. 

cassique,  «.     See  cacique. 

cassireepe,  «.     See  cassareep. 

Cassis  (ki's'is),  H.  [NL.  (Klein,  1734  in  echino- 
dcnus,  and  1753  in  moUusks),  <  L.  cassis,  hel- 
met.] A  large  genus  of  prosobranchiate  gas- 
tropodous  mollu^s,  known  as  hi-  Inn  t-sliilh,  for- 
merly placed  with  the  Bucciniikv  or  whelks,  or 
with  the  Doliida;  but  now  made  the  tyjie  of  a 
family  CassicUilw.     See  cut  under  Cassiiiidw^. 

cassiterite  (ka-sit'o-rit),  «.  [<  L.  cassitemm  (< 
Gr.  iMnaiTSfmc,  tin;  prob.  of  Phenieian  origin: 
cf.  Ax.  qasiUr,  pewter,  tin,  Skt.  I'ustira,  tin)  -l- 
-itc";  =¥.  cassitcridc.']  Native  tin  dioxid,  Sn02, 
a  mineral  crystallizing  in  tetragonal  forms,  usu- 
ally of  a  brown  to  black  color,  and  having  a 
splendent  adamantine  luster  on  the  crystalline 
faces.  Its  specific  gravity  is  very  high,  nearly  equal  to 
that  of  metallic  iron  ;  it  generally  occurs  in  iiTegular 
masses  and  grains,  disseminated  in  granite,  gneiss,  clay 
slate,  mica  slate,  and  porphyry  ;  also  iti  reniform  shapes 
with  fibrous  radiated  structure  (wood-tin),  and  in  rolled 
pieces  or  grains,  as  sand,  in  which  last  condition  it  is  known 
as  stream-tin.  It  is  the  principal  source  of  metallic  tin, 
occurring  in  many  localities,  the  most  important  of  which 
are  Cornwall  in  England,  the  Erzgebirge  in  Saxony  and 
Bohemia,  Finland,  the  island  of  Baiica  near  .Simiatra,  and 
Queensland  in  -\ustralia.  It  has  recently  been  found  in 
some  quantity  in  Dakota.  The  supply  at  present  is  chiefly 
drawn  fr'nn  -Australia. 

cassius  (kash'ius),  ».  [Named  from  its  discov- 
erer, Andreas  Cassius,  a  German  chemist  of  the 
17th  century.]  A  certain  purple  pigment.  See 
purjylc. 

cassock  (kas'ok),  n.  [<  F.  casaque,  a  cassock 
(>  ciisaqiiin,  a  small  cassock,  a  corset,  >  Dan. 
IcussekiiKj,  a  jacket,  .jerkin),  <  It.  casacca  (=  Sp. 
Pg.  ciisaca),  a  great-coat,  sm-tout,  lit.  a  house 
(cf.  casaccia,  a  large,  ugly  old  house),  <  casa,  a 
house :  see  casa,  casino,  and  ef.  chasuble,  from 
the  same  ult.  source.]  1.  Any  loose  robe  or 
outer  coat,  but  partietilarly  a  military  one. 

The  nmster-file,  rotten  and  sound,  upon  my  life,  amounts 
not  tu  fifteen  thousand  poll ;  half  of  the  which  dare  not 
shake  the  snow  from  ojf  their  cassocks,  lest  they  shake 
themselves  to  pieces.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 

Tills  small  piece  of  service  will  bring  him  clean  out  of 
love  with  the  soldier  for  ever.     He  wiirnever  come  within 
the  sign  of  it,  the  sight  of  a  cassock,  or  a  mnsket-rest  again. 
B.  Jonson,  Every  Jlan  in  his  IIumonr,li.  3. 

2.  A  long  clerical  coat,  buttoned  over  the  breast 
and  reaching  to  the  feet,  and  confined  at  the 
waist  by  a  broad  sash  called  a  circline.  in  the 
Roman  CatlloUc  Church  its  color  varies  with  the  dignity 
of  the  wearer :  priests  wear  black ;  bishops,  purple  ;  car- 
dinals, scarlet ;  and  popes,  white.  In  the  Anglican  Church 
black  is  worn  by  all  the  three  orders  of  the  clergy,  but 
bishops  upon  state  occasions  often  wear  purple. 

The  custom  was,  both  here  and  in  the  other  northern 
parts  of  Christendom,  for  all  clergymen,  whether  secular 
or  of  a  religious  order,  to  have  the  gown  we  now  call  a 
cassock,  lined,  like  the  garments  of  the  laity,  throughout 
with  furs,  in  Latin,  pelles  :  hence  this  vesture  got  its  name, 
"  prHitra  ■  or  pelisse.     Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  20. 

cassocked  (kas'okt),  a.  [<  cassock  +  -erfs.] 
Clothed  with  a  cassock. 

A  cassock' d  huntsman  and  a  fiddling  priest ! 

Cou'pc.r,  Prog,  of  Err.,  1.  111. 

cassolette  (kas'o-let),  71.  [F.,  <  Sp.  cazolcta, 
pan  of  a  musket-lock,  a  kind  of  perfume,  lit.  a 
little  pan,  dim.  of  cazo,  a  saucepan :  see  casse- 
role.l  1 .  A  censer ;  a  vessel  with  a  pierced  cover 
for  burning  perfumes. —  2.  A  vessel  or  box  tor 
holding  perfumes  and  provided  with  a  perfo- 
rated cover  to  permit  the  diffusion  of  them. 

cassonade  (kas-o-uad'),  ».  [<  F.  cassouadc  (> 
Pg.  rassoiiada),  <  OF.  ca.^son,  mod.  F.  caisson  = 
Pg.  caixao,  a  large  chest  (of.  OSp.  co-oh,  brown 
sugar,  because  the  sugar  is  imported  in  large 
chests):  see  caisson  and  case'^.'\  Raw  sugar; 
sugar  not  refined. 

cassone  (ka-s6'ne),  n. ;  pi.  cassoni  (-ni).  [It., 
aug.  of  cassa,  a  chest :  see  cassoon,  cai.'^son.'] 
A  great  chest ;  specifically,  one  of  the  Italian 
bridal  chests  or  richly  decorated  coffers  which 
were  made  in  Italy  in" the  middle  ages  and  later 
to  contain  the  more  costly  part  of  the  bridal 
outfit. 


846 

The  Camoni,  or  large  trousseau  coffers,  on  which  the 

most  costly  and  elaborate  decorations  were  often  lavished. 

Kncijc.  lirit.,  XVI.  855. 

cassons  (kas'onz),  n.     Same  as  casinys. 

cassoon  (ka-sbn'),  )i.  [<  It.  cassone  (=  OF. 
cassiin,  F.  caisson  (>  E.  caisson)  =  Pg.  caixao), 
a  largo  chest,  aug.  of  cas.ia,  a  chest :  see  case^, 
cash'K'i  A  deep  panel  or  coffer  in  a  ceiling  or 
sofHt. 

cassoumba  (ka-siJm'bii),  ».  [Native  name.] 
A  pigment  made  in  Aml>oyna,  Moluccas,  from 
the  immt  capsules  of  the  plant  Stcrculia  Ba- 
lanijhas. 

cassowary  (kas'o-wa-ri),  11.;  -pX.  cassowaries 
(-riz).  [=  F.  c.asoar=  Sp.  casoario,' casohar,  ca- 
sucl  =  It.  casuario  =  D.  casuaar,  kasuaris  =  G. 
Dan.  Sw.  Icasnar  (NL.  casuarius),  <  Malay  kassu- 
waris,  the  cassowary.]   A  large  struthious  bird 


of  the  genus  Casuarius,  subfamily  Casiiariina;, 
and  family  Casuariidfc,  inhabiting  Australia  and 
the  Papuan  islands,  it  resembles  the  ostrich,  and  is 
nearly  as  large,  but  has  shorter  and  thicker  legs  in  pro- 
portion, and  three  toes.  It  is  characterized  by  a  ratite 
sternum,  plumage  with  large  aftershafts,  rudimentary 
wings  represented  e.vternally  by  several  spine-like  pro- 
cesses, fleshy  caruncles  or  lappets  upon  the  throat,  and  a 
large  casque  or  helmet  upon  the  head.  It  runs  with  great 
rapidity,  outstripping  the  swiftest  horse.  The  cassowary 
leaves  its  few  eggs  to  lie  hatched  by  the  heat  of  the  sun. 

cassumunar  (kas-u-mu'nar),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  An 
aromatic  root  used  as  a  tonic  and  stimulant,  ob- 
tained from  Zingiber  Cassunmnar. 

castl  (kast),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  cast,  ppr.  casting. 
[<  ME.  casten,  Irstcn,  <  leel.  kasta  =  Sw.  kas'la 
=  Dan.  kaste,  throw ;  a  purely  Scand.  -word, 
not  found  in  the  other  Teut.  tongues,  where 
the  orig.  word  for  '  throw'  is  warp  with  its  cog- 
nates.] I.  trans.  1.  To  throw,  either  literally 
or  figuratively:  as,  to  cast  a  stone  at  a  bird;  to 
cast  light  on  a  subject;  to  cast  a  shadow;  to 
cast  a  slur  on  one's  reputation. 

Thei  brought  thre  mantels  furred  with  ermyn,  and  the 
cloth  was  scarlet,  and  thei  caste  hem  vpon  the  two  kynges. 
Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  607. 
Uzziah  prepared  for  them  .  .  .  slings  to  cast  stones. 

•1  Chron.  x.vvi.  14. 
Both  the  chariot  and  horse  are  cast  into  a  dead  sleep. 

Ps.  Ixxvi.  6. 
Sir,  I  forgive  you  heartily. 
And  all  youi"  wrong  to  me  I  cast  behind  me. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  v.  3. 
I  shall  desire  all  indifferent  eyes  to  judge  whether  these 
men  do  not  endeavour  to  cast  imjust  envy  upon  me. 

Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humb.  Kemonst. 

Round  his  soul  her  net  she  strove  to  cast. 
Almost  despite  herself. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  107. 

2.  To  throw  with  ^^olcnee  or  force;  fiing; 
hurl:  usually  with  some  adjunct,  such  as  aicay, 
down,  into,  of,  out,  etc.     See  phrases  below. 

On  the  heighte  of  that  Pynacle,  the  Jewes  setten  Seynt 
.Tame,  and  ea^-ted  him  down  to  the  Erthe,  that  first  was 
Bisschopp  of  Jerusale.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  S7. 

Noting  thereon  the  castinff  dowtie  of  the  Forts  on  Tigris, 
and  amongst  them  the  Temple  of  Belus  there  erected. 

Purcha^,  Pilgrinuige,  p.  77. 
And  the  Lord  turned  a  mighty  strong  west  wind,  which 
took  away  the  locusts,  and  cast  them  into  the  Red  .Sea. 

Ex.  X.  19. 

Specifically — 3.  To  throw  to  the  ground,  as 
in  wrestling;  especially,  to  throw  a  horse  or 
other  animal  to  the  ground,  as  in  training,  or 
for  a  surgical  operation  or  slaughter. 
I  made  a  shift  to  cast  liim.  Sliak.,  llacbeth,  ii.  3. 


cast 

Eying  him, 
As  eyes  the  butcher  the  cast  panting  ox 
That  feels  his  fate  is  cnne,  nor  struggles  more. 

Browning/,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  25. 
4t.  To  decide  or  bring  in  a  verdict  against,  as  in 
a  lawsuit;  condemn  as  guilty;  hence,  to  defeat. 
If  tlie  whole  power  of  my  estate  can  cast  him. 
He  never  shall  olitain  me. 

Middletoii  (and  others).  The  Widow,  ii.  1. 
The  Commons  by  far  the  greater  immber  cast  him  ;  the 
Lords,  after  they  had  been  satisfied  in  a  full  discourse  by 
the  Kings  Si>Iicitor,  and  the  opinions  uf  many  Judges  de- 
livered in  their  House,  agreed  likewise  to  the  Sentence  of 
Treason.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ii. 

Were  the  case  referred  to  any  competent  judge,  they 
would  inevitably  be  cast.  Decay  of  Christian  I'iety. 

His  father  left  him  fourscore  pounds  a  year  ;  but  he  has 
cast  and  been  cast  so  often,  that  he  is  not  now  wortli 
thirty.  Addison,  Sir  Roger  at  the  Assizes. 

5t.  To  disband  or  break  up  (a  regiment  or  com- 
pany) ;  hence,  to  dismiss ;  reject ;  cashier ;  dis- 
card. 

When  a  company  is  cast,  yet  the  captain  still  retains  the 
title  of  captain.  Chapman,  All  Fools,  v.  I. 

The  state  .  .  . 
Cannot  with  safety  cast  him.        Shak.,  Othello,  i.  1. 
His  regiment  is  cant,  that  is  most  certain. 
And  his  command  in  the  castle  given  away. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  i.  1. 

6.  To  shed  or  throw  off ;  part  with  ;  lose :  as, 
trees  cast  their  fruit ;  a  serpent  casts  his  skin ; 
"to  cast  the  rags  of  sin,"  Dryden ;  ''casted 
slough,"  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1. 

He  cast  al  his  colour  and  bi-com  pale,  and  eft  red  as  rose 
in  a  litel  while.      William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  881. 
Your  colt's  tooth  is  not  cast  yet. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  L  3. 
You  likewise  will  do  well, 
Ladies,  in  entering  here,  to  cast  and  fling 
The  tricks  which  make  us  toys  of  men. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iL 

7t.  To  throw  out  or  up ;  eject ;  vomit. 
We  all  were  sea-swallow'd,  though  some  cast  again. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  1, 
His  filth  within  being  cast,  he  would  appear 
-■V  pond  as  deep  as  hell.  Shak.,  >I.  for  M.,  iiL  1. 

8.  To  form  by  throwing  up  earth ;  raise. 
Thine  enemies  shall  cast  a  trench  about  thee. 

Luke  XLX.  43. 
The  blind  mole  casts 
Copp'd  hills  toward  heaven.     Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  1. 

9t.  To  emit  or  give  out. 
This  casts  a  sulphureous  smell.  Woodward. 

10.  To  bestow;  confer  (upon)  or  transfer  (to). 

The  government  I  cast  upon  my  brother. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

11.  To  turn;  direct:  as,  to  cast  a  look  or 
glance  of  the  ej-e. 

She  kneel'd,  and,  saint-like. 
Cast  her  fair  eyes  to  heaven,  and  prayd  devoutly. 

Shak.,  Hen.  YIII.,  iv.  1. 
In  castina  his  eyes  about,  the  commodore  beheld  that 
the  shore  abounded  with  oysters. 

JrciniT,  Knickerbocker,  p.  123. 

12t.  Reflexive:  To  think  or  propose  to  (one's 
self) ;  intend. 

And  ca.^t  him  to  lyue 
In  ydelnesse  and  in  ese  and  by  others  trauayle. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  x.  151. 
Who  that  cast  hi/m  thys  reule  for  to  kepe, 
Mot  conforme  hym  like  in  euery  thyng. 
Where  he  shall  byde.  vnto  the  felyshype. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Fuiiiivall),  p.  26. 

13t.  To  consider;  think  out;  hence,  to  plan; 
contrive;  arrange. 

He  that  casteth  all  doubts,  shal  neuer  be  resolued  in 

any  thing.  Lylij,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  354. 

Cast  it  also  that  you  may  have  rooms  both  for  snnmier 

and  winter.  Bacon,  Building. 

I'll  do't  with  ease,  I  have  cast  it  all. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iv.  1. 
The  plot  was  cast  by  me,  to  make  thee  jealous. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  v.  2. 
I  serv'd  you  faithfully. 
And  cast  your  plots  but  to  preserve  your  credit. 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night-Walker,  v.  2. 

The  cloister  .  .  .  would  have  been  proper  for  an  orange- 
house;  and  had,  I  doubt  not,  beeu  cast  for  that  purpose. 

Sir  W.  Temple. 

I  shall  cast  what  I  have  to  say  under  two  principal  heads. 

Addison,  Charge  to  the  Jury. 

14.  Theat.:  (n)  To  distribute  or  allot  the  parts 

among  the  actors  :  said  of  a  play :  as,  to  "  cast 

the  "Merchant  of  Venice,'"  Addison. 

I  should  have  thought,  now.  that  it  [the  piecel  might 

have  been  cast  (as  the  actors  call  it)  better  at  Drury-lane. 

.Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 

(6)  To  assign  a  certain  part  or  role  to :  as,  to 
cast  an  actress  for  the  part  of  Portia. — 15.  To 
find  or  ascertain  by  computation ;  comjiute ; 
reckon  :  calculate :  as,  to  cast  accounts ;  to  cast 
a  nati\'ity. 

she  cast  my  destiny, 
I  being  but  a  child.        B.  Jortson,  Poetaster,  iii.  1. 


cast 

He  is  the  Faustus, 
That  casteth  flgures  iinil  can  conjure. 

li.  Jonmn,  Akhemist,  Iv.  4. 
You  cant  the  event  of  war,  my  nnhlu  lord, 
And  sunini'd  the  account  of  chance. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  l. 
The  mariner  was  left  to  creep  along  the  coast,  while  the 
astronomer  wixs cant inff  nativities. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  24S. 

16.  To  bring  forth  abortively. 

Thy  ewes  and  thy  she  goats  have  not  cast  their  young. 

Gen.  x.\.\i.  38. 

17.  To  found;  form  into  a  jtarticular  shape  or 
object,  as  li(iuid  metal,  by  poui-iug  into  a  mold. 

Whom  I've  power  to  melt. 
And  cast  in  any  mould,     li.  Jonunn,  Ciitiline,  i.  1. 

18.  To  fonn  by  founding;  make  by  poiu'ing 
molten  matter  into  a  mold. 

Thou  shiilt  cast  four  rings  of  gold  for  it.        Ex.  xxv.  12. 

19.  In  fnh'oiirii,  to  place  (a  hawk)  upon  his 
perch. —  20.  To  winnow  (grain)  by  tlirowing 
in  the  air,  or  from  one  side  of  a  barn  or  thresh- 
ing-door to  the  other — To  be  cast  down,  to  be  de- 
pressed or  dejected. 

Why  art  thou  cast  down,  0  my  soul?  J's.  xlii.  5. 

Tell  your  master  not  to  be  cast  down  by  this. 

Sheridan,  The  Riviils,  ii.  2. 

To  cast  a  ballot,    see  ballot.-  To  cast  a  colt's  tooth. 
Seec..^/.     To  cast  a  nativity.    Sce  notirit;/. —To  cast 
anchor,  to  uioor  a  vessel  by  k-ttiii),'  i\w  itnclmr  oi- ;iiniii,rs 
drop.    .See  ((/u7kj/-i.— To  cast  a  point  of  traverse,  in 
7iavi;/afiiin.  to  prick  down  on  a  chiut  tbc  point  id  tin-  lum- 
pass  any  hind  bears  from  you.     A'.  Pltillips,  1700.— To  cast 
aside,  to  dismiss  or  reject  as  useless  or  inconvenient. 
This  poor  gown  I  will  not  cast  aside 
I'ntil  himself  ari.se  a  living  man, 
And  l)id  me  cast  it.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

To  cast  away,  (n)  T<)  reject.  Lev.  xxvi.  44.  {b)  To 
throw  away ;  lavish  or  waste  by  profusion  ;  turn  to  no 
use :  as,  to  cant  away  life ;  to  cast  away  a  golden  oppor- 
tunity. 

Slie  has  cast  away  herself,  it  is  to  be  fear"d, 
Against  her  uncle's  will,  nay,  any  consent, 
But  out  of  a  mere  neglect,  and  spite  to  herself, 
Married  smldenly  withtmt  any  advice. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  v.  2. 

(c)  To  wreck :  as,  the  ship  was  cast  away  on  the  coast  of 
Africa. 

Cast  away,  and  sunk,  on  Goodwin  Sands. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  5. 
The  last  of  Nonember,  saith  May,  we  departed  from  La- 
guna  in  Hispaniola.  and  the  seuenteenth  of  December  fol- 
lowing, we  were  cai^t  awai/  vptui  the  Xttrth-westof  the  Ber- 
mudas.  (Rioted  in  Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  II.  118. 

To  cast  behind  the  back.  See  'w.A-i.— To  cast  by,  to 
reject ;  Hing  or  throw  by.  — To  cast  forth,  to  throw  out  or 
reject,  as  from  an  inclosed  place  or  contined  space  ;  emit 
or  send  out. 

He  shall  grow  as  the  lily,  and  cast  forth  his  roots  as  Leb- 
anon. Hos.  xiv.  5. 
To  cast  in,  to  throw  into  the  bargain. 

Sui.h  an  onniisiient  church  we  wisli  indeed ; 
Twere  Worth  liotli  Testaments,  cast  in  the  creed. 

Dryden,  Religio  Laici. 
To  cast  In  one's  lot  with,  to  share  the  fate  or  fortune 
of.— To  cast  in  the  teeth  of,  to  upbraid  with ;  charge 
or  twit  with.  — To  cast  lots.  See  /o(.— To  Cast  Off.  (a) 
To  discard  or  reject ;  drive  away. 

The  prince  will,  in  the  perfectness  of  time, 

Cast  i)/his  followers.  Shak.,  2  B^w.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

He  may  cast  you  off^  and  with  you  his  life. 

Beau,  ami  Ft.,  Laws  of  t'andy,  ii.  1. 

(h)  Kaut.,  to  unloose  or  let  go :  as,  to  cast  off  a  vessel  in 

tow.    (c)  In  hunting,  to  leave  behind,  as  dogs  ;  set  loose 

or  free. 

Away  he  scours,  .  .  .  casts  off  the  dogs,  and  gains  a  wood. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

His  falconer  cast  off  one  falcon  after  the  heron,  and  the 

earl  another.  Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  87. 

(d)  In  knitting,  to  flnisli  (the  work)  at  any  part  by  work- 
ing off  the  stitches,  so  that  it  remains  firm  and  pertuanent. 

(e)  In  printi)}<r,  to  compute  tlie  space  requimi  for  each 
column  or  division  of.  as  a  ta)jh',  a  piece  of  music,  or  the 
like,  so  that  the  matter  furnisheil  may  properly  fit  the 
space  at  command.  —  To  cast  off  copy,  in  printing,  to 
compute  tlie  number  of  words  in  written  copy,  iu  order 
to  find  tlie  spare,  or  tlu-  numl)er  of  pages,  whieli^he  mat- 
ter will  fill  wjien  in  type.  — To  CaSt  On.  (")  T'>  refer  or 
resign  to.  South,  (b)  U\  knitting,  to  begin  (the  work)  l>y 
putting  the  yarn,  cotton,  or  tlie  like  ujioii  the  needles  in 
loops  or  stitches. —  To  cast  OUt.  («)  To  reject  or  turn  out. 

Thy  brat  hatli  been  cast  out,  .  .  . 
No  father  owning  it.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

(6)  To  speak  or  give  vent  to.  Addi.^nn.  —  'To  cast  the 
balance,  see  balance. —  To  cast  the  cavel  or  keveL 
Seeca^w.  — To  cast  the  draperies,  in  the  fuw  art.^,  to 
dispose  the  folds  iif  tlie  uanmnts  uitli  which  the  figures 
in  a  picture  are  clothed  :  dispose  the  main  lines  of  a  pic- 
ture getierally.— To  cast  the  fly,  to  anjile  with  rod  and 
artificial  lure,  in  distinction  from  fishing  with  bait  or  a 
handdine.  — To  cast  the  lead,  to  heave  the  lead.  See 
lead.  — To  cast  up.    («)  To  onipute  ;  reckon  ;  calculate. 

Casting  up  the  cost  beforehand.  Drgdcn. 

The  Mindanaians  are  no  good  Accomptants;  therefore 
the  Chinese  that  live  here,  do  cast  up  their  .Accompts  for 
them.  Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  360. 

Now  casting  vp  the  Store,  and  finding  sufficient  till  the 
next  harvest,  the  feare  of  staning  was  abandoned. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  222. 
(b)  To  eject ;  vomit. 

Their  villany  goes  against  my  weak  stomach,  and  there- 
fore I  must  cast  it  up.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  2. 


847 
p(wf  up  the  polBon  that  infects  thy  mind.  Dryden. 

(c)  To  twit  or  upbraid  with  ;  recall  to  one's  notice  for  the 
jmriK'se  of  annoying  :  with  to. 

Ludy  W.'s  maid  is  always  casting  vp  to  rae  how  happy 
her  lord  and  ladyship  is.  Lever. 

(d)  To  raise  ;  throw  up. 

Throws  (h)wn  one  mountain  to  cast  up  a  higher. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  4. 
Burled  liim  in  the  ground,  and  cast  vp  an  high  hill  oner 
hini.  PurchaSf  Pilgrimage,  p.  87. 

To  cast  upon,  to  refer  to. 

If  things  were  cast  uj)on  this  issue,  that  God  should 
never  i»revent  sin  till  man  deserved  it,  the  best  would  sin 
and  sin  for  ever.  South. 

To  cast  (a  person's)  watert,  to  examine  urine  in  diagnos- 
ing a  disease. 

If  thou  couldst,  doctor,  cast 
The  water  of  my  land,  find  her  disease. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  3. 
=  Sto.  Fling,  He.     .See  Awri. 
II,  intrans.  If.  To  throw;  shoot. 

At  loners,  lowpes,  Archei-s  had  pk-nte, 

To  cast,  tlraw,  and  shete,  the  dilfcnce  to  be 

That  non  wordly  man  niyglit  no  wyse  it  take. 

Bom.  o/  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1176. 

2t.  To  throw  up ;  vomit. 

These  verses  too,  a  poison  on  'em  !  I  cannot  abide  them, 
they  make  me  ready  to  cast.       B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 

3.  To  turn  or  revolve  something  in  the  mind; 
ponder;  consider;  scheme. 

Hast  thou  cast  how  to  accomplish  it? 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  v.  4. 

The  best  way  to  represent  to  life  the  manifold  use  of 

friendship  is  to  cast  and  see  how  many  things  there  are 

which  a  man  cannot  ilo  himself.  Bacon,  Friendship. 

This  way  and  that  I  c(w(  to  save  my  friends.  Pojte. 

4.  To  make  calculations;  sum  up  accounts. 

Oh  !  who  would  cast  and  balance  at  a  desk? 

Tennyso7i,  Audley  Oturt. 

5.  To  warp ;  become  twisted  or  distorted, 
stuff  is  said  to  cast  or  warp  wlien  ...  it  alters  its  flat- 
ness or  straightness.         J.  Moxon,  Mechanical  Exercises. 

6.  To  lose  color;  fade.  [Scotch.]  —  7.  To  re- 
ceive form  or  shape  in  a  mold. 

A  mass  that  is  immediately  malleable,  and  will  not  run 
thin,  so  as  to  cast  and  mould.  Woodivard,  Fossils. 

8.  Xant,:  (a)  To  fall  off  or  incline,  so  as  to 
bring  the  side  to  the  wind :  applied  particularly 
to  a  ship  riding  with  her  head  to  the  wind 
when  her  anchor  is  first  loosened  iu  getting  im- 
der  way.     (6)  To  tack;  put  about ;  wear  ship. 

I  cast  to  seaward  again  to  come  with  the  island  in  the 
morning  betimes. 

Roger  Bodenham,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  35. 

9.  In  hunting^  to  search  for  the  scent  or  trail  of 

game. 

In  his  w<irk  the  foxhound  is  peculiar  for  dash,  and  for 
always  l)eing  inclined  to  cast  forwards,  instinctively  ap- 
pearing to  lie  aware  that  the  fox  makes  his  point  to  some 
covert  different  from  that  in  which  he  was  found. 

Dogs  of  Great  Britain  and  America,  p.  62. 

10.  Of  bees,  to  swarm.  [Scotch.]  — 11.  Of 
the  sky,  to  clear  up.    [Scotch.]  ^To  cast  about. 

(a)  Saut.,  to  tack  ;  put  about ;  wear  ship. 

My  pilot,  having  a  son  in  one  of  those  small  vessels, 
entreated  me  to  cast  about  towards  them. 

Roger  Bodenham,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  35. 

(b)  In  hunting,  to  go  about  indifferent  directions  in  order 
to  discover  a  lost  scent. 

But  not  a  sign  of  them  [the  hares  in  the  game  of  hare- 
and-houiul]  appeal's,  so  now  .  .  .  there  is  nothing  for  it 
but  to  cast  about  for  the  scent. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  i.  7. 

(c)  To  consider ;  search  in  the  mind  for  some  contrivance 
by  which  to  accomplish  one's  end  ;  scheme. 

To  cast  about  how  to  perform  or  obtain.  Bacon. 

Let  "s  cast  about  a  little,  and  consider. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  ii.  1. 
Contrive  and  cast  about  how  to  bring  such  events  to 
pass.  Bentley, 

I  .  .  .  began  to  ca»t  about,  with  my  usual  care  and  anx- 
iety, for  the  means  of  ol)taining  feasible  and  safe  meth- 
ods of  repeating  the  famous  journey  to  Palmyra. 

Bruce,  Source  of  tlie  Nile,  Int.,  p.  li. 

To  cast  back.  («)  To  throw  the  memory  back  ;  refer  to 
somethiuj;  jiast. 

You  ort-sC  back  for  hundreds  of  years,  and  rake  up  every 
bit  of  pleasure  I  ever  had  in  my  life.  Mrs.  liiddeU. 

(b)  To  return  toward  some  ancestral  type  or  character; 
sliow  resemblance  to  a  remote  ancestor.^  TO  cast  be- 
yond the  moon,  to  indulge  in  wild  conjectures  ;  conjec- 
ture. 

Bellaria,  .  .  .  niaruailingat  such\maccustomed  frownes, 
began  to  ca«t  bej/omi  the  moune,  and  to  enter  into  a  1000 
sundry  thoughts,  which  way  she  should  offend  her  hus- 
band.      Greene,  I'andosto,  or  the  Triumph  of  Time,  15S8. 

To  cast  off.  (rt)  To  loosen  a  boat  from  its  connection 
with  a  i)ier.  ship,  or  the  like,  and  start  it  toward  another 
place,  {b)  In  knitting,  to  slip  and  bind  the  last  h>ops  from 
the  needles,  thus  releasing  the  Hnishetl  work  froni  them ; 
bind  off.~T0  cast  on., '\n  knitting.  t4>  begin  by  slipping 
the  loops  or  .stitclies  on  the  needle. —To  cast  OUt,  to 
quarrel;  fallout.  [Scotch.  1~  To  cast  up,  to  turn  up  or 
be  forthcoming. 

Others  maybe  I'nionista  .  .  .  by  tits  and  starts;  .  .  . 
I'nionists  when  nothing  more  exciting,  <tr  more  showy, 
or  more  profitable,  ca^ts  up.    H.  Chuate,  .\ddresses,  p.  442. 


cast 

cast^  (k&st),  p,  a,  [Pj>.  of  fw^^l,  c]  1.  Thrown 
aside  as  useless;  rejected;  cast-off;  as,  cast 
clothes. 

He  hath  bought  a  pair  of  cast  lips  of  Diana. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iiL  4. 
You  never  yet  had  a  meal's  meat  frctm  niy  table, 
Nor,  as  I  remember,  from  my  wardrobe 
Any  ca«(  suit. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  ii.  3. 

I  deny  not  but  that  he  may  deserve  for  his  pains  a  ca*t 

Doublet.  Milton,  Apology  for  .Smectymnuus. 

2.  Condemned:  as,  "a  cff*f  criminal,"  5ok/A. — 
3t.  Cashiered;  discarded. 

He's  the  son 
Of  a  poor  cast  captain,  one  Octavio. 

Fletcher,  .Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 

4.  Faded  in  color.  [Scotch.]  —  5.  Made  by 
fonnding  or  casting:  as,  cast-iron  or  -steel. 
See  cast-iron. —  6t.  Rank;  vile. 

Neuer  kyld  no  Kyng.  ne  no  knight  yet, 

That  a-counted  was  kene,  but  with  cast  treson. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  10448. 

castl  (k&st),  w.  [<c««<l,r,]  1.  Theaet  of  cast- 
ing. Specihcally  — (rt)  In  fishing:  (1)  The  act  of  throw- 
ing the  line  on  the  water.  (2)  The  act  of  throwing  a  net. 
v\  fisherman  stood  on  the  beach,  .  .  .  the  large  scjuare 
net,  with  its  sinkers  of  lead,  in  his  right  hantl,  ready  for  a 
cast.  B.  Taylor^  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  41. 

(b)  In  hunting,  a  search  for  the  scent  or  trail  of  game. 

(c)  Snut.,  the  act  of  heaving  tlie  lead. 

2.  The  leader  with  flies  attached,  used  in  an- 
gling. Sporfsinau^s  Gaj:ettecr. —  3.  A  throw; 
the  distance  to  which  a  thing  may  be  thrown ; 
reach;  extent. 

These  other  com  ridinge  a  softe  pase  till  thei  com  as 
nygh  as  the  caMe  of  a  ston.        Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  219. 

Frome  thens  descemlynge  aboute  a  stones  caste,  we  come 
to  a  place  where  our  Sauyour  Criste  lefte  I'eter,  James, 
and  John.  Sir  R.  Guylforde,  I'ylgrymage,  p.  32. 

Specifically — 4.  A  throw  of  dice;  hence,  a 
state  of  chance  or  hazard. 

I  have  set  my  life  upon  a  cast. 
And  I  will  stand  the  liazard  of  the  die. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  4, 

If  thou  canst  not  fling  what  thou  wouldst,  play  thy  cast 

as  well  as  thou  canst.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  36.*i. 

In  the  last  war,  has  it  not  sometimes  been  an  even  cast 

whether  the  army  should  march  this  way  or  that  way? 

South. 
5t.  Occasion;  opportunity. 

Tile  end  whereof  lie  keepe  untill  another  cast. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  viii.  5L 

6t.  A  contrivance ;  plot ;  design. 

The  derkc  tresoun  and  the  castes  olde. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1610. 
Hadde  thei  knowe  the  kast  of  the  Kyng  stem. 
They  luul  kept  well  his  cumme  with  carefull  dintes. 

Alisaunder  <f  Maceduine  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  146. 

7t.  A  stroke;  a  touch;  a  trick. 

It  hath  been  the  cast  of  all  traitors  to  pretend  nothing 
against  the  king's  person. 

Latimer,  4th  Semi.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

Another  cast  of  their  politicks  was  that  of  endeavouring 
to  impeach  an  innocent  lady.  Swift. 

8.  Motion  or  turn  (of  the  eye) ;  direction,  look, 
or  glance ;  hence,  a  slight  squint :  as,  to  have 
a  cast  in  one's  eye. 

They  ...  let  you  see  with  one  cast  of  an  eye. 

Addison,  Ancient  Medals. 

9.  A  t^A-ist  or  contortion.  [Scotch.]  — 10. 
Bent;  tendency. 

There  is  such  a  mirthful  cast  in  his  behaviour,  that  he 
is  rather  beloved  than  esteemed.  Addison, 

11.  Manner;  outward  appearance ;  air;  mien; 

style. 

New  names,  new  dressings,  and  the  modem  cast. 

Sir  J.  Denham,  To  Sir  R.  Fanshaw. 

12.  A  tinge  ;  a  shade  or  trace;  a  slight  color- 
ing, or  a  slight  degree  of  a  color:  as,  a  cast  of 
green. 

The  native  hue  of  resolution 
Is  sicklied  o'er  with  the  pale  cast  of  thought. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  m.  1. 
There  was  a  soft  and  pensive  grace, 
A  cast  of  thought  upon  her  face, 
That  suiteil  well  the  forehead  high. 
The  eyelash  dark,  and  downcast  eye. 

Scott,  Kokeby,  iv.  5. 

13.  That  which  is  formed  by  founding;  anj^- 
thing  shaped  in  or  as  if  ina  mold  while  in 
a  fluid  or  plastic  state;  a  casting:  often  used 
figuratively. 

Something  of  a  neat  cast  of  verse.         '     Pope,  Letters. 
Cunning  casts  in  clay.       Tennyson,  In  Mcmoriam,  cxx. 

14.  An  impression  formed  in  a  mold  or  matrix ; 
in  gco}.^  the  impression  of  an  animal  of  a  for- 
mer epoch  left  in  soft  earth  which  has  become 
stone  :  as,  a  cast  of  a  man's  face  taken  in  plas- 
ter; a  cast  of  a  trilobite. 

At  A'aldivia  there  is  some  sandstone  with  imperfect 
casts  of  shells,  which  possibly  may  belong  to  the  recent 
period.  Darwin,  Geol.  Obser\'ations,  ii.  414. 


cast 

Hence  — 15.  An  impression  in  eeneral;  an 
imparted  or  derived  appearance,  enaracter,  or 
characteristic ;  stamp. 

Wecpi'st  thou  to  take  the  cast 
Of  those  dead  linL-aments  that  near  thee  lie? 

Tfnn;/tif>n,  Sonnets  to  n  Co(iuette,  iii. 

16.  One  of  the  worm-like  coils  of  sand  pro- 
duced by  the  lugworm. — 17.  In  founding :  (a) 
A  tube  of  wax  titled  into  a  mold.  ((/)  A  hollow 
cylindrical  piece  of  brass  or  copper,  slit  in  two 
lengthwise,  to  form  a  canal  or  conduit  in  a 
mold  for  conveying  metal,  (c)  A  small  brass 
funnel  at  one  end  of  a  mold  for  casting  pipes, 
by  means  of  wliich  the  melted  metal  is  poiu-ed 
into  tlie  mold,  (rf)  The  tj-pe  or  plate  made 
from  melted  tji^e-raetal  by  a  tj'pe-fouuder  or 
sterootyper.  (c)  The  act  of  founding  or  mak- 
ing printing-types  or  electroplates. — 18.  A 
mass  of  feathers,  fur,  bones,  or  otlier  indigesti- 
ble matters  ejected  from  the  stomach  by  a  hawk 
or  other  bird  of  prey.     Also  called  casting. 

The  coarser  parts  of  the  useless  matters  are  probably 
rejected  by  the  mouth,  as  a  hawk  or  an  owl  rejects  his 
castH.  Uxixley,  Crayfish,  p.  67. 

And  where  the  two  contrived  their  daughter's  good, 
Lies  the  hawk's  cast,  the  mole  has  made  his  run. 

Tenniison,  Ayhner's  Field. 
19.  An  assignment  of  the  parts  of  a  play  to  the 
several  actors ;  the  company  of  actors  to  whom 
the  parts  of  a  play  are  assigned:  as,  the  play 
■was  produced  with  a  very  strong  cast. —  20.  Ai 
allowance  ;  an  amount  given,  as  of  food :  as,  a 
cast  of  hay  for  the  horses. 

I  hope  she'll  be  ruled  in  time,  .  .  .  and  not  be  carried 
away  with  a  cast  of  manchets,  a  bottle  of  wine,  or  a  cus- 
tard. Mkidtetoji,  Michaelmas  Term,  ii.  3. 

81.  A  couple;  a  pair:  used  especially  of  hawks. 

It  sprung 

From  a  mere  trifle  first,  a  cast  of  hawks, 

Whose  made  the  swifter  fiight,  whose  could  mount  highest, 

Middleton  and  liouiey,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  2. 

Vender's  a  cast  of  coach-mares  of  the  gentlewoman's,  the 

strangest  cattle  !  Beau,  and  Ft.,  Scornful  Lady,  ii.  1. 

22.  Assistance;  a  lift;  especially,  a  seat  ac- 
corded a  pedestrian  or  wayfarer  in  a  vehicle 
or  other  conveyance  for  a  part  of  the  way. 

We  therefore  bargained  with  the  driver  ...  to  give  us 
a  cast  to  the  next  stage.     Smollett,  Roderick  Kandom,  .\i. 

In  literature,  quotation  is  good  only  when  the  wTiter 
whom  I  follow  .  .  .  gives  me  a  cast. 

Emerson,  Quotation  and  Originality. 

23.  In  heer-maJcing,  the  amount  of  water  used 
in  preparing  any  given  amount  of  beer,  or  in 
any  stage  of  the  process  of  brewing.  The  quan- 
tity of  water  in  the  mash-tun  into  which  the  crushed  malt 
is  throvni  is  the  first  cast;  subsequent  additions  are  the 
secoiul  cast,  third  cast,  etc. 

24.  In  apiculture,  an  after-swarm  of  bees  led 
by  a  maiden  queen. — 25.  Yield:  applied  to 
grain-crops.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  26.  Four,  as  a 
unit  of  tale  in  counting  herrings,  haddocks, 
oysters,  etc.,  as  being  the  number  lifted  at 
once  (two  in  each  hand).  [Scotch.]  —  27.  An 
irregular  unit  of  capacity,  about  8  gallons. — 
28t.  A  breed;  race;  species — Bridling  cast,  a 
stirrup-cup ;  a  parting  drink. 

Let's  have  a  bridling  cast  before  you  go. 
Fill 's  a  new  stoop.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Scornful  Lady,  ii.  2. 
Cast  after  cast,  a  method  of  raising  excavated  material 
from  the  bottom  of  a  mine  or  other  working,  by  shoveliug 
it  up  from  one  platform  to  another. — Measuring  cast, 
in  a  game,  a  cast  or  throw  that  requires  to  be  iiiL-;tsureil, 
or  that  cannot  be  distiuguished  from  another  without 
measuring. 

When  lusty  shepherds  throw 
The  bar  by  turns,  and  none  the  rest  outgo 
So  far,  but  that  the  best  are  measuring  casts. 
Their  emulation  and  their  pastime  lasts.       Waller. 

Renal  or  urinary  cast,  a  microscopic  subcylindrical  cast 
of  a  portion  of  a  uriniferous  tubule,  found  in  the  urine  in 
renal  disease.  Hyaline,  granular,  fatty,  epithelial,  blood, 
and  waxy-looking  casts  are  distinguished,— The  last  cast, 
(a)  The  last  throw  of  the  dice ;  the  last  stake  ;  the  ventur- 
ing of  all  that  remains  to  one  on  one  throw  or  one  effort ; 
the  last  chance. 

So  Euphues,  which  at  the  first  increasing  of  our  familiar- 

Itie,  was  very  zealous,  is  now  at  the  last  cast  Vierome  most 

faithlessc.  ii/iy,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  89, 

Will  you  turn  recreant  at  the  last  cast  >  Dri/den, 

(iit)  The  last  gasp ;  the  last  extremity. 

AMiere's  this  man  now 
That  has  took  all  this  care  and  pains  for  nothing? 
The  use  of  him  is  at  the  last  cast  now. 
Middleton,  More  Dissemblers  besides  Women,  iv.  1. 
Sir  Thomas  Bodlcy  is  even  now  at  the  last  cast,  and  hath 
laiu  speechless  and  without  knowledge  since  yesterday  at 
noon.  Letter  dated  1012. 

[Spenser  uses  utmost  cast  in  the  same  sense. 

\\niereas  lie  last 
Had  left  that  couple  nere  their  utmost  cast. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  v.  9.] 
To  make  a  cast,  to  search  for  the  scent  of  game. 

Notwithstanding  the  strong  scent  of  the  otter,  he  often 
escapes  the  hounds,  and  then  a  cast  has  to  be  made. 

Emyc.  Brit.,  XII.  896. 


848 


castellar 


Castatia  ambigita. 


cast^f  (kftst),  n 
castv^. 
cast.    Contracted  form  of  casteth,  third  person 

singular  present  tense  of  cast. 
castaldyt,  ".  [Also  rastuldie  (Minsheu),  and 
iniiiro]).  ca.-^talciick  (Kersey),  <  ML.  "castaldia, 
gastaldia  (>  It.  casialdia),  the  office  of  a  prefect 
or  steward,  <  castaldus,  gastahlns  (>  It.  castaldo, 
dial,  gastaldo),  also  gastaldius,  castaldio(n-), 
ga.staldio(n-)  (>It.  castaldione),  a  prefect,  stew- 
ard, prob.  <  Goth,  'gaslalds,  in  comp.  striving 
to  obtain  or  possess  (possessing),  <  gastaldan, 
obtain,  possess  (cf.  AS.  gcsteald,  an  abode, 
dwelling),  <  ga-  (see  gc-)  +  *staldan  =  AS. 
stcaldan,  possess.]  Stewardship. 
Castalia  (kas-ta'li-ii),  H.  [NL.:  see  Castnlian.'\ 
1.  A  genus  of  bivalve  molhisks,  of  the  family 
Iridinida:  confined  to 
the  fresh  waters  of 
South  America.  The 
best-known  species  is 
C.  ambigua.  The  genus 
was  founded  by  La- 
marck in  1819.— 2.  A 
genus  of  chfetopodous 
annelids,  of  the  familj- 
Hesinnidw. — 3.  Agenus 
of  coleopterous  insects. 
Laportc,  1838. — 4.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects.  Boisdural,  1858. 
Castalian  (kas-ta'lian),  a.  [<  L.  Castalis,  be- 
longing to  Castalia,  Gr.  Katj-a'Aia,  a  mythical 
fountain  of  inspiration  on  Mount  Parnassus, 
sacred  to  the  lluses,  whose  waters  had  the 
power  of  inspiring  those  who  drank  them ;  per- 
haps akin  to  KoSapdf,  L.  castus,  pure  :  see  caste-."] 
Pertaining  to  Castalia. 

Castanea  (kas-ta'nf-a),  n.     [L.,  the  chestnut- 
tree,  a  chestnut:  see  chcsten,  chestnut.']     Age- 
nus of  plants,  natural  order  Cupulifcrw,  con- 
sisting of  trees  or  shrubs  ■with  straight-veined 
leaves  and  naked  unisexual  flowers,  the  male 
in  catkins  and  the  female  solitary.    The  nuts  are 
contained  in  a  prickly  4-valved  envelop.    Only  two  species 
are  known,  the  common  chestnut,  C.  vesca,  and  the  chin- 
kapin, C  pumila.    See  cut  under  chestnut. 
Castanella  (kas-ta-nel'a),  «.     [NL.,  <  L.  cas- 
tanca,  a  chestnut,"+  dim.  -ella.]     The  typical 
genus  of  radiolarians  of  the  family  Castan'cUida:. 
Castanellidse  (kas-ta-nel'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 
Castanella  +  -idie.]     A  family  of  tripylean  ra- 
diolarians "with  a  fenestrated  shell  which  is 
spherical,  simple,  and  composed  of  solid  rods, 
and  has  at  one  point  a  large  principal  opening, 
often  armed  with  coronal  spicules,  and  with  or 
without  radial  spicules.     It  contains  such  gen- 
era as  Castanella,  Castanidium,  etc. 
castaneous  (kas-ta'ne-us),  a.     [<  L.  as  if  *cas- 
taneus,  <  castanea,  a  chestnut:  see  Casteinea.] 
Chestnut-colored;  of  a  reddish  or  brownish-red 
color. 
Castanet  (kas'ta-net),  n.     [=  F.  castagnette,  < 
Sp.  ciistaneta  (=  Pg.  castanheta),  a  Castanet,  < 
castalia  =  Pg.  castanha,  <  L. 
castanea,  a   chestnut;   from 
the  resemblance.]    One  of  a 
pair     of    slightly     concave 
spoon-shaped  shells  of  ivory 
or  hard   wood,  loosely  fas- 
tened together  at  the  base, 
and   used   (slung    over   the 
thumb)  in  beating  time  to 
music  or  dancing.     Castanets 
are  used  by  the  Spaniards  and  Moors 
as    an    accompaniment    to    their 
dances  and  guitars,  and  are  now 
widely  introduced  among  other  na. 
tions,  with  some  variations  of  form. 

Castanopsis  (kas-ta-nop'-  i-astan=ts. 

sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaaTavoc,  the  chestnut-tree, 
+  oi/'(C,  appearance.]  A  genus  of  shrubs  and 
trees  intermediate  between  the  oak  and  chest- 
nut, of  a  dozen  species,  natives  of  eastern  Asia, 
with  a  single  species  on  the  Pacific  slope  of 
North  America.     See  chinlcapin,  1. 

casta'Way  (kast'a-wa),  n.  and  a.  [<  cast,  pp. 
of  (Y/sVi,  v.,  +  flicfl//.]  I.  }(.  1.  One  who  or 
tliat  which  has  been  east  a'way  or  lost ;  specifi- 
cally, a  ship  ■n-reckcd  or  lost  on  an  unfre- 
quented coast,  or  a  person  ship^wrecked  on 
such  a  coast. 

A  castatcai/ 
t'pon  the  lonely  rocks  of  life. 

fVilliam  .Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II,  331. 

Hence — 2.  An  outcast;  areprobate;  one  mor- 
ally lost  or  ruined. 

But  1  keep  under  my  body,  and  bring  it  into  subjection ; 
lest  that  by  any  means,  when  I  have  preached  to  others, 
I  myself  should  be  a  castaway.  1  Cor.  ix.  27. 


The  older  English  spelling  of        H.  a.  In  or  pertaining  to  the  state  of  being 

a  castaway;  wrecked;  ruined:  as,  a  castaway 
ship. 

We  .  .  .  only  remember,  at  our  castauay  leisure,  tlie 
imiirisoned  immortal  soul.  Jtaleiyh,  Uist.  ut  World. 

cast-by  (kast'bi),  n.     A  discarded  person  or 
thing;  a  castaway.     [Scotch.] 
Wha  could  tak  interest  in  sic  a  cast-by  as  I  am  now  ? 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid. Lothian,  xx- 

caste^t,  «.    A  Middle  English  variant  of  chaste. 

caste-  (kast),  «.  [Formerly  ca.<<t,  only  recently 
as  F.  caste,  <  Pg.  ca.'ita  ( >  Sp.  casta),  breed,  race, 
caste ;  first  apphed  to  the  classes  of  the  Hindus 
by  the  Portuguese,  who  were  the  earliest  colo- 
nists in  India ;  prop.  fem.  of  casta,  <  L.  castus, 
pure,  >  OF.  chaste,  E.  chaste,  q.  v.]  1.  One  of 
the  artificial  divisions  or  social  classes  into 
which  the  Hindus  are  rigidly  separated  accord- 
ing to  the  religious  law  of  Brahmanism,  and  of 
which  the  pri\-ileges  or  disabilities  are  trans- 
mitted by  inheritance,  llie  principal  castes  aie  four 
in  number :  1st.  the  Brahmans,  or  the  sacerdotal  caste ;  2d, 
the  Kshatriyas,  modern  Rajputs,  or  military  caste ;  :id, 
the  Vaisyas,  or  husbandmen  and  merchants,  w  ho  have  now 
in  many  districts  become  merged  in  the  second  and  fourth 
castes  ;  4th,  the  Sudras,  or  laborers  and  mechanics.  Hie 
Brahmans  are  supposed  to  have  sprung  from  the  mouth 
of  Brahma,  the  Kshatriyas  from  his  arms,  the  Vaisyas 
from  his  belly  and  thighs,  and  the  Sudras  from  his  feet. 
The  Brahman  represents  religion;  the  Kshatriya,  war; 
the  Vaisya,  commerce  and  wealth ;  and  the  Sudra,  labor. 
There  .are  many  subdivisions  of  caste,  and  althougli  the 
Sudras  are  degraded  far  below  the  Brahmans,  Kshatriyas, 
and  Vaisyas,  there  are  reckoned  thu-ty-si.x  subdivisions 
lower  than  the  Sudras,  Lowest  of  all  are  the  Parialis,  who 
are  supposed  to  be  of  no  caste,  and  mere  outcasts  from 
humanity.  Of  the  castes,  the  first  three  are  the  natural 
and  gradually  established  divisions  of  the  .\ryan  invadei-s 
and  conquerors  of  India  ;  the  fourth  was  made  up  of  the 
subjugated  aborigines.  The  Sanskrit  name  for  caste  is 
varna,  color,  the  ditTerent  castes  ha\ing  been  at  first 
marked  by  differences  of  complexion,  according  to  race, 
and  in  some  degree  according  to  occupation  and  conse- 
quent exposure.  Besides  the  original  castes,  numerous 
mixed  classes  or  castes  have  sprung  up  in  the  progi-ess 
of  time,  and  are  dependent  upon  trade,  occupation,  or 
profession;  in  fact,  the  essential  principle  iji  the  sjstem 
of  caste  is  the  confining  of  employments  to  hereditary 
classes.  Castes  are,  according  to  Indian  social  standards, 
either  "high"  or  '"low."  The  same. term  is  also  used  of 
somewhat  similar  classes  in  other  countries. 

The  system  of  caste  involves  the  worst  of  all  wrongs  to 
humanity  —  that  of  hallowing  evil  by  the  authority  and 
sanction  of  religion.  Faiths  of  the  World,  p.  30. 

To  be  subjugated  by  an  inferior  caste  was  a  degradation 
beyond  all  other  degradation.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

Offensive  as  is  the  loic-caste  Indian,  ...  I  had  rather 
see  the  lowest  Pariahs  of  the  low,  than  a  single  trim, 
smooth-faced,  smooth-wayed,  clever  high-caste  Hindoo  on 
my  lands  or  in  my  colony. 

W.  G.^Palgrave,  in  Fortnightly  Rev. 

Hence — 2.  A  division  of  society,  or  the  princi- 
ple of  grading  society,  according  to  external 
conditions;  a  class  or  grade  separated  from 
others  by  differences  of  ■n-ealth,  hereditari-  rank 
or  pri\'ileges,  or  by  profession  or  emploj-ment. 

Where  the  operations  became  hereditary,  a  system  of 
castes  arose.  This  system  has  never  been  rigid  in  Western 
Europe,  however,  as  it  has  been  in  India  and  other  coun- 
tries of  the  East. 

D.  W.  Ross,  German  Land-holding,  iN'otes,  p.  134. 

Her  manner  had  not  that  repose 
Which  stamps  the  caste  of  Vere  de  Vere. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  ■Vere. 

The  spirit  of  caste  morally  tortures  its  victims  with  as 
much  coolness  as  the  Indian  torttires  his  enemy. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  .Statics,  p.  221. 

To  lose  caste,  to  be  degraded  from  the  caste  to  which 
one  lielongs  ;  lose  social  position. 

castellan  (kas'te-lan),  n.  [<  ME.  castellain,  cas- 
telein,  <  OF.  castellain,  chastelain,  F.  chatelain 
(cf.  chatelaine)  =  Pr.  Sp.  castellan  =  Cat.  cas- 
ielld  =  Pg.  castelliio  =  It.  castellano,  <  ML.  cas- 
tellant^s,  keeper  of  a  castle,  <  L.  ca.<'tellum.  a  cas- 
tle :  see  castle.]  A  governor  or  constable  of  a 
castle.     Also  ■written  castellain. 

castellano  (kas-tel-ya'no),  n.  [Sp..  an  ancient 
Spauisli  coin,  the  fiftieth  part  of  a  mark  of 
gold,  etc.,  prop.  ad.]..  CastiUan,  Spanish.  See 
Casiilian.]  A  South  American  weight  for  gold, 
equal  to  71.07  gi'ains. 

castellany  (kas'te-la-ni),  «.:  pi.  castellnnies 
(-niz).  [Same  as  chatclUini)  (<  F.  chatelhnie); 
=  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  castellania,  <  ML.  castellania, 
<  ca.stellanus,  a  castellan:  see  castellan.]  The 
jurisdiction  of  a  castellan ;  the  lordship  belong- 
ing to  a  castle,  or  the  extent  of  its  land  and  ju- 
risdiction.    Also  called  chatellany. 

Earl  Allan  has  within  his  castellany,  or  the  jurisdiction 
of  his  castle,  200  manors,  all  but  one. 

Kctham.  Domesday  Book,  p.  147. 

castellar  (kas'te-liir),  a.     [<  ML.  as  if  'castel- 
laris.  <  L.  ca.'iteUum,  castle :  see  castle.]     Be- 
longing or  pertaining  to  a  castle. 
Ancient  castellar  dungeons.     Walpole,  Letters,  IV.  480t 


castellate 

castellate  (kas'te-lat).  ».  [<  ML.  castellatum, 
the  pivcinc't  of  a  rastlo,  <  L.  castcllum,  a  castle.] 
A  lorilship  or  eastoUauy. 

Ilure  we  Lntcieil  iiitii  llio  province  of  Candia,  ami  thu 
castellate  of  Kenurio. 

PiKocke,  Description  of  tlio  East,  II.  249. 

castellated  (kas'te-la-tod),  a.  [<  ML.  castel- 
liiliis,  ]i|i.  lit'  castcltiin;  I'lmiisli  with  turrets  or 
l)attlciiioiits,  fortify,  <  L.  cnsliUum,  a  oastlo: 
SCO  i-iixlti-.'\  1.  Furiiislu'il  with  turri-ts  ami  hat- 
tlements,  like  a  castlo ;  built  in  the  style  of  a 
castle:  as,  a  canteUatcil  mansion. 

Tile  room  lay  in  a  lii^li  turret  of  tlie  castellated  abljey. 

Pin;  Tales,  I.  W\. 
2.  Inclosed  in  a  building,  as  a  fountain  or  cis- 
tern.    Johnson. 

castellation  (kas-te-la'slion),  n.  [<  ML.  (((.v- 
liU<ilii>(n-),  <  ciishiliiri: :  soo  castellated.']  1. 
The  state  of  being  castellated. —  2.  The  act  of 
fortifying  a  house  and  rendering  it  a  castle,  or 
(if  giving  it  the  aiipiarance  of  a  castle  by  pro- 
viiling  it  with  baltliinents,  etc. 

castellet  (Uas'te-let),  n.  [<  ME.  castclet,  <  OF. 
aisldct,  F.  fluiltlit  =  I'r.  cantclct  =  Sj).  castil- 
lijii  =  I'g.  ciistrllcjo,  vii.ftellctc  =  It.  castelletto,  < 
ML.  ca.ttellctum,  like  ca.itilluliim,  dim.  of  L.  c».v- 
telliim,  a  castle:  see  ciistic  and  -ff.]  A  small 
castle;  a  jieel-tower  or  other  fortified  residence 
too  small  to  rank  as  a  castlo.  Also  written  cas- 
tlH.     [Rare.] 

castelryt,  «.     See  casthrtj. 

castent.  Obsolete  past  participle  of  cast^. 
('htinccr. 

caster  (kas'ter),  )(.  [<  ME.  castere;  <  cast^,  v., 
+  -(•(■1.]  1.  One  who  casts,  (a)  One  who  throws 
dice ;  a  jxamtilcr. 

The  jovial  caster's  set,  and  seven's  the  nick, 
Or — done  ! —  a  thonsaml  on  tlle  connn<;  triclc. 

Byron,  Eng.  Bards  and  .Scotcll  Reviewers. 

(6)  One  who  computes ;  a  calculator ;  especially,  a  calcu- 
lator of  nativities. 

In  liencsse  of  a  deuynour  and  of  a  fals  castere  he  eymeth 
that  he  kni>with  not.  tl'.vrfi/,  I'rov.  x.viii.  7  (Oxf.). 

((•)  One  will,  assigns  the  parts  of  a  play  to  the  actoi-s.  ((/) 
One  Willi  makes  castings;  a  founder. 

2.  A  vessel  used  to  contain  things  in  a  powder- 
ed, liciuid,  or  vaporous  form,  and  to  east  them 
out  when  needed;  specifically,  a  bottle,  vial, 
cruet,  or  other  sm.'iU  vessel  used  to  contain  con- 
diments for  the  table ;  also,  a  stand  containing 
a  set  of  such  vessels.  See  castimj-bottle,  pepper- 
caster,  etc. 

ThuribtUus,  a  castere  of  irense. 

A.  S.  aiui  Old  Eiitj.  Vocab.  (2d  ed.  Wright), 
[col.  016,  1.  21. 

3.  A  small  wheel  on  a  swivel,  attached  to  the 
leg  of  a  piece  of  furnitiu'e,  in  order  to  facilitate 

moving  about  without  lifting. 
In  this  sense  also  improjierly 
spelled  castor. — 4t.  A  cloak. 
Dikkcr. — 5.  A  horse  sold  out  of 
a  regiment  as  useless.  [iVnglo- 
Ind.] 
-caster.  A  stiffix  in  place-names, 
ajipearing  in  several  other 
forms,  as  -ccster,  -Chester.  See 
Chester. 

Tabic.icg  c.istcr,  caster-wheel  (kas'ter-hwel),  n. 

roiSf '""''''"'""  ■'^  wheel  which  turns  about  an 
ro  crb,  f,  r.  _^^.^  j^^j^j  .^  ^  stock,  which  itsolf 

turns  on  a  pivot  or  vertical  spindle  placed  at  a 
considerable  distance  in  front  of  the  bearing- 
point  of  the  face  of  the  wheel:  a  construction 
which  enables  the  wheel  to  swerve  readily  to 
either  side  of  the  line  of  draft.  It  is  a  vciy  com- 
mon attachment  to  agricultural  implements,  as 
plows,  harvesters,  etc. 

castetet,  "■    A  Middle  English  form  of  cJimtiti/. 

cast-gate  (kast'gat),  n.  In  foundinfi,  the  (than- 
,,,,■ 

mold. 

castice  (kas'tis),  h. 
<  I'g-  casti<;i>,  prop,  an  adj.,  castt<;o,  fem.  casti^a, 
of  good  birth,  <  casta,  race,  family:  see  caste-.] 
A  person  of  Portuguese  parentage  born  and 
living  in  the  East  Indies.  Compare  Creole. 
Also  s]ielled  castecs. 

castificationt  (kas  ti-fi-ka'shon),  H.  [<  LL.  as 
if  'castiJicatio{n-),  <  castilicare.  pp.  castificatus. 
purify,  <  ]j.  ca.Hi(.i,  pure,  chaste,  -I-  -ficarc,  <fa- 
ccre,  "make.]  The  process  of  making  chaste ; 
pinificatiou  in  a  moral  sense;  chastity;  piu'ity. 
Let  no  impure  spirit  iletlle  tile  virgin  purities  .and  "cas- 
tifieations  of  the  soul,"  as  .St.  I'eter's  phrase  is. 

,/,•/■.  Taylur,  Works  (ed.  1S35),  I.  708. 

castigate  (kas'ti-giit),  c.  U;  pret.  and  pp.  cas- 

tiiititiil,  ppr.  castii/ittiiiii.     [<  L.  castiijatiis,  pp. 

of  casliiiare.  purify,  coiTcct,  chastise,  <  custiix, 

pure  (>"E.  chaste),  +  uyere,  do,  make;  cf. i>ur- 

54 


through  which  the  metal  is  poured  into  a 
[=  F.  castice  =  Sp.  casti:o. 


840 

qarc  (>  E.  purge),  <  purns,  pure,  +  (t(jere.  Older 
K.  forms  from  castiqarc  are  chasten  and  elias- 
tise,>\.\.]  1.  Tocliastise;  punish  by  stripes; 
correct  or  ptmish,  in  general. 

If  thou  didst  put  this  soin--eol<l  hat>it  on 
To  eastfyate  thy  pride,  "t  were  well. 

Sliak..  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 
2.  To  subject  to  a  severe  and  critical  scrutiny; 
criticize  fcTr  the  purpose  of  correcting;  emend: 
as,  to  castif/atc  the  text  of  an  author. 

ile  had  adjusted  and  castiijated  tile  then  Latin  Vulgate. 

lieiillry,  I.etterH,  p.  2.17. 

A  caslujaled  copy  of  it  [a  work  of  ( 'ervantes]  was  printed 

liy  Arrieta.  Tiekimr,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  122. 

castigatlon   (kas-ti-ga'shon),   n.     [<  castiijale : 

see  -ation.]     The  act  of  castigating,    (a)  Punisli- 

nient  liy  wtiipiting;  coiTeetion;  chastisement;  discipline. 

\'iolent  events  dti  not  always  argue  the  anger  of  fJod  ; 

even  death  itaeif  is,  to  liis  servant-s,  a  fatherly  castifjatwii. 

Up.  Ilatl,  'I"lie  Seduced  Pfopllet. 

The  keenest  castigation  of  her  slanderers.  Irviiiy. 

(I')  Critical  scrutiny  and  emendation;  correction  of  tex- 
tual errors. 

castigator  (kas'ti-ga-tor),  «.  [=  Pr.  cistigador 
=  Sp.  I'g.  eastiejador,  <  L.  castiijator,  <  castigarc: 
see  castigate.]    One  who  castigates  or  corrects. 

castigatory  (kas'ti-ga-to-ri),  a.  aiul  n.  [<  L. 
(iistigatiirins.  <  castigator,  a  corrector:  see  ca.s- 
tigator.]  I.  a.  Serving  to  castigate;  tending 
to  correction;  corrective;  pimitive. 

Penalties  .  .  .  eitlier  probatory,  rastifjatorit,  or  exem- 
plary. Alfp.  Urainluill,  Against  Hoblies, 

II.  ". ;  pi.  castigatories  (-riz).  Something  that 
serves  to  castigate ;  specifically,  an  apparatus 
formerly  used  in  punishing  scolds.  Also  called 
(liickiiig-sliiol  and  trebucket. 

Castile  soap.    See  soap. 

Castilian  (kas-til'ian),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Castil- 
lanz=  Pg.  i'astelhano,  <  Sp.  t'asteUano,  <  Cantilla, 
Castile ;  so  called  from  the  numerous  forts  (ca.i- 
tillos:  see  cn.sf/f)  erected  on  the  frontiers.]  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  Castile  (formerly  written  Ca.i- 
tille),  a  former  kingdom  in  the  central  ))art  of 
Spain,  now  divided  into  the  provinces  of  Old 

and  New  Castile Castilian  furnace.  Sai/unuiee. 

II.  ».  An  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Ca.stile. 

Castilleia  (kas-ti-le'yii),  n.  [NL.,  <  fn-sfiWe/o, 
a  Spanish  botanist.]  A  large  genus  of  herba- 
ceous jilants,  natural  order  Scroiihulariacew, 
mostly  perennials,  natives  of  North  America 
and  Asia.  Tliere  are  about  2ri  species  in  the  United  States. 
Tlieir  yellow,  purple,  or  scarlet  Ilowers  are  in  terminal 
spikes,  with  large  colored  l>racts  often  more  showy  tlian 
the  Howers.  C.  eoccinca,  the  common  species  of  the  At- 
lantic States,  is  popularly  known  as  painled-enp. 

Castilloa  (kas-ti-lo'ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Sp.  Castilla, 
Castile:  see  Castilian.]  A  genus  of  plants,  of 
one  or  two  arboreous  species,  natives  of  tropi- 
cal America,  of  the  natural  order  Vrticacca;  and 
allied  to  the  breadfruit,    c.  elastica  is  valuable  as 


Flowering  Br.inch  of  Caitilltfa  ttaslica. 

the  source  of  the  india-rublier  of  Central  .\inerica.  The 
inillci'  juice  of  the  tree  is  obtained  liy  incisions  in  the  hark, 
and  is  coagulated  by  the  addition  of  alum  or  of  a  decoc- 
tion of  the  inoori-plant,  Ciiti'/ir/ftion  speciusum.  A  large 
tree  is  said  to  yield  eiglit  gallons  of  milk  when  Urst  cut, 
each  galliin  making  aliout  two  pounds  of  rublier. 
casting  (kas'ting),  H.  [ME.  casting;  verbal  n. 
of  (■(/«(l,  c]  1.  The  act  or  process  of  founding. 
It  is  nil  coining,  sir. 
It  is  but  eastinff.  B.  Jonson,  .\lchcmist,  iii.  2. 
2.  In  tlie  /i«c  «)-fs,  the  process  of  taking  casts 
or  impressions  of  statues,  medals,  etc.,  in  clay, 
pitch,  [ilaster,  or  fused  metal. — 3.  That  which 
has  been  cast,  or  formed  by  running  melti'd 
metal  into  a  mold  of  any  desired  form.  When 
used  without  qualification,  the  word  usually  de- 
notes a  casting  of  iron. — 4.  Anything  appear- 
ing as  if  cast  in  a  mold;  specifically,  a  string- 
shaped  mass  of  earth  voided  by  an  earthworm ; 
a  worm-cast. 

I  resolved  ...  to  weigh  all  the  castiwts  thrown  up 
within  a  given  time  in  a  measured  space,  instead  of  ascer- 
tinning  tile  rate  at  which  objects  left  on  tlie  surface  were 
buried  by  worms.  Darwin,  The  Earth-worm. 


casting-weight 

5f.  Vomiting;  vomit. 

The  hiMiiid  tiirnydo  agen  to  his  castyiti/. 

Wyclif,  2  Pet.  11.  22. 

6.  Same  as  cai<l^,  18. — 1\.  A  purge  consisting 
of  pellets  of  hemp,  cotton,  feathers,  or  the  like, 
given  to  hawks. 

Iltc.  We  have  been  used  too  long  like  hawks  already. 

Utmttl.  We  are  not  so  high  in  our  tiesli  now  to  need  east- 
inff. .Massinyrr,  The  Picture,  v.  1. 

8t.  Contrivance;  distribution;  arrangement. 

Distriliutio  is  that  u.seful  atstiii'j  of  all  rooms  f«,r  office, 
entertainment,  nr  pleiLsnve.    Wottmi,  Elem.  of  Arehitecture. 

9.  In  sail-making,  the  calculated  dimensions 
and  shape  of  each  cloth  in  a  sail.—  lOf.  Luck, 
as  in  dealing  cards. 

Tai.  I'll  beastly  castimj,  .Tack. 

Jack.  O,  abominable,  sir!  yi,u  had  the  scurviest  hand. 
MitldU'tnn,  Voiir  Five  (iailants,  iv.  2. 

Chilled  casting,  a  metal  easting  the  surface  of  which 
has  lieeii  liardeiied  either  by  easting  in  an  iron  mold  or  by 
exposure  while  red-hot  ^J  sudden  cooling  liy  air  or  water, 
or  by  contact  with  any  good  comlnctor  which  is  at  a  eoni- 
paratively  low  temperature.  The  elfect  is  to  give  a  surface 
of  extreme  hardness.  .Such  castings  are  used  for  a  multi- 
tude of  purposes,  as  for  rolls,  anvils,  iilowshares,  mold- 
boards,  stamps,  etc.,  wherever  ninch  attrition  is  to  be 
sustained.  —  Cllch^  Casting.   See  elivhiK—  Compression 

casting,  a  nietllod  of  casting  in  mohls  of  lioltel-s  elay, 
uitli  stitlliient  pressure  til  force  the  metal  intu  the  must 
delicate  tracery  left  liy  tile  J.attern.  It  is  Used  in  easting 
stanrps,  letteni  and  nuiidi.  rs  fur  houses,  house-builders* 
hardware,  etc. —  Dry  casting,  a  method  of  easting  in 
wbieli  tile  mollis  are  niaite  of  sand  and  afterward  dried. 
casting-bottlet  (kiis'ting-bot'l),  «.  A  small 
vial  for  holding  or  for  sprinkling  perfumes;  a 
caster.    Also  called  casting-gla.ss. 

Enter  .Secco  with  a  eastin;/-fff'ttli\  sprinkling  his  hat  and 
face,  and  a  little  looking-glass  at  his  girdle,  setting  his 
eounteiiance.  Purti,  Kaucies,  i.  2. 

Hast  thou  no  perfumes  and  sweet  bags,  or  any  handsome 
easting  bottles  of  the  newest  mode? 

.Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  6. 

casting-box  (kas'ting-boks),  n.  1.  In  founding, 
a  tiask  wliieh  holds  the  mold. —  2t.  Probably, 
a  small  box  used  like  a  casting-bottle. 

Tliey  have  a  chain, 
My  rings,  my  eastin;f-box  of  gold,  my  purse  too. 

Ptetehcr  ami  Sltirlvy,  Night- Walker,  iil.  5. 

casting-glasst  (kas'ting-glas),  n.  Same  as 
casting-hottle. 

His  civet  and  his  easting-glass 
Have  helpt  him  to  a  place  amongst  the  rest. 

/;.  .h'uxtiu,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iv.  4. 

casting-ladle  (kas 'ting- la "dl),  H.      An  iron 

ladle  with  hamlles,  used  to  pour  molten  metal 

into  a  mold, 
casting-net   (kas 'ting-net),  «.    A  net  which 

is  cast  and  immediately  drawn,  in  distinction 

from  one  which  is  set. 

We  Govern  this  War  as  an  unskilful  Man  does  a  Cast- 
iitilXet.  Seldrn,  Table-Talk,  p.  J16. 

casting-pit  (kas'ting-pit),  «.  The  space  in  a 
foundry  in  which  the  molds  are  placed  and  the 
castings  made. 

In  the  centre  of  the  [Bessemer]  casting-pit  is  fixed  a 
hydraulic  crane.  .  .  .  The  crane,  after  the  ladle  has  re- 
ceiveii  the  charge  of  molten  steel  from  the  converter,  is 
rotated  in  a  horizontal  plane  over  the  tops  of  the  moulds 
around  the  periphery  tif  tile  pit,  and  the  taphole  of  the 
ladle  is  thus  brought  successively  over  the  centre  of  each 
mould,  into  wiiiiii  the  metal  from  the  ladle  is  tapped. 

If.  //.  Greenwoint,  Iron  ami  Steel,  p.  409. 

casting-pot  (kas'tiug-pot),  n.  A  pot  or  cruci- 
ble of  plumbago,  fire-clay,  or  other  material, 
in  which  metals  or  other  fusible  substances  are 
melted. 

casting-press  (kas'ting-pres),  n.  A  press  in 
wliieli  metal  is  east  under  prcssiu'e. 

casting-slab  (kas 'ting-slab),  ».  In  glass- 
nitiinil'..  the  slab  or  plate  of  a  casting-table. 

casting-table  (kas'ting-tii'bl),  n.  lu  gta.is- 
niannl'.,  a  table  on  which  molten  glass  is  poured 
in  making  jilate-glass.  Us  top  is  a  large  iwlisheil 
plate  <if  metal,  eoininonly  iron,  having  metal  llaliges  of  the 
same  dejith  as  the  thickness  tif  the  glass,  to  keep  the  glass 
from  running  off  at  tile  sides.  A  massive  copper  cylin- 
der extends  entirely  across  the  table,  resting  mi  the  side 
llaliges,  and  this.  Iieing  set  in  motion,  spreads  tlie  glassout 
into  a  sheet  of  unifonn  breailth  ami  thickness. 

casting-vote  (kis'tiug-vot'),  h.  The  vote  of 
a  presiding  oflicer  in  an  assemlily  or  council, 
thrown  to  decide  a  question  when  the  votes  cast 
by  the  members  are  equally  tlivided.  if  the  pre- 
siiiing  olHcer  is  a  member  of  the  body,  he  iiiiiy  give  the  cast- 
ing-vote, althiingh  he  has.  bv  already  voting  as  a  mem- 
ber, created  the  tie  or  eiimil  division.  (Commonly  «  ritten 
as  two  words.  ] 

In  the  time  of  Hastings  the  Covernor  had  only  one  vote 

in  council,  and,  in  case  of  an  e,inal  division,  a  canting  tvitf. 

Maeaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

casting-weight  (kas'tiug-wat),  «.  A  weight 
that  turns  the  scale  of  a  balance,  or  makes  one 
side  preponderate. 


casting-weight 

A  iiinn's  trill'  imrit  'tis  nol  luinl  to  flnil ; 
But  t'ncll  iniurB  si'uret  stiuiiliircl  in  ln»  miiul, 
Thnt  cantiti'i-itri^fhl  pride  adds  to  (.'ini)tincss, 
This,  who  can  gratify,  for  wliu  ean  i;">'ss? 

Pope,  I'rol.  to  Satires,  1.  177. 

cast-iron  (kast'i'  ern),  v.  and  a.  I.  «.  Iron 
which  lias  been  cast,  that  is,  melted  and  run  into 
a  mold  in  wluch  it  assumes  the  desired  form. 
Most  cast-iron  is  pig-iron  wliich  has  hecii  remclted  in  a 
cupola  furnace;  Imt  some  castinRs  (or  special  purposes 
arc  made  l>v  remcltini;  in  a  reverheratory  furnace,  and 
occasionally"direct  from  tlie  Idast-f urnace.  Tlie  iron  made 
from  ore  liy  smelting  in  the  blast-furnace  is  in  fact  cast- 
iron,  and  its  properties  arc  not  altered  by  remelting,  but 
it  is  commonly  known  as  pi(i-iron,  or  simply  as  ;«';;•  ^'^'^ 
/ouiulri/  and  irtni. 

n.  a-  1.  Made  of  cast-iron:  as,  a  cast-iron 
pot. — 2.  Having  the  qualities  of  or  resembling 
cast-iron;  hence,  inflexible;  imyielding:  as,  a 
cast-iron  rule. 

His  [Spenser's]  fine  e.ar,  abhorrent  of  barbarous  disso- 
nance, .  .  .  made  possible  the  transition  from  the  cast- 
iron  stiffness  of  "Ferrex  aud  Porrex"  to  the  Damascus 
Dliancy  of  Fletcher  and  Shakespeare. 

Loieell,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  361. 

cast-knitting  {kast'mt'''ing),  «.  That  kind  of 
knittiiif;  in  which  the  needle  is  passed  through 
the  mesh  from  the  inside  of  the  piece  of  hosiery 
which  is  being  knitted,  and  the  yarn  -nith 
which  the  new  mesh  is  made  is  held  on  the 
outside. 

castle  (kas'l),  n.  [<  ME.  castle,  castel,  a  castle, 
■dllage,  <  AS.  castel,  a  village,  =  D.  Jcasteel  = 
Icel.  Icastali  =  Sw.  kasteU  =  Dan.  Vastcl  =  OF. 
castel,  chastel,  F.  castel,  cMtcan  (>  E.  chateau) 
=  Pr.  castelh  =  Cat.  castell  =  Sp.  Castillo  =  Pg. 
It.  casfsllo,  <  L.  CdSlellum,  a  castle,  fort,  citadel, 
stronghold,  dim.  of  castrum,  a  castle,  fort,  for- 
tiiied  place,  usually  in  pi.  castra,  an  encamp- 
ment, a  camp,  a  military  station,  a  town  of 
military  origin  (>  AS.  ceaster :  see  -caster  and 
Chester);  connected  with  casa,  a  cottage,  hut: 
see  casa,  casino,  cassoclz,  ete.']  1.  A  building, 
or  series  of  connected  buildings,  fortified  for 
defense  against  an  enemy;  a  fortified  resi- 
dence ;  a  fortress.  Castles,  in  the  sense  of  fortitled 
residences,  were  an  outgrowth  (U-  institution  of  feudalism, 
and  were  first  brought  to  a  higli  pitch  of  strength  and 
completeness  by  the  Normans.   In  England  there  were  few 


Castle  of  Coucy.  Aisne,  France.    {From  ViolIet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de 
I' Architecture."  J 

or  no  castles,  properly  speaking,  till  tlie  time  of  William 
the  Conqueror,  after  which  a  great  many  were  constructed 
on  the  Norman  model.  At  first  the  donjon  or  keep  was  the 
only  part  of  the  castle  of  great  strength,  aud  the  other 
buildings  in  connection  with  it  were  of  a  more  or  less  tem- 
porary nature.  In  the  thirteenth  century,  however,  the  de- 
sign of  the  castle  became  more  fully  developed,  and  the  keep 
formed  only  the  central  part  of  a  group  of  buildings,  all 
supporting  one  ainjtber,  and  mutually  contributing  to  tlie 
strength  ,aiid  commodiousness  of  the  whole.  The  cut 
shows  the  castle  of  Couey,  near  Laon,  France,  built  in  the 
thirteenth  century.  In  tlie  foreground  is  the  outer  liailey 
or  esjilanade,  fortified,  aud  containing  a  chapel,  stables,  and 
other  biiiUlings.  The  outer  entrance  to  this  was  formed 
by  a  barbican  or  antemural  (see  plan  under  antfiiitiral).  a 
is  tlie  foss,  20  yards  broad ;  b,  the  gate,  approached  by 
two  swing-liridges,  defended  l»y  two  guard-rooms,  and  hav- 
ing a  double  portcullis  witllin,  giving  entrance  to  vaulted 
puard-roouis  with  sleeping-apartments,  etc.,  above,  c ;  d, 
inner  bailey  or  courtyard ;  e,  covered  buildings  for  the 
men  defending  the  walls  or  curtains ;  /,  apartments  for 
the  family,  entered  liy  the  grand  staircase,  fj;  h,  great 
hail,  with  storerooms  and  vaults  below  ;  i,  donjon  or  keep 
(the  chapel  is  seen  behind  it),  the  strongest  part  of  the 
castle,  with  walls  of  immense  thickness,  suited  to  form 
the  last  retreat  of  the  garrison.  At  k  is  a  postern  lead- 
ing from  the  donjon  and  communicating  with  an  outer 
postern,  drawbridge,  etc. ;  I,  m,  n,  o  are  the  chief  towers 
flanking  the  outer  walls. 

At  the  foot  of  the  Mount  Syon  is  a  fairc  Castelle  and  a 
strong,  tliat  the  Soudan  leet  make. 

itandevilU,  Travels,  p.  92. 


850 

Our  castle's  strength 
Will  laugli  a  siege  to  scorn. 

Stiah.,  Macbeth,  v.  5. 

The  house  of  every  one  is  to  liim  as  Iiis  ca^it''  and  for- 
tress, as  well  for  defence  against  injury  aud  violence  as 
for  his  repose. 

Sir  E.  Coke,  Reports,  Semayne's  Case,  v.  fol.  flla. 

2.  In  her.,  a  representation  of  two  or  more 
towers  connected  by  curtains,  often  ha\'ing  a 
gateway  in  one  of  the  curtains,  and  always  em- 
battled. When  the  towers  are  represented  with  the 
windows  aud  the  joints  lietwcen  the  stones  of  colors  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  the  wall,  tliey  are  said  to  be  masoned 
or  windowed  intles,  or,  or  the  like.  When  the  windows 
are  shown  of  the  color  of  the  field,  the  castle  is  said  to  be 
voided  tifttie  fiiid,  or  sometimes  ajourf'.  The  door  is  called 
the  jiur't ;  if  it  has  a  portcullis,  this  and  its  color  are  men- 
tioned in  the  blazon. 

3.  The  house  or  mansion  of  a  person  of  rank  or 
wealth:  somewhat  vaguely  appUed,  but  usually 
to  a  large  and  more  or  less  imposing  building. — 

4.  A  piece  made  in  the  form  of  a  castle,  donjon, 
or  tower,  used  in  the  game  of  chess;  the  rook. 
—  5.  A  kind  of  helmet. — 6.  Naut,  a  kind  of 
fighting-tower  formerly  erected  on  war-galleys, 
etc.,  near  the  bow  and  stern,  and  called  re- 
spectively/orefasWe  and  aftcastle.  See  cut  un- 
der eadcnas A  castle  in  the  air,  or  In  Spain,  a 

visionary  project ;  a  vague  imagination  of  possible  wealth, 
fame,  happiness,  or  the  like  ;  a  day-dream.  (See  below.)  — 
To  build  castles  in  Spain,  to  build  castles  in  the  air. 
(See  below.)  Theorigiu  of  this  phrase(which  is  traced  back 
in  French  literature  to  the  thirteenth  century,  and  in  Eng- 
lish to  tlie  fom't«enth)  is  doubtful.  It  has  been  attributed 
to  the  boasting  by  Spanish  adventurers  in  FYance  of  their 
lordly  residences,  which  existed  only  in  their  imaginations ; 
and  less  probably  to  a  supposed  prohibition  at  some  time 
against  the  erection  of  fortifications  in  Spain.  Littre  thinks 
the  idea  is  simply  that  of  an  imaginary  castle  in  any  foreign 
country,  other  names  having  been  similarly  used,  and  that 
of  Spain  prevailing  as  most  familiar:  to  which  may  be 
added  tliat  its  real  origin  is  probably  to  be  found  in  the  no- 
tion, always  prevalent,  of  the  attainment  of  great  wealth 
through  emigration  or  foreign  adventure. 

Thou  Shalt  make  castels  thanne  in  Spayiie, 
And  dreme  of  joye,  alle  but  in  vayne. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  2573. 

To  build  (or  make*)  castles  in  the  air,  to  form  schemes 
that  have  nopratliral  toundiitinii ;  entertain  projects  that 
cannot  be  carried  out ;  iiidub-'e.  either  seriously  or  in  mere 
play  of  tile  imagination,  in  pleasing  day-dreams,  especial- 
ly of  great  wealth  or  power. 
Wlien  I  build  castles  in  the  aire. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  Author's  Abstract. 

I  build  great  castlis  in  the  skies, 

.   .   .   rear'd  and  raz'd  yet  without  hands. 

E.  of  Stirling,  Soimets,  vi. 

We  had  no  right  to  build  castles  in  the  air  without  any 
material  for  building,  and  have  no  ground  for  complaint 
when  the  airy  fabric  tumbles  about  our  ears. 

//.  iV.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  21. 
=  Syn.  1.  ?^f:e fortification. 

castle  (kas'l),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  castled,  ppr. 
castling.  [<  castle,  «.,  4.]  In  chess,  to  move 
the  king  from  his  own  square  two  squares  to 
the  right  or  left,  and  bring  the  rook  or  castle 
to  the  square  the  king  has  passed  over.  Castling 
is  allowed  only  when  neither  the  king  nor  the  castle  has 
moved,  when  there  is  no  piece  between  them,  and  when 
the  king  is  not  in  check  and  does  not,  in  castling,  move 
over  or  to  a  square  which  is  attacked  by  an  enemy's  man, 
tliat  is.  tlirougli  or  into  cheek. 

castle-builder  (kas'l-bil"der),  n.  1.  One 
who  builds  castles. —  2.  Especially,  one  who 
builds  castles  in  the  air;  a  visionary;  a  day- 
dreamer. 

I  ...  am  one  of  that  species  of  men  who  are  properly 
denominated  castle -buihiers,  who  scorn  to  be  beholden  t<> 
the  eartli  for  a  foundation.         Steele,  Spectator,  No.  167. 

castle-building  (kas'l-bil"ding),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  building  castles. —  2.  Especially,  building 
castles  in  the  air ;  day-dreaming. 

The  pleasant  languor,  the  dreamy  tranquillity,  the  airy 
castle-building  which  in  .\sia  stand  in  lieu  of  the  vigorous, 
intensive,  passionate  life  of  Europe. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  23. 

castled  (kas'ld),  a.     [<  castle  -t-  -ed-.'i     Fur- 
nished with  a  castle  or  castles. 
The  castled  crag  of  Draehenfels 
Frowns  o'er  the  wide  and  winding  Rhine. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  55. 

castle-gartht  (kas'l-garth),  n.  The  precincts 
of  a  castle;  a  castle-yard. 

castle-guard  (kas'1-gard),  n.  1.  The  guard 
which  defends  a  castle. —  2.  A  feudal  charge 
or  duty  due  from  a  tenant  to  his  lord,  payable 
either  in  personal  service  in  defending  the 
lord's  castle  or  by  commutations  in  money  in 
certain  cases.  Hence  —  3.  The  tenure  or  hold 
which  such  a  tenant  had  on  the  land  granted 
him  by  his  lord. — 4.  The  circuit  around  a  cas- 
tle subject  to  ta.\ation  for  its  maintenance. 
Also  called  ca.ttlt-irard. 

castlery,  castelryt  (kas'l-ri,  -tel-ri),  «.;  pi. 
castltriis,  ca.'itclrie.fi  (-riz).  [<  OF.  castellerie,  < 
ML.  castellaria,  equiv.  to  castellania :  see  castel- 


castor 

lany.']     1.  The  government  of  a  castle;  tenure 
of  a  castle. 

The  said  Robert  and  his  heirs  .  .  .  are  chief  banner 
liearers  of  London  in  fee,  for  the  castetry  which  lie  and 
his  ancestors  have,  of  Baynard's  castle  in  the  said  city. 

Blount,  Ancient  Tenures,  p.  116. 

2.  A  demain  or  fief  maintaining  a  castle. 

castle-stead  (kas'1-sted),  n.  A  castle  and  the 
buildings  belonging  to  it. 

castlet  (kast'let),  H.     Same  as  castellet. 

castle-town  (kas'1-toun),  «.  [ME.  casteltun,  < 
ca.'ih'l,  castle,  +  tun,  town.]  The  hamlet  close 
by  or  under  the  walls  or  protection  of  a  castle: 
hence  Castletown,  Castleton,  the  names  of  sev- 
eral towns  and  ■villages  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland. 

castle-ward  (kas'1-ward),  n.  Same  as  castle- 
tjuiird. 

castlewick  (kas'1-wik),  n.  The  territory  at- 
tached to  or  under  the  jm-isdiction  of  a  castle. 

castlingt  (kast'ling),  n.  and  a.  [<  e«sJl,  v.,  I., 
16,  -1-  dim.  -^Hif/l.]     I.  n.  An  abortion. 

We  should  rather  rely  on  the  urine  of  a  castling's  blad- 
der. Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

n.  a.  Abortive.     5.  Butler.  Hudibras. 

Castnia (kast'ni-a),  n.  [NL.  (Fabricius,  1807).] 
The  typical  genus  of  moths  of  the  family  Cast- 
niida: 

castnian  (kast'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  Cast- 
nia +  -an.']  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  ha\'ing  the 
characters  of  the  genus  Castnia. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  genus  Casteia  or  fam- 
ily l-'a.stniida: 

Castniidae  (kast-ni'i-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Castnia 
+  -/(?!(".]  A  family  of  Lepidoptera,  comprising 
the  moths  which  connect  the  sphinxes  with 
the  butterflies,  typified  by  the  genus  Castnia. 
They  are  sometimes  called  moth-sphinxes. 

castnioid  (kast'ni-oid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Castnia  + 
-old.']  I.  a.  Resembling  a  moth  of  the  genus 
Castnia:  as,  a  castnioid  \>utier&y. 

II.  n.  A  hesperiaii  butterfly  of  the  tribe 
Castniuides. 

Castnioides  (kast-ni-oi'dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Castnia  +  -oidcs.l  A  tribe  of  hesperian  lepi- 
dopterous  insects  combining  in  some  respects 
the  characters  both  of  moths  and  of  butterflies. 


Yucca-borer  {Me£^athymus yucca). 

a,  egg,  enlarged  ;  b,  b,  b,  eggs,  natural  si^e ;  c.  larva,  just  hatched 

(line  shoivs  natural  size)  ;  d,  female  moth. 

but  justly  regarded  as  having  most  afi&nities 
with  the  latter.  They  are  characterized  by  a  small 
head,  a  very  large  abdomen,  unarmed  front  tibia?,  and 
very  small  spurs  of  the  middle  and  hind  tibia\  The  tribe 
is  typified  tiy  the  yucca-l)orer,  Mcgaihgmus  rtuccce,  for- 
merly Castnia  yucece,  and  includes  the  genus  ..Egiate, 

castock  (kas'tok),  n.     Same  as  cnstock. 

cast-off  1  (kast'of),  a.  [<  cast^  (pp.)  -t-  oj.] 
Laid  aside  ;  rejected:  as,  fas(-o^ livery. 

We  are  gathering  up  the  old  cast-off  clothes  of  others 
iutellectuallv  above  us,  it  is  said. 

6.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  154. 

cast-off2  (kast'of),  V.  [<  castl  (inf.)  -f-  off.'\  1. 
In  Unarms,  the  outward  bend  of  a  gun-stock, 
by  which  the  line  of  sight  is  brought  inward 
to  meet  the  eye  more  readily. —  2.  In  printing, 
the  computation  of  the  particular  space  to  be 
allowed  for  each  column  or  di'V'ision  of  a  talde, 
a  piece  of  music,  or  the  like:  as,  to  pass  the 
cast-off  (that  is,  to  commimicate  to  other  com- 
positors the  result  of  such  a  computation). 

castont,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  cajistan. 

castori  (kas'tor),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  Sp.  Pg.  cas- 
tor =  It.  castro,  castore.  <  L.  castor,  a  beaver 
(for  which  the  native  L.  is  1il>er  =  E.  hearer^),  < 
Gr.  marup,  a  beaver,  a  word  of  Eastern  origin: 
cf.  Skt.  l-astftri,  >  Hind.  Malay  lastftri,  musk; 
Pers.  Wk/-,  a  beaver.]  I.  n.  1.  A  beaver. — 2. 
{cap.']    Among  French  Canadians,  one  of  the 


castor 

party  which  called  itself  tho  national  party,  the 
beaver  being  the  national  einblom  of  ( 'anada. — 

3.  [(•((/).]  [NL.]  A  goims  of  sciuromori>lii<;  ro- 
dent mammals,  typical  of  the  family  Caslorifltc. 
Tlio  type  and  only  living  n-prfseiitativc  is  the  lieavcr, 
Cantor  jiher,oi  aquatic  luihits,  having  the  feet  4-toed,  the 
fore  feet  Nnmll, 
the  hiniier  hirue, 
wehhed,  witli  the 
seeinifi  toe  Unu- 
l)le-chiwe(l  ;  the 
tail  l)r()a(l,  flat, 
oval,  naked,  and 
Kcaly;  and  the 
liody  tlliek-sel, 
especially  he- 
Iiind.  On  eaeli 
Biiie,  ahove  and 
below,  the  in- 
cisors  are  1,   ca-  Skull  of  Beaver  (Caj/i»-^*o-). 

nines  0,   prenjo- 

lars  1,  and  molars  3,  makinR  20  teeth  in  all.  The  skull  rc- 
senihles  that  of  the  Sciaridar,  liut  lacks  postorhital  pro- 
cesses.   See  bi'avi^r\. 

4.  A  beaver  hat ;  by  extension,  a  silk  hat. 

I  have  always  been  known  for  the  jaunty  manner  in 
which  1  wear  my  canttir.  Scott. 

"  Even  so,"  replied  the  stranKer.  niakinK  diligent  use 
of  his  triangular  castor  to  produce  a  circulation  in  the 
close  air  of  the  woods.  Cooper,  Last  of  -Mohicans,  ii. 

5.  A  heavy  quality  of  broadcloth  used  for  over- 
coats. 

II.  a.  Made  of  beaver-skin  or  -fur,  or  of  the 
clotli  called  beaver. 

castor-'  (kas'tor),  «.  [Also  called  castoreum,  of 
which  castor  is  a  shortened  form;  =  F.  casto- 
reiim  =  Sp.  cantdreo  =  Pg.  It.  etislorco,  <  L.  ciis- 
torcuiii,  <  Cxr.  KaaTupinv,  castor,  a  secretion  of  the 
beaver,  <  Kanrup,  the  beaver:  see  castoA.']  A 
reddish-brown  substance  consisting  of  the  pre- 
putial follicles  of  the  beaver  and  their  contents, 
dried  and  prepared  for  commercial  purposes. 
It  has  a  strong,  penetrating,  enduring  odor,  and 
was  formerly  of  high  repute  in  medicine,  but  is 
now  used  cliiefly  by  perfumers. 

castor''  (kas'tor),  H.  [Named  from  Castor  in 
Gr.  myth.:  see  CaMor  and  ['ollnjr.]  A  mineral 
found  in  the  island  of  Elba  associated  with 
another  culled  polJux.  it  is  a  silicate  of  aluiniiiiiim 
ami  lithium,  and  prolpalily  a  variety  of  pctalitc.  It  is 
colorless  and  transparent,  with  a  glistening  luster.  Also 
called  cfuttorite. 

castor*,  ".     See  raster,  3. 

Castor  and  Pollux  (kas'tor  and  pol'uks). 

[Named  from  Caslor  (Gr.  KdnTup)  and  Pollux 
(Gr.  lloAt«!n'A7/i-),  in  Gr.  ra.yth.  twin  sons  of  Zeus 
or  Jupiter,  in  the  form  of  a  swan,  and  Leda, 
wife  of  Tyudareus.  king  of  Sparta;  or  produced 
from  two  eggs  laid  by  ficr,  one  containing  Cas- 
toraud  Clyta'mncstra,  the  other  Pollux  (or  Poly- 
deuces)  and  Helen ;  or  all,  according  to  Homer, 
children  of  Leda  and  Tyudareus,  and  hence 
called  Ti/iidai'ifhv.  Castor  and  Pollux  are  joint- 
ly called  the  Dioscuri,  sons  of  Zeus  or  Jupiter.] 

1.  In  astroii.,  the  constellation  of  the  Twins, 
or  Gemini,  and  also  the  zoiliacal  sign  named 
from  that  constellation,  although  the  latter  has 
moved  completely  out  of  the  former.  Castor,  a 
Geminorum,  is  a  greenish  star  of  the  nnignitude  1.6,  the 
more  northei'ly  of  the  two  tlnit  lie  near  together  in  the 
heads  of  the  Twins.  Pollux,  fl  fieminonmi,  is  a  very  yel- 
low star  of  the  magnitude  l."2,  the  more  southerly  of  the 
same  pair.    .See  cut  un<ler  frciHini. 

2.  An  ancient  classical  name  of  the  corposant, 
or  St.  Elmo's  fire. — 3.  [/.  c]  The  name  given  to 
two  minerals  found  together  in  granite  in  the 
island  of  Elba.     See  the  separate  names. 

castorate  (kas'to-riit),  h.  l<  castor{ic)  +  -ate'^.'] 
In  clicm.,  a  salt  produced  from  the  combination 
of  castorie  acid  with  a  salifiable  base. 

castor-bean,  ".    See  bcan^. 

castoreum  (kas-to'ro-um),  H.  [L.]  Same  as 
castor^. 

castorie  (kas-tor'ik),  a.  [<  castor"  +  -/c]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  derived  from  castoreum:  as, 
{■asloric  acid. 

CastoridsB  (kas-tor'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Castor^. 
Ii,  -t-  -iilif.']  AfamiU'of  sciuromorphie  simplici- 
dent  rodent  quadrupeds,  typified  by  the  genvis 
C«,s/oc,  the  beaver,  its  only  living  representative. 
There  arc,  however,  several  fossil  genera,  as  Kuca)<tor  and 
Stcncojilx'r,  and   probably  idhers.     The  tibia  and  fibula 

■  luiite  HI  old  age,  contrary  to  the  rule  in  the  sciurine  se- 
ries of  rodents:  the  skull  is  massive,  without  postorbital 
processes  :  the  dentition  is  powerful,  with  rootless  or  oidy 
late-rooting  molars :  clavicles  are  present ;  there  is  an  ac- 
cessory carp.al  ossicle ;  the  salivary  glands  are  enormous, 
and  the  stomach  has  a  glantlular  appcnd/ige  ;  the  urogen- 
ital system  opens  into  a  cloaca,  anil  the  Wcbcrian  boilies 
are  developed  as  a  uterus  ma.sculinus ;  and  large  preputial 
glanils  or  scent-bags  secrete  the  substance  known  as  cojr- 
tor.     Sec  castor^  ami  hrinrr^, 

castorin,  castorine-  (kas'to-rin),-H..  [<  castor^ 
+  -,7)2,  .,»,2;  —  yj).  castiirind.)  An  animal 
principle  obtained  by  boiling  castor  in  six  times 


851 

its  weight  of  alcohol,  and  filtering  the  liquid, 
from  whicli  the  castorin  is  deposited. 

Castorina  (kas-to-ri'nji),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  LL.  casldriiius,  of  the  beaver,  <  L,  castor  : 
see  castor^.]  The  beaver  tribes :  a  family  of  ro- 
dent animals,  coTn|)risingthe  beaver,  the  coyjju, 
an<l  tlie  muskrat  or  mus(iuash.     [Not  in  use.] 

castorine^  (kas'to-rin),  «.  [=  F.  ca.itorim,  < 
LL.  casluriuu.-<,  of  the  beaver:  see  Vastorina.] 
A  cotton-velvet  fabric. 

castorine-,  «.    See  castorin. 

castorite  (kas'to-rit),  ».  [<  castor^  +  -itc-.'\ 
Same  ,'is  castor'^. 

Castoroides  (kas-to-roi'dez),  «.  [NL.  (J.  W. 
Foster,  ISiiS),  <  Gr.  ki'wtui>,  castor,  -I-  eWof, 
form.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Casto- 
roididic.  There  is  but  one  species,  C.  u/tinctrnx,  the  so- 
called  fossil  beaver  of  North  America,  which  was  of  aljont 
the  size  of  the  black  bear,  and  hence  somewhat  exeee(led 
in  size  the  capibara,  the  largest  of  living  rodents.  The 
skidl  alone  was  about  a  foot  long.  The  known  remains 
are  all  from  tiuaternary  ileposits,  in  localities  from  Texas 
an<i  South  f'arolina  to  .Michigan  ancl  New  V<irk. 

Castoroididx  (kas-to-roi'di-de),  ti.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Casliiriiidrs  +  -/</«•.]  A  family  of  rodents,  in- 
stituted for  the  reception  of  the  genus  Casto- 
roides, related  on  the  one  hand  to  the  Casto- 
ridw  or  beavers,  and  on  the  other  to  the  chin- 
chillas, cavies,  and  capibaras.  other  genera,  as 
Amblitrhiza  ami  Loxtnnitlux,  are  considered  to  be  probably 
referable  to  this  family.  The  skull  rescnd>les  that  of  the 
Castoriitce,  but  the  dentition  is  entirely  different,  resem- 
bling that  of  chinchillils  and  capibaras. 

castor-oil  (kas' tor-oil'),  n.  [<  ca^tor^  (from 
some  supposed  resemblance  to  that  substance) 


a,  fruit  of  castor-oit 
plant :  fi,  seed ;  c, 
section  of  same. 


Castor-otI  Plant  {Kifinus  cammnMi's). 

+  0(7.]  The  oil  yielded  b.v  the  seeds  of  Ricinus 
co»imu)iis  (the  castor-oil  plant),  a  native  of  In- 
ilia,  but  now  distributed  over  all  th<>  warmer 
regions  of  the  globe.  The  oil  is 
obtaineil  from  the  seeils  by  bruising 
them  between  rollers  and  then  pressing 
them  in  hempen  bags  in  a  strong  press. 
The  oil  that  (irst  comes  away,  called 
catd-draum  cttxtor-oil,  is  reckoned  the 
best :  an  inferior  quality  is  (ditaine<l  l>y 
heating  or  stcannng  the  jn-cssed  seeds, 
and  again  sidtjecting  thcni  to  pressure. 
The  oil  is  afterwani  heated  to  the 
boiling-point,  in  order  to  separate  the 
albumen  and  imptiritics.  Castor-oil 
is  used  nieditdnally  as  a  mild  but  cttl- 
cient  purgative.  It  is  also  used  as  a 
fixing  agent  in  cotton-iiyeing,  especial- 
ly in  dyeing  a  Turkey-red  color  from 
matldcr.  In  its  saponified  state  it  is 
sold  under  various  names,  as  Turkcit- 
reduit, alizarin  oil,.^iifjtliafcil  oil,  nolo- 
ble  oil,  etc. — CastOr-oU  plant,  the  plant  Ricitiux  com- 
wiMni'.t,  which  produces  castor-oil.  It  is  often  cultivated 
for  ornament  under  the  n.anie  of  Palma  Chri^ti,  grows  to 
a  height  of  C  or  S  feet  or  more,  with  broad  palmate  leaves, 
and  varies  much  in  the  color  of  its  stem,  leaves,  etc. 
castoryt  (kas'to-ri),  h.  [<  Gr.  Katrrdptov,  a  cer- 
tain color,  neut.  of  Kairrdpiot;,  pertaining  to  the 
beaver,  <  Knarup,  the  beaver:  see  castor^,  and 
cf.  ctistor".^    A  color  of  an  tmknown  shade. 

As  polisht  yvory 
Which  cunning  Craftesman  hand  hath  overlayd 
With  fayre  vermilioit  or  pure  Canton/. 

Spen^vr,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  41. 

castra,  «.     Plural  of  cn.sfrM hi. 

castrametation  (kas'tra-me-til'shon),  «.  [= 
F.  ciislrdtiii  tdtion  =  Sp.  castra turtacion  =  Pg. 
castra iiictacwi  =  It.  caslramela;i(>iie,  <  ML.  cas- 
tramctatio(n-),  <  LL.  castranietnri,  pj).  castra- 
metattis,  pitch  a  camp,  <  L.  ca.ttra,  a  camp  (see 
castle),  +  nietari,  measure.]  The  art  or  act  of 
encamping;  the  marking  or  laying  out  of  a  camp. 


casual 

castrate  (kas'trat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  castrated, 
ppr.  castrating.  [<  L.  castratus,  pp.  of  cas- 
trare  (>  OF.  'castrir,  'castrer  (cf.  castri,  cas- 
trated), F.  chdtrer  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  caslrar  =  It. 
castrare),  castrate,  prune,  curtail,  expurgate; 
akin  to  Skt.  gastra,  a  knife.]  1.  To  deprive 
of  the  testicles;  geld;  emasculate. —  2.  In  hot., 
to  deprive  (a  flower)  of  its  anthers.    Daruin. — 

3.  To  remove  something  objectionable  from, 
as  obscene  parts  from  a  writing;  expurgate; 
destroy  the  strength  or  virility  of;  emasculate. 

The  following  letter,  which  I  have  caMratcd  in  some 
places.  Addition,  Spectator,  No.  179. 

4.  To  take  out  a  leaf  or  sheet  from,  and  ren- 
der imperfect ;  mutilate. 

A  caMrated  set  of  Holinshed's  chronicles.  Todd. 

5.  Figuratively,  to  take  the  vigor  or  spirit 
from ;  mortify. 

Ye  castrate  the  desires  of  the  flesh,  and  shall  obtjiin  a 
more  ample  reward  of  grace  in  heaven. 

T.  Martin,  Marriage  of  I'riestes,  Sig.  Y,  i.  b. 

castrate  (kas'trat),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  castrat,  n., 
=  Sp.  castrado,  a.  and  n.,  =  Pg.  castrado,  n.,  = 
It.  castrato,  n.,  <  L.  castratus,  pp.:  see  the 
verb.]  I.  a.  1.  Gelded;  emasculated. —  2.  In 
/«>/.,  deprived  of  the  anthers;  anantherous:  ap- 
plied to  stamens  or  flowers. 

II.  II.  One  who  or  that  which  has  been  cas- 
trated, gelded,  or  emasculated;  a  eunuch. 

castrater  (kas'tra-t6r),  n.  [=  F.  cMtreur  =  Sp. 
Pg.  castrailor  =  It.   castratorc,  <  LL.  castrator, 

<  L.  castrare :  see  castrate,  r.]  One  who  cas- 
trates. 

castrati,  n.     Plural  of  castrato. 

castration  (kas-tra'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  castra- 
ciunii,  <  F.  castration  =  Pr.  castrado  =  Sp.  c^s- 
tracioH  =  Pg.  castra^So  =  It.  castra:ione,  <  L. 
castratio(n-),  <  castrare,  castrate:  see  ca.Htrate, 
J'.]  The  act  of  castrating,  or  state  of  being 
castrated. 

castrato  (kas-trii'to),  M. ;  pi.  castrati  (-te).  [It. : 
see  castrate,  a.  and  «.]  A  male  person  emas- 
culated during  childhood  for  the  purpose  of 
preventing  the  change  of  voice  which  natu- 
rally occurs  at  pubertj-;  an  artificial  or  male 
soprano.  The  voice  of  stich  a  person,  aft<-r  arriving  at 
adult  age,  combines  the  high  range  and  sweetness  of  the 
female  with  the  power  of  the  male  voice. 

castrelt,  ".     Same  as  kestrel.     Jieau.  and  Fl. 

castrensial  (kas-tren'shial),o.  [<  \j.  castrensis 
(>  Sj).  Pg.  It.  castrense),  pertaining  to  a  camp, 

<  castra,  a  camp.]  Belonging  to  a  camp.  Sir 
T.  Browne.     [Kare.] 

castrensian  (kas-tren'shian),  a.  Same  as  ats- 
IriNsial.     Coles,  1717.     [Kare.] 

Castrilt,  ».     Same  as  leslrel. 

castrum  (kas'tnmi),  «.;  pi.  ca.^tra  (-trii).  [L., 
a  castle,  fort,  fortress,  a  fortified  town,  in  pi. 
castra,  a  camp;  hence  idt.  E.  -caster,  Chester, 
and  (through  dim.  castelluni)  castle,  q.  v.]  A 
Roman  military  camp.     See  caniji^. 

The  ancient  castle  occupies  the  site  of  a  Roman  cag- 
tniiii.  Knciic  Ilrit.,  XIV.  '2.14. 

cast-shadow  (kast'shad'6),  n.  In  painlinij,  a 
shadow  cast  by  an  object  within  the  picture, 
and  serving  to  bring  it  out  against  the  objects 
behind  it. 

cast-steel  (kast'.stel),  n.  Steel  which  has  been 
rendered  homogeneous  b}'  remelting  in  cruci- 
Viles  or  pots :  for  tliis  reason  sometimes  called 
crucible  or  homoe/eneous  steel.  This  process  was  in- 
vented by  Benjamin  Huntsman  (born  in  Lincidnshirc, 
England,  in  1704),  and  brought  to  i>erfection  s»tme  time 
before  1770.  Cast-Steel  is  maiie  by  the  melting  of  blister- 
steel,  Itar-iron,  or  puddled  steel,  with  the  addition  of  bar- 
iron,  carbon,  manganese  ore,  or  spiegeleisen,  in  small 
quantities,  according  to  the  character  of  the  steel  desired 
to  be  produced.  The  finest  cast-steel  is  niatle  from  .Swed- 
ish bar-iron  manufactured  from  ore  practically  free  from 
sldgihur  and  phosphorus.     See  iron  and  *tcct. 

casual  (kaz'u-al),  a.  and  ii.  [<  ME.  ca.itiel,  <  F. 
casuel  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  casual  =  It.  ca.K-uale,  <  LL. 
casualis,  of  or  by  chance,  <  L.  casus  {casu-}, 
chance,  accident,  event,  >  E.  <v;«l,  (|.  v.]  I, 
a.  1.  Happening  or  coming  to  pass  without 
(apparent)  cause,  without  design  on  the  part  of 
the  agent,  in  an  unaccountable  manner,  or  as 
a  mere  coineidence  or  accident;  coming  by 
chance;  accidental;  fortuitous;  indet«nninate : 
as,  a  casual  encounter. 

Eny  brother  of  this  ftratemyte,  that  hath  don  hys  dew- 
teys  well  and  trewly  to  the  Ifraternite.  cttme  or  fall  to 
pouerte  by  the  visitacion  of  god,  tir  by  caitrtclt  auenture, 
and  hath  not  wher-of  to  leve.  that  he  niaye  haue,  every 
wckc.  of  the  almys.  En.jiifh  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  319. 

That  which  seemeth  most  casual  and  subject  to  fortune 
is  yet  disposed  by  the  ordinance  of  (Sod. 

Rttleiiili,  Hist,  of  World. 
He  tells  how  casual  bricks  In  airy  climb 
Encountered  casual  cow-hair,  casual  lime. 

U.  and  J.  Sinilli,  Rejected  Addresses. 


casual 

There  Is  an  expression,  cviilently  not  eamtal  or  acci- 
dental, but  insci-ti'd  with  ik-siiin.  1>.  WrMrr.  Oi-t.  12, 1832. 
2.  Occasioual ;  coining  at  \in«ertain  times,  or 
without  rogularity,  in  distinction  from  stated 
or  reyitUir ;  incidental :  as,  casual  expenses. 

Is  it  a  certain  business  or  a  casual  ? 

li.  Jonson,  Stajile  of  News,  in.  2. 

The  revenue  of  Ireland  certain  and  casuat. 

Sir  J.  Dat'lex,  State  of  Ireland. 
Any  one  may  do  a  casual  act  of  good  nature. 

Sleriic,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  6.'!. 
Casual  ejector,  in  lan',  the  name  given  to  the  defen- 
duiit  ill  the  ilL'titinns  action  of  ejectment  fonnerly  allowed 
l)v  the  eoninion  law,  where  the  real  oliject  of  the  action 
was  to  dctennine  a  title  to  land.  To  form  the  (.'i-ound  of 
such  an  action,  the  person  layinpc  claim  to  tlic  land  granted 
a  lease  of  it  to  a  tlctitioii.i  person,  usually  desiirnated  .John 
Doe,  and  an  action  was  thru  Imumht  in  tiie  name  of  John 
Doc  against  another  lletilious  person,  usually  designated 
Ricllard  Koe  (the  casual  ijeitor),  wlio  was  stated  to  have 
illegally  ejected  Joliii  line  fniiii  tlic  land  which  he  held  on 
lease.  Tlie  laiidliolder  was  permitteil  to  defend  in  pliice 
of  Richarci  Kue,  and  tlius  the  determination  of  the  action 
involved  the  provinj;  of  the  lessor's  riplit  to  grant  a  lease. 
This  fiction  is  now  everywhere  abolished.  =  SyiX.  1.  Acci- 
dental, Chance,  etc.     See  occasionul. 

II.  ".  1.  A  person  who  receives  relief  and 
shelter  for  one  night  at  the  most  in  a  work- 
house or  police-station,  or  who  receives  treat- 
ment in  a  hospital  for  an  accidental  injury. — 
2.  A  laborer  or  an  artisan  employed  only  ir- 
regularly.    J/rt ///if  It'.— Casual  ward,  the  ward  in  a 
worklmiise  or  a  hospital  where  casuals  are  received. 
casualism  (kaz'u-al-izm),  H.    [<  casual  +  -)'«»;.] 
The  doctrine  that  all  things  are  governed  by 
chance  or  accident.     [Rare.] 
casualist  (kaz'ii-al-ist),  11.     [<  casual  +  -ist.'i 
One  who  believes  in  the  doctrine  of  easiialism. 
casuality  (kaz-u-al'j-ti),  n.     [<  casual  +  -ity. 
Cf.  riisiKilly.]     'The  quality  of  being  casual. 
casually  (kaz'u-al-i),  adv.      [ME.   casuclli/,    < 
ca.^iui :  see  casual.'}     In  a  casual  manner;  ac- 
cidentally;  fortuitously;   without  design;   by 
chance:  as,  to  meet  a  person  casualli/ ;  to  re- 
mark casually. 

Their  gettings  in  this  voyage,  other  commodities,  & 
their  towns,  were  casualty  consumed  by  fire. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  757. 
Tliat  it  might  casually  have  been  formed  so. 

Bi'ntley,  Sermons,  v. 

The  squash-vines  were  clambering  tumultuously  upon 
an  old  wooden  framework,  set  casually  aslant  against  the 
fence.  JIau'thornc,  Seven  Gables,  xvi. 

casualness  (kaz'u-al-nes),  n.  [<  casual  ^•  -ness.'\ 
The  state  of  being  casual;  easuality. 

casualty  (kaz'u-al-ti),  n. ;  pi.  casualties  (-tiz). 
[<  ME.  casui'lte,  <  OF.  *casuelte,  F.  casualite  = 
Sp.  casualidad  =  Pg.  casualidade  =  It.  casualita, 
<  ML.  casualitas  {-tat-),<.  LL.  casualis,  of  chance, 
casual:  see  casual.']  1.  Chance,  or  what  hap- 
pens by  chance  ;  accident;  contingency. 

Losses  that  befall  them  by  mere  casualty. 

Raleigh,  Essays. 

There  were  some  .  .  .  who  frankly  stated  their  impres- 
sion that  the  general  scheme  of  things,  and  especially  the 
casualties  of  trade,  required  you  to  liold  a  candle  to  the 
devil.  George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  170. 

2.  An  unfortunate  chance  or  accident,  espe- 
cially one  resulting  in  bodily  injmy  or  death ; 
specifically,  disability  or  loss  of  life  in  battle  or 
military  service  from  wounds,  etc. :  as,  the  cas- 
ualties were  very  numerous. 

The  Colonel  was,  early  in  the  day,  disabled  hy  a  casitalty. 
Einerson,  Address,  Soldiers"  Monument,  Concord. 
Numerous  applications  for  pensions,  based  upon  the 
casualties  of  the  existing  war,  have  already  been  made. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  174. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  an  emolument  due  fi'om  a 
vassal  to  his  superior,  beyond  the  stated  yearly 

duties,  upon  certain  casual  events Casualty  of 

wards,  the  mails  ;iiid  diitirs  due  to  the  superiors  in  ward- 
holdings.— Casualty  ward,  the  wiird  in  a  hospital  in 
which  patients  sutferiug  from  casualties  or  accidents  are 
treateil. 

Casuariidae  (kas"u-a-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Casuarius  +  -idic.'i  1.  A  family  of  struthious 
birds,  of  the  order  or  subclass  liatitw,  liaving 
three  toes,  the  wings  rudimentary,  and  the  af- 
tershafts  of  the  feathei-s  highly  developed,  it 
is  cunllned  to  the  Australian  and  Pajiuan  regions,  and  is 
divided  into  the  Ca-^itariince  and  the  Dromwiua;,  two  sub- 
families which  contain  the  cassowaries  and  the  emus  re- 
spectively. See  cuts  under  cassoioary  and  emu. 
2.  The  Casuariium  alone,  elevated  to  the  rank 
of  a  family,  the  emus  in  this  case  being  sep- 
arated as  another  family,  Dromteidw. 

Casuariins  (kas-u-ar-i-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Casuarius  +  -«««;.]  The  typical  subfamily  of 
the  family  Casuariidw,  containing  the  casso- 
waries only,  as  distinguished  from  the  emus, 
and  coextensive  with  the  genus  dasuarius. 

Casuarina  (kas"\i-a-ri'na),  H.  [NL.,  <  casua- 
rius, the  cassowary;  from  the  resemblance  the 
branches  bear  to  the  feathers  of  that  bird.  ]  1 .  A 


862 

genua  of  peculiar  plants,  of  Australia  and  adja- 
cent islands,  nearly  related  to  the  birches  and 
oaks,  and  constituting  the  natural  order  Casu- 
aritiacctc.  They  are  jointed  lealless  trees  ami  shrubs, 
very  much  like  gigantic  hoi-setails  or  equisctiinis.  Some 
of  the  species  alford  wood  of  extreme  hardness,  as  the 
forest  oak  of  Australia,  C.  suberosa,  etc.,  and  the  she-oak, 
C  strieta.     Sec  fteefwood. 

2.  [I.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus. 
Casuarinacese  (kas-u-ar-i-na'se-e),  n.pl.    [NL., 

<  ('a.siiiiriiia  +  -acra'.']  A  natural  order  of 
jilants,  of  which  Casuarina  is  the  tj'pieal  and 
oidy  genus. 

Casuarius  (kas-u-a'ri-us),  n.  [NL.  (Linnseus, 
1735) :  see  cassowary.']  The  tj^ieal  and  only 
genus  of  the  subfamily  Casuariinw ;  the  casso- 
waries. A I  tout  \'2  diifereiit  species  are  known,  one  of  them 
being  the  Stnilhio  ensiiarins  of  I.innajus,  now  known  as 
the  Casuarius  yaleatiis,  or  C.  emeu,  of  the  island  of  Ceram 
in  the  Moluccas.  Emu  is  said  tci  be  the  native  name  of  this 
.species ;  but  the  bird  now  called  enuc  belongs  to  a  differ- 
ent genus  {Dromeeu^)  and  subfamily.  The  common  .Aus- 
tralian cassowary  is  C.  australis.  C.  bicaruticulatus  in- 
habits New  Guinea,  C.  bennetti  is  from  New  Britain.  See 
eassoirarii. 

Casuaroideae  (kas"u-a-roi'de-e),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Casuarius  +  -oidc(C.']  A  superfamily  of  birds 
containing  both  the  emus  and  the  cassowaries: 

^ame  as  Casuariidtc,  1. 

casuary  (kas'u-a-ri),  ». ;  pi.  (^n,s!(ancs(-riz).  [< 
NL.  casuarius:  see  cassoicary.]  A  cassowary 
or  an  emu ;  any  bird  of  either  of  the  subfami- 
lies Casuariinw  and  Dromwinm.  P.  L.  Sclater. 
[Rare.] 

casuist  (kaz'u-ist),  n.  [<  F.  casuiste  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  casuistii'  (it.  also  cusista),  <  NL.  casuista,  a 
casuist,  <  L.  casus,  a  case.]  1.  One  versed  in 
or  using  casuistry;  one  who  .studies  and  re- 
solves cases  of  conscience,  or  nice  points  re- 
garding conduct. 

The  judgment  of  any  casuist  or  learned  divine  concern- 
ing the  state  of  a  man's  soul  is  not  sufficient  to  give  liim 
confidence.  South. 

Those  spiritual  guardians,  .  .  ,  the  only  casuists  who 
could  safely  determine  the  doubtful  line  of  duty. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  17. 

Hence — 2.  An  over-subtle  reasoner ;  asophist. 

To  call  a  man  a  mere  casuist  means  that  he  is  at  best  a 

splitter  of  hairs ;  to  call  a  chain  of  argument  casuistical 

is  a  rather  less  unpolite  way  of  saying  that  it  is  dishonest. 

H.  iV.  Oxeuham,  Short  Studies,  p.  91. 

casuistt  (kaz'u-ist),  i'. /.  [<.  casuist,  11.]  To  play 
the  part  of  a  casuist.     Milton. 

casuistic,  casuistical  (kaz-il-is'tik,  -ti-kal),  a. 
[<  casuist  +  -ic,  -ical;  =  F.  casuistique  =  Sp. 
Pg.  casuistico.]  Pertaining  to  casuists  or  cas- 
uistry ;  relating  to  eases  of  conscience,  or  to 
doubts  concerning  conduct;  hence,  over-sub- 
tle; intellectually  dishonest;  sophistical. 

casuistically  (kaz-u-is'ti-kal-i),  ado.  In  a  cas- 
uistic manner. 

casuistics  (kaz-ti-is'tiks),  n.  [PI.  of  casuistic- 
see  -ics.]     Casuistry. 

The  question  is  raiseil  in  the  casuistics  of  Mohammedan 
ritual,  whether  it  is  right  to  eat  the  flesh  of  the  Nesnas. 
Pop.  A'ci.  Mo.,  XXI.  660. 

casuistry  (kaz'fi-ist-ri),  «. ;  pi.  casuistries  (-riz). 
[<  casuist  +  -ry.]  1.  In  ethics,  the  solution  of 
special  problems  of  right  and  duty  by  the  ap- 
plication of  general  ethical  principles  or  theo- 
logical dogmas ;  the  answering  of  questions  of 
conscience.  In  the  history  of  Jewish  and  Christian  the- 
ology, ciisuistry  has  often  degenerated  into  iiair-splitting 
and  sophistical  arguments,  in  which  questions  of  right 
and  Avrong  were  construed  to  meet  selfish  aims. 

All  that  philosopliy  of  right  .and  wTong  which  has  be- 
come famous  or  infamous  under  the  name  of  casuistry 
had  its  origin  in  the  distinction  between  mortal  and  venial 
sin.  Cambridge  Essays,  1856. 

May  he  not  have  thought  that  he  found  there  some 
stupendous  exemplifications  of  what  we  read  of,  in  books 
of  casuistry,  the  "dialectics  of  conscience," as  conflicts  of 
duties?  R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  329. 

Hence  —  2.  Over-subtle  and  dishonest  reason- 
ing ;  so])histry. 

Casula  (kas'6-la),  II.  [ML.  (>  E.  casule),  dim. 
of  L.  casa,  a  house;  cf.  cassock,  chasuble.]  A 
priest's  vestment;  a  chasuble. 

casulet,  "■    [<  ML.  casula,  q.  v.]    A  chasuble. 

casus  belli  (ka'sus  bel'i).  [L. :  casus,  a  ease, 
matter;  bclli,gen.  ot  hcHum,v,'a,r:  see  cnscl  and 
bellicose.  ]  A  matter  or  occasion  of  war ;  an  e.\- 
cuse  or  a  reason  for  declaring  war :  as,  the  right 
of  search  claimed  by  Great  Britain  constituted 
a  casus  belli  in  1812. 

catl  (kat),  11.  [<  ME.  cat,  catt,  kat,  l-att,  <  AS. 
('«(,  catt  (only  in  glosses),  in.,  =  OFries.  katte, 
f.,  =  MD.  D.  kater,  m.,  MD.  hatte,  D.  htt,  f.,  = 
MLG.  hater,  m.,  katte,  f.,  L(x.  kater.  m.,  kattc,  f., 
=  MHG.  kater,  katcro,  G.  kater,  m.,  OHG.  cli<i~;d, 
ca;::d,  ca:d,  MHG.  H.  kat:c,  f.,  =  Icel.  kdttr,  m., 
kctta,  i.,  =  Norw.  katt,  m.,  katta,  f.,  =  Sw.  katt, 


cat 

m.,  katta,  f .,  =  Dan.  kat,  m.,  f.  (not  recorded  in 
(xoth.);  cf.  W.  cath  =  Corn,  rath  =  Ir.  cat  z= 
Gael,  cat  =  Manx  cayt  =  Bret,  ka: ;  OBulg.  kn- 
tell,  m.,  kotiika,  f.,  =  Bohem.  kot,  kocour,  m., 
kotc,  kochka,  t.,  =  Pol.  kot,  koczor  =  liuss.  kotu, 
m.,  koshka,  t.,  =  OPruss.  catto  =  Lett,  kakjis  ; 
Hung,  kaccer  =  Finn,  katti  =  Turk,  c/adi  =  Ar. 
qitt,  quit,  a  cat;  Hind,  katds,  a  wildcat,  polecat; 
LGr.  lifiTTa,  f.,  NGr.  nara,  y'lra,  f.,  kqto^,  yaro^, 
m. ;  OF.  cat,  F.  chut,  m.,  cliatte,  f.,  =  Pr.  cat, 
m.,  cata,  f.,  =  Cat.  yat,  cat,  m.,  cata,  f.,  =  Sp. 
Pg.  gato,  m.,  gata,  f.,  =  It.  gatto,  m.,  gatta, 
f.,  a  cat:  the  oldest  known  forms  being  L., 
namely,  LL.  cuius  (cdtus  or  cdtits:  cdtiis  occurs 
in  Palladius,  about  A.  D.  350),  m.,  L.  catta  (once 
in  Martial),  f.,  ML.  cattus,  m.,  catta,  f.,  a  cat 
(a  domestic  cat,  as  opposed  to  felis,  prop,  a 
■wildcat :  see  Felis),  a  word  found  earlier  in  the 
dim.  catulus,  in  common  classical  use  in  the 
extended  sense  of  'the  young  of  an  animal,  a 
kitten,  whelp,  cub,  pup,'  etc.  (of  a  cat,  lion, 
tiger,  panther,  wolf,  bear,  hog,  and  esp.  of  a 
dog,  being  regarded  in  this  sense  as  a  dim.  of 
canis,  a  dog:  see  Canis).  The  original  source 
of  the  name  is  unknown.  It  is  supposed,  as  the 
cat  was  first  domesticated  in  Eg^-pt,  that  the 
word  arose  there,  and,  being  established  in  Ita- 
ly, spread  thence  throughout  Europe.  Hence 
kitten,  kitting,  kittle'",  q.  v.  In  the  naut.  sense 
the  word  is  found  in  most  of  the  languages 
cited  (cf.  T).  Dan.  kat,  naut.  cat,  katblok,  cat- 
block,  I),  katrol,  'cat-roller,'  pulley,  etc.),  and 
is  generally  regarded  as  a  particular  use  of  cat, 
the  animal;  cf.  dog  and  horse,  as  applied  to  va- 
rious mechanical  contrivances.  T?he  connec- 
tion is  not  obvious.]  1.  A  domesticated  car- 
nivorous quadruped  of  the  family  Felidw  and 
genus  Felis,  F.  domcstica.  it  is  unteitain  whether 
any  aiumal  now  existing  in  a  wild  state  is  the  ancestor  of 
the  d'liiifstie  eat;  pmtiably  it  is  descended  from  a  cat 
oii^'inally  dmnestieated  in  Egypt,  thougli  some  regai'd  the 
wildcat  of  Kiirope,  /■'.  eatus,  as  the  feral  stock.  The  wild- 
cat is  much  larger  than  the  domestic  cat,  strong  and  fero- 
cious, and  very  destructive  to  poultry,  lambs,  etc. 

2.  In  general,  any  digitigrade  carnivorous 
quadruped  of  the  family  Felidte,  as  the  lion, 
tiger,  leopard,  jaguar,  etc.,  especially  («)  of 
the  genus  Felis,  and  more  particularly  one  of 
the  smaller  species  of  this  genus;  and  (6)  of 
the  short-tailed  species  of  the  genus  Lynx. — 

3.  A  fen-et.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  4.  A  gossipy, 
meddlesome  woman  given  to  scandal  and  in- 
trigue. [Colloq.] — 5.  A  catfish. — 6.  A  whip: 
a  contraction  of  cat-o'-ni»e-tails. —  7.  A  double 
tripod  having  six  feet:  so  called  because  it  al- 
ways lands  on  its  feet,  as  a  cat  is  proverbially 
said  to  do. —  8t.  In  the  middle  ages,  a  frame 
of  heavy  timber  with  projecting  pins  or  teeth, 
hoisted  up  to  the  battlements,  ready  to  be 
dropped  upon  assailants.  Also  called  jirickly 
cat. —  9.  A  piece  of  wood  tapering  to  a  point  at 
both  ends,  used  in  playing  tip-cat. — 10.  The 
game  of  tip-cat.     Also  called  cat-and-dog. 

In  the  midst  of  a  game  of  cat.  Southey. 

11.  Xufaro,  the  occurrence  of  two  cards  of  the 

same  denomination  out  of  the  last  three  in  the 
deck. — 12.  In  ('o(i/-»iiii/»f/,  aclunchy  rock.  See 
chinch.  [South  Staffordshire,  Eng.]" — 13.  [Ap- 
parently in  allusion  to  the  sly  and  deceitful 
habits  of  the  cat.]  A  mess  of  coarse  meal, 
clay,  etc.,  placed  on  dovecotes,  to  allure  stran- 
gers. HalliweU.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 14:.  In  plaster- 
ing, that  portion  of  the  first  rough  coat  which 
fills  the  space  between  the  laths,  often  project- 
ing at  the  back,  and  serving  to  hold  tlie  plaster 
firmly  to  the  walls. — 15.  The  salt  which  crys- 
tallizes about  stakes  placed  beneath  the  holes 
in  the  bottom  of  the  troughs  in  which  salt  is  put 
to  drain. — 16.  [Perhaps  a  different  word;  cf. 
Icel.  kati,  a  small  vessel.]  A  ship  formed  on 
the  Norwegian  model,  having  a  naiTow  stern, 
projecting  quarters,  and  a  deep  waist. — 17. 
Xaut.,  a  tackle  used  in  hoisting  an  anchor  from 
the  hawse-hole  to  the  cat-head — A  cat  In  the 
meal,  a  danger  prepared  and  ei.nKealed :  drawn  from  a 
fable  of  .Esop,  in  which  a  eat  liides  hel-self  in  meal  to  catch 
certain  inice.  —  A  cat  In  the  pan,  a  falsehood  given  out  as 
coming  from  one  who  did  not  ,>rigiiiate  it.— Allgora  cat. 
oneoltbetlliest  varieties  of  the  doniestie  eat.  .listiie;iiished 
for  its  size  and  beautiful  long  silky  hair.  It  was  ungiiially 
from  Angora  in  .Asia  Minor.  -Also  called  Persiuu  eat.  and 
sometimes,  erroneously,  Angola  cat. —  Blue  cat.  («)  A 
Siberian  cat,  valued  for  its  fin',  (t)  .\  name  for  the  Mal- 
tese'eat:  so  given  from  the  blue-gray  color  of  its  fur.  (c) 
.\  local  name  in  tlie  United  states  of  the  channel  catflsh, 
Ictalurus  punetatu.-<.  —  Cat  and  doff.  See  cat-ami-dog, — 
Cat  of  the  Mediterranean,  a  li>b.  the  Chiimrra  nwn- 
.■iiro.ia.  Enough  to  make  a  cat  speak  or  laugh,  some- 
thing ahtoiiisbilTg  uv  out  of  the  way. 

Old  liquor  aide  to  make  a  cat  speak,  and  man  dumb. 

The  Old  and  Young  Courtier  {I'ercy's  Reliques). 


cat 

Talk,  miss !  It's  rnonrih  tn  inah-  a  Tom  rnt  uprak  French 
(friiiniimr,  nrily  t<»  sec  tmw  she  tus.si's  lu-r  lu'iul. 

hirkciia,  Nii-lmljLS  NickU'liy. 
Maltese  cat,  !v  variety  i>f  cut  ilistiniiuialucl  liy  its  fur, 
uhich  is  iif  11  i.Iiiu-fzniy  cnhir.     .Souu'tinu'S  ciiDcil  bUw  cat. 

Manx  cat,  :i  tailk-ss  variety  of  cat  fniiu  tlic  Ink-  of  Man. 

Persian  cat.  same  as  An;ioracnf.  staml.  yni.  tlisr.— 
To  bell  the  cat.    Sce  (««i.    To  grin  like  a  Cheshire 

cat,  I"  sli.iu-  tin-  ;,qmis  and  tci-lli  in  TatiKliini^' :  a  local  Illij;- 
libh  piovcrljial  expruasion,  of  unknown  origin. 

"  I'lease,  would  you  tell  nie,"  saiti  Alice,  a  little  tiniitl- 
ly,  .  .  .  "why  your  cat  ,'/ri/w /iX'r  tliatV"  "It's  a  Chea/iire 
eat,"  said  the  Duchess,  "and  that's  why." 

L.  Carrutt,  .Mice  in  Wonderland,  vi. 
Lo  !  like  a  Cheshire  eat  our  court  will  firin. 

tiilcut  (I'.  I'inilar). 
To  let  the  cat  out  of  the  bag,  to  disclose  a  tri(  k ;  ut 

out  a  secret;  siiiii  to  liavc  liail  Its  origin  in  a  trick  prac- 
tised by  country  people  of  substituting  a  eat  for  a  youiij; 
pig  and  lirinj^in;;  it  to  nuirket  in  a  hag  to  sell  to  some  one 
thoUKhtle.ss  cnoUKli  to  "  buy  a  pit'  in  a  poke."  The  pur- 
chase i-  sonictinics  Ihoni^'lit,  however,  of  open inu' the  bagbe- 
f<u-e  the  li;irL;aiii  was  roncluded,  ;iiHi  thus  b-t  out  the  eat 
audilisel.isiii  ilie  trick.  — To  rain  cats  and  dogs,  to  pour 
down  1-aiii  violently  and  incessantly.  To  turn  a  cat-in- 
pan,  to  make  a  svuiden  change  of  paity  in  politics  nv  reli- 
gion fioni  interested  motives.  "The  pbiasc  sc<-ms  to  bo 
the  French  (ounicr  C(5(e  en peitie  {U)  turn  sides  in  trouble)." 
Breiper. 

When  Ocorge  in  pudding-time  came  o'er, 
And  moderate  men  lookeil  big,  sir, 

1  titnu-il  It  i-iit-in-pan  once  more, 
And  so  became  a  Whig,  sir.  Vicar  iif  liratj. 

catl  (kat),  V. ;  prct.  and  pp.  roltiif,  ppr.  ciittiiif). 
[<  idl^,  //.]  I.  tnins.  1.  To  draw  (an  anchor) 
up  to  the  cat-bead. 

All  haiuls  —  cook,  steward,  and  all  — laid  hold  to  rat 
the  anchor.         K  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  I'il. 
Everything  was  now  snug  forward,  the  anchor  c(i//f(i  and 
fished,  and  the  decks  cleai\ 

W.  C.  RussfU,  .Sailor's  Sweetheart,  iii. 

2.  [Cf.  catl,  »,.,  14.]  To  fill  vrith  soft  clay,  as 
the  intervals  between  laths :  as,  a  chimney  well 
catted. 

II.  itilrann.  To  fish  for  catfish.  [Colloq., 
western  U.  S.] 

cat-  (kat),  II.  An  abbre\'iated  form  of  catama- 
ran.    [Newfonudlaud.] 

cat-.     The  form  of  ai  ta-  before  a  vowel. 

cata-.  [L.,  etc.,  cata-,  <  Gr.  Knra-  (before  a 
vowel  KtiT-,  before  an  aspirate  kqB-),  prefix,  Kara, 
prep.,  down,  downward,  through,  on,  against, 
concerning,  according  to,  etc.]  A  ])refi.x  of 
words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  down,  down- 
ward, against,  in  accordance  with,  sometimes 
merely  Intensive,  and  sometimes  (like  English 
/'(■-i)  giving  a  transitive  force.  See  words  fol- 
lowing.    Also  sometimes  lata-. 

cataballitive  (kat-a-bal'i-tiv),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kara- 
jia'//-iiv,  throw  do\\Ti  (<  Kara,  down,  +  jiaXAciv, 
throw),  +  -itirr.'\     Depressing.     [Rare.] 

catabaptist  (kat-a-bap'tist),  II.  [<  LGr.  Kora- 
jiu-TinTi/i:,  lit.  '  one  who  drowns,'  coined  by 
Gregory  of  Nazianzus,  as  opposed  to  lia-Ticriji;, 
a  baptizer,  <  Gr.  KaTajia-rrri^eiv,  dip  imder  water, 
drown,  <  nari'i,  down  (here  used  in  the  sense  of 
'against'),  -I-  liaTrri^tiv,  dip.]  One  who  opposes 
baptism. 

catabasia  (kat-a-ba'si-a),  H.;  pi.  catahasiw  (-e) 
(or,  as  Gr.,  ca^tabasiai).  [Gr.  naTajiaaia,  also  an- 
Taiiiaaia,  equiv.  to  Ka-(i,faff/f,  a  coming  down, 
descent  (ef.  naTajidmoe,  also  Karaiiiaoiof;,  coming 
down,  descending),  <  Karajiait'eiv,  come  down  : 
see  eatabasis.'\  In  the  (h-.  Ch.,  a  kind  of  tro 
parion  or  short  hjTnn  simg  by  the  two  sides  of 
the  choir  united  in  the  body  of  the  eliurch.  It 
is  so  called  from  their  descending  from  their 
places  for  that  purpose. 

A  stichert>n,  in  which  the  two  choirs  come  down  (Kara- 
fiaivoviTu),  and  join  together  in  the  body  of  the  church. 
The  hiriuos  are  sometimes  said  at  the  eml  of  their  respec- 
tive odes  as  eatat/atiiai. 

J.  M.  Xeatr,  Eastern  t'liureh,  i.  S45. 

catabasion    (kat-a-ba'si-on),  M. ;  pi.  catabasia 

{-;[).     Same  as  ciitahasis. 

catabasis  (ka-tab'a-sis),  II.;  pi.  cataba.ics  (-sez). 
[L.  <attih(i.':is,  <  Gr.  Kard,Ja(T/f,  a  going  down,  de- 
scent, declivity,  also  in  MGr.  like  mira.Jdo/or.  a 
place  for  relics  under  the  altar,  <  Knrailaii'en;  go 
down,  descend,  <  mrd,  dcwn,  +  Jah-cn;  so,  >,Jii- 
<T(f,  agoing:  see  basis.  Cf.  amibatiis.']  1.  A  go- 
ing down ;  descent :  opposed  to  anabasis  (which 
see). — 2.  In  the  Or.  Ch.,  a  chamber  or  vault 
situated  under  the  altar,  and  used  as  a  chapel 
to  contain  relics. 

catabolic  (kat-a-bol'ik),  a.  [<  eatabol-ism  +  -ic] 
Kclaling  to  or  of  the  nature  of  catabolism. 

This  total  change  which  we  denote  by  the  term  "meta- 
bolism "  as  consisting  on  the  one  hand  of  a  downward 
series  of  changes  {katabidic  changes). 

M.  Foster,  Encyc.  lirit.,  .\IX.  13. 

catabolism  (ka-tab'o-lizm),  «.  [<  dr.  KaTajio/i/, 
a  throwing  or  laying  down  (<  Kii-iijiiV/'/.tiv:  see 
cataballitive),  +  '-ism.]    In  phi/siol.,  that  phase 


853 

of  metabolism  which  consists  in  "a  downwanl 
series  of  changes  in  which  complex  bodies  are 
broken  down  with  the  setting  free  of  energy 
into  simpler  and  simpler  waste  bodies"  (.U. 
Foster) :  opposed  to  aiiabolism. 

The  ingenious  speculations  of  Hering,  that  speeilie  col- 
our-sensations are  due  to  the  relatiiui  of  lu^similation 
(anaholisin)  t^)  dissimilation  {katabolisui)  of  prot^iplasniic 
visual  sniistances  in  the  retina  or  in  the  brain. 

J/.  b'oHler,  Eniyc.  lirit.,  XIX.  22. 

catacathartic   (kat"a-ka-thar'tik),  n.     [<  Gr. 

Kurd,    down,    -f-    Katia(iTfh:6i;,    purging:    see    C(t- 

thartic,']    A  medicine  that  piu'ges  downward. 

[Kar...] 
catacaustic  (kat-a-kas'tik),  a.  and  h.     [<  Or. 

Kara,  against,  -I-  kovctikoc,  caustic:  see  caustic] 

I.   o.    In  yeom.,  belonging  to  catistic  curves 

formed  by  rcilection. 

II.  II.  In  optics,  a  caustic  cur^'e  fonned  by 

the  reflection  of  the  rays  of  light:   so  called 


The  Catacaustic  of  a  Circle,  with  its  Asymptotes. 

The  curve  runs  from  .1/  to  the  cusp  .-/.  thence  to  the  cusp  It,  thence 

to  the  cusp  .-/'.  thence  to  .1/  ,  and  through  infinity  to  .V,  thence  to  the 

cusp  A  thence  to  JV,  and  through  infinity  back  to  ^f ;  C,  center ;  !■', 

focus. 

to  distinguish  it  from  the  diacaustic.  which  is 
formed  l)y  refracted  rays.  See  caustic,  n.,  3. 
catachresis  (kat-a-kre'sis),  «.;  pi.  cataclircscs 
(-sez).  [L.  (>  F.  catachrese  =  Sp.  calucrvsis  = 
Pg.  catachrese  =  It.  cataa'esi),(.  Gr.  KaTaxp'/tnc, 
misuse  of  a  word,  <  Karaxpfiofiai,  misuse,  <  kutcl, 
against,  +  jp'/otiai,  use.]  1.  In  rhct. :  (a)  A  fig- 
ure by  which  a  word  is  used  to  designate  an  ob- 
ject, idea,  or  act  to  which  it  can  be  applied  only 
by  an  exceptional  or  undue  extension  of  its 
proper  sphere  of  meaning:  as,  to  stone  (pelt)  a 
person  'with  bricks;  a. palatable  tone;  to  display 
one's  horsemanship  in  riding  a  mule;  to  drink 
from  a  horn  of  irorij.  Catacliresis  ditfers  from  mcta- 
pluu-  in  that  it  does  not  replace  one  word  with  another 
properly  belonging  to  a  diflferent  act  or  object,  but  extends 
the  tise  of  a  word  in  order  to  apply  it  to  something  for 
which  the  language  supplies  no  separate  word.      (^,)  \ 

'\iolent  or  inconsistent  metaphor  :  as,  to  bend 
the  knee  of  one's  heart;  to  take  arms  against 
a  sea  of  troubles,  (c)  In  general,  a  violent  or 
forced  use  of  a  word. — 2.  In  philol.,  the  em- 
ployment of  a  word  under  a  false  form  through 
misapprehension  in  regard  to  its  origin :  thus, 
causciraij  and  craicfish  or  crayfish  have  their 
forms  by  catachresis. 

catachrestic,  catachrestica,!  (kat-a-kres'tik, 

-ti-kal),  a.  l<.  Gr.  naTaxi'V^TinOQ.  misused,  misap- 
plied (of  wortis  and  phrases),  \  Karaxi'iioVai,  mis- 
use :  see  catachresis.'}  In  rhct. :  (a)  Pertaining 
to,  consisting  in,  or  characterized  by  catachre- 
sis; applied  in  an  improper  signification.  (/)) 
Wrested  from  the  riglit  meaning  or  fonn; 
contrary  to  proper  use  ;  forced;  far-fetched. 
catachrestically  (kat-a-kres'ti-kal-i),  adr.  In 
a  catachrestical  manner;  by  catachresis. 

There  are  .  .  .  collections  of  beings,  to  whom  the  no- 
tion of  nundier  cannot  be  attached,  except  raiarhrestieaUii, 
because,  taken  individually,  uo  ])ositi\e  point  of  real 
agreement  can  be  found  between  them,  by  which  to  call 
them.  J.  //-  ycwman.  Gram,  of  .Vssent,  p.  4ti. 

catachthonic  (kat-ak-thon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kara, 
down,  l)elow,  +  ,iO<jr.  earth.  +  -«•.]  Situated 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  earth ;  underground. 
Professor  Milne  of  Japan,  says  the  "Athena?um."  has  cs- 
tablishcii  in  the  Takasltima  coal-mine,  near  Nagasaki,  an 
tnidcrground,  or,  as  he  prefers  to  call  it,  a  eatachlhonic, 
olKcrvatory.  Science,  IV.  2(j0. 

cataclysm  (kat'a-klizm),  n.  [=  F.  catachjsme 
=  Sp.  It.  cataclisino  =  Pg.  cataclijsmo,  <  1...  cata- 
clysmos,  <  Gr.  KaraKAvuuoc,  a  flood,  deluge,  < 
KaraKAixciv,  dash  over,  flood,  inundate,  <  KnrA, 
do-wn,  -I-  K/.i%en;  wash,  dash,  as  waves;  cf.  L. 
clucrc.  cleanse.]  1.  A  deluge  or  an  overflow- 
ing of  water ;  a  flood ;  specifically,  the  Noa- 
chiau  flood. —  2.  In  f/coL,  an  inundation  or  del- 
uge, or  other  violent  and  sudden  physical  ac- 
tiou  of  great  extent,  supposed  to  have  been  the 


catacomb 

efficient  cause  of  various  iihenomena  (as  of  the 
deposition  of  dilTerent  formations  of  ililuvium 
or  drift)  for  which  tlie  gi-adnal  action  of  mod- 
erate currents,  or  that  of  ice,  is  considered  to 
have  been  inadetiuate. 

This  war  is  no  accident,  but  an  inevitable  result  of  long- 
incnbating  causes  ;  inevitable  as  the  ,atarl,jsms  tliat  sweep 
away  the  monstrous  births  of  primeval  nature. 

0.  W.  llolmix.  Old  \  ol.  of  Life,  p.  82. 

3.  Figuratively,  a  sudden  or  violent  action  of 
overwhelming  force  and  extended  sweep. 

In  minds  accustouu-d  to  iibilosophie  thought  a  change 
of  oiHiiion  docs  nc»t  come  by  altrn|)t  f(/'«c///^//i,  hut  by  grad- 
ual de\clM]uncnt,  ./.  A*,  .s'cc/*//,  Nat.  heligion,  p!  231. 

Theory  of  cataclysms,  or  of  catastrophes,  also  called 

the  diictriiif  af  rinfent  ujilteaealn,  the  view  that  there  has 
been  in  geological  tinte  a  succession  of  catastrophes  which 
destroyed  all  living  things,  an<I  necessitated  rejieated  ere- 
ati\c  acts  to  rci>cii]de  the  eai-th.  See  cataxfroplie. 
cataclysmal  (kat-a-kliz'mnl),  a.  [<  cataclysm 
+  -al.]  1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  na- 
ttu'o  of  a  cataclysm. 

Tlic  (jnestion  is  not  yet  settled  whether  they  [elevations 
anil  subsidences]  were  of  a  slow  and  gratlual  nature  like 
some  now  in  progiess,  or  whether,  like  othei-s  that  have 
occurred  in  (umnection  with  eartliijuakes,  they  nniy  have 
been  rapid  ami  eataetyxmal. 

J.  W.  Daasim,  Nature  and  tlio  Bible,  p.  161. 

The  French  Revolution  has  been  so  often  lifted  by  sen- 
sational writers  Into  the  region  of  cataetitgrnal  and  almost 
superhunnin  oceuiTences,  that  a  nan-atlve  la  especially 
acceptable  which  tends  to  range  It  anu>ng  the  facts  which 
ai)peal  to  our  ordinary  experience. 

WenlmimUr  Rcto.,  CXXV.  668. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  cataelysmists ;  holding 
the  doctrine  of  \iolent  upheavals:  as,  the  cat- 
aclysmal school  of  geologists. 
cataclysmic  (kat-a-kliz'mik),  a.  [<  cataclysm 
+  -ir;  =  F.  calaclysmiquc.'i  Pertaining  to,  of 
the  luittu'e  of,  or  characterized  by  catadj'sms. 

In  the  reign  of  his  |  Frederick's)  grandnephcw,  whose 
evil  lot  fell  on  the  catacUjtimic  times  of  .Napoleon. 

Luwe,  Bismarck,  I.  43. 

There  has  always  been  in  Geology  a  tendency  to  cata- 
ebisinir  tbiorics  of  causal  ion  ;  a  pi-oncncss  to  attribute  the 
gianii  i-banu'is  i-xpcricmid  by  the  earth's  crust  to  extra- 
ordinary I  anses.       ./.  CruU,  cliniale  and  I'osmology,  p.  11. 

cataclysmist  (kat-a-kliz'mist),  n.  [<  cata- 
clysm +  -(.</.]  One  who  believes  that  many 
important  geological  phenomena  are  due  to 
cataclysms. 

catacomb  (kat'a-kom),  »(.  [=  G.  kaUiliimbc  = 
Sw.  Dan.  iatakomb  =  Russ.  katalconihui,  pi.,  < 
F.  ctitacombc  ^  Pr.  cathacniitba  ^  Sp.  catacitmha 
=  Pg.  catacuinba  (usually  in  pliu-al),  <  It.  cata- 
ciiniba  (Sp.  also  occasionally  catatumba,  It.  dial. 
catatomba,  simulating  Sp.  tumba.  It.  tomba, 
tomb:  see  tomb),  <  LL.  catacuinba,  a  sepulchral 
vault,  <  Gr.  Kara,  downward,  below,  +  Ki/i/iTj,  a 
hollow,  cavity,  >  ML.  cumlia,  a  tomb  of  stone: 
see  coinh'^,  cooinb.]  Originally,  the  name  of  a 
locality  near  Rome,  the  '"Hollows,"  in  which 
the  church  of  St.  Sebastian,  with  extensive 
biu'ial-vaults,  was  built;  but  aftenvard  aiipUed 
to  the  vaults  themselves,  and  to  similar  under- 
ground burial-places.  The  most  celebrated  of  these 
subterranean  vaults  are  those  in  and  about  this  spot,  the 
\vork  of  tfie  early  Christians.  They  consist  of  a  labyrinth 
of  narrow  galleries,  from  4  to  5  feet  wide,  at  dltfercnt  lev- 


Catacomb. 

Tomb  of  St.  Cornelius.  Cataconilw  of  Calixtus.  Rome,  3d  centtiry. 

(From  Roller's  "  Catacoinljes  dc  Rome-") 

els,  excavated  in  the  soft  granular  tufa  underlying  the 
Camp.agna-  In  each  wall  loculi,  or  berth-like  recesses, 
contained  the  bodies  of  the  dead.  The  entrances  to  these 
were  cliised  with  slabs  t)f  stone,  carefully  sealed,  and 
marked  with  inscriptions  or  rude  pictures.  In  sonie  eases 
snnlll  rooms,  called  euhienla.  were  set  apart  fur  faniilieaof 
distinction  in  the  church,  especially  (or  martyrs.    Though 


catacomb 

these  cataconilis  prolmlily  sirv.-.l  t.)  Bonie  pxtont  ns  places 
of  rctugt'  ami  conceulmiMit  fur  I'liristiuns  iluiini;  the  ear- 
lier iierseiutiiiiis,  the  iiriitiiial  icleu  ol  their  euiiBtniction 
was  umloubteilly  that  tliey  slwiihi  he  useil  only  as  burial- 
vaults.  Tile  length  (if  the  j;allerie»  in  the  K.iinan  cata- 
cimibs  has  been  variously  estiniateil  at  frnni  ;tM  to  900 
miles,  ami  the  number  of  bodies  theie  interreil  is  said  to 
be  over  0,000,000.  Similar  undernimuid  Ijurial-plaees  are 
found  at  Naples,  Cairo,  I'aris,  etc.  Those  of  Taris  are  aban- 
doned (luarries  extending  under  a  large  jiortion  of  the 
city,  which  were  made  into  a  honery  in  178(i,  wlien  tlie  in- 
tramural cemeteries  of  the  city  were  condenmed  anil  the 
bones  were  removed  thitlier. 

catacorolla  (kat'a-ko-rol'ji),  ti.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kuni,  against,  +  corollii,  i].  v.]  A  second  co- 
rolla formed  in  a  flower  outside  of  and  inelos- 
ing  the  primary  corolla,  thus  produeing  a  kind 
of  •'  liosp-in-hose  "  flower. 

catacoustics  (kat-a-kos'tiks  or  -kous'tiks),  «. 
[<  Ur.  Kara,  against  (with  ref.  to  reflection),  + 
acoustics.  Cf.  F.  catiicoustiqiw  =  Sp.  cataciis- 
tica  =  Pg.  It.  catncustic(i.~\  That  part  of  the 
science  of  acoustics  which  treats  of  reflected 
sounds,  or  of  the  properties  of  echoes ;  eata- 
phonics. 

catacrotic  (kat-a-krot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  koto,  down, 
+  KiioTdc,  a  beating,  knocking.]  In  pliysiol., 
noting  that  form  of  pulse-tracing  in  which  the 
secondary  elevations  appear  on  the  descending 
portion  of  the  curve. 

catadioptric,  catadioptrical  (kat"a-di-op'trik, 

-tri-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  karn,  down,  against  (with 
ref.  to  reflection),  -I-  dioptric.  Cf.  F.  catadioji- 
trique  =  Sp.  catadioptrico  =  It.  cntadiottrico.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  involving  botli  the  refraction 
and  the  reflection  of  light —  Catadioptric  tele- 
scope, a  rerteeting  telescope. 

catadioptrics  (kat"a-di-op'triks),  H.  [PI.  of 
catadioptric  :  see  -((■«.]  That  branch  of  optics 
which  embraces  phenomena  in  which  both  the 
reflection  and  the  refraction  of  light  are  in- 
volved. 

Catadrome  (kat'a-drom),  «.  [<  Gr.  Kardrfpo//of, 
a  race-course,  <  KaTaijiautlv  (second  aor.  asso- 
ciated with  pres.  Kararpix^i-v),  run  down,  <  Kara, 
down, -I- <Spa/u£h',  run.  Ci.  hippodrome.^  1.  A 
race-course. — 2.  A  machine  like  a  crane,  for- 
merly used  by  builders  for  raising  and  lower- 
ing heavy  weights. —  3.  A  fish  that  goes  down 
to  the  sea  to  spawn. 

catadromous  (ka-tad'ro-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  mrd- 
Apri/ioi;,  overrun  (taken  in  the  sense  of  '  run- 
ning down')>  ^  naTci,  down,  +  dpa/iat>,  run.] 
Rimning  down  ;  descending :  applied  to  cer- 
tain fishes  which  descend  streams  to  the  sea  to 
spawn  :  opposed  to  anadromous. 

The  eel  is  .  .  .  an  example  of  a  Crt^nt/roHiOKS  fish  —  that 
is,  one  descending  from  the  fresli  water  into  the  sea  to 
lu'eed.  SmithHOnian  Rep.,  1880,  p.  372. 

catadupet  (kafa-dUp),  «.  [<  F.  catadiipc,  cata- 
doupc  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  catadupa,  a  cataract,  <  L. 
Catadupa,  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile,  Catadupi, 
those  dwelling  near,  <  Gr.  Karadov-ot,  a  name 
given  to  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile,  <  Karadoimciv, 
fall  with  a  loud,  heavy  sound,  <  Kara,  down,  -I- 
doDireiii,  sound,  <  SovTroq,  a  dull,  heavy  sound.] 

1.  A  cataract  or  waterfall.  ♦ 

As  to  the  catadupes,  those  high  cataracts  that  fell  with 
such  a  noise  tliat  they  made  the  inhabitants  deaf,  I  take 
all  those  accounts  to  be  fabulous. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  1'22. 

2.  A  person  living  near  a  cataract. 

Tlie  Egyptian  Icatculupes  never  heard  the  roaring  of  the 

fall  of  Nilus,  because  the  noise  was  so  familiar  unto  tliem. 

A.  Brewer  CO,  Lingua,  iii.  7. 

Catadysas  (ka-tad'i-sas),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Karadv- 
cu;,  a  dipping  under  water,  setting,  <  KaTa6ccii>, 
dip  under  water,  go  down,  sink,  <  koto,  down,  -I- 
dieiv,  get  into,  dive.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Catadysidce.     C.  jjumilUs  is  an  e.xample. 

Catadysidse  (kat-a-dis'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  C'n- 
tadi/sus  +  -id(e.'i  A  family  of  spiders,  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Catadysas.  They  have  the 
palpi  inserted  near  tlie  extremity  of  the  maxilla;,  and  tlie 
mandibular  claw  longitudinally  directed,  as  in  the  Ttiera- 
phoKidtt',  but  are  said  to  have  only  two  pulmonary  sacs 
and  otlierwise  to  resemble  the  Lycosidce.  The  species  are 
Nortli  American. 

catafalcot  (kat-a-fal'ko),  n.  Same  as  cata- 
faUjuc. 

catafalque  (kat'a-falk),  n.  [Also  in  It.  form 
catafako;  =  D.  Can.  G.  katafulk  =  Euss.  kata- 
fulkii,  <  F.  catafalque,  <  It.  catafalco,  a  funeral 
canopy,  stage,  scaffold,  =  Sp.  Pg.  catafalco,  a 
funeral  canopy,  =  Pr.  cadafalc  =  OF.  escafaut, 
"escufult  (>  E.  scaffold),  F.  'cchafaud  (ML.  catci- 
faltns,  etc.),  a  scaffold:  see  scaffold,  which  is  a 
doublet  of  catafalque.']  A  stage  or  scaffolding, 
erected  usually  in  the  nave  of  a  chiu'ch,  to  sup- 
port a  coffin  on  the  occasion  of  a  ceremonious 
funeral,  in  tlie  middle  ages  it  was  eomiuon  to  erect  a 
canopy  upou  this,  covering  the  cotllu ;  the  whole  structure 


854 

was  made  somewhat  to  resemble  an  ecclesiastical  edifice 
of  till-  style  llieii  prevailing,  and  was  allowod  t<i  remain  tor 
some  lil'tli-  time  afUr  tlii>  ii  reiiicMiy.  The  modern  cata- 
falque  is  generally  witlmut  a  lannpy.  and  in  Roman  Cath- 
olic countries  is  sunmnided  by  large  tapers,  which  are 
burned  during  a  day  or  two  pieii<ling  the  burial.  Tlie 
catafalque  is  soinctimes  ilseil  as  a  hearse  in  carrying  the 
lioily  to  the  grave  or  tomb  at  a  public  or  ceremonious  fu- 
neral. 

The  tomb  was  a  simple  ratafnlque.  covered  with  the  usual 
cloth.  R.  F.  Burlim,  El-Medinali,  p.  471. 

catagenesis  (kat-a-jen'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kara,  down,  -H  ycvcaig,  generation;  see  ,7f«rai.v.] 
In  biol.,  creation  by  retrograde  metamorphosis 
of  energ}-.    li.  D.  Cope. 

catagmatic  (kat-ag-mat'ik),  a.  and  «.  [=  F. 
cataijmatiquc  =  Sp.  catagnuitico  =  Pg.  catag- 
matico,  <  Gr.  KaTay/ja{T-),  a  breakage,  <  mra- 
yvivai,  break  in  pieces,  <  Kara  intensive  +  ayvh- 
»'«(,  break.]  I.  a.  In  werf.,  having  the  property 
of  consolidating  broken  parts;  promoting  the 
union  of  fractured  bones. 

II.  >i.  In  med.,  a  remedy  believed  to  pro- 
mote the  union  of  fractured  parts.    Uunglison. 

catagmatical  (kat-ag-mat'i-kal),  a.  Pertaining 
to  catagmatics.     Coles. 

catagrapht  (kat'a-graf),  n.  [<  L.  catagrapha, 
n.  pL,  profile  paintings,  <  Gr.  Karaypaijir/,  a  cb-aw- 
ing,  outline,  <  Kardi  paijio;,  drawn  in  outline,  < 
KaTaypd(p£iv,  draw  in  outline,  write  down,  <  mrd, 
down,  -f  ypaipuv,  write.]  1.  The  first  draft  of 
a  picture. — 2.  Ain'ofile._ 

Cataian,  Cathaian  (ka-ta'an,  -tha'an),  a.  and 
n.  [<  Cathay,  formerly  pronoimced  Catay, 
called  Kitai  by  Marco  Polo;  said  to  be  a  Per- 
sian corruption  of  Ei-tan,  the  name  of  a  Tatar 
tribe  who  ruled  the  northern  part  of  China 
from  A.  D.  1118  to  1235,  under  the  title  of  the 
A'i»,  or  golden  dynasty.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Cathay. 

II.  n.  A  native  of  Cathay  (an  early,  and  now 
only  a  poetic,  name  for  China) ;  a  foreigner  gen- 
erally ;  hence,  in  old  writers,  an  indiscriminate 
term  of  reproach. 

I  will  not  believe  such  a  Cataian,  though  the  priest  o' 
the  town  commended  him  for  a  true  man. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  1. 

Catalan  (kat'a-lan),  a.  and  n.     [=  F.  Catalan, 

<  Sp.  t'«(<(/«HJ' pertaining  to  Catuluna,  Catalo- 
nia, <  Gothalania,  the  land  of  the  Goths  and 
Alans,  who  settled  in  it  in  the  5th  century.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Catalonia,  a  former  province 
of  Spain  (now  a  geographical  division  compris- 
ing several  provinces),  or  to  its  inhabitants  or 
language Catalan  forge  or  furnace.    See/»ruace. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  Catalonia,  Spain;  es- 
pecially, one  belonging  to  the  indigenous  race 
or  people  of  Catalonia,  wherever  found,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  other  Spaniards. — 2.  The  lan- 
guage of  Catalonia,  Valencia,  and  the  Balearic 
isles.  It  holds  a  position  similar  to  the  Provencal,  to 
which  it  is  closely  related,  Catalonia  having  been  ruled  by 
a  line  of  French  counts  for  several  centuries  before  its  union 
with  Aragon  in  1137.  The  language  was  early  cultivated 
and  had  a  considerable  literature. 
catalectic  (kat-a-lek'tik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  cata- 
lectique  =  Sp.  catalectico  =  Pg.  catalectico  =  It. 
catalettico,  <  LL.  catakctieus,  <  Gr.  KaTa?.!iKTiK6(, 
leaving  off,  <  Kara'Ai/yeiv,  leave  off,  <  Kara  inten- 
sive -I-  linniv,  leave  off,  cease.]  I.  a.  In  pros. : 
(a)  Wanting  part  of  the  last  foot:  as,  a  catalec- 
tic line  or  verse:  opposed  to  acatalectic.  In  tlie 
following  couplet  the  second  line  is  catalectic,  the  fli-st 
acatalectic. 

Tell  m6  I  not.  In  I  mournful  I  niimbers, 

Life  Is  I  out  an  1  empty  (  dream  ! 
Verses  consisting  of  feet  of  three  or  more  syllables  are  de- 
scribed as  catalectic  in  a  syllnhle,  a  dinitUable,  or  a  tri^l- 
table,  according  to  the  number  of  syllables  in  the  last  or 
incomplete  foot. 

If  the  first  half  of  the  line  has  its  12  short  times,  the 
second  or  catalectic  part  would  seem  to  have  but  11 :  but 
Aristoxenus,  as  we  have  seen,  rejects  the  foot  of  11  shorts 
as  being  unrhythmical.  J.  lladley.  Essays,  p.  lO.i. 

(6)  In  a  wider  sense,  wanting  part  of  a  foot 
or  measure:  as,  a  catalectic  colon;  a  verse 
doubly  catalectic.  See  brachycatakctic,  dicata- 
lectic,  hypercatakctic,  and  procatakctic. 
II.  n.  A  catalectic  verse. 
catalecticant  (kat-a-lek'ti-kant),  H.  [<  Gr. 
naTa'/.cKTiov,  to  be  reckoned  up  or  counted,  ver- 
bal adj.  of  KaTa'Alyciv,  lay  down,  pick  out,  count, 

<  Kara,  down,  +  Xeyeiv,  lay.]  In  math.,  the  in- 
variant whose  vanishing  expresses  that  a  quan- 
tie  of  order  2«  can  be  reduced  to  the  sum  of  u 
powers  of  order  2n.  The  catalecticant  of  the  sextic 
(a,  b,  c,  d,  c,  /, ;;)  (x, !/)«  is 

a,  b,  c,  d 

b,  c,  d,  e 

c,  d,  e,  f 

d,  e,  /,  ;,, 

and  those  of  other  orders  are  formed  iu  the  same  way. 


catalogue 

catalepsy  (kat'a-li-p-sl  >,  n.  [Also,  as  LL.,  cata- 
Icjisis  (>  F.  caiaUjisie  =  Sp.  Pg.  ralatepsia  = 
It.  catalessia),  <  (ir.  Karu/j/ijui:,  a  grasjiing,  seiz- 
ing, <  Kara'/aitj^uvriv,  seize  ujion,  <  narn,  down. 
+  '/-ii/ijidvtiv  {i/  '/aji),  seize,  take.  Cf.  t pilejisy.] 
An  affection,  generally  connected  witli  hyste- 
ria, characterized  by  attacks  resembling  hys- 
terical coma,  with  a  peculiar  muscular  rigidity 
of  the  limbs;  a  similar  abiuinnal  state  pro- 
duced artificially  in  the  healtliy  body  in  certain 
mesmeric  states. 

cataleptic  (kat-a-lep'tik),  o.  and  h.  [=  F.  cata- 
kjitique  =  Sp.  catakptico  =  Pg.  catakptico  =  It. 
catalettico,  <  LL.  catalepticus,  <  Gr.  Kara>j/-!7-iK6c, 

<  /iarri>v/i/'(f :  see  catalepsy.']  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  affected  with  catalepsy. 

Silas's  cataleptic  fit  occurred  during  the  prayer-raeeting. 

Georye  Eliot,  .Silas  Marner,  i. 

The  young  lady  was  able  to  execute  [on  the  pianoforte), 

in  the  cataleptic  state,  what  she  apparently  had  not  learned 

and  could  not  execute  w  hen  out  of  that  state. 

Pop.  .*!.  JIu.,  XIII.  450. 

II.  «.  A  person  affected  with  catalepsy. 
cataleptiform  (kat-a-lep'ti-fonn),  a.      [<  LL. 
cdtiih-psis  {-kpt-)  +  1^.  fon»a,ioi'ai.'\     Resem- 
bling catalepsy. 

catafeptize  (kat-a-lep'tiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
catalepti:ed,  -ppv" catakptizitig.  [<  catakpt-ic 
+  -ize.']     To  render  cataleptic. 

A  most  remarliable  phenomenon  may  be  observed  in 
some  instances  :  by  merely  opening  one  eye  of  the  lethar- 
gic patient  the  corresponding  side  of  the  body  is  catalep- 
tized.  Fortnightly  Ren.,  X.  S.,  XLI.  733. 

We  read  of  priests  being  cataleptized  at  the  altar  in  the 
attitude  of  elevating  the  sacrament. 

Quoted  in  Fortnightly  Rec,  X.  S.,  XLI.  739. 

cataleptoid  (kat-a-lep'toid),  a.  [<  catalepsis 
(-Upl-)  +  -oid.]     Resembling  catalepsy. 

catalexis  (kat-a-lek'sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  KnTu/t/^ic, 
an  ending,  termination  (in  prosody  as  in  def.), 

<  mTa'/r/yeiv,  leave  off :  see  catalectic.']  In  pros., 
incompleteness  of  the  last  foot  or  measure  of 
a  verse ;  in  a  vrider  sense,  incompleteness  of 
any  foot  in  a  verse.  Catalexis  is  not  the  suppression 
of  any  rhythmical  element,  but  the  want  of  a  correspond- 
ing syllable  or  syllables  in  the  words  to  fill  out  a  time 
(mora)  or  times  necessary  to  the  metrical  completeness  of 
the  line.  This  space  is  filled  out  by  a  pause  — in  the  quan- 
titative poetry  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  either  by  a  pause 
or  by  prolonging  the  preceding  syllable. 

Lines  therefore  will  be  so  divided  into  feet  that  the  ictus 
shall  always  tall  on  the  first  syllable  of  each  foot,  admit- 
ting anacrusis  and  catalexis  wherever  necessary. 

Trans.  Amer.  Philul.  Ass..  XVI.  84. 

Catallacta  (kat-a-lak'tii),  «.  111.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
*(car(M>,a»>70f,  verbal  adj.  of  Kara'/Maceiv,  change, 
exchange  :  see  catallactics.]  A  group  of  endo- 
plastie  Protozoa,  the  tj-pe  of  which  is  the  genus 
Magosphfcra,  established  by  Haeckel  in  1871: 
now  called  Catallactida;  (which  see).  See  cut 
under  Mnt/ospha-ra. 

catallactically  (kat  -  a  -  lak '  t  i  -  kal  -  i),  adv.  [< 
'catallactic,  implied  in  catallactics,  q.  v.]  In 
exchange;  in  return.     [Rare.] 

You  may  grow  for  your  neighbour,  at  your  liking,  grapes 
or  gi-apeshot ;  he  will  also  crt/a//nc^V«?/,i/ grow  grapes  or 
grapeshot  tor  you,  and  you  will  each  reap  «  hat  you  have 
sown.  Ruskin,  Tnto  this  Last,  iv. 

catallactics  (kat-a-lak'tiks),  n.  [<  Gr.  koto?.- 
'/.aK-iKuf,  easy  to  reconcile,  but  taken  in  its  lit- 
eral sense  of  '  changeable,  having  to  do  \\-ith  ex- 
change,' <  *KaTd/2aKT0c,  verlial  adj.  of  mra'AUa- 
aetv,  change  (money),  exchange,  also  reconcile, 

<  Kara,  down,  against,  +  d'/.'/dcauv,  change,  < 
a7AoQ  =  L.  alius,  other:  see  else.]  The  science 
of  exchanges :  adopted  by  Whately  as  a  desig- 
nation of  political  economy. 

One  eminent  writer  has  proposed  as  a  name  for  Political 
Economy  Catallactics,  or  the  science  of  exchanges. 

J.  S.  Mill.  Pol.  Econ.,  III.  i.  §  1. 

Catallactidae  (kat-a-lak'ti-de),  H.  pi.  [NL..  < 
Catallacta  +  -ida-.']'  A  family  of  pelagic  poly- 
mastigate  pantostomatous  infusorians,  corre- 
sponding to  Haeckel's  gi-oup  of  Catallacta.  co- 
herent in  social  clusters,  with  their  anterior  and 
exposed  border  clotlied  with  long  \-ibratile  fla- 
gella,  and  with  no  distinct  oral  aperture. 

catalog  (kat'a-log),  «.  A  recent  spelling  of 
eataloque. 

catalogue  (kat'a-log),  n.  [Also  recently  cata- 
liii/ :  =  I),  kataioog  =  G.  catalog,  kalalog  =  Dan. 
Sw.  hitdloq  =  Riiss.  katalogu,  <  F.  catalogue  = 
Pr.  cathalogue  =  Sp.  catdlogo  =  Pg.  It.  catalogo, 

<  LL.  catdlogus,  <  Gr.  Ka-ri;<o;oc,  a  list,  register, 

<  KaTa7.iyeiv,  reckon  up.  tell  at  length,  <  nard, 
down,  -1-  Myetv,  tell,  say.]  A  list  or  register 
of  separate  items;  an  itemized  statement  or 
enumeration;  specifically,  a  list  or  enumera- 
tion of  the  names  of  men"  or  things,  with  added 
particulars,  disposed  in  a  certain  order,  gener- 
ally alphabetical :  as,  a  catalogue  of  the  students 


catalogue 

of  a  college,  of  the  wtars,  m-  of  a  museum  or  a 
library.     See  card-cataUiyuc. 

Mysulf  cdultl  show  a  catalui/ttc  of  doubts,  never  yet 
iuia^ineit  or  questioned. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  ReliKio  Medici,  i.  21. 

She  is  to  he  added  to  tlie  catatofjue  of  repuhlies,  tlie  in- 
scription upon  whose  ruin  is,  "  Tliey  were,  l)ut  tiley  are 
not.  Sliini,  .Salem,  Sept.  18,  1«2S. 

T^Kly  rataloiiufs  of  sins  and  oaths  and  (h-unkenness  and 
l)rutjtnty.       "  Fromit',  Sitetehes,  p.  47. 

Catalogue  raisonn^  (.v.,  literally  reasoned  catalogue), 
a  catalogue  of  boolis,  paintings,  or  the  like,  classed  ae- 
cordinj;  to  their  subjects,  usually  with  more  or  less  full 
coninients  or  explanations.  =Syn.  I^i'^t,  Cntahfuif.  LUt 
means  a  mere  enumeration  of  nulividual  persons  or  arti- 
cles, while  rataloiiw  jiroperly  supposes  some  description, 
with  the  names  in  a  certain  order.  Tlius  we  speak  of  a 
subscription  lint,  l>ut  of  the  catalogue  of  a  museum  or  a 
litirary. 

catalogue  (kat'a-log),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cata- 
loyucd,  jipr.  cataloguing.  [<  catalogue,  «.;  =F. 
cataloguer.}  To  make  a  catalogue  of;  enter  in 
a  catalogue. 

ItlScriptureJcannot,  asitwere,  beraapped  oritscontents 
caialoijned.   J.  II.  Xewman,  Development  of  Christ.  Doet. 

cataloguer  ( kat 'a-log-er) ,)i.  [<  en  talogue  +  -o-l ; 
=  F.  ciitalogncur.'l  One  who  arranges  and  pre- 
pares a  catalogue,  as  of  books,  plants,  stars,  etc. 
Tlie  supposed  cases  of  disappearance  [of  stars]  arose  from 
cafatot/ii<'''>i  iiccidentally  recordioK  stars  in  positions  where 
none  existed.  Netccomh  and  flulden,  Astron.,  p.  44(1. 

cataloguist  (kat'a-log-ist),  n.  [<  catalogue  + 
-int.}  One  who  is  skilled  in  making  catalogues ; 
a  professional  cataloguer.     [Rare.] 

Thouyh  not  madeljy  eatalojuiats,  let  me  mention  a  some- 
what similar  mistake  caused  by  a  misleadins;  title. 

N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  1C6. 

cataloguize  (kat'a-log-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
cat(iliigiii:cil,  ppr.  catalogui::i)ig.  [<  catalogue 
+  -(.re.]  To  insert  or  arrange  in  a  catalogue; 
catalogue.     [Rare.] 

Catalonian  (kat-a-lo'ni-an),  a.  [<  Catalonia 
(Sp.  Cataluna)  -f'  -ian.  "  Cf .  Catalan.']  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Catalonia.     See  Catalan. 

catalpa  (ka-tal'pa),  H.  [The  Amer.  Indian 
name  in  Carolina  for  the  tirst  species  mentioned 
below.]  1.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Catalpa. —  2. 
[cap.}  [NL.]  A  small  genus  of  bignoniaeeous 
trees,  with  large  simple  leaves,  terminal  pan- 
icles of  showy  flowers,  and  long  linear  pods 
with  winged  seeds,  c.  biffnoniuides  and  C.  xpici...™ 
are  natives  of  tlie  United  States,  and  are  common  in  culti- 
vation iis  ornamental  trees.  The  wood  is  li^dit  and  soft, 
but  durable,  and  ismucli  used  for  railroad-ties,  fence- posts, 
etc.  The  bark  is  bitter,  and  has  been  employed  as  a  vermi- 
fuge. Two  similar  species  from  China  and  Japan  are  occa- 
sionally cultivated.  The  other  species  are  West  Indian ; 
one  of  these,  C.  Innffissima,  is  known  as  French  oak,  and 
its  bark  is  ricll  in  tannin. 

catalysis  (ka-tal'i-sis),  n. ;  pi.  catalyses  (-sez). 
[=  F.  catalyse  =  Sp.  catalisis,  <  NL.  catalysis, 

<  Gr.  KaraAvni^,  dissolution,  <  KOTalheiv,  dis- 
solve, <  Kara,  down,  +  Akn',  loose.  Cf.  analysis.} 

1.  Dissolution;  destruction;  degeneration;  de- 
cay.    [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Sad  catalysis  and  declension  of  piety.  Evelyn. 

The  sad  catalyitijt  did  come,  and  swept  away  eleven  hun- 
dred thousand  "of  the  nation.  Jer.  Taylor. 

2.  A  decomposition  and  new  combination 
supposed  by  Berzelius  and  other  chemists  to 
be  produced  among  the  proximate  and  elemen- 
tary principles  of  one  or  more  compounds,  by 
virtue  of  the  mere  presence  of  a  substance  or 
substances  which  do  not  of  themselves  enter 
into  the  reaction,  it  is  at  present  1  .elieved  that  bodies 
which  cause  catalysis  do  in  some  way  take  jiart  in  the 
chemical  reactions  involved,  though  they  are  in  the  course 
of  it  always  liroui^dit  back  to  their  ori}^inal  condition. 

I  am  stroii^dy  disposed  to  consider  that  the  facts  of 
Catalysis  depend  upon  voltaic  .action,  to  generate  which 
three" heteroj,'cueous  substances  are  always  necessary. 

W.  R.  Grove,  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  6. 

catalysotype  (kat-a-lis'o-tip),  n.  [IiTeg.  <  ca- 
tah/s).-:  +  tiijie.}  In  photog.,  a  calotype  process 
in  wliich  iron  iodide  is  used  in  the  preparation 
of  tlie  )iaper,  in  place  of  potassium  ioclide. 

catalytic  (kat-a-lit'ik),  a.  [=  F.  catalytique  = 
Sp.  catalitico,  i  Gr.  xara/i'-iwif,  able  to  dissolve, 

<  "xara/iiirof,  verbal  adj.  of  KaTalitw,  dissolve: 
see  catalysis  and  -ic.}  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
characterized  by  catalysis ;  having  the  power 
of  decomposing  a  compoimd  body  apparently 
by  mere  contact ;  resulting  from  catalysis. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  the  increased  electrolytic 
power  of  water  by  tlie  addition  of  some  acids,  such  as  the 
sulphuric  ami  phosphoric,  where  the  aciils  themselves  are 
not  decomposed,  depends  upon  a  catalytic  ellect  of  these 
acids.  \V.  R.  Grove,  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  Kill. 

Catalytic  agent.  («)  a  body  which  produces  chemical 
cliaiit;cs  ill  another  apparently  by  mere  contact.  Thus 
yea.st  resolves  snuar,  Ity  contact,  into  earlionic  acid  ami 
alcohol.  (/»)  A  iiuiiiciiie  wbicli  is  presumetl  to  act  by  the 
destruction  or  coiintcractioii  of  morbid  agencies  in  the 
blood.  — Catalytic  force,  tlie  power  seemingly  possessed 
by  some  bodies  to  prn.hicc  changes  in  others  by  contact, 
without  themselves  undergoing  permanent  change. 


855  cataphracted 

Same  as  cata-  cat-and-dog  (kat'and-dog'),  n.  and  n.      I.  a. 


catalytical  (kat-a-lit'i-kal),  a. 
lytic 

catalytically  (kat-a-lit'i-kal-i),  atlr.  In  a  cat- 
alytic manner;  as  a  catalytic  agent. 

I'latinum  black  .  .  .  absorbs  bOO  times  its  volume  of 
o-xygen  from  the  air.  and  in  virtue  thereof  is  a  most  active 
oxidizing  agent,  which,  in  general,  acts  catalytically,  be- 
cause the  black,  after  having  given  up  its  oxygen  to  the 
oxidizable  substance  present,  at  once  takes  up  a  fresh 
sujiply  from  the  atmosphere.  Encyc.  Rrit.,  .\IX.  191. 

catamaran  (kat"a-ma-ran'),  n.  [=  F.  catima- 
ron,  <  Hind,  katmarah,  <  Malayalara  Af^rtmHrowi 
{Tamil  l-attumaram),  lit.  'tied  logs,' <  ketta  (= 
Tamil,  Telugu,  and  Canarese  kattu,  a  binding,  a 
bond,  tic,  <  kattu  (cerebral  tt),  bind)  -I-  niaram  = 
Tamil  »(«)•«/«,  a  tree,  wood,  timber.]  1.  A  kind 
of  float  or  raft  used  by  various  peoples,  it  consists 
usually  of  several  pieces  of  wood  lashed  together,  the  mid- 
dle piece  or  pieces  being  longer  than  the  others,  and  having 
one  end  turned  up  in  the  form  of  a  bow.  It  is  used  on  the 
coasts  of  Coromaudel,  and  particularly  at  Madras,  for  con- 
veying letters,  messages,  etc.,  through  the  surf  to  the  sliip- 
ping  in  the  roads.  Catamarans  are  also  used  in  short 
navigations  along  the  sea-shore  in  the  West  Indies,  and  on 
the  coast  of  Soutli  Aniorica  very  large  ones  are  employed. 
The  name  was  also  applied  to  the  llatliottomcd  tb-e-b<iats 
built  by  the  English  in  Isiu,  and  dcsiiatrhed,  withoutsuc- 
cess,  against  the  French  Motilla  collected  in  Boulogne  and 
neighboring  harbors  for  the  invasion  of  F.ugland. 

2.  Any  craft  with  twin  hulls,  the  inner  faces  of 
which  are  parallel  to  each  other  from  stem  to 
stern,  and  which  is  propelled  either  by  sail  or 
by  steam.  Sometimes  shortened  to  cat. —  3. 
A  quarrelsome  woman;  a  vixen;  a  scold:  a  hu- 
morous or  arbitrarj'  use,  with  allusion  to  cat  or 
catamount.     See  cat^,  4. 

At  his  expense,  you  catamaran  I  Dickens. 

She  was  such  an  obstinate  old  catamaran. 

Macmitlan's  May. 

catamenia  (kat-a-me'ni-a),  «.  jil.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KaTa//!/via,  prop.  neut.  pi.  of  KnTa/j^vior,  monthly, 
<  Kara,  according  to,  +  fi'/i',  a  mouth,  =  L.  men- 
sis,  a  month  (see  menses),  akin  to  E.  month, 
q.  v.]  The  monthly  Sowings  of  women;  the 
menses. 

catamenial  (kat-a-me'ni-al),  a.  [<  catamenia 
-¥  -al;  =  F.  catamenial.}  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  the  catamenia. 

Catametopa  (kat-a-met'o-pa),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  Kara,  down,  -I-  Metopa,  a  genus  of  crusta- 
ceans.] In  De  Blainville's  system  of  classifi- 
cation, one  of  four  families  of  brachym-ous  de- 
capod crustaceans;  the  Ocypodidw  in  a  broad 
sense :  now  called  Ocypodoidea  (wliich  see). 
Also  spelled  Catometopa. 

catamite  (kat'a-mit),  n.  [<  F.  catamite,  <  L. 
catamitus,  so  called  from  Catamitus,  -meitus, 
corrupt  form  of  Ganymedes :  see  Ganymede.} 
A  boy  kept  for  unnatural  purposes. 

catamount  (kat'a-mount),  n.  [Also  catamoun- 
tain ;  for  cut  o'  mount,  cat  o'  mountain  :  a,  o\  for 
of,  as  in  akin,  anew,  cat-o'-nine-tails,  o'clock,  etc. : 
see  cnJl,  n*,  mount^.}  1.  The  cat  of  themoim- 
tain;  the  European  wildcat. — 2.  In  her.,  this 
animal  when  used  as  a  bearing,  it  is  generally 
represented  nearly  like  a  jianther,  and  is  always  giiardant, 
and  therefore  it.s  pn.^itinn  is  not  mentioned  in  the  blaztui. 

3.  In  the  United  .States  and  Canada:  (o)  A  wild- 
cat; a  lynx;  any  species  of  the  genus  Lynx, 
which  contains  several  large  wildcats  with 
short  tails,  penciled  ears,  and  reddish  or  reddish- 
gray  coloration,  much  variegated  with  lighter 
and  darker  markings,  as  the  bay  lynx.  Lynx 
rufus,  or  the  Canada  lynx,  L.  canadensis.  See 
cut  uniler  Lynx,  (h)  The  cougar,  puma,  or 
mountain  lion,  Felis  concolor.     See  cougar. 

catamountain  (kat'a-moun'tan),  n.  and  a.  I. 
n.  Same  as  catamount. 

The  owl  is  abroad,  the  bat,  and  the  toad. 
And  so  is  the  cat-a-mountain. 

B.  Jonsnn,  Masipie  of  Queens. 
The  glaring  catamountain  and  the  (piill-darting  porcu- 
pine. Martinns  .Scrihl^nis. 

II.  a.  Like  a  wildcat;  ferocious;  wildly  sav- 
age: as,  ^' eat-a-mountaiii  looks,"  iShak.,  M.  W. 
of  \V.,  ii.  -2.     [Rare.] 

ca'tanadromous  (kat-a-nad'ro-mus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
Kara,  down,  +  avafipofwi;,  running  up:  see  anad- 
romous.}  Passing  at  fixed  interi-als  from  salt 
water  into  fresh,  and  returning :  applied  to  such 
(ishes  as  the  salmon  and  the  shad.  Also  WTit- 
teii  eatandromous. 

Catananche  (kat-a-uang'ke),  «.  [NL.,  prop. 
'Catdiiancc,  <  L.  catanance,  <  Gr.  KaravayKtj,  a 
plant  of  the  vetch  kind,  from  which  love-potions 
\ipL>TtKal  KaravayKai)  were  made,  a  particular  use 
of  KaramyKij,  force,  <  Kara,  down,  +  inu)K!i,  com- 
pulsion, force,  necessity.]  A  genus  of  cichori- 
aceous  plants  of  southern  Europe.  The  blue 
cupidone,  C.  ccerulea,  is  cultivated  for  its  flow- 
ers. 


tjuiirrtdsomc,  as  a  cat  and  a  dog;  dis])08ed  to 
disuKroc  or  fight ;  inharmonious :  as,  to  load  a 
cat-anil-ilog  life. 
II,  «.  Same  as  tip-cat. 

eatandromous  (ka-tan'dro-mus),  a.  See  cat- 
anadromous. 

catapan(kat-a-pan'),n.  [F.cato/)a;i,  etc.,<  ML. 
catapanus,  caiipanus,  <  MGr.  Kor*' Trniof  =  ORuss. 
A-oro/)fl««  =  OServ.  kotopani,  a  catapan,  a  trans- 
position of  It.  capitano  {>  Turk,  qapuddn,  ejap- 
tan,  etc.),  ML.  capitanus,  a  leader,  captain  :  see 
captain.}  A  high  official  of  the  Byzantine  em- 
pire ;  the  governor  of  a  south  Italian  province 
under  the  Greek  emperors. 

A  late  unsuccessful  revolt  against  the  Oreck  Catapan. 
C.  C.  Perkinn,  Italian  .Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  xxx. 

catapasm  (kat'a-pazm),  n.  [=F.  catapasme  = 
Sp.  cdtajiasma,  itir.  KaTdvatj/m,  powder,  (.aara- 
■Kaantiv,  sprinkle  over,  <  Kara,  down,  over,  + 
Trdnanv,  sprinkle.]  A  dry  powder  employed  by 
tlie  ancients  to  sprinkle  on  ulcers,  absorb  per- 
spiration, etc. 

catapeltict  (kat-a-pel'tik),  a.  and  n.      [<  Gr. 
KaraTTtXr/Kof,  pertaining  to  a  catapult,  <  Kara- 
7rf?.Ti!c,  a  catapult:   see  catapult.}     I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  catapult. 
II.  n.  A  catapult. 

catapetalous  (kat-a-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kara, 
against,  +  ^ri-a'/ov,  a  leaf,  mod.  a  petal,  +  -ous.} 
In  l)ot.,  having  the  petals  imited  only  through 
their  cohesion  to  the  base  of  a  column  of  united 
stamens,  as  in  the  mallow. 

cataphasia  {kat-a-fii'ziii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kara, 
down,  +  (paoir,  a  saying,  speaking,  <  ipavai,  speak ; 
cf.  harri^ooff/f,  an  affirmation.]  In  jiatliol.,  a  dis- 
turbance of  speech  in  which  the  patient  repeats 
the  same  word  several  times  in  answer  to  a 
r|Ufstion. 

cataphonic  (kat-a-fon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  koto, 
agaiusi,  +  i^l,i7),  sound.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
cataiihonics. 

cataphonics  (kat-a-fon'iks),  «.  [PI.  of  cata- 
phonic ;  =  F.  cataphoniquc  =  Sp.  catafonica,  cat- 
aphonies.]  The  theory  of  reflected  sounds,  a 
branch  of  acoustics;  catacoustics. 

catapbora  (ka-taf'o-ra),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  cata- 
phiira  =  Sp.  catufora),  <  Gr.  Karaiofxi,  a  lethar- 
gic attack,  a  bringing  down,  a  fall,  <  huTait>lf»(v, 
bring  down,  <  Kina,  down,  -f  ipiiicii;  bring,  bear, 
=  E.  bear^.}  In  jiathol.,  a  kind  of  lethargy  or 
somnolency  attended  with  short  remissions  or 
intervals  of  imperfect  waking. 

cataphoric  (kat-a-for'ik).  a.  [<  Gr.  narafjiopiKSc, 
violent,  <  KaTa<liopog,  rushing  down,  <  KaTa<pepeii', 
bring  down :  see  cataphora.}  Ha\ing  the  power 
to  produce  motion,  as  of  a  liqind,  through  a  dia- 
phragm in  the  phenomenon  sometimes  called 
electrical  endosmose  (see  endosmose) :  said  of 
an  electric  current. 

cataphract  (kat'a-frakt),  H.  and  a.  [=  F.  catti- 
phracte,  <  L.  cataphracta,  -tes,  <  Gr.  aaraippa- 
KTr/c,  a  coat  of  mail,  <  Har&ifipanTor,  mailed,  pro- 
tected, <  KaTaippdaaeiv,  cover  with  mail,  <  Kara, 
against,  +  ippaaacw  (■]/  "(ppan),  fence  in,  pro- 
tect.] I.  «.  1.  An  ancient  defensive  armor 
composed  of  scales  of  metal  or  other  material 
sewed  to  a  garment  of  leather  or  stuff,  and  cov- 
ering often  the  whole  body  and  the  limbs,  but 
not  the  head,  upon  wlueh  a  helmet  of  another 
material  was  placed.  Horses  were  also  covered  with 
the  same  defensive  armor.  This  dress  was  associated  by 
tloinans  of  the  early  empire  with  eastern  nations,  such  as 
the  I'arthiaus  and  Sarmatians, 

Archers  and  slingers,  cataphractn  and  spears. 

,Vt(/u;l,  S.  A.,  1.  1619. 

2.  In  :ool.,  the  ai-mor  of  plates  or  strong  scales 
protecting  some  animals.     J.  1).  Dana. 

H.  a.  1.  Fenced  in;  provided  with  bulwarks 
or  a  protecting  covering;  covered;  protected: 
as,  a  cr;^i;)/irnct  war-galley. —  2.  Same  as  cata- 
phraeft  d. 
Cataphracta  (kat-a-frak'tii),  n.jil.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  L.  cataphracius,  mailed:  see  cataphracti.} 
In  herpct.,  a  systematic  name  for  the  shield- 
reptiles,  (n)  In  Latreilles  classillcation,  a  division  of 
reptiles  composed  of  the  cheloiiiansand  crocodilians.  (b) 
In  .1.  E.  Cray's  classitlcation  (ISIil),  a  large  group  or  sec- 
tion of  reptiles  with  the  ([Uadrate  bone  immovably  united 
with  the  cranium  and  the  body  generally  coveretl  with 
angular  embedded  plates.  It  comprises  the  orders  or 
gi'onps  A>» //'/'»>■«  f/n*  (crocodilians),  Rhynchocephaiia,  Che- 
litnia  (tortoises),  and  .intphi^tbtvnia. 

cataphracted  (kat'a-frak-ted),  a.  [<  cata- 
jdiract  +  -<(/-.]  In  :odl.,  covered  with  homy 
or  bony  plates  or  scales  closely  joined  togeth- 
er, or  with  a  thick  hardened  skin.  Also  cata- 
phract. 


cataphractl 

cataphracti  (kat-ii-lVak'ti),  «.  pi.  [L.  cnta- 
plinicli,  mailed  soldiers,  pi.  of  cntajihractm, 
X  Gt.  KaTaippniiTor,  mailed:  see  catapltratl.'i  1. 
A  name  ki^'Ph  ^'y  ♦'""  Koinaus  to  incii  weai-iiif; 
the  oataplivat't ;  siieciiioally,  a  body  of  truojis 
intvodueod  into  the  Koman  aniiy  itsolt'  in  tlie 
fourth  century  A.  D.,  and  forming  at  a  later 
time  i)erha])s  the  most  formidable  part  of  the 
Byzantine  armies. — 2.  [cap.']  [NL.]  In  Miil- 
leVs  and  Giinther's  aystems  of  classificatiou : 
(«)  A  family  of  acanlhopterygian  fishes,  liaving 
a  bony  stay  for  the  angle  of  the  preoperculum, 
whicli  is  armed,  and  the  body  completely  eui- 
rassed  by  bony -keeled  plates  or  scales.  (Ij)  The 
fourth  group  of  Trif/lidw,  with  the  body  com- 
pletely cuirassed  by  bony-keeled  plates  or 
scales',  and  ha  ring  pyloric  appendages  in  small 
or  moderate  number. — 3.  [«//».]  [NL.]  A  fam- 
ily of  plectognathous  fishes:  same  as  Ostra- 
rinntidd:     Fit::iiif/c>;  1873. 

cataphractic  (kat-a-frak'tik),  a.  [<  cata- 
jilinict  +  -ic]  Pertaining  toaeataphract;  re- 
sembling a  cataphract. 

Cataphrygian  (kat-a-fi'ij'i-an).  n.  [<  LL.  Ca- 
tuphryiidi,  pi.  (<  Gr. 'koto,  according  to,  +  <i'pv- 
yia,  Plirygia,  the  native  country  of  Montanus), 
+  -!a«.]  One  of  the  ancient  sect  of  heretics 
now  commonly  called  Montanist^.  See  Monta- 
nist. 

cataphyl  (kat'a-fil),  «.     Same  as  c(i1apliyl}um. 

cataphylla,  «.     Plural  of  (■ataplnjUum. 

cataphyllary  (kat-a-fil'a-ri),  «.  [<  aitujihyUum 
+  -anj^.]     Of  the  nature  of  a  cataphyllum. 

The  two  most  conmioii  forms  of  leaves  are  the  scales  or 
'*calaj'h;fUary  leaves  "  and  the  foliage  leaves. 

Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  193. 

cataphyllum  (kat-a-fil'iun),  n.;  pi.  cataphylla 

(-ii).  [NL.  (cf.  Gr.  KciTa^v'A'/.oc, 
leafy  ),<  Gr.  Kara,  dov™,  upon, 
-I-  (jipAlov  =  Xi.  folium,  leaf.] 
In  hot.,  one  ef  the  rudimen- 
tary leaves  which  precede 
a  stage  of  growth,  as  the  co- 
tyledons of  an  embiyo,  the 
scales  of  a  bud,  the  scales 
of  a  rhizome,  etc.  Also  cata- 
J'ln/l. 

cataphysic,     cataphysical 

(kat-a-tiz'ik,  -i-kal),  ii.  [<  Gr. 
Kara,  down,  against,  +  ^I'ff'f, 
natm-e :  see  physical.']  Con- 
trary or  opposed  to  nature: 
as,  catajihi/mcal  laws, 
cataplasm  (kat'a-plazm),  ■)>. 
[=  F.  c<it(ij)lasiiic  =  Up.  Pg. 
It.  cataphismu,  <  L.  cataplas- 
ma,  a  plaster,  poultice,  <  Gr. 
KardTvAac/ia,  poultice,  <  Ko-a- 
77'/.dcraciv,  spread  over,  <  Kara, 
down,  -I-  Tr/.aaaetv,  form,  shape :  see  2jlaster.] 
In  nicd.,  a  soft  and  moist  substance  to  be  ap- 
plied to  some  part  of  the  body;  a  poidtiee. 
cataplectic  (kat-a-plek'tik),  a'.  [=  F.  cataplec- 
iiqiir,  <  Gr.  naTanh/KTiKu^,  striking,  <  KaTawyitjuTOQ, 
astonishing,  lit.  'striking  down,'  verbal  adj.  of 
KaraTr'Aiiaaciv,  strike  down:  see  cutajilcxy  and 
-ic]  Pertaining  to  cataplexy ;  causing  cata- 
plexy; shocking  the  nervous  system.  [Bare.] 
The  cataplectic  effect  of  massive  stimulation. 

Proc.  .Sue.  Psych.  Jiisearch,  Oct.,  1886. 
catapleiite  (kat-a-ple'it),  n.  A  silicate  of  zir- 
conium and  sodium,  occurring  in  tabidar  hex- 
agonal crystals  of  a  yellowi.sh-brown  color, 
cataplexy  (kat'a-ple'k-si),  «.  [=  P.  cataplexie 
=  Sp.  Pg.  cataplcria,  <  NL.  *cataplcxia,  <  Gr. 
KaraTrHj^,  stricken,  struck  (cf.  Kara-'/j/^ig,  con- 
sternation), <  aaTa-'/j/aaciv,  strike  down,  <  Ka-d, 
down,  +  -n-'/J/aaciv  (i/  *n-A!?j-,  *n'Aa)),  strike :  see 
plectrum,  plague.']  A  sudden  nervous  shock 
which  immobilizes  or  paralyzes  the  subject. 

A  state  which  our  ancestors  called  Sideration,  and  which 
we  now  call  cataplexy.  .  .  .  This  word  was  coined,  I 
believe,  by  Preyer,  ami  applied  to  the  condition  of  hens 
starinj;  at  a  clialkline. 

Proc.  .SV)c  Psych.  Research,  Oct.,  1886,  p.  143. 

cata,potiont,  catapotiumt,  v.    [L.  raUipotium, 

<  (ir.  Hnva-6rivv,  KnTi'nroTin;  a  Jiill,  orig.  that 
which  can  be  gulped  down  (cf.  Kard-oaif,  deg- 
lutition), <  KaTaiTivuv,  gulp  down,  <  Kara,  down, 
+  Trivuv  (•/  *m,  *ffo),  di'ink:  see  potion.]  1. 
ApUl. 

Here  he  began  to  taste  the  fragrant  smack, 

The  caiapotion  of  heart-easing  love. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 
2.  Deglutition. 
ca,tapucet  (kat'a-pus),  «.  [JIE.,  also  catapus,  < 
F.  calaimce  =  Sp.  Pg.  catapucia  =  \i.  catapu::a, 
spurge,  prob.  <  L.  calapotium  ;  see  cataiiotioii.] 
The  herb  spurge,  Euphorbia  Lathyris.   Chaucer. 


866 

catapult  (kat'a-pult),  «.  [=  F.  catapulte  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  ca'tajiulta,  <  L.  catapttlta,  <  Gr.  ko- 
ran-ttn/f  (occasionally  -rrd'/.Ti/^),  an  engine  for 
throwing  stones,  prob.  <  'Ku-a-d'/.'/nv,  throw 
down,  in  pass.  Ka7ii-u'/-'/inllui,]ca\>  down,  <  Kard, 
down,  -f-  -d'/.'/.civ,  brandish,  swing,  hurl.]  1. 
In  Horn,  atitiq.,  amilitary  engine  used  to  throw 
darts  of  gi'eat  size,  called  phalarica  or  trifai. 


Corrii  of  Crocus  with 
Cataphylla. 


Catapult. 

Its  construction  is  nowhere  explained  with  any  fullness, 
and  it  is  uncertain  whether  its  action  was  that  of  a  cross- 
bow or  whether  springs  were  the  propelling  power.  By 
later  authors  the  catapult  and  ballista  seem  to  be  con- 
foundeil.  In  the  middle  ages  the  name  is  hardly  used, 
except  where  a  writer  is  evidently  seeking  to  give  a  clils- 
sical  form  to  his  composition.  In  the  annexed  cut,  which 
represents  a  catapult  of  the  later  period  when  no  dis- 
tinction was  made  between  it  and  the  ballista,  F  is  the 
end  of  a  strong  lever,  which  revolves  on  an  axis  and  is 
held  down  by  a  windlass,  A.  At  the  extremity  is  a  fork, 
E  E,  with  the  prongs  ciu'viug  slightly  upward  so  as  to  af- 
ford a  bed  for  a  barrel  of  combustible  matter  or  a  heavy 
missile  confined  by  a  rope  with  a  loop  at  the  end,  the  loop 
being  passed  through  a  hook.  D.  When  the  lever  was  re- 
leased it  bounded  suddenly  ninvard.  the  centrifugal  force 
causing  the  loop  Ctoslipt'tf  tlj,-  li(,..k,  wlurt-npnu  the  bar- 
rel held  on  the  fork  w:ts  lilniatcd  :md  pi'ojt-rted  toward 
its  object.  B  shows  rings  of  in.>n,  stone,  ur  lead,  intended 
to  increase  the  rebound  due  to  the  stretched  cables  or 
other  devices  which  furnished  the  propelling  force. 
Bring  up  the  catapults,  and  sluike  the  wall. 

Fletcher,  Bonduca,  iv.  4. 
All  the  bombards  and  catapults,  and  other  engines  of 
war,  thundered  fm'iously  upon  the  city,  doing  great  dam- 
age. Irvinff,  Granada,  p.  409. 

2.  A  small  forked  stick  to  each  prong  of  which 
is  attached  an  elastic  band,  generally  prorided 
with  a  piece  of  leather  in  the  middle,  used  by 
boys  for  throwing  small  missiles,  such  as  stones, 
peas,  paper  pellets,  and  the  like. 

catapultic  (kat-a-pul'tik),  a.  [<  catapult  +  -ic. 
Cf.  catapeltic]     Pertaining  to  a  catapidt. 

catapultier  (kat"a-piJ-ter'),  n.  [<  catapult  + 
-icr,  as  in  yrenadier,  etc.]  One  who  discharges 
missiles  from  a  catapult.     C.  Beade. 

cataract  (kat'a-rakt),  H.  [<  ME.  cateracte  =  F. 
cataractr  =  Pr.  cataracta  =  Sp.  Pg.  catarata  = 
It.  catcratta  =  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  kataralct  =  Russ. 
1;aiaral;tu,  <  L.  cataracta,  also  catarracta  and 
catarractcs,  <  Gr.  KaTappdKTi/c,  a  waterfall,  also 
a  portcullis  (as  adj.,  down-nishing) :  either  (1) 
<  KaTapp7))vvvai  (second  aor.  Harappayfivai),  break 
down,  in  pass,  rush  down,  <  kqto,  down,  -f-  p?]- 
yv'i'vat,  break;  or  (2),  being  also  spelled  narapd- 
KT?/c,  <  Karapdaaeiv,  dash  down,  break  in  pieces, 
fall  headlong,  <  Karfl,  down,  -f-  dpaacew,  strike 
hard,  dash  in  pieces.]  1.  A  descent  of  water 
over  a  steeply  sloping  but  not  perpendicidar 
surface,  as  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile  and  the 
Orinoco ;  hence,  especially  in  poetical  use,  any 
large  waterfall,  as  that  of  the  Niagara. 
You  cataracts  and  hurricanoes,  spout ! 

,Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  2. 

The  tremendous  cata  racts  of  America  thundering  in  their 

solitudes.  Irving. 

2.  Any  furious  rush  or  downpour  of  water. 

The  hollow  ocean-ridges  roaring  into  cataracts. 

Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

3.  A  disease  of  the  eye,  characterized  by  opa- 
city of  the  lens.  It  is  produced  in  various  ways,  often 
as  a  senile  change,  being  then  a  sclerosis  of  the  lens.  Cap- 
mdar  cataracts,  so  called,  do  not  involve  an  opaiineness 
of  the  capsule  of  the  lens  itself,  but  of  that  part  of  the 
lens  which  is  next  to  the  cajisnle,  or  are  due  to  a  deposit  of 
opaque  matter  externally  upon  the  capsule.  A  secondary 
eatariiet  is  one  due  to  ;ui  t  lulit  f  disease  of  the  eye.  Cata- 
racts are  juobubly  incuiabU-  except  by  surgical  treatment. 
The  lens  is  connnonly  entirely  removed  by  an  incision  into 
the  eye,  or  it  is  broken  up  with  a  tine  needle  and  left  t*>be 
absorbed. 

Almost  blind 
With  ever-growing  cataract. 

Tennyson,  The  .Sisters. 

4.  In  ,fort.,  a  herse. —  5.  A  regulator  for  sin- 
gle-acting steam-engines,  invented  by  Smea- 
ton.  E.  II.  Knitjhl. — 6t.  The  plungeon,  a  kind 
of  cormorant:  so  called  because  of  its  \iolent 
downward  flight  in  seizing  its  ]>rey.  E.  Phil- 
Upii,  170G.— Discission  of  cataract.  See  discission. 
=  Syn.  1,  Caaccule,  Cataract.    See  caecade'^. 


catasarca 

cataractine  (kat-a-rak'tin),  a.  [<  cataract  + 
-/«(l.]  Pert.aiuing  to  a  cataract  or  waterfall; 
giving  rise  to  a  fall  of  water.     [Rare.] 

The  plain  below  these  rntonirliiie  glaciers  was  ]ii]ingnp 
with  the  di^bris.  while  toinnts  of  the  meltetl  rubbish  found 
their  way,  foaming  and  niu.ldy,  to  the  sea.  carrying  gravel 
and  rorks  alnrig  with  tluni.    Knm;  Sec.  Crinn.  Exp.,  I.  :04. 

cataractous  (kat'a-rak-tus),  a.  [<  cataract  + 
-dus.]  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  cataract 
in  tlie  eye. 

cataract-spoon  (kat'a-rakt-spon),  «.  A  spoon 
or  curette  for  removing  the  lens  of  the  eye  in 
operations  for  cataract. 

Catarhina,  ".  pi.     See  Catarrhina. 

catarhine,  a.  and  «.     See  catarrhine. 

Catarhini  (kat-a-ri'ni),  ti.pl.  Same  as  Catar- 
rtiinii. 

cataria  (ka-ta'ri-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  LL.  cafits  (see 
crt<l)  -t-  -aria,  q.  v.]  A  name  of  the  catnip, 
Xepcta  Cataria. 

catarrh  (ka-tar'),  n.  [—  F.  catarrhe  =  Pr.  ca- 
t(ir  =  Pg.  catarrho  =  Sp.  It.  catarro,  <  L.  ca- 
tarrliu.<i,  <  Gr.  nardpponc.  a  catan-h,  lit.  a  flowing 
down,  <  Karappeir,  flow  down,  <  Mird,  dow^l,  -t- 
peii;  flow.]  Inflammation  of  a  mucous  mem- 
brane, especially  of  the  air-passages  of  the  head 
and  throat,  with  an  exudation  on  its  free  surface 
containing  mucin  and  epithelial  cells,  but  not 
involving  a  destmction  of  the  epithelial  layer 
or  the  formation  of  patches  of  false  membrane, 
as  occurs  in  diphtheritic  inflammation :  as,  gas- 
trie  catarrh  ;  vaginal  catarrh. 

catarrhal  (ka-ta'ral),  a.  [<  catarrh  +  -ill;  = 
F.  catarrhal  =  Sp.  catitrral  =  Pg.  catarrhal  = 
It.  catarralc]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  catarrh ;  i)i'oduced  by  or  attending  catan-h : 
as,  a  catarrhal  fever.  Also  catarrlious.~Ca.iax- 
rhal  pnetomonia.  Same  as  bronchopneumonia.  See  also 
jioniniiuiiir. 

catarrheous  (ka-tii're-us),  a.     [<  catarrh  + 

-(Y/».s;  (ii.  catarrliou.^:]     Hame  as  catarrhal. 

Catarrhina,  Catarhina  (kat-a-ri'nii),  «.  j)l. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  Kurd,  down,  +  pic.  p'l:  the  nose.]  A 
section  of  quadiimianous  mammals,  including 
those  moukeys  and  apes  which  have  the  nos- 


Skeleton  and  Outline  of  a  Catarrhine  Monkey  ( Cercofithecus). 
fa,  parietal;  oc,  occipital;  rnti.  m.indible  ;  C.  cervical  vertebra ; 
D,  dorsiil  vertebriE  ;  L.  lumbar  vertebrE  ;  st,  sternum  ;  hu.  humerus; 
fii.  radius;  ill,  ulna  ;  cf,  carpus;  ittc,  metacarpus:  it.  ilium  ;  ft, 
pelvis  ;y,r,  femur ;  fat,  patella  ;  y;*,  fibula  ;  /I^,  tibia  ;  /rtr,  tarsus; 
met,  metatarsus  ;  /,  phalanges. 

trils  approximated,  the  apertirre  pointing  down- 
ward, and  the  intervening  septum  nari'ow,  as 
all  the  apes  of  the  old  world.  The  Barbiuy  ape,  go- 
rilla, chimpanzee,  oraug,  etc.,  are  included  in  this  section. 
Opposed  to  Platyrrhina.  Also  written  Catarrhini,  Cata- 
rliini. 

catarrhine,  catarhine  (kat'a-rin  or  -rin),  a. 

and  ».  [i  CiitiirrliiiKi.]  1.  a.  (3f  or  pertaining 
to  the  monkeys  classed  as  Catarrhina. 

The  catarhine  monkeys  are  restricted  entirelv  to  the  Old 
World.  //.  A.  yicliolson. 

II.  II.  A  monkey  of  the  section  Catarrhina. 

Catarrhini  (kat-a-ri'ni),  h.  pil.  Same  as  Catar- 
rliniii. 

catarrhish  (ka-ta'rish),  a.  [<  catarrh  +  -i.sh'^.] 
Like  catarrh:  catarrhal. 

catarrhous  (ka-tii'rns).  a.     Same  as  catarrhal. 

Catasarcalf,  «•  [NL. ,  <  Gr.  mrd,  upon,  +  cdpKa, 
aec.  of  atipi,  skin.]  Same  as  anasarca.  E.  Phil- 
lips, 170G. 

catasarca-  (kat-a-siir'kii),  H.  [<  MGr.  {ru)  mrd- 
Bciphn,  that  which  is  Kara  ndpno,  next  the  skin, 
iiisiile  or  beneath  the  outer  covering:  see  cata- 
sarca^.] In  the  dr.  Ch.,  the  inner  or  lower 
altar-cloth,  spread  immediately  upon  the  top 
of  the  altar,  and  covered  by  the  ependytes,  or 
outer  altar-cloth. 

.\t  the  angles  of  the  mensa  are  placed  four  small  pieces 
of  doth,  symbolizing  the  four  evangelists,  called  from 
them,  and  adorned  with  their  respective  emblems;  over 
these  tin-  cata.^nrka  of  silk  or  stulf  is  spread,  having  four 
strings  or  tassels  at  its  extremity. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  1.  187. 


catastagmus 

Catastagmust,  "•  [NL.,  <  ( ir.  knmrjTny/tdr,  a nin- 
niiif^at  tli«  noso,  <  AaranniC"!',  drop  down,  <  niiTii, 
down,  +  fTTrtC"!',  tb'op,  trieklo.]  In  mrd.,  an  old 
torni  for  coryza  and  pharyngeal  and  bronchial 
I'utiU'rh. 

catastaltic  (kat-a-stal'tik),  a.  [=  Sp.  eatasldl- 
tiri),  <  IJ/.  ciihintdlliciix,  <  Gr.  KaTrwTa'ATiKoi:,  iit- 
tud  for  olu'ckin^',  <  ^nrn(T^(A/lf«',  keep  down, 
check,  <  ^rlrIi,  down,  +  cril^eiv,  aiTango,  send.] 
Having  power  to  check,  repress,  or  restrain; 
inhibitory:  applied  to  medicines  which  repress 
abnormal  action,  as  astringents,  styptics,  and 
sedatives. 

catastasis  (ka-tas'ta-sis),  «.;  pi.  calastnscs 
(-sez).  [NL.  (>  F.  cdtastase),  <  Gr.  KardaTaaic, 
a  settling,  arranging,  setting  forth,  <  KaOiaruvai, 
settle,  constitute,  <  Kani,  down,  +  laTiifai,  set 
up,  mid.  stand,  =  E.  xtaiiil.^  1.  In  rli<t.,  that 
jiart  of  the  exordium  in  which  the  speaker  seeks 
to  dispose  his  hearers  to  a  view  of  the  case  fa- 
vorable to  his  own  side,  especially  by  removing 
from  their  minds  what  might  prejudice  them 
against  it.  —  2.  That  part  of  the  Greek  drama 
iu  which  the  action,  initiated  in  the  epitasis, 
is  sustained,  continued,  and  prepared  for  the 
catastrophe. —  3.  In  »««/.,  constitution,  state, 
or  condition. 

Catastate  (ka-tas'tat),  «.  [<  Gr.  *KnrH(7Taraf, 
verbal  adj.  of  Ku6i<jTaallai,  settle  down,  <  kutu, 
down,  +  'laraaHai,  stand.]  Any  one  of  the  suc- 
cessive states  in  a  continuous  series  of  cata- 
bolic  processes,  in  such  a  series  eacli  state  ditt'ers 
from  the  preceding  in  exhibiting  greater  stability,  less 
complexity,  and  less  contained  energy.  The  cori-espond- 
ing  term  regai'ding  an  anabolic  process  is  anatrtat^.  Also 
kattuitute. 

In  the  animal-cell  the  initial  anastates  seem  always  or 

at  least  generally  more  complex  than  the  final  katantatfs. 

M.  Foster,  Eucyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  U). 

catastatic  (kat-a-stat'ik),  a.  [<  caiastutc  +  -in.] 
Of  or  ri'lating  to  catastates. 

Catasterism  (ka-tas'te-rizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  rara- 
BTepiauui;  a  placing  among  the  stars  (Karaarf- 
pia/ioi  being  the  name  of  a  treatise  attributed 
to  Eratosthenes,  giving  the  legemls  of  the 
different  constellations),  <  Ka-aGTepH^tn',  place 
among  the  stars,  <  Karri,  down,  -i-  iiaTcpi^eiv, 
make  into  a  star,  <  aari/p,  a  star:  see  astcrism.'] 
A  placing  among  the  stars;  a  cataloguing  or 
catalogue  of  the  stars. 

His  catalogue  contains  no  bright  star  wliich  is  not  found 
in  the  ralasterisins  of  Eratosthenes. 

WIniirll.  Ilibt.  Induct.  Sciences,  I.  iv.  §  1. 

catastomid,  Catastomidse,  etc.    See  catosto- 

lllid,  etc. 
catastrophe  (ka-tas'tro-fe), }).  [Formerly  also 
catd.strojilii/ :  =  F.  calastroiilic  ^  Sp.  catdslrofc 
=  Pg.  ciitaslroplic  =  It.  cdtnstrofv  =  D.  l-iita- 
stroff  =  (}.  kdtdiitroplic  =  Dan.  kntdstrnfe  =  Sw. 
katdslrnf,  <  L.  Cdtdstrophd,  <  Gr.  KaTaaTpap//,  an 
overthrowing,  a  sudden  turn  or  end,  <  kuto- 
aTpi(j)eiv,  overtm'n,  turn  suddenly,  end,  <  Knni, 
down,  +  aTpe<peiv,  turn:  see  strophe]  1.  The 
arrangement  of  actions  or  interconnection  of 
causes  which  constitutes  the  final  event  of  a 
di'amatic  piece ;  the  unfolding  and  winding  up 
of  the  plot,  clearing  up  difficulties,  and  closing 
the  play;  the  di^nouement.  The  ancients  divided  a 
play  nito  the  protasis,  epitasis,  catastasis,  and  catastroplie ; 
that  is,  the  introduction,  cuntiuuauce,  heightening,  and 
development  or  conclusion. 

Pat,  he  comes,  liice  the  cataatrupke  of  the  old  comedy. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  2. 

All  the  actors  nnist  enter  to  complete  and  make  up  the 
catttatrophe  of  this  great  piece. 

Sir  i\  Browiie,  Religio  Medici,  i.  47. 

The  Catastrophe  of  the  Poem  is  finely  presaged  on  this 
occasion.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  327. 

The  cfitaslrophe,  indeed  the  whole  of  the  last  act,  is 
beautifully  written.  Giford,  Int.  to  Ford,  p.  xxix. 

2.  A  notable  event  terminating  a  connected 
series;  a  finishing  stroke  or  wind-up;  specifi- 
cally, an  luifortunate  conclusion ;  hence,  any 
great  calamity  or  disaster,  especially  one  hap- 
pening suddenly  or  from  an  in-esistible  cause. 

Here  was  a  mighty  revolution,  the  most  iKU-rible  and 
portentous  catastrophe  that  nature  ever  yet  saw. 

Woodward,  Ess.  towards  a  Nat.  Hist,  of  the  Earth. 
He  fell,  but  one  sutferer  in  a  common  catastrophe. 

H'.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  6. 

3.  hif/ciil.,  an  occurrence  of  geological  impor- 
tance not  in  harmony  with  preceding  events, 
and  not  the  result  of  causes  acting  always  in  a 
given  direction ;  a  cataclysm,  it  was  once  gener- 
ally Itdieved  that  the  earth  has  "undergone  a  succession 
of  revolutions  and  aqueous  catastropltes  hiterrupted  bv 
long  intervals  of  trantiuillity  "  (Ltiell).  Tlie  deluge  w:u> 
one  of  these  great  catjistrophes.  *  A  siitiilar  view  is  tlie 
oiu-e  eouiniou  i.iea  tlnit  all  the  living  organisms  on  the 
earth's  surface  had  been  again  and  again  exterminated,  to 
be  succeeded  -by  new  creutious  of  plants  olid  animals. 


857 

Orcat  changes  of  a  kind  and  Intensity  quite  ilitTerent 
from  the  connuon  couree  of  events,  ami  which  may  there- 
fcu-e  projjerly  be  called  catastrophes,  have  taken  i>laee 
upon  the  earth's  surface.  WUewell. 

The  old  notion  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth  having 
been  swept  away  by  catastrophes  at  successive  periodr;  is 
very  geru-rally  given  up,  even  by  those  geologists,  as  Elie 
dc  lieaum.int,  Murcbison,  liarrande,  etc.,  whose  general 
views  would  naturally  lead  them  to  this  conclusion. 

Dnnein,  Origin  itf  Species,  p.  299. 
Theory  of  catastrophes.    See  iheon/  of  caiaeliisins,  \m- 

i\vvailitehism.  =  ^yu.  2.  Disaster,  Calamily,  etc.'(8ee  mis- 
Jortoor);  rMnsnuimatiiiu,  Jlnale. 

catastrophic  (kat-as-trof'ik),  a.  [<  cataMrophc 
+  -if.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  natiu'e  of  a 
catastrophe ;  cataclysmic. 

_  Revolution  seems  to  contain  in  every  syllable  of  its  ter- 
rifying name  something  catastrophic. 

Contemporary  liev.,  L.  436. 

2.  Relating  to  or  in  conformity  with  the  views 
of  thecatastrophists;  cataclysmal. 

_  The  hypothesis  of  uniformity  cann<it  possess  any  essen- 
tial simjilicity  which,  previous  to  iiuiuiry,  gives  it  a  claim 
upon  irur  assent  superior  to  that  of  the  oi)posite  cata- 
strophic hypothesis.  Whewcll. 

3.  Subversive  in  a  momentous  degree  of  settled 
usage  or  law. 

The  ealusirophic  creation  of  Peers  for  the  purpose  of 
swamping  the  upper  house  is  ...  a  power  only  to  bo 
used  on  great  (n-casions,  when  the  object  is  immense,  and 
the  party  strife  unmitigated. 

Haiicliot,  Eng.  Const.  (Boston  ed.),  p.  .'iO.'i. 
catastrophism  (ka-tas'tro-fizm),  «.  [<  cntas- 
trojilic  -t-  -ism ;  =  F.  cdtdstrophismc]  The  theo- 
retical view  of  geological  events  which  has  as  its 
essential  basis  the  idea  of  a  succession  of  catas- 
trophes :  the  opposite  of  uniformituridnism.  See 
ctthistrophc,  3,  and  cataclysm,  2. 

I  find  three,  more  or  less  contra<lictory,  systems  of  geo- 
logic thought,  each  of  which  might  fairly  eiiough  claim 
these  appellations,  stamling  side  iiy  .side  in  I'.iKain.  I 
shall  call  one  of  them  Caf'i.^fn'phisot,  aiiotiier  rnifornd- 
tarianism,  the  third  Evolutionism.  Hy  Cato.^tn>/,hisin,  I 
mean  any  form  of  geological  speculation  which,  iu  order 
to  account  for  the  phenomena  of  geology,  snjtposcs  the 
operation  of  forces  different  in  their  nature,  or  immeasur- 
alily  dilfereut  iu  power,  from  those  which  we  at  ijresent 
see  in  action  in  the  universe.    Iluxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  229. 

catastropUst  (ka-tas'tro-fist),  11.  [<  cntastrophc 
-f  -ist.]  One  who  believes  in  catastroi)hisni ;  a 
cataclysmist.  The  term  is  used  in  gology  by  writers 
on  theoretical  dynamic  geology  as  the  opposite  of  lun'/ornif- 
tarian,  that  is,  of  one  who  considers  ttiat  g'-nlogical  causes 
now  in  action  are,  and  have  been,  essentially  the  same  from 
the  begiiniiug.  The  catastrophist  maintains  that  there 
have  been  catastroplies,  or  sudden  violent  changes  in  the 
order  of  nature,  such,  for  instance,  as  would  cause  tlie  ex- 
termination of  all  forms  of  life  upon  the  globe,  or  cover  it 
with  ice. 

The  catastrophist  is  affirmative,  the  unifomiitarian  is 
negative  in  his  assertions.  Wheieell. 

For  a  generation  after  geologists  had  become  uniformi- 
tarians  in  Geology,  they  remained  catastrophi^ts  in  Biol- 
ogy. H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  17. 

catastrophyt  (ka-tas'tro-fi),  n.  Obsolete  spell- 
ing of  aildstrojtlie. 
Catawba  (ka-ta'ba),  n.  1.  A  variety  of  native 
grape,  with  red  fruit,  much  cultivated  in  the 
middle  United  States,  taking  its  name  from  the 
Catawba  river  in  the  Carolinas,  where  it  was 
first  raised. —  2.  The  wine  made  from  this  grape. 
It  is  a  light  wine,  of  rich  muscadine  flavor,  nnich  used  iu 
the  Uinted  States.  Both  still  and  sparkling  Catawba  wines 
are  made, 

"Very  good  iu  its  way 
Is  the  Verzenay, 
Or  the  Sillery  soft  and  creamy  ; 
But  Catawba  wine 
Has  a  taste  more  divine, 
More  dulcet,  delici<nis,  and  dreamy. 

Lonii/ellow,  Catawba  Wine. 

cat-back  (kat'bak),  II.  Kaut.,  a  small  rope  fas- 
tened to  the  hook  of  the  cat-block  to  facilitate 
hooking  into  the  ring  of  the  anchor. 

cat-beamt  (kat'bem),  «.  Xaut.,  the  longest 
beam  of  a  ship,  and  one  of  the  principal  ones. 

catbill  (kaf- 
bil),  II.  A  wood- 
pecker. [North. 
Eng.] 

cat-bird  (kaf- 
benl),  «.  Awell- 
know^l  oscine 
passerine  bird 
of  North  jVmer- 

\ca„  Mimits  caro-  .g   .. 

liiieiisis,  one   of  JtMf    InS    f 

the       mocking- 
thrushes,  relat- 
ed to  the  mock- 
ing-bird.   It  is  of  '^WmlhiillHaKSSfflv 
a  dark  slate-color, 
with    a    black    cap 
and  a  red  vent,  and 
is  so  called  because             Cut-hird  (Afi'mus  citroiiMenstsy. 
its  cry  of  alai-m  re- 
sembles the  mewing  of  a  cat.     Its  proper  song  is  voluble, 
varied,  and  highly  musical.    It  abounds  in  the  slirubbery 


catch 

of  the  eastern  United  States,  builds  a  coarse  nest  in  bushes, 
lays  from  4  to  (i  dark-green  eggs,  and  is  migratory  and  In- 
sectivorous. 

cat-blash  (kat'blash),  n.  jVnytliing 
thin  or  sloppy,  as  weak  tea.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

cat-block  ( kat'blok),  i>.  [=  I).  Dan. 
hiilliltik :  seec»/l  and /i/oc/,-1.]  .\iiut., 
a  two- or  three-fold  block  with  an 
iron  sti'a])  and  large  hook,  used  to 
draw  tip  an  anchor  to  the  cat-head, 
cut  iMMicr  cdt-licdd. 

cat-boat  (kat'bot),  «.  A  boat  having  a  cat-rig. 
In  I'ngland  cat-boats  are  known  as  Vna-btiatit,  probably 
from  the  name  of  the  first  cat-rigged  lioat  used  there. 

The  impuileuce  with  which  a  cat-boat  will  point  intotho 
wind's  eye  is  siiui>ly  marvellous. 

Quatlrouffh,  Boat-Sailer's  Manual,  p.  39. 

catbrain  (kat'bran),  II.     A  kind  of  rough  clay 

mixed  with  stone.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cat-brier  (kat'bri"er),  II.  A  name  given  in  the 
Unile(l  States  to  species  of  •Smiltix. 

catcall  (kat '  kal),  n.  [<  cati  +  raZ?l.]  A 
squeaking  instrument  used  in  playhouses  to 
express  tlisapprobation  or  weariness  of  the  per- 
formance, or  a  sound  made  in  imitation  of  the 
tone  of  this  instrument. 

The  cat-call  has  struck  a  damp  into  generals  and  fright- 
ened heroes  olf  the  stage.  Addison,  The  (-'at-Call. 
lie  (play. writer]  sees  his  branded  name,  with  wild  affright. 
And  hears  again  the  catcalls  of  the  uiglit.  Crabbe. 

catcall  (kat'kal),  r.  t.  [<  eatrdll,  ii.]  To  ex- 
press disapprobation  of  by  sounds  produced  by 
or  like  those  of  the  catcall. 

His  cant,  like  Merry  .Aiuircw's  noble  vein, 
Catcalls  the  sects  to  ilraw  'em  in  again. 

llnjden,  I'nd.  to  Pilgrim,  1.  40. 
She  had  too  much  sense  not  to  know  that  it  was  better 
to  lie  llissed  and  catcalled  by  her  iladdy  than  by  a  whole 
sea  of  Iieads  in  the  pit  of  Drury  Lane  theatre. 

Maeanlaij,  .Madame  D'Arblay. 

cat-castle  (kat'kas-1),  II.  In  the  military  engi- 
neering of  the  midtUo  ages,  a  kind  of  movable 
tower  to  cover  the  sappers  as  they  advanced  to 
a  besieged  ])lace.  Fdrrow,  Mil.  Encyc. 
catch'  (kach).  >'. ;  pret.  and  pji.  i-iiiuiht  (obso- 
lete or  vulgar  rdtrheil),  ppr.  rntrhiiui.  [<  ME. 
cntfhcn,  cdchcn,  cacchcii,  kdchcii,  kat'chen  (also 
kc.cchcH,  >  E.  dial,  ketch)  (pret.  cauyht,  coiight, 
cuiiijhte,  eaiigfe,  cahte,  ca^te,  kagte,  etc.,  rarely 
cached,  katched,  pp.  caiiijht,  crtfiht.  kauht,  caht, 
cast,  etc.,  rarely  cached,  cachet)  =  D.  kautscn 
=  Mliti.  kat:eii,  play  at  tennis,  <  OF.  cachcr, 
cachicr,  cticitr  (Picard),  reg.  assibilated  cliacier, 
F.  chasser  (>  E.  eh/ISC'^,  q.  v.)  =  Pr.  cassar  = 
OSp.  cabzar,  Sp.  cazar  =  Pg.  cdt;ar  =  It.  cacci- 
are,  chase,  hunt,  <  ML.  "captiarc  (for  which  only 
caciaie  is  found),  an  extended  form  of  L.  ca^)- 
tare,  catch,  catch  at,  chase,  freq.  of  cupere,  pp. 
captii.'<,ia^e:  see  capable,  captive,  etc.  Cf.cliase^, 
a  doublet  of  eo(c/il.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  chase; 
di'ive;  hunt. 

Ase  thet  bote  weter  (hot  water]  cacheth  thane  bond 
[Ilouiid]  out  of  the  keeheiie  [kitchen]. 

Ancren  Riwte,  p.  171. 
Likes  nan  of  thaini  my  play 
Hot  alle  thar  kaehe  (var.  c/ia*'A'fl  nie  away. 

Eny.  Metrical  lloinilies  (ed.  J.  Small),  p.  151. 
As  thow  secst  in  the  sauter  iu  psalnic  one  or  twcyne. 
How  contricioun  is  commended ;  for  it  caecheth  awey 
synne.  Piers  I'lowman  (B),  xii.  178. 

Nowe  kyngis,  to  cache  all  cai-e  away 
Sen  3e  ar  comeii  oiite  of  yonre  kytlit, 
Loke  uoght  ye  legge  agayne  oure  lay, 
XIppou  peyne  to  lose  both  lyme  and  litht. 

York  Plays,  p.  131. 

2t.  To  approach;  go  to  seek  speech  with. 
The  kuyghte  coueride  on  his  knees  with  a  kaunt  herte, 
And  caayhte  his  CreaUnire  that  conifiirthes  us  alle. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2105. 

3t.  To  reach ;  arrive  at. 

The  comely  coste  of  Xorniandye  they  eachene  fullecveiie, 
And  blythely  at  Barfietc  theis  bolde  are  arryfede. 
And  fyndys  a  rtete  there  of  fl-elldez  yiiewe. 

ilorle  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  834. 

4.  To  reach  in  pursuit  or  hy  S])ecial  effort,  as 
a  mo\'ing  object  or  one  about  to  move ;  como 
tip  to:  as,  I  caught  my  friend  on  the  road,  or 
just  starting;  to  catcit  the  train. —  5.  To  lay 
hold  of;  grasp;  seize;  take:  as,  to  catch  a 
sword  l)y  the  handle. 

William  curteeli  ran  jf  the  quen  of  hire  palfray. 

Watiam  u/  I'aleme  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  4302. 
The  mild  hind 
&Iakes  speed  to  catcti  the  tiger. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 
Keady  to  catch  each  other  by  the  throat 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  I.  3. 
Oiving  my  hook  to  my  servant  when  I  measured,  a  young 
mail  caurjht  it  out  of  his  hand  and  ran  away  with  it. 

Poem-ke.  Description  of  the  E:uit,  I.  113. 

S])ccifically — 6.  To  Intercept  and  seize  (some- 
thing approaching  or  passing,  especially  in  the 


catch 

air) :  as,  to  catch  a  ball.— 7.  To  take  captive, 
as  ill  a  snare  or  trap;  take  with  a  luii«  or  bait ; 
insnare;  entrap:  as,  to  catch  mice  or  birds;  to 
calcl  fish  :  often  used  figuratively  in  this  sense. 
Vii-t.)  my  discijiillis  will  I  go  agayiic, 
Kvnili'ly  to  coinfoite  thniii 
Tl'wt  kacehul  are  in  care.       York  Plays,  p.  243. 
Tlicy  send  unto  him  certain  of  the  Pharisees  and  of  the 
Herodians,  to  ealch  llini  in  his  words.  Mark  xii.  13. 

I  did  cat  a  dish  of  niackarcl,  newly  calched,  for  my 
breakfast.  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  77. 

This  North  American  species  [Drosera  fili.furmw\  .  .  . 
catchei,  accordiriK  to  ifrs.  Treat,  an  extraordinary  num- 
ber of  small  and  large  insects. 

Darwin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  281. 

8.  To  seize  after  pursuit  or  search ;  apprehend ; 
aiTest:  as,  to  catch  a  thief  or  a  runaway  horse. 

This  year,  I  hope,  my  friends,  I  shall  'scape  prison, 
For  all  your  cares  to  catch  me. 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  iv.  3. 

9.  To  get ;  obtain ;  gain  possession  of;  acquu-e. 

Therfore,  lady,  &  it  like  you,  lighten  your  chere ; 
Comford  you  kyndly,  kaccheg  sum  rest. 

Deaniction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3303. 
No  uouert  migt  thei  kacche,  the  cuntre  was  so  playne. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2217. 
This  Kingdome  was  diuersly  rent,  euery  one  catching  so 
mUL-li  as  his  might  could  bestow  on  his  ambition. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  281. 
Torment  myself  to  catch  the  English  crown. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

10.  To  seize  upon  by  attraction  or  impression; 
take  and  fix  the  attention  of;  hence,  to  gain  in- 
fluence over;  captivate. 

You  think  you  have  caurjht  me,  lady;  you  think  I  melt 
now,  like  a  dish  of  May-biitter,  and  run  all  into  brine  and 
passion.  Beait.  and  FL,  Womau-Hater,  iii.  1. 

The  soothing  arts  that  catch  the  fair.  Drydeit. 

The  fluency  and  the  personal  advantages  of  the  young 
orator  instantly  caught  the  ear  and  the  eye  of  his  audi- 
ence. Macaiday,  William  Pitt. 

The  gross  and  carnal  temper  in  man  is  far  more  easily 
caught  by  power  than  by  love. 

Gladstone,  Slight  of  Eight,  p.  60. 

11.  To  seize  or  apprehend  by  the  senses  or  the 
intellect:  as,  to  catch  sight  of  something. 

In  an  yll  tyme 
Kaughtxt  thou  in  that  craft  cunnyng  of  happes. 

Alisaunder  of  Macedoine  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1087. 
Cleopatra,  catching  but  the  least  noise  of  this,  dies  m- 
stantly.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  2. 

I  caught  a  glimpse  of  his  face.       Tennyson,  Maud,  xiii. 
Men  remark  figure :  women  always  catch  the  expres- 
sion. Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  338. 

12.  To  get;  receive. 

He  that  cacchith  to  him  an  yuel  name. 
It  is  to  him  a  foule  fame. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  39. 
Fight  closer,  or,  good  faith,  you'll  catch  a  blow. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 
Tlie  Church  of  Carnac  by  the  strand 
Catches  the  westering  sun's  last  fires. 

3A.  Arnold,  Stanzas  from  Carnac. 

13.  To  be  affected  or  influenced  by;  become  af- 
fected by  or  infected  with ;  take :  as,  to  catch 
cold  or  the  measles;  to  catch  fire. 

A  man  takes  mercury,  goes  out  of  doors  and  catches  cold. 
J.  S.  Mill,  Logic,  iii.  6. 

14.  To  entangle  with  or  entrap  in:  as,  she 
caught  the  fringe  of  her  shawl  on  the  door-knob. 
— 15.  To  seize  upon  or  attack;  fasten  upon;  be- 
come eommuuieated  to:  as,  the  fire  caught  the 
adjoining  buildings. — 16.  To  come  on  sudden- 
ly, unexpectedly,  or  accidentally:  as,  they  were 
caught  in  the  act. 

We  shall  catch  them  at  their  sport ; 

Ajid  our  sudden  coming  there 

Will  double  all  their  mirth  and  chere. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  953. 
Catch  me !  fcatch  >iim  !  catoh  her !)  an  emphatic  phrase 
me;iiiiti'_'  ttiat  tiir-ie  is  no  likelihood  or  jtossibility  of  ones 
doing  siiiiiitliiiig  suggested:  as,  Will  yim  lend  him  the 
money?  Catch  ine!  "[Colloq.]  — Catch  the  ten,  a  game 
of  cards  common  in  Scotland,  so  named  from  the  desira- 
bility of  catching  the  ten  of  trumps,  which  counts  10  and 
can  be  taken  by  any  honor-card.  The  game  resembles 
whist,  except  that  the  knave  counts  11,  the  ace  4,  the  king 
3,  and  the  ([ueen  2 ;  it  is  played  with  36  cards,  all  below 
the  .'^ix-spot  heiiiL'  thrown  out,  and  100  points  make  game. 

—  First  catch  your  hare,  a  direction  occurring  in  later 
editions  uf  the- well-kninvn  cookery-book  attributed  to  Mrs. 
Glasse,  anil  used  as  an  aphorism  "to  the  effect  that,  before 
disposing  of  a  thing,  you  ought  to  niake  sure  of  the  pos- 
session of  it.  In  reality  the  saying  arose  from  a  misprint, 
catch  being  an  error  for  case,  iii  the  sense  of  to  skin.  Prop- 
erly, therefore,  the  direction  is,  "First  case  (skin)  your 
hare,"  etc.  See  case-,  v.  t. — To  catch  a  crab.    See  crah^. 

—  To  catch  a  Tatar.  See  Tatar.— To  catch  hold  of, 
to  takr  or  lay  liolil  of.  TO  catch  it,  to  get  a  scolding, 
a  beating,  or  other  unpleasant  treatment  or  experience. 

ICoUoq.) 

We  caught  it,  though,  on  reaching  the  Bay  of  Biscay, 
for  we  came  in  for  the  roll  left  by  a  big  Atlantic  storm. 

K  Sartorius,  In  the  Soudan,  p.  2. 
To  catch  leavet,  to  take  leave. 

Redeli  as  swithe 
Ful  curteisle  of  the  couherde  he  cacces  his  leue. 

WUliam  of  Paierne  (E.  E.  T.  S,),  I.  363. 


858 

Thannc  scis  thei  no  sncour  but  snnder  thanne  thei  moste ; 
Witil  cliijping  lV  ke.ssing  thei  kau:;t  here  leue. 

William  of  Palenie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  1053. 
To  catch  one  a  blow,  to  lufliit  a  blow  on  one.  [Colloq.] 
—  To  catch  one  on  the  hip,  to  get  the  advantage  of 
one;  gtt  one  under  ones  jjower.  See /i^/)f.  — To  catCh 
out,  in  base-ball,  cricket,  and  similar  games,  to  put  (tiie 
striker)  out  by  catching  a  battiil  hall  before  it  has  touched 
the  ground.  See  base-ball.- To  catch  Up.  (rt)  To  take 
up  suddenly ;  snatch  up. 

I  caught  up  a  little  garden-girl,  .  .  .  put  a  napkin  in 
her  hand,  and  made  her  my  butler. 

Ladg  Ilullatxd.,  Sydney  Smith,  I.  vii, 

(6)  To  lift  or  raise  to  a  higher  elevation. 
I  knew  a  man  .  .  .  caught  up  to  the  third  heaven. 

2  Cor.  xii.  2. 

Her  child  was  caught  up  unto  God,  and  to  his  throne. 

Rev.  xii.  5. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  take  hold  with  the  hand 
or  hands;  grasp.  Specifically  — 2.  To  act  as 
catcher  in  the  game  of  base-ball. — 3.  To  ac- 
qvure  possession. 

Have  is  have,  however  men  do  catch. 

Shak.,  K.  Jnhu,  i.  1. 

4.  To  be  entangled  or  impeded ;  become  fixed ; 
remain  fast:  as,  his  clothes fa«(///Hn  the  briers; 
the  lock  catches. 

Don't  open  your  mouth  as  wide  as  that,  young  man,  or 
it'll  ca(cA  so  and  uot  shut  again  some  day. 

Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv.  16. 

The  little  island  has  such  a  celebrity  in  travel  and  ro- 
mance, that  I  feel  my  pen  catching  in  the  tatters  of  a 
threadbare  theme.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xiii. 

5.  To  take  proper  hold  so  as  to  act:  as,  the 
bolt  does  not  catch. —  6.  To  be  communicable 
or  infectious  ;  spread  by  or  as  if  by  infection. 

Does  the  sedition  catch  from  man  to  man. 
And  ruii  among  their  ranks  ?    Addison,  Cato,  ii.  6. 
His  eloquence  caught  like  a  flame. 
From  zone  to  zone  of  the  world. 

Tennyson,  Dead  Prophet. 

7.  To  endeavor  to  lay  hold  of;  be  eager  to  get, 
use,  or  adopt:  ■with  at. 

Saucy  lictors 
Will  catch  at  us,  like  strumpets. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 

Now,  like  those  that  are  sinking,  they  catch  round  at  that 
which  is  likeliest  to  hold  them  up. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

He  can  receive  no  pleasure  from  a  casual  glimpse  of 
Nature,  but  must  catch  at  it  as  an  object  of  instruction. 
Lamb,  Old  and  New  Schoolmaster. 

Catch  as  catch  can,  in  wrestling,  to  grapple  in  any  or- 
dinary and  legitimate  manner. — To  catch  on,  to  appre- 
hend; understand.  [Slang,  U.  S.]  — TO  Catch  up,  to  get 
to  the  same  point  (in  place  or  in  work) ;  get  even  or 
abreast,  usually  by  special  effort,  as  in  a  race,  a  journey, 
study,  etc.:  absolute,  or  with  nnth. 
catch^  (kach),  «.  [<  catch''-,  v.  Ctchase'^,  n.'\  If. 
The  act  of  catching  or  seizing ;  seizm-e. 

She  would  faine  the  catch  of  Strephon  file. 

Sir  P.  .Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 

Specifically — 2.  In  ha.'^'c-hall  and  similar  games, 
the  catching  and  holding  of  a  batted  or  thrown 
ball  before  it  touches  the  groimd. — 3.  Any- 
thing that  seizes  or  takes  hold,  that  checks  mo- 
tion or  the  like,  as  a  hook,  a  ratchet,  a  pawl,  a 
spring-bolt  for  a  door  or  lid,  or  any  other  con- 
trivance employed  in  machinery  for  the  piu'- 
pose  of  stopping  or  checking  certain  move- 
ments.— 4.  A  choking  or  stoppage  of  the  breath. 

Heard  the  deep  catches  of  his  labouring  breath. 

Macmillan's  Mag. 

5.  The  posture  of  seizing ;  a  state  of  prepara- 
tion to  catch,  or  of  watching  an  opportunity  to 
seize.     [Archaic] 

Both  of  them  lay  upon  the  catch  for  a  great  action. 

Addison,  Ancient  Medals. 

6.  Anything  caught;  especially,  a  prize  or 
booty ;  something  valuable  or  desirable  ob- 
tained or  to  be  obtained;  a  gain  or  an  advan- 
tage ;  often,  colloquially,  one  desirable  as  a 
husband  or  wite  on  account  of  wealth  or  posi- 
tion. 

Hector  shall  have  a  great  catch  if  he  knock  out  either 
of  your  brains.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  1. 

She  entered  freely  into  the  state  of  her  affairs,  asked 
his  advice  upon  money  matters,  and  fully  proved  to  his 
satisfaction  that,  independent  of  her  beauty,  she  would 
be  a  much  greater  catch  than  Fran  Vandersloosh. 

Marrgat,  Snarleyyow,  T.  xx. 

Specifically — 7.  In  fishing,  the  quantity  of  fish 
taken :  as,  the  catch  on  the  Bartks  during  the 
season. 

In  order  to  arrive  at  a  measure  of  the  increase  or  de- 
crease of  the  shad  fisheries  of  the  Atlantic  coast  rivei-s,  it  is 
necessary  to  compare  the  jiggregate  catch  in  the  princi- 
pal rivers.  Science,  VI.,  No.  145,  Supp. 

8.  A  snatch ;  a  short  interval  of  action. 

It  has  been  writ  by  catches.  Locke. 

9.  Ahold;  a  grasp;  a  grip, —  lOf.  A  slight  or 
partial  recoUectioa. 


catching 

W^e  retain  a  catch  of  thusr  jiretty  stories,  and  our  awak- 
ened imagination  smiles  in  the  recollection. 

GlanviUc,  Seep.  Sci. 

11.  A  trick ;  something  by  which  one  may  be 

entrapped. 

Tttitoo]  Kynde,  ne  to  Kepyng,  and  warre  Knavls eacc/icji. 
ISalyees  Book(E.  E.  T,  .S.),  p.  9. 

12.  In  music,  originally,  an  unaccompanied 
round  for  three  or  more  voices,  ■written  as  a 
continuous  melody,  not  in  score.  Later,  a  rouml 
the  words  of  which  were  so  selected  that  it  was  possible, 
eitlier  Ity  means  of  the  pronunciation  or  by  the  interweav- 
ing of  the  words  and  phrases,  to  give  to  the  ditfcrent  voices 
or  parts  ludicrous  effects.    Grace. 

Shall  we  rouse  the  night-owl  in  a  catch  that  will  draw 
three  souls  out  of  one  weaver?  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 

catch-t,  "•     -Aji  obsolete  form  of  ketch^. 

The  fleete  did  sail,  about  103  in  all,  besides  small  catches. 
Pepys,  Diary,  April  25,  1665. 

catchable  (kach'a-bl),  a.  [<  catch^  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  caught. 

The  eagerness  of  a  knave  maketh  him  often  as  catchable 
as  the  ignorance  of  a  fool.  Lord  Halifax. 

catch-all  (kach'al), )(.  [<  ciitch'i  +  obi.  nil.']  1. 
Somethingused  as  a  general  receptacle  forodds 
and  ends,  as  a  table,  bui-eau,  chest,  etc.;  espe- 
cially, a  basket  or  bag  provided  for  the  purpose. 
[Colloq.]  —  2.  A  tool  for  recovering  broken 
tools  from  a  boring. 

catch-bar  (kach'bar),  «.  A  bar  which  depresses 
the  jacks  of  a  knitting-machine. 

catch-basin  (kach'ba'''sn),  n.  1.  A  reservoir 
placed  at  the  point  of  discharge  of  a  pipe  into  a 
sewer,  to  retain  matter  which  would  not  pass 
readily  through  the  sewer.  Such  basins  are 
arranged  so  that  they  can  be  emptied  as  often 
as  is  necessary. —  2.  A  reservoir,  especially  for 
catching  and  retaining  siu-face-drainage  over 
large  areas. 

It  may  fairly  be  questioned  .  .  .  whether  any  exten- 
sion of  forests,  or  system  of  catch-basins  or  reservoirs, 
could  possibly  retain  or  mitigate  to  any  considerable  ex- 
tent such  general  and  overwhelming  floods. 

Science,  III.  372. 

catch-bolt  (kach'bolt),  h.  A  door-bolt  which 
is  pressed  backward  as  the  door  closes,  but 
when  the  door  is  shut  springs  fonvard  into  a 
socket  in  the  jamb. 

catch-club  (kach'klub),  n.  A  club  or  society 
forme<l  for  singing  catches,  etc. 

catch-drain  (kach'dran),  n.  1.  A  di-ain  along 
the  side  of  a  canal  or  other  conduit  to  catch 
the  surplus  water. —  2.  A  drain  nmning  along 
sloping  groimd  to  catch  and  convey  the  water 
flowing  over  the  surface.  When  a  meadow  is  of 
consideralde  extent,  and  has  an  abrupt  descent,  the  water 
is  off, -11  stopped  at  intervals  by  catch-drains,  so  as  to  spread 
it  t'vrv  the  iidjoiiiing  surface. 

catcher  (kach'er),  II.    [<  ME.  cachere,  a  hunter; 
<  catch  +  -o-l.     Ct.  diOiO'l.]    If.  A  chaser;  a 
hunter. 
Then  thise  cacheres  that  couthe  cowpled  hor  hounde3. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  1139. 

2.  One  who  catches ;  that  which  catches,  or  in 

which  anything  is  caught. 
That  great  catcher  and  devourer  of  souls. 

South,  Sermons,  x. 

Specifically— (rt)  In  base-ball  and  similar  games,  the  player 
wilt,  stands  behind  the  bat  or  home-base  to  catch  the  ball 
wlicn  pitLlied.  See  base-ball.  {b)  In  mining:  (1)  An  ar- 
rangement to  prevent  overwinding,  or  raising  the  cage 
too  liigh  as  it  comes  out  of  the  shaft.  Also,  in  Leicester- 
shire, England,  the  equivalent  of  cage-shuts  (which  see). 
(2)  In  general,  any  arrangement  at  the  mouth  of  the  shaft, 
or  on  the  pump,  by  means  of  which  accidents  maybe  pre- 
vented in  ease  a  part  of  the  machinery  gives  way.  (c)  pi. 
In  ornith.,  the  raptorial  birds,  or  birds  of  prey:  a  term 
translating  Captantes,  one  of  the  names  of  the  order. 
3t.  One  who  sings  catches. 

But  where  be  my  catchers^  Come,  a  round,  and  so  let 
us  drink.  Bronie,  .Tovi:il  Crew,  iv. 

catcherelt,  «.  [ME.  cacherel  (ML.  reflex  ca- 
charillus),  <  cacheii,  catchcii,  catch,  +  term. -erel, 
as  in  cock-crcl.  Cf.  catchpoll.']  A  catchpoll. 
Wriijht. 

catch-feeder  (kach'fe'der),  n.  A  ditch  for  ir- 
rigation. 

catch-fly  (kach'fli),  H.  The  popular  name  of 
species  of  plants  belonging  to  the  genus  Sileiie, 
and  of  Li/chuis  Viscaria.  given  on  account  of 
their  glutinous  stems,  which  sometimes  retain 
small  insects.  The  sleepy  catch-fly  is  Sileiie 
antirrhina. 

catch-hook  (kach'hi'ik),  n.  An  iron  barwith  a 
hinged  tongue,  used  in  hauling  large  iron  pipes. 
The  hinged  end  is  pushed  into  the  !)ore  of  the  pipe,  ami 
the  tongue  jams  ami  is  firmly  held  against  its  inner  sur- 
face when  the  bar  is  pulled. 

catching  (kach'ing),  ;).  a.  [Ppr.  of  catch'',  r.] 
1.  Communicating,  or  liable  to  be  communi- 
cated, by  contagion;  infectious. 


catching 

Tistime  to  givo  ttwni  iiliysif.  thfir  iliseaseB 

Are  gi'own  BO  ctt(c/ii/i.'/.         ^hah.,  lien.  \'UI.,i.  3. 

Your  words  are  a  grenadier's  niareli  to  my  heart !    I  Ite- 
lieve  courage  must  Ite  catchimj  ! 

Slii^rittan,  'i'lie  Rivals,  iii.  4. 

2.    Captivating;   eharmiiiK;    attriicting:    as,  a 
catching  melody;  a  catchiiiij  manner. 

That  Rhetoriek  is  Ijest  whiell  is  most  seasonable  and 
most  catchinfr.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  yo. 


3t.  Acquisitive;  greedy. 

Thei  made  be  brought  Tuellis  ami  alle  othir  rieliessc. 
and  yaf  it  to  liym  to  ae  whedir  he  wnlde  be  couetouse  ancl 
cacchiiwie.  Mi'din  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i,  10(J. 

catching-bargain  (kaeh'iug-biir  "gSn),  «.   In 

Uur,  a  liiirgaiu  made  with  the  heir  apparent  or 
expectant  of  a  succession  for  the  piu-chase  of 
his  expectancy  at  au  inadequate  price. 

catch-land  (kach'land),  n.  Formerly,  in  Eng- 
land, land  the  titlics  of  which  for  any  year  fell 
to  the  minister  who  first  claimed  them  for  that 
year,  because  it  was  not  known  to  which  of  two 
parishes  tlie  land  belonged. 

catch-line  (kach'lin),  n.  In  jirinting,  a  short 
line  of  small-sized  type  between  two  longer 
lines  of  lar^^er  displayed  tyjie. 

catch-match  (kach '  mach),  «.  An  agreement 
concluded  hastily,  so  that  one  party  is  taken  at 
a  disadvantage. 

catch-meadow  (kach'med''6),  n.  A  meadow 
which  is  irrigated  by  water  from  a  spring  or 
rivulet  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill. 

catchment  (kaeh'ment),  >i.  [<  catrIA  +  -ment.'\ 
l)raiiiago:  rarely  used  except  in  the  following 
phrases — Area  of  catchment, among  hyiliaulic  engi- 
neers, the  area  tlie  rainfall  or  drainage  uf  whieh  is  to  be 
made  availalile  for  furnishing  water  at  a  desired  point. — 
Catchment-basin,  same  .as  drainarfe-ba»in. —  CatCh- 
ment-basiu  map,  a  map  nn  which  the  water-shed  limit- 
ing the  w  In  lie  of  eaeh  Mjliili\  ision  of  any  river-system  is  ac- 
cur:itel>  biiil  down,  so  that  the  position  and  acreage  of  any 
particular  area  of  catchment  maybe  determined  from  it. 

cat-chop  (kat'ehop),  n.  A  species  of  fig-mari- 
gold, MesemhrianthemumfcUnum,  from  the  Cape 
of  (tood  Hope. 

catchpenny  (kach'pen"i),  «.  and  a.  [<  catcW^  + 
oh\. pen >uj.'\  1.,n.;]i\.  catchpennies  {-\7.).  Some- 
thing of  little  value,  adapted  to  attract  popu- 
lar attention  and  thus  seciu'e  a  quick  sale ;  any- 
thing externally  attractive,  made  merely  to  sell. 

You  know  already  by  the  title,  that  it  is  no  more  than  a 
catoh-i>cnmj.    Giildt^mith,  Letterto  Rev.  Henry  Goldsmith. 

The  whole  affair  is  a  manifest  catchpenny. 

Hawtfwrne,  Main  Street. 

II.  a.  Made  or  got  up  to  gain  money;  put 
forth  merely  to  sell :  as,  a  catchpenny  pamphlet. 

I  call  this  the  popular  or  utilitarian  aspect,  because  it 
belongs  to  the  catchpenny  theory  of  human  life  according 
to  which  the  value  of  a  thing  is  just  as  much  as  it  will 
bring.  StubOs,  Medieval  and  Modern  Hist.,  p.  IOC. 

catchpole^,  «.    See  catchpoll. 

catchpole-  (kaeh'pol),  n.  [<  catch^  (attrib.)  -f- 
;)()/ci.J  An  implement  formerly  used  for  seiz- 
ing and  securing  a  man  who  woidd  otherwise 
be  out  of  reach,  it  was  carried  by  foot-soldiers  in  com- 
bats with  horsemen,  and  later  by  civil  officers  in  appre- 
hending criminals.  The  head,  made  of  light  metal  liars, 
was  provided  with  strong  springs,  so  arranged  as  to  hold 
firndy  anything,  as  the  neck  or  a  limb  of  one  pursued,  over 
wlucii  it  was  foreed- 

catchpole-*  (kaeh'pol),  «.  [Sc,  also  catchptde, 
cacheinilc,  <  D.  kaatuspcl,  tennis  (ef.  kaatslml, 
tennis-ball),  <  kaats,  chase  (=E.  c/tasel,  catch'^), 
-t- .<;//(/.  game.]    The  game  of  tennis.    [Scotch.] 

catchpoll  (kaeh'pol),  H.  [Also  catcJtpole,  early 
mod.  E.  catchpot,  <  ^lE.  catchepoll,  cachepol,  a 
bailiff,  earlier  a  tax-gatherer,  <  OF.  *cacipoI, 
chacipol,  cJuiccpol,  chnn.vipol  (ML.  reflex  cache- 
poliis,  cacepotlits.  rhticipollns,  caciputcus),  also 
*chacipoUer,  cliiisniiiiiier,  a  tax-gatherer  (cf. 
chassipolerie,  defined  as  a  tribute  paid  by  vas- 
sals to  their  lord  for  tlie  ju'ivilege  of  asylum  in 
his  castle  in  time  of  war,  ML.  chacipoleria,  the 
office  and  emoluments  of  a  tax-gatherer);  of 
tuicertain  formation,  appar.  <  caciet;  cacher  (> 
ME.  cachcn,  E.  catch^),  chacier  (>  ME.  chacen, 
E.  chase^),  in  tjie  sense  of  '  catch,  take,'  or 
'chase,  hmit,'  -t-  "pot,  of  uncertain  meaning. 
Usually  explained  as  catch^  +  obj.  poll,  the 
head;  but  the  earliest  sense  known  is  'tax- 
gatherer,'  and  2>oil  as  associated  with  'tax '  does 
not  seem  to  occur-  in  ME.,  and  it  is  not  found 
in  any  sense  in  OF.  or  ML.  The  W.  ceisbwl,  a 
bailiff,  catchpoll,  is  prob.  an  accom.  of  the  E. 
word.  Cf.  ME.  cachcrel,  equiv.  to  cachepol.'\ 
It.  A  tax-gatherer. 

Matheus,  thet  wes  cacliepnl  [in  orig.  AS.  text  tollere, 
toller],  thene  he  iwemie  to  god-spellerc. 

Old.  Eng.  Honulien  (fiA.  Morris),  Istser.,  p.  97. 

2.  A  sheriff's  officer,  bailiff,  constable,  or  other 
person  whose  duty  is  to  make  arrests. 


859 

Saul  acnte  calcltepoUis  [L.  Uctores]  for  to  take  David. 

Wydi/,  1  Ki.  xix.  20. 
Quikllche  cam  a  cacckepol  and  craked  a-two  here  legges. 
Pierti  I'towman  ^C),  xxi.  70. 
Let  !U)t  thy  scores  come  rohbe  thy  needy  purse. 
Make  not  the  catcftpot  rich  by  thine  arrest. 

Oancoif/ne,  Steele  tJlas,  p.  07.  (.Ir^cr.) 
There  shall  be  two  Serjeants  at  Mace,  of  whom  the  first 
named  Serjeant  at  nmce  shall  execute  all  writs.  mandat<-s, 
processes  and  such  like  within  the  said  bomuKh  and  lib- 
erties of  the  same,  and  shall  be  called  the  Ciitrl,ju,l,-,  ac- 
cording to  the  mime  anciently  given  in  that  place  t^,  the 
same  iilticer.  Municip.  Cvrpi.  Reports,  1835,  p.  2051. 

catchup,  ketchup  (kach'up,  kech'up),  n.  [< 
E.  Ind.  kitjap.]  A  name  common  to  several 
kinds  of  sauce  much  used  with  meat,  fish, 
toasted  cheese,  etc.  Also  written  cainup,  kat- 
Stlj)  —  Mushroom  catchup,  a  sauce  made  from  the 
conmion  nmshroom,  A'/aricus  campi^Htrifr,  by  breaking 
the  fungi  into  small  pieces  and  mi.ving  with  salt,  wliicli 
has  the  effect  of  reducing  the  whole  mass  to  an  almost 
liquid  state.  It  is  then  strained,  spiced,  and  boiled.— 
Tomato  catchup,  a  sauce  ntade  from  tomatoes  Ity  a 
similar  iin.r.ss.— Walnut  catchup,  a  .sauce  made  from 
unri]ie  walnuts  before  the  shell  is  hardened.  They  are 
beaten  to  a  pulp,  and  the  juice  is  separated  by  straining  ; 
salt,  vinegar,  and  spices  are  added,  and  the  whole  is  boiled. 

catchwater  (kach'wa"ter),  n.  [<  catcftl  -I-  obj. 
u-ati  r.]     Same  as  catchwork. 

catchweed  (kach'wed),  n.  [<  catch^  +  leccrfl.] 
A  weed  which  readily  catches  hold  of  what 
comes  in  contact  with  it;  cleavers. 

catchweight  (kach'wat),  n.  [<  catch^  +  weight: 
tliat  is,  tlie  weight  one  has  at  tlie  moment.]  In 
Itor.ic-raeing,  a  weight  left  to  the  option  of  the 
owner  of  a  horse,  who  naturally  puts  up  the 
lightest  weight  possible. 

catchweight  (kach'wat),  adv.  [<  catchweight, 
».]  In  horse-racing,  without  being  handicap- 
ped: as,  to  ride  catchweig]it. 

Come,  I'll  make  this  a  match,  if  you  like :  you  shall  ride 
cdtchttririfit.  which  will  be  about  II  st.  7  lb.        Lawrence. 

catchword  (kach'werd),  n.     [<  catch'^  +  u-ord.'\ 

1.  In  old  writing  and  printing,  a  word  of  tlie 
text  standing  by  itself  in  the  right-hand  corner 
of  the  bottom  of  a  page,  the  same  as  the  first 
word  of  the  next  page,  to  mark  the  connection 
or  proper  sequence.  In  old  manuscript  books  a 
catchword  was  at  lirst  inserted  only  at  the  end  of  a  sheet 
or  quire  (that  is,  the  quantity  folded  together) ;  in  print- 
ing it  was  the  practice  until  the  nineteenth  century  to 
insert  one  at  the  foot  of  every  page. 

Catch-words  to  connect  the  quires  date  back  t^  the  12th 
century.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  144. 

2.  In  the  drama,  the  last  word  of  a  speaker, 
which  serves  to  remind  the  one  who  is  to  follow 
him  of  what  he  is  to  say;  a  cue. — 3.  A  word 
caught  up  and  repeated  for  effect;  a  taking 
word  or  phrase  used  as  a  partizan  cry  or  shib- 
boleth :  as,  the  catchword  of  a  political  party. 

The  catch-ivords  which  thrilled  our  forefathers  with 
emotion  on  one  side  or  the  other  fall  with  harilly  any 
meaning  on  our  ears.     J.  McCarthy,  Hist.  <twn  Times,  v. 

Liberty,  fraternity,  equality,  are  as  much  as  ever  the 
party  catch-words.  Quarterly  Rev. 

catchwork  (kach'wferk),  n.  [<  catch^  +  work.} 
An  artificial  watercourse  or  series  of  water- 
courses for  irrigating  such  lands  as  lie  on  the 
declivities  of  hills ;  a  catch-drain.  Also  called 
catchwater. 
catchy    (kach'i),   «.       Same    as   catching,    2. 

[OoUoq.] 
cate  (kat),  n.     [By  apheresis  from  acate,  q.  v.] 
An  article  of  food;  a  viand;  more  particularly, 
rich,  luxurious,  or  dainty  food;  a  delicacy;  a 
dainty:  a  later  form  of  aeate :  most  commonly 
used  in  the  plural.     [Archaic  or  poetic] 
I  had  rather  live 
With  cheese  and  garlic  in  a  wimlmill.  far, 
Than  feed  on  cates,  and  have  him  talk  to  me. 

Shak.,  \  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 
Not  the  ale,  nor  any  other  cates  which  poor  Elspeth's 
stores  afforded,  could  prevail  on  the  Sub-Prior  to  break 
his  fast.  Scott,  Monastery,  I.  118. 

That  day  a  feast  had  been 
Held  in  high  hall,  and  many  a  viand  left. 
And  many  a  costly  cate. 

Tennyson.  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

catechetic  (kat-f-ket'ik),  a.  [=  V.  catechetique, 
<  Gr.  KaTr/xr/TiKo'r,  <  Karrjxv'K.  an  instructor,  < 
KciTtixdv,  instruct,  teach  by  word  of  mouth :  see 
catechize.']  Consisting  of  question  and  answer: 
applied  to  a  method  of  teaching  by  means  of 
questions  put  by  tlio  teacher  and  answered  by 
the  pupil,  whether  the  questions  are  addressed 
to  tlie  understanding,  as  by  Socrates  in  his 
dialogical  method,  or  to  the  memory. 

catechetical  (kat-f-ket'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  cat- 
echetic. 
Socrates  introduced  a  catechetical  method  of  arguing. 
Addixon,  Spectator. 

Catechetical  schools,  schools  established  in  the  early 
church  for  the  instruction  of  catecbiuueos. 


catechize 

catechetically  (kat-c-ket'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
a  catechetical  manner;  by  question  and  an- 
swer. 

catechetics  (kat-e-ket'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  cate- 
cIk  tic  :  see  -ics'.]  The  art  or  practice  of  teach- 
ing by  means  of  question  and  answer.  See 
ciitcchetic. 

catechin,  catechine  (kat'e-chin),  n.  [<  cate- 
chn  +  -in-,  -ine-.]  A  principle  (CigHjoOg)  ex- 
tracted from  catechu,  having  a  snow-white  silky 
appearance,  and  crystallizing  in  fine  needles. 
Also  called  cutcchiiic  acid  and  catechnin. 

catechisation,  catechise,  etc.    See  catcdtiza- 

ti'in,  otc. 
catechism  (kat'c-ki/.m),  ».     1=  V .  catechisme 
=  Sp.  ciitecismo,  cdteijni.sino  =  Pg.  cateehismo  ^ 
It.  cateehismo,  catccismo  =  D.  catechismus  =  G. 
katcchismns  =  l)H.n.  katekismus  (cf.  Sw.  kateches), 

<  LL.  catechismus,  <  Gr.  'KaTrjxiaiiir,  <  Karrixis^tv, 
catechize:  see  CMfer/iLv.]  1.  A  form  of  in.struc- 
tion  by  means  of  questions  and  answers,  par- 
ticularly in  the  principles  of  Teligion. —  2.  An 
elementary  book  containing  a  smumary  of  jiriu- 
ciples  in  any  science  or  art,  but  especially  in 
religion,  reduced  to  the  form  of  questions  and 
answers,  and  sometimes  with  notes,  explana- 
tions, and  references  to  authorities.  The  follow, 
ing  are  the  principal  authoritative  church  catechisms;  The 
Lutheran,  prepared  by  Luther  (lo'29),  still  in  general  use 
in  the  German  l*r<)testant  churches;  the  Genevan,  pre- 
pared by  Calvin  (liiliO) ;  the  lleidelbery,  published  at  llei- 
dclberg(1563),  ami  still  a  recoginzed  doctrinal  standard  in 
the  Reformed  (Uutch)  Church;  the  Anyliean  (154U-1004), 
contained  in  the  Hook  of  Common  Prayer  and  directed  by 
rubric  to  be  taught  systematically  to  children ;  the  li'est- 
min.-iter  Assembly's,  in  two  forms.  Shorter  and  Larger  Cate- 
chisms (1047),  in  use  in  the  Presbyterian  and  to  some  ex- 
tent in  Congregational  churches  ;  the  Methodist  (United 
States,  1852),  in  three  forms.  The  Tridentiiie  catechism 
(1500)  is  a  statement  of  doctrines  prepared  in  obedience 
to  a  decree  of  the  Council  of  'I'rent,  and  is  of  high  though 
n<)t  absolute  authority  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  but 
is  not  intended  for  use  in  the  instruction  of  children. 
The  Cracovian  and  Racovian  catechisms  (1574,  1605)  are 
Polish  in  origin  and  .Socinian  in  doctrine.  Numerous 
other  catechisms  have  been  iirepared  by  individuals,  but 
they  possess  no  ecclesiastical  authority. 

catechismal  (kat-e-kiz'mal),  a.  [<  catechism 
+  -at.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  in  the  style  of  a 
catechism;  interrogatory;  catechizing;  cate- 
chetical. 

Children  hate  to  be  bothered  with  questions,  .  .  .  and 
yet  how  we  bore  them  with  catechismal  demands. 

J.  T.  Fields,  Underbrush,  p.  124. 

catechist  (kat'e-kist),  «.  [=  F.  catechiste  =Sp. 
cutcquistii  =  P^.  It.  catcchista,  <  LL.  catechista, 

<  Gr.  "nanixidTJ/c,  <  san/^/Cf "',  catechize :  see  cat- 
echize.] One  who  instructs  orally,  or  by  ques- 
tion and  answer;  a  cateehizer;  specifically,  one 
appointed  to  instruct  catechumens  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  religion  as  a  preparation  for  baptism. 
This  was  a  special  function  in  the  early  church,  as  it  has 
also  been  to  some  extent  in  later  times ;  but  catecl)ist3 
have  never  constituted  a  distinct  ecclesiastical  order. 

Tlie  word  Catechist  implied  ...  a  function,  not  a  class. 
Smith,  Diet.  Christ.  Ajltiq. 

In  the  absence  of  the  regular  clergyman  the  catechist 
conducts  the  service  [at  Godhavn,  Greenland). 

C.  F.  Halt,  Polar  Exp.,  1876,  p.  64. 

catechistic,  catechistical   (kat-e-kis'tik,  -ti- 

kal),  a.  [<  cateeliist  +  -ic,  -ical.  Cf.  F.  cateche- 
tique =  Sp.  catcquistico  =  Pg.  It.  catechistico.] 
Pertaining  to  a  catechist  or  a  catechism;  of  a 
catechizing  character. 

Some  of  them  are  in  the  catechistical  method. 

Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  ii.  2. 

catechistically  (kat-e-kis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  a 
catechistic  manner  ;  by  question  and  answer. 

catechization  (kat'e-ki-za'shon),  n.  [<  cate- 
chize +  -atiiin ;  =  F.  catechisation  =  Pg.  cate- 
chiza^ao  =  G.  kyitcchLiation.]  The  act  of  cat- 
echizing; examination  by  questioning.  Also 
spelled  catechisation. 

The  catechisation  of  the  man  born  blind. 

Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Church,  1.  §  83. 

catechize  (kat'e-kiz),  I',  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cate- 
chized, ppr.  catechizing.  [=  F.  catechiser  =  Pr. 
cathcsizar  =  Sp.  catequizar  =  Pg.  catcchizar  = 
It.  catechizzarc  =  D.  catechiseren  =  G.  katechi- 
sieren  =  Dan.  katckUiere,  <  LL.  cutechizare,  cat- 
echize, <  Gr.  KaTr/xiZcir,  catechize,  a  later  ex- 
tended form  of  naTiJxiiv,  catechize,  instruct, 
teach  by  word  of  mouth,  particularly  in  reli- 
gion, also  resound,  <  Kara,  down,  +  >ix^"-'j  sound; 
pf-  'IX'ii  a  sound,  iixi>,  echo,  >  E.  echo.]  1.  To 
instruct  orally  by  asking  questions,  receiving 
answers,  and  offering  explanations  and  correc- 
tions ;  specifically,  so  to  instruct  on  points  of 
Christian  doctrine. 

Catechize  gross  ignorance. 

Burton,  Anat.  uf  MeL,  I'o  the  £cader,  p.  69. 


catechize 

2.  To  question;  interiogato,  especially  in  a 
minute  or  impertinent  manner;  examine  or  try 
by  questions. 

Tin  stopp'tl  by  all  the  fools  I  meet 

And  catecltis^d  in  every  street.  Swi/f. 

.Mrd  spelled  catechise. 
catechizet,  «.     [<  catechix,  r.    Cf.  catechism.'] 
A  catouliisni.     [CoUoq.] 

They  are  caief  nil  to  instruct  their  eliilihen,  that  so  when 
I  come  they  niif^ht  be  ready  to  answer  their  Catecliize, 

T.  Shrparil,  Cle.ar  .Sunshine  of  tlie  Gospel,  p.  27. 

catechizer  (kat'e-ki-zer),  II.  One  who  cate- 
chizes; one  who  instructs  bj'  question  and 
answer,  particularly  in  the  rudiments  of  the 
Christian  religion.     Also  sjiellcd  cutechiser. 

catechu  (kat'e-ehii),  n.  [NL.  catechu,  8p.  ca- 
tccK,  F.  cacliiiii,  etc.  (cf.  cutch);  of  E.  Ind.  ori- 
gin. Cf.  iiind. /i-(//W«7,  catechu.]  A  name  com- 
mon to  several  astringent  extracts  prepared 
from  the  wood,  bark,  and  fruit  of  various 
plants.  The  true  catechu,  or  eutch,  of  commerce  is  a 
dark-brown,  Jiard,  an<l  brittle  substance,  e.vtracted  by  de- 
coctitni  and  evaporation  from  the  wood  of  Acacia  Catechu 
and  .-1.  Huma,  East  Indian  trees.  It  is  one  of  the  best  astrin- 
gents to  be  found  in  the  materia  medica,  and  is  largely 
useil  in  tannin^',  calico-printing',  etc.  Pale  or  f/ambtcr 
catechu  is  olitaiiu-d  from  a  rul»iaccuus  climber,  Uncaria 
gambler  (see  ijiunhier).  A  kind  of  catechu  is  also  made 
from  the  nut  of  the  betel-palm,  ^rft'a  Catechu ,  hut  it  is 
not  an  article  of  commerce.  An  artificial  catecliu,  service- 
al)Ie  in  dyeing,  is  obtainable  from  mahogany  and  similar 
woiids.     .\Iso  cashoo. 

catechuic  (kat-e-cho'ik),  a.  [<  catecliu  +  -?c.] 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  catechu Cate- 
chuic acid,    i^anie  as  catechin. 

catechuin  (kat-e-cho'in),  n.  [<  catechu  +  -jh2.] 
Same  as  cnlirhiii. 

catechumen  (kat-e-kti'men),  n.  [(Cf.  ME.  catc- 
ciiiiwUiii/,  simulating  ciiiiieliiiff,  a  comer)  =  F. 
catechumene  =  Sp.  catecuiiieiio  =  Pg.  catechu- 
meno  =  It.  catectimeiio,  <  LL.  catcchumeniis,  < 
Gr.  KaT>ixoi;uevog,  one  instructed,  ppr.  pass,  of 
(«jr;?^rii',  instruct :  see  catechi:e.~\  1.  One  who 
is  imder  instruction  in  the  first  rudiments  of 
Christianity  ;  a  neophyte,  in  tlie  primitive  churcli 
catechumens  were  the  children  of  l)elieving  parents,  or 
Jews  or  pagans  not  fully  initiated  in  the  principles  of  the 
Cliristian  reli^'ion.  Tliey  were  admitted  to  this  state  by 
the  imposition  of  hands  and  the  sign  of  the  cross,  were  di- 
vided into  two  or  more  classes,  and  in  public  worship  were 
dismissed  or  retired  to  an  outer  court  of  the  chiuch  before 
the  liturgical  or  communion  service. 

The  heavens  open,  too,  upon  us ;  and  the  Holy  Ghost 
descends,  to  sanctify  the  waters,  and  to  hallow  the  cate. 
chumen.  Jer.  Tai/lor,  Works  (ed.  1S35),  I,  98. 

The  prayers  of  the  church  did  not  begin,  in  St,  Austin  s 
time,  till  the  catechumens  were  dismissed.  Stiltiii'jflcet. 
Of  these  Catcchumeiis  there  were  two  kinds,  the  Audi- 
tores,  who  had  merely  expressed  a  wish  to  become  Chris- 
tians, and  the  Competentes,  who  were  thought  worthy  of 
holy  Baptism.  J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Ohurch,  i.  209. 

2.  Figuratively,  one  who  is  beginning  to  acquire 
a  knowledge  of  any  doctrines  or  principles. 

The  same  language  is  still  held  to  the  catechnmeiis  in 
.Tacol)itisiu.  Biilintjtjvoke,  To  Windham. 

catechumenal  (kat-e-kti'me-nal),  «.      [<  cate- 
chumen +  -at.]    Pertaining  to  a  catechumen. 
He  had  laid  aside  bis  white  catechumcnat  robes. 

C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  .Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  liv. 

catechumenate  (kat-e-kii'me-nat),  71.  [<  cate- 
chuiiK  II  -\-  -iite'^;  =  F.  cateehuiudiat  =  Sp.  c«te- 
cumcnadn  =  Pg.  catechumenado,  -nato.]  The 
state  or  condition  of  a  catechumen. 

catechumenical  (kat"e-ku-men'i-kal),  a.  [< 
catechuiiiiii  -\- -ical.  Ci.ii^.catecuinenico.']  Be- 
longing to  catechumens ;  catechumenal. 

catechumenistt  (kat-e-ku'me-nist),  n.  [<  cate- 
cliuniiii  +  -ist.]    A  eateehiunen.    Bp.  Morton. 

categorem  (kat'f-gor-em),  n.  [=  F.  catcgoreme 
=  Sji.  catef/oremo,  <  Gi.  Karr/ydin/ua,  a  predicate, 
<  kaztyofithi,  predicate,  assert:  see  categonj.] 
Originally,  a  predicate;  in  logic  —  (a)  as  used 
by  the  Stoics,  a  term  which  can  be  made  the 
subject,  or  more  especially  the  pretlieate,  of  a 
proposition;  (ft)  as  used  by  the  Peripatetics, 
the  thing  corresponding  to  a  category. 

categorema  (kat-f-go-re'mii),  n.;  pi.  categore- 
niiitn  (-ma-til).     Same  as  categorem. 

categorematic  (kat-e-gor-e-niat'ik),  rt.  and  n. 
[=  F.  cati'gorematiq'ue  =  Sp.  categorcmatico,  < 
Gr.  mTr/y6pr/iia{T-),  a  predicate:  see  categorem.] 
I.  a.  Conveying  a  whole  terra,  that  is,  either 
the  siibject  or  the  predicate  of  a  proposition, 
in  a  single  word.  Sometimes  incorrectly  writ- 
ten categoreumatic  or  cathcgreuinatic. 

It  is  not  every  word  that  is  categorematic,  tliat  is,  capa- 
ble of  being  employed  by  itself  as  a  term. 

Wliatelji.  Logic,  II.  i.  §  3. 
II.  H.  In  logic,  a  word  which  is  capable  of 
being  employed  by  itself  as  a  term. 

categorematical  (kat-e-gor-e-mat'i-kal),  a. 
Same  as  categorematic. ' 


860 

categoreinatically(kat-o-gor-e-niai'i-kai-i), 
adi:  In  a  categorematic  manner;  as  a  cate- 
gorematic. 

categorical  (kat-e-gor'i-kal),  o.  and  h.     [=  F. 

eiili'giiriijiK  =  Sp.  lategdrico  =  I'g.  It.  eategorieo, 

<  Llj.  i-ittcgorieuSj  <  Gr.  uar/jyoinK/ic,  <  ««r;/;o/)m, 
a  category:  see  categori/  nnd  -ic,  -icuL]  I.  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  a  category  or  the  categories: 
opposed  to  transceiidciital. —  2.  Stated  uncon- 
ditionally; not  limited  to  a  hypothetical  state 
of  things:  as,  a  catcgorieiil  prii]i()sition  (that  is, 
a  sinijile,  imconditional  propo.sition). —  3.  Ap- 
plicable to  the  actual  circumstances;  stating 
the  fact;  pertinent;  positive;  precise;  clear: 
as,  a  categorical  answer  (that  is,  an  answer  that 
clearly  meets  the  question) Categorical  imper- 
ative, tlie  unconditional  command  of  conscience.-  Cate- 
gorical syllogism,  a  syllogism  containing  only  categoii- 
cal  projjositions, 

II.  n.  In  logic,  a  proposition  which  affirms  a 
thing  absolutely  and  without  any  hj'pothesis. 
Categoricals  are  sulMli\  i.lr.l  into  pun'  ;iiiil  mmlul.  A  jnire 
categorical  asserts  uiic(HiilitinMalI>  and  niiicM.-i  vedly  :  as, 
I  live;  man  is  mortal.  \  inmiid  (  atLroriral  assert-- with  a 
qnalilication:  as,  tlie  wisest  man  may  jiossiidj  lie  iiii>taken; 
a  prejudiced  historian  will  jirultalily  misrepresent  facts. 

categorically  (kat-e-gor'i-kal-i^,  adr.  in  a  cat- 
egorical manner;  absolutely;  directly;  ex- 
pressly; positively:  as,  to  aSinn  catcgoricalli/. 

categoricalness  (kat-e-gor'i-kal-nes),  )(.  Tlie 
quality  of  being  categorical,  positive,  or  abso- 
lute. 

categorist  (kat'e-go-rist),  11.  [<  category  + 
-ist.]  One  who  classifies  or  arranges  in  cate- 
gories.    Emerson. 

categorization  (kat-e -gor-i-za'shon),  n.  [<  cate- 
giiri-e  +  -iitiiin.]  Tlie  act  or  process  of  placing 
in  a  category  or  list;  a  classification.     [Rare.] 

categorize  (kat'e-go-riz),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
categorized,  ppr.  categorizing.  [<  category  + 
-i:e ;  =  F.  categoriser.]  To  place  in  a  category 
or  list;  classify.     [Rare.] 

category  (kat'f-go-ri),  «. ;  pi.  categories  (-riz). 
[=  F.  categoric  =  Sp.  ciitegoria  =  Pg.  It.  eatc- 
goria,  <  LL.  cutegoria,  <  Gr.  KunQopia,  an  accu- 
sation, charge,  later  also  a  predicate  or  predi- 
eable,  usually,  in  Aristotle  and  later  writers, 
a  category,  predicament,  head  of  predieables, 

<  Karr/yoptiv,  accuse,  declare,  assert,  predicate, 

<  Kara,  against,  -1-  ayoptveiv,  declaim,  address 
an  assembly,  <  a-jopa,  an  assembly:  see  agora.] 

1.  In  logic,  a  highest  notion,  especially  one 
derived  from  the  logical  analysis  of  the  forms 
of  proposition.  The  word  W!is  introduced  by  Aristotle, 
who  applies  it  to  his  ten  predicaments,  things  s.aitl,  or 
sununa  genera,  viz.,  substance,  quantity,  quLdity,  relation, 
action,  jjassion,  where,  when,  po.sture  or  rehitive  position 
of  paits,  habit  or  state.  These  are  derived  from  such  an 
analysis  ot  the  proposition  as  could  be  made  before  the 
developed  study  of  granuviar.  The  categories  or  highest 
intellectual  concepts  of  Kant  are:  categories  of  quantity 
—  unity.  iihiiaUty.  totality  ;  categories  of  quality  —  reality, 
negation,  limit  between  these;  categories  of  relation  — 
substance  and  accident,  cause  and  effect,  action  and  re- 
action ;  categories  nf  tnmlatitg  —  possibility,  impossibility, 
actuality,  non-actuality,  necessity,  non-necessity.  Modern 
formal  logic  furnishes  this  list :  (1)  qualities,  or  singular 
characters ;  (2)  simple  relations,  or  dual  characters  :  (3) 
comple-x  relations,  or  plural  characters.  Many  lists  of 
categories  have  been  given  not  founded  on  formal  logic. 

The  categories,  or  forms  and  conditions  of  human  un- 
derstanding, though  doubtless  innate  in  the  naturalist's 
sense  of  the  term,  that  is  inherited,  are  only  the  wa>s  and 
facilities  of  the  higher  exercise  of  tlie  faculty  of  retlectioii. 

C.  Wright. 

The  categories  are  not  instruments  which  the  mind  uses, 
but  elements  in  a  whole,  or  the  stages  in  a  complex  process, 
which  in  its  unity  the  mind  is.       E.  Caird,  Hegel,  p.  157. 

2.  A  summum  genus,  or  widest  class. —  3.  Any 
very  wide  and  distinctive  class ;  any  compre- 
hensive di^asion  or  class  of  persons  or  things. 

Shakespeare  is  .as  much  out  of  the  category  of  eminent 
antliors  as  he  is  out  of  the  crowd.     Emerson,  Shakespeare. 

catelt,  ".    Middle  English  form  of  cattle. 

catelectrode  (kat-e-lek'trod),  n.  [<  Gr.  koto, 
down,  -f  electrode!]  Faraday's  name  for  the 
negative  electrode  or  cathode  of  a  voltaic  bat- 
tery.    See  eatliode  and  electrode. 

catelectrotonic  (kat-e-lek-tro-ton'ik),  a.  [<  eat- 
elcctroton  us  -t-  -ic]  I'ertalniiig  to  or  exhibiting 
catelectrotonus. 

catelectrotonUS  (kat"e-lek-trot'o-nus),Ji.  [< 
c(it(hi>ile)  +  eleetrotonus.]  The  changed  physical 
ami  jihysiological  condition  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  cathode  when  a  constant  electrical 
current  is  passed  through  a  piece  of  nerve  or 
muscle.  Also  cathclcctrotonus.  See  eleetrotonus. 

catena  (ka-te'na),  n. ;  pi.  catenee  (-ne).  [L.,  a 
chain,  >  ult.  E.  chain,  q.  v.]  1 .  A  chain ;  a  con- 
nected series  of  notions,  arguments,  or  objects 
generally;  a  series  of  wliich  each  part  or  mem- 
ber has  a  close  connection,  like  that  of  a  link, 
with  the  preceding  and  follo^ving  parts. 


The  Catenary- 

The  cord,  a,  c,  b,  hanffs  in  a  portion  of 

the  common  catenary- 


cater 

We  possess  therefore  a  catena  of  evidence  reaching  back 
cruitinuously  frtun  the  date  of  the  .Moabite  stone  to  that 
of  the  stone  tables  of  the  law. 

Isaac  Taylirr,  The  Alphabet,  I.  139. 

That  great  poem  of  aphoristic  epigrams,  the  Essav  on 
Man,  that  has  never,  perhaps,  in  any  language  been 
equalled  as  a  catena  of  pithy  wit  and  jdiilosophic  (plota- 
bility.  iV.  am/  y.,  Otli  ser.,  I.X.  287. 

2.  A  methodized  series  of  selections  from  dif- 
ferent authors  to  elucidate  a  doctrine  or  a  sys- 
tem of  doctrines;  specifically,  such  a  set  of 
quotations  from  the  church  fathers  to  assist 
in  the  study  of  Christian  dogmatics  or  biblical 
exegesis:  as,  the  Catena  Am'ea  of  St.  Thomas 
Aquinas. — 3.  An  Italian  measure  of  length,  a 
chain,  equal  in  Naples  to  5li.07  feet,  and  in  Pa- 
lermo to  liG.dll  feet. 

Catenaria  (kat-e-na'ri-il),  ».  [NL.,  fern.  sing, 
of  L.  eateniiriiis :  see  catoiary.]  The  typical 
genus  of  I'ateiiariida'. 

catenarian  (kat-e-na'ri-an),  a.  [<  catenary  + 
-an.]     Same  as  catenary. 

To  say  another  word  of  the  catenarian  arch.  .  .  .  Its 
nature  proves  it  to  be  in  equilibrio  in  every  ptjint. 

Jegerson,  Correspondence,  II.  416. 

Catenariidae  (kafe-na-ri'i-de),  n.iil.  [NL.,  < 
I'liti imriii  +  -idle.]  A  family  of  (liilostomatn 
with  zott'cium  radicate,  segmented,  and  each 
intemode  (except  at  a  bifurcation)  formed  of 
a  single  zooecium.  Also  Catenieellida'. 
catenary  (kat'e-na-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  caic- 
uariuu,  <  catena,  a  chain:  see  chain.]  I.  a.  Re- 
lating to  a  chain; 
i!^  like  a  chain.  Also 
catenarian.  ^  Cate- 
nary or  catenarian 
curve,  in  ;t'o>n.,  the 
cur\  e  I  'i  a  i>crfectly  Hex- 
itde,  inextciisible,  infi- 
nitely line  cord  when  at 
rest  under  the  action  of 
forces.  The  common 
catenary  is  what  the 
catenary  becomes  when 
the  forces  are  parallel 
and  proportional  to  the 
length  of  the  cord,  as  in 
the  case  of  a  heavy  cord 
of  uniform  weight  un- 
der the  infiuence  of 
gravitatiou.  It  is  in- 
teresting on  account  of  the  light  it  throws  on  the  theory 
of  arches,  and  also  by  reason  of  its  application  to  the  con- 
strtiction  of  suspension-bridges. 
II.  «.;  Tpl.  catenaries  (-riz).  A  catenary  curve, 
catenate  (kat'e-nat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cate- 
nated, ppr.  catenating.  [<  L.  catcnatus,  pp.  of 
catenare,  chain,  <  catena,  a  chain:  see  catena 
and  chain.]  To  chain,  or  connect  in  a  series 
of  links  or  ties ;  concatenate. 
catenate,  catenated  (kat'e-nat,  -nii-ted),  a.  [< 
L.  catcnatus,  pi>. :  see  the  verb.]  Having  the 
structure  or  apjiearance  of  a  chain  :  applied  in 
zoologj'  to  impressed  lines  which  are  broken 
at  regular  intervals,  to  double  stiiai  connected 
by  numerous  short  lines,  etc. 
catenation  (kat-e-na'shon),  n.  [=  F.  catena- 
tion, <  L.  catenatio(n-),  <  catenare:  see  catenate, 
r.]  Connection  of  links;  imion  of  parts,  as  in 
a  chain;  regular  connection;  concatenation. 

Which  catenation  or  conserving  union. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  ViUg.  Err.,  v.  5. 

Catenipora  (kat-f-nip'o-ra),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  ca- 
tena, a  chain,  -1-  pnrusj  a' pore.]  Chain-coral, 
occurring  fossil  in  Paleozoic  strata  (in  Great 
Britain  only  in  the  Silm-ian):  so  called  from 
the  chain-like  an'angement  of  its  pores  or  cells 
in  polished  specimens.    Also  called  Halysites. 

Catenula  (ka-ten'u-la),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  L.  ca- 
tena, a  cliain :  see  chain.]  The  t_\-])ical  genus  of 
the  family  Catenulida:    C.  lennuc  is  an  example. 

catenulate  (ka-ten'ii-lat),  a.  [<  L.  catenula, 
dim.  of  catena,  a  chain.  Cf.  catenate.]  1. 
Consisting  of  little  links  or  chains. —  2.  In  hot., 
formed  of  parts  united  end  to  end,  like  the 
links  of  a  chain. 

Catenulidse  (kat-e-nii'li-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
tenula -\-  -idie.]  A  family  of  aproctous  rhabdo- 
eoelous  tiu-bellarians,  in  which  reproduction 
takes  place  asexually  by  transverse  fission. 
The  animals  when  ineompletel}-  separated  swim 
about  in  chains,  whence  the  name. 

cater^t  (ka'ter),  n.  [By  apheresis  from  acater, 
as  cate,  q.  v.,  from  acatc :  see  acater,  acatc] 
A  caterer ;  a  piu'veyor ;  an  acater. 

I  am  cook  myself  and  juine  own  cater. 

Fletcher,  Women  Pleased. 

[He]  has  but  a  eater's  place  on  't,  .and  jirovides 
All  for  another's  table. 

Miildleton,  Women  Beware  Women,  iii.  3. 

caterl  (kii'tcr),  r.  ('.  [<  catcr^,  n.]  To  make 
provision,  as  of  food,  entertainment,  etc.;  act 


cater 

as  a  purveyor:  as,  to  cater  to  a  depraved  ap- 
petite. 

And  lie  that  doth  tlic  nivciis  feed, 
Yea,  provichMitly  rafer.-^  im  the  8i)arr(»w, 
Be  eoiiifurt  to  my  age.    i^hak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  :i. 
We  !mve  hiid  u  regular  feed  all  round,  and  exult  to  think 
we  need  no  calerinr/  fur  the  niolTow. 

Kane,  See.  Orinn.  Exp.,  II.  00. 

Cater^  (kii'ter),  N.  [Also  fjiiiilcr;  <  V.  qidilrc, 
<  L.  (inatuor  =  E.  four :  sec  four,  and  qitalir, 
(luittiriinrij,  etu.]  The  foiir-spot  of  oanls  or  diiro. 

cater-  (ka'ter),  i'.  t.  [<  Ciller'^,  «.]  To  cut  di- 
aKouiilly.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

cateran  (kat'er-an),  «.  [So.,  <  Gael,  eeathair- 
iwiicli,  a  soldier,  =  Ir.  ceatlKiniiich,  a  soldier  (> 
E.  kcni,  which  is  thus  the  same  word  as  cat<  r- 
aii),  <  Gael,  and  Ir.  c<itli,  battle,  =  AS.  Iiaithti, 
battle.]  1.  A  keru ;  a  Highland  or  Irish  ir- 
regular soldier. — 2.  A  Highland  freebooter  or 
rea\-er.      [Scotch.] 

eater-cornered  (ka'ter-kor'nerd),  a.    [<  catcr^, 

II.,  +  i-iiriK  r  +  -«/'-.]  Diagonal;  set  diagonally. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 
cater-cousin  (ka'ter-kuz"n),  n.  [Also  written 
(jiKitir-,  i/iiiilrc-coiisin;  <  calcr^,  F.  qiiiitrc,  four 
(fourtli),  +  fdusiit.'i  A t'oui'th cousin ;  aremoto 
relation  ;  hence,  a  friend. 

ilis  nu».>iter  anil  he  .  .  .  are  scarce  caler-coimnn. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  2. 

cater-cousinship  (ka'ter-kuz"n-ship), «.  [< 
fdtcr-cdiitiiii  +  -t:liip.']  The  state  of  being 
cater-cousins,  or  of  being  distantly  related. 

Thank  Heaven  he  [the  second-rate  Englishnian]  is  not 
the  ()nly  specimen  of  catcr-coiutiiishii)  from  the  dear  ohl 
Mother  Island  that  is  shown  to  us  ! 

Lourll,  Study  "Windows,  p.  CI>. 
caterer  (ka'ter-er),  II.    A  provider  or  ptu'veyor 
of  food  or  provisions ;  one  who  proN-ides  for  any 
want  or  desire. 

Tiiat  Isect]  called  Chenesia  is  the  principall:   whose 

Priests  doe  feed  on  Horse-flesh.     Such  Horses  as  arc  unfit 

for  service,  their  Caterers  doe  buy  and  fat  f<ir  their  jtalats. 

5rtm/i/x,  Travailes,  p.  iKJ. 

cateress  (ka'ter-es),  n.     [<  catcA  +  -css.'\     A 
woman  who  caters;  a  female  provider, 
she,  good  cateress, 
Means  her  provision  only  to  the  good. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  764. 

caterfoilt,  "•     Same  as  quatrcfoil. 

caterpillar  (kat'er-jiil-jir),  II.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  Ciitcrpillri;  oitcrpilci;  <  ME.  *catcrj>clci; 
found  only  once,  in  the  abbr.  form  cnti/rjwl,  < 
OF.  * cattepclcurc  or  a  similar  form  represented 
by  mod.  Guernsey  dial,  c/ittc-jichiciirc,  a  wood- 
louse,  a  weevil,  otherwise  by  the  assibilated 
forms  OF.  chiitcpdosc,  chutcpdoiisc,  chatlcpi- 
lousc,  chiilcpclcii.st;  chattcpcUcii.ic,  also  clialcjiluc, 
a  caterpillar,  also  a  weevil,  a  mite,  mod.  dial. 
(Picard)  cajilcii.'ie,  ctpiliiche,  cuplure,  carplurc, 
(Norm.)  carploKsc,  (Bret.)  churpelousc ;  appar. 
(by  popiUar  etymology)  'harry  cat'  (OF.  *pclos, 
pclous.  fern,  pcloii.se,  <  L.  pilihsun,  hairy:  see 
pilous),  but  prob.  orig.  'pill-cat,'  <  OF.  cfittt; 
assibilated  cliatte,  mod.  F.  ehattc,  t.,  a  eat,  + 
"jiekure,  piUcure,  piUeusc  (Palsgrave),  F.  dial. 
pilure,  pi'lure,  a  piU,  <  L.  piluht,  >  also  E.  piU^: 
'cat'  being  a  fanciful  name  applied  to  the 
caterpillar  (cf.  It.  dial,  f/ntta,  ijitttohi,  a  cater- 
pillar, <  ijiittii,  a  cat;  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  tciifcla- 
kat:  (lit.  devil's  cat),  a  caterpillar;  F.  eliciiille, 
a  caterpillar  (see  eheniUc),  <  L.  caiiicuUt,  a  little 
dog),  and  'pill'  having  reference  to  its  rolling 
itself  up  in  a  little  ball  (cf.  E.  pill-buy  and  pill- 
6ccWe).]  1.  Properly,  the  larva  of  a  lepidop- 
terous  insect,  but  also  applied  to  the  larva?  of 
other  insects,  such  as  members  of  the  family 
3'(«W()y'rf(«i(/n',or  saw-flies.  Caterpilhars  are  produced 
immediately  from  the  egg;  they  are  furnished  with  three 
pairs  of  true  feet  and  a  number  of  fleshy  abdominal  legs 
named  pmleijs,  and  have  the  shape  and  appearance  of  a 
worm.  The  old  idea  of  Swammerdam  that  the  pupa  and 
imago  are  already  concealed  under  the  skin  of  the  cater- 
pillar is  only  p.artially  founded  in  truth.  The  pupal  skin 
is  formed  from  the  hypodermisof  the  larva,  and  tlie  mus- 
cles contract  and  change  its  form.  The  larval  skin  is  then 
thrown  off,  and  the  insect  remains  quiescent  for  some  time, 
the  imago  or  pei-f ect  insect  forming  Ijeneath  the  pujjal  en- 
velop. Caterpillars  generally  feed  on  leaves  or  sucLiilcnt 
vegetables,  and  are  sometimes  very  destructive.  See  larva. 
2.  A  cockchafer.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  3t.  An  envi- 
ous person  who  does  mischief  without  provo- 
cation. E.  PliillijKi,  n06. —  4t.  One  who  preys 
upon  the  substance  of  another;  an  extortioner. 
They  that  he  the  children  of  this  world,  as  .  .  .  extor- 
tioners, .  .  .  cn^cr/'iViars,  usiu"ers,  think  you  they  come  to 
God"s  stijrehouse?  Latimer. 

5.  The  popular  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Scorpiurus — Caterpillar  point-lace,  (n)  A  needle- 
made  lace  produced  in  Italy  imriiig  tlie  seventeenth  (-en- 
tury,  and  luiinefi  from  the  resemblance  of  the  sprig  which 
fonned  ita  pattern  to  the  bodies  of  cat'ci-pillai-s.  (It)  .\ 
light  faltric  sjiun  by  caterpillars  in  the  process  of  eating 
food  spread  for  them  upon  a  smooth  stone,  while  they 


861 

avoid  the  oil  with  which  a  pattern  has  been  drawn  upon 
it ;  this  so-called  lace  is  of  remarkable  lightness,  a  sciuare 
yard  wiiL'hinu  only  4J  trrains.     Diet,  o/  Xretlleicurk. 

caterpillar-catcher  (kat'er-pii-ar-kaeh"6r),  II. 
A  biril  of  the  family  Cuiupophuyidai.  Also  called 
caterpitlar-catcr,  caterpiUar-huntcr,  and  cuckoo- 
shrikv. 

caterpillar-eater  (kat'tT-pil-iir-e"ter),  «.   1.  A 

name  given  to  tlie  larva>  of  certain  ichneumon- 
Hies,  from  their  being  bred  in  the  bodies  of  cat- 
erpillars and  eating  their  way  out. —  2.  Same  as 
aikrpitliir-cdli-htr. 

caterpillar-fungus  (kat'er-pil-iir-funjj'gus),  K. 
A  fungus  of  the  genus  Conlyceps,  wliich  grows 
upon  the  lavva^  of  insects.     See  Cordyci/i.s. 

caterpillar-hunter  (kat'er-pil-ar-huu"ter),  n. 
Same  as  eiiUrpHlur-culchcr. 

cater-pointt,  ».  The  number  four  at  tlice. 
licr.'iiii,  17u8. 

caters  (ka'terz),  n.  pi.  [Also  written  quater.s, 
<  F.  qiiatrc,  fom':  see  Crt<fc2.]  The  collective 
name  of  the  changes  which  can  bo  rung  upon 
nine  bells:  so  called  because  four  pairs  of  bells 
change  places  in  the  order  of  sounding  every 
time  a  change  is  rung. 

caterwaul  (kat'er-wal),  V.  i.  [A  var.  of  earlier 
eatcrwiiw,  after  waul:  see  caterwaw  and  ivaul.^ 
To  cry  as  cats  Tinder  the  influence  of  the  sex- 
ual instinct;  make  a  disagreeable  howling  or 
screeching. 

The  very  cats  caterwauled  more  horribly  and  pertina- 
ciously there  than  I  ever  heard  elsewhere. 

Coteridye,  Table-Talk. 

caterwauling  (kat'er-wa-ling),  n.  [Verbal  n. 
ot  C(tl<ririiul,i\2  The  crying  of  eats ;  a  howling 
or  screeching. 

What  a  cateneauling  do  you  keep  here ! 

.•ihak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  .1. 

caterwawt,  v.  i.  [ME.  caterwan-en,  <  cater-  (cf. 
1).  kiitir,  m.,  a  cat;  cf.  also  catirpillar)  for  eat 
(see  <'o(l)  -¥  trawen,  howl,  waul;  an  imitative 
word :  see  waul  and  caterwaul.]  Same  as  cat- 
erwaul. 

caterwawedt,  "•  [ME.  (appar.  a  pp.,  but 
really  a  verbal  noun),  <  catencnw,  q.  v.]  Cater- 
wauling. 

Hut  forth  she  [the  cat!  wol,  er  any  day  be  dawed, 
To  sliewe  hir  skyn  antl  gon  a  eatencawed. 

Chancer,  Prol.  t«  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  s:,*. 

cateryt  (ka'ter-i),  n.  [By  apheresis  from  aca- 
tcrij,  (j.  v.]  A  place  for  keeping  provisions. 
Also  eatry. 

cat-eyed  (kat'id).  a.  Having  eyes  like  a  eat; 
hence,  seeing  well  in  the  dark. 

cat-fall  (kat'fal),  II.  Xaut.,  the  rope  which, 
being  rove  in  the  cat-block  and  cat-head,  forms 
the  tackle  for  heaving  up  the  anchor  from  the 
water's  edge  to  the  cat-head.  Also  called  cat- 
tackle  fall.     See  cut  under  eat-licad. 

catfish  (kat'fish),  n.  [<  co(l  +  fish.']  1.  A 
name  of  the  wolf-tish,  Aiiarrhielias  lupus,  from 
its  dentition  and  its  ferocity  when  caught. 
See  ifolf-fish. — 2.  A  name  generally  given  in 
the  United  States  to  species  of  the  family  Si- 
luridic,  which  when  taken  out  of  the  water 
emit  a  sound  like  the  pm-ring  of  a  cat.  The 
North  American  species  are  rolnlst  fusiform  Ilshes  with 
8  barbels,  a  short  dorsal  with  a  strong  pointed  spine  in 
front,  a  posterior  adipose  fin,  and  a  moderate  anal.  They 
have  been  referred  to  five  genera,  Amiuru^,  Gronias, 
Ictatiirus,  Leptops,  and  Noturus.  The  species  of  the  llrst 
two  are  of  some  economical  importance,  and  contribute 
consiilerably  to  the  food  of.  the  poorer  classes  at  least. 
The  most  common  in  the  eastern  streams  are  the  A.  nefnt- 
losus  and  .-1.  aWidus,  and  ui  the  west  the  A.  metas.    The 


Catfish  (yimiurus  tnelas"). 

largest  arc  the  A.  ni'jrieans  of  the  great  lakes  and  the  .1. 
p^mder^ls^t^t  oi  the  MiVsissippi,  the  latter  sometimes  attain- 
ing a  weight  of  100  pounds.  The  most  esteemed  is  the  /. 
panctatiLA  of  the  great  lakes  and  the  Mississiji[ii  valley, 
recognizable  by  its  sleniler  head  and  forked  tail.  The 
name  has  been  also  extended  to  similar  Hshcs  in  various 
parts  of  the  world,  and  even  to  species  of  dilferent  but 
related  families. 

3.  A  name  given  in  some  parts  of  England  to 
the  weever,  Trachlnus  draco. — 4.  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  of  tlie  scyllioid  sliark,  Seiillium  calu- 
his. — 5.  A  local  English  name  of  the  torsk, 
lirosiuius  hrosiiie. — 6.  A  name  in  New  Zealand 
for  fishes  of  the  family  I'ruiioseopida;  espe- 
cially the  Ichtkijscopus  monopterygiu^. 


catbarize 

cat-foot  (kat'fut),  n.     A  short,  round  foot,  hav- 
ing tlie  toes  ardied  and  the  knuckles  high, 
cat-footed  (kat'fut  ed),«.    1.    Having  feet  like 
a  cat's  ;  s|)ecilically,  in  soiil.,  digitigrade,  with 
sharp,  retractile  claws,  as  a  cat;  ajluropodous. 
./.  Ii.  Gray. —  2.  Noiseless;  quiet;  stealthy. 
I  stole  from  court 
With  Cyril  and  with  Klorian,  unperceived, 
C<lt:l'ii"ted  thr«/  the  ttnvn.      Tentn/san,  Princess,  1. 

cat-gold  (kat'gold),  )i.  A  variety  of  mica  of  a 
yellowish  color.  The  name  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  iron  pyrites. 

catgut  (kat'gut),  n.  [Appar.  <  cat''-  +  gut  (cf. 
e<iuiv.  calliui;,  '2) ;  but,  as  catgut  does  not  seem 
ever  to  have  been  prei)ared  from  cats'  intes- 
tines, tlie  word  is  supjiosed  to  staml  for  *kityut 
(cf.  equiv.  kitslriuy),  by  confusion  of  kil^,  a 
little  cat,  with /,((■-,  a  fiddle.]  1.  The  intestines 
of  sheep  (sometimes  of  the  horse,  the  ass,  or 
the  mule),  dried  and  twisted,  used  for  strings 
of  musical  instruments  and  for  other  purj)oscs; 
a  string  of  this  kind. — 2.  A  sort  of  linen  or 
canvas  with  wide  interstices. —  3.  (n)  A  name 
for  one  ot  the  olive  seaweeds.  Chorda  filuiii, 
which  is  allied  to  Lmiiiiiaria.  (li)  The  plant  Te- 
phrii.tiii  yiri/iiiiaiia :  so  called  on  account  of  its 
long,  slender,  and  very  tough  roots. 

catgut-scraper  (kat'gut-skra'per),  II.  A  deri- 
sive name  for  a  violinist ;  a  liddler. 

Cath,     An  abbreviation  of  Catholic. 

cath-.  A  form  of  cat-  for  catii-  before  the  aspi- 
rate, occurring  in  words  of  tireck  origin. 

Catha  (kath'ii),  H.  [XL.,  <  Ar.  kat,  khat.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  belonging  to  the  natural  order 
Velastraceic,  mostly  natives  of  .Vfrica.  The  most 
interesting  species  of  the  genus  is  C.  eitultjt,  cultivated 
by  the  Arabs,  and  known  as  khat  or  kaj'ta.  It  is  a  shrub 
growing  to  about  10  feet  in  height,  with  smooth  leaves  of 
an  elliptical  foiTU  about  2  inches  in  length  by  1  inch  in 
width.  The  leaves  and  twigs  are  used  in  the  preparation 
of  a  beverage  possessing  pr()perties  analogous  tt»  those  of 
tea  and  eolfce.  The  use  (d  khat  is  of  great  antiquity,  hav- 
ing preceded  that  of  coffee,  and  it  forms  a  considerable 
article  i)f  citnunerce  anumg  the  Arabs. 

cathag  (kat'ach),  n.  [Gael,  calliag,  a  daw,  jack- 
daw.] A  name  for  the  jackdaw,  Vorvus  mone- 
diila.     ilacyiUirray.     [Scotch.] 

Cathaian,  «.  and  «.     See  Catalan. 

cat-hammed  (kat'hamd),  a.  Clumsy;  awk- 
ward ;  without  dexterity.  Grose;  Halliwcll. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Cathari  (kath'a-n),  n.  pi.  [<  ML.  Catharus,  a 
puritan,  <  Gr.  KaOapos,  pure.]  An  appellation 
of  different  early  and  metlieval  religious  sects; 
the  Catharists.     See  Cathurist. 

Catharian  (ka-tha'ri-an),  n.     A  Catharist. 

Catharina,  ».  jd.    Same  as  Calarrhiua. 

catharine-wheel  (kath'a-rin-hwel),  h.     [So 

called  from  .St.  Catharine  of  Alexandria,  who 
is  represented  Avith  a  wheel,  in  allusion  to  her 
martyrdom.]  1.  In  arch.,  a  window,  or  com- 
partment of  a  window,  of  a  circular  form,  with 
radiating  divisions  or  spokes.  See  rose-icindow. 
—  2.  In  her.,  a  wheel  with  sharp  hooks  project- 
ing from  the  tire,  supposed  to  represent  the 
wheel  upon  which  St.  Catharine  suffered  mar- 
tyrdom.—  3.  A  kind  of  firework  having  a  spiral 
tube  which  revolves  as  the  fire  issues  from  it ; 
a  pin-wheel. — 4.  In  cmhroideri/,  a  round  hole 
in  muslin  or  other  material  filled  by  twisted  or 
braided  threads  radiating  like  the  spokes  of  a 
wheel. 

.Mso  si>elled  eatlierine-whccl. 

catharism  (kath'a-rizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kadapiapdc,  a 
cleansing,  <  naOapiCew,  cleanse:  see  catharize.] 
The  process  of  making  a  stu-face  chemically 
clean. 

Catharist  (kath'a-rist),  H.  [=  F.  cathari.i^e,  < 
ML.  eatharista',  pl.,<  Gr.  Ka6ap6r,  pure:  see  ca- 
thartic.] Literally,  a  pinitan;  one  who  pre- 
tends to  more  piu-ity  than  others  possess :  used 
as  a  distinctive  ecclesiastical  name.  This  name 
has  been  specidcally  ajiplied  to  or  used  by  several  iHHlies 
of  sectaries  at  various  periods,  especially  the  Novatians 
in  the  third  century,  and  the  antisaeerdotal  sects  {Albi- 
genses.  etc.)  in  the  south  of  France  and  Piedmont  in  the 
twelfth  century-.  They  ditfercil  c4»nsidcrably  among  them- 
selves in  tloetrine  and  in  the  degree  of  their  opposition  to 
the  Church  of  itoinc,  hut  agreed  in  denying  its  supreme 
authority. 

Catharista  (kath-a-ris'ta),  «.-  [NL.  (Vieil- 
lot,  ISK)),  <  (Jr.  as  if  ^Katlapiimic,  <  KftOapi^^tVj 
cleanse:  see  ort^/iflW.rc.]  A  genus  of  American 
vultures,  of  the  family  Cathartida;  the  tj-pe  of 
which  is  the  black  vulture  or  cairion-crow,  C. 
ntr<ilii. 

catharization  (kath'a-ri-za'shon),  H.  [<  eath- 
(iri-r  +  -iition.]  The  act  of  cleansing;  the 
proci'ss  of  making  chemically  clean. 

catharize  (kath'a-riz),  r.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  catha- 
ri:ed,  ppr.  cathariziny.  [< Gr. natlapiiciv,  cleanse, 


catharize 

<  ((oftj(>(}f,  clean,  pure :  see  cathartic.']  To  ren- 
der absolutely  clean,  as  a  glass  vessel,  by  the 
use  of  solvents. 

catharma  (ka-tbiir'nia),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaOap/m, 
refuse,  residuum,  <  Kadaipeiv,  cleanse,  purge: 
see  cathartic.']  In  mcd.,  excrement;  anything 
liurgod  from  the  body,  naturally  or  by  art. 

cat-fiarpin,  cat-harping  (kat'hilr"piu,  -ping), 
».     [Origin  obsciu-e.J     SaKt.,  one  of  the  short 


ropes  or  (now  more  commonly)  iron  cramps 
used  to  bind  in  the  shrouds  at  the  masthead, 
so  that  the  yards  may  be  braced  up  sharply. 

Our  ship  was  nothing  l)ut  a  mass  of  hides,  from  the  cat- 
harpins  to  the  water's  edge. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  ilast,  p.  264, 

catharsis  (ka-thar'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  6r.  uddapmi;, 
purification,  purgation,  <  mdaipetv,  cleanse,  pu- 
rify: see  cathartic]  In  med.,  a  natural  or  ar- 
tificial purgation  of  any  passage,  especially 
the  bowels.    Also  called  aj)Ocatharsis. 

cathartate  (ka-thiir'tat),  n.  [<  cathart{ic)  + 
-ate^.]     A  salt  of  catliartie  acid. 

Cathartes  (ka-thar'tez),  H.  [NL.  (>  F.  ca- 
tharte),  <  Gr.  KaOapr//^,  a  cleanser,  <  KaSaipciv, 
cleanse:  sea  cathart'ic]    A  genus  of  American 


862 

Ing  the  head  and  part  of  the  neck  more  or  less  completely 
bare  of  featliers,  and  sonietiniosearunciilar ;  the  eyes  Hush 
witli  the  side  of  the  head  and  withcuit  suiicic  diary  shield  ; 
the  plumage  somber  in  color  ;  the  winus  ImiK  and  ample  ; 
the  tail  moderate;  the  plumaKe  withcmt  idtersliafts;  two 
carotids  and  a  large  crop  ;  the  heiik  lo.itldess,  contracted 
in  the  continuity,  with  large  iiirf.irate  nostrils;  the  in- 
dex-digit clawed;  the  iiil-gland  tuftliss;  no  syrinx  nor 
ctcca;  and  diurnal  habits  and  gressorial  gait.  Tliey  sub- 
sist entirely  on  carrion.    See  cut  under  Cathaiien. 

Cathartides  (ka-thiir'ti-des),  71.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Vatliartcs  +  -ides.]  A  supertamily  or  suborder 
of  raptorial  birds,  conterminous  with  the  fam- 
ily ('atliartidw ;  the  American  vultures. 

Cathartinae(kath-ar-ti'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
tkartif!  +  -ilia:.]  The  American  vultures  as  a 
subfamily  of  the  family  Vidturida;.  [Not  in  use.] 

cathartogenic  (ka-thiir-to-jen'ik),  a.  [<  ca- 
thart-ie  +  -genie,  <  L.  •/  'gen,  produce.]  Derived 
from  cathartic  acid Cathartogenic  acid,  a  yel- 
lowish-brown powder  produced  from  cathartic  acid  by 
boiling  with  acids. 

cathartomannit  (ka-thilr-to-man'it),  n.  [< 
cathart-ic  +  manna.]  A  peculiar  non-ferment- 
able crystalline  saccharine  principle  found  in 
senna. 

Catharus  (kath'a-rus),  n.  [NL.  (Bonaparte, 
18.50),  <  Gr.  KaBapoc,  clear,  pure,  clean :  see  ca- 
thartic] A  genus  of  thrushes,  of  the  family 
Tnrdidec,  containing  a  number  of  species  pecu- 
liar to  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  C.  meljto- 
vicne  is  an  example. 

cat-haws  (kat'haz),  n.  ^)?.  The  fruit  of  the 
whitethorn.     Brockett.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cat-head  (kat'hed),  11.  1.  A  large  timber  or 
heavy  iron  beam 

projecting  from  ^.-i^-'/ 

each  bow  of  a 
ship,  and  hav- 
ing sheaves  in 
its  outer  end. 
Its  use  is  to  afford 
a  support  by  which 
to  lift  the  anchor 
after  it  has  been 
raised  to  the  wa- 
ter's edge  by  the 
chain.  The  inner 
end  of  the  cat-head, 
which  is  fastened 
to  the  ship's  beam 
or  frame,  is  called 
the  cat-tail. 


A,  Cat-head!  B,  Cat-block;  C,  Cat-fall, 
the  an- 


Turkey-buzzard  ( Cathartes  aura). 

■vultures,  giving  name  to  the  family  Cathartida-. 
Formerly  applied  to  all  the  species  indiscriminately ;  now 
usually  restricted  to  the  turkey-buzzard,  C.  aura,  and  its 
immediate  congeners. 
cathartic  (ka-thar'tik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  cathar- 
tique,  <  Gr.  KadapriKoc,  cleansing,  purgative,  < 
Kadaipeiv,  cleanse,  purify,  <  Ka6ap6c,  pure,  clean, 
akin  to  L.  castas,  pure,  >  E.  chaste,  q.  v.]     I,  a. 

1.  Purgative;  purifying,  in  medicine  often  restrict- 
ed to  the  second  grade  of  purgation,  laxative  being  used 
for  the  first,  and  drastic  for  the  third.    Also  apocattiartic. 

The  civil  virtues  —  wisdom,  courage,  temperance,  and 
justice — are  retained;  but  higher  than  these  are  placed 
the  purifying  or  cathartic  virtues,  by  which  the  soul 
emancipates  itself  from  subjection  to  sense. 

G.  P.  Fislier,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  179. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  eathartin. — 
Cathartic  acid,  a  glncoside  of  weak  acid  character, 
black  and  uncrystallizable.  It  is  the  active  purgative  prin- 
ciple of  senna. 

II.  n.  A  cathartic  medicine ;  a  purge;  a  pur- 
gative. 

cathartical  (ka-thiir'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  ca- 
thartic 

cathartically  (ka-thilr'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  a  cathartic. 

catharticalness  (ka-thilr'ti-kal-nes),  «.  The 
quality  of  promoting  discharges  from  the  bow- 
els, 

Cathartidse  (ka-thar'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
thartes +  -idw.]  A  family  of  vultures,  of  the 
order  Raptores  and  suborder  Cathartides.  Tluy 
are  confined  to  America,  and  chietly  inhabit  its  warmer 
parts.  The  Andean  c(tin\in-(Sarfi>>'hami>fnis  '/n///// t/.s-),  the 
Californian  condor  (I'ffeittl(t;rn/i'liu.t  cati/nnu'iiiiiy),  the 
king-vullure  (Sarcortiamptiun  j'a]>a),  the  turkey-buzzard 
{Cathartes  aura),  and  the  carnon-crvw  {Catharigta  atrata) 
are  the  leading  species.    They  are  characterized  by  hav- 


\Ve  pulled  a  long,  heavy,  silent  pull,  and 
chor  came  to  the  cat-head  pretty  slowly, 

B.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p,  123, 

2.  In  mining,  a  small  capstan. — 3.  Nodular  or 
ball  ironstone.     [North.  Eng.] 

The  nodules  with  leaves  in  them,  called  cat-?ieads,  seem 
to  consist  of  a  sort  of  ironstone.  Woodward,  Fossils. 

Cat-head  stopper  (naut.),  a  piece  of  rope  or  chain  by 
whicli  the  anchor  is  hung  at  the  cat-head.    Also  called 

cat-ytdjijier. 

cathead  (kat'hed),  V.  t.  Naut.,  to  attach  to  the 
cat-head. 
cathedra  (kath'e-dra  or  ka-the'dra),  n. ;  pi. 
catlicdrw  (-dre).  "  [='  Sp.  cdtedra  =  Pg.  cathe- 
dra =  It.  cattedra  =  D.  G.  Dan.  katheder  =  Sw. 
katedcr,  <  L.  (ML.)  cathedra,  <  Gr.  KoBiSpa,  a 
seat,  bench,  pulpit,  <  aard,  down,  -t-  iSpa,  a 
seat,  <  iCecBai  (•/  *«!)  =  L.  sedere  =  E.  sit,  q.  v. 
Hence  (fromL.  ca (/icdcfl,  through  F.)  E.  chair 

and  chaise  : 
see  chair.  Cf. 
cathedral.]  1. 
The  throne  or 
seat  of  a  bishop 
in  the  cathedral 
or  episcopal 
church  of  his  di- 
ocese. Formerly 
the  bishop's  throne 
or  cathedra  was 
generally  situated 
at  the  east  end  of 
the  apse,  behind 
the  altar,  and  wiis 
often  approached 
by  a  flight  of  steps  ; 
but  it  is  now  al- 
most universally 
placed  on  one  side 
of  the  choir,  usual- 
ly the  south  side. 
That  of  St,  Peter's  at  Rome  is  especially  honored  as  reputed 
to  have  been  the  chair  of  St,  Peter,  and  it  is  now  inclosed 
in  a  bronze  covering. 

Hence  —  2.  The  official  chair  of  anyone  entitled 
or  professing  to  teach  with  authority,  as  a  pro- 
fessor.—Ex  cathedra,  literally,  from  the  chair;  hence, 
with  authority  :  auth<>ritativ,-ly, 
cathedral  (ka-the'dral),  a.  and  n.  [First  in 
the  jjhrase  cathedral  church  (so  in  ME.),  trans- 
lating ML.  ec^•lesia  cathcdralis,  a  church  con- 
taining the  bishop's  throne :  L.  eeclesia,  an  as- 
sembly, ML.  a  chui'ch;  ML.  cathcdralis,  adj., 


Cathedra  in  the  Cathedral  of  Augsburg, 
Germany,  Probably  of  qth  century,  i  From 
VioUet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  dc  1' Architecture," ) 


Catherpes 

<  cathedra,  a  chair,  esp.  a  bishop's  throne,  also 
applied  to  the  cathedral  chiirch  itself:  see 
cathedra.]  I.  a.  1.  Containing  a  bishop's  seat, 
or  used  especially  for  episcopal  services ;  serv- 
ing or  adapted  for  use  as  a  cathedi'al:  as,  a 
cathedral  church. 

The  parish  church  of  those  days  has  become  the  cathe- 
dral church  of  the  new  diocese  of  Newcastle, 

Churchman  (.Sew  York),  I)cc,  17,  1887, 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  cathedral ;  connected  with  or 
suggesting  a  cathedral ;  characteristic  of  cathe- 
drals: as,  a  cathedral  service;  cathedral  music; 
the  cathedral  walks  of  a  forest. 

Huge  cathedral  fronts  of  every  age. 
Grave,  florid,  stem,  as  far  as  eye  could  see, 

Tennyson,  .Sea  Dreams, 

3.  Emanating  from  or  relating  to  a  chair  of 
office  or  official  position ;  hence,  having  or  dis- 
playing authority;  authoritative. 

Hood  an  ass  in  rev'rend  purple. 
So  you  can  hide  his  two  ambitious  ears, 
And  he  shall  pass  for  a  cathedral  doctor. 

B.  Jonson. 
A  wTiter  must  be  enviably  confldent  of  his  own  percep- 
tive inerrancy,  thus  to  set  up,  with  scornfid  air  and  ca- 
thedral dogmatism,  his  individual  aversion  and  approba- 
tion as  criteria  for  the  decisions  of  his  fellow-beings. 

F.  Ilall,  Mod,  F,ng,,  p,  196. 
Cathedral  beardt,  a  style  of  beard  worn  by  clergymen 
in  the  sixteenth  ceidnry  in  England,  long,  full,  and  flow- 
ing on  the  breast,  Fdi'rAo^f.— Cathedral  church.  .See 
II, —  Cathedral  music,  music  comi)c'sed  to  suit  the  form 
of  service  used  in  cathedrals, 

II.  H .  The  principal  church  in  a  diocese,  which 
is  specially  the  ^^ 

chiu-eh  of  the 
bishop :  so  call- 
ed from  the  fact 
that  it  con- 
tains the  epis- 
copal chair  or 
cathedra.  Many 
cathedrals,  partic- 
idarly  the  French 
and  Italian,  furnish 
the  most  magnifi- 
cent examples  of 
the  architecture  of 
the  middle  ages. 
Those  in  England 
are  among  the 
most  interesting, 
though,  unlike  the 
continental  cathe- 
drals, tliey  werede- 
sitiiKil  originally, 
alnin„t  without  ex- 
ception,not  as  met- 
ropolitan, but  as 
monastic  churches. 
The  cut  shows  the 
arrangement  of  the 
various  parts  in 
Wells  cathedral, 
one  of  the  most 
beautiful  in  Eng- 
land, For  the  offi- 
cial establishment 
of  a  cathedral,  see 
cl„,,,l.r.  2, 

cathedralic  (kath-e-dral'ik),  a.    [<  cathedral  + 

-ic]     Pertaining  to  a  cathedral. 
cathedratedt  (kath'e-dra-ted),  a.  [<  JIL.  cathe- 

dratiis,  placed  in  the  cathedra,  <  cathedra:  see 

ca  th edra.]    Pert aining  to  or  vested  in  the  chair 

or  office  of  a  teacher. 
With  the  rathedrated  authority  of  a  pnelector  orpubliek 

reader,  Whitlock,  Manners  of  Eng,  People,  p,  385. 

cathedratic  (kath-e-drat'ik),  a.  and  «.    [<  ML. 

cathedratieus,  belonging  to  the  cathedra,  <  ca- 
thedra: see  cathedra.]  I.  a.  Promulgated  ex 
cathedra,  or  as  if  with  high  authority.    [Rare.] 

There  is  the  prestige  of  antiquity  which  adds  the  author- 
ity of  venerability  to  cathedratic  precepts,    Frazer's  Mafi. 

II.  n.  [i'KL.  cathedraticum.]  A  sum  of  two 
shillings  paid  to  the  bishop  by  the  inferior 
clergv  in  token  of  subjection  and  respect.  E. 
rhiU'ips.  1706. 

cathegiunen  (kath-f-gQ'men),  H.  [<  Eccl.  Gr. 
halh/-joiiitioc,  an  abbot:  see  hegiimeii.]  Same  as 
hraiinien. 

cathelectrotonus  (kath'e-lek-trot'o-nus),  n. 
Same  as  eateiectrotonus. 

catheretic  (kath-e-ret'ik),  )(.  [=  p.  cathere- 
tiqiie,  <  Gr.  KadaiphiKoc,  destructive,  <  Kadaipeiv, 
destroy,  <  Kara,  down,  +  aipt'n;  grasp.]  A  sub- 
stance" used  as  a  mild  caustic  in  eating  down 
or  removing  warts,  exuberant  gi-anulations,  etc. 

catherine-'wheel,  ".     See  eatharine-n-hrrl. 

Catherpes  (ka-ther'pez\  n.  [NL,  (S.  F.  Baird, 
IS.'iS"),  <  Gr.  Kndep-civ,  creep,  steal  down,  <  koto, 
down,  -I-  ip-n-sw,  creep.]  A  genus  of  caiion- 
^^Tens,  of  the  subfamily  Campi/lorhi/nchiiKe, 
family  Trnglodi/tidee.  found  in  the  southwest- 
ern United" States  and  southward.  ('.  inej:ica- 
nun  is  an  example.     See  cut  under  cafwn-wren. 


:  3^u^ 

Plan  of  Wells  Cathedral,  England. 
A,  apse  or  apsis;  B.  altar,  altar-platform, 
and  altar-steps  ;  Z>,  E,  eastern  cr  lesser  tran- 
sept :  P,  C,  western  or  greater  transept :  //, 
central  tower ;  /.  y.  western  towers ;  A',  north 
porch;  L,  library  or  register;  J/,  principal 
or  western  doorway;  A',  A',  western  side 
doors  ;  O,  cloister-yard  or  garth ;  P,  Q,  north 
and  south  aisles  of  choir  ;  5, 5,  east  and  west 


nsept; 
aislesofnave;  A,  ^,         . 
or  oi^an-loft ;  /;*,  ajtar  of  lady  chapeL 


north  and  south 
chapels;  I',  rood-screen 


cathetal 

cathetal  (kath'e-tal),  a.  [<  cathctus  +  -n/.]  Ro- 

hitiiif;  to  a  cathctus. 

catheter  (kath'e-ter),  n.  [=  p.  cathdtcr  =  Sp. 
ciihtir  =  I'g.  catheter  =  It.  catetere  =  D.  U. 
Dun.  halhetcr  =  Sw.  kateier,  <  LL.  catheter,  < 
Or.  KaOeri/p,  a  catlieter,  a  plug,  <  kMIcto^,  let 
dowu,  porpoudicular,  <  natiuviu,  send  down,  let 
down,  thrust  in,  <  Kara,  down,  +  thai,  send, 
caus.  ot  \ivai  =  L.  ire,  go:  see  r/o.]  In  ,sk)V/.  : 
(a)  A  tubular  instrument  introduced  throiigh 
the  urethra  into  the  liludder,  to  draw  oft  the 
urine  when  its  ilischargo  is  arrested  by  disease 
or  accident,  (b)  A  tube  for  introduction  into 
other  canals:  as,  a  Eustachian  catheter Cath- 
eter-gage, a  plate  liaviiiK  graduatcil  perforations  (oriii. 
id;;  tm-asiirt's  of  the  (iiametera  of  (latheters. 

catheterism  (kath'e-ti'r-izm),  «.  [=¥.  cathe- 
trrisnu  =  Sp.  cateterixmo  =  Pg.  cathetcrismn,  < 
LL.  cdthctcrinmiis,  <  Gr.  KatiLTT/ptn/ioc,  a  putting 
in  of  the  catheter,  <  Kafferi/p,  catheter.]  The 
operation  of  using  a  catheter;  catheterization. 

catheterization  (kath'e-ter-i-za'shon),  n.  [< 
cathrleri^e  +  -atioti.]  The  passing  of  a  catheter 
through  nr  into  a  canal  or  cavnty. 

catheterize  (kath'e-ter-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
cathcteri::cd,  ppr.  cathcteri:iiig.  [=  F.  cathetc- 
riser  =  Sp.  catcterizar,  <  Gr.  *Ka()eTi/piCew  (im- 
plied in  m8iT?ipia/i6c,  catheterism):  see  catheter 
and  -i>c.]     To  operate  on  with  a  catheter. 

catheti,  «.    Plural  of 
ealhclii.i. 

cathetometer  (kath- 
e-toiu'e-ter),  ».  [< 
Gr.  KcWeToc,  pei-pen- 
dicular,  a  peii^en- 
dieular  line,  -f-  /«'- 
Tpoi',  a  measiu'e.] 
An  instrument  for 
measuring  small 
differences  of  level 
between  two  near 
points,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, the  distance 
between  the  levels 
of  the  mercury  in 
the  cistern  and  in 
the  tube  of  a  barom- 
eter. It  consists  essen- 
tially of  a  vertical  gradu- 
ated rod  carefully  leveled, 
upon  which  slides  a  hor- 
izontal telescope.  With 
the  telescope  the  obser- 
ver sights  in  succession 
the  two  objects  under  e.x- 
aniination,  and  the  dis- 
tance on  the 
graduated  rod 

traversed    by  

the  telescope 
is  the  measure 
of  the  differ- 
ence of  height 
between  the 
two  objects. 
As  construct- 
ed for  the  physicist,  >vith  numerous  arrangements  to  in- 
sure accuracy,  the  cathetometer  is  an  instrument  of  a  high 
tlfgrcc  "f  accuracy. 

cathetus  (kath'e-tus),  71. ;  pi.  catheti  (-ti).  [L.,  < 
Gr.  KiilkTot;,  perpendicular,  a  perpendicular  line : 
see  catheter.']  If.  In  f/enm.,  a  line  falling  per- 
pendicularly on  another  line  or  a  surface,  as 
the  two  sides  of  a  right-angled  triangle. — 2. 
In  arch. :  (<i)  A  perpendicular  line  supposed  to 
pass  through  the  middle  of  a  cylindrical  body, 
(ft)  The  axis  or  middle  line  of  the  Ionic  volute. 

cathism  (kath'izm),  n.     Same  as  cathisma. 

cathiszna  (ka-thiz'mii),  «.;  pi.  cathisniata  (-ma- 
til).  [<  Gr.  Kdf)i<T/in,  a  portion  of  the  psalter 
(see  def.),  a  seat,  the  seat,  <  Kadi(ta;  sit  down, 
<  na-d,  down,  -t-  iC'"',  sit,  akin  to  KeoOai  =  L. 
sedcre  =  E.  sit:  see  .fit.]  In  the  Gr.  Ch.:  (a) 
A  portion  of  the  psalter,  containing  from  three 
to  eleven  (usually  about  eiglitjjisalras.  The  imth 
psalm  ninslitutcs  a  single  cathiMiia.  Ilurr  arc  altogctlu  r 
twenty  cathismata,  and  each  is  subdivided  int<)  three  sta- 
seis.  See  xiasi^  anil  ikuIIit.  (ft)  A  troparion  or  short 
hymn  used  as  a  response  at  certain  points  in 
the  offices. 

llie  Greeks  rarely  sit  in  church :  the  cathij»naia  are 
therefore  pauses  for  rest ;  and  are  longer  than  the  usual 
tiopari.i.  J.  M.  jVcn(,',  Eastern  Church,  i.  844. 

cathodal  (kath'o-dal),  a.  [<  Gr.  mdoSor,  a 
going  down  (see'  cathode),  +  -al.]  1.  In  l>ot., 
lower ;  on  the  side  fiu'thest  from  the  summit. 
[Rare.] — 2.  [<  cathode  +  -al.]  Pertaining  to 
th(^  cathode. 

Also  spAlvti  l-nthodal. 

cathode*  Kath'od),  «.  [<Gr.  (ioffof'of.agoingdown, 
a  waydiuvti.  <  h<i7ti,  down,  +  o<'oi;,way.]  Theueg- 
ative  pole  of  an  electric  current :  opposed  to 


Cathetometer. 


863 

nnclrrtroileov  anode.  Also  spelled  tfiWior/f".  Also 
called  catrlectrode Cathode  rays.    See  roj/. 

cathodic  (ka-thod'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  KaOaihr,,  a  going 
down  (see  cathode),  + -ie.]  Proceeding  down- 
ward :  applied  to  the  efferent  course  of  action 
of  the  nervous  intluence.  (i.  S.  Hull.  Also 
spelled  kathiiilie.     [Rare.] 

cat-hole  (kat'hol),  «.  Naut.,  one  of  two  small 
hoh's  astern  above  the  gun-room  ports,  for  the 
liassagt!  of  a  hawser  or  cable  in  heaving  astern. 

catholic  (kath'o-lik),  a.  and  «.  [Not  found  in 
ME.  or  earlier  (in  AS.  the  ML.  catholicns  is 
translated  (/cicdffut  or  fjeledjlic,  i.  e.,  believing, 
faitliful,  orthodox);  =  D.  cittholijl:,  katholijk, 
katholiek.  katholisch  =G.  kathoJixch,  a<Ij.,  katho- 
lik,  n.,  =  Dan.  katholsk,  kalhotik,  =  Sw.  katolak, 
katotik,  =  F.  cutholique  =  Pr.  catolic  =  Sp. 
catdlico  =  Pg.  catholico  =  It.  cattolico  (=  Russ. 
katolikii,  n.,  katolieheskii,  a<l,j.,  =  Turk,  qatolik, 
n.),  <  L.  catholicns,  universal,  general  (neut. 
pi.  catholiea,  all  things  together,  the  universe), 
in  LL.  and  ML.  esp.  eecles.,  general,  common, 
that  is,  as  applied  to  the  church  (catholiea  ec- 
clcsia)  or  to  the  faith  (catholiea  fides),  orthodox 
(in  ML.  commonly  used  synonymously  with 
Chri.stiaiiiis,  Christian);  <  Gr.  Ka(/o/lKor,  general, 
universal  (v  KoHoAcKy  kKK/ijcia,  the  universal 
church),  <  Ka66/.ov,  adv.,  on  the  whole,  in  gen- 
eral, also  as  if  adj.,  general,  universal,  prop. 
two  words,  Kuil'  h'/ov:  Kalf  for  mir'  for  Kara,  ac- 
cording to ;  ii'Aov,  gen.  of  ii/lof,  whole,  =  L.  sol-id- 
iis,  >  E.  .tolid:  see  cata-,  holo-,  and  .lolid.]  I.  a. 

1.  Universal;  embracing  all ;  wide-extending. 

If  y<»u,  my  son,  should  now  prevaricate, 
And  to  your  own  particular  lusts  employ 
So  great  and  catliolic  a  bliss,  be  sure 
A  curse  will  follow.     B.  Jonsoii,  Alchemist,  11.  1. 
Matter,  moved  either  uncertainly,  or  according  to  some 
catliolic  laws.  limj,  Works  of  Creation,  i. 

His  lilirary  of  English  history,  and  of  all  history,  was  al- 
ways rich,  select,  and  catholic.  li.  Clwatc,  Atjdresses,  p.  303. 

2.  Not  narrow-minded,  partial,  or  bigoted;  free 
from  prejudice ;  liberal ;  possessing  a  mind 
that  appreciates  all  truth,  or  a  spirit  that  ap- 
preciates all  that  is  good. 

W'ith  these  excejitions  I  can  read  almost  anything.  I 
bless  !ny  stars  for  a  taste  so  catholic,  so  unexcluding. 

Lamb,  liooks  and  Reading. 

There  were  few  departments  into  which  the  catholic  aiul 
humane  principles  of  Stoicism  were  not  in  some  degree 
carried.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  31.5. 

3.  In  theol. :  (a)  Originally,  intended  for  all 
parts  of  the  inhabited  world;  not  eoniined  to 
one  nation,  like  the  Jewish  religion,  but  fitted 
to  include  members  of  all  human  races :  applied 
to  the  Christian  religion  and  church. 

Catholic  in  Greek  signities  universal :  ami  the  Christian 
Church  was  so  call'd,  tls  consisting  of  all  Nations  to  whom 
the  Gospel  was  to  be  preach't,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
Jewish  Chtuch,  which  consisted  for  the  most  part  of  .Jews 
only.  Milton,  True  Religion. 

('')  [.cap.]  Constituting,  conforming  to,  or  in 
harmony  with  the  \'isible  church,  which  ex- 
tended throughout  the  whole  Roman  empire 
and  adjacent  countries,  possessed  a  common 
organization  and  a  system  of  intercommunion, 
and  regulated  disputed  questions  by  ecumeni- 
cal councils,  as  distinguished  from  local  sects, 
whether  heretical  or  simply  schismatic,  but  es- 
pecially from  those  which  did  not  accept  the 
decrees  of  ecumenical  councils:  as,  the  Catholic 
Church ;  the  Catholic  faith,  in  this  sense  it  is  regu- 
larly applied  to  the  ancient  historical  church,  its  faith  and 
organization  down  to  the  time  of  the  great  schism  between 
the  sees  of  Rome  and  Constantinople  :  as,  a  Catholic  bish 


catholicity 

munion.  (f)  [m/'.]  Claiming  to  possess  exclu- 
sively the  notes  or  characteristics  of  the  one, 
only,  true,  and  imiversal  church  —  unity,  visi- 
bility, indefectibility,  succession,  universality, 
and  sanctity:  used  in  this  sense,  with  those 
qualifieations,  only  by  the  Church  of  Rome,  as 
applicable  only  to  itself  and  its  adherents,  and 
to  their  faith  and  organization  ;  often  <pialified, 
especially  by  those  not  acknowledging  these 
claims,  by  prefixing  the  word  Uomaii.  (f)  More 
specifically,  an  epithet  distinguishing  the  faith 
of  the  universal  Christian  church  from  those 
opinions  which  are  poctdiar  to  special  sects,  (g) 
A  designation  of  certain  of  the  epistles  in  the 
New  Testament  which  are  addressed  to  believ- 
ers generally  and  not  to  a  partictdar  church. 
The  catholic  epistles  are  James,  Peter  I.  and 
II.,  .John  I.,  and  Jude.  John  II.  and  III.  are 
also  usually  included,  (h)  Belonging  as  prop- 
erty to  the  church  at  large,  as  distinguished 
from  a  parish  or  a  monastic  order;  in  ancient 
ecclesiastical  literature  used  to  designate  cer- 
tain chiu'ch  buildings,  as  a  bishop's  church  in 
contrast  with  a  parish  church,  or  a  parish 
church  which  was  open  to  all  in  distinction 
from  monastic  chinches — Catholic  apostolate. 

See  n/'"*'"'"''^-- Catholic  Apostolic  Church.  See  Ir- 
i!/)i(/i7c.— Catholic  creditor,  in  ."•'■.,(.,■  luic,  a  creditor 
whose  debt  is  sectircd  over  sr\fr;d  snbjiits,  nr  nvcr  all  the 
subjects  belonging  to  his  dibtur.  Catholic  Majesty,  a 
title  or  style  assmned  by  tlit!  kitigs  and  ipiecTis  of  Spam. 
It  was  conferred  by  the  pope  as  a  recognition  of  <levotion 
to  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  and  was  lirst  given  to  the 
Asturian  prince  .-Vlfonso  I.,  about  the  middle  of  the  eighth 
century. 

II.  11.  1.  [cap.]  A  member  of  the  universal 
Christian  church. — 2.  [cap.]  A  member  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church. — 3.  Same  as  catholi- 
cns. 

The  orthodox  monarchs  of  Georgia  and  Abkhaaia  each 
supported  his  own  Catholic. 

J.  if.  Scale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  9. 
Catholic  Emancipation  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1S29 
(10  Geo.  I  \  .,c.  7),  rclicaliiig  former  laws  which  imposed  dis- 
abilities upon  Riinian  rutbidics,  and  allow  ing  them  (except 
priests)  to  sit  in  I'arliami  nt,  and  to  li..ld  civil  and  military 
offices  with  certain  exceptions,  'llie  meastn-e  was  urged 
witli  sjiccial  reference  to  the  Roman  Catholics  of  Irelaiid. 
—  Old  Catholics.  («)  The  name  used  liy  a  small  Iwdy  of 
l>eli,  vers  in  .Tansenism  in  Holland,  with  an  archiepiscopal 
see  in  Utrecht.  They  have  continued  since  ITii  to  recog- 
nize the  authority  of  the  pope  by  scmling  liim  notice  of 
each  new  election  of  a  bishop,  which  he  always  disregards. 
('<)  A  reform  party  in  the  Roman  Catliulii>  church,  founded 
after  the  proclamation  of,  and  in  opiiositi.iu  to,  the  dogma 
of  papal  infallibility  proclaimed  by  the  Vatican  Conned  in 
1S70.  A  schism  with  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  was  not 
intemled,  but  it  resulteil  ;  the  leaders  were  exconmnini- 
cateil  and  new  congregations  formed.  Xo  bishop  having 
joined  the  movement,  the  ordination  of  a  bishop  was  ob- 
tained from  the  Old  Catholic  bishop  of  Deventer  in  Hol- 
land. Old  Catholics  have  departed  in  few  respects  from 
their  former  ecclesiastical  customs  as  Roman  Catholics. 
Ain-icular  confession  auil  fasting  are,  however,  voluntary 
with  them,  and  priests  are  allowed  to  marrj'.  Ma.'^s  is  per- 
mitted  tobesaid  in  the  vernacular.  They  are  found  ch  icily 
in  Germany  and  in  .Switzerland,  w  here  tlu-v  call  themselves 
Christian  Cu(/w(u*.— Roman  Catholic"  Relief  Acts,  a 
series  of  English  statutes  removing  tlie  political  disabili- 
ties of  Rinnan  Catholics  ;  as,  IS29  (10  Geo.  IV.,  c.  7),  per- 
mitting them  to  sit  in  Parliament  and  to  hold  olflces,  with 
certain  cxi iidions ;  lats (:i and 4  Wm.  IV., c.  102), enabling 
their  clcrgjnien  to  celebrate  marriages  between  Protes- 
tants, etc.,  extended  to  Scotland  in  1S34(4  and  5  Wm.  IV., 
c.  as);  1S43  ((>  and  7  Vict.,  e.  28),  abolisliiug  a  certain  oath 
as  a  (pialitleation  for  Irish  voters ;  1S44  (7  and  8  Vict., 
c.  102)  and  1846  (0  ami  10  Vict.,  c.  59),  repealing  statutes 
against  them  ;  1S(!7  (.30  and  31  \  let.,  c.  62),  abolishing  the 
declaration  against  transnbstantiation,  etc.,  and  (id.,  c.  70) 
making  all  subjects  eligible  to  the  olllce  of  lord  chancellor 
of  Ireland.  The  term  also  includes  the  Promissory  Oaths 
.Act,  I8t;.8  (which  see,  under  oath). 

[<.  catholic  + -al.] 


op  or  synod,  as  distinguished  from  a  Xestorian  or  Jaco-  CathOllCalt  (ka-thol  1-kaI),  a 
bite  prelate  or  council.  Catholic. 

The  importunity  of  heretics  made  them  [the  Church  of  The  Potent  Kyng  of  kyngis  all 

Christ]  add  aimlher  name  to  this  (Christian),  viz.,  that  of  rtesemo  all  Prencis  Catholicall. 

catholic  ;  which  was,  as  it  were,  theu-  surmime  or  charac-  Lauder,  Dcwtie  of  Kyngis  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  540. 

teristic,  to  distinguish  them  from  all  sects,  who  though  cathoUcatC  (ka-thol'i-kat).  II.      [<  ML.  catholi- 
they  had  par  y  mames,  yet  sometimes  sheltered  them.    ,.„,„_,.    ^  ,.„„;„,,>„,    f„a   J,'         *■  -    -         ' 

selves  under  the  common  name  of  t  hristlans. 


liiit'jhain,  Antiq.,  I.  i.  §  7. 
The  test  of  Catholic  doctrine,  the  maintenance  of  which 
distinguishes  the  Catholic  church  in  any  place  from  he- 
retical or  schismatical  c(»nnnunions,  has  lu'cn  described  as 
that  which  has  been  taught  always,  everywhere,  by  all. 

Blunt,  Theol.  Diet.  (Episcopal). 


catiis,  <  catholicns,  the  prelate  so  called:  see 
catholicos  and  -ate'^.]  The  region  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  a  catholicos:  as,  the  catholicate 
of  Ethiopia. 

It  is  certain  that,  in  the  vast  CalhoHcaie  of  Chaldiea, 
monarchs  were  sometimes  invested  witli  the  priestly  dig- 
nity. J.  31.  Xeale,  Eastern  (church,  i.  114. 


(c)  [cai,.]  Historically  derived  from  the  ancient  Catholicise,  v.    See  Catholicize. 
undmded  church  betoi-e  the  gi-eat  schism  and  Catholicism  (ka-thol'i-sizm),  ,i.     [=  F. 
acknowledging  the  decrees  of  its  councils  as  •  •■  •■  ■  ^  •'• -- 


recognized  by  the  Greek  or  Eastern  Church. 
The  official  title  of  that  church  is.  The  Holy  Orthodox 
Catholic  Apostolic  Oriental  Church  (^  a-yi'a  6f>i^6£o^o«  xai^o- 

A[«iiaJroi7ToAi«il  ai'aroAi«T)e«KAT)i7ia).  ((()  [cdo.]  Claim- 
ing unbroken  descent  (through  the  apostolic 
succession)  from  and  conformity  to  the  order 
and  doctrine  of  the  ancient  imdivided  church, 
and  acknowledging  the  decrees  of  its  councils 
as  received  bv  both  the  Greek  ami  the  Latin 
Church.  In  t'liis  sense  the  word  Catholic  is 
applied  by  Anglican  writers  to  their  own  com- 


catholi- 
cisiiie  =  Sp.  catolicisiiio  =  Pg.  catliolicisino  =  It. 
cattolicisiiio  =  D.  Catholicism  us  =  G.  katholicis- 
iiiiis,<.'S'L.*catholicis»iiis:  see  o«fAo/(C and -i«»i.] 

1.  Same  as  cntholicitij,  1  and  2. 

N'ot  an  infallible  testimony  of  the  catholicigm  of  the 
doctrine.  Jcr.  Taylor,  Diss,  from  Popery,  ii.,Iut. 

2.  [cap.]  Adherence  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
(^liiirch  ;  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  :  as,  a  con- 
vert to  Catholicism. 

catholicity  (kath-o-lis'i-ti),  H.      [<  catholic  + 
-ill) ;  =  F.  catholicity.]    1.  The  quality  of  being 


catholicity 

catholic   or  universal ;   catholic   character  or 

Sosition;  luuvorsality:  as,  the  catholicity  oi  a 
octrine.     Also  sometimes  Catholicism. 
All  iippcal  to  the  calhnlirilfi  «l  the  clmrcli  in  proof  that 
ita  doctiiiies  arc  true.    J.  II.  Scwman,  Ouc.  Serin,  p.  lis. 
Tlie  wide  range  of  snpport  given  to  the  inatitution 
(Edinlinrgh  inflrniaryl  only  corresiiouils  to  the  eatlioHcittj 
of  tile  eliarity  it  dispenses.  Sculmian. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  catholic  or  liberal- 
luiiuleil;  freedom  from  prejudices  or  nan-ow- 
miudeduess:  as,  tlio  cathoUcity  of  one's  taste 
for  literature.     Also  sometimes  catholici.'im. — 

3.  [co/'O  Tlio  Roman  Catholic  Churcli,  or  its 
doctrines  aud  usages. 

Catholicize  (ka-thol'i-siz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 

Ccitholici~c(l,  ppr.  Catholicizinii.     [<  Catholic  + 

-Ue.'l  I.  i)iY)(/«.<.  To  become  a  Catholic.  [Bare.] 

II.  trans.  To  convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic 

faith. 

Also  spelled  Catholicise. 
catholicly  (kath'o-lik-li),  adv.     In  a  catholic 
manner;  universally.     [Rare.] 

'i'li:it  marriiige  is  indissoluble  is  not  catholicly  true. 

Milton,  Tetraehurdon. 

catholicness  (liath'o-lik-nes),  H.  Universality ; 
catholicity. 

One  may  judge  of  the  catholichness  which  Romanists 
bra^  of,  Ilirruit,  Saul  and  Samuel  at  Eudor,  p.  10. 

catholicont  (ka-thol'i-kon),  «.  [=  F.  catholi- 
coii,  <  JIL.  catholicon,  catholiciim,  a  universal 
remedy,  also  a  general  or  comprehensive  work, 
as  a  dactionary,  <  Gr.  KaBo/UKOv  (sc.  lam,  reme- 
dy), neut.  of  Kado^.iKOQ,  universal:  see  catholic.'^ 
A  remedy  for  all  diseases ;  a  universal  remedy ; 
a  panacea;  specifically,  a  kind  of  soft  purgative 
electuary  so  called. 

catholicos,  catholicus  (ka-thol'i-kos,  -kus),  n. 
[ML.,  usually  catholicus,  <  MGr.  KaHo/.iKti^,  a  pro- 
curator, a  prelate  (see  def.),  prop,  adj.,  Gr. 
Kofo/^Mf.  general,  universal:  see  catholic.^  1. 
In  the  later  Roman  empire,  a  receiver-general 
or  deputy-receiver  in  a  civil  diocese. —  2.  Ec- 
clcs.,  in  Oriental  countries :  (a)  A  primate  hav- 
ing under  him  metropolitans,  but  himself  sub- 
ject to  a  patriarch,  (i)  The  head  of  an  inde- 
pendent or  schismatic  communion.  The  general 
force  of  the  title  seems  to  have  been  that  of  a  superinten- 
dent-general of  missions  or  of  churches  on  and  beyond  the 
borders  of  the  Koiuan  empire.  It  is  also  the  title  of  the 
head  of  the  Armenian  Church,  and  has  been  used  by  the 
Jacobites,  and  for  the  metran  of  Ethiopia  (Abyssinia). 
See  maphrian. 

Tile  Archbishop  Peter  assumed  the  title  of  Catholicos  of 
Mtsketha  and  all  Georgia. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastei-n  Church,  L  62. 
Also  called  catholic. 

cathood  (kat'hud),  n.     [<  c«/l  -I-  -hood.^     The 
state  of  being  a  cat.     [Rare.] 
Decidedly  my  kitten  should  never  attain  to  cathood. 

Southey,  Doctor,  xxv. 

cat-hook  (kat'huk),  n.  A^aut.,  the  hook  of  a 
cat-block. 

cat-ice  (kat'is),  «.  A  very  thin  layer  of  ice  from 
under  which  the  water  has  receded. 

Catilinarian  (kat"i-li-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  Catilinariu.s,  <  Catiliiia,  a  proper  name,  orig. 
dim.  adj.,  <  catus,  sharp,  shrewd,  cimning.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Catiline  (died  62  B.  c),  a 
Roman  conspirator:  as,  the  Catilinariait  war. 

II.  «.  One  who  resembles  or  imitates  Cati- 
Une. 

Catilinism  (kat'i-li-nizm),  n.  [<  Catiline  + 
-ism.']  The  practices  or  principles  of  Catiline, 
the  Roman  conspirator,  or  practices  and  prin- 
ciples resembling  his ;  conspiracy. 

cat-in-clover  (kat'in-klo'ver),  n.  The  bird's- 
foot  trefoil,  Lotus  corniculatus,  which  has  the 
foliage  of  a  clover  and  claw-shaped  pods. 

cation, kation  (kat'i-on), «.  [<  Gr. 

KaTiuv,  going  down,  ppr.  of  nanivat, 
go  down,  <  Karri,  down,  -I-  \tvai,  go: 
see  go.]  The  name  given  by  Fara- 
day to  the  element  or  elements  of 
an  electrolyte  which  in  electro- 
chemical decompositions  appear 
at  the  negative  pole  or  cathode. 
See  ion. 

catkin  (kat'kin).  «.  [=  Wa.  l-at- 
tekcn  =  G.  kdt:chen,  catkin,  lit.  a 
little  cat  (cf.  D.  katje,  F.  chat 
and  chatoH,  E.  cattail,  catkin),  in 
allusion  to  its  resemblance  to 
a  cat's  tail ;  <  ca(l  +  dim.  -kin. 
Of.  catlinri,  3.]  In  hot.,  a  scaly 
spike  of  unisexual  tlowers,  usual- 
ly deciduous  after  llowering  or 
fruiting,  as  in  the  willow  and  B,rfh"'''°&/«/°I 
birch ;  an  ament.  Also  called  pwrnia).  a, 
caUail.  'Z^:  "■  *•  "■ 


864 

And  from  the  alder's  crown 
Swing  the  long  catkins  brown. 

C.  Thaxter,  March. 

cat-lap  (kat'lap), «.  A  thin,  poor  beverage  (usu- 
ally tea),  fit  only  to  give  to  cats, 
cat-like  (kat'lik),*-'.   l<  cat^  +  like]   Likeacat; 
feline;  watchful;  stealthy. 

A  lioness,  with  udders  all  drawn  dry, 

Lay  couching,  head  on  ground,  with  catlike  watch. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3. 
catling  (kat'Ung),  »(.     l<  caf^  +  iMm. -ling.    Cf. 
kitting.]     1.  A  little  cat;  a  kitten. 

For  never  cat  nor  catlin(t  I  shall  find, 
But  mew  shall  tliey  ill  I'luto's  palace  blind. 
Drummond,  I'liillis  on  the  Death  of  her  Sp.irrow. 

2t.  Catgut;  the  string  of  a  lute,  violin,  etc. 

What  music  w-ill  be  in  him  when  Hect^ir  has  knocked 
out  his  brains.  I  know  not;  but,  I  am  sure,  none,  unless 
the  fiddler  Apollo  get  his  sinews  to  make  cailiii{is  on. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  3. 

3.  The  down  or  moss  which  grows  about  cer- 
tain trees  and  resembles  the  hair  of  a  cat. 
Harris. —  4.  A  double-edged  knife  used  by  sur- 
geons for  dismembering.     Also  catlin. 

catlinite  (kat'li-nit),  «.  [After  George  Catlin, 
an  American  traveler.]  A  red  clay-stone  used 
by  the  North  American  Indians  for  making 
pipes.  It  is  allied  to  agalmatolite,  but  is  rather  a  rock 
than  a  mineral  species.  It  is  obtained  from  Pipestone 
county  in  southwestern  filinnesota. 

catmalllson  (kat'mal-i-son),  n.  [Appar.  <  cat^ 
+  malison  :  a  place  cursed  by  the  cat  because  it 
keeps  the  food  out  of  his  reach!]  A  cupboard 
near  the  cliimney  in  which  dried  beef  and  pro  vi- 
sions are  kept.   Gro.se;  Hallitrell.  [North.  Eng.] 

catmint  (kat'mint),  n.  [Formerly  cat's  mint, 
ME.  kattcs  minte ;  the  alleged  AS.  cattcs  mint 
(Somner)  is  not  authenticated;  <  caf^  +  mint"; 
=  Dan.  kattemynte  =  Sw.  kattmynta.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Xepcta,  X.  Cataria:  so  called  be- 
cause cats  are  fond  of  it.  It  is  stimulant  and  slight- 
ly tonic,  and  Is  a  domestic  remedy  for  various  ailments. 
Malabar  catmint  is  Anisomeles  italabarica,  a  similar  labi- 
ate, used  by  the  natives  of  India  as  a  tonic  and  febrifuge. 
Also  catnip. 

cat-nap  (kat'nap),  n.  A  short  light  sleep;  a 
brief  nap. 

The  anecdotes  told  of  Brougham,  Napoleon,  and  others, 
who  are  said  to  have  slept  but  four  or  five  hours  out  of 
the  twenty-four,  but  who,  we  suspect,  took  a  good  many 
cat-naps  in  the  day-time,  have  done  much  harm. 

W.  Mathews,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  267. 

catnar  (kat'nar),  n.  A  class  of  sweet  wines, 
both  red  and  white,  produced  in  Moldavia. 
Also  spelled  cotnar. 

A  cup  of  our  own  Moldavia  fine, 

Cotnar,  for  instance,  green  as  May  sorrel, 

And  ropy  with  sweet.  Brotvninff. 

catnip  (kat'nip),  n.  [Prob.  a  corruption  of 
catmint,  the  syllable  -nip  not  having  any  obvi- 
ous meaning.  Hardly  connected  with  the  L. 
name  nepeta,  catmint.]     Same  as  catmint. 

cat-nut  (kat'nut),  n.  The  round  tuberous  root 
of  Bunium  flcxuosnm. 

Catoblepas  (ka-tob'le-pas),  n.  [NL.  (Hamil- 
ton Smith,  18l!7),  <  L.  catoblepas  (Pliny),  <  Gr. 
KaTtdfiAEil>,  also  Kar<j/5Aeirwv,  -^^/^ttov  (with  ppr. 
suffix),  name  of  an  African  animal,  perhaps  the 
gnu,  lit.  'down-looker,'  <  mra,  adv.,  down  (< 
Kara,  prep.,  down:  see  cata-),  +  ji'/.i-ireii',  look.] 
A  genus  of  ruminating  quadrupeds,  with  large 
soft  muzzle,  and  horns  bent  do^vn  and  again 
turned  up.  It  belongs  to  the  antelope  subfam- 
ily, and  contains  the  gnu  of  South  Africa :  same 
as  Connoch(et€s.     See  cut  under  gnu. 

catocathartic  (kat   o-ka-thar'tik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Gr.  /iriru,  down,  -f-  KadapriKo^,  cathartic]     I. 
a.  Purging  downward,  or  producing  alvine  dis- 
charges. 
II.  n.  A  ptrrging  medicine  ;  a  cathartic. 

Catochet,  CatOChuSt,  «.  [<  Gr.  naTOxll,  mi-roxoc, 
catalepsy,  lit.  a  holding  down  or  fast,  <  Karixiiv, 
hold  down,  <  Kara,  down,  -t-  e,Vfn',  hold.]  A  vari- 
ety of  catalepsy  in  which  the  body  is  kept  rigid. 

Catodon  (kat'o-dou),  n.  [NL.  (Liunaius,  1735) : 
see  catodont.^  1.  A  genus  of  cetaceans;  the 
sperm-whales:  so  called  from  ha\'ing  under 
teeth  only,  or  teeth  only  in  the  lower  jaw:  now 
superseded  by  Physetcr:  Thespenu-whaleor  cacha- 
lot, formerly  Phusetfr  catudon,  or  Catodon  macrocephaluSf 
is  now  usually  called  I'hyscter  viacroccphalus. 
2.  A  genus  of  ophidians,  gi\'ing  name  to  the 
Catodonta.     Dumeril  and  Bibron,  1844. 

catodont  (kat'o-dont),  a.  [<  NL.  cat<>don(t-), 
<  Gr.  K(iru,  down,  -1-  bSovc  (oiiorr-)  =  E.  tooth.] 
Ha\'iiig  teeth  in  tlie  lower  jaw  only,  as  <i  serpent 
or  a  cetacean;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to 
tlio  t'dtoilonta,  Catodontidtu,  or  Phy.sctcrida: 

Catodonta  (kat-o-don'tji),  «.  /)/.  [NL.,  <  Cato- 
donU-),  '~,  +  -((-.]  In  hcrpct.,  a  suborder  of 
Ophidia,  conterminous  with  the  family  Stcno- 


catoptrlc 

stomidce.  it  includes  angiostomatous  serpent*  having 
the  opisthotic  lione  intercalated  in  the  cranial  walls,  nu 
eetopterygoid  bone,  the  maxillary  fixed  to  the  prefrontal 
and  premaxiltary,  and  a  pubis  present. 


Catodont  Dentition  of  PftyieUr  maerocefhatut. 
X.  Side  view  of  lower  iaw,  with  portion  of  upjjcr  jaw.    3.  Top  view  of 

lower  jaw. 

Catodontidae  (kat-o-don'ti-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cutudon{t-),  1,  -1-  -idee.]  A  family  of  cetaceans, 
named  from  the  genus  Catodon,  now  usually 
called  I'hyseterida: ;  the  sperm-whales  or  ca- 
chalots. 
Catometopa  (kat-o-met'o-pa),  n.  pi.    Same  as 

Catanirtiipa. 
cat-o'-mountain  (kat '  o  -  moun '  tan),  H.     Same 
as  catamount. 

And  in  thy  wrath,  a  nursing  cat-o' -viountain 
Is  calm  as  her  babe's  sleep  compared  with  thee ! 

Uallcck,  Red  Jacket. 

Catonian  (ka-to'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Catonianus,  < 
Cuto{n-),  a  Roman  cognomen,<  c«<»4',  sagacious, 
■wise,  shrewd.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
either  Cato  the  censor  (died  149  B.  c.)  or  Cato 
Uticensis  (95-46  B.  c),  Romans,  both  remark- 
able for  severity  of  manners  and  morals ;  hence, 
grave;  severe;  infle.xible. 

cat-o'-nine-tails  (kat-o-nin'talz),  n.  1.  A 
nautical  and  sometimes  military  instrument  of 
punishment,  generally  consisting  of  nine  pieces 
of  knotted  line  or  cord  fastened  to  a  handle, 
used  to  flog  offenders  on  the  bare  back.  Also 
called  cat. 

I'll  tell  you  what — if  I  was  to  sit  on  a  court-martial 
against  such  a  fellow  as  you,  .  .  .  you  should  have  the 
cat  o  nine  tails,  and  be  forced  to  run  the  gauntlet,  from 
Coxheath  to  Warley  Common.  Sheridan,  I'he  Camp,  i.  L 
2.  Same  as  cattail,  1. 

catoose  (ka-tos'),  «.  [Appar.  a  corruption  of 
F.  cartouche,  a  roll  of  paper,  etc. :  see  cartouche, 
cartridge.]  In  her.,  an  ornamental  scroll  with 
which  any  ordinary  or  bearing  may  be  deco- 
rated. 

catOOSed(ka-tost'),a.  [<.  catoose  + -ed'.]  Dee- 
orated  with  catooses.  See  cross  catoosed,  under 
cross. 

Catopsilia  (kat-op-sil'i-ii),  n.  [NL.  (Hiibner, 
1810),  <  Gr.  Karw,  dovmward,  +  ^■iUq,  smooth.] 
A  genus  of  butterflies,  of  the  familj'  Pajiilionid<E 
and  subfamily  I'ierina',  containing  many  showy 
species,  mostly  yellow  and  of  large  size.  c. 
philca,  a  golden  and  orange  species,  expands  4  or  5  inches ; 
it  inhabits  tropical  -\nieriea.  C.  cnhulf,  a  citron-yellow 
species,  is  found  from  Canatla  to  Patagonia. 

catopter  (ka-top'ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  Karo-rpov,  a 
mirror,  <  KaroT-,  stem  of  fut.  of  saOopav,  look 
down,  look  upon,  <  Kara,  down,  +  opAi;  see,  in 
part  supplied  from  -y/  *«",  see,  >  E.  optic,  etc.]  A 
reflecting  optical  glass  or  instrument ;  a  mirror. 
Also  catoptron. 

catoptric  (ka-top'trik),  a.  [=  F.  catoptrique 
=  Sp.  catujitrico  =  Pg.  catojitrico ;  <  Gr.  mro-- 
rpiKui;  of  or  in  a  miiTor,  <  Ka7o-7/jor,  a  mirror: 
see  catopter  and  -ic]  Relating  to  the  branch 
of  optics  called  eatoiitries;  pertaining  to  inci- 
dent and  reflected  light. 

In  his  dedication  to  the  Prince  he  [Myles  Davies)  pro- 
fesses "to  represent  writers  and  writings  in  acatoptrick 
view."  /.  D'lsraeti,  Calain.  of  Auth.,  I.  51. 

Catoptric  cistula,  a  box  with  several  sides  lined  with 
mirroi-s,  so  as  to  rertect  and  muUiply  images  of  any  object 
placed  in  it.  E.  II.  A'hi;;A(.  —  Catoptric  dial,  a  clial  that 
shows  tlie  houi-s  Ity  means  of  a  niirror  adjusted  to  reflect 
the  solar  rays  upward  to  the  eeiliiiL'oi  a  r">>ni  t,>ii  which  the 
hoiu--liues  aie  delineated.—  Catoptric  light,  in  a  Ught- 


Catoptric  I-igbt. 
Horizontal  sectional  vicxv,  showing  Dut  one  tier  of  reflectors, 
w,  chaodelier  ;  <f.  fixed  shaft  in  center  to  support  the  whole  ;  o,  c, 
reflectors,  and  /,  /,  founluius  of  their  lamps. 


catoptric 

house,  a  form  nf  light  in  which  reflectors  arc  cniplojert 
instead  (if  till- usual  arraii(.'enunt  of  lenseH  anil  priaina.— 
Catoptric  telescope,  a  telescope  wliieh  exhihits  ohjcits 
by  ii-tkHtion.    .Moiu  cononoiily  called  rejhxlinj  telescope. 

catoptrical  (ka-top'tri-kal),  (I.  Sumo  as  catop- 
tnr. 

catoptrically  (ka-top'tri-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  ca- 
l()|ilrie  iiKuiner;  by  reflection. 

catoptrics  (ka-top'triks;,  ».  [PI.  of  catniitric: 
Koo -((».  Of .  It.  Cfituttricd,  etc.]  Tliat  braucli  of 
the  science  of  optics  which  explains  tlio  prop- 
erties of  incident  and  reflected  liKlit,  and  par- 
ticidarly  tlie  principles  of  rcllectiou  from  mir- 
rors or  jiolislied  snrfaco.s. 

catoptromancy  (ka-top'tro-mau-si),  n.  [<  Gr. 
Kiiro-Tixji',  a  mirror  (see  ci(t/>i>ti;r),  +  /lavreia, 
divination.]  A  species  of  divination  atnoiig 
the  ancients,  performed  by  letting  down  a  mir- 
ror into  water  for  a  sick  person  to  look  at  liis 
face  in  it.  If  the  countenance  appeared  distorted  anti 
ghastly,  it  was  an  ill  unicn ;  if  fresh  and  healthy,  it  was 
favonihlL-. 

catoptron  (ka-top'tron),  m.    Same  as  eatoptcr. 

catostome  (kat'os-tom),  «.  [^<.  Catonlomti/i.']  A 
lish  of  the  family  Ciitostomidw.    Also  aitustomc. 

Catostomi  (ka-tos'to-mi),  ».  2>>.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
Viito.itoiiiKs.]  A  tribe  of  ej'prinoid  fishes:  same 
as  the  family  Catostomidtv.     Also  Catnistomi. 

catostomid  (ka-tos'to-mid),  a.  and  n.    I,  n.  Per- 
taining to  oreharaeteristie  of  the  Vatostomklic. 
II.  )i.  A  fish  of  the  family  Catostomida: 
Also  I'liliislomid. 

Catostomidae  (kat-os-tom'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Ctiiiistoinits  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  eveutogua- 
thons  fislios,  typified  by  the  genus  Catostomiis, 
liaving  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw  formed  at 
tiie  sides  by  the  supramaxillary,  numerous  pha- 
ryngeal tooth,  and  two  basal  branchihyals.  The 
species  are  mostly  peculiar  to  North  America,  and  are  popu- 
larly known  as  suckers,  carp,  bujfato-jish,  etc.  The  family 
is  hysome  authors  divided  into  three  subfamilies,  Catosto- 
viinfv,  Ciicli'/iitiuv,  and  IctiobintE.    Also  Catastoinidce. 

Catostomina  (ka-tos-to-mi'na),  H.  }il.     [NL., 

<  Catostomus  +  -(««.]  In  GUnther's  classifica- 
tion of  fishes,  the  first  group  of  Cijprimdie,  hav- 
ing the  air-bladder  divided  into  an  anterior  and 
a  posterior  portion,  not  inclosed  in  an  osseous 
capsule,  and  the  pharjTigeal  teeth  in  a  single 
series,  and  e.Ktremely  numerous  and  closely  set. 
Also  Catiititomina. 

Catostominse  (ka-tos-to-mi'ne),  11.  ]d.     [NL., 

<  CiitDxtoiinis  +  -/«(('.]  A  subfamily  of  Catosto- 
niidir  with  the  dorsal  fin  short.  .Most  of  the  rep- 
resentatives of  the  family  belouy  to  it,  and  are  known  in 
the  I'liited  States  chielly  as  suckers  &utl  luuUctsur  inuliet- 
siickrrs.     .\lso  Catastouiinae. 

catostomine  (ka-tos'to-min),  «.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Cittostfuiiiitir. 

II.  II.  A  fish  of  the  subfamily  Catostomina:. 

Also  ciitiititoinine. 
catostomoid  (ka-tos'to-moid),  a.  and  n.    [<  NL. 
Viiliinliiiiins,  q.  v.,  -I-  Gr.  eWof,  sliapo.]     I,  a. 
Kes('iiil)liug  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Catofitotiiida'. 

II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Vatostomidce. 

Also  caUislomoid. 
Catostomus  (ka-tos'to-mus),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
kiirui,  down,  -t-  ard/ia,  mouth.]  A  genus  of  eveu- 
tognatlious  fishes,  giving  name  to  the  family 
CdtnslinniiUr.  liy  Lesueur  and  the  old  authors  it  was 
inadftoeiolirace  all  the  Catostomiila',  hut  it  wasgi-adually 
restricted,  ami  is  now  generally  limited  to  the  species  like 
the  (\  teres  or  common  sucker  of  tho  L'nited  States.    Also 

ClltdJitliUIUS. 

catotretous  (ka-tot're-tus),  a.  [<  NL.  catotrc- 
tiis,  <  Gr.  /oi-u,  down,  +  Tpt/rdc,  verbal  ad.j.  of 
TrTfieihttv,  perforate.]  In  sool.,  ha\'ing  inferior 
or  ventral  apertures;  hj-postomous,  as  an  in- 
fusorian. 

cat-owl  (kat'oul),  n.  A  name  of  tho  large 
horned  owls  of  the  genus  Bubo,  as  the  great 
horned  owl,  liuho  virqinianits :  so  called  from 
tlu'ir  physiognomy.     See  cut  under  liuho. 

cat-pipe  (kat'pip),  n.     1.  A  catcall. — 2.  Fig- 
uratively,     one 
who  uses  a  cat- 
pipe  or  catcall. 

cat-rake  (kaf- 
rak),  n.  A  ratch- 
et-drill. E.  H. 
K  nil  lilt. 

cat-fig  (kat'rig), 
11.  Xaut.,  a  rig 
consisting  of 
a  single  mast, 
stepped  very 
near  the  stem, 
and  a  sail  laced 
to  a  gaff  and 
55 


Cat-boat 


8C5 

boom  and  managed  in  tho  same  manner  as  the 
mainsail  of  a  sloop.  The  cat-rig  is  the  typical 
rig  of  small  American  sail-lioats. 

cat-rigged'  (kat'rlgd),  a.     Having  the  cat-rig. 

cat-rigged-'(kal'rigd),n.  Ridged;  badlycreased, 
as  lini'U.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

cat-rope  (kat'rop),  «.  Same  as  cat-hack  rope. 
Sc<"  c(il-li(ic.k. 

cat-rush  (kat'msli),  n.  A  name  of  plants  of  tho 
genus  ICipii.setum. 

catryt,  ".     Same  as  eatery. 

cat-salt  (kat'salt),  H.  A  sort  of  beautifully 
granulate<l  salt  formed  from  the  bittern  or  leach- 
brine  used  for  making  hard  soap. 

cat's-brains  (kats'branz),  n.  pi.  Sandstones 
traversed  in  every  direction  by  little  branching 
veins  of  caloite.     [Eng.] 

Cat's-claw  (kats'kla),  ».  1.  Aname  given  in  the 
West  Indies  ((()  to  the  Jii(jnonia  uiifiuis,  a  climb- 
ing vine  witli  daw-shaped  tendrils,  and  (ti)  to 
the  I'itlicailvhium  Vnguis-cati,  on  account  of  its 
curved  pod. —  2.  In'western  Texas,  a  name  of 
several  species  of  .icacia  with  hooked  thorns, 
as  A.  (Jrcyyi  and  A.  Wriijhli. 

cat's-cradle  (kats'kra'dl),  n.  Achiklren's  game 
in  which  one  player  stretches  a  looped  cord 
over  tlu^  fingers  of  both  hands  in  a  symmetri- 
cal figure,  and  the  other  player  has  to  insert  liis 
fingers  and  remove  it  in  such  a  way  as  to  pro- 
duce a  different  figure.  Also  called  cratch-cradle 
and  sera  tcli-cradle. 

cat's-ear  (kats'er),  «.  A  plant  of  tho  genus 
Ui/jioclia:ris,  weedy  ohicory-liko  composites  of 
Europe :  so  called  from  tho  shape  of  tho  leaves. 
The  name  is  also  applied  to  Gnaphaliuin  dioicum. 

Cat's-eye  (kats'i),  «.  1.  A  variety  of  quartz, 
very  hard  and  semi-transparent,  and  from  cer- 
tain points  exhibiting  a  yellowish  opalescent 
radiation  or  chatoyant  appearance,  whence  tho 
name.  Also  called  sxtnstmie.  The  same  name  is  also 
civen  ti>  other  gems  exhibiting  like  cliatoyant  effects,  more 
especially  to  chrysobei-yl,  which  is  sometimes  called  the 
true  eat'8-eye. 

2.  A  species  of  the  plant  scabious,  Scabiosa 
sti'llata. 

cat's-foot  (kats'ftit),  «.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  ground-i\'y  or  gill,  from  the  shape  of 
its  leaves,  and  to  Gnajilialium  dioicum,  from  its 
soft  flower-heads.     Also  called  cat's-jiaw. 

cat-shark  (kat'shark),  11.  A  shark  of  tho  fam- 
ily Gakorliinida;  'IViacis  scmifasciatus,  occur- 
ring along  the  coast  of  California. 

Cat's-head  (kats'lied),  n.  1.  A  kind  of  largo 
apple. —  2.  A  nodule  of  hard  gritstone  in  shale. 
[Leinster,  Ireland.]— Cat's-head  hammer  or 
sledge.    Same  as  bully-head. 

Cat-snipt  (kat'ship),  n.  A  ship  mth  a  narrow 
stern,  projecting  quarters,  and  a  deep  waist. 

cat-silver  (kat'siP'ver),  11.  [=  Sw.  kattsilfvcr.'] 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  a  variety  of  silvery 
mica. 

Catskill  (kats'kil),  a.  In  American  geoL,  an 
epithet  applied  to  tho  upper  division  of  the 
Devonian  age,  characterized  by  the  red  sand- 
stone of  eastern  New  York. 

catskin  (kat'skiu),  H.  [=  Icel.  katt.'skimi  =  Dan. 
kattcskind.]  The  fur  or  furry  pelt  of  tho  cat. 
Tllis  is  often  dyed  in  imitation  of  costly  furs,  and  in  the 
Netherlands  and  elsewliere  cats  are  bred  for  the  sake  of 
their  fur,  which  is  an  article  of  commerce.  The  fur  of  tin- 
wild  eat  of  liungary  is  prettily  mottled,  and  is  used  with- 
out dyeing. 

cat's-milk  (kats'milk),  n.  A  plant,  the  Eit- 
pliorbia  Jlclioscopia.  Also  called  «"«-sj«<r(/c  and 
wartwced  or  wartwort. 

catsot  (kat'so),  n.     [<  It.  eazzo  (pron.  kiit'so), 
an  obscene  term  of  contempt,  also  used  as  an  ex- 
clamation.]   A  base  fellow;  a  rogue;  a  cheat. 
These  be  our  nimble-spirited  catsos,  that  have  their 
evasions  at  pleasure. 

li.  Joiisou.  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

cat's-paw,  catspaw  (kats'pa),  «.  1.  Xaut.: 
((()  A  light  air  perceived  in  a  calm  by  a  slight 
rippling  of  the  surface  of  tho  water. 

We  were  now  in  the  calm  latitudes,  tho  equatorial  belt 
of  batlling  cat's-paws  and  glassy  seas. 

W.  C.  Itussell,  .Sailor's  Sweetheart,  Ix. 

(6)  A  peculiar  twist  or  hitch  in  tho  bight  of  a 
rope,  made  to  hook  a  tackle  on. 

\\'hen  the  mate  came  to  shake  the  catspaw  out  of  the 
downhaul,  and  we  began  to  boom-end  tiie  sail,  it  shook 
tile  ship  to  her  center. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  387. 

2.  One  whom  another  makes  use  of  to  ac- 
com]ilish  his  designs:  a  person  used  by  anotlier 
to  serve  his  purposes  and  to  bear  tho  conse- 
quences of  his  acts ;  a  dupe :  as,  to  make  a  per- 
son one's  cal'n-paw.  An  aUusion  to  the  story  of  the 
monkey  which,  to  .save  its  own  paw,  useil  the  i>aw  of  the 
cat  to  draw  the  roasted  chestnuts  out  of  the  tli'e. 


cattle 

Tliey  took  the  enterprise  upon  thcmaelTCS,  and  mado 
themselves  the  people's  cal's-jtaw.  but  now  the  chestnut 
is  taken  fron)  the  embers,  and  the  monkey  is  coming  in  for 
the  l>eneflt  of  the  cat's  subserviency.  Loudon  Times. 

He  refrained  from  denouncing  the  peculators  whose 
witless  cat's'iMW  lie  claimed  to  have  been. 

N.A.  Rev.,  CXXIII.  403. 

3.  In  hot.,  same  as  cat's-foot. — 4.  In  hookhiiid- 
inij,  the  mark  made  on  the  covers  or  edges  of  a 
book  by  a  sponge  containing  color  or  stainiug- 
iiuid. 

cat's-purr  (kats'p6r),  n.  In  pathol.,  a  peculiar 
jiin-ring  thrill  or  sound  heard  in  auscultation  of 
the  chest. 

cat-squirrel  (kat'skwur'''el),  «.  1.  A  name  of 
the  fox-squirrel.  [Local,  eastern  U.  S.]  —  2. 
A  name  of  the  ring-tailed  bassaris,  Bassaria 
antiita.     [Southwestern  U.  S.] 

cat's-tail  (kats'tal),  H.  1.  Same  as  cattail,  1. — 
2.  A  name  for  the  plant  Eiiuisetum  arvcnKC  anil 
other  species  of  tliat  genus. —  3.  Same  as  eirru.t 
cloud.  See  cloud — Cat'a-tail  grass,  in  Europe,  tlio 
eonmion  name  of  the  grasses  belonging  to  the  genus  Phte- 
urn,  Ijecause  of  their  dense  spikes  of  llowcrs.  Also  called 
cattail.     See  Phteum. 

cat-stane  (kat'stan),  n.  [Sc,  appar.  <  catX  + 
stanc  =  E.  stone ;  but  the  first  element  is  un- 
certain, being  refen-ed  by  some  to  Gael,  catli, 
a  battle  (see  cateran).'\  1.  A  conical  cairn  or 
monolith  found  in  various  parts  of  Scotland, 
and  supposed  to  imirk  the  locality  of  a  battl<>. 
— 2.  One  of  the  upright  stones  which  sujiiiort 
a  grate,  there  being  one  on  each  side.  "Tho 
term  is  said  to  originate  from  tliis  being  tho 
favorite  seat  of  tho  eat"  {.Jainic.ion). 

cat-stick  (kat'stik),  H.  A  stick  or  flat  bat  em- 
ployed in  playing  tip-cat. 

I'rithee,  lay  up  my  cat  and  cat-stick  safe. 

Middleton,  Women  Beware  Women,  i.  2. 

He  could  not  stay  to  make  my  legs  too,  but  was  driven 
To  clap  a  pair  of  cat-sticks  to  my  knees. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Captain,  ii.  1. 

cat-stopper  (kat'stop'^r),  n.  Same  as  cat-head 
.btojijier  (\vh\e\i  see,  under  eat-head). 

catsup  (kat'sup),  «.     Same  as  catchup. 

cat-tackle  (kat'tak^l),  ».     Naut.,  tackle  used 

for  raising  the  anchor  to  the  cat-head Cat- 

tackle  falL    Same  as  cat-fall. 

cattail  (kat'tal),  n.  [<  eatX  +  tain.'i  1.  Tho 
common  name  of  the  tall  reed-like  aquatic 
plant  Ti/jiha  latifolia:  so  called  from  its  long 
cylincbieal  furry  spikes :  often  popularly  called 
hidrush  and  cat-o'-nine-tails.  Also  caVs-tail. — 
2.  Same  as  cat's-tail  grass  (which  see,  under 
eat'.^-tail). — 3.  Same  as  catkin. — 4.  yaut.,  that 
end  of  a  cat-head  which  is  fastened  to  the  ship's 
frame.     [Properly  cat-tail.'\ 

catter  (kat'er),  r.  I.  To  thrive.  Grose ;  Ualli- 
leeU.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cattery  (kat'e-ri),  )i. ;  ])1.  catteries  (-riz).  [<  eaf^ 
+  -ery.  Ct.' piggeri/,  eamclrij,  fernery,  pinery, 
etc.]  A  i)laco  for  the  keeping  and  breeding 
of  cats.     Soiithey.     [Rare.] 

cat-thrasher  (kat'tlirash'er),  n.  A  clupeoid 
fish,  Ctitpea  wstiralis.     [Maine,  U.  S.] 

cattimandoo  (kat-i-man'do),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  A 
kind  of  gum  obtained  in  tho  East  Indies  from 
an  angular  columnar  species  of  Euphorbia,  E. 
Cattimandoo.  It  is  used  as  a  cement  and  as  a 
remedy  for  rheumatism. 

cattish  (kat'ish),  a.  [<  cat''-  +  -(s*l.]  Ha-ving 
tho  qualities  or  ways  of  a  cat ;  cat-like ;  feline. 

The  cattish  race. 

Drunuiiond,  I'hilhs  on  the  Death  of  her  Sparrow. 

cattle  (kat'l),  «.  sing,  and  pi.  [<  ME.  catel, 
katel,  assibilated  chatel  (>  chattel,  q.  v.),  prop- 
erty, capital,  =  MLG.  katel,  katele,  <  OF.  catel, 
katel,  assibilated  chatel,  chateil,  chaptcl,  chatal, 
chastal,  chetel,  ehatci.  etc.,  =  Sp.  caudal  {ef.  Pg. 
caudal,  a.,  abundant),  <  ML.  captale,  capitate, 
capital,  property,  goods  (viimm  capitate,  live 
stock,  cattle),  whence  mod.  E.  cajntal",  q.  v. 
Thus  cattle  =  chattel  =  capital-.]  It.  Prop- 
erty; goods;  chattels;  stock:  in  this  sense  now 
only  in  the  form  chattel  (which  see). 

His  tythes  payede  he  ful  fayre  and  wel, 
Bothe  of  his  owne  swinke,  and  his  catel. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  ProL  to  g.  T.,  I.  iMO. 

2.  Live  stock;  domestic  quadrupeds  which 
serve  for  tillage  or  other  labor,  or  as  food  for 
man.  The  term  may  include  horses,  asses,  camels,  all 
the  varieties  of  domesticated  beasts  of  the  bovine  genus, 
sheep  of  all  kinds,  goat-s.  and  even  swine.  In  this  general 
sense  it  is  used  in  the  Scriptures.  In  common  use,  how- 
ever, the  word  is  restricted  to  domestic  beasts  of  the  cow 
kind.    In  the  language  of  the  stable  it  means  horses. 

The  first  distinction  made  of  live  stock  from  other  prop- 
erty was  to  call  the  former  quick  cattle. 

Sir  J.  Uaringlon,  Eplg.  I.  91. 


cattle 

Thoy  mnst  have  other  catlli;  as  horses  to  draw  their 
plough,  and  (or  carriai;e  "(  thiiics  ti)  markets. 

Laliwer,  Sermon  bet.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 
In  a  guarantee  of  draft*  against  sliipmenta,  cattle  may 
include  swine. 

Decatur  BaM-  c.  St.  IjOiiis  Bank,  21  Wall.,  294. 
It  was  well  known  that  Lord  Steepleton  Kildare  h:ul 
lately  ridden  from  Simla  to  Umhalla  one  night  and  hack 
the  next  day,  ninety-two  ndles  each  way,  with  eonsUint 
change  of  cattle.  F.  31.  Craw/ord,  Mr.  Isaacs,  p.  254. 

3.  Human  beings:  in  contempt  or  ridiciilo. 

I!oys  and  women  are  for  the  most  part  cattle  of  this 
colour.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  liL  2. 

Last  3'ear,  a  lad  hence  by  his  parents  sent 
With  other  cattUi  to  the  city  went. 

Swijt,  To  Mr.  Congreve. 
Neat  cattle.    See  neati-. 

cattle-feeder  (Icat'l-fe^'der),  n.  A  device  for 
supplying  feed  in  regulated  quantities  to  racks 
or  mangers. 

cattle-guard  (kat'l-giird),  n.  A  device  to  pre- 
vent cattle  from  straying  along  a  railroad-track 
at  a  liij,'hway-erossing. 

cattle-heron  (kat'l-her^'on),  71.  A  book-name 
of  the  small  herons  of  the  genus  Btibulcus,  as  B. 
ibis. 

cattle-pen  (kat'1-pen),  n.  A  pen  or  inelosure 
for  cattle. 

cattle-plague  (kat'l-plag),  «.  A  virulently 
contagious  disease  affecting  cattle  ;  rinderpest 
(which  see). 

cattle-range  (kat'1-ranj),  n.  An  uninclosed 
tract  of  land  over  which  cattle  may  range  and 
graze. 

cattle-run  (kat'l-nm),  ».  Awide  extent  of  graz- 
ing-grovmd.     [U.  S.  and  the  British  colonies.] 

cattle-show  (kat'l-sho),  n.  An  exhibition  of 
domestic  animals  for  prizes,  with  a  view  to  the 
promotion  of  their  improvement  and  increase  : 
in  the  United  States  usually  combined  with  a 
sort  of  agricultural  fair. 

cattle-stall  (kat'l-stal),  n.  An  arrangement 
other  than  a  halter  or  tie  for  securing  cattle  to 
their  racks  or  mangers.     E.  H.  Knight. 

Cattleya  (kat'le-ii),  n.  [NL.;  named  after  Wil- 
liam Vattley,  an  English  collector  of  plants.]  A 
genus  of  highly  ornamental  epiphytic  orchids, 
natives  of  tropical  America  from  Mexico  to 
Brazil.  Many  of  the  species  are  higlily  prized  by  orchid- 
growers,  and  their  flowers  ai'e  among  the  largest  and 
handsomest  of  the  order. 

catty  (kat'i),?!.;  -pi.  catties  {-\z).  [<  Malay  fcnti, 
a  "pound,"  of  varying  weight.  See  caddtji.'] 
The  name  given  by  foreigners  to  the  Chinese 
kin  or  pound.  The  value  of  the  catty  was  fl.xed  by  the 
East  India  Company  in  1770  at  1^  pounds  avoirdupois. 
The  usual  Chinese  weight  is  1.325  pounds;  that  fixed  by 
the  Cliinese  custom-house  in  1858  is  1.3316  pounds;  that 
of  the  royal  mint  at  Peking  is  1.34S  pounds.  The  name 
is  also  given  in  different  localities  to  slightly  different 
weights. 
Iron  ores  sufficient  to  smelt  ten  catties  of  tin. 

Jour.  0/  Anthrop.  Imt.,  XV.  2SS. 

Catullian  (ka-tul'i-an),  a.  [<  L.  Catullianus,  < 
Catullus,  a  proper  name.]  Pertaining  to,  char- 
acteristic of,  or  resembling  the  Roman  lyrical 
poet  Cattdlus,  celebrated  for  his  amatorj'  verses 
and  the  elegance  of  his  style ;  resembling  the 
style  or  works  of  Catullus. 
Herrick,  the  most  Catullian  of  poets  since  Catullus. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  Istser.,  p.  341. 

Caturidse  (ka-tii'ri-de),  M.  pi.  [ML.,  <  Catiirus 
+  -irffp.]  A  family  of  extinct  amioid  ganoid 
fishes  of  the  Oolitic  and  Cretaceous  periods, 
having  a  persistent  notochord,  but  the  vertebrse 
partially  ossified,  a  homoeercal  tail,  fins  with 
fulcra,  and  small,  pointed  teeth  in  a  single  row. 

Caturus  (ka-tu'rus),  n.  [NL.  (Agassiz,  1834), 
<  Ur.  Kara,  down,  +  oipd,  tail.]  The  tj-pical  ge- 
nus of  fishes  of  the  family  Caturidw. 

catyogle (kat'i-o-gl),  n.  [Also katogle; <  Sw.  latt- 
ugta,  <  katt,  =  E.  cat^,  +  ngla  =  E.  owl.']  A  name 
in  Shetland  of  the  eagle-owl.  Bubo  maximns. 

Caucasian  (ka-ka'sian  or  ka-kash'ian),  a.  and 
n.  [<  ML.  'Caucasianus  (L.  Caucasius,  <  Gr. 
Kawamof),  <  MGr.  KavKaaiavdg,  pi.  KavKaaiavoi, 
inhabitants  of  Caucasus,  <  Gr.  Kai/catrof.]  I,  o. 
Pertaining  to  the  Caucasus,  a  range  of  moun- 
tains between  Asia  and  Eui-ope ;  specifically, 
appellative  of  one  of  the  races  into  which  Blu- 
menbach  divided  the  human  family.     See  II. 

H.  w.  In  Blumenbach's  ethnological  system, 
the  highest  type  of  the  human  family,  including 
nearly  all  Europeans,  the  Circassians,  Arme- 
nians, Persians,  Hindus,  Jews,  etc.  He  gave  this 
name  to  the  i-ace  because  he  regarded  a  skull  he  had  obtjiin- 
ed  from  the  Caucasus  as  the  standard  of  the  human  type. 

cauchiet,  «.     See  causewai/. 

Cauchy's  formula.    See  formula. 

cauciont,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  caution. 
caucus  (ka'kus),  n.     [This  word  originated  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts.     According  to  a  eom- 


SGG 

mon  aoeount  it  is  a  eomiption  of  calkers'  meeting, 
a  term  said  to  have  been  applied  in  <leri8ion  by 
the  Tories  to  meetings  of  citizens,  among  whom 
were  calkers  and  ropemakers,  held  to  protest 
against  the  aggressions  of  the  royal  troops,  and 
especially  against  the  "Boston  Massacre"  of 
March  5th,  1770.  But  such  a  corruption  and  for- 
gctfulness  of  the  orig.  meaning  of  a  word  so  f:i- 
miliar  as  calkers  is  improbable,  and,  moreover, 
the  word  caucii.'i  occurs  at  least  7  years  earlier, 
in  the  following  passage  in  the  diary  of  John 
Adams:  "Feb. . . . ,  1763 — This  day  learned  that 
the  Caucus  Club  meets  at  certain  times  in  the 
garret  of  Tom  Dawes,  the  adjutant  of  the  Boston 
(militia)  regiment."  This  indicates  the  origin 
of  the  term  caucus,  as  a  private  meeting  for 
political  purposes,  in  the  name  of  a  club  of  that 
nature,  called  the  "Caucus  Club."  The  origin 
of  the  name  as  applied  to  the  club  is  not  kno^-n, 
but  if  not  an  arbitrary  term,  chosen  for  its  allit- 
erative form  and  feigned  mysterious  import,  it 
may  have  been  a  learned  adoption,  in  allusion  to 
the  con\-ivial  or sjinposiac  feature  of  the  club,  of 
the  ML.  caucus,  <  MGr.  KovKog  (also  kuvhtj,  miKO, 
with  dim.  Kai'»ov),  a  cup.]  1.  In  U.  S. politics : 
((()  A  local  meeting  of  the  voters  of  a  party  to 
nominate  candidates  for  local  offices,  or  to  elect 
delegates  to  a  convention  for  the  nomination 
of  more  important  officers.  In  tlie  latter  sense, 
caucuses  are  uow  generally  called  primaries.  Admis- 
sion to  a  party  caucus  is  generally  open  only  to  known 
and  registered  menibei's  of  the  party.     (?A  ^  similar 

congi'essional,  legislative,  or  other  gathering  of 
leading  members  of  a  party  for  conference  as 
to  party  measures  and  policy.  Candidates  for  the 
presidency  and  vice-presidency  of  the  United  States  were 
nominiited  by  party  caucuses  of  members  of  Congress  from 
1800  to  1824. 

More  than  fifty  years  ago,  Mr.  Samuel  Adams's  father, 
and  twenty  others,  one  or  two  from  the  north  end  of  the 
town,  where  all  the  ship  business  is  carried  on,  used  to 
meet,  make  a  caucus,  and  lay  their  plan  for  introducing 
certain  persons  into  places  of  trust  and  power. 

Gordon,  Hist,  of  the  Eevolutiou  (178S),  I.  365. 

A  caucus  (excuse  the  slang  of  politics)  was  held,  as  I  am 
informed,  by  the  delegations  [of  three  Western  States]  for 
the  pui'pose  of  recommending  some  character  to  the  Presi- 
dent  [for  Judge  of  Supreme  Court]. 

John  Randolph,  quoted  in  H.  Adams,  p.  210. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  meeting  of  managers  or  of 
interested  persons  for  the  purpose  of  deciding 
upon  a  line  of  policy,  an  arrangement  of  busi- 
ness, etc.,  to  bo  brought  before  a  larger  meet- 
ing, as  a  convention. — 3.  In  Eng.  politics,  a  large 
local  committee  of  voters  for  the  management 
of  all  electioneering  business  of  its  party :  call- 
ed the  Birmingham  system,  from  its  introduction 
at  Birmingham  about  1880. 
caucus  (ka'kus),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caucused  or 
caucussed,  ppr.  caucusing  or  caucu.'^sing.  [<  cau- 
cus, K.]  To  meet  in  caucus ;  come  together  and 
confer. 
They,  too,  had  conferred  or  catt^^tsed  and  had  decided. 
Philadelphia  Times,  No.  2594,  p.  2. 

caud  (kad),  a.  A  dialectal  foi-m  (like  cauld)  of 
cold. 

cauda  (ka'da),  J!.;  pi.  caudce  (-de).  [L.,  also 
written  codd\see  coda),  a  tail.]  1.  In  :o(>l.  and 
anat.,  a  tail  or  tail-like  appendage. —  2.  In  hot., 
a  tail-like  appendage — Cauda  equina  (mare's  tail), 
the  leash  of  nerves,  cliiefly  lumbar  or  sacral  and  coc- 
cygeal, in  which  the  spinal  cord  terminates,  excepting, 
usually,  the  terminal  filament  of  the  cord  itself :  so  called 
from  the  great  length  of  these  nerves,  and  the  appearance 
their  roots  present  within  the  spinal  column. — Cauda 
galli,  a  term  applied  in  American  geology  to  the  lowest 
member  of  the  corniferous  division  of  the  Devonian  age, 
characterized  by  the  cauda  galli  grit  of  eastern  New  York : 
so  called  in  allusion  to  a  common  fossil  of  this  name  (lit- 
erally, cock's  t4lil)  having  a  feathery  fomi  and  supposed  to 
be  a  seaweed. —  Cauda  helicis,  the  inferior  and  posterior 
portion  of  the  helix  of  the  external  ear. — Cauda  navl- 
cularis,  a  boat-shaped  tail.  See  fcoaf-jf/m/x-t/.— Cauda 
strtatl,  tlie  tail  or  narrow  posterior  part  of  the  caudate 
nucleus  of  the  brain.     Also  called  surcinfjle. 

caudad  (ka'dad),  adv.  [<  L.  cauda,  tail,  -1-  -ad, 
to :  see  -arfS.]  Toward  the  tail ;  backward  in 
the  long  axis  of  the  body;  in  the  opposite  di- 
rection from  cephalad.  it  is  downward  iu  man,  back- 
ward in  most  animals,  but  is  used  without  reference  to 
the  posture  of  the  body,  and  said  of  any  part  of  the  body : 
thus,  in  man,  the  mouth  is  caudad  with  respect  to  the 
nostrils  ;  the  lower  eyelid  is  caudad  with  respect  to  the 
upper  one. 

Caudae,  ".     Plirral  of  cauda. 

caudal  (ka'dal),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Sp.  caudal  = 
It.  codale,  <  NL.  caudalis,  <  L.  cauda,  a  tail :  see 
Cauda.']  1,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  situated  near 
the  tail ;  having  the  nature  or  appearance  of 
a  tail.  Specifically — 2.  In  anat.,  haWng  a 
position  or  relation  toward  the  tail  when  com- 
pared with  some  other  part :  the  opposite  of 
cciihalir  (which  see).  Thus,  the  neck  is  a  cau- 
dal part  of  the  body  ■with  reference  to  the  head. 


candle 

See  caudad. —  3.  In  cntom.,  pertaining  to  or  on 
the  end  of  the  abdomen  :  as,  a  caudal  style ;  a 
caudal  spot — Caudal  fin,  the  tail-flu,  or  that  at  the 
posterior  end  of  tlie  body.  See  cut  under /(n. —  Caudal 
flexure.    See  rf-xu/-*-. 

II.  H.  1.  In  ichth.,  the  caudal  fin  of  a  fish. — 
2.  In  anat.,  a  caudal  or  coccygeal  vertebra. 
Abbreviated  cd.  in  ichthyological  formulas. 

caudalis  (ka-da'lis),  n.;  pi.  caudales  (-lez). 
[NL. :  see  caudal.]  In  ichth.,  the  caudal  fin. 
(runther,  1859. 

Caudata  (ka-da'tii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
caudutus:  see  caudate]  In  licrjict.,  the  tailed 
or  urodele  batrachians:  same  as  Urodela :  op- 
posed to  Ecaudata  or  Anura^.     Oppel,  1811. 

caudatal  (ka-da'tal),  a.  [<  cautlatum  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  the  caudatimi  of  the  brain. 

caudate  (ka'dat),  a.  [<  NL.  caudaius,  <  L.  Cau- 
da, a,  ia\\:  see  coHrfa.]  1.  Baring  a  taU. —  2. 
Ha\ang  a  tail-like  appendage,  (n)  In  hot.,  applied 
to  seeds  or  other  organs  which  have  such  an  appenclage.  lb) 
III  ent'jin.,  liaving  a  long,  tail-like  pi*ocess  on  the  margin, 
as  tlie  posterior  wings  of  many  Lepidoptera. —  CaudktO 
lobe  of  the  liver,  in  human  anat.,  the  lobus  caudatufl. 
a  small  elevated  l>and  of  hepatic  substance  continued 
from  the  under  surface  of  the  right  lobe  to  the  base  of  the 
Spigelian  lobe. —  Caudate  nucleus,  in  anat.,  the  cau- 
datum  or  nucleus  caudatus,  the  upper  gray  ganglion  of 
the  corpus  stri.atum,  projecting  into  the  lateral  ventricle 
and  separated  from  the  lenticular  nucleus  by  the  internal 
capsule. 

caudated  (ka'da-ted),  a.     Same  as  caudate. 

caudation  (ka-da'shon),  n.  [<  caudate  +  -ion.] 
The  condition  of  haring  a  tail. 

He  reallj'  suspected  premature  caudatian  had  been  in- 
flicted on  him  for  his  ciimes. 

C.  lieade,  Never  too  Late  to  Mend,  Ixxvl 

caudatum  (ka-da'tum),  n.  [NL.,  neut.  (sc.  L. 
corpus,  \ioAy)  ot  caudatus:  see  caudate.]  The 
caudate  nucleus  of  the  striatum  or  striate  body 
of  the  brain;  a  part  of  this  ganglion  distin- 
guished from  the  lenticidare. 

caudez  (ka'deks),  n.;  pi.  caudices,  caudexes  (-di- 
sez,  -dek-sez).  [L.,  later  codex,  the  stem  of  a 
tree :  see  codex  and  code.]  In  hot.,  as  used  by 
early  ■writers,  the  stem  of  a  tree ;  now,  the  tiimt 
of  a  palm  or  a  tree-fern  covered  ■svith  the  re- 
mains of  leaf -stalks  or  marked  with  their  scars ; 
also,  frequently,  the  perennial  base  of  a  plant 
which  sends  up  new  herbaceous  stems  from  year 

to  year  in  place  of  the  old Caudex  cerebri,  the 

middle  tnink-like  portion  ^)f  the  brain,  comprising  tlie 
corpora  striata,  the  thalaniencephalon,  the  mesencepha- 
lon, the  pons,  and  the  medulla  oblongata. 

caudicle  (ka'di-kl),  K.  [=  F.  caudicule,  <  NL. 
caudicula,  dim.  of  L.  caudex  (caudic-):  see  cau- 
dex.] In  hot.,  the  stalk  attached  to  the  poUen- 
masses  of  orehideous  plants. 

caudicula  (ka-dik'u-lii),  )i.;  pi.  caudicuUe  (-le). 
[NL.]     Same  as  caudicle. 

caudiduct  (ka'di-dukt),  r.  t.  [<  L.  cauda,  taU, 
+  iluetus,  pp.  of  dnccre,  draw:  see  duct.]  To 
draw  toward  the  tail ;  retroduct ;  carry  back- 
ward or  caudad. 

Secure  the  arm  caudiducted,  so  as  to  stretch  the  mus- 
cles. Wilder  and  Ga<]e,  .-Vnat.  Tech.,  p.  231. 

Caudisona  (ka-dis'o-nii),  H.  [NTj.  (Laurenti, 
1768),  <  L.  Cauda,  tail,  +  sonus,  sound:  see 
souiid^,  n.]  A  genus  of  rattlesnakes:  same  as 
Crotalus  or  Crotalaphorus. 

caudisonant  (ka-dis'o-nant),  a.  [<  L.  cauda, 
tail,  -1-  sonan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  sonare,  sound:  see 
sound^,  v.]  Making  a  noise  ■nith  the  tail,  as  a 
rattlesnake.     [Rare.] 

cauditrunk  (ka'di-trunk),  ».  [<  Jj.cauda,  tail, 
-I-  truncus,  trunk.]  In  fishes  and  piscifomi  mam- 
mals, the  combination  of  the  trimk  or  abdomi- 
nal portion  and  the  caudal  portion,  including 
all  the  body  behind  the  head.     Gill. 

caudle  (ka'dl),  «.  [<  ME.  caudel,  <  OP.  caudel, 
cliaudel  (F.  chaudeau),  a  warm  drink,  dim.  from 
*eaud,  caut,  chaud,  chant,  chald  (F.  eliaud,  dial. 
caud),  warm  (cf.  Sp.  Pg.  cahlo,  broth.  ML.  cati- 
dum,  a  warm  drink).  <  L.  calidus,  caldus.  warm, 
hot:  see  calid,  and  cf.  caldron.]  A  kind  of  warm 
drink  made  of  wine  or  ale  mixed  with  bread, 
sugar,  and  spices,  and  sometimes  eggs,  given 
to  sick  persons,  to  a  woman  in  childbed,  and 
her  ■visitors. 

Wan  ich  am  ded,  make  me  a  caudel. 

Rob.  of  Gloucester,  p.  661. 
He  had  good  broths,  caudle,  and  such  like. 

Wiseman,  Surgery. 
Hark  ye,  master  Ilolly-top,  your  wits  are  gone  on  wool- 
gathering; comfort  youi-self  with  a  caiulle  ;  thatch  your 
brain-sick  noddle  with  a  woolen  night-cap. 

Scott,  Abbot,  I.  230. 
Hempen  caudle.    See  hewften. 

caudle  (ka'dl),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  candied,  ppr. 
candling.  l<.  caudle,  n.]  1.  To  make  into  cau- 
dle.—  2.  To  serve  as  a  caudle  for;  refresh, 
comfort,  or  make  warm,  as  with  caudle. 


caudle 

Will  till"  rnM  hrook, 
Oamiicd  with  ice,  camllc  thy  moiiiin);  tasto, 
To  euro  thy  n'er-night'a  surfeit? 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

caudle-cup  (kii'dl-kup),  n.    A  vessel  or  cup  for 

llolclillf,'  ciuuilo.     A  cau.lk-i-up  anil  n  set  „!  iipostlis 

8|iciniis  l.irrniTly  cojistitutuil  tlie  sponsor's  gift  to  thcehiiU 

at  n  cliriHtening, 

Still  in  Llewellyn  Hull  the  jests  resound, 

For  now  the  caudle-cup  is  circling  there  ; 

Now,  glail  nt  linirt,  the  gossips  breathe  their  prayer, 

Anil,  crowding,  stop  the  cradle  to  admire. 

Hagers,  liumail  Life. 

Caudle  lecture.    Seo  lecture. 

caudotibial  (ka-do-til>'i-al),  a.  [<  NL.  caudo- 
tibiaU.1,  q.  v.]  Pertaining  to  or  eonnectiii};  tho 
caudal  portion  of  tUo  body,  or  the  tail,  with  the 
lower  leg  or  tibia:  as,  a  candiitiliial  muscle. 

Caudotibialis  (ka'do-tib-i-a'lis),  n. ;  jjl.  eaudo- 
tiliiaks  (-lez).  [NL'.,  <  L.  caudii,  tail,  +  tilmi, 
shin-bono  (cf.  tibialis,  belonging  to  the  shin- 
bone):  see  Cauda,  tibia,  tibial.]  A  muscle  which 
in  some  animals,  as  seals,  connects  tlie  tibia 
with  the  anterior  caudal  vertebraj,  and  is  con- 
sidered to  replace  the  scmi-membrauosus  and 
somi-tendinosus  muscles. 

caudula(ka'du-lii),  n.;  pi.  f«Mf7M7a'(-le).  [NL., 
dim.  of  h.  Cauda,  a  tail :  see  cauda.]  In  ento/n., 
a  little  tail-like  process  of  a  margin. 

Cauf  (kaf),  n.     [A  corruption  of  corf  for  corb, 
a  basket:  seecof/andcoW;!.]    1.  A  chest  with 
holes  for  keeping  fish  alive  in  water. —  2.  Same 
as  corfcl,  1. — 3.  In  mining,  same  as  corf. 
Also  spelled  cawf. 

caufle  (ka'll),  ti.     Same  as  cofie. 

cauf-ward  (kaf'ward),  )(.     Same  as  calf-ward. 

caught  (kat).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
(•((/(■/(I. 

cauk^  (kak),  w.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  unassibilated 
form  of  chalk,  q.  v.]  1.  Chalk;  limestone. 
Also  spelled  cawk.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
— 2.  An  English  miners'  name  for  sulphate  of 
baryta  or  heavy-spar. 

caui'-^  (kak),  V.  t.  [ME.  caiikcn :  see  Crtftl.]  1. 
To  tread,  as  a  cock. — 2.  To  calk.    See  ca?Ai. 

cauk-"*,  K.     See  calk^. 

caukeri  (ka'ker),  n.  [Sc,  also  written  canker 
and  caulker.  Origin  uncertain  ;  perhaps  <  Icel. 
kalkr  =  Sw.  Dan.  kalk,  a  eup,  <  L.  calix,  >  E. 
chalice,  q.  V.']  1.  A  dram  ;  any  small  quantity 
of  spirits  to  bo  drunk.     [Slang.] 

I'akcii  caulker?  ...  No?  Tak' a  drap  o'  kindness  yet 
for  auld  langsyne.  Kingsleij,  Alton  Locke,  xxi. 

2.  An  astonishing  falsehood;  a  lie.  [Slang.] 

I  also  took  care  that  she  should  never  afterwards  be  able 
to  charge  nie  with  having  told  her  a  real  caulker. 

W.  C.  Russell,  Jack's  Courtship,  xxxi. 

Cauker^  (ka'ker),  n.     Same  as  calk^. 
cauking   (ka'king),  71.     In  joiiicry,  a  dovetail 
tenon-and-mortise  joint  used  to  fasten  cross- 
timbers  together:   employed  in 
fitting  down  the  beams  or  other 
timbers  upon  wall-plates.   £.  H. 
Knight. 
cauky  (ka'ki),  a.   [<  comAI  -I-  -i/l.] 
Pertaining  to  cauk;   like  eauk. 
Also  spelled  cuwkij. 
caull  (kal ),  n.   [Early  mod.  E.  also 
call;  <  ME.  calle,  kallc  (also  kelle,         caukmg. 
>  E.  kcll,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  cale,  a  kind 
of  cap;  of  Celtic  origin:  ef.  Ir.  calla  =  OGael. 
call,  a  veil,  hood,  akin  to  L.  cella,  a  cell:  see  cal- 
lol^,  calotte,  and  ccll.'\     1.  In  the  middle  ages, 
and  down  to  the  seventeenth  century — (a)  A 
net  for  confining  the  hair,  worn  by  women. 
The  proudest  of  hem  alle, 
That  werith  on  a  coverchief  or  a  catle. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  162. 
Her  head  with  ringlets  of  her  hair  is  crown'd. 
And  in  a  golden  catU  the  curls  are  bound. 

Dryden,  Mneii,  vii. 

(6)  More  rarely,  a  head-dress  like  a  flat  turban. 
—  2.  Any  kind  of  small  net ;  a  net. 

An  Indian  mantle  of  feathers,  and  the  feathers  wrought 
into  a  caul  of  packthread.  N.  Grew,  Museum. 

The  very  spider  weaves  her  cauU  with  more  art  and 
cunning  to  entrap  the  fly.        Middleton,  Mad  World,  i.  1. 

3.  A  popular  name  for  a  membrane  investing 
the  viscera,  such  as  the  peritoneum  or  part  of 
it,  or  the  pericardium. 

^  The  caul  that  is  above  the  liver.  Ex.  xxix.  i:i. 

The  caul  of  their  heart.  IIos.  xiii.  S. 

The  reins  and  the  caul.         Raij,  Works  of  Creation,  ii. 

4.  In  anat.,  the  great  or  gastrocolic  omentum; 
the  large  loose  fold  of  peritoneum  which  hangs 
like  an  apron  in  the  abilominal  cavity  in  front 
of  the  intestines,  depemling  from  the  stomach 
and  transverse  colon. —  5.  A  portion  of  the  am- 
nion or  membrane  enveloping  the  fetus,  which 


867 

sometimes  encompasses  the  head  of  a  child 
when  born.  This  caul  was  (and  still  is  by  scmie)  snp. 
posed  to  betoken  gnat  [ircspri  ity  for  the  person  born 
with  it,  and  to  lie  an  inf.illilile  preservative  against  drown- 
ing, as  well  as  to  impart  the  gilt  of  eliii|Ucnce,  During 
the  eighteenth  century  seamen  often  gave  from  $50  to  $150 
for  a  caul. 

You  were  bom  with  a  cawl  on  your  he.id. 

Ii.  Joiison,  Alchemist,  i.  1. 

caul-  (kill),  n.  [<  F.  cale,  a  wedge,  of  uncer- 
tain origin  ;  perltaps  <  G.  kril,  a  wedge,  <  OHti. 
cliil  =  Icel.  kiilir,  a  wedge.]  A  form  used  in 
gluing  veneers  to  curved  surfaces,  it  is  shaped 
to  the  exact  curve  or  form  of  the  piece  to  he  veneercil,  and 
is  clamped  against  the  veneer  until  the  glue  has  set. 

caur*t  (kill),  «.  [ME.  cnule,  <  L.  cauli.>:,  a  stalk, 
stem:  see  cau(iAandeote2.]     1.  A  stalk;  stem. 

An  esy  wyne  a  man  to  make  stronge. 

Take  leef ,  or  roote,  or  cattle  of  nutlowe  agrest, 

And  boyle  it,  kest  it  so  thyiie  wync  amonge. 

I'alladim,  Hu3bondrie'(E.  E.  T.  ».),  p.  200. 

2.  A  cabbage. 

cauld^  (kald),  a.  and  n.  A  form  representing 
the  Scotch  pronunciation  of  cold. 

cauld-  (kald),  )(.  [Also  written  caul,  a  dam- 
head;  as  a  verb  in  the  e.vpression  "raw/  the 
bank"  of  a  river,  that  is,  lay  a  bed  of  loose 
stones  from  the  channel  backward  (Jamiesou). 
Origin  obscure.]  A  dam  in  a  river  or  other 
stream ;  a  weir.     [Scotch.] 

cauldrife  (kald'rif),  a.  [=  coldrifc,  q.  v.]  1. 
Chilly;  cold;  susceptible  to  cold. —  2.  Without 
animation:  as,  a  caHMn/f  sermon.    [Scotch.] 

cauldron,  »i.    See  caldron. 

Caulerpa  (ka-ler'pil),  n.  [NIj.,  <  Gr.  Kav'/OQ  (= 
L.  caulis :  see  caulis),  a  stalk,  +  ip-civ,  creep.] 
A  largo  genus  of  green  single-celled  algfe,  pecu- 
liar to  warm  climates,  and  much  eaten  by  sea- 
turtles. 

caules,  «.    Plural  of  caulis. 

caulescent  (ka-les'ent),  a.  [=  F.  caulescent,  < 
L.  caulis,  a  stalk  (see  caulis),  +  -escent,  as  in 
adolescent,  etc.]  In  hoi.,  having  an  obvious 
stem  rising  above  the  ground.    Also  caulifcrous. 

caulicle  (ka'li-kl),  )i.  [=  F.  cauHcule,  <  L.  cauli- 
culus,  also  coliculus,  dim.  of  caulis,  a  staUt :  see 
caulis.}  In  hot.,  a  little  or  rudimentary  stem: 
applied  to  the  initial  stem  (more  frequently  but 
incorrectly  called  the  radicle)  in  the  embryo,  to 
distingnish  it  from  the  cotyledons.  Also  cau- 
Hcule and  catdiculus. 

caulicole  (ka'li-kol),  n.     Same  as  cauliculus,  1. 

caulicolous  (ka-lik'o-lus),  a.  [<  L.  caulis,  a 
stalk  (see  caulis),  +  colore,  inhabit.]  Growing 
or  living  upon  a  stem :  as,  a  caulicolous  ftmgus. 

Caullculata  (ka-lik-u-la'ta),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  LL.  ctinliculatus :  see  caulieulate.']  A  sys- 
tematic name  for  the  black  or  antipatharian  cor- 
als: synonymous -with  Antijjatharia.  Edwards 
and  Huime,  1850. 

caulieulate  (ka-lik'u-lat),  a.  [<  LL.  caulicn- 
latiis,  furnished  with  a  stem,  <  L.  cauliculus  : 
see  cauliele.'i  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  char- 
acters or  quality  of  the  Cauliculata;  antipatha- 
rian, as  a  coral. 

caulicule  (ka'li-kfil),  n.     Same  as  cauliculus. 

cauliculus  (ka-lik'u-lus),  n. ;  pi.  caulicuU  (-Ii) 
[L.,dim.  of  cau- 
lis, a  stalk :  see 
caulis.']  1.  In 
arch.,  one  of  the 
lesser  branches 
or  leaves  in  the 
tyjjical  Corin- 
thian capital, 
springing  from 
the  caules  or 
main  stalks 
which  support 
the  volutes. 
They  are  some- 
times confounded 
with  the  main 
stalks  from  which 
they  spring,  or 
with  the  helices 
in  the  middle  of 
the  sides  of  the  capital.  Also  cauticolxis,  caulicole,  and 
caulicule. 
2.  In  bot.,  same  as  catdicle. 

cauliferOUS  (ka-lif'e-rus),  a.  [=  F.  caulifdre,  < 
L.  caulis,  a  stalk,  \-  ferre  =.  E.  fccarl.]  In  hot., 
same  as  caulescent. 

cauliflower  (k^'li-flou-er),  ji.  [Earlier  colli- 
flou-cr,  colli/Jlory,  colicflorie,  cole  florie,  modified, 
in  imitation  of  E.  coW^,  L.  caulis,  and  E.  flotcer, 
from  the  F.  name  choux  floris  or  Jtcuris  (Cot- 
grave):  choux,  pi.  of  chnu  =  E.  cole,  cabbage, 
<  L.  caulis,  a  cabbage,  orig.  a  stalk  (see  cole", 
caulis);  floris,  fleuris,  pp.  pi.  of  florir,  later 


Detail  of  Corinthian  Capital. 
A,  caulis;  B,  cauliculus. 


canp 

fleurir,  flourish:  see  flourish.  The  present  F. 
iorin  is  chouflcur  =  Sp.  coliflor  =  Pg.  couveflor 
=  It.  Carol  flore,  lit.  'cole-flower':  see  eule^ 
and  flower.]  A  garden  variety  of  ISrassicn  olc- 
racca,  or  cabbage,  the  inflorescence  of  which  is 
condensed  while  young  into  a  depressed  fleshy 
head,  whidi  is  higlily  esteemed  as  a  vegetable. 
—  Cauliflower  excrescence,  epithelial  cancer  of  the 
miiiith  111  tlie  uterus.— CauUnower  wig.  See  ici'i;. 
cauliform  (ka'li-form),  a.  [<  L.  c«k?/.s-,  astalk, 
+  forma,  form.]     In  hot.,  having  the  form  of  a 

strlil. 

cauligenous  (ka-lij'e-nus),  a.  [<  L.  caulis,  a 
slalk,  -(-  -genus,  -producing,  -borne:  see  -ge- 
nous.]     In  hot.,  borne  upon  the  stem. 

Caulinary  (ka'li-ua-ri),  o.  [<  canline  -¥■  -ary; 
=  F.  cHulinairc  =  Sp.  caulinario.]  In  bot.,  be- 
longing to  the  stem :  specifically  applied  to 
stipides  which  are  attached  to  the  stem  and  free 
from  the  base  of  the  petiole. 

cauline  (ka'lin),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  'cauHnus,  <  Gr. 
Aai'>.(tioc  <  Knii>i;r,  astalk,  stem:  nve  caulis.]  In 
hot.,  of  or  belonging  to  a  stem:  as,  cauline 
leaves. 

When  fibro-vascular  bundles  are  formed  in  the  stem 
having  no  connection  with  the  leaves,  they  are  termed  by 
Nageli  cauline  bundles.         Sachs,  liotany  (trans.),  p.  134. 

caulis  (ka'lis),  «.;  pi.  caules  (-lez).  [L.,  also 
colis  (>  E.  cole",  q.  v.),  <  Gr.  Kav^.o;,  a  stalk,  a 
stem.]  1.  In  arch.,  one  of  the  main  stalks  or 
leaves  which  spring  from  between  the  acanthus- 
leaves  of  the  second  row  on  each  side  of  the 
typical  Corinthian  capital,  and  are  carried  up 
to  support  the  volutes  at  the  angles.  Compare 
cauliculus,  1. —  2.  In  hot.,  the  stem  of  a  phint. 

caulk,  V.  t.    See  ea;/ii. 

caulkerl,  n.     See  calker^. 

caulker^,  n.     See  canker^. 

caulkingl,  n.     Bee  calking'^. 

caulking'-,  «.     See  calkingK 

caulocarpic  (ka-lo-kilr'pik),  a.  [As  caulocarp- 
ous  -(-  -!(■.]     Same  as  caulocarpous. 

caulocarpous  (ka-lo-kiir'pus),  a.  [=  F.  eaulo- 
carpe,  <  tJr.  KavMc  (=  L.  caidis),  a  stem,  -t-  Kapn/if, 
fruit.]  In  hot.,  bearing  fruit  repeatedly  upon 
the  same  stem :  applied  to  such  plants  as  have 
perennial  stems. 

caulome  (ka'lom),  «.  [<  Gr.  Kav?.6(,  a  stem: 
see  caulis  and  cole^.]  In  hot.,  the  stem  or  stem- 
like  portion  of  a  plant;  the  stem-structure  or 
axis. 

caulophyllin  (ka-lo-fil'in),  n.  [<  Caulophyllum. 
+  -in-.],  A  resinous  substance  precipitated  by 
water  from  the  tincture  of  the  plant  Caulo- 
phyllum thalictroides. 

Caulophyllum  (ka-lo-fil'um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
WHi/df  (=  L.  caulis),  stem,  stalk,  -1-  <j){-llov  =  L. 
folium,  leaf.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natiu-al  order 
Bcrbcridacece,  including  one  North  American 
and  two  Asiatic  species,  perennial  tuberous- 
rooted  herbs,  bearing  usually  a  single  leaf  and 
a  raceme  of  flowers,  succeeded  by  blue  berries. 
The  American  species,  C.  thalictroides,  known 
as  blue  cohosh,  is  reputed  to  have  medicinal 
properties. 

Caulopteris  (ka-Iop'to-ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kuv'/.o^,  a  stem,  -1-  Trrepic,  a  fern,  <  nrepw,  a  wing, 
=  E.  feather.]  One  of  the  generic  names  given 
by  fossil-botanists  to  fragments  of  the  trunks 
of  tree-ferns  characterized  by  the  forms  of  the 

■  impressions,  or  scars,  as  they  are  called,  mark- 
ing the  place  where  the  petioles  were  attached, 
found  in  the  Devonian  and  in  the  coal-mea- 
sures. In  Caulopteris  these  scars  arc  ovate  or  elliptical, 
and  their  inner  disk  is  usually  marked  by  linear  bands, 
which,  however,  are  sometimes  elfaced  by  impressions  of 
the  rootlets.  Stemmalopteris  and  Meijaiht/tfm  are  forms 
closely  allied  to  Caulopteris,  dilfering  from  that  genus  only 
in  some  slight  and  uncertain  details  in  the  form  and  ar- 
rangement of  the  scars. 

caumat  (ka'ma),  n.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  nav/ja,  heat:  see 
c<(/«(l.]  In  med.,  heat;  inflammation;  fever:  a 
word  formerly  used  in  tlio  designation  of  vari- 
ous diseases,  especially  those  exhibiting  inflam- 
mation and  fever,  as  cauma  plenritis,  pleurisy; 
cauma  podagricum,  gout;  but  also  cauma  ha>- 
morrhagicum,  so-called  active  hemorrhage. 

caumatict  (ka-mat'ik),  a.  [<  cauma{t-)  -k-  -ic] 
In  mid.,  of  the  nature  of  cauma.  • 

caunter, caunter-lode  (kau'tt'^r,  -16d),  n.  [Dial, 
var.  of  eounter(-lode).]     Same  as  counter-lode. 

caupl  (kap),  V.  t.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  cheap,  v., 
after  Icel.  kaupa,  buy  or  sell,  bargain,  =  D. 
koopcn,  buv,  etc. :  see  cheap,  v.]  To  exchange. 
[North.  Eiig.] 

There  is  a  wonderful  sameness  alwut  the  diet  on  board 
a  smack,  but  the  ipiantity  consumed  is  proiligious.  It 
certainly  is  sometimes  a  little  varied  by  kaupiwj,  or  ex- 
changing on  board  of  passing  ships,  and  occasional  par- 
eels  by  the  earner.    Quoted  axN.atuiii.,  7tli  ser.,  IV.  16r>. 


canp 

canp2  (k&p)  ji.  [Same  as  cajfi,  q.  v.]  A  cup 
or  wooden  bowl.     [Scotch.] 

caup^t  (k;Vp),  ".  and  r.     See  coujA. 

cauponatet  (ka'po-nat),  v.  i.  C<  L-  caupotm- 
liis,  pp.  of  aiiijioiKiri,  traffic,  <  eiiupo{»-),  a  petty 
tradesman,  huckster,  innkeeper.  See  c/icflyi.] 
To  keep  a  viclualing-houso  or  an  inn;  hence, 
to  engage  in  petty  traflicking;  liuckster. 

Cauponationt  (ka-po-nfi'slion),  II.  [<  L.  as  if 
'f(ii(piiii(ili'i{ii-),  <  ciiiipoiitilu.-^:  SCO  caiyJOJifi^c] 
Low  trafficking;  liuck.steriug. 

Better  it  were  tii  Imve  a  deformity  in  prenehliiK,  so  tliut 
some  w.ml.l  preiull  tlie  truth  i>f  God,  and  tlwt winch  is  to 
be  preacliod,  williout  caui>vnatwii  and  adulteration  of  the 
word,  .  .  .  than  to  have  such  a  uniformity  that  the  silly 
people  should  he  thereby  occasioned  to  continue  still  in 
their  lamentahle  icnor.lnce.  .       .. 

Lativier,  Sermons  and  Kemams.  ii.  347. 

I  shall  now  trace  and  expose  their  corruptions  and  cati- 

jmuitiunx  of  the  gospel.  ISentteii. 

cauponizet  (ka'po-niz),  v.  i.  [<  L.  caupon{ari) 
+  -he.  See  cauponatc.']  To  sell  wine  or  vict- 
uals. 

The  rich  rogues  who  cauitonized  to  the  armies  in  Ger- 
many. Warburton,  To  liurd.  Letters,  clxxi. 

caurale  (ka'ral),  w.  A  name  of  the  sun-bittern, 
Eunipiiqa  hcUaa.     Also  called  carle. 

Caurus  (ka'rus),  n.  [L.,  also  Corus,  the  north- 
west wind;  prob.  for  'scaunis  =  Goth,  s/rwra,  a 
storm  (skura  tciiidis,  a  storm  of  wind),  =  AS. 
scur,  E.  shower;  related  to  L.  obscurKS,  obscure : 
see  shower  and  obseurc.]  The  classical  name  of 
the  northwest  wind,  which  in  Italy  is  a  stormy 

one. 

A  swifte  wj-nde  that  lieyhte  Choi-us. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  1.  meter  3. 
The  ground  by  piercing  Caurus  sear"d. 

Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  st.  70. 

causable  (ka'za-bl),  a.  [<  cause  +  -ahle.'\  Ca- 
pable of  being  caused,  produced,  or  effected. 

For  that  may  be  miraculously  elfected  in  one  which  is 
naturally  causable  in  another. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  ViUg.  Err.,  iii.  21. 

causal  (ka'zal),  a.  and  n.      [=  F.  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 

causal  =  \i.  causaU,  <  L.  causalia,  <  causa,  cause: 
gee  cause,  «.]     I.  a.  1.  Constituting  or  being  a 
cause;  producing  effects  or  results;  causative; 
creative:  as,  causal  energy. 
In  quietness  yield  thy  soul  to  the  causal  soul. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  20. 

2.  Relating  to  a  cause  or  causes;  implying  or 
containing  a  cause  or  causes;  expressing  a 
cause. 

Causal  propositions  are  where  two  propositions  are 
Joined  by  causal  words,  as  .  .  .  that  .  .  .  or  .  .  .  be- 
cause. Walts,  Logic. 
Causal  deflnition,  a  definition  which  expresses  the  causes 
essential  to  the  existence  of  the  thing  defined. 

II,  II.  In  (/ram.,  a  word  that  espressesa  cause, 
or  introduces  a  reason. 
causalgia  (ka-zal'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gt.  Kovadg, 
burning,  +  a'Ayog,  pain.]  In  pathol.,  an  intense 
burning  pain. 
causality  (ka-zal'i-ti),  h. ;  pi.  causalities  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  causalite  =  Sp.  causaUdad  =  Pg.  causali- 
dadc  =  It.  causalita,  <  L.  as  if  *ciiusalitas,  < 
causalis,  causal:  see  causal.']  1.  That  which 
constitutes  a  cause;  the  activity  of  causing; 
the  character  of  an  event  as  causing. 

As  he  created  all  things,  so  is  he  beyond  and  in  them 
all,  in  his  very  essence,  as  being  the  soul  of  their  causali- 
ties, and  the  essential  cause  of  their  existences. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

2.  The  relation  of  cause  to  effect,  or  of  effect 
to  cause ;  the  law  or  principle  that  nothing  can 
happen  or  come  into  existence  without  a  cause. 
See  law  of  causation,  under  causation. 

Although,  then,  the  law  of  causalih/  permits  us  to  say 
that  for  every  given  event  there  is  a  series  of  events  from 
which  it  must  follow,  it  does  not  permit  us  to  say  what 
these  events  are.  Adamson,  Philos.  of  Kant. 

3.  In  phreti.,  the  faculty,  localized  in  an  or- 
gan or  division  of  the  brain,  to  which  is  attrib- 
uted the  tracing  of  effects  to  their  causes. — 
Principle  of  causality.  See  law  o/  causation,  under 
causatton, 

causally  (ka'zal-i),  adv.  As  a  cause;  accord- 
ing to  the  order  of  causes;  by  tracing  effects 
to  causes.     Sir  T.  Browne. 

The  world  of  experience  must  be  for  intelligence  a  system 
of  things  causally  connected.     Adainson,  Philos.  of  Kant. 

causalty  (ka'zal-ti),  «.  [Origin  uncertain.]  In 
mining,  the  lighter,  earthy  parts  of  ore  carried 
off  by  washing. 

causation  (ka-za'shon),  n.  [<  cause,  r.,  + 
-ation ;  =  F.  causation.  L.  causatio^n-)  has  only 
the  deflected  sense  of  '  a  pretext,  excuse,'  ML. 
also  'controversy,'  <  causari,  plead,  pretend: 
see  cause,  c]  The  act  of  causing  or  producing ; 
the  principle  of  causality ;  the  relation  of  cause 
to  effect,  or  of  effect  to  cause. 


808 

In  contemplating  the  scries  of  causes  which  are  them. 
selves  the  rllecls  of  other  causes,  we  are  neces-sarily  led  Ui 
assume  a  Supreme  Cause  in  the  order  of  causation,  as  wc 
assume  a  l''ir»t  Cause  in  the  order  of  succession. 

Whewell,  -Nov.  Org.  Kcnovatum,  III.  x.  §  7. 

Physics  knows  nothing  of  causaticn  except  that  it  is  the 
invariable  and  unconditional  sequence  of  one  event  upon 
another.  ./■  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  127. 

An  adequate  consciousness  of  causation  yielils  the  ir- 
resistible belief  that  from  the  most  serious  to  the  most 
trivial  actions  of  men  in  society  there  must  ttow  conse- 
quences  which,  quite  apart  from  legal  agency,  conduce  to 
well-being  or  ill-being  in  greater  or  smaller  degree. 

//.  AV»')ic('r,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  19. 
Law  of  causation,  or  juinciple  of  causality,  the  law 
or  doctrine  that  evei-y  event  is  the  result  or  sequel  of 
some  previous  event  or  events,  without  which  it  could 
not  have  taken  place,  and  which  being  present  it  must 
take  place, 
causationism  (ka-zii'shon-izra),  H.  [<  causa- 
tion +  -ism.]  The  theory  or  law  of  causation. 
See  causation. 
causationist  (ka-za'shon-ist),  n.  [<  causa- 
tion +  -ist.]  A  believer  in  the  law  of  causa- 
tion. 

All  successful  men  have  agreed  in  one  thing,— they 
were  causnlionists.  They  believed  that  things  went  not 
by  luck,  but  by  law.  Emerson,  Power. 

causative  (ka'za-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  causatif 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  causutivo,  <  L.  causatirus,  causa- 
tive, pertaining  to  a  lawsuit,  accusative,  <  cau- 
sa, cause:  see  cause,  «.]  I.  a.  1.  Effective  as 
a  cause  or  an  agent ;  causal. 

The  notion  of  a  Deity  doth  expressly  signify  a  being  .  .  . 
potential  or  catisative  of  all  beings  beside  itself. 

Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  i. 

2.  In  3r«/«.,  expressing  causation:  as,  Su  causa- 
tive verb :  for  example,  to  fell  (cause  to  fall),  to 
set  (cause  to  sit) ;  the  causative  conjugation  of 
a  verb,  such  as  is  common  in  Sanskrit.  Also 
sometimes  applied  to  the  case  by  which  cause 
is  expressed,  as  the  Latin  ablative. 

II.  j(.  A  form  of  verb  or  noun  having  causa- 
tive value. 

causatively  (ka'za-tiv-li),  adv.  In  a  causative 
manner. 

causativity  (ka-za-tiv'i-ti),  n.  [<  causative  + 
-!<(/.]     The  state  or  quality  of  being  causative. 

caiisatort  (ka-za'tor),  «.      [Cf.  ML.  causator,  a 
party  to  a  suit;  <  L.  causarc,  cause.]    One  who 
causes  or  produces  an  effect. 
The  invisible  condition  of  the  first  causator. 

Sir  r.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

cause  (kaz),  n.  [<  ME.  cause,  <  OF.  cause,  also 
cose,  a  cause,  a  thing  (F.  cause,  a  cause,  chose,  a 
thing:  see  chose^),  =  Pr.  causa  =  Sp.  It.  causa, 
cosa  =  Pg.  causa,  cousa,  coisa,  <  L.  causa,  also 
spelled  caussa,  a  cause,  reason,  in  ML.  also  a 
thing;  origin  uncertain.  See  accuse,  excuse.]  1. 
That  by  the  power  of  which  an  event  or  thing 
is;  a  principle  from  which  an  effect  arises; 
that  upon  which  something  depends  per  se ;  in 
general,  anything  which  stands  to  something 
else  in  a  real  relation  analogous  to  the  mental 
relation  of  the  antecedent  to  the  consequent 
of  a  conditional  proposition.  Nominalist  philoso- 
phers commonly  hold  that  every  eSect  is  the  result  not 
of  one  but  of  many  causes  (see  total  cause,  below);  but 
the  usual  doctrine  is  that  the  effect  is  an  abstract  ele- 
ment of  a  thing  or  event,  while  the  cause  is  an  ab- 
stract element  of  an  antecedent  event.  Four  kinds  of 
causes  are  recognized  by  Aristotelians  ;  the  material, 
formal,  ellici^nt,  and  Jinal  cause.  Matcnal  caxtse  is  that 
which  gives  being  to  the  thing,  the  matter  by  the  de- 
termination of  which  it  is  constituted;  Jormal  cause, 
that  which  gives  the  thing  its  characteristics,  the  form  or 
determin.ation  by  which  the  matter  becomes  the  thing ;  ejfi- 
dent  cause,  an  external  cause  preceding  its  etfect  in  time, 
and  distinguished  from  material  and  formal  cause  by 
being  external  to  that  which  it  causes,  and  from  the  end 
or  Jinal  cause  in  being  that  by  which  something  is  made 
or  done,  and  not  merely  that  for  the  sake  of  which  it  is 
made  or  done ;  fnial  cause,  an  external  cause  following 
after  that  which  it  determines  (called  the  means),  the 
end  for  which  the  effect  exists.  Other  divisions  of  causes 
are  as  follows:  subordinate  or  second  cause,  one  whicll  is 
itself  caused  by  something  else ;  first  cause,  that  which 
is  not  caused  by  anything  else;  proximate  or  immediate 
cause,  one  between  which  and  the  effect  no  other  cause 
intervenes,  or,  in  law,  that  from  which  the  effect  might 
be  expected  to  follow  without  the  concurrence  of  any  un- 
usual circumstances;  remote  cause,  the  opposite  of  proxi- 
mate cause;  total  cause,  the  aggregate  of  all  the  ante- 
cedents whicll  suffice  to  bring  about  the  event;  partial 
cause,  something  which  tends  to  bring  about  an  effect, 
but  only  in  conjunction  with  other  causes;  cmanatim 
cause,  that  which  by  its  mere  existence  determines  the 
elfect;  active  cause,  tliat  which  brings  about  the  effect  by 
an  action  or  operation,  termed  the  causation;  immanent 
cause,  that  which  brings  about  some  effect  within  itself, 
as  the  mind  calling  up  an  image;  transient  cause,  that 
whose  effect  lies  outside  itself ;  free  cause,  that  which  is 
self-determined  and  free  to  act  or  not  act:  opposed  to 
necessary  cause;  principal  caitse,  that  upon  whicll  the 
effect  mainly  depends;  instniTncntal  cause,  a  cause  sub- 
servient to  the  principal  cause.  The  .above  are  the  chief 
distinctions  of  Itie  Aristntelians.  The  physicians,  follow- 
ing Galen,  reiitLniizi'.l  tliree  kinds  of  causes,  the  proca- 
tarctic,  priiiyume7iat.  and  synerlic.  The  procatarctic  cause 
is  an  antecedent  condition  of  tilings  outride  of  the  princi- 


cause 

pal  cause,  facilitating  the  production  of  the  effect;  the 
proefjuiiu:iuil  cause  is  that  within  the  principal  cause 
which  either  predisposes  or  directly  excites  it  to  action ; 
and  the  Sj/ncctic,  containing,  or  continent  cause  is  the  es- 
sence of  the  ilisease  itself  considered  as  the  cause  of  the 
syjiij>toms;  thus  typhoid  fever  might  be  referred  to  as 
tliL-  ruitttnent  rituse  of  oclicr-stools  or  a  (luickeiied  pulse. 
»  KIrt  varieties  are  tile  i/rrasi4jnal  cause  (see  occasionalism) ; 
moral  cause,  the  person  inciting  the  agent  to  aetion ;  ob- 
jective cause,  the  ideas  which  excite  the  imagination  of 
the  agent ;  and  suiJleient  cause,  one  which  suffices  to  bring 
about  the  elfect  (see  suj/icient  reason,  under  reason). 

In  virtue  of  his  character  as  knowing,  therefore,  we  are 
entitled  to  s,ay  that  man  is,  according  to  a  certain  weU- 
defined  meaning  of  the  term,  a  free  cause. 

T.  II.  Orecn,  Prolegomena  to  Ethics,  §  74. 

Cause  is  the  condensed  expression  of  the  factors  of  any 
pheuomenon,  the  etfect  being  the  fact  itself. 

G.  //.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  v.  §  19. 

Of  these  two  senses  of  the  word  cause,  viz.,  that  which 
brings  a  thing  to  be,  and  that  on  which  a  thing  under 
given  circumstances  follows,  the  foniier  Ls  that  of  which 
our  experience  is  the  earlier  and  more  intimate,  being 
suggested  to  us  by  our  consciousness  of  willing  and  doing. 
J.  II.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  t)5. 
Specifically — 2.  An  antecedent  upon  which  an 
effect  follows  according  to  a  law  of  nature ;  an 
efficient  cause.  The  common  conception  of  a  cause, 
as  ■producing  an  etfect  similar  to  itself  at  a  later  time  and 
without  essential  reference  t^J  any  third  fac  tor,  is  at  vari- 
ance with  the  established  principles  of  mechanics.  Two 
successive  positions  of  a  system  must  be  known,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  law  of  the  force,  before  a  position  can  be  pre- 
dicted ;  but  the  common  idea  of  a  cause  is  that  of  a 
single  antecedent  determinuig  a  conseriuent  of  the  same 
nature.  Moreover,  the  action  of  a  force  is  strictly  con- 
temporaneous with  it  and  comes  to  an  end  with  it ;  and 
no  known  law  of  nature  coordinates  events  separated  by 
an  interv.al  of  time. 

3.  The  reason  or  motive  for  mental  action  or 
decision;  ground  for  action  in  general. 

I  have  full  cause  of  weeping;  but  this  heart 
Sliall  break  into  a  hundred  thousand  fiaws. 
Or  ere  I'll  weep.  S/iat.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

This  was  the  only  Funeral  Feast  that  ever  I  was  at 
among  them,  and  they  gave  me  cause  to  remember  it. 

Dumpier,  Voyages,  II.  i.  92. 

4.  In  law,  a  legal  proceeding  between  adverse 
parties ;  a  ease  for  judicial  decision.  See 
case^,  5. 

Ilear  the  causes  between  your  brethren,  and  judge  right- 
eously between  every  man  and  his  brother,  and  the  stran- 
ger that  is  with  him.  Deut.  i.  10. 
Remember  every  cattse 
Stands  not  on  eloquence,  but  stands  on  laws. 

Story,  .Advice  to  a  Young  Lawyer. 

5.  In  a  general  sense,  any  subject  of  question 
or  debate  ;  a  subject  of  special  interest  or  con- 
cern; business;  affair. 


What  counsel  give  you  in  this  weighty  cause  ! 
Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI., 


iii.  1. 


The  cause  craves  haste.  Shak.,  Lucrece,  L  1295. 

I  think  of  her  whose  gentle  tongue 
All  plaint  in  iier  own  cause  controll'd. 

il.  A  mold,  A  Southern  Night. 

6.  Advantage;  interest;  sake. 

I  did  it  not  for  his  cause  that  had  done  the  wrong. 

2  Cor.  vii.  12. 

7.  That  side  of  a  question  which  an  individual 
or  party  takes  up ;  that  object  to  which  the 
efforts  of  a  person  or  party  are  directed. 

Tliey  never  fail  who  die 
In  a  great  cause.    Byron,  Marino  Faliero,  it  2. 

A  cause  which  is  vigorous  after  centuries  of  defeat  is  a 
cause  baffled  but  not  hopeless,  beaten  but  not  subdued. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  7. 
Cause  of  action,  in  law,  the  situation  or  state  of  facts 
which  entitles  a  party  to  sustain  an  action ;  a  right  of 
recovery.—  Country  cause,  in  Enfi.  Icfial  practice,  a  suit 
against  a  dtfeiidaiit  residing  more  than  twenty  miles  from 
London.  — Degrading  causes,  in  yeol.  See  deprailiny. 
—Entitled  in  the  cause.  See  entitle.— Fallacy  of 
false  cause.  See  fallacy.— Tot  cause,  for  a  legally 
sufficient  reason  :  as,  some  officers  are  not  removable  ex- 
cept for  cause  (used  in  contradistinction  to  at  pleasure). 
—  Matrimonial  causes.  See  matrimonial.— Onerowa 
cause.  See  fou/.ins.— Probable  cause  (ustd"ith  nf. 
eience  to  criminal  prosecutions),  such  a  state  of  facts  and 
circumstances  as  would  lead  a  man  of  ordinary  caution 
and  prudence,  acting  conscientiously,  impartially,  reason- 
ably, and  without  prejudice,  upon  tlie  facts  within  his 
knowli'il'-'c,  to  believe  tliat  the  pel-son  accused  is  guilty.— 
The  First  Cause,  God.  See  def.  1,  above.— To  jnalie 
common  cause  witb,  to  join  with  for  the  attainment  of 
some  object ;  side  with  strongly  ;  aid  and  support. 
She  found  I  was  a  devil  and  no  man,— 
Alade  common  cause  with  those  who  found  as  much. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  613. 
To  show  cause,  to  present  a  reason  :  as,  an  order  of 
court  reiiuiriug  a  person  to  shoir  cause  why  he  should 
not  be  punished  for  contempt.— Town  cause,  in  Enti. 
legal  practice,  a  suit  against  a  defendant  residing  lu4 
niore  than  twenty  miles  from  London. 
cause  (kaz),  i'.;  pret.  ajid  pp.  caused,  ppr.  caus- 
ing. [<  ME.  causen  =  F.  causer  =  Sp.  I'g.  causar 
='lt.  causarc,  cause  (cf.  L.  causari,  give  as  a  rea- 
son, pretend,  ML.  causarc,  litigate,  plead,  >  F. 
causer,  etc.,  talk:  see  causcusc);  from  the  noun: 
see  cau.fe,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  act  as  a  cause 
oragent  in  producing;  effect;  bring  about;  be 
the  occasion  of. 


cause 

Tlioy  ca(fcS(Tf?  great  joy  mitu  nil  tliobrotliron.    Acts  xv.  3. 
You  cannot  guess  who  caused  your  father's  death. 

•SVifflt.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  2. 
July  does  not  cause  August,  thouKh  it  iiivariahly  pre- 
cedes it.  J.  FUke,  Cosmic  PliiloH.,  I.  1.^4. 

2.  To  make;  force;  compel:  with  an  infinitivo 
after  tho  object:  as,  the  storm  caused  him  to 
seek  shelter. 

]  will  cause  him  to  fall  by  the  sword.  2  Ki.  xix.  7. 

And  so  ever  ony  Sarazin  cumyth  by  that  .Sepulcre  he 
cast  a  stonne  ther  att  with  (;rett  violence  and  Dinpite  by 
cause  the  seyd  Absolon  pursued  hys  father,  king  David, 
aud  cause  hyin  to  flee. 

Torkinfjton,  Diaric  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  28. 

Il.t  iiitrans.  To  show  cause;  give  reasons, 
lint  he,  to  shifte  their  curious  request, 
Gan  causen  wliy  she  could  not  come  in  place. 

Spcitser,  K.  Q.,  III.  [x.  20. 

causefult  (kaz'ful),^.    [<  cause  +  -ful,l.'i   Hav- 
ing; a  real  or  suflicicnt  cause.     Sjtciiscr, 
Wail  thyself !  and  wail  with  cnusr/ull  tears. 

.SVr  J'.  .'SUlneij,  in  Arber's  Eiig,  Garner,  I.  rt.^tO. 

causeless  (kaz'los),  «.  [<  cause  +  -fes.s.]  1. 
Having  no  cause  or  producing  agent;  self- 
originated;  uncreated. 

Reach  the  Almighty's  sacred  throne, 
And  make  his  causeless  power  the  cause  of  all  things  known. 
Sir  Ii.  lilackmore.  Creation. 

2.  Without  just  ground,  reason,  or  motive : 
as,  causeless  hatred;  causeless  fear. 

Your  causeless  hate  to  nie  I  hope  is  buried. 

Heau.  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  2. 

Cattseless  wars  that  never  had  an  aim. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  3X. 

causelesst    (kaz '  les),    adv.      Without    cause. 

Chaucer. 
causelessly  (k&z'les-li),  adv.    In  a  causeless 
manner;  without  cause  or  reason. 
Carelessly  and  causelessli/  neglect  it. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Repentance,  x.  §  4. 

causelessness  (kaz'les-nes),  n.     [<  causeless  + 
-«c.v.s.]     The  state  of  being  causeless. 
causer  (ka'zcr),   n.     One  who  or  that  which 
causes ;  the  agent  or  act  by  which  au  effect  is 
produced. 

Is  not  the  causer  of  tho  timeless  deaths 

Of  these  Plantagenet^  .  .  . 

As  blameful  as  the  executioner? 

SUak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  2. 

causeuse  (ko-zez'),  )(.  [F.,  prop.  fem.  of  cau- 
scur,  talkative,  a  talker,  <  causer,  talk:  sec 
cause,  I'.  /.]  A  small  sofa  or  settee  for  two  per- 
sons. 

causeway,  causey  (kaz'wa,  ka,'zi),  n.  [Prop. 
cause;/  (the  form  causewaij,  <  ME.  caucewey, 
cawcy  wcy  (Prompt.  Parv. ),  being  a  popular  per- 
version, in  simulation  of  ica.i/,  a  road),  early 
mod.  E.  also  causay,  cuasay,  <  ME.  cauci,  kaucc, 
cawsc,  cawsee,  also  cauclUc,  cawchic,  <  OF.  "cau- 
cie,  caucliie,  cauchiee,  chaucic,  F.  chaussce  =  Pr. 
cau,isada  =  Sp.  cahada,  <  ML.  calccata,  rarely 
calciata  (also  calcca,  calceia,  after  the  OF.  form), 
a  paved  road  (sc.  L.  via,  a  way,  road ;  cf .  E. 
street,  ult.  <  LL.  strata  (sc.  L.  via),  a  paved 
road),  prop.  fom.  of  'calceatus,  *calciatus,  pp. 
of  *calcearc,  calciare,  pave,  make  a  road  or 
causeway  (Pg.  cal^ar,  pave;  cf.  OF.  caucldcr, 
chaucier,  traverse  a  road),  <  L.  calx  {calc-,  calci-), 
limestone,  lime,  chalk,  tho  verb  ha-vdng  refer- 
ence to  the  use  of  broken  limestone,  and,  appar. 
in  a  more  general  application,  of  any  brolccn 
stoue,  or  of  gravel  (cf .  L.  dim.  calculus,  a  pebble, 
gravel,  calculosics,  calculous,  gravelly),  or  less 
prob.  to  the  use  of  lime  or  mortar,  in  making 
such  roads :  see  calx,  chalk,  calculus.  Tho  verb 
is  by  some  identified  with  L.  caleearc,  also  cal- 
ciare(>OV. cauchier,  cauchcr,  caucer, F.  chausser 
=  Pr.  caussar  —  Sp.  calzar  =  Pg.  calijar  =  It. 
calzarc),  shoe,  provide  with  shoes,  <  L.  calctus, 
a  shoe :  see  calceate.  Causeway,  being  now 
known  to  bo  a  false  form,  is  beginning  to  be 
avoided  by  some  WTiters.]  1.  A  road  or  path 
raised  above  tho  natm-al  level  of  tlio  grotmd 
by  stones,  earth,  timber,  fascines,  or  tlie  like, 
serving  as  a  dry  passage  over  wet  or  marsliy 
ground,  over  shallow  water,  or  along  the  top  of 
au  embankment. 

At  the  footc  of  the  eastell  w.-is  the  maras.  depe  on  nlle 
sides,  and  ther-to  wjis  noon  entre  saf  a  litill  eawc/iit:  that 
was  narowc  and  straite  of  half  a  myle  of  lengthe. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  3S0. 

Such  are  tho  making  and  repayring  of  Bridges,  Causcycs, 
Conduits  to  eonuey  water  to  their  Ucispitalls  or  Temples. 
Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  297. 
It  is  strange  to  see  the  ch.arKcable  pavements  and  cause- 
ways  in  the  avenues  and  entrances  of  towns  abroad  be- 
yond the  seas. 

Bacon,  Charge  upon  the  Connuission  for  the  Verge. 

Hie  other  way  .Satan  went  down 
The  causey  Uj  hell-gate.  Milton,  P,  L.,  x.  416. 


8C9 

A  narrow  girdle  of  rough  stones  and  crags, 
A  rude  and  natural  causeway,  interposed 
Itetwi^en  the  water  anil  a  winding  slope 
Of  copse  and  tliieket. 

iyonlsimrlh.  Naming  of  Places,  iv. 
The  old  anil  ponderous  trunks  of  prostrate  trees 
That  lead  froni  knoll  to  knoll  a  causey  rude. 

llryant,  Entrance  to  a  Wooil. 

2.  A  sidewalk,  or  path  at  the  side  of  a  street  or 
road  raised  above  tho  carriageway.  Crown  of 
the  causey.  See  crmwi.— Giant's  Causeway,  a  inoni- 
ontory  of  columnar  liaaalt  covering  large  Hat  areas  on  tlie 
coast  of  Antrim,  in  the  north  of  Irelaml,  where  the  for- 
mations arc  finely  displayed  in  the  close-Iltting  hexagonal 
pillars,  distinctly  marked,  and  varying  in  diameter  from 
l.'i  to  20  inches,  with  a  height  of  20  feet  in  sonto  places. 
See  basalt. 

causeway,  causey  (kaz'wa,  ka'zi),  v.  t.  [< 
causeway,  cau.sey, ;;.]  To  provide  with  a  cause- 
way ;  pave,  as  a  road  or  street,  with  blocks  of 
stone. 

The  whit«  worn  stones  which  causewayed  tho  middle  of 
the  path.  Ctiarlottc  Ilrun'te,  Jane  Eyre,  xli. 

causey,  "•  and  v.    See  causeway. 

causia  (Ua'siii),  n.  [<Gr.  mvcin,  <  ra/u,  Kaiiaic.} 
A  broad-brimmed  felt  hat,  witli  a  very  low 
crown,  or  sometimes  no  distinct  crown,  form- 
ing part  of  tho  national  costume  of  tlio  ancient 
Macedonians  and  of  related  jieoples,  as  tho 
lUyrians.  it  was  worn  by  kings,  dyed  purple  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  white  or  gold  embroitiered  diadem  in  the 
form  of  a  narrow  band,  of  which  the  fringed  emls  hung 
down  at  the  back. 

The  kausia  .  .  .  had  a  very  broad  brim  and  a  very  low 
crown,  and  belongeil  to  the  Macedonian,  .Etolian,  lllyrian, 
and  also  perhaps  Thessalian  costume. 

C.  0.  .ViUler,  Manual  of  Archteol.  (trans.),  §  .TSS. 

causid  (ka'sid),  11.  A  snake  of  tho  family  Cau- 
sidiv. 

Causidae  (ka'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NXi.,  <  Catisus  + 
-irfit:.]  A  family  of  solenoglyph  Ophidia,  tyjiifled 
by  tho  genus  Cuusus,  ha\'ing  th(i  maxillary  bono 
not  excavated,  the  poison-fang  grooved  in  front, 
and  a  postfrontal  bono  present.  The  genera  be- 
sides Causus  are  Ileterophis  and  Diiwdipsas.  They  are 
venomous  serpents,  most  nearly  related  to  tho  ViperidcB 
or  vipers. 

causidical  (ka-sid'i-kal),  a.  [<  LL.  causidicalis, 
<  L.  cau.ndicus,  an  ad-vocato  or  pleader,  <  causa, 
a  cause,  -t-  diccre,  say.]  Pertaining  to  an  advo- 
cate, or  to  pleading  or  the  defense  of  suits. 

caussont,  "•     Same  as  cavczon. 

caustic  (kas'tik),  a.  and  «.  [=  F.  caustique  = 
Sp.  cdustico  =  Pg.  caustico  =  It.  caustico,  <  L. 
causticus,  <  Gr.  mvcTindq,  caustic,  corrosive,  ca- 
pable of  burnino;,  <  KavaTiq,  verbal  adj.  of  mifiv, 
burn:  see  calm'-,  cauma,  causus,  and  cf.  eucaus- 
tic]  I,  a.  1.  Capable  of  burning,  corroding, 
or  destroying  the  tissue  of  animal  substances. 
See  causticity. — 2.  Figuratively,  severely  crit- 
ical or  sarcastic;  cutting:  as,  a  caustic  remark. 
Let  their  humour  be  never  so  caustic. 

Smulletl,  llumphroy  Clinker. 
Those  Illusions  of  fancy  which  were  at  length  dispelled 
by  the  caustic  satire  of  Cervantes. 

Prcscott,  Fcrd.  and  Isa.,  Int. 
Caustic  alcohol,  barley,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— Caustic 
curve,  in  matli.  See  II.,  3.  — CaustlC  potash,  potassium 
hydrate,  KOII.  a  hard,  white,  brittle  substance,  easily  solu- 
Ide  in  water  and  deliijuescent  in  air.  It  is  a  strong  base, 
forming  stalde  crystalline  compounds  with  all  acids.  It  is 
a  powerful  caustic,  quickly  destroying  animal  and  vegeta- 
ble tissues.  Caustic  potash  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  cau- 
tery, and  in  mimlterless  ways  in  the  arts,  as  a  detergent, 
as  a  base  for  making  salts  of  potash,  and  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  soap.  — Caustic  soda,  sodium  hydrate,  Nalill,  a 
white,  brittle  solid,  having  nuich  tlu;  same  cbeuiieal  and 
idiysieal  properties  as  caustic  potash,  and  similar  uses  in 
the  arts.  The  soaps  made  with  caustic  soda  are  bard  ; 
tliose  made  with  eanstic  potash  are  soft.  =Syn.  2.  Stinging, 
pungent,  acrid,  sarcastic. 

II.  ".  1.  In  OTcrf.,  any  substance  which  burns, 
corrodes,  or  disorganizes  the  tissues  of  animal 
structures;  an  eseharotio. —  2.  Figuratively, 
something  pungent  or  severely  critical  or  sar- 
castic. See  causticity. 
Your  hottest  crt»(sh'cAs.  B.  Jonson,  Elegy  on  I.a<ly  Pawlet. 
When  we  can  endure  the  caustics  and  coiTectives  of  our 
spiritual  guides,  in  those  things  in  which  we  are  most 
apt  to  please  ourselves,  then  our  vibcdience  is  regular  and 
humble.  Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1S35),  I.  02. 

3.  In  math.,  an  envelop  of  rays  of  light  pro- 
ceeding from  a  fixed  point  and  reflected  or 
refracted  by  a  surface  or  a  curve.  Caustics  arc 
consequently  of  two  kinds,  catiiraitsties  and  diaeaustics, 
the  former  lleing  caustics  by  retleetion  and  the  latter  caus- 
tics by  refraction.— Limar  caustic,  a  mnne  given  to  silver 
nitrate  when  cast  into  sticks  fnr  the  use  of  surgeons,  etc. 
See  nitrate.—  Secondary  caustic,  the  orthogonal  trajec- 
tory of  the  rellectcd  or  refnu  led  rays;  an  involute  of  a 
plane  caustic  — Vienna  caustic,  a  mixture  of  potassium 
hydrate  ami  lime  in  equal  projiorlions.  forming  a  powder 
used  in  medicine  as  a  caustic,  ami  milder  than  potassium 
hydrate  alone. 

caustical   (kas'ti-kal),   a.    Same  as  caustic. 

[Kare.T 
caustically  (kas'ti-kal-i).  adv.     In  a  caustic  or 

severe  manner :  as,  to  say  something  caustically. 


cauterization 

causticity  (kiis-tis'i-ti),  ».  [<  caustic  +  -ity  ; 
=  1''.  causticitc  =  Sp.  causticidad  =  Pg.  caustici- 
dade  =:lt.  catisticita.]  1.  The  property  «f  be- 
ing caustic,  that  is,  of  corroding  or  disorganizing 
animal  matter,  or  the  quality  of  combining  witli 
tlic  principles  of  organized  substances  so  as  to 
destroy  the  tissue;  corrosiveness.  Tliis  proi>- 
erty  belongs  to  concentrated  acids,  pure  alkalis, 
and  some  metallic  salts. —  2.  Figuratively,  se- 
verity of  language ;  pungency ;  sarcasm. 

He  was  a  master  in  all  the  arts  of  ridicule  ;  and  his  in- 
exhaustible sjiirit  only  reituired  some  permanent  subject 
to  have  rivalled  the  causticity  of  Swift. 

/.  Disraeli,  Quarrels  of  Authors,  p.  213. 

I  shall  ho  sorry  to  miss  his  pungent  speech.  I  know  it 
will  Ixi  all  sense  for  the  Church,  and  all  causticity  for 
Schism.  Ctiarlottc  Bronte,  Shirley,  xviil. 

lie  had,  l)esides,  a  ready  causti<:ity  of  tongue. 

Geor(]e  Eliot,  Slill  on  the  I'Toss,  I.  7. 

causticnesst  (k&s'tik-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  caustic ;  causticity. 

caustify  (kas'ti-fi),  V.  t.;  prot.  and  pp.  caiisti- 
Jied,  iii>r.  eaustifyinr/.  l<.  caustic :  see -fy.]  To 
render  caustic ;  convert  into  caustic.  For  exam- 
]de,  soda  ash  or  carbonate  of  soda  is  canstiHed  by  boiling 
with  milk  of  lime,  which  removes  the  carbonic  acid  and 
converts  the  sodium  into  caustic  soda. 

causus  (ka'sus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Or.  Kavaoc,  btiming 
heat,  catisus,  <  ™(E«',  burn.  CC.  cauma."]  1.  In 
med.,  a  highly  ardent  fever. —  2.  [cap.']  In 
hcrpct.,  the  typical  genus  of  Causidw.  J.  ffag- 
ler. 

cautelt  (ka'tel),  n.  [=  Sc.  cautelo,  <  ME.  cautel, 
cautete,  <  OF.  cautt.lc  =  F.  cautele  =  Pr.  S]>.  Pg. 
It.  cautela,  <  L.  cautcla,  caution,  precaution,  < 
cautiis,  pp.  of  cavcre,  take  heed:  see  caution,] 

1.  Caution;  wariness;  prudence. 

But  in  all  things  this  ertt/tt7  they  use,  that  a  less  pleasure 
hinder  not  a  bigger;  and  that  the  pleasure  be  no  cause  of 
displeasure,  which  they  think  to  follow  of  necessity,  if  the 
pleasure  be  unhonest. 

Kobinson,  tr.  of  Sir  T.  More's  l't<ipia,  ii.  7. 

2.  Subtlety;  craftiness;  cunning;  deceit;  fraud. 

Thus  3ourc  cauteU  to  the  comoime  hath  combred  sou  all. 
Richard  the  Bedeless,  i.  7a 
No  soil,  nor  cautel,  doth  besmirch 
The  virtue  of  his  will.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

3.  Ecclcs.,  a  detailed  caution  or  written  direc- 
tion concerning  the  proper  manner  of  celebrat- 
ing the  holy  communion. 

cautellyt,  adv.  [ME.  eautely;  <  cautel  +  -ly-.] 
Cautiously. 

Make  a  erye,  and  cautcly  thou  call. 

York  riatjs,  p.  328. 

cautelousf  (ka'te-lus),  a.  [<  ME.  cautchms  = 
F.  eaittelcux  =  Pr.  cautelos  =  Sp.  Pg.  eautelnso, 
<  ML.  catttelosus,  <  L.  cautcla:  see  cautel  and 
-ous.]  1.  Cautious;  wary;  provident:  as,  "rau- 
tclous  though  yoimg, "  Drayton ,  Queen  Margaret. 
.Mar.  Danger  stauds  sentinel ; 
Then  I'll  retire. 

Ger.  We  must  be  cautelous. 

Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  iL  4. 
My  stock  being  small,  no  marvel  'twas  soon  wasted ; 
But  you,  without  the  least  doubt  or  su.s])icimi. 
If  cautclous,  may  make  bold  with  your  master's. 

Massinyer,  City  Madam,  Ii.  1. 
Swear  priests,  and  cowards,  and  men  cautclous, 
Old  feeble  carrions,  and  such  sutfcring  souls 
That  welcome  wrongs.  Shak.,  J.  C,  ii.  1. 

2.  Cunning;  treacherous;  wily. 

They  are  (for  the  most  part)  soe  cautclous  and  wylye* 
headed,  specially  being  men  of  soe  small  experience  and 
practize  in  lawe  matters,  that  you  would  wonder  whence 
they  borrowe  suehsnbtiltyes  and  slye  shiftes. 

SpcTiscr,  State  of  Ireland. 

cautelouslyt  (kfi,'te-lus-li),  af?i'.  1.  Cautiously; 
warily. —  2.  Cunningly;  slyly;  craftily. 

cauteiousnesst  (ka'te-lus-nes),  n.  Cautious- 
ness ;  prudence. 

These  two  great  Christian  virtues,  eautelousness,  repen- 
tance. Hales,  Golden  Remains,  p.  254. 

Cautert  (ka'tfer),  «.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  Kavriip,  a  sear- 
ing-iron, <  KaUiv,  bum.]  A  searing-iron.  Min- 
sheu. 

cauterant  (ka't^r-ant),  n.  [For  'cautcriaitt,  < 
ML.  cauterian{t-).%  ppr.  of  cauteriarc,  cauter- 
ize: si'e  e<iuterice.]     A  cauterj';  a  caustic. 

cauterisation,  cauterise.    See  cauterization, 

ciiulerizi . 

cauterism  (ka'ter-izm),  II.  [<  cautery  +  -ism. 
Cf.  cauterize.]     The  application  of  a  cautery. 

cauterization  (k.a''t6r-i-za'shon),  n.  [<  cauter- 
ize +  -ation ;  =  F.  cauterisation  =  Pr.  cautcri- 
zaeio  =  Sp.  cautcrizacion  =  Pg.  cautcriza^(7o  = 
It.  cautcriszazione.]  1.  In  surti..  the  act  of  cau- 
terizing or  searing  some  morbid  part  by  the  ap- 
plication of  a  hot  iron,  or  of  caustics,  etc. —  2. 
The  effect  of  the  application  of  a  cautery  or 
caustic. 
Also  spelled  cauterisation. 


cauterize 

cauterize  (kft'ti'r-iz),  >•.  I. ;  jirct.  and  pp.  eanlcr- 
izcil,  i)pr.  cautcri:inij.  [=  F.  ciiutvrimr  =  Pr. 
eaulcriDiirz=Sp.  Pg.  <(>uteri::(ir  =  lt.  caiitcrizsarc, 
<  ML.  cautiri:arc,  also  cautcriarc,  <  (ir.  kuvt'i- 
/)«iCf/r,cauterize,<  MiiTz/proi',  a  seariiifi-irou :  seo 
cnK<f)-y.]  1.  To  burn  or  sear  with  lire  or  a  hot 
iron,  or  with  caustics,  as  morbid  flesh. 

Kiiyitive  slaves  arc  marked  ami  cauterized  with  btiniiiiK 
irons.  Jer.  Taj/lur,  Works  («l.  18a6),  1.  :)S7. 

The  flame  from  the  pistol  liad  I)ceii  so  ch)sc  that  it  had 
actually  cautei-izeU  the  woumi  inflii;te(l  l)y  the  hall. 

Mullen,  Dutch  Repuhlic,  III.  539. 
2.  To  sear,  in  a  figurative  sense. 

They  have  cauUrised  consciences. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  195. 

The  more  cauterized  our  conscience  is,  the  less  is  the  fear 

of  hell.  Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Dying,  i.  fiU3. 

Also  spelled  cauterise. 
cautery  (ka'ter-i),  H. ;  pi.  cauteries  (-iz).  [= 
F.  cauterc  =  I'r.  caitteri  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cauteriii,  < 
L.  cauterium,  <  Gr.  Kavri/piov,  a  branding-iron, 
a  brand,  dim.  of  Kavrijp,  a  branding-ii'on,  a 
burner:  see  <■«»?«'.]  1.  A  bui'ning  or  searing, 
as  of  morbid  flesh,  by  a  hot  iron  or  by  caustie 
substances  that  burn,  corrode,  or  destroy  the 
solid  parts  of  an  animal  body.  The  burning  by  a 
hot  iron  is  termed  actual  cautery;  that  by  caustic  medi- 
cines, potential  cautery. 

His  discourses,  like  Jonathan's  arrows,  may  shoot  short, 
or  shoot  over,  but  not  wound  where  they  sliould,  nor  open 
those  humours  that  need  a  lancet  or  a  cautcrii. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  5S6. 
The  mad  bite 
Must  have  the  eaulcni. 

Tftmii.^on,  Queen  Mary,  iii.  4. 

2.  The  instrument  or  drug  employed  in  cauter- 
izing—  Corrigan'S  cautery,  .'iame  as  Curriflaa:-.-  but- 
ton (which  see,  under  ''((^^fuO.  — Galvanic  cautery,  an 
instrument  for  cauterizing  wliieb  is  heated  by  the  passage 
tluMuvrh  it  of  an  electric  current. 
cautery-electrode  (l<a'ter-i-e-lek"tr6d),  n.  A 
name  applied  to  any  of  the  various  forms  of 
wires  and  bands  of  platinum  which  constitute 
the  heated  and  cauterizing  part  of  a  galvanic 
cautery. 
cauting-iron  (ka'ting-i"ern),  n.  [Appar.  short 
for  cantering-  or  caiiteri::iii(j-iron.  See  cauter.^ 
A  searing-iron.  E.  H.  Knight. 
caution  (ka'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  caucion,  caucioun 
(def.  7)  =  F.  caution  =  Pr.  cautio  =  Sp.  C(J«- 
ciun  =  Pg.  cau^'ao  =  It.  caii::ione  (at.  D.  cautie 
=  G.  caution  =  Dan.  Sw.  kaution,  chiefly  in  le- 
gal senses),  <  L.  cautio(n-),  caution,  precaution, 
secm-ity,  bond,  warranty,  <  citutus,  pp.  of  ca- 
rcre,  be  on  one's  guard,  take  heed,  look  out, 
beware,  idt.  =  AS.  sceawian,  look  at,  behold, 
E.  s/iow;  see  A'/(0(('.]  1.  Prudence  in  regard  to 
danger;  wariness,  consisting  in  a  careful  at- 
tention to  probable  and  possible  results,  and  a 
judicious  com-se  of  conduct  to  avoid  failure  or 
disaster. 

In  the  afternoon  we  walked  out  to  see  the  City.  But 
we  thought  tit,  before  we  enter'd,  to  get  License  of  the 
Governoiu-  and  to  proceed  with  all  caution. 

Mawtulrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  134. 
The  fir.st  thing  I  did  at  .Alexandria  was  to  pace  round 
the  walls,  and  take  the  bearings ;  which  I  did  with  so 
nuich  cautimi,  that  I  thought  I  could  only  have  been  ob- 
served by  the  Janizary  that  attended  me. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  3. 
2.  Anything  intended  or  serving  to  induce  wari- 
ness ;  a  warning  given  either  by  word  of  mouth 
or  in  any  other  way ;  monitory  advice. 
In  way  of  caution,  I  must  tell  you, 
You  do  not  understand  yourself  so  clearly 
As  it  behooves  my  daughter  and  your  honor. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 
Indulge,  my  son,  the  cautions  of  the  wise. 

Pojte,  Odyssey,  .\xiii.  114. 

St.  Provision  or  security  against  something; 
provident  care ;  precaution. 

In  despite  of  all  the  rules  and  cautions  of  government, 
the  most  dangerous  and  mortal  of  vices  will  come  olf. 

.SVr  R.  U Estranfje. 

4.  In  recent  Eng.  law,  a  vreitten  warning  or 
caveat  filed  with  the  registrar  of  land-titles 
against  dealings  with  the  land  without  notice 
to  the  cautioner,  or  person  who  files  the  warn- 
ing.—5.  Security;  guaranty;  pledge;  bail. 
[Now  confined  to  Scotch  law.] 

The  parliament  would  yet  give  his  majesty  sufficient 
caution,  that  the  war  should  be  prosecuted.       Clarendon. 

6.  A  person  who  gives  security;  a  surety;  a 
cautioner.  [.Scotch,  and  generally  pronounced 
ka'zhon,  as  also  in  sense  ."5.] 

The  King  of  .Spain  now  otfers  himself  for  Caution,  for 
putting  in  Execution  what  is  stipulated  in  behalf  of  the 
Roman  Catholics  tliroughout  his  Majesty  of  Great-Britain's 
Doramions.  BouxU,  Letters,  I.  iii.  21. 

7t.  Bond;  bill. 

Take  thi  caueion,  and  sitte  down  soone  and  write  flfti. 
H'l/cliJ',  Luke  xvi.  6. 


870 

8.  Something  to  excite  alarm  or  astonishment; 
something  extraordinary:  absolutely  or  with 
some  fanciful  addition  :  as,  the  way  they  scat- 
tered was  a  caution  to  snaka:  [Slang.]  —  Bond  of 
caution.  Si!e'/oH(/l.  =  Syll.l.  Forethought,  forecast,  heed, 
vigilance,  watchfidness,  circumspection. — 2.  Admonition. 

caution  (ka'shon),  v.  t.    [<  caution,  n.]    To  give 

notice  of  danger  to;  warn;  exhort  to  take  heed. 

Von  cautioned  me  against  their  charms.  Swij't. 

cautionary  (ka'shon-a-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  caution 
+  -anj ;  =  F.  cautionnairc  =  Sp.  Pg.  caucio- 
««»•.]  I.  a.  1.  Containing  a  caution,  or  warn- 
ing to  avoid  danger:  as,  cautionary  advice. 

You  will  see  that  these  ways  are  made  cautionary 
enough.  Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii. 

Waved  his  imoccupied  harul  with  a  cauticniary  gesture 
to  his  companions.      Barluint,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  148. 

2.  Given  as  a  pledge  or  in  security. 

Has  the  enemy  no  catitionanf  towns  and  seaports,  to  give 
us  for  securing  trade?  Sim/t,  Conduct  of  the  Allies. 

Cautionary  town,  a  town  the  control  and  revenues  of 
wliich  :iic  granted  by  the  government  to  a  foreign  powerto 
secuic  tile  p;i>  nient  of  a  debt  or  the  performance  of  an  ob- 
ligation ;  niitaliiy,  certain  stnini,'liolils  in  ttie  Netherlands 
wllicll  were  thus  Jiledncd  t.i  tile  Ellt'lisb  crown  in  tlle  tinii; 
of  Elizabeth,  particularly  the  cities  of  I'lushing,  Uriel,  and 
Kammekens. 

And  it  is  resolved  that  it  [a  benevolence  raised  for  the 
crown  in  Devon]  shall  only  be  employed  for  the  payment 
of  his  debts,  as  namely  for  Ireland,  the  Navy,  and  the 
Cautionary  Towns  in  the  Lo\v  Countries  ;  and  so,  leaving 
the  carriage  of  this  business  to  your  discretions  and  wis- 
dojus,  we  bid  you  heartily  f.arewell. 

Letter  from  the  Lords  in  Council  of  James  I. 

By  the  treaty  of  peace  between  James  and  Philip  III., 
altlic.n-h  tile  king  had  declared  himself  bound  by  the 
treaties  made  by  Elizabeth  to  deliver  up  the  cautionary 
tow7is  U)  no  one  but  the  United  .States,  he  iiromised  .Spain 
to  allow  those  States  a  reasonalile  time  to  make  peace 
with  the  Archdukes.      Motley,  John  of  Barneveld,  II.  67. 

II.  n.  Same  as  cautionry. 

cautioner  (ka'shgn-er),  n.  1.  One  -who  cau- 
tions or  ad\ises. —  2.  In  recent  Eng.  law,  one 
who  files  a  caution  ■with  the  registrar  of  land- 
titles.  See  caution,  «.,  4. — 3.  [Generally  pro- 
nounced ka'zhon-er.]  In  Scots  law,  the  person 
who  is  bound  for  another  to  the  performance  of 
an  oliligation. 

cautionizet  (ka'shon-iz),  v.  t.  [<  caution  +  -/re] 
To  promote  caution  in ;  make  prudent ;  place 
imder  security  or  guaranty. 

The  captainc  of  the  Janissaries  rose  and  slew  the  Bul- 
lar,  and  gave  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  one  Asian  Begh 
.  .  .  of  a  bordering  province,  to  cai/^'(oo'2c  that  part. 

Continuation  of  Knoltes,  1414  (Ord  MS.). 

caution-money  (ka'shon-mun"i),  n.  Money 
deposited  as  security ;  specifically,  a  sum  paid 
as  security  by  a  student  on  his  matriculation  in 
an  English  university. 

The  genteel  amercements  of  a  young  man  of  fashion  in 
a  silver  tankard  or  his  caution  money  ought  not,  in  any 
wise,  to  be  considered  as  part  of  his  education. 

Retnarks  on  tfie  Expcnce  of  Education,  17SS. 

cautionry  (kii'shgn-ri),  n.  [<  caution  +  -ry.'] 
In  Scot.s  law,  the  act  of  giving  security  for  an- 
other ;  the  promise  or  contract  of  one,  not  for 
himself,  but  for  another.  Also  '(^Titten  cau- 
tionary. 

cautious  (ka'shus),  a.  [<  caution,  on  type  of 
ambitious,  <  ambition,  etc. ;  the  older  E.  adj. 
was  cautelous,  q.  v.,  and  the  L.  adj.  is  cautus, 
prop.  pp.  of  OHCfcr,  take  heed.  See  cnution.'i  1. 
Possessing  or  exliibiting  caution;  attentive  to 
probable  effects  and  consequences  of  actions 
with  a  view  to  avoid  danger  or  misfortune ; 
prudent ;  circumspect ;  wary ;  watchful :  as,  a 
cautious  general;  a  cautious  advance. 
These  same  cautioits  and  quick-sighted  gentlemen. 

Bentley,  Sermons,  ii. 
Lilie  most  men  of  cautious  tempers  and  prosperous  for- 
tunes, he  had  a  strong  disposition  to  support  whatever 
existed.  Macauhiy. 

2.  With  o/ before  the  object  of  caution:  wary 
in  regard  to  the  risks  of;  afraid  or  heedful  of 
the  dangers  involved  in. 

Having  one  Man  surprized  once  liy  some  .Spaniards  lying 
there  in  ambush,  and  carried  off  tiy  them  to  Panama,  we 
were  after  that  more  cautio^is  of  Strjrggling. 

Dumpier,  'V^oyages,  I.  177. 
By  night  he  fled,  and  at  midnight  return'd 
From  compassing  the  e.arth  ;  cautious  e^day. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  59. 
3t.  Over-prudent;  timorous;  timid. 

You  shall  be  received  at  a  postern-door,  if  you  be  not 
cautions,  by  one  whose  touch  would  make  old  Nestor 
young.  Massinyer. 

=  Syn.  Prudent,  careful,  wary,  vigilant,  heedful,  thought- 
ful, srriipnions. 
cautiously   (ka'shus-li),   adv.      In  a  cautious 
manner ;  with  caution ;  warily. 

'I'hen  know  bow  tickle  ctimmon  lovers  are: 
Their  oaths  and  vows  arc  euutiously  believed  ; 
For  few  there  are  but  have  been  oiice  deceived. 

Vrydcn. 


cavalier 

Entering  the  new  chamher  caf//t<mj*Zj/, 
The  glory  of  ureal  heaps  of  gold  eonltl  see. 

William  .Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  327, 

cautiousness  (ka'shus-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ingcautious;  watclifulness;  provident  care;  cir- 
cumspection ;  prudence  with  regard  to  danger. 

cautor  (ka'tgr),  ii.  [<  L.  cantor,  one  who  is  on 
his  guanl  or  is  wary,  also  one  who  is  security 
or  bail,  <  carcre,  be  on  one's  guard,  etc. :  see 
caution.']     A  cautioner.     [Rare.] 

A  caution  means  that  a  sale  cannot  be  effected  without 
notice  to  the  cautor  and  opportunity  of  objection. 

Contemporary  Hev.,  XLIX  201. 

cauzi,  n.    See  ca::i. 

ca'vai  (ka'vji),  «.;  pi.  carw  (-ve).     [NL.,  fem. 
(sc.  rcna,  vein)  of  L.  earns:  see  caval  and  rein.] 
A  caval  vein;  one  of  the  vense  cavse.    See  ca- 
val, n. 
The  division  of  the  heart  into  which  these  cartE  open. 

IluxUy. 

cava^,  n.     Plural  of  carum. 

ca'Va'*,  ka'wa  (ka'va,  -wa),  n.  The  Polj-nesian 
nami>  of  an  intoxicating  beverage  prepared 
from  the  slirub  Macropiper  laiij'olium. 

cavae,  /(.     Plural  of  cara^. 

caval  (ka'val),  (/.  and  ii.  [<  L.  earns,  hollow 
(see  <'ac('l),  +  -«/.]  I.  a.  1.  In  anat.,  hollow 
and  comparatively  large:  as,  a  caval  sinus. 
Specifically — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  caves.  See 
vena  and  tYicnl. 

II.  n.  A  cava,  or  caval  vein;  either  one  of 
the  two  largest  veins  of  the  body,  emptying 
blood  into  the  right  auricle  of  the  heart,  in 
man  these  veins  are  commonly  called  ftuyerior  and  inferior 
ca  vals,  or  vena  ca  va  superior  and  i}\fei-ior  ;  their  more  gen- 
eral names  are  jarcaval  and  postcaval.  See  these  words, 
and  cuts  iiiiii<r  Ihtn-I  and  lung. 

cavalcade  (kav-al-kad'),  n.  [<  F.  cavalcade,  < 
It.  cavalcata  (=  Pr.  carulcada  =  Sp.cabalgada, 
cabalgata  =  Pg.  caralgada),  a  troop  of  horse- 
men, <  cavalcarc,  ride,  <  carallo,  <  L.  caballus, 
a  horse:  see  ciibal^,  capel^,  cavalry,  eheralier, 
chivalry,  and  ef.  chevachic,  a  tloubiet  of  caval- 
cade.] A  procession  or  train,  as  of  persons  on 
horseback  or  in  carnages. 

We  went  from  Sienna,  desirous  of  being  present  at  the 
cavalcade  of  the  new  Pope  Innocent  X..  who  had  not  yet 
made  the  grand  procession  to  St.  John  de  Laterano. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Nov.  2,  1644. 

Onward  came  the  cavalcade,  illuminated  by  two  hun- 
dred thick  waxen  torclies,  iu  the  bands  of  as  many  horse- 
men. Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  117. 

He  [King  James]  made  a  progress  through  his  kingdom, 
escorted  by  long  cavalcades  of  gentlemen  from  one  lordly 
mansion  to  another.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xviii. 

cavalcadet  (kav-al-kad'),  V.  i.  [<  cavalcade,  n.] 
To  ride  in  or  form  part  of  a  procession. 

He  would  have  done  his  noble  friend  better  service  than 
caralcadin'j  with  him  to  (^Ixford.     Sorth,  Examen,  p.  112. 

cavalerot  (kav-a-le'ro),  «.  [Also  caraliero, 
repr.  Sp.  caraliero,  now  caballcro :  see  cavalier.] 
A  cavalier ;  a  gay  military  man ;  a  gallant. 

I'll  drink  to  master  Bardolph,  and  to  all  the  cavaleroes 
about  London.  Sliak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 

cavalier  (kav-a-ler'),  n.  and  a.  [Also  formerly 
cariilcnt  and  caraliero,  after  Sp.  or  It. ;  =  D. 
kavalier  =  G.  cavalier  =  Dan.  kavaler  =  Sw. 
karaljcr  =  Ar.  kcwdlir,  <  F.  cavalier  =  Pr.  caval- 
licr,  <  It.  cavalicre  =  Sp.  cabaUero  =  Pg.  cara- 
Iheiro,  cavalleirn  =  F.  chevalier  (>E.  chevalier), 
<  ML.  caballarius.  a  horseman,  knight,  <  LL. 
caballus,  ahorse  :  see  cabal-,  cavalcade,  etc.,  and 
chevalier.]  I.  n.  1.  A  horseman,  especially  an 
aimed  horseman ;  a  knight. 

Nineteen  French  marquesses  and  a  hundred  Spanish 
cavaliers.  Taller,  No.  '200. 

Hence — 2.  One  who  has  the  spirit  or  bearing 
of  a  knight ;  especially,  a  bold,  reckless,  and 
gay  fellow. 

Who  is  he  ,  .  .  that  will  not  follow 
lliese  cuUd  and  choice-drawn  caratiers  to  France? 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  (eho.). 

3.  [cap.]  The  appellation  given  to  the  partizans 
of  Charles  I.  of  England  in  his  contest  with 
Parliament. 

During  some  years  they  were  tlesignated  as  Caratiers 
and  Roundheads.  They  were  subsequently  called  Tories 
and  Whigs.  .Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

4.  A  man  attending  on  or  escorting  a  woman, 
or  acting  as  her  partner  in  dancing;  a  gallant; 
a  beau. 

I'll  take  a  dance,  said  I ;  so  stay  you  here,  A  sunburnt 
daughter  of  Labour  rose  up  from  the  group  to  meet  me  as 
I  advanceil  towards  them.  .  .  .  We  want  a  cavalier,  said 
she.  holding  out  both  her  hands.  ;rs  if  to  otfir  them.— 
.\nd  a  cavalier  ye  shall  have,  said  I,  taking  hold  of  both 
of  them.  Stenu: 

5.  In  medieval  fort.,  a  mound  defended  by  walls 
and  the  like,  raised  so  as  to  command  the 
neighboring  ramparts;  hence,  in  modern  fort., 


cavalier 

a  raised  work  eoiiimonly  witiiatod  within  tho 
bastion,  bul  sDiiu'tiraes  placed  in  tho  gorges,  or 
on  tlio  niidillii  of  tho  curtain,  it  is  lo  or  12  feet 
liikOicr  thiin  the  rest  of  tlie  work»,  and  in  ii»eil  t<>  coiiiinanil 
all  the  juljueeiit  works  ami  the  surr<Hiii<litiK  country.  It 
is  (h-si^tied  chiefly  to  hring  ii  itluii^'inii;  lire  to  liear  on  the 
nssail.'uits'  works  exterior  to  tlie  enceinte. 
6.  In  tlio  itKiiii'fii;  one  who  lUKhTstands  liorsc- 

manHliip ;  a  skilled  or  practised  rider Cavalier 

battery.    Sec  hufti'n/. 
II.  a.  If.  Knightly;  brave;  warlike. 

The  people  are  naturally  not  valiant,  ami  not  much 
cavatwr.  Suckliw], 

2.  Gay;  sprightly;  easy;  offhand;  frank;  care- 
less. 

The  plotUline,  persevering,  scrupulous  accuracy  of  tho 
one,  and  tlte  easy,  cavalier  vert^al  fluency  of  the  other, 
form  a  <-onipIete  contrast.  llazltlt. 

3.  Haughty;  disdainful;  supercilious:  as,  a 
rude  and  aifuliir  answer. 

Here's  the  house  :  He  knock  at  the  door. —  What,  shall 
I  do't  in  tile  riniatiiT  humour,  with.  Whose  within  there, 
ho  !  or  in  tlie  I'uritjin  humour,  with,  liy  your  leauc,  kouiI 
brother?  lli^ywmd.  If  you  Know  not  Me,  ii. 

4.  [(•«/).]  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  party  of 
Charles  I.  of  England. 

'Tis  an  old  Cavalier  family.  Disraeli,  Coningsby,  iii.  .1. 
cavalier  (kav-,a-ler'),  I',  i.  [<  cavalier,  «.]  To 
act  as  a  cavalier ;  ape  tho  manners  of  a  cava- 
lier ;  carry  one's  self  in  a  disdainful  or  high- 
hande<l  fashion  :  sometimes  followed  by  i<;  as, 
to  try  to  cavalier  it  over  one's  associates. 
An  old  drunken,  cavalieriwj  l)utler. 

Scott,  Old  .Mortality,  I. 

cavalierish  (kav-a-ler'ish),  a.  [<  cavalier  + 
-i*7il.]  Oi  or  belonging  to  a  cavalier,  or  to  the 
party  of  Charles  I.  of  England. 

The  cavalierish  party.  Litdlow,  Memoirs,  II.  KiS. 

The  land  is  full  of  discontents.  ,t  the  Cavalcerinh  party 
doth  still  expect  a  day  «&  nourish  hopes  of  a  Revolution. 
(Quoted  in  Lowitt,  Anions  my  iJooks,  Istser.,  p.  2f»9. 

cavalierism  (kav-a-ler'izm),  n.  [<  cavalier  + 
-ism.']  The  practice  or  principles  of  cavaliers. 
Scott. 
cavalierly  (kav-a-ler'li),  rtrfc.  In  a  cavalier 
manner;  arrogantly;  disdainfully;  supercili- 
ously. 
He  has  treated  our  opinion  a  little  too  cavalierly. 

Junius,  Letters. 

I  protest  I  do  not  understand  all  this ;  .  .  .  you  treat  me 

very  cavalierly.  GUdniiiith,  Uood-natured  Man,  iv. 

Th()se  who  cavalierly  reject  the  Theory  of  Evolution,  as 

not  adeiiuatcly  supported  by  facts,  seem  quite  to  forget 

that  their  own  theory  is  supported  by  no  facts  at  all. 

Ii.  Spencer,  Universal  Progress,  p.  'M~. 

cavalierness  (kav-a-ler'nes),  n.       [<  cavalier, 
a.,  +  -«(.«.]     The  quality  of  being  cavalier; 
anciganee;  a  disdainful  manner.     [Rare.] 
cavalierot,  »•     [Intended  for  It.  cavaliere:  see 
cavalier.]     A  cavalier;  a  gallant. 
Then  this  brave  cavaliero 
Is  openly  batllcd  in  his  mistress'  sight. 
And  dares  not  tight  himself. 

Beau,  and  Fl.  (T),  Faithful  Friends,  i.  2. 
It  occurred  to  him  (the  author]  that  the  mr>re  serious 
scenes  of  his  narrative  might  be  relieved  by  the  humour 
of  a  cavaliero  of  the  age  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Scotf,  Monastery,  Int. 

cavallard  (kav-a-lyard'),  n.  [<  Sp.  cahallanlo, 
a  lirove  of  horses,  i  cohallo,  a  horse :  see  cahal".] 
A  name  in  some  parts  of  the  western  United 
States  for  a  drove  of  horses  or  mules.  Also 
cav<(i/(ir(l. 

cavalleria  (Sp.  pron.  ka-val-ya-re'ii),  n.  Amea- 
sure  of  land  used  in  Cuba,  equal  to  33.1  acres, 
being  a  little  loss  than  the  Castilian  zugada. 
There  is  a  Mexican  cavalleria  of  131  acres. 

cavalli,  ».     See  cavally. 

cavallo  (It.  pron.  kii-vjil'lo),  n.  [It.,  lit.  a  horse: 
see  cabaP,  cajiel^.]  A  fJeapolitan  coin,  equal 
to  about  iV  of  a  United  States  cent. 

cavally,  cavalli  (ka-val'i),  ». ;  pi.  eavalUcs,  en- 
V(illi.-<  {-17.).     [.\lso  cavnlle,  and  crevulh/,  erevalle, 

<  S|).  eahalla  (=  Pg.  cavalla).  a  horse-mackerel, 

<  eaballo  =  Pg.  cavallio,  a  horse:  see  vahal-.] 
A  lish  of  the  genus  Caraiix.  See  Caranx  and 
horse-mackerel. 

The  cavalli  has  a  pointed  head  and  snout,  with  nioiler- 
ately  large  conical  and  pointetl  teeth. 

.Sportsman's  Oazetlecr,  p.  3'M. 

cavalott,  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  An  old  form  of 
cannon  made  of  'svrought-iron,  and  firing  a 
charge  consisting  of  one  pound  of  lead  bullets. 

cavalry  (kav'al-ri),  H.  [Formerly  eavalleric,  < 
F.  cavalterie, "now  cavaleric,  <  It.  cavalleria, 
cavalry,  knighthood  (=  Sp.  eahalleria  =  Pg. 
cavallaria  =  OF.  chevalerie,  >  E.  chivalry),  < 
cavalierc,  a  horseman,  knight:  see  earalier.']  A 
class  of  soldiers  who  marcli  ami  tight  on  liorse- 
baek;  that  part  of  an  army,  or  of  any  military 


871 

force,  which  consists  of  troops  that  servo  on 
horseback,  as  distinguished  from  infantry,  or 
foot-soldiers.  Their  elHcacy  and  general  importance 
arise  from  their  adaptation  to  rapid  nioveiii'-Tit.s.  tims  en- 
abling a  commander  to  avail  hirnsrlf  of  derisive  oppor- 
tunities, as  in  the  exposure  of  weak  points  in  the  enemy's 
lines,  or  the  occurrence  of  disorder  in  his  ranks.  They  are 
also  employed  for  intercepting  the  enemy's  supplies,  fur- 
nishing detachments  and  escorts,  procuring  intelligence, 
protecting  the  center  or  wings  of  an  army,  or  covering  a 
retreat.  The  uses  of  cavaliy,  however,  are  necessarily 
linnted  by  the  nature  of  the  ground.  Modem  cavalry  con- 
sists of  two  grand  classes,  heavy  and  liyht  (distinguished 
by  weight  of  men,  horses,  and  eipiiimients),  which  are  sus- 
ceptible of  subdivision  according  to  the  service  required, 
:us  rninissi,  rs,  drayoons,  lancers,  hunsarm,  ctr. 
cavalryman  (kav'al-ri-man),  «.;  \A.  cavalrymen 
(-men).  A  soldier  traineil  to  light  on  horse- 
back; a  member  of  a  cavalry  regiment. 

Each  cavalnjman  had  been  rc(|Uired  to  start  with  Urn 
pounds  of  grain  for  his  horse.   The  Century,  XXVIII.  138. 

cavan  (ka-van'),  n.    Same  as  caban. 

cavas,  ".     See  cava.ss. 

cavasma  (kav-a-sl'na),  n.  A  fish  of  tho  family 
('aran</i<la\  Seriola  (lorsalis;  a  kind  of  amber- 
fish.     [California.] 

cavass,  kavass  (ka-vas'),  n.  [Turk,  qawas,  qa- 
waa  {kawas,  kawwds).']  1.  An  armed  and  uni- 
formed attendant  attached  to  the  siuto  of  a  i)er- 
son  of  distinction  in  Tui'key. 

Their  cavass  brought  up  a  native  who  told  them  that 
njollcischi  was  oidy  about  three  leagues  otf,  and  olfered  Ut 
guide  them.  t'ortuiyhtly  Rev.,  N.  H.,  XXXIX.  813. 

2t.  A  Turkish  police-officer. 
Also  caves,  carcass,  kawass. 

cavassonf,  ».    See  cavczon. 

cavate  (ka'vat),  r.  t.;  pret.  ana  pp.  eavated, 
ppr.  cavating.  [<  L.  cavatus,  pp.  of  cavare, 
make  hollow,  <  cavas,  hollow:  see  cavc'^.]  To 
make  hoUow;  dig  out;  excavate.     [Rare.] 

cavatina  (kav-a-te'nii),  n.  [It.,  >  F.  cavatinc] 
In  music,  a  melody  of  simpler  character  than 
the  aria,  and  without  a  second  part  and  a  da 
capo  or  return  part.  The  term  is  occasionally 
applic'd,  however,  to  airs  of  any  kind. 

cavation  (ka-va'shon),  n.  [<  It.  cavazionc,  < 
L.  cavatio(n-),  an  excavation,  <  cavare:  seo  c<i- 
vate.]  1.  The  act  of  hollowing  or  excavating; 
specifically,  in  arch.,  tho  digging  or  excavating 
of  the  earth  for  tlio  foundation  of  a  building; 
tho  trench  or  excavation  so  dug.  In  the  spe- 
cific use  also  spelled  cavaHon. — 2.  In  fencing, 
a  method  of  evading  a  low  thrust  by  drawing 
tho  haiuich  backward,  thus  withdrawing  tho 
abdomen  and  chest  from  the  reach  of  tho  ad- 
versary's weapon.    Rolando  (ed.  Porsj-th). 

cavayard  (kav-a-yard'),  n.    Same  as  cavallard. 

cavazion,  n.     See  cavation,  1. 

cavei  (kav),  Ii.  [<  ME.  cave,  <  OF.  care,  caive,  a 
cave  (var.  cage,  a  cage,  >  E.  cage),  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  cava,  <  L.  cavea,  a  cave,  also  a  cage,  <  cavus, 
hollow  (neut.  cavum,  a  cave),  akin  to  Gr.  />/ n/j, 
a  hole  (cf .  Gr.  koI?.oc,  orig.  *:<aFi/-ng  (?),  hollow,  = 
L. calum,  orig.  "cavilum,  tho  sky:  see  ceil,  «.,  ce- 
lestial, etc.),  <  Kvt'iv,  Kvciv,  conceive,  swell,  orig. 
contain.  Hence  cavern,  cage,  concave,  excavate, 
etc.]  1.  A  hollow  place  in  the  earth;  espe- 
cially, a  natural  cavity  of  considerable  size, 
extending  more  or  less  horizontally  into  a  hill 
ormoimtain;  a  cavern;  a  den.  caves  .ire  princi- 
pally met  with  m  limestone  rocks,  in  gypsum,  sometimes 
in  sandstone,  and  in  volcanic  rocks.  Some  of  them  have 
a  very  grand  and  picturesque  appearance,  such  as  Fin- 
gal's  Cave  in  Statfa,  on  the  west  coast  of  Scotland,  the  en- 
trance to  which  is  formed  by  colunm.ar  ranges  of  basalt 
supporting  an  arch  60  feet  high  and  33  feet  wide.  .Some, 
as  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky,  which  incloses  an 
extent  of  about  40  miles  of  subterraneous  windings,  are 
celebrated  for  their  great  extent  and  subterranean  waters, 
or  for  their  gcu-geous  stalactites  and  stalagmites,  others 
are  of  interest  to  the  geologist  and  arcbreologist  from  the 
occurrence  in  them  of  osseous  remains  of  animals  of  the 
Pleistocene  period,  or  for  the  evidence  their  clay  Itoors 
and  rudely  sculptured  walls,  and  the  implements  found 
in  them,  olfer  of  the  presence  of  prehistoric  man. 

And  f.ot  went  up  out  of  Zoar,  .  .  .  and  he  dwelt  in  a 
cave,  he  and  his  two  daughters.  Gen.  xix.  30. 

Ue  slow  [slew]  Caeus  in  a  cave  of  stoon  [stone]. 

Chaucer,  Monk  s  Tale.  1.  117. 
A  hollow  cave  or  lurking-place.     Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  2. 
2.  A  cellar;  a  subterranean  chamber.    [Obso- 
lete or  local.] 

But  nowe  there  stondeth  neuer  a  house,  but  oonly  two 
Towres  and  certayne  caues  vnder  the  groundc. 

iSt'r  R.  Guyl/arde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  16. 

3t.  -Any  hollow  place  or  part ;  a  ca\'ity. 

The  cave  of  the  ear.  Bacon,  Nat.  Ilist. 

4.  The  ash-pit  of  a  glass-furnace. — 5.  [cap.']  A 
name  given  to  a  party  in  the  British  Parliament 
who  seceded  from  the  Liberals  on  tho  reform  bill 
introduced  by  them  in  186(i.  See  .Idnllamitc. 
Hence  —  6.  Any  small  faction  of  seceders  or 
dissidents  in  Parliament. 


caveach 

cavo^  (kav),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caved,  ppr.  camnq. 
[<  cave,  «.;  =F.  caver  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  cavar  =  it. 
cavare,  <  L.  cavare,  make  hollow,  hollow  out, 
excavate,  <  cavus,  hollow:  see  cave'i,  -n,,  from 
which  tho  E.  verl)  is  in  part  directly  derived. 
In  def.  II.,  2,  as  in  tlie  j)Iiraso  cave  in,  the  verb, 
though  now  completely  identified  with  cave^,  v., 
with  ref.  to  tho  noim  cave^,  is  in  its  origin  an 
accommodation  of  the  dial,  cahc,  calve  in,  <  calf, 
a  detached  mass  of  earth :  seo  cahc,  v.,  2,  and 
calf^,  n.,  7,  8,  9.]  I.  trans.  To  make  hollow; 
hoUow  out. 

l1io  raould/ed  earth  had  catfd  the  banke. 

Sjiemer,  V.  IJ.,  IV.  v.  33. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  dwell  in  a  cave.     [Rare.] 

It  may  be  heard  at  court  that  such  as  we 
Cave  here,  hunt  here,  are  outlaws. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  fall  in  -and  leave  a  hollow,  as  earth  on 
tho  side  of  a  well  or  ])it:  absolutely,  or  with 
in:  as,  the  earth  began  to  cave. — 3.  Figura- 
tively, to  break  down  ;  yield;  give  up  ;  submit ; 
knock  under :  absolutely,  or  with  in :  as,  at  this 
ho  caved.     [Slang.] 

A  puppy,  three  weeks  olil,  joins  the  chase  with  heart 
and  soul,  lint  caves  in  at  about  llfly  yards,  and  sits  him 
down  to  b.irk.  //.  Kinyslcy,  Oeolfry  Uamlyn,  xxviii. 

cave",  kave  (kav),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  eaved,  kavcd, 
ppr.  curing,  karing.  [.Sc.  also  keave,  keve,  <  ME. 
caven,  kcven,  <  Norw.  kara,  throw,  toss,  snatch, 
move  tho  hands  as  in  scattering,  stin-ing,  row- 
ing, etc.,  also  kaava,  snatch,  stir,  shake  (cf. 
kafsa  in  similar  sense),  appar.  a  particidar  use 
of  or  confused  with  kava  =  leel.  knf<i,  dip,  dive, 
swim,  plimge,  tr.  dip,  plunge,  red.  dip,  dive, 
impers.  sink,  founder,  also  der.  kcjja,  <  Norw. 
kav,  a  dive,  plunge,  the  sea,  the  deep,  also  stir, 
agitation,  quick  motion  of  tho  hands,  =  Icel. 
kaf,  a  dive,  a  plunge,  poet,  the  deep,  the  sea. 
Hence  c«iJe2.]  I.  trai:s.  1.  To  toss  or  pitch: 
as,  to  cave  hay. —  2.  To  toss  in  a  threatening  or 
haughty  manner:  as,  to  cave  tho  horns  (said  of 
horned  cattle);  to  cocc  the  head. — 3.  To  clean 
(threshed  grain)  by  tossing  or  raking  (it)  on  a 
barn-floor  or  a  threshing-floor.  [Uld  and  prov. 
Eng.  and  Scotch  in  all  uses.] 

And  nygh  it  make  a  place  high,  plain,  and  pure, 
When  ncde  is  therto  cave  upon  thi  come, 
This  wol  avaiile,  and  make  it  longe  endure. 

Fallatlius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  37. 

Il.t  intrans.  1.  To  move;  rush. 
I  .  .  .  blusched  [looked]  on  the  burghe  as  I  forth  dreucd 

[hastcncdl 
IJygonde  the  bn>k  fro  me  warde  ketud. 

AUiteraticc  Poems  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  079. 

2.  To  sink ;  be  plunged  or  buried. 

Thou  wylne3  oner  this  water  to  weue, 
Er  moste  thou  cencr  to  other  connsayl. 
Thy  corse  in  clot  mot  calder  [colder]  h^ue. 

Alliterative  Poems  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  318. 

cave^,  kave  (kav),  «.  [<  cave'^,  kave,  v.]  A  toss, 
as  of  the  head.     [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

cavea  (ka've-ii),  n.;  pi.  caveic(-e).  [L.,  a  cage: 
see  cage,  ca've^.]  Among  the  ancient  Romans : 
(o)  A  cage  or  den  for  wild  beasts,  etc ;  liter- 
ally, any  cavity  or  hollow  place,  (/il  In  gen- 
eral, the  auditorium  of  a  theater  or  amphithea- 


C.ivea.— odeum  of  KcK>ll3.  Athens. 


ter:  so  called  from  its  concave  form,  and  by 
analogy  with  the  similar  anprication  by  tho 
Greeks  of  the  word  koi/ov,  a  uoUow. 

A  very  rude  low  wall  dindes  the  carea,  cut  entirely  out 
of  the  side  of  tho  hill,  from  the  orchestra  below,  partly 
formed  on  maile  ground,  and  another  runs  across  where 
the  stage  should  be.  .Mhenanim,  No.  30S4,  p.  751. 

ir,y  synecdoche,  the  word  cttvca  wjus  often  used  to  denote 
the  whole  theater  or  amidiitheatcr.] 
caveach   (ka-vech'),  «.     [<  Sp.   Pg.  escaheche, 
])icklcs.  souse,  sauce  for  fish.]     Pickled  mack- 
erel.    [West  Indian.] 


caveach 

caveach  (ka-v6ch'),  '••  '•  [<  careach,  «.]  To 
pifklo  (mackerel)  aocordiug  to  a  West  Indian 
method. 

caveae,  »■     Plural  of  caren. 

caveat  (ki'vO-at),  n.     [L.,  let  him  beware;  3d 

Eers.  sing,  p'res.  subj.  of  curcrc,  beware,  take 
eed:  see  caution.']  1.  In  hue,  a  notice  filed 
or  noted  in  a,  public  office  to  prevent  some 
proceeding  being  had  e.xcopt  after  warning  to 
the  caveator,  or  person  making  the  caveat :  as, 
a  caveat  filed  witli  the  probate  court  against  the 
probate  of  a  will.  A  rarcnl  lllcil  ill  the  lnit<ii  .States 
faterit  t.>aice  liyolie  who  is  enj.'.H^ed  iijion  an  invention  enti* 
ties  him  to  notice  of  any  application  for  a  patent  for  an  in- 
terfering invention  dnring  one  year,  while  he  is  perfecting 
liisown. 

2.  Figuratively,  intimation  of  caution;  warn- 
ing; admonition;  hint. 

Let  onr  liamls  take  this  rnwat  also,  if  the  eneniie  re- 
tire, not  '.o  make  atiy  \o\v^  pnrsnit  after  liini. 

Hakluijl  s  Voiiwies.  I.  03. 
To  pine  a  Caut'at  to  al  parents,  how  they  might  hring 
their  children  vp  in  vcrtuc. 

Lilly,  Enphucs,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  122. 

In  the  midst  of  his  prosperity,  let  him  remember  that 
cnwnt  of  Moses,  "Iteware  that  he  do  not  forget  the  L<>rd 
his  Clod."  Burlun,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  87. 

caveat  (ka've-at),  )'.  i.  [<  caveat,  h.]  1.  To 
enter  a  caveat. — 2.  In  fcncimj,  to  shift  the 
sword  from  one  side  of  an  adversary's  sword 
to  the  other. 

caveator  (kii've-a-tor),  n.  [<  caveat  +  -or.'\ 
One  who  enters  a  caveat. 

cave-bear  (kav'bar),  n.  A  fossil  bear,  Ursus 
fliclaiis,  of  the  Quaternary  epoch,  contempo- 
rary with  man  in  tlie  caves  of  Em-ope. 

cave-cricket  (kav'krik'et),  «.  A  cricket  of  the 
genus  Hadciia'ciis,  inhabiting  caverns.  S.  II. 
^('inlder. 

cave-dweller  (kav'dwel'er),  n.  1.  One  who 
dwells  in  a  cave ;  a  troglodyte ;  specifically,  a 
member  of  the  prehistoric  race  of  men  who 
dwelt  in  natiu'al  caves,  subsisting  on  shell-fish 
and  wild  animals.  Jlany  of  the  caves  which  they  in- 
h.abited  contain  their  rude  implements  and  sculptnred 
drawings,  together  with  animal  and  sometimes  human 
bones,  in  superimposed  layers,  sep.irated  by  limestone  or 
other  deposits.    Hee  bo)te-cave.     Also  called  cai'e?/ifl«. 

Onr  knowledge  of  primitive  man  in  Europe,  during  the 
palrulithic  age,  is  mainly  confined  to  what  has  been 
learned  in  regard  to  the  life  and  habits  of  the  so-called 
cave-dtcdtcrs.  Science,  III.  489. 

2.  pi.  [cap.']  A  name  given  to  the  Bohemian 

Brethren  (which  see,  under  i?o/(CH(/rt«),  because 
tlifv  hid  in  caves  to  escape  persecution. 
cave-fish  (kav'fish),  71.  A  fish  of  the  family 
AmblyoiisidtB  that  inhabits  caves.  There  are  sev- 
eral species,  all  vivip.arous,  some  of  them  blind,  inhabiting 
cave-streams  of  the  southern  and  western  United  States, 
as  AmlAtjttpnis  siielanis  and  Tiipldichlkys  subterraneus. 
Cholfiiia-ster  papiiUfer,  C.  (tffaisi^i.  and  C.  coniuUis,  of  the 
same  family,  are  found  in  open  ditches  in  South  Carolina, 
.^ee  cut  TUlder  Amhtiiopsi-^. 

cave-hyena  (kav'hi-e'njl),  n.    A  species  of  fos- 
sil hyena,  Hijwna  speltcus,  remains  of  which  oc- 
cur in  bone-caves. 
cave-keeper  (kav'ke'per),  w.     One  who  lives 
in  a  cave.     [Rare.] 

I  thought  I  was  a  cave-keeper, 
And  cook  to  honest  creatures. 

Sliak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2. 
cave-keeping  (kav'ke'ping),  a.    Dwelling  in  a 
cave;  hidden.     [Rare.] 

lu  men,  as  in  a  rough -grown  grove,  remain 
Cave-keeping  evils  that  obscurely  sleep. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1. 1250. 

caveli,  cavili,  kevel^,  kevili  (kav'el,  -il,  kev'- 
el,  -U),  n.  [Also  written  kavd,  and  formerly 
asaibilated  chevU;  <  ME.  *cavel  (not  recorded  in 
this  sense,  but  see  cavcl^),  level,  kevil,  a  cleat, 
clamp,  gag,  <  (1)  leel.  hefli,  a  piece  of  wood,  a 
stick,  a  gag,  a  cylinder,  a  mangle  (also  in 
comp.  ruid-ejli,  a  rune-staff),  =  Nor w.  kjcvlc,  a 
round  stick,  cylinder,  roller,  rolling-pin,  gag,  = 
Sw.  tlim.  kiiJUnfj,  a  small  roundish  billet;  (2) 
Icel.  kafli,  a  piece,  a  bit,  a  buoy  for  a  cable  or 
net  {mcdhalkafli,  a  sword-hilt),  =  Norw.  kavlc,  a 
roller,  cylinder,  rolling-i)in,  gag,  kavl,  a  buoy 
for  a  cable  or  net,  =  Sw.  kafle,  a  roller,  cylinder, 
roller  of  a  mangle,  Iiilt,  =  MD.  B.  kavcl  =  MLG. 
1-G.  kaiil  =  a.  kabcl,  lot,  part,  share  (whence 
E.  cavcl^),  orig.  a  stick  or  rune-staff  used  in  cast- 
ing lots.]  It.  A  bit  for  a  horse. 
In  keiil  and  bridel  lin/rceno  ct  camo]  thair  chekes  straite. 
2t.  A  gag.  *^-  "'''■  "  (*'^-  version). 

Hwan  (irini  him  IHavelok]  hanede  faste  bounden. 

And  sithen  in  an  eld  cloth  wonnden, 

A  keuel  of  clutes  ful  nnwraste  IfoulJ 

That  ho  (no)  moucte  spckc  ne  fnaste  [breathe], 

Havelok,  L  .'145. 

3.  Naut.,  a  largo  cleat  of  wood  or  iron  to  which 
sheets,  lacks,  or  braces  are  belayed.    Also  chc- 


872 

vil.  E.  Phillips,  1706. — 4.  A  stone-masons'  ax, 
with  a  flat  face  for  knocking  off  projecting 
angular  points,  and  a  pointed  peen  for  reducing 
fi  siirl'aic  to  the  desired  form:  a  .iedding-a.N. — 
To  cast  the  cavel,  t»»  throw  (he  hammer. 

cavel'-,  cavil-,  kevel-,  kevil-  (kav'el,  -il,  kev'- 
el,  -il),  n.  [<  ME.  cavel,  pi.  rr;/?«,  <  MD.  D. 
knvcl  =  MLG.  LG.  kavel  =  G.  kahel.  lot,  part, 
share:  seeprtpc/l.]  If.  Originally,  the  stick  or 
rune-staff  used  in  casting  lots  ;  a  lot :  as,  to  cast 
cavels. 

O  we  cuist  cnvds  us  amang, 
William  Guvienian  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  52). 

2.  A  part  or  share:  lot. 

No  one,  not  being  a  brother  of  the  gild,  shall  buy  wotd, 
hides,  or  skins,  to  sell  again,  or  shall  cut  cloths,  save 
stranger-merchants  in  the  course  of  trade.  Such  a  one 
shall  have  neither  Lot  nor  Crrril  with  any  tirother. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  342. 

3.  A  parcel  or  allotment  of  land.  [Obsolete 
or  juovincial  in  both  senses.] 

cave-lion (kav'li'on),  H.  A  lion  the  remains  of 
which  occur  in  European  bone-caves.  It  is 
closely  related  to  if  not  identical  with  the  liv- 
ing lion,  Felis  Ico. 

caveman  (kav'man),  n.;  pi.  cavemen  (-men). 
Same  as  cave-dweller,  1. 

The  bones  and  implements  of  the  Cave-men  are  found 
in  .'issociati(Ui  with  remains  of  the  reindeer  and  bison,  the 
arctic  fox,  the  mammoth,  and  the  woolly  rhinoceros. 

J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  45. 

cavendish  (kav'en-iiish),  «.  [From  the  proper 
name  Cavendish.]  Tobacco  which  has  been 
softened,  pressed  into  quadrangular  cakes,  and 
sweetened  with  sjTup  or  molasses,  for  chew- 
ing or  smoking.    Also  called  neyro-hcad Cut 

cavendish,  cavendish  tobacco  cut  into  small  shreds. 

cave-pika  (kav'pi'ka),  «.  A  kind  of  pika  or 
calling-hare,  fossil  remains  of  which  are  found 
in  bone-caves.     See  Layiimys. 

caverl  (ka'ver),  n.  [Uncertain.]  1.  A  person 
stealing  ore  from  the  mines  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  and  punishable  in  the  barmote  or 
miners'  court. —  2.  An  officer  belonging  to  the 
Derbyshire  mines. 

caver-,  kaver  (kav'cr),  «.  A  gentle  breeze. 
[West  coast  of  Scotland.] 

cavern  (kav'ern),  n.  [=  F.  cavcrnc  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  cavcrna,  <  L.  cuverna,  <  caviis,  hollow: 
see  cacfl,  «.]  A  largo  natural  ca\-ity  under  the 
surface  of  the  earth ;  a  cave ;  a  den. 

Mliere  wilt  thou  find  a  eavei-n  dark  enough 
To  mask  thy  monstrous  visage?     Shak.,  J.  C,  ii.  1. 
The  oracular  cavei-iis  of  darkness. 

Lonft/ellotv,  Evangeline,  ii.  3. 

cavern  (kav'ern),  1!.  *.  l<  cavern,  n.]  To  hollow 
out ;  form  like  a  cave  by  excavating :  with  out. 

But  I  find  the  gayest  castles  in  the  air  that  were  ever 
piled  far  better  for  comfort  and  foruse  than  the  dungeons 
in  the  air  th.at  are  daily  dug  and  caverned  out  by  grum- 
bling, discontented  people. 

Emeraon,  Considerations  by  the  AVay. 

cavernalt  (kav'er-nal),  a.      [<  cavern  +  -al.'] 

Cavernous.     Fabcr. 
cavemed  (kav'cmd).  a.    [<  cavern,  n.,  -)-  -cd".] 

1 .  Full  of  caverns  or  deep  chasms ;  having  cav- 
erns; formed  like  a  cavern:  as,  "the  caverit'd 
ground,"  Pln-lij)S. 

Beneath  the  caverned  cliff  they  fall. 

Scott,  >l,amiion,  vi.  19. 

2.  Inhabiting  or  found  in  a  cavern:  as,  " cav- 
crn'd  henuit,"  Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  42; 
"  caverned  gems,"  Memans,  A  Tale  of  the  Four- 
teenth Century. 

cavernicolous  (kav-er-nik'o-lus),  a.  [<  L.  ca- 
vcrna, cavern,  -t-  colerc,  dwell  in,  inhabit.]  In- 
habiting caverns ;  dwelling  in  caves. 

cavemose  (kav'er-nos),  a.  Same  as  cavernous. 
.M.  V.  Cooke. 

cavernous  (kav'er-nus),  a.  [=  F.  caverneiix  = 
Pr.  cavernos  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cavernosa,  <  L.  caver- 
«(««.s,  <  (Micnifl,  a  cavern.]  1.  Formed  into  a 
cavern  or  caverns ;  containing  caverns ;  hence, 
deeply  hollowed  out;  deep-set:  as,  cavernous 
moimtaius  or  rocks ;  cavernous  eyes. — 2.  Filled 
with  small  cavities,  as  a  sponge;  reticidated; 
honeycotnbed.  Applied  in  anatinny  to  vessels  or  vas- 
cular structures  in  which  the  blood-vessels  .are  traversed 
by  numerous  trabeenla)  dividing  them  up,  or  in  which 
they  form  frequent  and  close  anastomoses  with  one  an- 
other. In  either  case  a  structure  of  sponge-like  te-xture 
is  produced.— Cavernous  bodies  (corpura  cavernosa), 
tlio  highly  vascular  and  nervous  fibrocellnlar  structures 
whidi  compose  the  greater  part  of  the  erectile  tissue  of 
the  penis  and  of  the  clitoris,  the  rest  being  known  as  the 
»7"oi;;;/  iorfi;.  —  Cavemous  grOOVe,  in  o/m/..  the  larotid 
groove  (which  see.  vnuier  r-,ini(i<o.— Cavernous  nerves. 
nerves  coming  from  the  iirostatic  plexus,  and  ilistributed 
to  the  erectile  or  cavernous  tissue  ..f  the  penis.— Cavern- 
ous rMe,  a  gurgling  nile  sometimes  heard  in  anscultntion 
over  a  ]iulmonary  cavity  of  considerable  size,  espceiallv  in 
inspiratiini.  when  the  cavity  is  l)artly  filled  with  li<|m.l, 
through  which  the  air  bubbles  as  it  enters.-  Cavernous 


cavicom 

respiration,  the  respiratory  sounds  sometimes  heard  in 
anseultatitni  over  a  cavity  iri  a  lung.  The  inspiration  is 
blowing,  neither  vesicular  nor  tubular  in  ijnality,  and 
lower  in  idteh  than  tubular  breathing;  the  exjiiration  is 
of  the  game  quality  as  the  inspiration,  but  lower  in  pitch. 
—  Cavernous  sinus,  a  verjous  sinus  of  the  crania)  cavity, 
lying  on  the  side  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid  bone.  It  re- 
ceives the  ophthalmic  vein  in  front,  and  connnunicates 
with  the  cavernous  sinus  of  the  other  side  tbrongh  the 
transverse  and  circular  sinuses.— Cavemous  texture, 
in  ;ieol.,  that  texture  of  aggregated  comjiound  rocks  which 
is  characterized  by  the  presence  i>f  luinierons  small  cavi- 
ties, as  in  lava.— Cavernous  tissue,  the  substance  of 
the  cavernf)us  bodies  of  the  penis  and  clitoris.- Cavern- 
ous whisper,  in  auscultation,  whispering  resonance  as 
modified  by  transmission  through  a  cavity,  characterized 
by  a  non-tnl.nlar  blowing  (juality  of  low  pitch. 

Cavernularidae  (kav'er-nu-lar'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Cavcrnularia,  the  typical  genus  (<  L. 
cavcrnula  (see  carcrnule)  +  -aria),  +  -id(c.]  A 
family  of  veretillous  pennatidoid  polyps  with 
long  calcareous  bodies. 

cavernule  (kav'er-niil),  n.  [<  L.  cavermtla, 
dim.  of  raverna,  a  cavern.]     A  small  ca\ity. 

cavernulous  (ka-ver'nu-lus),  «.  [<  carcrnule 
-t-  -()»A'.]  Fidl  of  little  cavities;  alveolar:  as, 
cavernulous  metal. 

cavesson,  «.     See  cavc^on. 

cave-swallow  (kav'swol'o),  «.  A  West  Indian 
swallow,  Hirundo  paciloma,  which  affixes  its 
nest  of  mud  to  the  roofs  and  walls  of  caves. 

cave-tiger  (kav'ti'ger),  »i.  A  species  of  fossil 
tiger  or  jaguar,  Felis  spclwus,  remains  of  which 
occur  in  the  bone-caves  of  South  America. 

cavetto  (ka-vet'o),  ii.  [It.,  dim.  of  cavo,  hollow: 
see  ««'6'l,  «.]  i.  In  arch.,  a  hollow  member, 
or  round  concave  molding,  containing  at  least 
the  quadrant  of  a  circle,  used  in  cornices,  be- 
tween the  tori  of  bases,  etc. —  2.  In  decorative 
art,  a  hollow  or  recessed  pattern:  the  reverse 
of  relief  and  rilievo —  in  cavetto,  said  of  any  design 
stamped  or  impressed,  and  difiering  from  intaglio  iu  not 
being  incised  as  with  a  sharp  instrument,  llius,  a  design 
impressed  in  tiles,  clay,  or  plaster  is  properly  said  to  be 
in  cavetto.  The  field  may  also  be  recessed,  with  a  device 
in  relief  upon  it,  as  in  the  style  of  work  known  as  cavo- 
Hlievo;  iu  this  case  the  field  is  said  to  be  in  cavetto. 

A  design  in  relief  was  impressed  upon  them,  leaving  the 
ornamental  pattern  in  cavetto. 

C.  T.  Davis,  Bricks  and  Tiles,  p.  412. 

cavey,  «.     See  cavie'^-. 

cavezon,  cavesson  (kav'e-zon,  -son),  v.  [For- 
merly also  cavasson  ;  <  F.  cavesson,  cuvcgrm,  <  It. 
cave:iMnc,  aug.  of  cavezza,  a  halter,  =  OF.  che- 
vccc,  neck,  =  Pr.  cabeissa,  wig.  =  Sp.  cabeza  =  Pg. 
cabcqa,  head,  <  h.  caput,  head:  see  caput,  and 
cf.  cabet;a.]  A  sort  of  nose-band  of  iron,  leather, 
or  wood,  sometimes  flat  and  sometimes  hollow 
or  twisted,  which  is  put  on  the  nose  of  a  horse 
to  wring  it,  in  order  to  facilitate  breaking  him. 
Also  called  cau.sson. 

Cavia  (ka'vi-a),  H.  [NL.  and  Pg.,  from  native 
Indian  name,  >  E.  cavi/.]  The  tj-pical  genus  of 
the  family f'((ri(rf<c  and  subfamily  ('«)ii««',  con- 
taining the  cavies  jjroper,  as  the  guinea-pig. 
See  canj,  Caviidte. 

cavian  (kii'vi-an),  a.  and  h.   [z=  F.  caHeti ;  <  Ca- 
via +  -an.]    1.   a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  genus  Cavia  or  the  family 
Caviida: 
II.  n.  One  of  the  cavies;  a  caviid. 

caviar,  caviare  (kav-i-iir'or  ka-ver'),  ».  [Also 
formerly  caviury  ;  =  D.  kaviuar  =  G.  Dan.  Sw. 
kaviav,  <  F.  caviar,  formerly  cavial,  <  It.  carialc, 
formerly  also  caviaro,  =  Sp.  caviar,  caviar,  ca- 
hial,  sausage  made  with  caAiar,  =  Pg.  caviar, 
cavial,  caviar  (ML.  caviarium,  NGr.  najiinpt), 
<  Turk,  havydr,  caAuar  ;  said  to  be  of  Tatar  ori- 
gin. The  Euss.  name  is  ikra.]  A  preparation 
for  the  table  of  the  roe  of  certain  large  fish  pre- 
served by  salting.  The  best  is  made  from  the  roes  of 
the  sterlet,  sturgeon,  sevTUga,  and  beluga,  caught  in  the 
lakes  and  rivers  of  Kussi.a.  Caviar  w.as  reganied  as  a  deli- 
cacy too  refined  to  be  appreciated  by  the  vulgar  t.aste ; 
hence  Shakspere's  application  of  the  word  to  a  play  w  liich 
the  vulgar  could  not  relish. 
'Twas  caviare  to  the  general.  Shak.,  Uamlet,  il.  2. 

A  ilill  of  caviaifi  now  and  then, 
Which  breeds  choler  ailnst. 

Fletcher  {and  another),  Love's  Cure,  ill.  2. 
The  eggs  of  a  stui-geon,  being  salted,  ami  made  up  into 
a  mass,  were  fil"St  lironght  from  Constantinople  by  the 
Italians  ajul  calletl  caviare.  A'.  Greic,  Museum. 

Hark  ye  !  a  r.asher  of  bacon,  on  thy  life  I  a!id  some  pick- 
led sturgeon,  and  soure  ki-cut  and  caviar,  and  good  stning 
cheese.  ,  Landor,  Peter  the  Great. 

ca'vlaryt,  ».    Same  as  caviar. 

cavicom  ikav'i-kom).  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  cari- 
voniis.  <  L.  varus,  hollow  (see  cavv^).  +  coriiu 
=  E.  Iiorn.]  I.  (I.  Hollow-horned,  as  a  rumi- 
nant ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cavi- 
eornia. 

II.  H.  A  hollow-homed  nmiiuant;  specifi- 
cally, one  of  the  Cacicornia. 


Cavicornia 

Cavicornia  (Uav-i-kur'ni-ii),  H.  j)J.  [NL.  (Tlli- 
fjor,  1>>U),  iH'iit.  pi.  of  mvifornis :  seo  aivi- 
«())•«.]  The  lidUow-hornod  ruiriinants  eoiisid- 
croil  as  a  family  <>r  otlicr  zoiilogical  Rroup  of 
iiiamiiialM,  contrasting  with  the  soliii-horned 
rmniuauts,  or  ilocr,  Vcrviikc.  The  Cimimmia  are 
the  OXU1I,  sheep,  g<mU,  ami  antelopes  ;  anil  the  group  is 
exactly  conterminous  witll  llomda;  in  llie  now  current  ex- 
tended sense  of  the  latter  term.  'I'lie  horns  are  penna- 
nentnnd  two  or  four  iu  nunilier,  ajipi-ar  in  li<fth  sexes  or 
in  the  male  only,  and  consist  of  a  sheath  of  lioni  upon  a 
hony  core  forme<l  by  a  ]>roceS8  t)f  the  fnintallione.  'i'lle 
jtroni-horn  of  North  America,  Antilocapia  aiiierirana,  is 
anomalous,  having  horns  of  this  description  antl  l)enig 
thus  truly  cavieorn,  yet  shedding  its  hums  annually  like 

a  deer. 

Cavidse  (kav'i-de),  n.pl.    [NL.,  <  Cavia  +  -iiUe.] 

Saiuo  as  ('(ti'ii(t(i\ 

cavie',  cavey  (l^a'vi),  n.  [Sc,  =  D.  kcvie  =  G. 
k('ijiii,  kiifr,  Ol It ;.  ehcma,<  ML.  cavia  for  L.  earca, 
a  eago,  a  eavo :  soo  cavc^  and  c«(/(,'.]   A  lioucoop. 

Ahint  the  chicken  cavie,  Jiunts^  .Tolly  Beggars. 

cavie-  (kii'vi),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  jip.  nivicd,  ppr.  ca- 
'■.'/'".'/•  [Sc:  soo  cni't'2.]  1.  To  rear  orpranco, 
as  a  horsp. — 2.  To  toss  tlie  head,  or  to  walk 
with  an  airy  and  affected  stop.  Jamicson.  See 
cafe",  i\  t.,  2. 
caviid  (kav'i-id),  jj.     A  rodent  of  tho  family 

('(iriidir. 
Caviidae  (ka-vi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Cavia  + 
-((/(('.]  A  family  of  hystrieomorphio  simpliei- 
dout  mammals,  of  tho  order  llodciitia  or  Giins, 
peeuliar  to  South  America;  tho  cavies.  Exclud- 
ing the  caiiihara  as  type  (tf  a  separate  family  Iltnlnirhi-ri- 
tl(V,  the  Ciirii'tit;  are  characterized  hy  roniparativi-ly  short 
incisors  ami  hy  other  dental  and  cranial  prculiarities.  im- 
perfect clavicles  (commonly  said  to  lie  wanting),  very  short 
or  rudimentary  tail,  nncleft  upper  lip,  and  4-toed  fore 
feet  and  S-ttied  hind  feet,  hoth  ending  in  somewhat  hoof- 
like claws.  The  leading  genera  are  Cavia  and  Dotichotig. 
See  car;/.  Also,  h'ss  correctly,  Caviailir,  Caviilai. 
Caviinae  (kav-i-i'ne),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cavia  + 
-iHrt'.]  Tho  typical  subfamily  of  tho  family 
CaviitUc,  containing  the  cavies  proper,  when 
the  giant  cavy  or  capibara  is  retained  in  tho 
family:  equivalent  to  C'«t)M(?(C  without  tho  ge- 
nus HijilrochavHS. 
caviine  (kav'i-iu),  n.    Of  or  pertaining  to  tho 

cavies  or  ('aviidw. 
cavil',  II.     See  vavcl'^. 
cavil-,  w.     See  airrl'^. 

cavir'  (kiiv'il),  r.;  pret.  and  p]).  cnvilrd  or  cav- 
Hlt'd,  pi)r.  ciiviliiiij  or  aivilliiii/.  [<  OF.  cavil- 
ler =  Sp.  ciirihir  =  I'g.  cavillur  =  It.  eaviUarc, 
<  L.  cavillari,  jeer,  mock,  (piibble,  cavil,  <  ca- 
villa,  also  cdvillitiii,  a  jeering,  scoffing.]  I.  iii- 
traiis.  To  raise  captious  and  frivolous  o})jec- 
tious;  find  fatdt  without  good  reason;  carp: 
fretjueutly  followed  by  at. 

]!ut  in  the  way  of  hargaiu,  mark  ye  me, 
I'll  caciY  on  the  ninth  iiart  of  a  hair. 

.Shttk.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 
Let's  fight  it  out,  and  not  stand  cavilling  thus. 

Sliak.,  S  Hen.  VI.,  i.  I. 
He  s.ay3  much  that  many  may  dispute. 
And  cavil  at  with  ease,  hut  none  refute. 

Cowycv,  Truth. 
n.t   trans.   To  receive  or  treat  with  objec- 
tions ;  find  fault  with. 

Wilt  thou  enjoy  the  good, 
Then  cavH  the  conditions?  Milton,  V.  L.,  x.  759. 

cavil-^  (k.av'il),  n.  [<  cavil^,  v.  Cf.  L.  cavilUi, 
n.J  A  captious  or  frivolous  objection;  an  ex- 
ception taken  for  tho  sake  of  argiunent;  a  carp- 
ing argument. 

That's  but  a  cavil;  he  is  old,  I  young. 

SA«A-.,T.  ottheS.,  li.  1. 

The  caviU  of  prejudice  and  unbelief.  South. 

1  cannot  enlarge  on  every  point  wliich  brings  convic- 
tion to  my  own  mind,  nor  answer  at  length  every  cavil  or 
even  every  serious  argument. 

E.  .1.  Freeman,  .\mer.  Leets.,  p.  131. 

caviler,  caviller  (kav'il-er),  n.    One  who  cav- 
ils; one  who  is  apt  to  raise  captious  objec- 
tions; a  carping  disputant. 
Socrates  held  all  philosophers  cavilers  and  madmen. 

llurton,  Anat.  of  ,Mel.,  p.  107. 

The  candour  which  Horace  shows  is  that  «hi<-li  <listiu- 

guishes  a  critick  from  a  eavitltr.  Ait<li,i<in,  (inardian. 

caviling,  cavilling  (kav'il-ing),  n.     [Verbal  n. 

of  cavil'-',  I'.]  The  act  of  raising  captious  and 
frivolous  objections;  an  objection  of  a  caj)- 
tious  nature:  as,  "cavillings  and  menacings," 
Jir.  Tiiijlor  (?).  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  G6. 
ca'Tiling,  cavilling  (k.av'il-ing),  ;).  a.  [Ppr.  of 
ciivil''>,  v.}  Raising  frivolous  objections;  fault- 
finding. =3501.  r,i. -,,/»,/,  etc.    See  rnjirooK. 

cavilingly,  cavillingly  (kav'il-ing-11),  adv.  In 

a  caviling  manner. 
cavillationt  ( ka  v  -  i  -  la '  shon),  n.     [ME.  cavilla- 
ciouii,  cavilaciiin,  <  OF.  cnvillaciim.caviUaUiin  = 
F.  cavillalion  =  Pr.  cavilliaUo  =  Sp.  cavilacioit 


873 

=  Pg.  cavilla^iln  =  It.  cavilladonc,  <  L,  carilln- 
tii>(ii-),  <  cavillari,  pp.  cavillatus  :  see  citvil'-^,  )■.] 
Tho  act  or  practice  of  caviling  or  raising  cap- 
tious objections  ;  a  caviling  or  quibbling  ob- 
jection or  criticism. 

Withoutcn  fraude  or  caeillacioun. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  428. 

Who  should  doe  thus,  I  confcsse,  should  requite  tlie  oh- 
iectious  made  against  Poets,  with  like  eauillatifnjt  against 
Philosophers.  Sir  J'.  Sidm'i/,  Apol.  for  I'oetrie. 

Tarina  signified  his  consent  to  make  use  of  that  treaty 
as  a  basis,  "  provided  always  it  were  interpreted  healthily, 
and  not  dislocated  by  caviltatiunK  and  siidster  interpreta- 
tions." Mullen.  Dutch  Kcpublie,  111.  JJO. 

caviller,  cavilling,  etc.     See  caviler,  etc. 

caviloust,  cavilloust  (kav'il-us),  a.  [<  L.  cavil- 
h>siis,<.  cavilla:  see  cavil?,  »t.]  Captious;  apt  to 
object  or  criticize  without  good  reason ;  quib- 
bling.    Aijlijfc.     [Hare.] 

caviiouslyt,cavillouslyt(kav'il-us-li),  adv.  In 
a  cavilous  or  carpin<j  manner;  captiously:  as, 
"  caviUously  urged,"  Milton,  Art.  of  Peace  with 
Irish.     [Rare.] 

cavilousnesst,  cavillousnesst  (kav'il-us-nos), 

n.  Captiousness;  disposition  or  aptitude  to 
raise  fnvolotis  objections.     [Rare.] 

cavin(kav'in),  11.  [<  F.  cavin,  <  cnre,  <  L.  cavus, 
hollow:  see  carc"^,  cnijc.']  Milit.,  a  hollow  way 
or  natural  hollow,  adapted  to  cover  troops  and 
facilitate  their  approach  to  a  place. 

caving-rake  (ka'ving-rak),  n.  [<  caviiifi-s  -f 
ral:c.\  In  iifiri.,  a  rake  for  separating  the  cliaff 
or  cavings  from  grain  spread  out  on  a  barn- 
floor  or  a  threshing-floor.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cavings  (ka'vingz),  ?(.  pi.  [PI.  of  carinij.  verl)al 
n.  of  cave",  r.]  The  short  broken  straw  sepa- 
rated from  threshed  grain  by  means  of  the  ca- 
^^ng-  or  barn-rake  ;  chaff.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Cavitaria  (kav-i-ta'ri-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  nout. 
pi.  of  'cavitarius:  see  cavitari/,']  In  Ctivier's 
system  of  classification,  a  group  of  intestinal 
worms,  one  of  the  divisions  of  Knto:oa ;  the 
Cahhnintha  of  Owen.     See  cavitari/,  a.,  2. 

cavitary  (kav'i-tii-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  "cavi- 
tdviits,  <  L.  as  if  "cavitas:  see  caviti/  +  -«n/l.] 

1.  ft.  1.  Hollow;  caval;  cavernous;  having  a 
cavity;  specilically,  in  iK)?.,coelomatous;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  coeloma,  or  tho  perivisceral 
spiico  or  body-cavity;  having  a  body-cavity. 

Cert^iin  jiortinirs  of  tho  hollow  cavitary  system,  which 
forms  the  lia'Mia!  passages,  are  converte<l  into  contractile 
vessels  by  the  development  of  muscles  in  their  walla. 

Getjenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  .'•1. 

2.  Having  an  enteric  cavity  or  intestinal  tract ; 
enteric ;  intestinal.  Formerly  specifically  applied  to 
the  eavitaries,  (ir  (Certain  intestinal  parasitic  worms  (in- 
testinal in  the  sense  of  having  an  intestine  of  their  own, 
not  as  inhabiting  the  intestines  of  other  animals),  as  the 
threadworms  or  Newatoidea,  a.s  distinguished  from  the 
auenterons  worms,  as  the  tapeworms  and  Uukes,  which 
have  m)  intestinal  cavity. 

II.  H.  A  worm  or  entozoiin  having  an  in- 
testinal canal  in  a  distinct  abdominal  ca^^ty  ; 
one  of  the  Cavitaria. 

ca'Vitied(kav'i-tid),  n.  l<.  cavity  + -cd^.l  Hav- 
ing cavities;  .specifically,  having  an  intestinal 
cavity ;  cavitary,  as  tho  nematoid  wonns  or  eav- 
itaries.    Owen. 

cavity  (kav'i-ti),  «. ;  pi.  cavities  (-tiz).  [<  F. 
cavitc  =  Sp.  "caridnil  =  Pg.  cavidadc  =  It.  cavi- 
ta,  <  L.  as  if  *cn vitas,  <  cavu.i,  hollow :  see cave^.'] 
1.  A  hollow  place  ;  a  hollow;  a  void  or  em])ty 
space  in  a  body  :  as,  the  abdominal  cavity ;  the 
thoracic  cavity:  the  cavity  ot  the  mouth. —  2t. 
The  state  of  being  hollow;  hollo wness. 

The  cavity  or  hollowness  of  the  place. 

Goodwin,  Works,  III.  5C5. 
Amniotic  cavity.  See  /rmiioid'c—Araclinold  cavity, 
an  old  name  for  the  subdural  space.— Ajdal  cavity,  bran- 
chial  cavity,  buccal   cavity.       See    the  adjective.^.— 

Cleavage  cavity.  See  r/.nin.?,-.— Cousonating  cavi- 
ties. See  i-.owHHdii';.-  Digital  cavity,  henial  cavity, 
medullary  cavity,  eti-.    see  the  a<ljeetives, 

caviuna-wood  (kav-i-o'niUwud),  «.  A  species 
of  rosewood  obtained  from  Dalberijia  niijra,  a 
tall  leguminous  tree  of  Brazil. 

Cavolinia  (kav-o-lin'i-ii),  H.  [NL.,  <  Cavolini, 
an  Italian  naturalist.]"  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Carnliniidiv:  sy- 
nonymous with  Ilyalaa.  C. 
Irid'intiita  is  an  e.xample. 

cavoliniid  (kav-o-lin'i-id),  n. 
A  jiteropod  of  the  family 
CavotiniidiC. 

Cavoliniidae  (kav'o-li-ni'i- 
<le).  ".  /'/.  [NL.  (D'Orbigny, 
lS4i;),  <  Cavolinia  +  -ida:\ 
A  family  of  thecosomatous 
pteropod's  with  large  lobate  fins,  an  abdominal 
brtmchial  pouch,  no  operculigerous  lobe,  three 
rows  of  teeth,  tho   lateral  unciform,  and  an 


Catvltnia  triieHtata. 


Caxton 

inojterculate  non-spiral  symmetrical  shell:  sy- 
iirmymoiis  witb  Ilyalaidiv. 

cavolinite  ( kav-6-le'nit),  n.  [<  Cavolini,  an  Ital- 
i;in  naliiriilist,  -1-  -He".]     Samo  as  nejinclitc. 

cavo-rilievo  (kil'vo-re-lyii'vo),  n.  [It.,  <  cave, 
hollow,  +  rilievo,  relief:  see  aictl  and  relief.  Cf. 
alto-rilicio,  hassa-rilievo,  bas-reliej'.'\  In  .sculp., 
a  kind  of  relief  in  which  the  highest  surface  is 
level  with  the  plane  of  the  original  stone,  which 
is  left  around  tlio  outlines  of  tlie  design.  .Sculp- 
ture of  this  kind  is  much  ejiiplrjyed  ftl  the  decoration  ol 
the  walls  of  Kgyptiau  temples.  Also  written  cavo-reticvo, 
ami  also  cailcil  ciklana<jliii'h\c  sculpture. 

Porphyritic  monoliths,  skilfully  tilled  in  eavorelievo  with 
symbolic  groups.  Kneyc.  Aincr.,  I.  281. 

cavort  (ka-vArf),  V.  i.  [Saiil  to  be  a  corruption 
of  enrvet.]  1.  To  curvet;  prtuice  about:  said 
of  a  horse.  Hence  —  2.  To  bustle  about  nim- 
bly or  eagerly :  said  of  a  person.    [Aiuer.  slang.  ] 

They  Ithe  soldiers]  have  cavorted  aroinid  the  suburbs  in 
BUlticient  numbers  to  pill.age  with  impunity. 
liichmoml  Dinpatch,  copied  in  N.  Y.  llerald,  June  9, 1862. 

cavum  (kii'vum),  V. ;  pi.  cava  (-vji).  [L.,  neut. 
o{  cavus,  hollow:  seoc«i'<l.]  In  I'niiit.,  a  hollow; 
the  cavity  of  any  organ  :  chielly  used  with  ref- 
erence to  tho  cavities  or  sinuses  of  tho  heart, 
with  a  Latin  adjective. 

In  all  Rcptilia,  except  crocodiles,  there  is  but  one  ven- 
tricular cavity  [of  the  heart],  tliongh  it  may  be  divided 
more  or  less  distinctly  into  a  earum  reiiKKuni  and  a  cavum 
arleriosum.  .  .  .  The  aorti*^  arches  and  the  fnilmonary 
artery  all  arise  friuu  the  earittit  eenosum,  or  a  special  sub- 
division of  that  cavity  called  the  earum  pulmtmaU'. 

Jluxlei/,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  88. 

cavy  (ka'vi),  v. ;  pi.  cavies  (-\'iz).  [See  Cavia.'] 
A  rodent  of  the  genus  Cavia  or  family  Cariidw. 
There  arc  several  species,  of  which  the  guinea-pig,  C.  co- 
iMii/a,  is  the  best  knipwu.— GlaEt  cavy,  or  water-cavy, 

thecapil>ai-ainliirii  >ee).  — Mountain  cavy,''iieoi  biilin- 
fH.vi'A'.— Patagoiiian  cavy,  "i*  nmm,  J><'tirii>>iiy  jiataeho- 
nt'CT.— Restless  cavy, ''<ie.(M!;..r,'.i.—Rock-cavy,t'«i'Mi 

rujiottyijt,  of  Ihazil.  —  Southern  cavy,  t'uri'a  autitrulis. 

ca'Wl,  ka'W  (ka),  v.  i.  [Formerly  also  Laa :  imi- 
tative of  the  soimd.  Similar  imitative  forms 
occtir  in  many  and  diverse  languages  to  ex- 
l)ress  tho  cry  of  or  as  a  name  for  the  crow  and 
other  corvine  birds.  Cf .  croak,  and  see  caddow, 
coc'^,  clioiir/li,  and  daw'^.]  To  cry  like  a  crow, 
rook,  raven,  or  jackdaw. 

Like  a  jackilaw,  that  when  he  lights  upon 
A  dainty  morsel,  kaa's  and  makes  his  brag. 

Chajnitan,  All  I'ools,  liL  1. 

The  building  rook  'ill  caw  from  the  windy  t.all  elm-tree, 
Ami  the  tufted  plover  pipe  along  the  fallow  lea, 

Tennyson,  May  Queen,  ii. 

caw^,  ka'W  (kii),  «.  [<  eaw^,  kair,  r.]  The  cry 
of  till'  crow,  rook,  raven,  or  jackilaw. 

ca'W-  (ka),  V.  t.  [Sc,  =  co2.i  'fo  drive  :  as,  to 
caw  a  nail;  to  caw  cattle  to  market.  Often  ;ilj- 
breviated  to  ca\  [Scotch.]  —To  caw  one's  hogs 
to  the  hill,  to  snore. 

ca'wass,  ".     See  cavass. 

ca'wcluet,  ».     Au  obsolete  form  of  causeway. 

cawf,  ".     See  caiif. 

ca'wk,  ».     See  cauk^,  1. 

ca'Wker  (ka'ker),  n.     (Same  as  calk^. 

cawky,  a.     See  canky. 

cawlt,  ".     An  old  spelling  of  caul^. 

ca'wney,  cawny  (ka'ni),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  A  mea- 
sure of  land  used  in  some  parts  of  India,  and 
varying  slightly  according  to  locality.  In  tho 
Madras  jiresidency  it  is  equal  to  l.Ii.'i  acres. 

cawqua'W  (ka'kwa),  n.  [Anier.  Ind.  name.] 
Tlie  ur.'ion,  or  Canadian  porcupine,  Krelhi^on 
dorsatuni,  whose  spines  are  often  used  for  or- 
namentation by  the  Indians,  its  chief  food  consists 
of  living  bark,  which  it  strips  frtuii  the  branches  as  cIcAuly 
as  if  a  sharp  knife  had  been  used.  It  begins  with  the  high- 
est branches  and  eats  its  way  regularly  down.  One  caw- 
ipiaw  will  destroy  a  hundred  trees  in  a  single  season.  See 
cut  under  poretijiine. 

Cazo,  cazon^  (kak'so,  -son), «.  [<  Sp.  cajon,  for- 
merly caxon,  a  chest  (=  Pg.  caixiio  =  F.  <'«w- 
siin  =  It.  cassonc:  see  cais.ion  and  ca.isooii),  aug. 
of  caja,  formerly  cajca  =  Pg.  caixa,  a  chest,  = 
E.  case",  q.  v.]  A  chest  of  burnt  and  ground 
ores.     ilcElratli,  Com.  Diet. 

caxon-(kak'soii),  H.  [Origin  obscure.]  An  old 
cant  term  for  a  wig. 

He  had  two  wigs,  iMith  pedantic,  but  of  different  omen. 
The  one  serene,  smiling,  fresh  jMiwdered,  betokening  a 
mild  ilay.  I'lie  other,  an  cdd,  discoloured,  uultempt,  angry 
caxon,  denoting  frciiuent  and  bloody  execution. 

Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

Caxton  (kaks'ton).  »i.  The  name  applied  to  any 
book  printed  liy  William  Caxton  (died  ]4!)1  or 
1492),  originally  an  English  merchant  in  the 
Netherlands,  who  in  advanced  age  learned  the 
art  of  printing  and  introduced  it  into  England. 
The  raxlonii  ale  all  in  black-letter.  The  ■■  Keeiiyell  of  the 
Historyesof  Troye."  translated  from  the  Kreiieh  and  print- 
ed by  t'lUtou  either  ut  Bruges  or  t'ulogue.  probably  iu  1-174, 


Cazton 


iBConsldercd theearllcst fiiK.  iTiuiuif  typopTiipliy In  thcF.nK- 
Huh  liiiiKimj-'i'.  "Theliiinionnil  I'liiyfiif  the  I'Iicssl-,   pnntci 
liy  him  in  1474-0,  w:ia  tllu  sei-uiid  English  liook  pnilted,  and 
"The  Dictes  iind  Snyi^^'s<lf  tliu 
Philiisophcre,"  printed  by  liini 
ot  \\  estiniustcr  In    1477,  wiis 
pinlmbly  tile  tlrst  work  printed 
in  Enuliind.    Tlie  list  (if  known 
pnlilieationB  printed    liy  him 
Ironi  1474  tn  141)0  includes  sev- 
enty-one titles.    Some  uf  them 
were    translated    by    himself 
from  the  Freneh  and  Dutch. 
cay  (ka),  H.    [<  Sp.  caiin ; 
E.  usually  written  Unj : 
seo  kni'-^,   gii'iy-l     Same 
as  kctj^.     [Rare.] 

Its  harhonr  is  formed  by  a 
Ions  can,  called  IIoK  Island, 
which  strct<die3  for  three  miles 
from  eiust  to  west,  about  half 
a  mile  from  the  shore. 

Furtiwihliv  »•».,  N.  S., 
(XXXIX.  176. 

caya  (kii'.vji),  «.•     [Native  name.] 


satinwood  obtained  from  San  Domingo, 
cayagiiunt,  »•     [ML-]     I"  old  Eng.  law,  a  toll 

or  duty  exacted  by  the  king  for  landing  goods 

at  a  i|uav. 

Cayenne  pepper.    See  pqjpcr. 
Cayleyan  (kii'le-an),  ».     [<  Cayley  (see  def.) 


874 

ice,  advice,  device,  etc.,  and  the  plurals  lice, 

mice,  or  (//)  of  the  original  plural  Rufli.\  -.v2,  -ra'-*, 
in  (lice,  pnicc :  erroneously  spelled  -ct  in  con- 
formity with  that  termination  in  words  of 
French  origin.    See  -cv^,  etc. 

^;e'*,  [MK.  -cc,  often  -sc,  <  OP.  -ce,  <  L.  -tins, 
-till,  -Hum,  or  -cius,  -cia,  -ciiim,  as  in  tertiiis, 
tcrliii,  tcrtium,  jmtitia,  solatium,  etc.]  The 
ttn-niinal  element  of  many  words  derived 
through  Freneh  from  Latin,  as  in  tierce,  justice, 
solace,  ahscnce,  etc.,  occurring  especially  in 
the  suffixes  -ace,  -ice,  -ance  (which  see) 
also  -cy.  .  .     ^, 

-ce-i.  A  termination  of  other  origin  than  as 
above,  jjarticularly  in  feuce,  defence,  offence, 
pretence,  expencc,  etc.  ihc  lust  remains  unchanged ; 
the  last  is  now  always  and  the  others  are  frcipiently,  ac- 
cording to  their  etymology  (-owe,  <  F.  -eiwe,  <  L.  -muia), 
spelle<l  with  Jf. 

The  chemical  symbol  for  cerium. 

C.  E.     An  abbre-siation  of  Civil  Emjinccr. 
A  kind  of  Cean  (se'an),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  Ceus,  pertaining 


Oebrio 

ceaselessly  (ses'les-Ii),  axlv.     Incessantly  ;  per- 

i>olually. 

Flowers 
Still  blooming  cemelaiKly. 

Ijrummund,  The  Fairest  Fair. 


A  Device  of  William  C.ixtoti. 
/K  C.  represent  the  initials 
of  his  name.  The  nide  form 
of  the  fijjures  74.  in  the  center, 
is  supposed  to  mean  the  year 
1474,  when  he  liegan  as  a  print- 
er. The  small  letters,  s,  c,  are 
interpreted  by  some  as  Sn'iC' 
ta  Colonia  (Coloijnc.  the  city 
alleged  as  the  one  in  which  he 
was  taucht  printing):  by  others 
aS5te'V/»wCrrjr/<J»iIi'.  the  seal 
of  Caxton.  ( From  Hansard's  ft g 
"  Typographia." )  ' 


to  Cert  (G'r.  Ktwf,  later  Km),  now  Zia,  one  of  the 
Cyelades,  the  bu-thplace  of  Simonides.]  I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Grecian  island  of  Ceos: 
specifically  applied  to  the  poet  Simonides,  born 
in  Ceos  in  the  sixth  centiu-y  B.  c. 
II.  «.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Ceos. 


4-  -o«.]     In  math",  a  cm-ve  of  the  sLxth  order  Ceanothus  (se-a-no' thus),   n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 


and  third  class,  invented  by  the  English  mathe 
matician  Arthur  Cayley  (1853),  and  called  by 
him  the  pippian.  It  is  the  envelop  of  the  pairs 
of  right  lines  which  constitute  polar  conies  rela- 
tive to  any  cubic  curve. 

Cayley's  theorem.    See  theorem. 

cayman  (ka'man),  n.  [<  Sp.  caiman  =  Pg.  cai- 
mdo  =  F.  caiman;  from  the  native  Guiana 
name.]     A  name  applied  popularly  to  the  alii 


KedfUluc,  a  name  applied  by  Theophrastus  to 
a  kind  of  thistle.]  A  genus  of  rhanmaceous 
slu'ubs,  natives  of  North  America,  and  espe- 
cially of  California.  They  are  free  bloomers, 
species  are  occasionally  cultivated  for  ornament.  The 
leaves  of  the  common  species  of  the  Atlantic  States,  C. 
Americaims,  known  as  New  Jersey  tea  or  red-root,  liave 
been  used  as  a  substitute  for  tea.  The  root  is  a  useful 
astringent  and  furnishes  a  reddish  dye.  The  bine  myrtle 
if  California,  C.  thyrsi liortis,  becomes  a  small  tree. 


eators  of  the  West  Indies  and  South  America,  cease  (ses),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ceased,  ppr.  ccas- 


but  properly  only  to  Crucodilus  or  Caiman  pal- 
pehrosus  and  C.  trigonatus  (Cuvier).  See  alli- 
gator. 

caynardt,  kaynardt,  »i-.  [ME.]  A  wretch;  a 
rascal ;  a  good-for-nothing. 

cayote  (ka-yo'te),  n.    Same  as  coyote. 

caytivet,  «."and  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  caitiff. 

cayuse(ki-us'),  Ji.  [Amer.  Ind.  name.]  Apony 
or  small  horse ;  speeitically,  an  Indian  pony  of 
the  peculiar  breed  formerly  in  use  among  the 
Cayuse  Indians  of  the  northern  Rooky  Moun- 
tains.    [Northwestern  U.  S.] 

With  one  last  wicked  shake  of  the  head  the  wiry  ctij/Kse 
breaks  into  his  easy  lope,  and  away  go  horse  and  rider. 

Ilarper's  Mag.,  LXXI.  190. 

A  common  Indian  pony  is  called  a  cayuse,  one  of  the  few 

terms  which  stack-men  have  inherited  from  the  tribes.   It 

has  come  to  be  used  in  a  depreciative  sense,  being  applied 

to  any  i>"iir.  broken-down  jade.  L.  Swinbur/ie. 

cazi,  cauzi  (ka'zi),  n.  [Variously  written  cau- 
r//,  cau::ec,  ka:y,  qa:ec,  etc.,  more  precisely  ta,;f, 
Hind.  dial,  kaji,  repr.  Turk,  qadi,  qd:i,  Ar.  qadi 
(palatal  d,  resembling  r),  a  judge,  the  som-ce 
also  of  E.  kadi  and  alcalde,  q.  v.]  One  of  two 
high  oflBeers  of  the  Tm-kish  government  who 
preside  in  the  high  court  of  Moslem  sacred  law 
at  Constantinople,  and  are  the  next  in  author- 
ity to  the  sheikh  ul  Islam,  who  is  the  chief  re- 
ligious and  doctrinal  authority. 

cazimi  (ka-ze'mi),  «.  [Perhaps  of  Ar.  origin: 
cf.  Ar.  qalb,  heart,  shams,  sun.]  In  astroL,  the 
heart  of  the  sun ;  the  part  of  the  zodiac  within 
17  minutes  of  the  center  of  the  sun. 

cazique  (ka-zek'),  n.     See  cacique. 

cazo  (Sp.  pron.  ka'tho),  n.  [Sp.,  of  Teut.  ori- 
gin, from  same  ult.  sotirce  as  E.  kettle :  see 
casserole  and  kettle.'i  A  copper  vessel  or  cal- 
dron in  which  ores  of  silver  are  treated  in  the 
hot  process. 

cazzon  (kaz'on),  JI.     Same  as  casings. 

Cb.     Th<'  chemical  symbol  for  ruhimliiiim. 

C.  B.     An  abbreviation  of   Cumpaniou  of  the  ceaset  (ses), 


(«(/.  [<  ME.  ceesen,  cesen  (also  ccsscn,  scssen, 
whence  obs.  ces«l,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  cesser,  F.  cesser 
=  Pr.  cessai;  sessar  =  Sp.  ccsar  =  Pg.  cessar  = 
It.  ccssare,  <  L.  cessare,  loiter,  go  slowly,  cease, 
freq.  of  cedere,  pp.  cessus,  go  away,  withdraw, 
yield:  see  cede]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  stop  mov- 
ing, acting,  or  speaking;  leave  off;  give  over; 


ceaselessness  (ses'les-ncs),  n.  [<  ceaseless  + 
-(K.V.S.]  1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
ceaseless,  or  without  cessation  or  Intel-mission; 
incessancy. —  2.  The  state  or  condition  of  en- 
during forever ;  endlessness. 
.„  cebadilla,  «.  See  ceradilUi. 
See  cebellt,  "■  In  music,  a  melody  for  the  lute  or 
violin  in  quadruple  rhythm  and  in  jthrases  of 
four  bars  each,  distinguished  by  more  or  less 
alternation  of  very  high  and  very  low  notes. 

cebid  (seb'id),  n.  A  monkey  of  the  family  Ce- 
hidw. 

Cebidae  (seb'i-de),  «.  ]il.  [NL.,  <  Cehus  +  -idee.'] 
A  family  of  new-world  monkeys,  the  platjT- 
rhine  simians,  distinguished  by  their  denti- 
tion from  the  old-world  monkeys,  having  one 
premolar  more  on  each  side  of  each  jaw  than 
the  latter,  or  36  teeth  in  all.  Tlie  nose  is  Hat- 
tened  anil  has  a  broad  septum,  thus  rendering  the  nos- 
trils proportionally  discrete  ;  the  bony  me,itus  of  the  ex- 
ternal ear  is  reduced  to  an  annular  tympanic  bone ;  the 
thumb  is  undeveloped,  or  not  perfectly  apposable ;  the 
tail  in  most  cases  is  prehensile  ;  and  both  cheek-pouches 
and  ischial  callosities  .are  absent.  In  current  usage  all 
American  Qnailnimana  except  the  marmosets, or  J/irfirf<B, 
are  includeil  in  the  Cebidce.  Ihey  are  divided  into  the 
sul>faniilies  Mycetince,  Cebime,  Syctipitlteci7itt,iini\  I'ithe- 
ciinef.  There  are  eleven  living  genera,  and  the  species  are 
^  numerous, 

and  some  ceMdichthyid   (seb-i-dik'thi-id),  n.     A  fish  of 
the  faiiiilv  Vehidichthyida:. 

Cebidichthyidae  (seb"i-dik-thi'i-de),  ».  jA. 
[NL.,  <  Cebidichtlujs  +  -ida'.']  A  family  of  blen- 
nioid  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Cchidichthys. 
The  only  species,  C.  viotacens,  belongs  to  the  superfamily 
Blcnnioidea,  and  has  an  elongated  body  with  numerous 
vertebrae,  the  dorsal  fin  divided  into  spinous  and  soft  por- 
tions, no  ventrals,  and  pyloric  ca:ca.  The  species  is  Cali- 
foriiiaii. 

Cebidichthyinae  (seb-i-dik-thi-i'ne),  ».  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Cebidichthys  +  -ina:']  A  subfamily  of 
fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Cebidichthys, 
referred  to  the  family  Blcnniida-:  same  as  Cebi- 

diclithyida: 


desist;  come  to  rest:  followed  by /row  before  Cebidichthys  (seb-i-dik'this),  «.     [NL.  (W.  O. 

,_,_.__   _..ji,_  Ayres,  185G),  <  Gr.  K?;,iof,  a  monkey  (see  Cf6«A-), 

+  ixSi'C,  a  fish.]  The  typical  genus  of  fishes 
of  the  family  Ccbidichthyida- :  so  called  because 
the  face  was  supposed  to  resemble  a  monkey's. 
Cebinse  (se-bi'ne),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ccbus  +  -ina.'i 
Thetnucal  subfamily  of  Ccfc/ffd',  containing  the 
prehensile-tailed  monkeys  of  America.  They 
have  the  hyoid  bone  and  associate  structures  moderate 
(thus  excluding  the  Myctliiio!  or  howlers) ;  the  uicisors  not 


a  noun:  as,  cease  from  anger,  labor,  strife. 

He  walketh  round  about  froiu  place  to  place  and  cens- 

etii  not.  Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

We  cease  to  grieve,  cease  to  he  fortune's  slaves. 

Nay,  cease  to  die  by  dying.     Webster,  White  Devtl,  v.  2. 

Tlie  lives  of  all  who  cease  from  combat,  spare.    Drydcn. 

The  ministers  of  Christ  have  ceased  Jrom  their  labors. 

Bj>.  Sprat. 

2.  To  come  to  an  end ;  terminate ;  become  ex- 
tinct; pass  away:  as,  the  wonder  ceases;  the 
storm  has  ceased. 

For  naturall  affection  soone  doth  ccsse. 
And  quenched  Is  with  Cupids  greater  flame. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  ix.  2. 

I  would  make  the  remembrance  of  them  to  cease  from 

among  men.  Deut.  xxxii.  26. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  villages  ceased,  they  ceased  in 

Israel.  Judges  v.  7. 

Preaching  in  the  first  sence  ot  the  word  ceas'd  as  soon  as 

ever  the  Gospels  were  written.    Selden,  Table-T.alk,  p.  91. 

II.  trans.  To  put  a  stop  to  ;  put  an  end  to  ; 
bring  to  an  end:  as,  cease  your  clamor;  he 
ceased  debate.  [Now  chiefly  used  with  ref- 
erence to  self-restraining  or  self-limiting  ac- 
tion.] 

And  in  the  Gulfe  .aforseyd,  .Seynt  Elyne  kest  on  of  the 
holy  nayles  in  to  the  see  to  sca^e  the  tempest. 

Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  67. 
I  go  thus  from  thee,  ami  will  never  cease 
My  vengeance  till  I  find  thy  heart  at  peace. 

Beau,  ami  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  2. 
But  he,  her  fears  to  cease. 
Sent  down  the  meek-eyed  Peace. 

Milton,  Nativity,  1.  45. 

Cessation : 


Bath.     See  bathX. 

C.  C.  An  abbreviation  of  County  Commissioner 
and  of  County  Court. 

C.  C.  P.  An  abbreviation  of  Court  of  Common 
Pleas. 

Cd.    The  chemical  symbol  for  cadmium. 

cd.  In  anat.,  an  abbreviation  used  in  vertebral 
formulas  for  caudal,  or  coccygeal:  as,  cd.  12 
(that  is,  12  caudal  vertebrae). 

-ce^.  [<  ME.  -s,  -cs,  <  AS.  -f,s ;  see  -si  and -rsi.] 
A  disguised  modern  spelling  of  the  genitive 
sufli.x  -si,  -csl,  as  used  adverbially  in  hence, 
thence,  whence,  once,  twice,  thrice:  erroneously 
spelled  -cc  in  conformity  with  that  termination 
in  words  of  French  origin.  See  -ce^,  -cc*,  and 
-ce*. 

-ce".  [<  ME.  -s,  -es :  see  -s-,  -c«2.]  A  disguised 
spelling  (a)  of  origiual  final  -s  (of  the  root)  in 


[<  cease,  t'.] 


ex- 


tinction; failure. 

The  cease  of  majesty 
Dies  not  alone ;  but,  like  a  gulf,  doth  draw 
What  s  near  it  w ith  it.  Slialc.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 

ceaseless  (ses'les),  a.  [<  cease  +  -Icss.'i  1. 
Without  a  stop  or  pause  ;  incessant;  contiuual ; 
that  never  stops  or  intermits;  unending;  never 
ceasing. 

All  these  with  ceaseless  praise  his  works  behold. 

Millun,  P.  h.,  iv.  679. 


Wearying  with  ceaseless  prayers  the  gods  above. 
Witliain  Morris.  Earthly  Paradise,  I, 


il8. 


The  victim  of  ceaseless  intrigues,  who  neither  compre- 
hended his  position,  nor  that  of  their  country. 

Disraeli,  Coningsby,  ii.  1. 

2.  Endless;  enduring  forever :  as,  the  ctaic/css 
joys  of  heaven. 

Thou  ceaseless  lackey  to  eternity. 

Sliak.,  Lucrece,  1.  OCT. 


Capucine  Monkey  [Cetus  capucinus), 

proclivmis ;  the  posterior  cerebral  lobes  overlapping  the 
cerebellum ;  and  the  cerebral  convolutions  well  marked. 
The  genera  are  Cebus,  Sapajou  (or  Atcles),  Jiriodes  (or 
Braclnitrtrs),  and  Laiiulhri-X. 

Ceblep3n:inae  (seb-lep-i-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  (NL. 
(Swainson,  1837),  <  Ccblepyris  +  -inw.'i  A  sub- 
family of  birds,  the  catei-jiillar-htmters:  a  loose 
SNTionym  of  Campophagina'. 

ce'blepyrine  (seb-lep '  i-i-in),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ceblepyrince ; 
campophagine. 

Ceblepyris  (seb-lep 'i-ris),  «.  [NL.  (Cmier, 
1817),  <  Gr.  Kcp-ij-jTvpi^,  the  redcap,  redpoll,  a 
bird,  <  KC,i'Ajj,  contr.  of  Kitfalij,  head,  -I-  Trvp  =  E. 
tire.']  A  generic  name  given  by  Cuvier  to  the 
birds  he  called  caterpillar-hunters:  a  loose  syn- 
onjTii  of  Campophaga,  sometimes  still  employed 
for  some  section  of  that  large  genus.  Also  writ- 
ten Ccblephi/ris,  Ccblepyrus. 

Cebrio(seb'ri-d),  )i.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Ccbrionida;  ha\-ing  the  labrum 
separate  from  the  front,  and  the  fore  tibia?  en- 
tire. C.  bicolor  inhabits  the  southern  United 
States. 


Cebrioaidae 
Cebrionidse  (sob-n-ou'i-iio),  "•  ;>'•    [NL.,  <  Cc- 

hriii(it-)  +  -idir.]  Al'aiiiily of iimlacodi'i'iniitoim 
jn'iilarncrous  <M»l(M)i)t('i-uiis  insects,  related  to 
Uui  ICIahridiv.  {which  soo),  but  having  six  ab- 
(Uiminal  soK'nonts,  wi'll-devolopoil  tibial  spurs, 
anterior  tibiu!  exjiamU'd  at  the  apex,  ami  tho 
hilinmi  eliiso  to  the  front. 

Cebus  (so'bus),  H.  [NL.  (Erxleben,  1777),  <  Or. 
Kt/Aiir,  also  i^'iTTor,  a  loiifi-tailed  monkey:  see  «/)(.] 
Tho  typical  ;;<'niis  of  the  iamily  ('( hidiii  and  sub- 
family Ccbiiiii',  eontaininf;  the  onlinary  prehen- 
sile-tailed and  thumlied  South  American  mon- 
keys. The  monkeys  eanied  alTout  by  or^an- 
grindors  generally  belong  to  this  genus.  See 
cut  luider  ' 'ihiiiiv. 

cecal,  cecally.    See  cwca^,  ccecally. 

cecchint,  ""•    See  sequin. 

Cecidomyia  (ses"i-do-mI'i-!i),  n.  [NL.  (Meizcn, 
lSli:i),  <  (ir.  Kijuig  (Kt/Kii'i-),  a  gallnut  (produced 
by  tho  oozing  of  sap  from  puiictiu-es  made  by 
insects;  cf.  m/Ki^,  jniee,  '>'/'"£"',  gush  forth),  + 
ftvia,  a  fly.]  A  genus  of  nemoeerous  Diptcra, 
or  small  two-wingod  flies,  typical  of  the  family 
I'cciiiiiiiiiiiidiv,  containing  such  as  tho  Hessian- 
fly,  ('.  ik.ttrui'lor,  noted  for  tho  ravages  of  its 
larvai  upon  crops,  c.  tritk-i  is  tlie  wlieatlly.  The 
genus  coniprisi's  a  vast  iiunibtT  of  minute,  sleniler-lKulieii 
midges,  wliicli  are  of  special  interest  on  account  of  tlieir 


Clovcr'Seed  Midge  {Cecidomyia  lef^iminicoln). 

a,  female  lly,  highly  iiiai^iiifieil ;  ti,  c,  d,  head,  tip  of  ovipositor,  and 

aiiteiiiial  joints,  oil  still  larger  scale. 

mnile  of  life,  tlie  pei'iiliiir  structure  cxliitiitcd  in  tlie  larvte, 
ami  tile  economic  imiiortanee  attaclied  to  several  species. 
In  most  cases  the  feiii;iK-  htys  tier  eiiu's  in  the  stems,  leaves, 
or  Imds  of  various  pluiils,  ipniauciiia  ;;all-likc  exerescenees 
of  various  forms,  iuhatiited  iiy  tin-  larvie.  These  are  sub- 
cyliiiilrieal,  le^^less  j^rubs,  mostly  of  a  reddish  or  yellow 
color,  and  are  furuislled  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  thoracic 
joints  with  a  corneous  plate,  usually  forked,  eallcd  the 
breast-bone.  .Some  species,  however,  do  not  pi-ndiiee  flails, 
and  among  these  tlie  most  familiar  are  the  llfssiaii-tly  and 
the  clover-seed  mid^e,  C.  Irjitininii-Kta  (Lintner),  which 
latter  infests  the  seeds  of  clover,  causing  great  damage  in 
the  more  northern  parts  of  tlie  United  States.  See  also 
cut  under  /7i/2. 

cecidomylan  (ses"i-do-mi'i-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  Cc- 
cidoiiiiiid  +  -flit.']  I.  a.  Gall-making,  as  a  fly 
of  tlie  family  Cccidoiiii/iidtr;  of  or  pertaining  to 
this  family  of  insects. 

II.  II.   A  member  of  the  genus  Cecidomyia; 
a  ceciiloiiiyiid. 

cecidomyiid  (ses"i-do-mi'i-id),  n.  Amemberof 
the  t'aiiiily  ('rcidoiin/iiihv. 

Cecidomyiidse  (ses  "i-do-mi-i'i-de),  ti.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Cirid'iiiii/iii  +  -idw.]  '  The  family  of  nemoee- 
rous di|iterous  insects  of  which  the  genus  Ceci- 
diiiiijiia  is  the  type ;  the  gall-tUes.  They  are  most- 
ly ga'll-inakers,  pi-oducing  excresceuces  by  piercing  soft 
growing  wood  with  their  ovipositors  and  laying  their  eggs 
in  the  punctures. 

cecidomyiidous  (ses"i-do-mi-i'i-dus), «.  [<  ced- 
diiiiii/iid  +  -mis.]  Pertaining  to  or  produced 
by  l;he  ( 'iridmni/iidiB  or  gall-fiies :  as,  a  cccido- 
iinjiiiloii.t  gall. 

Cecilia,  Ceciliae,  etc.    See  Cwcilin.  etc. 

cecils  (se'silz).  «.  jil.  [Appar.  from  the  name 
I'cril.]  In  ciiiihcrii,  minced  meat,  crumbs  of 
bread,  onions,  chopped  parsley,  etc.,  with  sea- 
soning, made  up  into  balls  and  fried. 

cecity  (se'sj-  or  ses'i-ti),  n.  [Also  ca-riti/,  af- 
ter the  L. ;  <  F.  ccciie  =  Pr.  rcciini,  c<niii'tat  = 
Sp.  I'ciiiit'diid  (of.  Pg.  ccgiwira)  =  lt.  cccitd,  <  L. 
viitHii.i.  blindness,  <  cacus,  blind:  see  C(BCM»i.] 
Blindness.     [Now  rare.] 

There  is  in  them  [raoles]  no  ceeity.  yet  more  than  a  ce- 
cutiency.  Sir  T.  Browixe,  Vnlg.  Err.,  iii.  IS. 

Here  |iu  Arabia),  as  in  Egypt,  a  blind  .Muezzin  is  pre- 
ferred, and  many  ridiculous  stories  are  told  about  men 
who  for  years  have  counterfeited  ri'cilil  to  live  in  idleness. 
/(.  F.  Burton.  I'.l-Mcdinah,  ji.  3S3. 

cecograph  (so'ko-graf),  h.  [<  F.  cccographc,  < 
L.  <■(('(■«.<,  blind,  +  (Ir.  j/ui^fa'.  write.']  A  writ- 
ing-machine for  the  blind.     £.  11.  Kniijht. 


875 
cecomorph  (so'ko-mOrf),  n.    One  of  tho  Ccco- 

lllttlptui  . 

Cecomorphae  (so-ko-mor'fe),  n.  pi.    [NL.  (Hux- 

k.'y,  1SI)7),  <  (ir.  xr/i  (»'//;-),  var.  Kain£,  Kni')/l,  Kf/vi 
(see  Cciix),a  sea-bird,  perhaps  tho  tarn  organ- 
net,  +  /ii'iKJi'/,  form.]  A  superfamily  group  of 
jmlmiped  schizognathous  earinate  birds,  in- 
cluding the  short-winged,  long-winged,  and 
tube-nosed  swimming  and  diving  birds  of  tho 
current  orders  /'i/v<»//o(/f.s,  Loiiiiipriiiic.f,  ami 
I'lihiiiiiri.i,  or  the  Alcidtr,  ('(ih/mbidw,  I'odicipc- 
didir,  I'lorilluriidfE,  and  Luridw. 

cecomorphic  (se-ko-m6r'fik),  a.  [<  Cccomor- 
jiluc  +  -(>.]  Having  the  characters  of  the  Cc- 
eomor/liic;  of  or  pertaining  to  tho  Cccomorphw. 

Cecropia  (se-kro'pi-ii),  H.  [XL. :  sco  Cccrops.'] 
1 .  .\  gen  us  of  beautiful  tropical  .iVmerican  trees, 
\.ith  milky  juice,  natural  order  Vrticacea:.  c. 
;"7^Ifn,  the  tnnnpet-tree,  is  remarkable  for  its  hollow  stem 
and  liranches,  the  former  being  made  by  the  Indians  into 
a  kinti  of  drum  and  the  latter  into  wind-instniments. 
The  light  porous  wood  is  used  by  them  for  procuring  fire 
by  friction.  The  inner  bark  is  fibrous  and  strong,  and  is 
used  for  cordage. 
9.  [1.  <".]   In  enlom.,  a  moth,  .Ittaciis  eccropin. 

Cecrops    (so'krops),  n.     [NL.   (Leach,  1S13), 
after  Cecrops,  tho  mythical  founder  and  lirst 
king  of  Athens.  ]    A  ge- 
nus of  siphonostomous      yu*«r^~    -      ^^'^'^^ 
crustaceans,  of  the  fain-      f^'^  ^^ 

ily  Cidiijida;   parasitic      V  ""^ 

upon  the  skin  or  gills      \  J^ 

of  marine  (ishes.    C.la^     ' 
treiUei  is  an  example.  c^.rofs  lairaiui. 

cecum,  n.     .See  eirciim. 

cecutiencyt  (se-loi'shien-si),  JI.  [<  L.  c(vct(- 
lini(l-)ii,  ppr.  'of  eaciitirr,  bo  blind,  <  cwcus, 
blind.]  Cloudiness  of  sight ;  partial  blindness 
or  tendency  to  blindness.  See  first  extract  un- 
der Cecil  tj. 

cedant  anna  togae.  [L.,  from  a  Latin  poem 
iiuoteil  by  Cicero:  cedant,  3d  pers.  pi.  pres.  subj. 
of  cederc,  yield;  anna,  arms;  fniia;  dat.  of  Unja, 
a  gown:  see  cede,  arm'",  and  taija.]  Literally, 
let  arms  jield  to  the  gowni ;  that  is,  let  war 
give  way  to  peace,  and  military  operations  to 
peaceful  pursuits:  it  is  used  as  the  motto  of 
Wyoming  TeiTitory. 

cedar  (se'iUin,  ».  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ccder,  <  ME.  c<:der,  cedrc,  <  OF.  cedre,  F.  cedre 
=  Pr.  cedre  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cedro  =  AS.  eeder 
(also  in  eomp.  ceder-bcdm,  ceder-tredw,  cedar- 
tree)  =  D.  cider  =  MHO.  cedcr,  zeder,  G.  ccder, 
zcder  =  Sw.  Dan.  ccder  =  Bohem.  cedr  =  I'ol. 
ccdr,  cedar,  <  L.  cedrus  =  Russ.  ledrti,  cedar, 
=  Pol.  keder,  hicder,  a  kind  of  larch,  <  Gr.  k(- 
'V'Of,  a  cedar-tree.  Theophrastus  uses  the  word 
both  for  the  Cedrus  Lihani  of  Syi-ia  and  (as  also 
prob.  Homer)  for  the  ixnivpav  (Juniperxis  Oiycc- 
drus).]  I.  n.  1.  A  tree  of  the  coniferous  genus 
Cedrus,  of  which  three  species  are  known.  The 
most  not^d  is  the  cedar  of  Lebanon,  C.  Lihani.  native 
among  the  mountains  of  S.vria,  Asia  .Minor,  and  Cyprus, 
(in  I.ebanon  itself  there  still  remains  a  grove  of  about  400 
trees,  some  of  thein  exceeding  40  feet  in  girth.    The  other 


cede 

the  arbor -vitro,  Thuya  occidentnlin :  on  the  Pacific  coast  it 
is  the  LihitciulntK  i/ccm rr(-'7W (also  known  as  liaxtard,  jmihI,  or 
ina-nnr.  a'tliir),  and  also  CliatnipciipitriH  Lawmmiaiut,  the 
I'ort  Orfoid  or  Oregon  cedar.  Tlie  red  eeilar  is  usually  the 
Jiiniiirnm  Virtnniana,  tlie  odorous  wooii  of  whieli  is  often 
called  jMi/M-ii-i'Cf/ttr,  from  its  extensive  use  in  the  mannfaC' 
ture  <if  lead-pencils;  west  of  the  Jtoeky  Mountains  the  red 
cedar  is  tlie  I'tunia  riiijanti'a,  also  called  enniff-crdnr.  The 
cedar  of  Itermuda  and  I'.arbados  is  ./nnipcnijt  Jli'nnudi- 
tina ;  the  Japan  cedar,  Vrtij'linnrria  Jitjmnit'ii.  The  stink, 
ing  cedars  of  the  rnitei'l  Stales  are  species  of  Toirt'ya. 
'I'he  Himalayan  cedar  is  the  Junijiernii  i-xcfUa;  its  wood 
resembles  that  of  the  pencil-cedar,  but  is  hanicr,  and  ha£ 
less  of  its  peculiar  odor,  Washington  cedar  is  the  big-tree 
of  (.-alifornia,  Sfnuiia  ffiifanlfa.  The  wikmI  of  most  of 
these  trees  is  soft,  fine-grained,  of  a  reddish  color,  and 
often  fragrant. 

3.  A  name  jiopularly  given  in  tropical  regions 
to  a  consideralile  number  of  trees,  mostly  of 
tho  natural  order  Meliacen;  in  no  w-ay  related 
to  the  preceding.  That  known  variously  as  the  West 
Indian  cedar,  the  bastard  or  8weet-B4-ented  ISarbados  cedar, 
the  .laniaica  red  cedar,  and  the  Spanish,  Havana,  or  Hondu- 
ras cedar  is  the  Ci'drAa  ixlitrata.  The  cedar  of  India  and 
NewSoutli  Wales  is  C.  Tuonn;  the  red  cedar  of  India,  .sv,y. 
mitia  /fhri/ufia;  and  the  bastard  cedar  of  India,  .Mtita 
.AZi-dai-ach.  (See  azfdarach.)  The  white  cedar  of  Austra- 
lia is  M.  cominmita.  ami  the  red  cedar  Fliittlenna  luiMriilin. 
Among  trees  of  other  orders,  the  bastard  cellar  of  the  West 
Indies  is  Gumnina  tomfntma  or  il.  uiini/olia ;  the  white 
CI  dar  of  (;ni;ina,  I'ratiuin  atliji-^inniin  ;  and  the  white  cedar 
of  Dominica,  I'.i'jiwnixt  Leucoxiilon.  In  India  the  name 
?•(■(/  cfil'ir  is  sonietiines  given  to  the  euphorbiaceous  i/w- 
chitjiiii  .fariinica. 

4.  The  wood  of  the  eedar-tree  (Cedrus),  or 
(with  or  without  a  qualifying  term)  of  any  kind 
of  tree  called  a  cedar. 

Tlic  wisest  man 
Feasted  the  woman  wisest  then  in  halls 
Of  Lebanonian  cvdar.  Tenniinon.  Princess. 

U.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  cedar;  made  of  cedar: 
as,  a  cedar  twig. 

He  sii.'ill  uncover  the  cedar  work. 

cedar-apple  (se'djir-ap'l),  n. 

ing  to  tlio  genus  Clymnospo- 
ranijium.  .Sjiecies  of  this  genua 
are  jianLsitic  ujion  cedar-ti-ees. 
Some  of  them  form  globiilar  dis- 
tortions with  appendages,  and 
develop  into  yellow  gelatinous 
nuusses  during  the  spring  rains. 
Also  called  cedar-ball.  Sec  G'l/Hl- 
lu'ninirijii'iiiiin. 

cedar-bird  (se'dilr-bfrrd),  n. 
The  popular  name  of  the 
common  American  wax- 
wing,  Am  pi  lis  ccdrorum  or 
Homhi/eilla  ciirnlinen.sis:  so 
callcii  in  tho  L^uited  States 
from  its  fondness  for  ju- 
niper-berries, the  fruit  of 
Junijicrus  Viryiniana,  com- 
monly called  cedar.  Also 
called  cedar-lark:  See  Am- 
■lis  and  iriiririiiif. 


Zeph.  ii.  14. 

A  fungus  belong- 


Ced.ir-apple  iCymno. 
sforangitiM  macrofus) 
growing;  u|>on  red  cedar 
\.JuniffTUS  t'irj^iniana). 


Atlas  Cedar  { Cednis  Attantica). 

representatives  of  the  genus  are  the  Atlas  cedar,  C.  At- 
lantica,  a  native  of  .\Igeria,  and  the  deodar  or  Himalayan 
cedar,  C.  DeuAara.  In  their  native  forests  they  arc  of 
very  slow  growth,  and  form  hard,  durable  tinilier. 

They  have  taken  cedars  from  Lebanon  to  make  masts 
for  thee.  Ezek.  xxvii.  6. 

Tender  the  covert  of  some  ancient  oak 
Or  cedar  to  defend  him  from  the  dew. 

.Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  .SOfi. 

2.  The  name  given,  usually  with  qualifying 
terms,  to  various  coniferous  trees,  chiefly  North 
American,  and  of  genera  nearly  allieil  to  I  'cdriis. 
The  white  cedar  of  the  eastern  fnited  States  is  the  Clin- 
vuecifparii  sphtxroidea,  of  swamps  near  the  coast,  and  also 


cedared  (se'iiiird),  a.    [(.ce- 
dar +  -cii-.~\    Covered  or  furnished  with  ce- 
dars: as,  a  cedarcd  mountain-slope. 

We  did  not  explore  the  Malahuodus  far.  but  left  tho 
other  bin-It  to  thread  it3  eedared  solitudes,  while  we 
turned  back  to  try  oiu"  fortunes  in  the  larger  stream. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  ]i.  140. 

cedar-gum  (se'djir-gimi),  n.  A  ycUow,  trans- 
parent, fragrant  resin  obtained  from  Cnllilris 
arhiirea,  a  coniferous  tree  of  the  mountains  of 
South  Africa.  It  is  used  in  making  vaniish, 
and  in  jireparing  plasters  and  various  medici- 
nal iirtii'les. 

cedar-lark  (so'dar-lUrk),  n.  Same  as  cedar- 
liird. 

cedam  (so'diim),  a.  [<  cedar  +  -n  for  -ch",  as 
in  iiaken,  etc.]     Of  cedar;  made  of  cedar. 

West  wuids,  with  musky  wing, 
About  the  eediirn  alleys  fling 
Nard  and  cassia's  balmy  smells. 

Milton,  Comus,  L  000. 

The  carven  cedarn  doors.      Tenniimn.  Arabian  Nights. 

cedar-tree  (se'dar-tre),  n.    Specifically,  a  tree 

of  the  genus  Cedrus;  also  (with  or  without  a 

qualifying  tenn),  a  tree  of  any  of  the  genera 

known  as  cellars.     See  cedar. 

cedar-wood  (s6'dar-wud),  H.     1.  The  wood  of 

the  cedar,  in  any  use  of  the  name. — 2.  A  wood 

or  assemblage  of  cedar-trees. 

Tliott  Wert  bom,  on  a  summer  mom, 
A  mile  beneath  tho  cedar-wood.     , 

Tennijmn,  Eleiinore. 
Cedar-wood  oil,  an  aromatic  oil  distilled  from  the  wood 
of  llic  f.ilr.'la  „il„rata. 

cede  (sell),  c. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ceded,  ppr.  ceding. 
[=  OF.  cedcr,  P.  ceder  =  Pr.  cedar  =  Sp.  Pg. 
ccder  =  It.  cederc,  <  L.  cederc  (pp.  cessus),  intr. 
go,  withdraw,  |)ass  away,  yield,  tr.  yield,  grant, 
give  up:  related  to  cadere,  fall:  see  ciidint, 
(•«»(l,  etc.  L.  cederc  is  the  tilt,  source  of  many 
E.  words,  as  cede,  accede,  concede,  exceed,  pre- 


cede 

cede,  proceed,  recede,  secede,  abscess,  access,  etc., 
cession,  accession,  conccssinn,  etc.,  cease,  decease, 
anUredcHi,  decedent,  etc.,  ancestor,  antecessor, 
predecessor,  etc.]     I.  intraiis.  1.  To  yield  ;  rIvo 
way;    submit. —  2.  To  pass;    bo   trausfeiTed ; 
lapse.     [Archaic  or  obsolete  in  both  senses.] 
This  fertik'  kUIjc,  this  (:iir  iloninin, 
Hail  «i'lliiii.'li  cfilfd  to  the  slothful  hiiiuls 
Ot  monks  libifiiiious.  SlwnsUnii-,  Uuincd  Abbey. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  yield  or  formally  resiffti  and 
surrender  to  another;  relinquish  and  transfer; 
give  up;  make  over:  as,  to  cede  a  fortress, 
province,  or  country  by  treaty. 

Of  course,  G.ilicia  w.aa  not  to  be  a'dt'd  in  this  summary 

manner.  //.  S.  Edwards,  Polish  Captivity,  11.  ii. 

The  people  must  cede  to  the  government  some  of  their 

rights.  Jai/. 

2.  To  yield;  grant.     [Bare.] 

Back  ro<le  we  to  my  father's  camp,  and  found 
He  tlirice  had  sent  a  herald  to  the  gates, 
To  learn  if  Ida  yet  would  cede  our  claim. 

Tennyson,  Princess. 
=  SyTl.  To  transfer,  deliver,  convey,  grant. 

cedent  (se'dent),  a.  [<  L.  ccden{t-)s,  ppr.  of  ce- 
dcrc,  yield:  see  cede.l  Yielding;  giWng  way. 
See  extract  under  cessionary.     [Rare.] 

cedilla  (se-dil'a),  n.  [=  F.  cedille,  <  Sp.  cedilla, 
now  :ediila  =  Pg.  cedilha  =  It.  zcdiglia,  the 
mark  cedilla,  the  letter  e  with  this  mark,  orig. 
cs,  dim.  of  Sp.  eeda,  now  zcda,  etc.,  <  L.  zcta, 
Gr.  CfjTa,  the  Gr.  name  of  r:  see  :,  scd,  reto. 
The  character  f  is  thus  a  contraction  of  cr,  a 
fonner  mode  of  indicating  that  c  had  the  sound 
of  s  in  certain  positions ;  thus,  F.  Icczon,  now 
fefOH  (>  E.  fcsson).]  A  mark  placed  under  the 
letter  c  (thus,  f),  especially  in  French  and  Por- 
tuguese, and  formerly  in  Spanish,  before  a,  o,  or 
«,  to  indicate  that  it  is  to  be  sounded  like  s,  and 
not  like  /.",  as  it  usually  is  before  those  vowels. 

cedrate,  cedrat  (se'drat,  -drat),  ».  [<  F.  cedrat 
=  It.  cedrato,  <  cedro,  the  citron  (prop.  *citro, 
confused  in  form  with  cedro,  cedar),  <  L.  citrus, 
citron:  see  Citrus,  citron.']  The  citron,  Citrus 
medica. 

cedratit  (se-dra'ti),  n.  [<  It.  cedrato,  lime,  lime- 
tree,  lime-water :  see  cedrate.]  A  perfume  de- 
rived from  the  citron. 

If  we  get  any  nearer  still  to  the  torrid  zone,  I  shall  pique 
myself  on  sending  you  a  present  of  cedrali  and  oranye- 
lluwer  water.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  109. 

Cedrela  (sed're-la),  n.  [NX,.,  shortened  from 
L.  cedrelate,  <  Gr.  Kcipzlarq,  a  cedar  fir-tree,  < 
KedpoQ,  a  cedar,  +  ikarri,  the  silver  fir.]  A  ge- 
nus of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  ileliacexe, 
allied  to  the  mahogany,  and  consisting  of  large 
trees,  natives  of  the  tropics.  The  principal  species 
of  tropical  America  is  C.  odorata,  a  valuable  timber-tree, 
popularly  known  as  cedar.  All  parts  of  it  .are  bitter,  and 
the  old  wood  is  fragrant.  The  C.  Tonna  of  India,  also  called 
cedar,  is  a  handsome  tree  with  durable  and  beautifully 
marked  wood,  used  for  furniture  and  orn.amental  work. 
It  yields  a  resinous  gum,  and  the  bark  is  astringent  and 
febrifugal.    .See  c^dar,  3. 

cedrelaceous  (sed-re-la'shius),  fl.  [<  Cedrela 
+  -accous.]  In  bot.,  resembling  or  related  to 
Cedrela :  same  as  meliaceoiis. 

cedrene  (se'dreu),  n.  [<  L.  cedrus,  cedar,  + 
-enc.]  in  cliem.,  a  volatile  hydrocarbon  (C15 
H24)  found  in  the  oil  of  red  cedar,  Junipcrus 
Vinjiniana — Cedrene  camphor.    See  camphor. 

cedrin,  cedrine^  (se'diin), «.  [<  cedr(on)  +  -hfi, 
-inc-.]  A  neutral  crystaUizable  body  yielded 
to  alcohol  by  the  cedjon  after  it  has  been  ex- 
hausted by  ether.  The  crystals  resemble  silky  nee- 
dles. It  is  intensely  and  persistently  bitter,  and  is  re- 
garded l)y  some  as  the  active  principle  of  the  fruit. 

cedrinel  (se'drin),  a.  [<  L.  CMlrinus,  <  Gr. 
Kidpivog,  of  cedar,  <  KUfior,  cedar:  see  cedar, 
and  cf.  cedarn.]  Belonging  to  or  resembling 
cedar.     Johnson. 

cedrine-,  «.     See  cedrin. 

cedrium  (se'dri-um),  n.  [L.,  cedar-oil,  <  Gr. 
KcSpiov  (also  neSpOMiov),  cedar-oil,  <  KfJpof,  cedar : 
see  cedar.]  The  pitch  of  the  cedar-tree,  Cedrus. 
It  is  rubbed  on  woolens  to  preserve  them  from  moths,  and 
was  one  of  the  ingredients  used  by  the  ancient  Egyptians 
in  embalming. 

cedrola  (se'dro-la), «.  [NL.,  <  L.  cedrus,  cedar : 
see  cedfir.]  A  solid  crystalline  compound  iMs- 
tilled  from  the  oU  of  cedar-wood. 

cedron  (se'dron),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cedrus,  cedar, 
+  -on.]  The  seed  of  the  tree  Simaba  Cedron, 
natural  order  Simaruhacew,  a  native  of  the 
United  States  of  Colombia.  The  fruit  is  a  pear- 
shaped  drupe,  of  the  size  of  a  lemon,  containing  a  single 
large  seed,  which,  like  other  parts  of  the  tree,  is  very  bitter. 
In  its  native  country  this  seed  is  used  as  a  remedy  for 
serpent-bites,  hydropluibia,  and  intermittent  fever.  Its 
finalities  are  supposed  to  depend  on  the  presence  of  the 
pmuiple  ce'lrin. 

Cedrus  (se'drus),  n.  [L. :  see  cedar.]  A  genus 
of  coniferous  trees  closely  allied  to  the  larch, 


876 

which  they  resemble  in  having  the  leavos  grow- 
ing in  tufts  or  bunches,  but  from  which  they  are 
distinguished  by  being  evergreen  (the  leaves 
not  falling  in  autumn),  and  by  the  form  of  tlie 
cones.  It  includes  only  three  spei-ies,  the  C,  Libani,  or 
cedar  of  Lebanon  ;  C.  Dfodara,  or  deodar;  and  C.  Allan- 
tica,  or  Atlas  cedar.     See  cedar,  1. 

cedryt  (se'dri),  a.    [For  *c4:dart/,  <  cedar  +  -yi.] 
Kesembling  cedar;  cedrine. 
Cedry  colour.  Koelijn,  Sylva,  II.  iii.  §  2, 

cedula  (sed'u-lit),  «.  [Sp.,  =  E.  cedide,  sched- 
ule :  see  schedule.]  A  name  sometimes  used 
for  a  promissory  note  given  by  one  of  the 
South  American  republics. 

cedulet,  «■  [<0F.  cedule:  bcg  schedule.]  An  ob- 
solete form  of  schedule.     Cotf/rave. 

Ceduoust,  a.  [<  L.  carluus,  fit  for  cutting,  <  cw- 
derc,  out.]    Fit  to  be  felled. 

Greater  and  more  ceduous,  fruticant,  and  shrubby. 

Evelyn,  Sylva,  Int. 

ceellf,  n.  and  v.     See  ceil.  , 

ceel-t,  n.  and  v.  An  obsolete  improper  spelling 
of  seaP. 

ceel-',  v.     See  seel. 

ceiba  (sa'i-bii;  Sp.  pron.  tha'i-ba),  n.  [Sp.;  of 
native  origin.]  The  silk-cotton  ti'ee,  Bombax 
Ceiba.     See  Bombaj:,  1. 

ceilt,  cielt,  «.  [A  word  foimd  in  this  spelling 
only  in  the  derived  verb  ceil  and  the  verbal 
noun  ceiling,  q.  v. ;  early  mod.  E.  ccle,  seele,  late 
ME.  cele,  ci/ll,  syll,  syle,  <  OF.  del,  mod.  F.  del  = 
Pr.  eel  =  Cat.  eel  =  Sp.  c(e?o  =  Pg.  ceo  =  It.  ciclo, 
heaven,  a  canopy,  tester,  roof,  ceiling,  etc.,  <  L. 
cwlum.  less  prop.  cceUnn  (ML.  also  celum),  OL. 
also  ca-l,  L.  and  LL.  also  cwlus,  the  sky,  heaven, 
in  ML.  also  a  canopy,  tester,  roof,  eeiUng,  etc., 
perhaps  orig.  *carilum  (=  Gr.  rai/.of,  dial.  koVao^, 
Kui/of,  Koit/,oc,  orig.  *KoFi?.og,  hollow),  <  cams, 
hoUow:  see  cavc^,  cage,  and  (from  L.  cwUon) 
celest,  celestial,  etc.,  and  (from  Gr.  koI^mc:)  coslia, 
eeelo-,  etc.  The  noun  ceil,  earlier  cele,  seele,  cyli, 
syll,  seems  to  have  been  confused  with  sill,  syll, 
AS.  syl,  the  base  of  a  door  or  window;  cf.  Se. 
cyle,  syle,  the  foot  of  a  rafter,  a  rafter.  North. 
Eng.  sylcs,  the  principal  rafters  of  a  building.] 
A  canopy  of  state. 

The  chammer  was  hanged  of  red  and  of  blew,  and  in 
it  was  a  cyll  of  state  of  cloth  of  gold. 

Fyancells  of  Margaret. 
In  this  wise  the  king  shall  ride  opyn  heded  undre  a  seclc 
of  cloth  of  gold  baudekyn,  with  four  staves  gilt. 

Butland  Papers  (Camden  Soc.),  p.  6. 
And  seik  to  yotir  soverane,  semely  on  syll. 

Gawan  and  Goloyras. 

ceil  (sel),  V.  t.  [(1)  Early  mod.  E.  also  ceel,  seel, 
scilc,  syle,  prop,  to  canopy  or  provide  with  a 
canopy  or  hangings,  <  ceil,  del,  cele,  seele,  cyll, 
syle,  a  canopy  (see  the  notm),  Ijut  confused  in 
sense  and  spelling  with  another  verb,  (2)  ME. 
ceclen,  celen,  selen,  wainscot,  cover  the  sides  or 
roof  of  a  room  ■s\'ith  carved  or  embossed  work, 
Ut.  emboss,  <  L.  calarc  (ML.  also  written  cc- 
larc),  engrave  in  relief  upon  metals  or  ivory, 
carve,  emboss,  later  also  embroider,  <  ca-luin, 
a  chisel,  burin,  gi-aver,  <  eadere,  cut,  hew ;  and 
perhaps  with  (3^  ME.  seelcn,  selen,  <  OF.  seder, 
F.  sceller,  <  L.  sigillare,  ornament  with  figures 
or  images,  <  sigillum,  a  seal,  pi.  little  figures 
or  images  :  see  seaP.  The  first  two  verbs  are 
merged  in  definitions  2  and  3.  From  the  second 
are  derived  cclaturc,  cclurc,  q.  v.]  If.  To  can- 
opy ;  provide  with  a  canopy  or  hangings. 

All  the  tente  within  was  sylcd  with  clothe  of  gold  and 
blew  velvet.  Hall,  Henry  Vlll.,  p.  32. 

2.  To  overlay  or  cover  the  interior  upper  sur- 
face of  (a  room  or  building)  with  wood,  plaster, 
cloth,  or  other  material.  See  eciling,  2.  Former- 
ly with  special  reference  to  ornanicntal  hangings,  or,  as  in 
the  first  quotation,  to  carved  woodworic,  either  on  the  roof 
or  the  sides  of  a  room :  in  the  latter  use,  same  as  defini- 
tion 3. 

Ccelyji  with  syllure,  celo.  Prompt.  Part).,  p.  651. 

These  wallys  shal  be  cehid  with  cyprusse.  The  rofe  shal 
be  celed  vautwyse  and  with  cheker  work. 

Ilornuin,  Vulgaria  (Way). 
And  the  greater  house  he  culed  with  fir-tree, 

2  Chron.  iii.  5. 
How  will  he,  from  his  house  ceiled  with  cedar,  be  con- 
tent with  his  Saviour's  lot,  not  to  have  where  to  lay  his 
head?  Deeay  of  Christian  Piety. 

3t.  To  wainscot;  also,  by  extension,  to  floor. 

Lambrisser  [F.],  to  wainscot,  seel;  fret,  erabow. 

Cotfrrave. 

Plancher  [F.),  to  plank  or  floor  with  planks,  to  seel  with 
herds.  Cot  grave. 

ceiled  (seld),  ;>.  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  deled, 
ceded, seeled, sijhd :  |ip. of  reil,  r.]  1  f.  Canopied. 
See  ceil,  v.,  1. —  2.  Provided  with  a  ceiling. 


celantes 

The  place  itself  (a  kitiheiil  is  weird  and  terrible,  low- 
ceiled,  with  the  stone  hearth  built  far  «nlt  into  the  room, 
an*l  the  melodramatic  implements  of  Venetian  cookery 
dangling  tr.igically  from  the  wall. 

llowells,  Venetian  Life,  viL 
3t.  Wainscoted, 
ceiling  (se'ling),  M.  [Earlymod.  E.  also  deling, 
eccling,  seeling,  earlier  eyling,  siliug,  .tyling ;  ver- 
bal n.  of  ceil,  v.]  If.  A  canoj)y;  hangings; 
properly,  hangings  overhead,  but  by  extension 
also  side-hangings ;  tapestry. 

The  French  kyng  caused  the  lorde  of  Conntay  to  stande 
secretly  behynde  a  eilyng  or  a  hangyng  in  his  chamber. 

Hall,  Edward  IV.,  p.  43. 
And  now  the  thickened  sky 
Like  a  dark  ceiling  stood.        Miilon,  V.  L.,  xi.  712. 

2.  The  interior  overhead  surface  of  an  apart- 
ment, usually  formed  of  a  lining  of  some  kind 
afiixed  to  the  under  side  of  joists  supporting 
the  floor  above,  or  to  rafters;  the  horizontal 
or  curved  surface  of  an  interior,  opposite  the 
floor.  In  ordinary  modem  buildings  it  is  usu- 
ally finished  with  or  formed  of  lath-and-plaster 
work. —  3.  Wainscoting;  wainscot.  [Now  only 
prov.  Eng.] 

La)nbris  [F.],  wainscot,  seeling;  also  a  frettized  or  era- 
bowed  seeling.  ^  Cotgrace. 

Menuiserie  [F.],  deling,  wainscotting,  joyners  work. 

Cotgrave. 
4.  The  lining  of  planks  on  the  inside  of  a 
ship's  frame — CeUlng-JoiBta,  small  beams  to  which 
the  ceiling  of  a  room  is  attached.  They  are  mortised  into 
the  sides  of  the  binding-joists,  nailed  to  the  under  side  of 
these  joists,  or  suspended  from  them  witli  straps,—  Coffer- 
work  ceiling,  a  ceiling  dh'ided  into  ornamental  panels 
'ir  swifits;  a  colfcred  ceiling.  .See  cut  under  cofer. — 
Compartment  ceiling,  in  arch.,  a  ceiling  divided  into 
panels,  wliicli  are  usually  surrounded  Ijy  moldings. — 
Groined  ceiling,  groined  vaulting.  See  groin  and 
raiilliitg. 

ceiUnged  (se'lingd),  a.   [<  ceiling  +  -ed^.]  Fur- 
nished with  a  ceiUng. 
The  loW'Ceilinged  room  was  full  of  shadows. 

F.  W.  Bobinson. 

ceintt,  «.  [ME.  ednte,  <  OF.  eeinte,  dnte=  Pr. 
cintha  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  einta,  <  ML.  cincta,  also 
(after  Kom.)  einta,  fern.,  also  dnetum,  neut.,  a 
girdle,  <  L.  cincta,  fem.  (cinctum,  neut.)  of  duc- 
tus, pp.  of  cingere,  gird:  see  cincture.]  A  gir- 
dle.    Chaucir ;  Gower. 

ceinturet,  »•  [ME.,  <  OF.  ednture,  later  ceinc- 
ture,  mod.  F.  ednture,  <.  L.  cinctura,  a  girdle: 
see  cincture.]     Same  as  ecint. 

celadet,  ".  [<  F.  celade,  <  It.  celata{ci.  celate): 
see  sallet^.]  An  old  spelling  of  sallet",  a 
helmet. 

celadon  (sd'a-don),  H.  and  «.  [<  F.  celadon,  a 
sea-gi-ceu  color,  also  a  sentimental  lover:  so 
called  from  Celadon,  the  sentimental  hero  of  a 
once  popular  romance,  "L'Astree,"  by  Honor6 
d'Urfe  (tiled  1625),  <  L.  Celadon,  in  Ovid,  a  com- 
panion of  Phineus,  also  one  of  the  Lapitha', 

<  Gr.  kAoSuv,  roaring  (used  as  the  name  of  a 
river),  <  Ke/d(kw,  he'Aadeiv,  sound,  roar,  shout, 
Kt'/adog,  a  noise,  shout.]  I.  n.  A  pale  and 
rather  grayish  gi'cen  color  occurring  espe- 
cially in  porcelain  and  enameled  eartlienware. 
The  shades  ai-e  numerous.  In  Oriental  wares  the  celadon 
glaze  is  often  crackled ;  and  the  Japanese  and  Chinese 
porcelain  decorated  in  this  way,  without  other  ornamen- 
tation, is  particularly  esteemed.  It  is  also  one  of  the  fa- 
vorite Colors  of  the  porcelain  of  Se\Tes.  Compare  sea- 
green. 

To  all  the  markets  of  the  world 
Tllese  porcelain  leaves  are  wafted  on,»- 
Light  yellow  leaves  with  spots  and  stains 
Of  violet  and  of  crimson  dye,  .  .  . 
And  beautiful  with  celadon. 

Long/elhnc,  K^ramos. 
II.  a.  Having  the  color  celadon, 
celandine  (sel'an-din),  H.     [Formerly  celadine, 

<  ME.  edidoine,  eeli/don,  celi/doun,  seladoui/,  etc., 

<  OP.  edidoine,  F.  chelido'ine  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
celidonia,  <  L.  chelidonia  (NL.  chdidonium),<.  Gr. 
Xe7.ii^6vinv,  swallowwort,  <  x^'/'i^uv  (-(W-)  =  L. 
hirundo{n-),  a. swallow:  see  Chelidon, Hirundo.] 

1.  The  Chdidonium  majus,  a  papaveraceous 
plant  of  Europe,  naturalized  in  the  United 
States,  having  glaucous  foliage,  bright-yellow 
flowers,  and  acrid  yellow  .iuico,  whic'h  is  some- 
times employed  as  a  purgative  and  as  a  remedy 
for  warts.  To  distinguish  it  from  the  following 
plant,  it  is  often  called  the  greater  celandine. — 

2.  The  pilewort,  Ilanunenlus  J'icaria,  called  in 
England  the  lesser  or  small  celandine. 

There  is  a  flower,  the  Lesser  Celandine, 
That  shrinks  like  many  more  from  cold  and  rain ; 
And  the  first  moment  that  the  sun  may  shine. 
Bright  as  the  sun  himself,  'tis  out  again ! 

Wordmcorth,  A  Lesson. 

Tree-celandine,  a  cultivated  species  of  Bocconia  from 
the  West  Indies,  II. /nilcvrns. 
celantes  (se-lan'tez),  n.    In  loijie.  the  nuiemonic 
name  of  an  indirect  mood  of  the  liist  figure  of 


celantes 

Byllojrism,  having  tlio  major  promise  and  concln- 
810U  universal  ncgativi'S  and  tlio  minor  prem- 
iao  a  vmivorsal  aflirmative.  It  ia  the saine  arKumcnt 
as  cinitfn''s  (wliich  see),  but  witli  tninspused  premises. 
Five  of  tile  letters  ti(  the  wurd  ai'e  siKiiilleaiit :  c  siKiiillea 
reduetinn  to  frliwnt  ami  s  the  simjile  eonversioi>  of  the 
e<iTiclusion.  while  tile  three  vowels  show  the  quantity  and 
(pijility  of  the  three  juopositions.  See  minni'-^. 
celarent  (sc-la'rent ),  II.  In  Inr/ic,  tho  mnemonic 
name  of  a  mood  of  the  first  figure  of  syllogism. 
Its  niaj<u"  premise  is  a  universal  ne;;ative,  its  minor  a  uni- 
versal atfirinative,  and  its  eonelusion  a  universal  negative 
proptisition.  For  exami)le  :  No  one  enslaved  liy  his  ap- 
jietites  is  free ;  every  sensualist  is  enslaved  by  his  appe- 
tites ;  therefore,  no  sensualist  is  free.     See  iiiond-. 

Celastraceae  (sol-as-trii'so-6),  «.  j)l.  [NL.,  < 
Ccldatnis  +  -area'.']  A  natural  order  of  poly- 
petalous  oxogons,  consisting  of  shrubs  or  trees 
of  temperate  and  tropical  regions,  allied  to  tho 
lihinnnacea;  from  which  they  differ  especially 
in  having  tlie  stamens  opposite  to  the  sepals, 
and  in  tho  arillate  seeds.  Tlie  most  prominent 
genera  are  Celastriis  and  Ennnyimus,  tho  staff- 
tree  and  spindle-tree  (which  see). 

celastraceOUS  (sel-as-trii'shius),  a.  Belonging 
to  the  natural  order  of  plants  ('clastracca: 

celastrin,  celastrine  (se-las'trin),  ii.    [<  Celas- 

tni.t  +  -tnV,  -iiic".]  A  bitter  principle  obtained 
from  tho  loaves  of  the  Abyssinian  Cvlaatnis 
ohsi'tinis. 
Celastrus  (se-las'tms),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  K7/?.arjTpa, 
k7}Xaffr/j()f,  commonly  niflaaTiiov,  an  evergreen 
tree,  privet  or  holly.]  A  genus  of  shrubby 
climbers  or  trees,  natural  order  Celastraccw. 
natives  of  America  and  of  the  mountains  of 
India,  China,  Japan,  and  parts  of  Africa :  com- 
monly called  siaJJ'-tVi'CS.  The  common  species  of  the 
United  States,  C.  scaiulcnt!,  known  as  clinibituj  hitterswfct 
or  waxwork,  has  a  very  ornamental  fruit,  the  orange-color- 
ed capsules  disclosins  on  dehiscence  reddish-brown  seeds 
coated  with  a  scarlet  aril.     See  cut  uiuler  bittersweet, 

celatet,  »■  [<  It.  cclata :  see  saUct^;  cf.  celade.'i 
An  old  spelling  of  sallet^,  a  helmet. 

celaturet  (sel'a-tur),  n.  [<  L.  calatura,  <  cn-- 
lare,  pp.  calatus,  carve,  engrave,  emboss:  see 
ceil,  V.  Doublet,  eeliire,  q.  v.]  1.  The  act  or 
art  of  engraving,  chasing,  or  embossing  metals. 
—  2.  Engraved,  chased,  or  embossed  decoration 
on  metal. 

They  admitted,  even  in  the  utensils  of  the  church,  some 
celatures  and  engravinfrs. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1S35),  I.  205. 

-cele.  [<  Gr.  li/pj/,  Attic  KiiA;/,  a  tumor.]  The 
final  element  in  many  motlical  terms,  signifying 
a  tumor :  as,  bronchofe(c,  varicocf /e. 

celebrablet  (sel'e-bra-bl),  a.  [ME.,  <  OF.  cele- 
bnible,  F.  cilebrMc  =  Pg.  celehravel  =  It.  cclc- 
hrabilc,  <  L.  celebrabilis,  <  celcbrarc:  see  cele- 
biatc]  That  may  be,  or  is  proper  to  be,  cele- 
brated.    [Rare.] 

Ilereules  is  celehrable  for  his  hard  travaile.  Chaucer. 
celebrant  (sel'e-brant),  n.  [_=F.  celebrant  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  celebraiiie,  <  L.  cehbran{t-)s,  ppr.  of 
celcbrarc:  see  celebrate.']  One  who  celebrates  ; 
specifically,  in  the  Roman  and  Anglican 
churches,  "tlie  chief  officiating  priest  in  offering 
mass  or  celebrating  tho  eueharist,  as  distin- 
guished from  his  assistants. 
celebrate  (sel'e-brat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  cele- 
brated, ppr.  cclcbratiiuj.  [<  L.  celebratiis,  pp.  of 
ccUbrare  (>  F.  celebrer  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  cclebrar  = 
It.  celcbrarc),  frequent,  go  to  in  great  numbers, 
celebrate,  honor,  praise,  <  celebcr,  also  Celebris, 
froipiented,  populous.]  1.  To  make  known, 
especially  with  honor  or  praise  ;  extol ;  glorify. 

For  the  grave  cannot  praise  thee,  death  cannot  celebrate 
thee.  Isa.  xjLwiii.  IS. 

The  .Songs  of  Sion  .  .  .  were  .  .  .  psalms  and  pieces  of 
poetry  that  .  .  .  celebrated  the  Supreme  Being. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  405. 

To  celebrate  the  golden  prime 
Of  good  Uaroun  Alraschid. 

Tenni/snn,  Arabian  Nights. 

The  reproach  so  often  brought  against  the  literature  of 
classic  times,  that  the  great  poets  of  Greece  and  Kome  never 
celebrate  the  praises  of  natural  scenery,  does  not  lie  at  the 
door  of  the  Persian  bards.  X.  A.  Jtev.,  CXL.  330. 

2.  To  commemorate  or  honor  with  demonstra- 
tions of  joy,  sorrow,  respect,  etc. :  as,  to  ceh- 
hratc  a  birthday  or  other  anniversaiy ;  to  ccle- 
hrate  a  victory. 

I'rom  even  unto  even  shall  ye  celebrate  your  sabbath. 

Lev.  xxiil.  32. 
Some  say,  that  ever  'gainst  that  season  cornea 
Wherein  our  Saviour's  birth  is  ceUhrated, 
The  bird  of  dawning  singeth  all  night  long. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  I.  I. 

3.  To  perform  solemnly  or  -svith  appropriate 
rites  and  ceremonies :  as,  to  <■</( /<)'«/<■  mass;  to 
celebrate  a  marriage  or  a  public  funeral. 

Yet  there,  my  (|ueen, 
■We'll  celebrate  their  uuptiala.     Shak.,  rericles,  v.  3. 


celestial 

Tho  woodpeckers  as  a  superfamily  of  birds  of 
de.smognathous  affinities  but  uncertain  mor- 
phological position,  tho  group  being  defined 
with  special  reference  to  its  peculiarities  of 
jialatal  structure,  and  comprehending  only  tho 
laniilics  I'iiiilw  and  Ii/iigida:  Also  called  A'aM- 
roiiniitha'. 


877 

=  Syn.  1.  To  land,  magnlty,  glorify.— 2, 8,  Keep,  OUerne, 
Sole  limine,  Cetetirate,  Conunemorate.  heep  is  an  idiomatic 
word  for  observe :  as,  to  keep  tlie  Sabbatll :  to  keep  Lent 
or  feast-days.  To  observe  is  to  pay  regard  to,  In  a  rever- 
ent and  especially  a  religious  way.  (See  observanee.)  We 
speak  of  observiti'j  the  Sabbath,  of  oiiservimi  tlie  wishes  of 
one's  father.  ,  To  solemnize  is  to  celebrate  religiously.  'I'o 
celebrate  is  to  mark,  distinguish,  or  perform  with  joy  and 

iionor :  as,  to  a-^etrflfc  an  anniversary ;  to  c^-feZ/Trt/f  a  mai--         ..  ,.,,„__        *    /mx  ry  /-,  ? 

ri.ige.  To  commcmomte  is  to  keep  in  memory  public  and  celeomorpniC  (sel'e-9-mor  fik),  <I.  [<  teieo- 
solemn  acts  :  as,  to  commemorate  the  resurrection  by  ob-  niorj/hiv  4-  -ic]  Picino ;  o£  Or  pertaining  to  the 
servin<j  Kastcr.  Ccleomorpha: 

The  holiest  of  all  holidays  are  those 


An  obsolete  spelling  of  cellar^. 
See  erliire. 


celerH  "• 

K«w(  by  ourselves  in  silence  and  apart.  «,*^y^«■'i*  ,. 

iono/^c""'",  Holidays,  celer-t,  ".        ,,,.,„     ,,      ,-  .   <^  «      11 

celerert,  "•    A  Middle  English  form  of  cellarer. 
[L.,  pi.  of  ctfcr,  swift: 


With  twenty  popish  tricks  and  ceremonies, 
Which  I  have  seen  thee  cai'eful  to  observe. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And, 


,  iii.  2. 


celeres  (sel'e-rez),  n.  pi 
ii(}(<  ccicriti/.'i'  1.  In  Hum.  «»((/</.,  abody  of  knights 
or  horsemen  of  tho  patrician  order,  numbering 
originally,  according  to  tradition,  300,  first  or- 
ganized by  Romulus,  100  being  selected,  10  from 
each  curia,  from  each  of  tho  three  tribes.  Tlieir 
commander  was,  from  the  time  of  Tullus  Hostilius,  the 
second  ofllcer  of  the  state.  Tlieir  number  was  gradually 
Increased,  and  at  the  close  of  the  dyna-styof  the  Taniuins 
they  were  merged  in  the  equites.  The  title  was  resumed 
under  Augustus  by  the  knights,  as  the  body-guard  of  the 
emperor. 

2t.  [cap.]  An  old  di\'ision  of  domestic  dogs,  in- 
cluding swift-footed  kinds,  of  which  the  grey- 
hound is  the  t>-po:  distinguished  from  Saijaccs 
and  Pidjiiaces. 

celeriac  (se-ler'i-ak),  «.  [<  celery  +  -ac]  A 
variety  of  celery  raised,  especially  on  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe,  for  the  root,  which  is  enlarged 
like  a  turnip.  Also  called  turiiiji-rooted  celery. 
See  celery. 

celerity  (se-ler'i-ti),  »i.  [=  p.  cSUritd  =  Pr.  ecle- 
ritat  =  Sp!  eclefidad  =  Pg.  celeridadc  =  It.  celc- 
riti'i,  <  L.  celerila(t-)s,  <  celer,  swift,  quick,  akin 
to  Gr.  Ki'/.i/r,  a  racer,  Skt.  V  kal,  drive,  urge 
on.]  Ra))idity  of  motion;  swiftness;  quick- 
ness; speed. 

No  less  celerity  than  that  of  thought. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  (cho.X 

AVhen  things  are  once  come  to  the  execution,  there  is  no 
secrecy  comparable  to  celerity.  Bacon,  Delays. 

The  bigness,  the  density,  and  the  celerity  of  the  liody 
moved.  Sir  K.  Digby. 

The  tidings  were  borne  with  the  usual  celerity  of  evil 
news.  Prcscott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  3. 

=  Syn.  Velocity,  Sim/tness,  etc.    See  quickness. 
celery  (sel'e-ri),  n.     [Prop,  writh  initial  s,  as  in 
(b)  The  act  of  performing  or  observing  with  appropriate     parly  mod.  "fc.  selery,  sellcry  ;  =  D.  selderij 
rites  or  ceremonies;  as,  the  cetedrafioii  of  a  marriage;  the     „„ii.„.:„  „„»„,-;_  r>on   «»«.   i,<.i"  "" 

celebration  of  mass. 


And  when  your  honours  mean  to  solemnise 
The  bargain  of  your  faith,  I  do  beseech  you, 
Even  at  that  time  1  may  be  married  too. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V 

On  theatres  of  turf,  in  homely  state, 

Old  plays  they  act,  old  feasts  they  celebrate. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  111.  280. 
Sir,  wo  are  assembled  to  commemorate  the  establishment 
of  great  jmldic  jirineiples  of  liberty. 

I).  Webster,  Speech,  Bunker  Hill,  June  17,  1825. 

celebrated  (sel'e-bra-ted),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  celc- 
bralc,  I'.]  Having  celebrity;  distinguished; 
mentioned  with  praise  or  honor;  famous;  well- 
known. 

The  celebrated  works  of  antiquity,  which  have  stood  the 
test  of  so  many  different  ages.  Addison. 

=  Syn.  \oted,  lienowiwd,  etc.    See. famous. 
celebratedness  (scl'e-bra-ted-nes),  n.     [<  celc- 
liriitcd  +  -iiesn.]     The  state  or  condition  of  be- 
ing celebrated.     Scott.     [Rare.] 
celebrater,  celebrator  (sel'e-bra-ttr,  -tor),  n. 
One  who  celebrates. 

I  am  really  more  a  well-ivlsher  to  your  felicity,  than  a 
celebrater  of  your  beauty. 

Pope,  To  Mrs.  A.  Fennor  on  her  Man-iage. 

celebration  (sel-e-bra'shon),  «.  [=F.  cilcbra- 
liiin  =  Sp.  cekbrdcion  =  Pg.  cclebrat^ao  =  It.  cc- 
IcbrazioHC,  <  L.  cclcbratio(n-),  a  numerous  as- 
semblage, a  festival,  a  praising,  <  celcbrarc :  see 
celebrate.]  1.  The  act  of  celebrating,  (a)  The 
act  of  praising  or  extolling ;  commemoration  ;  commen- 
dation ;  honor  or  distinction  bestowed,  whether  by  songs 
and  eulogies  or  by  rites  and  ceremonies. 
His  memory  deserving  a  particular  celebration. 

Lord  Clarendon. 


Celebration  of  mass  is  equivalent  to  offering  mass. 

Ca(h.  Diet. 

Z.  That  which  is  done  to  celebrate  anj-thing; 
a  commemorative,  honorific,  or  distinguishing 
ceremony,  observance,  or  performance:  as,  to 
arrange  for  or  hold  a  celebration ;  the  ode  is  a 
celebration  of  victory. 

What  time  we  will  a  celebration  keep 
According  to  my  birth.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iv.  2. 

celebrater,  n.     See  celebrater. 

celebrioust  (so-leb'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  Celebris,  cele- 
brated, -1-  -oil's.]     Famous;  renowned.   Strypc. 

CelebriOUSlyt  (se-leb'ri-us-li),  adv.  With  praise 
or  renown.     [Rare.] 

celebriousnesst  (se-leb'ri-us-nes),  n.  Fame ;  re- 
nown.    [Rare.] 

celebrity  (se-leb'ri-ti),  n. ;  pi.  celebrities  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  celebritc  =  Pr.  cclebritat  =  Sp.  cclcbridad 
=  Pg.  celebridade  =  It.  celebritt),  <  L.  cclcbri- 
ta(t-)s,  a  multitude,  fame,  renown,  <  eelcber : 
see  cfjebratc.]  1.  The  condition  of  being  cele- 
brated; fame;  renown;  distinction:  as,  the  ce- 
lebrity of  George  Washington;  tho  celebrity  of 
Homer  or  of  the  Iliad. 

An  event  of  great  celebrity  in  tho  history  of  astronomy. 

n'hewelt. 

Egypt  has  lost  the  celebrity  which  it  enjoyed  in  ancient 
times  for  its  line  linen. 

K  ir.  Lane,  Modern  Lgyptians,  II.  3. 

2.  A  celebrated  person  or  (very  rarely)  thing: 
as,  a  celebrity  at  the  bar  or  in  the  church ;  Vk'hat 
are  the  celebrities  of  this  town?— Sf.  Celebra- 
tion. 

The  manner  of  her  receiving,  and  the  celebrity  of  the 
marriage,  were  performed  w  ith  great  magnificence.  liaam. 

celebrOUSt  (sel'e-brus),  a.  [<  L.  celebcr,  cele- 
brated, +  -otis;'ct.  F.  cclebre  =  Sp.  cilcbrc  = 
Pg.  It.  cclebre.]     Celebrated. 

celemin  (Sp.  pron.  thel-a-men'),  «•  [Sp.,  =  Pg. 
cclamim,  .■iilamim.]  1.  Same  as  almud. — 2.  A 
Spanish  measure  of  laud,  equal  to  48  square 
estadals,  or  about  one  eighth  of  an  acre. 

celeomorph  (sel'e-o-morf),  «.  A  celcomorphic 
bird,  as  a  woodpecker. 

Celeomorphae  (sel'f-o-mor'fe),  n.  pi.  [NX,. 
(Huxley,   1867),  <  Celeiis  +  Gr.  fo/xp^,  form.] 


seller  ic,  selleri  =  Dan.  Sw.  selleri,  <  F.  celcri,  <  It. 
dial,  seleri,  It.  sedano,  celery,  <  L.  selinon,  pars- 
ley, <  Gr.  ci'Atvov,  a  kind  of  parsley,  in  MGr.  and 
NGr.  celery.  See  parsley,  ult.  <  Gr.  Tre-poaih- 
loi',  rock-parsley.]  An  umbelliferous  plant, 
Apiiuii  grareolens,  a  native  of  Europe,  and  long 
cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  use  of  the  table. 
The  green  leaves  and  stalks  are  used  as  an  ingredient  in 
soups,  but  ordinarily  the  stems  are  blanched.  Therearo 
many  varieties  in  cultivation,  the  stems  blanching  pink, 
yellow,  or  white.    See  celeriac. 

celestt  (se-lesf),  a.  [<  F.  celeste  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  celeste,  <  L.  ca;lcstis,  of  heaven,  of  the  sky,  < 
ort'/iHH,  heaven:  see  ccj7,  ?j.  Ci.  celestial.]  Heav- 
enly ;  celestial. 

To  drynke  of  this,  of  waters  first  and  best, 
Licoure  of  p-ace  above,  a  thyng  celest. 

Palladius,  Uusbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 

celeste  (se-lesf),  a.  [An  abbrev.  of  F.  bleu  c4- 
/<>f(,  sky-blue:  see  6/kc  and  cc/f«^]  In  ca-am., 
sky-blue. 

celestial  (se-les'tial),  a.  and  71.  [<  ME.  celestial, 
cele.itiall,  <  OF.  celestial,  cclesiiel  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
celestial  =  It.  celestiale,  <  L.  ceelestis,  of  heaven, 
<  0(1';i(;h,  heaven :  see  celest,  ceil,  n.]  I.  a.  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sky  or  %'isible  heaven : 
as,  the  celestial  globe;  "the  twelve  celestial 
signs,"  Shak:,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

So  to  glorifie  Ood,  the  author  of  time  and  light,  which 
the  darkened  conceits  of  tlie  Heathens  ascribed  to  the 
I'lauets  and  bodies  calesliall,  calling  the  nionethsby  their 
names.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  123. 

2.    Heavenly;   belonging   or  relating    to,   or 
characteristic  of,  heaven;  dwelling  in  heaven; 
hence,  of  superior  excellence,  delight,  purity, 
etc.:  as,  a  celestial  being;  celestial  felicity. 
Thys  lady  hyni  saide  that  it  niyght  not  bee. 
Hit  please  ne  wold  the  king  cetestiall. 

Jtotn.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  3795. 
Desire  of  power,  on  earth  a  vicious  weed. 
Yet  spnmg  from  high  is  of  celestial  seed  : 
In  God  'tis  glory  :  and  when  men  aspire, 
Tis  but  a  spark  too  much  of  heavenly  fire. 

Drtiden,  Abs.  and  Acllit,  1.  305. 

Thus  far,  nations  have  drawn  their  weapons  from  the 
earthly  annories  of  Force,  uimiindful  of  these  others  of 
celestial  temper  from  the  house  of  Love. 

Sumner,  Orations,  L  104. 

Celestial  crown,  in  her.,  a  bearing  resembling  the  an- 
tique crown,  and  having  each  of  its  rays  charged  with  a 


celestial 

star  at  thonolnt.— Celestial  globe,  magic,  etc.  Sec  the 
nouns.— Tne  Celestial  Empire,  u  unnniini  imnio  for 
China,  priil«ilil.v  iliU'  Ut  Uk  CliirasL'  custom  of  speaking 
of  tlie  rfiRiiinK  ilyiuusly  as  Titii-cUau,  or  Heavenly  liynasty, 
a  dcsisnntioii  l>,ised  no  iloubt  uii  the  claim  of  the  founder 
of  each  successive  dyjiasty  to  have  rei-eiveil  the  eoinniand 
of  Ileaven  to  ])unish  and  supersede  a  Hue  of  wicked  rulers. 
he  and  Ids  successors  thus  becoming  Ticn-tsu,  or  Sons  of 
Ileaven. 

II.  n.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  heaven. 

The  unknown  celestial.  J'lipe,  Odyssey,  i.  l«i. 

2.  [c(7p.]  A  popular  name  for  a  native  of  China, 
tlio  "Celestial  Kmpire." 

celestialize  (.se-les'tial-iz),  v.  t.  [<  celestial 
+  -i.-c]  To  inalio  celestial.  QuarUrly  Rev. 
[Rare.] 

celestially  (se-les'tial-i),  adv.  In  a  celestial 
or  heavenly  manner. 

celestialness  (se-les'tial-nes),  n.  [<  celestial  + 
-ness.']     The  quality  of  being  celestial. 

celestifyt  (se-les'ti-fi),  V.  t.  [<  OF.  celestlfier, 
make  heavenly  or  divine,  <  L.  cmlestis,  heaven- 
ly (see  celestj,  +  -ficiire,  <  facerc,  make :  see 
-/i/.]  To  communicate  something  of  a  heaven- 
ly nature  to;  make  heavenly.     [Rare.] 

Heaven  but  earth  cclegfified,  and  eartli  but  heaven  ter- 
restrifled.  Sir  T.  Urawne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  13. 

celestina  (sel-es-ti'na),  n.  [<  L.  cwlestimis, 
heavenly:  see  Celcstinc.^     Same  as  hifara. 

Celestine  (sel'es-tin),  «.  [<  L.  Cu'leslimis,  per- 
tauiiug  to  Ca'lcstius,  a  proper  name ;  lit.  heaven- 
ly, <  cwlestis:  see  celestial.']  1.  An  adherent  of 
Pelagianism:  so  called  from  Ctelestius,  one  of 
the  early  supporters  of  Pelagius. —  2.  One  of 
an  order  of  Benedictine  monks,  now  nearly 
extinct,  so  named  when  their  founder  became 
pope  as  Celestine  V.  in  1294.  He  was  Pietro  Ange- 
lerier,  and  w.as  known  as  Pietro  da  ilurrone,  from  the 
mountain  he  inhabited  as  a  hermit,  whence  the  monks 
(organized  about  1254)  were  originally  called  Murronians. 
The  brethren  rise  two  hours  after  inidiugbt  to  say  matins, 
eat  no  flesh,  fast  often,  and  wear  a  white  gown  and  a  black 
capouch  ami  scapular.  Kor  several  centuries  the  Celes- 
tines  were  very  numerous  and  prosperous,  especially  in 
Italy  and  France. 

3.  A  member  of  an  extinct  order  of  Franciscan 
hermits. 

Celestinian  (sel-es-tin'i-an),  n.  Same  as  CeU 
estiiie. 

celestite  (sel'es-tit),  n.  [<  L.  cwlestis,  of  heaven 
(see  celest),  +  -ite'^.']  In  mineral.,  native  stron- 
tium sulphate,  it  is  found  in  orthorhomliic  crystals  re- 
sembling those  of  barite  in  form,  also  massive  and  fibrous. 
Tlie  color  is  white,  or  a  delicate  blue  (whence  the  name). 
It  occurs  tinely  crystallized  in  Sicily,  with  native  sulphur, 
at  many  other  localities  in  Europe,  and  in  America  on 
Stroutiau  i.sland  in  Lake  Erie,  at  Loekport  in  New  York, 
etc.     -Mso  ceUstin,  eelentin^,  cteleslin,  ctelestine. 

celestivet,  «.  [ME.  celcstif,  <  OF.  celestif,  ce- 
lestial; as  celest  +  -ive.']    Celestial. 

Full  gladly  thay  wold  I  shold  use  my  life 
Here  as  for  to  pray  our  lord  celestif 
For  thaim  and  for  you  in  especiall. 
That  in  paradise  he  vs  do  put  all. 

Hum.  0/  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  3288. 
Celens  (sel'e-us),  «.  [NL.  (Boie,  1831),  <  Gr. 
KE/'.E(if,  tile  green  woodpecker,  Picus  viridis.']  A 
genus  of  South  American  woodpeckers,  con- 
tauiiug  such  as  C.  flainis  and  C.  flavcscens  of 
Brazil.  It  gives  name  to  the  Celeomorphie. 
Celia,  «.     See  ccelia. 

celiac,  coeliac  (se'li-ak),  a.  [<  L.  cceliaeus,  < 
Gr.  KoiliaKoq,  <  KoiXia,  the  belly,  <  xoiAof,  hollow.] 
1.  Pertaiuiug  to  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen; 
abdominal  or  ventricular.  Now  chieHy  Tised  in 
the  phrase  celiac  axis. — 2.  Same  as  ccelian. — 
3.  In  mcd.,  an  old  term  applied,  in  the  phrase 

eeliuc  passion,  to  a  flux  or  diarrhea Celiac  axis. 

See  arwl.— Celiac  canal,  in  erinoids.  a  continuation  of 
the  cteloma  or  boily -cavity  into  the  arms,  separated  by  a 
transverse  partition  from  the  siibtentacular  canal,  as  iu 
species  of  A  iitedoH  or  Comatida. 

celiadelphus,  «.    See  ca:liadelj)kus, 
celiagra,  ".     See  caUagra. 
celialgia,  «.     See  calialgia. 
celian,  a.     See  ccelian. 

celibacy  (sel'i-ba-si),  n.  [<  celibate :  see  -acy.'] 
The  state  of  being  celibate  or  unmanied;  a 
single  life;  vohmtary  abstention  from  mar- 
riage :  as,  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy. 

[St.  Patrick]  informs  lis  that  his  father  was  a  Deacon, 
and  his  grandfather  a  Priest — a  sutticient  proof  that  the 
CeUbaeii,  which  Itome  now  enforces  on  her  Clergy  in  Ire- 
land, was  no  part  of  Ecclesiastical  discipline  in  tlie  age 
and  country  of  Ireland's  Apostle. 

lip.  Chr.  Words^i'orth,  Churcli  of  Ireland,  p.  32. 
A  Monk  (Ka'hib)  must  have  submitted  to  a  long  trial  of 
his  patience  and  piety,  and  made  a  vow  of  celibacy,  before 
his  admission  into  the  monastic  order. 

E.  W.  LaM,  Modern  Egyptians,  II.  316. 
No  part  of  the  old  system  had  been  more  detested  by 
the  Reformers  than  the  honours  paid  to  celibacy. 

Mncnnlay. 
celibatariant  (sel"i-ba-ta'ri-an),  n.     [<  celibate 
+  -ariaii.]     Same  as  cclibatej  2. 


87S 

celibate  (sel'i-bat),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  cdlibat  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  eelibato,  <  L.  calihatiis,  celibacy,  a 
single  life,  <  cwlebs  (ca-Ub-),  unmarried:  see 
ceelcbs.]     I.  n.  If.  A  single  life;  celibacy. 

Tlie  forced  celibate  of  the  English  clergy. 

Bp.  Hall,  Honour  of  Married  Clergy,  p.  312. 

He  .  .  .  preferreth  holy  celibate  before  the  estate  of 
marriage.  Jer.  Taylor,  W<n-ks  (ed.  1835),  I.  273. 

2.  One  who  adheres  to  or  practises  celibacy; 
a  bachelor,  especially  a  confirmed  bachelor. 
II.  o.  Unmarried;  single:  as,  a  cc7/fc«/e  life. 

celibate  (sel'i-bat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cdibatnl, 
ppr.  celibating.  [<  celibate,  «.]  To  lead  a  single 
life.     Fortnightly  Rev. 

celibatist  (sel'i-ba-tist),  «.  [<  celibate  +  -ist.] 
One  who  lives  unmarried;  a  celibate.    [Rare.] 

celibian  (se-lib'i-an),  a.  [Also .spelled  culibinn, 
<  L.  Civlebs,  co'lcbs,  a  bachelor,  +  -i-an.]  Un- 
married; celibate.     [liare.] 

celidography  (sel-i-dog'ra-fl),  v.  [<  Gr.  K?/A/f 
(Ki/Aid-),  a  spot,  -1-  -}ija(jiia,  <  yimipiiv,  write.]  A 
description  of  the  spots  on  the  disk  of  the  sun 
or  on  planets. 

Celine,  «.    See  cceline. 

cell  (sel),  n.  [<  ME.  cellc,  selle  =  D.  eel  =  G. 
celle,  ::clle  =  Dan.  cclle  =  Sw.  cell,  <  OF.  celle, 
mod.  F.  celle  =  Pr.  cella  =  Sp.  celda  =  Pg.  cclla 
=  It.  cella,  <  L.  cclla,  a  small  room,  a  hut,  barn, 
granary  (NL.,  in  anatomy,  biology,  etc.,  a  cell), 
=  AS.  hcall,  E.  hall,  a  room,  house,  etc.,  =  Gr. 
.ta/id,  a  hut,  barn,  granary,  =  Skt.  A"a/,  gala,  a 
hut,  house,  room,  stable  (cf.  garana,  a  shed, 
hut,  as  adj.  protecting),  and  related  to  L.  celare 
=  AS.  hclan,  cover,  conceal,  =  Skt.  'gar,  *gal, 
cover,  protect :  see  hall,  heW^,  hole,  and  con- 
ceal.'] 1.  A  small  or  close  apartment,  as  in  a 
convent  or  a  prison. 

It  was  more  dark  and  lone  that  vault, 
Thau  the  worst  dungeon  cell. 

Scott,  Mannion,  ii.  17. 

2.  A  small  or  mean  place  of  residence,  such  as 
a  cave  or  hermitage ;  a  hut. 

Then  did  religion  in  a  lazy  cell, 

In  empty  airy  contemplations  dwell. 

Sir  J.  Denham. 
In  cottages  and  lowly  cells 
True  piety  neglected  dwells. 

Somerville,  Epitaph  upon  II.  Lumber. 

3.  In  eccles.  hist.,  a  dependent  religious  house 
founded  on  the  estate  of  an  abbey  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  abbot  of  the  mother  church. 
About  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century,  owing  to  the 
creation  of  a  new  dignitary  (the  prior,  in  the  abbey  of 
Cluny),  such  establishments  received  the  designation  of 
priories.     Walcott,  Sacred  Arehieology. 

Tliis  lord  was  kepere  of  the  selle. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Piol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  172. 

A  place  called  Woodkirk,  where  there  was  a  cell  of  Aus- 
tin Friars,  in  dependance  on  the  great  house  of  St.  Oswald 
at  Xostel.  A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  35. 

4.  In  arch.  See  cella,  1. —  5.  In  biol.:  (a)  The 
fundamental  form-element  of  every  organized 
body.  It  is  a  bioplastie  mass  of  protoplasm,  varying  in 
size  and  shape,  generally  of  microscopic  dimensions,  capa- 
ble under  proper  conditions  of  performing  the  functions 
of  sensation,  nutrition,  reproduction,  and  automatic  or 
spontaneous  motion,  and  constituting  in  itself  an  entire 
organism,  or  being  capable  of  entering  into  the  structure 
of  one.  Such  a  cell  as  a  rule  h.%s  a  inieleus,  and  is  usually 
also  provided  with  a  wall  or  detinitc  boundary  ;  but  neither 
cell-nucKus  nor  cell-wall  m ss;irily  enters  into  its  struc- 
ture. In  idtiniale  morphological  analysis,  all  orL^anized 
tissue  is  resolvable  into  cells  or  cell-products.  .See  proto- 
plasm, and  cell  theory,  below.  (J)  Specifically,  a  nu- 
cleated capsulated  form-element  of  any  struc- 
ture or  tissue ;  one  of  the  independent  proto- 
plasmic bodies  which  build  up  an  animal  fab- 


ceU 

If  a  single  cell,  unrtcr  appropriate  conditions,  hecoraea 

a  mail  in  the  space  of  u  few  yearH,  tlu*re  can  Bnrciy  be  no 
(lilliciilty  in  nnderstamlint;  liow,  undrr  ajipropriate  cun- 
ditif)ns,  a  cell  may  in  tlie  course  uf  untold  millions  of  years 
give  origin  to  the  human  race. 

H.  Spe7iccr,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  118. 

However  complicated  one  of  the  hiKhcr  animals  or  plants 
may  he,  it  hejxins  it«  separate  existence  under  the  form  of 
a  nucleated  ceil,  Uuxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  19. 

(c)  In  Pobjcoo,  one  of  the  oasos  or  cups  of  the 
oetofynt  or  exoskeletoii  of  a  polyzoarium,  con- 
taining an  individual  zooid  or  polypid.  See  cuts 
under  PlumatcUa  and  PohjzfMi. — 6.  In  anat.  and 
zoijl.,  some  little  cavity,  compartment,  camera, 
or  hollow  place;  a  cella  or  eellula;  a  vesicle;  a 
capsule:  a  follicle;  a  corpuscle,  etc.:  as,  the 
cells  of  lioneyconib;  the  crlls  (not  osteoblasts) 
of  cancellous  bone-tissue;  the  <*^7/.v  (compart- 
ments, not  form-elements)  of  oellidar  or  con- 
nective tissue ;  the  ceUs^  or  eancelli,  of  the  re- 
ticulated structure  of  an  insect's  wing  (that  is, 
the  spaces  between  the  nervures  or  veins) ;  the 
cells  of  a  forarainiferous  or  radiolarian  shell; 
the  cells  (ventricles,  cavities)  of  the  brain;  spe- 
cifically, in  entom.,  the  basal  inclosed  space  of 
the  wing  of  a  lepidopterous  insect,  bounded 
by  the  subcostal  and  median  veins,  which  are 
joined  exteriorly. —  7.  A  division  of  the  brain 
as  the  seat  or  abode  of  a  particular  faculty. 
[Poetical.] 

Manye  [mania] 

Engendered  of  humour  malencolyk 

Byforen  in  his  selle  fantastyk. 

Chmtcer,  Knight's  Tale,  L  5ia 

Mine  eyes  he  closed,  but  open  left  the  cell 

Of  fancy,  my  internal  sight.  Milton,  P.  L.,  \iiL  469. 

8.  In  elect.,  a  single  jar  or  element  of  a  voltaic 
battery,  a  simple  cell  ordinarily  consists  of  plates  of 
two  different  metals  joined  by  a  wire  and  immersed  in  a 
liquid  (called  the  exciting  liquid)  which  acts  chemically 
upon  one  plate  ;  this,  the  positive  or  generating  jdate,  at 
the  expense  of  which  the  electrical  current  is  maintained, 
is  usually  zinc ;  the  negative  plate  is  often  copper,  Ijut  may 
be  platinum,  carlion.  silver,  etc.  The  exciting  liiinid  is  com- 
monly dilute  sulphuric  acid,  but  solutions  uf  sal  ammoniac, 
common  salt,  etc.,  are  also  used.  ThecuiTent  Huws  through 
the  liquid  frttm  the  positive  plate  (zinc)  to  the  copper,  and 
tiirough  the  wire  from  the  positive  pole  to  the  negative 

pole.  (See  figure.) 
Tlie  current  from 
a  simple  voltaic 
cell  so«»n  loses  its 
strength,  because 
hyiUogen  Ijubbles, 
liberated  in  the 
chenucal  action  on 
the  negative  plate, 
form  a  film  over  it. 
This  polarization 
of  the  negative 
jdate  (see  yWfln'zff- 
titni)  may  be  par- 
tially avoided  by 
mechanical  means 
in  a  siu'jle-jfnid  cell, 
by  using  platinum, 
or  silver  covered 
with  finely  divided 
platinum,  as  in  the 
Smee  cell,  or  plati- 
It  is  more  effectually 


Cells. 
j4,  a  few  cells  from  the  chorda  dorsalis  of  the  lamprey:  *J,  cell-wall ; 
*,  cell-contents;  c.  nucleus;  rf.  nuck-oliis.  Jl,  nuiUipoIar  nerve-cell 
(with  many  processes)  from  human  spinal  cord  :  c,  nucleus  and  nu- 
cleolus. C,  an  oval  nerve-cell.  Z>.  cartilage-cell.  £".  hepatic  or  liver 
cells.     /^,  pigmentary  cell,  from  skin  of  frog.    (All  magnified.] 

rie ;  a  body  consisting  of  cell-substanco.  cell- 
wall,  and  cell-nucleus:  as.  hor\e-cells,  cartilage- 
cells,  mxisole-cells,  nerve-<r//.y,  faUcells,  cells  of 
connective  tissue,  of  mucous  and  serous  mem- 
brane, etc.,  of  the  blood,  Ijnnph,  etc.  This  is  the 
usual  character  of  cells  in  aninuds,  and  is  the  ordinary 
technical  anatomical  sense  of  the  word. 


Simple  Voltaic  CelL 
C,  copper  plate  ;  ^,  zinc  plate. 


nized  carbon,  as  in  tlie  Walker  cell. 

prevented  in  a  two-jlvid  cell  by  tlie  addition  of  a  second 
li(iuid  (the  depolai-izing  liquid),  with  which  tlie  hydrogen 
combines  chemically.  In  the  Grenet  cell,  or  bottle-cell,  bi- 
chromate of  potash  is  mixed  with  the  sulphuric  acid  (being 
henceculKda  hirhrom-ate  cdO  in;' vessel  of  bottle  form,  and 
the  zinc  and  carbon  are  immersed  in  tbem  ;  the  zinc,  how- 
ever, is  raised  out  of  the  liquid  when  the  cell  is  not  in  use. 
Practically,  the  depolarizing  liciuitl  is  usually  separated 
from  the  exciting  liquid,  as  in  the  compound  cell.  One  of 
the  best  of  tliese  is 
the  Daniell  cell,  which 
consists  of  a  zinc  plate 
immersed  in  dilute 
sulphuric  acid  con- 
tained in  a  porous  ves- 
sel, outside  of  which 
is  a  perforated  copper 
plate  surrounded  by 
a  solution  of  copper 
sulphate.  The  action 
is  as  follows  :  The  re- 
action betweeu  the 
zinc  and  sulphuric 
acid  produces  zinc 
sulphate  and  hydro- 
gen; the  latter,  how- 
ever, instead  of  col- 
lecting on  the  copper 
plate,  tmites  with 
the  copper  sulphate, 
fomiing  sulphuric 
acid  and  metallic  cop- 
per. The  former  goes 
to  keep  up  the  supply  of  acid  in  the  inner  vessel,  and  the 
latter  is  deposited  on  the  copper  plate.  The  consumption 
of  copper  sulphate  is  made  good  by  a  supply  of  crystals 
in  a  re.  ijitiule  at  the  top.  A  modified  form  of  the  Daniell 
cell  is  tlic  ttnivih/  oil,  in  which  the  porous  vessel  is  done 
away  ^s  ith.  and  the  two  liquids  are  separated  by  their  spe- 
cific gravities;  the  copptr  sulphate  f^iinounds  the  copper 
plate  at  the  bottom,  and  the  zinc  sulphate  tlic  zinc  plate  at 
the  top.  This  is  the  form  of  cell  most  used  for  telegraphic 
purposes  in  the  United  States,  otiier  forms  of  the  com- 
poimd  cell  are  the  Grooe,  in  which  platinum  and  nitric 


Daniell  CeU. 
Z,  zinc  plate ;  P,  porous  vessel ;  C, 
copper  plate  :  K,  receptacle  for  crystals 
of  copper  sulphate. 


cell 

nriil  take  the  place  of  the  copper  and  copper  Riilphatc  nf 
the  Uaniell ;  the  Ilumen,  which  is  like  the  (.iruvc  i-xcrpt  in 

ttie  iiMC  uf  curhiiii 
+  ^  iiistcail    of    phiti- 

mini ;  niul  tlieru 
are  many  others. 
The  Lfclanchi^  cell, 
niiK-h  used  in  con- 
nection with  ulcc- 
trie  eall-hells  (as 
alsr)  with  the  tele- 
phones), consists  of 
a  rod  uf  zinc  im- 
niLTsed  in  a  solu- 
tion of  sal  aninio- 
niae,  and  a  plate 
uf  carhuu,  some- 
times, ttiou^h 
not  necessarily,  in 
a  separate  jior- 
ous  vessel  jiaeked 
ahout  with  pow- 
derud  manii^aiiese 
dioxidandearhoti. 
This  cell  rapidly 
hecuniea  i)o|;ir. 
ized,  hut  if  Ic-ft  to 
itsidf  soon  rei^aiiis 


Gravity  Cell. 
C,  copper  plate  ;  Z,  zinc  plate. 


its  strength,  and  hence  is  especially  valuahle  for  iiitur 
mittcnt  use  ;  it  hiis  also  the  advanta^^e  tltat  there  is  no 
waste  of  the  zinc  hy  Uical  action  when  not  in  use.  Tlie 
sUver-chlorid  cell,  as  devised  l»y  I>e  la  Hue,  consists  of  zinc 
acted  upon  by  sal  ammoniac  and  a  rod  of  silver  surrouuil- 
cd  by  a  cylinder  of  silver  chlurid.  Tlie  Latimer-Clark 
standard  cell  consists  of  zinc  and  pure  mercury  separated 
by  a  paste  made  from  suli)hatcs  of  zinc  and  mercury ; 
when  suital)ly  arranj^ed  it  maintains  a  very  constant  elec- 
tromotive force,  and  hence  has  bcL-n  usee!  as  a  standard. 
9,  A  structure  of  wroTifi;bt-iron,  consisting 
usually  of  four  plates  riveted  to  anf:;le-iroiis. 
— 10.  A  small  frame  or  box  employed  to 
hold  or  inclose  a  microscopic  object Adelo- 

morpllOUS  cells.    SaTne  as  prinnpal  ci'//.s.— Alar  cellS. 

See  a^rtr.— Amoeboid  Cell,  amcebiform  cell,  a  cell 
which  has  no  determinate  form,  or  whicli  is  capalde  of 
executing  am<jehoid.  movements,  and  so  uf  clian-,'ing  its 
form,  and  even  of  moving  about,  like  an  amccha.  Cor- 
puscles of  chyle  and  lymph  are  of  this  character ;  so  like- 
wise are  the  white  corpuscles  of  the  Idood.— Antipo- 
dal cells.     ?5ee  antipodal.  —  Apical  cell.     See  aj'icnl.— 

Beaker-cells.  Same  as  fi»blet-rHis.—Beale's  ganglion- 
ceUs,  tiic  bipolar  cells  of  the  abdominal  synipatlietic 
nerve  of  the  frog,  in  which  one  process  is  coiled  spirally 
around  the  other.— Cell  family,  a  row  or  group  of  uni- 
cellular plants  which  have  originated  from  a  parent  cell 
and  still  remain  attached ;  a  colony.  — Cells  Of  Purldnje, 
large  branching  cells  in  the  cerebellar  cortex.  —  Cell  theo- 
ry, the  doctrine  that  the  bodies  of  all  animals  and  plants 
consist  either  of  a  cell  or  of  a  number  uf  cells  and  their 
products,  and  that  all  cells  proceed  from  cells,  as  expressed 
in  the  phrase  ouviis  cdlula  e  cdliila:  a  doctrine  fore- 
shadowed by  Kaspar  Friedrich  Wolff,  who  died  in  1704, 
and  by  Karl  Ernst  von  Baer(i)orn  17!»2);  it  was  established 
in  botany  by  Schleideu  in  1H38,  and  in  zoology  by  Theodor 
Schwann  about  1839.  Its  complete  form,  including  the 
ovum  as  a  simple  cell  also,  is  the  basis  of  the  present  state 
of  tlie  biological  seieiiees.—  Challce-cells.  Samea.Sffobk't- 
cd/*.— CoUarad  cell,  a  cell  one  end  of  which  has  a  raised 
rim  or  border,  like  n  collar,  as  that  uf  a  ctdlar-bearing  mo- 
nail,  or  cli(<anoilagellate  infusMi-ian. —Condemned  celL 
Ht-vraivlrnnhd.  -Daughtcr-CeU.  See  ;/("//((T-(r^/,  below. 
—  Delters'S  cells,  certain  cells  ititimatcly  connected  with 
the  external  hair*cellsof  the  cochlea;  also,  the  cells  of  the 
neuroglia :  sometimes  applied  to  the  large  cells  of  the  an- 
terior cornua  of  the  spinal  cord,  which  give  off  Deiters's 
processes.  Named  from  Deiters,  a  German  anatomist 
(1834-^3).— Electrolytic  cell,  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  vessel  in  wliich  a  licpiid  is  placed  for  electrolysis. — 
Flagellate  cell,  a  cell  with  only  one  tlagellum.— Gob- 
let-cells,  luluinnar  epithelial  cells  in  whicli  the  free  end 
is  disteii'lcd  with  mucin,  so  that  the  cell  presents  the 
form  of  a  goblet.  Also  called  chalice-  or  beakcr-ccUs. — 
Granule-cell.  See  .amnuf^.— Gustatory  cells.  See 
f/«*?af on/.  — Hair-cells,  in  anat.,  cells  having  on  their 
upper  surfaces  very  flne  hair-like  processes,  lying  on  the 
outer(external  hair-cells)  or  inner  (internal  huir-eells)  side 
of  the  rodsof  Corti  (which  see,  nntler  »i'./).— Indifferent 
cells  or  tissues,  cells  or  tissues  not  liitfercntiatiLd  into 
any  i>f  tlie  definite  permanent  forms.  -Langerhans'  cell, 
a  cert^tin  peculiar  structure  embedded  in  tlie  epithelium, 
in  which  thenerve-llber.-^  terminate.— Latticed  cells.  See 
cambi/nmi.  —  Mother-cell,  a  cell  which  multiplies  itself 
by  the  division  of  its  protoplasmic  contents  and  the  secre- 
tion of  a  wall 

of         cell  ulose K  E 

about  each  por- 
tion. The  new 
cells  are  called 
dauqkter  -  cells. 
~  PeauceUier 

cell,  in  iiK'ch., 
a  plane  linkage 
discovered  by 
Lieut.  Peaucel- 
lier  in  1864, 
which  first  solv- 
ed the  celebrat- 
ed problem  of 
jiarallel  mo- 
tion. It  is  com- 
posed of  two 
long  links  of 
equal  length, 
pivoted  toge- 
ther at  one  end 
and  at  the  other 
pivoted  to  the 
opposite  angles 
of  a  rhombus 
composed  of 
four  equal  and 
shorter     links. 


879 

For  nsG,  the  junction.  A,  of  the  two  lonff  links  Is  fixed  In 
position,  and  an  extra  link,  liC,  is  attached  to  the  angk-  of 
the  rhombus  nearest  to  A.  The  other  end,  /f,  of  the  extra 
link  is  fixed  in  position,  usually  at  a  distance  from  A  e»iual 
to  fiC.  In  this  case,  when  liC  turns  about  li  sxaa.  center, 
the  vertex,  K,  of  the  rhombus  most  distant  from  A  will 
describe  a  right  line.  The  production  of  this  effect  by 
link-work  alone  had  been  nmch  sought  after  since  the  in- 
vention of  the  steam-engine.  —  Principal  cells,  the  cen- 
tral cells  of  the  cardiac  glands  of  the  stoniaeh.  Also  calle<l 
adelouwrphvim  ce/^if. —Selenium  cell.  See  refiiKtaiu-e  and 
photi>jth<m€. 

cell  (sol),  V.  t.    [<  ccU,  U.I    To  sbut  up  iu  a  cell ; 
place  iu  a  coll.     [Rare.] 

Myself  a  recluse  from  the  world 
And  celled  underground. 

Warner,  Albion's  England,  vil. 

cella  (sel'a),  n. ;  pi.  ceU(e  (-e).  [L. :  see  ctUj  h.] 
1.  The  room  or  chamber  which  formed  the 
nucleus  of  an  an- 
cient Greek  or  Ko- 
man  t<'nip!e  and  con- 
tained the  image  of 
the  deity,  as  distiu- 
fjuished  from  the 
additional  rooms, 
porticos,  etc.,  often 
combined  with  the 
eclla  to  form  the 
complete  temple. 
The  word  is  now  often 
applied  to  the  corre- 
sponding part  of  the  tem- 
ples of  other  peoples, 
as  uf  the  ancient  Egyp- 
tians.    Also  cell. 


[^ 

B    •    ■    ■    W-^ 

■1 

|M     ■    ■     ■     ■    Ml 

c 

T  T 

"1         P. 

*.    A     P 

P        • 

D 

b  •  •  «  ff  W 

■  e  4  •  a  a 

Plan  of  the  P.irthenon. 
A,  cella  :  H,  opisthwiomus  (or  Par- 
thenon) ;  C,  pronaos;  D,  cpinaos  [or 
opisthodomus) ;  E,  site  of  the  statue 
of  Athena. 


A 

PeauceUier  Cell. 
CD,  DF,  F.F.  FC,  AF,  AD,  BC,  are  stiff  bars 
Jointed  at  A,  C,  D,  F,  p.  A  and  B  are  fixed  in 
position  at  a  distance  equal  to  BC,  and  ttiere  is 
a  pencil  at  E.  AsCturnsalxiut-^,  describing  tlie 
arc  cCc' ,  the  point  F.  describes  the  right  line 
eEe';  ede/ani  c'cTe'/'  arc  two  positions  ofC^f^. 


Tlie  next  cla-ss  of  tem- 
ples, called  pseiuio-pe- 
ripteral  (or  those  in 
which  the  cella  occupies 
the  whole  of  the  after 
part),  ai-e  {generally  more 
nioilerii,  certainly  mure 
completely  Kontan,  than 
these  last. 

FerguexoH,  Hist.  Archi- 
Itecturc,  I,  307. 

The  front  of  the  cella 
includes  a  small  open 
peristyle. 

B.  TayUtr,  Lands  of  the 
(Saracen,  p.  296. 

2.  [NL.]  In  anat, 
hioh,  and  zniil.,  a 
cell;  a  oellula.  [Rare.] — 3.  A  hole  or  hollow 
formed  at  the  foot  of  a  waterfall  or  rapid  by  the 
continued  action  of  the  water.  [Canadian.]  — 
Cella  media,  in  nuat.,  the  central  part  of  the  lateral 
ventricles  of  tile  lirain,  from  which  the  cornua  proceed. 
cellSBform  (sel'f-fonn),  a.  [Prop,  celliform,  < 
NL.  cella,  a  cell,  +  L.  forma,  shape.]  Of  the 
form  of  a  cell ;  like  a  cell  in  aspect,  but  not  of 
the  morphological  nature  of  a  cell. 

In  the  layer  of  protoplasm  from  which  the  pseudopodia 

proceed,  cellce/orin  bodies  of  a  bright  yellow  colour,  which 

have  been  found  to  contain  starch,  are  usually  developed. 

Iluxlcy,  Aiiat.  Invert.,  p.  85. 

cell-animal  (seran"i-mal),  n.  A  cell  as  an  in- 
dividual animal  or  organism ;  an  animal  that 
is  a  single  cell,  or  a  number  of  cells  not  histo- 
logically differentiated. 

cellarl  (sel'iir),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  eeller,  <  ME. 
ccllcr,  cclcr,"<  OF.  cclier,  F.  cellicr  =  Pr.  cclicr 
=  Cat.  cclhr  =  Pg.  celleiro  =  It.  ccHurc  =  D. 
keldcr  =  OHG.  chellari,  MHG.  UJrc,  kcUer,  G. 
kdlcr  =  Icel.  kjallari  =  Sw.  kdllare  =  Dan. 
kjahlcr,  <  L.  ccllnrium,  a  pantry,  prop.  neut.  of 
ccUarius,  pcrtaiuhig  to  a  cell,  <  cella  :  see  cell, 
w.  In  the  comp.  saltcellar,  q.  v.,  -cellar  is  of 
different  origin.]  1.  A  room  under  a  house  or 
other  building,  either  wholly  or  partly  under 
ground,  not  adapted  for  habitation,  but  for  the 
storage  of  provisions,  wine,  lumber,  fuel,  etc. 
In  some  of  the  overerowdeil  parts  of  larse  towns,  how- 
ever, cellars  are  converted  into  habitations  for  people  of 
the  poorest  classes. 

l!y  nyjtc  sette  it  in  a  soft  cleer  cir,  or  ellis  in  a  coold 
sckr.  Hook  of  Quinte  Essence  (ed.  I'm-nivall),  p.  8. 

She's  brought  them  dnwii  to  yon  cellar, 
She  brought  them  fifty  steps  and  three. 

The  Knights  Ghost  (Child's  iiallads,  I.  211). 

2t.  A  receptacle  or  case  for  bottles. 
Eim  for  the  cellar  of  strong  waters  quickly. 

B.  Jonson,  Magiietick  Lady,  iii.  1. 

His  wife  afterwards  did  take  me  into  my  closet,  and  give 
me  a  cellar  of  waters  of  her  own  distilling. 

Pepijs,  Diary,  April  1, 1C68. 

cellar^  (sel'iir),  a.    [<  L.  cellarius,  pertaining  to 
a  coll :  see  ceUar'^.'\     Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cell ; 
crllular:  as,  cellar -waMs.     [Kare.] 
cellar-*t,  "•     See  celure. 

cellarage  (seriir-aj),  n.  [<  cellar'^  +  -ai/c]  1. 
Till'  space  occupied  by  a  cellar  or  cellars ;  a 
cellar  or  cellars  collectively. 

Come  on  —  you  hear  this  fellow  iu  the  cctlarain — 
Consent  to  swear.  Shak,,  Uainlet,  L  6. 


Cellepora 

2.  Room  or  storage  in  a  cellar. —  3.  A  charge 
for  storage  in  a  cellar. 
cellar-book  (st  I'jir-buk),  n.  A  book  containing 
details  regarding  the  wines  or  other  liquors  re- 
ceived into  and  given  out  from  a  wine-cellar; 
a  book  kept  by  a  butler  showing  the  general 
state  of  the  wine-cellar. 

Here  he  checked  the  housekeeper's  account,  and  over- 

liuiileil  the  butler's  cellar-ttook.  Thackeray, 

cellarer  (serjir-er),  n.  [<  ME.  celcrcr,  celcrere, 
<  OF.  cclerkr,  F.  cellvricr  =  Pr.  ecllaricr  = 
OCat.  ccUcrcr  =  Sp.  cilkrero  =  Pg.  eellerciro, 
cclleireiro  =  \t.  cellvrajo,  celhrario  (ML.  cellarius, 
cellerarius),  <  L.  cellarariug,  a  steward,  butler, 
<ccUariitm,  apantry:  sviicellar^.]  1.  An  officer 
in  a  monastery  who  has  the  care  of  the  cellar,  or 
the  charge  of  procuring  and  keeping  the  pro- 
visions ;  also,  an  officer  in  a  chapter  who  has 
the  care  of  tlio  tcinjiorals,  and  jiarticularly  of 
the  distribution  of  bread,  wine,  and  money  to 
canons  on  account  of  their  attendance  in  the 
choir. 

The  crUnrer  was  a  sly  old  fellow  with  a  thin  greybeard, 
and  Inoki-ti  as  if  he  could  tell  a  good  story  i>f  an  evening 
over  a  tlugon  of  g<»od  wine. 

U.  Curzun,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  .147. 

2.    Same  as  ccllarmau. —  3.    One  who  keeps 
wine- or  spii-it-cellars;  a  spirit-dealer  or  wine- 
merchant. 
.•\lso  cellarist. 

cellaret  (sel'jir-et),  n.  [<  cellar'^  +  dim.  -ci.] 
A  case  for  holding  bottles  or  decanters,  as  of 
wine,  cordials,  etc.,  sometimes  also  several 
lifiueiir-glasses. 

cellar-flap  (sel'ar-flap),  11.  A  wooden  lifting 
diior  covering  the  descent  to  a  cellar.     [U.  S.] 

Cellaria  (se-la'ri-jl),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L.  cella- 
rius, <  cella,  a  chamber,  cell :  see  cell,  «.]  The 
tjTiieal  genus  of  the  family  Ccllariidw. 

Cellariiaaa  (sel-a-ri'i-de),  v.,  pi,  [NL.,<  Cella- 
ria +  -iV/tc]  A  family  of  gjmnoliematous  chi- 
lostoraatous  polyzoans,  typified  by  the  genus 
CcUaria.     Also  Cellariada'. 

cellaring  (sel'ar-ing),  «.  l<.  cellar'^  + -iyig^.}  1. 
A  range  or  system  of  cellars;  cellarage. 

Ah  !  how  blessed  should  I  be  to  live  with  you  in  a  re- 
tired and  peaceful  cottage,  situatetl  in  a  delightful  sport- 
iui;  country,  with  attached  and  detached  tiffices,  roomy 
cellaring,  and  eoniiuudions  attics. 

Morton,  Secrets  worth  Knowing,  iii.  4. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  storing  goods  in  cel- 
lars. 

cellarino  (It.  pron.  ehel-lii-re'no),  n.  [It.]  In 
the  Koman  or  Renaissance  Tuscan  and  Doric 
orders  of  architecture,  the  neck  or  necking  be- 
neath the  ovolo  of  the  capital. 

cellarist  (sel'ar-ist),  «.  [<  cellar^  +  -ist.']  Same 
as  cellarer. 

cellarman  (sel'ar-man), )!.;  pl.feWflrmpw(-men). 
A  person  employed  in  a  wine-cellar;  a  butler; 
also,  a  spirit-dealer  or  wine-merchant.  Also 
called  cellarer. 

cellaroUS  (sel'ar-us),  a.    [<  cellar'^  -•-  -ojis.]  Be- 
longing to  or  connected  with  a  cellar;  subter- 
ranean; excavated.     [Rare.] 
Certain  ecllaroiu  steps. 

Dickeiis,  Uncommercial  Traveller,  ix. 

cellar-rat  (sel'ar-rat),  n.  A  contemptuous 
name  for  a  custom-houso  officer  employed  iu 
looking  after  the  storage  of  imported  goods. 

There  was  to  be  a  standing  anny  kept  up  in  time  of  peace  : 
custom-house  oflicers,  tide-waiters,  and  cellar-rats. 

J.  B.  itcMaater,  I'cople  of  the  United  States,  I,  401. 

cellar-snail  (sel'Sr-snal),  n.  Aland-snail, 
Ilijalina  cellaria,  of  the  famUy  Vitritiidw  and 
subfamily  Zonitiiw,  having  a  small,  depressed, 
polished  shell :  so  called  from  being  found  in 
cellars.  It  is  a  European  species  which  has  been  iiitro- 
diiced  into  the  United  States,  and  is  conimon  in  the  .Atlan- 
tic seaport  towns. 

cell-capsule  (sel'kap'sul),  «.  Athickcell-waU 
or  readily  separable  cell-membrane. 

When  such  membranes  att.ain  a  certain  degree  of  thick- 
ness and  independence  as  regards  the  body  of  the  cell, 
they  .are  known  as  ceU-ca]Htules. 

Frey,  Uistol.  and  llistochem.  (trans.),  p.  83. 

celled  (seld),  a.  [<  cell  +  -ed^.l  Ila'ring  a  cell 
or  cells;  composed  of  a  cell  or  cells;  cellular: 
used  separately  or  in  compounds:- as,  a  celled 
or^an :  one-celled;  many-celled. 

cell-enamel  (sel'e-nam'el),  n.  Cloisonne  en- 
aiiul.     [Rare.] 

Cellepora  (se-lep'o-ra\  n.  [NIj.,  better  Cclli- 
jKirii,  <  NL.  cella,  a  cell,  +  L.  jiorus,  a  passage : 
see  iKire.'i  The  tj-pical  genus  of  polyzoans  of 
the  family  Cellcjxirida;  having  a  median  avicti- 
lariimi  behind  the  posterior  Up  of  the  mouth  of 
the  cell.    Also  CeUipora. 


Celleporldse 

Celleporidae  (Rcl-o-i>or'i-<io),  w.  ;>?.  [P^.,  < 
CcHiiiora  +  -itla:'\  A  family  ofchilostoraatoiis 
polyzoaiiR  with  zoopcia  ureoolate,  erect  or  sub- 
oiect,  irregularly  heaped  together,  aud  often 
fdriniiif;  several  suiierimposed  layers. 

Celleporina  (sel"e-po-ri'iiii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
t'cUvpora  +  -iua-.']  A  siipcrfamily  group  of 
chilostomatous  polyzoans,  liaving  the  zooceium 
calcareous,  rhomboid  or  oval,  and  a  terminal 
mouth.  It  contains  the  families  Ccllcporidtv 
and  Rctfipvriilu'.     Clans. 

celler^t,  «•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  cellar^. 

celler-t,  "•     Sec  cclurc 

cellerert  (serer-cr),  Ji.     Older  form  of  cellarer. 

celliferous  (so-Uf'e-nis),  a.  [<  NL.  cella,  a 
cell,  +  L.  ftrre,  =  fi.  hear^,  +  -ous.'\  Bearing 
or  producing  cells. 

celllform  (sel'i-form),  a.  [<  NL.  cella,  a  cell, 
+  L.  forma,  shape]  Having  the  form  but  not 
the  morphological  nature  of  a  cell. 

Cellipora  (se-lip'o-rji),  ».  [NL.]  Same  as  Cel- 
liiKira. 

cellist  (chel'ist),  n.  An  abbreviated  form  of 
riiihiiiallist :  often  wi'itten  'cellist. 

Cellite  (sel'it),  H.  [F.  Ccllitc  =  Sp.  Celito,  < 
ML.  Ccllitai,  pi.,  <  L.  cella,  a  cell.]  Same  as 
Lollard,  1. 

cell-membrane  (sermem"bran),  n.  In  hioh, 
the  investing  membrane  or  wall  of  a  cell. 

A  distinct,  iiidopeinlent  pellicle,  separable  from  the  cell- 
body,  and  known  as  the  ceU-uicmbyane. 

Frey,  Uistol.  and  ilisto-chem.  (trans.),  p.  64. 

cell-mouth  (scl'mouth),  n.     The  oral  opening 

of  a  unicellular  animal ;  a  eytostome. 
cello  (chel'6),  «.   An  abbreviation  of  violoncello: 

often  written  'cello. 
cell-parasite  (serpar"a-sit),  n.    An  extremely 
minute  parasite  which  lives  within  a  single  coll 
of  the  tissues  of  its  host,  as  a  coeeidium. 
cell-parasitism  (sel'par'a-si-tizm),  n.     Intra- 
cellular parasitism ;  parasitic  life  within  a  cell. 
cell-sap  (sel'sap),  n.     Fluid  or  semi-fluid  cell- 
substance  ;  fluidic  protoplasm. 
cell-substance   (sersub"stans),   «.     The   con- 
tents of  a  cell;  the  general  protoplasm  com- 
posing the  body  of  a  cell. 
cellula  (sel'u-lii),  n.;  pi.  celMcc  (-le).      [NL. 
use  of  L.  cellula,  a  small  storeroom,  dim.  of 
cella,  a  cell,  storeroom:   see  cell,  u.}    A  little 
cell ;  a  cellule. 

cellular  (sel'u-lijr),  a.  and  «.  [<  F.  eellulaire  = 
Sp.  celular  ='  Pg.  cdliilar  =  It.  cellulare,  <  NL. 
cellularis,  <  L.  (NL.)  cellula  :  see  cellula,  cell.'\ 
I.  ((.  Consisting  of,  con- 
taining, or  resembling 
cells ;  pertaining  to  a  cell 
or  to  cells:  as,  cellular 
structure;  a  cellular  ap- 
pearance. 

A  very  good  example  of  such 
a  cellular  parenchyma  is  to  be 
found  in  the  substance  known 
as  Rice-paper. 
)r.  B.  Carpcjifcr,  llicros.,  §351. 

Cellular  beam.  See  ()oiin.— 
Cellular  cartilage.  Sie  car- 
(i7ayr.  -CeUular  system,  in 
hot.,  that  poitioii  of  tlio  struc- 
ture of  plants  which  is  com- 
posed of  fundamental  cellular 
tissue,  or  parenchyma,  in  distinction  from  the  fil^roviiscu- 
lar  and  epidermal  systems.  —  CeUular  theory.  Same  as 
cell  theory  (which  see,  under  cc^O-  — Cellular  tissue,  in 
plants,  parenchyma  (which  see).— Cellular  tissue,  cel- 
lular membrane,  in  animals,  areolar  tissue  (wliich  see, 
unilt-r  areolar).     See  C'll  and  tis.^ue. 

II.  H.  In  hot.,  a  plant  having  no  spiral  ves- 
sels. Lindley. 
Cellulares  (sel-u-la'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
cellularis:  see  cellular.]  In  De  Candolle's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  name  given  to  that  di- 
vision of  the  vegetable  kingdom  more  usually 
called  Cryptocjamia,  including  plants  which  are 
formed  wholly  or  chiefly  of  cellular  tissue. 
Strictly  limited,  it  should  include  only  the 
mosses,  Ucpaticie,  and  lower  cryptogams. 
Cellularia  (sel-u-la'ri-il),  «.  pi.  '  [NL.  (Cuvier), 
neut.  jil.  of  cellularisj  cellular:  see  cellular.'] 
1.  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classification,  the  sec- 
ond family  of  the  Corallifera,  defined  as  ha\'ing 
each  polyp  adhering  to  a  horny  or  calcareous 
cell  with  thin  walls,  and  no  apparent  connec- 
tion with  one  another  except  by  a  very  thin 
epidermis  or  by  pores  in  the  walls  of  the  cells. 
[Not  in  use.]  — 2.  [Used  as  a  singidar.]  The 
typical  and  only  genus  of  the  family  Cellulari- 
idiv.  C.  prachi  is  an  example. 
Cellulariidae  (ser'u-la-ii'i-d6),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cellularia,  2,  -I-  -ida:.']  A  family  of  chilosto- 
matous polyzoans,  typified  by  the  genus  Cellu- 


CeUular  Structure. 
Section  of  Leaf  of  the  Apple. 
aa,  epidermal  cells:  i,  pali- 
sade cells;  c,  spongy  paren- 
chyma ;  6,  c,  cellular  tissue  of 
the  leaf. 


880 

Inria.  Tlio  polyzoary  Is  erect,  Jointed,  phytolil,  dlchotn- 
nionsly  bt.-uiched,  with  /oiecia  alternate  and  all  facing  the 
same  way,  tin-  aperltires  larKC,  oval,  and  membranous,  and 
tlir  uviiiilaria.  wlu'ii  pi-eserit,  sessile,  and  either  lateral  or 
itnterinr.     .\Uo  Ccl/ttlariilte,  Celhtlariatta'. 

Cellularina  (sel'u-la-ri'nii),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
(  cllularia,  2,  +  -(»«-.]  A  supcrfamily  group  of 
chilostomatous  polyzoans,  having  the  zooeciuin 
corneous  and  infuuilibulate.  It  contains  the 
families  .-I-^tcidtr,  CeUulariidiv,  and  liicellariidw. 

cellulated  (sel'u-la-ted),  a.  [<  cellula  +  -ate^ 
+  -((/-.J     liaving  a  cellular  structure. 

cellule  (sel'ul),  u.  [=  F.  cellule  =  It.  cellula,  < 
L.  (NL.)  cellula:  see  cellula.]  A  little  cell. 
Specitlcally  —  (a)  In  entom.,  one  of  the  little  spaces,  sur- 
rounded by  veins,  on  the  wing  of  an  insect,  esjiecially  of 
the  Nearoptera  and  Pneiuloiieuroptera.  (h)  In  hot.,  one 
of  the  cells  which  constitute  the  areolar  structure  of  a 
moss,  or  of  a  leaf  or  similar  vegetable  organ. 

Cellulicolae  (sel-tj-lik'o-le),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  cel- 
lula, (J.  v.,  -I-  L.  colrrc,  inhabit:  see  cult.]  A 
group  of  spiders,  of  the  order  Fulmoiiaria,  which 
form  their  nests  in  slits  beneath  tho  bark  of 
trees,  in  the  ca^^ties  of  stones  and  rocks,  or  in 
burrows  in  the  ground.     [Not  in  use.] 

Cellulifera  (sel-u-lif 'e-ra),  ii.j'l.  [NTj.,  neut.  pi. 
oi  celluUfcrus :  see  cciluiiferou.i.]  A  systematic 
name  of  the  polyzoans  or  moss-animalcules. 

celluliferous  (sel-u-lif'e-ms),  a.  [=z  F.  ccllu- 
lifere,  <  NL.  celluUfcrus,  <  cellula,  q.  v.,  +  L. 
ferre  =  E.  bear'^.]  Bearing  or  producing  little 
cells ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cellu- 
lifera. 

celluline  (sel'i\-lin),  n.  and  a.  [<  cellula  + 
-iiie-.]     Same  as  celhdose^. 

cellulitis  (sel-ii-li'tis),  H.  [NL.,  <  cellula,  q.  v., 
-1-  -itis.]  In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  cellular  or 
connective  tissue,  especially  in  its  looser  forms. 

celluloid  (sel'u-loid),  n.  [<  ccllul(ose~)  +  -old.] 
A  substance  made  of  guncotton,  camphor,  and 
some  other  ingredients,  imitating  ivory,  or, 
when  colored,  tortoise-shell,  coral,  amber,  mal- 
achite, etc.  Many  articles,  useful  and  orna- 
mental, are  manufactured  frotn  it. 

cellulose^  (sel'u-los),  a.  [<  NL.  as  if  *cellulo- 
sus,  <  cellula,  q.  v.]     Containing  cells. 

cellulose"  (sel'u-los),  n.  and  a.  [<  cellula  + 
-osc.]  I.  K.  In  bot.,  the  essential  constituent 
of  the  primary  wall-membrane  of  aU  cells,  a 
secretion  from  the  contained  protoplasm,  isom- 
erous  with  starch  in  its  composition,  and  al- 
lied to  starch,  sugar,  and  inulin.  it  rarely  or  never 
exists  in  a  simple  condition  unmixed  with  coloring  or 
mineral  matters,  etc. ;  and  with  age  it  becomes  largely 
transformed  into  IJgnin,  suberin,  or  mucilage.  Cotton 
and  the  bleached  fiber  of  flax  and  hemp  are  nearly  pure 
cellulose,  and  in  some  filter-paper  it  is  almost  chemically 
pure.  Cellulose  is  remarkable  for  its  insolubility,  being 
dissolved  without  change  only  by  an  ammoniacal  solu- 
tion of  o.\id  of  copper,  from  which  it  may  be  again  pre- 
cipitated. Under  the  action  of  concentrated  or  boiling 
acids,  or  of  caustic  alkalis,  many  different  products  are 
obtained,  according  to  the  method  of  treatment.  It  is 
changed  to  glucose  by  long  boiling  with  dilute  sulphuric 
or  hydrochloric  acid  ;  a  substance  reseiubling  parchment 
is  obtained  by  treating  imsized  paper  with  cold  sulphu- 
ric acid ;  strong  nitric  acid,  or  a  mixture  of  nitric  and 
sulphuric  acids,  converts  forms  of  cellulose  into  guncot- 
ton, etc.  In  its  unchanged  condition  it  is  not  colored  by 
iodine  except  usually  with  a  faint  yellowish  tint,  which 
becomes  a  bright  blue  on  the  addition  of  strong  sulphuric 
acid.  Cellulose  is  also  said  to  exist  in  the  tunics  of  AsciUia 
and  in  other  invertebrates. —  Starch-cellulose,  the  deli- 
cate skeleton  of  cellulose  which  remains  wtien  starch- 
granules  are  dissolved  in  saliva  or  pepsin. 
II.  a.  Formed  of  cellulose. 

cellulosic  (sel-ti-16'sik),  a.  [<  cellulose^  +  -ic] 
Of  or  relating  to  cellulose ;  produced  by  or  made 
of  cellulose :  as, ' '  cellulosic  fermentation,"  2fiiie- 
teenth  Century. 

celort,  «•     Same  as  cclure. 

Celosia  (se-16'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  x^Acof,  burn- 
ing, later  KJ-z/idf,  dry,  <  naisiv,  bm'u;  from  the 
burned  appearance  of 
the  flowers  of  some 
species.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order 
Amaraiitacece,  for  the 
most  part  tropical. 
The  cockscomb  common  in 
cultivation  is  C.  crt^tata  ; 
but  the  cultivated  form  of 
this  plant,  with  a  broad 
flattened  stem  and  a  ter- 
minal crest,  is  very  unlike 
its  natural  condition,  be- 
ing a  monstrosity  furmt-il 
by  the  union  or  fasciation 
of  tlie  branches. 

celostomy  (se-los'to- 
mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  koi?.o- 
(TTOfila,  <  Koi/lof,  hollow 
(see  ceil,  n.),  +  nru/ia, 
tho  month.]  The  act  of  speaking  with  a  hol- 
low voice. 


Cockscomb  {Ctlosia  cristate). 


Celticism 

celotomy  (se-lot'o-mi),  n.  [=  F.  c^lotomic  = 
S[).  celotnmia,  <  dr.  KJi'/MTofiin,  <  Kr/'/T/,  a  timior, 
-f  -T(/fiia,  <  ri/ii'iiv  (-y/  'tu/i),  cut.]  In  surff. :  («) 
The  operation  of  cutting  the  constriction  ia 
strangulated  hernia.  (6)  An  operation  former- 
ly employed  for  the  radical  cure  of  inguinal  her- 
nia.    (r)  Castration. 

celsitudet  (sel'si-tad),  n.  [ME.  celcitude,  <  OF. 
cetsitude  =  Sp.  eelsitud  =  Pg.  celsifude  =  It.  cehi- 
tudiiie,  <  L.  celsitudo  (-tudiii-),  a  lofty  bearing, 
later  a  title  equiv.  to  '  Highness,'  <  celsus,  raised 
high,  lofty,  pp.  of  "celkre,  rise  high,  in  comp. 
cxcellere,  ete.:  sec  excel,  excelsior.]  1.  Height; 
elevation;  altitude. — 2.  Highness;  excellency: 
sometimes  used  humorously. 

Honor  to  the  .  .  .  and  to  thy  celcitude. 

Court  of  Lam,  1.  611. 

In  most  lamentable  forme  complaineth  to  your  .  .  .  eel- 

^ttode,  your  distressed  orators.      Mnr^'ton,  The  Fawne,  v. 

Celsius  thermometer.  Same  as  ecu  tie/radc  tlicr- 

>iiiiiurt(r  (which  see,  under  ceHtii/radc). 

Celti,  Kelt  (self,  kelt),  )(.  [F.  Celle  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  Celta,  usually  in  pi.,  <  L.  Celtic,  pi.,  sing. 
*Celta,  <  Gr.  MO.Tai  (sing.*K£/<.rjzf),  earlier  Kf/roi 
(sing.  *Kf/'i7of),  a  name  at  first  vaguely  applied 
to  a  Western  people,  afterward  the  regular  des- 
ignation of  the  Celtic  race.  Origin  imknown ; 
jierhaps  akin  to  the  equiv.  L.  Galli,  the  'Gauls,' 
and  to  the  Celtic  Gael,  q.  v.  The  W.  Celtiad 
(as  if  'a  dweller  in  coverts,'  <  celt,  a  covert, 
shelter,  <  celu,  hide,  conceal,  <  L.  celare,  hide: 
see  cell  and  conceal),  a  Celt,  Gael.  Ciiltich  and 
Coilltich,  pL,  Celts,  are  prob.  due  to  the  L.  Celtic. 
The  reg.  Eng.  spelling  is  Celt  and  the  reg.  Eng. 
pron.  selt ;  but  the  spelling  Kelt,  after  G.  Jielt, 
(ir.  Kf'/.rai,  W.  Celtiad  (pron.  kel'ti-ad),  is  pre- 
ferred by  some  recent  writers.]  A  member  of 
one  of  the  peoples  speaking  languages  akin  to 
those  of  Wales,  Ireland,  the  Highlands  of  Scot^ 
land,  and  Brittany,  and  constituting  a  branch 
or  principal  di\isiou  of  tho  Indo-European  fam- 
ily. Formerly  these  peoples  occupied,  partly  or  wholly, 
France,  Spain,  northern  Italy,  the  western  parts  of  Ger- 
many, and  the  British  islands.  Of  the  remaining  Celtic 
languages  and  peoples  there  are  two  chief  divisions,  viz., 
the  Gadtielic,  comprising  the  Ilighlandei-s  of  Scotland,  the 
Irish,  and  the  Manx,  and  the  CyniHc,  comprising  the 
Welsh  and  Bretons  ;  the  Cornish,  of  Cornwall,  related  to 
the  latter,  is  only  recently  extinct. 

celt2  (selt),  n.  [<  W.  cellt,  a  flintstone.]  In 
archa'ol.,  an  implement  or  weapon  widely  used 
among  primitive  and  uncivilized 
races,  and  having  tho  general 
form  of  a  chisel  or  an  ax-blade. 
In  the  eighteenth  centm-y  the  name  was 
given  to  the  stone  and  bronze  imple- 
ments of  this  general  shape,  without 
careful  consideration  of  their  proba- 
ble uses.  The  stone  celts  are  all  fif  a 
form  more  or  less  closely  resembling 
the  head  of  a  hatchet,  dirtering  only  in 
being  sometimes  flatter  and  with  a 
longer  cutting  edge,  sometimes  of  a 
section  nearly  circular,  pointed  at  one  Celts. 

end,  and  coming  abruptly  to  an  edge 
at  the  other.  The  bronze  celts,  the  forms  of  which  are 
very  varied,  may  be  divided  into  three  principal  classes : 
First,  chisel-shaped  blades  without  sockets,  but  with  raised 
rims  on  eacli  side  forming  a  pair  of  grooves,  apparent- 
ly intended  to  retain  a  wooden  handle  fitted  on  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  length  of  the  blade  ;  these  may  be  consid- 
ered as  sp.ades  intended  for  agricultural  labor.  Second, 
ehisel-sbaped  blades,  having  a  deep  socket  at  the  end  op- 
posite the  cutting  edge,  and  usually  fitted  with  a  loop  or 
pierced  eiu"  on  one  side.  Third,  hlatles,  also  with  a  socket, 
but  shorter  and  broader ;  these,  which  have  often  been 
called  ax-heads,  are  thotlght  lather  to  be  ferrules  for  the 
hutt-end  of  spear-shafts  and  the  like,  the  edge  enabling 
them  to  be  driven  into  the  ground.  See  atiiffam,  paal- 
stah,  pot-celt,  and  socket-celt. 

Celtiberian  (sel-ti-be'ri-an'),  a.  and  v.  [<  L. 
Ccltiheri  (Gr.  Ke?.Ti,3!/pe(),  the  inhabitants  of 
Celfiberia,  <  Celtee,  the  Celts,  +  Jbcri,  the  Ibe- 
rians, the  supposed  original  inhabitants  of 
Spain.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Celtiberia  and  its 
inhabitants,  the  Celtiberi,  an  ancient  people 
of  Spain  formed  by  a  union  of  Celts  and  Ibe- 
rians. 

II.  «.  A  member  of  tho  dominant  race  of 
ancient  Celtiberia,  a  region  in  central  Spain. 

Celtic,  Keltic  (sel'-,  kel'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Celtieu,s-  (Gr.  Ki?.TtKuc),  <  Celta;  Gr.  Kt?.Tai:  see 
Cclt^.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Celts,  or  to  their 
language:  as,  Celtic  tiilics;  Celtic  tongues;  Cel- 
tic customs;  of  C(/(/o  origin Celtic  monuments. 

See  mefralitliic  monumenf.^,  under  meaalithic. —  Celtic 
pipe.     See/a»i-t/jnpes.— Celtic  pottery.     Sec  pottery. 

II.  n.  The  language  or  grotip  of  dialects 
spoken  by  tho  Celts,  including  Welsh,  Armorio 
or  Breton,  Irish.  Gaelic,  and  Manx. 

Celticism,  Kelticism    (sel'-,  kel'ti-sizm),  n. 

1.  The  manners  and  customs  of  the  Celts. — 

2.  A  Celtic  idiom  or  mode  of  expression. 
Also  Celtisin,  Keltism. 


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